diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/DockerFile b/sunbird-ai-assistant/DockerFile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..761d2db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/DockerFile
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+FROM python:3.10-slim
+WORKDIR /app
+COPY . .
+RUN pip install -r requirements.txt
+CMD ["uvicorn", "app.main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "8000"]
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/README.MD b/sunbird-ai-assistant/README.MD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70608b64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/README.MD
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# 🧠 Sunbird AI Assistant
+
+A context-aware conversational agent built on top of the **Model Context Protocol (MCP)** and powered by **OpenAI’s function-calling tools**. This assistant interacts with **Sunbird Ed APIs**, adapting its capabilities to different user roles like **learner**, **admin**, and **mentor** to enhance the digital public good ecosystem in education.
+
+---
+
+## 🌐 Overview
+
+Sunbird Ed is a modular Digital Public Good (DPG) designed to support learning and skilling platforms. However, it lacks intelligent conversational capabilities. This project integrates a role-aware AI assistant that:
+
+- Understands the **context** of a specific installation
+- Personalizes responses based on **user persona**
+- Interacts with key **Sunbird Ed APIs** (mocked or real)
+- Is modular and extensible across various deployments
+
+---
+
+## 📌 Features
+
+- 🔧 Tool-based LangChain agent integration with role-aware access
+- 🔑 Authentication layer for API authorization
+- 💬 Conversational interface (CLI or REST)
+- 🧠 Session context manager per installation and user
+- 🧰 Supports key Sunbird Ed APIs:
+  - Course metadata
+  - User enrollments
+  - Learning progress
+  - Admin controls
+- 📦 Easily extendable for additional DPGs and APIs
+
+---
+
+## 🧱 Architecture
+
+```txt
+                          +-------------------+
+                          |   CLI / Web UI    |
+                          +--------+----------+
+                                   |
+                                   v
+                        +----------------------+
+                        |   FastAPI Backend     |
+                        +----------+-----------+
+                                   |
+        +--------------------------+-------------------------+
+        |                        LangChain Agent              |
+        |       (Function Calling, Role-based Tool Access)    |
+        +----------+------------+------------+----------------+
+                   |            |            |
+         +---------+    +-------+-----+    +-+------------------+
+         | Course Tools | Enrollment Tools | Admin Tools (RBAC) |
+         +-------------+------------------+---------------------+
+
+
+## Project Structure :
+
+.
+├── app/
+│   ├── main.py                  
+│   ├── agent/
+│   │   ├── session_manager.py   # Manages session/user context
+│   ├── auth/
+│   │   └── auth.py             
+│   ├── tool_schemas/
+│   │   ├── course_tools.py      
+│   │   ├── enrollment_tools.py  
+│   │   └── admin_tools.py       
+│   ├── utils/
+│   │   └── logger.py           
+│   ├── tool_registry.py         # Registers tools based on role
+│   └── agent_setup.py           
+├── requirements.txt
+└── README.md
+
+
+## 🧪 API Simulation & Mocking
+
+All Sunbird Ed APIs like `/course/v1/search`, `/user/enrollment/list` are currently mocked.  
+You can easily replace their logic in the tool schema files using actual API calls like:
+
+```python
+requests.get("https://<your-sunbird-endpoint>/course/v1/search", headers={...})
+
+
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/mcp_agent.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/mcp_agent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bdf5f6cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/mcp_agent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from langchain.agents import initialize_agent
+from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+from tool_registry import register_tools
+from app.agent.session_manager import SessionManager
+from app.utils.loggers import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger()
+
+def setup_agent(installation_id: str, user_id: str, persona: str):
+    """
+    Initialize the LangChain agent with tools registered based on user persona.
+    """
+    logger.info(f"Setting up agent for user '{user_id}' with role '{persona}' on installation '{installation_id}'")
+
+    # Register tools based on user role/persona (e.g., learner, admin)
+    tools = register_tools(persona)
+
+    # Setup LLM (OpenAI GPT-4)
+    llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model="gpt-4")
+
+    # Create a session manager with contextual memory
+    session = SessionManager(installation_id, user_id, persona)
+
+    # Initialize LangChain agent with tools and LLM
+    agent = initialize_agent(
+        tools=tools,
+        llm=llm,
+        agent_type="openai-tools",
+        verbose=True
+    )
+
+    return agent, session
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/session_manager.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/session_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6377042e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/session_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from app.services.context_loader import get_installation_context
+from app.utils.loggers import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger()
+
+class SessionManager:
+    def __init__(self, installation_id: str, user_id: str, persona: str):
+        self.installation_id = installation_id
+        self.user_id = user_id
+        self.persona = persona
+        self.context = self.load_context()
+
+    def load_context(self):
+        context = get_installation_context(self.installation_id)
+        logger.info(f"Loaded context for {self.installation_id}")
+        return {
+            "persona": self.persona,
+            "installation_context": context,
+            "user_id": self.user_id
+        }
+
+    def inject_context(self, prompt: str) -> str:
+        return f"{self.persona.upper()} CONTEXT: {self.context}\n\n{prompt}"
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/tool_registry.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/tool_registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e44662c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/agent/tool_registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from app.tool_schemas.course_tools import get_course_metadata
+from app.tool_schemas.enrollment_tools import get_user_enrollments, get_course_progress
+
+def register_tools(user_role: str):
+    """Dynamically register tools based on the user's role/persona."""
+    tools = [get_course_metadata, get_user_enrollments, get_course_progress]
+
+    if user_role == "admin":
+        # Simulate additional admin-only tools (add them to a separate schema file)
+        from app.tool_schemas.admin_tools import manage_users, list_all_courses
+        tools += [manage_users, list_all_courses]
+
+    return tools
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/config.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af23a062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import os
+
+OPENAI_API_KEY = os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY")
+OPENAI_MODEL = os.getenv("OPENAI_MODEL", "gpt-3.5-turbo")
+OPENAI_TEMPERATURE = float(os.getenv("OPENAI_TEMPERATURE", 0.7))
+OPENAI_MAX_TOKENS = int(os.getenv("OPENAI_MAX_TOKENS", 4096))
+OPENAI_TOP_P = float(os.getenv("OPENAI_TOP_P", 1.0))
+OPENAI_FREQUENCY_PENALTY = float(os.getenv("OPENAI_FREQUENCY_PENALTY", 0.0))
+OPENAI_PRESENCE_PENALTY = float(os.getenv("OPENAI_PRESENCE_PENALTY", 0.0))
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/main.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce4881bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from app.agent.mcp_agent import setup_agent
+from app.services.mock_api import mock_router
+
+from utils.loggers import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger()
+
+logger.info("Assistant initialized successfully.")
+logger.error("Failed to load user enrollments.")
+
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+# Include mock API routes to simulate Sunbird Ed
+app.include_router(mock_router)
+
+
+@app.on_event("startup")
+async def startup_event():
+    setup_agent()
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/auth.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b00e55ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import os
+import time
+import hashlib
+from typing import Optional
+from utils.loggers import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger()
+
+# Simulate a user/token database
+MOCK_USERS = {
+    "user_001": "admin",
+    "user_002": "learner",
+    "user_003": "mentor"
+}
+
+# Simulated secret key (could be replaced with JWT secret or OAuth config)
+SECRET_KEY = os.getenv("AUTH_SECRET_KEY", "sunbird_secret_key")
+
+# Token TTL in seconds (e.g., 1 hour)
+TOKEN_TTL = 3600
+
+
+def generate_token(user_id: str) -> str:
+    """Generate a simple hashed token with TTL."""
+    if user_id not in MOCK_USERS:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid user ID")
+
+    timestamp = str(int(time.time()) + TOKEN_TTL)
+    raw = f"{user_id}:{timestamp}:{SECRET_KEY}"
+    token = hashlib.sha256(raw.encode()).hexdigest()
+    logger.info(f"Generated token for {user_id}")
+    return f"{user_id}:{timestamp}:{token}"
+
+
+def validate_token(token: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Validate token and return user_id if valid, else None."""
+    try:
+        user_id, timestamp, token_hash = token.split(":")
+        if time.time() > int(timestamp):
+            logger.warning("Token expired")
+            return None
+
+        expected_raw = f"{user_id}:{timestamp}:{SECRET_KEY}"
+        expected_hash = hashlib.sha256(expected_raw.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+        if expected_hash == token_hash:
+            logger.info(f"Validated token for {user_id}")
+            return user_id
+        else:
+            logger.warning("Token hash mismatch")
+            return None
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Token validation failed: {e}")
+        return None
+
+
+def get_user_role(user_id: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Get the role of the user from mock DB."""
+    return MOCK_USERS.get(user_id)
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/context_loader.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/context_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9c8f550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/context_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import json
+from app.utils.redis_cache import get_cache, set_cache
+
+def get_installation_context(installation_id: str):
+    key = f"context:{installation_id}"
+    cached = get_cache(key)
+    if cached:
+        return json.loads(cached)
+
+    with open(f"data/installation_contexts/demo_deployment.json") as f:
+        context = json.load(f)
+        set_cache(key, json.dumps(context))
+        return context
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/mock_api.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/mock_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccb81432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/services/mock_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from fastapi import APIRouter
+
+mock_router = APIRouter()
+
+@mock_router.get("/course/v1/search")
+def search_courses(query: str = ""):
+    return {
+        "courses": [
+            {"id": "c101", "title": "Python Basics"},
+            {"id": "c102", "title": "Data Science"},
+        ]
+    }
+
+@mock_router.get("/user/enrollment/list")
+def get_enrollments(user_id: str):
+    return {
+        "user_id": user_id,
+        "enrollments": [
+            {"course_id": "c101", "progress": "50%"},
+        ]
+    }
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/admin_tools.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/admin_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6515a491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/admin_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from langchain.tools import tool
+from typing import List, Dict
+
+# Simulated Course and User DB
+ALL_COURSES = {
+    "python101": "Intro to Python",
+    "ml202": "Machine Learning Fundamentals",
+    "dl301": "Deep Learning with PyTorch"
+}
+
+ALL_USERS = {
+    "user_001": "admin",
+    "user_002": "learner",
+    "user_003": "mentor"
+}
+
+@tool
+def list_all_courses() -> List[str]:
+    """
+    List all available courses in the platform (Admin only).
+    """
+    return list(ALL_COURSES.values())
+
+@tool
+def manage_users(action: str, target_user: str, new_role: str = "") -> Dict:
+    """
+    Simulate user management operations (Admin only).
+    Supported actions: 'view', 'update'
+    """
+    if target_user not in ALL_USERS:
+        return {"error": "User not found"}
+
+    if action == "view":
+        return {target_user: ALL_USERS[target_user]}
+    elif action == "update":
+        if not new_role:
+            return {"error": "New role must be specified for update"}
+        ALL_USERS[target_user] = new_role
+        return {"message": f"Role updated to '{new_role}' for user '{target_user}'"}
+    else:
+        return {"error": "Unsupported action. Use 'view' or 'update'"}
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/course_tools.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/course_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6955bd0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/course_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import Dict
+from langchain.tools import tool
+
+# Simulated Course Catalog
+COURSE_DB = {
+    "python101": {"title": "Intro to Python", "level": "Beginner", "duration": "4 weeks"},
+    "ml202": {"title": "Machine Learning Fundamentals", "level": "Intermediate", "duration": "6 weeks"}
+}
+
+@tool
+def get_course_metadata(course_id: str) -> Dict:
+    """
+    Fetch metadata about a specific course using its ID.
+    """
+    course = COURSE_DB.get(course_id)
+    if not course:
+        return {"error": f"No course found with ID '{course_id}'."}
+    return {
+        "course_id": course_id,
+        "title": course["title"],
+        "level": course["level"],
+        "duration": course["duration"]
+    }
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/enrollment_tools.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/enrollment_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3481fa1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/tool_schemas/enrollment_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import List, Dict
+from langchain.tools import tool
+
+# Simulated User Enrollment Data
+USER_ENROLLMENTS = {
+    "user_001": ["python101"],
+    "user_002": ["ml202"],
+}
+
+PROGRESS_TRACKER = {
+    "user_001": {"python101": "80%"},
+    "user_002": {"ml202": "40%"},
+}
+
+@tool
+def get_user_enrollments(user_id: str) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Retrieve a list of course IDs that the user is enrolled in.
+    """
+    return USER_ENROLLMENTS.get(user_id, [])
+
+@tool
+def get_course_progress(user_id: str, course_id: str) -> Dict:
+    """
+    Get progress data for a specific user and course.
+    """
+    progress = PROGRESS_TRACKER.get(user_id, {}).get(course_id)
+    if not progress:
+        return {"error": "Progress data not found for given user and course."}
+    return {"user_id": user_id, "course_id": course_id, "progress": progress}
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/utils/loggers.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/utils/loggers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ced05fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/utils/loggers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import logging
+import sys
+
+def get_logger(name: str = "sunbird_ai_assistant") -> logging.Logger:
+    """Initializes and returns a configured logger instance."""
+    logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    # Avoid duplicate handlers in case of reloads (e.g., FastAPI dev server)
+    if not logger.handlers:
+        formatter = logging.Formatter(
+            "[%(asctime)s] [%(levelname)s] %(name)s: %(message)s",
+            datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
+        )
+
+        stream_handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
+        stream_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+
+        logger.addHandler(stream_handler)
+
+    return logger
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/utils/redis_cache.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/utils/redis_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d70839c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/app/utils/redis_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import redis
+from app.config import REDIS_HOST, REDIS_PORT
+
+r = redis.Redis(host=REDIS_HOST, port=REDIS_PORT, decode_responses=True)
+
+def set_cache(key, value):
+    r.set(key, value)
+
+def get_cache(key):
+    return r.get(key)
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/cli/chatbot.py b/sunbird-ai-assistant/cli/chatbot.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98419b06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/cli/chatbot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from app.services.auth import generate_token, validate_token, get_user_role
+from app.agent.mcp_agent import setup_agent
+
+def run_chat():
+    print("=== Sunbird AI Assistant ===")
+    user_id = input("Enter User ID: ")
+    
+    try:
+        token = generate_token(user_id)
+        print(f"🔐 Your session token: {token}")
+    except ValueError:
+        print("🚫 Invalid user ID")
+        return
+
+    installation_id = input("Enter Deployment ID (e.g., demo): ")
+
+    # Authenticate the token
+    validated_user = validate_token(token)
+    if not validated_user:
+        print("❌ Token expired or invalid.")
+        return
+
+    role = get_user_role(validated_user)
+    print(f"✅ Authenticated as {role} ({validated_user})")
+
+    agent, session = setup_agent(installation_id, validated_user, role)
+
+    print("\nYou can now start chatting with the AI Assistant.")
+    while True:
+        user_input = input(">> ")
+        if user_input.lower() in ("exit", "quit"):
+            break
+
+        prompt = session.inject_context(user_input)
+        result = agent.run(prompt)
+        print("🤖", result)
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/data/installation_contexts/demo_deployment.json b/sunbird-ai-assistant/data/installation_contexts/demo_deployment.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b0ad2c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/data/installation_contexts/demo_deployment.json
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[
+  {
+    "org_name": "Sunbird EDU West",
+    "courses": [
+      {"id": "c101", "title": "Python Basics"},
+      {"id": "c102", "title": "AI for Beginners"}
+    ],
+    "support_contacts": ["help@sunbird.edu"]
+  },
+  {
+    "org_name": "Sunbird EDU East",
+    "courses": [
+      {"id": "c201", "title": "Java Basics"},
+      {"id": "c202", "title": "Data Science with R"}
+    ],
+    "support_contacts": ["help@sunbird.edu"]
+  }
+]
diff --git a/sunbird-ai-assistant/requirements.txt b/sunbird-ai-assistant/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0bc0ff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sunbird-ai-assistant/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Core LLM and LangChain dependencies
+openai>=1.10.0
+langchain>=0.1.8
+
+# Web framework
+fastapi>=0.109.0
+uvicorn[standard]>=0.25.0
+
+# Tooling and HTTP requests
+httpx>=0.25.1
+requests>=2.31.0
+
+# Redis (for session/context caching)
+redis>=5.0.1
+
+# Environment management
+python-dotenv>=1.0.0
+
+# Logging and utilities
+loguru>=0.7.2
+
+# Optional: CLI or local testing
+typer>=0.9.0
+
+# For async support in FastAPI routes if needed
+asyncio
+
+# (Optional) Dev tools
+watchdog>=4.0.0
diff --git a/venv/Include/site/python3.12/greenlet/greenlet.h b/venv/Include/site/python3.12/greenlet/greenlet.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d02a16e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Include/site/python3.12/greenlet/greenlet.h
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+
+/* Greenlet object interface */
+
+#ifndef Py_GREENLETOBJECT_H
+#define Py_GREENLETOBJECT_H
+
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* This is deprecated and undocumented. It does not change. */
+#define GREENLET_VERSION "1.0.0"
+
+#ifndef GREENLET_MODULE
+#define implementation_ptr_t void*
+#endif
+
+typedef struct _greenlet {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyObject* weakreflist;
+    PyObject* dict;
+    implementation_ptr_t pimpl;
+} PyGreenlet;
+
+#define PyGreenlet_Check(op) (op && PyObject_TypeCheck(op, &PyGreenlet_Type))
+
+
+/* C API functions */
+
+/* Total number of symbols that are exported */
+#define PyGreenlet_API_pointers 12
+
+#define PyGreenlet_Type_NUM 0
+#define PyExc_GreenletError_NUM 1
+#define PyExc_GreenletExit_NUM 2
+
+#define PyGreenlet_New_NUM 3
+#define PyGreenlet_GetCurrent_NUM 4
+#define PyGreenlet_Throw_NUM 5
+#define PyGreenlet_Switch_NUM 6
+#define PyGreenlet_SetParent_NUM 7
+
+#define PyGreenlet_MAIN_NUM 8
+#define PyGreenlet_STARTED_NUM 9
+#define PyGreenlet_ACTIVE_NUM 10
+#define PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT_NUM 11
+
+#ifndef GREENLET_MODULE
+/* This section is used by modules that uses the greenlet C API */
+static void** _PyGreenlet_API = NULL;
+
+#    define PyGreenlet_Type \
+        (*(PyTypeObject*)_PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Type_NUM])
+
+#    define PyExc_GreenletError \
+        ((PyObject*)_PyGreenlet_API[PyExc_GreenletError_NUM])
+
+#    define PyExc_GreenletExit \
+        ((PyObject*)_PyGreenlet_API[PyExc_GreenletExit_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_New(PyObject *args)
+ *
+ * greenlet.greenlet(run, parent=None)
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_New                                        \
+        (*(PyGreenlet * (*)(PyObject * run, PyGreenlet * parent)) \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_New_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_GetCurrent(void)
+ *
+ * greenlet.getcurrent()
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_GetCurrent \
+        (*(PyGreenlet * (*)(void)) _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_GetCurrent_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_Throw(
+ *         PyGreenlet *greenlet,
+ *         PyObject *typ,
+ *         PyObject *val,
+ *         PyObject *tb)
+ *
+ * g.throw(...)
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_Throw                 \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyGreenlet * self, \
+                          PyObject * typ,    \
+                          PyObject * val,    \
+                          PyObject * tb))    \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Throw_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_Switch(PyGreenlet *greenlet, PyObject *args)
+ *
+ * g.switch(*args, **kwargs)
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_Switch                                              \
+        (*(PyObject *                                                      \
+           (*)(PyGreenlet * greenlet, PyObject * args, PyObject * kwargs)) \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Switch_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_SetParent(PyObject *greenlet, PyObject *new_parent)
+ *
+ * g.parent = new_parent
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_SetParent                                 \
+        (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet * greenlet, PyGreenlet * nparent)) \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_SetParent_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_GetParent(PyObject* greenlet)
+ *
+ * return greenlet.parent;
+ *
+ * This could return NULL even if there is no exception active.
+ * If it does not return NULL, you are responsible for decrementing the
+ * reference count.
+ */
+#     define PyGreenlet_GetParent                                    \
+    (*(PyGreenlet* (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                 \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * deprecated, undocumented alias.
+ */
+#     define PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT PyGreenlet_GetParent
+
+#     define PyGreenlet_MAIN                                         \
+    (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                         \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_MAIN_NUM])
+
+#     define PyGreenlet_STARTED                                      \
+    (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                         \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_STARTED_NUM])
+
+#     define PyGreenlet_ACTIVE                                       \
+    (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                         \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_ACTIVE_NUM])
+
+
+
+
+/* Macro that imports greenlet and initializes C API */
+/* NOTE: This has actually moved to ``greenlet._greenlet._C_API``, but we
+   keep the older definition to be sure older code that might have a copy of
+   the header still works. */
+#    define PyGreenlet_Import()                                               \
+        {                                                                     \
+            _PyGreenlet_API = (void**)PyCapsule_Import("greenlet._C_API", 0); \
+        }
+
+#endif /* GREENLET_MODULE */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* !Py_GREENLETOBJECT_H */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f1b8e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Copyright (c) 2017-2021 Ingy döt Net
+Copyright (c) 2006-2016 Kirill Simonov
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db029b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: PyYAML
+Version: 6.0.2
+Summary: YAML parser and emitter for Python
+Home-page: https://pyyaml.org/
+Download-URL: https://pypi.org/project/PyYAML/
+Author: Kirill Simonov
+Author-email: xi@resolvent.net
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Bug Tracker, https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml/issues
+Project-URL: CI, https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml/actions
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
+Project-URL: Mailing lists, http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/yaml-core
+Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml
+Platform: Any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Cython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Markup
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+License-File: LICENSE
+
+YAML is a data serialization format designed for human readability
+and interaction with scripting languages.  PyYAML is a YAML parser
+and emitter for Python.
+
+PyYAML features a complete YAML 1.1 parser, Unicode support, pickle
+support, capable extension API, and sensible error messages.  PyYAML
+supports standard YAML tags and provides Python-specific tags that
+allow to represent an arbitrary Python object.
+
+PyYAML is applicable for a broad range of tasks from complex
+configuration files to object serialization and persistence.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61653255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=jTko-dxEkP1jVwfLiOsmvXZBAqcoKVQwfT5RZ6V36KQ,1101
+PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=9lwXqTOrXPts-jI2Lo5UwuaAYo0hiRA0BZqjch0WjAk,2106
+PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
+PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=c7SWG1_hRvc9HXHEkmWlTu1Jr4WpzRucfzqTP-_8q0s,102
+PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=rpj0IVMTisAjh_1vG3Ccf9v5jpCQwAz6cD1IVU5ZdhQ,11
+_yaml/__init__.py,sha256=04Ae_5osxahpJHa3XBZUAf4wi6XX32gR8D6X6p64GEA,1402
+_yaml/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__init__.py,sha256=N35S01HMesFTe0aRRMWkPj0Pa8IEbHpE9FK7cr5Bdtw,12311
+yaml/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/composer.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/constructor.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/cyaml.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/dumper.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/emitter.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/error.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/events.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/loader.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/nodes.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/parser.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/reader.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/representer.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+yaml/__pycache__/scanner.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/serializer.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/__pycache__/tokens.cpython-312.pyc,,
+yaml/_yaml.cp312-win_amd64.pyd,sha256=Bx7e_LEQx7cnd1_A9_nClp3X77g-_Lw1aoAAtYZbwWk,263680
+yaml/composer.py,sha256=_Ko30Wr6eDWUeUpauUGT3Lcg9QPBnOPVlTnIMRGJ9FM,4883
+yaml/constructor.py,sha256=kNgkfaeLUkwQYY_Q6Ff1Tz2XVw_pG1xVE9Ak7z-viLA,28639
+yaml/cyaml.py,sha256=6ZrAG9fAYvdVe2FK_w0hmXoG7ZYsoYUwapG8CiC72H0,3851
+yaml/dumper.py,sha256=PLctZlYwZLp7XmeUdwRuv4nYOZ2UBnDIUy8-lKfLF-o,2837
+yaml/emitter.py,sha256=jghtaU7eFwg31bG0B7RZea_29Adi9CKmXq_QjgQpCkQ,43006
+yaml/error.py,sha256=Ah9z-toHJUbE9j-M8YpxgSRM5CgLCcwVzJgLLRF2Fxo,2533
+yaml/events.py,sha256=50_TksgQiE4up-lKo_V-nBy-tAIxkIPQxY5qDhKCeHw,2445
+yaml/loader.py,sha256=UVa-zIqmkFSCIYq_PgSGm4NSJttHY2Rf_zQ4_b1fHN0,2061
+yaml/nodes.py,sha256=gPKNj8pKCdh2d4gr3gIYINnPOaOxGhJAUiYhGRnPE84,1440
+yaml/parser.py,sha256=ilWp5vvgoHFGzvOZDItFoGjD6D42nhlZrZyjAwa0oJo,25495
+yaml/reader.py,sha256=0dmzirOiDG4Xo41RnuQS7K9rkY3xjHiVasfDMNTqCNw,6794
+yaml/representer.py,sha256=IuWP-cAW9sHKEnS0gCqSa894k1Bg4cgTxaDwIcbRQ-Y,14190
+yaml/resolver.py,sha256=9L-VYfm4mWHxUD1Vg4X7rjDRK_7VZd6b92wzq7Y2IKY,9004
+yaml/scanner.py,sha256=YEM3iLZSaQwXcQRg2l2R4MdT0zGP2F9eHkKGKnHyWQY,51279
+yaml/serializer.py,sha256=ChuFgmhU01hj4xgI8GaKv6vfM2Bujwa9i7d2FAHj7cA,4165
+yaml/tokens.py,sha256=lTQIzSVw8Mg9wv459-TjiOQe6wVziqaRlqX2_89rp54,2573
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4e7d83d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.44.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6475e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/PyYAML-6.0.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+_yaml
+yaml
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/__pycache__/jsonpatch.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/__pycache__/jsonpatch.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..8dff36e5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/__pycache__/jsonpointer.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/__pycache__/jsonpointer.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77d75e9e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/__pycache__/typing_extensions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/__pycache__/typing_extensions.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04b0fff0
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/_yaml/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/_yaml/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7baa8c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/_yaml/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# This is a stub package designed to roughly emulate the _yaml
+# extension module, which previously existed as a standalone module
+# and has been moved into the `yaml` package namespace.
+# It does not perfectly mimic its old counterpart, but should get
+# close enough for anyone who's relying on it even when they shouldn't.
+import yaml
+
+# in some circumstances, the yaml module we imoprted may be from a different version, so we need
+# to tread carefully when poking at it here (it may not have the attributes we expect)
+if not getattr(yaml, '__with_libyaml__', False):
+    from sys import version_info
+
+    exc = ModuleNotFoundError if version_info >= (3, 6) else ImportError
+    raise exc("No module named '_yaml'")
+else:
+    from yaml._yaml import *
+    import warnings
+    warnings.warn(
+        'The _yaml extension module is now located at yaml._yaml'
+        ' and its location is subject to change.  To use the'
+        ' LibYAML-based parser and emitter, import from `yaml`:'
+        ' `from yaml import CLoader as Loader, CDumper as Dumper`.',
+        DeprecationWarning
+    )
+    del warnings
+    # Don't `del yaml` here because yaml is actually an existing
+    # namespace member of _yaml.
+
+__name__ = '_yaml'
+# If the module is top-level (i.e. not a part of any specific package)
+# then the attribute should be set to ''.
+# https://docs.python.org/3.8/library/types.html
+__package__ = ''
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/_yaml/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/_yaml/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f537251
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ac05cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.3
+Name: annotated-types
+Version: 0.7.0
+Summary: Reusable constraint types to use with typing.Annotated
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/releases
+Author-email: Adrian Garcia Badaracco <1755071+adriangb@users.noreply.github.com>, Samuel Colvin <s@muelcolvin.com>, Zac Hatfield-Dodds <zac@zhd.dev>
+License-File: LICENSE
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Environment :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Operating System :: Unix
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.0.0; python_version < '3.9'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# annotated-types
+
+[![CI](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/workflows/CI/badge.svg?event=push)](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/actions?query=event%3Apush+branch%3Amain+workflow%3ACI)
+[![pypi](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/annotated-types.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/annotated-types)
+[![versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/annotated-types.svg)](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types)
+[![license](https://img.shields.io/github/license/annotated-types/annotated-types.svg)](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/blob/main/LICENSE)
+
+[PEP-593](https://peps.python.org/pep-0593/) added `typing.Annotated` as a way of
+adding context-specific metadata to existing types, and specifies that
+`Annotated[T, x]` _should_ be treated as `T` by any tool or library without special
+logic for `x`.
+
+This package provides metadata objects which can be used to represent common
+constraints such as upper and lower bounds on scalar values and collection sizes,
+a `Predicate` marker for runtime checks, and
+descriptions of how we intend these metadata to be interpreted. In some cases,
+we also note alternative representations which do not require this package.
+
+## Install
+
+```bash
+pip install annotated-types
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+```python
+from typing import Annotated
+from annotated_types import Gt, Len, Predicate
+
+class MyClass:
+    age: Annotated[int, Gt(18)]                         # Valid: 19, 20, ...
+                                                        # Invalid: 17, 18, "19", 19.0, ...
+    factors: list[Annotated[int, Predicate(is_prime)]]  # Valid: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...
+                                                        # Invalid: 4, 8, -2, 5.0, "prime", ...
+
+    my_list: Annotated[list[int], Len(0, 10)]           # Valid: [], [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
+                                                        # Invalid: (1, 2), ["abc"], [0] * 20
+```
+
+## Documentation
+
+_While `annotated-types` avoids runtime checks for performance, users should not
+construct invalid combinations such as `MultipleOf("non-numeric")` or `Annotated[int, Len(3)]`.
+Downstream implementors may choose to raise an error, emit a warning, silently ignore
+a metadata item, etc., if the metadata objects described below are used with an
+incompatible type - or for any other reason!_
+
+### Gt, Ge, Lt, Le
+
+Express inclusive and/or exclusive bounds on orderable values - which may be numbers,
+dates, times, strings, sets, etc. Note that the boundary value need not be of the
+same type that was annotated, so long as they can be compared: `Annotated[int, Gt(1.5)]`
+is fine, for example, and implies that the value is an integer x such that `x > 1.5`.
+
+We suggest that implementors may also interpret `functools.partial(operator.le, 1.5)`
+as being equivalent to `Gt(1.5)`, for users who wish to avoid a runtime dependency on
+the `annotated-types` package.
+
+To be explicit, these types have the following meanings:
+
+* `Gt(x)` - value must be "Greater Than" `x` - equivalent to exclusive minimum
+* `Ge(x)` - value must be "Greater than or Equal" to `x` - equivalent to inclusive minimum
+* `Lt(x)` - value must be "Less Than" `x` - equivalent to exclusive maximum
+* `Le(x)` - value must be "Less than or Equal" to `x` - equivalent to inclusive maximum
+
+### Interval
+
+`Interval(gt, ge, lt, le)` allows you to specify an upper and lower bound with a single
+metadata object. `None` attributes should be ignored, and non-`None` attributes
+treated as per the single bounds above.
+
+### MultipleOf
+
+`MultipleOf(multiple_of=x)` might be interpreted in two ways:
+
+1. Python semantics, implying `value % multiple_of == 0`, or
+2. [JSONschema semantics](https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-validation.html#rfc.section.6.2.1),
+   where `int(value / multiple_of) == value / multiple_of`.
+
+We encourage users to be aware of these two common interpretations and their
+distinct behaviours, especially since very large or non-integer numbers make
+it easy to cause silent data corruption due to floating-point imprecision.
+
+We encourage libraries to carefully document which interpretation they implement.
+
+### MinLen, MaxLen, Len
+
+`Len()` implies that `min_length <= len(value) <= max_length` - lower and upper bounds are inclusive.
+
+As well as `Len()` which can optionally include upper and lower bounds, we also
+provide `MinLen(x)` and `MaxLen(y)` which are equivalent to `Len(min_length=x)`
+and `Len(max_length=y)` respectively.
+
+`Len`, `MinLen`, and `MaxLen` may be used with any type which supports `len(value)`.
+
+Examples of usage:
+
+* `Annotated[list, MaxLen(10)]` (or `Annotated[list, Len(max_length=10))`) - list must have a length of 10 or less
+* `Annotated[str, MaxLen(10)]` - string must have a length of 10 or less
+* `Annotated[list, MinLen(3))` (or `Annotated[list, Len(min_length=3))`) - list must have a length of 3 or more
+* `Annotated[list, Len(4, 6)]` - list must have a length of 4, 5, or 6
+* `Annotated[list, Len(8, 8)]` - list must have a length of exactly 8
+
+#### Changed in v0.4.0
+
+* `min_inclusive` has been renamed to `min_length`, no change in meaning
+* `max_exclusive` has been renamed to `max_length`, upper bound is now **inclusive** instead of **exclusive**
+* The recommendation that slices are interpreted as `Len` has been removed due to ambiguity and different semantic
+  meaning of the upper bound in slices vs. `Len`
+
+See [issue #23](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/issues/23) for discussion.
+
+### Timezone
+
+`Timezone` can be used with a `datetime` or a `time` to express which timezones
+are allowed. `Annotated[datetime, Timezone(None)]` must be a naive datetime.
+`Timezone[...]` ([literal ellipsis](https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#Ellipsis))
+expresses that any timezone-aware datetime is allowed. You may also pass a specific
+timezone string or [`tzinfo`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects)
+object such as `Timezone(timezone.utc)` or `Timezone("Africa/Abidjan")` to express that you only
+allow a specific timezone, though we note that this is often a symptom of fragile design.
+
+#### Changed in v0.x.x
+
+* `Timezone` accepts [`tzinfo`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#tzinfo-objects) objects instead of
+  `timezone`, extending compatibility to [`zoneinfo`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zoneinfo.html) and third party libraries.
+
+### Unit
+
+`Unit(unit: str)` expresses that the annotated numeric value is the magnitude of
+a quantity with the specified unit. For example, `Annotated[float, Unit("m/s")]`
+would be a float representing a velocity in meters per second.
+
+Please note that `annotated_types` itself makes no attempt to parse or validate
+the unit string in any way. That is left entirely to downstream libraries,
+such as [`pint`](https://pint.readthedocs.io) or
+[`astropy.units`](https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/units/).
+
+An example of how a library might use this metadata:
+
+```python
+from annotated_types import Unit
+from typing import Annotated, TypeVar, Callable, Any, get_origin, get_args
+
+# given a type annotated with a unit:
+Meters = Annotated[float, Unit("m")]
+
+
+# you can cast the annotation to a specific unit type with any
+# callable that accepts a string and returns the desired type
+T = TypeVar("T")
+def cast_unit(tp: Any, unit_cls: Callable[[str], T]) -> T | None:
+    if get_origin(tp) is Annotated:
+        for arg in get_args(tp):
+            if isinstance(arg, Unit):
+                return unit_cls(arg.unit)
+    return None
+
+
+# using `pint`
+import pint
+pint_unit = cast_unit(Meters, pint.Unit)
+
+
+# using `astropy.units`
+import astropy.units as u
+astropy_unit = cast_unit(Meters, u.Unit)
+```
+
+### Predicate
+
+`Predicate(func: Callable)` expresses that `func(value)` is truthy for valid values.
+Users should prefer the statically inspectable metadata above, but if you need
+the full power and flexibility of arbitrary runtime predicates... here it is.
+
+For some common constraints, we provide generic types:
+
+* `IsLower       = Annotated[T, Predicate(str.islower)]`
+* `IsUpper       = Annotated[T, Predicate(str.isupper)]`
+* `IsDigit       = Annotated[T, Predicate(str.isdigit)]`
+* `IsFinite      = Annotated[T, Predicate(math.isfinite)]`
+* `IsNotFinite   = Annotated[T, Predicate(Not(math.isfinite))]`
+* `IsNan         = Annotated[T, Predicate(math.isnan)]`
+* `IsNotNan      = Annotated[T, Predicate(Not(math.isnan))]`
+* `IsInfinite    = Annotated[T, Predicate(math.isinf)]`
+* `IsNotInfinite = Annotated[T, Predicate(Not(math.isinf))]`
+
+so that you can write e.g. `x: IsFinite[float] = 2.0` instead of the longer
+(but exactly equivalent) `x: Annotated[float, Predicate(math.isfinite)] = 2.0`.
+
+Some libraries might have special logic to handle known or understandable predicates,
+for example by checking for `str.isdigit` and using its presence to both call custom
+logic to enforce digit-only strings, and customise some generated external schema.
+Users are therefore encouraged to avoid indirection like `lambda s: s.lower()`, in
+favor of introspectable methods such as `str.lower` or `re.compile("pattern").search`.
+
+To enable basic negation of commonly used predicates like `math.isnan` without introducing introspection that makes it impossible for implementers to introspect the predicate we provide a `Not` wrapper that simply negates the predicate in an introspectable manner. Several of the predicates listed above are created in this manner.
+
+We do not specify what behaviour should be expected for predicates that raise
+an exception.  For example `Annotated[int, Predicate(str.isdigit)]` might silently
+skip invalid constraints, or statically raise an error; or it might try calling it
+and then propagate or discard the resulting
+`TypeError: descriptor 'isdigit' for 'str' objects doesn't apply to a 'int' object`
+exception.  We encourage libraries to document the behaviour they choose.
+
+### Doc
+
+`doc()` can be used to add documentation information in `Annotated`, for function and method parameters, variables, class attributes, return types, and any place where `Annotated` can be used.
+
+It expects a value that can be statically analyzed, as the main use case is for static analysis, editors, documentation generators, and similar tools.
+
+It returns a `DocInfo` class with a single attribute `documentation` containing the value passed to `doc()`.
+
+This is the early adopter's alternative form of the [`typing-doc` proposal](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/typing-doc/typing_doc.md).
+
+### Integrating downstream types with `GroupedMetadata`
+
+Implementers may choose to provide a convenience wrapper that groups multiple pieces of metadata.
+This can help reduce verbosity and cognitive overhead for users.
+For example, an implementer like Pydantic might provide a `Field` or `Meta` type that accepts keyword arguments and transforms these into low-level metadata:
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Iterator
+from annotated_types import GroupedMetadata, Ge
+
+@dataclass
+class Field(GroupedMetadata):
+    ge: int | None = None
+    description: str | None = None
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        # Iterating over a GroupedMetadata object should yield annotated-types
+        # constraint metadata objects which describe it as fully as possible,
+        # and may include other unknown objects too.
+        if self.ge is not None:
+            yield Ge(self.ge)
+        if self.description is not None:
+            yield Description(self.description)
+```
+
+Libraries consuming annotated-types constraints should check for `GroupedMetadata` and unpack it by iterating over the object and treating the results as if they had been "unpacked" in the `Annotated` type.  The same logic should be applied to the [PEP 646 `Unpack` type](https://peps.python.org/pep-0646/), so that `Annotated[T, Field(...)]`, `Annotated[T, Unpack[Field(...)]]` and `Annotated[T, *Field(...)]` are all treated consistently.
+
+Libraries consuming annotated-types should also ignore any metadata they do not recongize that came from unpacking a `GroupedMetadata`, just like they ignore unrecognized metadata in `Annotated` itself.
+
+Our own `annotated_types.Interval` class is a `GroupedMetadata` which unpacks itself into `Gt`, `Lt`, etc., so this is not an abstract concern.  Similarly, `annotated_types.Len` is a `GroupedMetadata` which unpacks itself into `MinLen` (optionally) and `MaxLen`.
+
+### Consuming metadata
+
+We intend to not be prescriptive as to _how_ the metadata and constraints are used, but as an example of how one might parse constraints from types annotations see our [implementation in `test_main.py`](https://github.com/annotated-types/annotated-types/blob/f59cf6d1b5255a0fe359b93896759a180bec30ae/tests/test_main.py#L94-L103).
+
+It is up to the implementer to determine how this metadata is used.
+You could use the metadata for runtime type checking, for generating schemas or to generate example data, amongst other use cases.
+
+## Design & History
+
+This package was designed at the PyCon 2022 sprints by the maintainers of Pydantic
+and Hypothesis, with the goal of making it as easy as possible for end-users to
+provide more informative annotations for use by runtime libraries.
+
+It is deliberately minimal, and following PEP-593 allows considerable downstream
+discretion in what (if anything!) they choose to support. Nonetheless, we expect
+that staying simple and covering _only_ the most common use-cases will give users
+and maintainers the best experience we can. If you'd like more constraints for your
+types - follow our lead, by defining them and documenting them downstream!
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70457290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=7ltqxksJJ0wCYFGBNIQCWTlWQGeAH0hRFdnK3CB895E,15046
+annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=zEMcRr9Kr03x1ozGwg5v9NQBKn3kndp6LSoSlVg-jhU,87
+annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=_hBJiEsaDZNCkB6I4H8ykl0ksxIdmXK2poBfuYJLCV0,1083
+annotated_types/__init__.py,sha256=RynLsRKUEGI0KimXydlD1fZEfEzWwDo0Uon3zOKhG1Q,13819
+annotated_types/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+annotated_types/__pycache__/test_cases.cpython-312.pyc,,
+annotated_types/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+annotated_types/test_cases.py,sha256=zHFX6EpcMbGJ8FzBYDbO56bPwx_DYIVSKbZM-4B3_lg,6421
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..516596c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.24.2
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d99323a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types-0.7.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2022 the contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74e0deea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+import math
+import sys
+import types
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import tzinfo
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Iterator, Optional, SupportsFloat, SupportsIndex, TypeVar, Union
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    from typing_extensions import Protocol, runtime_checkable
+else:
+    from typing import Protocol, runtime_checkable
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+    from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal
+else:
+    from typing import Annotated, Literal
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+    EllipsisType = type(Ellipsis)
+    KW_ONLY = {}
+    SLOTS = {}
+else:
+    from types import EllipsisType
+
+    KW_ONLY = {"kw_only": True}
+    SLOTS = {"slots": True}
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'BaseMetadata',
+    'GroupedMetadata',
+    'Gt',
+    'Ge',
+    'Lt',
+    'Le',
+    'Interval',
+    'MultipleOf',
+    'MinLen',
+    'MaxLen',
+    'Len',
+    'Timezone',
+    'Predicate',
+    'LowerCase',
+    'UpperCase',
+    'IsDigits',
+    'IsFinite',
+    'IsNotFinite',
+    'IsNan',
+    'IsNotNan',
+    'IsInfinite',
+    'IsNotInfinite',
+    'doc',
+    'DocInfo',
+    '__version__',
+)
+
+__version__ = '0.7.0'
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+# arguments that start with __ are considered
+# positional only
+# see https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/#positional-only-arguments
+
+
+class SupportsGt(Protocol):
+    def __gt__(self: T, __other: T) -> bool:
+        ...
+
+
+class SupportsGe(Protocol):
+    def __ge__(self: T, __other: T) -> bool:
+        ...
+
+
+class SupportsLt(Protocol):
+    def __lt__(self: T, __other: T) -> bool:
+        ...
+
+
+class SupportsLe(Protocol):
+    def __le__(self: T, __other: T) -> bool:
+        ...
+
+
+class SupportsMod(Protocol):
+    def __mod__(self: T, __other: T) -> T:
+        ...
+
+
+class SupportsDiv(Protocol):
+    def __div__(self: T, __other: T) -> T:
+        ...
+
+
+class BaseMetadata:
+    """Base class for all metadata.
+
+    This exists mainly so that implementers
+    can do `isinstance(..., BaseMetadata)` while traversing field annotations.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Gt(BaseMetadata):
+    """Gt(gt=x) implies that the value must be greater than x.
+
+    It can be used with any type that supports the ``>`` operator,
+    including numbers, dates and times, strings, sets, and so on.
+    """
+
+    gt: SupportsGt
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Ge(BaseMetadata):
+    """Ge(ge=x) implies that the value must be greater than or equal to x.
+
+    It can be used with any type that supports the ``>=`` operator,
+    including numbers, dates and times, strings, sets, and so on.
+    """
+
+    ge: SupportsGe
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Lt(BaseMetadata):
+    """Lt(lt=x) implies that the value must be less than x.
+
+    It can be used with any type that supports the ``<`` operator,
+    including numbers, dates and times, strings, sets, and so on.
+    """
+
+    lt: SupportsLt
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Le(BaseMetadata):
+    """Le(le=x) implies that the value must be less than or equal to x.
+
+    It can be used with any type that supports the ``<=`` operator,
+    including numbers, dates and times, strings, sets, and so on.
+    """
+
+    le: SupportsLe
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class GroupedMetadata(Protocol):
+    """A grouping of multiple objects, like typing.Unpack.
+
+    `GroupedMetadata` on its own is not metadata and has no meaning.
+    All of the constraints and metadata should be fully expressable
+    in terms of the `BaseMetadata`'s returned by `GroupedMetadata.__iter__()`.
+
+    Concrete implementations should override `GroupedMetadata.__iter__()`
+    to add their own metadata.
+    For example:
+
+    >>> @dataclass
+    >>> class Field(GroupedMetadata):
+    >>>     gt: float | None = None
+    >>>     description: str | None = None
+    ...
+    >>>     def __iter__(self) -> Iterable[object]:
+    >>>         if self.gt is not None:
+    >>>             yield Gt(self.gt)
+    >>>         if self.description is not None:
+    >>>             yield Description(self.gt)
+
+    Also see the implementation of `Interval` below for an example.
+
+    Parsers should recognize this and unpack it so that it can be used
+    both with and without unpacking:
+
+    - `Annotated[int, Field(...)]` (parser must unpack Field)
+    - `Annotated[int, *Field(...)]` (PEP-646)
+    """  # noqa: trailing-whitespace
+
+    @property
+    def __is_annotated_types_grouped_metadata__(self) -> Literal[True]:
+        return True
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        ...
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __slots__ = ()  # allow subclasses to use slots
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            # Basic ABC like functionality without the complexity of an ABC
+            super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
+            if cls.__iter__ is GroupedMetadata.__iter__:
+                raise TypeError("Can't subclass GroupedMetadata without implementing __iter__")
+
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:  # noqa: F811
+            raise NotImplementedError  # more helpful than "None has no attribute..." type errors
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **KW_ONLY, **SLOTS)
+class Interval(GroupedMetadata):
+    """Interval can express inclusive or exclusive bounds with a single object.
+
+    It accepts keyword arguments ``gt``, ``ge``, ``lt``, and/or ``le``, which
+    are interpreted the same way as the single-bound constraints.
+    """
+
+    gt: Union[SupportsGt, None] = None
+    ge: Union[SupportsGe, None] = None
+    lt: Union[SupportsLt, None] = None
+    le: Union[SupportsLe, None] = None
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[BaseMetadata]:
+        """Unpack an Interval into zero or more single-bounds."""
+        if self.gt is not None:
+            yield Gt(self.gt)
+        if self.ge is not None:
+            yield Ge(self.ge)
+        if self.lt is not None:
+            yield Lt(self.lt)
+        if self.le is not None:
+            yield Le(self.le)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class MultipleOf(BaseMetadata):
+    """MultipleOf(multiple_of=x) might be interpreted in two ways:
+
+    1. Python semantics, implying ``value % multiple_of == 0``, or
+    2. JSONschema semantics, where ``int(value / multiple_of) == value / multiple_of``
+
+    We encourage users to be aware of these two common interpretations,
+    and libraries to carefully document which they implement.
+    """
+
+    multiple_of: Union[SupportsDiv, SupportsMod]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class MinLen(BaseMetadata):
+    """
+    MinLen() implies minimum inclusive length,
+    e.g. ``len(value) >= min_length``.
+    """
+
+    min_length: Annotated[int, Ge(0)]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class MaxLen(BaseMetadata):
+    """
+    MaxLen() implies maximum inclusive length,
+    e.g. ``len(value) <= max_length``.
+    """
+
+    max_length: Annotated[int, Ge(0)]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Len(GroupedMetadata):
+    """
+    Len() implies that ``min_length <= len(value) <= max_length``.
+
+    Upper bound may be omitted or ``None`` to indicate no upper length bound.
+    """
+
+    min_length: Annotated[int, Ge(0)] = 0
+    max_length: Optional[Annotated[int, Ge(0)]] = None
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[BaseMetadata]:
+        """Unpack a Len into zone or more single-bounds."""
+        if self.min_length > 0:
+            yield MinLen(self.min_length)
+        if self.max_length is not None:
+            yield MaxLen(self.max_length)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Timezone(BaseMetadata):
+    """Timezone(tz=...) requires a datetime to be aware (or ``tz=None``, naive).
+
+    ``Annotated[datetime, Timezone(None)]`` must be a naive datetime.
+    ``Timezone[...]`` (the ellipsis literal) expresses that the datetime must be
+    tz-aware but any timezone is allowed.
+
+    You may also pass a specific timezone string or tzinfo object such as
+    ``Timezone(timezone.utc)`` or ``Timezone("Africa/Abidjan")`` to express that
+    you only allow a specific timezone, though we note that this is often
+    a symptom of poor design.
+    """
+
+    tz: Union[str, tzinfo, EllipsisType, None]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Unit(BaseMetadata):
+    """Indicates that the value is a physical quantity with the specified unit.
+
+    It is intended for usage with numeric types, where the value represents the
+    magnitude of the quantity. For example, ``distance: Annotated[float, Unit('m')]``
+    or ``speed: Annotated[float, Unit('m/s')]``.
+
+    Interpretation of the unit string is left to the discretion of the consumer.
+    It is suggested to follow conventions established by python libraries that work
+    with physical quantities, such as
+
+    - ``pint`` : <https://pint.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>
+    - ``astropy.units``: <https://docs.astropy.org/en/stable/units/>
+
+    For indicating a quantity with a certain dimensionality but without a specific unit
+    it is recommended to use square brackets, e.g. `Annotated[float, Unit('[time]')]`.
+    Note, however, ``annotated_types`` itself makes no use of the unit string.
+    """
+
+    unit: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+class Predicate(BaseMetadata):
+    """``Predicate(func: Callable)`` implies `func(value)` is truthy for valid values.
+
+    Users should prefer statically inspectable metadata, but if you need the full
+    power and flexibility of arbitrary runtime predicates... here it is.
+
+    We provide a few predefined predicates for common string constraints:
+    ``IsLower = Predicate(str.islower)``, ``IsUpper = Predicate(str.isupper)``, and
+    ``IsDigits = Predicate(str.isdigit)``. Users are encouraged to use methods which
+    can be given special handling, and avoid indirection like ``lambda s: s.lower()``.
+
+    Some libraries might have special logic to handle certain predicates, e.g. by
+    checking for `str.isdigit` and using its presence to both call custom logic to
+    enforce digit-only strings, and customise some generated external schema.
+
+    We do not specify what behaviour should be expected for predicates that raise
+    an exception.  For example `Annotated[int, Predicate(str.isdigit)]` might silently
+    skip invalid constraints, or statically raise an error; or it might try calling it
+    and then propagate or discard the resulting exception.
+    """
+
+    func: Callable[[Any], bool]
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if getattr(self.func, "__name__", "<lambda>") == "<lambda>":
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.func!r})"
+        if isinstance(self.func, (types.MethodType, types.BuiltinMethodType)) and (
+            namespace := getattr(self.func.__self__, "__name__", None)
+        ):
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({namespace}.{self.func.__name__})"
+        if isinstance(self.func, type(str.isascii)):  # method descriptor
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.func.__qualname__})"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.func.__name__})"
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Not:
+    func: Callable[[Any], bool]
+
+    def __call__(self, __v: Any) -> bool:
+        return not self.func(__v)
+
+
+_StrType = TypeVar("_StrType", bound=str)
+
+LowerCase = Annotated[_StrType, Predicate(str.islower)]
+"""
+Return True if the string is a lowercase string, False otherwise.
+
+A string is lowercase if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character in the string.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+UpperCase = Annotated[_StrType, Predicate(str.isupper)]
+"""
+Return True if the string is an uppercase string, False otherwise.
+
+A string is uppercase if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and there is at least one cased character in the string.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+IsDigit = Annotated[_StrType, Predicate(str.isdigit)]
+IsDigits = IsDigit  # type: ignore  # plural for backwards compatibility, see #63
+"""
+Return True if the string is a digit string, False otherwise.
+
+A string is a digit string if all characters in the string are digits and there is at least one character in the string.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+IsAscii = Annotated[_StrType, Predicate(str.isascii)]
+"""
+Return True if all characters in the string are ASCII, False otherwise.
+
+ASCII characters have code points in the range U+0000-U+007F. Empty string is ASCII too.
+"""
+
+_NumericType = TypeVar('_NumericType', bound=Union[SupportsFloat, SupportsIndex])
+IsFinite = Annotated[_NumericType, Predicate(math.isfinite)]
+"""Return True if x is neither an infinity nor a NaN, and False otherwise."""
+IsNotFinite = Annotated[_NumericType, Predicate(Not(math.isfinite))]
+"""Return True if x is one of infinity or NaN, and False otherwise"""
+IsNan = Annotated[_NumericType, Predicate(math.isnan)]
+"""Return True if x is a NaN (not a number), and False otherwise."""
+IsNotNan = Annotated[_NumericType, Predicate(Not(math.isnan))]
+"""Return True if x is anything but NaN (not a number), and False otherwise."""
+IsInfinite = Annotated[_NumericType, Predicate(math.isinf)]
+"""Return True if x is a positive or negative infinity, and False otherwise."""
+IsNotInfinite = Annotated[_NumericType, Predicate(Not(math.isinf))]
+"""Return True if x is neither a positive or negative infinity, and False otherwise."""
+
+try:
+    from typing_extensions import DocInfo, doc  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+except ImportError:
+
+    @dataclass(frozen=True, **SLOTS)
+    class DocInfo:  # type: ignore [no-redef]
+        """ "
+        The return value of doc(), mainly to be used by tools that want to extract the
+        Annotated documentation at runtime.
+        """
+
+        documentation: str
+        """The documentation string passed to doc()."""
+
+    def doc(
+        documentation: str,
+    ) -> DocInfo:
+        """
+        Add documentation to a type annotation inside of Annotated.
+
+        For example:
+
+        >>> def hi(name: Annotated[int, doc("The name of the user")]) -> None: ...
+        """
+        return DocInfo(documentation)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..5947e5b5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/__pycache__/test_cases.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/__pycache__/test_cases.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/test_cases.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/test_cases.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9164d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/annotated_types/test_cases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import math
+import sys
+from datetime import date, datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Set, Tuple
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+    from typing_extensions import Annotated
+else:
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+import annotated_types as at
+
+
+class Case(NamedTuple):
+    """
+    A test case for `annotated_types`.
+    """
+
+    annotation: Any
+    valid_cases: Iterable[Any]
+    invalid_cases: Iterable[Any]
+
+
+def cases() -> Iterable[Case]:
+    # Gt, Ge, Lt, Le
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.Gt(4)], (5, 6, 1000), (4, 0, -1))
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, at.Gt(0.5)], (0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9), (0.5, 0.0, -0.1))
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Gt(datetime(2000, 1, 1))],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 2), datetime(2000, 1, 3)],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 1), datetime(1999, 12, 31)],
+    )
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Gt(date(2000, 1, 1))],
+        [date(2000, 1, 2), date(2000, 1, 3)],
+        [date(2000, 1, 1), date(1999, 12, 31)],
+    )
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Gt(Decimal('1.123'))],
+        [Decimal('1.1231'), Decimal('123')],
+        [Decimal('1.123'), Decimal('0')],
+    )
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.Ge(4)], (4, 5, 6, 1000, 4), (0, -1))
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, at.Ge(0.5)], (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9), (0.4, 0.0, -0.1))
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Ge(datetime(2000, 1, 1))],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 2), datetime(2000, 1, 3)],
+        [datetime(1998, 1, 1), datetime(1999, 12, 31)],
+    )
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.Lt(4)], (0, -1), (4, 5, 6, 1000, 4))
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, at.Lt(0.5)], (0.4, 0.0, -0.1), (0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9))
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Lt(datetime(2000, 1, 1))],
+        [datetime(1999, 12, 31), datetime(1999, 12, 31)],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 2), datetime(2000, 1, 3)],
+    )
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.Le(4)], (4, 0, -1), (5, 6, 1000))
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, at.Le(0.5)], (0.5, 0.0, -0.1), (0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9))
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Le(datetime(2000, 1, 1))],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 1), datetime(1999, 12, 31)],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 2), datetime(2000, 1, 3)],
+    )
+
+    # Interval
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.Interval(gt=4)], (5, 6, 1000), (4, 0, -1))
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.Interval(gt=4, lt=10)], (5, 6), (4, 10, 1000, 0, -1))
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, at.Interval(ge=0.5, le=1)], (0.5, 0.9, 1), (0.49, 1.1))
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Interval(gt=datetime(2000, 1, 1), le=datetime(2000, 1, 3))],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 2), datetime(2000, 1, 3)],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 1), datetime(2000, 1, 4)],
+    )
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.MultipleOf(multiple_of=3)], (0, 3, 9), (1, 2, 4))
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, at.MultipleOf(multiple_of=0.5)], (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5), (0.4, 1.1))
+
+    # lengths
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[str, at.MinLen(3)], ('123', '1234', 'x' * 10), ('', '1', '12'))
+    yield Case(Annotated[str, at.Len(3)], ('123', '1234', 'x' * 10), ('', '1', '12'))
+    yield Case(Annotated[List[int], at.MinLen(3)], ([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3, 4], [1] * 10), ([], [1], [1, 2]))
+    yield Case(Annotated[List[int], at.Len(3)], ([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3, 4], [1] * 10), ([], [1], [1, 2]))
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[str, at.MaxLen(4)], ('', '1234'), ('12345', 'x' * 10))
+    yield Case(Annotated[str, at.Len(0, 4)], ('', '1234'), ('12345', 'x' * 10))
+    yield Case(Annotated[List[str], at.MaxLen(4)], ([], ['a', 'bcdef'], ['a', 'b', 'c']), (['a'] * 5, ['b'] * 10))
+    yield Case(Annotated[List[str], at.Len(0, 4)], ([], ['a', 'bcdef'], ['a', 'b', 'c']), (['a'] * 5, ['b'] * 10))
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[str, at.Len(3, 5)], ('123', '12345'), ('', '1', '12', '123456', 'x' * 10))
+    yield Case(Annotated[str, at.Len(3, 3)], ('123',), ('12', '1234'))
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[Dict[int, int], at.Len(2, 3)], [{1: 1, 2: 2}], [{}, {1: 1}, {1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}])
+    yield Case(Annotated[Set[int], at.Len(2, 3)], ({1, 2}, {1, 2, 3}), (set(), {1}, {1, 2, 3, 4}))
+    yield Case(Annotated[Tuple[int, ...], at.Len(2, 3)], ((1, 2), (1, 2, 3)), ((), (1,), (1, 2, 3, 4)))
+
+    # Timezone
+
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Timezone(None)], [datetime(2000, 1, 1)], [datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)]
+    )
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Timezone(...)], [datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)], [datetime(2000, 1, 1)]
+    )
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Timezone(timezone.utc)],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 1), datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=6)))],
+    )
+    yield Case(
+        Annotated[datetime, at.Timezone('Europe/London')],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(0), name='Europe/London'))],
+        [datetime(2000, 1, 1), datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=6)))],
+    )
+
+    # Quantity
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, at.Unit(unit='m')], (5, 4.2), ('5m', '4.2m'))
+
+    # predicate types
+
+    yield Case(at.LowerCase[str], ['abc', 'foobar'], ['', 'A', 'Boom'])
+    yield Case(at.UpperCase[str], ['ABC', 'DEFO'], ['', 'a', 'abc', 'AbC'])
+    yield Case(at.IsDigit[str], ['123'], ['', 'ab', 'a1b2'])
+    yield Case(at.IsAscii[str], ['123', 'foo bar'], ['£100', '😊', 'whatever 👀'])
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.Predicate(lambda x: x % 2 == 0)], [0, 2, 4], [1, 3, 5])
+
+    yield Case(at.IsFinite[float], [1.23], [math.nan, math.inf, -math.inf])
+    yield Case(at.IsNotFinite[float], [math.nan, math.inf], [1.23])
+    yield Case(at.IsNan[float], [math.nan], [1.23, math.inf])
+    yield Case(at.IsNotNan[float], [1.23, math.inf], [math.nan])
+    yield Case(at.IsInfinite[float], [math.inf], [math.nan, 1.23])
+    yield Case(at.IsNotInfinite[float], [math.nan, 1.23], [math.inf])
+
+    # check stacked predicates
+    yield Case(at.IsInfinite[Annotated[float, at.Predicate(lambda x: x > 0)]], [math.inf], [-math.inf, 1.23, math.nan])
+
+    # doc
+    yield Case(Annotated[int, at.doc("A number")], [1, 2], [])
+
+    # custom GroupedMetadata
+    class MyCustomGroupedMetadata(at.GroupedMetadata):
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[at.Predicate]:
+            yield at.Predicate(lambda x: float(x).is_integer())
+
+    yield Case(Annotated[float, MyCustomGroupedMetadata()], [0, 2.0], [0.01, 1.5])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..104eebf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2018 Alex Grönholm
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d87e1db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.2
+Name: anyio
+Version: 4.9.0
+Summary: High level compatibility layer for multiple asynchronous event loop implementations
+Author-email: Alex Grönholm <alex.gronholm@nextday.fi>
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/versionhistory.html
+Project-URL: Source code, https://github.com/agronholm/anyio
+Project-URL: Issue tracker, https://github.com/agronholm/anyio/issues
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Framework :: AnyIO
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+License-File: LICENSE
+Requires-Dist: exceptiongroup>=1.0.2; python_version < "3.11"
+Requires-Dist: idna>=2.8
+Requires-Dist: sniffio>=1.1
+Requires-Dist: typing_extensions>=4.5; python_version < "3.13"
+Provides-Extra: trio
+Requires-Dist: trio>=0.26.1; extra == "trio"
+Provides-Extra: test
+Requires-Dist: anyio[trio]; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: blockbuster>=1.5.23; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: coverage[toml]>=7; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: exceptiongroup>=1.2.0; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: hypothesis>=4.0; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: psutil>=5.9; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: pytest>=7.0; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: trustme; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: truststore>=0.9.1; python_version >= "3.10" and extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: uvloop>=0.21; (platform_python_implementation == "CPython" and platform_system != "Windows" and python_version < "3.14") and extra == "test"
+Provides-Extra: doc
+Requires-Dist: packaging; extra == "doc"
+Requires-Dist: Sphinx~=8.2; extra == "doc"
+Requires-Dist: sphinx_rtd_theme; extra == "doc"
+Requires-Dist: sphinx-autodoc-typehints>=1.2.0; extra == "doc"
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/agronholm/anyio/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg
+  :target: https://github.com/agronholm/anyio/actions/workflows/test.yml
+  :alt: Build Status
+.. image:: https://coveralls.io/repos/github/agronholm/anyio/badge.svg?branch=master
+  :target: https://coveralls.io/github/agronholm/anyio?branch=master
+  :alt: Code Coverage
+.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/anyio/badge/?version=latest
+  :target: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
+  :alt: Documentation
+.. image:: https://badges.gitter.im/gitterHQ/gitter.svg
+  :target: https://gitter.im/python-trio/AnyIO
+  :alt: Gitter chat
+
+AnyIO is an asynchronous networking and concurrency library that works on top of either asyncio_ or
+trio_. It implements trio-like `structured concurrency`_ (SC) on top of asyncio and works in harmony
+with the native SC of trio itself.
+
+Applications and libraries written against AnyIO's API will run unmodified on either asyncio_ or
+trio_. AnyIO can also be adopted into a library or application incrementally – bit by bit, no full
+refactoring necessary. It will blend in with the native libraries of your chosen backend.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+View full documentation at: https://anyio.readthedocs.io/
+
+Features
+--------
+
+AnyIO offers the following functionality:
+
+* Task groups (nurseries_ in trio terminology)
+* High-level networking (TCP, UDP and UNIX sockets)
+
+  * `Happy eyeballs`_ algorithm for TCP connections (more robust than that of asyncio on Python
+    3.8)
+  * async/await style UDP sockets (unlike asyncio where you still have to use Transports and
+    Protocols)
+
+* A versatile API for byte streams and object streams
+* Inter-task synchronization and communication (locks, conditions, events, semaphores, object
+  streams)
+* Worker threads
+* Subprocesses
+* Asynchronous file I/O (using worker threads)
+* Signal handling
+
+AnyIO also comes with its own pytest_ plugin which also supports asynchronous fixtures.
+It even works with the popular Hypothesis_ library.
+
+.. _asyncio: https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html
+.. _trio: https://github.com/python-trio/trio
+.. _structured concurrency: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_concurrency
+.. _nurseries: https://trio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference-core.html#nurseries-and-spawning
+.. _Happy eyeballs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Eyeballs
+.. _pytest: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/
+.. _Hypothesis: https://hypothesis.works/
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..971925ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
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+anyio/_core/_synchronization.py,sha256=DwUh8Tl6cG_UMVC_GyzPoC_U9BpfDfjMl9SINSxcZN4,20320
+anyio/_core/_tasks.py,sha256=f3CuWwo06cCZ6jaOv-JHFKWkgpgf2cvaF25Oh4augMA,4757
+anyio/_core/_tempfile.py,sha256=s-_ucacXbxBH5Bo5eo65lN0lPwZQd5B8yNN_9nARpCM,19696
+anyio/_core/_testing.py,sha256=YUGwA5cgFFbUTv4WFd7cv_BSVr4ryTtPp8owQA3JdWE,2118
+anyio/_core/_typedattr.py,sha256=P4ozZikn3-DbpoYcvyghS_FOYAgbmUxeoU8-L_07pZM,2508
+anyio/abc/__init__.py,sha256=c2OQbTCS_fQowviMXanLPh8m29ccwkXmpDr7uyNZYOo,2652
+anyio/abc/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+anyio/abc/__pycache__/_resources.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+anyio/streams/tls.py,sha256=HxzpVmUgo8SUSIBass_lvef1pAI1uRSrnysM3iEGzl4,13199
+anyio/to_interpreter.py,sha256=UhuNCIucCRN7ZtyJg35Mlamzs1JpgDvK4xnL4TDWrAo,6527
+anyio/to_process.py,sha256=ZvruelRM-HNmqDaql4sdNODg2QD_uSlwSCxnV4OhsfQ,9595
+anyio/to_thread.py,sha256=WM2JQ2MbVsd5D5CM08bQiTwzZIvpsGjfH1Fy247KoDQ,2396
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c3ae630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (76.0.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44dd9bdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[pytest11]
+anyio = anyio.pytest_plugin
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c77c069e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio-4.9.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+anyio
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..578cda6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ._core._eventloop import current_time as current_time
+from ._core._eventloop import get_all_backends as get_all_backends
+from ._core._eventloop import get_cancelled_exc_class as get_cancelled_exc_class
+from ._core._eventloop import run as run
+from ._core._eventloop import sleep as sleep
+from ._core._eventloop import sleep_forever as sleep_forever
+from ._core._eventloop import sleep_until as sleep_until
+from ._core._exceptions import BrokenResourceError as BrokenResourceError
+from ._core._exceptions import BrokenWorkerIntepreter as BrokenWorkerIntepreter
+from ._core._exceptions import BrokenWorkerProcess as BrokenWorkerProcess
+from ._core._exceptions import BusyResourceError as BusyResourceError
+from ._core._exceptions import ClosedResourceError as ClosedResourceError
+from ._core._exceptions import DelimiterNotFound as DelimiterNotFound
+from ._core._exceptions import EndOfStream as EndOfStream
+from ._core._exceptions import IncompleteRead as IncompleteRead
+from ._core._exceptions import TypedAttributeLookupError as TypedAttributeLookupError
+from ._core._exceptions import WouldBlock as WouldBlock
+from ._core._fileio import AsyncFile as AsyncFile
+from ._core._fileio import Path as Path
+from ._core._fileio import open_file as open_file
+from ._core._fileio import wrap_file as wrap_file
+from ._core._resources import aclose_forcefully as aclose_forcefully
+from ._core._signals import open_signal_receiver as open_signal_receiver
+from ._core._sockets import connect_tcp as connect_tcp
+from ._core._sockets import connect_unix as connect_unix
+from ._core._sockets import create_connected_udp_socket as create_connected_udp_socket
+from ._core._sockets import (
+    create_connected_unix_datagram_socket as create_connected_unix_datagram_socket,
+)
+from ._core._sockets import create_tcp_listener as create_tcp_listener
+from ._core._sockets import create_udp_socket as create_udp_socket
+from ._core._sockets import create_unix_datagram_socket as create_unix_datagram_socket
+from ._core._sockets import create_unix_listener as create_unix_listener
+from ._core._sockets import getaddrinfo as getaddrinfo
+from ._core._sockets import getnameinfo as getnameinfo
+from ._core._sockets import wait_readable as wait_readable
+from ._core._sockets import wait_socket_readable as wait_socket_readable
+from ._core._sockets import wait_socket_writable as wait_socket_writable
+from ._core._sockets import wait_writable as wait_writable
+from ._core._streams import create_memory_object_stream as create_memory_object_stream
+from ._core._subprocesses import open_process as open_process
+from ._core._subprocesses import run_process as run_process
+from ._core._synchronization import CapacityLimiter as CapacityLimiter
+from ._core._synchronization import (
+    CapacityLimiterStatistics as CapacityLimiterStatistics,
+)
+from ._core._synchronization import Condition as Condition
+from ._core._synchronization import ConditionStatistics as ConditionStatistics
+from ._core._synchronization import Event as Event
+from ._core._synchronization import EventStatistics as EventStatistics
+from ._core._synchronization import Lock as Lock
+from ._core._synchronization import LockStatistics as LockStatistics
+from ._core._synchronization import ResourceGuard as ResourceGuard
+from ._core._synchronization import Semaphore as Semaphore
+from ._core._synchronization import SemaphoreStatistics as SemaphoreStatistics
+from ._core._tasks import TASK_STATUS_IGNORED as TASK_STATUS_IGNORED
+from ._core._tasks import CancelScope as CancelScope
+from ._core._tasks import create_task_group as create_task_group
+from ._core._tasks import current_effective_deadline as current_effective_deadline
+from ._core._tasks import fail_after as fail_after
+from ._core._tasks import move_on_after as move_on_after
+from ._core._tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile as NamedTemporaryFile
+from ._core._tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile as SpooledTemporaryFile
+from ._core._tempfile import TemporaryDirectory as TemporaryDirectory
+from ._core._tempfile import TemporaryFile as TemporaryFile
+from ._core._tempfile import gettempdir as gettempdir
+from ._core._tempfile import gettempdirb as gettempdirb
+from ._core._tempfile import mkdtemp as mkdtemp
+from ._core._tempfile import mkstemp as mkstemp
+from ._core._testing import TaskInfo as TaskInfo
+from ._core._testing import get_current_task as get_current_task
+from ._core._testing import get_running_tasks as get_running_tasks
+from ._core._testing import wait_all_tasks_blocked as wait_all_tasks_blocked
+from ._core._typedattr import TypedAttributeProvider as TypedAttributeProvider
+from ._core._typedattr import TypedAttributeSet as TypedAttributeSet
+from ._core._typedattr import typed_attribute as typed_attribute
+
+# Re-export imports so they look like they live directly in this package
+for __value in list(locals().values()):
+    if getattr(__value, "__module__", "").startswith("anyio."):
+        __value.__module__ = __name__
+
+del __value
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/from_thread.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/from_thread.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8bdccec6
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/lowlevel.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/lowlevel.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/pytest_plugin.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/pytest_plugin.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b345c66e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/to_interpreter.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/to_interpreter.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38adbcff
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/to_process.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/to_process.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2046000b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/to_thread.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/to_thread.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f47a854a
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/__pycache__/to_thread.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..384b9ed9
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/_asyncio.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/_asyncio.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58551c56
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/_asyncio.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/_trio.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/_trio.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68310abe
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/__pycache__/_trio.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/_asyncio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/_asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed91f404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/_asyncio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2816 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import array
+import asyncio
+import concurrent.futures
+import contextvars
+import math
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import threading
+import weakref
+from asyncio import (
+    AbstractEventLoop,
+    CancelledError,
+    all_tasks,
+    create_task,
+    current_task,
+    get_running_loop,
+    sleep,
+)
+from asyncio.base_events import _run_until_complete_cb  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+from collections import OrderedDict, deque
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncGenerator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Callable,
+    Collection,
+    Coroutine,
+    Iterable,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from concurrent.futures import Future
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager, suppress
+from contextvars import Context, copy_context
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import partial, wraps
+from inspect import (
+    CORO_RUNNING,
+    CORO_SUSPENDED,
+    getcoroutinestate,
+    iscoroutine,
+)
+from io import IOBase
+from os import PathLike
+from queue import Queue
+from signal import Signals
+from socket import AddressFamily, SocketKind
+from threading import Thread
+from types import CodeType, TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+)
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+
+import sniffio
+
+from .. import (
+    CapacityLimiterStatistics,
+    EventStatistics,
+    LockStatistics,
+    TaskInfo,
+    abc,
+)
+from .._core._eventloop import claim_worker_thread, threadlocals
+from .._core._exceptions import (
+    BrokenResourceError,
+    BusyResourceError,
+    ClosedResourceError,
+    EndOfStream,
+    WouldBlock,
+    iterate_exceptions,
+)
+from .._core._sockets import convert_ipv6_sockaddr
+from .._core._streams import create_memory_object_stream
+from .._core._synchronization import (
+    CapacityLimiter as BaseCapacityLimiter,
+)
+from .._core._synchronization import Event as BaseEvent
+from .._core._synchronization import Lock as BaseLock
+from .._core._synchronization import (
+    ResourceGuard,
+    SemaphoreStatistics,
+)
+from .._core._synchronization import Semaphore as BaseSemaphore
+from .._core._tasks import CancelScope as BaseCancelScope
+from ..abc import (
+    AsyncBackend,
+    IPSockAddrType,
+    SocketListener,
+    UDPPacketType,
+    UNIXDatagramPacketType,
+)
+from ..abc._eventloop import StrOrBytesPath
+from ..lowlevel import RunVar
+from ..streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream, MemoryObjectSendStream
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import FileDescriptorLike
+else:
+    FileDescriptorLike = object
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from asyncio import Runner
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    import contextvars
+    import enum
+    import signal
+    from asyncio import coroutines, events, exceptions, tasks
+
+    from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+    class _State(enum.Enum):
+        CREATED = "created"
+        INITIALIZED = "initialized"
+        CLOSED = "closed"
+
+    class Runner:
+        # Copied from CPython 3.11
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            *,
+            debug: bool | None = None,
+            loop_factory: Callable[[], AbstractEventLoop] | None = None,
+        ):
+            self._state = _State.CREATED
+            self._debug = debug
+            self._loop_factory = loop_factory
+            self._loop: AbstractEventLoop | None = None
+            self._context = None
+            self._interrupt_count = 0
+            self._set_event_loop = False
+
+        def __enter__(self) -> Runner:
+            self._lazy_init()
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(
+            self,
+            exc_type: type[BaseException],
+            exc_val: BaseException,
+            exc_tb: TracebackType,
+        ) -> None:
+            self.close()
+
+        def close(self) -> None:
+            """Shutdown and close event loop."""
+            if self._state is not _State.INITIALIZED:
+                return
+            try:
+                loop = self._loop
+                _cancel_all_tasks(loop)
+                loop.run_until_complete(loop.shutdown_asyncgens())
+                if hasattr(loop, "shutdown_default_executor"):
+                    loop.run_until_complete(loop.shutdown_default_executor())
+                else:
+                    loop.run_until_complete(_shutdown_default_executor(loop))
+            finally:
+                if self._set_event_loop:
+                    events.set_event_loop(None)
+                loop.close()
+                self._loop = None
+                self._state = _State.CLOSED
+
+        def get_loop(self) -> AbstractEventLoop:
+            """Return embedded event loop."""
+            self._lazy_init()
+            return self._loop
+
+        def run(self, coro: Coroutine[T_Retval], *, context=None) -> T_Retval:
+            """Run a coroutine inside the embedded event loop."""
+            if not coroutines.iscoroutine(coro):
+                raise ValueError(f"a coroutine was expected, got {coro!r}")
+
+            if events._get_running_loop() is not None:
+                # fail fast with short traceback
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Runner.run() cannot be called from a running event loop"
+                )
+
+            self._lazy_init()
+
+            if context is None:
+                context = self._context
+            task = context.run(self._loop.create_task, coro)
+
+            if (
+                threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread()
+                and signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT) is signal.default_int_handler
+            ):
+                sigint_handler = partial(self._on_sigint, main_task=task)
+                try:
+                    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sigint_handler)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # `signal.signal` may throw if `threading.main_thread` does
+                    # not support signals (e.g. embedded interpreter with signals
+                    # not registered - see gh-91880)
+                    sigint_handler = None
+            else:
+                sigint_handler = None
+
+            self._interrupt_count = 0
+            try:
+                return self._loop.run_until_complete(task)
+            except exceptions.CancelledError:
+                if self._interrupt_count > 0:
+                    uncancel = getattr(task, "uncancel", None)
+                    if uncancel is not None and uncancel() == 0:
+                        raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+                raise  # CancelledError
+            finally:
+                if (
+                    sigint_handler is not None
+                    and signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT) is sigint_handler
+                ):
+                    signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.default_int_handler)
+
+        def _lazy_init(self) -> None:
+            if self._state is _State.CLOSED:
+                raise RuntimeError("Runner is closed")
+            if self._state is _State.INITIALIZED:
+                return
+            if self._loop_factory is None:
+                self._loop = events.new_event_loop()
+                if not self._set_event_loop:
+                    # Call set_event_loop only once to avoid calling
+                    # attach_loop multiple times on child watchers
+                    events.set_event_loop(self._loop)
+                    self._set_event_loop = True
+            else:
+                self._loop = self._loop_factory()
+            if self._debug is not None:
+                self._loop.set_debug(self._debug)
+            self._context = contextvars.copy_context()
+            self._state = _State.INITIALIZED
+
+        def _on_sigint(self, signum, frame, main_task: asyncio.Task) -> None:
+            self._interrupt_count += 1
+            if self._interrupt_count == 1 and not main_task.done():
+                main_task.cancel()
+                # wakeup loop if it is blocked by select() with long timeout
+                self._loop.call_soon_threadsafe(lambda: None)
+                return
+            raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+
+    def _cancel_all_tasks(loop: AbstractEventLoop) -> None:
+        to_cancel = tasks.all_tasks(loop)
+        if not to_cancel:
+            return
+
+        for task in to_cancel:
+            task.cancel()
+
+        loop.run_until_complete(tasks.gather(*to_cancel, return_exceptions=True))
+
+        for task in to_cancel:
+            if task.cancelled():
+                continue
+            if task.exception() is not None:
+                loop.call_exception_handler(
+                    {
+                        "message": "unhandled exception during asyncio.run() shutdown",
+                        "exception": task.exception(),
+                        "task": task,
+                    }
+                )
+
+    async def _shutdown_default_executor(loop: AbstractEventLoop) -> None:
+        """Schedule the shutdown of the default executor."""
+
+        def _do_shutdown(future: asyncio.futures.Future) -> None:
+            try:
+                loop._default_executor.shutdown(wait=True)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(future.set_result, None)
+            except Exception as ex:
+                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(future.set_exception, ex)
+
+        loop._executor_shutdown_called = True
+        if loop._default_executor is None:
+            return
+        future = loop.create_future()
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=_do_shutdown, args=(future,))
+        thread.start()
+        try:
+            await future
+        finally:
+            thread.join()
+
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+T_contra = TypeVar("T_contra", contravariant=True)
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+_root_task: RunVar[asyncio.Task | None] = RunVar("_root_task")
+
+
+def find_root_task() -> asyncio.Task:
+    root_task = _root_task.get(None)
+    if root_task is not None and not root_task.done():
+        return root_task
+
+    # Look for a task that has been started via run_until_complete()
+    for task in all_tasks():
+        if task._callbacks and not task.done():
+            callbacks = [cb for cb, context in task._callbacks]
+            for cb in callbacks:
+                if (
+                    cb is _run_until_complete_cb
+                    or getattr(cb, "__module__", None) == "uvloop.loop"
+                ):
+                    _root_task.set(task)
+                    return task
+
+    # Look up the topmost task in the AnyIO task tree, if possible
+    task = cast(asyncio.Task, current_task())
+    state = _task_states.get(task)
+    if state:
+        cancel_scope = state.cancel_scope
+        while cancel_scope and cancel_scope._parent_scope is not None:
+            cancel_scope = cancel_scope._parent_scope
+
+        if cancel_scope is not None:
+            return cast(asyncio.Task, cancel_scope._host_task)
+
+    return task
+
+
+def get_callable_name(func: Callable) -> str:
+    module = getattr(func, "__module__", None)
+    qualname = getattr(func, "__qualname__", None)
+    return ".".join([x for x in (module, qualname) if x])
+
+
+#
+# Event loop
+#
+
+_run_vars: WeakKeyDictionary[asyncio.AbstractEventLoop, Any] = WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+
+def _task_started(task: asyncio.Task) -> bool:
+    """Return ``True`` if the task has been started and has not finished."""
+    # The task coro should never be None here, as we never add finished tasks to the
+    # task list
+    coro = task.get_coro()
+    assert coro is not None
+    try:
+        return getcoroutinestate(coro) in (CORO_RUNNING, CORO_SUSPENDED)
+    except AttributeError:
+        # task coro is async_genenerator_asend https://bugs.python.org/issue37771
+        raise Exception(f"Cannot determine if task {task} has started or not") from None
+
+
+#
+# Timeouts and cancellation
+#
+
+
+def is_anyio_cancellation(exc: CancelledError) -> bool:
+    # Sometimes third party frameworks catch a CancelledError and raise a new one, so as
+    # a workaround we have to look at the previous ones in __context__ too for a
+    # matching cancel message
+    while True:
+        if (
+            exc.args
+            and isinstance(exc.args[0], str)
+            and exc.args[0].startswith("Cancelled by cancel scope ")
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        if isinstance(exc.__context__, CancelledError):
+            exc = exc.__context__
+            continue
+
+        return False
+
+
+class CancelScope(BaseCancelScope):
+    def __new__(
+        cls, *, deadline: float = math.inf, shield: bool = False
+    ) -> CancelScope:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, deadline: float = math.inf, shield: bool = False):
+        self._deadline = deadline
+        self._shield = shield
+        self._parent_scope: CancelScope | None = None
+        self._child_scopes: set[CancelScope] = set()
+        self._cancel_called = False
+        self._cancelled_caught = False
+        self._active = False
+        self._timeout_handle: asyncio.TimerHandle | None = None
+        self._cancel_handle: asyncio.Handle | None = None
+        self._tasks: set[asyncio.Task] = set()
+        self._host_task: asyncio.Task | None = None
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+            self._pending_uncancellations: int | None = 0
+        else:
+            self._pending_uncancellations = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> CancelScope:
+        if self._active:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Each CancelScope may only be used for a single 'with' block"
+            )
+
+        self._host_task = host_task = cast(asyncio.Task, current_task())
+        self._tasks.add(host_task)
+        try:
+            task_state = _task_states[host_task]
+        except KeyError:
+            task_state = TaskState(None, self)
+            _task_states[host_task] = task_state
+        else:
+            self._parent_scope = task_state.cancel_scope
+            task_state.cancel_scope = self
+            if self._parent_scope is not None:
+                # If using an eager task factory, the parent scope may not even contain
+                # the host task
+                self._parent_scope._child_scopes.add(self)
+                self._parent_scope._tasks.discard(host_task)
+
+        self._timeout()
+        self._active = True
+
+        # Start cancelling the host task if the scope was cancelled before entering
+        if self._cancel_called:
+            self._deliver_cancellation(self)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        del exc_tb
+
+        if not self._active:
+            raise RuntimeError("This cancel scope is not active")
+        if current_task() is not self._host_task:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to exit cancel scope in a different task than it was "
+                "entered in"
+            )
+
+        assert self._host_task is not None
+        host_task_state = _task_states.get(self._host_task)
+        if host_task_state is None or host_task_state.cancel_scope is not self:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to exit a cancel scope that isn't the current tasks's "
+                "current cancel scope"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            self._active = False
+            if self._timeout_handle:
+                self._timeout_handle.cancel()
+                self._timeout_handle = None
+
+            self._tasks.remove(self._host_task)
+            if self._parent_scope is not None:
+                self._parent_scope._child_scopes.remove(self)
+                self._parent_scope._tasks.add(self._host_task)
+
+            host_task_state.cancel_scope = self._parent_scope
+
+            # Restart the cancellation effort in the closest visible, cancelled parent
+            # scope if necessary
+            self._restart_cancellation_in_parent()
+
+            # We only swallow the exception iff it was an AnyIO CancelledError, either
+            # directly as exc_val or inside an exception group and there are no cancelled
+            # parent cancel scopes visible to us here
+            if self._cancel_called and not self._parent_cancellation_is_visible_to_us:
+                # For each level-cancel() call made on the host task, call uncancel()
+                while self._pending_uncancellations:
+                    self._host_task.uncancel()
+                    self._pending_uncancellations -= 1
+
+                # Update cancelled_caught and check for exceptions we must not swallow
+                cannot_swallow_exc_val = False
+                if exc_val is not None:
+                    for exc in iterate_exceptions(exc_val):
+                        if isinstance(exc, CancelledError) and is_anyio_cancellation(
+                            exc
+                        ):
+                            self._cancelled_caught = True
+                        else:
+                            cannot_swallow_exc_val = True
+
+                return self._cancelled_caught and not cannot_swallow_exc_val
+            else:
+                if self._pending_uncancellations:
+                    assert self._parent_scope is not None
+                    assert self._parent_scope._pending_uncancellations is not None
+                    self._parent_scope._pending_uncancellations += (
+                        self._pending_uncancellations
+                    )
+                    self._pending_uncancellations = 0
+
+                return False
+        finally:
+            self._host_task = None
+            del exc_val
+
+    @property
+    def _effectively_cancelled(self) -> bool:
+        cancel_scope: CancelScope | None = self
+        while cancel_scope is not None:
+            if cancel_scope._cancel_called:
+                return True
+
+            if cancel_scope.shield:
+                return False
+
+            cancel_scope = cancel_scope._parent_scope
+
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def _parent_cancellation_is_visible_to_us(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._parent_scope is not None
+            and not self.shield
+            and self._parent_scope._effectively_cancelled
+        )
+
+    def _timeout(self) -> None:
+        if self._deadline != math.inf:
+            loop = get_running_loop()
+            if loop.time() >= self._deadline:
+                self.cancel()
+            else:
+                self._timeout_handle = loop.call_at(self._deadline, self._timeout)
+
+    def _deliver_cancellation(self, origin: CancelScope) -> bool:
+        """
+        Deliver cancellation to directly contained tasks and nested cancel scopes.
+
+        Schedule another run at the end if we still have tasks eligible for
+        cancellation.
+
+        :param origin: the cancel scope that originated the cancellation
+        :return: ``True`` if the delivery needs to be retried on the next cycle
+
+        """
+        should_retry = False
+        current = current_task()
+        for task in self._tasks:
+            should_retry = True
+            if task._must_cancel:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                continue
+
+            # The task is eligible for cancellation if it has started
+            if task is not current and (task is self._host_task or _task_started(task)):
+                waiter = task._fut_waiter  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                if not isinstance(waiter, asyncio.Future) or not waiter.done():
+                    task.cancel(f"Cancelled by cancel scope {id(origin):x}")
+                    if (
+                        task is origin._host_task
+                        and origin._pending_uncancellations is not None
+                    ):
+                        origin._pending_uncancellations += 1
+
+        # Deliver cancellation to child scopes that aren't shielded or running their own
+        # cancellation callbacks
+        for scope in self._child_scopes:
+            if not scope._shield and not scope.cancel_called:
+                should_retry = scope._deliver_cancellation(origin) or should_retry
+
+        # Schedule another callback if there are still tasks left
+        if origin is self:
+            if should_retry:
+                self._cancel_handle = get_running_loop().call_soon(
+                    self._deliver_cancellation, origin
+                )
+            else:
+                self._cancel_handle = None
+
+        return should_retry
+
+    def _restart_cancellation_in_parent(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Restart the cancellation effort in the closest directly cancelled parent scope.
+
+        """
+        scope = self._parent_scope
+        while scope is not None:
+            if scope._cancel_called:
+                if scope._cancel_handle is None:
+                    scope._deliver_cancellation(scope)
+
+                break
+
+            # No point in looking beyond any shielded scope
+            if scope._shield:
+                break
+
+            scope = scope._parent_scope
+
+    def cancel(self) -> None:
+        if not self._cancel_called:
+            if self._timeout_handle:
+                self._timeout_handle.cancel()
+                self._timeout_handle = None
+
+            self._cancel_called = True
+            if self._host_task is not None:
+                self._deliver_cancellation(self)
+
+    @property
+    def deadline(self) -> float:
+        return self._deadline
+
+    @deadline.setter
+    def deadline(self, value: float) -> None:
+        self._deadline = float(value)
+        if self._timeout_handle is not None:
+            self._timeout_handle.cancel()
+            self._timeout_handle = None
+
+        if self._active and not self._cancel_called:
+            self._timeout()
+
+    @property
+    def cancel_called(self) -> bool:
+        return self._cancel_called
+
+    @property
+    def cancelled_caught(self) -> bool:
+        return self._cancelled_caught
+
+    @property
+    def shield(self) -> bool:
+        return self._shield
+
+    @shield.setter
+    def shield(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        if self._shield != value:
+            self._shield = value
+            if not value:
+                self._restart_cancellation_in_parent()
+
+
+#
+# Task states
+#
+
+
+class TaskState:
+    """
+    Encapsulates auxiliary task information that cannot be added to the Task instance
+    itself because there are no guarantees about its implementation.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "parent_id", "cancel_scope", "__weakref__"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent_id: int | None, cancel_scope: CancelScope | None):
+        self.parent_id = parent_id
+        self.cancel_scope = cancel_scope
+
+
+_task_states: WeakKeyDictionary[asyncio.Task, TaskState] = WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+
+#
+# Task groups
+#
+
+
+class _AsyncioTaskStatus(abc.TaskStatus):
+    def __init__(self, future: asyncio.Future, parent_id: int):
+        self._future = future
+        self._parent_id = parent_id
+
+    def started(self, value: T_contra | None = None) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._future.set_result(value)
+        except asyncio.InvalidStateError:
+            if not self._future.cancelled():
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "called 'started' twice on the same task status"
+                ) from None
+
+        task = cast(asyncio.Task, current_task())
+        _task_states[task].parent_id = self._parent_id
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    _eager_task_factory_code: CodeType | None = asyncio.eager_task_factory.__code__
+else:
+    _eager_task_factory_code = None
+
+
+class TaskGroup(abc.TaskGroup):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.cancel_scope: CancelScope = CancelScope()
+        self._active = False
+        self._exceptions: list[BaseException] = []
+        self._tasks: set[asyncio.Task] = set()
+        self._on_completed_fut: asyncio.Future[None] | None = None
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> TaskGroup:
+        self.cancel_scope.__enter__()
+        self._active = True
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        try:
+            if exc_val is not None:
+                self.cancel_scope.cancel()
+                if not isinstance(exc_val, CancelledError):
+                    self._exceptions.append(exc_val)
+
+            loop = get_running_loop()
+            try:
+                if self._tasks:
+                    with CancelScope() as wait_scope:
+                        while self._tasks:
+                            self._on_completed_fut = loop.create_future()
+
+                            try:
+                                await self._on_completed_fut
+                            except CancelledError as exc:
+                                # Shield the scope against further cancellation attempts,
+                                # as they're not productive (#695)
+                                wait_scope.shield = True
+                                self.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+                                # Set exc_val from the cancellation exception if it was
+                                # previously unset. However, we should not replace a native
+                                # cancellation exception with one raise by a cancel scope.
+                                if exc_val is None or (
+                                    isinstance(exc_val, CancelledError)
+                                    and not is_anyio_cancellation(exc)
+                                ):
+                                    exc_val = exc
+
+                            self._on_completed_fut = None
+                else:
+                    # If there are no child tasks to wait on, run at least one checkpoint
+                    # anyway
+                    await AsyncIOBackend.cancel_shielded_checkpoint()
+
+                self._active = False
+                if self._exceptions:
+                    # The exception that got us here should already have been
+                    # added to self._exceptions so it's ok to break exception
+                    # chaining and avoid adding a "During handling of above..."
+                    # for each nesting level.
+                    raise BaseExceptionGroup(
+                        "unhandled errors in a TaskGroup", self._exceptions
+                    ) from None
+                elif exc_val:
+                    raise exc_val
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                if self.cancel_scope.__exit__(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__):
+                    return True
+
+                raise
+
+            return self.cancel_scope.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+        finally:
+            del exc_val, exc_tb, self._exceptions
+
+    def _spawn(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[Any]],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        name: object,
+        task_status_future: asyncio.Future | None = None,
+    ) -> asyncio.Task:
+        def task_done(_task: asyncio.Task) -> None:
+            task_state = _task_states[_task]
+            assert task_state.cancel_scope is not None
+            assert _task in task_state.cancel_scope._tasks
+            task_state.cancel_scope._tasks.remove(_task)
+            self._tasks.remove(task)
+            del _task_states[_task]
+
+            if self._on_completed_fut is not None and not self._tasks:
+                try:
+                    self._on_completed_fut.set_result(None)
+                except asyncio.InvalidStateError:
+                    pass
+
+            try:
+                exc = _task.exception()
+            except CancelledError as e:
+                while isinstance(e.__context__, CancelledError):
+                    e = e.__context__
+
+                exc = e
+
+            if exc is not None:
+                # The future can only be in the cancelled state if the host task was
+                # cancelled, so return immediately instead of adding one more
+                # CancelledError to the exceptions list
+                if task_status_future is not None and task_status_future.cancelled():
+                    return
+
+                if task_status_future is None or task_status_future.done():
+                    if not isinstance(exc, CancelledError):
+                        self._exceptions.append(exc)
+
+                    if not self.cancel_scope._effectively_cancelled:
+                        self.cancel_scope.cancel()
+                else:
+                    task_status_future.set_exception(exc)
+            elif task_status_future is not None and not task_status_future.done():
+                task_status_future.set_exception(
+                    RuntimeError("Child exited without calling task_status.started()")
+                )
+
+        if not self._active:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "This task group is not active; no new tasks can be started."
+            )
+
+        kwargs = {}
+        if task_status_future:
+            parent_id = id(current_task())
+            kwargs["task_status"] = _AsyncioTaskStatus(
+                task_status_future, id(self.cancel_scope._host_task)
+            )
+        else:
+            parent_id = id(self.cancel_scope._host_task)
+
+        coro = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        if not iscoroutine(coro):
+            prefix = f"{func.__module__}." if hasattr(func, "__module__") else ""
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected {prefix}{func.__qualname__}() to return a coroutine, but "
+                f"the return value ({coro!r}) is not a coroutine object"
+            )
+
+        name = get_callable_name(func) if name is None else str(name)
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        if (
+            (factory := loop.get_task_factory())
+            and getattr(factory, "__code__", None) is _eager_task_factory_code
+            and (closure := getattr(factory, "__closure__", None))
+        ):
+            custom_task_constructor = closure[0].cell_contents
+            task = custom_task_constructor(coro, loop=loop, name=name)
+        else:
+            task = create_task(coro, name=name)
+
+        # Make the spawned task inherit the task group's cancel scope
+        _task_states[task] = TaskState(
+            parent_id=parent_id, cancel_scope=self.cancel_scope
+        )
+        self.cancel_scope._tasks.add(task)
+        self._tasks.add(task)
+        task.add_done_callback(task_done)
+        return task
+
+    def start_soon(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[Any]],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._spawn(func, args, name)
+
+    async def start(
+        self, func: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]], *args: object, name: object = None
+    ) -> Any:
+        future: asyncio.Future = asyncio.Future()
+        task = self._spawn(func, args, name, future)
+
+        # If the task raises an exception after sending a start value without a switch
+        # point between, the task group is cancelled and this method never proceeds to
+        # process the completed future. That's why we have to have a shielded cancel
+        # scope here.
+        try:
+            return await future
+        except CancelledError:
+            # Cancel the task and wait for it to exit before returning
+            task.cancel()
+            with CancelScope(shield=True), suppress(CancelledError):
+                await task
+
+            raise
+
+
+#
+# Threads
+#
+
+_Retval_Queue_Type = tuple[Optional[T_Retval], Optional[BaseException]]
+
+
+class WorkerThread(Thread):
+    MAX_IDLE_TIME = 10  # seconds
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        root_task: asyncio.Task,
+        workers: set[WorkerThread],
+        idle_workers: deque[WorkerThread],
+    ):
+        super().__init__(name="AnyIO worker thread")
+        self.root_task = root_task
+        self.workers = workers
+        self.idle_workers = idle_workers
+        self.loop = root_task._loop
+        self.queue: Queue[
+            tuple[Context, Callable, tuple, asyncio.Future, CancelScope] | None
+        ] = Queue(2)
+        self.idle_since = AsyncIOBackend.current_time()
+        self.stopping = False
+
+    def _report_result(
+        self, future: asyncio.Future, result: Any, exc: BaseException | None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.idle_since = AsyncIOBackend.current_time()
+        if not self.stopping:
+            self.idle_workers.append(self)
+
+        if not future.cancelled():
+            if exc is not None:
+                if isinstance(exc, StopIteration):
+                    new_exc = RuntimeError("coroutine raised StopIteration")
+                    new_exc.__cause__ = exc
+                    exc = new_exc
+
+                future.set_exception(exc)
+            else:
+                future.set_result(result)
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        with claim_worker_thread(AsyncIOBackend, self.loop):
+            while True:
+                item = self.queue.get()
+                if item is None:
+                    # Shutdown command received
+                    return
+
+                context, func, args, future, cancel_scope = item
+                if not future.cancelled():
+                    result = None
+                    exception: BaseException | None = None
+                    threadlocals.current_cancel_scope = cancel_scope
+                    try:
+                        result = context.run(func, *args)
+                    except BaseException as exc:
+                        exception = exc
+                    finally:
+                        del threadlocals.current_cancel_scope
+
+                    if not self.loop.is_closed():
+                        self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(
+                            self._report_result, future, result, exception
+                        )
+
+                    del result, exception
+
+                self.queue.task_done()
+                del item, context, func, args, future, cancel_scope
+
+    def stop(self, f: asyncio.Task | None = None) -> None:
+        self.stopping = True
+        self.queue.put_nowait(None)
+        self.workers.discard(self)
+        try:
+            self.idle_workers.remove(self)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+
+_threadpool_idle_workers: RunVar[deque[WorkerThread]] = RunVar(
+    "_threadpool_idle_workers"
+)
+_threadpool_workers: RunVar[set[WorkerThread]] = RunVar("_threadpool_workers")
+
+
+class BlockingPortal(abc.BlockingPortal):
+    def __new__(cls) -> BlockingPortal:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._loop = get_running_loop()
+
+    def _spawn_task_from_thread(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval] | T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        name: object,
+        future: Future[T_Retval],
+    ) -> None:
+        AsyncIOBackend.run_sync_from_thread(
+            partial(self._task_group.start_soon, name=name),
+            (self._call_func, func, args, kwargs, future),
+            self._loop,
+        )
+
+
+#
+# Subprocesses
+#
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class StreamReaderWrapper(abc.ByteReceiveStream):
+    _stream: asyncio.StreamReader
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        data = await self._stream.read(max_bytes)
+        if data:
+            return data
+        else:
+            raise EndOfStream
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        self._stream.set_exception(ClosedResourceError())
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class StreamWriterWrapper(abc.ByteSendStream):
+    _stream: asyncio.StreamWriter
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        self._stream.write(item)
+        await self._stream.drain()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        self._stream.close()
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class Process(abc.Process):
+    _process: asyncio.subprocess.Process
+    _stdin: StreamWriterWrapper | None
+    _stdout: StreamReaderWrapper | None
+    _stderr: StreamReaderWrapper | None
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        with CancelScope(shield=True) as scope:
+            if self._stdin:
+                await self._stdin.aclose()
+            if self._stdout:
+                await self._stdout.aclose()
+            if self._stderr:
+                await self._stderr.aclose()
+
+            scope.shield = False
+            try:
+                await self.wait()
+            except BaseException:
+                scope.shield = True
+                self.kill()
+                await self.wait()
+                raise
+
+    async def wait(self) -> int:
+        return await self._process.wait()
+
+    def terminate(self) -> None:
+        self._process.terminate()
+
+    def kill(self) -> None:
+        self._process.kill()
+
+    def send_signal(self, signal: int) -> None:
+        self._process.send_signal(signal)
+
+    @property
+    def pid(self) -> int:
+        return self._process.pid
+
+    @property
+    def returncode(self) -> int | None:
+        return self._process.returncode
+
+    @property
+    def stdin(self) -> abc.ByteSendStream | None:
+        return self._stdin
+
+    @property
+    def stdout(self) -> abc.ByteReceiveStream | None:
+        return self._stdout
+
+    @property
+    def stderr(self) -> abc.ByteReceiveStream | None:
+        return self._stderr
+
+
+def _forcibly_shutdown_process_pool_on_exit(
+    workers: set[Process], _task: object
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Forcibly shuts down worker processes belonging to this event loop."""
+    child_watcher: asyncio.AbstractChildWatcher | None = None
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 12):
+        try:
+            child_watcher = asyncio.get_event_loop_policy().get_child_watcher()
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+
+    # Close as much as possible (w/o async/await) to avoid warnings
+    for process in workers:
+        if process.returncode is None:
+            continue
+
+        process._stdin._stream._transport.close()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        process._stdout._stream._transport.close()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        process._stderr._stream._transport.close()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        process.kill()
+        if child_watcher:
+            child_watcher.remove_child_handler(process.pid)
+
+
+async def _shutdown_process_pool_on_exit(workers: set[abc.Process]) -> None:
+    """
+    Shuts down worker processes belonging to this event loop.
+
+    NOTE: this only works when the event loop was started using asyncio.run() or
+    anyio.run().
+
+    """
+    process: abc.Process
+    try:
+        await sleep(math.inf)
+    except asyncio.CancelledError:
+        for process in workers:
+            if process.returncode is None:
+                process.kill()
+
+        for process in workers:
+            await process.aclose()
+
+
+#
+# Sockets and networking
+#
+
+
+class StreamProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
+    read_queue: deque[bytes]
+    read_event: asyncio.Event
+    write_event: asyncio.Event
+    exception: Exception | None = None
+    is_at_eof: bool = False
+
+    def connection_made(self, transport: asyncio.BaseTransport) -> None:
+        self.read_queue = deque()
+        self.read_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.write_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.write_event.set()
+        cast(asyncio.Transport, transport).set_write_buffer_limits(0)
+
+    def connection_lost(self, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        if exc:
+            self.exception = BrokenResourceError()
+            self.exception.__cause__ = exc
+
+        self.read_event.set()
+        self.write_event.set()
+
+    def data_received(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        # ProactorEventloop sometimes sends bytearray instead of bytes
+        self.read_queue.append(bytes(data))
+        self.read_event.set()
+
+    def eof_received(self) -> bool | None:
+        self.is_at_eof = True
+        self.read_event.set()
+        return True
+
+    def pause_writing(self) -> None:
+        self.write_event = asyncio.Event()
+
+    def resume_writing(self) -> None:
+        self.write_event.set()
+
+
+class DatagramProtocol(asyncio.DatagramProtocol):
+    read_queue: deque[tuple[bytes, IPSockAddrType]]
+    read_event: asyncio.Event
+    write_event: asyncio.Event
+    exception: Exception | None = None
+
+    def connection_made(self, transport: asyncio.BaseTransport) -> None:
+        self.read_queue = deque(maxlen=100)  # arbitrary value
+        self.read_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.write_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.write_event.set()
+
+    def connection_lost(self, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        self.read_event.set()
+        self.write_event.set()
+
+    def datagram_received(self, data: bytes, addr: IPSockAddrType) -> None:
+        addr = convert_ipv6_sockaddr(addr)
+        self.read_queue.append((data, addr))
+        self.read_event.set()
+
+    def error_received(self, exc: Exception) -> None:
+        self.exception = exc
+
+    def pause_writing(self) -> None:
+        self.write_event.clear()
+
+    def resume_writing(self) -> None:
+        self.write_event.set()
+
+
+class SocketStream(abc.SocketStream):
+    def __init__(self, transport: asyncio.Transport, protocol: StreamProtocol):
+        self._transport = transport
+        self._protocol = protocol
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+        self._closed = False
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        return self._transport.get_extra_info("socket")
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            if (
+                not self._protocol.read_event.is_set()
+                and not self._transport.is_closing()
+                and not self._protocol.is_at_eof
+            ):
+                self._transport.resume_reading()
+                await self._protocol.read_event.wait()
+                self._transport.pause_reading()
+            else:
+                await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+
+            try:
+                chunk = self._protocol.read_queue.popleft()
+            except IndexError:
+                if self._closed:
+                    raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                elif self._protocol.exception:
+                    raise self._protocol.exception from None
+                else:
+                    raise EndOfStream from None
+
+            if len(chunk) > max_bytes:
+                # Split the oversized chunk
+                chunk, leftover = chunk[:max_bytes], chunk[max_bytes:]
+                self._protocol.read_queue.appendleft(leftover)
+
+            # If the read queue is empty, clear the flag so that the next call will
+            # block until data is available
+            if not self._protocol.read_queue:
+                self._protocol.read_event.clear()
+
+        return chunk
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+
+            if self._closed:
+                raise ClosedResourceError
+            elif self._protocol.exception is not None:
+                raise self._protocol.exception
+
+            try:
+                self._transport.write(item)
+            except RuntimeError as exc:
+                if self._transport.is_closing():
+                    raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+            await self._protocol.write_event.wait()
+
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._transport.write_eof()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._transport.is_closing():
+            self._closed = True
+            try:
+                self._transport.write_eof()
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+            self._transport.close()
+            await sleep(0)
+            self._transport.abort()
+
+
+class _RawSocketMixin:
+    _receive_future: asyncio.Future | None = None
+    _send_future: asyncio.Future | None = None
+    _closing = False
+
+    def __init__(self, raw_socket: socket.socket):
+        self.__raw_socket = raw_socket
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        return self.__raw_socket
+
+    def _wait_until_readable(self, loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop) -> asyncio.Future:
+        def callback(f: object) -> None:
+            del self._receive_future
+            loop.remove_reader(self.__raw_socket)
+
+        f = self._receive_future = asyncio.Future()
+        loop.add_reader(self.__raw_socket, f.set_result, None)
+        f.add_done_callback(callback)
+        return f
+
+    def _wait_until_writable(self, loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop) -> asyncio.Future:
+        def callback(f: object) -> None:
+            del self._send_future
+            loop.remove_writer(self.__raw_socket)
+
+        f = self._send_future = asyncio.Future()
+        loop.add_writer(self.__raw_socket, f.set_result, None)
+        f.add_done_callback(callback)
+        return f
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closing:
+            self._closing = True
+            if self.__raw_socket.fileno() != -1:
+                self.__raw_socket.close()
+
+            if self._receive_future:
+                self._receive_future.set_result(None)
+            if self._send_future:
+                self._send_future.set_result(None)
+
+
+class UNIXSocketStream(_RawSocketMixin, abc.UNIXSocketStream):
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            self._raw_socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    data = self._raw_socket.recv(max_bytes)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_readable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    if not data:
+                        raise EndOfStream
+
+                    return data
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._send_guard:
+            view = memoryview(item)
+            while view:
+                try:
+                    bytes_sent = self._raw_socket.send(view)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_writable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    view = view[bytes_sent:]
+
+    async def receive_fds(self, msglen: int, maxfds: int) -> tuple[bytes, list[int]]:
+        if not isinstance(msglen, int) or msglen < 0:
+            raise ValueError("msglen must be a non-negative integer")
+        if not isinstance(maxfds, int) or maxfds < 1:
+            raise ValueError("maxfds must be a positive integer")
+
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        fds = array.array("i")
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    message, ancdata, flags, addr = self._raw_socket.recvmsg(
+                        msglen, socket.CMSG_LEN(maxfds * fds.itemsize)
+                    )
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_readable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    if not message and not ancdata:
+                        raise EndOfStream
+
+                    break
+
+        for cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data in ancdata:
+            if cmsg_level != socket.SOL_SOCKET or cmsg_type != socket.SCM_RIGHTS:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Received unexpected ancillary data; message = {message!r}, "
+                    f"cmsg_level = {cmsg_level}, cmsg_type = {cmsg_type}"
+                )
+
+            fds.frombytes(cmsg_data[: len(cmsg_data) - (len(cmsg_data) % fds.itemsize)])
+
+        return message, list(fds)
+
+    async def send_fds(self, message: bytes, fds: Collection[int | IOBase]) -> None:
+        if not message:
+            raise ValueError("message must not be empty")
+        if not fds:
+            raise ValueError("fds must not be empty")
+
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        filenos: list[int] = []
+        for fd in fds:
+            if isinstance(fd, int):
+                filenos.append(fd)
+            elif isinstance(fd, IOBase):
+                filenos.append(fd.fileno())
+
+        fdarray = array.array("i", filenos)
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._send_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    # The ignore can be removed after mypy picks up
+                    # https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/5545
+                    self._raw_socket.sendmsg(
+                        [message], [(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, fdarray)]
+                    )
+                    break
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_writable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+
+
+class TCPSocketListener(abc.SocketListener):
+    _accept_scope: CancelScope | None = None
+    _closed = False
+
+    def __init__(self, raw_socket: socket.socket):
+        self.__raw_socket = raw_socket
+        self._loop = cast(asyncio.BaseEventLoop, get_running_loop())
+        self._accept_guard = ResourceGuard("accepting connections from")
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        return self.__raw_socket
+
+    async def accept(self) -> abc.SocketStream:
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError
+
+        with self._accept_guard:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+            with CancelScope() as self._accept_scope:
+                try:
+                    client_sock, _addr = await self._loop.sock_accept(self._raw_socket)
+                except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                    # Workaround for https://bugs.python.org/issue41317
+                    try:
+                        self._loop.remove_reader(self._raw_socket)
+                    except (ValueError, NotImplementedError):
+                        pass
+
+                    if self._closed:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+
+                    raise
+                finally:
+                    self._accept_scope = None
+
+        client_sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        transport, protocol = await self._loop.connect_accepted_socket(
+            StreamProtocol, client_sock
+        )
+        return SocketStream(transport, protocol)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if self._closed:
+            return
+
+        self._closed = True
+        if self._accept_scope:
+            # Workaround for https://bugs.python.org/issue41317
+            try:
+                self._loop.remove_reader(self._raw_socket)
+            except (ValueError, NotImplementedError):
+                pass
+
+            self._accept_scope.cancel()
+            await sleep(0)
+
+        self._raw_socket.close()
+
+
+class UNIXSocketListener(abc.SocketListener):
+    def __init__(self, raw_socket: socket.socket):
+        self.__raw_socket = raw_socket
+        self._loop = get_running_loop()
+        self._accept_guard = ResourceGuard("accepting connections from")
+        self._closed = False
+
+    async def accept(self) -> abc.SocketStream:
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._accept_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    client_sock, _ = self.__raw_socket.accept()
+                    client_sock.setblocking(False)
+                    return UNIXSocketStream(client_sock)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    f: asyncio.Future = asyncio.Future()
+                    self._loop.add_reader(self.__raw_socket, f.set_result, None)
+                    f.add_done_callback(
+                        lambda _: self._loop.remove_reader(self.__raw_socket)
+                    )
+                    await f
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closed:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        self._closed = True
+        self.__raw_socket.close()
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        return self.__raw_socket
+
+
+class UDPSocket(abc.UDPSocket):
+    def __init__(
+        self, transport: asyncio.DatagramTransport, protocol: DatagramProtocol
+    ):
+        self._transport = transport
+        self._protocol = protocol
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+        self._closed = False
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        return self._transport.get_extra_info("socket")
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._transport.is_closing():
+            self._closed = True
+            self._transport.close()
+
+    async def receive(self) -> tuple[bytes, IPSockAddrType]:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+
+            # If the buffer is empty, ask for more data
+            if not self._protocol.read_queue and not self._transport.is_closing():
+                self._protocol.read_event.clear()
+                await self._protocol.read_event.wait()
+
+            try:
+                return self._protocol.read_queue.popleft()
+            except IndexError:
+                if self._closed:
+                    raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                else:
+                    raise BrokenResourceError from None
+
+    async def send(self, item: UDPPacketType) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+            await self._protocol.write_event.wait()
+            if self._closed:
+                raise ClosedResourceError
+            elif self._transport.is_closing():
+                raise BrokenResourceError
+            else:
+                self._transport.sendto(*item)
+
+
+class ConnectedUDPSocket(abc.ConnectedUDPSocket):
+    def __init__(
+        self, transport: asyncio.DatagramTransport, protocol: DatagramProtocol
+    ):
+        self._transport = transport
+        self._protocol = protocol
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+        self._closed = False
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        return self._transport.get_extra_info("socket")
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._transport.is_closing():
+            self._closed = True
+            self._transport.close()
+
+    async def receive(self) -> bytes:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+
+            # If the buffer is empty, ask for more data
+            if not self._protocol.read_queue and not self._transport.is_closing():
+                self._protocol.read_event.clear()
+                await self._protocol.read_event.wait()
+
+            try:
+                packet = self._protocol.read_queue.popleft()
+            except IndexError:
+                if self._closed:
+                    raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                else:
+                    raise BrokenResourceError from None
+
+            return packet[0]
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+            await self._protocol.write_event.wait()
+            if self._closed:
+                raise ClosedResourceError
+            elif self._transport.is_closing():
+                raise BrokenResourceError
+            else:
+                self._transport.sendto(item)
+
+
+class UNIXDatagramSocket(_RawSocketMixin, abc.UNIXDatagramSocket):
+    async def receive(self) -> UNIXDatagramPacketType:
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    data = self._raw_socket.recvfrom(65536)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_readable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    return data
+
+    async def send(self, item: UNIXDatagramPacketType) -> None:
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._send_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    self._raw_socket.sendto(*item)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_writable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    return
+
+
+class ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket(_RawSocketMixin, abc.ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket):
+    async def receive(self) -> bytes:
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    data = self._raw_socket.recv(65536)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_readable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    return data
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        with self._send_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    self._raw_socket.send(item)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    await self._wait_until_writable(loop)
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    if self._closing:
+                        raise ClosedResourceError from None
+                    else:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    return
+
+
+_read_events: RunVar[dict[int, asyncio.Event]] = RunVar("read_events")
+_write_events: RunVar[dict[int, asyncio.Event]] = RunVar("write_events")
+
+
+#
+# Synchronization
+#
+
+
+class Event(BaseEvent):
+    def __new__(cls) -> Event:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._event = asyncio.Event()
+
+    def set(self) -> None:
+        self._event.set()
+
+    def is_set(self) -> bool:
+        return self._event.is_set()
+
+    async def wait(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_set():
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        else:
+            await self._event.wait()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> EventStatistics:
+        return EventStatistics(len(self._event._waiters))
+
+
+class Lock(BaseLock):
+    def __new__(cls, *, fast_acquire: bool = False) -> Lock:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, *, fast_acquire: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._fast_acquire = fast_acquire
+        self._owner_task: asyncio.Task | None = None
+        self._waiters: deque[tuple[asyncio.Task, asyncio.Future]] = deque()
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        task = cast(asyncio.Task, current_task())
+        if self._owner_task is None and not self._waiters:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            self._owner_task = task
+
+            # Unless on the "fast path", yield control of the event loop so that other
+            # tasks can run too
+            if not self._fast_acquire:
+                try:
+                    await AsyncIOBackend.cancel_shielded_checkpoint()
+                except CancelledError:
+                    self.release()
+                    raise
+
+            return
+
+        if self._owner_task == task:
+            raise RuntimeError("Attempted to acquire an already held Lock")
+
+        fut: asyncio.Future[None] = asyncio.Future()
+        item = task, fut
+        self._waiters.append(item)
+        try:
+            await fut
+        except CancelledError:
+            self._waiters.remove(item)
+            if self._owner_task is task:
+                self.release()
+
+            raise
+
+        self._waiters.remove(item)
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        task = cast(asyncio.Task, current_task())
+        if self._owner_task is None and not self._waiters:
+            self._owner_task = task
+            return
+
+        if self._owner_task is task:
+            raise RuntimeError("Attempted to acquire an already held Lock")
+
+        raise WouldBlock
+
+    def locked(self) -> bool:
+        return self._owner_task is not None
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        if self._owner_task != current_task():
+            raise RuntimeError("The current task is not holding this lock")
+
+        for task, fut in self._waiters:
+            if not fut.cancelled():
+                self._owner_task = task
+                fut.set_result(None)
+                return
+
+        self._owner_task = None
+
+    def statistics(self) -> LockStatistics:
+        task_info = AsyncIOTaskInfo(self._owner_task) if self._owner_task else None
+        return LockStatistics(self.locked(), task_info, len(self._waiters))
+
+
+class Semaphore(BaseSemaphore):
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> Semaphore:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(initial_value, max_value=max_value)
+        self._value = initial_value
+        self._max_value = max_value
+        self._fast_acquire = fast_acquire
+        self._waiters: deque[asyncio.Future[None]] = deque()
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        if self._value > 0 and not self._waiters:
+            await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            self._value -= 1
+
+            # Unless on the "fast path", yield control of the event loop so that other
+            # tasks can run too
+            if not self._fast_acquire:
+                try:
+                    await AsyncIOBackend.cancel_shielded_checkpoint()
+                except CancelledError:
+                    self.release()
+                    raise
+
+            return
+
+        fut: asyncio.Future[None] = asyncio.Future()
+        self._waiters.append(fut)
+        try:
+            await fut
+        except CancelledError:
+            try:
+                self._waiters.remove(fut)
+            except ValueError:
+                self.release()
+
+            raise
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        if self._value == 0:
+            raise WouldBlock
+
+        self._value -= 1
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        if self._max_value is not None and self._value == self._max_value:
+            raise ValueError("semaphore released too many times")
+
+        for fut in self._waiters:
+            if not fut.cancelled():
+                fut.set_result(None)
+                self._waiters.remove(fut)
+                return
+
+        self._value += 1
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> int:
+        return self._value
+
+    @property
+    def max_value(self) -> int | None:
+        return self._max_value
+
+    def statistics(self) -> SemaphoreStatistics:
+        return SemaphoreStatistics(len(self._waiters))
+
+
+class CapacityLimiter(BaseCapacityLimiter):
+    _total_tokens: float = 0
+
+    def __new__(cls, total_tokens: float) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, total_tokens: float):
+        self._borrowers: set[Any] = set()
+        self._wait_queue: OrderedDict[Any, asyncio.Event] = OrderedDict()
+        self.total_tokens = total_tokens
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        await self.acquire()
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.release()
+
+    @property
+    def total_tokens(self) -> float:
+        return self._total_tokens
+
+    @total_tokens.setter
+    def total_tokens(self, value: float) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(value, int) and not math.isinf(value):
+            raise TypeError("total_tokens must be an int or math.inf")
+        if value < 1:
+            raise ValueError("total_tokens must be >= 1")
+
+        waiters_to_notify = max(value - self._total_tokens, 0)
+        self._total_tokens = value
+
+        # Notify waiting tasks that they have acquired the limiter
+        while self._wait_queue and waiters_to_notify:
+            event = self._wait_queue.popitem(last=False)[1]
+            event.set()
+            waiters_to_notify -= 1
+
+    @property
+    def borrowed_tokens(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._borrowers)
+
+    @property
+    def available_tokens(self) -> float:
+        return self._total_tokens - len(self._borrowers)
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        self.acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(current_task())
+
+    def acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        if borrower in self._borrowers:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "this borrower is already holding one of this CapacityLimiter's tokens"
+            )
+
+        if self._wait_queue or len(self._borrowers) >= self._total_tokens:
+            raise WouldBlock
+
+        self._borrowers.add(borrower)
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        return await self.acquire_on_behalf_of(current_task())
+
+    async def acquire_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+        try:
+            self.acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(borrower)
+        except WouldBlock:
+            event = asyncio.Event()
+            self._wait_queue[borrower] = event
+            try:
+                await event.wait()
+            except BaseException:
+                self._wait_queue.pop(borrower, None)
+                raise
+
+            self._borrowers.add(borrower)
+        else:
+            try:
+                await AsyncIOBackend.cancel_shielded_checkpoint()
+            except BaseException:
+                self.release()
+                raise
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        self.release_on_behalf_of(current_task())
+
+    def release_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._borrowers.remove(borrower)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "this borrower isn't holding any of this CapacityLimiter's tokens"
+            ) from None
+
+        # Notify the next task in line if this limiter has free capacity now
+        if self._wait_queue and len(self._borrowers) < self._total_tokens:
+            event = self._wait_queue.popitem(last=False)[1]
+            event.set()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> CapacityLimiterStatistics:
+        return CapacityLimiterStatistics(
+            self.borrowed_tokens,
+            self.total_tokens,
+            tuple(self._borrowers),
+            len(self._wait_queue),
+        )
+
+
+_default_thread_limiter: RunVar[CapacityLimiter] = RunVar("_default_thread_limiter")
+
+
+#
+# Operating system signals
+#
+
+
+class _SignalReceiver:
+    def __init__(self, signals: tuple[Signals, ...]):
+        self._signals = signals
+        self._loop = get_running_loop()
+        self._signal_queue: deque[Signals] = deque()
+        self._future: asyncio.Future = asyncio.Future()
+        self._handled_signals: set[Signals] = set()
+
+    def _deliver(self, signum: Signals) -> None:
+        self._signal_queue.append(signum)
+        if not self._future.done():
+            self._future.set_result(None)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> _SignalReceiver:
+        for sig in set(self._signals):
+            self._loop.add_signal_handler(sig, self._deliver, sig)
+            self._handled_signals.add(sig)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        for sig in self._handled_signals:
+            self._loop.remove_signal_handler(sig)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> _SignalReceiver:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> Signals:
+        await AsyncIOBackend.checkpoint()
+        if not self._signal_queue:
+            self._future = asyncio.Future()
+            await self._future
+
+        return self._signal_queue.popleft()
+
+
+#
+# Testing and debugging
+#
+
+
+class AsyncIOTaskInfo(TaskInfo):
+    def __init__(self, task: asyncio.Task):
+        task_state = _task_states.get(task)
+        if task_state is None:
+            parent_id = None
+        else:
+            parent_id = task_state.parent_id
+
+        coro = task.get_coro()
+        assert coro is not None, "created TaskInfo from a completed Task"
+        super().__init__(id(task), parent_id, task.get_name(), coro)
+        self._task = weakref.ref(task)
+
+    def has_pending_cancellation(self) -> bool:
+        if not (task := self._task()):
+            # If the task isn't around anymore, it won't have a pending cancellation
+            return False
+
+        if task._must_cancel:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            return True
+        elif (
+            isinstance(task._fut_waiter, asyncio.Future)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            and task._fut_waiter.cancelled()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        if task_state := _task_states.get(task):
+            if cancel_scope := task_state.cancel_scope:
+                return cancel_scope._effectively_cancelled
+
+        return False
+
+
+class TestRunner(abc.TestRunner):
+    _send_stream: MemoryObjectSendStream[tuple[Awaitable[Any], asyncio.Future[Any]]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        debug: bool | None = None,
+        use_uvloop: bool = False,
+        loop_factory: Callable[[], AbstractEventLoop] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if use_uvloop and loop_factory is None:
+            import uvloop
+
+            loop_factory = uvloop.new_event_loop
+
+        self._runner = Runner(debug=debug, loop_factory=loop_factory)
+        self._exceptions: list[BaseException] = []
+        self._runner_task: asyncio.Task | None = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> TestRunner:
+        self._runner.__enter__()
+        self.get_loop().set_exception_handler(self._exception_handler)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._runner.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+    def get_loop(self) -> AbstractEventLoop:
+        return self._runner.get_loop()
+
+    def _exception_handler(
+        self, loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop, context: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(context.get("exception"), Exception):
+            self._exceptions.append(context["exception"])
+        else:
+            loop.default_exception_handler(context)
+
+    def _raise_async_exceptions(self) -> None:
+        # Re-raise any exceptions raised in asynchronous callbacks
+        if self._exceptions:
+            exceptions, self._exceptions = self._exceptions, []
+            if len(exceptions) == 1:
+                raise exceptions[0]
+            elif exceptions:
+                raise BaseExceptionGroup(
+                    "Multiple exceptions occurred in asynchronous callbacks", exceptions
+                )
+
+    async def _run_tests_and_fixtures(
+        self,
+        receive_stream: MemoryObjectReceiveStream[
+            tuple[Awaitable[T_Retval], asyncio.Future[T_Retval]]
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        from _pytest.outcomes import OutcomeException
+
+        with receive_stream, self._send_stream:
+            async for coro, future in receive_stream:
+                try:
+                    retval = await coro
+                except CancelledError as exc:
+                    if not future.cancelled():
+                        future.cancel(*exc.args)
+
+                    raise
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    if not future.cancelled():
+                        future.set_exception(exc)
+
+                    if not isinstance(exc, (Exception, OutcomeException)):
+                        raise
+                else:
+                    if not future.cancelled():
+                        future.set_result(retval)
+
+    async def _call_in_runner_task(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[P, Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        *args: P.args,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        if not self._runner_task:
+            self._send_stream, receive_stream = create_memory_object_stream[
+                tuple[Awaitable[Any], asyncio.Future]
+            ](1)
+            self._runner_task = self.get_loop().create_task(
+                self._run_tests_and_fixtures(receive_stream)
+            )
+
+        coro = func(*args, **kwargs)
+        future: asyncio.Future[T_Retval] = self.get_loop().create_future()
+        self._send_stream.send_nowait((coro, future))
+        return await future
+
+    def run_asyncgen_fixture(
+        self,
+        fixture_func: Callable[..., AsyncGenerator[T_Retval, Any]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> Iterable[T_Retval]:
+        asyncgen = fixture_func(**kwargs)
+        fixturevalue: T_Retval = self.get_loop().run_until_complete(
+            self._call_in_runner_task(asyncgen.asend, None)
+        )
+        self._raise_async_exceptions()
+
+        yield fixturevalue
+
+        try:
+            self.get_loop().run_until_complete(
+                self._call_in_runner_task(asyncgen.asend, None)
+            )
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            self._raise_async_exceptions()
+        else:
+            self.get_loop().run_until_complete(asyncgen.aclose())
+            raise RuntimeError("Async generator fixture did not stop")
+
+    def run_fixture(
+        self,
+        fixture_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, T_Retval]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        retval = self.get_loop().run_until_complete(
+            self._call_in_runner_task(fixture_func, **kwargs)
+        )
+        self._raise_async_exceptions()
+        return retval
+
+    def run_test(
+        self, test_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]], kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.get_loop().run_until_complete(
+                self._call_in_runner_task(test_func, **kwargs)
+            )
+        except Exception as exc:
+            self._exceptions.append(exc)
+
+        self._raise_async_exceptions()
+
+
+class AsyncIOBackend(AsyncBackend):
+    @classmethod
+    def run(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        options: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        @wraps(func)
+        async def wrapper() -> T_Retval:
+            task = cast(asyncio.Task, current_task())
+            task.set_name(get_callable_name(func))
+            _task_states[task] = TaskState(None, None)
+
+            try:
+                return await func(*args)
+            finally:
+                del _task_states[task]
+
+        debug = options.get("debug", None)
+        loop_factory = options.get("loop_factory", None)
+        if loop_factory is None and options.get("use_uvloop", False):
+            import uvloop
+
+            loop_factory = uvloop.new_event_loop
+
+        with Runner(debug=debug, loop_factory=loop_factory) as runner:
+            return runner.run(wrapper())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_token(cls) -> object:
+        return get_running_loop()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_time(cls) -> float:
+        return get_running_loop().time()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cancelled_exception_class(cls) -> type[BaseException]:
+        return CancelledError
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def checkpoint(cls) -> None:
+        await sleep(0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def checkpoint_if_cancelled(cls) -> None:
+        task = current_task()
+        if task is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            cancel_scope = _task_states[task].cancel_scope
+        except KeyError:
+            return
+
+        while cancel_scope:
+            if cancel_scope.cancel_called:
+                await sleep(0)
+            elif cancel_scope.shield:
+                break
+            else:
+                cancel_scope = cancel_scope._parent_scope
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def cancel_shielded_checkpoint(cls) -> None:
+        with CancelScope(shield=True):
+            await sleep(0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def sleep(cls, delay: float) -> None:
+        await sleep(delay)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_cancel_scope(
+        cls, *, deadline: float = math.inf, shield: bool = False
+    ) -> CancelScope:
+        return CancelScope(deadline=deadline, shield=shield)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_effective_deadline(cls) -> float:
+        if (task := current_task()) is None:
+            return math.inf
+
+        try:
+            cancel_scope = _task_states[task].cancel_scope
+        except KeyError:
+            return math.inf
+
+        deadline = math.inf
+        while cancel_scope:
+            deadline = min(deadline, cancel_scope.deadline)
+            if cancel_scope._cancel_called:
+                deadline = -math.inf
+                break
+            elif cancel_scope.shield:
+                break
+            else:
+                cancel_scope = cancel_scope._parent_scope
+
+        return deadline
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_task_group(cls) -> abc.TaskGroup:
+        return TaskGroup()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_event(cls) -> abc.Event:
+        return Event()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_lock(cls, *, fast_acquire: bool) -> abc.Lock:
+        return Lock(fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_semaphore(
+        cls,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> abc.Semaphore:
+        return Semaphore(initial_value, max_value=max_value, fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_capacity_limiter(cls, total_tokens: float) -> abc.CapacityLimiter:
+        return CapacityLimiter(total_tokens)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def run_sync_in_worker_thread(  # type: ignore[return]
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        abandon_on_cancel: bool = False,
+        limiter: abc.CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        await cls.checkpoint()
+
+        # If this is the first run in this event loop thread, set up the necessary
+        # variables
+        try:
+            idle_workers = _threadpool_idle_workers.get()
+            workers = _threadpool_workers.get()
+        except LookupError:
+            idle_workers = deque()
+            workers = set()
+            _threadpool_idle_workers.set(idle_workers)
+            _threadpool_workers.set(workers)
+
+        async with limiter or cls.current_default_thread_limiter():
+            with CancelScope(shield=not abandon_on_cancel) as scope:
+                future = asyncio.Future[T_Retval]()
+                root_task = find_root_task()
+                if not idle_workers:
+                    worker = WorkerThread(root_task, workers, idle_workers)
+                    worker.start()
+                    workers.add(worker)
+                    root_task.add_done_callback(
+                        worker.stop, context=contextvars.Context()
+                    )
+                else:
+                    worker = idle_workers.pop()
+
+                    # Prune any other workers that have been idle for MAX_IDLE_TIME
+                    # seconds or longer
+                    now = cls.current_time()
+                    while idle_workers:
+                        if (
+                            now - idle_workers[0].idle_since
+                            < WorkerThread.MAX_IDLE_TIME
+                        ):
+                            break
+
+                        expired_worker = idle_workers.popleft()
+                        expired_worker.root_task.remove_done_callback(
+                            expired_worker.stop
+                        )
+                        expired_worker.stop()
+
+                context = copy_context()
+                context.run(sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.set, None)
+                if abandon_on_cancel or scope._parent_scope is None:
+                    worker_scope = scope
+                else:
+                    worker_scope = scope._parent_scope
+
+                worker.queue.put_nowait((context, func, args, future, worker_scope))
+                return await future
+
+    @classmethod
+    def check_cancelled(cls) -> None:
+        scope: CancelScope | None = threadlocals.current_cancel_scope
+        while scope is not None:
+            if scope.cancel_called:
+                raise CancelledError(f"Cancelled by cancel scope {id(scope):x}")
+
+            if scope.shield:
+                return
+
+            scope = scope._parent_scope
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run_async_from_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        token: object,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        async def task_wrapper(scope: CancelScope) -> T_Retval:
+            __tracebackhide__ = True
+            task = cast(asyncio.Task, current_task())
+            _task_states[task] = TaskState(None, scope)
+            scope._tasks.add(task)
+            try:
+                return await func(*args)
+            except CancelledError as exc:
+                raise concurrent.futures.CancelledError(str(exc)) from None
+            finally:
+                scope._tasks.discard(task)
+
+        loop = cast(AbstractEventLoop, token)
+        context = copy_context()
+        context.run(sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.set, "asyncio")
+        wrapper = task_wrapper(threadlocals.current_cancel_scope)
+        f: concurrent.futures.Future[T_Retval] = context.run(
+            asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe, wrapper, loop
+        )
+        return f.result()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run_sync_from_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        token: object,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        @wraps(func)
+        def wrapper() -> None:
+            try:
+                sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.set("asyncio")
+                f.set_result(func(*args))
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                f.set_exception(exc)
+                if not isinstance(exc, Exception):
+                    raise
+
+        f: concurrent.futures.Future[T_Retval] = Future()
+        loop = cast(AbstractEventLoop, token)
+        loop.call_soon_threadsafe(wrapper)
+        return f.result()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_blocking_portal(cls) -> abc.BlockingPortal:
+        return BlockingPortal()
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def open_process(
+        cls,
+        command: StrOrBytesPath | Sequence[StrOrBytesPath],
+        *,
+        stdin: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        stdout: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        stderr: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Process:
+        await cls.checkpoint()
+        if isinstance(command, PathLike):
+            command = os.fspath(command)
+
+        if isinstance(command, (str, bytes)):
+            process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_shell(
+                command,
+                stdin=stdin,
+                stdout=stdout,
+                stderr=stderr,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            process = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
+                *command,
+                stdin=stdin,
+                stdout=stdout,
+                stderr=stderr,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        stdin_stream = StreamWriterWrapper(process.stdin) if process.stdin else None
+        stdout_stream = StreamReaderWrapper(process.stdout) if process.stdout else None
+        stderr_stream = StreamReaderWrapper(process.stderr) if process.stderr else None
+        return Process(process, stdin_stream, stdout_stream, stderr_stream)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_process_pool_exit_at_shutdown(cls, workers: set[abc.Process]) -> None:
+        create_task(
+            _shutdown_process_pool_on_exit(workers),
+            name="AnyIO process pool shutdown task",
+        )
+        find_root_task().add_done_callback(
+            partial(_forcibly_shutdown_process_pool_on_exit, workers)  # type:ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        cls, host: str, port: int, local_address: IPSockAddrType | None = None
+    ) -> abc.SocketStream:
+        transport, protocol = cast(
+            tuple[asyncio.Transport, StreamProtocol],
+            await get_running_loop().create_connection(
+                StreamProtocol, host, port, local_addr=local_address
+            ),
+        )
+        transport.pause_reading()
+        return SocketStream(transport, protocol)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def connect_unix(cls, path: str | bytes) -> abc.UNIXSocketStream:
+        await cls.checkpoint()
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        raw_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX)
+        raw_socket.setblocking(False)
+        while True:
+            try:
+                raw_socket.connect(path)
+            except BlockingIOError:
+                f: asyncio.Future = asyncio.Future()
+                loop.add_writer(raw_socket, f.set_result, None)
+                f.add_done_callback(lambda _: loop.remove_writer(raw_socket))
+                await f
+            except BaseException:
+                raw_socket.close()
+                raise
+            else:
+                return UNIXSocketStream(raw_socket)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_tcp_listener(cls, sock: socket.socket) -> SocketListener:
+        return TCPSocketListener(sock)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_unix_listener(cls, sock: socket.socket) -> SocketListener:
+        return UNIXSocketListener(sock)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def create_udp_socket(
+        cls,
+        family: AddressFamily,
+        local_address: IPSockAddrType | None,
+        remote_address: IPSockAddrType | None,
+        reuse_port: bool,
+    ) -> UDPSocket | ConnectedUDPSocket:
+        transport, protocol = await get_running_loop().create_datagram_endpoint(
+            DatagramProtocol,
+            local_addr=local_address,
+            remote_addr=remote_address,
+            family=family,
+            reuse_port=reuse_port,
+        )
+        if protocol.exception:
+            transport.close()
+            raise protocol.exception
+
+        if not remote_address:
+            return UDPSocket(transport, protocol)
+        else:
+            return ConnectedUDPSocket(transport, protocol)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def create_unix_datagram_socket(  # type: ignore[override]
+        cls, raw_socket: socket.socket, remote_path: str | bytes | None
+    ) -> abc.UNIXDatagramSocket | abc.ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket:
+        await cls.checkpoint()
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+
+        if remote_path:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    raw_socket.connect(remote_path)
+                except BlockingIOError:
+                    f: asyncio.Future = asyncio.Future()
+                    loop.add_writer(raw_socket, f.set_result, None)
+                    f.add_done_callback(lambda _: loop.remove_writer(raw_socket))
+                    await f
+                except BaseException:
+                    raw_socket.close()
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    return ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket(raw_socket)
+        else:
+            return UNIXDatagramSocket(raw_socket)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def getaddrinfo(
+        cls,
+        host: bytes | str | None,
+        port: str | int | None,
+        *,
+        family: int | AddressFamily = 0,
+        type: int | SocketKind = 0,
+        proto: int = 0,
+        flags: int = 0,
+    ) -> Sequence[
+        tuple[
+            AddressFamily,
+            SocketKind,
+            int,
+            str,
+            tuple[str, int] | tuple[str, int, int, int] | tuple[int, bytes],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        return await get_running_loop().getaddrinfo(
+            host, port, family=family, type=type, proto=proto, flags=flags
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def getnameinfo(
+        cls, sockaddr: IPSockAddrType, flags: int = 0
+    ) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        return await get_running_loop().getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def wait_readable(cls, obj: FileDescriptorLike) -> None:
+        await cls.checkpoint()
+        try:
+            read_events = _read_events.get()
+        except LookupError:
+            read_events = {}
+            _read_events.set(read_events)
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, int):
+            obj = obj.fileno()
+
+        if read_events.get(obj):
+            raise BusyResourceError("reading from")
+
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        event = asyncio.Event()
+        try:
+            loop.add_reader(obj, event.set)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            from anyio._core._asyncio_selector_thread import get_selector
+
+            selector = get_selector()
+            selector.add_reader(obj, event.set)
+            remove_reader = selector.remove_reader
+        else:
+            remove_reader = loop.remove_reader
+
+        read_events[obj] = event
+        try:
+            await event.wait()
+        finally:
+            remove_reader(obj)
+            del read_events[obj]
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def wait_writable(cls, obj: FileDescriptorLike) -> None:
+        await cls.checkpoint()
+        try:
+            write_events = _write_events.get()
+        except LookupError:
+            write_events = {}
+            _write_events.set(write_events)
+
+        if not isinstance(obj, int):
+            obj = obj.fileno()
+
+        if write_events.get(obj):
+            raise BusyResourceError("writing to")
+
+        loop = get_running_loop()
+        event = asyncio.Event()
+        try:
+            loop.add_writer(obj, event.set)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            from anyio._core._asyncio_selector_thread import get_selector
+
+            selector = get_selector()
+            selector.add_writer(obj, event.set)
+            remove_writer = selector.remove_writer
+        else:
+            remove_writer = loop.remove_writer
+
+        write_events[obj] = event
+        try:
+            await event.wait()
+        finally:
+            del write_events[obj]
+            remove_writer(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_default_thread_limiter(cls) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        try:
+            return _default_thread_limiter.get()
+        except LookupError:
+            limiter = CapacityLimiter(40)
+            _default_thread_limiter.set(limiter)
+            return limiter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open_signal_receiver(
+        cls, *signals: Signals
+    ) -> AbstractContextManager[AsyncIterator[Signals]]:
+        return _SignalReceiver(signals)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_current_task(cls) -> TaskInfo:
+        return AsyncIOTaskInfo(current_task())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_running_tasks(cls) -> Sequence[TaskInfo]:
+        return [AsyncIOTaskInfo(task) for task in all_tasks() if not task.done()]
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def wait_all_tasks_blocked(cls) -> None:
+        await cls.checkpoint()
+        this_task = current_task()
+        while True:
+            for task in all_tasks():
+                if task is this_task:
+                    continue
+
+                waiter = task._fut_waiter  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                if waiter is None or waiter.done():
+                    await sleep(0.1)
+                    break
+            else:
+                return
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_test_runner(cls, options: dict[str, Any]) -> TestRunner:
+        return TestRunner(**options)
+
+
+backend_class = AsyncIOBackend
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/_trio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/_trio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b80cc04f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_backends/_trio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1334 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import array
+import math
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import types
+import weakref
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncGenerator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Callable,
+    Collection,
+    Coroutine,
+    Iterable,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from concurrent.futures import Future
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import partial
+from io import IOBase
+from os import PathLike
+from signal import Signals
+from socket import AddressFamily, SocketKind
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Generic,
+    NoReturn,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+import trio.from_thread
+import trio.lowlevel
+from outcome import Error, Outcome, Value
+from trio.lowlevel import (
+    current_root_task,
+    current_task,
+    wait_readable,
+    wait_writable,
+)
+from trio.socket import SocketType as TrioSocketType
+from trio.to_thread import run_sync
+
+from .. import (
+    CapacityLimiterStatistics,
+    EventStatistics,
+    LockStatistics,
+    TaskInfo,
+    WouldBlock,
+    abc,
+)
+from .._core._eventloop import claim_worker_thread
+from .._core._exceptions import (
+    BrokenResourceError,
+    BusyResourceError,
+    ClosedResourceError,
+    EndOfStream,
+)
+from .._core._sockets import convert_ipv6_sockaddr
+from .._core._streams import create_memory_object_stream
+from .._core._synchronization import (
+    CapacityLimiter as BaseCapacityLimiter,
+)
+from .._core._synchronization import Event as BaseEvent
+from .._core._synchronization import Lock as BaseLock
+from .._core._synchronization import (
+    ResourceGuard,
+    SemaphoreStatistics,
+)
+from .._core._synchronization import Semaphore as BaseSemaphore
+from .._core._tasks import CancelScope as BaseCancelScope
+from ..abc import IPSockAddrType, UDPPacketType, UNIXDatagramPacketType
+from ..abc._eventloop import AsyncBackend, StrOrBytesPath
+from ..streams.memory import MemoryObjectSendStream
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import HasFileno
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+T_SockAddr = TypeVar("T_SockAddr", str, IPSockAddrType)
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+#
+# Event loop
+#
+
+RunVar = trio.lowlevel.RunVar
+
+
+#
+# Timeouts and cancellation
+#
+
+
+class CancelScope(BaseCancelScope):
+    def __new__(
+        cls, original: trio.CancelScope | None = None, **kwargs: object
+    ) -> CancelScope:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, original: trio.CancelScope | None = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.__original = original or trio.CancelScope(**kwargs)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> CancelScope:
+        self.__original.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        return self.__original.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+    def cancel(self) -> None:
+        self.__original.cancel()
+
+    @property
+    def deadline(self) -> float:
+        return self.__original.deadline
+
+    @deadline.setter
+    def deadline(self, value: float) -> None:
+        self.__original.deadline = value
+
+    @property
+    def cancel_called(self) -> bool:
+        return self.__original.cancel_called
+
+    @property
+    def cancelled_caught(self) -> bool:
+        return self.__original.cancelled_caught
+
+    @property
+    def shield(self) -> bool:
+        return self.__original.shield
+
+    @shield.setter
+    def shield(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self.__original.shield = value
+
+
+#
+# Task groups
+#
+
+
+class TaskGroup(abc.TaskGroup):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._active = False
+        self._nursery_manager = trio.open_nursery(strict_exception_groups=True)
+        self.cancel_scope = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> TaskGroup:
+        self._active = True
+        self._nursery = await self._nursery_manager.__aenter__()
+        self.cancel_scope = CancelScope(self._nursery.cancel_scope)
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        try:
+            # trio.Nursery.__exit__ returns bool; .open_nursery has wrong type
+            return await self._nursery_manager.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+        except BaseExceptionGroup as exc:
+            if not exc.split(trio.Cancelled)[1]:
+                raise trio.Cancelled._create() from exc
+
+            raise
+        finally:
+            del exc_val, exc_tb
+            self._active = False
+
+    def start_soon(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[Any]],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self._active:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "This task group is not active; no new tasks can be started."
+            )
+
+        self._nursery.start_soon(func, *args, name=name)
+
+    async def start(
+        self, func: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]], *args: object, name: object = None
+    ) -> Any:
+        if not self._active:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "This task group is not active; no new tasks can be started."
+            )
+
+        return await self._nursery.start(func, *args, name=name)
+
+
+#
+# Threads
+#
+
+
+class BlockingPortal(abc.BlockingPortal):
+    def __new__(cls) -> BlockingPortal:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._token = trio.lowlevel.current_trio_token()
+
+    def _spawn_task_from_thread(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval] | T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        name: object,
+        future: Future[T_Retval],
+    ) -> None:
+        trio.from_thread.run_sync(
+            partial(self._task_group.start_soon, name=name),
+            self._call_func,
+            func,
+            args,
+            kwargs,
+            future,
+            trio_token=self._token,
+        )
+
+
+#
+# Subprocesses
+#
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class ReceiveStreamWrapper(abc.ByteReceiveStream):
+    _stream: trio.abc.ReceiveStream
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int | None = None) -> bytes:
+        try:
+            data = await self._stream.receive_some(max_bytes)
+        except trio.ClosedResourceError as exc:
+            raise ClosedResourceError from exc.__cause__
+        except trio.BrokenResourceError as exc:
+            raise BrokenResourceError from exc.__cause__
+
+        if data:
+            return data
+        else:
+            raise EndOfStream
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._stream.aclose()
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class SendStreamWrapper(abc.ByteSendStream):
+    _stream: trio.abc.SendStream
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        try:
+            await self._stream.send_all(item)
+        except trio.ClosedResourceError as exc:
+            raise ClosedResourceError from exc.__cause__
+        except trio.BrokenResourceError as exc:
+            raise BrokenResourceError from exc.__cause__
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._stream.aclose()
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class Process(abc.Process):
+    _process: trio.Process
+    _stdin: abc.ByteSendStream | None
+    _stdout: abc.ByteReceiveStream | None
+    _stderr: abc.ByteReceiveStream | None
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        with CancelScope(shield=True):
+            if self._stdin:
+                await self._stdin.aclose()
+            if self._stdout:
+                await self._stdout.aclose()
+            if self._stderr:
+                await self._stderr.aclose()
+
+        try:
+            await self.wait()
+        except BaseException:
+            self.kill()
+            with CancelScope(shield=True):
+                await self.wait()
+            raise
+
+    async def wait(self) -> int:
+        return await self._process.wait()
+
+    def terminate(self) -> None:
+        self._process.terminate()
+
+    def kill(self) -> None:
+        self._process.kill()
+
+    def send_signal(self, signal: Signals) -> None:
+        self._process.send_signal(signal)
+
+    @property
+    def pid(self) -> int:
+        return self._process.pid
+
+    @property
+    def returncode(self) -> int | None:
+        return self._process.returncode
+
+    @property
+    def stdin(self) -> abc.ByteSendStream | None:
+        return self._stdin
+
+    @property
+    def stdout(self) -> abc.ByteReceiveStream | None:
+        return self._stdout
+
+    @property
+    def stderr(self) -> abc.ByteReceiveStream | None:
+        return self._stderr
+
+
+class _ProcessPoolShutdownInstrument(trio.abc.Instrument):
+    def after_run(self) -> None:
+        super().after_run()
+
+
+current_default_worker_process_limiter: trio.lowlevel.RunVar = RunVar(
+    "current_default_worker_process_limiter"
+)
+
+
+async def _shutdown_process_pool(workers: set[abc.Process]) -> None:
+    try:
+        await trio.sleep(math.inf)
+    except trio.Cancelled:
+        for process in workers:
+            if process.returncode is None:
+                process.kill()
+
+        with CancelScope(shield=True):
+            for process in workers:
+                await process.aclose()
+
+
+#
+# Sockets and networking
+#
+
+
+class _TrioSocketMixin(Generic[T_SockAddr]):
+    def __init__(self, trio_socket: TrioSocketType) -> None:
+        self._trio_socket = trio_socket
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def _check_closed(self) -> None:
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError
+        if self._trio_socket.fileno() < 0:
+            raise BrokenResourceError
+
+    @property
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        return self._trio_socket._sock  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if self._trio_socket.fileno() >= 0:
+            self._closed = True
+            self._trio_socket.close()
+
+    def _convert_socket_error(self, exc: BaseException) -> NoReturn:
+        if isinstance(exc, trio.ClosedResourceError):
+            raise ClosedResourceError from exc
+        elif self._trio_socket.fileno() < 0 and self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError from None
+        elif isinstance(exc, OSError):
+            raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+        else:
+            raise exc
+
+
+class SocketStream(_TrioSocketMixin, abc.SocketStream):
+    def __init__(self, trio_socket: TrioSocketType) -> None:
+        super().__init__(trio_socket)
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            try:
+                data = await self._trio_socket.recv(max_bytes)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+            if data:
+                return data
+            else:
+                raise EndOfStream
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            view = memoryview(item)
+            while view:
+                try:
+                    bytes_sent = await self._trio_socket.send(view)
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+                view = view[bytes_sent:]
+
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        self._trio_socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
+
+
+class UNIXSocketStream(SocketStream, abc.UNIXSocketStream):
+    async def receive_fds(self, msglen: int, maxfds: int) -> tuple[bytes, list[int]]:
+        if not isinstance(msglen, int) or msglen < 0:
+            raise ValueError("msglen must be a non-negative integer")
+        if not isinstance(maxfds, int) or maxfds < 1:
+            raise ValueError("maxfds must be a positive integer")
+
+        fds = array.array("i")
+        await trio.lowlevel.checkpoint()
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    message, ancdata, flags, addr = await self._trio_socket.recvmsg(
+                        msglen, socket.CMSG_LEN(maxfds * fds.itemsize)
+                    )
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+                else:
+                    if not message and not ancdata:
+                        raise EndOfStream
+
+                    break
+
+        for cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data in ancdata:
+            if cmsg_level != socket.SOL_SOCKET or cmsg_type != socket.SCM_RIGHTS:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Received unexpected ancillary data; message = {message!r}, "
+                    f"cmsg_level = {cmsg_level}, cmsg_type = {cmsg_type}"
+                )
+
+            fds.frombytes(cmsg_data[: len(cmsg_data) - (len(cmsg_data) % fds.itemsize)])
+
+        return message, list(fds)
+
+    async def send_fds(self, message: bytes, fds: Collection[int | IOBase]) -> None:
+        if not message:
+            raise ValueError("message must not be empty")
+        if not fds:
+            raise ValueError("fds must not be empty")
+
+        filenos: list[int] = []
+        for fd in fds:
+            if isinstance(fd, int):
+                filenos.append(fd)
+            elif isinstance(fd, IOBase):
+                filenos.append(fd.fileno())
+
+        fdarray = array.array("i", filenos)
+        await trio.lowlevel.checkpoint()
+        with self._send_guard:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    await self._trio_socket.sendmsg(
+                        [message],
+                        [
+                            (
+                                socket.SOL_SOCKET,
+                                socket.SCM_RIGHTS,
+                                fdarray,
+                            )
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    break
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+
+class TCPSocketListener(_TrioSocketMixin, abc.SocketListener):
+    def __init__(self, raw_socket: socket.socket):
+        super().__init__(trio.socket.from_stdlib_socket(raw_socket))
+        self._accept_guard = ResourceGuard("accepting connections from")
+
+    async def accept(self) -> SocketStream:
+        with self._accept_guard:
+            try:
+                trio_socket, _addr = await self._trio_socket.accept()
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+        trio_socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        return SocketStream(trio_socket)
+
+
+class UNIXSocketListener(_TrioSocketMixin, abc.SocketListener):
+    def __init__(self, raw_socket: socket.socket):
+        super().__init__(trio.socket.from_stdlib_socket(raw_socket))
+        self._accept_guard = ResourceGuard("accepting connections from")
+
+    async def accept(self) -> UNIXSocketStream:
+        with self._accept_guard:
+            try:
+                trio_socket, _addr = await self._trio_socket.accept()
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+        return UNIXSocketStream(trio_socket)
+
+
+class UDPSocket(_TrioSocketMixin[IPSockAddrType], abc.UDPSocket):
+    def __init__(self, trio_socket: TrioSocketType) -> None:
+        super().__init__(trio_socket)
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+
+    async def receive(self) -> tuple[bytes, IPSockAddrType]:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            try:
+                data, addr = await self._trio_socket.recvfrom(65536)
+                return data, convert_ipv6_sockaddr(addr)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+    async def send(self, item: UDPPacketType) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            try:
+                await self._trio_socket.sendto(*item)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+
+class ConnectedUDPSocket(_TrioSocketMixin[IPSockAddrType], abc.ConnectedUDPSocket):
+    def __init__(self, trio_socket: TrioSocketType) -> None:
+        super().__init__(trio_socket)
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+
+    async def receive(self) -> bytes:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            try:
+                return await self._trio_socket.recv(65536)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            try:
+                await self._trio_socket.send(item)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+
+class UNIXDatagramSocket(_TrioSocketMixin[str], abc.UNIXDatagramSocket):
+    def __init__(self, trio_socket: TrioSocketType) -> None:
+        super().__init__(trio_socket)
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+
+    async def receive(self) -> UNIXDatagramPacketType:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            try:
+                data, addr = await self._trio_socket.recvfrom(65536)
+                return data, addr
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+    async def send(self, item: UNIXDatagramPacketType) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            try:
+                await self._trio_socket.sendto(*item)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+
+class ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket(
+    _TrioSocketMixin[str], abc.ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket
+):
+    def __init__(self, trio_socket: TrioSocketType) -> None:
+        super().__init__(trio_socket)
+        self._receive_guard = ResourceGuard("reading from")
+        self._send_guard = ResourceGuard("writing to")
+
+    async def receive(self) -> bytes:
+        with self._receive_guard:
+            try:
+                return await self._trio_socket.recv(65536)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        with self._send_guard:
+            try:
+                await self._trio_socket.send(item)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._convert_socket_error(exc)
+
+
+#
+# Synchronization
+#
+
+
+class Event(BaseEvent):
+    def __new__(cls) -> Event:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.__original = trio.Event()
+
+    def is_set(self) -> bool:
+        return self.__original.is_set()
+
+    async def wait(self) -> None:
+        return await self.__original.wait()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> EventStatistics:
+        orig_statistics = self.__original.statistics()
+        return EventStatistics(tasks_waiting=orig_statistics.tasks_waiting)
+
+    def set(self) -> None:
+        self.__original.set()
+
+
+class Lock(BaseLock):
+    def __new__(cls, *, fast_acquire: bool = False) -> Lock:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, *, fast_acquire: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._fast_acquire = fast_acquire
+        self.__original = trio.Lock()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _convert_runtime_error_msg(exc: RuntimeError) -> None:
+        if exc.args == ("attempt to re-acquire an already held Lock",):
+            exc.args = ("Attempted to acquire an already held Lock",)
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        if not self._fast_acquire:
+            try:
+                await self.__original.acquire()
+            except RuntimeError as exc:
+                self._convert_runtime_error_msg(exc)
+                raise
+
+            return
+
+        # This is the "fast path" where we don't let other tasks run
+        await trio.lowlevel.checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+        try:
+            self.__original.acquire_nowait()
+        except trio.WouldBlock:
+            await self.__original._lot.park()
+        except RuntimeError as exc:
+            self._convert_runtime_error_msg(exc)
+            raise
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.__original.acquire_nowait()
+        except trio.WouldBlock:
+            raise WouldBlock from None
+        except RuntimeError as exc:
+            self._convert_runtime_error_msg(exc)
+            raise
+
+    def locked(self) -> bool:
+        return self.__original.locked()
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        self.__original.release()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> LockStatistics:
+        orig_statistics = self.__original.statistics()
+        owner = TrioTaskInfo(orig_statistics.owner) if orig_statistics.owner else None
+        return LockStatistics(
+            orig_statistics.locked, owner, orig_statistics.tasks_waiting
+        )
+
+
+class Semaphore(BaseSemaphore):
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> Semaphore:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(initial_value, max_value=max_value, fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+        self.__original = trio.Semaphore(initial_value, max_value=max_value)
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        if not self._fast_acquire:
+            await self.__original.acquire()
+            return
+
+        # This is the "fast path" where we don't let other tasks run
+        await trio.lowlevel.checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+        try:
+            self.__original.acquire_nowait()
+        except trio.WouldBlock:
+            await self.__original._lot.park()
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.__original.acquire_nowait()
+        except trio.WouldBlock:
+            raise WouldBlock from None
+
+    @property
+    def max_value(self) -> int | None:
+        return self.__original.max_value
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> int:
+        return self.__original.value
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        self.__original.release()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> SemaphoreStatistics:
+        orig_statistics = self.__original.statistics()
+        return SemaphoreStatistics(orig_statistics.tasks_waiting)
+
+
+class CapacityLimiter(BaseCapacityLimiter):
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        total_tokens: float | None = None,
+        *,
+        original: trio.CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+    ) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        total_tokens: float | None = None,
+        *,
+        original: trio.CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if original is not None:
+            self.__original = original
+        else:
+            assert total_tokens is not None
+            self.__original = trio.CapacityLimiter(total_tokens)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        return await self.__original.__aenter__()
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.__original.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+    @property
+    def total_tokens(self) -> float:
+        return self.__original.total_tokens
+
+    @total_tokens.setter
+    def total_tokens(self, value: float) -> None:
+        self.__original.total_tokens = value
+
+    @property
+    def borrowed_tokens(self) -> int:
+        return self.__original.borrowed_tokens
+
+    @property
+    def available_tokens(self) -> float:
+        return self.__original.available_tokens
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        self.__original.acquire_nowait()
+
+    def acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        self.__original.acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(borrower)
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        await self.__original.acquire()
+
+    async def acquire_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        await self.__original.acquire_on_behalf_of(borrower)
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        return self.__original.release()
+
+    def release_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        return self.__original.release_on_behalf_of(borrower)
+
+    def statistics(self) -> CapacityLimiterStatistics:
+        orig = self.__original.statistics()
+        return CapacityLimiterStatistics(
+            borrowed_tokens=orig.borrowed_tokens,
+            total_tokens=orig.total_tokens,
+            borrowers=tuple(orig.borrowers),
+            tasks_waiting=orig.tasks_waiting,
+        )
+
+
+_capacity_limiter_wrapper: trio.lowlevel.RunVar = RunVar("_capacity_limiter_wrapper")
+
+
+#
+# Signal handling
+#
+
+
+class _SignalReceiver:
+    _iterator: AsyncIterator[int]
+
+    def __init__(self, signals: tuple[Signals, ...]):
+        self._signals = signals
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> _SignalReceiver:
+        self._cm = trio.open_signal_receiver(*self._signals)
+        self._iterator = self._cm.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        return self._cm.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> _SignalReceiver:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> Signals:
+        signum = await self._iterator.__anext__()
+        return Signals(signum)
+
+
+#
+# Testing and debugging
+#
+
+
+class TestRunner(abc.TestRunner):
+    def __init__(self, **options: Any) -> None:
+        from queue import Queue
+
+        self._call_queue: Queue[Callable[[], object]] = Queue()
+        self._send_stream: MemoryObjectSendStream | None = None
+        self._options = options
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: types.TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._send_stream:
+            self._send_stream.close()
+            while self._send_stream is not None:
+                self._call_queue.get()()
+
+    async def _run_tests_and_fixtures(self) -> None:
+        self._send_stream, receive_stream = create_memory_object_stream(1)
+        with receive_stream:
+            async for coro, outcome_holder in receive_stream:
+                try:
+                    retval = await coro
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    outcome_holder.append(Error(exc))
+                else:
+                    outcome_holder.append(Value(retval))
+
+    def _main_task_finished(self, outcome: object) -> None:
+        self._send_stream = None
+
+    def _call_in_runner_task(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[P, Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        *args: P.args,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        if self._send_stream is None:
+            trio.lowlevel.start_guest_run(
+                self._run_tests_and_fixtures,
+                run_sync_soon_threadsafe=self._call_queue.put,
+                done_callback=self._main_task_finished,
+                **self._options,
+            )
+            while self._send_stream is None:
+                self._call_queue.get()()
+
+        outcome_holder: list[Outcome] = []
+        self._send_stream.send_nowait((func(*args, **kwargs), outcome_holder))
+        while not outcome_holder:
+            self._call_queue.get()()
+
+        return outcome_holder[0].unwrap()
+
+    def run_asyncgen_fixture(
+        self,
+        fixture_func: Callable[..., AsyncGenerator[T_Retval, Any]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> Iterable[T_Retval]:
+        asyncgen = fixture_func(**kwargs)
+        fixturevalue: T_Retval = self._call_in_runner_task(asyncgen.asend, None)
+
+        yield fixturevalue
+
+        try:
+            self._call_in_runner_task(asyncgen.asend, None)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self._call_in_runner_task(asyncgen.aclose)
+            raise RuntimeError("Async generator fixture did not stop")
+
+    def run_fixture(
+        self,
+        fixture_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, T_Retval]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        return self._call_in_runner_task(fixture_func, **kwargs)
+
+    def run_test(
+        self, test_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]], kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._call_in_runner_task(test_func, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TrioTaskInfo(TaskInfo):
+    def __init__(self, task: trio.lowlevel.Task):
+        parent_id = None
+        if task.parent_nursery and task.parent_nursery.parent_task:
+            parent_id = id(task.parent_nursery.parent_task)
+
+        super().__init__(id(task), parent_id, task.name, task.coro)
+        self._task = weakref.proxy(task)
+
+    def has_pending_cancellation(self) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return self._task._cancel_status.effectively_cancelled
+        except ReferenceError:
+            # If the task is no longer around, it surely doesn't have a cancellation
+            # pending
+            return False
+
+
+class TrioBackend(AsyncBackend):
+    @classmethod
+    def run(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        options: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        return trio.run(func, *args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_token(cls) -> object:
+        return trio.lowlevel.current_trio_token()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_time(cls) -> float:
+        return trio.current_time()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cancelled_exception_class(cls) -> type[BaseException]:
+        return trio.Cancelled
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def checkpoint(cls) -> None:
+        await trio.lowlevel.checkpoint()
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def checkpoint_if_cancelled(cls) -> None:
+        await trio.lowlevel.checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def cancel_shielded_checkpoint(cls) -> None:
+        await trio.lowlevel.cancel_shielded_checkpoint()
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def sleep(cls, delay: float) -> None:
+        await trio.sleep(delay)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_cancel_scope(
+        cls, *, deadline: float = math.inf, shield: bool = False
+    ) -> abc.CancelScope:
+        return CancelScope(deadline=deadline, shield=shield)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_effective_deadline(cls) -> float:
+        return trio.current_effective_deadline()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_task_group(cls) -> abc.TaskGroup:
+        return TaskGroup()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_event(cls) -> abc.Event:
+        return Event()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_lock(cls, *, fast_acquire: bool) -> Lock:
+        return Lock(fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_semaphore(
+        cls,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> abc.Semaphore:
+        return Semaphore(initial_value, max_value=max_value, fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_capacity_limiter(cls, total_tokens: float) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        return CapacityLimiter(total_tokens)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def run_sync_in_worker_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        abandon_on_cancel: bool = False,
+        limiter: abc.CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        def wrapper() -> T_Retval:
+            with claim_worker_thread(TrioBackend, token):
+                return func(*args)
+
+        token = TrioBackend.current_token()
+        return await run_sync(
+            wrapper,
+            abandon_on_cancel=abandon_on_cancel,
+            limiter=cast(trio.CapacityLimiter, limiter),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def check_cancelled(cls) -> None:
+        trio.from_thread.check_cancelled()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run_async_from_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        token: object,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        return trio.from_thread.run(func, *args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run_sync_from_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        token: object,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        return trio.from_thread.run_sync(func, *args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_blocking_portal(cls) -> abc.BlockingPortal:
+        return BlockingPortal()
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def open_process(
+        cls,
+        command: StrOrBytesPath | Sequence[StrOrBytesPath],
+        *,
+        stdin: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        stdout: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        stderr: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Process:
+        def convert_item(item: StrOrBytesPath) -> str:
+            str_or_bytes = os.fspath(item)
+            if isinstance(str_or_bytes, str):
+                return str_or_bytes
+            else:
+                return os.fsdecode(str_or_bytes)
+
+        if isinstance(command, (str, bytes, PathLike)):
+            process = await trio.lowlevel.open_process(
+                convert_item(command),
+                stdin=stdin,
+                stdout=stdout,
+                stderr=stderr,
+                shell=True,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            process = await trio.lowlevel.open_process(
+                [convert_item(item) for item in command],
+                stdin=stdin,
+                stdout=stdout,
+                stderr=stderr,
+                shell=False,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        stdin_stream = SendStreamWrapper(process.stdin) if process.stdin else None
+        stdout_stream = ReceiveStreamWrapper(process.stdout) if process.stdout else None
+        stderr_stream = ReceiveStreamWrapper(process.stderr) if process.stderr else None
+        return Process(process, stdin_stream, stdout_stream, stderr_stream)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_process_pool_exit_at_shutdown(cls, workers: set[abc.Process]) -> None:
+        trio.lowlevel.spawn_system_task(_shutdown_process_pool, workers)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        cls, host: str, port: int, local_address: IPSockAddrType | None = None
+    ) -> SocketStream:
+        family = socket.AF_INET6 if ":" in host else socket.AF_INET
+        trio_socket = trio.socket.socket(family)
+        trio_socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        if local_address:
+            await trio_socket.bind(local_address)
+
+        try:
+            await trio_socket.connect((host, port))
+        except BaseException:
+            trio_socket.close()
+            raise
+
+        return SocketStream(trio_socket)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def connect_unix(cls, path: str | bytes) -> abc.UNIXSocketStream:
+        trio_socket = trio.socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX)
+        try:
+            await trio_socket.connect(path)
+        except BaseException:
+            trio_socket.close()
+            raise
+
+        return UNIXSocketStream(trio_socket)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_tcp_listener(cls, sock: socket.socket) -> abc.SocketListener:
+        return TCPSocketListener(sock)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_unix_listener(cls, sock: socket.socket) -> abc.SocketListener:
+        return UNIXSocketListener(sock)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def create_udp_socket(
+        cls,
+        family: socket.AddressFamily,
+        local_address: IPSockAddrType | None,
+        remote_address: IPSockAddrType | None,
+        reuse_port: bool,
+    ) -> UDPSocket | ConnectedUDPSocket:
+        trio_socket = trio.socket.socket(family=family, type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+
+        if reuse_port:
+            trio_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEPORT, 1)
+
+        if local_address:
+            await trio_socket.bind(local_address)
+
+        if remote_address:
+            await trio_socket.connect(remote_address)
+            return ConnectedUDPSocket(trio_socket)
+        else:
+            return UDPSocket(trio_socket)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @overload
+    async def create_unix_datagram_socket(
+        cls, raw_socket: socket.socket, remote_path: None
+    ) -> abc.UNIXDatagramSocket: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    @overload
+    async def create_unix_datagram_socket(
+        cls, raw_socket: socket.socket, remote_path: str | bytes
+    ) -> abc.ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def create_unix_datagram_socket(
+        cls, raw_socket: socket.socket, remote_path: str | bytes | None
+    ) -> abc.UNIXDatagramSocket | abc.ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket:
+        trio_socket = trio.socket.from_stdlib_socket(raw_socket)
+
+        if remote_path:
+            await trio_socket.connect(remote_path)
+            return ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket(trio_socket)
+        else:
+            return UNIXDatagramSocket(trio_socket)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def getaddrinfo(
+        cls,
+        host: bytes | str | None,
+        port: str | int | None,
+        *,
+        family: int | AddressFamily = 0,
+        type: int | SocketKind = 0,
+        proto: int = 0,
+        flags: int = 0,
+    ) -> Sequence[
+        tuple[
+            AddressFamily,
+            SocketKind,
+            int,
+            str,
+            tuple[str, int] | tuple[str, int, int, int] | tuple[int, bytes],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        return await trio.socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def getnameinfo(
+        cls, sockaddr: IPSockAddrType, flags: int = 0
+    ) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        return await trio.socket.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def wait_readable(cls, obj: HasFileno | int) -> None:
+        try:
+            await wait_readable(obj)
+        except trio.ClosedResourceError as exc:
+            raise ClosedResourceError().with_traceback(exc.__traceback__) from None
+        except trio.BusyResourceError:
+            raise BusyResourceError("reading from") from None
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def wait_writable(cls, obj: HasFileno | int) -> None:
+        try:
+            await wait_writable(obj)
+        except trio.ClosedResourceError as exc:
+            raise ClosedResourceError().with_traceback(exc.__traceback__) from None
+        except trio.BusyResourceError:
+            raise BusyResourceError("writing to") from None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def current_default_thread_limiter(cls) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        try:
+            return _capacity_limiter_wrapper.get()
+        except LookupError:
+            limiter = CapacityLimiter(
+                original=trio.to_thread.current_default_thread_limiter()
+            )
+            _capacity_limiter_wrapper.set(limiter)
+            return limiter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def open_signal_receiver(
+        cls, *signals: Signals
+    ) -> AbstractContextManager[AsyncIterator[Signals]]:
+        return _SignalReceiver(signals)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_current_task(cls) -> TaskInfo:
+        task = current_task()
+        return TrioTaskInfo(task)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_running_tasks(cls) -> Sequence[TaskInfo]:
+        root_task = current_root_task()
+        assert root_task
+        task_infos = [TrioTaskInfo(root_task)]
+        nurseries = root_task.child_nurseries
+        while nurseries:
+            new_nurseries: list[trio.Nursery] = []
+            for nursery in nurseries:
+                for task in nursery.child_tasks:
+                    task_infos.append(TrioTaskInfo(task))
+                    new_nurseries.extend(task.child_nurseries)
+
+            nurseries = new_nurseries
+
+        return task_infos
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def wait_all_tasks_blocked(cls) -> None:
+        from trio.testing import wait_all_tasks_blocked
+
+        await wait_all_tasks_blocked()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_test_runner(cls, options: dict[str, Any]) -> TestRunner:
+        return TestRunner(**options)
+
+
+backend_class = TrioBackend
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_asyncio_selector_thread.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_asyncio_selector_thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f35bae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_asyncio_selector_thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import socket
+import threading
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from selectors import EVENT_READ, EVENT_WRITE, DefaultSelector
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import FileDescriptorLike
+
+_selector_lock = threading.Lock()
+_selector: Selector | None = None
+
+
+class Selector:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._thread = threading.Thread(target=self.run, name="AnyIO socket selector")
+        self._selector = DefaultSelector()
+        self._send, self._receive = socket.socketpair()
+        self._send.setblocking(False)
+        self._receive.setblocking(False)
+        # This somewhat reduces the amount of memory wasted queueing up data
+        # for wakeups. With these settings, maximum number of 1-byte sends
+        # before getting BlockingIOError:
+        #   Linux 4.8: 6
+        #   macOS (darwin 15.5): 1
+        #   Windows 10: 525347
+        # Windows you're weird. (And on Windows setting SNDBUF to 0 makes send
+        # blocking, even on non-blocking sockets, so don't do that.)
+        self._receive.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_RCVBUF, 1)
+        self._send.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_SNDBUF, 1)
+        # On Windows this is a TCP socket so this might matter. On other
+        # platforms this fails b/c AF_UNIX sockets aren't actually TCP.
+        try:
+            self._send.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+        self._selector.register(self._receive, EVENT_READ)
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        self._thread.start()
+        threading._register_atexit(self._stop)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def _stop(self) -> None:
+        global _selector
+        self._closed = True
+        self._notify_self()
+        self._send.close()
+        self._thread.join()
+        self._selector.unregister(self._receive)
+        self._receive.close()
+        self._selector.close()
+        _selector = None
+        assert not self._selector.get_map(), (
+            "selector still has registered file descriptors after shutdown"
+        )
+
+    def _notify_self(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._send.send(b"\x00")
+        except BlockingIOError:
+            pass
+
+    def add_reader(self, fd: FileDescriptorLike, callback: Callable[[], Any]) -> None:
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        try:
+            key = self._selector.get_key(fd)
+        except KeyError:
+            self._selector.register(fd, EVENT_READ, {EVENT_READ: (loop, callback)})
+        else:
+            if EVENT_READ in key.data:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "this file descriptor is already registered for reading"
+                )
+
+            key.data[EVENT_READ] = loop, callback
+            self._selector.modify(fd, key.events | EVENT_READ, key.data)
+
+        self._notify_self()
+
+    def add_writer(self, fd: FileDescriptorLike, callback: Callable[[], Any]) -> None:
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        try:
+            key = self._selector.get_key(fd)
+        except KeyError:
+            self._selector.register(fd, EVENT_WRITE, {EVENT_WRITE: (loop, callback)})
+        else:
+            if EVENT_WRITE in key.data:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "this file descriptor is already registered for writing"
+                )
+
+            key.data[EVENT_WRITE] = loop, callback
+            self._selector.modify(fd, key.events | EVENT_WRITE, key.data)
+
+        self._notify_self()
+
+    def remove_reader(self, fd: FileDescriptorLike) -> bool:
+        try:
+            key = self._selector.get_key(fd)
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+
+        if new_events := key.events ^ EVENT_READ:
+            del key.data[EVENT_READ]
+            self._selector.modify(fd, new_events, key.data)
+        else:
+            self._selector.unregister(fd)
+
+        return True
+
+    def remove_writer(self, fd: FileDescriptorLike) -> bool:
+        try:
+            key = self._selector.get_key(fd)
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+
+        if new_events := key.events ^ EVENT_WRITE:
+            del key.data[EVENT_WRITE]
+            self._selector.modify(fd, new_events, key.data)
+        else:
+            self._selector.unregister(fd)
+
+        return True
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        while not self._closed:
+            for key, events in self._selector.select():
+                if key.fileobj is self._receive:
+                    try:
+                        while self._receive.recv(4096):
+                            pass
+                    except BlockingIOError:
+                        pass
+
+                    continue
+
+                if events & EVENT_READ:
+                    loop, callback = key.data[EVENT_READ]
+                    self.remove_reader(key.fd)
+                    try:
+                        loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback)
+                    except RuntimeError:
+                        pass  # the loop was already closed
+
+                if events & EVENT_WRITE:
+                    loop, callback = key.data[EVENT_WRITE]
+                    self.remove_writer(key.fd)
+                    try:
+                        loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback)
+                    except RuntimeError:
+                        pass  # the loop was already closed
+
+
+def get_selector() -> Selector:
+    global _selector
+
+    with _selector_lock:
+        if _selector is None:
+            _selector = Selector()
+            _selector.start()
+
+        return _selector
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_eventloop.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_eventloop.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6dcb4589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_eventloop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+import sys
+import threading
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Generator
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from importlib import import_module
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypeVar
+
+import sniffio
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..abc import AsyncBackend
+
+# This must be updated when new backends are introduced
+BACKENDS = "asyncio", "trio"
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+
+threadlocals = threading.local()
+loaded_backends: dict[str, type[AsyncBackend]] = {}
+
+
+def run(
+    func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+    *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+    backend: str = "asyncio",
+    backend_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> T_Retval:
+    """
+    Run the given coroutine function in an asynchronous event loop.
+
+    The current thread must not be already running an event loop.
+
+    :param func: a coroutine function
+    :param args: positional arguments to ``func``
+    :param backend: name of the asynchronous event loop implementation – currently
+        either ``asyncio`` or ``trio``
+    :param backend_options: keyword arguments to call the backend ``run()``
+        implementation with (documented :ref:`here <backend options>`)
+    :return: the return value of the coroutine function
+    :raises RuntimeError: if an asynchronous event loop is already running in this
+        thread
+    :raises LookupError: if the named backend is not found
+
+    """
+    try:
+        asynclib_name = sniffio.current_async_library()
+    except sniffio.AsyncLibraryNotFoundError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Already running {asynclib_name} in this thread")
+
+    try:
+        async_backend = get_async_backend(backend)
+    except ImportError as exc:
+        raise LookupError(f"No such backend: {backend}") from exc
+
+    token = None
+    if sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.get(None) is None:
+        # Since we're in control of the event loop, we can cache the name of the async
+        # library
+        token = sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.set(backend)
+
+    try:
+        backend_options = backend_options or {}
+        return async_backend.run(func, args, {}, backend_options)
+    finally:
+        if token:
+            sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.reset(token)
+
+
+async def sleep(delay: float) -> None:
+    """
+    Pause the current task for the specified duration.
+
+    :param delay: the duration, in seconds
+
+    """
+    return await get_async_backend().sleep(delay)
+
+
+async def sleep_forever() -> None:
+    """
+    Pause the current task until it's cancelled.
+
+    This is a shortcut for ``sleep(math.inf)``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1
+
+    """
+    await sleep(math.inf)
+
+
+async def sleep_until(deadline: float) -> None:
+    """
+    Pause the current task until the given time.
+
+    :param deadline: the absolute time to wake up at (according to the internal
+        monotonic clock of the event loop)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.1
+
+    """
+    now = current_time()
+    await sleep(max(deadline - now, 0))
+
+
+def current_time() -> float:
+    """
+    Return the current value of the event loop's internal clock.
+
+    :return: the clock value (seconds)
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().current_time()
+
+
+def get_all_backends() -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    """Return a tuple of the names of all built-in backends."""
+    return BACKENDS
+
+
+def get_cancelled_exc_class() -> type[BaseException]:
+    """Return the current async library's cancellation exception class."""
+    return get_async_backend().cancelled_exception_class()
+
+
+#
+# Private API
+#
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def claim_worker_thread(
+    backend_class: type[AsyncBackend], token: object
+) -> Generator[Any, None, None]:
+    threadlocals.current_async_backend = backend_class
+    threadlocals.current_token = token
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        del threadlocals.current_async_backend
+        del threadlocals.current_token
+
+
+def get_async_backend(asynclib_name: str | None = None) -> type[AsyncBackend]:
+    if asynclib_name is None:
+        asynclib_name = sniffio.current_async_library()
+
+    # We use our own dict instead of sys.modules to get the already imported back-end
+    # class because the appropriate modules in sys.modules could potentially be only
+    # partially initialized
+    try:
+        return loaded_backends[asynclib_name]
+    except KeyError:
+        module = import_module(f"anyio._backends._{asynclib_name}")
+        loaded_backends[asynclib_name] = module.backend_class
+        return module.backend_class
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16b94482
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup
+
+
+class BrokenResourceError(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when trying to use a resource that has been rendered unusable due to external
+    causes (e.g. a send stream whose peer has disconnected).
+    """
+
+
+class BrokenWorkerProcess(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised by :meth:`~anyio.to_process.run_sync` if the worker process terminates abruptly or
+    otherwise misbehaves.
+    """
+
+
+class BrokenWorkerIntepreter(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised by :meth:`~anyio.to_interpreter.run_sync` if an unexpected exception is
+    raised in the subinterpreter.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, excinfo: Any):
+        # This was adapted from concurrent.futures.interpreter.ExecutionFailed
+        msg = excinfo.formatted
+        if not msg:
+            if excinfo.type and excinfo.msg:
+                msg = f"{excinfo.type.__name__}: {excinfo.msg}"
+            else:
+                msg = excinfo.type.__name__ or excinfo.msg
+
+        super().__init__(msg)
+        self.excinfo = excinfo
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        try:
+            formatted = self.excinfo.errdisplay
+        except Exception:
+            return super().__str__()
+        else:
+            return dedent(
+                f"""
+                {super().__str__()}
+
+                Uncaught in the interpreter:
+
+                {formatted}
+                """.strip()
+            )
+
+
+class BusyResourceError(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when two tasks are trying to read from or write to the same resource
+    concurrently.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, action: str):
+        super().__init__(f"Another task is already {action} this resource")
+
+
+class ClosedResourceError(Exception):
+    """Raised when trying to use a resource that has been closed."""
+
+
+class DelimiterNotFound(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised during
+    :meth:`~anyio.streams.buffered.BufferedByteReceiveStream.receive_until` if the
+    maximum number of bytes has been read without the delimiter being found.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, max_bytes: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            f"The delimiter was not found among the first {max_bytes} bytes"
+        )
+
+
+class EndOfStream(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised when trying to read from a stream that has been closed from the other end.
+    """
+
+
+class IncompleteRead(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised during
+    :meth:`~anyio.streams.buffered.BufferedByteReceiveStream.receive_exactly` or
+    :meth:`~anyio.streams.buffered.BufferedByteReceiveStream.receive_until` if the
+    connection is closed before the requested amount of bytes has been read.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            "The stream was closed before the read operation could be completed"
+        )
+
+
+class TypedAttributeLookupError(LookupError):
+    """
+    Raised by :meth:`~anyio.TypedAttributeProvider.extra` when the given typed attribute
+    is not found and no default value has been given.
+    """
+
+
+class WouldBlock(Exception):
+    """Raised by ``X_nowait`` functions if ``X()`` would block."""
+
+
+def iterate_exceptions(
+    exception: BaseException,
+) -> Generator[BaseException, None, None]:
+    if isinstance(exception, BaseExceptionGroup):
+        for exc in exception.exceptions:
+            yield from iterate_exceptions(exc)
+    else:
+        yield exception
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_fileio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_fileio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0d61984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_fileio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,742 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import pathlib
+import sys
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import partial
+from os import PathLike
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    AnyStr,
+    ClassVar,
+    Final,
+    Generic,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from .. import to_thread
+from ..abc import AsyncResource
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from types import ModuleType
+
+    from _typeshed import OpenBinaryMode, OpenTextMode, ReadableBuffer, WriteableBuffer
+else:
+    ReadableBuffer = OpenBinaryMode = OpenTextMode = WriteableBuffer = object
+
+
+class AsyncFile(AsyncResource, Generic[AnyStr]):
+    """
+    An asynchronous file object.
+
+    This class wraps a standard file object and provides async friendly versions of the
+    following blocking methods (where available on the original file object):
+
+    * read
+    * read1
+    * readline
+    * readlines
+    * readinto
+    * readinto1
+    * write
+    * writelines
+    * truncate
+    * seek
+    * tell
+    * flush
+
+    All other methods are directly passed through.
+
+    This class supports the asynchronous context manager protocol which closes the
+    underlying file at the end of the context block.
+
+    This class also supports asynchronous iteration::
+
+        async with await open_file(...) as f:
+            async for line in f:
+                print(line)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fp: IO[AnyStr]) -> None:
+        self._fp: Any = fp
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> object:
+        return getattr(self._fp, name)
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped(self) -> IO[AnyStr]:
+        """The wrapped file object."""
+        return self._fp
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[AnyStr]:
+        while True:
+            line = await self.readline()
+            if line:
+                yield line
+            else:
+                break
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.close)
+
+    async def read(self, size: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.read, size)
+
+    async def read1(self: AsyncFile[bytes], size: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.read1, size)
+
+    async def readline(self) -> AnyStr:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.readline)
+
+    async def readlines(self) -> list[AnyStr]:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.readlines)
+
+    async def readinto(self: AsyncFile[bytes], b: WriteableBuffer) -> int:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.readinto, b)
+
+    async def readinto1(self: AsyncFile[bytes], b: WriteableBuffer) -> int:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.readinto1, b)
+
+    @overload
+    async def write(self: AsyncFile[bytes], b: ReadableBuffer) -> int: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def write(self: AsyncFile[str], b: str) -> int: ...
+
+    async def write(self, b: ReadableBuffer | str) -> int:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.write, b)
+
+    @overload
+    async def writelines(
+        self: AsyncFile[bytes], lines: Iterable[ReadableBuffer]
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def writelines(self: AsyncFile[str], lines: Iterable[str]) -> None: ...
+
+    async def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[ReadableBuffer] | Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.writelines, lines)
+
+    async def truncate(self, size: int | None = None) -> int:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.truncate, size)
+
+    async def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int | None = os.SEEK_SET) -> int:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.seek, offset, whence)
+
+    async def tell(self) -> int:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.tell)
+
+    async def flush(self) -> None:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._fp.flush)
+
+
+@overload
+async def open_file(
+    file: str | PathLike[str] | int,
+    mode: OpenBinaryMode,
+    buffering: int = ...,
+    encoding: str | None = ...,
+    errors: str | None = ...,
+    newline: str | None = ...,
+    closefd: bool = ...,
+    opener: Callable[[str, int], int] | None = ...,
+) -> AsyncFile[bytes]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+async def open_file(
+    file: str | PathLike[str] | int,
+    mode: OpenTextMode = ...,
+    buffering: int = ...,
+    encoding: str | None = ...,
+    errors: str | None = ...,
+    newline: str | None = ...,
+    closefd: bool = ...,
+    opener: Callable[[str, int], int] | None = ...,
+) -> AsyncFile[str]: ...
+
+
+async def open_file(
+    file: str | PathLike[str] | int,
+    mode: str = "r",
+    buffering: int = -1,
+    encoding: str | None = None,
+    errors: str | None = None,
+    newline: str | None = None,
+    closefd: bool = True,
+    opener: Callable[[str, int], int] | None = None,
+) -> AsyncFile[Any]:
+    """
+    Open a file asynchronously.
+
+    The arguments are exactly the same as for the builtin :func:`open`.
+
+    :return: an asynchronous file object
+
+    """
+    fp = await to_thread.run_sync(
+        open, file, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline, closefd, opener
+    )
+    return AsyncFile(fp)
+
+
+def wrap_file(file: IO[AnyStr]) -> AsyncFile[AnyStr]:
+    """
+    Wrap an existing file as an asynchronous file.
+
+    :param file: an existing file-like object
+    :return: an asynchronous file object
+
+    """
+    return AsyncFile(file)
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class _PathIterator(AsyncIterator["Path"]):
+    iterator: Iterator[PathLike[str]]
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> Path:
+        nextval = await to_thread.run_sync(
+            next, self.iterator, None, abandon_on_cancel=True
+        )
+        if nextval is None:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration from None
+
+        return Path(nextval)
+
+
+class Path:
+    """
+    An asynchronous version of :class:`pathlib.Path`.
+
+    This class cannot be substituted for :class:`pathlib.Path` or
+    :class:`pathlib.PurePath`, but it is compatible with the :class:`os.PathLike`
+    interface.
+
+    It implements the Python 3.10 version of :class:`pathlib.Path` interface, except for
+    the deprecated :meth:`~pathlib.Path.link_to` method.
+
+    Some methods may be unavailable or have limited functionality, based on the Python
+    version:
+
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.copy` (available on Python 3.14 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.copy_into` (available on Python 3.14 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.from_uri` (available on Python 3.13 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.PurePath.full_match` (available on Python 3.13 or later)
+    * :attr:`~pathlib.Path.info` (available on Python 3.14 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_junction` (available on Python 3.12 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.PurePath.match` (the ``case_sensitive`` parameter is only
+      available on Python 3.13 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.move` (available on Python 3.14 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.move_into` (available on Python 3.14 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.PurePath.relative_to` (the ``walk_up`` parameter is only available
+      on Python 3.12 or later)
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.walk` (available on Python 3.12 or later)
+
+    Any methods that do disk I/O need to be awaited on. These methods are:
+
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.absolute`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.chmod`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.cwd`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.exists`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.expanduser`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.group`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.hardlink_to`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.home`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_block_device`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_char_device`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_dir`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_fifo`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_file`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_junction`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_mount`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_socket`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.is_symlink`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.lchmod`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.lstat`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.mkdir`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.open`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.owner`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.read_bytes`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.read_text`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.readlink`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.rename`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.replace`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.resolve`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.rmdir`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.samefile`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.stat`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.symlink_to`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.touch`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.unlink`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.walk`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.write_bytes`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.write_text`
+
+    Additionally, the following methods return an async iterator yielding
+    :class:`~.Path` objects:
+
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.glob`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.iterdir`
+    * :meth:`~pathlib.Path.rglob`
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "_path", "__weakref__"
+
+    __weakref__: Any
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: str | PathLike[str]) -> None:
+        self._path: Final[pathlib.Path] = pathlib.Path(*args)
+
+    def __fspath__(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.__fspath__()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.__str__()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.as_posix()!r})"
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        return self._path.__bytes__()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._path.__hash__()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        target = other._path if isinstance(other, Path) else other
+        return self._path.__eq__(target)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: pathlib.PurePath | Path) -> bool:
+        target = other._path if isinstance(other, Path) else other
+        return self._path.__lt__(target)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: pathlib.PurePath | Path) -> bool:
+        target = other._path if isinstance(other, Path) else other
+        return self._path.__le__(target)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: pathlib.PurePath | Path) -> bool:
+        target = other._path if isinstance(other, Path) else other
+        return self._path.__gt__(target)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: pathlib.PurePath | Path) -> bool:
+        target = other._path if isinstance(other, Path) else other
+        return self._path.__ge__(target)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other: str | PathLike[str]) -> Path:
+        return Path(self._path / other)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other: str | PathLike[str]) -> Path:
+        return Path(other) / self
+
+    @property
+    def parts(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return self._path.parts
+
+    @property
+    def drive(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.drive
+
+    @property
+    def root(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.root
+
+    @property
+    def anchor(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.anchor
+
+    @property
+    def parents(self) -> Sequence[Path]:
+        return tuple(Path(p) for p in self._path.parents)
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self) -> Path:
+        return Path(self._path.parent)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.name
+
+    @property
+    def suffix(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.suffix
+
+    @property
+    def suffixes(self) -> list[str]:
+        return self._path.suffixes
+
+    @property
+    def stem(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.stem
+
+    async def absolute(self) -> Path:
+        path = await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.absolute)
+        return Path(path)
+
+    def as_posix(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.as_posix()
+
+    def as_uri(self) -> str:
+        return self._path.as_uri()
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+        parser: ClassVar[ModuleType] = pathlib.Path.parser
+
+        @classmethod
+        def from_uri(cls, uri: str) -> Path:
+            return Path(pathlib.Path.from_uri(uri))
+
+        def full_match(
+            self, path_pattern: str, *, case_sensitive: bool | None = None
+        ) -> bool:
+            return self._path.full_match(path_pattern, case_sensitive=case_sensitive)
+
+        def match(
+            self, path_pattern: str, *, case_sensitive: bool | None = None
+        ) -> bool:
+            return self._path.match(path_pattern, case_sensitive=case_sensitive)
+    else:
+
+        def match(self, path_pattern: str) -> bool:
+            return self._path.match(path_pattern)
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+
+        @property
+        def info(self) -> Any:  # TODO: add return type annotation when Typeshed gets it
+            return self._path.info
+
+        async def copy(
+            self,
+            target: str | os.PathLike[str],
+            *,
+            follow_symlinks: bool = True,
+            dirs_exist_ok: bool = False,
+            preserve_metadata: bool = False,
+        ) -> Path:
+            func = partial(
+                self._path.copy,
+                follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks,
+                dirs_exist_ok=dirs_exist_ok,
+                preserve_metadata=preserve_metadata,
+            )
+            return Path(await to_thread.run_sync(func, target))
+
+        async def copy_into(
+            self,
+            target_dir: str | os.PathLike[str],
+            *,
+            follow_symlinks: bool = True,
+            dirs_exist_ok: bool = False,
+            preserve_metadata: bool = False,
+        ) -> Path:
+            func = partial(
+                self._path.copy_into,
+                follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks,
+                dirs_exist_ok=dirs_exist_ok,
+                preserve_metadata=preserve_metadata,
+            )
+            return Path(await to_thread.run_sync(func, target_dir))
+
+        async def move(self, target: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> Path:
+            # Upstream does not handle anyio.Path properly as a PathLike
+            target = pathlib.Path(target)
+            return Path(await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.move, target))
+
+        async def move_into(
+            self,
+            target_dir: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        ) -> Path:
+            return Path(await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.move_into, target_dir))
+
+    def is_relative_to(self, other: str | PathLike[str]) -> bool:
+        try:
+            self.relative_to(other)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+    async def chmod(self, mode: int, *, follow_symlinks: bool = True) -> None:
+        func = partial(os.chmod, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(func, self._path, mode)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def cwd(cls) -> Path:
+        path = await to_thread.run_sync(pathlib.Path.cwd)
+        return cls(path)
+
+    async def exists(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.exists, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def expanduser(self) -> Path:
+        return Path(
+            await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.expanduser, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+        )
+
+    def glob(self, pattern: str) -> AsyncIterator[Path]:
+        gen = self._path.glob(pattern)
+        return _PathIterator(gen)
+
+    async def group(self) -> str:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.group, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def hardlink_to(
+        self, target: str | bytes | PathLike[str] | PathLike[bytes]
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(target, Path):
+            target = target._path
+
+        await to_thread.run_sync(os.link, target, self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def home(cls) -> Path:
+        home_path = await to_thread.run_sync(pathlib.Path.home)
+        return cls(home_path)
+
+    def is_absolute(self) -> bool:
+        return self._path.is_absolute()
+
+    async def is_block_device(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(
+            self._path.is_block_device, abandon_on_cancel=True
+        )
+
+    async def is_char_device(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(
+            self._path.is_char_device, abandon_on_cancel=True
+        )
+
+    async def is_dir(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.is_dir, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def is_fifo(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.is_fifo, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def is_file(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.is_file, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+
+        async def is_junction(self) -> bool:
+            return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.is_junction)
+
+    async def is_mount(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(
+            os.path.ismount, self._path, abandon_on_cancel=True
+        )
+
+    def is_reserved(self) -> bool:
+        return self._path.is_reserved()
+
+    async def is_socket(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.is_socket, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def is_symlink(self) -> bool:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.is_symlink, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def iterdir(self) -> AsyncIterator[Path]:
+        gen = (
+            self._path.iterdir()
+            if sys.version_info < (3, 13)
+            else await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.iterdir, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+        )
+        async for path in _PathIterator(gen):
+            yield path
+
+    def joinpath(self, *args: str | PathLike[str]) -> Path:
+        return Path(self._path.joinpath(*args))
+
+    async def lchmod(self, mode: int) -> None:
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.lchmod, mode)
+
+    async def lstat(self) -> os.stat_result:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.lstat, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def mkdir(
+        self, mode: int = 0o777, parents: bool = False, exist_ok: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.mkdir, mode, parents, exist_ok)
+
+    @overload
+    async def open(
+        self,
+        mode: OpenBinaryMode,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+    ) -> AsyncFile[bytes]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def open(
+        self,
+        mode: OpenTextMode = ...,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+    ) -> AsyncFile[str]: ...
+
+    async def open(
+        self,
+        mode: str = "r",
+        buffering: int = -1,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        errors: str | None = None,
+        newline: str | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncFile[Any]:
+        fp = await to_thread.run_sync(
+            self._path.open, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline
+        )
+        return AsyncFile(fp)
+
+    async def owner(self) -> str:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.owner, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def read_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.read_bytes)
+
+    async def read_text(
+        self, encoding: str | None = None, errors: str | None = None
+    ) -> str:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.read_text, encoding, errors)
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+
+        def relative_to(
+            self, *other: str | PathLike[str], walk_up: bool = False
+        ) -> Path:
+            return Path(self._path.relative_to(*other, walk_up=walk_up))
+
+    else:
+
+        def relative_to(self, *other: str | PathLike[str]) -> Path:
+            return Path(self._path.relative_to(*other))
+
+    async def readlink(self) -> Path:
+        target = await to_thread.run_sync(os.readlink, self._path)
+        return Path(target)
+
+    async def rename(self, target: str | pathlib.PurePath | Path) -> Path:
+        if isinstance(target, Path):
+            target = target._path
+
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.rename, target)
+        return Path(target)
+
+    async def replace(self, target: str | pathlib.PurePath | Path) -> Path:
+        if isinstance(target, Path):
+            target = target._path
+
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.replace, target)
+        return Path(target)
+
+    async def resolve(self, strict: bool = False) -> Path:
+        func = partial(self._path.resolve, strict=strict)
+        return Path(await to_thread.run_sync(func, abandon_on_cancel=True))
+
+    def rglob(self, pattern: str) -> AsyncIterator[Path]:
+        gen = self._path.rglob(pattern)
+        return _PathIterator(gen)
+
+    async def rmdir(self) -> None:
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.rmdir)
+
+    async def samefile(self, other_path: str | PathLike[str]) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other_path, Path):
+            other_path = other_path._path
+
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(
+            self._path.samefile, other_path, abandon_on_cancel=True
+        )
+
+    async def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks: bool = True) -> os.stat_result:
+        func = partial(os.stat, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(func, self._path, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+
+    async def symlink_to(
+        self,
+        target: str | bytes | PathLike[str] | PathLike[bytes],
+        target_is_directory: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(target, Path):
+            target = target._path
+
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.symlink_to, target, target_is_directory)
+
+    async def touch(self, mode: int = 0o666, exist_ok: bool = True) -> None:
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.touch, mode, exist_ok)
+
+    async def unlink(self, missing_ok: bool = False) -> None:
+        try:
+            await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.unlink)
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            if not missing_ok:
+                raise
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+
+        async def walk(
+            self,
+            top_down: bool = True,
+            on_error: Callable[[OSError], object] | None = None,
+            follow_symlinks: bool = False,
+        ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[Path, list[str], list[str]]]:
+            def get_next_value() -> tuple[pathlib.Path, list[str], list[str]] | None:
+                try:
+                    return next(gen)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    return None
+
+            gen = self._path.walk(top_down, on_error, follow_symlinks)
+            while True:
+                value = await to_thread.run_sync(get_next_value)
+                if value is None:
+                    return
+
+                root, dirs, paths = value
+                yield Path(root), dirs, paths
+
+    def with_name(self, name: str) -> Path:
+        return Path(self._path.with_name(name))
+
+    def with_stem(self, stem: str) -> Path:
+        return Path(self._path.with_name(stem + self._path.suffix))
+
+    def with_suffix(self, suffix: str) -> Path:
+        return Path(self._path.with_suffix(suffix))
+
+    def with_segments(self, *pathsegments: str | PathLike[str]) -> Path:
+        return Path(*pathsegments)
+
+    async def write_bytes(self, data: bytes) -> int:
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._path.write_bytes, data)
+
+    async def write_text(
+        self,
+        data: str,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        errors: str | None = None,
+        newline: str | None = None,
+    ) -> int:
+        # Path.write_text() does not support the "newline" parameter before Python 3.10
+        def sync_write_text() -> int:
+            with self._path.open(
+                "w", encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline
+            ) as fp:
+                return fp.write(data)
+
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(sync_write_text)
+
+
+PathLike.register(Path)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_resources.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_resources.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9a5344a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_resources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..abc import AsyncResource
+from ._tasks import CancelScope
+
+
+async def aclose_forcefully(resource: AsyncResource) -> None:
+    """
+    Close an asynchronous resource in a cancelled scope.
+
+    Doing this closes the resource without waiting on anything.
+
+    :param resource: the resource to close
+
+    """
+    with CancelScope() as scope:
+        scope.cancel()
+        await resource.aclose()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_signals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_signals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3451d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_signals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
+from signal import Signals
+
+from ._eventloop import get_async_backend
+
+
+def open_signal_receiver(
+    *signals: Signals,
+) -> AbstractContextManager[AsyncIterator[Signals]]:
+    """
+    Start receiving operating system signals.
+
+    :param signals: signals to receive (e.g. ``signal.SIGINT``)
+    :return: an asynchronous context manager for an asynchronous iterator which yields
+        signal numbers
+
+    .. warning:: Windows does not support signals natively so it is best to avoid
+        relying on this in cross-platform applications.
+
+    .. warning:: On asyncio, this permanently replaces any previous signal handler for
+        the given signals, as set via :meth:`~asyncio.loop.add_signal_handler`.
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().open_signal_receiver(*signals)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_sockets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_sockets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..054bcdda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_sockets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import errno
+import os
+import socket
+import ssl
+import stat
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from ipaddress import IPv6Address, ip_address
+from os import PathLike, chmod
+from socket import AddressFamily, SocketKind
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, cast, overload
+
+from .. import to_thread
+from ..abc import (
+    ConnectedUDPSocket,
+    ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket,
+    IPAddressType,
+    IPSockAddrType,
+    SocketListener,
+    SocketStream,
+    UDPSocket,
+    UNIXDatagramSocket,
+    UNIXSocketStream,
+)
+from ..streams.stapled import MultiListener
+from ..streams.tls import TLSStream
+from ._eventloop import get_async_backend
+from ._resources import aclose_forcefully
+from ._synchronization import Event
+from ._tasks import create_task_group, move_on_after
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import FileDescriptorLike
+else:
+    FileDescriptorLike = object
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from exceptiongroup import ExceptionGroup
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 13):
+    from typing_extensions import deprecated
+else:
+    from warnings import deprecated
+
+IPPROTO_IPV6 = getattr(socket, "IPPROTO_IPV6", 41)  # https://bugs.python.org/issue29515
+
+AnyIPAddressFamily = Literal[
+    AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC, AddressFamily.AF_INET, AddressFamily.AF_INET6
+]
+IPAddressFamily = Literal[AddressFamily.AF_INET, AddressFamily.AF_INET6]
+
+
+# tls_hostname given
+@overload
+async def connect_tcp(
+    remote_host: IPAddressType,
+    remote_port: int,
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = ...,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = ...,
+    tls_standard_compatible: bool = ...,
+    tls_hostname: str,
+    happy_eyeballs_delay: float = ...,
+) -> TLSStream: ...
+
+
+# ssl_context given
+@overload
+async def connect_tcp(
+    remote_host: IPAddressType,
+    remote_port: int,
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = ...,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+    tls_standard_compatible: bool = ...,
+    tls_hostname: str | None = ...,
+    happy_eyeballs_delay: float = ...,
+) -> TLSStream: ...
+
+
+# tls=True
+@overload
+async def connect_tcp(
+    remote_host: IPAddressType,
+    remote_port: int,
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = ...,
+    tls: Literal[True],
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = ...,
+    tls_standard_compatible: bool = ...,
+    tls_hostname: str | None = ...,
+    happy_eyeballs_delay: float = ...,
+) -> TLSStream: ...
+
+
+# tls=False
+@overload
+async def connect_tcp(
+    remote_host: IPAddressType,
+    remote_port: int,
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = ...,
+    tls: Literal[False],
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = ...,
+    tls_standard_compatible: bool = ...,
+    tls_hostname: str | None = ...,
+    happy_eyeballs_delay: float = ...,
+) -> SocketStream: ...
+
+
+# No TLS arguments
+@overload
+async def connect_tcp(
+    remote_host: IPAddressType,
+    remote_port: int,
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = ...,
+    happy_eyeballs_delay: float = ...,
+) -> SocketStream: ...
+
+
+async def connect_tcp(
+    remote_host: IPAddressType,
+    remote_port: int,
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = None,
+    tls: bool = False,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+    tls_standard_compatible: bool = True,
+    tls_hostname: str | None = None,
+    happy_eyeballs_delay: float = 0.25,
+) -> SocketStream | TLSStream:
+    """
+    Connect to a host using the TCP protocol.
+
+    This function implements the stateless version of the Happy Eyeballs algorithm (RFC
+    6555). If ``remote_host`` is a host name that resolves to multiple IP addresses,
+    each one is tried until one connection attempt succeeds. If the first attempt does
+    not connected within 250 milliseconds, a second attempt is started using the next
+    address in the list, and so on. On IPv6 enabled systems, an IPv6 address (if
+    available) is tried first.
+
+    When the connection has been established, a TLS handshake will be done if either
+    ``ssl_context`` or ``tls_hostname`` is not ``None``, or if ``tls`` is ``True``.
+
+    :param remote_host: the IP address or host name to connect to
+    :param remote_port: port on the target host to connect to
+    :param local_host: the interface address or name to bind the socket to before
+        connecting
+    :param tls: ``True`` to do a TLS handshake with the connected stream and return a
+        :class:`~anyio.streams.tls.TLSStream` instead
+    :param ssl_context: the SSL context object to use (if omitted, a default context is
+        created)
+    :param tls_standard_compatible: If ``True``, performs the TLS shutdown handshake
+        before closing the stream and requires that the server does this as well.
+        Otherwise, :exc:`~ssl.SSLEOFError` may be raised during reads from the stream.
+        Some protocols, such as HTTP, require this option to be ``False``.
+        See :meth:`~ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket` for details.
+    :param tls_hostname: host name to check the server certificate against (defaults to
+        the value of ``remote_host``)
+    :param happy_eyeballs_delay: delay (in seconds) before starting the next connection
+        attempt
+    :return: a socket stream object if no TLS handshake was done, otherwise a TLS stream
+    :raises OSError: if the connection attempt fails
+
+    """
+    # Placed here due to https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/7057
+    connected_stream: SocketStream | None = None
+
+    async def try_connect(remote_host: str, event: Event) -> None:
+        nonlocal connected_stream
+        try:
+            stream = await asynclib.connect_tcp(remote_host, remote_port, local_address)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            oserrors.append(exc)
+            return
+        else:
+            if connected_stream is None:
+                connected_stream = stream
+                tg.cancel_scope.cancel()
+            else:
+                await stream.aclose()
+        finally:
+            event.set()
+
+    asynclib = get_async_backend()
+    local_address: IPSockAddrType | None = None
+    family = socket.AF_UNSPEC
+    if local_host:
+        gai_res = await getaddrinfo(str(local_host), None)
+        family, *_, local_address = gai_res[0]
+
+    target_host = str(remote_host)
+    try:
+        addr_obj = ip_address(remote_host)
+    except ValueError:
+        addr_obj = None
+
+    if addr_obj is not None:
+        if isinstance(addr_obj, IPv6Address):
+            target_addrs = [(socket.AF_INET6, addr_obj.compressed)]
+        else:
+            target_addrs = [(socket.AF_INET, addr_obj.compressed)]
+    else:
+        # getaddrinfo() will raise an exception if name resolution fails
+        gai_res = await getaddrinfo(
+            target_host, remote_port, family=family, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM
+        )
+
+        # Organize the list so that the first address is an IPv6 address (if available)
+        # and the second one is an IPv4 addresses. The rest can be in whatever order.
+        v6_found = v4_found = False
+        target_addrs = []
+        for af, *rest, sa in gai_res:
+            if af == socket.AF_INET6 and not v6_found:
+                v6_found = True
+                target_addrs.insert(0, (af, sa[0]))
+            elif af == socket.AF_INET and not v4_found and v6_found:
+                v4_found = True
+                target_addrs.insert(1, (af, sa[0]))
+            else:
+                target_addrs.append((af, sa[0]))
+
+    oserrors: list[OSError] = []
+    try:
+        async with create_task_group() as tg:
+            for i, (af, addr) in enumerate(target_addrs):
+                event = Event()
+                tg.start_soon(try_connect, addr, event)
+                with move_on_after(happy_eyeballs_delay):
+                    await event.wait()
+
+        if connected_stream is None:
+            cause = (
+                oserrors[0]
+                if len(oserrors) == 1
+                else ExceptionGroup("multiple connection attempts failed", oserrors)
+            )
+            raise OSError("All connection attempts failed") from cause
+    finally:
+        oserrors.clear()
+
+    if tls or tls_hostname or ssl_context:
+        try:
+            return await TLSStream.wrap(
+                connected_stream,
+                server_side=False,
+                hostname=tls_hostname or str(remote_host),
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                standard_compatible=tls_standard_compatible,
+            )
+        except BaseException:
+            await aclose_forcefully(connected_stream)
+            raise
+
+    return connected_stream
+
+
+async def connect_unix(path: str | bytes | PathLike[Any]) -> UNIXSocketStream:
+    """
+    Connect to the given UNIX socket.
+
+    Not available on Windows.
+
+    :param path: path to the socket
+    :return: a socket stream object
+
+    """
+    path = os.fspath(path)
+    return await get_async_backend().connect_unix(path)
+
+
+async def create_tcp_listener(
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = None,
+    local_port: int = 0,
+    family: AnyIPAddressFamily = socket.AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC,
+    backlog: int = 65536,
+    reuse_port: bool = False,
+) -> MultiListener[SocketStream]:
+    """
+    Create a TCP socket listener.
+
+    :param local_port: port number to listen on
+    :param local_host: IP address of the interface to listen on. If omitted, listen on
+        all IPv4 and IPv6 interfaces. To listen on all interfaces on a specific address
+        family, use ``0.0.0.0`` for IPv4 or ``::`` for IPv6.
+    :param family: address family (used if ``local_host`` was omitted)
+    :param backlog: maximum number of queued incoming connections (up to a maximum of
+        2**16, or 65536)
+    :param reuse_port: ``True`` to allow multiple sockets to bind to the same
+        address/port (not supported on Windows)
+    :return: a list of listener objects
+
+    """
+    asynclib = get_async_backend()
+    backlog = min(backlog, 65536)
+    local_host = str(local_host) if local_host is not None else None
+    gai_res = await getaddrinfo(
+        local_host,
+        local_port,
+        family=family,
+        type=socket.SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM if sys.platform == "win32" else 0,
+        flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE | socket.AI_ADDRCONFIG,
+    )
+    listeners: list[SocketListener] = []
+    try:
+        # The set() is here to work around a glibc bug:
+        # https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14969
+        sockaddr: tuple[str, int] | tuple[str, int, int, int]
+        for fam, kind, *_, sockaddr in sorted(set(gai_res)):
+            # Workaround for an uvloop bug where we don't get the correct scope ID for
+            # IPv6 link-local addresses when passing type=socket.SOCK_STREAM to
+            # getaddrinfo(): https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop/issues/539
+            if sys.platform != "win32" and kind is not SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM:
+                continue
+
+            raw_socket = socket.socket(fam)
+            raw_socket.setblocking(False)
+
+            # For Windows, enable exclusive address use. For others, enable address
+            # reuse.
+            if sys.platform == "win32":
+                raw_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, 1)
+            else:
+                raw_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+
+            if reuse_port:
+                raw_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEPORT, 1)
+
+            # If only IPv6 was requested, disable dual stack operation
+            if fam == socket.AF_INET6:
+                raw_socket.setsockopt(IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_V6ONLY, 1)
+
+                # Workaround for #554
+                if "%" in sockaddr[0]:
+                    addr, scope_id = sockaddr[0].split("%", 1)
+                    sockaddr = (addr, sockaddr[1], 0, int(scope_id))
+
+            raw_socket.bind(sockaddr)
+            raw_socket.listen(backlog)
+            listener = asynclib.create_tcp_listener(raw_socket)
+            listeners.append(listener)
+    except BaseException:
+        for listener in listeners:
+            await listener.aclose()
+
+        raise
+
+    return MultiListener(listeners)
+
+
+async def create_unix_listener(
+    path: str | bytes | PathLike[Any],
+    *,
+    mode: int | None = None,
+    backlog: int = 65536,
+) -> SocketListener:
+    """
+    Create a UNIX socket listener.
+
+    Not available on Windows.
+
+    :param path: path of the socket
+    :param mode: permissions to set on the socket
+    :param backlog: maximum number of queued incoming connections (up to a maximum of
+        2**16, or 65536)
+    :return: a listener object
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+        If a socket already exists on the file system in the given path, it will be
+        removed first.
+
+    """
+    backlog = min(backlog, 65536)
+    raw_socket = await setup_unix_local_socket(path, mode, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    try:
+        raw_socket.listen(backlog)
+        return get_async_backend().create_unix_listener(raw_socket)
+    except BaseException:
+        raw_socket.close()
+        raise
+
+
+async def create_udp_socket(
+    family: AnyIPAddressFamily = AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC,
+    *,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = None,
+    local_port: int = 0,
+    reuse_port: bool = False,
+) -> UDPSocket:
+    """
+    Create a UDP socket.
+
+    If ``port`` has been given, the socket will be bound to this port on the local
+    machine, making this socket suitable for providing UDP based services.
+
+    :param family: address family (``AF_INET`` or ``AF_INET6``) – automatically
+        determined from ``local_host`` if omitted
+    :param local_host: IP address or host name of the local interface to bind to
+    :param local_port: local port to bind to
+    :param reuse_port: ``True`` to allow multiple sockets to bind to the same
+        address/port (not supported on Windows)
+    :return: a UDP socket
+
+    """
+    if family is AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC and not local_host:
+        raise ValueError('Either "family" or "local_host" must be given')
+
+    if local_host:
+        gai_res = await getaddrinfo(
+            str(local_host),
+            local_port,
+            family=family,
+            type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM,
+            flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE | socket.AI_ADDRCONFIG,
+        )
+        family = cast(AnyIPAddressFamily, gai_res[0][0])
+        local_address = gai_res[0][-1]
+    elif family is AddressFamily.AF_INET6:
+        local_address = ("::", 0)
+    else:
+        local_address = ("0.0.0.0", 0)
+
+    sock = await get_async_backend().create_udp_socket(
+        family, local_address, None, reuse_port
+    )
+    return cast(UDPSocket, sock)
+
+
+async def create_connected_udp_socket(
+    remote_host: IPAddressType,
+    remote_port: int,
+    *,
+    family: AnyIPAddressFamily = AddressFamily.AF_UNSPEC,
+    local_host: IPAddressType | None = None,
+    local_port: int = 0,
+    reuse_port: bool = False,
+) -> ConnectedUDPSocket:
+    """
+    Create a connected UDP socket.
+
+    Connected UDP sockets can only communicate with the specified remote host/port, an
+    any packets sent from other sources are dropped.
+
+    :param remote_host: remote host to set as the default target
+    :param remote_port: port on the remote host to set as the default target
+    :param family: address family (``AF_INET`` or ``AF_INET6``) – automatically
+        determined from ``local_host`` or ``remote_host`` if omitted
+    :param local_host: IP address or host name of the local interface to bind to
+    :param local_port: local port to bind to
+    :param reuse_port: ``True`` to allow multiple sockets to bind to the same
+        address/port (not supported on Windows)
+    :return: a connected UDP socket
+
+    """
+    local_address = None
+    if local_host:
+        gai_res = await getaddrinfo(
+            str(local_host),
+            local_port,
+            family=family,
+            type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM,
+            flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE | socket.AI_ADDRCONFIG,
+        )
+        family = cast(AnyIPAddressFamily, gai_res[0][0])
+        local_address = gai_res[0][-1]
+
+    gai_res = await getaddrinfo(
+        str(remote_host), remote_port, family=family, type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM
+    )
+    family = cast(AnyIPAddressFamily, gai_res[0][0])
+    remote_address = gai_res[0][-1]
+
+    sock = await get_async_backend().create_udp_socket(
+        family, local_address, remote_address, reuse_port
+    )
+    return cast(ConnectedUDPSocket, sock)
+
+
+async def create_unix_datagram_socket(
+    *,
+    local_path: None | str | bytes | PathLike[Any] = None,
+    local_mode: int | None = None,
+) -> UNIXDatagramSocket:
+    """
+    Create a UNIX datagram socket.
+
+    Not available on Windows.
+
+    If ``local_path`` has been given, the socket will be bound to this path, making this
+    socket suitable for receiving datagrams from other processes. Other processes can
+    send datagrams to this socket only if ``local_path`` is set.
+
+    If a socket already exists on the file system in the ``local_path``, it will be
+    removed first.
+
+    :param local_path: the path on which to bind to
+    :param local_mode: permissions to set on the local socket
+    :return: a UNIX datagram socket
+
+    """
+    raw_socket = await setup_unix_local_socket(
+        local_path, local_mode, socket.SOCK_DGRAM
+    )
+    return await get_async_backend().create_unix_datagram_socket(raw_socket, None)
+
+
+async def create_connected_unix_datagram_socket(
+    remote_path: str | bytes | PathLike[Any],
+    *,
+    local_path: None | str | bytes | PathLike[Any] = None,
+    local_mode: int | None = None,
+) -> ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket:
+    """
+    Create a connected UNIX datagram socket.
+
+    Connected datagram sockets can only communicate with the specified remote path.
+
+    If ``local_path`` has been given, the socket will be bound to this path, making
+    this socket suitable for receiving datagrams from other processes. Other processes
+    can send datagrams to this socket only if ``local_path`` is set.
+
+    If a socket already exists on the file system in the ``local_path``, it will be
+    removed first.
+
+    :param remote_path: the path to set as the default target
+    :param local_path: the path on which to bind to
+    :param local_mode: permissions to set on the local socket
+    :return: a connected UNIX datagram socket
+
+    """
+    remote_path = os.fspath(remote_path)
+    raw_socket = await setup_unix_local_socket(
+        local_path, local_mode, socket.SOCK_DGRAM
+    )
+    return await get_async_backend().create_unix_datagram_socket(
+        raw_socket, remote_path
+    )
+
+
+async def getaddrinfo(
+    host: bytes | str | None,
+    port: str | int | None,
+    *,
+    family: int | AddressFamily = 0,
+    type: int | SocketKind = 0,
+    proto: int = 0,
+    flags: int = 0,
+) -> list[tuple[AddressFamily, SocketKind, int, str, tuple[str, int]]]:
+    """
+    Look up a numeric IP address given a host name.
+
+    Internationalized domain names are translated according to the (non-transitional)
+    IDNA 2008 standard.
+
+    .. note:: 4-tuple IPv6 socket addresses are automatically converted to 2-tuples of
+        (host, port), unlike what :func:`socket.getaddrinfo` does.
+
+    :param host: host name
+    :param port: port number
+    :param family: socket family (`'AF_INET``, ...)
+    :param type: socket type (``SOCK_STREAM``, ...)
+    :param proto: protocol number
+    :param flags: flags to pass to upstream ``getaddrinfo()``
+    :return: list of tuples containing (family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr)
+
+    .. seealso:: :func:`socket.getaddrinfo`
+
+    """
+    # Handle unicode hostnames
+    if isinstance(host, str):
+        try:
+            encoded_host: bytes | None = host.encode("ascii")
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            import idna
+
+            encoded_host = idna.encode(host, uts46=True)
+    else:
+        encoded_host = host
+
+    gai_res = await get_async_backend().getaddrinfo(
+        encoded_host, port, family=family, type=type, proto=proto, flags=flags
+    )
+    return [
+        (family, type, proto, canonname, convert_ipv6_sockaddr(sockaddr))
+        for family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr in gai_res
+        # filter out IPv6 results when IPv6 is disabled
+        if not isinstance(sockaddr[0], int)
+    ]
+
+
+def getnameinfo(sockaddr: IPSockAddrType, flags: int = 0) -> Awaitable[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Look up the host name of an IP address.
+
+    :param sockaddr: socket address (e.g. (ipaddress, port) for IPv4)
+    :param flags: flags to pass to upstream ``getnameinfo()``
+    :return: a tuple of (host name, service name)
+
+    .. seealso:: :func:`socket.getnameinfo`
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)
+
+
+@deprecated("This function is deprecated; use `wait_readable` instead")
+def wait_socket_readable(sock: socket.socket) -> Awaitable[None]:
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 4.7.0
+       Use :func:`wait_readable` instead.
+
+    Wait until the given socket has data to be read.
+
+    .. warning:: Only use this on raw sockets that have not been wrapped by any higher
+        level constructs like socket streams!
+
+    :param sock: a socket object
+    :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if the socket was closed while waiting for the
+        socket to become readable
+    :raises ~anyio.BusyResourceError: if another task is already waiting for the socket
+        to become readable
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().wait_readable(sock.fileno())
+
+
+@deprecated("This function is deprecated; use `wait_writable` instead")
+def wait_socket_writable(sock: socket.socket) -> Awaitable[None]:
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 4.7.0
+       Use :func:`wait_writable` instead.
+
+    Wait until the given socket can be written to.
+
+    This does **NOT** work on Windows when using the asyncio backend with a proactor
+    event loop (default on py3.8+).
+
+    .. warning:: Only use this on raw sockets that have not been wrapped by any higher
+        level constructs like socket streams!
+
+    :param sock: a socket object
+    :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if the socket was closed while waiting for the
+        socket to become writable
+    :raises ~anyio.BusyResourceError: if another task is already waiting for the socket
+        to become writable
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().wait_writable(sock.fileno())
+
+
+def wait_readable(obj: FileDescriptorLike) -> Awaitable[None]:
+    """
+    Wait until the given object has data to be read.
+
+    On Unix systems, ``obj`` must either be an integer file descriptor, or else an
+    object with a ``.fileno()`` method which returns an integer file descriptor. Any
+    kind of file descriptor can be passed, though the exact semantics will depend on
+    your kernel. For example, this probably won't do anything useful for on-disk files.
+
+    On Windows systems, ``obj`` must either be an integer ``SOCKET`` handle, or else an
+    object with a ``.fileno()`` method which returns an integer ``SOCKET`` handle. File
+    descriptors aren't supported, and neither are handles that refer to anything besides
+    a ``SOCKET``.
+
+    On backends where this functionality is not natively provided (asyncio
+    ``ProactorEventLoop`` on Windows), it is provided using a separate selector thread
+    which is set to shut down when the interpreter shuts down.
+
+    .. warning:: Don't use this on raw sockets that have been wrapped by any higher
+        level constructs like socket streams!
+
+    :param obj: an object with a ``.fileno()`` method or an integer handle
+    :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if the object was closed while waiting for the
+        object to become readable
+    :raises ~anyio.BusyResourceError: if another task is already waiting for the object
+        to become readable
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().wait_readable(obj)
+
+
+def wait_writable(obj: FileDescriptorLike) -> Awaitable[None]:
+    """
+    Wait until the given object can be written to.
+
+    :param obj: an object with a ``.fileno()`` method or an integer handle
+    :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if the object was closed while waiting for the
+        object to become writable
+    :raises ~anyio.BusyResourceError: if another task is already waiting for the object
+        to become writable
+
+    .. seealso:: See the documentation of :func:`wait_readable` for the definition of
+       ``obj`` and notes on backend compatibility.
+
+    .. warning:: Don't use this on raw sockets that have been wrapped by any higher
+        level constructs like socket streams!
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().wait_writable(obj)
+
+
+#
+# Private API
+#
+
+
+def convert_ipv6_sockaddr(
+    sockaddr: tuple[str, int, int, int] | tuple[str, int],
+) -> tuple[str, int]:
+    """
+    Convert a 4-tuple IPv6 socket address to a 2-tuple (address, port) format.
+
+    If the scope ID is nonzero, it is added to the address, separated with ``%``.
+    Otherwise the flow id and scope id are simply cut off from the tuple.
+    Any other kinds of socket addresses are returned as-is.
+
+    :param sockaddr: the result of :meth:`~socket.socket.getsockname`
+    :return: the converted socket address
+
+    """
+    # This is more complicated than it should be because of MyPy
+    if isinstance(sockaddr, tuple) and len(sockaddr) == 4:
+        host, port, flowinfo, scope_id = sockaddr
+        if scope_id:
+            # PyPy (as of v7.3.11) leaves the interface name in the result, so
+            # we discard it and only get the scope ID from the end
+            # (https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3938)
+            host = host.split("%")[0]
+
+            # Add scope_id to the address
+            return f"{host}%{scope_id}", port
+        else:
+            return host, port
+    else:
+        return sockaddr
+
+
+async def setup_unix_local_socket(
+    path: None | str | bytes | PathLike[Any],
+    mode: int | None,
+    socktype: int,
+) -> socket.socket:
+    """
+    Create a UNIX local socket object, deleting the socket at the given path if it
+    exists.
+
+    Not available on Windows.
+
+    :param path: path of the socket
+    :param mode: permissions to set on the socket
+    :param socktype: socket.SOCK_STREAM or socket.SOCK_DGRAM
+
+    """
+    path_str: str | None
+    if path is not None:
+        path_str = os.fsdecode(path)
+
+        # Linux abstract namespace sockets aren't backed by a concrete file so skip stat call
+        if not path_str.startswith("\0"):
+            # Copied from pathlib...
+            try:
+                stat_result = os.stat(path)
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno not in (
+                    errno.ENOENT,
+                    errno.ENOTDIR,
+                    errno.EBADF,
+                    errno.ELOOP,
+                ):
+                    raise
+            else:
+                if stat.S_ISSOCK(stat_result.st_mode):
+                    os.unlink(path)
+    else:
+        path_str = None
+
+    raw_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socktype)
+    raw_socket.setblocking(False)
+
+    if path_str is not None:
+        try:
+            await to_thread.run_sync(raw_socket.bind, path_str, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+            if mode is not None:
+                await to_thread.run_sync(chmod, path_str, mode, abandon_on_cancel=True)
+        except BaseException:
+            raw_socket.close()
+            raise
+
+    return raw_socket
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_streams.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_streams.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a9814e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_streams.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+from typing import TypeVar
+from warnings import warn
+
+from ..streams.memory import (
+    MemoryObjectReceiveStream,
+    MemoryObjectSendStream,
+    MemoryObjectStreamState,
+)
+
+T_Item = TypeVar("T_Item")
+
+
+class create_memory_object_stream(
+    tuple[MemoryObjectSendStream[T_Item], MemoryObjectReceiveStream[T_Item]],
+):
+    """
+    Create a memory object stream.
+
+    The stream's item type can be annotated like
+    :func:`create_memory_object_stream[T_Item]`.
+
+    :param max_buffer_size: number of items held in the buffer until ``send()`` starts
+        blocking
+    :param item_type: old way of marking the streams with the right generic type for
+        static typing (does nothing on AnyIO 4)
+
+        .. deprecated:: 4.0
+          Use ``create_memory_object_stream[YourItemType](...)`` instead.
+    :return: a tuple of (send stream, receive stream)
+
+    """
+
+    def __new__(  # type: ignore[misc]
+        cls, max_buffer_size: float = 0, item_type: object = None
+    ) -> tuple[MemoryObjectSendStream[T_Item], MemoryObjectReceiveStream[T_Item]]:
+        if max_buffer_size != math.inf and not isinstance(max_buffer_size, int):
+            raise ValueError("max_buffer_size must be either an integer or math.inf")
+        if max_buffer_size < 0:
+            raise ValueError("max_buffer_size cannot be negative")
+        if item_type is not None:
+            warn(
+                "The item_type argument has been deprecated in AnyIO 4.0. "
+                "Use create_memory_object_stream[YourItemType](...) instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        state = MemoryObjectStreamState[T_Item](max_buffer_size)
+        return (MemoryObjectSendStream(state), MemoryObjectReceiveStream(state))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_subprocesses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_subprocesses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36d9b306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_subprocesses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterable, Iterable, Mapping, Sequence
+from io import BytesIO
+from os import PathLike
+from subprocess import PIPE, CalledProcessError, CompletedProcess
+from typing import IO, Any, Union, cast
+
+from ..abc import Process
+from ._eventloop import get_async_backend
+from ._tasks import create_task_group
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import TypeAlias
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+StrOrBytesPath: TypeAlias = Union[str, bytes, "PathLike[str]", "PathLike[bytes]"]
+
+
+async def run_process(
+    command: StrOrBytesPath | Sequence[StrOrBytesPath],
+    *,
+    input: bytes | None = None,
+    stdin: int | IO[Any] | None = None,
+    stdout: int | IO[Any] | None = PIPE,
+    stderr: int | IO[Any] | None = PIPE,
+    check: bool = True,
+    cwd: StrOrBytesPath | None = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    startupinfo: Any = None,
+    creationflags: int = 0,
+    start_new_session: bool = False,
+    pass_fds: Sequence[int] = (),
+    user: str | int | None = None,
+    group: str | int | None = None,
+    extra_groups: Iterable[str | int] | None = None,
+    umask: int = -1,
+) -> CompletedProcess[bytes]:
+    """
+    Run an external command in a subprocess and wait until it completes.
+
+    .. seealso:: :func:`subprocess.run`
+
+    :param command: either a string to pass to the shell, or an iterable of strings
+        containing the executable name or path and its arguments
+    :param input: bytes passed to the standard input of the subprocess
+    :param stdin: one of :data:`subprocess.PIPE`, :data:`subprocess.DEVNULL`,
+        a file-like object, or `None`; ``input`` overrides this
+    :param stdout: one of :data:`subprocess.PIPE`, :data:`subprocess.DEVNULL`,
+        a file-like object, or `None`
+    :param stderr: one of :data:`subprocess.PIPE`, :data:`subprocess.DEVNULL`,
+        :data:`subprocess.STDOUT`, a file-like object, or `None`
+    :param check: if ``True``, raise :exc:`~subprocess.CalledProcessError` if the
+        process terminates with a return code other than 0
+    :param cwd: If not ``None``, change the working directory to this before running the
+        command
+    :param env: if not ``None``, this mapping replaces the inherited environment
+        variables from the parent process
+    :param startupinfo: an instance of :class:`subprocess.STARTUPINFO` that can be used
+        to specify process startup parameters (Windows only)
+    :param creationflags: flags that can be used to control the creation of the
+        subprocess (see :class:`subprocess.Popen` for the specifics)
+    :param start_new_session: if ``true`` the setsid() system call will be made in the
+        child process prior to the execution of the subprocess. (POSIX only)
+    :param pass_fds: sequence of file descriptors to keep open between the parent and
+        child processes. (POSIX only)
+    :param user: effective user to run the process as (Python >= 3.9, POSIX only)
+    :param group: effective group to run the process as (Python >= 3.9, POSIX only)
+    :param extra_groups: supplementary groups to set in the subprocess (Python >= 3.9,
+        POSIX only)
+    :param umask: if not negative, this umask is applied in the child process before
+        running the given command (Python >= 3.9, POSIX only)
+    :return: an object representing the completed process
+    :raises ~subprocess.CalledProcessError: if ``check`` is ``True`` and the process
+        exits with a nonzero return code
+
+    """
+
+    async def drain_stream(stream: AsyncIterable[bytes], index: int) -> None:
+        buffer = BytesIO()
+        async for chunk in stream:
+            buffer.write(chunk)
+
+        stream_contents[index] = buffer.getvalue()
+
+    if stdin is not None and input is not None:
+        raise ValueError("only one of stdin and input is allowed")
+
+    async with await open_process(
+        command,
+        stdin=PIPE if input else stdin,
+        stdout=stdout,
+        stderr=stderr,
+        cwd=cwd,
+        env=env,
+        startupinfo=startupinfo,
+        creationflags=creationflags,
+        start_new_session=start_new_session,
+        pass_fds=pass_fds,
+        user=user,
+        group=group,
+        extra_groups=extra_groups,
+        umask=umask,
+    ) as process:
+        stream_contents: list[bytes | None] = [None, None]
+        async with create_task_group() as tg:
+            if process.stdout:
+                tg.start_soon(drain_stream, process.stdout, 0)
+
+            if process.stderr:
+                tg.start_soon(drain_stream, process.stderr, 1)
+
+            if process.stdin and input:
+                await process.stdin.send(input)
+                await process.stdin.aclose()
+
+            await process.wait()
+
+    output, errors = stream_contents
+    if check and process.returncode != 0:
+        raise CalledProcessError(cast(int, process.returncode), command, output, errors)
+
+    return CompletedProcess(command, cast(int, process.returncode), output, errors)
+
+
+async def open_process(
+    command: StrOrBytesPath | Sequence[StrOrBytesPath],
+    *,
+    stdin: int | IO[Any] | None = PIPE,
+    stdout: int | IO[Any] | None = PIPE,
+    stderr: int | IO[Any] | None = PIPE,
+    cwd: StrOrBytesPath | None = None,
+    env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    startupinfo: Any = None,
+    creationflags: int = 0,
+    start_new_session: bool = False,
+    pass_fds: Sequence[int] = (),
+    user: str | int | None = None,
+    group: str | int | None = None,
+    extra_groups: Iterable[str | int] | None = None,
+    umask: int = -1,
+) -> Process:
+    """
+    Start an external command in a subprocess.
+
+    .. seealso:: :class:`subprocess.Popen`
+
+    :param command: either a string to pass to the shell, or an iterable of strings
+        containing the executable name or path and its arguments
+    :param stdin: one of :data:`subprocess.PIPE`, :data:`subprocess.DEVNULL`, a
+        file-like object, or ``None``
+    :param stdout: one of :data:`subprocess.PIPE`, :data:`subprocess.DEVNULL`,
+        a file-like object, or ``None``
+    :param stderr: one of :data:`subprocess.PIPE`, :data:`subprocess.DEVNULL`,
+        :data:`subprocess.STDOUT`, a file-like object, or ``None``
+    :param cwd: If not ``None``, the working directory is changed before executing
+    :param env: If env is not ``None``, it must be a mapping that defines the
+        environment variables for the new process
+    :param creationflags: flags that can be used to control the creation of the
+        subprocess (see :class:`subprocess.Popen` for the specifics)
+    :param startupinfo: an instance of :class:`subprocess.STARTUPINFO` that can be used
+        to specify process startup parameters (Windows only)
+    :param start_new_session: if ``true`` the setsid() system call will be made in the
+        child process prior to the execution of the subprocess. (POSIX only)
+    :param pass_fds: sequence of file descriptors to keep open between the parent and
+        child processes. (POSIX only)
+    :param user: effective user to run the process as (POSIX only)
+    :param group: effective group to run the process as (POSIX only)
+    :param extra_groups: supplementary groups to set in the subprocess (POSIX only)
+    :param umask: if not negative, this umask is applied in the child process before
+        running the given command (POSIX only)
+    :return: an asynchronous process object
+
+    """
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if user is not None:
+        kwargs["user"] = user
+
+    if group is not None:
+        kwargs["group"] = group
+
+    if extra_groups is not None:
+        kwargs["extra_groups"] = group
+
+    if umask >= 0:
+        kwargs["umask"] = umask
+
+    return await get_async_backend().open_process(
+        command,
+        stdin=stdin,
+        stdout=stdout,
+        stderr=stderr,
+        cwd=cwd,
+        env=env,
+        startupinfo=startupinfo,
+        creationflags=creationflags,
+        start_new_session=start_new_session,
+        pass_fds=pass_fds,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_synchronization.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_synchronization.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6331328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_synchronization.py
@@ -0,0 +1,732 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+from collections import deque
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from sniffio import AsyncLibraryNotFoundError
+
+from ..lowlevel import checkpoint
+from ._eventloop import get_async_backend
+from ._exceptions import BusyResourceError
+from ._tasks import CancelScope
+from ._testing import TaskInfo, get_current_task
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class EventStatistics:
+    """
+    :ivar int tasks_waiting: number of tasks waiting on :meth:`~.Event.wait`
+    """
+
+    tasks_waiting: int
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CapacityLimiterStatistics:
+    """
+    :ivar int borrowed_tokens: number of tokens currently borrowed by tasks
+    :ivar float total_tokens: total number of available tokens
+    :ivar tuple borrowers: tasks or other objects currently holding tokens borrowed from
+        this limiter
+    :ivar int tasks_waiting: number of tasks waiting on
+        :meth:`~.CapacityLimiter.acquire` or
+        :meth:`~.CapacityLimiter.acquire_on_behalf_of`
+    """
+
+    borrowed_tokens: int
+    total_tokens: float
+    borrowers: tuple[object, ...]
+    tasks_waiting: int
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class LockStatistics:
+    """
+    :ivar bool locked: flag indicating if this lock is locked or not
+    :ivar ~anyio.TaskInfo owner: task currently holding the lock (or ``None`` if the
+        lock is not held by any task)
+    :ivar int tasks_waiting: number of tasks waiting on :meth:`~.Lock.acquire`
+    """
+
+    locked: bool
+    owner: TaskInfo | None
+    tasks_waiting: int
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ConditionStatistics:
+    """
+    :ivar int tasks_waiting: number of tasks blocked on :meth:`~.Condition.wait`
+    :ivar ~anyio.LockStatistics lock_statistics: statistics of the underlying
+        :class:`~.Lock`
+    """
+
+    tasks_waiting: int
+    lock_statistics: LockStatistics
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SemaphoreStatistics:
+    """
+    :ivar int tasks_waiting: number of tasks waiting on :meth:`~.Semaphore.acquire`
+
+    """
+
+    tasks_waiting: int
+
+
+class Event:
+    def __new__(cls) -> Event:
+        try:
+            return get_async_backend().create_event()
+        except AsyncLibraryNotFoundError:
+            return EventAdapter()
+
+    def set(self) -> None:
+        """Set the flag, notifying all listeners."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def is_set(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the flag is set, ``False`` if not."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def wait(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Wait until the flag has been set.
+
+        If the flag has already been set when this method is called, it returns
+        immediately.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def statistics(self) -> EventStatistics:
+        """Return statistics about the current state of this event."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class EventAdapter(Event):
+    _internal_event: Event | None = None
+    _is_set: bool = False
+
+    def __new__(cls) -> EventAdapter:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    @property
+    def _event(self) -> Event:
+        if self._internal_event is None:
+            self._internal_event = get_async_backend().create_event()
+            if self._is_set:
+                self._internal_event.set()
+
+        return self._internal_event
+
+    def set(self) -> None:
+        if self._internal_event is None:
+            self._is_set = True
+        else:
+            self._event.set()
+
+    def is_set(self) -> bool:
+        if self._internal_event is None:
+            return self._is_set
+
+        return self._internal_event.is_set()
+
+    async def wait(self) -> None:
+        await self._event.wait()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> EventStatistics:
+        if self._internal_event is None:
+            return EventStatistics(tasks_waiting=0)
+
+        return self._internal_event.statistics()
+
+
+class Lock:
+    def __new__(cls, *, fast_acquire: bool = False) -> Lock:
+        try:
+            return get_async_backend().create_lock(fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+        except AsyncLibraryNotFoundError:
+            return LockAdapter(fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        await self.acquire()
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.release()
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        """Acquire the lock."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire the lock, without blocking.
+
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if the operation would block
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        """Release the lock."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def locked(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the lock is currently held."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def statistics(self) -> LockStatistics:
+        """
+        Return statistics about the current state of this lock.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class LockAdapter(Lock):
+    _internal_lock: Lock | None = None
+
+    def __new__(cls, *, fast_acquire: bool = False) -> LockAdapter:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, *, fast_acquire: bool = False):
+        self._fast_acquire = fast_acquire
+
+    @property
+    def _lock(self) -> Lock:
+        if self._internal_lock is None:
+            self._internal_lock = get_async_backend().create_lock(
+                fast_acquire=self._fast_acquire
+            )
+
+        return self._internal_lock
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        await self._lock.acquire()
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._internal_lock is not None:
+            self._internal_lock.release()
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        """Acquire the lock."""
+        await self._lock.acquire()
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire the lock, without blocking.
+
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if the operation would block
+
+        """
+        self._lock.acquire_nowait()
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        """Release the lock."""
+        self._lock.release()
+
+    def locked(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the lock is currently held."""
+        return self._lock.locked()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> LockStatistics:
+        """
+        Return statistics about the current state of this lock.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+        """
+        if self._internal_lock is None:
+            return LockStatistics(False, None, 0)
+
+        return self._internal_lock.statistics()
+
+
+class Condition:
+    _owner_task: TaskInfo | None = None
+
+    def __init__(self, lock: Lock | None = None):
+        self._lock = lock or Lock()
+        self._waiters: deque[Event] = deque()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        await self.acquire()
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.release()
+
+    def _check_acquired(self) -> None:
+        if self._owner_task != get_current_task():
+            raise RuntimeError("The current task is not holding the underlying lock")
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        """Acquire the underlying lock."""
+        await self._lock.acquire()
+        self._owner_task = get_current_task()
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire the underlying lock, without blocking.
+
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if the operation would block
+
+        """
+        self._lock.acquire_nowait()
+        self._owner_task = get_current_task()
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        """Release the underlying lock."""
+        self._lock.release()
+
+    def locked(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the lock is set."""
+        return self._lock.locked()
+
+    def notify(self, n: int = 1) -> None:
+        """Notify exactly n listeners."""
+        self._check_acquired()
+        for _ in range(n):
+            try:
+                event = self._waiters.popleft()
+            except IndexError:
+                break
+
+            event.set()
+
+    def notify_all(self) -> None:
+        """Notify all the listeners."""
+        self._check_acquired()
+        for event in self._waiters:
+            event.set()
+
+        self._waiters.clear()
+
+    async def wait(self) -> None:
+        """Wait for a notification."""
+        await checkpoint()
+        event = Event()
+        self._waiters.append(event)
+        self.release()
+        try:
+            await event.wait()
+        except BaseException:
+            if not event.is_set():
+                self._waiters.remove(event)
+
+            raise
+        finally:
+            with CancelScope(shield=True):
+                await self.acquire()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> ConditionStatistics:
+        """
+        Return statistics about the current state of this condition.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+        return ConditionStatistics(len(self._waiters), self._lock.statistics())
+
+
+class Semaphore:
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> Semaphore:
+        try:
+            return get_async_backend().create_semaphore(
+                initial_value, max_value=max_value, fast_acquire=fast_acquire
+            )
+        except AsyncLibraryNotFoundError:
+            return SemaphoreAdapter(initial_value, max_value=max_value)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ):
+        if not isinstance(initial_value, int):
+            raise TypeError("initial_value must be an integer")
+        if initial_value < 0:
+            raise ValueError("initial_value must be >= 0")
+        if max_value is not None:
+            if not isinstance(max_value, int):
+                raise TypeError("max_value must be an integer or None")
+            if max_value < initial_value:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "max_value must be equal to or higher than initial_value"
+                )
+
+        self._fast_acquire = fast_acquire
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Semaphore:
+        await self.acquire()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.release()
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        """Decrement the semaphore value, blocking if necessary."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire the underlying lock, without blocking.
+
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if the operation would block
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        """Increment the semaphore value."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> int:
+        """The current value of the semaphore."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def max_value(self) -> int | None:
+        """The maximum value of the semaphore."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def statistics(self) -> SemaphoreStatistics:
+        """
+        Return statistics about the current state of this semaphore.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class SemaphoreAdapter(Semaphore):
+    _internal_semaphore: Semaphore | None = None
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> SemaphoreAdapter:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(initial_value, max_value=max_value, fast_acquire=fast_acquire)
+        self._initial_value = initial_value
+        self._max_value = max_value
+
+    @property
+    def _semaphore(self) -> Semaphore:
+        if self._internal_semaphore is None:
+            self._internal_semaphore = get_async_backend().create_semaphore(
+                self._initial_value, max_value=self._max_value
+            )
+
+        return self._internal_semaphore
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        await self._semaphore.acquire()
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        self._semaphore.acquire_nowait()
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        self._semaphore.release()
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> int:
+        if self._internal_semaphore is None:
+            return self._initial_value
+
+        return self._semaphore.value
+
+    @property
+    def max_value(self) -> int | None:
+        return self._max_value
+
+    def statistics(self) -> SemaphoreStatistics:
+        if self._internal_semaphore is None:
+            return SemaphoreStatistics(tasks_waiting=0)
+
+        return self._semaphore.statistics()
+
+
+class CapacityLimiter:
+    def __new__(cls, total_tokens: float) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        try:
+            return get_async_backend().create_capacity_limiter(total_tokens)
+        except AsyncLibraryNotFoundError:
+            return CapacityLimiterAdapter(total_tokens)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def total_tokens(self) -> float:
+        """
+        The total number of tokens available for borrowing.
+
+        This is a read-write property. If the total number of tokens is increased, the
+        proportionate number of tasks waiting on this limiter will be granted their
+        tokens.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+            The property is now writable.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @total_tokens.setter
+    def total_tokens(self, value: float) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def borrowed_tokens(self) -> int:
+        """The number of tokens that have currently been borrowed."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def available_tokens(self) -> float:
+        """The number of tokens currently available to be borrowed"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire a token for the current task without waiting for one to become
+        available.
+
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if there are no tokens available for borrowing
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire a token without waiting for one to become available.
+
+        :param borrower: the entity borrowing a token
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if there are no tokens available for borrowing
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire a token for the current task, waiting if necessary for one to become
+        available.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def acquire_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        """
+        Acquire a token, waiting if necessary for one to become available.
+
+        :param borrower: the entity borrowing a token
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Release the token held by the current task.
+
+        :raises RuntimeError: if the current task has not borrowed a token from this
+            limiter.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def release_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        """
+        Release the token held by the given borrower.
+
+        :raises RuntimeError: if the borrower has not borrowed a token from this
+            limiter.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def statistics(self) -> CapacityLimiterStatistics:
+        """
+        Return statistics about the current state of this limiter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class CapacityLimiterAdapter(CapacityLimiter):
+    _internal_limiter: CapacityLimiter | None = None
+
+    def __new__(cls, total_tokens: float) -> CapacityLimiterAdapter:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self, total_tokens: float) -> None:
+        self.total_tokens = total_tokens
+
+    @property
+    def _limiter(self) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        if self._internal_limiter is None:
+            self._internal_limiter = get_async_backend().create_capacity_limiter(
+                self._total_tokens
+            )
+
+        return self._internal_limiter
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        await self._limiter.__aenter__()
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        return await self._limiter.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+    @property
+    def total_tokens(self) -> float:
+        if self._internal_limiter is None:
+            return self._total_tokens
+
+        return self._internal_limiter.total_tokens
+
+    @total_tokens.setter
+    def total_tokens(self, value: float) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(value, int) and value is not math.inf:
+            raise TypeError("total_tokens must be an int or math.inf")
+        elif value < 1:
+            raise ValueError("total_tokens must be >= 1")
+
+        if self._internal_limiter is None:
+            self._total_tokens = value
+            return
+
+        self._limiter.total_tokens = value
+
+    @property
+    def borrowed_tokens(self) -> int:
+        if self._internal_limiter is None:
+            return 0
+
+        return self._internal_limiter.borrowed_tokens
+
+    @property
+    def available_tokens(self) -> float:
+        if self._internal_limiter is None:
+            return self._total_tokens
+
+        return self._internal_limiter.available_tokens
+
+    def acquire_nowait(self) -> None:
+        self._limiter.acquire_nowait()
+
+    def acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        self._limiter.acquire_on_behalf_of_nowait(borrower)
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        await self._limiter.acquire()
+
+    async def acquire_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        await self._limiter.acquire_on_behalf_of(borrower)
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        self._limiter.release()
+
+    def release_on_behalf_of(self, borrower: object) -> None:
+        self._limiter.release_on_behalf_of(borrower)
+
+    def statistics(self) -> CapacityLimiterStatistics:
+        if self._internal_limiter is None:
+            return CapacityLimiterStatistics(
+                borrowed_tokens=0,
+                total_tokens=self.total_tokens,
+                borrowers=(),
+                tasks_waiting=0,
+            )
+
+        return self._internal_limiter.statistics()
+
+
+class ResourceGuard:
+    """
+    A context manager for ensuring that a resource is only used by a single task at a
+    time.
+
+    Entering this context manager while the previous has not exited it yet will trigger
+    :exc:`BusyResourceError`.
+
+    :param action: the action to guard against (visible in the :exc:`BusyResourceError`
+        when triggered, e.g. "Another task is already {action} this resource")
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.1
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "action", "_guarded"
+
+    def __init__(self, action: str = "using"):
+        self.action: str = action
+        self._guarded = False
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        if self._guarded:
+            raise BusyResourceError(self.action)
+
+        self._guarded = True
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._guarded = False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_tasks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_tasks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe490151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_tasks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from ..abc._tasks import TaskGroup, TaskStatus
+from ._eventloop import get_async_backend
+
+
+class _IgnoredTaskStatus(TaskStatus[object]):
+    def started(self, value: object = None) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+TASK_STATUS_IGNORED = _IgnoredTaskStatus()
+
+
+class CancelScope:
+    """
+    Wraps a unit of work that can be made separately cancellable.
+
+    :param deadline: The time (clock value) when this scope is cancelled automatically
+    :param shield: ``True`` to shield the cancel scope from external cancellation
+    """
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, *, deadline: float = math.inf, shield: bool = False
+    ) -> CancelScope:
+        return get_async_backend().create_cancel_scope(shield=shield, deadline=deadline)
+
+    def cancel(self) -> None:
+        """Cancel this scope immediately."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def deadline(self) -> float:
+        """
+        The time (clock value) when this scope is cancelled automatically.
+
+        Will be ``float('inf')`` if no timeout has been set.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @deadline.setter
+    def deadline(self, value: float) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def cancel_called(self) -> bool:
+        """``True`` if :meth:`cancel` has been called."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def cancelled_caught(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        ``True`` if this scope suppressed a cancellation exception it itself raised.
+
+        This is typically used to check if any work was interrupted, or to see if the
+        scope was cancelled due to its deadline being reached. The value will, however,
+        only be ``True`` if the cancellation was triggered by the scope itself (and not
+        an outer scope).
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def shield(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        ``True`` if this scope is shielded from external cancellation.
+
+        While a scope is shielded, it will not receive cancellations from outside.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @shield.setter
+    def shield(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> CancelScope:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def fail_after(
+    delay: float | None, shield: bool = False
+) -> Generator[CancelScope, None, None]:
+    """
+    Create a context manager which raises a :class:`TimeoutError` if does not finish in
+    time.
+
+    :param delay: maximum allowed time (in seconds) before raising the exception, or
+        ``None`` to disable the timeout
+    :param shield: ``True`` to shield the cancel scope from external cancellation
+    :return: a context manager that yields a cancel scope
+    :rtype: :class:`~typing.ContextManager`\\[:class:`~anyio.CancelScope`\\]
+
+    """
+    current_time = get_async_backend().current_time
+    deadline = (current_time() + delay) if delay is not None else math.inf
+    with get_async_backend().create_cancel_scope(
+        deadline=deadline, shield=shield
+    ) as cancel_scope:
+        yield cancel_scope
+
+    if cancel_scope.cancelled_caught and current_time() >= cancel_scope.deadline:
+        raise TimeoutError
+
+
+def move_on_after(delay: float | None, shield: bool = False) -> CancelScope:
+    """
+    Create a cancel scope with a deadline that expires after the given delay.
+
+    :param delay: maximum allowed time (in seconds) before exiting the context block, or
+        ``None`` to disable the timeout
+    :param shield: ``True`` to shield the cancel scope from external cancellation
+    :return: a cancel scope
+
+    """
+    deadline = (
+        (get_async_backend().current_time() + delay) if delay is not None else math.inf
+    )
+    return get_async_backend().create_cancel_scope(deadline=deadline, shield=shield)
+
+
+def current_effective_deadline() -> float:
+    """
+    Return the nearest deadline among all the cancel scopes effective for the current
+    task.
+
+    :return: a clock value from the event loop's internal clock (or ``float('inf')`` if
+        there is no deadline in effect, or ``float('-inf')`` if the current scope has
+        been cancelled)
+    :rtype: float
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().current_effective_deadline()
+
+
+def create_task_group() -> TaskGroup:
+    """
+    Create a task group.
+
+    :return: a task group
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().create_task_group()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_tempfile.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_tempfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26d70eca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_tempfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,616 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from io import BytesIO, TextIOWrapper
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    AnyStr,
+    Generic,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from .. import to_thread
+from .._core._fileio import AsyncFile
+from ..lowlevel import checkpoint_if_cancelled
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import OpenBinaryMode, OpenTextMode, ReadableBuffer, WriteableBuffer
+
+
+class TemporaryFile(Generic[AnyStr]):
+    """
+    An asynchronous temporary file that is automatically created and cleaned up.
+
+    This class provides an asynchronous context manager interface to a temporary file.
+    The file is created using Python's standard `tempfile.TemporaryFile` function in a
+    background thread, and is wrapped as an asynchronous file using `AsyncFile`.
+
+    :param mode: The mode in which the file is opened. Defaults to "w+b".
+    :param buffering: The buffering policy (-1 means the default buffering).
+    :param encoding: The encoding used to decode or encode the file. Only applicable in
+        text mode.
+    :param newline: Controls how universal newlines mode works (only applicable in text
+        mode).
+    :param suffix: The suffix for the temporary file name.
+    :param prefix: The prefix for the temporary file name.
+    :param dir: The directory in which the temporary file is created.
+    :param errors: The error handling scheme used for encoding/decoding errors.
+    """
+
+    _async_file: AsyncFile[AnyStr]
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: TemporaryFile[bytes],
+        mode: OpenBinaryMode = ...,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+        suffix: str | None = ...,
+        prefix: str | None = ...,
+        dir: str | None = ...,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+    ): ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: TemporaryFile[str],
+        mode: OpenTextMode,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+        suffix: str | None = ...,
+        prefix: str | None = ...,
+        dir: str | None = ...,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mode: OpenTextMode | OpenBinaryMode = "w+b",
+        buffering: int = -1,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        newline: str | None = None,
+        suffix: str | None = None,
+        prefix: str | None = None,
+        dir: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.buffering = buffering
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.newline = newline
+        self.suffix: str | None = suffix
+        self.prefix: str | None = prefix
+        self.dir: str | None = dir
+        self.errors = errors
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncFile[AnyStr]:
+        fp = await to_thread.run_sync(
+            lambda: tempfile.TemporaryFile(
+                self.mode,
+                self.buffering,
+                self.encoding,
+                self.newline,
+                self.suffix,
+                self.prefix,
+                self.dir,
+                errors=self.errors,
+            )
+        )
+        self._async_file = AsyncFile(fp)
+        return self._async_file
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self._async_file.aclose()
+
+
+class NamedTemporaryFile(Generic[AnyStr]):
+    """
+    An asynchronous named temporary file that is automatically created and cleaned up.
+
+    This class provides an asynchronous context manager for a temporary file with a
+    visible name in the file system. It uses Python's standard
+    :func:`~tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile` function and wraps the file object with
+    :class:`AsyncFile` for asynchronous operations.
+
+    :param mode: The mode in which the file is opened. Defaults to "w+b".
+    :param buffering: The buffering policy (-1 means the default buffering).
+    :param encoding: The encoding used to decode or encode the file. Only applicable in
+        text mode.
+    :param newline: Controls how universal newlines mode works (only applicable in text
+        mode).
+    :param suffix: The suffix for the temporary file name.
+    :param prefix: The prefix for the temporary file name.
+    :param dir: The directory in which the temporary file is created.
+    :param delete: Whether to delete the file when it is closed.
+    :param errors: The error handling scheme used for encoding/decoding errors.
+    :param delete_on_close: (Python 3.12+) Whether to delete the file on close.
+    """
+
+    _async_file: AsyncFile[AnyStr]
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: NamedTemporaryFile[bytes],
+        mode: OpenBinaryMode = ...,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+        suffix: str | None = ...,
+        prefix: str | None = ...,
+        dir: str | None = ...,
+        delete: bool = ...,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+        delete_on_close: bool = ...,
+    ): ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: NamedTemporaryFile[str],
+        mode: OpenTextMode,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+        suffix: str | None = ...,
+        prefix: str | None = ...,
+        dir: str | None = ...,
+        delete: bool = ...,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+        delete_on_close: bool = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mode: OpenBinaryMode | OpenTextMode = "w+b",
+        buffering: int = -1,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        newline: str | None = None,
+        suffix: str | None = None,
+        prefix: str | None = None,
+        dir: str | None = None,
+        delete: bool = True,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = None,
+        delete_on_close: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._params: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "mode": mode,
+            "buffering": buffering,
+            "encoding": encoding,
+            "newline": newline,
+            "suffix": suffix,
+            "prefix": prefix,
+            "dir": dir,
+            "delete": delete,
+            "errors": errors,
+        }
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+            self._params["delete_on_close"] = delete_on_close
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncFile[AnyStr]:
+        fp = await to_thread.run_sync(
+            lambda: tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(**self._params)
+        )
+        self._async_file = AsyncFile(fp)
+        return self._async_file
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self._async_file.aclose()
+
+
+class SpooledTemporaryFile(AsyncFile[AnyStr]):
+    """
+    An asynchronous spooled temporary file that starts in memory and is spooled to disk.
+
+    This class provides an asynchronous interface to a spooled temporary file, much like
+    Python's standard :class:`~tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile`. It supports asynchronous
+    write operations and provides a method to force a rollover to disk.
+
+    :param max_size: Maximum size in bytes before the file is rolled over to disk.
+    :param mode: The mode in which the file is opened. Defaults to "w+b".
+    :param buffering: The buffering policy (-1 means the default buffering).
+    :param encoding: The encoding used to decode or encode the file (text mode only).
+    :param newline: Controls how universal newlines mode works (text mode only).
+    :param suffix: The suffix for the temporary file name.
+    :param prefix: The prefix for the temporary file name.
+    :param dir: The directory in which the temporary file is created.
+    :param errors: The error handling scheme used for encoding/decoding errors.
+    """
+
+    _rolled: bool = False
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: SpooledTemporaryFile[bytes],
+        max_size: int = ...,
+        mode: OpenBinaryMode = ...,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+        suffix: str | None = ...,
+        prefix: str | None = ...,
+        dir: str | None = ...,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+    ): ...
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: SpooledTemporaryFile[str],
+        max_size: int = ...,
+        mode: OpenTextMode = ...,
+        buffering: int = ...,
+        encoding: str | None = ...,
+        newline: str | None = ...,
+        suffix: str | None = ...,
+        prefix: str | None = ...,
+        dir: str | None = ...,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int = 0,
+        mode: OpenBinaryMode | OpenTextMode = "w+b",
+        buffering: int = -1,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        newline: str | None = None,
+        suffix: str | None = None,
+        prefix: str | None = None,
+        dir: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        errors: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._tempfile_params: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "mode": mode,
+            "buffering": buffering,
+            "encoding": encoding,
+            "newline": newline,
+            "suffix": suffix,
+            "prefix": prefix,
+            "dir": dir,
+            "errors": errors,
+        }
+        self._max_size = max_size
+        if "b" in mode:
+            super().__init__(BytesIO())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        else:
+            super().__init__(
+                TextIOWrapper(  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    BytesIO(),
+                    encoding=encoding,
+                    errors=errors,
+                    newline=newline,
+                    write_through=True,
+                )
+            )
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            self._fp.close()
+            return
+
+        await super().aclose()
+
+    async def _check(self) -> None:
+        if self._rolled or self._fp.tell() < self._max_size:
+            return
+
+        await self.rollover()
+
+    async def rollover(self) -> None:
+        if self._rolled:
+            return
+
+        self._rolled = True
+        buffer = self._fp
+        buffer.seek(0)
+        self._fp = await to_thread.run_sync(
+            lambda: tempfile.TemporaryFile(**self._tempfile_params)
+        )
+        await self.write(buffer.read())
+        buffer.close()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._fp.closed
+
+    async def read(self, size: int = -1) -> AnyStr:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            return self._fp.read(size)
+
+        return await super().read(size)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    async def read1(self: SpooledTemporaryFile[bytes], size: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            return self._fp.read1(size)
+
+        return await super().read1(size)
+
+    async def readline(self) -> AnyStr:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            return self._fp.readline()
+
+        return await super().readline()  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    async def readlines(self) -> list[AnyStr]:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            return self._fp.readlines()
+
+        return await super().readlines()  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    async def readinto(self: SpooledTemporaryFile[bytes], b: WriteableBuffer) -> int:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            self._fp.readinto(b)
+
+        return await super().readinto(b)
+
+    async def readinto1(self: SpooledTemporaryFile[bytes], b: WriteableBuffer) -> int:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            self._fp.readinto(b)
+
+        return await super().readinto1(b)
+
+    async def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int | None = os.SEEK_SET) -> int:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            return self._fp.seek(offset, whence)
+
+        return await super().seek(offset, whence)
+
+    async def tell(self) -> int:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            return self._fp.tell()
+
+        return await super().tell()
+
+    async def truncate(self, size: int | None = None) -> int:
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            return self._fp.truncate(size)
+
+        return await super().truncate(size)
+
+    @overload
+    async def write(self: SpooledTemporaryFile[bytes], b: ReadableBuffer) -> int: ...
+    @overload
+    async def write(self: SpooledTemporaryFile[str], b: str) -> int: ...
+
+    async def write(self, b: ReadableBuffer | str) -> int:
+        """
+        Asynchronously write data to the spooled temporary file.
+
+        If the file has not yet been rolled over, the data is written synchronously,
+        and a rollover is triggered if the size exceeds the maximum size.
+
+        :param s: The data to write.
+        :return: The number of bytes written.
+        :raises RuntimeError: If the underlying file is not initialized.
+
+        """
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            result = self._fp.write(b)
+            await self._check()
+            return result
+
+        return await super().write(b)  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    @overload
+    async def writelines(
+        self: SpooledTemporaryFile[bytes], lines: Iterable[ReadableBuffer]
+    ) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    async def writelines(
+        self: SpooledTemporaryFile[str], lines: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    async def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[str] | Iterable[ReadableBuffer]) -> None:
+        """
+        Asynchronously write a list of lines to the spooled temporary file.
+
+        If the file has not yet been rolled over, the lines are written synchronously,
+        and a rollover is triggered if the size exceeds the maximum size.
+
+        :param lines: An iterable of lines to write.
+        :raises RuntimeError: If the underlying file is not initialized.
+
+        """
+        if not self._rolled:
+            await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+            result = self._fp.writelines(lines)
+            await self._check()
+            return result
+
+        return await super().writelines(lines)  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+class TemporaryDirectory(Generic[AnyStr]):
+    """
+    An asynchronous temporary directory that is created and cleaned up automatically.
+
+    This class provides an asynchronous context manager for creating a temporary
+    directory. It wraps Python's standard :class:`~tempfile.TemporaryDirectory` to
+    perform directory creation and cleanup operations in a background thread.
+
+    :param suffix: Suffix to be added to the temporary directory name.
+    :param prefix: Prefix to be added to the temporary directory name.
+    :param dir: The parent directory where the temporary directory is created.
+    :param ignore_cleanup_errors: Whether to ignore errors during cleanup
+        (Python 3.10+).
+    :param delete: Whether to delete the directory upon closing (Python 3.12+).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        suffix: AnyStr | None = None,
+        prefix: AnyStr | None = None,
+        dir: AnyStr | None = None,
+        *,
+        ignore_cleanup_errors: bool = False,
+        delete: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.suffix: AnyStr | None = suffix
+        self.prefix: AnyStr | None = prefix
+        self.dir: AnyStr | None = dir
+        self.ignore_cleanup_errors = ignore_cleanup_errors
+        self.delete = delete
+
+        self._tempdir: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory | None = None
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> str:
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "suffix": self.suffix,
+            "prefix": self.prefix,
+            "dir": self.dir,
+        }
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+            params["ignore_cleanup_errors"] = self.ignore_cleanup_errors
+
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+            params["delete"] = self.delete
+
+        self._tempdir = await to_thread.run_sync(
+            lambda: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(**params)
+        )
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._tempdir.__enter__)
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._tempdir is not None:
+            await to_thread.run_sync(
+                self._tempdir.__exit__, exc_type, exc_value, traceback
+            )
+
+    async def cleanup(self) -> None:
+        if self._tempdir is not None:
+            await to_thread.run_sync(self._tempdir.cleanup)
+
+
+@overload
+async def mkstemp(
+    suffix: str | None = None,
+    prefix: str | None = None,
+    dir: str | None = None,
+    text: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[int, str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+async def mkstemp(
+    suffix: bytes | None = None,
+    prefix: bytes | None = None,
+    dir: bytes | None = None,
+    text: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[int, bytes]: ...
+
+
+async def mkstemp(
+    suffix: AnyStr | None = None,
+    prefix: AnyStr | None = None,
+    dir: AnyStr | None = None,
+    text: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[int, str | bytes]:
+    """
+    Asynchronously create a temporary file and return an OS-level handle and the file
+    name.
+
+    This function wraps `tempfile.mkstemp` and executes it in a background thread.
+
+    :param suffix: Suffix to be added to the file name.
+    :param prefix: Prefix to be added to the file name.
+    :param dir: Directory in which the temporary file is created.
+    :param text: Whether the file is opened in text mode.
+    :return: A tuple containing the file descriptor and the file name.
+
+    """
+    return await to_thread.run_sync(tempfile.mkstemp, suffix, prefix, dir, text)
+
+
+@overload
+async def mkdtemp(
+    suffix: str | None = None,
+    prefix: str | None = None,
+    dir: str | None = None,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+async def mkdtemp(
+    suffix: bytes | None = None,
+    prefix: bytes | None = None,
+    dir: bytes | None = None,
+) -> bytes: ...
+
+
+async def mkdtemp(
+    suffix: AnyStr | None = None,
+    prefix: AnyStr | None = None,
+    dir: AnyStr | None = None,
+) -> str | bytes:
+    """
+    Asynchronously create a temporary directory and return its path.
+
+    This function wraps `tempfile.mkdtemp` and executes it in a background thread.
+
+    :param suffix: Suffix to be added to the directory name.
+    :param prefix: Prefix to be added to the directory name.
+    :param dir: Parent directory where the temporary directory is created.
+    :return: The path of the created temporary directory.
+
+    """
+    return await to_thread.run_sync(tempfile.mkdtemp, suffix, prefix, dir)
+
+
+async def gettempdir() -> str:
+    """
+    Asynchronously return the name of the directory used for temporary files.
+
+    This function wraps `tempfile.gettempdir` and executes it in a background thread.
+
+    :return: The path of the temporary directory as a string.
+
+    """
+    return await to_thread.run_sync(tempfile.gettempdir)
+
+
+async def gettempdirb() -> bytes:
+    """
+    Asynchronously return the name of the directory used for temporary files in bytes.
+
+    This function wraps `tempfile.gettempdirb` and executes it in a background thread.
+
+    :return: The path of the temporary directory as bytes.
+
+    """
+    return await to_thread.run_sync(tempfile.gettempdirb)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_testing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e28b227
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Generator
+from typing import Any, cast
+
+from ._eventloop import get_async_backend
+
+
+class TaskInfo:
+    """
+    Represents an asynchronous task.
+
+    :ivar int id: the unique identifier of the task
+    :ivar parent_id: the identifier of the parent task, if any
+    :vartype parent_id: Optional[int]
+    :ivar str name: the description of the task (if any)
+    :ivar ~collections.abc.Coroutine coro: the coroutine object of the task
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "_name", "id", "parent_id", "name", "coro"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        id: int,
+        parent_id: int | None,
+        name: str | None,
+        coro: Generator[Any, Any, Any] | Awaitable[Any],
+    ):
+        func = get_current_task
+        self._name = f"{func.__module__}.{func.__qualname__}"
+        self.id: int = id
+        self.parent_id: int | None = parent_id
+        self.name: str | None = name
+        self.coro: Generator[Any, Any, Any] | Awaitable[Any] = coro
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, TaskInfo):
+            return self.id == other.id
+
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.id)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(id={self.id!r}, name={self.name!r})"
+
+    def has_pending_cancellation(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return ``True`` if the task has a cancellation pending, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+def get_current_task() -> TaskInfo:
+    """
+    Return the current task.
+
+    :return: a representation of the current task
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().get_current_task()
+
+
+def get_running_tasks() -> list[TaskInfo]:
+    """
+    Return a list of running tasks in the current event loop.
+
+    :return: a list of task info objects
+
+    """
+    return cast("list[TaskInfo]", get_async_backend().get_running_tasks())
+
+
+async def wait_all_tasks_blocked() -> None:
+    """Wait until all other tasks are waiting for something."""
+    await get_async_backend().wait_all_tasks_blocked()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_typedattr.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_typedattr.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f358a448
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/_core/_typedattr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, final, overload
+
+from ._exceptions import TypedAttributeLookupError
+
+T_Attr = TypeVar("T_Attr")
+T_Default = TypeVar("T_Default")
+undefined = object()
+
+
+def typed_attribute() -> Any:
+    """Return a unique object, used to mark typed attributes."""
+    return object()
+
+
+class TypedAttributeSet:
+    """
+    Superclass for typed attribute collections.
+
+    Checks that every public attribute of every subclass has a type annotation.
+    """
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        annotations: dict[str, Any] = getattr(cls, "__annotations__", {})
+        for attrname in dir(cls):
+            if not attrname.startswith("_") and attrname not in annotations:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Attribute {attrname!r} is missing its type annotation"
+                )
+
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+
+class TypedAttributeProvider:
+    """Base class for classes that wish to provide typed extra attributes."""
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[T_Attr, Callable[[], T_Attr]]:
+        """
+        A mapping of the extra attributes to callables that return the corresponding
+        values.
+
+        If the provider wraps another provider, the attributes from that wrapper should
+        also be included in the returned mapping (but the wrapper may override the
+        callables from the wrapped instance).
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @overload
+    def extra(self, attribute: T_Attr) -> T_Attr: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def extra(self, attribute: T_Attr, default: T_Default) -> T_Attr | T_Default: ...
+
+    @final
+    def extra(self, attribute: Any, default: object = undefined) -> object:
+        """
+        extra(attribute, default=undefined)
+
+        Return the value of the given typed extra attribute.
+
+        :param attribute: the attribute (member of a :class:`~TypedAttributeSet`) to
+            look for
+        :param default: the value that should be returned if no value is found for the
+            attribute
+        :raises ~anyio.TypedAttributeLookupError: if the search failed and no default
+            value was given
+
+        """
+        try:
+            getter = self.extra_attributes[attribute]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is undefined:
+                raise TypedAttributeLookupError("Attribute not found") from None
+            else:
+                return default
+
+        return getter()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d3b61cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ._eventloop import AsyncBackend as AsyncBackend
+from ._resources import AsyncResource as AsyncResource
+from ._sockets import ConnectedUDPSocket as ConnectedUDPSocket
+from ._sockets import ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket as ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket
+from ._sockets import IPAddressType as IPAddressType
+from ._sockets import IPSockAddrType as IPSockAddrType
+from ._sockets import SocketAttribute as SocketAttribute
+from ._sockets import SocketListener as SocketListener
+from ._sockets import SocketStream as SocketStream
+from ._sockets import UDPPacketType as UDPPacketType
+from ._sockets import UDPSocket as UDPSocket
+from ._sockets import UNIXDatagramPacketType as UNIXDatagramPacketType
+from ._sockets import UNIXDatagramSocket as UNIXDatagramSocket
+from ._sockets import UNIXSocketStream as UNIXSocketStream
+from ._streams import AnyByteReceiveStream as AnyByteReceiveStream
+from ._streams import AnyByteSendStream as AnyByteSendStream
+from ._streams import AnyByteStream as AnyByteStream
+from ._streams import AnyUnreliableByteReceiveStream as AnyUnreliableByteReceiveStream
+from ._streams import AnyUnreliableByteSendStream as AnyUnreliableByteSendStream
+from ._streams import AnyUnreliableByteStream as AnyUnreliableByteStream
+from ._streams import ByteReceiveStream as ByteReceiveStream
+from ._streams import ByteSendStream as ByteSendStream
+from ._streams import ByteStream as ByteStream
+from ._streams import Listener as Listener
+from ._streams import ObjectReceiveStream as ObjectReceiveStream
+from ._streams import ObjectSendStream as ObjectSendStream
+from ._streams import ObjectStream as ObjectStream
+from ._streams import UnreliableObjectReceiveStream as UnreliableObjectReceiveStream
+from ._streams import UnreliableObjectSendStream as UnreliableObjectSendStream
+from ._streams import UnreliableObjectStream as UnreliableObjectStream
+from ._subprocesses import Process as Process
+from ._tasks import TaskGroup as TaskGroup
+from ._tasks import TaskStatus as TaskStatus
+from ._testing import TestRunner as TestRunner
+
+# Re-exported here, for backwards compatibility
+# isort: off
+from .._core._synchronization import (
+    CapacityLimiter as CapacityLimiter,
+    Condition as Condition,
+    Event as Event,
+    Lock as Lock,
+    Semaphore as Semaphore,
+)
+from .._core._tasks import CancelScope as CancelScope
+from ..from_thread import BlockingPortal as BlockingPortal
+
+# Re-export imports so they look like they live directly in this package
+for __value in list(locals().values()):
+    if getattr(__value, "__module__", "").startswith("anyio.abc."):
+        __value.__module__ = __name__
+
+del __value
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/__pycache__/_testing.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/__pycache__/_testing.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_eventloop.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_eventloop.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4cfce836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_eventloop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+import sys
+from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Awaitable, Callable, Sequence
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
+from os import PathLike
+from signal import Signals
+from socket import AddressFamily, SocketKind, socket
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+)
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import TypeAlias
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import HasFileno
+
+    from .._core._synchronization import CapacityLimiter, Event, Lock, Semaphore
+    from .._core._tasks import CancelScope
+    from .._core._testing import TaskInfo
+    from ..from_thread import BlockingPortal
+    from ._sockets import (
+        ConnectedUDPSocket,
+        ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket,
+        IPSockAddrType,
+        SocketListener,
+        SocketStream,
+        UDPSocket,
+        UNIXDatagramSocket,
+        UNIXSocketStream,
+    )
+    from ._subprocesses import Process
+    from ._tasks import TaskGroup
+    from ._testing import TestRunner
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+StrOrBytesPath: TypeAlias = Union[str, bytes, "PathLike[str]", "PathLike[bytes]"]
+
+
+class AsyncBackend(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def run(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        options: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        """
+        Run the given coroutine function in an asynchronous event loop.
+
+        The current thread must not be already running an event loop.
+
+        :param func: a coroutine function
+        :param args: positional arguments to ``func``
+        :param kwargs: positional arguments to ``func``
+        :param options: keyword arguments to call the backend ``run()`` implementation
+            with
+        :return: the return value of the coroutine function
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def current_token(cls) -> object:
+        """
+
+        :return:
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def current_time(cls) -> float:
+        """
+        Return the current value of the event loop's internal clock.
+
+        :return: the clock value (seconds)
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def cancelled_exception_class(cls) -> type[BaseException]:
+        """Return the exception class that is raised in a task if it's cancelled."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def checkpoint(cls) -> None:
+        """
+        Check if the task has been cancelled, and allow rescheduling of other tasks.
+
+        This is effectively the same as running :meth:`checkpoint_if_cancelled` and then
+        :meth:`cancel_shielded_checkpoint`.
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def checkpoint_if_cancelled(cls) -> None:
+        """
+        Check if the current task group has been cancelled.
+
+        This will check if the task has been cancelled, but will not allow other tasks
+        to be scheduled if not.
+
+        """
+        if cls.current_effective_deadline() == -math.inf:
+            await cls.checkpoint()
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def cancel_shielded_checkpoint(cls) -> None:
+        """
+        Allow the rescheduling of other tasks.
+
+        This will give other tasks the opportunity to run, but without checking if the
+        current task group has been cancelled, unlike with :meth:`checkpoint`.
+
+        """
+        with cls.create_cancel_scope(shield=True):
+            await cls.sleep(0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def sleep(cls, delay: float) -> None:
+        """
+        Pause the current task for the specified duration.
+
+        :param delay: the duration, in seconds
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_cancel_scope(
+        cls, *, deadline: float = math.inf, shield: bool = False
+    ) -> CancelScope:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def current_effective_deadline(cls) -> float:
+        """
+        Return the nearest deadline among all the cancel scopes effective for the
+        current task.
+
+        :return:
+            - a clock value from the event loop's internal clock
+            - ``inf`` if there is no deadline in effect
+            - ``-inf`` if the current scope has been cancelled
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_task_group(cls) -> TaskGroup:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_event(cls) -> Event:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_lock(cls, *, fast_acquire: bool) -> Lock:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_semaphore(
+        cls,
+        initial_value: int,
+        *,
+        max_value: int | None = None,
+        fast_acquire: bool = False,
+    ) -> Semaphore:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_capacity_limiter(cls, total_tokens: float) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def run_sync_in_worker_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        abandon_on_cancel: bool = False,
+        limiter: CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def check_cancelled(cls) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def run_async_from_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        token: object,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def run_sync_from_thread(
+        cls,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        token: object,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_blocking_portal(cls) -> BlockingPortal:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def open_process(
+        cls,
+        command: StrOrBytesPath | Sequence[StrOrBytesPath],
+        *,
+        stdin: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        stdout: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        stderr: int | IO[Any] | None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Process:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def setup_process_pool_exit_at_shutdown(cls, workers: set[Process]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        cls, host: str, port: int, local_address: IPSockAddrType | None = None
+    ) -> SocketStream:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def connect_unix(cls, path: str | bytes) -> UNIXSocketStream:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_tcp_listener(cls, sock: socket) -> SocketListener:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_unix_listener(cls, sock: socket) -> SocketListener:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def create_udp_socket(
+        cls,
+        family: AddressFamily,
+        local_address: IPSockAddrType | None,
+        remote_address: IPSockAddrType | None,
+        reuse_port: bool,
+    ) -> UDPSocket | ConnectedUDPSocket:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @overload
+    async def create_unix_datagram_socket(
+        cls, raw_socket: socket, remote_path: None
+    ) -> UNIXDatagramSocket: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    @overload
+    async def create_unix_datagram_socket(
+        cls, raw_socket: socket, remote_path: str | bytes
+    ) -> ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def create_unix_datagram_socket(
+        cls, raw_socket: socket, remote_path: str | bytes | None
+    ) -> UNIXDatagramSocket | ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def getaddrinfo(
+        cls,
+        host: bytes | str | None,
+        port: str | int | None,
+        *,
+        family: int | AddressFamily = 0,
+        type: int | SocketKind = 0,
+        proto: int = 0,
+        flags: int = 0,
+    ) -> Sequence[
+        tuple[
+            AddressFamily,
+            SocketKind,
+            int,
+            str,
+            tuple[str, int] | tuple[str, int, int, int] | tuple[int, bytes],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def getnameinfo(
+        cls, sockaddr: IPSockAddrType, flags: int = 0
+    ) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def wait_readable(cls, obj: HasFileno | int) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def wait_writable(cls, obj: HasFileno | int) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def current_default_thread_limiter(cls) -> CapacityLimiter:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def open_signal_receiver(
+        cls, *signals: Signals
+    ) -> AbstractContextManager[AsyncIterator[Signals]]:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_current_task(cls) -> TaskInfo:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_running_tasks(cls) -> Sequence[TaskInfo]:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def wait_all_tasks_blocked(cls) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_test_runner(cls, options: dict[str, Any]) -> TestRunner:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_resources.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_resources.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10df115a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_resources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class AsyncResource(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """
+    Abstract base class for all closeable asynchronous resources.
+
+    Works as an asynchronous context manager which returns the instance itself on enter,
+    and calls :meth:`aclose` on exit.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: T) -> T:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """Close the resource."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_sockets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_sockets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c6a450c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_sockets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import socket
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Callable, Collection, Mapping
+from contextlib import AsyncExitStack
+from io import IOBase
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv6Address
+from socket import AddressFamily
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, Union
+
+from .._core._typedattr import (
+    TypedAttributeProvider,
+    TypedAttributeSet,
+    typed_attribute,
+)
+from ._streams import ByteStream, Listener, UnreliableObjectStream
+from ._tasks import TaskGroup
+
+IPAddressType = Union[str, IPv4Address, IPv6Address]
+IPSockAddrType = tuple[str, int]
+SockAddrType = Union[IPSockAddrType, str]
+UDPPacketType = tuple[bytes, IPSockAddrType]
+UNIXDatagramPacketType = tuple[bytes, str]
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+
+
+class _NullAsyncContextManager:
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        return None
+
+
+class SocketAttribute(TypedAttributeSet):
+    #: the address family of the underlying socket
+    family: AddressFamily = typed_attribute()
+    #: the local socket address of the underlying socket
+    local_address: SockAddrType = typed_attribute()
+    #: for IP addresses, the local port the underlying socket is bound to
+    local_port: int = typed_attribute()
+    #: the underlying stdlib socket object
+    raw_socket: socket.socket = typed_attribute()
+    #: the remote address the underlying socket is connected to
+    remote_address: SockAddrType = typed_attribute()
+    #: for IP addresses, the remote port the underlying socket is connected to
+    remote_port: int = typed_attribute()
+
+
+class _SocketProvider(TypedAttributeProvider):
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        from .._core._sockets import convert_ipv6_sockaddr as convert
+
+        attributes: dict[Any, Callable[[], Any]] = {
+            SocketAttribute.family: lambda: self._raw_socket.family,
+            SocketAttribute.local_address: lambda: convert(
+                self._raw_socket.getsockname()
+            ),
+            SocketAttribute.raw_socket: lambda: self._raw_socket,
+        }
+        try:
+            peername: tuple[str, int] | None = convert(self._raw_socket.getpeername())
+        except OSError:
+            peername = None
+
+        # Provide the remote address for connected sockets
+        if peername is not None:
+            attributes[SocketAttribute.remote_address] = lambda: peername
+
+        # Provide local and remote ports for IP based sockets
+        if self._raw_socket.family in (AddressFamily.AF_INET, AddressFamily.AF_INET6):
+            attributes[SocketAttribute.local_port] = (
+                lambda: self._raw_socket.getsockname()[1]
+            )
+            if peername is not None:
+                remote_port = peername[1]
+                attributes[SocketAttribute.remote_port] = lambda: remote_port
+
+        return attributes
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _raw_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        pass
+
+
+class SocketStream(ByteStream, _SocketProvider):
+    """
+    Transports bytes over a socket.
+
+    Supports all relevant extra attributes from :class:`~SocketAttribute`.
+    """
+
+
+class UNIXSocketStream(SocketStream):
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def send_fds(self, message: bytes, fds: Collection[int | IOBase]) -> None:
+        """
+        Send file descriptors along with a message to the peer.
+
+        :param message: a non-empty bytestring
+        :param fds: a collection of files (either numeric file descriptors or open file
+            or socket objects)
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def receive_fds(self, msglen: int, maxfds: int) -> tuple[bytes, list[int]]:
+        """
+        Receive file descriptors along with a message from the peer.
+
+        :param msglen: length of the message to expect from the peer
+        :param maxfds: maximum number of file descriptors to expect from the peer
+        :return: a tuple of (message, file descriptors)
+        """
+
+
+class SocketListener(Listener[SocketStream], _SocketProvider):
+    """
+    Listens to incoming socket connections.
+
+    Supports all relevant extra attributes from :class:`~SocketAttribute`.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def accept(self) -> SocketStream:
+        """Accept an incoming connection."""
+
+    async def serve(
+        self,
+        handler: Callable[[SocketStream], Any],
+        task_group: TaskGroup | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        from .. import create_task_group
+
+        async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:
+            if task_group is None:
+                task_group = await stack.enter_async_context(create_task_group())
+
+            while True:
+                stream = await self.accept()
+                task_group.start_soon(handler, stream)
+
+
+class UDPSocket(UnreliableObjectStream[UDPPacketType], _SocketProvider):
+    """
+    Represents an unconnected UDP socket.
+
+    Supports all relevant extra attributes from :class:`~SocketAttribute`.
+    """
+
+    async def sendto(self, data: bytes, host: str, port: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Alias for :meth:`~.UnreliableObjectSendStream.send` ((data, (host, port))).
+
+        """
+        return await self.send((data, (host, port)))
+
+
+class ConnectedUDPSocket(UnreliableObjectStream[bytes], _SocketProvider):
+    """
+    Represents an connected UDP socket.
+
+    Supports all relevant extra attributes from :class:`~SocketAttribute`.
+    """
+
+
+class UNIXDatagramSocket(
+    UnreliableObjectStream[UNIXDatagramPacketType], _SocketProvider
+):
+    """
+    Represents an unconnected Unix datagram socket.
+
+    Supports all relevant extra attributes from :class:`~SocketAttribute`.
+    """
+
+    async def sendto(self, data: bytes, path: str) -> None:
+        """Alias for :meth:`~.UnreliableObjectSendStream.send` ((data, path))."""
+        return await self.send((data, path))
+
+
+class ConnectedUNIXDatagramSocket(UnreliableObjectStream[bytes], _SocketProvider):
+    """
+    Represents a connected Unix datagram socket.
+
+    Supports all relevant extra attributes from :class:`~SocketAttribute`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_streams.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_streams.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f11d97b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_streams.py
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar, Union
+
+from .._core._exceptions import EndOfStream
+from .._core._typedattr import TypedAttributeProvider
+from ._resources import AsyncResource
+from ._tasks import TaskGroup
+
+T_Item = TypeVar("T_Item")
+T_co = TypeVar("T_co", covariant=True)
+T_contra = TypeVar("T_contra", contravariant=True)
+
+
+class UnreliableObjectReceiveStream(
+    Generic[T_co], AsyncResource, TypedAttributeProvider
+):
+    """
+    An interface for receiving objects.
+
+    This interface makes no guarantees that the received messages arrive in the order in
+    which they were sent, or that no messages are missed.
+
+    Asynchronously iterating over objects of this type will yield objects matching the
+    given type parameter.
+    """
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> UnreliableObjectReceiveStream[T_co]:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> T_co:
+        try:
+            return await self.receive()
+        except EndOfStream:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def receive(self) -> T_co:
+        """
+        Receive the next item.
+
+        :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if the receive stream has been explicitly
+            closed
+        :raises ~anyio.EndOfStream: if this stream has been closed from the other end
+        :raises ~anyio.BrokenResourceError: if this stream has been rendered unusable
+            due to external causes
+        """
+
+
+class UnreliableObjectSendStream(
+    Generic[T_contra], AsyncResource, TypedAttributeProvider
+):
+    """
+    An interface for sending objects.
+
+    This interface makes no guarantees that the messages sent will reach the
+    recipient(s) in the same order in which they were sent, or at all.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def send(self, item: T_contra) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an item to the peer(s).
+
+        :param item: the item to send
+        :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if the send stream has been explicitly
+            closed
+        :raises ~anyio.BrokenResourceError: if this stream has been rendered unusable
+            due to external causes
+        """
+
+
+class UnreliableObjectStream(
+    UnreliableObjectReceiveStream[T_Item], UnreliableObjectSendStream[T_Item]
+):
+    """
+    A bidirectional message stream which does not guarantee the order or reliability of
+    message delivery.
+    """
+
+
+class ObjectReceiveStream(UnreliableObjectReceiveStream[T_co]):
+    """
+    A receive message stream which guarantees that messages are received in the same
+    order in which they were sent, and that no messages are missed.
+    """
+
+
+class ObjectSendStream(UnreliableObjectSendStream[T_contra]):
+    """
+    A send message stream which guarantees that messages are delivered in the same order
+    in which they were sent, without missing any messages in the middle.
+    """
+
+
+class ObjectStream(
+    ObjectReceiveStream[T_Item],
+    ObjectSendStream[T_Item],
+    UnreliableObjectStream[T_Item],
+):
+    """
+    A bidirectional message stream which guarantees the order and reliability of message
+    delivery.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an end-of-file indication to the peer.
+
+        You should not try to send any further data to this stream after calling this
+        method. This method is idempotent (does nothing on successive calls).
+        """
+
+
+class ByteReceiveStream(AsyncResource, TypedAttributeProvider):
+    """
+    An interface for receiving bytes from a single peer.
+
+    Iterating this byte stream will yield a byte string of arbitrary length, but no more
+    than 65536 bytes.
+    """
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> ByteReceiveStream:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> bytes:
+        try:
+            return await self.receive()
+        except EndOfStream:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Receive at most ``max_bytes`` bytes from the peer.
+
+        .. note:: Implementers of this interface should not return an empty
+            :class:`bytes` object, and users should ignore them.
+
+        :param max_bytes: maximum number of bytes to receive
+        :return: the received bytes
+        :raises ~anyio.EndOfStream: if this stream has been closed from the other end
+        """
+
+
+class ByteSendStream(AsyncResource, TypedAttributeProvider):
+    """An interface for sending bytes to a single peer."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        Send the given bytes to the peer.
+
+        :param item: the bytes to send
+        """
+
+
+class ByteStream(ByteReceiveStream, ByteSendStream):
+    """A bidirectional byte stream."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an end-of-file indication to the peer.
+
+        You should not try to send any further data to this stream after calling this
+        method. This method is idempotent (does nothing on successive calls).
+        """
+
+
+#: Type alias for all unreliable bytes-oriented receive streams.
+AnyUnreliableByteReceiveStream = Union[
+    UnreliableObjectReceiveStream[bytes], ByteReceiveStream
+]
+#: Type alias for all unreliable bytes-oriented send streams.
+AnyUnreliableByteSendStream = Union[UnreliableObjectSendStream[bytes], ByteSendStream]
+#: Type alias for all unreliable bytes-oriented streams.
+AnyUnreliableByteStream = Union[UnreliableObjectStream[bytes], ByteStream]
+#: Type alias for all bytes-oriented receive streams.
+AnyByteReceiveStream = Union[ObjectReceiveStream[bytes], ByteReceiveStream]
+#: Type alias for all bytes-oriented send streams.
+AnyByteSendStream = Union[ObjectSendStream[bytes], ByteSendStream]
+#: Type alias for all bytes-oriented streams.
+AnyByteStream = Union[ObjectStream[bytes], ByteStream]
+
+
+class Listener(Generic[T_co], AsyncResource, TypedAttributeProvider):
+    """An interface for objects that let you accept incoming connections."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def serve(
+        self, handler: Callable[[T_co], Any], task_group: TaskGroup | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Accept incoming connections as they come in and start tasks to handle them.
+
+        :param handler: a callable that will be used to handle each accepted connection
+        :param task_group: the task group that will be used to start tasks for handling
+            each accepted connection (if omitted, an ad-hoc task group will be created)
+        """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_subprocesses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_subprocesses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce0564ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_subprocesses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from signal import Signals
+
+from ._resources import AsyncResource
+from ._streams import ByteReceiveStream, ByteSendStream
+
+
+class Process(AsyncResource):
+    """An asynchronous version of :class:`subprocess.Popen`."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def wait(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Wait until the process exits.
+
+        :return: the exit code of the process
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def terminate(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Terminates the process, gracefully if possible.
+
+        On Windows, this calls ``TerminateProcess()``.
+        On POSIX systems, this sends ``SIGTERM`` to the process.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`subprocess.Popen.terminate`
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def kill(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Kills the process.
+
+        On Windows, this calls ``TerminateProcess()``.
+        On POSIX systems, this sends ``SIGKILL`` to the process.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`subprocess.Popen.kill`
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def send_signal(self, signal: Signals) -> None:
+        """
+        Send a signal to the subprocess.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`subprocess.Popen.send_signal`
+
+        :param signal: the signal number (e.g. :data:`signal.SIGHUP`)
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def pid(self) -> int:
+        """The process ID of the process."""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def returncode(self) -> int | None:
+        """
+        The return code of the process. If the process has not yet terminated, this will
+        be ``None``.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def stdin(self) -> ByteSendStream | None:
+        """The stream for the standard input of the process."""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def stdout(self) -> ByteReceiveStream | None:
+        """The stream for the standard output of the process."""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def stderr(self) -> ByteReceiveStream | None:
+        """The stream for the standard error output of the process."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_tasks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_tasks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6e5c40c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_tasks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Protocol, TypeVar, overload
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .._core._tasks import CancelScope
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+T_contra = TypeVar("T_contra", contravariant=True)
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+
+
+class TaskStatus(Protocol[T_contra]):
+    @overload
+    def started(self: TaskStatus[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def started(self, value: T_contra) -> None: ...
+
+    def started(self, value: T_contra | None = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Signal that the task has started.
+
+        :param value: object passed back to the starter of the task
+        """
+
+
+class TaskGroup(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """
+    Groups several asynchronous tasks together.
+
+    :ivar cancel_scope: the cancel scope inherited by all child tasks
+    :vartype cancel_scope: CancelScope
+
+    .. note:: On asyncio, support for eager task factories is considered to be
+        **experimental**. In particular, they don't follow the usual semantics of new
+        tasks being scheduled on the next iteration of the event loop, and may thus
+        cause unexpected behavior in code that wasn't written with such semantics in
+        mind.
+    """
+
+    cancel_scope: CancelScope
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def start_soon(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[Any]],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Start a new task in this task group.
+
+        :param func: a coroutine function
+        :param args: positional arguments to call the function with
+        :param name: name of the task, for the purposes of introspection and debugging
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def start(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]],
+        *args: object,
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Start a new task and wait until it signals for readiness.
+
+        :param func: a coroutine function
+        :param args: positional arguments to call the function with
+        :param name: name of the task, for the purposes of introspection and debugging
+        :return: the value passed to ``task_status.started()``
+        :raises RuntimeError: if the task finishes without calling
+            ``task_status.started()``
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> TaskGroup:
+        """Enter the task group context and allow starting new tasks."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        """Exit the task group context waiting for all tasks to finish."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_testing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c50ed76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/abc/_testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import types
+from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Callable, Coroutine, Iterable
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class TestRunner(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    """
+    Encapsulates a running event loop. Every call made through this object will use the
+    same event loop.
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> TestRunner:
+        return self
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: types.TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def run_asyncgen_fixture(
+        self,
+        fixture_func: Callable[..., AsyncGenerator[_T, Any]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> Iterable[_T]:
+        """
+        Run an async generator fixture.
+
+        :param fixture_func: the fixture function
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments to call the fixture function with
+        :return: an iterator yielding the value yielded from the async generator
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def run_fixture(
+        self,
+        fixture_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, _T]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> _T:
+        """
+        Run an async fixture.
+
+        :param fixture_func: the fixture function
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments to call the fixture function with
+        :return: the return value of the fixture function
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def run_test(
+        self, test_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]], kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Run an async test function.
+
+        :param test_func: the test function
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments to call the test function with
+        """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/from_thread.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/from_thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61790973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/from_thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable, Generator
+from concurrent.futures import Future
+from contextlib import (
+    AbstractAsyncContextManager,
+    AbstractContextManager,
+    contextmanager,
+)
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from inspect import isawaitable
+from threading import Lock, Thread, get_ident
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Generic,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from ._core import _eventloop
+from ._core._eventloop import get_async_backend, get_cancelled_exc_class, threadlocals
+from ._core._synchronization import Event
+from ._core._tasks import CancelScope, create_task_group
+from .abc import AsyncBackend
+from .abc._tasks import TaskStatus
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+T_co = TypeVar("T_co", covariant=True)
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+
+
+def run(
+    func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]], *args: Unpack[PosArgsT]
+) -> T_Retval:
+    """
+    Call a coroutine function from a worker thread.
+
+    :param func: a coroutine function
+    :param args: positional arguments for the callable
+    :return: the return value of the coroutine function
+
+    """
+    try:
+        async_backend = threadlocals.current_async_backend
+        token = threadlocals.current_token
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "This function can only be run from an AnyIO worker thread"
+        ) from None
+
+    return async_backend.run_async_from_thread(func, args, token=token)
+
+
+def run_sync(
+    func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval], *args: Unpack[PosArgsT]
+) -> T_Retval:
+    """
+    Call a function in the event loop thread from a worker thread.
+
+    :param func: a callable
+    :param args: positional arguments for the callable
+    :return: the return value of the callable
+
+    """
+    try:
+        async_backend = threadlocals.current_async_backend
+        token = threadlocals.current_token
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "This function can only be run from an AnyIO worker thread"
+        ) from None
+
+    return async_backend.run_sync_from_thread(func, args, token=token)
+
+
+class _BlockingAsyncContextManager(Generic[T_co], AbstractContextManager):
+    _enter_future: Future[T_co]
+    _exit_future: Future[bool | None]
+    _exit_event: Event
+    _exit_exc_info: tuple[
+        type[BaseException] | None, BaseException | None, TracebackType | None
+    ] = (None, None, None)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, async_cm: AbstractAsyncContextManager[T_co], portal: BlockingPortal
+    ):
+        self._async_cm = async_cm
+        self._portal = portal
+
+    async def run_async_cm(self) -> bool | None:
+        try:
+            self._exit_event = Event()
+            value = await self._async_cm.__aenter__()
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._enter_future.set_exception(exc)
+            raise
+        else:
+            self._enter_future.set_result(value)
+
+        try:
+            # Wait for the sync context manager to exit.
+            # This next statement can raise `get_cancelled_exc_class()` if
+            # something went wrong in a task group in this async context
+            # manager.
+            await self._exit_event.wait()
+        finally:
+            # In case of cancellation, it could be that we end up here before
+            # `_BlockingAsyncContextManager.__exit__` is called, and an
+            # `_exit_exc_info` has been set.
+            result = await self._async_cm.__aexit__(*self._exit_exc_info)
+            return result
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> T_co:
+        self._enter_future = Future()
+        self._exit_future = self._portal.start_task_soon(self.run_async_cm)
+        return self._enter_future.result()
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        __exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        __exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        __traceback: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        self._exit_exc_info = __exc_type, __exc_value, __traceback
+        self._portal.call(self._exit_event.set)
+        return self._exit_future.result()
+
+
+class _BlockingPortalTaskStatus(TaskStatus):
+    def __init__(self, future: Future):
+        self._future = future
+
+    def started(self, value: object = None) -> None:
+        self._future.set_result(value)
+
+
+class BlockingPortal:
+    """An object that lets external threads run code in an asynchronous event loop."""
+
+    def __new__(cls) -> BlockingPortal:
+        return get_async_backend().create_blocking_portal()
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._event_loop_thread_id: int | None = get_ident()
+        self._stop_event = Event()
+        self._task_group = create_task_group()
+        self._cancelled_exc_class = get_cancelled_exc_class()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> BlockingPortal:
+        await self._task_group.__aenter__()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        await self.stop()
+        return await self._task_group.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+    def _check_running(self) -> None:
+        if self._event_loop_thread_id is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("This portal is not running")
+        if self._event_loop_thread_id == get_ident():
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "This method cannot be called from the event loop thread"
+            )
+
+    async def sleep_until_stopped(self) -> None:
+        """Sleep until :meth:`stop` is called."""
+        await self._stop_event.wait()
+
+    async def stop(self, cancel_remaining: bool = False) -> None:
+        """
+        Signal the portal to shut down.
+
+        This marks the portal as no longer accepting new calls and exits from
+        :meth:`sleep_until_stopped`.
+
+        :param cancel_remaining: ``True`` to cancel all the remaining tasks, ``False``
+            to let them finish before returning
+
+        """
+        self._event_loop_thread_id = None
+        self._stop_event.set()
+        if cancel_remaining:
+            self._task_group.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+    async def _call_func(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval] | T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        future: Future[T_Retval],
+    ) -> None:
+        def callback(f: Future[T_Retval]) -> None:
+            if f.cancelled() and self._event_loop_thread_id not in (
+                None,
+                get_ident(),
+            ):
+                self.call(scope.cancel)
+
+        try:
+            retval_or_awaitable = func(*args, **kwargs)
+            if isawaitable(retval_or_awaitable):
+                with CancelScope() as scope:
+                    if future.cancelled():
+                        scope.cancel()
+                    else:
+                        future.add_done_callback(callback)
+
+                    retval = await retval_or_awaitable
+            else:
+                retval = retval_or_awaitable
+        except self._cancelled_exc_class:
+            future.cancel()
+            future.set_running_or_notify_cancel()
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            if not future.cancelled():
+                future.set_exception(exc)
+
+            # Let base exceptions fall through
+            if not isinstance(exc, Exception):
+                raise
+        else:
+            if not future.cancelled():
+                future.set_result(retval)
+        finally:
+            scope = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    def _spawn_task_from_thread(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval] | T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Unpack[PosArgsT]],
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+        name: object,
+        future: Future[T_Retval],
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Spawn a new task using the given callable.
+
+        Implementers must ensure that the future is resolved when the task finishes.
+
+        :param func: a callable
+        :param args: positional arguments to be passed to the callable
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments to be passed to the callable
+        :param name: name of the task (will be coerced to a string if not ``None``)
+        :param future: a future that will resolve to the return value of the callable,
+            or the exception raised during its execution
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @overload
+    def call(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+    ) -> T_Retval: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def call(
+        self, func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval], *args: Unpack[PosArgsT]
+    ) -> T_Retval: ...
+
+    def call(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval] | T_Retval],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        """
+        Call the given function in the event loop thread.
+
+        If the callable returns a coroutine object, it is awaited on.
+
+        :param func: any callable
+        :raises RuntimeError: if the portal is not running or if this method is called
+            from within the event loop thread
+
+        """
+        return cast(T_Retval, self.start_task_soon(func, *args).result())
+
+    @overload
+    def start_task_soon(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> Future[T_Retval]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def start_task_soon(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> Future[T_Retval]: ...
+
+    def start_task_soon(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], Awaitable[T_Retval] | T_Retval],
+        *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> Future[T_Retval]:
+        """
+        Start a task in the portal's task group.
+
+        The task will be run inside a cancel scope which can be cancelled by cancelling
+        the returned future.
+
+        :param func: the target function
+        :param args: positional arguments passed to ``func``
+        :param name: name of the task (will be coerced to a string if not ``None``)
+        :return: a future that resolves with the return value of the callable if the
+            task completes successfully, or with the exception raised in the task
+        :raises RuntimeError: if the portal is not running or if this method is called
+            from within the event loop thread
+        :rtype: concurrent.futures.Future[T_Retval]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+        """
+        self._check_running()
+        f: Future[T_Retval] = Future()
+        self._spawn_task_from_thread(func, args, {}, name, f)
+        return f
+
+    def start_task(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[..., Awaitable[T_Retval]],
+        *args: object,
+        name: object = None,
+    ) -> tuple[Future[T_Retval], Any]:
+        """
+        Start a task in the portal's task group and wait until it signals for readiness.
+
+        This method works the same way as :meth:`.abc.TaskGroup.start`.
+
+        :param func: the target function
+        :param args: positional arguments passed to ``func``
+        :param name: name of the task (will be coerced to a string if not ``None``)
+        :return: a tuple of (future, task_status_value) where the ``task_status_value``
+            is the value passed to ``task_status.started()`` from within the target
+            function
+        :rtype: tuple[concurrent.futures.Future[T_Retval], Any]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+        """
+
+        def task_done(future: Future[T_Retval]) -> None:
+            if not task_status_future.done():
+                if future.cancelled():
+                    task_status_future.cancel()
+                elif future.exception():
+                    task_status_future.set_exception(future.exception())
+                else:
+                    exc = RuntimeError(
+                        "Task exited without calling task_status.started()"
+                    )
+                    task_status_future.set_exception(exc)
+
+        self._check_running()
+        task_status_future: Future = Future()
+        task_status = _BlockingPortalTaskStatus(task_status_future)
+        f: Future = Future()
+        f.add_done_callback(task_done)
+        self._spawn_task_from_thread(func, args, {"task_status": task_status}, name, f)
+        return f, task_status_future.result()
+
+    def wrap_async_context_manager(
+        self, cm: AbstractAsyncContextManager[T_co]
+    ) -> AbstractContextManager[T_co]:
+        """
+        Wrap an async context manager as a synchronous context manager via this portal.
+
+        Spawns a task that will call both ``__aenter__()`` and ``__aexit__()``, stopping
+        in the middle until the synchronous context manager exits.
+
+        :param cm: an asynchronous context manager
+        :return: a synchronous context manager
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.1
+
+        """
+        return _BlockingAsyncContextManager(cm, self)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BlockingPortalProvider:
+    """
+    A manager for a blocking portal. Used as a context manager. The first thread to
+    enter this context manager causes a blocking portal to be started with the specific
+    parameters, and the last thread to exit causes the portal to be shut down. Thus,
+    there will be exactly one blocking portal running in this context as long as at
+    least one thread has entered this context manager.
+
+    The parameters are the same as for :func:`~anyio.run`.
+
+    :param backend: name of the backend
+    :param backend_options: backend options
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.4
+    """
+
+    backend: str = "asyncio"
+    backend_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    _lock: Lock = field(init=False, default_factory=Lock)
+    _leases: int = field(init=False, default=0)
+    _portal: BlockingPortal = field(init=False)
+    _portal_cm: AbstractContextManager[BlockingPortal] | None = field(
+        init=False, default=None
+    )
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> BlockingPortal:
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._portal_cm is None:
+                self._portal_cm = start_blocking_portal(
+                    self.backend, self.backend_options
+                )
+                self._portal = self._portal_cm.__enter__()
+
+            self._leases += 1
+            return self._portal
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        portal_cm: AbstractContextManager[BlockingPortal] | None = None
+        with self._lock:
+            assert self._portal_cm
+            assert self._leases > 0
+            self._leases -= 1
+            if not self._leases:
+                portal_cm = self._portal_cm
+                self._portal_cm = None
+                del self._portal
+
+        if portal_cm:
+            portal_cm.__exit__(None, None, None)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def start_blocking_portal(
+    backend: str = "asyncio", backend_options: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+) -> Generator[BlockingPortal, Any, None]:
+    """
+    Start a new event loop in a new thread and run a blocking portal in its main task.
+
+    The parameters are the same as for :func:`~anyio.run`.
+
+    :param backend: name of the backend
+    :param backend_options: backend options
+    :return: a context manager that yields a blocking portal
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+        Usage as a context manager is now required.
+
+    """
+
+    async def run_portal() -> None:
+        async with BlockingPortal() as portal_:
+            future.set_result(portal_)
+            await portal_.sleep_until_stopped()
+
+    def run_blocking_portal() -> None:
+        if future.set_running_or_notify_cancel():
+            try:
+                _eventloop.run(
+                    run_portal, backend=backend, backend_options=backend_options
+                )
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                if not future.done():
+                    future.set_exception(exc)
+
+    future: Future[BlockingPortal] = Future()
+    thread = Thread(target=run_blocking_portal, daemon=True)
+    thread.start()
+    try:
+        cancel_remaining_tasks = False
+        portal = future.result()
+        try:
+            yield portal
+        except BaseException:
+            cancel_remaining_tasks = True
+            raise
+        finally:
+            try:
+                portal.call(portal.stop, cancel_remaining_tasks)
+            except RuntimeError:
+                pass
+    finally:
+        thread.join()
+
+
+def check_cancelled() -> None:
+    """
+    Check if the cancel scope of the host task's running the current worker thread has
+    been cancelled.
+
+    If the host task's current cancel scope has indeed been cancelled, the
+    backend-specific cancellation exception will be raised.
+
+    :raises RuntimeError: if the current thread was not spawned by
+        :func:`.to_thread.run_sync`
+
+    """
+    try:
+        async_backend: AsyncBackend = threadlocals.current_async_backend
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "This function can only be run from an AnyIO worker thread"
+        ) from None
+
+    async_backend.check_cancelled()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/lowlevel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/lowlevel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14c7668c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/lowlevel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Generic, Literal, TypeVar, overload
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+
+from ._core._eventloop import get_async_backend
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+D = TypeVar("D")
+
+
+async def checkpoint() -> None:
+    """
+    Check for cancellation and allow the scheduler to switch to another task.
+
+    Equivalent to (but more efficient than)::
+
+        await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+        await cancel_shielded_checkpoint()
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+    """
+    await get_async_backend().checkpoint()
+
+
+async def checkpoint_if_cancelled() -> None:
+    """
+    Enter a checkpoint if the enclosing cancel scope has been cancelled.
+
+    This does not allow the scheduler to switch to a different task.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+    """
+    await get_async_backend().checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+
+
+async def cancel_shielded_checkpoint() -> None:
+    """
+    Allow the scheduler to switch to another task but without checking for cancellation.
+
+    Equivalent to (but potentially more efficient than)::
+
+        with CancelScope(shield=True):
+            await checkpoint()
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+
+    """
+    await get_async_backend().cancel_shielded_checkpoint()
+
+
+def current_token() -> object:
+    """
+    Return a backend specific token object that can be used to get back to the event
+    loop.
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().current_token()
+
+
+_run_vars: WeakKeyDictionary[Any, dict[str, Any]] = WeakKeyDictionary()
+_token_wrappers: dict[Any, _TokenWrapper] = {}
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class _TokenWrapper:
+    __slots__ = "_token", "__weakref__"
+    _token: object
+
+
+class _NoValueSet(enum.Enum):
+    NO_VALUE_SET = enum.auto()
+
+
+class RunvarToken(Generic[T]):
+    __slots__ = "_var", "_value", "_redeemed"
+
+    def __init__(self, var: RunVar[T], value: T | Literal[_NoValueSet.NO_VALUE_SET]):
+        self._var = var
+        self._value: T | Literal[_NoValueSet.NO_VALUE_SET] = value
+        self._redeemed = False
+
+
+class RunVar(Generic[T]):
+    """
+    Like a :class:`~contextvars.ContextVar`, except scoped to the running event loop.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "_name", "_default"
+
+    NO_VALUE_SET: Literal[_NoValueSet.NO_VALUE_SET] = _NoValueSet.NO_VALUE_SET
+
+    _token_wrappers: set[_TokenWrapper] = set()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, name: str, default: T | Literal[_NoValueSet.NO_VALUE_SET] = NO_VALUE_SET
+    ):
+        self._name = name
+        self._default = default
+
+    @property
+    def _current_vars(self) -> dict[str, T]:
+        token = current_token()
+        try:
+            return _run_vars[token]
+        except KeyError:
+            run_vars = _run_vars[token] = {}
+            return run_vars
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, default: D) -> T | D: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self) -> T: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, default: D | Literal[_NoValueSet.NO_VALUE_SET] = NO_VALUE_SET
+    ) -> T | D:
+        try:
+            return self._current_vars[self._name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is not RunVar.NO_VALUE_SET:
+                return default
+            elif self._default is not RunVar.NO_VALUE_SET:
+                return self._default
+
+        raise LookupError(
+            f'Run variable "{self._name}" has no value and no default set'
+        )
+
+    def set(self, value: T) -> RunvarToken[T]:
+        current_vars = self._current_vars
+        token = RunvarToken(self, current_vars.get(self._name, RunVar.NO_VALUE_SET))
+        current_vars[self._name] = value
+        return token
+
+    def reset(self, token: RunvarToken[T]) -> None:
+        if token._var is not self:
+            raise ValueError("This token does not belong to this RunVar")
+
+        if token._redeemed:
+            raise ValueError("This token has already been used")
+
+        if token._value is _NoValueSet.NO_VALUE_SET:
+            try:
+                del self._current_vars[self._name]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        else:
+            self._current_vars[self._name] = token._value
+
+        token._redeemed = True
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<RunVar name={self._name!r}>"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/pytest_plugin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/pytest_plugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21e4ab22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/pytest_plugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import socket
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterator
+from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager
+from inspect import isasyncgenfunction, iscoroutinefunction, ismethod
+from typing import Any, cast
+
+import pytest
+import sniffio
+from _pytest.fixtures import SubRequest
+from _pytest.outcomes import Exit
+
+from ._core._eventloop import get_all_backends, get_async_backend
+from ._core._exceptions import iterate_exceptions
+from .abc import TestRunner
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from exceptiongroup import ExceptionGroup
+
+_current_runner: TestRunner | None = None
+_runner_stack: ExitStack | None = None
+_runner_leases = 0
+
+
+def extract_backend_and_options(backend: object) -> tuple[str, dict[str, Any]]:
+    if isinstance(backend, str):
+        return backend, {}
+    elif isinstance(backend, tuple) and len(backend) == 2:
+        if isinstance(backend[0], str) and isinstance(backend[1], dict):
+            return cast(tuple[str, dict[str, Any]], backend)
+
+    raise TypeError("anyio_backend must be either a string or tuple of (string, dict)")
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def get_runner(
+    backend_name: str, backend_options: dict[str, Any]
+) -> Iterator[TestRunner]:
+    global _current_runner, _runner_leases, _runner_stack
+    if _current_runner is None:
+        asynclib = get_async_backend(backend_name)
+        _runner_stack = ExitStack()
+        if sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.get(None) is None:
+            # Since we're in control of the event loop, we can cache the name of the
+            # async library
+            token = sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.set(backend_name)
+            _runner_stack.callback(sniffio.current_async_library_cvar.reset, token)
+
+        backend_options = backend_options or {}
+        _current_runner = _runner_stack.enter_context(
+            asynclib.create_test_runner(backend_options)
+        )
+
+    _runner_leases += 1
+    try:
+        yield _current_runner
+    finally:
+        _runner_leases -= 1
+        if not _runner_leases:
+            assert _runner_stack is not None
+            _runner_stack.close()
+            _runner_stack = _current_runner = None
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config: Any) -> None:
+    config.addinivalue_line(
+        "markers",
+        "anyio: mark the (coroutine function) test to be run asynchronously via anyio.",
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_fixture_setup(fixturedef: Any, request: Any) -> Generator[Any]:
+    def wrapper(
+        *args: Any, anyio_backend: Any, request: SubRequest, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        # Rebind any fixture methods to the request instance
+        if (
+            request.instance
+            and ismethod(func)
+            and type(func.__self__) is type(request.instance)
+        ):
+            local_func = func.__func__.__get__(request.instance)
+        else:
+            local_func = func
+
+        backend_name, backend_options = extract_backend_and_options(anyio_backend)
+        if has_backend_arg:
+            kwargs["anyio_backend"] = anyio_backend
+
+        if has_request_arg:
+            kwargs["request"] = request
+
+        with get_runner(backend_name, backend_options) as runner:
+            if isasyncgenfunction(local_func):
+                yield from runner.run_asyncgen_fixture(local_func, kwargs)
+            else:
+                yield runner.run_fixture(local_func, kwargs)
+
+    # Only apply this to coroutine functions and async generator functions in requests
+    # that involve the anyio_backend fixture
+    func = fixturedef.func
+    if isasyncgenfunction(func) or iscoroutinefunction(func):
+        if "anyio_backend" in request.fixturenames:
+            fixturedef.func = wrapper
+            original_argname = fixturedef.argnames
+
+            if not (has_backend_arg := "anyio_backend" in fixturedef.argnames):
+                fixturedef.argnames += ("anyio_backend",)
+
+            if not (has_request_arg := "request" in fixturedef.argnames):
+                fixturedef.argnames += ("request",)
+
+            try:
+                return (yield)
+            finally:
+                fixturedef.func = func
+                fixturedef.argnames = original_argname
+
+    return (yield)
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector: Any, name: Any, obj: Any) -> None:
+    if collector.istestfunction(obj, name):
+        inner_func = obj.hypothesis.inner_test if hasattr(obj, "hypothesis") else obj
+        if iscoroutinefunction(inner_func):
+            marker = collector.get_closest_marker("anyio")
+            own_markers = getattr(obj, "pytestmark", ())
+            if marker or any(marker.name == "anyio" for marker in own_markers):
+                pytest.mark.usefixtures("anyio_backend")(obj)
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(tryfirst=True)
+def pytest_pyfunc_call(pyfuncitem: Any) -> bool | None:
+    def run_with_hypothesis(**kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        with get_runner(backend_name, backend_options) as runner:
+            runner.run_test(original_func, kwargs)
+
+    backend = pyfuncitem.funcargs.get("anyio_backend")
+    if backend:
+        backend_name, backend_options = extract_backend_and_options(backend)
+
+        if hasattr(pyfuncitem.obj, "hypothesis"):
+            # Wrap the inner test function unless it's already wrapped
+            original_func = pyfuncitem.obj.hypothesis.inner_test
+            if original_func.__qualname__ != run_with_hypothesis.__qualname__:
+                if iscoroutinefunction(original_func):
+                    pyfuncitem.obj.hypothesis.inner_test = run_with_hypothesis
+
+            return None
+
+        if iscoroutinefunction(pyfuncitem.obj):
+            funcargs = pyfuncitem.funcargs
+            testargs = {arg: funcargs[arg] for arg in pyfuncitem._fixtureinfo.argnames}
+            with get_runner(backend_name, backend_options) as runner:
+                try:
+                    runner.run_test(pyfuncitem.obj, testargs)
+                except ExceptionGroup as excgrp:
+                    for exc in iterate_exceptions(excgrp):
+                        if isinstance(exc, (Exit, KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit)):
+                            raise exc from excgrp
+
+                    raise
+
+            return True
+
+    return None
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", params=get_all_backends())
+def anyio_backend(request: Any) -> Any:
+    return request.param
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def anyio_backend_name(anyio_backend: Any) -> str:
+    if isinstance(anyio_backend, str):
+        return anyio_backend
+    else:
+        return anyio_backend[0]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def anyio_backend_options(anyio_backend: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if isinstance(anyio_backend, str):
+        return {}
+    else:
+        return anyio_backend[1]
+
+
+class FreePortFactory:
+    """
+    Manages port generation based on specified socket kind, ensuring no duplicate
+    ports are generated.
+
+    This class provides functionality for generating available free ports on the
+    system. It is initialized with a specific socket kind and can generate ports
+    for given address families while avoiding reuse of previously generated ports.
+
+    Users should not instantiate this class directly, but use the
+    ``free_tcp_port_factory`` and ``free_udp_port_factory`` fixtures instead. For simple
+    uses cases, ``free_tcp_port`` and ``free_udp_port`` can be used instead.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, kind: socket.SocketKind) -> None:
+        self._kind = kind
+        self._generated = set[int]()
+
+    @property
+    def kind(self) -> socket.SocketKind:
+        """
+        The type of socket connection (e.g., :data:`~socket.SOCK_STREAM` or
+        :data:`~socket.SOCK_DGRAM`) used to bind for checking port availability
+
+        """
+        return self._kind
+
+    def __call__(self, family: socket.AddressFamily | None = None) -> int:
+        """
+        Return an unbound port for the given address family.
+
+        :param family: if omitted, both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses will be tried
+        :return: a port number
+
+        """
+        if family is not None:
+            families = [family]
+        else:
+            families = [socket.AF_INET]
+            if socket.has_ipv6:
+                families.append(socket.AF_INET6)
+
+        while True:
+            port = 0
+            with ExitStack() as stack:
+                for family in families:
+                    sock = stack.enter_context(socket.socket(family, self._kind))
+                    addr = "::1" if family == socket.AF_INET6 else "127.0.0.1"
+                    try:
+                        sock.bind((addr, port))
+                    except OSError:
+                        break
+
+                    if not port:
+                        port = sock.getsockname()[1]
+                else:
+                    if port not in self._generated:
+                        self._generated.add(port)
+                        return port
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def free_tcp_port_factory() -> FreePortFactory:
+    return FreePortFactory(socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def free_udp_port_factory() -> FreePortFactory:
+    return FreePortFactory(socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def free_tcp_port(free_tcp_port_factory: Callable[[], int]) -> int:
+    return free_tcp_port_factory()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def free_udp_port(free_udp_port_factory: Callable[[], int]) -> int:
+    return free_udp_port_factory()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/buffered.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/buffered.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5d5e836
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/buffered.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any
+
+from .. import ClosedResourceError, DelimiterNotFound, EndOfStream, IncompleteRead
+from ..abc import AnyByteReceiveStream, ByteReceiveStream
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class BufferedByteReceiveStream(ByteReceiveStream):
+    """
+    Wraps any bytes-based receive stream and uses a buffer to provide sophisticated
+    receiving capabilities in the form of a byte stream.
+    """
+
+    receive_stream: AnyByteReceiveStream
+    _buffer: bytearray = field(init=False, default_factory=bytearray)
+    _closed: bool = field(init=False, default=False)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self.receive_stream.aclose()
+        self._closed = True
+
+    @property
+    def buffer(self) -> bytes:
+        """The bytes currently in the buffer."""
+        return bytes(self._buffer)
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return self.receive_stream.extra_attributes
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError
+
+        if self._buffer:
+            chunk = bytes(self._buffer[:max_bytes])
+            del self._buffer[:max_bytes]
+            return chunk
+        elif isinstance(self.receive_stream, ByteReceiveStream):
+            return await self.receive_stream.receive(max_bytes)
+        else:
+            # With a bytes-oriented object stream, we need to handle any surplus bytes
+            # we get from the receive() call
+            chunk = await self.receive_stream.receive()
+            if len(chunk) > max_bytes:
+                # Save the surplus bytes in the buffer
+                self._buffer.extend(chunk[max_bytes:])
+                return chunk[:max_bytes]
+            else:
+                return chunk
+
+    async def receive_exactly(self, nbytes: int) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read exactly the given amount of bytes from the stream.
+
+        :param nbytes: the number of bytes to read
+        :return: the bytes read
+        :raises ~anyio.IncompleteRead: if the stream was closed before the requested
+            amount of bytes could be read from the stream
+
+        """
+        while True:
+            remaining = nbytes - len(self._buffer)
+            if remaining <= 0:
+                retval = self._buffer[:nbytes]
+                del self._buffer[:nbytes]
+                return bytes(retval)
+
+            try:
+                if isinstance(self.receive_stream, ByteReceiveStream):
+                    chunk = await self.receive_stream.receive(remaining)
+                else:
+                    chunk = await self.receive_stream.receive()
+            except EndOfStream as exc:
+                raise IncompleteRead from exc
+
+            self._buffer.extend(chunk)
+
+    async def receive_until(self, delimiter: bytes, max_bytes: int) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read from the stream until the delimiter is found or max_bytes have been read.
+
+        :param delimiter: the marker to look for in the stream
+        :param max_bytes: maximum number of bytes that will be read before raising
+            :exc:`~anyio.DelimiterNotFound`
+        :return: the bytes read (not including the delimiter)
+        :raises ~anyio.IncompleteRead: if the stream was closed before the delimiter
+            was found
+        :raises ~anyio.DelimiterNotFound: if the delimiter is not found within the
+            bytes read up to the maximum allowed
+
+        """
+        delimiter_size = len(delimiter)
+        offset = 0
+        while True:
+            # Check if the delimiter can be found in the current buffer
+            index = self._buffer.find(delimiter, offset)
+            if index >= 0:
+                found = self._buffer[:index]
+                del self._buffer[: index + len(delimiter) :]
+                return bytes(found)
+
+            # Check if the buffer is already at or over the limit
+            if len(self._buffer) >= max_bytes:
+                raise DelimiterNotFound(max_bytes)
+
+            # Read more data into the buffer from the socket
+            try:
+                data = await self.receive_stream.receive()
+            except EndOfStream as exc:
+                raise IncompleteRead from exc
+
+            # Move the offset forward and add the new data to the buffer
+            offset = max(len(self._buffer) - delimiter_size + 1, 0)
+            self._buffer.extend(data)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4924642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
+from io import SEEK_SET, UnsupportedOperation
+from os import PathLike
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, cast
+
+from .. import (
+    BrokenResourceError,
+    ClosedResourceError,
+    EndOfStream,
+    TypedAttributeSet,
+    to_thread,
+    typed_attribute,
+)
+from ..abc import ByteReceiveStream, ByteSendStream
+
+
+class FileStreamAttribute(TypedAttributeSet):
+    #: the open file descriptor
+    file: BinaryIO = typed_attribute()
+    #: the path of the file on the file system, if available (file must be a real file)
+    path: Path = typed_attribute()
+    #: the file number, if available (file must be a real file or a TTY)
+    fileno: int = typed_attribute()
+
+
+class _BaseFileStream:
+    def __init__(self, file: BinaryIO):
+        self._file = file
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await to_thread.run_sync(self._file.close)
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        attributes: dict[Any, Callable[[], Any]] = {
+            FileStreamAttribute.file: lambda: self._file,
+        }
+
+        if hasattr(self._file, "name"):
+            attributes[FileStreamAttribute.path] = lambda: Path(self._file.name)
+
+        try:
+            self._file.fileno()
+        except UnsupportedOperation:
+            pass
+        else:
+            attributes[FileStreamAttribute.fileno] = lambda: self._file.fileno()
+
+        return attributes
+
+
+class FileReadStream(_BaseFileStream, ByteReceiveStream):
+    """
+    A byte stream that reads from a file in the file system.
+
+    :param file: a file that has been opened for reading in binary mode
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def from_path(cls, path: str | PathLike[str]) -> FileReadStream:
+        """
+        Create a file read stream by opening the given file.
+
+        :param path: path of the file to read from
+
+        """
+        file = await to_thread.run_sync(Path(path).open, "rb")
+        return cls(cast(BinaryIO, file))
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        try:
+            data = await to_thread.run_sync(self._file.read, max_bytes)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ClosedResourceError from None
+        except OSError as exc:
+            raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+
+        if data:
+            return data
+        else:
+            raise EndOfStream
+
+    async def seek(self, position: int, whence: int = SEEK_SET) -> int:
+        """
+        Seek the file to the given position.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`io.IOBase.seek`
+
+        .. note:: Not all file descriptors are seekable.
+
+        :param position: position to seek the file to
+        :param whence: controls how ``position`` is interpreted
+        :return: the new absolute position
+        :raises OSError: if the file is not seekable
+
+        """
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._file.seek, position, whence)
+
+    async def tell(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return the current stream position.
+
+        .. note:: Not all file descriptors are seekable.
+
+        :return: the current absolute position
+        :raises OSError: if the file is not seekable
+
+        """
+        return await to_thread.run_sync(self._file.tell)
+
+
+class FileWriteStream(_BaseFileStream, ByteSendStream):
+    """
+    A byte stream that writes to a file in the file system.
+
+    :param file: a file that has been opened for writing in binary mode
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def from_path(
+        cls, path: str | PathLike[str], append: bool = False
+    ) -> FileWriteStream:
+        """
+        Create a file write stream by opening the given file for writing.
+
+        :param path: path of the file to write to
+        :param append: if ``True``, open the file for appending; if ``False``, any
+            existing file at the given path will be truncated
+
+        """
+        mode = "ab" if append else "wb"
+        file = await to_thread.run_sync(Path(path).open, mode)
+        return cls(cast(BinaryIO, file))
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        try:
+            await to_thread.run_sync(self._file.write, item)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ClosedResourceError from None
+        except OSError as exc:
+            raise BrokenResourceError from exc
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83bf1d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from collections import OrderedDict, deque
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import Generic, NamedTuple, TypeVar
+
+from .. import (
+    BrokenResourceError,
+    ClosedResourceError,
+    EndOfStream,
+    WouldBlock,
+)
+from .._core._testing import TaskInfo, get_current_task
+from ..abc import Event, ObjectReceiveStream, ObjectSendStream
+from ..lowlevel import checkpoint
+
+T_Item = TypeVar("T_Item")
+T_co = TypeVar("T_co", covariant=True)
+T_contra = TypeVar("T_contra", contravariant=True)
+
+
+class MemoryObjectStreamStatistics(NamedTuple):
+    current_buffer_used: int  #: number of items stored in the buffer
+    #: maximum number of items that can be stored on this stream (or :data:`math.inf`)
+    max_buffer_size: float
+    open_send_streams: int  #: number of unclosed clones of the send stream
+    open_receive_streams: int  #: number of unclosed clones of the receive stream
+    #: number of tasks blocked on :meth:`MemoryObjectSendStream.send`
+    tasks_waiting_send: int
+    #: number of tasks blocked on :meth:`MemoryObjectReceiveStream.receive`
+    tasks_waiting_receive: int
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class MemoryObjectItemReceiver(Generic[T_Item]):
+    task_info: TaskInfo = field(init=False, default_factory=get_current_task)
+    item: T_Item = field(init=False)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        # When item is not defined, we get following error with default __repr__:
+        # AttributeError: 'MemoryObjectItemReceiver' object has no attribute 'item'
+        item = getattr(self, "item", None)
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(task_info={self.task_info}, item={item!r})"
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class MemoryObjectStreamState(Generic[T_Item]):
+    max_buffer_size: float = field()
+    buffer: deque[T_Item] = field(init=False, default_factory=deque)
+    open_send_channels: int = field(init=False, default=0)
+    open_receive_channels: int = field(init=False, default=0)
+    waiting_receivers: OrderedDict[Event, MemoryObjectItemReceiver[T_Item]] = field(
+        init=False, default_factory=OrderedDict
+    )
+    waiting_senders: OrderedDict[Event, T_Item] = field(
+        init=False, default_factory=OrderedDict
+    )
+
+    def statistics(self) -> MemoryObjectStreamStatistics:
+        return MemoryObjectStreamStatistics(
+            len(self.buffer),
+            self.max_buffer_size,
+            self.open_send_channels,
+            self.open_receive_channels,
+            len(self.waiting_senders),
+            len(self.waiting_receivers),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class MemoryObjectReceiveStream(Generic[T_co], ObjectReceiveStream[T_co]):
+    _state: MemoryObjectStreamState[T_co]
+    _closed: bool = field(init=False, default=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        self._state.open_receive_channels += 1
+
+    def receive_nowait(self) -> T_co:
+        """
+        Receive the next item if it can be done without waiting.
+
+        :return: the received item
+        :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if this send stream has been closed
+        :raises ~anyio.EndOfStream: if the buffer is empty and this stream has been
+            closed from the sending end
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if there are no items in the buffer and no tasks
+            waiting to send
+
+        """
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError
+
+        if self._state.waiting_senders:
+            # Get the item from the next sender
+            send_event, item = self._state.waiting_senders.popitem(last=False)
+            self._state.buffer.append(item)
+            send_event.set()
+
+        if self._state.buffer:
+            return self._state.buffer.popleft()
+        elif not self._state.open_send_channels:
+            raise EndOfStream
+
+        raise WouldBlock
+
+    async def receive(self) -> T_co:
+        await checkpoint()
+        try:
+            return self.receive_nowait()
+        except WouldBlock:
+            # Add ourselves in the queue
+            receive_event = Event()
+            receiver = MemoryObjectItemReceiver[T_co]()
+            self._state.waiting_receivers[receive_event] = receiver
+
+            try:
+                await receive_event.wait()
+            finally:
+                self._state.waiting_receivers.pop(receive_event, None)
+
+            try:
+                return receiver.item
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise EndOfStream from None
+
+    def clone(self) -> MemoryObjectReceiveStream[T_co]:
+        """
+        Create a clone of this receive stream.
+
+        Each clone can be closed separately. Only when all clones have been closed will
+        the receiving end of the memory stream be considered closed by the sending ends.
+
+        :return: the cloned stream
+
+        """
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError
+
+        return MemoryObjectReceiveStream(_state=self._state)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the stream.
+
+        This works the exact same way as :meth:`aclose`, but is provided as a special
+        case for the benefit of synchronous callbacks.
+
+        """
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            self._state.open_receive_channels -= 1
+            if self._state.open_receive_channels == 0:
+                send_events = list(self._state.waiting_senders.keys())
+                for event in send_events:
+                    event.set()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> MemoryObjectStreamStatistics:
+        """
+        Return statistics about the current state of this stream.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+        return self._state.statistics()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> MemoryObjectReceiveStream[T_co]:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"Unclosed <{self.__class__.__name__} at {id(self):x}>",
+                ResourceWarning,
+                source=self,
+            )
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class MemoryObjectSendStream(Generic[T_contra], ObjectSendStream[T_contra]):
+    _state: MemoryObjectStreamState[T_contra]
+    _closed: bool = field(init=False, default=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        self._state.open_send_channels += 1
+
+    def send_nowait(self, item: T_contra) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an item immediately if it can be done without waiting.
+
+        :param item: the item to send
+        :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if this send stream has been closed
+        :raises ~anyio.BrokenResourceError: if the stream has been closed from the
+            receiving end
+        :raises ~anyio.WouldBlock: if the buffer is full and there are no tasks waiting
+            to receive
+
+        """
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError
+        if not self._state.open_receive_channels:
+            raise BrokenResourceError
+
+        while self._state.waiting_receivers:
+            receive_event, receiver = self._state.waiting_receivers.popitem(last=False)
+            if not receiver.task_info.has_pending_cancellation():
+                receiver.item = item
+                receive_event.set()
+                return
+
+        if len(self._state.buffer) < self._state.max_buffer_size:
+            self._state.buffer.append(item)
+        else:
+            raise WouldBlock
+
+    async def send(self, item: T_contra) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an item to the stream.
+
+        If the buffer is full, this method blocks until there is again room in the
+        buffer or the item can be sent directly to a receiver.
+
+        :param item: the item to send
+        :raises ~anyio.ClosedResourceError: if this send stream has been closed
+        :raises ~anyio.BrokenResourceError: if the stream has been closed from the
+            receiving end
+
+        """
+        await checkpoint()
+        try:
+            self.send_nowait(item)
+        except WouldBlock:
+            # Wait until there's someone on the receiving end
+            send_event = Event()
+            self._state.waiting_senders[send_event] = item
+            try:
+                await send_event.wait()
+            except BaseException:
+                self._state.waiting_senders.pop(send_event, None)
+                raise
+
+            if send_event in self._state.waiting_senders:
+                del self._state.waiting_senders[send_event]
+                raise BrokenResourceError from None
+
+    def clone(self) -> MemoryObjectSendStream[T_contra]:
+        """
+        Create a clone of this send stream.
+
+        Each clone can be closed separately. Only when all clones have been closed will
+        the sending end of the memory stream be considered closed by the receiving ends.
+
+        :return: the cloned stream
+
+        """
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ClosedResourceError
+
+        return MemoryObjectSendStream(_state=self._state)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the stream.
+
+        This works the exact same way as :meth:`aclose`, but is provided as a special
+        case for the benefit of synchronous callbacks.
+
+        """
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            self._state.open_send_channels -= 1
+            if self._state.open_send_channels == 0:
+                receive_events = list(self._state.waiting_receivers.keys())
+                self._state.waiting_receivers.clear()
+                for event in receive_events:
+                    event.set()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def statistics(self) -> MemoryObjectStreamStatistics:
+        """
+        Return statistics about the current state of this stream.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+        return self._state.statistics()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> MemoryObjectSendStream[T_contra]:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"Unclosed <{self.__class__.__name__} at {id(self):x}>",
+                ResourceWarning,
+                source=self,
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/stapled.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/stapled.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80f64a2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/stapled.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar
+
+from ..abc import (
+    ByteReceiveStream,
+    ByteSendStream,
+    ByteStream,
+    Listener,
+    ObjectReceiveStream,
+    ObjectSendStream,
+    ObjectStream,
+    TaskGroup,
+)
+
+T_Item = TypeVar("T_Item")
+T_Stream = TypeVar("T_Stream")
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class StapledByteStream(ByteStream):
+    """
+    Combines two byte streams into a single, bidirectional byte stream.
+
+    Extra attributes will be provided from both streams, with the receive stream
+    providing the values in case of a conflict.
+
+    :param ByteSendStream send_stream: the sending byte stream
+    :param ByteReceiveStream receive_stream: the receiving byte stream
+    """
+
+    send_stream: ByteSendStream
+    receive_stream: ByteReceiveStream
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        return await self.receive_stream.receive(max_bytes)
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        await self.send_stream.send(item)
+
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        await self.send_stream.aclose()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self.send_stream.aclose()
+        await self.receive_stream.aclose()
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return {
+            **self.send_stream.extra_attributes,
+            **self.receive_stream.extra_attributes,
+        }
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class StapledObjectStream(Generic[T_Item], ObjectStream[T_Item]):
+    """
+    Combines two object streams into a single, bidirectional object stream.
+
+    Extra attributes will be provided from both streams, with the receive stream
+    providing the values in case of a conflict.
+
+    :param ObjectSendStream send_stream: the sending object stream
+    :param ObjectReceiveStream receive_stream: the receiving object stream
+    """
+
+    send_stream: ObjectSendStream[T_Item]
+    receive_stream: ObjectReceiveStream[T_Item]
+
+    async def receive(self) -> T_Item:
+        return await self.receive_stream.receive()
+
+    async def send(self, item: T_Item) -> None:
+        await self.send_stream.send(item)
+
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        await self.send_stream.aclose()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self.send_stream.aclose()
+        await self.receive_stream.aclose()
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return {
+            **self.send_stream.extra_attributes,
+            **self.receive_stream.extra_attributes,
+        }
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class MultiListener(Generic[T_Stream], Listener[T_Stream]):
+    """
+    Combines multiple listeners into one, serving connections from all of them at once.
+
+    Any MultiListeners in the given collection of listeners will have their listeners
+    moved into this one.
+
+    Extra attributes are provided from each listener, with each successive listener
+    overriding any conflicting attributes from the previous one.
+
+    :param listeners: listeners to serve
+    :type listeners: Sequence[Listener[T_Stream]]
+    """
+
+    listeners: Sequence[Listener[T_Stream]]
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        listeners: list[Listener[T_Stream]] = []
+        for listener in self.listeners:
+            if isinstance(listener, MultiListener):
+                listeners.extend(listener.listeners)
+                del listener.listeners[:]  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            else:
+                listeners.append(listener)
+
+        self.listeners = listeners
+
+    async def serve(
+        self, handler: Callable[[T_Stream], Any], task_group: TaskGroup | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        from .. import create_task_group
+
+        async with create_task_group() as tg:
+            for listener in self.listeners:
+                tg.start_soon(listener.serve, handler, task_group)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        for listener in self.listeners:
+            await listener.aclose()
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        attributes: dict = {}
+        for listener in self.listeners:
+            attributes.update(listener.extra_attributes)
+
+        return attributes
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1a11278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import codecs
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
+from dataclasses import InitVar, dataclass, field
+from typing import Any
+
+from ..abc import (
+    AnyByteReceiveStream,
+    AnyByteSendStream,
+    AnyByteStream,
+    ObjectReceiveStream,
+    ObjectSendStream,
+    ObjectStream,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class TextReceiveStream(ObjectReceiveStream[str]):
+    """
+    Stream wrapper that decodes bytes to strings using the given encoding.
+
+    Decoding is done using :class:`~codecs.IncrementalDecoder` which returns any
+    completely received unicode characters as soon as they come in.
+
+    :param transport_stream: any bytes-based receive stream
+    :param encoding: character encoding to use for decoding bytes to strings (defaults
+        to ``utf-8``)
+    :param errors: handling scheme for decoding errors (defaults to ``strict``; see the
+        `codecs module documentation`_ for a comprehensive list of options)
+
+    .. _codecs module documentation:
+        https://docs.python.org/3/library/codecs.html#codec-objects
+    """
+
+    transport_stream: AnyByteReceiveStream
+    encoding: InitVar[str] = "utf-8"
+    errors: InitVar[str] = "strict"
+    _decoder: codecs.IncrementalDecoder = field(init=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self, encoding: str, errors: str) -> None:
+        decoder_class = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(encoding)
+        self._decoder = decoder_class(errors=errors)
+
+    async def receive(self) -> str:
+        while True:
+            chunk = await self.transport_stream.receive()
+            decoded = self._decoder.decode(chunk)
+            if decoded:
+                return decoded
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self.transport_stream.aclose()
+        self._decoder.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return self.transport_stream.extra_attributes
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class TextSendStream(ObjectSendStream[str]):
+    """
+    Sends strings to the wrapped stream as bytes using the given encoding.
+
+    :param AnyByteSendStream transport_stream: any bytes-based send stream
+    :param str encoding: character encoding to use for encoding strings to bytes
+        (defaults to ``utf-8``)
+    :param str errors: handling scheme for encoding errors (defaults to ``strict``; see
+        the `codecs module documentation`_ for a comprehensive list of options)
+
+    .. _codecs module documentation:
+        https://docs.python.org/3/library/codecs.html#codec-objects
+    """
+
+    transport_stream: AnyByteSendStream
+    encoding: InitVar[str] = "utf-8"
+    errors: str = "strict"
+    _encoder: Callable[..., tuple[bytes, int]] = field(init=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self, encoding: str) -> None:
+        self._encoder = codecs.getencoder(encoding)
+
+    async def send(self, item: str) -> None:
+        encoded = self._encoder(item, self.errors)[0]
+        await self.transport_stream.send(encoded)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self.transport_stream.aclose()
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return self.transport_stream.extra_attributes
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class TextStream(ObjectStream[str]):
+    """
+    A bidirectional stream that decodes bytes to strings on receive and encodes strings
+    to bytes on send.
+
+    Extra attributes will be provided from both streams, with the receive stream
+    providing the values in case of a conflict.
+
+    :param AnyByteStream transport_stream: any bytes-based stream
+    :param str encoding: character encoding to use for encoding/decoding strings to/from
+        bytes (defaults to ``utf-8``)
+    :param str errors: handling scheme for encoding errors (defaults to ``strict``; see
+        the `codecs module documentation`_ for a comprehensive list of options)
+
+    .. _codecs module documentation:
+        https://docs.python.org/3/library/codecs.html#codec-objects
+    """
+
+    transport_stream: AnyByteStream
+    encoding: InitVar[str] = "utf-8"
+    errors: InitVar[str] = "strict"
+    _receive_stream: TextReceiveStream = field(init=False)
+    _send_stream: TextSendStream = field(init=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self, encoding: str, errors: str) -> None:
+        self._receive_stream = TextReceiveStream(
+            self.transport_stream, encoding=encoding, errors=errors
+        )
+        self._send_stream = TextSendStream(
+            self.transport_stream, encoding=encoding, errors=errors
+        )
+
+    async def receive(self) -> str:
+        return await self._receive_stream.receive()
+
+    async def send(self, item: str) -> None:
+        await self._send_stream.send(item)
+
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        await self.transport_stream.send_eof()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._send_stream.aclose()
+        await self._receive_stream.aclose()
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return {
+            **self._send_stream.extra_attributes,
+            **self._receive_stream.extra_attributes,
+        }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/tls.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/tls.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70a41cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/streams/tls.py
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+import ssl
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
+
+from .. import (
+    BrokenResourceError,
+    EndOfStream,
+    aclose_forcefully,
+    get_cancelled_exc_class,
+    to_thread,
+)
+from .._core._typedattr import TypedAttributeSet, typed_attribute
+from ..abc import AnyByteStream, ByteStream, Listener, TaskGroup
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+_PCTRTT = tuple[tuple[str, str], ...]
+_PCTRTTT = tuple[_PCTRTT, ...]
+
+
+class TLSAttribute(TypedAttributeSet):
+    """Contains Transport Layer Security related attributes."""
+
+    #: the selected ALPN protocol
+    alpn_protocol: str | None = typed_attribute()
+    #: the channel binding for type ``tls-unique``
+    channel_binding_tls_unique: bytes = typed_attribute()
+    #: the selected cipher
+    cipher: tuple[str, str, int] = typed_attribute()
+    #: the peer certificate in dictionary form (see :meth:`ssl.SSLSocket.getpeercert`
+    # for more information)
+    peer_certificate: None | (dict[str, str | _PCTRTTT | _PCTRTT]) = typed_attribute()
+    #: the peer certificate in binary form
+    peer_certificate_binary: bytes | None = typed_attribute()
+    #: ``True`` if this is the server side of the connection
+    server_side: bool = typed_attribute()
+    #: ciphers shared by the client during the TLS handshake (``None`` if this is the
+    #: client side)
+    shared_ciphers: list[tuple[str, str, int]] | None = typed_attribute()
+    #: the :class:`~ssl.SSLObject` used for encryption
+    ssl_object: ssl.SSLObject = typed_attribute()
+    #: ``True`` if this stream does (and expects) a closing TLS handshake when the
+    #: stream is being closed
+    standard_compatible: bool = typed_attribute()
+    #: the TLS protocol version (e.g. ``TLSv1.2``)
+    tls_version: str = typed_attribute()
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class TLSStream(ByteStream):
+    """
+    A stream wrapper that encrypts all sent data and decrypts received data.
+
+    This class has no public initializer; use :meth:`wrap` instead.
+    All extra attributes from :class:`~TLSAttribute` are supported.
+
+    :var AnyByteStream transport_stream: the wrapped stream
+
+    """
+
+    transport_stream: AnyByteStream
+    standard_compatible: bool
+    _ssl_object: ssl.SSLObject
+    _read_bio: ssl.MemoryBIO
+    _write_bio: ssl.MemoryBIO
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def wrap(
+        cls,
+        transport_stream: AnyByteStream,
+        *,
+        server_side: bool | None = None,
+        hostname: str | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        standard_compatible: bool = True,
+    ) -> TLSStream:
+        """
+        Wrap an existing stream with Transport Layer Security.
+
+        This performs a TLS handshake with the peer.
+
+        :param transport_stream: a bytes-transporting stream to wrap
+        :param server_side: ``True`` if this is the server side of the connection,
+            ``False`` if this is the client side (if omitted, will be set to ``False``
+            if ``hostname`` has been provided, ``False`` otherwise). Used only to create
+            a default context when an explicit context has not been provided.
+        :param hostname: host name of the peer (if host name checking is desired)
+        :param ssl_context: the SSLContext object to use (if not provided, a secure
+            default will be created)
+        :param standard_compatible: if ``False``, skip the closing handshake when
+            closing the connection, and don't raise an exception if the peer does the
+            same
+        :raises ~ssl.SSLError: if the TLS handshake fails
+
+        """
+        if server_side is None:
+            server_side = not hostname
+
+        if not ssl_context:
+            purpose = (
+                ssl.Purpose.CLIENT_AUTH if server_side else ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH
+            )
+            ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context(purpose)
+
+            # Re-enable detection of unexpected EOFs if it was disabled by Python
+            if hasattr(ssl, "OP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOF"):
+                ssl_context.options &= ~ssl.OP_IGNORE_UNEXPECTED_EOF
+
+        bio_in = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        bio_out = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+
+        # External SSLContext implementations may do blocking I/O in wrap_bio(),
+        # but the standard library implementation won't
+        if type(ssl_context) is ssl.SSLContext:
+            ssl_object = ssl_context.wrap_bio(
+                bio_in, bio_out, server_side=server_side, server_hostname=hostname
+            )
+        else:
+            ssl_object = await to_thread.run_sync(
+                ssl_context.wrap_bio,
+                bio_in,
+                bio_out,
+                server_side,
+                hostname,
+                None,
+            )
+
+        wrapper = cls(
+            transport_stream=transport_stream,
+            standard_compatible=standard_compatible,
+            _ssl_object=ssl_object,
+            _read_bio=bio_in,
+            _write_bio=bio_out,
+        )
+        await wrapper._call_sslobject_method(ssl_object.do_handshake)
+        return wrapper
+
+    async def _call_sslobject_method(
+        self, func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval], *args: Unpack[PosArgsT]
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        while True:
+            try:
+                result = func(*args)
+            except ssl.SSLWantReadError:
+                try:
+                    # Flush any pending writes first
+                    if self._write_bio.pending:
+                        await self.transport_stream.send(self._write_bio.read())
+
+                    data = await self.transport_stream.receive()
+                except EndOfStream:
+                    self._read_bio.write_eof()
+                except OSError as exc:
+                    self._read_bio.write_eof()
+                    self._write_bio.write_eof()
+                    raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                else:
+                    self._read_bio.write(data)
+            except ssl.SSLWantWriteError:
+                await self.transport_stream.send(self._write_bio.read())
+            except ssl.SSLSyscallError as exc:
+                self._read_bio.write_eof()
+                self._write_bio.write_eof()
+                raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+            except ssl.SSLError as exc:
+                self._read_bio.write_eof()
+                self._write_bio.write_eof()
+                if isinstance(exc, ssl.SSLEOFError) or (
+                    exc.strerror and "UNEXPECTED_EOF_WHILE_READING" in exc.strerror
+                ):
+                    if self.standard_compatible:
+                        raise BrokenResourceError from exc
+                    else:
+                        raise EndOfStream from None
+
+                raise
+            else:
+                # Flush any pending writes first
+                if self._write_bio.pending:
+                    await self.transport_stream.send(self._write_bio.read())
+
+                return result
+
+    async def unwrap(self) -> tuple[AnyByteStream, bytes]:
+        """
+        Does the TLS closing handshake.
+
+        :return: a tuple of (wrapped byte stream, bytes left in the read buffer)
+
+        """
+        await self._call_sslobject_method(self._ssl_object.unwrap)
+        self._read_bio.write_eof()
+        self._write_bio.write_eof()
+        return self.transport_stream, self._read_bio.read()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if self.standard_compatible:
+            try:
+                await self.unwrap()
+            except BaseException:
+                await aclose_forcefully(self.transport_stream)
+                raise
+
+        await self.transport_stream.aclose()
+
+    async def receive(self, max_bytes: int = 65536) -> bytes:
+        data = await self._call_sslobject_method(self._ssl_object.read, max_bytes)
+        if not data:
+            raise EndOfStream
+
+        return data
+
+    async def send(self, item: bytes) -> None:
+        await self._call_sslobject_method(self._ssl_object.write, item)
+
+    async def send_eof(self) -> None:
+        tls_version = self.extra(TLSAttribute.tls_version)
+        match = re.match(r"TLSv(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", tls_version)
+        if match:
+            major, minor = int(match.group(1)), int(match.group(2) or 0)
+            if (major, minor) < (1, 3):
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"send_eof() requires at least TLSv1.3; current "
+                    f"session uses {tls_version}"
+                )
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "send_eof() has not yet been implemented for TLS streams"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return {
+            **self.transport_stream.extra_attributes,
+            TLSAttribute.alpn_protocol: self._ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol,
+            TLSAttribute.channel_binding_tls_unique: (
+                self._ssl_object.get_channel_binding
+            ),
+            TLSAttribute.cipher: self._ssl_object.cipher,
+            TLSAttribute.peer_certificate: lambda: self._ssl_object.getpeercert(False),
+            TLSAttribute.peer_certificate_binary: lambda: self._ssl_object.getpeercert(
+                True
+            ),
+            TLSAttribute.server_side: lambda: self._ssl_object.server_side,
+            TLSAttribute.shared_ciphers: lambda: self._ssl_object.shared_ciphers()
+            if self._ssl_object.server_side
+            else None,
+            TLSAttribute.standard_compatible: lambda: self.standard_compatible,
+            TLSAttribute.ssl_object: lambda: self._ssl_object,
+            TLSAttribute.tls_version: self._ssl_object.version,
+        }
+
+
+@dataclass(eq=False)
+class TLSListener(Listener[TLSStream]):
+    """
+    A convenience listener that wraps another listener and auto-negotiates a TLS session
+    on every accepted connection.
+
+    If the TLS handshake times out or raises an exception,
+    :meth:`handle_handshake_error` is called to do whatever post-mortem processing is
+    deemed necessary.
+
+    Supports only the :attr:`~TLSAttribute.standard_compatible` extra attribute.
+
+    :param Listener listener: the listener to wrap
+    :param ssl_context: the SSL context object
+    :param standard_compatible: a flag passed through to :meth:`TLSStream.wrap`
+    :param handshake_timeout: time limit for the TLS handshake
+        (passed to :func:`~anyio.fail_after`)
+    """
+
+    listener: Listener[Any]
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext
+    standard_compatible: bool = True
+    handshake_timeout: float = 30
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def handle_handshake_error(exc: BaseException, stream: AnyByteStream) -> None:
+        """
+        Handle an exception raised during the TLS handshake.
+
+        This method does 3 things:
+
+        #. Forcefully closes the original stream
+        #. Logs the exception (unless it was a cancellation exception) using the
+           ``anyio.streams.tls`` logger
+        #. Reraises the exception if it was a base exception or a cancellation exception
+
+        :param exc: the exception
+        :param stream: the original stream
+
+        """
+        await aclose_forcefully(stream)
+
+        # Log all except cancellation exceptions
+        if not isinstance(exc, get_cancelled_exc_class()):
+            # CPython (as of 3.11.5) returns incorrect `sys.exc_info()` here when using
+            # any asyncio implementation, so we explicitly pass the exception to log
+            # (https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/108668). Trio does not have this
+            # issue because it works around the CPython bug.
+            logging.getLogger(__name__).exception(
+                "Error during TLS handshake", exc_info=exc
+            )
+
+        # Only reraise base exceptions and cancellation exceptions
+        if not isinstance(exc, Exception) or isinstance(exc, get_cancelled_exc_class()):
+            raise
+
+    async def serve(
+        self,
+        handler: Callable[[TLSStream], Any],
+        task_group: TaskGroup | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        @wraps(handler)
+        async def handler_wrapper(stream: AnyByteStream) -> None:
+            from .. import fail_after
+
+            try:
+                with fail_after(self.handshake_timeout):
+                    wrapped_stream = await TLSStream.wrap(
+                        stream,
+                        ssl_context=self.ssl_context,
+                        standard_compatible=self.standard_compatible,
+                    )
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                await self.handle_handshake_error(exc, stream)
+            else:
+                await handler(wrapped_stream)
+
+        await self.listener.serve(handler_wrapper, task_group)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self.listener.aclose()
+
+    @property
+    def extra_attributes(self) -> Mapping[Any, Callable[[], Any]]:
+        return {
+            TLSAttribute.standard_compatible: lambda: self.standard_compatible,
+        }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_interpreter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_interpreter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a2e993a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_interpreter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import atexit
+import os
+import pickle
+import sys
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any, Final, TypeVar
+
+from . import current_time, to_thread
+from ._core._exceptions import BrokenWorkerIntepreter
+from ._core._synchronization import CapacityLimiter
+from .lowlevel import RunVar
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+UNBOUND: Final = 2  # I have no clue how this works, but it was used in the stdlib
+FMT_UNPICKLED: Final = 0
+FMT_PICKLED: Final = 1
+DEFAULT_CPU_COUNT: Final = 8  # this is just an arbitrarily selected value
+MAX_WORKER_IDLE_TIME = (
+    30  # seconds a subinterpreter can be idle before becoming eligible for pruning
+)
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+
+_idle_workers = RunVar[deque["Worker"]]("_available_workers")
+_default_interpreter_limiter = RunVar[CapacityLimiter]("_default_interpreter_limiter")
+
+
+class Worker:
+    _run_func = compile(
+        dedent("""
+        import _interpqueues as queues
+        import _interpreters as interpreters
+        from pickle import loads, dumps, HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
+
+        item = queues.get(queue_id)[0]
+        try:
+            func, args = loads(item)
+            retval = func(*args)
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            is_exception = True
+            retval = exc
+        else:
+            is_exception = False
+
+        try:
+            queues.put(queue_id, (retval, is_exception), FMT_UNPICKLED, UNBOUND)
+        except interpreters.NotShareableError:
+            retval = dumps(retval, HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+            queues.put(queue_id, (retval, is_exception), FMT_PICKLED, UNBOUND)
+        """),
+        "<string>",
+        "exec",
+    )
+
+    last_used: float = 0
+
+    _initialized: bool = False
+    _interpreter_id: int
+    _queue_id: int
+
+    def initialize(self) -> None:
+        import _interpqueues as queues
+        import _interpreters as interpreters
+
+        self._interpreter_id = interpreters.create()
+        self._queue_id = queues.create(2, FMT_UNPICKLED, UNBOUND)
+        self._initialized = True
+        interpreters.set___main___attrs(
+            self._interpreter_id,
+            {
+                "queue_id": self._queue_id,
+                "FMT_PICKLED": FMT_PICKLED,
+                "FMT_UNPICKLED": FMT_UNPICKLED,
+                "UNBOUND": UNBOUND,
+            },
+        )
+
+    def destroy(self) -> None:
+        import _interpqueues as queues
+        import _interpreters as interpreters
+
+        if self._initialized:
+            interpreters.destroy(self._interpreter_id)
+            queues.destroy(self._queue_id)
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[..., T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Any],
+    ) -> tuple[Any, bool]:
+        import _interpqueues as queues
+        import _interpreters as interpreters
+
+        if not self._initialized:
+            self.initialize()
+
+        payload = pickle.dumps((func, args), pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+        queues.put(self._queue_id, payload, FMT_PICKLED, UNBOUND)
+
+        res: Any
+        is_exception: bool
+        if exc_info := interpreters.exec(self._interpreter_id, self._run_func):
+            raise BrokenWorkerIntepreter(exc_info)
+
+        (res, is_exception), fmt = queues.get(self._queue_id)[:2]
+        if fmt == FMT_PICKLED:
+            res = pickle.loads(res)
+
+        return res, is_exception
+
+    async def call(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[..., T_Retval],
+        args: tuple[Any],
+        limiter: CapacityLimiter,
+    ) -> T_Retval:
+        result, is_exception = await to_thread.run_sync(
+            self._call,
+            func,
+            args,
+            limiter=limiter,
+        )
+        if is_exception:
+            raise result
+
+        return result
+
+
+def _stop_workers(workers: deque[Worker]) -> None:
+    for worker in workers:
+        worker.destroy()
+
+    workers.clear()
+
+
+async def run_sync(
+    func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+    *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+    limiter: CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+) -> T_Retval:
+    """
+    Call the given function with the given arguments in a subinterpreter.
+
+    If the ``cancellable`` option is enabled and the task waiting for its completion is
+    cancelled, the call will still run its course but its return value (or any raised
+    exception) will be ignored.
+
+    .. warning:: This feature is **experimental**. The upstream interpreter API has not
+        yet been finalized or thoroughly tested, so don't rely on this for anything
+        mission critical.
+
+    :param func: a callable
+    :param args: positional arguments for the callable
+    :param limiter: capacity limiter to use to limit the total amount of subinterpreters
+        running (if omitted, the default limiter is used)
+    :return: the result of the call
+    :raises BrokenWorkerIntepreter: if there's an internal error in a subinterpreter
+
+    """
+    if sys.version_info <= (3, 13):
+        raise RuntimeError("subinterpreters require at least Python 3.13")
+
+    if limiter is None:
+        limiter = current_default_interpreter_limiter()
+
+    try:
+        idle_workers = _idle_workers.get()
+    except LookupError:
+        idle_workers = deque()
+        _idle_workers.set(idle_workers)
+        atexit.register(_stop_workers, idle_workers)
+
+    async with limiter:
+        try:
+            worker = idle_workers.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            worker = Worker()
+
+    try:
+        return await worker.call(func, args, limiter)
+    finally:
+        # Prune workers that have been idle for too long
+        now = current_time()
+        while idle_workers:
+            if now - idle_workers[0].last_used <= MAX_WORKER_IDLE_TIME:
+                break
+
+            await to_thread.run_sync(idle_workers.popleft().destroy, limiter=limiter)
+
+        worker.last_used = current_time()
+        idle_workers.append(worker)
+
+
+def current_default_interpreter_limiter() -> CapacityLimiter:
+    """
+    Return the capacity limiter that is used by default to limit the number of
+    concurrently running subinterpreters.
+
+    Defaults to the number of CPU cores.
+
+    :return: a capacity limiter object
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return _default_interpreter_limiter.get()
+    except LookupError:
+        limiter = CapacityLimiter(os.cpu_count() or DEFAULT_CPU_COUNT)
+        _default_interpreter_limiter.set(limiter)
+        return limiter
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_process.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_process.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..495de2ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_process.py
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import pickle
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from importlib.util import module_from_spec, spec_from_file_location
+from typing import TypeVar, cast
+
+from ._core._eventloop import current_time, get_async_backend, get_cancelled_exc_class
+from ._core._exceptions import BrokenWorkerProcess
+from ._core._subprocesses import open_process
+from ._core._synchronization import CapacityLimiter
+from ._core._tasks import CancelScope, fail_after
+from .abc import ByteReceiveStream, ByteSendStream, Process
+from .lowlevel import RunVar, checkpoint_if_cancelled
+from .streams.buffered import BufferedByteReceiveStream
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+WORKER_MAX_IDLE_TIME = 300  # 5 minutes
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+
+_process_pool_workers: RunVar[set[Process]] = RunVar("_process_pool_workers")
+_process_pool_idle_workers: RunVar[deque[tuple[Process, float]]] = RunVar(
+    "_process_pool_idle_workers"
+)
+_default_process_limiter: RunVar[CapacityLimiter] = RunVar("_default_process_limiter")
+
+
+async def run_sync(  # type: ignore[return]
+    func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+    *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+    cancellable: bool = False,
+    limiter: CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+) -> T_Retval:
+    """
+    Call the given function with the given arguments in a worker process.
+
+    If the ``cancellable`` option is enabled and the task waiting for its completion is
+    cancelled, the worker process running it will be abruptly terminated using SIGKILL
+    (or ``terminateProcess()`` on Windows).
+
+    :param func: a callable
+    :param args: positional arguments for the callable
+    :param cancellable: ``True`` to allow cancellation of the operation while it's
+        running
+    :param limiter: capacity limiter to use to limit the total amount of processes
+        running (if omitted, the default limiter is used)
+    :return: an awaitable that yields the return value of the function.
+
+    """
+
+    async def send_raw_command(pickled_cmd: bytes) -> object:
+        try:
+            await stdin.send(pickled_cmd)
+            response = await buffered.receive_until(b"\n", 50)
+            status, length = response.split(b" ")
+            if status not in (b"RETURN", b"EXCEPTION"):
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Worker process returned unexpected response: {response!r}"
+                )
+
+            pickled_response = await buffered.receive_exactly(int(length))
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            workers.discard(process)
+            try:
+                process.kill()
+                with CancelScope(shield=True):
+                    await process.aclose()
+            except ProcessLookupError:
+                pass
+
+            if isinstance(exc, get_cancelled_exc_class()):
+                raise
+            else:
+                raise BrokenWorkerProcess from exc
+
+        retval = pickle.loads(pickled_response)
+        if status == b"EXCEPTION":
+            assert isinstance(retval, BaseException)
+            raise retval
+        else:
+            return retval
+
+    # First pickle the request before trying to reserve a worker process
+    await checkpoint_if_cancelled()
+    request = pickle.dumps(("run", func, args), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+
+    # If this is the first run in this event loop thread, set up the necessary variables
+    try:
+        workers = _process_pool_workers.get()
+        idle_workers = _process_pool_idle_workers.get()
+    except LookupError:
+        workers = set()
+        idle_workers = deque()
+        _process_pool_workers.set(workers)
+        _process_pool_idle_workers.set(idle_workers)
+        get_async_backend().setup_process_pool_exit_at_shutdown(workers)
+
+    async with limiter or current_default_process_limiter():
+        # Pop processes from the pool (starting from the most recently used) until we
+        # find one that hasn't exited yet
+        process: Process
+        while idle_workers:
+            process, idle_since = idle_workers.pop()
+            if process.returncode is None:
+                stdin = cast(ByteSendStream, process.stdin)
+                buffered = BufferedByteReceiveStream(
+                    cast(ByteReceiveStream, process.stdout)
+                )
+
+                # Prune any other workers that have been idle for WORKER_MAX_IDLE_TIME
+                # seconds or longer
+                now = current_time()
+                killed_processes: list[Process] = []
+                while idle_workers:
+                    if now - idle_workers[0][1] < WORKER_MAX_IDLE_TIME:
+                        break
+
+                    process_to_kill, idle_since = idle_workers.popleft()
+                    process_to_kill.kill()
+                    workers.remove(process_to_kill)
+                    killed_processes.append(process_to_kill)
+
+                with CancelScope(shield=True):
+                    for killed_process in killed_processes:
+                        await killed_process.aclose()
+
+                break
+
+            workers.remove(process)
+        else:
+            command = [sys.executable, "-u", "-m", __name__]
+            process = await open_process(
+                command, stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+            )
+            try:
+                stdin = cast(ByteSendStream, process.stdin)
+                buffered = BufferedByteReceiveStream(
+                    cast(ByteReceiveStream, process.stdout)
+                )
+                with fail_after(20):
+                    message = await buffered.receive(6)
+
+                if message != b"READY\n":
+                    raise BrokenWorkerProcess(
+                        f"Worker process returned unexpected response: {message!r}"
+                    )
+
+                main_module_path = getattr(sys.modules["__main__"], "__file__", None)
+                pickled = pickle.dumps(
+                    ("init", sys.path, main_module_path),
+                    protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
+                )
+                await send_raw_command(pickled)
+            except (BrokenWorkerProcess, get_cancelled_exc_class()):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                process.kill()
+                raise BrokenWorkerProcess(
+                    "Error during worker process initialization"
+                ) from exc
+
+            workers.add(process)
+
+        with CancelScope(shield=not cancellable):
+            try:
+                return cast(T_Retval, await send_raw_command(request))
+            finally:
+                if process in workers:
+                    idle_workers.append((process, current_time()))
+
+
+def current_default_process_limiter() -> CapacityLimiter:
+    """
+    Return the capacity limiter that is used by default to limit the number of worker
+    processes.
+
+    :return: a capacity limiter object
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return _default_process_limiter.get()
+    except LookupError:
+        limiter = CapacityLimiter(os.cpu_count() or 2)
+        _default_process_limiter.set(limiter)
+        return limiter
+
+
+def process_worker() -> None:
+    # Redirect standard streams to os.devnull so that user code won't interfere with the
+    # parent-worker communication
+    stdin = sys.stdin
+    stdout = sys.stdout
+    sys.stdin = open(os.devnull)
+    sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, "w")
+
+    stdout.buffer.write(b"READY\n")
+    while True:
+        retval = exception = None
+        try:
+            command, *args = pickle.load(stdin.buffer)
+        except EOFError:
+            return
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            exception = exc
+        else:
+            if command == "run":
+                func, args = args
+                try:
+                    retval = func(*args)
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    exception = exc
+            elif command == "init":
+                main_module_path: str | None
+                sys.path, main_module_path = args
+                del sys.modules["__main__"]
+                if main_module_path and os.path.isfile(main_module_path):
+                    # Load the parent's main module but as __mp_main__ instead of
+                    # __main__ (like multiprocessing does) to avoid infinite recursion
+                    try:
+                        spec = spec_from_file_location("__mp_main__", main_module_path)
+                        if spec and spec.loader:
+                            main = module_from_spec(spec)
+                            spec.loader.exec_module(main)
+                            sys.modules["__main__"] = main
+                    except BaseException as exc:
+                        exception = exc
+        try:
+            if exception is not None:
+                status = b"EXCEPTION"
+                pickled = pickle.dumps(exception, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+            else:
+                status = b"RETURN"
+                pickled = pickle.dumps(retval, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            exception = exc
+            status = b"EXCEPTION"
+            pickled = pickle.dumps(exc, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+
+        stdout.buffer.write(b"%s %d\n" % (status, len(pickled)))
+        stdout.buffer.write(pickled)
+
+        # Respect SIGTERM
+        if isinstance(exception, SystemExit):
+            raise exception
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    process_worker()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_thread.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5070516e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/anyio/to_thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import TypeVar
+from warnings import warn
+
+from ._core._eventloop import get_async_backend
+from .abc import CapacityLimiter
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+else:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+PosArgsT = TypeVarTuple("PosArgsT")
+
+
+async def run_sync(
+    func: Callable[[Unpack[PosArgsT]], T_Retval],
+    *args: Unpack[PosArgsT],
+    abandon_on_cancel: bool = False,
+    cancellable: bool | None = None,
+    limiter: CapacityLimiter | None = None,
+) -> T_Retval:
+    """
+    Call the given function with the given arguments in a worker thread.
+
+    If the ``cancellable`` option is enabled and the task waiting for its completion is
+    cancelled, the thread will still run its course but its return value (or any raised
+    exception) will be ignored.
+
+    :param func: a callable
+    :param args: positional arguments for the callable
+    :param abandon_on_cancel: ``True`` to abandon the thread (leaving it to run
+        unchecked on own) if the host task is cancelled, ``False`` to ignore
+        cancellations in the host task until the operation has completed in the worker
+        thread
+    :param cancellable: deprecated alias of ``abandon_on_cancel``; will override
+        ``abandon_on_cancel`` if both parameters are passed
+    :param limiter: capacity limiter to use to limit the total amount of threads running
+        (if omitted, the default limiter is used)
+    :return: an awaitable that yields the return value of the function.
+
+    """
+    if cancellable is not None:
+        abandon_on_cancel = cancellable
+        warn(
+            "The `cancellable=` keyword argument to `anyio.to_thread.run_sync` is "
+            "deprecated since AnyIO 4.1.0; use `abandon_on_cancel=` instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+    return await get_async_backend().run_sync_in_worker_thread(
+        func, args, abandon_on_cancel=abandon_on_cancel, limiter=limiter
+    )
+
+
+def current_default_thread_limiter() -> CapacityLimiter:
+    """
+    Return the capacity limiter that is used by default to limit the number of
+    concurrent threads.
+
+    :return: a capacity limiter object
+
+    """
+    return get_async_backend().current_default_thread_limiter()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bba2b699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: certifi
+Version: 2025.4.26
+Summary: Python package for providing Mozilla's CA Bundle.
+Home-page: https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi
+Author: Kenneth Reitz
+Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com
+License: MPL-2.0
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Mozilla Public License 2.0 (MPL 2.0)
+Classifier: Natural Language :: English
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Requires-Python: >=3.6
+License-File: LICENSE
+Dynamic: author
+Dynamic: author-email
+Dynamic: classifier
+Dynamic: description
+Dynamic: home-page
+Dynamic: license
+Dynamic: license-file
+Dynamic: project-url
+Dynamic: requires-python
+Dynamic: summary
+
+Certifi: Python SSL Certificates
+================================
+
+Certifi provides Mozilla's carefully curated collection of Root Certificates for
+validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the identity
+of TLS hosts. It has been extracted from the `Requests`_ project.
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+``certifi`` is available on PyPI. Simply install it with ``pip``::
+
+    $ pip install certifi
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+To reference the installed certificate authority (CA) bundle, you can use the
+built-in function::
+
+    >>> import certifi
+
+    >>> certifi.where()
+    '/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/certifi/cacert.pem'
+
+Or from the command line::
+
+    $ python -m certifi
+    /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/certifi/cacert.pem
+
+Enjoy!
+
+.. _`Requests`: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/
+
+Addition/Removal of Certificates
+--------------------------------
+
+Certifi does not support any addition/removal or other modification of the
+CA trust store content. This project is intended to provide a reliable and
+highly portable root of trust to python deployments. Look to upstream projects
+for methods to use alternate trust.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..715a9b5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=Q1SDFkY5LOQAJmDltZz2wU3VTv1Kh5X-rjGI4KiPHNM,2473
+certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/RECORD,,
+certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=SmOxYU7pzNKBqASvQJ7DjX3XGUF92lrGhMb3R6_iiqI,91
+certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=6TcW2mucDVpKHfYP5pWzcPBpVgPSH2-D8FPkLPwQyvc,989
+certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=KMu4vUCfsjLrkPbSNdgdekS-pVJzBAJFO__nI8NF6-U,8
+certifi/__init__.py,sha256=9pyWUGr6sbAlksfOHo0BTV0Gxljjh4IK1kXAjHgjL4I,94
+certifi/__main__.py,sha256=xBBoj905TUWBLRGANOcf7oi6e-3dMP4cEoG9OyMs11g,243
+certifi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+certifi/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+certifi/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc,,
+certifi/cacert.pem,sha256=K3sQJvGKKX4hSBicoMvn0-f578NvcjHMwoIKQE_rVZY,283771
+certifi/core.py,sha256=qRDDFyXVJwTB_EmoGppaXU_R9qCZvhl-EzxPMuV3nTA,4426
+certifi/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8acb9559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (79.0.1)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62b076cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+This package contains a modified version of ca-bundle.crt:
+
+ca-bundle.crt -- Bundle of CA Root Certificates
+
+This is a bundle of X.509 certificates of public Certificate Authorities
+(CA). These were automatically extracted from Mozilla's root certificates
+file (certdata.txt).  This file can be found in the mozilla source tree:
+https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt
+It contains the certificates in PEM format and therefore
+can be directly used with curl / libcurl / php_curl, or with
+an Apache+mod_ssl webserver for SSL client authentication.
+Just configure this file as the SSLCACertificateFile.#
+
+***** BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK *****
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
+v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file, You can obtain
+one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+***** END LICENSE BLOCK *****
+@(#) $RCSfile: certdata.txt,v $ $Revision: 1.80 $ $Date: 2011/11/03 15:11:58 $
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..963eac53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi-2025.4.26.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+certifi
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf83fa93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .core import contents, where
+
+__all__ = ["contents", "where"]
+__version__ = "2025.04.26"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8945b5da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import argparse
+
+from certifi import contents, where
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+parser.add_argument("-c", "--contents", action="store_true")
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+if args.contents:
+    print(contents())
+else:
+    print(where())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55b6e497
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86ff43c4
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/cacert.pem b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/cacert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1d0cfd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/cacert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,4676 @@
+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1164660820
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d6:a5:c3:ed:5d:dd:3e:00:c1:3d:87:92:1f:1d:3f:e4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b3:1e:b1:b7:40:e3:6c:84:02:da:dc:37:d4:4d:f5:d4:67:49:52:f9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2"
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+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3"
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Gold CA - G2"
+# Serial: 13492815561806991280
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "SecureTrust CA"
+# Serial: 17199774589125277788362757014266862032
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "Secure Global CA"
+# Serial: 9751836167731051554232119481456978597
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 104350513648249232941998508985834464573
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 41578283867086692638256921589707938090
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Subject: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Label: "Certigna"
+# Serial: 18364802974209362175
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ab:57:a6:5b:7d:42:82:19:b5:d8:58:26:28:5e:fd:ff
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "ePKI Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 28956088682735189655030529057352760477
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:2e:00:ca:26:06:90:3d:ad:fe:6f:15:68:d3:6b:b3
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 67:65:0d:f1:7e:8e:7e:5b:82:40:a4:f4:56:4b:cf:e2:3d:69:c6:f0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Subject: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Label: "certSIGN ROOT CA"
+# Serial: 35210227249154
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 18:98:c0:d6:e9:3a:fc:f9:b0:f5:0c:f7:4b:01:44:17
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: fa:b7:ee:36:97:26:62:fb:2d:b0:2a:f6:bf:03:fd:e8:7c:4b:2f:9b
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: ea:a9:62:c4:fa:4a:6b:af:eb:e4:15:19:6d:35:1c:cd:88:8d:4f:53:f3:fa:8a:e6:d7:c4:66:a9:4e:60:42:bb
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) F\u0151tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1ny O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1nykiad\xf3k (Certification Services)
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) F\u0151tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1ny O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1nykiad\xf3k (Certification Services)
+# Label: "NetLock Arany (Class Gold) F\u0151tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1ny"
+# Serial: 80544274841616
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c5:a1:b7:ff:73:dd:d6:d7:34:32:18:df:fc:3c:ad:88
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 06:08:3f:59:3f:15:a1:04:a0:69:a4:6b:a9:03:d0:06:b7:97:09:91
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 6c:61:da:c3:a2:de:f0:31:50:6b:e0:36:d2:a6:fe:40:19:94:fb:d1:3d:f9:c8:d4:66:59:92:74:c4:46:ec:98
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009"
+# Serial: 14014712776195784473
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f8:49:f4:03:bc:44:2d:83:be:48:69:7d:29:64:fc:b1
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 89:df:74:fe:5c:f4:0f:4a:80:f9:e3:37:7d:54:da:91:e1:01:31:8e
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 3c:5f:81:fe:a5:fa:b8:2c:64:bf:a2:ea:ec:af:cd:e8:e0:77:fc:86:20:a7:ca:e5:37:16:3d:f3:6e:db:f3:78
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R3"
+# Serial: 4835703278459759426209954
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c5:df:b8:49:ca:05:13:55:ee:2d:ba:1a:c3:3e:b0:28
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d6:9b:56:11:48:f0:1c:77:c5:45:78:c1:09:26:df:5b:85:69:76:ad
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: cb:b5:22:d7:b7:f1:27:ad:6a:01:13:86:5b:df:1c:d4:10:2e:7d:07:59:af:63:5a:7c:f4:72:0d:c9:63:c5:3b
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Izenpe.com"
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+# Label: "Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2 O=Starfield Technologies, Inc.
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+# Label: "Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Networking"
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium"
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+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium ECC"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum Trusted Network CA"
+# Serial: 279744
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication RootCA2
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+# Label: "Security Communication RootCA2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Actalis Authentication Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 3 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ca:fb:40:a8:4e:39:92:8a:1d:fe:8e:2f:c4:27:ea:ef
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009"
+# Serial: 623603
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cd:e0:25:69:8d:47:ac:9c:89:35:90:f7:fd:51:3d:2f
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009"
+# Serial: 623604
+# MD5 Fingerprint: aa:c6:43:2c:5e:2d:cd:c4:34:c0:50:4f:11:02:4f:b6
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 96:c9:1b:0b:95:b4:10:98:42:fa:d0:d8:22:79:fe:60:fa:b9:16:83
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R2"
+# Serial: 10572350602393338211
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 26:01:fb:d8:27:a7:17:9a:45:54:38:1a:43:01:3b:03
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b5:61:eb:ea:a4:de:e4:25:4b:69:1a:98:a5:57:47:c2:34:c7:d9:71
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=ACCVRAIZ1 O=ACCV OU=PKIACCV
+# Subject: CN=ACCVRAIZ1 O=ACCV OU=PKIACCV
+# Label: "ACCVRAIZ1"
+# Serial: 6828503384748696800
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 3262
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f9:03:7e:cf:e6:9e:3c:73:7a:2a:90:07:69:ff:2b:96
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Subject: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Label: "TeliaSonera Root CA v1"
+# Serial: 199041966741090107964904287217786801558
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 37:41:49:1b:18:56:9a:26:f5:ad:c2:66:fb:40:a5:4c
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 43:13:bb:96:f1:d5:86:9b:c1:4e:6a:92:f6:cf:f6:34:69:87:82:37
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:9b:9e:e4:7b:6c:1f:00:72:1a:cc:c1:77:79:df:6a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 59:0d:2d:7d:88:4f:40:2e:61:7e:a5:62:32:17:65:cf:17:d8:94:e9
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 91:e2:f5:78:8d:58:10:eb:a7:ba:58:73:7d:e1:54:8a:8e:ca:cd:01:45:98:bc:0b:14:3e:04:1b:17:05:25:52
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot 2011"
+# Serial: 6643877497813316402
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3"
+# Serial: 687049649626669250736271037606554624078720034195
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3"
+# Serial: 390156079458959257446133169266079962026824725800
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3"
+# Serial: 268090761170461462463995952157327242137089239581
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G2"
+# Serial: 15385348160840213938643033620894905419
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 92:38:b9:f8:63:24:82:65:2c:57:33:e6:fe:81:8f:9d
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G3"
+# Serial: 15459312981008553731928384953135426796
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7c:7f:65:31:0c:81:df:8d:ba:3e:99:e2:5c:ad:6e:fb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G2"
+# Serial: 4293743540046975378534879503202253541
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e4:a6:8a:c8:54:ac:52:42:46:0a:fd:72:48:1b:2a:44
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G3"
+# Serial: 7089244469030293291760083333884364146
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f5:5d:a4:50:a5:fb:28:7e:1e:0f:0d:cc:96:57:56:ca
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Trusted Root G4"
+# Serial: 7451500558977370777930084869016614236
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 78:f2:fc:aa:60:1f:2f:b4:eb:c9:37:ba:53:2e:75:49
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 101909084537582093308941363524873193117
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:31:b0:71:40:36:cc:14:36:91:ad:c4:3e:fd:ec:18
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: af:e5:d2:44:a8:d1:19:42:30:ff:47:9f:e2:f8:97:bb:cd:7a:8c:b4
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 2645093764781058787591871645665788717
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:fe:69:d1:91:b7:19:33:a3:72:a8:0f:e1:55:e5:b5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 2b:8f:1b:57:33:0d:bb:a2:d0:7a:6c:51:f7:0e:e9:0d:da:b9:ad:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust ECC Certification Authority"
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+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
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+# Label: "IdenTrust Commercial Root CA 1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Subject: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
+# Label: "IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 13298821034946342390521976156843933698
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 1246989352
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1"
+# Serial: 51543124481930649114116133369
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Label: "CFCA EV ROOT"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "OISTE WISeKey Global Root GB CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=SZAFIR ROOT CA2 O=Krajowa Izba Rozliczeniowa S.A.
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+# Label: "SZAFIR ROOT CA2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA 2 O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA 2 O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum Trusted Network CA 2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions RootCA 2015 O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions Cert. Authority
+# Label: "Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions RootCA 2015"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 1 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 1 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 143266978916655856878034712317230054538369994
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 2 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 2 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 3 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 3 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 3"
+# Serial: 143266986699090766294700635381230934788665930
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a0:d4:ef:0b:f7:b5:d8:49:95:2a:ec:f5:c4:fc:81:87
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 0d:44:dd:8c:3c:8c:1a:1a:58:75:64:81:e9:0f:2e:2a:ff:b3:d2:6e
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 18:ce:6c:fe:7b:f1:4e:60:b2:e3:47:b8:df:e8:68:cb:31:d0:2e:bb:3a:da:27:15:69:f5:03:43:b4:6d:b3:a4
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 4 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 4 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 4"
+# Serial: 143266989758080763974105200630763877849284878
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 89:bc:27:d5:eb:17:8d:06:6a:69:d5:fd:89:47:b4:cd
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f6:10:84:07:d6:f8:bb:67:98:0c:c2:e2:44:c2:eb:ae:1c:ef:63:be
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: e3:5d:28:41:9e:d0:20:25:cf:a6:90:38:cd:62:39:62:45:8d:a5:c6:95:fb:de:a3:c2:2b:0b:fb:25:89:70:92
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TUBITAK Kamu SM SSL Kok Sertifikasi - Surum 1 O=Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu - TUBITAK OU=Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi - Kamu SM
+# Subject: CN=TUBITAK Kamu SM SSL Kok Sertifikasi - Surum 1 O=Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu - TUBITAK OU=Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi - Kamu SM
+# Label: "TUBITAK Kamu SM SSL Kok Sertifikasi - Surum 1"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: dc:00:81:dc:69:2f:3e:2f:b0:3b:f6:3d:5a:91:8e:49
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 31:43:64:9b:ec:ce:27:ec:ed:3a:3f:0b:8f:0d:e4:e8:91:dd:ee:ca
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 46:ed:c3:68:90:46:d5:3a:45:3f:b3:10:4a:b8:0d:ca:ec:65:8b:26:60:ea:16:29:dd:7e:86:79:90:64:87:16
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GDCA TrustAUTH R5 ROOT O=GUANG DONG CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY CO.,LTD.
+# Subject: CN=GDCA TrustAUTH R5 ROOT O=GUANG DONG CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY CO.,LTD.
+# Label: "GDCA TrustAUTH R5 ROOT"
+# Serial: 9009899650740120186
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 63:cc:d9:3d:34:35:5c:6f:53:a3:e2:08:70:48:1f:b4
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 0f:36:38:5b:81:1a:25:c3:9b:31:4e:83:ca:e9:34:66:70:cc:74:b4
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: bf:ff:8f:d0:44:33:48:7d:6a:8a:a6:0c:1a:29:76:7a:9f:c2:bb:b0:5e:42:0f:71:3a:13:b9:92:89:1d:38:93
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority RSA O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority RSA O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com Root Certification Authority RSA"
+# Serial: 8875640296558310041
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 86:69:12:c0:70:f1:ec:ac:ac:c2:d5:bc:a5:5b:a1:29
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b7:ab:33:08:d1:ea:44:77:ba:14:80:12:5a:6f:bd:a9:36:49:0c:bb
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 85:66:6a:56:2e:e0:be:5c:e9:25:c1:d8:89:0a:6f:76:a8:7e:c1:6d:4d:7d:5f:29:ea:74:19:cf:20:12:3b:69
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com Root Certification Authority ECC"
+# Serial: 8495723813297216424
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2e:da:e4:39:7f:9c:8f:37:d1:70:9f:26:17:51:3a:8e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: c3:19:7c:39:24:e6:54:af:1b:c4:ab:20:95:7a:e2:c3:0e:13:02:6a
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 34:17:bb:06:cc:60:07:da:1b:96:1c:92:0b:8a:b4:ce:3f:ad:82:0e:4a:a3:0b:9a:cb:c4:a7:4e:bd:ce:bc:65
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority RSA R2 O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority RSA R2 O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority RSA R2"
+# Serial: 6248227494352943350
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e1:1e:31:58:1a:ae:54:53:02:f6:17:6a:11:7b:4d:95
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:3a:f0:52:9b:d0:32:a0:f4:4a:83:cd:d4:ba:a9:7b:7c:2e:c4:9a
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 2e:7b:f1:6c:c2:24:85:a7:bb:e2:aa:86:96:75:07:61:b0:ae:39:be:3b:2f:e9:d0:cc:6d:4e:f7:34:91:42:5c
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC"
+# Serial: 3182246526754555285
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 59:53:22:65:83:42:01:54:c0:ce:42:b9:5a:7c:f2:90
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 4c:dd:51:a3:d1:f5:20:32:14:b0:c6:c5:32:23:03:91:c7:46:42:6d
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R6
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R6
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R6"
+# Serial: 1417766617973444989252670301619537
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 4f:dd:07:e4:d4:22:64:39:1e:0c:37:42:ea:d1:c6:ae
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 80:94:64:0e:b5:a7:a1:ca:11:9c:1f:dd:d5:9f:81:02:63:a7:fb:d1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GC CA O=WISeKey OU=OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Subject: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GC CA O=WISeKey OU=OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Label: "OISTE WISeKey Global Root GC CA"
+# Serial: 44084345621038548146064804565436152554
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a9:d6:b9:2d:2f:93:64:f8:a5:69:ca:91:e9:68:07:23
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: e0:11:84:5e:34:de:be:88:81:b9:9c:f6:16:26:d1:96:1f:c3:b9:31
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=UCA Global G2 Root O=UniTrust
+# Subject: CN=UCA Global G2 Root O=UniTrust
+# Label: "UCA Global G2 Root"
+# Serial: 124779693093741543919145257850076631279
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 80:fe:f0:c4:4a:f0:5c:62:32:9f:1c:ba:78:a9:50:f8
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=UCA Extended Validation Root O=UniTrust
+# Subject: CN=UCA Extended Validation Root O=UniTrust
+# Label: "UCA Extended Validation Root"
+# Serial: 106100277556486529736699587978573607008
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certigna Root CA O=Dhimyotis OU=0002 48146308100036
+# Subject: CN=Certigna Root CA O=Dhimyotis OU=0002 48146308100036
+# Label: "Certigna Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=emSign Root CA - G1 O=eMudhra Technologies Limited OU=emSign PKI
+# Subject: CN=emSign Root CA - G1 O=eMudhra Technologies Limited OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign Root CA - G1"
+# Serial: 235931866688319308814040
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - G3 O=eMudhra Technologies Limited OU=emSign PKI
+# Subject: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - G3 O=eMudhra Technologies Limited OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign ECC Root CA - G3"
+# Serial: 287880440101571086945156
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=emSign Root CA - C1 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Subject: CN=emSign Root CA - C1 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign Root CA - C1"
+# Serial: 825510296613316004955058
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - C3 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Subject: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - C3 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign ECC Root CA - C3"
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+# Issuer: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 3 O=Hongkong Post
+# Subject: CN=Hongkong Post Root CA 3 O=Hongkong Post
+# Label: "Hongkong Post Root CA 3"
+# Serial: 46170865288971385588281144162979347873371282084
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsoft ECC Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Microsoft ECC Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Label: "Microsoft ECC Root Certificate Authority 2017"
+# Serial: 136839042543790627607696632466672567020
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsoft RSA Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Microsoft RSA Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Label: "Microsoft RSA Root Certificate Authority 2017"
+# Serial: 40975477897264996090493496164228220339
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 10:ff:00:ff:cf:c9:f8:c7:7a:c0:ee:35:8e:c9:0f:47
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=e-Szigno Root CA 2017 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=e-Szigno Root CA 2017 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Label: "e-Szigno Root CA 2017"
+# Serial: 411379200276854331539784714
+# MD5 Fingerprint: de:1f:f6:9e:84:ae:a7:b4:21:ce:1e:58:7d:d1:84:98
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 89:d4:83:03:4f:9e:9a:48:80:5f:72:37:d4:a9:a6:ef:cb:7c:1f:d1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: O=CERTSIGN SA OU=certSIGN ROOT CA G2
+# Subject: O=CERTSIGN SA OU=certSIGN ROOT CA G2
+# Label: "certSIGN Root CA G2"
+# Serial: 313609486401300475190
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 8c:f1:75:8a:c6:19:cf:94:b7:f7:65:20:87:c3:97:c7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Trustwave Global Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Trustwave Global Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Label: "Trustwave Global Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1846098327275375458322922162
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f8:1c:18:2d:2f:ba:5f:6d:a1:6c:bc:c7:ab:91:c7:0e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 2f:8f:36:4f:e1:58:97:44:21:59:87:a5:2a:9a:d0:69:95:26:7f:b5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P256 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P256 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Label: "Trustwave Global ECC P256 Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 4151900041497450638097112925
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5b:44:e3:8d:5d:36:86:26:e8:0d:05:d2:59:a7:83:54
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b4:90:82:dd:45:0c:be:8b:5b:b1:66:d3:e2:a4:08:26:cd:ed:42:cf
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P384 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P384 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Label: "Trustwave Global ECC P384 Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 2704997926503831671788816187
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=NAVER Global Root Certification Authority O=NAVER BUSINESS PLATFORM Corp.
+# Subject: CN=NAVER Global Root Certification Authority O=NAVER BUSINESS PLATFORM Corp.
+# Label: "NAVER Global Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 9013692873798656336226253319739695165984492813
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM SERVIDORES SEGUROS O=FNMT-RCM OU=Ceres
+# Subject: CN=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM SERVIDORES SEGUROS O=FNMT-RCM OU=Ceres
+# Label: "AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM SERVIDORES SEGUROS"
+# Serial: 131542671362353147877283741781055151509
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root R46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root R46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root R46"
+# Serial: 1552617688466950547958867513931858518042577
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root E46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root E46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root E46"
+# Serial: 1552617690338932563915843282459653771421763
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GLOBALTRUST 2020 O=e-commerce monitoring GmbH
+# Subject: CN=GLOBALTRUST 2020 O=e-commerce monitoring GmbH
+# Label: "GLOBALTRUST 2020"
+# Serial: 109160994242082918454945253
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=ANF Secure Server Root CA O=ANF Autoridad de Certificacion OU=ANF CA Raiz
+# Subject: CN=ANF Secure Server Root CA O=ANF Autoridad de Certificacion OU=ANF CA Raiz
+# Label: "ANF Secure Server Root CA"
+# Serial: 996390341000653745
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum EC-384 CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=Certum EC-384 CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum EC-384 CA"
+# Serial: 160250656287871593594747141429395092468
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum Trusted Root CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=Certum Trusted Root CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum Trusted Root CA"
+# Serial: 40870380103424195783807378461123655149
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 51:e1:c2:e7:fe:4c:84:af:59:0e:2f:f4:54:6f:ea:29
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TunTrust Root CA O=Agence Nationale de Certification Electronique
+# Subject: CN=TunTrust Root CA O=Agence Nationale de Certification Electronique
+# Label: "TunTrust Root CA"
+# Serial: 108534058042236574382096126452369648152337120275
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 85:13:b9:90:5b:36:5c:b6:5e:b8:5a:f8:e0:31:57:b4
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=HARICA TLS RSA Root CA 2021 O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions CA
+# Subject: CN=HARICA TLS RSA Root CA 2021 O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions CA
+# Label: "HARICA TLS RSA Root CA 2021"
+# Serial: 76817823531813593706434026085292783742
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
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+# Subject: CN=vTrus ECC Root CA O=iTrusChina Co.,Ltd.
+# Label: "vTrus ECC Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=vTrus Root CA O=iTrusChina Co.,Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=vTrus Root CA O=iTrusChina Co.,Ltd.
+# Label: "vTrus Root CA"
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+# Issuer: CN=ISRG Root X2 O=Internet Security Research Group
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+# Label: "ISRG Root X2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=HiPKI Root CA - G1 O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd.
+# Label: "HiPKI Root CA - G1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4"
+# Serial: 159662223612894884239637590694
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 26:29:f8:6d:e1:88:bf:a2:65:7f:aa:c4:cd:0f:7f:fc
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 6b:a0:b0:98:e1:71:ef:5a:ad:fe:48:15:80:77:10:f4:bd:6f:0b:28
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R1 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R1 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R1"
+# Serial: 159662320309726417404178440727
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 05:fe:d0:bf:71:a8:a3:76:63:da:01:e0:d8:52:dc:40
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R2 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R2 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R2"
+# Serial: 159662449406622349769042896298
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1e:39:c0:53:e6:1e:29:82:0b:ca:52:55:36:5d:57:dc
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 9a:44:49:76:32:db:de:fa:d0:bc:fb:5a:7b:17:bd:9e:56:09:24:94
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R3 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R3 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R3"
+# Serial: 159662495401136852707857743206
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 3e:e7:9d:58:02:94:46:51:94:e5:e0:22:4a:8b:e7:73
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R4 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R4 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R4"
+# Serial: 159662532700760215368942768210
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Telia Root CA v2 O=Telia Finland Oyj
+# Subject: CN=Telia Root CA v2 O=Telia Finland Oyj
+# Label: "Telia Root CA v2"
+# Serial: 7288924052977061235122729490515358
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 0e:8f:ac:aa:82:df:85:b1:f4:dc:10:1c:fc:99:d9:48
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST BR Root CA 1 2020"
+# Serial: 165870826978392376648679885835942448534
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST EV Root CA 1 2020"
+# Serial: 126288379621884218666039612629459926992
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert TLS ECC P384 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert TLS ECC P384 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Label: "DigiCert TLS ECC P384 Root G5"
+# Serial: 13129116028163249804115411775095713523
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Label: "DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5"
+# Serial: 11930366277458970227240571539258396554
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certainly Root R1 O=Certainly
+# Subject: CN=Certainly Root R1 O=Certainly
+# Label: "Certainly Root R1"
+# Serial: 188833316161142517227353805653483829216
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certainly Root E1 O=Certainly
+# Subject: CN=Certainly Root E1 O=Certainly
+# Label: "Certainly Root E1"
+# Serial: 8168531406727139161245376702891150584
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Security Communication ECC RootCA1 O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD.
+# Subject: CN=Security Communication ECC RootCA1 O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD.
+# Label: "Security Communication ECC RootCA1"
+# Serial: 15446673492073852651
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=BJCA Global Root CA1 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Subject: CN=BJCA Global Root CA1 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Label: "BJCA Global Root CA1"
+# Serial: 113562791157148395269083148143378328608
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=BJCA Global Root CA2 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Subject: CN=BJCA Global Root CA2 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Label: "BJCA Global Root CA2"
+# Serial: 58605626836079930195615843123109055211
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Subject: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Label: "Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46"
+# Serial: 88989738453351742415770396670917916916
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root R46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Subject: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root R46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Label: "Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root R46"
+# Serial: 156256931880233212765902055439220583700
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 32:10:09:52:00:d5:7e:6c:43:df:15:c0:b1:16:93:e5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com TLS RSA Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com TLS RSA Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com TLS RSA Root CA 2022"
+# Serial: 148535279242832292258835760425842727825
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d8:4e:c6:59:30:d8:fe:a0:d6:7a:5a:2c:2c:69:78:da
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ec:2c:83:40:72:af:26:95:10:ff:0e:f2:03:ee:31:70:f6:78:9d:ca
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com TLS ECC Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com TLS ECC Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com TLS ECC Root CA 2022"
+# Serial: 26605119622390491762507526719404364228
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 99:d7:5c:f1:51:36:cc:e9:ce:d9:19:2e:77:71:56:c5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 9f:5f:d9:1a:54:6d:f5:0c:71:f0:ee:7a:bd:17:49:98:84:73:e2:39
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: c3:2f:fd:9f:46:f9:36:d1:6c:36:73:99:09:59:43:4b:9a:d6:0a:af:bb:9e:7c:f3:36:54:f1:44:cc:1b:a1:43
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA ECC TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA ECC TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot Root CA ECC TLS 2021"
+# Serial: 81873346711060652204712539181482831616
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA RSA TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA RSA TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot Root CA RSA TLS 2021"
+# Serial: 111436099570196163832749341232207667876
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TrustAsia Global Root CA G3 O=TrustAsia Technologies, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=TrustAsia Global Root CA G3 O=TrustAsia Technologies, Inc.
+# Label: "TrustAsia Global Root CA G3"
+# Serial: 576386314500428537169965010905813481816650257167
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TrustAsia Global Root CA G4 O=TrustAsia Technologies, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=TrustAsia Global Root CA G4 O=TrustAsia Technologies, Inc.
+# Label: "TrustAsia Global Root CA G4"
+# Serial: 451799571007117016466790293371524403291602933463
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-01 O=CommScope
+# Subject: CN=CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-01 O=CommScope
+# Label: "CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-01"
+# Serial: 385011430473757362783587124273108818652468453534
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-02 O=CommScope
+# Subject: CN=CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-02 O=CommScope
+# Label: "CommScope Public Trust ECC Root-02"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-01 O=CommScope
+# Subject: CN=CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-01 O=CommScope
+# Label: "CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-01"
+# Serial: 354030733275608256394402989253558293562031411421
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-02 O=CommScope
+# Subject: CN=CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-02 O=CommScope
+# Label: "CommScope Public Trust RSA Root-02"
+# Serial: 480062499834624527752716769107743131258796508494
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e1:29:f9:62:7b:76:e2:96:6d:f3:d4:d7:0f:ae:1f:aa
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ea:b0:e2:52:1b:89:93:4c:11:68:f2:d8:9a:ac:22:4c:a3:8a:57:ae
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Telekom Security TLS ECC Root 2020 O=Deutsche Telekom Security GmbH
+# Subject: CN=Telekom Security TLS ECC Root 2020 O=Deutsche Telekom Security GmbH
+# Label: "Telekom Security TLS ECC Root 2020"
+# Serial: 72082518505882327255703894282316633856
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c1:ab:fe:6a:10:2c:03:8d:bc:1c:22:32:c0:85:a7:fd
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Telekom Security TLS RSA Root 2023 O=Deutsche Telekom Security GmbH
+# Subject: CN=Telekom Security TLS RSA Root 2023 O=Deutsche Telekom Security GmbH
+# Label: "Telekom Security TLS RSA Root 2023"
+# Serial: 44676229530606711399881795178081572759
+# MD5 Fingerprint: bf:5b:eb:54:40:cd:48:71:c4:20:8d:7d:de:0a:42:f2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=FIRMAPROFESIONAL CA ROOT-A WEB O=Firmaprofesional SA
+# Subject: CN=FIRMAPROFESIONAL CA ROOT-A WEB O=Firmaprofesional SA
+# Label: "FIRMAPROFESIONAL CA ROOT-A WEB"
+# Serial: 65916896770016886708751106294915943533
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 82:b2:ad:45:00:82:b0:66:63:f8:5f:c3:67:4e:ce:a3
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a8:31:11:74:a6:14:15:0d:ca:77:dd:0e:e4:0c:5d:58:fc:a0:72:a5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TWCA CYBER Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA CYBER Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA CYBER Root CA"
+# Serial: 85076849864375384482682434040119489222
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 0b:33:a0:97:52:95:d4:a9:fd:bb:db:6e:a3:55:5b:51
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureSign Root CA12 O=Cybertrust Japan Co., Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=SecureSign Root CA12 O=Cybertrust Japan Co., Ltd.
+# Label: "SecureSign Root CA12"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureSign Root CA14 O=Cybertrust Japan Co., Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=SecureSign Root CA14 O=Cybertrust Japan Co., Ltd.
+# Label: "SecureSign Root CA14"
+# Serial: 575790784512929437950770173562378038616896959179
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureSign Root CA15 O=Cybertrust Japan Co., Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=SecureSign Root CA15 O=Cybertrust Japan Co., Ltd.
+# Label: "SecureSign Root CA15"
+# Serial: 126083514594751269499665114766174399806381178503
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 13:30:fc:c4:62:a6:a9:de:b5:c1:68:af:b5:d2:31:47
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 2 2023 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 2 2023 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST BR Root CA 2 2023"
+# Serial: 153168538924886464690566649552453098598
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e1:09:ed:d3:60:d4:56:1b:47:1f:b7:0c:5f:1b:5f:85
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 2 2023 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 2 2023 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST EV Root CA 2 2023"
+# Serial: 139766439402180512324132425437959641711
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 96:b4:78:09:f0:09:cb:77:eb:bb:1b:4d:6f:36:bc:b6
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a5:5b:d8:47:6c:8f:19:f7:4c:f4:6d:6b:b6:c2:79:82:22:df:54:8b
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91f538bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+"""
+certifi.py
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module returns the installation location of cacert.pem or its contents.
+"""
+import sys
+import atexit
+
+def exit_cacert_ctx() -> None:
+    _CACERT_CTX.__exit__(None, None, None)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+
+    from importlib.resources import as_file, files
+
+    _CACERT_CTX = None
+    _CACERT_PATH = None
+
+    def where() -> str:
+        # This is slightly terrible, but we want to delay extracting the file
+        # in cases where we're inside of a zipimport situation until someone
+        # actually calls where(), but we don't want to re-extract the file
+        # on every call of where(), so we'll do it once then store it in a
+        # global variable.
+        global _CACERT_CTX
+        global _CACERT_PATH
+        if _CACERT_PATH is None:
+            # This is slightly janky, the importlib.resources API wants you to
+            # manage the cleanup of this file, so it doesn't actually return a
+            # path, it returns a context manager that will give you the path
+            # when you enter it and will do any cleanup when you leave it. In
+            # the common case of not needing a temporary file, it will just
+            # return the file system location and the __exit__() is a no-op.
+            #
+            # We also have to hold onto the actual context manager, because
+            # it will do the cleanup whenever it gets garbage collected, so
+            # we will also store that at the global level as well.
+            _CACERT_CTX = as_file(files("certifi").joinpath("cacert.pem"))
+            _CACERT_PATH = str(_CACERT_CTX.__enter__())
+            atexit.register(exit_cacert_ctx)
+
+        return _CACERT_PATH
+
+    def contents() -> str:
+        return files("certifi").joinpath("cacert.pem").read_text(encoding="ascii")
+
+elif sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
+
+    from importlib.resources import path as get_path, read_text
+
+    _CACERT_CTX = None
+    _CACERT_PATH = None
+
+    def where() -> str:
+        # This is slightly terrible, but we want to delay extracting the
+        # file in cases where we're inside of a zipimport situation until
+        # someone actually calls where(), but we don't want to re-extract
+        # the file on every call of where(), so we'll do it once then store
+        # it in a global variable.
+        global _CACERT_CTX
+        global _CACERT_PATH
+        if _CACERT_PATH is None:
+            # This is slightly janky, the importlib.resources API wants you
+            # to manage the cleanup of this file, so it doesn't actually
+            # return a path, it returns a context manager that will give
+            # you the path when you enter it and will do any cleanup when
+            # you leave it. In the common case of not needing a temporary
+            # file, it will just return the file system location and the
+            # __exit__() is a no-op.
+            #
+            # We also have to hold onto the actual context manager, because
+            # it will do the cleanup whenever it gets garbage collected, so
+            # we will also store that at the global level as well.
+            _CACERT_CTX = get_path("certifi", "cacert.pem")
+            _CACERT_PATH = str(_CACERT_CTX.__enter__())
+            atexit.register(exit_cacert_ctx)
+
+        return _CACERT_PATH
+
+    def contents() -> str:
+        return read_text("certifi", "cacert.pem", encoding="ascii")
+
+else:
+    import os
+    import types
+    from typing import Union
+
+    Package = Union[types.ModuleType, str]
+    Resource = Union[str, "os.PathLike"]
+
+    # This fallback will work for Python versions prior to 3.7 that lack the
+    # importlib.resources module but relies on the existing `where` function
+    # so won't address issues with environments like PyOxidizer that don't set
+    # __file__ on modules.
+    def read_text(
+        package: Package,
+        resource: Resource,
+        encoding: str = 'utf-8',
+        errors: str = 'strict'
+    ) -> str:
+        with open(where(), encoding=encoding) as data:
+            return data.read()
+
+    # If we don't have importlib.resources, then we will just do the old logic
+    # of assuming we're on the filesystem and munge the path directly.
+    def where() -> str:
+        f = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+
+        return os.path.join(f, "cacert.pem")
+
+    def contents() -> str:
+        return read_text("certifi", "cacert.pem", encoding="ascii")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/certifi/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..573d88b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: charset-normalizer
+Version: 3.4.2
+Summary: The Real First Universal Charset Detector. Open, modern and actively maintained alternative to Chardet.
+Author-email: "Ahmed R. TAHRI" <tahri.ahmed@proton.me>
+Maintainer-email: "Ahmed R. TAHRI" <tahri.ahmed@proton.me>
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/jawah/charset_normalizer/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://charset-normalizer.readthedocs.io/
+Project-URL: Code, https://github.com/jawah/charset_normalizer
+Project-URL: Issue tracker, https://github.com/jawah/charset_normalizer/issues
+Keywords: encoding,charset,charset-detector,detector,normalization,unicode,chardet,detect
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Text Processing :: Linguistic
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Requires-Python: >=3.7
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-File: LICENSE
+Provides-Extra: unicode-backport
+Dynamic: license-file
+
+<h1 align="center">Charset Detection, for Everyone 👋</h1>
+
+<p align="center">
+  <sup>The Real First Universal Charset Detector</sup><br>
+  <a href="https://pypi.org/project/charset-normalizer">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/charset_normalizer.svg?orange=blue" />
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://pepy.tech/project/charset-normalizer/">
+    <img alt="Download Count Total" src="https://static.pepy.tech/badge/charset-normalizer/month" />
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/7297">
+    <img src="https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/7297/badge">
+  </a>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+  <sup><i>Featured Packages</i></sup><br>
+  <a href="https://github.com/jawah/niquests">
+   <img alt="Static Badge" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Niquests-Best_HTTP_Client-cyan">
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/jawah/wassima">
+   <img alt="Static Badge" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Wassima-Certifi_Killer-cyan">
+  </a>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+  <sup><i>In other language (unofficial port - by the community)</i></sup><br>
+  <a href="https://github.com/nickspring/charset-normalizer-rs">
+   <img alt="Static Badge" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/Rust-red">
+  </a>
+</p>
+
+> A library that helps you read text from an unknown charset encoding.<br /> Motivated by `chardet`,
+> I'm trying to resolve the issue by taking a new approach.
+> All IANA character set names for which the Python core library provides codecs are supported.
+
+<p align="center">
+  >>>>> <a href="https://charsetnormalizerweb.ousret.now.sh" target="_blank">👉 Try Me Online Now, Then Adopt Me 👈 </a> <<<<<
+</p>
+
+This project offers you an alternative to **Universal Charset Encoding Detector**, also known as **Chardet**.
+
+| Feature                                          | [Chardet](https://github.com/chardet/chardet) |                                         Charset Normalizer                                         | [cChardet](https://github.com/PyYoshi/cChardet) |
+|--------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------:|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:|:-----------------------------------------------:|
+| `Fast`                                           |                       ❌                       |                                                 ✅                                                  |                        ✅                        |
+| `Universal**`                                    |                       ❌                       |                                                 ✅                                                  |                        ❌                        |
+| `Reliable` **without** distinguishable standards |                       ❌                       |                                                 ✅                                                  |                        ✅                        |
+| `Reliable` **with** distinguishable standards    |                       ✅                       |                                                 ✅                                                  |                        ✅                        |
+| `License`                                        |           LGPL-2.1<br>_restrictive_           |                                                MIT                                                 |            MPL-1.1<br>_restrictive_             |
+| `Native Python`                                  |                       ✅                       |                                                 ✅                                                  |                        ❌                        |
+| `Detect spoken language`                         |                       ❌                       |                                                 ✅                                                  |                       N/A                       |
+| `UnicodeDecodeError Safety`                      |                       ❌                       |                                                 ✅                                                  |                        ❌                        |
+| `Whl Size (min)`                                 |                   193.6 kB                    |                                               42 kB                                                |                     ~200 kB                     |
+| `Supported Encoding`                             |                      33                       | 🎉 [99](https://charset-normalizer.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user/support.html#supported-encodings) |                       40                        |
+
+<p align="center">
+<img src="https://i.imgflip.com/373iay.gif" alt="Reading Normalized Text" width="226"/><img src="https://media.tenor.com/images/c0180f70732a18b4965448d33adba3d0/tenor.gif" alt="Cat Reading Text" width="200"/>
+</p>
+
+*\*\* : They are clearly using specific code for a specific encoding even if covering most of used one*<br>
+
+## ⚡ Performance
+
+This package offer better performance than its counterpart Chardet. Here are some numbers.
+
+| Package                                       | Accuracy | Mean per file (ms) | File per sec (est) |
+|-----------------------------------------------|:--------:|:------------------:|:------------------:|
+| [chardet](https://github.com/chardet/chardet) |   86 %   |       63 ms        |    16 file/sec     |
+| charset-normalizer                            | **98 %** |     **10 ms**      |    100 file/sec    |
+
+| Package                                       | 99th percentile | 95th percentile | 50th percentile |
+|-----------------------------------------------|:---------------:|:---------------:|:---------------:|
+| [chardet](https://github.com/chardet/chardet) |     265 ms      |      71 ms      |      7 ms       |
+| charset-normalizer                            |     100 ms      |      50 ms      |      5 ms       |
+
+_updated as of december 2024 using CPython 3.12_
+
+Chardet's performance on larger file (1MB+) are very poor. Expect huge difference on large payload.
+
+> Stats are generated using 400+ files using default parameters. More details on used files, see GHA workflows.
+> And yes, these results might change at any time. The dataset can be updated to include more files.
+> The actual delays heavily depends on your CPU capabilities. The factors should remain the same.
+> Keep in mind that the stats are generous and that Chardet accuracy vs our is measured using Chardet initial capability
+> (e.g. Supported Encoding) Challenge-them if you want.
+
+## ✨ Installation
+
+Using pip:
+
+```sh
+pip install charset-normalizer -U
+```
+
+## 🚀 Basic Usage
+
+### CLI
+This package comes with a CLI.
+
+```
+usage: normalizer [-h] [-v] [-a] [-n] [-m] [-r] [-f] [-t THRESHOLD]
+                  file [file ...]
+
+The Real First Universal Charset Detector. Discover originating encoding used
+on text file. Normalize text to unicode.
+
+positional arguments:
+  files                 File(s) to be analysed
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+  -v, --verbose         Display complementary information about file if any.
+                        Stdout will contain logs about the detection process.
+  -a, --with-alternative
+                        Output complementary possibilities if any. Top-level
+                        JSON WILL be a list.
+  -n, --normalize       Permit to normalize input file. If not set, program
+                        does not write anything.
+  -m, --minimal         Only output the charset detected to STDOUT. Disabling
+                        JSON output.
+  -r, --replace         Replace file when trying to normalize it instead of
+                        creating a new one.
+  -f, --force           Replace file without asking if you are sure, use this
+                        flag with caution.
+  -t THRESHOLD, --threshold THRESHOLD
+                        Define a custom maximum amount of chaos allowed in
+                        decoded content. 0. <= chaos <= 1.
+  --version             Show version information and exit.
+```
+
+```bash
+normalizer ./data/sample.1.fr.srt
+```
+
+or
+
+```bash
+python -m charset_normalizer ./data/sample.1.fr.srt
+```
+
+🎉 Since version 1.4.0 the CLI produce easily usable stdout result in JSON format.
+
+```json
+{
+    "path": "/home/default/projects/charset_normalizer/data/sample.1.fr.srt",
+    "encoding": "cp1252",
+    "encoding_aliases": [
+        "1252",
+        "windows_1252"
+    ],
+    "alternative_encodings": [
+        "cp1254",
+        "cp1256",
+        "cp1258",
+        "iso8859_14",
+        "iso8859_15",
+        "iso8859_16",
+        "iso8859_3",
+        "iso8859_9",
+        "latin_1",
+        "mbcs"
+    ],
+    "language": "French",
+    "alphabets": [
+        "Basic Latin",
+        "Latin-1 Supplement"
+    ],
+    "has_sig_or_bom": false,
+    "chaos": 0.149,
+    "coherence": 97.152,
+    "unicode_path": null,
+    "is_preferred": true
+}
+```
+
+### Python
+*Just print out normalized text*
+```python
+from charset_normalizer import from_path
+
+results = from_path('./my_subtitle.srt')
+
+print(str(results.best()))
+```
+
+*Upgrade your code without effort*
+```python
+from charset_normalizer import detect
+```
+
+The above code will behave the same as **chardet**. We ensure that we offer the best (reasonable) BC result possible.
+
+See the docs for advanced usage : [readthedocs.io](https://charset-normalizer.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
+
+## 😇 Why
+
+When I started using Chardet, I noticed that it was not suited to my expectations, and I wanted to propose a
+reliable alternative using a completely different method. Also! I never back down on a good challenge!
+
+I **don't care** about the **originating charset** encoding, because **two different tables** can
+produce **two identical rendered string.**
+What I want is to get readable text, the best I can.
+
+In a way, **I'm brute forcing text decoding.** How cool is that ? 😎
+
+Don't confuse package **ftfy** with charset-normalizer or chardet. ftfy goal is to repair Unicode string whereas charset-normalizer to convert raw file in unknown encoding to unicode.
+
+## 🍰 How
+
+  - Discard all charset encoding table that could not fit the binary content.
+  - Measure noise, or the mess once opened (by chunks) with a corresponding charset encoding.
+  - Extract matches with the lowest mess detected.
+  - Additionally, we measure coherence / probe for a language.
+
+**Wait a minute**, what is noise/mess and coherence according to **YOU ?**
+
+*Noise :* I opened hundred of text files, **written by humans**, with the wrong encoding table. **I observed**, then
+**I established** some ground rules about **what is obvious** when **it seems like** a mess (aka. defining noise in rendered text).
+ I know that my interpretation of what is noise is probably incomplete, feel free to contribute in order to
+ improve or rewrite it.
+
+*Coherence :* For each language there is on earth, we have computed ranked letter appearance occurrences (the best we can). So I thought
+that intel is worth something here. So I use those records against decoded text to check if I can detect intelligent design.
+
+## ⚡ Known limitations
+
+  - Language detection is unreliable when text contains two or more languages sharing identical letters. (eg. HTML (english tags) + Turkish content (Sharing Latin characters))
+  - Every charset detector heavily depends on sufficient content. In common cases, do not bother run detection on very tiny content.
+
+## ⚠️ About Python EOLs
+
+**If you are running:**
+
+- Python >=2.7,<3.5: Unsupported
+- Python 3.5: charset-normalizer < 2.1
+- Python 3.6: charset-normalizer < 3.1
+- Python 3.7: charset-normalizer < 4.0
+
+Upgrade your Python interpreter as soon as possible.
+
+## 👤 Contributing
+
+Contributions, issues and feature requests are very much welcome.<br />
+Feel free to check [issues page](https://github.com/ousret/charset_normalizer/issues) if you want to contribute.
+
+## 📝 License
+
+Copyright © [Ahmed TAHRI @Ousret](https://github.com/Ousret).<br />
+This project is [MIT](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/blob/master/LICENSE) licensed.
+
+Characters frequencies used in this project © 2012 [Denny Vrandečić](http://simia.net/letters/)
+
+## 💼 For Enterprise
+
+Professional support for charset-normalizer is available as part of the [Tidelift
+Subscription][1]. Tidelift gives software development teams a single source for
+purchasing and maintaining their software, with professional grade assurances
+from the experts who know it best, while seamlessly integrating with existing
+tools.
+
+[1]: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-charset-normalizer?utm_source=pypi-charset-normalizer&utm_medium=readme
+
+[![OpenSSF Best Practices](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/7297/badge)](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/7297)
+
+# Changelog
+All notable changes to charset-normalizer will be documented in this file. This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/).
+
+## [3.4.2](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.4.1...3.4.2) (2025-05-02)
+
+### Fixed
+- Addressed the DeprecationWarning in our CLI regarding `argparse.FileType` by backporting the target class into the package. (#591)
+- Improved the overall reliability of the detector with CJK Ideographs. (#605) (#587)
+
+### Changed
+- Optional mypyc compilation upgraded to version 1.15 for Python >= 3.8
+
+## [3.4.1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.4.0...3.4.1) (2024-12-24)
+
+### Changed
+- Project metadata are now stored using `pyproject.toml` instead of `setup.cfg` using setuptools as the build backend.
+- Enforce annotation delayed loading for a simpler and consistent types in the project.
+- Optional mypyc compilation upgraded to version 1.14 for Python >= 3.8
+
+### Added
+- pre-commit configuration.
+- noxfile.
+
+### Removed
+- `build-requirements.txt` as per using `pyproject.toml` native build configuration.
+- `bin/integration.py` and `bin/serve.py` in favor of downstream integration test (see noxfile).
+- `setup.cfg` in favor of `pyproject.toml` metadata configuration.
+- Unused `utils.range_scan` function.
+
+### Fixed
+- Converting content to Unicode bytes may insert `utf_8` instead of preferred `utf-8`. (#572)
+- Deprecation warning "'count' is passed as positional argument" when converting to Unicode bytes on Python 3.13+
+
+## [3.4.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.3.2...3.4.0) (2024-10-08)
+
+### Added
+- Argument `--no-preemptive` in the CLI to prevent the detector to search for hints.
+- Support for Python 3.13 (#512)
+
+### Fixed
+- Relax the TypeError exception thrown when trying to compare a CharsetMatch with anything else than a CharsetMatch.
+- Improved the general reliability of the detector based on user feedbacks. (#520) (#509) (#498) (#407) (#537)
+- Declared charset in content (preemptive detection) not changed when converting to utf-8 bytes. (#381)
+
+## [3.3.2](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.3.1...3.3.2) (2023-10-31)
+
+### Fixed
+- Unintentional memory usage regression when using large payload that match several encoding (#376)
+- Regression on some detection case showcased in the documentation (#371)
+
+### Added
+- Noise (md) probe that identify malformed arabic representation due to the presence of letters in isolated form (credit to my wife)
+
+## [3.3.1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.3.0...3.3.1) (2023-10-22)
+
+### Changed
+- Optional mypyc compilation upgraded to version 1.6.1 for Python >= 3.8
+- Improved the general detection reliability based on reports from the community
+
+## [3.3.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.2.0...3.3.0) (2023-09-30)
+
+### Added
+- Allow to execute the CLI (e.g. normalizer) through `python -m charset_normalizer.cli` or `python -m charset_normalizer`
+- Support for 9 forgotten encoding that are supported by Python but unlisted in `encoding.aliases` as they have no alias (#323)
+
+### Removed
+- (internal) Redundant utils.is_ascii function and unused function is_private_use_only
+- (internal) charset_normalizer.assets is moved inside charset_normalizer.constant
+
+### Changed
+- (internal) Unicode code blocks in constants are updated using the latest v15.0.0 definition to improve detection
+- Optional mypyc compilation upgraded to version 1.5.1 for Python >= 3.8
+
+### Fixed
+- Unable to properly sort CharsetMatch when both chaos/noise and coherence were close due to an unreachable condition in \_\_lt\_\_ (#350)
+
+## [3.2.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.1.0...3.2.0) (2023-06-07)
+
+### Changed
+- Typehint for function `from_path` no longer enforce `PathLike` as its first argument
+- Minor improvement over the global detection reliability
+
+### Added
+- Introduce function `is_binary` that relies on main capabilities, and optimized to detect binaries
+- Propagate `enable_fallback` argument throughout `from_bytes`, `from_path`, and `from_fp` that allow a deeper control over the detection (default True)
+- Explicit support for Python 3.12
+
+### Fixed
+- Edge case detection failure where a file would contain 'very-long' camel cased word (Issue #289)
+
+## [3.1.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.0.1...3.1.0) (2023-03-06)
+
+### Added
+- Argument `should_rename_legacy` for legacy function `detect` and disregard any new arguments without errors (PR #262)
+
+### Removed
+- Support for Python 3.6 (PR #260)
+
+### Changed
+- Optional speedup provided by mypy/c 1.0.1
+
+## [3.0.1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.0.0...3.0.1) (2022-11-18)
+
+### Fixed
+- Multi-bytes cutter/chunk generator did not always cut correctly (PR #233)
+
+### Changed
+- Speedup provided by mypy/c 0.990 on Python >= 3.7
+
+## [3.0.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.1.1...3.0.0) (2022-10-20)
+
+### Added
+- Extend the capability of explain=True when cp_isolation contains at most two entries (min one), will log in details of the Mess-detector results
+- Support for alternative language frequency set in charset_normalizer.assets.FREQUENCIES
+- Add parameter `language_threshold` in `from_bytes`, `from_path` and `from_fp` to adjust the minimum expected coherence ratio
+- `normalizer --version` now specify if current version provide extra speedup (meaning mypyc compilation whl)
+
+### Changed
+- Build with static metadata using 'build' frontend
+- Make the language detection stricter
+- Optional: Module `md.py` can be compiled using Mypyc to provide an extra speedup up to 4x faster than v2.1
+
+### Fixed
+- CLI with opt --normalize fail when using full path for files
+- TooManyAccentuatedPlugin induce false positive on the mess detection when too few alpha character have been fed to it
+- Sphinx warnings when generating the documentation
+
+### Removed
+- Coherence detector no longer return 'Simple English' instead return 'English'
+- Coherence detector no longer return 'Classical Chinese' instead return 'Chinese'
+- Breaking: Method `first()` and `best()` from CharsetMatch
+- UTF-7 will no longer appear as "detected" without a recognized SIG/mark (is unreliable/conflict with ASCII)
+- Breaking: Class aliases CharsetDetector, CharsetDoctor, CharsetNormalizerMatch and CharsetNormalizerMatches
+- Breaking: Top-level function `normalize`
+- Breaking: Properties `chaos_secondary_pass`, `coherence_non_latin` and `w_counter` from CharsetMatch
+- Support for the backport `unicodedata2`
+
+## [3.0.0rc1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.0.0b2...3.0.0rc1) (2022-10-18)
+
+### Added
+- Extend the capability of explain=True when cp_isolation contains at most two entries (min one), will log in details of the Mess-detector results
+- Support for alternative language frequency set in charset_normalizer.assets.FREQUENCIES
+- Add parameter `language_threshold` in `from_bytes`, `from_path` and `from_fp` to adjust the minimum expected coherence ratio
+
+### Changed
+- Build with static metadata using 'build' frontend
+- Make the language detection stricter
+
+### Fixed
+- CLI with opt --normalize fail when using full path for files
+- TooManyAccentuatedPlugin induce false positive on the mess detection when too few alpha character have been fed to it
+
+### Removed
+- Coherence detector no longer return 'Simple English' instead return 'English'
+- Coherence detector no longer return 'Classical Chinese' instead return 'Chinese'
+
+## [3.0.0b2](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/3.0.0b1...3.0.0b2) (2022-08-21)
+
+### Added
+- `normalizer --version` now specify if current version provide extra speedup (meaning mypyc compilation whl)
+
+### Removed
+- Breaking: Method `first()` and `best()` from CharsetMatch
+- UTF-7 will no longer appear as "detected" without a recognized SIG/mark (is unreliable/conflict with ASCII)
+
+### Fixed
+- Sphinx warnings when generating the documentation
+
+## [3.0.0b1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.1.0...3.0.0b1) (2022-08-15)
+
+### Changed
+- Optional: Module `md.py` can be compiled using Mypyc to provide an extra speedup up to 4x faster than v2.1
+
+### Removed
+- Breaking: Class aliases CharsetDetector, CharsetDoctor, CharsetNormalizerMatch and CharsetNormalizerMatches
+- Breaking: Top-level function `normalize`
+- Breaking: Properties `chaos_secondary_pass`, `coherence_non_latin` and `w_counter` from CharsetMatch
+- Support for the backport `unicodedata2`
+
+## [2.1.1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.1.0...2.1.1) (2022-08-19)
+
+### Deprecated
+- Function `normalize` scheduled for removal in 3.0
+
+### Changed
+- Removed useless call to decode in fn is_unprintable (#206)
+
+### Fixed
+- Third-party library (i18n xgettext) crashing not recognizing utf_8 (PEP 263) with underscore from [@aleksandernovikov](https://github.com/aleksandernovikov) (#204)
+
+## [2.1.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.12...2.1.0) (2022-06-19)
+
+### Added
+- Output the Unicode table version when running the CLI with `--version` (PR #194)
+
+### Changed
+- Re-use decoded buffer for single byte character sets from [@nijel](https://github.com/nijel) (PR #175)
+- Fixing some performance bottlenecks from [@deedy5](https://github.com/deedy5) (PR #183)
+
+### Fixed
+- Workaround potential bug in cpython with Zero Width No-Break Space located in Arabic Presentation Forms-B, Unicode 1.1 not acknowledged as space (PR #175)
+- CLI default threshold aligned with the API threshold from [@oleksandr-kuzmenko](https://github.com/oleksandr-kuzmenko) (PR #181)
+
+### Removed
+- Support for Python 3.5 (PR #192)
+
+### Deprecated
+- Use of backport unicodedata from `unicodedata2` as Python is quickly catching up, scheduled for removal in 3.0 (PR #194)
+
+## [2.0.12](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.11...2.0.12) (2022-02-12)
+
+### Fixed
+- ASCII miss-detection on rare cases (PR #170)
+
+## [2.0.11](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.10...2.0.11) (2022-01-30)
+
+### Added
+- Explicit support for Python 3.11 (PR #164)
+
+### Changed
+- The logging behavior have been completely reviewed, now using only TRACE and DEBUG levels (PR #163 #165)
+
+## [2.0.10](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.9...2.0.10) (2022-01-04)
+
+### Fixed
+- Fallback match entries might lead to UnicodeDecodeError for large bytes sequence (PR #154)
+
+### Changed
+- Skipping the language-detection (CD) on ASCII (PR #155)
+
+## [2.0.9](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.8...2.0.9) (2021-12-03)
+
+### Changed
+- Moderating the logging impact (since 2.0.8) for specific environments (PR #147)
+
+### Fixed
+- Wrong logging level applied when setting kwarg `explain` to True (PR #146)
+
+## [2.0.8](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.7...2.0.8) (2021-11-24)
+### Changed
+- Improvement over Vietnamese detection (PR #126)
+- MD improvement on trailing data and long foreign (non-pure latin) data (PR #124)
+- Efficiency improvements in cd/alphabet_languages from [@adbar](https://github.com/adbar) (PR #122)
+- call sum() without an intermediary list following PEP 289 recommendations from [@adbar](https://github.com/adbar) (PR #129)
+- Code style as refactored by Sourcery-AI (PR #131)
+- Minor adjustment on the MD around european words (PR #133)
+- Remove and replace SRTs from assets / tests (PR #139)
+- Initialize the library logger with a `NullHandler` by default from [@nmaynes](https://github.com/nmaynes) (PR #135)
+- Setting kwarg `explain` to True will add provisionally (bounded to function lifespan) a specific stream handler (PR #135)
+
+### Fixed
+- Fix large (misleading) sequence giving UnicodeDecodeError (PR #137)
+- Avoid using too insignificant chunk (PR #137)
+
+### Added
+- Add and expose function `set_logging_handler` to configure a specific StreamHandler from [@nmaynes](https://github.com/nmaynes) (PR #135)
+- Add `CHANGELOG.md` entries, format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/) (PR #141)
+
+## [2.0.7](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.6...2.0.7) (2021-10-11)
+### Added
+- Add support for Kazakh (Cyrillic) language detection (PR #109)
+
+### Changed
+- Further, improve inferring the language from a given single-byte code page (PR #112)
+- Vainly trying to leverage PEP263 when PEP3120 is not supported (PR #116)
+- Refactoring for potential performance improvements in loops from [@adbar](https://github.com/adbar) (PR #113)
+- Various detection improvement (MD+CD) (PR #117)
+
+### Removed
+- Remove redundant logging entry about detected language(s) (PR #115)
+
+### Fixed
+- Fix a minor inconsistency between Python 3.5 and other versions regarding language detection (PR #117 #102)
+
+## [2.0.6](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.5...2.0.6) (2021-09-18)
+### Fixed
+- Unforeseen regression with the loss of the backward-compatibility with some older minor of Python 3.5.x (PR #100)
+- Fix CLI crash when using --minimal output in certain cases (PR #103)
+
+### Changed
+- Minor improvement to the detection efficiency (less than 1%) (PR #106 #101)
+
+## [2.0.5](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.4...2.0.5) (2021-09-14)
+### Changed
+- The project now comply with: flake8, mypy, isort and black to ensure a better overall quality (PR #81)
+- The BC-support with v1.x was improved, the old staticmethods are restored (PR #82)
+- The Unicode detection is slightly improved (PR #93)
+- Add syntax sugar \_\_bool\_\_ for results CharsetMatches list-container (PR #91)
+
+### Removed
+- The project no longer raise warning on tiny content given for detection, will be simply logged as warning instead (PR #92)
+
+### Fixed
+- In some rare case, the chunks extractor could cut in the middle of a multi-byte character and could mislead the mess detection (PR #95)
+- Some rare 'space' characters could trip up the UnprintablePlugin/Mess detection (PR #96)
+- The MANIFEST.in was not exhaustive (PR #78)
+
+## [2.0.4](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.3...2.0.4) (2021-07-30)
+### Fixed
+- The CLI no longer raise an unexpected exception when no encoding has been found (PR #70)
+- Fix accessing the 'alphabets' property when the payload contains surrogate characters (PR #68)
+- The logger could mislead (explain=True) on detected languages and the impact of one MBCS match (PR #72)
+- Submatch factoring could be wrong in rare edge cases (PR #72)
+- Multiple files given to the CLI were ignored when publishing results to STDOUT. (After the first path) (PR #72)
+- Fix line endings from CRLF to LF for certain project files (PR #67)
+
+### Changed
+- Adjust the MD to lower the sensitivity, thus improving the global detection reliability (PR #69 #76)
+- Allow fallback on specified encoding if any (PR #71)
+
+## [2.0.3](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.2...2.0.3) (2021-07-16)
+### Changed
+- Part of the detection mechanism has been improved to be less sensitive, resulting in more accurate detection results. Especially ASCII. (PR #63)
+- According to the community wishes, the detection will fall back on ASCII or UTF-8 in a last-resort case. (PR #64)
+
+## [2.0.2](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.1...2.0.2) (2021-07-15)
+### Fixed
+- Empty/Too small JSON payload miss-detection fixed. Report from [@tseaver](https://github.com/tseaver) (PR #59)
+
+### Changed
+- Don't inject unicodedata2 into sys.modules from [@akx](https://github.com/akx) (PR #57)
+
+## [2.0.1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/2.0.0...2.0.1) (2021-07-13)
+### Fixed
+- Make it work where there isn't a filesystem available, dropping assets frequencies.json. Report from [@sethmlarson](https://github.com/sethmlarson). (PR #55)
+- Using explain=False permanently disable the verbose output in the current runtime (PR #47)
+- One log entry (language target preemptive) was not show in logs when using explain=True (PR #47)
+- Fix undesired exception (ValueError) on getitem of instance CharsetMatches (PR #52)
+
+### Changed
+- Public function normalize default args values were not aligned with from_bytes (PR #53)
+
+### Added
+- You may now use charset aliases in cp_isolation and cp_exclusion arguments (PR #47)
+
+## [2.0.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.4.1...2.0.0) (2021-07-02)
+### Changed
+- 4x to 5 times faster than the previous 1.4.0 release. At least 2x faster than Chardet.
+- Accent has been made on UTF-8 detection, should perform rather instantaneous.
+- The backward compatibility with Chardet has been greatly improved. The legacy detect function returns an identical charset name whenever possible.
+- The detection mechanism has been slightly improved, now Turkish content is detected correctly (most of the time)
+- The program has been rewritten to ease the readability and maintainability. (+Using static typing)+
+- utf_7 detection has been reinstated.
+
+### Removed
+- This package no longer require anything when used with Python 3.5 (Dropped cached_property)
+- Removed support for these languages: Catalan, Esperanto, Kazakh, Baque, Volapük, Azeri, Galician, Nynorsk, Macedonian, and Serbocroatian.
+- The exception hook on UnicodeDecodeError has been removed.
+
+### Deprecated
+- Methods coherence_non_latin, w_counter, chaos_secondary_pass of the class CharsetMatch are now deprecated and scheduled for removal in v3.0
+
+### Fixed
+- The CLI output used the relative path of the file(s). Should be absolute.
+
+## [1.4.1](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.4.0...1.4.1) (2021-05-28)
+### Fixed
+- Logger configuration/usage no longer conflict with others (PR #44)
+
+## [1.4.0](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.3.9...1.4.0) (2021-05-21)
+### Removed
+- Using standard logging instead of using the package loguru.
+- Dropping nose test framework in favor of the maintained pytest.
+- Choose to not use dragonmapper package to help with gibberish Chinese/CJK text.
+- Require cached_property only for Python 3.5 due to constraint. Dropping for every other interpreter version.
+- Stop support for UTF-7 that does not contain a SIG.
+- Dropping PrettyTable, replaced with pure JSON output in CLI.
+
+### Fixed
+- BOM marker in a CharsetNormalizerMatch instance could be False in rare cases even if obviously present. Due to the sub-match factoring process.
+- Not searching properly for the BOM when trying utf32/16 parent codec.
+
+### Changed
+- Improving the package final size by compressing frequencies.json.
+- Huge improvement over the larges payload.
+
+### Added
+- CLI now produces JSON consumable output.
+- Return ASCII if given sequences fit. Given reasonable confidence.
+
+## [1.3.9](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.3.8...1.3.9) (2021-05-13)
+
+### Fixed
+- In some very rare cases, you may end up getting encode/decode errors due to a bad bytes payload (PR #40)
+
+## [1.3.8](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.3.7...1.3.8) (2021-05-12)
+
+### Fixed
+- Empty given payload for detection may cause an exception if trying to access the `alphabets` property. (PR #39)
+
+## [1.3.7](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.3.6...1.3.7) (2021-05-12)
+
+### Fixed
+- The legacy detect function should return UTF-8-SIG if sig is present in the payload. (PR #38)
+
+## [1.3.6](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.3.5...1.3.6) (2021-02-09)
+
+### Changed
+- Amend the previous release to allow prettytable 2.0 (PR #35)
+
+## [1.3.5](https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer/compare/1.3.4...1.3.5) (2021-02-08)
+
+### Fixed
+- Fix error while using the package with a python pre-release interpreter (PR #33)
+
+### Changed
+- Dependencies refactoring, constraints revised.
+
+### Added
+- Add python 3.9 and 3.10 to the supported interpreters
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 TAHRI Ahmed R.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae3c1ba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+../../Scripts/normalizer.exe,sha256=pth8QWAVwrCEVK7gQtY8dGyJaiXb8q3y9oQzb-e2gI0,108414
+charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=WneNNyl9QvsRZYzK1FeEC6Wwag4iIFoTAoevPgpZFTY,36474
+charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
+charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=PqPfOxA7mGIdQ4POxRbyNp_0DDxNzJM1gpSaGcLLjlo,101
+charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt,sha256=8C-Y3iXIfyXQ83Tpir2B8t-XLJYpxF5xbb38d_js-h4,65
+charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=GFd0hdNwTxpHne2OVzwJds_tMV_S_ReYP6mI2kwvcNE,1092
+charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=7ASyzePr8_xuZWJsnqJjIBtyV8vhEo0wBCv1MPRRi3Q,19
+charset_normalizer/__init__.py,sha256=0NT8MHi7SKq3juMqYfOdrkzjisK0L73lneNHH4qaUAs,1638
+charset_normalizer/__main__.py,sha256=2sj_BS6H0sU25C1bMqz9DVwa6kOK9lchSEbSU-_iu7M,115
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/api.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/cd.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/constant.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/legacy.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/md.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/models.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/__pycache__/version.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/api.py,sha256=2a0p2Gnhbdo9O6C04CNxTSN23fIbgOF20nxb0pWPNFM,23285
+charset_normalizer/cd.py,sha256=uq8nVxRpR6Guc16ACvOWtL8KO3w7vYaCh8hHisuOyTg,12917
+charset_normalizer/cli/__init__.py,sha256=d9MUx-1V_qD3x9igIy4JT4oC5CU0yjulk7QyZWeRFhg,144
+charset_normalizer/cli/__main__.py,sha256=-pdJCyPywouPyFsC8_eTSgTmvh1YEvgjsvy1WZ0XjaA,13027
+charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+charset_normalizer/constant.py,sha256=mCJmYzpBU27Ut9kiNWWoBbhhxQ-aRVw3K7LSwoFwBGI,44728
+charset_normalizer/legacy.py,sha256=NgK-8ZQa_M9FHgQjdNSiYzMaB332QGuElZSfCf2y2sQ,2351
+charset_normalizer/md.cp312-win_amd64.pyd,sha256=Rl7qVeM9DRj8hZuyoyQjaRKsZ6zkpojb7Nx1nNTbjr8,10752
+charset_normalizer/md.py,sha256=LSuW2hNgXSgF7JGdRapLAHLuj6pABHiP85LTNAYmu7c,20780
+charset_normalizer/md__mypyc.cp312-win_amd64.pyd,sha256=WXIlB5bZkRXY2k4r70Pmyf7eLRw6zLib-dXXkRIrOZA,125952
+charset_normalizer/models.py,sha256=ZR2PE-fqf6dASZfqdE5Uhkmr0o1MciSdXOjuNqwkmvg,12754
+charset_normalizer/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+charset_normalizer/utils.py,sha256=XtWIQeOuz7cnGebMzyi4Vvi1JtA84QBSIeR9PDzF7pw,12584
+charset_normalizer/version.py,sha256=wtpyUZ7M57rCLclP3QjzRD0Nj2hvnMOzLZI-vwfTdWs,123
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97266467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (80.1.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec920125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[console_scripts]
+normalizer = charset_normalizer:cli.cli_detect
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9725772c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 TAHRI Ahmed R.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66958f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer-3.4.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+charset_normalizer
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d3a3799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""
+Charset-Normalizer
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The Real First Universal Charset Detector.
+A library that helps you read text from an unknown charset encoding.
+Motivated by chardet, This package is trying to resolve the issue by taking a new approach.
+All IANA character set names for which the Python core library provides codecs are supported.
+
+Basic usage:
+   >>> from charset_normalizer import from_bytes
+   >>> results = from_bytes('Bсеки човек има право на образование. Oбразованието!'.encode('utf_8'))
+   >>> best_guess = results.best()
+   >>> str(best_guess)
+   'Bсеки човек има право на образование. Oбразованието!'
+
+Others methods and usages are available - see the full documentation
+at <https://github.com/Ousret/charset_normalizer>.
+:copyright: (c) 2021 by Ahmed TAHRI
+:license: MIT, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+
+from .api import from_bytes, from_fp, from_path, is_binary
+from .legacy import detect
+from .models import CharsetMatch, CharsetMatches
+from .utils import set_logging_handler
+from .version import VERSION, __version__
+
+__all__ = (
+    "from_fp",
+    "from_path",
+    "from_bytes",
+    "is_binary",
+    "detect",
+    "CharsetMatch",
+    "CharsetMatches",
+    "__version__",
+    "VERSION",
+    "set_logging_handler",
+)
+
+# Attach a NullHandler to the top level logger by default
+# https://docs.python.org/3.3/howto/logging.html#configuring-logging-for-a-library
+
+logging.getLogger("charset_normalizer").addHandler(logging.NullHandler())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0e76f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .cli import cli_detect
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    cli_detect()
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from os import PathLike
+from typing import BinaryIO
+
+from .cd import (
+    coherence_ratio,
+    encoding_languages,
+    mb_encoding_languages,
+    merge_coherence_ratios,
+)
+from .constant import IANA_SUPPORTED, TOO_BIG_SEQUENCE, TOO_SMALL_SEQUENCE, TRACE
+from .md import mess_ratio
+from .models import CharsetMatch, CharsetMatches
+from .utils import (
+    any_specified_encoding,
+    cut_sequence_chunks,
+    iana_name,
+    identify_sig_or_bom,
+    is_cp_similar,
+    is_multi_byte_encoding,
+    should_strip_sig_or_bom,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("charset_normalizer")
+explain_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+explain_handler.setFormatter(
+    logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(message)s")
+)
+
+
+def from_bytes(
+    sequences: bytes | bytearray,
+    steps: int = 5,
+    chunk_size: int = 512,
+    threshold: float = 0.2,
+    cp_isolation: list[str] | None = None,
+    cp_exclusion: list[str] | None = None,
+    preemptive_behaviour: bool = True,
+    explain: bool = False,
+    language_threshold: float = 0.1,
+    enable_fallback: bool = True,
+) -> CharsetMatches:
+    """
+    Given a raw bytes sequence, return the best possibles charset usable to render str objects.
+    If there is no results, it is a strong indicator that the source is binary/not text.
+    By default, the process will extract 5 blocks of 512o each to assess the mess and coherence of a given sequence.
+    And will give up a particular code page after 20% of measured mess. Those criteria are customizable at will.
+
+    The preemptive behavior DOES NOT replace the traditional detection workflow, it prioritize a particular code page
+    but never take it for granted. Can improve the performance.
+
+    You may want to focus your attention to some code page or/and not others, use cp_isolation and cp_exclusion for that
+    purpose.
+
+    This function will strip the SIG in the payload/sequence every time except on UTF-16, UTF-32.
+    By default the library does not setup any handler other than the NullHandler, if you choose to set the 'explain'
+    toggle to True it will alter the logger configuration to add a StreamHandler that is suitable for debugging.
+    Custom logging format and handler can be set manually.
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(sequences, (bytearray, bytes)):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Expected object of type bytes or bytearray, got: {}".format(
+                type(sequences)
+            )
+        )
+
+    if explain:
+        previous_logger_level: int = logger.level
+        logger.addHandler(explain_handler)
+        logger.setLevel(TRACE)
+
+    length: int = len(sequences)
+
+    if length == 0:
+        logger.debug("Encoding detection on empty bytes, assuming utf_8 intention.")
+        if explain:  # Defensive: ensure exit path clean handler
+            logger.removeHandler(explain_handler)
+            logger.setLevel(previous_logger_level or logging.WARNING)
+        return CharsetMatches([CharsetMatch(sequences, "utf_8", 0.0, False, [], "")])
+
+    if cp_isolation is not None:
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "cp_isolation is set. use this flag for debugging purpose. "
+            "limited list of encoding allowed : %s.",
+            ", ".join(cp_isolation),
+        )
+        cp_isolation = [iana_name(cp, False) for cp in cp_isolation]
+    else:
+        cp_isolation = []
+
+    if cp_exclusion is not None:
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "cp_exclusion is set. use this flag for debugging purpose. "
+            "limited list of encoding excluded : %s.",
+            ", ".join(cp_exclusion),
+        )
+        cp_exclusion = [iana_name(cp, False) for cp in cp_exclusion]
+    else:
+        cp_exclusion = []
+
+    if length <= (chunk_size * steps):
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "override steps (%i) and chunk_size (%i) as content does not fit (%i byte(s) given) parameters.",
+            steps,
+            chunk_size,
+            length,
+        )
+        steps = 1
+        chunk_size = length
+
+    if steps > 1 and length / steps < chunk_size:
+        chunk_size = int(length / steps)
+
+    is_too_small_sequence: bool = len(sequences) < TOO_SMALL_SEQUENCE
+    is_too_large_sequence: bool = len(sequences) >= TOO_BIG_SEQUENCE
+
+    if is_too_small_sequence:
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "Trying to detect encoding from a tiny portion of ({}) byte(s).".format(
+                length
+            ),
+        )
+    elif is_too_large_sequence:
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "Using lazy str decoding because the payload is quite large, ({}) byte(s).".format(
+                length
+            ),
+        )
+
+    prioritized_encodings: list[str] = []
+
+    specified_encoding: str | None = (
+        any_specified_encoding(sequences) if preemptive_behaviour else None
+    )
+
+    if specified_encoding is not None:
+        prioritized_encodings.append(specified_encoding)
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "Detected declarative mark in sequence. Priority +1 given for %s.",
+            specified_encoding,
+        )
+
+    tested: set[str] = set()
+    tested_but_hard_failure: list[str] = []
+    tested_but_soft_failure: list[str] = []
+
+    fallback_ascii: CharsetMatch | None = None
+    fallback_u8: CharsetMatch | None = None
+    fallback_specified: CharsetMatch | None = None
+
+    results: CharsetMatches = CharsetMatches()
+
+    early_stop_results: CharsetMatches = CharsetMatches()
+
+    sig_encoding, sig_payload = identify_sig_or_bom(sequences)
+
+    if sig_encoding is not None:
+        prioritized_encodings.append(sig_encoding)
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "Detected a SIG or BOM mark on first %i byte(s). Priority +1 given for %s.",
+            len(sig_payload),
+            sig_encoding,
+        )
+
+    prioritized_encodings.append("ascii")
+
+    if "utf_8" not in prioritized_encodings:
+        prioritized_encodings.append("utf_8")
+
+    for encoding_iana in prioritized_encodings + IANA_SUPPORTED:
+        if cp_isolation and encoding_iana not in cp_isolation:
+            continue
+
+        if cp_exclusion and encoding_iana in cp_exclusion:
+            continue
+
+        if encoding_iana in tested:
+            continue
+
+        tested.add(encoding_iana)
+
+        decoded_payload: str | None = None
+        bom_or_sig_available: bool = sig_encoding == encoding_iana
+        strip_sig_or_bom: bool = bom_or_sig_available and should_strip_sig_or_bom(
+            encoding_iana
+        )
+
+        if encoding_iana in {"utf_16", "utf_32"} and not bom_or_sig_available:
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "Encoding %s won't be tested as-is because it require a BOM. Will try some sub-encoder LE/BE.",
+                encoding_iana,
+            )
+            continue
+        if encoding_iana in {"utf_7"} and not bom_or_sig_available:
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "Encoding %s won't be tested as-is because detection is unreliable without BOM/SIG.",
+                encoding_iana,
+            )
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            is_multi_byte_decoder: bool = is_multi_byte_encoding(encoding_iana)
+        except (ModuleNotFoundError, ImportError):
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "Encoding %s does not provide an IncrementalDecoder",
+                encoding_iana,
+            )
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            if is_too_large_sequence and is_multi_byte_decoder is False:
+                str(
+                    (
+                        sequences[: int(50e4)]
+                        if strip_sig_or_bom is False
+                        else sequences[len(sig_payload) : int(50e4)]
+                    ),
+                    encoding=encoding_iana,
+                )
+            else:
+                decoded_payload = str(
+                    (
+                        sequences
+                        if strip_sig_or_bom is False
+                        else sequences[len(sig_payload) :]
+                    ),
+                    encoding=encoding_iana,
+                )
+        except (UnicodeDecodeError, LookupError) as e:
+            if not isinstance(e, LookupError):
+                logger.log(
+                    TRACE,
+                    "Code page %s does not fit given bytes sequence at ALL. %s",
+                    encoding_iana,
+                    str(e),
+                )
+            tested_but_hard_failure.append(encoding_iana)
+            continue
+
+        similar_soft_failure_test: bool = False
+
+        for encoding_soft_failed in tested_but_soft_failure:
+            if is_cp_similar(encoding_iana, encoding_soft_failed):
+                similar_soft_failure_test = True
+                break
+
+        if similar_soft_failure_test:
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "%s is deemed too similar to code page %s and was consider unsuited already. Continuing!",
+                encoding_iana,
+                encoding_soft_failed,
+            )
+            continue
+
+        r_ = range(
+            0 if not bom_or_sig_available else len(sig_payload),
+            length,
+            int(length / steps),
+        )
+
+        multi_byte_bonus: bool = (
+            is_multi_byte_decoder
+            and decoded_payload is not None
+            and len(decoded_payload) < length
+        )
+
+        if multi_byte_bonus:
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "Code page %s is a multi byte encoding table and it appear that at least one character "
+                "was encoded using n-bytes.",
+                encoding_iana,
+            )
+
+        max_chunk_gave_up: int = int(len(r_) / 4)
+
+        max_chunk_gave_up = max(max_chunk_gave_up, 2)
+        early_stop_count: int = 0
+        lazy_str_hard_failure = False
+
+        md_chunks: list[str] = []
+        md_ratios = []
+
+        try:
+            for chunk in cut_sequence_chunks(
+                sequences,
+                encoding_iana,
+                r_,
+                chunk_size,
+                bom_or_sig_available,
+                strip_sig_or_bom,
+                sig_payload,
+                is_multi_byte_decoder,
+                decoded_payload,
+            ):
+                md_chunks.append(chunk)
+
+                md_ratios.append(
+                    mess_ratio(
+                        chunk,
+                        threshold,
+                        explain is True and 1 <= len(cp_isolation) <= 2,
+                    )
+                )
+
+                if md_ratios[-1] >= threshold:
+                    early_stop_count += 1
+
+                if (early_stop_count >= max_chunk_gave_up) or (
+                    bom_or_sig_available and strip_sig_or_bom is False
+                ):
+                    break
+        except (
+            UnicodeDecodeError
+        ) as e:  # Lazy str loading may have missed something there
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "LazyStr Loading: After MD chunk decode, code page %s does not fit given bytes sequence at ALL. %s",
+                encoding_iana,
+                str(e),
+            )
+            early_stop_count = max_chunk_gave_up
+            lazy_str_hard_failure = True
+
+        # We might want to check the sequence again with the whole content
+        # Only if initial MD tests passes
+        if (
+            not lazy_str_hard_failure
+            and is_too_large_sequence
+            and not is_multi_byte_decoder
+        ):
+            try:
+                sequences[int(50e3) :].decode(encoding_iana, errors="strict")
+            except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+                logger.log(
+                    TRACE,
+                    "LazyStr Loading: After final lookup, code page %s does not fit given bytes sequence at ALL. %s",
+                    encoding_iana,
+                    str(e),
+                )
+                tested_but_hard_failure.append(encoding_iana)
+                continue
+
+        mean_mess_ratio: float = sum(md_ratios) / len(md_ratios) if md_ratios else 0.0
+        if mean_mess_ratio >= threshold or early_stop_count >= max_chunk_gave_up:
+            tested_but_soft_failure.append(encoding_iana)
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "%s was excluded because of initial chaos probing. Gave up %i time(s). "
+                "Computed mean chaos is %f %%.",
+                encoding_iana,
+                early_stop_count,
+                round(mean_mess_ratio * 100, ndigits=3),
+            )
+            # Preparing those fallbacks in case we got nothing.
+            if (
+                enable_fallback
+                and encoding_iana in ["ascii", "utf_8", specified_encoding]
+                and not lazy_str_hard_failure
+            ):
+                fallback_entry = CharsetMatch(
+                    sequences,
+                    encoding_iana,
+                    threshold,
+                    False,
+                    [],
+                    decoded_payload,
+                    preemptive_declaration=specified_encoding,
+                )
+                if encoding_iana == specified_encoding:
+                    fallback_specified = fallback_entry
+                elif encoding_iana == "ascii":
+                    fallback_ascii = fallback_entry
+                else:
+                    fallback_u8 = fallback_entry
+            continue
+
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "%s passed initial chaos probing. Mean measured chaos is %f %%",
+            encoding_iana,
+            round(mean_mess_ratio * 100, ndigits=3),
+        )
+
+        if not is_multi_byte_decoder:
+            target_languages: list[str] = encoding_languages(encoding_iana)
+        else:
+            target_languages = mb_encoding_languages(encoding_iana)
+
+        if target_languages:
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "{} should target any language(s) of {}".format(
+                    encoding_iana, str(target_languages)
+                ),
+            )
+
+        cd_ratios = []
+
+        # We shall skip the CD when its about ASCII
+        # Most of the time its not relevant to run "language-detection" on it.
+        if encoding_iana != "ascii":
+            for chunk in md_chunks:
+                chunk_languages = coherence_ratio(
+                    chunk,
+                    language_threshold,
+                    ",".join(target_languages) if target_languages else None,
+                )
+
+                cd_ratios.append(chunk_languages)
+
+        cd_ratios_merged = merge_coherence_ratios(cd_ratios)
+
+        if cd_ratios_merged:
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "We detected language {} using {}".format(
+                    cd_ratios_merged, encoding_iana
+                ),
+            )
+
+        current_match = CharsetMatch(
+            sequences,
+            encoding_iana,
+            mean_mess_ratio,
+            bom_or_sig_available,
+            cd_ratios_merged,
+            (
+                decoded_payload
+                if (
+                    is_too_large_sequence is False
+                    or encoding_iana in [specified_encoding, "ascii", "utf_8"]
+                )
+                else None
+            ),
+            preemptive_declaration=specified_encoding,
+        )
+
+        results.append(current_match)
+
+        if (
+            encoding_iana in [specified_encoding, "ascii", "utf_8"]
+            and mean_mess_ratio < 0.1
+        ):
+            # If md says nothing to worry about, then... stop immediately!
+            if mean_mess_ratio == 0.0:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Encoding detection: %s is most likely the one.",
+                    current_match.encoding,
+                )
+                if explain:  # Defensive: ensure exit path clean handler
+                    logger.removeHandler(explain_handler)
+                    logger.setLevel(previous_logger_level)
+                return CharsetMatches([current_match])
+
+            early_stop_results.append(current_match)
+
+        if (
+            len(early_stop_results)
+            and (specified_encoding is None or specified_encoding in tested)
+            and "ascii" in tested
+            and "utf_8" in tested
+        ):
+            probable_result: CharsetMatch = early_stop_results.best()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            logger.debug(
+                "Encoding detection: %s is most likely the one.",
+                probable_result.encoding,
+            )
+            if explain:  # Defensive: ensure exit path clean handler
+                logger.removeHandler(explain_handler)
+                logger.setLevel(previous_logger_level)
+
+            return CharsetMatches([probable_result])
+
+        if encoding_iana == sig_encoding:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Encoding detection: %s is most likely the one as we detected a BOM or SIG within "
+                "the beginning of the sequence.",
+                encoding_iana,
+            )
+            if explain:  # Defensive: ensure exit path clean handler
+                logger.removeHandler(explain_handler)
+                logger.setLevel(previous_logger_level)
+            return CharsetMatches([results[encoding_iana]])
+
+    if len(results) == 0:
+        if fallback_u8 or fallback_ascii or fallback_specified:
+            logger.log(
+                TRACE,
+                "Nothing got out of the detection process. Using ASCII/UTF-8/Specified fallback.",
+            )
+
+        if fallback_specified:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Encoding detection: %s will be used as a fallback match",
+                fallback_specified.encoding,
+            )
+            results.append(fallback_specified)
+        elif (
+            (fallback_u8 and fallback_ascii is None)
+            or (
+                fallback_u8
+                and fallback_ascii
+                and fallback_u8.fingerprint != fallback_ascii.fingerprint
+            )
+            or (fallback_u8 is not None)
+        ):
+            logger.debug("Encoding detection: utf_8 will be used as a fallback match")
+            results.append(fallback_u8)
+        elif fallback_ascii:
+            logger.debug("Encoding detection: ascii will be used as a fallback match")
+            results.append(fallback_ascii)
+
+    if results:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Encoding detection: Found %s as plausible (best-candidate) for content. With %i alternatives.",
+            results.best().encoding,  # type: ignore
+            len(results) - 1,
+        )
+    else:
+        logger.debug("Encoding detection: Unable to determine any suitable charset.")
+
+    if explain:
+        logger.removeHandler(explain_handler)
+        logger.setLevel(previous_logger_level)
+
+    return results
+
+
+def from_fp(
+    fp: BinaryIO,
+    steps: int = 5,
+    chunk_size: int = 512,
+    threshold: float = 0.20,
+    cp_isolation: list[str] | None = None,
+    cp_exclusion: list[str] | None = None,
+    preemptive_behaviour: bool = True,
+    explain: bool = False,
+    language_threshold: float = 0.1,
+    enable_fallback: bool = True,
+) -> CharsetMatches:
+    """
+    Same thing than the function from_bytes but using a file pointer that is already ready.
+    Will not close the file pointer.
+    """
+    return from_bytes(
+        fp.read(),
+        steps,
+        chunk_size,
+        threshold,
+        cp_isolation,
+        cp_exclusion,
+        preemptive_behaviour,
+        explain,
+        language_threshold,
+        enable_fallback,
+    )
+
+
+def from_path(
+    path: str | bytes | PathLike,  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+    steps: int = 5,
+    chunk_size: int = 512,
+    threshold: float = 0.20,
+    cp_isolation: list[str] | None = None,
+    cp_exclusion: list[str] | None = None,
+    preemptive_behaviour: bool = True,
+    explain: bool = False,
+    language_threshold: float = 0.1,
+    enable_fallback: bool = True,
+) -> CharsetMatches:
+    """
+    Same thing than the function from_bytes but with one extra step. Opening and reading given file path in binary mode.
+    Can raise IOError.
+    """
+    with open(path, "rb") as fp:
+        return from_fp(
+            fp,
+            steps,
+            chunk_size,
+            threshold,
+            cp_isolation,
+            cp_exclusion,
+            preemptive_behaviour,
+            explain,
+            language_threshold,
+            enable_fallback,
+        )
+
+
+def is_binary(
+    fp_or_path_or_payload: PathLike | str | BinaryIO | bytes,  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+    steps: int = 5,
+    chunk_size: int = 512,
+    threshold: float = 0.20,
+    cp_isolation: list[str] | None = None,
+    cp_exclusion: list[str] | None = None,
+    preemptive_behaviour: bool = True,
+    explain: bool = False,
+    language_threshold: float = 0.1,
+    enable_fallback: bool = False,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Detect if the given input (file, bytes, or path) points to a binary file. aka. not a string.
+    Based on the same main heuristic algorithms and default kwargs at the sole exception that fallbacks match
+    are disabled to be stricter around ASCII-compatible but unlikely to be a string.
+    """
+    if isinstance(fp_or_path_or_payload, (str, PathLike)):
+        guesses = from_path(
+            fp_or_path_or_payload,
+            steps=steps,
+            chunk_size=chunk_size,
+            threshold=threshold,
+            cp_isolation=cp_isolation,
+            cp_exclusion=cp_exclusion,
+            preemptive_behaviour=preemptive_behaviour,
+            explain=explain,
+            language_threshold=language_threshold,
+            enable_fallback=enable_fallback,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(
+        fp_or_path_or_payload,
+        (
+            bytes,
+            bytearray,
+        ),
+    ):
+        guesses = from_bytes(
+            fp_or_path_or_payload,
+            steps=steps,
+            chunk_size=chunk_size,
+            threshold=threshold,
+            cp_isolation=cp_isolation,
+            cp_exclusion=cp_exclusion,
+            preemptive_behaviour=preemptive_behaviour,
+            explain=explain,
+            language_threshold=language_threshold,
+            enable_fallback=enable_fallback,
+        )
+    else:
+        guesses = from_fp(
+            fp_or_path_or_payload,
+            steps=steps,
+            chunk_size=chunk_size,
+            threshold=threshold,
+            cp_isolation=cp_isolation,
+            cp_exclusion=cp_exclusion,
+            preemptive_behaviour=preemptive_behaviour,
+            explain=explain,
+            language_threshold=language_threshold,
+            enable_fallback=enable_fallback,
+        )
+
+    return not guesses
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cd.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cd.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71a3ed51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib
+from codecs import IncrementalDecoder
+from collections import Counter
+from functools import lru_cache
+from typing import Counter as TypeCounter
+
+from .constant import (
+    FREQUENCIES,
+    KO_NAMES,
+    LANGUAGE_SUPPORTED_COUNT,
+    TOO_SMALL_SEQUENCE,
+    ZH_NAMES,
+)
+from .md import is_suspiciously_successive_range
+from .models import CoherenceMatches
+from .utils import (
+    is_accentuated,
+    is_latin,
+    is_multi_byte_encoding,
+    is_unicode_range_secondary,
+    unicode_range,
+)
+
+
+def encoding_unicode_range(iana_name: str) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Return associated unicode ranges in a single byte code page.
+    """
+    if is_multi_byte_encoding(iana_name):
+        raise OSError("Function not supported on multi-byte code page")
+
+    decoder = importlib.import_module(f"encodings.{iana_name}").IncrementalDecoder
+
+    p: IncrementalDecoder = decoder(errors="ignore")
+    seen_ranges: dict[str, int] = {}
+    character_count: int = 0
+
+    for i in range(0x40, 0xFF):
+        chunk: str = p.decode(bytes([i]))
+
+        if chunk:
+            character_range: str | None = unicode_range(chunk)
+
+            if character_range is None:
+                continue
+
+            if is_unicode_range_secondary(character_range) is False:
+                if character_range not in seen_ranges:
+                    seen_ranges[character_range] = 0
+                seen_ranges[character_range] += 1
+                character_count += 1
+
+    return sorted(
+        [
+            character_range
+            for character_range in seen_ranges
+            if seen_ranges[character_range] / character_count >= 0.15
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+def unicode_range_languages(primary_range: str) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Return inferred languages used with a unicode range.
+    """
+    languages: list[str] = []
+
+    for language, characters in FREQUENCIES.items():
+        for character in characters:
+            if unicode_range(character) == primary_range:
+                languages.append(language)
+                break
+
+    return languages
+
+
+@lru_cache()
+def encoding_languages(iana_name: str) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Single-byte encoding language association. Some code page are heavily linked to particular language(s).
+    This function does the correspondence.
+    """
+    unicode_ranges: list[str] = encoding_unicode_range(iana_name)
+    primary_range: str | None = None
+
+    for specified_range in unicode_ranges:
+        if "Latin" not in specified_range:
+            primary_range = specified_range
+            break
+
+    if primary_range is None:
+        return ["Latin Based"]
+
+    return unicode_range_languages(primary_range)
+
+
+@lru_cache()
+def mb_encoding_languages(iana_name: str) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Multi-byte encoding language association. Some code page are heavily linked to particular language(s).
+    This function does the correspondence.
+    """
+    if (
+        iana_name.startswith("shift_")
+        or iana_name.startswith("iso2022_jp")
+        or iana_name.startswith("euc_j")
+        or iana_name == "cp932"
+    ):
+        return ["Japanese"]
+    if iana_name.startswith("gb") or iana_name in ZH_NAMES:
+        return ["Chinese"]
+    if iana_name.startswith("iso2022_kr") or iana_name in KO_NAMES:
+        return ["Korean"]
+
+    return []
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=LANGUAGE_SUPPORTED_COUNT)
+def get_target_features(language: str) -> tuple[bool, bool]:
+    """
+    Determine main aspects from a supported language if it contains accents and if is pure Latin.
+    """
+    target_have_accents: bool = False
+    target_pure_latin: bool = True
+
+    for character in FREQUENCIES[language]:
+        if not target_have_accents and is_accentuated(character):
+            target_have_accents = True
+        if target_pure_latin and is_latin(character) is False:
+            target_pure_latin = False
+
+    return target_have_accents, target_pure_latin
+
+
+def alphabet_languages(
+    characters: list[str], ignore_non_latin: bool = False
+) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Return associated languages associated to given characters.
+    """
+    languages: list[tuple[str, float]] = []
+
+    source_have_accents = any(is_accentuated(character) for character in characters)
+
+    for language, language_characters in FREQUENCIES.items():
+        target_have_accents, target_pure_latin = get_target_features(language)
+
+        if ignore_non_latin and target_pure_latin is False:
+            continue
+
+        if target_have_accents is False and source_have_accents:
+            continue
+
+        character_count: int = len(language_characters)
+
+        character_match_count: int = len(
+            [c for c in language_characters if c in characters]
+        )
+
+        ratio: float = character_match_count / character_count
+
+        if ratio >= 0.2:
+            languages.append((language, ratio))
+
+    languages = sorted(languages, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+
+    return [compatible_language[0] for compatible_language in languages]
+
+
+def characters_popularity_compare(
+    language: str, ordered_characters: list[str]
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Determine if a ordered characters list (by occurrence from most appearance to rarest) match a particular language.
+    The result is a ratio between 0. (absolutely no correspondence) and 1. (near perfect fit).
+    Beware that is function is not strict on the match in order to ease the detection. (Meaning close match is 1.)
+    """
+    if language not in FREQUENCIES:
+        raise ValueError(f"{language} not available")
+
+    character_approved_count: int = 0
+    FREQUENCIES_language_set = set(FREQUENCIES[language])
+
+    ordered_characters_count: int = len(ordered_characters)
+    target_language_characters_count: int = len(FREQUENCIES[language])
+
+    large_alphabet: bool = target_language_characters_count > 26
+
+    for character, character_rank in zip(
+        ordered_characters, range(0, ordered_characters_count)
+    ):
+        if character not in FREQUENCIES_language_set:
+            continue
+
+        character_rank_in_language: int = FREQUENCIES[language].index(character)
+        expected_projection_ratio: float = (
+            target_language_characters_count / ordered_characters_count
+        )
+        character_rank_projection: int = int(character_rank * expected_projection_ratio)
+
+        if (
+            large_alphabet is False
+            and abs(character_rank_projection - character_rank_in_language) > 4
+        ):
+            continue
+
+        if (
+            large_alphabet is True
+            and abs(character_rank_projection - character_rank_in_language)
+            < target_language_characters_count / 3
+        ):
+            character_approved_count += 1
+            continue
+
+        characters_before_source: list[str] = FREQUENCIES[language][
+            0:character_rank_in_language
+        ]
+        characters_after_source: list[str] = FREQUENCIES[language][
+            character_rank_in_language:
+        ]
+        characters_before: list[str] = ordered_characters[0:character_rank]
+        characters_after: list[str] = ordered_characters[character_rank:]
+
+        before_match_count: int = len(
+            set(characters_before) & set(characters_before_source)
+        )
+
+        after_match_count: int = len(
+            set(characters_after) & set(characters_after_source)
+        )
+
+        if len(characters_before_source) == 0 and before_match_count <= 4:
+            character_approved_count += 1
+            continue
+
+        if len(characters_after_source) == 0 and after_match_count <= 4:
+            character_approved_count += 1
+            continue
+
+        if (
+            before_match_count / len(characters_before_source) >= 0.4
+            or after_match_count / len(characters_after_source) >= 0.4
+        ):
+            character_approved_count += 1
+            continue
+
+    return character_approved_count / len(ordered_characters)
+
+
+def alpha_unicode_split(decoded_sequence: str) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Given a decoded text sequence, return a list of str. Unicode range / alphabet separation.
+    Ex. a text containing English/Latin with a bit a Hebrew will return two items in the resulting list;
+    One containing the latin letters and the other hebrew.
+    """
+    layers: dict[str, str] = {}
+
+    for character in decoded_sequence:
+        if character.isalpha() is False:
+            continue
+
+        character_range: str | None = unicode_range(character)
+
+        if character_range is None:
+            continue
+
+        layer_target_range: str | None = None
+
+        for discovered_range in layers:
+            if (
+                is_suspiciously_successive_range(discovered_range, character_range)
+                is False
+            ):
+                layer_target_range = discovered_range
+                break
+
+        if layer_target_range is None:
+            layer_target_range = character_range
+
+        if layer_target_range not in layers:
+            layers[layer_target_range] = character.lower()
+            continue
+
+        layers[layer_target_range] += character.lower()
+
+    return list(layers.values())
+
+
+def merge_coherence_ratios(results: list[CoherenceMatches]) -> CoherenceMatches:
+    """
+    This function merge results previously given by the function coherence_ratio.
+    The return type is the same as coherence_ratio.
+    """
+    per_language_ratios: dict[str, list[float]] = {}
+    for result in results:
+        for sub_result in result:
+            language, ratio = sub_result
+            if language not in per_language_ratios:
+                per_language_ratios[language] = [ratio]
+                continue
+            per_language_ratios[language].append(ratio)
+
+    merge = [
+        (
+            language,
+            round(
+                sum(per_language_ratios[language]) / len(per_language_ratios[language]),
+                4,
+            ),
+        )
+        for language in per_language_ratios
+    ]
+
+    return sorted(merge, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+
+
+def filter_alt_coherence_matches(results: CoherenceMatches) -> CoherenceMatches:
+    """
+    We shall NOT return "English—" in CoherenceMatches because it is an alternative
+    of "English". This function only keeps the best match and remove the em-dash in it.
+    """
+    index_results: dict[str, list[float]] = dict()
+
+    for result in results:
+        language, ratio = result
+        no_em_name: str = language.replace("—", "")
+
+        if no_em_name not in index_results:
+            index_results[no_em_name] = []
+
+        index_results[no_em_name].append(ratio)
+
+    if any(len(index_results[e]) > 1 for e in index_results):
+        filtered_results: CoherenceMatches = []
+
+        for language in index_results:
+            filtered_results.append((language, max(index_results[language])))
+
+        return filtered_results
+
+    return results
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=2048)
+def coherence_ratio(
+    decoded_sequence: str, threshold: float = 0.1, lg_inclusion: str | None = None
+) -> CoherenceMatches:
+    """
+    Detect ANY language that can be identified in given sequence. The sequence will be analysed by layers.
+    A layer = Character extraction by alphabets/ranges.
+    """
+
+    results: list[tuple[str, float]] = []
+    ignore_non_latin: bool = False
+
+    sufficient_match_count: int = 0
+
+    lg_inclusion_list = lg_inclusion.split(",") if lg_inclusion is not None else []
+    if "Latin Based" in lg_inclusion_list:
+        ignore_non_latin = True
+        lg_inclusion_list.remove("Latin Based")
+
+    for layer in alpha_unicode_split(decoded_sequence):
+        sequence_frequencies: TypeCounter[str] = Counter(layer)
+        most_common = sequence_frequencies.most_common()
+
+        character_count: int = sum(o for c, o in most_common)
+
+        if character_count <= TOO_SMALL_SEQUENCE:
+            continue
+
+        popular_character_ordered: list[str] = [c for c, o in most_common]
+
+        for language in lg_inclusion_list or alphabet_languages(
+            popular_character_ordered, ignore_non_latin
+        ):
+            ratio: float = characters_popularity_compare(
+                language, popular_character_ordered
+            )
+
+            if ratio < threshold:
+                continue
+            elif ratio >= 0.8:
+                sufficient_match_count += 1
+
+            results.append((language, round(ratio, 4)))
+
+            if sufficient_match_count >= 3:
+                break
+
+    return sorted(
+        filter_alt_coherence_matches(results), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..543a5a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .__main__ import cli_detect, query_yes_no
+
+__all__ = (
+    "cli_detect",
+    "query_yes_no",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb64156a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+import typing
+from json import dumps
+from os.path import abspath, basename, dirname, join, realpath
+from platform import python_version
+from unicodedata import unidata_version
+
+import charset_normalizer.md as md_module
+from charset_normalizer import from_fp
+from charset_normalizer.models import CliDetectionResult
+from charset_normalizer.version import __version__
+
+
+def query_yes_no(question: str, default: str = "yes") -> bool:
+    """Ask a yes/no question via input() and return their answer.
+
+    "question" is a string that is presented to the user.
+    "default" is the presumed answer if the user just hits <Enter>.
+        It must be "yes" (the default), "no" or None (meaning
+        an answer is required of the user).
+
+    The "answer" return value is True for "yes" or False for "no".
+
+    Credit goes to (c) https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3041986/apt-command-line-interface-like-yes-no-input
+    """
+    valid = {"yes": True, "y": True, "ye": True, "no": False, "n": False}
+    if default is None:
+        prompt = " [y/n] "
+    elif default == "yes":
+        prompt = " [Y/n] "
+    elif default == "no":
+        prompt = " [y/N] "
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("invalid default answer: '%s'" % default)
+
+    while True:
+        sys.stdout.write(question + prompt)
+        choice = input().lower()
+        if default is not None and choice == "":
+            return valid[default]
+        elif choice in valid:
+            return valid[choice]
+        else:
+            sys.stdout.write("Please respond with 'yes' or 'no' (or 'y' or 'n').\n")
+
+
+class FileType:
+    """Factory for creating file object types
+
+    Instances of FileType are typically passed as type= arguments to the
+    ArgumentParser add_argument() method.
+
+    Keyword Arguments:
+        - mode -- A string indicating how the file is to be opened. Accepts the
+            same values as the builtin open() function.
+        - bufsize -- The file's desired buffer size. Accepts the same values as
+            the builtin open() function.
+        - encoding -- The file's encoding. Accepts the same values as the
+            builtin open() function.
+        - errors -- A string indicating how encoding and decoding errors are to
+            be handled. Accepts the same value as the builtin open() function.
+
+    Backported from CPython 3.12
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mode: str = "r",
+        bufsize: int = -1,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        errors: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._mode = mode
+        self._bufsize = bufsize
+        self._encoding = encoding
+        self._errors = errors
+
+    def __call__(self, string: str) -> typing.IO:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        # the special argument "-" means sys.std{in,out}
+        if string == "-":
+            if "r" in self._mode:
+                return sys.stdin.buffer if "b" in self._mode else sys.stdin
+            elif any(c in self._mode for c in "wax"):
+                return sys.stdout.buffer if "b" in self._mode else sys.stdout
+            else:
+                msg = f'argument "-" with mode {self._mode}'
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        # all other arguments are used as file names
+        try:
+            return open(string, self._mode, self._bufsize, self._encoding, self._errors)
+        except OSError as e:
+            message = f"can't open '{string}': {e}"
+            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(message)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        args = self._mode, self._bufsize
+        kwargs = [("encoding", self._encoding), ("errors", self._errors)]
+        args_str = ", ".join(
+            [repr(arg) for arg in args if arg != -1]
+            + [f"{kw}={arg!r}" for kw, arg in kwargs if arg is not None]
+        )
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}({args_str})"
+
+
+def cli_detect(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    """
+    CLI assistant using ARGV and ArgumentParser
+    :param argv:
+    :return: 0 if everything is fine, anything else equal trouble
+    """
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="The Real First Universal Charset Detector. "
+        "Discover originating encoding used on text file. "
+        "Normalize text to unicode."
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "files", type=FileType("rb"), nargs="+", help="File(s) to be analysed"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-v",
+        "--verbose",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="verbose",
+        help="Display complementary information about file if any. "
+        "Stdout will contain logs about the detection process.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-a",
+        "--with-alternative",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="alternatives",
+        help="Output complementary possibilities if any. Top-level JSON WILL be a list.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-n",
+        "--normalize",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="normalize",
+        help="Permit to normalize input file. If not set, program does not write anything.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-m",
+        "--minimal",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="minimal",
+        help="Only output the charset detected to STDOUT. Disabling JSON output.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-r",
+        "--replace",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="replace",
+        help="Replace file when trying to normalize it instead of creating a new one.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-f",
+        "--force",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="force",
+        help="Replace file without asking if you are sure, use this flag with caution.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-i",
+        "--no-preemptive",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        dest="no_preemptive",
+        help="Disable looking at a charset declaration to hint the detector.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-t",
+        "--threshold",
+        action="store",
+        default=0.2,
+        type=float,
+        dest="threshold",
+        help="Define a custom maximum amount of noise allowed in decoded content. 0. <= noise <= 1.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--version",
+        action="version",
+        version="Charset-Normalizer {} - Python {} - Unicode {} - SpeedUp {}".format(
+            __version__,
+            python_version(),
+            unidata_version,
+            "OFF" if md_module.__file__.lower().endswith(".py") else "ON",
+        ),
+        help="Show version information and exit.",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    if args.replace is True and args.normalize is False:
+        if args.files:
+            for my_file in args.files:
+                my_file.close()
+        print("Use --replace in addition of --normalize only.", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    if args.force is True and args.replace is False:
+        if args.files:
+            for my_file in args.files:
+                my_file.close()
+        print("Use --force in addition of --replace only.", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    if args.threshold < 0.0 or args.threshold > 1.0:
+        if args.files:
+            for my_file in args.files:
+                my_file.close()
+        print("--threshold VALUE should be between 0. AND 1.", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    x_ = []
+
+    for my_file in args.files:
+        matches = from_fp(
+            my_file,
+            threshold=args.threshold,
+            explain=args.verbose,
+            preemptive_behaviour=args.no_preemptive is False,
+        )
+
+        best_guess = matches.best()
+
+        if best_guess is None:
+            print(
+                'Unable to identify originating encoding for "{}". {}'.format(
+                    my_file.name,
+                    (
+                        "Maybe try increasing maximum amount of chaos."
+                        if args.threshold < 1.0
+                        else ""
+                    ),
+                ),
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+            x_.append(
+                CliDetectionResult(
+                    abspath(my_file.name),
+                    None,
+                    [],
+                    [],
+                    "Unknown",
+                    [],
+                    False,
+                    1.0,
+                    0.0,
+                    None,
+                    True,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            x_.append(
+                CliDetectionResult(
+                    abspath(my_file.name),
+                    best_guess.encoding,
+                    best_guess.encoding_aliases,
+                    [
+                        cp
+                        for cp in best_guess.could_be_from_charset
+                        if cp != best_guess.encoding
+                    ],
+                    best_guess.language,
+                    best_guess.alphabets,
+                    best_guess.bom,
+                    best_guess.percent_chaos,
+                    best_guess.percent_coherence,
+                    None,
+                    True,
+                )
+            )
+
+            if len(matches) > 1 and args.alternatives:
+                for el in matches:
+                    if el != best_guess:
+                        x_.append(
+                            CliDetectionResult(
+                                abspath(my_file.name),
+                                el.encoding,
+                                el.encoding_aliases,
+                                [
+                                    cp
+                                    for cp in el.could_be_from_charset
+                                    if cp != el.encoding
+                                ],
+                                el.language,
+                                el.alphabets,
+                                el.bom,
+                                el.percent_chaos,
+                                el.percent_coherence,
+                                None,
+                                False,
+                            )
+                        )
+
+            if args.normalize is True:
+                if best_guess.encoding.startswith("utf") is True:
+                    print(
+                        '"{}" file does not need to be normalized, as it already came from unicode.'.format(
+                            my_file.name
+                        ),
+                        file=sys.stderr,
+                    )
+                    if my_file.closed is False:
+                        my_file.close()
+                    continue
+
+                dir_path = dirname(realpath(my_file.name))
+                file_name = basename(realpath(my_file.name))
+
+                o_: list[str] = file_name.split(".")
+
+                if args.replace is False:
+                    o_.insert(-1, best_guess.encoding)
+                    if my_file.closed is False:
+                        my_file.close()
+                elif (
+                    args.force is False
+                    and query_yes_no(
+                        'Are you sure to normalize "{}" by replacing it ?'.format(
+                            my_file.name
+                        ),
+                        "no",
+                    )
+                    is False
+                ):
+                    if my_file.closed is False:
+                        my_file.close()
+                    continue
+
+                try:
+                    x_[0].unicode_path = join(dir_path, ".".join(o_))
+
+                    with open(x_[0].unicode_path, "wb") as fp:
+                        fp.write(best_guess.output())
+                except OSError as e:
+                    print(str(e), file=sys.stderr)
+                    if my_file.closed is False:
+                        my_file.close()
+                    return 2
+
+        if my_file.closed is False:
+            my_file.close()
+
+    if args.minimal is False:
+        print(
+            dumps(
+                [el.__dict__ for el in x_] if len(x_) > 1 else x_[0].__dict__,
+                ensure_ascii=True,
+                indent=4,
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        for my_file in args.files:
+            print(
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        el.encoding or "undefined"
+                        for el in x_
+                        if el.path == abspath(my_file.name)
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    cli_detect()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75ac6afb
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9770a811
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/cli/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/constant.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/constant.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc71a019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/constant.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2015 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from codecs import BOM_UTF8, BOM_UTF16_BE, BOM_UTF16_LE, BOM_UTF32_BE, BOM_UTF32_LE
+from encodings.aliases import aliases
+from re import IGNORECASE
+from re import compile as re_compile
+
+# Contain for each eligible encoding a list of/item bytes SIG/BOM
+ENCODING_MARKS: dict[str, bytes | list[bytes]] = {
+    "utf_8": BOM_UTF8,
+    "utf_7": [
+        b"\x2b\x2f\x76\x38",
+        b"\x2b\x2f\x76\x39",
+        b"\x2b\x2f\x76\x2b",
+        b"\x2b\x2f\x76\x2f",
+        b"\x2b\x2f\x76\x38\x2d",
+    ],
+    "gb18030": b"\x84\x31\x95\x33",
+    "utf_32": [BOM_UTF32_BE, BOM_UTF32_LE],
+    "utf_16": [BOM_UTF16_BE, BOM_UTF16_LE],
+}
+
+TOO_SMALL_SEQUENCE: int = 32
+TOO_BIG_SEQUENCE: int = int(10e6)
+
+UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION: int = 1_112_064
+
+# Up-to-date Unicode ucd/15.0.0
+UNICODE_RANGES_COMBINED: dict[str, range] = {
+    "Control character": range(32),
+    "Basic Latin": range(32, 128),
+    "Latin-1 Supplement": range(128, 256),
+    "Latin Extended-A": range(256, 384),
+    "Latin Extended-B": range(384, 592),
+    "IPA Extensions": range(592, 688),
+    "Spacing Modifier Letters": range(688, 768),
+    "Combining Diacritical Marks": range(768, 880),
+    "Greek and Coptic": range(880, 1024),
+    "Cyrillic": range(1024, 1280),
+    "Cyrillic Supplement": range(1280, 1328),
+    "Armenian": range(1328, 1424),
+    "Hebrew": range(1424, 1536),
+    "Arabic": range(1536, 1792),
+    "Syriac": range(1792, 1872),
+    "Arabic Supplement": range(1872, 1920),
+    "Thaana": range(1920, 1984),
+    "NKo": range(1984, 2048),
+    "Samaritan": range(2048, 2112),
+    "Mandaic": range(2112, 2144),
+    "Syriac Supplement": range(2144, 2160),
+    "Arabic Extended-B": range(2160, 2208),
+    "Arabic Extended-A": range(2208, 2304),
+    "Devanagari": range(2304, 2432),
+    "Bengali": range(2432, 2560),
+    "Gurmukhi": range(2560, 2688),
+    "Gujarati": range(2688, 2816),
+    "Oriya": range(2816, 2944),
+    "Tamil": range(2944, 3072),
+    "Telugu": range(3072, 3200),
+    "Kannada": range(3200, 3328),
+    "Malayalam": range(3328, 3456),
+    "Sinhala": range(3456, 3584),
+    "Thai": range(3584, 3712),
+    "Lao": range(3712, 3840),
+    "Tibetan": range(3840, 4096),
+    "Myanmar": range(4096, 4256),
+    "Georgian": range(4256, 4352),
+    "Hangul Jamo": range(4352, 4608),
+    "Ethiopic": range(4608, 4992),
+    "Ethiopic Supplement": range(4992, 5024),
+    "Cherokee": range(5024, 5120),
+    "Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics": range(5120, 5760),
+    "Ogham": range(5760, 5792),
+    "Runic": range(5792, 5888),
+    "Tagalog": range(5888, 5920),
+    "Hanunoo": range(5920, 5952),
+    "Buhid": range(5952, 5984),
+    "Tagbanwa": range(5984, 6016),
+    "Khmer": range(6016, 6144),
+    "Mongolian": range(6144, 6320),
+    "Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended": range(6320, 6400),
+    "Limbu": range(6400, 6480),
+    "Tai Le": range(6480, 6528),
+    "New Tai Lue": range(6528, 6624),
+    "Khmer Symbols": range(6624, 6656),
+    "Buginese": range(6656, 6688),
+    "Tai Tham": range(6688, 6832),
+    "Combining Diacritical Marks Extended": range(6832, 6912),
+    "Balinese": range(6912, 7040),
+    "Sundanese": range(7040, 7104),
+    "Batak": range(7104, 7168),
+    "Lepcha": range(7168, 7248),
+    "Ol Chiki": range(7248, 7296),
+    "Cyrillic Extended-C": range(7296, 7312),
+    "Georgian Extended": range(7312, 7360),
+    "Sundanese Supplement": range(7360, 7376),
+    "Vedic Extensions": range(7376, 7424),
+    "Phonetic Extensions": range(7424, 7552),
+    "Phonetic Extensions Supplement": range(7552, 7616),
+    "Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement": range(7616, 7680),
+    "Latin Extended Additional": range(7680, 7936),
+    "Greek Extended": range(7936, 8192),
+    "General Punctuation": range(8192, 8304),
+    "Superscripts and Subscripts": range(8304, 8352),
+    "Currency Symbols": range(8352, 8400),
+    "Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols": range(8400, 8448),
+    "Letterlike Symbols": range(8448, 8528),
+    "Number Forms": range(8528, 8592),
+    "Arrows": range(8592, 8704),
+    "Mathematical Operators": range(8704, 8960),
+    "Miscellaneous Technical": range(8960, 9216),
+    "Control Pictures": range(9216, 9280),
+    "Optical Character Recognition": range(9280, 9312),
+    "Enclosed Alphanumerics": range(9312, 9472),
+    "Box Drawing": range(9472, 9600),
+    "Block Elements": range(9600, 9632),
+    "Geometric Shapes": range(9632, 9728),
+    "Miscellaneous Symbols": range(9728, 9984),
+    "Dingbats": range(9984, 10176),
+    "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A": range(10176, 10224),
+    "Supplemental Arrows-A": range(10224, 10240),
+    "Braille Patterns": range(10240, 10496),
+    "Supplemental Arrows-B": range(10496, 10624),
+    "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B": range(10624, 10752),
+    "Supplemental Mathematical Operators": range(10752, 11008),
+    "Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows": range(11008, 11264),
+    "Glagolitic": range(11264, 11360),
+    "Latin Extended-C": range(11360, 11392),
+    "Coptic": range(11392, 11520),
+    "Georgian Supplement": range(11520, 11568),
+    "Tifinagh": range(11568, 11648),
+    "Ethiopic Extended": range(11648, 11744),
+    "Cyrillic Extended-A": range(11744, 11776),
+    "Supplemental Punctuation": range(11776, 11904),
+    "CJK Radicals Supplement": range(11904, 12032),
+    "Kangxi Radicals": range(12032, 12256),
+    "Ideographic Description Characters": range(12272, 12288),
+    "CJK Symbols and Punctuation": range(12288, 12352),
+    "Hiragana": range(12352, 12448),
+    "Katakana": range(12448, 12544),
+    "Bopomofo": range(12544, 12592),
+    "Hangul Compatibility Jamo": range(12592, 12688),
+    "Kanbun": range(12688, 12704),
+    "Bopomofo Extended": range(12704, 12736),
+    "CJK Strokes": range(12736, 12784),
+    "Katakana Phonetic Extensions": range(12784, 12800),
+    "Enclosed CJK Letters and Months": range(12800, 13056),
+    "CJK Compatibility": range(13056, 13312),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A": range(13312, 19904),
+    "Yijing Hexagram Symbols": range(19904, 19968),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs": range(19968, 40960),
+    "Yi Syllables": range(40960, 42128),
+    "Yi Radicals": range(42128, 42192),
+    "Lisu": range(42192, 42240),
+    "Vai": range(42240, 42560),
+    "Cyrillic Extended-B": range(42560, 42656),
+    "Bamum": range(42656, 42752),
+    "Modifier Tone Letters": range(42752, 42784),
+    "Latin Extended-D": range(42784, 43008),
+    "Syloti Nagri": range(43008, 43056),
+    "Common Indic Number Forms": range(43056, 43072),
+    "Phags-pa": range(43072, 43136),
+    "Saurashtra": range(43136, 43232),
+    "Devanagari Extended": range(43232, 43264),
+    "Kayah Li": range(43264, 43312),
+    "Rejang": range(43312, 43360),
+    "Hangul Jamo Extended-A": range(43360, 43392),
+    "Javanese": range(43392, 43488),
+    "Myanmar Extended-B": range(43488, 43520),
+    "Cham": range(43520, 43616),
+    "Myanmar Extended-A": range(43616, 43648),
+    "Tai Viet": range(43648, 43744),
+    "Meetei Mayek Extensions": range(43744, 43776),
+    "Ethiopic Extended-A": range(43776, 43824),
+    "Latin Extended-E": range(43824, 43888),
+    "Cherokee Supplement": range(43888, 43968),
+    "Meetei Mayek": range(43968, 44032),
+    "Hangul Syllables": range(44032, 55216),
+    "Hangul Jamo Extended-B": range(55216, 55296),
+    "High Surrogates": range(55296, 56192),
+    "High Private Use Surrogates": range(56192, 56320),
+    "Low Surrogates": range(56320, 57344),
+    "Private Use Area": range(57344, 63744),
+    "CJK Compatibility Ideographs": range(63744, 64256),
+    "Alphabetic Presentation Forms": range(64256, 64336),
+    "Arabic Presentation Forms-A": range(64336, 65024),
+    "Variation Selectors": range(65024, 65040),
+    "Vertical Forms": range(65040, 65056),
+    "Combining Half Marks": range(65056, 65072),
+    "CJK Compatibility Forms": range(65072, 65104),
+    "Small Form Variants": range(65104, 65136),
+    "Arabic Presentation Forms-B": range(65136, 65280),
+    "Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms": range(65280, 65520),
+    "Specials": range(65520, 65536),
+    "Linear B Syllabary": range(65536, 65664),
+    "Linear B Ideograms": range(65664, 65792),
+    "Aegean Numbers": range(65792, 65856),
+    "Ancient Greek Numbers": range(65856, 65936),
+    "Ancient Symbols": range(65936, 66000),
+    "Phaistos Disc": range(66000, 66048),
+    "Lycian": range(66176, 66208),
+    "Carian": range(66208, 66272),
+    "Coptic Epact Numbers": range(66272, 66304),
+    "Old Italic": range(66304, 66352),
+    "Gothic": range(66352, 66384),
+    "Old Permic": range(66384, 66432),
+    "Ugaritic": range(66432, 66464),
+    "Old Persian": range(66464, 66528),
+    "Deseret": range(66560, 66640),
+    "Shavian": range(66640, 66688),
+    "Osmanya": range(66688, 66736),
+    "Osage": range(66736, 66816),
+    "Elbasan": range(66816, 66864),
+    "Caucasian Albanian": range(66864, 66928),
+    "Vithkuqi": range(66928, 67008),
+    "Linear A": range(67072, 67456),
+    "Latin Extended-F": range(67456, 67520),
+    "Cypriot Syllabary": range(67584, 67648),
+    "Imperial Aramaic": range(67648, 67680),
+    "Palmyrene": range(67680, 67712),
+    "Nabataean": range(67712, 67760),
+    "Hatran": range(67808, 67840),
+    "Phoenician": range(67840, 67872),
+    "Lydian": range(67872, 67904),
+    "Meroitic Hieroglyphs": range(67968, 68000),
+    "Meroitic Cursive": range(68000, 68096),
+    "Kharoshthi": range(68096, 68192),
+    "Old South Arabian": range(68192, 68224),
+    "Old North Arabian": range(68224, 68256),
+    "Manichaean": range(68288, 68352),
+    "Avestan": range(68352, 68416),
+    "Inscriptional Parthian": range(68416, 68448),
+    "Inscriptional Pahlavi": range(68448, 68480),
+    "Psalter Pahlavi": range(68480, 68528),
+    "Old Turkic": range(68608, 68688),
+    "Old Hungarian": range(68736, 68864),
+    "Hanifi Rohingya": range(68864, 68928),
+    "Rumi Numeral Symbols": range(69216, 69248),
+    "Yezidi": range(69248, 69312),
+    "Arabic Extended-C": range(69312, 69376),
+    "Old Sogdian": range(69376, 69424),
+    "Sogdian": range(69424, 69488),
+    "Old Uyghur": range(69488, 69552),
+    "Chorasmian": range(69552, 69600),
+    "Elymaic": range(69600, 69632),
+    "Brahmi": range(69632, 69760),
+    "Kaithi": range(69760, 69840),
+    "Sora Sompeng": range(69840, 69888),
+    "Chakma": range(69888, 69968),
+    "Mahajani": range(69968, 70016),
+    "Sharada": range(70016, 70112),
+    "Sinhala Archaic Numbers": range(70112, 70144),
+    "Khojki": range(70144, 70224),
+    "Multani": range(70272, 70320),
+    "Khudawadi": range(70320, 70400),
+    "Grantha": range(70400, 70528),
+    "Newa": range(70656, 70784),
+    "Tirhuta": range(70784, 70880),
+    "Siddham": range(71040, 71168),
+    "Modi": range(71168, 71264),
+    "Mongolian Supplement": range(71264, 71296),
+    "Takri": range(71296, 71376),
+    "Ahom": range(71424, 71504),
+    "Dogra": range(71680, 71760),
+    "Warang Citi": range(71840, 71936),
+    "Dives Akuru": range(71936, 72032),
+    "Nandinagari": range(72096, 72192),
+    "Zanabazar Square": range(72192, 72272),
+    "Soyombo": range(72272, 72368),
+    "Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A": range(72368, 72384),
+    "Pau Cin Hau": range(72384, 72448),
+    "Devanagari Extended-A": range(72448, 72544),
+    "Bhaiksuki": range(72704, 72816),
+    "Marchen": range(72816, 72896),
+    "Masaram Gondi": range(72960, 73056),
+    "Gunjala Gondi": range(73056, 73136),
+    "Makasar": range(73440, 73472),
+    "Kawi": range(73472, 73568),
+    "Lisu Supplement": range(73648, 73664),
+    "Tamil Supplement": range(73664, 73728),
+    "Cuneiform": range(73728, 74752),
+    "Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation": range(74752, 74880),
+    "Early Dynastic Cuneiform": range(74880, 75088),
+    "Cypro-Minoan": range(77712, 77824),
+    "Egyptian Hieroglyphs": range(77824, 78896),
+    "Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls": range(78896, 78944),
+    "Anatolian Hieroglyphs": range(82944, 83584),
+    "Bamum Supplement": range(92160, 92736),
+    "Mro": range(92736, 92784),
+    "Tangsa": range(92784, 92880),
+    "Bassa Vah": range(92880, 92928),
+    "Pahawh Hmong": range(92928, 93072),
+    "Medefaidrin": range(93760, 93856),
+    "Miao": range(93952, 94112),
+    "Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation": range(94176, 94208),
+    "Tangut": range(94208, 100352),
+    "Tangut Components": range(100352, 101120),
+    "Khitan Small Script": range(101120, 101632),
+    "Tangut Supplement": range(101632, 101760),
+    "Kana Extended-B": range(110576, 110592),
+    "Kana Supplement": range(110592, 110848),
+    "Kana Extended-A": range(110848, 110896),
+    "Small Kana Extension": range(110896, 110960),
+    "Nushu": range(110960, 111360),
+    "Duployan": range(113664, 113824),
+    "Shorthand Format Controls": range(113824, 113840),
+    "Znamenny Musical Notation": range(118528, 118736),
+    "Byzantine Musical Symbols": range(118784, 119040),
+    "Musical Symbols": range(119040, 119296),
+    "Ancient Greek Musical Notation": range(119296, 119376),
+    "Kaktovik Numerals": range(119488, 119520),
+    "Mayan Numerals": range(119520, 119552),
+    "Tai Xuan Jing Symbols": range(119552, 119648),
+    "Counting Rod Numerals": range(119648, 119680),
+    "Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols": range(119808, 120832),
+    "Sutton SignWriting": range(120832, 121520),
+    "Latin Extended-G": range(122624, 122880),
+    "Glagolitic Supplement": range(122880, 122928),
+    "Cyrillic Extended-D": range(122928, 123024),
+    "Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong": range(123136, 123216),
+    "Toto": range(123536, 123584),
+    "Wancho": range(123584, 123648),
+    "Nag Mundari": range(124112, 124160),
+    "Ethiopic Extended-B": range(124896, 124928),
+    "Mende Kikakui": range(124928, 125152),
+    "Adlam": range(125184, 125280),
+    "Indic Siyaq Numbers": range(126064, 126144),
+    "Ottoman Siyaq Numbers": range(126208, 126288),
+    "Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols": range(126464, 126720),
+    "Mahjong Tiles": range(126976, 127024),
+    "Domino Tiles": range(127024, 127136),
+    "Playing Cards": range(127136, 127232),
+    "Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement": range(127232, 127488),
+    "Enclosed Ideographic Supplement": range(127488, 127744),
+    "Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs": range(127744, 128512),
+    "Emoticons range(Emoji)": range(128512, 128592),
+    "Ornamental Dingbats": range(128592, 128640),
+    "Transport and Map Symbols": range(128640, 128768),
+    "Alchemical Symbols": range(128768, 128896),
+    "Geometric Shapes Extended": range(128896, 129024),
+    "Supplemental Arrows-C": range(129024, 129280),
+    "Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs": range(129280, 129536),
+    "Chess Symbols": range(129536, 129648),
+    "Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A": range(129648, 129792),
+    "Symbols for Legacy Computing": range(129792, 130048),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B": range(131072, 173792),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C": range(173824, 177984),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D": range(177984, 178208),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E": range(178208, 183984),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F": range(183984, 191472),
+    "CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement": range(194560, 195104),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G": range(196608, 201552),
+    "CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H": range(201552, 205744),
+    "Tags": range(917504, 917632),
+    "Variation Selectors Supplement": range(917760, 918000),
+    "Supplementary Private Use Area-A": range(983040, 1048576),
+    "Supplementary Private Use Area-B": range(1048576, 1114112),
+}
+
+
+UNICODE_SECONDARY_RANGE_KEYWORD: list[str] = [
+    "Supplement",
+    "Extended",
+    "Extensions",
+    "Modifier",
+    "Marks",
+    "Punctuation",
+    "Symbols",
+    "Forms",
+    "Operators",
+    "Miscellaneous",
+    "Drawing",
+    "Block",
+    "Shapes",
+    "Supplemental",
+    "Tags",
+]
+
+RE_POSSIBLE_ENCODING_INDICATION = re_compile(
+    r"(?:(?:encoding)|(?:charset)|(?:coding))(?:[\:= ]{1,10})(?:[\"\']?)([a-zA-Z0-9\-_]+)(?:[\"\']?)",
+    IGNORECASE,
+)
+
+IANA_NO_ALIASES = [
+    "cp720",
+    "cp737",
+    "cp856",
+    "cp874",
+    "cp875",
+    "cp1006",
+    "koi8_r",
+    "koi8_t",
+    "koi8_u",
+]
+
+IANA_SUPPORTED: list[str] = sorted(
+    filter(
+        lambda x: x.endswith("_codec") is False
+        and x not in {"rot_13", "tactis", "mbcs"},
+        list(set(aliases.values())) + IANA_NO_ALIASES,
+    )
+)
+
+IANA_SUPPORTED_COUNT: int = len(IANA_SUPPORTED)
+
+# pre-computed code page that are similar using the function cp_similarity.
+IANA_SUPPORTED_SIMILAR: dict[str, list[str]] = {
+    "cp037": ["cp1026", "cp1140", "cp273", "cp500"],
+    "cp1026": ["cp037", "cp1140", "cp273", "cp500"],
+    "cp1125": ["cp866"],
+    "cp1140": ["cp037", "cp1026", "cp273", "cp500"],
+    "cp1250": ["iso8859_2"],
+    "cp1251": ["kz1048", "ptcp154"],
+    "cp1252": ["iso8859_15", "iso8859_9", "latin_1"],
+    "cp1253": ["iso8859_7"],
+    "cp1254": ["iso8859_15", "iso8859_9", "latin_1"],
+    "cp1257": ["iso8859_13"],
+    "cp273": ["cp037", "cp1026", "cp1140", "cp500"],
+    "cp437": ["cp850", "cp858", "cp860", "cp861", "cp862", "cp863", "cp865"],
+    "cp500": ["cp037", "cp1026", "cp1140", "cp273"],
+    "cp850": ["cp437", "cp857", "cp858", "cp865"],
+    "cp857": ["cp850", "cp858", "cp865"],
+    "cp858": ["cp437", "cp850", "cp857", "cp865"],
+    "cp860": ["cp437", "cp861", "cp862", "cp863", "cp865"],
+    "cp861": ["cp437", "cp860", "cp862", "cp863", "cp865"],
+    "cp862": ["cp437", "cp860", "cp861", "cp863", "cp865"],
+    "cp863": ["cp437", "cp860", "cp861", "cp862", "cp865"],
+    "cp865": ["cp437", "cp850", "cp857", "cp858", "cp860", "cp861", "cp862", "cp863"],
+    "cp866": ["cp1125"],
+    "iso8859_10": ["iso8859_14", "iso8859_15", "iso8859_4", "iso8859_9", "latin_1"],
+    "iso8859_11": ["tis_620"],
+    "iso8859_13": ["cp1257"],
+    "iso8859_14": [
+        "iso8859_10",
+        "iso8859_15",
+        "iso8859_16",
+        "iso8859_3",
+        "iso8859_9",
+        "latin_1",
+    ],
+    "iso8859_15": [
+        "cp1252",
+        "cp1254",
+        "iso8859_10",
+        "iso8859_14",
+        "iso8859_16",
+        "iso8859_3",
+        "iso8859_9",
+        "latin_1",
+    ],
+    "iso8859_16": [
+        "iso8859_14",
+        "iso8859_15",
+        "iso8859_2",
+        "iso8859_3",
+        "iso8859_9",
+        "latin_1",
+    ],
+    "iso8859_2": ["cp1250", "iso8859_16", "iso8859_4"],
+    "iso8859_3": ["iso8859_14", "iso8859_15", "iso8859_16", "iso8859_9", "latin_1"],
+    "iso8859_4": ["iso8859_10", "iso8859_2", "iso8859_9", "latin_1"],
+    "iso8859_7": ["cp1253"],
+    "iso8859_9": [
+        "cp1252",
+        "cp1254",
+        "cp1258",
+        "iso8859_10",
+        "iso8859_14",
+        "iso8859_15",
+        "iso8859_16",
+        "iso8859_3",
+        "iso8859_4",
+        "latin_1",
+    ],
+    "kz1048": ["cp1251", "ptcp154"],
+    "latin_1": [
+        "cp1252",
+        "cp1254",
+        "cp1258",
+        "iso8859_10",
+        "iso8859_14",
+        "iso8859_15",
+        "iso8859_16",
+        "iso8859_3",
+        "iso8859_4",
+        "iso8859_9",
+    ],
+    "mac_iceland": ["mac_roman", "mac_turkish"],
+    "mac_roman": ["mac_iceland", "mac_turkish"],
+    "mac_turkish": ["mac_iceland", "mac_roman"],
+    "ptcp154": ["cp1251", "kz1048"],
+    "tis_620": ["iso8859_11"],
+}
+
+
+CHARDET_CORRESPONDENCE: dict[str, str] = {
+    "iso2022_kr": "ISO-2022-KR",
+    "iso2022_jp": "ISO-2022-JP",
+    "euc_kr": "EUC-KR",
+    "tis_620": "TIS-620",
+    "utf_32": "UTF-32",
+    "euc_jp": "EUC-JP",
+    "koi8_r": "KOI8-R",
+    "iso8859_1": "ISO-8859-1",
+    "iso8859_2": "ISO-8859-2",
+    "iso8859_5": "ISO-8859-5",
+    "iso8859_6": "ISO-8859-6",
+    "iso8859_7": "ISO-8859-7",
+    "iso8859_8": "ISO-8859-8",
+    "utf_16": "UTF-16",
+    "cp855": "IBM855",
+    "mac_cyrillic": "MacCyrillic",
+    "gb2312": "GB2312",
+    "gb18030": "GB18030",
+    "cp932": "CP932",
+    "cp866": "IBM866",
+    "utf_8": "utf-8",
+    "utf_8_sig": "UTF-8-SIG",
+    "shift_jis": "SHIFT_JIS",
+    "big5": "Big5",
+    "cp1250": "windows-1250",
+    "cp1251": "windows-1251",
+    "cp1252": "Windows-1252",
+    "cp1253": "windows-1253",
+    "cp1255": "windows-1255",
+    "cp1256": "windows-1256",
+    "cp1254": "Windows-1254",
+    "cp949": "CP949",
+}
+
+
+COMMON_SAFE_ASCII_CHARACTERS: set[str] = {
+    "<",
+    ">",
+    "=",
+    ":",
+    "/",
+    "&",
+    ";",
+    "{",
+    "}",
+    "[",
+    "]",
+    ",",
+    "|",
+    '"',
+    "-",
+    "(",
+    ")",
+}
+
+# Sample character sets — replace with full lists if needed
+COMMON_CHINESE_CHARACTERS = "的一是在不了有和人这中大为上个国我以要他时来用们生到作地于出就分对成会可主发年动同工也能下过子说产种面而方后多定行学法所民得经十三之进着等部度家电力里如水化高自二理起小物现实加量都两体制机当使点从业本去把性好应开它合还因由其些然前外天政四日那社义事平形相全表间样与关各重新线内数正心反你明看原又么利比或但质气第向道命此变条只没结解问意建月公无系军很情者最立代想已通并提直题党程展五果料象员革位入常文总次品式活设及管特件长求老头基资边流路级少图山统接知较将组见计别她手角期根论运农指几九区强放决西被干做必战先回则任取据处队南给色光门即保治北造百规热领七海口东导器压志世金增争济阶油思术极交受联什认六共权收证改清己美再采转更单风切打白教速花带安场身车例真务具万每目至达走积示议声报斗完类八离华名确才科张信马节话米整空元况今集温传土许步群广石记需段研界拉林律叫且究观越织装影算低持音众书布复容儿须际商非验连断深难近矿千周委素技备半办青省列习响约支般史感劳便团往酸历市克何除消构府太准精值号率族维划选标写存候毛亲快效斯院查江型眼王按格养易置派层片始却专状育厂京识适属圆包火住调满县局照参红细引听该铁价严龙飞"
+
+COMMON_JAPANESE_CHARACTERS = "日一国年大十二本中長出三時行見月分後前生五間上東四今金九入学高円子外八六下来気小七山話女北午百書先名川千水半男西電校語土木聞食車何南万毎白天母火右読友左休父雨"
+
+COMMON_KOREAN_CHARACTERS = "一二三四五六七八九十百千萬上下左右中人女子大小山川日月火水木金土父母天地國名年時文校學生"
+
+# Combine all into a set
+COMMON_CJK_CHARACTERS = set(
+    "".join(
+        [
+            COMMON_CHINESE_CHARACTERS,
+            COMMON_JAPANESE_CHARACTERS,
+            COMMON_KOREAN_CHARACTERS,
+        ]
+    )
+)
+
+KO_NAMES: set[str] = {"johab", "cp949", "euc_kr"}
+ZH_NAMES: set[str] = {"big5", "cp950", "big5hkscs", "hz"}
+
+# Logging LEVEL below DEBUG
+TRACE: int = 5
+
+
+# Language label that contain the em dash "—"
+# character are to be considered alternative seq to origin
+FREQUENCIES: dict[str, list[str]] = {
+    "English": [
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "t",
+        "i",
+        "o",
+        "n",
+        "s",
+        "r",
+        "h",
+        "l",
+        "d",
+        "c",
+        "u",
+        "m",
+        "f",
+        "p",
+        "g",
+        "w",
+        "y",
+        "b",
+        "v",
+        "k",
+        "x",
+        "j",
+        "z",
+        "q",
+    ],
+    "English—": [
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "t",
+        "i",
+        "o",
+        "n",
+        "s",
+        "r",
+        "h",
+        "l",
+        "d",
+        "c",
+        "m",
+        "u",
+        "f",
+        "p",
+        "g",
+        "w",
+        "b",
+        "y",
+        "v",
+        "k",
+        "j",
+        "x",
+        "z",
+        "q",
+    ],
+    "German": [
+        "e",
+        "n",
+        "i",
+        "r",
+        "s",
+        "t",
+        "a",
+        "d",
+        "h",
+        "u",
+        "l",
+        "g",
+        "o",
+        "c",
+        "m",
+        "b",
+        "f",
+        "k",
+        "w",
+        "z",
+        "p",
+        "v",
+        "ü",
+        "ä",
+        "ö",
+        "j",
+    ],
+    "French": [
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "s",
+        "n",
+        "i",
+        "t",
+        "r",
+        "l",
+        "u",
+        "o",
+        "d",
+        "c",
+        "p",
+        "m",
+        "é",
+        "v",
+        "g",
+        "f",
+        "b",
+        "h",
+        "q",
+        "à",
+        "x",
+        "è",
+        "y",
+        "j",
+    ],
+    "Dutch": [
+        "e",
+        "n",
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "r",
+        "t",
+        "o",
+        "d",
+        "s",
+        "l",
+        "g",
+        "h",
+        "v",
+        "m",
+        "u",
+        "k",
+        "c",
+        "p",
+        "b",
+        "w",
+        "j",
+        "z",
+        "f",
+        "y",
+        "x",
+        "ë",
+    ],
+    "Italian": [
+        "e",
+        "i",
+        "a",
+        "o",
+        "n",
+        "l",
+        "t",
+        "r",
+        "s",
+        "c",
+        "d",
+        "u",
+        "p",
+        "m",
+        "g",
+        "v",
+        "f",
+        "b",
+        "z",
+        "h",
+        "q",
+        "è",
+        "à",
+        "k",
+        "y",
+        "ò",
+    ],
+    "Polish": [
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "o",
+        "e",
+        "n",
+        "r",
+        "z",
+        "w",
+        "s",
+        "c",
+        "t",
+        "k",
+        "y",
+        "d",
+        "p",
+        "m",
+        "u",
+        "l",
+        "j",
+        "ł",
+        "g",
+        "b",
+        "h",
+        "ą",
+        "ę",
+        "ó",
+    ],
+    "Spanish": [
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "o",
+        "n",
+        "s",
+        "r",
+        "i",
+        "l",
+        "d",
+        "t",
+        "c",
+        "u",
+        "m",
+        "p",
+        "b",
+        "g",
+        "v",
+        "f",
+        "y",
+        "ó",
+        "h",
+        "q",
+        "í",
+        "j",
+        "z",
+        "á",
+    ],
+    "Russian": [
+        "о",
+        "а",
+        "е",
+        "и",
+        "н",
+        "с",
+        "т",
+        "р",
+        "в",
+        "л",
+        "к",
+        "м",
+        "д",
+        "п",
+        "у",
+        "г",
+        "я",
+        "ы",
+        "з",
+        "б",
+        "й",
+        "ь",
+        "ч",
+        "х",
+        "ж",
+        "ц",
+    ],
+    # Jap-Kanji
+    "Japanese": [
+        "人",
+        "一",
+        "大",
+        "亅",
+        "丁",
+        "丨",
+        "竹",
+        "笑",
+        "口",
+        "日",
+        "今",
+        "二",
+        "彳",
+        "行",
+        "十",
+        "土",
+        "丶",
+        "寸",
+        "寺",
+        "時",
+        "乙",
+        "丿",
+        "乂",
+        "气",
+        "気",
+        "冂",
+        "巾",
+        "亠",
+        "市",
+        "目",
+        "儿",
+        "見",
+        "八",
+        "小",
+        "凵",
+        "県",
+        "月",
+        "彐",
+        "門",
+        "間",
+        "木",
+        "東",
+        "山",
+        "出",
+        "本",
+        "中",
+        "刀",
+        "分",
+        "耳",
+        "又",
+        "取",
+        "最",
+        "言",
+        "田",
+        "心",
+        "思",
+        "刂",
+        "前",
+        "京",
+        "尹",
+        "事",
+        "生",
+        "厶",
+        "云",
+        "会",
+        "未",
+        "来",
+        "白",
+        "冫",
+        "楽",
+        "灬",
+        "馬",
+        "尸",
+        "尺",
+        "駅",
+        "明",
+        "耂",
+        "者",
+        "了",
+        "阝",
+        "都",
+        "高",
+        "卜",
+        "占",
+        "厂",
+        "广",
+        "店",
+        "子",
+        "申",
+        "奄",
+        "亻",
+        "俺",
+        "上",
+        "方",
+        "冖",
+        "学",
+        "衣",
+        "艮",
+        "食",
+        "自",
+    ],
+    # Jap-Katakana
+    "Japanese—": [
+        "ー",
+        "ン",
+        "ス",
+        "・",
+        "ル",
+        "ト",
+        "リ",
+        "イ",
+        "ア",
+        "ラ",
+        "ッ",
+        "ク",
+        "ド",
+        "シ",
+        "レ",
+        "ジ",
+        "タ",
+        "フ",
+        "ロ",
+        "カ",
+        "テ",
+        "マ",
+        "ィ",
+        "グ",
+        "バ",
+        "ム",
+        "プ",
+        "オ",
+        "コ",
+        "デ",
+        "ニ",
+        "ウ",
+        "メ",
+        "サ",
+        "ビ",
+        "ナ",
+        "ブ",
+        "ャ",
+        "エ",
+        "ュ",
+        "チ",
+        "キ",
+        "ズ",
+        "ダ",
+        "パ",
+        "ミ",
+        "ェ",
+        "ョ",
+        "ハ",
+        "セ",
+        "ベ",
+        "ガ",
+        "モ",
+        "ツ",
+        "ネ",
+        "ボ",
+        "ソ",
+        "ノ",
+        "ァ",
+        "ヴ",
+        "ワ",
+        "ポ",
+        "ペ",
+        "ピ",
+        "ケ",
+        "ゴ",
+        "ギ",
+        "ザ",
+        "ホ",
+        "ゲ",
+        "ォ",
+        "ヤ",
+        "ヒ",
+        "ユ",
+        "ヨ",
+        "ヘ",
+        "ゼ",
+        "ヌ",
+        "ゥ",
+        "ゾ",
+        "ヶ",
+        "ヂ",
+        "ヲ",
+        "ヅ",
+        "ヵ",
+        "ヱ",
+        "ヰ",
+        "ヮ",
+        "ヽ",
+        "゠",
+        "ヾ",
+        "ヷ",
+        "ヿ",
+        "ヸ",
+        "ヹ",
+        "ヺ",
+    ],
+    # Jap-Hiragana
+    "Japanese——": [
+        "の",
+        "に",
+        "る",
+        "た",
+        "と",
+        "は",
+        "し",
+        "い",
+        "を",
+        "で",
+        "て",
+        "が",
+        "な",
+        "れ",
+        "か",
+        "ら",
+        "さ",
+        "っ",
+        "り",
+        "す",
+        "あ",
+        "も",
+        "こ",
+        "ま",
+        "う",
+        "く",
+        "よ",
+        "き",
+        "ん",
+        "め",
+        "お",
+        "け",
+        "そ",
+        "つ",
+        "だ",
+        "や",
+        "え",
+        "ど",
+        "わ",
+        "ち",
+        "み",
+        "せ",
+        "じ",
+        "ば",
+        "へ",
+        "び",
+        "ず",
+        "ろ",
+        "ほ",
+        "げ",
+        "む",
+        "べ",
+        "ひ",
+        "ょ",
+        "ゆ",
+        "ぶ",
+        "ご",
+        "ゃ",
+        "ね",
+        "ふ",
+        "ぐ",
+        "ぎ",
+        "ぼ",
+        "ゅ",
+        "づ",
+        "ざ",
+        "ぞ",
+        "ぬ",
+        "ぜ",
+        "ぱ",
+        "ぽ",
+        "ぷ",
+        "ぴ",
+        "ぃ",
+        "ぁ",
+        "ぇ",
+        "ぺ",
+        "ゞ",
+        "ぢ",
+        "ぉ",
+        "ぅ",
+        "ゐ",
+        "ゝ",
+        "ゑ",
+        "゛",
+        "゜",
+        "ゎ",
+        "ゔ",
+        "゚",
+        "ゟ",
+        "゙",
+        "ゕ",
+        "ゖ",
+    ],
+    "Portuguese": [
+        "a",
+        "e",
+        "o",
+        "s",
+        "i",
+        "r",
+        "d",
+        "n",
+        "t",
+        "m",
+        "u",
+        "c",
+        "l",
+        "p",
+        "g",
+        "v",
+        "b",
+        "f",
+        "h",
+        "ã",
+        "q",
+        "é",
+        "ç",
+        "á",
+        "z",
+        "í",
+    ],
+    "Swedish": [
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "n",
+        "r",
+        "t",
+        "s",
+        "i",
+        "l",
+        "d",
+        "o",
+        "m",
+        "k",
+        "g",
+        "v",
+        "h",
+        "f",
+        "u",
+        "p",
+        "ä",
+        "c",
+        "b",
+        "ö",
+        "å",
+        "y",
+        "j",
+        "x",
+    ],
+    "Chinese": [
+        "的",
+        "一",
+        "是",
+        "不",
+        "了",
+        "在",
+        "人",
+        "有",
+        "我",
+        "他",
+        "这",
+        "个",
+        "们",
+        "中",
+        "来",
+        "上",
+        "大",
+        "为",
+        "和",
+        "国",
+        "地",
+        "到",
+        "以",
+        "说",
+        "时",
+        "要",
+        "就",
+        "出",
+        "会",
+        "可",
+        "也",
+        "你",
+        "对",
+        "生",
+        "能",
+        "而",
+        "子",
+        "那",
+        "得",
+        "于",
+        "着",
+        "下",
+        "自",
+        "之",
+        "年",
+        "过",
+        "发",
+        "后",
+        "作",
+        "里",
+        "用",
+        "道",
+        "行",
+        "所",
+        "然",
+        "家",
+        "种",
+        "事",
+        "成",
+        "方",
+        "多",
+        "经",
+        "么",
+        "去",
+        "法",
+        "学",
+        "如",
+        "都",
+        "同",
+        "现",
+        "当",
+        "没",
+        "动",
+        "面",
+        "起",
+        "看",
+        "定",
+        "天",
+        "分",
+        "还",
+        "进",
+        "好",
+        "小",
+        "部",
+        "其",
+        "些",
+        "主",
+        "样",
+        "理",
+        "心",
+        "她",
+        "本",
+        "前",
+        "开",
+        "但",
+        "因",
+        "只",
+        "从",
+        "想",
+        "实",
+    ],
+    "Ukrainian": [
+        "о",
+        "а",
+        "н",
+        "і",
+        "и",
+        "р",
+        "в",
+        "т",
+        "е",
+        "с",
+        "к",
+        "л",
+        "у",
+        "д",
+        "м",
+        "п",
+        "з",
+        "я",
+        "ь",
+        "б",
+        "г",
+        "й",
+        "ч",
+        "х",
+        "ц",
+        "ї",
+    ],
+    "Norwegian": [
+        "e",
+        "r",
+        "n",
+        "t",
+        "a",
+        "s",
+        "i",
+        "o",
+        "l",
+        "d",
+        "g",
+        "k",
+        "m",
+        "v",
+        "f",
+        "p",
+        "u",
+        "b",
+        "h",
+        "å",
+        "y",
+        "j",
+        "ø",
+        "c",
+        "æ",
+        "w",
+    ],
+    "Finnish": [
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "n",
+        "t",
+        "e",
+        "s",
+        "l",
+        "o",
+        "u",
+        "k",
+        "ä",
+        "m",
+        "r",
+        "v",
+        "j",
+        "h",
+        "p",
+        "y",
+        "d",
+        "ö",
+        "g",
+        "c",
+        "b",
+        "f",
+        "w",
+        "z",
+    ],
+    "Vietnamese": [
+        "n",
+        "h",
+        "t",
+        "i",
+        "c",
+        "g",
+        "a",
+        "o",
+        "u",
+        "m",
+        "l",
+        "r",
+        "à",
+        "đ",
+        "s",
+        "e",
+        "v",
+        "p",
+        "b",
+        "y",
+        "ư",
+        "d",
+        "á",
+        "k",
+        "ộ",
+        "ế",
+    ],
+    "Czech": [
+        "o",
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "n",
+        "t",
+        "s",
+        "i",
+        "l",
+        "v",
+        "r",
+        "k",
+        "d",
+        "u",
+        "m",
+        "p",
+        "í",
+        "c",
+        "h",
+        "z",
+        "á",
+        "y",
+        "j",
+        "b",
+        "ě",
+        "é",
+        "ř",
+    ],
+    "Hungarian": [
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "t",
+        "l",
+        "s",
+        "n",
+        "k",
+        "r",
+        "i",
+        "o",
+        "z",
+        "á",
+        "é",
+        "g",
+        "m",
+        "b",
+        "y",
+        "v",
+        "d",
+        "h",
+        "u",
+        "p",
+        "j",
+        "ö",
+        "f",
+        "c",
+    ],
+    "Korean": [
+        "이",
+        "다",
+        "에",
+        "의",
+        "는",
+        "로",
+        "하",
+        "을",
+        "가",
+        "고",
+        "지",
+        "서",
+        "한",
+        "은",
+        "기",
+        "으",
+        "년",
+        "대",
+        "사",
+        "시",
+        "를",
+        "리",
+        "도",
+        "인",
+        "스",
+        "일",
+    ],
+    "Indonesian": [
+        "a",
+        "n",
+        "e",
+        "i",
+        "r",
+        "t",
+        "u",
+        "s",
+        "d",
+        "k",
+        "m",
+        "l",
+        "g",
+        "p",
+        "b",
+        "o",
+        "h",
+        "y",
+        "j",
+        "c",
+        "w",
+        "f",
+        "v",
+        "z",
+        "x",
+        "q",
+    ],
+    "Turkish": [
+        "a",
+        "e",
+        "i",
+        "n",
+        "r",
+        "l",
+        "ı",
+        "k",
+        "d",
+        "t",
+        "s",
+        "m",
+        "y",
+        "u",
+        "o",
+        "b",
+        "ü",
+        "ş",
+        "v",
+        "g",
+        "z",
+        "h",
+        "c",
+        "p",
+        "ç",
+        "ğ",
+    ],
+    "Romanian": [
+        "e",
+        "i",
+        "a",
+        "r",
+        "n",
+        "t",
+        "u",
+        "l",
+        "o",
+        "c",
+        "s",
+        "d",
+        "p",
+        "m",
+        "ă",
+        "f",
+        "v",
+        "î",
+        "g",
+        "b",
+        "ș",
+        "ț",
+        "z",
+        "h",
+        "â",
+        "j",
+    ],
+    "Farsi": [
+        "ا",
+        "ی",
+        "ر",
+        "د",
+        "ن",
+        "ه",
+        "و",
+        "م",
+        "ت",
+        "ب",
+        "س",
+        "ل",
+        "ک",
+        "ش",
+        "ز",
+        "ف",
+        "گ",
+        "ع",
+        "خ",
+        "ق",
+        "ج",
+        "آ",
+        "پ",
+        "ح",
+        "ط",
+        "ص",
+    ],
+    "Arabic": [
+        "ا",
+        "ل",
+        "ي",
+        "م",
+        "و",
+        "ن",
+        "ر",
+        "ت",
+        "ب",
+        "ة",
+        "ع",
+        "د",
+        "س",
+        "ف",
+        "ه",
+        "ك",
+        "ق",
+        "أ",
+        "ح",
+        "ج",
+        "ش",
+        "ط",
+        "ص",
+        "ى",
+        "خ",
+        "إ",
+    ],
+    "Danish": [
+        "e",
+        "r",
+        "n",
+        "t",
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "s",
+        "d",
+        "l",
+        "o",
+        "g",
+        "m",
+        "k",
+        "f",
+        "v",
+        "u",
+        "b",
+        "h",
+        "p",
+        "å",
+        "y",
+        "ø",
+        "æ",
+        "c",
+        "j",
+        "w",
+    ],
+    "Serbian": [
+        "а",
+        "и",
+        "о",
+        "е",
+        "н",
+        "р",
+        "с",
+        "у",
+        "т",
+        "к",
+        "ј",
+        "в",
+        "д",
+        "м",
+        "п",
+        "л",
+        "г",
+        "з",
+        "б",
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "e",
+        "o",
+        "n",
+        "ц",
+        "ш",
+    ],
+    "Lithuanian": [
+        "i",
+        "a",
+        "s",
+        "o",
+        "r",
+        "e",
+        "t",
+        "n",
+        "u",
+        "k",
+        "m",
+        "l",
+        "p",
+        "v",
+        "d",
+        "j",
+        "g",
+        "ė",
+        "b",
+        "y",
+        "ų",
+        "š",
+        "ž",
+        "c",
+        "ą",
+        "į",
+    ],
+    "Slovene": [
+        "e",
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "o",
+        "n",
+        "r",
+        "s",
+        "l",
+        "t",
+        "j",
+        "v",
+        "k",
+        "d",
+        "p",
+        "m",
+        "u",
+        "z",
+        "b",
+        "g",
+        "h",
+        "č",
+        "c",
+        "š",
+        "ž",
+        "f",
+        "y",
+    ],
+    "Slovak": [
+        "o",
+        "a",
+        "e",
+        "n",
+        "i",
+        "r",
+        "v",
+        "t",
+        "s",
+        "l",
+        "k",
+        "d",
+        "m",
+        "p",
+        "u",
+        "c",
+        "h",
+        "j",
+        "b",
+        "z",
+        "á",
+        "y",
+        "ý",
+        "í",
+        "č",
+        "é",
+    ],
+    "Hebrew": [
+        "י",
+        "ו",
+        "ה",
+        "ל",
+        "ר",
+        "ב",
+        "ת",
+        "מ",
+        "א",
+        "ש",
+        "נ",
+        "ע",
+        "ם",
+        "ד",
+        "ק",
+        "ח",
+        "פ",
+        "ס",
+        "כ",
+        "ג",
+        "ט",
+        "צ",
+        "ן",
+        "ז",
+        "ך",
+    ],
+    "Bulgarian": [
+        "а",
+        "и",
+        "о",
+        "е",
+        "н",
+        "т",
+        "р",
+        "с",
+        "в",
+        "л",
+        "к",
+        "д",
+        "п",
+        "м",
+        "з",
+        "г",
+        "я",
+        "ъ",
+        "у",
+        "б",
+        "ч",
+        "ц",
+        "й",
+        "ж",
+        "щ",
+        "х",
+    ],
+    "Croatian": [
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "o",
+        "e",
+        "n",
+        "r",
+        "j",
+        "s",
+        "t",
+        "u",
+        "k",
+        "l",
+        "v",
+        "d",
+        "m",
+        "p",
+        "g",
+        "z",
+        "b",
+        "c",
+        "č",
+        "h",
+        "š",
+        "ž",
+        "ć",
+        "f",
+    ],
+    "Hindi": [
+        "क",
+        "र",
+        "स",
+        "न",
+        "त",
+        "म",
+        "ह",
+        "प",
+        "य",
+        "ल",
+        "व",
+        "ज",
+        "द",
+        "ग",
+        "ब",
+        "श",
+        "ट",
+        "अ",
+        "ए",
+        "थ",
+        "भ",
+        "ड",
+        "च",
+        "ध",
+        "ष",
+        "इ",
+    ],
+    "Estonian": [
+        "a",
+        "i",
+        "e",
+        "s",
+        "t",
+        "l",
+        "u",
+        "n",
+        "o",
+        "k",
+        "r",
+        "d",
+        "m",
+        "v",
+        "g",
+        "p",
+        "j",
+        "h",
+        "ä",
+        "b",
+        "õ",
+        "ü",
+        "f",
+        "c",
+        "ö",
+        "y",
+    ],
+    "Thai": [
+        "า",
+        "น",
+        "ร",
+        "อ",
+        "ก",
+        "เ",
+        "ง",
+        "ม",
+        "ย",
+        "ล",
+        "ว",
+        "ด",
+        "ท",
+        "ส",
+        "ต",
+        "ะ",
+        "ป",
+        "บ",
+        "ค",
+        "ห",
+        "แ",
+        "จ",
+        "พ",
+        "ช",
+        "ข",
+        "ใ",
+    ],
+    "Greek": [
+        "α",
+        "τ",
+        "ο",
+        "ι",
+        "ε",
+        "ν",
+        "ρ",
+        "σ",
+        "κ",
+        "η",
+        "π",
+        "ς",
+        "υ",
+        "μ",
+        "λ",
+        "ί",
+        "ό",
+        "ά",
+        "γ",
+        "έ",
+        "δ",
+        "ή",
+        "ω",
+        "χ",
+        "θ",
+        "ύ",
+    ],
+    "Tamil": [
+        "க",
+        "த",
+        "ப",
+        "ட",
+        "ர",
+        "ம",
+        "ல",
+        "ன",
+        "வ",
+        "ற",
+        "ய",
+        "ள",
+        "ச",
+        "ந",
+        "இ",
+        "ண",
+        "அ",
+        "ஆ",
+        "ழ",
+        "ங",
+        "எ",
+        "உ",
+        "ஒ",
+        "ஸ",
+    ],
+    "Kazakh": [
+        "а",
+        "ы",
+        "е",
+        "н",
+        "т",
+        "р",
+        "л",
+        "і",
+        "д",
+        "с",
+        "м",
+        "қ",
+        "к",
+        "о",
+        "б",
+        "и",
+        "у",
+        "ғ",
+        "ж",
+        "ң",
+        "з",
+        "ш",
+        "й",
+        "п",
+        "г",
+        "ө",
+    ],
+}
+
+LANGUAGE_SUPPORTED_COUNT: int = len(FREQUENCIES)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/legacy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e221beca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/legacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .api import from_bytes
+from .constant import CHARDET_CORRESPONDENCE
+
+# TODO: remove this check when dropping Python 3.7 support
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+    class ResultDict(TypedDict):
+        encoding: str | None
+        language: str
+        confidence: float | None
+
+
+def detect(
+    byte_str: bytes, should_rename_legacy: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
+) -> ResultDict:
+    """
+    chardet legacy method
+    Detect the encoding of the given byte string. It should be mostly backward-compatible.
+    Encoding name will match Chardet own writing whenever possible. (Not on encoding name unsupported by it)
+    This function is deprecated and should be used to migrate your project easily, consult the documentation for
+    further information. Not planned for removal.
+
+    :param byte_str:     The byte sequence to examine.
+    :param should_rename_legacy:  Should we rename legacy encodings
+                                  to their more modern equivalents?
+    """
+    if len(kwargs):
+        warn(
+            f"charset-normalizer disregard arguments '{','.join(list(kwargs.keys()))}' in legacy function detect()"
+        )
+
+    if not isinstance(byte_str, (bytearray, bytes)):
+        raise TypeError(  # pragma: nocover
+            f"Expected object of type bytes or bytearray, got: {type(byte_str)}"
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(byte_str, bytearray):
+        byte_str = bytes(byte_str)
+
+    r = from_bytes(byte_str).best()
+
+    encoding = r.encoding if r is not None else None
+    language = r.language if r is not None and r.language != "Unknown" else ""
+    confidence = 1.0 - r.chaos if r is not None else None
+
+    # Note: CharsetNormalizer does not return 'UTF-8-SIG' as the sig get stripped in the detection/normalization process
+    # but chardet does return 'utf-8-sig' and it is a valid codec name.
+    if r is not None and encoding == "utf_8" and r.bom:
+        encoding += "_sig"
+
+    if should_rename_legacy is False and encoding in CHARDET_CORRESPONDENCE:
+        encoding = CHARDET_CORRESPONDENCE[encoding]
+
+    return {
+        "encoding": encoding,
+        "language": language,
+        "confidence": confidence,
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c6c2cf5
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12ce024b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md.py
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from functools import lru_cache
+from logging import getLogger
+
+from .constant import (
+    COMMON_SAFE_ASCII_CHARACTERS,
+    TRACE,
+    UNICODE_SECONDARY_RANGE_KEYWORD,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    is_accentuated,
+    is_arabic,
+    is_arabic_isolated_form,
+    is_case_variable,
+    is_cjk,
+    is_emoticon,
+    is_hangul,
+    is_hiragana,
+    is_katakana,
+    is_latin,
+    is_punctuation,
+    is_separator,
+    is_symbol,
+    is_thai,
+    is_unprintable,
+    remove_accent,
+    unicode_range,
+    is_cjk_uncommon,
+)
+
+
+class MessDetectorPlugin:
+    """
+    Base abstract class used for mess detection plugins.
+    All detectors MUST extend and implement given methods.
+    """
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determine if given character should be fed in.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        """
+        The main routine to be executed upon character.
+        Insert the logic in witch the text would be considered chaotic.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        Permit to reset the plugin to the initial state.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        """
+        Compute the chaos ratio based on what your feed() has seen.
+        Must NOT be lower than 0.; No restriction gt 0.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class TooManySymbolOrPunctuationPlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._punctuation_count: int = 0
+        self._symbol_count: int = 0
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+
+        self._last_printable_char: str | None = None
+        self._frenzy_symbol_in_word: bool = False
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return character.isprintable()
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        self._character_count += 1
+
+        if (
+            character != self._last_printable_char
+            and character not in COMMON_SAFE_ASCII_CHARACTERS
+        ):
+            if is_punctuation(character):
+                self._punctuation_count += 1
+            elif (
+                character.isdigit() is False
+                and is_symbol(character)
+                and is_emoticon(character) is False
+            ):
+                self._symbol_count += 2
+
+        self._last_printable_char = character
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._punctuation_count = 0
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._symbol_count = 0
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count == 0:
+            return 0.0
+
+        ratio_of_punctuation: float = (
+            self._punctuation_count + self._symbol_count
+        ) / self._character_count
+
+        return ratio_of_punctuation if ratio_of_punctuation >= 0.3 else 0.0
+
+
+class TooManyAccentuatedPlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+        self._accentuated_count: int = 0
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return character.isalpha()
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        self._character_count += 1
+
+        if is_accentuated(character):
+            self._accentuated_count += 1
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._accentuated_count = 0
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count < 8:
+            return 0.0
+
+        ratio_of_accentuation: float = self._accentuated_count / self._character_count
+        return ratio_of_accentuation if ratio_of_accentuation >= 0.35 else 0.0
+
+
+class UnprintablePlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._unprintable_count: int = 0
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        if is_unprintable(character):
+            self._unprintable_count += 1
+        self._character_count += 1
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._unprintable_count = 0
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count == 0:
+            return 0.0
+
+        return (self._unprintable_count * 8) / self._character_count
+
+
+class SuspiciousDuplicateAccentPlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._successive_count: int = 0
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+
+        self._last_latin_character: str | None = None
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return character.isalpha() and is_latin(character)
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        self._character_count += 1
+        if (
+            self._last_latin_character is not None
+            and is_accentuated(character)
+            and is_accentuated(self._last_latin_character)
+        ):
+            if character.isupper() and self._last_latin_character.isupper():
+                self._successive_count += 1
+            # Worse if its the same char duplicated with different accent.
+            if remove_accent(character) == remove_accent(self._last_latin_character):
+                self._successive_count += 1
+        self._last_latin_character = character
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._successive_count = 0
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._last_latin_character = None
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count == 0:
+            return 0.0
+
+        return (self._successive_count * 2) / self._character_count
+
+
+class SuspiciousRange(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._suspicious_successive_range_count: int = 0
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+        self._last_printable_seen: str | None = None
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return character.isprintable()
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        self._character_count += 1
+
+        if (
+            character.isspace()
+            or is_punctuation(character)
+            or character in COMMON_SAFE_ASCII_CHARACTERS
+        ):
+            self._last_printable_seen = None
+            return
+
+        if self._last_printable_seen is None:
+            self._last_printable_seen = character
+            return
+
+        unicode_range_a: str | None = unicode_range(self._last_printable_seen)
+        unicode_range_b: str | None = unicode_range(character)
+
+        if is_suspiciously_successive_range(unicode_range_a, unicode_range_b):
+            self._suspicious_successive_range_count += 1
+
+        self._last_printable_seen = character
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._suspicious_successive_range_count = 0
+        self._last_printable_seen = None
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count <= 13:
+            return 0.0
+
+        ratio_of_suspicious_range_usage: float = (
+            self._suspicious_successive_range_count * 2
+        ) / self._character_count
+
+        return ratio_of_suspicious_range_usage
+
+
+class SuperWeirdWordPlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._word_count: int = 0
+        self._bad_word_count: int = 0
+        self._foreign_long_count: int = 0
+
+        self._is_current_word_bad: bool = False
+        self._foreign_long_watch: bool = False
+
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+        self._bad_character_count: int = 0
+
+        self._buffer: str = ""
+        self._buffer_accent_count: int = 0
+        self._buffer_glyph_count: int = 0
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        if character.isalpha():
+            self._buffer += character
+            if is_accentuated(character):
+                self._buffer_accent_count += 1
+            if (
+                self._foreign_long_watch is False
+                and (is_latin(character) is False or is_accentuated(character))
+                and is_cjk(character) is False
+                and is_hangul(character) is False
+                and is_katakana(character) is False
+                and is_hiragana(character) is False
+                and is_thai(character) is False
+            ):
+                self._foreign_long_watch = True
+            if (
+                is_cjk(character)
+                or is_hangul(character)
+                or is_katakana(character)
+                or is_hiragana(character)
+                or is_thai(character)
+            ):
+                self._buffer_glyph_count += 1
+            return
+        if not self._buffer:
+            return
+        if (
+            character.isspace() or is_punctuation(character) or is_separator(character)
+        ) and self._buffer:
+            self._word_count += 1
+            buffer_length: int = len(self._buffer)
+
+            self._character_count += buffer_length
+
+            if buffer_length >= 4:
+                if self._buffer_accent_count / buffer_length >= 0.5:
+                    self._is_current_word_bad = True
+                # Word/Buffer ending with an upper case accentuated letter are so rare,
+                # that we will consider them all as suspicious. Same weight as foreign_long suspicious.
+                elif (
+                    is_accentuated(self._buffer[-1])
+                    and self._buffer[-1].isupper()
+                    and all(_.isupper() for _ in self._buffer) is False
+                ):
+                    self._foreign_long_count += 1
+                    self._is_current_word_bad = True
+                elif self._buffer_glyph_count == 1:
+                    self._is_current_word_bad = True
+                    self._foreign_long_count += 1
+            if buffer_length >= 24 and self._foreign_long_watch:
+                camel_case_dst = [
+                    i
+                    for c, i in zip(self._buffer, range(0, buffer_length))
+                    if c.isupper()
+                ]
+                probable_camel_cased: bool = False
+
+                if camel_case_dst and (len(camel_case_dst) / buffer_length <= 0.3):
+                    probable_camel_cased = True
+
+                if not probable_camel_cased:
+                    self._foreign_long_count += 1
+                    self._is_current_word_bad = True
+
+            if self._is_current_word_bad:
+                self._bad_word_count += 1
+                self._bad_character_count += len(self._buffer)
+                self._is_current_word_bad = False
+
+            self._foreign_long_watch = False
+            self._buffer = ""
+            self._buffer_accent_count = 0
+            self._buffer_glyph_count = 0
+        elif (
+            character not in {"<", ">", "-", "=", "~", "|", "_"}
+            and character.isdigit() is False
+            and is_symbol(character)
+        ):
+            self._is_current_word_bad = True
+            self._buffer += character
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._buffer = ""
+        self._is_current_word_bad = False
+        self._foreign_long_watch = False
+        self._bad_word_count = 0
+        self._word_count = 0
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._bad_character_count = 0
+        self._foreign_long_count = 0
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._word_count <= 10 and self._foreign_long_count == 0:
+            return 0.0
+
+        return self._bad_character_count / self._character_count
+
+
+class CjkUncommonPlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    """
+    Detect messy CJK text that probably means nothing.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+        self._uncommon_count: int = 0
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return is_cjk(character)
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        self._character_count += 1
+
+        if is_cjk_uncommon(character):
+            self._uncommon_count += 1
+            return
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._uncommon_count = 0
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count < 8:
+            return 0.0
+
+        uncommon_form_usage: float = self._uncommon_count / self._character_count
+
+        # we can be pretty sure it's garbage when uncommon characters are widely
+        # used. otherwise it could just be traditional chinese for example.
+        return uncommon_form_usage / 10 if uncommon_form_usage > 0.5 else 0.0
+
+
+class ArchaicUpperLowerPlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._buf: bool = False
+
+        self._character_count_since_last_sep: int = 0
+
+        self._successive_upper_lower_count: int = 0
+        self._successive_upper_lower_count_final: int = 0
+
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+
+        self._last_alpha_seen: str | None = None
+        self._current_ascii_only: bool = True
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        is_concerned = character.isalpha() and is_case_variable(character)
+        chunk_sep = is_concerned is False
+
+        if chunk_sep and self._character_count_since_last_sep > 0:
+            if (
+                self._character_count_since_last_sep <= 64
+                and character.isdigit() is False
+                and self._current_ascii_only is False
+            ):
+                self._successive_upper_lower_count_final += (
+                    self._successive_upper_lower_count
+                )
+
+            self._successive_upper_lower_count = 0
+            self._character_count_since_last_sep = 0
+            self._last_alpha_seen = None
+            self._buf = False
+            self._character_count += 1
+            self._current_ascii_only = True
+
+            return
+
+        if self._current_ascii_only is True and character.isascii() is False:
+            self._current_ascii_only = False
+
+        if self._last_alpha_seen is not None:
+            if (character.isupper() and self._last_alpha_seen.islower()) or (
+                character.islower() and self._last_alpha_seen.isupper()
+            ):
+                if self._buf is True:
+                    self._successive_upper_lower_count += 2
+                    self._buf = False
+                else:
+                    self._buf = True
+            else:
+                self._buf = False
+
+        self._character_count += 1
+        self._character_count_since_last_sep += 1
+        self._last_alpha_seen = character
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._character_count_since_last_sep = 0
+        self._successive_upper_lower_count = 0
+        self._successive_upper_lower_count_final = 0
+        self._last_alpha_seen = None
+        self._buf = False
+        self._current_ascii_only = True
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count == 0:
+            return 0.0
+
+        return self._successive_upper_lower_count_final / self._character_count
+
+
+class ArabicIsolatedFormPlugin(MessDetectorPlugin):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._character_count: int = 0
+        self._isolated_form_count: int = 0
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:  # Abstract
+        self._character_count = 0
+        self._isolated_form_count = 0
+
+    def eligible(self, character: str) -> bool:
+        return is_arabic(character)
+
+    def feed(self, character: str) -> None:
+        self._character_count += 1
+
+        if is_arabic_isolated_form(character):
+            self._isolated_form_count += 1
+
+    @property
+    def ratio(self) -> float:
+        if self._character_count < 8:
+            return 0.0
+
+        isolated_form_usage: float = self._isolated_form_count / self._character_count
+
+        return isolated_form_usage
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+def is_suspiciously_successive_range(
+    unicode_range_a: str | None, unicode_range_b: str | None
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determine if two Unicode range seen next to each other can be considered as suspicious.
+    """
+    if unicode_range_a is None or unicode_range_b is None:
+        return True
+
+    if unicode_range_a == unicode_range_b:
+        return False
+
+    if "Latin" in unicode_range_a and "Latin" in unicode_range_b:
+        return False
+
+    if "Emoticons" in unicode_range_a or "Emoticons" in unicode_range_b:
+        return False
+
+    # Latin characters can be accompanied with a combining diacritical mark
+    # eg. Vietnamese.
+    if ("Latin" in unicode_range_a or "Latin" in unicode_range_b) and (
+        "Combining" in unicode_range_a or "Combining" in unicode_range_b
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    keywords_range_a, keywords_range_b = (
+        unicode_range_a.split(" "),
+        unicode_range_b.split(" "),
+    )
+
+    for el in keywords_range_a:
+        if el in UNICODE_SECONDARY_RANGE_KEYWORD:
+            continue
+        if el in keywords_range_b:
+            return False
+
+    # Japanese Exception
+    range_a_jp_chars, range_b_jp_chars = (
+        unicode_range_a
+        in (
+            "Hiragana",
+            "Katakana",
+        ),
+        unicode_range_b in ("Hiragana", "Katakana"),
+    )
+    if (range_a_jp_chars or range_b_jp_chars) and (
+        "CJK" in unicode_range_a or "CJK" in unicode_range_b
+    ):
+        return False
+    if range_a_jp_chars and range_b_jp_chars:
+        return False
+
+    if "Hangul" in unicode_range_a or "Hangul" in unicode_range_b:
+        if "CJK" in unicode_range_a or "CJK" in unicode_range_b:
+            return False
+        if unicode_range_a == "Basic Latin" or unicode_range_b == "Basic Latin":
+            return False
+
+    # Chinese/Japanese use dedicated range for punctuation and/or separators.
+    if ("CJK" in unicode_range_a or "CJK" in unicode_range_b) or (
+        unicode_range_a in ["Katakana", "Hiragana"]
+        and unicode_range_b in ["Katakana", "Hiragana"]
+    ):
+        if "Punctuation" in unicode_range_a or "Punctuation" in unicode_range_b:
+            return False
+        if "Forms" in unicode_range_a or "Forms" in unicode_range_b:
+            return False
+        if unicode_range_a == "Basic Latin" or unicode_range_b == "Basic Latin":
+            return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=2048)
+def mess_ratio(
+    decoded_sequence: str, maximum_threshold: float = 0.2, debug: bool = False
+) -> float:
+    """
+    Compute a mess ratio given a decoded bytes sequence. The maximum threshold does stop the computation earlier.
+    """
+
+    detectors: list[MessDetectorPlugin] = [
+        md_class() for md_class in MessDetectorPlugin.__subclasses__()
+    ]
+
+    length: int = len(decoded_sequence) + 1
+
+    mean_mess_ratio: float = 0.0
+
+    if length < 512:
+        intermediary_mean_mess_ratio_calc: int = 32
+    elif length <= 1024:
+        intermediary_mean_mess_ratio_calc = 64
+    else:
+        intermediary_mean_mess_ratio_calc = 128
+
+    for character, index in zip(decoded_sequence + "\n", range(length)):
+        for detector in detectors:
+            if detector.eligible(character):
+                detector.feed(character)
+
+        if (
+            index > 0 and index % intermediary_mean_mess_ratio_calc == 0
+        ) or index == length - 1:
+            mean_mess_ratio = sum(dt.ratio for dt in detectors)
+
+            if mean_mess_ratio >= maximum_threshold:
+                break
+
+    if debug:
+        logger = getLogger("charset_normalizer")
+
+        logger.log(
+            TRACE,
+            "Mess-detector extended-analysis start. "
+            f"intermediary_mean_mess_ratio_calc={intermediary_mean_mess_ratio_calc} mean_mess_ratio={mean_mess_ratio} "
+            f"maximum_threshold={maximum_threshold}",
+        )
+
+        if len(decoded_sequence) > 16:
+            logger.log(TRACE, f"Starting with: {decoded_sequence[:16]}")
+            logger.log(TRACE, f"Ending with: {decoded_sequence[-16::]}")
+
+        for dt in detectors:
+            logger.log(TRACE, f"{dt.__class__}: {dt.ratio}")
+
+    return round(mean_mess_ratio, 3)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md__mypyc.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md__mypyc.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18e8e829
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/md__mypyc.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1042758f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from encodings.aliases import aliases
+from hashlib import sha256
+from json import dumps
+from re import sub
+from typing import Any, Iterator, List, Tuple
+
+from .constant import RE_POSSIBLE_ENCODING_INDICATION, TOO_BIG_SEQUENCE
+from .utils import iana_name, is_multi_byte_encoding, unicode_range
+
+
+class CharsetMatch:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        payload: bytes,
+        guessed_encoding: str,
+        mean_mess_ratio: float,
+        has_sig_or_bom: bool,
+        languages: CoherenceMatches,
+        decoded_payload: str | None = None,
+        preemptive_declaration: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._payload: bytes = payload
+
+        self._encoding: str = guessed_encoding
+        self._mean_mess_ratio: float = mean_mess_ratio
+        self._languages: CoherenceMatches = languages
+        self._has_sig_or_bom: bool = has_sig_or_bom
+        self._unicode_ranges: list[str] | None = None
+
+        self._leaves: list[CharsetMatch] = []
+        self._mean_coherence_ratio: float = 0.0
+
+        self._output_payload: bytes | None = None
+        self._output_encoding: str | None = None
+
+        self._string: str | None = decoded_payload
+
+        self._preemptive_declaration: str | None = preemptive_declaration
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, CharsetMatch):
+            if isinstance(other, str):
+                return iana_name(other) == self.encoding
+            return False
+        return self.encoding == other.encoding and self.fingerprint == other.fingerprint
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """
+        Implemented to make sorted available upon CharsetMatches items.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(other, CharsetMatch):
+            raise ValueError
+
+        chaos_difference: float = abs(self.chaos - other.chaos)
+        coherence_difference: float = abs(self.coherence - other.coherence)
+
+        # Below 1% difference --> Use Coherence
+        if chaos_difference < 0.01 and coherence_difference > 0.02:
+            return self.coherence > other.coherence
+        elif chaos_difference < 0.01 and coherence_difference <= 0.02:
+            # When having a difficult decision, use the result that decoded as many multi-byte as possible.
+            # preserve RAM usage!
+            if len(self._payload) >= TOO_BIG_SEQUENCE:
+                return self.chaos < other.chaos
+            return self.multi_byte_usage > other.multi_byte_usage
+
+        return self.chaos < other.chaos
+
+    @property
+    def multi_byte_usage(self) -> float:
+        return 1.0 - (len(str(self)) / len(self.raw))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        # Lazy Str Loading
+        if self._string is None:
+            self._string = str(self._payload, self._encoding, "strict")
+        return self._string
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<CharsetMatch '{self.encoding}' bytes({self.fingerprint})>"
+
+    def add_submatch(self, other: CharsetMatch) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(other, CharsetMatch) or other == self:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Unable to add instance <{}> as a submatch of a CharsetMatch".format(
+                    other.__class__
+                )
+            )
+
+        other._string = None  # Unload RAM usage; dirty trick.
+        self._leaves.append(other)
+
+    @property
+    def encoding(self) -> str:
+        return self._encoding
+
+    @property
+    def encoding_aliases(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Encoding name are known by many name, using this could help when searching for IBM855 when it's listed as CP855.
+        """
+        also_known_as: list[str] = []
+        for u, p in aliases.items():
+            if self.encoding == u:
+                also_known_as.append(p)
+            elif self.encoding == p:
+                also_known_as.append(u)
+        return also_known_as
+
+    @property
+    def bom(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_sig_or_bom
+
+    @property
+    def byte_order_mark(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_sig_or_bom
+
+    @property
+    def languages(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Return the complete list of possible languages found in decoded sequence.
+        Usually not really useful. Returned list may be empty even if 'language' property return something != 'Unknown'.
+        """
+        return [e[0] for e in self._languages]
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Most probable language found in decoded sequence. If none were detected or inferred, the property will return
+        "Unknown".
+        """
+        if not self._languages:
+            # Trying to infer the language based on the given encoding
+            # Its either English or we should not pronounce ourselves in certain cases.
+            if "ascii" in self.could_be_from_charset:
+                return "English"
+
+            # doing it there to avoid circular import
+            from charset_normalizer.cd import encoding_languages, mb_encoding_languages
+
+            languages = (
+                mb_encoding_languages(self.encoding)
+                if is_multi_byte_encoding(self.encoding)
+                else encoding_languages(self.encoding)
+            )
+
+            if len(languages) == 0 or "Latin Based" in languages:
+                return "Unknown"
+
+            return languages[0]
+
+        return self._languages[0][0]
+
+    @property
+    def chaos(self) -> float:
+        return self._mean_mess_ratio
+
+    @property
+    def coherence(self) -> float:
+        if not self._languages:
+            return 0.0
+        return self._languages[0][1]
+
+    @property
+    def percent_chaos(self) -> float:
+        return round(self.chaos * 100, ndigits=3)
+
+    @property
+    def percent_coherence(self) -> float:
+        return round(self.coherence * 100, ndigits=3)
+
+    @property
+    def raw(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Original untouched bytes.
+        """
+        return self._payload
+
+    @property
+    def submatch(self) -> list[CharsetMatch]:
+        return self._leaves
+
+    @property
+    def has_submatch(self) -> bool:
+        return len(self._leaves) > 0
+
+    @property
+    def alphabets(self) -> list[str]:
+        if self._unicode_ranges is not None:
+            return self._unicode_ranges
+        # list detected ranges
+        detected_ranges: list[str | None] = [unicode_range(char) for char in str(self)]
+        # filter and sort
+        self._unicode_ranges = sorted(list({r for r in detected_ranges if r}))
+        return self._unicode_ranges
+
+    @property
+    def could_be_from_charset(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        The complete list of encoding that output the exact SAME str result and therefore could be the originating
+        encoding.
+        This list does include the encoding available in property 'encoding'.
+        """
+        return [self._encoding] + [m.encoding for m in self._leaves]
+
+    def output(self, encoding: str = "utf_8") -> bytes:
+        """
+        Method to get re-encoded bytes payload using given target encoding. Default to UTF-8.
+        Any errors will be simply ignored by the encoder NOT replaced.
+        """
+        if self._output_encoding is None or self._output_encoding != encoding:
+            self._output_encoding = encoding
+            decoded_string = str(self)
+            if (
+                self._preemptive_declaration is not None
+                and self._preemptive_declaration.lower()
+                not in ["utf-8", "utf8", "utf_8"]
+            ):
+                patched_header = sub(
+                    RE_POSSIBLE_ENCODING_INDICATION,
+                    lambda m: m.string[m.span()[0] : m.span()[1]].replace(
+                        m.groups()[0],
+                        iana_name(self._output_encoding).replace("_", "-"),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    ),
+                    decoded_string[:8192],
+                    count=1,
+                )
+
+                decoded_string = patched_header + decoded_string[8192:]
+
+            self._output_payload = decoded_string.encode(encoding, "replace")
+
+        return self._output_payload  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def fingerprint(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Retrieve the unique SHA256 computed using the transformed (re-encoded) payload. Not the original one.
+        """
+        return sha256(self.output()).hexdigest()
+
+
+class CharsetMatches:
+    """
+    Container with every CharsetMatch items ordered by default from most probable to the less one.
+    Act like a list(iterable) but does not implements all related methods.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, results: list[CharsetMatch] | None = None):
+        self._results: list[CharsetMatch] = sorted(results) if results else []
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[CharsetMatch]:
+        yield from self._results
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: int | str) -> CharsetMatch:
+        """
+        Retrieve a single item either by its position or encoding name (alias may be used here).
+        Raise KeyError upon invalid index or encoding not present in results.
+        """
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            return self._results[item]
+        if isinstance(item, str):
+            item = iana_name(item, False)
+            for result in self._results:
+                if item in result.could_be_from_charset:
+                    return result
+        raise KeyError
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._results)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return len(self._results) > 0
+
+    def append(self, item: CharsetMatch) -> None:
+        """
+        Insert a single match. Will be inserted accordingly to preserve sort.
+        Can be inserted as a submatch.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(item, CharsetMatch):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot append instance '{}' to CharsetMatches".format(
+                    str(item.__class__)
+                )
+            )
+        # We should disable the submatch factoring when the input file is too heavy (conserve RAM usage)
+        if len(item.raw) < TOO_BIG_SEQUENCE:
+            for match in self._results:
+                if match.fingerprint == item.fingerprint and match.chaos == item.chaos:
+                    match.add_submatch(item)
+                    return
+        self._results.append(item)
+        self._results = sorted(self._results)
+
+    def best(self) -> CharsetMatch | None:
+        """
+        Simply return the first match. Strict equivalent to matches[0].
+        """
+        if not self._results:
+            return None
+        return self._results[0]
+
+    def first(self) -> CharsetMatch | None:
+        """
+        Redundant method, call the method best(). Kept for BC reasons.
+        """
+        return self.best()
+
+
+CoherenceMatch = Tuple[str, float]
+CoherenceMatches = List[CoherenceMatch]
+
+
+class CliDetectionResult:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        encoding: str | None,
+        encoding_aliases: list[str],
+        alternative_encodings: list[str],
+        language: str,
+        alphabets: list[str],
+        has_sig_or_bom: bool,
+        chaos: float,
+        coherence: float,
+        unicode_path: str | None,
+        is_preferred: bool,
+    ):
+        self.path: str = path
+        self.unicode_path: str | None = unicode_path
+        self.encoding: str | None = encoding
+        self.encoding_aliases: list[str] = encoding_aliases
+        self.alternative_encodings: list[str] = alternative_encodings
+        self.language: str = language
+        self.alphabets: list[str] = alphabets
+        self.has_sig_or_bom: bool = has_sig_or_bom
+        self.chaos: float = chaos
+        self.coherence: float = coherence
+        self.is_preferred: bool = is_preferred
+
+    @property
+    def __dict__(self) -> dict[str, Any]:  # type: ignore
+        return {
+            "path": self.path,
+            "encoding": self.encoding,
+            "encoding_aliases": self.encoding_aliases,
+            "alternative_encodings": self.alternative_encodings,
+            "language": self.language,
+            "alphabets": self.alphabets,
+            "has_sig_or_bom": self.has_sig_or_bom,
+            "chaos": self.chaos,
+            "coherence": self.coherence,
+            "unicode_path": self.unicode_path,
+            "is_preferred": self.is_preferred,
+        }
+
+    def to_json(self) -> str:
+        return dumps(self.__dict__, ensure_ascii=True, indent=4)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bf0384c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib
+import logging
+import unicodedata
+from codecs import IncrementalDecoder
+from encodings.aliases import aliases
+from functools import lru_cache
+from re import findall
+from typing import Generator
+
+from _multibytecodec import (  # type: ignore[import-not-found,import]
+    MultibyteIncrementalDecoder,
+)
+
+from .constant import (
+    ENCODING_MARKS,
+    IANA_SUPPORTED_SIMILAR,
+    RE_POSSIBLE_ENCODING_INDICATION,
+    UNICODE_RANGES_COMBINED,
+    UNICODE_SECONDARY_RANGE_KEYWORD,
+    UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION,
+    COMMON_CJK_CHARACTERS,
+)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_accentuated(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        description: str = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+    return (
+        "WITH GRAVE" in description
+        or "WITH ACUTE" in description
+        or "WITH CEDILLA" in description
+        or "WITH DIAERESIS" in description
+        or "WITH CIRCUMFLEX" in description
+        or "WITH TILDE" in description
+        or "WITH MACRON" in description
+        or "WITH RING ABOVE" in description
+    )
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def remove_accent(character: str) -> str:
+    decomposed: str = unicodedata.decomposition(character)
+    if not decomposed:
+        return character
+
+    codes: list[str] = decomposed.split(" ")
+
+    return chr(int(codes[0], 16))
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def unicode_range(character: str) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Retrieve the Unicode range official name from a single character.
+    """
+    character_ord: int = ord(character)
+
+    for range_name, ord_range in UNICODE_RANGES_COMBINED.items():
+        if character_ord in ord_range:
+            return range_name
+
+    return None
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_latin(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        description: str = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+    return "LATIN" in description
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_punctuation(character: str) -> bool:
+    character_category: str = unicodedata.category(character)
+
+    if "P" in character_category:
+        return True
+
+    character_range: str | None = unicode_range(character)
+
+    if character_range is None:
+        return False
+
+    return "Punctuation" in character_range
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_symbol(character: str) -> bool:
+    character_category: str = unicodedata.category(character)
+
+    if "S" in character_category or "N" in character_category:
+        return True
+
+    character_range: str | None = unicode_range(character)
+
+    if character_range is None:
+        return False
+
+    return "Forms" in character_range and character_category != "Lo"
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_emoticon(character: str) -> bool:
+    character_range: str | None = unicode_range(character)
+
+    if character_range is None:
+        return False
+
+    return "Emoticons" in character_range or "Pictographs" in character_range
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_separator(character: str) -> bool:
+    if character.isspace() or character in {"｜", "+", "<", ">"}:
+        return True
+
+    character_category: str = unicodedata.category(character)
+
+    return "Z" in character_category or character_category in {"Po", "Pd", "Pc"}
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_case_variable(character: str) -> bool:
+    return character.islower() != character.isupper()
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_cjk(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        character_name = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+
+    return "CJK" in character_name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_hiragana(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        character_name = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+
+    return "HIRAGANA" in character_name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_katakana(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        character_name = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+
+    return "KATAKANA" in character_name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_hangul(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        character_name = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+
+    return "HANGUL" in character_name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_thai(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        character_name = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+
+    return "THAI" in character_name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_arabic(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        character_name = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+
+    return "ARABIC" in character_name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_arabic_isolated_form(character: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        character_name = unicodedata.name(character)
+    except ValueError:  # Defensive: unicode database outdated?
+        return False
+
+    return "ARABIC" in character_name and "ISOLATED FORM" in character_name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_cjk_uncommon(character: str) -> bool:
+    return character not in COMMON_CJK_CHARACTERS
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=len(UNICODE_RANGES_COMBINED))
+def is_unicode_range_secondary(range_name: str) -> bool:
+    return any(keyword in range_name for keyword in UNICODE_SECONDARY_RANGE_KEYWORD)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=UTF8_MAXIMAL_ALLOCATION)
+def is_unprintable(character: str) -> bool:
+    return (
+        character.isspace() is False  # includes \n \t \r \v
+        and character.isprintable() is False
+        and character != "\x1a"  # Why? Its the ASCII substitute character.
+        and character != "\ufeff"  # bug discovered in Python,
+        # Zero Width No-Break Space located in 	Arabic Presentation Forms-B, Unicode 1.1 not acknowledged as space.
+    )
+
+
+def any_specified_encoding(sequence: bytes, search_zone: int = 8192) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Extract using ASCII-only decoder any specified encoding in the first n-bytes.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(sequence, bytes):
+        raise TypeError
+
+    seq_len: int = len(sequence)
+
+    results: list[str] = findall(
+        RE_POSSIBLE_ENCODING_INDICATION,
+        sequence[: min(seq_len, search_zone)].decode("ascii", errors="ignore"),
+    )
+
+    if len(results) == 0:
+        return None
+
+    for specified_encoding in results:
+        specified_encoding = specified_encoding.lower().replace("-", "_")
+
+        encoding_alias: str
+        encoding_iana: str
+
+        for encoding_alias, encoding_iana in aliases.items():
+            if encoding_alias == specified_encoding:
+                return encoding_iana
+            if encoding_iana == specified_encoding:
+                return encoding_iana
+
+    return None
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=128)
+def is_multi_byte_encoding(name: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Verify is a specific encoding is a multi byte one based on it IANA name
+    """
+    return name in {
+        "utf_8",
+        "utf_8_sig",
+        "utf_16",
+        "utf_16_be",
+        "utf_16_le",
+        "utf_32",
+        "utf_32_le",
+        "utf_32_be",
+        "utf_7",
+    } or issubclass(
+        importlib.import_module(f"encodings.{name}").IncrementalDecoder,
+        MultibyteIncrementalDecoder,
+    )
+
+
+def identify_sig_or_bom(sequence: bytes) -> tuple[str | None, bytes]:
+    """
+    Identify and extract SIG/BOM in given sequence.
+    """
+
+    for iana_encoding in ENCODING_MARKS:
+        marks: bytes | list[bytes] = ENCODING_MARKS[iana_encoding]
+
+        if isinstance(marks, bytes):
+            marks = [marks]
+
+        for mark in marks:
+            if sequence.startswith(mark):
+                return iana_encoding, mark
+
+    return None, b""
+
+
+def should_strip_sig_or_bom(iana_encoding: str) -> bool:
+    return iana_encoding not in {"utf_16", "utf_32"}
+
+
+def iana_name(cp_name: str, strict: bool = True) -> str:
+    """Returns the Python normalized encoding name (Not the IANA official name)."""
+    cp_name = cp_name.lower().replace("-", "_")
+
+    encoding_alias: str
+    encoding_iana: str
+
+    for encoding_alias, encoding_iana in aliases.items():
+        if cp_name in [encoding_alias, encoding_iana]:
+            return encoding_iana
+
+    if strict:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unable to retrieve IANA for '{cp_name}'")
+
+    return cp_name
+
+
+def cp_similarity(iana_name_a: str, iana_name_b: str) -> float:
+    if is_multi_byte_encoding(iana_name_a) or is_multi_byte_encoding(iana_name_b):
+        return 0.0
+
+    decoder_a = importlib.import_module(f"encodings.{iana_name_a}").IncrementalDecoder
+    decoder_b = importlib.import_module(f"encodings.{iana_name_b}").IncrementalDecoder
+
+    id_a: IncrementalDecoder = decoder_a(errors="ignore")
+    id_b: IncrementalDecoder = decoder_b(errors="ignore")
+
+    character_match_count: int = 0
+
+    for i in range(255):
+        to_be_decoded: bytes = bytes([i])
+        if id_a.decode(to_be_decoded) == id_b.decode(to_be_decoded):
+            character_match_count += 1
+
+    return character_match_count / 254
+
+
+def is_cp_similar(iana_name_a: str, iana_name_b: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determine if two code page are at least 80% similar. IANA_SUPPORTED_SIMILAR dict was generated using
+    the function cp_similarity.
+    """
+    return (
+        iana_name_a in IANA_SUPPORTED_SIMILAR
+        and iana_name_b in IANA_SUPPORTED_SIMILAR[iana_name_a]
+    )
+
+
+def set_logging_handler(
+    name: str = "charset_normalizer",
+    level: int = logging.INFO,
+    format_string: str = "%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(message)s",
+) -> None:
+    logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+    logger.setLevel(level)
+
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(format_string))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+def cut_sequence_chunks(
+    sequences: bytes,
+    encoding_iana: str,
+    offsets: range,
+    chunk_size: int,
+    bom_or_sig_available: bool,
+    strip_sig_or_bom: bool,
+    sig_payload: bytes,
+    is_multi_byte_decoder: bool,
+    decoded_payload: str | None = None,
+) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    if decoded_payload and is_multi_byte_decoder is False:
+        for i in offsets:
+            chunk = decoded_payload[i : i + chunk_size]
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+            yield chunk
+    else:
+        for i in offsets:
+            chunk_end = i + chunk_size
+            if chunk_end > len(sequences) + 8:
+                continue
+
+            cut_sequence = sequences[i : i + chunk_size]
+
+            if bom_or_sig_available and strip_sig_or_bom is False:
+                cut_sequence = sig_payload + cut_sequence
+
+            chunk = cut_sequence.decode(
+                encoding_iana,
+                errors="ignore" if is_multi_byte_decoder else "strict",
+            )
+
+            # multi-byte bad cutting detector and adjustment
+            # not the cleanest way to perform that fix but clever enough for now.
+            if is_multi_byte_decoder and i > 0:
+                chunk_partial_size_chk: int = min(chunk_size, 16)
+
+                if (
+                    decoded_payload
+                    and chunk[:chunk_partial_size_chk] not in decoded_payload
+                ):
+                    for j in range(i, i - 4, -1):
+                        cut_sequence = sequences[j:chunk_end]
+
+                        if bom_or_sig_available and strip_sig_or_bom is False:
+                            cut_sequence = sig_payload + cut_sequence
+
+                        chunk = cut_sequence.decode(encoding_iana, errors="ignore")
+
+                        if chunk[:chunk_partial_size_chk] in decoded_payload:
+                            break
+
+            yield chunk
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5687e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/charset_normalizer/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""
+Expose version
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+__version__ = "3.4.2"
+VERSION = __version__.split(".")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37ae3308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: click
+Version: 8.2.0
+Summary: Composable command line interface toolkit
+Maintainer-email: Pallets <contact@palletsprojects.com>
+Requires-Python: >=3.10
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+License-File: LICENSE.txt
+Requires-Dist: colorama; platform_system == 'Windows'
+Project-URL: Changes, https://click.palletsprojects.com/changes/
+Project-URL: Chat, https://discord.gg/pallets
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://click.palletsprojects.com/
+Project-URL: Donate, https://palletsprojects.com/donate
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/pallets/click/
+
+# $ click_
+
+Click is a Python package for creating beautiful command line interfaces
+in a composable way with as little code as necessary. It's the "Command
+Line Interface Creation Kit". It's highly configurable but comes with
+sensible defaults out of the box.
+
+It aims to make the process of writing command line tools quick and fun
+while also preventing any frustration caused by the inability to
+implement an intended CLI API.
+
+Click in three points:
+
+-   Arbitrary nesting of commands
+-   Automatic help page generation
+-   Supports lazy loading of subcommands at runtime
+
+
+## A Simple Example
+
+```python
+import click
+
+@click.command()
+@click.option("--count", default=1, help="Number of greetings.")
+@click.option("--name", prompt="Your name", help="The person to greet.")
+def hello(count, name):
+    """Simple program that greets NAME for a total of COUNT times."""
+    for _ in range(count):
+        click.echo(f"Hello, {name}!")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    hello()
+```
+
+```
+$ python hello.py --count=3
+Your name: Click
+Hello, Click!
+Hello, Click!
+Hello, Click!
+```
+
+
+## Donate
+
+The Pallets organization develops and supports Click and other popular
+packages. In order to grow the community of contributors and users, and
+allow the maintainers to devote more time to the projects, [please
+donate today][].
+
+[please donate today]: https://palletsprojects.com/donate
+
+## Contributing
+
+See our [detailed contributing documentation][contrib] for many ways to
+contribute, including reporting issues, requesting features, asking or answering
+questions, and making PRs.
+
+[contrib]: https://palletsprojects.com/contributing/
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f9a2670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+click-8.2.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+click-8.2.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=b1wO_9Blfi0EN6Dvjb6YKj6xj7jthLcEgTADVm3qiUc,2466
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8b9936d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: flit 3.12.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d12a8491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click-8.2.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+Copyright 2014 Pallets
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+1.  Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2.  Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3.  Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+    this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1aa547c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+"""
+Click is a simple Python module inspired by the stdlib optparse to make
+writing command line scripts fun. Unlike other modules, it's based
+around a simple API that does not come with too much magic and is
+composable.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .core import Argument as Argument
+from .core import Command as Command
+from .core import CommandCollection as CommandCollection
+from .core import Context as Context
+from .core import Group as Group
+from .core import Option as Option
+from .core import Parameter as Parameter
+from .decorators import argument as argument
+from .decorators import command as command
+from .decorators import confirmation_option as confirmation_option
+from .decorators import group as group
+from .decorators import help_option as help_option
+from .decorators import make_pass_decorator as make_pass_decorator
+from .decorators import option as option
+from .decorators import pass_context as pass_context
+from .decorators import pass_obj as pass_obj
+from .decorators import password_option as password_option
+from .decorators import version_option as version_option
+from .exceptions import Abort as Abort
+from .exceptions import BadArgumentUsage as BadArgumentUsage
+from .exceptions import BadOptionUsage as BadOptionUsage
+from .exceptions import BadParameter as BadParameter
+from .exceptions import ClickException as ClickException
+from .exceptions import FileError as FileError
+from .exceptions import MissingParameter as MissingParameter
+from .exceptions import NoSuchOption as NoSuchOption
+from .exceptions import UsageError as UsageError
+from .formatting import HelpFormatter as HelpFormatter
+from .formatting import wrap_text as wrap_text
+from .globals import get_current_context as get_current_context
+from .termui import clear as clear
+from .termui import confirm as confirm
+from .termui import echo_via_pager as echo_via_pager
+from .termui import edit as edit
+from .termui import getchar as getchar
+from .termui import launch as launch
+from .termui import pause as pause
+from .termui import progressbar as progressbar
+from .termui import prompt as prompt
+from .termui import secho as secho
+from .termui import style as style
+from .termui import unstyle as unstyle
+from .types import BOOL as BOOL
+from .types import Choice as Choice
+from .types import DateTime as DateTime
+from .types import File as File
+from .types import FLOAT as FLOAT
+from .types import FloatRange as FloatRange
+from .types import INT as INT
+from .types import IntRange as IntRange
+from .types import ParamType as ParamType
+from .types import Path as Path
+from .types import STRING as STRING
+from .types import Tuple as Tuple
+from .types import UNPROCESSED as UNPROCESSED
+from .types import UUID as UUID
+from .utils import echo as echo
+from .utils import format_filename as format_filename
+from .utils import get_app_dir as get_app_dir
+from .utils import get_binary_stream as get_binary_stream
+from .utils import get_text_stream as get_text_stream
+from .utils import open_file as open_file
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> object:
+    import warnings
+
+    if name == "BaseCommand":
+        from .core import _BaseCommand
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'BaseCommand' is deprecated and will be removed in Click 9.0. Use"
+            " 'Command' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return _BaseCommand
+
+    if name == "MultiCommand":
+        from .core import _MultiCommand
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'MultiCommand' is deprecated and will be removed in Click 9.0. Use"
+            " 'Group' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return _MultiCommand
+
+    if name == "OptionParser":
+        from .parser import _OptionParser
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'OptionParser' is deprecated and will be removed in Click 9.0. The"
+            " old parser is available in 'optparse'.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return _OptionParser
+
+    if name == "__version__":
+        import importlib.metadata
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The '__version__' attribute is deprecated and will be removed in"
+            " Click 9.1. Use feature detection or"
+            " 'importlib.metadata.version(\"click\")' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return importlib.metadata.version("click")
+
+    raise AttributeError(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__pycache__/types.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__pycache__/types.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2726b93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import codecs
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import io
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from types import TracebackType
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+
+CYGWIN = sys.platform.startswith("cygwin")
+WIN = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+auto_wrap_for_ansi: t.Callable[[t.TextIO], t.TextIO] | None = None
+_ansi_re = re.compile(r"\033\[[;?0-9]*[a-zA-Z]")
+
+
+def _make_text_stream(
+    stream: t.BinaryIO,
+    encoding: str | None,
+    errors: str | None,
+    force_readable: bool = False,
+    force_writable: bool = False,
+) -> t.TextIO:
+    if encoding is None:
+        encoding = get_best_encoding(stream)
+    if errors is None:
+        errors = "replace"
+    return _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
+        stream,
+        encoding,
+        errors,
+        line_buffering=True,
+        force_readable=force_readable,
+        force_writable=force_writable,
+    )
+
+
+def is_ascii_encoding(encoding: str) -> bool:
+    """Checks if a given encoding is ascii."""
+    try:
+        return codecs.lookup(encoding).name == "ascii"
+    except LookupError:
+        return False
+
+
+def get_best_encoding(stream: t.IO[t.Any]) -> str:
+    """Returns the default stream encoding if not found."""
+    rv = getattr(stream, "encoding", None) or sys.getdefaultencoding()
+    if is_ascii_encoding(rv):
+        return "utf-8"
+    return rv
+
+
+class _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(io.TextIOWrapper):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: t.BinaryIO,
+        encoding: str | None,
+        errors: str | None,
+        force_readable: bool = False,
+        force_writable: bool = False,
+        **extra: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream = t.cast(
+            t.BinaryIO, _FixupStream(stream, force_readable, force_writable)
+        )
+        super().__init__(stream, encoding, errors, **extra)
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.detach()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def isatty(self) -> bool:
+        # https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issue/1803
+        return self._stream.isatty()
+
+
+class _FixupStream:
+    """The new io interface needs more from streams than streams
+    traditionally implement.  As such, this fix-up code is necessary in
+    some circumstances.
+
+    The forcing of readable and writable flags are there because some tools
+    put badly patched objects on sys (one such offender are certain version
+    of jupyter notebook).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: t.BinaryIO,
+        force_readable: bool = False,
+        force_writable: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._force_readable = force_readable
+        self._force_writable = force_writable
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
+        return getattr(self._stream, name)
+
+    def read1(self, size: int) -> bytes:
+        f = getattr(self._stream, "read1", None)
+
+        if f is not None:
+            return t.cast(bytes, f(size))
+
+        return self._stream.read(size)
+
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        if self._force_readable:
+            return True
+        x = getattr(self._stream, "readable", None)
+        if x is not None:
+            return t.cast(bool, x())
+        try:
+            self._stream.read(0)
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        if self._force_writable:
+            return True
+        x = getattr(self._stream, "writable", None)
+        if x is not None:
+            return t.cast(bool, x())
+        try:
+            self._stream.write(b"")
+        except Exception:
+            try:
+                self._stream.write(b"")
+            except Exception:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        x = getattr(self._stream, "seekable", None)
+        if x is not None:
+            return t.cast(bool, x())
+        try:
+            self._stream.seek(self._stream.tell())
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+
+def _is_binary_reader(stream: t.IO[t.Any], default: bool = False) -> bool:
+    try:
+        return isinstance(stream.read(0), bytes)
+    except Exception:
+        return default
+        # This happens in some cases where the stream was already
+        # closed.  In this case, we assume the default.
+
+
+def _is_binary_writer(stream: t.IO[t.Any], default: bool = False) -> bool:
+    try:
+        stream.write(b"")
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            stream.write("")
+            return False
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return default
+    return True
+
+
+def _find_binary_reader(stream: t.IO[t.Any]) -> t.BinaryIO | None:
+    # We need to figure out if the given stream is already binary.
+    # This can happen because the official docs recommend detaching
+    # the streams to get binary streams.  Some code might do this, so
+    # we need to deal with this case explicitly.
+    if _is_binary_reader(stream, False):
+        return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, stream)
+
+    buf = getattr(stream, "buffer", None)
+
+    # Same situation here; this time we assume that the buffer is
+    # actually binary in case it's closed.
+    if buf is not None and _is_binary_reader(buf, True):
+        return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, buf)
+
+    return None
+
+
+def _find_binary_writer(stream: t.IO[t.Any]) -> t.BinaryIO | None:
+    # We need to figure out if the given stream is already binary.
+    # This can happen because the official docs recommend detaching
+    # the streams to get binary streams.  Some code might do this, so
+    # we need to deal with this case explicitly.
+    if _is_binary_writer(stream, False):
+        return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, stream)
+
+    buf = getattr(stream, "buffer", None)
+
+    # Same situation here; this time we assume that the buffer is
+    # actually binary in case it's closed.
+    if buf is not None and _is_binary_writer(buf, True):
+        return t.cast(t.BinaryIO, buf)
+
+    return None
+
+
+def _stream_is_misconfigured(stream: t.TextIO) -> bool:
+    """A stream is misconfigured if its encoding is ASCII."""
+    # If the stream does not have an encoding set, we assume it's set
+    # to ASCII.  This appears to happen in certain unittest
+    # environments.  It's not quite clear what the correct behavior is
+    # but this at least will force Click to recover somehow.
+    return is_ascii_encoding(getattr(stream, "encoding", None) or "ascii")
+
+
+def _is_compat_stream_attr(stream: t.TextIO, attr: str, value: str | None) -> bool:
+    """A stream attribute is compatible if it is equal to the
+    desired value or the desired value is unset and the attribute
+    has a value.
+    """
+    stream_value = getattr(stream, attr, None)
+    return stream_value == value or (value is None and stream_value is not None)
+
+
+def _is_compatible_text_stream(
+    stream: t.TextIO, encoding: str | None, errors: str | None
+) -> bool:
+    """Check if a stream's encoding and errors attributes are
+    compatible with the desired values.
+    """
+    return _is_compat_stream_attr(
+        stream, "encoding", encoding
+    ) and _is_compat_stream_attr(stream, "errors", errors)
+
+
+def _force_correct_text_stream(
+    text_stream: t.IO[t.Any],
+    encoding: str | None,
+    errors: str | None,
+    is_binary: t.Callable[[t.IO[t.Any], bool], bool],
+    find_binary: t.Callable[[t.IO[t.Any]], t.BinaryIO | None],
+    force_readable: bool = False,
+    force_writable: bool = False,
+) -> t.TextIO:
+    if is_binary(text_stream, False):
+        binary_reader = t.cast(t.BinaryIO, text_stream)
+    else:
+        text_stream = t.cast(t.TextIO, text_stream)
+        # If the stream looks compatible, and won't default to a
+        # misconfigured ascii encoding, return it as-is.
+        if _is_compatible_text_stream(text_stream, encoding, errors) and not (
+            encoding is None and _stream_is_misconfigured(text_stream)
+        ):
+            return text_stream
+
+        # Otherwise, get the underlying binary reader.
+        possible_binary_reader = find_binary(text_stream)
+
+        # If that's not possible, silently use the original reader
+        # and get mojibake instead of exceptions.
+        if possible_binary_reader is None:
+            return text_stream
+
+        binary_reader = possible_binary_reader
+
+    # Default errors to replace instead of strict in order to get
+    # something that works.
+    if errors is None:
+        errors = "replace"
+
+    # Wrap the binary stream in a text stream with the correct
+    # encoding parameters.
+    return _make_text_stream(
+        binary_reader,
+        encoding,
+        errors,
+        force_readable=force_readable,
+        force_writable=force_writable,
+    )
+
+
+def _force_correct_text_reader(
+    text_reader: t.IO[t.Any],
+    encoding: str | None,
+    errors: str | None,
+    force_readable: bool = False,
+) -> t.TextIO:
+    return _force_correct_text_stream(
+        text_reader,
+        encoding,
+        errors,
+        _is_binary_reader,
+        _find_binary_reader,
+        force_readable=force_readable,
+    )
+
+
+def _force_correct_text_writer(
+    text_writer: t.IO[t.Any],
+    encoding: str | None,
+    errors: str | None,
+    force_writable: bool = False,
+) -> t.TextIO:
+    return _force_correct_text_stream(
+        text_writer,
+        encoding,
+        errors,
+        _is_binary_writer,
+        _find_binary_writer,
+        force_writable=force_writable,
+    )
+
+
+def get_binary_stdin() -> t.BinaryIO:
+    reader = _find_binary_reader(sys.stdin)
+    if reader is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Was not able to determine binary stream for sys.stdin.")
+    return reader
+
+
+def get_binary_stdout() -> t.BinaryIO:
+    writer = _find_binary_writer(sys.stdout)
+    if writer is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Was not able to determine binary stream for sys.stdout.")
+    return writer
+
+
+def get_binary_stderr() -> t.BinaryIO:
+    writer = _find_binary_writer(sys.stderr)
+    if writer is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("Was not able to determine binary stream for sys.stderr.")
+    return writer
+
+
+def get_text_stdin(encoding: str | None = None, errors: str | None = None) -> t.TextIO:
+    rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdin, encoding, errors)
+    if rv is not None:
+        return rv
+    return _force_correct_text_reader(sys.stdin, encoding, errors, force_readable=True)
+
+
+def get_text_stdout(encoding: str | None = None, errors: str | None = None) -> t.TextIO:
+    rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stdout, encoding, errors)
+    if rv is not None:
+        return rv
+    return _force_correct_text_writer(sys.stdout, encoding, errors, force_writable=True)
+
+
+def get_text_stderr(encoding: str | None = None, errors: str | None = None) -> t.TextIO:
+    rv = _get_windows_console_stream(sys.stderr, encoding, errors)
+    if rv is not None:
+        return rv
+    return _force_correct_text_writer(sys.stderr, encoding, errors, force_writable=True)
+
+
+def _wrap_io_open(
+    file: str | os.PathLike[str] | int,
+    mode: str,
+    encoding: str | None,
+    errors: str | None,
+) -> t.IO[t.Any]:
+    """Handles not passing ``encoding`` and ``errors`` in binary mode."""
+    if "b" in mode:
+        return open(file, mode)
+
+    return open(file, mode, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
+
+
+def open_stream(
+    filename: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    mode: str = "r",
+    encoding: str | None = None,
+    errors: str | None = "strict",
+    atomic: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[t.IO[t.Any], bool]:
+    binary = "b" in mode
+    filename = os.fspath(filename)
+
+    # Standard streams first. These are simple because they ignore the
+    # atomic flag. Use fsdecode to handle Path("-").
+    if os.fsdecode(filename) == "-":
+        if any(m in mode for m in ["w", "a", "x"]):
+            if binary:
+                return get_binary_stdout(), False
+            return get_text_stdout(encoding=encoding, errors=errors), False
+        if binary:
+            return get_binary_stdin(), False
+        return get_text_stdin(encoding=encoding, errors=errors), False
+
+    # Non-atomic writes directly go out through the regular open functions.
+    if not atomic:
+        return _wrap_io_open(filename, mode, encoding, errors), True
+
+    # Some usability stuff for atomic writes
+    if "a" in mode:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Appending to an existing file is not supported, because that"
+            " would involve an expensive `copy`-operation to a temporary"
+            " file. Open the file in normal `w`-mode and copy explicitly"
+            " if that's what you're after."
+        )
+    if "x" in mode:
+        raise ValueError("Use the `overwrite`-parameter instead.")
+    if "w" not in mode:
+        raise ValueError("Atomic writes only make sense with `w`-mode.")
+
+    # Atomic writes are more complicated.  They work by opening a file
+    # as a proxy in the same folder and then using the fdopen
+    # functionality to wrap it in a Python file.  Then we wrap it in an
+    # atomic file that moves the file over on close.
+    import errno
+    import random
+
+    try:
+        perm: int | None = os.stat(filename).st_mode
+    except OSError:
+        perm = None
+
+    flags = os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL
+
+    if binary:
+        flags |= getattr(os, "O_BINARY", 0)
+
+    while True:
+        tmp_filename = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(filename),
+            f".__atomic-write{random.randrange(1 << 32):08x}",
+        )
+        try:
+            fd = os.open(tmp_filename, flags, 0o666 if perm is None else perm)
+            break
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno == errno.EEXIST or (
+                os.name == "nt"
+                and e.errno == errno.EACCES
+                and os.path.isdir(e.filename)
+                and os.access(e.filename, os.W_OK)
+            ):
+                continue
+            raise
+
+    if perm is not None:
+        os.chmod(tmp_filename, perm)  # in case perm includes bits in umask
+
+    f = _wrap_io_open(fd, mode, encoding, errors)
+    af = _AtomicFile(f, tmp_filename, os.path.realpath(filename))
+    return t.cast(t.IO[t.Any], af), True
+
+
+class _AtomicFile:
+    def __init__(self, f: t.IO[t.Any], tmp_filename: str, real_filename: str) -> None:
+        self._f = f
+        self._tmp_filename = tmp_filename
+        self._real_filename = real_filename
+        self.closed = False
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self._real_filename
+
+    def close(self, delete: bool = False) -> None:
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+        self._f.close()
+        os.replace(self._tmp_filename, self._real_filename)
+        self.closed = True
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
+        return getattr(self._f, name)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> _AtomicFile:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close(delete=exc_type is not None)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self._f)
+
+
+def strip_ansi(value: str) -> str:
+    return _ansi_re.sub("", value)
+
+
+def _is_jupyter_kernel_output(stream: t.IO[t.Any]) -> bool:
+    while isinstance(stream, (_FixupStream, _NonClosingTextIOWrapper)):
+        stream = stream._stream
+
+    return stream.__class__.__module__.startswith("ipykernel.")
+
+
+def should_strip_ansi(
+    stream: t.IO[t.Any] | None = None, color: bool | None = None
+) -> bool:
+    if color is None:
+        if stream is None:
+            stream = sys.stdin
+        return not isatty(stream) and not _is_jupyter_kernel_output(stream)
+    return not color
+
+
+# On Windows, wrap the output streams with colorama to support ANSI
+# color codes.
+# NOTE: double check is needed so mypy does not analyze this on Linux
+if sys.platform.startswith("win") and WIN:
+    from ._winconsole import _get_windows_console_stream
+
+    def _get_argv_encoding() -> str:
+        import locale
+
+        return locale.getpreferredencoding()
+
+    _ansi_stream_wrappers: cabc.MutableMapping[t.TextIO, t.TextIO] = WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def auto_wrap_for_ansi(stream: t.TextIO, color: bool | None = None) -> t.TextIO:
+        """Support ANSI color and style codes on Windows by wrapping a
+        stream with colorama.
+        """
+        try:
+            cached = _ansi_stream_wrappers.get(stream)
+        except Exception:
+            cached = None
+
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+
+        import colorama
+
+        strip = should_strip_ansi(stream, color)
+        ansi_wrapper = colorama.AnsiToWin32(stream, strip=strip)
+        rv = t.cast(t.TextIO, ansi_wrapper.stream)
+        _write = rv.write
+
+        def _safe_write(s: str) -> int:
+            try:
+                return _write(s)
+            except BaseException:
+                ansi_wrapper.reset_all()
+                raise
+
+        rv.write = _safe_write  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+
+        try:
+            _ansi_stream_wrappers[stream] = rv
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+        return rv
+
+else:
+
+    def _get_argv_encoding() -> str:
+        return getattr(sys.stdin, "encoding", None) or sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+
+    def _get_windows_console_stream(
+        f: t.TextIO, encoding: str | None, errors: str | None
+    ) -> t.TextIO | None:
+        return None
+
+
+def term_len(x: str) -> int:
+    return len(strip_ansi(x))
+
+
+def isatty(stream: t.IO[t.Any]) -> bool:
+    try:
+        return stream.isatty()
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+def _make_cached_stream_func(
+    src_func: t.Callable[[], t.TextIO | None],
+    wrapper_func: t.Callable[[], t.TextIO],
+) -> t.Callable[[], t.TextIO | None]:
+    cache: cabc.MutableMapping[t.TextIO, t.TextIO] = WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def func() -> t.TextIO | None:
+        stream = src_func()
+
+        if stream is None:
+            return None
+
+        try:
+            rv = cache.get(stream)
+        except Exception:
+            rv = None
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+        rv = wrapper_func()
+        try:
+            cache[stream] = rv
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return rv
+
+    return func
+
+
+_default_text_stdin = _make_cached_stream_func(lambda: sys.stdin, get_text_stdin)
+_default_text_stdout = _make_cached_stream_func(lambda: sys.stdout, get_text_stdout)
+_default_text_stderr = _make_cached_stream_func(lambda: sys.stderr, get_text_stderr)
+
+
+binary_streams: cabc.Mapping[str, t.Callable[[], t.BinaryIO]] = {
+    "stdin": get_binary_stdin,
+    "stdout": get_binary_stdout,
+    "stderr": get_binary_stderr,
+}
+
+text_streams: cabc.Mapping[str, t.Callable[[str | None, str | None], t.TextIO]] = {
+    "stdin": get_text_stdin,
+    "stdout": get_text_stdout,
+    "stderr": get_text_stderr,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_termui_impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_termui_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51fd9bf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_termui_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,839 @@
+"""
+This module contains implementations for the termui module. To keep the
+import time of Click down, some infrequently used functionality is
+placed in this module and only imported as needed.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import contextlib
+import math
+import os
+import shlex
+import sys
+import time
+import typing as t
+from gettext import gettext as _
+from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
+from shutil import which
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from ._compat import _default_text_stdout
+from ._compat import CYGWIN
+from ._compat import get_best_encoding
+from ._compat import isatty
+from ._compat import open_stream
+from ._compat import strip_ansi
+from ._compat import term_len
+from ._compat import WIN
+from .exceptions import ClickException
+from .utils import echo
+
+V = t.TypeVar("V")
+
+if os.name == "nt":
+    BEFORE_BAR = "\r"
+    AFTER_BAR = "\n"
+else:
+    BEFORE_BAR = "\r\033[?25l"
+    AFTER_BAR = "\033[?25h\n"
+
+
+class ProgressBar(t.Generic[V]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        iterable: cabc.Iterable[V] | None,
+        length: int | None = None,
+        fill_char: str = "#",
+        empty_char: str = " ",
+        bar_template: str = "%(bar)s",
+        info_sep: str = "  ",
+        hidden: bool = False,
+        show_eta: bool = True,
+        show_percent: bool | None = None,
+        show_pos: bool = False,
+        item_show_func: t.Callable[[V | None], str | None] | None = None,
+        label: str | None = None,
+        file: t.TextIO | None = None,
+        color: bool | None = None,
+        update_min_steps: int = 1,
+        width: int = 30,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.fill_char = fill_char
+        self.empty_char = empty_char
+        self.bar_template = bar_template
+        self.info_sep = info_sep
+        self.hidden = hidden
+        self.show_eta = show_eta
+        self.show_percent = show_percent
+        self.show_pos = show_pos
+        self.item_show_func = item_show_func
+        self.label: str = label or ""
+
+        if file is None:
+            file = _default_text_stdout()
+
+            # There are no standard streams attached to write to. For example,
+            # pythonw on Windows.
+            if file is None:
+                file = StringIO()
+
+        self.file = file
+        self.color = color
+        self.update_min_steps = update_min_steps
+        self._completed_intervals = 0
+        self.width: int = width
+        self.autowidth: bool = width == 0
+
+        if length is None:
+            from operator import length_hint
+
+            length = length_hint(iterable, -1)
+
+            if length == -1:
+                length = None
+        if iterable is None:
+            if length is None:
+                raise TypeError("iterable or length is required")
+            iterable = t.cast("cabc.Iterable[V]", range(length))
+        self.iter: cabc.Iterable[V] = iter(iterable)
+        self.length = length
+        self.pos: int = 0
+        self.avg: list[float] = []
+        self.last_eta: float
+        self.start: float
+        self.start = self.last_eta = time.time()
+        self.eta_known: bool = False
+        self.finished: bool = False
+        self.max_width: int | None = None
+        self.entered: bool = False
+        self.current_item: V | None = None
+        self._is_atty = isatty(self.file)
+        self._last_line: str | None = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> ProgressBar[V]:
+        self.entered = True
+        self.render_progress()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.render_finish()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> cabc.Iterator[V]:
+        if not self.entered:
+            raise RuntimeError("You need to use progress bars in a with block.")
+        self.render_progress()
+        return self.generator()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> V:
+        # Iteration is defined in terms of a generator function,
+        # returned by iter(self); use that to define next(). This works
+        # because `self.iter` is an iterable consumed by that generator,
+        # so it is re-entry safe. Calling `next(self.generator())`
+        # twice works and does "what you want".
+        return next(iter(self))
+
+    def render_finish(self) -> None:
+        if self.hidden or not self._is_atty:
+            return
+        self.file.write(AFTER_BAR)
+        self.file.flush()
+
+    @property
+    def pct(self) -> float:
+        if self.finished:
+            return 1.0
+        return min(self.pos / (float(self.length or 1) or 1), 1.0)
+
+    @property
+    def time_per_iteration(self) -> float:
+        if not self.avg:
+            return 0.0
+        return sum(self.avg) / float(len(self.avg))
+
+    @property
+    def eta(self) -> float:
+        if self.length is not None and not self.finished:
+            return self.time_per_iteration * (self.length - self.pos)
+        return 0.0
+
+    def format_eta(self) -> str:
+        if self.eta_known:
+            t = int(self.eta)
+            seconds = t % 60
+            t //= 60
+            minutes = t % 60
+            t //= 60
+            hours = t % 24
+            t //= 24
+            if t > 0:
+                return f"{t}d {hours:02}:{minutes:02}:{seconds:02}"
+            else:
+                return f"{hours:02}:{minutes:02}:{seconds:02}"
+        return ""
+
+    def format_pos(self) -> str:
+        pos = str(self.pos)
+        if self.length is not None:
+            pos += f"/{self.length}"
+        return pos
+
+    def format_pct(self) -> str:
+        return f"{int(self.pct * 100): 4}%"[1:]
+
+    def format_bar(self) -> str:
+        if self.length is not None:
+            bar_length = int(self.pct * self.width)
+            bar = self.fill_char * bar_length
+            bar += self.empty_char * (self.width - bar_length)
+        elif self.finished:
+            bar = self.fill_char * self.width
+        else:
+            chars = list(self.empty_char * (self.width or 1))
+            if self.time_per_iteration != 0:
+                chars[
+                    int(
+                        (math.cos(self.pos * self.time_per_iteration) / 2.0 + 0.5)
+                        * self.width
+                    )
+                ] = self.fill_char
+            bar = "".join(chars)
+        return bar
+
+    def format_progress_line(self) -> str:
+        show_percent = self.show_percent
+
+        info_bits = []
+        if self.length is not None and show_percent is None:
+            show_percent = not self.show_pos
+
+        if self.show_pos:
+            info_bits.append(self.format_pos())
+        if show_percent:
+            info_bits.append(self.format_pct())
+        if self.show_eta and self.eta_known and not self.finished:
+            info_bits.append(self.format_eta())
+        if self.item_show_func is not None:
+            item_info = self.item_show_func(self.current_item)
+            if item_info is not None:
+                info_bits.append(item_info)
+
+        return (
+            self.bar_template
+            % {
+                "label": self.label,
+                "bar": self.format_bar(),
+                "info": self.info_sep.join(info_bits),
+            }
+        ).rstrip()
+
+    def render_progress(self) -> None:
+        import shutil
+
+        if self.hidden:
+            return
+
+        if not self._is_atty:
+            # Only output the label once if the output is not a TTY.
+            if self._last_line != self.label:
+                self._last_line = self.label
+                echo(self.label, file=self.file, color=self.color)
+            return
+
+        buf = []
+        # Update width in case the terminal has been resized
+        if self.autowidth:
+            old_width = self.width
+            self.width = 0
+            clutter_length = term_len(self.format_progress_line())
+            new_width = max(0, shutil.get_terminal_size().columns - clutter_length)
+            if new_width < old_width and self.max_width is not None:
+                buf.append(BEFORE_BAR)
+                buf.append(" " * self.max_width)
+                self.max_width = new_width
+            self.width = new_width
+
+        clear_width = self.width
+        if self.max_width is not None:
+            clear_width = self.max_width
+
+        buf.append(BEFORE_BAR)
+        line = self.format_progress_line()
+        line_len = term_len(line)
+        if self.max_width is None or self.max_width < line_len:
+            self.max_width = line_len
+
+        buf.append(line)
+        buf.append(" " * (clear_width - line_len))
+        line = "".join(buf)
+        # Render the line only if it changed.
+
+        if line != self._last_line:
+            self._last_line = line
+            echo(line, file=self.file, color=self.color, nl=False)
+            self.file.flush()
+
+    def make_step(self, n_steps: int) -> None:
+        self.pos += n_steps
+        if self.length is not None and self.pos >= self.length:
+            self.finished = True
+
+        if (time.time() - self.last_eta) < 1.0:
+            return
+
+        self.last_eta = time.time()
+
+        # self.avg is a rolling list of length <= 7 of steps where steps are
+        # defined as time elapsed divided by the total progress through
+        # self.length.
+        if self.pos:
+            step = (time.time() - self.start) / self.pos
+        else:
+            step = time.time() - self.start
+
+        self.avg = self.avg[-6:] + [step]
+
+        self.eta_known = self.length is not None
+
+    def update(self, n_steps: int, current_item: V | None = None) -> None:
+        """Update the progress bar by advancing a specified number of
+        steps, and optionally set the ``current_item`` for this new
+        position.
+
+        :param n_steps: Number of steps to advance.
+        :param current_item: Optional item to set as ``current_item``
+            for the updated position.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the ``current_item`` optional parameter.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Only render when the number of steps meets the
+            ``update_min_steps`` threshold.
+        """
+        if current_item is not None:
+            self.current_item = current_item
+
+        self._completed_intervals += n_steps
+
+        if self._completed_intervals >= self.update_min_steps:
+            self.make_step(self._completed_intervals)
+            self.render_progress()
+            self._completed_intervals = 0
+
+    def finish(self) -> None:
+        self.eta_known = False
+        self.current_item = None
+        self.finished = True
+
+    def generator(self) -> cabc.Iterator[V]:
+        """Return a generator which yields the items added to the bar
+        during construction, and updates the progress bar *after* the
+        yielded block returns.
+        """
+        # WARNING: the iterator interface for `ProgressBar` relies on
+        # this and only works because this is a simple generator which
+        # doesn't create or manage additional state. If this function
+        # changes, the impact should be evaluated both against
+        # `iter(bar)` and `next(bar)`. `next()` in particular may call
+        # `self.generator()` repeatedly, and this must remain safe in
+        # order for that interface to work.
+        if not self.entered:
+            raise RuntimeError("You need to use progress bars in a with block.")
+
+        if not self._is_atty:
+            yield from self.iter
+        else:
+            for rv in self.iter:
+                self.current_item = rv
+
+                # This allows show_item_func to be updated before the
+                # item is processed. Only trigger at the beginning of
+                # the update interval.
+                if self._completed_intervals == 0:
+                    self.render_progress()
+
+                yield rv
+                self.update(1)
+
+            self.finish()
+            self.render_progress()
+
+
+def pager(generator: cabc.Iterable[str], color: bool | None = None) -> None:
+    """Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
+    stdout = _default_text_stdout()
+
+    # There are no standard streams attached to write to. For example,
+    # pythonw on Windows.
+    if stdout is None:
+        stdout = StringIO()
+
+    if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(stdout):
+        return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
+
+    # Split and normalize the pager command into parts.
+    pager_cmd_parts = shlex.split(os.environ.get("PAGER", ""), posix=False)
+    if pager_cmd_parts:
+        if WIN:
+            if _tempfilepager(generator, pager_cmd_parts, color):
+                return
+        elif _pipepager(generator, pager_cmd_parts, color):
+            return
+
+    if os.environ.get("TERM") in ("dumb", "emacs"):
+        return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
+    if (WIN or sys.platform.startswith("os2")) and _tempfilepager(
+        generator, ["more"], color
+    ):
+        return
+    if _pipepager(generator, ["less"], color):
+        return
+
+    import tempfile
+
+    fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
+    os.close(fd)
+    try:
+        if _pipepager(generator, ["more"], color):
+            return
+        return _nullpager(stdout, generator, color)
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(filename)
+
+
+def _pipepager(
+    generator: cabc.Iterable[str], cmd_parts: list[str], color: bool | None
+) -> bool:
+    """Page through text by feeding it to another program. Invoking a
+    pager through this might support colors.
+
+    Returns `True` if the command was found, `False` otherwise and thus another
+    pager should be attempted.
+    """
+    # Split the command into the invoked CLI and its parameters.
+    if not cmd_parts:
+        return False
+    cmd = cmd_parts[0]
+    cmd_params = cmd_parts[1:]
+
+    cmd_filepath = which(cmd)
+    if not cmd_filepath:
+        return False
+    # Resolves symlinks and produces a normalized absolute path string.
+    cmd_path = Path(cmd_filepath).resolve()
+    cmd_name = cmd_path.name
+
+    import subprocess
+
+    # Make a local copy of the environment to not affect the global one.
+    env = dict(os.environ)
+
+    # If we're piping to less and the user hasn't decided on colors, we enable
+    # them by default we find the -R flag in the command line arguments.
+    if color is None and cmd_name == "less":
+        less_flags = f"{os.environ.get('LESS', '')}{' '.join(cmd_params)}"
+        if not less_flags:
+            env["LESS"] = "-R"
+            color = True
+        elif "r" in less_flags or "R" in less_flags:
+            color = True
+
+    c = subprocess.Popen(
+        [str(cmd_path)] + cmd_params,
+        shell=True,
+        stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+        env=env,
+        errors="replace",
+        text=True,
+    )
+    assert c.stdin is not None
+    try:
+        for text in generator:
+            if not color:
+                text = strip_ansi(text)
+
+            c.stdin.write(text)
+    except BrokenPipeError:
+        # In case the pager exited unexpectedly, ignore the broken pipe error.
+        pass
+    except Exception as e:
+        # In case there is an exception we want to close the pager immediately
+        # and let the caller handle it.
+        # Otherwise the pager will keep running, and the user may not notice
+        # the error message, or worse yet it may leave the terminal in a broken state.
+        c.terminate()
+        raise e
+    finally:
+        # We must close stdin and wait for the pager to exit before we continue
+        try:
+            c.stdin.close()
+        # Close implies flush, so it might throw a BrokenPipeError if the pager
+        # process exited already.
+        except BrokenPipeError:
+            pass
+
+        # Less doesn't respect ^C, but catches it for its own UI purposes (aborting
+        # search or other commands inside less).
+        #
+        # That means when the user hits ^C, the parent process (click) terminates,
+        # but less is still alive, paging the output and messing up the terminal.
+        #
+        # If the user wants to make the pager exit on ^C, they should set
+        # `LESS='-K'`. It's not our decision to make.
+        while True:
+            try:
+                c.wait()
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                pass
+            else:
+                break
+
+    return True
+
+
+def _tempfilepager(
+    generator: cabc.Iterable[str], cmd_parts: list[str], color: bool | None
+) -> bool:
+    """Page through text by invoking a program on a temporary file.
+
+    Returns `True` if the command was found, `False` otherwise and thus another
+    pager should be attempted.
+    """
+    # Split the command into the invoked CLI and its parameters.
+    if not cmd_parts:
+        return False
+    cmd = cmd_parts[0]
+
+    cmd_filepath = which(cmd)
+    if not cmd_filepath:
+        return False
+    # Resolves symlinks and produces a normalized absolute path string.
+    cmd_path = Path(cmd_filepath).resolve()
+
+    import subprocess
+    import tempfile
+
+    fd, filename = tempfile.mkstemp()
+    # TODO: This never terminates if the passed generator never terminates.
+    text = "".join(generator)
+    if not color:
+        text = strip_ansi(text)
+    encoding = get_best_encoding(sys.stdout)
+    with open_stream(filename, "wb")[0] as f:
+        f.write(text.encode(encoding))
+    try:
+        subprocess.call([str(cmd_path), filename])
+    except OSError:
+        # Command not found
+        pass
+    finally:
+        os.close(fd)
+        os.unlink(filename)
+
+    return True
+
+
+def _nullpager(
+    stream: t.TextIO, generator: cabc.Iterable[str], color: bool | None
+) -> None:
+    """Simply print unformatted text.  This is the ultimate fallback."""
+    for text in generator:
+        if not color:
+            text = strip_ansi(text)
+        stream.write(text)
+
+
+class Editor:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        editor: str | None = None,
+        env: cabc.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        require_save: bool = True,
+        extension: str = ".txt",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.editor = editor
+        self.env = env
+        self.require_save = require_save
+        self.extension = extension
+
+    def get_editor(self) -> str:
+        if self.editor is not None:
+            return self.editor
+        for key in "VISUAL", "EDITOR":
+            rv = os.environ.get(key)
+            if rv:
+                return rv
+        if WIN:
+            return "notepad"
+        for editor in "sensible-editor", "vim", "nano":
+            if which(editor) is not None:
+                return editor
+        return "vi"
+
+    def edit_files(self, filenames: cabc.Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        import subprocess
+
+        editor = self.get_editor()
+        environ: dict[str, str] | None = None
+
+        if self.env:
+            environ = os.environ.copy()
+            environ.update(self.env)
+
+        exc_filename = " ".join(f'"{filename}"' for filename in filenames)
+
+        try:
+            c = subprocess.Popen(
+                args=f"{editor} {exc_filename}", env=environ, shell=True
+            )
+            exit_code = c.wait()
+            if exit_code != 0:
+                raise ClickException(
+                    _("{editor}: Editing failed").format(editor=editor)
+                )
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise ClickException(
+                _("{editor}: Editing failed: {e}").format(editor=editor, e=e)
+            ) from e
+
+    @t.overload
+    def edit(self, text: bytes | bytearray) -> bytes | None: ...
+
+    # We cannot know whether or not the type expected is str or bytes when None
+    # is passed, so str is returned as that was what was done before.
+    @t.overload
+    def edit(self, text: str | None) -> str | None: ...
+
+    def edit(self, text: str | bytes | bytearray | None) -> str | bytes | None:
+        import tempfile
+
+        if text is None:
+            data = b""
+        elif isinstance(text, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            data = text
+        else:
+            if text and not text.endswith("\n"):
+                text += "\n"
+
+            if WIN:
+                data = text.replace("\n", "\r\n").encode("utf-8-sig")
+            else:
+                data = text.encode("utf-8")
+
+        fd, name = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix="editor-", suffix=self.extension)
+        f: t.BinaryIO
+
+        try:
+            with os.fdopen(fd, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(data)
+
+            # If the filesystem resolution is 1 second, like Mac OS
+            # 10.12 Extended, or 2 seconds, like FAT32, and the editor
+            # closes very fast, require_save can fail. Set the modified
+            # time to be 2 seconds in the past to work around this.
+            os.utime(name, (os.path.getatime(name), os.path.getmtime(name) - 2))
+            # Depending on the resolution, the exact value might not be
+            # recorded, so get the new recorded value.
+            timestamp = os.path.getmtime(name)
+
+            self.edit_files((name,))
+
+            if self.require_save and os.path.getmtime(name) == timestamp:
+                return None
+
+            with open(name, "rb") as f:
+                rv = f.read()
+
+            if isinstance(text, (bytes, bytearray)):
+                return rv
+
+            return rv.decode("utf-8-sig").replace("\r\n", "\n")
+        finally:
+            os.unlink(name)
+
+
+def open_url(url: str, wait: bool = False, locate: bool = False) -> int:
+    import subprocess
+
+    def _unquote_file(url: str) -> str:
+        from urllib.parse import unquote
+
+        if url.startswith("file://"):
+            url = unquote(url[7:])
+
+        return url
+
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        args = ["open"]
+        if wait:
+            args.append("-W")
+        if locate:
+            args.append("-R")
+        args.append(_unquote_file(url))
+        null = open("/dev/null", "w")
+        try:
+            return subprocess.Popen(args, stderr=null).wait()
+        finally:
+            null.close()
+    elif WIN:
+        if locate:
+            url = _unquote_file(url)
+            args = ["explorer", f"/select,{url}"]
+        else:
+            args = ["start"]
+            if wait:
+                args.append("/WAIT")
+            args.append("")
+            args.append(url)
+        try:
+            return subprocess.call(args)
+        except OSError:
+            # Command not found
+            return 127
+    elif CYGWIN:
+        if locate:
+            url = _unquote_file(url)
+            args = ["cygstart", os.path.dirname(url)]
+        else:
+            args = ["cygstart"]
+            if wait:
+                args.append("-w")
+            args.append(url)
+        try:
+            return subprocess.call(args)
+        except OSError:
+            # Command not found
+            return 127
+
+    try:
+        if locate:
+            url = os.path.dirname(_unquote_file(url)) or "."
+        else:
+            url = _unquote_file(url)
+        c = subprocess.Popen(["xdg-open", url])
+        if wait:
+            return c.wait()
+        return 0
+    except OSError:
+        if url.startswith(("http://", "https://")) and not locate and not wait:
+            import webbrowser
+
+            webbrowser.open(url)
+            return 0
+        return 1
+
+
+def _translate_ch_to_exc(ch: str) -> None:
+    if ch == "\x03":
+        raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+
+    if ch == "\x04" and not WIN:  # Unix-like, Ctrl+D
+        raise EOFError()
+
+    if ch == "\x1a" and WIN:  # Windows, Ctrl+Z
+        raise EOFError()
+
+    return None
+
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    import msvcrt
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def raw_terminal() -> cabc.Iterator[int]:
+        yield -1
+
+    def getchar(echo: bool) -> str:
+        # The function `getch` will return a bytes object corresponding to
+        # the pressed character. Since Windows 10 build 1803, it will also
+        # return \x00 when called a second time after pressing a regular key.
+        #
+        # `getwch` does not share this probably-bugged behavior. Moreover, it
+        # returns a Unicode object by default, which is what we want.
+        #
+        # Either of these functions will return \x00 or \xe0 to indicate
+        # a special key, and you need to call the same function again to get
+        # the "rest" of the code. The fun part is that \u00e0 is
+        # "latin small letter a with grave", so if you type that on a French
+        # keyboard, you _also_ get a \xe0.
+        # E.g., consider the Up arrow. This returns \xe0 and then \x48. The
+        # resulting Unicode string reads as "a with grave" + "capital H".
+        # This is indistinguishable from when the user actually types
+        # "a with grave" and then "capital H".
+        #
+        # When \xe0 is returned, we assume it's part of a special-key sequence
+        # and call `getwch` again, but that means that when the user types
+        # the \u00e0 character, `getchar` doesn't return until a second
+        # character is typed.
+        # The alternative is returning immediately, but that would mess up
+        # cross-platform handling of arrow keys and others that start with
+        # \xe0. Another option is using `getch`, but then we can't reliably
+        # read non-ASCII characters, because return values of `getch` are
+        # limited to the current 8-bit codepage.
+        #
+        # Anyway, Click doesn't claim to do this Right(tm), and using `getwch`
+        # is doing the right thing in more situations than with `getch`.
+
+        if echo:
+            func = t.cast(t.Callable[[], str], msvcrt.getwche)
+        else:
+            func = t.cast(t.Callable[[], str], msvcrt.getwch)
+
+        rv = func()
+
+        if rv in ("\x00", "\xe0"):
+            # \x00 and \xe0 are control characters that indicate special key,
+            # see above.
+            rv += func()
+
+        _translate_ch_to_exc(rv)
+        return rv
+
+else:
+    import termios
+    import tty
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def raw_terminal() -> cabc.Iterator[int]:
+        f: t.TextIO | None
+        fd: int
+
+        if not isatty(sys.stdin):
+            f = open("/dev/tty")
+            fd = f.fileno()
+        else:
+            fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
+            f = None
+
+        try:
+            old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
+
+            try:
+                tty.setraw(fd)
+                yield fd
+            finally:
+                termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+
+                if f is not None:
+                    f.close()
+        except termios.error:
+            pass
+
+    def getchar(echo: bool) -> str:
+        with raw_terminal() as fd:
+            ch = os.read(fd, 32).decode(get_best_encoding(sys.stdin), "replace")
+
+            if echo and isatty(sys.stdout):
+                sys.stdout.write(ch)
+
+            _translate_ch_to_exc(ch)
+            return ch
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_textwrap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_textwrap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97fbee3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_textwrap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import textwrap
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+
+class TextWrapper(textwrap.TextWrapper):
+    def _handle_long_word(
+        self,
+        reversed_chunks: list[str],
+        cur_line: list[str],
+        cur_len: int,
+        width: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        space_left = max(width - cur_len, 1)
+
+        if self.break_long_words:
+            last = reversed_chunks[-1]
+            cut = last[:space_left]
+            res = last[space_left:]
+            cur_line.append(cut)
+            reversed_chunks[-1] = res
+        elif not cur_line:
+            cur_line.append(reversed_chunks.pop())
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def extra_indent(self, indent: str) -> cabc.Iterator[None]:
+        old_initial_indent = self.initial_indent
+        old_subsequent_indent = self.subsequent_indent
+        self.initial_indent += indent
+        self.subsequent_indent += indent
+
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.initial_indent = old_initial_indent
+            self.subsequent_indent = old_subsequent_indent
+
+    def indent_only(self, text: str) -> str:
+        rv = []
+
+        for idx, line in enumerate(text.splitlines()):
+            indent = self.initial_indent
+
+            if idx > 0:
+                indent = self.subsequent_indent
+
+            rv.append(f"{indent}{line}")
+
+        return "\n".join(rv)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_winconsole.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_winconsole.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..566dd9c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/_winconsole.py
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+# This module is based on the excellent work by Adam Bartoš who
+# provided a lot of what went into the implementation here in
+# the discussion to issue1602 in the Python bug tracker.
+#
+# There are some general differences in regards to how this works
+# compared to the original patches as we do not need to patch
+# the entire interpreter but just work in our little world of
+# echo and prompt.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import io
+import sys
+import time
+import typing as t
+from ctypes import Array
+from ctypes import byref
+from ctypes import c_char
+from ctypes import c_char_p
+from ctypes import c_int
+from ctypes import c_ssize_t
+from ctypes import c_ulong
+from ctypes import c_void_p
+from ctypes import POINTER
+from ctypes import py_object
+from ctypes import Structure
+from ctypes.wintypes import DWORD
+from ctypes.wintypes import HANDLE
+from ctypes.wintypes import LPCWSTR
+from ctypes.wintypes import LPWSTR
+
+from ._compat import _NonClosingTextIOWrapper
+
+assert sys.platform == "win32"
+import msvcrt  # noqa: E402
+from ctypes import windll  # noqa: E402
+from ctypes import WINFUNCTYPE  # noqa: E402
+
+c_ssize_p = POINTER(c_ssize_t)
+
+kernel32 = windll.kernel32
+GetStdHandle = kernel32.GetStdHandle
+ReadConsoleW = kernel32.ReadConsoleW
+WriteConsoleW = kernel32.WriteConsoleW
+GetConsoleMode = kernel32.GetConsoleMode
+GetLastError = kernel32.GetLastError
+GetCommandLineW = WINFUNCTYPE(LPWSTR)(("GetCommandLineW", windll.kernel32))
+CommandLineToArgvW = WINFUNCTYPE(POINTER(LPWSTR), LPCWSTR, POINTER(c_int))(
+    ("CommandLineToArgvW", windll.shell32)
+)
+LocalFree = WINFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p)(("LocalFree", windll.kernel32))
+
+STDIN_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-10)
+STDOUT_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-11)
+STDERR_HANDLE = GetStdHandle(-12)
+
+PyBUF_SIMPLE = 0
+PyBUF_WRITABLE = 1
+
+ERROR_SUCCESS = 0
+ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY = 8
+ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED = 995
+
+STDIN_FILENO = 0
+STDOUT_FILENO = 1
+STDERR_FILENO = 2
+
+EOF = b"\x1a"
+MAX_BYTES_WRITTEN = 32767
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    try:
+        # Using `typing_extensions.Buffer` instead of `collections.abc`
+        # on Windows for some reason does not have `Sized` implemented.
+        from collections.abc import Buffer  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:
+        from typing_extensions import Buffer
+
+try:
+    from ctypes import pythonapi
+except ImportError:
+    # On PyPy we cannot get buffers so our ability to operate here is
+    # severely limited.
+    get_buffer = None
+else:
+
+    class Py_buffer(Structure):
+        _fields_ = [  # noqa: RUF012
+            ("buf", c_void_p),
+            ("obj", py_object),
+            ("len", c_ssize_t),
+            ("itemsize", c_ssize_t),
+            ("readonly", c_int),
+            ("ndim", c_int),
+            ("format", c_char_p),
+            ("shape", c_ssize_p),
+            ("strides", c_ssize_p),
+            ("suboffsets", c_ssize_p),
+            ("internal", c_void_p),
+        ]
+
+    PyObject_GetBuffer = pythonapi.PyObject_GetBuffer
+    PyBuffer_Release = pythonapi.PyBuffer_Release
+
+    def get_buffer(obj: Buffer, writable: bool = False) -> Array[c_char]:
+        buf = Py_buffer()
+        flags: int = PyBUF_WRITABLE if writable else PyBUF_SIMPLE
+        PyObject_GetBuffer(py_object(obj), byref(buf), flags)
+
+        try:
+            buffer_type: Array[c_char] = c_char * buf.len
+            return buffer_type.from_address(buf.buf)  # type: ignore[attr-defined, no-any-return]
+        finally:
+            PyBuffer_Release(byref(buf))
+
+
+class _WindowsConsoleRawIOBase(io.RawIOBase):
+    def __init__(self, handle: int | None) -> None:
+        self.handle = handle
+
+    def isatty(self) -> t.Literal[True]:
+        super().isatty()
+        return True
+
+
+class _WindowsConsoleReader(_WindowsConsoleRawIOBase):
+    def readable(self) -> t.Literal[True]:
+        return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b: Buffer) -> int:
+        bytes_to_be_read = len(b)
+        if not bytes_to_be_read:
+            return 0
+        elif bytes_to_be_read % 2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "cannot read odd number of bytes from UTF-16-LE encoded console"
+            )
+
+        buffer = get_buffer(b, writable=True)
+        code_units_to_be_read = bytes_to_be_read // 2
+        code_units_read = c_ulong()
+
+        rv = ReadConsoleW(
+            HANDLE(self.handle),
+            buffer,
+            code_units_to_be_read,
+            byref(code_units_read),
+            None,
+        )
+        if GetLastError() == ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED:
+            # wait for KeyboardInterrupt
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+        if not rv:
+            raise OSError(f"Windows error: {GetLastError()}")
+
+        if buffer[0] == EOF:
+            return 0
+        return 2 * code_units_read.value
+
+
+class _WindowsConsoleWriter(_WindowsConsoleRawIOBase):
+    def writable(self) -> t.Literal[True]:
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_error_message(errno: int) -> str:
+        if errno == ERROR_SUCCESS:
+            return "ERROR_SUCCESS"
+        elif errno == ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY:
+            return "ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY"
+        return f"Windows error {errno}"
+
+    def write(self, b: Buffer) -> int:
+        bytes_to_be_written = len(b)
+        buf = get_buffer(b)
+        code_units_to_be_written = min(bytes_to_be_written, MAX_BYTES_WRITTEN) // 2
+        code_units_written = c_ulong()
+
+        WriteConsoleW(
+            HANDLE(self.handle),
+            buf,
+            code_units_to_be_written,
+            byref(code_units_written),
+            None,
+        )
+        bytes_written = 2 * code_units_written.value
+
+        if bytes_written == 0 and bytes_to_be_written > 0:
+            raise OSError(self._get_error_message(GetLastError()))
+        return bytes_written
+
+
+class ConsoleStream:
+    def __init__(self, text_stream: t.TextIO, byte_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> None:
+        self._text_stream = text_stream
+        self.buffer = byte_stream
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self.buffer.name
+
+    def write(self, x: t.AnyStr) -> int:
+        if isinstance(x, str):
+            return self._text_stream.write(x)
+        try:
+            self.flush()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return self.buffer.write(x)
+
+    def writelines(self, lines: cabc.Iterable[t.AnyStr]) -> None:
+        for line in lines:
+            self.write(line)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
+        return getattr(self._text_stream, name)
+
+    def isatty(self) -> bool:
+        return self.buffer.isatty()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<ConsoleStream name={self.name!r} encoding={self.encoding!r}>"
+
+
+def _get_text_stdin(buffer_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> t.TextIO:
+    text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
+        io.BufferedReader(_WindowsConsoleReader(STDIN_HANDLE)),
+        "utf-16-le",
+        "strict",
+        line_buffering=True,
+    )
+    return t.cast(t.TextIO, ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream))
+
+
+def _get_text_stdout(buffer_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> t.TextIO:
+    text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
+        io.BufferedWriter(_WindowsConsoleWriter(STDOUT_HANDLE)),
+        "utf-16-le",
+        "strict",
+        line_buffering=True,
+    )
+    return t.cast(t.TextIO, ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream))
+
+
+def _get_text_stderr(buffer_stream: t.BinaryIO) -> t.TextIO:
+    text_stream = _NonClosingTextIOWrapper(
+        io.BufferedWriter(_WindowsConsoleWriter(STDERR_HANDLE)),
+        "utf-16-le",
+        "strict",
+        line_buffering=True,
+    )
+    return t.cast(t.TextIO, ConsoleStream(text_stream, buffer_stream))
+
+
+_stream_factories: cabc.Mapping[int, t.Callable[[t.BinaryIO], t.TextIO]] = {
+    0: _get_text_stdin,
+    1: _get_text_stdout,
+    2: _get_text_stderr,
+}
+
+
+def _is_console(f: t.TextIO) -> bool:
+    if not hasattr(f, "fileno"):
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        fileno = f.fileno()
+    except (OSError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
+        return False
+
+    handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fileno)
+    return bool(GetConsoleMode(handle, byref(DWORD())))
+
+
+def _get_windows_console_stream(
+    f: t.TextIO, encoding: str | None, errors: str | None
+) -> t.TextIO | None:
+    if (
+        get_buffer is None
+        or encoding not in {"utf-16-le", None}
+        or errors not in {"strict", None}
+        or not _is_console(f)
+    ):
+        return None
+
+    func = _stream_factories.get(f.fileno())
+    if func is None:
+        return None
+
+    b = getattr(f, "buffer", None)
+
+    if b is None:
+        return None
+
+    return func(b)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4745b533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3134 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import enum
+import errno
+import inspect
+import os
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from collections import abc
+from collections import Counter
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextlib import ExitStack
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from gettext import gettext as _
+from gettext import ngettext
+from itertools import repeat
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from . import types
+from .exceptions import Abort
+from .exceptions import BadParameter
+from .exceptions import ClickException
+from .exceptions import Exit
+from .exceptions import MissingParameter
+from .exceptions import NoArgsIsHelpError
+from .exceptions import UsageError
+from .formatting import HelpFormatter
+from .formatting import join_options
+from .globals import pop_context
+from .globals import push_context
+from .parser import _flag_needs_value
+from .parser import _OptionParser
+from .parser import _split_opt
+from .termui import confirm
+from .termui import prompt
+from .termui import style
+from .utils import _detect_program_name
+from .utils import _expand_args
+from .utils import echo
+from .utils import make_default_short_help
+from .utils import make_str
+from .utils import PacifyFlushWrapper
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+F = t.TypeVar("F", bound="t.Callable[..., t.Any]")
+V = t.TypeVar("V")
+
+
+def _complete_visible_commands(
+    ctx: Context, incomplete: str
+) -> cabc.Iterator[tuple[str, Command]]:
+    """List all the subcommands of a group that start with the
+    incomplete value and aren't hidden.
+
+    :param ctx: Invocation context for the group.
+    :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+    """
+    multi = t.cast(Group, ctx.command)
+
+    for name in multi.list_commands(ctx):
+        if name.startswith(incomplete):
+            command = multi.get_command(ctx, name)
+
+            if command is not None and not command.hidden:
+                yield name, command
+
+
+def _check_nested_chain(
+    base_command: Group, cmd_name: str, cmd: Command, register: bool = False
+) -> None:
+    if not base_command.chain or not isinstance(cmd, Group):
+        return
+
+    if register:
+        message = (
+            f"It is not possible to add the group {cmd_name!r} to another"
+            f" group {base_command.name!r} that is in chain mode."
+        )
+    else:
+        message = (
+            f"Found the group {cmd_name!r} as subcommand to another group "
+            f" {base_command.name!r} that is in chain mode. This is not supported."
+        )
+
+    raise RuntimeError(message)
+
+
+def batch(iterable: cabc.Iterable[V], batch_size: int) -> list[tuple[V, ...]]:
+    return list(zip(*repeat(iter(iterable), batch_size), strict=False))
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def augment_usage_errors(
+    ctx: Context, param: Parameter | None = None
+) -> cabc.Iterator[None]:
+    """Context manager that attaches extra information to exceptions."""
+    try:
+        yield
+    except BadParameter as e:
+        if e.ctx is None:
+            e.ctx = ctx
+        if param is not None and e.param is None:
+            e.param = param
+        raise
+    except UsageError as e:
+        if e.ctx is None:
+            e.ctx = ctx
+        raise
+
+
+def iter_params_for_processing(
+    invocation_order: cabc.Sequence[Parameter],
+    declaration_order: cabc.Sequence[Parameter],
+) -> list[Parameter]:
+    """Returns all declared parameters in the order they should be processed.
+
+    The declared parameters are re-shuffled depending on the order in which
+    they were invoked, as well as the eagerness of each parameters.
+
+    The invocation order takes precedence over the declaration order. I.e. the
+    order in which the user provided them to the CLI is respected.
+
+    This behavior and its effect on callback evaluation is detailed at:
+    https://click.palletsprojects.com/en/stable/advanced/#callback-evaluation-order
+    """
+
+    def sort_key(item: Parameter) -> tuple[bool, float]:
+        try:
+            idx: float = invocation_order.index(item)
+        except ValueError:
+            idx = float("inf")
+
+        return not item.is_eager, idx
+
+    return sorted(declaration_order, key=sort_key)
+
+
+class ParameterSource(enum.Enum):
+    """This is an :class:`~enum.Enum` that indicates the source of a
+    parameter's value.
+
+    Use :meth:`click.Context.get_parameter_source` to get the
+    source for a parameter by name.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Use :class:`~enum.Enum` and drop the ``validate`` method.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Added the ``PROMPT`` value.
+    """
+
+    COMMANDLINE = enum.auto()
+    """The value was provided by the command line args."""
+    ENVIRONMENT = enum.auto()
+    """The value was provided with an environment variable."""
+    DEFAULT = enum.auto()
+    """Used the default specified by the parameter."""
+    DEFAULT_MAP = enum.auto()
+    """Used a default provided by :attr:`Context.default_map`."""
+    PROMPT = enum.auto()
+    """Used a prompt to confirm a default or provide a value."""
+
+
+class Context:
+    """The context is a special internal object that holds state relevant
+    for the script execution at every single level.  It's normally invisible
+    to commands unless they opt-in to getting access to it.
+
+    The context is useful as it can pass internal objects around and can
+    control special execution features such as reading data from
+    environment variables.
+
+    A context can be used as context manager in which case it will call
+    :meth:`close` on teardown.
+
+    :param command: the command class for this context.
+    :param parent: the parent context.
+    :param info_name: the info name for this invocation.  Generally this
+                      is the most descriptive name for the script or
+                      command.  For the toplevel script it is usually
+                      the name of the script, for commands below it it's
+                      the name of the script.
+    :param obj: an arbitrary object of user data.
+    :param auto_envvar_prefix: the prefix to use for automatic environment
+                               variables.  If this is `None` then reading
+                               from environment variables is disabled.  This
+                               does not affect manually set environment
+                               variables which are always read.
+    :param default_map: a dictionary (like object) with default values
+                        for parameters.
+    :param terminal_width: the width of the terminal.  The default is
+                           inherit from parent context.  If no context
+                           defines the terminal width then auto
+                           detection will be applied.
+    :param max_content_width: the maximum width for content rendered by
+                              Click (this currently only affects help
+                              pages).  This defaults to 80 characters if
+                              not overridden.  In other words: even if the
+                              terminal is larger than that, Click will not
+                              format things wider than 80 characters by
+                              default.  In addition to that, formatters might
+                              add some safety mapping on the right.
+    :param resilient_parsing: if this flag is enabled then Click will
+                              parse without any interactivity or callback
+                              invocation.  Default values will also be
+                              ignored.  This is useful for implementing
+                              things such as completion support.
+    :param allow_extra_args: if this is set to `True` then extra arguments
+                             at the end will not raise an error and will be
+                             kept on the context.  The default is to inherit
+                             from the command.
+    :param allow_interspersed_args: if this is set to `False` then options
+                                    and arguments cannot be mixed.  The
+                                    default is to inherit from the command.
+    :param ignore_unknown_options: instructs click to ignore options it does
+                                   not know and keeps them for later
+                                   processing.
+    :param help_option_names: optionally a list of strings that define how
+                              the default help parameter is named.  The
+                              default is ``['--help']``.
+    :param token_normalize_func: an optional function that is used to
+                                 normalize tokens (options, choices,
+                                 etc.).  This for instance can be used to
+                                 implement case insensitive behavior.
+    :param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not.  The
+                  default is autodetection.  This is only needed if ANSI
+                  codes are used in texts that Click prints which is by
+                  default not the case.  This for instance would affect
+                  help output.
+    :param show_default: Show the default value for commands. If this
+        value is not set, it defaults to the value from the parent
+        context. ``Command.show_default`` overrides this default for the
+        specific command.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        The ``protected_args`` attribute is deprecated and will be removed in
+        Click 9.0. ``args`` will contain remaining unparsed tokens.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        The ``show_default`` parameter is overridden by
+        ``Command.show_default``, instead of the other way around.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        The ``show_default`` parameter defaults to the value from the
+        parent context.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 7.1
+       Added the ``show_default`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0
+        Added the ``color``, ``ignore_unknown_options``, and
+        ``max_content_width`` parameters.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+        Added the ``allow_extra_args`` and ``allow_interspersed_args``
+        parameters.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+        Added the ``resilient_parsing``, ``help_option_names``, and
+        ``token_normalize_func`` parameters.
+    """
+
+    #: The formatter class to create with :meth:`make_formatter`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 8.0
+    formatter_class: type[HelpFormatter] = HelpFormatter
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        command: Command,
+        parent: Context | None = None,
+        info_name: str | None = None,
+        obj: t.Any | None = None,
+        auto_envvar_prefix: str | None = None,
+        default_map: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
+        terminal_width: int | None = None,
+        max_content_width: int | None = None,
+        resilient_parsing: bool = False,
+        allow_extra_args: bool | None = None,
+        allow_interspersed_args: bool | None = None,
+        ignore_unknown_options: bool | None = None,
+        help_option_names: list[str] | None = None,
+        token_normalize_func: t.Callable[[str], str] | None = None,
+        color: bool | None = None,
+        show_default: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        #: the parent context or `None` if none exists.
+        self.parent = parent
+        #: the :class:`Command` for this context.
+        self.command = command
+        #: the descriptive information name
+        self.info_name = info_name
+        #: Map of parameter names to their parsed values. Parameters
+        #: with ``expose_value=False`` are not stored.
+        self.params: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
+        #: the leftover arguments.
+        self.args: list[str] = []
+        #: protected arguments.  These are arguments that are prepended
+        #: to `args` when certain parsing scenarios are encountered but
+        #: must be never propagated to another arguments.  This is used
+        #: to implement nested parsing.
+        self._protected_args: list[str] = []
+        #: the collected prefixes of the command's options.
+        self._opt_prefixes: set[str] = set(parent._opt_prefixes) if parent else set()
+
+        if obj is None and parent is not None:
+            obj = parent.obj
+
+        #: the user object stored.
+        self.obj: t.Any = obj
+        self._meta: dict[str, t.Any] = getattr(parent, "meta", {})
+
+        #: A dictionary (-like object) with defaults for parameters.
+        if (
+            default_map is None
+            and info_name is not None
+            and parent is not None
+            and parent.default_map is not None
+        ):
+            default_map = parent.default_map.get(info_name)
+
+        self.default_map: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = default_map
+
+        #: This flag indicates if a subcommand is going to be executed. A
+        #: group callback can use this information to figure out if it's
+        #: being executed directly or because the execution flow passes
+        #: onwards to a subcommand. By default it's None, but it can be
+        #: the name of the subcommand to execute.
+        #:
+        #: If chaining is enabled this will be set to ``'*'`` in case
+        #: any commands are executed.  It is however not possible to
+        #: figure out which ones.  If you require this knowledge you
+        #: should use a :func:`result_callback`.
+        self.invoked_subcommand: str | None = None
+
+        if terminal_width is None and parent is not None:
+            terminal_width = parent.terminal_width
+
+        #: The width of the terminal (None is autodetection).
+        self.terminal_width: int | None = terminal_width
+
+        if max_content_width is None and parent is not None:
+            max_content_width = parent.max_content_width
+
+        #: The maximum width of formatted content (None implies a sensible
+        #: default which is 80 for most things).
+        self.max_content_width: int | None = max_content_width
+
+        if allow_extra_args is None:
+            allow_extra_args = command.allow_extra_args
+
+        #: Indicates if the context allows extra args or if it should
+        #: fail on parsing.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        self.allow_extra_args = allow_extra_args
+
+        if allow_interspersed_args is None:
+            allow_interspersed_args = command.allow_interspersed_args
+
+        #: Indicates if the context allows mixing of arguments and
+        #: options or not.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        self.allow_interspersed_args: bool = allow_interspersed_args
+
+        if ignore_unknown_options is None:
+            ignore_unknown_options = command.ignore_unknown_options
+
+        #: Instructs click to ignore options that a command does not
+        #: understand and will store it on the context for later
+        #: processing.  This is primarily useful for situations where you
+        #: want to call into external programs.  Generally this pattern is
+        #: strongly discouraged because it's not possibly to losslessly
+        #: forward all arguments.
+        #:
+        #: .. versionadded:: 4.0
+        self.ignore_unknown_options: bool = ignore_unknown_options
+
+        if help_option_names is None:
+            if parent is not None:
+                help_option_names = parent.help_option_names
+            else:
+                help_option_names = ["--help"]
+
+        #: The names for the help options.
+        self.help_option_names: list[str] = help_option_names
+
+        if token_normalize_func is None and parent is not None:
+            token_normalize_func = parent.token_normalize_func
+
+        #: An optional normalization function for tokens.  This is
+        #: options, choices, commands etc.
+        self.token_normalize_func: t.Callable[[str], str] | None = token_normalize_func
+
+        #: Indicates if resilient parsing is enabled.  In that case Click
+        #: will do its best to not cause any failures and default values
+        #: will be ignored. Useful for completion.
+        self.resilient_parsing: bool = resilient_parsing
+
+        # If there is no envvar prefix yet, but the parent has one and
+        # the command on this level has a name, we can expand the envvar
+        # prefix automatically.
+        if auto_envvar_prefix is None:
+            if (
+                parent is not None
+                and parent.auto_envvar_prefix is not None
+                and self.info_name is not None
+            ):
+                auto_envvar_prefix = (
+                    f"{parent.auto_envvar_prefix}_{self.info_name.upper()}"
+                )
+        else:
+            auto_envvar_prefix = auto_envvar_prefix.upper()
+
+        if auto_envvar_prefix is not None:
+            auto_envvar_prefix = auto_envvar_prefix.replace("-", "_")
+
+        self.auto_envvar_prefix: str | None = auto_envvar_prefix
+
+        if color is None and parent is not None:
+            color = parent.color
+
+        #: Controls if styling output is wanted or not.
+        self.color: bool | None = color
+
+        if show_default is None and parent is not None:
+            show_default = parent.show_default
+
+        #: Show option default values when formatting help text.
+        self.show_default: bool | None = show_default
+
+        self._close_callbacks: list[t.Callable[[], t.Any]] = []
+        self._depth = 0
+        self._parameter_source: dict[str, ParameterSource] = {}
+        self._exit_stack = ExitStack()
+
+    @property
+    def protected_args(self) -> list[str]:
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'protected_args' is deprecated and will be removed in Click 9.0."
+            " 'args' will contain remaining unparsed tokens.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self._protected_args
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        """Gather information that could be useful for a tool generating
+        user-facing documentation. This traverses the entire CLI
+        structure.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            with Context(cli) as ctx:
+                info = ctx.to_info_dict()
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        return {
+            "command": self.command.to_info_dict(self),
+            "info_name": self.info_name,
+            "allow_extra_args": self.allow_extra_args,
+            "allow_interspersed_args": self.allow_interspersed_args,
+            "ignore_unknown_options": self.ignore_unknown_options,
+            "auto_envvar_prefix": self.auto_envvar_prefix,
+        }
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Context:
+        self._depth += 1
+        push_context(self)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._depth -= 1
+        if self._depth == 0:
+            self.close()
+        pop_context()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def scope(self, cleanup: bool = True) -> cabc.Iterator[Context]:
+        """This helper method can be used with the context object to promote
+        it to the current thread local (see :func:`get_current_context`).
+        The default behavior of this is to invoke the cleanup functions which
+        can be disabled by setting `cleanup` to `False`.  The cleanup
+        functions are typically used for things such as closing file handles.
+
+        If the cleanup is intended the context object can also be directly
+        used as a context manager.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            with ctx.scope():
+                assert get_current_context() is ctx
+
+        This is equivalent::
+
+            with ctx:
+                assert get_current_context() is ctx
+
+        .. versionadded:: 5.0
+
+        :param cleanup: controls if the cleanup functions should be run or
+                        not.  The default is to run these functions.  In
+                        some situations the context only wants to be
+                        temporarily pushed in which case this can be disabled.
+                        Nested pushes automatically defer the cleanup.
+        """
+        if not cleanup:
+            self._depth += 1
+        try:
+            with self as rv:
+                yield rv
+        finally:
+            if not cleanup:
+                self._depth -= 1
+
+    @property
+    def meta(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        """This is a dictionary which is shared with all the contexts
+        that are nested.  It exists so that click utilities can store some
+        state here if they need to.  It is however the responsibility of
+        that code to manage this dictionary well.
+
+        The keys are supposed to be unique dotted strings.  For instance
+        module paths are a good choice for it.  What is stored in there is
+        irrelevant for the operation of click.  However what is important is
+        that code that places data here adheres to the general semantics of
+        the system.
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            LANG_KEY = f'{__name__}.lang'
+
+            def set_language(value):
+                ctx = get_current_context()
+                ctx.meta[LANG_KEY] = value
+
+            def get_language():
+                return get_current_context().meta.get(LANG_KEY, 'en_US')
+
+        .. versionadded:: 5.0
+        """
+        return self._meta
+
+    def make_formatter(self) -> HelpFormatter:
+        """Creates the :class:`~click.HelpFormatter` for the help and
+        usage output.
+
+        To quickly customize the formatter class used without overriding
+        this method, set the :attr:`formatter_class` attribute.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the :attr:`formatter_class` attribute.
+        """
+        return self.formatter_class(
+            width=self.terminal_width, max_width=self.max_content_width
+        )
+
+    def with_resource(self, context_manager: AbstractContextManager[V]) -> V:
+        """Register a resource as if it were used in a ``with``
+        statement. The resource will be cleaned up when the context is
+        popped.
+
+        Uses :meth:`contextlib.ExitStack.enter_context`. It calls the
+        resource's ``__enter__()`` method and returns the result. When
+        the context is popped, it closes the stack, which calls the
+        resource's ``__exit__()`` method.
+
+        To register a cleanup function for something that isn't a
+        context manager, use :meth:`call_on_close`. Or use something
+        from :mod:`contextlib` to turn it into a context manager first.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @click.group()
+            @click.option("--name")
+            @click.pass_context
+            def cli(ctx):
+                ctx.obj = ctx.with_resource(connect_db(name))
+
+        :param context_manager: The context manager to enter.
+        :return: Whatever ``context_manager.__enter__()`` returns.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        return self._exit_stack.enter_context(context_manager)
+
+    def call_on_close(self, f: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> t.Callable[..., t.Any]:
+        """Register a function to be called when the context tears down.
+
+        This can be used to close resources opened during the script
+        execution. Resources that support Python's context manager
+        protocol which would be used in a ``with`` statement should be
+        registered with :meth:`with_resource` instead.
+
+        :param f: The function to execute on teardown.
+        """
+        return self._exit_stack.callback(f)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Invoke all close callbacks registered with
+        :meth:`call_on_close`, and exit all context managers entered
+        with :meth:`with_resource`.
+        """
+        self._exit_stack.close()
+        # In case the context is reused, create a new exit stack.
+        self._exit_stack = ExitStack()
+
+    @property
+    def command_path(self) -> str:
+        """The computed command path.  This is used for the ``usage``
+        information on the help page.  It's automatically created by
+        combining the info names of the chain of contexts to the root.
+        """
+        rv = ""
+        if self.info_name is not None:
+            rv = self.info_name
+        if self.parent is not None:
+            parent_command_path = [self.parent.command_path]
+
+            if isinstance(self.parent.command, Command):
+                for param in self.parent.command.get_params(self):
+                    parent_command_path.extend(param.get_usage_pieces(self))
+
+            rv = f"{' '.join(parent_command_path)} {rv}"
+        return rv.lstrip()
+
+    def find_root(self) -> Context:
+        """Finds the outermost context."""
+        node = self
+        while node.parent is not None:
+            node = node.parent
+        return node
+
+    def find_object(self, object_type: type[V]) -> V | None:
+        """Finds the closest object of a given type."""
+        node: Context | None = self
+
+        while node is not None:
+            if isinstance(node.obj, object_type):
+                return node.obj
+
+            node = node.parent
+
+        return None
+
+    def ensure_object(self, object_type: type[V]) -> V:
+        """Like :meth:`find_object` but sets the innermost object to a
+        new instance of `object_type` if it does not exist.
+        """
+        rv = self.find_object(object_type)
+        if rv is None:
+            self.obj = rv = object_type()
+        return rv
+
+    @t.overload
+    def lookup_default(
+        self, name: str, call: t.Literal[True] = True
+    ) -> t.Any | None: ...
+
+    @t.overload
+    def lookup_default(
+        self, name: str, call: t.Literal[False] = ...
+    ) -> t.Any | t.Callable[[], t.Any] | None: ...
+
+    def lookup_default(self, name: str, call: bool = True) -> t.Any | None:
+        """Get the default for a parameter from :attr:`default_map`.
+
+        :param name: Name of the parameter.
+        :param call: If the default is a callable, call it. Disable to
+            return the callable instead.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the ``call`` parameter.
+        """
+        if self.default_map is not None:
+            value = self.default_map.get(name)
+
+            if call and callable(value):
+                return value()
+
+            return value
+
+        return None
+
+    def fail(self, message: str) -> t.NoReturn:
+        """Aborts the execution of the program with a specific error
+        message.
+
+        :param message: the error message to fail with.
+        """
+        raise UsageError(message, self)
+
+    def abort(self) -> t.NoReturn:
+        """Aborts the script."""
+        raise Abort()
+
+    def exit(self, code: int = 0) -> t.NoReturn:
+        """Exits the application with a given exit code.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+            Callbacks and context managers registered with :meth:`call_on_close`
+            and :meth:`with_resource` are closed before exiting.
+        """
+        self.close()
+        raise Exit(code)
+
+    def get_usage(self) -> str:
+        """Helper method to get formatted usage string for the current
+        context and command.
+        """
+        return self.command.get_usage(self)
+
+    def get_help(self) -> str:
+        """Helper method to get formatted help page for the current
+        context and command.
+        """
+        return self.command.get_help(self)
+
+    def _make_sub_context(self, command: Command) -> Context:
+        """Create a new context of the same type as this context, but
+        for a new command.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return type(self)(command, info_name=command.name, parent=self)
+
+    @t.overload
+    def invoke(
+        self, callback: t.Callable[..., V], /, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> V: ...
+
+    @t.overload
+    def invoke(self, callback: Command, /, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any: ...
+
+    def invoke(
+        self, callback: Command | t.Callable[..., V], /, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> t.Any | V:
+        """Invokes a command callback in exactly the way it expects.  There
+        are two ways to invoke this method:
+
+        1.  the first argument can be a callback and all other arguments and
+            keyword arguments are forwarded directly to the function.
+        2.  the first argument is a click command object.  In that case all
+            arguments are forwarded as well but proper click parameters
+            (options and click arguments) must be keyword arguments and Click
+            will fill in defaults.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            All ``kwargs`` are tracked in :attr:`params` so they will be
+            passed if :meth:`forward` is called at multiple levels.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+            A new context is created, and missing arguments use default values.
+        """
+        if isinstance(callback, Command):
+            other_cmd = callback
+
+            if other_cmd.callback is None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "The given command does not have a callback that can be invoked."
+                )
+            else:
+                callback = t.cast("t.Callable[..., V]", other_cmd.callback)
+
+            ctx = self._make_sub_context(other_cmd)
+
+            for param in other_cmd.params:
+                if param.name not in kwargs and param.expose_value:
+                    kwargs[param.name] = param.type_cast_value(  # type: ignore
+                        ctx, param.get_default(ctx)
+                    )
+
+            # Track all kwargs as params, so that forward() will pass
+            # them on in subsequent calls.
+            ctx.params.update(kwargs)
+        else:
+            ctx = self
+
+        with augment_usage_errors(self):
+            with ctx:
+                return callback(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def forward(self, cmd: Command, /, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+        """Similar to :meth:`invoke` but fills in default keyword
+        arguments from the current context if the other command expects
+        it.  This cannot invoke callbacks directly, only other commands.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            All ``kwargs`` are tracked in :attr:`params` so they will be
+            passed if ``forward`` is called at multiple levels.
+        """
+        # Can only forward to other commands, not direct callbacks.
+        if not isinstance(cmd, Command):
+            raise TypeError("Callback is not a command.")
+
+        for param in self.params:
+            if param not in kwargs:
+                kwargs[param] = self.params[param]
+
+        return self.invoke(cmd, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def set_parameter_source(self, name: str, source: ParameterSource) -> None:
+        """Set the source of a parameter. This indicates the location
+        from which the value of the parameter was obtained.
+
+        :param name: The name of the parameter.
+        :param source: A member of :class:`~click.core.ParameterSource`.
+        """
+        self._parameter_source[name] = source
+
+    def get_parameter_source(self, name: str) -> ParameterSource | None:
+        """Get the source of a parameter. This indicates the location
+        from which the value of the parameter was obtained.
+
+        This can be useful for determining when a user specified a value
+        on the command line that is the same as the default value. It
+        will be :attr:`~click.core.ParameterSource.DEFAULT` only if the
+        value was actually taken from the default.
+
+        :param name: The name of the parameter.
+        :rtype: ParameterSource
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Returns ``None`` if the parameter was not provided from any
+            source.
+        """
+        return self._parameter_source.get(name)
+
+
+class Command:
+    """Commands are the basic building block of command line interfaces in
+    Click.  A basic command handles command line parsing and might dispatch
+    more parsing to commands nested below it.
+
+    :param name: the name of the command to use unless a group overrides it.
+    :param context_settings: an optional dictionary with defaults that are
+                             passed to the context object.
+    :param callback: the callback to invoke.  This is optional.
+    :param params: the parameters to register with this command.  This can
+                   be either :class:`Option` or :class:`Argument` objects.
+    :param help: the help string to use for this command.
+    :param epilog: like the help string but it's printed at the end of the
+                   help page after everything else.
+    :param short_help: the short help to use for this command.  This is
+                       shown on the command listing of the parent command.
+    :param add_help_option: by default each command registers a ``--help``
+                            option.  This can be disabled by this parameter.
+    :param no_args_is_help: this controls what happens if no arguments are
+                            provided.  This option is disabled by default.
+                            If enabled this will add ``--help`` as argument
+                            if no arguments are passed
+    :param hidden: hide this command from help outputs.
+    :param deprecated: If ``True`` or non-empty string, issues a message
+                        indicating that the command is deprecated and highlights
+                        its deprecation in --help. The message can be customized
+                        by using a string as the value.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        This is the base class for all commands, not ``BaseCommand``.
+        ``deprecated`` can be set to a string as well to customize the
+        deprecation message.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        ``help``, ``epilog``, and ``short_help`` are stored unprocessed,
+        all formatting is done when outputting help text, not at init,
+        and is done even if not using the ``@command`` decorator.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Added a ``repr`` showing the command name.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 7.1
+        Added the ``no_args_is_help`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+        Added the ``context_settings`` parameter.
+    """
+
+    #: The context class to create with :meth:`make_context`.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 8.0
+    context_class: type[Context] = Context
+
+    #: the default for the :attr:`Context.allow_extra_args` flag.
+    allow_extra_args = False
+
+    #: the default for the :attr:`Context.allow_interspersed_args` flag.
+    allow_interspersed_args = True
+
+    #: the default for the :attr:`Context.ignore_unknown_options` flag.
+    ignore_unknown_options = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str | None,
+        context_settings: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] | None = None,
+        callback: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None = None,
+        params: list[Parameter] | None = None,
+        help: str | None = None,
+        epilog: str | None = None,
+        short_help: str | None = None,
+        options_metavar: str | None = "[OPTIONS]",
+        add_help_option: bool = True,
+        no_args_is_help: bool = False,
+        hidden: bool = False,
+        deprecated: bool | str = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        #: the name the command thinks it has.  Upon registering a command
+        #: on a :class:`Group` the group will default the command name
+        #: with this information.  You should instead use the
+        #: :class:`Context`\'s :attr:`~Context.info_name` attribute.
+        self.name = name
+
+        if context_settings is None:
+            context_settings = {}
+
+        #: an optional dictionary with defaults passed to the context.
+        self.context_settings: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any] = context_settings
+
+        #: the callback to execute when the command fires.  This might be
+        #: `None` in which case nothing happens.
+        self.callback = callback
+        #: the list of parameters for this command in the order they
+        #: should show up in the help page and execute.  Eager parameters
+        #: will automatically be handled before non eager ones.
+        self.params: list[Parameter] = params or []
+        self.help = help
+        self.epilog = epilog
+        self.options_metavar = options_metavar
+        self.short_help = short_help
+        self.add_help_option = add_help_option
+        self._help_option = None
+        self.no_args_is_help = no_args_is_help
+        self.hidden = hidden
+        self.deprecated = deprecated
+
+    def to_info_dict(self, ctx: Context) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        return {
+            "name": self.name,
+            "params": [param.to_info_dict() for param in self.get_params(ctx)],
+            "help": self.help,
+            "epilog": self.epilog,
+            "short_help": self.short_help,
+            "hidden": self.hidden,
+            "deprecated": self.deprecated,
+        }
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {self.name}>"
+
+    def get_usage(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
+        """Formats the usage line into a string and returns it.
+
+        Calls :meth:`format_usage` internally.
+        """
+        formatter = ctx.make_formatter()
+        self.format_usage(ctx, formatter)
+        return formatter.getvalue().rstrip("\n")
+
+    def get_params(self, ctx: Context) -> list[Parameter]:
+        params = self.params
+        help_option = self.get_help_option(ctx)
+
+        if help_option is not None:
+            params = [*params, help_option]
+
+        if __debug__:
+            import warnings
+
+            opts = [opt for param in params for opt in param.opts]
+            opts_counter = Counter(opts)
+            duplicate_opts = (opt for opt, count in opts_counter.items() if count > 1)
+
+            for duplicate_opt in duplicate_opts:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        f"The parameter {duplicate_opt} is used more than once. "
+                        "Remove its duplicate as parameters should be unique."
+                    ),
+                    stacklevel=3,
+                )
+
+        return params
+
+    def format_usage(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> None:
+        """Writes the usage line into the formatter.
+
+        This is a low-level method called by :meth:`get_usage`.
+        """
+        pieces = self.collect_usage_pieces(ctx)
+        formatter.write_usage(ctx.command_path, " ".join(pieces))
+
+    def collect_usage_pieces(self, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+        """Returns all the pieces that go into the usage line and returns
+        it as a list of strings.
+        """
+        rv = [self.options_metavar] if self.options_metavar else []
+
+        for param in self.get_params(ctx):
+            rv.extend(param.get_usage_pieces(ctx))
+
+        return rv
+
+    def get_help_option_names(self, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+        """Returns the names for the help option."""
+        all_names = set(ctx.help_option_names)
+        for param in self.params:
+            all_names.difference_update(param.opts)
+            all_names.difference_update(param.secondary_opts)
+        return list(all_names)
+
+    def get_help_option(self, ctx: Context) -> Option | None:
+        """Returns the help option object.
+
+        Skipped if :attr:`add_help_option` is ``False``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.1.8
+            The help option is now cached to avoid creating it multiple times.
+        """
+        help_option_names = self.get_help_option_names(ctx)
+
+        if not help_option_names or not self.add_help_option:
+            return None
+
+        # Cache the help option object in private _help_option attribute to
+        # avoid creating it multiple times. Not doing this will break the
+        # callback odering by iter_params_for_processing(), which relies on
+        # object comparison.
+        if self._help_option is None:
+            # Avoid circular import.
+            from .decorators import help_option
+
+            # Apply help_option decorator and pop resulting option
+            help_option(*help_option_names)(self)
+            self._help_option = self.params.pop()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        return self._help_option
+
+    def make_parser(self, ctx: Context) -> _OptionParser:
+        """Creates the underlying option parser for this command."""
+        parser = _OptionParser(ctx)
+        for param in self.get_params(ctx):
+            param.add_to_parser(parser, ctx)
+        return parser
+
+    def get_help(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
+        """Formats the help into a string and returns it.
+
+        Calls :meth:`format_help` internally.
+        """
+        formatter = ctx.make_formatter()
+        self.format_help(ctx, formatter)
+        return formatter.getvalue().rstrip("\n")
+
+    def get_short_help_str(self, limit: int = 45) -> str:
+        """Gets short help for the command or makes it by shortening the
+        long help string.
+        """
+        if self.short_help:
+            text = inspect.cleandoc(self.short_help)
+        elif self.help:
+            text = make_default_short_help(self.help, limit)
+        else:
+            text = ""
+
+        if self.deprecated:
+            deprecated_message = (
+                f"(DEPRECATED: {self.deprecated})"
+                if isinstance(self.deprecated, str)
+                else "(DEPRECATED)"
+            )
+            text = _("{text} {deprecated_message}").format(
+                text=text, deprecated_message=deprecated_message
+            )
+
+        return text.strip()
+
+    def format_help(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> None:
+        """Writes the help into the formatter if it exists.
+
+        This is a low-level method called by :meth:`get_help`.
+
+        This calls the following methods:
+
+        -   :meth:`format_usage`
+        -   :meth:`format_help_text`
+        -   :meth:`format_options`
+        -   :meth:`format_epilog`
+        """
+        self.format_usage(ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_help_text(ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_options(ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_epilog(ctx, formatter)
+
+    def format_help_text(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> None:
+        """Writes the help text to the formatter if it exists."""
+        if self.help is not None:
+            # truncate the help text to the first form feed
+            text = inspect.cleandoc(self.help).partition("\f")[0]
+        else:
+            text = ""
+
+        if self.deprecated:
+            deprecated_message = (
+                f"(DEPRECATED: {self.deprecated})"
+                if isinstance(self.deprecated, str)
+                else "(DEPRECATED)"
+            )
+            text = _("{text} {deprecated_message}").format(
+                text=text, deprecated_message=deprecated_message
+            )
+
+        if text:
+            formatter.write_paragraph()
+
+            with formatter.indentation():
+                formatter.write_text(text)
+
+    def format_options(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> None:
+        """Writes all the options into the formatter if they exist."""
+        opts = []
+        for param in self.get_params(ctx):
+            rv = param.get_help_record(ctx)
+            if rv is not None:
+                opts.append(rv)
+
+        if opts:
+            with formatter.section(_("Options")):
+                formatter.write_dl(opts)
+
+    def format_epilog(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> None:
+        """Writes the epilog into the formatter if it exists."""
+        if self.epilog:
+            epilog = inspect.cleandoc(self.epilog)
+            formatter.write_paragraph()
+
+            with formatter.indentation():
+                formatter.write_text(epilog)
+
+    def make_context(
+        self,
+        info_name: str | None,
+        args: list[str],
+        parent: Context | None = None,
+        **extra: t.Any,
+    ) -> Context:
+        """This function when given an info name and arguments will kick
+        off the parsing and create a new :class:`Context`.  It does not
+        invoke the actual command callback though.
+
+        To quickly customize the context class used without overriding
+        this method, set the :attr:`context_class` attribute.
+
+        :param info_name: the info name for this invocation.  Generally this
+                          is the most descriptive name for the script or
+                          command.  For the toplevel script it's usually
+                          the name of the script, for commands below it's
+                          the name of the command.
+        :param args: the arguments to parse as list of strings.
+        :param parent: the parent context if available.
+        :param extra: extra keyword arguments forwarded to the context
+                      constructor.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the :attr:`context_class` attribute.
+        """
+        for key, value in self.context_settings.items():
+            if key not in extra:
+                extra[key] = value
+
+        ctx = self.context_class(self, info_name=info_name, parent=parent, **extra)
+
+        with ctx.scope(cleanup=False):
+            self.parse_args(ctx, args)
+        return ctx
+
+    def parse_args(self, ctx: Context, args: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+        if not args and self.no_args_is_help and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            raise NoArgsIsHelpError(ctx)
+
+        parser = self.make_parser(ctx)
+        opts, args, param_order = parser.parse_args(args=args)
+
+        for param in iter_params_for_processing(param_order, self.get_params(ctx)):
+            value, args = param.handle_parse_result(ctx, opts, args)
+
+        if args and not ctx.allow_extra_args and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            ctx.fail(
+                ngettext(
+                    "Got unexpected extra argument ({args})",
+                    "Got unexpected extra arguments ({args})",
+                    len(args),
+                ).format(args=" ".join(map(str, args)))
+            )
+
+        ctx.args = args
+        ctx._opt_prefixes.update(parser._opt_prefixes)
+        return args
+
+    def invoke(self, ctx: Context) -> t.Any:
+        """Given a context, this invokes the attached callback (if it exists)
+        in the right way.
+        """
+        if self.deprecated:
+            extra_message = (
+                f" {self.deprecated}" if isinstance(self.deprecated, str) else ""
+            )
+            message = _(
+                "DeprecationWarning: The command {name!r} is deprecated.{extra_message}"
+            ).format(name=self.name, extra_message=extra_message)
+            echo(style(message, fg="red"), err=True)
+
+        if self.callback is not None:
+            return ctx.invoke(self.callback, **ctx.params)
+
+    def shell_complete(self, ctx: Context, incomplete: str) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Return a list of completions for the incomplete value. Looks
+        at the names of options and chained multi-commands.
+
+        Any command could be part of a chained multi-command, so sibling
+        commands are valid at any point during command completion.
+
+        :param ctx: Invocation context for this command.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        from click.shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+        results: list[CompletionItem] = []
+
+        if incomplete and not incomplete[0].isalnum():
+            for param in self.get_params(ctx):
+                if (
+                    not isinstance(param, Option)
+                    or param.hidden
+                    or (
+                        not param.multiple
+                        and ctx.get_parameter_source(param.name)  # type: ignore
+                        is ParameterSource.COMMANDLINE
+                    )
+                ):
+                    continue
+
+                results.extend(
+                    CompletionItem(name, help=param.help)
+                    for name in [*param.opts, *param.secondary_opts]
+                    if name.startswith(incomplete)
+                )
+
+        while ctx.parent is not None:
+            ctx = ctx.parent
+
+            if isinstance(ctx.command, Group) and ctx.command.chain:
+                results.extend(
+                    CompletionItem(name, help=command.get_short_help_str())
+                    for name, command in _complete_visible_commands(ctx, incomplete)
+                    if name not in ctx._protected_args
+                )
+
+        return results
+
+    @t.overload
+    def main(
+        self,
+        args: cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        prog_name: str | None = None,
+        complete_var: str | None = None,
+        standalone_mode: t.Literal[True] = True,
+        **extra: t.Any,
+    ) -> t.NoReturn: ...
+
+    @t.overload
+    def main(
+        self,
+        args: cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        prog_name: str | None = None,
+        complete_var: str | None = None,
+        standalone_mode: bool = ...,
+        **extra: t.Any,
+    ) -> t.Any: ...
+
+    def main(
+        self,
+        args: cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        prog_name: str | None = None,
+        complete_var: str | None = None,
+        standalone_mode: bool = True,
+        windows_expand_args: bool = True,
+        **extra: t.Any,
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        """This is the way to invoke a script with all the bells and
+        whistles as a command line application.  This will always terminate
+        the application after a call.  If this is not wanted, ``SystemExit``
+        needs to be caught.
+
+        This method is also available by directly calling the instance of
+        a :class:`Command`.
+
+        :param args: the arguments that should be used for parsing.  If not
+                     provided, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used.
+        :param prog_name: the program name that should be used.  By default
+                          the program name is constructed by taking the file
+                          name from ``sys.argv[0]``.
+        :param complete_var: the environment variable that controls the
+                             bash completion support.  The default is
+                             ``"_<prog_name>_COMPLETE"`` with prog_name in
+                             uppercase.
+        :param standalone_mode: the default behavior is to invoke the script
+                                in standalone mode.  Click will then
+                                handle exceptions and convert them into
+                                error messages and the function will never
+                                return but shut down the interpreter.  If
+                                this is set to `False` they will be
+                                propagated to the caller and the return
+                                value of this function is the return value
+                                of :meth:`invoke`.
+        :param windows_expand_args: Expand glob patterns, user dir, and
+            env vars in command line args on Windows.
+        :param extra: extra keyword arguments are forwarded to the context
+                      constructor.  See :class:`Context` for more information.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0.1
+            Added the ``windows_expand_args`` parameter to allow
+            disabling command line arg expansion on Windows.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            When taking arguments from ``sys.argv`` on Windows, glob
+            patterns, user dir, and env vars are expanded.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+           Added the ``standalone_mode`` parameter.
+        """
+        if args is None:
+            args = sys.argv[1:]
+
+            if os.name == "nt" and windows_expand_args:
+                args = _expand_args(args)
+        else:
+            args = list(args)
+
+        if prog_name is None:
+            prog_name = _detect_program_name()
+
+        # Process shell completion requests and exit early.
+        self._main_shell_completion(extra, prog_name, complete_var)
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                with self.make_context(prog_name, args, **extra) as ctx:
+                    rv = self.invoke(ctx)
+                    if not standalone_mode:
+                        return rv
+                    # it's not safe to `ctx.exit(rv)` here!
+                    # note that `rv` may actually contain data like "1" which
+                    # has obvious effects
+                    # more subtle case: `rv=[None, None]` can come out of
+                    # chained commands which all returned `None` -- so it's not
+                    # even always obvious that `rv` indicates success/failure
+                    # by its truthiness/falsiness
+                    ctx.exit()
+            except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt) as e:
+                echo(file=sys.stderr)
+                raise Abort() from e
+            except ClickException as e:
+                if not standalone_mode:
+                    raise
+                e.show()
+                sys.exit(e.exit_code)
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno == errno.EPIPE:
+                    sys.stdout = t.cast(t.TextIO, PacifyFlushWrapper(sys.stdout))
+                    sys.stderr = t.cast(t.TextIO, PacifyFlushWrapper(sys.stderr))
+                    sys.exit(1)
+                else:
+                    raise
+        except Exit as e:
+            if standalone_mode:
+                sys.exit(e.exit_code)
+            else:
+                # in non-standalone mode, return the exit code
+                # note that this is only reached if `self.invoke` above raises
+                # an Exit explicitly -- thus bypassing the check there which
+                # would return its result
+                # the results of non-standalone execution may therefore be
+                # somewhat ambiguous: if there are codepaths which lead to
+                # `ctx.exit(1)` and to `return 1`, the caller won't be able to
+                # tell the difference between the two
+                return e.exit_code
+        except Abort:
+            if not standalone_mode:
+                raise
+            echo(_("Aborted!"), file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+    def _main_shell_completion(
+        self,
+        ctx_args: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
+        prog_name: str,
+        complete_var: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Check if the shell is asking for tab completion, process
+        that, then exit early. Called from :meth:`main` before the
+        program is invoked.
+
+        :param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
+        :param complete_var: Name of the environment variable that holds
+            the completion instruction. Defaults to
+            ``_{PROG_NAME}_COMPLETE``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.2.0
+            Dots (``.``) in ``prog_name`` are replaced with underscores (``_``).
+        """
+        if complete_var is None:
+            complete_name = prog_name.replace("-", "_").replace(".", "_")
+            complete_var = f"_{complete_name}_COMPLETE".upper()
+
+        instruction = os.environ.get(complete_var)
+
+        if not instruction:
+            return
+
+        from .shell_completion import shell_complete
+
+        rv = shell_complete(self, ctx_args, prog_name, complete_var, instruction)
+        sys.exit(rv)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+        """Alias for :meth:`main`."""
+        return self.main(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class _FakeSubclassCheck(type):
+    def __subclasscheck__(cls, subclass: type) -> bool:
+        return issubclass(subclass, cls.__bases__[0])
+
+    def __instancecheck__(cls, instance: t.Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(instance, cls.__bases__[0])
+
+
+class _BaseCommand(Command, metaclass=_FakeSubclassCheck):
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 8.2
+        Will be removed in Click 9.0. Use ``Command`` instead.
+    """
+
+
+class Group(Command):
+    """A group is a command that nests other commands (or more groups).
+
+    :param name: The name of the group command.
+    :param commands: Map names to :class:`Command` objects. Can be a list, which
+        will use :attr:`Command.name` as the keys.
+    :param invoke_without_command: Invoke the group's callback even if a
+        subcommand is not given.
+    :param no_args_is_help: If no arguments are given, show the group's help and
+        exit. Defaults to the opposite of ``invoke_without_command``.
+    :param subcommand_metavar: How to represent the subcommand argument in help.
+        The default will represent whether ``chain`` is set or not.
+    :param chain: Allow passing more than one subcommand argument. After parsing
+        a command's arguments, if any arguments remain another command will be
+        matched, and so on.
+    :param result_callback: A function to call after the group's and
+        subcommand's callbacks. The value returned by the subcommand is passed.
+        If ``chain`` is enabled, the value will be a list of values returned by
+        all the commands. If ``invoke_without_command`` is enabled, the value
+        will be the value returned by the group's callback, or an empty list if
+        ``chain`` is enabled.
+    :param kwargs: Other arguments passed to :class:`Command`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        The ``commands`` argument can be a list of command objects.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        Merged with and replaces the ``MultiCommand`` base class.
+    """
+
+    allow_extra_args = True
+    allow_interspersed_args = False
+
+    #: If set, this is used by the group's :meth:`command` decorator
+    #: as the default :class:`Command` class. This is useful to make all
+    #: subcommands use a custom command class.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 8.0
+    command_class: type[Command] | None = None
+
+    #: If set, this is used by the group's :meth:`group` decorator
+    #: as the default :class:`Group` class. This is useful to make all
+    #: subgroups use a custom group class.
+    #:
+    #: If set to the special value :class:`type` (literally
+    #: ``group_class = type``), this group's class will be used as the
+    #: default class. This makes a custom group class continue to make
+    #: custom groups.
+    #:
+    #: .. versionadded:: 8.0
+    group_class: type[Group] | type[type] | None = None
+    # Literal[type] isn't valid, so use Type[type]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        commands: cabc.MutableMapping[str, Command]
+        | cabc.Sequence[Command]
+        | None = None,
+        invoke_without_command: bool = False,
+        no_args_is_help: bool | None = None,
+        subcommand_metavar: str | None = None,
+        chain: bool = False,
+        result_callback: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name, **kwargs)
+
+        if commands is None:
+            commands = {}
+        elif isinstance(commands, abc.Sequence):
+            commands = {c.name: c for c in commands if c.name is not None}
+
+        #: The registered subcommands by their exported names.
+        self.commands: cabc.MutableMapping[str, Command] = commands
+
+        if no_args_is_help is None:
+            no_args_is_help = not invoke_without_command
+
+        self.no_args_is_help = no_args_is_help
+        self.invoke_without_command = invoke_without_command
+
+        if subcommand_metavar is None:
+            if chain:
+                subcommand_metavar = "COMMAND1 [ARGS]... [COMMAND2 [ARGS]...]..."
+            else:
+                subcommand_metavar = "COMMAND [ARGS]..."
+
+        self.subcommand_metavar = subcommand_metavar
+        self.chain = chain
+        # The result callback that is stored. This can be set or
+        # overridden with the :func:`result_callback` decorator.
+        self._result_callback = result_callback
+
+        if self.chain:
+            for param in self.params:
+                if isinstance(param, Argument) and not param.required:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "A group in chain mode cannot have optional arguments."
+                    )
+
+    def to_info_dict(self, ctx: Context) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict(ctx)
+        commands = {}
+
+        for name in self.list_commands(ctx):
+            command = self.get_command(ctx, name)
+
+            if command is None:
+                continue
+
+            sub_ctx = ctx._make_sub_context(command)
+
+            with sub_ctx.scope(cleanup=False):
+                commands[name] = command.to_info_dict(sub_ctx)
+
+        info_dict.update(commands=commands, chain=self.chain)
+        return info_dict
+
+    def add_command(self, cmd: Command, name: str | None = None) -> None:
+        """Registers another :class:`Command` with this group.  If the name
+        is not provided, the name of the command is used.
+        """
+        name = name or cmd.name
+        if name is None:
+            raise TypeError("Command has no name.")
+        _check_nested_chain(self, name, cmd, register=True)
+        self.commands[name] = cmd
+
+    @t.overload
+    def command(self, __func: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> Command: ...
+
+    @t.overload
+    def command(
+        self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[..., t.Any]], Command]: ...
+
+    def command(
+        self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[..., t.Any]], Command] | Command:
+        """A shortcut decorator for declaring and attaching a command to
+        the group. This takes the same arguments as :func:`command` and
+        immediately registers the created command with this group by
+        calling :meth:`add_command`.
+
+        To customize the command class used, set the
+        :attr:`command_class` attribute.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+            This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the :attr:`command_class` attribute.
+        """
+        from .decorators import command
+
+        func: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None = None
+
+        if args and callable(args[0]):
+            assert len(args) == 1 and not kwargs, (
+                "Use 'command(**kwargs)(callable)' to provide arguments."
+            )
+            (func,) = args
+            args = ()
+
+        if self.command_class and kwargs.get("cls") is None:
+            kwargs["cls"] = self.command_class
+
+        def decorator(f: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> Command:
+            cmd: Command = command(*args, **kwargs)(f)
+            self.add_command(cmd)
+            return cmd
+
+        if func is not None:
+            return decorator(func)
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @t.overload
+    def group(self, __func: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> Group: ...
+
+    @t.overload
+    def group(
+        self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[..., t.Any]], Group]: ...
+
+    def group(
+        self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[..., t.Any]], Group] | Group:
+        """A shortcut decorator for declaring and attaching a group to
+        the group. This takes the same arguments as :func:`group` and
+        immediately registers the created group with this group by
+        calling :meth:`add_command`.
+
+        To customize the group class used, set the :attr:`group_class`
+        attribute.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+            This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the :attr:`group_class` attribute.
+        """
+        from .decorators import group
+
+        func: t.Callable[..., t.Any] | None = None
+
+        if args and callable(args[0]):
+            assert len(args) == 1 and not kwargs, (
+                "Use 'group(**kwargs)(callable)' to provide arguments."
+            )
+            (func,) = args
+            args = ()
+
+        if self.group_class is not None and kwargs.get("cls") is None:
+            if self.group_class is type:
+                kwargs["cls"] = type(self)
+            else:
+                kwargs["cls"] = self.group_class
+
+        def decorator(f: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> Group:
+            cmd: Group = group(*args, **kwargs)(f)
+            self.add_command(cmd)
+            return cmd
+
+        if func is not None:
+            return decorator(func)
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def result_callback(self, replace: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[F], F]:
+        """Adds a result callback to the command.  By default if a
+        result callback is already registered this will chain them but
+        this can be disabled with the `replace` parameter.  The result
+        callback is invoked with the return value of the subcommand
+        (or the list of return values from all subcommands if chaining
+        is enabled) as well as the parameters as they would be passed
+        to the main callback.
+
+        Example::
+
+            @click.group()
+            @click.option('-i', '--input', default=23)
+            def cli(input):
+                return 42
+
+            @cli.result_callback()
+            def process_result(result, input):
+                return result + input
+
+        :param replace: if set to `True` an already existing result
+                        callback will be removed.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Renamed from ``resultcallback``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        """
+
+        def decorator(f: F) -> F:
+            old_callback = self._result_callback
+
+            if old_callback is None or replace:
+                self._result_callback = f
+                return f
+
+            def function(value: t.Any, /, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+                inner = old_callback(value, *args, **kwargs)
+                return f(inner, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            self._result_callback = rv = update_wrapper(t.cast(F, function), f)
+            return rv  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def get_command(self, ctx: Context, cmd_name: str) -> Command | None:
+        """Given a context and a command name, this returns a :class:`Command`
+        object if it exists or returns ``None``.
+        """
+        return self.commands.get(cmd_name)
+
+    def list_commands(self, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+        """Returns a list of subcommand names in the order they should appear."""
+        return sorted(self.commands)
+
+    def collect_usage_pieces(self, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+        rv = super().collect_usage_pieces(ctx)
+        rv.append(self.subcommand_metavar)
+        return rv
+
+    def format_options(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> None:
+        super().format_options(ctx, formatter)
+        self.format_commands(ctx, formatter)
+
+    def format_commands(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpFormatter) -> None:
+        """Extra format methods for multi methods that adds all the commands
+        after the options.
+        """
+        commands = []
+        for subcommand in self.list_commands(ctx):
+            cmd = self.get_command(ctx, subcommand)
+            # What is this, the tool lied about a command.  Ignore it
+            if cmd is None:
+                continue
+            if cmd.hidden:
+                continue
+
+            commands.append((subcommand, cmd))
+
+        # allow for 3 times the default spacing
+        if len(commands):
+            limit = formatter.width - 6 - max(len(cmd[0]) for cmd in commands)
+
+            rows = []
+            for subcommand, cmd in commands:
+                help = cmd.get_short_help_str(limit)
+                rows.append((subcommand, help))
+
+            if rows:
+                with formatter.section(_("Commands")):
+                    formatter.write_dl(rows)
+
+    def parse_args(self, ctx: Context, args: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+        if not args and self.no_args_is_help and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            raise NoArgsIsHelpError(ctx)
+
+        rest = super().parse_args(ctx, args)
+
+        if self.chain:
+            ctx._protected_args = rest
+            ctx.args = []
+        elif rest:
+            ctx._protected_args, ctx.args = rest[:1], rest[1:]
+
+        return ctx.args
+
+    def invoke(self, ctx: Context) -> t.Any:
+        def _process_result(value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+            if self._result_callback is not None:
+                value = ctx.invoke(self._result_callback, value, **ctx.params)
+            return value
+
+        if not ctx._protected_args:
+            if self.invoke_without_command:
+                # No subcommand was invoked, so the result callback is
+                # invoked with the group return value for regular
+                # groups, or an empty list for chained groups.
+                with ctx:
+                    rv = super().invoke(ctx)
+                    return _process_result([] if self.chain else rv)
+            ctx.fail(_("Missing command."))
+
+        # Fetch args back out
+        args = [*ctx._protected_args, *ctx.args]
+        ctx.args = []
+        ctx._protected_args = []
+
+        # If we're not in chain mode, we only allow the invocation of a
+        # single command but we also inform the current context about the
+        # name of the command to invoke.
+        if not self.chain:
+            # Make sure the context is entered so we do not clean up
+            # resources until the result processor has worked.
+            with ctx:
+                cmd_name, cmd, args = self.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+                assert cmd is not None
+                ctx.invoked_subcommand = cmd_name
+                super().invoke(ctx)
+                sub_ctx = cmd.make_context(cmd_name, args, parent=ctx)
+                with sub_ctx:
+                    return _process_result(sub_ctx.command.invoke(sub_ctx))
+
+        # In chain mode we create the contexts step by step, but after the
+        # base command has been invoked.  Because at that point we do not
+        # know the subcommands yet, the invoked subcommand attribute is
+        # set to ``*`` to inform the command that subcommands are executed
+        # but nothing else.
+        with ctx:
+            ctx.invoked_subcommand = "*" if args else None
+            super().invoke(ctx)
+
+            # Otherwise we make every single context and invoke them in a
+            # chain.  In that case the return value to the result processor
+            # is the list of all invoked subcommand's results.
+            contexts = []
+            while args:
+                cmd_name, cmd, args = self.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+                assert cmd is not None
+                sub_ctx = cmd.make_context(
+                    cmd_name,
+                    args,
+                    parent=ctx,
+                    allow_extra_args=True,
+                    allow_interspersed_args=False,
+                )
+                contexts.append(sub_ctx)
+                args, sub_ctx.args = sub_ctx.args, []
+
+            rv = []
+            for sub_ctx in contexts:
+                with sub_ctx:
+                    rv.append(sub_ctx.command.invoke(sub_ctx))
+            return _process_result(rv)
+
+    def resolve_command(
+        self, ctx: Context, args: list[str]
+    ) -> tuple[str | None, Command | None, list[str]]:
+        cmd_name = make_str(args[0])
+        original_cmd_name = cmd_name
+
+        # Get the command
+        cmd = self.get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
+
+        # If we can't find the command but there is a normalization
+        # function available, we try with that one.
+        if cmd is None and ctx.token_normalize_func is not None:
+            cmd_name = ctx.token_normalize_func(cmd_name)
+            cmd = self.get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
+
+        # If we don't find the command we want to show an error message
+        # to the user that it was not provided.  However, there is
+        # something else we should do: if the first argument looks like
+        # an option we want to kick off parsing again for arguments to
+        # resolve things like --help which now should go to the main
+        # place.
+        if cmd is None and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            if _split_opt(cmd_name)[0]:
+                self.parse_args(ctx, args)
+            ctx.fail(_("No such command {name!r}.").format(name=original_cmd_name))
+        return cmd_name if cmd else None, cmd, args[1:]
+
+    def shell_complete(self, ctx: Context, incomplete: str) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Return a list of completions for the incomplete value. Looks
+        at the names of options, subcommands, and chained
+        multi-commands.
+
+        :param ctx: Invocation context for this command.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        from click.shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+        results = [
+            CompletionItem(name, help=command.get_short_help_str())
+            for name, command in _complete_visible_commands(ctx, incomplete)
+        ]
+        results.extend(super().shell_complete(ctx, incomplete))
+        return results
+
+
+class _MultiCommand(Group, metaclass=_FakeSubclassCheck):
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 8.2
+        Will be removed in Click 9.0. Use ``Group`` instead.
+    """
+
+
+class CommandCollection(Group):
+    """A :class:`Group` that looks up subcommands on other groups. If a command
+    is not found on this group, each registered source is checked in order.
+    Parameters on a source are not added to this group, and a source's callback
+    is not invoked when invoking its commands. In other words, this "flattens"
+    commands in many groups into this one group.
+
+    :param name: The name of the group command.
+    :param sources: A list of :class:`Group` objects to look up commands from.
+    :param kwargs: Other arguments passed to :class:`Group`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        This is a subclass of ``Group``. Commands are looked up first on this
+        group, then each of its sources.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        sources: list[Group] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name, **kwargs)
+        #: The list of registered groups.
+        self.sources: list[Group] = sources or []
+
+    def add_source(self, group: Group) -> None:
+        """Add a group as a source of commands."""
+        self.sources.append(group)
+
+    def get_command(self, ctx: Context, cmd_name: str) -> Command | None:
+        rv = super().get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
+
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+
+        for source in self.sources:
+            rv = source.get_command(ctx, cmd_name)
+
+            if rv is not None:
+                if self.chain:
+                    _check_nested_chain(self, cmd_name, rv)
+
+                return rv
+
+        return None
+
+    def list_commands(self, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+        rv: set[str] = set(super().list_commands(ctx))
+
+        for source in self.sources:
+            rv.update(source.list_commands(ctx))
+
+        return sorted(rv)
+
+
+def _check_iter(value: t.Any) -> cabc.Iterator[t.Any]:
+    """Check if the value is iterable but not a string. Raises a type
+    error, or return an iterator over the value.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        raise TypeError
+
+    return iter(value)
+
+
+class Parameter:
+    r"""A parameter to a command comes in two versions: they are either
+    :class:`Option`\s or :class:`Argument`\s.  Other subclasses are currently
+    not supported by design as some of the internals for parsing are
+    intentionally not finalized.
+
+    Some settings are supported by both options and arguments.
+
+    :param param_decls: the parameter declarations for this option or
+                        argument.  This is a list of flags or argument
+                        names.
+    :param type: the type that should be used.  Either a :class:`ParamType`
+                 or a Python type.  The latter is converted into the former
+                 automatically if supported.
+    :param required: controls if this is optional or not.
+    :param default: the default value if omitted.  This can also be a callable,
+                    in which case it's invoked when the default is needed
+                    without any arguments.
+    :param callback: A function to further process or validate the value
+        after type conversion. It is called as ``f(ctx, param, value)``
+        and must return the value. It is called for all sources,
+        including prompts.
+    :param nargs: the number of arguments to match.  If not ``1`` the return
+                  value is a tuple instead of single value.  The default for
+                  nargs is ``1`` (except if the type is a tuple, then it's
+                  the arity of the tuple). If ``nargs=-1``, all remaining
+                  parameters are collected.
+    :param metavar: how the value is represented in the help page.
+    :param expose_value: if this is `True` then the value is passed onwards
+                         to the command callback and stored on the context,
+                         otherwise it's skipped.
+    :param is_eager: eager values are processed before non eager ones.  This
+                     should not be set for arguments or it will inverse the
+                     order of processing.
+    :param envvar: a string or list of strings that are environment variables
+                   that should be checked.
+    :param shell_complete: A function that returns custom shell
+        completions. Used instead of the param's type completion if
+        given. Takes ``ctx, param, incomplete`` and must return a list
+        of :class:`~click.shell_completion.CompletionItem` or a list of
+        strings.
+    :param deprecated: If ``True`` or non-empty string, issues a message
+                        indicating that the argument is deprecated and highlights
+                        its deprecation in --help. The message can be customized
+                        by using a string as the value. A deprecated parameter
+                        cannot be required, a ValueError will be raised otherwise.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2.0
+        Introduction of ``deprecated``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        Adding duplicate parameter names to a :class:`~click.core.Command` will
+        result in a ``UserWarning`` being shown.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        Adding duplicate parameter names to a :class:`~click.core.Command` will
+        result in a ``UserWarning`` being shown.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        ``process_value`` validates required parameters and bounded
+        ``nargs``, and invokes the parameter callback before returning
+        the value. This allows the callback to validate prompts.
+        ``full_process_value`` is removed.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        ``autocompletion`` is renamed to ``shell_complete`` and has new
+        semantics described above. The old name is deprecated and will
+        be removed in 8.1, until then it will be wrapped to match the
+        new requirements.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        For ``multiple=True, nargs>1``, the default must be a list of
+        tuples.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Setting a default is no longer required for ``nargs>1``, it will
+        default to ``None``. ``multiple=True`` or ``nargs=-1`` will
+        default to ``()``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 7.1
+        Empty environment variables are ignored rather than taking the
+        empty string value. This makes it possible for scripts to clear
+        variables if they can't unset them.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+        Changed signature for parameter callback to also be passed the
+        parameter. The old callback format will still work, but it will
+        raise a warning to give you a chance to migrate the code easier.
+    """
+
+    param_type_name = "parameter"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        param_decls: cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        type: types.ParamType | t.Any | None = None,
+        required: bool = False,
+        default: t.Any | t.Callable[[], t.Any] | None = None,
+        callback: t.Callable[[Context, Parameter, t.Any], t.Any] | None = None,
+        nargs: int | None = None,
+        multiple: bool = False,
+        metavar: str | None = None,
+        expose_value: bool = True,
+        is_eager: bool = False,
+        envvar: str | cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        shell_complete: t.Callable[
+            [Context, Parameter, str], list[CompletionItem] | list[str]
+        ]
+        | None = None,
+        deprecated: bool | str = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name: str | None
+        self.opts: list[str]
+        self.secondary_opts: list[str]
+        self.name, self.opts, self.secondary_opts = self._parse_decls(
+            param_decls or (), expose_value
+        )
+        self.type: types.ParamType = types.convert_type(type, default)
+
+        # Default nargs to what the type tells us if we have that
+        # information available.
+        if nargs is None:
+            if self.type.is_composite:
+                nargs = self.type.arity
+            else:
+                nargs = 1
+
+        self.required = required
+        self.callback = callback
+        self.nargs = nargs
+        self.multiple = multiple
+        self.expose_value = expose_value
+        self.default = default
+        self.is_eager = is_eager
+        self.metavar = metavar
+        self.envvar = envvar
+        self._custom_shell_complete = shell_complete
+        self.deprecated = deprecated
+
+        if __debug__:
+            if self.type.is_composite and nargs != self.type.arity:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"'nargs' must be {self.type.arity} (or None) for"
+                    f" type {self.type!r}, but it was {nargs}."
+                )
+
+            # Skip no default or callable default.
+            check_default = default if not callable(default) else None
+
+            if check_default is not None:
+                if multiple:
+                    try:
+                        # Only check the first value against nargs.
+                        check_default = next(_check_iter(check_default), None)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "'default' must be a list when 'multiple' is true."
+                        ) from None
+
+                # Can be None for multiple with empty default.
+                if nargs != 1 and check_default is not None:
+                    try:
+                        _check_iter(check_default)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        if multiple:
+                            message = (
+                                "'default' must be a list of lists when 'multiple' is"
+                                " true and 'nargs' != 1."
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            message = "'default' must be a list when 'nargs' != 1."
+
+                        raise ValueError(message) from None
+
+                    if nargs > 1 and len(check_default) != nargs:
+                        subject = "item length" if multiple else "length"
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"'default' {subject} must match nargs={nargs}."
+                        )
+
+            if required and deprecated:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"The {self.param_type_name} '{self.human_readable_name}' "
+                    "is deprecated and still required. A deprecated "
+                    f"{self.param_type_name} cannot be required."
+                )
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        """Gather information that could be useful for a tool generating
+        user-facing documentation.
+
+        Use :meth:`click.Context.to_info_dict` to traverse the entire
+        CLI structure.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        return {
+            "name": self.name,
+            "param_type_name": self.param_type_name,
+            "opts": self.opts,
+            "secondary_opts": self.secondary_opts,
+            "type": self.type.to_info_dict(),
+            "required": self.required,
+            "nargs": self.nargs,
+            "multiple": self.multiple,
+            "default": self.default,
+            "envvar": self.envvar,
+        }
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {self.name}>"
+
+    def _parse_decls(
+        self, decls: cabc.Sequence[str], expose_value: bool
+    ) -> tuple[str | None, list[str], list[str]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def human_readable_name(self) -> str:
+        """Returns the human readable name of this parameter.  This is the
+        same as the name for options, but the metavar for arguments.
+        """
+        return self.name  # type: ignore
+
+    def make_metavar(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
+        if self.metavar is not None:
+            return self.metavar
+
+        metavar = self.type.get_metavar(param=self, ctx=ctx)
+
+        if metavar is None:
+            metavar = self.type.name.upper()
+
+        if self.nargs != 1:
+            metavar += "..."
+
+        return metavar
+
+    @t.overload
+    def get_default(
+        self, ctx: Context, call: t.Literal[True] = True
+    ) -> t.Any | None: ...
+
+    @t.overload
+    def get_default(
+        self, ctx: Context, call: bool = ...
+    ) -> t.Any | t.Callable[[], t.Any] | None: ...
+
+    def get_default(
+        self, ctx: Context, call: bool = True
+    ) -> t.Any | t.Callable[[], t.Any] | None:
+        """Get the default for the parameter. Tries
+        :meth:`Context.lookup_default` first, then the local default.
+
+        :param ctx: Current context.
+        :param call: If the default is a callable, call it. Disable to
+            return the callable instead.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0.2
+            Type casting is no longer performed when getting a default.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0.1
+            Type casting can fail in resilient parsing mode. Invalid
+            defaults will not prevent showing help text.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Looks at ``ctx.default_map`` first.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the ``call`` parameter.
+        """
+        value = ctx.lookup_default(self.name, call=False)  # type: ignore
+
+        if value is None:
+            value = self.default
+
+        if call and callable(value):
+            value = value()
+
+        return value
+
+    def add_to_parser(self, parser: _OptionParser, ctx: Context) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def consume_value(
+        self, ctx: Context, opts: cabc.Mapping[str, t.Any]
+    ) -> tuple[t.Any, ParameterSource]:
+        value = opts.get(self.name)  # type: ignore
+        source = ParameterSource.COMMANDLINE
+
+        if value is None:
+            value = self.value_from_envvar(ctx)
+            source = ParameterSource.ENVIRONMENT
+
+        if value is None:
+            value = ctx.lookup_default(self.name)  # type: ignore
+            source = ParameterSource.DEFAULT_MAP
+
+        if value is None:
+            value = self.get_default(ctx)
+            source = ParameterSource.DEFAULT
+
+        return value, source
+
+    def type_cast_value(self, ctx: Context, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+        """Convert and validate a value against the option's
+        :attr:`type`, :attr:`multiple`, and :attr:`nargs`.
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return () if self.multiple or self.nargs == -1 else None
+
+        def check_iter(value: t.Any) -> cabc.Iterator[t.Any]:
+            try:
+                return _check_iter(value)
+            except TypeError:
+                # This should only happen when passing in args manually,
+                # the parser should construct an iterable when parsing
+                # the command line.
+                raise BadParameter(
+                    _("Value must be an iterable."), ctx=ctx, param=self
+                ) from None
+
+        if self.nargs == 1 or self.type.is_composite:
+
+            def convert(value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+                return self.type(value, param=self, ctx=ctx)
+
+        elif self.nargs == -1:
+
+            def convert(value: t.Any) -> t.Any:  # tuple[t.Any, ...]
+                return tuple(self.type(x, self, ctx) for x in check_iter(value))
+
+        else:  # nargs > 1
+
+            def convert(value: t.Any) -> t.Any:  # tuple[t.Any, ...]
+                value = tuple(check_iter(value))
+
+                if len(value) != self.nargs:
+                    raise BadParameter(
+                        ngettext(
+                            "Takes {nargs} values but 1 was given.",
+                            "Takes {nargs} values but {len} were given.",
+                            len(value),
+                        ).format(nargs=self.nargs, len=len(value)),
+                        ctx=ctx,
+                        param=self,
+                    )
+
+                return tuple(self.type(x, self, ctx) for x in value)
+
+        if self.multiple:
+            return tuple(convert(x) for x in check_iter(value))
+
+        return convert(value)
+
+    def value_is_missing(self, value: t.Any) -> bool:
+        if value is None:
+            return True
+
+        if (self.nargs != 1 or self.multiple) and value == ():
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def process_value(self, ctx: Context, value: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+        value = self.type_cast_value(ctx, value)
+
+        if self.required and self.value_is_missing(value):
+            raise MissingParameter(ctx=ctx, param=self)
+
+        if self.callback is not None:
+            value = self.callback(ctx, self, value)
+
+        return value
+
+    def resolve_envvar_value(self, ctx: Context) -> str | None:
+        if self.envvar is None:
+            return None
+
+        if isinstance(self.envvar, str):
+            rv = os.environ.get(self.envvar)
+
+            if rv:
+                return rv
+        else:
+            for envvar in self.envvar:
+                rv = os.environ.get(envvar)
+
+                if rv:
+                    return rv
+
+        return None
+
+    def value_from_envvar(self, ctx: Context) -> t.Any | None:
+        rv: t.Any | None = self.resolve_envvar_value(ctx)
+
+        if rv is not None and self.nargs != 1:
+            rv = self.type.split_envvar_value(rv)
+
+        return rv
+
+    def handle_parse_result(
+        self, ctx: Context, opts: cabc.Mapping[str, t.Any], args: list[str]
+    ) -> tuple[t.Any, list[str]]:
+        with augment_usage_errors(ctx, param=self):
+            value, source = self.consume_value(ctx, opts)
+
+            if (
+                self.deprecated
+                and value is not None
+                and source
+                not in (
+                    ParameterSource.DEFAULT,
+                    ParameterSource.DEFAULT_MAP,
+                )
+            ):
+                extra_message = (
+                    f" {self.deprecated}" if isinstance(self.deprecated, str) else ""
+                )
+                message = _(
+                    "DeprecationWarning: The {param_type} {name!r} is deprecated."
+                    "{extra_message}"
+                ).format(
+                    param_type=self.param_type_name,
+                    name=self.human_readable_name,
+                    extra_message=extra_message,
+                )
+                echo(style(message, fg="red"), err=True)
+
+            ctx.set_parameter_source(self.name, source)  # type: ignore
+
+            try:
+                value = self.process_value(ctx, value)
+            except Exception:
+                if not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                    raise
+
+                value = None
+
+        if self.expose_value:
+            ctx.params[self.name] = value  # type: ignore
+
+        return value, args
+
+    def get_help_record(self, ctx: Context) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+        pass
+
+    def get_usage_pieces(self, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+        return []
+
+    def get_error_hint(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
+        """Get a stringified version of the param for use in error messages to
+        indicate which param caused the error.
+        """
+        hint_list = self.opts or [self.human_readable_name]
+        return " / ".join(f"'{x}'" for x in hint_list)
+
+    def shell_complete(self, ctx: Context, incomplete: str) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Return a list of completions for the incomplete value. If a
+        ``shell_complete`` function was given during init, it is used.
+        Otherwise, the :attr:`type`
+        :meth:`~click.types.ParamType.shell_complete` function is used.
+
+        :param ctx: Invocation context for this command.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        if self._custom_shell_complete is not None:
+            results = self._custom_shell_complete(ctx, self, incomplete)
+
+            if results and isinstance(results[0], str):
+                from click.shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+                results = [CompletionItem(c) for c in results]
+
+            return t.cast("list[CompletionItem]", results)
+
+        return self.type.shell_complete(ctx, self, incomplete)
+
+
+class Option(Parameter):
+    """Options are usually optional values on the command line and
+    have some extra features that arguments don't have.
+
+    All other parameters are passed onwards to the parameter constructor.
+
+    :param show_default: Show the default value for this option in its
+        help text. Values are not shown by default, unless
+        :attr:`Context.show_default` is ``True``. If this value is a
+        string, it shows that string in parentheses instead of the
+        actual value. This is particularly useful for dynamic options.
+        For single option boolean flags, the default remains hidden if
+        its value is ``False``.
+    :param show_envvar: Controls if an environment variable should be
+        shown on the help page and error messages.
+        Normally, environment variables are not shown.
+    :param prompt: If set to ``True`` or a non empty string then the
+        user will be prompted for input. If set to ``True`` the prompt
+        will be the option name capitalized. A deprecated option cannot be
+        prompted.
+    :param confirmation_prompt: Prompt a second time to confirm the
+        value if it was prompted for. Can be set to a string instead of
+        ``True`` to customize the message.
+    :param prompt_required: If set to ``False``, the user will be
+        prompted for input only when the option was specified as a flag
+        without a value.
+    :param hide_input: If this is ``True`` then the input on the prompt
+        will be hidden from the user. This is useful for password input.
+    :param is_flag: forces this option to act as a flag.  The default is
+                    auto detection.
+    :param flag_value: which value should be used for this flag if it's
+                       enabled.  This is set to a boolean automatically if
+                       the option string contains a slash to mark two options.
+    :param multiple: if this is set to `True` then the argument is accepted
+                     multiple times and recorded.  This is similar to ``nargs``
+                     in how it works but supports arbitrary number of
+                     arguments.
+    :param count: this flag makes an option increment an integer.
+    :param allow_from_autoenv: if this is enabled then the value of this
+                               parameter will be pulled from an environment
+                               variable in case a prefix is defined on the
+                               context.
+    :param help: the help string.
+    :param hidden: hide this option from help outputs.
+    :param attrs: Other command arguments described in :class:`Parameter`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        ``envvar`` used with ``flag_value`` will always use the ``flag_value``,
+        previously it would use the value of the environment variable.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        Help text indentation is cleaned here instead of only in the
+        ``@option`` decorator.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        The ``show_default`` parameter overrides
+        ``Context.show_default``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        The default of a single option boolean flag is not shown if the
+        default value is ``False``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0.1
+        ``type`` is detected from ``flag_value`` if given.
+    """
+
+    param_type_name = "option"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        param_decls: cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        show_default: bool | str | None = None,
+        prompt: bool | str = False,
+        confirmation_prompt: bool | str = False,
+        prompt_required: bool = True,
+        hide_input: bool = False,
+        is_flag: bool | None = None,
+        flag_value: t.Any | None = None,
+        multiple: bool = False,
+        count: bool = False,
+        allow_from_autoenv: bool = True,
+        type: types.ParamType | t.Any | None = None,
+        help: str | None = None,
+        hidden: bool = False,
+        show_choices: bool = True,
+        show_envvar: bool = False,
+        deprecated: bool | str = False,
+        **attrs: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if help:
+            help = inspect.cleandoc(help)
+
+        default_is_missing = "default" not in attrs
+        super().__init__(
+            param_decls, type=type, multiple=multiple, deprecated=deprecated, **attrs
+        )
+
+        if prompt is True:
+            if self.name is None:
+                raise TypeError("'name' is required with 'prompt=True'.")
+
+            prompt_text: str | None = self.name.replace("_", " ").capitalize()
+        elif prompt is False:
+            prompt_text = None
+        else:
+            prompt_text = prompt
+
+        if deprecated:
+            deprecated_message = (
+                f"(DEPRECATED: {deprecated})"
+                if isinstance(deprecated, str)
+                else "(DEPRECATED)"
+            )
+            help = help + deprecated_message if help is not None else deprecated_message
+
+        self.prompt = prompt_text
+        self.confirmation_prompt = confirmation_prompt
+        self.prompt_required = prompt_required
+        self.hide_input = hide_input
+        self.hidden = hidden
+
+        # If prompt is enabled but not required, then the option can be
+        # used as a flag to indicate using prompt or flag_value.
+        self._flag_needs_value = self.prompt is not None and not self.prompt_required
+
+        if is_flag is None:
+            if flag_value is not None:
+                # Implicitly a flag because flag_value was set.
+                is_flag = True
+            elif self._flag_needs_value:
+                # Not a flag, but when used as a flag it shows a prompt.
+                is_flag = False
+            else:
+                # Implicitly a flag because flag options were given.
+                is_flag = bool(self.secondary_opts)
+        elif is_flag is False and not self._flag_needs_value:
+            # Not a flag, and prompt is not enabled, can be used as a
+            # flag if flag_value is set.
+            self._flag_needs_value = flag_value is not None
+
+        self.default: t.Any | t.Callable[[], t.Any]
+
+        if is_flag and default_is_missing and not self.required:
+            if multiple:
+                self.default = ()
+            else:
+                self.default = False
+
+        self.type: types.ParamType
+        if is_flag and type is None:
+            if flag_value is None:
+                flag_value = not self.default
+            # Re-guess the type from the flag value instead of the
+            # default.
+            self.type = types.convert_type(None, flag_value)
+
+        self.is_flag: bool = is_flag
+        self.is_bool_flag: bool = is_flag and isinstance(self.type, types.BoolParamType)
+        self.flag_value: t.Any = flag_value
+
+        # Counting
+        self.count = count
+        if count:
+            if type is None:
+                self.type = types.IntRange(min=0)
+            if default_is_missing:
+                self.default = 0
+
+        self.allow_from_autoenv = allow_from_autoenv
+        self.help = help
+        self.show_default = show_default
+        self.show_choices = show_choices
+        self.show_envvar = show_envvar
+
+        if __debug__:
+            if deprecated and prompt:
+                raise ValueError("`deprecated` options cannot use `prompt`.")
+
+            if self.nargs == -1:
+                raise TypeError("nargs=-1 is not supported for options.")
+
+            if self.prompt and self.is_flag and not self.is_bool_flag:
+                raise TypeError("'prompt' is not valid for non-boolean flag.")
+
+            if not self.is_bool_flag and self.secondary_opts:
+                raise TypeError("Secondary flag is not valid for non-boolean flag.")
+
+            if self.is_bool_flag and self.hide_input and self.prompt is not None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "'prompt' with 'hide_input' is not valid for boolean flag."
+                )
+
+            if self.count:
+                if self.multiple:
+                    raise TypeError("'count' is not valid with 'multiple'.")
+
+                if self.is_flag:
+                    raise TypeError("'count' is not valid with 'is_flag'.")
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict.update(
+            help=self.help,
+            prompt=self.prompt,
+            is_flag=self.is_flag,
+            flag_value=self.flag_value,
+            count=self.count,
+            hidden=self.hidden,
+        )
+        return info_dict
+
+    def get_error_hint(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
+        result = super().get_error_hint(ctx)
+        if self.show_envvar:
+            result += f" (env var: '{self.envvar}')"
+        return result
+
+    def _parse_decls(
+        self, decls: cabc.Sequence[str], expose_value: bool
+    ) -> tuple[str | None, list[str], list[str]]:
+        opts = []
+        secondary_opts = []
+        name = None
+        possible_names = []
+
+        for decl in decls:
+            if decl.isidentifier():
+                if name is not None:
+                    raise TypeError(f"Name '{name}' defined twice")
+                name = decl
+            else:
+                split_char = ";" if decl[:1] == "/" else "/"
+                if split_char in decl:
+                    first, second = decl.split(split_char, 1)
+                    first = first.rstrip()
+                    if first:
+                        possible_names.append(_split_opt(first))
+                        opts.append(first)
+                    second = second.lstrip()
+                    if second:
+                        secondary_opts.append(second.lstrip())
+                    if first == second:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            f"Boolean option {decl!r} cannot use the"
+                            " same flag for true/false."
+                        )
+                else:
+                    possible_names.append(_split_opt(decl))
+                    opts.append(decl)
+
+        if name is None and possible_names:
+            possible_names.sort(key=lambda x: -len(x[0]))  # group long options first
+            name = possible_names[0][1].replace("-", "_").lower()
+            if not name.isidentifier():
+                name = None
+
+        if name is None:
+            if not expose_value:
+                return None, opts, secondary_opts
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Could not determine name for option with declarations {decls!r}"
+            )
+
+        if not opts and not secondary_opts:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"No options defined but a name was passed ({name})."
+                " Did you mean to declare an argument instead? Did"
+                f" you mean to pass '--{name}'?"
+            )
+
+        return name, opts, secondary_opts
+
+    def add_to_parser(self, parser: _OptionParser, ctx: Context) -> None:
+        if self.multiple:
+            action = "append"
+        elif self.count:
+            action = "count"
+        else:
+            action = "store"
+
+        if self.is_flag:
+            action = f"{action}_const"
+
+            if self.is_bool_flag and self.secondary_opts:
+                parser.add_option(
+                    obj=self, opts=self.opts, dest=self.name, action=action, const=True
+                )
+                parser.add_option(
+                    obj=self,
+                    opts=self.secondary_opts,
+                    dest=self.name,
+                    action=action,
+                    const=False,
+                )
+            else:
+                parser.add_option(
+                    obj=self,
+                    opts=self.opts,
+                    dest=self.name,
+                    action=action,
+                    const=self.flag_value,
+                )
+        else:
+            parser.add_option(
+                obj=self,
+                opts=self.opts,
+                dest=self.name,
+                action=action,
+                nargs=self.nargs,
+            )
+
+    def get_help_record(self, ctx: Context) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+        if self.hidden:
+            return None
+
+        any_prefix_is_slash = False
+
+        def _write_opts(opts: cabc.Sequence[str]) -> str:
+            nonlocal any_prefix_is_slash
+
+            rv, any_slashes = join_options(opts)
+
+            if any_slashes:
+                any_prefix_is_slash = True
+
+            if not self.is_flag and not self.count:
+                rv += f" {self.make_metavar(ctx=ctx)}"
+
+            return rv
+
+        rv = [_write_opts(self.opts)]
+
+        if self.secondary_opts:
+            rv.append(_write_opts(self.secondary_opts))
+
+        help = self.help or ""
+
+        extra = self.get_help_extra(ctx)
+        extra_items = []
+        if "envvars" in extra:
+            extra_items.append(
+                _("env var: {var}").format(var=", ".join(extra["envvars"]))
+            )
+        if "default" in extra:
+            extra_items.append(_("default: {default}").format(default=extra["default"]))
+        if "range" in extra:
+            extra_items.append(extra["range"])
+        if "required" in extra:
+            extra_items.append(_(extra["required"]))
+
+        if extra_items:
+            extra_str = "; ".join(extra_items)
+            help = f"{help}  [{extra_str}]" if help else f"[{extra_str}]"
+
+        return ("; " if any_prefix_is_slash else " / ").join(rv), help
+
+    def get_help_extra(self, ctx: Context) -> types.OptionHelpExtra:
+        extra: types.OptionHelpExtra = {}
+
+        if self.show_envvar:
+            envvar = self.envvar
+
+            if envvar is None:
+                if (
+                    self.allow_from_autoenv
+                    and ctx.auto_envvar_prefix is not None
+                    and self.name is not None
+                ):
+                    envvar = f"{ctx.auto_envvar_prefix}_{self.name.upper()}"
+
+            if envvar is not None:
+                if isinstance(envvar, str):
+                    extra["envvars"] = (envvar,)
+                else:
+                    extra["envvars"] = tuple(str(d) for d in envvar)
+
+        # Temporarily enable resilient parsing to avoid type casting
+        # failing for the default. Might be possible to extend this to
+        # help formatting in general.
+        resilient = ctx.resilient_parsing
+        ctx.resilient_parsing = True
+
+        try:
+            default_value = self.get_default(ctx, call=False)
+        finally:
+            ctx.resilient_parsing = resilient
+
+        show_default = False
+        show_default_is_str = False
+
+        if self.show_default is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.show_default, str):
+                show_default_is_str = show_default = True
+            else:
+                show_default = self.show_default
+        elif ctx.show_default is not None:
+            show_default = ctx.show_default
+
+        if show_default_is_str or (show_default and (default_value is not None)):
+            if show_default_is_str:
+                default_string = f"({self.show_default})"
+            elif isinstance(default_value, (list, tuple)):
+                default_string = ", ".join(str(d) for d in default_value)
+            elif inspect.isfunction(default_value):
+                default_string = _("(dynamic)")
+            elif self.is_bool_flag and self.secondary_opts:
+                # For boolean flags that have distinct True/False opts,
+                # use the opt without prefix instead of the value.
+                default_string = _split_opt(
+                    (self.opts if default_value else self.secondary_opts)[0]
+                )[1]
+            elif self.is_bool_flag and not self.secondary_opts and not default_value:
+                default_string = ""
+            elif default_value == "":
+                default_string = '""'
+            else:
+                default_string = str(default_value)
+
+            if default_string:
+                extra["default"] = default_string
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(self.type, types._NumberRangeBase)
+            # skip count with default range type
+            and not (self.count and self.type.min == 0 and self.type.max is None)
+        ):
+            range_str = self.type._describe_range()
+
+            if range_str:
+                extra["range"] = range_str
+
+        if self.required:
+            extra["required"] = "required"
+
+        return extra
+
+    @t.overload
+    def get_default(
+        self, ctx: Context, call: t.Literal[True] = True
+    ) -> t.Any | None: ...
+
+    @t.overload
+    def get_default(
+        self, ctx: Context, call: bool = ...
+    ) -> t.Any | t.Callable[[], t.Any] | None: ...
+
+    def get_default(
+        self, ctx: Context, call: bool = True
+    ) -> t.Any | t.Callable[[], t.Any] | None:
+        # If we're a non boolean flag our default is more complex because
+        # we need to look at all flags in the same group to figure out
+        # if we're the default one in which case we return the flag
+        # value as default.
+        if self.is_flag and not self.is_bool_flag:
+            for param in ctx.command.params:
+                if param.name == self.name and param.default:
+                    return t.cast(Option, param).flag_value
+
+            return None
+
+        return super().get_default(ctx, call=call)
+
+    def prompt_for_value(self, ctx: Context) -> t.Any:
+        """This is an alternative flow that can be activated in the full
+        value processing if a value does not exist.  It will prompt the
+        user until a valid value exists and then returns the processed
+        value as result.
+        """
+        assert self.prompt is not None
+
+        # Calculate the default before prompting anything to be stable.
+        default = self.get_default(ctx)
+
+        # If this is a prompt for a flag we need to handle this
+        # differently.
+        if self.is_bool_flag:
+            return confirm(self.prompt, default)
+
+        # If show_default is set to True/False, provide this to `prompt` as well. For
+        # non-bool values of `show_default`, we use `prompt`'s default behavior
+        prompt_kwargs: t.Any = {}
+        if isinstance(self.show_default, bool):
+            prompt_kwargs["show_default"] = self.show_default
+
+        return prompt(
+            self.prompt,
+            default=default,
+            type=self.type,
+            hide_input=self.hide_input,
+            show_choices=self.show_choices,
+            confirmation_prompt=self.confirmation_prompt,
+            value_proc=lambda x: self.process_value(ctx, x),
+            **prompt_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def resolve_envvar_value(self, ctx: Context) -> str | None:
+        rv = super().resolve_envvar_value(ctx)
+
+        if rv is not None:
+            if self.is_flag and self.flag_value:
+                return str(self.flag_value)
+            return rv
+
+        if (
+            self.allow_from_autoenv
+            and ctx.auto_envvar_prefix is not None
+            and self.name is not None
+        ):
+            envvar = f"{ctx.auto_envvar_prefix}_{self.name.upper()}"
+            rv = os.environ.get(envvar)
+
+            if rv:
+                return rv
+
+        return None
+
+    def value_from_envvar(self, ctx: Context) -> t.Any | None:
+        rv: t.Any | None = self.resolve_envvar_value(ctx)
+
+        if rv is None:
+            return None
+
+        value_depth = (self.nargs != 1) + bool(self.multiple)
+
+        if value_depth > 0:
+            rv = self.type.split_envvar_value(rv)
+
+            if self.multiple and self.nargs != 1:
+                rv = batch(rv, self.nargs)
+
+        return rv
+
+    def consume_value(
+        self, ctx: Context, opts: cabc.Mapping[str, Parameter]
+    ) -> tuple[t.Any, ParameterSource]:
+        value, source = super().consume_value(ctx, opts)
+
+        # The parser will emit a sentinel value if the option can be
+        # given as a flag without a value. This is different from None
+        # to distinguish from the flag not being given at all.
+        if value is _flag_needs_value:
+            if self.prompt is not None and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                value = self.prompt_for_value(ctx)
+                source = ParameterSource.PROMPT
+            else:
+                value = self.flag_value
+                source = ParameterSource.COMMANDLINE
+
+        elif (
+            self.multiple
+            and value is not None
+            and any(v is _flag_needs_value for v in value)
+        ):
+            value = [self.flag_value if v is _flag_needs_value else v for v in value]
+            source = ParameterSource.COMMANDLINE
+
+        # The value wasn't set, or used the param's default, prompt if
+        # prompting is enabled.
+        elif (
+            source in {None, ParameterSource.DEFAULT}
+            and self.prompt is not None
+            and (self.required or self.prompt_required)
+            and not ctx.resilient_parsing
+        ):
+            value = self.prompt_for_value(ctx)
+            source = ParameterSource.PROMPT
+
+        return value, source
+
+
+class Argument(Parameter):
+    """Arguments are positional parameters to a command.  They generally
+    provide fewer features than options but can have infinite ``nargs``
+    and are required by default.
+
+    All parameters are passed onwards to the constructor of :class:`Parameter`.
+    """
+
+    param_type_name = "argument"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        param_decls: cabc.Sequence[str],
+        required: bool | None = None,
+        **attrs: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if required is None:
+            if attrs.get("default") is not None:
+                required = False
+            else:
+                required = attrs.get("nargs", 1) > 0
+
+        if "multiple" in attrs:
+            raise TypeError("__init__() got an unexpected keyword argument 'multiple'.")
+
+        super().__init__(param_decls, required=required, **attrs)
+
+        if __debug__:
+            if self.default is not None and self.nargs == -1:
+                raise TypeError("'default' is not supported for nargs=-1.")
+
+    @property
+    def human_readable_name(self) -> str:
+        if self.metavar is not None:
+            return self.metavar
+        return self.name.upper()  # type: ignore
+
+    def make_metavar(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
+        if self.metavar is not None:
+            return self.metavar
+        var = self.type.get_metavar(param=self, ctx=ctx)
+        if not var:
+            var = self.name.upper()  # type: ignore
+        if self.deprecated:
+            var += "!"
+        if not self.required:
+            var = f"[{var}]"
+        if self.nargs != 1:
+            var += "..."
+        return var
+
+    def _parse_decls(
+        self, decls: cabc.Sequence[str], expose_value: bool
+    ) -> tuple[str | None, list[str], list[str]]:
+        if not decls:
+            if not expose_value:
+                return None, [], []
+            raise TypeError("Argument is marked as exposed, but does not have a name.")
+        if len(decls) == 1:
+            name = arg = decls[0]
+            name = name.replace("-", "_").lower()
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Arguments take exactly one parameter declaration, got"
+                f" {len(decls)}: {decls}."
+            )
+        return name, [arg], []
+
+    def get_usage_pieces(self, ctx: Context) -> list[str]:
+        return [self.make_metavar(ctx)]
+
+    def get_error_hint(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
+        return f"'{self.make_metavar(ctx)}'"
+
+    def add_to_parser(self, parser: _OptionParser, ctx: Context) -> None:
+        parser.add_argument(dest=self.name, nargs=self.nargs, obj=self)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> object:
+    import warnings
+
+    if name == "BaseCommand":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'BaseCommand' is deprecated and will be removed in Click 9.0. Use"
+            " 'Command' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return _BaseCommand
+
+    if name == "MultiCommand":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'MultiCommand' is deprecated and will be removed in Click 9.0. Use"
+            " 'Group' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return _MultiCommand
+
+    raise AttributeError(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/decorators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/decorators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21f4c342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/decorators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,551 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import typing as t
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+from .core import Argument
+from .core import Command
+from .core import Context
+from .core import Group
+from .core import Option
+from .core import Parameter
+from .globals import get_current_context
+from .utils import echo
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import typing_extensions as te
+
+    P = te.ParamSpec("P")
+
+R = t.TypeVar("R")
+T = t.TypeVar("T")
+_AnyCallable = t.Callable[..., t.Any]
+FC = t.TypeVar("FC", bound="_AnyCallable | Command")
+
+
+def pass_context(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[Context, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
+    """Marks a callback as wanting to receive the current context
+    object as first argument.
+    """
+
+    def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
+        return f(get_current_context(), *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+
+
+def pass_obj(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
+    """Similar to :func:`pass_context`, but only pass the object on the
+    context onwards (:attr:`Context.obj`).  This is useful if that object
+    represents the state of a nested system.
+    """
+
+    def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
+        return f(get_current_context().obj, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+
+
+def make_pass_decorator(
+    object_type: type[T], ensure: bool = False
+) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]], t.Callable[P, R]]:
+    """Given an object type this creates a decorator that will work
+    similar to :func:`pass_obj` but instead of passing the object of the
+    current context, it will find the innermost context of type
+    :func:`object_type`.
+
+    This generates a decorator that works roughly like this::
+
+        from functools import update_wrapper
+
+        def decorator(f):
+            @pass_context
+            def new_func(ctx, *args, **kwargs):
+                obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
+                return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
+            return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+        return decorator
+
+    :param object_type: the type of the object to pass.
+    :param ensure: if set to `True`, a new object will be created and
+                   remembered on the context if it's not there yet.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
+        def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
+            ctx = get_current_context()
+
+            obj: T | None
+            if ensure:
+                obj = ctx.ensure_object(object_type)
+            else:
+                obj = ctx.find_object(object_type)
+
+            if obj is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Managed to invoke callback without a context"
+                    f" object of type {object_type.__name__!r}"
+                    " existing."
+                )
+
+            return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def pass_meta_key(
+    key: str, *, doc_description: str | None = None
+) -> t.Callable[[t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]], t.Callable[P, R]]:
+    """Create a decorator that passes a key from
+    :attr:`click.Context.meta` as the first argument to the decorated
+    function.
+
+    :param key: Key in ``Context.meta`` to pass.
+    :param doc_description: Description of the object being passed,
+        inserted into the decorator's docstring. Defaults to "the 'key'
+        key from Context.meta".
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.0
+    """
+
+    def decorator(f: t.Callable[te.Concatenate[T, P], R]) -> t.Callable[P, R]:
+        def new_func(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
+            ctx = get_current_context()
+            obj = ctx.meta[key]
+            return ctx.invoke(f, obj, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return update_wrapper(new_func, f)
+
+    if doc_description is None:
+        doc_description = f"the {key!r} key from :attr:`click.Context.meta`"
+
+    decorator.__doc__ = (
+        f"Decorator that passes {doc_description} as the first argument"
+        " to the decorated function."
+    )
+    return decorator
+
+
+CmdType = t.TypeVar("CmdType", bound=Command)
+
+
+# variant: no call, directly as decorator for a function.
+@t.overload
+def command(name: _AnyCallable) -> Command: ...
+
+
+# variant: with positional name and with positional or keyword cls argument:
+# @command(namearg, CommandCls, ...) or @command(namearg, cls=CommandCls, ...)
+@t.overload
+def command(
+    name: str | None,
+    cls: type[CmdType],
+    **attrs: t.Any,
+) -> t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], CmdType]: ...
+
+
+# variant: name omitted, cls _must_ be a keyword argument, @command(cls=CommandCls, ...)
+@t.overload
+def command(
+    name: None = None,
+    *,
+    cls: type[CmdType],
+    **attrs: t.Any,
+) -> t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], CmdType]: ...
+
+
+# variant: with optional string name, no cls argument provided.
+@t.overload
+def command(
+    name: str | None = ..., cls: None = None, **attrs: t.Any
+) -> t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], Command]: ...
+
+
+def command(
+    name: str | _AnyCallable | None = None,
+    cls: type[CmdType] | None = None,
+    **attrs: t.Any,
+) -> Command | t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], Command | CmdType]:
+    r"""Creates a new :class:`Command` and uses the decorated function as
+    callback.  This will also automatically attach all decorated
+    :func:`option`\s and :func:`argument`\s as parameters to the command.
+
+    The name of the command defaults to the name of the function, converted to
+    lowercase, with underscores ``_`` replaced by dashes ``-``, and the suffixes
+    ``_command``, ``_cmd``, ``_group``, and ``_grp`` are removed. For example,
+    ``init_data_command`` becomes ``init-data``.
+
+    All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying command class.
+    For the ``params`` argument, any decorated params are appended to
+    the end of the list.
+
+    Once decorated the function turns into a :class:`Command` instance
+    that can be invoked as a command line utility or be attached to a
+    command :class:`Group`.
+
+    :param name: The name of the command. Defaults to modifying the function's
+        name as described above.
+    :param cls: The command class to create. Defaults to :class:`Command`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        The suffixes ``_command``, ``_cmd``, ``_group``, and ``_grp`` are
+        removed when generating the name.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        The ``params`` argument can be used. Decorated params are
+        appended to the end of the list.
+    """
+
+    func: t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], t.Any] | None = None
+
+    if callable(name):
+        func = name
+        name = None
+        assert cls is None, "Use 'command(cls=cls)(callable)' to specify a class."
+        assert not attrs, "Use 'command(**kwargs)(callable)' to provide arguments."
+
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = t.cast("type[CmdType]", Command)
+
+    def decorator(f: _AnyCallable) -> CmdType:
+        if isinstance(f, Command):
+            raise TypeError("Attempted to convert a callback into a command twice.")
+
+        attr_params = attrs.pop("params", None)
+        params = attr_params if attr_params is not None else []
+
+        try:
+            decorator_params = f.__click_params__  # type: ignore
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            del f.__click_params__  # type: ignore
+            params.extend(reversed(decorator_params))
+
+        if attrs.get("help") is None:
+            attrs["help"] = f.__doc__
+
+        if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert cls is not None
+            assert not callable(name)
+
+        if name is not None:
+            cmd_name = name
+        else:
+            cmd_name = f.__name__.lower().replace("_", "-")
+            cmd_left, sep, suffix = cmd_name.rpartition("-")
+
+            if sep and suffix in {"command", "cmd", "group", "grp"}:
+                cmd_name = cmd_left
+
+        cmd = cls(name=cmd_name, callback=f, params=params, **attrs)
+        cmd.__doc__ = f.__doc__
+        return cmd
+
+    if func is not None:
+        return decorator(func)
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+GrpType = t.TypeVar("GrpType", bound=Group)
+
+
+# variant: no call, directly as decorator for a function.
+@t.overload
+def group(name: _AnyCallable) -> Group: ...
+
+
+# variant: with positional name and with positional or keyword cls argument:
+# @group(namearg, GroupCls, ...) or @group(namearg, cls=GroupCls, ...)
+@t.overload
+def group(
+    name: str | None,
+    cls: type[GrpType],
+    **attrs: t.Any,
+) -> t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], GrpType]: ...
+
+
+# variant: name omitted, cls _must_ be a keyword argument, @group(cmd=GroupCls, ...)
+@t.overload
+def group(
+    name: None = None,
+    *,
+    cls: type[GrpType],
+    **attrs: t.Any,
+) -> t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], GrpType]: ...
+
+
+# variant: with optional string name, no cls argument provided.
+@t.overload
+def group(
+    name: str | None = ..., cls: None = None, **attrs: t.Any
+) -> t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], Group]: ...
+
+
+def group(
+    name: str | _AnyCallable | None = None,
+    cls: type[GrpType] | None = None,
+    **attrs: t.Any,
+) -> Group | t.Callable[[_AnyCallable], Group | GrpType]:
+    """Creates a new :class:`Group` with a function as callback.  This
+    works otherwise the same as :func:`command` just that the `cls`
+    parameter is set to :class:`Group`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        This decorator can be applied without parentheses.
+    """
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = t.cast("type[GrpType]", Group)
+
+    if callable(name):
+        return command(cls=cls, **attrs)(name)
+
+    return command(name, cls, **attrs)
+
+
+def _param_memo(f: t.Callable[..., t.Any], param: Parameter) -> None:
+    if isinstance(f, Command):
+        f.params.append(param)
+    else:
+        if not hasattr(f, "__click_params__"):
+            f.__click_params__ = []  # type: ignore
+
+        f.__click_params__.append(param)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def argument(
+    *param_decls: str, cls: type[Argument] | None = None, **attrs: t.Any
+) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
+    """Attaches an argument to the command.  All positional arguments are
+    passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Argument`; all keyword
+    arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
+    This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Argument` instance manually
+    and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
+
+    For the default argument class, refer to :class:`Argument` and
+    :class:`Parameter` for descriptions of parameters.
+
+    :param cls: the argument class to instantiate.  This defaults to
+                :class:`Argument`.
+    :param param_decls: Passed as positional arguments to the constructor of
+        ``cls``.
+    :param attrs: Passed as keyword arguments to the constructor of ``cls``.
+    """
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = Argument
+
+    def decorator(f: FC) -> FC:
+        _param_memo(f, cls(param_decls, **attrs))
+        return f
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def option(
+    *param_decls: str, cls: type[Option] | None = None, **attrs: t.Any
+) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
+    """Attaches an option to the command.  All positional arguments are
+    passed as parameter declarations to :class:`Option`; all keyword
+    arguments are forwarded unchanged (except ``cls``).
+    This is equivalent to creating an :class:`Option` instance manually
+    and attaching it to the :attr:`Command.params` list.
+
+    For the default option class, refer to :class:`Option` and
+    :class:`Parameter` for descriptions of parameters.
+
+    :param cls: the option class to instantiate.  This defaults to
+                :class:`Option`.
+    :param param_decls: Passed as positional arguments to the constructor of
+        ``cls``.
+    :param attrs: Passed as keyword arguments to the constructor of ``cls``.
+    """
+    if cls is None:
+        cls = Option
+
+    def decorator(f: FC) -> FC:
+        _param_memo(f, cls(param_decls, **attrs))
+        return f
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def confirmation_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
+    """Add a ``--yes`` option which shows a prompt before continuing if
+    not passed. If the prompt is declined, the program will exit.
+
+    :param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
+        value ``"--yes"``.
+    :param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
+    """
+
+    def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
+        if not value:
+            ctx.abort()
+
+    if not param_decls:
+        param_decls = ("--yes",)
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
+    kwargs.setdefault("callback", callback)
+    kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
+    kwargs.setdefault("prompt", "Do you want to continue?")
+    kwargs.setdefault("help", "Confirm the action without prompting.")
+    return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)
+
+
+def password_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
+    """Add a ``--password`` option which prompts for a password, hiding
+    input and asking to enter the value again for confirmation.
+
+    :param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
+        value ``"--password"``.
+    :param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
+    """
+    if not param_decls:
+        param_decls = ("--password",)
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("prompt", True)
+    kwargs.setdefault("confirmation_prompt", True)
+    kwargs.setdefault("hide_input", True)
+    return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)
+
+
+def version_option(
+    version: str | None = None,
+    *param_decls: str,
+    package_name: str | None = None,
+    prog_name: str | None = None,
+    message: str | None = None,
+    **kwargs: t.Any,
+) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
+    """Add a ``--version`` option which immediately prints the version
+    number and exits the program.
+
+    If ``version`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it using
+    :func:`importlib.metadata.version` to get the version for the
+    ``package_name``.
+
+    If ``package_name`` is not provided, Click will try to detect it by
+    inspecting the stack frames. This will be used to detect the
+    version, so it must match the name of the installed package.
+
+    :param version: The version number to show. If not provided, Click
+        will try to detect it.
+    :param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
+        value ``"--version"``.
+    :param package_name: The package name to detect the version from. If
+        not provided, Click will try to detect it.
+    :param prog_name: The name of the CLI to show in the message. If not
+        provided, it will be detected from the command.
+    :param message: The message to show. The values ``%(prog)s``,
+        ``%(package)s``, and ``%(version)s`` are available. Defaults to
+        ``"%(prog)s, version %(version)s"``.
+    :param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
+    :raise RuntimeError: ``version`` could not be detected.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Add the ``package_name`` parameter, and the ``%(package)s``
+        value for messages.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Use :mod:`importlib.metadata` instead of ``pkg_resources``. The
+        version is detected based on the package name, not the entry
+        point name. The Python package name must match the installed
+        package name, or be passed with ``package_name=``.
+    """
+    if message is None:
+        message = _("%(prog)s, version %(version)s")
+
+    if version is None and package_name is None:
+        frame = inspect.currentframe()
+        f_back = frame.f_back if frame is not None else None
+        f_globals = f_back.f_globals if f_back is not None else None
+        # break reference cycle
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#the-interpreter-stack
+        del frame
+
+        if f_globals is not None:
+            package_name = f_globals.get("__name__")
+
+            if package_name == "__main__":
+                package_name = f_globals.get("__package__")
+
+            if package_name:
+                package_name = package_name.partition(".")[0]
+
+    def callback(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
+        if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            return
+
+        nonlocal prog_name
+        nonlocal version
+
+        if prog_name is None:
+            prog_name = ctx.find_root().info_name
+
+        if version is None and package_name is not None:
+            import importlib.metadata
+
+            try:
+                version = importlib.metadata.version(package_name)
+            except importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"{package_name!r} is not installed. Try passing"
+                    " 'package_name' instead."
+                ) from None
+
+        if version is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Could not determine the version for {package_name!r} automatically."
+            )
+
+        echo(
+            message % {"prog": prog_name, "package": package_name, "version": version},
+            color=ctx.color,
+        )
+        ctx.exit()
+
+    if not param_decls:
+        param_decls = ("--version",)
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
+    kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
+    kwargs.setdefault("is_eager", True)
+    kwargs.setdefault("help", _("Show the version and exit."))
+    kwargs["callback"] = callback
+    return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)
+
+
+def help_option(*param_decls: str, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[FC], FC]:
+    """Pre-configured ``--help`` option which immediately prints the help page
+    and exits the program.
+
+    :param param_decls: One or more option names. Defaults to the single
+        value ``"--help"``.
+    :param kwargs: Extra arguments are passed to :func:`option`.
+    """
+
+    def show_help(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
+        """Callback that print the help page on ``<stdout>`` and exits."""
+        if value and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
+            echo(ctx.get_help(), color=ctx.color)
+            ctx.exit()
+
+    if not param_decls:
+        param_decls = ("--help",)
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("is_flag", True)
+    kwargs.setdefault("expose_value", False)
+    kwargs.setdefault("is_eager", True)
+    kwargs.setdefault("help", _("Show this message and exit."))
+    kwargs.setdefault("callback", show_help)
+
+    return option(*param_decls, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f141a832
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import typing as t
+from gettext import gettext as _
+from gettext import ngettext
+
+from ._compat import get_text_stderr
+from .globals import resolve_color_default
+from .utils import echo
+from .utils import format_filename
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .core import Command
+    from .core import Context
+    from .core import Parameter
+
+
+def _join_param_hints(param_hint: cabc.Sequence[str] | str | None) -> str | None:
+    if param_hint is not None and not isinstance(param_hint, str):
+        return " / ".join(repr(x) for x in param_hint)
+
+    return param_hint
+
+
+class ClickException(Exception):
+    """An exception that Click can handle and show to the user."""
+
+    #: The exit code for this exception.
+    exit_code = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        # The context will be removed by the time we print the message, so cache
+        # the color settings here to be used later on (in `show`)
+        self.show_color: bool | None = resolve_color_default()
+        self.message = message
+
+    def format_message(self) -> str:
+        return self.message
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.message
+
+    def show(self, file: t.IO[t.Any] | None = None) -> None:
+        if file is None:
+            file = get_text_stderr()
+
+        echo(
+            _("Error: {message}").format(message=self.format_message()),
+            file=file,
+            color=self.show_color,
+        )
+
+
+class UsageError(ClickException):
+    """An internal exception that signals a usage error.  This typically
+    aborts any further handling.
+
+    :param message: the error message to display.
+    :param ctx: optionally the context that caused this error.  Click will
+                fill in the context automatically in some situations.
+    """
+
+    exit_code = 2
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, ctx: Context | None = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.ctx = ctx
+        self.cmd: Command | None = self.ctx.command if self.ctx else None
+
+    def show(self, file: t.IO[t.Any] | None = None) -> None:
+        if file is None:
+            file = get_text_stderr()
+        color = None
+        hint = ""
+        if (
+            self.ctx is not None
+            and self.ctx.command.get_help_option(self.ctx) is not None
+        ):
+            hint = _("Try '{command} {option}' for help.").format(
+                command=self.ctx.command_path, option=self.ctx.help_option_names[0]
+            )
+            hint = f"{hint}\n"
+        if self.ctx is not None:
+            color = self.ctx.color
+            echo(f"{self.ctx.get_usage()}\n{hint}", file=file, color=color)
+        echo(
+            _("Error: {message}").format(message=self.format_message()),
+            file=file,
+            color=color,
+        )
+
+
+class BadParameter(UsageError):
+    """An exception that formats out a standardized error message for a
+    bad parameter.  This is useful when thrown from a callback or type as
+    Click will attach contextual information to it (for instance, which
+    parameter it is).
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param param: the parameter object that caused this error.  This can
+                  be left out, and Click will attach this info itself
+                  if possible.
+    :param param_hint: a string that shows up as parameter name.  This
+                       can be used as alternative to `param` in cases
+                       where custom validation should happen.  If it is
+                       a string it's used as such, if it's a list then
+                       each item is quoted and separated.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        ctx: Context | None = None,
+        param: Parameter | None = None,
+        param_hint: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, ctx)
+        self.param = param
+        self.param_hint = param_hint
+
+    def format_message(self) -> str:
+        if self.param_hint is not None:
+            param_hint = self.param_hint
+        elif self.param is not None:
+            param_hint = self.param.get_error_hint(self.ctx)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return _("Invalid value: {message}").format(message=self.message)
+
+        return _("Invalid value for {param_hint}: {message}").format(
+            param_hint=_join_param_hints(param_hint), message=self.message
+        )
+
+
+class MissingParameter(BadParameter):
+    """Raised if click required an option or argument but it was not
+    provided when invoking the script.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+
+    :param param_type: a string that indicates the type of the parameter.
+                       The default is to inherit the parameter type from
+                       the given `param`.  Valid values are ``'parameter'``,
+                       ``'option'`` or ``'argument'``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str | None = None,
+        ctx: Context | None = None,
+        param: Parameter | None = None,
+        param_hint: str | None = None,
+        param_type: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message or "", ctx, param, param_hint)
+        self.param_type = param_type
+
+    def format_message(self) -> str:
+        if self.param_hint is not None:
+            param_hint: str | None = self.param_hint
+        elif self.param is not None:
+            param_hint = self.param.get_error_hint(self.ctx)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            param_hint = None
+
+        param_hint = _join_param_hints(param_hint)
+        param_hint = f" {param_hint}" if param_hint else ""
+
+        param_type = self.param_type
+        if param_type is None and self.param is not None:
+            param_type = self.param.param_type_name
+
+        msg = self.message
+        if self.param is not None:
+            msg_extra = self.param.type.get_missing_message(
+                param=self.param, ctx=self.ctx
+            )
+            if msg_extra:
+                if msg:
+                    msg += f". {msg_extra}"
+                else:
+                    msg = msg_extra
+
+        msg = f" {msg}" if msg else ""
+
+        # Translate param_type for known types.
+        if param_type == "argument":
+            missing = _("Missing argument")
+        elif param_type == "option":
+            missing = _("Missing option")
+        elif param_type == "parameter":
+            missing = _("Missing parameter")
+        else:
+            missing = _("Missing {param_type}").format(param_type=param_type)
+
+        return f"{missing}{param_hint}.{msg}"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if not self.message:
+            param_name = self.param.name if self.param else None
+            return _("Missing parameter: {param_name}").format(param_name=param_name)
+        else:
+            return self.message
+
+
+class NoSuchOption(UsageError):
+    """Raised if click attempted to handle an option that does not
+    exist.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        option_name: str,
+        message: str | None = None,
+        possibilities: cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        ctx: Context | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if message is None:
+            message = _("No such option: {name}").format(name=option_name)
+
+        super().__init__(message, ctx)
+        self.option_name = option_name
+        self.possibilities = possibilities
+
+    def format_message(self) -> str:
+        if not self.possibilities:
+            return self.message
+
+        possibility_str = ", ".join(sorted(self.possibilities))
+        suggest = ngettext(
+            "Did you mean {possibility}?",
+            "(Possible options: {possibilities})",
+            len(self.possibilities),
+        ).format(possibility=possibility_str, possibilities=possibility_str)
+        return f"{self.message} {suggest}"
+
+
+class BadOptionUsage(UsageError):
+    """Raised if an option is generally supplied but the use of the option
+    was incorrect.  This is for instance raised if the number of arguments
+    for an option is not correct.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+
+    :param option_name: the name of the option being used incorrectly.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, option_name: str, message: str, ctx: Context | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, ctx)
+        self.option_name = option_name
+
+
+class BadArgumentUsage(UsageError):
+    """Raised if an argument is generally supplied but the use of the argument
+    was incorrect.  This is for instance raised if the number of values
+    for an argument is not correct.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 6.0
+    """
+
+
+class NoArgsIsHelpError(UsageError):
+    def __init__(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
+        self.ctx: Context
+        super().__init__(ctx.get_help(), ctx=ctx)
+
+    def show(self, file: t.IO[t.Any] | None = None) -> None:
+        echo(self.format_message(), file=file, err=True, color=self.ctx.color)
+
+
+class FileError(ClickException):
+    """Raised if a file cannot be opened."""
+
+    def __init__(self, filename: str, hint: str | None = None) -> None:
+        if hint is None:
+            hint = _("unknown error")
+
+        super().__init__(hint)
+        self.ui_filename: str = format_filename(filename)
+        self.filename = filename
+
+    def format_message(self) -> str:
+        return _("Could not open file {filename!r}: {message}").format(
+            filename=self.ui_filename, message=self.message
+        )
+
+
+class Abort(RuntimeError):
+    """An internal signalling exception that signals Click to abort."""
+
+
+class Exit(RuntimeError):
+    """An exception that indicates that the application should exit with some
+    status code.
+
+    :param code: the status code to exit with.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("exit_code",)
+
+    def __init__(self, code: int = 0) -> None:
+        self.exit_code: int = code
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/formatting.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/formatting.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9891f880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/formatting.py
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+from ._compat import term_len
+from .parser import _split_opt
+
+# Can force a width.  This is used by the test system
+FORCED_WIDTH: int | None = None
+
+
+def measure_table(rows: cabc.Iterable[tuple[str, str]]) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+    widths: dict[int, int] = {}
+
+    for row in rows:
+        for idx, col in enumerate(row):
+            widths[idx] = max(widths.get(idx, 0), term_len(col))
+
+    return tuple(y for x, y in sorted(widths.items()))
+
+
+def iter_rows(
+    rows: cabc.Iterable[tuple[str, str]], col_count: int
+) -> cabc.Iterator[tuple[str, ...]]:
+    for row in rows:
+        yield row + ("",) * (col_count - len(row))
+
+
+def wrap_text(
+    text: str,
+    width: int = 78,
+    initial_indent: str = "",
+    subsequent_indent: str = "",
+    preserve_paragraphs: bool = False,
+) -> str:
+    """A helper function that intelligently wraps text.  By default, it
+    assumes that it operates on a single paragraph of text but if the
+    `preserve_paragraphs` parameter is provided it will intelligently
+    handle paragraphs (defined by two empty lines).
+
+    If paragraphs are handled, a paragraph can be prefixed with an empty
+    line containing the ``\\b`` character (``\\x08``) to indicate that
+    no rewrapping should happen in that block.
+
+    :param text: the text that should be rewrapped.
+    :param width: the maximum width for the text.
+    :param initial_indent: the initial indent that should be placed on the
+                           first line as a string.
+    :param subsequent_indent: the indent string that should be placed on
+                              each consecutive line.
+    :param preserve_paragraphs: if this flag is set then the wrapping will
+                                intelligently handle paragraphs.
+    """
+    from ._textwrap import TextWrapper
+
+    text = text.expandtabs()
+    wrapper = TextWrapper(
+        width,
+        initial_indent=initial_indent,
+        subsequent_indent=subsequent_indent,
+        replace_whitespace=False,
+    )
+    if not preserve_paragraphs:
+        return wrapper.fill(text)
+
+    p: list[tuple[int, bool, str]] = []
+    buf: list[str] = []
+    indent = None
+
+    def _flush_par() -> None:
+        if not buf:
+            return
+        if buf[0].strip() == "\b":
+            p.append((indent or 0, True, "\n".join(buf[1:])))
+        else:
+            p.append((indent or 0, False, " ".join(buf)))
+        del buf[:]
+
+    for line in text.splitlines():
+        if not line:
+            _flush_par()
+            indent = None
+        else:
+            if indent is None:
+                orig_len = term_len(line)
+                line = line.lstrip()
+                indent = orig_len - term_len(line)
+            buf.append(line)
+    _flush_par()
+
+    rv = []
+    for indent, raw, text in p:
+        with wrapper.extra_indent(" " * indent):
+            if raw:
+                rv.append(wrapper.indent_only(text))
+            else:
+                rv.append(wrapper.fill(text))
+
+    return "\n\n".join(rv)
+
+
+class HelpFormatter:
+    """This class helps with formatting text-based help pages.  It's
+    usually just needed for very special internal cases, but it's also
+    exposed so that developers can write their own fancy outputs.
+
+    At present, it always writes into memory.
+
+    :param indent_increment: the additional increment for each level.
+    :param width: the width for the text.  This defaults to the terminal
+                  width clamped to a maximum of 78.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        indent_increment: int = 2,
+        width: int | None = None,
+        max_width: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        import shutil
+
+        self.indent_increment = indent_increment
+        if max_width is None:
+            max_width = 80
+        if width is None:
+            width = FORCED_WIDTH
+            if width is None:
+                width = max(min(shutil.get_terminal_size().columns, max_width) - 2, 50)
+        self.width = width
+        self.current_indent: int = 0
+        self.buffer: list[str] = []
+
+    def write(self, string: str) -> None:
+        """Writes a unicode string into the internal buffer."""
+        self.buffer.append(string)
+
+    def indent(self) -> None:
+        """Increases the indentation."""
+        self.current_indent += self.indent_increment
+
+    def dedent(self) -> None:
+        """Decreases the indentation."""
+        self.current_indent -= self.indent_increment
+
+    def write_usage(self, prog: str, args: str = "", prefix: str | None = None) -> None:
+        """Writes a usage line into the buffer.
+
+        :param prog: the program name.
+        :param args: whitespace separated list of arguments.
+        :param prefix: The prefix for the first line. Defaults to
+            ``"Usage: "``.
+        """
+        if prefix is None:
+            prefix = f"{_('Usage:')} "
+
+        usage_prefix = f"{prefix:>{self.current_indent}}{prog} "
+        text_width = self.width - self.current_indent
+
+        if text_width >= (term_len(usage_prefix) + 20):
+            # The arguments will fit to the right of the prefix.
+            indent = " " * term_len(usage_prefix)
+            self.write(
+                wrap_text(
+                    args,
+                    text_width,
+                    initial_indent=usage_prefix,
+                    subsequent_indent=indent,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # The prefix is too long, put the arguments on the next line.
+            self.write(usage_prefix)
+            self.write("\n")
+            indent = " " * (max(self.current_indent, term_len(prefix)) + 4)
+            self.write(
+                wrap_text(
+                    args, text_width, initial_indent=indent, subsequent_indent=indent
+                )
+            )
+
+        self.write("\n")
+
+    def write_heading(self, heading: str) -> None:
+        """Writes a heading into the buffer."""
+        self.write(f"{'':>{self.current_indent}}{heading}:\n")
+
+    def write_paragraph(self) -> None:
+        """Writes a paragraph into the buffer."""
+        if self.buffer:
+            self.write("\n")
+
+    def write_text(self, text: str) -> None:
+        """Writes re-indented text into the buffer.  This rewraps and
+        preserves paragraphs.
+        """
+        indent = " " * self.current_indent
+        self.write(
+            wrap_text(
+                text,
+                self.width,
+                initial_indent=indent,
+                subsequent_indent=indent,
+                preserve_paragraphs=True,
+            )
+        )
+        self.write("\n")
+
+    def write_dl(
+        self,
+        rows: cabc.Sequence[tuple[str, str]],
+        col_max: int = 30,
+        col_spacing: int = 2,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Writes a definition list into the buffer.  This is how options
+        and commands are usually formatted.
+
+        :param rows: a list of two item tuples for the terms and values.
+        :param col_max: the maximum width of the first column.
+        :param col_spacing: the number of spaces between the first and
+                            second column.
+        """
+        rows = list(rows)
+        widths = measure_table(rows)
+        if len(widths) != 2:
+            raise TypeError("Expected two columns for definition list")
+
+        first_col = min(widths[0], col_max) + col_spacing
+
+        for first, second in iter_rows(rows, len(widths)):
+            self.write(f"{'':>{self.current_indent}}{first}")
+            if not second:
+                self.write("\n")
+                continue
+            if term_len(first) <= first_col - col_spacing:
+                self.write(" " * (first_col - term_len(first)))
+            else:
+                self.write("\n")
+                self.write(" " * (first_col + self.current_indent))
+
+            text_width = max(self.width - first_col - 2, 10)
+            wrapped_text = wrap_text(second, text_width, preserve_paragraphs=True)
+            lines = wrapped_text.splitlines()
+
+            if lines:
+                self.write(f"{lines[0]}\n")
+
+                for line in lines[1:]:
+                    self.write(f"{'':>{first_col + self.current_indent}}{line}\n")
+            else:
+                self.write("\n")
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def section(self, name: str) -> cabc.Iterator[None]:
+        """Helpful context manager that writes a paragraph, a heading,
+        and the indents.
+
+        :param name: the section name that is written as heading.
+        """
+        self.write_paragraph()
+        self.write_heading(name)
+        self.indent()
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.dedent()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def indentation(self) -> cabc.Iterator[None]:
+        """A context manager that increases the indentation."""
+        self.indent()
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.dedent()
+
+    def getvalue(self) -> str:
+        """Returns the buffer contents."""
+        return "".join(self.buffer)
+
+
+def join_options(options: cabc.Sequence[str]) -> tuple[str, bool]:
+    """Given a list of option strings this joins them in the most appropriate
+    way and returns them in the form ``(formatted_string,
+    any_prefix_is_slash)`` where the second item in the tuple is a flag that
+    indicates if any of the option prefixes was a slash.
+    """
+    rv = []
+    any_prefix_is_slash = False
+
+    for opt in options:
+        prefix = _split_opt(opt)[0]
+
+        if prefix == "/":
+            any_prefix_is_slash = True
+
+        rv.append((len(prefix), opt))
+
+    rv.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+    return ", ".join(x[1] for x in rv), any_prefix_is_slash
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/globals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/globals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2f91723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/globals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing as t
+from threading import local
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .core import Context
+
+_local = local()
+
+
+@t.overload
+def get_current_context(silent: t.Literal[False] = False) -> Context: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def get_current_context(silent: bool = ...) -> Context | None: ...
+
+
+def get_current_context(silent: bool = False) -> Context | None:
+    """Returns the current click context.  This can be used as a way to
+    access the current context object from anywhere.  This is a more implicit
+    alternative to the :func:`pass_context` decorator.  This function is
+    primarily useful for helpers such as :func:`echo` which might be
+    interested in changing its behavior based on the current context.
+
+    To push the current context, :meth:`Context.scope` can be used.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 5.0
+
+    :param silent: if set to `True` the return value is `None` if no context
+                   is available.  The default behavior is to raise a
+                   :exc:`RuntimeError`.
+    """
+    try:
+        return t.cast("Context", _local.stack[-1])
+    except (AttributeError, IndexError) as e:
+        if not silent:
+            raise RuntimeError("There is no active click context.") from e
+
+    return None
+
+
+def push_context(ctx: Context) -> None:
+    """Pushes a new context to the current stack."""
+    _local.__dict__.setdefault("stack", []).append(ctx)
+
+
+def pop_context() -> None:
+    """Removes the top level from the stack."""
+    _local.stack.pop()
+
+
+def resolve_color_default(color: bool | None = None) -> bool | None:
+    """Internal helper to get the default value of the color flag.  If a
+    value is passed it's returned unchanged, otherwise it's looked up from
+    the current context.
+    """
+    if color is not None:
+        return color
+
+    ctx = get_current_context(silent=True)
+
+    if ctx is not None:
+        return ctx.color
+
+    return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8b7d263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+"""
+This module started out as largely a copy paste from the stdlib's
+optparse module with the features removed that we do not need from
+optparse because we implement them in Click on a higher level (for
+instance type handling, help formatting and a lot more).
+
+The plan is to remove more and more from here over time.
+
+The reason this is a different module and not optparse from the stdlib
+is that there are differences in 2.x and 3.x about the error messages
+generated and optparse in the stdlib uses gettext for no good reason
+and might cause us issues.
+
+Click uses parts of optparse written by Gregory P. Ward and maintained
+by the Python Software Foundation. This is limited to code in parser.py.
+
+Copyright 2001-2006 Gregory P. Ward. All rights reserved.
+Copyright 2002-2006 Python Software Foundation. All rights reserved.
+"""
+
+# This code uses parts of optparse written by Gregory P. Ward and
+# maintained by the Python Software Foundation.
+# Copyright 2001-2006 Gregory P. Ward
+# Copyright 2002-2006 Python Software Foundation
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import typing as t
+from collections import deque
+from gettext import gettext as _
+from gettext import ngettext
+
+from .exceptions import BadArgumentUsage
+from .exceptions import BadOptionUsage
+from .exceptions import NoSuchOption
+from .exceptions import UsageError
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .core import Argument as CoreArgument
+    from .core import Context
+    from .core import Option as CoreOption
+    from .core import Parameter as CoreParameter
+
+V = t.TypeVar("V")
+
+# Sentinel value that indicates an option was passed as a flag without a
+# value but is not a flag option. Option.consume_value uses this to
+# prompt or use the flag_value.
+_flag_needs_value = object()
+
+
+def _unpack_args(
+    args: cabc.Sequence[str], nargs_spec: cabc.Sequence[int]
+) -> tuple[cabc.Sequence[str | cabc.Sequence[str | None] | None], list[str]]:
+    """Given an iterable of arguments and an iterable of nargs specifications,
+    it returns a tuple with all the unpacked arguments at the first index
+    and all remaining arguments as the second.
+
+    The nargs specification is the number of arguments that should be consumed
+    or `-1` to indicate that this position should eat up all the remainders.
+
+    Missing items are filled with `None`.
+    """
+    args = deque(args)
+    nargs_spec = deque(nargs_spec)
+    rv: list[str | tuple[str | None, ...] | None] = []
+    spos: int | None = None
+
+    def _fetch(c: deque[V]) -> V | None:
+        try:
+            if spos is None:
+                return c.popleft()
+            else:
+                return c.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            return None
+
+    while nargs_spec:
+        nargs = _fetch(nargs_spec)
+
+        if nargs is None:
+            continue
+
+        if nargs == 1:
+            rv.append(_fetch(args))
+        elif nargs > 1:
+            x = [_fetch(args) for _ in range(nargs)]
+
+            # If we're reversed, we're pulling in the arguments in reverse,
+            # so we need to turn them around.
+            if spos is not None:
+                x.reverse()
+
+            rv.append(tuple(x))
+        elif nargs < 0:
+            if spos is not None:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot have two nargs < 0")
+
+            spos = len(rv)
+            rv.append(None)
+
+    # spos is the position of the wildcard (star).  If it's not `None`,
+    # we fill it with the remainder.
+    if spos is not None:
+        rv[spos] = tuple(args)
+        args = []
+        rv[spos + 1 :] = reversed(rv[spos + 1 :])
+
+    return tuple(rv), list(args)
+
+
+def _split_opt(opt: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    first = opt[:1]
+    if first.isalnum():
+        return "", opt
+    if opt[1:2] == first:
+        return opt[:2], opt[2:]
+    return first, opt[1:]
+
+
+def _normalize_opt(opt: str, ctx: Context | None) -> str:
+    if ctx is None or ctx.token_normalize_func is None:
+        return opt
+    prefix, opt = _split_opt(opt)
+    return f"{prefix}{ctx.token_normalize_func(opt)}"
+
+
+class _Option:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        obj: CoreOption,
+        opts: cabc.Sequence[str],
+        dest: str | None,
+        action: str | None = None,
+        nargs: int = 1,
+        const: t.Any | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._short_opts = []
+        self._long_opts = []
+        self.prefixes: set[str] = set()
+
+        for opt in opts:
+            prefix, value = _split_opt(opt)
+            if not prefix:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid start character for option ({opt})")
+            self.prefixes.add(prefix[0])
+            if len(prefix) == 1 and len(value) == 1:
+                self._short_opts.append(opt)
+            else:
+                self._long_opts.append(opt)
+                self.prefixes.add(prefix)
+
+        if action is None:
+            action = "store"
+
+        self.dest = dest
+        self.action = action
+        self.nargs = nargs
+        self.const = const
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    @property
+    def takes_value(self) -> bool:
+        return self.action in ("store", "append")
+
+    def process(self, value: t.Any, state: _ParsingState) -> None:
+        if self.action == "store":
+            state.opts[self.dest] = value  # type: ignore
+        elif self.action == "store_const":
+            state.opts[self.dest] = self.const  # type: ignore
+        elif self.action == "append":
+            state.opts.setdefault(self.dest, []).append(value)  # type: ignore
+        elif self.action == "append_const":
+            state.opts.setdefault(self.dest, []).append(self.const)  # type: ignore
+        elif self.action == "count":
+            state.opts[self.dest] = state.opts.get(self.dest, 0) + 1  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"unknown action '{self.action}'")
+        state.order.append(self.obj)
+
+
+class _Argument:
+    def __init__(self, obj: CoreArgument, dest: str | None, nargs: int = 1):
+        self.dest = dest
+        self.nargs = nargs
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    def process(
+        self,
+        value: str | cabc.Sequence[str | None] | None,
+        state: _ParsingState,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.nargs > 1:
+            assert value is not None
+            holes = sum(1 for x in value if x is None)
+            if holes == len(value):
+                value = None
+            elif holes != 0:
+                raise BadArgumentUsage(
+                    _("Argument {name!r} takes {nargs} values.").format(
+                        name=self.dest, nargs=self.nargs
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if self.nargs == -1 and self.obj.envvar is not None and value == ():
+            # Replace empty tuple with None so that a value from the
+            # environment may be tried.
+            value = None
+
+        state.opts[self.dest] = value  # type: ignore
+        state.order.append(self.obj)
+
+
+class _ParsingState:
+    def __init__(self, rargs: list[str]) -> None:
+        self.opts: dict[str, t.Any] = {}
+        self.largs: list[str] = []
+        self.rargs = rargs
+        self.order: list[CoreParameter] = []
+
+
+class _OptionParser:
+    """The option parser is an internal class that is ultimately used to
+    parse options and arguments.  It's modelled after optparse and brings
+    a similar but vastly simplified API.  It should generally not be used
+    directly as the high level Click classes wrap it for you.
+
+    It's not nearly as extensible as optparse or argparse as it does not
+    implement features that are implemented on a higher level (such as
+    types or defaults).
+
+    :param ctx: optionally the :class:`~click.Context` where this parser
+                should go with.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 8.2
+        Will be removed in Click 9.0.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: Context | None = None) -> None:
+        #: The :class:`~click.Context` for this parser.  This might be
+        #: `None` for some advanced use cases.
+        self.ctx = ctx
+        #: This controls how the parser deals with interspersed arguments.
+        #: If this is set to `False`, the parser will stop on the first
+        #: non-option.  Click uses this to implement nested subcommands
+        #: safely.
+        self.allow_interspersed_args: bool = True
+        #: This tells the parser how to deal with unknown options.  By
+        #: default it will error out (which is sensible), but there is a
+        #: second mode where it will ignore it and continue processing
+        #: after shifting all the unknown options into the resulting args.
+        self.ignore_unknown_options: bool = False
+
+        if ctx is not None:
+            self.allow_interspersed_args = ctx.allow_interspersed_args
+            self.ignore_unknown_options = ctx.ignore_unknown_options
+
+        self._short_opt: dict[str, _Option] = {}
+        self._long_opt: dict[str, _Option] = {}
+        self._opt_prefixes = {"-", "--"}
+        self._args: list[_Argument] = []
+
+    def add_option(
+        self,
+        obj: CoreOption,
+        opts: cabc.Sequence[str],
+        dest: str | None,
+        action: str | None = None,
+        nargs: int = 1,
+        const: t.Any | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Adds a new option named `dest` to the parser.  The destination
+        is not inferred (unlike with optparse) and needs to be explicitly
+        provided.  Action can be any of ``store``, ``store_const``,
+        ``append``, ``append_const`` or ``count``.
+
+        The `obj` can be used to identify the option in the order list
+        that is returned from the parser.
+        """
+        opts = [_normalize_opt(opt, self.ctx) for opt in opts]
+        option = _Option(obj, opts, dest, action=action, nargs=nargs, const=const)
+        self._opt_prefixes.update(option.prefixes)
+        for opt in option._short_opts:
+            self._short_opt[opt] = option
+        for opt in option._long_opts:
+            self._long_opt[opt] = option
+
+    def add_argument(self, obj: CoreArgument, dest: str | None, nargs: int = 1) -> None:
+        """Adds a positional argument named `dest` to the parser.
+
+        The `obj` can be used to identify the option in the order list
+        that is returned from the parser.
+        """
+        self._args.append(_Argument(obj, dest=dest, nargs=nargs))
+
+    def parse_args(
+        self, args: list[str]
+    ) -> tuple[dict[str, t.Any], list[str], list[CoreParameter]]:
+        """Parses positional arguments and returns ``(values, args, order)``
+        for the parsed options and arguments as well as the leftover
+        arguments if there are any.  The order is a list of objects as they
+        appear on the command line.  If arguments appear multiple times they
+        will be memorized multiple times as well.
+        """
+        state = _ParsingState(args)
+        try:
+            self._process_args_for_options(state)
+            self._process_args_for_args(state)
+        except UsageError:
+            if self.ctx is None or not self.ctx.resilient_parsing:
+                raise
+        return state.opts, state.largs, state.order
+
+    def _process_args_for_args(self, state: _ParsingState) -> None:
+        pargs, args = _unpack_args(
+            state.largs + state.rargs, [x.nargs for x in self._args]
+        )
+
+        for idx, arg in enumerate(self._args):
+            arg.process(pargs[idx], state)
+
+        state.largs = args
+        state.rargs = []
+
+    def _process_args_for_options(self, state: _ParsingState) -> None:
+        while state.rargs:
+            arg = state.rargs.pop(0)
+            arglen = len(arg)
+            # Double dashes always handled explicitly regardless of what
+            # prefixes are valid.
+            if arg == "--":
+                return
+            elif arg[:1] in self._opt_prefixes and arglen > 1:
+                self._process_opts(arg, state)
+            elif self.allow_interspersed_args:
+                state.largs.append(arg)
+            else:
+                state.rargs.insert(0, arg)
+                return
+
+        # Say this is the original argument list:
+        # [arg0, arg1, ..., arg(i-1), arg(i), arg(i+1), ..., arg(N-1)]
+        #                            ^
+        # (we are about to process arg(i)).
+        #
+        # Then rargs is [arg(i), ..., arg(N-1)] and largs is a *subset* of
+        # [arg0, ..., arg(i-1)] (any options and their arguments will have
+        # been removed from largs).
+        #
+        # The while loop will usually consume 1 or more arguments per pass.
+        # If it consumes 1 (eg. arg is an option that takes no arguments),
+        # then after _process_arg() is done the situation is:
+        #
+        #   largs = subset of [arg0, ..., arg(i)]
+        #   rargs = [arg(i+1), ..., arg(N-1)]
+        #
+        # If allow_interspersed_args is false, largs will always be
+        # *empty* -- still a subset of [arg0, ..., arg(i-1)], but
+        # not a very interesting subset!
+
+    def _match_long_opt(
+        self, opt: str, explicit_value: str | None, state: _ParsingState
+    ) -> None:
+        if opt not in self._long_opt:
+            from difflib import get_close_matches
+
+            possibilities = get_close_matches(opt, self._long_opt)
+            raise NoSuchOption(opt, possibilities=possibilities, ctx=self.ctx)
+
+        option = self._long_opt[opt]
+        if option.takes_value:
+            # At this point it's safe to modify rargs by injecting the
+            # explicit value, because no exception is raised in this
+            # branch.  This means that the inserted value will be fully
+            # consumed.
+            if explicit_value is not None:
+                state.rargs.insert(0, explicit_value)
+
+            value = self._get_value_from_state(opt, option, state)
+
+        elif explicit_value is not None:
+            raise BadOptionUsage(
+                opt, _("Option {name!r} does not take a value.").format(name=opt)
+            )
+
+        else:
+            value = None
+
+        option.process(value, state)
+
+    def _match_short_opt(self, arg: str, state: _ParsingState) -> None:
+        stop = False
+        i = 1
+        prefix = arg[0]
+        unknown_options = []
+
+        for ch in arg[1:]:
+            opt = _normalize_opt(f"{prefix}{ch}", self.ctx)
+            option = self._short_opt.get(opt)
+            i += 1
+
+            if not option:
+                if self.ignore_unknown_options:
+                    unknown_options.append(ch)
+                    continue
+                raise NoSuchOption(opt, ctx=self.ctx)
+            if option.takes_value:
+                # Any characters left in arg?  Pretend they're the
+                # next arg, and stop consuming characters of arg.
+                if i < len(arg):
+                    state.rargs.insert(0, arg[i:])
+                    stop = True
+
+                value = self._get_value_from_state(opt, option, state)
+
+            else:
+                value = None
+
+            option.process(value, state)
+
+            if stop:
+                break
+
+        # If we got any unknown options we recombine the string of the
+        # remaining options and re-attach the prefix, then report that
+        # to the state as new larg.  This way there is basic combinatorics
+        # that can be achieved while still ignoring unknown arguments.
+        if self.ignore_unknown_options and unknown_options:
+            state.largs.append(f"{prefix}{''.join(unknown_options)}")
+
+    def _get_value_from_state(
+        self, option_name: str, option: _Option, state: _ParsingState
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        nargs = option.nargs
+
+        if len(state.rargs) < nargs:
+            if option.obj._flag_needs_value:
+                # Option allows omitting the value.
+                value = _flag_needs_value
+            else:
+                raise BadOptionUsage(
+                    option_name,
+                    ngettext(
+                        "Option {name!r} requires an argument.",
+                        "Option {name!r} requires {nargs} arguments.",
+                        nargs,
+                    ).format(name=option_name, nargs=nargs),
+                )
+        elif nargs == 1:
+            next_rarg = state.rargs[0]
+
+            if (
+                option.obj._flag_needs_value
+                and isinstance(next_rarg, str)
+                and next_rarg[:1] in self._opt_prefixes
+                and len(next_rarg) > 1
+            ):
+                # The next arg looks like the start of an option, don't
+                # use it as the value if omitting the value is allowed.
+                value = _flag_needs_value
+            else:
+                value = state.rargs.pop(0)
+        else:
+            value = tuple(state.rargs[:nargs])
+            del state.rargs[:nargs]
+
+        return value
+
+    def _process_opts(self, arg: str, state: _ParsingState) -> None:
+        explicit_value = None
+        # Long option handling happens in two parts.  The first part is
+        # supporting explicitly attached values.  In any case, we will try
+        # to long match the option first.
+        if "=" in arg:
+            long_opt, explicit_value = arg.split("=", 1)
+        else:
+            long_opt = arg
+        norm_long_opt = _normalize_opt(long_opt, self.ctx)
+
+        # At this point we will match the (assumed) long option through
+        # the long option matching code.  Note that this allows options
+        # like "-foo" to be matched as long options.
+        try:
+            self._match_long_opt(norm_long_opt, explicit_value, state)
+        except NoSuchOption:
+            # At this point the long option matching failed, and we need
+            # to try with short options.  However there is a special rule
+            # which says, that if we have a two character options prefix
+            # (applies to "--foo" for instance), we do not dispatch to the
+            # short option code and will instead raise the no option
+            # error.
+            if arg[:2] not in self._opt_prefixes:
+                self._match_short_opt(arg, state)
+                return
+
+            if not self.ignore_unknown_options:
+                raise
+
+            state.largs.append(arg)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> object:
+    import warnings
+
+    if name in {
+        "OptionParser",
+        "Argument",
+        "Option",
+        "split_opt",
+        "normalize_opt",
+        "ParsingState",
+    }:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"'parser.{name}' is deprecated and will be removed in Click 9.0."
+            " The old parser is available in 'optparse'.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return globals()[f"_{name}"]
+
+    if name == "split_arg_string":
+        from .shell_completion import split_arg_string
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Importing 'parser.split_arg_string' is deprecated, it will only be"
+            " available in 'shell_completion' in Click 9.0.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return split_arg_string
+
+    raise AttributeError(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/shell_completion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/shell_completion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdb58222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/shell_completion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import os
+import re
+import typing as t
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+from .core import Argument
+from .core import Command
+from .core import Context
+from .core import Group
+from .core import Option
+from .core import Parameter
+from .core import ParameterSource
+from .utils import echo
+
+
+def shell_complete(
+    cli: Command,
+    ctx_args: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
+    prog_name: str,
+    complete_var: str,
+    instruction: str,
+) -> int:
+    """Perform shell completion for the given CLI program.
+
+    :param cli: Command being called.
+    :param ctx_args: Extra arguments to pass to
+        ``cli.make_context``.
+    :param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
+    :param complete_var: Name of the environment variable that holds
+        the completion instruction.
+    :param instruction: Value of ``complete_var`` with the completion
+        instruction and shell, in the form ``instruction_shell``.
+    :return: Status code to exit with.
+    """
+    shell, _, instruction = instruction.partition("_")
+    comp_cls = get_completion_class(shell)
+
+    if comp_cls is None:
+        return 1
+
+    comp = comp_cls(cli, ctx_args, prog_name, complete_var)
+
+    if instruction == "source":
+        echo(comp.source())
+        return 0
+
+    if instruction == "complete":
+        echo(comp.complete())
+        return 0
+
+    return 1
+
+
+class CompletionItem:
+    """Represents a completion value and metadata about the value. The
+    default metadata is ``type`` to indicate special shell handling,
+    and ``help`` if a shell supports showing a help string next to the
+    value.
+
+    Arbitrary parameters can be passed when creating the object, and
+    accessed using ``item.attr``. If an attribute wasn't passed,
+    accessing it returns ``None``.
+
+    :param value: The completion suggestion.
+    :param type: Tells the shell script to provide special completion
+        support for the type. Click uses ``"dir"`` and ``"file"``.
+    :param help: String shown next to the value if supported.
+    :param kwargs: Arbitrary metadata. The built-in implementations
+        don't use this, but custom type completions paired with custom
+        shell support could use it.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("value", "type", "help", "_info")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        value: t.Any,
+        type: str = "plain",
+        help: str | None = None,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.value: t.Any = value
+        self.type: str = type
+        self.help: str | None = help
+        self._info = kwargs
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
+        return self._info.get(name)
+
+
+# Only Bash >= 4.4 has the nosort option.
+_SOURCE_BASH = """\
+%(complete_func)s() {
+    local IFS=$'\\n'
+    local response
+
+    response=$(env COMP_WORDS="${COMP_WORDS[*]}" COMP_CWORD=$COMP_CWORD \
+%(complete_var)s=bash_complete $1)
+
+    for completion in $response; do
+        IFS=',' read type value <<< "$completion"
+
+        if [[ $type == 'dir' ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY=()
+            compopt -o dirnames
+        elif [[ $type == 'file' ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY=()
+            compopt -o default
+        elif [[ $type == 'plain' ]]; then
+            COMPREPLY+=($value)
+        fi
+    done
+
+    return 0
+}
+
+%(complete_func)s_setup() {
+    complete -o nosort -F %(complete_func)s %(prog_name)s
+}
+
+%(complete_func)s_setup;
+"""
+
+_SOURCE_ZSH = """\
+#compdef %(prog_name)s
+
+%(complete_func)s() {
+    local -a completions
+    local -a completions_with_descriptions
+    local -a response
+    (( ! $+commands[%(prog_name)s] )) && return 1
+
+    response=("${(@f)$(env COMP_WORDS="${words[*]}" COMP_CWORD=$((CURRENT-1)) \
+%(complete_var)s=zsh_complete %(prog_name)s)}")
+
+    for type key descr in ${response}; do
+        if [[ "$type" == "plain" ]]; then
+            if [[ "$descr" == "_" ]]; then
+                completions+=("$key")
+            else
+                completions_with_descriptions+=("$key":"$descr")
+            fi
+        elif [[ "$type" == "dir" ]]; then
+            _path_files -/
+        elif [[ "$type" == "file" ]]; then
+            _path_files -f
+        fi
+    done
+
+    if [ -n "$completions_with_descriptions" ]; then
+        _describe -V unsorted completions_with_descriptions -U
+    fi
+
+    if [ -n "$completions" ]; then
+        compadd -U -V unsorted -a completions
+    fi
+}
+
+if [[ $zsh_eval_context[-1] == loadautofunc ]]; then
+    # autoload from fpath, call function directly
+    %(complete_func)s "$@"
+else
+    # eval/source/. command, register function for later
+    compdef %(complete_func)s %(prog_name)s
+fi
+"""
+
+_SOURCE_FISH = """\
+function %(complete_func)s;
+    set -l response (env %(complete_var)s=fish_complete COMP_WORDS=(commandline -cp) \
+COMP_CWORD=(commandline -t) %(prog_name)s);
+
+    for completion in $response;
+        set -l metadata (string split "," $completion);
+
+        if test $metadata[1] = "dir";
+            __fish_complete_directories $metadata[2];
+        else if test $metadata[1] = "file";
+            __fish_complete_path $metadata[2];
+        else if test $metadata[1] = "plain";
+            echo $metadata[2];
+        end;
+    end;
+end;
+
+complete --no-files --command %(prog_name)s --arguments \
+"(%(complete_func)s)";
+"""
+
+
+class ShellComplete:
+    """Base class for providing shell completion support. A subclass for
+    a given shell will override attributes and methods to implement the
+    completion instructions (``source`` and ``complete``).
+
+    :param cli: Command being called.
+    :param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
+    :param complete_var: Name of the environment variable that holds
+        the completion instruction.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.0
+    """
+
+    name: t.ClassVar[str]
+    """Name to register the shell as with :func:`add_completion_class`.
+    This is used in completion instructions (``{name}_source`` and
+    ``{name}_complete``).
+    """
+
+    source_template: t.ClassVar[str]
+    """Completion script template formatted by :meth:`source`. This must
+    be provided by subclasses.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cli: Command,
+        ctx_args: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
+        prog_name: str,
+        complete_var: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.cli = cli
+        self.ctx_args = ctx_args
+        self.prog_name = prog_name
+        self.complete_var = complete_var
+
+    @property
+    def func_name(self) -> str:
+        """The name of the shell function defined by the completion
+        script.
+        """
+        safe_name = re.sub(r"\W*", "", self.prog_name.replace("-", "_"), flags=re.ASCII)
+        return f"_{safe_name}_completion"
+
+    def source_vars(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        """Vars for formatting :attr:`source_template`.
+
+        By default this provides ``complete_func``, ``complete_var``,
+        and ``prog_name``.
+        """
+        return {
+            "complete_func": self.func_name,
+            "complete_var": self.complete_var,
+            "prog_name": self.prog_name,
+        }
+
+    def source(self) -> str:
+        """Produce the shell script that defines the completion
+        function. By default this ``%``-style formats
+        :attr:`source_template` with the dict returned by
+        :meth:`source_vars`.
+        """
+        return self.source_template % self.source_vars()
+
+    def get_completion_args(self) -> tuple[list[str], str]:
+        """Use the env vars defined by the shell script to return a
+        tuple of ``args, incomplete``. This must be implemented by
+        subclasses.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_completions(self, args: list[str], incomplete: str) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Determine the context and last complete command or parameter
+        from the complete args. Call that object's ``shell_complete``
+        method to get the completions for the incomplete value.
+
+        :param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+        """
+        ctx = _resolve_context(self.cli, self.ctx_args, self.prog_name, args)
+        obj, incomplete = _resolve_incomplete(ctx, args, incomplete)
+        return obj.shell_complete(ctx, incomplete)
+
+    def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
+        """Format a completion item into the form recognized by the
+        shell script. This must be implemented by subclasses.
+
+        :param item: Completion item to format.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def complete(self) -> str:
+        """Produce the completion data to send back to the shell.
+
+        By default this calls :meth:`get_completion_args`, gets the
+        completions, then calls :meth:`format_completion` for each
+        completion.
+        """
+        args, incomplete = self.get_completion_args()
+        completions = self.get_completions(args, incomplete)
+        out = [self.format_completion(item) for item in completions]
+        return "\n".join(out)
+
+
+class BashComplete(ShellComplete):
+    """Shell completion for Bash."""
+
+    name = "bash"
+    source_template = _SOURCE_BASH
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _check_version() -> None:
+        import shutil
+        import subprocess
+
+        bash_exe = shutil.which("bash")
+
+        if bash_exe is None:
+            match = None
+        else:
+            output = subprocess.run(
+                [bash_exe, "--norc", "-c", 'echo "${BASH_VERSION}"'],
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            )
+            match = re.search(r"^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.\d+", output.stdout.decode())
+
+        if match is not None:
+            major, minor = match.groups()
+
+            if major < "4" or major == "4" and minor < "4":
+                echo(
+                    _(
+                        "Shell completion is not supported for Bash"
+                        " versions older than 4.4."
+                    ),
+                    err=True,
+                )
+        else:
+            echo(
+                _("Couldn't detect Bash version, shell completion is not supported."),
+                err=True,
+            )
+
+    def source(self) -> str:
+        self._check_version()
+        return super().source()
+
+    def get_completion_args(self) -> tuple[list[str], str]:
+        cwords = split_arg_string(os.environ["COMP_WORDS"])
+        cword = int(os.environ["COMP_CWORD"])
+        args = cwords[1:cword]
+
+        try:
+            incomplete = cwords[cword]
+        except IndexError:
+            incomplete = ""
+
+        return args, incomplete
+
+    def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
+        return f"{item.type},{item.value}"
+
+
+class ZshComplete(ShellComplete):
+    """Shell completion for Zsh."""
+
+    name = "zsh"
+    source_template = _SOURCE_ZSH
+
+    def get_completion_args(self) -> tuple[list[str], str]:
+        cwords = split_arg_string(os.environ["COMP_WORDS"])
+        cword = int(os.environ["COMP_CWORD"])
+        args = cwords[1:cword]
+
+        try:
+            incomplete = cwords[cword]
+        except IndexError:
+            incomplete = ""
+
+        return args, incomplete
+
+    def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
+        return f"{item.type}\n{item.value}\n{item.help if item.help else '_'}"
+
+
+class FishComplete(ShellComplete):
+    """Shell completion for Fish."""
+
+    name = "fish"
+    source_template = _SOURCE_FISH
+
+    def get_completion_args(self) -> tuple[list[str], str]:
+        cwords = split_arg_string(os.environ["COMP_WORDS"])
+        incomplete = os.environ["COMP_CWORD"]
+        args = cwords[1:]
+
+        # Fish stores the partial word in both COMP_WORDS and
+        # COMP_CWORD, remove it from complete args.
+        if incomplete and args and args[-1] == incomplete:
+            args.pop()
+
+        return args, incomplete
+
+    def format_completion(self, item: CompletionItem) -> str:
+        if item.help:
+            return f"{item.type},{item.value}\t{item.help}"
+
+        return f"{item.type},{item.value}"
+
+
+ShellCompleteType = t.TypeVar("ShellCompleteType", bound="type[ShellComplete]")
+
+
+_available_shells: dict[str, type[ShellComplete]] = {
+    "bash": BashComplete,
+    "fish": FishComplete,
+    "zsh": ZshComplete,
+}
+
+
+def add_completion_class(
+    cls: ShellCompleteType, name: str | None = None
+) -> ShellCompleteType:
+    """Register a :class:`ShellComplete` subclass under the given name.
+    The name will be provided by the completion instruction environment
+    variable during completion.
+
+    :param cls: The completion class that will handle completion for the
+        shell.
+    :param name: Name to register the class under. Defaults to the
+        class's ``name`` attribute.
+    """
+    if name is None:
+        name = cls.name
+
+    _available_shells[name] = cls
+
+    return cls
+
+
+def get_completion_class(shell: str) -> type[ShellComplete] | None:
+    """Look up a registered :class:`ShellComplete` subclass by the name
+    provided by the completion instruction environment variable. If the
+    name isn't registered, returns ``None``.
+
+    :param shell: Name the class is registered under.
+    """
+    return _available_shells.get(shell)
+
+
+def split_arg_string(string: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Split an argument string as with :func:`shlex.split`, but don't
+    fail if the string is incomplete. Ignores a missing closing quote or
+    incomplete escape sequence and uses the partial token as-is.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        split_arg_string("example 'my file")
+        ["example", "my file"]
+
+        split_arg_string("example my\\")
+        ["example", "my"]
+
+    :param string: String to split.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        Moved to ``shell_completion`` from ``parser``.
+    """
+    import shlex
+
+    lex = shlex.shlex(string, posix=True)
+    lex.whitespace_split = True
+    lex.commenters = ""
+    out = []
+
+    try:
+        for token in lex:
+            out.append(token)
+    except ValueError:
+        # Raised when end-of-string is reached in an invalid state. Use
+        # the partial token as-is. The quote or escape character is in
+        # lex.state, not lex.token.
+        out.append(lex.token)
+
+    return out
+
+
+def _is_incomplete_argument(ctx: Context, param: Parameter) -> bool:
+    """Determine if the given parameter is an argument that can still
+    accept values.
+
+    :param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by the
+        parsed complete args.
+    :param param: Argument object being checked.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(param, Argument):
+        return False
+
+    assert param.name is not None
+    # Will be None if expose_value is False.
+    value = ctx.params.get(param.name)
+    return (
+        param.nargs == -1
+        or ctx.get_parameter_source(param.name) is not ParameterSource.COMMANDLINE
+        or (
+            param.nargs > 1
+            and isinstance(value, (tuple, list))
+            and len(value) < param.nargs
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _start_of_option(ctx: Context, value: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if the value looks like the start of an option."""
+    if not value:
+        return False
+
+    c = value[0]
+    return c in ctx._opt_prefixes
+
+
+def _is_incomplete_option(ctx: Context, args: list[str], param: Parameter) -> bool:
+    """Determine if the given parameter is an option that needs a value.
+
+    :param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
+    :param param: Option object being checked.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(param, Option):
+        return False
+
+    if param.is_flag or param.count:
+        return False
+
+    last_option = None
+
+    for index, arg in enumerate(reversed(args)):
+        if index + 1 > param.nargs:
+            break
+
+        if _start_of_option(ctx, arg):
+            last_option = arg
+
+    return last_option is not None and last_option in param.opts
+
+
+def _resolve_context(
+    cli: Command,
+    ctx_args: cabc.MutableMapping[str, t.Any],
+    prog_name: str,
+    args: list[str],
+) -> Context:
+    """Produce the context hierarchy starting with the command and
+    traversing the complete arguments. This only follows the commands,
+    it doesn't trigger input prompts or callbacks.
+
+    :param cli: Command being called.
+    :param prog_name: Name of the executable in the shell.
+    :param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
+    """
+    ctx_args["resilient_parsing"] = True
+    with cli.make_context(prog_name, args.copy(), **ctx_args) as ctx:
+        args = ctx._protected_args + ctx.args
+
+        while args:
+            command = ctx.command
+
+            if isinstance(command, Group):
+                if not command.chain:
+                    name, cmd, args = command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+
+                    if cmd is None:
+                        return ctx
+
+                    with cmd.make_context(
+                        name, args, parent=ctx, resilient_parsing=True
+                    ) as sub_ctx:
+                        args = ctx._protected_args + ctx.args
+                        ctx = sub_ctx
+                else:
+                    sub_ctx = ctx
+
+                    while args:
+                        name, cmd, args = command.resolve_command(ctx, args)
+
+                        if cmd is None:
+                            return ctx
+
+                        with cmd.make_context(
+                            name,
+                            args,
+                            parent=ctx,
+                            allow_extra_args=True,
+                            allow_interspersed_args=False,
+                            resilient_parsing=True,
+                        ) as sub_sub_ctx:
+                            args = sub_ctx.args
+                            sub_ctx = sub_sub_ctx
+
+                    ctx = sub_ctx
+                    args = [*sub_ctx._protected_args, *sub_ctx.args]
+            else:
+                break
+
+    return ctx
+
+
+def _resolve_incomplete(
+    ctx: Context, args: list[str], incomplete: str
+) -> tuple[Command | Parameter, str]:
+    """Find the Click object that will handle the completion of the
+    incomplete value. Return the object and the incomplete value.
+
+    :param ctx: Invocation context for the command represented by
+        the parsed complete args.
+    :param args: List of complete args before the incomplete value.
+    :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+    """
+    # Different shells treat an "=" between a long option name and
+    # value differently. Might keep the value joined, return the "="
+    # as a separate item, or return the split name and value. Always
+    # split and discard the "=" to make completion easier.
+    if incomplete == "=":
+        incomplete = ""
+    elif "=" in incomplete and _start_of_option(ctx, incomplete):
+        name, _, incomplete = incomplete.partition("=")
+        args.append(name)
+
+    # The "--" marker tells Click to stop treating values as options
+    # even if they start with the option character. If it hasn't been
+    # given and the incomplete arg looks like an option, the current
+    # command will provide option name completions.
+    if "--" not in args and _start_of_option(ctx, incomplete):
+        return ctx.command, incomplete
+
+    params = ctx.command.get_params(ctx)
+
+    # If the last complete arg is an option name with an incomplete
+    # value, the option will provide value completions.
+    for param in params:
+        if _is_incomplete_option(ctx, args, param):
+            return param, incomplete
+
+    # It's not an option name or value. The first argument without a
+    # parsed value will provide value completions.
+    for param in params:
+        if _is_incomplete_argument(ctx, param):
+            return param, incomplete
+
+    # There were no unparsed arguments, the command may be a group that
+    # will provide command name completions.
+    return ctx.command, incomplete
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/termui.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/termui.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dcbb2221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/termui.py
@@ -0,0 +1,877 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import inspect
+import io
+import itertools
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+from ._compat import isatty
+from ._compat import strip_ansi
+from .exceptions import Abort
+from .exceptions import UsageError
+from .globals import resolve_color_default
+from .types import Choice
+from .types import convert_type
+from .types import ParamType
+from .utils import echo
+from .utils import LazyFile
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
+
+V = t.TypeVar("V")
+
+# The prompt functions to use.  The doc tools currently override these
+# functions to customize how they work.
+visible_prompt_func: t.Callable[[str], str] = input
+
+_ansi_colors = {
+    "black": 30,
+    "red": 31,
+    "green": 32,
+    "yellow": 33,
+    "blue": 34,
+    "magenta": 35,
+    "cyan": 36,
+    "white": 37,
+    "reset": 39,
+    "bright_black": 90,
+    "bright_red": 91,
+    "bright_green": 92,
+    "bright_yellow": 93,
+    "bright_blue": 94,
+    "bright_magenta": 95,
+    "bright_cyan": 96,
+    "bright_white": 97,
+}
+_ansi_reset_all = "\033[0m"
+
+
+def hidden_prompt_func(prompt: str) -> str:
+    import getpass
+
+    return getpass.getpass(prompt)
+
+
+def _build_prompt(
+    text: str,
+    suffix: str,
+    show_default: bool = False,
+    default: t.Any | None = None,
+    show_choices: bool = True,
+    type: ParamType | None = None,
+) -> str:
+    prompt = text
+    if type is not None and show_choices and isinstance(type, Choice):
+        prompt += f" ({', '.join(map(str, type.choices))})"
+    if default is not None and show_default:
+        prompt = f"{prompt} [{_format_default(default)}]"
+    return f"{prompt}{suffix}"
+
+
+def _format_default(default: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+    if isinstance(default, (io.IOBase, LazyFile)) and hasattr(default, "name"):
+        return default.name
+
+    return default
+
+
+def prompt(
+    text: str,
+    default: t.Any | None = None,
+    hide_input: bool = False,
+    confirmation_prompt: bool | str = False,
+    type: ParamType | t.Any | None = None,
+    value_proc: t.Callable[[str], t.Any] | None = None,
+    prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
+    show_default: bool = True,
+    err: bool = False,
+    show_choices: bool = True,
+) -> t.Any:
+    """Prompts a user for input.  This is a convenience function that can
+    be used to prompt a user for input later.
+
+    If the user aborts the input by sending an interrupt signal, this
+    function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
+
+    :param text: the text to show for the prompt.
+    :param default: the default value to use if no input happens.  If this
+                    is not given it will prompt until it's aborted.
+    :param hide_input: if this is set to true then the input value will
+                       be hidden.
+    :param confirmation_prompt: Prompt a second time to confirm the
+        value. Can be set to a string instead of ``True`` to customize
+        the message.
+    :param type: the type to use to check the value against.
+    :param value_proc: if this parameter is provided it's a function that
+                       is invoked instead of the type conversion to
+                       convert a value.
+    :param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
+    :param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
+    :param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
+                ``stdout``, the same as with echo.
+    :param show_choices: Show or hide choices if the passed type is a Choice.
+                         For example if type is a Choice of either day or week,
+                         show_choices is true and text is "Group by" then the
+                         prompt will be "Group by (day, week): ".
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        ``confirmation_prompt`` can be a custom string.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 7.0
+        Added the ``show_choices`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 6.0
+        Added unicode support for cmd.exe on Windows.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+        Added the `err` parameter.
+
+    """
+
+    def prompt_func(text: str) -> str:
+        f = hidden_prompt_func if hide_input else visible_prompt_func
+        try:
+            # Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
+            # coloring through colorama on Windows
+            echo(text.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
+            # Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
+            # readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
+            return f(" ")
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
+            # getpass doesn't print a newline if the user aborts input with ^C.
+            # Allegedly this behavior is inherited from getpass(3).
+            # A doc bug has been filed at https://bugs.python.org/issue24711
+            if hide_input:
+                echo(None, err=err)
+            raise Abort() from None
+
+    if value_proc is None:
+        value_proc = convert_type(type, default)
+
+    prompt = _build_prompt(
+        text, prompt_suffix, show_default, default, show_choices, type
+    )
+
+    if confirmation_prompt:
+        if confirmation_prompt is True:
+            confirmation_prompt = _("Repeat for confirmation")
+
+        confirmation_prompt = _build_prompt(confirmation_prompt, prompt_suffix)
+
+    while True:
+        while True:
+            value = prompt_func(prompt)
+            if value:
+                break
+            elif default is not None:
+                value = default
+                break
+        try:
+            result = value_proc(value)
+        except UsageError as e:
+            if hide_input:
+                echo(_("Error: The value you entered was invalid."), err=err)
+            else:
+                echo(_("Error: {e.message}").format(e=e), err=err)
+            continue
+        if not confirmation_prompt:
+            return result
+        while True:
+            value2 = prompt_func(confirmation_prompt)
+            is_empty = not value and not value2
+            if value2 or is_empty:
+                break
+        if value == value2:
+            return result
+        echo(_("Error: The two entered values do not match."), err=err)
+
+
+def confirm(
+    text: str,
+    default: bool | None = False,
+    abort: bool = False,
+    prompt_suffix: str = ": ",
+    show_default: bool = True,
+    err: bool = False,
+) -> bool:
+    """Prompts for confirmation (yes/no question).
+
+    If the user aborts the input by sending a interrupt signal this
+    function will catch it and raise a :exc:`Abort` exception.
+
+    :param text: the question to ask.
+    :param default: The default value to use when no input is given. If
+        ``None``, repeat until input is given.
+    :param abort: if this is set to `True` a negative answer aborts the
+                  exception by raising :exc:`Abort`.
+    :param prompt_suffix: a suffix that should be added to the prompt.
+    :param show_default: shows or hides the default value in the prompt.
+    :param err: if set to true the file defaults to ``stderr`` instead of
+                ``stdout``, the same as with echo.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Repeat until input is given if ``default`` is ``None``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+        Added the ``err`` parameter.
+    """
+    prompt = _build_prompt(
+        text,
+        prompt_suffix,
+        show_default,
+        "y/n" if default is None else ("Y/n" if default else "y/N"),
+    )
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            # Write the prompt separately so that we get nice
+            # coloring through colorama on Windows
+            echo(prompt.rstrip(" "), nl=False, err=err)
+            # Echo a space to stdout to work around an issue where
+            # readline causes backspace to clear the whole line.
+            value = visible_prompt_func(" ").lower().strip()
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
+            raise Abort() from None
+        if value in ("y", "yes"):
+            rv = True
+        elif value in ("n", "no"):
+            rv = False
+        elif default is not None and value == "":
+            rv = default
+        else:
+            echo(_("Error: invalid input"), err=err)
+            continue
+        break
+    if abort and not rv:
+        raise Abort()
+    return rv
+
+
+def echo_via_pager(
+    text_or_generator: cabc.Iterable[str] | t.Callable[[], cabc.Iterable[str]] | str,
+    color: bool | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """This function takes a text and shows it via an environment specific
+    pager on stdout.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+       Added the `color` flag.
+
+    :param text_or_generator: the text to page, or alternatively, a
+                              generator emitting the text to page.
+    :param color: controls if the pager supports ANSI colors or not.  The
+                  default is autodetection.
+    """
+    color = resolve_color_default(color)
+
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(text_or_generator):
+        i = t.cast("t.Callable[[], cabc.Iterable[str]]", text_or_generator)()
+    elif isinstance(text_or_generator, str):
+        i = [text_or_generator]
+    else:
+        i = iter(t.cast("cabc.Iterable[str]", text_or_generator))
+
+    # convert every element of i to a text type if necessary
+    text_generator = (el if isinstance(el, str) else str(el) for el in i)
+
+    from ._termui_impl import pager
+
+    return pager(itertools.chain(text_generator, "\n"), color)
+
+
+@t.overload
+def progressbar(
+    *,
+    length: int,
+    label: str | None = None,
+    hidden: bool = False,
+    show_eta: bool = True,
+    show_percent: bool | None = None,
+    show_pos: bool = False,
+    fill_char: str = "#",
+    empty_char: str = "-",
+    bar_template: str = "%(label)s  [%(bar)s]  %(info)s",
+    info_sep: str = "  ",
+    width: int = 36,
+    file: t.TextIO | None = None,
+    color: bool | None = None,
+    update_min_steps: int = 1,
+) -> ProgressBar[int]: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def progressbar(
+    iterable: cabc.Iterable[V] | None = None,
+    length: int | None = None,
+    label: str | None = None,
+    hidden: bool = False,
+    show_eta: bool = True,
+    show_percent: bool | None = None,
+    show_pos: bool = False,
+    item_show_func: t.Callable[[V | None], str | None] | None = None,
+    fill_char: str = "#",
+    empty_char: str = "-",
+    bar_template: str = "%(label)s  [%(bar)s]  %(info)s",
+    info_sep: str = "  ",
+    width: int = 36,
+    file: t.TextIO | None = None,
+    color: bool | None = None,
+    update_min_steps: int = 1,
+) -> ProgressBar[V]: ...
+
+
+def progressbar(
+    iterable: cabc.Iterable[V] | None = None,
+    length: int | None = None,
+    label: str | None = None,
+    hidden: bool = False,
+    show_eta: bool = True,
+    show_percent: bool | None = None,
+    show_pos: bool = False,
+    item_show_func: t.Callable[[V | None], str | None] | None = None,
+    fill_char: str = "#",
+    empty_char: str = "-",
+    bar_template: str = "%(label)s  [%(bar)s]  %(info)s",
+    info_sep: str = "  ",
+    width: int = 36,
+    file: t.TextIO | None = None,
+    color: bool | None = None,
+    update_min_steps: int = 1,
+) -> ProgressBar[V]:
+    """This function creates an iterable context manager that can be used
+    to iterate over something while showing a progress bar.  It will
+    either iterate over the `iterable` or `length` items (that are counted
+    up).  While iteration happens, this function will print a rendered
+    progress bar to the given `file` (defaults to stdout) and will attempt
+    to calculate remaining time and more.  By default, this progress bar
+    will not be rendered if the file is not a terminal.
+
+    The context manager creates the progress bar.  When the context
+    manager is entered the progress bar is already created.  With every
+    iteration over the progress bar, the iterable passed to the bar is
+    advanced and the bar is updated.  When the context manager exits,
+    a newline is printed and the progress bar is finalized on screen.
+
+    Note: The progress bar is currently designed for use cases where the
+    total progress can be expected to take at least several seconds.
+    Because of this, the ProgressBar class object won't display
+    progress that is considered too fast, and progress where the time
+    between steps is less than a second.
+
+    No printing must happen or the progress bar will be unintentionally
+    destroyed.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        with progressbar(items) as bar:
+            for item in bar:
+                do_something_with(item)
+
+    Alternatively, if no iterable is specified, one can manually update the
+    progress bar through the `update()` method instead of directly
+    iterating over the progress bar.  The update method accepts the number
+    of steps to increment the bar with::
+
+        with progressbar(length=chunks.total_bytes) as bar:
+            for chunk in chunks:
+                process_chunk(chunk)
+                bar.update(chunks.bytes)
+
+    The ``update()`` method also takes an optional value specifying the
+    ``current_item`` at the new position. This is useful when used
+    together with ``item_show_func`` to customize the output for each
+    manual step::
+
+        with click.progressbar(
+            length=total_size,
+            label='Unzipping archive',
+            item_show_func=lambda a: a.filename
+        ) as bar:
+            for archive in zip_file:
+                archive.extract()
+                bar.update(archive.size, archive)
+
+    :param iterable: an iterable to iterate over.  If not provided the length
+                     is required.
+    :param length: the number of items to iterate over.  By default the
+                   progressbar will attempt to ask the iterator about its
+                   length, which might or might not work.  If an iterable is
+                   also provided this parameter can be used to override the
+                   length.  If an iterable is not provided the progress bar
+                   will iterate over a range of that length.
+    :param label: the label to show next to the progress bar.
+    :param hidden: hide the progressbar. Defaults to ``False``. When no tty is
+        detected, it will only print the progressbar label. Setting this to
+        ``False`` also disables that.
+    :param show_eta: enables or disables the estimated time display.  This is
+                     automatically disabled if the length cannot be
+                     determined.
+    :param show_percent: enables or disables the percentage display.  The
+                         default is `True` if the iterable has a length or
+                         `False` if not.
+    :param show_pos: enables or disables the absolute position display.  The
+                     default is `False`.
+    :param item_show_func: A function called with the current item which
+        can return a string to show next to the progress bar. If the
+        function returns ``None`` nothing is shown. The current item can
+        be ``None``, such as when entering and exiting the bar.
+    :param fill_char: the character to use to show the filled part of the
+                      progress bar.
+    :param empty_char: the character to use to show the non-filled part of
+                       the progress bar.
+    :param bar_template: the format string to use as template for the bar.
+                         The parameters in it are ``label`` for the label,
+                         ``bar`` for the progress bar and ``info`` for the
+                         info section.
+    :param info_sep: the separator between multiple info items (eta etc.)
+    :param width: the width of the progress bar in characters, 0 means full
+                  terminal width
+    :param file: The file to write to. If this is not a terminal then
+        only the label is printed.
+    :param color: controls if the terminal supports ANSI colors or not.  The
+                  default is autodetection.  This is only needed if ANSI
+                  codes are included anywhere in the progress bar output
+                  which is not the case by default.
+    :param update_min_steps: Render only when this many updates have
+        completed. This allows tuning for very fast iterators.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.2
+        The ``hidden`` argument.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Output is shown even if execution time is less than 0.5 seconds.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        ``item_show_func`` shows the current item, not the previous one.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Labels are echoed if the output is not a TTY. Reverts a change
+        in 7.0 that removed all output.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.0
+       The ``update_min_steps`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+        The ``color`` parameter and ``update`` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    from ._termui_impl import ProgressBar
+
+    color = resolve_color_default(color)
+    return ProgressBar(
+        iterable=iterable,
+        length=length,
+        hidden=hidden,
+        show_eta=show_eta,
+        show_percent=show_percent,
+        show_pos=show_pos,
+        item_show_func=item_show_func,
+        fill_char=fill_char,
+        empty_char=empty_char,
+        bar_template=bar_template,
+        info_sep=info_sep,
+        file=file,
+        label=label,
+        width=width,
+        color=color,
+        update_min_steps=update_min_steps,
+    )
+
+
+def clear() -> None:
+    """Clears the terminal screen.  This will have the effect of clearing
+    the whole visible space of the terminal and moving the cursor to the
+    top left.  This does not do anything if not connected to a terminal.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    if not isatty(sys.stdout):
+        return
+
+    # ANSI escape \033[2J clears the screen, \033[1;1H moves the cursor
+    echo("\033[2J\033[1;1H", nl=False)
+
+
+def _interpret_color(color: int | tuple[int, int, int] | str, offset: int = 0) -> str:
+    if isinstance(color, int):
+        return f"{38 + offset};5;{color:d}"
+
+    if isinstance(color, (tuple, list)):
+        r, g, b = color
+        return f"{38 + offset};2;{r:d};{g:d};{b:d}"
+
+    return str(_ansi_colors[color] + offset)
+
+
+def style(
+    text: t.Any,
+    fg: int | tuple[int, int, int] | str | None = None,
+    bg: int | tuple[int, int, int] | str | None = None,
+    bold: bool | None = None,
+    dim: bool | None = None,
+    underline: bool | None = None,
+    overline: bool | None = None,
+    italic: bool | None = None,
+    blink: bool | None = None,
+    reverse: bool | None = None,
+    strikethrough: bool | None = None,
+    reset: bool = True,
+) -> str:
+    """Styles a text with ANSI styles and returns the new string.  By
+    default the styling is self contained which means that at the end
+    of the string a reset code is issued.  This can be prevented by
+    passing ``reset=False``.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
+        click.echo(click.style('ATTENTION!', blink=True))
+        click.echo(click.style('Some things', reverse=True, fg='cyan'))
+        click.echo(click.style('More colors', fg=(255, 12, 128), bg=117))
+
+    Supported color names:
+
+    * ``black`` (might be a gray)
+    * ``red``
+    * ``green``
+    * ``yellow`` (might be an orange)
+    * ``blue``
+    * ``magenta``
+    * ``cyan``
+    * ``white`` (might be light gray)
+    * ``bright_black``
+    * ``bright_red``
+    * ``bright_green``
+    * ``bright_yellow``
+    * ``bright_blue``
+    * ``bright_magenta``
+    * ``bright_cyan``
+    * ``bright_white``
+    * ``reset`` (reset the color code only)
+
+    If the terminal supports it, color may also be specified as:
+
+    -   An integer in the interval [0, 255]. The terminal must support
+        8-bit/256-color mode.
+    -   An RGB tuple of three integers in [0, 255]. The terminal must
+        support 24-bit/true-color mode.
+
+    See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_color and
+    https://gist.github.com/XVilka/8346728 for more information.
+
+    :param text: the string to style with ansi codes.
+    :param fg: if provided this will become the foreground color.
+    :param bg: if provided this will become the background color.
+    :param bold: if provided this will enable or disable bold mode.
+    :param dim: if provided this will enable or disable dim mode.  This is
+                badly supported.
+    :param underline: if provided this will enable or disable underline.
+    :param overline: if provided this will enable or disable overline.
+    :param italic: if provided this will enable or disable italic.
+    :param blink: if provided this will enable or disable blinking.
+    :param reverse: if provided this will enable or disable inverse
+                    rendering (foreground becomes background and the
+                    other way round).
+    :param strikethrough: if provided this will enable or disable
+        striking through text.
+    :param reset: by default a reset-all code is added at the end of the
+                  string which means that styles do not carry over.  This
+                  can be disabled to compose styles.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+       Added support for 256 and RGB color codes.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Added the ``strikethrough``, ``italic``, and ``overline``
+        parameters.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 7.0
+        Added support for bright colors.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    if not isinstance(text, str):
+        text = str(text)
+
+    bits = []
+
+    if fg:
+        try:
+            bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(fg)}m")
+        except KeyError:
+            raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {fg!r}") from None
+
+    if bg:
+        try:
+            bits.append(f"\033[{_interpret_color(bg, 10)}m")
+        except KeyError:
+            raise TypeError(f"Unknown color {bg!r}") from None
+
+    if bold is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{1 if bold else 22}m")
+    if dim is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{2 if dim else 22}m")
+    if underline is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{4 if underline else 24}m")
+    if overline is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{53 if overline else 55}m")
+    if italic is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{3 if italic else 23}m")
+    if blink is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{5 if blink else 25}m")
+    if reverse is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{7 if reverse else 27}m")
+    if strikethrough is not None:
+        bits.append(f"\033[{9 if strikethrough else 29}m")
+    bits.append(text)
+    if reset:
+        bits.append(_ansi_reset_all)
+    return "".join(bits)
+
+
+def unstyle(text: str) -> str:
+    """Removes ANSI styling information from a string.  Usually it's not
+    necessary to use this function as Click's echo function will
+    automatically remove styling if necessary.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param text: the text to remove style information from.
+    """
+    return strip_ansi(text)
+
+
+def secho(
+    message: t.Any | None = None,
+    file: t.IO[t.AnyStr] | None = None,
+    nl: bool = True,
+    err: bool = False,
+    color: bool | None = None,
+    **styles: t.Any,
+) -> None:
+    """This function combines :func:`echo` and :func:`style` into one
+    call.  As such the following two calls are the same::
+
+        click.secho('Hello World!', fg='green')
+        click.echo(click.style('Hello World!', fg='green'))
+
+    All keyword arguments are forwarded to the underlying functions
+    depending on which one they go with.
+
+    Non-string types will be converted to :class:`str`. However,
+    :class:`bytes` are passed directly to :meth:`echo` without applying
+    style. If you want to style bytes that represent text, call
+    :meth:`bytes.decode` first.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        A non-string ``message`` is converted to a string. Bytes are
+        passed through without style applied.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    if message is not None and not isinstance(message, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        message = style(message, **styles)
+
+    return echo(message, file=file, nl=nl, err=err, color=color)
+
+
+@t.overload
+def edit(
+    text: bytes | bytearray,
+    editor: str | None = None,
+    env: cabc.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    require_save: bool = False,
+    extension: str = ".txt",
+) -> bytes | None: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def edit(
+    text: str,
+    editor: str | None = None,
+    env: cabc.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    require_save: bool = True,
+    extension: str = ".txt",
+) -> str | None: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def edit(
+    text: None = None,
+    editor: str | None = None,
+    env: cabc.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    require_save: bool = True,
+    extension: str = ".txt",
+    filename: str | cabc.Iterable[str] | None = None,
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+def edit(
+    text: str | bytes | bytearray | None = None,
+    editor: str | None = None,
+    env: cabc.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    require_save: bool = True,
+    extension: str = ".txt",
+    filename: str | cabc.Iterable[str] | None = None,
+) -> str | bytes | bytearray | None:
+    r"""Edits the given text in the defined editor.  If an editor is given
+    (should be the full path to the executable but the regular operating
+    system search path is used for finding the executable) it overrides
+    the detected editor.  Optionally, some environment variables can be
+    used.  If the editor is closed without changes, `None` is returned.  In
+    case a file is edited directly the return value is always `None` and
+    `require_save` and `extension` are ignored.
+
+    If the editor cannot be opened a :exc:`UsageError` is raised.
+
+    Note for Windows: to simplify cross-platform usage, the newlines are
+    automatically converted from POSIX to Windows and vice versa.  As such,
+    the message here will have ``\n`` as newline markers.
+
+    :param text: the text to edit.
+    :param editor: optionally the editor to use.  Defaults to automatic
+                   detection.
+    :param env: environment variables to forward to the editor.
+    :param require_save: if this is true, then not saving in the editor
+                         will make the return value become `None`.
+    :param extension: the extension to tell the editor about.  This defaults
+                      to `.txt` but changing this might change syntax
+                      highlighting.
+    :param filename: if provided it will edit this file instead of the
+                     provided text contents.  It will not use a temporary
+                     file as an indirection in that case. If the editor supports
+                     editing multiple files at once, a sequence of files may be
+                     passed as well. Invoke `click.file` once per file instead
+                     if multiple files cannot be managed at once or editing the
+                     files serially is desired.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2.0
+        ``filename`` now accepts any ``Iterable[str]`` in addition to a ``str``
+        if the ``editor`` supports editing multiple files at once.
+
+    """
+    from ._termui_impl import Editor
+
+    ed = Editor(editor=editor, env=env, require_save=require_save, extension=extension)
+
+    if filename is None:
+        return ed.edit(text)
+
+    if isinstance(filename, str):
+        filename = (filename,)
+
+    ed.edit_files(filenames=filename)
+    return None
+
+
+def launch(url: str, wait: bool = False, locate: bool = False) -> int:
+    """This function launches the given URL (or filename) in the default
+    viewer application for this file type.  If this is an executable, it
+    might launch the executable in a new session.  The return value is
+    the exit code of the launched application.  Usually, ``0`` indicates
+    success.
+
+    Examples::
+
+        click.launch('https://click.palletsprojects.com/')
+        click.launch('/my/downloaded/file', locate=True)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param url: URL or filename of the thing to launch.
+    :param wait: Wait for the program to exit before returning. This
+        only works if the launched program blocks. In particular,
+        ``xdg-open`` on Linux does not block.
+    :param locate: if this is set to `True` then instead of launching the
+                   application associated with the URL it will attempt to
+                   launch a file manager with the file located.  This
+                   might have weird effects if the URL does not point to
+                   the filesystem.
+    """
+    from ._termui_impl import open_url
+
+    return open_url(url, wait=wait, locate=locate)
+
+
+# If this is provided, getchar() calls into this instead.  This is used
+# for unittesting purposes.
+_getchar: t.Callable[[bool], str] | None = None
+
+
+def getchar(echo: bool = False) -> str:
+    """Fetches a single character from the terminal and returns it.  This
+    will always return a unicode character and under certain rare
+    circumstances this might return more than one character.  The
+    situations which more than one character is returned is when for
+    whatever reason multiple characters end up in the terminal buffer or
+    standard input was not actually a terminal.
+
+    Note that this will always read from the terminal, even if something
+    is piped into the standard input.
+
+    Note for Windows: in rare cases when typing non-ASCII characters, this
+    function might wait for a second character and then return both at once.
+    This is because certain Unicode characters look like special-key markers.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param echo: if set to `True`, the character read will also show up on
+                 the terminal.  The default is to not show it.
+    """
+    global _getchar
+
+    if _getchar is None:
+        from ._termui_impl import getchar as f
+
+        _getchar = f
+
+    return _getchar(echo)
+
+
+def raw_terminal() -> AbstractContextManager[int]:
+    from ._termui_impl import raw_terminal as f
+
+    return f()
+
+
+def pause(info: str | None = None, err: bool = False) -> None:
+    """This command stops execution and waits for the user to press any
+    key to continue.  This is similar to the Windows batch "pause"
+    command.  If the program is not run through a terminal, this command
+    will instead do nothing.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. versionadded:: 4.0
+       Added the `err` parameter.
+
+    :param info: The message to print before pausing. Defaults to
+        ``"Press any key to continue..."``.
+    :param err: if set to message goes to ``stderr`` instead of
+                ``stdout``, the same as with echo.
+    """
+    if not isatty(sys.stdin) or not isatty(sys.stdout):
+        return
+
+    if info is None:
+        info = _("Press any key to continue...")
+
+    try:
+        if info:
+            echo(info, nl=False, err=err)
+        try:
+            getchar()
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
+            pass
+    finally:
+        if info:
+            echo(err=err)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/testing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d19c103a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import contextlib
+import io
+import os
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import typing as t
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from . import _compat
+from . import formatting
+from . import termui
+from . import utils
+from ._compat import _find_binary_reader
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import ReadableBuffer
+
+    from .core import Command
+
+
+class EchoingStdin:
+    def __init__(self, input: t.BinaryIO, output: t.BinaryIO) -> None:
+        self._input = input
+        self._output = output
+        self._paused = False
+
+    def __getattr__(self, x: str) -> t.Any:
+        return getattr(self._input, x)
+
+    def _echo(self, rv: bytes) -> bytes:
+        if not self._paused:
+            self._output.write(rv)
+
+        return rv
+
+    def read(self, n: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        return self._echo(self._input.read(n))
+
+    def read1(self, n: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        return self._echo(self._input.read1(n))  # type: ignore
+
+    def readline(self, n: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        return self._echo(self._input.readline(n))
+
+    def readlines(self) -> list[bytes]:
+        return [self._echo(x) for x in self._input.readlines()]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> cabc.Iterator[bytes]:
+        return iter(self._echo(x) for x in self._input)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self._input)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _pause_echo(stream: EchoingStdin | None) -> cabc.Iterator[None]:
+    if stream is None:
+        yield
+    else:
+        stream._paused = True
+        yield
+        stream._paused = False
+
+
+class BytesIOCopy(io.BytesIO):
+    """Patch ``io.BytesIO`` to let the written stream be copied to another.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.2
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, copy_to: io.BytesIO) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.copy_to = copy_to
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        super().flush()
+        self.copy_to.flush()
+
+    def write(self, b: ReadableBuffer) -> int:
+        self.copy_to.write(b)
+        return super().write(b)
+
+
+class StreamMixer:
+    """Mixes `<stdout>` and `<stderr>` streams.
+
+    The result is available in the ``output`` attribute.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.2
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.output: io.BytesIO = io.BytesIO()
+        self.stdout: io.BytesIO = BytesIOCopy(copy_to=self.output)
+        self.stderr: io.BytesIO = BytesIOCopy(copy_to=self.output)
+
+
+class _NamedTextIOWrapper(io.TextIOWrapper):
+    def __init__(
+        self, buffer: t.BinaryIO, name: str, mode: str, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(buffer, **kwargs)
+        self._name = name
+        self._mode = mode
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self) -> str:
+        return self._mode
+
+
+def make_input_stream(
+    input: str | bytes | t.IO[t.Any] | None, charset: str
+) -> t.BinaryIO:
+    # Is already an input stream.
+    if hasattr(input, "read"):
+        rv = _find_binary_reader(t.cast("t.IO[t.Any]", input))
+
+        if rv is not None:
+            return rv
+
+        raise TypeError("Could not find binary reader for input stream.")
+
+    if input is None:
+        input = b""
+    elif isinstance(input, str):
+        input = input.encode(charset)
+
+    return io.BytesIO(input)
+
+
+class Result:
+    """Holds the captured result of an invoked CLI script.
+
+    :param runner: The runner that created the result
+    :param stdout_bytes: The standard output as bytes.
+    :param stderr_bytes: The standard error as bytes.
+    :param output_bytes: A mix of ``stdout_bytes`` and ``stderr_bytes``, as the
+        user would see  it in its terminal.
+    :param return_value: The value returned from the invoked command.
+    :param exit_code: The exit code as integer.
+    :param exception: The exception that happened if one did.
+    :param exc_info: Exception information (exception type, exception instance,
+        traceback type).
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        ``stderr_bytes`` no longer optional, ``output_bytes`` introduced and
+        ``mix_stderr`` has been removed.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        Added ``return_value``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        runner: CliRunner,
+        stdout_bytes: bytes,
+        stderr_bytes: bytes,
+        output_bytes: bytes,
+        return_value: t.Any,
+        exit_code: int,
+        exception: BaseException | None,
+        exc_info: tuple[type[BaseException], BaseException, TracebackType]
+        | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.runner = runner
+        self.stdout_bytes = stdout_bytes
+        self.stderr_bytes = stderr_bytes
+        self.output_bytes = output_bytes
+        self.return_value = return_value
+        self.exit_code = exit_code
+        self.exception = exception
+        self.exc_info = exc_info
+
+    @property
+    def output(self) -> str:
+        """The terminal output as unicode string, as the user would see it.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+            No longer a proxy for ``self.stdout``. Now has its own independent stream
+            that is mixing `<stdout>` and `<stderr>`, in the order they were written.
+        """
+        return self.output_bytes.decode(self.runner.charset, "replace").replace(
+            "\r\n", "\n"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def stdout(self) -> str:
+        """The standard output as unicode string."""
+        return self.stdout_bytes.decode(self.runner.charset, "replace").replace(
+            "\r\n", "\n"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def stderr(self) -> str:
+        """The standard error as unicode string.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+            No longer raise an exception, always returns the `<stderr>` string.
+        """
+        return self.stderr_bytes.decode(self.runner.charset, "replace").replace(
+            "\r\n", "\n"
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        exc_str = repr(self.exception) if self.exception else "okay"
+        return f"<{type(self).__name__} {exc_str}>"
+
+
+class CliRunner:
+    """The CLI runner provides functionality to invoke a Click command line
+    script for unittesting purposes in a isolated environment.  This only
+    works in single-threaded systems without any concurrency as it changes the
+    global interpreter state.
+
+    :param charset: the character set for the input and output data.
+    :param env: a dictionary with environment variables for overriding.
+    :param echo_stdin: if this is set to `True`, then reading from `<stdin>` writes
+                       to `<stdout>`.  This is useful for showing examples in
+                       some circumstances.  Note that regular prompts
+                       will automatically echo the input.
+    :param catch_exceptions: Whether to catch any exceptions other than
+                             ``SystemExit`` when running :meth:`~CliRunner.invoke`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        Added the ``catch_exceptions`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+        ``mix_stderr`` parameter has been removed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        charset: str = "utf-8",
+        env: cabc.Mapping[str, str | None] | None = None,
+        echo_stdin: bool = False,
+        catch_exceptions: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.env: cabc.Mapping[str, str | None] = env or {}
+        self.echo_stdin = echo_stdin
+        self.catch_exceptions = catch_exceptions
+
+    def get_default_prog_name(self, cli: Command) -> str:
+        """Given a command object it will return the default program name
+        for it.  The default is the `name` attribute or ``"root"`` if not
+        set.
+        """
+        return cli.name or "root"
+
+    def make_env(
+        self, overrides: cabc.Mapping[str, str | None] | None = None
+    ) -> cabc.Mapping[str, str | None]:
+        """Returns the environment overrides for invoking a script."""
+        rv = dict(self.env)
+        if overrides:
+            rv.update(overrides)
+        return rv
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def isolation(
+        self,
+        input: str | bytes | t.IO[t.Any] | None = None,
+        env: cabc.Mapping[str, str | None] | None = None,
+        color: bool = False,
+    ) -> cabc.Iterator[tuple[io.BytesIO, io.BytesIO, io.BytesIO]]:
+        """A context manager that sets up the isolation for invoking of a
+        command line tool.  This sets up `<stdin>` with the given input data
+        and `os.environ` with the overrides from the given dictionary.
+        This also rebinds some internals in Click to be mocked (like the
+        prompt functionality).
+
+        This is automatically done in the :meth:`invoke` method.
+
+        :param input: the input stream to put into `sys.stdin`.
+        :param env: the environment overrides as dictionary.
+        :param color: whether the output should contain color codes. The
+                      application can still override this explicitly.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.2
+            An additional output stream is returned, which is a mix of
+            `<stdout>` and `<stderr>` streams.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+            Always returns the `<stderr>` stream.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            `<stderr>` is opened with ``errors="backslashreplace"``
+            instead of the default ``"strict"``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 4.0
+            Added the ``color`` parameter.
+        """
+        bytes_input = make_input_stream(input, self.charset)
+        echo_input = None
+
+        old_stdin = sys.stdin
+        old_stdout = sys.stdout
+        old_stderr = sys.stderr
+        old_forced_width = formatting.FORCED_WIDTH
+        formatting.FORCED_WIDTH = 80
+
+        env = self.make_env(env)
+
+        stream_mixer = StreamMixer()
+
+        if self.echo_stdin:
+            bytes_input = echo_input = t.cast(
+                t.BinaryIO, EchoingStdin(bytes_input, stream_mixer.stdout)
+            )
+
+        sys.stdin = text_input = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
+            bytes_input, encoding=self.charset, name="<stdin>", mode="r"
+        )
+
+        if self.echo_stdin:
+            # Force unbuffered reads, otherwise TextIOWrapper reads a
+            # large chunk which is echoed early.
+            text_input._CHUNK_SIZE = 1  # type: ignore
+
+        sys.stdout = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
+            stream_mixer.stdout, encoding=self.charset, name="<stdout>", mode="w"
+        )
+
+        sys.stderr = _NamedTextIOWrapper(
+            stream_mixer.stderr,
+            encoding=self.charset,
+            name="<stderr>",
+            mode="w",
+            errors="backslashreplace",
+        )
+
+        @_pause_echo(echo_input)  # type: ignore
+        def visible_input(prompt: str | None = None) -> str:
+            sys.stdout.write(prompt or "")
+            val = text_input.readline().rstrip("\r\n")
+            sys.stdout.write(f"{val}\n")
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            return val
+
+        @_pause_echo(echo_input)  # type: ignore
+        def hidden_input(prompt: str | None = None) -> str:
+            sys.stdout.write(f"{prompt or ''}\n")
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            return text_input.readline().rstrip("\r\n")
+
+        @_pause_echo(echo_input)  # type: ignore
+        def _getchar(echo: bool) -> str:
+            char = sys.stdin.read(1)
+
+            if echo:
+                sys.stdout.write(char)
+
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            return char
+
+        default_color = color
+
+        def should_strip_ansi(
+            stream: t.IO[t.Any] | None = None, color: bool | None = None
+        ) -> bool:
+            if color is None:
+                return not default_color
+            return not color
+
+        old_visible_prompt_func = termui.visible_prompt_func
+        old_hidden_prompt_func = termui.hidden_prompt_func
+        old__getchar_func = termui._getchar
+        old_should_strip_ansi = utils.should_strip_ansi  # type: ignore
+        old__compat_should_strip_ansi = _compat.should_strip_ansi
+        termui.visible_prompt_func = visible_input
+        termui.hidden_prompt_func = hidden_input
+        termui._getchar = _getchar
+        utils.should_strip_ansi = should_strip_ansi  # type: ignore
+        _compat.should_strip_ansi = should_strip_ansi
+
+        old_env = {}
+        try:
+            for key, value in env.items():
+                old_env[key] = os.environ.get(key)
+                if value is None:
+                    try:
+                        del os.environ[key]
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    os.environ[key] = value
+            yield (stream_mixer.stdout, stream_mixer.stderr, stream_mixer.output)
+        finally:
+            for key, value in old_env.items():
+                if value is None:
+                    try:
+                        del os.environ[key]
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    os.environ[key] = value
+            sys.stdout = old_stdout
+            sys.stderr = old_stderr
+            sys.stdin = old_stdin
+            termui.visible_prompt_func = old_visible_prompt_func
+            termui.hidden_prompt_func = old_hidden_prompt_func
+            termui._getchar = old__getchar_func
+            utils.should_strip_ansi = old_should_strip_ansi  # type: ignore
+            _compat.should_strip_ansi = old__compat_should_strip_ansi
+            formatting.FORCED_WIDTH = old_forced_width
+
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        cli: Command,
+        args: str | cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        input: str | bytes | t.IO[t.Any] | None = None,
+        env: cabc.Mapping[str, str | None] | None = None,
+        catch_exceptions: bool | None = None,
+        color: bool = False,
+        **extra: t.Any,
+    ) -> Result:
+        """Invokes a command in an isolated environment.  The arguments are
+        forwarded directly to the command line script, the `extra` keyword
+        arguments are passed to the :meth:`~clickpkg.Command.main` function of
+        the command.
+
+        This returns a :class:`Result` object.
+
+        :param cli: the command to invoke
+        :param args: the arguments to invoke. It may be given as an iterable
+                     or a string. When given as string it will be interpreted
+                     as a Unix shell command. More details at
+                     :func:`shlex.split`.
+        :param input: the input data for `sys.stdin`.
+        :param env: the environment overrides.
+        :param catch_exceptions: Whether to catch any other exceptions than
+                                 ``SystemExit``. If :data:`None`, the value
+                                 from :class:`CliRunner` is used.
+        :param extra: the keyword arguments to pass to :meth:`main`.
+        :param color: whether the output should contain color codes. The
+                      application can still override this explicitly.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.2
+            The result object has the ``output_bytes`` attribute with
+            the mix of ``stdout_bytes`` and ``stderr_bytes``, as the user would
+            see it in its terminal.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.2
+            The result object always returns the ``stderr_bytes`` stream.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            The result object has the ``return_value`` attribute with
+            the value returned from the invoked command.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 4.0
+            Added the ``color`` parameter.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+            Added the ``catch_exceptions`` parameter.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
+            The result object has the ``exc_info`` attribute with the
+            traceback if available.
+        """
+        exc_info = None
+        if catch_exceptions is None:
+            catch_exceptions = self.catch_exceptions
+
+        with self.isolation(input=input, env=env, color=color) as outstreams:
+            return_value = None
+            exception: BaseException | None = None
+            exit_code = 0
+
+            if isinstance(args, str):
+                args = shlex.split(args)
+
+            try:
+                prog_name = extra.pop("prog_name")
+            except KeyError:
+                prog_name = self.get_default_prog_name(cli)
+
+            try:
+                return_value = cli.main(args=args or (), prog_name=prog_name, **extra)
+            except SystemExit as e:
+                exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+                e_code = t.cast("int | t.Any | None", e.code)
+
+                if e_code is None:
+                    e_code = 0
+
+                if e_code != 0:
+                    exception = e
+
+                if not isinstance(e_code, int):
+                    sys.stdout.write(str(e_code))
+                    sys.stdout.write("\n")
+                    e_code = 1
+
+                exit_code = e_code
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                if not catch_exceptions:
+                    raise
+                exception = e
+                exit_code = 1
+                exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+            finally:
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+                stdout = outstreams[0].getvalue()
+                stderr = outstreams[1].getvalue()
+                output = outstreams[2].getvalue()
+
+        return Result(
+            runner=self,
+            stdout_bytes=stdout,
+            stderr_bytes=stderr,
+            output_bytes=output,
+            return_value=return_value,
+            exit_code=exit_code,
+            exception=exception,
+            exc_info=exc_info,  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def isolated_filesystem(
+        self, temp_dir: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None
+    ) -> cabc.Iterator[str]:
+        """A context manager that creates a temporary directory and
+        changes the current working directory to it. This isolates tests
+        that affect the contents of the CWD to prevent them from
+        interfering with each other.
+
+        :param temp_dir: Create the temporary directory under this
+            directory. If given, the created directory is not removed
+            when exiting.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+            Added the ``temp_dir`` parameter.
+        """
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        dt = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=temp_dir)
+        os.chdir(dt)
+
+        try:
+            yield dt
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(cwd)
+
+            if temp_dir is None:
+                try:
+                    shutil.rmtree(dt)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..684cb3b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1165 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import enum
+import os
+import stat
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from datetime import datetime
+from gettext import gettext as _
+from gettext import ngettext
+
+from ._compat import _get_argv_encoding
+from ._compat import open_stream
+from .exceptions import BadParameter
+from .utils import format_filename
+from .utils import LazyFile
+from .utils import safecall
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import typing_extensions as te
+
+    from .core import Context
+    from .core import Parameter
+    from .shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+ParamTypeValue = t.TypeVar("ParamTypeValue")
+
+
+class ParamType:
+    """Represents the type of a parameter. Validates and converts values
+    from the command line or Python into the correct type.
+
+    To implement a custom type, subclass and implement at least the
+    following:
+
+    -   The :attr:`name` class attribute must be set.
+    -   Calling an instance of the type with ``None`` must return
+        ``None``. This is already implemented by default.
+    -   :meth:`convert` must convert string values to the correct type.
+    -   :meth:`convert` must accept values that are already the correct
+        type.
+    -   It must be able to convert a value if the ``ctx`` and ``param``
+        arguments are ``None``. This can occur when converting prompt
+        input.
+    """
+
+    is_composite: t.ClassVar[bool] = False
+    arity: t.ClassVar[int] = 1
+
+    #: the descriptive name of this type
+    name: str
+
+    #: if a list of this type is expected and the value is pulled from a
+    #: string environment variable, this is what splits it up.  `None`
+    #: means any whitespace.  For all parameters the general rule is that
+    #: whitespace splits them up.  The exception are paths and files which
+    #: are split by ``os.path.pathsep`` by default (":" on Unix and ";" on
+    #: Windows).
+    envvar_list_splitter: t.ClassVar[str | None] = None
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        """Gather information that could be useful for a tool generating
+        user-facing documentation.
+
+        Use :meth:`click.Context.to_info_dict` to traverse the entire
+        CLI structure.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        # The class name without the "ParamType" suffix.
+        param_type = type(self).__name__.partition("ParamType")[0]
+        param_type = param_type.partition("ParameterType")[0]
+
+        # Custom subclasses might not remember to set a name.
+        if hasattr(self, "name"):
+            name = self.name
+        else:
+            name = param_type
+
+        return {"param_type": param_type, "name": name}
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        value: t.Any,
+        param: Parameter | None = None,
+        ctx: Context | None = None,
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        if value is not None:
+            return self.convert(value, param, ctx)
+
+    def get_metavar(self, param: Parameter, ctx: Context) -> str | None:
+        """Returns the metavar default for this param if it provides one."""
+
+    def get_missing_message(self, param: Parameter, ctx: Context | None) -> str | None:
+        """Optionally might return extra information about a missing
+        parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+        """
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        """Convert the value to the correct type. This is not called if
+        the value is ``None`` (the missing value).
+
+        This must accept string values from the command line, as well as
+        values that are already the correct type. It may also convert
+        other compatible types.
+
+        The ``param`` and ``ctx`` arguments may be ``None`` in certain
+        situations, such as when converting prompt input.
+
+        If the value cannot be converted, call :meth:`fail` with a
+        descriptive message.
+
+        :param value: The value to convert.
+        :param param: The parameter that is using this type to convert
+            its value. May be ``None``.
+        :param ctx: The current context that arrived at this value. May
+            be ``None``.
+        """
+        return value
+
+    def split_envvar_value(self, rv: str) -> cabc.Sequence[str]:
+        """Given a value from an environment variable this splits it up
+        into small chunks depending on the defined envvar list splitter.
+
+        If the splitter is set to `None`, which means that whitespace splits,
+        then leading and trailing whitespace is ignored.  Otherwise, leading
+        and trailing splitters usually lead to empty items being included.
+        """
+        return (rv or "").split(self.envvar_list_splitter)
+
+    def fail(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        param: Parameter | None = None,
+        ctx: Context | None = None,
+    ) -> t.NoReturn:
+        """Helper method to fail with an invalid value message."""
+        raise BadParameter(message, ctx=ctx, param=param)
+
+    def shell_complete(
+        self, ctx: Context, param: Parameter, incomplete: str
+    ) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Return a list of
+        :class:`~click.shell_completion.CompletionItem` objects for the
+        incomplete value. Most types do not provide completions, but
+        some do, and this allows custom types to provide custom
+        completions as well.
+
+        :param ctx: Invocation context for this command.
+        :param param: The parameter that is requesting completion.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        return []
+
+
+class CompositeParamType(ParamType):
+    is_composite = True
+
+    @property
+    def arity(self) -> int:  # type: ignore
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class FuncParamType(ParamType):
+    def __init__(self, func: t.Callable[[t.Any], t.Any]) -> None:
+        self.name: str = func.__name__
+        self.func = func
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict["func"] = self.func
+        return info_dict
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        try:
+            return self.func(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                value = str(value)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                value = value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+
+            self.fail(value, param, ctx)
+
+
+class UnprocessedParamType(ParamType):
+    name = "text"
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        return value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "UNPROCESSED"
+
+
+class StringParamType(ParamType):
+    name = "text"
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            enc = _get_argv_encoding()
+            try:
+                value = value.decode(enc)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                fs_enc = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+                if fs_enc != enc:
+                    try:
+                        value = value.decode(fs_enc)
+                    except UnicodeError:
+                        value = value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+                else:
+                    value = value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+            return value
+        return str(value)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "STRING"
+
+
+class Choice(ParamType, t.Generic[ParamTypeValue]):
+    """The choice type allows a value to be checked against a fixed set
+    of supported values.
+
+    You may pass any iterable value which will be converted to a tuple
+    and thus will only be iterated once.
+
+    The resulting value will always be one of the originally passed choices.
+    See :meth:`normalize_choice` for more info on the mapping of strings
+    to choices. See :ref:`choice-opts` for an example.
+
+    :param case_sensitive: Set to false to make choices case
+        insensitive. Defaults to true.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.2.0
+        Non-``str`` ``choices`` are now supported. It can additionally be any
+        iterable. Before you were not recommended to pass anything but a list or
+        tuple.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.2.0
+        Choice normalization can be overridden via :meth:`normalize_choice`.
+    """
+
+    name = "choice"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, choices: cabc.Iterable[ParamTypeValue], case_sensitive: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        self.choices: cabc.Sequence[ParamTypeValue] = tuple(choices)
+        self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict["choices"] = self.choices
+        info_dict["case_sensitive"] = self.case_sensitive
+        return info_dict
+
+    def _normalized_mapping(
+        self, ctx: Context | None = None
+    ) -> cabc.Mapping[ParamTypeValue, str]:
+        """
+        Returns mapping where keys are the original choices and the values are
+        the normalized values that are accepted via the command line.
+
+        This is a simple wrapper around :meth:`normalize_choice`, use that
+        instead which is supported.
+        """
+        return {
+            choice: self.normalize_choice(
+                choice=choice,
+                ctx=ctx,
+            )
+            for choice in self.choices
+        }
+
+    def normalize_choice(self, choice: ParamTypeValue, ctx: Context | None) -> str:
+        """
+        Normalize a choice value, used to map a passed string to a choice.
+        Each choice must have a unique normalized value.
+
+        By default uses :meth:`Context.token_normalize_func` and if not case
+        sensitive, convert it to a casefolded value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.2.0
+        """
+        normed_value = choice.name if isinstance(choice, enum.Enum) else str(choice)
+
+        if ctx is not None and ctx.token_normalize_func is not None:
+            normed_value = ctx.token_normalize_func(normed_value)
+
+        if not self.case_sensitive:
+            normed_value = normed_value.casefold()
+
+        return normed_value
+
+    def get_metavar(self, param: Parameter, ctx: Context) -> str | None:
+        if param.param_type_name == "option" and not param.show_choices:  # type: ignore
+            choice_metavars = [
+                convert_type(type(choice)).name.upper() for choice in self.choices
+            ]
+            choices_str = "|".join([*dict.fromkeys(choice_metavars)])
+        else:
+            choices_str = "|".join(
+                [str(i) for i in self._normalized_mapping(ctx=ctx).values()]
+            )
+
+        # Use curly braces to indicate a required argument.
+        if param.required and param.param_type_name == "argument":
+            return f"{{{choices_str}}}"
+
+        # Use square braces to indicate an option or optional argument.
+        return f"[{choices_str}]"
+
+    def get_missing_message(self, param: Parameter, ctx: Context | None) -> str:
+        """
+        Message shown when no choice is passed.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 8.2.0 Added ``ctx`` argument.
+        """
+        return _("Choose from:\n\t{choices}").format(
+            choices=",\n\t".join(self._normalized_mapping(ctx=ctx).values())
+        )
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> ParamTypeValue:
+        """
+        For a given value from the parser, normalize it and find its
+        matching normalized value in the list of choices. Then return the
+        matched "original" choice.
+        """
+        normed_value = self.normalize_choice(choice=value, ctx=ctx)
+        normalized_mapping = self._normalized_mapping(ctx=ctx)
+
+        try:
+            return next(
+                original
+                for original, normalized in normalized_mapping.items()
+                if normalized == normed_value
+            )
+        except StopIteration:
+            self.fail(
+                self.get_invalid_choice_message(value=value, ctx=ctx),
+                param=param,
+                ctx=ctx,
+            )
+
+    def get_invalid_choice_message(self, value: t.Any, ctx: Context | None) -> str:
+        """Get the error message when the given choice is invalid.
+
+        :param value: The invalid value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.2
+        """
+        choices_str = ", ".join(map(repr, self._normalized_mapping(ctx=ctx).values()))
+        return ngettext(
+            "{value!r} is not {choice}.",
+            "{value!r} is not one of {choices}.",
+            len(self.choices),
+        ).format(value=value, choice=choices_str, choices=choices_str)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Choice({list(self.choices)})"
+
+    def shell_complete(
+        self, ctx: Context, param: Parameter, incomplete: str
+    ) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Complete choices that start with the incomplete value.
+
+        :param ctx: Invocation context for this command.
+        :param param: The parameter that is requesting completion.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        from click.shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+        str_choices = map(str, self.choices)
+
+        if self.case_sensitive:
+            matched = (c for c in str_choices if c.startswith(incomplete))
+        else:
+            incomplete = incomplete.lower()
+            matched = (c for c in str_choices if c.lower().startswith(incomplete))
+
+        return [CompletionItem(c) for c in matched]
+
+
+class DateTime(ParamType):
+    """The DateTime type converts date strings into `datetime` objects.
+
+    The format strings which are checked are configurable, but default to some
+    common (non-timezone aware) ISO 8601 formats.
+
+    When specifying *DateTime* formats, you should only pass a list or a tuple.
+    Other iterables, like generators, may lead to surprising results.
+
+    The format strings are processed using ``datetime.strptime``, and this
+    consequently defines the format strings which are allowed.
+
+    Parsing is tried using each format, in order, and the first format which
+    parses successfully is used.
+
+    :param formats: A list or tuple of date format strings, in the order in
+                    which they should be tried. Defaults to
+                    ``'%Y-%m-%d'``, ``'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S'``,
+                    ``'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'``.
+    """
+
+    name = "datetime"
+
+    def __init__(self, formats: cabc.Sequence[str] | None = None):
+        self.formats: cabc.Sequence[str] = formats or [
+            "%Y-%m-%d",
+            "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S",
+            "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+        ]
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict["formats"] = self.formats
+        return info_dict
+
+    def get_metavar(self, param: Parameter, ctx: Context) -> str | None:
+        return f"[{'|'.join(self.formats)}]"
+
+    def _try_to_convert_date(self, value: t.Any, format: str) -> datetime | None:
+        try:
+            return datetime.strptime(value, format)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        if isinstance(value, datetime):
+            return value
+
+        for format in self.formats:
+            converted = self._try_to_convert_date(value, format)
+
+            if converted is not None:
+                return converted
+
+        formats_str = ", ".join(map(repr, self.formats))
+        self.fail(
+            ngettext(
+                "{value!r} does not match the format {format}.",
+                "{value!r} does not match the formats {formats}.",
+                len(self.formats),
+            ).format(value=value, format=formats_str, formats=formats_str),
+            param,
+            ctx,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "DateTime"
+
+
+class _NumberParamTypeBase(ParamType):
+    _number_class: t.ClassVar[type[t.Any]]
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        try:
+            return self._number_class(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            self.fail(
+                _("{value!r} is not a valid {number_type}.").format(
+                    value=value, number_type=self.name
+                ),
+                param,
+                ctx,
+            )
+
+
+class _NumberRangeBase(_NumberParamTypeBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        min: float | None = None,
+        max: float | None = None,
+        min_open: bool = False,
+        max_open: bool = False,
+        clamp: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.min_open = min_open
+        self.max_open = max_open
+        self.clamp = clamp
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict.update(
+            min=self.min,
+            max=self.max,
+            min_open=self.min_open,
+            max_open=self.max_open,
+            clamp=self.clamp,
+        )
+        return info_dict
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        import operator
+
+        rv = super().convert(value, param, ctx)
+        lt_min: bool = self.min is not None and (
+            operator.le if self.min_open else operator.lt
+        )(rv, self.min)
+        gt_max: bool = self.max is not None and (
+            operator.ge if self.max_open else operator.gt
+        )(rv, self.max)
+
+        if self.clamp:
+            if lt_min:
+                return self._clamp(self.min, 1, self.min_open)  # type: ignore
+
+            if gt_max:
+                return self._clamp(self.max, -1, self.max_open)  # type: ignore
+
+        if lt_min or gt_max:
+            self.fail(
+                _("{value} is not in the range {range}.").format(
+                    value=rv, range=self._describe_range()
+                ),
+                param,
+                ctx,
+            )
+
+        return rv
+
+    def _clamp(self, bound: float, dir: t.Literal[1, -1], open: bool) -> float:
+        """Find the valid value to clamp to bound in the given
+        direction.
+
+        :param bound: The boundary value.
+        :param dir: 1 or -1 indicating the direction to move.
+        :param open: If true, the range does not include the bound.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _describe_range(self) -> str:
+        """Describe the range for use in help text."""
+        if self.min is None:
+            op = "<" if self.max_open else "<="
+            return f"x{op}{self.max}"
+
+        if self.max is None:
+            op = ">" if self.min_open else ">="
+            return f"x{op}{self.min}"
+
+        lop = "<" if self.min_open else "<="
+        rop = "<" if self.max_open else "<="
+        return f"{self.min}{lop}x{rop}{self.max}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        clamp = " clamped" if self.clamp else ""
+        return f"<{type(self).__name__} {self._describe_range()}{clamp}>"
+
+
+class IntParamType(_NumberParamTypeBase):
+    name = "integer"
+    _number_class = int
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "INT"
+
+
+class IntRange(_NumberRangeBase, IntParamType):
+    """Restrict an :data:`click.INT` value to a range of accepted
+    values. See :ref:`ranges`.
+
+    If ``min`` or ``max`` are not passed, any value is accepted in that
+    direction. If ``min_open`` or ``max_open`` are enabled, the
+    corresponding boundary is not included in the range.
+
+    If ``clamp`` is enabled, a value outside the range is clamped to the
+    boundary instead of failing.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Added the ``min_open`` and ``max_open`` parameters.
+    """
+
+    name = "integer range"
+
+    def _clamp(  # type: ignore
+        self, bound: int, dir: t.Literal[1, -1], open: bool
+    ) -> int:
+        if not open:
+            return bound
+
+        return bound + dir
+
+
+class FloatParamType(_NumberParamTypeBase):
+    name = "float"
+    _number_class = float
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "FLOAT"
+
+
+class FloatRange(_NumberRangeBase, FloatParamType):
+    """Restrict a :data:`click.FLOAT` value to a range of accepted
+    values. See :ref:`ranges`.
+
+    If ``min`` or ``max`` are not passed, any value is accepted in that
+    direction. If ``min_open`` or ``max_open`` are enabled, the
+    corresponding boundary is not included in the range.
+
+    If ``clamp`` is enabled, a value outside the range is clamped to the
+    boundary instead of failing. This is not supported if either
+    boundary is marked ``open``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Added the ``min_open`` and ``max_open`` parameters.
+    """
+
+    name = "float range"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        min: float | None = None,
+        max: float | None = None,
+        min_open: bool = False,
+        max_open: bool = False,
+        clamp: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            min=min, max=max, min_open=min_open, max_open=max_open, clamp=clamp
+        )
+
+        if (min_open or max_open) and clamp:
+            raise TypeError("Clamping is not supported for open bounds.")
+
+    def _clamp(self, bound: float, dir: t.Literal[1, -1], open: bool) -> float:
+        if not open:
+            return bound
+
+        # Could use math.nextafter here, but clamping an
+        # open float range doesn't seem to be particularly useful. It's
+        # left up to the user to write a callback to do it if needed.
+        raise RuntimeError("Clamping is not supported for open bounds.")
+
+
+class BoolParamType(ParamType):
+    name = "boolean"
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        if value in {False, True}:
+            return bool(value)
+
+        norm = value.strip().lower()
+
+        if norm in {"1", "true", "t", "yes", "y", "on"}:
+            return True
+
+        if norm in {"0", "false", "f", "no", "n", "off"}:
+            return False
+
+        self.fail(
+            _("{value!r} is not a valid boolean.").format(value=value), param, ctx
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "BOOL"
+
+
+class UUIDParameterType(ParamType):
+    name = "uuid"
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        import uuid
+
+        if isinstance(value, uuid.UUID):
+            return value
+
+        value = value.strip()
+
+        try:
+            return uuid.UUID(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            self.fail(
+                _("{value!r} is not a valid UUID.").format(value=value), param, ctx
+            )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "UUID"
+
+
+class File(ParamType):
+    """Declares a parameter to be a file for reading or writing.  The file
+    is automatically closed once the context tears down (after the command
+    finished working).
+
+    Files can be opened for reading or writing.  The special value ``-``
+    indicates stdin or stdout depending on the mode.
+
+    By default, the file is opened for reading text data, but it can also be
+    opened in binary mode or for writing.  The encoding parameter can be used
+    to force a specific encoding.
+
+    The `lazy` flag controls if the file should be opened immediately or upon
+    first IO. The default is to be non-lazy for standard input and output
+    streams as well as files opened for reading, `lazy` otherwise. When opening a
+    file lazily for reading, it is still opened temporarily for validation, but
+    will not be held open until first IO. lazy is mainly useful when opening
+    for writing to avoid creating the file until it is needed.
+
+    Files can also be opened atomically in which case all writes go into a
+    separate file in the same folder and upon completion the file will
+    be moved over to the original location.  This is useful if a file
+    regularly read by other users is modified.
+
+    See :ref:`file-args` for more information.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+        Added the ``atomic`` parameter.
+    """
+
+    name = "filename"
+    envvar_list_splitter: t.ClassVar[str] = os.path.pathsep
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mode: str = "r",
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        errors: str | None = "strict",
+        lazy: bool | None = None,
+        atomic: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.errors = errors
+        self.lazy = lazy
+        self.atomic = atomic
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict.update(mode=self.mode, encoding=self.encoding)
+        return info_dict
+
+    def resolve_lazy_flag(self, value: str | os.PathLike[str]) -> bool:
+        if self.lazy is not None:
+            return self.lazy
+        if os.fspath(value) == "-":
+            return False
+        elif "w" in self.mode:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def convert(
+        self,
+        value: str | os.PathLike[str] | t.IO[t.Any],
+        param: Parameter | None,
+        ctx: Context | None,
+    ) -> t.IO[t.Any]:
+        if _is_file_like(value):
+            return value
+
+        value = t.cast("str | os.PathLike[str]", value)
+
+        try:
+            lazy = self.resolve_lazy_flag(value)
+
+            if lazy:
+                lf = LazyFile(
+                    value, self.mode, self.encoding, self.errors, atomic=self.atomic
+                )
+
+                if ctx is not None:
+                    ctx.call_on_close(lf.close_intelligently)
+
+                return t.cast("t.IO[t.Any]", lf)
+
+            f, should_close = open_stream(
+                value, self.mode, self.encoding, self.errors, atomic=self.atomic
+            )
+
+            # If a context is provided, we automatically close the file
+            # at the end of the context execution (or flush out).  If a
+            # context does not exist, it's the caller's responsibility to
+            # properly close the file.  This for instance happens when the
+            # type is used with prompts.
+            if ctx is not None:
+                if should_close:
+                    ctx.call_on_close(safecall(f.close))
+                else:
+                    ctx.call_on_close(safecall(f.flush))
+
+            return f
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.fail(f"'{format_filename(value)}': {e.strerror}", param, ctx)
+
+    def shell_complete(
+        self, ctx: Context, param: Parameter, incomplete: str
+    ) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Return a special completion marker that tells the completion
+        system to use the shell to provide file path completions.
+
+        :param ctx: Invocation context for this command.
+        :param param: The parameter that is requesting completion.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        from click.shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+        return [CompletionItem(incomplete, type="file")]
+
+
+def _is_file_like(value: t.Any) -> te.TypeGuard[t.IO[t.Any]]:
+    return hasattr(value, "read") or hasattr(value, "write")
+
+
+class Path(ParamType):
+    """The ``Path`` type is similar to the :class:`File` type, but
+    returns the filename instead of an open file. Various checks can be
+    enabled to validate the type of file and permissions.
+
+    :param exists: The file or directory needs to exist for the value to
+        be valid. If this is not set to ``True``, and the file does not
+        exist, then all further checks are silently skipped.
+    :param file_okay: Allow a file as a value.
+    :param dir_okay: Allow a directory as a value.
+    :param readable: if true, a readable check is performed.
+    :param writable: if true, a writable check is performed.
+    :param executable: if true, an executable check is performed.
+    :param resolve_path: Make the value absolute and resolve any
+        symlinks. A ``~`` is not expanded, as this is supposed to be
+        done by the shell only.
+    :param allow_dash: Allow a single dash as a value, which indicates
+        a standard stream (but does not open it). Use
+        :func:`~click.open_file` to handle opening this value.
+    :param path_type: Convert the incoming path value to this type. If
+        ``None``, keep Python's default, which is ``str``. Useful to
+        convert to :class:`pathlib.Path`.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        Added the ``executable`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.0
+        Allow passing ``path_type=pathlib.Path``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 6.0
+        Added the ``allow_dash`` parameter.
+    """
+
+    envvar_list_splitter: t.ClassVar[str] = os.path.pathsep
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exists: bool = False,
+        file_okay: bool = True,
+        dir_okay: bool = True,
+        writable: bool = False,
+        readable: bool = True,
+        resolve_path: bool = False,
+        allow_dash: bool = False,
+        path_type: type[t.Any] | None = None,
+        executable: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.exists = exists
+        self.file_okay = file_okay
+        self.dir_okay = dir_okay
+        self.readable = readable
+        self.writable = writable
+        self.executable = executable
+        self.resolve_path = resolve_path
+        self.allow_dash = allow_dash
+        self.type = path_type
+
+        if self.file_okay and not self.dir_okay:
+            self.name: str = _("file")
+        elif self.dir_okay and not self.file_okay:
+            self.name = _("directory")
+        else:
+            self.name = _("path")
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict.update(
+            exists=self.exists,
+            file_okay=self.file_okay,
+            dir_okay=self.dir_okay,
+            writable=self.writable,
+            readable=self.readable,
+            allow_dash=self.allow_dash,
+        )
+        return info_dict
+
+    def coerce_path_result(
+        self, value: str | os.PathLike[str]
+    ) -> str | bytes | os.PathLike[str]:
+        if self.type is not None and not isinstance(value, self.type):
+            if self.type is str:
+                return os.fsdecode(value)
+            elif self.type is bytes:
+                return os.fsencode(value)
+            else:
+                return t.cast("os.PathLike[str]", self.type(value))
+
+        return value
+
+    def convert(
+        self,
+        value: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        param: Parameter | None,
+        ctx: Context | None,
+    ) -> str | bytes | os.PathLike[str]:
+        rv = value
+
+        is_dash = self.file_okay and self.allow_dash and rv in (b"-", "-")
+
+        if not is_dash:
+            if self.resolve_path:
+                rv = os.path.realpath(rv)
+
+            try:
+                st = os.stat(rv)
+            except OSError:
+                if not self.exists:
+                    return self.coerce_path_result(rv)
+                self.fail(
+                    _("{name} {filename!r} does not exist.").format(
+                        name=self.name.title(), filename=format_filename(value)
+                    ),
+                    param,
+                    ctx,
+                )
+
+            if not self.file_okay and stat.S_ISREG(st.st_mode):
+                self.fail(
+                    _("{name} {filename!r} is a file.").format(
+                        name=self.name.title(), filename=format_filename(value)
+                    ),
+                    param,
+                    ctx,
+                )
+            if not self.dir_okay and stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode):
+                self.fail(
+                    _("{name} {filename!r} is a directory.").format(
+                        name=self.name.title(), filename=format_filename(value)
+                    ),
+                    param,
+                    ctx,
+                )
+
+            if self.readable and not os.access(rv, os.R_OK):
+                self.fail(
+                    _("{name} {filename!r} is not readable.").format(
+                        name=self.name.title(), filename=format_filename(value)
+                    ),
+                    param,
+                    ctx,
+                )
+
+            if self.writable and not os.access(rv, os.W_OK):
+                self.fail(
+                    _("{name} {filename!r} is not writable.").format(
+                        name=self.name.title(), filename=format_filename(value)
+                    ),
+                    param,
+                    ctx,
+                )
+
+            if self.executable and not os.access(value, os.X_OK):
+                self.fail(
+                    _("{name} {filename!r} is not executable.").format(
+                        name=self.name.title(), filename=format_filename(value)
+                    ),
+                    param,
+                    ctx,
+                )
+
+        return self.coerce_path_result(rv)
+
+    def shell_complete(
+        self, ctx: Context, param: Parameter, incomplete: str
+    ) -> list[CompletionItem]:
+        """Return a special completion marker that tells the completion
+        system to use the shell to provide path completions for only
+        directories or any paths.
+
+        :param ctx: Invocation context for this command.
+        :param param: The parameter that is requesting completion.
+        :param incomplete: Value being completed. May be empty.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        """
+        from click.shell_completion import CompletionItem
+
+        type = "dir" if self.dir_okay and not self.file_okay else "file"
+        return [CompletionItem(incomplete, type=type)]
+
+
+class Tuple(CompositeParamType):
+    """The default behavior of Click is to apply a type on a value directly.
+    This works well in most cases, except for when `nargs` is set to a fixed
+    count and different types should be used for different items.  In this
+    case the :class:`Tuple` type can be used.  This type can only be used
+    if `nargs` is set to a fixed number.
+
+    For more information see :ref:`tuple-type`.
+
+    This can be selected by using a Python tuple literal as a type.
+
+    :param types: a list of types that should be used for the tuple items.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, types: cabc.Sequence[type[t.Any] | ParamType]) -> None:
+        self.types: cabc.Sequence[ParamType] = [convert_type(ty) for ty in types]
+
+    def to_info_dict(self) -> dict[str, t.Any]:
+        info_dict = super().to_info_dict()
+        info_dict["types"] = [t.to_info_dict() for t in self.types]
+        return info_dict
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:  # type: ignore
+        return f"<{' '.join(ty.name for ty in self.types)}>"
+
+    @property
+    def arity(self) -> int:  # type: ignore
+        return len(self.types)
+
+    def convert(
+        self, value: t.Any, param: Parameter | None, ctx: Context | None
+    ) -> t.Any:
+        len_type = len(self.types)
+        len_value = len(value)
+
+        if len_value != len_type:
+            self.fail(
+                ngettext(
+                    "{len_type} values are required, but {len_value} was given.",
+                    "{len_type} values are required, but {len_value} were given.",
+                    len_value,
+                ).format(len_type=len_type, len_value=len_value),
+                param=param,
+                ctx=ctx,
+            )
+
+        return tuple(
+            ty(x, param, ctx) for ty, x in zip(self.types, value, strict=False)
+        )
+
+
+def convert_type(ty: t.Any | None, default: t.Any | None = None) -> ParamType:
+    """Find the most appropriate :class:`ParamType` for the given Python
+    type. If the type isn't provided, it can be inferred from a default
+    value.
+    """
+    guessed_type = False
+
+    if ty is None and default is not None:
+        if isinstance(default, (tuple, list)):
+            # If the default is empty, ty will remain None and will
+            # return STRING.
+            if default:
+                item = default[0]
+
+                # A tuple of tuples needs to detect the inner types.
+                # Can't call convert recursively because that would
+                # incorrectly unwind the tuple to a single type.
+                if isinstance(item, (tuple, list)):
+                    ty = tuple(map(type, item))
+                else:
+                    ty = type(item)
+        else:
+            ty = type(default)
+
+        guessed_type = True
+
+    if isinstance(ty, tuple):
+        return Tuple(ty)
+
+    if isinstance(ty, ParamType):
+        return ty
+
+    if ty is str or ty is None:
+        return STRING
+
+    if ty is int:
+        return INT
+
+    if ty is float:
+        return FLOAT
+
+    if ty is bool:
+        return BOOL
+
+    if guessed_type:
+        return STRING
+
+    if __debug__:
+        try:
+            if issubclass(ty, ParamType):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    f"Attempted to use an uninstantiated parameter type ({ty})."
+                )
+        except TypeError:
+            # ty is an instance (correct), so issubclass fails.
+            pass
+
+    return FuncParamType(ty)
+
+
+#: A dummy parameter type that just does nothing.  From a user's
+#: perspective this appears to just be the same as `STRING` but
+#: internally no string conversion takes place if the input was bytes.
+#: This is usually useful when working with file paths as they can
+#: appear in bytes and unicode.
+#:
+#: For path related uses the :class:`Path` type is a better choice but
+#: there are situations where an unprocessed type is useful which is why
+#: it is is provided.
+#:
+#: .. versionadded:: 4.0
+UNPROCESSED = UnprocessedParamType()
+
+#: A unicode string parameter type which is the implicit default.  This
+#: can also be selected by using ``str`` as type.
+STRING = StringParamType()
+
+#: An integer parameter.  This can also be selected by using ``int`` as
+#: type.
+INT = IntParamType()
+
+#: A floating point value parameter.  This can also be selected by using
+#: ``float`` as type.
+FLOAT = FloatParamType()
+
+#: A boolean parameter.  This is the default for boolean flags.  This can
+#: also be selected by using ``bool`` as a type.
+BOOL = BoolParamType()
+
+#: A UUID parameter.
+UUID = UUIDParameterType()
+
+
+class OptionHelpExtra(t.TypedDict, total=False):
+    envvars: tuple[str, ...]
+    default: str
+    range: str
+    required: str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab2fe588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/click/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as cabc
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from functools import update_wrapper
+from types import ModuleType
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from ._compat import _default_text_stderr
+from ._compat import _default_text_stdout
+from ._compat import _find_binary_writer
+from ._compat import auto_wrap_for_ansi
+from ._compat import binary_streams
+from ._compat import open_stream
+from ._compat import should_strip_ansi
+from ._compat import strip_ansi
+from ._compat import text_streams
+from ._compat import WIN
+from .globals import resolve_color_default
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import typing_extensions as te
+
+    P = te.ParamSpec("P")
+
+R = t.TypeVar("R")
+
+
+def _posixify(name: str) -> str:
+    return "-".join(name.split()).lower()
+
+
+def safecall(func: t.Callable[P, R]) -> t.Callable[P, R | None]:
+    """Wraps a function so that it swallows exceptions."""
+
+    def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R | None:
+        try:
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        return None
+
+    return update_wrapper(wrapper, func)
+
+
+def make_str(value: t.Any) -> str:
+    """Converts a value into a valid string."""
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        try:
+            return value.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        except UnicodeError:
+            return value.decode("utf-8", "replace")
+    return str(value)
+
+
+def make_default_short_help(help: str, max_length: int = 45) -> str:
+    """Returns a condensed version of help string."""
+    # Consider only the first paragraph.
+    paragraph_end = help.find("\n\n")
+
+    if paragraph_end != -1:
+        help = help[:paragraph_end]
+
+    # Collapse newlines, tabs, and spaces.
+    words = help.split()
+
+    if not words:
+        return ""
+
+    # The first paragraph started with a "no rewrap" marker, ignore it.
+    if words[0] == "\b":
+        words = words[1:]
+
+    total_length = 0
+    last_index = len(words) - 1
+
+    for i, word in enumerate(words):
+        total_length += len(word) + (i > 0)
+
+        if total_length > max_length:  # too long, truncate
+            break
+
+        if word[-1] == ".":  # sentence end, truncate without "..."
+            return " ".join(words[: i + 1])
+
+        if total_length == max_length and i != last_index:
+            break  # not at sentence end, truncate with "..."
+    else:
+        return " ".join(words)  # no truncation needed
+
+    # Account for the length of the suffix.
+    total_length += len("...")
+
+    # remove words until the length is short enough
+    while i > 0:
+        total_length -= len(words[i]) + (i > 0)
+
+        if total_length <= max_length:
+            break
+
+        i -= 1
+
+    return " ".join(words[:i]) + "..."
+
+
+class LazyFile:
+    """A lazy file works like a regular file but it does not fully open
+    the file but it does perform some basic checks early to see if the
+    filename parameter does make sense.  This is useful for safely opening
+    files for writing.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        filename: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        mode: str = "r",
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        errors: str | None = "strict",
+        atomic: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.name: str = os.fspath(filename)
+        self.mode = mode
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.errors = errors
+        self.atomic = atomic
+        self._f: t.IO[t.Any] | None
+        self.should_close: bool
+
+        if self.name == "-":
+            self._f, self.should_close = open_stream(filename, mode, encoding, errors)
+        else:
+            if "r" in mode:
+                # Open and close the file in case we're opening it for
+                # reading so that we can catch at least some errors in
+                # some cases early.
+                open(filename, mode).close()
+            self._f = None
+            self.should_close = True
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
+        return getattr(self.open(), name)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self._f is not None:
+            return repr(self._f)
+        return f"<unopened file '{format_filename(self.name)}' {self.mode}>"
+
+    def open(self) -> t.IO[t.Any]:
+        """Opens the file if it's not yet open.  This call might fail with
+        a :exc:`FileError`.  Not handling this error will produce an error
+        that Click shows.
+        """
+        if self._f is not None:
+            return self._f
+        try:
+            rv, self.should_close = open_stream(
+                self.name, self.mode, self.encoding, self.errors, atomic=self.atomic
+            )
+        except OSError as e:
+            from .exceptions import FileError
+
+            raise FileError(self.name, hint=e.strerror) from e
+        self._f = rv
+        return rv
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Closes the underlying file, no matter what."""
+        if self._f is not None:
+            self._f.close()
+
+    def close_intelligently(self) -> None:
+        """This function only closes the file if it was opened by the lazy
+        file wrapper.  For instance this will never close stdin.
+        """
+        if self.should_close:
+            self.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> LazyFile:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close_intelligently()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> cabc.Iterator[t.AnyStr]:
+        self.open()
+        return iter(self._f)  # type: ignore
+
+
+class KeepOpenFile:
+    def __init__(self, file: t.IO[t.Any]) -> None:
+        self._file: t.IO[t.Any] = file
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> t.Any:
+        return getattr(self._file, name)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> KeepOpenFile:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self._file)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> cabc.Iterator[t.AnyStr]:
+        return iter(self._file)
+
+
+def echo(
+    message: t.Any | None = None,
+    file: t.IO[t.Any] | None = None,
+    nl: bool = True,
+    err: bool = False,
+    color: bool | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Print a message and newline to stdout or a file. This should be
+    used instead of :func:`print` because it provides better support
+    for different data, files, and environments.
+
+    Compared to :func:`print`, this does the following:
+
+    -   Ensures that the output encoding is not misconfigured on Linux.
+    -   Supports Unicode in the Windows console.
+    -   Supports writing to binary outputs, and supports writing bytes
+        to text outputs.
+    -   Supports colors and styles on Windows.
+    -   Removes ANSI color and style codes if the output does not look
+        like an interactive terminal.
+    -   Always flushes the output.
+
+    :param message: The string or bytes to output. Other objects are
+        converted to strings.
+    :param file: The file to write to. Defaults to ``stdout``.
+    :param err: Write to ``stderr`` instead of ``stdout``.
+    :param nl: Print a newline after the message. Enabled by default.
+    :param color: Force showing or hiding colors and other styles. By
+        default Click will remove color if the output does not look like
+        an interactive terminal.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 6.0
+        Support Unicode output on the Windows console. Click does not
+        modify ``sys.stdout``, so ``sys.stdout.write()`` and ``print()``
+        will still not support Unicode.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 4.0
+        Added the ``color`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+        Added the ``err`` parameter.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+        Support colors on Windows if colorama is installed.
+    """
+    if file is None:
+        if err:
+            file = _default_text_stderr()
+        else:
+            file = _default_text_stdout()
+
+        # There are no standard streams attached to write to. For example,
+        # pythonw on Windows.
+        if file is None:
+            return
+
+    # Convert non bytes/text into the native string type.
+    if message is not None and not isinstance(message, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+        out: str | bytes | None = str(message)
+    else:
+        out = message
+
+    if nl:
+        out = out or ""
+        if isinstance(out, str):
+            out += "\n"
+        else:
+            out += b"\n"
+
+    if not out:
+        file.flush()
+        return
+
+    # If there is a message and the value looks like bytes, we manually
+    # need to find the binary stream and write the message in there.
+    # This is done separately so that most stream types will work as you
+    # would expect. Eg: you can write to StringIO for other cases.
+    if isinstance(out, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        binary_file = _find_binary_writer(file)
+
+        if binary_file is not None:
+            file.flush()
+            binary_file.write(out)
+            binary_file.flush()
+            return
+
+    # ANSI style code support. For no message or bytes, nothing happens.
+    # When outputting to a file instead of a terminal, strip codes.
+    else:
+        color = resolve_color_default(color)
+
+        if should_strip_ansi(file, color):
+            out = strip_ansi(out)
+        elif WIN:
+            if auto_wrap_for_ansi is not None:
+                file = auto_wrap_for_ansi(file, color)  # type: ignore
+            elif not color:
+                out = strip_ansi(out)
+
+    file.write(out)  # type: ignore
+    file.flush()
+
+
+def get_binary_stream(name: t.Literal["stdin", "stdout", "stderr"]) -> t.BinaryIO:
+    """Returns a system stream for byte processing.
+
+    :param name: the name of the stream to open.  Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
+                 ``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
+    """
+    opener = binary_streams.get(name)
+    if opener is None:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unknown standard stream '{name}'")
+    return opener()
+
+
+def get_text_stream(
+    name: t.Literal["stdin", "stdout", "stderr"],
+    encoding: str | None = None,
+    errors: str | None = "strict",
+) -> t.TextIO:
+    """Returns a system stream for text processing.  This usually returns
+    a wrapped stream around a binary stream returned from
+    :func:`get_binary_stream` but it also can take shortcuts for already
+    correctly configured streams.
+
+    :param name: the name of the stream to open.  Valid names are ``'stdin'``,
+                 ``'stdout'`` and ``'stderr'``
+    :param encoding: overrides the detected default encoding.
+    :param errors: overrides the default error mode.
+    """
+    opener = text_streams.get(name)
+    if opener is None:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unknown standard stream '{name}'")
+    return opener(encoding, errors)
+
+
+def open_file(
+    filename: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    mode: str = "r",
+    encoding: str | None = None,
+    errors: str | None = "strict",
+    lazy: bool = False,
+    atomic: bool = False,
+) -> t.IO[t.Any]:
+    """Open a file, with extra behavior to handle ``'-'`` to indicate
+    a standard stream, lazy open on write, and atomic write. Similar to
+    the behavior of the :class:`~click.File` param type.
+
+    If ``'-'`` is given to open ``stdout`` or ``stdin``, the stream is
+    wrapped so that using it in a context manager will not close it.
+    This makes it possible to use the function without accidentally
+    closing a standard stream:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        with open_file(filename) as f:
+            ...
+
+    :param filename: The name or Path of the file to open, or ``'-'`` for
+        ``stdin``/``stdout``.
+    :param mode: The mode in which to open the file.
+    :param encoding: The encoding to decode or encode a file opened in
+        text mode.
+    :param errors: The error handling mode.
+    :param lazy: Wait to open the file until it is accessed. For read
+        mode, the file is temporarily opened to raise access errors
+        early, then closed until it is read again.
+    :param atomic: Write to a temporary file and replace the given file
+        on close.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 3.0
+    """
+    if lazy:
+        return t.cast(
+            "t.IO[t.Any]", LazyFile(filename, mode, encoding, errors, atomic=atomic)
+        )
+
+    f, should_close = open_stream(filename, mode, encoding, errors, atomic=atomic)
+
+    if not should_close:
+        f = t.cast("t.IO[t.Any]", KeepOpenFile(f))
+
+    return f
+
+
+def format_filename(
+    filename: str | bytes | os.PathLike[str] | os.PathLike[bytes],
+    shorten: bool = False,
+) -> str:
+    """Format a filename as a string for display. Ensures the filename can be
+    displayed by replacing any invalid bytes or surrogate escapes in the name
+    with the replacement character ``�``.
+
+    Invalid bytes or surrogate escapes will raise an error when written to a
+    stream with ``errors="strict"``. This will typically happen with ``stdout``
+    when the locale is something like ``en_GB.UTF-8``.
+
+    Many scenarios *are* safe to write surrogates though, due to PEP 538 and
+    PEP 540, including:
+
+    -   Writing to ``stderr``, which uses ``errors="backslashreplace"``.
+    -   The system has ``LANG=C.UTF-8``, ``C``, or ``POSIX``. Python opens
+        stdout and stderr with ``errors="surrogateescape"``.
+    -   None of ``LANG/LC_*`` are set. Python assumes ``LANG=C.UTF-8``.
+    -   Python is started in UTF-8 mode  with  ``PYTHONUTF8=1`` or ``-X utf8``.
+        Python opens stdout and stderr with ``errors="surrogateescape"``.
+
+    :param filename: formats a filename for UI display.  This will also convert
+                     the filename into unicode without failing.
+    :param shorten: this optionally shortens the filename to strip of the
+                    path that leads up to it.
+    """
+    if shorten:
+        filename = os.path.basename(filename)
+    else:
+        filename = os.fspath(filename)
+
+    if isinstance(filename, bytes):
+        filename = filename.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding(), "replace")
+    else:
+        filename = filename.encode("utf-8", "surrogateescape").decode(
+            "utf-8", "replace"
+        )
+
+    return filename
+
+
+def get_app_dir(app_name: str, roaming: bool = True, force_posix: bool = False) -> str:
+    r"""Returns the config folder for the application.  The default behavior
+    is to return whatever is most appropriate for the operating system.
+
+    To give you an idea, for an app called ``"Foo Bar"``, something like
+    the following folders could be returned:
+
+    Mac OS X:
+      ``~/Library/Application Support/Foo Bar``
+    Mac OS X (POSIX):
+      ``~/.foo-bar``
+    Unix:
+      ``~/.config/foo-bar``
+    Unix (POSIX):
+      ``~/.foo-bar``
+    Windows (roaming):
+      ``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Roaming\Foo Bar``
+    Windows (not roaming):
+      ``C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Foo Bar``
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :param app_name: the application name.  This should be properly capitalized
+                     and can contain whitespace.
+    :param roaming: controls if the folder should be roaming or not on Windows.
+                    Has no effect otherwise.
+    :param force_posix: if this is set to `True` then on any POSIX system the
+                        folder will be stored in the home folder with a leading
+                        dot instead of the XDG config home or darwin's
+                        application support folder.
+    """
+    if WIN:
+        key = "APPDATA" if roaming else "LOCALAPPDATA"
+        folder = os.environ.get(key)
+        if folder is None:
+            folder = os.path.expanduser("~")
+        return os.path.join(folder, app_name)
+    if force_posix:
+        return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser(f"~/.{_posixify(app_name)}"))
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return os.path.join(
+            os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Application Support"), app_name
+        )
+    return os.path.join(
+        os.environ.get("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", os.path.expanduser("~/.config")),
+        _posixify(app_name),
+    )
+
+
+class PacifyFlushWrapper:
+    """This wrapper is used to catch and suppress BrokenPipeErrors resulting
+    from ``.flush()`` being called on broken pipe during the shutdown/final-GC
+    of the Python interpreter. Notably ``.flush()`` is always called on
+    ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr``. So as to have minimal impact on any
+    other cleanup code, and the case where the underlying file is not a broken
+    pipe, all calls and attributes are proxied.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped: t.IO[t.Any]) -> None:
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+        except OSError as e:
+            import errno
+
+            if e.errno != errno.EPIPE:
+                raise
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> t.Any:
+        return getattr(self.wrapped, attr)
+
+
+def _detect_program_name(
+    path: str | None = None, _main: ModuleType | None = None
+) -> str:
+    """Determine the command used to run the program, for use in help
+    text. If a file or entry point was executed, the file name is
+    returned. If ``python -m`` was used to execute a module or package,
+    ``python -m name`` is returned.
+
+    This doesn't try to be too precise, the goal is to give a concise
+    name for help text. Files are only shown as their name without the
+    path. ``python`` is only shown for modules, and the full path to
+    ``sys.executable`` is not shown.
+
+    :param path: The Python file being executed. Python puts this in
+        ``sys.argv[0]``, which is used by default.
+    :param _main: The ``__main__`` module. This should only be passed
+        during internal testing.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.0
+        Based on command args detection in the Werkzeug reloader.
+
+    :meta private:
+    """
+    if _main is None:
+        _main = sys.modules["__main__"]
+
+    if not path:
+        path = sys.argv[0]
+
+    # The value of __package__ indicates how Python was called. It may
+    # not exist if a setuptools script is installed as an egg. It may be
+    # set incorrectly for entry points created with pip on Windows.
+    # It is set to "" inside a Shiv or PEX zipapp.
+    if getattr(_main, "__package__", None) in {None, ""} or (
+        os.name == "nt"
+        and _main.__package__ == ""
+        and not os.path.exists(path)
+        and os.path.exists(f"{path}.exe")
+    ):
+        # Executed a file, like "python app.py".
+        return os.path.basename(path)
+
+    # Executed a module, like "python -m example".
+    # Rewritten by Python from "-m script" to "/path/to/script.py".
+    # Need to look at main module to determine how it was executed.
+    py_module = t.cast(str, _main.__package__)
+    name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(path))[0]
+
+    # A submodule like "example.cli".
+    if name != "__main__":
+        py_module = f"{py_module}.{name}"
+
+    return f"python -m {py_module.lstrip('.')}"
+
+
+def _expand_args(
+    args: cabc.Iterable[str],
+    *,
+    user: bool = True,
+    env: bool = True,
+    glob_recursive: bool = True,
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Simulate Unix shell expansion with Python functions.
+
+    See :func:`glob.glob`, :func:`os.path.expanduser`, and
+    :func:`os.path.expandvars`.
+
+    This is intended for use on Windows, where the shell does not do any
+    expansion. It may not exactly match what a Unix shell would do.
+
+    :param args: List of command line arguments to expand.
+    :param user: Expand user home directory.
+    :param env: Expand environment variables.
+    :param glob_recursive: ``**`` matches directories recursively.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 8.1
+        Invalid glob patterns are treated as empty expansions rather
+        than raising an error.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 8.0
+
+    :meta private:
+    """
+    from glob import glob
+
+    out = []
+
+    for arg in args:
+        if user:
+            arg = os.path.expanduser(arg)
+
+        if env:
+            arg = os.path.expandvars(arg)
+
+        try:
+            matches = glob(arg, recursive=glob_recursive)
+        except re.error:
+            matches = []
+
+        if not matches:
+            out.append(arg)
+        else:
+            out.extend(matches)
+
+    return out
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b5c575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: colorama
+Version: 0.4.6
+Summary: Cross-platform colored terminal text.
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/tartley/colorama
+Author-email: Jonathan Hartley <tartley@tartley.com>
+License-File: LICENSE.txt
+Keywords: ansi,color,colour,crossplatform,terminal,text,windows,xplatform
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Terminals
+Requires-Python: !=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*,!=3.4.*,!=3.5.*,!=3.6.*,>=2.7
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/colorama.svg
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/colorama/
+    :alt: Latest Version
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/colorama.svg
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/colorama/
+    :alt: Supported Python versions
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/tartley/colorama/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg
+    :target: https://github.com/tartley/colorama/actions/workflows/test.yml
+    :alt: Build Status
+
+Colorama
+========
+
+Makes ANSI escape character sequences (for producing colored terminal text and
+cursor positioning) work under MS Windows.
+
+.. |donate| image:: https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/btn/btn_donate_SM.gif
+  :target: https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&business=2MZ9D2GMLYCUJ&item_name=Colorama&currency_code=USD
+  :alt: Donate with Paypal
+
+`PyPI for releases <https://pypi.org/project/colorama/>`_ |
+`Github for source <https://github.com/tartley/colorama>`_ |
+`Colorama for enterprise on Tidelift <https://github.com/tartley/colorama/blob/master/ENTERPRISE.md>`_
+
+If you find Colorama useful, please |donate| to the authors. Thank you!
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+Tested on CPython 2.7, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 and 3.10 and Pypy 2.7 and 3.8.
+
+No requirements other than the standard library.
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    pip install colorama
+    # or
+    conda install -c anaconda colorama
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+ANSI escape character sequences have long been used to produce colored terminal
+text and cursor positioning on Unix and Macs. Colorama makes this work on
+Windows, too, by wrapping ``stdout``, stripping ANSI sequences it finds (which
+would appear as gobbledygook in the output), and converting them into the
+appropriate win32 calls to modify the state of the terminal. On other platforms,
+Colorama does nothing.
+
+This has the upshot of providing a simple cross-platform API for printing
+colored terminal text from Python, and has the happy side-effect that existing
+applications or libraries which use ANSI sequences to produce colored output on
+Linux or Macs can now also work on Windows, simply by calling
+``colorama.just_fix_windows_console()`` (since v0.4.6) or ``colorama.init()``
+(all versions, but may have other side-effects – see below).
+
+An alternative approach is to install ``ansi.sys`` on Windows machines, which
+provides the same behaviour for all applications running in terminals. Colorama
+is intended for situations where that isn't easy (e.g., maybe your app doesn't
+have an installer.)
+
+Demo scripts in the source code repository print some colored text using
+ANSI sequences. Compare their output under Gnome-terminal's built in ANSI
+handling, versus on Windows Command-Prompt using Colorama:
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/tartley/colorama/raw/master/screenshots/ubuntu-demo.png
+    :width: 661
+    :height: 357
+    :alt: ANSI sequences on Ubuntu under gnome-terminal.
+
+.. image:: https://github.com/tartley/colorama/raw/master/screenshots/windows-demo.png
+    :width: 668
+    :height: 325
+    :alt: Same ANSI sequences on Windows, using Colorama.
+
+These screenshots show that, on Windows, Colorama does not support ANSI 'dim
+text'; it looks the same as 'normal text'.
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+Initialisation
+..............
+
+If the only thing you want from Colorama is to get ANSI escapes to work on
+Windows, then run:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from colorama import just_fix_windows_console
+    just_fix_windows_console()
+
+If you're on a recent version of Windows 10 or better, and your stdout/stderr
+are pointing to a Windows console, then this will flip the magic configuration
+switch to enable Windows' built-in ANSI support.
+
+If you're on an older version of Windows, and your stdout/stderr are pointing to
+a Windows console, then this will wrap ``sys.stdout`` and/or ``sys.stderr`` in a
+magic file object that intercepts ANSI escape sequences and issues the
+appropriate Win32 calls to emulate them.
+
+In all other circumstances, it does nothing whatsoever. Basically the idea is
+that this makes Windows act like Unix with respect to ANSI escape handling.
+
+It's safe to call this function multiple times. It's safe to call this function
+on non-Windows platforms, but it won't do anything. It's safe to call this
+function when one or both of your stdout/stderr are redirected to a file – it
+won't do anything to those streams.
+
+Alternatively, you can use the older interface with more features (but also more
+potential footguns):
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from colorama import init
+    init()
+
+This does the same thing as ``just_fix_windows_console``, except for the
+following differences:
+
+- It's not safe to call ``init`` multiple times; you can end up with multiple
+  layers of wrapping and broken ANSI support.
+
+- Colorama will apply a heuristic to guess whether stdout/stderr support ANSI,
+  and if it thinks they don't, then it will wrap ``sys.stdout`` and
+  ``sys.stderr`` in a magic file object that strips out ANSI escape sequences
+  before printing them. This happens on all platforms, and can be convenient if
+  you want to write your code to emit ANSI escape sequences unconditionally, and
+  let Colorama decide whether they should actually be output. But note that
+  Colorama's heuristic is not particularly clever.
+
+- ``init`` also accepts explicit keyword args to enable/disable various
+  functionality – see below.
+
+To stop using Colorama before your program exits, simply call ``deinit()``.
+This will restore ``stdout`` and ``stderr`` to their original values, so that
+Colorama is disabled. To resume using Colorama again, call ``reinit()``; it is
+cheaper than calling ``init()`` again (but does the same thing).
+
+Most users should depend on ``colorama >= 0.4.6``, and use
+``just_fix_windows_console``. The old ``init`` interface will be supported
+indefinitely for backwards compatibility, but we don't plan to fix any issues
+with it, also for backwards compatibility.
+
+Colored Output
+..............
+
+Cross-platform printing of colored text can then be done using Colorama's
+constant shorthand for ANSI escape sequences. These are deliberately
+rudimentary, see below.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from colorama import Fore, Back, Style
+    print(Fore.RED + 'some red text')
+    print(Back.GREEN + 'and with a green background')
+    print(Style.DIM + 'and in dim text')
+    print(Style.RESET_ALL)
+    print('back to normal now')
+
+...or simply by manually printing ANSI sequences from your own code:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    print('\033[31m' + 'some red text')
+    print('\033[39m') # and reset to default color
+
+...or, Colorama can be used in conjunction with existing ANSI libraries
+such as the venerable `Termcolor <https://pypi.org/project/termcolor/>`_
+the fabulous `Blessings <https://pypi.org/project/blessings/>`_,
+or the incredible `_Rich <https://pypi.org/project/rich/>`_.
+
+If you wish Colorama's Fore, Back and Style constants were more capable,
+then consider using one of the above highly capable libraries to generate
+colors, etc, and use Colorama just for its primary purpose: to convert
+those ANSI sequences to also work on Windows:
+
+SIMILARLY, do not send PRs adding the generation of new ANSI types to Colorama.
+We are only interested in converting ANSI codes to win32 API calls, not
+shortcuts like the above to generate ANSI characters.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from colorama import just_fix_windows_console
+    from termcolor import colored
+
+    # use Colorama to make Termcolor work on Windows too
+    just_fix_windows_console()
+
+    # then use Termcolor for all colored text output
+    print(colored('Hello, World!', 'green', 'on_red'))
+
+Available formatting constants are::
+
+    Fore: BLACK, RED, GREEN, YELLOW, BLUE, MAGENTA, CYAN, WHITE, RESET.
+    Back: BLACK, RED, GREEN, YELLOW, BLUE, MAGENTA, CYAN, WHITE, RESET.
+    Style: DIM, NORMAL, BRIGHT, RESET_ALL
+
+``Style.RESET_ALL`` resets foreground, background, and brightness. Colorama will
+perform this reset automatically on program exit.
+
+These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard::
+
+    Fore: LIGHTBLACK_EX, LIGHTRED_EX, LIGHTGREEN_EX, LIGHTYELLOW_EX, LIGHTBLUE_EX, LIGHTMAGENTA_EX, LIGHTCYAN_EX, LIGHTWHITE_EX
+    Back: LIGHTBLACK_EX, LIGHTRED_EX, LIGHTGREEN_EX, LIGHTYELLOW_EX, LIGHTBLUE_EX, LIGHTMAGENTA_EX, LIGHTCYAN_EX, LIGHTWHITE_EX
+
+Cursor Positioning
+..................
+
+ANSI codes to reposition the cursor are supported. See ``demos/demo06.py`` for
+an example of how to generate them.
+
+Init Keyword Args
+.................
+
+``init()`` accepts some ``**kwargs`` to override default behaviour.
+
+init(autoreset=False):
+    If you find yourself repeatedly sending reset sequences to turn off color
+    changes at the end of every print, then ``init(autoreset=True)`` will
+    automate that:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from colorama import init
+        init(autoreset=True)
+        print(Fore.RED + 'some red text')
+        print('automatically back to default color again')
+
+init(strip=None):
+    Pass ``True`` or ``False`` to override whether ANSI codes should be
+    stripped from the output. The default behaviour is to strip if on Windows
+    or if output is redirected (not a tty).
+
+init(convert=None):
+    Pass ``True`` or ``False`` to override whether to convert ANSI codes in the
+    output into win32 calls. The default behaviour is to convert if on Windows
+    and output is to a tty (terminal).
+
+init(wrap=True):
+    On Windows, Colorama works by replacing ``sys.stdout`` and ``sys.stderr``
+    with proxy objects, which override the ``.write()`` method to do their work.
+    If this wrapping causes you problems, then this can be disabled by passing
+    ``init(wrap=False)``. The default behaviour is to wrap if ``autoreset`` or
+    ``strip`` or ``convert`` are True.
+
+    When wrapping is disabled, colored printing on non-Windows platforms will
+    continue to work as normal. To do cross-platform colored output, you can
+    use Colorama's ``AnsiToWin32`` proxy directly:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import sys
+        from colorama import init, AnsiToWin32
+        init(wrap=False)
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(sys.stderr).stream
+
+        # Python 2
+        print >>stream, Fore.BLUE + 'blue text on stderr'
+
+        # Python 3
+        print(Fore.BLUE + 'blue text on stderr', file=stream)
+
+Recognised ANSI Sequences
+.........................
+
+ANSI sequences generally take the form::
+
+    ESC [ <param> ; <param> ... <command>
+
+Where ``<param>`` is an integer, and ``<command>`` is a single letter. Zero or
+more params are passed to a ``<command>``. If no params are passed, it is
+generally synonymous with passing a single zero. No spaces exist in the
+sequence; they have been inserted here simply to read more easily.
+
+The only ANSI sequences that Colorama converts into win32 calls are::
+
+    ESC [ 0 m       # reset all (colors and brightness)
+    ESC [ 1 m       # bright
+    ESC [ 2 m       # dim (looks same as normal brightness)
+    ESC [ 22 m      # normal brightness
+
+    # FOREGROUND:
+    ESC [ 30 m      # black
+    ESC [ 31 m      # red
+    ESC [ 32 m      # green
+    ESC [ 33 m      # yellow
+    ESC [ 34 m      # blue
+    ESC [ 35 m      # magenta
+    ESC [ 36 m      # cyan
+    ESC [ 37 m      # white
+    ESC [ 39 m      # reset
+
+    # BACKGROUND
+    ESC [ 40 m      # black
+    ESC [ 41 m      # red
+    ESC [ 42 m      # green
+    ESC [ 43 m      # yellow
+    ESC [ 44 m      # blue
+    ESC [ 45 m      # magenta
+    ESC [ 46 m      # cyan
+    ESC [ 47 m      # white
+    ESC [ 49 m      # reset
+
+    # cursor positioning
+    ESC [ y;x H     # position cursor at x across, y down
+    ESC [ y;x f     # position cursor at x across, y down
+    ESC [ n A       # move cursor n lines up
+    ESC [ n B       # move cursor n lines down
+    ESC [ n C       # move cursor n characters forward
+    ESC [ n D       # move cursor n characters backward
+
+    # clear the screen
+    ESC [ mode J    # clear the screen
+
+    # clear the line
+    ESC [ mode K    # clear the line
+
+Multiple numeric params to the ``'m'`` command can be combined into a single
+sequence::
+
+    ESC [ 36 ; 45 ; 1 m     # bright cyan text on magenta background
+
+All other ANSI sequences of the form ``ESC [ <param> ; <param> ... <command>``
+are silently stripped from the output on Windows.
+
+Any other form of ANSI sequence, such as single-character codes or alternative
+initial characters, are not recognised or stripped. It would be cool to add
+them though. Let me know if it would be useful for you, via the Issues on
+GitHub.
+
+Status & Known Problems
+-----------------------
+
+I've personally only tested it on Windows XP (CMD, Console2), Ubuntu
+(gnome-terminal, xterm), and OS X.
+
+Some valid ANSI sequences aren't recognised.
+
+If you're hacking on the code, see `README-hacking.md`_. ESPECIALLY, see the
+explanation there of why we do not want PRs that allow Colorama to generate new
+types of ANSI codes.
+
+See outstanding issues and wish-list:
+https://github.com/tartley/colorama/issues
+
+If anything doesn't work for you, or doesn't do what you expected or hoped for,
+I'd love to hear about it on that issues list, would be delighted by patches,
+and would be happy to grant commit access to anyone who submits a working patch
+or two.
+
+.. _README-hacking.md: README-hacking.md
+
+License
+-------
+
+Copyright Jonathan Hartley & Arnon Yaari, 2013-2020. BSD 3-Clause license; see
+LICENSE file.
+
+Professional support
+--------------------
+
+.. |tideliftlogo| image:: https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/4008838/website/logos/logos_for_download/Tidelift_primary-shorthand-logo.png
+   :alt: Tidelift
+   :target: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-colorama?utm_source=pypi-colorama&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=readme
+
+.. list-table::
+   :widths: 10 100
+
+   * - |tideliftlogo|
+     - Professional support for colorama is available as part of the
+       `Tidelift Subscription`_.
+       Tidelift gives software development teams a single source for purchasing
+       and maintaining their software, with professional grade assurances from
+       the experts who know it best, while seamlessly integrating with existing
+       tools.
+
+.. _Tidelift Subscription: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-colorama?utm_source=pypi-colorama&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=readme
+
+Thanks
+------
+
+See the CHANGELOG for more thanks!
+
+* Marc Schlaich (schlamar) for a ``setup.py`` fix for Python2.5.
+* Marc Abramowitz, reported & fixed a crash on exit with closed ``stdout``,
+  providing a solution to issue #7's setuptools/distutils debate,
+  and other fixes.
+* User 'eryksun', for guidance on correctly instantiating ``ctypes.windll``.
+* Matthew McCormick for politely pointing out a longstanding crash on non-Win.
+* Ben Hoyt, for a magnificent fix under 64-bit Windows.
+* Jesse at Empty Square for submitting a fix for examples in the README.
+* User 'jamessp', an observant documentation fix for cursor positioning.
+* User 'vaal1239', Dave Mckee & Lackner Kristof for a tiny but much-needed Win7
+  fix.
+* Julien Stuyck, for wisely suggesting Python3 compatible updates to README.
+* Daniel Griffith for multiple fabulous patches.
+* Oscar Lesta for a valuable fix to stop ANSI chars being sent to non-tty
+  output.
+* Roger Binns, for many suggestions, valuable feedback, & bug reports.
+* Tim Golden for thought and much appreciated feedback on the initial idea.
+* User 'Zearin' for updates to the README file.
+* John Szakmeister for adding support for light colors
+* Charles Merriam for adding documentation to demos
+* Jurko for a fix on 64-bit Windows CPython2.5 w/o ctypes
+* Florian Bruhin for a fix when stdout or stderr are None
+* Thomas Weininger for fixing ValueError on Windows
+* Remi Rampin for better Github integration and fixes to the README file
+* Simeon Visser for closing a file handle using 'with' and updating classifiers
+  to include Python 3.3 and 3.4
+* Andy Neff for fixing RESET of LIGHT_EX colors.
+* Jonathan Hartley for the initial idea and implementation.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd6b130d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=e67SnrUMOym9sz_4TjF3vxvAV4T3aF7NyqRHHH3YEMw,17158
+colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/RECORD,,
+colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=cdcF4Fbd0FPtw2EMIOwH-3rSOTUdTCeOSXRMD1iLUb8,105
+colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt,sha256=ysNcAmhuXQSlpxQL-zs25zrtSWZW6JEQLkKIhteTAxg,1491
+colorama/__init__.py,sha256=wePQA4U20tKgYARySLEC047ucNX-g8pRLpYBuiHlLb8,266
+colorama/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/__pycache__/ansi.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/__pycache__/ansitowin32.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/__pycache__/initialise.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/__pycache__/win32.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/__pycache__/winterm.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/ansi.py,sha256=Top4EeEuaQdBWdteKMEcGOTeKeF19Q-Wo_6_Cj5kOzQ,2522
+colorama/ansitowin32.py,sha256=vPNYa3OZbxjbuFyaVo0Tmhmy1FZ1lKMWCnT7odXpItk,11128
+colorama/initialise.py,sha256=-hIny86ClXo39ixh5iSCfUIa2f_h_bgKRDW7gqs-KLU,3325
+colorama/tests/__init__.py,sha256=MkgPAEzGQd-Rq0w0PZXSX2LadRWhUECcisJY8lSrm4Q,75
+colorama/tests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/tests/__pycache__/ansi_test.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/tests/__pycache__/ansitowin32_test.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/tests/__pycache__/initialise_test.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/tests/__pycache__/isatty_test.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/tests/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/tests/__pycache__/winterm_test.cpython-312.pyc,,
+colorama/tests/ansi_test.py,sha256=FeViDrUINIZcr505PAxvU4AjXz1asEiALs9GXMhwRaE,2839
+colorama/tests/ansitowin32_test.py,sha256=RN7AIhMJ5EqDsYaCjVo-o4u8JzDD4ukJbmevWKS70rY,10678
+colorama/tests/initialise_test.py,sha256=BbPy-XfyHwJ6zKozuQOvNvQZzsx9vdb_0bYXn7hsBTc,6741
+colorama/tests/isatty_test.py,sha256=Pg26LRpv0yQDB5Ac-sxgVXG7hsA1NYvapFgApZfYzZg,1866
+colorama/tests/utils.py,sha256=1IIRylG39z5-dzq09R_ngufxyPZxgldNbrxKxUGwGKE,1079
+colorama/tests/winterm_test.py,sha256=qoWFPEjym5gm2RuMwpf3pOis3a5r_PJZFCzK254JL8A,3709
+colorama/win32.py,sha256=YQOKwMTwtGBbsY4dL5HYTvwTeP9wIQra5MvPNddpxZs,6181
+colorama/winterm.py,sha256=XCQFDHjPi6AHYNdZwy0tA02H-Jh48Jp-HvCjeLeLp3U,7134
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d79189fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.11.1
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3105888e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama-0.4.6.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2010 Jonathan Hartley
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holders, nor those of its contributors
+  may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+  specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..383101cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from .initialise import init, deinit, reinit, colorama_text, just_fix_windows_console
+from .ansi import Fore, Back, Style, Cursor
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+__version__ = '0.4.6'
+
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/__pycache__/winterm.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/__pycache__/winterm.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/ansi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/ansi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11ec695f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/ansi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+'''
+This module generates ANSI character codes to printing colors to terminals.
+See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+'''
+
+CSI = '\033['
+OSC = '\033]'
+BEL = '\a'
+
+
+def code_to_chars(code):
+    return CSI + str(code) + 'm'
+
+def set_title(title):
+    return OSC + '2;' + title + BEL
+
+def clear_screen(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'J'
+
+def clear_line(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'K'
+
+
+class AnsiCodes(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        # the subclasses declare class attributes which are numbers.
+        # Upon instantiation we define instance attributes, which are the same
+        # as the class attributes but wrapped with the ANSI escape sequence
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if not name.startswith('_'):
+                value = getattr(self, name)
+                setattr(self, name, code_to_chars(value))
+
+
+class AnsiCursor(object):
+    def UP(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'A'
+    def DOWN(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'B'
+    def FORWARD(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'C'
+    def BACK(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'D'
+    def POS(self, x=1, y=1):
+        return CSI + str(y) + ';' + str(x) + 'H'
+
+
+class AnsiFore(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 30
+    RED             = 31
+    GREEN           = 32
+    YELLOW          = 33
+    BLUE            = 34
+    MAGENTA         = 35
+    CYAN            = 36
+    WHITE           = 37
+    RESET           = 39
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 90
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 91
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 92
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 93
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 94
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 95
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 96
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 97
+
+
+class AnsiBack(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 40
+    RED             = 41
+    GREEN           = 42
+    YELLOW          = 43
+    BLUE            = 44
+    MAGENTA         = 45
+    CYAN            = 46
+    WHITE           = 47
+    RESET           = 49
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 100
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 101
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 102
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 103
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 104
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 105
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 106
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 107
+
+
+class AnsiStyle(AnsiCodes):
+    BRIGHT    = 1
+    DIM       = 2
+    NORMAL    = 22
+    RESET_ALL = 0
+
+Fore   = AnsiFore()
+Back   = AnsiBack()
+Style  = AnsiStyle()
+Cursor = AnsiCursor()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/ansitowin32.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/ansitowin32.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abf209e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/ansitowin32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import re
+import sys
+import os
+
+from .ansi import AnsiFore, AnsiBack, AnsiStyle, Style, BEL
+from .winterm import enable_vt_processing, WinTerm, WinColor, WinStyle
+from .win32 import windll, winapi_test
+
+
+winterm = None
+if windll is not None:
+    winterm = WinTerm()
+
+
+class StreamWrapper(object):
+    '''
+    Wraps a stream (such as stdout), acting as a transparent proxy for all
+    attribute access apart from method 'write()', which is delegated to our
+    Converter instance.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, converter):
+        # double-underscore everything to prevent clashes with names of
+        # attributes on the wrapped stream object.
+        self.__wrapped = wrapped
+        self.__convertor = converter
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__wrapped, name)
+
+    def __enter__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # special method lookup bypasses __getattr__/__getattribute__, see
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12632894/why-doesnt-getattr-work-with-exit
+        # thus, contextlib magic methods are not proxied via __getattr__
+        return self.__wrapped.__enter__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.__wrapped.__exit__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__ = state
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return self.__dict__
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        self.__convertor.write(text)
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        stream = self.__wrapped
+        if 'PYCHARM_HOSTED' in os.environ:
+            if stream is not None and (stream is sys.__stdout__ or stream is sys.__stderr__):
+                return True
+        try:
+            stream_isatty = stream.isatty
+        except AttributeError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return stream_isatty()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        stream = self.__wrapped
+        try:
+            return stream.closed
+        # AttributeError in the case that the stream doesn't support being closed
+        # ValueError for the case that the stream has already been detached when atexit runs
+        except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+            return True
+
+
+class AnsiToWin32(object):
+    '''
+    Implements a 'write()' method which, on Windows, will strip ANSI character
+    sequences from the text, and if outputting to a tty, will convert them into
+    win32 function calls.
+    '''
+    ANSI_CSI_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\\[((?:\\d|;)*)([a-zA-Z])\002?')   # Control Sequence Introducer
+    ANSI_OSC_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\\]([^\a]*)(\a)\002?')             # Operating System Command
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False):
+        # The wrapped stream (normally sys.stdout or sys.stderr)
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+
+        # should we reset colors to defaults after every .write()
+        self.autoreset = autoreset
+
+        # create the proxy wrapping our output stream
+        self.stream = StreamWrapper(wrapped, self)
+
+        on_windows = os.name == 'nt'
+        # We test if the WinAPI works, because even if we are on Windows
+        # we may be using a terminal that doesn't support the WinAPI
+        # (e.g. Cygwin Terminal). In this case it's up to the terminal
+        # to support the ANSI codes.
+        conversion_supported = on_windows and winapi_test()
+        try:
+            fd = wrapped.fileno()
+        except Exception:
+            fd = -1
+        system_has_native_ansi = not on_windows or enable_vt_processing(fd)
+        have_tty = not self.stream.closed and self.stream.isatty()
+        need_conversion = conversion_supported and not system_has_native_ansi
+
+        # should we strip ANSI sequences from our output?
+        if strip is None:
+            strip = need_conversion or not have_tty
+        self.strip = strip
+
+        # should we should convert ANSI sequences into win32 calls?
+        if convert is None:
+            convert = need_conversion and have_tty
+        self.convert = convert
+
+        # dict of ansi codes to win32 functions and parameters
+        self.win32_calls = self.get_win32_calls()
+
+        # are we wrapping stderr?
+        self.on_stderr = self.wrapped is sys.stderr
+
+    def should_wrap(self):
+        '''
+        True if this class is actually needed. If false, then the output
+        stream will not be affected, nor will win32 calls be issued, so
+        wrapping stdout is not actually required. This will generally be
+        False on non-Windows platforms, unless optional functionality like
+        autoreset has been requested using kwargs to init()
+        '''
+        return self.convert or self.strip or self.autoreset
+
+    def get_win32_calls(self):
+        if self.convert and winterm:
+            return {
+                AnsiStyle.RESET_ALL: (winterm.reset_all, ),
+                AnsiStyle.BRIGHT: (winterm.style, WinStyle.BRIGHT),
+                AnsiStyle.DIM: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiStyle.NORMAL: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiFore.BLACK: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiFore.RED: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiFore.GREEN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiFore.YELLOW: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiFore.BLUE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiFore.MAGENTA: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiFore.CYAN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiFore.WHITE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiFore.RESET: (winterm.fore, ),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY, True),
+                AnsiBack.BLACK: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiBack.RED: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiBack.GREEN: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiBack.YELLOW: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiBack.BLUE: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiBack.MAGENTA: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiBack.CYAN: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiBack.WHITE: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiBack.RESET: (winterm.back, ),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY, True),
+            }
+        return dict()
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        if self.strip or self.convert:
+            self.write_and_convert(text)
+        else:
+            self.wrapped.write(text)
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+        if self.autoreset:
+            self.reset_all()
+
+
+    def reset_all(self):
+        if self.convert:
+            self.call_win32('m', (0,))
+        elif not self.strip and not self.stream.closed:
+            self.wrapped.write(Style.RESET_ALL)
+
+
+    def write_and_convert(self, text):
+        '''
+        Write the given text to our wrapped stream, stripping any ANSI
+        sequences from the text, and optionally converting them into win32
+        calls.
+        '''
+        cursor = 0
+        text = self.convert_osc(text)
+        for match in self.ANSI_CSI_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, start)
+            self.convert_ansi(*match.groups())
+            cursor = end
+        self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, len(text))
+
+
+    def write_plain_text(self, text, start, end):
+        if start < end:
+            self.wrapped.write(text[start:end])
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+
+
+    def convert_ansi(self, paramstring, command):
+        if self.convert:
+            params = self.extract_params(command, paramstring)
+            self.call_win32(command, params)
+
+
+    def extract_params(self, command, paramstring):
+        if command in 'Hf':
+            params = tuple(int(p) if len(p) != 0 else 1 for p in paramstring.split(';'))
+            while len(params) < 2:
+                # defaults:
+                params = params + (1,)
+        else:
+            params = tuple(int(p) for p in paramstring.split(';') if len(p) != 0)
+            if len(params) == 0:
+                # defaults:
+                if command in 'JKm':
+                    params = (0,)
+                elif command in 'ABCD':
+                    params = (1,)
+
+        return params
+
+
+    def call_win32(self, command, params):
+        if command == 'm':
+            for param in params:
+                if param in self.win32_calls:
+                    func_args = self.win32_calls[param]
+                    func = func_args[0]
+                    args = func_args[1:]
+                    kwargs = dict(on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+                    func(*args, **kwargs)
+        elif command in 'J':
+            winterm.erase_screen(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'K':
+            winterm.erase_line(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'Hf':     # cursor position - absolute
+            winterm.set_cursor_position(params, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'ABCD':   # cursor position - relative
+            n = params[0]
+            # A - up, B - down, C - forward, D - back
+            x, y = {'A': (0, -n), 'B': (0, n), 'C': (n, 0), 'D': (-n, 0)}[command]
+            winterm.cursor_adjust(x, y, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+
+
+    def convert_osc(self, text):
+        for match in self.ANSI_OSC_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            text = text[:start] + text[end:]
+            paramstring, command = match.groups()
+            if command == BEL:
+                if paramstring.count(";") == 1:
+                    params = paramstring.split(";")
+                    # 0 - change title and icon (we will only change title)
+                    # 1 - change icon (we don't support this)
+                    # 2 - change title
+                    if params[0] in '02':
+                        winterm.set_title(params[1])
+        return text
+
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self.wrapped.flush()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/initialise.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/initialise.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5fd4b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/initialise.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import atexit
+import contextlib
+import sys
+
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+
+def _wipe_internal_state_for_tests():
+    global orig_stdout, orig_stderr
+    orig_stdout = None
+    orig_stderr = None
+
+    global wrapped_stdout, wrapped_stderr
+    wrapped_stdout = None
+    wrapped_stderr = None
+
+    global atexit_done
+    atexit_done = False
+
+    global fixed_windows_console
+    fixed_windows_console = False
+
+    try:
+        # no-op if it wasn't registered
+        atexit.unregister(reset_all)
+    except AttributeError:
+        # python 2: no atexit.unregister. Oh well, we did our best.
+        pass
+
+
+def reset_all():
+    if AnsiToWin32 is not None:    # Issue #74: objects might become None at exit
+        AnsiToWin32(orig_stdout).reset_all()
+
+
+def init(autoreset=False, convert=None, strip=None, wrap=True):
+
+    if not wrap and any([autoreset, convert, strip]):
+        raise ValueError('wrap=False conflicts with any other arg=True')
+
+    global wrapped_stdout, wrapped_stderr
+    global orig_stdout, orig_stderr
+
+    orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+    orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+
+    if sys.stdout is None:
+        wrapped_stdout = None
+    else:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stdout, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+    if sys.stderr is None:
+        wrapped_stderr = None
+    else:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stderr, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+
+    global atexit_done
+    if not atexit_done:
+        atexit.register(reset_all)
+        atexit_done = True
+
+
+def deinit():
+    if orig_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+    if orig_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+
+def just_fix_windows_console():
+    global fixed_windows_console
+
+    if sys.platform != "win32":
+        return
+    if fixed_windows_console:
+        return
+    if wrapped_stdout is not None or wrapped_stderr is not None:
+        # Someone already ran init() and it did stuff, so we won't second-guess them
+        return
+
+    # On newer versions of Windows, AnsiToWin32.__init__ will implicitly enable the
+    # native ANSI support in the console as a side-effect. We only need to actually
+    # replace sys.stdout/stderr if we're in the old-style conversion mode.
+    new_stdout = AnsiToWin32(sys.stdout, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False)
+    if new_stdout.convert:
+        sys.stdout = new_stdout
+    new_stderr = AnsiToWin32(sys.stderr, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False)
+    if new_stderr.convert:
+        sys.stderr = new_stderr
+
+    fixed_windows_console = True
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def colorama_text(*args, **kwargs):
+    init(*args, **kwargs)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        deinit()
+
+
+def reinit():
+    if wrapped_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout
+    if wrapped_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr
+
+
+def wrap_stream(stream, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap):
+    if wrap:
+        wrapper = AnsiToWin32(stream,
+            convert=convert, strip=strip, autoreset=autoreset)
+        if wrapper.should_wrap():
+            stream = wrapper.stream
+    return stream
+
+
+# Use this for initial setup as well, to reduce code duplication
+_wipe_internal_state_for_tests()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c5661e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/__pycache__/winterm_test.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/__pycache__/winterm_test.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/ansi_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/ansi_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a20c80f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/ansi_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main
+
+from ..ansi import Back, Fore, Style
+from ..ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+stdout_orig = sys.stdout
+stderr_orig = sys.stderr
+
+
+class AnsiTest(TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # sanity check: stdout should be a file or StringIO object.
+        # It will only be AnsiToWin32 if init() has previously wrapped it
+        self.assertNotEqual(type(sys.stdout), AnsiToWin32)
+        self.assertNotEqual(type(sys.stderr), AnsiToWin32)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        sys.stdout = stdout_orig
+        sys.stderr = stderr_orig
+
+
+    def testForeAttributes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.BLACK, '\033[30m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.RED, '\033[31m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.GREEN, '\033[32m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.YELLOW, '\033[33m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.BLUE, '\033[34m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.MAGENTA, '\033[35m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.CYAN, '\033[36m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.WHITE, '\033[37m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.RESET, '\033[39m')
+
+        # Check the light, extended versions.
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTBLACK_EX, '\033[90m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTRED_EX, '\033[91m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX, '\033[92m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX, '\033[93m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX, '\033[94m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX, '\033[95m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX, '\033[96m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX, '\033[97m')
+
+
+    def testBackAttributes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Back.BLACK, '\033[40m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.RED, '\033[41m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.GREEN, '\033[42m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.YELLOW, '\033[43m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.BLUE, '\033[44m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.MAGENTA, '\033[45m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.CYAN, '\033[46m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.WHITE, '\033[47m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.RESET, '\033[49m')
+
+        # Check the light, extended versions.
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTBLACK_EX, '\033[100m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTRED_EX, '\033[101m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTGREEN_EX, '\033[102m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTYELLOW_EX, '\033[103m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTBLUE_EX, '\033[104m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX, '\033[105m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTCYAN_EX, '\033[106m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTWHITE_EX, '\033[107m')
+
+
+    def testStyleAttributes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Style.DIM, '\033[2m')
+        self.assertEqual(Style.NORMAL, '\033[22m')
+        self.assertEqual(Style.BRIGHT, '\033[1m')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/ansitowin32_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/ansitowin32_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91ca551f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/ansitowin32_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from io import StringIO, TextIOWrapper
+from unittest import TestCase, main
+try:
+    from contextlib import ExitStack
+except ImportError:
+    # python 2
+    from contextlib2 import ExitStack
+
+try:
+    from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
+except ImportError:
+    from mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
+
+from ..ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32, StreamWrapper
+from ..win32 import ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING
+from .utils import osname
+
+
+class StreamWrapperTest(TestCase):
+
+    def testIsAProxy(self):
+        mockStream = Mock()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(mockStream, None)
+        self.assertTrue( wrapper.random_attr is mockStream.random_attr )
+
+    def testDelegatesWrite(self):
+        mockStream = Mock()
+        mockConverter = Mock()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(mockStream, mockConverter)
+        wrapper.write('hello')
+        self.assertTrue(mockConverter.write.call_args, (('hello',), {}))
+
+    def testDelegatesContext(self):
+        mockConverter = Mock()
+        s = StringIO()
+        with StreamWrapper(s, mockConverter) as fp:
+            fp.write(u'hello')
+        self.assertTrue(s.closed)
+
+    def testProxyNoContextManager(self):
+        mockStream = MagicMock()
+        mockStream.__enter__.side_effect = AttributeError()
+        mockConverter = Mock()
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
+            with StreamWrapper(mockStream, mockConverter) as wrapper:
+                wrapper.write('hello')
+
+    def test_closed_shouldnt_raise_on_closed_stream(self):
+        stream = StringIO()
+        stream.close()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(stream, None)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapper.closed, True)
+
+    def test_closed_shouldnt_raise_on_detached_stream(self):
+        stream = TextIOWrapper(StringIO())
+        stream.detach()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(stream, None)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapper.closed, True)
+
+class AnsiToWin32Test(TestCase):
+
+    def testInit(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        auto = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout, autoreset=auto)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.wrapped, mockStdout)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.autoreset, auto)
+
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winterm', None)
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test', lambda *_: True)
+    def testStripIsTrueOnWindows(self):
+        with osname('nt'):
+            mockStdout = Mock()
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.strip)
+
+    def testStripIsFalseOffWindows(self):
+        with osname('posix'):
+            mockStdout = Mock(closed=False)
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.strip)
+
+    def testWriteStripsAnsi(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+        stream.wrapped = Mock()
+        stream.write_and_convert = Mock()
+        stream.strip = True
+
+        stream.write('abc')
+
+        self.assertFalse(stream.wrapped.write.called)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.write_and_convert.call_args, (('abc',), {}))
+
+    def testWriteDoesNotStripAnsi(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+        stream.wrapped = Mock()
+        stream.write_and_convert = Mock()
+        stream.strip = False
+        stream.convert = False
+
+        stream.write('abc')
+
+        self.assertFalse(stream.write_and_convert.called)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.wrapped.write.call_args, (('abc',), {}))
+
+    def assert_autoresets(self, convert, autoreset=True):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.convert = convert
+        stream.reset_all = Mock()
+        stream.autoreset = autoreset
+        stream.winterm = Mock()
+
+        stream.write('abc')
+
+        self.assertEqual(stream.reset_all.called, autoreset)
+
+    def testWriteAutoresets(self):
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=True)
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=False)
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=True, autoreset=False)
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=False, autoreset=False)
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertWritesPlainText(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.write_and_convert( 'abc' )
+        self.assertEqual( stream.wrapped.write.call_args, (('abc',), {}) )
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertStripsAllValidAnsi(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.call_win32 = Mock()
+        data = [
+            'abc\033[mdef',
+            'abc\033[0mdef',
+            'abc\033[2mdef',
+            'abc\033[02mdef',
+            'abc\033[002mdef',
+            'abc\033[40mdef',
+            'abc\033[040mdef',
+            'abc\033[0;1mdef',
+            'abc\033[40;50mdef',
+            'abc\033[50;30;40mdef',
+            'abc\033[Adef',
+            'abc\033[0Gdef',
+            'abc\033[1;20;128Hdef',
+        ]
+        for datum in data:
+            stream.wrapped.write.reset_mock()
+            stream.write_and_convert( datum )
+            self.assertEqual(
+               [args[0] for args in stream.wrapped.write.call_args_list],
+               [ ('abc',), ('def',) ]
+            )
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertSkipsEmptySnippets(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.call_win32 = Mock()
+        stream.write_and_convert( '\033[40m\033[41m' )
+        self.assertFalse( stream.wrapped.write.called )
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertCallsWin32WithParamsAndCommand(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.convert = True
+        stream.call_win32 = Mock()
+        stream.extract_params = Mock(return_value='params')
+        data = {
+            'abc\033[adef':         ('a', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[;;bdef':       ('b', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[0cdef':        ('c', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[;;0;;Gdef':    ('G', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[1;20;128Hdef': ('H', 'params'),
+        }
+        for datum, expected in data.items():
+            stream.call_win32.reset_mock()
+            stream.write_and_convert( datum )
+            self.assertEqual( stream.call_win32.call_args[0], expected )
+
+    def test_reset_all_shouldnt_raise_on_closed_orig_stdout(self):
+        stream = StringIO()
+        converter = AnsiToWin32(stream)
+        stream.close()
+
+        converter.reset_all()
+
+    def test_wrap_shouldnt_raise_on_closed_orig_stdout(self):
+        stream = StringIO()
+        stream.close()
+        with \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.os.name", "nt"), \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True):
+                converter = AnsiToWin32(stream)
+        self.assertTrue(converter.strip)
+        self.assertFalse(converter.convert)
+
+    def test_wrap_shouldnt_raise_on_missing_closed_attr(self):
+        with \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.os.name", "nt"), \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True):
+                converter = AnsiToWin32(object())
+        self.assertTrue(converter.strip)
+        self.assertFalse(converter.convert)
+
+    def testExtractParams(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        data = {
+            '':               (0,),
+            ';;':             (0,),
+            '2':              (2,),
+            ';;002;;':        (2,),
+            '0;1':            (0, 1),
+            ';;003;;456;;':   (3, 456),
+            '11;22;33;44;55': (11, 22, 33, 44, 55),
+        }
+        for datum, expected in data.items():
+            self.assertEqual(stream.extract_params('m', datum), expected)
+
+    def testCallWin32UsesLookup(self):
+        listener = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(listener)
+        stream.win32_calls = {
+            1: (lambda *_, **__: listener(11),),
+            2: (lambda *_, **__: listener(22),),
+            3: (lambda *_, **__: listener(33),),
+        }
+        stream.call_win32('m', (3, 1, 99, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [a[0][0] for a in listener.call_args_list],
+            [33, 11, 22] )
+
+    def test_osc_codes(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout, convert=True)
+        with patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winterm') as winterm:
+            data = [
+                '\033]0\x07',                      # missing arguments
+                '\033]0;foo\x08',                  # wrong OSC command
+                '\033]0;colorama_test_title\x07',  # should work
+                '\033]1;colorama_test_title\x07',  # wrong set command
+                '\033]2;colorama_test_title\x07',  # should work
+                '\033]' + ';' * 64 + '\x08',       # see issue #247
+            ]
+            for code in data:
+                stream.write(code)
+            self.assertEqual(winterm.set_title.call_count, 2)
+
+    def test_native_windows_ansi(self):
+        with ExitStack() as stack:
+            def p(a, b):
+                stack.enter_context(patch(a, b, create=True))
+            # Pretend to be on Windows
+            p("colorama.ansitowin32.os.name", "nt")
+            p("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True)
+            p("colorama.win32.winapi_test", lambda: True)
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.windll", "non-None")
+            p("colorama.winterm.get_osfhandle", lambda _: 1234)
+
+            # Pretend that our mock stream has native ANSI support
+            p(
+                "colorama.winterm.win32.GetConsoleMode",
+                lambda _: ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING,
+            )
+            SetConsoleMode = Mock()
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.SetConsoleMode", SetConsoleMode)
+
+            stdout = Mock()
+            stdout.closed = False
+            stdout.isatty.return_value = True
+            stdout.fileno.return_value = 1
+
+            # Our fake console says it has native vt support, so AnsiToWin32 should
+            # enable that support and do nothing else.
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(stdout)
+            SetConsoleMode.assert_called_with(1234, ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.strip)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.convert)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.should_wrap())
+
+            # Now let's pretend we're on an old Windows console, that doesn't have
+            # native ANSI support.
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.GetConsoleMode", lambda _: 0)
+            SetConsoleMode = Mock()
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.SetConsoleMode", SetConsoleMode)
+
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(stdout)
+            SetConsoleMode.assert_called_with(1234, ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.strip)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.convert)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.should_wrap())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/initialise_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/initialise_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89f9b075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/initialise_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main, skipUnless
+
+try:
+    from unittest.mock import patch, Mock
+except ImportError:
+    from mock import patch, Mock
+
+from ..ansitowin32 import StreamWrapper
+from ..initialise import init, just_fix_windows_console, _wipe_internal_state_for_tests
+from .utils import osname, replace_by
+
+orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+
+
+class InitTest(TestCase):
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.stdout.isatty(), "sys.stdout is not a tty")
+    def setUp(self):
+        # sanity check
+        self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        _wipe_internal_state_for_tests()
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+    def assertWrapped(self):
+        self.assertIsNot(sys.stdout, orig_stdout, 'stdout should be wrapped')
+        self.assertIsNot(sys.stderr, orig_stderr, 'stderr should be wrapped')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(sys.stdout, StreamWrapper),
+            'bad stdout wrapper')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(sys.stderr, StreamWrapper),
+            'bad stderr wrapper')
+
+    def assertNotWrapped(self):
+        self.assertIs(sys.stdout, orig_stdout, 'stdout should not be wrapped')
+        self.assertIs(sys.stderr, orig_stderr, 'stderr should not be wrapped')
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.reset_all')
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test', lambda *_: True)
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.enable_vt_processing', lambda *_: False)
+    def testInitWrapsOnWindows(self, _):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init()
+            self.assertWrapped()
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.reset_all')
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test', lambda *_: False)
+    def testInitDoesntWrapOnEmulatedWindows(self, _):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init()
+            self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def testInitDoesntWrapOnNonWindows(self):
+        with osname("posix"):
+            init()
+            self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def testInitDoesntWrapIfNone(self):
+        with replace_by(None):
+            init()
+            # We can't use assertNotWrapped here because replace_by(None)
+            # changes stdout/stderr already.
+            self.assertIsNone(sys.stdout)
+            self.assertIsNone(sys.stderr)
+
+    def testInitAutoresetOnWrapsOnAllPlatforms(self):
+        with osname("posix"):
+            init(autoreset=True)
+            self.assertWrapped()
+
+    def testInitWrapOffDoesntWrapOnWindows(self):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init(wrap=False)
+            self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def testInitWrapOffIncompatibleWithAutoresetOn(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: init(autoreset=True, wrap=False))
+
+    @patch('colorama.win32.SetConsoleTextAttribute')
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.AnsiToWin32')
+    def testAutoResetPassedOn(self, mockATW32, _):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init(autoreset=True)
+            self.assertEqual(len(mockATW32.call_args_list), 2)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[1][1]['autoreset'], True)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[0][1]['autoreset'], True)
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.AnsiToWin32')
+    def testAutoResetChangeable(self, mockATW32):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init()
+
+            init(autoreset=True)
+            self.assertEqual(len(mockATW32.call_args_list), 4)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[2][1]['autoreset'], True)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[3][1]['autoreset'], True)
+
+            init()
+            self.assertEqual(len(mockATW32.call_args_list), 6)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mockATW32.call_args_list[4][1]['autoreset'], False)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mockATW32.call_args_list[5][1]['autoreset'], False)
+
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.atexit.register')
+    def testAtexitRegisteredOnlyOnce(self, mockRegister):
+        init()
+        self.assertTrue(mockRegister.called)
+        mockRegister.reset_mock()
+        init()
+        self.assertFalse(mockRegister.called)
+
+
+class JustFixWindowsConsoleTest(TestCase):
+    def _reset(self):
+        _wipe_internal_state_for_tests()
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._reset()
+
+    @patch("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True)
+    def testJustFixWindowsConsole(self):
+        if sys.platform != "win32":
+            # just_fix_windows_console should be a no-op
+            just_fix_windows_console()
+            self.assertIs(sys.stdout, orig_stdout)
+            self.assertIs(sys.stderr, orig_stderr)
+        else:
+            def fake_std():
+                # Emulate stdout=not a tty, stderr=tty
+                # to check that we handle both cases correctly
+                stdout = Mock()
+                stdout.closed = False
+                stdout.isatty.return_value = False
+                stdout.fileno.return_value = 1
+                sys.stdout = stdout
+
+                stderr = Mock()
+                stderr.closed = False
+                stderr.isatty.return_value = True
+                stderr.fileno.return_value = 2
+                sys.stderr = stderr
+
+            for native_ansi in [False, True]:
+                with patch(
+                    'colorama.ansitowin32.enable_vt_processing',
+                    lambda *_: native_ansi
+                ):
+                    self._reset()
+                    fake_std()
+
+                    # Regular single-call test
+                    prev_stdout = sys.stdout
+                    prev_stderr = sys.stderr
+                    just_fix_windows_console()
+                    self.assertIs(sys.stdout, prev_stdout)
+                    if native_ansi:
+                        self.assertIs(sys.stderr, prev_stderr)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertIsNot(sys.stderr, prev_stderr)
+
+                    # second call without resetting is always a no-op
+                    prev_stdout = sys.stdout
+                    prev_stderr = sys.stderr
+                    just_fix_windows_console()
+                    self.assertIs(sys.stdout, prev_stdout)
+                    self.assertIs(sys.stderr, prev_stderr)
+
+                    self._reset()
+                    fake_std()
+
+                    # If init() runs first, just_fix_windows_console should be a no-op
+                    init()
+                    prev_stdout = sys.stdout
+                    prev_stderr = sys.stderr
+                    just_fix_windows_console()
+                    self.assertIs(prev_stdout, sys.stdout)
+                    self.assertIs(prev_stderr, sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/isatty_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/isatty_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f84e4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/isatty_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main
+
+from ..ansitowin32 import StreamWrapper, AnsiToWin32
+from .utils import pycharm, replace_by, replace_original_by, StreamTTY, StreamNonTTY
+
+
+def is_a_tty(stream):
+    return StreamWrapper(stream, None).isatty()
+
+class IsattyTest(TestCase):
+
+    def test_TTY(self):
+        tty = StreamTTY()
+        self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(tty))
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(tty))
+
+    def test_nonTTY(self):
+        non_tty = StreamNonTTY()
+        self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(non_tty))
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(non_tty))
+
+    def test_withPycharm(self):
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(sys.stderr))
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(sys.stdout))
+
+    def test_withPycharmTTYOverride(self):
+        tty = StreamTTY()
+        with pycharm(), replace_by(tty):
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(tty))
+
+    def test_withPycharmNonTTYOverride(self):
+        non_tty = StreamNonTTY()
+        with pycharm(), replace_by(non_tty):
+            self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(non_tty))
+
+    def test_withPycharmNoneOverride(self):
+        with pycharm():
+            with replace_by(None), replace_original_by(None):
+                self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(None))
+                self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(StreamNonTTY()))
+                self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(StreamTTY()))
+
+    def test_withPycharmStreamWrapped(self):
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertTrue(AnsiToWin32(StreamTTY()).stream.isatty())
+            self.assertFalse(AnsiToWin32(StreamNonTTY()).stream.isatty())
+            self.assertTrue(AnsiToWin32(sys.stdout).stream.isatty())
+            self.assertTrue(AnsiToWin32(sys.stderr).stream.isatty())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..472fafb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from io import StringIO
+import sys
+import os
+
+
+class StreamTTY(StringIO):
+    def isatty(self):
+        return True
+
+class StreamNonTTY(StringIO):
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+@contextmanager
+def osname(name):
+    orig = os.name
+    os.name = name
+    yield
+    os.name = orig
+
+@contextmanager
+def replace_by(stream):
+    orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+    orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+    sys.stdout = stream
+    sys.stderr = stream
+    yield
+    sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+    sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+@contextmanager
+def replace_original_by(stream):
+    orig_stdout = sys.__stdout__
+    orig_stderr = sys.__stderr__
+    sys.__stdout__ = stream
+    sys.__stderr__ = stream
+    yield
+    sys.__stdout__ = orig_stdout
+    sys.__stderr__ = orig_stderr
+
+@contextmanager
+def pycharm():
+    os.environ["PYCHARM_HOSTED"] = "1"
+    non_tty = StreamNonTTY()
+    with replace_by(non_tty), replace_original_by(non_tty):
+        yield
+    del os.environ["PYCHARM_HOSTED"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/winterm_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/winterm_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0955f9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/tests/winterm_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main, skipUnless
+
+try:
+    from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+except ImportError:
+    from mock import Mock, patch
+
+from ..winterm import WinColor, WinStyle, WinTerm
+
+
+class WinTermTest(TestCase):
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testInit(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 7 + 6 * 16 + 8
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+        self.assertEqual(term._fore, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(term._back, 6)
+        self.assertEqual(term._style, 8)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testGetAttrs(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+
+        term._fore = 0
+        term._back = 0
+        term._style = 0
+        self.assertEqual(term.get_attrs(), 0)
+
+        term._fore = WinColor.YELLOW
+        self.assertEqual(term.get_attrs(), WinColor.YELLOW)
+
+        term._back = WinColor.MAGENTA
+        self.assertEqual(
+            term.get_attrs(),
+            WinColor.YELLOW + WinColor.MAGENTA * 16)
+
+        term._style = WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        self.assertEqual(
+            term.get_attrs(),
+            WinColor.YELLOW + WinColor.MAGENTA * 16 + WinStyle.BRIGHT)
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testResetAll(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 1 + 2 * 16 + 8
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._fore = -1
+        term._back = -1
+        term._style = -1
+
+        term.reset_all()
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._fore, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(term._back, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(term._style, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testFore(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._fore = 0
+
+        term.fore(5)
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._fore, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testBack(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._back = 0
+
+        term.back(5)
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._back, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testStyle(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._style = 0
+
+        term.style(22)
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._style, 22)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testSetConsole(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 0
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.windll = Mock()
+
+        term.set_console()
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mockWin32.SetConsoleTextAttribute.call_args,
+            ((mockWin32.STDOUT, term.get_attrs()), {})
+        )
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testSetConsoleOnStderr(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 0
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.windll = Mock()
+
+        term.set_console(on_stderr=True)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mockWin32.SetConsoleTextAttribute.call_args,
+            ((mockWin32.STDERR, term.get_attrs()), {})
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/win32.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/win32.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..841b0e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/win32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+
+# from winbase.h
+STDOUT = -11
+STDERR = -12
+
+ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 0x0004
+
+try:
+    import ctypes
+    from ctypes import LibraryLoader
+    windll = LibraryLoader(ctypes.WinDLL)
+    from ctypes import wintypes
+except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+    windll = None
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute = lambda *_: None
+    winapi_test = lambda *_: None
+else:
+    from ctypes import byref, Structure, c_char, POINTER
+
+    COORD = wintypes._COORD
+
+    class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
+        """struct in wincon.h."""
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("dwSize", COORD),
+            ("dwCursorPosition", COORD),
+            ("wAttributes", wintypes.WORD),
+            ("srWindow", wintypes.SMALL_RECT),
+            ("dwMaximumWindowSize", COORD),
+        ]
+        def __str__(self):
+            return '(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)' % (
+                self.dwSize.Y, self.dwSize.X
+                , self.dwCursorPosition.Y, self.dwCursorPosition.X
+                , self.wAttributes
+                , self.srWindow.Top, self.srWindow.Left, self.srWindow.Bottom, self.srWindow.Right
+                , self.dwMaximumWindowSize.Y, self.dwMaximumWindowSize.X
+            )
+
+    _GetStdHandle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle
+    _GetStdHandle.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+    ]
+    _GetStdHandle.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        POINTER(CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO),
+    ]
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTextAttribute
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorPosition
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        COORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputCharacterA
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        c_char,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTitleW = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleW
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.LPCWSTR
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _GetConsoleMode = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleMode
+    _GetConsoleMode.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD)
+    ]
+    _GetConsoleMode.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleMode = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleMode
+    _SetConsoleMode.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.DWORD
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleMode.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    def _winapi_test(handle):
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return bool(success)
+
+    def winapi_test():
+        return any(_winapi_test(h) for h in
+                   (_GetStdHandle(STDOUT), _GetStdHandle(STDERR)))
+
+    def GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(stream_id=STDOUT):
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return csbi
+
+    def SetConsoleTextAttribute(stream_id, attrs):
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        return _SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def SetConsoleCursorPosition(stream_id, position, adjust=True):
+        position = COORD(*position)
+        # If the position is out of range, do nothing.
+        if position.Y <= 0 or position.X <= 0:
+            return
+        # Adjust for Windows' SetConsoleCursorPosition:
+        #    1. being 0-based, while ANSI is 1-based.
+        #    2. expecting (x,y), while ANSI uses (y,x).
+        adjusted_position = COORD(position.Y - 1, position.X - 1)
+        if adjust:
+            # Adjust for viewport's scroll position
+            sr = GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(STDOUT).srWindow
+            adjusted_position.Y += sr.Top
+            adjusted_position.X += sr.Left
+        # Resume normal processing
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        return _SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position)
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputCharacter(stream_id, char, length, start):
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        char = c_char(char.encode())
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        success = _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA(
+            handle, char, length, start, byref(num_written))
+        return num_written.value
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputAttribute(stream_id, attr, length, start):
+        ''' FillConsoleOutputAttribute( hConsole, csbi.wAttributes, dwConSize, coordScreen, &cCharsWritten )'''
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        attribute = wintypes.WORD(attr)
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        return _FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+            handle, attribute, length, start, byref(num_written))
+
+    def SetConsoleTitle(title):
+        return _SetConsoleTitleW(title)
+
+    def GetConsoleMode(handle):
+        mode = wintypes.DWORD()
+        success = _GetConsoleMode(handle, byref(mode))
+        if not success:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
+        return mode.value
+
+    def SetConsoleMode(handle, mode):
+        success = _SetConsoleMode(handle, mode)
+        if not success:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/winterm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/winterm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aad867e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/colorama/winterm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+try:
+    from msvcrt import get_osfhandle
+except ImportError:
+    def get_osfhandle(_):
+        raise OSError("This isn't windows!")
+
+
+from . import win32
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinColor(object):
+    BLACK   = 0
+    BLUE    = 1
+    GREEN   = 2
+    CYAN    = 3
+    RED     = 4
+    MAGENTA = 5
+    YELLOW  = 6
+    GREY    = 7
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinStyle(object):
+    NORMAL              = 0x00 # dim text, dim background
+    BRIGHT              = 0x08 # bright text, dim background
+    BRIGHT_BACKGROUND   = 0x80 # dim text, bright background
+
+class WinTerm(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._default = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(win32.STDOUT).wAttributes
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self._default_fore = self._fore
+        self._default_back = self._back
+        self._default_style = self._style
+        # In order to emulate LIGHT_EX in windows, we borrow the BRIGHT style.
+        # So that LIGHT_EX colors and BRIGHT style do not clobber each other,
+        # we track them separately, since LIGHT_EX is overwritten by Fore/Back
+        # and BRIGHT is overwritten by Style codes.
+        self._light = 0
+
+    def get_attrs(self):
+        return self._fore + self._back * 16 + (self._style | self._light)
+
+    def set_attrs(self, value):
+        self._fore = value & 7
+        self._back = (value >> 4) & 7
+        self._style = value & (WinStyle.BRIGHT | WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND)
+
+    def reset_all(self, on_stderr=None):
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self.set_console(attrs=self._default)
+        self._light = 0
+
+    def fore(self, fore=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if fore is None:
+            fore = self._default_fore
+        self._fore = fore
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def back(self, back=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if back is None:
+            back = self._default_back
+        self._back = back
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT_BACKGROUND Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def style(self, style=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if style is None:
+            style = self._default_style
+        self._style = style
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def set_console(self, attrs=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if attrs is None:
+            attrs = self.get_attrs()
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def get_position(self, handle):
+        position = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle).dwCursorPosition
+        # Because Windows coordinates are 0-based,
+        # and win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition expects 1-based.
+        position.X += 1
+        position.Y += 1
+        return position
+
+    def set_cursor_position(self, position=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if position is None:
+            # I'm not currently tracking the position, so there is no default.
+            # position = self.get_position()
+            return
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, position)
+
+    def cursor_adjust(self, x, y, on_stderr=False):
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        position = self.get_position(handle)
+        adjusted_position = (position.Y + y, position.X + x)
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position, adjust=False)
+
+    def erase_screen(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the screen.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the screen.
+        # 2 should clear the entire screen, and move cursor to (1,1)
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        # get the number of character cells in the current buffer
+        cells_in_screen = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwSize.Y
+        # get number of character cells before current cursor position
+        cells_before_cursor = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y + csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen - cells_before_cursor
+        elif mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_before_cursor
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen
+        else:
+            # invalid mode
+            return
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        if mode == 2:
+            # put the cursor where needed
+            win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, (1, 1))
+
+    def erase_line(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the line.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
+        # 2 should clear the entire line.
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X - csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        elif mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X
+        else:
+            # invalid mode
+            return
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+
+    def set_title(self, title):
+        win32.SetConsoleTitle(title)
+
+
+def enable_vt_processing(fd):
+    if win32.windll is None or not win32.winapi_test():
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        handle = get_osfhandle(fd)
+        mode = win32.GetConsoleMode(handle)
+        win32.SetConsoleMode(
+            handle,
+            mode | win32.ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING,
+        )
+
+        mode = win32.GetConsoleMode(handle)
+        if mode & win32.ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING:
+            return True
+    # Can get TypeError in testsuite where 'fd' is a Mock()
+    except (OSError, TypeError):
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e06d2081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
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+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
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+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
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+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
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+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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+
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+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
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+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
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+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
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+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
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+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9312e8e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: distro
+Version: 1.9.0
+Summary: Distro - an OS platform information API
+Home-page: https://github.com/python-distro/distro
+Author: Nir Cohen
+Author-email: nir36g@gmail.com
+License: Apache License, Version 2.0
+Platform: All
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD :: FreeBSD
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD :: NetBSD
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD :: OpenBSD
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Operating System
+Requires-Python: >=3.6
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-File: LICENSE
+
+Distro - an OS platform information API
+=======================================
+
+[![CI Status](https://github.com/python-distro/distro/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/python-distro/distro/actions/workflows/ci.yaml)
+[![PyPI version](http://img.shields.io/pypi/v/distro.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/distro)
+[![Supported Python Versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/distro.svg)](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/distro.svg)
+[![Code Coverage](https://codecov.io/github/python-distro/distro/coverage.svg?branch=master)](https://codecov.io/github/python-distro/distro?branch=master)
+[![Is Wheel](https://img.shields.io/pypi/wheel/distro.svg?style=flat)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/distro)
+[![Latest Github Release](https://readthedocs.org/projects/distro/badge/?version=stable)](http://distro.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
+
+`distro` provides information about the
+OS distribution it runs on, such as a reliable machine-readable ID, or
+version information.
+
+It is the recommended replacement for Python's original
+[`platform.linux_distribution`](https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/platform.html#platform.linux_distribution)
+function (removed in Python 3.8). It also provides much more functionality
+which isn't necessarily Python bound, like a command-line interface.
+
+Distro currently supports Linux and BSD based systems but [Windows and OS X support](https://github.com/python-distro/distro/issues/177) is also planned.
+
+For Python 2.6 support, see https://github.com/python-distro/distro/tree/python2.6-support
+
+## Installation
+
+Installation of the latest released version from PyPI:
+
+```shell
+pip install distro
+```
+
+Installation of the latest development version:
+
+```shell
+pip install https://github.com/python-distro/distro/archive/master.tar.gz
+```
+
+To use as a standalone script, download `distro.py` directly:
+
+```shell
+curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-distro/distro/master/src/distro/distro.py
+python distro.py
+```
+
+``distro`` is safe to vendor within projects that do not wish to add
+dependencies.
+
+```shell
+cd myproject
+curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-distro/distro/master/src/distro/distro.py
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+```bash
+$ distro
+Name: Antergos Linux
+Version: 2015.10 (ISO-Rolling)
+Codename: ISO-Rolling
+
+$ distro -j
+{
+    "codename": "ISO-Rolling",
+    "id": "antergos",
+    "like": "arch",
+    "version": "16.9",
+    "version_parts": {
+        "build_number": "",
+        "major": "16",
+        "minor": "9"
+    }
+}
+
+
+$ python
+>>> import distro
+>>> distro.name(pretty=True)
+'CentOS Linux 8'
+>>> distro.id()
+'centos'
+>>> distro.version(best=True)
+'8.4.2105'
+```
+
+
+## Documentation
+
+On top of the aforementioned API, several more functions are available. For a complete description of the
+API, see the [latest API documentation](http://distro.readthedocs.org/en/latest/).
+
+## Background
+
+An alternative implementation became necessary because Python 3.5 deprecated
+this function, and Python 3.8 removed it altogether. Its predecessor function
+[`platform.dist`](https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/platform.html#platform.dist)
+was already deprecated since Python 2.6 and removed in Python 3.8. Still, there
+are many cases in which access to that information is needed. See [Python issue
+1322](https://bugs.python.org/issue1322) for more information.
+
+The `distro` package implements a robust and inclusive way of retrieving the
+information about a distribution based on new standards and old methods,
+namely from these data sources (from high to low precedence):
+
+* The os-release file `/etc/os-release` if present, with a fall-back on `/usr/lib/os-release` if needed.
+* The output of the `lsb_release` command, if available.
+* The distro release file (`/etc/*(-|_)(release|version)`), if present.
+* The `uname` command for BSD based distrubtions.
+
+
+## Python and Distribution Support
+
+`distro` is supported and tested on Python 3.6+ and PyPy and on any
+distribution that provides one or more of the data sources covered.
+
+This package is tested with test data that mimics the exact behavior of the data sources of [a number of Linux distributions](https://github.com/python-distro/distro/tree/master/tests/resources/distros).
+
+
+## Testing
+
+```shell
+git clone git@github.com:python-distro/distro.git
+cd distro
+pip install tox
+tox
+```
+
+
+## Contributions
+
+Pull requests are always welcome to deal with specific distributions or just
+for general merriment.
+
+See [CONTRIBUTIONS](https://github.com/python-distro/distro/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md) for contribution info.
+
+Reference implementations for supporting additional distributions and file
+formats can be found here:
+
+* https://github.com/saltstack/salt/blob/develop/salt/grains/core.py#L1172
+* https://github.com/chef/ohai/blob/master/lib/ohai/plugins/linux/platform.rb
+* https://github.com/ansible/ansible/blob/devel/lib/ansible/module_utils/facts/system/distribution.py
+* https://github.com/puppetlabs/facter/blob/master/lib/src/facts/linux/os_linux.cc
+
+## Package manager distributions
+
+* https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/python-distro
+* https://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/any/python-distro/
+* https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/python-distro
+* https://packages.debian.org/stable/python3-distro
+* https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/dev-python/distro
+* https://pkgs.org/download/python3-distro
+* https://slackbuilds.org/repository/14.2/python/python-distro/
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efcb7573
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+../../Scripts/distro.exe,sha256=khBuSzWz62kQLI0MDhSURS38G5kPyewnq5Fkaor2V90,108400
+distro-1.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+distro-1.9.0.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=y16Ofl9KOYjhBjwULGDcLfdWBfTEZRXnduOspt-XbhQ,11325
+distro-1.9.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=MWMqst5VkRMQkbM5e9zfeXcYV52Fp1GG8Gg53QwJ6B0,6791
+distro-1.9.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+distro-1.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=oiQVh_5PnQM0E3gPdiz09WCNmwiHDMaGer_elqB3coM,92
+distro-1.9.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt,sha256=3ObjqQMbh1xeQQwsWtgbfDNDMDD-EbggR1Oj_z8s9hc,46
+distro-1.9.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=ikde_V_XEdSBqaGd5tEriN_wzYHLgTX_zVtlsGLHvwQ,7
+distro/__init__.py,sha256=2fHjF-SfgPvjyNZ1iHh_wjqWdR_Yo5ODHwZC0jLBPhc,981
+distro/__main__.py,sha256=bu9d3TifoKciZFcqRBuygV3GSuThnVD_m2IK4cz96Vs,64
+distro/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+distro/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+distro/__pycache__/distro.cpython-312.pyc,,
+distro/distro.py,sha256=XqbefacAhDT4zr_trnbA15eY8vdK4GTghgmvUGrEM_4,49430
+distro/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98c0d20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.42.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08d29c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[console_scripts]
+distro = distro.distro:main
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e093317
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro-1.9.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+distro
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7686fe85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from .distro import (
+    NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID,
+    NORMALIZED_LSB_ID,
+    NORMALIZED_OS_ID,
+    LinuxDistribution,
+    __version__,
+    build_number,
+    codename,
+    distro_release_attr,
+    distro_release_info,
+    id,
+    info,
+    like,
+    linux_distribution,
+    lsb_release_attr,
+    lsb_release_info,
+    major_version,
+    minor_version,
+    name,
+    os_release_attr,
+    os_release_info,
+    uname_attr,
+    uname_info,
+    version,
+    version_parts,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID",
+    "NORMALIZED_LSB_ID",
+    "NORMALIZED_OS_ID",
+    "LinuxDistribution",
+    "build_number",
+    "codename",
+    "distro_release_attr",
+    "distro_release_info",
+    "id",
+    "info",
+    "like",
+    "linux_distribution",
+    "lsb_release_attr",
+    "lsb_release_info",
+    "major_version",
+    "minor_version",
+    "name",
+    "os_release_attr",
+    "os_release_info",
+    "uname_attr",
+    "uname_info",
+    "version",
+    "version_parts",
+]
+
+__version__ = __version__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c01d5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .distro import main
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eddb55b9
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf736659
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/distro.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/distro.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90ff7b2f
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/__pycache__/distro.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/distro.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/distro.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78ccdfa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/distro.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1403 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright 2015-2021 Nir Cohen
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+The ``distro`` package (``distro`` stands for Linux Distribution) provides
+information about the Linux distribution it runs on, such as a reliable
+machine-readable distro ID, or version information.
+
+It is the recommended replacement for Python's original
+:py:func:`platform.linux_distribution` function, but it provides much more
+functionality. An alternative implementation became necessary because Python
+3.5 deprecated this function, and Python 3.8 removed it altogether. Its
+predecessor function :py:func:`platform.dist` was already deprecated since
+Python 2.6 and removed in Python 3.8. Still, there are many cases in which
+access to OS distribution information is needed. See `Python issue 1322
+<https://bugs.python.org/issue1322>`_ for more information.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import warnings
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+)
+
+try:
+    from typing import TypedDict
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3.7
+    TypedDict = dict
+
+__version__ = "1.9.0"
+
+
+class VersionDict(TypedDict):
+    major: str
+    minor: str
+    build_number: str
+
+
+class InfoDict(TypedDict):
+    id: str
+    version: str
+    version_parts: VersionDict
+    like: str
+    codename: str
+
+
+_UNIXCONFDIR = os.environ.get("UNIXCONFDIR", "/etc")
+_UNIXUSRLIBDIR = os.environ.get("UNIXUSRLIBDIR", "/usr/lib")
+_OS_RELEASE_BASENAME = "os-release"
+
+#: Translation table for normalizing the "ID" attribute defined in os-release
+#: files, for use by the :func:`distro.id` method.
+#:
+#: * Key: Value as defined in the os-release file, translated to lower case,
+#:   with blanks translated to underscores.
+#:
+#: * Value: Normalized value.
+NORMALIZED_OS_ID = {
+    "ol": "oracle",  # Oracle Linux
+    "opensuse-leap": "opensuse",  # Newer versions of OpenSuSE report as opensuse-leap
+}
+
+#: Translation table for normalizing the "Distributor ID" attribute returned by
+#: the lsb_release command, for use by the :func:`distro.id` method.
+#:
+#: * Key: Value as returned by the lsb_release command, translated to lower
+#:   case, with blanks translated to underscores.
+#:
+#: * Value: Normalized value.
+NORMALIZED_LSB_ID = {
+    "enterpriseenterpriseas": "oracle",  # Oracle Enterprise Linux 4
+    "enterpriseenterpriseserver": "oracle",  # Oracle Linux 5
+    "redhatenterpriseworkstation": "rhel",  # RHEL 6, 7 Workstation
+    "redhatenterpriseserver": "rhel",  # RHEL 6, 7 Server
+    "redhatenterprisecomputenode": "rhel",  # RHEL 6 ComputeNode
+}
+
+#: Translation table for normalizing the distro ID derived from the file name
+#: of distro release files, for use by the :func:`distro.id` method.
+#:
+#: * Key: Value as derived from the file name of a distro release file,
+#:   translated to lower case, with blanks translated to underscores.
+#:
+#: * Value: Normalized value.
+NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID = {
+    "redhat": "rhel",  # RHEL 6.x, 7.x
+}
+
+# Pattern for content of distro release file (reversed)
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_CONTENT_REVERSED_PATTERN = re.compile(
+    r"(?:[^)]*\)(.*)\()? *(?:STL )?([\d.+\-a-z]*\d) *(?:esaeler *)?(.+)"
+)
+
+# Pattern for base file name of distro release file
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN = re.compile(r"(\w+)[-_](release|version)$")
+
+# Base file names to be looked up for if _UNIXCONFDIR is not readable.
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES = [
+    "SuSE-release",
+    "altlinux-release",
+    "arch-release",
+    "base-release",
+    "centos-release",
+    "fedora-release",
+    "gentoo-release",
+    "mageia-release",
+    "mandrake-release",
+    "mandriva-release",
+    "mandrivalinux-release",
+    "manjaro-release",
+    "oracle-release",
+    "redhat-release",
+    "rocky-release",
+    "sl-release",
+    "slackware-version",
+]
+
+# Base file names to be ignored when searching for distro release file
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES = (
+    "debian_version",
+    "lsb-release",
+    "oem-release",
+    _OS_RELEASE_BASENAME,
+    "system-release",
+    "plesk-release",
+    "iredmail-release",
+    "board-release",
+    "ec2_version",
+)
+
+
+def linux_distribution(full_distribution_name: bool = True) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 1.6.0
+
+        :func:`distro.linux_distribution()` is deprecated. It should only be
+        used as a compatibility shim with Python's
+        :py:func:`platform.linux_distribution()`. Please use :func:`distro.id`,
+        :func:`distro.version` and :func:`distro.name` instead.
+
+    Return information about the current OS distribution as a tuple
+    ``(id_name, version, codename)`` with items as follows:
+
+    * ``id_name``:  If *full_distribution_name* is false, the result of
+      :func:`distro.id`. Otherwise, the result of :func:`distro.name`.
+
+    * ``version``:  The result of :func:`distro.version`.
+
+    * ``codename``:  The extra item (usually in parentheses) after the
+      os-release version number, or the result of :func:`distro.codename`.
+
+    The interface of this function is compatible with the original
+    :py:func:`platform.linux_distribution` function, supporting a subset of
+    its parameters.
+
+    The data it returns may not exactly be the same, because it uses more data
+    sources than the original function, and that may lead to different data if
+    the OS distribution is not consistent across multiple data sources it
+    provides (there are indeed such distributions ...).
+
+    Another reason for differences is the fact that the :func:`distro.id`
+    method normalizes the distro ID string to a reliable machine-readable value
+    for a number of popular OS distributions.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "distro.linux_distribution() is deprecated. It should only be used as a "
+        "compatibility shim with Python's platform.linux_distribution(). Please use "
+        "distro.id(), distro.version() and distro.name() instead.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return _distro.linux_distribution(full_distribution_name)
+
+
+def id() -> str:
+    """
+    Return the distro ID of the current distribution, as a
+    machine-readable string.
+
+    For a number of OS distributions, the returned distro ID value is
+    *reliable*, in the sense that it is documented and that it does not change
+    across releases of the distribution.
+
+    This package maintains the following reliable distro ID values:
+
+    ==============  =========================================
+    Distro ID       Distribution
+    ==============  =========================================
+    "ubuntu"        Ubuntu
+    "debian"        Debian
+    "rhel"          RedHat Enterprise Linux
+    "centos"        CentOS
+    "fedora"        Fedora
+    "sles"          SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
+    "opensuse"      openSUSE
+    "amzn"          Amazon Linux
+    "arch"          Arch Linux
+    "buildroot"     Buildroot
+    "cloudlinux"    CloudLinux OS
+    "exherbo"       Exherbo Linux
+    "gentoo"        GenToo Linux
+    "ibm_powerkvm"  IBM PowerKVM
+    "kvmibm"        KVM for IBM z Systems
+    "linuxmint"     Linux Mint
+    "mageia"        Mageia
+    "mandriva"      Mandriva Linux
+    "parallels"     Parallels
+    "pidora"        Pidora
+    "raspbian"      Raspbian
+    "oracle"        Oracle Linux (and Oracle Enterprise Linux)
+    "scientific"    Scientific Linux
+    "slackware"     Slackware
+    "xenserver"     XenServer
+    "openbsd"       OpenBSD
+    "netbsd"        NetBSD
+    "freebsd"       FreeBSD
+    "midnightbsd"   MidnightBSD
+    "rocky"         Rocky Linux
+    "aix"           AIX
+    "guix"          Guix System
+    "altlinux"      ALT Linux
+    ==============  =========================================
+
+    If you have a need to get distros for reliable IDs added into this set,
+    or if you find that the :func:`distro.id` function returns a different
+    distro ID for one of the listed distros, please create an issue in the
+    `distro issue tracker`_.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy and transformations:**
+
+    First, the ID is obtained from the following sources, in the specified
+    order. The first available and non-empty value is used:
+
+    * the value of the "ID" attribute of the os-release file,
+
+    * the value of the "Distributor ID" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+      command,
+
+    * the first part of the file name of the distro release file,
+
+    The so determined ID value then passes the following transformations,
+    before it is returned by this method:
+
+    * it is translated to lower case,
+
+    * blanks (which should not be there anyway) are translated to underscores,
+
+    * a normalization of the ID is performed, based upon
+      `normalization tables`_. The purpose of this normalization is to ensure
+      that the ID is as reliable as possible, even across incompatible changes
+      in the OS distributions. A common reason for an incompatible change is
+      the addition of an os-release file, or the addition of the lsb_release
+      command, with ID values that differ from what was previously determined
+      from the distro release file name.
+    """
+    return _distro.id()
+
+
+def name(pretty: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the name of the current OS distribution, as a human-readable
+    string.
+
+    If *pretty* is false, the name is returned without version or codename.
+    (e.g. "CentOS Linux")
+
+    If *pretty* is true, the version and codename are appended.
+    (e.g. "CentOS Linux 7.1.1503 (Core)")
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    The name is obtained from the following sources, in the specified order.
+    The first available and non-empty value is used:
+
+    * If *pretty* is false:
+
+      - the value of the "NAME" attribute of the os-release file,
+
+      - the value of the "Distributor ID" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+        command,
+
+      - the value of the "<name>" field of the distro release file.
+
+    * If *pretty* is true:
+
+      - the value of the "PRETTY_NAME" attribute of the os-release file,
+
+      - the value of the "Description" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+        command,
+
+      - the value of the "<name>" field of the distro release file, appended
+        with the value of the pretty version ("<version_id>" and "<codename>"
+        fields) of the distro release file, if available.
+    """
+    return _distro.name(pretty)
+
+
+def version(pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the version of the current OS distribution, as a human-readable
+    string.
+
+    If *pretty* is false, the version is returned without codename (e.g.
+    "7.0").
+
+    If *pretty* is true, the codename in parenthesis is appended, if the
+    codename is non-empty (e.g. "7.0 (Maipo)").
+
+    Some distributions provide version numbers with different precisions in
+    the different sources of distribution information. Examining the different
+    sources in a fixed priority order does not always yield the most precise
+    version (e.g. for Debian 8.2, or CentOS 7.1).
+
+    Some other distributions may not provide this kind of information. In these
+    cases, an empty string would be returned. This behavior can be observed
+    with rolling releases distributions (e.g. Arch Linux).
+
+    The *best* parameter can be used to control the approach for the returned
+    version:
+
+    If *best* is false, the first non-empty version number in priority order of
+    the examined sources is returned.
+
+    If *best* is true, the most precise version number out of all examined
+    sources is returned.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    In all cases, the version number is obtained from the following sources.
+    If *best* is false, this order represents the priority order:
+
+    * the value of the "VERSION_ID" attribute of the os-release file,
+    * the value of the "Release" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+      command,
+    * the version number parsed from the "<version_id>" field of the first line
+      of the distro release file,
+    * the version number parsed from the "PRETTY_NAME" attribute of the
+      os-release file, if it follows the format of the distro release files.
+    * the version number parsed from the "Description" attribute returned by
+      the lsb_release command, if it follows the format of the distro release
+      files.
+    """
+    return _distro.version(pretty, best)
+
+
+def version_parts(best: bool = False) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """
+    Return the version of the current OS distribution as a tuple
+    ``(major, minor, build_number)`` with items as follows:
+
+    * ``major``:  The result of :func:`distro.major_version`.
+
+    * ``minor``:  The result of :func:`distro.minor_version`.
+
+    * ``build_number``:  The result of :func:`distro.build_number`.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.version_parts(best)
+
+
+def major_version(best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the major version of the current OS distribution, as a string,
+    if provided.
+    Otherwise, the empty string is returned. The major version is the first
+    part of the dot-separated version string.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.major_version(best)
+
+
+def minor_version(best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the minor version of the current OS distribution, as a string,
+    if provided.
+    Otherwise, the empty string is returned. The minor version is the second
+    part of the dot-separated version string.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.minor_version(best)
+
+
+def build_number(best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the build number of the current OS distribution, as a string,
+    if provided.
+    Otherwise, the empty string is returned. The build number is the third part
+    of the dot-separated version string.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.build_number(best)
+
+
+def like() -> str:
+    """
+    Return a space-separated list of distro IDs of distributions that are
+    closely related to the current OS distribution in regards to packaging
+    and programming interfaces, for example distributions the current
+    distribution is a derivative from.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    This information item is only provided by the os-release file.
+    For details, see the description of the "ID_LIKE" attribute in the
+    `os-release man page
+    <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/os-release.html>`_.
+    """
+    return _distro.like()
+
+
+def codename() -> str:
+    """
+    Return the codename for the release of the current OS distribution,
+    as a string.
+
+    If the distribution does not have a codename, an empty string is returned.
+
+    Note that the returned codename is not always really a codename. For
+    example, openSUSE returns "x86_64". This function does not handle such
+    cases in any special way and just returns the string it finds, if any.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    * the codename within the "VERSION" attribute of the os-release file, if
+      provided,
+
+    * the value of the "Codename" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+      command,
+
+    * the value of the "<codename>" field of the distro release file.
+    """
+    return _distro.codename()
+
+
+def info(pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> InfoDict:
+    """
+    Return certain machine-readable information items about the current OS
+    distribution in a dictionary, as shown in the following example:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: python
+
+        {
+            'id': 'rhel',
+            'version': '7.0',
+            'version_parts': {
+                'major': '7',
+                'minor': '0',
+                'build_number': ''
+            },
+            'like': 'fedora',
+            'codename': 'Maipo'
+        }
+
+    The dictionary structure and keys are always the same, regardless of which
+    information items are available in the underlying data sources. The values
+    for the various keys are as follows:
+
+    * ``id``:  The result of :func:`distro.id`.
+
+    * ``version``:  The result of :func:`distro.version`.
+
+    * ``version_parts -> major``:  The result of :func:`distro.major_version`.
+
+    * ``version_parts -> minor``:  The result of :func:`distro.minor_version`.
+
+    * ``version_parts -> build_number``:  The result of
+      :func:`distro.build_number`.
+
+    * ``like``:  The result of :func:`distro.like`.
+
+    * ``codename``:  The result of :func:`distro.codename`.
+
+    For a description of the *pretty* and *best* parameters, see the
+    :func:`distro.version` method.
+    """
+    return _distro.info(pretty, best)
+
+
+def os_release_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the os-release file data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    See `os-release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.os_release_info()
+
+
+def lsb_release_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the lsb_release command data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    See `lsb_release command output`_ for details about these information
+    items.
+    """
+    return _distro.lsb_release_info()
+
+
+def distro_release_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the distro release file data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    See `distro release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.distro_release_info()
+
+
+def uname_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the distro release file data source of the current OS distribution.
+    """
+    return _distro.uname_info()
+
+
+def os_release_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the os-release file data source
+    of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+      The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+
+    See `os-release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.os_release_attr(attribute)
+
+
+def lsb_release_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the lsb_release command output
+    data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+      The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+
+    See `lsb_release command output`_ for details about these information
+    items.
+    """
+    return _distro.lsb_release_attr(attribute)
+
+
+def distro_release_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the distro release file
+    data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+      The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+
+    See `distro release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.distro_release_attr(attribute)
+
+
+def uname_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the distro release file
+    data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+                The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+    """
+    return _distro.uname_attr(attribute)
+
+
+try:
+    from functools import cached_property
+except ImportError:
+    # Python < 3.8
+    class cached_property:  # type: ignore
+        """A version of @property which caches the value.  On access, it calls the
+        underlying function and sets the value in `__dict__` so future accesses
+        will not re-call the property.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, f: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> None:
+            self._fname = f.__name__
+            self._f = f
+
+        def __get__(self, obj: Any, owner: Type[Any]) -> Any:
+            assert obj is not None, f"call {self._fname} on an instance"
+            ret = obj.__dict__[self._fname] = self._f(obj)
+            return ret
+
+
+class LinuxDistribution:
+    """
+    Provides information about a OS distribution.
+
+    This package creates a private module-global instance of this class with
+    default initialization arguments, that is used by the
+    `consolidated accessor functions`_ and `single source accessor functions`_.
+    By using default initialization arguments, that module-global instance
+    returns data about the current OS distribution (i.e. the distro this
+    package runs on).
+
+    Normally, it is not necessary to create additional instances of this class.
+    However, in situations where control is needed over the exact data sources
+    that are used, instances of this class can be created with a specific
+    distro release file, or a specific os-release file, or without invoking the
+    lsb_release command.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        include_lsb: Optional[bool] = None,
+        os_release_file: str = "",
+        distro_release_file: str = "",
+        include_uname: Optional[bool] = None,
+        root_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_oslevel: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        The initialization method of this class gathers information from the
+        available data sources, and stores that in private instance attributes.
+        Subsequent access to the information items uses these private instance
+        attributes, so that the data sources are read only once.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * ``include_lsb`` (bool): Controls whether the
+          `lsb_release command output`_ is included as a data source.
+
+          If the lsb_release command is not available in the program execution
+          path, the data source for the lsb_release command will be empty.
+
+        * ``os_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `os-release file`_ that is to be used as a data source.
+
+          An empty string (the default) will cause the default path name to
+          be used (see `os-release file`_ for details).
+
+          If the specified or defaulted os-release file does not exist, the
+          data source for the os-release file will be empty.
+
+        * ``distro_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `distro release file`_ that is to be used as a data source.
+
+          An empty string (the default) will cause a default search algorithm
+          to be used (see `distro release file`_ for details).
+
+          If the specified distro release file does not exist, or if no default
+          distro release file can be found, the data source for the distro
+          release file will be empty.
+
+        * ``include_uname`` (bool): Controls whether uname command output is
+          included as a data source. If the uname command is not available in
+          the program execution path the data source for the uname command will
+          be empty.
+
+        * ``root_dir`` (string): The absolute path to the root directory to use
+          to find distro-related information files. Note that ``include_*``
+          parameters must not be enabled in combination with ``root_dir``.
+
+        * ``include_oslevel`` (bool): Controls whether (AIX) oslevel command
+          output is included as a data source. If the oslevel command is not
+          available in the program execution path the data source will be
+          empty.
+
+        Public instance attributes:
+
+        * ``os_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `os-release file`_ that is actually used as a data source. The
+          empty string if no distro release file is used as a data source.
+
+        * ``distro_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `distro release file`_ that is actually used as a data source. The
+          empty string if no distro release file is used as a data source.
+
+        * ``include_lsb`` (bool): The result of the ``include_lsb`` parameter.
+          This controls whether the lsb information will be loaded.
+
+        * ``include_uname`` (bool): The result of the ``include_uname``
+          parameter. This controls whether the uname information will
+          be loaded.
+
+        * ``include_oslevel`` (bool): The result of the ``include_oslevel``
+          parameter. This controls whether (AIX) oslevel information will be
+          loaded.
+
+        * ``root_dir`` (string): The result of the ``root_dir`` parameter.
+          The absolute path to the root directory to use to find distro-related
+          information files.
+
+        Raises:
+
+        * :py:exc:`ValueError`: Initialization parameters combination is not
+           supported.
+
+        * :py:exc:`OSError`: Some I/O issue with an os-release file or distro
+          release file.
+
+        * :py:exc:`UnicodeError`: A data source has unexpected characters or
+          uses an unexpected encoding.
+        """
+        self.root_dir = root_dir
+        self.etc_dir = os.path.join(root_dir, "etc") if root_dir else _UNIXCONFDIR
+        self.usr_lib_dir = (
+            os.path.join(root_dir, "usr/lib") if root_dir else _UNIXUSRLIBDIR
+        )
+
+        if os_release_file:
+            self.os_release_file = os_release_file
+        else:
+            etc_dir_os_release_file = os.path.join(self.etc_dir, _OS_RELEASE_BASENAME)
+            usr_lib_os_release_file = os.path.join(
+                self.usr_lib_dir, _OS_RELEASE_BASENAME
+            )
+
+            # NOTE: The idea is to respect order **and** have it set
+            #       at all times for API backwards compatibility.
+            if os.path.isfile(etc_dir_os_release_file) or not os.path.isfile(
+                usr_lib_os_release_file
+            ):
+                self.os_release_file = etc_dir_os_release_file
+            else:
+                self.os_release_file = usr_lib_os_release_file
+
+        self.distro_release_file = distro_release_file or ""  # updated later
+
+        is_root_dir_defined = root_dir is not None
+        if is_root_dir_defined and (include_lsb or include_uname or include_oslevel):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Including subprocess data sources from specific root_dir is disallowed"
+                " to prevent false information"
+            )
+        self.include_lsb = (
+            include_lsb if include_lsb is not None else not is_root_dir_defined
+        )
+        self.include_uname = (
+            include_uname if include_uname is not None else not is_root_dir_defined
+        )
+        self.include_oslevel = (
+            include_oslevel if include_oslevel is not None else not is_root_dir_defined
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Return repr of all info"""
+        return (
+            "LinuxDistribution("
+            "os_release_file={self.os_release_file!r}, "
+            "distro_release_file={self.distro_release_file!r}, "
+            "include_lsb={self.include_lsb!r}, "
+            "include_uname={self.include_uname!r}, "
+            "include_oslevel={self.include_oslevel!r}, "
+            "root_dir={self.root_dir!r}, "
+            "_os_release_info={self._os_release_info!r}, "
+            "_lsb_release_info={self._lsb_release_info!r}, "
+            "_distro_release_info={self._distro_release_info!r}, "
+            "_uname_info={self._uname_info!r}, "
+            "_oslevel_info={self._oslevel_info!r})".format(self=self)
+        )
+
+    def linux_distribution(
+        self, full_distribution_name: bool = True
+    ) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+        """
+        Return information about the OS distribution that is compatible
+        with Python's :func:`platform.linux_distribution`, supporting a subset
+        of its parameters.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.linux_distribution`.
+        """
+        return (
+            self.name() if full_distribution_name else self.id(),
+            self.version(),
+            self._os_release_info.get("release_codename") or self.codename(),
+        )
+
+    def id(self) -> str:
+        """Return the distro ID of the OS distribution, as a string.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.id`.
+        """
+
+        def normalize(distro_id: str, table: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+            distro_id = distro_id.lower().replace(" ", "_")
+            return table.get(distro_id, distro_id)
+
+        distro_id = self.os_release_attr("id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_OS_ID)
+
+        distro_id = self.lsb_release_attr("distributor_id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_LSB_ID)
+
+        distro_id = self.distro_release_attr("id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID)
+
+        distro_id = self.uname_attr("id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID)
+
+        return ""
+
+    def name(self, pretty: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the name of the OS distribution, as a string.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.name`.
+        """
+        name = (
+            self.os_release_attr("name")
+            or self.lsb_release_attr("distributor_id")
+            or self.distro_release_attr("name")
+            or self.uname_attr("name")
+        )
+        if pretty:
+            name = self.os_release_attr("pretty_name") or self.lsb_release_attr(
+                "description"
+            )
+            if not name:
+                name = self.distro_release_attr("name") or self.uname_attr("name")
+                version = self.version(pretty=True)
+                if version:
+                    name = f"{name} {version}"
+        return name or ""
+
+    def version(self, pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the version of the OS distribution, as a string.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.version`.
+        """
+        versions = [
+            self.os_release_attr("version_id"),
+            self.lsb_release_attr("release"),
+            self.distro_release_attr("version_id"),
+            self._parse_distro_release_content(self.os_release_attr("pretty_name")).get(
+                "version_id", ""
+            ),
+            self._parse_distro_release_content(
+                self.lsb_release_attr("description")
+            ).get("version_id", ""),
+            self.uname_attr("release"),
+        ]
+        if self.uname_attr("id").startswith("aix"):
+            # On AIX platforms, prefer oslevel command output.
+            versions.insert(0, self.oslevel_info())
+        elif self.id() == "debian" or "debian" in self.like().split():
+            # On Debian-like, add debian_version file content to candidates list.
+            versions.append(self._debian_version)
+        version = ""
+        if best:
+            # This algorithm uses the last version in priority order that has
+            # the best precision. If the versions are not in conflict, that
+            # does not matter; otherwise, using the last one instead of the
+            # first one might be considered a surprise.
+            for v in versions:
+                if v.count(".") > version.count(".") or version == "":
+                    version = v
+        else:
+            for v in versions:
+                if v != "":
+                    version = v
+                    break
+        if pretty and version and self.codename():
+            version = f"{version} ({self.codename()})"
+        return version
+
+    def version_parts(self, best: bool = False) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+        """
+        Return the version of the OS distribution, as a tuple of version
+        numbers.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.version_parts`.
+        """
+        version_str = self.version(best=best)
+        if version_str:
+            version_regex = re.compile(r"(\d+)\.?(\d+)?\.?(\d+)?")
+            matches = version_regex.match(version_str)
+            if matches:
+                major, minor, build_number = matches.groups()
+                return major, minor or "", build_number or ""
+        return "", "", ""
+
+    def major_version(self, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the major version number of the current distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.major_version`.
+        """
+        return self.version_parts(best)[0]
+
+    def minor_version(self, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the minor version number of the current distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.minor_version`.
+        """
+        return self.version_parts(best)[1]
+
+    def build_number(self, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the build number of the current distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.build_number`.
+        """
+        return self.version_parts(best)[2]
+
+    def like(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the IDs of distributions that are like the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.like`.
+        """
+        return self.os_release_attr("id_like") or ""
+
+    def codename(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the codename of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.codename`.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Handle os_release specially since distros might purposefully set
+            # this to empty string to have no codename
+            return self._os_release_info["codename"]
+        except KeyError:
+            return (
+                self.lsb_release_attr("codename")
+                or self.distro_release_attr("codename")
+                or ""
+            )
+
+    def info(self, pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> InfoDict:
+        """
+        Return certain machine-readable information about the OS
+        distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.info`.
+        """
+        return InfoDict(
+            id=self.id(),
+            version=self.version(pretty, best),
+            version_parts=VersionDict(
+                major=self.major_version(best),
+                minor=self.minor_version(best),
+                build_number=self.build_number(best),
+            ),
+            like=self.like(),
+            codename=self.codename(),
+        )
+
+    def os_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the os-release file data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.os_release_info`.
+        """
+        return self._os_release_info
+
+    def lsb_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the lsb_release command data source of the OS
+        distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.lsb_release_info`.
+        """
+        return self._lsb_release_info
+
+    def distro_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the distro release file data source of the OS
+        distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.distro_release_info`.
+        """
+        return self._distro_release_info
+
+    def uname_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the uname command data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.uname_info`.
+        """
+        return self._uname_info
+
+    def oslevel_info(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return AIX' oslevel command output.
+        """
+        return self._oslevel_info
+
+    def os_release_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the os-release file data
+        source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.os_release_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._os_release_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    def lsb_release_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the lsb_release command
+        output data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.lsb_release_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._lsb_release_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    def distro_release_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the distro release file
+        data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.distro_release_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._distro_release_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    def uname_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the uname command
+        output data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.uname_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._uname_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _os_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Get the information items from the specified os-release file.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        if os.path.isfile(self.os_release_file):
+            with open(self.os_release_file, encoding="utf-8") as release_file:
+                return self._parse_os_release_content(release_file)
+        return {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_os_release_content(lines: TextIO) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse the lines of an os-release file.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * lines: Iterable through the lines in the os-release file.
+                 Each line must be a unicode string or a UTF-8 encoded byte
+                 string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        props = {}
+        lexer = shlex.shlex(lines, posix=True)
+        lexer.whitespace_split = True
+
+        tokens = list(lexer)
+        for token in tokens:
+            # At this point, all shell-like parsing has been done (i.e.
+            # comments processed, quotes and backslash escape sequences
+            # processed, multi-line values assembled, trailing newlines
+            # stripped, etc.), so the tokens are now either:
+            # * variable assignments: var=value
+            # * commands or their arguments (not allowed in os-release)
+            # Ignore any tokens that are not variable assignments
+            if "=" in token:
+                k, v = token.split("=", 1)
+                props[k.lower()] = v
+
+        if "version" in props:
+            # extract release codename (if any) from version attribute
+            match = re.search(r"\((\D+)\)|,\s*(\D+)", props["version"])
+            if match:
+                release_codename = match.group(1) or match.group(2)
+                props["codename"] = props["release_codename"] = release_codename
+
+        if "version_codename" in props:
+            # os-release added a version_codename field.  Use that in
+            # preference to anything else Note that some distros purposefully
+            # do not have code names.  They should be setting
+            # version_codename=""
+            props["codename"] = props["version_codename"]
+        elif "ubuntu_codename" in props:
+            # Same as above but a non-standard field name used on older Ubuntus
+            props["codename"] = props["ubuntu_codename"]
+
+        return props
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _lsb_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Get the information items from the lsb_release command output.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        if not self.include_lsb:
+            return {}
+        try:
+            cmd = ("lsb_release", "-a")
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        # Command not found or lsb_release returned error
+        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+            return {}
+        content = self._to_str(stdout).splitlines()
+        return self._parse_lsb_release_content(content)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_lsb_release_content(lines: Iterable[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse the output of the lsb_release command.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * lines: Iterable through the lines of the lsb_release output.
+                 Each line must be a unicode string or a UTF-8 encoded byte
+                 string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        props = {}
+        for line in lines:
+            kv = line.strip("\n").split(":", 1)
+            if len(kv) != 2:
+                # Ignore lines without colon.
+                continue
+            k, v = kv
+            props.update({k.replace(" ", "_").lower(): v.strip()})
+        return props
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _uname_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        if not self.include_uname:
+            return {}
+        try:
+            cmd = ("uname", "-rs")
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        except OSError:
+            return {}
+        content = self._to_str(stdout).splitlines()
+        return self._parse_uname_content(content)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _oslevel_info(self) -> str:
+        if not self.include_oslevel:
+            return ""
+        try:
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output("oslevel", stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+            return ""
+        return self._to_str(stdout).strip()
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _debian_version(self) -> str:
+        try:
+            with open(
+                os.path.join(self.etc_dir, "debian_version"), encoding="ascii"
+            ) as fp:
+                return fp.readline().rstrip()
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return ""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_uname_content(lines: Sequence[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        if not lines:
+            return {}
+        props = {}
+        match = re.search(r"^([^\s]+)\s+([\d\.]+)", lines[0].strip())
+        if match:
+            name, version = match.groups()
+
+            # This is to prevent the Linux kernel version from
+            # appearing as the 'best' version on otherwise
+            # identifiable distributions.
+            if name == "Linux":
+                return {}
+            props["id"] = name.lower()
+            props["name"] = name
+            props["release"] = version
+        return props
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _to_str(bytestring: bytes) -> str:
+        encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+        return bytestring.decode(encoding)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _distro_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Get the information items from the specified distro release file.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        if self.distro_release_file:
+            # If it was specified, we use it and parse what we can, even if
+            # its file name or content does not match the expected pattern.
+            distro_info = self._parse_distro_release_file(self.distro_release_file)
+            basename = os.path.basename(self.distro_release_file)
+            # The file name pattern for user-specified distro release files
+            # is somewhat more tolerant (compared to when searching for the
+            # file), because we want to use what was specified as best as
+            # possible.
+            match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
+        else:
+            try:
+                basenames = [
+                    basename
+                    for basename in os.listdir(self.etc_dir)
+                    if basename not in _DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES
+                    and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename))
+                ]
+                # We sort for repeatability in cases where there are multiple
+                # distro specific files; e.g. CentOS, Oracle, Enterprise all
+                # containing `redhat-release` on top of their own.
+                basenames.sort()
+            except OSError:
+                # This may occur when /etc is not readable but we can't be
+                # sure about the *-release files. Check common entries of
+                # /etc for information. If they turn out to not be there the
+                # error is handled in `_parse_distro_release_file()`.
+                basenames = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES
+            for basename in basenames:
+                match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
+                if match is None:
+                    continue
+                filepath = os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename)
+                distro_info = self._parse_distro_release_file(filepath)
+                # The name is always present if the pattern matches.
+                if "name" not in distro_info:
+                    continue
+                self.distro_release_file = filepath
+                break
+            else:  # the loop didn't "break": no candidate.
+                return {}
+
+        if match is not None:
+            distro_info["id"] = match.group(1)
+
+        # CloudLinux < 7: manually enrich info with proper id.
+        if "cloudlinux" in distro_info.get("name", "").lower():
+            distro_info["id"] = "cloudlinux"
+
+        return distro_info
+
+    def _parse_distro_release_file(self, filepath: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse a distro release file.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * filepath: Path name of the distro release file.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        try:
+            with open(filepath, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+                # Only parse the first line. For instance, on SLES there
+                # are multiple lines. We don't want them...
+                return self._parse_distro_release_content(fp.readline())
+        except OSError:
+            # Ignore not being able to read a specific, seemingly version
+            # related file.
+            # See https://github.com/python-distro/distro/issues/162
+            return {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_distro_release_content(line: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse a line from a distro release file.
+
+        Parameters:
+        * line: Line from the distro release file. Must be a unicode string
+                or a UTF-8 encoded byte string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        matches = _DISTRO_RELEASE_CONTENT_REVERSED_PATTERN.match(line.strip()[::-1])
+        distro_info = {}
+        if matches:
+            # regexp ensures non-None
+            distro_info["name"] = matches.group(3)[::-1]
+            if matches.group(2):
+                distro_info["version_id"] = matches.group(2)[::-1]
+            if matches.group(1):
+                distro_info["codename"] = matches.group(1)[::-1]
+        elif line:
+            distro_info["name"] = line.strip()
+        return distro_info
+
+
+_distro = LinuxDistribution()
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+    logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout))
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="OS distro info tool")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--json", "-j", help="Output in machine readable format", action="store_true"
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--root-dir",
+        "-r",
+        type=str,
+        dest="root_dir",
+        help="Path to the root filesystem directory (defaults to /)",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.root_dir:
+        dist = LinuxDistribution(
+            include_lsb=False,
+            include_uname=False,
+            include_oslevel=False,
+            root_dir=args.root_dir,
+        )
+    else:
+        dist = _distro
+
+    if args.json:
+        logger.info(json.dumps(dist.info(), indent=4, sort_keys=True))
+    else:
+        logger.info("Name: %s", dist.name(pretty=True))
+        distribution_version = dist.version(pretty=True)
+        logger.info("Version: %s", distribution_version)
+        distribution_codename = dist.codename()
+        logger.info("Codename: %s", distribution_codename)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/distro/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d845023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: fastapi
+Version: 0.115.12
+Summary: FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production
+Author-Email: =?utf-8?q?Sebasti=C3=A1n_Ram=C3=ADrez?= <tiangolo@gmail.com>
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Application Frameworks
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Framework :: AsyncIO
+Classifier: Framework :: FastAPI
+Classifier: Framework :: Pydantic
+Classifier: Framework :: Pydantic :: 1
+Classifier: Framework :: Pydantic :: 2
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP :: HTTP Servers
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi
+Project-URL: Issues, https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/issues
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/release-notes/
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Requires-Dist: starlette<0.47.0,>=0.40.0
+Requires-Dist: pydantic!=1.8,!=1.8.1,!=2.0.0,!=2.0.1,!=2.1.0,<3.0.0,>=1.7.4
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.8.0
+Provides-Extra: standard
+Requires-Dist: fastapi-cli[standard]>=0.0.5; extra == "standard"
+Requires-Dist: httpx>=0.23.0; extra == "standard"
+Requires-Dist: jinja2>=3.1.5; extra == "standard"
+Requires-Dist: python-multipart>=0.0.18; extra == "standard"
+Requires-Dist: email-validator>=2.0.0; extra == "standard"
+Requires-Dist: uvicorn[standard]>=0.12.0; extra == "standard"
+Provides-Extra: all
+Requires-Dist: fastapi-cli[standard]>=0.0.5; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: httpx>=0.23.0; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: jinja2>=3.1.5; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: python-multipart>=0.0.18; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: itsdangerous>=1.1.0; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: pyyaml>=5.3.1; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: ujson!=4.0.2,!=4.1.0,!=4.2.0,!=4.3.0,!=5.0.0,!=5.1.0,>=4.0.1; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: orjson>=3.2.1; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: email-validator>=2.0.0; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: uvicorn[standard]>=0.12.0; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: pydantic-settings>=2.0.0; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: pydantic-extra-types>=2.0.0; extra == "all"
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-teal.png" alt="FastAPI"></a>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+    <em>FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production</em>
+</p>
+<p align="center">
+<a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/actions?query=workflow%3ATest+event%3Apush+branch%3Amaster" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg?event=push&branch=master" alt="Test">
+</a>
+<a href="https://coverage-badge.samuelcolvin.workers.dev/redirect/fastapi/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://coverage-badge.samuelcolvin.workers.dev/fastapi/fastapi.svg" alt="Coverage">
+</a>
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/fastapi?color=%2334D058&label=pypi%20package" alt="Package version">
+</a>
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/fastapi" target="_blank">
+    <img src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/fastapi.svg?color=%2334D058" alt="Supported Python versions">
+</a>
+</p>
+
+---
+
+**Documentation**: <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com" target="_blank">https://fastapi.tiangolo.com</a>
+
+**Source Code**: <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi" target="_blank">https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi</a>
+
+---
+
+FastAPI is a modern, fast (high-performance), web framework for building APIs with Python based on standard Python type hints.
+
+The key features are:
+
+* **Fast**: Very high performance, on par with **NodeJS** and **Go** (thanks to Starlette and Pydantic). [One of the fastest Python frameworks available](#performance).
+* **Fast to code**: Increase the speed to develop features by about 200% to 300%. *
+* **Fewer bugs**: Reduce about 40% of human (developer) induced errors. *
+* **Intuitive**: Great editor support. <abbr title="also known as auto-complete, autocompletion, IntelliSense">Completion</abbr> everywhere. Less time debugging.
+* **Easy**: Designed to be easy to use and learn. Less time reading docs.
+* **Short**: Minimize code duplication. Multiple features from each parameter declaration. Fewer bugs.
+* **Robust**: Get production-ready code. With automatic interactive documentation.
+* **Standards-based**: Based on (and fully compatible with) the open standards for APIs: <a href="https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification" class="external-link" target="_blank">OpenAPI</a> (previously known as Swagger) and <a href="https://json-schema.org/" class="external-link" target="_blank">JSON Schema</a>.
+
+<small>* estimation based on tests on an internal development team, building production applications.</small>
+
+## Sponsors
+
+<!-- sponsors -->
+
+<a href="https://blockbee.io?ref=fastapi" target="_blank" title="BlockBee Cryptocurrency Payment Gateway"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/blockbee.png"></a>
+<a href="https://platform.sh/try-it-now/?utm_source=fastapi-signup&utm_medium=banner&utm_campaign=FastAPI-signup-June-2023" target="_blank" title="Build, run and scale your apps on a modern, reliable, and secure PaaS."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/platform-sh.png"></a>
+<a href="https://www.porter.run" target="_blank" title="Deploy FastAPI on AWS with a few clicks"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/porter.png"></a>
+<a href="https://bump.sh/fastapi?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=sponsor" target="_blank" title="Automate FastAPI documentation generation with Bump.sh"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/bump-sh.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/scalar/scalar/?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=main-badge" target="_blank" title="Scalar: Beautiful Open-Source API References from Swagger/OpenAPI files"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/scalar.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://www.propelauth.com/?utm_source=fastapi&utm_campaign=1223&utm_medium=mainbadge" target="_blank" title="Auth, user management and more for your B2B product"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/propelauth.png"></a>
+<a href="https://www.withcoherence.com/?utm_medium=advertising&utm_source=fastapi&utm_campaign=website" target="_blank" title="Coherence"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/coherence.png"></a>
+<a href="https://www.mongodb.com/developer/languages/python/python-quickstart-fastapi/?utm_campaign=fastapi_framework&utm_source=fastapi_sponsorship&utm_medium=web_referral" target="_blank" title="Simplify Full Stack Development with FastAPI & MongoDB"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/mongodb.png"></a>
+<a href="https://zuplo.link/fastapi-gh" target="_blank" title="Zuplo: Scale, Protect, Document, and Monetize your FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/zuplo.png"></a>
+<a href="https://liblab.com?utm_source=fastapi" target="_blank" title="liblab - Generate SDKs from FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/liblab.png"></a>
+<a href="https://docs.render.com/deploy-fastapi?utm_source=deploydoc&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=fastapi" target="_blank" title="Deploy & scale any full-stack web app on Render. Focus on building apps, not infra."><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/render.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://www.coderabbit.ai/?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=fastapi" target="_blank" title="Cut Code Review Time & Bugs in Half with CodeRabbit"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/coderabbit.png"></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack/" target="_blank" title="Build powerful search from composable, open source building blocks"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/haystack-fastapi.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://databento.com/" target="_blank" title="Pay as you go for market data"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/databento.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://speakeasy.com?utm_source=fastapi+repo&utm_medium=github+sponsorship" target="_blank" title="SDKs for your API | Speakeasy"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/speakeasy.png"></a>
+<a href="https://www.svix.com/" target="_blank" title="Svix - Webhooks as a service"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/svix.svg"></a>
+<a href="https://www.stainlessapi.com/?utm_source=fastapi&utm_medium=referral" target="_blank" title="Stainless | Generate best-in-class SDKs"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/stainless.png"></a>
+<a href="https://www.permit.io/blog/implement-authorization-in-fastapi?utm_source=github&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=fastapi" target="_blank" title="Fine-Grained Authorization for FastAPI"><img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/sponsors/permit.png"></a>
+
+<!-- /sponsors -->
+
+<a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-people/#sponsors" class="external-link" target="_blank">Other sponsors</a>
+
+## Opinions
+
+"_[...] I'm using **FastAPI** a ton these days. [...] I'm actually planning to use it for all of my team's **ML services at Microsoft**. Some of them are getting integrated into the core **Windows** product and some **Office** products._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kabir Khan - <strong>Microsoft</strong> <a href="https://github.com/fastapi/fastapi/pull/26" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_We adopted the **FastAPI** library to spawn a **REST** server that can be queried to obtain **predictions**. [for Ludwig]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Piero Molino, Yaroslav Dudin, and Sai Sumanth Miryala - <strong>Uber</strong> <a href="https://eng.uber.com/ludwig-v0-2/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_**Netflix** is pleased to announce the open-source release of our **crisis management** orchestration framework: **Dispatch**! [built with **FastAPI**]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Kevin Glisson, Marc Vilanova, Forest Monsen - <strong>Netflix</strong> <a href="https://netflixtechblog.com/introducing-dispatch-da4b8a2a8072" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_I’m over the moon excited about **FastAPI**. It’s so fun!_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Brian Okken - <strong><a href="https://pythonbytes.fm/episodes/show/123/time-to-right-the-py-wrongs?time_in_sec=855" target="_blank">Python Bytes</a> podcast host</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/brianokken/status/1112220079972728832" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_Honestly, what you've built looks super solid and polished. In many ways, it's what I wanted **Hug** to be - it's really inspiring to see someone build that._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Timothy Crosley - <strong><a href="https://github.com/hugapi/hug" target="_blank">Hug</a> creator</strong> <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19455465" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_If you're looking to learn one **modern framework** for building REST APIs, check out **FastAPI** [...] It's fast, easy to use and easy to learn [...]_"
+
+"_We've switched over to **FastAPI** for our **APIs** [...] I think you'll like it [...]_"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Ines Montani - Matthew Honnibal - <strong><a href="https://explosion.ai" target="_blank">Explosion AI</a> founders - <a href="https://spacy.io" target="_blank">spaCy</a> creators</strong> <a href="https://twitter.com/_inesmontani/status/1144173225322143744" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a> - <a href="https://twitter.com/honnibal/status/1144031421859655680" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+"_If anyone is looking to build a production Python API, I would highly recommend **FastAPI**. It is **beautifully designed**, **simple to use** and **highly scalable**, it has become a **key component** in our API first development strategy and is driving many automations and services such as our Virtual TAC Engineer._"
+
+<div style="text-align: right; margin-right: 10%;">Deon Pillsbury - <strong>Cisco</strong> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/deonpillsbury_cisco-cx-python-activity-6963242628536487936-trAp/" target="_blank"><small>(ref)</small></a></div>
+
+---
+
+## **Typer**, the FastAPI of CLIs
+
+<a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com" target="_blank"><img src="https://typer.tiangolo.com/img/logo-margin/logo-margin-vector.svg" style="width: 20%;"></a>
+
+If you are building a <abbr title="Command Line Interface">CLI</abbr> app to be used in the terminal instead of a web API, check out <a href="https://typer.tiangolo.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">**Typer**</a>.
+
+**Typer** is FastAPI's little sibling. And it's intended to be the **FastAPI of CLIs**. ⌨️ 🚀
+
+## Requirements
+
+FastAPI stands on the shoulders of giants:
+
+* <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette</a> for the web parts.
+* <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic</a> for the data parts.
+
+## Installation
+
+Create and activate a <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/virtual-environments/" class="external-link" target="_blank">virtual environment</a> and then install FastAPI:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ pip install "fastapi[standard]"
+
+---> 100%
+```
+
+</div>
+
+**Note**: Make sure you put `"fastapi[standard]"` in quotes to ensure it works in all terminals.
+
+## Example
+
+### Create it
+
+* Create a file `main.py` with:
+
+```Python
+from typing import Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>Or use <code>async def</code>...</summary>
+
+If your code uses `async` / `await`, use `async def`:
+
+```Python hl_lines="9  14"
+from typing import Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+async def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+async def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+```
+
+**Note**:
+
+If you don't know, check the _"In a hurry?"_ section about <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/async/#in-a-hurry" target="_blank">`async` and `await` in the docs</a>.
+
+</details>
+
+### Run it
+
+Run the server with:
+
+<div class="termy">
+
+```console
+$ fastapi dev main.py
+
+ ╭────────── FastAPI CLI - Development mode ───────────╮
+ │                                                     │
+ │  Serving at: http://127.0.0.1:8000                  │
+ │                                                     │
+ │  API docs: http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs               │
+ │                                                     │
+ │  Running in development mode, for production use:   │
+ │                                                     │
+ │  fastapi run                                        │
+ │                                                     │
+ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
+
+INFO:     Will watch for changes in these directories: ['/home/user/code/awesomeapp']
+INFO:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+INFO:     Started reloader process [2248755] using WatchFiles
+INFO:     Started server process [2248757]
+INFO:     Waiting for application startup.
+INFO:     Application startup complete.
+```
+
+</div>
+
+<details markdown="1">
+<summary>About the command <code>fastapi dev main.py</code>...</summary>
+
+The command `fastapi dev` reads your `main.py` file, detects the **FastAPI** app in it, and starts a server using <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">Uvicorn</a>.
+
+By default, `fastapi dev` will start with auto-reload enabled for local development.
+
+You can read more about it in the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/fastapi-cli/" target="_blank">FastAPI CLI docs</a>.
+
+</details>
+
+### Check it
+
+Open your browser at <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/5?q=somequery</a>.
+
+You will see the JSON response as:
+
+```JSON
+{"item_id": 5, "q": "somequery"}
+```
+
+You already created an API that:
+
+* Receives HTTP requests in the _paths_ `/` and `/items/{item_id}`.
+* Both _paths_ take `GET` <em>operations</em> (also known as HTTP _methods_).
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has a _path parameter_ `item_id` that should be an `int`.
+* The _path_ `/items/{item_id}` has an optional `str` _query parameter_ `q`.
+
+### Interactive API docs
+
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+You will see the automatic interactive API documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui" class="external-link" target="_blank">Swagger UI</a>):
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-01-swagger-ui-simple.png)
+
+### Alternative API docs
+
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+
+You will see the alternative automatic documentation (provided by <a href="https://github.com/Rebilly/ReDoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">ReDoc</a>):
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-02-redoc-simple.png)
+
+## Example upgrade
+
+Now modify the file `main.py` to receive a body from a `PUT` request.
+
+Declare the body using standard Python types, thanks to Pydantic.
+
+```Python hl_lines="4  9-12  25-27"
+from typing import Union
+
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+app = FastAPI()
+
+
+class Item(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    price: float
+    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def read_root():
+    return {"Hello": "World"}
+
+
+@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
+    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}
+
+
+@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
+```
+
+The `fastapi dev` server should reload automatically.
+
+### Interactive API docs upgrade
+
+Now go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs</a>.
+
+* The interactive API documentation will be automatically updated, including the new body:
+
+![Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-03-swagger-02.png)
+
+* Click on the button "Try it out", it allows you to fill the parameters and directly interact with the API:
+
+![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-04-swagger-03.png)
+
+* Then click on the "Execute" button, the user interface will communicate with your API, send the parameters, get the results and show them on the screen:
+
+![Swagger UI interaction](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-05-swagger-04.png)
+
+### Alternative API docs upgrade
+
+And now, go to <a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc" class="external-link" target="_blank">http://127.0.0.1:8000/redoc</a>.
+
+* The alternative documentation will also reflect the new query parameter and body:
+
+![ReDoc](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/index/index-06-redoc-02.png)
+
+### Recap
+
+In summary, you declare **once** the types of parameters, body, etc. as function parameters.
+
+You do that with standard modern Python types.
+
+You don't have to learn a new syntax, the methods or classes of a specific library, etc.
+
+Just standard **Python**.
+
+For example, for an `int`:
+
+```Python
+item_id: int
+```
+
+or for a more complex `Item` model:
+
+```Python
+item: Item
+```
+
+...and with that single declaration you get:
+
+* Editor support, including:
+    * Completion.
+    * Type checks.
+* Validation of data:
+    * Automatic and clear errors when the data is invalid.
+    * Validation even for deeply nested JSON objects.
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of input data: coming from the network to Python data and types. Reading from:
+    * JSON.
+    * Path parameters.
+    * Query parameters.
+    * Cookies.
+    * Headers.
+    * Forms.
+    * Files.
+* <abbr title="also known as: serialization, parsing, marshalling">Conversion</abbr> of output data: converting from Python data and types to network data (as JSON):
+    * Convert Python types (`str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `list`, etc).
+    * `datetime` objects.
+    * `UUID` objects.
+    * Database models.
+    * ...and many more.
+* Automatic interactive API documentation, including 2 alternative user interfaces:
+    * Swagger UI.
+    * ReDoc.
+
+---
+
+Coming back to the previous code example, **FastAPI** will:
+
+* Validate that there is an `item_id` in the path for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+* Validate that the `item_id` is of type `int` for `GET` and `PUT` requests.
+    * If it is not, the client will see a useful, clear error.
+* Check if there is an optional query parameter named `q` (as in `http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo?q=somequery`) for `GET` requests.
+    * As the `q` parameter is declared with `= None`, it is optional.
+    * Without the `None` it would be required (as is the body in the case with `PUT`).
+* For `PUT` requests to `/items/{item_id}`, read the body as JSON:
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `name` that should be a `str`.
+    * Check that it has a required attribute `price` that has to be a `float`.
+    * Check that it has an optional attribute `is_offer`, that should be a `bool`, if present.
+    * All this would also work for deeply nested JSON objects.
+* Convert from and to JSON automatically.
+* Document everything with OpenAPI, that can be used by:
+    * Interactive documentation systems.
+    * Automatic client code generation systems, for many languages.
+* Provide 2 interactive documentation web interfaces directly.
+
+---
+
+We just scratched the surface, but you already get the idea of how it all works.
+
+Try changing the line with:
+
+```Python
+    return {"item_name": item.name, "item_id": item_id}
+```
+
+...from:
+
+```Python
+        ... "item_name": item.name ...
+```
+
+...to:
+
+```Python
+        ... "item_price": item.price ...
+```
+
+...and see how your editor will auto-complete the attributes and know their types:
+
+![editor support](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/vscode-completion.png)
+
+For a more complete example including more features, see the <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/">Tutorial - User Guide</a>.
+
+**Spoiler alert**: the tutorial - user guide includes:
+
+* Declaration of **parameters** from other different places as: **headers**, **cookies**, **form fields** and **files**.
+* How to set **validation constraints** as `maximum_length` or `regex`.
+* A very powerful and easy to use **<abbr title="also known as components, resources, providers, services, injectables">Dependency Injection</abbr>** system.
+* Security and authentication, including support for **OAuth2** with **JWT tokens** and **HTTP Basic** auth.
+* More advanced (but equally easy) techniques for declaring **deeply nested JSON models** (thanks to Pydantic).
+* **GraphQL** integration with <a href="https://strawberry.rocks" class="external-link" target="_blank">Strawberry</a> and other libraries.
+* Many extra features (thanks to Starlette) as:
+    * **WebSockets**
+    * extremely easy tests based on HTTPX and `pytest`
+    * **CORS**
+    * **Cookie Sessions**
+    * ...and more.
+
+## Performance
+
+Independent TechEmpower benchmarks show **FastAPI** applications running under Uvicorn as <a href="https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#section=test&runid=7464e520-0dc2-473d-bd34-dbdfd7e85911&hw=ph&test=query&l=zijzen-7" class="external-link" target="_blank">one of the fastest Python frameworks available</a>, only below Starlette and Uvicorn themselves (used internally by FastAPI). (*)
+
+To understand more about it, see the section <a href="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/benchmarks/" class="internal-link" target="_blank">Benchmarks</a>.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+FastAPI depends on Pydantic and Starlette.
+
+### `standard` Dependencies
+
+When you install FastAPI with `pip install "fastapi[standard]"` it comes with the `standard` group of optional dependencies:
+
+Used by Pydantic:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator" target="_blank"><code>email-validator</code></a> - for email validation.
+
+Used by Starlette:
+
+* <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" target="_blank"><code>httpx</code></a> - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
+* <a href="https://jinja.palletsprojects.com" target="_blank"><code>jinja2</code></a> - Required if you want to use the default template configuration.
+* <a href="https://github.com/Kludex/python-multipart" target="_blank"><code>python-multipart</code></a> - Required if you want to support form <abbr title="converting the string that comes from an HTTP request into Python data">"parsing"</abbr>, with `request.form()`.
+
+Used by FastAPI / Starlette:
+
+* <a href="https://www.uvicorn.org" target="_blank"><code>uvicorn</code></a> - for the server that loads and serves your application. This includes `uvicorn[standard]`, which includes some dependencies (e.g. `uvloop`) needed for high performance serving.
+* `fastapi-cli` - to provide the `fastapi` command.
+
+### Without `standard` Dependencies
+
+If you don't want to include the `standard` optional dependencies, you can install with `pip install fastapi` instead of `pip install "fastapi[standard]"`.
+
+### Additional Optional Dependencies
+
+There are some additional dependencies you might want to install.
+
+Additional optional Pydantic dependencies:
+
+* <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/usage/pydantic_settings/" target="_blank"><code>pydantic-settings</code></a> - for settings management.
+* <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/usage/types/extra_types/extra_types/" target="_blank"><code>pydantic-extra-types</code></a> - for extra types to be used with Pydantic.
+
+Additional optional FastAPI dependencies:
+
+* <a href="https://github.com/ijl/orjson" target="_blank"><code>orjson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `ORJSONResponse`.
+* <a href="https://github.com/esnme/ultrajson" target="_blank"><code>ujson</code></a> - Required if you want to use `UJSONResponse`.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/REQUESTED b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/REQUESTED
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64b991e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: pdm-backend (2.4.3)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b81849e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[console_scripts]
+fastapi = fastapi.cli:main
+
+[gui_scripts]
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e92463e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi-0.115.12.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2018 Sebastián Ramírez
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80eb783d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""FastAPI framework, high performance, easy to learn, fast to code, ready for production"""
+
+__version__ = "0.115.12"
+
+from starlette import status as status
+
+from .applications import FastAPI as FastAPI
+from .background import BackgroundTasks as BackgroundTasks
+from .datastructures import UploadFile as UploadFile
+from .exceptions import HTTPException as HTTPException
+from .exceptions import WebSocketException as WebSocketException
+from .param_functions import Body as Body
+from .param_functions import Cookie as Cookie
+from .param_functions import Depends as Depends
+from .param_functions import File as File
+from .param_functions import Form as Form
+from .param_functions import Header as Header
+from .param_functions import Path as Path
+from .param_functions import Query as Query
+from .param_functions import Security as Security
+from .requests import Request as Request
+from .responses import Response as Response
+from .routing import APIRouter as APIRouter
+from .websockets import WebSocket as WebSocket
+from .websockets import WebSocketDisconnect as WebSocketDisconnect
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc36465f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from fastapi.cli import main
+
+main()
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__pycache__/websockets.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/__pycache__/websockets.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/_compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c07e4a3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+from collections import deque
+from copy import copy
+from dataclasses import dataclass, is_dataclass
+from enum import Enum
+from functools import lru_cache
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Deque,
+    Dict,
+    FrozenSet,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestErrorModel
+from fastapi.types import IncEx, ModelNameMap, UnionType
+from pydantic import BaseModel, create_model
+from pydantic.version import VERSION as PYDANTIC_VERSION
+from starlette.datastructures import UploadFile
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal, get_args, get_origin
+
+PYDANTIC_VERSION_MINOR_TUPLE = tuple(int(x) for x in PYDANTIC_VERSION.split(".")[:2])
+PYDANTIC_V2 = PYDANTIC_VERSION_MINOR_TUPLE[0] == 2
+
+
+sequence_annotation_to_type = {
+    Sequence: list,
+    List: list,
+    list: list,
+    Tuple: tuple,
+    tuple: tuple,
+    Set: set,
+    set: set,
+    FrozenSet: frozenset,
+    frozenset: frozenset,
+    Deque: deque,
+    deque: deque,
+}
+
+sequence_types = tuple(sequence_annotation_to_type.keys())
+
+Url: Type[Any]
+
+if PYDANTIC_V2:
+    from pydantic import PydanticSchemaGenerationError as PydanticSchemaGenerationError
+    from pydantic import TypeAdapter
+    from pydantic import ValidationError as ValidationError
+    from pydantic._internal._schema_generation_shared import (  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        GetJsonSchemaHandler as GetJsonSchemaHandler,
+    )
+    from pydantic._internal._typing_extra import eval_type_lenient
+    from pydantic._internal._utils import lenient_issubclass as lenient_issubclass
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+    from pydantic.json_schema import GenerateJsonSchema as GenerateJsonSchema
+    from pydantic.json_schema import JsonSchemaValue as JsonSchemaValue
+    from pydantic_core import CoreSchema as CoreSchema
+    from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined, PydanticUndefinedType
+    from pydantic_core import Url as Url
+
+    try:
+        from pydantic_core.core_schema import (
+            with_info_plain_validator_function as with_info_plain_validator_function,
+        )
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        from pydantic_core.core_schema import (
+            general_plain_validator_function as with_info_plain_validator_function,  # noqa: F401
+        )
+
+    RequiredParam = PydanticUndefined
+    Undefined = PydanticUndefined
+    UndefinedType = PydanticUndefinedType
+    evaluate_forwardref = eval_type_lenient
+    Validator = Any
+
+    class BaseConfig:
+        pass
+
+    class ErrorWrapper(Exception):
+        pass
+
+    @dataclass
+    class ModelField:
+        field_info: FieldInfo
+        name: str
+        mode: Literal["validation", "serialization"] = "validation"
+
+        @property
+        def alias(self) -> str:
+            a = self.field_info.alias
+            return a if a is not None else self.name
+
+        @property
+        def required(self) -> bool:
+            return self.field_info.is_required()
+
+        @property
+        def default(self) -> Any:
+            return self.get_default()
+
+        @property
+        def type_(self) -> Any:
+            return self.field_info.annotation
+
+        def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+            self._type_adapter: TypeAdapter[Any] = TypeAdapter(
+                Annotated[self.field_info.annotation, self.field_info]
+            )
+
+        def get_default(self) -> Any:
+            if self.field_info.is_required():
+                return Undefined
+            return self.field_info.get_default(call_default_factory=True)
+
+        def validate(
+            self,
+            value: Any,
+            values: Dict[str, Any] = {},  # noqa: B006
+            *,
+            loc: Tuple[Union[int, str], ...] = (),
+        ) -> Tuple[Any, Union[List[Dict[str, Any]], None]]:
+            try:
+                return (
+                    self._type_adapter.validate_python(value, from_attributes=True),
+                    None,
+                )
+            except ValidationError as exc:
+                return None, _regenerate_error_with_loc(
+                    errors=exc.errors(include_url=False), loc_prefix=loc
+                )
+
+        def serialize(
+            self,
+            value: Any,
+            *,
+            mode: Literal["json", "python"] = "json",
+            include: Union[IncEx, None] = None,
+            exclude: Union[IncEx, None] = None,
+            by_alias: bool = True,
+            exclude_unset: bool = False,
+            exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+            exclude_none: bool = False,
+        ) -> Any:
+            # What calls this code passes a value that already called
+            # self._type_adapter.validate_python(value)
+            return self._type_adapter.dump_python(
+                value,
+                mode=mode,
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+
+        def __hash__(self) -> int:
+            # Each ModelField is unique for our purposes, to allow making a dict from
+            # ModelField to its JSON Schema.
+            return id(self)
+
+    def get_annotation_from_field_info(
+        annotation: Any, field_info: FieldInfo, field_name: str
+    ) -> Any:
+        return annotation
+
+    def _normalize_errors(errors: Sequence[Any]) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        return errors  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def _model_rebuild(model: Type[BaseModel]) -> None:
+        model.model_rebuild()
+
+    def _model_dump(
+        model: BaseModel, mode: Literal["json", "python"] = "json", **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        return model.model_dump(mode=mode, **kwargs)
+
+    def _get_model_config(model: BaseModel) -> Any:
+        return model.model_config
+
+    def get_schema_from_model_field(
+        *,
+        field: ModelField,
+        schema_generator: GenerateJsonSchema,
+        model_name_map: ModelNameMap,
+        field_mapping: Dict[
+            Tuple[ModelField, Literal["validation", "serialization"]], JsonSchemaValue
+        ],
+        separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        override_mode: Union[Literal["validation"], None] = (
+            None if separate_input_output_schemas else "validation"
+        )
+        # This expects that GenerateJsonSchema was already used to generate the definitions
+        json_schema = field_mapping[(field, override_mode or field.mode)]
+        if "$ref" not in json_schema:
+            # TODO remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
+            # Ref: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/blob/d61792cc42c80b13b23e3ffa74bc37ec7c77f7d1/pydantic/schema.py#L207
+            json_schema["title"] = (
+                field.field_info.title or field.alias.title().replace("_", " ")
+            )
+        return json_schema
+
+    def get_compat_model_name_map(fields: List[ModelField]) -> ModelNameMap:
+        return {}
+
+    def get_definitions(
+        *,
+        fields: List[ModelField],
+        schema_generator: GenerateJsonSchema,
+        model_name_map: ModelNameMap,
+        separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Dict[
+            Tuple[ModelField, Literal["validation", "serialization"]], JsonSchemaValue
+        ],
+        Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]],
+    ]:
+        override_mode: Union[Literal["validation"], None] = (
+            None if separate_input_output_schemas else "validation"
+        )
+        inputs = [
+            (field, override_mode or field.mode, field._type_adapter.core_schema)
+            for field in fields
+        ]
+        field_mapping, definitions = schema_generator.generate_definitions(
+            inputs=inputs
+        )
+        return field_mapping, definitions  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def is_scalar_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        from fastapi import params
+
+        return field_annotation_is_scalar(
+            field.field_info.annotation
+        ) and not isinstance(field.field_info, params.Body)
+
+    def is_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return field_annotation_is_sequence(field.field_info.annotation)
+
+    def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return field_annotation_is_scalar_sequence(field.field_info.annotation)
+
+    def is_bytes_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return is_bytes_or_nonable_bytes_annotation(field.type_)
+
+    def is_bytes_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return is_bytes_sequence_annotation(field.type_)
+
+    def copy_field_info(*, field_info: FieldInfo, annotation: Any) -> FieldInfo:
+        cls = type(field_info)
+        merged_field_info = cls.from_annotation(annotation)
+        new_field_info = copy(field_info)
+        new_field_info.metadata = merged_field_info.metadata
+        new_field_info.annotation = merged_field_info.annotation
+        return new_field_info
+
+    def serialize_sequence_value(*, field: ModelField, value: Any) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        origin_type = (
+            get_origin(field.field_info.annotation) or field.field_info.annotation
+        )
+        assert issubclass(origin_type, sequence_types)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        return sequence_annotation_to_type[origin_type](value)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def get_missing_field_error(loc: Tuple[str, ...]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        error = ValidationError.from_exception_data(
+            "Field required", [{"type": "missing", "loc": loc, "input": {}}]
+        ).errors(include_url=False)[0]
+        error["input"] = None
+        return error  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def create_body_model(
+        *, fields: Sequence[ModelField], model_name: str
+    ) -> Type[BaseModel]:
+        field_params = {f.name: (f.field_info.annotation, f.field_info) for f in fields}
+        BodyModel: Type[BaseModel] = create_model(model_name, **field_params)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        return BodyModel
+
+    def get_model_fields(model: Type[BaseModel]) -> List[ModelField]:
+        return [
+            ModelField(field_info=field_info, name=name)
+            for name, field_info in model.model_fields.items()
+        ]
+
+else:
+    from fastapi.openapi.constants import REF_PREFIX as REF_PREFIX
+    from pydantic import AnyUrl as Url  # noqa: F401
+    from pydantic import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        BaseConfig as BaseConfig,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+    from pydantic import ValidationError as ValidationError  # noqa: F401
+    from pydantic.class_validators import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        Validator as Validator,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+    from pydantic.error_wrappers import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        ErrorWrapper as ErrorWrapper,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+    from pydantic.errors import MissingError
+    from pydantic.fields import (  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        SHAPE_FROZENSET,
+        SHAPE_LIST,
+        SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+        SHAPE_SET,
+        SHAPE_SINGLETON,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
+    )
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo as FieldInfo
+    from pydantic.fields import (  # type: ignore[no-redef,attr-defined]
+        ModelField as ModelField,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+
+    # Keeping old "Required" functionality from Pydantic V1, without
+    # shadowing typing.Required.
+    RequiredParam: Any = Ellipsis  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+    from pydantic.fields import (  # type: ignore[no-redef,attr-defined]
+        Undefined as Undefined,
+    )
+    from pydantic.fields import (  # type: ignore[no-redef, attr-defined]
+        UndefinedType as UndefinedType,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+    from pydantic.schema import (
+        field_schema,
+        get_flat_models_from_fields,
+        get_model_name_map,
+        model_process_schema,
+    )
+    from pydantic.schema import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]  # noqa: F401
+        get_annotation_from_field_info as get_annotation_from_field_info,
+    )
+    from pydantic.typing import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        evaluate_forwardref as evaluate_forwardref,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+    from pydantic.utils import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        lenient_issubclass as lenient_issubclass,  # noqa: F401
+    )
+
+    GetJsonSchemaHandler = Any  # type: ignore[assignment,misc]
+    JsonSchemaValue = Dict[str, Any]  # type: ignore[misc]
+    CoreSchema = Any  # type: ignore[assignment,misc]
+
+    sequence_shapes = {
+        SHAPE_LIST,
+        SHAPE_SET,
+        SHAPE_FROZENSET,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE,
+        SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
+    }
+    sequence_shape_to_type = {
+        SHAPE_LIST: list,
+        SHAPE_SET: set,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE: tuple,
+        SHAPE_SEQUENCE: list,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS: list,
+    }
+
+    @dataclass
+    class GenerateJsonSchema:  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        ref_template: str
+
+    class PydanticSchemaGenerationError(Exception):  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        pass
+
+    def with_info_plain_validator_function(  # type: ignore[misc]
+        function: Callable[..., Any],
+        *,
+        ref: Union[str, None] = None,
+        metadata: Any = None,
+        serialization: Any = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return {}
+
+    def get_model_definitions(
+        *,
+        flat_models: Set[Union[Type[BaseModel], Type[Enum]]],
+        model_name_map: Dict[Union[Type[BaseModel], Type[Enum]], str],
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        definitions: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+        for model in flat_models:
+            m_schema, m_definitions, m_nested_models = model_process_schema(
+                model, model_name_map=model_name_map, ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX
+            )
+            definitions.update(m_definitions)
+            model_name = model_name_map[model]
+            if "description" in m_schema:
+                m_schema["description"] = m_schema["description"].split("\f")[0]
+            definitions[model_name] = m_schema
+        return definitions
+
+    def is_pv1_scalar_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        from fastapi import params
+
+        field_info = field.field_info
+        if not (
+            field.shape == SHAPE_SINGLETON  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            and not lenient_issubclass(field.type_, BaseModel)
+            and not lenient_issubclass(field.type_, dict)
+            and not field_annotation_is_sequence(field.type_)
+            and not is_dataclass(field.type_)
+            and not isinstance(field_info, params.Body)
+        ):
+            return False
+        if field.sub_fields:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            if not all(
+                is_pv1_scalar_field(f)
+                for f in field.sub_fields  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            ):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def is_pv1_scalar_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        if (field.shape in sequence_shapes) and not lenient_issubclass(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            field.type_, BaseModel
+        ):
+            if field.sub_fields is not None:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                for sub_field in field.sub_fields:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    if not is_pv1_scalar_field(sub_field):
+                        return False
+            return True
+        if _annotation_is_sequence(field.type_):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def _normalize_errors(errors: Sequence[Any]) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        use_errors: List[Any] = []
+        for error in errors:
+            if isinstance(error, ErrorWrapper):
+                new_errors = ValidationError(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                    errors=[error], model=RequestErrorModel
+                ).errors()
+                use_errors.extend(new_errors)
+            elif isinstance(error, list):
+                use_errors.extend(_normalize_errors(error))
+            else:
+                use_errors.append(error)
+        return use_errors
+
+    def _model_rebuild(model: Type[BaseModel]) -> None:
+        model.update_forward_refs()
+
+    def _model_dump(
+        model: BaseModel, mode: Literal["json", "python"] = "json", **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        return model.dict(**kwargs)
+
+    def _get_model_config(model: BaseModel) -> Any:
+        return model.__config__  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def get_schema_from_model_field(
+        *,
+        field: ModelField,
+        schema_generator: GenerateJsonSchema,
+        model_name_map: ModelNameMap,
+        field_mapping: Dict[
+            Tuple[ModelField, Literal["validation", "serialization"]], JsonSchemaValue
+        ],
+        separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        # This expects that GenerateJsonSchema was already used to generate the definitions
+        return field_schema(  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+            field, model_name_map=model_name_map, ref_prefix=REF_PREFIX
+        )[0]
+
+    def get_compat_model_name_map(fields: List[ModelField]) -> ModelNameMap:
+        models = get_flat_models_from_fields(fields, known_models=set())
+        return get_model_name_map(models)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def get_definitions(
+        *,
+        fields: List[ModelField],
+        schema_generator: GenerateJsonSchema,
+        model_name_map: ModelNameMap,
+        separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Dict[
+            Tuple[ModelField, Literal["validation", "serialization"]], JsonSchemaValue
+        ],
+        Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]],
+    ]:
+        models = get_flat_models_from_fields(fields, known_models=set())
+        return {}, get_model_definitions(
+            flat_models=models, model_name_map=model_name_map
+        )
+
+    def is_scalar_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return is_pv1_scalar_field(field)
+
+    def is_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return field.shape in sequence_shapes or _annotation_is_sequence(field.type_)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def is_scalar_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return is_pv1_scalar_sequence_field(field)
+
+    def is_bytes_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return lenient_issubclass(field.type_, bytes)
+
+    def is_bytes_sequence_field(field: ModelField) -> bool:
+        return field.shape in sequence_shapes and lenient_issubclass(field.type_, bytes)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def copy_field_info(*, field_info: FieldInfo, annotation: Any) -> FieldInfo:
+        return copy(field_info)
+
+    def serialize_sequence_value(*, field: ModelField, value: Any) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        return sequence_shape_to_type[field.shape](value)  # type: ignore[no-any-return,attr-defined]
+
+    def get_missing_field_error(loc: Tuple[str, ...]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        missing_field_error = ErrorWrapper(MissingError(), loc=loc)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        new_error = ValidationError([missing_field_error], RequestErrorModel)
+        return new_error.errors()[0]  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def create_body_model(
+        *, fields: Sequence[ModelField], model_name: str
+    ) -> Type[BaseModel]:
+        BodyModel = create_model(model_name)
+        for f in fields:
+            BodyModel.__fields__[f.name] = f  # type: ignore[index]
+        return BodyModel
+
+    def get_model_fields(model: Type[BaseModel]) -> List[ModelField]:
+        return list(model.__fields__.values())  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+
+def _regenerate_error_with_loc(
+    *, errors: Sequence[Any], loc_prefix: Tuple[Union[str, int], ...]
+) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    updated_loc_errors: List[Any] = [
+        {**err, "loc": loc_prefix + err.get("loc", ())}
+        for err in _normalize_errors(errors)
+    ]
+
+    return updated_loc_errors
+
+
+def _annotation_is_sequence(annotation: Union[Type[Any], None]) -> bool:
+    if lenient_issubclass(annotation, (str, bytes)):
+        return False
+    return lenient_issubclass(annotation, sequence_types)
+
+
+def field_annotation_is_sequence(annotation: Union[Type[Any], None]) -> bool:
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
+        for arg in get_args(annotation):
+            if field_annotation_is_sequence(arg):
+                return True
+        return False
+    return _annotation_is_sequence(annotation) or _annotation_is_sequence(
+        get_origin(annotation)
+    )
+
+
+def value_is_sequence(value: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(value, sequence_types) and not isinstance(value, (str, bytes))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+def _annotation_is_complex(annotation: Union[Type[Any], None]) -> bool:
+    return (
+        lenient_issubclass(annotation, (BaseModel, Mapping, UploadFile))
+        or _annotation_is_sequence(annotation)
+        or is_dataclass(annotation)
+    )
+
+
+def field_annotation_is_complex(annotation: Union[Type[Any], None]) -> bool:
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
+        return any(field_annotation_is_complex(arg) for arg in get_args(annotation))
+
+    return (
+        _annotation_is_complex(annotation)
+        or _annotation_is_complex(origin)
+        or hasattr(origin, "__pydantic_core_schema__")
+        or hasattr(origin, "__get_pydantic_core_schema__")
+    )
+
+
+def field_annotation_is_scalar(annotation: Any) -> bool:
+    # handle Ellipsis here to make tuple[int, ...] work nicely
+    return annotation is Ellipsis or not field_annotation_is_complex(annotation)
+
+
+def field_annotation_is_scalar_sequence(annotation: Union[Type[Any], None]) -> bool:
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
+        at_least_one_scalar_sequence = False
+        for arg in get_args(annotation):
+            if field_annotation_is_scalar_sequence(arg):
+                at_least_one_scalar_sequence = True
+                continue
+            elif not field_annotation_is_scalar(arg):
+                return False
+        return at_least_one_scalar_sequence
+    return field_annotation_is_sequence(annotation) and all(
+        field_annotation_is_scalar(sub_annotation)
+        for sub_annotation in get_args(annotation)
+    )
+
+
+def is_bytes_or_nonable_bytes_annotation(annotation: Any) -> bool:
+    if lenient_issubclass(annotation, bytes):
+        return True
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
+        for arg in get_args(annotation):
+            if lenient_issubclass(arg, bytes):
+                return True
+    return False
+
+
+def is_uploadfile_or_nonable_uploadfile_annotation(annotation: Any) -> bool:
+    if lenient_issubclass(annotation, UploadFile):
+        return True
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
+        for arg in get_args(annotation):
+            if lenient_issubclass(arg, UploadFile):
+                return True
+    return False
+
+
+def is_bytes_sequence_annotation(annotation: Any) -> bool:
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
+        at_least_one = False
+        for arg in get_args(annotation):
+            if is_bytes_sequence_annotation(arg):
+                at_least_one = True
+                continue
+        return at_least_one
+    return field_annotation_is_sequence(annotation) and all(
+        is_bytes_or_nonable_bytes_annotation(sub_annotation)
+        for sub_annotation in get_args(annotation)
+    )
+
+
+def is_uploadfile_sequence_annotation(annotation: Any) -> bool:
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if origin is Union or origin is UnionType:
+        at_least_one = False
+        for arg in get_args(annotation):
+            if is_uploadfile_sequence_annotation(arg):
+                at_least_one = True
+                continue
+        return at_least_one
+    return field_annotation_is_sequence(annotation) and all(
+        is_uploadfile_or_nonable_uploadfile_annotation(sub_annotation)
+        for sub_annotation in get_args(annotation)
+    )
+
+
+@lru_cache
+def get_cached_model_fields(model: Type[BaseModel]) -> List[ModelField]:
+    return get_model_fields(model)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/applications.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/applications.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d427cdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/applications.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4585 @@
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Awaitable,
+    Callable,
+    Coroutine,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from fastapi import routing
+from fastapi.datastructures import Default, DefaultPlaceholder
+from fastapi.exception_handlers import (
+    http_exception_handler,
+    request_validation_exception_handler,
+    websocket_request_validation_exception_handler,
+)
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError, WebSocketRequestValidationError
+from fastapi.logger import logger
+from fastapi.openapi.docs import (
+    get_redoc_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_html,
+    get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html,
+)
+from fastapi.openapi.utils import get_openapi
+from fastapi.params import Depends
+from fastapi.types import DecoratedCallable, IncEx
+from fastapi.utils import generate_unique_id
+from starlette.applications import Starlette
+from starlette.datastructures import State
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.middleware import Middleware
+from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, JSONResponse, Response
+from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Lifespan, Receive, Scope, Send
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc, deprecated
+
+AppType = TypeVar("AppType", bound="FastAPI")
+
+
+class FastAPI(Starlette):
+    """
+    `FastAPI` app class, the main entrypoint to use FastAPI.
+
+    Read more in the
+    [FastAPI docs for First Steps](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/first-steps/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self: AppType,
+        *,
+        debug: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Boolean indicating if debug tracebacks should be returned on server
+                errors.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [Starlette docs for Applications](https://www.starlette.io/applications/#instantiating-the-application).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        routes: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                **Note**: you probably shouldn't use this parameter, it is inherited
+                from Starlette and supported for compatibility.
+
+                ---
+
+                A list of routes to serve incoming HTTP and WebSocket requests.
+                """
+            ),
+            deprecated(
+                """
+                You normally wouldn't use this parameter with FastAPI, it is inherited
+                from Starlette and supported for compatibility.
+
+                In FastAPI, you normally would use the *path operation methods*,
+                like `app.get()`, `app.post()`, etc.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        title: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The title of the API.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-api).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(title="ChimichangApp")
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "FastAPI",
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A short summary of the API.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-api).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(summary="Deadpond's favorite app. Nuff said.")
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                '''
+                A description of the API. Supports Markdown (using
+                [CommonMark syntax](https://commonmark.org/)).
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-api).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(
+                    description="""
+                                ChimichangApp API helps you do awesome stuff. 🚀
+
+                                ## Items
+
+                                You can **read items**.
+
+                                ## Users
+
+                                You will be able to:
+
+                                * **Create users** (_not implemented_).
+                                * **Read users** (_not implemented_).
+
+                                """
+                )
+                ```
+                '''
+            ),
+        ] = "",
+        version: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The version of the API.
+
+                **Note** This is the version of your application, not the version of
+                the OpenAPI specification nor the version of FastAPI being used.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-api).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(version="0.0.1")
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "0.1.0",
+        openapi_url: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL where the OpenAPI schema will be served from.
+
+                If you set it to `None`, no OpenAPI schema will be served publicly, and
+                the default automatic endpoints `/docs` and `/redoc` will also be
+                disabled.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#openapi-url).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(openapi_url="/api/v1/openapi.json")
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "/openapi.json",
+        openapi_tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags used by OpenAPI, these are the same `tags` you can set
+                in the *path operations*, like:
+
+                * `@app.get("/users/", tags=["users"])`
+                * `@app.get("/items/", tags=["items"])`
+
+                The order of the tags can be used to specify the order shown in
+                tools like Swagger UI, used in the automatic path `/docs`.
+
+                It's not required to specify all the tags used.
+
+                The tags that are not declared MAY be organized randomly or based
+                on the tools' logic. Each tag name in the list MUST be unique.
+
+                The value of each item is a `dict` containing:
+
+                * `name`: The name of the tag.
+                * `description`: A short description of the tag.
+                    [CommonMark syntax](https://commonmark.org/) MAY be used for rich
+                    text representation.
+                * `externalDocs`: Additional external documentation for this tag. If
+                    provided, it would contain a `dict` with:
+                    * `description`: A short description of the target documentation.
+                        [CommonMark syntax](https://commonmark.org/) MAY be used for
+                        rich text representation.
+                    * `url`: The URL for the target documentation. Value MUST be in
+                        the form of a URL.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-tags).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                tags_metadata = [
+                    {
+                        "name": "users",
+                        "description": "Operations with users. The **login** logic is also here.",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "name": "items",
+                        "description": "Manage items. So _fancy_ they have their own docs.",
+                        "externalDocs": {
+                            "description": "Items external docs",
+                            "url": "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/",
+                        },
+                    },
+                ]
+
+                app = FastAPI(openapi_tags=tags_metadata)
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        servers: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Dict[str, Union[str, Any]]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A `list` of `dict`s with connectivity information to a target server.
+
+                You would use it, for example, if your application is served from
+                different domains and you want to use the same Swagger UI in the
+                browser to interact with each of them (instead of having multiple
+                browser tabs open). Or if you want to leave fixed the possible URLs.
+
+                If the servers `list` is not provided, or is an empty `list`, the
+                default value would be a `dict` with a `url` value of `/`.
+
+                Each item in the `list` is a `dict` containing:
+
+                * `url`: A URL to the target host. This URL supports Server Variables
+                and MAY be relative, to indicate that the host location is relative
+                to the location where the OpenAPI document is being served. Variable
+                substitutions will be made when a variable is named in `{`brackets`}`.
+                * `description`: An optional string describing the host designated by
+                the URL. [CommonMark syntax](https://commonmark.org/) MAY be used for
+                rich text representation.
+                * `variables`: A `dict` between a variable name and its value. The value
+                    is used for substitution in the server's URL template.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Behind a Proxy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/behind-a-proxy/#additional-servers).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(
+                    servers=[
+                        {"url": "https://stag.example.com", "description": "Staging environment"},
+                        {"url": "https://prod.example.com", "description": "Production environment"},
+                    ]
+                )
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of global dependencies, they will be applied to each
+                *path operation*, including in sub-routers.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Global Dependencies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/global-dependencies/).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+                from .dependencies import func_dep_1, func_dep_2
+
+                app = FastAPI(dependencies=[Depends(func_dep_1), Depends(func_dep_2)])
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        default_response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default response class to be used.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#default-response-class).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+                from fastapi.responses import ORJSONResponse
+
+                app = FastAPI(default_response_class=ORJSONResponse)
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        redirect_slashes: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Whether to detect and redirect slashes in URLs when the client doesn't
+                use the same format.
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(redirect_slashes=True)  # the default
+
+                @app.get("/items/")
+                async def read_items():
+                    return [{"item_id": "Foo"}]
+                ```
+
+                With this app, if a client goes to `/items` (without a trailing slash),
+                they will be automatically redirected with an HTTP status code of 307
+                to `/items/`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        docs_url: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The path to the automatic interactive API documentation.
+                It is handled in the browser by Swagger UI.
+
+                The default URL is `/docs`. You can disable it by setting it to `None`.
+
+                If `openapi_url` is set to `None`, this will be automatically disabled.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#docs-urls).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(docs_url="/documentation", redoc_url=None)
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "/docs",
+        redoc_url: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The path to the alternative automatic interactive API documentation
+                provided by ReDoc.
+
+                The default URL is `/redoc`. You can disable it by setting it to `None`.
+
+                If `openapi_url` is set to `None`, this will be automatically disabled.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#docs-urls).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(docs_url="/documentation", redoc_url="redocumentation")
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "/redoc",
+        swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The OAuth2 redirect endpoint for the Swagger UI.
+
+                By default it is `/docs/oauth2-redirect`.
+
+                This is only used if you use OAuth2 (with the "Authorize" button)
+                with Swagger UI.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "/docs/oauth2-redirect",
+        swagger_ui_init_oauth: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                OAuth2 configuration for the Swagger UI, by default shown at `/docs`.
+
+                Read more about the available configuration options in the
+                [Swagger UI docs](https://swagger.io/docs/open-source-tools/swagger-ui/usage/oauth2/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        middleware: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Middleware]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of middleware to be added when creating the application.
+
+                In FastAPI you would normally do this with `app.add_middleware()`
+                instead.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Middleware](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/middleware/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        exception_handlers: Annotated[
+            Optional[
+                Dict[
+                    Union[int, Type[Exception]],
+                    Callable[[Request, Any], Coroutine[Any, Any, Response]],
+                ]
+            ],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A dictionary with handlers for exceptions.
+
+                In FastAPI, you would normally use the decorator
+                `@app.exception_handler()`.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Handling Errors](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        on_startup: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Callable[[], Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of startup event handler functions.
+
+                You should instead use the `lifespan` handlers.
+
+                Read more in the [FastAPI docs for `lifespan`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        on_shutdown: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Callable[[], Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of shutdown event handler functions.
+
+                You should instead use the `lifespan` handlers.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for `lifespan`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        lifespan: Annotated[
+            Optional[Lifespan[AppType]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A `Lifespan` context manager handler. This replaces `startup` and
+                `shutdown` functions with a single context manager.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for `lifespan`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        terms_of_service: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A URL to the Terms of Service for your API.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more at the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-api).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                app = FastAPI(terms_of_service="http://example.com/terms/")
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        contact: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A dictionary with the contact information for the exposed API.
+
+                It can contain several fields.
+
+                * `name`: (`str`) The name of the contact person/organization.
+                * `url`: (`str`) A URL pointing to the contact information. MUST be in
+                    the format of a URL.
+                * `email`: (`str`) The email address of the contact person/organization.
+                    MUST be in the format of an email address.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more at the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-api).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                app = FastAPI(
+                    contact={
+                        "name": "Deadpoolio the Amazing",
+                        "url": "http://x-force.example.com/contact/",
+                        "email": "dp@x-force.example.com",
+                    }
+                )
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        license_info: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A dictionary with the license information for the exposed API.
+
+                It can contain several fields.
+
+                * `name`: (`str`) **REQUIRED** (if a `license_info` is set). The
+                    license name used for the API.
+                * `identifier`: (`str`) An [SPDX](https://spdx.dev/) license expression
+                    for the API. The `identifier` field is mutually exclusive of the `url`
+                    field. Available since OpenAPI 3.1.0, FastAPI 0.99.0.
+                * `url`: (`str`) A URL to the license used for the API. This MUST be
+                    the format of a URL.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more at the
+                [FastAPI docs for Metadata and Docs URLs](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/metadata/#metadata-for-api).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                app = FastAPI(
+                    license_info={
+                        "name": "Apache 2.0",
+                        "url": "https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.html",
+                    }
+                )
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_prefix: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A URL prefix for the OpenAPI URL.
+                """
+            ),
+            deprecated(
+                """
+                "openapi_prefix" has been deprecated in favor of "root_path", which
+                follows more closely the ASGI standard, is simpler, and more
+                automatic.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "",
+        root_path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A path prefix handled by a proxy that is not seen by the application
+                but is seen by external clients, which affects things like Swagger UI.
+
+                Read more about it at the
+                [FastAPI docs for Behind a Proxy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/behind-a-proxy/).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(root_path="/api/v1")
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "",
+        root_path_in_servers: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                To disable automatically generating the URLs in the `servers` field
+                in the autogenerated OpenAPI using the `root_path`.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Behind a Proxy](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/behind-a-proxy/#disable-automatic-server-from-root_path).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI(root_path_in_servers=False)
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses to be shown in OpenAPI.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Additional Responses in OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/additional-responses/).
+
+                And in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-custom-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                OpenAPI callbacks that should apply to all *path operations*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        webhooks: Annotated[
+            Optional[routing.APIRouter],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Add OpenAPI webhooks. This is similar to `callbacks` but it doesn't
+                depend on specific *path operations*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                **Note**: This is available since OpenAPI 3.1.0, FastAPI 0.99.0.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Webhooks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-webhooks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark all *path operations* as deprecated. You probably don't need it,
+                but it's available.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                To include (or not) all the *path operations* in the generated OpenAPI.
+                You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        swagger_ui_parameters: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Parameters to configure Swagger UI, the autogenerated interactive API
+                documentation (by default at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Configure Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/how-to/configure-swagger-ui/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+        separate_input_output_schemas: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Whether to generate separate OpenAPI schemas for request body and
+                response body when the results would be more precise.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients.
+
+                For example, if you have a model like:
+
+                ```python
+                from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+                class Item(BaseModel):
+                    name: str
+                    tags: list[str] = []
+                ```
+
+                When `Item` is used for input, a request body, `tags` is not required,
+                the client doesn't have to provide it.
+
+                But when using `Item` for output, for a response body, `tags` is always
+                available because it has a default value, even if it's just an empty
+                list. So, the client should be able to always expect it.
+
+                In this case, there would be two different schemas, one for input and
+                another one for output.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        **extra: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra keyword arguments to be stored in the app, not used by FastAPI
+                anywhere.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.debug = debug
+        self.title = title
+        self.summary = summary
+        self.description = description
+        self.version = version
+        self.terms_of_service = terms_of_service
+        self.contact = contact
+        self.license_info = license_info
+        self.openapi_url = openapi_url
+        self.openapi_tags = openapi_tags
+        self.root_path_in_servers = root_path_in_servers
+        self.docs_url = docs_url
+        self.redoc_url = redoc_url
+        self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url = swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url
+        self.swagger_ui_init_oauth = swagger_ui_init_oauth
+        self.swagger_ui_parameters = swagger_ui_parameters
+        self.servers = servers or []
+        self.separate_input_output_schemas = separate_input_output_schemas
+        self.extra = extra
+        self.openapi_version: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The version string of OpenAPI.
+
+                FastAPI will generate OpenAPI version 3.1.0, and will output that as
+                the OpenAPI version. But some tools, even though they might be
+                compatible with OpenAPI 3.1.0, might not recognize it as a valid.
+
+                So you could override this value to trick those tools into using
+                the generated OpenAPI. Have in mind that this is a hack. But if you
+                avoid using features added in OpenAPI 3.1.0, it might work for your
+                use case.
+
+                This is not passed as a parameter to the `FastAPI` class to avoid
+                giving the false idea that FastAPI would generate a different OpenAPI
+                schema. It is only available as an attribute.
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                app = FastAPI()
+
+                app.openapi_version = "3.0.2"
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "3.1.0"
+        self.openapi_schema: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+        if self.openapi_url:
+            assert self.title, "A title must be provided for OpenAPI, e.g.: 'My API'"
+            assert self.version, "A version must be provided for OpenAPI, e.g.: '2.1.0'"
+        # TODO: remove when discarding the openapi_prefix parameter
+        if openapi_prefix:
+            logger.warning(
+                '"openapi_prefix" has been deprecated in favor of "root_path", which '
+                "follows more closely the ASGI standard, is simpler, and more "
+                "automatic. Check the docs at "
+                "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/sub-applications/"
+            )
+        self.webhooks: Annotated[
+            routing.APIRouter,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The `app.webhooks` attribute is an `APIRouter` with the *path
+                operations* that will be used just for documentation of webhooks.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Webhooks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-webhooks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = webhooks or routing.APIRouter()
+        self.root_path = root_path or openapi_prefix
+        self.state: Annotated[
+            State,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A state object for the application. This is the same object for the
+                entire application, it doesn't change from request to request.
+
+                You normally wouldn't use this in FastAPI, for most of the cases you
+                would instead use FastAPI dependencies.
+
+                This is simply inherited from Starlette.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [Starlette docs for Applications](https://www.starlette.io/applications/#storing-state-on-the-app-instance).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = State()
+        self.dependency_overrides: Annotated[
+            Dict[Callable[..., Any], Callable[..., Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A dictionary with overrides for the dependencies.
+
+                Each key is the original dependency callable, and the value is the
+                actual dependency that should be called.
+
+                This is for testing, to replace expensive dependencies with testing
+                versions.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Testing Dependencies with Overrides](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/testing-dependencies/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = {}
+        self.router: routing.APIRouter = routing.APIRouter(
+            routes=routes,
+            redirect_slashes=redirect_slashes,
+            dependency_overrides_provider=self,
+            on_startup=on_startup,
+            on_shutdown=on_shutdown,
+            lifespan=lifespan,
+            default_response_class=default_response_class,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            responses=responses,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+        self.exception_handlers: Dict[
+            Any, Callable[[Request, Any], Union[Response, Awaitable[Response]]]
+        ] = {} if exception_handlers is None else dict(exception_handlers)
+        self.exception_handlers.setdefault(HTTPException, http_exception_handler)
+        self.exception_handlers.setdefault(
+            RequestValidationError, request_validation_exception_handler
+        )
+        self.exception_handlers.setdefault(
+            WebSocketRequestValidationError,
+            # Starlette still has incorrect type specification for the handlers
+            websocket_request_validation_exception_handler,  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+        self.user_middleware: List[Middleware] = (
+            [] if middleware is None else list(middleware)
+        )
+        self.middleware_stack: Union[ASGIApp, None] = None
+        self.setup()
+
+    def openapi(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Generate the OpenAPI schema of the application. This is called by FastAPI
+        internally.
+
+        The first time it is called it stores the result in the attribute
+        `app.openapi_schema`, and next times it is called, it just returns that same
+        result. To avoid the cost of generating the schema every time.
+
+        If you need to modify the generated OpenAPI schema, you could modify it.
+
+        Read more in the
+        [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/how-to/extending-openapi/).
+        """
+        if not self.openapi_schema:
+            self.openapi_schema = get_openapi(
+                title=self.title,
+                version=self.version,
+                openapi_version=self.openapi_version,
+                summary=self.summary,
+                description=self.description,
+                terms_of_service=self.terms_of_service,
+                contact=self.contact,
+                license_info=self.license_info,
+                routes=self.routes,
+                webhooks=self.webhooks.routes,
+                tags=self.openapi_tags,
+                servers=self.servers,
+                separate_input_output_schemas=self.separate_input_output_schemas,
+            )
+        return self.openapi_schema
+
+    def setup(self) -> None:
+        if self.openapi_url:
+            urls = (server_data.get("url") for server_data in self.servers)
+            server_urls = {url for url in urls if url}
+
+            async def openapi(req: Request) -> JSONResponse:
+                root_path = req.scope.get("root_path", "").rstrip("/")
+                if root_path not in server_urls:
+                    if root_path and self.root_path_in_servers:
+                        self.servers.insert(0, {"url": root_path})
+                        server_urls.add(root_path)
+                return JSONResponse(self.openapi())
+
+            self.add_route(self.openapi_url, openapi, include_in_schema=False)
+        if self.openapi_url and self.docs_url:
+
+            async def swagger_ui_html(req: Request) -> HTMLResponse:
+                root_path = req.scope.get("root_path", "").rstrip("/")
+                openapi_url = root_path + self.openapi_url
+                oauth2_redirect_url = self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url
+                if oauth2_redirect_url:
+                    oauth2_redirect_url = root_path + oauth2_redirect_url
+                return get_swagger_ui_html(
+                    openapi_url=openapi_url,
+                    title=f"{self.title} - Swagger UI",
+                    oauth2_redirect_url=oauth2_redirect_url,
+                    init_oauth=self.swagger_ui_init_oauth,
+                    swagger_ui_parameters=self.swagger_ui_parameters,
+                )
+
+            self.add_route(self.docs_url, swagger_ui_html, include_in_schema=False)
+
+            if self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url:
+
+                async def swagger_ui_redirect(req: Request) -> HTMLResponse:
+                    return get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html()
+
+                self.add_route(
+                    self.swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_url,
+                    swagger_ui_redirect,
+                    include_in_schema=False,
+                )
+        if self.openapi_url and self.redoc_url:
+
+            async def redoc_html(req: Request) -> HTMLResponse:
+                root_path = req.scope.get("root_path", "").rstrip("/")
+                openapi_url = root_path + self.openapi_url
+                return get_redoc_html(
+                    openapi_url=openapi_url, title=f"{self.title} - ReDoc"
+                )
+
+            self.add_route(self.redoc_url, redoc_html, include_in_schema=False)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if self.root_path:
+            scope["root_path"] = self.root_path
+        await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def add_api_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
+        *,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
+        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        response_class: Union[Type[Response], DefaultPlaceholder] = Default(
+            JSONResponse
+        ),
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str] = Default(
+            generate_unique_id
+        ),
+    ) -> None:
+        self.router.add_api_route(
+            path,
+            endpoint=endpoint,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=methods,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def api_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
+        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str] = Default(
+            generate_unique_id
+        ),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.router.add_api_route(
+                path,
+                func,
+                response_model=response_model,
+                status_code=status_code,
+                tags=tags,
+                dependencies=dependencies,
+                summary=summary,
+                description=description,
+                response_description=response_description,
+                responses=responses,
+                deprecated=deprecated,
+                methods=methods,
+                operation_id=operation_id,
+                response_model_include=response_model_include,
+                response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+                response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+                response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+                response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+                response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+                response_class=response_class,
+                name=name,
+                openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+                generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_api_websocket_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[Depends]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.router.add_api_websocket_route(
+            path,
+            endpoint,
+            name=name,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+        )
+
+    def websocket(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                WebSocket path.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A name for the WebSocket. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        *,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be used for this
+                WebSocket.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Decorate a WebSocket function.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/).
+
+        **Example**
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI, WebSocket
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.websocket("/ws")
+        async def websocket_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket):
+            await websocket.accept()
+            while True:
+                data = await websocket.receive_text()
+                await websocket.send_text(f"Message text was: {data}")
+        ```
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_api_websocket_route(
+                path,
+                func,
+                name=name,
+                dependencies=dependencies,
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def include_router(
+        self,
+        router: Annotated[routing.APIRouter, Doc("The `APIRouter` to include.")],
+        *,
+        prefix: Annotated[str, Doc("An optional path prefix for the router.")] = "",
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to all the *path operations* in this
+                router.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to all the
+                *path operations* in this router.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications - Multiple Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-custom-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+                from .dependencies import get_token_header
+                from .internal import admin
+
+                app = FastAPI()
+
+                app.include_router(
+                    admin.router,
+                    dependencies=[Depends(get_token_header)],
+                )
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses to be shown in OpenAPI.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Additional Responses in OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/additional-responses/).
+
+                And in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-custom-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark all the *path operations* in this router as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                from .internal import old_api
+
+                app = FastAPI()
+
+                app.include_router(
+                    old_api.router,
+                    deprecated=True,
+                )
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include (or not) all the *path operations* in this router in the
+                generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+                from .internal import old_api
+
+                app = FastAPI()
+
+                app.include_router(
+                    old_api.router,
+                    include_in_schema=False,
+                )
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        default_response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Default response class to be used for the *path operations* in this
+                router.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#default-response-class).
+
+                **Example**
+
+                ```python
+                from fastapi import FastAPI
+                from fastapi.responses import ORJSONResponse
+
+                from .internal import old_api
+
+                app = FastAPI()
+
+                app.include_router(
+                    old_api.router,
+                    default_response_class=ORJSONResponse,
+                )
+                ```
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Include an `APIRouter` in the same app.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/).
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+        from .users import users_router
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        app.include_router(users_router)
+        ```
+        """
+        self.router.include_router(
+            router,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            default_response_class=default_response_class,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP GET operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.get("/items/")
+        def read_items():
+            return [{"name": "Empanada"}, {"name": "Arepa"}]
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.get(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def put(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP PUT operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+        def replace_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
+            return {"message": "Item replaced", "id": item_id}
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.put(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP POST operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.post("/items/")
+        def create_item(item: Item):
+            return {"message": "Item created"}
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.post(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP DELETE operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.delete("/items/{item_id}")
+        def delete_item(item_id: str):
+            return {"message": "Item deleted"}
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.delete(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def options(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP OPTIONS operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.options("/items/")
+        def get_item_options():
+            return {"additions": ["Aji", "Guacamole"]}
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.options(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def head(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP HEAD operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI, Response
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.head("/items/", status_code=204)
+        def get_items_headers(response: Response):
+            response.headers["X-Cat-Dog"] = "Alone in the world"
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.head(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def patch(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP PATCH operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.patch("/items/")
+        def update_item(item: Item):
+            return {"message": "Item updated in place"}
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.patch(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def trace(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[routing.APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP TRACE operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+        @app.put("/items/{item_id}")
+        def trace_item(item_id: str):
+            return None
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.router.trace(
+            path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def websocket_route(
+        self, path: str, name: Union[str, None] = None
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.router.add_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @deprecated(
+        """
+        on_event is deprecated, use lifespan event handlers instead.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Lifespan Events](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+        """
+    )
+    def on_event(
+        self,
+        event_type: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type of event. `startup` or `shutdown`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add an event handler for the application.
+
+        `on_event` is deprecated, use `lifespan` event handlers instead.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Lifespan Events](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/#alternative-events-deprecated).
+        """
+        return self.router.on_event(event_type)
+
+    def middleware(
+        self,
+        middleware_type: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type of middleware. Currently only supports `http`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a middleware to the application.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Middleware](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/middleware/).
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        import time
+
+        from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+
+        @app.middleware("http")
+        async def add_process_time_header(request: Request, call_next):
+            start_time = time.time()
+            response = await call_next(request)
+            process_time = time.time() - start_time
+            response.headers["X-Process-Time"] = str(process_time)
+            return response
+        ```
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_middleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware, dispatch=func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def exception_handler(
+        self,
+        exc_class_or_status_code: Annotated[
+            Union[int, Type[Exception]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The Exception class this would handle, or a status code.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add an exception handler to the app.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Handling Errors](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/).
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import FastAPI, Request
+        from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
+
+
+        class UnicornException(Exception):
+            def __init__(self, name: str):
+                self.name = name
+
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+
+
+        @app.exception_handler(UnicornException)
+        async def unicorn_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: UnicornException):
+            return JSONResponse(
+                status_code=418,
+                content={"message": f"Oops! {exc.name} did something. There goes a rainbow..."},
+            )
+        ```
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_exception_handler(exc_class_or_status_code, func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/background.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/background.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..203578a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/background.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks as StarletteBackgroundTasks
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc, ParamSpec
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+class BackgroundTasks(StarletteBackgroundTasks):
+    """
+    A collection of background tasks that will be called after a response has been
+    sent to the client.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Background Tasks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi import BackgroundTasks, FastAPI
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+
+    def write_notification(email: str, message=""):
+        with open("log.txt", mode="w") as email_file:
+            content = f"notification for {email}: {message}"
+            email_file.write(content)
+
+
+    @app.post("/send-notification/{email}")
+    async def send_notification(email: str, background_tasks: BackgroundTasks):
+        background_tasks.add_task(write_notification, email, message="some notification")
+        return {"message": "Notification sent in the background"}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def add_task(
+        self,
+        func: Annotated[
+            Callable[P, Any],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The function to call after the response is sent.
+
+                It can be a regular `def` function or an `async def` function.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *args: P.args,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Add a function to be called in the background after the response is sent.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Background Tasks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/background-tasks/).
+        """
+        return super().add_task(func, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/cli.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d3301e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+try:
+    from fastapi_cli.cli import main as cli_main
+
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    cli_main = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    if not cli_main:  # type: ignore[truthy-function]
+        message = 'To use the fastapi command, please install "fastapi[standard]":\n\n\tpip install "fastapi[standard]"\n'
+        print(message)
+        raise RuntimeError(message)  # noqa: B904
+    cli_main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/concurrency.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/concurrency.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3202c707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/concurrency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager as asynccontextmanager
+from typing import AsyncGenerator, ContextManager, TypeVar
+
+import anyio.to_thread
+from anyio import CapacityLimiter
+from starlette.concurrency import iterate_in_threadpool as iterate_in_threadpool  # noqa
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool as run_in_threadpool  # noqa
+from starlette.concurrency import (  # noqa
+    run_until_first_complete as run_until_first_complete,
+)
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def contextmanager_in_threadpool(
+    cm: ContextManager[_T],
+) -> AsyncGenerator[_T, None]:
+    # blocking __exit__ from running waiting on a free thread
+    # can create race conditions/deadlocks if the context manager itself
+    # has its own internal pool (e.g. a database connection pool)
+    # to avoid this we let __exit__ run without a capacity limit
+    # since we're creating a new limiter for each call, any non-zero limit
+    # works (1 is arbitrary)
+    exit_limiter = CapacityLimiter(1)
+    try:
+        yield await run_in_threadpool(cm.__enter__)
+    except Exception as e:
+        ok = bool(
+            await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(
+                cm.__exit__, type(e), e, e.__traceback__, limiter=exit_limiter
+            )
+        )
+        if not ok:
+            raise e
+    else:
+        await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(
+            cm.__exit__, None, None, None, limiter=exit_limiter
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/datastructures.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/datastructures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf8406b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/datastructures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    BinaryIO,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Optional,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from fastapi._compat import (
+    PYDANTIC_V2,
+    CoreSchema,
+    GetJsonSchemaHandler,
+    JsonSchemaValue,
+    with_info_plain_validator_function,
+)
+from starlette.datastructures import URL as URL  # noqa: F401
+from starlette.datastructures import Address as Address  # noqa: F401
+from starlette.datastructures import FormData as FormData  # noqa: F401
+from starlette.datastructures import Headers as Headers  # noqa: F401
+from starlette.datastructures import QueryParams as QueryParams  # noqa: F401
+from starlette.datastructures import State as State  # noqa: F401
+from starlette.datastructures import UploadFile as StarletteUploadFile
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+
+class UploadFile(StarletteUploadFile):
+    """
+    A file uploaded in a request.
+
+    Define it as a *path operation function* (or dependency) parameter.
+
+    If you are using a regular `def` function, you can use the `upload_file.file`
+    attribute to access the raw standard Python file (blocking, not async), useful and
+    needed for non-async code.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Request Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/request-files/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import FastAPI, File, UploadFile
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+
+    @app.post("/files/")
+    async def create_file(file: Annotated[bytes, File()]):
+        return {"file_size": len(file)}
+
+
+    @app.post("/uploadfile/")
+    async def create_upload_file(file: UploadFile):
+        return {"filename": file.filename}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    file: Annotated[
+        BinaryIO,
+        Doc("The standard Python file object (non-async)."),
+    ]
+    filename: Annotated[Optional[str], Doc("The original file name.")]
+    size: Annotated[Optional[int], Doc("The size of the file in bytes.")]
+    headers: Annotated[Headers, Doc("The headers of the request.")]
+    content_type: Annotated[
+        Optional[str], Doc("The content type of the request, from the headers.")
+    ]
+
+    async def write(
+        self,
+        data: Annotated[
+            bytes,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The bytes to write to the file.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Write some bytes to the file.
+
+        You normally wouldn't use this from a file you read in a request.
+
+        To be awaitable, compatible with async, this is run in threadpool.
+        """
+        return await super().write(data)
+
+    async def read(
+        self,
+        size: Annotated[
+            int,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The number of bytes to read from the file.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = -1,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read some bytes from the file.
+
+        To be awaitable, compatible with async, this is run in threadpool.
+        """
+        return await super().read(size)
+
+    async def seek(
+        self,
+        offset: Annotated[
+            int,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The position in bytes to seek to in the file.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Move to a position in the file.
+
+        Any next read or write will be done from that position.
+
+        To be awaitable, compatible with async, this is run in threadpool.
+        """
+        return await super().seek(offset)
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the file.
+
+        To be awaitable, compatible with async, this is run in threadpool.
+        """
+        return await super().close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls: Type["UploadFile"]) -> Iterable[Callable[..., Any]]:
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls: Type["UploadFile"], v: Any) -> Any:
+        if not isinstance(v, StarletteUploadFile):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected UploadFile, received: {type(v)}")
+        return v
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate(cls, __input_value: Any, _: Any) -> "UploadFile":
+        if not isinstance(__input_value, StarletteUploadFile):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected UploadFile, received: {type(__input_value)}")
+        return cast(UploadFile, __input_value)
+
+    if not PYDANTIC_V2:
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            field_schema.update({"type": "string", "format": "binary"})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        cls, core_schema: CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        return {"type": "string", "format": "binary"}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+        cls, source: Type[Any], handler: Callable[[Any], CoreSchema]
+    ) -> CoreSchema:
+        return with_info_plain_validator_function(cls._validate)
+
+
+class DefaultPlaceholder:
+    """
+    You shouldn't use this class directly.
+
+    It's used internally to recognize when a default value has been overwritten, even
+    if the overridden default value was truthy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value: Any):
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.value)
+
+    def __eq__(self, o: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(o, DefaultPlaceholder) and o.value == self.value
+
+
+DefaultType = TypeVar("DefaultType")
+
+
+def Default(value: DefaultType) -> DefaultType:
+    """
+    You shouldn't use this function directly.
+
+    It's used internally to recognize when a default value has been overwritten, even
+    if the overridden default value was truthy.
+    """
+    return DefaultPlaceholder(value)  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..9e18f201
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__pycache__/models.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__pycache__/models.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..418c1172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+
+from fastapi._compat import ModelField
+from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SecurityRequirement:
+    security_scheme: SecurityBase
+    scopes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Dependant:
+    path_params: List[ModelField] = field(default_factory=list)
+    query_params: List[ModelField] = field(default_factory=list)
+    header_params: List[ModelField] = field(default_factory=list)
+    cookie_params: List[ModelField] = field(default_factory=list)
+    body_params: List[ModelField] = field(default_factory=list)
+    dependencies: List["Dependant"] = field(default_factory=list)
+    security_requirements: List[SecurityRequirement] = field(default_factory=list)
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    call: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+    request_param_name: Optional[str] = None
+    websocket_param_name: Optional[str] = None
+    http_connection_param_name: Optional[str] = None
+    response_param_name: Optional[str] = None
+    background_tasks_param_name: Optional[str] = None
+    security_scopes_param_name: Optional[str] = None
+    security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    use_cache: bool = True
+    path: Optional[str] = None
+    cache_key: Tuple[Optional[Callable[..., Any]], Tuple[str, ...]] = field(init=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        self.cache_key = (self.call, tuple(sorted(set(self.security_scopes or []))))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84dfa4d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/dependencies/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,980 @@
+import inspect
+from contextlib import AsyncExitStack, contextmanager
+from copy import copy, deepcopy
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Coroutine,
+    Dict,
+    ForwardRef,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+import anyio
+from fastapi import params
+from fastapi._compat import (
+    PYDANTIC_V2,
+    ErrorWrapper,
+    ModelField,
+    RequiredParam,
+    Undefined,
+    _regenerate_error_with_loc,
+    copy_field_info,
+    create_body_model,
+    evaluate_forwardref,
+    field_annotation_is_scalar,
+    get_annotation_from_field_info,
+    get_cached_model_fields,
+    get_missing_field_error,
+    is_bytes_field,
+    is_bytes_sequence_field,
+    is_scalar_field,
+    is_scalar_sequence_field,
+    is_sequence_field,
+    is_uploadfile_or_nonable_uploadfile_annotation,
+    is_uploadfile_sequence_annotation,
+    lenient_issubclass,
+    sequence_types,
+    serialize_sequence_value,
+    value_is_sequence,
+)
+from fastapi.background import BackgroundTasks
+from fastapi.concurrency import (
+    asynccontextmanager,
+    contextmanager_in_threadpool,
+)
+from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant, SecurityRequirement
+from fastapi.logger import logger
+from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
+from fastapi.security.oauth2 import OAuth2, SecurityScopes
+from fastapi.security.open_id_connect_url import OpenIdConnect
+from fastapi.utils import create_model_field, get_path_param_names
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+from starlette.background import BackgroundTasks as StarletteBackgroundTasks
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.datastructures import (
+    FormData,
+    Headers,
+    ImmutableMultiDict,
+    QueryParams,
+    UploadFile,
+)
+from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection, Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, get_args, get_origin
+
+multipart_not_installed_error = (
+    'Form data requires "python-multipart" to be installed. \n'
+    'You can install "python-multipart" with: \n\n'
+    "pip install python-multipart\n"
+)
+multipart_incorrect_install_error = (
+    'Form data requires "python-multipart" to be installed. '
+    'It seems you installed "multipart" instead. \n'
+    'You can remove "multipart" with: \n\n'
+    "pip uninstall multipart\n\n"
+    'And then install "python-multipart" with: \n\n'
+    "pip install python-multipart\n"
+)
+
+
+def ensure_multipart_is_installed() -> None:
+    try:
+        from python_multipart import __version__
+
+        # Import an attribute that can be mocked/deleted in testing
+        assert __version__ > "0.0.12"
+    except (ImportError, AssertionError):
+        try:
+            # __version__ is available in both multiparts, and can be mocked
+            from multipart import __version__  # type: ignore[no-redef,import-untyped]
+
+            assert __version__
+            try:
+                # parse_options_header is only available in the right multipart
+                from multipart.multipart import (  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+                    parse_options_header,
+                )
+
+                assert parse_options_header
+            except ImportError:
+                logger.error(multipart_incorrect_install_error)
+                raise RuntimeError(multipart_incorrect_install_error) from None
+        except ImportError:
+            logger.error(multipart_not_installed_error)
+            raise RuntimeError(multipart_not_installed_error) from None
+
+
+def get_param_sub_dependant(
+    *,
+    param_name: str,
+    depends: params.Depends,
+    path: str,
+    security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+) -> Dependant:
+    assert depends.dependency
+    return get_sub_dependant(
+        depends=depends,
+        dependency=depends.dependency,
+        path=path,
+        name=param_name,
+        security_scopes=security_scopes,
+    )
+
+
+def get_parameterless_sub_dependant(*, depends: params.Depends, path: str) -> Dependant:
+    assert callable(depends.dependency), (
+        "A parameter-less dependency must have a callable dependency"
+    )
+    return get_sub_dependant(depends=depends, dependency=depends.dependency, path=path)
+
+
+def get_sub_dependant(
+    *,
+    depends: params.Depends,
+    dependency: Callable[..., Any],
+    path: str,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+) -> Dependant:
+    security_requirement = None
+    security_scopes = security_scopes or []
+    if isinstance(depends, params.Security):
+        dependency_scopes = depends.scopes
+        security_scopes.extend(dependency_scopes)
+    if isinstance(dependency, SecurityBase):
+        use_scopes: List[str] = []
+        if isinstance(dependency, (OAuth2, OpenIdConnect)):
+            use_scopes = security_scopes
+        security_requirement = SecurityRequirement(
+            security_scheme=dependency, scopes=use_scopes
+        )
+    sub_dependant = get_dependant(
+        path=path,
+        call=dependency,
+        name=name,
+        security_scopes=security_scopes,
+        use_cache=depends.use_cache,
+    )
+    if security_requirement:
+        sub_dependant.security_requirements.append(security_requirement)
+    return sub_dependant
+
+
+CacheKey = Tuple[Optional[Callable[..., Any]], Tuple[str, ...]]
+
+
+def get_flat_dependant(
+    dependant: Dependant,
+    *,
+    skip_repeats: bool = False,
+    visited: Optional[List[CacheKey]] = None,
+) -> Dependant:
+    if visited is None:
+        visited = []
+    visited.append(dependant.cache_key)
+
+    flat_dependant = Dependant(
+        path_params=dependant.path_params.copy(),
+        query_params=dependant.query_params.copy(),
+        header_params=dependant.header_params.copy(),
+        cookie_params=dependant.cookie_params.copy(),
+        body_params=dependant.body_params.copy(),
+        security_requirements=dependant.security_requirements.copy(),
+        use_cache=dependant.use_cache,
+        path=dependant.path,
+    )
+    for sub_dependant in dependant.dependencies:
+        if skip_repeats and sub_dependant.cache_key in visited:
+            continue
+        flat_sub = get_flat_dependant(
+            sub_dependant, skip_repeats=skip_repeats, visited=visited
+        )
+        flat_dependant.path_params.extend(flat_sub.path_params)
+        flat_dependant.query_params.extend(flat_sub.query_params)
+        flat_dependant.header_params.extend(flat_sub.header_params)
+        flat_dependant.cookie_params.extend(flat_sub.cookie_params)
+        flat_dependant.body_params.extend(flat_sub.body_params)
+        flat_dependant.security_requirements.extend(flat_sub.security_requirements)
+    return flat_dependant
+
+
+def _get_flat_fields_from_params(fields: List[ModelField]) -> List[ModelField]:
+    if not fields:
+        return fields
+    first_field = fields[0]
+    if len(fields) == 1 and lenient_issubclass(first_field.type_, BaseModel):
+        fields_to_extract = get_cached_model_fields(first_field.type_)
+        return fields_to_extract
+    return fields
+
+
+def get_flat_params(dependant: Dependant) -> List[ModelField]:
+    flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(dependant, skip_repeats=True)
+    path_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.path_params)
+    query_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.query_params)
+    header_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.header_params)
+    cookie_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.cookie_params)
+    return path_params + query_params + header_params + cookie_params
+
+
+def get_typed_signature(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> inspect.Signature:
+    signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
+    typed_params = [
+        inspect.Parameter(
+            name=param.name,
+            kind=param.kind,
+            default=param.default,
+            annotation=get_typed_annotation(param.annotation, globalns),
+        )
+        for param in signature.parameters.values()
+    ]
+    typed_signature = inspect.Signature(typed_params)
+    return typed_signature
+
+
+def get_typed_annotation(annotation: Any, globalns: Dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        annotation = ForwardRef(annotation)
+        annotation = evaluate_forwardref(annotation, globalns, globalns)
+    return annotation
+
+
+def get_typed_return_annotation(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> Any:
+    signature = inspect.signature(call)
+    annotation = signature.return_annotation
+
+    if annotation is inspect.Signature.empty:
+        return None
+
+    globalns = getattr(call, "__globals__", {})
+    return get_typed_annotation(annotation, globalns)
+
+
+def get_dependant(
+    *,
+    path: str,
+    call: Callable[..., Any],
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    security_scopes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    use_cache: bool = True,
+) -> Dependant:
+    path_param_names = get_path_param_names(path)
+    endpoint_signature = get_typed_signature(call)
+    signature_params = endpoint_signature.parameters
+    dependant = Dependant(
+        call=call,
+        name=name,
+        path=path,
+        security_scopes=security_scopes,
+        use_cache=use_cache,
+    )
+    for param_name, param in signature_params.items():
+        is_path_param = param_name in path_param_names
+        param_details = analyze_param(
+            param_name=param_name,
+            annotation=param.annotation,
+            value=param.default,
+            is_path_param=is_path_param,
+        )
+        if param_details.depends is not None:
+            sub_dependant = get_param_sub_dependant(
+                param_name=param_name,
+                depends=param_details.depends,
+                path=path,
+                security_scopes=security_scopes,
+            )
+            dependant.dependencies.append(sub_dependant)
+            continue
+        if add_non_field_param_to_dependency(
+            param_name=param_name,
+            type_annotation=param_details.type_annotation,
+            dependant=dependant,
+        ):
+            assert param_details.field is None, (
+                f"Cannot specify multiple FastAPI annotations for {param_name!r}"
+            )
+            continue
+        assert param_details.field is not None
+        if isinstance(param_details.field.field_info, params.Body):
+            dependant.body_params.append(param_details.field)
+        else:
+            add_param_to_fields(field=param_details.field, dependant=dependant)
+    return dependant
+
+
+def add_non_field_param_to_dependency(
+    *, param_name: str, type_annotation: Any, dependant: Dependant
+) -> Optional[bool]:
+    if lenient_issubclass(type_annotation, Request):
+        dependant.request_param_name = param_name
+        return True
+    elif lenient_issubclass(type_annotation, WebSocket):
+        dependant.websocket_param_name = param_name
+        return True
+    elif lenient_issubclass(type_annotation, HTTPConnection):
+        dependant.http_connection_param_name = param_name
+        return True
+    elif lenient_issubclass(type_annotation, Response):
+        dependant.response_param_name = param_name
+        return True
+    elif lenient_issubclass(type_annotation, StarletteBackgroundTasks):
+        dependant.background_tasks_param_name = param_name
+        return True
+    elif lenient_issubclass(type_annotation, SecurityScopes):
+        dependant.security_scopes_param_name = param_name
+        return True
+    return None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ParamDetails:
+    type_annotation: Any
+    depends: Optional[params.Depends]
+    field: Optional[ModelField]
+
+
+def analyze_param(
+    *,
+    param_name: str,
+    annotation: Any,
+    value: Any,
+    is_path_param: bool,
+) -> ParamDetails:
+    field_info = None
+    depends = None
+    type_annotation: Any = Any
+    use_annotation: Any = Any
+    if annotation is not inspect.Signature.empty:
+        use_annotation = annotation
+        type_annotation = annotation
+    # Extract Annotated info
+    if get_origin(use_annotation) is Annotated:
+        annotated_args = get_args(annotation)
+        type_annotation = annotated_args[0]
+        fastapi_annotations = [
+            arg
+            for arg in annotated_args[1:]
+            if isinstance(arg, (FieldInfo, params.Depends))
+        ]
+        fastapi_specific_annotations = [
+            arg
+            for arg in fastapi_annotations
+            if isinstance(arg, (params.Param, params.Body, params.Depends))
+        ]
+        if fastapi_specific_annotations:
+            fastapi_annotation: Union[FieldInfo, params.Depends, None] = (
+                fastapi_specific_annotations[-1]
+            )
+        else:
+            fastapi_annotation = None
+        # Set default for Annotated FieldInfo
+        if isinstance(fastapi_annotation, FieldInfo):
+            # Copy `field_info` because we mutate `field_info.default` below.
+            field_info = copy_field_info(
+                field_info=fastapi_annotation, annotation=use_annotation
+            )
+            assert (
+                field_info.default is Undefined or field_info.default is RequiredParam
+            ), (
+                f"`{field_info.__class__.__name__}` default value cannot be set in"
+                f" `Annotated` for {param_name!r}. Set the default value with `=` instead."
+            )
+            if value is not inspect.Signature.empty:
+                assert not is_path_param, "Path parameters cannot have default values"
+                field_info.default = value
+            else:
+                field_info.default = RequiredParam
+        # Get Annotated Depends
+        elif isinstance(fastapi_annotation, params.Depends):
+            depends = fastapi_annotation
+    # Get Depends from default value
+    if isinstance(value, params.Depends):
+        assert depends is None, (
+            "Cannot specify `Depends` in `Annotated` and default value"
+            f" together for {param_name!r}"
+        )
+        assert field_info is None, (
+            "Cannot specify a FastAPI annotation in `Annotated` and `Depends` as a"
+            f" default value together for {param_name!r}"
+        )
+        depends = value
+    # Get FieldInfo from default value
+    elif isinstance(value, FieldInfo):
+        assert field_info is None, (
+            "Cannot specify FastAPI annotations in `Annotated` and default value"
+            f" together for {param_name!r}"
+        )
+        field_info = value
+        if PYDANTIC_V2:
+            field_info.annotation = type_annotation
+
+    # Get Depends from type annotation
+    if depends is not None and depends.dependency is None:
+        # Copy `depends` before mutating it
+        depends = copy(depends)
+        depends.dependency = type_annotation
+
+    # Handle non-param type annotations like Request
+    if lenient_issubclass(
+        type_annotation,
+        (
+            Request,
+            WebSocket,
+            HTTPConnection,
+            Response,
+            StarletteBackgroundTasks,
+            SecurityScopes,
+        ),
+    ):
+        assert depends is None, f"Cannot specify `Depends` for type {type_annotation!r}"
+        assert field_info is None, (
+            f"Cannot specify FastAPI annotation for type {type_annotation!r}"
+        )
+    # Handle default assignations, neither field_info nor depends was not found in Annotated nor default value
+    elif field_info is None and depends is None:
+        default_value = value if value is not inspect.Signature.empty else RequiredParam
+        if is_path_param:
+            # We might check here that `default_value is RequiredParam`, but the fact is that the same
+            # parameter might sometimes be a path parameter and sometimes not. See
+            # `tests/test_infer_param_optionality.py` for an example.
+            field_info = params.Path(annotation=use_annotation)
+        elif is_uploadfile_or_nonable_uploadfile_annotation(
+            type_annotation
+        ) or is_uploadfile_sequence_annotation(type_annotation):
+            field_info = params.File(annotation=use_annotation, default=default_value)
+        elif not field_annotation_is_scalar(annotation=type_annotation):
+            field_info = params.Body(annotation=use_annotation, default=default_value)
+        else:
+            field_info = params.Query(annotation=use_annotation, default=default_value)
+
+    field = None
+    # It's a field_info, not a dependency
+    if field_info is not None:
+        # Handle field_info.in_
+        if is_path_param:
+            assert isinstance(field_info, params.Path), (
+                f"Cannot use `{field_info.__class__.__name__}` for path param"
+                f" {param_name!r}"
+            )
+        elif (
+            isinstance(field_info, params.Param)
+            and getattr(field_info, "in_", None) is None
+        ):
+            field_info.in_ = params.ParamTypes.query
+        use_annotation_from_field_info = get_annotation_from_field_info(
+            use_annotation,
+            field_info,
+            param_name,
+        )
+        if isinstance(field_info, params.Form):
+            ensure_multipart_is_installed()
+        if not field_info.alias and getattr(field_info, "convert_underscores", None):
+            alias = param_name.replace("_", "-")
+        else:
+            alias = field_info.alias or param_name
+        field_info.alias = alias
+        field = create_model_field(
+            name=param_name,
+            type_=use_annotation_from_field_info,
+            default=field_info.default,
+            alias=alias,
+            required=field_info.default in (RequiredParam, Undefined),
+            field_info=field_info,
+        )
+        if is_path_param:
+            assert is_scalar_field(field=field), (
+                "Path params must be of one of the supported types"
+            )
+        elif isinstance(field_info, params.Query):
+            assert (
+                is_scalar_field(field)
+                or is_scalar_sequence_field(field)
+                or (
+                    lenient_issubclass(field.type_, BaseModel)
+                    # For Pydantic v1
+                    and getattr(field, "shape", 1) == 1
+                )
+            )
+
+    return ParamDetails(type_annotation=type_annotation, depends=depends, field=field)
+
+
+def add_param_to_fields(*, field: ModelField, dependant: Dependant) -> None:
+    field_info = field.field_info
+    field_info_in = getattr(field_info, "in_", None)
+    if field_info_in == params.ParamTypes.path:
+        dependant.path_params.append(field)
+    elif field_info_in == params.ParamTypes.query:
+        dependant.query_params.append(field)
+    elif field_info_in == params.ParamTypes.header:
+        dependant.header_params.append(field)
+    else:
+        assert field_info_in == params.ParamTypes.cookie, (
+            f"non-body parameters must be in path, query, header or cookie: {field.name}"
+        )
+        dependant.cookie_params.append(field)
+
+
+def is_coroutine_callable(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isroutine(call):
+        return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(call)
+    if inspect.isclass(call):
+        return False
+    dunder_call = getattr(call, "__call__", None)  # noqa: B004
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(dunder_call)
+
+
+def is_async_gen_callable(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isasyncgenfunction(call):
+        return True
+    dunder_call = getattr(call, "__call__", None)  # noqa: B004
+    return inspect.isasyncgenfunction(dunder_call)
+
+
+def is_gen_callable(call: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(call):
+        return True
+    dunder_call = getattr(call, "__call__", None)  # noqa: B004
+    return inspect.isgeneratorfunction(dunder_call)
+
+
+async def solve_generator(
+    *, call: Callable[..., Any], stack: AsyncExitStack, sub_values: Dict[str, Any]
+) -> Any:
+    if is_gen_callable(call):
+        cm = contextmanager_in_threadpool(contextmanager(call)(**sub_values))
+    elif is_async_gen_callable(call):
+        cm = asynccontextmanager(call)(**sub_values)
+    return await stack.enter_async_context(cm)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SolvedDependency:
+    values: Dict[str, Any]
+    errors: List[Any]
+    background_tasks: Optional[StarletteBackgroundTasks]
+    response: Response
+    dependency_cache: Dict[Tuple[Callable[..., Any], Tuple[str]], Any]
+
+
+async def solve_dependencies(
+    *,
+    request: Union[Request, WebSocket],
+    dependant: Dependant,
+    body: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], FormData]] = None,
+    background_tasks: Optional[StarletteBackgroundTasks] = None,
+    response: Optional[Response] = None,
+    dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
+    dependency_cache: Optional[Dict[Tuple[Callable[..., Any], Tuple[str]], Any]] = None,
+    async_exit_stack: AsyncExitStack,
+    embed_body_fields: bool,
+) -> SolvedDependency:
+    values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    errors: List[Any] = []
+    if response is None:
+        response = Response()
+        del response.headers["content-length"]
+        response.status_code = None  # type: ignore
+    dependency_cache = dependency_cache or {}
+    sub_dependant: Dependant
+    for sub_dependant in dependant.dependencies:
+        sub_dependant.call = cast(Callable[..., Any], sub_dependant.call)
+        sub_dependant.cache_key = cast(
+            Tuple[Callable[..., Any], Tuple[str]], sub_dependant.cache_key
+        )
+        call = sub_dependant.call
+        use_sub_dependant = sub_dependant
+        if (
+            dependency_overrides_provider
+            and dependency_overrides_provider.dependency_overrides
+        ):
+            original_call = sub_dependant.call
+            call = getattr(
+                dependency_overrides_provider, "dependency_overrides", {}
+            ).get(original_call, original_call)
+            use_path: str = sub_dependant.path  # type: ignore
+            use_sub_dependant = get_dependant(
+                path=use_path,
+                call=call,
+                name=sub_dependant.name,
+                security_scopes=sub_dependant.security_scopes,
+            )
+
+        solved_result = await solve_dependencies(
+            request=request,
+            dependant=use_sub_dependant,
+            body=body,
+            background_tasks=background_tasks,
+            response=response,
+            dependency_overrides_provider=dependency_overrides_provider,
+            dependency_cache=dependency_cache,
+            async_exit_stack=async_exit_stack,
+            embed_body_fields=embed_body_fields,
+        )
+        background_tasks = solved_result.background_tasks
+        dependency_cache.update(solved_result.dependency_cache)
+        if solved_result.errors:
+            errors.extend(solved_result.errors)
+            continue
+        if sub_dependant.use_cache and sub_dependant.cache_key in dependency_cache:
+            solved = dependency_cache[sub_dependant.cache_key]
+        elif is_gen_callable(call) or is_async_gen_callable(call):
+            solved = await solve_generator(
+                call=call, stack=async_exit_stack, sub_values=solved_result.values
+            )
+        elif is_coroutine_callable(call):
+            solved = await call(**solved_result.values)
+        else:
+            solved = await run_in_threadpool(call, **solved_result.values)
+        if sub_dependant.name is not None:
+            values[sub_dependant.name] = solved
+        if sub_dependant.cache_key not in dependency_cache:
+            dependency_cache[sub_dependant.cache_key] = solved
+    path_values, path_errors = request_params_to_args(
+        dependant.path_params, request.path_params
+    )
+    query_values, query_errors = request_params_to_args(
+        dependant.query_params, request.query_params
+    )
+    header_values, header_errors = request_params_to_args(
+        dependant.header_params, request.headers
+    )
+    cookie_values, cookie_errors = request_params_to_args(
+        dependant.cookie_params, request.cookies
+    )
+    values.update(path_values)
+    values.update(query_values)
+    values.update(header_values)
+    values.update(cookie_values)
+    errors += path_errors + query_errors + header_errors + cookie_errors
+    if dependant.body_params:
+        (
+            body_values,
+            body_errors,
+        ) = await request_body_to_args(  # body_params checked above
+            body_fields=dependant.body_params,
+            received_body=body,
+            embed_body_fields=embed_body_fields,
+        )
+        values.update(body_values)
+        errors.extend(body_errors)
+    if dependant.http_connection_param_name:
+        values[dependant.http_connection_param_name] = request
+    if dependant.request_param_name and isinstance(request, Request):
+        values[dependant.request_param_name] = request
+    elif dependant.websocket_param_name and isinstance(request, WebSocket):
+        values[dependant.websocket_param_name] = request
+    if dependant.background_tasks_param_name:
+        if background_tasks is None:
+            background_tasks = BackgroundTasks()
+        values[dependant.background_tasks_param_name] = background_tasks
+    if dependant.response_param_name:
+        values[dependant.response_param_name] = response
+    if dependant.security_scopes_param_name:
+        values[dependant.security_scopes_param_name] = SecurityScopes(
+            scopes=dependant.security_scopes
+        )
+    return SolvedDependency(
+        values=values,
+        errors=errors,
+        background_tasks=background_tasks,
+        response=response,
+        dependency_cache=dependency_cache,
+    )
+
+
+def _validate_value_with_model_field(
+    *, field: ModelField, value: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: Tuple[str, ...]
+) -> Tuple[Any, List[Any]]:
+    if value is None:
+        if field.required:
+            return None, [get_missing_field_error(loc=loc)]
+        else:
+            return deepcopy(field.default), []
+    v_, errors_ = field.validate(value, values, loc=loc)
+    if isinstance(errors_, ErrorWrapper):
+        return None, [errors_]
+    elif isinstance(errors_, list):
+        new_errors = _regenerate_error_with_loc(errors=errors_, loc_prefix=())
+        return None, new_errors
+    else:
+        return v_, []
+
+
+def _get_multidict_value(
+    field: ModelField, values: Mapping[str, Any], alias: Union[str, None] = None
+) -> Any:
+    alias = alias or field.alias
+    if is_sequence_field(field) and isinstance(values, (ImmutableMultiDict, Headers)):
+        value = values.getlist(alias)
+    else:
+        value = values.get(alias, None)
+    if (
+        value is None
+        or (
+            isinstance(field.field_info, params.Form)
+            and isinstance(value, str)  # For type checks
+            and value == ""
+        )
+        or (is_sequence_field(field) and len(value) == 0)
+    ):
+        if field.required:
+            return
+        else:
+            return deepcopy(field.default)
+    return value
+
+
+def request_params_to_args(
+    fields: Sequence[ModelField],
+    received_params: Union[Mapping[str, Any], QueryParams, Headers],
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Any]]:
+    values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    errors: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+
+    if not fields:
+        return values, errors
+
+    first_field = fields[0]
+    fields_to_extract = fields
+    single_not_embedded_field = False
+    default_convert_underscores = True
+    if len(fields) == 1 and lenient_issubclass(first_field.type_, BaseModel):
+        fields_to_extract = get_cached_model_fields(first_field.type_)
+        single_not_embedded_field = True
+        # If headers are in a Pydantic model, the way to disable convert_underscores
+        # would be with Header(convert_underscores=False) at the Pydantic model level
+        default_convert_underscores = getattr(
+            first_field.field_info, "convert_underscores", True
+        )
+
+    params_to_process: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    processed_keys = set()
+
+    for field in fields_to_extract:
+        alias = None
+        if isinstance(received_params, Headers):
+            # Handle fields extracted from a Pydantic Model for a header, each field
+            # doesn't have a FieldInfo of type Header with the default convert_underscores=True
+            convert_underscores = getattr(
+                field.field_info, "convert_underscores", default_convert_underscores
+            )
+            if convert_underscores:
+                alias = (
+                    field.alias
+                    if field.alias != field.name
+                    else field.name.replace("_", "-")
+                )
+        value = _get_multidict_value(field, received_params, alias=alias)
+        if value is not None:
+            params_to_process[field.name] = value
+        processed_keys.add(alias or field.alias)
+        processed_keys.add(field.name)
+
+    for key, value in received_params.items():
+        if key not in processed_keys:
+            params_to_process[key] = value
+
+    if single_not_embedded_field:
+        field_info = first_field.field_info
+        assert isinstance(field_info, params.Param), (
+            "Params must be subclasses of Param"
+        )
+        loc: Tuple[str, ...] = (field_info.in_.value,)
+        v_, errors_ = _validate_value_with_model_field(
+            field=first_field, value=params_to_process, values=values, loc=loc
+        )
+        return {first_field.name: v_}, errors_
+
+    for field in fields:
+        value = _get_multidict_value(field, received_params)
+        field_info = field.field_info
+        assert isinstance(field_info, params.Param), (
+            "Params must be subclasses of Param"
+        )
+        loc = (field_info.in_.value, field.alias)
+        v_, errors_ = _validate_value_with_model_field(
+            field=field, value=value, values=values, loc=loc
+        )
+        if errors_:
+            errors.extend(errors_)
+        else:
+            values[field.name] = v_
+    return values, errors
+
+
+def _should_embed_body_fields(fields: List[ModelField]) -> bool:
+    if not fields:
+        return False
+    # More than one dependency could have the same field, it would show up as multiple
+    # fields but it's the same one, so count them by name
+    body_param_names_set = {field.name for field in fields}
+    # A top level field has to be a single field, not multiple
+    if len(body_param_names_set) > 1:
+        return True
+    first_field = fields[0]
+    # If it explicitly specifies it is embedded, it has to be embedded
+    if getattr(first_field.field_info, "embed", None):
+        return True
+    # If it's a Form (or File) field, it has to be a BaseModel to be top level
+    # otherwise it has to be embedded, so that the key value pair can be extracted
+    if isinstance(first_field.field_info, params.Form) and not lenient_issubclass(
+        first_field.type_, BaseModel
+    ):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+async def _extract_form_body(
+    body_fields: List[ModelField],
+    received_body: FormData,
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    values = {}
+    first_field = body_fields[0]
+    first_field_info = first_field.field_info
+
+    for field in body_fields:
+        value = _get_multidict_value(field, received_body)
+        if (
+            isinstance(first_field_info, params.File)
+            and is_bytes_field(field)
+            and isinstance(value, UploadFile)
+        ):
+            value = await value.read()
+        elif (
+            is_bytes_sequence_field(field)
+            and isinstance(first_field_info, params.File)
+            and value_is_sequence(value)
+        ):
+            # For types
+            assert isinstance(value, sequence_types)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            results: List[Union[bytes, str]] = []
+
+            async def process_fn(
+                fn: Callable[[], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]],
+            ) -> None:
+                result = await fn()
+                results.append(result)  # noqa: B023
+
+            async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
+                for sub_value in value:
+                    tg.start_soon(process_fn, sub_value.read)
+            value = serialize_sequence_value(field=field, value=results)
+        if value is not None:
+            values[field.alias] = value
+    for key, value in received_body.items():
+        if key not in values:
+            values[key] = value
+    return values
+
+
+async def request_body_to_args(
+    body_fields: List[ModelField],
+    received_body: Optional[Union[Dict[str, Any], FormData]],
+    embed_body_fields: bool,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
+    values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    errors: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+    assert body_fields, "request_body_to_args() should be called with fields"
+    single_not_embedded_field = len(body_fields) == 1 and not embed_body_fields
+    first_field = body_fields[0]
+    body_to_process = received_body
+
+    fields_to_extract: List[ModelField] = body_fields
+
+    if single_not_embedded_field and lenient_issubclass(first_field.type_, BaseModel):
+        fields_to_extract = get_cached_model_fields(first_field.type_)
+
+    if isinstance(received_body, FormData):
+        body_to_process = await _extract_form_body(fields_to_extract, received_body)
+
+    if single_not_embedded_field:
+        loc: Tuple[str, ...] = ("body",)
+        v_, errors_ = _validate_value_with_model_field(
+            field=first_field, value=body_to_process, values=values, loc=loc
+        )
+        return {first_field.name: v_}, errors_
+    for field in body_fields:
+        loc = ("body", field.alias)
+        value: Optional[Any] = None
+        if body_to_process is not None:
+            try:
+                value = body_to_process.get(field.alias)
+            # If the received body is a list, not a dict
+            except AttributeError:
+                errors.append(get_missing_field_error(loc))
+                continue
+        v_, errors_ = _validate_value_with_model_field(
+            field=field, value=value, values=values, loc=loc
+        )
+        if errors_:
+            errors.extend(errors_)
+        else:
+            values[field.name] = v_
+    return values, errors
+
+
+def get_body_field(
+    *, flat_dependant: Dependant, name: str, embed_body_fields: bool
+) -> Optional[ModelField]:
+    """
+    Get a ModelField representing the request body for a path operation, combining
+    all body parameters into a single field if necessary.
+
+    Used to check if it's form data (with `isinstance(body_field, params.Form)`)
+    or JSON and to generate the JSON Schema for a request body.
+
+    This is **not** used to validate/parse the request body, that's done with each
+    individual body parameter.
+    """
+    if not flat_dependant.body_params:
+        return None
+    first_param = flat_dependant.body_params[0]
+    if not embed_body_fields:
+        return first_param
+    model_name = "Body_" + name
+    BodyModel = create_body_model(
+        fields=flat_dependant.body_params, model_name=model_name
+    )
+    required = any(True for f in flat_dependant.body_params if f.required)
+    BodyFieldInfo_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        "annotation": BodyModel,
+        "alias": "body",
+    }
+    if not required:
+        BodyFieldInfo_kwargs["default"] = None
+    if any(isinstance(f.field_info, params.File) for f in flat_dependant.body_params):
+        BodyFieldInfo: Type[params.Body] = params.File
+    elif any(isinstance(f.field_info, params.Form) for f in flat_dependant.body_params):
+        BodyFieldInfo = params.Form
+    else:
+        BodyFieldInfo = params.Body
+
+        body_param_media_types = [
+            f.field_info.media_type
+            for f in flat_dependant.body_params
+            if isinstance(f.field_info, params.Body)
+        ]
+        if len(set(body_param_media_types)) == 1:
+            BodyFieldInfo_kwargs["media_type"] = body_param_media_types[0]
+    final_field = create_model_field(
+        name="body",
+        type_=BodyModel,
+        required=required,
+        alias="body",
+        field_info=BodyFieldInfo(**BodyFieldInfo_kwargs),
+    )
+    return final_field
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..451ea076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/encoders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+import dataclasses
+import datetime
+from collections import defaultdict, deque
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from ipaddress import (
+    IPv4Address,
+    IPv4Interface,
+    IPv4Network,
+    IPv6Address,
+    IPv6Interface,
+    IPv6Network,
+)
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from re import Pattern
+from types import GeneratorType
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from fastapi.types import IncEx
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic.color import Color
+from pydantic.networks import AnyUrl, NameEmail
+from pydantic.types import SecretBytes, SecretStr
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+from ._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, UndefinedType, Url, _model_dump
+
+
+# Taken from Pydantic v1 as is
+def isoformat(o: Union[datetime.date, datetime.time]) -> str:
+    return o.isoformat()
+
+
+# Taken from Pydantic v1 as is
+# TODO: pv2 should this return strings instead?
+def decimal_encoder(dec_value: Decimal) -> Union[int, float]:
+    """
+    Encodes a Decimal as int of there's no exponent, otherwise float
+
+    This is useful when we use ConstrainedDecimal to represent Numeric(x,0)
+    where a integer (but not int typed) is used. Encoding this as a float
+    results in failed round-tripping between encode and parse.
+    Our Id type is a prime example of this.
+
+    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1.0"))
+    1.0
+
+    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1"))
+    1
+    """
+    if dec_value.as_tuple().exponent >= 0:  # type: ignore[operator]
+        return int(dec_value)
+    else:
+        return float(dec_value)
+
+
+ENCODERS_BY_TYPE: Dict[Type[Any], Callable[[Any], Any]] = {
+    bytes: lambda o: o.decode(),
+    Color: str,
+    datetime.date: isoformat,
+    datetime.datetime: isoformat,
+    datetime.time: isoformat,
+    datetime.timedelta: lambda td: td.total_seconds(),
+    Decimal: decimal_encoder,
+    Enum: lambda o: o.value,
+    frozenset: list,
+    deque: list,
+    GeneratorType: list,
+    IPv4Address: str,
+    IPv4Interface: str,
+    IPv4Network: str,
+    IPv6Address: str,
+    IPv6Interface: str,
+    IPv6Network: str,
+    NameEmail: str,
+    Path: str,
+    Pattern: lambda o: o.pattern,
+    SecretBytes: str,
+    SecretStr: str,
+    set: list,
+    UUID: str,
+    Url: str,
+    AnyUrl: str,
+}
+
+
+def generate_encoders_by_class_tuples(
+    type_encoder_map: Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]],
+) -> Dict[Callable[[Any], Any], Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+    encoders_by_class_tuples: Dict[Callable[[Any], Any], Tuple[Any, ...]] = defaultdict(
+        tuple
+    )
+    for type_, encoder in type_encoder_map.items():
+        encoders_by_class_tuples[encoder] += (type_,)
+    return encoders_by_class_tuples
+
+
+encoders_by_class_tuples = generate_encoders_by_class_tuples(ENCODERS_BY_TYPE)
+
+
+def jsonable_encoder(
+    obj: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The input object to convert to JSON.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+    include: Annotated[
+        Optional[IncEx],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Pydantic's `include` parameter, passed to Pydantic models to set the
+            fields to include.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    exclude: Annotated[
+        Optional[IncEx],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Pydantic's `exclude` parameter, passed to Pydantic models to set the
+            fields to exclude.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    by_alias: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Pydantic's `by_alias` parameter, passed to Pydantic models to define if
+            the output should use the alias names (when provided) or the Python
+            attribute names. In an API, if you set an alias, it's probably because you
+            want to use it in the result, so you probably want to leave this set to
+            `True`.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    exclude_unset: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Pydantic's `exclude_unset` parameter, passed to Pydantic models to define
+            if it should exclude from the output the fields that were not explicitly
+            set (and that only had their default values).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = False,
+    exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Pydantic's `exclude_defaults` parameter, passed to Pydantic models to define
+            if it should exclude from the output the fields that had the same default
+            value, even when they were explicitly set.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = False,
+    exclude_none: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Pydantic's `exclude_none` parameter, passed to Pydantic models to define
+            if it should exclude from the output any fields that have a `None` value.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = False,
+    custom_encoder: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[Any, Callable[[Any], Any]]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Pydantic's `custom_encoder` parameter, passed to Pydantic models to define
+            a custom encoder.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    sqlalchemy_safe: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Exclude from the output any fields that start with the name `_sa`.
+
+            This is mainly a hack for compatibility with SQLAlchemy objects, they
+            store internal SQLAlchemy-specific state in attributes named with `_sa`,
+            and those objects can't (and shouldn't be) serialized to JSON.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Convert any object to something that can be encoded in JSON.
+
+    This is used internally by FastAPI to make sure anything you return can be
+    encoded as JSON before it is sent to the client.
+
+    You can also use it yourself, for example to convert objects before saving them
+    in a database that supports only JSON.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for JSON Compatible Encoder](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/encoder/).
+    """
+    custom_encoder = custom_encoder or {}
+    if custom_encoder:
+        if type(obj) in custom_encoder:
+            return custom_encoder[type(obj)](obj)
+        else:
+            for encoder_type, encoder_instance in custom_encoder.items():
+                if isinstance(obj, encoder_type):
+                    return encoder_instance(obj)
+    if include is not None and not isinstance(include, (set, dict)):
+        include = set(include)
+    if exclude is not None and not isinstance(exclude, (set, dict)):
+        exclude = set(exclude)
+    if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
+        # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
+        encoders: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
+        if not PYDANTIC_V2:
+            encoders = getattr(obj.__config__, "json_encoders", {})  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            if custom_encoder:
+                encoders.update(custom_encoder)
+        obj_dict = _model_dump(
+            obj,
+            mode="json",
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+        )
+        if "__root__" in obj_dict:
+            obj_dict = obj_dict["__root__"]
+        return jsonable_encoder(
+            obj_dict,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
+            custom_encoder=encoders,
+            sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
+        )
+    if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
+        obj_dict = dataclasses.asdict(obj)
+        return jsonable_encoder(
+            obj_dict,
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
+            sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
+        )
+    if isinstance(obj, Enum):
+        return obj.value
+    if isinstance(obj, PurePath):
+        return str(obj)
+    if isinstance(obj, (str, int, float, type(None))):
+        return obj
+    if isinstance(obj, UndefinedType):
+        return None
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        encoded_dict = {}
+        allowed_keys = set(obj.keys())
+        if include is not None:
+            allowed_keys &= set(include)
+        if exclude is not None:
+            allowed_keys -= set(exclude)
+        for key, value in obj.items():
+            if (
+                (
+                    not sqlalchemy_safe
+                    or (not isinstance(key, str))
+                    or (not key.startswith("_sa"))
+                )
+                and (value is not None or not exclude_none)
+                and key in allowed_keys
+            ):
+                encoded_key = jsonable_encoder(
+                    key,
+                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                    exclude_none=exclude_none,
+                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
+                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
+                )
+                encoded_value = jsonable_encoder(
+                    value,
+                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                    exclude_none=exclude_none,
+                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
+                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
+                )
+                encoded_dict[encoded_key] = encoded_value
+        return encoded_dict
+    if isinstance(obj, (list, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, tuple, deque)):
+        encoded_list = []
+        for item in obj:
+            encoded_list.append(
+                jsonable_encoder(
+                    item,
+                    include=include,
+                    exclude=exclude,
+                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                    exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                    exclude_none=exclude_none,
+                    custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
+                    sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
+                )
+            )
+        return encoded_list
+
+    if type(obj) in ENCODERS_BY_TYPE:
+        return ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[type(obj)](obj)
+    for encoder, classes_tuple in encoders_by_class_tuples.items():
+        if isinstance(obj, classes_tuple):
+            return encoder(obj)
+
+    try:
+        data = dict(obj)
+    except Exception as e:
+        errors: List[Exception] = []
+        errors.append(e)
+        try:
+            data = vars(obj)
+        except Exception as e:
+            errors.append(e)
+            raise ValueError(errors) from e
+    return jsonable_encoder(
+        data,
+        include=include,
+        exclude=exclude,
+        by_alias=by_alias,
+        exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+        exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+        exclude_none=exclude_none,
+        custom_encoder=custom_encoder,
+        sqlalchemy_safe=sqlalchemy_safe,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/exception_handlers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/exception_handlers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c2ba7fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/exception_handlers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError, WebSocketRequestValidationError
+from fastapi.utils import is_body_allowed_for_status_code
+from fastapi.websockets import WebSocket
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse, Response
+from starlette.status import HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY, WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION
+
+
+async def http_exception_handler(request: Request, exc: HTTPException) -> Response:
+    headers = getattr(exc, "headers", None)
+    if not is_body_allowed_for_status_code(exc.status_code):
+        return Response(status_code=exc.status_code, headers=headers)
+    return JSONResponse(
+        {"detail": exc.detail}, status_code=exc.status_code, headers=headers
+    )
+
+
+async def request_validation_exception_handler(
+    request: Request, exc: RequestValidationError
+) -> JSONResponse:
+    return JSONResponse(
+        status_code=HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+        content={"detail": jsonable_encoder(exc.errors())},
+    )
+
+
+async def websocket_request_validation_exception_handler(
+    websocket: WebSocket, exc: WebSocketRequestValidationError
+) -> None:
+    await websocket.close(
+        code=WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION, reason=jsonable_encoder(exc.errors())
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44d4ada8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Sequence, Type, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, create_model
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException as StarletteHTTPException
+from starlette.exceptions import WebSocketException as StarletteWebSocketException
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+
+class HTTPException(StarletteHTTPException):
+    """
+    An HTTP exception you can raise in your own code to show errors to the client.
+
+    This is for client errors, invalid authentication, invalid data, etc. Not for server
+    errors in your code.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Handling Errors](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/handling-errors/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    items = {"foo": "The Foo Wrestlers"}
+
+
+    @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+    async def read_item(item_id: str):
+        if item_id not in items:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
+        return {"item": items[item_id]}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            int,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                HTTP status code to send to the client.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        detail: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Any data to be sent to the client in the `detail` key of the JSON
+                response.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        headers: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, str]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Any headers to send to the client in the response.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(status_code=status_code, detail=detail, headers=headers)
+
+
+class WebSocketException(StarletteWebSocketException):
+    """
+    A WebSocket exception you can raise in your own code to show errors to the client.
+
+    This is for client errors, invalid authentication, invalid data, etc. Not for server
+    errors in your code.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import (
+        Cookie,
+        FastAPI,
+        WebSocket,
+        WebSocketException,
+        status,
+    )
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    @app.websocket("/items/{item_id}/ws")
+    async def websocket_endpoint(
+        *,
+        websocket: WebSocket,
+        session: Annotated[str | None, Cookie()] = None,
+        item_id: str,
+    ):
+        if session is None:
+            raise WebSocketException(code=status.WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION)
+        await websocket.accept()
+        while True:
+            data = await websocket.receive_text()
+            await websocket.send_text(f"Session cookie is: {session}")
+            await websocket.send_text(f"Message text was: {data}, for item ID: {item_id}")
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        code: Annotated[
+            int,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A closing code from the
+                [valid codes defined in the specification](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6455#section-7.4.1).
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        reason: Annotated[
+            Union[str, None],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The reason to close the WebSocket connection.
+
+                It is UTF-8-encoded data. The interpretation of the reason is up to the
+                application, it is not specified by the WebSocket specification.
+
+                It could contain text that could be human-readable or interpretable
+                by the client code, etc.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(code=code, reason=reason)
+
+
+RequestErrorModel: Type[BaseModel] = create_model("Request")
+WebSocketErrorModel: Type[BaseModel] = create_model("WebSocket")
+
+
+class FastAPIError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    A generic, FastAPI-specific error.
+    """
+
+
+class ValidationException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[Any]) -> None:
+        self._errors = errors
+
+    def errors(self) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        return self._errors
+
+
+class RequestValidationError(ValidationException):
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[Any], *, body: Any = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(errors)
+        self.body = body
+
+
+class WebSocketRequestValidationError(ValidationException):
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseValidationError(ValidationException):
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[Any], *, body: Any = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(errors)
+        self.body = body
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        message = f"{len(self._errors)} validation errors:\n"
+        for err in self._errors:
+            message += f"  {err}\n"
+        return message
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/logger.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/logger.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b2c4ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/logger.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("fastapi")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..620296d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from starlette.middleware import Middleware as Middleware
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/__pycache__/wsgi.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/__pycache__/wsgi.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/cors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/cors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8dfaad0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/cors.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from starlette.middleware.cors import CORSMiddleware as CORSMiddleware  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/gzip.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/gzip.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbeb2cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/gzip.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from starlette.middleware.gzip import GZipMiddleware as GZipMiddleware  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/httpsredirect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/httpsredirect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7a3d8e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/httpsredirect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from starlette.middleware.httpsredirect import (  # noqa
+    HTTPSRedirectMiddleware as HTTPSRedirectMiddleware,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/trustedhost.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/trustedhost.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08d7e035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/trustedhost.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from starlette.middleware.trustedhost import (  # noqa
+    TrustedHostMiddleware as TrustedHostMiddleware,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/wsgi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/wsgi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4c6a797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/middleware/wsgi.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from starlette.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware as WSGIMiddleware  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/constants.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d724ee3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+METHODS_WITH_BODY = {"GET", "HEAD", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE", "PATCH"}
+REF_PREFIX = "#/components/schemas/"
+REF_TEMPLATE = "#/components/schemas/{model}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/docs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2ec358d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+import json
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+swagger_ui_default_parameters: Annotated[
+    Dict[str, Any],
+    Doc(
+        """
+        Default configurations for Swagger UI.
+
+        You can use it as a template to add any other configurations needed.
+        """
+    ),
+] = {
+    "dom_id": "#swagger-ui",
+    "layout": "BaseLayout",
+    "deepLinking": True,
+    "showExtensions": True,
+    "showCommonExtensions": True,
+}
+
+
+def get_swagger_ui_html(
+    *,
+    openapi_url: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The OpenAPI URL that Swagger UI should load and use.
+
+            This is normally done automatically by FastAPI using the default URL
+            `/openapi.json`.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+    title: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The HTML `<title>` content, normally shown in the browser tab.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+    swagger_js_url: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The URL to use to load the Swagger UI JavaScript.
+
+            It is normally set to a CDN URL.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@5/swagger-ui-bundle.js",
+    swagger_css_url: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The URL to use to load the Swagger UI CSS.
+
+            It is normally set to a CDN URL.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swagger-ui-dist@5/swagger-ui.css",
+    swagger_favicon_url: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The URL of the favicon to use. It is normally shown in the browser tab.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png",
+    oauth2_redirect_url: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The OAuth2 redirect URL, it is normally automatically handled by FastAPI.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    init_oauth: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A dictionary with Swagger UI OAuth2 initialization configurations.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    swagger_ui_parameters: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Configuration parameters for Swagger UI.
+
+            It defaults to [swagger_ui_default_parameters][fastapi.openapi.docs.swagger_ui_default_parameters].
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+) -> HTMLResponse:
+    """
+    Generate and return the HTML  that loads Swagger UI for the interactive
+    API docs (normally served at `/docs`).
+
+    You would only call this function yourself if you needed to override some parts,
+    for example the URLs to use to load Swagger UI's JavaScript and CSS.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Configure Swagger UI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/how-to/configure-swagger-ui/)
+    and the [FastAPI docs for Custom Docs UI Static Assets (Self-Hosting)](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/how-to/custom-docs-ui-assets/).
+    """
+    current_swagger_ui_parameters = swagger_ui_default_parameters.copy()
+    if swagger_ui_parameters:
+        current_swagger_ui_parameters.update(swagger_ui_parameters)
+
+    html = f"""
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
+    <html>
+    <head>
+    <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{swagger_css_url}">
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{swagger_favicon_url}">
+    <title>{title}</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+    <div id="swagger-ui">
+    </div>
+    <script src="{swagger_js_url}"></script>
+    <!-- `SwaggerUIBundle` is now available on the page -->
+    <script>
+    const ui = SwaggerUIBundle({{
+        url: '{openapi_url}',
+    """
+
+    for key, value in current_swagger_ui_parameters.items():
+        html += f"{json.dumps(key)}: {json.dumps(jsonable_encoder(value))},\n"
+
+    if oauth2_redirect_url:
+        html += f"oauth2RedirectUrl: window.location.origin + '{oauth2_redirect_url}',"
+
+    html += """
+    presets: [
+        SwaggerUIBundle.presets.apis,
+        SwaggerUIBundle.SwaggerUIStandalonePreset
+        ],
+    })"""
+
+    if init_oauth:
+        html += f"""
+        ui.initOAuth({json.dumps(jsonable_encoder(init_oauth))})
+        """
+
+    html += """
+    </script>
+    </body>
+    </html>
+    """
+    return HTMLResponse(html)
+
+
+def get_redoc_html(
+    *,
+    openapi_url: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The OpenAPI URL that ReDoc should load and use.
+
+            This is normally done automatically by FastAPI using the default URL
+            `/openapi.json`.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+    title: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The HTML `<title>` content, normally shown in the browser tab.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+    redoc_js_url: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The URL to use to load the ReDoc JavaScript.
+
+            It is normally set to a CDN URL.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/redoc@next/bundles/redoc.standalone.js",
+    redoc_favicon_url: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The URL of the favicon to use. It is normally shown in the browser tab.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/favicon.png",
+    with_google_fonts: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Load and use Google Fonts.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+) -> HTMLResponse:
+    """
+    Generate and return the HTML response that loads ReDoc for the alternative
+    API docs (normally served at `/redoc`).
+
+    You would only call this function yourself if you needed to override some parts,
+    for example the URLs to use to load ReDoc's JavaScript and CSS.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Custom Docs UI Static Assets (Self-Hosting)](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/how-to/custom-docs-ui-assets/).
+    """
+    html = f"""
+    <!DOCTYPE html>
+    <html>
+    <head>
+    <title>{title}</title>
+    <!-- needed for adaptive design -->
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+    """
+    if with_google_fonts:
+        html += """
+    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:300,400,700|Roboto:300,400,700" rel="stylesheet">
+    """
+    html += f"""
+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="{redoc_favicon_url}">
+    <!--
+    ReDoc doesn't change outer page styles
+    -->
+    <style>
+      body {{
+        margin: 0;
+        padding: 0;
+      }}
+    </style>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+    <noscript>
+        ReDoc requires Javascript to function. Please enable it to browse the documentation.
+    </noscript>
+    <redoc spec-url="{openapi_url}"></redoc>
+    <script src="{redoc_js_url}"> </script>
+    </body>
+    </html>
+    """
+    return HTMLResponse(html)
+
+
+def get_swagger_ui_oauth2_redirect_html() -> HTMLResponse:
+    """
+    Generate the HTML response with the OAuth2 redirection for Swagger UI.
+
+    You normally don't need to use or change this.
+    """
+    # copied from https://github.com/swagger-api/swagger-ui/blob/v4.14.0/dist/oauth2-redirect.html
+    html = """
+    <!doctype html>
+    <html lang="en-US">
+    <head>
+        <title>Swagger UI: OAuth2 Redirect</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+    <script>
+        'use strict';
+        function run () {
+            var oauth2 = window.opener.swaggerUIRedirectOauth2;
+            var sentState = oauth2.state;
+            var redirectUrl = oauth2.redirectUrl;
+            var isValid, qp, arr;
+
+            if (/code|token|error/.test(window.location.hash)) {
+                qp = window.location.hash.substring(1).replace('?', '&');
+            } else {
+                qp = location.search.substring(1);
+            }
+
+            arr = qp.split("&");
+            arr.forEach(function (v,i,_arr) { _arr[i] = '"' + v.replace('=', '":"') + '"';});
+            qp = qp ? JSON.parse('{' + arr.join() + '}',
+                    function (key, value) {
+                        return key === "" ? value : decodeURIComponent(value);
+                    }
+            ) : {};
+
+            isValid = qp.state === sentState;
+
+            if ((
+              oauth2.auth.schema.get("flow") === "accessCode" ||
+              oauth2.auth.schema.get("flow") === "authorizationCode" ||
+              oauth2.auth.schema.get("flow") === "authorization_code"
+            ) && !oauth2.auth.code) {
+                if (!isValid) {
+                    oauth2.errCb({
+                        authId: oauth2.auth.name,
+                        source: "auth",
+                        level: "warning",
+                        message: "Authorization may be unsafe, passed state was changed in server. The passed state wasn't returned from auth server."
+                    });
+                }
+
+                if (qp.code) {
+                    delete oauth2.state;
+                    oauth2.auth.code = qp.code;
+                    oauth2.callback({auth: oauth2.auth, redirectUrl: redirectUrl});
+                } else {
+                    let oauthErrorMsg;
+                    if (qp.error) {
+                        oauthErrorMsg = "["+qp.error+"]: " +
+                            (qp.error_description ? qp.error_description+ ". " : "no accessCode received from the server. ") +
+                            (qp.error_uri ? "More info: "+qp.error_uri : "");
+                    }
+
+                    oauth2.errCb({
+                        authId: oauth2.auth.name,
+                        source: "auth",
+                        level: "error",
+                        message: oauthErrorMsg || "[Authorization failed]: no accessCode received from the server."
+                    });
+                }
+            } else {
+                oauth2.callback({auth: oauth2.auth, token: qp, isValid: isValid, redirectUrl: redirectUrl});
+            }
+            window.close();
+        }
+
+        if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {
+            run();
+        } else {
+            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
+                run();
+            });
+        }
+    </script>
+    </body>
+    </html>
+        """
+    return HTMLResponse(content=html)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed07b40f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Type, Union
+
+from fastapi._compat import (
+    PYDANTIC_V2,
+    CoreSchema,
+    GetJsonSchemaHandler,
+    JsonSchemaValue,
+    _model_rebuild,
+    with_info_plain_validator_function,
+)
+from fastapi.logger import logger
+from pydantic import AnyUrl, BaseModel, Field
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal, TypedDict
+from typing_extensions import deprecated as typing_deprecated
+
+try:
+    import email_validator
+
+    assert email_validator  # make autoflake ignore the unused import
+    from pydantic import EmailStr
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    class EmailStr(str):  # type: ignore
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> Iterable[Callable[..., Any]]:
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, v: Any) -> str:
+            logger.warning(
+                "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"
+                "To install, run: pip install email-validator"
+            )
+            return str(v)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _validate(cls, __input_value: Any, _: Any) -> str:
+            logger.warning(
+                "email-validator not installed, email fields will be treated as str.\n"
+                "To install, run: pip install email-validator"
+            )
+            return str(__input_value)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+            cls, core_schema: CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+        ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            return {"type": "string", "format": "email"}
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: Type[Any], handler: Callable[[Any], CoreSchema]
+        ) -> CoreSchema:
+            return with_info_plain_validator_function(cls._validate)
+
+
+class BaseModelWithConfig(BaseModel):
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config = {"extra": "allow"}
+
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            extra = "allow"
+
+
+class Contact(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    url: Optional[AnyUrl] = None
+    email: Optional[EmailStr] = None
+
+
+class License(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    name: str
+    identifier: Optional[str] = None
+    url: Optional[AnyUrl] = None
+
+
+class Info(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    title: str
+    summary: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    termsOfService: Optional[str] = None
+    contact: Optional[Contact] = None
+    license: Optional[License] = None
+    version: str
+
+
+class ServerVariable(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    enum: Annotated[Optional[List[str]], Field(min_length=1)] = None
+    default: str
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class Server(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    url: Union[AnyUrl, str]
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    variables: Optional[Dict[str, ServerVariable]] = None
+
+
+class Reference(BaseModel):
+    ref: str = Field(alias="$ref")
+
+
+class Discriminator(BaseModel):
+    propertyName: str
+    mapping: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
+
+
+class XML(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    namespace: Optional[str] = None
+    prefix: Optional[str] = None
+    attribute: Optional[bool] = None
+    wrapped: Optional[bool] = None
+
+
+class ExternalDocumentation(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    url: AnyUrl
+
+
+class Schema(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    # Ref: JSON Schema 2020-12: https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-core.html#name-the-json-schema-core-vocabu
+    # Core Vocabulary
+    schema_: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$schema")
+    vocabulary: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$vocabulary")
+    id: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$id")
+    anchor: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$anchor")
+    dynamicAnchor: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$dynamicAnchor")
+    ref: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$ref")
+    dynamicRef: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$dynamicRef")
+    defs: Optional[Dict[str, "SchemaOrBool"]] = Field(default=None, alias="$defs")
+    comment: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$comment")
+    # Ref: JSON Schema 2020-12: https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-core.html#name-a-vocabulary-for-applying-s
+    # A Vocabulary for Applying Subschemas
+    allOf: Optional[List["SchemaOrBool"]] = None
+    anyOf: Optional[List["SchemaOrBool"]] = None
+    oneOf: Optional[List["SchemaOrBool"]] = None
+    not_: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = Field(default=None, alias="not")
+    if_: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = Field(default=None, alias="if")
+    then: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    else_: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = Field(default=None, alias="else")
+    dependentSchemas: Optional[Dict[str, "SchemaOrBool"]] = None
+    prefixItems: Optional[List["SchemaOrBool"]] = None
+    # TODO: uncomment and remove below when deprecating Pydantic v1
+    # It generales a list of schemas for tuples, before prefixItems was available
+    # items: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    items: Optional[Union["SchemaOrBool", List["SchemaOrBool"]]] = None
+    contains: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    properties: Optional[Dict[str, "SchemaOrBool"]] = None
+    patternProperties: Optional[Dict[str, "SchemaOrBool"]] = None
+    additionalProperties: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    propertyNames: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    unevaluatedItems: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    unevaluatedProperties: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    # Ref: JSON Schema Validation 2020-12: https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-validation.html#name-a-vocabulary-for-structural
+    # A Vocabulary for Structural Validation
+    type: Optional[str] = None
+    enum: Optional[List[Any]] = None
+    const: Optional[Any] = None
+    multipleOf: Optional[float] = Field(default=None, gt=0)
+    maximum: Optional[float] = None
+    exclusiveMaximum: Optional[float] = None
+    minimum: Optional[float] = None
+    exclusiveMinimum: Optional[float] = None
+    maxLength: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    minLength: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    pattern: Optional[str] = None
+    maxItems: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    minItems: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    uniqueItems: Optional[bool] = None
+    maxContains: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    minContains: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    maxProperties: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    minProperties: Optional[int] = Field(default=None, ge=0)
+    required: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    dependentRequired: Optional[Dict[str, Set[str]]] = None
+    # Ref: JSON Schema Validation 2020-12: https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-validation.html#name-vocabularies-for-semantic-c
+    # Vocabularies for Semantic Content With "format"
+    format: Optional[str] = None
+    # Ref: JSON Schema Validation 2020-12: https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-validation.html#name-a-vocabulary-for-the-conten
+    # A Vocabulary for the Contents of String-Encoded Data
+    contentEncoding: Optional[str] = None
+    contentMediaType: Optional[str] = None
+    contentSchema: Optional["SchemaOrBool"] = None
+    # Ref: JSON Schema Validation 2020-12: https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-validation.html#name-a-vocabulary-for-basic-meta
+    # A Vocabulary for Basic Meta-Data Annotations
+    title: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    default: Optional[Any] = None
+    deprecated: Optional[bool] = None
+    readOnly: Optional[bool] = None
+    writeOnly: Optional[bool] = None
+    examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None
+    # Ref: OpenAPI 3.1.0: https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/main/versions/3.1.0.md#schema-object
+    # Schema Object
+    discriminator: Optional[Discriminator] = None
+    xml: Optional[XML] = None
+    externalDocs: Optional[ExternalDocumentation] = None
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        typing_deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None
+
+
+# Ref: https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/json-schema-core.html#name-json-schema-documents
+# A JSON Schema MUST be an object or a boolean.
+SchemaOrBool = Union[Schema, bool]
+
+
+class Example(TypedDict, total=False):
+    summary: Optional[str]
+    description: Optional[str]
+    value: Optional[Any]
+    externalValue: Optional[AnyUrl]
+
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:  # type: ignore [misc]
+        __pydantic_config__ = {"extra": "allow"}
+
+    else:
+
+        class Config:
+            extra = "allow"
+
+
+class ParameterInType(Enum):
+    query = "query"
+    header = "header"
+    path = "path"
+    cookie = "cookie"
+
+
+class Encoding(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    contentType: Optional[str] = None
+    headers: Optional[Dict[str, Union["Header", Reference]]] = None
+    style: Optional[str] = None
+    explode: Optional[bool] = None
+    allowReserved: Optional[bool] = None
+
+
+class MediaType(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    schema_: Optional[Union[Schema, Reference]] = Field(default=None, alias="schema")
+    example: Optional[Any] = None
+    examples: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Example, Reference]]] = None
+    encoding: Optional[Dict[str, Encoding]] = None
+
+
+class ParameterBase(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    required: Optional[bool] = None
+    deprecated: Optional[bool] = None
+    # Serialization rules for simple scenarios
+    style: Optional[str] = None
+    explode: Optional[bool] = None
+    allowReserved: Optional[bool] = None
+    schema_: Optional[Union[Schema, Reference]] = Field(default=None, alias="schema")
+    example: Optional[Any] = None
+    examples: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Example, Reference]]] = None
+    # Serialization rules for more complex scenarios
+    content: Optional[Dict[str, MediaType]] = None
+
+
+class Parameter(ParameterBase):
+    name: str
+    in_: ParameterInType = Field(alias="in")
+
+
+class Header(ParameterBase):
+    pass
+
+
+class RequestBody(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    content: Dict[str, MediaType]
+    required: Optional[bool] = None
+
+
+class Link(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    operationRef: Optional[str] = None
+    operationId: Optional[str] = None
+    parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Any, str]]] = None
+    requestBody: Optional[Union[Any, str]] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    server: Optional[Server] = None
+
+
+class Response(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    description: str
+    headers: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Header, Reference]]] = None
+    content: Optional[Dict[str, MediaType]] = None
+    links: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Link, Reference]]] = None
+
+
+class Operation(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    tags: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    summary: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    externalDocs: Optional[ExternalDocumentation] = None
+    operationId: Optional[str] = None
+    parameters: Optional[List[Union[Parameter, Reference]]] = None
+    requestBody: Optional[Union[RequestBody, Reference]] = None
+    # Using Any for Specification Extensions
+    responses: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Response, Any]]] = None
+    callbacks: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Dict[str, "PathItem"], Reference]]] = None
+    deprecated: Optional[bool] = None
+    security: Optional[List[Dict[str, List[str]]]] = None
+    servers: Optional[List[Server]] = None
+
+
+class PathItem(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    ref: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, alias="$ref")
+    summary: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    get: Optional[Operation] = None
+    put: Optional[Operation] = None
+    post: Optional[Operation] = None
+    delete: Optional[Operation] = None
+    options: Optional[Operation] = None
+    head: Optional[Operation] = None
+    patch: Optional[Operation] = None
+    trace: Optional[Operation] = None
+    servers: Optional[List[Server]] = None
+    parameters: Optional[List[Union[Parameter, Reference]]] = None
+
+
+class SecuritySchemeType(Enum):
+    apiKey = "apiKey"
+    http = "http"
+    oauth2 = "oauth2"
+    openIdConnect = "openIdConnect"
+
+
+class SecurityBase(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    type_: SecuritySchemeType = Field(alias="type")
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class APIKeyIn(Enum):
+    query = "query"
+    header = "header"
+    cookie = "cookie"
+
+
+class APIKey(SecurityBase):
+    type_: SecuritySchemeType = Field(default=SecuritySchemeType.apiKey, alias="type")
+    in_: APIKeyIn = Field(alias="in")
+    name: str
+
+
+class HTTPBase(SecurityBase):
+    type_: SecuritySchemeType = Field(default=SecuritySchemeType.http, alias="type")
+    scheme: str
+
+
+class HTTPBearer(HTTPBase):
+    scheme: Literal["bearer"] = "bearer"
+    bearerFormat: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class OAuthFlow(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    refreshUrl: Optional[str] = None
+    scopes: Dict[str, str] = {}
+
+
+class OAuthFlowImplicit(OAuthFlow):
+    authorizationUrl: str
+
+
+class OAuthFlowPassword(OAuthFlow):
+    tokenUrl: str
+
+
+class OAuthFlowClientCredentials(OAuthFlow):
+    tokenUrl: str
+
+
+class OAuthFlowAuthorizationCode(OAuthFlow):
+    authorizationUrl: str
+    tokenUrl: str
+
+
+class OAuthFlows(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    implicit: Optional[OAuthFlowImplicit] = None
+    password: Optional[OAuthFlowPassword] = None
+    clientCredentials: Optional[OAuthFlowClientCredentials] = None
+    authorizationCode: Optional[OAuthFlowAuthorizationCode] = None
+
+
+class OAuth2(SecurityBase):
+    type_: SecuritySchemeType = Field(default=SecuritySchemeType.oauth2, alias="type")
+    flows: OAuthFlows
+
+
+class OpenIdConnect(SecurityBase):
+    type_: SecuritySchemeType = Field(
+        default=SecuritySchemeType.openIdConnect, alias="type"
+    )
+    openIdConnectUrl: str
+
+
+SecurityScheme = Union[APIKey, HTTPBase, OAuth2, OpenIdConnect, HTTPBearer]
+
+
+class Components(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    schemas: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Schema, Reference]]] = None
+    responses: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Response, Reference]]] = None
+    parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Parameter, Reference]]] = None
+    examples: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Example, Reference]]] = None
+    requestBodies: Optional[Dict[str, Union[RequestBody, Reference]]] = None
+    headers: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Header, Reference]]] = None
+    securitySchemes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[SecurityScheme, Reference]]] = None
+    links: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Link, Reference]]] = None
+    # Using Any for Specification Extensions
+    callbacks: Optional[Dict[str, Union[Dict[str, PathItem], Reference, Any]]] = None
+    pathItems: Optional[Dict[str, Union[PathItem, Reference]]] = None
+
+
+class Tag(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    name: str
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    externalDocs: Optional[ExternalDocumentation] = None
+
+
+class OpenAPI(BaseModelWithConfig):
+    openapi: str
+    info: Info
+    jsonSchemaDialect: Optional[str] = None
+    servers: Optional[List[Server]] = None
+    # Using Any for Specification Extensions
+    paths: Optional[Dict[str, Union[PathItem, Any]]] = None
+    webhooks: Optional[Dict[str, Union[PathItem, Reference]]] = None
+    components: Optional[Components] = None
+    security: Optional[List[Dict[str, List[str]]]] = None
+    tags: Optional[List[Tag]] = None
+    externalDocs: Optional[ExternalDocumentation] = None
+
+
+_model_rebuild(Schema)
+_model_rebuild(Operation)
+_model_rebuild(Encoding)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..808646cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/openapi/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+import http.client
+import inspect
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Type, Union, cast
+
+from fastapi import routing
+from fastapi._compat import (
+    GenerateJsonSchema,
+    JsonSchemaValue,
+    ModelField,
+    Undefined,
+    get_compat_model_name_map,
+    get_definitions,
+    get_schema_from_model_field,
+    lenient_issubclass,
+)
+from fastapi.datastructures import DefaultPlaceholder
+from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant
+from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
+    _get_flat_fields_from_params,
+    get_flat_dependant,
+    get_flat_params,
+)
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from fastapi.openapi.constants import METHODS_WITH_BODY, REF_PREFIX, REF_TEMPLATE
+from fastapi.openapi.models import OpenAPI
+from fastapi.params import Body, ParamTypes
+from fastapi.responses import Response
+from fastapi.types import ModelNameMap
+from fastapi.utils import (
+    deep_dict_update,
+    generate_operation_id_for_path,
+    is_body_allowed_for_status_code,
+)
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.routing import BaseRoute
+from starlette.status import HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+validation_error_definition = {
+    "title": "ValidationError",
+    "type": "object",
+    "properties": {
+        "loc": {
+            "title": "Location",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {"anyOf": [{"type": "string"}, {"type": "integer"}]},
+        },
+        "msg": {"title": "Message", "type": "string"},
+        "type": {"title": "Error Type", "type": "string"},
+    },
+    "required": ["loc", "msg", "type"],
+}
+
+validation_error_response_definition = {
+    "title": "HTTPValidationError",
+    "type": "object",
+    "properties": {
+        "detail": {
+            "title": "Detail",
+            "type": "array",
+            "items": {"$ref": REF_PREFIX + "ValidationError"},
+        }
+    },
+}
+
+status_code_ranges: Dict[str, str] = {
+    "1XX": "Information",
+    "2XX": "Success",
+    "3XX": "Redirection",
+    "4XX": "Client Error",
+    "5XX": "Server Error",
+    "DEFAULT": "Default Response",
+}
+
+
+def get_openapi_security_definitions(
+    flat_dependant: Dependant,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
+    security_definitions = {}
+    operation_security = []
+    for security_requirement in flat_dependant.security_requirements:
+        security_definition = jsonable_encoder(
+            security_requirement.security_scheme.model,
+            by_alias=True,
+            exclude_none=True,
+        )
+        security_name = security_requirement.security_scheme.scheme_name
+        security_definitions[security_name] = security_definition
+        operation_security.append({security_name: security_requirement.scopes})
+    return security_definitions, operation_security
+
+
+def _get_openapi_operation_parameters(
+    *,
+    dependant: Dependant,
+    schema_generator: GenerateJsonSchema,
+    model_name_map: ModelNameMap,
+    field_mapping: Dict[
+        Tuple[ModelField, Literal["validation", "serialization"]], JsonSchemaValue
+    ],
+    separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    parameters = []
+    flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(dependant, skip_repeats=True)
+    path_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.path_params)
+    query_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.query_params)
+    header_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.header_params)
+    cookie_params = _get_flat_fields_from_params(flat_dependant.cookie_params)
+    parameter_groups = [
+        (ParamTypes.path, path_params),
+        (ParamTypes.query, query_params),
+        (ParamTypes.header, header_params),
+        (ParamTypes.cookie, cookie_params),
+    ]
+    default_convert_underscores = True
+    if len(flat_dependant.header_params) == 1:
+        first_field = flat_dependant.header_params[0]
+        if lenient_issubclass(first_field.type_, BaseModel):
+            default_convert_underscores = getattr(
+                first_field.field_info, "convert_underscores", True
+            )
+    for param_type, param_group in parameter_groups:
+        for param in param_group:
+            field_info = param.field_info
+            # field_info = cast(Param, field_info)
+            if not getattr(field_info, "include_in_schema", True):
+                continue
+            param_schema = get_schema_from_model_field(
+                field=param,
+                schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+            )
+            name = param.alias
+            convert_underscores = getattr(
+                param.field_info,
+                "convert_underscores",
+                default_convert_underscores,
+            )
+            if (
+                param_type == ParamTypes.header
+                and param.alias == param.name
+                and convert_underscores
+            ):
+                name = param.name.replace("_", "-")
+
+            parameter = {
+                "name": name,
+                "in": param_type.value,
+                "required": param.required,
+                "schema": param_schema,
+            }
+            if field_info.description:
+                parameter["description"] = field_info.description
+            openapi_examples = getattr(field_info, "openapi_examples", None)
+            example = getattr(field_info, "example", None)
+            if openapi_examples:
+                parameter["examples"] = jsonable_encoder(openapi_examples)
+            elif example != Undefined:
+                parameter["example"] = jsonable_encoder(example)
+            if getattr(field_info, "deprecated", None):
+                parameter["deprecated"] = True
+            parameters.append(parameter)
+    return parameters
+
+
+def get_openapi_operation_request_body(
+    *,
+    body_field: Optional[ModelField],
+    schema_generator: GenerateJsonSchema,
+    model_name_map: ModelNameMap,
+    field_mapping: Dict[
+        Tuple[ModelField, Literal["validation", "serialization"]], JsonSchemaValue
+    ],
+    separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    if not body_field:
+        return None
+    assert isinstance(body_field, ModelField)
+    body_schema = get_schema_from_model_field(
+        field=body_field,
+        schema_generator=schema_generator,
+        model_name_map=model_name_map,
+        field_mapping=field_mapping,
+        separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+    )
+    field_info = cast(Body, body_field.field_info)
+    request_media_type = field_info.media_type
+    required = body_field.required
+    request_body_oai: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if required:
+        request_body_oai["required"] = required
+    request_media_content: Dict[str, Any] = {"schema": body_schema}
+    if field_info.openapi_examples:
+        request_media_content["examples"] = jsonable_encoder(
+            field_info.openapi_examples
+        )
+    elif field_info.example != Undefined:
+        request_media_content["example"] = jsonable_encoder(field_info.example)
+    request_body_oai["content"] = {request_media_type: request_media_content}
+    return request_body_oai
+
+
+def generate_operation_id(
+    *, route: routing.APIRoute, method: str
+) -> str:  # pragma: nocover
+    warnings.warn(
+        "fastapi.openapi.utils.generate_operation_id() was deprecated, "
+        "it is not used internally, and will be removed soon",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    if route.operation_id:
+        return route.operation_id
+    path: str = route.path_format
+    return generate_operation_id_for_path(name=route.name, path=path, method=method)
+
+
+def generate_operation_summary(*, route: routing.APIRoute, method: str) -> str:
+    if route.summary:
+        return route.summary
+    return route.name.replace("_", " ").title()
+
+
+def get_openapi_operation_metadata(
+    *, route: routing.APIRoute, method: str, operation_ids: Set[str]
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    operation: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if route.tags:
+        operation["tags"] = route.tags
+    operation["summary"] = generate_operation_summary(route=route, method=method)
+    if route.description:
+        operation["description"] = route.description
+    operation_id = route.operation_id or route.unique_id
+    if operation_id in operation_ids:
+        message = (
+            f"Duplicate Operation ID {operation_id} for function "
+            + f"{route.endpoint.__name__}"
+        )
+        file_name = getattr(route.endpoint, "__globals__", {}).get("__file__")
+        if file_name:
+            message += f" at {file_name}"
+        warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=1)
+    operation_ids.add(operation_id)
+    operation["operationId"] = operation_id
+    if route.deprecated:
+        operation["deprecated"] = route.deprecated
+    return operation
+
+
+def get_openapi_path(
+    *,
+    route: routing.APIRoute,
+    operation_ids: Set[str],
+    schema_generator: GenerateJsonSchema,
+    model_name_map: ModelNameMap,
+    field_mapping: Dict[
+        Tuple[ModelField, Literal["validation", "serialization"]], JsonSchemaValue
+    ],
+    separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+    path = {}
+    security_schemes: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    definitions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    assert route.methods is not None, "Methods must be a list"
+    if isinstance(route.response_class, DefaultPlaceholder):
+        current_response_class: Type[Response] = route.response_class.value
+    else:
+        current_response_class = route.response_class
+    assert current_response_class, "A response class is needed to generate OpenAPI"
+    route_response_media_type: Optional[str] = current_response_class.media_type
+    if route.include_in_schema:
+        for method in route.methods:
+            operation = get_openapi_operation_metadata(
+                route=route, method=method, operation_ids=operation_ids
+            )
+            parameters: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+            flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(route.dependant, skip_repeats=True)
+            security_definitions, operation_security = get_openapi_security_definitions(
+                flat_dependant=flat_dependant
+            )
+            if operation_security:
+                operation.setdefault("security", []).extend(operation_security)
+            if security_definitions:
+                security_schemes.update(security_definitions)
+            operation_parameters = _get_openapi_operation_parameters(
+                dependant=route.dependant,
+                schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+            )
+            parameters.extend(operation_parameters)
+            if parameters:
+                all_parameters = {
+                    (param["in"], param["name"]): param for param in parameters
+                }
+                required_parameters = {
+                    (param["in"], param["name"]): param
+                    for param in parameters
+                    if param.get("required")
+                }
+                # Make sure required definitions of the same parameter take precedence
+                # over non-required definitions
+                all_parameters.update(required_parameters)
+                operation["parameters"] = list(all_parameters.values())
+            if method in METHODS_WITH_BODY:
+                request_body_oai = get_openapi_operation_request_body(
+                    body_field=route.body_field,
+                    schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                    model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                    field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                    separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+                )
+                if request_body_oai:
+                    operation["requestBody"] = request_body_oai
+            if route.callbacks:
+                callbacks = {}
+                for callback in route.callbacks:
+                    if isinstance(callback, routing.APIRoute):
+                        (
+                            cb_path,
+                            cb_security_schemes,
+                            cb_definitions,
+                        ) = get_openapi_path(
+                            route=callback,
+                            operation_ids=operation_ids,
+                            schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                            field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                            separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+                        )
+                        callbacks[callback.name] = {callback.path: cb_path}
+                operation["callbacks"] = callbacks
+            if route.status_code is not None:
+                status_code = str(route.status_code)
+            else:
+                # It would probably make more sense for all response classes to have an
+                # explicit default status_code, and to extract it from them, instead of
+                # doing this inspection tricks, that would probably be in the future
+                # TODO: probably make status_code a default class attribute for all
+                # responses in Starlette
+                response_signature = inspect.signature(current_response_class.__init__)
+                status_code_param = response_signature.parameters.get("status_code")
+                if status_code_param is not None:
+                    if isinstance(status_code_param.default, int):
+                        status_code = str(status_code_param.default)
+            operation.setdefault("responses", {}).setdefault(status_code, {})[
+                "description"
+            ] = route.response_description
+            if route_response_media_type and is_body_allowed_for_status_code(
+                route.status_code
+            ):
+                response_schema = {"type": "string"}
+                if lenient_issubclass(current_response_class, JSONResponse):
+                    if route.response_field:
+                        response_schema = get_schema_from_model_field(
+                            field=route.response_field,
+                            schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                            field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                            separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        response_schema = {}
+                operation.setdefault("responses", {}).setdefault(
+                    status_code, {}
+                ).setdefault("content", {}).setdefault(route_response_media_type, {})[
+                    "schema"
+                ] = response_schema
+            if route.responses:
+                operation_responses = operation.setdefault("responses", {})
+                for (
+                    additional_status_code,
+                    additional_response,
+                ) in route.responses.items():
+                    process_response = additional_response.copy()
+                    process_response.pop("model", None)
+                    status_code_key = str(additional_status_code).upper()
+                    if status_code_key == "DEFAULT":
+                        status_code_key = "default"
+                    openapi_response = operation_responses.setdefault(
+                        status_code_key, {}
+                    )
+                    assert isinstance(process_response, dict), (
+                        "An additional response must be a dict"
+                    )
+                    field = route.response_fields.get(additional_status_code)
+                    additional_field_schema: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+                    if field:
+                        additional_field_schema = get_schema_from_model_field(
+                            field=field,
+                            schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                            field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                            separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+                        )
+                        media_type = route_response_media_type or "application/json"
+                        additional_schema = (
+                            process_response.setdefault("content", {})
+                            .setdefault(media_type, {})
+                            .setdefault("schema", {})
+                        )
+                        deep_dict_update(additional_schema, additional_field_schema)
+                    status_text: Optional[str] = status_code_ranges.get(
+                        str(additional_status_code).upper()
+                    ) or http.client.responses.get(int(additional_status_code))
+                    description = (
+                        process_response.get("description")
+                        or openapi_response.get("description")
+                        or status_text
+                        or "Additional Response"
+                    )
+                    deep_dict_update(openapi_response, process_response)
+                    openapi_response["description"] = description
+            http422 = str(HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
+            all_route_params = get_flat_params(route.dependant)
+            if (all_route_params or route.body_field) and not any(
+                status in operation["responses"]
+                for status in [http422, "4XX", "default"]
+            ):
+                operation["responses"][http422] = {
+                    "description": "Validation Error",
+                    "content": {
+                        "application/json": {
+                            "schema": {"$ref": REF_PREFIX + "HTTPValidationError"}
+                        }
+                    },
+                }
+                if "ValidationError" not in definitions:
+                    definitions.update(
+                        {
+                            "ValidationError": validation_error_definition,
+                            "HTTPValidationError": validation_error_response_definition,
+                        }
+                    )
+            if route.openapi_extra:
+                deep_dict_update(operation, route.openapi_extra)
+            path[method.lower()] = operation
+    return path, security_schemes, definitions
+
+
+def get_fields_from_routes(
+    routes: Sequence[BaseRoute],
+) -> List[ModelField]:
+    body_fields_from_routes: List[ModelField] = []
+    responses_from_routes: List[ModelField] = []
+    request_fields_from_routes: List[ModelField] = []
+    callback_flat_models: List[ModelField] = []
+    for route in routes:
+        if getattr(route, "include_in_schema", None) and isinstance(
+            route, routing.APIRoute
+        ):
+            if route.body_field:
+                assert isinstance(route.body_field, ModelField), (
+                    "A request body must be a Pydantic Field"
+                )
+                body_fields_from_routes.append(route.body_field)
+            if route.response_field:
+                responses_from_routes.append(route.response_field)
+            if route.response_fields:
+                responses_from_routes.extend(route.response_fields.values())
+            if route.callbacks:
+                callback_flat_models.extend(get_fields_from_routes(route.callbacks))
+            params = get_flat_params(route.dependant)
+            request_fields_from_routes.extend(params)
+
+    flat_models = callback_flat_models + list(
+        body_fields_from_routes + responses_from_routes + request_fields_from_routes
+    )
+    return flat_models
+
+
+def get_openapi(
+    *,
+    title: str,
+    version: str,
+    openapi_version: str = "3.1.0",
+    summary: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    routes: Sequence[BaseRoute],
+    webhooks: Optional[Sequence[BaseRoute]] = None,
+    tags: Optional[List[Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+    servers: Optional[List[Dict[str, Union[str, Any]]]] = None,
+    terms_of_service: Optional[str] = None,
+    contact: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, Any]]] = None,
+    license_info: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, Any]]] = None,
+    separate_input_output_schemas: bool = True,
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    info: Dict[str, Any] = {"title": title, "version": version}
+    if summary:
+        info["summary"] = summary
+    if description:
+        info["description"] = description
+    if terms_of_service:
+        info["termsOfService"] = terms_of_service
+    if contact:
+        info["contact"] = contact
+    if license_info:
+        info["license"] = license_info
+    output: Dict[str, Any] = {"openapi": openapi_version, "info": info}
+    if servers:
+        output["servers"] = servers
+    components: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+    paths: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+    webhook_paths: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
+    operation_ids: Set[str] = set()
+    all_fields = get_fields_from_routes(list(routes or []) + list(webhooks or []))
+    model_name_map = get_compat_model_name_map(all_fields)
+    schema_generator = GenerateJsonSchema(ref_template=REF_TEMPLATE)
+    field_mapping, definitions = get_definitions(
+        fields=all_fields,
+        schema_generator=schema_generator,
+        model_name_map=model_name_map,
+        separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+    )
+    for route in routes or []:
+        if isinstance(route, routing.APIRoute):
+            result = get_openapi_path(
+                route=route,
+                operation_ids=operation_ids,
+                schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+            )
+            if result:
+                path, security_schemes, path_definitions = result
+                if path:
+                    paths.setdefault(route.path_format, {}).update(path)
+                if security_schemes:
+                    components.setdefault("securitySchemes", {}).update(
+                        security_schemes
+                    )
+                if path_definitions:
+                    definitions.update(path_definitions)
+    for webhook in webhooks or []:
+        if isinstance(webhook, routing.APIRoute):
+            result = get_openapi_path(
+                route=webhook,
+                operation_ids=operation_ids,
+                schema_generator=schema_generator,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                field_mapping=field_mapping,
+                separate_input_output_schemas=separate_input_output_schemas,
+            )
+            if result:
+                path, security_schemes, path_definitions = result
+                if path:
+                    webhook_paths.setdefault(webhook.path_format, {}).update(path)
+                if security_schemes:
+                    components.setdefault("securitySchemes", {}).update(
+                        security_schemes
+                    )
+                if path_definitions:
+                    definitions.update(path_definitions)
+    if definitions:
+        components["schemas"] = {k: definitions[k] for k in sorted(definitions)}
+    if components:
+        output["components"] = components
+    output["paths"] = paths
+    if webhook_paths:
+        output["webhooks"] = webhook_paths
+    if tags:
+        output["tags"] = tags
+    return jsonable_encoder(OpenAPI(**output), by_alias=True, exclude_none=True)  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/param_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/param_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3621626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/param_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2360 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+from fastapi import params
+from fastapi._compat import Undefined
+from fastapi.openapi.models import Example
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc, deprecated
+
+_Unset: Any = Undefined
+
+
+def Path(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Default value if the parameter field is not set.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = ...,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Annotated[
+        Union[Callable[[], Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A callable to generate the default value.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    alias: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            An alternative name for the parameter field.
+
+            This will be used to extract the data and for the generated OpenAPI.
+            It is particularly useful when you can't use the name you want because it
+            is a Python reserved keyword or similar.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    alias_priority: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+    # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    validation_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Whitelist' validation step. The parameter field will be the single one
+            allowed by the alias or set of aliases defined.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    serialization_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Blacklist' validation step. The vanilla parameter field will be the
+            single one of the alias' or set of aliases' fields and all the other
+            fields will be ignored at serialization time.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    title: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable title.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    description: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable description.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    gt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to
+            numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ge: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to
+            this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    lt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    le: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
+            Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    min_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Minimum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    max_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    pattern: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    regex: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    discriminator: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Parameter field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    strict: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: Annotated[
+        Union[float, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    max_digits: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[List[Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Example values for this field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    openapi_examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OpenAPI-specific examples.
+
+            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
+            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main
+            use case for this.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Declare Request Example Data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/schema-extra-example/#using-the-openapi_examples-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    deprecated: Annotated[
+        Union[deprecated, str, bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Mark this parameter field as deprecated.
+
+            It will affect the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    include_in_schema: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            To include (or not) this parameter field in the generated OpenAPI.
+            You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+            This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    json_schema_extra: Annotated[
+        Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Any additional JSON schema data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    **extra: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Include extra fields used by the JSON Schema.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            """
+            The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Declare a path parameter for a *path operation*.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Path Parameters and Numeric Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/).
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import FastAPI, Path
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+
+    @app.get("/items/{item_id}")
+    async def read_items(
+        item_id: Annotated[int, Path(title="The ID of the item to get")],
+    ):
+        return {"item_id": item_id}
+    ```
+    """
+    return params.Path(
+        default=default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        strict=strict,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        example=example,
+        examples=examples,
+        openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Query(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Default value if the parameter field is not set.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Annotated[
+        Union[Callable[[], Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A callable to generate the default value.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    alias: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            An alternative name for the parameter field.
+
+            This will be used to extract the data and for the generated OpenAPI.
+            It is particularly useful when you can't use the name you want because it
+            is a Python reserved keyword or similar.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    alias_priority: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+    # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    validation_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Whitelist' validation step. The parameter field will be the single one
+            allowed by the alias or set of aliases defined.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    serialization_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Blacklist' validation step. The vanilla parameter field will be the
+            single one of the alias' or set of aliases' fields and all the other
+            fields will be ignored at serialization time.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    title: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable title.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    description: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable description.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    gt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to
+            numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ge: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to
+            this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    lt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    le: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
+            Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    min_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Minimum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    max_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    pattern: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    regex: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    discriminator: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Parameter field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    strict: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: Annotated[
+        Union[float, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    max_digits: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[List[Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Example values for this field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    openapi_examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OpenAPI-specific examples.
+
+            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
+            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main
+            use case for this.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Declare Request Example Data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/schema-extra-example/#using-the-openapi_examples-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    deprecated: Annotated[
+        Union[deprecated, str, bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Mark this parameter field as deprecated.
+
+            It will affect the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    include_in_schema: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            To include (or not) this parameter field in the generated OpenAPI.
+            You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+            This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    json_schema_extra: Annotated[
+        Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Any additional JSON schema data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    **extra: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Include extra fields used by the JSON Schema.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            """
+            The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Query(
+        default=default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        strict=strict,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        example=example,
+        examples=examples,
+        openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Header(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Default value if the parameter field is not set.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Annotated[
+        Union[Callable[[], Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A callable to generate the default value.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    alias: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            An alternative name for the parameter field.
+
+            This will be used to extract the data and for the generated OpenAPI.
+            It is particularly useful when you can't use the name you want because it
+            is a Python reserved keyword or similar.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    alias_priority: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+    # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    validation_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Whitelist' validation step. The parameter field will be the single one
+            allowed by the alias or set of aliases defined.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    serialization_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Blacklist' validation step. The vanilla parameter field will be the
+            single one of the alias' or set of aliases' fields and all the other
+            fields will be ignored at serialization time.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    convert_underscores: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Automatically convert underscores to hyphens in the parameter field name.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Header Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/header-params/#automatic-conversion)
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    title: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable title.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    description: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable description.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    gt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to
+            numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ge: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to
+            this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    lt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    le: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
+            Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    min_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Minimum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    max_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    pattern: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    regex: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    discriminator: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Parameter field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    strict: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: Annotated[
+        Union[float, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    max_digits: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[List[Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Example values for this field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    openapi_examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OpenAPI-specific examples.
+
+            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
+            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main
+            use case for this.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Declare Request Example Data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/schema-extra-example/#using-the-openapi_examples-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    deprecated: Annotated[
+        Union[deprecated, str, bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Mark this parameter field as deprecated.
+
+            It will affect the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    include_in_schema: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            To include (or not) this parameter field in the generated OpenAPI.
+            You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+            This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    json_schema_extra: Annotated[
+        Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Any additional JSON schema data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    **extra: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Include extra fields used by the JSON Schema.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            """
+            The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Header(
+        default=default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        convert_underscores=convert_underscores,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        strict=strict,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        example=example,
+        examples=examples,
+        openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Cookie(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Default value if the parameter field is not set.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Annotated[
+        Union[Callable[[], Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A callable to generate the default value.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    alias: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            An alternative name for the parameter field.
+
+            This will be used to extract the data and for the generated OpenAPI.
+            It is particularly useful when you can't use the name you want because it
+            is a Python reserved keyword or similar.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    alias_priority: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+    # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    validation_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Whitelist' validation step. The parameter field will be the single one
+            allowed by the alias or set of aliases defined.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    serialization_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Blacklist' validation step. The vanilla parameter field will be the
+            single one of the alias' or set of aliases' fields and all the other
+            fields will be ignored at serialization time.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    title: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable title.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    description: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable description.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    gt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to
+            numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ge: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to
+            this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    lt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    le: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
+            Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    min_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Minimum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    max_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    pattern: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    regex: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    discriminator: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Parameter field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    strict: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: Annotated[
+        Union[float, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    max_digits: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[List[Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Example values for this field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    openapi_examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OpenAPI-specific examples.
+
+            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
+            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main
+            use case for this.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Declare Request Example Data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/schema-extra-example/#using-the-openapi_examples-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    deprecated: Annotated[
+        Union[deprecated, str, bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Mark this parameter field as deprecated.
+
+            It will affect the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    include_in_schema: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            To include (or not) this parameter field in the generated OpenAPI.
+            You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+            This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    json_schema_extra: Annotated[
+        Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Any additional JSON schema data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    **extra: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Include extra fields used by the JSON Schema.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            """
+            The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Cookie(
+        default=default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        strict=strict,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        example=example,
+        examples=examples,
+        openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Body(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Default value if the parameter field is not set.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Annotated[
+        Union[Callable[[], Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A callable to generate the default value.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    embed: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            When `embed` is `True`, the parameter will be expected in a JSON body as a
+            key instead of being the JSON body itself.
+
+            This happens automatically when more than one `Body` parameter is declared.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Body - Multiple Parameters](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/body-multiple-params/#embed-a-single-body-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    media_type: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The media type of this parameter field. Changing it would affect the
+            generated OpenAPI, but currently it doesn't affect the parsing of the data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "application/json",
+    alias: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            An alternative name for the parameter field.
+
+            This will be used to extract the data and for the generated OpenAPI.
+            It is particularly useful when you can't use the name you want because it
+            is a Python reserved keyword or similar.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    alias_priority: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+    # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    validation_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Whitelist' validation step. The parameter field will be the single one
+            allowed by the alias or set of aliases defined.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    serialization_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Blacklist' validation step. The vanilla parameter field will be the
+            single one of the alias' or set of aliases' fields and all the other
+            fields will be ignored at serialization time.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    title: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable title.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    description: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable description.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    gt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to
+            numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ge: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to
+            this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    lt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    le: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
+            Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    min_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Minimum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    max_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    pattern: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    regex: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    discriminator: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Parameter field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    strict: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: Annotated[
+        Union[float, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    max_digits: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[List[Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Example values for this field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    openapi_examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OpenAPI-specific examples.
+
+            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
+            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main
+            use case for this.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Declare Request Example Data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/schema-extra-example/#using-the-openapi_examples-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    deprecated: Annotated[
+        Union[deprecated, str, bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Mark this parameter field as deprecated.
+
+            It will affect the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    include_in_schema: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            To include (or not) this parameter field in the generated OpenAPI.
+            You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+            This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    json_schema_extra: Annotated[
+        Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Any additional JSON schema data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    **extra: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Include extra fields used by the JSON Schema.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            """
+            The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Body(
+        default=default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        embed=embed,
+        media_type=media_type,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        strict=strict,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        example=example,
+        examples=examples,
+        openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Form(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Default value if the parameter field is not set.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Annotated[
+        Union[Callable[[], Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A callable to generate the default value.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    media_type: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The media type of this parameter field. Changing it would affect the
+            generated OpenAPI, but currently it doesn't affect the parsing of the data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+    alias: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            An alternative name for the parameter field.
+
+            This will be used to extract the data and for the generated OpenAPI.
+            It is particularly useful when you can't use the name you want because it
+            is a Python reserved keyword or similar.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    alias_priority: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+    # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    validation_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Whitelist' validation step. The parameter field will be the single one
+            allowed by the alias or set of aliases defined.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    serialization_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Blacklist' validation step. The vanilla parameter field will be the
+            single one of the alias' or set of aliases' fields and all the other
+            fields will be ignored at serialization time.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    title: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable title.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    description: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable description.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    gt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to
+            numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ge: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to
+            this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    lt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    le: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
+            Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    min_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Minimum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    max_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    pattern: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    regex: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    discriminator: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Parameter field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    strict: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: Annotated[
+        Union[float, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    max_digits: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[List[Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Example values for this field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    openapi_examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OpenAPI-specific examples.
+
+            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
+            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main
+            use case for this.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Declare Request Example Data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/schema-extra-example/#using-the-openapi_examples-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    deprecated: Annotated[
+        Union[deprecated, str, bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Mark this parameter field as deprecated.
+
+            It will affect the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    include_in_schema: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            To include (or not) this parameter field in the generated OpenAPI.
+            You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+            This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    json_schema_extra: Annotated[
+        Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Any additional JSON schema data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    **extra: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Include extra fields used by the JSON Schema.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            """
+            The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+) -> Any:
+    return params.Form(
+        default=default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        media_type=media_type,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        strict=strict,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        example=example,
+        examples=examples,
+        openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def File(  # noqa: N802
+    default: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Default value if the parameter field is not set.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Annotated[
+        Union[Callable[[], Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A callable to generate the default value.
+
+            This doesn't affect `Path` parameters as the value is always required.
+            The parameter is available only for compatibility.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    media_type: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The media type of this parameter field. Changing it would affect the
+            generated OpenAPI, but currently it doesn't affect the parsing of the data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = "multipart/form-data",
+    alias: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            An alternative name for the parameter field.
+
+            This will be used to extract the data and for the generated OpenAPI.
+            It is particularly useful when you can't use the name you want because it
+            is a Python reserved keyword or similar.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    alias_priority: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+    # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    validation_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Whitelist' validation step. The parameter field will be the single one
+            allowed by the alias or set of aliases defined.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    serialization_alias: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            'Blacklist' validation step. The vanilla parameter field will be the
+            single one of the alias' or set of aliases' fields and all the other
+            fields will be ignored at serialization time.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    title: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable title.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    description: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Human-readable description.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    gt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to
+            numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    ge: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to
+            this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    lt: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    le: Annotated[
+        Optional[float],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
+            Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    min_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Minimum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    max_length: Annotated[
+        Optional[int],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum length for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    pattern: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    regex: Annotated[
+        Optional[str],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            RegEx pattern for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    discriminator: Annotated[
+        Union[str, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Parameter field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    strict: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: Annotated[
+        Union[float, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: Annotated[
+        Union[bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    max_digits: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: Annotated[
+        Union[int, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[List[Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Example values for this field.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    example: Annotated[
+        Optional[Any],
+        deprecated(
+            "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+            "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+        ),
+    ] = _Unset,
+    openapi_examples: Annotated[
+        Optional[Dict[str, Example]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OpenAPI-specific examples.
+
+            It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+            Swagger UI (that provides the `/docs` interface) has better support for the
+            OpenAPI-specific examples than the JSON Schema `examples`, that's the main
+            use case for this.
+
+            Read more about it in the
+            [FastAPI docs for Declare Request Example Data](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/schema-extra-example/#using-the-openapi_examples-parameter).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    deprecated: Annotated[
+        Union[deprecated, str, bool, None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Mark this parameter field as deprecated.
+
+            It will affect the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    include_in_schema: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            To include (or not) this parameter field in the generated OpenAPI.
+            You probably don't need it, but it's available.
+
+            This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+    json_schema_extra: Annotated[
+        Union[Dict[str, Any], None],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Any additional JSON schema data.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    **extra: Annotated[
+        Any,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            Include extra fields used by the JSON Schema.
+            """
+        ),
+        deprecated(
+            """
+            The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+            """
+        ),
+    ],
+) -> Any:
+    return params.File(
+        default=default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        media_type=media_type,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        strict=strict,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        example=example,
+        examples=examples,
+        openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        **extra,
+    )
+
+
+def Depends(  # noqa: N802
+    dependency: Annotated[
+        Optional[Callable[..., Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A "dependable" callable (like a function).
+
+            Don't call it directly, FastAPI will call it for you, just pass the object
+            directly.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    *,
+    use_cache: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            By default, after a dependency is called the first time in a request, if
+            the dependency is declared again for the rest of the request (for example
+            if the dependency is needed by several dependencies), the value will be
+            re-used for the rest of the request.
+
+            Set `use_cache` to `False` to disable this behavior and ensure the
+            dependency is called again (if declared more than once) in the same request.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Declare a FastAPI dependency.
+
+    It takes a single "dependable" callable (like a function).
+
+    Don't call it directly, FastAPI will call it for you.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Dependencies](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/).
+
+    **Example**
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+
+    async def common_parameters(q: str | None = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100):
+        return {"q": q, "skip": skip, "limit": limit}
+
+
+    @app.get("/items/")
+    async def read_items(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
+        return commons
+    ```
+    """
+    return params.Depends(dependency=dependency, use_cache=use_cache)
+
+
+def Security(  # noqa: N802
+    dependency: Annotated[
+        Optional[Callable[..., Any]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            A "dependable" callable (like a function).
+
+            Don't call it directly, FastAPI will call it for you, just pass the object
+            directly.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    *,
+    scopes: Annotated[
+        Optional[Sequence[str]],
+        Doc(
+            """
+            OAuth2 scopes required for the *path operation* that uses this Security
+            dependency.
+
+            The term "scope" comes from the OAuth2 specification, it seems to be
+            intentionally vague and interpretable. It normally refers to permissions,
+            in cases to roles.
+
+            These scopes are integrated with OpenAPI (and the API docs at `/docs`).
+            So they are visible in the OpenAPI specification.
+            )
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = None,
+    use_cache: Annotated[
+        bool,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            By default, after a dependency is called the first time in a request, if
+            the dependency is declared again for the rest of the request (for example
+            if the dependency is needed by several dependencies), the value will be
+            re-used for the rest of the request.
+
+            Set `use_cache` to `False` to disable this behavior and ensure the
+            dependency is called again (if declared more than once) in the same request.
+            """
+        ),
+    ] = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Declare a FastAPI Security dependency.
+
+    The only difference with a regular dependency is that it can declare OAuth2
+    scopes that will be integrated with OpenAPI and the automatic UI docs (by default
+    at `/docs`).
+
+    It takes a single "dependable" callable (like a function).
+
+    Don't call it directly, FastAPI will call it for you.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Security](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/) and
+    in the
+    [FastAPI docs for OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+
+    **Example**
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import Security, FastAPI
+
+    from .db import User
+    from .security import get_current_active_user
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    @app.get("/users/me/items/")
+    async def read_own_items(
+        current_user: Annotated[User, Security(get_current_active_user, scopes=["items"])]
+    ):
+        return [{"item_id": "Foo", "owner": current_user.username}]
+    ```
+    """
+    return params.Security(dependency=dependency, scopes=scopes, use_cache=use_cache)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f5601dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+import warnings
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+from fastapi.openapi.models import Example
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, deprecated
+
+from ._compat import (
+    PYDANTIC_V2,
+    PYDANTIC_VERSION_MINOR_TUPLE,
+    Undefined,
+)
+
+_Unset: Any = Undefined
+
+
+class ParamTypes(Enum):
+    query = "query"
+    header = "header"
+    path = "path"
+    cookie = "cookie"
+
+
+class Param(FieldInfo):
+    in_: ParamTypes
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = Undefined,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        if example is not _Unset:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "`example` has been deprecated, please use `examples` instead",
+                category=DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=4,
+            )
+        self.example = example
+        self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
+        self.openapi_examples = openapi_examples
+        kwargs = dict(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            alias=alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            **extra,
+        )
+        if examples is not None:
+            kwargs["examples"] = examples
+        if regex is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "`regex` has been deprecated, please use `pattern` instead",
+                category=DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=4,
+            )
+        current_json_schema_extra = json_schema_extra or extra
+        if PYDANTIC_VERSION_MINOR_TUPLE < (2, 7):
+            self.deprecated = deprecated
+        else:
+            kwargs["deprecated"] = deprecated
+        if PYDANTIC_V2:
+            kwargs.update(
+                {
+                    "annotation": annotation,
+                    "alias_priority": alias_priority,
+                    "validation_alias": validation_alias,
+                    "serialization_alias": serialization_alias,
+                    "strict": strict,
+                    "json_schema_extra": current_json_schema_extra,
+                }
+            )
+            kwargs["pattern"] = pattern or regex
+        else:
+            kwargs["regex"] = pattern or regex
+            kwargs.update(**current_json_schema_extra)
+        use_kwargs = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not _Unset}
+
+        super().__init__(**use_kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.default})"
+
+
+class Path(Param):
+    in_ = ParamTypes.path
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = ...,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        assert default is ..., "Path parameters cannot have a default value"
+        self.in_ = self.in_
+        super().__init__(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            annotation=annotation,
+            alias=alias,
+            alias_priority=alias_priority,
+            validation_alias=validation_alias,
+            serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            pattern=pattern,
+            regex=regex,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            strict=strict,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            example=example,
+            examples=examples,
+            openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+            **extra,
+        )
+
+
+class Query(Param):
+    in_ = ParamTypes.query
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = Undefined,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            annotation=annotation,
+            alias=alias,
+            alias_priority=alias_priority,
+            validation_alias=validation_alias,
+            serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            pattern=pattern,
+            regex=regex,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            strict=strict,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            example=example,
+            examples=examples,
+            openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+            **extra,
+        )
+
+
+class Header(Param):
+    in_ = ParamTypes.header
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = Undefined,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        convert_underscores: bool = True,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        self.convert_underscores = convert_underscores
+        super().__init__(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            annotation=annotation,
+            alias=alias,
+            alias_priority=alias_priority,
+            validation_alias=validation_alias,
+            serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            pattern=pattern,
+            regex=regex,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            strict=strict,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            example=example,
+            examples=examples,
+            openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+            **extra,
+        )
+
+
+class Cookie(Param):
+    in_ = ParamTypes.cookie
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = Undefined,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            annotation=annotation,
+            alias=alias,
+            alias_priority=alias_priority,
+            validation_alias=validation_alias,
+            serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            pattern=pattern,
+            regex=regex,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            strict=strict,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            example=example,
+            examples=examples,
+            openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+            **extra,
+        )
+
+
+class Body(FieldInfo):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = Undefined,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        embed: Union[bool, None] = None,
+        media_type: str = "application/json",
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        self.embed = embed
+        self.media_type = media_type
+        if example is not _Unset:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "`example` has been deprecated, please use `examples` instead",
+                category=DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=4,
+            )
+        self.example = example
+        self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
+        self.openapi_examples = openapi_examples
+        kwargs = dict(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            alias=alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            **extra,
+        )
+        if examples is not None:
+            kwargs["examples"] = examples
+        if regex is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "`regex` has been deprecated, please use `pattern` instead",
+                category=DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=4,
+            )
+        current_json_schema_extra = json_schema_extra or extra
+        if PYDANTIC_VERSION_MINOR_TUPLE < (2, 7):
+            self.deprecated = deprecated
+        else:
+            kwargs["deprecated"] = deprecated
+        if PYDANTIC_V2:
+            kwargs.update(
+                {
+                    "annotation": annotation,
+                    "alias_priority": alias_priority,
+                    "validation_alias": validation_alias,
+                    "serialization_alias": serialization_alias,
+                    "strict": strict,
+                    "json_schema_extra": current_json_schema_extra,
+                }
+            )
+            kwargs["pattern"] = pattern or regex
+        else:
+            kwargs["regex"] = pattern or regex
+            kwargs.update(**current_json_schema_extra)
+
+        use_kwargs = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not _Unset}
+
+        super().__init__(**use_kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.default})"
+
+
+class Form(Body):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = Undefined,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        media_type: str = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            annotation=annotation,
+            media_type=media_type,
+            alias=alias,
+            alias_priority=alias_priority,
+            validation_alias=validation_alias,
+            serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            pattern=pattern,
+            regex=regex,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            strict=strict,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            example=example,
+            examples=examples,
+            openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+            **extra,
+        )
+
+
+class File(Form):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default: Any = Undefined,
+        *,
+        default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], None] = _Unset,
+        annotation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        media_type: str = "multipart/form-data",
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        alias_priority: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        # TODO: update when deprecating Pydantic v1, import these types
+        # validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+        validation_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        serialization_alias: Union[str, None] = None,
+        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        gt: Optional[float] = None,
+        ge: Optional[float] = None,
+        lt: Optional[float] = None,
+        le: Optional[float] = None,
+        min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+        regex: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in FastAPI 0.100.0 and Pydantic v2, use `pattern` instead."
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        discriminator: Union[str, None] = None,
+        strict: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        multiple_of: Union[float, None] = _Unset,
+        allow_inf_nan: Union[bool, None] = _Unset,
+        max_digits: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        decimal_places: Union[int, None] = _Unset,
+        examples: Optional[List[Any]] = None,
+        example: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            deprecated(
+                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
+                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
+            ),
+        ] = _Unset,
+        openapi_examples: Optional[Dict[str, Example]] = None,
+        deprecated: Union[deprecated, str, bool, None] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        json_schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        **extra: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            default=default,
+            default_factory=default_factory,
+            annotation=annotation,
+            media_type=media_type,
+            alias=alias,
+            alias_priority=alias_priority,
+            validation_alias=validation_alias,
+            serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+            title=title,
+            description=description,
+            gt=gt,
+            ge=ge,
+            lt=lt,
+            le=le,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            pattern=pattern,
+            regex=regex,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            strict=strict,
+            multiple_of=multiple_of,
+            allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+            max_digits=max_digits,
+            decimal_places=decimal_places,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            example=example,
+            examples=examples,
+            openapi_examples=openapi_examples,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+            **extra,
+        )
+
+
+class Depends:
+    def __init__(
+        self, dependency: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None, *, use_cache: bool = True
+    ):
+        self.dependency = dependency
+        self.use_cache = use_cache
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        attr = getattr(self.dependency, "__name__", type(self.dependency).__name__)
+        cache = "" if self.use_cache else ", use_cache=False"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({attr}{cache})"
+
+
+class Security(Depends):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dependency: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        *,
+        scopes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        use_cache: bool = True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(dependency=dependency, use_cache=use_cache)
+        self.scopes = scopes or []
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/requests.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/requests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d16552c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/requests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection as HTTPConnection  # noqa: F401
+from starlette.requests import Request as Request  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/responses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/responses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c8db6f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/responses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from starlette.responses import FileResponse as FileResponse  # noqa
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse as HTMLResponse  # noqa
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse as JSONResponse  # noqa
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse as PlainTextResponse  # noqa
+from starlette.responses import RedirectResponse as RedirectResponse  # noqa
+from starlette.responses import Response as Response  # noqa
+from starlette.responses import StreamingResponse as StreamingResponse  # noqa
+
+try:
+    import ujson
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    ujson = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+try:
+    import orjson
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    orjson = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+class UJSONResponse(JSONResponse):
+    """
+    JSON response using the high-performance ujson library to serialize data to JSON.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).
+    """
+
+    def render(self, content: Any) -> bytes:
+        assert ujson is not None, "ujson must be installed to use UJSONResponse"
+        return ujson.dumps(content, ensure_ascii=False).encode("utf-8")
+
+
+class ORJSONResponse(JSONResponse):
+    """
+    JSON response using the high-performance orjson library to serialize data to JSON.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/).
+    """
+
+    def render(self, content: Any) -> bytes:
+        assert orjson is not None, "orjson must be installed to use ORJSONResponse"
+        return orjson.dumps(
+            content, option=orjson.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS | orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..457481e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/routing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4439 @@
+import asyncio
+import dataclasses
+import email.message
+import inspect
+import json
+from contextlib import AsyncExitStack, asynccontextmanager
+from enum import Enum, IntEnum
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Callable,
+    Coroutine,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from fastapi import params
+from fastapi._compat import (
+    ModelField,
+    Undefined,
+    _get_model_config,
+    _model_dump,
+    _normalize_errors,
+    lenient_issubclass,
+)
+from fastapi.datastructures import Default, DefaultPlaceholder
+from fastapi.dependencies.models import Dependant
+from fastapi.dependencies.utils import (
+    _should_embed_body_fields,
+    get_body_field,
+    get_dependant,
+    get_flat_dependant,
+    get_parameterless_sub_dependant,
+    get_typed_return_annotation,
+    solve_dependencies,
+)
+from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
+from fastapi.exceptions import (
+    FastAPIError,
+    RequestValidationError,
+    ResponseValidationError,
+    WebSocketRequestValidationError,
+)
+from fastapi.types import DecoratedCallable, IncEx
+from fastapi.utils import (
+    create_cloned_field,
+    create_model_field,
+    generate_unique_id,
+    get_value_or_default,
+    is_body_allowed_for_status_code,
+)
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette import routing
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse, Response
+from starlette.routing import (
+    BaseRoute,
+    Match,
+    compile_path,
+    get_name,
+    request_response,
+    websocket_session,
+)
+from starlette.routing import Mount as Mount  # noqa
+from starlette.types import AppType, ASGIApp, Lifespan, Scope
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc, deprecated
+
+
+def _prepare_response_content(
+    res: Any,
+    *,
+    exclude_unset: bool,
+    exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+    exclude_none: bool = False,
+) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(res, BaseModel):
+        read_with_orm_mode = getattr(_get_model_config(res), "read_with_orm_mode", None)
+        if read_with_orm_mode:
+            # Let from_orm extract the data from this model instead of converting
+            # it now to a dict.
+            # Otherwise, there's no way to extract lazy data that requires attribute
+            # access instead of dict iteration, e.g. lazy relationships.
+            return res
+        return _model_dump(
+            res,
+            by_alias=True,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(res, list):
+        return [
+            _prepare_response_content(
+                item,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+            for item in res
+        ]
+    elif isinstance(res, dict):
+        return {
+            k: _prepare_response_content(
+                v,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+            for k, v in res.items()
+        }
+    elif dataclasses.is_dataclass(res):
+        return dataclasses.asdict(res)
+    return res
+
+
+def _merge_lifespan_context(
+    original_context: Lifespan[Any], nested_context: Lifespan[Any]
+) -> Lifespan[Any]:
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def merged_lifespan(
+        app: AppType,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]]:
+        async with original_context(app) as maybe_original_state:
+            async with nested_context(app) as maybe_nested_state:
+                if maybe_nested_state is None and maybe_original_state is None:
+                    yield None  # old ASGI compatibility
+                else:
+                    yield {**(maybe_nested_state or {}), **(maybe_original_state or {})}
+
+    return merged_lifespan  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+async def serialize_response(
+    *,
+    field: Optional[ModelField] = None,
+    response_content: Any,
+    include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+    exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    exclude_unset: bool = False,
+    exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+    exclude_none: bool = False,
+    is_coroutine: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    if field:
+        errors = []
+        if not hasattr(field, "serialize"):
+            # pydantic v1
+            response_content = _prepare_response_content(
+                response_content,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+        if is_coroutine:
+            value, errors_ = field.validate(response_content, {}, loc=("response",))
+        else:
+            value, errors_ = await run_in_threadpool(
+                field.validate, response_content, {}, loc=("response",)
+            )
+        if isinstance(errors_, list):
+            errors.extend(errors_)
+        elif errors_:
+            errors.append(errors_)
+        if errors:
+            raise ResponseValidationError(
+                errors=_normalize_errors(errors), body=response_content
+            )
+
+        if hasattr(field, "serialize"):
+            return field.serialize(
+                value,
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+
+        return jsonable_encoder(
+            value,
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+        )
+    else:
+        return jsonable_encoder(response_content)
+
+
+async def run_endpoint_function(
+    *, dependant: Dependant, values: Dict[str, Any], is_coroutine: bool
+) -> Any:
+    # Only called by get_request_handler. Has been split into its own function to
+    # facilitate profiling endpoints, since inner functions are harder to profile.
+    assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
+
+    if is_coroutine:
+        return await dependant.call(**values)
+    else:
+        return await run_in_threadpool(dependant.call, **values)
+
+
+def get_request_handler(
+    dependant: Dependant,
+    body_field: Optional[ModelField] = None,
+    status_code: Optional[int] = None,
+    response_class: Union[Type[Response], DefaultPlaceholder] = Default(JSONResponse),
+    response_field: Optional[ModelField] = None,
+    response_model_include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+    response_model_exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+    response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+    response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
+    response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+    response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
+    dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
+    embed_body_fields: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[Request], Coroutine[Any, Any, Response]]:
+    assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
+    is_coroutine = asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(dependant.call)
+    is_body_form = body_field and isinstance(body_field.field_info, params.Form)
+    if isinstance(response_class, DefaultPlaceholder):
+        actual_response_class: Type[Response] = response_class.value
+    else:
+        actual_response_class = response_class
+
+    async def app(request: Request) -> Response:
+        response: Union[Response, None] = None
+        async with AsyncExitStack() as file_stack:
+            try:
+                body: Any = None
+                if body_field:
+                    if is_body_form:
+                        body = await request.form()
+                        file_stack.push_async_callback(body.close)
+                    else:
+                        body_bytes = await request.body()
+                        if body_bytes:
+                            json_body: Any = Undefined
+                            content_type_value = request.headers.get("content-type")
+                            if not content_type_value:
+                                json_body = await request.json()
+                            else:
+                                message = email.message.Message()
+                                message["content-type"] = content_type_value
+                                if message.get_content_maintype() == "application":
+                                    subtype = message.get_content_subtype()
+                                    if subtype == "json" or subtype.endswith("+json"):
+                                        json_body = await request.json()
+                            if json_body != Undefined:
+                                body = json_body
+                            else:
+                                body = body_bytes
+            except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+                validation_error = RequestValidationError(
+                    [
+                        {
+                            "type": "json_invalid",
+                            "loc": ("body", e.pos),
+                            "msg": "JSON decode error",
+                            "input": {},
+                            "ctx": {"error": e.msg},
+                        }
+                    ],
+                    body=e.doc,
+                )
+                raise validation_error from e
+            except HTTPException:
+                # If a middleware raises an HTTPException, it should be raised again
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                http_error = HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400, detail="There was an error parsing the body"
+                )
+                raise http_error from e
+            errors: List[Any] = []
+            async with AsyncExitStack() as async_exit_stack:
+                solved_result = await solve_dependencies(
+                    request=request,
+                    dependant=dependant,
+                    body=body,
+                    dependency_overrides_provider=dependency_overrides_provider,
+                    async_exit_stack=async_exit_stack,
+                    embed_body_fields=embed_body_fields,
+                )
+                errors = solved_result.errors
+                if not errors:
+                    raw_response = await run_endpoint_function(
+                        dependant=dependant,
+                        values=solved_result.values,
+                        is_coroutine=is_coroutine,
+                    )
+                    if isinstance(raw_response, Response):
+                        if raw_response.background is None:
+                            raw_response.background = solved_result.background_tasks
+                        response = raw_response
+                    else:
+                        response_args: Dict[str, Any] = {
+                            "background": solved_result.background_tasks
+                        }
+                        # If status_code was set, use it, otherwise use the default from the
+                        # response class, in the case of redirect it's 307
+                        current_status_code = (
+                            status_code
+                            if status_code
+                            else solved_result.response.status_code
+                        )
+                        if current_status_code is not None:
+                            response_args["status_code"] = current_status_code
+                        if solved_result.response.status_code:
+                            response_args["status_code"] = (
+                                solved_result.response.status_code
+                            )
+                        content = await serialize_response(
+                            field=response_field,
+                            response_content=raw_response,
+                            include=response_model_include,
+                            exclude=response_model_exclude,
+                            by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+                            exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+                            exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+                            exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+                            is_coroutine=is_coroutine,
+                        )
+                        response = actual_response_class(content, **response_args)
+                        if not is_body_allowed_for_status_code(response.status_code):
+                            response.body = b""
+                        response.headers.raw.extend(solved_result.response.headers.raw)
+            if errors:
+                validation_error = RequestValidationError(
+                    _normalize_errors(errors), body=body
+                )
+                raise validation_error
+        if response is None:
+            raise FastAPIError(
+                "No response object was returned. There's a high chance that the "
+                "application code is raising an exception and a dependency with yield "
+                "has a block with a bare except, or a block with except Exception, "
+                "and is not raising the exception again. Read more about it in the "
+                "docs: https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-with-yield/#dependencies-with-yield-and-except"
+            )
+        return response
+
+    return app
+
+
+def get_websocket_app(
+    dependant: Dependant,
+    dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
+    embed_body_fields: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[WebSocket], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]]:
+    async def app(websocket: WebSocket) -> None:
+        async with AsyncExitStack() as async_exit_stack:
+            # TODO: remove this scope later, after a few releases
+            # This scope fastapi_astack is no longer used by FastAPI, kept for
+            # compatibility, just in case
+            websocket.scope["fastapi_astack"] = async_exit_stack
+            solved_result = await solve_dependencies(
+                request=websocket,
+                dependant=dependant,
+                dependency_overrides_provider=dependency_overrides_provider,
+                async_exit_stack=async_exit_stack,
+                embed_body_fields=embed_body_fields,
+            )
+            if solved_result.errors:
+                raise WebSocketRequestValidationError(
+                    _normalize_errors(solved_result.errors)
+                )
+            assert dependant.call is not None, "dependant.call must be a function"
+            await dependant.call(**solved_result.values)
+
+    return app
+
+
+class APIWebSocketRoute(routing.WebSocketRoute):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.name = get_name(endpoint) if name is None else name
+        self.dependencies = list(dependencies or [])
+        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
+        self.dependant = get_dependant(path=self.path_format, call=self.endpoint)
+        for depends in self.dependencies[::-1]:
+            self.dependant.dependencies.insert(
+                0,
+                get_parameterless_sub_dependant(depends=depends, path=self.path_format),
+            )
+        self._flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(self.dependant)
+        self._embed_body_fields = _should_embed_body_fields(
+            self._flat_dependant.body_params
+        )
+        self.app = websocket_session(
+            get_websocket_app(
+                dependant=self.dependant,
+                dependency_overrides_provider=dependency_overrides_provider,
+                embed_body_fields=self._embed_body_fields,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def matches(self, scope: Scope) -> Tuple[Match, Scope]:
+        match, child_scope = super().matches(scope)
+        if match != Match.NONE:
+            child_scope["route"] = self
+        return match, child_scope
+
+
+class APIRoute(routing.Route):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
+        *,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
+        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        response_class: Union[Type[Response], DefaultPlaceholder] = Default(
+            JSONResponse
+        ),
+        dependency_overrides_provider: Optional[Any] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[BaseRoute]] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Union[
+            Callable[["APIRoute"], str], DefaultPlaceholder
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        if isinstance(response_model, DefaultPlaceholder):
+            return_annotation = get_typed_return_annotation(endpoint)
+            if lenient_issubclass(return_annotation, Response):
+                response_model = None
+            else:
+                response_model = return_annotation
+        self.response_model = response_model
+        self.summary = summary
+        self.response_description = response_description
+        self.deprecated = deprecated
+        self.operation_id = operation_id
+        self.response_model_include = response_model_include
+        self.response_model_exclude = response_model_exclude
+        self.response_model_by_alias = response_model_by_alias
+        self.response_model_exclude_unset = response_model_exclude_unset
+        self.response_model_exclude_defaults = response_model_exclude_defaults
+        self.response_model_exclude_none = response_model_exclude_none
+        self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
+        self.response_class = response_class
+        self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
+        self.callbacks = callbacks
+        self.openapi_extra = openapi_extra
+        self.generate_unique_id_function = generate_unique_id_function
+        self.tags = tags or []
+        self.responses = responses or {}
+        self.name = get_name(endpoint) if name is None else name
+        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
+        if methods is None:
+            methods = ["GET"]
+        self.methods: Set[str] = {method.upper() for method in methods}
+        if isinstance(generate_unique_id_function, DefaultPlaceholder):
+            current_generate_unique_id: Callable[[APIRoute], str] = (
+                generate_unique_id_function.value
+            )
+        else:
+            current_generate_unique_id = generate_unique_id_function
+        self.unique_id = self.operation_id or current_generate_unique_id(self)
+        # normalize enums e.g. http.HTTPStatus
+        if isinstance(status_code, IntEnum):
+            status_code = int(status_code)
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        if self.response_model:
+            assert is_body_allowed_for_status_code(status_code), (
+                f"Status code {status_code} must not have a response body"
+            )
+            response_name = "Response_" + self.unique_id
+            self.response_field = create_model_field(
+                name=response_name,
+                type_=self.response_model,
+                mode="serialization",
+            )
+            # Create a clone of the field, so that a Pydantic submodel is not returned
+            # as is just because it's an instance of a subclass of a more limited class
+            # e.g. UserInDB (containing hashed_password) could be a subclass of User
+            # that doesn't have the hashed_password. But because it's a subclass, it
+            # would pass the validation and be returned as is.
+            # By being a new field, no inheritance will be passed as is. A new model
+            # will always be created.
+            # TODO: remove when deprecating Pydantic v1
+            self.secure_cloned_response_field: Optional[ModelField] = (
+                create_cloned_field(self.response_field)
+            )
+        else:
+            self.response_field = None  # type: ignore
+            self.secure_cloned_response_field = None
+        self.dependencies = list(dependencies or [])
+        self.description = description or inspect.cleandoc(self.endpoint.__doc__ or "")
+        # if a "form feed" character (page break) is found in the description text,
+        # truncate description text to the content preceding the first "form feed"
+        self.description = self.description.split("\f")[0].strip()
+        response_fields = {}
+        for additional_status_code, response in self.responses.items():
+            assert isinstance(response, dict), "An additional response must be a dict"
+            model = response.get("model")
+            if model:
+                assert is_body_allowed_for_status_code(additional_status_code), (
+                    f"Status code {additional_status_code} must not have a response body"
+                )
+                response_name = f"Response_{additional_status_code}_{self.unique_id}"
+                response_field = create_model_field(
+                    name=response_name, type_=model, mode="serialization"
+                )
+                response_fields[additional_status_code] = response_field
+        if response_fields:
+            self.response_fields: Dict[Union[int, str], ModelField] = response_fields
+        else:
+            self.response_fields = {}
+
+        assert callable(endpoint), "An endpoint must be a callable"
+        self.dependant = get_dependant(path=self.path_format, call=self.endpoint)
+        for depends in self.dependencies[::-1]:
+            self.dependant.dependencies.insert(
+                0,
+                get_parameterless_sub_dependant(depends=depends, path=self.path_format),
+            )
+        self._flat_dependant = get_flat_dependant(self.dependant)
+        self._embed_body_fields = _should_embed_body_fields(
+            self._flat_dependant.body_params
+        )
+        self.body_field = get_body_field(
+            flat_dependant=self._flat_dependant,
+            name=self.unique_id,
+            embed_body_fields=self._embed_body_fields,
+        )
+        self.app = request_response(self.get_route_handler())
+
+    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable[[Request], Coroutine[Any, Any, Response]]:
+        return get_request_handler(
+            dependant=self.dependant,
+            body_field=self.body_field,
+            status_code=self.status_code,
+            response_class=self.response_class,
+            response_field=self.secure_cloned_response_field,
+            response_model_include=self.response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=self.response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=self.response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=self.response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=self.response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=self.response_model_exclude_none,
+            dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
+            embed_body_fields=self._embed_body_fields,
+        )
+
+    def matches(self, scope: Scope) -> Tuple[Match, Scope]:
+        match, child_scope = super().matches(scope)
+        if match != Match.NONE:
+            child_scope["route"] = self
+        return match, child_scope
+
+
+class APIRouter(routing.Router):
+    """
+    `APIRouter` class, used to group *path operations*, for example to structure
+    an app in multiple files. It would then be included in the `FastAPI` app, or
+    in another `APIRouter` (ultimately included in the app).
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications - Multiple Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+    router = APIRouter()
+
+
+    @router.get("/users/", tags=["users"])
+    async def read_users():
+        return [{"username": "Rick"}, {"username": "Morty"}]
+
+
+    app.include_router(router)
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prefix: Annotated[str, Doc("An optional path prefix for the router.")] = "",
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to all the *path operations* in this
+                router.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to all the
+                *path operations* in this router.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications - Multiple Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-custom-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        default_response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default response class to be used.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#default-response-class).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses to be shown in OpenAPI.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Additional Responses in OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/additional-responses/).
+
+                And in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-custom-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                OpenAPI callbacks that should apply to all *path operations* in this
+                router.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        routes: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                **Note**: you probably shouldn't use this parameter, it is inherited
+                from Starlette and supported for compatibility.
+
+                ---
+
+                A list of routes to serve incoming HTTP and WebSocket requests.
+                """
+            ),
+            deprecated(
+                """
+                You normally wouldn't use this parameter with FastAPI, it is inherited
+                from Starlette and supported for compatibility.
+
+                In FastAPI, you normally would use the *path operation methods*,
+                like `router.get()`, `router.post()`, etc.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        redirect_slashes: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Whether to detect and redirect slashes in URLs when the client doesn't
+                use the same format.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        default: Annotated[
+            Optional[ASGIApp],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Default function handler for this router. Used to handle
+                404 Not Found errors.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependency_overrides_provider: Annotated[
+            Optional[Any],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Only used internally by FastAPI to handle dependency overrides.
+
+                You shouldn't need to use it. It normally points to the `FastAPI` app
+                object.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        route_class: Annotated[
+            Type[APIRoute],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom route (*path operation*) class to be used by this router.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Request and APIRoute class](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/how-to/custom-request-and-route/#custom-apiroute-class-in-a-router).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = APIRoute,
+        on_startup: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Callable[[], Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of startup event handler functions.
+
+                You should instead use the `lifespan` handlers.
+
+                Read more in the [FastAPI docs for `lifespan`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        on_shutdown: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[Callable[[], Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of shutdown event handler functions.
+
+                You should instead use the `lifespan` handlers.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for `lifespan`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        # the generic to Lifespan[AppType] is the type of the top level application
+        # which the router cannot know statically, so we use typing.Any
+        lifespan: Annotated[
+            Optional[Lifespan[Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A `Lifespan` context manager handler. This replaces `startup` and
+                `shutdown` functions with a single context manager.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for `lifespan`](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark all *path operations* in this router as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                To include (or not) all the *path operations* in this router in the
+                generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            routes=routes,
+            redirect_slashes=redirect_slashes,
+            default=default,
+            on_startup=on_startup,
+            on_shutdown=on_shutdown,
+            lifespan=lifespan,
+        )
+        if prefix:
+            assert prefix.startswith("/"), "A path prefix must start with '/'"
+            assert not prefix.endswith("/"), (
+                "A path prefix must not end with '/', as the routes will start with '/'"
+            )
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.tags: List[Union[str, Enum]] = tags or []
+        self.dependencies = list(dependencies or [])
+        self.deprecated = deprecated
+        self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
+        self.responses = responses or {}
+        self.callbacks = callbacks or []
+        self.dependency_overrides_provider = dependency_overrides_provider
+        self.route_class = route_class
+        self.default_response_class = default_response_class
+        self.generate_unique_id_function = generate_unique_id_function
+
+    def route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_route(
+                path,
+                func,
+                methods=methods,
+                name=name,
+                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_api_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
+        *,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
+        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        methods: Optional[Union[Set[str], List[str]]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        response_class: Union[Type[Response], DefaultPlaceholder] = Default(
+            JSONResponse
+        ),
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        route_class_override: Optional[Type[APIRoute]] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[BaseRoute]] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Union[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str], DefaultPlaceholder
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> None:
+        route_class = route_class_override or self.route_class
+        responses = responses or {}
+        combined_responses = {**self.responses, **responses}
+        current_response_class = get_value_or_default(
+            response_class, self.default_response_class
+        )
+        current_tags = self.tags.copy()
+        if tags:
+            current_tags.extend(tags)
+        current_dependencies = self.dependencies.copy()
+        if dependencies:
+            current_dependencies.extend(dependencies)
+        current_callbacks = self.callbacks.copy()
+        if callbacks:
+            current_callbacks.extend(callbacks)
+        current_generate_unique_id = get_value_or_default(
+            generate_unique_id_function, self.generate_unique_id_function
+        )
+        route = route_class(
+            self.prefix + path,
+            endpoint=endpoint,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=current_tags,
+            dependencies=current_dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=combined_responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated or self.deprecated,
+            methods=methods,
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema and self.include_in_schema,
+            response_class=current_response_class,
+            name=name,
+            dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
+            callbacks=current_callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=current_generate_unique_id,
+        )
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def api_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        response_model: Any = Default(None),
+        status_code: Optional[int] = None,
+        tags: Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]] = None,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+        summary: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_description: str = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+        deprecated: Optional[bool] = None,
+        methods: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        operation_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        response_model_include: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Optional[IncEx] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: bool = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: bool = False,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        response_class: Type[Response] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[List[BaseRoute]] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Callable[[APIRoute], str] = Default(
+            generate_unique_id
+        ),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_api_route(
+                path,
+                func,
+                response_model=response_model,
+                status_code=status_code,
+                tags=tags,
+                dependencies=dependencies,
+                summary=summary,
+                description=description,
+                response_description=response_description,
+                responses=responses,
+                deprecated=deprecated,
+                methods=methods,
+                operation_id=operation_id,
+                response_model_include=response_model_include,
+                response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+                response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+                response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+                response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+                response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+                response_class=response_class,
+                name=name,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+                openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+                generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_api_websocket_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: Callable[..., Any],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        dependencies: Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        current_dependencies = self.dependencies.copy()
+        if dependencies:
+            current_dependencies.extend(dependencies)
+
+        route = APIWebSocketRoute(
+            self.prefix + path,
+            endpoint=endpoint,
+            name=name,
+            dependencies=current_dependencies,
+            dependency_overrides_provider=self.dependency_overrides_provider,
+        )
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def websocket(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                WebSocket path.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A name for the WebSocket. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        *,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be used for this
+                WebSocket.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Decorate a WebSocket function.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for WebSockets](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/websockets/).
+
+        **Example**
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI, WebSocket
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.websocket("/ws")
+        async def websocket_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket):
+            await websocket.accept()
+            while True:
+                data = await websocket.receive_text()
+                await websocket.send_text(f"Message text was: {data}")
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_api_websocket_route(
+                path, func, name=name, dependencies=dependencies
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def websocket_route(
+        self, path: str, name: Union[str, None] = None
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def include_router(
+        self,
+        router: Annotated["APIRouter", Doc("The `APIRouter` to include.")],
+        *,
+        prefix: Annotated[str, Doc("An optional path prefix for the router.")] = "",
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to all the *path operations* in this
+                router.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to all the
+                *path operations* in this router.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications - Multiple Files](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-custom-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        default_response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default response class to be used.
+
+                Read more in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#default-response-class).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses to be shown in OpenAPI.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Additional Responses in OpenAPI](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/additional-responses/).
+
+                And in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#include-an-apirouter-with-a-custom-prefix-tags-responses-and-dependencies).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                OpenAPI callbacks that should apply to all *path operations* in this
+                router.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark all *path operations* in this router as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include (or not) all the *path operations* in this router in the
+                generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Include another `APIRouter` in the same current `APIRouter`.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Bigger Applications](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/).
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        internal_router = APIRouter()
+        users_router = APIRouter()
+
+        @users_router.get("/users/")
+        def read_users():
+            return [{"name": "Rick"}, {"name": "Morty"}]
+
+        internal_router.include_router(users_router)
+        app.include_router(internal_router)
+        ```
+        """
+        if prefix:
+            assert prefix.startswith("/"), "A path prefix must start with '/'"
+            assert not prefix.endswith("/"), (
+                "A path prefix must not end with '/', as the routes will start with '/'"
+            )
+        else:
+            for r in router.routes:
+                path = getattr(r, "path")  # noqa: B009
+                name = getattr(r, "name", "unknown")
+                if path is not None and not path:
+                    raise FastAPIError(
+                        f"Prefix and path cannot be both empty (path operation: {name})"
+                    )
+        if responses is None:
+            responses = {}
+        for route in router.routes:
+            if isinstance(route, APIRoute):
+                combined_responses = {**responses, **route.responses}
+                use_response_class = get_value_or_default(
+                    route.response_class,
+                    router.default_response_class,
+                    default_response_class,
+                    self.default_response_class,
+                )
+                current_tags = []
+                if tags:
+                    current_tags.extend(tags)
+                if route.tags:
+                    current_tags.extend(route.tags)
+                current_dependencies: List[params.Depends] = []
+                if dependencies:
+                    current_dependencies.extend(dependencies)
+                if route.dependencies:
+                    current_dependencies.extend(route.dependencies)
+                current_callbacks = []
+                if callbacks:
+                    current_callbacks.extend(callbacks)
+                if route.callbacks:
+                    current_callbacks.extend(route.callbacks)
+                current_generate_unique_id = get_value_or_default(
+                    route.generate_unique_id_function,
+                    router.generate_unique_id_function,
+                    generate_unique_id_function,
+                    self.generate_unique_id_function,
+                )
+                self.add_api_route(
+                    prefix + route.path,
+                    route.endpoint,
+                    response_model=route.response_model,
+                    status_code=route.status_code,
+                    tags=current_tags,
+                    dependencies=current_dependencies,
+                    summary=route.summary,
+                    description=route.description,
+                    response_description=route.response_description,
+                    responses=combined_responses,
+                    deprecated=route.deprecated or deprecated or self.deprecated,
+                    methods=route.methods,
+                    operation_id=route.operation_id,
+                    response_model_include=route.response_model_include,
+                    response_model_exclude=route.response_model_exclude,
+                    response_model_by_alias=route.response_model_by_alias,
+                    response_model_exclude_unset=route.response_model_exclude_unset,
+                    response_model_exclude_defaults=route.response_model_exclude_defaults,
+                    response_model_exclude_none=route.response_model_exclude_none,
+                    include_in_schema=route.include_in_schema
+                    and self.include_in_schema
+                    and include_in_schema,
+                    response_class=use_response_class,
+                    name=route.name,
+                    route_class_override=type(route),
+                    callbacks=current_callbacks,
+                    openapi_extra=route.openapi_extra,
+                    generate_unique_id_function=current_generate_unique_id,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(route, routing.Route):
+                methods = list(route.methods or [])
+                self.add_route(
+                    prefix + route.path,
+                    route.endpoint,
+                    methods=methods,
+                    include_in_schema=route.include_in_schema,
+                    name=route.name,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(route, APIWebSocketRoute):
+                current_dependencies = []
+                if dependencies:
+                    current_dependencies.extend(dependencies)
+                if route.dependencies:
+                    current_dependencies.extend(route.dependencies)
+                self.add_api_websocket_route(
+                    prefix + route.path,
+                    route.endpoint,
+                    dependencies=current_dependencies,
+                    name=route.name,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(route, routing.WebSocketRoute):
+                self.add_websocket_route(
+                    prefix + route.path, route.endpoint, name=route.name
+                )
+        for handler in router.on_startup:
+            self.add_event_handler("startup", handler)
+        for handler in router.on_shutdown:
+            self.add_event_handler("shutdown", handler)
+        self.lifespan_context = _merge_lifespan_context(
+            self.lifespan_context,
+            router.lifespan_context,
+        )
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP GET operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.get("/items/")
+        def read_items():
+            return [{"name": "Empanada"}, {"name": "Arepa"}]
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["GET"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def put(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP PUT operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.put("/items/{item_id}")
+        def replace_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
+            return {"message": "Item replaced", "id": item_id}
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["PUT"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP POST operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.post("/items/")
+        def create_item(item: Item):
+            return {"message": "Item created"}
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["POST"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP DELETE operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.delete("/items/{item_id}")
+        def delete_item(item_id: str):
+            return {"message": "Item deleted"}
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["DELETE"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def options(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP OPTIONS operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.options("/items/")
+        def get_item_options():
+            return {"additions": ["Aji", "Guacamole"]}
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["OPTIONS"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def head(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP HEAD operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.head("/items/", status_code=204)
+        def get_items_headers(response: Response):
+            response.headers["X-Cat-Dog"] = "Alone in the world"
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["HEAD"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def patch(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP PATCH operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.patch("/items/")
+        def update_item(item: Item):
+            return {"message": "Item updated in place"}
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["PATCH"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    def trace(
+        self,
+        path: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL path to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                For example, in `http://example.com/items`, the path is `/items`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        *,
+        response_model: Annotated[
+            Any,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type to use for the response.
+
+                It could be any valid Pydantic *field* type. So, it doesn't have to
+                be a Pydantic model, it could be other things, like a `list`, `dict`,
+                etc.
+
+                It will be used for:
+
+                * Documentation: the generated OpenAPI (and the UI at `/docs`) will
+                    show it as the response (JSON Schema).
+                * Serialization: you could return an arbitrary object and the
+                    `response_model` would be used to serialize that object into the
+                    corresponding JSON.
+                * Filtering: the JSON sent to the client will only contain the data
+                    (fields) defined in the `response_model`. If you returned an object
+                    that contains an attribute `password` but the `response_model` does
+                    not include that field, the JSON sent to the client would not have
+                    that `password`.
+                * Validation: whatever you return will be serialized with the
+                    `response_model`, converting any data as necessary to generate the
+                    corresponding JSON. But if the data in the object returned is not
+                    valid, that would mean a violation of the contract with the client,
+                    so it's an error from the API developer. So, FastAPI will raise an
+                    error and return a 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(None),
+        status_code: Annotated[
+            Optional[int],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The default status code to be used for the response.
+
+                You could override the status code by returning a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Status Code](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-status-code/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[Union[str, Enum]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of tags to be applied to the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/#tags).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        dependencies: Annotated[
+            Optional[Sequence[params.Depends]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A list of dependencies (using `Depends()`) to be applied to the
+                *path operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Dependencies in path operation decorators](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/dependencies-in-path-operation-decorators/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        summary: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A summary for the *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A description for the *path operation*.
+
+                If not provided, it will be extracted automatically from the docstring
+                of the *path operation function*.
+
+                It can contain Markdown.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/path-operation-configuration/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_description: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The description for the default response.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "Successful Response",
+        responses: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[Union[int, str], Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Additional responses that could be returned by this *path operation*.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        deprecated: Annotated[
+            Optional[bool],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Mark this *path operation* as deprecated.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        operation_id: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Custom operation ID to be used by this *path operation*.
+
+                By default, it is generated automatically.
+
+                If you provide a custom operation ID, you need to make sure it is
+                unique for the whole API.
+
+                You can customize the
+                operation ID generation with the parameter
+                `generate_unique_id_function` in the `FastAPI` class.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_include: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to include only certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_exclude: Annotated[
+            Optional[IncEx],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to exclude certain fields in the
+                response data.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        response_model_by_alias: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response model
+                should be serialized by alias when an alias is used.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_include-and-response_model_exclude).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_model_exclude_unset: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that were not set and
+                have their default values. This is different from
+                `response_model_exclude_defaults` in that if the fields are set,
+                they will be included in the response, even if the value is the same
+                as the default.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_defaults: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data
+                should have all the fields, including the ones that have the same value
+                as the default. This is different from `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                in that if the fields are set but contain the same default values,
+                they will be excluded from the response.
+
+                When `True`, default values are omitted from the response.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#use-the-response_model_exclude_unset-parameter).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        response_model_exclude_none: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Configuration passed to Pydantic to define if the response data should
+                exclude fields set to `None`.
+
+                This is much simpler (less smart) than `response_model_exclude_unset`
+                and `response_model_exclude_defaults`. You probably want to use one of
+                those two instead of this one, as those allow returning `None` values
+                when it makes sense.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Response Model - Return Type](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/#response_model_exclude_none).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = False,
+        include_in_schema: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Include this *path operation* in the generated OpenAPI schema.
+
+                This affects the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Query Parameters and String Validations](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/query-params-str-validations/#exclude-from-openapi).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+        response_class: Annotated[
+            Type[Response],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Response class to be used for this *path operation*.
+
+                This will not be used if you return a response directly.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Custom Response - HTML, Stream, File, others](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/custom-response/#redirectresponse).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(JSONResponse),
+        name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Name for this *path operation*. Only used internally.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        callbacks: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[BaseRoute]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                List of *path operations* that will be used as OpenAPI callbacks.
+
+                This is only for OpenAPI documentation, the callbacks won't be used
+                directly.
+
+                It will be added to the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for OpenAPI Callbacks](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/openapi-callbacks/).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        openapi_extra: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Extra metadata to be included in the OpenAPI schema for this *path
+                operation*.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs for Path Operation Advanced Configuration](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/path-operation-advanced-configuration/#custom-openapi-path-operation-schema).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        generate_unique_id_function: Annotated[
+            Callable[[APIRoute], str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Customize the function used to generate unique IDs for the *path
+                operations* shown in the generated OpenAPI.
+
+                This is particularly useful when automatically generating clients or
+                SDKs for your API.
+
+                Read more about it in the
+                [FastAPI docs about how to Generate Clients](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/generate-clients/#custom-generate-unique-id-function).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = Default(generate_unique_id),
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add a *path operation* using an HTTP TRACE operation.
+
+        ## Example
+
+        ```python
+        from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+        class Item(BaseModel):
+            name: str
+            description: str | None = None
+
+        app = FastAPI()
+        router = APIRouter()
+
+        @router.trace("/items/{item_id}")
+        def trace_item(item_id: str):
+            return None
+
+        app.include_router(router)
+        ```
+        """
+        return self.api_route(
+            path=path,
+            response_model=response_model,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            tags=tags,
+            dependencies=dependencies,
+            summary=summary,
+            description=description,
+            response_description=response_description,
+            responses=responses,
+            deprecated=deprecated,
+            methods=["TRACE"],
+            operation_id=operation_id,
+            response_model_include=response_model_include,
+            response_model_exclude=response_model_exclude,
+            response_model_by_alias=response_model_by_alias,
+            response_model_exclude_unset=response_model_exclude_unset,
+            response_model_exclude_defaults=response_model_exclude_defaults,
+            response_model_exclude_none=response_model_exclude_none,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            response_class=response_class,
+            name=name,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            openapi_extra=openapi_extra,
+            generate_unique_id_function=generate_unique_id_function,
+        )
+
+    @deprecated(
+        """
+        on_event is deprecated, use lifespan event handlers instead.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Lifespan Events](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/).
+        """
+    )
+    def on_event(
+        self,
+        event_type: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The type of event. `startup` or `shutdown`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+    ) -> Callable[[DecoratedCallable], DecoratedCallable]:
+        """
+        Add an event handler for the router.
+
+        `on_event` is deprecated, use `lifespan` event handlers instead.
+
+        Read more about it in the
+        [FastAPI docs for Lifespan Events](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/events/#alternative-events-deprecated).
+        """
+
+        def decorator(func: DecoratedCallable) -> DecoratedCallable:
+            self.add_event_handler(event_type, func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3aa6bf21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from .api_key import APIKeyCookie as APIKeyCookie
+from .api_key import APIKeyHeader as APIKeyHeader
+from .api_key import APIKeyQuery as APIKeyQuery
+from .http import HTTPAuthorizationCredentials as HTTPAuthorizationCredentials
+from .http import HTTPBasic as HTTPBasic
+from .http import HTTPBasicCredentials as HTTPBasicCredentials
+from .http import HTTPBearer as HTTPBearer
+from .http import HTTPDigest as HTTPDigest
+from .oauth2 import OAuth2 as OAuth2
+from .oauth2 import OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer as OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer
+from .oauth2 import OAuth2PasswordBearer as OAuth2PasswordBearer
+from .oauth2 import OAuth2PasswordRequestForm as OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
+from .oauth2 import OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict as OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict
+from .oauth2 import SecurityScopes as SecurityScopes
+from .open_id_connect_url import OpenIdConnect as OpenIdConnect
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/api_key.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/api_key.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70c2dca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/api_key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi.openapi.models import APIKey, APIKeyIn
+from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.status import HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+
+class APIKeyBase(SecurityBase):
+    @staticmethod
+    def check_api_key(api_key: Optional[str], auto_error: bool) -> Optional[str]:
+        if not api_key:
+            if auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Not authenticated"
+                )
+            return None
+        return api_key
+
+
+class APIKeyQuery(APIKeyBase):
+    """
+    API key authentication using a query parameter.
+
+    This defines the name of the query parameter that should be provided in the request
+    with the API key and integrates that into the OpenAPI documentation. It extracts
+    the key value sent in the query parameter automatically and provides it as the
+    dependency result. But it doesn't define how to send that API key to the client.
+
+    ## Usage
+
+    Create an instance object and use that object as the dependency in `Depends()`.
+
+    The dependency result will be a string containing the key value.
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import APIKeyQuery
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    query_scheme = APIKeyQuery(name="api_key")
+
+
+    @app.get("/items/")
+    async def read_items(api_key: str = Depends(query_scheme)):
+        return {"api_key": api_key}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc("Query parameter name."),
+        ],
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if the query parameter is not provided, `APIKeyQuery` will
+                automatically cancel the request and send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the query parameter is not
+                available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will be
+                `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, in a query
+                parameter or in an HTTP Bearer token).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model: APIKey = APIKey(
+            **{"in": APIKeyIn.query},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            name=name,
+            description=description,
+        )
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        api_key = request.query_params.get(self.model.name)
+        return self.check_api_key(api_key, self.auto_error)
+
+
+class APIKeyHeader(APIKeyBase):
+    """
+    API key authentication using a header.
+
+    This defines the name of the header that should be provided in the request with
+    the API key and integrates that into the OpenAPI documentation. It extracts
+    the key value sent in the header automatically and provides it as the dependency
+    result. But it doesn't define how to send that key to the client.
+
+    ## Usage
+
+    Create an instance object and use that object as the dependency in `Depends()`.
+
+    The dependency result will be a string containing the key value.
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import APIKeyHeader
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    header_scheme = APIKeyHeader(name="x-key")
+
+
+    @app.get("/items/")
+    async def read_items(key: str = Depends(header_scheme)):
+        return {"key": key}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: Annotated[str, Doc("Header name.")],
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if the header is not provided, `APIKeyHeader` will
+                automatically cancel the request and send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the header is not available,
+                instead of erroring out, the dependency result will be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, in a header or
+                in an HTTP Bearer token).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model: APIKey = APIKey(
+            **{"in": APIKeyIn.header},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            name=name,
+            description=description,
+        )
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        api_key = request.headers.get(self.model.name)
+        return self.check_api_key(api_key, self.auto_error)
+
+
+class APIKeyCookie(APIKeyBase):
+    """
+    API key authentication using a cookie.
+
+    This defines the name of the cookie that should be provided in the request with
+    the API key and integrates that into the OpenAPI documentation. It extracts
+    the key value sent in the cookie automatically and provides it as the dependency
+    result. But it doesn't define how to set that cookie.
+
+    ## Usage
+
+    Create an instance object and use that object as the dependency in `Depends()`.
+
+    The dependency result will be a string containing the key value.
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import APIKeyCookie
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    cookie_scheme = APIKeyCookie(name="session")
+
+
+    @app.get("/items/")
+    async def read_items(session: str = Depends(cookie_scheme)):
+        return {"session": session}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: Annotated[str, Doc("Cookie name.")],
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if the cookie is not provided, `APIKeyCookie` will
+                automatically cancel the request and send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the cookie is not available,
+                instead of erroring out, the dependency result will be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, in a cookie or
+                in an HTTP Bearer token).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model: APIKey = APIKey(
+            **{"in": APIKeyIn.cookie},  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            name=name,
+            description=description,
+        )
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        api_key = request.cookies.get(self.model.name)
+        return self.check_api_key(api_key, self.auto_error)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c43555de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from fastapi.openapi.models import SecurityBase as SecurityBaseModel
+
+
+class SecurityBase:
+    model: SecurityBaseModel
+    scheme_name: str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/http.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/http.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ab2df3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/http.py
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+import binascii
+from base64 import b64decode
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi.exceptions import HTTPException
+from fastapi.openapi.models import HTTPBase as HTTPBaseModel
+from fastapi.openapi.models import HTTPBearer as HTTPBearerModel
+from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
+from fastapi.security.utils import get_authorization_scheme_param
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED, HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+
+class HTTPBasicCredentials(BaseModel):
+    """
+    The HTTP Basic credentials given as the result of using `HTTPBasic` in a
+    dependency.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/http-basic-auth/).
+    """
+
+    username: Annotated[str, Doc("The HTTP Basic username.")]
+    password: Annotated[str, Doc("The HTTP Basic password.")]
+
+
+class HTTPAuthorizationCredentials(BaseModel):
+    """
+    The HTTP authorization credentials in the result of using `HTTPBearer` or
+    `HTTPDigest` in a dependency.
+
+    The HTTP authorization header value is split by the first space.
+
+    The first part is the `scheme`, the second part is the `credentials`.
+
+    For example, in an HTTP Bearer token scheme, the client will send a header
+    like:
+
+    ```
+    Authorization: Bearer deadbeef12346
+    ```
+
+    In this case:
+
+    * `scheme` will have the value `"Bearer"`
+    * `credentials` will have the value `"deadbeef12346"`
+    """
+
+    scheme: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The HTTP authorization scheme extracted from the header value.
+            """
+        ),
+    ]
+    credentials: Annotated[
+        str,
+        Doc(
+            """
+            The HTTP authorization credentials extracted from the header value.
+            """
+        ),
+    ]
+
+
+class HTTPBase(SecurityBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        scheme: str,
+        scheme_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        auto_error: bool = True,
+    ):
+        self.model = HTTPBaseModel(scheme=scheme, description=description)
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> Optional[HTTPAuthorizationCredentials]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        scheme, credentials = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
+        if not (authorization and scheme and credentials):
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Not authenticated"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        return HTTPAuthorizationCredentials(scheme=scheme, credentials=credentials)
+
+
+class HTTPBasic(HTTPBase):
+    """
+    HTTP Basic authentication.
+
+    ## Usage
+
+    Create an instance object and use that object as the dependency in `Depends()`.
+
+    The dependency result will be an `HTTPBasicCredentials` object containing the
+    `username` and the `password`.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for HTTP Basic Auth](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/http-basic-auth/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import HTTPBasic, HTTPBasicCredentials
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    security = HTTPBasic()
+
+
+    @app.get("/users/me")
+    def read_current_user(credentials: Annotated[HTTPBasicCredentials, Depends(security)]):
+        return {"username": credentials.username, "password": credentials.password}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        realm: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                HTTP Basic authentication realm.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if the HTTP Basic authentication is not provided (a
+                header), `HTTPBasic` will automatically cancel the request and send the
+                client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the HTTP Basic authentication
+                is not available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will
+                be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, in HTTP Basic
+                authentication or in an HTTP Bearer token).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model = HTTPBaseModel(scheme="basic", description=description)
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.realm = realm
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(  # type: ignore
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> Optional[HTTPBasicCredentials]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        scheme, param = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
+        if self.realm:
+            unauthorized_headers = {"WWW-Authenticate": f'Basic realm="{self.realm}"'}
+        else:
+            unauthorized_headers = {"WWW-Authenticate": "Basic"}
+        if not authorization or scheme.lower() != "basic":
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+                    detail="Not authenticated",
+                    headers=unauthorized_headers,
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        invalid_user_credentials_exc = HTTPException(
+            status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+            detail="Invalid authentication credentials",
+            headers=unauthorized_headers,
+        )
+        try:
+            data = b64decode(param).decode("ascii")
+        except (ValueError, UnicodeDecodeError, binascii.Error):
+            raise invalid_user_credentials_exc  # noqa: B904
+        username, separator, password = data.partition(":")
+        if not separator:
+            raise invalid_user_credentials_exc
+        return HTTPBasicCredentials(username=username, password=password)
+
+
+class HTTPBearer(HTTPBase):
+    """
+    HTTP Bearer token authentication.
+
+    ## Usage
+
+    Create an instance object and use that object as the dependency in `Depends()`.
+
+    The dependency result will be an `HTTPAuthorizationCredentials` object containing
+    the `scheme` and the `credentials`.
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import HTTPAuthorizationCredentials, HTTPBearer
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    security = HTTPBearer()
+
+
+    @app.get("/users/me")
+    def read_current_user(
+        credentials: Annotated[HTTPAuthorizationCredentials, Depends(security)]
+    ):
+        return {"scheme": credentials.scheme, "credentials": credentials.credentials}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        bearerFormat: Annotated[Optional[str], Doc("Bearer token format.")] = None,
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if the HTTP Bearer token is not provided (in an
+                `Authorization` header), `HTTPBearer` will automatically cancel the
+                request and send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the HTTP Bearer token
+                is not available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will
+                be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, in an HTTP
+                Bearer token or in a cookie).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model = HTTPBearerModel(bearerFormat=bearerFormat, description=description)
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> Optional[HTTPAuthorizationCredentials]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        scheme, credentials = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
+        if not (authorization and scheme and credentials):
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Not authenticated"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        if scheme.lower() != "bearer":
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+                    detail="Invalid authentication credentials",
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        return HTTPAuthorizationCredentials(scheme=scheme, credentials=credentials)
+
+
+class HTTPDigest(HTTPBase):
+    """
+    HTTP Digest authentication.
+
+    ## Usage
+
+    Create an instance object and use that object as the dependency in `Depends()`.
+
+    The dependency result will be an `HTTPAuthorizationCredentials` object containing
+    the `scheme` and the `credentials`.
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import HTTPAuthorizationCredentials, HTTPDigest
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+    security = HTTPDigest()
+
+
+    @app.get("/users/me")
+    def read_current_user(
+        credentials: Annotated[HTTPAuthorizationCredentials, Depends(security)]
+    ):
+        return {"scheme": credentials.scheme, "credentials": credentials.credentials}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if the HTTP Digest is not provided, `HTTPDigest` will
+                automatically cancel the request and send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the HTTP Digest is not
+                available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will
+                be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, in HTTP
+                Digest or in a cookie).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model = HTTPBaseModel(scheme="digest", description=description)
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> Optional[HTTPAuthorizationCredentials]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        scheme, credentials = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
+        if not (authorization and scheme and credentials):
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Not authenticated"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        if scheme.lower() != "digest":
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
+                    detail="Invalid authentication credentials",
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        return HTTPAuthorizationCredentials(scheme=scheme, credentials=credentials)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/oauth2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/oauth2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ffad598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/oauth2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,638 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from fastapi.exceptions import HTTPException
+from fastapi.openapi.models import OAuth2 as OAuth2Model
+from fastapi.openapi.models import OAuthFlows as OAuthFlowsModel
+from fastapi.param_functions import Form
+from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
+from fastapi.security.utils import get_authorization_scheme_param
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.status import HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED, HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
+
+# TODO: import from typing when deprecating Python 3.9
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+
+class OAuth2PasswordRequestForm:
+    """
+    This is a dependency class to collect the `username` and `password` as form data
+    for an OAuth2 password flow.
+
+    The OAuth2 specification dictates that for a password flow the data should be
+    collected using form data (instead of JSON) and that it should have the specific
+    fields `username` and `password`.
+
+    All the initialization parameters are extracted from the request.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Simple OAuth2 with Password and Bearer](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/simple-oauth2/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+
+    @app.post("/login")
+    def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
+        data = {}
+        data["scopes"] = []
+        for scope in form_data.scopes:
+            data["scopes"].append(scope)
+        if form_data.client_id:
+            data["client_id"] = form_data.client_id
+        if form_data.client_secret:
+            data["client_secret"] = form_data.client_secret
+        return data
+    ```
+
+    Note that for OAuth2 the scope `items:read` is a single scope in an opaque string.
+    You could have custom internal logic to separate it by colon characters (`:`) or
+    similar, and get the two parts `items` and `read`. Many applications do that to
+    group and organize permissions, you could do it as well in your application, just
+    know that that it is application specific, it's not part of the specification.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        grant_type: Annotated[
+            Union[str, None],
+            Form(pattern="^password$"),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The OAuth2 spec says it is required and MUST be the fixed string
+                "password". Nevertheless, this dependency class is permissive and
+                allows not passing it. If you want to enforce it, use instead the
+                `OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict` dependency.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        username: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                `username` string. The OAuth2 spec requires the exact field name
+                `username`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        password: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                `password` string. The OAuth2 spec requires the exact field name
+                `password".
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        scope: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A single string with actually several scopes separated by spaces. Each
+                scope is also a string.
+
+                For example, a single string with:
+
+                ```python
+                "items:read items:write users:read profile openid"
+                ````
+
+                would represent the scopes:
+
+                * `items:read`
+                * `items:write`
+                * `users:read`
+                * `profile`
+                * `openid`
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "",
+        client_id: Annotated[
+            Union[str, None],
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                If there's a `client_id`, it can be sent as part of the form fields.
+                But the OAuth2 specification recommends sending the `client_id` and
+                `client_secret` (if any) using HTTP Basic auth.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        client_secret: Annotated[
+            Union[str, None],
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                If there's a `client_password` (and a `client_id`), they can be sent
+                as part of the form fields. But the OAuth2 specification recommends
+                sending the `client_id` and `client_secret` (if any) using HTTP Basic
+                auth.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        self.grant_type = grant_type
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.scopes = scope.split()
+        self.client_id = client_id
+        self.client_secret = client_secret
+
+
+class OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict(OAuth2PasswordRequestForm):
+    """
+    This is a dependency class to collect the `username` and `password` as form data
+    for an OAuth2 password flow.
+
+    The OAuth2 specification dictates that for a password flow the data should be
+    collected using form data (instead of JSON) and that it should have the specific
+    fields `username` and `password`.
+
+    All the initialization parameters are extracted from the request.
+
+    The only difference between `OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict` and
+    `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm` is that `OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict` requires the
+    client to send the form field `grant_type` with the value `"password"`, which
+    is required in the OAuth2 specification (it seems that for no particular reason),
+    while for `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm` `grant_type` is optional.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Simple OAuth2 with Password and Bearer](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/simple-oauth2/).
+
+    ## Example
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI
+    from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
+
+    app = FastAPI()
+
+
+    @app.post("/login")
+    def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict, Depends()]):
+        data = {}
+        data["scopes"] = []
+        for scope in form_data.scopes:
+            data["scopes"].append(scope)
+        if form_data.client_id:
+            data["client_id"] = form_data.client_id
+        if form_data.client_secret:
+            data["client_secret"] = form_data.client_secret
+        return data
+    ```
+
+    Note that for OAuth2 the scope `items:read` is a single scope in an opaque string.
+    You could have custom internal logic to separate it by colon characters (`:`) or
+    similar, and get the two parts `items` and `read`. Many applications do that to
+    group and organize permissions, you could do it as well in your application, just
+    know that that it is application specific, it's not part of the specification.
+
+
+    grant_type: the OAuth2 spec says it is required and MUST be the fixed string "password".
+        This dependency is strict about it. If you want to be permissive, use instead the
+        OAuth2PasswordRequestForm dependency class.
+    username: username string. The OAuth2 spec requires the exact field name "username".
+    password: password string. The OAuth2 spec requires the exact field name "password".
+    scope: Optional string. Several scopes (each one a string) separated by spaces. E.g.
+        "items:read items:write users:read profile openid"
+    client_id: optional string. OAuth2 recommends sending the client_id and client_secret (if any)
+        using HTTP Basic auth, as: client_id:client_secret
+    client_secret: optional string. OAuth2 recommends sending the client_id and client_secret (if any)
+        using HTTP Basic auth, as: client_id:client_secret
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        grant_type: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Form(pattern="^password$"),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The OAuth2 spec says it is required and MUST be the fixed string
+                "password". This dependency is strict about it. If you want to be
+                permissive, use instead the `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm` dependency
+                class.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        username: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                `username` string. The OAuth2 spec requires the exact field name
+                `username`.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        password: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                `password` string. The OAuth2 spec requires the exact field name
+                `password".
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        scope: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                A single string with actually several scopes separated by spaces. Each
+                scope is also a string.
+
+                For example, a single string with:
+
+                ```python
+                "items:read items:write users:read profile openid"
+                ````
+
+                would represent the scopes:
+
+                * `items:read`
+                * `items:write`
+                * `users:read`
+                * `profile`
+                * `openid`
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = "",
+        client_id: Annotated[
+            Union[str, None],
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                If there's a `client_id`, it can be sent as part of the form fields.
+                But the OAuth2 specification recommends sending the `client_id` and
+                `client_secret` (if any) using HTTP Basic auth.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        client_secret: Annotated[
+            Union[str, None],
+            Form(),
+            Doc(
+                """
+                If there's a `client_password` (and a `client_id`), they can be sent
+                as part of the form fields. But the OAuth2 specification recommends
+                sending the `client_id` and `client_secret` (if any) using HTTP Basic
+                auth.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            grant_type=grant_type,
+            username=username,
+            password=password,
+            scope=scope,
+            client_id=client_id,
+            client_secret=client_secret,
+        )
+
+
+class OAuth2(SecurityBase):
+    """
+    This is the base class for OAuth2 authentication, an instance of it would be used
+    as a dependency. All other OAuth2 classes inherit from it and customize it for
+    each OAuth2 flow.
+
+    You normally would not create a new class inheriting from it but use one of the
+    existing subclasses, and maybe compose them if you want to support multiple flows.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Security](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        flows: Annotated[
+            Union[OAuthFlowsModel, Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The dictionary of OAuth2 flows.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = OAuthFlowsModel(),
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if no HTTP Authorization header is provided, required for
+                OAuth2 authentication, it will automatically cancel the request and
+                send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the HTTP Authorization header
+                is not available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will
+                be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, with OAuth2
+                or in a cookie).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model = OAuth2Model(
+            flows=cast(OAuthFlowsModel, flows), description=description
+        )
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        if not authorization:
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Not authenticated"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        return authorization
+
+
+class OAuth2PasswordBearer(OAuth2):
+    """
+    OAuth2 flow for authentication using a bearer token obtained with a password.
+    An instance of it would be used as a dependency.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for Simple OAuth2 with Password and Bearer](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/security/simple-oauth2/).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        tokenUrl: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL to obtain the OAuth2 token. This would be the *path operation*
+                that has `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm` as a dependency.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        scopes: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, str]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The OAuth2 scopes that would be required by the *path operations* that
+                use this dependency.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if no HTTP Authorization header is provided, required for
+                OAuth2 authentication, it will automatically cancel the request and
+                send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the HTTP Authorization header
+                is not available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will
+                be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, with OAuth2
+                or in a cookie).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        if not scopes:
+            scopes = {}
+        flows = OAuthFlowsModel(
+            password=cast(Any, {"tokenUrl": tokenUrl, "scopes": scopes})
+        )
+        super().__init__(
+            flows=flows,
+            scheme_name=scheme_name,
+            description=description,
+            auto_error=auto_error,
+        )
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        scheme, param = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
+        if not authorization or scheme.lower() != "bearer":
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+                    detail="Not authenticated",
+                    headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        return param
+
+
+class OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer(OAuth2):
+    """
+    OAuth2 flow for authentication using a bearer token obtained with an OAuth2 code
+    flow. An instance of it would be used as a dependency.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        authorizationUrl: str,
+        tokenUrl: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL to obtain the OAuth2 token.
+                """
+            ),
+        ],
+        refreshUrl: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The URL to refresh the token and obtain a new one.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        scopes: Annotated[
+            Optional[Dict[str, str]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The OAuth2 scopes that would be required by the *path operations* that
+                use this dependency.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if no HTTP Authorization header is provided, required for
+                OAuth2 authentication, it will automatically cancel the request and
+                send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the HTTP Authorization header
+                is not available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will
+                be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, with OAuth2
+                or in a cookie).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        if not scopes:
+            scopes = {}
+        flows = OAuthFlowsModel(
+            authorizationCode=cast(
+                Any,
+                {
+                    "authorizationUrl": authorizationUrl,
+                    "tokenUrl": tokenUrl,
+                    "refreshUrl": refreshUrl,
+                    "scopes": scopes,
+                },
+            )
+        )
+        super().__init__(
+            flows=flows,
+            scheme_name=scheme_name,
+            description=description,
+            auto_error=auto_error,
+        )
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        scheme, param = get_authorization_scheme_param(authorization)
+        if not authorization or scheme.lower() != "bearer":
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
+                    detail="Not authenticated",
+                    headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
+                )
+            else:
+                return None  # pragma: nocover
+        return param
+
+
+class SecurityScopes:
+    """
+    This is a special class that you can define in a parameter in a dependency to
+    obtain the OAuth2 scopes required by all the dependencies in the same chain.
+
+    This way, multiple dependencies can have different scopes, even when used in the
+    same *path operation*. And with this, you can access all the scopes required in
+    all those dependencies in a single place.
+
+    Read more about it in the
+    [FastAPI docs for OAuth2 scopes](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/security/oauth2-scopes/).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        scopes: Annotated[
+            Optional[List[str]],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                This will be filled by FastAPI.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        self.scopes: Annotated[
+            List[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                The list of all the scopes required by dependencies.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = scopes or []
+        self.scope_str: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                All the scopes required by all the dependencies in a single string
+                separated by spaces, as defined in the OAuth2 specification.
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = " ".join(self.scopes)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/open_id_connect_url.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/open_id_connect_url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8cceb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/open_id_connect_url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from fastapi.openapi.models import OpenIdConnect as OpenIdConnectModel
+from fastapi.security.base import SecurityBase
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.status import HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+
+
+class OpenIdConnect(SecurityBase):
+    """
+    OpenID Connect authentication class. An instance of it would be used as a
+    dependency.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        openIdConnectUrl: Annotated[
+            str,
+            Doc(
+                """
+            The OpenID Connect URL.
+            """
+            ),
+        ],
+        scheme_name: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme name.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        description: Annotated[
+            Optional[str],
+            Doc(
+                """
+                Security scheme description.
+
+                It will be included in the generated OpenAPI (e.g. visible at `/docs`).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = None,
+        auto_error: Annotated[
+            bool,
+            Doc(
+                """
+                By default, if no HTTP Authorization header is provided, required for
+                OpenID Connect authentication, it will automatically cancel the request
+                and send the client an error.
+
+                If `auto_error` is set to `False`, when the HTTP Authorization header
+                is not available, instead of erroring out, the dependency result will
+                be `None`.
+
+                This is useful when you want to have optional authentication.
+
+                It is also useful when you want to have authentication that can be
+                provided in one of multiple optional ways (for example, with OpenID
+                Connect or in a cookie).
+                """
+            ),
+        ] = True,
+    ):
+        self.model = OpenIdConnectModel(
+            openIdConnectUrl=openIdConnectUrl, description=description
+        )
+        self.scheme_name = scheme_name or self.__class__.__name__
+        self.auto_error = auto_error
+
+    async def __call__(self, request: Request) -> Optional[str]:
+        authorization = request.headers.get("Authorization")
+        if not authorization:
+            if self.auto_error:
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN, detail="Not authenticated"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+        return authorization
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa7a450b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/security/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from typing import Optional, Tuple
+
+
+def get_authorization_scheme_param(
+    authorization_header_value: Optional[str],
+) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    if not authorization_header_value:
+        return "", ""
+    scheme, _, param = authorization_header_value.partition(" ")
+    return scheme, param
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/staticfiles.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/staticfiles.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..299015d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/staticfiles.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from starlette.staticfiles import StaticFiles as StaticFiles  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/templating.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/templating.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cb86848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/templating.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from starlette.templating import Jinja2Templates as Jinja2Templates  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/testclient.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/testclient.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4012406a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/testclient.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from starlette.testclient import TestClient as TestClient  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3205654c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import types
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Set, Type, TypeVar, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+DecoratedCallable = TypeVar("DecoratedCallable", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+UnionType = getattr(types, "UnionType", Union)
+ModelNameMap = Dict[Union[Type[BaseModel], Type[Enum]], str]
+IncEx = Union[Set[int], Set[str], Dict[int, Any], Dict[str, Any]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c7350fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+import re
+import warnings
+from dataclasses import is_dataclass
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    MutableMapping,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+
+import fastapi
+from fastapi._compat import (
+    PYDANTIC_V2,
+    BaseConfig,
+    ModelField,
+    PydanticSchemaGenerationError,
+    Undefined,
+    UndefinedType,
+    Validator,
+    lenient_issubclass,
+)
+from fastapi.datastructures import DefaultPlaceholder, DefaultType
+from pydantic import BaseModel, create_model
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: nocover
+    from .routing import APIRoute
+
+# Cache for `create_cloned_field`
+_CLONED_TYPES_CACHE: MutableMapping[Type[BaseModel], Type[BaseModel]] = (
+    WeakKeyDictionary()
+)
+
+
+def is_body_allowed_for_status_code(status_code: Union[int, str, None]) -> bool:
+    if status_code is None:
+        return True
+    # Ref: https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/main/versions/3.1.0.md#patterned-fields-1
+    if status_code in {
+        "default",
+        "1XX",
+        "2XX",
+        "3XX",
+        "4XX",
+        "5XX",
+    }:
+        return True
+    current_status_code = int(status_code)
+    return not (current_status_code < 200 or current_status_code in {204, 205, 304})
+
+
+def get_path_param_names(path: str) -> Set[str]:
+    return set(re.findall("{(.*?)}", path))
+
+
+def create_model_field(
+    name: str,
+    type_: Any,
+    class_validators: Optional[Dict[str, Validator]] = None,
+    default: Optional[Any] = Undefined,
+    required: Union[bool, UndefinedType] = Undefined,
+    model_config: Type[BaseConfig] = BaseConfig,
+    field_info: Optional[FieldInfo] = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    mode: Literal["validation", "serialization"] = "validation",
+) -> ModelField:
+    class_validators = class_validators or {}
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        field_info = field_info or FieldInfo(
+            annotation=type_, default=default, alias=alias
+        )
+    else:
+        field_info = field_info or FieldInfo()
+    kwargs = {"name": name, "field_info": field_info}
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        kwargs.update({"mode": mode})
+    else:
+        kwargs.update(
+            {
+                "type_": type_,
+                "class_validators": class_validators,
+                "default": default,
+                "required": required,
+                "model_config": model_config,
+                "alias": alias,
+            }
+        )
+    try:
+        return ModelField(**kwargs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    except (RuntimeError, PydanticSchemaGenerationError):
+        raise fastapi.exceptions.FastAPIError(
+            "Invalid args for response field! Hint: "
+            f"check that {type_} is a valid Pydantic field type. "
+            "If you are using a return type annotation that is not a valid Pydantic "
+            "field (e.g. Union[Response, dict, None]) you can disable generating the "
+            "response model from the type annotation with the path operation decorator "
+            "parameter response_model=None. Read more: "
+            "https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/response-model/"
+        ) from None
+
+
+def create_cloned_field(
+    field: ModelField,
+    *,
+    cloned_types: Optional[MutableMapping[Type[BaseModel], Type[BaseModel]]] = None,
+) -> ModelField:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return field
+    # cloned_types caches already cloned types to support recursive models and improve
+    # performance by avoiding unnecessary cloning
+    if cloned_types is None:
+        cloned_types = _CLONED_TYPES_CACHE
+
+    original_type = field.type_
+    if is_dataclass(original_type) and hasattr(original_type, "__pydantic_model__"):
+        original_type = original_type.__pydantic_model__
+    use_type = original_type
+    if lenient_issubclass(original_type, BaseModel):
+        original_type = cast(Type[BaseModel], original_type)
+        use_type = cloned_types.get(original_type)
+        if use_type is None:
+            use_type = create_model(original_type.__name__, __base__=original_type)
+            cloned_types[original_type] = use_type
+            for f in original_type.__fields__.values():
+                use_type.__fields__[f.name] = create_cloned_field(
+                    f, cloned_types=cloned_types
+                )
+    new_field = create_model_field(name=field.name, type_=use_type)
+    new_field.has_alias = field.has_alias  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.alias = field.alias  # type: ignore[misc]
+    new_field.class_validators = field.class_validators  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.default = field.default  # type: ignore[misc]
+    new_field.required = field.required  # type: ignore[misc]
+    new_field.model_config = field.model_config  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.field_info = field.field_info
+    new_field.allow_none = field.allow_none  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.validate_always = field.validate_always  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    if field.sub_fields:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        new_field.sub_fields = [  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            create_cloned_field(sub_field, cloned_types=cloned_types)
+            for sub_field in field.sub_fields  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        ]
+    if field.key_field:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        new_field.key_field = create_cloned_field(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            field.key_field,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            cloned_types=cloned_types,
+        )
+    new_field.validators = field.validators  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.pre_validators = field.pre_validators  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.post_validators = field.post_validators  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.parse_json = field.parse_json  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.shape = field.shape  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    new_field.populate_validators()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    return new_field
+
+
+def generate_operation_id_for_path(
+    *, name: str, path: str, method: str
+) -> str:  # pragma: nocover
+    warnings.warn(
+        "fastapi.utils.generate_operation_id_for_path() was deprecated, "
+        "it is not used internally, and will be removed soon",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    operation_id = f"{name}{path}"
+    operation_id = re.sub(r"\W", "_", operation_id)
+    operation_id = f"{operation_id}_{method.lower()}"
+    return operation_id
+
+
+def generate_unique_id(route: "APIRoute") -> str:
+    operation_id = f"{route.name}{route.path_format}"
+    operation_id = re.sub(r"\W", "_", operation_id)
+    assert route.methods
+    operation_id = f"{operation_id}_{list(route.methods)[0].lower()}"
+    return operation_id
+
+
+def deep_dict_update(main_dict: Dict[Any, Any], update_dict: Dict[Any, Any]) -> None:
+    for key, value in update_dict.items():
+        if (
+            key in main_dict
+            and isinstance(main_dict[key], dict)
+            and isinstance(value, dict)
+        ):
+            deep_dict_update(main_dict[key], value)
+        elif (
+            key in main_dict
+            and isinstance(main_dict[key], list)
+            and isinstance(update_dict[key], list)
+        ):
+            main_dict[key] = main_dict[key] + update_dict[key]
+        else:
+            main_dict[key] = value
+
+
+def get_value_or_default(
+    first_item: Union[DefaultPlaceholder, DefaultType],
+    *extra_items: Union[DefaultPlaceholder, DefaultType],
+) -> Union[DefaultPlaceholder, DefaultType]:
+    """
+    Pass items or `DefaultPlaceholder`s by descending priority.
+
+    The first one to _not_ be a `DefaultPlaceholder` will be returned.
+
+    Otherwise, the first item (a `DefaultPlaceholder`) will be returned.
+    """
+    items = (first_item,) + extra_items
+    for item in items:
+        if not isinstance(item, DefaultPlaceholder):
+            return item
+    return first_item
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/websockets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/websockets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55a4ac4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/fastapi/websockets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket as WebSocket  # noqa
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect as WebSocketDisconnect  # noqa
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocketState as WebSocketState  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6190cbd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: greenlet
+Version: 3.2.2
+Summary: Lightweight in-process concurrent programming
+Home-page: https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/
+Author: Alexey Borzenkov
+Author-email: snaury@gmail.com
+Maintainer: Jason Madden
+Maintainer-email: jason@seecoresoftware.com
+License: MIT AND Python-2.0
+Project-URL: Bug Tracker, https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues
+Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/
+Project-URL: Changes, https://greenlet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/changes.html
+Keywords: greenlet coroutine concurrency threads cooperative
+Platform: any
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Natural Language :: English
+Classifier: Programming Language :: C
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+License-File: LICENSE
+License-File: LICENSE.PSF
+Provides-Extra: docs
+Requires-Dist: Sphinx; extra == "docs"
+Requires-Dist: furo; extra == "docs"
+Provides-Extra: test
+Requires-Dist: objgraph; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: psutil; extra == "test"
+Dynamic: author
+Dynamic: author-email
+Dynamic: classifier
+Dynamic: description
+Dynamic: description-content-type
+Dynamic: home-page
+Dynamic: keywords
+Dynamic: license
+Dynamic: license-file
+Dynamic: maintainer
+Dynamic: maintainer-email
+Dynamic: platform
+Dynamic: project-url
+Dynamic: provides-extra
+Dynamic: requires-python
+Dynamic: summary
+
+.. This file is included into docs/history.rst
+
+
+Greenlets are lightweight coroutines for in-process concurrent
+programming.
+
+The "greenlet" package is a spin-off of `Stackless`_, a version of
+CPython that supports micro-threads called "tasklets". Tasklets run
+pseudo-concurrently (typically in a single or a few OS-level threads)
+and are synchronized with data exchanges on "channels".
+
+A "greenlet", on the other hand, is a still more primitive notion of
+micro-thread with no implicit scheduling; coroutines, in other words.
+This is useful when you want to control exactly when your code runs.
+You can build custom scheduled micro-threads on top of greenlet;
+however, it seems that greenlets are useful on their own as a way to
+make advanced control flow structures. For example, we can recreate
+generators; the difference with Python's own generators is that our
+generators can call nested functions and the nested functions can
+yield values too. (Additionally, you don't need a "yield" keyword. See
+the example in `test_generator.py
+<https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/blob/adca19bf1f287b3395896a8f41f3f4fd1797fdc7/src/greenlet/tests/test_generator.py#L1>`_).
+
+Greenlets are provided as a C extension module for the regular unmodified
+interpreter.
+
+.. _`Stackless`: http://www.stackless.com
+
+
+Who is using Greenlet?
+======================
+
+There are several libraries that use Greenlet as a more flexible
+alternative to Python's built in coroutine support:
+
+ - `Concurrence`_
+ - `Eventlet`_
+ - `Gevent`_
+
+.. _Concurrence: http://opensource.hyves.org/concurrence/
+.. _Eventlet: http://eventlet.net/
+.. _Gevent: http://www.gevent.org/
+
+Getting Greenlet
+================
+
+The easiest way to get Greenlet is to install it with pip::
+
+  pip install greenlet
+
+
+Source code archives and binary distributions are available on the
+python package index at https://pypi.org/project/greenlet
+
+The source code repository is hosted on github:
+https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet
+
+Documentation is available on readthedocs.org:
+https://greenlet.readthedocs.io
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c70584da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+../../include/site/python3.12/greenlet/greenlet.h,sha256=sz5pYRSQqedgOt2AMgxLZdTjO-qcr_JMvgiEJR9IAJ8,4755
+greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=X57v7sBEYSNABzNQXpCK_CGTvT2GasTRzF6Qjy9IUys,4193
+greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
+greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=VryZucl_XSB78oskhQFN0jfmderyetLlP0R6bZqf7Ys,101
+greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=dpgx1uXfrywggC-sz_H6-0wgJd2PYlPfpH_K1Z1NCXk,1434
+greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.PSF,sha256=5f88I8EQ5JTNfXNsEP2W1GJFe6_soxCEDbZScpjH1Gs,2424
+greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=YSnRsCRoO61JGlP57o8iKL6rdLWDWuiyKD8ekpWUsDc,9
+greenlet/CObjects.cpp,sha256=OPej1bWBgc4sRrTRQ2aFFML9pzDYKlKhlJSjsI0X_eU,3508
+greenlet/PyGreenlet.cpp,sha256=ogWsQ5VhSdItWRLLpWOgSuqYuM3QwQ4cVCxOQIgHx6E,23441
+greenlet/PyGreenlet.hpp,sha256=2ZQlOxYNoy7QwD7mppFoOXe_At56NIsJ0eNsE_hoSsw,1463
+greenlet/PyGreenletUnswitchable.cpp,sha256=PQE0fSZa_IOyUM44IESHkJoD2KtGW3dkhkmZSYY3WHs,4375
+greenlet/PyModule.cpp,sha256=J2TH06dGcNEarioS6NbWXkdME8hJY05XVbdqLrfO5w4,8587
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+greenlet/TUserGreenlet.cpp,sha256=uemg0lwKXtYB0yzmvyYdIIAsKnNkifXM1OJ2OlrFP1A,23553
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..154917b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (80.3.1)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b73a4a10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+The following files are derived from Stackless Python and are subject to the
+same license as Stackless Python:
+
+	src/greenlet/slp_platformselect.h
+	files in src/greenlet/platform/ directory
+
+See LICENSE.PSF and http://www.stackless.com/ for details.
+
+Unless otherwise noted, the files in greenlet have been released under the
+following MIT license:
+
+Copyright (c) Armin Rigo, Christian Tismer and contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.PSF b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.PSF
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3b509a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.PSF
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
+--------------------------------------------
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
+("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
+otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
+its associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
+grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
+analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
+distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version,
+provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright,
+i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
+2011 Python Software Foundation; All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python
+alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python.
+
+4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
+relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
+Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
+trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
+products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46725be4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet-3.2.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+greenlet
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/CObjects.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/CObjects.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c135995b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/CObjects.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+#ifndef COBJECTS_CPP
+#define COBJECTS_CPP
+/*****************************************************************************
+ * C interface
+ *
+ * These are exported using the CObject API
+ */
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
+#endif
+
+#include "greenlet_exceptions.hpp"
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+
+
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+
+#include "PyGreenlet.hpp"
+
+using greenlet::PyErrOccurred;
+using greenlet::Require;
+
+
+
+extern "C" {
+static PyGreenlet*
+PyGreenlet_GetCurrent(void)
+{
+    return GET_THREAD_STATE().state().get_current().relinquish_ownership();
+}
+
+static int
+PyGreenlet_SetParent(PyGreenlet* g, PyGreenlet* nparent)
+{
+    return green_setparent((PyGreenlet*)g, (PyObject*)nparent, NULL);
+}
+
+static PyGreenlet*
+PyGreenlet_New(PyObject* run, PyGreenlet* parent)
+{
+    using greenlet::refs::NewDictReference;
+    // In the past, we didn't use green_new and green_init, but that
+    // was a maintenance issue because we duplicated code. This way is
+    // much safer, but slightly slower. If that's a problem, we could
+    // refactor green_init to separate argument parsing from initialization.
+    OwnedGreenlet g = OwnedGreenlet::consuming(green_new(&PyGreenlet_Type, nullptr, nullptr));
+    if (!g) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    try {
+        NewDictReference kwargs;
+        if (run) {
+            kwargs.SetItem(mod_globs->str_run, run);
+        }
+        if (parent) {
+            kwargs.SetItem("parent", (PyObject*)parent);
+        }
+
+        Require(green_init(g.borrow(), mod_globs->empty_tuple, kwargs.borrow()));
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return g.relinquish_ownership();
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+PyGreenlet_Switch(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
+{
+    if (!PyGreenlet_Check(self)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (args == NULL) {
+        args = mod_globs->empty_tuple;
+    }
+
+    if (kwargs == NULL || !PyDict_Check(kwargs)) {
+        kwargs = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return green_switch(self, args, kwargs);
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+PyGreenlet_Throw(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* typ, PyObject* val, PyObject* tb)
+{
+    if (!PyGreenlet_Check(self)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    try {
+        PyErrPieces err_pieces(typ, val, tb);
+        return internal_green_throw(self, err_pieces).relinquish_ownership();
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+static int
+Extern_PyGreenlet_MAIN(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    if (!PyGreenlet_Check(self)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return self->pimpl->main();
+}
+
+static int
+Extern_PyGreenlet_ACTIVE(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    if (!PyGreenlet_Check(self)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return self->pimpl->active();
+}
+
+static int
+Extern_PyGreenlet_STARTED(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    if (!PyGreenlet_Check(self)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return self->pimpl->started();
+}
+
+static PyGreenlet*
+Extern_PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    if (!PyGreenlet_Check(self)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    // This can return NULL even if there is no exception
+    return self->pimpl->parent().acquire();
+}
+} // extern C.
+
+/** End C API ****************************************************************/
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenlet.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenlet.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29c0bba0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenlet.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,738 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+#ifndef PYGREENLET_CPP
+#define PYGREENLET_CPP
+/*****************
+The Python slot functions for TGreenlet.
+ */
+
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "structmember.h" // PyMemberDef
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+// #include "TUserGreenlet.cpp"
+// #include "TMainGreenlet.cpp"
+// #include "TBrokenGreenlet.cpp"
+
+
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_slp_switch.hpp"
+
+#include "greenlet_thread_support.hpp"
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+#include "TGreenletGlobals.cpp"
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+#include "PyGreenlet.hpp"
+// #include "TGreenlet.cpp"
+
+// #include "TExceptionState.cpp"
+// #include "TPythonState.cpp"
+// #include "TStackState.cpp"
+
+using greenlet::LockGuard;
+using greenlet::LockInitError;
+using greenlet::PyErrOccurred;
+using greenlet::Require;
+
+using greenlet::g_handle_exit;
+using greenlet::single_result;
+
+using greenlet::Greenlet;
+using greenlet::UserGreenlet;
+using greenlet::MainGreenlet;
+using greenlet::BrokenGreenlet;
+using greenlet::ThreadState;
+using greenlet::PythonState;
+
+
+
+static PyGreenlet*
+green_new(PyTypeObject* type, PyObject* UNUSED(args), PyObject* UNUSED(kwds))
+{
+    PyGreenlet* o =
+        (PyGreenlet*)PyBaseObject_Type.tp_new(type, mod_globs->empty_tuple, mod_globs->empty_dict);
+    if (o) {
+        new UserGreenlet(o, GET_THREAD_STATE().state().borrow_current());
+        assert(Py_REFCNT(o) == 1);
+    }
+    return o;
+}
+
+
+// green_init is used in the tp_init slot. So it's important that
+// it can be called directly from CPython. Thus, we don't use
+// BorrowedGreenlet and BorrowedObject --- although in theory
+// these should be binary layout compatible, that may not be
+// guaranteed to be the case (32-bit linux ppc possibly).
+static int
+green_init(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
+{
+    PyArgParseParam run;
+    PyArgParseParam nparent;
+    static const char* kwlist[] = {
+        "run",
+        "parent",
+        NULL
+    };
+
+    // recall: The O specifier does NOT increase the reference count.
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(
+             args, kwargs, "|OO:green", (char**)kwlist, &run, &nparent)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (run) {
+        if (green_setrun(self, run, NULL)) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    if (nparent && !nparent.is_None()) {
+        return green_setparent(self, nparent, NULL);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+
+static int
+green_traverse(PyGreenlet* self, visitproc visit, void* arg)
+{
+    // We must only visit referenced objects, i.e. only objects
+    // Py_INCREF'ed by this greenlet (directly or indirectly):
+    //
+    // - stack_prev is not visited: holds previous stack pointer, but it's not
+    //    referenced
+    // - frames are not visited as we don't strongly reference them;
+    //    alive greenlets are not garbage collected
+    //    anyway. This can be a problem, however, if this greenlet is
+    //    never allowed to finish, and is referenced from the frame: we
+    //    have an uncollectible cycle in that case. Note that the
+    //    frame object itself is also frequently not even tracked by the GC
+    //    starting with Python 3.7 (frames are allocated by the
+    //    interpreter untracked, and only become tracked when their
+    //    evaluation is finished if they have a refcount > 1). All of
+    //    this is to say that we should probably strongly reference
+    //    the frame object. Doing so, while always allowing GC on a
+    //    greenlet, solves several leaks for us.
+
+    Py_VISIT(self->dict);
+    if (!self->pimpl) {
+        // Hmm. I have seen this at interpreter shutdown time,
+        // I think. That's very odd because this doesn't go away until
+        // we're ``green_dealloc()``, at which point we shouldn't be
+        // traversed anymore.
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    return self->pimpl->tp_traverse(visit, arg);
+}
+
+static int
+green_is_gc(PyObject* _self)
+{
+    BorrowedGreenlet self(_self);
+    int result = 0;
+    /* Main greenlet can be garbage collected since it can only
+       become unreachable if the underlying thread exited.
+       Active greenlets --- including those that are suspended ---
+       cannot be garbage collected, however.
+    */
+    if (self->main() || !self->active()) {
+        result = 1;
+    }
+    // The main greenlet pointer will eventually go away after the thread dies.
+    if (self->was_running_in_dead_thread()) {
+        // Our thread is dead! We can never run again. Might as well
+        // GC us. Note that if a tuple containing only us and other
+        // immutable objects had been scanned before this, when we
+        // would have returned 0, the tuple will take itself out of GC
+        // tracking and never be investigated again. So that could
+        // result in both us and the tuple leaking due to an
+        // unreachable/uncollectible reference. The same goes for
+        // dictionaries.
+        //
+        // It's not a great idea to be changing our GC state on the
+        // fly.
+        result = 1;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static int
+green_clear(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    /* Greenlet is only cleared if it is about to be collected.
+       Since active greenlets are not garbage collectable, we can
+       be sure that, even if they are deallocated during clear,
+       nothing they reference is in unreachable or finalizers,
+       so even if it switches we are relatively safe. */
+    // XXX: Are we responsible for clearing weakrefs here?
+    Py_CLEAR(self->dict);
+    return self->pimpl->tp_clear();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns 0 on failure (the object was resurrected) or 1 on success.
+ **/
+static int
+_green_dealloc_kill_started_non_main_greenlet(BorrowedGreenlet self)
+{
+    /* Hacks hacks hacks copied from instance_dealloc() */
+    /* Temporarily resurrect the greenlet. */
+    assert(self.REFCNT() == 0);
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(self.borrow(), 1);
+    /* Save the current exception, if any. */
+    PyErrPieces saved_err;
+    try {
+        // BY THE TIME WE GET HERE, the state may actually be going
+        // away
+        // if we're shutting down the interpreter and freeing thread
+        // entries,
+        // this could result in freeing greenlets that were leaked. So
+        // we can't try to read the state.
+        self->deallocing_greenlet_in_thread(
+              self->thread_state()
+              ? static_cast<ThreadState*>(GET_THREAD_STATE())
+              : nullptr);
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self.borrow_o());
+        /* XXX what else should we do? */
+    }
+    /* Check for no resurrection must be done while we keep
+     * our internal reference, otherwise PyFile_WriteObject
+     * causes recursion if using Py_INCREF/Py_DECREF
+     */
+    if (self.REFCNT() == 1 && self->active()) {
+        /* Not resurrected, but still not dead!
+           XXX what else should we do? we complain. */
+        PyObject* f = PySys_GetObject("stderr");
+        Py_INCREF(self.borrow_o()); /* leak! */
+        if (f != NULL) {
+            PyFile_WriteString("GreenletExit did not kill ", f);
+            PyFile_WriteObject(self.borrow_o(), f, 0);
+            PyFile_WriteString("\n", f);
+        }
+    }
+    /* Restore the saved exception. */
+    saved_err.PyErrRestore();
+    /* Undo the temporary resurrection; can't use DECREF here,
+     * it would cause a recursive call.
+     */
+    assert(self.REFCNT() > 0);
+
+    Py_ssize_t refcnt = self.REFCNT() - 1;
+    Py_SET_REFCNT(self.borrow_o(), refcnt);
+    if (refcnt != 0) {
+        /* Resurrected! */
+        _Py_NewReference(self.borrow_o());
+        Py_SET_REFCNT(self.borrow_o(), refcnt);
+        /* Better to use tp_finalizer slot (PEP 442)
+         * and call ``PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc``,
+         * but that's only supported in Python 3.4+; see
+         * Modules/_io/iobase.c for an example.
+         *
+         * The following approach is copied from iobase.c in CPython 2.7.
+         * (along with much of this function in general). Here's their
+         * comment:
+         *
+         * When called from a heap type's dealloc, the type will be
+         * decref'ed on return (see e.g. subtype_dealloc in typeobject.c). */
+        if (PyType_HasFeature(self.TYPE(), Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) {
+            Py_INCREF(self.TYPE());
+        }
+
+        PyObject_GC_Track((PyObject*)self);
+
+        _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+        --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_frees;
+        --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_allocs;
+#endif /* COUNT_ALLOCS */
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+
+static void
+green_dealloc(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
+    BorrowedGreenlet me(self);
+    if (me->active()
+        && me->started()
+        && !me->main()) {
+        if (!_green_dealloc_kill_started_non_main_greenlet(me)) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (self->weakreflist != NULL) {
+        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject*)self);
+    }
+    Py_CLEAR(self->dict);
+
+    if (self->pimpl) {
+        // In case deleting this, which frees some memory,
+        // somehow winds up calling back into us. That's usually a
+        //bug in our code.
+        Greenlet* p = self->pimpl;
+        self->pimpl = nullptr;
+        delete p;
+    }
+    // and finally we're done. self is now invalid.
+    Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject*)self);
+}
+
+
+
+static OwnedObject
+internal_green_throw(BorrowedGreenlet self, PyErrPieces& err_pieces)
+{
+    PyObject* result = nullptr;
+    err_pieces.PyErrRestore();
+    assert(PyErr_Occurred());
+    if (self->started() && !self->active()) {
+        /* dead greenlet: turn GreenletExit into a regular return */
+        result = g_handle_exit(OwnedObject()).relinquish_ownership();
+    }
+    self->args() <<= result;
+
+    return single_result(self->g_switch());
+}
+
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(
+    green_switch_doc,
+    "switch(*args, **kwargs)\n"
+    "\n"
+    "Switch execution to this greenlet.\n"
+    "\n"
+    "If this greenlet has never been run, then this greenlet\n"
+    "will be switched to using the body of ``self.run(*args, **kwargs)``.\n"
+    "\n"
+    "If the greenlet is active (has been run, but was switch()'ed\n"
+    "out before leaving its run function), then this greenlet will\n"
+    "be resumed and the return value to its switch call will be\n"
+    "None if no arguments are given, the given argument if one\n"
+    "argument is given, or the args tuple and keyword args dict if\n"
+    "multiple arguments are given.\n"
+    "\n"
+    "If the greenlet is dead, or is the current greenlet then this\n"
+    "function will simply return the arguments using the same rules as\n"
+    "above.\n");
+
+static PyObject*
+green_switch(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
+{
+    using greenlet::SwitchingArgs;
+    SwitchingArgs switch_args(OwnedObject::owning(args), OwnedObject::owning(kwargs));
+    self->pimpl->may_switch_away();
+    self->pimpl->args() <<= switch_args;
+
+    // If we're switching out of a greenlet, and that switch is the
+    // last thing the greenlet does, the greenlet ought to be able to
+    // go ahead and die at that point. Currently, someone else must
+    // manually switch back to the greenlet so that we "fall off the
+    // end" and can perform cleanup. You'd think we'd be able to
+    // figure out that this is happening using the frame's ``f_lasti``
+    // member, which is supposed to be an index into
+    // ``frame->f_code->co_code``, the bytecode string. However, in
+    // recent interpreters, ``f_lasti`` tends not to be updated thanks
+    // to things like the PREDICT() macros in ceval.c. So it doesn't
+    // really work to do that in many cases. For example, the Python
+    // code:
+    //     def run():
+    //         greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+    // produces bytecode of len 16, with the actual call to switch()
+    // being at index 10 (in Python 3.10). However, the reported
+    // ``f_lasti`` we actually see is...5! (Which happens to be the
+    // second byte of the CALL_METHOD op for ``getcurrent()``).
+
+    try {
+        //OwnedObject result = single_result(self->pimpl->g_switch());
+        OwnedObject result(single_result(self->pimpl->g_switch()));
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+        // Note that the current greenlet isn't necessarily self. If self
+        // finished, we went to one of its parents.
+        assert(!self->pimpl->args());
+
+        const BorrowedGreenlet& current = GET_THREAD_STATE().state().borrow_current();
+        // It's possible it's never been switched to.
+        assert(!current->args());
+#endif
+        PyObject* p = result.relinquish_ownership();
+
+        if (!p && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            // This shouldn't be happening anymore, so the asserts
+            // are there for debug builds. Non-debug builds
+            // crash "gracefully" in this case, although there is an
+            // argument to be made for killing the process in all
+            // cases --- for this to be the case, our switches
+            // probably nested in an incorrect way, so the state is
+            // suspicious. Nothing should be corrupt though, just
+            // confused at the Python level. Letting this propagate is
+            // probably good enough.
+            assert(p || PyErr_Occurred());
+            throw PyErrOccurred(
+                mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletError,
+                "Greenlet.switch() returned NULL without an exception set."
+            );
+        }
+        return p;
+    }
+    catch(const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(
+    green_throw_doc,
+    "Switches execution to this greenlet, but immediately raises the\n"
+    "given exception in this greenlet.  If no argument is provided, the "
+    "exception\n"
+    "defaults to `greenlet.GreenletExit`.  The normal exception\n"
+    "propagation rules apply, as described for `switch`.  Note that calling "
+    "this\n"
+    "method is almost equivalent to the following::\n"
+    "\n"
+    "    def raiser():\n"
+    "        raise typ, val, tb\n"
+    "    g_raiser = greenlet(raiser, parent=g)\n"
+    "    g_raiser.switch()\n"
+    "\n"
+    "except that this trick does not work for the\n"
+    "`greenlet.GreenletExit` exception, which would not propagate\n"
+    "from ``g_raiser`` to ``g``.\n");
+
+static PyObject*
+green_throw(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyArgParseParam typ(mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletExit);
+    PyArgParseParam val;
+    PyArgParseParam tb;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|OOO:throw", &typ, &val, &tb)) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    assert(typ.borrow() || val.borrow());
+
+    self->pimpl->may_switch_away();
+    try {
+        // Both normalizing the error and the actual throw_greenlet
+        // could throw PyErrOccurred.
+        PyErrPieces err_pieces(typ.borrow(), val.borrow(), tb.borrow());
+
+        return internal_green_throw(self, err_pieces).relinquish_ownership();
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+green_bool(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    return self->pimpl->active();
+}
+
+/**
+ * CAUTION: Allocates memory, may run GC and arbitrary Python code.
+ */
+static PyObject*
+green_getdict(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    if (self->dict == NULL) {
+        self->dict = PyDict_New();
+        if (self->dict == NULL) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(self->dict);
+    return self->dict;
+}
+
+static int
+green_setdict(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* val, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    PyObject* tmp;
+
+    if (val == NULL) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "__dict__ may not be deleted");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (!PyDict_Check(val)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "__dict__ must be a dictionary");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = self->dict;
+    Py_INCREF(val);
+    self->dict = val;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static bool
+_green_not_dead(BorrowedGreenlet self)
+{
+    // XXX: Where else should we do this?
+    // Probably on entry to most Python-facing functions?
+    if (self->was_running_in_dead_thread()) {
+        self->deactivate_and_free();
+        return false;
+    }
+    return self->active() || !self->started();
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+green_getdead(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    if (_green_not_dead(self)) {
+        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
+    }
+    else {
+        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+green_get_stack_saved(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(self->pimpl->stack_saved());
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+green_getrun(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    try {
+        OwnedObject result(BorrowedGreenlet(self)->run());
+        return result.relinquish_ownership();
+    }
+    catch(const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static int
+green_setrun(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nrun, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    try {
+        BorrowedGreenlet(self)->run(nrun);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    catch(const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+green_getparent(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    return BorrowedGreenlet(self)->parent().acquire_or_None();
+}
+
+
+static int
+green_setparent(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nparent, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    try {
+        BorrowedGreenlet(self)->parent(nparent);
+    }
+    catch(const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+green_getcontext(const PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    const Greenlet *const g = self->pimpl;
+    try {
+        OwnedObject result(g->context());
+        return result.relinquish_ownership();
+    }
+    catch(const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+green_setcontext(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nctx, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    try {
+        BorrowedGreenlet(self)->context(nctx);
+        return 0;
+    }
+    catch(const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+green_getframe(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    const PythonState::OwnedFrame& top_frame = BorrowedGreenlet(self)->top_frame();
+    return top_frame.acquire_or_None();
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+green_getstate(PyGreenlet* self)
+{
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "cannot serialize '%s' object",
+                 Py_TYPE(self)->tp_name);
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+green_repr(PyGreenlet* _self)
+{
+    BorrowedGreenlet self(_self);
+    /*
+      Return a string like
+      <greenlet.greenlet at 0xdeadbeef [current][active started]|dead main>
+
+      The handling of greenlets across threads is not super good.
+      We mostly use the internal definitions of these terms, but they
+      generally should make sense to users as well.
+     */
+    PyObject* result;
+    int never_started = !self->started() && !self->active();
+
+    const char* const tp_name = Py_TYPE(self)->tp_name;
+
+    if (_green_not_dead(self)) {
+        /* XXX: The otid= is almost useless because you can't correlate it to
+         any thread identifier exposed to Python. We could use
+         PyThreadState_GET()->thread_id, but we'd need to save that in the
+         greenlet, or save the whole PyThreadState object itself.
+
+         As it stands, its only useful for identifying greenlets from the same thread.
+        */
+        const char* state_in_thread;
+        if (self->was_running_in_dead_thread()) {
+            // The thread it was running in is dead!
+            // This can happen, especially at interpreter shut down.
+            // It complicates debugging output because it may be
+            // impossible to access the current thread state at that
+            // time. Thus, don't access the current thread state.
+            state_in_thread = " (thread exited)";
+        }
+        else {
+            state_in_thread = GET_THREAD_STATE().state().is_current(self)
+                ? " current"
+                : (self->started() ? " suspended" : "");
+        }
+        result = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
+            "<%s object at %p (otid=%p)%s%s%s%s>",
+            tp_name,
+            self.borrow_o(),
+            self->thread_state(),
+            state_in_thread,
+            self->active() ? " active" : "",
+            never_started ? " pending" : " started",
+            self->main() ? " main" : ""
+        );
+    }
+    else {
+        result = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
+            "<%s object at %p (otid=%p) %sdead>",
+            tp_name,
+            self.borrow_o(),
+            self->thread_state(),
+            self->was_running_in_dead_thread()
+            ? "(thread exited) "
+            : ""
+            );
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+static PyMethodDef green_methods[] = {
+    {
+      .ml_name="switch",
+      .ml_meth=reinterpret_cast<PyCFunction>(green_switch),
+      .ml_flags=METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
+      .ml_doc=green_switch_doc
+    },
+    {.ml_name="throw", .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)green_throw, .ml_flags=METH_VARARGS, .ml_doc=green_throw_doc},
+    {.ml_name="__getstate__", .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)green_getstate, .ml_flags=METH_NOARGS, .ml_doc=NULL},
+    {.ml_name=NULL, .ml_meth=NULL} /* sentinel */
+};
+
+static PyGetSetDef green_getsets[] = {
+    /* name, getter, setter, doc, context pointer */
+    {.name="__dict__", .get=(getter)green_getdict, .set=(setter)green_setdict},
+    {.name="run", .get=(getter)green_getrun, .set=(setter)green_setrun},
+    {.name="parent", .get=(getter)green_getparent, .set=(setter)green_setparent},
+    {.name="gr_frame", .get=(getter)green_getframe },
+    {
+      .name="gr_context",
+      .get=(getter)green_getcontext,
+      .set=(setter)green_setcontext
+    },
+    {.name="dead", .get=(getter)green_getdead},
+    {.name="_stack_saved", .get=(getter)green_get_stack_saved},
+    {.name=NULL}
+};
+
+static PyMemberDef green_members[] = {
+    {.name=NULL}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods green_as_number = {
+  .nb_bool=(inquiry)green_bool,
+};
+
+
+PyTypeObject PyGreenlet_Type = {
+    .ob_base=PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    .tp_name="greenlet.greenlet", /* tp_name */
+    .tp_basicsize=sizeof(PyGreenlet),  /* tp_basicsize */
+    /* methods */
+    .tp_dealloc=(destructor)green_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */
+    .tp_repr=(reprfunc)green_repr,      /* tp_repr */
+    .tp_as_number=&green_as_number,          /* tp_as _number*/
+    .tp_flags=G_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags */
+    .tp_doc="greenlet(run=None, parent=None) -> greenlet\n\n"
+    "Creates a new greenlet object (without running it).\n\n"
+    " - *run* -- The callable to invoke.\n"
+    " - *parent* -- The parent greenlet. The default is the current "
+    "greenlet.",                        /* tp_doc */
+    .tp_traverse=(traverseproc)green_traverse, /* tp_traverse */
+    .tp_clear=(inquiry)green_clear,         /* tp_clear */
+    .tp_weaklistoffset=offsetof(PyGreenlet, weakreflist),  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
+
+    .tp_methods=green_methods,                      /* tp_methods */
+    .tp_members=green_members,                      /* tp_members */
+    .tp_getset=green_getsets,                      /* tp_getset */
+    .tp_dictoffset=offsetof(PyGreenlet, dict),         /* tp_dictoffset */
+    .tp_init=(initproc)green_init,               /* tp_init */
+    .tp_alloc=PyType_GenericAlloc,                  /* tp_alloc */
+    .tp_new=(newfunc)green_new,                          /* tp_new */
+    .tp_free=PyObject_GC_Del,                   /* tp_free */
+    .tp_is_gc=(inquiry)green_is_gc,         /* tp_is_gc */
+};
+
+#endif
+
+// Local Variables:
+// flycheck-clang-include-path: ("/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/include/python3.8")
+// End:
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenlet.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenlet.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df6cd805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenlet.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#ifndef PYGREENLET_HPP
+#define PYGREENLET_HPP
+
+
+#include "greenlet.h"
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+
+
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::BorrowedGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::BorrowedObject;;
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedObject;
+using greenlet::refs::PyErrPieces;
+
+
+// XXX: These doesn't really belong here, it's not a Python slot.
+static OwnedObject internal_green_throw(BorrowedGreenlet self, PyErrPieces& err_pieces);
+
+static PyGreenlet* green_new(PyTypeObject* type, PyObject* UNUSED(args), PyObject* UNUSED(kwds));
+static int green_clear(PyGreenlet* self);
+static int green_init(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs);
+static int green_setparent(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nparent, void* UNUSED(context));
+static int green_setrun(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nrun, void* UNUSED(context));
+static int green_traverse(PyGreenlet* self, visitproc visit, void* arg);
+static void green_dealloc(PyGreenlet* self);
+static PyObject* green_getparent(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context));
+
+static int green_is_gc(PyObject* self);
+static PyObject* green_getdead(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context));
+static PyObject* green_getrun(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context));
+static int green_setcontext(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nctx, void* UNUSED(context));
+static PyObject* green_getframe(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context));
+static PyObject* green_repr(PyGreenlet* self);
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenletUnswitchable.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenletUnswitchable.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b768ee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyGreenletUnswitchable.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/**
+   Implementation of the Python slots for PyGreenletUnswitchable_Type
+*/
+#ifndef PY_GREENLET_UNSWITCHABLE_CPP
+#define PY_GREENLET_UNSWITCHABLE_CPP
+
+
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "structmember.h" // PyMemberDef
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+// Code after this point can assume access to things declared in stdint.h,
+// including the fixed-width types. This goes for the platform-specific switch functions
+// as well.
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_slp_switch.hpp"
+
+#include "greenlet_thread_support.hpp"
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+#include "TGreenlet.cpp"
+#include "TGreenletGlobals.cpp"
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+
+
+using greenlet::LockGuard;
+using greenlet::LockInitError;
+using greenlet::PyErrOccurred;
+using greenlet::Require;
+
+using greenlet::g_handle_exit;
+using greenlet::single_result;
+
+using greenlet::Greenlet;
+using greenlet::UserGreenlet;
+using greenlet::MainGreenlet;
+using greenlet::BrokenGreenlet;
+using greenlet::ThreadState;
+using greenlet::PythonState;
+
+
+#include "PyGreenlet.hpp"
+
+static PyGreenlet*
+green_unswitchable_new(PyTypeObject* type, PyObject* UNUSED(args), PyObject* UNUSED(kwds))
+{
+    PyGreenlet* o =
+        (PyGreenlet*)PyBaseObject_Type.tp_new(type, mod_globs->empty_tuple, mod_globs->empty_dict);
+    if (o) {
+        new BrokenGreenlet(o, GET_THREAD_STATE().state().borrow_current());
+        assert(Py_REFCNT(o) == 1);
+    }
+    return o;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+green_unswitchable_getforce(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    BrokenGreenlet* broken = dynamic_cast<BrokenGreenlet*>(self->pimpl);
+    return PyBool_FromLong(broken->_force_switch_error);
+}
+
+static int
+green_unswitchable_setforce(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nforce, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    if (!nforce) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_AttributeError,
+            "Cannot delete force_switch_error"
+        );
+        return -1;
+    }
+    BrokenGreenlet* broken = dynamic_cast<BrokenGreenlet*>(self->pimpl);
+    int is_true = PyObject_IsTrue(nforce);
+    if (is_true == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    broken->_force_switch_error = is_true;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+green_unswitchable_getforceslp(PyGreenlet* self, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    BrokenGreenlet* broken = dynamic_cast<BrokenGreenlet*>(self->pimpl);
+    return PyBool_FromLong(broken->_force_slp_switch_error);
+}
+
+static int
+green_unswitchable_setforceslp(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* nforce, void* UNUSED(context))
+{
+    if (!nforce) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_AttributeError,
+            "Cannot delete force_slp_switch_error"
+        );
+        return -1;
+    }
+    BrokenGreenlet* broken = dynamic_cast<BrokenGreenlet*>(self->pimpl);
+    int is_true = PyObject_IsTrue(nforce);
+    if (is_true == -1) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    broken->_force_slp_switch_error = is_true;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static PyGetSetDef green_unswitchable_getsets[] = {
+    /* name, getter, setter, doc, closure (context pointer) */
+    {
+      .name="force_switch_error",
+      .get=(getter)green_unswitchable_getforce,
+      .set=(setter)green_unswitchable_setforce,
+      .doc=NULL
+    },
+    {
+      .name="force_slp_switch_error",
+      .get=(getter)green_unswitchable_getforceslp,
+      .set=(setter)green_unswitchable_setforceslp,
+      .doc=nullptr
+    },
+    {.name=nullptr}
+};
+
+PyTypeObject PyGreenletUnswitchable_Type = {
+    .ob_base=PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
+    .tp_name="greenlet._greenlet.UnswitchableGreenlet",
+    .tp_dealloc= (destructor)green_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */
+    .tp_flags=G_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /* tp_flags */
+    .tp_doc="Undocumented internal class",                        /* tp_doc */
+    .tp_traverse=(traverseproc)green_traverse, /* tp_traverse */
+    .tp_clear=(inquiry)green_clear,         /* tp_clear */
+
+    .tp_getset=green_unswitchable_getsets,                      /* tp_getset */
+    .tp_base=&PyGreenlet_Type,                                  /* tp_base */
+    .tp_init=(initproc)green_init,               /* tp_init */
+    .tp_alloc=PyType_GenericAlloc,                  /* tp_alloc */
+    .tp_new=(newfunc)green_unswitchable_new,                          /* tp_new */
+    .tp_free=PyObject_GC_Del,                   /* tp_free */
+    .tp_is_gc=(inquiry)green_is_gc,         /* tp_is_gc */
+};
+
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyModule.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyModule.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6adcb5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/PyModule.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+#ifndef PY_MODULE_CPP
+#define PY_MODULE_CPP
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+
+
+#include "TGreenletGlobals.cpp"
+#include "TMainGreenlet.cpp"
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+
+using greenlet::LockGuard;
+using greenlet::ThreadState;
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable"
+#endif
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_getcurrent_doc,
+             "getcurrent() -> greenlet\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Returns the current greenlet (i.e. the one which called this "
+             "function).\n");
+
+static PyObject*
+mod_getcurrent(PyObject* UNUSED(module))
+{
+    return GET_THREAD_STATE().state().get_current().relinquish_ownership_o();
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_settrace_doc,
+             "settrace(callback) -> object\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Sets a new tracing function and returns the previous one.\n");
+static PyObject*
+mod_settrace(PyObject* UNUSED(module), PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyArgParseParam tracefunc;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &tracefunc)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    ThreadState& state = GET_THREAD_STATE();
+    OwnedObject previous = state.get_tracefunc();
+    if (!previous) {
+        previous = Py_None;
+    }
+
+    state.set_tracefunc(tracefunc);
+
+    return previous.relinquish_ownership();
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_gettrace_doc,
+             "gettrace() -> object\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Returns the currently set tracing function, or None.\n");
+
+static PyObject*
+mod_gettrace(PyObject* UNUSED(module))
+{
+    OwnedObject tracefunc = GET_THREAD_STATE().state().get_tracefunc();
+    if (!tracefunc) {
+        tracefunc = Py_None;
+    }
+    return tracefunc.relinquish_ownership();
+}
+
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_set_thread_local_doc,
+             "set_thread_local(key, value) -> None\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Set a value in the current thread-local dictionary. Debugging only.\n");
+
+static PyObject*
+mod_set_thread_local(PyObject* UNUSED(module), PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyArgParseParam key;
+    PyArgParseParam value;
+    PyObject* result = NULL;
+
+    if (PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "set_thread_local", 2, 2, &key, &value)) {
+        if(PyDict_SetItem(
+                          PyThreadState_GetDict(), // borrow
+                          key,
+                          value) == 0 ) {
+            // success
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            result = Py_None;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_get_pending_cleanup_count_doc,
+             "get_pending_cleanup_count() -> Integer\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Get the number of greenlet cleanup operations pending. Testing only.\n");
+
+
+static PyObject*
+mod_get_pending_cleanup_count(PyObject* UNUSED(module))
+{
+    LockGuard cleanup_lock(*mod_globs->thread_states_to_destroy_lock);
+    return PyLong_FromSize_t(mod_globs->thread_states_to_destroy.size());
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_get_total_main_greenlets_doc,
+             "get_total_main_greenlets() -> Integer\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Quickly return the number of main greenlets that exist. Testing only.\n");
+
+static PyObject*
+mod_get_total_main_greenlets(PyObject* UNUSED(module))
+{
+    return PyLong_FromSize_t(G_TOTAL_MAIN_GREENLETS);
+}
+
+
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup_doc,
+             "get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup() -> Integer\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Get the number of clock ticks the program has used doing optional "
+             "greenlet cleanup.\n"
+             "Beginning in greenlet 2.0, greenlet tries to find and dispose of greenlets\n"
+             "that leaked after a thread exited. This requires invoking Python's garbage collector,\n"
+             "which may have a performance cost proportional to the number of live objects.\n"
+             "This function returns the amount of processor time\n"
+             "greenlet has used to do this. In programs that run with very large amounts of live\n"
+             "objects, this metric can be used to decide whether the cost of doing this cleanup\n"
+             "is worth the memory leak being corrected. If not, you can disable the cleanup\n"
+             "using ``enable_optional_cleanup(False)``.\n"
+             "The units are arbitrary and can only be compared to themselves (similarly to ``time.clock()``);\n"
+             "for example, to see how it scales with your heap. You can attempt to convert them into seconds\n"
+             "by dividing by the value of CLOCKS_PER_SEC."
+             "If cleanup has been disabled, returns None."
+             "\n"
+             "This is an implementation specific, provisional API. It may be changed or removed\n"
+             "in the future.\n"
+             ".. versionadded:: 2.0"
+             );
+static PyObject*
+mod_get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup(PyObject* UNUSED(module))
+{
+    std::clock_t& clocks = ThreadState::clocks_used_doing_gc();
+
+    if (clocks == std::clock_t(-1)) {
+        Py_RETURN_NONE;
+    }
+    // This might not actually work on some implementations; clock_t
+    // is an opaque type.
+    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(clocks);
+}
+
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_enable_optional_cleanup_doc,
+             "mod_enable_optional_cleanup(bool) -> None\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Enable or disable optional cleanup operations.\n"
+             "See ``get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup()`` for details.\n"
+             );
+static PyObject*
+mod_enable_optional_cleanup(PyObject* UNUSED(module), PyObject* flag)
+{
+    int is_true = PyObject_IsTrue(flag);
+    if (is_true == -1) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    std::clock_t& clocks = ThreadState::clocks_used_doing_gc();
+    if (is_true) {
+        // If we already have a value, we don't want to lose it.
+        if (clocks == std::clock_t(-1)) {
+            clocks = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        clocks = std::clock_t(-1);
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+
+
+
+#if !GREENLET_PY313
+PyDoc_STRVAR(mod_get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting_doc,
+             "get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting() -> Integer\n"
+             "\n"
+             "Return the 'trash can' nesting level. Testing only.\n");
+static PyObject*
+mod_get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting(PyObject* UNUSED(module))
+{
+    PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+
+#if GREENLET_PY312
+    return PyLong_FromLong(tstate->trash.delete_nesting);
+#else
+    return PyLong_FromLong(tstate->trash_delete_nesting);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+
+
+
+static PyMethodDef GreenMethods[] = {
+    {
+      .ml_name="getcurrent",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_getcurrent,
+      .ml_flags=METH_NOARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_getcurrent_doc
+    },
+    {
+      .ml_name="settrace",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_settrace,
+      .ml_flags=METH_VARARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_settrace_doc
+    },
+    {
+      .ml_name="gettrace",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_gettrace,
+      .ml_flags=METH_NOARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_gettrace_doc
+    },
+    {
+      .ml_name="set_thread_local",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_set_thread_local,
+      .ml_flags=METH_VARARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_set_thread_local_doc
+    },
+    {
+      .ml_name="get_pending_cleanup_count",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_get_pending_cleanup_count,
+      .ml_flags=METH_NOARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_get_pending_cleanup_count_doc
+    },
+    {
+      .ml_name="get_total_main_greenlets",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_get_total_main_greenlets,
+      .ml_flags=METH_NOARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_get_total_main_greenlets_doc
+    },
+    {
+      .ml_name="get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup,
+      .ml_flags=METH_NOARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup_doc
+    },
+    {
+      .ml_name="enable_optional_cleanup",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_enable_optional_cleanup,
+      .ml_flags=METH_O,
+      .ml_doc=mod_enable_optional_cleanup_doc
+    },
+#if !GREENLET_PY313
+    {
+      .ml_name="get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting",
+      .ml_meth=(PyCFunction)mod_get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting,
+      .ml_flags=METH_NOARGS,
+      .ml_doc=mod_get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting_doc
+    },
+#endif
+    {.ml_name=NULL, .ml_meth=NULL} /* Sentinel */
+};
+
+static const char* const copy_on_greentype[] = {
+    "getcurrent",
+    "error",
+    "GreenletExit",
+    "settrace",
+    "gettrace",
+    NULL
+};
+
+static struct PyModuleDef greenlet_module_def = {
+    .m_base=PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    .m_name="greenlet._greenlet",
+    .m_doc=NULL,
+    .m_size=-1,
+    .m_methods=GreenMethods,
+};
+
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TBrokenGreenlet.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TBrokenGreenlet.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e9ab5be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TBrokenGreenlet.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/**
+ * Implementation of greenlet::UserGreenlet.
+ *
+ * Format with:
+ *  clang-format -i --style=file src/greenlet/greenlet.c
+ *
+ *
+ * Fix missing braces with:
+ *   clang-tidy src/greenlet/greenlet.c -fix -checks="readability-braces-around-statements"
+*/
+
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+void* BrokenGreenlet::operator new(size_t UNUSED(count))
+{
+    return allocator.allocate(1);
+}
+
+
+void BrokenGreenlet::operator delete(void* ptr)
+{
+    return allocator.deallocate(static_cast<BrokenGreenlet*>(ptr),
+                                1);
+}
+
+greenlet::PythonAllocator<greenlet::BrokenGreenlet> greenlet::BrokenGreenlet::allocator;
+
+bool
+BrokenGreenlet::force_slp_switch_error() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->_force_slp_switch_error;
+}
+
+UserGreenlet::switchstack_result_t BrokenGreenlet::g_switchstack(void)
+{
+  if (this->_force_switch_error) {
+    return switchstack_result_t(-1);
+  }
+  return UserGreenlet::g_switchstack();
+}
+
+}; //namespace greenlet
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TExceptionState.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TExceptionState.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08a94ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TExceptionState.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_EXCEPTION_STATE_CPP
+#define GREENLET_EXCEPTION_STATE_CPP
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+
+ExceptionState::ExceptionState()
+{
+    this->clear();
+}
+
+void ExceptionState::operator<<(const PyThreadState *const tstate) noexcept
+{
+    this->exc_info = tstate->exc_info;
+    this->exc_state = tstate->exc_state;
+}
+
+void ExceptionState::operator>>(PyThreadState *const tstate) noexcept
+{
+    tstate->exc_state = this->exc_state;
+    tstate->exc_info =
+        this->exc_info ? this->exc_info : &tstate->exc_state;
+    this->clear();
+}
+
+void ExceptionState::clear() noexcept
+{
+    this->exc_info = nullptr;
+    this->exc_state.exc_value = nullptr;
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+    this->exc_state.exc_type = nullptr;
+    this->exc_state.exc_traceback = nullptr;
+#endif
+    this->exc_state.previous_item = nullptr;
+}
+
+int ExceptionState::tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg) noexcept
+{
+    Py_VISIT(this->exc_state.exc_value);
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+    Py_VISIT(this->exc_state.exc_type);
+    Py_VISIT(this->exc_state.exc_traceback);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void ExceptionState::tp_clear() noexcept
+{
+    Py_CLEAR(this->exc_state.exc_value);
+#if !GREENLET_PY311
+    Py_CLEAR(this->exc_state.exc_type);
+    Py_CLEAR(this->exc_state.exc_traceback);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+#endif // GREENLET_EXCEPTION_STATE_CPP
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenlet.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenlet.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4698a178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenlet.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/**
+ * Implementation of greenlet::Greenlet.
+ *
+ * Format with:
+ *  clang-format -i --style=file src/greenlet/greenlet.c
+ *
+ *
+ * Fix missing braces with:
+ *   clang-tidy src/greenlet/greenlet.c -fix -checks="readability-braces-around-statements"
+*/
+#ifndef TGREENLET_CPP
+#define TGREENLET_CPP
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+
+#include "TGreenletGlobals.cpp"
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+Greenlet::Greenlet(PyGreenlet* p)
+    :  Greenlet(p, StackState())
+{
+}
+
+Greenlet::Greenlet(PyGreenlet* p, const StackState& initial_stack)
+    :  _self(p), stack_state(initial_stack)
+{
+    assert(p->pimpl == nullptr);
+    p->pimpl = this;
+}
+
+Greenlet::~Greenlet()
+{
+    // XXX: Can't do this. tp_clear is a virtual function, and by the
+    // time we're here, we've sliced off our child classes.
+    //this->tp_clear();
+    this->_self->pimpl = nullptr;
+}
+
+bool
+Greenlet::force_slp_switch_error() const noexcept
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+void
+Greenlet::release_args()
+{
+    this->switch_args.CLEAR();
+}
+
+/**
+ * CAUTION: This will allocate memory and may trigger garbage
+ * collection and arbitrary Python code.
+ */
+OwnedObject
+Greenlet::throw_GreenletExit_during_dealloc(const ThreadState& UNUSED(current_thread_state))
+{
+    // If we're killed because we lost all references in the
+    // middle of a switch, that's ok. Don't reset the args/kwargs,
+    // we still want to pass them to the parent.
+    PyErr_SetString(mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletExit,
+                    "Killing the greenlet because all references have vanished.");
+    // To get here it had to have run before
+    return this->g_switch();
+}
+
+inline void
+Greenlet::slp_restore_state() noexcept
+{
+#ifdef SLP_BEFORE_RESTORE_STATE
+    SLP_BEFORE_RESTORE_STATE();
+#endif
+    this->stack_state.copy_heap_to_stack(
+           this->thread_state()->borrow_current()->stack_state);
+}
+
+
+inline int
+Greenlet::slp_save_state(char *const stackref) noexcept
+{
+    // XXX: This used to happen in the middle, before saving, but
+    // after finding the next owner. Does that matter? This is
+    // only defined for Sparc/GCC where it flushes register
+    // windows to the stack (I think)
+#ifdef SLP_BEFORE_SAVE_STATE
+    SLP_BEFORE_SAVE_STATE();
+#endif
+    return this->stack_state.copy_stack_to_heap(stackref,
+                                                this->thread_state()->borrow_current()->stack_state);
+}
+
+/**
+ * CAUTION: This will allocate memory and may trigger garbage
+ * collection and arbitrary Python code.
+ */
+OwnedObject
+Greenlet::on_switchstack_or_initialstub_failure(
+    Greenlet* target,
+    const Greenlet::switchstack_result_t& err,
+    const bool target_was_me,
+    const bool was_initial_stub)
+{
+    // If we get here, either g_initialstub()
+    // failed, or g_switchstack() failed. Either one of those
+    // cases SHOULD leave us in the original greenlet with a valid stack.
+    if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_SystemError,
+            was_initial_stub
+            ? "Failed to switch stacks into a greenlet for the first time."
+            : "Failed to switch stacks into a running greenlet.");
+    }
+    this->release_args();
+
+    if (target && !target_was_me) {
+        target->murder_in_place();
+    }
+
+    assert(!err.the_new_current_greenlet);
+    assert(!err.origin_greenlet);
+    return OwnedObject();
+
+}
+
+OwnedGreenlet
+Greenlet::g_switchstack_success() noexcept
+{
+    PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    // restore the saved state
+    this->python_state >> tstate;
+    this->exception_state >> tstate;
+
+    // The thread state hasn't been changed yet.
+    ThreadState* thread_state = this->thread_state();
+    OwnedGreenlet result(thread_state->get_current());
+    thread_state->set_current(this->self());
+    //assert(thread_state->borrow_current().borrow() == this->_self);
+    return result;
+}
+
+Greenlet::switchstack_result_t
+Greenlet::g_switchstack(void)
+{
+    // if any of these assertions fail, it's likely because we
+    // switched away and tried to switch back to us. Early stages of
+    // switching are not reentrant because we re-use ``this->args()``.
+    // Switching away would happen if we trigger a garbage collection
+    // (by just using some Python APIs that happen to allocate Python
+    // objects) and some garbage had weakref callbacks or __del__ that
+    // switches (people don't write code like that by hand, but with
+    // gevent it's possible without realizing it)
+    assert(this->args() || PyErr_Occurred());
+    { /* save state */
+        if (this->thread_state()->is_current(this->self())) {
+            // Hmm, nothing to do.
+            // TODO: Does this bypass trace events that are
+            // important?
+            return switchstack_result_t(0,
+                                        this, this->thread_state()->borrow_current());
+        }
+        BorrowedGreenlet current = this->thread_state()->borrow_current();
+        PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+
+        current->python_state << tstate;
+        current->exception_state << tstate;
+        this->python_state.will_switch_from(tstate);
+        switching_thread_state = this;
+        current->expose_frames();
+    }
+    assert(this->args() || PyErr_Occurred());
+    // If this is the first switch into a greenlet, this will
+    // return twice, once with 1 in the new greenlet, once with 0
+    // in the origin.
+    int err;
+    if (this->force_slp_switch_error()) {
+        err = -1;
+    }
+    else {
+        err = slp_switch();
+    }
+
+    if (err < 0) { /* error */
+        // Tested by
+        // test_greenlet.TestBrokenGreenlets.test_failed_to_slp_switch_into_running
+        //
+        // It's not clear if it's worth trying to clean up and
+        // continue here. Failing to switch stacks is a big deal which
+        // may not be recoverable (who knows what state the stack is in).
+        // Also, we've stolen references in preparation for calling
+        // ``g_switchstack_success()`` and we don't have a clean
+        // mechanism for backing that all out.
+        Py_FatalError("greenlet: Failed low-level slp_switch(). The stack is probably corrupt.");
+    }
+
+    // No stack-based variables are valid anymore.
+
+    // But the global is volatile so we can reload it without the
+    // compiler caching it from earlier.
+    Greenlet* greenlet_that_switched_in = switching_thread_state; // aka this
+    switching_thread_state = nullptr;
+    // except that no stack variables are valid, we would:
+    // assert(this == greenlet_that_switched_in);
+
+    // switchstack success is where we restore the exception state,
+    // etc. It returns the origin greenlet because its convenient.
+
+    OwnedGreenlet origin = greenlet_that_switched_in->g_switchstack_success();
+    assert(greenlet_that_switched_in->args() || PyErr_Occurred());
+    return switchstack_result_t(err, greenlet_that_switched_in, origin);
+}
+
+
+inline void
+Greenlet::check_switch_allowed() const
+{
+    // TODO: Make this take a parameter of the current greenlet,
+    // or current main greenlet, to make the check for
+    // cross-thread switching cheaper. Surely somewhere up the
+    // call stack we've already accessed the thread local variable.
+
+    // We expect to always have a main greenlet now; accessing the thread state
+    // created it. However, if we get here and cleanup has already
+    // begun because we're a greenlet that was running in a
+    // (now dead) thread, these invariants will not hold true. In
+    // fact, accessing `this->thread_state` may not even be possible.
+
+    // If the thread this greenlet was running in is dead,
+    // we'll still have a reference to a main greenlet, but the
+    // thread state pointer we have is bogus.
+    // TODO: Give the objects an API to determine if they belong
+    // to a dead thread.
+
+    const BorrowedMainGreenlet main_greenlet = this->find_main_greenlet_in_lineage();
+
+    if (!main_greenlet) {
+        throw PyErrOccurred(mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletError,
+                            "cannot switch to a garbage collected greenlet");
+    }
+
+    if (!main_greenlet->thread_state()) {
+        throw PyErrOccurred(mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletError,
+                            "cannot switch to a different thread (which happens to have exited)");
+    }
+
+    // The main greenlet we found was from the .parent lineage.
+    // That may or may not have any relationship to the main
+    // greenlet of the running thread. We can't actually access
+    // our this->thread_state members to try to check that,
+    // because it could be in the process of getting destroyed,
+    // but setting the main_greenlet->thread_state member to NULL
+    // may not be visible yet. So we need to check against the
+    // current thread state (once the cheaper checks are out of
+    // the way)
+    const BorrowedMainGreenlet current_main_greenlet = GET_THREAD_STATE().state().borrow_main_greenlet();
+    if (
+        // lineage main greenlet is not this thread's greenlet
+        current_main_greenlet != main_greenlet
+        || (
+            // atteched to some thread
+            this->main_greenlet()
+            // XXX: Same condition as above. Was this supposed to be
+            // this->main_greenlet()?
+            && current_main_greenlet != main_greenlet)
+        // switching into a known dead thread (XXX: which, if we get here,
+        // is bad, because we just accessed the thread state, which is
+        // gone!)
+        || (!current_main_greenlet->thread_state())) {
+        // CAUTION: This may trigger memory allocations, gc, and
+        // arbitrary Python code.
+        throw PyErrOccurred(
+            mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletError,
+            "Cannot switch to a different thread\n\tCurrent:  %R\n\tExpected: %R",
+            current_main_greenlet, main_greenlet);
+    }
+}
+
+const OwnedObject
+Greenlet::context() const
+{
+    using greenlet::PythonStateContext;
+    OwnedObject result;
+
+    if (this->is_currently_running_in_some_thread()) {
+        /* Currently running greenlet: context is stored in the thread state,
+           not the greenlet object. */
+        if (GET_THREAD_STATE().state().is_current(this->self())) {
+            result = PythonStateContext::context(PyThreadState_GET());
+        }
+        else {
+            throw ValueError(
+                            "cannot get context of a "
+                            "greenlet that is running in a different thread");
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Greenlet is not running: just return context. */
+        result = this->python_state.context();
+    }
+    if (!result) {
+        result = OwnedObject::None();
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+
+void
+Greenlet::context(BorrowedObject given)
+{
+    using greenlet::PythonStateContext;
+    if (!given) {
+        throw AttributeError("can't delete context attribute");
+    }
+    if (given.is_None()) {
+        /* "Empty context" is stored as NULL, not None. */
+        given = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    //checks type, incrs refcnt
+    greenlet::refs::OwnedContext context(given);
+    PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+
+    if (this->is_currently_running_in_some_thread()) {
+        if (!GET_THREAD_STATE().state().is_current(this->self())) {
+            throw ValueError("cannot set context of a greenlet"
+                             " that is running in a different thread");
+        }
+
+        /* Currently running greenlet: context is stored in the thread state,
+           not the greenlet object. */
+        OwnedObject octx = OwnedObject::consuming(PythonStateContext::context(tstate));
+        PythonStateContext::context(tstate, context.relinquish_ownership());
+    }
+    else {
+        /* Greenlet is not running: just set context. Note that the
+           greenlet may be dead.*/
+        this->python_state.context() = context;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * CAUTION: May invoke arbitrary Python code.
+ *
+ * Figure out what the result of ``greenlet.switch(arg, kwargs)``
+ * should be and transfers ownership of it to the left-hand-side.
+ *
+ * If switch() was just passed an arg tuple, then we'll just return that.
+ * If only keyword arguments were passed, then we'll pass the keyword
+ * argument dict. Otherwise, we'll create a tuple of (args, kwargs) and
+ * return both.
+ *
+ * CAUTION: This may allocate a new tuple object, which may
+ * cause the Python garbage collector to run, which in turn may
+ * run arbitrary Python code that switches.
+ */
+OwnedObject& operator<<=(OwnedObject& lhs, greenlet::SwitchingArgs& rhs) noexcept
+{
+    // Because this may invoke arbitrary Python code, which could
+    // result in switching back to us, we need to get the
+    // arguments locally on the stack.
+    assert(rhs);
+    OwnedObject args = rhs.args();
+    OwnedObject kwargs = rhs.kwargs();
+    rhs.CLEAR();
+    // We shouldn't be called twice for the same switch.
+    assert(args || kwargs);
+    assert(!rhs);
+
+    if (!kwargs) {
+        lhs = args;
+    }
+    else if (!PyDict_Size(kwargs.borrow())) {
+        lhs = args;
+    }
+    else if (!PySequence_Length(args.borrow())) {
+        lhs = kwargs;
+    }
+    else {
+        // PyTuple_Pack allocates memory, may GC, may run arbitrary
+        // Python code.
+        lhs = OwnedObject::consuming(PyTuple_Pack(2, args.borrow(), kwargs.borrow()));
+    }
+    return lhs;
+}
+
+static OwnedObject
+g_handle_exit(const OwnedObject& greenlet_result)
+{
+    if (!greenlet_result && mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletExit.PyExceptionMatches()) {
+        /* catch and ignore GreenletExit */
+        PyErrFetchParam val;
+        PyErr_Fetch(PyErrFetchParam(), val, PyErrFetchParam());
+        if (!val) {
+            return OwnedObject::None();
+        }
+        return OwnedObject(val);
+    }
+
+    if (greenlet_result) {
+        // package the result into a 1-tuple
+        // PyTuple_Pack increments the reference of its arguments,
+        // so we always need to decref the greenlet result;
+        // the owner will do that.
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(PyTuple_Pack(1, greenlet_result.borrow()));
+    }
+
+    return OwnedObject();
+}
+
+
+
+/**
+ * May run arbitrary Python code.
+ */
+OwnedObject
+Greenlet::g_switch_finish(const switchstack_result_t& err)
+{
+    assert(err.the_new_current_greenlet == this);
+
+    ThreadState& state = *this->thread_state();
+    // Because calling the trace function could do arbitrary things,
+    // including switching away from this greenlet and then maybe
+    // switching back, we need to capture the arguments now so that
+    // they don't change.
+    OwnedObject result;
+    if (this->args()) {
+        result <<= this->args();
+    }
+    else {
+        assert(PyErr_Occurred());
+    }
+    assert(!this->args());
+    try {
+        // Our only caller handles the bad error case
+        assert(err.status >= 0);
+        assert(state.borrow_current() == this->self());
+        if (OwnedObject tracefunc = state.get_tracefunc()) {
+            assert(result || PyErr_Occurred());
+            g_calltrace(tracefunc,
+                        result ? mod_globs->event_switch : mod_globs->event_throw,
+                        err.origin_greenlet,
+                        this->self());
+        }
+        // The above could have invoked arbitrary Python code, but
+        // it couldn't switch back to this object and *also*
+        // throw an exception, so the args won't have changed.
+
+        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            // We get here if we fell of the end of the run() function
+            // raising an exception. The switch itself was
+            // successful, but the function raised.
+            // valgrind reports that memory allocated here can still
+            // be reached after a test run.
+            throw PyErrOccurred::from_current();
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        /* Turn switch errors into switch throws */
+        /* Turn trace errors into switch throws */
+        this->release_args();
+        throw;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Greenlet::g_calltrace(const OwnedObject& tracefunc,
+                      const greenlet::refs::ImmortalEventName& event,
+                      const BorrowedGreenlet& origin,
+                      const BorrowedGreenlet& target)
+{
+    PyErrPieces saved_exc;
+    try {
+        TracingGuard tracing_guard;
+        // TODO: We have saved the active exception (if any) that's
+        // about to be raised. In the 'throw' case, we could provide
+        // the exception to the tracefunction, which seems very helpful.
+        tracing_guard.CallTraceFunction(tracefunc, event, origin, target);
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        // In case of exceptions trace function is removed,
+        // and any existing exception is replaced with the tracing
+        // exception.
+        GET_THREAD_STATE().state().set_tracefunc(Py_None);
+        throw;
+    }
+
+    saved_exc.PyErrRestore();
+    assert(
+        (event == mod_globs->event_throw && PyErr_Occurred())
+        || (event == mod_globs->event_switch && !PyErr_Occurred())
+    );
+}
+
+void
+Greenlet::murder_in_place()
+{
+    if (this->active()) {
+        assert(!this->is_currently_running_in_some_thread());
+        this->deactivate_and_free();
+    }
+}
+
+inline void
+Greenlet::deactivate_and_free()
+{
+    if (!this->active()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    // Throw away any saved stack.
+    this->stack_state = StackState();
+    assert(!this->stack_state.active());
+    // Throw away any Python references.
+    // We're holding a borrowed reference to the last
+    // frame we executed. Since we borrowed it, the
+    // normal traversal, clear, and dealloc functions
+    // ignore it, meaning it leaks. (The thread state
+    // object can't find it to clear it when that's
+    // deallocated either, because by definition if we
+    // got an object on this list, it wasn't
+    // running and the thread state doesn't have
+    // this frame.)
+    // So here, we *do* clear it.
+    this->python_state.tp_clear(true);
+}
+
+bool
+Greenlet::belongs_to_thread(const ThreadState* thread_state) const
+{
+    if (!this->thread_state() // not running anywhere, or thread
+                              // exited
+        || !thread_state) { // same, or there is no thread state.
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+
+void
+Greenlet::deallocing_greenlet_in_thread(const ThreadState* current_thread_state)
+{
+    /* Cannot raise an exception to kill the greenlet if
+       it is not running in the same thread! */
+    if (this->belongs_to_thread(current_thread_state)) {
+        assert(current_thread_state);
+        // To get here it had to have run before
+        /* Send the greenlet a GreenletExit exception. */
+
+        // We don't care about the return value, only whether an
+        // exception happened.
+        this->throw_GreenletExit_during_dealloc(*current_thread_state);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Not the same thread! Temporarily save the greenlet
+    // into its thread's deleteme list, *if* it exists.
+    // If that thread has already exited, and processed its pending
+    // cleanup, we'll never be able to clean everything up: we won't
+    // be able to raise an exception.
+    // That's mostly OK! Since we can't add it to a list, our refcount
+    // won't increase, and we'll go ahead with the DECREFs later.
+    ThreadState *const  thread_state = this->thread_state();
+    if (thread_state) {
+        thread_state->delete_when_thread_running(this->self());
+    }
+    else {
+        // The thread is dead, we can't raise an exception.
+        // We need to make it look non-active, though, so that dealloc
+        // finishes killing it.
+        this->deactivate_and_free();
+    }
+    return;
+}
+
+
+int
+Greenlet::tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg)
+{
+
+    int result;
+    if ((result = this->exception_state.tp_traverse(visit, arg)) != 0) {
+        return result;
+    }
+    //XXX: This is ugly. But so is handling everything having to do
+    //with the top frame.
+    bool visit_top_frame = this->was_running_in_dead_thread();
+    // When true, the thread is dead. Our implicit weak reference to the
+    // frame is now all that's left; we consider ourselves to
+    // strongly own it now.
+    if ((result = this->python_state.tp_traverse(visit, arg, visit_top_frame)) != 0) {
+        return result;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
+Greenlet::tp_clear()
+{
+    bool own_top_frame = this->was_running_in_dead_thread();
+    this->exception_state.tp_clear();
+    this->python_state.tp_clear(own_top_frame);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool Greenlet::is_currently_running_in_some_thread() const
+{
+    return this->stack_state.active() && !this->python_state.top_frame();
+}
+
+#if GREENLET_PY312
+void GREENLET_NOINLINE(Greenlet::expose_frames)()
+{
+    if (!this->python_state.top_frame()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    _PyInterpreterFrame* last_complete_iframe = nullptr;
+    _PyInterpreterFrame* iframe = this->python_state.top_frame()->f_frame;
+    while (iframe) {
+        // We must make a copy before looking at the iframe contents,
+        // since iframe might point to a portion of the greenlet's C stack
+        // that was spilled when switching greenlets.
+        _PyInterpreterFrame iframe_copy;
+        this->stack_state.copy_from_stack(&iframe_copy, iframe, sizeof(*iframe));
+        if (!_PyFrame_IsIncomplete(&iframe_copy)) {
+            // If the iframe were OWNED_BY_CSTACK then it would always be
+            // incomplete. Since it's not incomplete, it's not on the C stack
+            // and we can access it through the original `iframe` pointer
+            // directly.  This is important since GetFrameObject might
+            // lazily _create_ the frame object and we don't want the
+            // interpreter to lose track of it.
+            assert(iframe_copy.owner != FRAME_OWNED_BY_CSTACK);
+
+            // We really want to just write:
+            //     PyFrameObject* frame = _PyFrame_GetFrameObject(iframe);
+            // but _PyFrame_GetFrameObject calls _PyFrame_MakeAndSetFrameObject
+            // which is not a visible symbol in libpython. The easiest
+            // way to get a public function to call it is using
+            // PyFrame_GetBack, which is defined as follows:
+            //     assert(frame != NULL);
+            //     assert(!_PyFrame_IsIncomplete(frame->f_frame));
+            //     PyFrameObject *back = frame->f_back;
+            //     if (back == NULL) {
+            //         _PyInterpreterFrame *prev = frame->f_frame->previous;
+            //         prev = _PyFrame_GetFirstComplete(prev);
+            //         if (prev) {
+            //             back = _PyFrame_GetFrameObject(prev);
+            //         }
+            //     }
+            //     return (PyFrameObject*)Py_XNewRef(back);
+            if (!iframe->frame_obj) {
+                PyFrameObject dummy_frame;
+                _PyInterpreterFrame dummy_iframe;
+                dummy_frame.f_back = nullptr;
+                dummy_frame.f_frame = &dummy_iframe;
+                // force the iframe to be considered complete without
+                // needing to check its code object:
+                dummy_iframe.owner = FRAME_OWNED_BY_GENERATOR;
+                dummy_iframe.previous = iframe;
+                assert(!_PyFrame_IsIncomplete(&dummy_iframe));
+                // Drop the returned reference immediately; the iframe
+                // continues to hold a strong reference
+                Py_XDECREF(PyFrame_GetBack(&dummy_frame));
+                assert(iframe->frame_obj);
+            }
+
+            // This is a complete frame, so make the last one of those we saw
+            // point at it, bypassing any incomplete frames (which may have
+            // been on the C stack) in between the two. We're overwriting
+            // last_complete_iframe->previous and need that to be reversible,
+            // so we store the original previous ptr in the frame object
+            // (which we must have created on a previous iteration through
+            // this loop). The frame object has a bunch of storage that is
+            // only used when its iframe is OWNED_BY_FRAME_OBJECT, which only
+            // occurs when the frame object outlives the frame's execution,
+            // which can't have happened yet because the frame is currently
+            // executing as far as the interpreter is concerned. So, we can
+            // reuse it for our own purposes.
+            assert(iframe->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_THREAD
+                   || iframe->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_GENERATOR);
+            if (last_complete_iframe) {
+                assert(last_complete_iframe->frame_obj);
+                memcpy(&last_complete_iframe->frame_obj->_f_frame_data[0],
+                       &last_complete_iframe->previous, sizeof(void *));
+                last_complete_iframe->previous = iframe;
+            }
+            last_complete_iframe = iframe;
+        }
+        // Frames that are OWNED_BY_FRAME_OBJECT are linked via the
+        // frame's f_back while all others are linked via the iframe's
+        // previous ptr. Since all the frames we traverse are running
+        // as far as the interpreter is concerned, we don't have to
+        // worry about the OWNED_BY_FRAME_OBJECT case.
+        iframe = iframe_copy.previous;
+    }
+
+    // Give the outermost complete iframe a null previous pointer to
+    // account for any potential incomplete/C-stack iframes between it
+    // and the actual top-of-stack
+    if (last_complete_iframe) {
+        assert(last_complete_iframe->frame_obj);
+        memcpy(&last_complete_iframe->frame_obj->_f_frame_data[0],
+               &last_complete_iframe->previous, sizeof(void *));
+        last_complete_iframe->previous = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+#else
+void Greenlet::expose_frames()
+{
+
+}
+#endif
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenlet.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenlet.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f69b881d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenlet.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_GREENLET_HPP
+#define GREENLET_GREENLET_HPP
+/*
+ * Declarations of the core data structures.
+*/
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_cpython_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_allocator.hpp"
+
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedObject;
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedMainGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::BorrowedGreenlet;
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x30B00A6
+#  define _PyCFrame CFrame
+#  define _PyInterpreterFrame _interpreter_frame
+#endif
+
+#if GREENLET_PY312
+#  define Py_BUILD_CORE
+#  include "internal/pycore_frame.h"
+#endif
+
+#if GREENLET_PY314
+#  include "internal/pycore_interpframe_structs.h"
+#  include "internal/pycore_interpframe.h"
+#endif
+
+// XXX: TODO: Work to remove all virtual functions
+// for speed of calling and size of objects (no vtable).
+// One pattern is the Curiously Recurring Template
+namespace greenlet
+{
+    class ExceptionState
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ExceptionState);
+
+        // Even though these are borrowed objects, we actually own
+        // them, when they're not null.
+        // XXX: Express that in the API.
+    private:
+        _PyErr_StackItem* exc_info;
+        _PyErr_StackItem exc_state;
+    public:
+        ExceptionState();
+        void operator<<(const PyThreadState *const tstate) noexcept;
+        void operator>>(PyThreadState* tstate) noexcept;
+        void clear() noexcept;
+
+        int tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg) noexcept;
+        void tp_clear() noexcept;
+    };
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void operator<<(const PyThreadState *const tstate, T& exc);
+
+    class PythonStateContext
+    {
+    protected:
+        greenlet::refs::OwnedContext _context;
+    public:
+        inline const greenlet::refs::OwnedContext& context() const
+        {
+            return this->_context;
+        }
+        inline greenlet::refs::OwnedContext& context()
+        {
+            return this->_context;
+        }
+
+        inline void tp_clear()
+        {
+            this->_context.CLEAR();
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        inline static PyObject* context(T* tstate)
+        {
+            return tstate->context;
+        }
+
+        template<typename T>
+        inline static void context(T* tstate, PyObject* new_context)
+        {
+            tstate->context = new_context;
+            tstate->context_ver++;
+        }
+    };
+    class SwitchingArgs;
+    class PythonState : public PythonStateContext
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef greenlet::refs::OwnedReference<struct _frame> OwnedFrame;
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(PythonState);
+        // We own this if we're suspended (although currently we don't
+        // tp_traverse into it; that's a TODO). If we're running, it's
+        // empty. If we get deallocated and *still* have a frame, it
+        // won't be reachable from the place that normally decref's
+        // it, so we need to do it (hence owning it).
+        OwnedFrame _top_frame;
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+        _PyCFrame* cframe;
+        int use_tracing;
+#endif
+#if GREENLET_PY314
+        int py_recursion_depth;
+#elif GREENLET_PY312
+        int py_recursion_depth;
+        int c_recursion_depth;
+#else
+        int recursion_depth;
+#endif
+#if GREENLET_PY313
+        PyObject *delete_later;
+#else
+        int trash_delete_nesting;
+#endif
+#if GREENLET_PY311
+        _PyInterpreterFrame* current_frame;
+        _PyStackChunk* datastack_chunk;
+        PyObject** datastack_top;
+        PyObject** datastack_limit;
+#endif
+        // The PyInterpreterFrame list on 3.12+ contains some entries that are
+        // on the C stack, which can't be directly accessed while a greenlet is
+        // suspended. In order to keep greenlet gr_frame introspection working,
+        // we adjust stack switching to rewrite the interpreter frame list
+        // to skip these C-stack frames; we call this "exposing" the greenlet's
+        // frames because it makes them valid to work with in Python. Then when
+        // the greenlet is resumed we need to remember to reverse the operation
+        // we did. The C-stack frames are "entry frames" which are a low-level
+        // interpreter detail; they're not needed for introspection, but do
+        // need to be present for the eval loop to work.
+        void unexpose_frames();
+
+    public:
+
+        PythonState();
+        // You can use this for testing whether we have a frame
+        // or not. It returns const so they can't modify it.
+        const OwnedFrame& top_frame() const noexcept;
+
+        inline void operator<<(const PyThreadState *const tstate) noexcept;
+        inline void operator>>(PyThreadState* tstate) noexcept;
+        void clear() noexcept;
+
+        int tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg, bool visit_top_frame) noexcept;
+        void tp_clear(bool own_top_frame) noexcept;
+        void set_initial_state(const PyThreadState* const tstate) noexcept;
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+        void set_new_cframe(_PyCFrame& frame) noexcept;
+#endif
+
+        void may_switch_away() noexcept;
+        inline void will_switch_from(PyThreadState *const origin_tstate) noexcept;
+        void did_finish(PyThreadState* tstate) noexcept;
+    };
+
+    class StackState
+    {
+        // By having only plain C (POD) members, no virtual functions
+        // or bases, we get a trivial assignment operator generated
+        // for us. However, that's not safe since we do manage memory.
+        // So we declare an assignment operator that only works if we
+        // don't have any memory allocated. (We don't use
+        // std::shared_ptr for reference counting just to keep this
+        // object small)
+    private:
+        char* _stack_start;
+        char* stack_stop;
+        char* stack_copy;
+        intptr_t _stack_saved;
+        StackState* stack_prev;
+        inline int copy_stack_to_heap_up_to(const char* const stop) noexcept;
+        inline void free_stack_copy() noexcept;
+
+    public:
+        /**
+         * Creates a started, but inactive, state, using *current*
+         * as the previous.
+         */
+        StackState(void* mark, StackState& current);
+        /**
+         * Creates an inactive, unstarted, state.
+         */
+        StackState();
+        ~StackState();
+        StackState(const StackState& other);
+        StackState& operator=(const StackState& other);
+        inline void copy_heap_to_stack(const StackState& current) noexcept;
+        inline int copy_stack_to_heap(char* const stackref, const StackState& current) noexcept;
+        inline bool started() const noexcept;
+        inline bool main() const noexcept;
+        inline bool active() const noexcept;
+        inline void set_active() noexcept;
+        inline void set_inactive() noexcept;
+        inline intptr_t stack_saved() const noexcept;
+        inline char* stack_start() const noexcept;
+        static inline StackState make_main() noexcept;
+#ifdef GREENLET_USE_STDIO
+        friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StackState& s);
+#endif
+
+        // Fill in [dest, dest + n) with the values that would be at
+        // [src, src + n) while this greenlet is running. This is like memcpy
+        // except that if the greenlet is suspended it accounts for the portion
+        // of the greenlet's stack that was spilled to the heap. `src` may
+        // be on this greenlet's stack, or on the heap, but not on a different
+        // greenlet's stack.
+        void copy_from_stack(void* dest, const void* src, size_t n) const;
+    };
+#ifdef GREENLET_USE_STDIO
+    std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StackState& s);
+#endif
+
+    class SwitchingArgs
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_ASSIGNMENT_OF_CLS(SwitchingArgs);
+        // If args and kwargs are both false (NULL), this is a *throw*, not a
+        // switch. PyErr_... must have been called already.
+        OwnedObject _args;
+        OwnedObject _kwargs;
+    public:
+
+        SwitchingArgs()
+        {}
+
+        SwitchingArgs(const OwnedObject& args, const OwnedObject& kwargs)
+            : _args(args),
+              _kwargs(kwargs)
+        {}
+
+        SwitchingArgs(const SwitchingArgs& other)
+            : _args(other._args),
+              _kwargs(other._kwargs)
+        {}
+
+        const OwnedObject& args()
+        {
+            return this->_args;
+        }
+
+        const OwnedObject& kwargs()
+        {
+            return this->_kwargs;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Moves ownership from the argument to this object.
+         */
+        SwitchingArgs& operator<<=(SwitchingArgs& other)
+        {
+            if (this != &other) {
+                this->_args = other._args;
+                this->_kwargs = other._kwargs;
+                other.CLEAR();
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Acquires ownership of the argument (consumes the reference).
+         */
+        SwitchingArgs& operator<<=(PyObject* args)
+        {
+            this->_args = OwnedObject::consuming(args);
+            this->_kwargs.CLEAR();
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Acquires ownership of the argument.
+         *
+         * Sets the args to be the given value; clears the kwargs.
+         */
+        SwitchingArgs& operator<<=(OwnedObject& args)
+        {
+            assert(&args != &this->_args);
+            this->_args = args;
+            this->_kwargs.CLEAR();
+            args.CLEAR();
+
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        explicit operator bool() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->_args || this->_kwargs;
+        }
+
+        inline void CLEAR()
+        {
+            this->_args.CLEAR();
+            this->_kwargs.CLEAR();
+        }
+
+        const std::string as_str() const noexcept
+        {
+            return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(
+                OwnedObject::consuming(
+                    PyUnicode_FromFormat(
+                        "SwitchingArgs(args=%R, kwargs=%R)",
+                        this->_args.borrow(),
+                        this->_kwargs.borrow()
+                    )
+                ).borrow()
+            );
+        }
+    };
+
+    class ThreadState;
+
+    class UserGreenlet;
+    class MainGreenlet;
+
+    class Greenlet
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(Greenlet);
+        PyGreenlet* const _self;
+    private:
+        // XXX: Work to remove these.
+        friend class ThreadState;
+        friend class UserGreenlet;
+        friend class MainGreenlet;
+    protected:
+        ExceptionState exception_state;
+        SwitchingArgs switch_args;
+        StackState stack_state;
+        PythonState python_state;
+        Greenlet(PyGreenlet* p, const StackState& initial_state);
+    public:
+        // This constructor takes ownership of the PyGreenlet, by
+        // setting ``p->pimpl = this;``.
+        Greenlet(PyGreenlet* p);
+        virtual ~Greenlet();
+
+        const OwnedObject context() const;
+
+        // You MUST call this _very_ early in the switching process to
+        // prepare anything that may need prepared. This might perform
+        // garbage collections or otherwise run arbitrary Python code.
+        //
+        // One specific use of it is for Python 3.11+, preventing
+        // running arbitrary code at unsafe times. See
+        // PythonState::may_switch_away().
+        inline void may_switch_away()
+        {
+            this->python_state.may_switch_away();
+        }
+
+        inline void context(refs::BorrowedObject new_context);
+
+        inline SwitchingArgs& args()
+        {
+            return this->switch_args;
+        }
+
+        virtual const refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet main_greenlet() const = 0;
+
+        inline intptr_t stack_saved() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->stack_state.stack_saved();
+        }
+
+        // This is used by the macro SLP_SAVE_STATE to compute the
+        // difference in stack sizes. It might be nice to handle the
+        // computation ourself, but the type of the result
+        // varies by platform, so doing it in the macro is the
+        // simplest way.
+        inline const char* stack_start() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->stack_state.stack_start();
+        }
+
+        virtual OwnedObject throw_GreenletExit_during_dealloc(const ThreadState& current_thread_state);
+        virtual OwnedObject g_switch() = 0;
+        /**
+         * Force the greenlet to appear dead. Used when it's not
+         * possible to throw an exception into a greenlet anymore.
+         *
+         * This losses access to the thread state and the main greenlet.
+         */
+        virtual void murder_in_place();
+
+        /**
+         * Called when somebody notices we were running in a dead
+         * thread to allow cleaning up resources (because we can't
+         * raise GreenletExit into it anymore).
+         * This is very similar to ``murder_in_place()``, except that
+         * it DOES NOT lose the main greenlet or thread state.
+         */
+        inline void deactivate_and_free();
+
+
+        // Called when some thread wants to deallocate a greenlet
+        // object.
+        // The thread may or may not be the same thread the greenlet
+        // was running in.
+        // The thread state will be null if the thread the greenlet
+        // was running in was known to have exited.
+        void deallocing_greenlet_in_thread(const ThreadState* current_state);
+
+        // Must be called on 3.12+ before exposing a suspended greenlet's
+        // frames to user code. This rewrites the linked list of interpreter
+        // frames to skip the ones that are being stored on the C stack (which
+        // can't be safely accessed while the greenlet is suspended because
+        // that stack space might be hosting a different greenlet), and
+        // sets PythonState::frames_were_exposed so we remember to restore
+        // the original list before resuming the greenlet. The C-stack frames
+        // are a low-level interpreter implementation detail; while they're
+        // important to the bytecode eval loop, they're superfluous for
+        // introspection purposes.
+        void expose_frames();
+
+
+        // TODO: Figure out how to make these non-public.
+        inline void slp_restore_state() noexcept;
+        inline int slp_save_state(char *const stackref) noexcept;
+
+        inline bool is_currently_running_in_some_thread() const;
+        virtual bool belongs_to_thread(const ThreadState* state) const;
+
+        inline bool started() const
+        {
+            return this->stack_state.started();
+        }
+        inline bool active() const
+        {
+            return this->stack_state.active();
+        }
+        inline bool main() const
+        {
+            return this->stack_state.main();
+        }
+        virtual refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet find_main_greenlet_in_lineage() const = 0;
+
+        virtual const OwnedGreenlet parent() const = 0;
+        virtual void parent(const refs::BorrowedObject new_parent) = 0;
+
+        inline const PythonState::OwnedFrame& top_frame()
+        {
+            return this->python_state.top_frame();
+        }
+
+        virtual const OwnedObject& run() const = 0;
+        virtual void run(const refs::BorrowedObject nrun) = 0;
+
+
+        virtual int tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg);
+        virtual int tp_clear();
+
+
+        // Return the thread state that the greenlet is running in, or
+        // null if the greenlet is not running or the thread is known
+        // to have exited.
+        virtual ThreadState* thread_state() const noexcept = 0;
+
+        // Return true if the greenlet is known to have been running
+        // (active) in a thread that has now exited.
+        virtual bool was_running_in_dead_thread() const noexcept = 0;
+
+        // Return a borrowed greenlet that is the Python object
+        // this object represents.
+        inline BorrowedGreenlet self() const noexcept
+        {
+            return BorrowedGreenlet(this->_self);
+        }
+
+        // For testing. If this returns true, we should pretend that
+        // slp_switch() failed.
+        virtual bool force_slp_switch_error() const noexcept;
+
+    protected:
+        inline void release_args();
+
+        // The functions that must not be inlined are declared virtual.
+        // We also mark them as protected, not private, so that the
+        // compiler is forced to call them through a function pointer.
+        // (A sufficiently smart compiler could directly call a private
+        // virtual function since it can never be overridden in a
+        // subclass).
+
+        // Also TODO: Switch away from integer error codes and to enums,
+        // or throw exceptions when possible.
+        struct switchstack_result_t
+        {
+            int status;
+            Greenlet* the_new_current_greenlet;
+            OwnedGreenlet origin_greenlet;
+
+            switchstack_result_t()
+                : status(0),
+                  the_new_current_greenlet(nullptr)
+            {}
+
+            switchstack_result_t(int err)
+                : status(err),
+                  the_new_current_greenlet(nullptr)
+            {}
+
+            switchstack_result_t(int err, Greenlet* state, OwnedGreenlet& origin)
+                : status(err),
+                  the_new_current_greenlet(state),
+                  origin_greenlet(origin)
+            {
+            }
+
+            switchstack_result_t(int err, Greenlet* state, const BorrowedGreenlet& origin)
+                : status(err),
+                  the_new_current_greenlet(state),
+                  origin_greenlet(origin)
+            {
+            }
+
+            switchstack_result_t(const switchstack_result_t& other)
+                : status(other.status),
+                  the_new_current_greenlet(other.the_new_current_greenlet),
+                  origin_greenlet(other.origin_greenlet)
+            {}
+
+            switchstack_result_t& operator=(const switchstack_result_t& other)
+            {
+                this->status = other.status;
+                this->the_new_current_greenlet = other.the_new_current_greenlet;
+                this->origin_greenlet = other.origin_greenlet;
+                return *this;
+            }
+        };
+
+        OwnedObject on_switchstack_or_initialstub_failure(
+            Greenlet* target,
+            const switchstack_result_t& err,
+            const bool target_was_me=false,
+            const bool was_initial_stub=false);
+
+        // Returns the previous greenlet we just switched away from.
+        virtual OwnedGreenlet g_switchstack_success() noexcept;
+
+
+        // Check the preconditions for switching to this greenlet; if they
+        // aren't met, throws PyErrOccurred. Most callers will want to
+        // catch this and clear the arguments
+        inline void check_switch_allowed() const;
+        class GreenletStartedWhileInPython : public std::runtime_error
+        {
+        public:
+            GreenletStartedWhileInPython() : std::runtime_error("")
+            {}
+        };
+
+    protected:
+
+
+        /**
+           Perform a stack switch into this greenlet.
+
+           This temporarily sets the global variable
+           ``switching_thread_state`` to this greenlet; as soon as the
+           call to ``slp_switch`` completes, this is reset to NULL.
+           Consequently, this depends on the GIL.
+
+           TODO: Adopt the stackman model and pass ``slp_switch`` a
+           callback function and context pointer; this eliminates the
+           need for global variables altogether.
+
+           Because the stack switch happens in this function, this
+           function can't use its own stack (local) variables, set
+           before the switch, and then accessed after the switch.
+
+           Further, you con't even access ``g_thread_state_global``
+           before and after the switch from the global variable.
+           Because it is thread local some compilers cache it in a
+           register/on the stack, notably new versions of MSVC; this
+           breaks with strange crashes sometime later, because writing
+           to anything in ``g_thread_state_global`` after the switch
+           is actually writing to random memory. For this reason, we
+           call a non-inlined function to finish the operation. (XXX:
+           The ``/GT`` MSVC compiler argument probably fixes that.)
+
+           It is very important that stack switch is 'atomic', i.e. no
+           calls into other Python code allowed (except very few that
+           are safe), because global variables are very fragile. (This
+           should no longer be the case with thread-local variables.)
+
+        */
+        // Made virtual to facilitate subclassing UserGreenlet for testing.
+        virtual switchstack_result_t g_switchstack(void);
+
+class TracingGuard
+{
+private:
+    PyThreadState* tstate;
+public:
+    TracingGuard()
+        : tstate(PyThreadState_GET())
+    {
+        PyThreadState_EnterTracing(this->tstate);
+    }
+
+    ~TracingGuard()
+    {
+        PyThreadState_LeaveTracing(this->tstate);
+        this->tstate = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    inline void CallTraceFunction(const OwnedObject& tracefunc,
+                                  const greenlet::refs::ImmortalEventName& event,
+                                  const BorrowedGreenlet& origin,
+                                  const BorrowedGreenlet& target)
+    {
+        // TODO: This calls tracefunc(event, (origin, target)). Add a shortcut
+        // function for that that's specialized to avoid the Py_BuildValue
+        // string parsing, or start with just using "ON" format with PyTuple_Pack(2,
+        // origin, target). That seems like what the N format is meant
+        // for.
+        // XXX: Why does event not automatically cast back to a PyObject?
+        // It tries to call the "deleted constructor ImmortalEventName
+        // const" instead.
+        assert(tracefunc);
+        assert(event);
+        assert(origin);
+        assert(target);
+        greenlet::refs::NewReference retval(
+            PyObject_CallFunction(
+                tracefunc.borrow(),
+                "O(OO)",
+                event.borrow(),
+                origin.borrow(),
+                target.borrow()
+            ));
+        if (!retval) {
+            throw PyErrOccurred::from_current();
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+      static void
+      g_calltrace(const OwnedObject& tracefunc,
+                  const greenlet::refs::ImmortalEventName& event,
+                  const greenlet::refs::BorrowedGreenlet& origin,
+                  const BorrowedGreenlet& target);
+    private:
+        OwnedObject g_switch_finish(const switchstack_result_t& err);
+
+    };
+
+    class UserGreenlet : public Greenlet
+    {
+    private:
+        static greenlet::PythonAllocator<UserGreenlet> allocator;
+        OwnedMainGreenlet _main_greenlet;
+        OwnedObject _run_callable;
+        OwnedGreenlet _parent;
+    public:
+        static void* operator new(size_t UNUSED(count));
+        static void operator delete(void* ptr);
+
+        UserGreenlet(PyGreenlet* p, BorrowedGreenlet the_parent);
+        virtual ~UserGreenlet();
+
+        virtual refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet find_main_greenlet_in_lineage() const;
+        virtual bool was_running_in_dead_thread() const noexcept;
+        virtual ThreadState* thread_state() const noexcept;
+        virtual OwnedObject g_switch();
+        virtual const OwnedObject& run() const
+        {
+            if (this->started() || !this->_run_callable) {
+                throw AttributeError("run");
+            }
+            return this->_run_callable;
+        }
+        virtual void run(const refs::BorrowedObject nrun);
+
+        virtual const OwnedGreenlet parent() const;
+        virtual void parent(const refs::BorrowedObject new_parent);
+
+        virtual const refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet main_greenlet() const;
+
+        virtual void murder_in_place();
+        virtual bool belongs_to_thread(const ThreadState* state) const;
+        virtual int tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg);
+        virtual int tp_clear();
+        class ParentIsCurrentGuard
+        {
+        private:
+            OwnedGreenlet oldparent;
+            UserGreenlet* greenlet;
+            G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ParentIsCurrentGuard);
+        public:
+            ParentIsCurrentGuard(UserGreenlet* p, const ThreadState& thread_state);
+            ~ParentIsCurrentGuard();
+        };
+        virtual OwnedObject throw_GreenletExit_during_dealloc(const ThreadState& current_thread_state);
+    protected:
+        virtual switchstack_result_t g_initialstub(void* mark);
+    private:
+        // This function isn't meant to return.
+        // This accepts raw pointers and the ownership of them at the
+        // same time. The caller should use ``inner_bootstrap(origin.relinquish_ownership())``.
+        void inner_bootstrap(PyGreenlet* origin_greenlet, PyObject* run);
+    };
+
+    class BrokenGreenlet : public UserGreenlet
+    {
+    private:
+        static greenlet::PythonAllocator<BrokenGreenlet> allocator;
+    public:
+        bool _force_switch_error = false;
+        bool _force_slp_switch_error = false;
+
+        static void* operator new(size_t UNUSED(count));
+        static void operator delete(void* ptr);
+        BrokenGreenlet(PyGreenlet* p, BorrowedGreenlet the_parent)
+            : UserGreenlet(p, the_parent)
+        {}
+        virtual ~BrokenGreenlet()
+        {}
+
+        virtual switchstack_result_t g_switchstack(void);
+        virtual bool force_slp_switch_error() const noexcept;
+
+    };
+
+    class MainGreenlet : public Greenlet
+    {
+    private:
+        static greenlet::PythonAllocator<MainGreenlet> allocator;
+        refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet _self;
+        ThreadState* _thread_state;
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(MainGreenlet);
+    public:
+        static void* operator new(size_t UNUSED(count));
+        static void operator delete(void* ptr);
+
+        MainGreenlet(refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet::PyType*, ThreadState*);
+        virtual ~MainGreenlet();
+
+
+        virtual const OwnedObject& run() const;
+        virtual void run(const refs::BorrowedObject nrun);
+
+        virtual const OwnedGreenlet parent() const;
+        virtual void parent(const refs::BorrowedObject new_parent);
+
+        virtual const refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet main_greenlet() const;
+
+        virtual refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet find_main_greenlet_in_lineage() const;
+        virtual bool was_running_in_dead_thread() const noexcept;
+        virtual ThreadState* thread_state() const noexcept;
+        void thread_state(ThreadState*) noexcept;
+        virtual OwnedObject g_switch();
+        virtual int tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg);
+    };
+
+    // Instantiate one on the stack to save the GC state,
+    // and then disable GC. When it goes out of scope, GC will be
+    // restored to its original state. Sadly, these APIs are only
+    // available on 3.10+; luckily, we only need them on 3.11+.
+#if GREENLET_PY310
+    class GCDisabledGuard
+    {
+    private:
+        int was_enabled = 0;
+    public:
+        GCDisabledGuard()
+            : was_enabled(PyGC_IsEnabled())
+        {
+            PyGC_Disable();
+        }
+
+        ~GCDisabledGuard()
+        {
+            if (this->was_enabled) {
+                PyGC_Enable();
+            }
+        }
+    };
+#endif
+
+    OwnedObject& operator<<=(OwnedObject& lhs, greenlet::SwitchingArgs& rhs) noexcept;
+
+    //TODO: Greenlet::g_switch() should call this automatically on its
+    //return value. As it is, the module code is calling it.
+    static inline OwnedObject
+    single_result(const OwnedObject& results)
+    {
+        if (results
+            && PyTuple_Check(results.borrow())
+            && PyTuple_GET_SIZE(results.borrow()) == 1) {
+            PyObject* result = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(results.borrow(), 0);
+            assert(result);
+            return OwnedObject::owning(result);
+        }
+        return results;
+    }
+
+
+    static OwnedObject
+    g_handle_exit(const OwnedObject& greenlet_result);
+
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void operator<<(const PyThreadState *const lhs, T& rhs)
+    {
+        rhs.operator<<(lhs);
+    }
+
+} // namespace greenlet ;
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenletGlobals.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenletGlobals.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0087d2ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TGreenletGlobals.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/**
+ * Implementation of GreenletGlobals.
+ *
+ * Format with:
+ *  clang-format -i --style=file src/greenlet/greenlet.c
+ *
+ *
+ * Fix missing braces with:
+ *   clang-tidy src/greenlet/greenlet.c -fix -checks="readability-braces-around-statements"
+*/
+#ifndef T_GREENLET_GLOBALS
+#define T_GREENLET_GLOBALS
+
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_exceptions.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_thread_support.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+// This encapsulates what were previously module global "constants"
+// established at init time.
+// This is a step towards Python3 style module state that allows
+// reloading.
+//
+// In an earlier iteration of this code, we used placement new to be
+// able to allocate this object statically still, so that references
+// to its members don't incur an extra pointer indirection.
+// But under some scenarios, that could result in crashes at
+// shutdown because apparently the destructor was getting run twice?
+class GreenletGlobals
+{
+
+public:
+    const greenlet::refs::ImmortalEventName event_switch;
+    const greenlet::refs::ImmortalEventName event_throw;
+    const greenlet::refs::ImmortalException PyExc_GreenletError;
+    const greenlet::refs::ImmortalException PyExc_GreenletExit;
+    const greenlet::refs::ImmortalObject empty_tuple;
+    const greenlet::refs::ImmortalObject empty_dict;
+    const greenlet::refs::ImmortalString str_run;
+    Mutex* const thread_states_to_destroy_lock;
+    greenlet::cleanup_queue_t thread_states_to_destroy;
+
+    GreenletGlobals() :
+        event_switch("switch"),
+        event_throw("throw"),
+        PyExc_GreenletError("greenlet.error"),
+        PyExc_GreenletExit("greenlet.GreenletExit", PyExc_BaseException),
+        empty_tuple(Require(PyTuple_New(0))),
+        empty_dict(Require(PyDict_New())),
+        str_run("run"),
+        thread_states_to_destroy_lock(new Mutex())
+    {}
+
+    ~GreenletGlobals()
+    {
+        // This object is (currently) effectively immortal, and not
+        // just because of those placement new tricks; if we try to
+        // deallocate the static object we allocated, and overwrote,
+        // we would be doing so at C++ teardown time, which is after
+        // the final Python GIL is released, and we can't use the API
+        // then.
+        // (The members will still be destructed, but they also don't
+        // do any deallocation.)
+    }
+
+    void queue_to_destroy(ThreadState* ts) const
+    {
+        // we're currently accessed through a static const object,
+        // implicitly marking our members as const, so code can't just
+        // call push_back (or pop_back) without casting away the
+        // const.
+        //
+        // Do that for callers.
+        greenlet::cleanup_queue_t& q = const_cast<greenlet::cleanup_queue_t&>(this->thread_states_to_destroy);
+        q.push_back(ts);
+    }
+
+    ThreadState* take_next_to_destroy() const
+    {
+        greenlet::cleanup_queue_t& q = const_cast<greenlet::cleanup_queue_t&>(this->thread_states_to_destroy);
+        ThreadState* result = q.back();
+        q.pop_back();
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+static const greenlet::GreenletGlobals* mod_globs;
+
+#endif // T_GREENLET_GLOBALS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TMainGreenlet.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TMainGreenlet.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2a9cfe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TMainGreenlet.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/**
+ * Implementation of greenlet::MainGreenlet.
+ *
+ * Format with:
+ *  clang-format -i --style=file src/greenlet/greenlet.c
+ *
+ *
+ * Fix missing braces with:
+ *   clang-tidy src/greenlet/greenlet.c -fix -checks="readability-braces-around-statements"
+*/
+#ifndef T_MAIN_GREENLET_CPP
+#define T_MAIN_GREENLET_CPP
+
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+
+
+// Protected by the GIL. Incremented when we create a main greenlet,
+// in a new thread, decremented when it is destroyed.
+static Py_ssize_t G_TOTAL_MAIN_GREENLETS;
+
+namespace greenlet {
+greenlet::PythonAllocator<MainGreenlet> MainGreenlet::allocator;
+
+void* MainGreenlet::operator new(size_t UNUSED(count))
+{
+    return allocator.allocate(1);
+}
+
+
+void MainGreenlet::operator delete(void* ptr)
+{
+    return allocator.deallocate(static_cast<MainGreenlet*>(ptr),
+                                1);
+}
+
+
+MainGreenlet::MainGreenlet(PyGreenlet* p, ThreadState* state)
+    : Greenlet(p, StackState::make_main()),
+      _self(p),
+      _thread_state(state)
+{
+    G_TOTAL_MAIN_GREENLETS++;
+}
+
+MainGreenlet::~MainGreenlet()
+{
+    G_TOTAL_MAIN_GREENLETS--;
+    this->tp_clear();
+}
+
+ThreadState*
+MainGreenlet::thread_state() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->_thread_state;
+}
+
+void
+MainGreenlet::thread_state(ThreadState* t) noexcept
+{
+    assert(!t);
+    this->_thread_state = t;
+}
+
+
+const BorrowedMainGreenlet
+MainGreenlet::main_greenlet() const
+{
+    return this->_self;
+}
+
+BorrowedMainGreenlet
+MainGreenlet::find_main_greenlet_in_lineage() const
+{
+    return BorrowedMainGreenlet(this->_self);
+}
+
+bool
+MainGreenlet::was_running_in_dead_thread() const noexcept
+{
+    return !this->_thread_state;
+}
+
+OwnedObject
+MainGreenlet::g_switch()
+{
+    try {
+        this->check_switch_allowed();
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        this->release_args();
+        throw;
+    }
+
+    switchstack_result_t err = this->g_switchstack();
+    if (err.status < 0) {
+        // XXX: This code path is untested, but it is shared
+        // with the UserGreenlet path that is tested.
+        return this->on_switchstack_or_initialstub_failure(
+            this,
+            err,
+            true, // target was me
+            false // was initial stub
+        );
+    }
+
+    return err.the_new_current_greenlet->g_switch_finish(err);
+}
+
+int
+MainGreenlet::tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg)
+{
+    if (this->_thread_state) {
+        // we've already traversed main, (self), don't do it again.
+        int result = this->_thread_state->tp_traverse(visit, arg, false);
+        if (result) {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+    return Greenlet::tp_traverse(visit, arg);
+}
+
+const OwnedObject&
+MainGreenlet::run() const
+{
+    throw AttributeError("Main greenlets do not have a run attribute.");
+}
+
+void
+MainGreenlet::run(const BorrowedObject UNUSED(nrun))
+{
+   throw AttributeError("Main greenlets do not have a run attribute.");
+}
+
+void
+MainGreenlet::parent(const BorrowedObject raw_new_parent)
+{
+    if (!raw_new_parent) {
+        throw AttributeError("can't delete attribute");
+    }
+    throw AttributeError("cannot set the parent of a main greenlet");
+}
+
+const OwnedGreenlet
+MainGreenlet::parent() const
+{
+    return OwnedGreenlet(); // null becomes None
+}
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TPythonState.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TPythonState.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7f743cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TPythonState.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_PYTHON_STATE_CPP
+#define GREENLET_PYTHON_STATE_CPP
+
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+PythonState::PythonState()
+    : _top_frame()
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+    ,cframe(nullptr)
+    ,use_tracing(0)
+#endif
+#if GREENLET_PY314
+    ,py_recursion_depth(0)
+#elif GREENLET_PY312
+    ,py_recursion_depth(0)
+    ,c_recursion_depth(0)
+#else
+    ,recursion_depth(0)
+#endif
+#if GREENLET_PY313
+    ,delete_later(nullptr)
+#else
+    ,trash_delete_nesting(0)
+#endif
+#if GREENLET_PY311
+    ,current_frame(nullptr)
+    ,datastack_chunk(nullptr)
+    ,datastack_top(nullptr)
+    ,datastack_limit(nullptr)
+#endif
+{
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+    /*
+      The PyThreadState->cframe pointer usually points to memory on
+      the stack, alloceted in a call into PyEval_EvalFrameDefault.
+
+      Initially, before any evaluation begins, it points to the
+      initial PyThreadState object's ``root_cframe`` object, which is
+      statically allocated for the lifetime of the thread.
+
+      A greenlet can last for longer than a call to
+      PyEval_EvalFrameDefault, so we can't set its ``cframe`` pointer
+      to be the current ``PyThreadState->cframe``; nor could we use
+      one from the greenlet parent for the same reason. Yet a further
+      no: we can't allocate one scoped to the greenlet and then
+      destroy it when the greenlet is deallocated, because inside the
+      interpreter the _PyCFrame objects form a linked list, and that too
+      can result in accessing memory beyond its dynamic lifetime (if
+      the greenlet doesn't actually finish before it dies, its entry
+      could still be in the list).
+
+      Using the ``root_cframe`` is problematic, though, because its
+      members are never modified by the interpreter and are set to 0,
+      meaning that its ``use_tracing`` flag is never updated. We don't
+      want to modify that value in the ``root_cframe`` ourself: it
+      *shouldn't* matter much because we should probably never get
+      back to the point where that's the only cframe on the stack;
+      even if it did matter, the major consequence of an incorrect
+      value for ``use_tracing`` is that if its true the interpreter
+      does some extra work --- however, it's just good code hygiene.
+
+      Our solution: before a greenlet runs, after its initial
+      creation, it uses the ``root_cframe`` just to have something to
+      put there. However, once the greenlet is actually switched to
+      for the first time, ``g_initialstub`` (which doesn't actually
+      "return" while the greenlet is running) stores a new _PyCFrame on
+      its local stack, and copies the appropriate values from the
+      currently running _PyCFrame; this is then made the _PyCFrame for the
+      newly-minted greenlet. ``g_initialstub`` then proceeds to call
+      ``glet.run()``, which results in ``PyEval_...`` adding the
+      _PyCFrame to the list. Switches continue as normal. Finally, when
+      the greenlet finishes, the call to ``glet.run()`` returns and
+      the _PyCFrame is taken out of the linked list and the stack value
+      is now unused and free to expire.
+
+      XXX: I think we can do better. If we're deallocing in the same
+      thread, can't we traverse the list and unlink our frame?
+      Can we just keep a reference to the thread state in case we
+      dealloc in another thread? (Is that even possible if we're still
+      running and haven't returned from g_initialstub?)
+    */
+    this->cframe = &PyThreadState_GET()->root_cframe;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+inline void PythonState::may_switch_away() noexcept
+{
+#if GREENLET_PY311
+    // PyThreadState_GetFrame is probably going to have to allocate a
+    // new frame object. That may trigger garbage collection. Because
+    // we call this during the early phases of a switch (it doesn't
+    // matter to which greenlet, as this has a global effect), if a GC
+    // triggers a switch away, two things can happen, both bad:
+    // - We might not get switched back to, halting forward progress.
+    //   this is pathological, but possible.
+    // - We might get switched back to with a different set of
+    //   arguments or a throw instead of a switch. That would corrupt
+    //   our state (specifically, PyErr_Occurred() and this->args()
+    //   would no longer agree).
+    //
+    // Thus, when we call this API, we need to have GC disabled.
+    // This method serves as a bottleneck we call when maybe beginning
+    // a switch. In this way, it is always safe -- no risk of GC -- to
+    // use ``_GetFrame()`` whenever we need to, just as it was in
+    // <=3.10 (because subsequent calls will be cached and not
+    // allocate memory).
+
+    GCDisabledGuard no_gc;
+    Py_XDECREF(PyThreadState_GetFrame(PyThreadState_GET()));
+#endif
+}
+
+void PythonState::operator<<(const PyThreadState *const tstate) noexcept
+{
+    this->_context.steal(tstate->context);
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+    /*
+      IMPORTANT: ``cframe`` is a pointer into the STACK. Thus, because
+      the call to ``slp_switch()`` changes the contents of the stack,
+      you cannot read from ``ts_current->cframe`` after that call and
+      necessarily get the same values you get from reading it here.
+      Anything you need to restore from now to then must be saved in a
+      global/threadlocal variable (because we can't use stack
+      variables here either). For things that need to persist across
+      the switch, use `will_switch_from`.
+    */
+    this->cframe = tstate->cframe;
+  #if !GREENLET_PY312
+    this->use_tracing = tstate->cframe->use_tracing;
+  #endif
+#endif // GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+#if GREENLET_PY311
+  #if GREENLET_PY314
+    this->py_recursion_depth = tstate->py_recursion_limit - tstate->py_recursion_remaining;
+  #elif GREENLET_PY312
+    this->py_recursion_depth = tstate->py_recursion_limit - tstate->py_recursion_remaining;
+    this->c_recursion_depth = Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT - tstate->c_recursion_remaining;
+  #else // not 312
+    this->recursion_depth = tstate->recursion_limit - tstate->recursion_remaining;
+  #endif // GREENLET_PY312
+  #if GREENLET_PY313
+    this->current_frame = tstate->current_frame;
+  #elif GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+    this->current_frame = tstate->cframe->current_frame;
+  #endif
+    this->datastack_chunk = tstate->datastack_chunk;
+    this->datastack_top = tstate->datastack_top;
+    this->datastack_limit = tstate->datastack_limit;
+
+    PyFrameObject *frame = PyThreadState_GetFrame((PyThreadState *)tstate);
+    Py_XDECREF(frame);  // PyThreadState_GetFrame gives us a new
+                        // reference.
+    this->_top_frame.steal(frame);
+  #if GREENLET_PY313
+    this->delete_later = Py_XNewRef(tstate->delete_later);
+  #elif GREENLET_PY312
+    this->trash_delete_nesting = tstate->trash.delete_nesting;
+  #else // not 312
+    this->trash_delete_nesting = tstate->trash_delete_nesting;
+  #endif // GREENLET_PY312
+#else // Not 311
+    this->recursion_depth = tstate->recursion_depth;
+    this->_top_frame.steal(tstate->frame);
+    this->trash_delete_nesting = tstate->trash_delete_nesting;
+#endif // GREENLET_PY311
+}
+
+#if GREENLET_PY312
+void GREENLET_NOINLINE(PythonState::unexpose_frames)()
+{
+    if (!this->top_frame()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // See GreenletState::expose_frames() and the comment on frames_were_exposed
+    // for more information about this logic.
+    _PyInterpreterFrame *iframe = this->_top_frame->f_frame;
+    while (iframe != nullptr) {
+        _PyInterpreterFrame *prev_exposed = iframe->previous;
+        assert(iframe->frame_obj);
+        memcpy(&iframe->previous, &iframe->frame_obj->_f_frame_data[0],
+               sizeof(void *));
+        iframe = prev_exposed;
+    }
+}
+#else
+void PythonState::unexpose_frames()
+{}
+#endif
+
+void PythonState::operator>>(PyThreadState *const tstate) noexcept
+{
+    tstate->context = this->_context.relinquish_ownership();
+    /* Incrementing this value invalidates the contextvars cache,
+       which would otherwise remain valid across switches */
+    tstate->context_ver++;
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+    tstate->cframe = this->cframe;
+    /*
+      If we were tracing, we need to keep tracing.
+      There should never be the possibility of hitting the
+      root_cframe here. See note above about why we can't
+      just copy this from ``origin->cframe->use_tracing``.
+    */
+  #if !GREENLET_PY312
+    tstate->cframe->use_tracing = this->use_tracing;
+  #endif
+#endif // GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+#if GREENLET_PY311
+  #if GREENLET_PY314
+    tstate->py_recursion_remaining = tstate->py_recursion_limit - this->py_recursion_depth;
+    this->unexpose_frames();
+  #elif GREENLET_PY312
+    tstate->py_recursion_remaining = tstate->py_recursion_limit - this->py_recursion_depth;
+    tstate->c_recursion_remaining = Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT - this->c_recursion_depth;
+    this->unexpose_frames();
+  #else // \/ 3.11
+    tstate->recursion_remaining = tstate->recursion_limit - this->recursion_depth;
+  #endif // GREENLET_PY312
+  #if GREENLET_PY313
+    tstate->current_frame = this->current_frame;
+  #elif GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+    tstate->cframe->current_frame = this->current_frame;
+  #endif
+    tstate->datastack_chunk = this->datastack_chunk;
+    tstate->datastack_top = this->datastack_top;
+    tstate->datastack_limit = this->datastack_limit;
+    this->_top_frame.relinquish_ownership();
+  #if GREENLET_PY313
+    Py_XDECREF(tstate->delete_later);
+    tstate->delete_later = this->delete_later;
+    Py_CLEAR(this->delete_later);
+  #elif GREENLET_PY312
+    tstate->trash.delete_nesting = this->trash_delete_nesting;
+  #else // not 3.12
+    tstate->trash_delete_nesting = this->trash_delete_nesting;
+  #endif // GREENLET_PY312
+#else // not 3.11
+    tstate->frame = this->_top_frame.relinquish_ownership();
+    tstate->recursion_depth = this->recursion_depth;
+    tstate->trash_delete_nesting = this->trash_delete_nesting;
+#endif // GREENLET_PY311
+}
+
+inline void PythonState::will_switch_from(PyThreadState *const origin_tstate) noexcept
+{
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME && !GREENLET_PY312
+    // The weird thing is, we don't actually save this for an
+    // effect on the current greenlet, it's saved for an
+    // effect on the target greenlet. That is, we want
+    // continuity of this setting across the greenlet switch.
+    this->use_tracing = origin_tstate->cframe->use_tracing;
+#endif
+}
+
+void PythonState::set_initial_state(const PyThreadState* const tstate) noexcept
+{
+    this->_top_frame = nullptr;
+#if GREENLET_PY314
+    this->py_recursion_depth = tstate->py_recursion_limit - tstate->py_recursion_remaining;
+#elif GREENLET_PY312
+    this->py_recursion_depth = tstate->py_recursion_limit - tstate->py_recursion_remaining;
+    // XXX: TODO: Comment from a reviewer:
+    //     Should this be ``Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT - tstate->c_recursion_remaining``?
+    // But to me it looks more like that might not be the right
+    // initialization either?
+    this->c_recursion_depth = tstate->py_recursion_limit - tstate->py_recursion_remaining;
+#elif GREENLET_PY311
+    this->recursion_depth = tstate->recursion_limit - tstate->recursion_remaining;
+#else
+    this->recursion_depth = tstate->recursion_depth;
+#endif
+}
+// TODO: Better state management about when we own the top frame.
+int PythonState::tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg, bool own_top_frame) noexcept
+{
+    Py_VISIT(this->_context.borrow());
+    if (own_top_frame) {
+        Py_VISIT(this->_top_frame.borrow());
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void PythonState::tp_clear(bool own_top_frame) noexcept
+{
+    PythonStateContext::tp_clear();
+    // If we get here owning a frame,
+    // we got dealloc'd without being finished. We may or may not be
+    // in the same thread.
+    if (own_top_frame) {
+        this->_top_frame.CLEAR();
+    }
+}
+
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+void PythonState::set_new_cframe(_PyCFrame& frame) noexcept
+{
+    frame = *PyThreadState_GET()->cframe;
+    /* Make the target greenlet refer to the stack value. */
+    this->cframe = &frame;
+    /*
+      And restore the link to the previous frame so this one gets
+      unliked appropriately.
+    */
+    this->cframe->previous = &PyThreadState_GET()->root_cframe;
+}
+#endif
+
+const PythonState::OwnedFrame& PythonState::top_frame() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->_top_frame;
+}
+
+void PythonState::did_finish(PyThreadState* tstate) noexcept
+{
+#if GREENLET_PY311
+    // See https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/1924 and
+    // https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/328. In
+    // short, Python 3.11 allocates memory for frames as a sort of
+    // linked list that's kept as part of PyThreadState in the
+    // ``datastack_chunk`` member and friends. These are saved and
+    // restored as part of switching greenlets.
+    //
+    // When we initially switch to a greenlet, we set those to NULL.
+    // That causes the frame management code to treat this like a
+    // brand new thread and start a fresh list of chunks, beginning
+    // with a new "root" chunk. As we make calls in this greenlet,
+    // those chunks get added, and as calls return, they get popped.
+    // But the frame code (pystate.c) is careful to make sure that the
+    // root chunk never gets popped.
+    //
+    // Thus, when a greenlet exits for the last time, there will be at
+    // least a single root chunk that we must be responsible for
+    // deallocating.
+    //
+    // The complex part is that these chunks are allocated and freed
+    // using ``_PyObject_VirtualAlloc``/``Free``. Those aren't public
+    // functions, and they aren't exported for linking. It so happens
+    // that we know they are just thin wrappers around the Arena
+    // allocator, so we can use that directly to deallocate in a
+    // compatible way.
+    //
+    // CAUTION: Check this implementation detail on every major version.
+    //
+    // It might be nice to be able to do this in our destructor, but
+    // can we be sure that no one else is using that memory? Plus, as
+    // described below, our pointers may not even be valid anymore. As
+    // a special case, there is one time that we know we can do this,
+    // and that's from the destructor of the associated UserGreenlet
+    // (NOT main greenlet)
+    PyObjectArenaAllocator alloc;
+    _PyStackChunk* chunk = nullptr;
+    if (tstate) {
+        // We really did finish, we can never be switched to again.
+        chunk = tstate->datastack_chunk;
+        // Unfortunately, we can't do much sanity checking. Our
+        // this->datastack_chunk pointer is out of date (evaluation may
+        // have popped down through it already) so we can't verify that
+        // we deallocate it. I don't think we can even check datastack_top
+        // for the same reason.
+
+        PyObject_GetArenaAllocator(&alloc);
+        tstate->datastack_chunk = nullptr;
+        tstate->datastack_limit = nullptr;
+        tstate->datastack_top = nullptr;
+
+    }
+    else if (this->datastack_chunk) {
+        // The UserGreenlet (NOT the main greenlet!) is being deallocated. If we're
+        // still holding a stack chunk, it's garbage because we know
+        // we can never switch back to let cPython clean it up.
+        // Because the last time we got switched away from, and we
+        // haven't run since then, we know our chain is valid and can
+        // be dealloced.
+        chunk = this->datastack_chunk;
+        PyObject_GetArenaAllocator(&alloc);
+    }
+
+    if (alloc.free && chunk) {
+        // In case the arena mechanism has been torn down already.
+        while (chunk) {
+            _PyStackChunk *prev = chunk->previous;
+            chunk->previous = nullptr;
+            alloc.free(alloc.ctx, chunk, chunk->size);
+            chunk = prev;
+        }
+    }
+
+    this->datastack_chunk = nullptr;
+    this->datastack_limit = nullptr;
+    this->datastack_top = nullptr;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+#endif // GREENLET_PYTHON_STATE_CPP
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TStackState.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TStackState.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9743ab51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TStackState.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_STACK_STATE_CPP
+#define GREENLET_STACK_STATE_CPP
+
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+#ifdef GREENLET_USE_STDIO
+#include <iostream>
+using std::cerr;
+using std::endl;
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StackState& s)
+{
+    os << "StackState(stack_start=" << (void*)s._stack_start
+       << ", stack_stop=" << (void*)s.stack_stop
+       << ", stack_copy=" << (void*)s.stack_copy
+       << ", stack_saved=" << s._stack_saved
+       << ", stack_prev=" << s.stack_prev
+       << ", addr=" << &s
+       << ")";
+    return os;
+}
+#endif
+
+StackState::StackState(void* mark, StackState& current)
+    : _stack_start(nullptr),
+      stack_stop((char*)mark),
+      stack_copy(nullptr),
+      _stack_saved(0),
+      /* Skip a dying greenlet */
+      stack_prev(current._stack_start
+                 ? &current
+                 : current.stack_prev)
+{
+}
+
+StackState::StackState()
+    : _stack_start(nullptr),
+      stack_stop(nullptr),
+      stack_copy(nullptr),
+      _stack_saved(0),
+      stack_prev(nullptr)
+{
+}
+
+StackState::StackState(const StackState& other)
+// can't use a delegating constructor because of
+// MSVC for Python 2.7
+    : _stack_start(nullptr),
+      stack_stop(nullptr),
+      stack_copy(nullptr),
+      _stack_saved(0),
+      stack_prev(nullptr)
+{
+    this->operator=(other);
+}
+
+StackState& StackState::operator=(const StackState& other)
+{
+    if (&other == this) {
+        return *this;
+    }
+    if (other._stack_saved) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("Refusing to steal memory.");
+    }
+
+    //If we have memory allocated, dispose of it
+    this->free_stack_copy();
+
+    this->_stack_start = other._stack_start;
+    this->stack_stop = other.stack_stop;
+    this->stack_copy = other.stack_copy;
+    this->_stack_saved = other._stack_saved;
+    this->stack_prev = other.stack_prev;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+inline void StackState::free_stack_copy() noexcept
+{
+    PyMem_Free(this->stack_copy);
+    this->stack_copy = nullptr;
+    this->_stack_saved = 0;
+}
+
+inline void StackState::copy_heap_to_stack(const StackState& current) noexcept
+{
+
+    /* Restore the heap copy back into the C stack */
+    if (this->_stack_saved != 0) {
+        memcpy(this->_stack_start, this->stack_copy, this->_stack_saved);
+        this->free_stack_copy();
+    }
+    StackState* owner = const_cast<StackState*>(&current);
+    if (!owner->_stack_start) {
+        owner = owner->stack_prev; /* greenlet is dying, skip it */
+    }
+    while (owner && owner->stack_stop <= this->stack_stop) {
+        // cerr << "\tOwner: " << owner << endl;
+        owner = owner->stack_prev; /* find greenlet with more stack */
+    }
+    this->stack_prev = owner;
+    // cerr << "\tFinished with: " << *this << endl;
+}
+
+inline int StackState::copy_stack_to_heap_up_to(const char* const stop) noexcept
+{
+    /* Save more of g's stack into the heap -- at least up to 'stop'
+       g->stack_stop |________|
+                     |        |
+                     |    __ stop       . . . . .
+                     |        |    ==>  .       .
+                     |________|          _______
+                     |        |         |       |
+                     |        |         |       |
+      g->stack_start |        |         |_______| g->stack_copy
+     */
+    intptr_t sz1 = this->_stack_saved;
+    intptr_t sz2 = stop - this->_stack_start;
+    assert(this->_stack_start);
+    if (sz2 > sz1) {
+        char* c = (char*)PyMem_Realloc(this->stack_copy, sz2);
+        if (!c) {
+            PyErr_NoMemory();
+            return -1;
+        }
+        memcpy(c + sz1, this->_stack_start + sz1, sz2 - sz1);
+        this->stack_copy = c;
+        this->_stack_saved = sz2;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline int StackState::copy_stack_to_heap(char* const stackref,
+                                          const StackState& current) noexcept
+{
+    /* must free all the C stack up to target_stop */
+    const char* const target_stop = this->stack_stop;
+
+    StackState* owner = const_cast<StackState*>(&current);
+    assert(owner->_stack_saved == 0); // everything is present on the stack
+    if (!owner->_stack_start) {
+        owner = owner->stack_prev; /* not saved if dying */
+    }
+    else {
+        owner->_stack_start = stackref;
+    }
+
+    while (owner->stack_stop < target_stop) {
+        /* ts_current is entierely within the area to free */
+        if (owner->copy_stack_to_heap_up_to(owner->stack_stop)) {
+            return -1; /* XXX */
+        }
+        owner = owner->stack_prev;
+    }
+    if (owner != this) {
+        if (owner->copy_stack_to_heap_up_to(target_stop)) {
+            return -1; /* XXX */
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+inline bool StackState::started() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->stack_stop != nullptr;
+}
+
+inline bool StackState::main() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->stack_stop == (char*)-1;
+}
+
+inline bool StackState::active() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->_stack_start != nullptr;
+}
+
+inline void StackState::set_active() noexcept
+{
+    assert(this->_stack_start == nullptr);
+    this->_stack_start = (char*)1;
+}
+
+inline void StackState::set_inactive() noexcept
+{
+    this->_stack_start = nullptr;
+    // XXX: What if we still have memory out there?
+    // That case is actually triggered by
+    // test_issue251_issue252_explicit_reference_not_collectable (greenlet.tests.test_leaks.TestLeaks)
+    // and
+    // test_issue251_issue252_need_to_collect_in_background
+    // (greenlet.tests.test_leaks.TestLeaks)
+    //
+    // Those objects never get deallocated, so the destructor never
+    // runs.
+    // It *seems* safe to clean up the memory here?
+    if (this->_stack_saved) {
+        this->free_stack_copy();
+    }
+}
+
+inline intptr_t StackState::stack_saved() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->_stack_saved;
+}
+
+inline char* StackState::stack_start() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->_stack_start;
+}
+
+
+inline StackState StackState::make_main() noexcept
+{
+    StackState s;
+    s._stack_start = (char*)1;
+    s.stack_stop = (char*)-1;
+    return s;
+}
+
+StackState::~StackState()
+{
+    if (this->_stack_saved != 0) {
+        this->free_stack_copy();
+    }
+}
+
+void StackState::copy_from_stack(void* vdest, const void* vsrc, size_t n) const
+{
+    char* dest = static_cast<char*>(vdest);
+    const char* src = static_cast<const char*>(vsrc);
+    if (src + n <= this->_stack_start
+        || src >= this->_stack_start + this->_stack_saved
+        || this->_stack_saved == 0) {
+        // Nothing we're copying was spilled from the stack
+        memcpy(dest, src, n);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (src < this->_stack_start) {
+        // Copy the part before the saved stack.
+        // We know src + n > _stack_start due to the test above.
+        const size_t nbefore = this->_stack_start - src;
+        memcpy(dest, src, nbefore);
+        dest += nbefore;
+        src += nbefore;
+        n -= nbefore;
+    }
+    // We know src >= _stack_start after the before-copy, and
+    // src < _stack_start + _stack_saved due to the first if condition
+    size_t nspilled = std::min<size_t>(n, this->_stack_start + this->_stack_saved - src);
+    memcpy(dest, this->stack_copy + (src - this->_stack_start), nspilled);
+    dest += nspilled;
+    src += nspilled;
+    n -= nspilled;
+    if (n > 0) {
+        // Copy the part after the saved stack
+        memcpy(dest, src, n);
+    }
+}
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+#endif // GREENLET_STACK_STATE_CPP
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadState.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadState.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4e6f6cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadState.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_THREAD_STATE_HPP
+#define GREENLET_THREAD_STATE_HPP
+
+#include <ctime>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_thread_support.hpp"
+
+using greenlet::refs::BorrowedObject;
+using greenlet::refs::BorrowedGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedMainGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedObject;
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedGreenlet;
+using greenlet::refs::OwnedList;
+using greenlet::refs::PyErrFetchParam;
+using greenlet::refs::PyArgParseParam;
+using greenlet::refs::ImmortalString;
+using greenlet::refs::CreatedModule;
+using greenlet::refs::PyErrPieces;
+using greenlet::refs::NewReference;
+
+namespace greenlet {
+/**
+ * Thread-local state of greenlets.
+ *
+ * Each native thread will get exactly one of these objects,
+ * automatically accessed through the best available thread-local
+ * mechanism the compiler supports (``thread_local`` for C++11
+ * compilers or ``__thread``/``declspec(thread)`` for older GCC/clang
+ * or MSVC, respectively.)
+ *
+ * Previously, we kept thread-local state mostly in a bunch of
+ * ``static volatile`` variables in the main greenlet file.. This had
+ * the problem of requiring extra checks, loops, and great care
+ * accessing these variables if we potentially invoked any Python code
+ * that could release the GIL, because the state could change out from
+ * under us. Making the variables thread-local solves this problem.
+ *
+ * When we detected that a greenlet API accessing the current greenlet
+ * was invoked from a different thread than the greenlet belonged to,
+ * we stored a reference to the greenlet in the Python thread
+ * dictionary for the thread the greenlet belonged to. This could lead
+ * to memory leaks if the thread then exited (because of a reference
+ * cycle, as greenlets referred to the thread dictionary, and deleting
+ * non-current greenlets leaked their frame plus perhaps arguments on
+ * the C stack). If a thread exited while still having running
+ * greenlet objects (perhaps that had just switched back to the main
+ * greenlet), and did not invoke one of the greenlet APIs *in that
+ * thread, immediately before it exited, without some other thread
+ * then being invoked*, such a leak was guaranteed.
+ *
+ * This can be partly solved by using compiler thread-local variables
+ * instead of the Python thread dictionary, thus avoiding a cycle.
+ *
+ * To fully solve this problem, we need a reliable way to know that a
+ * thread is done and we should clean up the main greenlet. On POSIX,
+ * we can use the destructor function of ``pthread_key_create``, but
+ * there's nothing similar on Windows; a C++11 thread local object
+ * reliably invokes its destructor when the thread it belongs to exits
+ * (non-C++11 compilers offer ``__thread`` or ``declspec(thread)`` to
+ * create thread-local variables, but they can't hold C++ objects that
+ * invoke destructors; the C++11 version is the most portable solution
+ * I found). When the thread exits, we can drop references and
+ * otherwise manipulate greenlets and frames that we know can no
+ * longer be switched to. For compilers that don't support C++11
+ * thread locals, we have a solution that uses the python thread
+ * dictionary, though it may not collect everything as promptly as
+ * other compilers do, if some other library is using the thread
+ * dictionary and has a cycle or extra reference.
+ *
+ * There are two small wrinkles. The first is that when the thread
+ * exits, it is too late to actually invoke Python APIs: the Python
+ * thread state is gone, and the GIL is released. To solve *this*
+ * problem, our destructor uses ``Py_AddPendingCall`` to transfer the
+ * destruction work to the main thread. (This is not an issue for the
+ * dictionary solution.)
+ *
+ * The second is that once the thread exits, the thread local object
+ * is invalid and we can't even access a pointer to it, so we can't
+ * pass it to ``Py_AddPendingCall``. This is handled by actually using
+ * a second object that's thread local (ThreadStateCreator) and having
+ * it dynamically allocate this object so it can live until the
+ * pending call runs.
+ */
+
+
+
+class ThreadState {
+private:
+    // As of commit 08ad1dd7012b101db953f492e0021fb08634afad
+    // this class needed 56 bytes in o Py_DEBUG build
+    // on 64-bit macOS 11.
+    // Adding the vector takes us up to 80 bytes ()
+
+    /* Strong reference to the main greenlet */
+    OwnedMainGreenlet main_greenlet;
+
+    /* Strong reference to the current greenlet. */
+    OwnedGreenlet current_greenlet;
+
+    /* Strong reference to the trace function, if any. */
+    OwnedObject tracefunc;
+
+    typedef std::vector<PyGreenlet*, PythonAllocator<PyGreenlet*> > deleteme_t;
+    /* A vector of raw PyGreenlet pointers representing things that need
+       deleted when this thread is running. The vector owns the
+       references, but you need to manually INCREF/DECREF as you use
+       them. We don't use a vector<refs::OwnedGreenlet> because we
+       make copy of this vector, and that would become O(n) as all the
+       refcounts are incremented in the copy.
+    */
+    deleteme_t deleteme;
+
+#ifdef GREENLET_NEEDS_EXCEPTION_STATE_SAVED
+    void* exception_state;
+#endif
+
+    static std::clock_t _clocks_used_doing_gc;
+    static ImmortalString get_referrers_name;
+    static PythonAllocator<ThreadState> allocator;
+
+    G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ThreadState);
+
+
+    // Allocates a main greenlet for the thread state. If this fails,
+    // exits the process. Called only during constructing a ThreadState.
+    MainGreenlet* alloc_main()
+    {
+        PyGreenlet* gmain;
+
+        /* create the main greenlet for this thread */
+        gmain = reinterpret_cast<PyGreenlet*>(PyType_GenericAlloc(&PyGreenlet_Type, 0));
+        if (gmain == NULL) {
+            throw PyFatalError("alloc_main failed to alloc"); //exits the process
+        }
+
+        MainGreenlet* const main = new MainGreenlet(gmain, this);
+
+        assert(Py_REFCNT(gmain) == 1);
+        assert(gmain->pimpl == main);
+        return main;
+    }
+
+
+public:
+    static void* operator new(size_t UNUSED(count))
+    {
+        return ThreadState::allocator.allocate(1);
+    }
+
+    static void operator delete(void* ptr)
+    {
+        return ThreadState::allocator.deallocate(static_cast<ThreadState*>(ptr),
+                                                 1);
+    }
+
+    static void init()
+    {
+        ThreadState::get_referrers_name = "get_referrers";
+        ThreadState::_clocks_used_doing_gc = 0;
+    }
+
+    ThreadState()
+    {
+
+#ifdef GREENLET_NEEDS_EXCEPTION_STATE_SAVED
+        this->exception_state = slp_get_exception_state();
+#endif
+
+        // XXX: Potentially dangerous, exposing a not fully
+        // constructed object.
+        MainGreenlet* const main = this->alloc_main();
+        this->main_greenlet = OwnedMainGreenlet::consuming(
+            main->self()
+        );
+        assert(this->main_greenlet);
+        this->current_greenlet = main->self();
+        // The main greenlet starts with 1 refs: The returned one. We
+        // then copied it to the current greenlet.
+        assert(this->main_greenlet.REFCNT() == 2);
+    }
+
+    inline void restore_exception_state()
+    {
+#ifdef GREENLET_NEEDS_EXCEPTION_STATE_SAVED
+        // It's probably important this be inlined and only call C
+        // functions to avoid adding an SEH frame.
+        slp_set_exception_state(this->exception_state);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    inline bool has_main_greenlet() const noexcept
+    {
+        return bool(this->main_greenlet);
+    }
+
+    // Called from the ThreadStateCreator when we're in non-standard
+    // threading mode. In that case, there is an object in the Python
+    // thread state dictionary that points to us. The main greenlet
+    // also traverses into us, in which case it's crucial not to
+    // traverse back into the main greenlet.
+    int tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg, bool traverse_main=true)
+    {
+        if (traverse_main) {
+            Py_VISIT(main_greenlet.borrow_o());
+        }
+        if (traverse_main || current_greenlet != main_greenlet) {
+            Py_VISIT(current_greenlet.borrow_o());
+        }
+        Py_VISIT(tracefunc.borrow());
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    inline BorrowedMainGreenlet borrow_main_greenlet() const noexcept
+    {
+        assert(this->main_greenlet);
+        assert(this->main_greenlet.REFCNT() >= 2);
+        return this->main_greenlet;
+    };
+
+    inline OwnedMainGreenlet get_main_greenlet() const noexcept
+    {
+        return this->main_greenlet;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * In addition to returning a new reference to the currunt
+     * greenlet, this performs any maintenance needed.
+     */
+    inline OwnedGreenlet get_current()
+    {
+        /* green_dealloc() cannot delete greenlets from other threads, so
+           it stores them in the thread dict; delete them now. */
+        this->clear_deleteme_list();
+        //assert(this->current_greenlet->main_greenlet == this->main_greenlet);
+        //assert(this->main_greenlet->main_greenlet == this->main_greenlet);
+        return this->current_greenlet;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * As for non-const get_current();
+     */
+    inline BorrowedGreenlet borrow_current()
+    {
+        this->clear_deleteme_list();
+        return this->current_greenlet;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Does no maintenance.
+     */
+    inline OwnedGreenlet get_current() const
+    {
+        return this->current_greenlet;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, refs::TypeChecker TC>
+    inline bool is_current(const refs::PyObjectPointer<T, TC>& obj) const
+    {
+        return this->current_greenlet.borrow_o() == obj.borrow_o();
+    }
+
+    inline void set_current(const OwnedGreenlet& target)
+    {
+        this->current_greenlet = target;
+    }
+
+private:
+    /**
+     * Deref and remove the greenlets from the deleteme list. Must be
+     * holding the GIL.
+     *
+     * If *murder* is true, then we must be called from a different
+     * thread than the one that these greenlets were running in.
+     * In that case, if the greenlet was actually running, we destroy
+     * the frame reference and otherwise make it appear dead before
+     * proceeding; otherwise, we would try (and fail) to raise an
+     * exception in it and wind up right back in this list.
+     */
+    inline void clear_deleteme_list(const bool murder=false)
+    {
+        if (!this->deleteme.empty()) {
+            // It's possible we could add items to this list while
+            // running Python code if there's a thread switch, so we
+            // need to defensively copy it before that can happen.
+            deleteme_t copy = this->deleteme;
+            this->deleteme.clear(); // in case things come back on the list
+            for(deleteme_t::iterator it = copy.begin(), end = copy.end();
+                it != end;
+                ++it ) {
+                PyGreenlet* to_del = *it;
+                if (murder) {
+                    // Force each greenlet to appear dead; we can't raise an
+                    // exception into it anymore anyway.
+                    to_del->pimpl->murder_in_place();
+                }
+
+                // The only reference to these greenlets should be in
+                // this list, decreffing them should let them be
+                // deleted again, triggering calls to green_dealloc()
+                // in the correct thread (if we're not murdering).
+                // This may run arbitrary Python code and switch
+                // threads or greenlets!
+                Py_DECREF(to_del);
+                if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+                    PyErr_WriteUnraisable(nullptr);
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+public:
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new reference, or a false object.
+     */
+    inline OwnedObject get_tracefunc() const
+    {
+        return tracefunc;
+    };
+
+
+    inline void set_tracefunc(BorrowedObject tracefunc)
+    {
+        assert(tracefunc);
+        if (tracefunc == BorrowedObject(Py_None)) {
+            this->tracefunc.CLEAR();
+        }
+        else {
+            this->tracefunc = tracefunc;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Given a reference to a greenlet that some other thread
+     * attempted to delete (has a refcount of 0) store it for later
+     * deletion when the thread this state belongs to is current.
+     */
+    inline void delete_when_thread_running(PyGreenlet* to_del)
+    {
+        Py_INCREF(to_del);
+        this->deleteme.push_back(to_del);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set to std::clock_t(-1) to disable.
+     */
+    inline static std::clock_t& clocks_used_doing_gc()
+    {
+        return ThreadState::_clocks_used_doing_gc;
+    }
+
+    ~ThreadState()
+    {
+        if (!PyInterpreterState_Head()) {
+            // We shouldn't get here (our callers protect us)
+            // but if we do, all we can do is bail early.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // We should not have an "origin" greenlet; that only exists
+        // for the temporary time during a switch, which should not
+        // be in progress as the thread dies.
+        //assert(!this->switching_state.origin);
+
+        this->tracefunc.CLEAR();
+
+        // Forcibly GC as much as we can.
+        this->clear_deleteme_list(true);
+
+        // The pending call did this.
+        assert(this->main_greenlet->thread_state() == nullptr);
+
+        // If the main greenlet is the current greenlet,
+        // then we "fell off the end" and the thread died.
+        // It's possible that there is some other greenlet that
+        // switched to us, leaving a reference to the main greenlet
+        // on the stack, somewhere uncollectible. Try to detect that.
+        if (this->current_greenlet == this->main_greenlet && this->current_greenlet) {
+            assert(this->current_greenlet->is_currently_running_in_some_thread());
+            // Drop one reference we hold.
+            this->current_greenlet.CLEAR();
+            assert(!this->current_greenlet);
+            // Only our reference to the main greenlet should be left,
+            // But hold onto the pointer in case we need to do extra cleanup.
+            PyGreenlet* old_main_greenlet = this->main_greenlet.borrow();
+            Py_ssize_t cnt = this->main_greenlet.REFCNT();
+            this->main_greenlet.CLEAR();
+            if (ThreadState::_clocks_used_doing_gc != std::clock_t(-1)
+                && cnt == 2 && Py_REFCNT(old_main_greenlet) == 1) {
+                // Highly likely that the reference is somewhere on
+                // the stack, not reachable by GC. Verify.
+                // XXX: This is O(n) in the total number of objects.
+                // TODO: Add a way to disable this at runtime, and
+                // another way to report on it.
+                std::clock_t begin = std::clock();
+                NewReference gc(PyImport_ImportModule("gc"));
+                if (gc) {
+                    OwnedObject get_referrers = gc.PyRequireAttr(ThreadState::get_referrers_name);
+                    OwnedList refs(get_referrers.PyCall(old_main_greenlet));
+                    if (refs && refs.empty()) {
+                        assert(refs.REFCNT() == 1);
+                        // We found nothing! So we left a dangling
+                        // reference: Probably the last thing some
+                        // other greenlet did was call
+                        // 'getcurrent().parent.switch()' to switch
+                        // back to us. Clean it up. This will be the
+                        // case on CPython 3.7 and newer, as they use
+                        // an internal calling conversion that avoids
+                        // creating method objects and storing them on
+                        // the stack.
+                        Py_DECREF(old_main_greenlet);
+                    }
+                    else if (refs
+                             && refs.size() == 1
+                             && PyCFunction_Check(refs.at(0))
+                             && Py_REFCNT(refs.at(0)) == 2) {
+                        assert(refs.REFCNT() == 1);
+                        // Ok, we found a C method that refers to the
+                        // main greenlet, and its only referenced
+                        // twice, once in the list we just created,
+                        // once from...somewhere else. If we can't
+                        // find where else, then this is a leak.
+                        // This happens in older versions of CPython
+                        // that create a bound method object somewhere
+                        // on the stack that we'll never get back to.
+                        if (PyCFunction_GetFunction(refs.at(0).borrow()) == (PyCFunction)green_switch) {
+                            BorrowedObject function_w = refs.at(0);
+                            refs.clear(); // destroy the reference
+                                          // from the list.
+                            // back to one reference. Can *it* be
+                            // found?
+                            assert(function_w.REFCNT() == 1);
+                            refs = get_referrers.PyCall(function_w);
+                            if (refs && refs.empty()) {
+                                // Nope, it can't be found so it won't
+                                // ever be GC'd. Drop it.
+                                Py_CLEAR(function_w);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    std::clock_t end = std::clock();
+                    ThreadState::_clocks_used_doing_gc += (end - begin);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // We need to make sure this greenlet appears to be dead,
+        // because otherwise deallocing it would fail to raise an
+        // exception in it (the thread is dead) and put it back in our
+        // deleteme list.
+        if (this->current_greenlet) {
+            this->current_greenlet->murder_in_place();
+            this->current_greenlet.CLEAR();
+        }
+
+        if (this->main_greenlet) {
+            // Couldn't have been the main greenlet that was running
+            // when the thread exited (because we already cleared this
+            // pointer if it was). This shouldn't be possible?
+
+            // If the main greenlet was current when the thread died (it
+            // should be, right?) then we cleared its self pointer above
+            // when we cleared the current greenlet's main greenlet pointer.
+            // assert(this->main_greenlet->main_greenlet == this->main_greenlet
+            //        || !this->main_greenlet->main_greenlet);
+            // // self reference, probably gone
+            // this->main_greenlet->main_greenlet.CLEAR();
+
+            // This will actually go away when the ivar is destructed.
+            this->main_greenlet.CLEAR();
+        }
+
+        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(NULL);
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        }
+
+    }
+
+};
+
+ImmortalString ThreadState::get_referrers_name(nullptr);
+PythonAllocator<ThreadState> ThreadState::allocator;
+std::clock_t ThreadState::_clocks_used_doing_gc(0);
+
+
+
+
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadStateCreator.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadStateCreator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ec7ab55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadStateCreator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_THREAD_STATE_CREATOR_HPP
+#define GREENLET_THREAD_STATE_CREATOR_HPP
+
+#include <ctime>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_thread_support.hpp"
+
+#include "TThreadState.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+
+typedef void (*ThreadStateDestructor)(ThreadState* const);
+
+template<ThreadStateDestructor Destructor>
+class ThreadStateCreator
+{
+private:
+    // Initialized to 1, and, if still 1, created on access.
+    // Set to 0 on destruction.
+    ThreadState* _state;
+    G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ThreadStateCreator);
+
+    inline bool has_initialized_state() const noexcept
+    {
+        return this->_state != (ThreadState*)1;
+    }
+
+    inline bool has_state() const noexcept
+    {
+        return this->has_initialized_state() && this->_state != nullptr;
+    }
+
+public:
+
+    // Only one of these, auto created per thread.
+    // Constructing the state constructs the MainGreenlet.
+    ThreadStateCreator() :
+        _state((ThreadState*)1)
+    {
+    }
+
+    ~ThreadStateCreator()
+    {
+        if (this->has_state()) {
+            Destructor(this->_state);
+        }
+
+        this->_state = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    inline ThreadState& state()
+    {
+        // The main greenlet will own this pointer when it is created,
+        // which will be right after this. The plan is to give every
+        // greenlet a pointer to the main greenlet for the thread it
+        // runs in; if we are doing something cross-thread, we need to
+        // access the pointer from the main greenlet. Deleting the
+        // thread, and hence the thread-local storage, will delete the
+        // state pointer in the main greenlet.
+        if (!this->has_initialized_state()) {
+            // XXX: Assuming allocation never fails
+            this->_state = new ThreadState;
+            // For non-standard threading, we need to store an object
+            // in the Python thread state dictionary so that it can be
+            // DECREF'd when the thread ends (ideally; the dict could
+            // last longer) and clean this object up.
+        }
+        if (!this->_state) {
+            throw std::runtime_error("Accessing state after destruction.");
+        }
+        return *this->_state;
+    }
+
+    operator ThreadState&()
+    {
+        return this->state();
+    }
+
+    operator ThreadState*()
+    {
+        return &this->state();
+    }
+
+    inline int tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg)
+    {
+        if (this->has_state()) {
+            return this->_state->tp_traverse(visit, arg);
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+};
+
+
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadStateDestroy.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadStateDestroy.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..449b7887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TThreadStateDestroy.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/**
+ * Implementation of the ThreadState destructors.
+ *
+ * Format with:
+ *  clang-format -i --style=file src/greenlet/greenlet.c
+ *
+ *
+ * Fix missing braces with:
+ *   clang-tidy src/greenlet/greenlet.c -fix -checks="readability-braces-around-statements"
+*/
+#ifndef T_THREADSTATE_DESTROY
+#define T_THREADSTATE_DESTROY
+
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+#include "greenlet_thread_support.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+#include "TGreenletGlobals.cpp"
+#include "TThreadState.hpp"
+#include "TThreadStateCreator.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+extern "C" {
+
+struct ThreadState_DestroyNoGIL
+{
+    /**
+       This function uses the same lock that the PendingCallback does
+     */
+    static void
+    MarkGreenletDeadAndQueueCleanup(ThreadState* const state)
+    {
+#if GREENLET_BROKEN_THREAD_LOCAL_CLEANUP_JUST_LEAK
+        return;
+#endif
+        // We are *NOT* holding the GIL. Our thread is in the middle
+        // of its death throes and the Python thread state is already
+        // gone so we can't use most Python APIs. One that is safe is
+        // ``Py_AddPendingCall``, unless the interpreter itself has
+        // been torn down. There is a limited number of calls that can
+        // be queued: 32 (NPENDINGCALLS) in CPython 3.10, so we
+        // coalesce these calls using our own queue.
+
+        if (!MarkGreenletDeadIfNeeded(state)) {
+            // No state, or no greenlet
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // XXX: Because we don't have the GIL, this is a race condition.
+        if (!PyInterpreterState_Head()) {
+            // We have to leak the thread state, if the
+            // interpreter has shut down when we're getting
+            // deallocated, we can't run the cleanup code that
+            // deleting it would imply.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        AddToCleanupQueue(state);
+
+    }
+
+private:
+
+    // If the state has an allocated main greenlet:
+    // - mark the greenlet as dead by disassociating it from the state;
+    // - return 1
+    // Otherwise, return 0.
+    static bool
+    MarkGreenletDeadIfNeeded(ThreadState* const state)
+    {
+        if (state && state->has_main_greenlet()) {
+            // mark the thread as dead ASAP.
+            // this is racy! If we try to throw or switch to a
+            // greenlet from this thread from some other thread before
+            // we clear the state pointer, it won't realize the state
+            // is dead which can crash the process.
+            PyGreenlet* p(state->borrow_main_greenlet().borrow());
+            assert(p->pimpl->thread_state() == state || p->pimpl->thread_state() == nullptr);
+            dynamic_cast<MainGreenlet*>(p->pimpl)->thread_state(nullptr);
+           return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    static void
+    AddToCleanupQueue(ThreadState* const state)
+    {
+        assert(state && state->has_main_greenlet());
+
+        // NOTE: Because we're not holding the GIL here, some other
+        // Python thread could run and call ``os.fork()``, which would
+        // be bad if that happened while we are holding the cleanup
+        // lock (it wouldn't function in the child process).
+        // Make a best effort to try to keep the duration we hold the
+        // lock short.
+        // TODO: On platforms that support it, use ``pthread_atfork`` to
+        // drop this lock.
+        LockGuard cleanup_lock(*mod_globs->thread_states_to_destroy_lock);
+
+        mod_globs->queue_to_destroy(state);
+        if (mod_globs->thread_states_to_destroy.size() == 1) {
+            // We added the first item to the queue. We need to schedule
+            // the cleanup.
+
+            // A size greater than 1 means that we have already added the pending call,
+            // and in fact, it may be executing now.
+            // If it is executing, our lock makes sure that it will see the item we just added
+            // to the queue on its next iteration (after we release the lock)
+            //
+            // A size of 1 means there is no pending call, OR the pending call is
+            // currently executing, has dropped the lock, and is deleting the last item
+            // from the queue; its next iteration will go ahead and delete the item we just added.
+            // And the pending call we schedule here will have no work to do.
+            int result = AddPendingCall(
+                           PendingCallback_DestroyQueueWithGIL,
+                            nullptr);
+            if (result < 0) {
+                // Hmm, what can we do here?
+                fprintf(stderr,
+                        "greenlet: WARNING: failed in call to Py_AddPendingCall; "
+                        "expect a memory leak.\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static int
+    PendingCallback_DestroyQueueWithGIL(void* UNUSED(arg))
+    {
+        // We're holding the GIL here, so no Python code should be able to
+        // run to call ``os.fork()``.
+        while (1) {
+            ThreadState* to_destroy;
+            {
+                LockGuard cleanup_lock(*mod_globs->thread_states_to_destroy_lock);
+                if (mod_globs->thread_states_to_destroy.empty()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                to_destroy = mod_globs->take_next_to_destroy();
+            }
+            assert(to_destroy);
+            assert(to_destroy->has_main_greenlet());
+            // Drop the lock while we do the actual deletion.
+            // This allows other calls to MarkGreenletDeadAndQueueCleanup
+            // to enter and add to our queue.
+            DestroyOneWithGIL(to_destroy);
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    static void
+    DestroyOneWithGIL(const ThreadState* const state)
+    {
+        // Holding the GIL.
+        // Passed a non-shared pointer to the actual thread state.
+        // state -> main greenlet
+        assert(state->has_main_greenlet());
+        PyGreenlet* main(state->borrow_main_greenlet());
+        // When we need to do cross-thread operations, we check this.
+        // A NULL value means the thread died some time ago.
+        // We do this here, rather than in a Python dealloc function
+        // for the greenlet, in case there's still a reference out
+        // there.
+        dynamic_cast<MainGreenlet*>(main->pimpl)->thread_state(nullptr);
+
+        delete state; // Deleting this runs the destructor, DECREFs the main greenlet.
+    }
+
+
+    static int AddPendingCall(int (*func)(void*), void* arg)
+    {
+        // If the interpreter is in the middle of finalizing, we can't add a
+        // pending call. Trying to do so will end up in a SIGSEGV, as
+        // Py_AddPendingCall will not be able to get the interpreter and will
+        // try to dereference a NULL pointer. It's possible this can still
+        // segfault if we happen to get context switched, and maybe we should
+        // just always implement our own AddPendingCall, but I'd like to see if
+        // this works first
+#if GREENLET_PY313
+        if (Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+#else
+        if (_Py_IsFinalizing()) {
+#endif
+#ifdef GREENLET_DEBUG
+            // No need to log in the general case. Yes, we'll leak,
+            // but we're shutting down so it should be ok.
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "greenlet: WARNING: Interpreter is finalizing. Ignoring "
+                    "call to Py_AddPendingCall; \n");
+#endif
+            return 0;
+        }
+        return Py_AddPendingCall(func, arg);
+    }
+
+
+
+
+
+};
+};
+
+}; // namespace greenlet
+
+// The intent when GET_THREAD_STATE() is needed multiple times in a
+// function is to take a reference to its return value in a local
+// variable, to avoid the thread-local indirection. On some platforms
+// (macOS), accessing a thread-local involves a function call (plus an
+// initial function call in each function that uses a thread local);
+// in contrast, static volatile variables are at some pre-computed
+// offset.
+typedef greenlet::ThreadStateCreator<greenlet::ThreadState_DestroyNoGIL::MarkGreenletDeadAndQueueCleanup> ThreadStateCreator;
+static thread_local ThreadStateCreator g_thread_state_global;
+#define GET_THREAD_STATE() g_thread_state_global
+
+#endif //T_THREADSTATE_DESTROY
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TUserGreenlet.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TUserGreenlet.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73a81330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/TUserGreenlet.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/**
+ * Implementation of greenlet::UserGreenlet.
+ *
+ * Format with:
+ *  clang-format -i --style=file src/greenlet/greenlet.c
+ *
+ *
+ * Fix missing braces with:
+ *   clang-tidy src/greenlet/greenlet.c -fix -checks="readability-braces-around-statements"
+*/
+#ifndef T_USER_GREENLET_CPP
+#define T_USER_GREENLET_CPP
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+
+
+namespace greenlet {
+using greenlet::refs::BorrowedMainGreenlet;
+greenlet::PythonAllocator<UserGreenlet> UserGreenlet::allocator;
+
+void* UserGreenlet::operator new(size_t UNUSED(count))
+{
+    return allocator.allocate(1);
+}
+
+
+void UserGreenlet::operator delete(void* ptr)
+{
+    return allocator.deallocate(static_cast<UserGreenlet*>(ptr),
+                                1);
+}
+
+
+UserGreenlet::UserGreenlet(PyGreenlet* p, BorrowedGreenlet the_parent)
+    : Greenlet(p), _parent(the_parent)
+{
+}
+
+UserGreenlet::~UserGreenlet()
+{
+    // Python 3.11: If we don't clear out the raw frame datastack
+    // when deleting an unfinished greenlet,
+    // TestLeaks.test_untracked_memory_doesnt_increase_unfinished_thread_dealloc_in_main fails.
+    this->python_state.did_finish(nullptr);
+    this->tp_clear();
+}
+
+
+const BorrowedMainGreenlet
+UserGreenlet::main_greenlet() const
+{
+    return this->_main_greenlet;
+}
+
+
+BorrowedMainGreenlet
+UserGreenlet::find_main_greenlet_in_lineage() const
+{
+    if (this->started()) {
+        assert(this->_main_greenlet);
+        return BorrowedMainGreenlet(this->_main_greenlet);
+    }
+
+    if (!this->_parent) {
+        /* garbage collected greenlet in chain */
+        // XXX: WHAT?
+        return BorrowedMainGreenlet(nullptr);
+    }
+
+    return this->_parent->find_main_greenlet_in_lineage();
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * CAUTION: This will allocate memory and may trigger garbage
+ * collection and arbitrary Python code.
+ */
+OwnedObject
+UserGreenlet::throw_GreenletExit_during_dealloc(const ThreadState& current_thread_state)
+{
+    /* The dying greenlet cannot be a parent of ts_current
+       because the 'parent' field chain would hold a
+       reference */
+    UserGreenlet::ParentIsCurrentGuard with_current_parent(this, current_thread_state);
+
+    // We don't care about the return value, only whether an
+    // exception happened. Whether or not an exception happens,
+    // we need to restore the parent in case the greenlet gets
+    // resurrected.
+    return Greenlet::throw_GreenletExit_during_dealloc(current_thread_state);
+}
+
+ThreadState*
+UserGreenlet::thread_state() const noexcept
+{
+    // TODO: maybe make this throw, if the thread state isn't there?
+    // if (!this->main_greenlet) {
+    //     throw std::runtime_error("No thread state"); // TODO: Better exception
+    // }
+    if (!this->_main_greenlet) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return this->_main_greenlet->thread_state();
+}
+
+
+bool
+UserGreenlet::was_running_in_dead_thread() const noexcept
+{
+    return this->_main_greenlet && !this->thread_state();
+}
+
+OwnedObject
+UserGreenlet::g_switch()
+{
+    assert(this->args() || PyErr_Occurred());
+
+    try {
+        this->check_switch_allowed();
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        this->release_args();
+        throw;
+    }
+
+    // Switching greenlets used to attempt to clean out ones that need
+    // deleted *if* we detected a thread switch. Should it still do
+    // that?
+    // An issue is that if we delete a greenlet from another thread,
+    // it gets queued to this thread, and ``kill_greenlet()`` switches
+    // back into the greenlet
+
+    /* find the real target by ignoring dead greenlets,
+       and if necessary starting a greenlet. */
+    switchstack_result_t err;
+    Greenlet* target = this;
+    // TODO: probably cleaner to handle the case where we do
+    // switch to ourself separately from the other cases.
+    // This can probably even further be simplified if we keep
+    // track of the switching_state we're going for and just call
+    // into g_switch() if it's not ourself. The main problem with that
+    // is that we would be using more stack space.
+    bool target_was_me = true;
+    bool was_initial_stub = false;
+    while (target) {
+        if (target->active()) {
+            if (!target_was_me) {
+                target->args() <<= this->args();
+                assert(!this->args());
+            }
+            err = target->g_switchstack();
+            break;
+        }
+        if (!target->started()) {
+            // We never encounter a main greenlet that's not started.
+            assert(!target->main());
+            UserGreenlet* real_target = static_cast<UserGreenlet*>(target);
+            assert(real_target);
+            void* dummymarker;
+            was_initial_stub = true;
+            if (!target_was_me) {
+                target->args() <<= this->args();
+                assert(!this->args());
+            }
+            try {
+                // This can only throw back to us while we're
+                // still in this greenlet. Once the new greenlet
+                // is bootstrapped, it has its own exception state.
+                err = real_target->g_initialstub(&dummymarker);
+            }
+            catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+                this->release_args();
+                throw;
+            }
+            catch (const GreenletStartedWhileInPython&) {
+                // The greenlet was started sometime before this
+                // greenlet actually switched to it, i.e.,
+                // "concurrent" calls to switch() or throw().
+                // We need to retry the switch.
+                // Note that the current greenlet has been reset
+                // to this one (or we wouldn't be running!)
+                continue;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+
+        target = target->parent();
+        target_was_me = false;
+    }
+    // The ``this`` pointer and all other stack or register based
+    // variables are invalid now, at least where things succeed
+    // above.
+    // But this one, probably not so much? It's not clear if it's
+    // safe to throw an exception at this point.
+
+    if (err.status < 0) {
+        // If we get here, either g_initialstub()
+        // failed, or g_switchstack() failed. Either one of those
+        // cases SHOULD leave us in the original greenlet with a valid
+        // stack.
+        return this->on_switchstack_or_initialstub_failure(target, err, target_was_me, was_initial_stub);
+    }
+
+    // err.the_new_current_greenlet would be the same as ``target``,
+    // if target wasn't probably corrupt.
+    return err.the_new_current_greenlet->g_switch_finish(err);
+}
+
+
+
+Greenlet::switchstack_result_t
+UserGreenlet::g_initialstub(void* mark)
+{
+    OwnedObject run;
+
+    // We need to grab a reference to the current switch arguments
+    // in case we're entered concurrently during the call to
+    // GetAttr() and have to try again.
+    // We'll restore them when we return in that case.
+    // Scope them tightly to avoid ref leaks.
+    {
+        SwitchingArgs args(this->args());
+
+        /* save exception in case getattr clears it */
+        PyErrPieces saved;
+
+        /*
+          self.run is the object to call in the new greenlet.
+          This could run arbitrary python code and switch greenlets!
+        */
+        run = this->self().PyRequireAttr(mod_globs->str_run);
+        /* restore saved exception */
+        saved.PyErrRestore();
+
+
+        /* recheck that it's safe to switch in case greenlet reparented anywhere above */
+        this->check_switch_allowed();
+
+        /* by the time we got here another start could happen elsewhere,
+         * that means it should now be a regular switch.
+         * This can happen if the Python code is a subclass that implements
+         * __getattribute__ or __getattr__, or makes ``run`` a descriptor;
+         * all of those can run arbitrary code that switches back into
+         * this greenlet.
+         */
+        if (this->stack_state.started()) {
+            // the successful switch cleared these out, we need to
+            // restore our version. They will be copied on up to the
+            // next target.
+            assert(!this->args());
+            this->args() <<= args;
+            throw GreenletStartedWhileInPython();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Sweet, if we got here, we have the go-ahead and will switch
+    // greenlets.
+    // Nothing we do from here on out should allow for a thread or
+    // greenlet switch: No arbitrary calls to Python, including
+    // decref'ing
+
+#if GREENLET_USE_CFRAME
+    /* OK, we need it, we're about to switch greenlets, save the state. */
+    /*
+      See green_new(). This is a stack-allocated variable used
+      while *self* is in PyObject_Call().
+      We want to defer copying the state info until we're sure
+      we need it and are in a stable place to do so.
+    */
+    _PyCFrame trace_info;
+
+    this->python_state.set_new_cframe(trace_info);
+#endif
+    /* start the greenlet */
+    ThreadState& thread_state = GET_THREAD_STATE().state();
+    this->stack_state = StackState(mark,
+                                   thread_state.borrow_current()->stack_state);
+    this->python_state.set_initial_state(PyThreadState_GET());
+    this->exception_state.clear();
+    this->_main_greenlet = thread_state.get_main_greenlet();
+
+    /* perform the initial switch */
+    switchstack_result_t err = this->g_switchstack();
+    /* returns twice!
+       The 1st time with ``err == 1``: we are in the new greenlet.
+       This one owns a greenlet that used to be current.
+       The 2nd time with ``err <= 0``: back in the caller's
+       greenlet; this happens if the child finishes or switches
+       explicitly to us. Either way, the ``err`` variable is
+       created twice at the same memory location, but possibly
+       having different ``origin`` values. Note that it's not
+       constructed for the second time until the switch actually happens.
+    */
+    if (err.status == 1) {
+        // In the new greenlet.
+
+        // This never returns! Calling inner_bootstrap steals
+        // the contents of our run object within this stack frame, so
+        // it is not valid to do anything with it.
+        try {
+            this->inner_bootstrap(err.origin_greenlet.relinquish_ownership(),
+                                  run.relinquish_ownership());
+        }
+        // Getting a C++ exception here isn't good. It's probably a
+        // bug in the underlying greenlet, meaning it's probably a
+        // C++ extension. We're going to abort anyway, but try to
+        // display some nice information *if* possible. Some obscure
+        // platforms don't properly support this (old 32-bit Arm, see see
+        // https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/385); that's not
+        // great, but should usually be OK because, as mentioned above, we're
+        // terminating anyway.
+        //
+        // The catching is tested by
+        // ``test_cpp.CPPTests.test_unhandled_exception_in_greenlet_aborts``.
+        //
+        // PyErrOccurred can theoretically be thrown by
+        // inner_bootstrap() -> g_switch_finish(), but that should
+        // never make it back to here. It is a std::exception and
+        // would be caught if it is.
+        catch (const std::exception& e) {
+            std::string base = "greenlet: Unhandled C++ exception: ";
+            base += e.what();
+            Py_FatalError(base.c_str());
+        }
+        catch (...) {
+            // Some compilers/runtimes use exceptions internally.
+            // It appears that GCC on Linux with libstdc++ throws an
+            // exception internally at process shutdown time to unwind
+            // stacks and clean up resources. Depending on exactly
+            // where we are when the process exits, that could result
+            // in an unknown exception getting here. If we
+            // Py_FatalError() or abort() here, we interfere with
+            // orderly process shutdown. Throwing the exception on up
+            // is the right thing to do.
+            //
+            // gevent's ``examples/dns_mass_resolve.py`` demonstrates this.
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "greenlet: inner_bootstrap threw unknown exception; "
+                    "is the process terminating?\n");
+#endif
+            throw;
+        }
+        Py_FatalError("greenlet: inner_bootstrap returned with no exception.\n");
+    }
+
+
+    // In contrast, notice that we're keeping the origin greenlet
+    // around as an owned reference; we need it to call the trace
+    // function for the switch back into the parent. It was only
+    // captured at the time the switch actually happened, though,
+    // so we haven't been keeping an extra reference around this
+    // whole time.
+
+    /* back in the parent */
+    if (err.status < 0) {
+        /* start failed badly, restore greenlet state */
+        this->stack_state = StackState();
+        this->_main_greenlet.CLEAR();
+        // CAUTION: This may run arbitrary Python code.
+        run.CLEAR(); // inner_bootstrap didn't run, we own the reference.
+    }
+
+    // In the success case, the spawned code (inner_bootstrap) will
+    // take care of decrefing this, so we relinquish ownership so as
+    // to not double-decref.
+
+    run.relinquish_ownership();
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+
+void
+UserGreenlet::inner_bootstrap(PyGreenlet* origin_greenlet, PyObject* run)
+{
+    // The arguments here would be another great place for move.
+    // As it is, we take them as a reference so that when we clear
+    // them we clear what's on the stack above us. Do that NOW, and
+    // without using a C++ RAII object,
+    // so there's no way that exiting the parent frame can clear it,
+    // or we clear it unexpectedly. This arises in the context of the
+    // interpreter shutting down. See https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/325
+    //PyObject* run = _run.relinquish_ownership();
+
+    /* in the new greenlet */
+    assert(this->thread_state()->borrow_current() == BorrowedGreenlet(this->_self));
+    // C++ exceptions cannot propagate to the parent greenlet from
+    // here. (TODO: Do we need a catch(...) clause, perhaps on the
+    // function itself? ALl we could do is terminate the program.)
+    // NOTE: On 32-bit Windows, the call chain is extremely
+    // important here in ways that are subtle, having to do with
+    // the depth of the SEH list. The call to restore it MUST NOT
+    // add a new SEH handler to the list, or we'll restore it to
+    // the wrong thing.
+    this->thread_state()->restore_exception_state();
+    /* stack variables from above are no good and also will not unwind! */
+    // EXCEPT: That can't be true, we access run, among others, here.
+
+    this->stack_state.set_active(); /* running */
+
+    // We're about to possibly run Python code again, which
+    // could switch back/away to/from us, so we need to grab the
+    // arguments locally.
+    SwitchingArgs args;
+    args <<= this->args();
+    assert(!this->args());
+
+    // XXX: We could clear this much earlier, right?
+    // Or would that introduce the possibility of running Python
+    // code when we don't want to?
+    // CAUTION: This may run arbitrary Python code.
+    this->_run_callable.CLEAR();
+
+
+    // The first switch we need to manually call the trace
+    // function here instead of in g_switch_finish, because we
+    // never return there.
+    if (OwnedObject tracefunc = this->thread_state()->get_tracefunc()) {
+        OwnedGreenlet trace_origin;
+        trace_origin = origin_greenlet;
+        try {
+            g_calltrace(tracefunc,
+                        args ? mod_globs->event_switch : mod_globs->event_throw,
+                        trace_origin,
+                        this->_self);
+        }
+        catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+            /* Turn trace errors into switch throws */
+            args.CLEAR();
+        }
+    }
+
+    // We no longer need the origin, it was only here for
+    // tracing.
+    // We may never actually exit this stack frame so we need
+    // to explicitly clear it.
+    // This could run Python code and switch.
+    Py_CLEAR(origin_greenlet);
+
+    OwnedObject result;
+    if (!args) {
+        /* pending exception */
+        result = NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        /* call g.run(*args, **kwargs) */
+        // This could result in further switches
+        try {
+            //result = run.PyCall(args.args(), args.kwargs());
+            // CAUTION: Just invoking this, before the function even
+            // runs, may cause memory allocations, which may trigger
+            // GC, which may run arbitrary Python code.
+            result = OwnedObject::consuming(PyObject_Call(run, args.args().borrow(), args.kwargs().borrow()));
+        }
+        catch (...) {
+            // Unhandled C++ exception!
+
+            // If we declare ourselves as noexcept, if we don't catch
+            // this here, most platforms will just abort() the
+            // process. But on 64-bit Windows with older versions of
+            // the C runtime, this can actually corrupt memory and
+            // just return. We see this when compiling with the
+            // Windows 7.0 SDK targeting Windows Server 2008, but not
+            // when using the Appveyor Visual Studio 2019 image. So
+            // this currently only affects Python 2.7 on Windows 64.
+            // That is, the tests pass and the runtime aborts
+            // everywhere else.
+            //
+            // However, if we catch it and try to continue with a
+            // Python error, then all Windows 64 bit platforms corrupt
+            // memory. So all we can do is manually abort, hopefully
+            // with a good error message. (Note that the above was
+            // tested WITHOUT the `/EHr` switch being used at compile
+            // time, so MSVC may have "optimized" out important
+            // checking. Using that switch, we may be in a better
+            // place in terms of memory corruption.) But sometimes it
+            // can't be caught here at all, which is confusing but not
+            // terribly surprising; so again, the G_NOEXCEPT_WIN32
+            // plus "/EHr".
+            //
+            // Hopefully the basic C stdlib is still functional enough
+            // for us to at least print an error.
+            //
+            // It gets more complicated than that, though, on some
+            // platforms, specifically at least Linux/gcc/libstdc++. They use
+            // an exception to unwind the stack when a background
+            // thread exits. (See comments about noexcept.) So this
+            // may not actually represent anything untoward. On those
+            // platforms we allow throws of this to propagate, or
+            // attempt to anyway.
+# if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+            Py_FatalError(
+                "greenlet: Unhandled C++ exception from a greenlet run function. "
+                "Because memory is likely corrupted, terminating process.");
+            std::abort();
+#else
+            throw;
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    // These lines may run arbitrary code
+    args.CLEAR();
+    Py_CLEAR(run);
+
+    if (!result
+        && mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletExit.PyExceptionMatches()
+        && (this->args())) {
+        // This can happen, for example, if our only reference
+        // goes away after we switch back to the parent.
+        // See test_dealloc_switch_args_not_lost
+        PyErrPieces clear_error;
+        result <<= this->args();
+        result = single_result(result);
+    }
+    this->release_args();
+    this->python_state.did_finish(PyThreadState_GET());
+
+    result = g_handle_exit(result);
+    assert(this->thread_state()->borrow_current() == this->_self);
+
+    /* jump back to parent */
+    this->stack_state.set_inactive(); /* dead */
+
+
+    // TODO: Can we decref some things here? Release our main greenlet
+    // and maybe parent?
+    for (Greenlet* parent = this->_parent;
+         parent;
+         parent = parent->parent()) {
+        // We need to somewhere consume a reference to
+        // the result; in most cases we'll never have control
+        // back in this stack frame again. Calling
+        // green_switch actually adds another reference!
+        // This would probably be clearer with a specific API
+        // to hand results to the parent.
+        parent->args() <<= result;
+        assert(!result);
+        // The parent greenlet now owns the result; in the
+        // typical case we'll never get back here to assign to
+        // result and thus release the reference.
+        try {
+            result = parent->g_switch();
+        }
+        catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+            // Ignore, keep passing the error on up.
+        }
+
+        /* Return here means switch to parent failed,
+         * in which case we throw *current* exception
+         * to the next parent in chain.
+         */
+        assert(!result);
+    }
+    /* We ran out of parents, cannot continue */
+    PyErr_WriteUnraisable(this->self().borrow_o());
+    Py_FatalError("greenlet: ran out of parent greenlets while propagating exception; "
+                  "cannot continue");
+    std::abort();
+}
+
+void
+UserGreenlet::run(const BorrowedObject nrun)
+{
+    if (this->started()) {
+        throw AttributeError(
+                        "run cannot be set "
+                        "after the start of the greenlet");
+    }
+    this->_run_callable = nrun;
+}
+
+const OwnedGreenlet
+UserGreenlet::parent() const
+{
+    return this->_parent;
+}
+
+void
+UserGreenlet::parent(const BorrowedObject raw_new_parent)
+{
+    if (!raw_new_parent) {
+        throw AttributeError("can't delete attribute");
+    }
+
+    BorrowedMainGreenlet main_greenlet_of_new_parent;
+    BorrowedGreenlet new_parent(raw_new_parent.borrow()); // could
+                                                          // throw
+                                                          // TypeError!
+    for (BorrowedGreenlet p = new_parent; p; p = p->parent()) {
+        if (p == this->self()) {
+            throw ValueError("cyclic parent chain");
+        }
+        main_greenlet_of_new_parent = p->main_greenlet();
+    }
+
+    if (!main_greenlet_of_new_parent) {
+        throw ValueError("parent must not be garbage collected");
+    }
+
+    if (this->started()
+        && this->_main_greenlet != main_greenlet_of_new_parent) {
+        throw ValueError("parent cannot be on a different thread");
+    }
+
+    this->_parent = new_parent;
+}
+
+void
+UserGreenlet::murder_in_place()
+{
+    this->_main_greenlet.CLEAR();
+    Greenlet::murder_in_place();
+}
+
+bool
+UserGreenlet::belongs_to_thread(const ThreadState* thread_state) const
+{
+    return Greenlet::belongs_to_thread(thread_state) && this->_main_greenlet == thread_state->borrow_main_greenlet();
+}
+
+
+int
+UserGreenlet::tp_traverse(visitproc visit, void* arg)
+{
+    Py_VISIT(this->_parent.borrow_o());
+    Py_VISIT(this->_main_greenlet.borrow_o());
+    Py_VISIT(this->_run_callable.borrow_o());
+
+    return Greenlet::tp_traverse(visit, arg);
+}
+
+int
+UserGreenlet::tp_clear()
+{
+    Greenlet::tp_clear();
+    this->_parent.CLEAR();
+    this->_main_greenlet.CLEAR();
+    this->_run_callable.CLEAR();
+    return 0;
+}
+
+UserGreenlet::ParentIsCurrentGuard::ParentIsCurrentGuard(UserGreenlet* p,
+                                                     const ThreadState& thread_state)
+    : oldparent(p->_parent),
+      greenlet(p)
+{
+    p->_parent = thread_state.get_current();
+}
+
+UserGreenlet::ParentIsCurrentGuard::~ParentIsCurrentGuard()
+{
+    this->greenlet->_parent = oldparent;
+    oldparent.CLEAR();
+}
+
+}; //namespace greenlet
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9483b7c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+The root of the greenlet package.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import division
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+__all__ = [
+    '__version__',
+    '_C_API',
+
+    'GreenletExit',
+    'error',
+
+    'getcurrent',
+    'greenlet',
+
+    'gettrace',
+    'settrace',
+]
+
+# pylint:disable=no-name-in-module
+
+###
+# Metadata
+###
+__version__ = '3.2.2'
+from ._greenlet import _C_API # pylint:disable=no-name-in-module
+
+###
+# Exceptions
+###
+from ._greenlet import GreenletExit
+from ._greenlet import error
+
+###
+# greenlets
+###
+from ._greenlet import getcurrent
+from ._greenlet import greenlet
+
+###
+# tracing
+###
+try:
+    from ._greenlet import gettrace
+    from ._greenlet import settrace
+except ImportError:
+    # Tracing wasn't supported.
+    # XXX: The option to disable it was removed in 1.0,
+    # so this branch should be dead code.
+    pass
+
+###
+# Constants
+# These constants aren't documented and aren't recommended.
+# In 1.0, USE_GC and USE_TRACING are always true, and USE_CONTEXT_VARS
+# is the same as ``sys.version_info[:2] >= 3.7``
+###
+from ._greenlet import GREENLET_USE_CONTEXT_VARS # pylint:disable=unused-import
+from ._greenlet import GREENLET_USE_GC # pylint:disable=unused-import
+from ._greenlet import GREENLET_USE_TRACING # pylint:disable=unused-import
+
+# Controlling the use of the gc module. Provisional API for this greenlet
+# implementation in 2.0.
+from ._greenlet import CLOCKS_PER_SEC # pylint:disable=unused-import
+from ._greenlet import enable_optional_cleanup # pylint:disable=unused-import
+from ._greenlet import get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup # pylint:disable=unused-import
+
+# Other APIS in the _greenlet module are for test support.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36c1ee50
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/_greenlet.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/_greenlet.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3025469
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/_greenlet.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8d92a00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+/* Format with:
+ *  clang-format -i --style=file src/greenlet/greenlet.c
+ *
+ *
+ * Fix missing braces with:
+ *   clang-tidy src/greenlet/greenlet.c -fix -checks="readability-braces-around-statements"
+*/
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <exception>
+
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+#include "structmember.h" // PyMemberDef
+
+#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+// Code after this point can assume access to things declared in stdint.h,
+// including the fixed-width types. This goes for the platform-specific switch functions
+// as well.
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_slp_switch.hpp"
+
+#include "greenlet_thread_support.hpp"
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+
+#include "TGreenletGlobals.cpp"
+
+#include "TGreenlet.cpp"
+#include "TMainGreenlet.cpp"
+#include "TUserGreenlet.cpp"
+#include "TBrokenGreenlet.cpp"
+#include "TExceptionState.cpp"
+#include "TPythonState.cpp"
+#include "TStackState.cpp"
+
+#include "TThreadState.hpp"
+#include "TThreadStateCreator.hpp"
+#include "TThreadStateDestroy.cpp"
+
+#include "PyGreenlet.cpp"
+#include "PyGreenletUnswitchable.cpp"
+#include "CObjects.cpp"
+
+using greenlet::LockGuard;
+using greenlet::LockInitError;
+using greenlet::PyErrOccurred;
+using greenlet::Require;
+
+using greenlet::g_handle_exit;
+using greenlet::single_result;
+
+using greenlet::Greenlet;
+using greenlet::UserGreenlet;
+using greenlet::MainGreenlet;
+using greenlet::BrokenGreenlet;
+using greenlet::ThreadState;
+using greenlet::PythonState;
+
+
+
+// ******* Implementation of things from included files
+template<typename T, greenlet::refs::TypeChecker TC>
+greenlet::refs::_BorrowedGreenlet<T, TC>& greenlet::refs::_BorrowedGreenlet<T, TC>::operator=(const greenlet::refs::BorrowedObject& other)
+{
+    this->_set_raw_pointer(static_cast<PyObject*>(other));
+    return *this;
+}
+
+template <typename T, greenlet::refs::TypeChecker TC>
+inline greenlet::refs::_BorrowedGreenlet<T, TC>::operator Greenlet*() const noexcept
+{
+    if (!this->p) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyGreenlet*>(this->p)->pimpl;
+}
+
+template<typename T, greenlet::refs::TypeChecker TC>
+greenlet::refs::_BorrowedGreenlet<T, TC>::_BorrowedGreenlet(const BorrowedObject& p)
+    : BorrowedReference<T, TC>(nullptr)
+{
+
+    this->_set_raw_pointer(p.borrow());
+}
+
+template <typename T, greenlet::refs::TypeChecker TC>
+inline greenlet::refs::_OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>::operator Greenlet*() const noexcept
+{
+    if (!this->p) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyGreenlet*>(this->p)->pimpl;
+}
+
+
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wwritable-strings"
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic push
+//  warning: ISO C++ forbids converting a string constant to ‘char*’
+// (The python APIs aren't const correct and accept writable char*)
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wwrite-strings"
+#endif
+
+
+/***********************************************************
+
+A PyGreenlet is a range of C stack addresses that must be
+saved and restored in such a way that the full range of the
+stack contains valid data when we switch to it.
+
+Stack layout for a greenlet:
+
+               |     ^^^       |
+               |  older data   |
+               |               |
+  stack_stop . |_______________|
+        .      |               |
+        .      | greenlet data |
+        .      |   in stack    |
+        .    * |_______________| . .  _____________  stack_copy + stack_saved
+        .      |               |     |             |
+        .      |     data      |     |greenlet data|
+        .      |   unrelated   |     |    saved    |
+        .      |      to       |     |   in heap   |
+ stack_start . |     this      | . . |_____________| stack_copy
+               |   greenlet    |
+               |               |
+               |  newer data   |
+               |     vvv       |
+
+
+Note that a greenlet's stack data is typically partly at its correct
+place in the stack, and partly saved away in the heap, but always in
+the above configuration: two blocks, the more recent one in the heap
+and the older one still in the stack (either block may be empty).
+
+Greenlets are chained: each points to the previous greenlet, which is
+the one that owns the data currently in the C stack above my
+stack_stop.  The currently running greenlet is the first element of
+this chain.  The main (initial) greenlet is the last one.  Greenlets
+whose stack is entirely in the heap can be skipped from the chain.
+
+The chain is not related to execution order, but only to the order
+in which bits of C stack happen to belong to greenlets at a particular
+point in time.
+
+The main greenlet doesn't have a stack_stop: it is responsible for the
+complete rest of the C stack, and we don't know where it begins.  We
+use (char*) -1, the largest possible address.
+
+States:
+  stack_stop == NULL && stack_start == NULL:  did not start yet
+  stack_stop != NULL && stack_start == NULL:  already finished
+  stack_stop != NULL && stack_start != NULL:  active
+
+The running greenlet's stack_start is undefined but not NULL.
+
+ ***********************************************************/
+
+
+
+
+/***********************************************************/
+
+/* Some functions must not be inlined:
+   * slp_restore_state, when inlined into slp_switch might cause
+     it to restore stack over its own local variables
+   * slp_save_state, when inlined would add its own local
+     variables to the saved stack, wasting space
+   * slp_switch, cannot be inlined for obvious reasons
+   * g_initialstub, when inlined would receive a pointer into its
+     own stack frame, leading to incomplete stack save/restore
+
+g_initialstub is a member function and declared virtual so that the
+compiler always calls it through a vtable.
+
+slp_save_state and slp_restore_state are also member functions. They
+are called from trampoline functions that themselves are declared as
+not eligible for inlining.
+*/
+
+extern "C" {
+static int GREENLET_NOINLINE(slp_save_state_trampoline)(char* stackref)
+{
+    return switching_thread_state->slp_save_state(stackref);
+}
+static void GREENLET_NOINLINE(slp_restore_state_trampoline)()
+{
+    switching_thread_state->slp_restore_state();
+}
+}
+
+
+/***********************************************************/
+
+
+#include "PyModule.cpp"
+
+
+
+static PyObject*
+greenlet_internal_mod_init() noexcept
+{
+    static void* _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_API_pointers];
+
+    try {
+        CreatedModule m(greenlet_module_def);
+
+        Require(PyType_Ready(&PyGreenlet_Type));
+        Require(PyType_Ready(&PyGreenletUnswitchable_Type));
+
+        mod_globs = new greenlet::GreenletGlobals;
+        ThreadState::init();
+
+        m.PyAddObject("greenlet", PyGreenlet_Type);
+        m.PyAddObject("UnswitchableGreenlet", PyGreenletUnswitchable_Type);
+        m.PyAddObject("error", mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletError);
+        m.PyAddObject("GreenletExit", mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletExit);
+
+        m.PyAddObject("GREENLET_USE_GC", 1);
+        m.PyAddObject("GREENLET_USE_TRACING", 1);
+        m.PyAddObject("GREENLET_USE_CONTEXT_VARS", 1L);
+        m.PyAddObject("GREENLET_USE_STANDARD_THREADING", 1L);
+
+        OwnedObject clocks_per_sec = OwnedObject::consuming(PyLong_FromSsize_t(CLOCKS_PER_SEC));
+        m.PyAddObject("CLOCKS_PER_SEC", clocks_per_sec);
+
+        /* also publish module-level data as attributes of the greentype. */
+        // XXX: This is weird, and enables a strange pattern of
+        // confusing the class greenlet with the module greenlet; with
+        // the exception of (possibly) ``getcurrent()``, this
+        // shouldn't be encouraged so don't add new items here.
+        for (const char* const* p = copy_on_greentype; *p; p++) {
+            OwnedObject o = m.PyRequireAttr(*p);
+            PyDict_SetItemString(PyGreenlet_Type.tp_dict, *p, o.borrow());
+        }
+
+        /*
+         * Expose C API
+         */
+
+        /* types */
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Type_NUM] = (void*)&PyGreenlet_Type;
+
+        /* exceptions */
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyExc_GreenletError_NUM] = (void*)mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletError;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyExc_GreenletExit_NUM] = (void*)mod_globs->PyExc_GreenletExit;
+
+        /* methods */
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_New_NUM] = (void*)PyGreenlet_New;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_GetCurrent_NUM] = (void*)PyGreenlet_GetCurrent;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Throw_NUM] = (void*)PyGreenlet_Throw;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Switch_NUM] = (void*)PyGreenlet_Switch;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_SetParent_NUM] = (void*)PyGreenlet_SetParent;
+
+        /* Previously macros, but now need to be functions externally. */
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_MAIN_NUM] = (void*)Extern_PyGreenlet_MAIN;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_STARTED_NUM] = (void*)Extern_PyGreenlet_STARTED;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_ACTIVE_NUM] = (void*)Extern_PyGreenlet_ACTIVE;
+        _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT_NUM] = (void*)Extern_PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT;
+
+        /* XXX: Note that our module name is ``greenlet._greenlet``, but for
+           backwards compatibility with existing C code, we need the _C_API to
+           be directly in greenlet.
+        */
+        const NewReference c_api_object(Require(
+                                           PyCapsule_New(
+                                               (void*)_PyGreenlet_API,
+                                               "greenlet._C_API",
+                                               NULL)));
+        m.PyAddObject("_C_API", c_api_object);
+        assert(c_api_object.REFCNT() == 2);
+
+        // cerr << "Sizes:"
+        //      << "\n\tGreenlet       : " << sizeof(Greenlet)
+        //      << "\n\tUserGreenlet   : " << sizeof(UserGreenlet)
+        //      << "\n\tMainGreenlet   : " << sizeof(MainGreenlet)
+        //      << "\n\tExceptionState : " << sizeof(greenlet::ExceptionState)
+        //      << "\n\tPythonState    : " << sizeof(greenlet::PythonState)
+        //      << "\n\tStackState     : " << sizeof(greenlet::StackState)
+        //      << "\n\tSwitchingArgs  : " << sizeof(greenlet::SwitchingArgs)
+        //      << "\n\tOwnedObject    : " << sizeof(greenlet::refs::OwnedObject)
+        //      << "\n\tBorrowedObject : " << sizeof(greenlet::refs::BorrowedObject)
+        //      << "\n\tPyGreenlet     : " << sizeof(PyGreenlet)
+        //      << endl;
+
+        return m.borrow(); // But really it's the main reference.
+    }
+    catch (const LockInitError& e) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_MemoryError, e.what());
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__greenlet(void)
+{
+    return greenlet_internal_mod_init();
+}
+
+}; // extern C
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d02a16e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet.h
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+
+/* Greenlet object interface */
+
+#ifndef Py_GREENLETOBJECT_H
+#define Py_GREENLETOBJECT_H
+
+
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* This is deprecated and undocumented. It does not change. */
+#define GREENLET_VERSION "1.0.0"
+
+#ifndef GREENLET_MODULE
+#define implementation_ptr_t void*
+#endif
+
+typedef struct _greenlet {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    PyObject* weakreflist;
+    PyObject* dict;
+    implementation_ptr_t pimpl;
+} PyGreenlet;
+
+#define PyGreenlet_Check(op) (op && PyObject_TypeCheck(op, &PyGreenlet_Type))
+
+
+/* C API functions */
+
+/* Total number of symbols that are exported */
+#define PyGreenlet_API_pointers 12
+
+#define PyGreenlet_Type_NUM 0
+#define PyExc_GreenletError_NUM 1
+#define PyExc_GreenletExit_NUM 2
+
+#define PyGreenlet_New_NUM 3
+#define PyGreenlet_GetCurrent_NUM 4
+#define PyGreenlet_Throw_NUM 5
+#define PyGreenlet_Switch_NUM 6
+#define PyGreenlet_SetParent_NUM 7
+
+#define PyGreenlet_MAIN_NUM 8
+#define PyGreenlet_STARTED_NUM 9
+#define PyGreenlet_ACTIVE_NUM 10
+#define PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT_NUM 11
+
+#ifndef GREENLET_MODULE
+/* This section is used by modules that uses the greenlet C API */
+static void** _PyGreenlet_API = NULL;
+
+#    define PyGreenlet_Type \
+        (*(PyTypeObject*)_PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Type_NUM])
+
+#    define PyExc_GreenletError \
+        ((PyObject*)_PyGreenlet_API[PyExc_GreenletError_NUM])
+
+#    define PyExc_GreenletExit \
+        ((PyObject*)_PyGreenlet_API[PyExc_GreenletExit_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_New(PyObject *args)
+ *
+ * greenlet.greenlet(run, parent=None)
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_New                                        \
+        (*(PyGreenlet * (*)(PyObject * run, PyGreenlet * parent)) \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_New_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_GetCurrent(void)
+ *
+ * greenlet.getcurrent()
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_GetCurrent \
+        (*(PyGreenlet * (*)(void)) _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_GetCurrent_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_Throw(
+ *         PyGreenlet *greenlet,
+ *         PyObject *typ,
+ *         PyObject *val,
+ *         PyObject *tb)
+ *
+ * g.throw(...)
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_Throw                 \
+        (*(PyObject * (*)(PyGreenlet * self, \
+                          PyObject * typ,    \
+                          PyObject * val,    \
+                          PyObject * tb))    \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Throw_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_Switch(PyGreenlet *greenlet, PyObject *args)
+ *
+ * g.switch(*args, **kwargs)
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_Switch                                              \
+        (*(PyObject *                                                      \
+           (*)(PyGreenlet * greenlet, PyObject * args, PyObject * kwargs)) \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_Switch_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_SetParent(PyObject *greenlet, PyObject *new_parent)
+ *
+ * g.parent = new_parent
+ */
+#    define PyGreenlet_SetParent                                 \
+        (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet * greenlet, PyGreenlet * nparent)) \
+             _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_SetParent_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * PyGreenlet_GetParent(PyObject* greenlet)
+ *
+ * return greenlet.parent;
+ *
+ * This could return NULL even if there is no exception active.
+ * If it does not return NULL, you are responsible for decrementing the
+ * reference count.
+ */
+#     define PyGreenlet_GetParent                                    \
+    (*(PyGreenlet* (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                 \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT_NUM])
+
+/*
+ * deprecated, undocumented alias.
+ */
+#     define PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT PyGreenlet_GetParent
+
+#     define PyGreenlet_MAIN                                         \
+    (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                         \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_MAIN_NUM])
+
+#     define PyGreenlet_STARTED                                      \
+    (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                         \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_STARTED_NUM])
+
+#     define PyGreenlet_ACTIVE                                       \
+    (*(int (*)(PyGreenlet*))                                         \
+     _PyGreenlet_API[PyGreenlet_ACTIVE_NUM])
+
+
+
+
+/* Macro that imports greenlet and initializes C API */
+/* NOTE: This has actually moved to ``greenlet._greenlet._C_API``, but we
+   keep the older definition to be sure older code that might have a copy of
+   the header still works. */
+#    define PyGreenlet_Import()                                               \
+        {                                                                     \
+            _PyGreenlet_API = (void**)PyCapsule_Import("greenlet._C_API", 0); \
+        }
+
+#endif /* GREENLET_MODULE */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif /* !Py_GREENLETOBJECT_H */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_allocator.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_allocator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b452f544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_allocator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_ALLOCATOR_HPP
+#define GREENLET_ALLOCATOR_HPP
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+
+
+namespace greenlet
+{
+    // This allocator is stateless; all instances are identical.
+    // It can *ONLY* be used when we're sure we're holding the GIL
+    // (Python's allocators require the GIL).
+    template <class T>
+    struct PythonAllocator : public std::allocator<T> {
+
+        PythonAllocator(const PythonAllocator& UNUSED(other))
+            : std::allocator<T>()
+        {
+        }
+
+        PythonAllocator(const std::allocator<T> other)
+            : std::allocator<T>(other)
+        {}
+
+        template <class U>
+        PythonAllocator(const std::allocator<U>& other)
+            : std::allocator<T>(other)
+        {
+        }
+
+        PythonAllocator() : std::allocator<T>() {}
+
+        T* allocate(size_t number_objects, const void* UNUSED(hint)=0)
+        {
+            void* p;
+            if (number_objects == 1)
+                p = PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(T));
+            else
+                p = PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(T) * number_objects);
+            return static_cast<T*>(p);
+        }
+
+        void deallocate(T* t, size_t n)
+        {
+            void* p = t;
+            if (n == 1) {
+                PyObject_Free(p);
+            }
+            else
+                PyMem_Free(p);
+        }
+        // This member is deprecated in C++17 and removed in C++20
+        template< class U >
+        struct rebind {
+            typedef PythonAllocator<U> other;
+        };
+
+    };
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af24bd83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+#ifndef GREENLET_COMPILER_COMPAT_HPP
+#define GREENLET_COMPILER_COMPAT_HPP
+
+/**
+ * Definitions to aid with compatibility with different compilers.
+ *
+ * .. caution:: Use extreme care with noexcept.
+ * Some compilers and runtimes, specifically gcc/libgcc/libstdc++ on
+ * Linux, implement stack unwinding by throwing an uncatchable
+ * exception, one that specifically does not appear to be an active
+ * exception to the rest of the runtime. If this happens while we're in a noexcept function,
+ * we have violated our dynamic exception contract, and so the runtime
+ * will call std::terminate(), which kills the process with the
+ * unhelpful message "terminate called without an active exception".
+ *
+ * This has happened in this scenario: A background thread is running
+ * a greenlet that has made a native call and released the GIL.
+ * Meanwhile, the main thread finishes and starts shutting down the
+ * interpreter. When the background thread is scheduled again and
+ * attempts to obtain the  GIL, it notices that the interpreter is
+ * exiting and calls ``pthread_exit()``. This in turn starts to unwind
+ * the stack by throwing that exception. But we had the ``PyCall``
+ * functions annotated as noexcept, so the runtime terminated us.
+ *
+ * #2  0x00007fab26fec2b7 in std::terminate() () from /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6
+ * #3  0x00007fab26febb3c in __gxx_personality_v0 () from /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6
+ * #4  0x00007fab26f34de6 in ?? () from /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1
+ * #6  0x00007fab276a34c6 in __GI___pthread_unwind  at ./nptl/unwind.c:130
+ * #7  0x00007fab2769bd3a in __do_cancel () at ../sysdeps/nptl/pthreadP.h:280
+ * #8  __GI___pthread_exit (value=value@entry=0x0) at ./nptl/pthread_exit.c:36
+ * #9  0x000000000052e567 in PyThread_exit_thread () at ../Python/thread_pthread.h:370
+ * #10 0x00000000004d60b5 in take_gil at ../Python/ceval_gil.h:224
+ * #11 0x00000000004d65f9 in PyEval_RestoreThread  at ../Python/ceval.c:467
+ * #12 0x000000000060cce3 in setipaddr  at ../Modules/socketmodule.c:1203
+ * #13 0x00000000006101cd in socket_gethostbyname
+ */
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#    define G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(Cls) private:     \
+    Cls(const Cls& other) = delete; \
+    Cls& operator=(const Cls& other) = delete
+
+#    define G_NO_ASSIGNMENT_OF_CLS(Cls) private:  \
+    Cls& operator=(const Cls& other) = delete
+
+#    define G_NO_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR_OF_CLS(Cls) private: \
+    Cls(const Cls& other) = delete;
+
+
+// CAUTION: MSVC is stupidly picky:
+//
+// "The compiler ignores, without warning, any __declspec keywords
+// placed after * or & and in front of the variable identifier in a
+// declaration."
+// (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/declspec?view=msvc-160)
+//
+// So pointer return types must be handled differently (because of the
+// trailing *), or you get inscrutable compiler warnings like "error
+// C2059: syntax error: ''"
+//
+// In C++ 11, there is a standard syntax for attributes, and
+// GCC defines an attribute to use with this: [[gnu:noinline]].
+// In the future, this is expected to become standard.
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+/* We used to check for GCC 4+ or 3.4+, but those compilers are
+   laughably out of date. Just assume they support it. */
+#    define GREENLET_NOINLINE(name) __attribute__((noinline)) name
+#    define GREENLET_NOINLINE_P(rtype, name) rtype __attribute__((noinline)) name
+#    define UNUSED(x) UNUSED_ ## x __attribute__((__unused__))
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+/* We used to check for  && (_MSC_VER >= 1300) but that's also out of date. */
+#    define GREENLET_NOINLINE(name) __declspec(noinline) name
+#    define GREENLET_NOINLINE_P(rtype, name) __declspec(noinline) rtype name
+#    define UNUSED(x) UNUSED_ ## x
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#    define G_NOEXCEPT_WIN32 noexcept
+#else
+#    define G_NOEXCEPT_WIN32
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__POWERPC__) && defined(__APPLE__)
+// 32-bit PPC/MacOSX. Only known to be tested on unreleased versions
+// of macOS 10.6 using a macports build gcc 14. It appears that
+// running C++ destructors of thread-local variables is broken.
+
+// See https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/pull/419
+#     define GREENLET_BROKEN_THREAD_LOCAL_CLEANUP_JUST_LEAK 1
+#else
+#     define GREENLET_BROKEN_THREAD_LOCAL_CLEANUP_JUST_LEAK 0
+#endif
+
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_cpython_compat.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_cpython_compat.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..979d6f94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_cpython_compat.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+#ifndef GREENLET_CPYTHON_COMPAT_H
+#define GREENLET_CPYTHON_COMPAT_H
+
+/**
+ * Helpers for compatibility with multiple versions of CPython.
+ */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include "Python.h"
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x30A00B1
+#    define GREENLET_PY310 1
+#else
+#    define GREENLET_PY310 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+Python 3.10 beta 1 changed tstate->use_tracing to a nested cframe member.
+See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/25276
+We have to save and restore this as well.
+
+Python 3.13 removed PyThreadState.cframe (GH-108035).
+*/
+#if GREENLET_PY310 && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x30D0000
+#    define GREENLET_USE_CFRAME 1
+#else
+#    define GREENLET_USE_CFRAME 0
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x30B00A4
+/*
+Greenlet won't compile on anything older than Python 3.11 alpha 4 (see
+https://bugs.python.org/issue46090). Summary of breaking internal changes:
+- Python 3.11 alpha 1 changed how frame objects are represented internally.
+  - https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30122
+- Python 3.11 alpha 3 changed how recursion limits are stored.
+  - https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/29524
+- Python 3.11 alpha 4 changed how exception state is stored. It also includes a
+  change to help greenlet save and restore the interpreter frame "data stack".
+  - https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30122
+  - https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/30234
+*/
+#    define GREENLET_PY311 1
+#else
+#    define GREENLET_PY311 0
+#endif
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x30C0000
+#    define GREENLET_PY312 1
+#else
+#    define GREENLET_PY312 0
+#endif
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x30D0000
+#    define GREENLET_PY313 1
+#else
+#    define GREENLET_PY313 0
+#endif
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x30E0000
+#    define GREENLET_PY314 1
+#else
+#    define GREENLET_PY314 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Py_SET_REFCNT
+/* Py_REFCNT and Py_SIZE macros are converted to functions
+https://bugs.python.org/issue39573 */
+#    define Py_SET_REFCNT(obj, refcnt) Py_REFCNT(obj) = (refcnt)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL
+/* _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL macro has been removed from Python 3.9 by:
+  https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/49932fec62c616ec88da52642339d83ae719e924
+
+  The symbol we use to replace it was removed by at least 3.12.
+*/
+#    ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG
+#      if GREENLET_PY312
+#         define _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL
+#      else
+#        define _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL _Py_RefTotal--
+#      endif
+#    else
+#        define _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL
+#    endif
+#endif
+// Define these flags like Cython does if we're on an old version.
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG
+   #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG 0
+#endif
+
+#define G_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG | Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
+
+
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03090000
+// The official version only became available in 3.9
+#    define PyObject_GC_IsTracked(o) _PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(o)
+#endif
+
+
+// bpo-43760 added PyThreadState_EnterTracing() to Python 3.11.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00A2 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline void PyThreadState_EnterTracing(PyThreadState *tstate)
+{
+    tstate->tracing++;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00A1
+    tstate->cframe->use_tracing = 0;
+#else
+    tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+// bpo-43760 added PyThreadState_LeaveTracing() to Python 3.11.0a2
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030B00A2 && !defined(PYPY_VERSION)
+static inline void PyThreadState_LeaveTracing(PyThreadState *tstate)
+{
+    tstate->tracing--;
+    int use_tracing = (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL
+                       || tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030A00A1
+    tstate->cframe->use_tracing = use_tracing;
+#else
+    tstate->use_tracing = use_tracing;
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT) && defined(C_RECURSION_LIMIT)
+#  define Py_C_RECURSION_LIMIT C_RECURSION_LIMIT
+#endif
+
+#endif /* GREENLET_CPYTHON_COMPAT_H */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_exceptions.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_exceptions.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..617f07c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_exceptions.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_EXCEPTIONS_HPP
+#define GREENLET_EXCEPTIONS_HPP
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
+#endif
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+    class PyErrOccurred : public std::runtime_error
+    {
+    public:
+
+        // CAUTION: In debug builds, may run arbitrary Python code.
+        static const PyErrOccurred
+        from_current()
+        {
+            assert(PyErr_Occurred());
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+            // This is not exception safe, and
+            // not necessarily safe in general (what if it switches?)
+            // But we only do this in debug mode, where we are in
+            // tight control of what exceptions are getting raised and
+            // can prevent those issues.
+
+            // You can't call PyObject_Str with a pending exception.
+            PyObject* typ;
+            PyObject* val;
+            PyObject* tb;
+
+            PyErr_Fetch(&typ, &val, &tb);
+            PyObject* typs = PyObject_Str(typ);
+            PyObject* vals = PyObject_Str(val ? val : typ);
+            const char* typ_msg = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(typs);
+            const char* val_msg = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(vals);
+            PyErr_Restore(typ, val, tb);
+
+            std::string msg(typ_msg);
+            msg += ": ";
+            msg += val_msg;
+            PyErrOccurred ex(msg);
+            Py_XDECREF(typs);
+            Py_XDECREF(vals);
+
+            return ex;
+#else
+            return PyErrOccurred();
+#endif
+        }
+
+        PyErrOccurred() : std::runtime_error("")
+        {
+            assert(PyErr_Occurred());
+        }
+
+        PyErrOccurred(const std::string& msg) : std::runtime_error(msg)
+        {
+            assert(PyErr_Occurred());
+        }
+
+        PyErrOccurred(PyObject* exc_kind, const char* const msg)
+            : std::runtime_error(msg)
+        {
+            PyErr_SetString(exc_kind, msg);
+        }
+
+        PyErrOccurred(PyObject* exc_kind, const std::string msg)
+            : std::runtime_error(msg)
+        {
+            // This copies the c_str, so we don't have any lifetime
+            // issues to worry about.
+            PyErr_SetString(exc_kind, msg.c_str());
+        }
+
+        PyErrOccurred(PyObject* exc_kind,
+                      const std::string msg, //This is the format
+                                             //string; that's not
+                                             //usually safe!
+
+                      PyObject* borrowed_obj_one, PyObject* borrowed_obj_two)
+            : std::runtime_error(msg)
+        {
+
+            //This is designed specifically for the
+            //``check_switch_allowed`` function.
+
+            // PyObject_Str and PyObject_Repr are safe to call with
+            // NULL pointers; they return the string "<NULL>" in that
+            // case.
+            // This function always returns null.
+            PyErr_Format(exc_kind,
+                         msg.c_str(),
+                         borrowed_obj_one, borrowed_obj_two);
+        }
+    };
+
+    class TypeError : public PyErrOccurred
+    {
+    public:
+        TypeError(const char* const what)
+            : PyErrOccurred(PyExc_TypeError, what)
+        {
+        }
+        TypeError(const std::string what)
+            : PyErrOccurred(PyExc_TypeError, what)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+    class ValueError : public PyErrOccurred
+    {
+    public:
+        ValueError(const char* const what)
+            : PyErrOccurred(PyExc_ValueError, what)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+    class AttributeError : public PyErrOccurred
+    {
+    public:
+        AttributeError(const char* const what)
+            : PyErrOccurred(PyExc_AttributeError, what)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Calls `Py_FatalError` when constructed, so you can't actually
+     * throw this. It just makes static analysis easier.
+     */
+    class PyFatalError : public std::runtime_error
+    {
+    public:
+        PyFatalError(const char* const msg)
+            : std::runtime_error(msg)
+        {
+            Py_FatalError(msg);
+        }
+    };
+
+    static inline PyObject*
+    Require(PyObject* p, const std::string& msg="")
+    {
+        if (!p) {
+            throw PyErrOccurred(msg);
+        }
+        return p;
+    };
+
+    static inline void
+    Require(const int retval)
+    {
+        if (retval < 0) {
+            throw PyErrOccurred();
+        }
+    };
+
+
+};
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_internal.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_internal.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2b15d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_internal.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/* -*- indent-tabs-mode: nil; tab-width: 4; -*- */
+#ifndef GREENLET_INTERNAL_H
+#define GREENLET_INTERNAL_H
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic push
+#    pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-function"
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Implementation helpers.
+ *
+ * C++ templates and inline functions should go here.
+ */
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_cpython_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_exceptions.hpp"
+#include "TGreenlet.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_allocator.hpp"
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+#define GREENLET_MODULE
+struct _greenlet;
+typedef struct _greenlet PyGreenlet;
+namespace greenlet {
+
+    class ThreadState;
+    // We can't use the PythonAllocator for this, because we push to it
+    // from the thread state destructor, which doesn't have the GIL,
+    // and Python's allocators can only be called with the GIL.
+    typedef std::vector<ThreadState*> cleanup_queue_t;
+
+};
+
+
+#define implementation_ptr_t greenlet::Greenlet*
+
+
+#include "greenlet.h"
+
+void
+greenlet::refs::MainGreenletExactChecker(void *p)
+{
+    if (!p) {
+        return;
+    }
+    // We control the class of the main greenlet exactly.
+    if (Py_TYPE(p) != &PyGreenlet_Type) {
+        std::string err("MainGreenlet: Expected exactly a greenlet, not a ");
+        err += Py_TYPE(p)->tp_name;
+        throw greenlet::TypeError(err);
+    }
+
+    // Greenlets from dead threads no longer respond to main() with a
+    // true value; so in that case we need to perform an additional
+    // check.
+    Greenlet* g = static_cast<PyGreenlet*>(p)->pimpl;
+    if (g->main()) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!dynamic_cast<MainGreenlet*>(g)) {
+        std::string err("MainGreenlet: Expected exactly a main greenlet, not a ");
+        err += Py_TYPE(p)->tp_name;
+        throw greenlet::TypeError(err);
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+template <typename T, greenlet::refs::TypeChecker TC>
+inline greenlet::Greenlet* greenlet::refs::_OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>::operator->() const noexcept
+{
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyGreenlet*>(this->p)->pimpl;
+}
+
+template <typename T, greenlet::refs::TypeChecker TC>
+inline greenlet::Greenlet* greenlet::refs::_BorrowedGreenlet<T, TC>::operator->() const noexcept
+{
+    return reinterpret_cast<PyGreenlet*>(this->p)->pimpl;
+}
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+
+extern PyTypeObject PyGreenlet_Type;
+
+
+
+/**
+  * Forward declarations needed in multiple files.
+  */
+static PyObject* green_switch(PyGreenlet* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs);
+
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#    pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+
+#endif
+
+// Local Variables:
+// flycheck-clang-include-path: ("../../include" "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.10/include/python3.10")
+// End:
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_refs.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_refs.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7e5e3f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_refs.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1118 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_REFS_HPP
+#define GREENLET_REFS_HPP
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include <Python.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+//#include "greenlet_internal.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_cpython_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_exceptions.hpp"
+
+struct _greenlet;
+struct _PyMainGreenlet;
+
+typedef struct _greenlet PyGreenlet;
+extern PyTypeObject PyGreenlet_Type;
+
+
+#ifdef  GREENLET_USE_STDIO
+#include <iostream>
+using std::cerr;
+using std::endl;
+#endif
+
+namespace greenlet
+{
+    class Greenlet;
+
+    namespace refs
+    {
+        // Type checkers throw a TypeError if the argument is not
+        // null, and isn't of the required Python type.
+        // (We can't use most of the defined type checkers
+        // like PyList_Check, etc, directly, because they are
+        // implemented as macros.)
+        typedef void (*TypeChecker)(void*);
+
+        void
+        NoOpChecker(void*)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        void
+        GreenletChecker(void *p)
+        {
+            if (!p) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            PyTypeObject* typ = Py_TYPE(p);
+            // fast, common path. (PyObject_TypeCheck is a macro or
+            // static inline function, and it also does a
+            // direct comparison of the type pointers, but its fast
+            // path only handles one type)
+            if (typ == &PyGreenlet_Type) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (!PyObject_TypeCheck(p, &PyGreenlet_Type)) {
+                std::string err("GreenletChecker: Expected any type of greenlet, not ");
+                err += Py_TYPE(p)->tp_name;
+                throw TypeError(err);
+            }
+        }
+
+        void
+        MainGreenletExactChecker(void *p);
+
+        template <typename T, TypeChecker>
+        class PyObjectPointer;
+
+        template<typename T, TypeChecker>
+        class OwnedReference;
+
+
+        template<typename T, TypeChecker>
+        class BorrowedReference;
+
+        typedef BorrowedReference<PyObject, NoOpChecker> BorrowedObject;
+        typedef OwnedReference<PyObject, NoOpChecker> OwnedObject;
+
+        class ImmortalObject;
+        class ImmortalString;
+
+        template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+        class _OwnedGreenlet;
+
+        typedef _OwnedGreenlet<PyGreenlet, GreenletChecker> OwnedGreenlet;
+        typedef _OwnedGreenlet<PyGreenlet, MainGreenletExactChecker> OwnedMainGreenlet;
+
+        template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+        class _BorrowedGreenlet;
+
+        typedef _BorrowedGreenlet<PyGreenlet, GreenletChecker> BorrowedGreenlet;
+
+        void
+        ContextExactChecker(void *p)
+        {
+            if (!p) {
+                return;
+            }
+            if (!PyContext_CheckExact(p)) {
+                throw TypeError(
+                    "greenlet context must be a contextvars.Context or None"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        typedef OwnedReference<PyObject, ContextExactChecker> OwnedContext;
+    }
+}
+
+namespace greenlet {
+
+
+    namespace refs {
+    // A set of classes to make reference counting rules in python
+    // code explicit.
+    //
+    // Rules of use:
+    // (1) Functions returning a new reference that the caller of the
+    // function is expected to dispose of should return a
+    // ``OwnedObject`` object. This object automatically releases its
+    // reference when it goes out of scope. It works like a ``std::shared_ptr``
+    // and can be copied or used as a function parameter (but don't do
+    // that). Note that constructing a ``OwnedObject`` from a
+    // PyObject* steals the reference.
+    // (2) Parameters to functions should be either a
+    // ``OwnedObject&``, or, more generally, a ``PyObjectPointer&``.
+    // If the function needs to create its own new reference, it can
+    // do so by copying to a local ``OwnedObject``.
+    // (3) Functions returning an existing pointer that is NOT
+    // incref'd, and which the caller MUST NOT decref,
+    // should return a ``BorrowedObject``.
+
+    // XXX: The following two paragraphs do not hold for all platforms.
+    // Notably, 32-bit PPC Linux passes structs by reference, not by
+    // value, so this actually doesn't work. (Although that's the only
+    // platform that doesn't work on.) DO NOT ATTEMPT IT. The
+    // unfortunate consequence of that is that the slots which we
+    // *know* are already type safe will wind up calling the type
+    // checker function (when we had the slots accepting
+    // BorrowedGreenlet, this was bypassed), so this slows us down.
+    // TODO: Optimize this again.
+
+    // For a class with a single pointer member, whose constructor
+    // does nothing but copy a pointer parameter into the member, and
+    // which can then be converted back to the pointer type, compilers
+    // generate code that's the same as just passing the pointer.
+    // That is, func(BorrowedObject x) called like ``PyObject* p =
+    // ...; f(p)`` has 0 overhead. Similarly, they "unpack" to the
+    // pointer type with 0 overhead.
+    //
+    // If there are no virtual functions, no complex inheritance (maybe?) and
+    // no destructor, these can be directly used as parameters in
+    // Python callbacks like tp_init: the layout is the same as a
+    // single pointer. Only subclasses with trivial constructors that
+    // do nothing but set the single pointer member are safe to use
+    // that way.
+
+
+    // This is the base class for things that can be done with a
+    // PyObject pointer. It assumes nothing about memory management.
+    // NOTE: Nothing is virtual, so subclasses shouldn't add new
+    // storage fields or try to override these methods.
+    template <typename T=PyObject, TypeChecker TC=NoOpChecker>
+    class PyObjectPointer
+    {
+    public:
+        typedef T PyType;
+    protected:
+        T* p;
+    public:
+        PyObjectPointer(T* it=nullptr) : p(it)
+        {
+            TC(p);
+        }
+
+        // We don't allow automatic casting to PyObject* at this
+        // level, because then we could be passed to Py_DECREF/INCREF,
+        // but we want nothing to do with memory management. If you
+        // know better, then you can use the get() method, like on a
+        // std::shared_ptr. Except we name it borrow() to clarify that
+        // if this is a reference-tracked object, the pointer you get
+        // back will go away when the object does.
+        // TODO: This should probably not exist here, but be moved
+        // down to relevant sub-types.
+
+        T* borrow() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->p;
+        }
+
+        PyObject* borrow_o() const noexcept
+        {
+            return reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(this->p);
+        }
+
+         T* operator->() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->p;
+        }
+
+        bool is_None() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->p == Py_None;
+        }
+
+        PyObject* acquire_or_None() const noexcept
+        {
+            PyObject* result = this->p ? reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(this->p) : Py_None;
+            Py_INCREF(result);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        explicit operator bool() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->p != nullptr;
+        }
+
+        bool operator!() const noexcept
+        {
+            return this->p == nullptr;
+        }
+
+        Py_ssize_t REFCNT() const noexcept
+        {
+            return p ? Py_REFCNT(p) : -42;
+        }
+
+        PyTypeObject* TYPE() const noexcept
+        {
+            return p ? Py_TYPE(p) : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        inline OwnedObject PyStr() const noexcept;
+        inline const std::string as_str() const noexcept;
+        inline OwnedObject PyGetAttr(const ImmortalObject& name) const noexcept;
+        inline OwnedObject PyRequireAttr(const char* const name) const;
+        inline OwnedObject PyRequireAttr(const ImmortalString& name) const;
+        inline OwnedObject PyCall(const BorrowedObject& arg) const;
+        inline OwnedObject PyCall(PyGreenlet* arg) const ;
+        inline OwnedObject PyCall(PyObject* arg) const ;
+        // PyObject_Call(this, args, kwargs);
+        inline OwnedObject PyCall(const BorrowedObject args,
+                                  const BorrowedObject kwargs) const;
+        inline OwnedObject PyCall(const OwnedObject& args,
+                                  const OwnedObject& kwargs) const;
+
+    protected:
+        void _set_raw_pointer(void* t)
+        {
+            TC(t);
+            p = reinterpret_cast<T*>(t);
+        }
+        void* _get_raw_pointer() const
+        {
+            return p;
+        }
+    };
+
+#ifdef GREENLET_USE_STDIO
+        template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+        std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const PyObjectPointer<T, TC>& s)
+        {
+            const std::type_info& t = typeid(s);
+            os << t.name()
+               << "(addr=" << s.borrow()
+               << ", refcnt=" << s.REFCNT()
+               << ", value=" << s.as_str()
+               << ")";
+
+            return os;
+        }
+#endif
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline bool operator==(const PyObjectPointer<T, TC>& lhs, const PyObject* const rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        return static_cast<const void*>(lhs.borrow_o()) == static_cast<const void*>(rhs);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC, typename X, TypeChecker XC>
+    inline bool operator==(const PyObjectPointer<T, TC>& lhs, const PyObjectPointer<X, XC>& rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        return lhs.borrow_o() == rhs.borrow_o();
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC, typename X, TypeChecker XC>
+    inline bool operator!=(const PyObjectPointer<T, TC>& lhs,
+                           const PyObjectPointer<X, XC>& rhs) noexcept
+    {
+        return lhs.borrow_o() != rhs.borrow_o();
+    }
+
+    template<typename T=PyObject, TypeChecker TC=NoOpChecker>
+    class OwnedReference : public PyObjectPointer<T, TC>
+    {
+    private:
+        friend class OwnedList;
+
+    protected:
+        explicit OwnedReference(T* it) : PyObjectPointer<T, TC>(it)
+        {
+        }
+
+    public:
+
+        // Constructors
+
+        static OwnedReference<T, TC> consuming(PyObject* p)
+        {
+            return OwnedReference<T, TC>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(p));
+        }
+
+        static OwnedReference<T, TC> owning(T* p)
+        {
+            OwnedReference<T, TC> result(p);
+            Py_XINCREF(result.p);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        OwnedReference() : PyObjectPointer<T, TC>(nullptr)
+        {}
+
+        explicit OwnedReference(const PyObjectPointer<>& other)
+            : PyObjectPointer<T, TC>(nullptr)
+        {
+            T* op = other.borrow();
+            TC(op);
+            this->p = other.borrow();
+            Py_XINCREF(this->p);
+        }
+
+        // It would be good to make use of the C++11 distinction
+        // between move and copy operations, e.g., constructing from a
+        // pointer should be a move operation.
+        // In the common case of ``OwnedObject x = Py_SomeFunction()``,
+        // the call to the copy constructor will be elided completely.
+        OwnedReference(const OwnedReference<T, TC>& other)
+            : PyObjectPointer<T, TC>(other.p)
+        {
+            Py_XINCREF(this->p);
+        }
+
+        static OwnedReference<PyObject> None()
+        {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            return OwnedReference<PyObject>(Py_None);
+        }
+
+        // We can assign from exactly our type without any extra checking
+        OwnedReference<T, TC>& operator=(const OwnedReference<T, TC>& other)
+        {
+            Py_XINCREF(other.p);
+            const T* tmp = this->p;
+            this->p = other.p;
+            Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        OwnedReference<T, TC>& operator=(const BorrowedReference<T, TC> other)
+        {
+            return this->operator=(other.borrow());
+        }
+
+        OwnedReference<T, TC>& operator=(T* const other)
+        {
+            TC(other);
+            Py_XINCREF(other);
+            T* tmp = this->p;
+            this->p = other;
+            Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        // We can assign from an arbitrary reference type
+        // if it passes our check.
+        template<typename X, TypeChecker XC>
+        OwnedReference<T, TC>& operator=(const OwnedReference<X, XC>& other)
+        {
+            X* op = other.borrow();
+            TC(op);
+            return this->operator=(reinterpret_cast<T*>(op));
+        }
+
+        inline void steal(T* other)
+        {
+            assert(this->p == nullptr);
+            TC(other);
+            this->p = other;
+        }
+
+        T* relinquish_ownership()
+        {
+            T* result = this->p;
+            this->p = nullptr;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        T* acquire() const
+        {
+            // Return a new reference.
+            // TODO: This may go away when we have reference objects
+            // throughout the code.
+            Py_XINCREF(this->p);
+            return this->p;
+        }
+
+        // Nothing else declares a destructor, we're the leaf, so we
+        // should be able to get away without virtual.
+        ~OwnedReference()
+        {
+            Py_CLEAR(this->p);
+        }
+
+        void CLEAR()
+        {
+            Py_CLEAR(this->p);
+            assert(this->p == nullptr);
+        }
+    };
+
+    static inline
+    void operator<<=(PyObject*& target, OwnedObject& o)
+    {
+        target = o.relinquish_ownership();
+    }
+
+
+    class NewReference : public OwnedObject
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(NewReference);
+    public:
+        // Consumes the reference. Only use this
+        // for API return values.
+        NewReference(PyObject* it) : OwnedObject(it)
+        {
+        }
+    };
+
+    class NewDictReference : public NewReference
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(NewDictReference);
+    public:
+        NewDictReference() : NewReference(PyDict_New())
+        {
+            if (!this->p) {
+                throw PyErrOccurred();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void SetItem(const char* const key, PyObject* value)
+        {
+            Require(PyDict_SetItemString(this->p, key, value));
+        }
+
+        void SetItem(const PyObjectPointer<>& key, PyObject* value)
+        {
+            Require(PyDict_SetItem(this->p, key.borrow_o(), value));
+        }
+    };
+
+    template<typename T=PyGreenlet, TypeChecker TC=GreenletChecker>
+    class _OwnedGreenlet: public OwnedReference<T, TC>
+    {
+    private:
+    protected:
+        _OwnedGreenlet(T* it) : OwnedReference<T, TC>(it)
+        {}
+
+    public:
+        _OwnedGreenlet() : OwnedReference<T, TC>()
+        {}
+
+        _OwnedGreenlet(const _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>& other) : OwnedReference<T, TC>(other)
+        {
+        }
+        _OwnedGreenlet(OwnedMainGreenlet& other) :
+            OwnedReference<T, TC>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(other.acquire()))
+        {
+        }
+        _OwnedGreenlet(const BorrowedGreenlet& other);
+        // Steals a reference.
+        static _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC> consuming(PyGreenlet* it)
+        {
+            return _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(it));
+        }
+
+        inline _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>& operator=(const OwnedGreenlet& other)
+        {
+            return this->operator=(other.borrow());
+        }
+
+        inline _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>& operator=(const BorrowedGreenlet& other);
+
+        _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>& operator=(const OwnedMainGreenlet& other)
+        {
+            PyGreenlet* owned = other.acquire();
+            Py_XDECREF(this->p);
+            this->p = reinterpret_cast<T*>(owned);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>& operator=(T* const other)
+        {
+            OwnedReference<T, TC>::operator=(other);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        T* relinquish_ownership()
+        {
+            T* result = this->p;
+            this->p = nullptr;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        PyObject* relinquish_ownership_o()
+        {
+            return reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(relinquish_ownership());
+        }
+
+        inline Greenlet* operator->() const noexcept;
+        inline operator Greenlet*() const noexcept;
+    };
+
+    template <typename T=PyObject, TypeChecker TC=NoOpChecker>
+    class BorrowedReference : public PyObjectPointer<T, TC>
+    {
+    public:
+        // Allow implicit creation from PyObject* pointers as we
+        // transition to using these classes. Also allow automatic
+        // conversion to PyObject* for passing to C API calls and even
+        // for Py_INCREF/DECREF, because we ourselves do no memory management.
+        BorrowedReference(T* it) : PyObjectPointer<T, TC>(it)
+        {}
+
+        BorrowedReference(const PyObjectPointer<T>& ref) : PyObjectPointer<T, TC>(ref.borrow())
+        {}
+
+        BorrowedReference() : PyObjectPointer<T, TC>(nullptr)
+        {}
+
+        operator T*() const
+        {
+            return this->p;
+        }
+    };
+
+    typedef BorrowedReference<PyObject> BorrowedObject;
+    //typedef BorrowedReference<PyGreenlet> BorrowedGreenlet;
+
+    template<typename T=PyGreenlet, TypeChecker TC=GreenletChecker>
+    class _BorrowedGreenlet : public BorrowedReference<T, TC>
+    {
+    public:
+        _BorrowedGreenlet() :
+            BorrowedReference<T, TC>(nullptr)
+        {}
+
+        _BorrowedGreenlet(T* it) :
+            BorrowedReference<T, TC>(it)
+        {}
+
+        _BorrowedGreenlet(const BorrowedObject& it);
+
+        _BorrowedGreenlet(const OwnedGreenlet& it) :
+            BorrowedReference<T, TC>(it.borrow())
+        {}
+
+        _BorrowedGreenlet<T, TC>& operator=(const BorrowedObject& other);
+
+        // We get one of these for PyGreenlet, but one for PyObject
+        // is handy as well
+        operator PyObject*() const
+        {
+            return reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(this->p);
+        }
+        Greenlet* operator->() const noexcept;
+        operator Greenlet*() const noexcept;
+    };
+
+    typedef _BorrowedGreenlet<PyGreenlet> BorrowedGreenlet;
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>::_OwnedGreenlet(const BorrowedGreenlet& other)
+        : OwnedReference<T, TC>(reinterpret_cast<T*>(other.borrow()))
+    {
+        Py_XINCREF(this->p);
+    }
+
+
+     class BorrowedMainGreenlet
+            : public _BorrowedGreenlet<PyGreenlet, MainGreenletExactChecker>
+    {
+    public:
+        BorrowedMainGreenlet(const OwnedMainGreenlet& it) :
+            _BorrowedGreenlet<PyGreenlet, MainGreenletExactChecker>(it.borrow())
+        {}
+        BorrowedMainGreenlet(PyGreenlet* it=nullptr)
+            : _BorrowedGreenlet<PyGreenlet, MainGreenletExactChecker>(it)
+        {}
+    };
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>& _OwnedGreenlet<T, TC>::operator=(const BorrowedGreenlet& other)
+    {
+        return this->operator=(other.borrow());
+    }
+
+
+    class ImmortalObject : public PyObjectPointer<>
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_ASSIGNMENT_OF_CLS(ImmortalObject);
+    public:
+        explicit ImmortalObject(PyObject* it) : PyObjectPointer<>(it)
+        {
+        }
+
+        ImmortalObject(const ImmortalObject& other)
+            : PyObjectPointer<>(other.p)
+        {
+
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Become the new owner of the object. Does not change the
+         * reference count.
+         */
+        ImmortalObject& operator=(PyObject* it)
+        {
+            assert(this->p == nullptr);
+            this->p = it;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        static ImmortalObject consuming(PyObject* it)
+        {
+            return ImmortalObject(it);
+        }
+
+        inline operator PyObject*() const
+        {
+            return this->p;
+        }
+    };
+
+    class ImmortalString : public ImmortalObject
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ImmortalString);
+        const char* str;
+    public:
+        ImmortalString(const char* const str) :
+            ImmortalObject(str ? Require(PyUnicode_InternFromString(str)) : nullptr)
+        {
+            this->str = str;
+        }
+
+        inline ImmortalString& operator=(const char* const str)
+        {
+            if (!this->p) {
+                this->p = Require(PyUnicode_InternFromString(str));
+                this->str = str;
+            }
+            else {
+                assert(this->str == str);
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        inline operator std::string() const
+        {
+            return this->str;
+        }
+
+    };
+
+    class ImmortalEventName : public ImmortalString
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ImmortalEventName);
+    public:
+        ImmortalEventName(const char* const str) : ImmortalString(str)
+        {}
+    };
+
+    class ImmortalException : public ImmortalObject
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(ImmortalException);
+    public:
+        ImmortalException(const char* const name, PyObject* base=nullptr) :
+            ImmortalObject(name
+                           // Python 2.7 isn't const correct
+                           ? Require(PyErr_NewException((char*)name, base, nullptr))
+                           : nullptr)
+        {}
+
+        inline bool PyExceptionMatches() const
+        {
+            return PyErr_ExceptionMatches(this->p) > 0;
+        }
+
+    };
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyStr() const noexcept
+    {
+        if (!this->p) {
+            return OwnedObject();
+        }
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(PyObject_Str(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(this->p)));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline const std::string PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::as_str() const noexcept
+    {
+        // NOTE: This is not Python exception safe.
+        if (this->p) {
+            // The Python APIs return a cached char* value that's only valid
+            // as long as the original object stays around, and we're
+            // about to (probably) toss it. Hence the copy to std::string.
+            OwnedObject py_str = this->PyStr();
+            if (!py_str) {
+                return "(nil)";
+            }
+            return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(py_str.borrow());
+        }
+        return "(nil)";
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyGetAttr(const ImmortalObject& name) const noexcept
+    {
+        assert(this->p);
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(PyObject_GetAttr(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(this->p), name));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyRequireAttr(const char* const name) const
+    {
+        assert(this->p);
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(Require(PyObject_GetAttrString(this->p, name), name));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyRequireAttr(const ImmortalString& name) const
+    {
+        assert(this->p);
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(Require(
+                   PyObject_GetAttr(
+                      reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(this->p),
+                      name
+                   ),
+                   name
+               ));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyCall(const BorrowedObject& arg) const
+    {
+        return this->PyCall(arg.borrow());
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyCall(PyGreenlet* arg) const
+    {
+        return this->PyCall(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(arg));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyCall(PyObject* arg) const
+    {
+        assert(this->p);
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(this->p, arg, NULL));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyCall(const BorrowedObject args,
+                                                  const BorrowedObject kwargs) const
+    {
+        assert(this->p);
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(PyObject_Call(this->p, args, kwargs));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, TypeChecker TC>
+    inline OwnedObject PyObjectPointer<T, TC>::PyCall(const OwnedObject& args,
+                                                  const OwnedObject& kwargs) const
+    {
+        assert(this->p);
+        return OwnedObject::consuming(PyObject_Call(this->p, args.borrow(), kwargs.borrow()));
+    }
+
+    inline void
+    ListChecker(void * p)
+    {
+        if (!p) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!PyList_Check(p)) {
+            throw TypeError("Expected a list");
+        }
+    }
+
+    class OwnedList : public OwnedReference<PyObject, ListChecker>
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_ASSIGNMENT_OF_CLS(OwnedList);
+    public:
+        // TODO: Would like to use move.
+        explicit OwnedList(const OwnedObject& other)
+            : OwnedReference<PyObject, ListChecker>(other)
+        {
+        }
+
+        OwnedList& operator=(const OwnedObject& other)
+        {
+            if (other && PyList_Check(other.p)) {
+                // Valid list. Own a new reference to it, discard the
+                // reference to what we did own.
+                PyObject* new_ptr = other.p;
+                Py_INCREF(new_ptr);
+                Py_XDECREF(this->p);
+                this->p = new_ptr;
+            }
+            else {
+                // Either the other object was NULL (an error) or it
+                // wasn't a list. Either way, we're now invalidated.
+                Py_XDECREF(this->p);
+                this->p = nullptr;
+            }
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        inline bool empty() const
+        {
+            return PyList_GET_SIZE(p) == 0;
+        }
+
+        inline Py_ssize_t size() const
+        {
+            return PyList_GET_SIZE(p);
+        }
+
+        inline BorrowedObject at(const Py_ssize_t index) const
+        {
+            return PyList_GET_ITEM(p, index);
+        }
+
+        inline void clear()
+        {
+            PyList_SetSlice(p, 0, PyList_GET_SIZE(p), NULL);
+        }
+    };
+
+    // Use this to represent the module object used at module init
+    // time.
+    // This could either be a borrowed (Py2) or new (Py3) reference;
+    // either way, we don't want to do any memory management
+    // on it here, Python itself will handle that.
+    // XXX: Actually, that's not quite right. On Python 3, if an
+    // exception occurs before we return to the interpreter, this will
+    // leak; but all previous versions also had that problem.
+    class CreatedModule : public PyObjectPointer<>
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(CreatedModule);
+    public:
+        CreatedModule(PyModuleDef& mod_def) : PyObjectPointer<>(
+            Require(PyModule_Create(&mod_def)))
+        {
+        }
+
+        // PyAddObject(): Add a reference to the object to the module.
+        // On return, the reference count of the object is unchanged.
+        //
+        // The docs warn that PyModule_AddObject only steals the
+        // reference on success, so if it fails after we've incref'd
+        // or allocated, we're responsible for the decref.
+        void PyAddObject(const char* name, const long new_bool)
+        {
+            OwnedObject p = OwnedObject::consuming(Require(PyBool_FromLong(new_bool)));
+            this->PyAddObject(name, p);
+        }
+
+        void PyAddObject(const char* name, const OwnedObject& new_object)
+        {
+            // The caller already owns a reference they will decref
+            // when their variable goes out of scope, we still need to
+            // incref/decref.
+            this->PyAddObject(name, new_object.borrow());
+        }
+
+        void PyAddObject(const char* name, const ImmortalObject& new_object)
+        {
+            this->PyAddObject(name, new_object.borrow());
+        }
+
+        void PyAddObject(const char* name, PyTypeObject& type)
+        {
+            this->PyAddObject(name, reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(&type));
+        }
+
+        void PyAddObject(const char* name, PyObject* new_object)
+        {
+            Py_INCREF(new_object);
+            try {
+                Require(PyModule_AddObject(this->p, name, new_object));
+            }
+            catch (const PyErrOccurred&) {
+                Py_DECREF(p);
+                throw;
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    class PyErrFetchParam : public PyObjectPointer<>
+    {
+        // Not an owned object, because we can't be initialized with
+        // one, and we only sometimes acquire ownership.
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(PyErrFetchParam);
+    public:
+        // To allow declaring these and passing them to
+        // PyErr_Fetch we implement the empty constructor,
+        // and the address operator.
+        PyErrFetchParam() : PyObjectPointer<>(nullptr)
+        {
+        }
+
+        PyObject** operator&()
+        {
+            return &this->p;
+        }
+
+        // This allows us to pass one directly without the &,
+        // BUT it has higher precedence than the bool operator
+        // if it's not explicit.
+        operator PyObject**()
+        {
+            return &this->p;
+        }
+
+        // We don't want to be able to pass these to Py_DECREF and
+        // such so we don't have the implicit PyObject* conversion.
+
+        inline PyObject* relinquish_ownership()
+        {
+            PyObject* result = this->p;
+            this->p = nullptr;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        ~PyErrFetchParam()
+        {
+            Py_XDECREF(p);
+        }
+    };
+
+    class OwnedErrPiece : public OwnedObject
+    {
+    private:
+
+    public:
+        // Unlike OwnedObject, this increments the refcount.
+        OwnedErrPiece(PyObject* p=nullptr) : OwnedObject(p)
+        {
+            this->acquire();
+        }
+
+        PyObject** operator&()
+        {
+            return &this->p;
+        }
+
+        inline operator PyObject*() const
+        {
+            return this->p;
+        }
+
+        operator PyTypeObject*() const
+        {
+            return reinterpret_cast<PyTypeObject*>(this->p);
+        }
+    };
+
+    class PyErrPieces
+    {
+    private:
+        OwnedErrPiece type;
+        OwnedErrPiece instance;
+        OwnedErrPiece traceback;
+        bool restored;
+    public:
+        // Takes new references; if we're destroyed before
+        // restoring the error, we drop the references.
+        PyErrPieces(PyObject* t, PyObject* v, PyObject* tb) :
+            type(t),
+            instance(v),
+            traceback(tb),
+            restored(0)
+        {
+            this->normalize();
+        }
+
+        PyErrPieces() :
+            restored(0)
+        {
+            // PyErr_Fetch transfers ownership to us, so
+            // we don't actually need to INCREF; but we *do*
+            // need to DECREF if we're not restored.
+            PyErrFetchParam t, v, tb;
+            PyErr_Fetch(&t, &v, &tb);
+            type.steal(t.relinquish_ownership());
+            instance.steal(v.relinquish_ownership());
+            traceback.steal(tb.relinquish_ownership());
+        }
+
+        void PyErrRestore()
+        {
+            // can only do this once
+            assert(!this->restored);
+            this->restored = true;
+            PyErr_Restore(
+                this->type.relinquish_ownership(),
+                this->instance.relinquish_ownership(),
+                this->traceback.relinquish_ownership());
+            assert(!this->type && !this->instance && !this->traceback);
+        }
+
+    private:
+        void normalize()
+        {
+            // First, check the traceback argument, replacing None,
+            // with NULL
+            if (traceback.is_None()) {
+                traceback = nullptr;
+            }
+
+            if (traceback && !PyTraceBack_Check(traceback.borrow())) {
+                throw PyErrOccurred(PyExc_TypeError,
+                                    "throw() third argument must be a traceback object");
+            }
+
+            if (PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) {
+                // If we just had a type, we'll now have a type and
+                // instance.
+                // The type's refcount will have gone up by one
+                // because of the instance and the instance will have
+                // a refcount of one. Either way, we owned, and still
+                // do own, exactly one reference.
+                PyErr_NormalizeException(&type, &instance, &traceback);
+
+            }
+            else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) {
+                /* Raising an instance --- usually that means an
+                   object that is a subclass of BaseException, but on
+                   Python 2, that can also mean an arbitrary old-style
+                   object. The value should be a dummy. */
+                if (instance && !instance.is_None()) {
+                    throw PyErrOccurred(
+                                    PyExc_TypeError,
+                                    "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+                }
+                /* Normalize to raise <class>, <instance> */
+                this->instance = this->type;
+                this->type = PyExceptionInstance_Class(instance.borrow());
+
+                /*
+                  It would be tempting to do this:
+
+                Py_ssize_t type_count = Py_REFCNT(Py_TYPE(instance.borrow()));
+                this->type = PyExceptionInstance_Class(instance.borrow());
+                assert(this->type.REFCNT() == type_count + 1);
+
+                But that doesn't work on Python 2 in the case of
+                old-style instances: The result of Py_TYPE is going to
+                be the global shared <type instance> that all
+                old-style classes have, while the return of Instance_Class()
+                will be the Python-level class object. The two are unrelated.
+                */
+            }
+            else {
+                /* Not something you can raise. throw() fails. */
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                     "exceptions must be classes, or instances, not %s",
+                             Py_TYPE(type.borrow())->tp_name);
+                throw PyErrOccurred();
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    // PyArg_Parse's O argument returns a borrowed reference.
+    class PyArgParseParam : public BorrowedObject
+    {
+    private:
+        G_NO_COPIES_OF_CLS(PyArgParseParam);
+    public:
+        explicit PyArgParseParam(PyObject* p=nullptr) : BorrowedObject(p)
+        {
+        }
+
+        inline PyObject** operator&()
+        {
+            return &this->p;
+        }
+    };
+
+};};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_slp_switch.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_slp_switch.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd4b7ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_slp_switch.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_SLP_SWITCH_HPP
+#define GREENLET_SLP_SWITCH_HPP
+
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+#include "greenlet_refs.hpp"
+
+/*
+ * the following macros are spliced into the OS/compiler
+ * specific code, in order to simplify maintenance.
+ */
+// We can save about 10% of the time it takes to switch greenlets if
+// we thread the thread state through the slp_save_state() and the
+// following slp_restore_state() calls from
+// slp_switch()->g_switchstack() (which already needs to access it).
+//
+// However:
+//
+// that requires changing the prototypes and implementations of the
+// switching functions. If we just change the prototype of
+// slp_switch() to accept the argument and update the macros, without
+// changing the implementation of slp_switch(), we get crashes on
+// 64-bit Linux and 32-bit x86 (for reasons that aren't 100% clear);
+// on the other hand, 64-bit macOS seems to be fine. Also, 64-bit
+// windows is an issue because slp_switch is written fully in assembly
+// and currently ignores its argument so some code would have to be
+// adjusted there to pass the argument on to the
+// ``slp_save_state_asm()`` function (but interestingly, because of
+// the calling convention, the extra argument is just ignored and
+// things function fine, albeit slower, if we just modify
+// ``slp_save_state_asm`()` to fetch the pointer to pass to the
+// macro.)
+//
+// Our compromise is to use a *glabal*, untracked, weak, pointer
+// to the necessary thread state during the process of switching only.
+// This is safe because we're protected by the GIL, and if we're
+// running this code, the thread isn't exiting. This also nets us a
+// 10-12% speed improvement.
+
+static greenlet::Greenlet* volatile switching_thread_state = nullptr;
+
+
+extern "C" {
+static int GREENLET_NOINLINE(slp_save_state_trampoline)(char* stackref);
+static void GREENLET_NOINLINE(slp_restore_state_trampoline)();
+}
+
+
+#define SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff) \
+do {                                                    \
+    assert(switching_thread_state);  \
+    stackref += STACK_MAGIC;                 \
+    if (slp_save_state_trampoline((char*)stackref))    \
+        return -1;                                     \
+    if (!switching_thread_state->active()) \
+        return 1;                                      \
+    stsizediff = switching_thread_state->stack_start() - (char*)stackref; \
+} while (0)
+
+#define SLP_RESTORE_STATE() slp_restore_state_trampoline()
+
+#define SLP_EVAL
+extern "C" {
+#define slp_switch GREENLET_NOINLINE(slp_switch)
+#include "slp_platformselect.h"
+}
+#undef slp_switch
+
+#ifndef STACK_MAGIC
+#    error \
+        "greenlet needs to be ported to this platform, or taught how to detect your compiler properly."
+#endif /* !STACK_MAGIC */
+
+
+
+#ifdef EXTERNAL_ASM
+/* CCP addition: Make these functions, to be called from assembler.
+ * The token include file for the given platform should enable the
+ * EXTERNAL_ASM define so that this is included.
+ */
+extern "C" {
+intptr_t
+slp_save_state_asm(intptr_t* ref)
+{
+    intptr_t diff;
+    SLP_SAVE_STATE(ref, diff);
+    return diff;
+}
+
+void
+slp_restore_state_asm(void)
+{
+    SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+}
+
+extern int slp_switch(void);
+};
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_thread_support.hpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_thread_support.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ded7d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/greenlet_thread_support.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#ifndef GREENLET_THREAD_SUPPORT_HPP
+#define GREENLET_THREAD_SUPPORT_HPP
+
+/**
+ * Defines various utility functions to help greenlet integrate well
+ * with threads. This used to be needed when we supported Python
+ * 2.7 on Windows, which used a very old compiler. We wrote an
+ * alternative implementation using Python APIs and POSIX or Windows
+ * APIs, but that's no longer needed. So this file is a shadow of its
+ * former self --- but may be needed in the future.
+ */
+
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <thread>
+#include <mutex>
+
+#include "greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+
+namespace greenlet {
+    typedef std::mutex Mutex;
+    typedef std::lock_guard<Mutex> LockGuard;
+    class LockInitError : public std::runtime_error
+    {
+    public:
+        LockInitError(const char* what) : std::runtime_error(what)
+        {};
+    };
+};
+
+
+#endif /* GREENLET_THREAD_SUPPORT_HPP */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a0b59b5
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/setup_switch_x64_masm.cmd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/setup_switch_x64_masm.cmd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..038ced29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/setup_switch_x64_masm.cmd
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+call "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0\VC\vcvarsall.bat" amd64
+ml64 /nologo /c /Fo switch_x64_masm.obj switch_x64_masm.asm
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_aarch64_gcc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_aarch64_gcc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..058617c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_aarch64_gcc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 07-Sep-16 Add clang support using x register naming. Fredrik Fornwall
+ * 13-Apr-13 Add support for strange GCC caller-save decisions
+ * 08-Apr-13 File creation. Michael Matz
+ *
+ * NOTES
+ *
+ * Simply save all callee saved registers
+ *
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "x19", "x20", "x21", "x22", "x23", "x24", "x25", "x26", \
+                     "x27", "x28", "x30" /* aka lr */, \
+                     "v8", "v9", "v10", "v11", \
+                     "v12", "v13", "v14", "v15"
+
+/*
+ * Recall:
+   asm asm-qualifiers ( AssemblerTemplate
+                 : OutputOperands
+                 [ : InputOperands
+                 [ : Clobbers ] ])
+
+ or  (if asm-qualifiers contains 'goto')
+
+   asm asm-qualifiers ( AssemblerTemplate
+                      : OutputOperands
+                      : InputOperands
+                      : Clobbers
+                      : GotoLabels)
+
+ and OutputOperands are
+
+   [ [asmSymbolicName] ] constraint (cvariablename)
+
+ When a name is given, refer to it as ``%[the name]``.
+ When not given, ``%i`` where ``i`` is the zero-based index.
+
+ constraints starting with ``=`` means only writing; ``+`` means
+ reading and writing.
+
+ This is followed by ``r`` (must be register) or ``m`` (must be memory)
+ and these can be combined.
+
+ The ``cvariablename`` is actually an lvalue expression.
+
+ In AArch65, 31 general purpose registers. If named X0... they are
+ 64-bit. If named W0... they are the bottom 32 bits of the
+ corresponding 64 bit register.
+
+ XZR and WZR are hardcoded to 0, and ignore writes.
+
+ Arguments are in X0..X7. C++ uses X0 for ``this``. X0 holds simple return
+ values (?)
+
+ Whenever a W register is written, the top half of the X register is zeroed.
+ */
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+	int err;
+	void *fp;
+        /* Windowz uses a 32-bit long on a 64-bit platform, unlike the rest of
+           the world, and in theory we can be compiled with GCC/llvm on 64-bit
+           windows. So we need a fixed-width type.
+        */
+        int64_t *stackref, stsizediff;
+        __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+	__asm__ volatile ("str x29, %0" : "=m"(fp) : : );
+        __asm__ ("mov %0, sp" : "=r" (stackref));
+        {
+                SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+                __asm__ volatile (
+                    "add sp,sp,%0\n"
+                    "add x29,x29,%0\n"
+                    :
+                    : "r" (stsizediff)
+                    );
+		SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+		/* SLP_SAVE_STATE macro contains some return statements
+		   (of -1 and 1).  It falls through only when
+		   the return value of slp_save_state() is zero, which
+		   is placed in x0.
+		   In that case we (slp_switch) also want to return zero
+		   (also in x0 of course).
+		   Now, some GCC versions (seen with 4.8) think it's a
+		   good idea to save/restore x0 around the call to
+		   slp_restore_state(), instead of simply zeroing it
+		   at the return below.  But slp_restore_state
+		   writes random values to the stack slot used for this
+		   save/restore (from when it once was saved above in
+		   SLP_SAVE_STATE, when it was still uninitialized), so
+		   "restoring" that precious zero actually makes us
+		   return random values.  There are some ways to make
+		   GCC not use that zero value in the normal return path
+		   (e.g. making err volatile, but that costs a little
+		   stack space), and the simplest is to call a function
+		   that returns an unknown value (which happens to be zero),
+		   so the saved/restored value is unused.
+
+                   Thus, this line stores a 0 into the ``err`` variable
+                   (which must be held in a register for this instruction,
+                    of course). The ``w`` qualifier causes the instruction
+                    to use W0 instead of X0, otherwise we get a warning
+                    about a value size mismatch (because err is an int,
+                    and aarch64 platforms are LP64: 32-bit int, 64 bit long
+                   and pointer).
+                */
+           __asm__ volatile ("mov %w0, #0" : "=r" (err));
+        }
+        __asm__ volatile ("ldr x29, %0" : : "m" (fp) :);
+        __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+        return err;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_alpha_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_alpha_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e07abfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_alpha_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "$9", "$10", "$11", "$12", "$13", "$14", "$15", \
+		     "$f2", "$f3", "$f4", "$f5", "$f6", "$f7", "$f8", "$f9"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+  int ret;
+  long *stackref, stsizediff;
+  __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+  __asm__ volatile ("mov $30, %0" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+  {
+      SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+      __asm__ volatile (
+	  "addq $30, %0, $30\n\t"
+	  : /* no outputs */
+	  : "r" (stsizediff)
+	  );
+      SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+  }
+  __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+  __asm__ volatile ("mov $31, %0" : "=r" (ret) : );
+  return ret;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_amd64_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_amd64_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4701105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_amd64_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 3-May-13   Ralf Schmitt  <ralf@systemexit.de>
+ *     Add support for strange GCC caller-save decisions
+ *     (ported from switch_aarch64_gcc.h)
+ * 18-Aug-11  Alexey Borzenkov  <snaury@gmail.com>
+ *      Correctly save rbp, csr and cw
+ * 01-Apr-04  Hye-Shik Chang    <perky@FreeBSD.org>
+ *      Ported from i386 to amd64.
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for spark
+ * 31-Avr-02  Armin Rigo         <arigo@ulb.ac.be>
+ *      Added ebx, esi and edi register-saves.
+ * 01-Mar-02  Samual M. Rushing  <rushing@ironport.com>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+/* #define STACK_MAGIC 3 */
+/* the above works fine with gcc 2.96, but 2.95.3 wants this */
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r12", "r13", "r14", "r15"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    void* rbp;
+    void* rbx;
+    unsigned int csr;
+    unsigned short cw;
+    /* This used to be declared 'register', but that does nothing in
+    modern compilers and is explicitly forbidden in some new
+    standards. */
+    long *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("fstcw %0" : "=m" (cw));
+    __asm__ volatile ("stmxcsr %0" : "=m" (csr));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movq %%rbp, %0" : "=m" (rbp));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movq %%rbx, %0" : "=m" (rbx));
+    __asm__ ("movq %%rsp, %0" : "=g" (stackref));
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "addq %0, %%rsp\n"
+            "addq %0, %%rbp\n"
+            :
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+        __asm__ volatile ("xorq %%rax, %%rax" : "=a" (err));
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("movq %0, %%rbx" : : "m" (rbx));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movq %0, %%rbp" : : "m" (rbp));
+    __asm__ volatile ("ldmxcsr %0" : : "m" (csr));
+    __asm__ volatile ("fldcw %0" : : "m" (cw));
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm32_gcc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm32_gcc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..655003aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm32_gcc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 14-Aug-06 File creation. Ported from Arm Thumb. Sylvain Baro
+ *  3-Sep-06 Commented out saving of r1-r3 (r4 already commented out) as I
+ *           read that these do not need to be saved.  Also added notes and
+ *           errors related to the frame pointer. Richard Tew.
+ *
+ * NOTES
+ *
+ *   It is not possible to detect if fp is used or not, so the supplied
+ *   switch function needs to support it, so that you can remove it if
+ *   it does not apply to you.
+ *
+ * POSSIBLE ERRORS
+ *
+ *   "fp cannot be used in asm here"
+ *
+ *   - Try commenting out "fp" in REGS_TO_SAVE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+#define REG_SP "sp"
+#define REG_SPSP "sp,sp"
+#ifdef __thumb__
+#define REG_FP "r7"
+#define REG_FPFP "r7,r7"
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL "r4", "r5", "r6", "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11", "lr"
+#else
+#define REG_FP "fp"
+#define REG_FPFP "fp,fp"
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL "r4", "r5", "r6", "r7", "r8", "r9", "r10", "lr"
+#endif
+#if defined(__SOFTFP__)
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL
+#elif defined(__VFP_FP__)
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL, "d8", "d9", "d10", "d11", \
+                                           "d12", "d13", "d14", "d15"
+#elif defined(__MAVERICK__)
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL, "mvf4", "mvf5", "mvf6", "mvf7", \
+                                           "mvf8", "mvf9", "mvf10", "mvf11", \
+                                           "mvf12", "mvf13", "mvf14", "mvf15"
+#else
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL, "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7"
+#endif
+
+static int
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__attribute__((optimize("no-omit-frame-pointer")))
+#endif
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+        void *fp;
+        int *stackref, stsizediff;
+        int result;
+        __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+        __asm__ volatile ("mov r0," REG_FP "\n\tstr r0,%0" : "=m" (fp) : : "r0");
+        __asm__ ("mov %0," REG_SP : "=r" (stackref));
+        {
+                SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+                __asm__ volatile (
+                    "add " REG_SPSP ",%0\n"
+                    "add " REG_FPFP ",%0\n"
+                    :
+                    : "r" (stsizediff)
+                    );
+                SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+        }
+        __asm__ volatile ("ldr r0,%1\n\tmov " REG_FP ",r0\n\tmov %0, #0" : "=r" (result) : "m" (fp) : "r0");
+        __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+        return result;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm32_ios.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm32_ios.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e640e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm32_ios.h
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 31-May-15 iOS support. Ported from arm32. Proton <feisuzhu@163.com>
+ *
+ * NOTES
+ *
+ *   It is not possible to detect if fp is used or not, so the supplied
+ *   switch function needs to support it, so that you can remove it if
+ *   it does not apply to you.
+ *
+ * POSSIBLE ERRORS
+ *
+ *   "fp cannot be used in asm here"
+ *
+ *   - Try commenting out "fp" in REGS_TO_SAVE.
+ *
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+#define REG_SP "sp"
+#define REG_SPSP "sp,sp"
+#define REG_FP "r7"
+#define REG_FPFP "r7,r7"
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL "r4", "r5", "r6", "r8", "r10", "r11", "lr"
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL, "d8", "d9", "d10", "d11", \
+                                           "d12", "d13", "d14", "d15"
+
+static int
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__attribute__((optimize("no-omit-frame-pointer")))
+#endif
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+        void *fp;
+        int *stackref, stsizediff, result;
+        __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+        __asm__ volatile ("str " REG_FP ",%0" : "=m" (fp));
+        __asm__ ("mov %0," REG_SP : "=r" (stackref));
+        {
+                SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+                __asm__ volatile (
+                    "add " REG_SPSP ",%0\n"
+                    "add " REG_FPFP ",%0\n"
+                    :
+                    : "r" (stsizediff)
+                    : REGS_TO_SAVE /* Clobber registers, force compiler to
+                                    * recalculate address of void *fp from REG_SP or REG_FP */
+                );
+                SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+        }
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "ldr " REG_FP ", %1\n\t"
+            "mov %0, #0"
+            : "=r" (result)
+            : "m" (fp)
+            : REGS_TO_SAVE /* Force compiler to restore saved registers after this */
+        );
+        return result;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_masm.asm b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_masm.asm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29f9c225
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_masm.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+  AREA switch_arm64_masm, CODE, READONLY;
+  GLOBAL slp_switch [FUNC]
+  EXTERN slp_save_state_asm
+  EXTERN slp_restore_state_asm
+
+slp_switch    
+    ; push callee saved registers to stack
+    stp    x19, x20, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    x21, x22, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    x23, x24, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    x25, x26, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    x27, x28, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    x29, x30, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    d8, d9, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    d10, d11, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    d12, d13, [sp, #-16]!
+    stp    d14, d15, [sp, #-16]!
+
+    ; call slp_save_state_asm with stack pointer
+    mov x0, sp
+    bl    slp_save_state_asm
+
+    ; early return for return value of 1 and -1
+    cmp x0, #-1
+    b.eq RETURN
+    cmp x0, #1
+    b.eq RETURN
+
+    ; increment stack and frame pointer
+    add sp, sp, x0
+    add x29, x29, x0
+
+    bl slp_restore_state_asm
+
+    ; store return value for successful completion of routine
+    mov x0, #0
+
+RETURN
+    ; pop registers from stack
+    ldp d14, d15, [sp], #16
+    ldp d12, d13, [sp], #16
+    ldp d10, d11, [sp], #16
+    ldp d8, d9, [sp], #16
+    ldp x29, x30, [sp], #16
+    ldp x27, x28, [sp], #16
+    ldp x25, x26, [sp], #16
+    ldp x23, x24, [sp], #16
+    ldp x21, x22, [sp], #16
+    ldp x19, x20, [sp], #16
+
+    ret
+
+    END
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_masm.obj b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_masm.obj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6f220e4
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_masm.obj differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_msvc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_msvc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ab7f45b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_arm64_msvc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 21-Oct-21  Niyas Sait  <niyas.sait@linaro.org>
+ *      First version to enable win/arm64 support.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+/* Use the generic support for an external assembly language slp_switch function. */
+#define EXTERNAL_ASM
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+/* This always uses the external masm assembly file. */
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_csky_gcc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_csky_gcc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac469d3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_csky_gcc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+#define REG_FP "r8"
+#ifdef __CSKYABIV2__
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL "r4", "r5", "r6", "r7", "r9", "r10", "r11", "r15",\
+                             "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20", "r21", "r22",\
+                             "r23", "r24", "r25"
+
+#if defined (__CSKY_HARD_FLOAT__) || (__CSKY_VDSP__)
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL, "vr8", "vr9", "vr10", "vr11", "vr12",\
+                                           "vr13", "vr14", "vr15"
+#else
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE REGS_TO_SAVE_GENERAL
+#endif
+#else
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r9", "r10", "r11", "r12", "r13", "r15"
+#endif
+
+
+static int
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+__attribute__((optimize("no-omit-frame-pointer")))
+#endif
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+        int *stackref, stsizediff;
+        int result;
+
+        __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+        __asm__ ("mov %0, sp" : "=r" (stackref));
+        {
+                SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+                __asm__ volatile (
+                    "addu sp,%0\n"
+                    "addu "REG_FP",%0\n"
+                    :
+                    : "r" (stsizediff)
+                    );
+		
+                SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+        }
+        __asm__ volatile ("movi %0, 0" : "=r" (result));
+        __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+
+        return result;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_loongarch64_linux.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_loongarch64_linux.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9eaf34ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_loongarch64_linux.h
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "s0", "s1", "s2", "s3", "s4", "s5", \
+                    "s6", "s7", "s8", "fp", \
+                    "f24", "f25", "f26", "f27", "f28", "f29", "f30", "f31"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int ret;
+    long *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("move %0, $sp" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "add.d $sp, $sp, %0\n\t"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+        );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("move %0, $zero" : "=r" (ret) : );
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_m68k_gcc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_m68k_gcc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da761c2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_m68k_gcc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 2014-01-06  Andreas Schwab  <schwab@linux-m68k.org>
+ *      File created.
+ */
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "%d2", "%d3", "%d4", "%d5", "%d6", "%d7", \
+		     "%a2", "%a3", "%a4"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+  int err;
+  int *stackref, stsizediff;
+  void *fp, *a5;
+  __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+  __asm__ volatile ("move.l %%fp, %0" : "=m"(fp));
+  __asm__ volatile ("move.l %%a5, %0" : "=m"(a5));
+  __asm__ ("move.l %%sp, %0" : "=r"(stackref));
+  {
+    SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+    __asm__ volatile ("add.l %0, %%sp; add.l %0, %%fp" : : "r"(stsizediff));
+    SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    __asm__ volatile ("clr.l %0" : "=g" (err));
+  }
+  __asm__ volatile ("move.l %0, %%a5" : : "m"(a5));
+  __asm__ volatile ("move.l %0, %%fp" : : "m"(fp));
+  __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+  return err;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_mips_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_mips_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9003e94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_mips_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 20-Sep-14 Matt Madison <madison@bliss-m.org>
+ *      Re-code the saving of the gp register for MIPS64.
+ * 05-Jan-08 Thiemo Seufer  <ths@debian.org>
+ *      Ported from ppc.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "$16", "$17", "$18", "$19", "$20", "$21", "$22", \
+       "$23", "$30"
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+#ifdef __mips64
+    uint64_t gpsave;
+#endif
+    __asm__ __volatile__ ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+#ifdef __mips64
+    __asm__ __volatile__ ("sd $28,%0" : "=m" (gpsave) : : );
+#endif
+    __asm__ ("move %0, $29" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ __volatile__ (
+#ifdef __mips64
+            "daddu $29, %0\n"
+#else
+            "addu $29, %0\n"
+#endif
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+#ifdef __mips64
+    __asm__ __volatile__ ("ld $28,%0" : : "m" (gpsave) : );
+#endif
+    __asm__ __volatile__ ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ __volatile__ ("move %0, $0" : "=r" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc64_aix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc64_aix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7e0b877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc64_aix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 16-Oct-20  Jesse Gorzinski <jgorzins@us.ibm.com>
+ *      Copied from Linux PPC64 implementation
+ * 04-Sep-18  Alexey Borzenkov  <snaury@gmail.com>
+ *      Workaround a gcc bug using manual save/restore of r30
+ * 21-Mar-18  Tulio Magno Quites Machado Filho  <tuliom@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
+ *      Added r30 to the list of saved registers in order to fully comply with
+ *      both ppc64 ELFv1 ABI and the ppc64le ELFv2 ABI, that classify this
+ *      register as a nonvolatile register used for local variables.
+ * 21-Mar-18  Laszlo Boszormenyi  <gcs@debian.org>
+ *      Save r2 (TOC pointer) manually.
+ * 10-Dec-13  Ulrich Weigand  <uweigand@de.ibm.com>
+ *	Support ELFv2 ABI.  Save float/vector registers.
+ * 09-Mar-12 Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
+ *      64-bit implementation, copied from 32-bit.
+ * 07-Sep-05 (py-dev mailing list discussion)
+ *      removed 'r31' from the register-saved.  !!!! WARNING !!!!
+ *      It means that this file can no longer be compiled statically!
+ *      It is now only suitable as part of a dynamic library!
+ * 14-Jan-04  Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>
+ *      added cr2-cr4 to the registers to be saved.
+ *      Open questions: Should we save FP registers?
+ *      What about vector registers?
+ *      Differences between darwin and unix?
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 04-Oct-02  Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
+ *      Ported from MacOS version.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 29-Jun-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Added register 13-29, 31 saves. The same way as
+ *      Armin Rigo did for the x86_unix version.
+ *      This seems to be now fully functional!
+ * 04-Mar-02  Hye-Shik Chang  <perky@fallin.lv>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ * 31-Jul-12  Trevor Bowen    <trevorbowen@gmail.com>
+ *      Changed memory constraints to register only.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 6
+
+#if defined(__ALTIVEC__)
+#define ALTIVEC_REGS \
+       "v20", "v21", "v22", "v23", "v24", "v25", "v26", "v27", \
+       "v28", "v29", "v30", "v31",
+#else
+#define ALTIVEC_REGS
+#endif
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r14", "r15", "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20",  \
+       "r21", "r22", "r23", "r24", "r25", "r26", "r27", "r28", "r29",  \
+       "r31",                                                    \
+       "fr14", "fr15", "fr16", "fr17", "fr18", "fr19", "fr20", "fr21", \
+       "fr22", "fr23", "fr24", "fr25", "fr26", "fr27", "fr28", "fr29", \
+       "fr30", "fr31", \
+       ALTIVEC_REGS \
+       "cr2", "cr3", "cr4"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    long *stackref, stsizediff;
+    void * toc;
+    void * r30;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("std 2, %0" : "=m" (toc));
+    __asm__ volatile ("std 30, %0" : "=m" (r30));
+    __asm__ ("mr %0, 1" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "mr 11, %0\n"
+            "add 1, 1, 11\n"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            : "11"
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("ld 30, %0" : : "m" (r30));
+    __asm__ volatile ("ld 2, %0" : : "m" (toc));
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("li %0, 0" : "=r" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc64_linux.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc64_linux.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c324d00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc64_linux.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 04-Sep-18  Alexey Borzenkov  <snaury@gmail.com>
+ *      Workaround a gcc bug using manual save/restore of r30
+ * 21-Mar-18  Tulio Magno Quites Machado Filho  <tuliom@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
+ *      Added r30 to the list of saved registers in order to fully comply with
+ *      both ppc64 ELFv1 ABI and the ppc64le ELFv2 ABI, that classify this
+ *      register as a nonvolatile register used for local variables.
+ * 21-Mar-18  Laszlo Boszormenyi  <gcs@debian.org>
+ *      Save r2 (TOC pointer) manually.
+ * 10-Dec-13  Ulrich Weigand  <uweigand@de.ibm.com>
+ *	Support ELFv2 ABI.  Save float/vector registers.
+ * 09-Mar-12 Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
+ *      64-bit implementation, copied from 32-bit.
+ * 07-Sep-05 (py-dev mailing list discussion)
+ *      removed 'r31' from the register-saved.  !!!! WARNING !!!!
+ *      It means that this file can no longer be compiled statically!
+ *      It is now only suitable as part of a dynamic library!
+ * 14-Jan-04  Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>
+ *      added cr2-cr4 to the registers to be saved.
+ *      Open questions: Should we save FP registers?
+ *      What about vector registers?
+ *      Differences between darwin and unix?
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 04-Oct-02  Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
+ *      Ported from MacOS version.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 29-Jun-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Added register 13-29, 31 saves. The same way as
+ *      Armin Rigo did for the x86_unix version.
+ *      This seems to be now fully functional!
+ * 04-Mar-02  Hye-Shik Chang  <perky@fallin.lv>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ * 31-Jul-12  Trevor Bowen    <trevorbowen@gmail.com>
+ *      Changed memory constraints to register only.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#if _CALL_ELF == 2
+#define STACK_MAGIC 4
+#else
+#define STACK_MAGIC 6
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__ALTIVEC__)
+#define ALTIVEC_REGS \
+       "v20", "v21", "v22", "v23", "v24", "v25", "v26", "v27", \
+       "v28", "v29", "v30", "v31",
+#else
+#define ALTIVEC_REGS
+#endif
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r14", "r15", "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20",  \
+       "r21", "r22", "r23", "r24", "r25", "r26", "r27", "r28", "r29",  \
+       "r31",                                                    \
+       "fr14", "fr15", "fr16", "fr17", "fr18", "fr19", "fr20", "fr21", \
+       "fr22", "fr23", "fr24", "fr25", "fr26", "fr27", "fr28", "fr29", \
+       "fr30", "fr31", \
+       ALTIVEC_REGS \
+       "cr2", "cr3", "cr4"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    long *stackref, stsizediff;
+    void * toc;
+    void * r30;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("std 2, %0" : "=m" (toc));
+    __asm__ volatile ("std 30, %0" : "=m" (r30));
+    __asm__ ("mr %0, 1" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "mr 11, %0\n"
+            "add 1, 1, 11\n"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            : "11"
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("ld 30, %0" : : "m" (r30));
+    __asm__ volatile ("ld 2, %0" : : "m" (toc));
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("li %0, 0" : "=r" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_aix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_aix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d93c132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_aix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 07-Mar-11 Floris Bruynooghe <flub@devork.be>
+ *      Do not add stsizediff to general purpose
+ *      register (GPR) 30 as this is a non-volatile and
+ *      unused by the PowerOpen Environment, therefore
+ *      this was modifying a user register instead of the
+ *      frame pointer (which does not seem to exist).
+ * 07-Sep-05 (py-dev mailing list discussion)
+ *      removed 'r31' from the register-saved.  !!!! WARNING !!!!
+ *      It means that this file can no longer be compiled statically!
+ *      It is now only suitable as part of a dynamic library!
+ * 14-Jan-04  Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>
+ *      added cr2-cr4 to the registers to be saved.
+ *      Open questions: Should we save FP registers?
+ *      What about vector registers?
+ *      Differences between darwin and unix?
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 04-Oct-02  Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
+ *      Ported from MacOS version.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 29-Jun-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Added register 13-29, 31 saves. The same way as
+ *      Armin Rigo did for the x86_unix version.
+ *      This seems to be now fully functional!
+ * 04-Mar-02  Hye-Shik Chang  <perky@fallin.lv>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 3
+
+/* !!!!WARNING!!!! need to add "r31" in the next line if this header file
+ * is meant to be compiled non-dynamically!
+ */
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r13", "r14", "r15", "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20", \
+       "r21", "r22", "r23", "r24", "r25", "r26", "r27", "r28", "r29", \
+       "cr2", "cr3", "cr4"
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ ("mr %0, 1" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "mr 11, %0\n"
+            "add 1, 1, 11\n"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            : "11"
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("li %0, 0" : "=r" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_linux.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_linux.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e83ad70a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_linux.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 07-Sep-05 (py-dev mailing list discussion)
+ *      removed 'r31' from the register-saved.  !!!! WARNING !!!!
+ *      It means that this file can no longer be compiled statically!
+ *      It is now only suitable as part of a dynamic library!
+ * 14-Jan-04  Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>
+ *      added cr2-cr4 to the registers to be saved.
+ *      Open questions: Should we save FP registers?
+ *      What about vector registers?
+ *      Differences between darwin and unix?
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 04-Oct-02  Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
+ *      Ported from MacOS version.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 29-Jun-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Added register 13-29, 31 saves. The same way as
+ *      Armin Rigo did for the x86_unix version.
+ *      This seems to be now fully functional!
+ * 04-Mar-02  Hye-Shik Chang  <perky@fallin.lv>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ * 31-Jul-12  Trevor Bowen    <trevorbowen@gmail.com>
+ *      Changed memory constraints to register only.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 3
+
+/* !!!!WARNING!!!! need to add "r31" in the next line if this header file
+ * is meant to be compiled non-dynamically!
+ */
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r13", "r14", "r15", "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20", \
+       "r21", "r22", "r23", "r24", "r25", "r26", "r27", "r28", "r29", \
+       "cr2", "cr3", "cr4"
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ ("mr %0, 1" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "mr 11, %0\n"
+            "add 1, 1, 11\n"
+            "add 30, 30, 11\n"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            : "11"
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("li %0, 0" : "=r" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_macosx.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_macosx.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd414c68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_macosx.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 07-Sep-05 (py-dev mailing list discussion)
+ *      removed 'r31' from the register-saved.  !!!! WARNING !!!!
+ *      It means that this file can no longer be compiled statically!
+ *      It is now only suitable as part of a dynamic library!
+ * 14-Jan-04  Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>
+ *      added cr2-cr4 to the registers to be saved.
+ *      Open questions: Should we save FP registers?
+ *      What about vector registers?
+ *      Differences between darwin and unix?
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 29-Jun-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Added register 13-29, 31 saves. The same way as
+ *      Armin Rigo did for the x86_unix version.
+ *      This seems to be now fully functional!
+ * 04-Mar-02  Hye-Shik Chang  <perky@fallin.lv>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 3
+
+/* !!!!WARNING!!!! need to add "r31" in the next line if this header file
+ * is meant to be compiled non-dynamically!
+ */
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r13", "r14", "r15", "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20", \
+       "r21", "r22", "r23", "r24", "r25", "r26", "r27", "r28", "r29", \
+       "cr2", "cr3", "cr4"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ ("; asm block 2\n\tmr %0, r1" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "; asm block 3\n"
+            "\tmr r11, %0\n"
+            "\tadd r1, r1, r11\n"
+            "\tadd r30, r30, r11\n"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            : "r11"
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("li %0, 0" : "=r" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb188080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_ppc_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 07-Sep-05 (py-dev mailing list discussion)
+ *      removed 'r31' from the register-saved.  !!!! WARNING !!!!
+ *      It means that this file can no longer be compiled statically!
+ *      It is now only suitable as part of a dynamic library!
+ * 14-Jan-04  Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>
+ *      added cr2-cr4 to the registers to be saved.
+ *      Open questions: Should we save FP registers?
+ *      What about vector registers?
+ *      Differences between darwin and unix?
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 04-Oct-02  Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
+ *      Ported from MacOS version.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 29-Jun-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Added register 13-29, 31 saves. The same way as
+ *      Armin Rigo did for the x86_unix version.
+ *      This seems to be now fully functional!
+ * 04-Mar-02  Hye-Shik Chang  <perky@fallin.lv>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 3
+
+/* !!!!WARNING!!!! need to add "r31" in the next line if this header file
+ * is meant to be compiled non-dynamically!
+ */
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r13", "r14", "r15", "r16", "r17", "r18", "r19", "r20", \
+       "r21", "r22", "r23", "r24", "r25", "r26", "r27", "r28", "r29", \
+       "cr2", "cr3", "cr4"
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ ("mr %0, 1" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "mr 11, %0\n"
+            "add 1, 1, 11\n"
+            "add 30, 30, 11\n"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            : "11"
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("li %0, 0" : "=r" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_riscv_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_riscv_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87611222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_riscv_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "s1", "s2", "s3", "s4", "s5", \
+		     "s6", "s7", "s8", "s9", "s10", "s11", "fs0", "fs1", \
+		     "fs2", "fs3", "fs4", "fs5", "fs6", "fs7", "fs8", "fs9", \
+		     "fs10", "fs11"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+  int ret;
+  long fp;
+  long *stackref, stsizediff;
+
+  __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+  __asm__ volatile ("mv %0, fp" : "=r" (fp) : );
+  __asm__ volatile ("mv %0, sp" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+  {
+      SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+      __asm__ volatile (
+	  "add sp, sp, %0\n\t"
+	  "add fp, fp, %0\n\t"
+	  : /* no outputs */
+	  : "r" (stsizediff)
+	  );
+      SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+  }
+  __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+#if __riscv_xlen == 32
+  __asm__ volatile ("lw fp, %0" : : "m" (fp));
+#else
+  __asm__ volatile ("ld fp, %0" : : "m" (fp));
+#endif
+  __asm__ volatile ("mv %0, zero" : "=r" (ret) : );
+  return ret;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_s390_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_s390_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9199367f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_s390_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 25-Jan-12  Alexey Borzenkov <snaury@gmail.com>
+ *      Fixed Linux/S390 port to work correctly with
+ *      different optimization options both on 31-bit
+ *      and 64-bit. Thanks to Stefan Raabe for lots
+ *      of testing.
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 06-Oct-02  Gustavo Niemeyer <niemeyer@conectiva.com>
+ *      Ported to Linux/S390.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#ifdef __s390x__
+#define STACK_MAGIC 20 /* 20 * 8 = 160 bytes of function call area */
+#else
+#define STACK_MAGIC 24 /* 24 * 4 = 96 bytes of function call area */
+#endif
+
+/* Technically, r11-r13 also need saving, but function prolog starts
+   with stm(g) and since there are so many saved registers already
+   it won't be optimized, resulting in all r6-r15 being saved */
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r6", "r7", "r8", "r9", "r10", "r14", \
+		     "f0", "f1", "f2", "f3", "f4", "f5", "f6", "f7", \
+		     "f8", "f9", "f10", "f11", "f12", "f13", "f14", "f15"
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int ret;
+    long *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+#ifdef __s390x__
+    __asm__ volatile ("lgr %0, 15" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+#else
+    __asm__ volatile ("lr %0, 15" : "=r" (stackref) : );
+#endif
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+/* N.B.
+   r11 may be used as the frame pointer, and in that case it cannot be
+   clobbered and needs offsetting just like the stack pointer (but in cases
+   where frame pointer isn't used we might clobber it accidentally). What's
+   scary is that r11 is 2nd (and even 1st when GOT is used) callee saved
+   register that gcc would chose for surviving function calls. However,
+   since r6-r10 are clobbered above, their cost for reuse is reduced, so
+   gcc IRA will chose them over r11 (not seeing r11 is implicitly saved),
+   making it relatively safe to offset in all cases. :) */
+        __asm__ volatile (
+#ifdef __s390x__
+            "agr 15, %0\n\t"
+            "agr 11, %0"
+#else
+            "ar 15, %0\n\t"
+            "ar 11, %0"
+#endif
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("lhi %0, 0" : "=r" (ret) : );
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/* 
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_sh_gcc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_sh_gcc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ecc3b39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_sh_gcc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11", "r13", \
+                     "fr12", "fr13", "fr14", "fr15"
+
+// r12 Global context pointer, GP
+// r14 Frame pointer, FP
+// r15 Stack pointer, SP
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    void* fp;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile("mov.l r14, %0" : "=m"(fp) : :);
+    __asm__("mov r15, %0" : "=r"(stackref));
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile(
+            "add %0, r15\n"
+            "add %0, r14\n"
+            : /* no outputs */
+            : "r"(stsizediff));
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+        __asm__ volatile("mov r0, %0" : "=r"(err) : :);
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile("mov.l %0, r14" : : "m"(fp) :);
+    __asm__ volatile("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_sparc_sun_gcc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_sparc_sun_gcc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96990c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_sparc_sun_gcc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 16-May-15  Alexey Borzenkov <snaury@gmail.com>
+ *      Move stack spilling code inside save/restore functions
+ * 30-Aug-13  Floris Bruynooghe <flub@devork.be>
+        Clean the register windows again before returning.
+        This does not clobber the PIC register as it leaves
+        the current window intact and is required for multi-
+        threaded code to work correctly.
+ * 08-Mar-11  Floris Bruynooghe <flub@devork.be>
+ *      No need to set return value register explicitly
+ *      before the stack and framepointer are adjusted
+ *      as none of the other registers are influenced by
+ *      this.  Also don't needlessly clean the windows
+ *      ('ta %0" :: "i" (ST_CLEAN_WINDOWS)') as that
+ *      clobbers the gcc PIC register (%l7).
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      added support for SunOS sparc with gcc
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+
+#if defined(__sparcv9)
+#define SLP_FLUSHW __asm__ volatile ("flushw")
+#else
+#define SLP_FLUSHW __asm__ volatile ("ta 3") /* ST_FLUSH_WINDOWS */
+#endif
+
+/* On sparc we need to spill register windows inside save/restore functions */
+#define SLP_BEFORE_SAVE_STATE() SLP_FLUSHW
+#define SLP_BEFORE_RESTORE_STATE() SLP_FLUSHW
+
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+
+    /* Put current stack pointer into stackref.
+     * Register spilling is done in save/restore.
+     */
+    __asm__ volatile ("mov %%sp, %0" : "=r" (stackref));
+
+    {
+        /* Thou shalt put SLP_SAVE_STATE into a local block */
+        /* Copy the current stack onto the heap */
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+
+        /* Increment stack and frame pointer by stsizediff */
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "add %0, %%sp, %%sp\n\t"
+            "add %0, %%fp, %%fp"
+            : : "r" (stsizediff));
+
+        /* Copy new stack from it's save store on the heap */
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+
+        __asm__ volatile ("mov %1, %0" : "=r" (err) : "i" (0));
+        return err;
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x32_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x32_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..893369c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x32_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 17-Aug-12  Fantix King <fantix.king@gmail.com>
+ *      Ported from amd64.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#define REGS_TO_SAVE "r12", "r13", "r14", "r15"
+
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    void* ebp;
+    void* ebx;
+    unsigned int csr;
+    unsigned short cw;
+    int err;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("fstcw %0" : "=m" (cw));
+    __asm__ volatile ("stmxcsr %0" : "=m" (csr));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %%ebp, %0" : "=m" (ebp));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %%ebx, %0" : "=m" (ebx));
+    __asm__ ("movl %%esp, %0" : "=g" (stackref));
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "addl %0, %%esp\n"
+            "addl %0, %%ebp\n"
+            :
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %0, %%ebx" : : "m" (ebx));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %0, %%ebp" : : "m" (ebp));
+    __asm__ volatile ("ldmxcsr %0" : : "m" (csr));
+    __asm__ volatile ("fldcw %0" : : "m" (cw));
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : REGS_TO_SAVE);
+    __asm__ volatile ("xorl %%eax, %%eax" : "=a" (err));
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/*
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_masm.asm b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_masm.asm
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5c72a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_masm.asm
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+;
+; stack switching code for MASM on x641
+; Kristjan Valur Jonsson, sept 2005
+;
+
+
+;prototypes for our calls
+slp_save_state_asm PROTO
+slp_restore_state_asm PROTO
+
+
+pushxmm MACRO reg
+    sub rsp, 16
+    .allocstack 16
+    movaps [rsp], reg ; faster than movups, but we must be aligned
+    ; .savexmm128 reg, offset  (don't know what offset is, no documentation)
+ENDM
+popxmm MACRO reg
+    movaps reg, [rsp] ; faster than movups, but we must be aligned
+    add rsp, 16
+ENDM
+
+pushreg MACRO reg
+    push reg
+    .pushreg reg
+ENDM
+popreg MACRO reg
+    pop reg
+ENDM
+
+
+.code
+slp_switch PROC FRAME
+    ;realign stack to 16 bytes after return address push, makes the following faster
+    sub rsp,8
+    .allocstack 8
+
+    pushxmm xmm15
+    pushxmm xmm14
+    pushxmm xmm13
+    pushxmm xmm12
+    pushxmm xmm11
+    pushxmm xmm10
+    pushxmm xmm9
+    pushxmm xmm8
+    pushxmm xmm7
+    pushxmm xmm6
+
+    pushreg r15
+    pushreg r14
+    pushreg r13
+    pushreg r12
+
+    pushreg rbp
+    pushreg rbx
+    pushreg rdi
+    pushreg rsi
+
+    sub rsp, 10h ;allocate the singlefunction argument (must be multiple of 16)
+    .allocstack 10h
+.endprolog
+
+    lea rcx, [rsp+10h] ;load stack base that we are saving
+    call slp_save_state_asm ;pass stackpointer, return offset in eax
+    cmp rax, 1
+    je EXIT1
+    cmp rax, -1
+    je EXIT2
+    ;actual stack switch:
+    add rsp, rax
+    call slp_restore_state_asm
+    xor rax, rax ;return 0
+
+EXIT:
+
+    add rsp, 10h
+    popreg rsi
+    popreg rdi
+    popreg rbx
+    popreg rbp
+
+    popreg r12
+    popreg r13
+    popreg r14
+    popreg r15
+
+    popxmm xmm6
+    popxmm xmm7
+    popxmm xmm8
+    popxmm xmm9
+    popxmm xmm10
+    popxmm xmm11
+    popxmm xmm12
+    popxmm xmm13
+    popxmm xmm14
+    popxmm xmm15
+
+    add rsp, 8
+    ret
+
+EXIT1:
+    mov rax, 1
+    jmp EXIT
+
+EXIT2:
+    sar rax, 1
+    jmp EXIT
+
+slp_switch ENDP
+
+END
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_masm.obj b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_masm.obj
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64e3e6b8
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_masm.obj differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_msvc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_msvc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..601ea560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x64_msvc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 26-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      again as a result of virtualized stack access,
+ *      the compiler used less registers. Needed to
+ *      explicit mention registers in order to get them saved.
+ *      Thanks to Jeff Senn for pointing this out and help.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 01-Mar-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Initial final version after lots of iterations for i386.
+ */
+
+/* Avoid alloca redefined warning on mingw64 */
+#ifndef alloca
+#define alloca _alloca
+#endif
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+/* Use the generic support for an external assembly language slp_switch function. */
+#define EXTERNAL_ASM
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+/* This always uses the external masm assembly file. */
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/* we have IsBadReadPtr available, so we can peek at objects */
+/*
+#define STACKLESS_SPY
+
+#ifdef IMPLEMENT_STACKLESSMODULE
+#include "Windows.h"
+#define CANNOT_READ_MEM(p, bytes) IsBadReadPtr(p, bytes)
+
+static int IS_ON_STACK(void*p)
+{
+    int stackref;
+    intptr_t stackbase = ((intptr_t)&stackref) & 0xfffff000;
+    return (intptr_t)p >= stackbase && (intptr_t)p < stackbase + 0x00100000;
+}
+
+#endif
+*/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x86_msvc.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x86_msvc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f3a59f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x86_msvc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 26-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      again as a result of virtualized stack access,
+ *      the compiler used less registers. Needed to
+ *      explicit mention registers in order to get them saved.
+ *      Thanks to Jeff Senn for pointing this out and help.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for sparc
+ * 01-Mar-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      Initial final version after lots of iterations for i386.
+ */
+
+#define alloca _alloca
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+/* Some magic to quell warnings and keep slp_switch() from crashing when built
+   with VC90. Disable global optimizations, and the warning: frame pointer
+   register 'ebp' modified by inline assembly code.
+
+   We used to just disable global optimizations ("g") but upstream stackless
+   Python, as well as stackman, turn off all optimizations.
+
+References:
+https://github.com/stackless-dev/stackman/blob/dbc72fe5207a2055e658c819fdeab9731dee78b9/stackman/platforms/switch_x86_msvc.h
+https://github.com/stackless-dev/stackless/blob/main-slp/Stackless/platf/switch_x86_msvc.h
+*/
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#include <windows.h>
+
+#pragma optimize("", off) /* so that autos are stored on the stack */
+#pragma warning(disable:4731)
+#pragma warning(disable:4733) /* disable warning about modifying FS[0] */
+
+/**
+ * Most modern compilers and environments handle C++ exceptions without any
+ * special help from us. MSVC on 32-bit windows is an exception. There, C++
+ * exceptions are dealt with using Windows' Structured Exception Handling
+ * (SEH).
+ *
+ * SEH is implemented as a singly linked list of <function*, prev*> nodes. The
+ * head of this list is stored in the Thread Information Block, which itself
+ * is pointed to from the FS register. It's the first field in the structure,
+ * or offset 0, so we can access it using assembly FS:[0], or the compiler
+ * intrinsics and field offset information from the headers (as we do below).
+ * Somewhat unusually, the tail of the list doesn't have prev == NULL, it has
+ * prev == 0xFFFFFFFF.
+ *
+ * SEH was designed for C, and traditionally uses the MSVC compiler
+ * intrinsincs __try{}/__except{}. It is also utilized for C++ exceptions by
+ * MSVC; there, every throw of a C++ exception raises a SEH error with the
+ * ExceptionCode 0xE06D7363; the SEH handler list is then traversed to
+ * deal with the exception.
+ *
+ * If the SEH list is corrupt, then when a C++ exception is thrown the program
+ * will abruptly exit with exit code 1. This does not use std::terminate(), so
+ * std::set_terminate() is useless to debug this.
+ *
+ * The SEH list is closely tied to the call stack; entering a function that
+ * uses __try{} or most C++ functions will push a new handler onto the front
+ * of the list. Returning from the function will remove the handler. Saving
+ * and restoring the head node of the SEH list (FS:[0]) per-greenlet is NOT
+ * ENOUGH to make SEH or exceptions work.
+ *
+ * Stack switching breaks SEH because the call stack no longer necessarily
+ * matches the SEH list. For example, given greenlet A that switches to
+ * greenlet B, at the moment of entering greenlet B, we will have any SEH
+ * handlers from greenlet A on the SEH list; greenlet B can then add its own
+ * handlers to the SEH list. When greenlet B switches back to greenlet A,
+ * greenlet B's handlers would still be on the SEH stack, but when switch()
+ * returns control to greenlet A, we have replaced the contents of the stack
+ * in memory, so all the address that greenlet B added to the SEH list are now
+ * invalid: part of the call stack has been unwound, but the SEH list was out
+ * of sync with the call stack. The net effect is that exception handling
+ * stops working.
+ *
+ * Thus, when switching greenlets, we need to be sure that the SEH list
+ * matches the effective call stack, "cutting out" any handlers that were
+ * pushed by the greenlet that switched out and which are no longer valid.
+ *
+ * The easiest way to do this is to capture the SEH list at the time the main
+ * greenlet for a thread is created, and, when initially starting a greenlet,
+ * start a new SEH list for it, which contains nothing but the handler
+ * established for the new greenlet itself, with the tail being the handlers
+ * for the main greenlet. If we then save and restore the SEH per-greenlet,
+ * they won't interfere with each others SEH lists. (No greenlet can unwind
+ * the call stack past the handlers established by the main greenlet).
+ *
+ * By observation, a new thread starts with three SEH handlers on the list. By
+ * the time we get around to creating the main greenlet, though, there can be
+ * many more, established by transient calls that lead to the creation of the
+ * main greenlet. Therefore, 3 is a magic constant telling us when to perform
+ * the initial slice.
+ *
+ * All of this can be debugged using a vectored exception handler, which
+ * operates independently of the SEH handler list, and is called first.
+ * Walking the SEH list at key points can also be helpful.
+ *
+ * References:
+ * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32_Thread_Information_Block
+ * https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20100730-00/?p=13273
+ * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/try-except-statement?view=msvc-160
+ * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/structured-exception-handling-c-cpp?view=msvc-160
+ * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/debug/structured-exception-handling
+ * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/debug/using-a-vectored-exception-handler
+ * https://bytepointer.com/resources/pietrek_crash_course_depths_of_win32_seh.htm
+ */
+#define GREENLET_NEEDS_EXCEPTION_STATE_SAVED
+
+
+typedef struct _GExceptionRegistration {
+    struct _GExceptionRegistration* prev;
+    void* handler_f;
+} GExceptionRegistration;
+
+static void
+slp_set_exception_state(const void *const seh_state)
+{
+    // Because the stack from from which we do this is ALSO a handler, and
+    // that one we want to keep, we need to relink the current SEH handler
+    // frame to point to this one, cutting out the middle men, as it were.
+    //
+    // Entering a try block doesn't change the SEH frame, but entering a
+    // function containing a try block does.
+    GExceptionRegistration* current_seh_state = (GExceptionRegistration*)__readfsdword(FIELD_OFFSET(NT_TIB, ExceptionList));
+    current_seh_state->prev = (GExceptionRegistration*)seh_state;
+}
+
+
+static GExceptionRegistration*
+x86_slp_get_third_oldest_handler()
+{
+    GExceptionRegistration* a = NULL; /* Closest to the top */
+    GExceptionRegistration* b = NULL; /* second */
+    GExceptionRegistration* c = NULL;
+    GExceptionRegistration* seh_state = (GExceptionRegistration*)__readfsdword(FIELD_OFFSET(NT_TIB, ExceptionList));
+    a = b = c = seh_state;
+
+    while (seh_state && seh_state != (GExceptionRegistration*)0xFFFFFFFF) {
+        if ((void*)seh_state->prev < (void*)100) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "\tERROR: Broken SEH chain.\n");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        a = b;
+        b = c;
+        c = seh_state;
+
+        seh_state = seh_state->prev;
+    }
+    return a ? a : (b ? b : c);
+}
+
+
+static void*
+slp_get_exception_state()
+{
+    // XXX: There appear to be three SEH handlers on the stack already at the
+    // start of the thread. Is that a guarantee? Almost certainly not. Yet in
+    // all observed cases it has been three. This is consistent with
+    // faulthandler off or on, and optimizations off or on. It may not be
+    // consistent with other operating system versions, though: we only have
+    // CI on one or two versions (don't ask what there are).
+    // In theory we could capture the number of handlers on the chain when
+    // PyInit__greenlet is called: there are probably only the default
+    // handlers at that point (unless we're embedded and people have used
+    // __try/__except or a C++ handler)?
+    return x86_slp_get_third_oldest_handler();
+}
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    /* MASM syntax is typically reversed from other assemblers.
+       It is usually <instruction> <destination> <source>
+     */
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    /* store the structured exception state for this stack */
+    DWORD seh_state = __readfsdword(FIELD_OFFSET(NT_TIB, ExceptionList));
+    __asm mov stackref, esp;
+    /* modify EBX, ESI and EDI in order to get them preserved */
+    __asm mov ebx, ebx;
+    __asm xchg esi, edi;
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm {
+            mov     eax, stsizediff
+            add     esp, eax
+            add     ebp, eax
+        }
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+    }
+    __writefsdword(FIELD_OFFSET(NT_TIB, ExceptionList), seh_state);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* re-enable ebp warning and global optimizations. */
+#pragma optimize("", on)
+#pragma warning(default:4731)
+#pragma warning(default:4733) /* disable warning about modifying FS[0] */
+
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/* we have IsBadReadPtr available, so we can peek at objects */
+#define STACKLESS_SPY
+
+#ifdef GREENLET_DEBUG
+
+#define CANNOT_READ_MEM(p, bytes) IsBadReadPtr(p, bytes)
+
+static int IS_ON_STACK(void*p)
+{
+    int stackref;
+    int stackbase = ((int)&stackref) & 0xfffff000;
+    return (int)p >= stackbase && (int)p < stackbase + 0x00100000;
+}
+
+static void
+x86_slp_show_seh_chain()
+{
+    GExceptionRegistration* seh_state = (GExceptionRegistration*)__readfsdword(FIELD_OFFSET(NT_TIB, ExceptionList));
+    fprintf(stderr, "====== SEH Chain ======\n");
+    while (seh_state && seh_state != (GExceptionRegistration*)0xFFFFFFFF) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "\tSEH_chain addr: %p handler: %p prev: %p\n",
+                seh_state,
+                seh_state->handler_f, seh_state->prev);
+        if ((void*)seh_state->prev < (void*)100) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "\tERROR: Broken chain.\n");
+            break;
+        }
+        seh_state = seh_state->prev;
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "====== End SEH Chain ======\n");
+    fflush(NULL);
+    return;
+}
+
+//addVectoredExceptionHandler constants:
+//CALL_FIRST means call this exception handler first;
+//CALL_LAST means call this exception handler last
+#define CALL_FIRST 1
+#define CALL_LAST 0
+
+LONG WINAPI
+GreenletVectorHandler(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS ExceptionInfo)
+{
+    // We get one of these for every C++ exception, with code
+    // E06D7363
+    // This is a special value that means "C++ exception from MSVC"
+    // https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20100730-00/?p=13273
+    //
+    // Install in the module init function with:
+    // AddVectoredExceptionHandler(CALL_FIRST, GreenletVectorHandler);
+    PEXCEPTION_RECORD ExceptionRecord = ExceptionInfo->ExceptionRecord;
+
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "GOT VECTORED EXCEPTION:\n"
+            "\tExceptionCode   : %p\n"
+            "\tExceptionFlags  : %p\n"
+            "\tExceptionAddr   : %p\n"
+            "\tNumberparams    : %ld\n",
+            ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode,
+            ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags,
+            ExceptionRecord->ExceptionAddress,
+            ExceptionRecord->NumberParameters
+            );
+    if (ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags & 1) {
+        fprintf(stderr,  "\t\tEH_NONCONTINUABLE\n" );
+    }
+    if (ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags & 2) {
+        fprintf(stderr,  "\t\tEH_UNWINDING\n" );
+    }
+    if (ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags & 4) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "\t\tEH_EXIT_UNWIND\n" );
+    }
+    if (ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags & 8) {
+        fprintf(stderr,  "\t\tEH_STACK_INVALID\n" );
+    }
+    if (ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags & 0x10) {
+        fprintf(stderr,  "\t\tEH_NESTED_CALL\n" );
+    }
+    if (ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags & 0x20) {
+        fprintf(stderr,  "\t\tEH_TARGET_UNWIND\n" );
+    }
+    if (ExceptionRecord->ExceptionFlags & 0x40) {
+        fprintf(stderr,  "\t\tEH_COLLIDED_UNWIND\n" );
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    fflush(NULL);
+    for(DWORD i = 0; i < ExceptionRecord->NumberParameters; i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "\t\t\tParam %ld: %lX\n", i, ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[i]);
+    }
+
+    if (ExceptionRecord->NumberParameters == 3) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "\tAbout to traverse SEH chain\n");
+        // C++ Exception records have 3 params.
+        x86_slp_show_seh_chain();
+    }
+
+    return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
+}
+
+
+
+
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x86_unix.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x86_unix.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..493fa6ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/platform/switch_x86_unix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+/*
+ * this is the internal transfer function.
+ *
+ * HISTORY
+ * 3-May-13   Ralf Schmitt  <ralf@systemexit.de>
+ *     Add support for strange GCC caller-save decisions
+ *     (ported from switch_aarch64_gcc.h)
+ * 19-Aug-11  Alexey Borzenkov  <snaury@gmail.com>
+ *      Correctly save ebp, ebx and cw
+ * 07-Sep-05 (py-dev mailing list discussion)
+ *      removed 'ebx' from the register-saved.  !!!! WARNING !!!!
+ *      It means that this file can no longer be compiled statically!
+ *      It is now only suitable as part of a dynamic library!
+ * 24-Nov-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      needed to add another magic constant to insure
+ *      that f in slp_eval_frame(PyFrameObject *f)
+ *      STACK_REFPLUS will probably be 1 in most cases.
+ *      gets included into the saved stack area.
+ * 17-Sep-02  Christian Tismer  <tismer@tismer.com>
+ *      after virtualizing stack save/restore, the
+ *      stack size shrunk a bit. Needed to introduce
+ *      an adjustment STACK_MAGIC per platform.
+ * 15-Sep-02  Gerd Woetzel       <gerd.woetzel@GMD.DE>
+ *      slightly changed framework for spark
+ * 31-Avr-02  Armin Rigo         <arigo@ulb.ac.be>
+ *      Added ebx, esi and edi register-saves.
+ * 01-Mar-02  Samual M. Rushing  <rushing@ironport.com>
+ *      Ported from i386.
+ */
+
+#define STACK_REFPLUS 1
+
+#ifdef SLP_EVAL
+
+/* #define STACK_MAGIC 3 */
+/* the above works fine with gcc 2.96, but 2.95.3 wants this */
+#define STACK_MAGIC 0
+
+#if __GNUC__ > 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 5)
+# define ATTR_NOCLONE __attribute__((noclone))
+#else
+# define ATTR_NOCLONE
+#endif
+
+static int
+slp_switch(void)
+{
+    int err;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    void *seh;
+#endif
+    void *ebp, *ebx;
+    unsigned short cw;
+    int *stackref, stsizediff;
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : "esi", "edi");
+    __asm__ volatile ("fstcw %0" : "=m" (cw));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %%ebp, %0" : "=m" (ebp));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %%ebx, %0" : "=m" (ebx));
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    __asm__ volatile (
+        "movl %%fs:0x0, %%eax\n"
+        "movl %%eax, %0\n"
+        : "=m" (seh)
+        :
+        : "eax");
+#endif
+    __asm__ ("movl %%esp, %0" : "=g" (stackref));
+    {
+        SLP_SAVE_STATE(stackref, stsizediff);
+        __asm__ volatile (
+            "addl %0, %%esp\n"
+            "addl %0, %%ebp\n"
+            :
+            : "r" (stsizediff)
+            );
+        SLP_RESTORE_STATE();
+        __asm__ volatile ("xorl %%eax, %%eax" : "=a" (err));
+    }
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    __asm__ volatile (
+        "movl %0, %%eax\n"
+        "movl %%eax, %%fs:0x0\n"
+        :
+        : "m" (seh)
+        : "eax");
+#endif
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %0, %%ebx" : : "m" (ebx));
+    __asm__ volatile ("movl %0, %%ebp" : : "m" (ebp));
+    __asm__ volatile ("fldcw %0" : : "m" (cw));
+    __asm__ volatile ("" : : : "esi", "edi");
+    return err;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * further self-processing support
+ */
+
+/* 
+ * if you want to add self-inspection tools, place them
+ * here. See the x86_msvc for the necessary defines.
+ * These features are highly experimental und not
+ * essential yet.
+ */
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/slp_platformselect.h b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/slp_platformselect.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..225c67ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/slp_platformselect.h
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/*
+ * Platform Selection for Stackless Python
+ */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#if   defined(MS_WIN32) && !defined(MS_WIN64) && defined(_M_IX86) && defined(_MSC_VER)
+# include "platform/switch_x86_msvc.h" /* MS Visual Studio on X86 */
+#elif defined(MS_WIN64) && defined(_M_X64) && defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW64__)
+# include "platform/switch_x64_msvc.h" /* MS Visual Studio on X64 */
+#elif  defined(MS_WIN64) && defined(_M_ARM64)
+# include "platform/switch_arm64_msvc.h" /* MS Visual Studio on ARM64 */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__amd64__) && defined(__ILP32__)
+# include "platform/switch_x32_unix.h" /* gcc on amd64 with x32 ABI */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__amd64__)
+# include "platform/switch_amd64_unix.h" /* gcc on amd64 */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__i386__)
+# include "platform/switch_x86_unix.h" /* gcc on X86 */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__powerpc64__) && (defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__))
+# include "platform/switch_ppc64_linux.h" /* gcc on PowerPC 64-bit */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__PPC__) && (defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__))
+# include "platform/switch_ppc_linux.h" /* gcc on PowerPC */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__POWERPC__) && defined(__APPLE__)
+# include "platform/switch_ppc_macosx.h" /* Apple MacOS X on 32-bit PowerPC */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__powerpc64__) && defined(_AIX)
+# include "platform/switch_ppc64_aix.h" /* gcc on AIX/PowerPC 64-bit */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(_ARCH_PPC) && defined(_AIX)
+# include "platform/switch_ppc_aix.h" /* gcc on AIX/PowerPC */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__powerpc__) && defined(__NetBSD__)
+#include "platform/switch_ppc_unix.h" /* gcc on NetBSD/powerpc */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(sparc)
+# include "platform/switch_sparc_sun_gcc.h" /* SunOS sparc with gcc */
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_C) && defined(sparc) && defined(sun)
+# include "platform/switch_sparc_sun_gcc.h" /* SunStudio on amd64 */
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_C) && defined(__amd64__) && defined(sun)
+# include "platform/switch_amd64_unix.h" /* SunStudio on amd64 */
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_C) && defined(__i386__) && defined(sun)
+# include "platform/switch_x86_unix.h" /* SunStudio on x86 */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__s390__) && defined(__linux__)
+# include "platform/switch_s390_unix.h" /* Linux/S390 */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__s390x__) && defined(__linux__)
+# include "platform/switch_s390_unix.h" /* Linux/S390 zSeries (64-bit) */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__arm__)
+# ifdef __APPLE__
+#  include <TargetConditionals.h>
+# endif
+# if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
+#  include "platform/switch_arm32_ios.h" /* iPhone OS on arm32 */
+# else
+#  include "platform/switch_arm32_gcc.h" /* gcc using arm32 */
+# endif
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__mips__) && defined(__linux__)
+# include "platform/switch_mips_unix.h" /* Linux/MIPS */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__aarch64__)
+# include "platform/switch_aarch64_gcc.h" /* Aarch64 ABI */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__mc68000__)
+# include "platform/switch_m68k_gcc.h" /* gcc on m68k */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__csky__)
+#include "platform/switch_csky_gcc.h" /* gcc on csky */
+# elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__riscv)
+# include "platform/switch_riscv_unix.h" /* gcc on RISC-V */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__alpha__)
+# include "platform/switch_alpha_unix.h" /* gcc on DEC Alpha */
+#elif defined(MS_WIN32) && defined(__llvm__) && defined(__aarch64__)
+# include "platform/switch_aarch64_gcc.h" /* LLVM Aarch64 ABI for Windows */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__loongarch64) && defined(__linux__)
+# include "platform/switch_loongarch64_linux.h" /* LoongArch64 */
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__sh__)
+# include "platform/switch_sh_gcc.h" /* SuperH */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+};
+#endif
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5929f2a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+Tests for greenlet.
+
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+from gc import collect
+from gc import get_objects
+from threading import active_count as active_thread_count
+from time import sleep
+from time import time
+
+import psutil
+
+from greenlet import greenlet as RawGreenlet
+from greenlet import getcurrent
+
+from greenlet._greenlet import get_pending_cleanup_count
+from greenlet._greenlet import get_total_main_greenlets
+
+from . import leakcheck
+
+PY312 = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 12)
+PY313 = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13)
+# XXX: First tested on 3.14a7. Revisit all uses of this on later versions to ensure they
+# are still valid.
+PY314 = sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 14)
+
+WIN = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+RUNNING_ON_GITHUB_ACTIONS = os.environ.get('GITHUB_ACTIONS')
+RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS = os.environ.get('TRAVIS') or RUNNING_ON_GITHUB_ACTIONS
+RUNNING_ON_APPVEYOR = os.environ.get('APPVEYOR')
+RUNNING_ON_CI = RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS or RUNNING_ON_APPVEYOR
+RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX = os.environ.get('GREENLET_MANYLINUX')
+
+class TestCaseMetaClass(type):
+    # wrap each test method with
+    # a) leak checks
+    def __new__(cls, classname, bases, classDict):
+        # pylint and pep8 fight over what this should be called (mcs or cls).
+        # pylint gets it right, but we can't scope disable pep8, so we go with
+        # its convention.
+        # pylint: disable=bad-mcs-classmethod-argument
+        check_totalrefcount = True
+
+        # Python 3: must copy, we mutate the classDict. Interestingly enough,
+        # it doesn't actually error out, but under 3.6 we wind up wrapping
+        # and re-wrapping the same items over and over and over.
+        for key, value in list(classDict.items()):
+            if key.startswith('test') and callable(value):
+                classDict.pop(key)
+                if check_totalrefcount:
+                    value = leakcheck.wrap_refcount(value)
+                classDict[key] = value
+        return type.__new__(cls, classname, bases, classDict)
+
+
+class TestCase(unittest.TestCase, metaclass=TestCaseMetaClass):
+
+    cleanup_attempt_sleep_duration = 0.001
+    cleanup_max_sleep_seconds = 1
+
+    def wait_for_pending_cleanups(self,
+                                  initial_active_threads=None,
+                                  initial_main_greenlets=None):
+        initial_active_threads = initial_active_threads or self.threads_before_test
+        initial_main_greenlets = initial_main_greenlets or self.main_greenlets_before_test
+        sleep_time = self.cleanup_attempt_sleep_duration
+        # NOTE: This is racy! A Python-level thread object may be dead
+        # and gone, but the C thread may not yet have fired its
+        # destructors and added to the queue. There's no particular
+        # way to know that's about to happen. We try to watch the
+        # Python threads to make sure they, at least, have gone away.
+        # Counting the main greenlets, which we can easily do deterministically,
+        # also helps.
+
+        # Always sleep at least once to let other threads run
+        sleep(sleep_time)
+        quit_after = time() + self.cleanup_max_sleep_seconds
+        # TODO: We could add an API that calls us back when a particular main greenlet is deleted?
+        # It would have to drop the GIL
+        while (
+                get_pending_cleanup_count()
+                or active_thread_count() > initial_active_threads
+                or (not self.expect_greenlet_leak
+                    and get_total_main_greenlets() > initial_main_greenlets)):
+            sleep(sleep_time)
+            if time() > quit_after:
+                print("Time limit exceeded.")
+                print("Threads: Waiting for only", initial_active_threads,
+                      "-->", active_thread_count())
+                print("MGlets : Waiting for only", initial_main_greenlets,
+                      "-->", get_total_main_greenlets())
+                break
+        collect()
+
+    def count_objects(self, kind=list, exact_kind=True):
+        # pylint:disable=unidiomatic-typecheck
+        # Collect the garbage.
+        for _ in range(3):
+            collect()
+        if exact_kind:
+            return sum(
+                1
+                for x in get_objects()
+                if type(x) is kind
+            )
+        # instances
+        return sum(
+            1
+            for x in get_objects()
+            if isinstance(x, kind)
+        )
+
+    greenlets_before_test = 0
+    threads_before_test = 0
+    main_greenlets_before_test = 0
+    expect_greenlet_leak = False
+
+    def count_greenlets(self):
+        """
+        Find all the greenlets and subclasses tracked by the GC.
+        """
+        return self.count_objects(RawGreenlet, False)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # Ensure the main greenlet exists, otherwise the first test
+        # gets a false positive leak
+        super().setUp()
+        getcurrent()
+        self.threads_before_test = active_thread_count()
+        self.main_greenlets_before_test = get_total_main_greenlets()
+        self.wait_for_pending_cleanups(self.threads_before_test, self.main_greenlets_before_test)
+        self.greenlets_before_test = self.count_greenlets()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if getattr(self, 'skipTearDown', False):
+            return
+
+        self.wait_for_pending_cleanups(self.threads_before_test, self.main_greenlets_before_test)
+        super().tearDown()
+
+    def get_expected_returncodes_for_aborted_process(self):
+        import signal
+        # The child should be aborted in an unusual way. On POSIX
+        # platforms, this is done with abort() and signal.SIGABRT,
+        # which is reflected in a negative return value; however, on
+        # Windows, even though we observe the child print "Fatal
+        # Python error: Aborted" and in older versions of the C
+        # runtime "This application has requested the Runtime to
+        # terminate it in an unusual way," it always has an exit code
+        # of 3. This is interesting because 3 is the error code for
+        # ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND; BUT: the C runtime abort() function
+        # also uses this code.
+        #
+        # If we link to the static C library on Windows, the error
+        # code changes to '0xc0000409' (hex(3221226505)), which
+        # apparently is STATUS_STACK_BUFFER_OVERRUN; but "What this
+        # means is that nowadays when you get a
+        # STATUS_STACK_BUFFER_OVERRUN, it doesn’t actually mean that
+        # there is a stack buffer overrun. It just means that the
+        # application decided to terminate itself with great haste."
+        #
+        #
+        # On windows, we've also seen '0xc0000005' (hex(3221225477)).
+        # That's "Access Violation"
+        #
+        # See
+        # https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20110519-00/?p=10623
+        # and
+        # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/k089yyh0(v=vs.140)?redirectedfrom=MSDN
+        # and
+        # https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20190108-00/?p=100655
+        expected_exit = (
+            -signal.SIGABRT,
+            # But beginning on Python 3.11, the faulthandler
+            # that prints the C backtraces sometimes segfaults after
+            # reporting the exception but before printing the stack.
+            # This has only been seen on linux/gcc.
+            -signal.SIGSEGV,
+        ) if not WIN else (
+            3,
+            0xc0000409,
+            0xc0000005,
+        )
+        return expected_exit
+
+    def get_process_uss(self):
+        """
+        Return the current process's USS in bytes.
+
+        uss is available on Linux, macOS, Windows. Also known as
+        "Unique Set Size", this is the memory which is unique to a
+        process and which would be freed if the process was terminated
+        right now.
+
+        If this is not supported by ``psutil``, this raises the
+        :exc:`unittest.SkipTest` exception.
+        """
+        try:
+            return psutil.Process().memory_full_info().uss
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("uss not supported") from e
+
+    def run_script(self, script_name, show_output=True):
+        import subprocess
+        script = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(__file__),
+            script_name,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            return subprocess.check_output([sys.executable, script],
+                                           encoding='utf-8',
+                                           stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as ex:
+            if show_output:
+                print('-----')
+                print('Failed to run script', script)
+                print('~~~~~')
+                print(ex.output)
+                print('------')
+            raise
+
+
+    def assertScriptRaises(self, script_name, exitcodes=None):
+        import subprocess
+        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as exc:
+            output = self.run_script(script_name, show_output=False)
+            __traceback_info__ = output
+            # We're going to fail the assertion if we get here, at least
+            # preserve the output in the traceback.
+
+        if exitcodes is None:
+            exitcodes = self.get_expected_returncodes_for_aborted_process()
+        self.assertIn(exc.exception.returncode, exitcodes)
+        return exc.exception
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension.c b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05e81c03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension.c
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+/* This is a set of functions used by test_extension_interface.py to test the
+ * Greenlet C API.
+ */
+
+#include "../greenlet.h"
+
+#ifndef Py_RETURN_NONE
+#    define Py_RETURN_NONE return Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None
+#endif
+
+#define TEST_MODULE_NAME "_test_extension"
+
+static PyObject*
+test_switch(PyObject* self, PyObject* greenlet)
+{
+    PyObject* result = NULL;
+
+    if (greenlet == NULL || !PyGreenlet_Check(greenlet)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = PyGreenlet_Switch((PyGreenlet*)greenlet, NULL, NULL);
+    if (result == NULL) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError,
+                            "greenlet.switch() failed for some reason.");
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_switch_kwargs(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwargs)
+{
+    PyGreenlet* g = NULL;
+    PyObject* result = NULL;
+
+    PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O!", &PyGreenlet_Type, &g);
+
+    if (g == NULL || !PyGreenlet_Check(g)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = PyGreenlet_Switch(g, NULL, kwargs);
+    if (result == NULL) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError,
+                            "greenlet.switch() failed for some reason.");
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_XINCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_getcurrent(PyObject* self)
+{
+    PyGreenlet* g = PyGreenlet_GetCurrent();
+    if (g == NULL || !PyGreenlet_Check(g) || !PyGreenlet_ACTIVE(g)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError,
+                        "getcurrent() returned an invalid greenlet");
+        Py_XDECREF(g);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(g);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_setparent(PyObject* self, PyObject* arg)
+{
+    PyGreenlet* current;
+    PyGreenlet* greenlet = NULL;
+
+    if (arg == NULL || !PyGreenlet_Check(arg)) {
+        PyErr_BadArgument();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if ((current = PyGreenlet_GetCurrent()) == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    greenlet = (PyGreenlet*)arg;
+    if (PyGreenlet_SetParent(greenlet, current)) {
+        Py_DECREF(current);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(current);
+    if (PyGreenlet_Switch(greenlet, NULL, NULL) == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_new_greenlet(PyObject* self, PyObject* callable)
+{
+    PyObject* result = NULL;
+    PyGreenlet* greenlet = PyGreenlet_New(callable, NULL);
+
+    if (!greenlet) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = PyGreenlet_Switch(greenlet, NULL, NULL);
+    Py_CLEAR(greenlet);
+    if (result == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    Py_INCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_raise_dead_greenlet(PyObject* self)
+{
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_GreenletExit, "test GreenletExit exception.");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_raise_greenlet_error(PyObject* self)
+{
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_GreenletError, "test greenlet.error exception");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_throw(PyObject* self, PyGreenlet* g)
+{
+    const char msg[] = "take that sucka!";
+    PyObject* msg_obj = Py_BuildValue("s", msg);
+    PyGreenlet_Throw(g, PyExc_ValueError, msg_obj, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(msg_obj);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_throw_exact(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyGreenlet* g = NULL;
+    PyObject* typ = NULL;
+    PyObject* val = NULL;
+    PyObject* tb = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OOOO:throw", &g, &typ, &val, &tb)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyGreenlet_Throw(g, typ, val, tb);
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
+    {"test_switch",
+     (PyCFunction)test_switch,
+     METH_O,
+     "Switch to the provided greenlet sending provided arguments, and \n"
+     "return the results."},
+    {"test_switch_kwargs",
+     (PyCFunction)test_switch_kwargs,
+     METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
+     "Switch to the provided greenlet sending the provided keyword args."},
+    {"test_getcurrent",
+     (PyCFunction)test_getcurrent,
+     METH_NOARGS,
+     "Test PyGreenlet_GetCurrent()"},
+    {"test_setparent",
+     (PyCFunction)test_setparent,
+     METH_O,
+     "Se the parent of the provided greenlet and switch to it."},
+    {"test_new_greenlet",
+     (PyCFunction)test_new_greenlet,
+     METH_O,
+     "Test PyGreenlet_New()"},
+    {"test_raise_dead_greenlet",
+     (PyCFunction)test_raise_dead_greenlet,
+     METH_NOARGS,
+     "Just raise greenlet.GreenletExit"},
+    {"test_raise_greenlet_error",
+     (PyCFunction)test_raise_greenlet_error,
+     METH_NOARGS,
+     "Just raise greenlet.error"},
+    {"test_throw",
+     (PyCFunction)test_throw,
+     METH_O,
+     "Throw a ValueError at the provided greenlet"},
+    {"test_throw_exact",
+     (PyCFunction)test_throw_exact,
+     METH_VARARGS,
+     "Throw exactly the arguments given at the provided greenlet"},
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+
+#define INITERROR return NULL
+
+static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+                                       TEST_MODULE_NAME,
+                                       NULL,
+                                       0,
+                                       test_methods,
+                                       NULL,
+                                       NULL,
+                                       NULL,
+                                       NULL};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__test_extension(void)
+{
+    PyObject* module = NULL;
+    module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+
+    if (module == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyGreenlet_Import();
+    return module;
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d7750c1
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension_cpp.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension_cpp.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd4a88e9
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension_cpp.cpp b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension_cpp.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cbe6a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/_test_extension_cpp.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+/* This is a set of functions used to test C++ exceptions are not
+ * broken during greenlet switches
+ */
+
+#include "../greenlet.h"
+#include "../greenlet_compiler_compat.hpp"
+#include <exception>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+struct exception_t {
+    int depth;
+    exception_t(int depth) : depth(depth) {}
+};
+
+/* Functions are called via pointers to prevent inlining */
+static void (*p_test_exception_throw_nonstd)(int depth);
+static void (*p_test_exception_throw_std)();
+static PyObject* (*p_test_exception_switch_recurse)(int depth, int left);
+
+static void
+test_exception_throw_nonstd(int depth)
+{
+    throw exception_t(depth);
+}
+
+static void
+test_exception_throw_std()
+{
+    throw std::runtime_error("Thrown from an extension.");
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+test_exception_switch_recurse(int depth, int left)
+{
+    if (left > 0) {
+        return p_test_exception_switch_recurse(depth, left - 1);
+    }
+
+    PyObject* result = NULL;
+    PyGreenlet* self = PyGreenlet_GetCurrent();
+    if (self == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    try {
+        if (PyGreenlet_Switch(PyGreenlet_GET_PARENT(self), NULL, NULL) == NULL) {
+            Py_DECREF(self);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        p_test_exception_throw_nonstd(depth);
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                        "throwing C++ exception didn't work");
+    }
+    catch (const exception_t& e) {
+        if (e.depth != depth)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "depth mismatch");
+        else
+            result = PyLong_FromLong(depth);
+    }
+    catch (...) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "unexpected C++ exception");
+    }
+
+    Py_DECREF(self);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* test_exception_switch(int depth)
+ * - recurses depth times
+ * - switches to parent inside try/catch block
+ * - throws an exception that (expected to be caught in the same function)
+ * - verifies depth matches (exceptions shouldn't be caught in other greenlets)
+ */
+static PyObject*
+test_exception_switch(PyObject* UNUSED(self), PyObject* args)
+{
+    int depth;
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &depth))
+        return NULL;
+    return p_test_exception_switch_recurse(depth, depth);
+}
+
+
+static PyObject*
+py_test_exception_throw_nonstd(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ""))
+        return NULL;
+    p_test_exception_throw_nonstd(0);
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "unreachable code running after throw");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+py_test_exception_throw_std(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, ""))
+        return NULL;
+    p_test_exception_throw_std();
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "unreachable code running after throw");
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static PyObject*
+py_test_call(PyObject* self, PyObject* arg)
+{
+    PyObject* noargs = PyTuple_New(0);
+    PyObject* ret = PyObject_Call(arg, noargs, nullptr);
+    Py_DECREF(noargs);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+
+
+/* test_exception_switch_and_do_in_g2(g2func)
+ * - creates new greenlet g2 to run g2func
+ * - switches to g2 inside try/catch block
+ * - verifies that no exception has been caught
+ *
+ * it is used together with test_exception_throw to verify that unhandled
+ * exceptions thrown in one greenlet do not propagate to other greenlet nor
+ * segfault the process.
+ */
+static PyObject*
+test_exception_switch_and_do_in_g2(PyObject* self, PyObject* args)
+{
+    PyObject* g2func = NULL;
+    PyObject* result = NULL;
+
+    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O", &g2func))
+        return NULL;
+    PyGreenlet* g2 = PyGreenlet_New(g2func, NULL);
+    if (!g2) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    try {
+        result = PyGreenlet_Switch(g2, NULL, NULL);
+        if (!result) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    catch (const exception_t& e) {
+        /* if we are here the memory can be already corrupted and the program
+         * might crash before below py-level exception might become printed.
+         * -> print something to stderr to make it clear that we had entered
+         *    this catch block.
+         * See comments in inner_bootstrap()
+         */
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+        fprintf(stderr, "C++ exception unexpectedly caught in g1\n");
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_AssertionError, "C++ exception unexpectedly caught in g1");
+        Py_XDECREF(result);
+        return NULL;
+#else
+        throw;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    Py_XDECREF(result);
+    Py_RETURN_NONE;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef test_methods[] = {
+    {"test_exception_switch",
+     (PyCFunction)&test_exception_switch,
+     METH_VARARGS,
+     "Switches to parent twice, to test exception handling and greenlet "
+     "switching."},
+    {"test_exception_switch_and_do_in_g2",
+     (PyCFunction)&test_exception_switch_and_do_in_g2,
+     METH_VARARGS,
+     "Creates new greenlet g2 to run g2func and switches to it inside try/catch "
+     "block. Used together with test_exception_throw to verify that unhandled "
+     "C++ exceptions thrown in a greenlet doe not corrupt memory."},
+    {"test_exception_throw_nonstd",
+     (PyCFunction)&py_test_exception_throw_nonstd,
+     METH_VARARGS,
+     "Throws non-standard C++ exception. Calling this function directly should abort the process."
+    },
+    {"test_exception_throw_std",
+     (PyCFunction)&py_test_exception_throw_std,
+     METH_VARARGS,
+     "Throws standard C++ exception. Calling this function directly should abort the process."
+    },
+    {"test_call",
+     (PyCFunction)&py_test_call,
+     METH_O,
+     "Call the given callable. Unlike calling it directly, this creates a "
+     "new C-level stack frame, which may be helpful in testing."
+    },
+    {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
+};
+
+
+static struct PyModuleDef moduledef = {PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+                                       "greenlet.tests._test_extension_cpp",
+                                       NULL,
+                                       0,
+                                       test_methods,
+                                       NULL,
+                                       NULL,
+                                       NULL,
+                                       NULL};
+
+PyMODINIT_FUNC
+PyInit__test_extension_cpp(void)
+{
+    PyObject* module = NULL;
+
+    module = PyModule_Create(&moduledef);
+
+    if (module == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    PyGreenlet_Import();
+    if (_PyGreenlet_API == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    p_test_exception_throw_nonstd = test_exception_throw_nonstd;
+    p_test_exception_throw_std = test_exception_throw_std;
+    p_test_exception_switch_recurse = test_exception_switch_recurse;
+
+    return module;
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_clearing_run_switches.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_clearing_run_switches.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6dd1492f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_clearing_run_switches.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+If we have a run callable passed to the constructor or set as an
+attribute, but we don't actually use that (because ``__getattribute__``
+or the like interferes), then when we clear callable before beginning
+to run, there's an opportunity for Python code to run.
+
+"""
+import greenlet
+
+g = None
+main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+results = []
+
+class RunCallable:
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        results.append(('RunCallable', '__del__'))
+        main.switch('from RunCallable')
+
+
+class G(greenlet.greenlet):
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, name):
+        if name == 'run':
+            results.append(('G.__getattribute__', 'run'))
+            return run_func
+        return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
+
+
+def run_func():
+    results.append(('run_func', 'enter'))
+
+
+g = G(RunCallable())
+# Try to start G. It will get to the point where it deletes
+# its run callable C++ variable in inner_bootstrap. That triggers
+# the __del__ method, which switches back to main before g
+# actually even starts running.
+x = g.switch()
+results.append(('main: g.switch()', x))
+# In the C++ code, this results in g->g_switch() appearing to return, even though
+# it has yet to run.
+print('In main with', x, flush=True)
+g.switch()
+print('RESULTS', results)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_cpp_exception.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_cpp_exception.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa4dc2eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_cpp_exception.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+Helper for testing a C++ exception throw aborts the process.
+
+Takes one argument, the name of the function in :mod:`_test_extension_cpp` to call.
+"""
+import sys
+import greenlet
+from greenlet.tests import _test_extension_cpp
+print('fail_cpp_exception is running')
+
+def run_unhandled_exception_in_greenlet_aborts():
+    def _():
+        _test_extension_cpp.test_exception_switch_and_do_in_g2(
+            _test_extension_cpp.test_exception_throw_nonstd
+        )
+    g1 = greenlet.greenlet(_)
+    g1.switch()
+
+
+func_name = sys.argv[1]
+try:
+    func = getattr(_test_extension_cpp, func_name)
+except AttributeError:
+    if func_name == run_unhandled_exception_in_greenlet_aborts.__name__:
+        func = run_unhandled_exception_in_greenlet_aborts
+    elif func_name == 'run_as_greenlet_target':
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(_test_extension_cpp.test_exception_throw_std)
+        func = g.switch
+    else:
+        raise
+print('raising', func, flush=True)
+func()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_initialstub_already_started.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_initialstub_already_started.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1a44efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_initialstub_already_started.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""
+Testing initialstub throwing an already started exception.
+"""
+
+import greenlet
+
+a = None
+b = None
+c = None
+main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+# If we switch into a dead greenlet,
+# we go looking for its parents.
+# if a parent is not yet started, we start it.
+
+results = []
+
+def a_run(*args):
+    #results.append('A')
+    results.append(('Begin A', args))
+
+
+def c_run():
+    results.append('Begin C')
+    b.switch('From C')
+    results.append('C done')
+
+class A(greenlet.greenlet): pass
+
+class B(greenlet.greenlet):
+    doing_it = False
+    def __getattribute__(self, name):
+        if name == 'run' and not self.doing_it:
+            assert greenlet.getcurrent() is c
+            self.doing_it = True
+            results.append('Switch to b from B.__getattribute__ in '
+                           + type(greenlet.getcurrent()).__name__)
+            b.switch()
+            results.append('B.__getattribute__ back from main in '
+                           + type(greenlet.getcurrent()).__name__)
+        if name == 'run':
+            name = '_B_run'
+        return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
+
+    def _B_run(self, *arg):
+        results.append(('Begin B', arg))
+        results.append('_B_run switching to main')
+        main.switch('From B')
+
+class C(greenlet.greenlet):
+    pass
+a = A(a_run)
+b = B(parent=a)
+c = C(c_run, b)
+
+# Start a child; while running, it will start B,
+# but starting B will ALSO start B.
+result = c.switch()
+results.append(('main from c', result))
+
+# Switch back to C, which was in the middle of switching
+# already. This will throw the ``GreenletStartedWhileInPython``
+# exception, which results in parent A getting started (B is finished)
+c.switch()
+
+results.append(('A dead?', a.dead, 'B dead?', b.dead, 'C dead?', c.dead))
+
+# A and B should both be dead now.
+assert a.dead
+assert b.dead
+assert not c.dead
+
+result = c.switch()
+results.append(('main from c.2', result))
+# Now C is dead
+assert c.dead
+
+print("RESULTS:", results)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_slp_switch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_slp_switch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09905269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_slp_switch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+A test helper for seeing what happens when slp_switch()
+fails.
+"""
+# pragma: no cover
+
+import greenlet
+
+
+print('fail_slp_switch is running', flush=True)
+
+runs = []
+def func():
+    runs.append(1)
+    greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+    runs.append(2)
+    greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+    runs.append(3)
+
+g = greenlet._greenlet.UnswitchableGreenlet(func)
+g.switch()
+assert runs == [1]
+g.switch()
+assert runs == [1, 2]
+g.force_slp_switch_error = True
+
+# This should crash.
+g.switch()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_three_greenlets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_three_greenlets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e151b19a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_three_greenlets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""
+Uses a trace function to switch greenlets at unexpected times.
+
+In the trace function, we switch from the current greenlet to another
+greenlet, which switches
+"""
+import greenlet
+
+g1 = None
+g2 = None
+
+switch_to_g2 = False
+
+def tracefunc(*args):
+    print('TRACE', *args)
+    global switch_to_g2
+    if switch_to_g2:
+        switch_to_g2 = False
+        g2.switch()
+    print('\tLEAVE TRACE', *args)
+
+def g1_run():
+    print('In g1_run')
+    global switch_to_g2
+    switch_to_g2 = True
+    from_parent = greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+    print('Return to g1_run')
+    print('From parent', from_parent)
+
+def g2_run():
+    #g1.switch()
+    greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+greenlet.settrace(tracefunc)
+
+g1 = greenlet.greenlet(g1_run)
+g2 = greenlet.greenlet(g2_run)
+
+# This switch didn't actually finish!
+# And if it did, it would raise TypeError
+# because g1_run() doesn't take any arguments.
+g1.switch(1)
+print('Back in main')
+g1.switch(2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_three_greenlets2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_three_greenlets2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f6b66bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_three_greenlets2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+"""
+Like fail_switch_three_greenlets, but the call into g1_run would actually be
+valid.
+"""
+import greenlet
+
+g1 = None
+g2 = None
+
+switch_to_g2 = True
+
+results = []
+
+def tracefunc(*args):
+    results.append(('trace', args[0]))
+    print('TRACE', *args)
+    global switch_to_g2
+    if switch_to_g2:
+        switch_to_g2 = False
+        g2.switch('g2 from tracefunc')
+    print('\tLEAVE TRACE', *args)
+
+def g1_run(arg):
+    results.append(('g1 arg', arg))
+    print('In g1_run')
+    from_parent = greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch('from g1_run')
+    results.append(('g1 from parent', from_parent))
+    return 'g1 done'
+
+def g2_run(arg):
+    #g1.switch()
+    results.append(('g2 arg', arg))
+    parent = greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch('from g2_run')
+    global switch_to_g2
+    switch_to_g2 = False
+    results.append(('g2 from parent', parent))
+    return 'g2 done'
+
+
+greenlet.settrace(tracefunc)
+
+g1 = greenlet.greenlet(g1_run)
+g2 = greenlet.greenlet(g2_run)
+
+x = g1.switch('g1 from main')
+results.append(('main g1', x))
+print('Back in main', x)
+x = g1.switch('g2 from main')
+results.append(('main g2', x))
+print('back in amain again', x)
+x = g1.switch('g1 from main 2')
+results.append(('main g1.2', x))
+x = g2.switch()
+results.append(('main g2.2', x))
+print("RESULTS:", results)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_two_greenlets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_two_greenlets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e52345a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/fail_switch_two_greenlets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""
+Uses a trace function to switch greenlets at unexpected times.
+
+In the trace function, we switch from the current greenlet to another
+greenlet, which switches
+"""
+import greenlet
+
+g1 = None
+g2 = None
+
+switch_to_g2 = False
+
+def tracefunc(*args):
+    print('TRACE', *args)
+    global switch_to_g2
+    if switch_to_g2:
+        switch_to_g2 = False
+        g2.switch()
+    print('\tLEAVE TRACE', *args)
+
+def g1_run():
+    print('In g1_run')
+    global switch_to_g2
+    switch_to_g2 = True
+    greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+    print('Return to g1_run')
+    print('Falling off end of g1_run')
+
+def g2_run():
+    g1.switch()
+    print('Falling off end of g2')
+
+greenlet.settrace(tracefunc)
+
+g1 = greenlet.greenlet(g1_run)
+g2 = greenlet.greenlet(g2_run)
+
+g1.switch()
+print('Falling off end of main')
+g2.switch()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/leakcheck.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/leakcheck.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5152fb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/leakcheck.py
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2018 gevent community
+# Copyright (c) 2021 greenlet community
+#
+# This was originally part of gevent's test suite. The main author
+# (Jason Madden) vendored a copy of it into greenlet.
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+# THE SOFTWARE.
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import os
+import sys
+import gc
+
+from functools import wraps
+import unittest
+
+
+import objgraph
+
+# graphviz 0.18 (Nov 7 2021), available only on Python 3.6 and newer,
+# has added type hints (sigh). It wants to use ``typing.Literal`` for
+# some stuff, but that's only available on Python 3.9+. If that's not
+# found, it creates a ``unittest.mock.MagicMock`` object and annotates
+# with that. These are GC'able objects, and doing almost *anything*
+# with them results in an explosion of objects. For example, trying to
+# compare them for equality creates new objects. This causes our
+# leakchecks to fail, with reports like:
+#
+# greenlet.tests.leakcheck.LeakCheckError: refcount increased by [337, 1333, 343, 430, 530, 643, 769]
+# _Call          1820      +546
+# dict           4094       +76
+# MagicProxy      585       +73
+# tuple          2693       +66
+# _CallList        24        +3
+# weakref        1441        +1
+# function       5996        +1
+# type            736        +1
+# cell            592        +1
+# MagicMock         8        +1
+#
+# To avoid this, we *could* filter this type of object out early. In
+# principle it could leak, but we don't use mocks in greenlet, so it
+# doesn't leak from us. However, a further issue is that ``MagicMock``
+# objects have subobjects that are also GC'able, like ``_Call``, and
+# those create new mocks of their own too. So we'd have to filter them
+# as well, and they're not public. That's OK, we can workaround the
+# problem by being very careful to never compare by equality or other
+# user-defined operators, only using object identity or other builtin
+# functions.
+
+RUNNING_ON_GITHUB_ACTIONS = os.environ.get('GITHUB_ACTIONS')
+RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS = os.environ.get('TRAVIS') or RUNNING_ON_GITHUB_ACTIONS
+RUNNING_ON_APPVEYOR = os.environ.get('APPVEYOR')
+RUNNING_ON_CI = RUNNING_ON_TRAVIS or RUNNING_ON_APPVEYOR
+RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX = os.environ.get('GREENLET_MANYLINUX')
+SKIP_LEAKCHECKS = RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX or os.environ.get('GREENLET_SKIP_LEAKCHECKS')
+SKIP_FAILING_LEAKCHECKS = os.environ.get('GREENLET_SKIP_FAILING_LEAKCHECKS')
+ONLY_FAILING_LEAKCHECKS = os.environ.get('GREENLET_ONLY_FAILING_LEAKCHECKS')
+
+def ignores_leakcheck(func):
+    """
+    Ignore the given object during leakchecks.
+
+    Can be applied to a method, in which case the method will run, but
+    will not be subject to leak checks.
+
+    If applied to a class, the entire class will be skipped during leakchecks. This
+    is intended to be used for classes that are very slow and cause problems such as
+    test timeouts; typically it will be used for classes that are subclasses of a base
+    class and specify variants of behaviour (such as pool sizes).
+    """
+    func.ignore_leakcheck = True
+    return func
+
+def fails_leakcheck(func):
+    """
+    Mark that the function is known to leak.
+    """
+    func.fails_leakcheck = True
+    if SKIP_FAILING_LEAKCHECKS:
+        func = unittest.skip("Skipping known failures")(func)
+    return func
+
+class LeakCheckError(AssertionError):
+    pass
+
+if hasattr(sys, 'getobjects'):
+    # In a Python build with ``--with-trace-refs``, make objgraph
+    # trace *all* the objects, not just those that are tracked by the
+    # GC
+    class _MockGC(object):
+        def get_objects(self):
+            return sys.getobjects(0) # pylint:disable=no-member
+        def __getattr__(self, name):
+            return getattr(gc, name)
+    objgraph.gc = _MockGC()
+    fails_strict_leakcheck = fails_leakcheck
+else:
+    def fails_strict_leakcheck(func):
+        """
+        Decorator for a function that is known to fail when running
+        strict (``sys.getobjects()``) leakchecks.
+
+        This type of leakcheck finds all objects, even those, such as
+        strings, which are not tracked by the garbage collector.
+        """
+        return func
+
+class ignores_types_in_strict_leakcheck(object):
+    def __init__(self, types):
+        self.types = types
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        func.leakcheck_ignore_types = self.types
+        return func
+
+class _RefCountChecker(object):
+
+    # Some builtin things that we ignore
+    # XXX: Those things were ignored by gevent, but they're important here,
+    # presumably.
+    IGNORED_TYPES = () #(tuple, dict, types.FrameType, types.TracebackType)
+
+    def __init__(self, testcase, function):
+        self.testcase = testcase
+        self.function = function
+        self.deltas = []
+        self.peak_stats = {}
+        self.ignored_types = ()
+
+        # The very first time we are called, we have already been
+        # self.setUp() by the test runner, so we don't need to do it again.
+        self.needs_setUp = False
+
+    def _include_object_p(self, obj):
+        # pylint:disable=too-many-return-statements
+        #
+        # See the comment block at the top. We must be careful to
+        # avoid invoking user-defined operations.
+        if obj is self:
+            return False
+        kind = type(obj)
+        # ``self._include_object_p == obj`` returns NotImplemented
+        # for non-function objects, which causes the interpreter
+        # to try to reverse the order of arguments...which leads
+        # to the explosion of mock objects. We don't want that, so we implement
+        # the check manually.
+        if kind == type(self._include_object_p):
+            try:
+                # pylint:disable=not-callable
+                exact_method_equals = self._include_object_p.__eq__(obj)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Python 2.7 methods may only have __cmp__, and that raises a
+                # TypeError for non-method arguments
+                # pylint:disable=no-member
+                exact_method_equals = self._include_object_p.__cmp__(obj) == 0
+
+            if exact_method_equals is not NotImplemented and exact_method_equals:
+                return False
+
+        # Similarly, we need to check identity in our __dict__ to avoid mock explosions.
+        for x in self.__dict__.values():
+            if obj is x:
+                return False
+
+
+        if kind in self.ignored_types or kind in self.IGNORED_TYPES:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _growth(self):
+        return objgraph.growth(limit=None, peak_stats=self.peak_stats,
+                               filter=self._include_object_p)
+
+    def _report_diff(self, growth):
+        if not growth:
+            return "<Unable to calculate growth>"
+
+        lines = []
+        width = max(len(name) for name, _, _ in growth)
+        for name, count, delta in growth:
+            lines.append('%-*s%9d %+9d' % (width, name, count, delta))
+
+        diff = '\n'.join(lines)
+        return diff
+
+
+    def _run_test(self, args, kwargs):
+        gc_enabled = gc.isenabled()
+        gc.disable()
+
+        if self.needs_setUp:
+            self.testcase.setUp()
+            self.testcase.skipTearDown = False
+        try:
+            self.function(self.testcase, *args, **kwargs)
+        finally:
+            self.testcase.tearDown()
+            self.testcase.doCleanups()
+            self.testcase.skipTearDown = True
+            self.needs_setUp = True
+            if gc_enabled:
+                gc.enable()
+
+    def _growth_after(self):
+        # Grab post snapshot
+        # pylint:disable=no-member
+        if 'urlparse' in sys.modules:
+            sys.modules['urlparse'].clear_cache()
+        if 'urllib.parse' in sys.modules:
+            sys.modules['urllib.parse'].clear_cache()
+
+        return self._growth()
+
+    def _check_deltas(self, growth):
+        # Return false when we have decided there is no leak,
+        # true if we should keep looping, raises an assertion
+        # if we have decided there is a leak.
+
+        deltas = self.deltas
+        if not deltas:
+            # We haven't run yet, no data, keep looping
+            return True
+
+        if gc.garbage:
+            raise LeakCheckError("Generated uncollectable garbage %r" % (gc.garbage,))
+
+
+        # the following configurations are classified as "no leak"
+        # [0, 0]
+        # [x, 0, 0]
+        # [... a, b, c, d]  where a+b+c+d = 0
+        #
+        # the following configurations are classified as "leak"
+        # [... z, z, z]  where z > 0
+
+        if deltas[-2:] == [0, 0] and len(deltas) in (2, 3):
+            return False
+
+        if deltas[-3:] == [0, 0, 0]:
+            return False
+
+        if len(deltas) >= 4 and sum(deltas[-4:]) == 0:
+            return False
+
+        if len(deltas) >= 3 and deltas[-1] > 0 and deltas[-1] == deltas[-2] and deltas[-2] == deltas[-3]:
+            diff = self._report_diff(growth)
+            raise LeakCheckError('refcount increased by %r\n%s' % (deltas, diff))
+
+        # OK, we don't know for sure yet. Let's search for more
+        if sum(deltas[-3:]) <= 0 or sum(deltas[-4:]) <= 0 or deltas[-4:].count(0) >= 2:
+            # this is suspicious, so give a few more runs
+            limit = 11
+        else:
+            limit = 7
+        if len(deltas) >= limit:
+            raise LeakCheckError('refcount increased by %r\n%s'
+                                 % (deltas,
+                                    self._report_diff(growth)))
+
+        # We couldn't decide yet, keep going
+        return True
+
+    def __call__(self, args, kwargs):
+        for _ in range(3):
+            gc.collect()
+
+        expect_failure = getattr(self.function, 'fails_leakcheck', False)
+        if expect_failure:
+            self.testcase.expect_greenlet_leak = True
+        self.ignored_types = getattr(self.function, "leakcheck_ignore_types", ())
+
+        # Capture state before; the incremental will be
+        # updated by each call to _growth_after
+        growth = self._growth()
+
+        try:
+            while self._check_deltas(growth):
+                self._run_test(args, kwargs)
+
+                growth = self._growth_after()
+
+                self.deltas.append(sum((stat[2] for stat in growth)))
+        except LeakCheckError:
+            if not expect_failure:
+                raise
+        else:
+            if expect_failure:
+                raise LeakCheckError("Expected %s to leak but it did not." % (self.function,))
+
+def wrap_refcount(method):
+    if getattr(method, 'ignore_leakcheck', False) or SKIP_LEAKCHECKS:
+        return method
+
+    @wraps(method)
+    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs): # pylint:disable=too-many-branches
+        if getattr(self, 'ignore_leakcheck', False):
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("This class ignored during leakchecks")
+        if ONLY_FAILING_LEAKCHECKS and not getattr(method, 'fails_leakcheck', False):
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("Only running tests that fail leakchecks.")
+        return _RefCountChecker(self, method)(args, kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_contextvars.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_contextvars.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0d1ccf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_contextvars.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import gc
+import sys
+import unittest
+
+from functools import partial
+from unittest import skipUnless
+from unittest import skipIf
+
+from greenlet import greenlet
+from greenlet import getcurrent
+from . import TestCase
+from . import PY314
+
+try:
+    from contextvars import Context
+    from contextvars import ContextVar
+    from contextvars import copy_context
+    # From the documentation:
+    #
+    # Important: Context Variables should be created at the top module
+    # level and never in closures. Context objects hold strong
+    # references to context variables which prevents context variables
+    # from being properly garbage collected.
+    ID_VAR = ContextVar("id", default=None)
+    VAR_VAR = ContextVar("var", default=None)
+    ContextVar = None
+except ImportError:
+    Context = ContextVar = copy_context = None
+
+# We don't support testing if greenlet's built-in context var support is disabled.
+@skipUnless(Context is not None, "ContextVar not supported")
+class ContextVarsTests(TestCase):
+    def _new_ctx_run(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return copy_context().run(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _increment(self, greenlet_id, callback, counts, expect):
+        ctx_var = ID_VAR
+        if expect is None:
+            self.assertIsNone(ctx_var.get())
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(ctx_var.get(), expect)
+        ctx_var.set(greenlet_id)
+        for _ in range(2):
+            counts[ctx_var.get()] += 1
+            callback()
+
+    def _test_context(self, propagate_by):
+        # pylint:disable=too-many-branches
+        ID_VAR.set(0)
+
+        callback = getcurrent().switch
+        counts = dict((i, 0) for i in range(5))
+
+        lets = [
+            greenlet(partial(
+                partial(
+                    copy_context().run,
+                    self._increment
+                ) if propagate_by == "run" else self._increment,
+                greenlet_id=i,
+                callback=callback,
+                counts=counts,
+                expect=(
+                    i - 1 if propagate_by == "share" else
+                    0 if propagate_by in ("set", "run") else None
+                )
+            ))
+            for i in range(1, 5)
+        ]
+
+        for let in lets:
+            if propagate_by == "set":
+                let.gr_context = copy_context()
+            elif propagate_by == "share":
+                let.gr_context = getcurrent().gr_context
+
+        for i in range(2):
+            counts[ID_VAR.get()] += 1
+            for let in lets:
+                let.switch()
+
+        if propagate_by == "run":
+            # Must leave each context.run() in reverse order of entry
+            for let in reversed(lets):
+                let.switch()
+        else:
+            # No context.run(), so fine to exit in any order.
+            for let in lets:
+                let.switch()
+
+        for let in lets:
+            self.assertTrue(let.dead)
+            # When using run(), we leave the run() as the greenlet dies,
+            # and there's no context "underneath". When not using run(),
+            # gr_context still reflects the context the greenlet was
+            # running in.
+            if propagate_by == 'run':
+                self.assertIsNone(let.gr_context)
+            else:
+                self.assertIsNotNone(let.gr_context)
+
+
+        if propagate_by == "share":
+            self.assertEqual(counts, {0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 6})
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(set(counts.values()), set([2]))
+
+    def test_context_propagated_by_context_run(self):
+        self._new_ctx_run(self._test_context, "run")
+
+    def test_context_propagated_by_setting_attribute(self):
+        self._new_ctx_run(self._test_context, "set")
+
+    def test_context_not_propagated(self):
+        self._new_ctx_run(self._test_context, None)
+
+    def test_context_shared(self):
+        self._new_ctx_run(self._test_context, "share")
+
+    def test_break_ctxvars(self):
+        let1 = greenlet(copy_context().run)
+        let2 = greenlet(copy_context().run)
+        let1.switch(getcurrent().switch)
+        let2.switch(getcurrent().switch)
+        # Since let2 entered the current context and let1 exits its own, the
+        # interpreter emits:
+        # RuntimeError: cannot exit context: thread state references a different context object
+        let1.switch()
+
+    def test_not_broken_if_using_attribute_instead_of_context_run(self):
+        let1 = greenlet(getcurrent().switch)
+        let2 = greenlet(getcurrent().switch)
+        let1.gr_context = copy_context()
+        let2.gr_context = copy_context()
+        let1.switch()
+        let2.switch()
+        let1.switch()
+        let2.switch()
+
+    def test_context_assignment_while_running(self):
+        # pylint:disable=too-many-statements
+        ID_VAR.set(None)
+
+        def target():
+            self.assertIsNone(ID_VAR.get())
+            self.assertIsNone(gr.gr_context)
+
+            # Context is created on first use
+            ID_VAR.set(1)
+            self.assertIsInstance(gr.gr_context, Context)
+            self.assertEqual(ID_VAR.get(), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(gr.gr_context[ID_VAR], 1)
+
+            # Clearing the context makes it get re-created as another
+            # empty context when next used
+            old_context = gr.gr_context
+            gr.gr_context = None  # assign None while running
+            self.assertIsNone(ID_VAR.get())
+            self.assertIsNone(gr.gr_context)
+            ID_VAR.set(2)
+            self.assertIsInstance(gr.gr_context, Context)
+            self.assertEqual(ID_VAR.get(), 2)
+            self.assertEqual(gr.gr_context[ID_VAR], 2)
+
+            new_context = gr.gr_context
+            getcurrent().parent.switch((old_context, new_context))
+            # parent switches us back to old_context
+
+            self.assertEqual(ID_VAR.get(), 1)
+            gr.gr_context = new_context  # assign non-None while running
+            self.assertEqual(ID_VAR.get(), 2)
+
+            getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            # parent switches us back to no context
+            self.assertIsNone(ID_VAR.get())
+            self.assertIsNone(gr.gr_context)
+            gr.gr_context = old_context
+            self.assertEqual(ID_VAR.get(), 1)
+
+            getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            # parent switches us back to no context
+            self.assertIsNone(ID_VAR.get())
+            self.assertIsNone(gr.gr_context)
+
+        gr = greenlet(target)
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AttributeError, "can't delete context attribute"):
+            del gr.gr_context
+
+        self.assertIsNone(gr.gr_context)
+        old_context, new_context = gr.switch()
+        self.assertIs(new_context, gr.gr_context)
+        self.assertEqual(old_context[ID_VAR], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(new_context[ID_VAR], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(new_context.run(ID_VAR.get), 2)
+        gr.gr_context = old_context  # assign non-None while suspended
+        gr.switch()
+        self.assertIs(gr.gr_context, new_context)
+        gr.gr_context = None  # assign None while suspended
+        gr.switch()
+        self.assertIs(gr.gr_context, old_context)
+        gr.gr_context = None
+        gr.switch()
+        self.assertIsNone(gr.gr_context)
+
+        # Make sure there are no reference leaks
+        gr = None
+        gc.collect()
+        # Python 3.14 elides reference counting operations
+        # in some cases. See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/130708
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(old_context), 2 if not PY314 else 1)
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(new_context), 2 if not PY314 else 1)
+
+    def test_context_assignment_different_thread(self):
+        import threading
+        VAR_VAR.set(None)
+        ctx = Context()
+
+        is_running = threading.Event()
+        should_suspend = threading.Event()
+        did_suspend = threading.Event()
+        should_exit = threading.Event()
+        holder = []
+
+        def greenlet_in_thread_fn():
+            VAR_VAR.set(1)
+            is_running.set()
+            should_suspend.wait(10)
+            VAR_VAR.set(2)
+            getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            holder.append(VAR_VAR.get())
+
+        def thread_fn():
+            gr = greenlet(greenlet_in_thread_fn)
+            gr.gr_context = ctx
+            holder.append(gr)
+            gr.switch()
+            did_suspend.set()
+            should_exit.wait(10)
+            gr.switch()
+            del gr
+            greenlet() # trigger cleanup
+
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=thread_fn, daemon=True)
+        thread.start()
+        is_running.wait(10)
+        gr = holder[0]
+
+        # Can't access or modify context if the greenlet is running
+        # in a different thread
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "running in a different"):
+            getattr(gr, 'gr_context')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "running in a different"):
+            gr.gr_context = None
+
+        should_suspend.set()
+        did_suspend.wait(10)
+
+        # OK to access and modify context if greenlet is suspended
+        self.assertIs(gr.gr_context, ctx)
+        self.assertEqual(gr.gr_context[VAR_VAR], 2)
+        gr.gr_context = None
+
+        should_exit.set()
+        thread.join(10)
+
+        self.assertEqual(holder, [gr, None])
+
+        # Context can still be accessed/modified when greenlet is dead:
+        self.assertIsNone(gr.gr_context)
+        gr.gr_context = ctx
+        self.assertIs(gr.gr_context, ctx)
+
+        # Otherwise we leak greenlets on some platforms.
+        # XXX: Should be able to do this automatically
+        del holder[:]
+        gr = None
+        thread = None
+
+    def test_context_assignment_wrong_type(self):
+        g = greenlet()
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    "greenlet context must be a contextvars.Context or None"):
+            g.gr_context = self
+
+
+@skipIf(Context is not None, "ContextVar supported")
+class NoContextVarsTests(TestCase):
+    def test_contextvars_errors(self):
+        let1 = greenlet(getcurrent().switch)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(let1, 'gr_context'))
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            getattr(let1, 'gr_context')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            let1.gr_context = None
+
+        let1.switch()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            getattr(let1, 'gr_context')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            let1.gr_context = None
+
+        del let1
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_cpp.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_cpp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d0cc9c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_cpp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from __future__ import print_function
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import subprocess
+import unittest
+
+import greenlet
+from . import _test_extension_cpp
+from . import TestCase
+from . import WIN
+
+class CPPTests(TestCase):
+    def test_exception_switch(self):
+        greenlets = []
+        for i in range(4):
+            g = greenlet.greenlet(_test_extension_cpp.test_exception_switch)
+            g.switch(i)
+            greenlets.append(g)
+        for i, g in enumerate(greenlets):
+            self.assertEqual(g.switch(), i)
+
+    def _do_test_unhandled_exception(self, target):
+        import os
+        import sys
+        script = os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(__file__),
+            'fail_cpp_exception.py',
+        )
+        args = [sys.executable, script, target.__name__ if not isinstance(target, str) else target]
+        __traceback_info__ = args
+        with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError) as exc:
+            subprocess.check_output(
+                args,
+                encoding='utf-8',
+                stderr=subprocess.STDOUT
+            )
+
+        ex = exc.exception
+        expected_exit = self.get_expected_returncodes_for_aborted_process()
+        self.assertIn(ex.returncode, expected_exit)
+        self.assertIn('fail_cpp_exception is running', ex.output)
+        return ex.output
+
+
+    def test_unhandled_nonstd_exception_aborts(self):
+        # verify that plain unhandled throw aborts
+        self._do_test_unhandled_exception(_test_extension_cpp.test_exception_throw_nonstd)
+
+    def test_unhandled_std_exception_aborts(self):
+        # verify that plain unhandled throw aborts
+        self._do_test_unhandled_exception(_test_extension_cpp.test_exception_throw_std)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(WIN, "XXX: This does not crash on Windows")
+    # Meaning the exception is getting lost somewhere...
+    def test_unhandled_std_exception_as_greenlet_function_aborts(self):
+        # verify that plain unhandled throw aborts
+        output = self._do_test_unhandled_exception('run_as_greenlet_target')
+        self.assertIn(
+            # We really expect this to be prefixed with "greenlet: Unhandled C++ exception:"
+            # as added by our handler for std::exception (see TUserGreenlet.cpp), but
+            # that's not correct everywhere --- our handler never runs before std::terminate
+            # gets called (for example, on arm32).
+            'Thrown from an extension.',
+            output
+        )
+
+    def test_unhandled_exception_in_greenlet_aborts(self):
+        # verify that unhandled throw called in greenlet aborts too
+        self._do_test_unhandled_exception('run_unhandled_exception_in_greenlet_aborts')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_extension_interface.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_extension_interface.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34b66567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_extension_interface.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+from __future__ import print_function
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+
+import greenlet
+from . import _test_extension
+from . import TestCase
+
+# pylint:disable=c-extension-no-member
+
+class CAPITests(TestCase):
+    def test_switch(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            50, _test_extension.test_switch(greenlet.greenlet(lambda: 50)))
+
+    def test_switch_kwargs(self):
+        def adder(x, y):
+            return x * y
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(adder)
+        self.assertEqual(6, _test_extension.test_switch_kwargs(g, x=3, y=2))
+
+    def test_setparent(self):
+        # pylint:disable=disallowed-name
+        def foo():
+            def bar():
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+                # This final switch should go back to the main greenlet, since
+                # the test_setparent() function in the C extension should have
+                # reparented this greenlet.
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+                raise AssertionError("Should never have reached this code")
+            child = greenlet.greenlet(bar)
+            child.switch()
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(child)
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.throw(
+                AssertionError("Should never reach this code"))
+        foo_child = greenlet.greenlet(foo).switch()
+        self.assertEqual(None, _test_extension.test_setparent(foo_child))
+
+    def test_getcurrent(self):
+        _test_extension.test_getcurrent()
+
+    def test_new_greenlet(self):
+        self.assertEqual(-15, _test_extension.test_new_greenlet(lambda: -15))
+
+    def test_raise_greenlet_dead(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            greenlet.GreenletExit, _test_extension.test_raise_dead_greenlet)
+
+    def test_raise_greenlet_error(self):
+        self.assertRaises(
+            greenlet.error, _test_extension.test_raise_greenlet_error)
+
+    def test_throw(self):
+        seen = []
+
+        def foo():         # pylint:disable=disallowed-name
+            try:
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            except ValueError:
+                seen.append(sys.exc_info()[1])
+            except greenlet.GreenletExit:
+                raise AssertionError
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(foo)
+        g.switch()
+        _test_extension.test_throw(g)
+        self.assertEqual(len(seen), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            isinstance(seen[0], ValueError),
+            "ValueError was not raised in foo()")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            str(seen[0]),
+            'take that sucka!',
+            "message doesn't match")
+
+    def test_non_traceback_param(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+            _test_extension.test_throw_exact(
+                greenlet.getcurrent(),
+                Exception,
+                Exception(),
+                self
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception),
+                         "throw() third argument must be a traceback object")
+
+    def test_instance_of_wrong_type(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+            _test_extension.test_throw_exact(
+                greenlet.getcurrent(),
+                Exception(),
+                BaseException(),
+                None,
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception),
+                         "instance exception may not have a separate value")
+
+    def test_not_throwable(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+            _test_extension.test_throw_exact(
+                greenlet.getcurrent(),
+                "abc",
+                None,
+                None,
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception),
+                         "exceptions must be classes, or instances, not str")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import unittest
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_gc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_gc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..994addb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_gc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import gc
+
+import weakref
+
+import greenlet
+
+
+from . import TestCase
+from .leakcheck import fails_leakcheck
+# These only work with greenlet gc support
+# which is no longer optional.
+assert greenlet.GREENLET_USE_GC
+
+class GCTests(TestCase):
+    def test_dead_circular_ref(self):
+        o = weakref.ref(greenlet.greenlet(greenlet.getcurrent).switch())
+        gc.collect()
+        if o() is not None:
+            import sys
+            print("O IS NOT NONE.", sys.getrefcount(o()))
+        self.assertIsNone(o())
+        self.assertFalse(gc.garbage, gc.garbage)
+
+    def test_circular_greenlet(self):
+        class circular_greenlet(greenlet.greenlet):
+            self = None
+        o = circular_greenlet()
+        o.self = o
+        o = weakref.ref(o)
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(o())
+        self.assertFalse(gc.garbage, gc.garbage)
+
+    def test_inactive_ref(self):
+        class inactive_greenlet(greenlet.greenlet):
+            def __init__(self):
+                greenlet.greenlet.__init__(self, run=self.run)
+
+            def run(self):
+                pass
+        o = inactive_greenlet()
+        o = weakref.ref(o)
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertIsNone(o())
+        self.assertFalse(gc.garbage, gc.garbage)
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def test_finalizer_crash(self):
+        # This test is designed to crash when active greenlets
+        # are made garbage collectable, until the underlying
+        # problem is resolved. How does it work:
+        # - order of object creation is important
+        # - array is created first, so it is moved to unreachable first
+        # - we create a cycle between a greenlet and this array
+        # - we create an object that participates in gc, is only
+        #   referenced by a greenlet, and would corrupt gc lists
+        #   on destruction, the easiest is to use an object with
+        #   a finalizer
+        # - because array is the first object in unreachable it is
+        #   cleared first, which causes all references to greenlet
+        #   to disappear and causes greenlet to be destroyed, but since
+        #   it is still live it causes a switch during gc, which causes
+        #   an object with finalizer to be destroyed, which causes stack
+        #   corruption and then a crash
+
+        class object_with_finalizer(object):
+            def __del__(self):
+                pass
+        array = []
+        parent = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        def greenlet_body():
+            greenlet.getcurrent().object = object_with_finalizer()
+            try:
+                parent.switch()
+            except greenlet.GreenletExit:
+                print("Got greenlet exit!")
+            finally:
+                del greenlet.getcurrent().object
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(greenlet_body)
+        g.array = array
+        array.append(g)
+        g.switch()
+        del array
+        del g
+        greenlet.getcurrent()
+        gc.collect()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_generator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_generator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca4a644b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_generator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+
+from greenlet import greenlet
+
+from . import TestCase
+
+class genlet(greenlet):
+    parent = None
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwds = kwds
+
+    def run(self):
+        fn, = self.fn
+        fn(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        self.parent = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        result = self.switch()
+        if self:
+            return result
+
+        raise StopIteration
+
+    next = __next__
+
+
+def Yield(value):
+    g = greenlet.getcurrent()
+    while not isinstance(g, genlet):
+        if g is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('yield outside a genlet')
+        g = g.parent
+    g.parent.switch(value)
+
+
+def generator(func):
+    class Generator(genlet):
+        fn = (func,)
+    return Generator
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+
+
+class GeneratorTests(TestCase):
+    def test_generator(self):
+        seen = []
+
+        def g(n):
+            for i in range(n):
+                seen.append(i)
+                Yield(i)
+        g = generator(g)
+        for _ in range(3):
+            for j in g(5):
+                seen.append(j)
+        self.assertEqual(seen, 3 * [0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_generator_nested.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_generator_nested.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d752a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_generator_nested.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+
+from greenlet import greenlet
+from . import TestCase
+from .leakcheck import fails_leakcheck
+
+class genlet(greenlet):
+    parent = None
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwds = kwds
+        self.child = None
+
+    def run(self):
+        # Note the function is packed in a tuple
+        # to avoid creating a bound method for it.
+        fn, = self.fn
+        fn(*self.args, **self.kwds)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def set_child(self, child):
+        self.child = child
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self.child:
+            child = self.child
+            while child.child:
+                tmp = child
+                child = child.child
+                tmp.child = None
+
+            result = child.switch()
+        else:
+            self.parent = greenlet.getcurrent()
+            result = self.switch()
+
+        if self:
+            return result
+
+        raise StopIteration
+
+    next = __next__
+
+def Yield(value, level=1):
+    g = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+    while level != 0:
+        if not isinstance(g, genlet):
+            raise RuntimeError('yield outside a genlet')
+        if level > 1:
+            g.parent.set_child(g)
+        g = g.parent
+        level -= 1
+
+    g.switch(value)
+
+
+def Genlet(func):
+    class TheGenlet(genlet):
+        fn = (func,)
+    return TheGenlet
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+
+
+def g1(n, seen):
+    for i in range(n):
+        seen.append(i + 1)
+        yield i
+
+
+def g2(n, seen):
+    for i in range(n):
+        seen.append(i + 1)
+        Yield(i)
+
+g2 = Genlet(g2)
+
+
+def nested(i):
+    Yield(i)
+
+
+def g3(n, seen):
+    for i in range(n):
+        seen.append(i + 1)
+        nested(i)
+g3 = Genlet(g3)
+
+
+def a(n):
+    if n == 0:
+        return
+    for ii in ax(n - 1):
+        Yield(ii)
+    Yield(n)
+ax = Genlet(a)
+
+
+def perms(l):
+    if len(l) > 1:
+        for e in l:
+            # No syntactical sugar for generator expressions
+            x = [Yield([e] + p) for p in perms([x for x in l if x != e])]
+            assert x
+    else:
+        Yield(l)
+perms = Genlet(perms)
+
+
+def gr1(n):
+    for ii in range(1, n):
+        Yield(ii)
+        Yield(ii * ii, 2)
+
+gr1 = Genlet(gr1)
+
+
+def gr2(n, seen):
+    for ii in gr1(n):
+        seen.append(ii)
+
+gr2 = Genlet(gr2)
+
+
+class NestedGeneratorTests(TestCase):
+    def test_layered_genlets(self):
+        seen = []
+        for ii in gr2(5, seen):
+            seen.append(ii)
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [1, 1, 2, 4, 3, 9, 4, 16])
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def test_permutations(self):
+        gen_perms = perms(list(range(4)))
+        permutations = list(gen_perms)
+        self.assertEqual(len(permutations), 4 * 3 * 2 * 1)
+        self.assertIn([0, 1, 2, 3], permutations)
+        self.assertIn([3, 2, 1, 0], permutations)
+        res = []
+        for ii in zip(perms(list(range(4))), perms(list(range(3)))):
+            res.append(ii)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            res,
+            [([0, 1, 2, 3], [0, 1, 2]), ([0, 1, 3, 2], [0, 2, 1]),
+             ([0, 2, 1, 3], [1, 0, 2]), ([0, 2, 3, 1], [1, 2, 0]),
+             ([0, 3, 1, 2], [2, 0, 1]), ([0, 3, 2, 1], [2, 1, 0])])
+        # XXX Test to make sure we are working as a generator expression
+
+    def test_genlet_simple(self):
+        for g in g1, g2, g3:
+            seen = []
+            for _ in range(3):
+                for j in g(5, seen):
+                    seen.append(j)
+            self.assertEqual(seen, 3 * [1, 0, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 4])
+
+    def test_genlet_bad(self):
+        try:
+            Yield(10)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_nested_genlets(self):
+        seen = []
+        for ii in ax(5):
+            seen.append(ii)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_greenlet.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_greenlet.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd05c0db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_greenlet.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1327 @@
+import gc
+import sys
+import time
+import threading
+import unittest
+
+from abc import ABCMeta
+from abc import abstractmethod
+
+import greenlet
+from greenlet import greenlet as RawGreenlet
+from . import TestCase
+from . import RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX
+from . import PY313
+from . import PY314
+from .leakcheck import fails_leakcheck
+
+
+# We manually manage locks in many tests
+# pylint:disable=consider-using-with
+# pylint:disable=too-many-public-methods
+# This module is quite large.
+# TODO: Refactor into separate test files. For example,
+# put all the regression tests that used to produce
+# crashes in test_greenlet_no_crash; put tests that DO deliberately crash
+# the interpreter into test_greenlet_crash.
+# pylint:disable=too-many-lines
+
+class SomeError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def fmain(seen):
+    try:
+        greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+    except:
+        seen.append(sys.exc_info()[0])
+        raise
+    raise SomeError
+
+
+def send_exception(g, exc):
+    # note: send_exception(g, exc)  can be now done with  g.throw(exc).
+    # the purpose of this test is to explicitly check the propagation rules.
+    def crasher(exc):
+        raise exc
+    g1 = RawGreenlet(crasher, parent=g)
+    g1.switch(exc)
+
+
+class TestGreenlet(TestCase):
+
+    def _do_simple_test(self):
+        lst = []
+
+        def f():
+            lst.append(1)
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            lst.append(3)
+        g = RawGreenlet(f)
+        lst.append(0)
+        g.switch()
+        lst.append(2)
+        g.switch()
+        lst.append(4)
+        self.assertEqual(lst, list(range(5)))
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        self._do_simple_test()
+
+    def test_switch_no_run_raises_AttributeError(self):
+        g = RawGreenlet()
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError) as exc:
+            g.switch()
+
+        self.assertIn("run", str(exc.exception))
+
+    def test_throw_no_run_raises_AttributeError(self):
+        g = RawGreenlet()
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError) as exc:
+            g.throw(SomeError)
+
+        self.assertIn("run", str(exc.exception))
+
+    def test_parent_equals_None(self):
+        g = RawGreenlet(parent=None)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(g)
+        self.assertIs(g.parent, greenlet.getcurrent())
+
+    def test_run_equals_None(self):
+        g = RawGreenlet(run=None)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(g)
+        self.assertIsNone(g.run)
+
+    def test_two_children(self):
+        lst = []
+
+        def f():
+            lst.append(1)
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            lst.extend([1, 1])
+        g = RawGreenlet(f)
+        h = RawGreenlet(f)
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(len(lst), 1)
+        h.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(len(lst), 2)
+        h.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(len(lst), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(h.dead, True)
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(len(lst), 6)
+        self.assertEqual(g.dead, True)
+
+    def test_two_recursive_children(self):
+        lst = []
+
+        def f():
+            lst.append('b')
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+        def g():
+            lst.append('a')
+            g = RawGreenlet(f)
+            g.switch()
+            lst.append('c')
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(g), 2 if not PY314 else 1)
+        g = RawGreenlet(g)
+        # Python 3.14 elides reference counting operations
+        # in some cases. See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/130708
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(g), 2 if not PY314 else 1)
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(lst, ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        # Just the one in this frame, plus the one on the stack we pass to the function
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(g), 2 if not PY314 else 1)
+
+    def test_threads(self):
+        success = []
+
+        def f():
+            self._do_simple_test()
+            success.append(True)
+        ths = [threading.Thread(target=f) for i in range(10)]
+        for th in ths:
+            th.start()
+        for th in ths:
+            th.join(10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(success), len(ths))
+
+    def test_exception(self):
+        seen = []
+        g1 = RawGreenlet(fmain)
+        g2 = RawGreenlet(fmain)
+        g1.switch(seen)
+        g2.switch(seen)
+        g2.parent = g1
+
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [])
+        #with self.assertRaises(SomeError):
+        #    p("***Switching back")
+        #    g2.switch()
+        # Creating this as a bound method can reveal bugs that
+        # are hidden on newer versions of Python that avoid creating
+        # bound methods for direct expressions; IOW, don't use the `with`
+        # form!
+        self.assertRaises(SomeError, g2.switch)
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [SomeError])
+
+        value = g2.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(value, ())
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [SomeError])
+
+        value = g2.switch(25)
+        self.assertEqual(value, 25)
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [SomeError])
+
+
+    def test_send_exception(self):
+        seen = []
+        g1 = RawGreenlet(fmain)
+        g1.switch(seen)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, send_exception, g1, KeyError)
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [KeyError])
+
+    def test_dealloc(self):
+        seen = []
+        g1 = RawGreenlet(fmain)
+        g2 = RawGreenlet(fmain)
+        g1.switch(seen)
+        g2.switch(seen)
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [])
+        del g1
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [greenlet.GreenletExit])
+        del g2
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [greenlet.GreenletExit, greenlet.GreenletExit])
+
+    def test_dealloc_catches_GreenletExit_throws_other(self):
+        def run():
+            try:
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            except greenlet.GreenletExit:
+                raise SomeError from None
+
+        g = RawGreenlet(run)
+        g.switch()
+        # Destroying the only reference to the greenlet causes it
+        # to get GreenletExit; when it in turn raises, even though we're the parent
+        # we don't get the exception, it just gets printed.
+        # When we run on 3.8 only, we can use sys.unraisablehook
+        oldstderr = sys.stderr
+        from io import StringIO
+        stderr = sys.stderr = StringIO()
+        try:
+            del g
+        finally:
+            sys.stderr = oldstderr
+
+        v = stderr.getvalue()
+        self.assertIn("Exception", v)
+        self.assertIn('ignored', v)
+        self.assertIn("SomeError", v)
+
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        PY313 and RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX,
+        "Sometimes flaky (getting one GreenletExit in the second list)"
+        # Probably due to funky timing interactions?
+        # TODO: FIXME Make that work.
+    )
+
+    def test_dealloc_other_thread(self):
+        seen = []
+        someref = []
+
+        bg_glet_created_running_and_no_longer_ref_in_bg = threading.Event()
+        fg_ref_released = threading.Event()
+        bg_should_be_clear = threading.Event()
+        ok_to_exit_bg_thread = threading.Event()
+
+        def f():
+            g1 = RawGreenlet(fmain)
+            g1.switch(seen)
+            someref.append(g1)
+            del g1
+            gc.collect()
+
+            bg_glet_created_running_and_no_longer_ref_in_bg.set()
+            fg_ref_released.wait(3)
+
+            RawGreenlet()   # trigger release
+            bg_should_be_clear.set()
+            ok_to_exit_bg_thread.wait(3)
+            RawGreenlet() # One more time
+
+        t = threading.Thread(target=f)
+        t.start()
+        bg_glet_created_running_and_no_longer_ref_in_bg.wait(10)
+
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(someref), 1)
+        del someref[:]
+        gc.collect()
+        # g1 is not released immediately because it's from another thread
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [])
+        fg_ref_released.set()
+        bg_should_be_clear.wait(3)
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(seen, [greenlet.GreenletExit])
+        finally:
+            ok_to_exit_bg_thread.set()
+            t.join(10)
+            del seen[:]
+            del someref[:]
+
+    def test_frame(self):
+        def f1():
+            f = sys._getframe(0) # pylint:disable=protected-access
+            self.assertEqual(f.f_back, None)
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(f)
+            return "meaning of life"
+        g = RawGreenlet(f1)
+        frame = g.switch()
+        self.assertTrue(frame is g.gr_frame)
+        self.assertTrue(g)
+
+        from_g = g.switch()
+        self.assertFalse(g)
+        self.assertEqual(from_g, 'meaning of life')
+        self.assertEqual(g.gr_frame, None)
+
+    def test_thread_bug(self):
+        def runner(x):
+            g = RawGreenlet(lambda: time.sleep(x))
+            g.switch()
+        t1 = threading.Thread(target=runner, args=(0.2,))
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=runner, args=(0.3,))
+        t1.start()
+        t2.start()
+        t1.join(10)
+        t2.join(10)
+
+    def test_switch_kwargs(self):
+        def run(a, b):
+            self.assertEqual(a, 4)
+            self.assertEqual(b, 2)
+            return 42
+        x = RawGreenlet(run).switch(a=4, b=2)
+        self.assertEqual(x, 42)
+
+    def test_switch_kwargs_to_parent(self):
+        def run(x):
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(x=x)
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(2, x=3)
+            return x, x ** 2
+        g = RawGreenlet(run)
+        self.assertEqual({'x': 3}, g.switch(3))
+        self.assertEqual(((2,), {'x': 3}), g.switch())
+        self.assertEqual((3, 9), g.switch())
+
+    def test_switch_to_another_thread(self):
+        data = {}
+        created_event = threading.Event()
+        done_event = threading.Event()
+
+        def run():
+            data['g'] = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+            created_event.set()
+            done_event.wait(10)
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=run)
+        thread.start()
+        created_event.wait(10)
+        with self.assertRaises(greenlet.error):
+            data['g'].switch()
+        done_event.set()
+        thread.join(10)
+        # XXX: Should handle this automatically
+        data.clear()
+
+    def test_exc_state(self):
+        def f():
+            try:
+                raise ValueError('fun')
+            except: # pylint:disable=bare-except
+                exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+                RawGreenlet(h).switch()
+                self.assertEqual(exc_info, sys.exc_info())
+
+        def h():
+            self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info(), (None, None, None))
+
+        RawGreenlet(f).switch()
+
+    def test_instance_dict(self):
+        def f():
+            greenlet.getcurrent().test = 42
+        def deldict(g):
+            del g.__dict__
+        def setdict(g, value):
+            g.__dict__ = value
+        g = RawGreenlet(f)
+        self.assertEqual(g.__dict__, {})
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(g.test, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(g.__dict__, {'test': 42})
+        g.__dict__ = g.__dict__
+        self.assertEqual(g.__dict__, {'test': 42})
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, deldict, g)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setdict, g, 42)
+
+    def test_running_greenlet_has_no_run(self):
+        has_run = []
+        def func():
+            has_run.append(
+                hasattr(greenlet.getcurrent(), 'run')
+            )
+
+        g = RawGreenlet(func)
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(has_run, [False])
+
+    def test_deepcopy(self):
+        import copy
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, copy.copy, RawGreenlet())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, copy.deepcopy, RawGreenlet())
+
+    def test_parent_restored_on_kill(self):
+        hub = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        result = []
+        def worker():
+            try:
+                # Wait to be killed by going back to the test.
+                main.switch()
+            except greenlet.GreenletExit:
+                # Resurrect and switch to parent
+                result.append(greenlet.getcurrent().parent)
+                result.append(greenlet.getcurrent())
+                hub.switch()
+        g = RawGreenlet(worker, parent=hub)
+        g.switch()
+        # delete the only reference, thereby raising GreenletExit
+        del g
+        self.assertTrue(result)
+        self.assertIs(result[0], main)
+        self.assertIs(result[1].parent, hub)
+        # Delete them, thereby breaking the cycle between the greenlet
+        # and the frame, which otherwise would never be collectable
+        # XXX: We should be able to automatically fix this.
+        del result[:]
+        hub = None
+        main = None
+
+    def test_parent_return_failure(self):
+        # No run causes AttributeError on switch
+        g1 = RawGreenlet()
+        # Greenlet that implicitly switches to parent
+        g2 = RawGreenlet(lambda: None, parent=g1)
+        # AttributeError should propagate to us, no fatal errors
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            g2.switch()
+
+    def test_throw_exception_not_lost(self):
+        class mygreenlet(RawGreenlet):
+            def __getattribute__(self, name):
+                try:
+                    raise Exception # pylint:disable=broad-exception-raised
+                except: # pylint:disable=bare-except
+                    pass
+                return RawGreenlet.__getattribute__(self, name)
+        g = mygreenlet(lambda: None)
+        self.assertRaises(SomeError, g.throw, SomeError())
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def _do_test_throw_to_dead_thread_doesnt_crash(self, wait_for_cleanup=False):
+        result = []
+        def worker():
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+        def creator():
+            g = RawGreenlet(worker)
+            g.switch()
+            result.append(g)
+            if wait_for_cleanup:
+                # Let this greenlet eventually be cleaned up.
+                g.switch()
+                greenlet.getcurrent()
+        t = threading.Thread(target=creator)
+        t.start()
+        t.join(10)
+        del t
+        # But, depending on the operating system, the thread
+        # deallocator may not actually have run yet! So we can't be
+        # sure about the error message unless we wait.
+        if wait_for_cleanup:
+            self.wait_for_pending_cleanups()
+        with self.assertRaises(greenlet.error) as exc:
+            result[0].throw(SomeError)
+
+        if not wait_for_cleanup:
+            s = str(exc.exception)
+            self.assertTrue(
+                s == "cannot switch to a different thread (which happens to have exited)"
+                or 'Cannot switch' in s
+            )
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                str(exc.exception),
+                "cannot switch to a different thread (which happens to have exited)",
+            )
+
+        if hasattr(result[0].gr_frame, 'clear'):
+            # The frame is actually executing (it thinks), we can't clear it.
+            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                result[0].gr_frame.clear()
+        # Unfortunately, this doesn't actually clear the references, they're in the
+        # fast local array.
+        if not wait_for_cleanup:
+            # f_locals has no clear method in Python 3.13
+            if hasattr(result[0].gr_frame.f_locals, 'clear'):
+                result[0].gr_frame.f_locals.clear()
+        else:
+            self.assertIsNone(result[0].gr_frame)
+
+        del creator
+        worker = None
+        del result[:]
+        # XXX: we ought to be able to automatically fix this.
+        # See issue 252
+        self.expect_greenlet_leak = True # direct us not to wait for it to go away
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def test_throw_to_dead_thread_doesnt_crash(self):
+        self._do_test_throw_to_dead_thread_doesnt_crash()
+
+    def test_throw_to_dead_thread_doesnt_crash_wait(self):
+        self._do_test_throw_to_dead_thread_doesnt_crash(True)
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def test_recursive_startup(self):
+        class convoluted(RawGreenlet):
+            def __init__(self):
+                RawGreenlet.__init__(self)
+                self.count = 0
+            def __getattribute__(self, name):
+                if name == 'run' and self.count == 0:
+                    self.count = 1
+                    self.switch(43)
+                return RawGreenlet.__getattribute__(self, name)
+            def run(self, value):
+                while True:
+                    self.parent.switch(value)
+        g = convoluted()
+        self.assertEqual(g.switch(42), 43)
+        # Exits the running greenlet, otherwise it leaks
+        # XXX: We should be able to automatically fix this
+        #g.throw(greenlet.GreenletExit)
+        #del g
+        self.expect_greenlet_leak = True
+
+    def test_threaded_updatecurrent(self):
+        # released when main thread should execute
+        lock1 = threading.Lock()
+        lock1.acquire()
+        # released when another thread should execute
+        lock2 = threading.Lock()
+        lock2.acquire()
+        class finalized(object):
+            def __del__(self):
+                # happens while in green_updatecurrent() in main greenlet
+                # should be very careful not to accidentally call it again
+                # at the same time we must make sure another thread executes
+                lock2.release()
+                lock1.acquire()
+                # now ts_current belongs to another thread
+        def deallocator():
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+        def fthread():
+            lock2.acquire()
+            greenlet.getcurrent()
+            del g[0]
+            lock1.release()
+            lock2.acquire()
+            greenlet.getcurrent()
+            lock1.release()
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        g = [RawGreenlet(deallocator)]
+        g[0].bomb = finalized()
+        g[0].switch()
+        t = threading.Thread(target=fthread)
+        t.start()
+        # let another thread grab ts_current and deallocate g[0]
+        lock2.release()
+        lock1.acquire()
+        # this is the corner stone
+        # getcurrent() will notice that ts_current belongs to another thread
+        # and start the update process, which would notice that g[0] should
+        # be deallocated, and that will execute an object's finalizer. Now,
+        # that object will let another thread run so it can grab ts_current
+        # again, which would likely crash the interpreter if there's no
+        # check for this case at the end of green_updatecurrent(). This test
+        # passes if getcurrent() returns correct result, but it's likely
+        # to randomly crash if it's not anyway.
+        self.assertEqual(greenlet.getcurrent(), main)
+        # wait for another thread to complete, just in case
+        t.join(10)
+
+    def test_dealloc_switch_args_not_lost(self):
+        seen = []
+        def worker():
+            # wait for the value
+            value = greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            # delete all references to ourself
+            del worker[0]
+            initiator.parent = greenlet.getcurrent().parent
+            # switch to main with the value, but because
+            # ts_current is the last reference to us we
+            # return here immediately, where we resurrect ourself.
+            try:
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(value)
+            finally:
+                seen.append(greenlet.getcurrent())
+        def initiator():
+            return 42 # implicitly falls thru to parent
+
+        worker = [RawGreenlet(worker)]
+
+        worker[0].switch() # prime worker
+        initiator = RawGreenlet(initiator, worker[0])
+        value = initiator.switch()
+        self.assertTrue(seen)
+        self.assertEqual(value, 42)
+
+    def test_tuple_subclass(self):
+        # The point of this test is to see what happens when a custom
+        # tuple subclass is used as an object passed directly to the C
+        # function ``green_switch``; part of ``green_switch`` checks
+        # the ``len()`` of the ``args`` tuple, and that can call back
+        # into Python. Here, when it calls back into Python, we
+        # recursively enter ``green_switch`` again.
+
+        # This test is really only relevant on Python 2. The builtin
+        # `apply` function directly passes the given args tuple object
+        # to the underlying function, whereas the Python 3 version
+        # unpacks and repacks into an actual tuple. This could still
+        # happen using the C API on Python 3 though. We should write a
+        # builtin version of apply() ourself.
+        def _apply(func, a, k):
+            func(*a, **k)
+
+        class mytuple(tuple):
+            def __len__(self):
+                greenlet.getcurrent().switch()
+                return tuple.__len__(self)
+        args = mytuple()
+        kwargs = dict(a=42)
+        def switchapply():
+            _apply(greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch, args, kwargs)
+        g = RawGreenlet(switchapply)
+        self.assertEqual(g.switch(), kwargs)
+
+    def test_abstract_subclasses(self):
+        AbstractSubclass = ABCMeta(
+            'AbstractSubclass',
+            (RawGreenlet,),
+            {'run': abstractmethod(lambda self: None)})
+
+        class BadSubclass(AbstractSubclass):
+            pass
+
+        class GoodSubclass(AbstractSubclass):
+            def run(self):
+                pass
+
+        GoodSubclass() # should not raise
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, BadSubclass)
+
+    def test_implicit_parent_with_threads(self):
+        if not gc.isenabled():
+            return # cannot test with disabled gc
+        N = gc.get_threshold()[0]
+        if N < 50:
+            return # cannot test with such a small N
+        def attempt():
+            lock1 = threading.Lock()
+            lock1.acquire()
+            lock2 = threading.Lock()
+            lock2.acquire()
+            recycled = [False]
+            def another_thread():
+                lock1.acquire() # wait for gc
+                greenlet.getcurrent() # update ts_current
+                lock2.release() # release gc
+            t = threading.Thread(target=another_thread)
+            t.start()
+            class gc_callback(object):
+                def __del__(self):
+                    lock1.release()
+                    lock2.acquire()
+                    recycled[0] = True
+            class garbage(object):
+                def __init__(self):
+                    self.cycle = self
+                    self.callback = gc_callback()
+            l = []
+            x = range(N*2)
+            current = greenlet.getcurrent()
+            g = garbage()
+            for _ in x:
+                g = None # lose reference to garbage
+                if recycled[0]:
+                    # gc callback called prematurely
+                    t.join(10)
+                    return False
+                last = RawGreenlet()
+                if recycled[0]:
+                    break # yes! gc called in green_new
+                l.append(last) # increase allocation counter
+            else:
+                # gc callback not called when expected
+                gc.collect()
+                if recycled[0]:
+                    t.join(10)
+                return False
+            self.assertEqual(last.parent, current)
+            for g in l:
+                self.assertEqual(g.parent, current)
+            return True
+        for _ in range(5):
+            if attempt():
+                break
+
+    def test_issue_245_reference_counting_subclass_no_threads(self):
+        # https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/245
+        # Before the fix, this crashed pretty reliably on
+        # Python 3.10, at least on macOS; but much less reliably on other
+        # interpreters (memory layout must have changed).
+        # The threaded test crashed more reliably on more interpreters.
+        from greenlet import getcurrent
+        from greenlet import GreenletExit
+
+        class Greenlet(RawGreenlet):
+            pass
+
+        initial_refs = sys.getrefcount(Greenlet)
+        # This has to be an instance variable because
+        # Python 2 raises a SyntaxError if we delete a local
+        # variable referenced in an inner scope.
+        self.glets = [] # pylint:disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
+
+        def greenlet_main():
+            try:
+                getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            except GreenletExit:
+                self.glets.append(getcurrent())
+
+        # Before the
+        for _ in range(10):
+            Greenlet(greenlet_main).switch()
+
+        del self.glets
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(Greenlet), initial_refs)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        PY313 and RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX,
+        "The manylinux images appear to hang on this test on 3.13rc2"
+        # Or perhaps I just got tired of waiting for the 450s timeout.
+        # Still, it shouldn't take anywhere near that long. Does not reproduce in
+        # Ubuntu images, on macOS or Windows.
+    )
+    def test_issue_245_reference_counting_subclass_threads(self):
+        # https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/245
+        from threading import Thread
+        from threading import Event
+
+        from greenlet import getcurrent
+
+        class MyGreenlet(RawGreenlet):
+            pass
+
+        glets = []
+        ref_cleared = Event()
+
+        def greenlet_main():
+            getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+        def thread_main(greenlet_running_event):
+            mine = MyGreenlet(greenlet_main)
+            glets.append(mine)
+            # The greenlets being deleted must be active
+            mine.switch()
+            # Don't keep any reference to it in this thread
+            del mine
+            # Let main know we published our greenlet.
+            greenlet_running_event.set()
+            # Wait for main to let us know the references are
+            # gone and the greenlet objects no longer reachable
+            ref_cleared.wait(10)
+            # The creating thread must call getcurrent() (or a few other
+            # greenlet APIs) because that's when the thread-local list of dead
+            # greenlets gets cleared.
+            getcurrent()
+
+        # We start with 3 references to the subclass:
+        # - This module
+        # - Its __mro__
+        # - The __subclassess__ attribute of greenlet
+        # - (If we call gc.get_referents(), we find four entries, including
+        #   some other tuple ``(greenlet)`` that I'm not sure about but must be part
+        #   of the machinery.)
+        #
+        # On Python 3.10 it's often enough to just run 3 threads; on Python 2.7,
+        # more threads are needed, and the results are still
+        # non-deterministic. Presumably the memory layouts are different
+        initial_refs = sys.getrefcount(MyGreenlet)
+        thread_ready_events = []
+        for _ in range(
+                initial_refs + 45
+        ):
+            event = Event()
+            thread = Thread(target=thread_main, args=(event,))
+            thread_ready_events.append(event)
+            thread.start()
+
+
+        for done_event in thread_ready_events:
+            done_event.wait(10)
+
+
+        del glets[:]
+        ref_cleared.set()
+        # Let any other thread run; it will crash the interpreter
+        # if not fixed (or silently corrupt memory and we possibly crash
+        # later).
+        self.wait_for_pending_cleanups()
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(MyGreenlet), initial_refs)
+
+    def test_falling_off_end_switches_to_unstarted_parent_raises_error(self):
+        def no_args():
+            return 13
+
+        parent_never_started = RawGreenlet(no_args)
+
+        def leaf():
+            return 42
+
+        child = RawGreenlet(leaf, parent_never_started)
+
+        # Because the run function takes to arguments
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            child.switch()
+
+    def test_falling_off_end_switches_to_unstarted_parent_works(self):
+        def one_arg(x):
+            return (x, 24)
+
+        parent_never_started = RawGreenlet(one_arg)
+
+        def leaf():
+            return 42
+
+        child = RawGreenlet(leaf, parent_never_started)
+
+        result = child.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(result, (42, 24))
+
+    def test_switch_to_dead_greenlet_with_unstarted_perverse_parent(self):
+        class Parent(RawGreenlet):
+            def __getattribute__(self, name):
+                if name == 'run':
+                    raise SomeError
+
+
+        parent_never_started = Parent()
+        seen = []
+        child = RawGreenlet(lambda: seen.append(42), parent_never_started)
+        # Because we automatically start the parent when the child is
+        # finished
+        with self.assertRaises(SomeError):
+            child.switch()
+
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [42])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SomeError):
+            child.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [42])
+
+    def test_switch_to_dead_greenlet_reparent(self):
+        seen = []
+        parent_never_started = RawGreenlet(lambda: seen.append(24))
+        child = RawGreenlet(lambda: seen.append(42))
+
+        child.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [42])
+
+        child.parent = parent_never_started
+        # This actually is the same as switching to the parent.
+        result = child.switch()
+        self.assertIsNone(result)
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [42, 24])
+
+    def test_can_access_f_back_of_suspended_greenlet(self):
+        # This tests our frame rewriting to work around Python 3.12+ having
+        # some interpreter frames on the C stack. It will crash in the absence
+        # of that logic.
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+        def outer():
+            inner()
+
+        def inner():
+            main.switch(sys._getframe(0))
+
+        hub = RawGreenlet(outer)
+        # start it
+        hub.switch()
+
+        # start another greenlet to make sure we aren't relying on
+        # anything in `hub` still being on the C stack
+        unrelated = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        unrelated.switch()
+
+        # now it is suspended
+        self.assertIsNotNone(hub.gr_frame)
+        self.assertEqual(hub.gr_frame.f_code.co_name, "inner")
+        self.assertIsNotNone(hub.gr_frame.f_back)
+        self.assertEqual(hub.gr_frame.f_back.f_code.co_name, "outer")
+        # The next line is what would crash
+        self.assertIsNone(hub.gr_frame.f_back.f_back)
+
+    def test_get_stack_with_nested_c_calls(self):
+        from functools import partial
+        from . import _test_extension_cpp
+
+        def recurse(v):
+            if v > 0:
+                return v * _test_extension_cpp.test_call(partial(recurse, v - 1))
+            return greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+        gr = RawGreenlet(recurse)
+        gr.switch(5)
+        frame = gr.gr_frame
+        for i in range(5):
+            self.assertEqual(frame.f_locals["v"], i)
+            frame = frame.f_back
+        self.assertEqual(frame.f_locals["v"], 5)
+        self.assertIsNone(frame.f_back)
+        self.assertEqual(gr.switch(10), 1200)  # 1200 = 5! * 10
+
+    def test_frames_always_exposed(self):
+        # On Python 3.12 this will crash if we don't set the
+        # gr_frames_always_exposed attribute. More background:
+        # https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/388
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+        def outer():
+            inner(sys._getframe(0))
+
+        def inner(frame):
+            main.switch(frame)
+
+        gr = RawGreenlet(outer)
+        frame = gr.switch()
+
+        # Do something else to clobber the part of the C stack used by `gr`,
+        # so we can't skate by on "it just happened to still be there"
+        unrelated = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        unrelated.switch()
+
+        self.assertEqual(frame.f_code.co_name, "outer")
+        # The next line crashes on 3.12 if we haven't exposed the frames.
+        self.assertIsNone(frame.f_back)
+
+
+class TestGreenletSetParentErrors(TestCase):
+    def test_threaded_reparent(self):
+        data = {}
+        created_event = threading.Event()
+        done_event = threading.Event()
+
+        def run():
+            data['g'] = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+            created_event.set()
+            done_event.wait(10)
+
+        def blank():
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=run)
+        thread.start()
+        created_event.wait(10)
+        g = RawGreenlet(blank)
+        g.switch()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exc:
+            g.parent = data['g']
+        done_event.set()
+        thread.join(10)
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception), "parent cannot be on a different thread")
+
+    def test_unexpected_reparenting(self):
+        another = []
+        def worker():
+            g = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+            another.append(g)
+            g.switch()
+        t = threading.Thread(target=worker)
+        t.start()
+        t.join(10)
+        # The first time we switch (running g_initialstub(), which is
+        # when we look up the run attribute) we attempt to change the
+        # parent to one from another thread (which also happens to be
+        # dead). ``g_initialstub()`` should detect this and raise a
+        # greenlet error.
+        #
+        # EXCEPT: With the fix for #252, this is actually detected
+        # sooner, when setting the parent itself. Prior to that fix,
+        # the main greenlet from the background thread kept a valid
+        # value for ``run_info``, and appeared to be a valid parent
+        # until we actually started the greenlet. But now that it's
+        # cleared, this test is catching whether ``green_setparent``
+        # can detect the dead thread.
+        #
+        # Further refactoring once again changes this back to a greenlet.error
+        #
+        # We need to wait for the cleanup to happen, but we're
+        # deliberately leaking a main greenlet here.
+        self.wait_for_pending_cleanups(initial_main_greenlets=self.main_greenlets_before_test + 1)
+
+        class convoluted(RawGreenlet):
+            def __getattribute__(self, name):
+                if name == 'run':
+                    self.parent = another[0] # pylint:disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
+                return RawGreenlet.__getattribute__(self, name)
+        g = convoluted(lambda: None)
+        with self.assertRaises(greenlet.error) as exc:
+            g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception),
+                         "cannot switch to a different thread (which happens to have exited)")
+        del another[:]
+
+    def test_unexpected_reparenting_thread_running(self):
+        # Like ``test_unexpected_reparenting``, except the background thread is
+        # actually still alive.
+        another = []
+        switched_to_greenlet = threading.Event()
+        keep_main_alive = threading.Event()
+        def worker():
+            g = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+            another.append(g)
+            g.switch()
+            switched_to_greenlet.set()
+            keep_main_alive.wait(10)
+        class convoluted(RawGreenlet):
+            def __getattribute__(self, name):
+                if name == 'run':
+                    self.parent = another[0] # pylint:disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
+                return RawGreenlet.__getattribute__(self, name)
+
+        t = threading.Thread(target=worker)
+        t.start()
+
+        switched_to_greenlet.wait(10)
+        try:
+            g = convoluted(lambda: None)
+
+            with self.assertRaises(greenlet.error) as exc:
+                g.switch()
+            self.assertIn("Cannot switch to a different thread", str(exc.exception))
+            self.assertIn("Expected", str(exc.exception))
+            self.assertIn("Current", str(exc.exception))
+        finally:
+            keep_main_alive.set()
+            t.join(10)
+            # XXX: Should handle this automatically.
+            del another[:]
+
+    def test_cannot_delete_parent(self):
+        worker = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        self.assertIs(worker.parent, greenlet.getcurrent())
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError) as exc:
+            del worker.parent
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception), "can't delete attribute")
+
+    def test_cannot_delete_parent_of_main(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError) as exc:
+            del greenlet.getcurrent().parent
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception), "can't delete attribute")
+
+
+    def test_main_greenlet_parent_is_none(self):
+        # assuming we're in a main greenlet here.
+        self.assertIsNone(greenlet.getcurrent().parent)
+
+    def test_set_parent_wrong_types(self):
+        def bg():
+            # Go back to main.
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+        def check(glet):
+            for p in None, 1, self, "42":
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+                    glet.parent = p
+
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    str(exc.exception),
+                    "GreenletChecker: Expected any type of greenlet, not " + type(p).__name__)
+
+        # First, not running
+        g = RawGreenlet(bg)
+        self.assertFalse(g)
+        check(g)
+
+        # Then when running.
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertTrue(g)
+        check(g)
+
+        # Let it finish
+        g.switch()
+
+
+    def test_trivial_cycle(self):
+        glet = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exc:
+            glet.parent = glet
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception), "cyclic parent chain")
+
+    def test_trivial_cycle_main(self):
+        # This used to produce a ValueError, but we catch it earlier than that now.
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError) as exc:
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception), "cannot set the parent of a main greenlet")
+
+    def test_deeper_cycle(self):
+        g1 = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        g2 = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        g3 = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+
+        g1.parent = g2
+        g2.parent = g3
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exc:
+            g3.parent = g1
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception), "cyclic parent chain")
+
+
+class TestRepr(TestCase):
+
+    def assertEndsWith(self, got, suffix):
+        self.assertTrue(got.endswith(suffix), (got, suffix))
+
+    def test_main_while_running(self):
+        r = repr(greenlet.getcurrent())
+        self.assertEndsWith(r, " current active started main>")
+
+    def test_main_in_background(self):
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        def run():
+            return repr(main)
+
+        g = RawGreenlet(run)
+        r = g.switch()
+        self.assertEndsWith(r, ' suspended active started main>')
+
+    def test_initial(self):
+        r = repr(RawGreenlet())
+        self.assertEndsWith(r, ' pending>')
+
+    def test_main_from_other_thread(self):
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+        class T(threading.Thread):
+            original_main = thread_main = None
+            main_glet = None
+            def run(self):
+                self.original_main = repr(main)
+                self.main_glet = greenlet.getcurrent()
+                self.thread_main = repr(self.main_glet)
+
+        t = T()
+        t.start()
+        t.join(10)
+
+        self.assertEndsWith(t.original_main, ' suspended active started main>')
+        self.assertEndsWith(t.thread_main, ' current active started main>')
+        # give the machinery time to notice the death of the thread,
+        # and clean it up. Note that we don't use
+        # ``expect_greenlet_leak`` or wait_for_pending_cleanups,
+        # because at this point we know we have an extra greenlet
+        # still reachable.
+        for _ in range(3):
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+
+        # In the past, main greenlets, even from dead threads, never
+        # really appear dead. We have fixed that, and we also report
+        # that the thread is dead in the repr. (Do this multiple times
+        # to make sure that we don't self-modify and forget our state
+        # in the C++ code).
+        for _ in range(3):
+            self.assertTrue(t.main_glet.dead)
+            r = repr(t.main_glet)
+            self.assertEndsWith(r, ' (thread exited) dead>')
+
+    def test_dead(self):
+        g = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(g), ' dead>')
+        self.assertNotIn('suspended', repr(g))
+        self.assertNotIn('started', repr(g))
+        self.assertNotIn('active', repr(g))
+
+    def test_formatting_produces_native_str(self):
+        # https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/218
+        # %s formatting on Python 2 was producing unicode, not str.
+
+        g_dead = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        g_not_started = RawGreenlet(lambda: None)
+        g_cur = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+        for g in g_dead, g_not_started, g_cur:
+
+            self.assertIsInstance(
+                '%s' % (g,),
+                str
+            )
+            self.assertIsInstance(
+                '%r' % (g,),
+                str,
+            )
+
+
+class TestMainGreenlet(TestCase):
+    # Tests some implementation details, and relies on some
+    # implementation details.
+
+    def _check_current_is_main(self):
+        # implementation detail
+        assert 'main' in repr(greenlet.getcurrent())
+
+        t = type(greenlet.getcurrent())
+        assert 'main' not in repr(t)
+        return t
+
+    def test_main_greenlet_type_can_be_subclassed(self):
+        main_type = self._check_current_is_main()
+        subclass = type('subclass', (main_type,), {})
+        self.assertIsNotNone(subclass)
+
+    def test_main_greenlet_is_greenlet(self):
+        self._check_current_is_main()
+        self.assertIsInstance(greenlet.getcurrent(), RawGreenlet)
+
+
+
+class TestBrokenGreenlets(TestCase):
+    # Tests for things that used to, or still do, terminate the interpreter.
+    # This often means doing unsavory things.
+
+    def test_failed_to_initialstub(self):
+        def func():
+            raise AssertionError("Never get here")
+
+
+        g = greenlet._greenlet.UnswitchableGreenlet(func)
+        g.force_switch_error = True
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SystemError,
+                                    "Failed to switch stacks into a greenlet for the first time."):
+            g.switch()
+
+    def test_failed_to_switch_into_running(self):
+        runs = []
+        def func():
+            runs.append(1)
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            runs.append(2)
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            runs.append(3) # pragma: no cover
+
+        g = greenlet._greenlet.UnswitchableGreenlet(func)
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(runs, [1])
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(runs, [1, 2])
+        g.force_switch_error = True
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SystemError,
+                                    "Failed to switch stacks into a running greenlet."):
+            g.switch()
+
+        # If we stopped here, we would fail the leakcheck, because we've left
+        # the ``inner_bootstrap()`` C frame and its descendents hanging around,
+        # which have a bunch of Python references. They'll never get cleaned up
+        # if we don't let the greenlet finish.
+        g.force_switch_error = False
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(runs, [1, 2, 3])
+
+    def test_failed_to_slp_switch_into_running(self):
+        ex = self.assertScriptRaises('fail_slp_switch.py')
+
+        self.assertIn('fail_slp_switch is running', ex.output)
+        self.assertIn(ex.returncode, self.get_expected_returncodes_for_aborted_process())
+
+    def test_reentrant_switch_two_greenlets(self):
+        # Before we started capturing the arguments in g_switch_finish, this could crash.
+        output = self.run_script('fail_switch_two_greenlets.py')
+        self.assertIn('In g1_run', output)
+        self.assertIn('TRACE', output)
+        self.assertIn('LEAVE TRACE', output)
+        self.assertIn('Falling off end of main', output)
+        self.assertIn('Falling off end of g1_run', output)
+        self.assertIn('Falling off end of g2', output)
+
+    def test_reentrant_switch_three_greenlets(self):
+        # On debug builds of greenlet, this used to crash with an assertion error;
+        # on non-debug versions, it ran fine (which it should not do!).
+        # Now it always crashes correctly with a TypeError
+        ex = self.assertScriptRaises('fail_switch_three_greenlets.py', exitcodes=(1,))
+
+        self.assertIn('TypeError', ex.output)
+        self.assertIn('positional arguments', ex.output)
+
+    def test_reentrant_switch_three_greenlets2(self):
+        # This actually passed on debug and non-debug builds. It
+        # should probably have been triggering some debug assertions
+        # but it didn't.
+        #
+        # I think the fixes for the above test also kicked in here.
+        output = self.run_script('fail_switch_three_greenlets2.py')
+        self.assertIn(
+            "RESULTS: [('trace', 'switch'), "
+            "('trace', 'switch'), ('g2 arg', 'g2 from tracefunc'), "
+            "('trace', 'switch'), ('main g1', 'from g2_run'), ('trace', 'switch'), "
+            "('g1 arg', 'g1 from main'), ('trace', 'switch'), ('main g2', 'from g1_run'), "
+            "('trace', 'switch'), ('g1 from parent', 'g1 from main 2'), ('trace', 'switch'), "
+            "('main g1.2', 'g1 done'), ('trace', 'switch'), ('g2 from parent', ()), "
+            "('trace', 'switch'), ('main g2.2', 'g2 done')]",
+            output
+        )
+
+    def test_reentrant_switch_GreenletAlreadyStartedInPython(self):
+        output = self.run_script('fail_initialstub_already_started.py')
+
+        self.assertIn(
+            "RESULTS: ['Begin C', 'Switch to b from B.__getattribute__ in C', "
+            "('Begin B', ()), '_B_run switching to main', ('main from c', 'From B'), "
+            "'B.__getattribute__ back from main in C', ('Begin A', (None,)), "
+            "('A dead?', True, 'B dead?', True, 'C dead?', False), "
+            "'C done', ('main from c.2', None)]",
+            output
+        )
+
+    def test_reentrant_switch_run_callable_has_del(self):
+        output = self.run_script('fail_clearing_run_switches.py')
+        self.assertIn(
+             "RESULTS ["
+            "('G.__getattribute__', 'run'), ('RunCallable', '__del__'), "
+            "('main: g.switch()', 'from RunCallable'), ('run_func', 'enter')"
+            "]",
+            output
+        )
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_greenlet_trash.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_greenlet_trash.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1fc1374
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_greenlet_trash.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+Tests for greenlets interacting with the CPython trash can API.
+
+The CPython trash can API is not designed to be re-entered from a
+single thread. But this can happen using greenlets, if something
+during the object deallocation process switches greenlets, and this second
+greenlet then causes the trash can to get entered again. Here, we do this
+very explicitly, but in other cases (like gevent) it could be arbitrarily more
+complicated: for example, a weakref callback might try to acquire a lock that's
+already held by another greenlet; that would allow a greenlet switch to occur.
+
+See https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/1909
+
+This test is fragile and relies on details of the CPython
+implementation (like most of the rest of this package):
+
+    - We enter the trashcan and deferred deallocation after
+      ``_PyTrash_UNWIND_LEVEL`` calls. This constant, defined in
+      CPython's object.c, is generally 50. That's basically how many objects are required to
+      get us into the deferred deallocation situation.
+
+    - The test fails by hitting an ``assert()`` in object.c; if the
+      build didn't enable assert, then we don't catch this.
+
+    - If the test fails in that way, the interpreter crashes.
+"""
+from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
+
+import unittest
+
+
+class TestTrashCanReEnter(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_it(self):
+        try:
+            # pylint:disable-next=no-name-in-module
+            from greenlet._greenlet import get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting # pylint:disable=unused-import
+        except ImportError:
+            import sys
+            # Python 3.13 has not "trash delete nesting" anymore (but "delete later")
+            assert sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 13)
+            self.skipTest("get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting is not available.")
+
+        # Try several times to trigger it, because it isn't 100%
+        # reliable.
+        for _ in range(10):
+            self.check_it()
+
+    def check_it(self): # pylint:disable=too-many-statements
+        import greenlet
+        from greenlet._greenlet import get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting # pylint:disable=no-name-in-module
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+        assert get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting() == 0
+
+        # We expect to be in deferred deallocation after this many
+        # deallocations have occurred. TODO: I wish we had a better way to do
+        # this --- that was before get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting; perhaps
+        # we can use that API to do better?
+        TRASH_UNWIND_LEVEL = 50
+        # How many objects to put in a container; it's the container that
+        # queues objects for deferred deallocation.
+        OBJECTS_PER_CONTAINER = 500
+
+        class Dealloc: # define the class here because we alter class variables each time we run.
+            """
+            An object with a ``__del__`` method. When it starts getting deallocated
+            from a deferred trash can run, it switches greenlets, allocates more objects
+            which then also go in the trash can. If we don't save state appropriately,
+            nesting gets out of order and we can crash the interpreter.
+            """
+
+            #: Has our deallocation actually run and switched greenlets?
+            #: When it does, this will be set to the current greenlet. This should
+            #: be happening in the main greenlet, so we check that down below.
+            SPAWNED = False
+
+            #: Has the background greenlet run?
+            BG_RAN = False
+
+            BG_GLET = None
+
+            #: How many of these things have ever been allocated.
+            CREATED = 0
+
+            #: How many of these things have ever been deallocated.
+            DESTROYED = 0
+
+            #: How many were destroyed not in the main greenlet. There should always
+            #: be some.
+            #: If the test is broken or things change in the trashcan implementation,
+            #: this may not be correct.
+            DESTROYED_BG = 0
+
+            def __init__(self, sequence_number):
+                """
+                :param sequence_number: The ordinal of this object during
+                   one particular creation run. This is used to detect (guess, really)
+                   when we have entered the trash can's deferred deallocation.
+                """
+                self.i = sequence_number
+                Dealloc.CREATED += 1
+
+            def __del__(self):
+                if self.i == TRASH_UNWIND_LEVEL and not self.SPAWNED:
+                    Dealloc.SPAWNED = greenlet.getcurrent()
+                    other = Dealloc.BG_GLET = greenlet.greenlet(background_greenlet)
+                    x = other.switch()
+                    assert x == 42
+                    # It's important that we don't switch back to the greenlet,
+                    # we leave it hanging there in an incomplete state. But we don't let it
+                    # get collected, either. If we complete it now, while we're still
+                    # in the scope of the initial trash can, things work out and we
+                    # don't see the problem. We need this greenlet to complete
+                    # at some point in the future, after we've exited this trash can invocation.
+                    del other
+                elif self.i == 40 and greenlet.getcurrent() is not main:
+                    Dealloc.BG_RAN = True
+                    try:
+                        main.switch(42)
+                    except greenlet.GreenletExit as ex:
+                        # We expect this; all references to us go away
+                        # while we're still running, and we need to finish deleting
+                        # ourself.
+                        Dealloc.BG_RAN = type(ex)
+                        del ex
+
+                # Record the fact that we're dead last of all. This ensures that
+                # we actually get returned too.
+                Dealloc.DESTROYED += 1
+                if greenlet.getcurrent() is not main:
+                    Dealloc.DESTROYED_BG += 1
+
+
+        def background_greenlet():
+            # We direct through a second function, instead of
+            # directly calling ``make_some()``, so that we have complete
+            # control over when these objects are destroyed: we need them
+            # to be destroyed in the context of the background greenlet
+            t = make_some()
+            del t # Triggere deletion.
+
+        def make_some():
+            t = ()
+            i = OBJECTS_PER_CONTAINER
+            while i:
+                # Nest the tuples; it's the recursion that gets us
+                # into trash.
+                t = (Dealloc(i), t)
+                i -= 1
+            return t
+
+
+        some = make_some()
+        self.assertEqual(Dealloc.CREATED, OBJECTS_PER_CONTAINER)
+        self.assertEqual(Dealloc.DESTROYED, 0)
+
+        # If we're going to crash, it should be on the following line.
+        # We only crash if ``assert()`` is enabled, of course.
+        del some
+
+        # For non-debug builds of CPython, we won't crash. The best we can do is check
+        # the nesting level explicitly.
+        self.assertEqual(0, get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting())
+
+        # Discard this, raising GreenletExit into where it is waiting.
+        Dealloc.BG_GLET = None
+        # The same nesting level maintains.
+        self.assertEqual(0, get_tstate_trash_delete_nesting())
+
+        # We definitely cleaned some up in the background
+        self.assertGreater(Dealloc.DESTROYED_BG, 0)
+
+        # Make sure all the cleanups happened.
+        self.assertIs(Dealloc.SPAWNED, main)
+        self.assertTrue(Dealloc.BG_RAN)
+        self.assertEqual(Dealloc.BG_RAN, greenlet.GreenletExit)
+        self.assertEqual(Dealloc.CREATED, Dealloc.DESTROYED )
+        self.assertEqual(Dealloc.CREATED, OBJECTS_PER_CONTAINER * 2)
+
+        import gc
+        gc.collect()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_leaks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_leaks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99da4ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_leaks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+Testing scenarios that may have leaked.
+"""
+from __future__ import print_function, absolute_import, division
+
+import sys
+import gc
+
+import time
+import weakref
+import threading
+
+
+import greenlet
+from . import TestCase
+from . import PY314
+from .leakcheck import fails_leakcheck
+from .leakcheck import ignores_leakcheck
+from .leakcheck import RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX
+
+# pylint:disable=protected-access
+
+assert greenlet.GREENLET_USE_GC # Option to disable this was removed in 1.0
+
+class HasFinalizerTracksInstances(object):
+    EXTANT_INSTANCES = set()
+    def __init__(self, msg):
+        self.msg = sys.intern(msg)
+        self.EXTANT_INSTANCES.add(id(self))
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.EXTANT_INSTANCES.remove(id(self))
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<HasFinalizerTracksInstances at 0x%x %r>" % (
+            id(self), self.msg
+        )
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls):
+        cls.EXTANT_INSTANCES.clear()
+
+
+class TestLeaks(TestCase):
+
+    def test_arg_refs(self):
+        args = ('a', 'b', 'c')
+        refcount_before = sys.getrefcount(args)
+        # pylint:disable=unnecessary-lambda
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(
+            lambda *args: greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(*args))
+        for _ in range(100):
+            g.switch(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(args), refcount_before)
+
+    def test_kwarg_refs(self):
+        kwargs = {}
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(kwargs), 2 if not PY314 else 1)
+        # pylint:disable=unnecessary-lambda
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(
+            lambda **gkwargs: greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(**gkwargs))
+        for _ in range(100):
+            g.switch(**kwargs)
+        # Python 3.14 elides reference counting operations
+        # in some cases. See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/130708
+        self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(kwargs), 2 if not PY314 else 1)
+
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __recycle_threads():
+        # By introducing a thread that does sleep we allow other threads,
+        # that have triggered their __block condition, but did not have a
+        # chance to deallocate their thread state yet, to finally do so.
+        # The way it works is by requiring a GIL switch (different thread),
+        # which does a GIL release (sleep), which might do a GIL switch
+        # to finished threads and allow them to clean up.
+        def worker():
+            time.sleep(0.001)
+        t = threading.Thread(target=worker)
+        t.start()
+        time.sleep(0.001)
+        t.join(10)
+
+    def test_threaded_leak(self):
+        gg = []
+        def worker():
+            # only main greenlet present
+            gg.append(weakref.ref(greenlet.getcurrent()))
+        for _ in range(2):
+            t = threading.Thread(target=worker)
+            t.start()
+            t.join(10)
+            del t
+        greenlet.getcurrent() # update ts_current
+        self.__recycle_threads()
+        greenlet.getcurrent() # update ts_current
+        gc.collect()
+        greenlet.getcurrent() # update ts_current
+        for g in gg:
+            self.assertIsNone(g())
+
+    def test_threaded_adv_leak(self):
+        gg = []
+        def worker():
+            # main and additional *finished* greenlets
+            ll = greenlet.getcurrent().ll = []
+            def additional():
+                ll.append(greenlet.getcurrent())
+            for _ in range(2):
+                greenlet.greenlet(additional).switch()
+            gg.append(weakref.ref(greenlet.getcurrent()))
+        for _ in range(2):
+            t = threading.Thread(target=worker)
+            t.start()
+            t.join(10)
+            del t
+        greenlet.getcurrent() # update ts_current
+        self.__recycle_threads()
+        greenlet.getcurrent() # update ts_current
+        gc.collect()
+        greenlet.getcurrent() # update ts_current
+        for g in gg:
+            self.assertIsNone(g())
+
+    def assertClocksUsed(self):
+        used = greenlet._greenlet.get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup()
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(used, 0)
+        # we don't lose the value
+        greenlet._greenlet.enable_optional_cleanup(True)
+        used2 = greenlet._greenlet.get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup()
+        self.assertEqual(used, used2)
+        self.assertGreater(greenlet._greenlet.CLOCKS_PER_SEC, 1)
+
+    def _check_issue251(self,
+                        manually_collect_background=True,
+                        explicit_reference_to_switch=False):
+        # See https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/251
+        # Killing a greenlet (probably not the main one)
+        # in one thread from another thread would
+        # result in leaking a list (the ts_delkey list).
+        # We no longer use lists to hold that stuff, though.
+
+        # For the test to be valid, even empty lists have to be tracked by the
+        # GC
+
+        assert gc.is_tracked([])
+        HasFinalizerTracksInstances.reset()
+        greenlet.getcurrent()
+        greenlets_before = self.count_objects(greenlet.greenlet, exact_kind=False)
+
+        background_glet_running = threading.Event()
+        background_glet_killed = threading.Event()
+        background_greenlets = []
+
+        # XXX: Switching this to a greenlet subclass that overrides
+        # run results in all callers failing the leaktest; that
+        # greenlet instance is leaked. There's a bound method for
+        # run() living on the stack of the greenlet in g_initialstub,
+        # and since we don't manually switch back to the background
+        # greenlet to let it "fall off the end" and exit the
+        # g_initialstub function, it never gets cleaned up. Making the
+        # garbage collector aware of this bound method (making it an
+        # attribute of the greenlet structure and traversing into it)
+        # doesn't help, for some reason.
+        def background_greenlet():
+            # Throw control back to the main greenlet.
+            jd = HasFinalizerTracksInstances("DELETING STACK OBJECT")
+            greenlet._greenlet.set_thread_local(
+                'test_leaks_key',
+                HasFinalizerTracksInstances("DELETING THREAD STATE"))
+            # Explicitly keeping 'switch' in a local variable
+            # breaks this test in all versions
+            if explicit_reference_to_switch:
+                s = greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch
+                s([jd])
+            else:
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch([jd])
+
+        bg_main_wrefs = []
+
+        def background_thread():
+            glet = greenlet.greenlet(background_greenlet)
+            bg_main_wrefs.append(weakref.ref(glet.parent))
+
+            background_greenlets.append(glet)
+            glet.switch() # Be sure it's active.
+            # Control is ours again.
+            del glet # Delete one reference from the thread it runs in.
+            background_glet_running.set()
+            background_glet_killed.wait(10)
+
+            # To trigger the background collection of the dead
+            # greenlet, thus clearing out the contents of the list, we
+            # need to run some APIs. See issue 252.
+            if manually_collect_background:
+                greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+
+        t = threading.Thread(target=background_thread)
+        t.start()
+        background_glet_running.wait(10)
+        greenlet.getcurrent()
+        lists_before = self.count_objects(list, exact_kind=True)
+
+        assert len(background_greenlets) == 1
+        self.assertFalse(background_greenlets[0].dead)
+        # Delete the last reference to the background greenlet
+        # from a different thread. This puts it in the background thread's
+        # ts_delkey list.
+        del background_greenlets[:]
+        background_glet_killed.set()
+
+        # Now wait for the background thread to die.
+        t.join(10)
+        del t
+        # As part of the fix for 252, we need to cycle the ceval.c
+        # interpreter loop to be sure it has had a chance to process
+        # the pending call.
+        self.wait_for_pending_cleanups()
+
+        lists_after = self.count_objects(list, exact_kind=True)
+        greenlets_after = self.count_objects(greenlet.greenlet, exact_kind=False)
+
+        # On 2.7, we observe that lists_after is smaller than
+        # lists_before. No idea what lists got cleaned up. All the
+        # Python 3 versions match exactly.
+        self.assertLessEqual(lists_after, lists_before)
+        # On versions after 3.6, we've successfully cleaned up the
+        # greenlet references thanks to the internal "vectorcall"
+        # protocol; prior to that, there is a reference path through
+        # the ``greenlet.switch`` method still on the stack that we
+        # can't reach to clean up. The C code goes through terrific
+        # lengths to clean that up.
+        if not explicit_reference_to_switch \
+           and greenlet._greenlet.get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup() is not None:
+            # If cleanup was disabled, though, we may not find it.
+            self.assertEqual(greenlets_after, greenlets_before)
+            if manually_collect_background:
+                # TODO: Figure out how to make this work!
+                # The one on the stack is still leaking somehow
+                # in the non-manually-collect state.
+                self.assertEqual(HasFinalizerTracksInstances.EXTANT_INSTANCES, set())
+        else:
+            # The explicit reference prevents us from collecting it
+            # and it isn't always found by the GC either for some
+            # reason. The entire frame is leaked somehow, on some
+            # platforms (e.g., MacPorts builds of Python (all
+            # versions!)), but not on other platforms (the linux and
+            # windows builds on GitHub actions and Appveyor). So we'd
+            # like to write a test that proves that the main greenlet
+            # sticks around, and we can on my machine (macOS 11.6,
+            # MacPorts builds of everything) but we can't write that
+            # same test on other platforms. However, hopefully iteration
+            # done by leakcheck will find it.
+            pass
+
+        if greenlet._greenlet.get_clocks_used_doing_optional_cleanup() is not None:
+            self.assertClocksUsed()
+
+    def test_issue251_killing_cross_thread_leaks_list(self):
+        self._check_issue251()
+
+    def test_issue251_with_cleanup_disabled(self):
+        greenlet._greenlet.enable_optional_cleanup(False)
+        try:
+            self._check_issue251()
+        finally:
+            greenlet._greenlet.enable_optional_cleanup(True)
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def test_issue251_issue252_need_to_collect_in_background(self):
+        # Between greenlet 1.1.2 and the next version, this was still
+        # failing because the leak of the list still exists when we
+        # don't call a greenlet API before exiting the thread. The
+        # proximate cause is that neither of the two greenlets from
+        # the background thread are actually being destroyed, even
+        # though the GC is in fact visiting both objects. It's not
+        # clear where that leak is? For some reason the thread-local
+        # dict holding it isn't being cleaned up.
+        #
+        # The leak, I think, is in the CPYthon internal function that
+        # calls into green_switch(). The argument tuple is still on
+        # the C stack somewhere and can't be reached? That doesn't
+        # make sense, because the tuple should be collectable when
+        # this object goes away.
+        #
+        # Note that this test sometimes spuriously passes on Linux,
+        # for some reason, but I've never seen it pass on macOS.
+        self._check_issue251(manually_collect_background=False)
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def test_issue251_issue252_need_to_collect_in_background_cleanup_disabled(self):
+        self.expect_greenlet_leak = True
+        greenlet._greenlet.enable_optional_cleanup(False)
+        try:
+            self._check_issue251(manually_collect_background=False)
+        finally:
+            greenlet._greenlet.enable_optional_cleanup(True)
+
+    @fails_leakcheck
+    def test_issue251_issue252_explicit_reference_not_collectable(self):
+        self._check_issue251(
+            manually_collect_background=False,
+            explicit_reference_to_switch=True)
+
+    UNTRACK_ATTEMPTS = 100
+
+    def _only_test_some_versions(self):
+        # We're only looking for this problem specifically on 3.11,
+        # and this set of tests is relatively fragile, depending on
+        # OS and memory management details. So we want to run it on 3.11+
+        # (obviously) but not every older 3.x version in order to reduce
+        # false negatives. At the moment, those false results seem to have
+        # resolved, so we are actually running this on 3.8+
+        assert sys.version_info[0] >= 3
+        if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 8):
+            self.skipTest('Only observed on 3.11')
+        if RUNNING_ON_MANYLINUX:
+            self.skipTest("Slow and not worth repeating here")
+
+    @ignores_leakcheck
+    # Because we're just trying to track raw memory, not objects, and running
+    # the leakcheck makes an already slow test slower.
+    def test_untracked_memory_doesnt_increase(self):
+        # See https://github.com/gevent/gevent/issues/1924
+        # and https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/328
+        self._only_test_some_versions()
+        def f():
+            return 1
+
+        ITER = 10000
+        def run_it():
+            for _ in range(ITER):
+                greenlet.greenlet(f).switch()
+
+        # Establish baseline
+        for _ in range(3):
+            run_it()
+
+        # uss: (Linux, macOS, Windows): aka "Unique Set Size", this is
+        # the memory which is unique to a process and which would be
+        # freed if the process was terminated right now.
+        uss_before = self.get_process_uss()
+
+        for count in range(self.UNTRACK_ATTEMPTS):
+            uss_before = max(uss_before, self.get_process_uss())
+            run_it()
+
+            uss_after = self.get_process_uss()
+            if uss_after <= uss_before and count > 1:
+                break
+
+        self.assertLessEqual(uss_after, uss_before)
+
+    def _check_untracked_memory_thread(self, deallocate_in_thread=True):
+        self._only_test_some_versions()
+        # Like the above test, but what if there are a bunch of
+        # unfinished greenlets in a thread that dies?
+        # Does it matter if we deallocate in the thread or not?
+        EXIT_COUNT = [0]
+
+        def f():
+            try:
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            except greenlet.GreenletExit:
+                EXIT_COUNT[0] += 1
+                raise
+            return 1
+
+        ITER = 10000
+        def run_it():
+            glets = []
+            for _ in range(ITER):
+                # Greenlet starts, switches back to us.
+                # We keep a strong reference to the greenlet though so it doesn't
+                # get a GreenletExit exception.
+                g = greenlet.greenlet(f)
+                glets.append(g)
+                g.switch()
+
+            return glets
+
+        test = self
+
+        class ThreadFunc:
+            uss_before = uss_after = 0
+            glets = ()
+            ITER = 2
+            def __call__(self):
+                self.uss_before = test.get_process_uss()
+
+                for _ in range(self.ITER):
+                    self.glets += tuple(run_it())
+
+                for g in self.glets:
+                    test.assertIn('suspended active', str(g))
+                # Drop them.
+                if deallocate_in_thread:
+                    self.glets = ()
+                self.uss_after = test.get_process_uss()
+
+        # Establish baseline
+        uss_before = uss_after = None
+        for count in range(self.UNTRACK_ATTEMPTS):
+            EXIT_COUNT[0] = 0
+            thread_func = ThreadFunc()
+            t = threading.Thread(target=thread_func)
+            t.start()
+            t.join(30)
+            self.assertFalse(t.is_alive())
+
+            if uss_before is None:
+                uss_before = thread_func.uss_before
+
+            uss_before = max(uss_before, thread_func.uss_before)
+            if deallocate_in_thread:
+                self.assertEqual(thread_func.glets, ())
+                self.assertEqual(EXIT_COUNT[0], ITER * thread_func.ITER)
+
+            del thread_func # Deallocate the greenlets; but this won't raise into them
+            del t
+            if not deallocate_in_thread:
+                self.assertEqual(EXIT_COUNT[0], 0)
+            if deallocate_in_thread:
+                self.wait_for_pending_cleanups()
+
+            uss_after = self.get_process_uss()
+            # See if we achieve a non-growth state at some point. Break when we do.
+            if uss_after <= uss_before and count > 1:
+                break
+
+        self.wait_for_pending_cleanups()
+        uss_after = self.get_process_uss()
+        self.assertLessEqual(uss_after, uss_before, "after attempts %d" % (count,))
+
+    @ignores_leakcheck
+    # Because we're just trying to track raw memory, not objects, and running
+    # the leakcheck makes an already slow test slower.
+    def test_untracked_memory_doesnt_increase_unfinished_thread_dealloc_in_thread(self):
+        self._check_untracked_memory_thread(deallocate_in_thread=True)
+
+    @ignores_leakcheck
+    # Because the main greenlets from the background threads do not exit in a timely fashion,
+    # we fail the object-based leakchecks.
+    def test_untracked_memory_doesnt_increase_unfinished_thread_dealloc_in_main(self):
+        self._check_untracked_memory_thread(deallocate_in_thread=False)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    __import__('unittest').main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_stack_saved.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_stack_saved.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b362bf95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_stack_saved.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import greenlet
+from . import TestCase
+
+
+class Test(TestCase):
+
+    def test_stack_saved(self):
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        self.assertEqual(main._stack_saved, 0)
+
+        def func():
+            main.switch(main._stack_saved)
+
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(func)
+        x = g.switch()
+        self.assertGreater(x, 0)
+        self.assertGreater(g._stack_saved, 0)
+        g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(g._stack_saved, 0)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_throw.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_throw.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4f9a140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_throw.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import sys
+
+
+from greenlet import greenlet
+from . import TestCase
+
+def switch(*args):
+    return greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch(*args)
+
+
+class ThrowTests(TestCase):
+    def test_class(self):
+        def f():
+            try:
+                switch("ok")
+            except RuntimeError:
+                switch("ok")
+                return
+            switch("fail")
+        g = greenlet(f)
+        res = g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(res, "ok")
+        res = g.throw(RuntimeError)
+        self.assertEqual(res, "ok")
+
+    def test_val(self):
+        def f():
+            try:
+                switch("ok")
+            except RuntimeError:
+                val = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                if str(val) == "ciao":
+                    switch("ok")
+                    return
+            switch("fail")
+
+        g = greenlet(f)
+        res = g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(res, "ok")
+        res = g.throw(RuntimeError("ciao"))
+        self.assertEqual(res, "ok")
+
+        g = greenlet(f)
+        res = g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(res, "ok")
+        res = g.throw(RuntimeError, "ciao")
+        self.assertEqual(res, "ok")
+
+    def test_kill(self):
+        def f():
+            switch("ok")
+            switch("fail")
+        g = greenlet(f)
+        res = g.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(res, "ok")
+        res = g.throw()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(res, greenlet.GreenletExit))
+        self.assertTrue(g.dead)
+        res = g.throw()    # immediately eaten by the already-dead greenlet
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(res, greenlet.GreenletExit))
+
+    def test_throw_goes_to_original_parent(self):
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+
+        def f1():
+            try:
+                main.switch("f1 ready to catch")
+            except IndexError:
+                return "caught"
+            return "normal exit"
+
+        def f2():
+            main.switch("from f2")
+
+        g1 = greenlet(f1)
+        g2 = greenlet(f2, parent=g1)
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            g2.throw(IndexError)
+        self.assertTrue(g2.dead)
+        self.assertTrue(g1.dead)
+
+        g1 = greenlet(f1)
+        g2 = greenlet(f2, parent=g1)
+        res = g1.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(res, "f1 ready to catch")
+        res = g2.throw(IndexError)
+        self.assertEqual(res, "caught")
+        self.assertTrue(g2.dead)
+        self.assertTrue(g1.dead)
+
+        g1 = greenlet(f1)
+        g2 = greenlet(f2, parent=g1)
+        res = g1.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(res, "f1 ready to catch")
+        res = g2.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(res, "from f2")
+        res = g2.throw(IndexError)
+        self.assertEqual(res, "caught")
+        self.assertTrue(g2.dead)
+        self.assertTrue(g1.dead)
+
+    def test_non_traceback_param(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+            greenlet.getcurrent().throw(
+                Exception,
+                Exception(),
+                self
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception),
+                         "throw() third argument must be a traceback object")
+
+    def test_instance_of_wrong_type(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+            greenlet.getcurrent().throw(
+                Exception(),
+                BaseException()
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception),
+                         "instance exception may not have a separate value")
+
+    def test_not_throwable(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+            greenlet.getcurrent().throw(
+                "abc"
+            )
+        self.assertEqual(str(exc.exception),
+                         "exceptions must be classes, or instances, not str")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_tracing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_tracing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c044d4b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_tracing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+from __future__ import print_function
+import sys
+import greenlet
+import unittest
+
+from . import TestCase
+from . import PY312
+
+# https://discuss.python.org/t/cpython-3-12-greenlet-and-tracing-profiling-how-to-not-crash-and-get-correct-results/33144/2
+DEBUG_BUILD_PY312 = (
+    PY312 and hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'),
+    "Broken on debug builds of Python 3.12"
+)
+
+class SomeError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class GreenletTracer(object):
+    oldtrace = None
+
+    def __init__(self, error_on_trace=False):
+        self.actions = []
+        self.error_on_trace = error_on_trace
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        self.actions.append(args)
+        if self.error_on_trace:
+            raise SomeError
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.oldtrace = greenlet.settrace(self)
+        return self.actions
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        greenlet.settrace(self.oldtrace)
+
+
+class TestGreenletTracing(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests of ``greenlet.settrace()``
+    """
+
+    def test_a_greenlet_tracing(self):
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        def dummy():
+            pass
+        def dummyexc():
+            raise SomeError()
+
+        with GreenletTracer() as actions:
+            g1 = greenlet.greenlet(dummy)
+            g1.switch()
+            g2 = greenlet.greenlet(dummyexc)
+            self.assertRaises(SomeError, g2.switch)
+
+        self.assertEqual(actions, [
+            ('switch', (main, g1)),
+            ('switch', (g1, main)),
+            ('switch', (main, g2)),
+            ('throw', (g2, main)),
+        ])
+
+    def test_b_exception_disables_tracing(self):
+        main = greenlet.getcurrent()
+        def dummy():
+            main.switch()
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(dummy)
+        g.switch()
+        with GreenletTracer(error_on_trace=True) as actions:
+            self.assertRaises(SomeError, g.switch)
+            self.assertEqual(greenlet.gettrace(), None)
+
+        self.assertEqual(actions, [
+            ('switch', (main, g)),
+        ])
+
+    def test_set_same_tracer_twice(self):
+        # https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/332
+        # Our logic in asserting that the tracefunction should
+        # gain a reference was incorrect if the same tracefunction was set
+        # twice.
+        tracer = GreenletTracer()
+        with tracer:
+            greenlet.settrace(tracer)
+
+
+class PythonTracer(object):
+    oldtrace = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.actions = []
+
+    def __call__(self, frame, event, arg):
+        # Record the co_name so we have an idea what function we're in.
+        self.actions.append((event, frame.f_code.co_name))
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.oldtrace = sys.setprofile(self)
+        return self.actions
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        sys.setprofile(self.oldtrace)
+
+def tpt_callback():
+    return 42
+
+class TestPythonTracing(TestCase):
+    """
+    Tests of the interaction of ``sys.settrace()``
+    with greenlet facilities.
+
+    NOTE: Most of this is probably CPython specific.
+    """
+
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    def test_trace_events_trivial(self):
+        with PythonTracer() as actions:
+            tpt_callback()
+        # If we use the sys.settrace instead of setprofile, we get
+        # this:
+
+        # self.assertEqual(actions, [
+        #     ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+        #     ('call', '__exit__'),
+        # ])
+
+        self.assertEqual(actions, [
+            ('return', '__enter__'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('call', '__exit__'),
+            ('c_call', '__exit__'),
+        ])
+
+    def _trace_switch(self, glet):
+        with PythonTracer() as actions:
+            glet.switch()
+        return actions
+
+    def _check_trace_events_func_already_set(self, glet):
+        actions = self._trace_switch(glet)
+        self.assertEqual(actions, [
+            ('return', '__enter__'),
+            ('c_call', '_trace_switch'),
+            ('call', 'run'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'run'),
+            ('c_return', '_trace_switch'),
+            ('call', '__exit__'),
+            ('c_call', '__exit__'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_trace_events_into_greenlet_func_already_set(self):
+        def run():
+            return tpt_callback()
+
+        self._check_trace_events_func_already_set(greenlet.greenlet(run))
+
+    def test_trace_events_into_greenlet_subclass_already_set(self):
+        class X(greenlet.greenlet):
+            def run(self):
+                return tpt_callback()
+        self._check_trace_events_func_already_set(X())
+
+    def _check_trace_events_from_greenlet_sets_profiler(self, g, tracer):
+        g.switch()
+        tpt_callback()
+        tracer.__exit__()
+        self.assertEqual(tracer.actions, [
+            ('return', '__enter__'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'run'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('call', '__exit__'),
+            ('c_call', '__exit__'),
+        ])
+
+
+    def test_trace_events_from_greenlet_func_sets_profiler(self):
+        tracer = PythonTracer()
+        def run():
+            tracer.__enter__()
+            return tpt_callback()
+
+        self._check_trace_events_from_greenlet_sets_profiler(greenlet.greenlet(run),
+                                                             tracer)
+
+    def test_trace_events_from_greenlet_subclass_sets_profiler(self):
+        tracer = PythonTracer()
+        class X(greenlet.greenlet):
+            def run(self):
+                tracer.__enter__()
+                return tpt_callback()
+
+        self._check_trace_events_from_greenlet_sets_profiler(X(), tracer)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(*DEBUG_BUILD_PY312)
+    def test_trace_events_multiple_greenlets_switching(self):
+        tracer = PythonTracer()
+
+        g1 = None
+        g2 = None
+
+        def g1_run():
+            tracer.__enter__()
+            tpt_callback()
+            g2.switch()
+            tpt_callback()
+            return 42
+
+        def g2_run():
+            tpt_callback()
+            tracer.__exit__()
+            tpt_callback()
+            g1.switch()
+
+        g1 = greenlet.greenlet(g1_run)
+        g2 = greenlet.greenlet(g2_run)
+
+        x = g1.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(x, 42)
+        tpt_callback() # ensure not in the trace
+        self.assertEqual(tracer.actions, [
+            ('return', '__enter__'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('c_call', 'g1_run'),
+            ('call', 'g2_run'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('call', '__exit__'),
+            ('c_call', '__exit__'),
+        ])
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(*DEBUG_BUILD_PY312)
+    def test_trace_events_multiple_greenlets_switching_siblings(self):
+        # Like the first version, but get both greenlets running first
+        # as "siblings" and then establish the tracing.
+        tracer = PythonTracer()
+
+        g1 = None
+        g2 = None
+
+        def g1_run():
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            tracer.__enter__()
+            tpt_callback()
+            g2.switch()
+            tpt_callback()
+            return 42
+
+        def g2_run():
+            greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+
+            tpt_callback()
+            tracer.__exit__()
+            tpt_callback()
+            g1.switch()
+
+        g1 = greenlet.greenlet(g1_run)
+        g2 = greenlet.greenlet(g2_run)
+
+        # Start g1
+        g1.switch()
+        # And it immediately returns control to us.
+        # Start g2
+        g2.switch()
+        # Which also returns. Now kick of the real part of the
+        # test.
+        x = g1.switch()
+        self.assertEqual(x, 42)
+
+        tpt_callback() # ensure not in the trace
+        self.assertEqual(tracer.actions, [
+            ('return', '__enter__'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('c_call', 'g1_run'),
+            ('call', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('return', 'tpt_callback'),
+            ('call', '__exit__'),
+            ('c_call', '__exit__'),
+        ])
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96c17cf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import os
+from unittest import TestCase as NonLeakingTestCase
+
+import greenlet
+
+# No reason to run this multiple times under leakchecks,
+# it doesn't do anything.
+class VersionTests(NonLeakingTestCase):
+    def test_version(self):
+        def find_dominating_file(name):
+            if os.path.exists(name):
+                return name
+
+            tried = []
+            here = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+            for i in range(10):
+                up = ['..'] * i
+                path = [here] + up + [name]
+                fname = os.path.join(*path)
+                fname = os.path.abspath(fname)
+                tried.append(fname)
+                if os.path.exists(fname):
+                    return fname
+            raise AssertionError("Could not find file " + name + "; checked " + str(tried))
+
+        try:
+            setup_py = find_dominating_file('setup.py')
+        except AssertionError as e:
+            self.skipTest("Unable to find setup.py; must be out of tree. " + str(e))
+
+
+        invoke_setup = "%s %s --version" % (sys.executable, setup_py)
+        with os.popen(invoke_setup) as f:
+            sversion = f.read().strip()
+
+        self.assertEqual(sversion, greenlet.__version__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_weakref.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_weakref.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05a38a7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/greenlet/tests/test_weakref.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import gc
+import weakref
+
+
+import greenlet
+from . import TestCase
+
+class WeakRefTests(TestCase):
+    def test_dead_weakref(self):
+        def _dead_greenlet():
+            g = greenlet.greenlet(lambda: None)
+            g.switch()
+            return g
+        o = weakref.ref(_dead_greenlet())
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(o(), None)
+
+    def test_inactive_weakref(self):
+        o = weakref.ref(greenlet.greenlet())
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertEqual(o(), None)
+
+    def test_dealloc_weakref(self):
+        seen = []
+        def worker():
+            try:
+                greenlet.getcurrent().parent.switch()
+            finally:
+                seen.append(g())
+        g = greenlet.greenlet(worker)
+        g.switch()
+        g2 = greenlet.greenlet(lambda: None, g)
+        g = weakref.ref(g2)
+        g2 = None
+        self.assertEqual(seen, [None])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a2f6390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: h11
+Version: 0.16.0
+Summary: A pure-Python, bring-your-own-I/O implementation of HTTP/1.1
+Home-page: https://github.com/python-hyper/h11
+Author: Nathaniel J. Smith
+Author-email: njs@pobox.com
+License: MIT
+Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Networking
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+License-File: LICENSE.txt
+Dynamic: author
+Dynamic: author-email
+Dynamic: classifier
+Dynamic: description
+Dynamic: home-page
+Dynamic: license
+Dynamic: license-file
+Dynamic: requires-python
+Dynamic: summary
+
+h11
+===
+
+.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/python-hyper/h11.svg?branch=master
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/python-hyper/h11
+   :alt: Automated test status
+
+.. image:: https://codecov.io/gh/python-hyper/h11/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
+   :target: https://codecov.io/gh/python-hyper/h11
+   :alt: Test coverage
+
+.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/h11/badge/?version=latest
+   :target: http://h11.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
+   :alt: Documentation Status
+
+This is a little HTTP/1.1 library written from scratch in Python,
+heavily inspired by `hyper-h2 <https://hyper-h2.readthedocs.io/>`_.
+
+It's a "bring-your-own-I/O" library; h11 contains no IO code
+whatsoever. This means you can hook h11 up to your favorite network
+API, and that could be anything you want: synchronous, threaded,
+asynchronous, or your own implementation of `RFC 6214
+<https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6214>`_ -- h11 won't judge you.
+(Compare this to the current state of the art, where every time a `new
+network API <https://trio.readthedocs.io/>`_ comes along then someone
+gets to start over reimplementing the entire HTTP protocol from
+scratch.) Cory Benfield made an `excellent blog post describing the
+benefits of this approach
+<https://lukasa.co.uk/2015/10/The_New_Hyper/>`_, or if you like video
+then here's his `PyCon 2016 talk on the same theme
+<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cC3_jGwl_U>`_.
+
+This also means that h11 is not immediately useful out of the box:
+it's a toolkit for building programs that speak HTTP, not something
+that could directly replace ``requests`` or ``twisted.web`` or
+whatever. But h11 makes it much easier to implement something like
+``requests`` or ``twisted.web``.
+
+At a high level, working with h11 goes like this:
+
+1) First, create an ``h11.Connection`` object to track the state of a
+   single HTTP/1.1 connection.
+
+2) When you read data off the network, pass it to
+   ``conn.receive_data(...)``; you'll get back a list of objects
+   representing high-level HTTP "events".
+
+3) When you want to send a high-level HTTP event, create the
+   corresponding "event" object and pass it to ``conn.send(...)``;
+   this will give you back some bytes that you can then push out
+   through the network.
+
+For example, a client might instantiate and then send a
+``h11.Request`` object, then zero or more ``h11.Data`` objects for the
+request body (e.g., if this is a POST), and then a
+``h11.EndOfMessage`` to indicate the end of the message. Then the
+server would then send back a ``h11.Response``, some ``h11.Data``, and
+its own ``h11.EndOfMessage``. If either side violates the protocol,
+you'll get a ``h11.ProtocolError`` exception.
+
+h11 is suitable for implementing both servers and clients, and has a
+pleasantly symmetric API: the events you send as a client are exactly
+the ones that you receive as a server and vice-versa.
+
+`Here's an example of a tiny HTTP client
+<https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/blob/master/examples/basic-client.py>`_
+
+It also has `a fine manual <https://h11.readthedocs.io/>`_.
+
+FAQ
+---
+
+*Whyyyyy?*
+
+I wanted to play with HTTP in `Curio
+<https://curio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorial.html>`__ and `Trio
+<https://trio.readthedocs.io>`__, which at the time didn't have any
+HTTP libraries. So I thought, no big deal, Python has, like, a dozen
+different implementations of HTTP, surely I can find one that's
+reusable. I didn't find one, but I did find Cory's call-to-arms
+blog-post. So I figured, well, fine, if I have to implement HTTP from
+scratch, at least I can make sure no-one *else* has to ever again.
+
+*Should I use it?*
+
+Maybe. You should be aware that it's a very young project. But, it's
+feature complete and has an exhaustive test-suite and complete docs,
+so the next step is for people to try using it and see how it goes
+:-). If you do then please let us know -- if nothing else we'll want
+to talk to you before making any incompatible changes!
+
+*What are the features/limitations?*
+
+Roughly speaking, it's trying to be a robust, complete, and non-hacky
+implementation of the first "chapter" of the HTTP/1.1 spec: `RFC 7230:
+HTTP/1.1 Message Syntax and Routing
+<https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230>`_. That is, it mostly focuses on
+implementing HTTP at the level of taking bytes on and off the wire,
+and the headers related to that, and tries to be anal about spec
+conformance. It doesn't know about higher-level concerns like URL
+routing, conditional GETs, cross-origin cookie policies, or content
+negotiation. But it does know how to take care of framing,
+cross-version differences in keep-alive handling, and the "obsolete
+line folding" rule, so you can focus your energies on the hard /
+interesting parts for your application, and it tries to support the
+full specification in the sense that any useful HTTP/1.1 conformant
+application should be able to use h11.
+
+It's pure Python, and has no dependencies outside of the standard
+library.
+
+It has a test suite with 100.0% coverage for both statements and
+branches.
+
+Currently it supports Python 3 (testing on 3.8-3.12) and PyPy 3.
+The last Python 2-compatible version was h11 0.11.x.
+(Originally it had a Cython wrapper for `http-parser
+<https://github.com/nodejs/http-parser>`_ and a beautiful nested state
+machine implemented with ``yield from`` to postprocess the output. But
+I had to take these out -- the new *parser* needs fewer lines-of-code
+than the old *parser wrapper*, is written in pure Python, uses no
+exotic language syntax, and has more features. It's sad, really; that
+old state machine was really slick. I just need a few sentences here
+to mourn that.)
+
+I don't know how fast it is. I haven't benchmarked or profiled it yet,
+so it's probably got a few pointless hot spots, and I've been trying
+to err on the side of simplicity and robustness instead of
+micro-optimization. But at the architectural level I tried hard to
+avoid fundamentally bad decisions, e.g., I believe that all the
+parsing algorithms remain linear-time even in the face of pathological
+input like slowloris, and there are no byte-by-byte loops. (I also
+believe that it maintains bounded memory usage in the face of
+arbitrary/pathological input.)
+
+The whole library is ~800 lines-of-code. You can read and understand
+the whole thing in less than an hour. Most of the energy invested in
+this so far has been spent on trying to keep things simple by
+minimizing special-cases and ad hoc state manipulation; even though it
+is now quite small and simple, I'm still annoyed that I haven't
+figured out how to make it even smaller and simpler. (Unfortunately,
+HTTP does not lend itself to simplicity.)
+
+The API is ~feature complete and I don't expect the general outlines
+to change much, but you can't judge an API's ergonomics until you
+actually document and use it, so I'd expect some changes in the
+details.
+
+*How do I try it?*
+
+.. code-block:: sh
+
+  $ pip install h11
+  $ git clone git@github.com:python-hyper/h11
+  $ cd h11/examples
+  $ python basic-client.py
+
+and go from there.
+
+*License?*
+
+MIT
+
+*Code of conduct?*
+
+Contributors are requested to follow our `code of conduct
+<https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/blob/master/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md>`_ in
+all project spaces.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa60234d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+h11-0.16.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+h11-0.16.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=KPMmCYrAn8unm48YD5YIfIQf4kViFct7hyqcfVzRnWQ,8348
+h11-0.16.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+h11-0.16.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=CmyFI0kx5cdEMTLiONQRbGQwjIoR1aIYB7eCAQ4KPJ0,91
+h11-0.16.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt,sha256=N9tbuFkm2yikJ6JYZ_ELEjIAOuob5pzLhRE4rbjm82E,1124
+h11-0.16.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=F7dC4jl3zeh8TGHEPaWJrMbeuoWbS379Gwdi-Yvdcis,4
+h11/__init__.py,sha256=iO1KzkSO42yZ6ffg-VMgbx_ZVTWGUY00nRYEWn-s3kY,1507
+h11/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_abnf.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_connection.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_events.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_headers.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_readers.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_receivebuffer.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_state.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_util.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_version.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/__pycache__/_writers.cpython-312.pyc,,
+h11/_abnf.py,sha256=ybixr0xsupnkA6GFAyMubuXF6Tc1lb_hF890NgCsfNc,4815
+h11/_connection.py,sha256=k9YRVf6koZqbttBW36xSWaJpWdZwa-xQVU9AHEo9DuI,26863
+h11/_events.py,sha256=I97aXoal1Wu7dkL548BANBUCkOIbe-x5CioYA9IBY14,11792
+h11/_headers.py,sha256=P7D-lBNxHwdLZPLimmYwrPG-9ZkjElvvJZJdZAgSP-4,10412
+h11/_readers.py,sha256=a4RypORUCC3d0q_kxPuBIM7jTD8iLt5X91TH0FsduN4,8590
+h11/_receivebuffer.py,sha256=xrspsdsNgWFxRfQcTXxR8RrdjRXXTK0Io5cQYWpJ1Ws,5252
+h11/_state.py,sha256=_5LG_BGR8FCcFQeBPH-TMHgm_-B-EUcWCnQof_9XjFE,13231
+h11/_util.py,sha256=LWkkjXyJaFlAy6Lt39w73UStklFT5ovcvo0TkY7RYuk,4888
+h11/_version.py,sha256=GVSsbPSPDcOuF6ptfIiXnVJoaEm3ygXbMnqlr_Giahw,686
+h11/_writers.py,sha256=oFKm6PtjeHfbj4RLX7VB7KDc1gIY53gXG3_HR9ltmTA,5081
+h11/py.typed,sha256=sow9soTwP9T_gEAQSVh7Gb8855h04Nwmhs2We-JRgZM,7
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eb3c49d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (78.1.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f080eae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2016 Nathaniel J. Smith <njs@pobox.com> and other contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d24def7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11-0.16.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+h11
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..989e92c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# A highish-level implementation of the HTTP/1.1 wire protocol (RFC 7230),
+# containing no networking code at all, loosely modelled on hyper-h2's generic
+# implementation of HTTP/2 (and in particular the h2.connection.H2Connection
+# class). There's still a bunch of subtle details you need to get right if you
+# want to make this actually useful, because it doesn't implement all the
+# semantics to check that what you're asking to write to the wire is sensible,
+# but at least it gets you out of dealing with the wire itself.
+
+from h11._connection import Connection, NEED_DATA, PAUSED
+from h11._events import (
+    ConnectionClosed,
+    Data,
+    EndOfMessage,
+    Event,
+    InformationalResponse,
+    Request,
+    Response,
+)
+from h11._state import (
+    CLIENT,
+    CLOSED,
+    DONE,
+    ERROR,
+    IDLE,
+    MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL,
+    MUST_CLOSE,
+    SEND_BODY,
+    SEND_RESPONSE,
+    SERVER,
+    SWITCHED_PROTOCOL,
+)
+from h11._util import LocalProtocolError, ProtocolError, RemoteProtocolError
+from h11._version import __version__
+
+PRODUCT_ID = "python-h11/" + __version__
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "Connection",
+    "NEED_DATA",
+    "PAUSED",
+    "ConnectionClosed",
+    "Data",
+    "EndOfMessage",
+    "Event",
+    "InformationalResponse",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+    "CLIENT",
+    "CLOSED",
+    "DONE",
+    "ERROR",
+    "IDLE",
+    "MUST_CLOSE",
+    "SEND_BODY",
+    "SEND_RESPONSE",
+    "SERVER",
+    "SWITCHED_PROTOCOL",
+    "ProtocolError",
+    "LocalProtocolError",
+    "RemoteProtocolError",
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/__pycache__/_writers.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/__pycache__/_writers.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_abnf.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_abnf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..933587fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_abnf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# We use native strings for all the re patterns, to take advantage of string
+# formatting, and then convert to bytestrings when compiling the final re
+# objects.
+
+# https://svn.tools.ietf.org/svn/wg/httpbis/specs/rfc7230.html#whitespace
+#  OWS            = *( SP / HTAB )
+#                 ; optional whitespace
+OWS = r"[ \t]*"
+
+# https://svn.tools.ietf.org/svn/wg/httpbis/specs/rfc7230.html#rule.token.separators
+#   token          = 1*tchar
+#
+#   tchar          = "!" / "#" / "$" / "%" / "&" / "'" / "*"
+#                  / "+" / "-" / "." / "^" / "_" / "`" / "|" / "~"
+#                  / DIGIT / ALPHA
+#                  ; any VCHAR, except delimiters
+token = r"[-!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9a-zA-Z]+"
+
+# https://svn.tools.ietf.org/svn/wg/httpbis/specs/rfc7230.html#header.fields
+#  field-name     = token
+field_name = token
+
+# The standard says:
+#
+#  field-value    = *( field-content / obs-fold )
+#  field-content  = field-vchar [ 1*( SP / HTAB ) field-vchar ]
+#  field-vchar    = VCHAR / obs-text
+#  obs-fold       = CRLF 1*( SP / HTAB )
+#                 ; obsolete line folding
+#                 ; see Section 3.2.4
+#
+# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5234#appendix-B.1
+#
+#   VCHAR          =  %x21-7E
+#                  ; visible (printing) characters
+#
+# https://svn.tools.ietf.org/svn/wg/httpbis/specs/rfc7230.html#rule.quoted-string
+#   obs-text       = %x80-FF
+#
+# However, the standard definition of field-content is WRONG! It disallows
+# fields containing a single visible character surrounded by whitespace,
+# e.g. "foo a bar".
+#
+# See: https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=7230&eid=4189
+#
+# So our definition of field_content attempts to fix it up...
+#
+# Also, we allow lots of control characters, because apparently people assume
+# that they're legal in practice (e.g., google analytics makes cookies with
+# \x01 in them!):
+#   https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/issues/57
+# We still don't allow NUL or whitespace, because those are often treated as
+# meta-characters and letting them through can lead to nasty issues like SSRF.
+vchar = r"[\x21-\x7e]"
+vchar_or_obs_text = r"[^\x00\s]"
+field_vchar = vchar_or_obs_text
+field_content = r"{field_vchar}+(?:[ \t]+{field_vchar}+)*".format(**globals())
+
+# We handle obs-fold at a different level, and our fixed-up field_content
+# already grows to swallow the whole value, so ? instead of *
+field_value = r"({field_content})?".format(**globals())
+
+#  header-field   = field-name ":" OWS field-value OWS
+header_field = (
+    r"(?P<field_name>{field_name})"
+    r":"
+    r"{OWS}"
+    r"(?P<field_value>{field_value})"
+    r"{OWS}".format(**globals())
+)
+
+# https://svn.tools.ietf.org/svn/wg/httpbis/specs/rfc7230.html#request.line
+#
+#   request-line   = method SP request-target SP HTTP-version CRLF
+#   method         = token
+#   HTTP-version   = HTTP-name "/" DIGIT "." DIGIT
+#   HTTP-name      = %x48.54.54.50 ; "HTTP", case-sensitive
+#
+# request-target is complicated (see RFC 7230 sec 5.3) -- could be path, full
+# URL, host+port (for connect), or even "*", but in any case we are guaranteed
+# that it contists of the visible printing characters.
+method = token
+request_target = r"{vchar}+".format(**globals())
+http_version = r"HTTP/(?P<http_version>[0-9]\.[0-9])"
+request_line = (
+    r"(?P<method>{method})"
+    r" "
+    r"(?P<target>{request_target})"
+    r" "
+    r"{http_version}".format(**globals())
+)
+
+# https://svn.tools.ietf.org/svn/wg/httpbis/specs/rfc7230.html#status.line
+#
+#   status-line = HTTP-version SP status-code SP reason-phrase CRLF
+#   status-code    = 3DIGIT
+#   reason-phrase  = *( HTAB / SP / VCHAR / obs-text )
+status_code = r"[0-9]{3}"
+reason_phrase = r"([ \t]|{vchar_or_obs_text})*".format(**globals())
+status_line = (
+    r"{http_version}"
+    r" "
+    r"(?P<status_code>{status_code})"
+    # However, there are apparently a few too many servers out there that just
+    # leave out the reason phrase:
+    #   https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/issues/345#issuecomment-281756036
+    #   https://github.com/seanmonstar/httparse/issues/29
+    # so make it optional. ?: is a non-capturing group.
+    r"(?: (?P<reason>{reason_phrase}))?".format(**globals())
+)
+
+HEXDIG = r"[0-9A-Fa-f]"
+# Actually
+#
+#      chunk-size     = 1*HEXDIG
+#
+# but we impose an upper-limit to avoid ridiculosity. len(str(2**64)) == 20
+chunk_size = r"({HEXDIG}){{1,20}}".format(**globals())
+# Actually
+#
+#     chunk-ext      = *( ";" chunk-ext-name [ "=" chunk-ext-val ] )
+#
+# but we aren't parsing the things so we don't really care.
+chunk_ext = r";.*"
+chunk_header = (
+    r"(?P<chunk_size>{chunk_size})"
+    r"(?P<chunk_ext>{chunk_ext})?"
+    r"{OWS}\r\n".format(
+        **globals()
+    )  # Even though the specification does not allow for extra whitespaces,
+    # we are lenient with trailing whitespaces because some servers on the wild use it.
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e37d82a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,659 @@
+# This contains the main Connection class. Everything in h11 revolves around
+# this.
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    cast,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    overload,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from ._events import (
+    ConnectionClosed,
+    Data,
+    EndOfMessage,
+    Event,
+    InformationalResponse,
+    Request,
+    Response,
+)
+from ._headers import get_comma_header, has_expect_100_continue, set_comma_header
+from ._readers import READERS, ReadersType
+from ._receivebuffer import ReceiveBuffer
+from ._state import (
+    _SWITCH_CONNECT,
+    _SWITCH_UPGRADE,
+    CLIENT,
+    ConnectionState,
+    DONE,
+    ERROR,
+    MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL,
+    SEND_BODY,
+    SERVER,
+    SWITCHED_PROTOCOL,
+)
+from ._util import (  # Import the internal things we need
+    LocalProtocolError,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+    Sentinel,
+)
+from ._writers import WRITERS, WritersType
+
+# Everything in __all__ gets re-exported as part of the h11 public API.
+__all__ = ["Connection", "NEED_DATA", "PAUSED"]
+
+
+class NEED_DATA(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class PAUSED(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+# If we ever have this much buffered without it making a complete parseable
+# event, we error out. The only time we really buffer is when reading the
+# request/response line + headers together, so this is effectively the limit on
+# the size of that.
+#
+# Some precedents for defaults:
+# - node.js: 80 * 1024
+# - tomcat: 8 * 1024
+# - IIS: 16 * 1024
+# - Apache: <8 KiB per line>
+DEFAULT_MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE = 16 * 1024
+
+
+# RFC 7230's rules for connection lifecycles:
+# - If either side says they want to close the connection, then the connection
+#   must close.
+# - HTTP/1.1 defaults to keep-alive unless someone says Connection: close
+# - HTTP/1.0 defaults to close unless both sides say Connection: keep-alive
+#   (and even this is a mess -- e.g. if you're implementing a proxy then
+#   sending Connection: keep-alive is forbidden).
+#
+# We simplify life by simply not supporting keep-alive with HTTP/1.0 peers. So
+# our rule is:
+# - If someone says Connection: close, we will close
+# - If someone uses HTTP/1.0, we will close.
+def _keep_alive(event: Union[Request, Response]) -> bool:
+    connection = get_comma_header(event.headers, b"connection")
+    if b"close" in connection:
+        return False
+    if getattr(event, "http_version", b"1.1") < b"1.1":
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def _body_framing(
+    request_method: bytes, event: Union[Request, Response]
+) -> Tuple[str, Union[Tuple[()], Tuple[int]]]:
+    # Called when we enter SEND_BODY to figure out framing information for
+    # this body.
+    #
+    # These are the only two events that can trigger a SEND_BODY state:
+    assert type(event) in (Request, Response)
+    # Returns one of:
+    #
+    #    ("content-length", count)
+    #    ("chunked", ())
+    #    ("http/1.0", ())
+    #
+    # which are (lookup key, *args) for constructing body reader/writer
+    # objects.
+    #
+    # Reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.3
+    #
+    # Step 1: some responses always have an empty body, regardless of what the
+    # headers say.
+    if type(event) is Response:
+        if (
+            event.status_code in (204, 304)
+            or request_method == b"HEAD"
+            or (request_method == b"CONNECT" and 200 <= event.status_code < 300)
+        ):
+            return ("content-length", (0,))
+        # Section 3.3.3 also lists another case -- responses with status_code
+        # < 200. For us these are InformationalResponses, not Responses, so
+        # they can't get into this function in the first place.
+        assert event.status_code >= 200
+
+    # Step 2: check for Transfer-Encoding (T-E beats C-L):
+    transfer_encodings = get_comma_header(event.headers, b"transfer-encoding")
+    if transfer_encodings:
+        assert transfer_encodings == [b"chunked"]
+        return ("chunked", ())
+
+    # Step 3: check for Content-Length
+    content_lengths = get_comma_header(event.headers, b"content-length")
+    if content_lengths:
+        return ("content-length", (int(content_lengths[0]),))
+
+    # Step 4: no applicable headers; fallback/default depends on type
+    if type(event) is Request:
+        return ("content-length", (0,))
+    else:
+        return ("http/1.0", ())
+
+
+################################################################
+#
+# The main Connection class
+#
+################################################################
+
+
+class Connection:
+    """An object encapsulating the state of an HTTP connection.
+
+    Args:
+        our_role: If you're implementing a client, pass :data:`h11.CLIENT`. If
+            you're implementing a server, pass :data:`h11.SERVER`.
+
+        max_incomplete_event_size (int):
+            The maximum number of bytes we're willing to buffer of an
+            incomplete event. In practice this mostly sets a limit on the
+            maximum size of the request/response line + headers. If this is
+            exceeded, then :meth:`next_event` will raise
+            :exc:`RemoteProtocolError`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        our_role: Type[Sentinel],
+        max_incomplete_event_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._max_incomplete_event_size = max_incomplete_event_size
+        # State and role tracking
+        if our_role not in (CLIENT, SERVER):
+            raise ValueError(f"expected CLIENT or SERVER, not {our_role!r}")
+        self.our_role = our_role
+        self.their_role: Type[Sentinel]
+        if our_role is CLIENT:
+            self.their_role = SERVER
+        else:
+            self.their_role = CLIENT
+        self._cstate = ConnectionState()
+
+        # Callables for converting data->events or vice-versa given the
+        # current state
+        self._writer = self._get_io_object(self.our_role, None, WRITERS)
+        self._reader = self._get_io_object(self.their_role, None, READERS)
+
+        # Holds any unprocessed received data
+        self._receive_buffer = ReceiveBuffer()
+        # If this is true, then it indicates that the incoming connection was
+        # closed *after* the end of whatever's in self._receive_buffer:
+        self._receive_buffer_closed = False
+
+        # Extra bits of state that don't fit into the state machine.
+        #
+        # These two are only used to interpret framing headers for figuring
+        # out how to read/write response bodies. their_http_version is also
+        # made available as a convenient public API.
+        self.their_http_version: Optional[bytes] = None
+        self._request_method: Optional[bytes] = None
+        # This is pure flow-control and doesn't at all affect the set of legal
+        # transitions, so no need to bother ConnectionState with it:
+        self.client_is_waiting_for_100_continue = False
+
+    @property
+    def states(self) -> Dict[Type[Sentinel], Type[Sentinel]]:
+        """A dictionary like::
+
+           {CLIENT: <client state>, SERVER: <server state>}
+
+        See :ref:`state-machine` for details.
+
+        """
+        return dict(self._cstate.states)
+
+    @property
+    def our_state(self) -> Type[Sentinel]:
+        """The current state of whichever role we are playing. See
+        :ref:`state-machine` for details.
+        """
+        return self._cstate.states[self.our_role]
+
+    @property
+    def their_state(self) -> Type[Sentinel]:
+        """The current state of whichever role we are NOT playing. See
+        :ref:`state-machine` for details.
+        """
+        return self._cstate.states[self.their_role]
+
+    @property
+    def they_are_waiting_for_100_continue(self) -> bool:
+        return self.their_role is CLIENT and self.client_is_waiting_for_100_continue
+
+    def start_next_cycle(self) -> None:
+        """Attempt to reset our connection state for a new request/response
+        cycle.
+
+        If both client and server are in :data:`DONE` state, then resets them
+        both to :data:`IDLE` state in preparation for a new request/response
+        cycle on this same connection. Otherwise, raises a
+        :exc:`LocalProtocolError`.
+
+        See :ref:`keepalive-and-pipelining`.
+
+        """
+        old_states = dict(self._cstate.states)
+        self._cstate.start_next_cycle()
+        self._request_method = None
+        # self.their_http_version gets left alone, since it presumably lasts
+        # beyond a single request/response cycle
+        assert not self.client_is_waiting_for_100_continue
+        self._respond_to_state_changes(old_states)
+
+    def _process_error(self, role: Type[Sentinel]) -> None:
+        old_states = dict(self._cstate.states)
+        self._cstate.process_error(role)
+        self._respond_to_state_changes(old_states)
+
+    def _server_switch_event(self, event: Event) -> Optional[Type[Sentinel]]:
+        if type(event) is InformationalResponse and event.status_code == 101:
+            return _SWITCH_UPGRADE
+        if type(event) is Response:
+            if (
+                _SWITCH_CONNECT in self._cstate.pending_switch_proposals
+                and 200 <= event.status_code < 300
+            ):
+                return _SWITCH_CONNECT
+        return None
+
+    # All events go through here
+    def _process_event(self, role: Type[Sentinel], event: Event) -> None:
+        # First, pass the event through the state machine to make sure it
+        # succeeds.
+        old_states = dict(self._cstate.states)
+        if role is CLIENT and type(event) is Request:
+            if event.method == b"CONNECT":
+                self._cstate.process_client_switch_proposal(_SWITCH_CONNECT)
+            if get_comma_header(event.headers, b"upgrade"):
+                self._cstate.process_client_switch_proposal(_SWITCH_UPGRADE)
+        server_switch_event = None
+        if role is SERVER:
+            server_switch_event = self._server_switch_event(event)
+        self._cstate.process_event(role, type(event), server_switch_event)
+
+        # Then perform the updates triggered by it.
+
+        if type(event) is Request:
+            self._request_method = event.method
+
+        if role is self.their_role and type(event) in (
+            Request,
+            Response,
+            InformationalResponse,
+        ):
+            event = cast(Union[Request, Response, InformationalResponse], event)
+            self.their_http_version = event.http_version
+
+        # Keep alive handling
+        #
+        # RFC 7230 doesn't really say what one should do if Connection: close
+        # shows up on a 1xx InformationalResponse. I think the idea is that
+        # this is not supposed to happen. In any case, if it does happen, we
+        # ignore it.
+        if type(event) in (Request, Response) and not _keep_alive(
+            cast(Union[Request, Response], event)
+        ):
+            self._cstate.process_keep_alive_disabled()
+
+        # 100-continue
+        if type(event) is Request and has_expect_100_continue(event):
+            self.client_is_waiting_for_100_continue = True
+        if type(event) in (InformationalResponse, Response):
+            self.client_is_waiting_for_100_continue = False
+        if role is CLIENT and type(event) in (Data, EndOfMessage):
+            self.client_is_waiting_for_100_continue = False
+
+        self._respond_to_state_changes(old_states, event)
+
+    def _get_io_object(
+        self,
+        role: Type[Sentinel],
+        event: Optional[Event],
+        io_dict: Union[ReadersType, WritersType],
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[..., Any]]:
+        # event may be None; it's only used when entering SEND_BODY
+        state = self._cstate.states[role]
+        if state is SEND_BODY:
+            # Special case: the io_dict has a dict of reader/writer factories
+            # that depend on the request/response framing.
+            framing_type, args = _body_framing(
+                cast(bytes, self._request_method), cast(Union[Request, Response], event)
+            )
+            return io_dict[SEND_BODY][framing_type](*args)  # type: ignore[index]
+        else:
+            # General case: the io_dict just has the appropriate reader/writer
+            # for this state
+            return io_dict.get((role, state))  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    # This must be called after any action that might have caused
+    # self._cstate.states to change.
+    def _respond_to_state_changes(
+        self,
+        old_states: Dict[Type[Sentinel], Type[Sentinel]],
+        event: Optional[Event] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Update reader/writer
+        if self.our_state != old_states[self.our_role]:
+            self._writer = self._get_io_object(self.our_role, event, WRITERS)
+        if self.their_state != old_states[self.their_role]:
+            self._reader = self._get_io_object(self.their_role, event, READERS)
+
+    @property
+    def trailing_data(self) -> Tuple[bytes, bool]:
+        """Data that has been received, but not yet processed, represented as
+        a tuple with two elements, where the first is a byte-string containing
+        the unprocessed data itself, and the second is a bool that is True if
+        the receive connection was closed.
+
+        See :ref:`switching-protocols` for discussion of why you'd want this.
+        """
+        return (bytes(self._receive_buffer), self._receive_buffer_closed)
+
+    def receive_data(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        """Add data to our internal receive buffer.
+
+        This does not actually do any processing on the data, just stores
+        it. To trigger processing, you have to call :meth:`next_event`.
+
+        Args:
+            data (:term:`bytes-like object`):
+                The new data that was just received.
+
+                Special case: If *data* is an empty byte-string like ``b""``,
+                then this indicates that the remote side has closed the
+                connection (end of file). Normally this is convenient, because
+                standard Python APIs like :meth:`file.read` or
+                :meth:`socket.recv` use ``b""`` to indicate end-of-file, while
+                other failures to read are indicated using other mechanisms
+                like raising :exc:`TimeoutError`. When using such an API you
+                can just blindly pass through whatever you get from ``read``
+                to :meth:`receive_data`, and everything will work.
+
+                But, if you have an API where reading an empty string is a
+                valid non-EOF condition, then you need to be aware of this and
+                make sure to check for such strings and avoid passing them to
+                :meth:`receive_data`.
+
+        Returns:
+            Nothing, but after calling this you should call :meth:`next_event`
+            to parse the newly received data.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError:
+                Raised if you pass an empty *data*, indicating EOF, and then
+                pass a non-empty *data*, indicating more data that somehow
+                arrived after the EOF.
+
+                (Calling ``receive_data(b"")`` multiple times is fine,
+                and equivalent to calling it once.)
+
+        """
+        if data:
+            if self._receive_buffer_closed:
+                raise RuntimeError("received close, then received more data?")
+            self._receive_buffer += data
+        else:
+            self._receive_buffer_closed = True
+
+    def _extract_next_receive_event(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[Event, Type[NEED_DATA], Type[PAUSED]]:
+        state = self.their_state
+        # We don't pause immediately when they enter DONE, because even in
+        # DONE state we can still process a ConnectionClosed() event. But
+        # if we have data in our buffer, then we definitely aren't getting
+        # a ConnectionClosed() immediately and we need to pause.
+        if state is DONE and self._receive_buffer:
+            return PAUSED
+        if state is MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL or state is SWITCHED_PROTOCOL:
+            return PAUSED
+        assert self._reader is not None
+        event = self._reader(self._receive_buffer)
+        if event is None:
+            if not self._receive_buffer and self._receive_buffer_closed:
+                # In some unusual cases (basically just HTTP/1.0 bodies), EOF
+                # triggers an actual protocol event; in that case, we want to
+                # return that event, and then the state will change and we'll
+                # get called again to generate the actual ConnectionClosed().
+                if hasattr(self._reader, "read_eof"):
+                    event = self._reader.read_eof()
+                else:
+                    event = ConnectionClosed()
+        if event is None:
+            event = NEED_DATA
+        return event  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def next_event(self) -> Union[Event, Type[NEED_DATA], Type[PAUSED]]:
+        """Parse the next event out of our receive buffer, update our internal
+        state, and return it.
+
+        This is a mutating operation -- think of it like calling :func:`next`
+        on an iterator.
+
+        Returns:
+            : One of three things:
+
+            1) An event object -- see :ref:`events`.
+
+            2) The special constant :data:`NEED_DATA`, which indicates that
+               you need to read more data from your socket and pass it to
+               :meth:`receive_data` before this method will be able to return
+               any more events.
+
+            3) The special constant :data:`PAUSED`, which indicates that we
+               are not in a state where we can process incoming data (usually
+               because the peer has finished their part of the current
+               request/response cycle, and you have not yet called
+               :meth:`start_next_cycle`). See :ref:`flow-control` for details.
+
+        Raises:
+            RemoteProtocolError:
+                The peer has misbehaved. You should close the connection
+                (possibly after sending some kind of 4xx response).
+
+        Once this method returns :class:`ConnectionClosed` once, then all
+        subsequent calls will also return :class:`ConnectionClosed`.
+
+        If this method raises any exception besides :exc:`RemoteProtocolError`
+        then that's a bug -- if it happens please file a bug report!
+
+        If this method raises any exception then it also sets
+        :attr:`Connection.their_state` to :data:`ERROR` -- see
+        :ref:`error-handling` for discussion.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.their_state is ERROR:
+            raise RemoteProtocolError("Can't receive data when peer state is ERROR")
+        try:
+            event = self._extract_next_receive_event()
+            if event not in [NEED_DATA, PAUSED]:
+                self._process_event(self.their_role, cast(Event, event))
+            if event is NEED_DATA:
+                if len(self._receive_buffer) > self._max_incomplete_event_size:
+                    # 431 is "Request header fields too large" which is pretty
+                    # much the only situation where we can get here
+                    raise RemoteProtocolError(
+                        "Receive buffer too long", error_status_hint=431
+                    )
+                if self._receive_buffer_closed:
+                    # We're still trying to complete some event, but that's
+                    # never going to happen because no more data is coming
+                    raise RemoteProtocolError("peer unexpectedly closed connection")
+            return event
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._process_error(self.their_role)
+            if isinstance(exc, LocalProtocolError):
+                exc._reraise_as_remote_protocol_error()
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    @overload
+    def send(self, event: ConnectionClosed) -> None:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def send(
+        self, event: Union[Request, InformationalResponse, Response, Data, EndOfMessage]
+    ) -> bytes:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def send(self, event: Event) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        ...
+
+    def send(self, event: Event) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        """Convert a high-level event into bytes that can be sent to the peer,
+        while updating our internal state machine.
+
+        Args:
+            event: The :ref:`event <events>` to send.
+
+        Returns:
+            If ``type(event) is ConnectionClosed``, then returns
+            ``None``. Otherwise, returns a :term:`bytes-like object`.
+
+        Raises:
+            LocalProtocolError:
+                Sending this event at this time would violate our
+                understanding of the HTTP/1.1 protocol.
+
+        If this method raises any exception then it also sets
+        :attr:`Connection.our_state` to :data:`ERROR` -- see
+        :ref:`error-handling` for discussion.
+
+        """
+        data_list = self.send_with_data_passthrough(event)
+        if data_list is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return b"".join(data_list)
+
+    def send_with_data_passthrough(self, event: Event) -> Optional[List[bytes]]:
+        """Identical to :meth:`send`, except that in situations where
+        :meth:`send` returns a single :term:`bytes-like object`, this instead
+        returns a list of them -- and when sending a :class:`Data` event, this
+        list is guaranteed to contain the exact object you passed in as
+        :attr:`Data.data`. See :ref:`sendfile` for discussion.
+
+        """
+        if self.our_state is ERROR:
+            raise LocalProtocolError("Can't send data when our state is ERROR")
+        try:
+            if type(event) is Response:
+                event = self._clean_up_response_headers_for_sending(event)
+            # We want to call _process_event before calling the writer,
+            # because if someone tries to do something invalid then this will
+            # give a sensible error message, while our writers all just assume
+            # they will only receive valid events. But, _process_event might
+            # change self._writer. So we have to do a little dance:
+            writer = self._writer
+            self._process_event(self.our_role, event)
+            if type(event) is ConnectionClosed:
+                return None
+            else:
+                # In any situation where writer is None, process_event should
+                # have raised ProtocolError
+                assert writer is not None
+                data_list: List[bytes] = []
+                writer(event, data_list.append)
+                return data_list
+        except:
+            self._process_error(self.our_role)
+            raise
+
+    def send_failed(self) -> None:
+        """Notify the state machine that we failed to send the data it gave
+        us.
+
+        This causes :attr:`Connection.our_state` to immediately become
+        :data:`ERROR` -- see :ref:`error-handling` for discussion.
+
+        """
+        self._process_error(self.our_role)
+
+    # When sending a Response, we take responsibility for a few things:
+    #
+    # - Sometimes you MUST set Connection: close. We take care of those
+    #   times. (You can also set it yourself if you want, and if you do then
+    #   we'll respect that and close the connection at the right time. But you
+    #   don't have to worry about that unless you want to.)
+    #
+    # - The user has to set Content-Length if they want it. Otherwise, for
+    #   responses that have bodies (e.g. not HEAD), then we will automatically
+    #   select the right mechanism for streaming a body of unknown length,
+    #   which depends on depending on the peer's HTTP version.
+    #
+    # This function's *only* responsibility is making sure headers are set up
+    # right -- everything downstream just looks at the headers. There are no
+    # side channels.
+    def _clean_up_response_headers_for_sending(self, response: Response) -> Response:
+        assert type(response) is Response
+
+        headers = response.headers
+        need_close = False
+
+        # HEAD requests need some special handling: they always act like they
+        # have Content-Length: 0, and that's how _body_framing treats
+        # them. But their headers are supposed to match what we would send if
+        # the request was a GET. (Technically there is one deviation allowed:
+        # we're allowed to leave out the framing headers -- see
+        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-4.3.2 . But it's just as
+        # easy to get them right.)
+        method_for_choosing_headers = cast(bytes, self._request_method)
+        if method_for_choosing_headers == b"HEAD":
+            method_for_choosing_headers = b"GET"
+        framing_type, _ = _body_framing(method_for_choosing_headers, response)
+        if framing_type in ("chunked", "http/1.0"):
+            # This response has a body of unknown length.
+            # If our peer is HTTP/1.1, we use Transfer-Encoding: chunked
+            # If our peer is HTTP/1.0, we use no framing headers, and close the
+            # connection afterwards.
+            #
+            # Make sure to clear Content-Length (in principle user could have
+            # set both and then we ignored Content-Length b/c
+            # Transfer-Encoding overwrote it -- this would be naughty of them,
+            # but the HTTP spec says that if our peer does this then we have
+            # to fix it instead of erroring out, so we'll accord the user the
+            # same respect).
+            headers = set_comma_header(headers, b"content-length", [])
+            if self.their_http_version is None or self.their_http_version < b"1.1":
+                # Either we never got a valid request and are sending back an
+                # error (their_http_version is None), so we assume the worst;
+                # or else we did get a valid HTTP/1.0 request, so we know that
+                # they don't understand chunked encoding.
+                headers = set_comma_header(headers, b"transfer-encoding", [])
+                # This is actually redundant ATM, since currently we
+                # unconditionally disable keep-alive when talking to HTTP/1.0
+                # peers. But let's be defensive just in case we add
+                # Connection: keep-alive support later:
+                if self._request_method != b"HEAD":
+                    need_close = True
+            else:
+                headers = set_comma_header(headers, b"transfer-encoding", [b"chunked"])
+
+        if not self._cstate.keep_alive or need_close:
+            # Make sure Connection: close is set
+            connection = set(get_comma_header(headers, b"connection"))
+            connection.discard(b"keep-alive")
+            connection.add(b"close")
+            headers = set_comma_header(headers, b"connection", sorted(connection))
+
+        return Response(
+            headers=headers,
+            status_code=response.status_code,
+            http_version=response.http_version,
+            reason=response.reason,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca1c3adb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
+# High level events that make up HTTP/1.1 conversations. Loosely inspired by
+# the corresponding events in hyper-h2:
+#
+#     http://python-hyper.org/h2/en/stable/api.html#events
+#
+# Don't subclass these. Stuff will break.
+
+import re
+from abc import ABC
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._abnf import method, request_target
+from ._headers import Headers, normalize_and_validate
+from ._util import bytesify, LocalProtocolError, validate
+
+# Everything in __all__ gets re-exported as part of the h11 public API.
+__all__ = [
+    "Event",
+    "Request",
+    "InformationalResponse",
+    "Response",
+    "Data",
+    "EndOfMessage",
+    "ConnectionClosed",
+]
+
+method_re = re.compile(method.encode("ascii"))
+request_target_re = re.compile(request_target.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+class Event(ABC):
+    """
+    Base class for h11 events.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+@dataclass(init=False, frozen=True)
+class Request(Event):
+    """The beginning of an HTTP request.
+
+    Fields:
+
+    .. attribute:: method
+
+       An HTTP method, e.g. ``b"GET"`` or ``b"POST"``. Always a byte
+       string. :term:`Bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>` and native
+       strings containing only ascii characters will be automatically
+       converted to byte strings.
+
+    .. attribute:: target
+
+       The target of an HTTP request, e.g. ``b"/index.html"``, or one of the
+       more exotic formats described in `RFC 7320, section 5.3
+       <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-5.3>`_. Always a byte
+       string. :term:`Bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>` and native
+       strings containing only ascii characters will be automatically
+       converted to byte strings.
+
+    .. attribute:: headers
+
+       Request headers, represented as a list of (name, value) pairs. See
+       :ref:`the header normalization rules <headers-format>` for details.
+
+    .. attribute:: http_version
+
+       The HTTP protocol version, represented as a byte string like
+       ``b"1.1"``. See :ref:`the HTTP version normalization rules
+       <http_version-format>` for details.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("method", "headers", "target", "http_version")
+
+    method: bytes
+    headers: Headers
+    target: bytes
+    http_version: bytes
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        method: Union[bytes, str],
+        headers: Union[Headers, List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]], List[Tuple[str, str]]],
+        target: Union[bytes, str],
+        http_version: Union[bytes, str] = b"1.1",
+        _parsed: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        if isinstance(headers, Headers):
+            object.__setattr__(self, "headers", headers)
+        else:
+            object.__setattr__(
+                self, "headers", normalize_and_validate(headers, _parsed=_parsed)
+            )
+        if not _parsed:
+            object.__setattr__(self, "method", bytesify(method))
+            object.__setattr__(self, "target", bytesify(target))
+            object.__setattr__(self, "http_version", bytesify(http_version))
+        else:
+            object.__setattr__(self, "method", method)
+            object.__setattr__(self, "target", target)
+            object.__setattr__(self, "http_version", http_version)
+
+        # "A server MUST respond with a 400 (Bad Request) status code to any
+        # HTTP/1.1 request message that lacks a Host header field and to any
+        # request message that contains more than one Host header field or a
+        # Host header field with an invalid field-value."
+        # -- https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-5.4
+        host_count = 0
+        for name, value in self.headers:
+            if name == b"host":
+                host_count += 1
+        if self.http_version == b"1.1" and host_count == 0:
+            raise LocalProtocolError("Missing mandatory Host: header")
+        if host_count > 1:
+            raise LocalProtocolError("Found multiple Host: headers")
+
+        validate(method_re, self.method, "Illegal method characters")
+        validate(request_target_re, self.target, "Illegal target characters")
+
+    # This is an unhashable type.
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@dataclass(init=False, frozen=True)
+class _ResponseBase(Event):
+    __slots__ = ("headers", "http_version", "reason", "status_code")
+
+    headers: Headers
+    http_version: bytes
+    reason: bytes
+    status_code: int
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        headers: Union[Headers, List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]], List[Tuple[str, str]]],
+        status_code: int,
+        http_version: Union[bytes, str] = b"1.1",
+        reason: Union[bytes, str] = b"",
+        _parsed: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        if isinstance(headers, Headers):
+            object.__setattr__(self, "headers", headers)
+        else:
+            object.__setattr__(
+                self, "headers", normalize_and_validate(headers, _parsed=_parsed)
+            )
+        if not _parsed:
+            object.__setattr__(self, "reason", bytesify(reason))
+            object.__setattr__(self, "http_version", bytesify(http_version))
+            if not isinstance(status_code, int):
+                raise LocalProtocolError("status code must be integer")
+            # Because IntEnum objects are instances of int, but aren't
+            # duck-compatible (sigh), see gh-72.
+            object.__setattr__(self, "status_code", int(status_code))
+        else:
+            object.__setattr__(self, "reason", reason)
+            object.__setattr__(self, "http_version", http_version)
+            object.__setattr__(self, "status_code", status_code)
+
+        self.__post_init__()
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    # This is an unhashable type.
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@dataclass(init=False, frozen=True)
+class InformationalResponse(_ResponseBase):
+    """An HTTP informational response.
+
+    Fields:
+
+    .. attribute:: status_code
+
+       The status code of this response, as an integer. For an
+       :class:`InformationalResponse`, this is always in the range [100,
+       200).
+
+    .. attribute:: headers
+
+       Request headers, represented as a list of (name, value) pairs. See
+       :ref:`the header normalization rules <headers-format>` for
+       details.
+
+    .. attribute:: http_version
+
+       The HTTP protocol version, represented as a byte string like
+       ``b"1.1"``. See :ref:`the HTTP version normalization rules
+       <http_version-format>` for details.
+
+    .. attribute:: reason
+
+       The reason phrase of this response, as a byte string. For example:
+       ``b"OK"``, or ``b"Not Found"``.
+
+    """
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if not (100 <= self.status_code < 200):
+            raise LocalProtocolError(
+                "InformationalResponse status_code should be in range "
+                "[100, 200), not {}".format(self.status_code)
+            )
+
+    # This is an unhashable type.
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@dataclass(init=False, frozen=True)
+class Response(_ResponseBase):
+    """The beginning of an HTTP response.
+
+    Fields:
+
+    .. attribute:: status_code
+
+       The status code of this response, as an integer. For an
+       :class:`Response`, this is always in the range [200,
+       1000).
+
+    .. attribute:: headers
+
+       Request headers, represented as a list of (name, value) pairs. See
+       :ref:`the header normalization rules <headers-format>` for details.
+
+    .. attribute:: http_version
+
+       The HTTP protocol version, represented as a byte string like
+       ``b"1.1"``. See :ref:`the HTTP version normalization rules
+       <http_version-format>` for details.
+
+    .. attribute:: reason
+
+       The reason phrase of this response, as a byte string. For example:
+       ``b"OK"``, or ``b"Not Found"``.
+
+    """
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if not (200 <= self.status_code < 1000):
+            raise LocalProtocolError(
+                "Response status_code should be in range [200, 1000), not {}".format(
+                    self.status_code
+                )
+            )
+
+    # This is an unhashable type.
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@dataclass(init=False, frozen=True)
+class Data(Event):
+    """Part of an HTTP message body.
+
+    Fields:
+
+    .. attribute:: data
+
+       A :term:`bytes-like object` containing part of a message body. Or, if
+       using the ``combine=False`` argument to :meth:`Connection.send`, then
+       any object that your socket writing code knows what to do with, and for
+       which calling :func:`len` returns the number of bytes that will be
+       written -- see :ref:`sendfile` for details.
+
+    .. attribute:: chunk_start
+
+       A marker that indicates whether this data object is from the start of a
+       chunked transfer encoding chunk. This field is ignored when when a Data
+       event is provided to :meth:`Connection.send`: it is only valid on
+       events emitted from :meth:`Connection.next_event`. You probably
+       shouldn't use this attribute at all; see
+       :ref:`chunk-delimiters-are-bad` for details.
+
+    .. attribute:: chunk_end
+
+       A marker that indicates whether this data object is the last for a
+       given chunked transfer encoding chunk. This field is ignored when when
+       a Data event is provided to :meth:`Connection.send`: it is only valid
+       on events emitted from :meth:`Connection.next_event`. You probably
+       shouldn't use this attribute at all; see
+       :ref:`chunk-delimiters-are-bad` for details.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("data", "chunk_start", "chunk_end")
+
+    data: bytes
+    chunk_start: bool
+    chunk_end: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, data: bytes, chunk_start: bool = False, chunk_end: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        object.__setattr__(self, "data", data)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "chunk_start", chunk_start)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "chunk_end", chunk_end)
+
+    # This is an unhashable type.
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+# XX FIXME: "A recipient MUST ignore (or consider as an error) any fields that
+# are forbidden to be sent in a trailer, since processing them as if they were
+# present in the header section might bypass external security filters."
+# https://svn.tools.ietf.org/svn/wg/httpbis/specs/rfc7230.html#chunked.trailer.part
+# Unfortunately, the list of forbidden fields is long and vague :-/
+@dataclass(init=False, frozen=True)
+class EndOfMessage(Event):
+    """The end of an HTTP message.
+
+    Fields:
+
+    .. attribute:: headers
+
+       Default value: ``[]``
+
+       Any trailing headers attached to this message, represented as a list of
+       (name, value) pairs. See :ref:`the header normalization rules
+       <headers-format>` for details.
+
+       Must be empty unless ``Transfer-Encoding: chunked`` is in use.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("headers",)
+
+    headers: Headers
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        headers: Union[
+            Headers, List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]], List[Tuple[str, str]], None
+        ] = None,
+        _parsed: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = Headers([])
+        elif not isinstance(headers, Headers):
+            headers = normalize_and_validate(headers, _parsed=_parsed)
+
+        object.__setattr__(self, "headers", headers)
+
+    # This is an unhashable type.
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ConnectionClosed(Event):
+    """This event indicates that the sender has closed their outgoing
+    connection.
+
+    Note that this does not necessarily mean that they can't *receive* further
+    data, because TCP connections are composed to two one-way channels which
+    can be closed independently. See :ref:`closing` for details.
+
+    No fields.
+    """
+
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_headers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_headers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31da3e2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_headers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+import re
+from typing import AnyStr, cast, List, overload, Sequence, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+
+from ._abnf import field_name, field_value
+from ._util import bytesify, LocalProtocolError, validate
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._events import Request
+
+try:
+    from typing import Literal
+except ImportError:
+    from typing_extensions import Literal  # type: ignore
+
+CONTENT_LENGTH_MAX_DIGITS = 20  # allow up to 1 billion TB - 1
+
+
+# Facts
+# -----
+#
+# Headers are:
+#   keys: case-insensitive ascii
+#   values: mixture of ascii and raw bytes
+#
+# "Historically, HTTP has allowed field content with text in the ISO-8859-1
+# charset [ISO-8859-1], supporting other charsets only through use of
+# [RFC2047] encoding.  In practice, most HTTP header field values use only a
+# subset of the US-ASCII charset [USASCII]. Newly defined header fields SHOULD
+# limit their field values to US-ASCII octets.  A recipient SHOULD treat other
+# octets in field content (obs-text) as opaque data."
+# And it deprecates all non-ascii values
+#
+# Leading/trailing whitespace in header names is forbidden
+#
+# Values get leading/trailing whitespace stripped
+#
+# Content-Disposition actually needs to contain unicode semantically; to
+# accomplish this it has a terrifically weird way of encoding the filename
+# itself as ascii (and even this still has lots of cross-browser
+# incompatibilities)
+#
+# Order is important:
+# "a proxy MUST NOT change the order of these field values when forwarding a
+# message"
+# (and there are several headers where the order indicates a preference)
+#
+# Multiple occurences of the same header:
+# "A sender MUST NOT generate multiple header fields with the same field name
+# in a message unless either the entire field value for that header field is
+# defined as a comma-separated list [or the header is Set-Cookie which gets a
+# special exception]" - RFC 7230. (cookies are in RFC 6265)
+#
+# So every header aside from Set-Cookie can be merged by b", ".join if it
+# occurs repeatedly. But, of course, they can't necessarily be split by
+# .split(b","), because quoting.
+#
+# Given all this mess (case insensitive, duplicates allowed, order is
+# important, ...), there doesn't appear to be any standard way to handle
+# headers in Python -- they're almost like dicts, but... actually just
+# aren't. For now we punt and just use a super simple representation: headers
+# are a list of pairs
+#
+#   [(name1, value1), (name2, value2), ...]
+#
+# where all entries are bytestrings, names are lowercase and have no
+# leading/trailing whitespace, and values are bytestrings with no
+# leading/trailing whitespace. Searching and updating are done via naive O(n)
+# methods.
+#
+# Maybe a dict-of-lists would be better?
+
+_content_length_re = re.compile(rb"[0-9]+")
+_field_name_re = re.compile(field_name.encode("ascii"))
+_field_value_re = re.compile(field_value.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+class Headers(Sequence[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]):
+    """
+    A list-like interface that allows iterating over headers as byte-pairs
+    of (lowercased-name, value).
+
+    Internally we actually store the representation as three-tuples,
+    including both the raw original casing, in order to preserve casing
+    over-the-wire, and the lowercased name, for case-insensitive comparisions.
+
+    r = Request(
+        method="GET",
+        target="/",
+        headers=[("Host", "example.org"), ("Connection", "keep-alive")],
+        http_version="1.1",
+    )
+    assert r.headers == [
+        (b"host", b"example.org"),
+        (b"connection", b"keep-alive")
+    ]
+    assert r.headers.raw_items() == [
+        (b"Host", b"example.org"),
+        (b"Connection", b"keep-alive")
+    ]
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "_full_items"
+
+    def __init__(self, full_items: List[Tuple[bytes, bytes, bytes]]) -> None:
+        self._full_items = full_items
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._full_items)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return list(self) == list(other)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._full_items)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<Headers(%s)>" % repr(list(self))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> Tuple[bytes, bytes]:  # type: ignore[override]
+        _, name, value = self._full_items[idx]
+        return (name, value)
+
+    def raw_items(self) -> List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+        return [(raw_name, value) for raw_name, _, value in self._full_items]
+
+
+HeaderTypes = Union[
+    List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+    List[Tuple[bytes, str]],
+    List[Tuple[str, bytes]],
+    List[Tuple[str, str]],
+]
+
+
+@overload
+def normalize_and_validate(headers: Headers, _parsed: Literal[True]) -> Headers:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def normalize_and_validate(headers: HeaderTypes, _parsed: Literal[False]) -> Headers:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def normalize_and_validate(
+    headers: Union[Headers, HeaderTypes], _parsed: bool = False
+) -> Headers:
+    ...
+
+
+def normalize_and_validate(
+    headers: Union[Headers, HeaderTypes], _parsed: bool = False
+) -> Headers:
+    new_headers = []
+    seen_content_length = None
+    saw_transfer_encoding = False
+    for name, value in headers:
+        # For headers coming out of the parser, we can safely skip some steps,
+        # because it always returns bytes and has already run these regexes
+        # over the data:
+        if not _parsed:
+            name = bytesify(name)
+            value = bytesify(value)
+            validate(_field_name_re, name, "Illegal header name {!r}", name)
+            validate(_field_value_re, value, "Illegal header value {!r}", value)
+        assert isinstance(name, bytes)
+        assert isinstance(value, bytes)
+
+        raw_name = name
+        name = name.lower()
+        if name == b"content-length":
+            lengths = {length.strip() for length in value.split(b",")}
+            if len(lengths) != 1:
+                raise LocalProtocolError("conflicting Content-Length headers")
+            value = lengths.pop()
+            validate(_content_length_re, value, "bad Content-Length")
+            if len(value) > CONTENT_LENGTH_MAX_DIGITS:
+                raise LocalProtocolError("bad Content-Length")
+            if seen_content_length is None:
+                seen_content_length = value
+                new_headers.append((raw_name, name, value))
+            elif seen_content_length != value:
+                raise LocalProtocolError("conflicting Content-Length headers")
+        elif name == b"transfer-encoding":
+            # "A server that receives a request message with a transfer coding
+            # it does not understand SHOULD respond with 501 (Not
+            # Implemented)."
+            # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.3.1
+            if saw_transfer_encoding:
+                raise LocalProtocolError(
+                    "multiple Transfer-Encoding headers", error_status_hint=501
+                )
+            # "All transfer-coding names are case-insensitive"
+            # -- https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-4
+            value = value.lower()
+            if value != b"chunked":
+                raise LocalProtocolError(
+                    "Only Transfer-Encoding: chunked is supported",
+                    error_status_hint=501,
+                )
+            saw_transfer_encoding = True
+            new_headers.append((raw_name, name, value))
+        else:
+            new_headers.append((raw_name, name, value))
+    return Headers(new_headers)
+
+
+def get_comma_header(headers: Headers, name: bytes) -> List[bytes]:
+    # Should only be used for headers whose value is a list of
+    # comma-separated, case-insensitive values.
+    #
+    # The header name `name` is expected to be lower-case bytes.
+    #
+    # Connection: meets these criteria (including cast insensitivity).
+    #
+    # Content-Length: technically is just a single value (1*DIGIT), but the
+    # standard makes reference to implementations that do multiple values, and
+    # using this doesn't hurt. Ditto, case insensitivity doesn't things either
+    # way.
+    #
+    # Transfer-Encoding: is more complex (allows for quoted strings), so
+    # splitting on , is actually wrong. For example, this is legal:
+    #
+    #    Transfer-Encoding: foo; options="1,2", chunked
+    #
+    # and should be parsed as
+    #
+    #    foo; options="1,2"
+    #    chunked
+    #
+    # but this naive function will parse it as
+    #
+    #    foo; options="1
+    #    2"
+    #    chunked
+    #
+    # However, this is okay because the only thing we are going to do with
+    # any Transfer-Encoding is reject ones that aren't just "chunked", so
+    # both of these will be treated the same anyway.
+    #
+    # Expect: the only legal value is the literal string
+    # "100-continue". Splitting on commas is harmless. Case insensitive.
+    #
+    out: List[bytes] = []
+    for _, found_name, found_raw_value in headers._full_items:
+        if found_name == name:
+            found_raw_value = found_raw_value.lower()
+            for found_split_value in found_raw_value.split(b","):
+                found_split_value = found_split_value.strip()
+                if found_split_value:
+                    out.append(found_split_value)
+    return out
+
+
+def set_comma_header(headers: Headers, name: bytes, new_values: List[bytes]) -> Headers:
+    # The header name `name` is expected to be lower-case bytes.
+    #
+    # Note that when we store the header we use title casing for the header
+    # names, in order to match the conventional HTTP header style.
+    #
+    # Simply calling `.title()` is a blunt approach, but it's correct
+    # here given the cases where we're using `set_comma_header`...
+    #
+    # Connection, Content-Length, Transfer-Encoding.
+    new_headers: List[Tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+    for found_raw_name, found_name, found_raw_value in headers._full_items:
+        if found_name != name:
+            new_headers.append((found_raw_name, found_raw_value))
+    for new_value in new_values:
+        new_headers.append((name.title(), new_value))
+    return normalize_and_validate(new_headers)
+
+
+def has_expect_100_continue(request: "Request") -> bool:
+    # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.1.1
+    # "A server that receives a 100-continue expectation in an HTTP/1.0 request
+    # MUST ignore that expectation."
+    if request.http_version < b"1.1":
+        return False
+    expect = get_comma_header(request.headers, b"expect")
+    return b"100-continue" in expect
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_readers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_readers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..576804cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_readers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+# Code to read HTTP data
+#
+# Strategy: each reader is a callable which takes a ReceiveBuffer object, and
+# either:
+# 1) consumes some of it and returns an Event
+# 2) raises a LocalProtocolError (for consistency -- e.g. we call validate()
+#    and it might raise a LocalProtocolError, so simpler just to always use
+#    this)
+# 3) returns None, meaning "I need more data"
+#
+# If they have a .read_eof attribute, then this will be called if an EOF is
+# received -- but this is optional. Either way, the actual ConnectionClosed
+# event will be generated afterwards.
+#
+# READERS is a dict describing how to pick a reader. It maps states to either:
+# - a reader
+# - or, for body readers, a dict of per-framing reader factories
+
+import re
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, NoReturn, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from ._abnf import chunk_header, header_field, request_line, status_line
+from ._events import Data, EndOfMessage, InformationalResponse, Request, Response
+from ._receivebuffer import ReceiveBuffer
+from ._state import (
+    CLIENT,
+    CLOSED,
+    DONE,
+    IDLE,
+    MUST_CLOSE,
+    SEND_BODY,
+    SEND_RESPONSE,
+    SERVER,
+)
+from ._util import LocalProtocolError, RemoteProtocolError, Sentinel, validate
+
+__all__ = ["READERS"]
+
+header_field_re = re.compile(header_field.encode("ascii"))
+obs_fold_re = re.compile(rb"[ \t]+")
+
+
+def _obsolete_line_fold(lines: Iterable[bytes]) -> Iterable[bytes]:
+    it = iter(lines)
+    last: Optional[bytes] = None
+    for line in it:
+        match = obs_fold_re.match(line)
+        if match:
+            if last is None:
+                raise LocalProtocolError("continuation line at start of headers")
+            if not isinstance(last, bytearray):
+                # Cast to a mutable type, avoiding copy on append to ensure O(n) time
+                last = bytearray(last)
+            last += b" "
+            last += line[match.end() :]
+        else:
+            if last is not None:
+                yield last
+            last = line
+    if last is not None:
+        yield last
+
+
+def _decode_header_lines(
+    lines: Iterable[bytes],
+) -> Iterable[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    for line in _obsolete_line_fold(lines):
+        matches = validate(header_field_re, line, "illegal header line: {!r}", line)
+        yield (matches["field_name"], matches["field_value"])
+
+
+request_line_re = re.compile(request_line.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+def maybe_read_from_IDLE_client(buf: ReceiveBuffer) -> Optional[Request]:
+    lines = buf.maybe_extract_lines()
+    if lines is None:
+        if buf.is_next_line_obviously_invalid_request_line():
+            raise LocalProtocolError("illegal request line")
+        return None
+    if not lines:
+        raise LocalProtocolError("no request line received")
+    matches = validate(
+        request_line_re, lines[0], "illegal request line: {!r}", lines[0]
+    )
+    return Request(
+        headers=list(_decode_header_lines(lines[1:])), _parsed=True, **matches
+    )
+
+
+status_line_re = re.compile(status_line.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+def maybe_read_from_SEND_RESPONSE_server(
+    buf: ReceiveBuffer,
+) -> Union[InformationalResponse, Response, None]:
+    lines = buf.maybe_extract_lines()
+    if lines is None:
+        if buf.is_next_line_obviously_invalid_request_line():
+            raise LocalProtocolError("illegal request line")
+        return None
+    if not lines:
+        raise LocalProtocolError("no response line received")
+    matches = validate(status_line_re, lines[0], "illegal status line: {!r}", lines[0])
+    http_version = (
+        b"1.1" if matches["http_version"] is None else matches["http_version"]
+    )
+    reason = b"" if matches["reason"] is None else matches["reason"]
+    status_code = int(matches["status_code"])
+    class_: Union[Type[InformationalResponse], Type[Response]] = (
+        InformationalResponse if status_code < 200 else Response
+    )
+    return class_(
+        headers=list(_decode_header_lines(lines[1:])),
+        _parsed=True,
+        status_code=status_code,
+        reason=reason,
+        http_version=http_version,
+    )
+
+
+class ContentLengthReader:
+    def __init__(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self._length = length
+        self._remaining = length
+
+    def __call__(self, buf: ReceiveBuffer) -> Union[Data, EndOfMessage, None]:
+        if self._remaining == 0:
+            return EndOfMessage()
+        data = buf.maybe_extract_at_most(self._remaining)
+        if data is None:
+            return None
+        self._remaining -= len(data)
+        return Data(data=data)
+
+    def read_eof(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise RemoteProtocolError(
+            "peer closed connection without sending complete message body "
+            "(received {} bytes, expected {})".format(
+                self._length - self._remaining, self._length
+            )
+        )
+
+
+chunk_header_re = re.compile(chunk_header.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+class ChunkedReader:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._bytes_in_chunk = 0
+        # After reading a chunk, we have to throw away the trailing \r\n.
+        # This tracks the bytes that we need to match and throw away.
+        self._bytes_to_discard = b""
+        self._reading_trailer = False
+
+    def __call__(self, buf: ReceiveBuffer) -> Union[Data, EndOfMessage, None]:
+        if self._reading_trailer:
+            lines = buf.maybe_extract_lines()
+            if lines is None:
+                return None
+            return EndOfMessage(headers=list(_decode_header_lines(lines)))
+        if self._bytes_to_discard:
+            data = buf.maybe_extract_at_most(len(self._bytes_to_discard))
+            if data is None:
+                return None
+            if data != self._bytes_to_discard[: len(data)]:
+                raise LocalProtocolError(
+                    f"malformed chunk footer: {data!r} (expected {self._bytes_to_discard!r})"
+                )
+            self._bytes_to_discard = self._bytes_to_discard[len(data) :]
+            if self._bytes_to_discard:
+                return None
+            # else, fall through and read some more
+        assert self._bytes_to_discard == b""
+        if self._bytes_in_chunk == 0:
+            # We need to refill our chunk count
+            chunk_header = buf.maybe_extract_next_line()
+            if chunk_header is None:
+                return None
+            matches = validate(
+                chunk_header_re,
+                chunk_header,
+                "illegal chunk header: {!r}",
+                chunk_header,
+            )
+            # XX FIXME: we discard chunk extensions. Does anyone care?
+            self._bytes_in_chunk = int(matches["chunk_size"], base=16)
+            if self._bytes_in_chunk == 0:
+                self._reading_trailer = True
+                return self(buf)
+            chunk_start = True
+        else:
+            chunk_start = False
+        assert self._bytes_in_chunk > 0
+        data = buf.maybe_extract_at_most(self._bytes_in_chunk)
+        if data is None:
+            return None
+        self._bytes_in_chunk -= len(data)
+        if self._bytes_in_chunk == 0:
+            self._bytes_to_discard = b"\r\n"
+            chunk_end = True
+        else:
+            chunk_end = False
+        return Data(data=data, chunk_start=chunk_start, chunk_end=chunk_end)
+
+    def read_eof(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise RemoteProtocolError(
+            "peer closed connection without sending complete message body "
+            "(incomplete chunked read)"
+        )
+
+
+class Http10Reader:
+    def __call__(self, buf: ReceiveBuffer) -> Optional[Data]:
+        data = buf.maybe_extract_at_most(999999999)
+        if data is None:
+            return None
+        return Data(data=data)
+
+    def read_eof(self) -> EndOfMessage:
+        return EndOfMessage()
+
+
+def expect_nothing(buf: ReceiveBuffer) -> None:
+    if buf:
+        raise LocalProtocolError("Got data when expecting EOF")
+    return None
+
+
+ReadersType = Dict[
+    Union[Type[Sentinel], Tuple[Type[Sentinel], Type[Sentinel]]],
+    Union[Callable[..., Any], Dict[str, Callable[..., Any]]],
+]
+
+READERS: ReadersType = {
+    (CLIENT, IDLE): maybe_read_from_IDLE_client,
+    (SERVER, IDLE): maybe_read_from_SEND_RESPONSE_server,
+    (SERVER, SEND_RESPONSE): maybe_read_from_SEND_RESPONSE_server,
+    (CLIENT, DONE): expect_nothing,
+    (CLIENT, MUST_CLOSE): expect_nothing,
+    (CLIENT, CLOSED): expect_nothing,
+    (SERVER, DONE): expect_nothing,
+    (SERVER, MUST_CLOSE): expect_nothing,
+    (SERVER, CLOSED): expect_nothing,
+    SEND_BODY: {
+        "chunked": ChunkedReader,
+        "content-length": ContentLengthReader,
+        "http/1.0": Http10Reader,
+    },
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_receivebuffer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_receivebuffer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5c4e08a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_receivebuffer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
+
+__all__ = ["ReceiveBuffer"]
+
+
+# Operations we want to support:
+# - find next \r\n or \r\n\r\n (\n or \n\n are also acceptable),
+#   or wait until there is one
+# - read at-most-N bytes
+# Goals:
+# - on average, do this fast
+# - worst case, do this in O(n) where n is the number of bytes processed
+# Plan:
+# - store bytearray, offset, how far we've searched for a separator token
+# - use the how-far-we've-searched data to avoid rescanning
+# - while doing a stream of uninterrupted processing, advance offset instead
+#   of constantly copying
+# WARNING:
+# - I haven't benchmarked or profiled any of this yet.
+#
+# Note that starting in Python 3.4, deleting the initial n bytes from a
+# bytearray is amortized O(n), thanks to some excellent work by Antoine
+# Martin:
+#
+#     https://bugs.python.org/issue19087
+#
+# This means that if we only supported 3.4+, we could get rid of the code here
+# involving self._start and self.compress, because it's doing exactly the same
+# thing that bytearray now does internally.
+#
+# BUT unfortunately, we still support 2.7, and reading short segments out of a
+# long buffer MUST be O(bytes read) to avoid DoS issues, so we can't actually
+# delete this code. Yet:
+#
+#     https://pythonclock.org/
+#
+# (Two things to double-check first though: make sure PyPy also has the
+# optimization, and benchmark to make sure it's a win, since we do have a
+# slightly clever thing where we delay calling compress() until we've
+# processed a whole event, which could in theory be slightly more efficient
+# than the internal bytearray support.)
+blank_line_regex = re.compile(b"\n\r?\n", re.MULTILINE)
+
+
+class ReceiveBuffer:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._data = bytearray()
+        self._next_line_search = 0
+        self._multiple_lines_search = 0
+
+    def __iadd__(self, byteslike: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> "ReceiveBuffer":
+        self._data += byteslike
+        return self
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(len(self))
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    # for @property unprocessed_data
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        return bytes(self._data)
+
+    def _extract(self, count: int) -> bytearray:
+        # extracting an initial slice of the data buffer and return it
+        out = self._data[:count]
+        del self._data[:count]
+
+        self._next_line_search = 0
+        self._multiple_lines_search = 0
+
+        return out
+
+    def maybe_extract_at_most(self, count: int) -> Optional[bytearray]:
+        """
+        Extract a fixed number of bytes from the buffer.
+        """
+        out = self._data[:count]
+        if not out:
+            return None
+
+        return self._extract(count)
+
+    def maybe_extract_next_line(self) -> Optional[bytearray]:
+        """
+        Extract the first line, if it is completed in the buffer.
+        """
+        # Only search in buffer space that we've not already looked at.
+        search_start_index = max(0, self._next_line_search - 1)
+        partial_idx = self._data.find(b"\r\n", search_start_index)
+
+        if partial_idx == -1:
+            self._next_line_search = len(self._data)
+            return None
+
+        # + 2 is to compensate len(b"\r\n")
+        idx = partial_idx + 2
+
+        return self._extract(idx)
+
+    def maybe_extract_lines(self) -> Optional[List[bytearray]]:
+        """
+        Extract everything up to the first blank line, and return a list of lines.
+        """
+        # Handle the case where we have an immediate empty line.
+        if self._data[:1] == b"\n":
+            self._extract(1)
+            return []
+
+        if self._data[:2] == b"\r\n":
+            self._extract(2)
+            return []
+
+        # Only search in buffer space that we've not already looked at.
+        match = blank_line_regex.search(self._data, self._multiple_lines_search)
+        if match is None:
+            self._multiple_lines_search = max(0, len(self._data) - 2)
+            return None
+
+        # Truncate the buffer and return it.
+        idx = match.span(0)[-1]
+        out = self._extract(idx)
+        lines = out.split(b"\n")
+
+        for line in lines:
+            if line.endswith(b"\r"):
+                del line[-1]
+
+        assert lines[-2] == lines[-1] == b""
+
+        del lines[-2:]
+
+        return lines
+
+    # In theory we should wait until `\r\n` before starting to validate
+    # incoming data. However it's interesting to detect (very) invalid data
+    # early given they might not even contain `\r\n` at all (hence only
+    # timeout will get rid of them).
+    # This is not a 100% effective detection but more of a cheap sanity check
+    # allowing for early abort in some useful cases.
+    # This is especially interesting when peer is messing up with HTTPS and
+    # sent us a TLS stream where we were expecting plain HTTP given all
+    # versions of TLS so far start handshake with a 0x16 message type code.
+    def is_next_line_obviously_invalid_request_line(self) -> bool:
+        try:
+            # HTTP header line must not contain non-printable characters
+            # and should not start with a space
+            return self._data[0] < 0x21
+        except IndexError:
+            return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_state.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_state.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ad444b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_state.py
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+################################################################
+# The core state machine
+################################################################
+#
+# Rule 1: everything that affects the state machine and state transitions must
+# live here in this file. As much as possible goes into the table-based
+# representation, but for the bits that don't quite fit, the actual code and
+# state must nonetheless live here.
+#
+# Rule 2: this file does not know about what role we're playing; it only knows
+# about HTTP request/response cycles in the abstract. This ensures that we
+# don't cheat and apply different rules to local and remote parties.
+#
+#
+# Theory of operation
+# ===================
+#
+# Possibly the simplest way to think about this is that we actually have 5
+# different state machines here. Yes, 5. These are:
+#
+# 1) The client state, with its complicated automaton (see the docs)
+# 2) The server state, with its complicated automaton (see the docs)
+# 3) The keep-alive state, with possible states {True, False}
+# 4) The SWITCH_CONNECT state, with possible states {False, True}
+# 5) The SWITCH_UPGRADE state, with possible states {False, True}
+#
+# For (3)-(5), the first state listed is the initial state.
+#
+# (1)-(3) are stored explicitly in member variables. The last
+# two are stored implicitly in the pending_switch_proposals set as:
+#   (state of 4) == (_SWITCH_CONNECT in pending_switch_proposals)
+#   (state of 5) == (_SWITCH_UPGRADE in pending_switch_proposals)
+#
+# And each of these machines has two different kinds of transitions:
+#
+# a) Event-triggered
+# b) State-triggered
+#
+# Event triggered is the obvious thing that you'd think it is: some event
+# happens, and if it's the right event at the right time then a transition
+# happens. But there are somewhat complicated rules for which machines can
+# "see" which events. (As a rule of thumb, if a machine "sees" an event, this
+# means two things: the event can affect the machine, and if the machine is
+# not in a state where it expects that event then it's an error.) These rules
+# are:
+#
+# 1) The client machine sees all h11.events objects emitted by the client.
+#
+# 2) The server machine sees all h11.events objects emitted by the server.
+#
+#    It also sees the client's Request event.
+#
+#    And sometimes, server events are annotated with a _SWITCH_* event. For
+#    example, we can have a (Response, _SWITCH_CONNECT) event, which is
+#    different from a regular Response event.
+#
+# 3) The keep-alive machine sees the process_keep_alive_disabled() event
+#    (which is derived from Request/Response events), and this event
+#    transitions it from True -> False, or from False -> False. There's no way
+#    to transition back.
+#
+# 4&5) The _SWITCH_* machines transition from False->True when we get a
+#    Request that proposes the relevant type of switch (via
+#    process_client_switch_proposals), and they go from True->False when we
+#    get a Response that has no _SWITCH_* annotation.
+#
+# So that's event-triggered transitions.
+#
+# State-triggered transitions are less standard. What they do here is couple
+# the machines together. The way this works is, when certain *joint*
+# configurations of states are achieved, then we automatically transition to a
+# new *joint* state. So, for example, if we're ever in a joint state with
+#
+#   client: DONE
+#   keep-alive: False
+#
+# then the client state immediately transitions to:
+#
+#   client: MUST_CLOSE
+#
+# This is fundamentally different from an event-based transition, because it
+# doesn't matter how we arrived at the {client: DONE, keep-alive: False} state
+# -- maybe the client transitioned SEND_BODY -> DONE, or keep-alive
+# transitioned True -> False. Either way, once this precondition is satisfied,
+# this transition is immediately triggered.
+#
+# What if two conflicting state-based transitions get enabled at the same
+# time?  In practice there's only one case where this arises (client DONE ->
+# MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL versus DONE -> MUST_CLOSE), and we resolve it by
+# explicitly prioritizing the DONE -> MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL transition.
+#
+# Implementation
+# --------------
+#
+# The event-triggered transitions for the server and client machines are all
+# stored explicitly in a table. Ditto for the state-triggered transitions that
+# involve just the server and client state.
+#
+# The transitions for the other machines, and the state-triggered transitions
+# that involve the other machines, are written out as explicit Python code.
+#
+# It'd be nice if there were some cleaner way to do all this. This isn't
+# *too* terrible, but I feel like it could probably be better.
+#
+# WARNING
+# -------
+#
+# The script that generates the state machine diagrams for the docs knows how
+# to read out the EVENT_TRIGGERED_TRANSITIONS and STATE_TRIGGERED_TRANSITIONS
+# tables. But it can't automatically read the transitions that are written
+# directly in Python code. So if you touch those, you need to also update the
+# script to keep it in sync!
+from typing import cast, Dict, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from ._events import *
+from ._util import LocalProtocolError, Sentinel
+
+# Everything in __all__ gets re-exported as part of the h11 public API.
+__all__ = [
+    "CLIENT",
+    "SERVER",
+    "IDLE",
+    "SEND_RESPONSE",
+    "SEND_BODY",
+    "DONE",
+    "MUST_CLOSE",
+    "CLOSED",
+    "MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL",
+    "SWITCHED_PROTOCOL",
+    "ERROR",
+]
+
+
+class CLIENT(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class SERVER(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+# States
+class IDLE(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class SEND_RESPONSE(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class SEND_BODY(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class DONE(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class MUST_CLOSE(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class CLOSED(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class ERROR(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+# Switch types
+class MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class SWITCHED_PROTOCOL(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class _SWITCH_UPGRADE(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+class _SWITCH_CONNECT(Sentinel, metaclass=Sentinel):
+    pass
+
+
+EventTransitionType = Dict[
+    Type[Sentinel],
+    Dict[
+        Type[Sentinel],
+        Dict[Union[Type[Event], Tuple[Type[Event], Type[Sentinel]]], Type[Sentinel]],
+    ],
+]
+
+EVENT_TRIGGERED_TRANSITIONS: EventTransitionType = {
+    CLIENT: {
+        IDLE: {Request: SEND_BODY, ConnectionClosed: CLOSED},
+        SEND_BODY: {Data: SEND_BODY, EndOfMessage: DONE},
+        DONE: {ConnectionClosed: CLOSED},
+        MUST_CLOSE: {ConnectionClosed: CLOSED},
+        CLOSED: {ConnectionClosed: CLOSED},
+        MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL: {},
+        SWITCHED_PROTOCOL: {},
+        ERROR: {},
+    },
+    SERVER: {
+        IDLE: {
+            ConnectionClosed: CLOSED,
+            Response: SEND_BODY,
+            # Special case: server sees client Request events, in this form
+            (Request, CLIENT): SEND_RESPONSE,
+        },
+        SEND_RESPONSE: {
+            InformationalResponse: SEND_RESPONSE,
+            Response: SEND_BODY,
+            (InformationalResponse, _SWITCH_UPGRADE): SWITCHED_PROTOCOL,
+            (Response, _SWITCH_CONNECT): SWITCHED_PROTOCOL,
+        },
+        SEND_BODY: {Data: SEND_BODY, EndOfMessage: DONE},
+        DONE: {ConnectionClosed: CLOSED},
+        MUST_CLOSE: {ConnectionClosed: CLOSED},
+        CLOSED: {ConnectionClosed: CLOSED},
+        SWITCHED_PROTOCOL: {},
+        ERROR: {},
+    },
+}
+
+StateTransitionType = Dict[
+    Tuple[Type[Sentinel], Type[Sentinel]], Dict[Type[Sentinel], Type[Sentinel]]
+]
+
+# NB: there are also some special-case state-triggered transitions hard-coded
+# into _fire_state_triggered_transitions below.
+STATE_TRIGGERED_TRANSITIONS: StateTransitionType = {
+    # (Client state, Server state) -> new states
+    # Protocol negotiation
+    (MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL, SWITCHED_PROTOCOL): {CLIENT: SWITCHED_PROTOCOL},
+    # Socket shutdown
+    (CLOSED, DONE): {SERVER: MUST_CLOSE},
+    (CLOSED, IDLE): {SERVER: MUST_CLOSE},
+    (ERROR, DONE): {SERVER: MUST_CLOSE},
+    (DONE, CLOSED): {CLIENT: MUST_CLOSE},
+    (IDLE, CLOSED): {CLIENT: MUST_CLOSE},
+    (DONE, ERROR): {CLIENT: MUST_CLOSE},
+}
+
+
+class ConnectionState:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # Extra bits of state that don't quite fit into the state model.
+
+        # If this is False then it enables the automatic DONE -> MUST_CLOSE
+        # transition. Don't set this directly; call .keep_alive_disabled()
+        self.keep_alive = True
+
+        # This is a subset of {UPGRADE, CONNECT}, containing the proposals
+        # made by the client for switching protocols.
+        self.pending_switch_proposals: Set[Type[Sentinel]] = set()
+
+        self.states: Dict[Type[Sentinel], Type[Sentinel]] = {CLIENT: IDLE, SERVER: IDLE}
+
+    def process_error(self, role: Type[Sentinel]) -> None:
+        self.states[role] = ERROR
+        self._fire_state_triggered_transitions()
+
+    def process_keep_alive_disabled(self) -> None:
+        self.keep_alive = False
+        self._fire_state_triggered_transitions()
+
+    def process_client_switch_proposal(self, switch_event: Type[Sentinel]) -> None:
+        self.pending_switch_proposals.add(switch_event)
+        self._fire_state_triggered_transitions()
+
+    def process_event(
+        self,
+        role: Type[Sentinel],
+        event_type: Type[Event],
+        server_switch_event: Optional[Type[Sentinel]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        _event_type: Union[Type[Event], Tuple[Type[Event], Type[Sentinel]]] = event_type
+        if server_switch_event is not None:
+            assert role is SERVER
+            if server_switch_event not in self.pending_switch_proposals:
+                raise LocalProtocolError(
+                    "Received server _SWITCH_UPGRADE event without a pending proposal"
+                )
+            _event_type = (event_type, server_switch_event)
+        if server_switch_event is None and _event_type is Response:
+            self.pending_switch_proposals = set()
+        self._fire_event_triggered_transitions(role, _event_type)
+        # Special case: the server state does get to see Request
+        # events.
+        if _event_type is Request:
+            assert role is CLIENT
+            self._fire_event_triggered_transitions(SERVER, (Request, CLIENT))
+        self._fire_state_triggered_transitions()
+
+    def _fire_event_triggered_transitions(
+        self,
+        role: Type[Sentinel],
+        event_type: Union[Type[Event], Tuple[Type[Event], Type[Sentinel]]],
+    ) -> None:
+        state = self.states[role]
+        try:
+            new_state = EVENT_TRIGGERED_TRANSITIONS[role][state][event_type]
+        except KeyError:
+            event_type = cast(Type[Event], event_type)
+            raise LocalProtocolError(
+                "can't handle event type {} when role={} and state={}".format(
+                    event_type.__name__, role, self.states[role]
+                )
+            ) from None
+        self.states[role] = new_state
+
+    def _fire_state_triggered_transitions(self) -> None:
+        # We apply these rules repeatedly until converging on a fixed point
+        while True:
+            start_states = dict(self.states)
+
+            # It could happen that both these special-case transitions are
+            # enabled at the same time:
+            #
+            #    DONE -> MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL
+            #    DONE -> MUST_CLOSE
+            #
+            # For example, this will always be true of a HTTP/1.0 client
+            # requesting CONNECT.  If this happens, the protocol switch takes
+            # priority. From there the client will either go to
+            # SWITCHED_PROTOCOL, in which case it's none of our business when
+            # they close the connection, or else the server will deny the
+            # request, in which case the client will go back to DONE and then
+            # from there to MUST_CLOSE.
+            if self.pending_switch_proposals:
+                if self.states[CLIENT] is DONE:
+                    self.states[CLIENT] = MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL
+
+            if not self.pending_switch_proposals:
+                if self.states[CLIENT] is MIGHT_SWITCH_PROTOCOL:
+                    self.states[CLIENT] = DONE
+
+            if not self.keep_alive:
+                for role in (CLIENT, SERVER):
+                    if self.states[role] is DONE:
+                        self.states[role] = MUST_CLOSE
+
+            # Tabular state-triggered transitions
+            joint_state = (self.states[CLIENT], self.states[SERVER])
+            changes = STATE_TRIGGERED_TRANSITIONS.get(joint_state, {})
+            self.states.update(changes)
+
+            if self.states == start_states:
+                # Fixed point reached
+                return
+
+    def start_next_cycle(self) -> None:
+        if self.states != {CLIENT: DONE, SERVER: DONE}:
+            raise LocalProtocolError(
+                f"not in a reusable state. self.states={self.states}"
+            )
+        # Can't reach DONE/DONE with any of these active, but still, let's be
+        # sure.
+        assert self.keep_alive
+        assert not self.pending_switch_proposals
+        self.states = {CLIENT: IDLE, SERVER: IDLE}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67184452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, NoReturn, Pattern, Tuple, Type, TypeVar, Union
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ProtocolError",
+    "LocalProtocolError",
+    "RemoteProtocolError",
+    "validate",
+    "bytesify",
+]
+
+
+class ProtocolError(Exception):
+    """Exception indicating a violation of the HTTP/1.1 protocol.
+
+    This as an abstract base class, with two concrete base classes:
+    :exc:`LocalProtocolError`, which indicates that you tried to do something
+    that HTTP/1.1 says is illegal, and :exc:`RemoteProtocolError`, which
+    indicates that the remote peer tried to do something that HTTP/1.1 says is
+    illegal. See :ref:`error-handling` for details.
+
+    In addition to the normal :exc:`Exception` features, it has one attribute:
+
+    .. attribute:: error_status_hint
+
+       This gives a suggestion as to what status code a server might use if
+       this error occurred as part of a request.
+
+       For a :exc:`RemoteProtocolError`, this is useful as a suggestion for
+       how you might want to respond to a misbehaving peer, if you're
+       implementing a server.
+
+       For a :exc:`LocalProtocolError`, this can be taken as a suggestion for
+       how your peer might have responded to *you* if h11 had allowed you to
+       continue.
+
+       The default is 400 Bad Request, a generic catch-all for protocol
+       violations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, msg: str, error_status_hint: int = 400) -> None:
+        if type(self) is ProtocolError:
+            raise TypeError("tried to directly instantiate ProtocolError")
+        Exception.__init__(self, msg)
+        self.error_status_hint = error_status_hint
+
+
+# Strategy: there are a number of public APIs where a LocalProtocolError can
+# be raised (send(), all the different event constructors, ...), and only one
+# public API where RemoteProtocolError can be raised
+# (receive_data()). Therefore we always raise LocalProtocolError internally,
+# and then receive_data will translate this into a RemoteProtocolError.
+#
+# Internally:
+#   LocalProtocolError is the generic "ProtocolError".
+# Externally:
+#   LocalProtocolError is for local errors and RemoteProtocolError is for
+#   remote errors.
+class LocalProtocolError(ProtocolError):
+    def _reraise_as_remote_protocol_error(self) -> NoReturn:
+        # After catching a LocalProtocolError, use this method to re-raise it
+        # as a RemoteProtocolError. This method must be called from inside an
+        # except: block.
+        #
+        # An easy way to get an equivalent RemoteProtocolError is just to
+        # modify 'self' in place.
+        self.__class__ = RemoteProtocolError  # type: ignore
+        # But the re-raising is somewhat non-trivial -- you might think that
+        # now that we've modified the in-flight exception object, that just
+        # doing 'raise' to re-raise it would be enough. But it turns out that
+        # this doesn't work, because Python tracks the exception type
+        # (exc_info[0]) separately from the exception object (exc_info[1]),
+        # and we only modified the latter. So we really do need to re-raise
+        # the new type explicitly.
+        # On py3, the traceback is part of the exception object, so our
+        # in-place modification preserved it and we can just re-raise:
+        raise self
+
+
+class RemoteProtocolError(ProtocolError):
+    pass
+
+
+def validate(
+    regex: Pattern[bytes], data: bytes, msg: str = "malformed data", *format_args: Any
+) -> Dict[str, bytes]:
+    match = regex.fullmatch(data)
+    if not match:
+        if format_args:
+            msg = msg.format(*format_args)
+        raise LocalProtocolError(msg)
+    return match.groupdict()
+
+
+# Sentinel values
+#
+# - Inherit identity-based comparison and hashing from object
+# - Have a nice repr
+# - Have a *bonus property*: type(sentinel) is sentinel
+#
+# The bonus property is useful if you want to take the return value from
+# next_event() and do some sort of dispatch based on type(event).
+
+_T_Sentinel = TypeVar("_T_Sentinel", bound="Sentinel")
+
+
+class Sentinel(type):
+    def __new__(
+        cls: Type[_T_Sentinel],
+        name: str,
+        bases: Tuple[type, ...],
+        namespace: Dict[str, Any],
+        **kwds: Any
+    ) -> _T_Sentinel:
+        assert bases == (Sentinel,)
+        v = super().__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace, **kwds)
+        v.__class__ = v  # type: ignore
+        return v
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return self.__name__
+
+
+# Used for methods, request targets, HTTP versions, header names, and header
+# values. Accepts ascii-strings, or bytes/bytearray/memoryview/..., and always
+# returns bytes.
+def bytesify(s: Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview, int, str]) -> bytes:
+    # Fast-path:
+    if type(s) is bytes:
+        return s
+    if isinstance(s, str):
+        s = s.encode("ascii")
+    if isinstance(s, int):
+        raise TypeError("expected bytes-like object, not int")
+    return bytes(s)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76e7327b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# This file must be kept very simple, because it is consumed from several
+# places -- it is imported by h11/__init__.py, execfile'd by setup.py, etc.
+
+# We use a simple scheme:
+#   1.0.0 -> 1.0.0+dev -> 1.1.0 -> 1.1.0+dev
+# where the +dev versions are never released into the wild, they're just what
+# we stick into the VCS in between releases.
+#
+# This is compatible with PEP 440:
+#   http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0440/
+# via the use of the "local suffix" "+dev", which is disallowed on index
+# servers and causes 1.0.0+dev to sort after plain 1.0.0, which is what we
+# want. (Contrast with the special suffix 1.0.0.dev, which sorts *before*
+# 1.0.0.)
+
+__version__ = "0.16.0"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_writers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_writers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..939cdb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/_writers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# Code to read HTTP data
+#
+# Strategy: each writer takes an event + a write-some-bytes function, which is
+# calls.
+#
+# WRITERS is a dict describing how to pick a reader. It maps states to either:
+# - a writer
+# - or, for body writers, a dict of framin-dependent writer factories
+
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from ._events import Data, EndOfMessage, Event, InformationalResponse, Request, Response
+from ._headers import Headers
+from ._state import CLIENT, IDLE, SEND_BODY, SEND_RESPONSE, SERVER
+from ._util import LocalProtocolError, Sentinel
+
+__all__ = ["WRITERS"]
+
+Writer = Callable[[bytes], Any]
+
+
+def write_headers(headers: Headers, write: Writer) -> None:
+    # "Since the Host field-value is critical information for handling a
+    # request, a user agent SHOULD generate Host as the first header field
+    # following the request-line." - RFC 7230
+    raw_items = headers._full_items
+    for raw_name, name, value in raw_items:
+        if name == b"host":
+            write(b"%s: %s\r\n" % (raw_name, value))
+    for raw_name, name, value in raw_items:
+        if name != b"host":
+            write(b"%s: %s\r\n" % (raw_name, value))
+    write(b"\r\n")
+
+
+def write_request(request: Request, write: Writer) -> None:
+    if request.http_version != b"1.1":
+        raise LocalProtocolError("I only send HTTP/1.1")
+    write(b"%s %s HTTP/1.1\r\n" % (request.method, request.target))
+    write_headers(request.headers, write)
+
+
+# Shared between InformationalResponse and Response
+def write_any_response(
+    response: Union[InformationalResponse, Response], write: Writer
+) -> None:
+    if response.http_version != b"1.1":
+        raise LocalProtocolError("I only send HTTP/1.1")
+    status_bytes = str(response.status_code).encode("ascii")
+    # We don't bother sending ascii status messages like "OK"; they're
+    # optional and ignored by the protocol. (But the space after the numeric
+    # status code is mandatory.)
+    #
+    # XX FIXME: could at least make an effort to pull out the status message
+    # from stdlib's http.HTTPStatus table. Or maybe just steal their enums
+    # (either by import or copy/paste). We already accept them as status codes
+    # since they're of type IntEnum < int.
+    write(b"HTTP/1.1 %s %s\r\n" % (status_bytes, response.reason))
+    write_headers(response.headers, write)
+
+
+class BodyWriter:
+    def __call__(self, event: Event, write: Writer) -> None:
+        if type(event) is Data:
+            self.send_data(event.data, write)
+        elif type(event) is EndOfMessage:
+            self.send_eom(event.headers, write)
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            assert False
+
+    def send_data(self, data: bytes, write: Writer) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def send_eom(self, headers: Headers, write: Writer) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+#
+# These are all careful not to do anything to 'data' except call len(data) and
+# write(data). This allows us to transparently pass-through funny objects,
+# like placeholder objects referring to files on disk that will be sent via
+# sendfile(2).
+#
+class ContentLengthWriter(BodyWriter):
+    def __init__(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self._length = length
+
+    def send_data(self, data: bytes, write: Writer) -> None:
+        self._length -= len(data)
+        if self._length < 0:
+            raise LocalProtocolError("Too much data for declared Content-Length")
+        write(data)
+
+    def send_eom(self, headers: Headers, write: Writer) -> None:
+        if self._length != 0:
+            raise LocalProtocolError("Too little data for declared Content-Length")
+        if headers:
+            raise LocalProtocolError("Content-Length and trailers don't mix")
+
+
+class ChunkedWriter(BodyWriter):
+    def send_data(self, data: bytes, write: Writer) -> None:
+        # if we encoded 0-length data in the naive way, it would look like an
+        # end-of-message.
+        if not data:
+            return
+        write(b"%x\r\n" % len(data))
+        write(data)
+        write(b"\r\n")
+
+    def send_eom(self, headers: Headers, write: Writer) -> None:
+        write(b"0\r\n")
+        write_headers(headers, write)
+
+
+class Http10Writer(BodyWriter):
+    def send_data(self, data: bytes, write: Writer) -> None:
+        write(data)
+
+    def send_eom(self, headers: Headers, write: Writer) -> None:
+        if headers:
+            raise LocalProtocolError("can't send trailers to HTTP/1.0 client")
+        # no need to close the socket ourselves, that will be taken care of by
+        # Connection: close machinery
+
+
+WritersType = Dict[
+    Union[Tuple[Type[Sentinel], Type[Sentinel]], Type[Sentinel]],
+    Union[
+        Dict[str, Type[BodyWriter]],
+        Callable[[Union[InformationalResponse, Response], Writer], None],
+        Callable[[Request, Writer], None],
+    ],
+]
+
+WRITERS: WritersType = {
+    (CLIENT, IDLE): write_request,
+    (SERVER, IDLE): write_any_response,
+    (SERVER, SEND_RESPONSE): write_any_response,
+    SEND_BODY: {
+        "chunked": ChunkedWriter,
+        "content-length": ContentLengthWriter,
+        "http/1.0": Http10Writer,
+    },
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5642f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/h11/py.typed
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Marker
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8056834e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,625 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: httpcore
+Version: 1.0.9
+Summary: A minimal low-level HTTP client.
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://www.encode.io/httpcore
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://www.encode.io/httpcore/
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/encode/httpcore
+Author-email: Tom Christie <tom@tomchristie.com>
+License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause
+License-File: LICENSE.md
+Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Framework :: AsyncIO
+Classifier: Framework :: Trio
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Requires-Dist: certifi
+Requires-Dist: h11>=0.16
+Provides-Extra: asyncio
+Requires-Dist: anyio<5.0,>=4.0; extra == 'asyncio'
+Provides-Extra: http2
+Requires-Dist: h2<5,>=3; extra == 'http2'
+Provides-Extra: socks
+Requires-Dist: socksio==1.*; extra == 'socks'
+Provides-Extra: trio
+Requires-Dist: trio<1.0,>=0.22.0; extra == 'trio'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# HTTP Core
+
+[![Test Suite](https://github.com/encode/httpcore/workflows/Test%20Suite/badge.svg)](https://github.com/encode/httpcore/actions)
+[![Package version](https://badge.fury.io/py/httpcore.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/httpcore/)
+
+> *Do one thing, and do it well.*
+
+The HTTP Core package provides a minimal low-level HTTP client, which does
+one thing only. Sending HTTP requests.
+
+It does not provide any high level model abstractions over the API,
+does not handle redirects, multipart uploads, building authentication headers,
+transparent HTTP caching, URL parsing, session cookie handling,
+content or charset decoding, handling JSON, environment based configuration
+defaults, or any of that Jazz.
+
+Some things HTTP Core does do:
+
+* Sending HTTP requests.
+* Thread-safe / task-safe connection pooling.
+* HTTP(S) proxy & SOCKS proxy support.
+* Supports HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2.
+* Provides both sync and async interfaces.
+* Async backend support for `asyncio` and `trio`.
+
+## Requirements
+
+Python 3.8+
+
+## Installation
+
+For HTTP/1.1 only support, install with:
+
+```shell
+$ pip install httpcore
+```
+
+There are also a number of optional extras available...
+
+```shell
+$ pip install httpcore['asyncio,trio,http2,socks']
+```
+
+## Sending requests
+
+Send an HTTP request:
+
+```python
+import httpcore
+
+response = httpcore.request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
+
+print(response)
+# <Response [200]>
+print(response.status)
+# 200
+print(response.headers)
+# [(b'Accept-Ranges', b'bytes'), (b'Age', b'557328'), (b'Cache-Control', b'max-age=604800'), ...]
+print(response.content)
+# b'<!doctype html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<title>Example Domain</title>\n\n<meta charset="utf-8"/>\n ...'
+```
+
+The top-level `httpcore.request()` function is provided for convenience. In practice whenever you're working with `httpcore` you'll want to use the connection pooling functionality that it provides.
+
+```python
+import httpcore
+
+http = httpcore.ConnectionPool()
+response = http.request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
+```
+
+Once you're ready to get going, [head over to the documentation](https://www.encode.io/httpcore/).
+
+## Motivation
+
+You *probably* don't want to be using HTTP Core directly. It might make sense if
+you're writing something like a proxy service in Python, and you just want
+something at the lowest possible level, but more typically you'll want to use
+a higher level client library, such as `httpx`.
+
+The motivation for `httpcore` is:
+
+* To provide a reusable low-level client library, that other packages can then build on top of.
+* To provide a *really clear interface split* between the networking code and client logic,
+  so that each is easier to understand and reason about in isolation.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+The `httpcore` package has the following dependencies...
+
+* `h11`
+* `certifi`
+
+And the following optional extras...
+
+* `anyio` - Required by `pip install httpcore['asyncio']`.
+* `trio` - Required by `pip install httpcore['trio']`.
+* `h2` - Required by `pip install httpcore['http2']`.
+* `socksio` - Required by `pip install httpcore['socks']`.
+
+## Versioning
+
+We use [SEMVER for our versioning policy](https://semver.org/).
+
+For changes between package versions please see our [project changelog](CHANGELOG.md).
+
+We recommend pinning your requirements either the most current major version, or a more specific version range:
+
+```python
+pip install 'httpcore==1.*'
+```
+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/).
+
+## Version 1.0.9 (April 24th, 2025)
+
+- Resolve https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-vqfr-h8mv-ghfj with h11 dependency update. (#1008)
+
+## Version 1.0.8 (April 11th, 2025)
+
+- Fix `AttributeError` when importing on Python 3.14. (#1005)
+
+## Version 1.0.7 (November 15th, 2024)
+
+- Support `proxy=…` configuration on `ConnectionPool()`. (#974)
+
+## Version 1.0.6 (October 1st, 2024)
+
+- Relax `trio` dependency pinning. (#956)
+- Handle `trio` raising `NotImplementedError` on unsupported platforms. (#955)
+- Handle mapping `ssl.SSLError` to `httpcore.ConnectError`. (#918)
+
+## 1.0.5 (March 27th, 2024)
+
+- Handle `EndOfStream` exception for anyio backend. (#899)
+- Allow trio `0.25.*` series in package dependancies. (#903)
+
+## 1.0.4 (February 21st, 2024)
+
+- Add `target` request extension. (#888)
+- Fix support for connection `Upgrade` and `CONNECT` when some data in the stream has been read. (#882)
+
+## 1.0.3 (February 13th, 2024)
+
+- Fix support for async cancellations. (#880)
+- Fix trace extension when used with socks proxy. (#849)
+- Fix SSL context for connections using the "wss" scheme (#869)
+
+## 1.0.2 (November 10th, 2023)
+
+- Fix `float("inf")` timeouts in `Event.wait` function. (#846)
+
+## 1.0.1 (November 3rd, 2023)
+
+- Fix pool timeout to account for the total time spent retrying. (#823)
+- Raise a neater RuntimeError when the correct async deps are not installed. (#826)
+- Add support for synchronous TLS-in-TLS streams. (#840)
+
+## 1.0.0 (October 6th, 2023)
+
+From version 1.0 our async support is now optional, as the package has minimal dependencies by default.
+
+For async support use either `pip install 'httpcore[asyncio]'` or `pip install 'httpcore[trio]'`.
+
+The project versioning policy is now explicitly governed by SEMVER. See https://semver.org/.
+
+- Async support becomes fully optional. (#809)
+- Add support for Python 3.12. (#807)
+
+## 0.18.0 (September 8th, 2023)
+
+- Add support for HTTPS proxies. (#745, #786)
+- Drop Python 3.7 support. (#727)
+- Handle `sni_hostname` extension with SOCKS proxy. (#774)
+- Handle HTTP/1.1 half-closed connections gracefully. (#641)
+- Change the type of `Extensions` from `Mapping[Str, Any]` to `MutableMapping[Str, Any]`. (#762)
+
+## 0.17.3 (July 5th, 2023)
+
+- Support async cancellations, ensuring that the connection pool is left in a clean state when cancellations occur. (#726)
+- The networking backend interface has [been added to the public API](https://www.encode.io/httpcore/network-backends). Some classes which were previously private implementation detail are now part of the top-level public API. (#699)
+- Graceful handling of HTTP/2 GoAway frames, with requests being transparently retried on a new connection. (#730)
+- Add exceptions when a synchronous `trace callback` is passed to an asynchronous request or an asynchronous `trace callback` is passed to a synchronous request. (#717)
+- Drop Python 3.7 support. (#727)
+
+## 0.17.2 (May 23th, 2023)
+
+- Add `socket_options` argument to `ConnectionPool` and `HTTProxy` classes. (#668)
+- Improve logging with per-module logger names. (#690)
+- Add `sni_hostname` request extension. (#696)
+- Resolve race condition during import of `anyio` package. (#692)
+- Enable TCP_NODELAY for all synchronous sockets. (#651)
+
+## 0.17.1 (May 17th, 2023)
+
+- If 'retries' is set, then allow retries if an SSL handshake error occurs. (#669)
+- Improve correctness of tracebacks on network exceptions, by raising properly chained exceptions. (#678)
+- Prevent connection-hanging behaviour when HTTP/2 connections are closed by a server-sent 'GoAway' frame. (#679)
+- Fix edge-case exception when removing requests from the connection pool. (#680)
+- Fix pool timeout edge-case. (#688)
+
+## 0.17.0 (March 16th, 2023)
+
+- Add DEBUG level logging. (#648)
+- Respect HTTP/2 max concurrent streams when settings updates are sent by server. (#652)
+- Increase the allowable HTTP header size to 100kB. (#647)
+- Add `retries` option to SOCKS proxy classes. (#643)
+
+## 0.16.3 (December 20th, 2022)
+
+- Allow `ws` and `wss` schemes. Allows us to properly support websocket upgrade connections. (#625)
+- Forwarding HTTP proxies use a connection-per-remote-host. Required by some proxy implementations. (#637)
+- Don't raise `RuntimeError` when closing a connection pool with active connections. Removes some error cases when cancellations are used. (#631)
+- Lazy import `anyio`, so that it's no longer a hard dependancy, and isn't imported if unused. (#639)
+
+## 0.16.2 (November 25th, 2022)
+
+- Revert 'Fix async cancellation behaviour', which introduced race conditions. (#627)
+- Raise `RuntimeError` if attempting to us UNIX domain sockets on Windows. (#619)
+
+## 0.16.1 (November 17th, 2022)
+
+- Fix HTTP/1.1 interim informational responses, such as "100 Continue". (#605)
+
+## 0.16.0 (October 11th, 2022)
+
+- Support HTTP/1.1 informational responses. (#581)
+- Fix async cancellation behaviour. (#580)
+- Support `h11` 0.14. (#579)
+
+## 0.15.0 (May 17th, 2022)
+
+- Drop Python 3.6 support (#535)
+- Ensure HTTP proxy CONNECT requests include `timeout` configuration. (#506)
+- Switch to explicit `typing.Optional` for type hints. (#513)
+- For `trio` map OSError exceptions to `ConnectError`. (#543)
+
+## 0.14.7 (February 4th, 2022)
+
+- Requests which raise a PoolTimeout need to be removed from the pool queue. (#502)
+- Fix AttributeError that happened when Socks5Connection were terminated. (#501)
+
+## 0.14.6 (February 1st, 2022)
+
+- Fix SOCKS support for `http://` URLs. (#492)
+- Resolve race condition around exceptions during streaming a response. (#491)
+
+## 0.14.5 (January 18th, 2022)
+
+- SOCKS proxy support. (#478)
+- Add proxy_auth argument to HTTPProxy. (#481)
+- Improve error message on 'RemoteProtocolError' exception when server disconnects without sending a response. (#479)
+
+## 0.14.4 (January 5th, 2022)
+
+- Support HTTP/2 on HTTPS tunnelling proxies. (#468)
+- Fix proxy headers missing on HTTP forwarding. (#456)
+- Only instantiate SSL context if required. (#457)
+- More robust HTTP/2 handling. (#253, #439, #440, #441)
+
+## 0.14.3 (November 17th, 2021)
+
+- Fix race condition when removing closed connections from the pool. (#437)
+
+## 0.14.2 (November 16th, 2021)
+
+- Failed connections no longer remain in the pool. (Pull #433)
+
+## 0.14.1 (November 12th, 2021)
+
+- `max_connections` becomes optional. (Pull #429)
+- `certifi` is now included in the install dependancies. (Pull #428)
+- `h2` is now strictly optional. (Pull #428)
+
+## 0.14.0 (November 11th, 2021)
+
+The 0.14 release is a complete reworking of `httpcore`, comprehensively addressing some underlying issues in the connection pooling, as well as substantially redesigning the API to be more user friendly.
+
+Some of the lower-level API design also makes the components more easily testable in isolation, and the package now has 100% test coverage.
+
+See [discussion #419](https://github.com/encode/httpcore/discussions/419) for a little more background.
+
+There's some other neat bits in there too, such as the "trace" extension, which gives a hook into inspecting the internal events that occur during the request/response cycle. This extension is needed for the HTTPX cli, in order to...
+
+* Log the point at which the connection is established, and the IP/port on which it is made.
+* Determine if the outgoing request should log as HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2, rather than having to assume it's HTTP/2 if the --http2 flag was passed. (Which may not actually be true.)
+* Log SSL version info / certificate info.
+
+Note that `curio` support is not currently available in 0.14.0. If you're using `httpcore` with `curio` please get in touch, so we can assess if we ought to prioritize it as a feature or not.
+
+## 0.13.7 (September 13th, 2021)
+
+- Fix broken error messaging when URL scheme is missing, or a non HTTP(S) scheme is used. (Pull #403)
+
+## 0.13.6 (June 15th, 2021)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Close sockets when read or write timeouts occur. (Pull #365)
+
+## 0.13.5 (June 14th, 2021)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Resolved niggles with AnyIO EOF behaviours. (Pull #358, #362)
+
+## 0.13.4 (June 9th, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- Improved error messaging when URL scheme is missing, or a non HTTP(S) scheme is used. (Pull #354)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Switched to `anyio` as the default backend implementation when running with `asyncio`. Resolves some awkward [TLS timeout issues](https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/1511).
+
+## 0.13.3 (May 6th, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- Support HTTP/2 prior knowledge, using `httpcore.SyncConnectionPool(http1=False)`. (Pull #333)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Handle cases where environment does not provide `select.poll` support. (Pull #331)
+
+## 0.13.2 (April 29th, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- Improve error message for specific case of `RemoteProtocolError` where server disconnects without sending a response. (Pull #313)
+
+## 0.13.1 (April 28th, 2021)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- More resiliant testing for closed connections. (Pull #311)
+- Don't raise exceptions on ungraceful connection closes. (Pull #310)
+
+## 0.13.0 (April 21st, 2021)
+
+The 0.13 release updates the core API in order to match the HTTPX Transport API,
+introduced in HTTPX 0.18 onwards.
+
+An example of making requests with the new interface is:
+
+```python
+with httpcore.SyncConnectionPool() as http:
+    status_code, headers, stream, extensions = http.handle_request(
+        method=b'GET',
+        url=(b'https', b'example.org', 443, b'/'),
+        headers=[(b'host', b'example.org'), (b'user-agent', b'httpcore')]
+        stream=httpcore.ByteStream(b''),
+        extensions={}
+    )
+    body = stream.read()
+    print(status_code, body)
+```
+
+### Changed
+
+- The `.request()` method is now `handle_request()`. (Pull #296)
+- The `.arequest()` method is now `.handle_async_request()`. (Pull #296)
+- The `headers` argument is no longer optional. (Pull #296)
+- The `stream` argument is no longer optional. (Pull #296)
+- The `ext` argument is now named `extensions`, and is no longer optional. (Pull #296)
+- The `"reason"` extension keyword is now named `"reason_phrase"`. (Pull #296)
+- The `"reason_phrase"` and `"http_version"` extensions now use byte strings for their values. (Pull #296)
+- The `httpcore.PlainByteStream()` class becomes `httpcore.ByteStream()`. (Pull #296)
+
+### Added
+
+- Streams now support a `.read()` interface. (Pull #296)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Task cancellation no longer leaks connections from the connection pool. (Pull #305)
+
+## 0.12.3 (December 7th, 2020)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Abort SSL connections on close rather than waiting for remote EOF when using `asyncio`.  (Pull #167)
+- Fix exception raised in case of connect timeouts when using the `anyio` backend. (Pull #236)
+- Fix `Host` header precedence for `:authority` in HTTP/2. (Pull #241, #243)
+- Handle extra edge case when detecting for socket readability when using `asyncio`. (Pull #242, #244)
+- Fix `asyncio` SSL warning when using proxy tunneling. (Pull #249)
+
+## 0.12.2 (November 20th, 2020)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Properly wrap connect errors on the asyncio backend. (Pull #235)
+- Fix `ImportError` occurring on Python 3.9 when using the HTTP/1.1 sync client in a multithreaded context. (Pull #237)
+
+## 0.12.1 (November 7th, 2020)
+
+### Added
+
+- Add connect retries. (Pull #221)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Tweak detection of dropped connections, resolving an issue with open files limits on Linux. (Pull #185)
+- Avoid leaking connections when establishing an HTTP tunnel to a proxy has failed. (Pull #223)
+- Properly wrap OS errors when using `trio`. (Pull #225)
+
+## 0.12.0 (October 6th, 2020)
+
+### Changed
+
+- HTTP header casing is now preserved, rather than always sent in lowercase. (#216 and python-hyper/h11#104)
+
+### Added
+
+- Add Python 3.9 to officially supported versions.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Gracefully handle a stdlib asyncio bug when a connection is closed while it is in a paused-for-reading state. (#201)
+
+## 0.11.1 (September 28nd, 2020)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Add await to async semaphore release() coroutine (#197)
+- Drop incorrect curio classifier (#192)
+
+## 0.11.0 (September 22nd, 2020)
+
+The Transport API with 0.11.0 has a couple of significant changes.
+
+Firstly we've moved changed the request interface in order to allow extensions, which will later enable us to support features
+such as trailing headers, HTTP/2 server push, and CONNECT/Upgrade connections.
+
+The interface changes from:
+
+```python
+def request(method, url, headers, stream, timeout):
+    return (http_version, status_code, reason, headers, stream)
+```
+
+To instead including an optional dictionary of extensions on the request and response:
+
+```python
+def request(method, url, headers, stream, ext):
+    return (status_code, headers, stream, ext)
+```
+
+Having an open-ended extensions point will allow us to add later support for various optional features, that wouldn't otherwise be supported without these API changes.
+
+In particular:
+
+* Trailing headers support.
+* HTTP/2 Server Push
+* sendfile.
+* Exposing raw connection on CONNECT, Upgrade, HTTP/2 bi-di streaming.
+* Exposing debug information out of the API, including template name, template context.
+
+Currently extensions are limited to:
+
+* request: `timeout` - Optional. Timeout dictionary.
+* response: `http_version` - Optional. Include the HTTP version used on the response.
+* response: `reason` - Optional. Include the reason phrase used on the response. Only valid with HTTP/1.*.
+
+See https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/1274#issuecomment-694884553 for the history behind this.
+
+Secondly, the async version of `request` is now namespaced as `arequest`.
+
+This allows concrete transports to support both sync and async implementations on the same class.
+
+### Added
+
+- Add curio support. (Pull #168)
+- Add anyio support, with `backend="anyio"`. (Pull #169)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Update the Transport API to use 'ext' for optional extensions. (Pull #190)
+- Update the Transport API to use `.request` and `.arequest` so implementations can support both sync and async. (Pull #189)
+
+## 0.10.2 (August 20th, 2020)
+
+### Added
+
+- Added Unix Domain Socket support. (Pull #139)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Always include the port on proxy CONNECT requests. (Pull #154)
+- Fix `max_keepalive_connections` configuration. (Pull #153)
+- Fixes behaviour in HTTP/1.1 where server disconnects can be used to signal the end of the response body. (Pull #164)
+
+## 0.10.1 (August 7th, 2020)
+
+- Include `max_keepalive_connections` on `AsyncHTTPProxy`/`SyncHTTPProxy` classes.
+
+## 0.10.0 (August 7th, 2020)
+
+The most notable change in the 0.10.0 release is that HTTP/2 support is now fully optional.
+
+Use either `pip install httpcore` for HTTP/1.1 support only, or `pip install httpcore[http2]` for HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 support.
+
+### Added
+
+- HTTP/2 support becomes optional. (Pull #121, #130)
+- Add `local_address=...` support. (Pull #100, #134)
+- Add `PlainByteStream`, `IteratorByteStream`, `AsyncIteratorByteStream`. The `AsyncByteSteam` and `SyncByteStream` classes are now pure interface classes. (#133)
+- Add `LocalProtocolError`, `RemoteProtocolError` exceptions. (Pull #129)
+- Add `UnsupportedProtocol` exception. (Pull #128)
+- Add `.get_connection_info()` method. (Pull #102, #137)
+- Add better TRACE logs. (Pull #101)
+
+### Changed
+
+- `max_keepalive` is deprecated in favour of `max_keepalive_connections`. (Pull #140)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Improve handling of server disconnects. (Pull #112)
+
+## 0.9.1 (May 27th, 2020)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Proper host resolution for sync case, including IPv6 support. (Pull #97)
+- Close outstanding connections when connection pool is closed. (Pull #98)
+
+## 0.9.0 (May 21th, 2020)
+
+### Changed
+
+- URL port becomes an `Optional[int]` instead of `int`. (Pull #92)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Honor HTTP/2 max concurrent streams settings. (Pull #89, #90)
+- Remove incorrect debug log. (Pull #83)
+
+## 0.8.4 (May 11th, 2020)
+
+### Added
+
+- Logging via HTTPCORE_LOG_LEVEL and HTTPX_LOG_LEVEL environment variables
+and TRACE level logging. (Pull #79)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Reuse of connections on HTTP/2 in close concurrency situations. (Pull #81)
+
+## 0.8.3 (May 6rd, 2020)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Include `Host` and `Accept` headers on proxy "CONNECT" requests.
+- De-duplicate any headers also contained in proxy_headers.
+- HTTP/2 flag not being passed down to proxy connections.
+
+## 0.8.2 (May 3rd, 2020)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix connections using proxy forwarding requests not being added to the
+connection pool properly. (Pull #70)
+
+## 0.8.1 (April 30th, 2020)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Allow inherintance of both `httpcore.AsyncByteStream`, `httpcore.SyncByteStream` without type conflicts.
+
+## 0.8.0 (April 30th, 2020)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fixed tunnel proxy support.
+
+### Added
+
+- New `TimeoutException` base class.
+
+## 0.7.0 (March 5th, 2020)
+
+- First integration with HTTPX.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/RECORD
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12228d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..311b2b56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore-1.0.9.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright © 2020, [Encode OSS Ltd](https://www.encode.io/).
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a92dc4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+from ._api import request, stream
+from ._async import (
+    AsyncConnectionInterface,
+    AsyncConnectionPool,
+    AsyncHTTP2Connection,
+    AsyncHTTP11Connection,
+    AsyncHTTPConnection,
+    AsyncHTTPProxy,
+    AsyncSOCKSProxy,
+)
+from ._backends.base import (
+    SOCKET_OPTION,
+    AsyncNetworkBackend,
+    AsyncNetworkStream,
+    NetworkBackend,
+    NetworkStream,
+)
+from ._backends.mock import AsyncMockBackend, AsyncMockStream, MockBackend, MockStream
+from ._backends.sync import SyncBackend
+from ._exceptions import (
+    ConnectError,
+    ConnectionNotAvailable,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    LocalProtocolError,
+    NetworkError,
+    PoolTimeout,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+    TimeoutException,
+    UnsupportedProtocol,
+    WriteError,
+    WriteTimeout,
+)
+from ._models import URL, Origin, Proxy, Request, Response
+from ._ssl import default_ssl_context
+from ._sync import (
+    ConnectionInterface,
+    ConnectionPool,
+    HTTP2Connection,
+    HTTP11Connection,
+    HTTPConnection,
+    HTTPProxy,
+    SOCKSProxy,
+)
+
+# The 'httpcore.AnyIOBackend' class is conditional on 'anyio' being installed.
+try:
+    from ._backends.anyio import AnyIOBackend
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+
+    class AnyIOBackend:  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):  # type: ignore
+            msg = (
+                "Attempted to use 'httpcore.AnyIOBackend' but 'anyio' is not installed."
+            )
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+
+# The 'httpcore.TrioBackend' class is conditional on 'trio' being installed.
+try:
+    from ._backends.trio import TrioBackend
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+
+    class TrioBackend:  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):  # type: ignore
+            msg = "Attempted to use 'httpcore.TrioBackend' but 'trio' is not installed."
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    # top-level requests
+    "request",
+    "stream",
+    # models
+    "Origin",
+    "URL",
+    "Request",
+    "Response",
+    "Proxy",
+    # async
+    "AsyncHTTPConnection",
+    "AsyncConnectionPool",
+    "AsyncHTTPProxy",
+    "AsyncHTTP11Connection",
+    "AsyncHTTP2Connection",
+    "AsyncConnectionInterface",
+    "AsyncSOCKSProxy",
+    # sync
+    "HTTPConnection",
+    "ConnectionPool",
+    "HTTPProxy",
+    "HTTP11Connection",
+    "HTTP2Connection",
+    "ConnectionInterface",
+    "SOCKSProxy",
+    # network backends, implementations
+    "SyncBackend",
+    "AnyIOBackend",
+    "TrioBackend",
+    # network backends, mock implementations
+    "AsyncMockBackend",
+    "AsyncMockStream",
+    "MockBackend",
+    "MockStream",
+    # network backends, interface
+    "AsyncNetworkStream",
+    "AsyncNetworkBackend",
+    "NetworkStream",
+    "NetworkBackend",
+    # util
+    "default_ssl_context",
+    "SOCKET_OPTION",
+    # exceptions
+    "ConnectionNotAvailable",
+    "ProxyError",
+    "ProtocolError",
+    "LocalProtocolError",
+    "RemoteProtocolError",
+    "UnsupportedProtocol",
+    "TimeoutException",
+    "PoolTimeout",
+    "ConnectTimeout",
+    "ReadTimeout",
+    "WriteTimeout",
+    "NetworkError",
+    "ConnectError",
+    "ReadError",
+    "WriteError",
+]
+
+__version__ = "1.0.9"
+
+
+__locals = locals()
+for __name in __all__:
+    # Exclude SOCKET_OPTION, it causes AttributeError on Python 3.14
+    if not __name.startswith(("__", "SOCKET_OPTION")):
+        setattr(__locals[__name], "__module__", "httpcore")  # noqa
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38b961d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+
+from ._models import URL, Extensions, HeaderTypes, Response
+from ._sync.connection_pool import ConnectionPool
+
+
+def request(
+    method: bytes | str,
+    url: URL | bytes | str,
+    *,
+    headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+    content: bytes | typing.Iterator[bytes] | None = None,
+    extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends an HTTP request, returning the response.
+
+    ```
+    response = httpcore.request("GET", "https://www.example.com/")
+    ```
+
+    Arguments:
+        method: The HTTP method for the request. Typically one of `"GET"`,
+            `"OPTIONS"`, `"HEAD"`, `"POST"`, `"PUT"`, `"PATCH"`, or `"DELETE"`.
+        url: The URL of the HTTP request. Either as an instance of `httpcore.URL`,
+            or as str/bytes.
+        headers: The HTTP request headers. Either as a dictionary of str/bytes,
+            or as a list of two-tuples of str/bytes.
+        content: The content of the request body. Either as bytes,
+            or as a bytes iterator.
+        extensions: A dictionary of optional extra information included on the request.
+            Possible keys include `"timeout"`.
+
+    Returns:
+        An instance of `httpcore.Response`.
+    """
+    with ConnectionPool() as pool:
+        return pool.request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=content,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def stream(
+    method: bytes | str,
+    url: URL | bytes | str,
+    *,
+    headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+    content: bytes | typing.Iterator[bytes] | None = None,
+    extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+) -> typing.Iterator[Response]:
+    """
+    Sends an HTTP request, returning the response within a content manager.
+
+    ```
+    with httpcore.stream("GET", "https://www.example.com/") as response:
+        ...
+    ```
+
+    When using the `stream()` function, the body of the response will not be
+    automatically read. If you want to access the response body you should
+    either use `content = response.read()`, or `for chunk in response.iter_content()`.
+
+    Arguments:
+        method: The HTTP method for the request. Typically one of `"GET"`,
+            `"OPTIONS"`, `"HEAD"`, `"POST"`, `"PUT"`, `"PATCH"`, or `"DELETE"`.
+        url: The URL of the HTTP request. Either as an instance of `httpcore.URL`,
+            or as str/bytes.
+        headers: The HTTP request headers. Either as a dictionary of str/bytes,
+            or as a list of two-tuples of str/bytes.
+        content: The content of the request body. Either as bytes,
+            or as a bytes iterator.
+        extensions: A dictionary of optional extra information included on the request.
+            Possible keys include `"timeout"`.
+
+    Returns:
+        An instance of `httpcore.Response`.
+    """
+    with ConnectionPool() as pool:
+        with pool.stream(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=content,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        ) as response:
+            yield response
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88dc7f01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from .connection import AsyncHTTPConnection
+from .connection_pool import AsyncConnectionPool
+from .http11 import AsyncHTTP11Connection
+from .http_proxy import AsyncHTTPProxy
+from .interfaces import AsyncConnectionInterface
+
+try:
+    from .http2 import AsyncHTTP2Connection
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+
+    class AsyncHTTP2Connection:  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:  # type: ignore
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to use http2 support, but the `h2` package is not "
+                "installed. Use 'pip install httpcore[http2]'."
+            )
+
+
+try:
+    from .socks_proxy import AsyncSOCKSProxy
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+
+    class AsyncSOCKSProxy:  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:  # type: ignore
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to use SOCKS support, but the `socksio` package is not "
+                "installed. Use 'pip install httpcore[socks]'."
+            )
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AsyncHTTPConnection",
+    "AsyncConnectionPool",
+    "AsyncHTTPProxy",
+    "AsyncHTTP11Connection",
+    "AsyncHTTP2Connection",
+    "AsyncConnectionInterface",
+    "AsyncSOCKSProxy",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b42581df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import logging
+import ssl
+import types
+import typing
+
+from .._backends.auto import AutoBackend
+from .._backends.base import SOCKET_OPTION, AsyncNetworkBackend, AsyncNetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import ConnectError, ConnectTimeout
+from .._models import Origin, Request, Response
+from .._ssl import default_ssl_context
+from .._synchronization import AsyncLock
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .http11 import AsyncHTTP11Connection
+from .interfaces import AsyncConnectionInterface
+
+RETRIES_BACKOFF_FACTOR = 0.5  # 0s, 0.5s, 1s, 2s, 4s, etc.
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.connection")
+
+
+def exponential_backoff(factor: float) -> typing.Iterator[float]:
+    """
+    Generate a geometric sequence that has a ratio of 2 and starts with 0.
+
+    For example:
+    - `factor = 2`: `0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ...`
+    - `factor = 3`: `0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ...`
+    """
+    yield 0
+    for n in itertools.count():
+        yield factor * 2**n
+
+
+class AsyncHTTPConnection(AsyncConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        origin: Origin,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._origin = origin
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._retries = retries
+        self._local_address = local_address
+        self._uds = uds
+
+        self._network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend = (
+            AutoBackend() if network_backend is None else network_backend
+        )
+        self._connection: AsyncConnectionInterface | None = None
+        self._connect_failed: bool = False
+        self._request_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._socket_options = socket_options
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        if not self.can_handle_request(request.url.origin):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Attempted to send request to {request.url.origin} on connection to {self._origin}"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            async with self._request_lock:
+                if self._connection is None:
+                    stream = await self._connect(request)
+
+                    ssl_object = stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+                    http2_negotiated = (
+                        ssl_object is not None
+                        and ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol() == "h2"
+                    )
+                    if http2_negotiated or (self._http2 and not self._http1):
+                        from .http2 import AsyncHTTP2Connection
+
+                        self._connection = AsyncHTTP2Connection(
+                            origin=self._origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        self._connection = AsyncHTTP11Connection(
+                            origin=self._origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._connect_failed = True
+            raise exc
+
+        return await self._connection.handle_async_request(request)
+
+    async def _connect(self, request: Request) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        sni_hostname = request.extensions.get("sni_hostname", None)
+        timeout = timeouts.get("connect", None)
+
+        retries_left = self._retries
+        delays = exponential_backoff(factor=RETRIES_BACKOFF_FACTOR)
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                if self._uds is None:
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "host": self._origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "port": self._origin.port,
+                        "local_address": self._local_address,
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                        "socket_options": self._socket_options,
+                    }
+                    async with Trace("connect_tcp", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                        stream = await self._network_backend.connect_tcp(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+                else:
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "path": self._uds,
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                        "socket_options": self._socket_options,
+                    }
+                    async with Trace(
+                        "connect_unix_socket", logger, request, kwargs
+                    ) as trace:
+                        stream = await self._network_backend.connect_unix_socket(
+                            **kwargs
+                        )
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+
+                if self._origin.scheme in (b"https", b"wss"):
+                    ssl_context = (
+                        default_ssl_context()
+                        if self._ssl_context is None
+                        else self._ssl_context
+                    )
+                    alpn_protocols = ["http/1.1", "h2"] if self._http2 else ["http/1.1"]
+                    ssl_context.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "ssl_context": ssl_context,
+                        "server_hostname": sni_hostname
+                        or self._origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                    }
+                    async with Trace("start_tls", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                        stream = await stream.start_tls(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+                return stream
+            except (ConnectError, ConnectTimeout):
+                if retries_left <= 0:
+                    raise
+                retries_left -= 1
+                delay = next(delays)
+                async with Trace("retry", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                    await self._network_backend.sleep(delay)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._origin
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if self._connection is not None:
+            async with Trace("close", logger, None, {}):
+                await self._connection.aclose()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            # If HTTP/2 support is enabled, and the resulting connection could
+            # end up as HTTP/2 then we should indicate the connection as being
+            # available to service multiple requests.
+            return (
+                self._http2
+                and (self._origin.scheme == b"https" or not self._http1)
+                and not self._connect_failed
+            )
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return "CONNECTION FAILED" if self._connect_failed else "CONNECTING"
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
+
+    # These context managers are not used in the standard flow, but are
+    # useful for testing or working with connection instances directly.
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncHTTPConnection:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.aclose()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/connection_pool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/connection_pool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96e973d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/connection_pool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ssl
+import sys
+import types
+import typing
+
+from .._backends.auto import AutoBackend
+from .._backends.base import SOCKET_OPTION, AsyncNetworkBackend
+from .._exceptions import ConnectionNotAvailable, UnsupportedProtocol
+from .._models import Origin, Proxy, Request, Response
+from .._synchronization import AsyncEvent, AsyncShieldCancellation, AsyncThreadLock
+from .connection import AsyncHTTPConnection
+from .interfaces import AsyncConnectionInterface, AsyncRequestInterface
+
+
+class AsyncPoolRequest:
+    def __init__(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        self.request = request
+        self.connection: AsyncConnectionInterface | None = None
+        self._connection_acquired = AsyncEvent()
+
+    def assign_to_connection(self, connection: AsyncConnectionInterface | None) -> None:
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._connection_acquired.set()
+
+    def clear_connection(self) -> None:
+        self.connection = None
+        self._connection_acquired = AsyncEvent()
+
+    async def wait_for_connection(
+        self, timeout: float | None = None
+    ) -> AsyncConnectionInterface:
+        if self.connection is None:
+            await self._connection_acquired.wait(timeout=timeout)
+        assert self.connection is not None
+        return self.connection
+
+    def is_queued(self) -> bool:
+        return self.connection is None
+
+
+class AsyncConnectionPool(AsyncRequestInterface):
+    """
+    A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy: Proxy | None = None,
+        max_connections: int | None = 10,
+        max_keepalive_connections: int | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+
+        Parameters:
+            ssl_context: An SSL context to use for verifying connections.
+                If not specified, the default `httpcore.default_ssl_context()`
+                will be used.
+            max_connections: The maximum number of concurrent HTTP connections that
+                the pool should allow. Any attempt to send a request on a pool that
+                would exceed this amount will block until a connection is available.
+            max_keepalive_connections: The maximum number of idle HTTP connections
+                that will be maintained in the pool.
+            keepalive_expiry: The duration in seconds that an idle HTTP connection
+                may be maintained for before being expired from the pool.
+            http1: A boolean indicating if HTTP/1.1 requests should be supported
+                by the connection pool. Defaults to True.
+            http2: A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 requests should be supported by
+                the connection pool. Defaults to False.
+            retries: The maximum number of retries when trying to establish a
+                connection.
+            local_address: Local address to connect from. Can also be used to connect
+                using a particular address family. Using `local_address="0.0.0.0"`
+                will connect using an `AF_INET` address (IPv4), while using
+                `local_address="::"` will connect using an `AF_INET6` address (IPv6).
+            uds: Path to a Unix Domain Socket to use instead of TCP sockets.
+            network_backend: A backend instance to use for handling network I/O.
+            socket_options: Socket options that have to be included
+             in the TCP socket when the connection was established.
+        """
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy = proxy
+        self._max_connections = (
+            sys.maxsize if max_connections is None else max_connections
+        )
+        self._max_keepalive_connections = (
+            sys.maxsize
+            if max_keepalive_connections is None
+            else max_keepalive_connections
+        )
+        self._max_keepalive_connections = min(
+            self._max_connections, self._max_keepalive_connections
+        )
+
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._retries = retries
+        self._local_address = local_address
+        self._uds = uds
+
+        self._network_backend = (
+            AutoBackend() if network_backend is None else network_backend
+        )
+        self._socket_options = socket_options
+
+        # The mutable state on a connection pool is the queue of incoming requests,
+        # and the set of connections that are servicing those requests.
+        self._connections: list[AsyncConnectionInterface] = []
+        self._requests: list[AsyncPoolRequest] = []
+
+        # We only mutate the state of the connection pool within an 'optional_thread_lock'
+        # context. This holds a threading lock unless we're running in async mode,
+        # in which case it is a no-op.
+        self._optional_thread_lock = AsyncThreadLock()
+
+    def create_connection(self, origin: Origin) -> AsyncConnectionInterface:
+        if self._proxy is not None:
+            if self._proxy.url.scheme in (b"socks5", b"socks5h"):
+                from .socks_proxy import AsyncSocks5Connection
+
+                return AsyncSocks5Connection(
+                    proxy_origin=self._proxy.url.origin,
+                    proxy_auth=self._proxy.auth,
+                    remote_origin=origin,
+                    ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+                    keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    http1=self._http1,
+                    http2=self._http2,
+                    network_backend=self._network_backend,
+                )
+            elif origin.scheme == b"http":
+                from .http_proxy import AsyncForwardHTTPConnection
+
+                return AsyncForwardHTTPConnection(
+                    proxy_origin=self._proxy.url.origin,
+                    proxy_headers=self._proxy.headers,
+                    proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy.ssl_context,
+                    remote_origin=origin,
+                    keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    network_backend=self._network_backend,
+                )
+            from .http_proxy import AsyncTunnelHTTPConnection
+
+            return AsyncTunnelHTTPConnection(
+                proxy_origin=self._proxy.url.origin,
+                proxy_headers=self._proxy.headers,
+                proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy.ssl_context,
+                remote_origin=origin,
+                ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+                keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=self._http1,
+                http2=self._http2,
+                network_backend=self._network_backend,
+            )
+
+        return AsyncHTTPConnection(
+            origin=origin,
+            ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=self._http1,
+            http2=self._http2,
+            retries=self._retries,
+            local_address=self._local_address,
+            uds=self._uds,
+            network_backend=self._network_backend,
+            socket_options=self._socket_options,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def connections(self) -> list[AsyncConnectionInterface]:
+        """
+        Return a list of the connections currently in the pool.
+
+        For example:
+
+        ```python
+        >>> pool.connections
+        [
+            <AsyncHTTPConnection ['https://example.com:443', HTTP/1.1, ACTIVE, Request Count: 6]>,
+            <AsyncHTTPConnection ['https://example.com:443', HTTP/1.1, IDLE, Request Count: 9]> ,
+            <AsyncHTTPConnection ['http://example.com:80', HTTP/1.1, IDLE, Request Count: 1]>,
+        ]
+        ```
+        """
+        return list(self._connections)
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send an HTTP request, and return an HTTP response.
+
+        This is the core implementation that is called into by `.request()` or `.stream()`.
+        """
+        scheme = request.url.scheme.decode()
+        if scheme == "":
+            raise UnsupportedProtocol(
+                "Request URL is missing an 'http://' or 'https://' protocol."
+            )
+        if scheme not in ("http", "https", "ws", "wss"):
+            raise UnsupportedProtocol(
+                f"Request URL has an unsupported protocol '{scheme}://'."
+            )
+
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("pool", None)
+
+        with self._optional_thread_lock:
+            # Add the incoming request to our request queue.
+            pool_request = AsyncPoolRequest(request)
+            self._requests.append(pool_request)
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                with self._optional_thread_lock:
+                    # Assign incoming requests to available connections,
+                    # closing or creating new connections as required.
+                    closing = self._assign_requests_to_connections()
+                await self._close_connections(closing)
+
+                # Wait until this request has an assigned connection.
+                connection = await pool_request.wait_for_connection(timeout=timeout)
+
+                try:
+                    # Send the request on the assigned connection.
+                    response = await connection.handle_async_request(
+                        pool_request.request
+                    )
+                except ConnectionNotAvailable:
+                    # In some cases a connection may initially be available to
+                    # handle a request, but then become unavailable.
+                    #
+                    # In this case we clear the connection and try again.
+                    pool_request.clear_connection()
+                else:
+                    break  # pragma: nocover
+
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            with self._optional_thread_lock:
+                # For any exception or cancellation we remove the request from
+                # the queue, and then re-assign requests to connections.
+                self._requests.remove(pool_request)
+                closing = self._assign_requests_to_connections()
+
+            await self._close_connections(closing)
+            raise exc from None
+
+        # Return the response. Note that in this case we still have to manage
+        # the point at which the response is closed.
+        assert isinstance(response.stream, typing.AsyncIterable)
+        return Response(
+            status=response.status,
+            headers=response.headers,
+            content=PoolByteStream(
+                stream=response.stream, pool_request=pool_request, pool=self
+            ),
+            extensions=response.extensions,
+        )
+
+    def _assign_requests_to_connections(self) -> list[AsyncConnectionInterface]:
+        """
+        Manage the state of the connection pool, assigning incoming
+        requests to connections as available.
+
+        Called whenever a new request is added or removed from the pool.
+
+        Any closing connections are returned, allowing the I/O for closing
+        those connections to be handled seperately.
+        """
+        closing_connections = []
+
+        # First we handle cleaning up any connections that are closed,
+        # have expired their keep-alive, or surplus idle connections.
+        for connection in list(self._connections):
+            if connection.is_closed():
+                # log: "removing closed connection"
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+            elif connection.has_expired():
+                # log: "closing expired connection"
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+                closing_connections.append(connection)
+            elif (
+                connection.is_idle()
+                and len([connection.is_idle() for connection in self._connections])
+                > self._max_keepalive_connections
+            ):
+                # log: "closing idle connection"
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+                closing_connections.append(connection)
+
+        # Assign queued requests to connections.
+        queued_requests = [request for request in self._requests if request.is_queued()]
+        for pool_request in queued_requests:
+            origin = pool_request.request.url.origin
+            available_connections = [
+                connection
+                for connection in self._connections
+                if connection.can_handle_request(origin) and connection.is_available()
+            ]
+            idle_connections = [
+                connection for connection in self._connections if connection.is_idle()
+            ]
+
+            # There are three cases for how we may be able to handle the request:
+            #
+            # 1. There is an existing connection that can handle the request.
+            # 2. We can create a new connection to handle the request.
+            # 3. We can close an idle connection and then create a new connection
+            #    to handle the request.
+            if available_connections:
+                # log: "reusing existing connection"
+                connection = available_connections[0]
+                pool_request.assign_to_connection(connection)
+            elif len(self._connections) < self._max_connections:
+                # log: "creating new connection"
+                connection = self.create_connection(origin)
+                self._connections.append(connection)
+                pool_request.assign_to_connection(connection)
+            elif idle_connections:
+                # log: "closing idle connection"
+                connection = idle_connections[0]
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+                closing_connections.append(connection)
+                # log: "creating new connection"
+                connection = self.create_connection(origin)
+                self._connections.append(connection)
+                pool_request.assign_to_connection(connection)
+
+        return closing_connections
+
+    async def _close_connections(self, closing: list[AsyncConnectionInterface]) -> None:
+        # Close connections which have been removed from the pool.
+        with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+            for connection in closing:
+                await connection.aclose()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        # Explicitly close the connection pool.
+        # Clears all existing requests and connections.
+        with self._optional_thread_lock:
+            closing_connections = list(self._connections)
+            self._connections = []
+        await self._close_connections(closing_connections)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncConnectionPool:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        with self._optional_thread_lock:
+            request_is_queued = [request.is_queued() for request in self._requests]
+            connection_is_idle = [
+                connection.is_idle() for connection in self._connections
+            ]
+
+            num_active_requests = request_is_queued.count(False)
+            num_queued_requests = request_is_queued.count(True)
+            num_active_connections = connection_is_idle.count(False)
+            num_idle_connections = connection_is_idle.count(True)
+
+        requests_info = (
+            f"Requests: {num_active_requests} active, {num_queued_requests} queued"
+        )
+        connection_info = (
+            f"Connections: {num_active_connections} active, {num_idle_connections} idle"
+        )
+
+        return f"<{class_name} [{requests_info} | {connection_info}]>"
+
+
+class PoolByteStream:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: typing.AsyncIterable[bytes],
+        pool_request: AsyncPoolRequest,
+        pool: AsyncConnectionPool,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._pool_request = pool_request
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._closed = False
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        try:
+            async for part in self._stream:
+                yield part
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            await self.aclose()
+            raise exc from None
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+                if hasattr(self._stream, "aclose"):
+                    await self._stream.aclose()
+
+            with self._pool._optional_thread_lock:
+                self._pool._requests.remove(self._pool_request)
+                closing = self._pool._assign_requests_to_connections()
+
+            await self._pool._close_connections(closing)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http11.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http11.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6d6d709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http11.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import logging
+import ssl
+import time
+import types
+import typing
+
+import h11
+
+from .._backends.base import AsyncNetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectionNotAvailable,
+    LocalProtocolError,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+    WriteError,
+    map_exceptions,
+)
+from .._models import Origin, Request, Response
+from .._synchronization import AsyncLock, AsyncShieldCancellation
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .interfaces import AsyncConnectionInterface
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.http11")
+
+
+# A subset of `h11.Event` types supported by `_send_event`
+H11SendEvent = typing.Union[
+    h11.Request,
+    h11.Data,
+    h11.EndOfMessage,
+]
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionState(enum.IntEnum):
+    NEW = 0
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    IDLE = 2
+    CLOSED = 3
+
+
+class AsyncHTTP11Connection(AsyncConnectionInterface):
+    READ_NUM_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+    MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE = 100 * 1024
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        origin: Origin,
+        stream: AsyncNetworkStream,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._origin = origin
+        self._network_stream = stream
+        self._keepalive_expiry: float | None = keepalive_expiry
+        self._expire_at: float | None = None
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.NEW
+        self._state_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._request_count = 0
+        self._h11_state = h11.Connection(
+            our_role=h11.CLIENT,
+            max_incomplete_event_size=self.MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE,
+        )
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        if not self.can_handle_request(request.url.origin):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Attempted to send request to {request.url.origin} on connection "
+                f"to {self._origin}"
+            )
+
+        async with self._state_lock:
+            if self._state in (HTTPConnectionState.NEW, HTTPConnectionState.IDLE):
+                self._request_count += 1
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE
+                self._expire_at = None
+            else:
+                raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        try:
+            kwargs = {"request": request}
+            try:
+                async with Trace(
+                    "send_request_headers", logger, request, kwargs
+                ) as trace:
+                    await self._send_request_headers(**kwargs)
+                async with Trace("send_request_body", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                    await self._send_request_body(**kwargs)
+            except WriteError:
+                # If we get a write error while we're writing the request,
+                # then we supress this error and move on to attempting to
+                # read the response. Servers can sometimes close the request
+                # pre-emptively and then respond with a well formed HTTP
+                # error response.
+                pass
+
+            async with Trace(
+                "receive_response_headers", logger, request, kwargs
+            ) as trace:
+                (
+                    http_version,
+                    status,
+                    reason_phrase,
+                    headers,
+                    trailing_data,
+                ) = await self._receive_response_headers(**kwargs)
+                trace.return_value = (
+                    http_version,
+                    status,
+                    reason_phrase,
+                    headers,
+                )
+
+            network_stream = self._network_stream
+
+            # CONNECT or Upgrade request
+            if (status == 101) or (
+                (request.method == b"CONNECT") and (200 <= status < 300)
+            ):
+                network_stream = AsyncHTTP11UpgradeStream(network_stream, trailing_data)
+
+            return Response(
+                status=status,
+                headers=headers,
+                content=HTTP11ConnectionByteStream(self, request),
+                extensions={
+                    "http_version": http_version,
+                    "reason_phrase": reason_phrase,
+                    "network_stream": network_stream,
+                },
+            )
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+                async with Trace("response_closed", logger, request) as trace:
+                    await self._response_closed()
+            raise exc
+
+    # Sending the request...
+
+    async def _send_request_headers(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("write", None)
+
+        with map_exceptions({h11.LocalProtocolError: LocalProtocolError}):
+            event = h11.Request(
+                method=request.method,
+                target=request.url.target,
+                headers=request.headers,
+            )
+        await self._send_event(event, timeout=timeout)
+
+    async def _send_request_body(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("write", None)
+
+        assert isinstance(request.stream, typing.AsyncIterable)
+        async for chunk in request.stream:
+            event = h11.Data(data=chunk)
+            await self._send_event(event, timeout=timeout)
+
+        await self._send_event(h11.EndOfMessage(), timeout=timeout)
+
+    async def _send_event(self, event: h11.Event, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        bytes_to_send = self._h11_state.send(event)
+        if bytes_to_send is not None:
+            await self._network_stream.write(bytes_to_send, timeout=timeout)
+
+    # Receiving the response...
+
+    async def _receive_response_headers(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> tuple[bytes, int, bytes, list[tuple[bytes, bytes]], bytes]:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("read", None)
+
+        while True:
+            event = await self._receive_event(timeout=timeout)
+            if isinstance(event, h11.Response):
+                break
+            if (
+                isinstance(event, h11.InformationalResponse)
+                and event.status_code == 101
+            ):
+                break
+
+        http_version = b"HTTP/" + event.http_version
+
+        # h11 version 0.11+ supports a `raw_items` interface to get the
+        # raw header casing, rather than the enforced lowercase headers.
+        headers = event.headers.raw_items()
+
+        trailing_data, _ = self._h11_state.trailing_data
+
+        return http_version, event.status_code, event.reason, headers, trailing_data
+
+    async def _receive_response_body(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("read", None)
+
+        while True:
+            event = await self._receive_event(timeout=timeout)
+            if isinstance(event, h11.Data):
+                yield bytes(event.data)
+            elif isinstance(event, (h11.EndOfMessage, h11.PAUSED)):
+                break
+
+    async def _receive_event(
+        self, timeout: float | None = None
+    ) -> h11.Event | type[h11.PAUSED]:
+        while True:
+            with map_exceptions({h11.RemoteProtocolError: RemoteProtocolError}):
+                event = self._h11_state.next_event()
+
+            if event is h11.NEED_DATA:
+                data = await self._network_stream.read(
+                    self.READ_NUM_BYTES, timeout=timeout
+                )
+
+                # If we feed this case through h11 we'll raise an exception like:
+                #
+                #     httpcore.RemoteProtocolError: can't handle event type
+                #     ConnectionClosed when role=SERVER and state=SEND_RESPONSE
+                #
+                # Which is accurate, but not very informative from an end-user
+                # perspective. Instead we handle this case distinctly and treat
+                # it as a ConnectError.
+                if data == b"" and self._h11_state.their_state == h11.SEND_RESPONSE:
+                    msg = "Server disconnected without sending a response."
+                    raise RemoteProtocolError(msg)
+
+                self._h11_state.receive_data(data)
+            else:
+                # mypy fails to narrow the type in the above if statement above
+                return event  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    async def _response_closed(self) -> None:
+        async with self._state_lock:
+            if (
+                self._h11_state.our_state is h11.DONE
+                and self._h11_state.their_state is h11.DONE
+            ):
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+                self._h11_state.start_next_cycle()
+                if self._keepalive_expiry is not None:
+                    now = time.monotonic()
+                    self._expire_at = now + self._keepalive_expiry
+            else:
+                await self.aclose()
+
+    # Once the connection is no longer required...
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        # Note that this method unilaterally closes the connection, and does
+        # not have any kind of locking in place around it.
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+        await self._network_stream.aclose()
+
+    # The AsyncConnectionInterface methods provide information about the state of
+    # the connection, allowing for a connection pooling implementation to
+    # determine when to reuse and when to close the connection...
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._origin
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        # Note that HTTP/1.1 connections in the "NEW" state are not treated as
+        # being "available". The control flow which created the connection will
+        # be able to send an outgoing request, but the connection will not be
+        # acquired from the connection pool for any other request.
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        now = time.monotonic()
+        keepalive_expired = self._expire_at is not None and now > self._expire_at
+
+        # If the HTTP connection is idle but the socket is readable, then the
+        # only valid state is that the socket is about to return b"", indicating
+        # a server-initiated disconnect.
+        server_disconnected = (
+            self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+            and self._network_stream.get_extra_info("is_readable")
+        )
+
+        return keepalive_expired or server_disconnected
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"{origin!r}, HTTP/1.1, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}"
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"<{class_name} [{origin!r}, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}]>"
+        )
+
+    # These context managers are not used in the standard flow, but are
+    # useful for testing or working with connection instances directly.
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncHTTP11Connection:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.aclose()
+
+
+class HTTP11ConnectionByteStream:
+    def __init__(self, connection: AsyncHTTP11Connection, request: Request) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._request = request
+        self._closed = False
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        kwargs = {"request": self._request}
+        try:
+            async with Trace("receive_response_body", logger, self._request, kwargs):
+                async for chunk in self._connection._receive_response_body(**kwargs):
+                    yield chunk
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            # If we get an exception while streaming the response,
+            # we want to close the response (and possibly the connection)
+            # before raising that exception.
+            with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+                await self.aclose()
+            raise exc
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            async with Trace("response_closed", logger, self._request):
+                await self._connection._response_closed()
+
+
+class AsyncHTTP11UpgradeStream(AsyncNetworkStream):
+    def __init__(self, stream: AsyncNetworkStream, leading_data: bytes) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._leading_data = leading_data
+
+    async def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        if self._leading_data:
+            buffer = self._leading_data[:max_bytes]
+            self._leading_data = self._leading_data[max_bytes:]
+            return buffer
+        else:
+            return await self._stream.read(max_bytes, timeout)
+
+    async def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        await self._stream.write(buffer, timeout)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._stream.aclose()
+
+    async def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        return await self._stream.start_tls(ssl_context, server_hostname, timeout)
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        return self._stream.get_extra_info(info)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbd0beeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import logging
+import time
+import types
+import typing
+
+import h2.config
+import h2.connection
+import h2.events
+import h2.exceptions
+import h2.settings
+
+from .._backends.base import AsyncNetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectionNotAvailable,
+    LocalProtocolError,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+)
+from .._models import Origin, Request, Response
+from .._synchronization import AsyncLock, AsyncSemaphore, AsyncShieldCancellation
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .interfaces import AsyncConnectionInterface
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.http2")
+
+
+def has_body_headers(request: Request) -> bool:
+    return any(
+        k.lower() == b"content-length" or k.lower() == b"transfer-encoding"
+        for k, v in request.headers
+    )
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionState(enum.IntEnum):
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    IDLE = 2
+    CLOSED = 3
+
+
+class AsyncHTTP2Connection(AsyncConnectionInterface):
+    READ_NUM_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+    CONFIG = h2.config.H2Configuration(validate_inbound_headers=False)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        origin: Origin,
+        stream: AsyncNetworkStream,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._origin = origin
+        self._network_stream = stream
+        self._keepalive_expiry: float | None = keepalive_expiry
+        self._h2_state = h2.connection.H2Connection(config=self.CONFIG)
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+        self._expire_at: float | None = None
+        self._request_count = 0
+        self._init_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._state_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._read_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._write_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._sent_connection_init = False
+        self._used_all_stream_ids = False
+        self._connection_error = False
+
+        # Mapping from stream ID to response stream events.
+        self._events: dict[
+            int,
+            list[
+                h2.events.ResponseReceived
+                | h2.events.DataReceived
+                | h2.events.StreamEnded
+                | h2.events.StreamReset,
+            ],
+        ] = {}
+
+        # Connection terminated events are stored as state since
+        # we need to handle them for all streams.
+        self._connection_terminated: h2.events.ConnectionTerminated | None = None
+
+        self._read_exception: Exception | None = None
+        self._write_exception: Exception | None = None
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        if not self.can_handle_request(request.url.origin):
+            # This cannot occur in normal operation, since the connection pool
+            # will only send requests on connections that handle them.
+            # It's in place simply for resilience as a guard against incorrect
+            # usage, for anyone working directly with httpcore connections.
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Attempted to send request to {request.url.origin} on connection "
+                f"to {self._origin}"
+            )
+
+        async with self._state_lock:
+            if self._state in (HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE, HTTPConnectionState.IDLE):
+                self._request_count += 1
+                self._expire_at = None
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE
+            else:
+                raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        async with self._init_lock:
+            if not self._sent_connection_init:
+                try:
+                    sci_kwargs = {"request": request}
+                    async with Trace(
+                        "send_connection_init", logger, request, sci_kwargs
+                    ):
+                        await self._send_connection_init(**sci_kwargs)
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+                        await self.aclose()
+                    raise exc
+
+                self._sent_connection_init = True
+
+                # Initially start with just 1 until the remote server provides
+                # its max_concurrent_streams value
+                self._max_streams = 1
+
+                local_settings_max_streams = (
+                    self._h2_state.local_settings.max_concurrent_streams
+                )
+                self._max_streams_semaphore = AsyncSemaphore(local_settings_max_streams)
+
+                for _ in range(local_settings_max_streams - self._max_streams):
+                    await self._max_streams_semaphore.acquire()
+
+        await self._max_streams_semaphore.acquire()
+
+        try:
+            stream_id = self._h2_state.get_next_available_stream_id()
+            self._events[stream_id] = []
+        except h2.exceptions.NoAvailableStreamIDError:  # pragma: nocover
+            self._used_all_stream_ids = True
+            self._request_count -= 1
+            raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        try:
+            kwargs = {"request": request, "stream_id": stream_id}
+            async with Trace("send_request_headers", logger, request, kwargs):
+                await self._send_request_headers(request=request, stream_id=stream_id)
+            async with Trace("send_request_body", logger, request, kwargs):
+                await self._send_request_body(request=request, stream_id=stream_id)
+            async with Trace(
+                "receive_response_headers", logger, request, kwargs
+            ) as trace:
+                status, headers = await self._receive_response(
+                    request=request, stream_id=stream_id
+                )
+                trace.return_value = (status, headers)
+
+            return Response(
+                status=status,
+                headers=headers,
+                content=HTTP2ConnectionByteStream(self, request, stream_id=stream_id),
+                extensions={
+                    "http_version": b"HTTP/2",
+                    "network_stream": self._network_stream,
+                    "stream_id": stream_id,
+                },
+            )
+        except BaseException as exc:  # noqa: PIE786
+            with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+                kwargs = {"stream_id": stream_id}
+                async with Trace("response_closed", logger, request, kwargs):
+                    await self._response_closed(stream_id=stream_id)
+
+            if isinstance(exc, h2.exceptions.ProtocolError):
+                # One case where h2 can raise a protocol error is when a
+                # closed frame has been seen by the state machine.
+                #
+                # This happens when one stream is reading, and encounters
+                # a GOAWAY event. Other flows of control may then raise
+                # a protocol error at any point they interact with the 'h2_state'.
+                #
+                # In this case we'll have stored the event, and should raise
+                # it as a RemoteProtocolError.
+                if self._connection_terminated:  # pragma: nocover
+                    raise RemoteProtocolError(self._connection_terminated)
+                # If h2 raises a protocol error in some other state then we
+                # must somehow have made a protocol violation.
+                raise LocalProtocolError(exc)  # pragma: nocover
+
+            raise exc
+
+    async def _send_connection_init(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        """
+        The HTTP/2 connection requires some initial setup before we can start
+        using individual request/response streams on it.
+        """
+        # Need to set these manually here instead of manipulating via
+        # __setitem__() otherwise the H2Connection will emit SettingsUpdate
+        # frames in addition to sending the undesired defaults.
+        self._h2_state.local_settings = h2.settings.Settings(
+            client=True,
+            initial_values={
+                # Disable PUSH_PROMISE frames from the server since we don't do anything
+                # with them for now.  Maybe when we support caching?
+                h2.settings.SettingCodes.ENABLE_PUSH: 0,
+                # These two are taken from h2 for safe defaults
+                h2.settings.SettingCodes.MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS: 100,
+                h2.settings.SettingCodes.MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE: 65536,
+            },
+        )
+
+        # Some websites (*cough* Yahoo *cough*) balk at this setting being
+        # present in the initial handshake since it's not defined in the original
+        # RFC despite the RFC mandating ignoring settings you don't know about.
+        del self._h2_state.local_settings[
+            h2.settings.SettingCodes.ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL
+        ]
+
+        self._h2_state.initiate_connection()
+        self._h2_state.increment_flow_control_window(2**24)
+        await self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    # Sending the request...
+
+    async def _send_request_headers(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Send the request headers to a given stream ID.
+        """
+        end_stream = not has_body_headers(request)
+
+        # In HTTP/2 the ':authority' pseudo-header is used instead of 'Host'.
+        # In order to gracefully handle HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 we always require
+        # HTTP/1.1 style headers, and map them appropriately if we end up on
+        # an HTTP/2 connection.
+        authority = [v for k, v in request.headers if k.lower() == b"host"][0]
+
+        headers = [
+            (b":method", request.method),
+            (b":authority", authority),
+            (b":scheme", request.url.scheme),
+            (b":path", request.url.target),
+        ] + [
+            (k.lower(), v)
+            for k, v in request.headers
+            if k.lower()
+            not in (
+                b"host",
+                b"transfer-encoding",
+            )
+        ]
+
+        self._h2_state.send_headers(stream_id, headers, end_stream=end_stream)
+        self._h2_state.increment_flow_control_window(2**24, stream_id=stream_id)
+        await self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    async def _send_request_body(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Iterate over the request body sending it to a given stream ID.
+        """
+        if not has_body_headers(request):
+            return
+
+        assert isinstance(request.stream, typing.AsyncIterable)
+        async for data in request.stream:
+            await self._send_stream_data(request, stream_id, data)
+        await self._send_end_stream(request, stream_id)
+
+    async def _send_stream_data(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int, data: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Send a single chunk of data in one or more data frames.
+        """
+        while data:
+            max_flow = await self._wait_for_outgoing_flow(request, stream_id)
+            chunk_size = min(len(data), max_flow)
+            chunk, data = data[:chunk_size], data[chunk_size:]
+            self._h2_state.send_data(stream_id, chunk)
+            await self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    async def _send_end_stream(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an empty data frame on on a given stream ID with the END_STREAM flag set.
+        """
+        self._h2_state.end_stream(stream_id)
+        await self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    # Receiving the response...
+
+    async def _receive_response(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> tuple[int, list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]]:
+        """
+        Return the response status code and headers for a given stream ID.
+        """
+        while True:
+            event = await self._receive_stream_event(request, stream_id)
+            if isinstance(event, h2.events.ResponseReceived):
+                break
+
+        status_code = 200
+        headers = []
+        assert event.headers is not None
+        for k, v in event.headers:
+            if k == b":status":
+                status_code = int(v.decode("ascii", errors="ignore"))
+            elif not k.startswith(b":"):
+                headers.append((k, v))
+
+        return (status_code, headers)
+
+    async def _receive_response_body(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        Iterator that returns the bytes of the response body for a given stream ID.
+        """
+        while True:
+            event = await self._receive_stream_event(request, stream_id)
+            if isinstance(event, h2.events.DataReceived):
+                assert event.flow_controlled_length is not None
+                assert event.data is not None
+                amount = event.flow_controlled_length
+                self._h2_state.acknowledge_received_data(amount, stream_id)
+                await self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+                yield event.data
+            elif isinstance(event, h2.events.StreamEnded):
+                break
+
+    async def _receive_stream_event(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> h2.events.ResponseReceived | h2.events.DataReceived | h2.events.StreamEnded:
+        """
+        Return the next available event for a given stream ID.
+
+        Will read more data from the network if required.
+        """
+        while not self._events.get(stream_id):
+            await self._receive_events(request, stream_id)
+        event = self._events[stream_id].pop(0)
+        if isinstance(event, h2.events.StreamReset):
+            raise RemoteProtocolError(event)
+        return event
+
+    async def _receive_events(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Read some data from the network until we see one or more events
+        for a given stream ID.
+        """
+        async with self._read_lock:
+            if self._connection_terminated is not None:
+                last_stream_id = self._connection_terminated.last_stream_id
+                if stream_id and last_stream_id and stream_id > last_stream_id:
+                    self._request_count -= 1
+                    raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+                raise RemoteProtocolError(self._connection_terminated)
+
+            # This conditional is a bit icky. We don't want to block reading if we've
+            # actually got an event to return for a given stream. We need to do that
+            # check *within* the atomic read lock. Though it also need to be optional,
+            # because when we call it from `_wait_for_outgoing_flow` we *do* want to
+            # block until we've available flow control, event when we have events
+            # pending for the stream ID we're attempting to send on.
+            if stream_id is None or not self._events.get(stream_id):
+                events = await self._read_incoming_data(request)
+                for event in events:
+                    if isinstance(event, h2.events.RemoteSettingsChanged):
+                        async with Trace(
+                            "receive_remote_settings", logger, request
+                        ) as trace:
+                            await self._receive_remote_settings_change(event)
+                            trace.return_value = event
+
+                    elif isinstance(
+                        event,
+                        (
+                            h2.events.ResponseReceived,
+                            h2.events.DataReceived,
+                            h2.events.StreamEnded,
+                            h2.events.StreamReset,
+                        ),
+                    ):
+                        if event.stream_id in self._events:
+                            self._events[event.stream_id].append(event)
+
+                    elif isinstance(event, h2.events.ConnectionTerminated):
+                        self._connection_terminated = event
+
+        await self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    async def _receive_remote_settings_change(
+        self, event: h2.events.RemoteSettingsChanged
+    ) -> None:
+        max_concurrent_streams = event.changed_settings.get(
+            h2.settings.SettingCodes.MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS
+        )
+        if max_concurrent_streams:
+            new_max_streams = min(
+                max_concurrent_streams.new_value,
+                self._h2_state.local_settings.max_concurrent_streams,
+            )
+            if new_max_streams and new_max_streams != self._max_streams:
+                while new_max_streams > self._max_streams:
+                    await self._max_streams_semaphore.release()
+                    self._max_streams += 1
+                while new_max_streams < self._max_streams:
+                    await self._max_streams_semaphore.acquire()
+                    self._max_streams -= 1
+
+    async def _response_closed(self, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        await self._max_streams_semaphore.release()
+        del self._events[stream_id]
+        async with self._state_lock:
+            if self._connection_terminated and not self._events:
+                await self.aclose()
+
+            elif self._state == HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE and not self._events:
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+                if self._keepalive_expiry is not None:
+                    now = time.monotonic()
+                    self._expire_at = now + self._keepalive_expiry
+                if self._used_all_stream_ids:  # pragma: nocover
+                    await self.aclose()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        # Note that this method unilaterally closes the connection, and does
+        # not have any kind of locking in place around it.
+        self._h2_state.close_connection()
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+        await self._network_stream.aclose()
+
+    # Wrappers around network read/write operations...
+
+    async def _read_incoming_data(self, request: Request) -> list[h2.events.Event]:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("read", None)
+
+        if self._read_exception is not None:
+            raise self._read_exception  # pragma: nocover
+
+        try:
+            data = await self._network_stream.read(self.READ_NUM_BYTES, timeout)
+            if data == b"":
+                raise RemoteProtocolError("Server disconnected")
+        except Exception as exc:
+            # If we get a network error we should:
+            #
+            # 1. Save the exception and just raise it immediately on any future reads.
+            #    (For example, this means that a single read timeout or disconnect will
+            #    immediately close all pending streams. Without requiring multiple
+            #    sequential timeouts.)
+            # 2. Mark the connection as errored, so that we don't accept any other
+            #    incoming requests.
+            self._read_exception = exc
+            self._connection_error = True
+            raise exc
+
+        events: list[h2.events.Event] = self._h2_state.receive_data(data)
+
+        return events
+
+    async def _write_outgoing_data(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("write", None)
+
+        async with self._write_lock:
+            data_to_send = self._h2_state.data_to_send()
+
+            if self._write_exception is not None:
+                raise self._write_exception  # pragma: nocover
+
+            try:
+                await self._network_stream.write(data_to_send, timeout)
+            except Exception as exc:  # pragma: nocover
+                # If we get a network error we should:
+                #
+                # 1. Save the exception and just raise it immediately on any future write.
+                #    (For example, this means that a single write timeout or disconnect will
+                #    immediately close all pending streams. Without requiring multiple
+                #    sequential timeouts.)
+                # 2. Mark the connection as errored, so that we don't accept any other
+                #    incoming requests.
+                self._write_exception = exc
+                self._connection_error = True
+                raise exc
+
+    # Flow control...
+
+    async def _wait_for_outgoing_flow(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns the maximum allowable outgoing flow for a given stream.
+
+        If the allowable flow is zero, then waits on the network until
+        WindowUpdated frames have increased the flow rate.
+        https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-6.9
+        """
+        local_flow: int = self._h2_state.local_flow_control_window(stream_id)
+        max_frame_size: int = self._h2_state.max_outbound_frame_size
+        flow = min(local_flow, max_frame_size)
+        while flow == 0:
+            await self._receive_events(request)
+            local_flow = self._h2_state.local_flow_control_window(stream_id)
+            max_frame_size = self._h2_state.max_outbound_frame_size
+            flow = min(local_flow, max_frame_size)
+        return flow
+
+    # Interface for connection pooling...
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._origin
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._state != HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+            and not self._connection_error
+            and not self._used_all_stream_ids
+            and not (
+                self._h2_state.state_machine.state
+                == h2.connection.ConnectionState.CLOSED
+            )
+        )
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        now = time.monotonic()
+        return self._expire_at is not None and now > self._expire_at
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"{origin!r}, HTTP/2, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}"
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"<{class_name} [{origin!r}, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}]>"
+        )
+
+    # These context managers are not used in the standard flow, but are
+    # useful for testing or working with connection instances directly.
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncHTTP2Connection:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.aclose()
+
+
+class HTTP2ConnectionByteStream:
+    def __init__(
+        self, connection: AsyncHTTP2Connection, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._request = request
+        self._stream_id = stream_id
+        self._closed = False
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        kwargs = {"request": self._request, "stream_id": self._stream_id}
+        try:
+            async with Trace("receive_response_body", logger, self._request, kwargs):
+                async for chunk in self._connection._receive_response_body(
+                    request=self._request, stream_id=self._stream_id
+                ):
+                    yield chunk
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            # If we get an exception while streaming the response,
+            # we want to close the response (and possibly the connection)
+            # before raising that exception.
+            with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+                await self.aclose()
+            raise exc
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            kwargs = {"stream_id": self._stream_id}
+            async with Trace("response_closed", logger, self._request, kwargs):
+                await self._connection._response_closed(stream_id=self._stream_id)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc9d9206
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/http_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import logging
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+from .._backends.base import SOCKET_OPTION, AsyncNetworkBackend
+from .._exceptions import ProxyError
+from .._models import (
+    URL,
+    Origin,
+    Request,
+    Response,
+    enforce_bytes,
+    enforce_headers,
+    enforce_url,
+)
+from .._ssl import default_ssl_context
+from .._synchronization import AsyncLock
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .connection import AsyncHTTPConnection
+from .connection_pool import AsyncConnectionPool
+from .http11 import AsyncHTTP11Connection
+from .interfaces import AsyncConnectionInterface
+
+ByteOrStr = typing.Union[bytes, str]
+HeadersAsSequence = typing.Sequence[typing.Tuple[ByteOrStr, ByteOrStr]]
+HeadersAsMapping = typing.Mapping[ByteOrStr, ByteOrStr]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.proxy")
+
+
+def merge_headers(
+    default_headers: typing.Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+    override_headers: typing.Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    """
+    Append default_headers and override_headers, de-duplicating if a key exists
+    in both cases.
+    """
+    default_headers = [] if default_headers is None else list(default_headers)
+    override_headers = [] if override_headers is None else list(override_headers)
+    has_override = set(key.lower() for key, value in override_headers)
+    default_headers = [
+        (key, value)
+        for key, value in default_headers
+        if key.lower() not in has_override
+    ]
+    return default_headers + override_headers
+
+
+class AsyncHTTPProxy(AsyncConnectionPool):  # pragma: nocover
+    """
+    A connection pool that sends requests via an HTTP proxy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url: URL | bytes | str,
+        proxy_auth: tuple[bytes | str, bytes | str] | None = None,
+        proxy_headers: HeadersAsMapping | HeadersAsSequence | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        max_connections: int | None = 10,
+        max_keepalive_connections: int | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+
+        Parameters:
+            proxy_url: The URL to use when connecting to the proxy server.
+                For example `"http://127.0.0.1:8080/"`.
+            proxy_auth: Any proxy authentication as a two-tuple of
+                (username, password). May be either bytes or ascii-only str.
+            proxy_headers: Any HTTP headers to use for the proxy requests.
+                For example `{"Proxy-Authorization": "Basic <username>:<password>"}`.
+            ssl_context: An SSL context to use for verifying connections.
+                If not specified, the default `httpcore.default_ssl_context()`
+                will be used.
+            proxy_ssl_context: The same as `ssl_context`, but for a proxy server rather than a remote origin.
+            max_connections: The maximum number of concurrent HTTP connections that
+                the pool should allow. Any attempt to send a request on a pool that
+                would exceed this amount will block until a connection is available.
+            max_keepalive_connections: The maximum number of idle HTTP connections
+                that will be maintained in the pool.
+            keepalive_expiry: The duration in seconds that an idle HTTP connection
+                may be maintained for before being expired from the pool.
+            http1: A boolean indicating if HTTP/1.1 requests should be supported
+                by the connection pool. Defaults to True.
+            http2: A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 requests should be supported by
+                the connection pool. Defaults to False.
+            retries: The maximum number of retries when trying to establish
+                a connection.
+            local_address: Local address to connect from. Can also be used to
+                connect using a particular address family. Using
+                `local_address="0.0.0.0"` will connect using an `AF_INET` address
+                (IPv4), while using `local_address="::"` will connect using an
+                `AF_INET6` address (IPv6).
+            uds: Path to a Unix Domain Socket to use instead of TCP sockets.
+            network_backend: A backend instance to use for handling network I/O.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            max_connections=max_connections,
+            max_keepalive_connections=max_keepalive_connections,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            retries=retries,
+            local_address=local_address,
+            uds=uds,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+        )
+
+        self._proxy_url = enforce_url(proxy_url, name="proxy_url")
+        if (
+            self._proxy_url.scheme == b"http" and proxy_ssl_context is not None
+        ):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "The `proxy_ssl_context` argument is not allowed for the http scheme"
+            )
+
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy_ssl_context = proxy_ssl_context
+        self._proxy_headers = enforce_headers(proxy_headers, name="proxy_headers")
+        if proxy_auth is not None:
+            username = enforce_bytes(proxy_auth[0], name="proxy_auth")
+            password = enforce_bytes(proxy_auth[1], name="proxy_auth")
+            userpass = username + b":" + password
+            authorization = b"Basic " + base64.b64encode(userpass)
+            self._proxy_headers = [
+                (b"Proxy-Authorization", authorization)
+            ] + self._proxy_headers
+
+    def create_connection(self, origin: Origin) -> AsyncConnectionInterface:
+        if origin.scheme == b"http":
+            return AsyncForwardHTTPConnection(
+                proxy_origin=self._proxy_url.origin,
+                proxy_headers=self._proxy_headers,
+                remote_origin=origin,
+                keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                network_backend=self._network_backend,
+                proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy_ssl_context,
+            )
+        return AsyncTunnelHTTPConnection(
+            proxy_origin=self._proxy_url.origin,
+            proxy_headers=self._proxy_headers,
+            remote_origin=origin,
+            ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+            proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy_ssl_context,
+            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=self._http1,
+            http2=self._http2,
+            network_backend=self._network_backend,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncForwardHTTPConnection(AsyncConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_origin: Origin,
+        remote_origin: Origin,
+        proxy_headers: HeadersAsMapping | HeadersAsSequence | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+        proxy_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._connection = AsyncHTTPConnection(
+            origin=proxy_origin,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+            ssl_context=proxy_ssl_context,
+        )
+        self._proxy_origin = proxy_origin
+        self._proxy_headers = enforce_headers(proxy_headers, name="proxy_headers")
+        self._remote_origin = remote_origin
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        headers = merge_headers(self._proxy_headers, request.headers)
+        url = URL(
+            scheme=self._proxy_origin.scheme,
+            host=self._proxy_origin.host,
+            port=self._proxy_origin.port,
+            target=bytes(request.url),
+        )
+        proxy_request = Request(
+            method=request.method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=request.stream,
+            extensions=request.extensions,
+        )
+        return await self._connection.handle_async_request(proxy_request)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._remote_origin
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._connection.aclose()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
+
+
+class AsyncTunnelHTTPConnection(AsyncConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_origin: Origin,
+        remote_origin: Origin,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy_headers: typing.Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._connection: AsyncConnectionInterface = AsyncHTTPConnection(
+            origin=proxy_origin,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+            ssl_context=proxy_ssl_context,
+        )
+        self._proxy_origin = proxy_origin
+        self._remote_origin = remote_origin
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy_ssl_context = proxy_ssl_context
+        self._proxy_headers = enforce_headers(proxy_headers, name="proxy_headers")
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._connect_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._connected = False
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("connect", None)
+
+        async with self._connect_lock:
+            if not self._connected:
+                target = b"%b:%d" % (self._remote_origin.host, self._remote_origin.port)
+
+                connect_url = URL(
+                    scheme=self._proxy_origin.scheme,
+                    host=self._proxy_origin.host,
+                    port=self._proxy_origin.port,
+                    target=target,
+                )
+                connect_headers = merge_headers(
+                    [(b"Host", target), (b"Accept", b"*/*")], self._proxy_headers
+                )
+                connect_request = Request(
+                    method=b"CONNECT",
+                    url=connect_url,
+                    headers=connect_headers,
+                    extensions=request.extensions,
+                )
+                connect_response = await self._connection.handle_async_request(
+                    connect_request
+                )
+
+                if connect_response.status < 200 or connect_response.status > 299:
+                    reason_bytes = connect_response.extensions.get("reason_phrase", b"")
+                    reason_str = reason_bytes.decode("ascii", errors="ignore")
+                    msg = "%d %s" % (connect_response.status, reason_str)
+                    await self._connection.aclose()
+                    raise ProxyError(msg)
+
+                stream = connect_response.extensions["network_stream"]
+
+                # Upgrade the stream to SSL
+                ssl_context = (
+                    default_ssl_context()
+                    if self._ssl_context is None
+                    else self._ssl_context
+                )
+                alpn_protocols = ["http/1.1", "h2"] if self._http2 else ["http/1.1"]
+                ssl_context.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+                kwargs = {
+                    "ssl_context": ssl_context,
+                    "server_hostname": self._remote_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                    "timeout": timeout,
+                }
+                async with Trace("start_tls", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                    stream = await stream.start_tls(**kwargs)
+                    trace.return_value = stream
+
+                # Determine if we should be using HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2
+                ssl_object = stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+                http2_negotiated = (
+                    ssl_object is not None
+                    and ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol() == "h2"
+                )
+
+                # Create the HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 connection
+                if http2_negotiated or (self._http2 and not self._http1):
+                    from .http2 import AsyncHTTP2Connection
+
+                    self._connection = AsyncHTTP2Connection(
+                        origin=self._remote_origin,
+                        stream=stream,
+                        keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._connection = AsyncHTTP11Connection(
+                        origin=self._remote_origin,
+                        stream=stream,
+                        keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    )
+
+                self._connected = True
+        return await self._connection.handle_async_request(request)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._remote_origin
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._connection.aclose()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/interfaces.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..361583be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+
+from .._models import (
+    URL,
+    Extensions,
+    HeaderTypes,
+    Origin,
+    Request,
+    Response,
+    enforce_bytes,
+    enforce_headers,
+    enforce_url,
+    include_request_headers,
+)
+
+
+class AsyncRequestInterface:
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        method: bytes | str,
+        url: URL | bytes | str,
+        *,
+        headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+        content: bytes | typing.AsyncIterator[bytes] | None = None,
+        extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        # Strict type checking on our parameters.
+        method = enforce_bytes(method, name="method")
+        url = enforce_url(url, name="url")
+        headers = enforce_headers(headers, name="headers")
+
+        # Include Host header, and optionally Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding.
+        headers = include_request_headers(headers, url=url, content=content)
+
+        request = Request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=content,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        response = await self.handle_async_request(request)
+        try:
+            await response.aread()
+        finally:
+            await response.aclose()
+        return response
+
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        method: bytes | str,
+        url: URL | bytes | str,
+        *,
+        headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+        content: bytes | typing.AsyncIterator[bytes] | None = None,
+        extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.AsyncIterator[Response]:
+        # Strict type checking on our parameters.
+        method = enforce_bytes(method, name="method")
+        url = enforce_url(url, name="url")
+        headers = enforce_headers(headers, name="headers")
+
+        # Include Host header, and optionally Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding.
+        headers = include_request_headers(headers, url=url, content=content)
+
+        request = Request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=content,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        response = await self.handle_async_request(request)
+        try:
+            yield response
+        finally:
+            await response.aclose()
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class AsyncConnectionInterface(AsyncRequestInterface):
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection is currently able to accept an
+        outgoing request.
+
+        An HTTP/1.1 connection will only be available if it is currently idle.
+
+        An HTTP/2 connection will be available so long as the stream ID space is
+        not yet exhausted, and the connection is not in an error state.
+
+        While the connection is being established we may not yet know if it is going
+        to result in an HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 connection. The connection should be
+        treated as being available, but might ultimately raise `NewConnectionRequired`
+        required exceptions if multiple requests are attempted over a connection
+        that ends up being established as HTTP/1.1.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection is in a state where it should be closed.
+
+        This either means that the connection is idle and it has passed the
+        expiry time on its keep-alive, or that server has sent an EOF.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection is currently idle.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection has been closed.
+
+        Used when a response is closed to determine if the connection may be
+        returned to the connection pool or not.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/socks_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/socks_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b363f55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_async/socks_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import ssl
+
+import socksio
+
+from .._backends.auto import AutoBackend
+from .._backends.base import AsyncNetworkBackend, AsyncNetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import ConnectionNotAvailable, ProxyError
+from .._models import URL, Origin, Request, Response, enforce_bytes, enforce_url
+from .._ssl import default_ssl_context
+from .._synchronization import AsyncLock
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .connection_pool import AsyncConnectionPool
+from .http11 import AsyncHTTP11Connection
+from .interfaces import AsyncConnectionInterface
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.socks")
+
+
+AUTH_METHODS = {
+    b"\x00": "NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED",
+    b"\x01": "GSSAPI",
+    b"\x02": "USERNAME/PASSWORD",
+    b"\xff": "NO ACCEPTABLE METHODS",
+}
+
+REPLY_CODES = {
+    b"\x00": "Succeeded",
+    b"\x01": "General SOCKS server failure",
+    b"\x02": "Connection not allowed by ruleset",
+    b"\x03": "Network unreachable",
+    b"\x04": "Host unreachable",
+    b"\x05": "Connection refused",
+    b"\x06": "TTL expired",
+    b"\x07": "Command not supported",
+    b"\x08": "Address type not supported",
+}
+
+
+async def _init_socks5_connection(
+    stream: AsyncNetworkStream,
+    *,
+    host: bytes,
+    port: int,
+    auth: tuple[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    conn = socksio.socks5.SOCKS5Connection()
+
+    # Auth method request
+    auth_method = (
+        socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethod.NO_AUTH_REQUIRED
+        if auth is None
+        else socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethod.USERNAME_PASSWORD
+    )
+    conn.send(socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethodsRequest([auth_method]))
+    outgoing_bytes = conn.data_to_send()
+    await stream.write(outgoing_bytes)
+
+    # Auth method response
+    incoming_bytes = await stream.read(max_bytes=4096)
+    response = conn.receive_data(incoming_bytes)
+    assert isinstance(response, socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthReply)
+    if response.method != auth_method:
+        requested = AUTH_METHODS.get(auth_method, "UNKNOWN")
+        responded = AUTH_METHODS.get(response.method, "UNKNOWN")
+        raise ProxyError(
+            f"Requested {requested} from proxy server, but got {responded}."
+        )
+
+    if response.method == socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethod.USERNAME_PASSWORD:
+        # Username/password request
+        assert auth is not None
+        username, password = auth
+        conn.send(socksio.socks5.SOCKS5UsernamePasswordRequest(username, password))
+        outgoing_bytes = conn.data_to_send()
+        await stream.write(outgoing_bytes)
+
+        # Username/password response
+        incoming_bytes = await stream.read(max_bytes=4096)
+        response = conn.receive_data(incoming_bytes)
+        assert isinstance(response, socksio.socks5.SOCKS5UsernamePasswordReply)
+        if not response.success:
+            raise ProxyError("Invalid username/password")
+
+    # Connect request
+    conn.send(
+        socksio.socks5.SOCKS5CommandRequest.from_address(
+            socksio.socks5.SOCKS5Command.CONNECT, (host, port)
+        )
+    )
+    outgoing_bytes = conn.data_to_send()
+    await stream.write(outgoing_bytes)
+
+    # Connect response
+    incoming_bytes = await stream.read(max_bytes=4096)
+    response = conn.receive_data(incoming_bytes)
+    assert isinstance(response, socksio.socks5.SOCKS5Reply)
+    if response.reply_code != socksio.socks5.SOCKS5ReplyCode.SUCCEEDED:
+        reply_code = REPLY_CODES.get(response.reply_code, "UNKOWN")
+        raise ProxyError(f"Proxy Server could not connect: {reply_code}.")
+
+
+class AsyncSOCKSProxy(AsyncConnectionPool):  # pragma: nocover
+    """
+    A connection pool that sends requests via an HTTP proxy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url: URL | bytes | str,
+        proxy_auth: tuple[bytes | str, bytes | str] | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        max_connections: int | None = 10,
+        max_keepalive_connections: int | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+
+        Parameters:
+            proxy_url: The URL to use when connecting to the proxy server.
+                For example `"http://127.0.0.1:8080/"`.
+            ssl_context: An SSL context to use for verifying connections.
+                If not specified, the default `httpcore.default_ssl_context()`
+                will be used.
+            max_connections: The maximum number of concurrent HTTP connections that
+                the pool should allow. Any attempt to send a request on a pool that
+                would exceed this amount will block until a connection is available.
+            max_keepalive_connections: The maximum number of idle HTTP connections
+                that will be maintained in the pool.
+            keepalive_expiry: The duration in seconds that an idle HTTP connection
+                may be maintained for before being expired from the pool.
+            http1: A boolean indicating if HTTP/1.1 requests should be supported
+                by the connection pool. Defaults to True.
+            http2: A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 requests should be supported by
+                the connection pool. Defaults to False.
+            retries: The maximum number of retries when trying to establish
+                a connection.
+            local_address: Local address to connect from. Can also be used to
+                connect using a particular address family. Using
+                `local_address="0.0.0.0"` will connect using an `AF_INET` address
+                (IPv4), while using `local_address="::"` will connect using an
+                `AF_INET6` address (IPv6).
+            uds: Path to a Unix Domain Socket to use instead of TCP sockets.
+            network_backend: A backend instance to use for handling network I/O.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            max_connections=max_connections,
+            max_keepalive_connections=max_keepalive_connections,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            retries=retries,
+        )
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy_url = enforce_url(proxy_url, name="proxy_url")
+        if proxy_auth is not None:
+            username, password = proxy_auth
+            username_bytes = enforce_bytes(username, name="proxy_auth")
+            password_bytes = enforce_bytes(password, name="proxy_auth")
+            self._proxy_auth: tuple[bytes, bytes] | None = (
+                username_bytes,
+                password_bytes,
+            )
+        else:
+            self._proxy_auth = None
+
+    def create_connection(self, origin: Origin) -> AsyncConnectionInterface:
+        return AsyncSocks5Connection(
+            proxy_origin=self._proxy_url.origin,
+            remote_origin=origin,
+            proxy_auth=self._proxy_auth,
+            ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=self._http1,
+            http2=self._http2,
+            network_backend=self._network_backend,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSocks5Connection(AsyncConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_origin: Origin,
+        remote_origin: Origin,
+        proxy_auth: tuple[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._proxy_origin = proxy_origin
+        self._remote_origin = remote_origin
+        self._proxy_auth = proxy_auth
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+
+        self._network_backend: AsyncNetworkBackend = (
+            AutoBackend() if network_backend is None else network_backend
+        )
+        self._connect_lock = AsyncLock()
+        self._connection: AsyncConnectionInterface | None = None
+        self._connect_failed = False
+
+    async def handle_async_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        sni_hostname = request.extensions.get("sni_hostname", None)
+        timeout = timeouts.get("connect", None)
+
+        async with self._connect_lock:
+            if self._connection is None:
+                try:
+                    # Connect to the proxy
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "host": self._proxy_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "port": self._proxy_origin.port,
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                    }
+                    async with Trace("connect_tcp", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                        stream = await self._network_backend.connect_tcp(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+
+                    # Connect to the remote host using socks5
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "stream": stream,
+                        "host": self._remote_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "port": self._remote_origin.port,
+                        "auth": self._proxy_auth,
+                    }
+                    async with Trace(
+                        "setup_socks5_connection", logger, request, kwargs
+                    ) as trace:
+                        await _init_socks5_connection(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+
+                    # Upgrade the stream to SSL
+                    if self._remote_origin.scheme == b"https":
+                        ssl_context = (
+                            default_ssl_context()
+                            if self._ssl_context is None
+                            else self._ssl_context
+                        )
+                        alpn_protocols = (
+                            ["http/1.1", "h2"] if self._http2 else ["http/1.1"]
+                        )
+                        ssl_context.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+                        kwargs = {
+                            "ssl_context": ssl_context,
+                            "server_hostname": sni_hostname
+                            or self._remote_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                            "timeout": timeout,
+                        }
+                        async with Trace("start_tls", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                            stream = await stream.start_tls(**kwargs)
+                            trace.return_value = stream
+
+                    # Determine if we should be using HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2
+                    ssl_object = stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+                    http2_negotiated = (
+                        ssl_object is not None
+                        and ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol() == "h2"
+                    )
+
+                    # Create the HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 connection
+                    if http2_negotiated or (
+                        self._http2 and not self._http1
+                    ):  # pragma: nocover
+                        from .http2 import AsyncHTTP2Connection
+
+                        self._connection = AsyncHTTP2Connection(
+                            origin=self._remote_origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        self._connection = AsyncHTTP11Connection(
+                            origin=self._remote_origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    self._connect_failed = True
+                    raise exc
+            elif not self._connection.is_available():  # pragma: nocover
+                raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        return await self._connection.handle_async_request(request)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._remote_origin
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if self._connection is not None:
+            await self._connection.aclose()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            # If HTTP/2 support is enabled, and the resulting connection could
+            # end up as HTTP/2 then we should indicate the connection as being
+            # available to service multiple requests.
+            return (
+                self._http2
+                and (self._remote_origin.scheme == b"https" or not self._http1)
+                and not self._connect_failed
+            )
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return "CONNECTION FAILED" if self._connect_failed else "CONNECTING"
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/__pycache__/trio.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/__pycache__/trio.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/anyio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/anyio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a140095e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/anyio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+import anyio
+
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    ReadError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    WriteError,
+    WriteTimeout,
+    map_exceptions,
+)
+from .._utils import is_socket_readable
+from .base import SOCKET_OPTION, AsyncNetworkBackend, AsyncNetworkStream
+
+
+class AnyIOStream(AsyncNetworkStream):
+    def __init__(self, stream: anyio.abc.ByteStream) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+
+    async def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        exc_map = {
+            TimeoutError: ReadTimeout,
+            anyio.BrokenResourceError: ReadError,
+            anyio.ClosedResourceError: ReadError,
+            anyio.EndOfStream: ReadError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with anyio.fail_after(timeout):
+                try:
+                    return await self._stream.receive(max_bytes=max_bytes)
+                except anyio.EndOfStream:  # pragma: nocover
+                    return b""
+
+    async def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        if not buffer:
+            return
+
+        exc_map = {
+            TimeoutError: WriteTimeout,
+            anyio.BrokenResourceError: WriteError,
+            anyio.ClosedResourceError: WriteError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with anyio.fail_after(timeout):
+                await self._stream.send(item=buffer)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._stream.aclose()
+
+    async def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        exc_map = {
+            TimeoutError: ConnectTimeout,
+            anyio.BrokenResourceError: ConnectError,
+            anyio.EndOfStream: ConnectError,
+            ssl.SSLError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            try:
+                with anyio.fail_after(timeout):
+                    ssl_stream = await anyio.streams.tls.TLSStream.wrap(
+                        self._stream,
+                        ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                        hostname=server_hostname,
+                        standard_compatible=False,
+                        server_side=False,
+                    )
+            except Exception as exc:  # pragma: nocover
+                await self.aclose()
+                raise exc
+        return AnyIOStream(ssl_stream)
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        if info == "ssl_object":
+            return self._stream.extra(anyio.streams.tls.TLSAttribute.ssl_object, None)
+        if info == "client_addr":
+            return self._stream.extra(anyio.abc.SocketAttribute.local_address, None)
+        if info == "server_addr":
+            return self._stream.extra(anyio.abc.SocketAttribute.remote_address, None)
+        if info == "socket":
+            return self._stream.extra(anyio.abc.SocketAttribute.raw_socket, None)
+        if info == "is_readable":
+            sock = self._stream.extra(anyio.abc.SocketAttribute.raw_socket, None)
+            return is_socket_readable(sock)
+        return None
+
+
+class AnyIOBackend(AsyncNetworkBackend):
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:  # pragma: nocover
+        if socket_options is None:
+            socket_options = []
+        exc_map = {
+            TimeoutError: ConnectTimeout,
+            OSError: ConnectError,
+            anyio.BrokenResourceError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with anyio.fail_after(timeout):
+                stream: anyio.abc.ByteStream = await anyio.connect_tcp(
+                    remote_host=host,
+                    remote_port=port,
+                    local_host=local_address,
+                )
+                # By default TCP sockets opened in `asyncio` include TCP_NODELAY.
+                for option in socket_options:
+                    stream._raw_socket.setsockopt(*option)  # type: ignore[attr-defined] # pragma: no cover
+        return AnyIOStream(stream)
+
+    async def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:  # pragma: nocover
+        if socket_options is None:
+            socket_options = []
+        exc_map = {
+            TimeoutError: ConnectTimeout,
+            OSError: ConnectError,
+            anyio.BrokenResourceError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with anyio.fail_after(timeout):
+                stream: anyio.abc.ByteStream = await anyio.connect_unix(path)
+                for option in socket_options:
+                    stream._raw_socket.setsockopt(*option)  # type: ignore[attr-defined] # pragma: no cover
+        return AnyIOStream(stream)
+
+    async def sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        await anyio.sleep(seconds)  # pragma: nocover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/auto.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/auto.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49f0e698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/auto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from .._synchronization import current_async_library
+from .base import SOCKET_OPTION, AsyncNetworkBackend, AsyncNetworkStream
+
+
+class AutoBackend(AsyncNetworkBackend):
+    async def _init_backend(self) -> None:
+        if not (hasattr(self, "_backend")):
+            backend = current_async_library()
+            if backend == "trio":
+                from .trio import TrioBackend
+
+                self._backend: AsyncNetworkBackend = TrioBackend()
+            else:
+                from .anyio import AnyIOBackend
+
+                self._backend = AnyIOBackend()
+
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        await self._init_backend()
+        return await self._backend.connect_tcp(
+            host,
+            port,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            local_address=local_address,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+        )
+
+    async def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:  # pragma: nocover
+        await self._init_backend()
+        return await self._backend.connect_unix_socket(
+            path, timeout=timeout, socket_options=socket_options
+        )
+
+    async def sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:  # pragma: nocover
+        await self._init_backend()
+        return await self._backend.sleep(seconds)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf55c8b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ssl
+import time
+import typing
+
+SOCKET_OPTION = typing.Union[
+    typing.Tuple[int, int, int],
+    typing.Tuple[int, int, typing.Union[bytes, bytearray]],
+    typing.Tuple[int, int, None, int],
+]
+
+
+class NetworkStream:
+    def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        return None  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class NetworkBackend:
+    def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        time.sleep(seconds)  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class AsyncNetworkStream:
+    async def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    async def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    async def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        return None  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class AsyncNetworkBackend:
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    async def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    async def sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/mock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/mock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b6edca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/mock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+from .._exceptions import ReadError
+from .base import (
+    SOCKET_OPTION,
+    AsyncNetworkBackend,
+    AsyncNetworkStream,
+    NetworkBackend,
+    NetworkStream,
+)
+
+
+class MockSSLObject:
+    def __init__(self, http2: bool):
+        self._http2 = http2
+
+    def selected_alpn_protocol(self) -> str:
+        return "h2" if self._http2 else "http/1.1"
+
+
+class MockStream(NetworkStream):
+    def __init__(self, buffer: list[bytes], http2: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._buffer = buffer
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ReadError("Connection closed")
+        if not self._buffer:
+            return b""
+        return self._buffer.pop(0)
+
+    def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._closed = True
+
+    def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        return self
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        return MockSSLObject(http2=self._http2) if info == "ssl_object" else None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<httpcore.MockStream>"
+
+
+class MockBackend(NetworkBackend):
+    def __init__(self, buffer: list[bytes], http2: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._buffer = buffer
+        self._http2 = http2
+
+    def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        return MockStream(list(self._buffer), http2=self._http2)
+
+    def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        return MockStream(list(self._buffer), http2=self._http2)
+
+    def sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class AsyncMockStream(AsyncNetworkStream):
+    def __init__(self, buffer: list[bytes], http2: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._buffer = buffer
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._closed = False
+
+    async def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ReadError("Connection closed")
+        if not self._buffer:
+            return b""
+        return self._buffer.pop(0)
+
+    async def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        self._closed = True
+
+    async def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        return self
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        return MockSSLObject(http2=self._http2) if info == "ssl_object" else None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<httpcore.AsyncMockStream>"
+
+
+class AsyncMockBackend(AsyncNetworkBackend):
+    def __init__(self, buffer: list[bytes], http2: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._buffer = buffer
+        self._http2 = http2
+
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        return AsyncMockStream(list(self._buffer), http2=self._http2)
+
+    async def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        return AsyncMockStream(list(self._buffer), http2=self._http2)
+
+    async def sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/sync.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4018a09c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/sync.py
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import socket
+import ssl
+import sys
+import typing
+
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    ExceptionMapping,
+    ReadError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    WriteError,
+    WriteTimeout,
+    map_exceptions,
+)
+from .._utils import is_socket_readable
+from .base import SOCKET_OPTION, NetworkBackend, NetworkStream
+
+
+class TLSinTLSStream(NetworkStream):  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Because the standard `SSLContext.wrap_socket` method does
+    not work for `SSLSocket` objects, we need this class
+    to implement TLS stream using an underlying `SSLObject`
+    instance in order to support TLS on top of TLS.
+    """
+
+    # Defined in RFC 8449
+    TLS_RECORD_SIZE = 16384
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sock: socket.socket,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._sock = sock
+        self._incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        self._outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+
+        self.ssl_obj = ssl_context.wrap_bio(
+            incoming=self._incoming,
+            outgoing=self._outgoing,
+            server_hostname=server_hostname,
+        )
+
+        self._sock.settimeout(timeout)
+        self._perform_io(self.ssl_obj.do_handshake)
+
+    def _perform_io(
+        self,
+        func: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any],
+    ) -> typing.Any:
+        ret = None
+
+        while True:
+            errno = None
+            try:
+                ret = func()
+            except (ssl.SSLWantReadError, ssl.SSLWantWriteError) as e:
+                errno = e.errno
+
+            self._sock.sendall(self._outgoing.read())
+
+            if errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
+                buf = self._sock.recv(self.TLS_RECORD_SIZE)
+
+                if buf:
+                    self._incoming.write(buf)
+                else:
+                    self._incoming.write_eof()
+            if errno is None:
+                return ret
+
+    def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {socket.timeout: ReadTimeout, OSError: ReadError}
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            self._sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            return typing.cast(
+                bytes, self._perform_io(functools.partial(self.ssl_obj.read, max_bytes))
+            )
+
+    def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {socket.timeout: WriteTimeout, OSError: WriteError}
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            self._sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            while buffer:
+                nsent = self._perform_io(functools.partial(self.ssl_obj.write, buffer))
+                buffer = buffer[nsent:]
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._sock.close()
+
+    def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        if info == "ssl_object":
+            return self.ssl_obj
+        if info == "client_addr":
+            return self._sock.getsockname()
+        if info == "server_addr":
+            return self._sock.getpeername()
+        if info == "socket":
+            return self._sock
+        if info == "is_readable":
+            return is_socket_readable(self._sock)
+        return None
+
+
+class SyncStream(NetworkStream):
+    def __init__(self, sock: socket.socket) -> None:
+        self._sock = sock
+
+    def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {socket.timeout: ReadTimeout, OSError: ReadError}
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            self._sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            return self._sock.recv(max_bytes)
+
+    def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        if not buffer:
+            return
+
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {socket.timeout: WriteTimeout, OSError: WriteError}
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            while buffer:
+                self._sock.settimeout(timeout)
+                n = self._sock.send(buffer)
+                buffer = buffer[n:]
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._sock.close()
+
+    def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            socket.timeout: ConnectTimeout,
+            OSError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            try:
+                if isinstance(self._sock, ssl.SSLSocket):  # pragma: no cover
+                    # If the underlying socket has already been upgraded
+                    # to the TLS layer (i.e. is an instance of SSLSocket),
+                    # we need some additional smarts to support TLS-in-TLS.
+                    return TLSinTLSStream(
+                        self._sock, ssl_context, server_hostname, timeout
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._sock.settimeout(timeout)
+                    sock = ssl_context.wrap_socket(
+                        self._sock, server_hostname=server_hostname
+                    )
+            except Exception as exc:  # pragma: nocover
+                self.close()
+                raise exc
+        return SyncStream(sock)
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        if info == "ssl_object" and isinstance(self._sock, ssl.SSLSocket):
+            return self._sock._sslobj  # type: ignore
+        if info == "client_addr":
+            return self._sock.getsockname()
+        if info == "server_addr":
+            return self._sock.getpeername()
+        if info == "socket":
+            return self._sock
+        if info == "is_readable":
+            return is_socket_readable(self._sock)
+        return None
+
+
+class SyncBackend(NetworkBackend):
+    def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        # Note that we automatically include `TCP_NODELAY`
+        # in addition to any other custom socket options.
+        if socket_options is None:
+            socket_options = []  # pragma: no cover
+        address = (host, port)
+        source_address = None if local_address is None else (local_address, 0)
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            socket.timeout: ConnectTimeout,
+            OSError: ConnectError,
+        }
+
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            sock = socket.create_connection(
+                address,
+                timeout,
+                source_address=source_address,
+            )
+            for option in socket_options:
+                sock.setsockopt(*option)  # pragma: no cover
+            sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+        return SyncStream(sock)
+
+    def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:  # pragma: nocover
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to connect to a UNIX socket on a Windows system."
+            )
+        if socket_options is None:
+            socket_options = []
+
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            socket.timeout: ConnectTimeout,
+            OSError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            for option in socket_options:
+                sock.setsockopt(*option)
+            sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            sock.connect(path)
+        return SyncStream(sock)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/trio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/trio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f53f5f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_backends/trio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+import trio
+
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    ExceptionMapping,
+    ReadError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    WriteError,
+    WriteTimeout,
+    map_exceptions,
+)
+from .base import SOCKET_OPTION, AsyncNetworkBackend, AsyncNetworkStream
+
+
+class TrioStream(AsyncNetworkStream):
+    def __init__(self, stream: trio.abc.Stream) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+
+    async def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        timeout_or_inf = float("inf") if timeout is None else timeout
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            trio.TooSlowError: ReadTimeout,
+            trio.BrokenResourceError: ReadError,
+            trio.ClosedResourceError: ReadError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with trio.fail_after(timeout_or_inf):
+                data: bytes = await self._stream.receive_some(max_bytes=max_bytes)
+                return data
+
+    async def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        if not buffer:
+            return
+
+        timeout_or_inf = float("inf") if timeout is None else timeout
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            trio.TooSlowError: WriteTimeout,
+            trio.BrokenResourceError: WriteError,
+            trio.ClosedResourceError: WriteError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with trio.fail_after(timeout_or_inf):
+                await self._stream.send_all(data=buffer)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._stream.aclose()
+
+    async def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        timeout_or_inf = float("inf") if timeout is None else timeout
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            trio.TooSlowError: ConnectTimeout,
+            trio.BrokenResourceError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        ssl_stream = trio.SSLStream(
+            self._stream,
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            server_hostname=server_hostname,
+            https_compatible=True,
+            server_side=False,
+        )
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            try:
+                with trio.fail_after(timeout_or_inf):
+                    await ssl_stream.do_handshake()
+            except Exception as exc:  # pragma: nocover
+                await self.aclose()
+                raise exc
+        return TrioStream(ssl_stream)
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        if info == "ssl_object" and isinstance(self._stream, trio.SSLStream):
+            # Type checkers cannot see `_ssl_object` attribute because trio._ssl.SSLStream uses __getattr__/__setattr__.
+            # Tracked at https://github.com/python-trio/trio/issues/542
+            return self._stream._ssl_object  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        if info == "client_addr":
+            return self._get_socket_stream().socket.getsockname()
+        if info == "server_addr":
+            return self._get_socket_stream().socket.getpeername()
+        if info == "socket":
+            stream = self._stream
+            while isinstance(stream, trio.SSLStream):
+                stream = stream.transport_stream
+            assert isinstance(stream, trio.SocketStream)
+            return stream.socket
+        if info == "is_readable":
+            socket = self.get_extra_info("socket")
+            return socket.is_readable()
+        return None
+
+    def _get_socket_stream(self) -> trio.SocketStream:
+        stream = self._stream
+        while isinstance(stream, trio.SSLStream):
+            stream = stream.transport_stream
+        assert isinstance(stream, trio.SocketStream)
+        return stream
+
+
+class TrioBackend(AsyncNetworkBackend):
+    async def connect_tcp(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:
+        # By default for TCP sockets, trio enables TCP_NODELAY.
+        # https://trio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference-io.html#trio.SocketStream
+        if socket_options is None:
+            socket_options = []  # pragma: no cover
+        timeout_or_inf = float("inf") if timeout is None else timeout
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            trio.TooSlowError: ConnectTimeout,
+            trio.BrokenResourceError: ConnectError,
+            OSError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with trio.fail_after(timeout_or_inf):
+                stream: trio.abc.Stream = await trio.open_tcp_stream(
+                    host=host, port=port, local_address=local_address
+                )
+                for option in socket_options:
+                    stream.setsockopt(*option)  # type: ignore[attr-defined] # pragma: no cover
+        return TrioStream(stream)
+
+    async def connect_unix_socket(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncNetworkStream:  # pragma: nocover
+        if socket_options is None:
+            socket_options = []
+        timeout_or_inf = float("inf") if timeout is None else timeout
+        exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {
+            trio.TooSlowError: ConnectTimeout,
+            trio.BrokenResourceError: ConnectError,
+            OSError: ConnectError,
+        }
+        with map_exceptions(exc_map):
+            with trio.fail_after(timeout_or_inf):
+                stream: trio.abc.Stream = await trio.open_unix_socket(path)
+                for option in socket_options:
+                    stream.setsockopt(*option)  # type: ignore[attr-defined] # pragma: no cover
+        return TrioStream(stream)
+
+    async def sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        await trio.sleep(seconds)  # pragma: nocover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc28d44f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import contextlib
+import typing
+
+ExceptionMapping = typing.Mapping[typing.Type[Exception], typing.Type[Exception]]
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def map_exceptions(map: ExceptionMapping) -> typing.Iterator[None]:
+    try:
+        yield
+    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: PIE786
+        for from_exc, to_exc in map.items():
+            if isinstance(exc, from_exc):
+                raise to_exc(exc) from exc
+        raise  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class ConnectionNotAvailable(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxyError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class UnsupportedProtocol(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class ProtocolError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class RemoteProtocolError(ProtocolError):
+    pass
+
+
+class LocalProtocolError(ProtocolError):
+    pass
+
+
+# Timeout errors
+
+
+class TimeoutException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class PoolTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    pass
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    pass
+
+
+class WriteTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    pass
+
+
+# Network errors
+
+
+class NetworkError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class ConnectError(NetworkError):
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadError(NetworkError):
+    pass
+
+
+class WriteError(NetworkError):
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a65f133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import ssl
+import typing
+import urllib.parse
+
+# Functions for typechecking...
+
+
+ByteOrStr = typing.Union[bytes, str]
+HeadersAsSequence = typing.Sequence[typing.Tuple[ByteOrStr, ByteOrStr]]
+HeadersAsMapping = typing.Mapping[ByteOrStr, ByteOrStr]
+HeaderTypes = typing.Union[HeadersAsSequence, HeadersAsMapping, None]
+
+Extensions = typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]
+
+
+def enforce_bytes(value: bytes | str, *, name: str) -> bytes:
+    """
+    Any arguments that are ultimately represented as bytes can be specified
+    either as bytes or as strings.
+
+    However we enforce that any string arguments must only contain characters in
+    the plain ASCII range. chr(0)...chr(127). If you need to use characters
+    outside that range then be precise, and use a byte-wise argument.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        try:
+            return value.encode("ascii")
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            raise TypeError(f"{name} strings may not include unicode characters.")
+    elif isinstance(value, bytes):
+        return value
+
+    seen_type = type(value).__name__
+    raise TypeError(f"{name} must be bytes or str, but got {seen_type}.")
+
+
+def enforce_url(value: URL | bytes | str, *, name: str) -> URL:
+    """
+    Type check for URL parameters.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
+        return URL(value)
+    elif isinstance(value, URL):
+        return value
+
+    seen_type = type(value).__name__
+    raise TypeError(f"{name} must be a URL, bytes, or str, but got {seen_type}.")
+
+
+def enforce_headers(
+    value: HeadersAsMapping | HeadersAsSequence | None = None, *, name: str
+) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    """
+    Convienence function that ensure all items in request or response headers
+    are either bytes or strings in the plain ASCII range.
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return []
+    elif isinstance(value, typing.Mapping):
+        return [
+            (
+                enforce_bytes(k, name="header name"),
+                enforce_bytes(v, name="header value"),
+            )
+            for k, v in value.items()
+        ]
+    elif isinstance(value, typing.Sequence):
+        return [
+            (
+                enforce_bytes(k, name="header name"),
+                enforce_bytes(v, name="header value"),
+            )
+            for k, v in value
+        ]
+
+    seen_type = type(value).__name__
+    raise TypeError(
+        f"{name} must be a mapping or sequence of two-tuples, but got {seen_type}."
+    )
+
+
+def enforce_stream(
+    value: bytes | typing.Iterable[bytes] | typing.AsyncIterable[bytes] | None,
+    *,
+    name: str,
+) -> typing.Iterable[bytes] | typing.AsyncIterable[bytes]:
+    if value is None:
+        return ByteStream(b"")
+    elif isinstance(value, bytes):
+        return ByteStream(value)
+    return value
+
+
+# * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.3
+# * https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-miscellaneous
+# * https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#scheme-state
+DEFAULT_PORTS = {
+    b"ftp": 21,
+    b"http": 80,
+    b"https": 443,
+    b"ws": 80,
+    b"wss": 443,
+}
+
+
+def include_request_headers(
+    headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+    *,
+    url: "URL",
+    content: None | bytes | typing.Iterable[bytes] | typing.AsyncIterable[bytes],
+) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    headers_set = set(k.lower() for k, v in headers)
+
+    if b"host" not in headers_set:
+        default_port = DEFAULT_PORTS.get(url.scheme)
+        if url.port is None or url.port == default_port:
+            header_value = url.host
+        else:
+            header_value = b"%b:%d" % (url.host, url.port)
+        headers = [(b"Host", header_value)] + headers
+
+    if (
+        content is not None
+        and b"content-length" not in headers_set
+        and b"transfer-encoding" not in headers_set
+    ):
+        if isinstance(content, bytes):
+            content_length = str(len(content)).encode("ascii")
+            headers += [(b"Content-Length", content_length)]
+        else:
+            headers += [(b"Transfer-Encoding", b"chunked")]  # pragma: nocover
+
+    return headers
+
+
+# Interfaces for byte streams...
+
+
+class ByteStream:
+    """
+    A container for non-streaming content, and that supports both sync and async
+    stream iteration.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, content: bytes) -> None:
+        self._content = content
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        yield self._content
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        yield self._content
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{len(self._content)} bytes]>"
+
+
+class Origin:
+    def __init__(self, scheme: bytes, host: bytes, port: int) -> None:
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, Origin)
+            and self.scheme == other.scheme
+            and self.host == other.host
+            and self.port == other.port
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        scheme = self.scheme.decode("ascii")
+        host = self.host.decode("ascii")
+        port = str(self.port)
+        return f"{scheme}://{host}:{port}"
+
+
+class URL:
+    """
+    Represents the URL against which an HTTP request may be made.
+
+    The URL may either be specified as a plain string, for convienence:
+
+    ```python
+    url = httpcore.URL("https://www.example.com/")
+    ```
+
+    Or be constructed with explicitily pre-parsed components:
+
+    ```python
+    url = httpcore.URL(scheme=b'https', host=b'www.example.com', port=None, target=b'/')
+    ```
+
+    Using this second more explicit style allows integrations that are using
+    `httpcore` to pass through URLs that have already been parsed in order to use
+    libraries such as `rfc-3986` rather than relying on the stdlib. It also ensures
+    that URL parsing is treated identically at both the networking level and at any
+    higher layers of abstraction.
+
+    The four components are important here, as they allow the URL to be precisely
+    specified in a pre-parsed format. They also allow certain types of request to
+    be created that could not otherwise be expressed.
+
+    For example, an HTTP request to `http://www.example.com/` forwarded via a proxy
+    at `http://localhost:8080`...
+
+    ```python
+    # Constructs an HTTP request with a complete URL as the target:
+    # GET https://www.example.com/ HTTP/1.1
+    url = httpcore.URL(
+        scheme=b'http',
+        host=b'localhost',
+        port=8080,
+        target=b'https://www.example.com/'
+    )
+    request = httpcore.Request(
+        method="GET",
+        url=url
+    )
+    ```
+
+    Another example is constructing an `OPTIONS *` request...
+
+    ```python
+    # Constructs an 'OPTIONS *' HTTP request:
+    # OPTIONS * HTTP/1.1
+    url = httpcore.URL(scheme=b'https', host=b'www.example.com', target=b'*')
+    request = httpcore.Request(method="OPTIONS", url=url)
+    ```
+
+    This kind of request is not possible to formulate with a URL string,
+    because the `/` delimiter is always used to demark the target from the
+    host/port portion of the URL.
+
+    For convenience, string-like arguments may be specified either as strings or
+    as bytes. However, once a request is being issue over-the-wire, the URL
+    components are always ultimately required to be a bytewise representation.
+
+    In order to avoid any ambiguity over character encodings, when strings are used
+    as arguments, they must be strictly limited to the ASCII range `chr(0)`-`chr(127)`.
+    If you require a bytewise representation that is outside this range you must
+    handle the character encoding directly, and pass a bytes instance.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: bytes | str = "",
+        *,
+        scheme: bytes | str = b"",
+        host: bytes | str = b"",
+        port: int | None = None,
+        target: bytes | str = b"",
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Parameters:
+            url: The complete URL as a string or bytes.
+            scheme: The URL scheme as a string or bytes.
+                Typically either `"http"` or `"https"`.
+            host: The URL host as a string or bytes. Such as `"www.example.com"`.
+            port: The port to connect to. Either an integer or `None`.
+            target: The target of the HTTP request. Such as `"/items?search=red"`.
+        """
+        if url:
+            parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(enforce_bytes(url, name="url"))
+            self.scheme = parsed.scheme
+            self.host = parsed.hostname or b""
+            self.port = parsed.port
+            self.target = (parsed.path or b"/") + (
+                b"?" + parsed.query if parsed.query else b""
+            )
+        else:
+            self.scheme = enforce_bytes(scheme, name="scheme")
+            self.host = enforce_bytes(host, name="host")
+            self.port = port
+            self.target = enforce_bytes(target, name="target")
+
+    @property
+    def origin(self) -> Origin:
+        default_port = {
+            b"http": 80,
+            b"https": 443,
+            b"ws": 80,
+            b"wss": 443,
+            b"socks5": 1080,
+            b"socks5h": 1080,
+        }[self.scheme]
+        return Origin(
+            scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port or default_port
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, URL)
+            and other.scheme == self.scheme
+            and other.host == self.host
+            and other.port == self.port
+            and other.target == self.target
+        )
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        if self.port is None:
+            return b"%b://%b%b" % (self.scheme, self.host, self.target)
+        return b"%b://%b:%d%b" % (self.scheme, self.host, self.port, self.target)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}(scheme={self.scheme!r}, "
+            f"host={self.host!r}, port={self.port!r}, target={self.target!r})"
+        )
+
+
+class Request:
+    """
+    An HTTP request.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        method: bytes | str,
+        url: URL | bytes | str,
+        *,
+        headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+        content: bytes
+        | typing.Iterable[bytes]
+        | typing.AsyncIterable[bytes]
+        | None = None,
+        extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Parameters:
+            method: The HTTP request method, either as a string or bytes.
+                For example: `GET`.
+            url: The request URL, either as a `URL` instance, or as a string or bytes.
+                For example: `"https://www.example.com".`
+            headers: The HTTP request headers.
+            content: The content of the request body.
+            extensions: A dictionary of optional extra information included on
+                the request. Possible keys include `"timeout"`, and `"trace"`.
+        """
+        self.method: bytes = enforce_bytes(method, name="method")
+        self.url: URL = enforce_url(url, name="url")
+        self.headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = enforce_headers(
+            headers, name="headers"
+        )
+        self.stream: typing.Iterable[bytes] | typing.AsyncIterable[bytes] = (
+            enforce_stream(content, name="content")
+        )
+        self.extensions = {} if extensions is None else extensions
+
+        if "target" in self.extensions:
+            self.url = URL(
+                scheme=self.url.scheme,
+                host=self.url.host,
+                port=self.url.port,
+                target=self.extensions["target"],
+            )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.method!r}]>"
+
+
+class Response:
+    """
+    An HTTP response.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status: int,
+        *,
+        headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+        content: bytes
+        | typing.Iterable[bytes]
+        | typing.AsyncIterable[bytes]
+        | None = None,
+        extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Parameters:
+            status: The HTTP status code of the response. For example `200`.
+            headers: The HTTP response headers.
+            content: The content of the response body.
+            extensions: A dictionary of optional extra information included on
+                the responseself.Possible keys include `"http_version"`,
+                `"reason_phrase"`, and `"network_stream"`.
+        """
+        self.status: int = status
+        self.headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = enforce_headers(
+            headers, name="headers"
+        )
+        self.stream: typing.Iterable[bytes] | typing.AsyncIterable[bytes] = (
+            enforce_stream(content, name="content")
+        )
+        self.extensions = {} if extensions is None else extensions
+
+        self._stream_consumed = False
+
+    @property
+    def content(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            if isinstance(self.stream, typing.Iterable):
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Attempted to access 'response.content' on a streaming response. "
+                    "Call 'response.read()' first."
+                )
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Attempted to access 'response.content' on a streaming response. "
+                    "Call 'await response.aread()' first."
+                )
+        return self._content
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.status}]>"
+
+    # Sync interface...
+
+    def read(self) -> bytes:
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, typing.Iterable):  # pragma: nocover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to read an asynchronous response using 'response.read()'. "
+                "You should use 'await response.aread()' instead."
+            )
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            self._content = b"".join([part for part in self.iter_stream()])
+        return self._content
+
+    def iter_stream(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, typing.Iterable):  # pragma: nocover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to stream an asynchronous response using 'for ... in "
+                "response.iter_stream()'. "
+                "You should use 'async for ... in response.aiter_stream()' instead."
+            )
+        if self._stream_consumed:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to call 'for ... in response.iter_stream()' more than once."
+            )
+        self._stream_consumed = True
+        for chunk in self.stream:
+            yield chunk
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, typing.Iterable):  # pragma: nocover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to close an asynchronous response using 'response.close()'. "
+                "You should use 'await response.aclose()' instead."
+            )
+        if hasattr(self.stream, "close"):
+            self.stream.close()
+
+    # Async interface...
+
+    async def aread(self) -> bytes:
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, typing.AsyncIterable):  # pragma: nocover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to read an synchronous response using "
+                "'await response.aread()'. "
+                "You should use 'response.read()' instead."
+            )
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            self._content = b"".join([part async for part in self.aiter_stream()])
+        return self._content
+
+    async def aiter_stream(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, typing.AsyncIterable):  # pragma: nocover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to stream an synchronous response using 'async for ... in "
+                "response.aiter_stream()'. "
+                "You should use 'for ... in response.iter_stream()' instead."
+            )
+        if self._stream_consumed:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to call 'async for ... in response.aiter_stream()' "
+                "more than once."
+            )
+        self._stream_consumed = True
+        async for chunk in self.stream:
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, typing.AsyncIterable):  # pragma: nocover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to close a synchronous response using "
+                "'await response.aclose()'. "
+                "You should use 'response.close()' instead."
+            )
+        if hasattr(self.stream, "aclose"):
+            await self.stream.aclose()
+
+
+class Proxy:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: URL | bytes | str,
+        auth: tuple[bytes | str, bytes | str] | None = None,
+        headers: HeadersAsMapping | HeadersAsSequence | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.url = enforce_url(url, name="url")
+        self.headers = enforce_headers(headers, name="headers")
+        self.ssl_context = ssl_context
+
+        if auth is not None:
+            username = enforce_bytes(auth[0], name="auth")
+            password = enforce_bytes(auth[1], name="auth")
+            userpass = username + b":" + password
+            authorization = b"Basic " + base64.b64encode(userpass)
+            self.auth: tuple[bytes, bytes] | None = (username, password)
+            self.headers = [(b"Proxy-Authorization", authorization)] + self.headers
+        else:
+            self.auth = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_ssl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_ssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c99c5a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_ssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import ssl
+
+import certifi
+
+
+def default_ssl_context() -> ssl.SSLContext:
+    context = ssl.create_default_context()
+    context.load_verify_locations(certifi.where())
+    return context
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b476d76d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from .connection import HTTPConnection
+from .connection_pool import ConnectionPool
+from .http11 import HTTP11Connection
+from .http_proxy import HTTPProxy
+from .interfaces import ConnectionInterface
+
+try:
+    from .http2 import HTTP2Connection
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+
+    class HTTP2Connection:  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:  # type: ignore
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to use http2 support, but the `h2` package is not "
+                "installed. Use 'pip install httpcore[http2]'."
+            )
+
+
+try:
+    from .socks_proxy import SOCKSProxy
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+
+    class SOCKSProxy:  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:  # type: ignore
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to use SOCKS support, but the `socksio` package is not "
+                "installed. Use 'pip install httpcore[socks]'."
+            )
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HTTPConnection",
+    "ConnectionPool",
+    "HTTPProxy",
+    "HTTP11Connection",
+    "HTTP2Connection",
+    "ConnectionInterface",
+    "SOCKSProxy",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/__pycache__/socks_proxy.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/__pycache__/socks_proxy.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..363f8be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import logging
+import ssl
+import types
+import typing
+
+from .._backends.sync import SyncBackend
+from .._backends.base import SOCKET_OPTION, NetworkBackend, NetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import ConnectError, ConnectTimeout
+from .._models import Origin, Request, Response
+from .._ssl import default_ssl_context
+from .._synchronization import Lock
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .http11 import HTTP11Connection
+from .interfaces import ConnectionInterface
+
+RETRIES_BACKOFF_FACTOR = 0.5  # 0s, 0.5s, 1s, 2s, 4s, etc.
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.connection")
+
+
+def exponential_backoff(factor: float) -> typing.Iterator[float]:
+    """
+    Generate a geometric sequence that has a ratio of 2 and starts with 0.
+
+    For example:
+    - `factor = 2`: `0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ...`
+    - `factor = 3`: `0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, ...`
+    """
+    yield 0
+    for n in itertools.count():
+        yield factor * 2**n
+
+
+class HTTPConnection(ConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        origin: Origin,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        network_backend: NetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._origin = origin
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._retries = retries
+        self._local_address = local_address
+        self._uds = uds
+
+        self._network_backend: NetworkBackend = (
+            SyncBackend() if network_backend is None else network_backend
+        )
+        self._connection: ConnectionInterface | None = None
+        self._connect_failed: bool = False
+        self._request_lock = Lock()
+        self._socket_options = socket_options
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        if not self.can_handle_request(request.url.origin):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Attempted to send request to {request.url.origin} on connection to {self._origin}"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            with self._request_lock:
+                if self._connection is None:
+                    stream = self._connect(request)
+
+                    ssl_object = stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+                    http2_negotiated = (
+                        ssl_object is not None
+                        and ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol() == "h2"
+                    )
+                    if http2_negotiated or (self._http2 and not self._http1):
+                        from .http2 import HTTP2Connection
+
+                        self._connection = HTTP2Connection(
+                            origin=self._origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        self._connection = HTTP11Connection(
+                            origin=self._origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._connect_failed = True
+            raise exc
+
+        return self._connection.handle_request(request)
+
+    def _connect(self, request: Request) -> NetworkStream:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        sni_hostname = request.extensions.get("sni_hostname", None)
+        timeout = timeouts.get("connect", None)
+
+        retries_left = self._retries
+        delays = exponential_backoff(factor=RETRIES_BACKOFF_FACTOR)
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                if self._uds is None:
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "host": self._origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "port": self._origin.port,
+                        "local_address": self._local_address,
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                        "socket_options": self._socket_options,
+                    }
+                    with Trace("connect_tcp", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                        stream = self._network_backend.connect_tcp(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+                else:
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "path": self._uds,
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                        "socket_options": self._socket_options,
+                    }
+                    with Trace(
+                        "connect_unix_socket", logger, request, kwargs
+                    ) as trace:
+                        stream = self._network_backend.connect_unix_socket(
+                            **kwargs
+                        )
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+
+                if self._origin.scheme in (b"https", b"wss"):
+                    ssl_context = (
+                        default_ssl_context()
+                        if self._ssl_context is None
+                        else self._ssl_context
+                    )
+                    alpn_protocols = ["http/1.1", "h2"] if self._http2 else ["http/1.1"]
+                    ssl_context.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "ssl_context": ssl_context,
+                        "server_hostname": sni_hostname
+                        or self._origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                    }
+                    with Trace("start_tls", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                        stream = stream.start_tls(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+                return stream
+            except (ConnectError, ConnectTimeout):
+                if retries_left <= 0:
+                    raise
+                retries_left -= 1
+                delay = next(delays)
+                with Trace("retry", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                    self._network_backend.sleep(delay)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._origin
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self._connection is not None:
+            with Trace("close", logger, None, {}):
+                self._connection.close()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            # If HTTP/2 support is enabled, and the resulting connection could
+            # end up as HTTP/2 then we should indicate the connection as being
+            # available to service multiple requests.
+            return (
+                self._http2
+                and (self._origin.scheme == b"https" or not self._http1)
+                and not self._connect_failed
+            )
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        if self._connection is None:
+            return "CONNECTION FAILED" if self._connect_failed else "CONNECTING"
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
+
+    # These context managers are not used in the standard flow, but are
+    # useful for testing or working with connection instances directly.
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> HTTPConnection:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/connection_pool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/connection_pool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ccfa53e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/connection_pool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ssl
+import sys
+import types
+import typing
+
+from .._backends.sync import SyncBackend
+from .._backends.base import SOCKET_OPTION, NetworkBackend
+from .._exceptions import ConnectionNotAvailable, UnsupportedProtocol
+from .._models import Origin, Proxy, Request, Response
+from .._synchronization import Event, ShieldCancellation, ThreadLock
+from .connection import HTTPConnection
+from .interfaces import ConnectionInterface, RequestInterface
+
+
+class PoolRequest:
+    def __init__(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        self.request = request
+        self.connection: ConnectionInterface | None = None
+        self._connection_acquired = Event()
+
+    def assign_to_connection(self, connection: ConnectionInterface | None) -> None:
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._connection_acquired.set()
+
+    def clear_connection(self) -> None:
+        self.connection = None
+        self._connection_acquired = Event()
+
+    def wait_for_connection(
+        self, timeout: float | None = None
+    ) -> ConnectionInterface:
+        if self.connection is None:
+            self._connection_acquired.wait(timeout=timeout)
+        assert self.connection is not None
+        return self.connection
+
+    def is_queued(self) -> bool:
+        return self.connection is None
+
+
+class ConnectionPool(RequestInterface):
+    """
+    A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy: Proxy | None = None,
+        max_connections: int | None = 10,
+        max_keepalive_connections: int | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        network_backend: NetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+
+        Parameters:
+            ssl_context: An SSL context to use for verifying connections.
+                If not specified, the default `httpcore.default_ssl_context()`
+                will be used.
+            max_connections: The maximum number of concurrent HTTP connections that
+                the pool should allow. Any attempt to send a request on a pool that
+                would exceed this amount will block until a connection is available.
+            max_keepalive_connections: The maximum number of idle HTTP connections
+                that will be maintained in the pool.
+            keepalive_expiry: The duration in seconds that an idle HTTP connection
+                may be maintained for before being expired from the pool.
+            http1: A boolean indicating if HTTP/1.1 requests should be supported
+                by the connection pool. Defaults to True.
+            http2: A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 requests should be supported by
+                the connection pool. Defaults to False.
+            retries: The maximum number of retries when trying to establish a
+                connection.
+            local_address: Local address to connect from. Can also be used to connect
+                using a particular address family. Using `local_address="0.0.0.0"`
+                will connect using an `AF_INET` address (IPv4), while using
+                `local_address="::"` will connect using an `AF_INET6` address (IPv6).
+            uds: Path to a Unix Domain Socket to use instead of TCP sockets.
+            network_backend: A backend instance to use for handling network I/O.
+            socket_options: Socket options that have to be included
+             in the TCP socket when the connection was established.
+        """
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy = proxy
+        self._max_connections = (
+            sys.maxsize if max_connections is None else max_connections
+        )
+        self._max_keepalive_connections = (
+            sys.maxsize
+            if max_keepalive_connections is None
+            else max_keepalive_connections
+        )
+        self._max_keepalive_connections = min(
+            self._max_connections, self._max_keepalive_connections
+        )
+
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._retries = retries
+        self._local_address = local_address
+        self._uds = uds
+
+        self._network_backend = (
+            SyncBackend() if network_backend is None else network_backend
+        )
+        self._socket_options = socket_options
+
+        # The mutable state on a connection pool is the queue of incoming requests,
+        # and the set of connections that are servicing those requests.
+        self._connections: list[ConnectionInterface] = []
+        self._requests: list[PoolRequest] = []
+
+        # We only mutate the state of the connection pool within an 'optional_thread_lock'
+        # context. This holds a threading lock unless we're running in async mode,
+        # in which case it is a no-op.
+        self._optional_thread_lock = ThreadLock()
+
+    def create_connection(self, origin: Origin) -> ConnectionInterface:
+        if self._proxy is not None:
+            if self._proxy.url.scheme in (b"socks5", b"socks5h"):
+                from .socks_proxy import Socks5Connection
+
+                return Socks5Connection(
+                    proxy_origin=self._proxy.url.origin,
+                    proxy_auth=self._proxy.auth,
+                    remote_origin=origin,
+                    ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+                    keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    http1=self._http1,
+                    http2=self._http2,
+                    network_backend=self._network_backend,
+                )
+            elif origin.scheme == b"http":
+                from .http_proxy import ForwardHTTPConnection
+
+                return ForwardHTTPConnection(
+                    proxy_origin=self._proxy.url.origin,
+                    proxy_headers=self._proxy.headers,
+                    proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy.ssl_context,
+                    remote_origin=origin,
+                    keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    network_backend=self._network_backend,
+                )
+            from .http_proxy import TunnelHTTPConnection
+
+            return TunnelHTTPConnection(
+                proxy_origin=self._proxy.url.origin,
+                proxy_headers=self._proxy.headers,
+                proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy.ssl_context,
+                remote_origin=origin,
+                ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+                keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=self._http1,
+                http2=self._http2,
+                network_backend=self._network_backend,
+            )
+
+        return HTTPConnection(
+            origin=origin,
+            ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=self._http1,
+            http2=self._http2,
+            retries=self._retries,
+            local_address=self._local_address,
+            uds=self._uds,
+            network_backend=self._network_backend,
+            socket_options=self._socket_options,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def connections(self) -> list[ConnectionInterface]:
+        """
+        Return a list of the connections currently in the pool.
+
+        For example:
+
+        ```python
+        >>> pool.connections
+        [
+            <HTTPConnection ['https://example.com:443', HTTP/1.1, ACTIVE, Request Count: 6]>,
+            <HTTPConnection ['https://example.com:443', HTTP/1.1, IDLE, Request Count: 9]> ,
+            <HTTPConnection ['http://example.com:80', HTTP/1.1, IDLE, Request Count: 1]>,
+        ]
+        ```
+        """
+        return list(self._connections)
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send an HTTP request, and return an HTTP response.
+
+        This is the core implementation that is called into by `.request()` or `.stream()`.
+        """
+        scheme = request.url.scheme.decode()
+        if scheme == "":
+            raise UnsupportedProtocol(
+                "Request URL is missing an 'http://' or 'https://' protocol."
+            )
+        if scheme not in ("http", "https", "ws", "wss"):
+            raise UnsupportedProtocol(
+                f"Request URL has an unsupported protocol '{scheme}://'."
+            )
+
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("pool", None)
+
+        with self._optional_thread_lock:
+            # Add the incoming request to our request queue.
+            pool_request = PoolRequest(request)
+            self._requests.append(pool_request)
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                with self._optional_thread_lock:
+                    # Assign incoming requests to available connections,
+                    # closing or creating new connections as required.
+                    closing = self._assign_requests_to_connections()
+                self._close_connections(closing)
+
+                # Wait until this request has an assigned connection.
+                connection = pool_request.wait_for_connection(timeout=timeout)
+
+                try:
+                    # Send the request on the assigned connection.
+                    response = connection.handle_request(
+                        pool_request.request
+                    )
+                except ConnectionNotAvailable:
+                    # In some cases a connection may initially be available to
+                    # handle a request, but then become unavailable.
+                    #
+                    # In this case we clear the connection and try again.
+                    pool_request.clear_connection()
+                else:
+                    break  # pragma: nocover
+
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            with self._optional_thread_lock:
+                # For any exception or cancellation we remove the request from
+                # the queue, and then re-assign requests to connections.
+                self._requests.remove(pool_request)
+                closing = self._assign_requests_to_connections()
+
+            self._close_connections(closing)
+            raise exc from None
+
+        # Return the response. Note that in this case we still have to manage
+        # the point at which the response is closed.
+        assert isinstance(response.stream, typing.Iterable)
+        return Response(
+            status=response.status,
+            headers=response.headers,
+            content=PoolByteStream(
+                stream=response.stream, pool_request=pool_request, pool=self
+            ),
+            extensions=response.extensions,
+        )
+
+    def _assign_requests_to_connections(self) -> list[ConnectionInterface]:
+        """
+        Manage the state of the connection pool, assigning incoming
+        requests to connections as available.
+
+        Called whenever a new request is added or removed from the pool.
+
+        Any closing connections are returned, allowing the I/O for closing
+        those connections to be handled seperately.
+        """
+        closing_connections = []
+
+        # First we handle cleaning up any connections that are closed,
+        # have expired their keep-alive, or surplus idle connections.
+        for connection in list(self._connections):
+            if connection.is_closed():
+                # log: "removing closed connection"
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+            elif connection.has_expired():
+                # log: "closing expired connection"
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+                closing_connections.append(connection)
+            elif (
+                connection.is_idle()
+                and len([connection.is_idle() for connection in self._connections])
+                > self._max_keepalive_connections
+            ):
+                # log: "closing idle connection"
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+                closing_connections.append(connection)
+
+        # Assign queued requests to connections.
+        queued_requests = [request for request in self._requests if request.is_queued()]
+        for pool_request in queued_requests:
+            origin = pool_request.request.url.origin
+            available_connections = [
+                connection
+                for connection in self._connections
+                if connection.can_handle_request(origin) and connection.is_available()
+            ]
+            idle_connections = [
+                connection for connection in self._connections if connection.is_idle()
+            ]
+
+            # There are three cases for how we may be able to handle the request:
+            #
+            # 1. There is an existing connection that can handle the request.
+            # 2. We can create a new connection to handle the request.
+            # 3. We can close an idle connection and then create a new connection
+            #    to handle the request.
+            if available_connections:
+                # log: "reusing existing connection"
+                connection = available_connections[0]
+                pool_request.assign_to_connection(connection)
+            elif len(self._connections) < self._max_connections:
+                # log: "creating new connection"
+                connection = self.create_connection(origin)
+                self._connections.append(connection)
+                pool_request.assign_to_connection(connection)
+            elif idle_connections:
+                # log: "closing idle connection"
+                connection = idle_connections[0]
+                self._connections.remove(connection)
+                closing_connections.append(connection)
+                # log: "creating new connection"
+                connection = self.create_connection(origin)
+                self._connections.append(connection)
+                pool_request.assign_to_connection(connection)
+
+        return closing_connections
+
+    def _close_connections(self, closing: list[ConnectionInterface]) -> None:
+        # Close connections which have been removed from the pool.
+        with ShieldCancellation():
+            for connection in closing:
+                connection.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        # Explicitly close the connection pool.
+        # Clears all existing requests and connections.
+        with self._optional_thread_lock:
+            closing_connections = list(self._connections)
+            self._connections = []
+        self._close_connections(closing_connections)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> ConnectionPool:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        with self._optional_thread_lock:
+            request_is_queued = [request.is_queued() for request in self._requests]
+            connection_is_idle = [
+                connection.is_idle() for connection in self._connections
+            ]
+
+            num_active_requests = request_is_queued.count(False)
+            num_queued_requests = request_is_queued.count(True)
+            num_active_connections = connection_is_idle.count(False)
+            num_idle_connections = connection_is_idle.count(True)
+
+        requests_info = (
+            f"Requests: {num_active_requests} active, {num_queued_requests} queued"
+        )
+        connection_info = (
+            f"Connections: {num_active_connections} active, {num_idle_connections} idle"
+        )
+
+        return f"<{class_name} [{requests_info} | {connection_info}]>"
+
+
+class PoolByteStream:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: typing.Iterable[bytes],
+        pool_request: PoolRequest,
+        pool: ConnectionPool,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._pool_request = pool_request
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        try:
+            for part in self._stream:
+                yield part
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self.close()
+            raise exc from None
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            with ShieldCancellation():
+                if hasattr(self._stream, "close"):
+                    self._stream.close()
+
+            with self._pool._optional_thread_lock:
+                self._pool._requests.remove(self._pool_request)
+                closing = self._pool._assign_requests_to_connections()
+
+            self._pool._close_connections(closing)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http11.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http11.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebd3a974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http11.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import logging
+import ssl
+import time
+import types
+import typing
+
+import h11
+
+from .._backends.base import NetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectionNotAvailable,
+    LocalProtocolError,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+    WriteError,
+    map_exceptions,
+)
+from .._models import Origin, Request, Response
+from .._synchronization import Lock, ShieldCancellation
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .interfaces import ConnectionInterface
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.http11")
+
+
+# A subset of `h11.Event` types supported by `_send_event`
+H11SendEvent = typing.Union[
+    h11.Request,
+    h11.Data,
+    h11.EndOfMessage,
+]
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionState(enum.IntEnum):
+    NEW = 0
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    IDLE = 2
+    CLOSED = 3
+
+
+class HTTP11Connection(ConnectionInterface):
+    READ_NUM_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+    MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE = 100 * 1024
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        origin: Origin,
+        stream: NetworkStream,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._origin = origin
+        self._network_stream = stream
+        self._keepalive_expiry: float | None = keepalive_expiry
+        self._expire_at: float | None = None
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.NEW
+        self._state_lock = Lock()
+        self._request_count = 0
+        self._h11_state = h11.Connection(
+            our_role=h11.CLIENT,
+            max_incomplete_event_size=self.MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE,
+        )
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        if not self.can_handle_request(request.url.origin):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Attempted to send request to {request.url.origin} on connection "
+                f"to {self._origin}"
+            )
+
+        with self._state_lock:
+            if self._state in (HTTPConnectionState.NEW, HTTPConnectionState.IDLE):
+                self._request_count += 1
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE
+                self._expire_at = None
+            else:
+                raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        try:
+            kwargs = {"request": request}
+            try:
+                with Trace(
+                    "send_request_headers", logger, request, kwargs
+                ) as trace:
+                    self._send_request_headers(**kwargs)
+                with Trace("send_request_body", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                    self._send_request_body(**kwargs)
+            except WriteError:
+                # If we get a write error while we're writing the request,
+                # then we supress this error and move on to attempting to
+                # read the response. Servers can sometimes close the request
+                # pre-emptively and then respond with a well formed HTTP
+                # error response.
+                pass
+
+            with Trace(
+                "receive_response_headers", logger, request, kwargs
+            ) as trace:
+                (
+                    http_version,
+                    status,
+                    reason_phrase,
+                    headers,
+                    trailing_data,
+                ) = self._receive_response_headers(**kwargs)
+                trace.return_value = (
+                    http_version,
+                    status,
+                    reason_phrase,
+                    headers,
+                )
+
+            network_stream = self._network_stream
+
+            # CONNECT or Upgrade request
+            if (status == 101) or (
+                (request.method == b"CONNECT") and (200 <= status < 300)
+            ):
+                network_stream = HTTP11UpgradeStream(network_stream, trailing_data)
+
+            return Response(
+                status=status,
+                headers=headers,
+                content=HTTP11ConnectionByteStream(self, request),
+                extensions={
+                    "http_version": http_version,
+                    "reason_phrase": reason_phrase,
+                    "network_stream": network_stream,
+                },
+            )
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            with ShieldCancellation():
+                with Trace("response_closed", logger, request) as trace:
+                    self._response_closed()
+            raise exc
+
+    # Sending the request...
+
+    def _send_request_headers(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("write", None)
+
+        with map_exceptions({h11.LocalProtocolError: LocalProtocolError}):
+            event = h11.Request(
+                method=request.method,
+                target=request.url.target,
+                headers=request.headers,
+            )
+        self._send_event(event, timeout=timeout)
+
+    def _send_request_body(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("write", None)
+
+        assert isinstance(request.stream, typing.Iterable)
+        for chunk in request.stream:
+            event = h11.Data(data=chunk)
+            self._send_event(event, timeout=timeout)
+
+        self._send_event(h11.EndOfMessage(), timeout=timeout)
+
+    def _send_event(self, event: h11.Event, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        bytes_to_send = self._h11_state.send(event)
+        if bytes_to_send is not None:
+            self._network_stream.write(bytes_to_send, timeout=timeout)
+
+    # Receiving the response...
+
+    def _receive_response_headers(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> tuple[bytes, int, bytes, list[tuple[bytes, bytes]], bytes]:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("read", None)
+
+        while True:
+            event = self._receive_event(timeout=timeout)
+            if isinstance(event, h11.Response):
+                break
+            if (
+                isinstance(event, h11.InformationalResponse)
+                and event.status_code == 101
+            ):
+                break
+
+        http_version = b"HTTP/" + event.http_version
+
+        # h11 version 0.11+ supports a `raw_items` interface to get the
+        # raw header casing, rather than the enforced lowercase headers.
+        headers = event.headers.raw_items()
+
+        trailing_data, _ = self._h11_state.trailing_data
+
+        return http_version, event.status_code, event.reason, headers, trailing_data
+
+    def _receive_response_body(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("read", None)
+
+        while True:
+            event = self._receive_event(timeout=timeout)
+            if isinstance(event, h11.Data):
+                yield bytes(event.data)
+            elif isinstance(event, (h11.EndOfMessage, h11.PAUSED)):
+                break
+
+    def _receive_event(
+        self, timeout: float | None = None
+    ) -> h11.Event | type[h11.PAUSED]:
+        while True:
+            with map_exceptions({h11.RemoteProtocolError: RemoteProtocolError}):
+                event = self._h11_state.next_event()
+
+            if event is h11.NEED_DATA:
+                data = self._network_stream.read(
+                    self.READ_NUM_BYTES, timeout=timeout
+                )
+
+                # If we feed this case through h11 we'll raise an exception like:
+                #
+                #     httpcore.RemoteProtocolError: can't handle event type
+                #     ConnectionClosed when role=SERVER and state=SEND_RESPONSE
+                #
+                # Which is accurate, but not very informative from an end-user
+                # perspective. Instead we handle this case distinctly and treat
+                # it as a ConnectError.
+                if data == b"" and self._h11_state.their_state == h11.SEND_RESPONSE:
+                    msg = "Server disconnected without sending a response."
+                    raise RemoteProtocolError(msg)
+
+                self._h11_state.receive_data(data)
+            else:
+                # mypy fails to narrow the type in the above if statement above
+                return event  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def _response_closed(self) -> None:
+        with self._state_lock:
+            if (
+                self._h11_state.our_state is h11.DONE
+                and self._h11_state.their_state is h11.DONE
+            ):
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+                self._h11_state.start_next_cycle()
+                if self._keepalive_expiry is not None:
+                    now = time.monotonic()
+                    self._expire_at = now + self._keepalive_expiry
+            else:
+                self.close()
+
+    # Once the connection is no longer required...
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        # Note that this method unilaterally closes the connection, and does
+        # not have any kind of locking in place around it.
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+        self._network_stream.close()
+
+    # The ConnectionInterface methods provide information about the state of
+    # the connection, allowing for a connection pooling implementation to
+    # determine when to reuse and when to close the connection...
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._origin
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        # Note that HTTP/1.1 connections in the "NEW" state are not treated as
+        # being "available". The control flow which created the connection will
+        # be able to send an outgoing request, but the connection will not be
+        # acquired from the connection pool for any other request.
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        now = time.monotonic()
+        keepalive_expired = self._expire_at is not None and now > self._expire_at
+
+        # If the HTTP connection is idle but the socket is readable, then the
+        # only valid state is that the socket is about to return b"", indicating
+        # a server-initiated disconnect.
+        server_disconnected = (
+            self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+            and self._network_stream.get_extra_info("is_readable")
+        )
+
+        return keepalive_expired or server_disconnected
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"{origin!r}, HTTP/1.1, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}"
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"<{class_name} [{origin!r}, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}]>"
+        )
+
+    # These context managers are not used in the standard flow, but are
+    # useful for testing or working with connection instances directly.
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> HTTP11Connection:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+
+class HTTP11ConnectionByteStream:
+    def __init__(self, connection: HTTP11Connection, request: Request) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._request = request
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        kwargs = {"request": self._request}
+        try:
+            with Trace("receive_response_body", logger, self._request, kwargs):
+                for chunk in self._connection._receive_response_body(**kwargs):
+                    yield chunk
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            # If we get an exception while streaming the response,
+            # we want to close the response (and possibly the connection)
+            # before raising that exception.
+            with ShieldCancellation():
+                self.close()
+            raise exc
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            with Trace("response_closed", logger, self._request):
+                self._connection._response_closed()
+
+
+class HTTP11UpgradeStream(NetworkStream):
+    def __init__(self, stream: NetworkStream, leading_data: bytes) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._leading_data = leading_data
+
+    def read(self, max_bytes: int, timeout: float | None = None) -> bytes:
+        if self._leading_data:
+            buffer = self._leading_data[:max_bytes]
+            self._leading_data = self._leading_data[max_bytes:]
+            return buffer
+        else:
+            return self._stream.read(max_bytes, timeout)
+
+    def write(self, buffer: bytes, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        self._stream.write(buffer, timeout)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._stream.close()
+
+    def start_tls(
+        self,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+    ) -> NetworkStream:
+        return self._stream.start_tls(ssl_context, server_hostname, timeout)
+
+    def get_extra_info(self, info: str) -> typing.Any:
+        return self._stream.get_extra_info(info)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddcc1890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import logging
+import time
+import types
+import typing
+
+import h2.config
+import h2.connection
+import h2.events
+import h2.exceptions
+import h2.settings
+
+from .._backends.base import NetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectionNotAvailable,
+    LocalProtocolError,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+)
+from .._models import Origin, Request, Response
+from .._synchronization import Lock, Semaphore, ShieldCancellation
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .interfaces import ConnectionInterface
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.http2")
+
+
+def has_body_headers(request: Request) -> bool:
+    return any(
+        k.lower() == b"content-length" or k.lower() == b"transfer-encoding"
+        for k, v in request.headers
+    )
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionState(enum.IntEnum):
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    IDLE = 2
+    CLOSED = 3
+
+
+class HTTP2Connection(ConnectionInterface):
+    READ_NUM_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+    CONFIG = h2.config.H2Configuration(validate_inbound_headers=False)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        origin: Origin,
+        stream: NetworkStream,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._origin = origin
+        self._network_stream = stream
+        self._keepalive_expiry: float | None = keepalive_expiry
+        self._h2_state = h2.connection.H2Connection(config=self.CONFIG)
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+        self._expire_at: float | None = None
+        self._request_count = 0
+        self._init_lock = Lock()
+        self._state_lock = Lock()
+        self._read_lock = Lock()
+        self._write_lock = Lock()
+        self._sent_connection_init = False
+        self._used_all_stream_ids = False
+        self._connection_error = False
+
+        # Mapping from stream ID to response stream events.
+        self._events: dict[
+            int,
+            list[
+                h2.events.ResponseReceived
+                | h2.events.DataReceived
+                | h2.events.StreamEnded
+                | h2.events.StreamReset,
+            ],
+        ] = {}
+
+        # Connection terminated events are stored as state since
+        # we need to handle them for all streams.
+        self._connection_terminated: h2.events.ConnectionTerminated | None = None
+
+        self._read_exception: Exception | None = None
+        self._write_exception: Exception | None = None
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        if not self.can_handle_request(request.url.origin):
+            # This cannot occur in normal operation, since the connection pool
+            # will only send requests on connections that handle them.
+            # It's in place simply for resilience as a guard against incorrect
+            # usage, for anyone working directly with httpcore connections.
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Attempted to send request to {request.url.origin} on connection "
+                f"to {self._origin}"
+            )
+
+        with self._state_lock:
+            if self._state in (HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE, HTTPConnectionState.IDLE):
+                self._request_count += 1
+                self._expire_at = None
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE
+            else:
+                raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        with self._init_lock:
+            if not self._sent_connection_init:
+                try:
+                    sci_kwargs = {"request": request}
+                    with Trace(
+                        "send_connection_init", logger, request, sci_kwargs
+                    ):
+                        self._send_connection_init(**sci_kwargs)
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    with ShieldCancellation():
+                        self.close()
+                    raise exc
+
+                self._sent_connection_init = True
+
+                # Initially start with just 1 until the remote server provides
+                # its max_concurrent_streams value
+                self._max_streams = 1
+
+                local_settings_max_streams = (
+                    self._h2_state.local_settings.max_concurrent_streams
+                )
+                self._max_streams_semaphore = Semaphore(local_settings_max_streams)
+
+                for _ in range(local_settings_max_streams - self._max_streams):
+                    self._max_streams_semaphore.acquire()
+
+        self._max_streams_semaphore.acquire()
+
+        try:
+            stream_id = self._h2_state.get_next_available_stream_id()
+            self._events[stream_id] = []
+        except h2.exceptions.NoAvailableStreamIDError:  # pragma: nocover
+            self._used_all_stream_ids = True
+            self._request_count -= 1
+            raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        try:
+            kwargs = {"request": request, "stream_id": stream_id}
+            with Trace("send_request_headers", logger, request, kwargs):
+                self._send_request_headers(request=request, stream_id=stream_id)
+            with Trace("send_request_body", logger, request, kwargs):
+                self._send_request_body(request=request, stream_id=stream_id)
+            with Trace(
+                "receive_response_headers", logger, request, kwargs
+            ) as trace:
+                status, headers = self._receive_response(
+                    request=request, stream_id=stream_id
+                )
+                trace.return_value = (status, headers)
+
+            return Response(
+                status=status,
+                headers=headers,
+                content=HTTP2ConnectionByteStream(self, request, stream_id=stream_id),
+                extensions={
+                    "http_version": b"HTTP/2",
+                    "network_stream": self._network_stream,
+                    "stream_id": stream_id,
+                },
+            )
+        except BaseException as exc:  # noqa: PIE786
+            with ShieldCancellation():
+                kwargs = {"stream_id": stream_id}
+                with Trace("response_closed", logger, request, kwargs):
+                    self._response_closed(stream_id=stream_id)
+
+            if isinstance(exc, h2.exceptions.ProtocolError):
+                # One case where h2 can raise a protocol error is when a
+                # closed frame has been seen by the state machine.
+                #
+                # This happens when one stream is reading, and encounters
+                # a GOAWAY event. Other flows of control may then raise
+                # a protocol error at any point they interact with the 'h2_state'.
+                #
+                # In this case we'll have stored the event, and should raise
+                # it as a RemoteProtocolError.
+                if self._connection_terminated:  # pragma: nocover
+                    raise RemoteProtocolError(self._connection_terminated)
+                # If h2 raises a protocol error in some other state then we
+                # must somehow have made a protocol violation.
+                raise LocalProtocolError(exc)  # pragma: nocover
+
+            raise exc
+
+    def _send_connection_init(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        """
+        The HTTP/2 connection requires some initial setup before we can start
+        using individual request/response streams on it.
+        """
+        # Need to set these manually here instead of manipulating via
+        # __setitem__() otherwise the H2Connection will emit SettingsUpdate
+        # frames in addition to sending the undesired defaults.
+        self._h2_state.local_settings = h2.settings.Settings(
+            client=True,
+            initial_values={
+                # Disable PUSH_PROMISE frames from the server since we don't do anything
+                # with them for now.  Maybe when we support caching?
+                h2.settings.SettingCodes.ENABLE_PUSH: 0,
+                # These two are taken from h2 for safe defaults
+                h2.settings.SettingCodes.MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS: 100,
+                h2.settings.SettingCodes.MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE: 65536,
+            },
+        )
+
+        # Some websites (*cough* Yahoo *cough*) balk at this setting being
+        # present in the initial handshake since it's not defined in the original
+        # RFC despite the RFC mandating ignoring settings you don't know about.
+        del self._h2_state.local_settings[
+            h2.settings.SettingCodes.ENABLE_CONNECT_PROTOCOL
+        ]
+
+        self._h2_state.initiate_connection()
+        self._h2_state.increment_flow_control_window(2**24)
+        self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    # Sending the request...
+
+    def _send_request_headers(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Send the request headers to a given stream ID.
+        """
+        end_stream = not has_body_headers(request)
+
+        # In HTTP/2 the ':authority' pseudo-header is used instead of 'Host'.
+        # In order to gracefully handle HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 we always require
+        # HTTP/1.1 style headers, and map them appropriately if we end up on
+        # an HTTP/2 connection.
+        authority = [v for k, v in request.headers if k.lower() == b"host"][0]
+
+        headers = [
+            (b":method", request.method),
+            (b":authority", authority),
+            (b":scheme", request.url.scheme),
+            (b":path", request.url.target),
+        ] + [
+            (k.lower(), v)
+            for k, v in request.headers
+            if k.lower()
+            not in (
+                b"host",
+                b"transfer-encoding",
+            )
+        ]
+
+        self._h2_state.send_headers(stream_id, headers, end_stream=end_stream)
+        self._h2_state.increment_flow_control_window(2**24, stream_id=stream_id)
+        self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    def _send_request_body(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Iterate over the request body sending it to a given stream ID.
+        """
+        if not has_body_headers(request):
+            return
+
+        assert isinstance(request.stream, typing.Iterable)
+        for data in request.stream:
+            self._send_stream_data(request, stream_id, data)
+        self._send_end_stream(request, stream_id)
+
+    def _send_stream_data(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int, data: bytes
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Send a single chunk of data in one or more data frames.
+        """
+        while data:
+            max_flow = self._wait_for_outgoing_flow(request, stream_id)
+            chunk_size = min(len(data), max_flow)
+            chunk, data = data[:chunk_size], data[chunk_size:]
+            self._h2_state.send_data(stream_id, chunk)
+            self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    def _send_end_stream(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an empty data frame on on a given stream ID with the END_STREAM flag set.
+        """
+        self._h2_state.end_stream(stream_id)
+        self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    # Receiving the response...
+
+    def _receive_response(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> tuple[int, list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]]:
+        """
+        Return the response status code and headers for a given stream ID.
+        """
+        while True:
+            event = self._receive_stream_event(request, stream_id)
+            if isinstance(event, h2.events.ResponseReceived):
+                break
+
+        status_code = 200
+        headers = []
+        assert event.headers is not None
+        for k, v in event.headers:
+            if k == b":status":
+                status_code = int(v.decode("ascii", errors="ignore"))
+            elif not k.startswith(b":"):
+                headers.append((k, v))
+
+        return (status_code, headers)
+
+    def _receive_response_body(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        Iterator that returns the bytes of the response body for a given stream ID.
+        """
+        while True:
+            event = self._receive_stream_event(request, stream_id)
+            if isinstance(event, h2.events.DataReceived):
+                assert event.flow_controlled_length is not None
+                assert event.data is not None
+                amount = event.flow_controlled_length
+                self._h2_state.acknowledge_received_data(amount, stream_id)
+                self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+                yield event.data
+            elif isinstance(event, h2.events.StreamEnded):
+                break
+
+    def _receive_stream_event(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> h2.events.ResponseReceived | h2.events.DataReceived | h2.events.StreamEnded:
+        """
+        Return the next available event for a given stream ID.
+
+        Will read more data from the network if required.
+        """
+        while not self._events.get(stream_id):
+            self._receive_events(request, stream_id)
+        event = self._events[stream_id].pop(0)
+        if isinstance(event, h2.events.StreamReset):
+            raise RemoteProtocolError(event)
+        return event
+
+    def _receive_events(
+        self, request: Request, stream_id: int | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Read some data from the network until we see one or more events
+        for a given stream ID.
+        """
+        with self._read_lock:
+            if self._connection_terminated is not None:
+                last_stream_id = self._connection_terminated.last_stream_id
+                if stream_id and last_stream_id and stream_id > last_stream_id:
+                    self._request_count -= 1
+                    raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+                raise RemoteProtocolError(self._connection_terminated)
+
+            # This conditional is a bit icky. We don't want to block reading if we've
+            # actually got an event to return for a given stream. We need to do that
+            # check *within* the atomic read lock. Though it also need to be optional,
+            # because when we call it from `_wait_for_outgoing_flow` we *do* want to
+            # block until we've available flow control, event when we have events
+            # pending for the stream ID we're attempting to send on.
+            if stream_id is None or not self._events.get(stream_id):
+                events = self._read_incoming_data(request)
+                for event in events:
+                    if isinstance(event, h2.events.RemoteSettingsChanged):
+                        with Trace(
+                            "receive_remote_settings", logger, request
+                        ) as trace:
+                            self._receive_remote_settings_change(event)
+                            trace.return_value = event
+
+                    elif isinstance(
+                        event,
+                        (
+                            h2.events.ResponseReceived,
+                            h2.events.DataReceived,
+                            h2.events.StreamEnded,
+                            h2.events.StreamReset,
+                        ),
+                    ):
+                        if event.stream_id in self._events:
+                            self._events[event.stream_id].append(event)
+
+                    elif isinstance(event, h2.events.ConnectionTerminated):
+                        self._connection_terminated = event
+
+        self._write_outgoing_data(request)
+
+    def _receive_remote_settings_change(
+        self, event: h2.events.RemoteSettingsChanged
+    ) -> None:
+        max_concurrent_streams = event.changed_settings.get(
+            h2.settings.SettingCodes.MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS
+        )
+        if max_concurrent_streams:
+            new_max_streams = min(
+                max_concurrent_streams.new_value,
+                self._h2_state.local_settings.max_concurrent_streams,
+            )
+            if new_max_streams and new_max_streams != self._max_streams:
+                while new_max_streams > self._max_streams:
+                    self._max_streams_semaphore.release()
+                    self._max_streams += 1
+                while new_max_streams < self._max_streams:
+                    self._max_streams_semaphore.acquire()
+                    self._max_streams -= 1
+
+    def _response_closed(self, stream_id: int) -> None:
+        self._max_streams_semaphore.release()
+        del self._events[stream_id]
+        with self._state_lock:
+            if self._connection_terminated and not self._events:
+                self.close()
+
+            elif self._state == HTTPConnectionState.ACTIVE and not self._events:
+                self._state = HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+                if self._keepalive_expiry is not None:
+                    now = time.monotonic()
+                    self._expire_at = now + self._keepalive_expiry
+                if self._used_all_stream_ids:  # pragma: nocover
+                    self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        # Note that this method unilaterally closes the connection, and does
+        # not have any kind of locking in place around it.
+        self._h2_state.close_connection()
+        self._state = HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+        self._network_stream.close()
+
+    # Wrappers around network read/write operations...
+
+    def _read_incoming_data(self, request: Request) -> list[h2.events.Event]:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("read", None)
+
+        if self._read_exception is not None:
+            raise self._read_exception  # pragma: nocover
+
+        try:
+            data = self._network_stream.read(self.READ_NUM_BYTES, timeout)
+            if data == b"":
+                raise RemoteProtocolError("Server disconnected")
+        except Exception as exc:
+            # If we get a network error we should:
+            #
+            # 1. Save the exception and just raise it immediately on any future reads.
+            #    (For example, this means that a single read timeout or disconnect will
+            #    immediately close all pending streams. Without requiring multiple
+            #    sequential timeouts.)
+            # 2. Mark the connection as errored, so that we don't accept any other
+            #    incoming requests.
+            self._read_exception = exc
+            self._connection_error = True
+            raise exc
+
+        events: list[h2.events.Event] = self._h2_state.receive_data(data)
+
+        return events
+
+    def _write_outgoing_data(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("write", None)
+
+        with self._write_lock:
+            data_to_send = self._h2_state.data_to_send()
+
+            if self._write_exception is not None:
+                raise self._write_exception  # pragma: nocover
+
+            try:
+                self._network_stream.write(data_to_send, timeout)
+            except Exception as exc:  # pragma: nocover
+                # If we get a network error we should:
+                #
+                # 1. Save the exception and just raise it immediately on any future write.
+                #    (For example, this means that a single write timeout or disconnect will
+                #    immediately close all pending streams. Without requiring multiple
+                #    sequential timeouts.)
+                # 2. Mark the connection as errored, so that we don't accept any other
+                #    incoming requests.
+                self._write_exception = exc
+                self._connection_error = True
+                raise exc
+
+    # Flow control...
+
+    def _wait_for_outgoing_flow(self, request: Request, stream_id: int) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns the maximum allowable outgoing flow for a given stream.
+
+        If the allowable flow is zero, then waits on the network until
+        WindowUpdated frames have increased the flow rate.
+        https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#section-6.9
+        """
+        local_flow: int = self._h2_state.local_flow_control_window(stream_id)
+        max_frame_size: int = self._h2_state.max_outbound_frame_size
+        flow = min(local_flow, max_frame_size)
+        while flow == 0:
+            self._receive_events(request)
+            local_flow = self._h2_state.local_flow_control_window(stream_id)
+            max_frame_size = self._h2_state.max_outbound_frame_size
+            flow = min(local_flow, max_frame_size)
+        return flow
+
+    # Interface for connection pooling...
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._origin
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._state != HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+            and not self._connection_error
+            and not self._used_all_stream_ids
+            and not (
+                self._h2_state.state_machine.state
+                == h2.connection.ConnectionState.CLOSED
+            )
+        )
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        now = time.monotonic()
+        return self._expire_at is not None and now > self._expire_at
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.IDLE
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state == HTTPConnectionState.CLOSED
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"{origin!r}, HTTP/2, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}"
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        origin = str(self._origin)
+        return (
+            f"<{class_name} [{origin!r}, {self._state.name}, "
+            f"Request Count: {self._request_count}]>"
+        )
+
+    # These context managers are not used in the standard flow, but are
+    # useful for testing or working with connection instances directly.
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> HTTP2Connection:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+
+class HTTP2ConnectionByteStream:
+    def __init__(
+        self, connection: HTTP2Connection, request: Request, stream_id: int
+    ) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._request = request
+        self._stream_id = stream_id
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        kwargs = {"request": self._request, "stream_id": self._stream_id}
+        try:
+            with Trace("receive_response_body", logger, self._request, kwargs):
+                for chunk in self._connection._receive_response_body(
+                    request=self._request, stream_id=self._stream_id
+                ):
+                    yield chunk
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            # If we get an exception while streaming the response,
+            # we want to close the response (and possibly the connection)
+            # before raising that exception.
+            with ShieldCancellation():
+                self.close()
+            raise exc
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            kwargs = {"stream_id": self._stream_id}
+            with Trace("response_closed", logger, self._request, kwargs):
+                self._connection._response_closed(stream_id=self._stream_id)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecca88f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/http_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import logging
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+from .._backends.base import SOCKET_OPTION, NetworkBackend
+from .._exceptions import ProxyError
+from .._models import (
+    URL,
+    Origin,
+    Request,
+    Response,
+    enforce_bytes,
+    enforce_headers,
+    enforce_url,
+)
+from .._ssl import default_ssl_context
+from .._synchronization import Lock
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .connection import HTTPConnection
+from .connection_pool import ConnectionPool
+from .http11 import HTTP11Connection
+from .interfaces import ConnectionInterface
+
+ByteOrStr = typing.Union[bytes, str]
+HeadersAsSequence = typing.Sequence[typing.Tuple[ByteOrStr, ByteOrStr]]
+HeadersAsMapping = typing.Mapping[ByteOrStr, ByteOrStr]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.proxy")
+
+
+def merge_headers(
+    default_headers: typing.Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+    override_headers: typing.Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+    """
+    Append default_headers and override_headers, de-duplicating if a key exists
+    in both cases.
+    """
+    default_headers = [] if default_headers is None else list(default_headers)
+    override_headers = [] if override_headers is None else list(override_headers)
+    has_override = set(key.lower() for key, value in override_headers)
+    default_headers = [
+        (key, value)
+        for key, value in default_headers
+        if key.lower() not in has_override
+    ]
+    return default_headers + override_headers
+
+
+class HTTPProxy(ConnectionPool):  # pragma: nocover
+    """
+    A connection pool that sends requests via an HTTP proxy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url: URL | bytes | str,
+        proxy_auth: tuple[bytes | str, bytes | str] | None = None,
+        proxy_headers: HeadersAsMapping | HeadersAsSequence | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        max_connections: int | None = 10,
+        max_keepalive_connections: int | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        network_backend: NetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+
+        Parameters:
+            proxy_url: The URL to use when connecting to the proxy server.
+                For example `"http://127.0.0.1:8080/"`.
+            proxy_auth: Any proxy authentication as a two-tuple of
+                (username, password). May be either bytes or ascii-only str.
+            proxy_headers: Any HTTP headers to use for the proxy requests.
+                For example `{"Proxy-Authorization": "Basic <username>:<password>"}`.
+            ssl_context: An SSL context to use for verifying connections.
+                If not specified, the default `httpcore.default_ssl_context()`
+                will be used.
+            proxy_ssl_context: The same as `ssl_context`, but for a proxy server rather than a remote origin.
+            max_connections: The maximum number of concurrent HTTP connections that
+                the pool should allow. Any attempt to send a request on a pool that
+                would exceed this amount will block until a connection is available.
+            max_keepalive_connections: The maximum number of idle HTTP connections
+                that will be maintained in the pool.
+            keepalive_expiry: The duration in seconds that an idle HTTP connection
+                may be maintained for before being expired from the pool.
+            http1: A boolean indicating if HTTP/1.1 requests should be supported
+                by the connection pool. Defaults to True.
+            http2: A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 requests should be supported by
+                the connection pool. Defaults to False.
+            retries: The maximum number of retries when trying to establish
+                a connection.
+            local_address: Local address to connect from. Can also be used to
+                connect using a particular address family. Using
+                `local_address="0.0.0.0"` will connect using an `AF_INET` address
+                (IPv4), while using `local_address="::"` will connect using an
+                `AF_INET6` address (IPv6).
+            uds: Path to a Unix Domain Socket to use instead of TCP sockets.
+            network_backend: A backend instance to use for handling network I/O.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            max_connections=max_connections,
+            max_keepalive_connections=max_keepalive_connections,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            retries=retries,
+            local_address=local_address,
+            uds=uds,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+        )
+
+        self._proxy_url = enforce_url(proxy_url, name="proxy_url")
+        if (
+            self._proxy_url.scheme == b"http" and proxy_ssl_context is not None
+        ):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "The `proxy_ssl_context` argument is not allowed for the http scheme"
+            )
+
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy_ssl_context = proxy_ssl_context
+        self._proxy_headers = enforce_headers(proxy_headers, name="proxy_headers")
+        if proxy_auth is not None:
+            username = enforce_bytes(proxy_auth[0], name="proxy_auth")
+            password = enforce_bytes(proxy_auth[1], name="proxy_auth")
+            userpass = username + b":" + password
+            authorization = b"Basic " + base64.b64encode(userpass)
+            self._proxy_headers = [
+                (b"Proxy-Authorization", authorization)
+            ] + self._proxy_headers
+
+    def create_connection(self, origin: Origin) -> ConnectionInterface:
+        if origin.scheme == b"http":
+            return ForwardHTTPConnection(
+                proxy_origin=self._proxy_url.origin,
+                proxy_headers=self._proxy_headers,
+                remote_origin=origin,
+                keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                network_backend=self._network_backend,
+                proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy_ssl_context,
+            )
+        return TunnelHTTPConnection(
+            proxy_origin=self._proxy_url.origin,
+            proxy_headers=self._proxy_headers,
+            remote_origin=origin,
+            ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+            proxy_ssl_context=self._proxy_ssl_context,
+            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=self._http1,
+            http2=self._http2,
+            network_backend=self._network_backend,
+        )
+
+
+class ForwardHTTPConnection(ConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_origin: Origin,
+        remote_origin: Origin,
+        proxy_headers: HeadersAsMapping | HeadersAsSequence | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        network_backend: NetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+        proxy_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._connection = HTTPConnection(
+            origin=proxy_origin,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+            ssl_context=proxy_ssl_context,
+        )
+        self._proxy_origin = proxy_origin
+        self._proxy_headers = enforce_headers(proxy_headers, name="proxy_headers")
+        self._remote_origin = remote_origin
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        headers = merge_headers(self._proxy_headers, request.headers)
+        url = URL(
+            scheme=self._proxy_origin.scheme,
+            host=self._proxy_origin.host,
+            port=self._proxy_origin.port,
+            target=bytes(request.url),
+        )
+        proxy_request = Request(
+            method=request.method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=request.stream,
+            extensions=request.extensions,
+        )
+        return self._connection.handle_request(proxy_request)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._remote_origin
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._connection.close()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
+
+
+class TunnelHTTPConnection(ConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_origin: Origin,
+        remote_origin: Origin,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        proxy_headers: typing.Sequence[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        network_backend: NetworkBackend | None = None,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._connection: ConnectionInterface = HTTPConnection(
+            origin=proxy_origin,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+            ssl_context=proxy_ssl_context,
+        )
+        self._proxy_origin = proxy_origin
+        self._remote_origin = remote_origin
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy_ssl_context = proxy_ssl_context
+        self._proxy_headers = enforce_headers(proxy_headers, name="proxy_headers")
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+        self._connect_lock = Lock()
+        self._connected = False
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        timeout = timeouts.get("connect", None)
+
+        with self._connect_lock:
+            if not self._connected:
+                target = b"%b:%d" % (self._remote_origin.host, self._remote_origin.port)
+
+                connect_url = URL(
+                    scheme=self._proxy_origin.scheme,
+                    host=self._proxy_origin.host,
+                    port=self._proxy_origin.port,
+                    target=target,
+                )
+                connect_headers = merge_headers(
+                    [(b"Host", target), (b"Accept", b"*/*")], self._proxy_headers
+                )
+                connect_request = Request(
+                    method=b"CONNECT",
+                    url=connect_url,
+                    headers=connect_headers,
+                    extensions=request.extensions,
+                )
+                connect_response = self._connection.handle_request(
+                    connect_request
+                )
+
+                if connect_response.status < 200 or connect_response.status > 299:
+                    reason_bytes = connect_response.extensions.get("reason_phrase", b"")
+                    reason_str = reason_bytes.decode("ascii", errors="ignore")
+                    msg = "%d %s" % (connect_response.status, reason_str)
+                    self._connection.close()
+                    raise ProxyError(msg)
+
+                stream = connect_response.extensions["network_stream"]
+
+                # Upgrade the stream to SSL
+                ssl_context = (
+                    default_ssl_context()
+                    if self._ssl_context is None
+                    else self._ssl_context
+                )
+                alpn_protocols = ["http/1.1", "h2"] if self._http2 else ["http/1.1"]
+                ssl_context.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+                kwargs = {
+                    "ssl_context": ssl_context,
+                    "server_hostname": self._remote_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                    "timeout": timeout,
+                }
+                with Trace("start_tls", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                    stream = stream.start_tls(**kwargs)
+                    trace.return_value = stream
+
+                # Determine if we should be using HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2
+                ssl_object = stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+                http2_negotiated = (
+                    ssl_object is not None
+                    and ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol() == "h2"
+                )
+
+                # Create the HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 connection
+                if http2_negotiated or (self._http2 and not self._http1):
+                    from .http2 import HTTP2Connection
+
+                    self._connection = HTTP2Connection(
+                        origin=self._remote_origin,
+                        stream=stream,
+                        keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._connection = HTTP11Connection(
+                        origin=self._remote_origin,
+                        stream=stream,
+                        keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                    )
+
+                self._connected = True
+        return self._connection.handle_request(request)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._remote_origin
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._connection.close()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/interfaces.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e673d4cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+
+from .._models import (
+    URL,
+    Extensions,
+    HeaderTypes,
+    Origin,
+    Request,
+    Response,
+    enforce_bytes,
+    enforce_headers,
+    enforce_url,
+    include_request_headers,
+)
+
+
+class RequestInterface:
+    def request(
+        self,
+        method: bytes | str,
+        url: URL | bytes | str,
+        *,
+        headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+        content: bytes | typing.Iterator[bytes] | None = None,
+        extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        # Strict type checking on our parameters.
+        method = enforce_bytes(method, name="method")
+        url = enforce_url(url, name="url")
+        headers = enforce_headers(headers, name="headers")
+
+        # Include Host header, and optionally Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding.
+        headers = include_request_headers(headers, url=url, content=content)
+
+        request = Request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=content,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        response = self.handle_request(request)
+        try:
+            response.read()
+        finally:
+            response.close()
+        return response
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        method: bytes | str,
+        url: URL | bytes | str,
+        *,
+        headers: HeaderTypes = None,
+        content: bytes | typing.Iterator[bytes] | None = None,
+        extensions: Extensions | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.Iterator[Response]:
+        # Strict type checking on our parameters.
+        method = enforce_bytes(method, name="method")
+        url = enforce_url(url, name="url")
+        headers = enforce_headers(headers, name="headers")
+
+        # Include Host header, and optionally Content-Length or Transfer-Encoding.
+        headers = include_request_headers(headers, url=url, content=content)
+
+        request = Request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            content=content,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        response = self.handle_request(request)
+        try:
+            yield response
+        finally:
+            response.close()
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class ConnectionInterface(RequestInterface):
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection is currently able to accept an
+        outgoing request.
+
+        An HTTP/1.1 connection will only be available if it is currently idle.
+
+        An HTTP/2 connection will be available so long as the stream ID space is
+        not yet exhausted, and the connection is not in an error state.
+
+        While the connection is being established we may not yet know if it is going
+        to result in an HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 connection. The connection should be
+        treated as being available, but might ultimately raise `NewConnectionRequired`
+        required exceptions if multiple requests are attempted over a connection
+        that ends up being established as HTTP/1.1.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection is in a state where it should be closed.
+
+        This either means that the connection is idle and it has passed the
+        expiry time on its keep-alive, or that server has sent an EOF.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection is currently idle.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` if the connection has been closed.
+
+        Used when a response is closed to determine if the connection may be
+        returned to the connection pool or not.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: nocover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/socks_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/socks_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ca96ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_sync/socks_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import ssl
+
+import socksio
+
+from .._backends.sync import SyncBackend
+from .._backends.base import NetworkBackend, NetworkStream
+from .._exceptions import ConnectionNotAvailable, ProxyError
+from .._models import URL, Origin, Request, Response, enforce_bytes, enforce_url
+from .._ssl import default_ssl_context
+from .._synchronization import Lock
+from .._trace import Trace
+from .connection_pool import ConnectionPool
+from .http11 import HTTP11Connection
+from .interfaces import ConnectionInterface
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpcore.socks")
+
+
+AUTH_METHODS = {
+    b"\x00": "NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED",
+    b"\x01": "GSSAPI",
+    b"\x02": "USERNAME/PASSWORD",
+    b"\xff": "NO ACCEPTABLE METHODS",
+}
+
+REPLY_CODES = {
+    b"\x00": "Succeeded",
+    b"\x01": "General SOCKS server failure",
+    b"\x02": "Connection not allowed by ruleset",
+    b"\x03": "Network unreachable",
+    b"\x04": "Host unreachable",
+    b"\x05": "Connection refused",
+    b"\x06": "TTL expired",
+    b"\x07": "Command not supported",
+    b"\x08": "Address type not supported",
+}
+
+
+def _init_socks5_connection(
+    stream: NetworkStream,
+    *,
+    host: bytes,
+    port: int,
+    auth: tuple[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    conn = socksio.socks5.SOCKS5Connection()
+
+    # Auth method request
+    auth_method = (
+        socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethod.NO_AUTH_REQUIRED
+        if auth is None
+        else socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethod.USERNAME_PASSWORD
+    )
+    conn.send(socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethodsRequest([auth_method]))
+    outgoing_bytes = conn.data_to_send()
+    stream.write(outgoing_bytes)
+
+    # Auth method response
+    incoming_bytes = stream.read(max_bytes=4096)
+    response = conn.receive_data(incoming_bytes)
+    assert isinstance(response, socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthReply)
+    if response.method != auth_method:
+        requested = AUTH_METHODS.get(auth_method, "UNKNOWN")
+        responded = AUTH_METHODS.get(response.method, "UNKNOWN")
+        raise ProxyError(
+            f"Requested {requested} from proxy server, but got {responded}."
+        )
+
+    if response.method == socksio.socks5.SOCKS5AuthMethod.USERNAME_PASSWORD:
+        # Username/password request
+        assert auth is not None
+        username, password = auth
+        conn.send(socksio.socks5.SOCKS5UsernamePasswordRequest(username, password))
+        outgoing_bytes = conn.data_to_send()
+        stream.write(outgoing_bytes)
+
+        # Username/password response
+        incoming_bytes = stream.read(max_bytes=4096)
+        response = conn.receive_data(incoming_bytes)
+        assert isinstance(response, socksio.socks5.SOCKS5UsernamePasswordReply)
+        if not response.success:
+            raise ProxyError("Invalid username/password")
+
+    # Connect request
+    conn.send(
+        socksio.socks5.SOCKS5CommandRequest.from_address(
+            socksio.socks5.SOCKS5Command.CONNECT, (host, port)
+        )
+    )
+    outgoing_bytes = conn.data_to_send()
+    stream.write(outgoing_bytes)
+
+    # Connect response
+    incoming_bytes = stream.read(max_bytes=4096)
+    response = conn.receive_data(incoming_bytes)
+    assert isinstance(response, socksio.socks5.SOCKS5Reply)
+    if response.reply_code != socksio.socks5.SOCKS5ReplyCode.SUCCEEDED:
+        reply_code = REPLY_CODES.get(response.reply_code, "UNKOWN")
+        raise ProxyError(f"Proxy Server could not connect: {reply_code}.")
+
+
+class SOCKSProxy(ConnectionPool):  # pragma: nocover
+    """
+    A connection pool that sends requests via an HTTP proxy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url: URL | bytes | str,
+        proxy_auth: tuple[bytes | str, bytes | str] | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        max_connections: int | None = 10,
+        max_keepalive_connections: int | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        network_backend: NetworkBackend | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A connection pool for making HTTP requests.
+
+        Parameters:
+            proxy_url: The URL to use when connecting to the proxy server.
+                For example `"http://127.0.0.1:8080/"`.
+            ssl_context: An SSL context to use for verifying connections.
+                If not specified, the default `httpcore.default_ssl_context()`
+                will be used.
+            max_connections: The maximum number of concurrent HTTP connections that
+                the pool should allow. Any attempt to send a request on a pool that
+                would exceed this amount will block until a connection is available.
+            max_keepalive_connections: The maximum number of idle HTTP connections
+                that will be maintained in the pool.
+            keepalive_expiry: The duration in seconds that an idle HTTP connection
+                may be maintained for before being expired from the pool.
+            http1: A boolean indicating if HTTP/1.1 requests should be supported
+                by the connection pool. Defaults to True.
+            http2: A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 requests should be supported by
+                the connection pool. Defaults to False.
+            retries: The maximum number of retries when trying to establish
+                a connection.
+            local_address: Local address to connect from. Can also be used to
+                connect using a particular address family. Using
+                `local_address="0.0.0.0"` will connect using an `AF_INET` address
+                (IPv4), while using `local_address="::"` will connect using an
+                `AF_INET6` address (IPv6).
+            uds: Path to a Unix Domain Socket to use instead of TCP sockets.
+            network_backend: A backend instance to use for handling network I/O.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            max_connections=max_connections,
+            max_keepalive_connections=max_keepalive_connections,
+            keepalive_expiry=keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            network_backend=network_backend,
+            retries=retries,
+        )
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._proxy_url = enforce_url(proxy_url, name="proxy_url")
+        if proxy_auth is not None:
+            username, password = proxy_auth
+            username_bytes = enforce_bytes(username, name="proxy_auth")
+            password_bytes = enforce_bytes(password, name="proxy_auth")
+            self._proxy_auth: tuple[bytes, bytes] | None = (
+                username_bytes,
+                password_bytes,
+            )
+        else:
+            self._proxy_auth = None
+
+    def create_connection(self, origin: Origin) -> ConnectionInterface:
+        return Socks5Connection(
+            proxy_origin=self._proxy_url.origin,
+            remote_origin=origin,
+            proxy_auth=self._proxy_auth,
+            ssl_context=self._ssl_context,
+            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+            http1=self._http1,
+            http2=self._http2,
+            network_backend=self._network_backend,
+        )
+
+
+class Socks5Connection(ConnectionInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_origin: Origin,
+        remote_origin: Origin,
+        proxy_auth: tuple[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        network_backend: NetworkBackend | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._proxy_origin = proxy_origin
+        self._remote_origin = remote_origin
+        self._proxy_auth = proxy_auth
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+        self._http1 = http1
+        self._http2 = http2
+
+        self._network_backend: NetworkBackend = (
+            SyncBackend() if network_backend is None else network_backend
+        )
+        self._connect_lock = Lock()
+        self._connection: ConnectionInterface | None = None
+        self._connect_failed = False
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        timeouts = request.extensions.get("timeout", {})
+        sni_hostname = request.extensions.get("sni_hostname", None)
+        timeout = timeouts.get("connect", None)
+
+        with self._connect_lock:
+            if self._connection is None:
+                try:
+                    # Connect to the proxy
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "host": self._proxy_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "port": self._proxy_origin.port,
+                        "timeout": timeout,
+                    }
+                    with Trace("connect_tcp", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                        stream = self._network_backend.connect_tcp(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+
+                    # Connect to the remote host using socks5
+                    kwargs = {
+                        "stream": stream,
+                        "host": self._remote_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                        "port": self._remote_origin.port,
+                        "auth": self._proxy_auth,
+                    }
+                    with Trace(
+                        "setup_socks5_connection", logger, request, kwargs
+                    ) as trace:
+                        _init_socks5_connection(**kwargs)
+                        trace.return_value = stream
+
+                    # Upgrade the stream to SSL
+                    if self._remote_origin.scheme == b"https":
+                        ssl_context = (
+                            default_ssl_context()
+                            if self._ssl_context is None
+                            else self._ssl_context
+                        )
+                        alpn_protocols = (
+                            ["http/1.1", "h2"] if self._http2 else ["http/1.1"]
+                        )
+                        ssl_context.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+                        kwargs = {
+                            "ssl_context": ssl_context,
+                            "server_hostname": sni_hostname
+                            or self._remote_origin.host.decode("ascii"),
+                            "timeout": timeout,
+                        }
+                        with Trace("start_tls", logger, request, kwargs) as trace:
+                            stream = stream.start_tls(**kwargs)
+                            trace.return_value = stream
+
+                    # Determine if we should be using HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2
+                    ssl_object = stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+                    http2_negotiated = (
+                        ssl_object is not None
+                        and ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol() == "h2"
+                    )
+
+                    # Create the HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 connection
+                    if http2_negotiated or (
+                        self._http2 and not self._http1
+                    ):  # pragma: nocover
+                        from .http2 import HTTP2Connection
+
+                        self._connection = HTTP2Connection(
+                            origin=self._remote_origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        self._connection = HTTP11Connection(
+                            origin=self._remote_origin,
+                            stream=stream,
+                            keepalive_expiry=self._keepalive_expiry,
+                        )
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    self._connect_failed = True
+                    raise exc
+            elif not self._connection.is_available():  # pragma: nocover
+                raise ConnectionNotAvailable()
+
+        return self._connection.handle_request(request)
+
+    def can_handle_request(self, origin: Origin) -> bool:
+        return origin == self._remote_origin
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self._connection is not None:
+            self._connection.close()
+
+    def is_available(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            # If HTTP/2 support is enabled, and the resulting connection could
+            # end up as HTTP/2 then we should indicate the connection as being
+            # available to service multiple requests.
+            return (
+                self._http2
+                and (self._remote_origin.scheme == b"https" or not self._http1)
+                and not self._connect_failed
+            )
+        return self._connection.is_available()
+
+    def has_expired(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.has_expired()
+
+    def is_idle(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_idle()
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return self._connect_failed
+        return self._connection.is_closed()
+
+    def info(self) -> str:
+        if self._connection is None:  # pragma: nocover
+            return "CONNECTION FAILED" if self._connect_failed else "CONNECTING"
+        return self._connection.info()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.info()}]>"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_synchronization.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_synchronization.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ecc9e9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_synchronization.py
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import threading
+import types
+
+from ._exceptions import ExceptionMapping, PoolTimeout, map_exceptions
+
+# Our async synchronization primatives use either 'anyio' or 'trio' depending
+# on if they're running under asyncio or trio.
+
+try:
+    import trio
+except (ImportError, NotImplementedError):  # pragma: nocover
+    trio = None  # type: ignore
+
+try:
+    import anyio
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    anyio = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+def current_async_library() -> str:
+    # Determine if we're running under trio or asyncio.
+    # See https://sniffio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+    try:
+        import sniffio
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+        environment = "asyncio"
+    else:
+        environment = sniffio.current_async_library()
+
+    if environment not in ("asyncio", "trio"):  # pragma: nocover
+        raise RuntimeError("Running under an unsupported async environment.")
+
+    if environment == "asyncio" and anyio is None:  # pragma: nocover
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Running with asyncio requires installation of 'httpcore[asyncio]'."
+        )
+
+    if environment == "trio" and trio is None:  # pragma: nocover
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Running with trio requires installation of 'httpcore[trio]'."
+        )
+
+    return environment
+
+
+class AsyncLock:
+    """
+    This is a standard lock.
+
+    In the sync case `Lock` provides thread locking.
+    In the async case `AsyncLock` provides async locking.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._backend = ""
+
+    def setup(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Detect if we're running under 'asyncio' or 'trio' and create
+        a lock with the correct implementation.
+        """
+        self._backend = current_async_library()
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_lock = trio.Lock()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_lock = anyio.Lock()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncLock:
+        if not self._backend:
+            self.setup()
+
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            await self._trio_lock.acquire()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            await self._anyio_lock.acquire()
+
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_lock.release()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_lock.release()
+
+
+class AsyncThreadLock:
+    """
+    This is a threading-only lock for no-I/O contexts.
+
+    In the sync case `ThreadLock` provides thread locking.
+    In the async case `AsyncThreadLock` is a no-op.
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> AsyncThreadLock:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class AsyncEvent:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._backend = ""
+
+    def setup(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Detect if we're running under 'asyncio' or 'trio' and create
+        a lock with the correct implementation.
+        """
+        self._backend = current_async_library()
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_event = trio.Event()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_event = anyio.Event()
+
+    def set(self) -> None:
+        if not self._backend:
+            self.setup()
+
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_event.set()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_event.set()
+
+    async def wait(self, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        if not self._backend:
+            self.setup()
+
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            trio_exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {trio.TooSlowError: PoolTimeout}
+            timeout_or_inf = float("inf") if timeout is None else timeout
+            with map_exceptions(trio_exc_map):
+                with trio.fail_after(timeout_or_inf):
+                    await self._trio_event.wait()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            anyio_exc_map: ExceptionMapping = {TimeoutError: PoolTimeout}
+            with map_exceptions(anyio_exc_map):
+                with anyio.fail_after(timeout):
+                    await self._anyio_event.wait()
+
+
+class AsyncSemaphore:
+    def __init__(self, bound: int) -> None:
+        self._bound = bound
+        self._backend = ""
+
+    def setup(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Detect if we're running under 'asyncio' or 'trio' and create
+        a semaphore with the correct implementation.
+        """
+        self._backend = current_async_library()
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_semaphore = trio.Semaphore(
+                initial_value=self._bound, max_value=self._bound
+            )
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_semaphore = anyio.Semaphore(
+                initial_value=self._bound, max_value=self._bound
+            )
+
+    async def acquire(self) -> None:
+        if not self._backend:
+            self.setup()
+
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            await self._trio_semaphore.acquire()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            await self._anyio_semaphore.acquire()
+
+    async def release(self) -> None:
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_semaphore.release()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_semaphore.release()
+
+
+class AsyncShieldCancellation:
+    # For certain portions of our codebase where we're dealing with
+    # closing connections during exception handling we want to shield
+    # the operation from being cancelled.
+    #
+    # with AsyncShieldCancellation():
+    #     ... # clean-up operations, shielded from cancellation.
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Detect if we're running under 'asyncio' or 'trio' and create
+        a shielded scope with the correct implementation.
+        """
+        self._backend = current_async_library()
+
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_shield = trio.CancelScope(shield=True)
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_shield = anyio.CancelScope(shield=True)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> AsyncShieldCancellation:
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_shield.__enter__()
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_shield.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._backend == "trio":
+            self._trio_shield.__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+        elif self._backend == "asyncio":
+            self._anyio_shield.__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+
+
+# Our thread-based synchronization primitives...
+
+
+class Lock:
+    """
+    This is a standard lock.
+
+    In the sync case `Lock` provides thread locking.
+    In the async case `AsyncLock` provides async locking.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Lock:
+        self._lock.acquire()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._lock.release()
+
+
+class ThreadLock:
+    """
+    This is a threading-only lock for no-I/O contexts.
+
+    In the sync case `ThreadLock` provides thread locking.
+    In the async case `AsyncThreadLock` is a no-op.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> ThreadLock:
+        self._lock.acquire()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._lock.release()
+
+
+class Event:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._event = threading.Event()
+
+    def set(self) -> None:
+        self._event.set()
+
+    def wait(self, timeout: float | None = None) -> None:
+        if timeout == float("inf"):  # pragma: no cover
+            timeout = None
+        if not self._event.wait(timeout=timeout):
+            raise PoolTimeout()  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class Semaphore:
+    def __init__(self, bound: int) -> None:
+        self._semaphore = threading.Semaphore(value=bound)
+
+    def acquire(self) -> None:
+        self._semaphore.acquire()
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        self._semaphore.release()
+
+
+class ShieldCancellation:
+    # Thread-synchronous codebases don't support cancellation semantics.
+    # We have this class because we need to mirror the async and sync
+    # cases within our package, but it's just a no-op.
+    def __enter__(self) -> ShieldCancellation:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_trace.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_trace.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f1cd7c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_trace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import logging
+import types
+import typing
+
+from ._models import Request
+
+
+class Trace:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        logger: logging.Logger,
+        request: Request | None = None,
+        kwargs: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.logger = logger
+        self.trace_extension = (
+            None if request is None else request.extensions.get("trace")
+        )
+        self.debug = self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG)
+        self.kwargs = kwargs or {}
+        self.return_value: typing.Any = None
+        self.should_trace = self.debug or self.trace_extension is not None
+        self.prefix = self.logger.name.split(".")[-1]
+
+    def trace(self, name: str, info: dict[str, typing.Any]) -> None:
+        if self.trace_extension is not None:
+            prefix_and_name = f"{self.prefix}.{name}"
+            ret = self.trace_extension(prefix_and_name, info)
+            if inspect.iscoroutine(ret):  # pragma: no cover
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "If you are using a synchronous interface, "
+                    "the callback of the `trace` extension should "
+                    "be a normal function instead of an asynchronous function."
+                )
+
+        if self.debug:
+            if not info or "return_value" in info and info["return_value"] is None:
+                message = name
+            else:
+                args = " ".join([f"{key}={value!r}" for key, value in info.items()])
+                message = f"{name} {args}"
+            self.logger.debug(message)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Trace:
+        if self.should_trace:
+            info = self.kwargs
+            self.trace(f"{self.name}.started", info)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.should_trace:
+            if exc_value is None:
+                info = {"return_value": self.return_value}
+                self.trace(f"{self.name}.complete", info)
+            else:
+                info = {"exception": exc_value}
+                self.trace(f"{self.name}.failed", info)
+
+    async def atrace(self, name: str, info: dict[str, typing.Any]) -> None:
+        if self.trace_extension is not None:
+            prefix_and_name = f"{self.prefix}.{name}"
+            coro = self.trace_extension(prefix_and_name, info)
+            if not inspect.iscoroutine(coro):  # pragma: no cover
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "If you're using an asynchronous interface, "
+                    "the callback of the `trace` extension should "
+                    "be an asynchronous function rather than a normal function."
+                )
+            await coro
+
+        if self.debug:
+            if not info or "return_value" in info and info["return_value"] is None:
+                message = name
+            else:
+                args = " ".join([f"{key}={value!r}" for key, value in info.items()])
+                message = f"{name} {args}"
+            self.logger.debug(message)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Trace:
+        if self.should_trace:
+            info = self.kwargs
+            await self.atrace(f"{self.name}.started", info)
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.should_trace:
+            if exc_value is None:
+                info = {"return_value": self.return_value}
+                await self.atrace(f"{self.name}.complete", info)
+            else:
+                info = {"exception": exc_value}
+                await self.atrace(f"{self.name}.failed", info)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c44ff93c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import select
+import socket
+import sys
+
+
+def is_socket_readable(sock: socket.socket | None) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether a socket, as identifed by its file descriptor, is readable.
+    "A socket is readable" means that the read buffer isn't empty, i.e. that calling
+    .recv() on it would immediately return some data.
+    """
+    # NOTE: we want check for readability without actually attempting to read, because
+    # we don't want to block forever if it's not readable.
+
+    # In the case that the socket no longer exists, or cannot return a file
+    # descriptor, we treat it as being readable, as if it the next read operation
+    # on it is ready to return the terminating `b""`.
+    sock_fd = None if sock is None else sock.fileno()
+    if sock_fd is None or sock_fd < 0:  # pragma: nocover
+        return True
+
+    # The implementation below was stolen from:
+    # https://github.com/python-trio/trio/blob/20ee2b1b7376db637435d80e266212a35837ddcc/trio/_socket.py#L471-L478
+    # See also: https://github.com/encode/httpcore/pull/193#issuecomment-703129316
+
+    # Use select.select on Windows, and when poll is unavailable and select.poll
+    # everywhere else. (E.g. When eventlet is in use. See #327)
+    if (
+        sys.platform == "win32" or getattr(select, "poll", None) is None
+    ):  # pragma: nocover
+        rready, _, _ = select.select([sock_fd], [], [], 0)
+        return bool(rready)
+    p = select.poll()
+    p.register(sock_fd, select.POLLIN)
+    return bool(p.poll(0))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpcore/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0d2b196
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.3
+Name: httpx
+Version: 0.28.1
+Summary: The next generation HTTP client.
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://www.python-httpx.org
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/encode/httpx
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/encode/httpx
+Author-email: Tom Christie <tom@tomchristie.com>
+License: BSD-3-Clause
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Framework :: AsyncIO
+Classifier: Framework :: Trio
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Requires-Dist: anyio
+Requires-Dist: certifi
+Requires-Dist: httpcore==1.*
+Requires-Dist: idna
+Provides-Extra: brotli
+Requires-Dist: brotli; (platform_python_implementation == 'CPython') and extra == 'brotli'
+Requires-Dist: brotlicffi; (platform_python_implementation != 'CPython') and extra == 'brotli'
+Provides-Extra: cli
+Requires-Dist: click==8.*; extra == 'cli'
+Requires-Dist: pygments==2.*; extra == 'cli'
+Requires-Dist: rich<14,>=10; extra == 'cli'
+Provides-Extra: http2
+Requires-Dist: h2<5,>=3; extra == 'http2'
+Provides-Extra: socks
+Requires-Dist: socksio==1.*; extra == 'socks'
+Provides-Extra: zstd
+Requires-Dist: zstandard>=0.18.0; extra == 'zstd'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org/"><img width="350" height="208" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/encode/httpx/master/docs/img/butterfly.png" alt='HTTPX'></a>
+</p>
+
+<p align="center"><strong>HTTPX</strong> <em>- A next-generation HTTP client for Python.</em></p>
+
+<p align="center">
+<a href="https://github.com/encode/httpx/actions">
+    <img src="https://github.com/encode/httpx/workflows/Test%20Suite/badge.svg" alt="Test Suite">
+</a>
+<a href="https://pypi.org/project/httpx/">
+    <img src="https://badge.fury.io/py/httpx.svg" alt="Package version">
+</a>
+</p>
+
+HTTPX is a fully featured HTTP client library for Python 3. It includes **an integrated command line client**, has support for both **HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2**, and provides both **sync and async APIs**.
+
+---
+
+Install HTTPX using pip:
+
+```shell
+$ pip install httpx
+```
+
+Now, let's get started:
+
+```pycon
+>>> import httpx
+>>> r = httpx.get('https://www.example.org/')
+>>> r
+<Response [200 OK]>
+>>> r.status_code
+200
+>>> r.headers['content-type']
+'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
+>>> r.text
+'<!doctype html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<title>Example Domain</title>...'
+```
+
+Or, using the command-line client.
+
+```shell
+$ pip install 'httpx[cli]'  # The command line client is an optional dependency.
+```
+
+Which now allows us to use HTTPX directly from the command-line...
+
+<p align="center">
+  <img width="700" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/encode/httpx/master/docs/img/httpx-help.png" alt='httpx --help'>
+</p>
+
+Sending a request...
+
+<p align="center">
+  <img width="700" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/encode/httpx/master/docs/img/httpx-request.png" alt='httpx http://httpbin.org/json'>
+</p>
+
+## Features
+
+HTTPX builds on the well-established usability of `requests`, and gives you:
+
+* A broadly [requests-compatible API](https://www.python-httpx.org/compatibility/).
+* An integrated command-line client.
+* HTTP/1.1 [and HTTP/2 support](https://www.python-httpx.org/http2/).
+* Standard synchronous interface, but with [async support if you need it](https://www.python-httpx.org/async/).
+* Ability to make requests directly to [WSGI applications](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/#wsgi-transport) or [ASGI applications](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/#asgi-transport).
+* Strict timeouts everywhere.
+* Fully type annotated.
+* 100% test coverage.
+
+Plus all the standard features of `requests`...
+
+* International Domains and URLs
+* Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
+* Sessions with Cookie Persistence
+* Browser-style SSL Verification
+* Basic/Digest Authentication
+* Elegant Key/Value Cookies
+* Automatic Decompression
+* Automatic Content Decoding
+* Unicode Response Bodies
+* Multipart File Uploads
+* HTTP(S) Proxy Support
+* Connection Timeouts
+* Streaming Downloads
+* .netrc Support
+* Chunked Requests
+
+## Installation
+
+Install with pip:
+
+```shell
+$ pip install httpx
+```
+
+Or, to include the optional HTTP/2 support, use:
+
+```shell
+$ pip install httpx[http2]
+```
+
+HTTPX requires Python 3.8+.
+
+## Documentation
+
+Project documentation is available at [https://www.python-httpx.org/](https://www.python-httpx.org/).
+
+For a run-through of all the basics, head over to the [QuickStart](https://www.python-httpx.org/quickstart/).
+
+For more advanced topics, see the [Advanced Usage](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/) section, the [async support](https://www.python-httpx.org/async/) section, or the [HTTP/2](https://www.python-httpx.org/http2/) section.
+
+The [Developer Interface](https://www.python-httpx.org/api/) provides a comprehensive API reference.
+
+To find out about tools that integrate with HTTPX, see [Third Party Packages](https://www.python-httpx.org/third_party_packages/).
+
+## Contribute
+
+If you want to contribute with HTTPX check out the [Contributing Guide](https://www.python-httpx.org/contributing/) to learn how to start.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+The HTTPX project relies on these excellent libraries:
+
+* `httpcore` - The underlying transport implementation for `httpx`.
+  * `h11` - HTTP/1.1 support.
+* `certifi` - SSL certificates.
+* `idna` - Internationalized domain name support.
+* `sniffio` - Async library autodetection.
+
+As well as these optional installs:
+
+* `h2` - HTTP/2 support. *(Optional, with `httpx[http2]`)*
+* `socksio` - SOCKS proxy support. *(Optional, with `httpx[socks]`)*
+* `rich` - Rich terminal support. *(Optional, with `httpx[cli]`)*
+* `click` - Command line client support. *(Optional, with `httpx[cli]`)*
+* `brotli` or `brotlicffi` - Decoding for "brotli" compressed responses. *(Optional, with `httpx[brotli]`)*
+* `zstandard` - Decoding for "zstd" compressed responses. *(Optional, with `httpx[zstd]`)*
+
+A huge amount of credit is due to `requests` for the API layout that
+much of this work follows, as well as to `urllib3` for plenty of design
+inspiration around the lower-level networking details.
+
+---
+
+<p align="center"><i>HTTPX is <a href="https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/master/LICENSE.md">BSD licensed</a> code.<br/>Designed & crafted with care.</i><br/>&mdash; 🦋 &mdash;</p>
+
+## Release Information
+
+### Fixed
+
+* Reintroduced supposedly-private `URLTypes` shortcut. (#2673)
+
+
+---
+
+[Full changelog](https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f162442e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+../../Scripts/httpx.exe,sha256=EMnJmv40xEO6Vt9_LFublGHSg3adF4QY_sILz_HSVw4,108392
+httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=_rubD48-gNV8gZnDBPNcQzboWB0dGNeYPJJ2a4J5OyU,7052
+httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/RECORD,,
+httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=C2FUgwZgiLbznR-k0b_5k3Ai_1aASOXDss3lzCUsUug,87
+httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt,sha256=2lVkdQmxLA1pNMgSN2eV89o90HCZezhmNwsy6ryKDSA,37
+httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md,sha256=TsWdVE8StfU5o6cW_TIaxYzNgDC0ZSIfLIgCAM3yjY0,1508
+httpx/__init__.py,sha256=CsaZe6yZj0rHg6322AWKWHGTMVr9txgEfD5P3_Rrz60,2171
+httpx/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/__version__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_api.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_auth.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_client.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_config.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_content.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_decoders.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_exceptions.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_main.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_models.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_multipart.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_status_codes.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_types.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_urlparse.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_urls.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/__version__.py,sha256=LoUyYeOXTieGzuP_64UL0wxdtxjuu_QbOvE7NOg-IqU,108
+httpx/_api.py,sha256=r_Zgs4jIpcPJLqK5dbbSayqo_iVMKFaxZCd-oOHxLEs,11743
+httpx/_auth.py,sha256=Yr3QwaUSK17rGYx-7j-FdicFIzz4Y9FFV-1F4-7RXX4,11891
+httpx/_client.py,sha256=xD-UG67-WMkeltAAOeGGj-cZ2RRTAm19sWRxlFY7_40,65714
+httpx/_config.py,sha256=pPp2U-wicfcKsF-KYRE1LYdt3e6ERGeIoXZ8Gjo3LWc,8547
+httpx/_content.py,sha256=LGGzrJTR3OvN4Mb1GVVNLXkXJH-6oKlwAttO9p5w_yg,8161
+httpx/_decoders.py,sha256=p0dX8I0NEHexs3UGp4SsZutiMhsXrrWl6-GnqVb0iKM,12041
+httpx/_exceptions.py,sha256=bxW7fxzgVMAdNTbwT0Vnq04gJDW1_gI_GFiQPuMyjL0,8527
+httpx/_main.py,sha256=Cg9GMabiTT_swaDfUgIRitSwxLRMSwUDOm7LdSGqlA4,15626
+httpx/_models.py,sha256=4__Guyv1gLxuZChwim8kfQNiIOcJ9acreFOSurvZfms,44700
+httpx/_multipart.py,sha256=KOHEZZl6oohg9mPaKyyu345qq1rJLg35TUG3YAzXB3Y,9843
+httpx/_status_codes.py,sha256=DYn-2ufBgMeXy5s8x3_TB7wjAuAAMewTakPrm5rXEsc,5639
+httpx/_transports/__init__.py,sha256=GbUoBSAOp7z-l-9j5YhMhR3DMIcn6FVLhj072O3Nnno,275
+httpx/_transports/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/_transports/__pycache__/asgi.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/_transports/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/_transports/__pycache__/default.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/_transports/__pycache__/mock.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/_transports/__pycache__/wsgi.cpython-312.pyc,,
+httpx/_transports/asgi.py,sha256=HRfiDYMPt4wQH2gFgHZg4c-i3sblo6bL5GTqcET-xz8,5501
+httpx/_transports/base.py,sha256=kZS_VMbViYfF570pogUCJ1bulz-ybfL51Pqs9yktebU,2523
+httpx/_transports/default.py,sha256=AzeaRUyVwCccTyyNJexDf0n1dFfzzydpdIQgvw7PLnk,13983
+httpx/_transports/mock.py,sha256=PTo0d567RITXxGrki6kN7_67wwAxfwiMDcuXJiZCjEo,1232
+httpx/_transports/wsgi.py,sha256=NcPX3Xap_EwCFZWO_OaSyQNuInCYx1QMNbO8GAei6jY,4825
+httpx/_types.py,sha256=Jyh41GQq7AOev8IOWKDAg7zCbvHAfufmW5g_PiTtErY,2965
+httpx/_urlparse.py,sha256=ZAmH47ONfkxrrj-PPYhGeiHjb6AjKCS-ANWIN4OL_KY,18546
+httpx/_urls.py,sha256=dX99VR1DSOHpgo9Aq7PzYO4FKdxqKjwyNp8grf8dHN0,21550
+httpx/_utils.py,sha256=_TVeqAKvxJkKHdz7dFeb4s0LZqQXgeFkXSgfiHBK_1o,8285
+httpx/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21aaa729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.26.3
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ae96007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[console_scripts]
+httpx = httpx:main
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab79d16a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx-0.28.1.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+Copyright © 2019, [Encode OSS Ltd](https://www.encode.io/).
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9addde0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+from .__version__ import __description__, __title__, __version__
+from ._api import *
+from ._auth import *
+from ._client import *
+from ._config import *
+from ._content import *
+from ._exceptions import *
+from ._models import *
+from ._status_codes import *
+from ._transports import *
+from ._types import *
+from ._urls import *
+
+try:
+    from ._main import main
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def main() -> None:  # type: ignore
+        import sys
+
+        print(
+            "The httpx command line client could not run because the required "
+            "dependencies were not installed.\nMake sure you've installed "
+            "everything with: pip install 'httpx[cli]'"
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__description__",
+    "__title__",
+    "__version__",
+    "ASGITransport",
+    "AsyncBaseTransport",
+    "AsyncByteStream",
+    "AsyncClient",
+    "AsyncHTTPTransport",
+    "Auth",
+    "BaseTransport",
+    "BasicAuth",
+    "ByteStream",
+    "Client",
+    "CloseError",
+    "codes",
+    "ConnectError",
+    "ConnectTimeout",
+    "CookieConflict",
+    "Cookies",
+    "create_ssl_context",
+    "DecodingError",
+    "delete",
+    "DigestAuth",
+    "get",
+    "head",
+    "Headers",
+    "HTTPError",
+    "HTTPStatusError",
+    "HTTPTransport",
+    "InvalidURL",
+    "Limits",
+    "LocalProtocolError",
+    "main",
+    "MockTransport",
+    "NetRCAuth",
+    "NetworkError",
+    "options",
+    "patch",
+    "PoolTimeout",
+    "post",
+    "ProtocolError",
+    "Proxy",
+    "ProxyError",
+    "put",
+    "QueryParams",
+    "ReadError",
+    "ReadTimeout",
+    "RemoteProtocolError",
+    "request",
+    "Request",
+    "RequestError",
+    "RequestNotRead",
+    "Response",
+    "ResponseNotRead",
+    "stream",
+    "StreamClosed",
+    "StreamConsumed",
+    "StreamError",
+    "SyncByteStream",
+    "Timeout",
+    "TimeoutException",
+    "TooManyRedirects",
+    "TransportError",
+    "UnsupportedProtocol",
+    "URL",
+    "USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT",
+    "WriteError",
+    "WriteTimeout",
+    "WSGITransport",
+]
+
+
+__locals = locals()
+for __name in __all__:
+    if not __name.startswith("__"):
+        setattr(__locals[__name], "__module__", "httpx")  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__pycache__/_urls.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__pycache__/_urls.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__version__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__version__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..801bfacf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/__version__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+__title__ = "httpx"
+__description__ = "A next generation HTTP client, for Python 3."
+__version__ = "0.28.1"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3cda1ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+from ._client import Client
+from ._config import DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG
+from ._models import Response
+from ._types import (
+    AuthTypes,
+    CookieTypes,
+    HeaderTypes,
+    ProxyTypes,
+    QueryParamTypes,
+    RequestContent,
+    RequestData,
+    RequestFiles,
+    TimeoutTypes,
+)
+from ._urls import URL
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "delete",
+    "get",
+    "head",
+    "options",
+    "patch",
+    "post",
+    "put",
+    "request",
+    "stream",
+]
+
+
+def request(
+    method: str,
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    content: RequestContent | None = None,
+    data: RequestData | None = None,
+    files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+    json: typing.Any | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends an HTTP request.
+
+    **Parameters:**
+
+    * **method** - HTTP method for the new `Request` object: `GET`, `OPTIONS`,
+    `HEAD`, `POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, or `DELETE`.
+    * **url** - URL for the new `Request` object.
+    * **params** - *(optional)* Query parameters to include in the URL, as a
+    string, dictionary, or sequence of two-tuples.
+    * **content** - *(optional)* Binary content to include in the body of the
+    request, as bytes or a byte iterator.
+    * **data** - *(optional)* Form data to include in the body of the request,
+    as a dictionary.
+    * **files** - *(optional)* A dictionary of upload files to include in the
+    body of the request.
+    * **json** - *(optional)* A JSON serializable object to include in the body
+    of the request.
+    * **headers** - *(optional)* Dictionary of HTTP headers to include in the
+    request.
+    * **cookies** - *(optional)* Dictionary of Cookie items to include in the
+    request.
+    * **auth** - *(optional)* An authentication class to use when sending the
+    request.
+    * **proxy** - *(optional)* A proxy URL where all the traffic should be routed.
+    * **timeout** - *(optional)* The timeout configuration to use when sending
+    the request.
+    * **follow_redirects** - *(optional)* Enables or disables HTTP redirects.
+    * **verify** - *(optional)* Either `True` to use an SSL context with the
+    default CA bundle, `False` to disable verification, or an instance of
+    `ssl.SSLContext` to use a custom context.
+    * **trust_env** - *(optional)* Enables or disables usage of environment
+    variables for configuration.
+
+    **Returns:** `Response`
+
+    Usage:
+
+    ```
+    >>> import httpx
+    >>> response = httpx.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+    >>> response
+    <Response [200 OK]>
+    ```
+    """
+    with Client(
+        cookies=cookies,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    ) as client:
+        return client.request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        )
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def stream(
+    method: str,
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    content: RequestContent | None = None,
+    data: RequestData | None = None,
+    files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+    json: typing.Any | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> typing.Iterator[Response]:
+    """
+    Alternative to `httpx.request()` that streams the response body
+    instead of loading it into memory at once.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+
+    See also: [Streaming Responses][0]
+
+    [0]: /quickstart#streaming-responses
+    """
+    with Client(
+        cookies=cookies,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    ) as client:
+        with client.stream(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        ) as response:
+            yield response
+
+
+def get(
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends a `GET` request.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+
+    Note that the `data`, `files`, `json` and `content` parameters are not available
+    on this function, as `GET` requests should not include a request body.
+    """
+    return request(
+        "GET",
+        url,
+        params=params,
+        headers=headers,
+        cookies=cookies,
+        auth=auth,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    )
+
+
+def options(
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends an `OPTIONS` request.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+
+    Note that the `data`, `files`, `json` and `content` parameters are not available
+    on this function, as `OPTIONS` requests should not include a request body.
+    """
+    return request(
+        "OPTIONS",
+        url,
+        params=params,
+        headers=headers,
+        cookies=cookies,
+        auth=auth,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    )
+
+
+def head(
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends a `HEAD` request.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+
+    Note that the `data`, `files`, `json` and `content` parameters are not available
+    on this function, as `HEAD` requests should not include a request body.
+    """
+    return request(
+        "HEAD",
+        url,
+        params=params,
+        headers=headers,
+        cookies=cookies,
+        auth=auth,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    )
+
+
+def post(
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    content: RequestContent | None = None,
+    data: RequestData | None = None,
+    files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+    json: typing.Any | None = None,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends a `POST` request.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+    """
+    return request(
+        "POST",
+        url,
+        content=content,
+        data=data,
+        files=files,
+        json=json,
+        params=params,
+        headers=headers,
+        cookies=cookies,
+        auth=auth,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    )
+
+
+def put(
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    content: RequestContent | None = None,
+    data: RequestData | None = None,
+    files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+    json: typing.Any | None = None,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends a `PUT` request.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+    """
+    return request(
+        "PUT",
+        url,
+        content=content,
+        data=data,
+        files=files,
+        json=json,
+        params=params,
+        headers=headers,
+        cookies=cookies,
+        auth=auth,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    )
+
+
+def patch(
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    content: RequestContent | None = None,
+    data: RequestData | None = None,
+    files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+    json: typing.Any | None = None,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends a `PATCH` request.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+    """
+    return request(
+        "PATCH",
+        url,
+        content=content,
+        data=data,
+        files=files,
+        json=json,
+        params=params,
+        headers=headers,
+        cookies=cookies,
+        auth=auth,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    )
+
+
+def delete(
+    url: URL | str,
+    *,
+    params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+    headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+    auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+    proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+    follow_redirects: bool = False,
+    timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> Response:
+    """
+    Sends a `DELETE` request.
+
+    **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+
+    Note that the `data`, `files`, `json` and `content` parameters are not available
+    on this function, as `DELETE` requests should not include a request body.
+    """
+    return request(
+        "DELETE",
+        url,
+        params=params,
+        headers=headers,
+        cookies=cookies,
+        auth=auth,
+        proxy=proxy,
+        follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+        verify=verify,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        trust_env=trust_env,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_auth.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b03971ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import re
+import time
+import typing
+from base64 import b64encode
+from urllib.request import parse_http_list
+
+from ._exceptions import ProtocolError
+from ._models import Cookies, Request, Response
+from ._utils import to_bytes, to_str, unquote
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from hashlib import _Hash
+
+
+__all__ = ["Auth", "BasicAuth", "DigestAuth", "NetRCAuth"]
+
+
+class Auth:
+    """
+    Base class for all authentication schemes.
+
+    To implement a custom authentication scheme, subclass `Auth` and override
+    the `.auth_flow()` method.
+
+    If the authentication scheme does I/O such as disk access or network calls, or uses
+    synchronization primitives such as locks, you should override `.sync_auth_flow()`
+    and/or `.async_auth_flow()` instead of `.auth_flow()` to provide specialized
+    implementations that will be used by `Client` and `AsyncClient` respectively.
+    """
+
+    requires_request_body = False
+    requires_response_body = False
+
+    def auth_flow(self, request: Request) -> typing.Generator[Request, Response, None]:
+        """
+        Execute the authentication flow.
+
+        To dispatch a request, `yield` it:
+
+        ```
+        yield request
+        ```
+
+        The client will `.send()` the response back into the flow generator. You can
+        access it like so:
+
+        ```
+        response = yield request
+        ```
+
+        A `return` (or reaching the end of the generator) will result in the
+        client returning the last response obtained from the server.
+
+        You can dispatch as many requests as is necessary.
+        """
+        yield request
+
+    def sync_auth_flow(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> typing.Generator[Request, Response, None]:
+        """
+        Execute the authentication flow synchronously.
+
+        By default, this defers to `.auth_flow()`. You should override this method
+        when the authentication scheme does I/O and/or uses concurrency primitives.
+        """
+        if self.requires_request_body:
+            request.read()
+
+        flow = self.auth_flow(request)
+        request = next(flow)
+
+        while True:
+            response = yield request
+            if self.requires_response_body:
+                response.read()
+
+            try:
+                request = flow.send(response)
+            except StopIteration:
+                break
+
+    async def async_auth_flow(
+        self, request: Request
+    ) -> typing.AsyncGenerator[Request, Response]:
+        """
+        Execute the authentication flow asynchronously.
+
+        By default, this defers to `.auth_flow()`. You should override this method
+        when the authentication scheme does I/O and/or uses concurrency primitives.
+        """
+        if self.requires_request_body:
+            await request.aread()
+
+        flow = self.auth_flow(request)
+        request = next(flow)
+
+        while True:
+            response = yield request
+            if self.requires_response_body:
+                await response.aread()
+
+            try:
+                request = flow.send(response)
+            except StopIteration:
+                break
+
+
+class FunctionAuth(Auth):
+    """
+    Allows the 'auth' argument to be passed as a simple callable function,
+    that takes the request, and returns a new, modified request.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, func: typing.Callable[[Request], Request]) -> None:
+        self._func = func
+
+    def auth_flow(self, request: Request) -> typing.Generator[Request, Response, None]:
+        yield self._func(request)
+
+
+class BasicAuth(Auth):
+    """
+    Allows the 'auth' argument to be passed as a (username, password) pair,
+    and uses HTTP Basic authentication.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, username: str | bytes, password: str | bytes) -> None:
+        self._auth_header = self._build_auth_header(username, password)
+
+    def auth_flow(self, request: Request) -> typing.Generator[Request, Response, None]:
+        request.headers["Authorization"] = self._auth_header
+        yield request
+
+    def _build_auth_header(self, username: str | bytes, password: str | bytes) -> str:
+        userpass = b":".join((to_bytes(username), to_bytes(password)))
+        token = b64encode(userpass).decode()
+        return f"Basic {token}"
+
+
+class NetRCAuth(Auth):
+    """
+    Use a 'netrc' file to lookup basic auth credentials based on the url host.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file: str | None = None) -> None:
+        # Lazily import 'netrc'.
+        # There's no need for us to load this module unless 'NetRCAuth' is being used.
+        import netrc
+
+        self._netrc_info = netrc.netrc(file)
+
+    def auth_flow(self, request: Request) -> typing.Generator[Request, Response, None]:
+        auth_info = self._netrc_info.authenticators(request.url.host)
+        if auth_info is None or not auth_info[2]:
+            # The netrc file did not have authentication credentials for this host.
+            yield request
+        else:
+            # Build a basic auth header with credentials from the netrc file.
+            request.headers["Authorization"] = self._build_auth_header(
+                username=auth_info[0], password=auth_info[2]
+            )
+            yield request
+
+    def _build_auth_header(self, username: str | bytes, password: str | bytes) -> str:
+        userpass = b":".join((to_bytes(username), to_bytes(password)))
+        token = b64encode(userpass).decode()
+        return f"Basic {token}"
+
+
+class DigestAuth(Auth):
+    _ALGORITHM_TO_HASH_FUNCTION: dict[str, typing.Callable[[bytes], _Hash]] = {
+        "MD5": hashlib.md5,
+        "MD5-SESS": hashlib.md5,
+        "SHA": hashlib.sha1,
+        "SHA-SESS": hashlib.sha1,
+        "SHA-256": hashlib.sha256,
+        "SHA-256-SESS": hashlib.sha256,
+        "SHA-512": hashlib.sha512,
+        "SHA-512-SESS": hashlib.sha512,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, username: str | bytes, password: str | bytes) -> None:
+        self._username = to_bytes(username)
+        self._password = to_bytes(password)
+        self._last_challenge: _DigestAuthChallenge | None = None
+        self._nonce_count = 1
+
+    def auth_flow(self, request: Request) -> typing.Generator[Request, Response, None]:
+        if self._last_challenge:
+            request.headers["Authorization"] = self._build_auth_header(
+                request, self._last_challenge
+            )
+
+        response = yield request
+
+        if response.status_code != 401 or "www-authenticate" not in response.headers:
+            # If the response is not a 401 then we don't
+            # need to build an authenticated request.
+            return
+
+        for auth_header in response.headers.get_list("www-authenticate"):
+            if auth_header.lower().startswith("digest "):
+                break
+        else:
+            # If the response does not include a 'WWW-Authenticate: Digest ...'
+            # header, then we don't need to build an authenticated request.
+            return
+
+        self._last_challenge = self._parse_challenge(request, response, auth_header)
+        self._nonce_count = 1
+
+        request.headers["Authorization"] = self._build_auth_header(
+            request, self._last_challenge
+        )
+        if response.cookies:
+            Cookies(response.cookies).set_cookie_header(request=request)
+        yield request
+
+    def _parse_challenge(
+        self, request: Request, response: Response, auth_header: str
+    ) -> _DigestAuthChallenge:
+        """
+        Returns a challenge from a Digest WWW-Authenticate header.
+        These take the form of:
+        `Digest realm="realm@host.com",qop="auth,auth-int",nonce="abc",opaque="xyz"`
+        """
+        scheme, _, fields = auth_header.partition(" ")
+
+        # This method should only ever have been called with a Digest auth header.
+        assert scheme.lower() == "digest"
+
+        header_dict: dict[str, str] = {}
+        for field in parse_http_list(fields):
+            key, value = field.strip().split("=", 1)
+            header_dict[key] = unquote(value)
+
+        try:
+            realm = header_dict["realm"].encode()
+            nonce = header_dict["nonce"].encode()
+            algorithm = header_dict.get("algorithm", "MD5")
+            opaque = header_dict["opaque"].encode() if "opaque" in header_dict else None
+            qop = header_dict["qop"].encode() if "qop" in header_dict else None
+            return _DigestAuthChallenge(
+                realm=realm, nonce=nonce, algorithm=algorithm, opaque=opaque, qop=qop
+            )
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            message = "Malformed Digest WWW-Authenticate header"
+            raise ProtocolError(message, request=request) from exc
+
+    def _build_auth_header(
+        self, request: Request, challenge: _DigestAuthChallenge
+    ) -> str:
+        hash_func = self._ALGORITHM_TO_HASH_FUNCTION[challenge.algorithm.upper()]
+
+        def digest(data: bytes) -> bytes:
+            return hash_func(data).hexdigest().encode()
+
+        A1 = b":".join((self._username, challenge.realm, self._password))
+
+        path = request.url.raw_path
+        A2 = b":".join((request.method.encode(), path))
+        # TODO: implement auth-int
+        HA2 = digest(A2)
+
+        nc_value = b"%08x" % self._nonce_count
+        cnonce = self._get_client_nonce(self._nonce_count, challenge.nonce)
+        self._nonce_count += 1
+
+        HA1 = digest(A1)
+        if challenge.algorithm.lower().endswith("-sess"):
+            HA1 = digest(b":".join((HA1, challenge.nonce, cnonce)))
+
+        qop = self._resolve_qop(challenge.qop, request=request)
+        if qop is None:
+            # Following RFC 2069
+            digest_data = [HA1, challenge.nonce, HA2]
+        else:
+            # Following RFC 2617/7616
+            digest_data = [HA1, challenge.nonce, nc_value, cnonce, qop, HA2]
+
+        format_args = {
+            "username": self._username,
+            "realm": challenge.realm,
+            "nonce": challenge.nonce,
+            "uri": path,
+            "response": digest(b":".join(digest_data)),
+            "algorithm": challenge.algorithm.encode(),
+        }
+        if challenge.opaque:
+            format_args["opaque"] = challenge.opaque
+        if qop:
+            format_args["qop"] = b"auth"
+            format_args["nc"] = nc_value
+            format_args["cnonce"] = cnonce
+
+        return "Digest " + self._get_header_value(format_args)
+
+    def _get_client_nonce(self, nonce_count: int, nonce: bytes) -> bytes:
+        s = str(nonce_count).encode()
+        s += nonce
+        s += time.ctime().encode()
+        s += os.urandom(8)
+
+        return hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16].encode()
+
+    def _get_header_value(self, header_fields: dict[str, bytes]) -> str:
+        NON_QUOTED_FIELDS = ("algorithm", "qop", "nc")
+        QUOTED_TEMPLATE = '{}="{}"'
+        NON_QUOTED_TEMPLATE = "{}={}"
+
+        header_value = ""
+        for i, (field, value) in enumerate(header_fields.items()):
+            if i > 0:
+                header_value += ", "
+            template = (
+                QUOTED_TEMPLATE
+                if field not in NON_QUOTED_FIELDS
+                else NON_QUOTED_TEMPLATE
+            )
+            header_value += template.format(field, to_str(value))
+
+        return header_value
+
+    def _resolve_qop(self, qop: bytes | None, request: Request) -> bytes | None:
+        if qop is None:
+            return None
+        qops = re.split(b", ?", qop)
+        if b"auth" in qops:
+            return b"auth"
+
+        if qops == [b"auth-int"]:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Digest auth-int support is not yet implemented")
+
+        message = f'Unexpected qop value "{qop!r}" in digest auth'
+        raise ProtocolError(message, request=request)
+
+
+class _DigestAuthChallenge(typing.NamedTuple):
+    realm: bytes
+    nonce: bytes
+    algorithm: str
+    opaque: bytes | None
+    qop: bytes | None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2249231f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2019 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import enum
+import logging
+import time
+import typing
+import warnings
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager, contextmanager
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from .__version__ import __version__
+from ._auth import Auth, BasicAuth, FunctionAuth
+from ._config import (
+    DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+    Limits,
+    Proxy,
+    Timeout,
+)
+from ._decoders import SUPPORTED_DECODERS
+from ._exceptions import (
+    InvalidURL,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+    TooManyRedirects,
+    request_context,
+)
+from ._models import Cookies, Headers, Request, Response
+from ._status_codes import codes
+from ._transports.base import AsyncBaseTransport, BaseTransport
+from ._transports.default import AsyncHTTPTransport, HTTPTransport
+from ._types import (
+    AsyncByteStream,
+    AuthTypes,
+    CertTypes,
+    CookieTypes,
+    HeaderTypes,
+    ProxyTypes,
+    QueryParamTypes,
+    RequestContent,
+    RequestData,
+    RequestExtensions,
+    RequestFiles,
+    SyncByteStream,
+    TimeoutTypes,
+)
+from ._urls import URL, QueryParams
+from ._utils import URLPattern, get_environment_proxies
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl  # pragma: no cover
+
+__all__ = ["USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT", "AsyncClient", "Client"]
+
+# The type annotation for @classmethod and context managers here follows PEP 484
+# https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/#annotating-instance-and-class-methods
+T = typing.TypeVar("T", bound="Client")
+U = typing.TypeVar("U", bound="AsyncClient")
+
+
+def _is_https_redirect(url: URL, location: URL) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return 'True' if 'location' is a HTTPS upgrade of 'url'
+    """
+    if url.host != location.host:
+        return False
+
+    return (
+        url.scheme == "http"
+        and _port_or_default(url) == 80
+        and location.scheme == "https"
+        and _port_or_default(location) == 443
+    )
+
+
+def _port_or_default(url: URL) -> int | None:
+    if url.port is not None:
+        return url.port
+    return {"http": 80, "https": 443}.get(url.scheme)
+
+
+def _same_origin(url: URL, other: URL) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return 'True' if the given URLs share the same origin.
+    """
+    return (
+        url.scheme == other.scheme
+        and url.host == other.host
+        and _port_or_default(url) == _port_or_default(other)
+    )
+
+
+class UseClientDefault:
+    """
+    For some parameters such as `auth=...` and `timeout=...` we need to be able
+    to indicate the default "unset" state, in a way that is distinctly different
+    to using `None`.
+
+    The default "unset" state indicates that whatever default is set on the
+    client should be used. This is different to setting `None`, which
+    explicitly disables the parameter, possibly overriding a client default.
+
+    For example we use `timeout=USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT` in the `request()` signature.
+    Omitting the `timeout` parameter will send a request using whatever default
+    timeout has been configured on the client. Including `timeout=None` will
+    ensure no timeout is used.
+
+    Note that user code shouldn't need to use the `USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT` constant,
+    but it is used internally when a parameter is not included.
+    """
+
+
+USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT = UseClientDefault()
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("httpx")
+
+USER_AGENT = f"python-httpx/{__version__}"
+ACCEPT_ENCODING = ", ".join(
+    [key for key in SUPPORTED_DECODERS.keys() if key != "identity"]
+)
+
+
+class ClientState(enum.Enum):
+    # UNOPENED:
+    #   The client has been instantiated, but has not been used to send a request,
+    #   or been opened by entering the context of a `with` block.
+    UNOPENED = 1
+    # OPENED:
+    #   The client has either sent a request, or is within a `with` block.
+    OPENED = 2
+    # CLOSED:
+    #   The client has either exited the `with` block, or `close()` has
+    #   been called explicitly.
+    CLOSED = 3
+
+
+class BoundSyncStream(SyncByteStream):
+    """
+    A byte stream that is bound to a given response instance, and that
+    ensures the `response.elapsed` is set once the response is closed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, stream: SyncByteStream, response: Response, start: float
+    ) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._response = response
+        self._start = start
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        for chunk in self._stream:
+            yield chunk
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - self._start
+        self._response.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(seconds=elapsed)
+        self._stream.close()
+
+
+class BoundAsyncStream(AsyncByteStream):
+    """
+    An async byte stream that is bound to a given response instance, and that
+    ensures the `response.elapsed` is set once the response is closed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, stream: AsyncByteStream, response: Response, start: float
+    ) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._response = response
+        self._start = start
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        async for chunk in self._stream:
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        elapsed = time.perf_counter() - self._start
+        self._response.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(seconds=elapsed)
+        await self._stream.aclose()
+
+
+EventHook = typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]
+
+
+class BaseClient:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+        follow_redirects: bool = False,
+        max_redirects: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
+        event_hooks: None | (typing.Mapping[str, list[EventHook]]) = None,
+        base_url: URL | str = "",
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        default_encoding: str | typing.Callable[[bytes], str] = "utf-8",
+    ) -> None:
+        event_hooks = {} if event_hooks is None else event_hooks
+
+        self._base_url = self._enforce_trailing_slash(URL(base_url))
+
+        self._auth = self._build_auth(auth)
+        self._params = QueryParams(params)
+        self.headers = Headers(headers)
+        self._cookies = Cookies(cookies)
+        self._timeout = Timeout(timeout)
+        self.follow_redirects = follow_redirects
+        self.max_redirects = max_redirects
+        self._event_hooks = {
+            "request": list(event_hooks.get("request", [])),
+            "response": list(event_hooks.get("response", [])),
+        }
+        self._trust_env = trust_env
+        self._default_encoding = default_encoding
+        self._state = ClientState.UNOPENED
+
+    @property
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the client being closed
+        """
+        return self._state == ClientState.CLOSED
+
+    @property
+    def trust_env(self) -> bool:
+        return self._trust_env
+
+    def _enforce_trailing_slash(self, url: URL) -> URL:
+        if url.raw_path.endswith(b"/"):
+            return url
+        return url.copy_with(raw_path=url.raw_path + b"/")
+
+    def _get_proxy_map(
+        self, proxy: ProxyTypes | None, allow_env_proxies: bool
+    ) -> dict[str, Proxy | None]:
+        if proxy is None:
+            if allow_env_proxies:
+                return {
+                    key: None if url is None else Proxy(url=url)
+                    for key, url in get_environment_proxies().items()
+                }
+            return {}
+        else:
+            proxy = Proxy(url=proxy) if isinstance(proxy, (str, URL)) else proxy
+            return {"all://": proxy}
+
+    @property
+    def timeout(self) -> Timeout:
+        return self._timeout
+
+    @timeout.setter
+    def timeout(self, timeout: TimeoutTypes) -> None:
+        self._timeout = Timeout(timeout)
+
+    @property
+    def event_hooks(self) -> dict[str, list[EventHook]]:
+        return self._event_hooks
+
+    @event_hooks.setter
+    def event_hooks(self, event_hooks: dict[str, list[EventHook]]) -> None:
+        self._event_hooks = {
+            "request": list(event_hooks.get("request", [])),
+            "response": list(event_hooks.get("response", [])),
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def auth(self) -> Auth | None:
+        """
+        Authentication class used when none is passed at the request-level.
+
+        See also [Authentication][0].
+
+        [0]: /quickstart/#authentication
+        """
+        return self._auth
+
+    @auth.setter
+    def auth(self, auth: AuthTypes) -> None:
+        self._auth = self._build_auth(auth)
+
+    @property
+    def base_url(self) -> URL:
+        """
+        Base URL to use when sending requests with relative URLs.
+        """
+        return self._base_url
+
+    @base_url.setter
+    def base_url(self, url: URL | str) -> None:
+        self._base_url = self._enforce_trailing_slash(URL(url))
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self) -> Headers:
+        """
+        HTTP headers to include when sending requests.
+        """
+        return self._headers
+
+    @headers.setter
+    def headers(self, headers: HeaderTypes) -> None:
+        client_headers = Headers(
+            {
+                b"Accept": b"*/*",
+                b"Accept-Encoding": ACCEPT_ENCODING.encode("ascii"),
+                b"Connection": b"keep-alive",
+                b"User-Agent": USER_AGENT.encode("ascii"),
+            }
+        )
+        client_headers.update(headers)
+        self._headers = client_headers
+
+    @property
+    def cookies(self) -> Cookies:
+        """
+        Cookie values to include when sending requests.
+        """
+        return self._cookies
+
+    @cookies.setter
+    def cookies(self, cookies: CookieTypes) -> None:
+        self._cookies = Cookies(cookies)
+
+    @property
+    def params(self) -> QueryParams:
+        """
+        Query parameters to include in the URL when sending requests.
+        """
+        return self._params
+
+    @params.setter
+    def params(self, params: QueryParamTypes) -> None:
+        self._params = QueryParams(params)
+
+    def build_request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Request:
+        """
+        Build and return a request instance.
+
+        * The `params`, `headers` and `cookies` arguments
+        are merged with any values set on the client.
+        * The `url` argument is merged with any `base_url` set on the client.
+
+        See also: [Request instances][0]
+
+        [0]: /advanced/clients/#request-instances
+        """
+        url = self._merge_url(url)
+        headers = self._merge_headers(headers)
+        cookies = self._merge_cookies(cookies)
+        params = self._merge_queryparams(params)
+        extensions = {} if extensions is None else extensions
+        if "timeout" not in extensions:
+            timeout = (
+                self.timeout
+                if isinstance(timeout, UseClientDefault)
+                else Timeout(timeout)
+            )
+            extensions = dict(**extensions, timeout=timeout.as_dict())
+        return Request(
+            method,
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def _merge_url(self, url: URL | str) -> URL:
+        """
+        Merge a URL argument together with any 'base_url' on the client,
+        to create the URL used for the outgoing request.
+        """
+        merge_url = URL(url)
+        if merge_url.is_relative_url:
+            # To merge URLs we always append to the base URL. To get this
+            # behaviour correct we always ensure the base URL ends in a '/'
+            # separator, and strip any leading '/' from the merge URL.
+            #
+            # So, eg...
+            #
+            # >>> client = Client(base_url="https://www.example.com/subpath")
+            # >>> client.base_url
+            # URL('https://www.example.com/subpath/')
+            # >>> client.build_request("GET", "/path").url
+            # URL('https://www.example.com/subpath/path')
+            merge_raw_path = self.base_url.raw_path + merge_url.raw_path.lstrip(b"/")
+            return self.base_url.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+        return merge_url
+
+    def _merge_cookies(self, cookies: CookieTypes | None = None) -> CookieTypes | None:
+        """
+        Merge a cookies argument together with any cookies on the client,
+        to create the cookies used for the outgoing request.
+        """
+        if cookies or self.cookies:
+            merged_cookies = Cookies(self.cookies)
+            merged_cookies.update(cookies)
+            return merged_cookies
+        return cookies
+
+    def _merge_headers(self, headers: HeaderTypes | None = None) -> HeaderTypes | None:
+        """
+        Merge a headers argument together with any headers on the client,
+        to create the headers used for the outgoing request.
+        """
+        merged_headers = Headers(self.headers)
+        merged_headers.update(headers)
+        return merged_headers
+
+    def _merge_queryparams(
+        self, params: QueryParamTypes | None = None
+    ) -> QueryParamTypes | None:
+        """
+        Merge a queryparams argument together with any queryparams on the client,
+        to create the queryparams used for the outgoing request.
+        """
+        if params or self.params:
+            merged_queryparams = QueryParams(self.params)
+            return merged_queryparams.merge(params)
+        return params
+
+    def _build_auth(self, auth: AuthTypes | None) -> Auth | None:
+        if auth is None:
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(auth, tuple):
+            return BasicAuth(username=auth[0], password=auth[1])
+        elif isinstance(auth, Auth):
+            return auth
+        elif callable(auth):
+            return FunctionAuth(func=auth)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f'Invalid "auth" argument: {auth!r}')
+
+    def _build_request_auth(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+    ) -> Auth:
+        auth = (
+            self._auth if isinstance(auth, UseClientDefault) else self._build_auth(auth)
+        )
+
+        if auth is not None:
+            return auth
+
+        username, password = request.url.username, request.url.password
+        if username or password:
+            return BasicAuth(username=username, password=password)
+
+        return Auth()
+
+    def _build_redirect_request(self, request: Request, response: Response) -> Request:
+        """
+        Given a request and a redirect response, return a new request that
+        should be used to effect the redirect.
+        """
+        method = self._redirect_method(request, response)
+        url = self._redirect_url(request, response)
+        headers = self._redirect_headers(request, url, method)
+        stream = self._redirect_stream(request, method)
+        cookies = Cookies(self.cookies)
+        return Request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            stream=stream,
+            extensions=request.extensions,
+        )
+
+    def _redirect_method(self, request: Request, response: Response) -> str:
+        """
+        When being redirected we may want to change the method of the request
+        based on certain specs or browser behavior.
+        """
+        method = request.method
+
+        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
+        if response.status_code == codes.SEE_OTHER and method != "HEAD":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        # Do what the browsers do, despite standards...
+        # Turn 302s into GETs.
+        if response.status_code == codes.FOUND and method != "HEAD":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        # If a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET.
+        # This bizarre behaviour is explained in 'requests' issue 1704.
+        if response.status_code == codes.MOVED_PERMANENTLY and method == "POST":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        return method
+
+    def _redirect_url(self, request: Request, response: Response) -> URL:
+        """
+        Return the URL for the redirect to follow.
+        """
+        location = response.headers["Location"]
+
+        try:
+            url = URL(location)
+        except InvalidURL as exc:
+            raise RemoteProtocolError(
+                f"Invalid URL in location header: {exc}.", request=request
+            ) from None
+
+        # Handle malformed 'Location' headers that are "absolute" form, have no host.
+        # See: https://github.com/encode/httpx/issues/771
+        if url.scheme and not url.host:
+            url = url.copy_with(host=request.url.host)
+
+        # Facilitate relative 'Location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
+        # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
+        if url.is_relative_url:
+            url = request.url.join(url)
+
+        # Attach previous fragment if needed (RFC 7231 7.1.2)
+        if request.url.fragment and not url.fragment:
+            url = url.copy_with(fragment=request.url.fragment)
+
+        return url
+
+    def _redirect_headers(self, request: Request, url: URL, method: str) -> Headers:
+        """
+        Return the headers that should be used for the redirect request.
+        """
+        headers = Headers(request.headers)
+
+        if not _same_origin(url, request.url):
+            if not _is_https_redirect(request.url, url):
+                # Strip Authorization headers when responses are redirected
+                # away from the origin. (Except for direct HTTP to HTTPS redirects.)
+                headers.pop("Authorization", None)
+
+            # Update the Host header.
+            headers["Host"] = url.netloc.decode("ascii")
+
+        if method != request.method and method == "GET":
+            # If we've switch to a 'GET' request, then strip any headers which
+            # are only relevant to the request body.
+            headers.pop("Content-Length", None)
+            headers.pop("Transfer-Encoding", None)
+
+        # We should use the client cookie store to determine any cookie header,
+        # rather than whatever was on the original outgoing request.
+        headers.pop("Cookie", None)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def _redirect_stream(
+        self, request: Request, method: str
+    ) -> SyncByteStream | AsyncByteStream | None:
+        """
+        Return the body that should be used for the redirect request.
+        """
+        if method != request.method and method == "GET":
+            return None
+
+        return request.stream
+
+    def _set_timeout(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        if "timeout" not in request.extensions:
+            timeout = (
+                self.timeout
+                if isinstance(self.timeout, UseClientDefault)
+                else Timeout(self.timeout)
+            )
+            request.extensions = dict(**request.extensions, timeout=timeout.as_dict())
+
+
+class Client(BaseClient):
+    """
+    An HTTP client, with connection pooling, HTTP/2, redirects, cookie persistence, etc.
+
+    It can be shared between threads.
+
+    Usage:
+
+    ```python
+    >>> client = httpx.Client()
+    >>> response = client.get('https://example.org')
+    ```
+
+    **Parameters:**
+
+    * **auth** - *(optional)* An authentication class to use when sending
+    requests.
+    * **params** - *(optional)* Query parameters to include in request URLs, as
+    a string, dictionary, or sequence of two-tuples.
+    * **headers** - *(optional)* Dictionary of HTTP headers to include when
+    sending requests.
+    * **cookies** - *(optional)* Dictionary of Cookie items to include when
+    sending requests.
+    * **verify** - *(optional)* Either `True` to use an SSL context with the
+    default CA bundle, `False` to disable verification, or an instance of
+    `ssl.SSLContext` to use a custom context.
+    * **http2** - *(optional)* A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 support should be
+    enabled. Defaults to `False`.
+    * **proxy** - *(optional)* A proxy URL where all the traffic should be routed.
+    * **timeout** - *(optional)* The timeout configuration to use when sending
+    requests.
+    * **limits** - *(optional)* The limits configuration to use.
+    * **max_redirects** - *(optional)* The maximum number of redirect responses
+    that should be followed.
+    * **base_url** - *(optional)* A URL to use as the base when building
+    request URLs.
+    * **transport** - *(optional)* A transport class to use for sending requests
+    over the network.
+    * **trust_env** - *(optional)* Enables or disables usage of environment
+    variables for configuration.
+    * **default_encoding** - *(optional)* The default encoding to use for decoding
+    response text, if no charset information is included in a response Content-Type
+    header. Set to a callable for automatic character set detection. Default: "utf-8".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+        mounts: None | (typing.Mapping[str, BaseTransport | None]) = None,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+        follow_redirects: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+        max_redirects: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
+        event_hooks: None | (typing.Mapping[str, list[EventHook]]) = None,
+        base_url: URL | str = "",
+        transport: BaseTransport | None = None,
+        default_encoding: str | typing.Callable[[bytes], str] = "utf-8",
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            auth=auth,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            max_redirects=max_redirects,
+            event_hooks=event_hooks,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            default_encoding=default_encoding,
+        )
+
+        if http2:
+            try:
+                import h2  # noqa
+            except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "Using http2=True, but the 'h2' package is not installed. "
+                    "Make sure to install httpx using `pip install httpx[http2]`."
+                ) from None
+
+        allow_env_proxies = trust_env and transport is None
+        proxy_map = self._get_proxy_map(proxy, allow_env_proxies)
+
+        self._transport = self._init_transport(
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            limits=limits,
+            transport=transport,
+        )
+        self._mounts: dict[URLPattern, BaseTransport | None] = {
+            URLPattern(key): None
+            if proxy is None
+            else self._init_proxy_transport(
+                proxy,
+                verify=verify,
+                cert=cert,
+                trust_env=trust_env,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+                limits=limits,
+            )
+            for key, proxy in proxy_map.items()
+        }
+        if mounts is not None:
+            self._mounts.update(
+                {URLPattern(key): transport for key, transport in mounts.items()}
+            )
+
+        self._mounts = dict(sorted(self._mounts.items()))
+
+    def _init_transport(
+        self,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+        transport: BaseTransport | None = None,
+    ) -> BaseTransport:
+        if transport is not None:
+            return transport
+
+        return HTTPTransport(
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            limits=limits,
+        )
+
+    def _init_proxy_transport(
+        self,
+        proxy: Proxy,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+    ) -> BaseTransport:
+        return HTTPTransport(
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            limits=limits,
+            proxy=proxy,
+        )
+
+    def _transport_for_url(self, url: URL) -> BaseTransport:
+        """
+        Returns the transport instance that should be used for a given URL.
+        This will either be the standard connection pool, or a proxy.
+        """
+        for pattern, transport in self._mounts.items():
+            if pattern.matches(url):
+                return self._transport if transport is None else transport
+
+        return self._transport
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Build and send a request.
+
+        Equivalent to:
+
+        ```python
+        request = client.build_request(...)
+        response = client.send(request, ...)
+        ```
+
+        See `Client.build_request()`, `Client.send()` and
+        [Merging of configuration][0] for how the various parameters
+        are merged with client-level configuration.
+
+        [0]: /advanced/clients/#merging-of-configuration
+        """
+        if cookies is not None:
+            message = (
+                "Setting per-request cookies=<...> is being deprecated, because "
+                "the expected behaviour on cookie persistence is ambiguous. Set "
+                "cookies directly on the client instance instead."
+            )
+            warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+        request = self.build_request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        return self.send(request, auth=auth, follow_redirects=follow_redirects)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.Iterator[Response]:
+        """
+        Alternative to `httpx.request()` that streams the response body
+        instead of loading it into memory at once.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+
+        See also: [Streaming Responses][0]
+
+        [0]: /quickstart#streaming-responses
+        """
+        request = self.build_request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        response = self.send(
+            request=request,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            stream=True,
+        )
+        try:
+            yield response
+        finally:
+            response.close()
+
+    def send(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a request.
+
+        The request is sent as-is, unmodified.
+
+        Typically you'll want to build one with `Client.build_request()`
+        so that any client-level configuration is merged into the request,
+        but passing an explicit `httpx.Request()` is supported as well.
+
+        See also: [Request instances][0]
+
+        [0]: /advanced/clients/#request-instances
+        """
+        if self._state == ClientState.CLOSED:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot send a request, as the client has been closed.")
+
+        self._state = ClientState.OPENED
+        follow_redirects = (
+            self.follow_redirects
+            if isinstance(follow_redirects, UseClientDefault)
+            else follow_redirects
+        )
+
+        self._set_timeout(request)
+
+        auth = self._build_request_auth(request, auth)
+
+        response = self._send_handling_auth(
+            request,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            history=[],
+        )
+        try:
+            if not stream:
+                response.read()
+
+            return response
+
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            response.close()
+            raise exc
+
+    def _send_handling_auth(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        auth: Auth,
+        follow_redirects: bool,
+        history: list[Response],
+    ) -> Response:
+        auth_flow = auth.sync_auth_flow(request)
+        try:
+            request = next(auth_flow)
+
+            while True:
+                response = self._send_handling_redirects(
+                    request,
+                    follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+                    history=history,
+                )
+                try:
+                    try:
+                        next_request = auth_flow.send(response)
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        return response
+
+                    response.history = list(history)
+                    response.read()
+                    request = next_request
+                    history.append(response)
+
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    response.close()
+                    raise exc
+        finally:
+            auth_flow.close()
+
+    def _send_handling_redirects(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        follow_redirects: bool,
+        history: list[Response],
+    ) -> Response:
+        while True:
+            if len(history) > self.max_redirects:
+                raise TooManyRedirects(
+                    "Exceeded maximum allowed redirects.", request=request
+                )
+
+            for hook in self._event_hooks["request"]:
+                hook(request)
+
+            response = self._send_single_request(request)
+            try:
+                for hook in self._event_hooks["response"]:
+                    hook(response)
+                response.history = list(history)
+
+                if not response.has_redirect_location:
+                    return response
+
+                request = self._build_redirect_request(request, response)
+                history = history + [response]
+
+                if follow_redirects:
+                    response.read()
+                else:
+                    response.next_request = request
+                    return response
+
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                response.close()
+                raise exc
+
+    def _send_single_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        """
+        Sends a single request, without handling any redirections.
+        """
+        transport = self._transport_for_url(request.url)
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+
+        if not isinstance(request.stream, SyncByteStream):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to send an async request with a sync Client instance."
+            )
+
+        with request_context(request=request):
+            response = transport.handle_request(request)
+
+        assert isinstance(response.stream, SyncByteStream)
+
+        response.request = request
+        response.stream = BoundSyncStream(
+            response.stream, response=response, start=start
+        )
+        self.cookies.extract_cookies(response)
+        response.default_encoding = self._default_encoding
+
+        logger.info(
+            'HTTP Request: %s %s "%s %d %s"',
+            request.method,
+            request.url,
+            response.http_version,
+            response.status_code,
+            response.reason_phrase,
+        )
+
+        return response
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `GET` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return self.request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def options(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send an `OPTIONS` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return self.request(
+            "OPTIONS",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def head(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `HEAD` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return self.request(
+            "HEAD",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def post(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `POST` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return self.request(
+            "POST",
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def put(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `PUT` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return self.request(
+            "PUT",
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def patch(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `PATCH` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return self.request(
+            "PATCH",
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `DELETE` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return self.request(
+            "DELETE",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close transport and proxies.
+        """
+        if self._state != ClientState.CLOSED:
+            self._state = ClientState.CLOSED
+
+            self._transport.close()
+            for transport in self._mounts.values():
+                if transport is not None:
+                    transport.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self: T) -> T:
+        if self._state != ClientState.UNOPENED:
+            msg = {
+                ClientState.OPENED: "Cannot open a client instance more than once.",
+                ClientState.CLOSED: (
+                    "Cannot reopen a client instance, once it has been closed."
+                ),
+            }[self._state]
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        self._state = ClientState.OPENED
+
+        self._transport.__enter__()
+        for transport in self._mounts.values():
+            if transport is not None:
+                transport.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._state = ClientState.CLOSED
+
+        self._transport.__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+        for transport in self._mounts.values():
+            if transport is not None:
+                transport.__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+
+
+class AsyncClient(BaseClient):
+    """
+    An asynchronous HTTP client, with connection pooling, HTTP/2, redirects,
+    cookie persistence, etc.
+
+    It can be shared between tasks.
+
+    Usage:
+
+    ```python
+    >>> async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
+    >>>     response = await client.get('https://example.org')
+    ```
+
+    **Parameters:**
+
+    * **auth** - *(optional)* An authentication class to use when sending
+    requests.
+    * **params** - *(optional)* Query parameters to include in request URLs, as
+    a string, dictionary, or sequence of two-tuples.
+    * **headers** - *(optional)* Dictionary of HTTP headers to include when
+    sending requests.
+    * **cookies** - *(optional)* Dictionary of Cookie items to include when
+    sending requests.
+    * **verify** - *(optional)* Either `True` to use an SSL context with the
+    default CA bundle, `False` to disable verification, or an instance of
+    `ssl.SSLContext` to use a custom context.
+    * **http2** - *(optional)* A boolean indicating if HTTP/2 support should be
+    enabled. Defaults to `False`.
+    * **proxy** - *(optional)* A proxy URL where all the traffic should be routed.
+    * **timeout** - *(optional)* The timeout configuration to use when sending
+    requests.
+    * **limits** - *(optional)* The limits configuration to use.
+    * **max_redirects** - *(optional)* The maximum number of redirect responses
+    that should be followed.
+    * **base_url** - *(optional)* A URL to use as the base when building
+    request URLs.
+    * **transport** - *(optional)* A transport class to use for sending requests
+    over the network.
+    * **trust_env** - *(optional)* Enables or disables usage of environment
+    variables for configuration.
+    * **default_encoding** - *(optional)* The default encoding to use for decoding
+    response text, if no charset information is included in a response Content-Type
+    header. Set to a callable for automatic character set detection. Default: "utf-8".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        auth: AuthTypes | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+        mounts: None | (typing.Mapping[str, AsyncBaseTransport | None]) = None,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,
+        follow_redirects: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+        max_redirects: int = DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS,
+        event_hooks: None | (typing.Mapping[str, list[EventHook]]) = None,
+        base_url: URL | str = "",
+        transport: AsyncBaseTransport | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        default_encoding: str | typing.Callable[[bytes], str] = "utf-8",
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            auth=auth,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            max_redirects=max_redirects,
+            event_hooks=event_hooks,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            default_encoding=default_encoding,
+        )
+
+        if http2:
+            try:
+                import h2  # noqa
+            except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "Using http2=True, but the 'h2' package is not installed. "
+                    "Make sure to install httpx using `pip install httpx[http2]`."
+                ) from None
+
+        allow_env_proxies = trust_env and transport is None
+        proxy_map = self._get_proxy_map(proxy, allow_env_proxies)
+
+        self._transport = self._init_transport(
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            limits=limits,
+            transport=transport,
+        )
+
+        self._mounts: dict[URLPattern, AsyncBaseTransport | None] = {
+            URLPattern(key): None
+            if proxy is None
+            else self._init_proxy_transport(
+                proxy,
+                verify=verify,
+                cert=cert,
+                trust_env=trust_env,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+                limits=limits,
+            )
+            for key, proxy in proxy_map.items()
+        }
+        if mounts is not None:
+            self._mounts.update(
+                {URLPattern(key): transport for key, transport in mounts.items()}
+            )
+        self._mounts = dict(sorted(self._mounts.items()))
+
+    def _init_transport(
+        self,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+        transport: AsyncBaseTransport | None = None,
+    ) -> AsyncBaseTransport:
+        if transport is not None:
+            return transport
+
+        return AsyncHTTPTransport(
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            limits=limits,
+        )
+
+    def _init_proxy_transport(
+        self,
+        proxy: Proxy,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+    ) -> AsyncBaseTransport:
+        return AsyncHTTPTransport(
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            trust_env=trust_env,
+            http1=http1,
+            http2=http2,
+            limits=limits,
+            proxy=proxy,
+        )
+
+    def _transport_for_url(self, url: URL) -> AsyncBaseTransport:
+        """
+        Returns the transport instance that should be used for a given URL.
+        This will either be the standard connection pool, or a proxy.
+        """
+        for pattern, transport in self._mounts.items():
+            if pattern.matches(url):
+                return self._transport if transport is None else transport
+
+        return self._transport
+
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Build and send a request.
+
+        Equivalent to:
+
+        ```python
+        request = client.build_request(...)
+        response = await client.send(request, ...)
+        ```
+
+        See `AsyncClient.build_request()`, `AsyncClient.send()`
+        and [Merging of configuration][0] for how the various parameters
+        are merged with client-level configuration.
+
+        [0]: /advanced/clients/#merging-of-configuration
+        """
+
+        if cookies is not None:  # pragma: no cover
+            message = (
+                "Setting per-request cookies=<...> is being deprecated, because "
+                "the expected behaviour on cookie persistence is ambiguous. Set "
+                "cookies directly on the client instance instead."
+            )
+            warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+        request = self.build_request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        return await self.send(request, auth=auth, follow_redirects=follow_redirects)
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.AsyncIterator[Response]:
+        """
+        Alternative to `httpx.request()` that streams the response body
+        instead of loading it into memory at once.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+
+        See also: [Streaming Responses][0]
+
+        [0]: /quickstart#streaming-responses
+        """
+        request = self.build_request(
+            method=method,
+            url=url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+        response = await self.send(
+            request=request,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            stream=True,
+        )
+        try:
+            yield response
+        finally:
+            await response.aclose()
+
+    async def send(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a request.
+
+        The request is sent as-is, unmodified.
+
+        Typically you'll want to build one with `AsyncClient.build_request()`
+        so that any client-level configuration is merged into the request,
+        but passing an explicit `httpx.Request()` is supported as well.
+
+        See also: [Request instances][0]
+
+        [0]: /advanced/clients/#request-instances
+        """
+        if self._state == ClientState.CLOSED:
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot send a request, as the client has been closed.")
+
+        self._state = ClientState.OPENED
+        follow_redirects = (
+            self.follow_redirects
+            if isinstance(follow_redirects, UseClientDefault)
+            else follow_redirects
+        )
+
+        self._set_timeout(request)
+
+        auth = self._build_request_auth(request, auth)
+
+        response = await self._send_handling_auth(
+            request,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            history=[],
+        )
+        try:
+            if not stream:
+                await response.aread()
+
+            return response
+
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            await response.aclose()
+            raise exc
+
+    async def _send_handling_auth(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        auth: Auth,
+        follow_redirects: bool,
+        history: list[Response],
+    ) -> Response:
+        auth_flow = auth.async_auth_flow(request)
+        try:
+            request = await auth_flow.__anext__()
+
+            while True:
+                response = await self._send_handling_redirects(
+                    request,
+                    follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+                    history=history,
+                )
+                try:
+                    try:
+                        next_request = await auth_flow.asend(response)
+                    except StopAsyncIteration:
+                        return response
+
+                    response.history = list(history)
+                    await response.aread()
+                    request = next_request
+                    history.append(response)
+
+                except BaseException as exc:
+                    await response.aclose()
+                    raise exc
+        finally:
+            await auth_flow.aclose()
+
+    async def _send_handling_redirects(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        follow_redirects: bool,
+        history: list[Response],
+    ) -> Response:
+        while True:
+            if len(history) > self.max_redirects:
+                raise TooManyRedirects(
+                    "Exceeded maximum allowed redirects.", request=request
+                )
+
+            for hook in self._event_hooks["request"]:
+                await hook(request)
+
+            response = await self._send_single_request(request)
+            try:
+                for hook in self._event_hooks["response"]:
+                    await hook(response)
+
+                response.history = list(history)
+
+                if not response.has_redirect_location:
+                    return response
+
+                request = self._build_redirect_request(request, response)
+                history = history + [response]
+
+                if follow_redirects:
+                    await response.aread()
+                else:
+                    response.next_request = request
+                    return response
+
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                await response.aclose()
+                raise exc
+
+    async def _send_single_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        """
+        Sends a single request, without handling any redirections.
+        """
+        transport = self._transport_for_url(request.url)
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+
+        if not isinstance(request.stream, AsyncByteStream):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Attempted to send an sync request with an AsyncClient instance."
+            )
+
+        with request_context(request=request):
+            response = await transport.handle_async_request(request)
+
+        assert isinstance(response.stream, AsyncByteStream)
+        response.request = request
+        response.stream = BoundAsyncStream(
+            response.stream, response=response, start=start
+        )
+        self.cookies.extract_cookies(response)
+        response.default_encoding = self._default_encoding
+
+        logger.info(
+            'HTTP Request: %s %s "%s %d %s"',
+            request.method,
+            request.url,
+            response.http_version,
+            response.status_code,
+            response.reason_phrase,
+        )
+
+        return response
+
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault | None = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `GET` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return await self.request(
+            "GET",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def options(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send an `OPTIONS` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return await self.request(
+            "OPTIONS",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def head(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `HEAD` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return await self.request(
+            "HEAD",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `POST` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return await self.request(
+            "POST",
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def put(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `PUT` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return await self.request(
+            "PUT",
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def patch(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `PATCH` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return await self.request(
+            "PATCH",
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: AuthTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UseClientDefault = USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a `DELETE` request.
+
+        **Parameters**: See `httpx.request`.
+        """
+        return await self.request(
+            "DELETE",
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close transport and proxies.
+        """
+        if self._state != ClientState.CLOSED:
+            self._state = ClientState.CLOSED
+
+            await self._transport.aclose()
+            for proxy in self._mounts.values():
+                if proxy is not None:
+                    await proxy.aclose()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: U) -> U:
+        if self._state != ClientState.UNOPENED:
+            msg = {
+                ClientState.OPENED: "Cannot open a client instance more than once.",
+                ClientState.CLOSED: (
+                    "Cannot reopen a client instance, once it has been closed."
+                ),
+            }[self._state]
+            raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+        self._state = ClientState.OPENED
+
+        await self._transport.__aenter__()
+        for proxy in self._mounts.values():
+            if proxy is not None:
+                await proxy.__aenter__()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._state = ClientState.CLOSED
+
+        await self._transport.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+        for proxy in self._mounts.values():
+            if proxy is not None:
+                await proxy.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..467a6c90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import typing
+
+from ._models import Headers
+from ._types import CertTypes, HeaderTypes, TimeoutTypes
+from ._urls import URL
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl  # pragma: no cover
+
+__all__ = ["Limits", "Proxy", "Timeout", "create_ssl_context"]
+
+
+class UnsetType:
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+UNSET = UnsetType()
+
+
+def create_ssl_context(
+    verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+    cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+    trust_env: bool = True,
+) -> ssl.SSLContext:
+    import ssl
+    import warnings
+
+    import certifi
+
+    if verify is True:
+        if trust_env and os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_FILE"):  # pragma: nocover
+            ctx = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=os.environ["SSL_CERT_FILE"])
+        elif trust_env and os.environ.get("SSL_CERT_DIR"):  # pragma: nocover
+            ctx = ssl.create_default_context(capath=os.environ["SSL_CERT_DIR"])
+        else:
+            # Default case...
+            ctx = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=certifi.where())
+    elif verify is False:
+        ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+        ctx.check_hostname = False
+        ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+    elif isinstance(verify, str):  # pragma: nocover
+        message = (
+            "`verify=<str>` is deprecated. "
+            "Use `verify=ssl.create_default_context(cafile=...)` "
+            "or `verify=ssl.create_default_context(capath=...)` instead."
+        )
+        warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning)
+        if os.path.isdir(verify):
+            return ssl.create_default_context(capath=verify)
+        return ssl.create_default_context(cafile=verify)
+    else:
+        ctx = verify
+
+    if cert:  # pragma: nocover
+        message = (
+            "`cert=...` is deprecated. Use `verify=<ssl_context>` instead,"
+            "with `.load_cert_chain()` to configure the certificate chain."
+        )
+        warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning)
+        if isinstance(cert, str):
+            ctx.load_cert_chain(cert)
+        else:
+            ctx.load_cert_chain(*cert)
+
+    return ctx
+
+
+class Timeout:
+    """
+    Timeout configuration.
+
+    **Usage**:
+
+    Timeout(None)               # No timeouts.
+    Timeout(5.0)                # 5s timeout on all operations.
+    Timeout(None, connect=5.0)  # 5s timeout on connect, no other timeouts.
+    Timeout(5.0, connect=10.0)  # 10s timeout on connect. 5s timeout elsewhere.
+    Timeout(5.0, pool=None)     # No timeout on acquiring connection from pool.
+                                # 5s timeout elsewhere.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        timeout: TimeoutTypes | UnsetType = UNSET,
+        *,
+        connect: None | float | UnsetType = UNSET,
+        read: None | float | UnsetType = UNSET,
+        write: None | float | UnsetType = UNSET,
+        pool: None | float | UnsetType = UNSET,
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            # Passed as a single explicit Timeout.
+            assert connect is UNSET
+            assert read is UNSET
+            assert write is UNSET
+            assert pool is UNSET
+            self.connect = timeout.connect  # type: typing.Optional[float]
+            self.read = timeout.read  # type: typing.Optional[float]
+            self.write = timeout.write  # type: typing.Optional[float]
+            self.pool = timeout.pool  # type: typing.Optional[float]
+        elif isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            # Passed as a tuple.
+            self.connect = timeout[0]
+            self.read = timeout[1]
+            self.write = None if len(timeout) < 3 else timeout[2]
+            self.pool = None if len(timeout) < 4 else timeout[3]
+        elif not (
+            isinstance(connect, UnsetType)
+            or isinstance(read, UnsetType)
+            or isinstance(write, UnsetType)
+            or isinstance(pool, UnsetType)
+        ):
+            self.connect = connect
+            self.read = read
+            self.write = write
+            self.pool = pool
+        else:
+            if isinstance(timeout, UnsetType):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "httpx.Timeout must either include a default, or set all "
+                    "four parameters explicitly."
+                )
+            self.connect = timeout if isinstance(connect, UnsetType) else connect
+            self.read = timeout if isinstance(read, UnsetType) else read
+            self.write = timeout if isinstance(write, UnsetType) else write
+            self.pool = timeout if isinstance(pool, UnsetType) else pool
+
+    def as_dict(self) -> dict[str, float | None]:
+        return {
+            "connect": self.connect,
+            "read": self.read,
+            "write": self.write,
+            "pool": self.pool,
+        }
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.connect == other.connect
+            and self.read == other.read
+            and self.write == other.write
+            and self.pool == other.pool
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        if len({self.connect, self.read, self.write, self.pool}) == 1:
+            return f"{class_name}(timeout={self.connect})"
+        return (
+            f"{class_name}(connect={self.connect}, "
+            f"read={self.read}, write={self.write}, pool={self.pool})"
+        )
+
+
+class Limits:
+    """
+    Configuration for limits to various client behaviors.
+
+    **Parameters:**
+
+    * **max_connections** - The maximum number of concurrent connections that may be
+            established.
+    * **max_keepalive_connections** - Allow the connection pool to maintain
+            keep-alive connections below this point. Should be less than or equal
+            to `max_connections`.
+    * **keepalive_expiry** - Time limit on idle keep-alive connections in seconds.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        max_connections: int | None = None,
+        max_keepalive_connections: int | None = None,
+        keepalive_expiry: float | None = 5.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.max_connections = max_connections
+        self.max_keepalive_connections = max_keepalive_connections
+        self.keepalive_expiry = keepalive_expiry
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self.max_connections == other.max_connections
+            and self.max_keepalive_connections == other.max_keepalive_connections
+            and self.keepalive_expiry == other.keepalive_expiry
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        return (
+            f"{class_name}(max_connections={self.max_connections}, "
+            f"max_keepalive_connections={self.max_keepalive_connections}, "
+            f"keepalive_expiry={self.keepalive_expiry})"
+        )
+
+
+class Proxy:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        auth: tuple[str, str] | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        url = URL(url)
+        headers = Headers(headers)
+
+        if url.scheme not in ("http", "https", "socks5", "socks5h"):
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown scheme for proxy URL {url!r}")
+
+        if url.username or url.password:
+            # Remove any auth credentials from the URL.
+            auth = (url.username, url.password)
+            url = url.copy_with(username=None, password=None)
+
+        self.url = url
+        self.auth = auth
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.ssl_context = ssl_context
+
+    @property
+    def raw_auth(self) -> tuple[bytes, bytes] | None:
+        # The proxy authentication as raw bytes.
+        return (
+            None
+            if self.auth is None
+            else (self.auth[0].encode("utf-8"), self.auth[1].encode("utf-8"))
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        # The authentication is represented with the password component masked.
+        auth = (self.auth[0], "********") if self.auth else None
+
+        # Build a nice concise representation.
+        url_str = f"{str(self.url)!r}"
+        auth_str = f", auth={auth!r}" if auth else ""
+        headers_str = f", headers={dict(self.headers)!r}" if self.headers else ""
+        return f"Proxy({url_str}{auth_str}{headers_str})"
+
+
+DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG = Timeout(timeout=5.0)
+DEFAULT_LIMITS = Limits(max_connections=100, max_keepalive_connections=20)
+DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS = 20
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_content.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_content.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f479a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_content.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import warnings
+from json import dumps as json_dumps
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    AsyncIterable,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+)
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
+
+from ._exceptions import StreamClosed, StreamConsumed
+from ._multipart import MultipartStream
+from ._types import (
+    AsyncByteStream,
+    RequestContent,
+    RequestData,
+    RequestFiles,
+    ResponseContent,
+    SyncByteStream,
+)
+from ._utils import peek_filelike_length, primitive_value_to_str
+
+__all__ = ["ByteStream"]
+
+
+class ByteStream(AsyncByteStream, SyncByteStream):
+    def __init__(self, stream: bytes) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        yield self._stream
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        yield self._stream
+
+
+class IteratorByteStream(SyncByteStream):
+    CHUNK_SIZE = 65_536
+
+    def __init__(self, stream: Iterable[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._is_stream_consumed = False
+        self._is_generator = inspect.isgenerator(stream)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        if self._is_stream_consumed and self._is_generator:
+            raise StreamConsumed()
+
+        self._is_stream_consumed = True
+        if hasattr(self._stream, "read"):
+            # File-like interfaces should use 'read' directly.
+            chunk = self._stream.read(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
+            while chunk:
+                yield chunk
+                chunk = self._stream.read(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
+        else:
+            # Otherwise iterate.
+            for part in self._stream:
+                yield part
+
+
+class AsyncIteratorByteStream(AsyncByteStream):
+    CHUNK_SIZE = 65_536
+
+    def __init__(self, stream: AsyncIterable[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._is_stream_consumed = False
+        self._is_generator = inspect.isasyncgen(stream)
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        if self._is_stream_consumed and self._is_generator:
+            raise StreamConsumed()
+
+        self._is_stream_consumed = True
+        if hasattr(self._stream, "aread"):
+            # File-like interfaces should use 'aread' directly.
+            chunk = await self._stream.aread(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
+            while chunk:
+                yield chunk
+                chunk = await self._stream.aread(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
+        else:
+            # Otherwise iterate.
+            async for part in self._stream:
+                yield part
+
+
+class UnattachedStream(AsyncByteStream, SyncByteStream):
+    """
+    If a request or response is serialized using pickle, then it is no longer
+    attached to a stream for I/O purposes. Any stream operations should result
+    in `httpx.StreamClosed`.
+    """
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        raise StreamClosed()
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        raise StreamClosed()
+        yield b""  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def encode_content(
+    content: str | bytes | Iterable[bytes] | AsyncIterable[bytes],
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], SyncByteStream | AsyncByteStream]:
+    if isinstance(content, (bytes, str)):
+        body = content.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(content, str) else content
+        content_length = len(body)
+        headers = {"Content-Length": str(content_length)} if body else {}
+        return headers, ByteStream(body)
+
+    elif isinstance(content, Iterable) and not isinstance(content, dict):
+        # `not isinstance(content, dict)` is a bit oddly specific, but it
+        # catches a case that's easy for users to make in error, and would
+        # otherwise pass through here, like any other bytes-iterable,
+        # because `dict` happens to be iterable. See issue #2491.
+        content_length_or_none = peek_filelike_length(content)
+
+        if content_length_or_none is None:
+            headers = {"Transfer-Encoding": "chunked"}
+        else:
+            headers = {"Content-Length": str(content_length_or_none)}
+        return headers, IteratorByteStream(content)  # type: ignore
+
+    elif isinstance(content, AsyncIterable):
+        headers = {"Transfer-Encoding": "chunked"}
+        return headers, AsyncIteratorByteStream(content)
+
+    raise TypeError(f"Unexpected type for 'content', {type(content)!r}")
+
+
+def encode_urlencoded_data(
+    data: RequestData,
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], ByteStream]:
+    plain_data = []
+    for key, value in data.items():
+        if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            plain_data.extend([(key, primitive_value_to_str(item)) for item in value])
+        else:
+            plain_data.append((key, primitive_value_to_str(value)))
+    body = urlencode(plain_data, doseq=True).encode("utf-8")
+    content_length = str(len(body))
+    content_type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+    headers = {"Content-Length": content_length, "Content-Type": content_type}
+    return headers, ByteStream(body)
+
+
+def encode_multipart_data(
+    data: RequestData, files: RequestFiles, boundary: bytes | None
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], MultipartStream]:
+    multipart = MultipartStream(data=data, files=files, boundary=boundary)
+    headers = multipart.get_headers()
+    return headers, multipart
+
+
+def encode_text(text: str) -> tuple[dict[str, str], ByteStream]:
+    body = text.encode("utf-8")
+    content_length = str(len(body))
+    content_type = "text/plain; charset=utf-8"
+    headers = {"Content-Length": content_length, "Content-Type": content_type}
+    return headers, ByteStream(body)
+
+
+def encode_html(html: str) -> tuple[dict[str, str], ByteStream]:
+    body = html.encode("utf-8")
+    content_length = str(len(body))
+    content_type = "text/html; charset=utf-8"
+    headers = {"Content-Length": content_length, "Content-Type": content_type}
+    return headers, ByteStream(body)
+
+
+def encode_json(json: Any) -> tuple[dict[str, str], ByteStream]:
+    body = json_dumps(
+        json, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":"), allow_nan=False
+    ).encode("utf-8")
+    content_length = str(len(body))
+    content_type = "application/json"
+    headers = {"Content-Length": content_length, "Content-Type": content_type}
+    return headers, ByteStream(body)
+
+
+def encode_request(
+    content: RequestContent | None = None,
+    data: RequestData | None = None,
+    files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+    json: Any | None = None,
+    boundary: bytes | None = None,
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], SyncByteStream | AsyncByteStream]:
+    """
+    Handles encoding the given `content`, `data`, `files`, and `json`,
+    returning a two-tuple of (<headers>, <stream>).
+    """
+    if data is not None and not isinstance(data, Mapping):
+        # We prefer to separate `content=<bytes|str|byte iterator|bytes aiterator>`
+        # for raw request content, and `data=<form data>` for url encoded or
+        # multipart form content.
+        #
+        # However for compat with requests, we *do* still support
+        # `data=<bytes...>` usages. We deal with that case here, treating it
+        # as if `content=<...>` had been supplied instead.
+        message = "Use 'content=<...>' to upload raw bytes/text content."
+        warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return encode_content(data)
+
+    if content is not None:
+        return encode_content(content)
+    elif files:
+        return encode_multipart_data(data or {}, files, boundary)
+    elif data:
+        return encode_urlencoded_data(data)
+    elif json is not None:
+        return encode_json(json)
+
+    return {}, ByteStream(b"")
+
+
+def encode_response(
+    content: ResponseContent | None = None,
+    text: str | None = None,
+    html: str | None = None,
+    json: Any | None = None,
+) -> tuple[dict[str, str], SyncByteStream | AsyncByteStream]:
+    """
+    Handles encoding the given `content`, returning a two-tuple of
+    (<headers>, <stream>).
+    """
+    if content is not None:
+        return encode_content(content)
+    elif text is not None:
+        return encode_text(text)
+    elif html is not None:
+        return encode_html(html)
+    elif json is not None:
+        return encode_json(json)
+
+    return {}, ByteStream(b"")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_decoders.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_decoders.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..899dfada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_decoders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+"""
+Handlers for Content-Encoding.
+
+See: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Encoding
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import codecs
+import io
+import typing
+import zlib
+
+from ._exceptions import DecodingError
+
+# Brotli support is optional
+try:
+    # The C bindings in `brotli` are recommended for CPython.
+    import brotli
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        # The CFFI bindings in `brotlicffi` are recommended for PyPy
+        # and other environments.
+        import brotlicffi as brotli
+    except ImportError:
+        brotli = None
+
+
+# Zstandard support is optional
+try:
+    import zstandard
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    zstandard = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+class ContentDecoder:
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class IdentityDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    """
+    Handle unencoded data.
+    """
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        return data
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        return b""
+
+
+class DeflateDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    """
+    Handle 'deflate' decoding.
+
+    See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1838699
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.first_attempt = True
+        self.decompressor = zlib.decompressobj()
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        was_first_attempt = self.first_attempt
+        self.first_attempt = False
+        try:
+            return self.decompressor.decompress(data)
+        except zlib.error as exc:
+            if was_first_attempt:
+                self.decompressor = zlib.decompressobj(-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+                return self.decode(data)
+            raise DecodingError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        try:
+            return self.decompressor.flush()
+        except zlib.error as exc:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise DecodingError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+
+class GZipDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    """
+    Handle 'gzip' decoding.
+
+    See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1838699
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.decompressor = zlib.decompressobj(zlib.MAX_WBITS | 16)
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        try:
+            return self.decompressor.decompress(data)
+        except zlib.error as exc:
+            raise DecodingError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        try:
+            return self.decompressor.flush()
+        except zlib.error as exc:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise DecodingError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+
+class BrotliDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    """
+    Handle 'brotli' decoding.
+
+    Requires `pip install brotlipy`. See: https://brotlipy.readthedocs.io/
+        or   `pip install brotli`. See https://github.com/google/brotli
+    Supports both 'brotlipy' and 'Brotli' packages since they share an import
+    name. The top branches are for 'brotlipy' and bottom branches for 'Brotli'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        if brotli is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Using 'BrotliDecoder', but neither of the 'brotlicffi' or 'brotli' "
+                "packages have been installed. "
+                "Make sure to install httpx using `pip install httpx[brotli]`."
+            ) from None
+
+        self.decompressor = brotli.Decompressor()
+        self.seen_data = False
+        self._decompress: typing.Callable[[bytes], bytes]
+        if hasattr(self.decompressor, "decompress"):
+            # The 'brotlicffi' package.
+            self._decompress = self.decompressor.decompress  # pragma: no cover
+        else:
+            # The 'brotli' package.
+            self._decompress = self.decompressor.process  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        if not data:
+            return b""
+        self.seen_data = True
+        try:
+            return self._decompress(data)
+        except brotli.error as exc:
+            raise DecodingError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        if not self.seen_data:
+            return b""
+        try:
+            if hasattr(self.decompressor, "finish"):
+                # Only available in the 'brotlicffi' package.
+
+                # As the decompressor decompresses eagerly, this
+                # will never actually emit any data. However, it will potentially throw
+                # errors if a truncated or damaged data stream has been used.
+                self.decompressor.finish()  # pragma: no cover
+            return b""
+        except brotli.error as exc:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise DecodingError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+
+class ZStandardDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    """
+    Handle 'zstd' RFC 8878 decoding.
+
+    Requires `pip install zstandard`.
+    Can be installed as a dependency of httpx using `pip install httpx[zstd]`.
+    """
+
+    # inspired by the ZstdDecoder implementation in urllib3
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        if zstandard is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Using 'ZStandardDecoder', ..."
+                "Make sure to install httpx using `pip install httpx[zstd]`."
+            ) from None
+
+        self.decompressor = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor().decompressobj()
+        self.seen_data = False
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        assert zstandard is not None
+        self.seen_data = True
+        output = io.BytesIO()
+        try:
+            output.write(self.decompressor.decompress(data))
+            while self.decompressor.eof and self.decompressor.unused_data:
+                unused_data = self.decompressor.unused_data
+                self.decompressor = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor().decompressobj()
+                output.write(self.decompressor.decompress(unused_data))
+        except zstandard.ZstdError as exc:
+            raise DecodingError(str(exc)) from exc
+        return output.getvalue()
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        if not self.seen_data:
+            return b""
+        ret = self.decompressor.flush()  # note: this is a no-op
+        if not self.decompressor.eof:
+            raise DecodingError("Zstandard data is incomplete")  # pragma: no cover
+        return bytes(ret)
+
+
+class MultiDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    """
+    Handle the case where multiple encodings have been applied.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, children: typing.Sequence[ContentDecoder]) -> None:
+        """
+        'children' should be a sequence of decoders in the order in which
+        each was applied.
+        """
+        # Note that we reverse the order for decoding.
+        self.children = list(reversed(children))
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        for child in self.children:
+            data = child.decode(data)
+        return data
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        data = b""
+        for child in self.children:
+            data = child.decode(data) + child.flush()
+        return data
+
+
+class ByteChunker:
+    """
+    Handles returning byte content in fixed-size chunks.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> None:
+        self._buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
+
+    def decode(self, content: bytes) -> list[bytes]:
+        if self._chunk_size is None:
+            return [content] if content else []
+
+        self._buffer.write(content)
+        if self._buffer.tell() >= self._chunk_size:
+            value = self._buffer.getvalue()
+            chunks = [
+                value[i : i + self._chunk_size]
+                for i in range(0, len(value), self._chunk_size)
+            ]
+            if len(chunks[-1]) == self._chunk_size:
+                self._buffer.seek(0)
+                self._buffer.truncate()
+                return chunks
+            else:
+                self._buffer.seek(0)
+                self._buffer.write(chunks[-1])
+                self._buffer.truncate()
+                return chunks[:-1]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    def flush(self) -> list[bytes]:
+        value = self._buffer.getvalue()
+        self._buffer.seek(0)
+        self._buffer.truncate()
+        return [value] if value else []
+
+
+class TextChunker:
+    """
+    Handles returning text content in fixed-size chunks.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> None:
+        self._buffer = io.StringIO()
+        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
+
+    def decode(self, content: str) -> list[str]:
+        if self._chunk_size is None:
+            return [content] if content else []
+
+        self._buffer.write(content)
+        if self._buffer.tell() >= self._chunk_size:
+            value = self._buffer.getvalue()
+            chunks = [
+                value[i : i + self._chunk_size]
+                for i in range(0, len(value), self._chunk_size)
+            ]
+            if len(chunks[-1]) == self._chunk_size:
+                self._buffer.seek(0)
+                self._buffer.truncate()
+                return chunks
+            else:
+                self._buffer.seek(0)
+                self._buffer.write(chunks[-1])
+                self._buffer.truncate()
+                return chunks[:-1]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    def flush(self) -> list[str]:
+        value = self._buffer.getvalue()
+        self._buffer.seek(0)
+        self._buffer.truncate()
+        return [value] if value else []
+
+
+class TextDecoder:
+    """
+    Handles incrementally decoding bytes into text
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, encoding: str = "utf-8") -> None:
+        self.decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(encoding)(errors="replace")
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes) -> str:
+        return self.decoder.decode(data)
+
+    def flush(self) -> str:
+        return self.decoder.decode(b"", True)
+
+
+class LineDecoder:
+    """
+    Handles incrementally reading lines from text.
+
+    Has the same behaviour as the stdllib splitlines,
+    but handling the input iteratively.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.buffer: list[str] = []
+        self.trailing_cr: bool = False
+
+    def decode(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        # See https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.splitlines
+        NEWLINE_CHARS = "\n\r\x0b\x0c\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85\u2028\u2029"
+
+        # We always push a trailing `\r` into the next decode iteration.
+        if self.trailing_cr:
+            text = "\r" + text
+            self.trailing_cr = False
+        if text.endswith("\r"):
+            self.trailing_cr = True
+            text = text[:-1]
+
+        if not text:
+            # NOTE: the edge case input of empty text doesn't occur in practice,
+            # because other httpx internals filter out this value
+            return []  # pragma: no cover
+
+        trailing_newline = text[-1] in NEWLINE_CHARS
+        lines = text.splitlines()
+
+        if len(lines) == 1 and not trailing_newline:
+            # No new lines, buffer the input and continue.
+            self.buffer.append(lines[0])
+            return []
+
+        if self.buffer:
+            # Include any existing buffer in the first portion of the
+            # splitlines result.
+            lines = ["".join(self.buffer) + lines[0]] + lines[1:]
+            self.buffer = []
+
+        if not trailing_newline:
+            # If the last segment of splitlines is not newline terminated,
+            # then drop it from our output and start a new buffer.
+            self.buffer = [lines.pop()]
+
+        return lines
+
+    def flush(self) -> list[str]:
+        if not self.buffer and not self.trailing_cr:
+            return []
+
+        lines = ["".join(self.buffer)]
+        self.buffer = []
+        self.trailing_cr = False
+        return lines
+
+
+SUPPORTED_DECODERS = {
+    "identity": IdentityDecoder,
+    "gzip": GZipDecoder,
+    "deflate": DeflateDecoder,
+    "br": BrotliDecoder,
+    "zstd": ZStandardDecoder,
+}
+
+
+if brotli is None:
+    SUPPORTED_DECODERS.pop("br")  # pragma: no cover
+if zstandard is None:
+    SUPPORTED_DECODERS.pop("zstd")  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77f45a6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+"""
+Our exception hierarchy:
+
+* HTTPError
+  x RequestError
+    + TransportError
+      - TimeoutException
+        · ConnectTimeout
+        · ReadTimeout
+        · WriteTimeout
+        · PoolTimeout
+      - NetworkError
+        · ConnectError
+        · ReadError
+        · WriteError
+        · CloseError
+      - ProtocolError
+        · LocalProtocolError
+        · RemoteProtocolError
+      - ProxyError
+      - UnsupportedProtocol
+    + DecodingError
+    + TooManyRedirects
+  x HTTPStatusError
+* InvalidURL
+* CookieConflict
+* StreamError
+  x StreamConsumed
+  x StreamClosed
+  x ResponseNotRead
+  x RequestNotRead
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._models import Request, Response  # pragma: no cover
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CloseError",
+    "ConnectError",
+    "ConnectTimeout",
+    "CookieConflict",
+    "DecodingError",
+    "HTTPError",
+    "HTTPStatusError",
+    "InvalidURL",
+    "LocalProtocolError",
+    "NetworkError",
+    "PoolTimeout",
+    "ProtocolError",
+    "ProxyError",
+    "ReadError",
+    "ReadTimeout",
+    "RemoteProtocolError",
+    "RequestError",
+    "RequestNotRead",
+    "ResponseNotRead",
+    "StreamClosed",
+    "StreamConsumed",
+    "StreamError",
+    "TimeoutException",
+    "TooManyRedirects",
+    "TransportError",
+    "UnsupportedProtocol",
+    "WriteError",
+    "WriteTimeout",
+]
+
+
+class HTTPError(Exception):
+    """
+    Base class for `RequestError` and `HTTPStatusError`.
+
+    Useful for `try...except` blocks when issuing a request,
+    and then calling `.raise_for_status()`.
+
+    For example:
+
+    ```
+    try:
+        response = httpx.get("https://www.example.com")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+    except httpx.HTTPError as exc:
+        print(f"HTTP Exception for {exc.request.url} - {exc}")
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self._request: Request | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def request(self) -> Request:
+        if self._request is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("The .request property has not been set.")
+        return self._request
+
+    @request.setter
+    def request(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        self._request = request
+
+
+class RequestError(HTTPError):
+    """
+    Base class for all exceptions that may occur when issuing a `.request()`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *, request: Request | None = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        # At the point an exception is raised we won't typically have a request
+        # instance to associate it with.
+        #
+        # The 'request_context' context manager is used within the Client and
+        # Response methods in order to ensure that any raised exceptions
+        # have a `.request` property set on them.
+        self._request = request
+
+
+class TransportError(RequestError):
+    """
+    Base class for all exceptions that occur at the level of the Transport API.
+    """
+
+
+# Timeout exceptions...
+
+
+class TimeoutException(TransportError):
+    """
+    The base class for timeout errors.
+
+    An operation has timed out.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    """
+    Timed out while connecting to the host.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    """
+    Timed out while receiving data from the host.
+    """
+
+
+class WriteTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    """
+    Timed out while sending data to the host.
+    """
+
+
+class PoolTimeout(TimeoutException):
+    """
+    Timed out waiting to acquire a connection from the pool.
+    """
+
+
+# Core networking exceptions...
+
+
+class NetworkError(TransportError):
+    """
+    The base class for network-related errors.
+
+    An error occurred while interacting with the network.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadError(NetworkError):
+    """
+    Failed to receive data from the network.
+    """
+
+
+class WriteError(NetworkError):
+    """
+    Failed to send data through the network.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectError(NetworkError):
+    """
+    Failed to establish a connection.
+    """
+
+
+class CloseError(NetworkError):
+    """
+    Failed to close a connection.
+    """
+
+
+# Other transport exceptions...
+
+
+class ProxyError(TransportError):
+    """
+    An error occurred while establishing a proxy connection.
+    """
+
+
+class UnsupportedProtocol(TransportError):
+    """
+    Attempted to make a request to an unsupported protocol.
+
+    For example issuing a request to `ftp://www.example.com`.
+    """
+
+
+class ProtocolError(TransportError):
+    """
+    The protocol was violated.
+    """
+
+
+class LocalProtocolError(ProtocolError):
+    """
+    A protocol was violated by the client.
+
+    For example if the user instantiated a `Request` instance explicitly,
+    failed to include the mandatory `Host:` header, and then issued it directly
+    using `client.send()`.
+    """
+
+
+class RemoteProtocolError(ProtocolError):
+    """
+    The protocol was violated by the server.
+
+    For example, returning malformed HTTP.
+    """
+
+
+# Other request exceptions...
+
+
+class DecodingError(RequestError):
+    """
+    Decoding of the response failed, due to a malformed encoding.
+    """
+
+
+class TooManyRedirects(RequestError):
+    """
+    Too many redirects.
+    """
+
+
+# Client errors
+
+
+class HTTPStatusError(HTTPError):
+    """
+    The response had an error HTTP status of 4xx or 5xx.
+
+    May be raised when calling `response.raise_for_status()`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *, request: Request, response: Response) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.request = request
+        self.response = response
+
+
+class InvalidURL(Exception):
+    """
+    URL is improperly formed or cannot be parsed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class CookieConflict(Exception):
+    """
+    Attempted to lookup a cookie by name, but multiple cookies existed.
+
+    Can occur when calling `response.cookies.get(...)`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+# Stream exceptions...
+
+# These may occur as the result of a programming error, by accessing
+# the request/response stream in an invalid manner.
+
+
+class StreamError(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    The base class for stream exceptions.
+
+    The developer made an error in accessing the request stream in
+    an invalid way.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class StreamConsumed(StreamError):
+    """
+    Attempted to read or stream content, but the content has already
+    been streamed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = (
+            "Attempted to read or stream some content, but the content has "
+            "already been streamed. For requests, this could be due to passing "
+            "a generator as request content, and then receiving a redirect "
+            "response or a secondary request as part of an authentication flow."
+            "For responses, this could be due to attempting to stream the response "
+            "content more than once."
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class StreamClosed(StreamError):
+    """
+    Attempted to read or stream response content, but the request has been
+    closed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = (
+            "Attempted to read or stream content, but the stream has " "been closed."
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class ResponseNotRead(StreamError):
+    """
+    Attempted to access streaming response content, without having called `read()`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = (
+            "Attempted to access streaming response content,"
+            " without having called `read()`."
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class RequestNotRead(StreamError):
+    """
+    Attempted to access streaming request content, without having called `read()`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = (
+            "Attempted to access streaming request content,"
+            " without having called `read()`."
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def request_context(
+    request: Request | None = None,
+) -> typing.Iterator[None]:
+    """
+    A context manager that can be used to attach the given request context
+    to any `RequestError` exceptions that are raised within the block.
+    """
+    try:
+        yield
+    except RequestError as exc:
+        if request is not None:
+            exc.request = request
+        raise exc
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cffa4bb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import json
+import sys
+import typing
+
+import click
+import pygments.lexers
+import pygments.util
+import rich.console
+import rich.markup
+import rich.progress
+import rich.syntax
+import rich.table
+
+from ._client import Client
+from ._exceptions import RequestError
+from ._models import Response
+from ._status_codes import codes
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import httpcore  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def print_help() -> None:
+    console = rich.console.Console()
+
+    console.print("[bold]HTTPX :butterfly:", justify="center")
+    console.print()
+    console.print("A next generation HTTP client.", justify="center")
+    console.print()
+    console.print(
+        "Usage: [bold]httpx[/bold] [cyan]<URL> [OPTIONS][/cyan] ", justify="left"
+    )
+    console.print()
+
+    table = rich.table.Table.grid(padding=1, pad_edge=True)
+    table.add_column("Parameter", no_wrap=True, justify="left", style="bold")
+    table.add_column("Description")
+    table.add_row(
+        "-m, --method [cyan]METHOD",
+        "Request method, such as GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS, HEAD.\n"
+        "[Default: GET, or POST if a request body is included]",
+    )
+    table.add_row(
+        "-p, --params [cyan]<NAME VALUE> ...",
+        "Query parameters to include in the request URL.",
+    )
+    table.add_row(
+        "-c, --content [cyan]TEXT", "Byte content to include in the request body."
+    )
+    table.add_row(
+        "-d, --data [cyan]<NAME VALUE> ...", "Form data to include in the request body."
+    )
+    table.add_row(
+        "-f, --files [cyan]<NAME FILENAME> ...",
+        "Form files to include in the request body.",
+    )
+    table.add_row("-j, --json [cyan]TEXT", "JSON data to include in the request body.")
+    table.add_row(
+        "-h, --headers [cyan]<NAME VALUE> ...",
+        "Include additional HTTP headers in the request.",
+    )
+    table.add_row(
+        "--cookies [cyan]<NAME VALUE> ...", "Cookies to include in the request."
+    )
+    table.add_row(
+        "--auth [cyan]<USER PASS>",
+        "Username and password to include in the request. Specify '-' for the password"
+        " to use a password prompt. Note that using --verbose/-v will expose"
+        " the Authorization header, including the password encoding"
+        " in a trivially reversible format.",
+    )
+
+    table.add_row(
+        "--proxy [cyan]URL",
+        "Send the request via a proxy. Should be the URL giving the proxy address.",
+    )
+
+    table.add_row(
+        "--timeout [cyan]FLOAT",
+        "Timeout value to use for network operations, such as establishing the"
+        " connection, reading some data, etc... [Default: 5.0]",
+    )
+
+    table.add_row("--follow-redirects", "Automatically follow redirects.")
+    table.add_row("--no-verify", "Disable SSL verification.")
+    table.add_row(
+        "--http2", "Send the request using HTTP/2, if the remote server supports it."
+    )
+
+    table.add_row(
+        "--download [cyan]FILE",
+        "Save the response content as a file, rather than displaying it.",
+    )
+
+    table.add_row("-v, --verbose", "Verbose output. Show request as well as response.")
+    table.add_row("--help", "Show this message and exit.")
+    console.print(table)
+
+
+def get_lexer_for_response(response: Response) -> str:
+    content_type = response.headers.get("Content-Type")
+    if content_type is not None:
+        mime_type, _, _ = content_type.partition(";")
+        try:
+            return typing.cast(
+                str, pygments.lexers.get_lexer_for_mimetype(mime_type.strip()).name
+            )
+        except pygments.util.ClassNotFound:  # pragma: no cover
+            pass
+    return ""  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def format_request_headers(request: httpcore.Request, http2: bool = False) -> str:
+    version = "HTTP/2" if http2 else "HTTP/1.1"
+    headers = [
+        (name.lower() if http2 else name, value) for name, value in request.headers
+    ]
+    method = request.method.decode("ascii")
+    target = request.url.target.decode("ascii")
+    lines = [f"{method} {target} {version}"] + [
+        f"{name.decode('ascii')}: {value.decode('ascii')}" for name, value in headers
+    ]
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def format_response_headers(
+    http_version: bytes,
+    status: int,
+    reason_phrase: bytes | None,
+    headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+) -> str:
+    version = http_version.decode("ascii")
+    reason = (
+        codes.get_reason_phrase(status)
+        if reason_phrase is None
+        else reason_phrase.decode("ascii")
+    )
+    lines = [f"{version} {status} {reason}"] + [
+        f"{name.decode('ascii')}: {value.decode('ascii')}" for name, value in headers
+    ]
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def print_request_headers(request: httpcore.Request, http2: bool = False) -> None:
+    console = rich.console.Console()
+    http_text = format_request_headers(request, http2=http2)
+    syntax = rich.syntax.Syntax(http_text, "http", theme="ansi_dark", word_wrap=True)
+    console.print(syntax)
+    syntax = rich.syntax.Syntax("", "http", theme="ansi_dark", word_wrap=True)
+    console.print(syntax)
+
+
+def print_response_headers(
+    http_version: bytes,
+    status: int,
+    reason_phrase: bytes | None,
+    headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+) -> None:
+    console = rich.console.Console()
+    http_text = format_response_headers(http_version, status, reason_phrase, headers)
+    syntax = rich.syntax.Syntax(http_text, "http", theme="ansi_dark", word_wrap=True)
+    console.print(syntax)
+    syntax = rich.syntax.Syntax("", "http", theme="ansi_dark", word_wrap=True)
+    console.print(syntax)
+
+
+def print_response(response: Response) -> None:
+    console = rich.console.Console()
+    lexer_name = get_lexer_for_response(response)
+    if lexer_name:
+        if lexer_name.lower() == "json":
+            try:
+                data = response.json()
+                text = json.dumps(data, indent=4)
+            except ValueError:  # pragma: no cover
+                text = response.text
+        else:
+            text = response.text
+
+        syntax = rich.syntax.Syntax(text, lexer_name, theme="ansi_dark", word_wrap=True)
+        console.print(syntax)
+    else:
+        console.print(f"<{len(response.content)} bytes of binary data>")
+
+
+_PCTRTT = typing.Tuple[typing.Tuple[str, str], ...]
+_PCTRTTT = typing.Tuple[_PCTRTT, ...]
+_PeerCertRetDictType = typing.Dict[str, typing.Union[str, _PCTRTTT, _PCTRTT]]
+
+
+def format_certificate(cert: _PeerCertRetDictType) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
+    lines = []
+    for key, value in cert.items():
+        if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            lines.append(f"*   {key}:")
+            for item in value:
+                if key in ("subject", "issuer"):
+                    for sub_item in item:
+                        lines.append(f"*     {sub_item[0]}: {sub_item[1]!r}")
+                elif isinstance(item, tuple) and len(item) == 2:
+                    lines.append(f"*     {item[0]}: {item[1]!r}")
+                else:
+                    lines.append(f"*     {item!r}")
+        else:
+            lines.append(f"*   {key}: {value!r}")
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def trace(
+    name: str, info: typing.Mapping[str, typing.Any], verbose: bool = False
+) -> None:
+    console = rich.console.Console()
+    if name == "connection.connect_tcp.started" and verbose:
+        host = info["host"]
+        console.print(f"* Connecting to {host!r}")
+    elif name == "connection.connect_tcp.complete" and verbose:
+        stream = info["return_value"]
+        server_addr = stream.get_extra_info("server_addr")
+        console.print(f"* Connected to {server_addr[0]!r} on port {server_addr[1]}")
+    elif name == "connection.start_tls.complete" and verbose:  # pragma: no cover
+        stream = info["return_value"]
+        ssl_object = stream.get_extra_info("ssl_object")
+        version = ssl_object.version()
+        cipher = ssl_object.cipher()
+        server_cert = ssl_object.getpeercert()
+        alpn = ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol()
+        console.print(f"* SSL established using {version!r} / {cipher[0]!r}")
+        console.print(f"* Selected ALPN protocol: {alpn!r}")
+        if server_cert:
+            console.print("* Server certificate:")
+            console.print(format_certificate(server_cert))
+    elif name == "http11.send_request_headers.started" and verbose:
+        request = info["request"]
+        print_request_headers(request, http2=False)
+    elif name == "http2.send_request_headers.started" and verbose:  # pragma: no cover
+        request = info["request"]
+        print_request_headers(request, http2=True)
+    elif name == "http11.receive_response_headers.complete":
+        http_version, status, reason_phrase, headers = info["return_value"]
+        print_response_headers(http_version, status, reason_phrase, headers)
+    elif name == "http2.receive_response_headers.complete":  # pragma: no cover
+        status, headers = info["return_value"]
+        http_version = b"HTTP/2"
+        reason_phrase = None
+        print_response_headers(http_version, status, reason_phrase, headers)
+
+
+def download_response(response: Response, download: typing.BinaryIO) -> None:
+    console = rich.console.Console()
+    console.print()
+    content_length = response.headers.get("Content-Length")
+    with rich.progress.Progress(
+        "[progress.description]{task.description}",
+        "[progress.percentage]{task.percentage:>3.0f}%",
+        rich.progress.BarColumn(bar_width=None),
+        rich.progress.DownloadColumn(),
+        rich.progress.TransferSpeedColumn(),
+    ) as progress:
+        description = f"Downloading [bold]{rich.markup.escape(download.name)}"
+        download_task = progress.add_task(
+            description,
+            total=int(content_length or 0),
+            start=content_length is not None,
+        )
+        for chunk in response.iter_bytes():
+            download.write(chunk)
+            progress.update(download_task, completed=response.num_bytes_downloaded)
+
+
+def validate_json(
+    ctx: click.Context,
+    param: click.Option | click.Parameter,
+    value: typing.Any,
+) -> typing.Any:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        return json.loads(value)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:  # pragma: no cover
+        raise click.BadParameter("Not valid JSON")
+
+
+def validate_auth(
+    ctx: click.Context,
+    param: click.Option | click.Parameter,
+    value: typing.Any,
+) -> typing.Any:
+    if value == (None, None):
+        return None
+
+    username, password = value
+    if password == "-":  # pragma: no cover
+        password = click.prompt("Password", hide_input=True)
+    return (username, password)
+
+
+def handle_help(
+    ctx: click.Context,
+    param: click.Option | click.Parameter,
+    value: typing.Any,
+) -> None:
+    if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
+        return
+
+    print_help()
+    ctx.exit()
+
+
+@click.command(add_help_option=False)
+@click.argument("url", type=str)
+@click.option(
+    "--method",
+    "-m",
+    "method",
+    type=str,
+    help=(
+        "Request method, such as GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, OPTIONS, HEAD. "
+        "[Default: GET, or POST if a request body is included]"
+    ),
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--params",
+    "-p",
+    "params",
+    type=(str, str),
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Query parameters to include in the request URL.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--content",
+    "-c",
+    "content",
+    type=str,
+    help="Byte content to include in the request body.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--data",
+    "-d",
+    "data",
+    type=(str, str),
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Form data to include in the request body.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--files",
+    "-f",
+    "files",
+    type=(str, click.File(mode="rb")),
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Form files to include in the request body.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--json",
+    "-j",
+    "json",
+    type=str,
+    callback=validate_json,
+    help="JSON data to include in the request body.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--headers",
+    "-h",
+    "headers",
+    type=(str, str),
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Include additional HTTP headers in the request.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--cookies",
+    "cookies",
+    type=(str, str),
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Cookies to include in the request.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--auth",
+    "auth",
+    type=(str, str),
+    default=(None, None),
+    callback=validate_auth,
+    help=(
+        "Username and password to include in the request. "
+        "Specify '-' for the password to use a password prompt. "
+        "Note that using --verbose/-v will expose the Authorization header, "
+        "including the password encoding in a trivially reversible format."
+    ),
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--proxy",
+    "proxy",
+    type=str,
+    default=None,
+    help="Send the request via a proxy. Should be the URL giving the proxy address.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--timeout",
+    "timeout",
+    type=float,
+    default=5.0,
+    help=(
+        "Timeout value to use for network operations, such as establishing the "
+        "connection, reading some data, etc... [Default: 5.0]"
+    ),
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--follow-redirects",
+    "follow_redirects",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Automatically follow redirects.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--no-verify",
+    "verify",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=True,
+    help="Disable SSL verification.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--http2",
+    "http2",
+    type=bool,
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Send the request using HTTP/2, if the remote server supports it.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--download",
+    type=click.File("wb"),
+    help="Save the response content as a file, rather than displaying it.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--verbose",
+    "-v",
+    type=bool,
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Verbose. Show request as well as response.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--help",
+    is_flag=True,
+    is_eager=True,
+    expose_value=False,
+    callback=handle_help,
+    help="Show this message and exit.",
+)
+def main(
+    url: str,
+    method: str,
+    params: list[tuple[str, str]],
+    content: str,
+    data: list[tuple[str, str]],
+    files: list[tuple[str, click.File]],
+    json: str,
+    headers: list[tuple[str, str]],
+    cookies: list[tuple[str, str]],
+    auth: tuple[str, str] | None,
+    proxy: str,
+    timeout: float,
+    follow_redirects: bool,
+    verify: bool,
+    http2: bool,
+    download: typing.BinaryIO | None,
+    verbose: bool,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    An HTTP command line client.
+    Sends a request and displays the response.
+    """
+    if not method:
+        method = "POST" if content or data or files or json else "GET"
+
+    try:
+        with Client(proxy=proxy, timeout=timeout, http2=http2, verify=verify) as client:
+            with client.stream(
+                method,
+                url,
+                params=list(params),
+                content=content,
+                data=dict(data),
+                files=files,  # type: ignore
+                json=json,
+                headers=headers,
+                cookies=dict(cookies),
+                auth=auth,
+                follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+                extensions={"trace": functools.partial(trace, verbose=verbose)},
+            ) as response:
+                if download is not None:
+                    download_response(response, download)
+                else:
+                    response.read()
+                    if response.content:
+                        print_response(response)
+
+    except RequestError as exc:
+        console = rich.console.Console()
+        console.print(f"[red]{type(exc).__name__}[/red]: {exc}")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    sys.exit(0 if response.is_success else 1)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67d74bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1277 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import codecs
+import datetime
+import email.message
+import json as jsonlib
+import re
+import typing
+import urllib.request
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from http.cookiejar import Cookie, CookieJar
+
+from ._content import ByteStream, UnattachedStream, encode_request, encode_response
+from ._decoders import (
+    SUPPORTED_DECODERS,
+    ByteChunker,
+    ContentDecoder,
+    IdentityDecoder,
+    LineDecoder,
+    MultiDecoder,
+    TextChunker,
+    TextDecoder,
+)
+from ._exceptions import (
+    CookieConflict,
+    HTTPStatusError,
+    RequestNotRead,
+    ResponseNotRead,
+    StreamClosed,
+    StreamConsumed,
+    request_context,
+)
+from ._multipart import get_multipart_boundary_from_content_type
+from ._status_codes import codes
+from ._types import (
+    AsyncByteStream,
+    CookieTypes,
+    HeaderTypes,
+    QueryParamTypes,
+    RequestContent,
+    RequestData,
+    RequestExtensions,
+    RequestFiles,
+    ResponseContent,
+    ResponseExtensions,
+    SyncByteStream,
+)
+from ._urls import URL
+from ._utils import to_bytes_or_str, to_str
+
+__all__ = ["Cookies", "Headers", "Request", "Response"]
+
+SENSITIVE_HEADERS = {"authorization", "proxy-authorization"}
+
+
+def _is_known_encoding(encoding: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return `True` if `encoding` is a known codec.
+    """
+    try:
+        codecs.lookup(encoding)
+    except LookupError:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def _normalize_header_key(key: str | bytes, encoding: str | None = None) -> bytes:
+    """
+    Coerce str/bytes into a strictly byte-wise HTTP header key.
+    """
+    return key if isinstance(key, bytes) else key.encode(encoding or "ascii")
+
+
+def _normalize_header_value(value: str | bytes, encoding: str | None = None) -> bytes:
+    """
+    Coerce str/bytes into a strictly byte-wise HTTP header value.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        return value
+    if not isinstance(value, str):
+        raise TypeError(f"Header value must be str or bytes, not {type(value)}")
+    return value.encode(encoding or "ascii")
+
+
+def _parse_content_type_charset(content_type: str) -> str | None:
+    # We used to use `cgi.parse_header()` here, but `cgi` became a dead battery.
+    # See: https://peps.python.org/pep-0594/#cgi
+    msg = email.message.Message()
+    msg["content-type"] = content_type
+    return msg.get_content_charset(failobj=None)
+
+
+def _parse_header_links(value: str) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Returns a list of parsed link headers, for more info see:
+    https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Link
+    The generic syntax of those is:
+    Link: < uri-reference >; param1=value1; param2="value2"
+    So for instance:
+    Link; '<http:/.../front.jpeg>; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>;'
+    would return
+        [
+            {"url": "http:/.../front.jpeg", "type": "image/jpeg"},
+            {"url": "http://.../back.jpeg"},
+        ]
+    :param value: HTTP Link entity-header field
+    :return: list of parsed link headers
+    """
+    links: list[dict[str, str]] = []
+    replace_chars = " '\""
+    value = value.strip(replace_chars)
+    if not value:
+        return links
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
+        try:
+            url, params = val.split(";", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            url, params = val, ""
+        link = {"url": url.strip("<> '\"")}
+        for param in params.split(";"):
+            try:
+                key, value = param.split("=")
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars)
+        links.append(link)
+    return links
+
+
+def _obfuscate_sensitive_headers(
+    items: typing.Iterable[tuple[typing.AnyStr, typing.AnyStr]],
+) -> typing.Iterator[tuple[typing.AnyStr, typing.AnyStr]]:
+    for k, v in items:
+        if to_str(k.lower()) in SENSITIVE_HEADERS:
+            v = to_bytes_or_str("[secure]", match_type_of=v)
+        yield k, v
+
+
+class Headers(typing.MutableMapping[str, str]):
+    """
+    HTTP headers, as a case-insensitive multi-dict.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._list = []  # type: typing.List[typing.Tuple[bytes, bytes, bytes]]
+
+        if isinstance(headers, Headers):
+            self._list = list(headers._list)
+        elif isinstance(headers, Mapping):
+            for k, v in headers.items():
+                bytes_key = _normalize_header_key(k, encoding)
+                bytes_value = _normalize_header_value(v, encoding)
+                self._list.append((bytes_key, bytes_key.lower(), bytes_value))
+        elif headers is not None:
+            for k, v in headers:
+                bytes_key = _normalize_header_key(k, encoding)
+                bytes_value = _normalize_header_value(v, encoding)
+                self._list.append((bytes_key, bytes_key.lower(), bytes_value))
+
+        self._encoding = encoding
+
+    @property
+    def encoding(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Header encoding is mandated as ascii, but we allow fallbacks to utf-8
+        or iso-8859-1.
+        """
+        if self._encoding is None:
+            for encoding in ["ascii", "utf-8"]:
+                for key, value in self.raw:
+                    try:
+                        key.decode(encoding)
+                        value.decode(encoding)
+                    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    # The else block runs if 'break' did not occur, meaning
+                    # all values fitted the encoding.
+                    self._encoding = encoding
+                    break
+            else:
+                # The ISO-8859-1 encoding covers all 256 code points in a byte,
+                # so will never raise decode errors.
+                self._encoding = "iso-8859-1"
+        return self._encoding
+
+    @encoding.setter
+    def encoding(self, value: str) -> None:
+        self._encoding = value
+
+    @property
+    def raw(self) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of the raw header items, as byte pairs.
+        """
+        return [(raw_key, value) for raw_key, _, value in self._list]
+
+    def keys(self) -> typing.KeysView[str]:
+        return {key.decode(self.encoding): None for _, key, value in self._list}.keys()
+
+    def values(self) -> typing.ValuesView[str]:
+        values_dict: dict[str, str] = {}
+        for _, key, value in self._list:
+            str_key = key.decode(self.encoding)
+            str_value = value.decode(self.encoding)
+            if str_key in values_dict:
+                values_dict[str_key] += f", {str_value}"
+            else:
+                values_dict[str_key] = str_value
+        return values_dict.values()
+
+    def items(self) -> typing.ItemsView[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return `(key, value)` items of headers. Concatenate headers
+        into a single comma separated value when a key occurs multiple times.
+        """
+        values_dict: dict[str, str] = {}
+        for _, key, value in self._list:
+            str_key = key.decode(self.encoding)
+            str_value = value.decode(self.encoding)
+            if str_key in values_dict:
+                values_dict[str_key] += f", {str_value}"
+            else:
+                values_dict[str_key] = str_value
+        return values_dict.items()
+
+    def multi_items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        """
+        Return a list of `(key, value)` pairs of headers. Allow multiple
+        occurrences of the same key without concatenating into a single
+        comma separated value.
+        """
+        return [
+            (key.decode(self.encoding), value.decode(self.encoding))
+            for _, key, value in self._list
+        ]
+
+    def get(self, key: str, default: typing.Any = None) -> typing.Any:
+        """
+        Return a header value. If multiple occurrences of the header occur
+        then concatenate them together with commas.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def get_list(self, key: str, split_commas: bool = False) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Return a list of all header values for a given key.
+        If `split_commas=True` is passed, then any comma separated header
+        values are split into multiple return strings.
+        """
+        get_header_key = key.lower().encode(self.encoding)
+
+        values = [
+            item_value.decode(self.encoding)
+            for _, item_key, item_value in self._list
+            if item_key.lower() == get_header_key
+        ]
+
+        if not split_commas:
+            return values
+
+        split_values = []
+        for value in values:
+            split_values.extend([item.strip() for item in value.split(",")])
+        return split_values
+
+    def update(self, headers: HeaderTypes | None = None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        headers = Headers(headers)
+        for key in headers.keys():
+            if key in self:
+                self.pop(key)
+        self._list.extend(headers._list)
+
+    def copy(self) -> Headers:
+        return Headers(self, encoding=self.encoding)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single header value.
+
+        If there are multiple headers with the same key, then we concatenate
+        them with commas. See: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2.2
+        """
+        normalized_key = key.lower().encode(self.encoding)
+
+        items = [
+            header_value.decode(self.encoding)
+            for _, header_key, header_value in self._list
+            if header_key == normalized_key
+        ]
+
+        if items:
+            return ", ".join(items)
+
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the header `key` to `value`, removing any duplicate entries.
+        Retains insertion order.
+        """
+        set_key = key.encode(self._encoding or "utf-8")
+        set_value = value.encode(self._encoding or "utf-8")
+        lookup_key = set_key.lower()
+
+        found_indexes = [
+            idx
+            for idx, (_, item_key, _) in enumerate(self._list)
+            if item_key == lookup_key
+        ]
+
+        for idx in reversed(found_indexes[1:]):
+            del self._list[idx]
+
+        if found_indexes:
+            idx = found_indexes[0]
+            self._list[idx] = (set_key, lookup_key, set_value)
+        else:
+            self._list.append((set_key, lookup_key, set_value))
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Remove the header `key`.
+        """
+        del_key = key.lower().encode(self.encoding)
+
+        pop_indexes = [
+            idx
+            for idx, (_, item_key, _) in enumerate(self._list)
+            if item_key.lower() == del_key
+        ]
+
+        if not pop_indexes:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+
+        for idx in reversed(pop_indexes):
+            del self._list[idx]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        header_key = key.lower().encode(self.encoding)
+        return header_key in [key for _, key, _ in self._list]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[typing.Any]:
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._list)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        try:
+            other_headers = Headers(other)
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        self_list = [(key, value) for _, key, value in self._list]
+        other_list = [(key, value) for _, key, value in other_headers._list]
+        return sorted(self_list) == sorted(other_list)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+
+        encoding_str = ""
+        if self.encoding != "ascii":
+            encoding_str = f", encoding={self.encoding!r}"
+
+        as_list = list(_obfuscate_sensitive_headers(self.multi_items()))
+        as_dict = dict(as_list)
+
+        no_duplicate_keys = len(as_dict) == len(as_list)
+        if no_duplicate_keys:
+            return f"{class_name}({as_dict!r}{encoding_str})"
+        return f"{class_name}({as_list!r}{encoding_str})"
+
+
+class Request:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: URL | str,
+        *,
+        params: QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: CookieTypes | None = None,
+        content: RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: RequestData | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        stream: SyncByteStream | AsyncByteStream | None = None,
+        extensions: RequestExtensions | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.method = method.upper()
+        self.url = URL(url) if params is None else URL(url, params=params)
+        self.headers = Headers(headers)
+        self.extensions = {} if extensions is None else dict(extensions)
+
+        if cookies:
+            Cookies(cookies).set_cookie_header(self)
+
+        if stream is None:
+            content_type: str | None = self.headers.get("content-type")
+            headers, stream = encode_request(
+                content=content,
+                data=data,
+                files=files,
+                json=json,
+                boundary=get_multipart_boundary_from_content_type(
+                    content_type=content_type.encode(self.headers.encoding)
+                    if content_type
+                    else None
+                ),
+            )
+            self._prepare(headers)
+            self.stream = stream
+            # Load the request body, except for streaming content.
+            if isinstance(stream, ByteStream):
+                self.read()
+        else:
+            # There's an important distinction between `Request(content=...)`,
+            # and `Request(stream=...)`.
+            #
+            # Using `content=...` implies automatically populated `Host` and content
+            # headers, of either `Content-Length: ...` or `Transfer-Encoding: chunked`.
+            #
+            # Using `stream=...` will not automatically include *any*
+            # auto-populated headers.
+            #
+            # As an end-user you don't really need `stream=...`. It's only
+            # useful when:
+            #
+            # * Preserving the request stream when copying requests, eg for redirects.
+            # * Creating request instances on the *server-side* of the transport API.
+            self.stream = stream
+
+    def _prepare(self, default_headers: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        for key, value in default_headers.items():
+            # Ignore Transfer-Encoding if the Content-Length has been set explicitly.
+            if key.lower() == "transfer-encoding" and "Content-Length" in self.headers:
+                continue
+            self.headers.setdefault(key, value)
+
+        auto_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+
+        has_host = "Host" in self.headers
+        has_content_length = (
+            "Content-Length" in self.headers or "Transfer-Encoding" in self.headers
+        )
+
+        if not has_host and self.url.host:
+            auto_headers.append((b"Host", self.url.netloc))
+        if not has_content_length and self.method in ("POST", "PUT", "PATCH"):
+            auto_headers.append((b"Content-Length", b"0"))
+
+        self.headers = Headers(auto_headers + self.headers.raw)
+
+    @property
+    def content(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            raise RequestNotRead()
+        return self._content
+
+    def read(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read and return the request content.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            assert isinstance(self.stream, typing.Iterable)
+            self._content = b"".join(self.stream)
+            if not isinstance(self.stream, ByteStream):
+                # If a streaming request has been read entirely into memory, then
+                # we can replace the stream with a raw bytes implementation,
+                # to ensure that any non-replayable streams can still be used.
+                self.stream = ByteStream(self._content)
+        return self._content
+
+    async def aread(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read and return the request content.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            assert isinstance(self.stream, typing.AsyncIterable)
+            self._content = b"".join([part async for part in self.stream])
+            if not isinstance(self.stream, ByteStream):
+                # If a streaming request has been read entirely into memory, then
+                # we can replace the stream with a raw bytes implementation,
+                # to ensure that any non-replayable streams can still be used.
+                self.stream = ByteStream(self._content)
+        return self._content
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        url = str(self.url)
+        return f"<{class_name}({self.method!r}, {url!r})>"
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        return {
+            name: value
+            for name, value in self.__dict__.items()
+            if name not in ["extensions", "stream"]
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: dict[str, typing.Any]) -> None:
+        for name, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+        self.extensions = {}
+        self.stream = UnattachedStream()
+
+
+class Response:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status_code: int,
+        *,
+        headers: HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        content: ResponseContent | None = None,
+        text: str | None = None,
+        html: str | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any = None,
+        stream: SyncByteStream | AsyncByteStream | None = None,
+        request: Request | None = None,
+        extensions: ResponseExtensions | None = None,
+        history: list[Response] | None = None,
+        default_encoding: str | typing.Callable[[bytes], str] = "utf-8",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        self.headers = Headers(headers)
+
+        self._request: Request | None = request
+
+        # When follow_redirects=False and a redirect is received,
+        # the client will set `response.next_request`.
+        self.next_request: Request | None = None
+
+        self.extensions = {} if extensions is None else dict(extensions)
+        self.history = [] if history is None else list(history)
+
+        self.is_closed = False
+        self.is_stream_consumed = False
+
+        self.default_encoding = default_encoding
+
+        if stream is None:
+            headers, stream = encode_response(content, text, html, json)
+            self._prepare(headers)
+            self.stream = stream
+            if isinstance(stream, ByteStream):
+                # Load the response body, except for streaming content.
+                self.read()
+        else:
+            # There's an important distinction between `Response(content=...)`,
+            # and `Response(stream=...)`.
+            #
+            # Using `content=...` implies automatically populated content headers,
+            # of either `Content-Length: ...` or `Transfer-Encoding: chunked`.
+            #
+            # Using `stream=...` will not automatically include any content headers.
+            #
+            # As an end-user you don't really need `stream=...`. It's only
+            # useful when creating response instances having received a stream
+            # from the transport API.
+            self.stream = stream
+
+        self._num_bytes_downloaded = 0
+
+    def _prepare(self, default_headers: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        for key, value in default_headers.items():
+            # Ignore Transfer-Encoding if the Content-Length has been set explicitly.
+            if key.lower() == "transfer-encoding" and "content-length" in self.headers:
+                continue
+            self.headers.setdefault(key, value)
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed(self) -> datetime.timedelta:
+        """
+        Returns the time taken for the complete request/response
+        cycle to complete.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_elapsed"):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "'.elapsed' may only be accessed after the response "
+                "has been read or closed."
+            )
+        return self._elapsed
+
+    @elapsed.setter
+    def elapsed(self, elapsed: datetime.timedelta) -> None:
+        self._elapsed = elapsed
+
+    @property
+    def request(self) -> Request:
+        """
+        Returns the request instance associated to the current response.
+        """
+        if self._request is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "The request instance has not been set on this response."
+            )
+        return self._request
+
+    @request.setter
+    def request(self, value: Request) -> None:
+        self._request = value
+
+    @property
+    def http_version(self) -> str:
+        try:
+            http_version: bytes = self.extensions["http_version"]
+        except KeyError:
+            return "HTTP/1.1"
+        else:
+            return http_version.decode("ascii", errors="ignore")
+
+    @property
+    def reason_phrase(self) -> str:
+        try:
+            reason_phrase: bytes = self.extensions["reason_phrase"]
+        except KeyError:
+            return codes.get_reason_phrase(self.status_code)
+        else:
+            return reason_phrase.decode("ascii", errors="ignore")
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> URL:
+        """
+        Returns the URL for which the request was made.
+        """
+        return self.request.url
+
+    @property
+    def content(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            raise ResponseNotRead()
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_text"):
+            content = self.content
+            if not content:
+                self._text = ""
+            else:
+                decoder = TextDecoder(encoding=self.encoding or "utf-8")
+                self._text = "".join([decoder.decode(self.content), decoder.flush()])
+        return self._text
+
+    @property
+    def encoding(self) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Return an encoding to use for decoding the byte content into text.
+        The priority for determining this is given by...
+
+        * `.encoding = <>` has been set explicitly.
+        * The encoding as specified by the charset parameter in the Content-Type header.
+        * The encoding as determined by `default_encoding`, which may either be
+          a string like "utf-8" indicating the encoding to use, or may be a callable
+          which enables charset autodetection.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_encoding"):
+            encoding = self.charset_encoding
+            if encoding is None or not _is_known_encoding(encoding):
+                if isinstance(self.default_encoding, str):
+                    encoding = self.default_encoding
+                elif hasattr(self, "_content"):
+                    encoding = self.default_encoding(self._content)
+            self._encoding = encoding or "utf-8"
+        return self._encoding
+
+    @encoding.setter
+    def encoding(self, value: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the encoding to use for decoding the byte content into text.
+
+        If the `text` attribute has been accessed, attempting to set the
+        encoding will throw a ValueError.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "_text"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Setting encoding after `text` has been accessed is not allowed."
+            )
+        self._encoding = value
+
+    @property
+    def charset_encoding(self) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Return the encoding, as specified by the Content-Type header.
+        """
+        content_type = self.headers.get("Content-Type")
+        if content_type is None:
+            return None
+
+        return _parse_content_type_charset(content_type)
+
+    def _get_content_decoder(self) -> ContentDecoder:
+        """
+        Returns a decoder instance which can be used to decode the raw byte
+        content, depending on the Content-Encoding used in the response.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_decoder"):
+            decoders: list[ContentDecoder] = []
+            values = self.headers.get_list("content-encoding", split_commas=True)
+            for value in values:
+                value = value.strip().lower()
+                try:
+                    decoder_cls = SUPPORTED_DECODERS[value]
+                    decoders.append(decoder_cls())
+                except KeyError:
+                    continue
+
+            if len(decoders) == 1:
+                self._decoder = decoders[0]
+            elif len(decoders) > 1:
+                self._decoder = MultiDecoder(children=decoders)
+            else:
+                self._decoder = IdentityDecoder()
+
+        return self._decoder
+
+    @property
+    def is_informational(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        A property which is `True` for 1xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return codes.is_informational(self.status_code)
+
+    @property
+    def is_success(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        A property which is `True` for 2xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return codes.is_success(self.status_code)
+
+    @property
+    def is_redirect(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        A property which is `True` for 3xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+
+        Note that not all responses with a 3xx status code indicate a URL redirect.
+
+        Use `response.has_redirect_location` to determine responses with a properly
+        formed URL redirection.
+        """
+        return codes.is_redirect(self.status_code)
+
+    @property
+    def is_client_error(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        A property which is `True` for 4xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return codes.is_client_error(self.status_code)
+
+    @property
+    def is_server_error(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        A property which is `True` for 5xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return codes.is_server_error(self.status_code)
+
+    @property
+    def is_error(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        A property which is `True` for 4xx and 5xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return codes.is_error(self.status_code)
+
+    @property
+    def has_redirect_location(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True for 3xx responses with a properly formed URL redirection,
+        `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return (
+            self.status_code
+            in (
+                # 301 (Cacheable redirect. Method may change to GET.)
+                codes.MOVED_PERMANENTLY,
+                # 302 (Uncacheable redirect. Method may change to GET.)
+                codes.FOUND,
+                # 303 (Client should make a GET or HEAD request.)
+                codes.SEE_OTHER,
+                # 307 (Equiv. 302, but retain method)
+                codes.TEMPORARY_REDIRECT,
+                # 308 (Equiv. 301, but retain method)
+                codes.PERMANENT_REDIRECT,
+            )
+            and "Location" in self.headers
+        )
+
+    def raise_for_status(self) -> Response:
+        """
+        Raise the `HTTPStatusError` if one occurred.
+        """
+        request = self._request
+        if request is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Cannot call `raise_for_status` as the request "
+                "instance has not been set on this response."
+            )
+
+        if self.is_success:
+            return self
+
+        if self.has_redirect_location:
+            message = (
+                "{error_type} '{0.status_code} {0.reason_phrase}' for url '{0.url}'\n"
+                "Redirect location: '{0.headers[location]}'\n"
+                "For more information check: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/{0.status_code}"
+            )
+        else:
+            message = (
+                "{error_type} '{0.status_code} {0.reason_phrase}' for url '{0.url}'\n"
+                "For more information check: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/{0.status_code}"
+            )
+
+        status_class = self.status_code // 100
+        error_types = {
+            1: "Informational response",
+            3: "Redirect response",
+            4: "Client error",
+            5: "Server error",
+        }
+        error_type = error_types.get(status_class, "Invalid status code")
+        message = message.format(self, error_type=error_type)
+        raise HTTPStatusError(message, request=request, response=self)
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> typing.Any:
+        return jsonlib.loads(self.content, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def cookies(self) -> Cookies:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_cookies"):
+            self._cookies = Cookies()
+            self._cookies.extract_cookies(self)
+        return self._cookies
+
+    @property
+    def links(self) -> dict[str | None, dict[str, str]]:
+        """
+        Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any
+        """
+        header = self.headers.get("link")
+        if header is None:
+            return {}
+
+        return {
+            (link.get("rel") or link.get("url")): link
+            for link in _parse_header_links(header)
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def num_bytes_downloaded(self) -> int:
+        return self._num_bytes_downloaded
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Response [{self.status_code} {self.reason_phrase}]>"
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        return {
+            name: value
+            for name, value in self.__dict__.items()
+            if name not in ["extensions", "stream", "is_closed", "_decoder"]
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: dict[str, typing.Any]) -> None:
+        for name, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+        self.is_closed = True
+        self.extensions = {}
+        self.stream = UnattachedStream()
+
+    def read(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read and return the response content.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            self._content = b"".join(self.iter_bytes())
+        return self._content
+
+    def iter_bytes(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the decoded response content.
+        This allows us to handle gzip, deflate, brotli, and zstd encoded responses.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            chunk_size = len(self._content) if chunk_size is None else chunk_size
+            for i in range(0, len(self._content), max(chunk_size, 1)):
+                yield self._content[i : i + chunk_size]
+        else:
+            decoder = self._get_content_decoder()
+            chunker = ByteChunker(chunk_size=chunk_size)
+            with request_context(request=self._request):
+                for raw_bytes in self.iter_raw():
+                    decoded = decoder.decode(raw_bytes)
+                    for chunk in chunker.decode(decoded):
+                        yield chunk
+                decoded = decoder.flush()
+                for chunk in chunker.decode(decoded):
+                    yield chunk  # pragma: no cover
+                for chunk in chunker.flush():
+                    yield chunk
+
+    def iter_text(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> typing.Iterator[str]:
+        """
+        A str-iterator over the decoded response content
+        that handles both gzip, deflate, etc but also detects the content's
+        string encoding.
+        """
+        decoder = TextDecoder(encoding=self.encoding or "utf-8")
+        chunker = TextChunker(chunk_size=chunk_size)
+        with request_context(request=self._request):
+            for byte_content in self.iter_bytes():
+                text_content = decoder.decode(byte_content)
+                for chunk in chunker.decode(text_content):
+                    yield chunk
+            text_content = decoder.flush()
+            for chunk in chunker.decode(text_content):
+                yield chunk  # pragma: no cover
+            for chunk in chunker.flush():
+                yield chunk
+
+    def iter_lines(self) -> typing.Iterator[str]:
+        decoder = LineDecoder()
+        with request_context(request=self._request):
+            for text in self.iter_text():
+                for line in decoder.decode(text):
+                    yield line
+            for line in decoder.flush():
+                yield line
+
+    def iter_raw(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the raw response content.
+        """
+        if self.is_stream_consumed:
+            raise StreamConsumed()
+        if self.is_closed:
+            raise StreamClosed()
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, SyncByteStream):
+            raise RuntimeError("Attempted to call a sync iterator on an async stream.")
+
+        self.is_stream_consumed = True
+        self._num_bytes_downloaded = 0
+        chunker = ByteChunker(chunk_size=chunk_size)
+
+        with request_context(request=self._request):
+            for raw_stream_bytes in self.stream:
+                self._num_bytes_downloaded += len(raw_stream_bytes)
+                for chunk in chunker.decode(raw_stream_bytes):
+                    yield chunk
+
+        for chunk in chunker.flush():
+            yield chunk
+
+        self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, SyncByteStream):
+            raise RuntimeError("Attempted to call an sync close on an async stream.")
+
+        if not self.is_closed:
+            self.is_closed = True
+            with request_context(request=self._request):
+                self.stream.close()
+
+    async def aread(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read and return the response content.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            self._content = b"".join([part async for part in self.aiter_bytes()])
+        return self._content
+
+    async def aiter_bytes(
+        self, chunk_size: int | None = None
+    ) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the decoded response content.
+        This allows us to handle gzip, deflate, brotli, and zstd encoded responses.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "_content"):
+            chunk_size = len(self._content) if chunk_size is None else chunk_size
+            for i in range(0, len(self._content), max(chunk_size, 1)):
+                yield self._content[i : i + chunk_size]
+        else:
+            decoder = self._get_content_decoder()
+            chunker = ByteChunker(chunk_size=chunk_size)
+            with request_context(request=self._request):
+                async for raw_bytes in self.aiter_raw():
+                    decoded = decoder.decode(raw_bytes)
+                    for chunk in chunker.decode(decoded):
+                        yield chunk
+                decoded = decoder.flush()
+                for chunk in chunker.decode(decoded):
+                    yield chunk  # pragma: no cover
+                for chunk in chunker.flush():
+                    yield chunk
+
+    async def aiter_text(
+        self, chunk_size: int | None = None
+    ) -> typing.AsyncIterator[str]:
+        """
+        A str-iterator over the decoded response content
+        that handles both gzip, deflate, etc but also detects the content's
+        string encoding.
+        """
+        decoder = TextDecoder(encoding=self.encoding or "utf-8")
+        chunker = TextChunker(chunk_size=chunk_size)
+        with request_context(request=self._request):
+            async for byte_content in self.aiter_bytes():
+                text_content = decoder.decode(byte_content)
+                for chunk in chunker.decode(text_content):
+                    yield chunk
+            text_content = decoder.flush()
+            for chunk in chunker.decode(text_content):
+                yield chunk  # pragma: no cover
+            for chunk in chunker.flush():
+                yield chunk
+
+    async def aiter_lines(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[str]:
+        decoder = LineDecoder()
+        with request_context(request=self._request):
+            async for text in self.aiter_text():
+                for line in decoder.decode(text):
+                    yield line
+            for line in decoder.flush():
+                yield line
+
+    async def aiter_raw(
+        self, chunk_size: int | None = None
+    ) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the raw response content.
+        """
+        if self.is_stream_consumed:
+            raise StreamConsumed()
+        if self.is_closed:
+            raise StreamClosed()
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, AsyncByteStream):
+            raise RuntimeError("Attempted to call an async iterator on an sync stream.")
+
+        self.is_stream_consumed = True
+        self._num_bytes_downloaded = 0
+        chunker = ByteChunker(chunk_size=chunk_size)
+
+        with request_context(request=self._request):
+            async for raw_stream_bytes in self.stream:
+                self._num_bytes_downloaded += len(raw_stream_bytes)
+                for chunk in chunker.decode(raw_stream_bytes):
+                    yield chunk
+
+        for chunk in chunker.flush():
+            yield chunk
+
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(self.stream, AsyncByteStream):
+            raise RuntimeError("Attempted to call an async close on an sync stream.")
+
+        if not self.is_closed:
+            self.is_closed = True
+            with request_context(request=self._request):
+                await self.stream.aclose()
+
+
+class Cookies(typing.MutableMapping[str, str]):
+    """
+    HTTP Cookies, as a mutable mapping.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cookies: CookieTypes | None = None) -> None:
+        if cookies is None or isinstance(cookies, dict):
+            self.jar = CookieJar()
+            if isinstance(cookies, dict):
+                for key, value in cookies.items():
+                    self.set(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(cookies, list):
+            self.jar = CookieJar()
+            for key, value in cookies:
+                self.set(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(cookies, Cookies):
+            self.jar = CookieJar()
+            for cookie in cookies.jar:
+                self.jar.set_cookie(cookie)
+        else:
+            self.jar = cookies
+
+    def extract_cookies(self, response: Response) -> None:
+        """
+        Loads any cookies based on the response `Set-Cookie` headers.
+        """
+        urllib_response = self._CookieCompatResponse(response)
+        urllib_request = self._CookieCompatRequest(response.request)
+
+        self.jar.extract_cookies(urllib_response, urllib_request)  # type: ignore
+
+    def set_cookie_header(self, request: Request) -> None:
+        """
+        Sets an appropriate 'Cookie:' HTTP header on the `Request`.
+        """
+        urllib_request = self._CookieCompatRequest(request)
+        self.jar.add_cookie_header(urllib_request)
+
+    def set(self, name: str, value: str, domain: str = "", path: str = "/") -> None:
+        """
+        Set a cookie value by name. May optionally include domain and path.
+        """
+        kwargs = {
+            "version": 0,
+            "name": name,
+            "value": value,
+            "port": None,
+            "port_specified": False,
+            "domain": domain,
+            "domain_specified": bool(domain),
+            "domain_initial_dot": domain.startswith("."),
+            "path": path,
+            "path_specified": bool(path),
+            "secure": False,
+            "expires": None,
+            "discard": True,
+            "comment": None,
+            "comment_url": None,
+            "rest": {"HttpOnly": None},
+            "rfc2109": False,
+        }
+        cookie = Cookie(**kwargs)  # type: ignore
+        self.jar.set_cookie(cookie)
+
+    def get(  # type: ignore
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        default: str | None = None,
+        domain: str | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+    ) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Get a cookie by name. May optionally include domain and path
+        in order to specify exactly which cookie to retrieve.
+        """
+        value = None
+        for cookie in self.jar:
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        if value is not None:
+                            message = f"Multiple cookies exist with name={name}"
+                            raise CookieConflict(message)
+                        value = cookie.value
+
+        if value is None:
+            return default
+        return value
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        domain: str | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Delete a cookie by name. May optionally include domain and path
+        in order to specify exactly which cookie to delete.
+        """
+        if domain is not None and path is not None:
+            return self.jar.clear(domain, path, name)
+
+        remove = [
+            cookie
+            for cookie in self.jar
+            if cookie.name == name
+            and (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain)
+            and (path is None or cookie.path == path)
+        ]
+
+        for cookie in remove:
+            self.jar.clear(cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name)
+
+    def clear(self, domain: str | None = None, path: str | None = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Delete all cookies. Optionally include a domain and path in
+        order to only delete a subset of all the cookies.
+        """
+        args = []
+        if domain is not None:
+            args.append(domain)
+        if path is not None:
+            assert domain is not None
+            args.append(path)
+        self.jar.clear(*args)
+
+    def update(self, cookies: CookieTypes | None = None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        cookies = Cookies(cookies)
+        for cookie in cookies.jar:
+            self.jar.set_cookie(cookie)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
+        return self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> str:
+        value = self.get(name)
+        if value is None:
+            raise KeyError(name)
+        return value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        return self.delete(name)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.jar)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[str]:
+        return (cookie.name for cookie in self.jar)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        for _ in self.jar:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        cookies_repr = ", ".join(
+            [
+                f"<Cookie {cookie.name}={cookie.value} for {cookie.domain} />"
+                for cookie in self.jar
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return f"<Cookies[{cookies_repr}]>"
+
+    class _CookieCompatRequest(urllib.request.Request):
+        """
+        Wraps a `Request` instance up in a compatibility interface suitable
+        for use with `CookieJar` operations.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, request: Request) -> None:
+            super().__init__(
+                url=str(request.url),
+                headers=dict(request.headers),
+                method=request.method,
+            )
+            self.request = request
+
+        def add_unredirected_header(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+            super().add_unredirected_header(key, value)
+            self.request.headers[key] = value
+
+    class _CookieCompatResponse:
+        """
+        Wraps a `Request` instance up in a compatibility interface suitable
+        for use with `CookieJar` operations.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, response: Response) -> None:
+            self.response = response
+
+        def info(self) -> email.message.Message:
+            info = email.message.Message()
+            for key, value in self.response.headers.multi_items():
+                # Note that setting `info[key]` here is an "append" operation,
+                # not a "replace" operation.
+                # https://docs.python.org/3/library/email.compat32-message.html#email.message.Message.__setitem__
+                info[key] = value
+            return info
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_multipart.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_multipart.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4761af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_multipart.py
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import mimetypes
+import os
+import re
+import typing
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from ._types import (
+    AsyncByteStream,
+    FileContent,
+    FileTypes,
+    RequestData,
+    RequestFiles,
+    SyncByteStream,
+)
+from ._utils import (
+    peek_filelike_length,
+    primitive_value_to_str,
+    to_bytes,
+)
+
+_HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_REPLACEMENTS = {'"': "%22", "\\": "\\\\"}
+_HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_REPLACEMENTS.update(
+    {chr(c): "%{:02X}".format(c) for c in range(0x1F + 1) if c != 0x1B}
+)
+_HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_RE = re.compile(
+    r"|".join([re.escape(c) for c in _HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_REPLACEMENTS.keys()])
+)
+
+
+def _format_form_param(name: str, value: str) -> bytes:
+    """
+    Encode a name/value pair within a multipart form.
+    """
+
+    def replacer(match: typing.Match[str]) -> str:
+        return _HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_REPLACEMENTS[match.group(0)]
+
+    value = _HTML5_FORM_ENCODING_RE.sub(replacer, value)
+    return f'{name}="{value}"'.encode()
+
+
+def _guess_content_type(filename: str | None) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Guesses the mimetype based on a filename. Defaults to `application/octet-stream`.
+
+    Returns `None` if `filename` is `None` or empty.
+    """
+    if filename:
+        return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or "application/octet-stream"
+    return None
+
+
+def get_multipart_boundary_from_content_type(
+    content_type: bytes | None,
+) -> bytes | None:
+    if not content_type or not content_type.startswith(b"multipart/form-data"):
+        return None
+    # parse boundary according to
+    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2046#section-5.1.1
+    if b";" in content_type:
+        for section in content_type.split(b";"):
+            if section.strip().lower().startswith(b"boundary="):
+                return section.strip()[len(b"boundary=") :].strip(b'"')
+    return None
+
+
+class DataField:
+    """
+    A single form field item, within a multipart form field.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, value: str | bytes | int | float | None) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid type for name. Expected str, got {type(name)}: {name!r}"
+            )
+        if value is not None and not isinstance(value, (str, bytes, int, float)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Invalid type for value. Expected primitive type,"
+                f" got {type(value)}: {value!r}"
+            )
+        self.name = name
+        self.value: str | bytes = (
+            value if isinstance(value, bytes) else primitive_value_to_str(value)
+        )
+
+    def render_headers(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_headers"):
+            name = _format_form_param("name", self.name)
+            self._headers = b"".join(
+                [b"Content-Disposition: form-data; ", name, b"\r\n\r\n"]
+            )
+
+        return self._headers
+
+    def render_data(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_data"):
+            self._data = to_bytes(self.value)
+
+        return self._data
+
+    def get_length(self) -> int:
+        headers = self.render_headers()
+        data = self.render_data()
+        return len(headers) + len(data)
+
+    def render(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        yield self.render_headers()
+        yield self.render_data()
+
+
+class FileField:
+    """
+    A single file field item, within a multipart form field.
+    """
+
+    CHUNK_SIZE = 64 * 1024
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, value: FileTypes) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+        fileobj: FileContent
+
+        headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+        content_type: str | None = None
+
+        # This large tuple based API largely mirror's requests' API
+        # It would be good to think of better APIs for this that we could
+        # include in httpx 2.0 since variable length tuples(especially of 4 elements)
+        # are quite unwieldly
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            if len(value) == 2:
+                # neither the 3rd parameter (content_type) nor the 4th (headers)
+                # was included
+                filename, fileobj = value
+            elif len(value) == 3:
+                filename, fileobj, content_type = value
+            else:
+                # all 4 parameters included
+                filename, fileobj, content_type, headers = value  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            filename = Path(str(getattr(value, "name", "upload"))).name
+            fileobj = value
+
+        if content_type is None:
+            content_type = _guess_content_type(filename)
+
+        has_content_type_header = any("content-type" in key.lower() for key in headers)
+        if content_type is not None and not has_content_type_header:
+            # note that unlike requests, we ignore the content_type provided in the 3rd
+            # tuple element if it is also included in the headers requests does
+            # the opposite (it overwrites the headerwith the 3rd tuple element)
+            headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+
+        if isinstance(fileobj, io.StringIO):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Multipart file uploads require 'io.BytesIO', not 'io.StringIO'."
+            )
+        if isinstance(fileobj, io.TextIOBase):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Multipart file uploads must be opened in binary mode, not text mode."
+            )
+
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.file = fileobj
+        self.headers = headers
+
+    def get_length(self) -> int | None:
+        headers = self.render_headers()
+
+        if isinstance(self.file, (str, bytes)):
+            return len(headers) + len(to_bytes(self.file))
+
+        file_length = peek_filelike_length(self.file)
+
+        # If we can't determine the filesize without reading it into memory,
+        # then return `None` here, to indicate an unknown file length.
+        if file_length is None:
+            return None
+
+        return len(headers) + file_length
+
+    def render_headers(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_headers"):
+            parts = [
+                b"Content-Disposition: form-data; ",
+                _format_form_param("name", self.name),
+            ]
+            if self.filename:
+                filename = _format_form_param("filename", self.filename)
+                parts.extend([b"; ", filename])
+            for header_name, header_value in self.headers.items():
+                key, val = f"\r\n{header_name}: ".encode(), header_value.encode()
+                parts.extend([key, val])
+            parts.append(b"\r\n\r\n")
+            self._headers = b"".join(parts)
+
+        return self._headers
+
+    def render_data(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        if isinstance(self.file, (str, bytes)):
+            yield to_bytes(self.file)
+            return
+
+        if hasattr(self.file, "seek"):
+            try:
+                self.file.seek(0)
+            except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+                pass
+
+        chunk = self.file.read(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
+        while chunk:
+            yield to_bytes(chunk)
+            chunk = self.file.read(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
+
+    def render(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        yield self.render_headers()
+        yield from self.render_data()
+
+
+class MultipartStream(SyncByteStream, AsyncByteStream):
+    """
+    Request content as streaming multipart encoded form data.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: RequestData,
+        files: RequestFiles,
+        boundary: bytes | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if boundary is None:
+            boundary = os.urandom(16).hex().encode("ascii")
+
+        self.boundary = boundary
+        self.content_type = "multipart/form-data; boundary=%s" % boundary.decode(
+            "ascii"
+        )
+        self.fields = list(self._iter_fields(data, files))
+
+    def _iter_fields(
+        self, data: RequestData, files: RequestFiles
+    ) -> typing.Iterator[FileField | DataField]:
+        for name, value in data.items():
+            if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+                for item in value:
+                    yield DataField(name=name, value=item)
+            else:
+                yield DataField(name=name, value=value)
+
+        file_items = files.items() if isinstance(files, typing.Mapping) else files
+        for name, value in file_items:
+            yield FileField(name=name, value=value)
+
+    def iter_chunks(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        for field in self.fields:
+            yield b"--%s\r\n" % self.boundary
+            yield from field.render()
+            yield b"\r\n"
+        yield b"--%s--\r\n" % self.boundary
+
+    def get_content_length(self) -> int | None:
+        """
+        Return the length of the multipart encoded content, or `None` if
+        any of the files have a length that cannot be determined upfront.
+        """
+        boundary_length = len(self.boundary)
+        length = 0
+
+        for field in self.fields:
+            field_length = field.get_length()
+            if field_length is None:
+                return None
+
+            length += 2 + boundary_length + 2  # b"--{boundary}\r\n"
+            length += field_length
+            length += 2  # b"\r\n"
+
+        length += 2 + boundary_length + 4  # b"--{boundary}--\r\n"
+        return length
+
+    # Content stream interface.
+
+    def get_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        content_length = self.get_content_length()
+        content_type = self.content_type
+        if content_length is None:
+            return {"Transfer-Encoding": "chunked", "Content-Type": content_type}
+        return {"Content-Length": str(content_length), "Content-Type": content_type}
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        for chunk in self.iter_chunks():
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        for chunk in self.iter_chunks():
+            yield chunk
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_status_codes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..133a6231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import IntEnum
+
+__all__ = ["codes"]
+
+
+class codes(IntEnum):
+    """HTTP status codes and reason phrases
+
+    Status codes from the following RFCs are all observed:
+
+        * RFC 7231: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1), obsoletes 2616
+        * RFC 6585: Additional HTTP Status Codes
+        * RFC 3229: Delta encoding in HTTP
+        * RFC 4918: HTTP Extensions for WebDAV, obsoletes 2518
+        * RFC 5842: Binding Extensions to WebDAV
+        * RFC 7238: Permanent Redirect
+        * RFC 2295: Transparent Content Negotiation in HTTP
+        * RFC 2774: An HTTP Extension Framework
+        * RFC 7540: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)
+        * RFC 2324: Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol (HTCPCP/1.0)
+        * RFC 7725: An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles
+        * RFC 8297: An HTTP Status Code for Indicating Hints
+        * RFC 8470: Using Early Data in HTTP
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, value: int, phrase: str = "") -> codes:
+        obj = int.__new__(cls, value)
+        obj._value_ = value
+
+        obj.phrase = phrase  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return obj
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_reason_phrase(cls, value: int) -> str:
+        try:
+            return codes(value).phrase  # type: ignore
+        except ValueError:
+            return ""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_informational(cls, value: int) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns `True` for 1xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return 100 <= value <= 199
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_success(cls, value: int) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns `True` for 2xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return 200 <= value <= 299
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_redirect(cls, value: int) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns `True` for 3xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return 300 <= value <= 399
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_client_error(cls, value: int) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns `True` for 4xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return 400 <= value <= 499
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_server_error(cls, value: int) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns `True` for 5xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return 500 <= value <= 599
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_error(cls, value: int) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns `True` for 4xx or 5xx status codes, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return 400 <= value <= 599
+
+    # informational
+    CONTINUE = 100, "Continue"
+    SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101, "Switching Protocols"
+    PROCESSING = 102, "Processing"
+    EARLY_HINTS = 103, "Early Hints"
+
+    # success
+    OK = 200, "OK"
+    CREATED = 201, "Created"
+    ACCEPTED = 202, "Accepted"
+    NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203, "Non-Authoritative Information"
+    NO_CONTENT = 204, "No Content"
+    RESET_CONTENT = 205, "Reset Content"
+    PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206, "Partial Content"
+    MULTI_STATUS = 207, "Multi-Status"
+    ALREADY_REPORTED = 208, "Already Reported"
+    IM_USED = 226, "IM Used"
+
+    # redirection
+    MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300, "Multiple Choices"
+    MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301, "Moved Permanently"
+    FOUND = 302, "Found"
+    SEE_OTHER = 303, "See Other"
+    NOT_MODIFIED = 304, "Not Modified"
+    USE_PROXY = 305, "Use Proxy"
+    TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307, "Temporary Redirect"
+    PERMANENT_REDIRECT = 308, "Permanent Redirect"
+
+    # client error
+    BAD_REQUEST = 400, "Bad Request"
+    UNAUTHORIZED = 401, "Unauthorized"
+    PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402, "Payment Required"
+    FORBIDDEN = 403, "Forbidden"
+    NOT_FOUND = 404, "Not Found"
+    METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405, "Method Not Allowed"
+    NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406, "Not Acceptable"
+    PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407, "Proxy Authentication Required"
+    REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408, "Request Timeout"
+    CONFLICT = 409, "Conflict"
+    GONE = 410, "Gone"
+    LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411, "Length Required"
+    PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412, "Precondition Failed"
+    REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413, "Request Entity Too Large"
+    REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414, "Request-URI Too Long"
+    UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415, "Unsupported Media Type"
+    REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416, "Requested Range Not Satisfiable"
+    EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417, "Expectation Failed"
+    IM_A_TEAPOT = 418, "I'm a teapot"
+    MISDIRECTED_REQUEST = 421, "Misdirected Request"
+    UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY = 422, "Unprocessable Entity"
+    LOCKED = 423, "Locked"
+    FAILED_DEPENDENCY = 424, "Failed Dependency"
+    TOO_EARLY = 425, "Too Early"
+    UPGRADE_REQUIRED = 426, "Upgrade Required"
+    PRECONDITION_REQUIRED = 428, "Precondition Required"
+    TOO_MANY_REQUESTS = 429, "Too Many Requests"
+    REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE = 431, "Request Header Fields Too Large"
+    UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS = 451, "Unavailable For Legal Reasons"
+
+    # server errors
+    INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500, "Internal Server Error"
+    NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501, "Not Implemented"
+    BAD_GATEWAY = 502, "Bad Gateway"
+    SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503, "Service Unavailable"
+    GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504, "Gateway Timeout"
+    HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505, "HTTP Version Not Supported"
+    VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES = 506, "Variant Also Negotiates"
+    INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE = 507, "Insufficient Storage"
+    LOOP_DETECTED = 508, "Loop Detected"
+    NOT_EXTENDED = 510, "Not Extended"
+    NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 511, "Network Authentication Required"
+
+
+# Include lower-case styles for `requests` compatibility.
+for code in codes:
+    setattr(codes, code._name_.lower(), int(code))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a321053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from .asgi import *
+from .base import *
+from .default import *
+from .mock import *
+from .wsgi import *
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ASGITransport",
+    "AsyncBaseTransport",
+    "BaseTransport",
+    "AsyncHTTPTransport",
+    "HTTPTransport",
+    "MockTransport",
+    "WSGITransport",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/__pycache__/wsgi.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/__pycache__/wsgi.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/asgi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/asgi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bc4efae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/asgi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from .._models import Request, Response
+from .._types import AsyncByteStream
+from .base import AsyncBaseTransport
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    import asyncio
+
+    import trio
+
+    Event = typing.Union[asyncio.Event, trio.Event]
+
+
+_Message = typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]
+_Receive = typing.Callable[[], typing.Awaitable[_Message]]
+_Send = typing.Callable[
+    [typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]], typing.Awaitable[None]
+]
+_ASGIApp = typing.Callable[
+    [typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any], _Receive, _Send], typing.Awaitable[None]
+]
+
+__all__ = ["ASGITransport"]
+
+
+def is_running_trio() -> bool:
+    try:
+        # sniffio is a dependency of trio.
+
+        # See https://github.com/python-trio/trio/issues/2802
+        import sniffio
+
+        if sniffio.current_async_library() == "trio":
+            return True
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+        pass
+
+    return False
+
+
+def create_event() -> Event:
+    if is_running_trio():
+        import trio
+
+        return trio.Event()
+
+    import asyncio
+
+    return asyncio.Event()
+
+
+class ASGIResponseStream(AsyncByteStream):
+    def __init__(self, body: list[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._body = body
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        yield b"".join(self._body)
+
+
+class ASGITransport(AsyncBaseTransport):
+    """
+    A custom AsyncTransport that handles sending requests directly to an ASGI app.
+
+    ```python
+    transport = httpx.ASGITransport(
+        app=app,
+        root_path="/submount",
+        client=("1.2.3.4", 123)
+    )
+    client = httpx.AsyncClient(transport=transport)
+    ```
+
+    Arguments:
+
+    * `app` - The ASGI application.
+    * `raise_app_exceptions` - Boolean indicating if exceptions in the application
+       should be raised. Default to `True`. Can be set to `False` for use cases
+       such as testing the content of a client 500 response.
+    * `root_path` - The root path on which the ASGI application should be mounted.
+    * `client` - A two-tuple indicating the client IP and port of incoming requests.
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: _ASGIApp,
+        raise_app_exceptions: bool = True,
+        root_path: str = "",
+        client: tuple[str, int] = ("127.0.0.1", 123),
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.raise_app_exceptions = raise_app_exceptions
+        self.root_path = root_path
+        self.client = client
+
+    async def handle_async_request(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+    ) -> Response:
+        assert isinstance(request.stream, AsyncByteStream)
+
+        # ASGI scope.
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "asgi": {"version": "3.0"},
+            "http_version": "1.1",
+            "method": request.method,
+            "headers": [(k.lower(), v) for (k, v) in request.headers.raw],
+            "scheme": request.url.scheme,
+            "path": request.url.path,
+            "raw_path": request.url.raw_path.split(b"?")[0],
+            "query_string": request.url.query,
+            "server": (request.url.host, request.url.port),
+            "client": self.client,
+            "root_path": self.root_path,
+        }
+
+        # Request.
+        request_body_chunks = request.stream.__aiter__()
+        request_complete = False
+
+        # Response.
+        status_code = None
+        response_headers = None
+        body_parts = []
+        response_started = False
+        response_complete = create_event()
+
+        # ASGI callables.
+
+        async def receive() -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+            nonlocal request_complete
+
+            if request_complete:
+                await response_complete.wait()
+                return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+
+            try:
+                body = await request_body_chunks.__anext__()
+            except StopAsyncIteration:
+                request_complete = True
+                return {"type": "http.request", "body": b"", "more_body": False}
+            return {"type": "http.request", "body": body, "more_body": True}
+
+        async def send(message: typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]) -> None:
+            nonlocal status_code, response_headers, response_started
+
+            if message["type"] == "http.response.start":
+                assert not response_started
+
+                status_code = message["status"]
+                response_headers = message.get("headers", [])
+                response_started = True
+
+            elif message["type"] == "http.response.body":
+                assert not response_complete.is_set()
+                body = message.get("body", b"")
+                more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+
+                if body and request.method != "HEAD":
+                    body_parts.append(body)
+
+                if not more_body:
+                    response_complete.set()
+
+        try:
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+        except Exception:  # noqa: PIE-786
+            if self.raise_app_exceptions:
+                raise
+
+            response_complete.set()
+            if status_code is None:
+                status_code = 500
+            if response_headers is None:
+                response_headers = {}
+
+        assert response_complete.is_set()
+        assert status_code is not None
+        assert response_headers is not None
+
+        stream = ASGIResponseStream(body_parts)
+
+        return Response(status_code, headers=response_headers, stream=stream)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66fd99d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from .._models import Request, Response
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T", bound="BaseTransport")
+A = typing.TypeVar("A", bound="AsyncBaseTransport")
+
+__all__ = ["AsyncBaseTransport", "BaseTransport"]
+
+
+class BaseTransport:
+    def __enter__(self: T) -> T:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a single HTTP request and return a response.
+
+        Developers shouldn't typically ever need to call into this API directly,
+        since the Client class provides all the higher level user-facing API
+        niceties.
+
+        In order to properly release any network resources, the response
+        stream should *either* be consumed immediately, with a call to
+        `response.stream.read()`, or else the `handle_request` call should
+        be followed with a try/finally block to ensuring the stream is
+        always closed.
+
+        Example usage:
+
+            with httpx.HTTPTransport() as transport:
+                req = httpx.Request(
+                    method=b"GET",
+                    url=(b"https", b"www.example.com", 443, b"/"),
+                    headers=[(b"Host", b"www.example.com")],
+                )
+                resp = transport.handle_request(req)
+                body = resp.stream.read()
+                print(resp.status_code, resp.headers, body)
+
+
+        Takes a `Request` instance as the only argument.
+
+        Returns a `Response` instance.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The 'handle_request' method must be implemented."
+        )  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class AsyncBaseTransport:
+    async def __aenter__(self: A) -> A:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    async def handle_async_request(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+    ) -> Response:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The 'handle_async_request' method must be implemented."
+        )  # pragma: no cover
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/default.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/default.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5aa05ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/default.py
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+"""
+Custom transports, with nicely configured defaults.
+
+The following additional keyword arguments are currently supported by httpcore...
+
+* uds: str
+* local_address: str
+* retries: int
+
+Example usages...
+
+# Disable HTTP/2 on a single specific domain.
+mounts = {
+    "all://": httpx.HTTPTransport(http2=True),
+    "all://*example.org": httpx.HTTPTransport()
+}
+
+# Using advanced httpcore configuration, with connection retries.
+transport = httpx.HTTPTransport(retries=1)
+client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
+
+# Using advanced httpcore configuration, with unix domain sockets.
+transport = httpx.HTTPTransport(uds="socket.uds")
+client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+from types import TracebackType
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl  # pragma: no cover
+
+    import httpx  # pragma: no cover
+
+from .._config import DEFAULT_LIMITS, Limits, Proxy, create_ssl_context
+from .._exceptions import (
+    ConnectError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    LocalProtocolError,
+    NetworkError,
+    PoolTimeout,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RemoteProtocolError,
+    TimeoutException,
+    UnsupportedProtocol,
+    WriteError,
+    WriteTimeout,
+)
+from .._models import Request, Response
+from .._types import AsyncByteStream, CertTypes, ProxyTypes, SyncByteStream
+from .._urls import URL
+from .base import AsyncBaseTransport, BaseTransport
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T", bound="HTTPTransport")
+A = typing.TypeVar("A", bound="AsyncHTTPTransport")
+
+SOCKET_OPTION = typing.Union[
+    typing.Tuple[int, int, int],
+    typing.Tuple[int, int, typing.Union[bytes, bytearray]],
+    typing.Tuple[int, int, None, int],
+]
+
+__all__ = ["AsyncHTTPTransport", "HTTPTransport"]
+
+HTTPCORE_EXC_MAP: dict[type[Exception], type[httpx.HTTPError]] = {}
+
+
+def _load_httpcore_exceptions() -> dict[type[Exception], type[httpx.HTTPError]]:
+    import httpcore
+
+    return {
+        httpcore.TimeoutException: TimeoutException,
+        httpcore.ConnectTimeout: ConnectTimeout,
+        httpcore.ReadTimeout: ReadTimeout,
+        httpcore.WriteTimeout: WriteTimeout,
+        httpcore.PoolTimeout: PoolTimeout,
+        httpcore.NetworkError: NetworkError,
+        httpcore.ConnectError: ConnectError,
+        httpcore.ReadError: ReadError,
+        httpcore.WriteError: WriteError,
+        httpcore.ProxyError: ProxyError,
+        httpcore.UnsupportedProtocol: UnsupportedProtocol,
+        httpcore.ProtocolError: ProtocolError,
+        httpcore.LocalProtocolError: LocalProtocolError,
+        httpcore.RemoteProtocolError: RemoteProtocolError,
+    }
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def map_httpcore_exceptions() -> typing.Iterator[None]:
+    global HTTPCORE_EXC_MAP
+    if len(HTTPCORE_EXC_MAP) == 0:
+        HTTPCORE_EXC_MAP = _load_httpcore_exceptions()
+    try:
+        yield
+    except Exception as exc:
+        mapped_exc = None
+
+        for from_exc, to_exc in HTTPCORE_EXC_MAP.items():
+            if not isinstance(exc, from_exc):
+                continue
+            # We want to map to the most specific exception we can find.
+            # Eg if `exc` is an `httpcore.ReadTimeout`, we want to map to
+            # `httpx.ReadTimeout`, not just `httpx.TimeoutException`.
+            if mapped_exc is None or issubclass(to_exc, mapped_exc):
+                mapped_exc = to_exc
+
+        if mapped_exc is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise
+
+        message = str(exc)
+        raise mapped_exc(message) from exc
+
+
+class ResponseStream(SyncByteStream):
+    def __init__(self, httpcore_stream: typing.Iterable[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._httpcore_stream = httpcore_stream
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        with map_httpcore_exceptions():
+            for part in self._httpcore_stream:
+                yield part
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if hasattr(self._httpcore_stream, "close"):
+            self._httpcore_stream.close()
+
+
+class HTTPTransport(BaseTransport):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+        proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        import httpcore
+
+        proxy = Proxy(url=proxy) if isinstance(proxy, (str, URL)) else proxy
+        ssl_context = create_ssl_context(verify=verify, cert=cert, trust_env=trust_env)
+
+        if proxy is None:
+            self._pool = httpcore.ConnectionPool(
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                max_connections=limits.max_connections,
+                max_keepalive_connections=limits.max_keepalive_connections,
+                keepalive_expiry=limits.keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+                uds=uds,
+                local_address=local_address,
+                retries=retries,
+                socket_options=socket_options,
+            )
+        elif proxy.url.scheme in ("http", "https"):
+            self._pool = httpcore.HTTPProxy(
+                proxy_url=httpcore.URL(
+                    scheme=proxy.url.raw_scheme,
+                    host=proxy.url.raw_host,
+                    port=proxy.url.port,
+                    target=proxy.url.raw_path,
+                ),
+                proxy_auth=proxy.raw_auth,
+                proxy_headers=proxy.headers.raw,
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                proxy_ssl_context=proxy.ssl_context,
+                max_connections=limits.max_connections,
+                max_keepalive_connections=limits.max_keepalive_connections,
+                keepalive_expiry=limits.keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+                socket_options=socket_options,
+            )
+        elif proxy.url.scheme in ("socks5", "socks5h"):
+            try:
+                import socksio  # noqa
+            except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "Using SOCKS proxy, but the 'socksio' package is not installed. "
+                    "Make sure to install httpx using `pip install httpx[socks]`."
+                ) from None
+
+            self._pool = httpcore.SOCKSProxy(
+                proxy_url=httpcore.URL(
+                    scheme=proxy.url.raw_scheme,
+                    host=proxy.url.raw_host,
+                    port=proxy.url.port,
+                    target=proxy.url.raw_path,
+                ),
+                proxy_auth=proxy.raw_auth,
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                max_connections=limits.max_connections,
+                max_keepalive_connections=limits.max_keepalive_connections,
+                keepalive_expiry=limits.keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+            )
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Proxy protocol must be either 'http', 'https', 'socks5', or 'socks5h',"
+                f" but got {proxy.url.scheme!r}."
+            )
+
+    def __enter__(self: T) -> T:  # Use generics for subclass support.
+        self._pool.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        with map_httpcore_exceptions():
+            self._pool.__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+
+    def handle_request(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+    ) -> Response:
+        assert isinstance(request.stream, SyncByteStream)
+        import httpcore
+
+        req = httpcore.Request(
+            method=request.method,
+            url=httpcore.URL(
+                scheme=request.url.raw_scheme,
+                host=request.url.raw_host,
+                port=request.url.port,
+                target=request.url.raw_path,
+            ),
+            headers=request.headers.raw,
+            content=request.stream,
+            extensions=request.extensions,
+        )
+        with map_httpcore_exceptions():
+            resp = self._pool.handle_request(req)
+
+        assert isinstance(resp.stream, typing.Iterable)
+
+        return Response(
+            status_code=resp.status,
+            headers=resp.headers,
+            stream=ResponseStream(resp.stream),
+            extensions=resp.extensions,
+        )
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._pool.close()
+
+
+class AsyncResponseStream(AsyncByteStream):
+    def __init__(self, httpcore_stream: typing.AsyncIterable[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._httpcore_stream = httpcore_stream
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        with map_httpcore_exceptions():
+            async for part in self._httpcore_stream:
+                yield part
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        if hasattr(self._httpcore_stream, "aclose"):
+            await self._httpcore_stream.aclose()
+
+
+class AsyncHTTPTransport(AsyncBaseTransport):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        verify: ssl.SSLContext | str | bool = True,
+        cert: CertTypes | None = None,
+        trust_env: bool = True,
+        http1: bool = True,
+        http2: bool = False,
+        limits: Limits = DEFAULT_LIMITS,
+        proxy: ProxyTypes | None = None,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        local_address: str | None = None,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        socket_options: typing.Iterable[SOCKET_OPTION] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        import httpcore
+
+        proxy = Proxy(url=proxy) if isinstance(proxy, (str, URL)) else proxy
+        ssl_context = create_ssl_context(verify=verify, cert=cert, trust_env=trust_env)
+
+        if proxy is None:
+            self._pool = httpcore.AsyncConnectionPool(
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                max_connections=limits.max_connections,
+                max_keepalive_connections=limits.max_keepalive_connections,
+                keepalive_expiry=limits.keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+                uds=uds,
+                local_address=local_address,
+                retries=retries,
+                socket_options=socket_options,
+            )
+        elif proxy.url.scheme in ("http", "https"):
+            self._pool = httpcore.AsyncHTTPProxy(
+                proxy_url=httpcore.URL(
+                    scheme=proxy.url.raw_scheme,
+                    host=proxy.url.raw_host,
+                    port=proxy.url.port,
+                    target=proxy.url.raw_path,
+                ),
+                proxy_auth=proxy.raw_auth,
+                proxy_headers=proxy.headers.raw,
+                proxy_ssl_context=proxy.ssl_context,
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                max_connections=limits.max_connections,
+                max_keepalive_connections=limits.max_keepalive_connections,
+                keepalive_expiry=limits.keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+                socket_options=socket_options,
+            )
+        elif proxy.url.scheme in ("socks5", "socks5h"):
+            try:
+                import socksio  # noqa
+            except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "Using SOCKS proxy, but the 'socksio' package is not installed. "
+                    "Make sure to install httpx using `pip install httpx[socks]`."
+                ) from None
+
+            self._pool = httpcore.AsyncSOCKSProxy(
+                proxy_url=httpcore.URL(
+                    scheme=proxy.url.raw_scheme,
+                    host=proxy.url.raw_host,
+                    port=proxy.url.port,
+                    target=proxy.url.raw_path,
+                ),
+                proxy_auth=proxy.raw_auth,
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+                max_connections=limits.max_connections,
+                max_keepalive_connections=limits.max_keepalive_connections,
+                keepalive_expiry=limits.keepalive_expiry,
+                http1=http1,
+                http2=http2,
+            )
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Proxy protocol must be either 'http', 'https', 'socks5', or 'socks5h',"
+                " but got {proxy.url.scheme!r}."
+            )
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: A) -> A:  # Use generics for subclass support.
+        await self._pool.__aenter__()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None = None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None = None,
+        traceback: TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        with map_httpcore_exceptions():
+            await self._pool.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+
+    async def handle_async_request(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+    ) -> Response:
+        assert isinstance(request.stream, AsyncByteStream)
+        import httpcore
+
+        req = httpcore.Request(
+            method=request.method,
+            url=httpcore.URL(
+                scheme=request.url.raw_scheme,
+                host=request.url.raw_host,
+                port=request.url.port,
+                target=request.url.raw_path,
+            ),
+            headers=request.headers.raw,
+            content=request.stream,
+            extensions=request.extensions,
+        )
+        with map_httpcore_exceptions():
+            resp = await self._pool.handle_async_request(req)
+
+        assert isinstance(resp.stream, typing.AsyncIterable)
+
+        return Response(
+            status_code=resp.status,
+            headers=resp.headers,
+            stream=AsyncResponseStream(resp.stream),
+            extensions=resp.extensions,
+        )
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        await self._pool.aclose()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/mock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/mock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c418f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/mock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from .._models import Request, Response
+from .base import AsyncBaseTransport, BaseTransport
+
+SyncHandler = typing.Callable[[Request], Response]
+AsyncHandler = typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Coroutine[None, None, Response]]
+
+
+__all__ = ["MockTransport"]
+
+
+class MockTransport(AsyncBaseTransport, BaseTransport):
+    def __init__(self, handler: SyncHandler | AsyncHandler) -> None:
+        self.handler = handler
+
+    def handle_request(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+    ) -> Response:
+        request.read()
+        response = self.handler(request)
+        if not isinstance(response, Response):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise TypeError("Cannot use an async handler in a sync Client")
+        return response
+
+    async def handle_async_request(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+    ) -> Response:
+        await request.aread()
+        response = self.handler(request)
+
+        # Allow handler to *optionally* be an `async` function.
+        # If it is, then the `response` variable need to be awaited to actually
+        # return the result.
+
+        if not isinstance(response, Response):
+            response = await response
+
+        return response
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/wsgi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/wsgi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8592ffe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_transports/wsgi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import itertools
+import sys
+import typing
+
+from .._models import Request, Response
+from .._types import SyncByteStream
+from .base import BaseTransport
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import OptExcInfo  # pragma: no cover
+    from _typeshed.wsgi import WSGIApplication  # pragma: no cover
+
+_T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+__all__ = ["WSGITransport"]
+
+
+def _skip_leading_empty_chunks(body: typing.Iterable[_T]) -> typing.Iterable[_T]:
+    body = iter(body)
+    for chunk in body:
+        if chunk:
+            return itertools.chain([chunk], body)
+    return []
+
+
+class WSGIByteStream(SyncByteStream):
+    def __init__(self, result: typing.Iterable[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._close = getattr(result, "close", None)
+        self._result = _skip_leading_empty_chunks(result)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        for part in self._result:
+            yield part
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self._close is not None:
+            self._close()
+
+
+class WSGITransport(BaseTransport):
+    """
+    A custom transport that handles sending requests directly to an WSGI app.
+    The simplest way to use this functionality is to use the `app` argument.
+
+    ```
+    client = httpx.Client(app=app)
+    ```
+
+    Alternatively, you can setup the transport instance explicitly.
+    This allows you to include any additional configuration arguments specific
+    to the WSGITransport class:
+
+    ```
+    transport = httpx.WSGITransport(
+        app=app,
+        script_name="/submount",
+        remote_addr="1.2.3.4"
+    )
+    client = httpx.Client(transport=transport)
+    ```
+
+    Arguments:
+
+    * `app` - The WSGI application.
+    * `raise_app_exceptions` - Boolean indicating if exceptions in the application
+       should be raised. Default to `True`. Can be set to `False` for use cases
+       such as testing the content of a client 500 response.
+    * `script_name` - The root path on which the WSGI application should be mounted.
+    * `remote_addr` - A string indicating the client IP of incoming requests.
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: WSGIApplication,
+        raise_app_exceptions: bool = True,
+        script_name: str = "",
+        remote_addr: str = "127.0.0.1",
+        wsgi_errors: typing.TextIO | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.raise_app_exceptions = raise_app_exceptions
+        self.script_name = script_name
+        self.remote_addr = remote_addr
+        self.wsgi_errors = wsgi_errors
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        request.read()
+        wsgi_input = io.BytesIO(request.content)
+
+        port = request.url.port or {"http": 80, "https": 443}[request.url.scheme]
+        environ = {
+            "wsgi.version": (1, 0),
+            "wsgi.url_scheme": request.url.scheme,
+            "wsgi.input": wsgi_input,
+            "wsgi.errors": self.wsgi_errors or sys.stderr,
+            "wsgi.multithread": True,
+            "wsgi.multiprocess": False,
+            "wsgi.run_once": False,
+            "REQUEST_METHOD": request.method,
+            "SCRIPT_NAME": self.script_name,
+            "PATH_INFO": request.url.path,
+            "QUERY_STRING": request.url.query.decode("ascii"),
+            "SERVER_NAME": request.url.host,
+            "SERVER_PORT": str(port),
+            "SERVER_PROTOCOL": "HTTP/1.1",
+            "REMOTE_ADDR": self.remote_addr,
+        }
+        for header_key, header_value in request.headers.raw:
+            key = header_key.decode("ascii").upper().replace("-", "_")
+            if key not in ("CONTENT_TYPE", "CONTENT_LENGTH"):
+                key = "HTTP_" + key
+            environ[key] = header_value.decode("ascii")
+
+        seen_status = None
+        seen_response_headers = None
+        seen_exc_info = None
+
+        def start_response(
+            status: str,
+            response_headers: list[tuple[str, str]],
+            exc_info: OptExcInfo | None = None,
+        ) -> typing.Callable[[bytes], typing.Any]:
+            nonlocal seen_status, seen_response_headers, seen_exc_info
+            seen_status = status
+            seen_response_headers = response_headers
+            seen_exc_info = exc_info
+            return lambda _: None
+
+        result = self.app(environ, start_response)
+
+        stream = WSGIByteStream(result)
+
+        assert seen_status is not None
+        assert seen_response_headers is not None
+        if seen_exc_info and seen_exc_info[0] and self.raise_app_exceptions:
+            raise seen_exc_info[1]
+
+        status_code = int(seen_status.split()[0])
+        headers = [
+            (key.encode("ascii"), value.encode("ascii"))
+            for key, value in seen_response_headers
+        ]
+
+        return Response(status_code, headers=headers, stream=stream)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..704dfdff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+"""
+Type definitions for type checking purposes.
+"""
+
+from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    AsyncIterable,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from ._auth import Auth  # noqa: F401
+    from ._config import Proxy, Timeout  # noqa: F401
+    from ._models import Cookies, Headers, Request  # noqa: F401
+    from ._urls import URL, QueryParams  # noqa: F401
+
+
+PrimitiveData = Optional[Union[str, int, float, bool]]
+
+URLTypes = Union["URL", str]
+
+QueryParamTypes = Union[
+    "QueryParams",
+    Mapping[str, Union[PrimitiveData, Sequence[PrimitiveData]]],
+    List[Tuple[str, PrimitiveData]],
+    Tuple[Tuple[str, PrimitiveData], ...],
+    str,
+    bytes,
+]
+
+HeaderTypes = Union[
+    "Headers",
+    Mapping[str, str],
+    Mapping[bytes, bytes],
+    Sequence[Tuple[str, str]],
+    Sequence[Tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+]
+
+CookieTypes = Union["Cookies", CookieJar, Dict[str, str], List[Tuple[str, str]]]
+
+TimeoutTypes = Union[
+    Optional[float],
+    Tuple[Optional[float], Optional[float], Optional[float], Optional[float]],
+    "Timeout",
+]
+ProxyTypes = Union["URL", str, "Proxy"]
+CertTypes = Union[str, Tuple[str, str], Tuple[str, str, str]]
+
+AuthTypes = Union[
+    Tuple[Union[str, bytes], Union[str, bytes]],
+    Callable[["Request"], "Request"],
+    "Auth",
+]
+
+RequestContent = Union[str, bytes, Iterable[bytes], AsyncIterable[bytes]]
+ResponseContent = Union[str, bytes, Iterable[bytes], AsyncIterable[bytes]]
+ResponseExtensions = Mapping[str, Any]
+
+RequestData = Mapping[str, Any]
+
+FileContent = Union[IO[bytes], bytes, str]
+FileTypes = Union[
+    # file (or bytes)
+    FileContent,
+    # (filename, file (or bytes))
+    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent],
+    # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type)
+    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str]],
+    # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type, headers)
+    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str], Mapping[str, str]],
+]
+RequestFiles = Union[Mapping[str, FileTypes], Sequence[Tuple[str, FileTypes]]]
+
+RequestExtensions = Mapping[str, Any]
+
+__all__ = ["AsyncByteStream", "SyncByteStream"]
+
+
+class SyncByteStream:
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The '__iter__' method must be implemented."
+        )  # pragma: no cover
+        yield b""  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Subclasses can override this method to release any network resources
+        after a request/response cycle is complete.
+        """
+
+
+class AsyncByteStream:
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The '__aiter__' method must be implemented."
+        )  # pragma: no cover
+        yield b""  # pragma: no cover
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_urlparse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_urlparse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf190fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_urlparse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,527 @@
+"""
+An implementation of `urlparse` that provides URL validation and normalization
+as described by RFC3986.
+
+We rely on this implementation rather than the one in Python's stdlib, because:
+
+* It provides more complete URL validation.
+* It properly differentiates between an empty querystring and an absent querystring,
+  to distinguish URLs with a trailing '?'.
+* It handles scheme, hostname, port, and path normalization.
+* It supports IDNA hostnames, normalizing them to their encoded form.
+* The API supports passing individual components, as well as the complete URL string.
+
+Previously we relied on the excellent `rfc3986` package to handle URL parsing and
+validation, but this module provides a simpler alternative, with less indirection
+required.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ipaddress
+import re
+import typing
+
+import idna
+
+from ._exceptions import InvalidURL
+
+MAX_URL_LENGTH = 65536
+
+# https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986.html#section-2.3
+UNRESERVED_CHARACTERS = (
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-._~"
+)
+SUB_DELIMS = "!$&'()*+,;="
+
+PERCENT_ENCODED_REGEX = re.compile("%[A-Fa-f0-9]{2}")
+
+# https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-encoded-bytes
+
+# The fragment percent-encode set is the C0 control percent-encode set
+# and U+0020 SPACE, U+0022 ("), U+003C (<), U+003E (>), and U+0060 (`).
+FRAG_SAFE = "".join(
+    [chr(i) for i in range(0x20, 0x7F) if i not in (0x20, 0x22, 0x3C, 0x3E, 0x60)]
+)
+
+# The query percent-encode set is the C0 control percent-encode set
+# and U+0020 SPACE, U+0022 ("), U+0023 (#), U+003C (<), and U+003E (>).
+QUERY_SAFE = "".join(
+    [chr(i) for i in range(0x20, 0x7F) if i not in (0x20, 0x22, 0x23, 0x3C, 0x3E)]
+)
+
+# The path percent-encode set is the query percent-encode set
+# and U+003F (?), U+0060 (`), U+007B ({), and U+007D (}).
+PATH_SAFE = "".join(
+    [
+        chr(i)
+        for i in range(0x20, 0x7F)
+        if i not in (0x20, 0x22, 0x23, 0x3C, 0x3E) + (0x3F, 0x60, 0x7B, 0x7D)
+    ]
+)
+
+# The userinfo percent-encode set is the path percent-encode set
+# and U+002F (/), U+003A (:), U+003B (;), U+003D (=), U+0040 (@),
+# U+005B ([) to U+005E (^), inclusive, and U+007C (|).
+USERNAME_SAFE = "".join(
+    [
+        chr(i)
+        for i in range(0x20, 0x7F)
+        if i
+        not in (0x20, 0x22, 0x23, 0x3C, 0x3E)
+        + (0x3F, 0x60, 0x7B, 0x7D)
+        + (0x2F, 0x3A, 0x3B, 0x3D, 0x40, 0x5B, 0x5C, 0x5D, 0x5E, 0x7C)
+    ]
+)
+PASSWORD_SAFE = "".join(
+    [
+        chr(i)
+        for i in range(0x20, 0x7F)
+        if i
+        not in (0x20, 0x22, 0x23, 0x3C, 0x3E)
+        + (0x3F, 0x60, 0x7B, 0x7D)
+        + (0x2F, 0x3A, 0x3B, 0x3D, 0x40, 0x5B, 0x5C, 0x5D, 0x5E, 0x7C)
+    ]
+)
+# Note... The terminology 'userinfo' percent-encode set in the WHATWG document
+# is used for the username and password quoting. For the joint userinfo component
+# we remove U+003A (:) from the safe set.
+USERINFO_SAFE = "".join(
+    [
+        chr(i)
+        for i in range(0x20, 0x7F)
+        if i
+        not in (0x20, 0x22, 0x23, 0x3C, 0x3E)
+        + (0x3F, 0x60, 0x7B, 0x7D)
+        + (0x2F, 0x3B, 0x3D, 0x40, 0x5B, 0x5C, 0x5D, 0x5E, 0x7C)
+    ]
+)
+
+
+# {scheme}:      (optional)
+# //{authority}  (optional)
+# {path}
+# ?{query}       (optional)
+# #{fragment}    (optional)
+URL_REGEX = re.compile(
+    (
+        r"(?:(?P<scheme>{scheme}):)?"
+        r"(?://(?P<authority>{authority}))?"
+        r"(?P<path>{path})"
+        r"(?:\?(?P<query>{query}))?"
+        r"(?:#(?P<fragment>{fragment}))?"
+    ).format(
+        scheme="([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+.-]*)?",
+        authority="[^/?#]*",
+        path="[^?#]*",
+        query="[^#]*",
+        fragment=".*",
+    )
+)
+
+# {userinfo}@    (optional)
+# {host}
+# :{port}        (optional)
+AUTHORITY_REGEX = re.compile(
+    (
+        r"(?:(?P<userinfo>{userinfo})@)?" r"(?P<host>{host})" r":?(?P<port>{port})?"
+    ).format(
+        userinfo=".*",  # Any character sequence.
+        host="(\\[.*\\]|[^:@]*)",  # Either any character sequence excluding ':' or '@',
+        # or an IPv6 address enclosed within square brackets.
+        port=".*",  # Any character sequence.
+    )
+)
+
+
+# If we call urlparse with an individual component, then we need to regex
+# validate that component individually.
+# Note that we're duplicating the same strings as above. Shock! Horror!!
+COMPONENT_REGEX = {
+    "scheme": re.compile("([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+.-]*)?"),
+    "authority": re.compile("[^/?#]*"),
+    "path": re.compile("[^?#]*"),
+    "query": re.compile("[^#]*"),
+    "fragment": re.compile(".*"),
+    "userinfo": re.compile("[^@]*"),
+    "host": re.compile("(\\[.*\\]|[^:]*)"),
+    "port": re.compile(".*"),
+}
+
+
+# We use these simple regexs as a first pass before handing off to
+# the stdlib 'ipaddress' module for IP address validation.
+IPv4_STYLE_HOSTNAME = re.compile(r"^[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$")
+IPv6_STYLE_HOSTNAME = re.compile(r"^\[.*\]$")
+
+
+class ParseResult(typing.NamedTuple):
+    scheme: str
+    userinfo: str
+    host: str
+    port: int | None
+    path: str
+    query: str | None
+    fragment: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def authority(self) -> str:
+        return "".join(
+            [
+                f"{self.userinfo}@" if self.userinfo else "",
+                f"[{self.host}]" if ":" in self.host else self.host,
+                f":{self.port}" if self.port is not None else "",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self) -> str:
+        return "".join(
+            [
+                f"[{self.host}]" if ":" in self.host else self.host,
+                f":{self.port}" if self.port is not None else "",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def copy_with(self, **kwargs: str | None) -> ParseResult:
+        if not kwargs:
+            return self
+
+        defaults = {
+            "scheme": self.scheme,
+            "authority": self.authority,
+            "path": self.path,
+            "query": self.query,
+            "fragment": self.fragment,
+        }
+        defaults.update(kwargs)
+        return urlparse("", **defaults)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        authority = self.authority
+        return "".join(
+            [
+                f"{self.scheme}:" if self.scheme else "",
+                f"//{authority}" if authority else "",
+                self.path,
+                f"?{self.query}" if self.query is not None else "",
+                f"#{self.fragment}" if self.fragment is not None else "",
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+def urlparse(url: str = "", **kwargs: str | None) -> ParseResult:
+    # Initial basic checks on allowable URLs.
+    # ---------------------------------------
+
+    # Hard limit the maximum allowable URL length.
+    if len(url) > MAX_URL_LENGTH:
+        raise InvalidURL("URL too long")
+
+    # If a URL includes any ASCII control characters including \t, \r, \n,
+    # then treat it as invalid.
+    if any(char.isascii() and not char.isprintable() for char in url):
+        char = next(char for char in url if char.isascii() and not char.isprintable())
+        idx = url.find(char)
+        error = (
+            f"Invalid non-printable ASCII character in URL, {char!r} at position {idx}."
+        )
+        raise InvalidURL(error)
+
+    # Some keyword arguments require special handling.
+    # ------------------------------------------------
+
+    # Coerce "port" to a string, if it is provided as an integer.
+    if "port" in kwargs:
+        port = kwargs["port"]
+        kwargs["port"] = str(port) if isinstance(port, int) else port
+
+    # Replace "netloc" with "host and "port".
+    if "netloc" in kwargs:
+        netloc = kwargs.pop("netloc") or ""
+        kwargs["host"], _, kwargs["port"] = netloc.partition(":")
+
+    # Replace "username" and/or "password" with "userinfo".
+    if "username" in kwargs or "password" in kwargs:
+        username = quote(kwargs.pop("username", "") or "", safe=USERNAME_SAFE)
+        password = quote(kwargs.pop("password", "") or "", safe=PASSWORD_SAFE)
+        kwargs["userinfo"] = f"{username}:{password}" if password else username
+
+    # Replace "raw_path" with "path" and "query".
+    if "raw_path" in kwargs:
+        raw_path = kwargs.pop("raw_path") or ""
+        kwargs["path"], seperator, kwargs["query"] = raw_path.partition("?")
+        if not seperator:
+            kwargs["query"] = None
+
+    # Ensure that IPv6 "host" addresses are always escaped with "[...]".
+    if "host" in kwargs:
+        host = kwargs.get("host") or ""
+        if ":" in host and not (host.startswith("[") and host.endswith("]")):
+            kwargs["host"] = f"[{host}]"
+
+    # If any keyword arguments are provided, ensure they are valid.
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    for key, value in kwargs.items():
+        if value is not None:
+            if len(value) > MAX_URL_LENGTH:
+                raise InvalidURL(f"URL component '{key}' too long")
+
+            # If a component includes any ASCII control characters including \t, \r, \n,
+            # then treat it as invalid.
+            if any(char.isascii() and not char.isprintable() for char in value):
+                char = next(
+                    char for char in value if char.isascii() and not char.isprintable()
+                )
+                idx = value.find(char)
+                error = (
+                    f"Invalid non-printable ASCII character in URL {key} component, "
+                    f"{char!r} at position {idx}."
+                )
+                raise InvalidURL(error)
+
+            # Ensure that keyword arguments match as a valid regex.
+            if not COMPONENT_REGEX[key].fullmatch(value):
+                raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid URL component '{key}'")
+
+    # The URL_REGEX will always match, but may have empty components.
+    url_match = URL_REGEX.match(url)
+    assert url_match is not None
+    url_dict = url_match.groupdict()
+
+    # * 'scheme', 'authority', and 'path' may be empty strings.
+    # * 'query' may be 'None', indicating no trailing "?" portion.
+    #   Any string including the empty string, indicates a trailing "?".
+    # * 'fragment' may be 'None', indicating no trailing "#" portion.
+    #   Any string including the empty string, indicates a trailing "#".
+    scheme = kwargs.get("scheme", url_dict["scheme"]) or ""
+    authority = kwargs.get("authority", url_dict["authority"]) or ""
+    path = kwargs.get("path", url_dict["path"]) or ""
+    query = kwargs.get("query", url_dict["query"])
+    frag = kwargs.get("fragment", url_dict["fragment"])
+
+    # The AUTHORITY_REGEX will always match, but may have empty components.
+    authority_match = AUTHORITY_REGEX.match(authority)
+    assert authority_match is not None
+    authority_dict = authority_match.groupdict()
+
+    # * 'userinfo' and 'host' may be empty strings.
+    # * 'port' may be 'None'.
+    userinfo = kwargs.get("userinfo", authority_dict["userinfo"]) or ""
+    host = kwargs.get("host", authority_dict["host"]) or ""
+    port = kwargs.get("port", authority_dict["port"])
+
+    # Normalize and validate each component.
+    # We end up with a parsed representation of the URL,
+    # with components that are plain ASCII bytestrings.
+    parsed_scheme: str = scheme.lower()
+    parsed_userinfo: str = quote(userinfo, safe=USERINFO_SAFE)
+    parsed_host: str = encode_host(host)
+    parsed_port: int | None = normalize_port(port, scheme)
+
+    has_scheme = parsed_scheme != ""
+    has_authority = (
+        parsed_userinfo != "" or parsed_host != "" or parsed_port is not None
+    )
+    validate_path(path, has_scheme=has_scheme, has_authority=has_authority)
+    if has_scheme or has_authority:
+        path = normalize_path(path)
+
+    parsed_path: str = quote(path, safe=PATH_SAFE)
+    parsed_query: str | None = None if query is None else quote(query, safe=QUERY_SAFE)
+    parsed_frag: str | None = None if frag is None else quote(frag, safe=FRAG_SAFE)
+
+    # The parsed ASCII bytestrings are our canonical form.
+    # All properties of the URL are derived from these.
+    return ParseResult(
+        parsed_scheme,
+        parsed_userinfo,
+        parsed_host,
+        parsed_port,
+        parsed_path,
+        parsed_query,
+        parsed_frag,
+    )
+
+
+def encode_host(host: str) -> str:
+    if not host:
+        return ""
+
+    elif IPv4_STYLE_HOSTNAME.match(host):
+        # Validate IPv4 hostnames like #.#.#.#
+        #
+        # From https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986/#section-3.2.2
+        #
+        # IPv4address = dec-octet "." dec-octet "." dec-octet "." dec-octet
+        try:
+            ipaddress.IPv4Address(host)
+        except ipaddress.AddressValueError:
+            raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid IPv4 address: {host!r}")
+        return host
+
+    elif IPv6_STYLE_HOSTNAME.match(host):
+        # Validate IPv6 hostnames like [...]
+        #
+        # From https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986/#section-3.2.2
+        #
+        # "A host identified by an Internet Protocol literal address, version 6
+        # [RFC3513] or later, is distinguished by enclosing the IP literal
+        # within square brackets ("[" and "]").  This is the only place where
+        # square bracket characters are allowed in the URI syntax."
+        try:
+            ipaddress.IPv6Address(host[1:-1])
+        except ipaddress.AddressValueError:
+            raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid IPv6 address: {host!r}")
+        return host[1:-1]
+
+    elif host.isascii():
+        # Regular ASCII hostnames
+        #
+        # From https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986/#section-3.2.2
+        #
+        # reg-name    = *( unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims )
+        WHATWG_SAFE = '"`{}%|\\'
+        return quote(host.lower(), safe=SUB_DELIMS + WHATWG_SAFE)
+
+    # IDNA hostnames
+    try:
+        return idna.encode(host.lower()).decode("ascii")
+    except idna.IDNAError:
+        raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid IDNA hostname: {host!r}")
+
+
+def normalize_port(port: str | int | None, scheme: str) -> int | None:
+    # From https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.2.3
+    #
+    # "A scheme may define a default port.  For example, the "http" scheme
+    # defines a default port of "80", corresponding to its reserved TCP
+    # port number.  The type of port designated by the port number (e.g.,
+    # TCP, UDP, SCTP) is defined by the URI scheme.  URI producers and
+    # normalizers should omit the port component and its ":" delimiter if
+    # port is empty or if its value would be the same as that of the
+    # scheme's default."
+    if port is None or port == "":
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        port_as_int = int(port)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid port: {port!r}")
+
+    # See https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#url-miscellaneous
+    default_port = {"ftp": 21, "http": 80, "https": 443, "ws": 80, "wss": 443}.get(
+        scheme
+    )
+    if port_as_int == default_port:
+        return None
+    return port_as_int
+
+
+def validate_path(path: str, has_scheme: bool, has_authority: bool) -> None:
+    """
+    Path validation rules that depend on if the URL contains
+    a scheme or authority component.
+
+    See https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986.html#section-3.3
+    """
+    if has_authority:
+        # If a URI contains an authority component, then the path component
+        # must either be empty or begin with a slash ("/") character."
+        if path and not path.startswith("/"):
+            raise InvalidURL("For absolute URLs, path must be empty or begin with '/'")
+
+    if not has_scheme and not has_authority:
+        # If a URI does not contain an authority component, then the path cannot begin
+        # with two slash characters ("//").
+        if path.startswith("//"):
+            raise InvalidURL("Relative URLs cannot have a path starting with '//'")
+
+        # In addition, a URI reference (Section 4.1) may be a relative-path reference,
+        # in which case the first path segment cannot contain a colon (":") character.
+        if path.startswith(":"):
+            raise InvalidURL("Relative URLs cannot have a path starting with ':'")
+
+
+def normalize_path(path: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Drop "." and ".." segments from a URL path.
+
+    For example:
+
+        normalize_path("/path/./to/somewhere/..") == "/path/to"
+    """
+    # Fast return when no '.' characters in the path.
+    if "." not in path:
+        return path
+
+    components = path.split("/")
+
+    # Fast return when no '.' or '..' components in the path.
+    if "." not in components and ".." not in components:
+        return path
+
+    # https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3986#section-5.2.4
+    output: list[str] = []
+    for component in components:
+        if component == ".":
+            pass
+        elif component == "..":
+            if output and output != [""]:
+                output.pop()
+        else:
+            output.append(component)
+    return "/".join(output)
+
+
+def PERCENT(string: str) -> str:
+    return "".join([f"%{byte:02X}" for byte in string.encode("utf-8")])
+
+
+def percent_encoded(string: str, safe: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Use percent-encoding to quote a string.
+    """
+    NON_ESCAPED_CHARS = UNRESERVED_CHARACTERS + safe
+
+    # Fast path for strings that don't need escaping.
+    if not string.rstrip(NON_ESCAPED_CHARS):
+        return string
+
+    return "".join(
+        [char if char in NON_ESCAPED_CHARS else PERCENT(char) for char in string]
+    )
+
+
+def quote(string: str, safe: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Use percent-encoding to quote a string, omitting existing '%xx' escape sequences.
+
+    See: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986#section-2.1
+
+    * `string`: The string to be percent-escaped.
+    * `safe`: A string containing characters that may be treated as safe, and do not
+        need to be escaped. Unreserved characters are always treated as safe.
+        See: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986#section-2.3
+    """
+    parts = []
+    current_position = 0
+    for match in re.finditer(PERCENT_ENCODED_REGEX, string):
+        start_position, end_position = match.start(), match.end()
+        matched_text = match.group(0)
+        # Add any text up to the '%xx' escape sequence.
+        if start_position != current_position:
+            leading_text = string[current_position:start_position]
+            parts.append(percent_encoded(leading_text, safe=safe))
+
+        # Add the '%xx' escape sequence.
+        parts.append(matched_text)
+        current_position = end_position
+
+    # Add any text after the final '%xx' escape sequence.
+    if current_position != len(string):
+        trailing_text = string[current_position:]
+        parts.append(percent_encoded(trailing_text, safe=safe))
+
+    return "".join(parts)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_urls.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_urls.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..147a8fa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_urls.py
@@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote, urlencode
+
+import idna
+
+from ._types import QueryParamTypes
+from ._urlparse import urlparse
+from ._utils import primitive_value_to_str
+
+__all__ = ["URL", "QueryParams"]
+
+
+class URL:
+    """
+    url = httpx.URL("HTTPS://jo%40email.com:a%20secret@müller.de:1234/pa%20th?search=ab#anchorlink")
+
+    assert url.scheme == "https"
+    assert url.username == "jo@email.com"
+    assert url.password == "a secret"
+    assert url.userinfo == b"jo%40email.com:a%20secret"
+    assert url.host == "müller.de"
+    assert url.raw_host == b"xn--mller-kva.de"
+    assert url.port == 1234
+    assert url.netloc == b"xn--mller-kva.de:1234"
+    assert url.path == "/pa th"
+    assert url.query == b"?search=ab"
+    assert url.raw_path == b"/pa%20th?search=ab"
+    assert url.fragment == "anchorlink"
+
+    The components of a URL are broken down like this:
+
+       https://jo%40email.com:a%20secret@müller.de:1234/pa%20th?search=ab#anchorlink
+    [scheme]   [  username  ] [password] [ host ][port][ path ] [ query ] [fragment]
+               [       userinfo        ] [   netloc   ][    raw_path    ]
+
+    Note that:
+
+    * `url.scheme` is normalized to always be lowercased.
+
+    * `url.host` is normalized to always be lowercased. Internationalized domain
+      names are represented in unicode, without IDNA encoding applied. For instance:
+
+      url = httpx.URL("http://中国.icom.museum")
+      assert url.host == "中国.icom.museum"
+      url = httpx.URL("http://xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum")
+      assert url.host == "中国.icom.museum"
+
+    * `url.raw_host` is normalized to always be lowercased, and is IDNA encoded.
+
+      url = httpx.URL("http://中国.icom.museum")
+      assert url.raw_host == b"xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum"
+      url = httpx.URL("http://xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum")
+      assert url.raw_host == b"xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum"
+
+    * `url.port` is either None or an integer. URLs that include the default port for
+      "http", "https", "ws", "wss", and "ftp" schemes have their port
+      normalized to `None`.
+
+      assert httpx.URL("http://example.com") == httpx.URL("http://example.com:80")
+      assert httpx.URL("http://example.com").port is None
+      assert httpx.URL("http://example.com:80").port is None
+
+    * `url.userinfo` is raw bytes, without URL escaping. Usually you'll want to work
+      with `url.username` and `url.password` instead, which handle the URL escaping.
+
+    * `url.raw_path` is raw bytes of both the path and query, without URL escaping.
+      This portion is used as the target when constructing HTTP requests. Usually you'll
+      want to work with `url.path` instead.
+
+    * `url.query` is raw bytes, without URL escaping. A URL query string portion can
+      only be properly URL escaped when decoding the parameter names and values
+      themselves.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, url: URL | str = "", **kwargs: typing.Any) -> None:
+        if kwargs:
+            allowed = {
+                "scheme": str,
+                "username": str,
+                "password": str,
+                "userinfo": bytes,
+                "host": str,
+                "port": int,
+                "netloc": bytes,
+                "path": str,
+                "query": bytes,
+                "raw_path": bytes,
+                "fragment": str,
+                "params": object,
+            }
+
+            # Perform type checking for all supported keyword arguments.
+            for key, value in kwargs.items():
+                if key not in allowed:
+                    message = f"{key!r} is an invalid keyword argument for URL()"
+                    raise TypeError(message)
+                if value is not None and not isinstance(value, allowed[key]):
+                    expected = allowed[key].__name__
+                    seen = type(value).__name__
+                    message = f"Argument {key!r} must be {expected} but got {seen}"
+                    raise TypeError(message)
+                if isinstance(value, bytes):
+                    kwargs[key] = value.decode("ascii")
+
+            if "params" in kwargs:
+                # Replace any "params" keyword with the raw "query" instead.
+                #
+                # Ensure that empty params use `kwargs["query"] = None` rather
+                # than `kwargs["query"] = ""`, so that generated URLs do not
+                # include an empty trailing "?".
+                params = kwargs.pop("params")
+                kwargs["query"] = None if not params else str(QueryParams(params))
+
+        if isinstance(url, str):
+            self._uri_reference = urlparse(url, **kwargs)
+        elif isinstance(url, URL):
+            self._uri_reference = url._uri_reference.copy_with(**kwargs)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Invalid type for url.  Expected str or httpx.URL,"
+                f" got {type(url)}: {url!r}"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def scheme(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The URL scheme, such as "http", "https".
+        Always normalised to lowercase.
+        """
+        return self._uri_reference.scheme
+
+    @property
+    def raw_scheme(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        The raw bytes representation of the URL scheme, such as b"http", b"https".
+        Always normalised to lowercase.
+        """
+        return self._uri_reference.scheme.encode("ascii")
+
+    @property
+    def userinfo(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        The URL userinfo as a raw bytestring.
+        For example: b"jo%40email.com:a%20secret".
+        """
+        return self._uri_reference.userinfo.encode("ascii")
+
+    @property
+    def username(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The URL username as a string, with URL decoding applied.
+        For example: "jo@email.com"
+        """
+        userinfo = self._uri_reference.userinfo
+        return unquote(userinfo.partition(":")[0])
+
+    @property
+    def password(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The URL password as a string, with URL decoding applied.
+        For example: "a secret"
+        """
+        userinfo = self._uri_reference.userinfo
+        return unquote(userinfo.partition(":")[2])
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The URL host as a string.
+        Always normalized to lowercase, with IDNA hosts decoded into unicode.
+
+        Examples:
+
+        url = httpx.URL("http://www.EXAMPLE.org")
+        assert url.host == "www.example.org"
+
+        url = httpx.URL("http://中国.icom.museum")
+        assert url.host == "中国.icom.museum"
+
+        url = httpx.URL("http://xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum")
+        assert url.host == "中国.icom.museum"
+
+        url = httpx.URL("https://[::ffff:192.168.0.1]")
+        assert url.host == "::ffff:192.168.0.1"
+        """
+        host: str = self._uri_reference.host
+
+        if host.startswith("xn--"):
+            host = idna.decode(host)
+
+        return host
+
+    @property
+    def raw_host(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        The raw bytes representation of the URL host.
+        Always normalized to lowercase, and IDNA encoded.
+
+        Examples:
+
+        url = httpx.URL("http://www.EXAMPLE.org")
+        assert url.raw_host == b"www.example.org"
+
+        url = httpx.URL("http://中国.icom.museum")
+        assert url.raw_host == b"xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum"
+
+        url = httpx.URL("http://xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum")
+        assert url.raw_host == b"xn--fiqs8s.icom.museum"
+
+        url = httpx.URL("https://[::ffff:192.168.0.1]")
+        assert url.raw_host == b"::ffff:192.168.0.1"
+        """
+        return self._uri_reference.host.encode("ascii")
+
+    @property
+    def port(self) -> int | None:
+        """
+        The URL port as an integer.
+
+        Note that the URL class performs port normalization as per the WHATWG spec.
+        Default ports for "http", "https", "ws", "wss", and "ftp" schemes are always
+        treated as `None`.
+
+        For example:
+
+        assert httpx.URL("http://www.example.com") == httpx.URL("http://www.example.com:80")
+        assert httpx.URL("http://www.example.com:80").port is None
+        """
+        return self._uri_reference.port
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Either `<host>` or `<host>:<port>` as bytes.
+        Always normalized to lowercase, and IDNA encoded.
+
+        This property may be used for generating the value of a request
+        "Host" header.
+        """
+        return self._uri_reference.netloc.encode("ascii")
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The URL path as a string. Excluding the query string, and URL decoded.
+
+        For example:
+
+        url = httpx.URL("https://example.com/pa%20th")
+        assert url.path == "/pa th"
+        """
+        path = self._uri_reference.path or "/"
+        return unquote(path)
+
+    @property
+    def query(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        The URL query string, as raw bytes, excluding the leading b"?".
+
+        This is necessarily a bytewise interface, because we cannot
+        perform URL decoding of this representation until we've parsed
+        the keys and values into a QueryParams instance.
+
+        For example:
+
+        url = httpx.URL("https://example.com/?filter=some%20search%20terms")
+        assert url.query == b"filter=some%20search%20terms"
+        """
+        query = self._uri_reference.query or ""
+        return query.encode("ascii")
+
+    @property
+    def params(self) -> QueryParams:
+        """
+        The URL query parameters, neatly parsed and packaged into an immutable
+        multidict representation.
+        """
+        return QueryParams(self._uri_reference.query)
+
+    @property
+    def raw_path(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        The complete URL path and query string as raw bytes.
+        Used as the target when constructing HTTP requests.
+
+        For example:
+
+        GET /users?search=some%20text HTTP/1.1
+        Host: www.example.org
+        Connection: close
+        """
+        path = self._uri_reference.path or "/"
+        if self._uri_reference.query is not None:
+            path += "?" + self._uri_reference.query
+        return path.encode("ascii")
+
+    @property
+    def fragment(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The URL fragments, as used in HTML anchors.
+        As a string, without the leading '#'.
+        """
+        return unquote(self._uri_reference.fragment or "")
+
+    @property
+    def is_absolute_url(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `True` for absolute URLs such as 'http://example.com/path',
+        and `False` for relative URLs such as '/path'.
+        """
+        # We don't use `.is_absolute` from `rfc3986` because it treats
+        # URLs with a fragment portion as not absolute.
+        # What we actually care about is if the URL provides
+        # a scheme and hostname to which connections should be made.
+        return bool(self._uri_reference.scheme and self._uri_reference.host)
+
+    @property
+    def is_relative_url(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return `False` for absolute URLs such as 'http://example.com/path',
+        and `True` for relative URLs such as '/path'.
+        """
+        return not self.is_absolute_url
+
+    def copy_with(self, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> URL:
+        """
+        Copy this URL, returning a new URL with some components altered.
+        Accepts the same set of parameters as the components that are made
+        available via properties on the `URL` class.
+
+        For example:
+
+        url = httpx.URL("https://www.example.com").copy_with(
+            username="jo@gmail.com", password="a secret"
+        )
+        assert url == "https://jo%40email.com:a%20secret@www.example.com"
+        """
+        return URL(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def copy_set_param(self, key: str, value: typing.Any = None) -> URL:
+        return self.copy_with(params=self.params.set(key, value))
+
+    def copy_add_param(self, key: str, value: typing.Any = None) -> URL:
+        return self.copy_with(params=self.params.add(key, value))
+
+    def copy_remove_param(self, key: str) -> URL:
+        return self.copy_with(params=self.params.remove(key))
+
+    def copy_merge_params(self, params: QueryParamTypes) -> URL:
+        return self.copy_with(params=self.params.merge(params))
+
+    def join(self, url: URL | str) -> URL:
+        """
+        Return an absolute URL, using this URL as the base.
+
+        Eg.
+
+        url = httpx.URL("https://www.example.com/test")
+        url = url.join("/new/path")
+        assert url == "https://www.example.com/new/path"
+        """
+        from urllib.parse import urljoin
+
+        return URL(urljoin(str(self), str(URL(url))))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(str(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, (URL, str)) and str(self) == str(URL(other))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self._uri_reference)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        scheme, userinfo, host, port, path, query, fragment = self._uri_reference
+
+        if ":" in userinfo:
+            # Mask any password component.
+            userinfo = f'{userinfo.split(":")[0]}:[secure]'
+
+        authority = "".join(
+            [
+                f"{userinfo}@" if userinfo else "",
+                f"[{host}]" if ":" in host else host,
+                f":{port}" if port is not None else "",
+            ]
+        )
+        url = "".join(
+            [
+                f"{self.scheme}:" if scheme else "",
+                f"//{authority}" if authority else "",
+                path,
+                f"?{query}" if query is not None else "",
+                f"#{fragment}" if fragment is not None else "",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({url!r})"
+
+    @property
+    def raw(self) -> tuple[bytes, bytes, int, bytes]:  # pragma: nocover
+        import collections
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn("URL.raw is deprecated.")
+        RawURL = collections.namedtuple(
+            "RawURL", ["raw_scheme", "raw_host", "port", "raw_path"]
+        )
+        return RawURL(
+            raw_scheme=self.raw_scheme,
+            raw_host=self.raw_host,
+            port=self.port,
+            raw_path=self.raw_path,
+        )
+
+
+class QueryParams(typing.Mapping[str, str]):
+    """
+    URL query parameters, as a multi-dict.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: QueryParamTypes | None, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> None:
+        assert len(args) < 2, "Too many arguments."
+        assert not (args and kwargs), "Cannot mix named and unnamed arguments."
+
+        value = args[0] if args else kwargs
+
+        if value is None or isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
+            value = value.decode("ascii") if isinstance(value, bytes) else value
+            self._dict = parse_qs(value, keep_blank_values=True)
+        elif isinstance(value, QueryParams):
+            self._dict = {k: list(v) for k, v in value._dict.items()}
+        else:
+            dict_value: dict[typing.Any, list[typing.Any]] = {}
+            if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+                # Convert list inputs like:
+                #     [("a", "123"), ("a", "456"), ("b", "789")]
+                # To a dict representation, like:
+                #     {"a": ["123", "456"], "b": ["789"]}
+                for item in value:
+                    dict_value.setdefault(item[0], []).append(item[1])
+            else:
+                # Convert dict inputs like:
+                #    {"a": "123", "b": ["456", "789"]}
+                # To dict inputs where values are always lists, like:
+                #    {"a": ["123"], "b": ["456", "789"]}
+                dict_value = {
+                    k: list(v) if isinstance(v, (list, tuple)) else [v]
+                    for k, v in value.items()
+                }
+
+            # Ensure that keys and values are neatly coerced to strings.
+            # We coerce values `True` and `False` to JSON-like "true" and "false"
+            # representations, and coerce `None` values to the empty string.
+            self._dict = {
+                str(k): [primitive_value_to_str(item) for item in v]
+                for k, v in dict_value.items()
+            }
+
+    def keys(self) -> typing.KeysView[str]:
+        """
+        Return all the keys in the query params.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123&a=456&b=789")
+        assert list(q.keys()) == ["a", "b"]
+        """
+        return self._dict.keys()
+
+    def values(self) -> typing.ValuesView[str]:
+        """
+        Return all the values in the query params. If a key occurs more than once
+        only the first item for that key is returned.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123&a=456&b=789")
+        assert list(q.values()) == ["123", "789"]
+        """
+        return {k: v[0] for k, v in self._dict.items()}.values()
+
+    def items(self) -> typing.ItemsView[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return all items in the query params. If a key occurs more than once
+        only the first item for that key is returned.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123&a=456&b=789")
+        assert list(q.items()) == [("a", "123"), ("b", "789")]
+        """
+        return {k: v[0] for k, v in self._dict.items()}.items()
+
+    def multi_items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        """
+        Return all items in the query params. Allow duplicate keys to occur.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123&a=456&b=789")
+        assert list(q.multi_items()) == [("a", "123"), ("a", "456"), ("b", "789")]
+        """
+        multi_items: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+        for k, v in self._dict.items():
+            multi_items.extend([(k, i) for i in v])
+        return multi_items
+
+    def get(self, key: typing.Any, default: typing.Any = None) -> typing.Any:
+        """
+        Get a value from the query param for a given key. If the key occurs
+        more than once, then only the first value is returned.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123&a=456&b=789")
+        assert q.get("a") == "123"
+        """
+        if key in self._dict:
+            return self._dict[str(key)][0]
+        return default
+
+    def get_list(self, key: str) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Get all values from the query param for a given key.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123&a=456&b=789")
+        assert q.get_list("a") == ["123", "456"]
+        """
+        return list(self._dict.get(str(key), []))
+
+    def set(self, key: str, value: typing.Any = None) -> QueryParams:
+        """
+        Return a new QueryParams instance, setting the value of a key.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123")
+        q = q.set("a", "456")
+        assert q == httpx.QueryParams("a=456")
+        """
+        q = QueryParams()
+        q._dict = dict(self._dict)
+        q._dict[str(key)] = [primitive_value_to_str(value)]
+        return q
+
+    def add(self, key: str, value: typing.Any = None) -> QueryParams:
+        """
+        Return a new QueryParams instance, setting or appending the value of a key.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123")
+        q = q.add("a", "456")
+        assert q == httpx.QueryParams("a=123&a=456")
+        """
+        q = QueryParams()
+        q._dict = dict(self._dict)
+        q._dict[str(key)] = q.get_list(key) + [primitive_value_to_str(value)]
+        return q
+
+    def remove(self, key: str) -> QueryParams:
+        """
+        Return a new QueryParams instance, removing the value of a key.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123")
+        q = q.remove("a")
+        assert q == httpx.QueryParams("")
+        """
+        q = QueryParams()
+        q._dict = dict(self._dict)
+        q._dict.pop(str(key), None)
+        return q
+
+    def merge(self, params: QueryParamTypes | None = None) -> QueryParams:
+        """
+        Return a new QueryParams instance, updated with.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123")
+        q = q.merge({"b": "456"})
+        assert q == httpx.QueryParams("a=123&b=456")
+
+        q = httpx.QueryParams("a=123")
+        q = q.merge({"a": "456", "b": "789"})
+        assert q == httpx.QueryParams("a=456&b=789")
+        """
+        q = QueryParams(params)
+        q._dict = {**self._dict, **q._dict}
+        return q
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: typing.Any) -> str:
+        return self._dict[key][0]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return key in self._dict
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[typing.Any]:
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._dict)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._dict)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(str(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return False
+        return sorted(self.multi_items()) == sorted(other.multi_items())
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return urlencode(self.multi_items())
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        query_string = str(self)
+        return f"{class_name}({query_string!r})"
+
+    def update(self, params: QueryParamTypes | None = None) -> None:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "QueryParams are immutable since 0.18.0. "
+            "Use `q = q.merge(...)` to create an updated copy."
+        )
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "QueryParams are immutable since 0.18.0. "
+            "Use `q = q.set(key, value)` to create an updated copy."
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fe827da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ipaddress
+import os
+import re
+import typing
+from urllib.request import getproxies
+
+from ._types import PrimitiveData
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from ._urls import URL
+
+
+def primitive_value_to_str(value: PrimitiveData) -> str:
+    """
+    Coerce a primitive data type into a string value.
+
+    Note that we prefer JSON-style 'true'/'false' for boolean values here.
+    """
+    if value is True:
+        return "true"
+    elif value is False:
+        return "false"
+    elif value is None:
+        return ""
+    return str(value)
+
+
+def get_environment_proxies() -> dict[str, str | None]:
+    """Gets proxy information from the environment"""
+
+    # urllib.request.getproxies() falls back on System
+    # Registry and Config for proxies on Windows and macOS.
+    # We don't want to propagate non-HTTP proxies into
+    # our configuration such as 'TRAVIS_APT_PROXY'.
+    proxy_info = getproxies()
+    mounts: dict[str, str | None] = {}
+
+    for scheme in ("http", "https", "all"):
+        if proxy_info.get(scheme):
+            hostname = proxy_info[scheme]
+            mounts[f"{scheme}://"] = (
+                hostname if "://" in hostname else f"http://{hostname}"
+            )
+
+    no_proxy_hosts = [host.strip() for host in proxy_info.get("no", "").split(",")]
+    for hostname in no_proxy_hosts:
+        # See https://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/CURLOPT_NOPROXY.html for details
+        # on how names in `NO_PROXY` are handled.
+        if hostname == "*":
+            # If NO_PROXY=* is used or if "*" occurs as any one of the comma
+            # separated hostnames, then we should just bypass any information
+            # from HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY, ALL_PROXY, and always ignore
+            # proxies.
+            return {}
+        elif hostname:
+            # NO_PROXY=.google.com is marked as "all://*.google.com,
+            #   which disables "www.google.com" but not "google.com"
+            # NO_PROXY=google.com is marked as "all://*google.com,
+            #   which disables "www.google.com" and "google.com".
+            #   (But not "wwwgoogle.com")
+            # NO_PROXY can include domains, IPv6, IPv4 addresses and "localhost"
+            #   NO_PROXY=example.com,::1,localhost,192.168.0.0/16
+            if "://" in hostname:
+                mounts[hostname] = None
+            elif is_ipv4_hostname(hostname):
+                mounts[f"all://{hostname}"] = None
+            elif is_ipv6_hostname(hostname):
+                mounts[f"all://[{hostname}]"] = None
+            elif hostname.lower() == "localhost":
+                mounts[f"all://{hostname}"] = None
+            else:
+                mounts[f"all://*{hostname}"] = None
+
+    return mounts
+
+
+def to_bytes(value: str | bytes, encoding: str = "utf-8") -> bytes:
+    return value.encode(encoding) if isinstance(value, str) else value
+
+
+def to_str(value: str | bytes, encoding: str = "utf-8") -> str:
+    return value if isinstance(value, str) else value.decode(encoding)
+
+
+def to_bytes_or_str(value: str, match_type_of: typing.AnyStr) -> typing.AnyStr:
+    return value if isinstance(match_type_of, str) else value.encode()
+
+
+def unquote(value: str) -> str:
+    return value[1:-1] if value[0] == value[-1] == '"' else value
+
+
+def peek_filelike_length(stream: typing.Any) -> int | None:
+    """
+    Given a file-like stream object, return its length in number of bytes
+    without reading it into memory.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Is it an actual file?
+        fd = stream.fileno()
+        # Yup, seems to be an actual file.
+        length = os.fstat(fd).st_size
+    except (AttributeError, OSError):
+        # No... Maybe it's something that supports random access, like `io.BytesIO`?
+        try:
+            # Assuming so, go to end of stream to figure out its length,
+            # then put it back in place.
+            offset = stream.tell()
+            length = stream.seek(0, os.SEEK_END)
+            stream.seek(offset)
+        except (AttributeError, OSError):
+            # Not even that? Sorry, we're doomed...
+            return None
+
+    return length
+
+
+class URLPattern:
+    """
+    A utility class currently used for making lookups against proxy keys...
+
+    # Wildcard matching...
+    >>> pattern = URLPattern("all://")
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("http://example.com"))
+    True
+
+    # Witch scheme matching...
+    >>> pattern = URLPattern("https://")
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("https://example.com"))
+    True
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("http://example.com"))
+    False
+
+    # With domain matching...
+    >>> pattern = URLPattern("https://example.com")
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("https://example.com"))
+    True
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("http://example.com"))
+    False
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("https://other.com"))
+    False
+
+    # Wildcard scheme, with domain matching...
+    >>> pattern = URLPattern("all://example.com")
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("https://example.com"))
+    True
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("http://example.com"))
+    True
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("https://other.com"))
+    False
+
+    # With port matching...
+    >>> pattern = URLPattern("https://example.com:1234")
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("https://example.com:1234"))
+    True
+    >>> pattern.matches(httpx.URL("https://example.com"))
+    False
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pattern: str) -> None:
+        from ._urls import URL
+
+        if pattern and ":" not in pattern:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Proxy keys should use proper URL forms rather "
+                f"than plain scheme strings. "
+                f'Instead of "{pattern}", use "{pattern}://"'
+            )
+
+        url = URL(pattern)
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.scheme = "" if url.scheme == "all" else url.scheme
+        self.host = "" if url.host == "*" else url.host
+        self.port = url.port
+        if not url.host or url.host == "*":
+            self.host_regex: typing.Pattern[str] | None = None
+        elif url.host.startswith("*."):
+            # *.example.com should match "www.example.com", but not "example.com"
+            domain = re.escape(url.host[2:])
+            self.host_regex = re.compile(f"^.+\\.{domain}$")
+        elif url.host.startswith("*"):
+            # *example.com should match "www.example.com" and "example.com"
+            domain = re.escape(url.host[1:])
+            self.host_regex = re.compile(f"^(.+\\.)?{domain}$")
+        else:
+            # example.com should match "example.com" but not "www.example.com"
+            domain = re.escape(url.host)
+            self.host_regex = re.compile(f"^{domain}$")
+
+    def matches(self, other: URL) -> bool:
+        if self.scheme and self.scheme != other.scheme:
+            return False
+        if (
+            self.host
+            and self.host_regex is not None
+            and not self.host_regex.match(other.host)
+        ):
+            return False
+        if self.port is not None and self.port != other.port:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def priority(self) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
+        """
+        The priority allows URLPattern instances to be sortable, so that
+        we can match from most specific to least specific.
+        """
+        # URLs with a port should take priority over URLs without a port.
+        port_priority = 0 if self.port is not None else 1
+        # Longer hostnames should match first.
+        host_priority = -len(self.host)
+        # Longer schemes should match first.
+        scheme_priority = -len(self.scheme)
+        return (port_priority, host_priority, scheme_priority)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.pattern)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: URLPattern) -> bool:
+        return self.priority < other.priority
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, URLPattern) and self.pattern == other.pattern
+
+
+def is_ipv4_hostname(hostname: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        ipaddress.IPv4Address(hostname.split("/")[0])
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def is_ipv6_hostname(hostname: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        ipaddress.IPv6Address(hostname.split("/")[0])
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+    return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/httpx/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/LICENSE.md b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/LICENSE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19b6b452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/LICENSE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+BSD 3-Clause License
+
+Copyright (c) 2013-2024, Kim Davies and contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+   contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+   this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c42623e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: idna
+Version: 3.10
+Summary: Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
+Author-email: Kim Davies <kim+pypi@gumleaf.org>
+Requires-Python: >=3.6
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: Name Service (DNS)
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Requires-Dist: ruff >= 0.6.2 ; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: mypy >= 1.11.2 ; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: pytest >= 8.3.2 ; extra == "all"
+Requires-Dist: flake8 >= 7.1.1 ; extra == "all"
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/kjd/idna/blob/master/HISTORY.rst
+Project-URL: Issue tracker, https://github.com/kjd/idna/issues
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/kjd/idna
+Provides-Extra: all
+
+Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)
+=====================================================
+
+Support for the Internationalized Domain Names in
+Applications (IDNA) protocol as specified in `RFC 5891
+<https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5891>`_. This is the latest version of
+the protocol and is sometimes referred to as “IDNA 2008”.
+
+This library also provides support for Unicode Technical
+Standard 46, `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing
+<https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_.
+
+This acts as a suitable replacement for the “encodings.idna”
+module that comes with the Python standard library, but which
+only supports the older superseded IDNA specification (`RFC 3490
+<https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490>`_).
+
+Basic functions are simply executed:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import idna
+    >>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
+    b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
+    >>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
+    ドメイン.テスト
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+This package is available for installation from PyPI:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ python3 -m pip install idna
+
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+For typical usage, the ``encode`` and ``decode`` functions will take a
+domain name argument and perform a conversion to A-labels or U-labels
+respectively.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import idna
+    >>> idna.encode('ドメイン.テスト')
+    b'xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'
+    >>> print(idna.decode('xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah'))
+    ドメイン.テスト
+
+You may use the codec encoding and decoding methods using the
+``idna.codec`` module:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import idna.codec
+    >>> print('домен.испытание'.encode('idna2008'))
+    b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'
+    >>> print(b'xn--d1acufc.xn--80akhbyknj4f'.decode('idna2008'))
+    домен.испытание
+
+Conversions can be applied at a per-label basis using the ``ulabel`` or
+``alabel`` functions if necessary:
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> idna.alabel('测试')
+    b'xn--0zwm56d'
+
+Compatibility Mapping (UTS #46)
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+As described in `RFC 5895 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5895>`_, the
+IDNA specification does not normalize input from different potential
+ways a user may input a domain name. This functionality, known as
+a “mapping”, is considered by the specification to be a local
+user-interface issue distinct from IDNA conversion functionality.
+
+This library provides one such mapping that was developed by the
+Unicode Consortium. Known as `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing
+<https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_, it provides for both a regular
+mapping for typical applications, as well as a transitional mapping to
+help migrate from older IDNA 2003 applications. Strings are
+preprocessed according to Section 4.4 “Preprocessing for IDNA2008”
+prior to the IDNA operations.
+
+For example, “Königsgäßchen” is not a permissible label as *LATIN
+CAPITAL LETTER K* is not allowed (nor are capital letters in general).
+UTS 46 will convert this into lower case prior to applying the IDNA
+conversion.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> import idna
+    >>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen')
+    ...
+    idna.core.InvalidCodepoint: Codepoint U+004B at position 1 of 'Königsgäßchen' not allowed
+    >>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True)
+    b'xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'
+    >>> print(idna.decode('xn--knigsgchen-b4a3dun'))
+    königsgäßchen
+
+Transitional processing provides conversions to help transition from
+the older 2003 standard to the current standard. For example, in the
+original IDNA specification, the *LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S* (ß) was
+converted into two *LATIN SMALL LETTER S* (ss), whereas in the current
+IDNA specification this conversion is not performed.
+
+.. code-block:: pycon
+
+    >>> idna.encode('Königsgäßchen', uts46=True, transitional=True)
+    'xn--knigsgsschen-lcb0w'
+
+Implementers should use transitional processing with caution, only in
+rare cases where conversion from legacy labels to current labels must be
+performed (i.e. IDNA implementations that pre-date 2008). For typical
+applications that just need to convert labels, transitional processing
+is unlikely to be beneficial and could produce unexpected incompatible
+results.
+
+``encodings.idna`` Compatibility
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+Function calls from the Python built-in ``encodings.idna`` module are
+mapped to their IDNA 2008 equivalents using the ``idna.compat`` module.
+Simply substitute the ``import`` clause in your code to refer to the new
+module name.
+
+Exceptions
+----------
+
+All errors raised during the conversion following the specification
+should raise an exception derived from the ``idna.IDNAError`` base
+class.
+
+More specific exceptions that may be generated as ``idna.IDNABidiError``
+when the error reflects an illegal combination of left-to-right and
+right-to-left characters in a label; ``idna.InvalidCodepoint`` when
+a specific codepoint is an illegal character in an IDN label (i.e.
+INVALID); and ``idna.InvalidCodepointContext`` when the codepoint is
+illegal based on its positional context (i.e. it is CONTEXTO or CONTEXTJ
+but the contextual requirements are not satisfied.)
+
+Building and Diagnostics
+------------------------
+
+The IDNA and UTS 46 functionality relies upon pre-calculated lookup
+tables for performance. These tables are derived from computing against
+eligibility criteria in the respective standards. These tables are
+computed using the command-line script ``tools/idna-data``.
+
+This tool will fetch relevant codepoint data from the Unicode repository
+and perform the required calculations to identify eligibility. There are
+three main modes:
+
+* ``idna-data make-libdata``. Generates ``idnadata.py`` and
+  ``uts46data.py``, the pre-calculated lookup tables used for IDNA and
+  UTS 46 conversions. Implementers who wish to track this library against
+  a different Unicode version may use this tool to manually generate a
+  different version of the ``idnadata.py`` and ``uts46data.py`` files.
+
+* ``idna-data make-table``. Generate a table of the IDNA disposition
+  (e.g. PVALID, CONTEXTJ, CONTEXTO) in the format found in Appendix
+  B.1 of RFC 5892 and the pre-computed tables published by `IANA
+  <https://www.iana.org/>`_.
+
+* ``idna-data U+0061``. Prints debugging output on the various
+  properties associated with an individual Unicode codepoint (in this
+  case, U+0061), that are used to assess the IDNA and UTS 46 status of a
+  codepoint. This is helpful in debugging or analysis.
+
+The tool accepts a number of arguments, described using ``idna-data
+-h``. Most notably, the ``--version`` argument allows the specification
+of the version of Unicode to be used in computing the table data. For
+example, ``idna-data --version 9.0.0 make-libdata`` will generate
+library data against Unicode 9.0.0.
+
+
+Additional Notes
+----------------
+
+* **Packages**. The latest tagged release version is published in the
+  `Python Package Index <https://pypi.org/project/idna/>`_.
+
+* **Version support**. This library supports Python 3.6 and higher.
+  As this library serves as a low-level toolkit for a variety of
+  applications, many of which strive for broad compatibility with older
+  Python versions, there is no rush to remove older interpreter support.
+  Removing support for older versions should be well justified in that the
+  maintenance burden has become too high.
+
+* **Python 2**. Python 2 is supported by version 2.x of this library.
+  Use "idna<3" in your requirements file if you need this library for
+  a Python 2 application. Be advised that these versions are no longer
+  actively developed.
+
+* **Testing**. The library has a test suite based on each rule of the
+  IDNA specification, as well as tests that are provided as part of the
+  Unicode Technical Standard 46, `Unicode IDNA Compatibility Processing
+  <https://unicode.org/reports/tr46/>`_.
+
+* **Emoji**. It is an occasional request to support emoji domains in
+  this library. Encoding of symbols like emoji is expressly prohibited by
+  the technical standard IDNA 2008 and emoji domains are broadly phased
+  out across the domain industry due to associated security risks. For
+  now, applications that need to support these non-compliant labels
+  may wish to consider trying the encode/decode operation in this library
+  first, and then falling back to using `encodings.idna`. See `the Github
+  project <https://github.com/kjd/idna/issues/18>`_ for more discussion.
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54f66098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+idna-3.10.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+idna-3.10.dist-info/LICENSE.md,sha256=pZ8LDvNjWHQQmkRhykT_enDVBpboFHZ7-vch1Mmw2w8,1541
+idna-3.10.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=URR5ZyDfQ1PCEGhkYoojqfi2Ra0tau2--lhwG4XSfjI,10158
+idna-3.10.dist-info/RECORD,,
+idna-3.10.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=EZbGkh7Ie4PoZfRQ8I0ZuP9VklN_TvcZ6DSE5Uar4z4,81
+idna/__init__.py,sha256=MPqNDLZbXqGaNdXxAFhiqFPKEQXju2jNQhCey6-5eJM,868
+idna/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/__pycache__/codec.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/__pycache__/compat.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/__pycache__/idnadata.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/__pycache__/intranges.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/__pycache__/package_data.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/__pycache__/uts46data.cpython-312.pyc,,
+idna/codec.py,sha256=PEew3ItwzjW4hymbasnty2N2OXvNcgHB-JjrBuxHPYY,3422
+idna/compat.py,sha256=RzLy6QQCdl9784aFhb2EX9EKGCJjg0P3PilGdeXXcx8,316
+idna/core.py,sha256=YJYyAMnwiQEPjVC4-Fqu_p4CJ6yKKuDGmppBNQNQpFs,13239
+idna/idnadata.py,sha256=W30GcIGvtOWYwAjZj4ZjuouUutC6ffgNuyjJy7fZ-lo,78306
+idna/intranges.py,sha256=amUtkdhYcQG8Zr-CoMM_kVRacxkivC1WgxN1b63KKdU,1898
+idna/package_data.py,sha256=q59S3OXsc5VI8j6vSD0sGBMyk6zZ4vWFREE88yCJYKs,21
+idna/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+idna/uts46data.py,sha256=rt90K9J40gUSwppDPCrhjgi5AA6pWM65dEGRSf6rIhM,239289
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b5e64b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna-3.10.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: flit 3.9.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfdc030a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from .core import (
+    IDNABidiError,
+    IDNAError,
+    InvalidCodepoint,
+    InvalidCodepointContext,
+    alabel,
+    check_bidi,
+    check_hyphen_ok,
+    check_initial_combiner,
+    check_label,
+    check_nfc,
+    decode,
+    encode,
+    ulabel,
+    uts46_remap,
+    valid_contextj,
+    valid_contexto,
+    valid_label_length,
+    valid_string_length,
+)
+from .intranges import intranges_contain
+from .package_data import __version__
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__version__",
+    "IDNABidiError",
+    "IDNAError",
+    "InvalidCodepoint",
+    "InvalidCodepointContext",
+    "alabel",
+    "check_bidi",
+    "check_hyphen_ok",
+    "check_initial_combiner",
+    "check_label",
+    "check_nfc",
+    "decode",
+    "encode",
+    "intranges_contain",
+    "ulabel",
+    "uts46_remap",
+    "valid_contextj",
+    "valid_contexto",
+    "valid_label_length",
+    "valid_string_length",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/__pycache__/uts46data.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/__pycache__/uts46data.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/codec.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/codec.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..913abfd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/codec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import codecs
+import re
+from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple
+
+from .core import IDNAError, alabel, decode, encode, ulabel
+
+_unicode_dots_re = re.compile("[\u002e\u3002\uff0e\uff61]")
+
+
+class Codec(codecs.Codec):
+    def encode(self, data: str, errors: str = "strict") -> Tuple[bytes, int]:
+        if errors != "strict":
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling "{}"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return b"", 0
+
+        return encode(data), len(data)
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes, errors: str = "strict") -> Tuple[str, int]:
+        if errors != "strict":
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling "{}"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return "", 0
+
+        return decode(data), len(data)
+
+
+class IncrementalEncoder(codecs.BufferedIncrementalEncoder):
+    def _buffer_encode(self, data: str, errors: str, final: bool) -> Tuple[bytes, int]:
+        if errors != "strict":
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling "{}"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return b"", 0
+
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(data)
+        trailing_dot = b""
+        if labels:
+            if not labels[-1]:
+                trailing_dot = b"."
+                del labels[-1]
+            elif not final:
+                # Keep potentially unfinished label until the next call
+                del labels[-1]
+                if labels:
+                    trailing_dot = b"."
+
+        result = []
+        size = 0
+        for label in labels:
+            result.append(alabel(label))
+            if size:
+                size += 1
+            size += len(label)
+
+        # Join with U+002E
+        result_bytes = b".".join(result) + trailing_dot
+        size += len(trailing_dot)
+        return result_bytes, size
+
+
+class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.BufferedIncrementalDecoder):
+    def _buffer_decode(self, data: Any, errors: str, final: bool) -> Tuple[str, int]:
+        if errors != "strict":
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling "{}"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return ("", 0)
+
+        if not isinstance(data, str):
+            data = str(data, "ascii")
+
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(data)
+        trailing_dot = ""
+        if labels:
+            if not labels[-1]:
+                trailing_dot = "."
+                del labels[-1]
+            elif not final:
+                # Keep potentially unfinished label until the next call
+                del labels[-1]
+                if labels:
+                    trailing_dot = "."
+
+        result = []
+        size = 0
+        for label in labels:
+            result.append(ulabel(label))
+            if size:
+                size += 1
+            size += len(label)
+
+        result_str = ".".join(result) + trailing_dot
+        size += len(trailing_dot)
+        return (result_str, size)
+
+
+class StreamWriter(Codec, codecs.StreamWriter):
+    pass
+
+
+class StreamReader(Codec, codecs.StreamReader):
+    pass
+
+
+def search_function(name: str) -> Optional[codecs.CodecInfo]:
+    if name != "idna2008":
+        return None
+    return codecs.CodecInfo(
+        name=name,
+        encode=Codec().encode,
+        decode=Codec().decode,
+        incrementalencoder=IncrementalEncoder,
+        incrementaldecoder=IncrementalDecoder,
+        streamwriter=StreamWriter,
+        streamreader=StreamReader,
+    )
+
+
+codecs.register(search_function)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1df9f2a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from .core import decode, encode
+
+
+def ToASCII(label: str) -> bytes:
+    return encode(label)
+
+
+def ToUnicode(label: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> str:
+    return decode(label)
+
+
+def nameprep(s: Any) -> None:
+    raise NotImplementedError("IDNA 2008 does not utilise nameprep protocol")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9115f123
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+import bisect
+import re
+import unicodedata
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from . import idnadata
+from .intranges import intranges_contain
+
+_virama_combining_class = 9
+_alabel_prefix = b"xn--"
+_unicode_dots_re = re.compile("[\u002e\u3002\uff0e\uff61]")
+
+
+class IDNAError(UnicodeError):
+    """Base exception for all IDNA-encoding related problems"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IDNABidiError(IDNAError):
+    """Exception when bidirectional requirements are not satisfied"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCodepoint(IDNAError):
+    """Exception when a disallowed or unallocated codepoint is used"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCodepointContext(IDNAError):
+    """Exception when the codepoint is not valid in the context it is used"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+def _combining_class(cp: int) -> int:
+    v = unicodedata.combining(chr(cp))
+    if v == 0:
+        if not unicodedata.name(chr(cp)):
+            raise ValueError("Unknown character in unicodedata")
+    return v
+
+
+def _is_script(cp: str, script: str) -> bool:
+    return intranges_contain(ord(cp), idnadata.scripts[script])
+
+
+def _punycode(s: str) -> bytes:
+    return s.encode("punycode")
+
+
+def _unot(s: int) -> str:
+    return "U+{:04X}".format(s)
+
+
+def valid_label_length(label: Union[bytes, str]) -> bool:
+    if len(label) > 63:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def valid_string_length(label: Union[bytes, str], trailing_dot: bool) -> bool:
+    if len(label) > (254 if trailing_dot else 253):
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def check_bidi(label: str, check_ltr: bool = False) -> bool:
+    # Bidi rules should only be applied if string contains RTL characters
+    bidi_label = False
+    for idx, cp in enumerate(label, 1):
+        direction = unicodedata.bidirectional(cp)
+        if direction == "":
+            # String likely comes from a newer version of Unicode
+            raise IDNABidiError("Unknown directionality in label {} at position {}".format(repr(label), idx))
+        if direction in ["R", "AL", "AN"]:
+            bidi_label = True
+    if not bidi_label and not check_ltr:
+        return True
+
+    # Bidi rule 1
+    direction = unicodedata.bidirectional(label[0])
+    if direction in ["R", "AL"]:
+        rtl = True
+    elif direction == "L":
+        rtl = False
+    else:
+        raise IDNABidiError("First codepoint in label {} must be directionality L, R or AL".format(repr(label)))
+
+    valid_ending = False
+    number_type: Optional[str] = None
+    for idx, cp in enumerate(label, 1):
+        direction = unicodedata.bidirectional(cp)
+
+        if rtl:
+            # Bidi rule 2
+            if direction not in [
+                "R",
+                "AL",
+                "AN",
+                "EN",
+                "ES",
+                "CS",
+                "ET",
+                "ON",
+                "BN",
+                "NSM",
+            ]:
+                raise IDNABidiError("Invalid direction for codepoint at position {} in a right-to-left label".format(idx))
+            # Bidi rule 3
+            if direction in ["R", "AL", "EN", "AN"]:
+                valid_ending = True
+            elif direction != "NSM":
+                valid_ending = False
+            # Bidi rule 4
+            if direction in ["AN", "EN"]:
+                if not number_type:
+                    number_type = direction
+                else:
+                    if number_type != direction:
+                        raise IDNABidiError("Can not mix numeral types in a right-to-left label")
+        else:
+            # Bidi rule 5
+            if direction not in ["L", "EN", "ES", "CS", "ET", "ON", "BN", "NSM"]:
+                raise IDNABidiError("Invalid direction for codepoint at position {} in a left-to-right label".format(idx))
+            # Bidi rule 6
+            if direction in ["L", "EN"]:
+                valid_ending = True
+            elif direction != "NSM":
+                valid_ending = False
+
+    if not valid_ending:
+        raise IDNABidiError("Label ends with illegal codepoint directionality")
+
+    return True
+
+
+def check_initial_combiner(label: str) -> bool:
+    if unicodedata.category(label[0])[0] == "M":
+        raise IDNAError("Label begins with an illegal combining character")
+    return True
+
+
+def check_hyphen_ok(label: str) -> bool:
+    if label[2:4] == "--":
+        raise IDNAError("Label has disallowed hyphens in 3rd and 4th position")
+    if label[0] == "-" or label[-1] == "-":
+        raise IDNAError("Label must not start or end with a hyphen")
+    return True
+
+
+def check_nfc(label: str) -> None:
+    if unicodedata.normalize("NFC", label) != label:
+        raise IDNAError("Label must be in Normalization Form C")
+
+
+def valid_contextj(label: str, pos: int) -> bool:
+    cp_value = ord(label[pos])
+
+    if cp_value == 0x200C:
+        if pos > 0:
+            if _combining_class(ord(label[pos - 1])) == _virama_combining_class:
+                return True
+
+        ok = False
+        for i in range(pos - 1, -1, -1):
+            joining_type = idnadata.joining_types.get(ord(label[i]))
+            if joining_type == ord("T"):
+                continue
+            elif joining_type in [ord("L"), ord("D")]:
+                ok = True
+                break
+            else:
+                break
+
+        if not ok:
+            return False
+
+        ok = False
+        for i in range(pos + 1, len(label)):
+            joining_type = idnadata.joining_types.get(ord(label[i]))
+            if joining_type == ord("T"):
+                continue
+            elif joining_type in [ord("R"), ord("D")]:
+                ok = True
+                break
+            else:
+                break
+        return ok
+
+    if cp_value == 0x200D:
+        if pos > 0:
+            if _combining_class(ord(label[pos - 1])) == _virama_combining_class:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def valid_contexto(label: str, pos: int, exception: bool = False) -> bool:
+    cp_value = ord(label[pos])
+
+    if cp_value == 0x00B7:
+        if 0 < pos < len(label) - 1:
+            if ord(label[pos - 1]) == 0x006C and ord(label[pos + 1]) == 0x006C:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    elif cp_value == 0x0375:
+        if pos < len(label) - 1 and len(label) > 1:
+            return _is_script(label[pos + 1], "Greek")
+        return False
+
+    elif cp_value == 0x05F3 or cp_value == 0x05F4:
+        if pos > 0:
+            return _is_script(label[pos - 1], "Hebrew")
+        return False
+
+    elif cp_value == 0x30FB:
+        for cp in label:
+            if cp == "\u30fb":
+                continue
+            if _is_script(cp, "Hiragana") or _is_script(cp, "Katakana") or _is_script(cp, "Han"):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    elif 0x660 <= cp_value <= 0x669:
+        for cp in label:
+            if 0x6F0 <= ord(cp) <= 0x06F9:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    elif 0x6F0 <= cp_value <= 0x6F9:
+        for cp in label:
+            if 0x660 <= ord(cp) <= 0x0669:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def check_label(label: Union[str, bytes, bytearray]) -> None:
+    if isinstance(label, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        label = label.decode("utf-8")
+    if len(label) == 0:
+        raise IDNAError("Empty Label")
+
+    check_nfc(label)
+    check_hyphen_ok(label)
+    check_initial_combiner(label)
+
+    for pos, cp in enumerate(label):
+        cp_value = ord(cp)
+        if intranges_contain(cp_value, idnadata.codepoint_classes["PVALID"]):
+            continue
+        elif intranges_contain(cp_value, idnadata.codepoint_classes["CONTEXTJ"]):
+            try:
+                if not valid_contextj(label, pos):
+                    raise InvalidCodepointContext(
+                        "Joiner {} not allowed at position {} in {}".format(_unot(cp_value), pos + 1, repr(label))
+                    )
+            except ValueError:
+                raise IDNAError(
+                    "Unknown codepoint adjacent to joiner {} at position {} in {}".format(
+                        _unot(cp_value), pos + 1, repr(label)
+                    )
+                )
+        elif intranges_contain(cp_value, idnadata.codepoint_classes["CONTEXTO"]):
+            if not valid_contexto(label, pos):
+                raise InvalidCodepointContext(
+                    "Codepoint {} not allowed at position {} in {}".format(_unot(cp_value), pos + 1, repr(label))
+                )
+        else:
+            raise InvalidCodepoint(
+                "Codepoint {} at position {} of {} not allowed".format(_unot(cp_value), pos + 1, repr(label))
+            )
+
+    check_bidi(label)
+
+
+def alabel(label: str) -> bytes:
+    try:
+        label_bytes = label.encode("ascii")
+        ulabel(label_bytes)
+        if not valid_label_length(label_bytes):
+            raise IDNAError("Label too long")
+        return label_bytes
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        pass
+
+    check_label(label)
+    label_bytes = _alabel_prefix + _punycode(label)
+
+    if not valid_label_length(label_bytes):
+        raise IDNAError("Label too long")
+
+    return label_bytes
+
+
+def ulabel(label: Union[str, bytes, bytearray]) -> str:
+    if not isinstance(label, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        try:
+            label_bytes = label.encode("ascii")
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            check_label(label)
+            return label
+    else:
+        label_bytes = label
+
+    label_bytes = label_bytes.lower()
+    if label_bytes.startswith(_alabel_prefix):
+        label_bytes = label_bytes[len(_alabel_prefix) :]
+        if not label_bytes:
+            raise IDNAError("Malformed A-label, no Punycode eligible content found")
+        if label_bytes.decode("ascii")[-1] == "-":
+            raise IDNAError("A-label must not end with a hyphen")
+    else:
+        check_label(label_bytes)
+        return label_bytes.decode("ascii")
+
+    try:
+        label = label_bytes.decode("punycode")
+    except UnicodeError:
+        raise IDNAError("Invalid A-label")
+    check_label(label)
+    return label
+
+
+def uts46_remap(domain: str, std3_rules: bool = True, transitional: bool = False) -> str:
+    """Re-map the characters in the string according to UTS46 processing."""
+    from .uts46data import uts46data
+
+    output = ""
+
+    for pos, char in enumerate(domain):
+        code_point = ord(char)
+        try:
+            uts46row = uts46data[code_point if code_point < 256 else bisect.bisect_left(uts46data, (code_point, "Z")) - 1]
+            status = uts46row[1]
+            replacement: Optional[str] = None
+            if len(uts46row) == 3:
+                replacement = uts46row[2]
+            if (
+                status == "V"
+                or (status == "D" and not transitional)
+                or (status == "3" and not std3_rules and replacement is None)
+            ):
+                output += char
+            elif replacement is not None and (
+                status == "M" or (status == "3" and not std3_rules) or (status == "D" and transitional)
+            ):
+                output += replacement
+            elif status != "I":
+                raise IndexError()
+        except IndexError:
+            raise InvalidCodepoint(
+                "Codepoint {} not allowed at position {} in {}".format(_unot(code_point), pos + 1, repr(domain))
+            )
+
+    return unicodedata.normalize("NFC", output)
+
+
+def encode(
+    s: Union[str, bytes, bytearray],
+    strict: bool = False,
+    uts46: bool = False,
+    std3_rules: bool = False,
+    transitional: bool = False,
+) -> bytes:
+    if not isinstance(s, str):
+        try:
+            s = str(s, "ascii")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            raise IDNAError("should pass a unicode string to the function rather than a byte string.")
+    if uts46:
+        s = uts46_remap(s, std3_rules, transitional)
+    trailing_dot = False
+    result = []
+    if strict:
+        labels = s.split(".")
+    else:
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(s)
+    if not labels or labels == [""]:
+        raise IDNAError("Empty domain")
+    if labels[-1] == "":
+        del labels[-1]
+        trailing_dot = True
+    for label in labels:
+        s = alabel(label)
+        if s:
+            result.append(s)
+        else:
+            raise IDNAError("Empty label")
+    if trailing_dot:
+        result.append(b"")
+    s = b".".join(result)
+    if not valid_string_length(s, trailing_dot):
+        raise IDNAError("Domain too long")
+    return s
+
+
+def decode(
+    s: Union[str, bytes, bytearray],
+    strict: bool = False,
+    uts46: bool = False,
+    std3_rules: bool = False,
+) -> str:
+    try:
+        if not isinstance(s, str):
+            s = str(s, "ascii")
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        raise IDNAError("Invalid ASCII in A-label")
+    if uts46:
+        s = uts46_remap(s, std3_rules, False)
+    trailing_dot = False
+    result = []
+    if not strict:
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(s)
+    else:
+        labels = s.split(".")
+    if not labels or labels == [""]:
+        raise IDNAError("Empty domain")
+    if not labels[-1]:
+        del labels[-1]
+        trailing_dot = True
+    for label in labels:
+        s = ulabel(label)
+        if s:
+            result.append(s)
+        else:
+            raise IDNAError("Empty label")
+    if trailing_dot:
+        result.append("")
+    return ".".join(result)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/idnadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/idnadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4be60046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/idnadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4243 @@
+# This file is automatically generated by tools/idna-data
+
+__version__ = "15.1.0"
+scripts = {
+    "Greek": (
+        0x37000000374,
+        0x37500000378,
+        0x37A0000037E,
+        0x37F00000380,
+        0x38400000385,
+        0x38600000387,
+        0x3880000038B,
+        0x38C0000038D,
+        0x38E000003A2,
+        0x3A3000003E2,
+        0x3F000000400,
+        0x1D2600001D2B,
+        0x1D5D00001D62,
+        0x1D6600001D6B,
+        0x1DBF00001DC0,
+        0x1F0000001F16,
+        0x1F1800001F1E,
+        0x1F2000001F46,
+        0x1F4800001F4E,
+        0x1F5000001F58,
+        0x1F5900001F5A,
+        0x1F5B00001F5C,
+        0x1F5D00001F5E,
+        0x1F5F00001F7E,
+        0x1F8000001FB5,
+        0x1FB600001FC5,
+        0x1FC600001FD4,
+        0x1FD600001FDC,
+        0x1FDD00001FF0,
+        0x1FF200001FF5,
+        0x1FF600001FFF,
+        0x212600002127,
+        0xAB650000AB66,
+        0x101400001018F,
+        0x101A0000101A1,
+        0x1D2000001D246,
+    ),
+    "Han": (
+        0x2E8000002E9A,
+        0x2E9B00002EF4,
+        0x2F0000002FD6,
+        0x300500003006,
+        0x300700003008,
+        0x30210000302A,
+        0x30380000303C,
+        0x340000004DC0,
+        0x4E000000A000,
+        0xF9000000FA6E,
+        0xFA700000FADA,
+        0x16FE200016FE4,
+        0x16FF000016FF2,
+        0x200000002A6E0,
+        0x2A7000002B73A,
+        0x2B7400002B81E,
+        0x2B8200002CEA2,
+        0x2CEB00002EBE1,
+        0x2EBF00002EE5E,
+        0x2F8000002FA1E,
+        0x300000003134B,
+        0x31350000323B0,
+    ),
+    "Hebrew": (
+        0x591000005C8,
+        0x5D0000005EB,
+        0x5EF000005F5,
+        0xFB1D0000FB37,
+        0xFB380000FB3D,
+        0xFB3E0000FB3F,
+        0xFB400000FB42,
+        0xFB430000FB45,
+        0xFB460000FB50,
+    ),
+    "Hiragana": (
+        0x304100003097,
+        0x309D000030A0,
+        0x1B0010001B120,
+        0x1B1320001B133,
+        0x1B1500001B153,
+        0x1F2000001F201,
+    ),
+    "Katakana": (
+        0x30A1000030FB,
+        0x30FD00003100,
+        0x31F000003200,
+        0x32D0000032FF,
+        0x330000003358,
+        0xFF660000FF70,
+        0xFF710000FF9E,
+        0x1AFF00001AFF4,
+        0x1AFF50001AFFC,
+        0x1AFFD0001AFFF,
+        0x1B0000001B001,
+        0x1B1200001B123,
+        0x1B1550001B156,
+        0x1B1640001B168,
+    ),
+}
+joining_types = {
+    0xAD: 84,
+    0x300: 84,
+    0x301: 84,
+    0x302: 84,
+    0x303: 84,
+    0x304: 84,
+    0x305: 84,
+    0x306: 84,
+    0x307: 84,
+    0x308: 84,
+    0x309: 84,
+    0x30A: 84,
+    0x30B: 84,
+    0x30C: 84,
+    0x30D: 84,
+    0x30E: 84,
+    0x30F: 84,
+    0x310: 84,
+    0x311: 84,
+    0x312: 84,
+    0x313: 84,
+    0x314: 84,
+    0x315: 84,
+    0x316: 84,
+    0x317: 84,
+    0x318: 84,
+    0x319: 84,
+    0x31A: 84,
+    0x31B: 84,
+    0x31C: 84,
+    0x31D: 84,
+    0x31E: 84,
+    0x31F: 84,
+    0x320: 84,
+    0x321: 84,
+    0x322: 84,
+    0x323: 84,
+    0x324: 84,
+    0x325: 84,
+    0x326: 84,
+    0x327: 84,
+    0x328: 84,
+    0x329: 84,
+    0x32A: 84,
+    0x32B: 84,
+    0x32C: 84,
+    0x32D: 84,
+    0x32E: 84,
+    0x32F: 84,
+    0x330: 84,
+    0x331: 84,
+    0x332: 84,
+    0x333: 84,
+    0x334: 84,
+    0x335: 84,
+    0x336: 84,
+    0x337: 84,
+    0x338: 84,
+    0x339: 84,
+    0x33A: 84,
+    0x33B: 84,
+    0x33C: 84,
+    0x33D: 84,
+    0x33E: 84,
+    0x33F: 84,
+    0x340: 84,
+    0x341: 84,
+    0x342: 84,
+    0x343: 84,
+    0x344: 84,
+    0x345: 84,
+    0x346: 84,
+    0x347: 84,
+    0x348: 84,
+    0x349: 84,
+    0x34A: 84,
+    0x34B: 84,
+    0x34C: 84,
+    0x34D: 84,
+    0x34E: 84,
+    0x34F: 84,
+    0x350: 84,
+    0x351: 84,
+    0x352: 84,
+    0x353: 84,
+    0x354: 84,
+    0x355: 84,
+    0x356: 84,
+    0x357: 84,
+    0x358: 84,
+    0x359: 84,
+    0x35A: 84,
+    0x35B: 84,
+    0x35C: 84,
+    0x35D: 84,
+    0x35E: 84,
+    0x35F: 84,
+    0x360: 84,
+    0x361: 84,
+    0x362: 84,
+    0x363: 84,
+    0x364: 84,
+    0x365: 84,
+    0x366: 84,
+    0x367: 84,
+    0x368: 84,
+    0x369: 84,
+    0x36A: 84,
+    0x36B: 84,
+    0x36C: 84,
+    0x36D: 84,
+    0x36E: 84,
+    0x36F: 84,
+    0x483: 84,
+    0x484: 84,
+    0x485: 84,
+    0x486: 84,
+    0x487: 84,
+    0x488: 84,
+    0x489: 84,
+    0x591: 84,
+    0x592: 84,
+    0x593: 84,
+    0x594: 84,
+    0x595: 84,
+    0x596: 84,
+    0x597: 84,
+    0x598: 84,
+    0x599: 84,
+    0x59A: 84,
+    0x59B: 84,
+    0x59C: 84,
+    0x59D: 84,
+    0x59E: 84,
+    0x59F: 84,
+    0x5A0: 84,
+    0x5A1: 84,
+    0x5A2: 84,
+    0x5A3: 84,
+    0x5A4: 84,
+    0x5A5: 84,
+    0x5A6: 84,
+    0x5A7: 84,
+    0x5A8: 84,
+    0x5A9: 84,
+    0x5AA: 84,
+    0x5AB: 84,
+    0x5AC: 84,
+    0x5AD: 84,
+    0x5AE: 84,
+    0x5AF: 84,
+    0x5B0: 84,
+    0x5B1: 84,
+    0x5B2: 84,
+    0x5B3: 84,
+    0x5B4: 84,
+    0x5B5: 84,
+    0x5B6: 84,
+    0x5B7: 84,
+    0x5B8: 84,
+    0x5B9: 84,
+    0x5BA: 84,
+    0x5BB: 84,
+    0x5BC: 84,
+    0x5BD: 84,
+    0x5BF: 84,
+    0x5C1: 84,
+    0x5C2: 84,
+    0x5C4: 84,
+    0x5C5: 84,
+    0x5C7: 84,
+    0x610: 84,
+    0x611: 84,
+    0x612: 84,
+    0x613: 84,
+    0x614: 84,
+    0x615: 84,
+    0x616: 84,
+    0x617: 84,
+    0x618: 84,
+    0x619: 84,
+    0x61A: 84,
+    0x61C: 84,
+    0x620: 68,
+    0x622: 82,
+    0x623: 82,
+    0x624: 82,
+    0x625: 82,
+    0x626: 68,
+    0x627: 82,
+    0x628: 68,
+    0x629: 82,
+    0x62A: 68,
+    0x62B: 68,
+    0x62C: 68,
+    0x62D: 68,
+    0x62E: 68,
+    0x62F: 82,
+    0x630: 82,
+    0x631: 82,
+    0x632: 82,
+    0x633: 68,
+    0x634: 68,
+    0x635: 68,
+    0x636: 68,
+    0x637: 68,
+    0x638: 68,
+    0x639: 68,
+    0x63A: 68,
+    0x63B: 68,
+    0x63C: 68,
+    0x63D: 68,
+    0x63E: 68,
+    0x63F: 68,
+    0x640: 67,
+    0x641: 68,
+    0x642: 68,
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+    0xE01EE: 84,
+    0xE01EF: 84,
+}
+codepoint_classes = {
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+        0x1A1000001A2,
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+        0x1F9000001FA,
+        0x1FB000001FC,
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+        0x1FF00000200,
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+        0x2090000020A,
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+        0x21300000214,
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+        0x21700000218,
+        0x2190000021A,
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+        0x22100000222,
+        0x22300000224,
+        0x22500000226,
+        0x22700000228,
+        0x2290000022A,
+        0x22B0000022C,
+        0x22D0000022E,
+        0x22F00000230,
+        0x23100000232,
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+        0x24200000243,
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+        0x24B0000024C,
+        0x24D0000024E,
+        0x24F000002B0,
+        0x2B9000002C2,
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/intranges.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/intranges.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bfaa8d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/intranges.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""
+Given a list of integers, made up of (hopefully) a small number of long runs
+of consecutive integers, compute a representation of the form
+((start1, end1), (start2, end2) ...). Then answer the question "was x present
+in the original list?" in time O(log(# runs)).
+"""
+
+import bisect
+from typing import List, Tuple
+
+
+def intranges_from_list(list_: List[int]) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+    """Represent a list of integers as a sequence of ranges:
+    ((start_0, end_0), (start_1, end_1), ...), such that the original
+    integers are exactly those x such that start_i <= x < end_i for some i.
+
+    Ranges are encoded as single integers (start << 32 | end), not as tuples.
+    """
+
+    sorted_list = sorted(list_)
+    ranges = []
+    last_write = -1
+    for i in range(len(sorted_list)):
+        if i + 1 < len(sorted_list):
+            if sorted_list[i] == sorted_list[i + 1] - 1:
+                continue
+        current_range = sorted_list[last_write + 1 : i + 1]
+        ranges.append(_encode_range(current_range[0], current_range[-1] + 1))
+        last_write = i
+
+    return tuple(ranges)
+
+
+def _encode_range(start: int, end: int) -> int:
+    return (start << 32) | end
+
+
+def _decode_range(r: int) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    return (r >> 32), (r & ((1 << 32) - 1))
+
+
+def intranges_contain(int_: int, ranges: Tuple[int, ...]) -> bool:
+    """Determine if `int_` falls into one of the ranges in `ranges`."""
+    tuple_ = _encode_range(int_, 0)
+    pos = bisect.bisect_left(ranges, tuple_)
+    # we could be immediately ahead of a tuple (start, end)
+    # with start < int_ <= end
+    if pos > 0:
+        left, right = _decode_range(ranges[pos - 1])
+        if left <= int_ < right:
+            return True
+    # or we could be immediately behind a tuple (int_, end)
+    if pos < len(ranges):
+        left, _ = _decode_range(ranges[pos])
+        if left == int_:
+            return True
+    return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/package_data.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/package_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..514ff7e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/package_data.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__version__ = "3.10"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/uts46data.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/uts46data.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb894327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/idna/uts46data.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8681 @@
+# This file is automatically generated by tools/idna-data
+# vim: set fileencoding=utf-8 :
+
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
+
+"""IDNA Mapping Table from UTS46."""
+
+
+__version__ = "15.1.0"
+
+
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+    + _seg_25()
+    + _seg_26()
+    + _seg_27()
+    + _seg_28()
+    + _seg_29()
+    + _seg_30()
+    + _seg_31()
+    + _seg_32()
+    + _seg_33()
+    + _seg_34()
+    + _seg_35()
+    + _seg_36()
+    + _seg_37()
+    + _seg_38()
+    + _seg_39()
+    + _seg_40()
+    + _seg_41()
+    + _seg_42()
+    + _seg_43()
+    + _seg_44()
+    + _seg_45()
+    + _seg_46()
+    + _seg_47()
+    + _seg_48()
+    + _seg_49()
+    + _seg_50()
+    + _seg_51()
+    + _seg_52()
+    + _seg_53()
+    + _seg_54()
+    + _seg_55()
+    + _seg_56()
+    + _seg_57()
+    + _seg_58()
+    + _seg_59()
+    + _seg_60()
+    + _seg_61()
+    + _seg_62()
+    + _seg_63()
+    + _seg_64()
+    + _seg_65()
+    + _seg_66()
+    + _seg_67()
+    + _seg_68()
+    + _seg_69()
+    + _seg_70()
+    + _seg_71()
+    + _seg_72()
+    + _seg_73()
+    + _seg_74()
+    + _seg_75()
+    + _seg_76()
+    + _seg_77()
+    + _seg_78()
+    + _seg_79()
+    + _seg_80()
+    + _seg_81()
+)  # type: Tuple[Union[Tuple[int, str], Tuple[int, str, str]], ...]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..611a1333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: jiter
+Version: 0.9.0
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: Unix
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Environment :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Topic :: File Formats :: JSON
+Classifier: Framework :: Pydantic :: 2
+Summary: Fast iterable JSON parser.
+Keywords: JSON,parsing,deserialization,iter
+Home-Page: https://github.com/pydantic/jiter/
+Author: Samuel Colvin <samuel@pydantic.dev>
+Author-email: Samuel Colvin <s@muelcolvin.com>
+License: MIT
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown; charset=UTF-8; variant=GFM
+Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/pydantic/jiter/
+
+# jiter
+
+[![CI](https://github.com/pydantic/jiter/workflows/CI/badge.svg?event=push)](https://github.com/pydantic/jiter/actions?query=event%3Apush+branch%3Amain+workflow%3ACI)
+[![pypi](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jiter.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jiter)
+[![versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/jiter.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/jiter)
+[![license](https://img.shields.io/github/license/pydantic/jiter.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/jiter/blob/main/LICENSE)
+
+This is a standalone version of the JSON parser used in `pydantic-core`. The recommendation is to only use this package directly if you do not use `pydantic`.
+
+The API is extremely minimal:
+
+```python
+def from_json(
+    json_data: bytes,
+    /,
+    *,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool = True,
+    cache_mode: Literal[True, False, "all", "keys", "none"] = "all",
+    partial_mode: Literal[True, False, "off", "on", "trailing-strings"] = False,
+    catch_duplicate_keys: bool = False,
+    float_mode: Literal["float", "decimal", "lossless-float"] = False,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Parse input bytes into a JSON object.
+
+    Arguments:
+        json_data: The JSON data to parse
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow infinity (`Infinity` an `-Infinity`) and `NaN` values to float fields.
+            Defaults to True.
+        cache_mode: cache Python strings to improve performance at the cost of some memory usage
+            - True / 'all' - cache all strings
+            - 'keys' - cache only object keys
+            - False / 'none' - cache nothing
+        partial_mode: How to handle incomplete strings:
+            - False / 'off' - raise an exception if the input is incomplete
+            - True / 'on' - allow incomplete JSON but discard the last string if it is incomplete
+            - 'trailing-strings' - allow incomplete JSON, and include the last incomplete string in the output
+        catch_duplicate_keys: if True, raise an exception if objects contain the same key multiple times
+        float_mode: How to return floats: as a `float`, `Decimal` or `LosslessFloat`
+
+    Returns:
+        Python object built from the JSON input.
+    """
+
+def cache_clear() -> None:
+    """
+    Reset the string cache.
+    """
+
+def cache_usage() -> int:
+    """
+    get the size of the string cache.
+
+    Returns:
+        Size of the string cache in bytes.
+    """
+```
+## Examples
+
+The main function provided by Jiter is `from_json()`, which accepts a bytes object containing JSON and returns a Python dictionary, list or other value.
+
+```python
+import jiter
+
+json_data = b'{"name": "John", "age": 30}'
+parsed_data = jiter.from_json(json_data)
+print(parsed_data)  # Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}
+```
+
+### Handling Partial JSON
+
+Incomplete JSON objects can be parsed using the `partial_mode=` parameter.
+
+```python
+import jiter
+
+partial_json = b'{"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New Yor'
+
+# Raise error on incomplete JSON
+try:
+    jiter.from_json(partial_json, partial_mode=False)
+except ValueError as e:
+    print(f"Error: {e}")
+
+# Parse incomplete JSON, discarding incomplete last field
+result = jiter.from_json(partial_json, partial_mode=True)
+print(result)  # Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}
+
+# Parse incomplete JSON, including incomplete last field
+result = jiter.from_json(partial_json, partial_mode='trailing-strings')
+print(result)  # Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New Yor'}
+```
+
+### Catching Duplicate Keys
+
+The `catch_duplicate_keys=True` option can be used to raise a `ValueError` if an object contains duplicate keys.
+
+```python
+import jiter
+
+json_with_dupes = b'{"foo": 1, "foo": 2}'
+
+# Default behavior (last value wins)
+result = jiter.from_json(json_with_dupes)
+print(result)  # Output: {'foo': 2}
+
+# Catch duplicate keys
+try:
+    jiter.from_json(json_with_dupes, catch_duplicate_keys=True)
+except ValueError as e:
+    print(f"Error: {e}")
+```
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ea4bc4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=2hQKefnS3Sh7nDwZQFqDBcdNtbgGgV9_CGx4guzlHQ8,5289
+jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=tpW5AN9B-9qsM9WW2FXG2r193YXiqexDadpKp0A2daI,96
+jiter/__init__.py,sha256=Fp9HkOixiYYDSiC_80vmiJ_sCoCGT8OAh48yltm0lP0,103
+jiter/__init__.pyi,sha256=TdIK8dlOWZXDjCYbWNUaro21YmAibxK9CHxclnnR-u0,2433
+jiter/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+jiter/jiter.cp312-win_amd64.pyd,sha256=KKRJPDkG04JV5xE7PVMCq_QrWnPw-P7dBXk1hPdUHjE,481280
+jiter/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adf7e875
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter-0.9.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: maturin (1.8.2)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d17192f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from .jiter import *
+
+__doc__ = jiter.__doc__
+if hasattr(jiter, "__all__"):
+    __all__ = jiter.__all__
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__init__.pyi b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__init__.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..928fa751
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__init__.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import decimal
+from typing import Any, Literal
+
+def from_json(
+    json_data: bytes,
+    /,
+    *,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool = True,
+    cache_mode: Literal[True, False, "all", "keys", "none"] = "all",
+    partial_mode: Literal[True, False, "off", "on", "trailing-strings"] = False,
+    catch_duplicate_keys: bool = False,
+    float_mode: Literal["float", "decimal", "lossless-float"] = False,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Parse input bytes into a JSON object.
+
+    Arguments:
+        json_data: The JSON data to parse
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow infinity (`Infinity` an `-Infinity`) and `NaN` values to float fields.
+            Defaults to True.
+        cache_mode: cache Python strings to improve performance at the cost of some memory usage
+            - True / 'all' - cache all strings
+            - 'keys' - cache only object keys
+            - False / 'none' - cache nothing
+        partial_mode: How to handle incomplete strings:
+            - False / 'off' - raise an exception if the input is incomplete
+            - True / 'on' - allow incomplete JSON but discard the last string if it is incomplete
+            - 'trailing-strings' - allow incomplete JSON, and include the last incomplete string in the output
+        catch_duplicate_keys: if True, raise an exception if objects contain the same key multiple times
+        float_mode: How to return floats: as a `float`, `Decimal` or `LosslessFloat`
+
+    Returns:
+        Python object built from the JSON input.
+    """
+
+def cache_clear() -> None:
+    """
+    Reset the string cache.
+    """
+
+def cache_usage() -> int:
+    """
+    get the size of the string cache.
+
+    Returns:
+        Size of the string cache in bytes.
+    """
+
+
+class LosslessFloat:
+    """
+    Represents a float from JSON, by holding the underlying bytes representing a float from JSON.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, json_float: bytes):
+        """Construct a LosslessFloat object from a JSON bytes slice"""
+
+    def as_decimal(self) -> decimal.Decimal:
+        """Construct a Python Decimal from the JSON bytes slice"""
+
+    def __float__(self) -> float:
+        """Construct a Python float from the JSON bytes slice"""
+
+    def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+        """Return the JSON bytes slice as bytes"""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return the JSON bytes slice as a string"""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6061343a
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/jiter.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/jiter.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7555999
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/jiter.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jiter/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/AUTHORS b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/AUTHORS
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5f6363e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/AUTHORS
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>
+Alexander Shorin <kxepal@gmail.com>
+Byron Ruth <bruth@codeomics.com>
+William Kral <william.kral@gmail.com>
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8fc60f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Copyright (c) 2011 Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f73d29d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: jsonpatch
+Version: 1.33
+Summary: Apply JSON-Patches (RFC 6902) 
+Home-page: https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+Author: Stefan Kögl
+Author-email: stefan@skoegl.net
+License: Modified BSD License
+Project-URL: Website, https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-patch.git
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://python-json-patch.readthedocs.org/
+Project-URL: PyPI, https://pypi.org/pypi/jsonpatch
+Project-URL: Tests, https://travis-ci.org/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+Project-URL: Test Coverage, https://coveralls.io/r/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+Platform: UNKNOWN
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Requires-Python: >=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*, !=3.4.*, !=3.5.*, !=3.6.*
+License-File: LICENSE
+License-File: AUTHORS
+Requires-Dist: jsonpointer (>=1.9)
+
+python-json-patch
+=================
+
+[![PyPI version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jsonpatch.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpatch/)
+[![Supported Python versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/jsonpatch.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpatch/)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/stefankoegl/python-json-patch.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/stefankoegl/python-json-patch)
+[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/stefankoegl/python-json-patch/badge.png?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/stefankoegl/python-json-patch?branch=master)
+
+Applying JSON Patches in Python
+-------------------------------
+
+Library to apply JSON Patches according to
+[RFC 6902](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)
+
+See source code for examples
+
+* Website: https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+* Repository: https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-patch.git
+* Documentation: https://python-json-patch.readthedocs.org/
+* PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpatch
+* Travis CI: https://travis-ci.org/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+* Coveralls: https://coveralls.io/r/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+
+Running external tests
+----------------------
+To run external tests (such as those from https://github.com/json-patch/json-patch-tests) use ext_test.py
+
+    ./ext_tests.py ../json-patch-tests/tests.json
+
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0bff840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+../../Scripts/jsondiff,sha256=Uc2MZGlP4ioa2iTdgK-8mkmWToXZDFCC9S2XM44147Y,1232
+../../Scripts/jsonpatch,sha256=Vx74RDH7u3gZfxfD-11_T6KtpMj02Sd9d7vjJ-S4b-8,3893
+__pycache__/jsonpatch.cpython-312.pyc,,
+jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/AUTHORS,sha256=hOtEnBGbfDegKjzMDEl5vuVJyczbI2PlYE2ho4LjGNQ,140
+jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=Q5PrZzP6HjZ_QXabOC9PG-e_Da6x4kPtkrP12Lr9I28,1481
+jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=BvMru0ZpJn2EqCva9fwN1Nhh0NoAayr171mCWaZveik,2980
+jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/RECORD,,
+jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=z9j0xAa_JmUKMpmz72K0ZGALSM_n-wQVmGbleXx2VHg,110
+jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=zcviI7Mh4AvvPBpgKZBzEdgbVh_ewsfvS2t3-wcsnN4,10
+jsonpatch.py,sha256=V752by5vjU3ced_Unhc1Ltd2jgcoS12krKaSEPs7pf4,29778
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b18a281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.37.1)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..621f9382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch-1.33.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+jsonpatch
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3fc26d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpatch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,931 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# python-json-patch - An implementation of the JSON Patch format
+# https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-patch
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2011 Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+#
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+#    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+# OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+# INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+# NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+# THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+
+""" Apply JSON-Patches (RFC 6902) """
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import collections
+import copy
+import functools
+import json
+import sys
+
+try:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+except ImportError:  # Python 3
+    from collections import Sequence
+
+try:
+    from types import MappingProxyType
+except ImportError:
+    # Python < 3.3
+    MappingProxyType = dict
+
+from jsonpointer import JsonPointer, JsonPointerException
+
+
+_ST_ADD = 0
+_ST_REMOVE = 1
+
+
+try:
+    from collections.abc import MutableMapping, MutableSequence
+
+except ImportError:
+    from collections import MutableMapping, MutableSequence
+    str = unicode
+
+# Will be parsed by setup.py to determine package metadata
+__author__ = 'Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>'
+__version__ = '1.33'
+__website__ = 'https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-patch'
+__license__ = 'Modified BSD License'
+
+
+# pylint: disable=E0611,W0404
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
+    basestring = (bytes, str)  # pylint: disable=C0103,W0622
+
+
+class JsonPatchException(Exception):
+    """Base Json Patch exception"""
+
+
+class InvalidJsonPatch(JsonPatchException):
+    """ Raised if an invalid JSON Patch is created """
+
+
+class JsonPatchConflict(JsonPatchException):
+    """Raised if patch could not be applied due to conflict situation such as:
+    - attempt to add object key when it already exists;
+    - attempt to operate with nonexistence object key;
+    - attempt to insert value to array at position beyond its size;
+    - etc.
+    """
+
+
+class JsonPatchTestFailed(JsonPatchException, AssertionError):
+    """ A Test operation failed """
+
+
+def multidict(ordered_pairs):
+    """Convert duplicate keys values to lists."""
+    # read all values into lists
+    mdict = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    for key, value in ordered_pairs:
+        mdict[key].append(value)
+
+    return dict(
+        # unpack lists that have only 1 item
+        (key, values[0] if len(values) == 1 else values)
+        for key, values in mdict.items()
+    )
+
+
+# The "object_pairs_hook" parameter is used to handle duplicate keys when
+# loading a JSON object.
+_jsonloads = functools.partial(json.loads, object_pairs_hook=multidict)
+
+
+def apply_patch(doc, patch, in_place=False, pointer_cls=JsonPointer):
+    """Apply list of patches to specified json document.
+
+    :param doc: Document object.
+    :type doc: dict
+
+    :param patch: JSON patch as list of dicts or raw JSON-encoded string.
+    :type patch: list or str
+
+    :param in_place: While :const:`True` patch will modify target document.
+                     By default patch will be applied to document copy.
+    :type in_place: bool
+
+    :param pointer_cls: JSON pointer class to use.
+    :type pointer_cls: Type[JsonPointer]
+
+    :return: Patched document object.
+    :rtype: dict
+
+    >>> doc = {'foo': 'bar'}
+    >>> patch = [{'op': 'add', 'path': '/baz', 'value': 'qux'}]
+    >>> other = apply_patch(doc, patch)
+    >>> doc is not other
+    True
+    >>> other == {'foo': 'bar', 'baz': 'qux'}
+    True
+    >>> patch = [{'op': 'add', 'path': '/baz', 'value': 'qux'}]
+    >>> apply_patch(doc, patch, in_place=True) == {'foo': 'bar', 'baz': 'qux'}
+    True
+    >>> doc == other
+    True
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(patch, basestring):
+        patch = JsonPatch.from_string(patch, pointer_cls=pointer_cls)
+    else:
+        patch = JsonPatch(patch, pointer_cls=pointer_cls)
+    return patch.apply(doc, in_place)
+
+
+def make_patch(src, dst, pointer_cls=JsonPointer):
+    """Generates patch by comparing two document objects. Actually is
+    a proxy to :meth:`JsonPatch.from_diff` method.
+
+    :param src: Data source document object.
+    :type src: dict
+
+    :param dst: Data source document object.
+    :type dst: dict
+
+    :param pointer_cls: JSON pointer class to use.
+    :type pointer_cls: Type[JsonPointer]
+
+    >>> src = {'foo': 'bar', 'numbers': [1, 3, 4, 8]}
+    >>> dst = {'baz': 'qux', 'numbers': [1, 4, 7]}
+    >>> patch = make_patch(src, dst)
+    >>> new = patch.apply(src)
+    >>> new == dst
+    True
+    """
+
+    return JsonPatch.from_diff(src, dst, pointer_cls=pointer_cls)
+
+
+class PatchOperation(object):
+    """A single operation inside a JSON Patch."""
+
+    def __init__(self, operation, pointer_cls=JsonPointer):
+        self.pointer_cls = pointer_cls
+
+        if not operation.__contains__('path'):
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch("Operation must have a 'path' member")
+
+        if isinstance(operation['path'], self.pointer_cls):
+            self.location = operation['path'].path
+            self.pointer = operation['path']
+        else:
+            self.location = operation['path']
+            try:
+                self.pointer = self.pointer_cls(self.location)
+            except TypeError as ex:
+                raise InvalidJsonPatch("Invalid 'path'")
+
+        self.operation = operation
+
+    def apply(self, obj):
+        """Abstract method that applies a patch operation to the specified object."""
+        raise NotImplementedError('should implement the patch operation.')
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(frozenset(self.operation.items()))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, PatchOperation):
+            return False
+        return self.operation == other.operation
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not(self == other)
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        return '/'.join(self.pointer.parts[:-1])
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        try:
+            return int(self.pointer.parts[-1])
+        except ValueError:
+            return self.pointer.parts[-1]
+
+    @key.setter
+    def key(self, value):
+        self.pointer.parts[-1] = str(value)
+        self.location = self.pointer.path
+        self.operation['path'] = self.location
+
+
+class RemoveOperation(PatchOperation):
+    """Removes an object property or an array element."""
+
+    def apply(self, obj):
+        subobj, part = self.pointer.to_last(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(subobj, Sequence) and not isinstance(part, int):
+            raise JsonPointerException("invalid array index '{0}'".format(part))
+
+        try:
+            del subobj[part]
+        except (KeyError, IndexError) as ex:
+            msg = "can't remove a non-existent object '{0}'".format(part)
+            raise JsonPatchConflict(msg)
+
+        return obj
+
+    def _on_undo_remove(self, path, key):
+        if self.path == path:
+            if self.key >= key:
+                self.key += 1
+            else:
+                key -= 1
+        return key
+
+    def _on_undo_add(self, path, key):
+        if self.path == path:
+            if self.key > key:
+                self.key -= 1
+            else:
+                key -= 1
+        return key
+
+
+class AddOperation(PatchOperation):
+    """Adds an object property or an array element."""
+
+    def apply(self, obj):
+        try:
+            value = self.operation["value"]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch(
+                "The operation does not contain a 'value' member")
+
+        subobj, part = self.pointer.to_last(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(subobj, MutableSequence):
+            if part == '-':
+                subobj.append(value)  # pylint: disable=E1103
+
+            elif part > len(subobj) or part < 0:
+                raise JsonPatchConflict("can't insert outside of list")
+
+            else:
+                subobj.insert(part, value)  # pylint: disable=E1103
+
+        elif isinstance(subobj, MutableMapping):
+            if part is None:
+                obj = value  # we're replacing the root
+            else:
+                subobj[part] = value
+
+        else:
+            if part is None:
+                raise TypeError("invalid document type {0}".format(type(subobj)))
+            else:
+                raise JsonPatchConflict("unable to fully resolve json pointer {0}, part {1}".format(self.location, part))
+        return obj
+
+    def _on_undo_remove(self, path, key):
+        if self.path == path:
+            if self.key > key:
+                self.key += 1
+            else:
+                key += 1
+        return key
+
+    def _on_undo_add(self, path, key):
+        if self.path == path:
+            if self.key > key:
+                self.key -= 1
+            else:
+                key += 1
+        return key
+
+
+class ReplaceOperation(PatchOperation):
+    """Replaces an object property or an array element by a new value."""
+
+    def apply(self, obj):
+        try:
+            value = self.operation["value"]
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch(
+                "The operation does not contain a 'value' member")
+
+        subobj, part = self.pointer.to_last(obj)
+
+        if part is None:
+            return value
+
+        if part == "-":
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch("'path' with '-' can't be applied to 'replace' operation")
+
+        if isinstance(subobj, MutableSequence):
+            if part >= len(subobj) or part < 0:
+                raise JsonPatchConflict("can't replace outside of list")
+
+        elif isinstance(subobj, MutableMapping):
+            if part not in subobj:
+                msg = "can't replace a non-existent object '{0}'".format(part)
+                raise JsonPatchConflict(msg)
+        else:
+            if part is None:
+                raise TypeError("invalid document type {0}".format(type(subobj)))
+            else:
+                raise JsonPatchConflict("unable to fully resolve json pointer {0}, part {1}".format(self.location, part))
+
+        subobj[part] = value
+        return obj
+
+    def _on_undo_remove(self, path, key):
+        return key
+
+    def _on_undo_add(self, path, key):
+        return key
+
+
+class MoveOperation(PatchOperation):
+    """Moves an object property or an array element to a new location."""
+
+    def apply(self, obj):
+        try:
+            if isinstance(self.operation['from'], self.pointer_cls):
+                from_ptr = self.operation['from']
+            else:
+                from_ptr = self.pointer_cls(self.operation['from'])
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch(
+                "The operation does not contain a 'from' member")
+
+        subobj, part = from_ptr.to_last(obj)
+        try:
+            value = subobj[part]
+        except (KeyError, IndexError) as ex:
+            raise JsonPatchConflict(str(ex))
+
+        # If source and target are equal, this is a no-op
+        if self.pointer == from_ptr:
+            return obj
+
+        if isinstance(subobj, MutableMapping) and \
+                self.pointer.contains(from_ptr):
+            raise JsonPatchConflict('Cannot move values into their own children')
+
+        obj = RemoveOperation({
+            'op': 'remove',
+            'path': self.operation['from']
+        }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls).apply(obj)
+
+        obj = AddOperation({
+            'op': 'add',
+            'path': self.location,
+            'value': value
+        }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls).apply(obj)
+
+        return obj
+
+    @property
+    def from_path(self):
+        from_ptr = self.pointer_cls(self.operation['from'])
+        return '/'.join(from_ptr.parts[:-1])
+
+    @property
+    def from_key(self):
+        from_ptr = self.pointer_cls(self.operation['from'])
+        try:
+            return int(from_ptr.parts[-1])
+        except TypeError:
+            return from_ptr.parts[-1]
+
+    @from_key.setter
+    def from_key(self, value):
+        from_ptr = self.pointer_cls(self.operation['from'])
+        from_ptr.parts[-1] = str(value)
+        self.operation['from'] = from_ptr.path
+
+    def _on_undo_remove(self, path, key):
+        if self.from_path == path:
+            if self.from_key >= key:
+                self.from_key += 1
+            else:
+                key -= 1
+        if self.path == path:
+            if self.key > key:
+                self.key += 1
+            else:
+                key += 1
+        return key
+
+    def _on_undo_add(self, path, key):
+        if self.from_path == path:
+            if self.from_key > key:
+                self.from_key -= 1
+            else:
+                key -= 1
+        if self.path == path:
+            if self.key > key:
+                self.key -= 1
+            else:
+                key += 1
+        return key
+
+
+class TestOperation(PatchOperation):
+    """Test value by specified location."""
+
+    def apply(self, obj):
+        try:
+            subobj, part = self.pointer.to_last(obj)
+            if part is None:
+                val = subobj
+            else:
+                val = self.pointer.walk(subobj, part)
+        except JsonPointerException as ex:
+            raise JsonPatchTestFailed(str(ex))
+
+        try:
+            value = self.operation['value']
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch(
+                "The operation does not contain a 'value' member")
+
+        if val != value:
+            msg = '{0} ({1}) is not equal to tested value {2} ({3})'
+            raise JsonPatchTestFailed(msg.format(val, type(val),
+                                                 value, type(value)))
+
+        return obj
+
+
+class CopyOperation(PatchOperation):
+    """ Copies an object property or an array element to a new location """
+
+    def apply(self, obj):
+        try:
+            from_ptr = self.pointer_cls(self.operation['from'])
+        except KeyError as ex:
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch(
+                "The operation does not contain a 'from' member")
+
+        subobj, part = from_ptr.to_last(obj)
+        try:
+            value = copy.deepcopy(subobj[part])
+        except (KeyError, IndexError) as ex:
+            raise JsonPatchConflict(str(ex))
+
+        obj = AddOperation({
+            'op': 'add',
+            'path': self.location,
+            'value': value
+        }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls).apply(obj)
+
+        return obj
+
+
+class JsonPatch(object):
+    json_dumper = staticmethod(json.dumps)
+    json_loader = staticmethod(_jsonloads)
+
+    operations = MappingProxyType({
+        'remove': RemoveOperation,
+        'add': AddOperation,
+        'replace': ReplaceOperation,
+        'move': MoveOperation,
+        'test': TestOperation,
+        'copy': CopyOperation,
+    })
+
+    """A JSON Patch is a list of Patch Operations.
+
+    >>> patch = JsonPatch([
+    ...     {'op': 'add', 'path': '/foo', 'value': 'bar'},
+    ...     {'op': 'add', 'path': '/baz', 'value': [1, 2, 3]},
+    ...     {'op': 'remove', 'path': '/baz/1'},
+    ...     {'op': 'test', 'path': '/baz', 'value': [1, 3]},
+    ...     {'op': 'replace', 'path': '/baz/0', 'value': 42},
+    ...     {'op': 'remove', 'path': '/baz/1'},
+    ... ])
+    >>> doc = {}
+    >>> result = patch.apply(doc)
+    >>> expected = {'foo': 'bar', 'baz': [42]}
+    >>> result == expected
+    True
+
+    JsonPatch object is iterable, so you can easily access each patch
+    statement in a loop:
+
+    >>> lpatch = list(patch)
+    >>> expected = {'op': 'add', 'path': '/foo', 'value': 'bar'}
+    >>> lpatch[0] == expected
+    True
+    >>> lpatch == patch.patch
+    True
+
+    Also JsonPatch could be converted directly to :class:`bool` if it contains
+    any operation statements:
+
+    >>> bool(patch)
+    True
+    >>> bool(JsonPatch([]))
+    False
+
+    This behavior is very handy with :func:`make_patch` to write more readable
+    code:
+
+    >>> old = {'foo': 'bar', 'numbers': [1, 3, 4, 8]}
+    >>> new = {'baz': 'qux', 'numbers': [1, 4, 7]}
+    >>> patch = make_patch(old, new)
+    >>> if patch:
+    ...     # document have changed, do something useful
+    ...     patch.apply(old)    #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    {...}
+    """
+    def __init__(self, patch, pointer_cls=JsonPointer):
+        self.patch = patch
+        self.pointer_cls = pointer_cls
+
+        # Verify that the structure of the patch document
+        # is correct by retrieving each patch element.
+        # Much of the validation is done in the initializer
+        # though some is delayed until the patch is applied.
+        for op in self.patch:
+            # We're only checking for basestring in the following check
+            # for two reasons:
+            #
+            # - It should come from JSON, which only allows strings as
+            #   dictionary keys, so having a string here unambiguously means
+            #   someone used: {"op": ..., ...} instead of [{"op": ..., ...}].
+            #
+            # - There's no possible false positive: if someone give a sequence
+            #   of mappings, this won't raise.
+            if isinstance(op, basestring):
+                raise InvalidJsonPatch("Document is expected to be sequence of "
+                                       "operations, got a sequence of strings.")
+
+            self._get_operation(op)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """str(self) -> self.to_string()"""
+        return self.to_string()
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self.patch)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.patch)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(tuple(self._ops))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, JsonPatch):
+            return False
+        return self._ops == other._ops
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not(self == other)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, patch_str, loads=None, pointer_cls=JsonPointer):
+        """Creates JsonPatch instance from string source.
+
+        :param patch_str: JSON patch as raw string.
+        :type patch_str: str
+
+        :param loads: A function of one argument that loads a serialized
+                      JSON string.
+        :type loads: function
+
+        :param pointer_cls: JSON pointer class to use.
+        :type pointer_cls: Type[JsonPointer]
+
+        :return: :class:`JsonPatch` instance.
+        """
+        json_loader = loads or cls.json_loader
+        patch = json_loader(patch_str)
+        return cls(patch, pointer_cls=pointer_cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_diff(
+            cls, src, dst, optimization=True, dumps=None,
+            pointer_cls=JsonPointer,
+    ):
+        """Creates JsonPatch instance based on comparison of two document
+        objects. Json patch would be created for `src` argument against `dst`
+        one.
+
+        :param src: Data source document object.
+        :type src: dict
+
+        :param dst: Data source document object.
+        :type dst: dict
+
+        :param dumps: A function of one argument that produces a serialized
+                      JSON string.
+        :type dumps: function
+
+        :param pointer_cls: JSON pointer class to use.
+        :type pointer_cls: Type[JsonPointer]
+
+        :return: :class:`JsonPatch` instance.
+
+        >>> src = {'foo': 'bar', 'numbers': [1, 3, 4, 8]}
+        >>> dst = {'baz': 'qux', 'numbers': [1, 4, 7]}
+        >>> patch = JsonPatch.from_diff(src, dst)
+        >>> new = patch.apply(src)
+        >>> new == dst
+        True
+        """
+        json_dumper = dumps or cls.json_dumper
+        builder = DiffBuilder(src, dst, json_dumper, pointer_cls=pointer_cls)
+        builder._compare_values('', None, src, dst)
+        ops = list(builder.execute())
+        return cls(ops, pointer_cls=pointer_cls)
+
+    def to_string(self, dumps=None):
+        """Returns patch set as JSON string."""
+        json_dumper = dumps or self.json_dumper
+        return json_dumper(self.patch)
+
+    @property
+    def _ops(self):
+        return tuple(map(self._get_operation, self.patch))
+
+    def apply(self, obj, in_place=False):
+        """Applies the patch to a given object.
+
+        :param obj: Document object.
+        :type obj: dict
+
+        :param in_place: Tweaks the way how patch would be applied - directly to
+                         specified `obj` or to its copy.
+        :type in_place: bool
+
+        :return: Modified `obj`.
+        """
+
+        if not in_place:
+            obj = copy.deepcopy(obj)
+
+        for operation in self._ops:
+            obj = operation.apply(obj)
+
+        return obj
+
+    def _get_operation(self, operation):
+        if 'op' not in operation:
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch("Operation does not contain 'op' member")
+
+        op = operation['op']
+
+        if not isinstance(op, basestring):
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch("Operation's op must be a string")
+
+        if op not in self.operations:
+            raise InvalidJsonPatch("Unknown operation {0!r}".format(op))
+
+        cls = self.operations[op]
+        return cls(operation, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls)
+
+
+class DiffBuilder(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, src_doc, dst_doc, dumps=json.dumps, pointer_cls=JsonPointer):
+        self.dumps = dumps
+        self.pointer_cls = pointer_cls
+        self.index_storage = [{}, {}]
+        self.index_storage2 = [[], []]
+        self.__root = root = []
+        self.src_doc = src_doc
+        self.dst_doc = dst_doc
+        root[:] = [root, root, None]
+
+    def store_index(self, value, index, st):
+        typed_key = (value, type(value))
+        try:
+            storage = self.index_storage[st]
+            stored = storage.get(typed_key)
+            if stored is None:
+                storage[typed_key] = [index]
+            else:
+                storage[typed_key].append(index)
+
+        except TypeError:
+            self.index_storage2[st].append((typed_key, index))
+
+    def take_index(self, value, st):
+        typed_key = (value, type(value))
+        try:
+            stored = self.index_storage[st].get(typed_key)
+            if stored:
+                return stored.pop()
+
+        except TypeError:
+            storage = self.index_storage2[st]
+            for i in range(len(storage)-1, -1, -1):
+                if storage[i][0] == typed_key:
+                    return storage.pop(i)[1]
+
+    def insert(self, op):
+        root = self.__root
+        last = root[0]
+        last[1] = root[0] = [last, root, op]
+        return root[0]
+
+    def remove(self, index):
+        link_prev, link_next, _ = index
+        link_prev[1] = link_next
+        link_next[0] = link_prev
+        index[:] = []
+
+    def iter_from(self, start):
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = start[1]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[1]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[1]
+        while curr is not root:
+            yield curr[2]
+            curr = curr[1]
+
+    def execute(self):
+        root = self.__root
+        curr = root[1]
+        while curr is not root:
+            if curr[1] is not root:
+                op_first, op_second = curr[2], curr[1][2]
+                if op_first.location == op_second.location and \
+                        type(op_first) == RemoveOperation and \
+                        type(op_second) == AddOperation:
+                    yield ReplaceOperation({
+                        'op': 'replace',
+                        'path': op_second.location,
+                        'value': op_second.operation['value'],
+                    }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls).operation
+                    curr = curr[1][1]
+                    continue
+
+            yield curr[2].operation
+            curr = curr[1]
+
+    def _item_added(self, path, key, item):
+        index = self.take_index(item, _ST_REMOVE)
+        if index is not None:
+            op = index[2]
+            if type(op.key) == int and type(key) == int:
+                for v in self.iter_from(index):
+                    op.key = v._on_undo_remove(op.path, op.key)
+
+            self.remove(index)
+            if op.location != _path_join(path, key):
+                new_op = MoveOperation({
+                    'op': 'move',
+                    'from': op.location,
+                    'path': _path_join(path, key),
+                }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls)
+                self.insert(new_op)
+        else:
+            new_op = AddOperation({
+                'op': 'add',
+                'path': _path_join(path, key),
+                'value': item,
+            }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls)
+            new_index = self.insert(new_op)
+            self.store_index(item, new_index, _ST_ADD)
+
+    def _item_removed(self, path, key, item):
+        new_op = RemoveOperation({
+            'op': 'remove',
+            'path': _path_join(path, key),
+        }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls)
+        index = self.take_index(item, _ST_ADD)
+        new_index = self.insert(new_op)
+        if index is not None:
+            op = index[2]
+            # We can't rely on the op.key type since PatchOperation casts
+            # the .key property to int and this path wrongly ends up being taken
+            # for numeric string dict keys while the intention is to only handle lists.
+            # So we do an explicit check on the item affected by the op instead.
+            added_item = op.pointer.to_last(self.dst_doc)[0]
+            if type(added_item) == list:
+                for v in self.iter_from(index):
+                    op.key = v._on_undo_add(op.path, op.key)
+
+            self.remove(index)
+            if new_op.location != op.location:
+                new_op = MoveOperation({
+                    'op': 'move',
+                    'from': new_op.location,
+                    'path': op.location,
+                }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls)
+                new_index[2] = new_op
+
+            else:
+                self.remove(new_index)
+
+        else:
+            self.store_index(item, new_index, _ST_REMOVE)
+
+    def _item_replaced(self, path, key, item):
+        self.insert(ReplaceOperation({
+            'op': 'replace',
+            'path': _path_join(path, key),
+            'value': item,
+        }, pointer_cls=self.pointer_cls))
+
+    def _compare_dicts(self, path, src, dst):
+        src_keys = set(src.keys())
+        dst_keys = set(dst.keys())
+        added_keys = dst_keys - src_keys
+        removed_keys = src_keys - dst_keys
+
+        for key in removed_keys:
+            self._item_removed(path, str(key), src[key])
+
+        for key in added_keys:
+            self._item_added(path, str(key), dst[key])
+
+        for key in src_keys & dst_keys:
+            self._compare_values(path, key, src[key], dst[key])
+
+    def _compare_lists(self, path, src, dst):
+        len_src, len_dst = len(src), len(dst)
+        max_len = max(len_src, len_dst)
+        min_len = min(len_src, len_dst)
+        for key in range(max_len):
+            if key < min_len:
+                old, new = src[key], dst[key]
+                if old == new:
+                    continue
+
+                elif isinstance(old, MutableMapping) and \
+                    isinstance(new, MutableMapping):
+                    self._compare_dicts(_path_join(path, key), old, new)
+
+                elif isinstance(old, MutableSequence) and \
+                        isinstance(new, MutableSequence):
+                    self._compare_lists(_path_join(path, key), old, new)
+
+                else:
+                    self._item_removed(path, key, old)
+                    self._item_added(path, key, new)
+
+            elif len_src > len_dst:
+                self._item_removed(path, len_dst, src[key])
+
+            else:
+                self._item_added(path, key, dst[key])
+
+    def _compare_values(self, path, key, src, dst):
+        if isinstance(src, MutableMapping) and \
+                isinstance(dst, MutableMapping):
+            self._compare_dicts(_path_join(path, key), src, dst)
+
+        elif isinstance(src, MutableSequence) and \
+                isinstance(dst, MutableSequence):
+            self._compare_lists(_path_join(path, key), src, dst)
+
+        # To ensure we catch changes to JSON, we can't rely on a simple
+        # src == dst, because it would not recognize the difference between
+        # 1 and True, among other things. Using json.dumps is the most
+        # fool-proof way to ensure we catch type changes that matter to JSON
+        # and ignore those that don't. The performance of this could be
+        # improved by doing more direct type checks, but we'd need to be
+        # careful to accept type changes that don't matter when JSONified.
+        elif self.dumps(src) == self.dumps(dst):
+            return
+
+        else:
+            self._item_replaced(path, key, dst)
+
+
+def _path_join(path, key):
+    if key is None:
+        return path
+
+    return path + '/' + str(key).replace('~', '~0').replace('/', '~1')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/AUTHORS b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/AUTHORS
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8319fec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/AUTHORS
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>
+Alexander Shorin <kxepal@gmail.com>
+Christopher J. White <chris@grierwhite.com>
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..491196d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Copyright (c) 2011 Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+   derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed342b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: jsonpointer
+Version: 3.0.0
+Summary: Identify specific nodes in a JSON document (RFC 6901) 
+Home-page: https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer
+Author: Stefan Kögl
+Author-email: stefan@skoegl.net
+License: Modified BSD License
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Requires-Python: >=3.7
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-File: LICENSE.txt
+License-File: AUTHORS
+
+python-json-pointer
+===================
+
+[![PyPI version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jsonpointer.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpointer/)
+[![Supported Python versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/jsonpointer.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpointer/)
+[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer?branch=master)
+
+
+Resolve JSON Pointers in Python
+-------------------------------
+
+Library to resolve JSON Pointers according to
+[RFC 6901](http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)
+
+See source code for examples
+* Website: https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer
+* Repository: https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer.git
+* Documentation: https://python-json-pointer.readthedocs.org/
+* PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jsonpointer
+* Travis CI: https://travis-ci.org/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer
+* Coveralls: https://coveralls.io/r/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2052e270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+../../Scripts/jsonpointer,sha256=B24Q8Ag-NtWwA-Dv7ygtpuZf5vUw7WT3M7iBAqMqhWI,1818
+__pycache__/jsonpointer.cpython-312.pyc,,
+jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/AUTHORS,sha256=TVgxnQ9ZyHvvWwez_k2w8ZwtfVVFsDTGv3tXyJu-9X8,113
+jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt,sha256=2LJPFdRyiF94ii1umFhQ8mRie4YBKhe7JCyD8xDZB-U,1413
+jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=m8E1xhbkqAdvsZMBI6vy061wLV4wqcmbS6iryFCWgLI,2251
+jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=k3vXr0c0OitO0k9eCWBlI2yTYnpb_n_I2SGzrrfY7HY,110
+jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=BsUcar_C0nZzPGV2ackrJ9CpVU8_0W_pHYKwpdnWddM,12
+jsonpointer.py,sha256=kXEcNnnUkS8NdSmqSiFJjczJl2-dSZksILgKL0SsABU,10601
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09b796ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.41.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d437553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer-3.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+jsonpointer
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e97adda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/jsonpointer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# python-json-pointer - An implementation of the JSON Pointer syntax
+# https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2011 Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+#
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
+# derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+# OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+# INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+# NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
+# THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+
+""" Identify specific nodes in a JSON document (RFC 6901) """
+
+# Will be parsed by setup.py to determine package metadata
+__author__ = 'Stefan Kögl <stefan@skoegl.net>'
+__version__ = '3.0.0'
+__website__ = 'https://github.com/stefankoegl/python-json-pointer'
+__license__ = 'Modified BSD License'
+
+import copy
+import re
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from itertools import tee, chain
+
+_nothing = object()
+
+
+def set_pointer(doc, pointer, value, inplace=True):
+    """Resolves a pointer against doc and sets the value of the target within doc.
+
+    With inplace set to true, doc is modified as long as pointer is not the
+    root.
+
+    >>> obj = {'foo': {'anArray': [ {'prop': 44}], 'another prop': {'baz': 'A string' }}}
+
+    >>> set_pointer(obj, '/foo/anArray/0/prop', 55) == \
+    {'foo': {'another prop': {'baz': 'A string'}, 'anArray': [{'prop': 55}]}}
+    True
+
+    >>> set_pointer(obj, '/foo/yet another prop', 'added prop') == \
+    {'foo': {'another prop': {'baz': 'A string'}, 'yet another prop': 'added prop', 'anArray': [{'prop': 55}]}}
+    True
+
+    >>> obj = {'foo': {}}
+    >>> set_pointer(obj, '/foo/a%20b', 'x') == \
+    {'foo': {'a%20b': 'x' }}
+    True
+    """
+
+    pointer = JsonPointer(pointer)
+    return pointer.set(doc, value, inplace)
+
+
+def resolve_pointer(doc, pointer, default=_nothing):
+    """ Resolves pointer against doc and returns the referenced object
+
+    >>> obj = {'foo': {'anArray': [ {'prop': 44}], 'another prop': {'baz': 'A string' }}, 'a%20b': 1, 'c d': 2}
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '') == obj
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/foo') == obj['foo']
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/foo/another prop') == obj['foo']['another prop']
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/foo/another prop/baz') == obj['foo']['another prop']['baz']
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/foo/anArray/0') == obj['foo']['anArray'][0]
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/some/path', None) == None
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/a b', None) == None
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/a%20b') == 1
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/c d') == 2
+    True
+
+    >>> resolve_pointer(obj, '/c%20d', None) == None
+    True
+    """
+
+    pointer = JsonPointer(pointer)
+    return pointer.resolve(doc, default)
+
+
+def pairwise(iterable):
+    """ Transforms a list to a list of tuples of adjacent items
+
+    s -> (s0,s1), (s1,s2), (s2, s3), ...
+
+    >>> list(pairwise([]))
+    []
+
+    >>> list(pairwise([1]))
+    []
+
+    >>> list(pairwise([1, 2, 3, 4]))
+    [(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]
+    """
+    a, b = tee(iterable)
+    for _ in b:
+        break
+    return zip(a, b)
+
+
+class JsonPointerException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class EndOfList(object):
+    """Result of accessing element "-" of a list"""
+
+    def __init__(self, list_):
+        self.list_ = list_
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '{cls}({lst})'.format(cls=self.__class__.__name__,
+                                     lst=repr(self.list_))
+
+
+class JsonPointer(object):
+    """A JSON Pointer that can reference parts of a JSON document"""
+
+    # Array indices must not contain:
+    # leading zeros, signs, spaces, decimals, etc
+    _RE_ARRAY_INDEX = re.compile('0|[1-9][0-9]*$')
+    _RE_INVALID_ESCAPE = re.compile('(~[^01]|~$)')
+
+    def __init__(self, pointer):
+
+        # validate escapes
+        invalid_escape = self._RE_INVALID_ESCAPE.search(pointer)
+        if invalid_escape:
+            raise JsonPointerException('Found invalid escape {}'.format(
+                invalid_escape.group()))
+
+        parts = pointer.split('/')
+        if parts.pop(0) != '':
+            raise JsonPointerException('Location must start with /')
+
+        parts = [unescape(part) for part in parts]
+        self.parts = parts
+
+    def to_last(self, doc):
+        """Resolves ptr until the last step, returns (sub-doc, last-step)"""
+
+        if not self.parts:
+            return doc, None
+
+        for part in self.parts[:-1]:
+            doc = self.walk(doc, part)
+
+        return doc, JsonPointer.get_part(doc, self.parts[-1])
+
+    def resolve(self, doc, default=_nothing):
+        """Resolves the pointer against doc and returns the referenced object"""
+
+        for part in self.parts:
+
+            try:
+                doc = self.walk(doc, part)
+            except JsonPointerException:
+                if default is _nothing:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    return default
+
+        return doc
+
+    get = resolve
+
+    def set(self, doc, value, inplace=True):
+        """Resolve the pointer against the doc and replace the target with value."""
+
+        if len(self.parts) == 0:
+            if inplace:
+                raise JsonPointerException('Cannot set root in place')
+            return value
+
+        if not inplace:
+            doc = copy.deepcopy(doc)
+
+        (parent, part) = self.to_last(doc)
+
+        if isinstance(parent, Sequence) and part == '-':
+            parent.append(value)
+        else:
+            parent[part] = value
+
+        return doc
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_part(cls, doc, part):
+        """Returns the next step in the correct type"""
+
+        if isinstance(doc, Mapping):
+            return part
+
+        elif isinstance(doc, Sequence):
+
+            if part == '-':
+                return part
+
+            if not JsonPointer._RE_ARRAY_INDEX.match(str(part)):
+                raise JsonPointerException("'%s' is not a valid sequence index" % part)
+
+            return int(part)
+
+        elif hasattr(doc, '__getitem__'):
+            # Allow indexing via ducktyping
+            # if the target has defined __getitem__
+            return part
+
+        else:
+            raise JsonPointerException("Document '%s' does not support indexing, "
+                                       "must be mapping/sequence or support __getitem__" % type(doc))
+
+    def get_parts(self):
+        """Returns the list of the parts. For example, JsonPointer('/a/b').get_parts() == ['a', 'b']"""
+
+        return self.parts
+
+    def walk(self, doc, part):
+        """ Walks one step in doc and returns the referenced part """
+
+        part = JsonPointer.get_part(doc, part)
+
+        assert hasattr(doc, '__getitem__'), "invalid document type %s" % (type(doc),)
+
+        if isinstance(doc, Sequence):
+            if part == '-':
+                return EndOfList(doc)
+
+            try:
+                return doc[part]
+
+            except IndexError:
+                raise JsonPointerException("index '%s' is out of bounds" % (part,))
+
+        # Else the object is a mapping or supports __getitem__(so assume custom indexing)
+        try:
+            return doc[part]
+
+        except KeyError:
+            raise JsonPointerException("member '%s' not found in %s" % (part, doc))
+
+    def contains(self, ptr):
+        """ Returns True if self contains the given ptr """
+        return self.parts[:len(ptr.parts)] == ptr.parts
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        """ Returns True if self contains the given ptr """
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def join(self, suffix):
+        """ Returns a new JsonPointer with the given suffix append to this ptr """
+        if isinstance(suffix, JsonPointer):
+            suffix_parts = suffix.parts
+        elif isinstance(suffix, str):
+            suffix_parts = JsonPointer(suffix).parts
+        else:
+            suffix_parts = suffix
+        try:
+            return JsonPointer.from_parts(chain(self.parts, suffix_parts))
+        except:  # noqa E722
+            raise JsonPointerException("Invalid suffix")
+
+    def __truediv__(self, suffix):  # Python 3
+        return self.join(suffix)
+
+    @property
+    def path(self):
+        """Returns the string representation of the pointer
+
+        >>> ptr = JsonPointer('/~0/0/~1').path == '/~0/0/~1'
+        """
+        parts = [escape(part) for part in self.parts]
+        return ''.join('/' + part for part in parts)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Compares a pointer to another object
+
+        Pointers can be compared by comparing their strings (or splitted
+        strings), because no two different parts can point to the same
+        structure in an object (eg no different number representations)
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(other, JsonPointer):
+            return False
+
+        return self.parts == other.parts
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(tuple(self.parts))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.path
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return type(self).__name__ + "(" + repr(self.path) + ")"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_parts(cls, parts):
+        """Constructs a JsonPointer from a list of (unescaped) paths
+
+        >>> JsonPointer.from_parts(['a', '~', '/', 0]).path == '/a/~0/~1/0'
+        True
+        """
+        parts = [escape(str(part)) for part in parts]
+        ptr = cls(''.join('/' + part for part in parts))
+        return ptr
+
+
+def escape(s):
+    return s.replace('~', '~0').replace('/', '~1')
+
+
+def unescape(s):
+    return s.replace('~1', '/').replace('~0', '~')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
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+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7acbffa5
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+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: langchain
+Version: 0.3.25
+Summary: Building applications with LLMs through composability
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/tree/master/libs/langchain
+Project-URL: Release Notes, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/releases?q=tag%3A%22langchain%3D%3D0%22&expanded=true
+Project-URL: repository, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Requires-Dist: langchain-core<1.0.0,>=0.3.58
+Requires-Dist: langchain-text-splitters<1.0.0,>=0.3.8
+Requires-Dist: langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.17
+Requires-Dist: pydantic<3.0.0,>=2.7.4
+Requires-Dist: SQLAlchemy<3,>=1.4
+Requires-Dist: requests<3,>=2
+Requires-Dist: PyYAML>=5.3
+Requires-Dist: async-timeout<5.0.0,>=4.0.0; python_version < "3.11"
+Provides-Extra: community
+Requires-Dist: langchain-community; extra == "community"
+Provides-Extra: anthropic
+Requires-Dist: langchain-anthropic; extra == "anthropic"
+Provides-Extra: openai
+Requires-Dist: langchain-openai; extra == "openai"
+Provides-Extra: azure-ai
+Requires-Dist: langchain-azure-ai; extra == "azure-ai"
+Provides-Extra: cohere
+Requires-Dist: langchain-cohere; extra == "cohere"
+Provides-Extra: google-vertexai
+Requires-Dist: langchain-google-vertexai; extra == "google-vertexai"
+Provides-Extra: google-genai
+Requires-Dist: langchain-google-genai; extra == "google-genai"
+Provides-Extra: fireworks
+Requires-Dist: langchain-fireworks; extra == "fireworks"
+Provides-Extra: ollama
+Requires-Dist: langchain-ollama; extra == "ollama"
+Provides-Extra: together
+Requires-Dist: langchain-together; extra == "together"
+Provides-Extra: mistralai
+Requires-Dist: langchain-mistralai; extra == "mistralai"
+Provides-Extra: huggingface
+Requires-Dist: langchain-huggingface; extra == "huggingface"
+Provides-Extra: groq
+Requires-Dist: langchain-groq; extra == "groq"
+Provides-Extra: aws
+Requires-Dist: langchain-aws; extra == "aws"
+Provides-Extra: deepseek
+Requires-Dist: langchain-deepseek; extra == "deepseek"
+Provides-Extra: xai
+Requires-Dist: langchain-xai; extra == "xai"
+Provides-Extra: perplexity
+Requires-Dist: langchain-perplexity; extra == "perplexity"
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# 🦜️🔗 LangChain
+
+⚡ Building applications with LLMs through composability ⚡
+
+[![Release Notes](https://img.shields.io/github/release/langchain-ai/langchain)](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/releases)
+[![lint](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/actions/workflows/lint.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/actions/workflows/lint.yml)
+[![test](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/actions/workflows/test.yml)
+[![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/langchain/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/langchain)
+[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+[![Twitter](https://img.shields.io/twitter/url/https/twitter.com/langchainai.svg?style=social&label=Follow%20%40LangChainAI)](https://twitter.com/langchainai)
+[![Open in Dev Containers](https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Dev%20Containers&message=Open&color=blue&logo=visualstudiocode)](https://vscode.dev/redirect?url=vscode://ms-vscode-remote.remote-containers/cloneInVolume?url=https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)
+[![Open in GitHub Codespaces](https://github.com/codespaces/badge.svg)](https://codespaces.new/langchain-ai/langchain)
+[![GitHub star chart](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/langchain-ai/langchain?style=social)](https://star-history.com/#langchain-ai/langchain)
+[![Dependency Status](https://img.shields.io/librariesio/github/langchain-ai/langchain)](https://libraries.io/github/langchain-ai/langchain)
+[![Open Issues](https://img.shields.io/github/issues-raw/langchain-ai/langchain)](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/issues)
+
+
+Looking for the JS/TS version? Check out [LangChain.js](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchainjs).
+
+To help you ship LangChain apps to production faster, check out [LangSmith](https://smith.langchain.com). 
+[LangSmith](https://smith.langchain.com) is a unified developer platform for building, testing, and monitoring LLM applications. 
+Fill out [this form](https://www.langchain.com/contact-sales) to speak with our sales team.
+
+## Quick Install
+
+`pip install langchain`
+or
+`pip install langsmith && conda install langchain -c conda-forge`
+
+## 🤔 What is this?
+
+Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as a transformative technology, enabling developers to build applications that they previously could not. However, using these LLMs in isolation is often insufficient for creating a truly powerful app - the real power comes when you can combine them with other sources of computation or knowledge.
+
+This library aims to assist in the development of those types of applications. Common examples of these applications include:
+
+**❓ Question answering with RAG**
+
+- [Documentation](https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/question_answering/)
+- End-to-end Example: [Chat LangChain](https://chat.langchain.com) and [repo](https://github.com/langchain-ai/chat-langchain)
+
+**🧱 Extracting structured output**
+
+- [Documentation](https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/extraction/)
+- End-to-end Example: [SQL Llama2 Template](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain-extract/)
+
+**🤖 Chatbots**
+
+- [Documentation](https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/chatbots)
+- End-to-end Example: [Web LangChain (web researcher chatbot)](https://weblangchain.vercel.app) and [repo](https://github.com/langchain-ai/weblangchain)
+
+## 📖 Documentation
+
+Please see [here](https://python.langchain.com) for full documentation on:
+
+- Getting started (installation, setting up the environment, simple examples)
+- How-To examples (demos, integrations, helper functions)
+- Reference (full API docs)
+- Resources (high-level explanation of core concepts)
+
+## 🚀 What can this help with?
+
+There are five main areas that LangChain is designed to help with.
+These are, in increasing order of complexity:
+
+**📃 Models and Prompts:**
+
+This includes prompt management, prompt optimization, a generic interface for all LLMs, and common utilities for working with chat models and LLMs.
+
+**🔗 Chains:**
+
+Chains go beyond a single LLM call and involve sequences of calls (whether to an LLM or a different utility). LangChain provides a standard interface for chains, lots of integrations with other tools, and end-to-end chains for common applications.
+
+**📚 Retrieval Augmented Generation:**
+
+Retrieval Augmented Generation involves specific types of chains that first interact with an external data source to fetch data for use in the generation step. Examples include summarization of long pieces of text and question/answering over specific data sources.
+
+**🤖 Agents:**
+
+Agents involve an LLM making decisions about which Actions to take, taking that Action, seeing an Observation, and repeating that until done. LangChain provides a standard interface for agents, a selection of agents to choose from, and examples of end-to-end agents.
+
+**🧐 Evaluation:**
+
+[BETA] Generative models are notoriously hard to evaluate with traditional metrics. One new way of evaluating them is using language models themselves to do the evaluation. LangChain provides some prompts/chains for assisting in this.
+
+For more information on these concepts, please see our [full documentation](https://python.langchain.com).
+
+## 💁 Contributing
+
+As an open-source project in a rapidly developing field, we are extremely open to contributions, whether it be in the form of a new feature, improved infrastructure, or better documentation.
+
+For detailed information on how to contribute, see the [Contributing Guide](https://python.langchain.com/docs/contributing/).
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45ec8c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: pdm-backend (2.4.4)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3ad4726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[console_scripts]
+
+[gui_scripts]
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39577386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain-0.3.25.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) LangChain, Inc.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..528f773d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+# ruff: noqa: E402
+"""Main entrypoint into package."""
+
+import warnings
+from importlib import metadata
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api.deprecation import surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings
+
+try:
+    __version__ = metadata.version(__package__)
+except metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+    # Case where package metadata is not available.
+    __version__ = ""
+del metadata  # optional, avoids polluting the results of dir(__package__)
+
+
+def _warn_on_import(name: str, replacement: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    """Warn on import of deprecated module."""
+    from langchain._api.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+    if is_interactive_env():
+        # No warnings for interactive environments.
+        # This is done to avoid polluting the output of interactive environments
+        # where users rely on auto-complete and may trigger this warning
+        # even if they are not using any deprecated modules
+        return
+
+    if replacement:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Importing {name} from langchain root module is no longer supported. "
+            f"Please use {replacement} instead."
+        )
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Importing {name} from langchain root module is no longer supported."
+        )
+
+
+# Surfaces Deprecation and Pending Deprecation warnings from langchain.
+surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings()
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "MRKLChain":
+        from langchain.agents import MRKLChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.agents.MRKLChain")
+
+        return MRKLChain
+    elif name == "ReActChain":
+        from langchain.agents import ReActChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.agents.ReActChain")
+
+        return ReActChain
+    elif name == "SelfAskWithSearchChain":
+        from langchain.agents import SelfAskWithSearchChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.agents.SelfAskWithSearchChain")
+
+        return SelfAskWithSearchChain
+    elif name == "ConversationChain":
+        from langchain.chains import ConversationChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.chains.ConversationChain")
+
+        return ConversationChain
+    elif name == "LLMBashChain":
+        raise ImportError(
+            "This module has been moved to langchain-experimental. "
+            "For more details: "
+            "https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11352."
+            "To access this code, install it with `pip install langchain-experimental`."
+            "`from langchain_experimental.llm_bash.base "
+            "import LLMBashChain`"
+        )
+
+    elif name == "LLMChain":
+        from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.chains.LLMChain")
+
+        return LLMChain
+    elif name == "LLMCheckerChain":
+        from langchain.chains import LLMCheckerChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.chains.LLMCheckerChain")
+
+        return LLMCheckerChain
+    elif name == "LLMMathChain":
+        from langchain.chains import LLMMathChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.chains.LLMMathChain")
+
+        return LLMMathChain
+    elif name == "QAWithSourcesChain":
+        from langchain.chains import QAWithSourcesChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.chains.QAWithSourcesChain")
+
+        return QAWithSourcesChain
+    elif name == "VectorDBQA":
+        from langchain.chains import VectorDBQA
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.chains.VectorDBQA")
+
+        return VectorDBQA
+    elif name == "VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain":
+        from langchain.chains import VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.chains.VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain")
+
+        return VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain
+    elif name == "InMemoryDocstore":
+        from langchain_community.docstore import InMemoryDocstore
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.docstore.InMemoryDocstore")
+
+        return InMemoryDocstore
+    elif name == "Wikipedia":
+        from langchain_community.docstore import Wikipedia
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain.docstore.Wikipedia")
+
+        return Wikipedia
+    elif name == "Anthropic":
+        from langchain_community.llms import Anthropic
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.Anthropic")
+
+        return Anthropic
+    elif name == "Banana":
+        from langchain_community.llms import Banana
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.Banana")
+
+        return Banana
+    elif name == "CerebriumAI":
+        from langchain_community.llms import CerebriumAI
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.CerebriumAI")
+
+        return CerebriumAI
+    elif name == "Cohere":
+        from langchain_community.llms import Cohere
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.Cohere")
+
+        return Cohere
+    elif name == "ForefrontAI":
+        from langchain_community.llms import ForefrontAI
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.ForefrontAI")
+
+        return ForefrontAI
+    elif name == "GooseAI":
+        from langchain_community.llms import GooseAI
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.GooseAI")
+
+        return GooseAI
+    elif name == "HuggingFaceHub":
+        from langchain_community.llms import HuggingFaceHub
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.HuggingFaceHub")
+
+        return HuggingFaceHub
+    elif name == "HuggingFaceTextGenInference":
+        from langchain_community.llms import HuggingFaceTextGenInference
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.HuggingFaceTextGenInference"
+        )
+
+        return HuggingFaceTextGenInference
+    elif name == "LlamaCpp":
+        from langchain_community.llms import LlamaCpp
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.LlamaCpp")
+
+        return LlamaCpp
+    elif name == "Modal":
+        from langchain_community.llms import Modal
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.Modal")
+
+        return Modal
+    elif name == "OpenAI":
+        from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.OpenAI")
+
+        return OpenAI
+    elif name == "Petals":
+        from langchain_community.llms import Petals
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.Petals")
+
+        return Petals
+    elif name == "PipelineAI":
+        from langchain_community.llms import PipelineAI
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.PipelineAI")
+
+        return PipelineAI
+    elif name == "SagemakerEndpoint":
+        from langchain_community.llms import SagemakerEndpoint
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.SagemakerEndpoint")
+
+        return SagemakerEndpoint
+    elif name == "StochasticAI":
+        from langchain_community.llms import StochasticAI
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.StochasticAI")
+
+        return StochasticAI
+    elif name == "Writer":
+        from langchain_community.llms import Writer
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.llms.Writer")
+
+        return Writer
+    elif name == "HuggingFacePipeline":
+        from langchain_community.llms.huggingface_pipeline import HuggingFacePipeline
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name,
+            replacement="langchain_community.llms.huggingface_pipeline.HuggingFacePipeline",
+        )
+
+        return HuggingFacePipeline
+    elif name == "FewShotPromptTemplate":
+        from langchain_core.prompts import FewShotPromptTemplate
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_core.prompts.FewShotPromptTemplate"
+        )
+
+        return FewShotPromptTemplate
+    elif name == "Prompt":
+        from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_core.prompts.PromptTemplate")
+
+        # it's renamed as prompt template anyways
+        # this is just for backwards compat
+        return PromptTemplate
+    elif name == "PromptTemplate":
+        from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_core.prompts.PromptTemplate")
+
+        return PromptTemplate
+    elif name == "BasePromptTemplate":
+        from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_core.prompts.BasePromptTemplate")
+
+        return BasePromptTemplate
+    elif name == "ArxivAPIWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import ArxivAPIWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.ArxivAPIWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return ArxivAPIWrapper
+    elif name == "GoldenQueryAPIWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import GoldenQueryAPIWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.GoldenQueryAPIWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return GoldenQueryAPIWrapper
+    elif name == "GoogleSearchAPIWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleSearchAPIWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.GoogleSearchAPIWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return GoogleSearchAPIWrapper
+    elif name == "GoogleSerperAPIWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleSerperAPIWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.GoogleSerperAPIWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return GoogleSerperAPIWrapper
+    elif name == "PowerBIDataset":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import PowerBIDataset
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.PowerBIDataset"
+        )
+
+        return PowerBIDataset
+    elif name == "SearxSearchWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import SearxSearchWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.SearxSearchWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return SearxSearchWrapper
+    elif name == "WikipediaAPIWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import WikipediaAPIWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.WikipediaAPIWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return WikipediaAPIWrapper
+    elif name == "WolframAlphaAPIWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import WolframAlphaAPIWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.WolframAlphaAPIWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return WolframAlphaAPIWrapper
+    elif name == "SQLDatabase":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.SQLDatabase")
+
+        return SQLDatabase
+    elif name == "FAISS":
+        from langchain_community.vectorstores import FAISS
+
+        _warn_on_import(name, replacement="langchain_community.vectorstores.FAISS")
+
+        return FAISS
+    elif name == "ElasticVectorSearch":
+        from langchain_community.vectorstores import ElasticVectorSearch
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.vectorstores.ElasticVectorSearch"
+        )
+
+        return ElasticVectorSearch
+    # For backwards compatibility
+    elif name == "SerpAPIChain" or name == "SerpAPIWrapper":
+        from langchain_community.utilities import SerpAPIWrapper
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name, replacement="langchain_community.utilities.SerpAPIWrapper"
+        )
+
+        return SerpAPIWrapper
+    elif name == "verbose":
+        from langchain.globals import _verbose
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name,
+            replacement=(
+                "langchain.globals.set_verbose() / langchain.globals.get_verbose()"
+            ),
+        )
+
+        return _verbose
+    elif name == "debug":
+        from langchain.globals import _debug
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name,
+            replacement=(
+                "langchain.globals.set_debug() / langchain.globals.get_debug()"
+            ),
+        )
+
+        return _debug
+    elif name == "llm_cache":
+        from langchain.globals import _llm_cache
+
+        _warn_on_import(
+            name,
+            replacement=(
+                "langchain.globals.set_llm_cache() / langchain.globals.get_llm_cache()"
+            ),
+        )
+
+        return _llm_cache
+    else:
+        raise AttributeError(f"Could not find: {name}")
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LLMChain",
+    "LLMCheckerChain",
+    "LLMMathChain",
+    "ArxivAPIWrapper",
+    "GoldenQueryAPIWrapper",
+    "SelfAskWithSearchChain",
+    "SerpAPIWrapper",
+    "SerpAPIChain",
+    "SearxSearchWrapper",
+    "GoogleSearchAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleSerperAPIWrapper",
+    "WolframAlphaAPIWrapper",
+    "WikipediaAPIWrapper",
+    "Anthropic",
+    "Banana",
+    "CerebriumAI",
+    "Cohere",
+    "ForefrontAI",
+    "GooseAI",
+    "Modal",
+    "OpenAI",
+    "Petals",
+    "PipelineAI",
+    "StochasticAI",
+    "Writer",
+    "BasePromptTemplate",
+    "Prompt",
+    "FewShotPromptTemplate",
+    "PromptTemplate",
+    "ReActChain",
+    "Wikipedia",
+    "HuggingFaceHub",
+    "SagemakerEndpoint",
+    "HuggingFacePipeline",
+    "SQLDatabase",
+    "PowerBIDataset",
+    "FAISS",
+    "MRKLChain",
+    "VectorDBQA",
+    "ElasticVectorSearch",
+    "InMemoryDocstore",
+    "ConversationChain",
+    "VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain",
+    "QAWithSourcesChain",
+    "LlamaCpp",
+    "HuggingFaceTextGenInference",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f746db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"""Helper functions for managing the LangChain API.
+
+This module is only relevant for LangChain developers, not for users.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    This module and its submodules are for internal use only.  Do not use them
+    in your own code.  We may change the API at any time with no warning.
+
+"""
+
+from .deprecation import (
+    LangChainDeprecationWarning,
+    deprecated,
+    suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning,
+    surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings,
+    warn_deprecated,
+)
+from .module_import import create_importer
+
+__all__ = [
+    "deprecated",
+    "LangChainDeprecationWarning",
+    "suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning",
+    "surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings",
+    "warn_deprecated",
+    "create_importer",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/__pycache__/path.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/__pycache__/path.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/deprecation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/deprecation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d5f2cf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/deprecation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from langchain_core._api.deprecation import (
+    LangChainDeprecationWarning,
+    LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning,
+    deprecated,
+    suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning,
+    surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings,
+    warn_deprecated,
+)
+
+AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING = (
+    "LangChain agents will continue to be supported, but it is recommended for new "
+    "use cases to be built with LangGraph. LangGraph offers a more flexible and "
+    "full-featured framework for building agents, including support for "
+    "tool-calling, persistence of state, and human-in-the-loop workflows. For "
+    "details, refer to the "
+    "`LangGraph documentation <https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/>`_"
+    " as well as guides for "
+    "`Migrating from AgentExecutor <https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/migrate_agent/>`_"  # noqa: E501
+    " and LangGraph's "
+    "`Pre-built ReAct agent <https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/how-tos/create-react-agent/>`_."  # noqa: E501
+)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING",
+    "LangChainDeprecationWarning",
+    "LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning",
+    "deprecated",
+    "suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning",
+    "warn_deprecated",
+    "surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/interactive_env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/interactive_env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7752b6b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/interactive_env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+def is_interactive_env() -> bool:
+    """Determine if running within IPython or Jupyter."""
+    import sys
+
+    return hasattr(sys, "ps2")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/module_import.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/module_import.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83fa1483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/module_import.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import importlib
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import internal, warn_deprecated
+
+from langchain._api.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+ALLOWED_TOP_LEVEL_PKGS = {
+    "langchain_community",
+    "langchain_core",
+    "langchain",
+}
+
+
+def create_importer(
+    package: str,
+    *,
+    module_lookup: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+    deprecated_lookups: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+    fallback_module: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Callable[[str], Any]:
+    """Create a function that helps retrieve objects from their new locations.
+
+    The goal of this function is to help users transition from deprecated
+    imports to new imports.
+
+    The function will raise deprecation warning on loops using
+    deprecated_lookups or fallback_module.
+
+    Module lookups will import without deprecation warnings (used to speed
+    up imports from large namespaces like llms or chat models).
+
+    This function should ideally only be used with deprecated imports not with
+    existing imports that are valid, as in addition to raising deprecation warnings
+    the dynamic imports can create other issues for developers (e.g.,
+    loss of type information, IDE support for going to definition etc).
+
+    Args:
+        package: current package. Use __package__
+        module_lookup: maps name of object to the module where it is defined.
+            e.g.,
+            {
+                "MyDocumentLoader": (
+                    "langchain_community.document_loaders.my_document_loader"
+                )
+            }
+        deprecated_lookups: same as module look up, but will raise
+            deprecation warnings.
+        fallback_module: module to import from if the object is not found in
+            module_lookup or if module_lookup is not provided.
+
+    Returns:
+        A function that imports objects from the specified modules.
+    """
+    all_module_lookup = {**(deprecated_lookups or {}), **(module_lookup or {})}
+
+    def import_by_name(name: str) -> Any:
+        """Import stores from langchain_community."""
+        # If not in interactive env, raise warning.
+        if all_module_lookup and name in all_module_lookup:
+            new_module = all_module_lookup[name]
+            if new_module.split(".")[0] not in ALLOWED_TOP_LEVEL_PKGS:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    f"Importing from {new_module} is not allowed. "
+                    f"Allowed top-level packages are: {ALLOWED_TOP_LEVEL_PKGS}"
+                )
+
+            try:
+                module = importlib.import_module(new_module)
+            except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
+                if new_module.startswith("langchain_community"):
+                    raise ModuleNotFoundError(
+                        f"Module {new_module} not found. "
+                        "Please install langchain-community to access this module. "
+                        "You can install it using `pip install -U langchain-community`"
+                    ) from e
+                raise
+
+            try:
+                result = getattr(module, name)
+                if (
+                    not is_interactive_env()
+                    and deprecated_lookups
+                    and name in deprecated_lookups
+                ):
+                    # Depth 3:
+                    # internal.py
+                    # module_import.py
+                    # Module in langchain that uses this function
+                    # [calling code] whose frame we want to inspect.
+                    if not internal.is_caller_internal(depth=3):
+                        warn_deprecated(
+                            since="0.1",
+                            pending=False,
+                            removal="1.0",
+                            message=(
+                                f"Importing {name} from {package} is deprecated. "
+                                f"Please replace deprecated imports:\n\n"
+                                f">> from {package} import {name}\n\n"
+                                "with new imports of:\n\n"
+                                f">> from {new_module} import {name}\n"
+                                "You can use the langchain cli to **automatically** "
+                                "upgrade many imports. Please see documentation here "
+                                "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/v0_2/>"
+                            ),
+                        )
+                return result
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f"module {new_module} has no attribute {name}"
+                ) from e
+
+        if fallback_module:
+            try:
+                module = importlib.import_module(fallback_module)
+                result = getattr(module, name)
+                if not is_interactive_env():
+                    # Depth 3:
+                    # internal.py
+                    # module_import.py
+                    # Module in langchain that uses this function
+                    # [calling code] whose frame we want to inspect.
+                    if not internal.is_caller_internal(depth=3):
+                        warn_deprecated(
+                            since="0.1",
+                            pending=False,
+                            removal="1.0",
+                            message=(
+                                f"Importing {name} from {package} is deprecated. "
+                                f"Please replace deprecated imports:\n\n"
+                                f">> from {package} import {name}\n\n"
+                                "with new imports of:\n\n"
+                                f">> from {fallback_module} import {name}\n"
+                                "You can use the langchain cli to **automatically** "
+                                "upgrade many imports. Please see documentation here "
+                                "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/v0_2/>"
+                            ),
+                        )
+                return result
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f"module {fallback_module} has no attribute {name}"
+                ) from e
+
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {package} has no attribute {name}")
+
+    return import_by_name
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/path.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/path.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ee0fe81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/_api/path.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path, get_relative_path
+
+__all__ = ["get_relative_path", "as_import_path"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/adapters/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/adapters/__init__.py
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index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/adapters/__pycache__/openai.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/adapters/__pycache__/openai.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/adapters/openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/adapters/openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..445eccd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/adapters/openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.adapters.openai import (
+        Chat,
+        ChatCompletion,
+        ChatCompletionChunk,
+        ChatCompletions,
+        Choice,
+        ChoiceChunk,
+        Completions,
+        IndexableBaseModel,
+        chat,
+        convert_dict_to_message,
+        convert_message_to_dict,
+        convert_messages_for_finetuning,
+        convert_openai_messages,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+MODULE_LOOKUP = {
+    "IndexableBaseModel": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "Choice": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "ChatCompletions": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "ChoiceChunk": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "ChatCompletionChunk": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "convert_dict_to_message": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "convert_message_to_dict": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "convert_openai_messages": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "ChatCompletion": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "convert_messages_for_finetuning": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "Completions": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "Chat": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+    "chat": "langchain_community.adapters.openai",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=MODULE_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IndexableBaseModel",
+    "Choice",
+    "ChatCompletions",
+    "ChoiceChunk",
+    "ChatCompletionChunk",
+    "convert_dict_to_message",
+    "convert_message_to_dict",
+    "convert_openai_messages",
+    "ChatCompletion",
+    "convert_messages_for_finetuning",
+    "Completions",
+    "Chat",
+    "chat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0250585
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+"""
+**Agent** is a class that uses an LLM to choose a sequence of actions to take.
+
+In Chains, a sequence of actions is hardcoded. In Agents,
+a language model is used as a reasoning engine to determine which actions
+to take and in which order.
+
+Agents select and use **Tools** and **Toolkits** for actions.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseSingleActionAgent --> LLMSingleActionAgent
+                              OpenAIFunctionsAgent
+                              XMLAgent
+                              Agent --> <name>Agent  # Examples: ZeroShotAgent, ChatAgent
+
+
+    BaseMultiActionAgent  --> OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent
+
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    AgentType, AgentExecutor, AgentOutputParser, AgentExecutorIterator,
+    AgentAction, AgentFinish
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path
+from langchain_core.tools import Tool
+from langchain_core.tools.convert import tool
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.agents.agent import (
+    Agent,
+    AgentExecutor,
+    AgentOutputParser,
+    BaseMultiActionAgent,
+    BaseSingleActionAgent,
+    LLMSingleActionAgent,
+)
+from langchain.agents.agent_iterator import AgentExecutorIterator
+from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.base import (
+    create_vectorstore_agent,
+    create_vectorstore_router_agent,
+)
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.conversational.base import ConversationalAgent
+from langchain.agents.conversational_chat.base import ConversationalChatAgent
+from langchain.agents.initialize import initialize_agent
+from langchain.agents.json_chat.base import create_json_chat_agent
+from langchain.agents.loading import load_agent
+from langchain.agents.mrkl.base import MRKLChain, ZeroShotAgent
+from langchain.agents.openai_functions_agent.base import (
+    OpenAIFunctionsAgent,
+    create_openai_functions_agent,
+)
+from langchain.agents.openai_functions_multi_agent.base import OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent
+from langchain.agents.openai_tools.base import create_openai_tools_agent
+from langchain.agents.react.agent import create_react_agent
+from langchain.agents.react.base import ReActChain, ReActTextWorldAgent
+from langchain.agents.self_ask_with_search.base import (
+    SelfAskWithSearchChain,
+    create_self_ask_with_search_agent,
+)
+from langchain.agents.structured_chat.base import (
+    StructuredChatAgent,
+    create_structured_chat_agent,
+)
+from langchain.agents.tool_calling_agent.base import create_tool_calling_agent
+from langchain.agents.xml.base import XMLAgent, create_xml_agent
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.base import create_json_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.load_tools import (
+        get_all_tool_names,
+        load_huggingface_tool,
+        load_tools,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.base import create_openapi_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.base import create_pbi_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.chat_base import (
+        create_pbi_chat_agent,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.base import create_spark_sql_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.base import create_sql_agent
+
+DEPRECATED_CODE = [
+    "create_csv_agent",
+    "create_pandas_dataframe_agent",
+    "create_spark_dataframe_agent",
+    "create_xorbits_agent",
+]
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "create_json_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.base",
+    "create_openapi_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.base",
+    "create_pbi_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.base",
+    "create_pbi_chat_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.chat_base",
+    "create_spark_sql_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.base",
+    "create_sql_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.base",
+    "load_tools": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.load_tools",
+    "load_huggingface_tool": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.load_tools",
+    "get_all_tool_names": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.load_tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get attr name."""
+    if name in DEPRECATED_CODE:
+        # Get directory of langchain package
+        HERE = Path(__file__).parents[1]
+        relative_path = as_import_path(
+            Path(__file__).parent, suffix=name, relative_to=HERE
+        )
+        old_path = "langchain." + relative_path
+        new_path = "langchain_experimental." + relative_path
+        raise ImportError(
+            f"{name} has been moved to langchain experimental. "
+            "See https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11680"
+            "for more information.\n"
+            f"Please update your import statement from: `{old_path}` to `{new_path}`."
+        )
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Agent",
+    "AgentExecutor",
+    "AgentExecutorIterator",
+    "AgentOutputParser",
+    "AgentType",
+    "BaseMultiActionAgent",
+    "BaseSingleActionAgent",
+    "ConversationalAgent",
+    "ConversationalChatAgent",
+    "LLMSingleActionAgent",
+    "MRKLChain",
+    "OpenAIFunctionsAgent",
+    "OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent",
+    "ReActChain",
+    "ReActTextWorldAgent",
+    "SelfAskWithSearchChain",
+    "StructuredChatAgent",
+    "ZeroShotAgent",
+    "create_json_agent",
+    "create_openapi_agent",
+    "create_pbi_agent",
+    "create_pbi_chat_agent",
+    "create_spark_sql_agent",
+    "create_sql_agent",
+    "create_vectorstore_agent",
+    "create_vectorstore_router_agent",
+    "get_all_tool_names",
+    "initialize_agent",
+    "load_agent",
+    "load_huggingface_tool",
+    "load_tools",
+    "XMLAgent",
+    "create_openai_functions_agent",
+    "create_xml_agent",
+    "create_react_agent",
+    "create_openai_tools_agent",
+    "create_self_ask_with_search_agent",
+    "create_json_chat_agent",
+    "create_structured_chat_agent",
+    "create_tool_calling_agent",
+    "Tool",
+    "tool",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f13f668b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1801 @@
+"""Chain that takes in an input and produces an action and action input."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import builtins
+import json
+import logging
+import time
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+import yaml
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish, AgentStep
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import FewShotPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig, ensure_config
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import AddableDict
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_color_mapping
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain._api.deprecation import AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+from langchain.agents.agent_iterator import AgentExecutorIterator
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.tools import InvalidTool
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.utilities.asyncio import asyncio_timeout
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BaseSingleActionAgent(BaseModel):
+    """Base Single Action Agent class."""
+
+    @property
+    def return_values(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return values of the agent."""
+        return ["output"]
+
+    def get_allowed_tools(self) -> Optional[list[str]]:
+        return None
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Async given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+
+    def return_stopped_response(
+        self,
+        early_stopping_method: str,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AgentFinish:
+        """Return response when agent has been stopped due to max iterations.
+
+        Args:
+            early_stopping_method: Method to use for early stopping.
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            AgentFinish: Agent finish object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If `early_stopping_method` is not supported.
+        """
+        if early_stopping_method == "force":
+            # `force` just returns a constant string
+            return AgentFinish(
+                {"output": "Agent stopped due to iteration limit or time limit."}, ""
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Got unsupported early_stopping_method `{early_stopping_method}`"
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseSingleActionAgent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: Language model to use.
+            tools: Tools to use.
+            callback_manager: Callback manager to use.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            BaseSingleActionAgent: Agent object.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return Identifier of an agent type."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return dictionary representation of agent.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: Dictionary representation of agent.
+        """
+        _dict = super().model_dump()
+        try:
+            _type = self._agent_type
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            _type = None
+        if isinstance(_type, AgentType):
+            _dict["_type"] = str(_type.value)
+        elif _type is not None:
+            _dict["_type"] = _type
+        return _dict
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the agent.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: Path to file to save the agent to.
+
+        Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # If working with agent executor
+            agent.agent.save(file_path="path/agent.yaml")
+        """
+        # Convert file to Path object.
+        if isinstance(file_path, str):
+            save_path = Path(file_path)
+        else:
+            save_path = file_path
+
+        directory_path = save_path.parent
+        directory_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        # Fetch dictionary to save
+        agent_dict = self.dict()
+        if "_type" not in agent_dict:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Agent {self} does not support saving")
+
+        if save_path.suffix == ".json":
+            with open(file_path, "w") as f:
+                json.dump(agent_dict, f, indent=4)
+        elif save_path.suffix.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+            with open(file_path, "w") as f:
+                yaml.dump(agent_dict, f, default_flow_style=False)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{save_path} must be json or yaml")
+
+    def tool_run_logging_kwargs(self) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return logging kwargs for tool run."""
+        return {}
+
+
+class BaseMultiActionAgent(BaseModel):
+    """Base Multi Action Agent class."""
+
+    @property
+    def return_values(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return values of the agent."""
+        return ["output"]
+
+    def get_allowed_tools(self) -> Optional[list[str]]:
+        """Get allowed tools.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[List[str]]: Allowed tools.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        """Given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with the observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Actions specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        """Async given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with the observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Actions specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+
+    def return_stopped_response(
+        self,
+        early_stopping_method: str,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AgentFinish:
+        """Return response when agent has been stopped due to max iterations.
+
+        Args:
+            early_stopping_method: Method to use for early stopping.
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            AgentFinish: Agent finish object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If `early_stopping_method` is not supported.
+        """
+        if early_stopping_method == "force":
+            # `force` just returns a constant string
+            return AgentFinish({"output": "Agent stopped due to max iterations."}, "")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Got unsupported early_stopping_method `{early_stopping_method}`"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return Identifier of an agent type."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return dictionary representation of agent."""
+        _dict = super().model_dump()
+        try:
+            _dict["_type"] = str(self._agent_type)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+        return _dict
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the agent.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: Path to file to save the agent to.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: If agent does not support saving.
+            ValueError: If file_path is not json or yaml.
+
+        Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # If working with agent executor
+            agent.agent.save(file_path="path/agent.yaml")
+        """
+        # Convert file to Path object.
+        if isinstance(file_path, str):
+            save_path = Path(file_path)
+        else:
+            save_path = file_path
+
+        # Fetch dictionary to save
+        agent_dict = self.dict()
+        if "_type" not in agent_dict:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Agent {self} does not support saving.")
+
+        directory_path = save_path.parent
+        directory_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        if save_path.suffix == ".json":
+            with open(file_path, "w") as f:
+                json.dump(agent_dict, f, indent=4)
+        elif save_path.suffix.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+            with open(file_path, "w") as f:
+                yaml.dump(agent_dict, f, default_flow_style=False)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{save_path} must be json or yaml")
+
+    def tool_run_logging_kwargs(self) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return logging kwargs for tool run."""
+
+        return {}
+
+
+class AgentOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]]):
+    """Base class for parsing agent output into agent action/finish."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Parse text into agent action/finish."""
+
+
+class MultiActionAgentOutputParser(
+    BaseOutputParser[Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]]
+):
+    """Base class for parsing agent output into agent actions/finish.
+
+    This is used for agents that can return multiple actions.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        """Parse text into agent actions/finish.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[List[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+                List of agent actions or agent finish.
+        """
+
+
+class RunnableAgent(BaseSingleActionAgent):
+    """Agent powered by Runnables."""
+
+    runnable: Runnable[dict, Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]]
+    """Runnable to call to get agent action."""
+    input_keys_arg: list[str] = []
+    return_keys_arg: list[str] = []
+    stream_runnable: bool = True
+    """Whether to stream from the runnable or not.
+
+    If True then underlying LLM is invoked in a streaming fashion to make it possible
+        to get access to the individual LLM tokens when using stream_log with the Agent
+        Executor. If False then LLM is invoked in a non-streaming fashion and
+        individual LLM tokens will not be available in stream_log.
+    """
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def return_values(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return values of the agent."""
+        return self.return_keys_arg
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys."""
+        return self.input_keys_arg
+
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Based on past history and current inputs, decide what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with the observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        inputs = {**kwargs, **{"intermediate_steps": intermediate_steps}}
+        final_output: Any = None
+        if self.stream_runnable:
+            # Use streaming to make sure that the underlying LLM is invoked in a
+            # streaming
+            # fashion to make it possible to get access to the individual LLM tokens
+            # when using stream_log with the Agent Executor.
+            # Because the response from the plan is not a generator, we need to
+            # accumulate the output into final output and return that.
+            for chunk in self.runnable.stream(inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks}):
+                if final_output is None:
+                    final_output = chunk
+                else:
+                    final_output += chunk
+        else:
+            final_output = self.runnable.invoke(inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks})
+
+        return final_output
+
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[
+        AgentAction,
+        AgentFinish,
+    ]:
+        """Async based on past history and current inputs, decide what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        inputs = {**kwargs, **{"intermediate_steps": intermediate_steps}}
+        final_output: Any = None
+        if self.stream_runnable:
+            # Use streaming to make sure that the underlying LLM is invoked in a
+            # streaming
+            # fashion to make it possible to get access to the individual LLM tokens
+            # when using stream_log with the Agent Executor.
+            # Because the response from the plan is not a generator, we need to
+            # accumulate the output into final output and return that.
+            async for chunk in self.runnable.astream(
+                inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks}
+            ):
+                if final_output is None:
+                    final_output = chunk
+                else:
+                    final_output += chunk
+        else:
+            final_output = await self.runnable.ainvoke(
+                inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks}
+            )
+        return final_output
+
+
+class RunnableMultiActionAgent(BaseMultiActionAgent):
+    """Agent powered by Runnables."""
+
+    runnable: Runnable[dict, Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]]
+    """Runnable to call to get agent actions."""
+    input_keys_arg: list[str] = []
+    return_keys_arg: list[str] = []
+    stream_runnable: bool = True
+    """Whether to stream from the runnable or not.
+
+    If True then underlying LLM is invoked in a streaming fashion to make it possible
+        to get access to the individual LLM tokens when using stream_log with the Agent
+        Executor. If False then LLM is invoked in a non-streaming fashion and
+        individual LLM tokens will not be available in stream_log.
+    """
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def return_values(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return values of the agent."""
+        return self.return_keys_arg
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of input keys.
+        """
+        return self.input_keys_arg
+
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[
+        list[AgentAction],
+        AgentFinish,
+    ]:
+        """Based on past history and current inputs, decide what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with the observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        inputs = {**kwargs, **{"intermediate_steps": intermediate_steps}}
+        final_output: Any = None
+        if self.stream_runnable:
+            # Use streaming to make sure that the underlying LLM is invoked in a
+            # streaming
+            # fashion to make it possible to get access to the individual LLM tokens
+            # when using stream_log with the Agent Executor.
+            # Because the response from the plan is not a generator, we need to
+            # accumulate the output into final output and return that.
+            for chunk in self.runnable.stream(inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks}):
+                if final_output is None:
+                    final_output = chunk
+                else:
+                    final_output += chunk
+        else:
+            final_output = self.runnable.invoke(inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks})
+
+        return final_output
+
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[
+        list[AgentAction],
+        AgentFinish,
+    ]:
+        """Async based on past history and current inputs, decide what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        inputs = {**kwargs, **{"intermediate_steps": intermediate_steps}}
+        final_output: Any = None
+        if self.stream_runnable:
+            # Use streaming to make sure that the underlying LLM is invoked in a
+            # streaming
+            # fashion to make it possible to get access to the individual LLM tokens
+            # when using stream_log with the Agent Executor.
+            # Because the response from the plan is not a generator, we need to
+            # accumulate the output into final output and return that.
+            async for chunk in self.runnable.astream(
+                inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks}
+            ):
+                if final_output is None:
+                    final_output = chunk
+                else:
+                    final_output += chunk
+        else:
+            final_output = await self.runnable.ainvoke(
+                inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks}
+            )
+
+        return final_output
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class LLMSingleActionAgent(BaseSingleActionAgent):
+    """Base class for single action agents."""
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """LLMChain to use for agent."""
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser
+    """Output parser to use for agent."""
+    stop: list[str]
+    """List of strings to stop on."""
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of input keys.
+        """
+        return list(set(self.llm_chain.input_keys) - {"intermediate_steps"})
+
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return dictionary representation of agent."""
+        _dict = super().dict()
+        del _dict["output_parser"]
+        return _dict
+
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with the observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        output = self.llm_chain.run(
+            intermediate_steps=intermediate_steps,
+            stop=self.stop,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        return self.output_parser.parse(output)
+
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Async given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        output = await self.llm_chain.arun(
+            intermediate_steps=intermediate_steps,
+            stop=self.stop,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        return self.output_parser.parse(output)
+
+    def tool_run_logging_kwargs(self) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return logging kwargs for tool run."""
+        return {
+            "llm_prefix": "",
+            "observation_prefix": "" if len(self.stop) == 0 else self.stop[0],
+        }
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class Agent(BaseSingleActionAgent):
+    """Agent that calls the language model and deciding the action.
+
+    This is driven by a LLMChain. The prompt in the LLMChain MUST include
+    a variable called "agent_scratchpad" where the agent can put its
+    intermediary work.
+    """
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """LLMChain to use for agent."""
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser
+    """Output parser to use for agent."""
+    allowed_tools: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Allowed tools for the agent. If None, all tools are allowed."""
+
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return dictionary representation of agent."""
+        _dict = super().dict()
+        del _dict["output_parser"]
+        return _dict
+
+    def get_allowed_tools(self) -> Optional[list[str]]:
+        """Get allowed tools."""
+        return self.allowed_tools
+
+    @property
+    def return_values(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return values of the agent."""
+        return ["output"]
+
+    def _fix_text(self, text: str) -> str:
+        """Fix the text.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Text to fix.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: Fixed text.
+        """
+        raise ValueError("fix_text not implemented for this agent.")
+
+    @property
+    def _stop(self) -> list[str]:
+        return [
+            f"\n{self.observation_prefix.rstrip()}",
+            f"\n\t{self.observation_prefix.rstrip()}",
+        ]
+
+    def _construct_scratchpad(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]
+    ) -> Union[str, list[BaseMessage]]:
+        """Construct the scratchpad that lets the agent continue its thought process."""
+        thoughts = ""
+        for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+            thoughts += action.log
+            thoughts += f"\n{self.observation_prefix}{observation}\n{self.llm_prefix}"
+        return thoughts
+
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        full_inputs = self.get_full_inputs(intermediate_steps, **kwargs)
+        full_output = self.llm_chain.predict(callbacks=callbacks, **full_inputs)
+        return self.output_parser.parse(full_output)
+
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Async given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        full_inputs = self.get_full_inputs(intermediate_steps, **kwargs)
+        full_output = await self.llm_chain.apredict(callbacks=callbacks, **full_inputs)
+        agent_output = await self.output_parser.aparse(full_output)
+        return agent_output
+
+    def get_full_inputs(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> builtins.dict[str, Any]:
+        """Create the full inputs for the LLMChain from intermediate steps.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: Full inputs for the LLMChain.
+        """
+        thoughts = self._construct_scratchpad(intermediate_steps)
+        new_inputs = {"agent_scratchpad": thoughts, "stop": self._stop}
+        full_inputs = {**kwargs, **new_inputs}
+        return full_inputs
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return list(set(self.llm_chain.input_keys) - {"agent_scratchpad"})
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_prompt(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate that prompt matches format.
+
+        Args:
+            values: Values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: Validated values.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If `agent_scratchpad` is not in prompt.input_variables
+             and prompt is not a FewShotPromptTemplate or a PromptTemplate.
+        """
+        prompt = self.llm_chain.prompt
+        if "agent_scratchpad" not in prompt.input_variables:
+            logger.warning(
+                "`agent_scratchpad` should be a variable in prompt.input_variables."
+                " Did not find it, so adding it at the end."
+            )
+            prompt.input_variables.append("agent_scratchpad")
+            if isinstance(prompt, PromptTemplate):
+                prompt.template += "\n{agent_scratchpad}"
+            elif isinstance(prompt, FewShotPromptTemplate):
+                prompt.suffix += "\n{agent_scratchpad}"
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Got unexpected prompt type {type(prompt)}")
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with."""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the LLM call with."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_prompt(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Create a prompt for this class.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Tools to use.
+
+        Returns:
+            BasePromptTemplate: Prompt template.
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        """Validate that appropriate tools are passed in.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Tools to use.
+        """
+
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        """Get default output parser for this class."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[AgentOutputParser] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Agent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: Language model to use.
+            tools: Tools to use.
+            callback_manager: Callback manager to use.
+            output_parser: Output parser to use.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Agent: Agent object.
+        """
+        cls._validate_tools(tools)
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=cls.create_prompt(tools),
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        )
+        tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+        _output_parser = output_parser or cls._get_default_output_parser()
+        return cls(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            allowed_tools=tool_names,
+            output_parser=_output_parser,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def return_stopped_response(
+        self,
+        early_stopping_method: str,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AgentFinish:
+        """Return response when agent has been stopped due to max iterations.
+
+        Args:
+            early_stopping_method: Method to use for early stopping.
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            AgentFinish: Agent finish object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If `early_stopping_method` is not in ['force', 'generate'].
+        """
+        if early_stopping_method == "force":
+            # `force` just returns a constant string
+            return AgentFinish(
+                {"output": "Agent stopped due to iteration limit or time limit."}, ""
+            )
+        elif early_stopping_method == "generate":
+            # Generate does one final forward pass
+            thoughts = ""
+            for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+                thoughts += action.log
+                thoughts += (
+                    f"\n{self.observation_prefix}{observation}\n{self.llm_prefix}"
+                )
+            # Adding to the previous steps, we now tell the LLM to make a final pred
+            thoughts += (
+                "\n\nI now need to return a final answer based on the previous steps:"
+            )
+            new_inputs = {"agent_scratchpad": thoughts, "stop": self._stop}
+            full_inputs = {**kwargs, **new_inputs}
+            full_output = self.llm_chain.predict(**full_inputs)
+            # We try to extract a final answer
+            parsed_output = self.output_parser.parse(full_output)
+            if isinstance(parsed_output, AgentFinish):
+                # If we can extract, we send the correct stuff
+                return parsed_output
+            else:
+                # If we can extract, but the tool is not the final tool,
+                # we just return the full output
+                return AgentFinish({"output": full_output}, full_output)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "early_stopping_method should be one of `force` or `generate`, "
+                f"got {early_stopping_method}"
+            )
+
+    def tool_run_logging_kwargs(self) -> builtins.dict:
+        """Return logging kwargs for tool run."""
+        return {
+            "llm_prefix": self.llm_prefix,
+            "observation_prefix": self.observation_prefix,
+        }
+
+
+class ExceptionTool(BaseTool):
+    """Tool that just returns the query."""
+
+    name: str = "_Exception"
+    """Name of the tool."""
+    description: str = "Exception tool"
+    """Description of the tool."""
+
+    def _run(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        return query
+
+    async def _arun(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        return query
+
+
+NextStepOutput = list[Union[AgentFinish, AgentAction, AgentStep]]
+RunnableAgentType = Union[RunnableAgent, RunnableMultiActionAgent]
+
+
+class AgentExecutor(Chain):
+    """Agent that is using tools."""
+
+    agent: Union[BaseSingleActionAgent, BaseMultiActionAgent, Runnable]
+    """The agent to run for creating a plan and determining actions
+    to take at each step of the execution loop."""
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool]
+    """The valid tools the agent can call."""
+    return_intermediate_steps: bool = False
+    """Whether to return the agent's trajectory of intermediate steps
+    at the end in addition to the final output."""
+    max_iterations: Optional[int] = 15
+    """The maximum number of steps to take before ending the execution
+    loop.
+
+    Setting to 'None' could lead to an infinite loop."""
+    max_execution_time: Optional[float] = None
+    """The maximum amount of wall clock time to spend in the execution
+    loop.
+    """
+    early_stopping_method: str = "force"
+    """The method to use for early stopping if the agent never
+    returns `AgentFinish`. Either 'force' or 'generate'.
+
+    `"force"` returns a string saying that it stopped because it met a
+        time or iteration limit.
+
+    `"generate"` calls the agent's LLM Chain one final time to generate
+        a final answer based on the previous steps.
+    """
+    handle_parsing_errors: Union[bool, str, Callable[[OutputParserException], str]] = (
+        False
+    )
+    """How to handle errors raised by the agent's output parser.
+    Defaults to `False`, which raises the error.
+    If `true`, the error will be sent back to the LLM as an observation.
+    If a string, the string itself will be sent to the LLM as an observation.
+    If a callable function, the function will be called with the exception
+     as an argument, and the result of that function will be passed to the agent
+      as an observation.
+    """
+    trim_intermediate_steps: Union[
+        int, Callable[[list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]], list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]]
+    ] = -1
+    """How to trim the intermediate steps before returning them.
+    Defaults to -1, which means no trimming.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_agent_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        agent: Union[BaseSingleActionAgent, BaseMultiActionAgent, Runnable],
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AgentExecutor:
+        """Create from agent and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            agent: Agent to use.
+            tools: Tools to use.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            AgentExecutor: Agent executor object.
+        """
+        return cls(
+            agent=agent,
+            tools=tools,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_tools(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate that tools are compatible with agent.
+
+        Args:
+            values: Values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: Validated values.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If allowed tools are different than provided tools.
+        """
+        agent = self.agent
+        tools = self.tools
+        allowed_tools = agent.get_allowed_tools()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        if allowed_tools is not None:
+            if set(allowed_tools) != set([tool.name for tool in tools]):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Allowed tools ({allowed_tools}) different than "
+                    f"provided tools ({[tool.name for tool in tools]})"
+                )
+        return self
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_runnable_agent(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Convert runnable to agent if passed in.
+
+        Args:
+            values: Values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: Validated values.
+        """
+        agent = values.get("agent")
+        if agent and isinstance(agent, Runnable):
+            try:
+                output_type = agent.OutputType
+            except Exception as _:
+                multi_action = False
+            else:
+                multi_action = output_type == Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]
+
+            stream_runnable = values.pop("stream_runnable", True)
+            if multi_action:
+                values["agent"] = RunnableMultiActionAgent(
+                    runnable=agent, stream_runnable=stream_runnable
+                )
+            else:
+                values["agent"] = RunnableAgent(
+                    runnable=agent, stream_runnable=stream_runnable
+                )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def _action_agent(self) -> Union[BaseSingleActionAgent, BaseMultiActionAgent]:
+        """Type cast self.agent.
+
+        If the `agent` attribute is a Runnable, it will be converted one of
+        RunnableAgentType in the validate_runnable_agent root_validator.
+
+        To support instantiating with a Runnable, here we explicitly cast the type
+        to reflect the changes made in the root_validator.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.agent, Runnable):
+            return cast(RunnableAgentType, self.agent)
+        else:
+            return self.agent
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Raise error - saving not supported for Agent Executors.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: Path to save to.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: Saving not supported for agent executors.
+        """
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Saving not supported for agent executors. "
+            "If you are trying to save the agent, please use the "
+            "`.save_agent(...)`"
+        )
+
+    def save_agent(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the underlying agent.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: Path to save to.
+        """
+        return self._action_agent.save(file_path)
+
+    def iter(
+        self,
+        inputs: Any,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        async_: bool = False,  # arg kept for backwards compat, but ignored
+    ) -> AgentExecutorIterator:
+        """Enables iteration over steps taken to reach final output.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Inputs to the agent.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run.
+            include_run_info: Whether to include run info.
+            async_: Whether to run async. (Ignored)
+
+        Returns:
+            AgentExecutorIterator: Agent executor iterator object.
+        """
+        return AgentExecutorIterator(
+            self,
+            inputs,
+            callbacks,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self._action_agent.input_keys
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the singular output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            return self._action_agent.return_values + ["intermediate_steps"]
+        else:
+            return self._action_agent.return_values
+
+    def lookup_tool(self, name: str) -> BaseTool:
+        """Lookup tool by name.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Name of tool.
+
+        Returns:
+            BaseTool: Tool object.
+        """
+        return {tool.name: tool for tool in self.tools}[name]
+
+    def _should_continue(self, iterations: int, time_elapsed: float) -> bool:
+        if self.max_iterations is not None and iterations >= self.max_iterations:
+            return False
+        if (
+            self.max_execution_time is not None
+            and time_elapsed >= self.max_execution_time
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def _return(
+        self,
+        output: AgentFinish,
+        intermediate_steps: list,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if run_manager:
+            run_manager.on_agent_finish(output, color="green", verbose=self.verbose)
+        final_output = output.return_values
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            final_output["intermediate_steps"] = intermediate_steps
+        return final_output
+
+    async def _areturn(
+        self,
+        output: AgentFinish,
+        intermediate_steps: list,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if run_manager:
+            await run_manager.on_agent_finish(
+                output, color="green", verbose=self.verbose
+            )
+        final_output = output.return_values
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            final_output["intermediate_steps"] = intermediate_steps
+        return final_output
+
+    def _consume_next_step(
+        self, values: NextStepOutput
+    ) -> Union[AgentFinish, list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]]:
+        if isinstance(values[-1], AgentFinish):
+            assert len(values) == 1
+            return values[-1]
+        else:
+            return [
+                (a.action, a.observation) for a in values if isinstance(a, AgentStep)
+            ]
+
+    def _take_next_step(
+        self,
+        name_to_tool_map: dict[str, BaseTool],
+        color_mapping: dict[str, str],
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> Union[AgentFinish, list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]]:
+        return self._consume_next_step(
+            [
+                a
+                for a in self._iter_next_step(
+                    name_to_tool_map,
+                    color_mapping,
+                    inputs,
+                    intermediate_steps,
+                    run_manager,
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _iter_next_step(
+        self,
+        name_to_tool_map: dict[str, BaseTool],
+        color_mapping: dict[str, str],
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[Union[AgentFinish, AgentAction, AgentStep]]:
+        """Take a single step in the thought-action-observation loop.
+
+        Override this to take control of how the agent makes and acts on choices.
+        """
+        try:
+            intermediate_steps = self._prepare_intermediate_steps(intermediate_steps)
+
+            # Call the LLM to see what to do.
+            output = self._action_agent.plan(
+                intermediate_steps,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **inputs,
+            )
+        except OutputParserException as e:
+            if isinstance(self.handle_parsing_errors, bool):
+                raise_error = not self.handle_parsing_errors
+            else:
+                raise_error = False
+            if raise_error:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "An output parsing error occurred. "
+                    "In order to pass this error back to the agent and have it try "
+                    "again, pass `handle_parsing_errors=True` to the AgentExecutor. "
+                    f"This is the error: {str(e)}"
+                )
+            text = str(e)
+            if isinstance(self.handle_parsing_errors, bool):
+                if e.send_to_llm:
+                    observation = str(e.observation)
+                    text = str(e.llm_output)
+                else:
+                    observation = "Invalid or incomplete response"
+            elif isinstance(self.handle_parsing_errors, str):
+                observation = self.handle_parsing_errors
+            elif callable(self.handle_parsing_errors):
+                observation = self.handle_parsing_errors(e)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Got unexpected type of `handle_parsing_errors`")
+            output = AgentAction("_Exception", observation, text)
+            if run_manager:
+                run_manager.on_agent_action(output, color="green")
+            tool_run_kwargs = self._action_agent.tool_run_logging_kwargs()
+            observation = ExceptionTool().run(
+                output.tool_input,
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color=None,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **tool_run_kwargs,
+            )
+            yield AgentStep(action=output, observation=observation)
+            return
+
+        # If the tool chosen is the finishing tool, then we end and return.
+        if isinstance(output, AgentFinish):
+            yield output
+            return
+
+        actions: list[AgentAction]
+        if isinstance(output, AgentAction):
+            actions = [output]
+        else:
+            actions = output
+        for agent_action in actions:
+            yield agent_action
+        for agent_action in actions:
+            yield self._perform_agent_action(
+                name_to_tool_map, color_mapping, agent_action, run_manager
+            )
+
+    def _perform_agent_action(
+        self,
+        name_to_tool_map: dict[str, BaseTool],
+        color_mapping: dict[str, str],
+        agent_action: AgentAction,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> AgentStep:
+        if run_manager:
+            run_manager.on_agent_action(agent_action, color="green")
+        # Otherwise we lookup the tool
+        if agent_action.tool in name_to_tool_map:
+            tool = name_to_tool_map[agent_action.tool]
+            return_direct = tool.return_direct
+            color = color_mapping[agent_action.tool]
+            tool_run_kwargs = self._action_agent.tool_run_logging_kwargs()
+            if return_direct:
+                tool_run_kwargs["llm_prefix"] = ""
+            # We then call the tool on the tool input to get an observation
+            observation = tool.run(
+                agent_action.tool_input,
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color=color,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **tool_run_kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            tool_run_kwargs = self._action_agent.tool_run_logging_kwargs()
+            observation = InvalidTool().run(
+                {
+                    "requested_tool_name": agent_action.tool,
+                    "available_tool_names": list(name_to_tool_map.keys()),
+                },
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color=None,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **tool_run_kwargs,
+            )
+        return AgentStep(action=agent_action, observation=observation)
+
+    async def _atake_next_step(
+        self,
+        name_to_tool_map: dict[str, BaseTool],
+        color_mapping: dict[str, str],
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> Union[AgentFinish, list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]]:
+        return self._consume_next_step(
+            [
+                a
+                async for a in self._aiter_next_step(
+                    name_to_tool_map,
+                    color_mapping,
+                    inputs,
+                    intermediate_steps,
+                    run_manager,
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+
+    async def _aiter_next_step(
+        self,
+        name_to_tool_map: dict[str, BaseTool],
+        color_mapping: dict[str, str],
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Union[AgentFinish, AgentAction, AgentStep]]:
+        """Take a single step in the thought-action-observation loop.
+
+        Override this to take control of how the agent makes and acts on choices.
+        """
+        try:
+            intermediate_steps = self._prepare_intermediate_steps(intermediate_steps)
+
+            # Call the LLM to see what to do.
+            output = await self._action_agent.aplan(
+                intermediate_steps,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **inputs,
+            )
+        except OutputParserException as e:
+            if isinstance(self.handle_parsing_errors, bool):
+                raise_error = not self.handle_parsing_errors
+            else:
+                raise_error = False
+            if raise_error:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "An output parsing error occurred. "
+                    "In order to pass this error back to the agent and have it try "
+                    "again, pass `handle_parsing_errors=True` to the AgentExecutor. "
+                    f"This is the error: {str(e)}"
+                )
+            text = str(e)
+            if isinstance(self.handle_parsing_errors, bool):
+                if e.send_to_llm:
+                    observation = str(e.observation)
+                    text = str(e.llm_output)
+                else:
+                    observation = "Invalid or incomplete response"
+            elif isinstance(self.handle_parsing_errors, str):
+                observation = self.handle_parsing_errors
+            elif callable(self.handle_parsing_errors):
+                observation = self.handle_parsing_errors(e)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Got unexpected type of `handle_parsing_errors`")
+            output = AgentAction("_Exception", observation, text)
+            tool_run_kwargs = self._action_agent.tool_run_logging_kwargs()
+            observation = await ExceptionTool().arun(
+                output.tool_input,
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color=None,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **tool_run_kwargs,
+            )
+            yield AgentStep(action=output, observation=observation)
+            return
+
+        # If the tool chosen is the finishing tool, then we end and return.
+        if isinstance(output, AgentFinish):
+            yield output
+            return
+
+        actions: list[AgentAction]
+        if isinstance(output, AgentAction):
+            actions = [output]
+        else:
+            actions = output
+        for agent_action in actions:
+            yield agent_action
+
+        # Use asyncio.gather to run multiple tool.arun() calls concurrently
+        result = await asyncio.gather(
+            *[
+                self._aperform_agent_action(
+                    name_to_tool_map, color_mapping, agent_action, run_manager
+                )
+                for agent_action in actions
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # TODO This could yield each result as it becomes available
+        for chunk in result:
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def _aperform_agent_action(
+        self,
+        name_to_tool_map: dict[str, BaseTool],
+        color_mapping: dict[str, str],
+        agent_action: AgentAction,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> AgentStep:
+        if run_manager:
+            await run_manager.on_agent_action(
+                agent_action, verbose=self.verbose, color="green"
+            )
+        # Otherwise we lookup the tool
+        if agent_action.tool in name_to_tool_map:
+            tool = name_to_tool_map[agent_action.tool]
+            return_direct = tool.return_direct
+            color = color_mapping[agent_action.tool]
+            tool_run_kwargs = self._action_agent.tool_run_logging_kwargs()
+            if return_direct:
+                tool_run_kwargs["llm_prefix"] = ""
+            # We then call the tool on the tool input to get an observation
+            observation = await tool.arun(
+                agent_action.tool_input,
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color=color,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **tool_run_kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            tool_run_kwargs = self._action_agent.tool_run_logging_kwargs()
+            observation = await InvalidTool().arun(
+                {
+                    "requested_tool_name": agent_action.tool,
+                    "available_tool_names": list(name_to_tool_map.keys()),
+                },
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color=None,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None,
+                **tool_run_kwargs,
+            )
+        return AgentStep(action=agent_action, observation=observation)
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run text through and get agent response."""
+        # Construct a mapping of tool name to tool for easy lookup
+        name_to_tool_map = {tool.name: tool for tool in self.tools}
+        # We construct a mapping from each tool to a color, used for logging.
+        color_mapping = get_color_mapping(
+            [tool.name for tool in self.tools], excluded_colors=["green", "red"]
+        )
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]] = []
+        # Let's start tracking the number of iterations and time elapsed
+        iterations = 0
+        time_elapsed = 0.0
+        start_time = time.time()
+        # We now enter the agent loop (until it returns something).
+        while self._should_continue(iterations, time_elapsed):
+            next_step_output = self._take_next_step(
+                name_to_tool_map,
+                color_mapping,
+                inputs,
+                intermediate_steps,
+                run_manager=run_manager,
+            )
+            if isinstance(next_step_output, AgentFinish):
+                return self._return(
+                    next_step_output, intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager
+                )
+
+            intermediate_steps.extend(next_step_output)
+            if len(next_step_output) == 1:
+                next_step_action = next_step_output[0]
+                # See if tool should return directly
+                tool_return = self._get_tool_return(next_step_action)
+                if tool_return is not None:
+                    return self._return(
+                        tool_return, intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager
+                    )
+            iterations += 1
+            time_elapsed = time.time() - start_time
+        output = self._action_agent.return_stopped_response(
+            self.early_stopping_method, intermediate_steps, **inputs
+        )
+        return self._return(output, intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager)
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Async run text through and get agent response."""
+        # Construct a mapping of tool name to tool for easy lookup
+        name_to_tool_map = {tool.name: tool for tool in self.tools}
+        # We construct a mapping from each tool to a color, used for logging.
+        color_mapping = get_color_mapping(
+            [tool.name for tool in self.tools], excluded_colors=["green"]
+        )
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]] = []
+        # Let's start tracking the number of iterations and time elapsed
+        iterations = 0
+        time_elapsed = 0.0
+        start_time = time.time()
+        # We now enter the agent loop (until it returns something).
+        try:
+            async with asyncio_timeout(self.max_execution_time):
+                while self._should_continue(iterations, time_elapsed):
+                    next_step_output = await self._atake_next_step(
+                        name_to_tool_map,
+                        color_mapping,
+                        inputs,
+                        intermediate_steps,
+                        run_manager=run_manager,
+                    )
+                    if isinstance(next_step_output, AgentFinish):
+                        return await self._areturn(
+                            next_step_output,
+                            intermediate_steps,
+                            run_manager=run_manager,
+                        )
+
+                    intermediate_steps.extend(next_step_output)
+                    if len(next_step_output) == 1:
+                        next_step_action = next_step_output[0]
+                        # See if tool should return directly
+                        tool_return = self._get_tool_return(next_step_action)
+                        if tool_return is not None:
+                            return await self._areturn(
+                                tool_return, intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager
+                            )
+
+                    iterations += 1
+                    time_elapsed = time.time() - start_time
+                output = self._action_agent.return_stopped_response(
+                    self.early_stopping_method, intermediate_steps, **inputs
+                )
+                return await self._areturn(
+                    output, intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager
+                )
+        except (TimeoutError, asyncio.TimeoutError):
+            # stop early when interrupted by the async timeout
+            output = self._action_agent.return_stopped_response(
+                self.early_stopping_method, intermediate_steps, **inputs
+            )
+            return await self._areturn(
+                output, intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager
+            )
+
+    def _get_tool_return(
+        self, next_step_output: tuple[AgentAction, str]
+    ) -> Optional[AgentFinish]:
+        """Check if the tool is a returning tool."""
+        agent_action, observation = next_step_output
+        name_to_tool_map = {tool.name: tool for tool in self.tools}
+        return_value_key = "output"
+        if len(self._action_agent.return_values) > 0:
+            return_value_key = self._action_agent.return_values[0]
+        # Invalid tools won't be in the map, so we return False.
+        if agent_action.tool in name_to_tool_map:
+            if name_to_tool_map[agent_action.tool].return_direct:
+                return AgentFinish(
+                    {return_value_key: observation},
+                    "",
+                )
+        return None
+
+    def _prepare_intermediate_steps(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]
+    ) -> list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]:
+        if (
+            isinstance(self.trim_intermediate_steps, int)
+            and self.trim_intermediate_steps > 0
+        ):
+            return intermediate_steps[-self.trim_intermediate_steps :]
+        elif callable(self.trim_intermediate_steps):
+            return self.trim_intermediate_steps(intermediate_steps)
+        else:
+            return intermediate_steps
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Union[dict[str, Any], Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[AddableDict]:
+        """Enables streaming over steps taken to reach final output.
+
+        Args:
+            input: Input to the agent.
+            config: Config to use.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Yields:
+            AddableDict: Addable dictionary.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        iterator = AgentExecutorIterator(
+            self,
+            input,
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            tags=config.get("tags"),
+            metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            run_name=config.get("run_name"),
+            run_id=config.get("run_id"),
+            yield_actions=True,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        yield from iterator
+
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Union[dict[str, Any], Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AddableDict]:
+        """Async enables streaming over steps taken to reach final output.
+
+        Args:
+            input: Input to the agent.
+            config: Config to use.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Yields:
+            AddableDict: Addable dictionary.
+        """
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        iterator = AgentExecutorIterator(
+            self,
+            input,
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            tags=config.get("tags"),
+            metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            run_name=config.get("run_name"),
+            run_id=config.get("run_id"),
+            yield_actions=True,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        async for step in iterator:
+            yield step
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_iterator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_iterator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e07b298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_iterator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import time
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langchain_core.agents import (
+    AgentAction,
+    AgentFinish,
+    AgentStep,
+)
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.load.dump import dumpd
+from langchain_core.outputs import RunInfo
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import AddableDict
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_color_mapping
+
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+from langchain.utilities.asyncio import asyncio_timeout
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain.agents.agent import AgentExecutor, NextStepOutput
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AgentExecutorIterator:
+    """Iterator for AgentExecutor."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        agent_executor: AgentExecutor,
+        inputs: Any,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        yield_actions: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize the AgentExecutorIterator with the given AgentExecutor,
+        inputs, and optional callbacks.
+
+        Args:
+            agent_executor (AgentExecutor): The AgentExecutor to iterate over.
+            inputs (Any): The inputs to the AgentExecutor.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use during iteration.
+                Defaults to None.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]], optional): The tags to use during iteration.
+                Defaults to None.
+            metadata (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional): The metadata to use
+                during iteration. Defaults to None.
+            run_name (Optional[str], optional): The name of the run. Defaults to None.
+            run_id (Optional[UUID], optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            include_run_info (bool, optional): Whether to include run info
+                in the output. Defaults to False.
+            yield_actions (bool, optional): Whether to yield actions as they
+                are generated. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        self._agent_executor = agent_executor
+        self.inputs = inputs
+        self.callbacks = callbacks
+        self.tags = tags
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.run_name = run_name
+        self.run_id = run_id
+        self.include_run_info = include_run_info
+        self.yield_actions = yield_actions
+        self.reset()
+
+    _inputs: dict[str, str]
+    callbacks: Callbacks
+    tags: Optional[list[str]]
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+    run_name: Optional[str]
+    run_id: Optional[UUID]
+    include_run_info: bool
+    yield_actions: bool
+
+    @property
+    def inputs(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """The inputs to the AgentExecutor."""
+        return self._inputs
+
+    @inputs.setter
+    def inputs(self, inputs: Any) -> None:
+        self._inputs = self.agent_executor.prep_inputs(inputs)
+
+    @property
+    def agent_executor(self) -> AgentExecutor:
+        """The AgentExecutor to iterate over."""
+        return self._agent_executor
+
+    @agent_executor.setter
+    def agent_executor(self, agent_executor: AgentExecutor) -> None:
+        self._agent_executor = agent_executor
+        # force re-prep inputs in case agent_executor's prep_inputs fn changed
+        self.inputs = self.inputs
+
+    @property
+    def name_to_tool_map(self) -> dict[str, BaseTool]:
+        """A mapping of tool names to tools."""
+        return {tool.name: tool for tool in self.agent_executor.tools}
+
+    @property
+    def color_mapping(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """A mapping of tool names to colors."""
+        return get_color_mapping(
+            [tool.name for tool in self.agent_executor.tools],
+            excluded_colors=["green", "red"],
+        )
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Reset the iterator to its initial state, clearing intermediate steps,
+        iterations, and time elapsed.
+        """
+        logger.debug("(Re)setting AgentExecutorIterator to fresh state")
+        self.intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]] = []
+        self.iterations = 0
+        # maybe better to start these on the first __anext__ call?
+        self.time_elapsed = 0.0
+        self.start_time = time.time()
+
+    def update_iterations(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Increment the number of iterations and update the time elapsed.
+        """
+        self.iterations += 1
+        self.time_elapsed = time.time() - self.start_time
+        logger.debug(
+            f"Agent Iterations: {self.iterations} ({self.time_elapsed:.2f}s elapsed)"
+        )
+
+    def make_final_outputs(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Union[CallbackManagerForChainRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun],
+    ) -> AddableDict:
+        # have access to intermediate steps by design in iterator,
+        # so return only outputs may as well always be true.
+
+        prepared_outputs = AddableDict(
+            self.agent_executor.prep_outputs(
+                self.inputs, outputs, return_only_outputs=True
+            )
+        )
+        if self.include_run_info:
+            prepared_outputs[RUN_KEY] = RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id)
+        return prepared_outputs
+
+    def __iter__(self: AgentExecutorIterator) -> Iterator[AddableDict]:
+        logger.debug("Initialising AgentExecutorIterator")
+        self.reset()
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.agent_executor.callbacks,
+            self.agent_executor.verbose,
+            self.tags,
+            self.agent_executor.tags,
+            self.metadata,
+            self.agent_executor.metadata,
+        )
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            dumpd(self.agent_executor),
+            self.inputs,
+            self.run_id,
+            name=self.run_name,
+        )
+        try:
+            while self.agent_executor._should_continue(
+                self.iterations, self.time_elapsed
+            ):
+                # take the next step: this plans next action, executes it,
+                # yielding action and observation as they are generated
+                next_step_seq: NextStepOutput = []
+                for chunk in self.agent_executor._iter_next_step(
+                    self.name_to_tool_map,
+                    self.color_mapping,
+                    self.inputs,
+                    self.intermediate_steps,
+                    run_manager,
+                ):
+                    next_step_seq.append(chunk)
+                    # if we're yielding actions, yield them as they come
+                    # do not yield AgentFinish, which will be handled below
+                    if self.yield_actions:
+                        if isinstance(chunk, AgentAction):
+                            yield AddableDict(actions=[chunk], messages=chunk.messages)
+                        elif isinstance(chunk, AgentStep):
+                            yield AddableDict(steps=[chunk], messages=chunk.messages)
+
+                # convert iterator output to format handled by _process_next_step_output
+                next_step = self.agent_executor._consume_next_step(next_step_seq)
+                # update iterations and time elapsed
+                self.update_iterations()
+                # decide if this is the final output
+                output = self._process_next_step_output(next_step, run_manager)
+                is_final = "intermediate_step" not in output
+                # yield the final output always
+                # for backwards compat, yield int. output if not yielding actions
+                if not self.yield_actions or is_final:
+                    yield output
+                # if final output reached, stop iteration
+                if is_final:
+                    return
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+
+        # if we got here means we exhausted iterations or time
+        yield self._stop(run_manager)
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[AddableDict]:
+        """
+        N.B. __aiter__ must be a normal method, so need to initialize async run manager
+        on first __anext__ call where we can await it
+        """
+        logger.debug("Initialising AgentExecutorIterator (async)")
+        self.reset()
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.agent_executor.callbacks,
+            self.agent_executor.verbose,
+            self.tags,
+            self.agent_executor.tags,
+            self.metadata,
+            self.agent_executor.metadata,
+        )
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            dumpd(self.agent_executor),
+            self.inputs,
+            self.run_id,
+            name=self.run_name,
+        )
+        try:
+            async with asyncio_timeout(self.agent_executor.max_execution_time):
+                while self.agent_executor._should_continue(
+                    self.iterations, self.time_elapsed
+                ):
+                    # take the next step: this plans next action, executes it,
+                    # yielding action and observation as they are generated
+                    next_step_seq: NextStepOutput = []
+                    async for chunk in self.agent_executor._aiter_next_step(
+                        self.name_to_tool_map,
+                        self.color_mapping,
+                        self.inputs,
+                        self.intermediate_steps,
+                        run_manager,
+                    ):
+                        next_step_seq.append(chunk)
+                        # if we're yielding actions, yield them as they come
+                        # do not yield AgentFinish, which will be handled below
+                        if self.yield_actions:
+                            if isinstance(chunk, AgentAction):
+                                yield AddableDict(
+                                    actions=[chunk], messages=chunk.messages
+                                )
+                            elif isinstance(chunk, AgentStep):
+                                yield AddableDict(
+                                    steps=[chunk], messages=chunk.messages
+                                )
+
+                    # convert iterator output to format handled by _process_next_step
+                    next_step = self.agent_executor._consume_next_step(next_step_seq)
+                    # update iterations and time elapsed
+                    self.update_iterations()
+                    # decide if this is the final output
+                    output = await self._aprocess_next_step_output(
+                        next_step, run_manager
+                    )
+                    is_final = "intermediate_step" not in output
+                    # yield the final output always
+                    # for backwards compat, yield int. output if not yielding actions
+                    if not self.yield_actions or is_final:
+                        yield output
+                    # if final output reached, stop iteration
+                    if is_final:
+                        return
+        except (TimeoutError, asyncio.TimeoutError):
+            yield await self._astop(run_manager)
+            return
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+
+        # if we got here means we exhausted iterations or time
+        yield await self._astop(run_manager)
+
+    def _process_next_step_output(
+        self,
+        next_step_output: Union[AgentFinish, list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]],
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> AddableDict:
+        """
+        Process the output of the next step,
+        handling AgentFinish and tool return cases.
+        """
+        logger.debug("Processing output of Agent loop step")
+        if isinstance(next_step_output, AgentFinish):
+            logger.debug(
+                "Hit AgentFinish: _return -> on_chain_end -> run final output logic"
+            )
+            return self._return(next_step_output, run_manager=run_manager)
+
+        self.intermediate_steps.extend(next_step_output)
+        logger.debug("Updated intermediate_steps with step output")
+
+        # Check for tool return
+        if len(next_step_output) == 1:
+            next_step_action = next_step_output[0]
+            tool_return = self.agent_executor._get_tool_return(next_step_action)
+            if tool_return is not None:
+                return self._return(tool_return, run_manager=run_manager)
+
+        return AddableDict(intermediate_step=next_step_output)
+
+    async def _aprocess_next_step_output(
+        self,
+        next_step_output: Union[AgentFinish, list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]],
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> AddableDict:
+        """
+        Process the output of the next async step,
+        handling AgentFinish and tool return cases.
+        """
+        logger.debug("Processing output of async Agent loop step")
+        if isinstance(next_step_output, AgentFinish):
+            logger.debug(
+                "Hit AgentFinish: _areturn -> on_chain_end -> run final output logic"
+            )
+            return await self._areturn(next_step_output, run_manager=run_manager)
+
+        self.intermediate_steps.extend(next_step_output)
+        logger.debug("Updated intermediate_steps with step output")
+
+        # Check for tool return
+        if len(next_step_output) == 1:
+            next_step_action = next_step_output[0]
+            tool_return = self.agent_executor._get_tool_return(next_step_action)
+            if tool_return is not None:
+                return await self._areturn(tool_return, run_manager=run_manager)
+
+        return AddableDict(intermediate_step=next_step_output)
+
+    def _stop(self, run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun) -> AddableDict:
+        """
+        Stop the iterator and raise a StopIteration exception with the stopped response.
+        """
+        logger.warning("Stopping agent prematurely due to triggering stop condition")
+        # this manually constructs agent finish with output key
+        output = self.agent_executor._action_agent.return_stopped_response(
+            self.agent_executor.early_stopping_method,
+            self.intermediate_steps,
+            **self.inputs,
+        )
+        return self._return(output, run_manager=run_manager)
+
+    async def _astop(self, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun) -> AddableDict:
+        """
+        Stop the async iterator and raise a StopAsyncIteration exception with
+        the stopped response.
+        """
+        logger.warning("Stopping agent prematurely due to triggering stop condition")
+        output = self.agent_executor._action_agent.return_stopped_response(
+            self.agent_executor.early_stopping_method,
+            self.intermediate_steps,
+            **self.inputs,
+        )
+        return await self._areturn(output, run_manager=run_manager)
+
+    def _return(
+        self, output: AgentFinish, run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun
+    ) -> AddableDict:
+        """
+        Return the final output of the iterator.
+        """
+        returned_output = self.agent_executor._return(
+            output, self.intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager
+        )
+        returned_output["messages"] = output.messages
+        run_manager.on_chain_end(returned_output)
+        return self.make_final_outputs(returned_output, run_manager)
+
+    async def _areturn(
+        self, output: AgentFinish, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun
+    ) -> AddableDict:
+        """
+        Return the final output of the async iterator.
+        """
+        returned_output = await self.agent_executor._areturn(
+            output, self.intermediate_steps, run_manager=run_manager
+        )
+        returned_output["messages"] = output.messages
+        await run_manager.on_chain_end(returned_output)
+        return self.make_final_outputs(returned_output, run_manager)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e5c2993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+"""Agent toolkits contain integrations with various resources and services.
+
+LangChain has a large ecosystem of integrations with various external resources
+like local and remote file systems, APIs and databases.
+
+These integrations allow developers to create versatile applications that combine the
+power of LLMs with the ability to access, interact with and manipulate external
+resources.
+
+When developing an application, developers should inspect the capabilities and
+permissions of the tools that underlie the given agent toolkit, and determine
+whether permissions of the given toolkit are appropriate for the application.
+
+See [Security](https://python.langchain.com/docs/security) for more information.
+"""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path
+from langchain_core.tools.retriever import create_retriever_tool
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.conversational_retrieval.openai_functions import (
+    create_conversational_retrieval_agent,
+)
+from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.base import (
+    create_vectorstore_agent,
+    create_vectorstore_router_agent,
+)
+from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.toolkit import (
+    VectorStoreInfo,
+    VectorStoreRouterToolkit,
+    VectorStoreToolkit,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.ainetwork.toolkit import AINetworkToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.amadeus.toolkit import AmadeusToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.azure_cognitive_services import (
+        AzureCognitiveServicesToolkit,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.file_management.toolkit import (
+        FileManagementToolkit,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.gmail.toolkit import GmailToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.jira.toolkit import JiraToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.base import create_json_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.toolkit import JsonToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.multion.toolkit import MultionToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nasa.toolkit import NasaToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nla.toolkit import NLAToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.office365.toolkit import O365Toolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.base import create_openapi_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.toolkit import OpenAPIToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.playwright.toolkit import (
+        PlayWrightBrowserToolkit,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.base import create_pbi_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.chat_base import (
+        create_pbi_chat_agent,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.toolkit import PowerBIToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.slack.toolkit import SlackToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.base import create_spark_sql_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.toolkit import SparkSQLToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.base import create_sql_agent
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.toolkit import SQLDatabaseToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.steam.toolkit import SteamToolkit
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.zapier.toolkit import ZapierToolkit
+
+DEPRECATED_AGENTS = [
+    "create_csv_agent",
+    "create_pandas_dataframe_agent",
+    "create_xorbits_agent",
+    "create_python_agent",
+    "create_spark_dataframe_agent",
+]
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AINetworkToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.ainetwork.toolkit",
+    "AmadeusToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.amadeus.toolkit",
+    "AzureCognitiveServicesToolkit": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.azure_cognitive_services"
+    ),
+    "FileManagementToolkit": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.file_management.toolkit"
+    ),
+    "GmailToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.gmail.toolkit",
+    "JiraToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.jira.toolkit",
+    "JsonToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.toolkit",
+    "MultionToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.multion.toolkit",
+    "NasaToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nasa.toolkit",
+    "NLAToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nla.toolkit",
+    "O365Toolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.office365.toolkit",
+    "OpenAPIToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.toolkit",
+    "PlayWrightBrowserToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.playwright.toolkit",
+    "PowerBIToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.toolkit",
+    "SlackToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.slack.toolkit",
+    "SteamToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.steam.toolkit",
+    "SQLDatabaseToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.toolkit",
+    "SparkSQLToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.toolkit",
+    "ZapierToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.zapier.toolkit",
+    "create_json_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.base",
+    "create_openapi_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.base",
+    "create_pbi_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.base",
+    "create_pbi_chat_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.chat_base",
+    "create_spark_sql_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.base",
+    "create_sql_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get attr name."""
+    if name in DEPRECATED_AGENTS:
+        relative_path = as_import_path(Path(__file__).parent, suffix=name)
+        old_path = "langchain." + relative_path
+        new_path = "langchain_experimental." + relative_path
+        raise ImportError(
+            f"{name} has been moved to langchain experimental. "
+            "See https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11680"
+            "for more information.\n"
+            f"Please update your import statement from: `{old_path}` to `{new_path}`."
+        )
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AINetworkToolkit",
+    "AmadeusToolkit",
+    "AzureCognitiveServicesToolkit",
+    "FileManagementToolkit",
+    "GmailToolkit",
+    "JiraToolkit",
+    "JsonToolkit",
+    "MultionToolkit",
+    "NasaToolkit",
+    "NLAToolkit",
+    "O365Toolkit",
+    "OpenAPIToolkit",
+    "PlayWrightBrowserToolkit",
+    "PowerBIToolkit",
+    "SlackToolkit",
+    "SteamToolkit",
+    "SQLDatabaseToolkit",
+    "SparkSQLToolkit",
+    "VectorStoreInfo",
+    "VectorStoreRouterToolkit",
+    "VectorStoreToolkit",
+    "ZapierToolkit",
+    "create_json_agent",
+    "create_openapi_agent",
+    "create_pbi_agent",
+    "create_pbi_chat_agent",
+    "create_spark_sql_agent",
+    "create_sql_agent",
+    "create_vectorstore_agent",
+    "create_vectorstore_router_agent",
+    "create_conversational_retrieval_agent",
+    "create_retriever_tool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4295f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AINetwork toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a797a0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/ainetwork/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.ainetwork.toolkit import AINetworkToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AINetworkToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.ainetwork.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AINetworkToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/amadeus/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/amadeus/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/amadeus/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/amadeus/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7e0b93d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/amadeus/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.amadeus.toolkit import AmadeusToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AmadeusToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.amadeus.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["AmadeusToolkit"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/azure_cognitive_services.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/azure_cognitive_services.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f49ae86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/azure_cognitive_services.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.azure_cognitive_services import (
+        AzureCognitiveServicesToolkit,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AzureCognitiveServicesToolkit": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.azure_cognitive_services"
+    )
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureCognitiveServicesToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50cfb86c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseToolkit
+
+__all__ = ["BaseToolkit"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/clickup/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/clickup/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/clickup/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/clickup/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e58a8678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/clickup/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.clickup.toolkit import ClickupToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ClickupToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.clickup.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ClickupToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6604a86f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+from langchain_core.messages import SystemMessage
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import MessagesPlaceholder
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentExecutor
+from langchain.agents.openai_functions_agent.agent_token_buffer_memory import (
+    AgentTokenBufferMemory,
+)
+from langchain.agents.openai_functions_agent.base import OpenAIFunctionsAgent
+from langchain.memory.token_buffer import ConversationTokenBufferMemory
+
+
+def _get_default_system_message() -> SystemMessage:
+    return SystemMessage(
+        content=(
+            "Do your best to answer the questions. "
+            "Feel free to use any tools available to look up "
+            "relevant information, only if necessary"
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def create_conversational_retrieval_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    tools: list[BaseTool],
+    remember_intermediate_steps: bool = True,
+    memory_key: str = "chat_history",
+    system_message: Optional[SystemMessage] = None,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    max_token_limit: int = 2000,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AgentExecutor:
+    """A convenience method for creating a conversational retrieval agent.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: The language model to use, should be ChatOpenAI
+        tools: A list of tools the agent has access to
+        remember_intermediate_steps: Whether the agent should remember intermediate
+            steps or not. Intermediate steps refer to prior action/observation
+            pairs from previous questions. The benefit of remembering these is if
+            there is relevant information in there, the agent can use it to answer
+            follow up questions. The downside is it will take up more tokens.
+        memory_key: The name of the memory key in the prompt.
+        system_message: The system message to use. By default, a basic one will
+            be used.
+        verbose: Whether or not the final AgentExecutor should be verbose or not,
+            defaults to False.
+        max_token_limit: The max number of tokens to keep around in memory.
+            Defaults to 2000.
+
+    Returns:
+        An agent executor initialized appropriately
+    """
+
+    if remember_intermediate_steps:
+        memory: BaseMemory = AgentTokenBufferMemory(
+            memory_key=memory_key, llm=llm, max_token_limit=max_token_limit
+        )
+    else:
+        memory = ConversationTokenBufferMemory(
+            memory_key=memory_key,
+            return_messages=True,
+            output_key="output",
+            llm=llm,
+            max_token_limit=max_token_limit,
+        )
+
+    _system_message = system_message or _get_default_system_message()
+    prompt = OpenAIFunctionsAgent.create_prompt(
+        system_message=_system_message,
+        extra_prompt_messages=[MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name=memory_key)],
+    )
+    agent = OpenAIFunctionsAgent(llm=llm, tools=tools, prompt=prompt)
+    return AgentExecutor(
+        agent=agent,
+        tools=tools,
+        memory=memory,
+        verbose=verbose,
+        return_intermediate_steps=remember_intermediate_steps,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7a09af8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/conversational_retrieval/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain.tools.retriever import create_retriever_tool
+
+__all__ = ["create_retriever_tool"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/csv/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/csv/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b049802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/csv/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get attr name."""
+
+    if name == "create_csv_agent":
+        # Get directory of langchain package
+        HERE = Path(__file__).parents[3]
+        here = as_import_path(Path(__file__).parent, relative_to=HERE)
+
+        old_path = "langchain." + here + "." + name
+        new_path = "langchain_experimental." + here + "." + name
+        raise ImportError(
+            "This agent has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+            "This agent relies on python REPL tool under the hood, so to use it "
+            "safely please sandbox the python REPL. "
+            "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+            "and https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11680"
+            "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+            f"update your import statement from:\n `{old_path}` to `{new_path}`."
+        )
+    raise AttributeError(f"{name} does not exist")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/csv/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/csv/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7fbc629
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4210b888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""Local file management toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.file_management.toolkit import (
+        FileManagementToolkit,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileManagementToolkit": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.file_management.toolkit"
+    )
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileManagementToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5778c7ec
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59fe4003
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac6830e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/file_management/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.file_management.toolkit import (
+        FileManagementToolkit,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileManagementToolkit": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.file_management.toolkit"
+    )
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileManagementToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcd9368a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""GitHub Toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..484bac7c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..0bf04634
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5ce5db6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/github/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit import (
+        BranchName,
+        CommentOnIssue,
+        CreateFile,
+        CreatePR,
+        CreateReviewRequest,
+        DeleteFile,
+        DirectoryPath,
+        GetIssue,
+        GetPR,
+        GitHubToolkit,
+        NoInput,
+        ReadFile,
+        SearchCode,
+        SearchIssuesAndPRs,
+        UpdateFile,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "NoInput": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "GetIssue": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "CommentOnIssue": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "GetPR": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "CreatePR": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "CreateFile": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "ReadFile": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "UpdateFile": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "DeleteFile": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "DirectoryPath": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "BranchName": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "SearchCode": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "CreateReviewRequest": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "SearchIssuesAndPRs": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+    "GitHubToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.github.toolkit",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NoInput",
+    "GetIssue",
+    "CommentOnIssue",
+    "GetPR",
+    "CreatePR",
+    "CreateFile",
+    "ReadFile",
+    "UpdateFile",
+    "DeleteFile",
+    "DirectoryPath",
+    "BranchName",
+    "SearchCode",
+    "CreateReviewRequest",
+    "SearchIssuesAndPRs",
+    "GitHubToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d3ca720
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""GitLab Toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..f5492f0c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..278a768e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c603fc45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gitlab/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.gitlab.toolkit import GitLabToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GitLabToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.gitlab.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GitLabToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02e7f816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Gmail toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..0c7c00bc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fd9d858
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65255dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/gmail/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.gmail.toolkit import GmailToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GmailToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.gmail.toolkit"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GmailToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f7c6755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Jira Toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4484e63
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a94a9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/jira/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.jira.toolkit import JiraToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JiraToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.jira.toolkit"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JiraToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfab0ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Json agent."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..1aaab357
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6403db53
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2f0a287
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6016326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.base import create_json_agent
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "create_json_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.base"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_json_agent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7816543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.prompt import JSON_PREFIX, JSON_SUFFIX
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "JSON_PREFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.prompt",
+    "JSON_SUFFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.prompt",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["JSON_PREFIX", "JSON_SUFFIX"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4db6fa2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/json/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.toolkit import JsonToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JsonToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.json.toolkit"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JsonToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56c72151
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""MultiOn Toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..62b80747
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfea6505
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eee04a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/multion/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.multion.toolkit import MultionToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MultionToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.multion.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MultionToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a13c3ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""NASA Toolkit"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..76ae08c1
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..d827c070
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ddb794b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nasa/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nasa.toolkit import NasaToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NasaToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nasa.toolkit"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NasaToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..d6409694
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..58e43dfe
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a465ae0
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6168ba39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nla.tool import NLATool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NLATool": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nla.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NLATool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..491d1e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/nla/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nla.toolkit import NLAToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NLAToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.nla.toolkit"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NLAToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acd0a87f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Office365 toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..45f98246
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c87d7fa
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..466d979d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/office365/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.office365.toolkit import O365Toolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "O365Toolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.office365.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "O365Toolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d06e271
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""OpenAPI spec agent."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..0a6bf74f
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/planner.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/planner.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..e1eb5fc7
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/planner_prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/planner_prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..a5c5c2f5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..1fd4a29d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/spec.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/spec.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06c143f6
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f0c15ed
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acb6eaba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.base import create_openapi_agent
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "create_openapi_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.base"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_openapi_agent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/planner.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/planner.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad276207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/planner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner import (
+        RequestsDeleteToolWithParsing,
+        RequestsGetToolWithParsing,
+        RequestsPatchToolWithParsing,
+        RequestsPostToolWithParsing,
+        RequestsPutToolWithParsing,
+        create_openapi_agent,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RequestsGetToolWithParsing": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner"
+    ),
+    "RequestsPostToolWithParsing": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner"
+    ),
+    "RequestsPatchToolWithParsing": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner"
+    ),
+    "RequestsPutToolWithParsing": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner"
+    ),
+    "RequestsDeleteToolWithParsing": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner"
+    ),
+    "create_openapi_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RequestsGetToolWithParsing",
+    "RequestsPostToolWithParsing",
+    "RequestsPatchToolWithParsing",
+    "RequestsPutToolWithParsing",
+    "RequestsDeleteToolWithParsing",
+    "create_openapi_agent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/planner_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/planner_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ab49fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/planner_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt import (
+        API_CONTROLLER_PROMPT,
+        API_CONTROLLER_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+        API_CONTROLLER_TOOL_NAME,
+        API_ORCHESTRATOR_PROMPT,
+        API_PLANNER_PROMPT,
+        API_PLANNER_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+        API_PLANNER_TOOL_NAME,
+        PARSING_DELETE_PROMPT,
+        PARSING_GET_PROMPT,
+        PARSING_PATCH_PROMPT,
+        PARSING_POST_PROMPT,
+        PARSING_PUT_PROMPT,
+        REQUESTS_DELETE_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+        REQUESTS_GET_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+        REQUESTS_PATCH_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+        REQUESTS_POST_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+        REQUESTS_PUT_TOOL_DESCRIPTION,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "API_CONTROLLER_PROMPT": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "API_CONTROLLER_TOOL_DESCRIPTION": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "API_CONTROLLER_TOOL_NAME": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "API_ORCHESTRATOR_PROMPT": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "API_PLANNER_PROMPT": ("langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"),
+    "API_PLANNER_TOOL_DESCRIPTION": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "API_PLANNER_TOOL_NAME": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "PARSING_DELETE_PROMPT": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "PARSING_GET_PROMPT": ("langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"),
+    "PARSING_PATCH_PROMPT": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "PARSING_POST_PROMPT": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "PARSING_PUT_PROMPT": ("langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"),
+    "REQUESTS_DELETE_TOOL_DESCRIPTION": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "REQUESTS_GET_TOOL_DESCRIPTION": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "REQUESTS_PATCH_TOOL_DESCRIPTION": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "REQUESTS_POST_TOOL_DESCRIPTION": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+    "REQUESTS_PUT_TOOL_DESCRIPTION": (
+        "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.planner_prompt"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "API_PLANNER_PROMPT",
+    "API_PLANNER_TOOL_NAME",
+    "API_PLANNER_TOOL_DESCRIPTION",
+    "API_CONTROLLER_PROMPT",
+    "API_CONTROLLER_TOOL_NAME",
+    "API_CONTROLLER_TOOL_DESCRIPTION",
+    "API_ORCHESTRATOR_PROMPT",
+    "REQUESTS_GET_TOOL_DESCRIPTION",
+    "PARSING_GET_PROMPT",
+    "REQUESTS_POST_TOOL_DESCRIPTION",
+    "PARSING_POST_PROMPT",
+    "REQUESTS_PATCH_TOOL_DESCRIPTION",
+    "PARSING_PATCH_PROMPT",
+    "REQUESTS_PUT_TOOL_DESCRIPTION",
+    "PARSING_PUT_PROMPT",
+    "REQUESTS_DELETE_TOOL_DESCRIPTION",
+    "PARSING_DELETE_PROMPT",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f124bad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.prompt import (
+        DESCRIPTION,
+        OPENAPI_PREFIX,
+        OPENAPI_SUFFIX,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DESCRIPTION": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.prompt",
+    "OPENAPI_PREFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.prompt",
+    "OPENAPI_SUFFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.prompt",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["OPENAPI_PREFIX", "OPENAPI_SUFFIX", "DESCRIPTION"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/spec.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/spec.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03256304
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/spec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.spec import (
+        ReducedOpenAPISpec,
+        reduce_openapi_spec,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ReducedOpenAPISpec": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.spec",
+    "reduce_openapi_spec": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.spec",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ReducedOpenAPISpec",
+    "reduce_openapi_spec",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb20794b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/openapi/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.toolkit import (
+        OpenAPIToolkit,
+        RequestsToolkit,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RequestsToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.toolkit",
+    "OpenAPIToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.toolkit",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RequestsToolkit",
+    "OpenAPIToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/pandas/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/pandas/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5cc6fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/pandas/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get attr name."""
+
+    if name == "create_pandas_dataframe_agent":
+        # Get directory of langchain package
+        HERE = Path(__file__).parents[3]
+        here = as_import_path(Path(__file__).parent, relative_to=HERE)
+
+        old_path = "langchain." + here + "." + name
+        new_path = "langchain_experimental." + here + "." + name
+        raise ImportError(
+            "This agent has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+            "This agent relies on python REPL tool under the hood, so to use it "
+            "safely please sandbox the python REPL. "
+            "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+            "and https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11680"
+            "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+            f"update your import statement from:\n `{old_path}` to `{new_path}`."
+        )
+    raise AttributeError(f"{name} does not exist")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/pandas/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/pandas/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1299a120
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..169766c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Playwright browser toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.playwright.toolkit import (
+        PlayWrightBrowserToolkit,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PlayWrightBrowserToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.playwright.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PlayWrightBrowserToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..354b2fc6
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b702ae13
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..debd504a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/playwright/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.playwright.toolkit import (
+        PlayWrightBrowserToolkit,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PlayWrightBrowserToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.playwright.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PlayWrightBrowserToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42a9b09a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Power BI agent."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..3b867bb7
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..3253e352
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/chat_base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/chat_base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ed182d4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d3a9330
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53dbe158
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18538bbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.base import create_pbi_agent
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "create_pbi_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.base"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_pbi_agent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/chat_base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/chat_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db0bed9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/chat_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.chat_base import (
+        create_pbi_chat_agent,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "create_pbi_chat_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.chat_base"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_pbi_chat_agent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..325dbe08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.prompt import (
+        POWERBI_CHAT_PREFIX,
+        POWERBI_CHAT_SUFFIX,
+        POWERBI_PREFIX,
+        POWERBI_SUFFIX,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "POWERBI_CHAT_PREFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.prompt",
+    "POWERBI_CHAT_SUFFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.prompt",
+    "POWERBI_PREFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.prompt",
+    "POWERBI_SUFFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.prompt",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "POWERBI_PREFIX",
+    "POWERBI_SUFFIX",
+    "POWERBI_CHAT_PREFIX",
+    "POWERBI_CHAT_SUFFIX",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b008c385
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/powerbi/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.toolkit import PowerBIToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PowerBIToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.powerbi.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PowerBIToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/python/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/python/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85d36eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/python/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get attr name."""
+
+    if name == "create_python_agent":
+        # Get directory of langchain package
+        HERE = Path(__file__).parents[3]
+        here = as_import_path(Path(__file__).parent, relative_to=HERE)
+
+        old_path = "langchain." + here + "." + name
+        new_path = "langchain_experimental." + here + "." + name
+        raise ImportError(
+            "This agent has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+            "This agent relies on python REPL tool under the hood, so to use it "
+            "safely please sandbox the python REPL. "
+            "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+            "and https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11680"
+            "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+            f"update your import statement from:\n `{old_path}` to `{new_path}`."
+        )
+    raise AttributeError(f"{name} does not exist")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/python/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/python/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3a2d77d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ec5ae70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Slack toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..daaf93ce
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05de54d4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b747bf46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/slack/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.slack.toolkit import SlackToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SlackToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.slack.toolkit"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SlackToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73ec5b97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get attr name."""
+
+    if name == "create_spark_dataframe_agent":
+        # Get directory of langchain package
+        HERE = Path(__file__).parents[3]
+        here = as_import_path(Path(__file__).parent, relative_to=HERE)
+
+        old_path = "langchain." + here + "." + name
+        new_path = "langchain_experimental." + here + "." + name
+        raise ImportError(
+            "This agent has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+            "This agent relies on python REPL tool under the hood, so to use it "
+            "safely please sandbox the python REPL. "
+            "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+            "and https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11680"
+            "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+            f"update your import statement from:\n `{old_path}` to `{new_path}`."
+        )
+    raise AttributeError(f"{name} does not exist")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd9659e5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4308c079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Spark SQL agent."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af9090e6
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..855ed5ba
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25b3bda1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.base import create_spark_sql_agent
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "create_spark_sql_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.base"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_spark_sql_agent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f381c0f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.prompt import (
+        SQL_PREFIX,
+        SQL_SUFFIX,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SQL_PREFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.prompt",
+    "SQL_SUFFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.prompt",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["SQL_PREFIX", "SQL_SUFFIX"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c393c02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/spark_sql/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.toolkit import SparkSQLToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SparkSQLToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.spark_sql.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SparkSQLToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74293a52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""SQL agent."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b73f87a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.base import create_sql_agent
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"create_sql_agent": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.base"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_sql_agent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e06162b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.prompt import (
+        SQL_FUNCTIONS_SUFFIX,
+        SQL_PREFIX,
+        SQL_SUFFIX,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SQL_PREFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.prompt",
+    "SQL_SUFFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.prompt",
+    "SQL_FUNCTIONS_SUFFIX": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.prompt",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["SQL_PREFIX", "SQL_SUFFIX", "SQL_FUNCTIONS_SUFFIX"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e330c489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/sql/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.toolkit import SQLDatabaseToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SQLDatabaseToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.sql.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SQLDatabaseToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9998108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Steam Toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa141081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/steam/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.steam.toolkit import SteamToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SteamToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.steam.toolkit"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SteamToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee15a97e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Agent toolkit for interacting with vector stores."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9abc92be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+"""VectorStore agent."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackManager
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentExecutor
+from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.prompt import PREFIX, ROUTER_PREFIX
+from langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.toolkit import (
+    VectorStoreRouterToolkit,
+    VectorStoreToolkit,
+)
+from langchain.agents.mrkl.base import ZeroShotAgent
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This function will continue to be supported, but it is recommended for new "
+        "use cases to be built with LangGraph. LangGraph offers a more flexible and "
+        "full-featured framework for building agents, including support for "
+        "tool-calling, persistence of state, and human-in-the-loop workflows. "
+        "See API reference for this function for a replacement implementation: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/agents/langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.base.create_vectorstore_agent.html "  # noqa: E501
+        "Read more here on how to create agents that query vector stores: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_chat_history_how_to/#agents"
+    ),
+)
+def create_vectorstore_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    toolkit: VectorStoreToolkit,
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    prefix: str = PREFIX,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    agent_executor_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AgentExecutor:
+    """Construct a VectorStore agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+    Note: this class is deprecated. See below for a replacement that uses tool
+    calling methods and LangGraph. Install LangGraph with:
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            pip install -U langgraph
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.tools import create_retriever_tool
+            from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI, OpenAIEmbeddings
+            from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0)
+
+            vector_store = InMemoryVectorStore.from_texts(
+                [
+                    "Dogs are great companions, known for their loyalty and friendliness.",
+                    "Cats are independent pets that often enjoy their own space.",
+                ],
+                OpenAIEmbeddings(),
+            )
+
+            tool = create_retriever_tool(
+                vector_store.as_retriever(),
+                "pet_information_retriever",
+                "Fetches information about pets.",
+            )
+
+            agent = create_react_agent(llm, [tool])
+
+            for step in agent.stream(
+                {"messages": [("human", "What are dogs known for?")]},
+                stream_mode="values",
+            ):
+                step["messages"][-1].pretty_print()
+
+    Args:
+        llm (BaseLanguageModel): LLM that will be used by the agent
+        toolkit (VectorStoreToolkit): Set of tools for the agent
+        callback_manager (Optional[BaseCallbackManager], optional): Object to handle the callback [ Defaults to None. ]
+        prefix (str, optional): The prefix prompt for the agent. If not provided uses default PREFIX.
+        verbose (bool, optional): If you want to see the content of the scratchpad. [ Defaults to False ]
+        agent_executor_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional): If there is any other parameter you want to send to the agent. [ Defaults to None ]
+        kwargs: Additional named parameters to pass to the ZeroShotAgent.
+
+    Returns:
+        AgentExecutor: Returns a callable AgentExecutor object. Either you can call it or use run method with the query to get the response
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    tools = toolkit.get_tools()
+    prompt = ZeroShotAgent.create_prompt(tools, prefix=prefix)
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+    )
+    tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+    agent = ZeroShotAgent(llm_chain=llm_chain, allowed_tools=tool_names, **kwargs)
+    return AgentExecutor.from_agent_and_tools(
+        agent=agent,
+        tools=tools,
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        verbose=verbose,
+        **(agent_executor_kwargs or {}),
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This function will continue to be supported, but it is recommended for new "
+        "use cases to be built with LangGraph. LangGraph offers a more flexible and "
+        "full-featured framework for building agents, including support for "
+        "tool-calling, persistence of state, and human-in-the-loop workflows. "
+        "See API reference for this function for a replacement implementation: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/agents/langchain.agents.agent_toolkits.vectorstore.base.create_vectorstore_router_agent.html "  # noqa: E501
+        "Read more here on how to create agents that query vector stores: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_chat_history_how_to/#agents"
+    ),
+)
+def create_vectorstore_router_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    toolkit: VectorStoreRouterToolkit,
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    prefix: str = ROUTER_PREFIX,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    agent_executor_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AgentExecutor:
+    """Construct a VectorStore router agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+    Note: this class is deprecated. See below for a replacement that uses tool
+    calling methods and LangGraph. Install LangGraph with:
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            pip install -U langgraph
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.tools import create_retriever_tool
+            from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI, OpenAIEmbeddings
+            from langgraph.prebuilt import create_react_agent
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0)
+
+            pet_vector_store = InMemoryVectorStore.from_texts(
+                [
+                    "Dogs are great companions, known for their loyalty and friendliness.",
+                    "Cats are independent pets that often enjoy their own space.",
+                ],
+                OpenAIEmbeddings(),
+            )
+
+            food_vector_store = InMemoryVectorStore.from_texts(
+                [
+                    "Carrots are orange and delicious.",
+                    "Apples are red and delicious.",
+                ],
+                OpenAIEmbeddings(),
+            )
+
+            tools = [
+                create_retriever_tool(
+                    pet_vector_store.as_retriever(),
+                    "pet_information_retriever",
+                    "Fetches information about pets.",
+                ),
+                create_retriever_tool(
+                    food_vector_store.as_retriever(),
+                    "food_information_retriever",
+                    "Fetches information about food.",
+                )
+            ]
+
+            agent = create_react_agent(llm, tools)
+
+            for step in agent.stream(
+                {"messages": [("human", "Tell me about carrots.")]},
+                stream_mode="values",
+            ):
+                step["messages"][-1].pretty_print()
+
+    Args:
+        llm (BaseLanguageModel): LLM that will be used by the agent
+        toolkit (VectorStoreRouterToolkit): Set of tools for the agent which have routing capability with multiple vector stores
+        callback_manager (Optional[BaseCallbackManager], optional): Object to handle the callback [ Defaults to None. ]
+        prefix (str, optional): The prefix prompt for the router agent. If not provided uses default ROUTER_PREFIX.
+        verbose (bool, optional): If you want to see the content of the scratchpad. [ Defaults to False ]
+        agent_executor_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional): If there is any other parameter you want to send to the agent. [ Defaults to None ]
+        kwargs: Additional named parameters to pass to the ZeroShotAgent.
+
+    Returns:
+        AgentExecutor: Returns a callable AgentExecutor object. Either you can call it or use run method with the query to get the response.
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    tools = toolkit.get_tools()
+    prompt = ZeroShotAgent.create_prompt(tools, prefix=prefix)
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+    )
+    tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+    agent = ZeroShotAgent(llm_chain=llm_chain, allowed_tools=tool_names, **kwargs)
+    return AgentExecutor.from_agent_and_tools(
+        agent=agent,
+        tools=tools,
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        verbose=verbose,
+        **(agent_executor_kwargs or {}),
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2837e56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+
+PREFIX = """You are an agent designed to answer questions about sets of documents.
+You have access to tools for interacting with the documents, and the inputs to the tools are questions.
+Sometimes, you will be asked to provide sources for your questions, in which case you should use the appropriate tool to do so.
+If the question does not seem relevant to any of the tools provided, just return "I don't know" as the answer.
+"""
+
+ROUTER_PREFIX = """You are an agent designed to answer questions.
+You have access to tools for interacting with different sources, and the inputs to the tools are questions.
+Your main task is to decide which of the tools is relevant for answering question at hand.
+For complex questions, you can break the question down into sub questions and use tools to answers the sub questions.
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08c2c1a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/vectorstore/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Toolkit for interacting with a vector store."""
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.tools.base import BaseToolkit
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+
+class VectorStoreInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Information about a VectorStore."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore = Field(exclude=True)
+    name: str
+    description: str
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+
+class VectorStoreToolkit(BaseToolkit):
+    """Toolkit for interacting with a Vector Store."""
+
+    vectorstore_info: VectorStoreInfo = Field(exclude=True)
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def get_tools(self) -> list[BaseTool]:
+        """Get the tools in the toolkit."""
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.tools.vectorstore.tool import (
+                VectorStoreQATool,
+                VectorStoreQAWithSourcesTool,
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "You need to install langchain-community to use this toolkit."
+            )
+        description = VectorStoreQATool.get_description(
+            self.vectorstore_info.name, self.vectorstore_info.description
+        )
+        qa_tool = VectorStoreQATool(
+            name=self.vectorstore_info.name,
+            description=description,
+            vectorstore=self.vectorstore_info.vectorstore,
+            llm=self.llm,
+        )
+        description = VectorStoreQAWithSourcesTool.get_description(
+            self.vectorstore_info.name, self.vectorstore_info.description
+        )
+        qa_with_sources_tool = VectorStoreQAWithSourcesTool(
+            name=f"{self.vectorstore_info.name}_with_sources",
+            description=description,
+            vectorstore=self.vectorstore_info.vectorstore,
+            llm=self.llm,
+        )
+        return [qa_tool, qa_with_sources_tool]
+
+
+class VectorStoreRouterToolkit(BaseToolkit):
+    """Toolkit for routing between Vector Stores."""
+
+    vectorstores: list[VectorStoreInfo] = Field(exclude=True)
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def get_tools(self) -> list[BaseTool]:
+        """Get the tools in the toolkit."""
+        tools: list[BaseTool] = []
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.tools.vectorstore.tool import (
+                VectorStoreQATool,
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "You need to install langchain-community to use this toolkit."
+            )
+        for vectorstore_info in self.vectorstores:
+            description = VectorStoreQATool.get_description(
+                vectorstore_info.name, vectorstore_info.description
+            )
+            qa_tool = VectorStoreQATool(
+                name=vectorstore_info.name,
+                description=description,
+                vectorstore=vectorstore_info.vectorstore,
+                llm=self.llm,
+            )
+            tools.append(qa_tool)
+        return tools
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/xorbits/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/xorbits/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd8fc13b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/xorbits/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.path import as_import_path
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get attr name."""
+
+    if name == "create_xorbits_agent":
+        # Get directory of langchain package
+        HERE = Path(__file__).parents[3]
+        here = as_import_path(Path(__file__).parent, relative_to=HERE)
+
+        old_path = "langchain." + here + "." + name
+        new_path = "langchain_experimental." + here + "." + name
+        raise ImportError(
+            "This agent has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+            "This agent relies on python REPL tool under the hood, so to use it "
+            "safely please sandbox the python REPL. "
+            "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+            "and https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11680"
+            "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+            f"update your import statement from:\n `{old_path}` to `{new_path}`."
+        )
+    raise AttributeError(f"{name} does not exist")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/xorbits/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/xorbits/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faef4a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Zapier Toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/__pycache__/toolkit.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/toolkit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/toolkit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83461b54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_toolkits/zapier/toolkit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.zapier.toolkit import ZapierToolkit
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ZapierToolkit": "langchain_community.agent_toolkits.zapier.toolkit"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ZapierToolkit",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6a72a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/agent_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""Module definitions of agent types together with corresponding agents."""
+
+from enum import Enum
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+
+from langchain._api.deprecation import AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class AgentType(str, Enum):
+    """An enum for agent types.
+
+    See documentation: https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/agents/agent_types/
+    """
+
+    ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION = "zero-shot-react-description"
+    """A zero shot agent that does a reasoning step before acting."""
+
+    REACT_DOCSTORE = "react-docstore"
+    """A zero shot agent that does a reasoning step before acting.
+    
+    This agent has access to a document store that allows it to look up 
+    relevant information to answering the question.
+    """
+
+    SELF_ASK_WITH_SEARCH = "self-ask-with-search"
+    """An agent that breaks down a complex question into a series of simpler questions.
+    
+    This agent uses a search tool to look up answers to the simpler questions
+    in order to answer the original complex question.
+    """
+    CONVERSATIONAL_REACT_DESCRIPTION = "conversational-react-description"
+    CHAT_ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION = "chat-zero-shot-react-description"
+    """A zero shot agent that does a reasoning step before acting.
+    
+    This agent is designed to be used in conjunction 
+    """
+
+    CHAT_CONVERSATIONAL_REACT_DESCRIPTION = "chat-conversational-react-description"
+
+    STRUCTURED_CHAT_ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION = (
+        "structured-chat-zero-shot-react-description"
+    )
+    """An zero-shot react agent optimized for chat models.
+    
+    This agent is capable of invoking tools that have multiple inputs.
+    """
+
+    OPENAI_FUNCTIONS = "openai-functions"
+    """An agent optimized for using open AI functions."""
+
+    OPENAI_MULTI_FUNCTIONS = "openai-multi-functions"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19488b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain._api.deprecation import AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+from langchain.agents.agent import Agent, AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.chat.output_parser import ChatOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.chat.prompt import (
+    FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+    HUMAN_MESSAGE,
+    SYSTEM_MESSAGE_PREFIX,
+    SYSTEM_MESSAGE_SUFFIX,
+)
+from langchain.agents.utils import validate_tools_single_input
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ChatAgent(Agent):
+    """Chat Agent."""
+
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(default_factory=ChatOutputParser)
+    """Output parser for the agent."""
+
+    @property
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with."""
+        return "Observation: "
+
+    @property
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the llm call with."""
+        return "Thought:"
+
+    def _construct_scratchpad(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]
+    ) -> str:
+        agent_scratchpad = super()._construct_scratchpad(intermediate_steps)
+        if not isinstance(agent_scratchpad, str):
+            raise ValueError("agent_scratchpad should be of type string.")
+        if agent_scratchpad:
+            return (
+                f"This was your previous work "
+                f"(but I haven't seen any of it! I only see what "
+                f"you return as final answer):\n{agent_scratchpad}"
+            )
+        else:
+            return agent_scratchpad
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        return ChatOutputParser()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        super()._validate_tools(tools)
+        validate_tools_single_input(class_name=cls.__name__, tools=tools)
+
+    @property
+    def _stop(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["Observation:"]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(
+        cls,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        system_message_prefix: str = SYSTEM_MESSAGE_PREFIX,
+        system_message_suffix: str = SYSTEM_MESSAGE_SUFFIX,
+        human_message: str = HUMAN_MESSAGE,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    ) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Create a prompt from a list of tools.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: A list of tools.
+            system_message_prefix: The system message prefix.
+                Default is SYSTEM_MESSAGE_PREFIX.
+            system_message_suffix: The system message suffix.
+                Default is SYSTEM_MESSAGE_SUFFIX.
+            human_message: The human message. Default is HUMAN_MESSAGE.
+            format_instructions: The format instructions.
+                Default is FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.
+            input_variables: The input variables. Default is None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A prompt template.
+        """
+
+        tool_strings = "\n".join([f"{tool.name}: {tool.description}" for tool in tools])
+        tool_names = ", ".join([tool.name for tool in tools])
+        format_instructions = format_instructions.format(tool_names=tool_names)
+        template = "\n\n".join(
+            [
+                system_message_prefix,
+                tool_strings,
+                format_instructions,
+                system_message_suffix,
+            ]
+        )
+        messages = [
+            SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(template),
+            HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(human_message),
+        ]
+        if input_variables is None:
+            input_variables = ["input", "agent_scratchpad"]
+        return ChatPromptTemplate(input_variables=input_variables, messages=messages)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[AgentOutputParser] = None,
+        system_message_prefix: str = SYSTEM_MESSAGE_PREFIX,
+        system_message_suffix: str = SYSTEM_MESSAGE_SUFFIX,
+        human_message: str = HUMAN_MESSAGE,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Agent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The language model.
+            tools: A list of tools.
+            callback_manager: The callback manager. Default is None.
+            output_parser: The output parser. Default is None.
+            system_message_prefix: The system message prefix.
+                Default is SYSTEM_MESSAGE_PREFIX.
+            system_message_suffix: The system message suffix.
+                Default is SYSTEM_MESSAGE_SUFFIX.
+            human_message: The human message. Default is HUMAN_MESSAGE.
+            format_instructions: The format instructions.
+                Default is FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.
+            input_variables: The input variables. Default is None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            An agent.
+        """
+        cls._validate_tools(tools)
+        prompt = cls.create_prompt(
+            tools,
+            system_message_prefix=system_message_prefix,
+            system_message_suffix=system_message_suffix,
+            human_message=human_message,
+            format_instructions=format_instructions,
+            input_variables=input_variables,
+        )
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        )
+        tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+        _output_parser = output_parser or cls._get_default_output_parser()
+        return cls(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            allowed_tools=tool_names,
+            output_parser=_output_parser,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        raise ValueError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd15a4aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import json
+import re
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.chat.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION = "Final Answer:"
+
+
+class ChatOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Output parser for the chat agent."""
+
+    format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+    """Default formatting instructions"""
+
+    pattern: Pattern = re.compile(r"^.*?`{3}(?:json)?\n(.*?)`{3}.*?$", re.DOTALL)
+    """Regex pattern to parse the output."""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Returns formatting instructions for the given output parser."""
+        return self.format_instructions
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Parse the output from the agent into
+        an AgentAction or AgentFinish object.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            An AgentAction or AgentFinish object.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the output could not be parsed.
+            ValueError: If the action could not be found.
+        """
+
+        includes_answer = FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION in text
+        try:
+            found = self.pattern.search(text)
+            if not found:
+                # Fast fail to parse Final Answer.
+                raise ValueError("action not found")
+            action = found.group(1)
+            response = json.loads(action.strip())
+            includes_action = "action" in response
+            if includes_answer and includes_action:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    "Parsing LLM output produced a final answer "
+                    f"and a parse-able action: {text}"
+                )
+            return AgentAction(
+                response["action"], response.get("action_input", {}), text
+            )
+
+        except Exception as exc:
+            if not includes_answer:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"Could not parse LLM output: {text}"
+                ) from exc
+            output = text.split(FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION)[-1].strip()
+            return AgentFinish({"output": output}, text)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "chat"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4343739b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/chat/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+SYSTEM_MESSAGE_PREFIX = """Answer the following questions as best you can. You have access to the following tools:"""
+FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The way you use the tools is by specifying a json blob.
+Specifically, this json should have a `action` key (with the name of the tool to use) and a `action_input` key (with the input to the tool going here).
+
+The only values that should be in the "action" field are: {tool_names}
+
+The $JSON_BLOB should only contain a SINGLE action, do NOT return a list of multiple actions. Here is an example of a valid $JSON_BLOB:
+
+```
+{{{{
+  "action": $TOOL_NAME,
+  "action_input": $INPUT
+}}}}
+```
+
+ALWAYS use the following format:
+
+Question: the input question you must answer
+Thought: you should always think about what to do
+Action:
+```
+$JSON_BLOB
+```
+Observation: the result of the action
+... (this Thought/Action/Observation can repeat N times)
+Thought: I now know the final answer
+Final Answer: the final answer to the original input question"""
+SYSTEM_MESSAGE_SUFFIX = """Begin! Reminder to always use the exact characters `Final Answer` when responding."""
+HUMAN_MESSAGE = "{input}\n\n{agent_scratchpad}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94290c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""An agent designed to hold a conversation in addition to using tools."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32846b0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+"""An agent designed to hold a conversation in addition to using tools."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain._api.deprecation import AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+from langchain.agents.agent import Agent, AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.conversational.output_parser import ConvoOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.conversational.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS, PREFIX, SUFFIX
+from langchain.agents.utils import validate_tools_single_input
+from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ConversationalAgent(Agent):
+    """An agent that holds a conversation in addition to using tools."""
+
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    """Prefix to use before AI output."""
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(default_factory=ConvoOutputParser)
+    """Output parser for the agent."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(
+        cls, ai_prefix: str = "AI", **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        return ConvoOutputParser(ai_prefix=ai_prefix)
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return Identifier of agent type."""
+        return AgentType.CONVERSATIONAL_REACT_DESCRIPTION
+
+    @property
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with.
+
+        Returns:
+            "Observation: "
+        """
+        return "Observation: "
+
+    @property
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the llm call with.
+
+        Returns:
+            "Thought: "
+        """
+        return "Thought:"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(
+        cls,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        prefix: str = PREFIX,
+        suffix: str = SUFFIX,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        ai_prefix: str = "AI",
+        human_prefix: str = "Human",
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    ) -> PromptTemplate:
+        """Create prompt in the style of the zero-shot agent.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: List of tools the agent will have access to, used to format the
+                prompt.
+            prefix: String to put before the list of tools. Defaults to PREFIX.
+            suffix: String to put after the list of tools. Defaults to SUFFIX.
+            format_instructions: Instructions on how to use the tools. Defaults to
+                FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+            ai_prefix: String to use before AI output. Defaults to "AI".
+            human_prefix: String to use before human output.
+                Defaults to "Human".
+            input_variables: List of input variables the final prompt will expect.
+                Defaults to ["input", "chat_history", "agent_scratchpad"].
+
+        Returns:
+            A PromptTemplate with the template assembled from the pieces here.
+        """
+        tool_strings = "\n".join(
+            [f"> {tool.name}: {tool.description}" for tool in tools]
+        )
+        tool_names = ", ".join([tool.name for tool in tools])
+        format_instructions = format_instructions.format(
+            tool_names=tool_names, ai_prefix=ai_prefix, human_prefix=human_prefix
+        )
+        template = "\n\n".join([prefix, tool_strings, format_instructions, suffix])
+        if input_variables is None:
+            input_variables = ["input", "chat_history", "agent_scratchpad"]
+        return PromptTemplate(template=template, input_variables=input_variables)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        super()._validate_tools(tools)
+        validate_tools_single_input(cls.__name__, tools)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[AgentOutputParser] = None,
+        prefix: str = PREFIX,
+        suffix: str = SUFFIX,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        ai_prefix: str = "AI",
+        human_prefix: str = "Human",
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Agent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The language model to use.
+            tools: A list of tools to use.
+            callback_manager: The callback manager to use. Default is None.
+            output_parser: The output parser to use. Default is None.
+            prefix: The prefix to use in the prompt. Default is PREFIX.
+            suffix: The suffix to use in the prompt. Default is SUFFIX.
+            format_instructions: The format instructions to use.
+                Default is FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.
+            ai_prefix: The prefix to use before AI output. Default is "AI".
+            human_prefix: The prefix to use before human output.
+                Default is "Human".
+            input_variables: The input variables to use. Default is None.
+            **kwargs: Any additional keyword arguments to pass to the agent.
+
+        Returns:
+            An agent.
+        """
+        cls._validate_tools(tools)
+        prompt = cls.create_prompt(
+            tools,
+            ai_prefix=ai_prefix,
+            human_prefix=human_prefix,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            suffix=suffix,
+            format_instructions=format_instructions,
+            input_variables=input_variables,
+        )
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        )
+        tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+        _output_parser = output_parser or cls._get_default_output_parser(
+            ai_prefix=ai_prefix
+        )
+        return cls(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            allowed_tools=tool_names,
+            ai_prefix=ai_prefix,
+            output_parser=_output_parser,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dadcfabb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import re
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.conversational.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+
+class ConvoOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Output parser for the conversational agent."""
+
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    """Prefix to use before AI output."""
+
+    format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+    """Default formatting instructions"""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Returns formatting instructions for the given output parser."""
+        return self.format_instructions
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Parse the output from the agent into
+        an AgentAction or AgentFinish object.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            An AgentAction or AgentFinish object.
+        """
+
+        if f"{self.ai_prefix}:" in text:
+            return AgentFinish(
+                {"output": text.split(f"{self.ai_prefix}:")[-1].strip()}, text
+            )
+        regex = r"Action: (.*?)[\n]*Action Input: ([\s\S]*)"
+        match = re.search(regex, text, re.DOTALL)
+        if not match:
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: `{text}`")
+        action = match.group(1)
+        action_input = match.group(2)
+        return AgentAction(action.strip(), action_input.strip(" ").strip('"'), text)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "conversational"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15268a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+PREFIX = """Assistant is a large language model trained by OpenAI.
+
+Assistant is designed to be able to assist with a wide range of tasks, from answering simple questions to providing in-depth explanations and discussions on a wide range of topics. As a language model, Assistant is able to generate human-like text based on the input it receives, allowing it to engage in natural-sounding conversations and provide responses that are coherent and relevant to the topic at hand.
+
+Assistant is constantly learning and improving, and its capabilities are constantly evolving. It is able to process and understand large amounts of text, and can use this knowledge to provide accurate and informative responses to a wide range of questions. Additionally, Assistant is able to generate its own text based on the input it receives, allowing it to engage in discussions and provide explanations and descriptions on a wide range of topics.
+
+Overall, Assistant is a powerful tool that can help with a wide range of tasks and provide valuable insights and information on a wide range of topics. Whether you need help with a specific question or just want to have a conversation about a particular topic, Assistant is here to assist.
+
+TOOLS:
+------
+
+Assistant has access to the following tools:"""
+FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """To use a tool, please use the following format:
+
+```
+Thought: Do I need to use a tool? Yes
+Action: the action to take, should be one of [{tool_names}]
+Action Input: the input to the action
+Observation: the result of the action
+```
+
+When you have a response to say to the Human, or if you do not need to use a tool, you MUST use the format:
+
+```
+Thought: Do I need to use a tool? No
+{ai_prefix}: [your response here]
+```"""
+
+SUFFIX = """Begin!
+
+Previous conversation history:
+{chat_history}
+
+New input: {input}
+{agent_scratchpad}"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94290c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""An agent designed to hold a conversation in addition to using tools."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35bf4bff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+"""An agent designed to hold a conversation in addition to using tools."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, BaseMessage, HumanMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    MessagesPlaceholder,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import Agent, AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.conversational_chat.output_parser import ConvoOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.conversational_chat.prompt import (
+    PREFIX,
+    SUFFIX,
+    TEMPLATE_TOOL_RESPONSE,
+)
+from langchain.agents.utils import validate_tools_single_input
+from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="create_json_chat_agent", removal="1.0")
+class ConversationalChatAgent(Agent):
+    """An agent designed to hold a conversation in addition to using tools."""
+
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(default_factory=ConvoOutputParser)
+    """Output parser for the agent."""
+    template_tool_response: str = TEMPLATE_TOOL_RESPONSE
+    """Template for the tool response."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        return ConvoOutputParser()
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with.
+
+        Returns:
+            "Observation: "
+        """
+        return "Observation: "
+
+    @property
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the llm call with.
+
+        Returns:
+            "Thought: "
+        """
+        return "Thought:"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        super()._validate_tools(tools)
+        validate_tools_single_input(cls.__name__, tools)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(
+        cls,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        system_message: str = PREFIX,
+        human_message: str = SUFFIX,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[BaseOutputParser] = None,
+    ) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Create a prompt for the agent.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: The tools to use.
+            system_message: The system message to use.
+                Defaults to the PREFIX.
+            human_message: The human message to use.
+                Defaults to the SUFFIX.
+            input_variables: The input variables to use. Defaults to None.
+            output_parser: The output parser to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A PromptTemplate.
+        """
+        tool_strings = "\n".join(
+            [f"> {tool.name}: {tool.description}" for tool in tools]
+        )
+        tool_names = ", ".join([tool.name for tool in tools])
+        _output_parser = output_parser or cls._get_default_output_parser()
+        format_instructions = human_message.format(
+            format_instructions=_output_parser.get_format_instructions()
+        )
+        final_prompt = format_instructions.format(
+            tool_names=tool_names, tools=tool_strings
+        )
+        if input_variables is None:
+            input_variables = ["input", "chat_history", "agent_scratchpad"]
+        messages = [
+            SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(system_message),
+            MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="chat_history"),
+            HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(final_prompt),
+            MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="agent_scratchpad"),
+        ]
+        return ChatPromptTemplate(input_variables=input_variables, messages=messages)
+
+    def _construct_scratchpad(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]
+    ) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Construct the scratchpad that lets the agent continue its thought process."""
+        thoughts: list[BaseMessage] = []
+        for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+            thoughts.append(AIMessage(content=action.log))
+            human_message = HumanMessage(
+                content=self.template_tool_response.format(observation=observation)
+            )
+            thoughts.append(human_message)
+        return thoughts
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[AgentOutputParser] = None,
+        system_message: str = PREFIX,
+        human_message: str = SUFFIX,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Agent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The language model to use.
+            tools: A list of tools to use.
+            callback_manager: The callback manager to use. Default is None.
+            output_parser: The output parser to use. Default is None.
+            system_message: The system message to use. Default is PREFIX.
+            human_message: The human message to use. Default is SUFFIX.
+            input_variables: The input variables to use. Default is None.
+            **kwargs: Any additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            An agent.
+        """
+        cls._validate_tools(tools)
+        _output_parser = output_parser or cls._get_default_output_parser()
+        prompt = cls.create_prompt(
+            tools,
+            system_message=system_message,
+            human_message=human_message,
+            input_variables=input_variables,
+            output_parser=_output_parser,
+        )
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        )
+        tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+        return cls(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            allowed_tools=tool_names,
+            output_parser=_output_parser,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..daf317f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.utils.json import parse_json_markdown
+
+from langchain.agents import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.conversational_chat.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+
+# Define a class that parses output for conversational agents
+class ConvoOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Output parser for the conversational agent."""
+
+    format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+    """Default formatting instructions"""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Returns formatting instructions for the given output parser."""
+        return self.format_instructions
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Attempts to parse the given text into an AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+        Raises:
+             OutputParserException if parsing fails.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Attempt to parse the text into a structured format (assumed to be JSON
+            # stored as markdown)
+            response = parse_json_markdown(text)
+
+            # If the response contains an 'action' and 'action_input'
+            if "action" in response and "action_input" in response:
+                action, action_input = response["action"], response["action_input"]
+
+                # If the action indicates a final answer, return an AgentFinish
+                if action == "Final Answer":
+                    return AgentFinish({"output": action_input}, text)
+                else:
+                    # Otherwise, return an AgentAction with the specified action and
+                    # input
+                    return AgentAction(action, action_input, text)
+            else:
+                # If the necessary keys aren't present in the response, raise an
+                # exception
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"Missing 'action' or 'action_input' in LLM output: {text}"
+                )
+        except Exception as e:
+            # If any other exception is raised during parsing, also raise an
+            # OutputParserException
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: {text}") from e
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "conversational_chat"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..712a9238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/conversational_chat/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+PREFIX = """Assistant is a large language model trained by OpenAI.
+
+Assistant is designed to be able to assist with a wide range of tasks, from answering simple questions to providing in-depth explanations and discussions on a wide range of topics. As a language model, Assistant is able to generate human-like text based on the input it receives, allowing it to engage in natural-sounding conversations and provide responses that are coherent and relevant to the topic at hand.
+
+Assistant is constantly learning and improving, and its capabilities are constantly evolving. It is able to process and understand large amounts of text, and can use this knowledge to provide accurate and informative responses to a wide range of questions. Additionally, Assistant is able to generate its own text based on the input it receives, allowing it to engage in discussions and provide explanations and descriptions on a wide range of topics.
+
+Overall, Assistant is a powerful system that can help with a wide range of tasks and provide valuable insights and information on a wide range of topics. Whether you need help with a specific question or just want to have a conversation about a particular topic, Assistant is here to assist."""
+
+FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """RESPONSE FORMAT INSTRUCTIONS
+----------------------------
+
+When responding to me, please output a response in one of two formats:
+
+**Option 1:**
+Use this if you want the human to use a tool.
+Markdown code snippet formatted in the following schema:
+
+```json
+{{{{
+    "action": string, \\\\ The action to take. Must be one of {tool_names}
+    "action_input": string \\\\ The input to the action
+}}}}
+```
+
+**Option #2:**
+Use this if you want to respond directly to the human. Markdown code snippet formatted in the following schema:
+
+```json
+{{{{
+    "action": "Final Answer",
+    "action_input": string \\\\ You should put what you want to return to use here
+}}}}
+```"""
+
+SUFFIX = """TOOLS
+------
+Assistant can ask the user to use tools to look up information that may be helpful in answering the users original question. The tools the human can use are:
+
+{{tools}}
+
+{format_instructions}
+
+USER'S INPUT
+--------------------
+Here is the user's input (remember to respond with a markdown code snippet of a json blob with a single action, and NOTHING else):
+
+{{{{input}}}}"""
+
+TEMPLATE_TOOL_RESPONSE = """TOOL RESPONSE: 
+---------------------
+{observation}
+
+USER'S INPUT
+--------------------
+
+Okay, so what is the response to my last comment? If using information obtained from the tools you must mention it explicitly without mentioning the tool names - I have forgotten all TOOL RESPONSES! Remember to respond with a markdown code snippet of a json blob with a single action, and NOTHING else."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c34745e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Logic for formatting intermediate steps into an agent scratchpad.
+
+Intermediate steps refers to the list of (AgentAction, observation) tuples
+that result from previous iterations of the agent.
+Depending on the prompting strategy you are using, you may want to format these
+differently before passing them into the LLM.
+"""
+
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.log import format_log_to_str
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.log_to_messages import format_log_to_messages
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.openai_functions import (
+    format_to_openai_function_messages,
+    format_to_openai_functions,
+)
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.tools import format_to_tool_messages
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.xml import format_xml
+
+__all__ = [
+    "format_xml",
+    "format_to_openai_function_messages",
+    "format_to_openai_functions",
+    "format_to_tool_messages",
+    "format_log_to_str",
+    "format_log_to_messages",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/log.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/log.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf24a96a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/log.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+
+
+def format_log_to_str(
+    intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+    observation_prefix: str = "Observation: ",
+    llm_prefix: str = "Thought: ",
+) -> str:
+    """Construct the scratchpad that lets the agent continue its thought process.
+
+    Args:
+        intermediate_steps: List of tuples of AgentAction and observation strings.
+        observation_prefix: Prefix to append the observation with.
+             Defaults to "Observation: ".
+        llm_prefix: Prefix to append the llm call with.
+                Defaults to "Thought: ".
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The scratchpad.
+    """
+    thoughts = ""
+    for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+        thoughts += action.log
+        thoughts += f"\n{observation_prefix}{observation}\n{llm_prefix}"
+    return thoughts
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/log_to_messages.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/log_to_messages.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98c5d04e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/log_to_messages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, BaseMessage, HumanMessage
+
+
+def format_log_to_messages(
+    intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+    template_tool_response: str = "{observation}",
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Construct the scratchpad that lets the agent continue its thought process.
+
+    Args:
+        intermediate_steps: List of tuples of AgentAction and observation strings.
+        template_tool_response: Template to format the observation with.
+             Defaults to "{observation}".
+
+    Returns:
+        List[BaseMessage]: The scratchpad.
+    """
+    thoughts: list[BaseMessage] = []
+    for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+        thoughts.append(AIMessage(content=action.log))
+        human_message = HumanMessage(
+            content=template_tool_response.format(observation=observation)
+        )
+        thoughts.append(human_message)
+    return thoughts
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..172c4a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentActionMessageLog
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, BaseMessage, FunctionMessage
+
+
+def _convert_agent_action_to_messages(
+    agent_action: AgentAction, observation: str
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert an agent action to a message.
+
+    This code is used to reconstruct the original AI message from the agent action.
+
+    Args:
+        agent_action: Agent action to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        AIMessage or the previous messages plus a FunctionMessage that corresponds to
+            the original tool invocation
+    """
+    if isinstance(agent_action, AgentActionMessageLog):
+        return list(agent_action.message_log) + [
+            _create_function_message(agent_action, observation)
+        ]
+    else:
+        return [AIMessage(content=agent_action.log)]
+
+
+def _create_function_message(
+    agent_action: AgentAction, observation: str
+) -> FunctionMessage:
+    """Convert agent action and observation into a function message.
+    Args:
+        agent_action: the tool invocation request from the agent.
+        observation: the result of the tool invocation.
+    Returns:
+        FunctionMessage that corresponds to the original tool invocation.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the observation cannot be converted to a string.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(observation, str):
+        try:
+            content = json.dumps(observation, ensure_ascii=False)
+        except Exception:
+            content = str(observation)
+    else:
+        content = observation
+    return FunctionMessage(
+        name=agent_action.tool,
+        content=content,
+    )
+
+
+def format_to_openai_function_messages(
+    intermediate_steps: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert (AgentAction, tool output) tuples into FunctionMessages.
+
+    Args:
+        intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date, along with observations
+
+    Returns:
+        list of messages to send to the LLM for the next prediction
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the observation cannot be converted to a string.
+    """
+    messages = []
+
+    for agent_action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+        messages.extend(_convert_agent_action_to_messages(agent_action, observation))
+
+    return messages
+
+
+# Backwards compatibility
+format_to_openai_functions = format_to_openai_function_messages
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/openai_tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/openai_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..063905ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/openai_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.tools import (
+    format_to_tool_messages as format_to_openai_tool_messages,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["format_to_openai_tool_messages"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c43ff4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    ToolMessage,
+)
+
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.tools import ToolAgentAction
+
+
+def _create_tool_message(
+    agent_action: ToolAgentAction, observation: str
+) -> ToolMessage:
+    """Convert agent action and observation into a tool message.
+
+    Args:
+        agent_action: the tool invocation request from the agent.
+        observation: the result of the tool invocation.
+    Returns:
+        ToolMessage that corresponds to the original tool invocation.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the observation cannot be converted to a string.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(observation, str):
+        try:
+            content = json.dumps(observation, ensure_ascii=False)
+        except Exception:
+            content = str(observation)
+    else:
+        content = observation
+    return ToolMessage(
+        tool_call_id=agent_action.tool_call_id,
+        content=content,
+        additional_kwargs={"name": agent_action.tool},
+    )
+
+
+def format_to_tool_messages(
+    intermediate_steps: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert (AgentAction, tool output) tuples into ToolMessages.
+
+    Args:
+        intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date, along with observations.
+
+    Returns:
+        list of messages to send to the LLM for the next prediction.
+
+    """
+    messages = []
+    for agent_action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+        if isinstance(agent_action, ToolAgentAction):
+            new_messages = list(agent_action.message_log) + [
+                _create_tool_message(agent_action, observation)
+            ]
+            messages.extend([new for new in new_messages if new not in messages])
+        else:
+            messages.append(AIMessage(content=agent_action.log))
+    return messages
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/xml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1e94509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+
+
+def format_xml(
+    intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+) -> str:
+    """Format the intermediate steps as XML.
+
+    Args:
+        intermediate_steps: The intermediate steps.
+
+    Returns:
+        The intermediate steps as XML.
+    """
+    log = ""
+    for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+        log += (
+            f"<tool>{action.tool}</tool><tool_input>{action.tool_input}"
+            f"</tool_input><observation>{observation}</observation>"
+        )
+    return log
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/initialize.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/initialize.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c24e0139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/initialize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Load agent."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+
+from langchain._api.deprecation import AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentExecutor
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.loading import AGENT_TO_CLASS, load_agent
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def initialize_agent(
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    agent: Optional[AgentType] = None,
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    agent_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    agent_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+    *,
+    tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AgentExecutor:
+    """Load an agent executor given tools and LLM.
+
+    Args:
+        tools: List of tools this agent has access to.
+        llm: Language model to use as the agent.
+        agent: Agent type to use. If None and agent_path is also None, will default
+            to AgentType.ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION. Defaults to None.
+        callback_manager: CallbackManager to use. Global callback manager is used if
+            not provided. Defaults to None.
+        agent_path: Path to serialized agent to use. If None and agent is also None,
+            will default to AgentType.ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION. Defaults to None.
+        agent_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the underlying agent.
+            Defaults to None.
+        tags: Tags to apply to the traced runs. Defaults to None.
+        kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to the agent executor.
+
+    Returns:
+        An agent executor.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If both `agent` and `agent_path` are specified.
+        ValueError: If `agent` is not a valid agent type.
+        ValueError: If both `agent` and `agent_path` are None.
+    """
+    tags_ = list(tags) if tags else []
+    if agent is None and agent_path is None:
+        agent = AgentType.ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION
+    if agent is not None and agent_path is not None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Both `agent` and `agent_path` are specified, "
+            "but at most only one should be."
+        )
+    if agent is not None:
+        if agent not in AGENT_TO_CLASS:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Got unknown agent type: {agent}. "
+                f"Valid types are: {AGENT_TO_CLASS.keys()}."
+            )
+        tags_.append(agent.value if isinstance(agent, AgentType) else agent)
+        agent_cls = AGENT_TO_CLASS[agent]
+        agent_kwargs = agent_kwargs or {}
+        agent_obj = agent_cls.from_llm_and_tools(
+            llm, tools, callback_manager=callback_manager, **agent_kwargs
+        )
+    elif agent_path is not None:
+        agent_obj = load_agent(
+            agent_path, llm=llm, tools=tools, callback_manager=callback_manager
+        )
+        try:
+            # TODO: Add tags from the serialized object directly.
+            tags_.append(agent_obj._agent_type)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Somehow both `agent` and `agent_path` are None, this should never happen."
+        )
+    return AgentExecutor.from_agent_and_tools(
+        agent=agent_obj,
+        tools=tools,
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        tags=tags_,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3552f76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.tools.render import ToolsRenderer, render_text_description
+
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad import format_log_to_messages
+from langchain.agents.json_chat.prompt import TEMPLATE_TOOL_RESPONSE
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers import JSONAgentOutputParser
+
+
+def create_json_chat_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+    prompt: ChatPromptTemplate,
+    stop_sequence: Union[bool, list[str]] = True,
+    tools_renderer: ToolsRenderer = render_text_description,
+    template_tool_response: str = TEMPLATE_TOOL_RESPONSE,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent that uses JSON to format its logic, build for Chat Models.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent.
+        tools: Tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt to use. See Prompt section below for more.
+        stop_sequence: bool or list of str.
+            If True, adds a stop token of "Observation:" to avoid hallucinates. 
+            If False, does not add a stop token.
+            If a list of str, uses the provided list as the stop tokens.
+            
+            Default is True. You may to set this to False if the LLM you are using
+            does not support stop sequences.
+        tools_renderer: This controls how the tools are converted into a string and
+            then passed into the LLM. Default is `render_text_description`.
+        template_tool_response: Template prompt that uses the tool response (observation)
+            to make the LLM generate the next action to take.
+            Default is TEMPLATE_TOOL_RESPONSE.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+        variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+        AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+        
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the prompt is missing required variables.
+        ValueError: If the template_tool_response is missing
+            the required variable 'observation'.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain import hub
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_json_chat_agent
+
+            prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/react-chat-json")
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            tools = ...
+
+            agent = create_json_chat_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "hi"})
+
+            # Using with chat history
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+            agent_executor.invoke(
+                {
+                    "input": "what's my name?",
+                    "chat_history": [
+                        HumanMessage(content="hi! my name is bob"),
+                        AIMessage(content="Hello Bob! How can I assist you today?"),
+                    ],
+                }
+            )
+
+    Prompt:
+    
+        The prompt must have input keys:
+            * `tools`: contains descriptions and arguments for each tool.
+            * `tool_names`: contains all tool names.
+            * `agent_scratchpad`: must be a MessagesPlaceholder. Contains previous agent actions and tool outputs as messages.
+        
+        Here's an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+            
+            system = '''Assistant is a large language model trained by OpenAI.
+
+            Assistant is designed to be able to assist with a wide range of tasks, from answering \
+            simple questions to providing in-depth explanations and discussions on a wide range of \
+            topics. As a language model, Assistant is able to generate human-like text based on \
+            the input it receives, allowing it to engage in natural-sounding conversations and \
+            provide responses that are coherent and relevant to the topic at hand.
+
+            Assistant is constantly learning and improving, and its capabilities are constantly \
+            evolving. It is able to process and understand large amounts of text, and can use this \
+            knowledge to provide accurate and informative responses to a wide range of questions. \
+            Additionally, Assistant is able to generate its own text based on the input it \
+            receives, allowing it to engage in discussions and provide explanations and \
+            descriptions on a wide range of topics.
+
+            Overall, Assistant is a powerful system that can help with a wide range of tasks \
+            and provide valuable insights and information on a wide range of topics. Whether \
+            you need help with a specific question or just want to have a conversation about \
+            a particular topic, Assistant is here to assist.'''
+            
+            human = '''TOOLS
+            ------
+            Assistant can ask the user to use tools to look up information that may be helpful in \
+            answering the users original question. The tools the human can use are:
+
+            {tools}
+
+            RESPONSE FORMAT INSTRUCTIONS
+            ----------------------------
+
+            When responding to me, please output a response in one of two formats:
+
+            **Option 1:**
+            Use this if you want the human to use a tool.
+            Markdown code snippet formatted in the following schema:
+
+            ```json
+            {{
+                "action": string, \\ The action to take. Must be one of {tool_names}
+                "action_input": string \\ The input to the action
+            }}
+            ```
+
+            **Option #2:**
+            Use this if you want to respond directly to the human. Markdown code snippet formatted \
+            in the following schema:
+
+            ```json
+            {{
+                "action": "Final Answer",
+                "action_input": string \\ You should put what you want to return to use here
+            }}
+            ```
+
+            USER'S INPUT
+            --------------------
+            Here is the user's input (remember to respond with a markdown code snippet of a json \
+            blob with a single action, and NOTHING else):
+
+            {input}'''
+            
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", system),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("chat_history", optional=True),
+                    ("human", human),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("agent_scratchpad"),
+                ]
+            )
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    missing_vars = {"tools", "tool_names", "agent_scratchpad"}.difference(
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    )
+    if missing_vars:
+        raise ValueError(f"Prompt missing required variables: {missing_vars}")
+
+    if "{observation}" not in template_tool_response:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Template tool response missing required variable 'observation'"
+        )
+
+    prompt = prompt.partial(
+        tools=tools_renderer(list(tools)),
+        tool_names=", ".join([t.name for t in tools]),
+    )
+    if stop_sequence:
+        stop = ["\nObservation"] if stop_sequence is True else stop_sequence
+        llm_to_use = llm.bind(stop=stop)
+    else:
+        llm_to_use = llm
+
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: format_log_to_messages(
+                x["intermediate_steps"], template_tool_response=template_tool_response
+            )
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_to_use
+        | JSONAgentOutputParser()
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34020caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/json_chat/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+TEMPLATE_TOOL_RESPONSE = """TOOL RESPONSE: 
+---------------------
+{observation}
+
+USER'S INPUT
+--------------------
+
+Okay, so what is the response to my last comment? If using information obtained from the tools you must mention it explicitly without mentioning the tool names - I have forgotten all TOOL RESPONSES! Remember to respond with a markdown code snippet of a json blob with a single action, and NOTHING else - even if you just want to respond to the user. Do NOT respond with anything except a JSON snippet no matter what!"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/load_tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/load_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dccc67d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/load_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+_importer = create_importer(
+    __package__, fallback_module="langchain_community.agent_toolkits.load_tools"
+)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _importer(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08fc6fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+"""Functionality for loading agents."""
+
+import json
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+import yaml
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.tools import Tool
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import BaseMultiActionAgent, BaseSingleActionAgent
+from langchain.agents.types import AGENT_TO_CLASS
+from langchain.chains.loading import load_chain, load_chain_from_config
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__file__)
+
+URL_BASE = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hwchase17/langchain-hub/master/agents/"
+
+
+def _load_agent_from_tools(
+    config: dict, llm: BaseLanguageModel, tools: list[Tool], **kwargs: Any
+) -> Union[BaseSingleActionAgent, BaseMultiActionAgent]:
+    config_type = config.pop("_type")
+    if config_type not in AGENT_TO_CLASS:
+        raise ValueError(f"Loading {config_type} agent not supported")
+
+    agent_cls = AGENT_TO_CLASS[config_type]
+    combined_config = {**config, **kwargs}
+    return agent_cls.from_llm_and_tools(llm, tools, **combined_config)
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+def load_agent_from_config(
+    config: dict,
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    tools: Optional[list[Tool]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Union[BaseSingleActionAgent, BaseMultiActionAgent]:
+    """Load agent from Config Dict.
+
+    Args:
+        config: Config dict to load agent from.
+        llm: Language model to use as the agent.
+        tools: List of tools this agent has access to.
+        kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to the agent executor.
+
+    Returns:
+        An agent executor.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If agent type is not specified in the config.
+    """
+    if "_type" not in config:
+        raise ValueError("Must specify an agent Type in config")
+    load_from_tools = config.pop("load_from_llm_and_tools", False)
+    if load_from_tools:
+        if llm is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "If `load_from_llm_and_tools` is set to True, then LLM must be provided"
+            )
+        if tools is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "If `load_from_llm_and_tools` is set to True, "
+                "then tools must be provided"
+            )
+        return _load_agent_from_tools(config, llm, tools, **kwargs)
+    config_type = config.pop("_type")
+
+    if config_type not in AGENT_TO_CLASS:
+        raise ValueError(f"Loading {config_type} agent not supported")
+
+    agent_cls = AGENT_TO_CLASS[config_type]
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        config["llm_chain"] = load_chain_from_config(config.pop("llm_chain"))
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        config["llm_chain"] = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` and `llm_chain_path` should be specified.")
+    if "output_parser" in config:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Currently loading output parsers on agent is not supported, "
+            "will just use the default one."
+        )
+        del config["output_parser"]
+
+    combined_config = {**config, **kwargs}
+    return agent_cls(**combined_config)
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+def load_agent(
+    path: Union[str, Path], **kwargs: Any
+) -> Union[BaseSingleActionAgent, BaseMultiActionAgent]:
+    """Unified method for loading an agent from LangChainHub or local fs.
+
+    Args:
+        path: Path to the agent file.
+        kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to the agent executor.
+
+    Returns:
+        An agent executor.
+
+    Raises:
+        RuntimeError: If loading from the deprecated github-based
+            Hub is attempted.
+    """
+    if isinstance(path, str) and path.startswith("lc://"):
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Loading from the deprecated github-based Hub is no longer supported. "
+            "Please use the new LangChain Hub at https://smith.langchain.com/hub "
+            "instead."
+        )
+    return _load_agent_from_file(path, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _load_agent_from_file(
+    file: Union[str, Path], **kwargs: Any
+) -> Union[BaseSingleActionAgent, BaseMultiActionAgent]:
+    """Load agent from file."""
+    valid_suffixes = {"json", "yaml"}
+    # Convert file to Path object.
+    if isinstance(file, str):
+        file_path = Path(file)
+    else:
+        file_path = file
+    # Load from either json or yaml.
+    if file_path.suffix[1:] == "json":
+        with open(file_path) as f:
+            config = json.load(f)
+    elif file_path.suffix[1:] == "yaml":
+        with open(file_path) as f:
+            config = yaml.safe_load(f)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported file type, must be one of {valid_suffixes}.")
+    # Load the agent from the config now.
+    return load_agent_from_config(config, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a86a5b51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Attempt to implement MRKL systems as described in arxiv.org/pdf/2205.00445.pdf."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..727ca66b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+"""Attempt to implement MRKL systems as described in arxiv.org/pdf/2205.00445.pdf."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, NamedTuple, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool, Tool
+from langchain_core.tools.render import render_text_description
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain._api.deprecation import AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+from langchain.agents.agent import Agent, AgentExecutor, AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.mrkl.output_parser import MRKLOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.mrkl.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS, PREFIX, SUFFIX
+from langchain.agents.utils import validate_tools_single_input
+from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+
+
+class ChainConfig(NamedTuple):
+    """Configuration for a chain to use in MRKL system.
+
+    Parameters:
+        action_name: Name of the action.
+        action: Action function to call.
+        action_description: Description of the action.
+    """
+
+    action_name: str
+    action: Callable
+    action_description: str
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ZeroShotAgent(Agent):
+    """Agent for the MRKL chain.
+
+    Parameters:
+        output_parser: Output parser for the agent.
+    """
+
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(default_factory=MRKLOutputParser)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        return MRKLOutputParser()
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return Identifier of agent type."""
+        return AgentType.ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION
+
+    @property
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with.
+
+        Returns:
+            "Observation: "
+        """
+        return "Observation: "
+
+    @property
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the llm call with.
+
+        Returns:
+            "Thought: "
+        """
+        return "Thought:"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(
+        cls,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        prefix: str = PREFIX,
+        suffix: str = SUFFIX,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    ) -> PromptTemplate:
+        """Create prompt in the style of the zero shot agent.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: List of tools the agent will have access to, used to format the
+                prompt.
+            prefix: String to put before the list of tools. Defaults to PREFIX.
+            suffix: String to put after the list of tools. Defaults to SUFFIX.
+            format_instructions: Instructions on how to use the tools.
+                Defaults to FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+            input_variables: List of input variables the final prompt will expect.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A PromptTemplate with the template assembled from the pieces here.
+        """
+        tool_strings = render_text_description(list(tools))
+        tool_names = ", ".join([tool.name for tool in tools])
+        format_instructions = format_instructions.format(tool_names=tool_names)
+        template = "\n\n".join([prefix, tool_strings, format_instructions, suffix])
+        if input_variables:
+            return PromptTemplate(template=template, input_variables=input_variables)
+        return PromptTemplate.from_template(template)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[AgentOutputParser] = None,
+        prefix: str = PREFIX,
+        suffix: str = SUFFIX,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Agent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The LLM to use as the agent LLM.
+            tools: The tools to use.
+            callback_manager: The callback manager to use. Defaults to None.
+            output_parser: The output parser to use. Defaults to None.
+            prefix: The prefix to use. Defaults to PREFIX.
+            suffix: The suffix to use. Defaults to SUFFIX.
+            format_instructions: The format instructions to use.
+                Defaults to FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.
+            input_variables: The input variables to use. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional parameters to pass to the agent.
+        """
+        cls._validate_tools(tools)
+        prompt = cls.create_prompt(
+            tools,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            suffix=suffix,
+            format_instructions=format_instructions,
+            input_variables=input_variables,
+        )
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        )
+        tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+        _output_parser = output_parser or cls._get_default_output_parser()
+        return cls(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            allowed_tools=tool_names,
+            output_parser=_output_parser,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        validate_tools_single_input(cls.__name__, tools)
+        if len(tools) == 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Got no tools for {cls.__name__}. At least one tool must be provided."
+            )
+        for tool in tools:
+            if tool.description is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Got a tool {tool.name} without a description. For this agent, "
+                    f"a description must always be provided."
+                )
+        super()._validate_tools(tools)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class MRKLChain(AgentExecutor):
+    """Chain that implements the MRKL system."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_chains(
+        cls, llm: BaseLanguageModel, chains: list[ChainConfig], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> AgentExecutor:
+        """User-friendly way to initialize the MRKL chain.
+
+        This is intended to be an easy way to get up and running with the
+        MRKL chain.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The LLM to use as the agent LLM.
+            chains: The chains the MRKL system has access to.
+            **kwargs: parameters to be passed to initialization.
+
+        Returns:
+            An initialized MRKL chain.
+        """
+        tools = [
+            Tool(
+                name=c.action_name,
+                func=c.action,
+                description=c.action_description,
+            )
+            for c in chains
+        ]
+        agent = ZeroShotAgent.from_llm_and_tools(llm, tools)
+        return cls(agent=agent, tools=tools, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54d04817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import re
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.mrkl.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION = "Final Answer:"
+MISSING_ACTION_AFTER_THOUGHT_ERROR_MESSAGE = (
+    "Invalid Format: Missing 'Action:' after 'Thought:"
+)
+MISSING_ACTION_INPUT_AFTER_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE = (
+    "Invalid Format: Missing 'Action Input:' after 'Action:'"
+)
+FINAL_ANSWER_AND_PARSABLE_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE = (
+    "Parsing LLM output produced both a final answer and a parse-able action:"
+)
+
+
+class MRKLOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """MRKL Output parser for the chat agent."""
+
+    format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+    """Default formatting instructions"""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Returns formatting instructions for the given output parser."""
+        return self.format_instructions
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Parse the output from the agent into
+        an AgentAction or AgentFinish object.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            An AgentAction or AgentFinish object.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the output could not be parsed.
+        """
+        includes_answer = FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION in text
+        regex = (
+            r"Action\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*?)[\s]*Action\s*\d*\s*Input\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*)"
+        )
+        action_match = re.search(regex, text, re.DOTALL)
+        if action_match and includes_answer:
+            if text.find(FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION) < text.find(action_match.group(0)):
+                # if final answer is before the hallucination, return final answer
+                start_index = text.find(FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION) + len(FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION)
+                end_index = text.find("\n\n", start_index)
+                return AgentFinish(
+                    {"output": text[start_index:end_index].strip()}, text[:end_index]
+                )
+            else:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"{FINAL_ANSWER_AND_PARSABLE_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE}: {text}"
+                )
+
+        if action_match:
+            action = action_match.group(1).strip()
+            action_input = action_match.group(2)
+            tool_input = action_input.strip(" ")
+            # ensure if its a well formed SQL query we don't remove any trailing " chars
+            if tool_input.startswith("SELECT ") is False:
+                tool_input = tool_input.strip('"')
+
+            return AgentAction(action, tool_input, text)
+
+        elif includes_answer:
+            return AgentFinish(
+                {"output": text.split(FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION)[-1].strip()}, text
+            )
+
+        if not re.search(r"Action\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*?)", text, re.DOTALL):
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse LLM output: `{text}`",
+                observation=MISSING_ACTION_AFTER_THOUGHT_ERROR_MESSAGE,
+                llm_output=text,
+                send_to_llm=True,
+            )
+        elif not re.search(
+            r"[\s]*Action\s*\d*\s*Input\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*)", text, re.DOTALL
+        ):
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse LLM output: `{text}`",
+                observation=MISSING_ACTION_INPUT_AFTER_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE,
+                llm_output=text,
+                send_to_llm=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: `{text}`")
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "mrkl"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db6827b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/mrkl/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+PREFIX = """Answer the following questions as best you can. You have access to the following tools:"""
+FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """Use the following format:
+
+Question: the input question you must answer
+Thought: you should always think about what to do
+Action: the action to take, should be one of [{tool_names}]
+Action Input: the input to the action
+Observation: the result of the action
+... (this Thought/Action/Action Input/Observation can repeat N times)
+Thought: I now know the final answer
+Final Answer: the final answer to the original input question"""
+SUFFIX = """Begin!
+
+Question: {input}
+Thought:{agent_scratchpad}"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..265c0ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain.agents.openai_assistant.base import OpenAIAssistantRunnable
+
+__all__ = ["OpenAIAssistantRunnable"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..0cc3d238
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ca00c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_assistant/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,808 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+from time import sleep
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManager
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, RunnableSerializable, ensure_config
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import convert_to_openai_tool
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import openai
+    from openai.types.beta.threads import ThreadMessage  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    from openai.types.beta.threads.required_action_function_tool_call import (
+        RequiredActionFunctionToolCall,
+    )
+
+
+class OpenAIAssistantFinish(AgentFinish):
+    """AgentFinish with run and thread metadata.
+
+    Parameters:
+        run_id: Run id.
+        thread_id: Thread id.
+    """
+
+    run_id: str
+    thread_id: str
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Check if the class is serializable by LangChain.
+
+        Returns:
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+class OpenAIAssistantAction(AgentAction):
+    """AgentAction with info needed to submit custom tool output to existing run.
+
+    Parameters:
+        tool_call_id: Tool call id.
+        run_id: Run id.
+        thread_id: Thread id
+    """
+
+    tool_call_id: str
+    run_id: str
+    thread_id: str
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Check if the class is serializable by LangChain.
+
+        Returns:
+            False
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+def _get_openai_client() -> openai.OpenAI:
+    try:
+        import openai
+
+        return openai.OpenAI()
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Unable to import openai, please install with `pip install openai`."
+        ) from e
+    except AttributeError as e:
+        raise AttributeError(
+            "Please make sure you are using a v1.1-compatible version of openai. You "
+            'can install with `pip install "openai>=1.1"`.'
+        ) from e
+
+
+def _get_openai_async_client() -> openai.AsyncOpenAI:
+    try:
+        import openai
+
+        return openai.AsyncOpenAI()
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Unable to import openai, please install with `pip install openai`."
+        ) from e
+    except AttributeError as e:
+        raise AttributeError(
+            "Please make sure you are using a v1.1-compatible version of openai. You "
+            'can install with `pip install "openai>=1.1"`.'
+        ) from e
+
+
+def _is_assistants_builtin_tool(
+    tool: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable, BaseTool],
+) -> bool:
+    """Determine if tool corresponds to OpenAI Assistants built-in."""
+    assistants_builtin_tools = ("code_interpreter", "file_search")
+    return (
+        isinstance(tool, dict)
+        and ("type" in tool)
+        and (tool["type"] in assistants_builtin_tools)
+    )
+
+
+def _get_assistants_tool(
+    tool: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable, BaseTool],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Convert a raw function/class to an OpenAI tool.
+
+    Note that OpenAI assistants supports several built-in tools,
+    such as "code_interpreter" and "file_search".
+    """
+    if _is_assistants_builtin_tool(tool):
+        return tool  # type: ignore[return-value]
+    else:
+        return convert_to_openai_tool(tool)
+
+
+OutputType = Union[
+    list[OpenAIAssistantAction],
+    OpenAIAssistantFinish,
+    list["ThreadMessage"],
+    list["RequiredActionFunctionToolCall"],
+]
+
+
+class OpenAIAssistantRunnable(RunnableSerializable[dict, OutputType]):
+    """Run an OpenAI Assistant.
+
+    Example using OpenAI tools:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_experimental.openai_assistant import OpenAIAssistantRunnable
+
+            interpreter_assistant = OpenAIAssistantRunnable.create_assistant(
+                name="langchain assistant",
+                instructions="You are a personal math tutor. Write and run code to answer math questions.",
+                tools=[{"type": "code_interpreter"}],
+                model="gpt-4-1106-preview"
+            )
+            output = interpreter_assistant.invoke({"content": "What's 10 - 4 raised to the 2.7"})
+
+    Example using custom tools and AgentExecutor:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_experimental.openai_assistant import OpenAIAssistantRunnable
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor
+            from langchain.tools import E2BDataAnalysisTool
+
+
+            tools = [E2BDataAnalysisTool(api_key="...")]
+            agent = OpenAIAssistantRunnable.create_assistant(
+                name="langchain assistant e2b tool",
+                instructions="You are a personal math tutor. Write and run code to answer math questions.",
+                tools=tools,
+                model="gpt-4-1106-preview",
+                as_agent=True
+            )
+
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+            agent_executor.invoke({"content": "What's 10 - 4 raised to the 2.7"})
+
+
+    Example using custom tools and custom execution:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_experimental.openai_assistant import OpenAIAssistantRunnable
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor
+            from langchain_core.agents import AgentFinish
+            from langchain.tools import E2BDataAnalysisTool
+
+
+            tools = [E2BDataAnalysisTool(api_key="...")]
+            agent = OpenAIAssistantRunnable.create_assistant(
+                name="langchain assistant e2b tool",
+                instructions="You are a personal math tutor. Write and run code to answer math questions.",
+                tools=tools,
+                model="gpt-4-1106-preview",
+                as_agent=True
+            )
+
+            def execute_agent(agent, tools, input):
+                tool_map = {tool.name: tool for tool in tools}
+                response = agent.invoke(input)
+                while not isinstance(response, AgentFinish):
+                    tool_outputs = []
+                    for action in response:
+                        tool_output = tool_map[action.tool].invoke(action.tool_input)
+                        tool_outputs.append({"output": tool_output, "tool_call_id": action.tool_call_id})
+                    response = agent.invoke(
+                        {
+                            "tool_outputs": tool_outputs,
+                            "run_id": action.run_id,
+                            "thread_id": action.thread_id
+                        }
+                    )
+
+                return response
+
+            response = execute_agent(agent, tools, {"content": "What's 10 - 4 raised to the 2.7"})
+            next_response = execute_agent(agent, tools, {"content": "now add 17.241", "thread_id": response.thread_id})
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    client: Any = Field(default_factory=_get_openai_client)
+    """OpenAI or AzureOpenAI client."""
+    async_client: Any = None
+    """OpenAI or AzureOpenAI async client."""
+    assistant_id: str
+    """OpenAI assistant id."""
+    check_every_ms: float = 1_000.0
+    """Frequency with which to check run progress in ms."""
+    as_agent: bool = False
+    """Use as a LangChain agent, compatible with the AgentExecutor."""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_async_client(self) -> Self:
+        if self.async_client is None:
+            import openai
+
+            api_key = self.client.api_key
+            self.async_client = openai.AsyncOpenAI(api_key=api_key)
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_assistant(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        instructions: str,
+        tools: Sequence[Union[BaseTool, dict]],
+        model: str,
+        *,
+        client: Optional[Union[openai.OpenAI, openai.AzureOpenAI]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> OpenAIAssistantRunnable:
+        """Create an OpenAI Assistant and instantiate the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Assistant name.
+            instructions: Assistant instructions.
+            tools: Assistant tools. Can be passed in OpenAI format or as BaseTools.
+            model: Assistant model to use.
+            client: OpenAI or AzureOpenAI client.
+                Will create a default OpenAI client if not specified.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            OpenAIAssistantRunnable configured to run using the created assistant.
+        """
+        client = client or _get_openai_client()
+        assistant = client.beta.assistants.create(
+            name=name,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            tools=[_get_assistants_tool(tool) for tool in tools],  # type: ignore[misc]
+            model=model,
+        )
+        return cls(assistant_id=assistant.id, client=client, **kwargs)
+
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: dict, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> OutputType:
+        """Invoke assistant.
+
+        Args:
+            input: Runnable input dict that can have:
+                content: User message when starting a new run.
+                thread_id: Existing thread to use.
+                run_id: Existing run to use. Should only be supplied when providing
+                    the tool output for a required action after an initial invocation.
+                message_metadata: Metadata to associate with new message.
+                thread_metadata: Metadata to associate with new thread. Only relevant
+                    when new thread being created.
+                instructions: Additional run instructions.
+                model: Override Assistant model for this run.
+                tools: Override Assistant tools for this run.
+                parallel_tool_calls: Allow Assistant to set parallel_tool_calls
+                    for this run.
+                top_p: Override Assistant top_p for this run.
+                temperature: Override Assistant temperature for this run.
+                max_completion_tokens: Allow setting max_completion_tokens for this run.
+                max_prompt_tokens: Allow setting max_prompt_tokens for this run.
+                run_metadata: Metadata to associate with new run.
+                attachments: A list of files attached to the message, and the
+                    tools they should be added to.
+            config: Runnable config. Defaults to None.
+
+        Return:
+            If self.as_agent, will return
+                Union[List[OpenAIAssistantAction], OpenAIAssistantFinish].
+                Otherwise, will return OpenAI types
+                Union[List[ThreadMessage], List[RequiredActionFunctionToolCall]].
+        """
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+            inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+            inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+        )
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            dumpd(self), input, name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name()
+        )
+        try:
+            # Being run within AgentExecutor and there are tool outputs to submit.
+            if self.as_agent and input.get("intermediate_steps"):
+                tool_outputs = self._parse_intermediate_steps(
+                    input["intermediate_steps"]
+                )
+                run = self.client.beta.threads.runs.submit_tool_outputs(**tool_outputs)
+            # Starting a new thread and a new run.
+            elif "thread_id" not in input:
+                thread = {
+                    "messages": [
+                        {
+                            "role": "user",
+                            "content": input["content"],
+                            "metadata": input.get("message_metadata"),
+                            "attachments": input.get("attachments"),
+                        }
+                    ],
+                    "metadata": input.get("thread_metadata"),
+                }
+                run = self._create_thread_and_run(input, thread)
+            # Starting a new run in an existing thread.
+            elif "run_id" not in input:
+                _ = self.client.beta.threads.messages.create(
+                    input["thread_id"],
+                    content=input["content"],
+                    role="user",
+                    metadata=input.get("message_metadata"),
+                )
+                run = self._create_run(input)
+            # Submitting tool outputs to an existing run, outside the AgentExecutor
+            # framework.
+            else:
+                run = self.client.beta.threads.runs.submit_tool_outputs(**input)
+            run = self._wait_for_run(run.id, run.thread_id)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise e
+        try:
+            response = self._get_response(run)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e, metadata=run.dict())
+            raise e
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_chain_end(response)
+            return response
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def acreate_assistant(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        instructions: str,
+        tools: Sequence[Union[BaseTool, dict]],
+        model: str,
+        *,
+        async_client: Optional[
+            Union[openai.AsyncOpenAI, openai.AsyncAzureOpenAI]
+        ] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> OpenAIAssistantRunnable:
+        """Async create an AsyncOpenAI Assistant and instantiate the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Assistant name.
+            instructions: Assistant instructions.
+            tools: Assistant tools. Can be passed in OpenAI format or as BaseTools.
+            model: Assistant model to use.
+            async_client: AsyncOpenAI client.
+                Will create default async_client if not specified.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncOpenAIAssistantRunnable configured to run using the created assistant.
+        """
+        async_client = async_client or _get_openai_async_client()
+        openai_tools = [_get_assistants_tool(tool) for tool in tools]
+        assistant = await async_client.beta.assistants.create(
+            name=name,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            tools=openai_tools,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            model=model,
+        )
+        return cls(assistant_id=assistant.id, async_client=async_client, **kwargs)
+
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: dict, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> OutputType:
+        """Async invoke assistant.
+
+        Args:
+            input: Runnable input dict that can have:
+                content: User message when starting a new run.
+                thread_id: Existing thread to use.
+                run_id: Existing run to use. Should only be supplied when providing
+                    the tool output for a required action after an initial invocation.
+                message_metadata: Metadata to associate with a new message.
+                thread_metadata: Metadata to associate with new thread. Only relevant
+                    when a new thread is created.
+                instructions: Overrides the instructions of the assistant.
+                additional_instructions: Appends additional instructions.
+                model: Override Assistant model for this run.
+                tools: Override Assistant tools for this run.
+                parallel_tool_calls: Allow Assistant to set parallel_tool_calls
+                    for this run.
+                top_p: Override Assistant top_p for this run.
+                temperature: Override Assistant temperature for this run.
+                max_completion_tokens: Allow setting max_completion_tokens for this run.
+                max_prompt_tokens: Allow setting max_prompt_tokens for this run.
+                run_metadata: Metadata to associate with new run.
+            config: Runnable config. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Return:
+            If self.as_agent, will return
+                Union[List[OpenAIAssistantAction], OpenAIAssistantFinish].
+                Otherwise, will return OpenAI types
+                Union[List[ThreadMessage], List[RequiredActionFunctionToolCall]].
+        """
+
+        config = config or {}
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+            inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+            inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+        )
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            dumpd(self), input, name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name()
+        )
+        try:
+            # Being run within AgentExecutor and there are tool outputs to submit.
+            if self.as_agent and input.get("intermediate_steps"):
+                tool_outputs = await self._aparse_intermediate_steps(
+                    input["intermediate_steps"]
+                )
+                run = await self.async_client.beta.threads.runs.submit_tool_outputs(
+                    **tool_outputs
+                )
+            # Starting a new thread and a new run.
+            elif "thread_id" not in input:
+                thread = {
+                    "messages": [
+                        {
+                            "role": "user",
+                            "content": input["content"],
+                            "metadata": input.get("message_metadata"),
+                        }
+                    ],
+                    "metadata": input.get("thread_metadata"),
+                }
+                run = await self._acreate_thread_and_run(input, thread)
+            # Starting a new run in an existing thread.
+            elif "run_id" not in input:
+                _ = await self.async_client.beta.threads.messages.create(
+                    input["thread_id"],
+                    content=input["content"],
+                    role="user",
+                    metadata=input.get("message_metadata"),
+                )
+                run = await self._acreate_run(input)
+            # Submitting tool outputs to an existing run, outside the AgentExecutor
+            # framework.
+            else:
+                run = await self.async_client.beta.threads.runs.submit_tool_outputs(
+                    **input
+                )
+            run = await self._await_for_run(run.id, run.thread_id)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise e
+        try:
+            response = self._get_response(run)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e, metadata=run.dict())
+            raise e
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_chain_end(response)
+            return response
+
+    def _parse_intermediate_steps(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[OpenAIAssistantAction, str]]
+    ) -> dict:
+        last_action, last_output = intermediate_steps[-1]
+        run = self._wait_for_run(last_action.run_id, last_action.thread_id)
+        required_tool_call_ids = set()
+        if run.required_action:
+            required_tool_call_ids = {
+                tc.id for tc in run.required_action.submit_tool_outputs.tool_calls
+            }
+        tool_outputs = [
+            {"output": str(output), "tool_call_id": action.tool_call_id}
+            for action, output in intermediate_steps
+            if action.tool_call_id in required_tool_call_ids
+        ]
+        submit_tool_outputs = {
+            "tool_outputs": tool_outputs,
+            "run_id": last_action.run_id,
+            "thread_id": last_action.thread_id,
+        }
+        return submit_tool_outputs
+
+    def _create_run(self, input: dict) -> Any:
+        params = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in input.items()
+            if k
+            in (
+                "instructions",
+                "model",
+                "tools",
+                "additional_instructions",
+                "parallel_tool_calls",
+                "top_p",
+                "temperature",
+                "max_completion_tokens",
+                "max_prompt_tokens",
+                "run_metadata",
+            )
+        }
+        return self.client.beta.threads.runs.create(
+            input["thread_id"],
+            assistant_id=self.assistant_id,
+            **params,
+        )
+
+    def _create_thread_and_run(self, input: dict, thread: dict) -> Any:
+        params = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in input.items()
+            if k
+            in (
+                "instructions",
+                "model",
+                "tools",
+                "parallel_tool_calls",
+                "top_p",
+                "temperature",
+                "max_completion_tokens",
+                "max_prompt_tokens",
+                "run_metadata",
+            )
+        }
+        run = self.client.beta.threads.create_and_run(
+            assistant_id=self.assistant_id,
+            thread=thread,
+            **params,
+        )
+        return run
+
+    def _get_response(self, run: Any) -> Any:
+        # TODO: Pagination
+
+        if run.status == "completed":
+            import openai
+
+            major_version = int(openai.version.VERSION.split(".")[0])
+            minor_version = int(openai.version.VERSION.split(".")[1])
+            version_gte_1_14 = (major_version > 1) or (
+                major_version == 1 and minor_version >= 14
+            )
+
+            messages = self.client.beta.threads.messages.list(
+                run.thread_id, order="asc"
+            )
+            new_messages = [msg for msg in messages if msg.run_id == run.id]
+            if not self.as_agent:
+                return new_messages
+            answer: Any = [
+                msg_content for msg in new_messages for msg_content in msg.content
+            ]
+            attachments = [
+                attachment for msg in new_messages for attachment in msg.attachments
+            ]
+            if all(
+                (
+                    isinstance(content, openai.types.beta.threads.TextContentBlock)
+                    if version_gte_1_14
+                    else isinstance(
+                        content,
+                        openai.types.beta.threads.MessageContentText,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    )
+                )
+                for content in answer
+            ):
+                answer = "\n".join(content.text.value for content in answer)
+            return OpenAIAssistantFinish(
+                return_values={
+                    "output": answer,
+                    "thread_id": run.thread_id,
+                    "run_id": run.id,
+                    "attachments": attachments,
+                },
+                log="",
+                run_id=run.id,
+                thread_id=run.thread_id,
+            )
+        elif run.status == "requires_action":
+            if not self.as_agent:
+                return run.required_action.submit_tool_outputs.tool_calls
+            actions = []
+            for tool_call in run.required_action.submit_tool_outputs.tool_calls:
+                function = tool_call.function
+                try:
+                    args = json.loads(function.arguments, strict=False)
+                except JSONDecodeError as e:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Received invalid JSON function arguments: "
+                        f"{function.arguments} for function {function.name}"
+                    ) from e
+                if len(args) == 1 and "__arg1" in args:
+                    args = args["__arg1"]
+                actions.append(
+                    OpenAIAssistantAction(
+                        tool=function.name,
+                        tool_input=args,
+                        tool_call_id=tool_call.id,
+                        log="",
+                        run_id=run.id,
+                        thread_id=run.thread_id,
+                    )
+                )
+            return actions
+        else:
+            run_info = json.dumps(run.dict(), indent=2)
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unexpected run status: {run.status}. Full run info:\n\n{run_info})"
+            )
+
+    def _wait_for_run(self, run_id: str, thread_id: str) -> Any:
+        in_progress = True
+        while in_progress:
+            run = self.client.beta.threads.runs.retrieve(run_id, thread_id=thread_id)
+            in_progress = run.status in ("in_progress", "queued")
+            if in_progress:
+                sleep(self.check_every_ms / 1000)
+        return run
+
+    async def _aparse_intermediate_steps(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[OpenAIAssistantAction, str]]
+    ) -> dict:
+        last_action, last_output = intermediate_steps[-1]
+        run = self._wait_for_run(last_action.run_id, last_action.thread_id)
+        required_tool_call_ids = set()
+        if run.required_action:
+            required_tool_call_ids = {
+                tc.id for tc in run.required_action.submit_tool_outputs.tool_calls
+            }
+        tool_outputs = [
+            {"output": str(output), "tool_call_id": action.tool_call_id}
+            for action, output in intermediate_steps
+            if action.tool_call_id in required_tool_call_ids
+        ]
+        submit_tool_outputs = {
+            "tool_outputs": tool_outputs,
+            "run_id": last_action.run_id,
+            "thread_id": last_action.thread_id,
+        }
+        return submit_tool_outputs
+
+    async def _acreate_run(self, input: dict) -> Any:
+        params = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in input.items()
+            if k
+            in (
+                "instructions",
+                "model",
+                "tools",
+                "additional_instructions",
+                "parallel_tool_calls",
+                "top_p",
+                "temperature",
+                "max_completion_tokens",
+                "max_prompt_tokens",
+                "run_metadata",
+            )
+        }
+        return await self.async_client.beta.threads.runs.create(
+            input["thread_id"],
+            assistant_id=self.assistant_id,
+            **params,
+        )
+
+    async def _acreate_thread_and_run(self, input: dict, thread: dict) -> Any:
+        params = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in input.items()
+            if k
+            in (
+                "instructions",
+                "model",
+                "tools",
+                "parallel_tool_calls",
+                "top_p",
+                "temperature",
+                "max_completion_tokens",
+                "max_prompt_tokens",
+                "run_metadata",
+            )
+        }
+        run = await self.async_client.beta.threads.create_and_run(
+            assistant_id=self.assistant_id,
+            thread=thread,
+            **params,
+        )
+        return run
+
+    async def _aget_response(self, run: Any) -> Any:
+        # TODO: Pagination
+
+        if run.status == "completed":
+            import openai
+
+            major_version = int(openai.version.VERSION.split(".")[0])
+            minor_version = int(openai.version.VERSION.split(".")[1])
+            version_gte_1_14 = (major_version > 1) or (
+                major_version == 1 and minor_version >= 14
+            )
+
+            messages = await self.async_client.beta.threads.messages.list(
+                run.thread_id, order="asc"
+            )
+            new_messages = [msg for msg in messages if msg.run_id == run.id]
+            if not self.as_agent:
+                return new_messages
+            answer: Any = [
+                msg_content for msg in new_messages for msg_content in msg.content
+            ]
+            if all(
+                (
+                    isinstance(content, openai.types.beta.threads.TextContentBlock)
+                    if version_gte_1_14
+                    else isinstance(
+                        content,
+                        openai.types.beta.threads.MessageContentText,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    )
+                )
+                for content in answer
+            ):
+                answer = "\n".join(content.text.value for content in answer)
+            return OpenAIAssistantFinish(
+                return_values={
+                    "output": answer,
+                    "thread_id": run.thread_id,
+                    "run_id": run.id,
+                },
+                log="",
+                run_id=run.id,
+                thread_id=run.thread_id,
+            )
+        elif run.status == "requires_action":
+            if not self.as_agent:
+                return run.required_action.submit_tool_outputs.tool_calls
+            actions = []
+            for tool_call in run.required_action.submit_tool_outputs.tool_calls:
+                function = tool_call.function
+                try:
+                    args = json.loads(function.arguments, strict=False)
+                except JSONDecodeError as e:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Received invalid JSON function arguments: "
+                        f"{function.arguments} for function {function.name}"
+                    ) from e
+                if len(args) == 1 and "__arg1" in args:
+                    args = args["__arg1"]
+                actions.append(
+                    OpenAIAssistantAction(
+                        tool=function.name,
+                        tool_input=args,
+                        tool_call_id=tool_call.id,
+                        log="",
+                        run_id=run.id,
+                        thread_id=run.thread_id,
+                    )
+                )
+            return actions
+        else:
+            run_info = json.dumps(run.dict(), indent=2)
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unexpected run status: {run.status}. Full run info:\n\n{run_info})"
+            )
+
+    async def _await_for_run(self, run_id: str, thread_id: str) -> Any:
+        in_progress = True
+        while in_progress:
+            run = await self.async_client.beta.threads.runs.retrieve(
+                run_id, thread_id=thread_id
+            )
+            in_progress = run.status in ("in_progress", "queued")
+            if in_progress:
+                await asyncio.sleep(self.check_every_ms / 1000)
+        return run
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_agent/agent_token_buffer_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_agent/agent_token_buffer_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..284e0e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_agent/agent_token_buffer_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+"""Memory used to save agent output AND intermediate steps."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad import (
+    format_to_openai_function_messages,
+    format_to_tool_messages,
+)
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+
+
+class AgentTokenBufferMemory(BaseChatMemory):
+    """Memory used to save agent output AND intermediate steps.
+
+    Parameters:
+        human_prefix: Prefix for human messages. Default is "Human".
+        ai_prefix: Prefix for AI messages. Default is "AI".
+        llm: Language model.
+        memory_key: Key to save memory under. Default is "history".
+        max_token_limit: Maximum number of tokens to keep in the buffer.
+            Once the buffer exceeds this many tokens, the oldest
+            messages will be pruned. Default is 12000.
+        return_messages: Whether to return messages. Default is True.
+        output_key: Key to save output under. Default is "output".
+        intermediate_steps_key: Key to save intermediate steps under.
+            Default is "intermediate_steps".
+        format_as_tools: Whether to format as tools. Default is False.
+    """
+
+    human_prefix: str = "Human"
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+    memory_key: str = "history"
+    max_token_limit: int = 12000
+    """The max number of tokens to keep in the buffer.
+    Once the buffer exceeds this many tokens, the oldest messages will be pruned."""
+    return_messages: bool = True
+    output_key: str = "output"
+    intermediate_steps_key: str = "intermediate_steps"
+    format_as_tools: bool = False
+
+    @property
+    def buffer(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """String buffer of memory."""
+        return self.chat_memory.messages
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Always return list of memory variables.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return history buffer.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Inputs to the agent.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary with the history buffer.
+        """
+        if self.return_messages:
+            final_buffer: Any = self.buffer
+        else:
+            final_buffer = get_buffer_string(
+                self.buffer,
+                human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+                ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+            )
+        return {self.memory_key: final_buffer}
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer. Pruned.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Inputs to the agent.
+            outputs: Outputs from the agent.
+        """
+        input_str, output_str = self._get_input_output(inputs, outputs)
+        self.chat_memory.add_user_message(input_str)
+        format_to_messages = (
+            format_to_tool_messages
+            if self.format_as_tools
+            else format_to_openai_function_messages
+        )
+        steps = format_to_messages(outputs[self.intermediate_steps_key])
+        for msg in steps:
+            self.chat_memory.add_message(msg)
+        self.chat_memory.add_ai_message(output_str)
+        # Prune buffer if it exceeds max token limit
+        buffer = self.chat_memory.messages
+        curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+        if curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+            while curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+                buffer.pop(0)
+                curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_agent/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_agent/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8442f226
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_agent/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+"""Module implements an agent that uses OpenAI's APIs function enabled API."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager, Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    BaseMessage,
+    SystemMessage,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    BaseMessagePromptTemplate,
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    MessagesPlaceholder,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import convert_to_openai_function
+from pydantic import model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.agents import BaseSingleActionAgent
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.openai_functions import (
+    format_to_openai_function_messages,
+)
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser,
+)
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="create_openai_functions_agent", removal="1.0")
+class OpenAIFunctionsAgent(BaseSingleActionAgent):
+    """An Agent driven by OpenAIs function powered API.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: This should be an instance of ChatOpenAI, specifically a model
+            that supports using `functions`.
+        tools: The tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt for this agent, should support agent_scratchpad as one
+            of the variables. For an easy way to construct this prompt, use
+            `OpenAIFunctionsAgent.create_prompt(...)`
+        output_parser: The output parser for this agent. Should be an instance of
+            OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser.
+            Defaults to OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser.
+    """
+
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool]
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate
+    output_parser: type[OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser] = (
+        OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser
+    )
+
+    def get_allowed_tools(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Get allowed tools."""
+        return [t.name for t in self.tools]
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_prompt(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            values: Values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Validated values.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If `agent_scratchpad` is not in the prompt.
+        """
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = self.prompt
+        if "agent_scratchpad" not in prompt.input_variables:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "`agent_scratchpad` should be one of the variables in the prompt, "
+                f"got {prompt.input_variables}"
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Get input keys. Input refers to user input here."""
+        return ["input"]
+
+    @property
+    def functions(self) -> list[dict]:
+        """Get functions."""
+
+        return [dict(convert_to_openai_function(t)) for t in self.tools]
+
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        with_functions: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use. Defaults to None.
+            with_functions: Whether to use functions. Defaults to True.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+            If the agent is finished, returns an AgentFinish.
+            If the agent is not finished, returns an AgentAction.
+        """
+        agent_scratchpad = format_to_openai_function_messages(intermediate_steps)
+        selected_inputs = {
+            k: kwargs[k] for k in self.prompt.input_variables if k != "agent_scratchpad"
+        }
+        full_inputs = dict(**selected_inputs, agent_scratchpad=agent_scratchpad)
+        prompt = self.prompt.format_prompt(**full_inputs)
+        messages = prompt.to_messages()
+        if with_functions:
+            predicted_message = self.llm.predict_messages(
+                messages,
+                functions=self.functions,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+            )
+        else:
+            predicted_message = self.llm.predict_messages(
+                messages,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+            )
+        agent_decision = self.output_parser._parse_ai_message(predicted_message)
+        return agent_decision
+
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Async given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+            If the agent is finished, returns an AgentFinish.
+            If the agent is not finished, returns an AgentAction.
+        """
+        agent_scratchpad = format_to_openai_function_messages(intermediate_steps)
+        selected_inputs = {
+            k: kwargs[k] for k in self.prompt.input_variables if k != "agent_scratchpad"
+        }
+        full_inputs = dict(**selected_inputs, agent_scratchpad=agent_scratchpad)
+        prompt = self.prompt.format_prompt(**full_inputs)
+        messages = prompt.to_messages()
+        predicted_message = await self.llm.apredict_messages(
+            messages, functions=self.functions, callbacks=callbacks
+        )
+        agent_decision = self.output_parser._parse_ai_message(predicted_message)
+        return agent_decision
+
+    def return_stopped_response(
+        self,
+        early_stopping_method: str,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AgentFinish:
+        """Return response when agent has been stopped due to max iterations.
+
+        Args:
+            early_stopping_method: The early stopping method to use.
+            intermediate_steps: Intermediate steps.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            AgentFinish.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If `early_stopping_method` is not `force` or `generate`.
+            ValueError: If `agent_decision` is not an AgentAction.
+        """
+        if early_stopping_method == "force":
+            # `force` just returns a constant string
+            return AgentFinish(
+                {"output": "Agent stopped due to iteration limit or time limit."}, ""
+            )
+        elif early_stopping_method == "generate":
+            # Generate does one final forward pass
+            agent_decision = self.plan(
+                intermediate_steps, with_functions=False, **kwargs
+            )
+            if isinstance(agent_decision, AgentFinish):
+                return agent_decision
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"got AgentAction with no functions provided: {agent_decision}"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "early_stopping_method should be one of `force` or `generate`, "
+                f"got {early_stopping_method}"
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(
+        cls,
+        system_message: Optional[SystemMessage] = SystemMessage(
+            content="You are a helpful AI assistant."
+        ),
+        extra_prompt_messages: Optional[list[BaseMessagePromptTemplate]] = None,
+    ) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Create prompt for this agent.
+
+        Args:
+            system_message: Message to use as the system message that will be the
+                first in the prompt.
+            extra_prompt_messages: Prompt messages that will be placed between the
+                system message and the new human input.
+
+        Returns:
+            A prompt template to pass into this agent.
+        """
+        _prompts = extra_prompt_messages or []
+        messages: list[Union[BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseMessage]]
+        if system_message:
+            messages = [system_message]
+        else:
+            messages = []
+
+        messages.extend(
+            [
+                *_prompts,
+                HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{input}"),
+                MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="agent_scratchpad"),
+            ]
+        )
+        return ChatPromptTemplate(messages=messages)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        extra_prompt_messages: Optional[list[BaseMessagePromptTemplate]] = None,
+        system_message: Optional[SystemMessage] = SystemMessage(
+            content="You are a helpful AI assistant."
+        ),
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseSingleActionAgent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The LLM to use as the agent.
+            tools: The tools to use.
+            callback_manager: The callback manager to use. Defaults to None.
+            extra_prompt_messages: Extra prompt messages to use. Defaults to None.
+            system_message: The system message to use.
+                Defaults to a default system message.
+            kwargs: Additional parameters to pass to the agent.
+        """
+        prompt = cls.create_prompt(
+            extra_prompt_messages=extra_prompt_messages,
+            system_message=system_message,
+        )
+        return cls(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            tools=tools,
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+def create_openai_functions_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel, tools: Sequence[BaseTool], prompt: ChatPromptTemplate
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent that uses OpenAI function calling.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent. Should work with OpenAI function calling,
+            so either be an OpenAI model that supports that or a wrapper of
+            a different model that adds in equivalent support.
+        tools: Tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt to use. See Prompt section below for more.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+            variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+            AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If `agent_scratchpad` is not in the prompt.
+
+    Example:
+
+        Creating an agent with no memory
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_openai_functions_agent
+            from langchain import hub
+
+            prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/openai-functions-agent")
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            tools = ...
+
+            agent = create_openai_functions_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "hi"})
+
+            # Using with chat history
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+            agent_executor.invoke(
+                {
+                    "input": "what's my name?",
+                    "chat_history": [
+                        HumanMessage(content="hi! my name is bob"),
+                        AIMessage(content="Hello Bob! How can I assist you today?"),
+                    ],
+                }
+            )
+
+    Prompt:
+
+        The agent prompt must have an `agent_scratchpad` key that is a
+            ``MessagesPlaceholder``. Intermediate agent actions and tool output
+            messages will be passed in here.
+
+        Here's an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are a helpful assistant"),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("chat_history", optional=True),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("agent_scratchpad"),
+                ]
+            )
+    """
+    if "agent_scratchpad" not in (
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Prompt must have input variable `agent_scratchpad`, but wasn't found. "
+            f"Found {prompt.input_variables} instead."
+        )
+    llm_with_tools = llm.bind(functions=[convert_to_openai_function(t) for t in tools])
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: format_to_openai_function_messages(
+                x["intermediate_steps"]
+            )
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_with_tools
+        | OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser()
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_multi_agent/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_multi_agent/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_multi_agent/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_multi_agent/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_multi_agent/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_multi_agent/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2931f7e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_functions_multi_agent/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+"""Module implements an agent that uses OpenAI's APIs function enabled API."""
+
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentActionMessageLog, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager, Callbacks
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    SystemMessage,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    BaseMessagePromptTemplate,
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    MessagesPlaceholder,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from pydantic import model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.agents import BaseMultiActionAgent
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.openai_functions import (
+    format_to_openai_function_messages,
+)
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+_FunctionsAgentAction = AgentActionMessageLog
+
+
+def _parse_ai_message(message: BaseMessage) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+    """Parse an AI message."""
+    if not isinstance(message, AIMessage):
+        raise TypeError(f"Expected an AI message got {type(message)}")
+
+    function_call = message.additional_kwargs.get("function_call", {})
+
+    if function_call:
+        try:
+            arguments = json.loads(function_call["arguments"], strict=False)
+        except JSONDecodeError:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse tool input: {function_call} because "
+                f"the `arguments` is not valid JSON."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            tools = arguments["actions"]
+        except (TypeError, KeyError):
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse tool input: {function_call} because "
+                f"the `arguments` JSON does not contain `actions` key."
+            )
+
+        final_tools: list[AgentAction] = []
+        for tool_schema in tools:
+            if "action" in tool_schema:
+                _tool_input = tool_schema["action"]
+            else:
+                # drop action_name from schema
+                _tool_input = tool_schema.copy()
+                del _tool_input["action_name"]
+            function_name = tool_schema["action_name"]
+
+            # HACK HACK HACK:
+            # The code that encodes tool input into Open AI uses a special variable
+            # name called `__arg1` to handle old style tools that do not expose a
+            # schema and expect a single string argument as an input.
+            # We unpack the argument here if it exists.
+            # Open AI does not support passing in a JSON array as an argument.
+            if "__arg1" in _tool_input:
+                tool_input = _tool_input["__arg1"]
+            else:
+                tool_input = _tool_input
+
+            content_msg = f"responded: {message.content}\n" if message.content else "\n"
+            log = f"\nInvoking: `{function_name}` with `{tool_input}`\n{content_msg}\n"
+            _tool = _FunctionsAgentAction(
+                tool=function_name,
+                tool_input=tool_input,
+                log=log,
+                message_log=[message],
+            )
+            final_tools.append(_tool)
+        return final_tools
+
+    return AgentFinish(
+        return_values={"output": message.content}, log=str(message.content)
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="create_openai_tools_agent", removal="1.0")
+class OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent(BaseMultiActionAgent):
+    """Agent driven by OpenAIs function powered API.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: This should be an instance of ChatOpenAI, specifically a model
+            that supports using `functions`.
+        tools: The tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt for this agent, should support agent_scratchpad as one
+            of the variables. For an easy way to construct this prompt, use
+            `OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent.create_prompt(...)`
+    """
+
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool]
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate
+
+    def get_allowed_tools(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Get allowed tools."""
+        return [t.name for t in self.tools]
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_prompt(self) -> Self:
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = self.prompt
+        if "agent_scratchpad" not in prompt.input_variables:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "`agent_scratchpad` should be one of the variables in the prompt, "
+                f"got {prompt.input_variables}"
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Get input keys. Input refers to user input here."""
+        return ["input"]
+
+    @property
+    def functions(self) -> list[dict]:
+        """Get the functions for the agent."""
+        enum_vals = [t.name for t in self.tools]
+        tool_selection = {
+            # OpenAI functions returns a single tool invocation
+            # Here we force the single tool invocation it returns to
+            # itself be a list of tool invocations. We do this by constructing
+            # a new tool that has one argument which is a list of tools
+            # to use.
+            "name": "tool_selection",
+            "description": "A list of actions to take.",
+            "parameters": {
+                "title": "tool_selection",
+                "description": "A list of actions to take.",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "actions": {
+                        "title": "actions",
+                        "type": "array",
+                        "items": {
+                            # This is a custom item which bundles the action_name
+                            # and the action. We do this because some actions
+                            # could have the same schema, and without this there
+                            # is no way to differentiate them.
+                            "title": "tool_call",
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                # This is the name of the action to take
+                                "action_name": {
+                                    "title": "action_name",
+                                    "enum": enum_vals,
+                                    "type": "string",
+                                    "description": (
+                                        "Name of the action to take. The name "
+                                        "provided here should match up with the "
+                                        "parameters for the action below."
+                                    ),
+                                },
+                                # This is the action to take.
+                                "action": {
+                                    "title": "Action",
+                                    "anyOf": [
+                                        {
+                                            "title": t.name,
+                                            "type": "object",
+                                            "properties": t.args,
+                                        }
+                                        for t in self.tools
+                                    ],
+                                },
+                            },
+                            "required": ["action_name", "action"],
+                        },
+                    }
+                },
+                "required": ["actions"],
+            },
+        }
+        return [tool_selection]
+
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        """Given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use. Default is None.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        agent_scratchpad = format_to_openai_function_messages(intermediate_steps)
+        selected_inputs = {
+            k: kwargs[k] for k in self.prompt.input_variables if k != "agent_scratchpad"
+        }
+        full_inputs = dict(**selected_inputs, agent_scratchpad=agent_scratchpad)
+        prompt = self.prompt.format_prompt(**full_inputs)
+        messages = prompt.to_messages()
+        predicted_message = self.llm.predict_messages(
+            messages, functions=self.functions, callbacks=callbacks
+        )
+        agent_decision = _parse_ai_message(predicted_message)
+        return agent_decision
+
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        """Async given input, decided what to do.
+
+        Args:
+            intermediate_steps: Steps the LLM has taken to date,
+                along with observations.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use. Default is None.
+            **kwargs: User inputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Action specifying what tool to use.
+        """
+        agent_scratchpad = format_to_openai_function_messages(intermediate_steps)
+        selected_inputs = {
+            k: kwargs[k] for k in self.prompt.input_variables if k != "agent_scratchpad"
+        }
+        full_inputs = dict(**selected_inputs, agent_scratchpad=agent_scratchpad)
+        prompt = self.prompt.format_prompt(**full_inputs)
+        messages = prompt.to_messages()
+        predicted_message = await self.llm.apredict_messages(
+            messages, functions=self.functions, callbacks=callbacks
+        )
+        agent_decision = _parse_ai_message(predicted_message)
+        return agent_decision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(
+        cls,
+        system_message: Optional[SystemMessage] = SystemMessage(
+            content="You are a helpful AI assistant."
+        ),
+        extra_prompt_messages: Optional[list[BaseMessagePromptTemplate]] = None,
+    ) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Create prompt for this agent.
+
+        Args:
+            system_message: Message to use as the system message that will be the
+                first in the prompt.
+            extra_prompt_messages: Prompt messages that will be placed between the
+                system message and the new human input. Default is None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A prompt template to pass into this agent.
+        """
+        _prompts = extra_prompt_messages or []
+        messages: list[Union[BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseMessage]]
+        if system_message:
+            messages = [system_message]
+        else:
+            messages = []
+
+        messages.extend(
+            [
+                *_prompts,
+                HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{input}"),
+                MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="agent_scratchpad"),
+            ]
+        )
+        return ChatPromptTemplate(messages=messages)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        extra_prompt_messages: Optional[list[BaseMessagePromptTemplate]] = None,
+        system_message: Optional[SystemMessage] = SystemMessage(
+            content="You are a helpful AI assistant."
+        ),
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMultiActionAgent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The language model to use.
+            tools: A list of tools to use.
+            callback_manager: The callback manager to use. Default is None.
+            extra_prompt_messages: Extra prompt messages to use. Default is None.
+            system_message: The system message to use.
+                Default is a default system message.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+        """
+        prompt = cls.create_prompt(
+            extra_prompt_messages=extra_prompt_messages,
+            system_message=system_message,
+        )
+        return cls(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            tools=tools,
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_tools/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_tools/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_tools/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_tools/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_tools/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_tools/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fda07b33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/openai_tools/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import convert_to_openai_tool
+
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.openai_tools import (
+    format_to_openai_tool_messages,
+)
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.openai_tools import OpenAIToolsAgentOutputParser
+
+
+def create_openai_tools_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+    prompt: ChatPromptTemplate,
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent that uses OpenAI tools.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent.
+        tools: Tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt to use. See Prompt section below for more on the expected
+            input variables.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+        variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+        AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the prompt is missing required variables.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain import hub
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_openai_tools_agent
+
+            prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/openai-tools-agent")
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            tools = ...
+
+            agent = create_openai_tools_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "hi"})
+
+            # Using with chat history
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+            agent_executor.invoke(
+                {
+                    "input": "what's my name?",
+                    "chat_history": [
+                        HumanMessage(content="hi! my name is bob"),
+                        AIMessage(content="Hello Bob! How can I assist you today?"),
+                    ],
+                }
+            )
+
+    Prompt:
+
+        The agent prompt must have an `agent_scratchpad` key that is a
+            ``MessagesPlaceholder``. Intermediate agent actions and tool output
+            messages will be passed in here.
+
+        Here's an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are a helpful assistant"),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("chat_history", optional=True),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("agent_scratchpad"),
+                ]
+            )
+    """
+    missing_vars = {"agent_scratchpad"}.difference(
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    )
+    if missing_vars:
+        raise ValueError(f"Prompt missing required variables: {missing_vars}")
+
+    llm_with_tools = llm.bind(
+        tools=[convert_to_openai_tool(tool, strict=strict) for tool in tools]
+    )
+
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: format_to_openai_tool_messages(
+                x["intermediate_steps"]
+            )
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_with_tools
+        | OpenAIToolsAgentOutputParser()
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5a8b97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""Parsing utils to go from string to AgentAction or Agent Finish.
+
+AgentAction means that an action should be taken.
+This contains the name of the tool to use, the input to pass to that tool,
+and a `log` variable (which contains a log of the agent's thinking).
+
+AgentFinish means that a response should be given.
+This contains a `return_values` dictionary. This usually contains a
+single `output` key, but can be extended to contain more.
+This also contains a `log` variable (which contains a log of the agent's thinking).
+"""
+
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.json import JSONAgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.react_json_single_input import (
+    ReActJsonSingleInputOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.react_single_input import (
+    ReActSingleInputOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.self_ask import SelfAskOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.tools import ToolsAgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.xml import XMLAgentOutputParser
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ReActSingleInputOutputParser",
+    "SelfAskOutputParser",
+    "ToolsAgentOutputParser",
+    "ReActJsonSingleInputOutputParser",
+    "OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser",
+    "XMLAgentOutputParser",
+    "JSONAgentOutputParser",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/__pycache__/xml.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/__pycache__/xml.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e89a9bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import parse_json_markdown
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class JSONAgentOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses tool invocations and final answers in JSON format.
+
+    Expects output to be in one of two formats.
+
+    If the output signals that an action should be taken,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentAction
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    {
+      "action": "search",
+      "action_input": "2+2"
+    }
+    ```
+
+    If the output signals that a final answer should be given,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentFinish
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    {
+      "action": "Final Answer",
+      "action_input": "4"
+    }
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        try:
+            response = parse_json_markdown(text)
+            if isinstance(response, list):
+                # gpt turbo frequently ignores the directive to emit a single action
+                logger.warning("Got multiple action responses: %s", response)
+                response = response[0]
+            if response["action"] == "Final Answer":
+                return AgentFinish({"output": response["action_input"]}, text)
+            else:
+                action_input = response.get("action_input", {})
+                if action_input is None:
+                    action_input = {}
+                return AgentAction(response["action"], action_input, text)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: {text}") from e
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "json-agent"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67a6423d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import json
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentActionMessageLog, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+)
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, Generation
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+
+
+class OpenAIFunctionsAgentOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses a message into agent action/finish.
+
+    Is meant to be used with OpenAI models, as it relies on the specific
+    function_call parameter from OpenAI to convey what tools to use.
+
+    If a function_call parameter is passed, then that is used to get
+    the tool and tool input.
+
+    If one is not passed, then the AIMessage is assumed to be the final output.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "openai-functions-agent"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_ai_message(message: BaseMessage) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        """Parse an AI message."""
+        if not isinstance(message, AIMessage):
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected an AI message got {type(message)}")
+
+        function_call = message.additional_kwargs.get("function_call", {})
+
+        if function_call:
+            function_name = function_call["name"]
+            try:
+                if len(function_call["arguments"].strip()) == 0:
+                    # OpenAI returns an empty string for functions containing no args
+                    _tool_input = {}
+                else:
+                    # otherwise it returns a json object
+                    _tool_input = json.loads(function_call["arguments"], strict=False)
+            except JSONDecodeError:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"Could not parse tool input: {function_call} because "
+                    f"the `arguments` is not valid JSON."
+                )
+
+            # HACK HACK HACK:
+            # The code that encodes tool input into Open AI uses a special variable
+            # name called `__arg1` to handle old style tools that do not expose a
+            # schema and expect a single string argument as an input.
+            # We unpack the argument here if it exists.
+            # Open AI does not support passing in a JSON array as an argument.
+            if "__arg1" in _tool_input:
+                tool_input = _tool_input["__arg1"]
+            else:
+                tool_input = _tool_input
+
+            content_msg = f"responded: {message.content}\n" if message.content else "\n"
+            log = f"\nInvoking: `{function_name}` with `{tool_input}`\n{content_msg}\n"
+            return AgentActionMessageLog(
+                tool=function_name,
+                tool_input=tool_input,
+                log=log,
+                message_log=[message],
+            )
+
+        return AgentFinish(
+            return_values={"output": message.content}, log=str(message.content)
+        )
+
+    def parse_result(
+        self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        if not isinstance(result[0], ChatGeneration):
+            raise ValueError("This output parser only works on ChatGeneration output")
+        message = result[0].message
+        return self._parse_ai_message(message)
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        raise ValueError("Can only parse messages")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/openai_tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/openai_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c580842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/openai_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, Generation
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import MultiActionAgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.tools import (
+    ToolAgentAction,
+    parse_ai_message_to_tool_action,
+)
+
+OpenAIToolAgentAction = ToolAgentAction
+
+
+def parse_ai_message_to_openai_tool_action(
+    message: BaseMessage,
+) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+    """Parse an AI message potentially containing tool_calls."""
+    tool_actions = parse_ai_message_to_tool_action(message)
+    if isinstance(tool_actions, AgentFinish):
+        return tool_actions
+    final_actions: list[AgentAction] = []
+    for action in tool_actions:
+        if isinstance(action, ToolAgentAction):
+            final_actions.append(
+                OpenAIToolAgentAction(
+                    tool=action.tool,
+                    tool_input=action.tool_input,
+                    log=action.log,
+                    message_log=action.message_log,
+                    tool_call_id=action.tool_call_id,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            final_actions.append(action)
+    return final_actions
+
+
+class OpenAIToolsAgentOutputParser(MultiActionAgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses a message into agent actions/finish.
+
+    Is meant to be used with OpenAI models, as it relies on the specific
+    tool_calls parameter from OpenAI to convey what tools to use.
+
+    If a tool_calls parameter is passed, then that is used to get
+    the tool names and tool inputs.
+
+    If one is not passed, then the AIMessage is assumed to be the final output.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "openai-tools-agent-output-parser"
+
+    def parse_result(
+        self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False
+    ) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        if not isinstance(result[0], ChatGeneration):
+            raise ValueError("This output parser only works on ChatGeneration output")
+        message = result[0].message
+        return parse_ai_message_to_openai_tool_action(message)
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        raise ValueError("Can only parse messages")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/react_json_single_input.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/react_json_single_input.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75a473c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/react_json_single_input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+import json
+import re
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.chat.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION = "Final Answer:"
+
+
+class ReActJsonSingleInputOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses ReAct-style LLM calls that have a single tool input in json format.
+
+    Expects output to be in one of two formats.
+
+    If the output signals that an action should be taken,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentAction
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    Thought: agent thought here
+    Action:
+    ```
+    {
+        "action": "search",
+        "action_input": "what is the temperature in SF"
+    }
+    ```
+    ```
+
+    If the output signals that a final answer should be given,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentFinish
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    Thought: agent thought here
+    Final Answer: The temperature is 100 degrees
+    ```
+
+    """
+
+    pattern: Pattern = re.compile(r"^.*?`{3}(?:json)?\n?(.*?)`{3}.*?$", re.DOTALL)
+    """Regex pattern to parse the output."""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        includes_answer = FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION in text
+        try:
+            found = self.pattern.search(text)
+            if not found:
+                # Fast fail to parse Final Answer.
+                raise ValueError("action not found")
+            action = found.group(1)
+            response = json.loads(action.strip())
+            includes_action = "action" in response
+            if includes_answer and includes_action:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    "Parsing LLM output produced a final answer "
+                    f"and a parse-able action: {text}"
+                )
+            return AgentAction(
+                response["action"], response.get("action_input", {}), text
+            )
+
+        except Exception:
+            if not includes_answer:
+                raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: {text}")
+            output = text.split(FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION)[-1].strip()
+            return AgentFinish({"output": output}, text)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "react-json-single-input"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/react_single_input.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/react_single_input.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b853cb04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/react_single_input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import re
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.mrkl.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION = "Final Answer:"
+MISSING_ACTION_AFTER_THOUGHT_ERROR_MESSAGE = (
+    "Invalid Format: Missing 'Action:' after 'Thought:'"
+)
+MISSING_ACTION_INPUT_AFTER_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE = (
+    "Invalid Format: Missing 'Action Input:' after 'Action:'"
+)
+FINAL_ANSWER_AND_PARSABLE_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE = (
+    "Parsing LLM output produced both a final answer and a parse-able action:"
+)
+
+
+class ReActSingleInputOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses ReAct-style LLM calls that have a single tool input.
+
+    Expects output to be in one of two formats.
+
+    If the output signals that an action should be taken,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentAction
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    Thought: agent thought here
+    Action: search
+    Action Input: what is the temperature in SF?
+    ```
+
+    If the output signals that a final answer should be given,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentFinish
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    Thought: agent thought here
+    Final Answer: The temperature is 100 degrees
+    ```
+
+    """
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        includes_answer = FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION in text
+        regex = (
+            r"Action\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*?)[\s]*Action\s*\d*\s*Input\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*)"
+        )
+        action_match = re.search(regex, text, re.DOTALL)
+        if action_match:
+            if includes_answer:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"{FINAL_ANSWER_AND_PARSABLE_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE}: {text}"
+                )
+            action = action_match.group(1).strip()
+            action_input = action_match.group(2)
+            tool_input = action_input.strip(" ")
+            tool_input = tool_input.strip('"')
+
+            return AgentAction(action, tool_input, text)
+
+        elif includes_answer:
+            return AgentFinish(
+                {"output": text.split(FINAL_ANSWER_ACTION)[-1].strip()}, text
+            )
+
+        if not re.search(r"Action\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*?)", text, re.DOTALL):
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse LLM output: `{text}`",
+                observation=MISSING_ACTION_AFTER_THOUGHT_ERROR_MESSAGE,
+                llm_output=text,
+                send_to_llm=True,
+            )
+        elif not re.search(
+            r"[\s]*Action\s*\d*\s*Input\s*\d*\s*:[\s]*(.*)", text, re.DOTALL
+        ):
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse LLM output: `{text}`",
+                observation=MISSING_ACTION_INPUT_AFTER_ACTION_ERROR_MESSAGE,
+                llm_output=text,
+                send_to_llm=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: `{text}`")
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "react-single-input"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/self_ask.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/self_ask.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05ecafe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/self_ask.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+
+
+class SelfAskOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses self-ask style LLM calls.
+
+    Expects output to be in one of two formats.
+
+    If the output signals that an action should be taken,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentAction
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    Thoughts go here...
+    Follow up: what is the temperature in SF?
+    ```
+
+    If the output signals that a final answer should be given,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentFinish
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    Thoughts go here...
+    So the final answer is: The temperature is 100 degrees
+    ```
+
+    """
+
+    followups: Sequence[str] = ("Follow up:", "Followup:")
+    finish_string: str = "So the final answer is: "
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        last_line = text.split("\n")[-1]
+        if not any([follow in last_line for follow in self.followups]):
+            if self.finish_string not in last_line:
+                raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse output: {text}")
+            return AgentFinish({"output": last_line[len(self.finish_string) :]}, text)
+
+        after_colon = text.split(":")[-1].strip()
+        return AgentAction("Intermediate Answer", after_colon, text)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "self_ask"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7d28e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import json
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentActionMessageLog, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    ToolCall,
+)
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, Generation
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import MultiActionAgentOutputParser
+
+
+class ToolAgentAction(AgentActionMessageLog):
+    tool_call_id: str
+    """Tool call that this message is responding to."""
+
+
+def parse_ai_message_to_tool_action(
+    message: BaseMessage,
+) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+    """Parse an AI message potentially containing tool_calls."""
+    if not isinstance(message, AIMessage):
+        raise TypeError(f"Expected an AI message got {type(message)}")
+
+    actions: list = []
+    if message.tool_calls:
+        tool_calls = message.tool_calls
+    else:
+        if not message.additional_kwargs.get("tool_calls"):
+            return AgentFinish(
+                return_values={"output": message.content}, log=str(message.content)
+            )
+        # Best-effort parsing
+        tool_calls = []
+        for tool_call in message.additional_kwargs["tool_calls"]:
+            function = tool_call["function"]
+            function_name = function["name"]
+            try:
+                args = json.loads(function["arguments"] or "{}")
+                tool_calls.append(
+                    ToolCall(name=function_name, args=args, id=tool_call["id"])
+                )
+            except JSONDecodeError:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"Could not parse tool input: {function} because "
+                    f"the `arguments` is not valid JSON."
+                )
+    for tool_call in tool_calls:
+        # HACK HACK HACK:
+        # The code that encodes tool input into Open AI uses a special variable
+        # name called `__arg1` to handle old style tools that do not expose a
+        # schema and expect a single string argument as an input.
+        # We unpack the argument here if it exists.
+        # Open AI does not support passing in a JSON array as an argument.
+        function_name = tool_call["name"]
+        _tool_input = tool_call["args"]
+        if "__arg1" in _tool_input:
+            tool_input = _tool_input["__arg1"]
+        else:
+            tool_input = _tool_input
+
+        content_msg = f"responded: {message.content}\n" if message.content else "\n"
+        log = f"\nInvoking: `{function_name}` with `{tool_input}`\n{content_msg}\n"
+        actions.append(
+            ToolAgentAction(
+                tool=function_name,
+                tool_input=tool_input,
+                log=log,
+                message_log=[message],
+                tool_call_id=tool_call["id"],
+            )
+        )
+    return actions
+
+
+class ToolsAgentOutputParser(MultiActionAgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses a message into agent actions/finish.
+
+    If a tool_calls parameter is passed, then that is used to get
+    the tool names and tool inputs.
+
+    If one is not passed, then the AIMessage is assumed to be the final output.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "tools-agent-output-parser"
+
+    def parse_result(
+        self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False
+    ) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        if not isinstance(result[0], ChatGeneration):
+            raise ValueError("This output parser only works on ChatGeneration output")
+        message = result[0].message
+        return parse_ai_message_to_tool_action(message)
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[list[AgentAction], AgentFinish]:
+        raise ValueError("Can only parse messages")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/xml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..730d069a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/output_parsers/xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+
+from langchain.agents import AgentOutputParser
+
+
+class XMLAgentOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Parses tool invocations and final answers in XML format.
+
+    Expects output to be in one of two formats.
+
+    If the output signals that an action should be taken,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentAction
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    <tool>search</tool>
+    <tool_input>what is 2 + 2</tool_input>
+    ```
+
+    If the output signals that a final answer should be given,
+    should be in the below format. This will result in an AgentFinish
+    being returned.
+
+    ```
+    <final_answer>Foo</final_answer>
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        if "</tool>" in text:
+            tool, tool_input = text.split("</tool>")
+            _tool = tool.split("<tool>")[1]
+            _tool_input = tool_input.split("<tool_input>")[1]
+            if "</tool_input>" in _tool_input:
+                _tool_input = _tool_input.split("</tool_input>")[0]
+            return AgentAction(tool=_tool, tool_input=_tool_input, log=text)
+        elif "<final_answer>" in text:
+            _, answer = text.split("<final_answer>")
+            if "</final_answer>" in answer:
+                answer = answer.split("</final_answer>")[0]
+            return AgentFinish(return_values={"output": answer}, log=text)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "xml-agent"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34518432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Implements the ReAct paper from https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.03629.pdf."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/__pycache__/wiki_prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/__pycache__/wiki_prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/agent.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/agent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c4e7759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/agent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.tools.render import ToolsRenderer, render_text_description
+
+from langchain.agents import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad import format_log_to_str
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers import ReActSingleInputOutputParser
+
+
+def create_react_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+    output_parser: Optional[AgentOutputParser] = None,
+    tools_renderer: ToolsRenderer = render_text_description,
+    *,
+    stop_sequence: Union[bool, list[str]] = True,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent that uses ReAct prompting.
+
+    Based on paper "ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"
+    (https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)
+
+    .. warning::
+       This implementation is based on the foundational ReAct paper but is older and not well-suited for production applications.
+       For a more robust and feature-rich implementation, we recommend using the `create_react_agent` function from the LangGraph library.
+       See the [reference doc](https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/reference/prebuilt/#langgraph.prebuilt.chat_agent_executor.create_react_agent)
+       for more information.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent.
+        tools: Tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt to use. See Prompt section below for more.
+        output_parser: AgentOutputParser for parse the LLM output.
+        tools_renderer: This controls how the tools are converted into a string and
+            then passed into the LLM. Default is `render_text_description`.
+        stop_sequence: bool or list of str.
+            If True, adds a stop token of "Observation:" to avoid hallucinates.
+            If False, does not add a stop token.
+            If a list of str, uses the provided list as the stop tokens.
+
+            Default is True. You may to set this to False if the LLM you are using
+            does not support stop sequences.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+        variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+        AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain import hub
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_react_agent
+
+            prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/react")
+            model = OpenAI()
+            tools = ...
+
+            agent = create_react_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "hi"})
+
+            # Use with chat history
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+            agent_executor.invoke(
+                {
+                    "input": "what's my name?",
+                    # Notice that chat_history is a string
+                    # since this prompt is aimed at LLMs, not chat models
+                    "chat_history": "Human: My name is Bob\\nAI: Hello Bob!",
+                }
+            )
+
+    Prompt:
+
+        The prompt must have input keys:
+            * `tools`: contains descriptions and arguments for each tool.
+            * `tool_names`: contains all tool names.
+            * `agent_scratchpad`: contains previous agent actions and tool outputs as a string.
+
+        Here's an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+            template = '''Answer the following questions as best you can. You have access to the following tools:
+
+            {tools}
+
+            Use the following format:
+
+            Question: the input question you must answer
+            Thought: you should always think about what to do
+            Action: the action to take, should be one of [{tool_names}]
+            Action Input: the input to the action
+            Observation: the result of the action
+            ... (this Thought/Action/Action Input/Observation can repeat N times)
+            Thought: I now know the final answer
+            Final Answer: the final answer to the original input question
+
+            Begin!
+
+            Question: {input}
+            Thought:{agent_scratchpad}'''
+
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(template)
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    missing_vars = {"tools", "tool_names", "agent_scratchpad"}.difference(
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    )
+    if missing_vars:
+        raise ValueError(f"Prompt missing required variables: {missing_vars}")
+
+    prompt = prompt.partial(
+        tools=tools_renderer(list(tools)),
+        tool_names=", ".join([t.name for t in tools]),
+    )
+    if stop_sequence:
+        stop = ["\nObservation"] if stop_sequence is True else stop_sequence
+        llm_with_stop = llm.bind(stop=stop)
+    else:
+        llm_with_stop = llm
+    output_parser = output_parser or ReActSingleInputOutputParser()
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: format_log_to_str(x["intermediate_steps"]),
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_with_stop
+        | output_parser
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b0d191d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+"""Chain that implements the ReAct paper from https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.03629.pdf."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool, Tool
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain._api.deprecation import AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING
+from langchain.agents.agent import Agent, AgentExecutor, AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.react.output_parser import ReActOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.react.textworld_prompt import TEXTWORLD_PROMPT
+from langchain.agents.react.wiki_prompt import WIKI_PROMPT
+from langchain.agents.utils import validate_tools_single_input
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.docstore.base import Docstore
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ReActDocstoreAgent(Agent):
+    """Agent for the ReAct chain."""
+
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(default_factory=ReActOutputParser)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        return ReActOutputParser()
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return Identifier of an agent type."""
+        return AgentType.REACT_DOCSTORE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Return default prompt."""
+        return WIKI_PROMPT
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        validate_tools_single_input(cls.__name__, tools)
+        super()._validate_tools(tools)
+        if len(tools) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(f"Exactly two tools must be specified, but got {tools}")
+        tool_names = {tool.name for tool in tools}
+        if tool_names != {"Lookup", "Search"}:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Tool names should be Lookup and Search, got {tool_names}"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with."""
+        return "Observation: "
+
+    @property
+    def _stop(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["\nObservation:"]
+
+    @property
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the LLM call with."""
+        return "Thought:"
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class DocstoreExplorer:
+    """Class to assist with exploration of a document store."""
+
+    def __init__(self, docstore: Docstore):
+        """Initialize with a docstore, and set initial document to None."""
+        self.docstore = docstore
+        self.document: Optional[Document] = None
+        self.lookup_str = ""
+        self.lookup_index = 0
+
+    def search(self, term: str) -> str:
+        """Search for a term in the docstore, and if found save."""
+        result = self.docstore.search(term)
+        if isinstance(result, Document):
+            self.document = result
+            return self._summary
+        else:
+            self.document = None
+            return result
+
+    def lookup(self, term: str) -> str:
+        """Lookup a term in document (if saved)."""
+        if self.document is None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot lookup without a successful search first")
+        if term.lower() != self.lookup_str:
+            self.lookup_str = term.lower()
+            self.lookup_index = 0
+        else:
+            self.lookup_index += 1
+        lookups = [p for p in self._paragraphs if self.lookup_str in p.lower()]
+        if len(lookups) == 0:
+            return "No Results"
+        elif self.lookup_index >= len(lookups):
+            return "No More Results"
+        else:
+            result_prefix = f"(Result {self.lookup_index + 1}/{len(lookups)})"
+            return f"{result_prefix} {lookups[self.lookup_index]}"
+
+    @property
+    def _summary(self) -> str:
+        return self._paragraphs[0]
+
+    @property
+    def _paragraphs(self) -> list[str]:
+        if self.document is None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot get paragraphs without a document")
+        return self.document.page_content.split("\n\n")
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ReActTextWorldAgent(ReActDocstoreAgent):
+    """Agent for the ReAct TextWorld chain."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Return default prompt."""
+        return TEXTWORLD_PROMPT
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        validate_tools_single_input(cls.__name__, tools)
+        super()._validate_tools(tools)
+        if len(tools) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(f"Exactly one tool must be specified, but got {tools}")
+        tool_names = {tool.name for tool in tools}
+        if tool_names != {"Play"}:
+            raise ValueError(f"Tool name should be Play, got {tool_names}")
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.0",
+    message=AGENT_DEPRECATION_WARNING,
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ReActChain(AgentExecutor):
+    """[Deprecated] Chain that implements the ReAct paper."""
+
+    def __init__(self, llm: BaseLanguageModel, docstore: Docstore, **kwargs: Any):
+        """Initialize with the LLM and a docstore."""
+        docstore_explorer = DocstoreExplorer(docstore)
+        tools = [
+            Tool(
+                name="Search",
+                func=docstore_explorer.search,
+                description="Search for a term in the docstore.",
+            ),
+            Tool(
+                name="Lookup",
+                func=docstore_explorer.lookup,
+                description="Lookup a term in the docstore.",
+            ),
+        ]
+        agent = ReActDocstoreAgent.from_llm_and_tools(llm, tools)
+        super().__init__(agent=agent, tools=tools, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce3161d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import re
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+
+
+class ReActOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Output parser for the ReAct agent."""
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        action_prefix = "Action: "
+        if not text.strip().split("\n")[-1].startswith(action_prefix):
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM Output: {text}")
+        action_block = text.strip().split("\n")[-1]
+
+        action_str = action_block[len(action_prefix) :]
+        # Parse out the action and the directive.
+        re_matches = re.search(r"(.*?)\[(.*?)\]", action_str)
+        if re_matches is None:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse action directive: {action_str}"
+            )
+        action, action_input = re_matches.group(1), re_matches.group(2)
+        if action == "Finish":
+            return AgentFinish({"output": action_input}, text)
+        else:
+            return AgentAction(action, action_input, text)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "react"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/textworld_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/textworld_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26cfd49a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/textworld_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+EXAMPLES = [
+    """Setup: You are now playing a fast paced round of TextWorld! Here is your task for
+today. First of all, you could, like, try to travel east. After that, take the
+binder from the locker. With the binder, place the binder on the mantelpiece.
+Alright, thanks!
+
+-= Vault =-
+You've just walked into a vault. You begin to take stock of what's here.
+
+An open safe is here. What a letdown! The safe is empty! You make out a shelf.
+But the thing hasn't got anything on it. What, you think everything in TextWorld
+should have stuff on it?
+
+You don't like doors? Why not try going east, that entranceway is unguarded.
+
+Thought: I need to travel east
+Action: Play[go east]
+Observation: -= Office =-
+You arrive in an office. An ordinary one.
+
+You can make out a locker. The locker contains a binder. You see a case. The
+case is empty, what a horrible day! You lean against the wall, inadvertently
+pressing a secret button. The wall opens up to reveal a mantelpiece. You wonder
+idly who left that here. The mantelpiece is standard. The mantelpiece appears to
+be empty. If you haven't noticed it already, there seems to be something there
+by the wall, it's a table. Unfortunately, there isn't a thing on it. Hm. Oh well
+There is an exit to the west. Don't worry, it is unguarded.
+
+Thought: I need to take the binder from the locker
+Action: Play[take binder]
+Observation: You take the binder from the locker.
+
+Thought: I need to place the binder on the mantelpiece
+Action: Play[put binder on mantelpiece]
+
+Observation: You put the binder on the mantelpiece.
+Your score has just gone up by one point.
+*** The End ***
+Thought: The End has occurred
+Action: Finish[yes]
+
+"""
+]
+SUFFIX = """\n\nSetup: {input}
+{agent_scratchpad}"""
+
+TEXTWORLD_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_examples(
+    EXAMPLES, SUFFIX, ["input", "agent_scratchpad"]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/wiki_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/wiki_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9db6cf92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/react/wiki_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+EXAMPLES = [
+    """Question: What is the elevation range for the area that the eastern sector of the Colorado orogeny extends into?
+Thought: I need to search Colorado orogeny, find the area that the eastern sector of the Colorado orogeny extends into, then find the elevation range of the area.
+Action: Search[Colorado orogeny]
+Observation: The Colorado orogeny was an episode of mountain building (an orogeny) in Colorado and surrounding areas.
+Thought: It does not mention the eastern sector. So I need to look up eastern sector.
+Action: Lookup[eastern sector]
+Observation: (Result 1 / 1) The eastern sector extends into the High Plains and is called the Central Plains orogeny.
+Thought: The eastern sector of Colorado orogeny extends into the High Plains. So I need to search High Plains and find its elevation range.
+Action: Search[High Plains]
+Observation: High Plains refers to one of two distinct land regions
+Thought: I need to instead search High Plains (United States).
+Action: Search[High Plains (United States)]
+Observation: The High Plains are a subregion of the Great Plains. From east to west, the High Plains rise in elevation from around 1,800 to 7,000 ft (550 to 2,130 m).[3]
+Thought: High Plains rise in elevation from around 1,800 to 7,000 ft, so the answer is 1,800 to 7,000 ft.
+Action: Finish[1,800 to 7,000 ft]""",
+    """Question: Musician and satirist Allie Goertz wrote a song about the "The Simpsons" character Milhouse, who Matt Groening named after who?
+Thought: The question simplifies to "The Simpsons" character Milhouse is named after who. I only need to search Milhouse and find who it is named after.
+Action: Search[Milhouse]
+Observation: Milhouse Mussolini Van Houten is a recurring character in the Fox animated television series The Simpsons voiced by Pamela Hayden and created by Matt Groening.
+Thought: The paragraph does not tell who Milhouse is named after, maybe I can look up "named after".
+Action: Lookup[named after]
+Observation: (Result 1 / 1) Milhouse was named after U.S. president Richard Nixon, whose middle name was Milhous.
+Thought: Milhouse was named after U.S. president Richard Nixon, so the answer is Richard Nixon.
+Action: Finish[Richard Nixon]""",
+    """Question: Which documentary is about Finnish rock groups, Adam Clayton Powell or The Saimaa Gesture?
+Thought: I need to search Adam Clayton Powell and The Saimaa Gesture, and find which documentary is about Finnish rock groups.
+Action: Search[Adam Clayton Powell]
+Observation: Could not find [Adam Clayton Powell]. Similar: [’Adam Clayton Powell III’, ’Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)’, ’Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building’, ’Isabel Washington Powell’, ’Adam Powell’, ’Adam Clayton Powell (film)’, ’Giancarlo Esposito’].
+Thought: To find the documentary, I can search Adam Clayton Powell (film).
+Action: Search[Adam Clayton Powell (film)]
+Observation: Adam Clayton Powell is a 1989 American documentary film directed by Richard Kilberg. The film is about the rise and fall of influential African-American politician Adam Clayton Powell Jr.[3][4] It was later aired as part of the PBS series The American Experience.
+Thought: Adam Clayton Powell (film) is a documentary about an African-American politician, not Finnish rock groups. So the documentary about Finnish rock groups must instead be The Saimaa Gesture.
+Action: Finish[The Saimaa Gesture]""",
+    """Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common?
+Thought: I need to search Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan, find their professions, then find the profession they have in common.
+Action: Search[Nicholas Ray]
+Observation: Nicholas Ray (born Raymond Nicholas Kienzle Jr., August 7, 1911 - June 16, 1979) was an American film director, screenwriter, and actor best known for the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause.
+Thought: Professions of Nicholas Ray are director, screenwriter, and actor. I need to search Elia Kazan next and find his professions.
+Action: Search[Elia Kazan]
+Observation: Elia Kazan was an American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter and actor.
+Thought: Professions of Elia Kazan are director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. So profession Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common is director, screenwriter, and actor.
+Action: Finish[director, screenwriter, actor]""",
+    """Question: Which magazine was started first Arthur’s Magazine or First for Women?
+Thought: I need to search Arthur’s Magazine and First for Women, and find which was started first.
+Action: Search[Arthur’s Magazine]
+Observation: Arthur’s Magazine (1844-1846) was an American literary periodical published in Philadelphia in the 19th century.
+Thought: Arthur’s Magazine was started in 1844. I need to search First for Women next.
+Action: Search[First for Women]
+Observation: First for Women is a woman’s magazine published by Bauer Media Group in the USA.[1] The magazine was started in 1989.
+Thought: First for Women was started in 1989. 1844 (Arthur’s Magazine) < 1989 (First for Women), so Arthur’s Magazine was started first.
+Action: Finish[Arthur’s Magazine]""",
+    """Question: Were Pavel Urysohn and Leonid Levin known for the same type of work?
+Thought: I need to search Pavel Urysohn and Leonid Levin, find their types of work, then find if they are the same.
+Action: Search[Pavel Urysohn]
+Observation: Pavel Samuilovich Urysohn (February 3, 1898 - August 17, 1924) was a Soviet mathematician who is best known for his contributions in dimension theory.
+Thought: Pavel Urysohn is a mathematician. I need to search Leonid Levin next and find its type of work.
+Action: Search[Leonid Levin]
+Observation: Leonid Anatolievich Levin is a Soviet-American mathematician and computer scientist.
+Thought: Leonid Levin is a mathematician and computer scientist. So Pavel Urysohn and Leonid Levin have the same type of work.
+Action: Finish[yes]""",
+]
+SUFFIX = """\nQuestion: {input}
+{agent_scratchpad}"""
+
+WIKI_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_examples(
+    EXAMPLES, SUFFIX, ["input", "agent_scratchpad"]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..664ec9ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+
+class AgentScratchPadChatPromptTemplate(ChatPromptTemplate):
+    """Chat prompt template for the agent scratchpad."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def _construct_agent_scratchpad(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]
+    ) -> str:
+        if len(intermediate_steps) == 0:
+            return ""
+        thoughts = ""
+        for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+            thoughts += action.log
+            thoughts += f"\nObservation: {observation}\nThought: "
+        return (
+            f"This was your previous work "
+            f"(but I haven't seen any of it! I only see what "
+            f"you return as final answer):\n{thoughts}"
+        )
+
+    def _merge_partial_and_user_variables(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        intermediate_steps = kwargs.pop("intermediate_steps")
+        kwargs["agent_scratchpad"] = self._construct_agent_scratchpad(
+            intermediate_steps
+        )
+        return kwargs
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70a450ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+"""Chain that does self ask with search.
+
+Heavily borrowed from https://github.com/ofirpress/self-ask
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36d859f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+"""Chain that does self-ask with search."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool, Tool
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import Agent, AgentExecutor, AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad import format_log_to_str
+from langchain.agents.self_ask_with_search.output_parser import SelfAskOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.self_ask_with_search.prompt import PROMPT
+from langchain.agents.utils import validate_tools_single_input
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.google_serper import GoogleSerperAPIWrapper
+    from langchain_community.utilities.searchapi import SearchApiAPIWrapper
+    from langchain_community.utilities.serpapi import SerpAPIWrapper
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="create_self_ask_with_search", removal="1.0")
+class SelfAskWithSearchAgent(Agent):
+    """Agent for the self-ask-with-search paper."""
+
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(default_factory=SelfAskOutputParser)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        return SelfAskOutputParser()
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return Identifier of an agent type."""
+        return AgentType.SELF_ASK_WITH_SEARCH
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Prompt does not depend on tools."""
+        return PROMPT
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        validate_tools_single_input(cls.__name__, tools)
+        super()._validate_tools(tools)
+        if len(tools) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(f"Exactly one tool must be specified, but got {tools}")
+        tool_names = {tool.name for tool in tools}
+        if tool_names != {"Intermediate Answer"}:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Tool name should be Intermediate Answer, got {tool_names}"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with."""
+        return "Intermediate answer: "
+
+    @property
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the LLM call with."""
+        return ""
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+class SelfAskWithSearchChain(AgentExecutor):
+    """[Deprecated] Chain that does self-ask with search."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        search_chain: Union[
+            GoogleSerperAPIWrapper, SearchApiAPIWrapper, SerpAPIWrapper
+        ],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        """Initialize only with an LLM and a search chain."""
+        search_tool = Tool(
+            name="Intermediate Answer",
+            func=search_chain.run,
+            coroutine=search_chain.arun,
+            description="Search",
+        )
+        agent = SelfAskWithSearchAgent.from_llm_and_tools(llm, [search_tool])
+        super().__init__(agent=agent, tools=[search_tool], **kwargs)
+
+
+def create_self_ask_with_search_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel, tools: Sequence[BaseTool], prompt: BasePromptTemplate
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent that uses self-ask with search prompting.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent.
+        tools: List of tools. Should just be of length 1, with that tool having
+            name `Intermediate Answer`
+        prompt: The prompt to use, must have input key `agent_scratchpad` which will
+            contain agent actions and tool outputs.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+        variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+        AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain import hub
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatAnthropic
+            from langchain.agents import (
+                AgentExecutor, create_self_ask_with_search_agent
+            )
+
+            prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/self-ask-with-search")
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-haiku-20240307")
+            tools = [...]  # Should just be one tool with name `Intermediate Answer`
+
+            agent = create_self_ask_with_search_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "hi"})
+
+    Prompt:
+
+        The prompt must have input key `agent_scratchpad` which will
+            contain agent actions and tool outputs as a string.
+
+        Here's an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+            template = '''Question: Who lived longer, Muhammad Ali or Alan Turing?
+            Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+            Follow up: How old was Muhammad Ali when he died?
+            Intermediate answer: Muhammad Ali was 74 years old when he died.
+            Follow up: How old was Alan Turing when he died?
+            Intermediate answer: Alan Turing was 41 years old when he died.
+            So the final answer is: Muhammad Ali
+
+            Question: When was the founder of craigslist born?
+            Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+            Follow up: Who was the founder of craigslist?
+            Intermediate answer: Craigslist was founded by Craig Newmark.
+            Follow up: When was Craig Newmark born?
+            Intermediate answer: Craig Newmark was born on December 6, 1952.
+            So the final answer is: December 6, 1952
+
+            Question: Who was the maternal grandfather of George Washington?
+            Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+            Follow up: Who was the mother of George Washington?
+            Intermediate answer: The mother of George Washington was Mary Ball Washington.
+            Follow up: Who was the father of Mary Ball Washington?
+            Intermediate answer: The father of Mary Ball Washington was Joseph Ball.
+            So the final answer is: Joseph Ball
+
+            Question: Are both the directors of Jaws and Casino Royale from the same country?
+            Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+            Follow up: Who is the director of Jaws?
+            Intermediate answer: The director of Jaws is Steven Spielberg.
+            Follow up: Where is Steven Spielberg from?
+            Intermediate answer: The United States.
+            Follow up: Who is the director of Casino Royale?
+            Intermediate answer: The director of Casino Royale is Martin Campbell.
+            Follow up: Where is Martin Campbell from?
+            Intermediate answer: New Zealand.
+            So the final answer is: No
+
+            Question: {input}
+            Are followup questions needed here:{agent_scratchpad}'''
+
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(template)
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    missing_vars = {"agent_scratchpad"}.difference(
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    )
+    if missing_vars:
+        raise ValueError(f"Prompt missing required variables: {missing_vars}")
+
+    if len(tools) != 1:
+        raise ValueError("This agent expects exactly one tool")
+    tool = list(tools)[0]
+    if tool.name != "Intermediate Answer":
+        raise ValueError(
+            "This agent expects the tool to be named `Intermediate Answer`"
+        )
+
+    llm_with_stop = llm.bind(stop=["\nIntermediate answer:"])
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: format_log_to_str(
+                x["intermediate_steps"],
+                observation_prefix="\nIntermediate answer: ",
+                llm_prefix="",
+            ),
+            # Give it a default
+            chat_history=lambda x: x.get("chat_history", ""),
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_with_stop
+        | SelfAskOutputParser()
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac35693a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.self_ask import SelfAskOutputParser
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+__all__ = ["SelfAskOutputParser"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9154785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/self_ask_with_search/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = """Question: Who lived longer, Muhammad Ali or Alan Turing?
+Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+Follow up: How old was Muhammad Ali when he died?
+Intermediate answer: Muhammad Ali was 74 years old when he died.
+Follow up: How old was Alan Turing when he died?
+Intermediate answer: Alan Turing was 41 years old when he died.
+So the final answer is: Muhammad Ali
+
+Question: When was the founder of craigslist born?
+Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+Follow up: Who was the founder of craigslist?
+Intermediate answer: Craigslist was founded by Craig Newmark.
+Follow up: When was Craig Newmark born?
+Intermediate answer: Craig Newmark was born on December 6, 1952.
+So the final answer is: December 6, 1952
+
+Question: Who was the maternal grandfather of George Washington?
+Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+Follow up: Who was the mother of George Washington?
+Intermediate answer: The mother of George Washington was Mary Ball Washington.
+Follow up: Who was the father of Mary Ball Washington?
+Intermediate answer: The father of Mary Ball Washington was Joseph Ball.
+So the final answer is: Joseph Ball
+
+Question: Are both the directors of Jaws and Casino Royale from the same country?
+Are follow up questions needed here: Yes.
+Follow up: Who is the director of Jaws?
+Intermediate answer: The director of Jaws is Steven Spielberg.
+Follow up: Where is Steven Spielberg from?
+Intermediate answer: The United States.
+Follow up: Who is the director of Casino Royale?
+Intermediate answer: The director of Casino Royale is Martin Campbell.
+Follow up: Where is Martin Campbell from?
+Intermediate answer: New Zealand.
+So the final answer is: No
+
+Question: {input}
+Are followup questions needed here:{agent_scratchpad}"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "agent_scratchpad"], template=_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..051cd6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+import re
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.tools.render import ToolsRenderer
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import Agent, AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad import format_log_to_str
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers import JSONAgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.structured_chat.output_parser import (
+    StructuredChatOutputParserWithRetries,
+)
+from langchain.agents.structured_chat.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS, PREFIX, SUFFIX
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.tools.render import render_text_description_and_args
+
+HUMAN_MESSAGE_TEMPLATE = "{input}\n\n{agent_scratchpad}"
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="create_structured_chat_agent", removal="1.0")
+class StructuredChatAgent(Agent):
+    """Structured Chat Agent."""
+
+    output_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(
+        default_factory=StructuredChatOutputParserWithRetries
+    )
+    """Output parser for the agent."""
+
+    @property
+    def observation_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the observation with."""
+        return "Observation: "
+
+    @property
+    def llm_prefix(self) -> str:
+        """Prefix to append the llm call with."""
+        return "Thought:"
+
+    def _construct_scratchpad(
+        self, intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]]
+    ) -> str:
+        agent_scratchpad = super()._construct_scratchpad(intermediate_steps)
+        if not isinstance(agent_scratchpad, str):
+            raise ValueError("agent_scratchpad should be of type string.")
+        if agent_scratchpad:
+            return (
+                f"This was your previous work "
+                f"(but I haven't seen any of it! I only see what "
+                f"you return as final answer):\n{agent_scratchpad}"
+            )
+        else:
+            return agent_scratchpad
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_tools(cls, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_default_output_parser(
+        cls, llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> AgentOutputParser:
+        return StructuredChatOutputParserWithRetries.from_llm(llm=llm)
+
+    @property
+    def _stop(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["Observation:"]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_prompt(
+        cls,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        prefix: str = PREFIX,
+        suffix: str = SUFFIX,
+        human_message_template: str = HUMAN_MESSAGE_TEMPLATE,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        memory_prompts: Optional[list[BasePromptTemplate]] = None,
+    ) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        tool_strings = []
+        for tool in tools:
+            args_schema = re.sub("}", "}}", re.sub("{", "{{", str(tool.args)))
+            tool_strings.append(f"{tool.name}: {tool.description}, args: {args_schema}")
+        formatted_tools = "\n".join(tool_strings)
+        tool_names = ", ".join([tool.name for tool in tools])
+        format_instructions = format_instructions.format(tool_names=tool_names)
+        template = "\n\n".join([prefix, formatted_tools, format_instructions, suffix])
+        if input_variables is None:
+            input_variables = ["input", "agent_scratchpad"]
+        _memory_prompts = memory_prompts or []
+        messages = [
+            SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(template),
+            *_memory_prompts,
+            HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(human_message_template),
+        ]
+        return ChatPromptTemplate(input_variables=input_variables, messages=messages)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm_and_tools(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+        callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[AgentOutputParser] = None,
+        prefix: str = PREFIX,
+        suffix: str = SUFFIX,
+        human_message_template: str = HUMAN_MESSAGE_TEMPLATE,
+        format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        memory_prompts: Optional[list[BasePromptTemplate]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Agent:
+        """Construct an agent from an LLM and tools."""
+        cls._validate_tools(tools)
+        prompt = cls.create_prompt(
+            tools,
+            prefix=prefix,
+            suffix=suffix,
+            human_message_template=human_message_template,
+            format_instructions=format_instructions,
+            input_variables=input_variables,
+            memory_prompts=memory_prompts,
+        )
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        )
+        tool_names = [tool.name for tool in tools]
+        _output_parser = output_parser or cls._get_default_output_parser(llm=llm)
+        return cls(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            allowed_tools=tool_names,
+            output_parser=_output_parser,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _agent_type(self) -> str:
+        raise ValueError
+
+
+def create_structured_chat_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+    prompt: ChatPromptTemplate,
+    tools_renderer: ToolsRenderer = render_text_description_and_args,
+    *,
+    stop_sequence: Union[bool, list[str]] = True,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent aimed at supporting tools with multiple inputs.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent.
+        tools: Tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt to use. See Prompt section below for more.
+        stop_sequence: bool or list of str.
+            If True, adds a stop token of "Observation:" to avoid hallucinates.
+            If False, does not add a stop token.
+            If a list of str, uses the provided list as the stop tokens.
+
+            Default is True. You may to set this to False if the LLM you are using
+            does not support stop sequences.
+        tools_renderer: This controls how the tools are converted into a string and
+            then passed into the LLM. Default is `render_text_description`.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+        variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+        AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain import hub
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_structured_chat_agent
+
+            prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/structured-chat-agent")
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            tools = ...
+
+            agent = create_structured_chat_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "hi"})
+
+            # Using with chat history
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+            agent_executor.invoke(
+                {
+                    "input": "what's my name?",
+                    "chat_history": [
+                        HumanMessage(content="hi! my name is bob"),
+                        AIMessage(content="Hello Bob! How can I assist you today?"),
+                    ],
+                }
+            )
+
+    Prompt:
+
+        The prompt must have input keys:
+            * `tools`: contains descriptions and arguments for each tool.
+            * `tool_names`: contains all tool names.
+            * `agent_scratchpad`: contains previous agent actions and tool outputs as a string.
+
+        Here's an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+
+            system = '''Respond to the human as helpfully and accurately as possible. You have access to the following tools:
+
+            {tools}
+
+            Use a json blob to specify a tool by providing an action key (tool name) and an action_input key (tool input).
+
+            Valid "action" values: "Final Answer" or {tool_names}
+
+            Provide only ONE action per $JSON_BLOB, as shown:
+
+            ```
+            {{
+              "action": $TOOL_NAME,
+              "action_input": $INPUT
+            }}
+            ```
+
+            Follow this format:
+
+            Question: input question to answer
+            Thought: consider previous and subsequent steps
+            Action:
+            ```
+            $JSON_BLOB
+            ```
+            Observation: action result
+            ... (repeat Thought/Action/Observation N times)
+            Thought: I know what to respond
+            Action:
+            ```
+            {{
+              "action": "Final Answer",
+              "action_input": "Final response to human"
+            }}
+
+            Begin! Reminder to ALWAYS respond with a valid json blob of a single action. Use tools if necessary. Respond directly if appropriate. Format is Action:```$JSON_BLOB```then Observation'''
+
+            human = '''{input}
+
+            {agent_scratchpad}
+
+            (reminder to respond in a JSON blob no matter what)'''
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", system),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("chat_history", optional=True),
+                    ("human", human),
+                ]
+            )
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    missing_vars = {"tools", "tool_names", "agent_scratchpad"}.difference(
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    )
+    if missing_vars:
+        raise ValueError(f"Prompt missing required variables: {missing_vars}")
+
+    prompt = prompt.partial(
+        tools=tools_renderer(list(tools)),
+        tool_names=", ".join([t.name for t in tools]),
+    )
+    if stop_sequence:
+        stop = ["\nObservation"] if stop_sequence is True else stop_sequence
+        llm_with_stop = llm.bind(stop=stop)
+    else:
+        llm_with_stop = llm
+
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: format_log_to_str(x["intermediate_steps"]),
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_with_stop
+        | JSONAgentOutputParser()
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fc85fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import logging
+import re
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import AgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.structured_chat.prompt import FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+from langchain.output_parsers import OutputFixingParser
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class StructuredChatOutputParser(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Output parser for the structured chat agent."""
+
+    format_instructions: str = FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+    """Default formatting instructions"""
+
+    pattern: Pattern = re.compile(r"```(?:json\s+)?(\W.*?)```", re.DOTALL)
+    """Regex pattern to parse the output."""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Returns formatting instructions for the given output parser."""
+        return self.format_instructions
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        try:
+            action_match = self.pattern.search(text)
+            if action_match is not None:
+                response = json.loads(action_match.group(1).strip(), strict=False)
+                if isinstance(response, list):
+                    # gpt turbo frequently ignores the directive to emit a single action
+                    logger.warning("Got multiple action responses: %s", response)
+                    response = response[0]
+                if response["action"] == "Final Answer":
+                    return AgentFinish({"output": response["action_input"]}, text)
+                else:
+                    return AgentAction(
+                        response["action"], response.get("action_input", {}), text
+                    )
+            else:
+                return AgentFinish({"output": text}, text)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: {text}") from e
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "structured_chat"
+
+
+class StructuredChatOutputParserWithRetries(AgentOutputParser):
+    """Output parser with retries for the structured chat agent."""
+
+    base_parser: AgentOutputParser = Field(default_factory=StructuredChatOutputParser)
+    """The base parser to use."""
+    output_fixing_parser: Optional[OutputFixingParser] = None
+    """The output fixing parser to use."""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        try:
+            if self.output_fixing_parser is not None:
+                parsed_obj: Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish] = (
+                    self.output_fixing_parser.parse(text)
+                )
+            else:
+                parsed_obj = self.base_parser.parse(text)
+            return parsed_obj
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise OutputParserException(f"Could not parse LLM output: {text}") from e
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+        base_parser: Optional[StructuredChatOutputParser] = None,
+    ) -> StructuredChatOutputParserWithRetries:
+        if llm is not None:
+            base_parser = base_parser or StructuredChatOutputParser()
+            output_fixing_parser: OutputFixingParser = OutputFixingParser.from_llm(
+                llm=llm, parser=base_parser
+            )
+            return cls(output_fixing_parser=output_fixing_parser)
+        elif base_parser is not None:
+            return cls(base_parser=base_parser)
+        else:
+            return cls()
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "structured_chat_with_retries"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98d8bb37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/structured_chat/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+PREFIX = """Respond to the human as helpfully and accurately as possible. You have access to the following tools:"""
+FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """Use a json blob to specify a tool by providing an action key (tool name) and an action_input key (tool input).
+
+Valid "action" values: "Final Answer" or {tool_names}
+
+Provide only ONE action per $JSON_BLOB, as shown:
+
+```
+{{{{
+  "action": $TOOL_NAME,
+  "action_input": $INPUT
+}}}}
+```
+
+Follow this format:
+
+Question: input question to answer
+Thought: consider previous and subsequent steps
+Action:
+```
+$JSON_BLOB
+```
+Observation: action result
+... (repeat Thought/Action/Observation N times)
+Thought: I know what to respond
+Action:
+```
+{{{{
+  "action": "Final Answer",
+  "action_input": "Final response to human"
+}}}}
+```"""
+SUFFIX = """Begin! Reminder to ALWAYS respond with a valid json blob of a single action. Use tools if necessary. Respond directly if appropriate. Format is Action:```$JSON_BLOB```then Observation:.
+Thought:"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tool_calling_agent/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tool_calling_agent/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tool_calling_agent/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tool_calling_agent/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tool_calling_agent/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tool_calling_agent/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..324ea845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tool_calling_agent/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Callable
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad.tools import (
+    format_to_tool_messages,
+)
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers.tools import ToolsAgentOutputParser
+
+MessageFormatter = Callable[[Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]]], list[BaseMessage]]
+
+
+def create_tool_calling_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+    prompt: ChatPromptTemplate,
+    *,
+    message_formatter: MessageFormatter = format_to_tool_messages,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent that uses tools.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent.
+        tools: Tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt to use. See Prompt section below for more on the expected
+            input variables.
+        message_formatter: Formatter function to convert (AgentAction, tool output)
+            tuples into FunctionMessages.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+        variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+        AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_tool_calling_agent, tool
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are a helpful assistant"),
+                    ("placeholder", "{chat_history}"),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                    ("placeholder", "{agent_scratchpad}"),
+                ]
+            )
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229")
+
+            @tool
+            def magic_function(input: int) -> int:
+                \"\"\"Applies a magic function to an input.\"\"\"
+                return input + 2
+
+            tools = [magic_function]
+
+            agent = create_tool_calling_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools, verbose=True)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "what is the value of magic_function(3)?"})
+
+            # Using with chat history
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+            agent_executor.invoke(
+                {
+                    "input": "what's my name?",
+                    "chat_history": [
+                        HumanMessage(content="hi! my name is bob"),
+                        AIMessage(content="Hello Bob! How can I assist you today?"),
+                    ],
+                }
+            )
+
+    Prompt:
+
+        The agent prompt must have an `agent_scratchpad` key that is a
+            ``MessagesPlaceholder``. Intermediate agent actions and tool output
+            messages will be passed in here.
+    """
+    missing_vars = {"agent_scratchpad"}.difference(
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    )
+    if missing_vars:
+        raise ValueError(f"Prompt missing required variables: {missing_vars}")
+
+    if not hasattr(llm, "bind_tools"):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "This function requires a .bind_tools method be implemented on the LLM.",
+        )
+    llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools)
+
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: message_formatter(x["intermediate_steps"])
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_with_tools
+        | ToolsAgentOutputParser()
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9591fffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""Interface for tools."""
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool, tool
+
+
+class InvalidTool(BaseTool):
+    """Tool that is run when invalid tool name is encountered by agent."""
+
+    name: str = "invalid_tool"
+    """Name of the tool."""
+    description: str = "Called when tool name is invalid. Suggests valid tool names."
+    """Description of the tool."""
+
+    def _run(
+        self,
+        requested_tool_name: str,
+        available_tool_names: list[str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Use the tool."""
+        available_tool_names_str = ", ".join([tool for tool in available_tool_names])
+        return (
+            f"{requested_tool_name} is not a valid tool, "
+            f"try one of [{available_tool_names_str}]."
+        )
+
+    async def _arun(
+        self,
+        requested_tool_name: str,
+        available_tool_names: list[str],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Use the tool asynchronously."""
+        available_tool_names_str = ", ".join([tool for tool in available_tool_names])
+        return (
+            f"{requested_tool_name} is not a valid tool, "
+            f"try one of [{available_tool_names_str}]."
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ["InvalidTool", "tool"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49ffe0a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import BaseSingleActionAgent
+from langchain.agents.agent_types import AgentType
+from langchain.agents.chat.base import ChatAgent
+from langchain.agents.conversational.base import ConversationalAgent
+from langchain.agents.conversational_chat.base import ConversationalChatAgent
+from langchain.agents.mrkl.base import ZeroShotAgent
+from langchain.agents.openai_functions_agent.base import OpenAIFunctionsAgent
+from langchain.agents.openai_functions_multi_agent.base import OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent
+from langchain.agents.react.base import ReActDocstoreAgent
+from langchain.agents.self_ask_with_search.base import SelfAskWithSearchAgent
+from langchain.agents.structured_chat.base import StructuredChatAgent
+
+AGENT_TYPE = Union[type[BaseSingleActionAgent], type[OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent]]
+
+AGENT_TO_CLASS: dict[AgentType, AGENT_TYPE] = {
+    AgentType.ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION: ZeroShotAgent,
+    AgentType.REACT_DOCSTORE: ReActDocstoreAgent,
+    AgentType.SELF_ASK_WITH_SEARCH: SelfAskWithSearchAgent,
+    AgentType.CONVERSATIONAL_REACT_DESCRIPTION: ConversationalAgent,
+    AgentType.CHAT_ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION: ChatAgent,
+    AgentType.CHAT_CONVERSATIONAL_REACT_DESCRIPTION: ConversationalChatAgent,
+    AgentType.STRUCTURED_CHAT_ZERO_SHOT_REACT_DESCRIPTION: StructuredChatAgent,
+    AgentType.OPENAI_FUNCTIONS: OpenAIFunctionsAgent,
+    AgentType.OPENAI_MULTI_FUNCTIONS: OpenAIMultiFunctionsAgent,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8db41b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+
+
+def validate_tools_single_input(class_name: str, tools: Sequence[BaseTool]) -> None:
+    """Validate tools for single input.
+
+    Args:
+        class_name: Name of the class.
+        tools: List of tools to validate.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If a multi-input tool is found in tools.
+    """
+    for tool in tools:
+        if not tool.is_single_input:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{class_name} does not support multi-input tool {tool.name}."
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e18b8efc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a0723f2
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5f6c4d2
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e91e9912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import AIMessagePromptTemplate, ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.tools.render import ToolsRenderer, render_text_description
+
+from langchain.agents.agent import BaseSingleActionAgent
+from langchain.agents.format_scratchpad import format_xml
+from langchain.agents.output_parsers import XMLAgentOutputParser
+from langchain.agents.xml.prompt import agent_instructions
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="create_xml_agent", removal="1.0")
+class XMLAgent(BaseSingleActionAgent):
+    """Agent that uses XML tags.
+
+    Args:
+        tools: list of tools the agent can choose from
+        llm_chain: The LLMChain to call to predict the next action
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.agents import XMLAgent
+            from langchain
+
+            tools = ...
+            model =
+
+
+    """
+
+    tools: list[BaseTool]
+    """List of tools this agent has access to."""
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """Chain to use to predict action."""
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["input"]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_default_prompt() -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        base_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(agent_instructions)
+        return base_prompt + AIMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(
+            "{intermediate_steps}"
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_default_output_parser() -> XMLAgentOutputParser:
+        return XMLAgentOutputParser()
+
+    def plan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        log = ""
+        for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+            log += (
+                f"<tool>{action.tool}</tool><tool_input>{action.tool_input}"
+                f"</tool_input><observation>{observation}</observation>"
+            )
+        tools = ""
+        for tool in self.tools:
+            tools += f"{tool.name}: {tool.description}\n"
+        inputs = {
+            "intermediate_steps": log,
+            "tools": tools,
+            "question": kwargs["input"],
+            "stop": ["</tool_input>", "</final_answer>"],
+        }
+        response = self.llm_chain(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+        return response[self.llm_chain.output_key]
+
+    async def aplan(
+        self,
+        intermediate_steps: list[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AgentAction, AgentFinish]:
+        log = ""
+        for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
+            log += (
+                f"<tool>{action.tool}</tool><tool_input>{action.tool_input}"
+                f"</tool_input><observation>{observation}</observation>"
+            )
+        tools = ""
+        for tool in self.tools:
+            tools += f"{tool.name}: {tool.description}\n"
+        inputs = {
+            "intermediate_steps": log,
+            "tools": tools,
+            "question": kwargs["input"],
+            "stop": ["</tool_input>", "</final_answer>"],
+        }
+        response = await self.llm_chain.acall(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+        return response[self.llm_chain.output_key]
+
+
+def create_xml_agent(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    tools: Sequence[BaseTool],
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+    tools_renderer: ToolsRenderer = render_text_description,
+    *,
+    stop_sequence: Union[bool, list[str]] = True,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create an agent that uses XML to format its logic.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: LLM to use as the agent.
+        tools: Tools this agent has access to.
+        prompt: The prompt to use, must have input keys
+            `tools`: contains descriptions for each tool.
+            `agent_scratchpad`: contains previous agent actions and tool outputs.
+        tools_renderer: This controls how the tools are converted into a string and
+            then passed into the LLM. Default is `render_text_description`.
+        stop_sequence: bool or list of str.
+            If True, adds a stop token of "</tool_input>" to avoid hallucinates.
+            If False, does not add a stop token.
+            If a list of str, uses the provided list as the stop tokens.
+
+            Default is True. You may to set this to False if the LLM you are using
+            does not support stop sequences.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable sequence representing an agent. It takes as input all the same input
+        variables as the prompt passed in does. It returns as output either an
+        AgentAction or AgentFinish.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain import hub
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatAnthropic
+            from langchain.agents import AgentExecutor, create_xml_agent
+
+            prompt = hub.pull("hwchase17/xml-agent-convo")
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-haiku-20240307")
+            tools = ...
+
+            agent = create_xml_agent(model, tools, prompt)
+            agent_executor = AgentExecutor(agent=agent, tools=tools)
+
+            agent_executor.invoke({"input": "hi"})
+
+            # Use with chat history
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+            agent_executor.invoke(
+                {
+                    "input": "what's my name?",
+                    # Notice that chat_history is a string
+                    # since this prompt is aimed at LLMs, not chat models
+                    "chat_history": "Human: My name is Bob\\nAI: Hello Bob!",
+                }
+            )
+
+    Prompt:
+
+        The prompt must have input keys:
+            * `tools`: contains descriptions for each tool.
+            * `agent_scratchpad`: contains previous agent actions and tool outputs as an XML string.
+
+        Here's an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+            template = '''You are a helpful assistant. Help the user answer any questions.
+
+            You have access to the following tools:
+
+            {tools}
+
+            In order to use a tool, you can use <tool></tool> and <tool_input></tool_input> tags. You will then get back a response in the form <observation></observation>
+            For example, if you have a tool called 'search' that could run a google search, in order to search for the weather in SF you would respond:
+
+            <tool>search</tool><tool_input>weather in SF</tool_input>
+            <observation>64 degrees</observation>
+
+            When you are done, respond with a final answer between <final_answer></final_answer>. For example:
+
+            <final_answer>The weather in SF is 64 degrees</final_answer>
+
+            Begin!
+
+            Previous Conversation:
+            {chat_history}
+
+            Question: {input}
+            {agent_scratchpad}'''
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(template)
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    missing_vars = {"tools", "agent_scratchpad"}.difference(
+        prompt.input_variables + list(prompt.partial_variables)
+    )
+    if missing_vars:
+        raise ValueError(f"Prompt missing required variables: {missing_vars}")
+
+    prompt = prompt.partial(
+        tools=tools_renderer(list(tools)),
+    )
+
+    if stop_sequence:
+        stop = ["</tool_input>"] if stop_sequence is True else stop_sequence
+        llm_with_stop = llm.bind(stop=stop)
+    else:
+        llm_with_stop = llm
+
+    agent = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            agent_scratchpad=lambda x: format_xml(x["intermediate_steps"]),
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm_with_stop
+        | XMLAgentOutputParser()
+    )
+    return agent
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3972c6a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/agents/xml/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+# TODO: deprecate
+agent_instructions = """You are a helpful assistant. Help the user answer any questions.
+
+You have access to the following tools:
+
+{tools}
+
+In order to use a tool, you can use <tool></tool> and <tool_input></tool_input> tags. \
+You will then get back a response in the form <observation></observation>
+For example, if you have a tool called 'search' that could run a google search, in order to search for the weather in SF you would respond:
+
+<tool>search</tool><tool_input>weather in SF</tool_input>
+<observation>64 degrees</observation>
+
+When you are done, respond with a final answer between <final_answer></final_answer>. For example:
+
+<final_answer>The weather in SF is 64 degrees</final_answer>
+
+Begin!
+
+Question: {question}"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/base_language.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/base_language.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e52c69fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/base_language.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+"""Deprecated module for BaseLanguageModel class, kept for backwards compatibility."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+
+__all__ = ["BaseLanguageModel"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8cee3c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.cache import (
+        AstraDBCache,
+        AstraDBSemanticCache,
+        AzureCosmosDBSemanticCache,
+        CassandraCache,
+        CassandraSemanticCache,
+        FullLLMCache,
+        FullMd5LLMCache,
+        GPTCache,
+        InMemoryCache,
+        MomentoCache,
+        RedisCache,
+        RedisSemanticCache,
+        SQLAlchemyCache,
+        SQLAlchemyMd5Cache,
+        SQLiteCache,
+        UpstashRedisCache,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FullLLMCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "SQLAlchemyCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "SQLiteCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "UpstashRedisCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "RedisCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "RedisSemanticCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "GPTCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "MomentoCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "InMemoryCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "CassandraCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "CassandraSemanticCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "FullMd5LLMCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "SQLAlchemyMd5Cache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "AstraDBCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "AstraDBSemanticCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+    "AzureCosmosDBSemanticCache": "langchain_community.cache",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FullLLMCache",
+    "SQLAlchemyCache",
+    "SQLiteCache",
+    "UpstashRedisCache",
+    "RedisCache",
+    "RedisSemanticCache",
+    "GPTCache",
+    "MomentoCache",
+    "InMemoryCache",
+    "CassandraCache",
+    "CassandraSemanticCache",
+    "FullMd5LLMCache",
+    "SQLAlchemyMd5Cache",
+    "AstraDBCache",
+    "AstraDBSemanticCache",
+    "AzureCosmosDBSemanticCache",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92690fc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+"""**Callback handlers** allow listening to events in LangChain.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseCallbackHandler --> <name>CallbackHandler  # Example: AimCallbackHandler
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    FileCallbackHandler,
+    StdOutCallbackHandler,
+    StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers.context import (
+    collect_runs,
+    tracing_enabled,
+    tracing_v2_enabled,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.callbacks.streaming_aiter import AsyncIteratorCallbackHandler
+from langchain.callbacks.streaming_stdout_final_only import (
+    FinalStreamingStdOutCallbackHandler,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.aim_callback import AimCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.argilla_callback import ArgillaCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.arize_callback import ArizeCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.arthur_callback import ArthurCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.clearml_callback import ClearMLCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.comet_ml_callback import CometCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.context_callback import ContextCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.flyte_callback import FlyteCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.human import HumanApprovalCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.infino_callback import InfinoCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.labelstudio_callback import (
+        LabelStudioCallbackHandler,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.llmonitor_callback import (
+        LLMonitorCallbackHandler,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.manager import (
+        get_openai_callback,
+        wandb_tracing_enabled,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.mlflow_callback import MlflowCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.openai_info import OpenAICallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.promptlayer_callback import (
+        PromptLayerCallbackHandler,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.sagemaker_callback import (
+        SageMakerCallbackHandler,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit import StreamlitCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler import (
+        LLMThoughtLabeler,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.trubrics_callback import TrubricsCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.wandb_callback import WandbCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.whylabs_callback import WhyLabsCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AimCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.aim_callback",
+    "ArgillaCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.argilla_callback",
+    "ArizeCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.arize_callback",
+    "PromptLayerCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.promptlayer_callback",
+    "ArthurCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.arthur_callback",
+    "ClearMLCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.clearml_callback",
+    "CometCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.comet_ml_callback",
+    "ContextCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.context_callback",
+    "HumanApprovalCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.human",
+    "InfinoCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.infino_callback",
+    "MlflowCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.mlflow_callback",
+    "LLMonitorCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.llmonitor_callback",
+    "OpenAICallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.openai_info",
+    "LLMThoughtLabeler": (
+        "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler"
+    ),
+    "StreamlitCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit",
+    "WandbCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.wandb_callback",
+    "WhyLabsCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.whylabs_callback",
+    "get_openai_callback": "langchain_community.callbacks.manager",
+    "wandb_tracing_enabled": "langchain_community.callbacks.manager",
+    "FlyteCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.flyte_callback",
+    "SageMakerCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.sagemaker_callback",
+    "LabelStudioCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.labelstudio_callback",
+    "TrubricsCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.trubrics_callback",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AimCallbackHandler",
+    "ArgillaCallbackHandler",
+    "ArizeCallbackHandler",
+    "PromptLayerCallbackHandler",
+    "ArthurCallbackHandler",
+    "ClearMLCallbackHandler",
+    "CometCallbackHandler",
+    "ContextCallbackHandler",
+    "FileCallbackHandler",
+    "HumanApprovalCallbackHandler",
+    "InfinoCallbackHandler",
+    "MlflowCallbackHandler",
+    "LLMonitorCallbackHandler",
+    "OpenAICallbackHandler",
+    "StdOutCallbackHandler",
+    "AsyncIteratorCallbackHandler",
+    "StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler",
+    "FinalStreamingStdOutCallbackHandler",
+    "LLMThoughtLabeler",
+    "LangChainTracer",
+    "StreamlitCallbackHandler",
+    "WandbCallbackHandler",
+    "WhyLabsCallbackHandler",
+    "get_openai_callback",
+    "tracing_enabled",
+    "tracing_v2_enabled",
+    "collect_runs",
+    "wandb_tracing_enabled",
+    "FlyteCallbackHandler",
+    "SageMakerCallbackHandler",
+    "LabelStudioCallbackHandler",
+    "TrubricsCallbackHandler",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/__pycache__/whylabs_callback.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/__pycache__/whylabs_callback.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/aim_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/aim_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa57017a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/aim_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.aim_callback import (
+        AimCallbackHandler,
+        BaseMetadataCallbackHandler,
+        import_aim,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "import_aim": "langchain_community.callbacks.aim_callback",
+    "BaseMetadataCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.aim_callback",
+    "AimCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.aim_callback",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "import_aim",
+    "BaseMetadataCallbackHandler",
+    "AimCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/argilla_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/argilla_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7dd44574
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/argilla_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.argilla_callback import ArgillaCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ArgillaCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.argilla_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArgillaCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/arize_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/arize_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f29b498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/arize_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.arize_callback import ArizeCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ArizeCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.arize_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArizeCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/arthur_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/arthur_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c056067d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/arthur_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.arthur_callback import ArthurCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ArthurCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.arthur_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArthurCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49fab5ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Base callback handler that can be used to handle callbacks in langchain."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackHandler,
+    BaseCallbackHandler,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerMixin,
+    Callbacks,
+    ChainManagerMixin,
+    LLMManagerMixin,
+    RetrieverManagerMixin,
+    RunManagerMixin,
+    ToolManagerMixin,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RetrieverManagerMixin",
+    "LLMManagerMixin",
+    "ChainManagerMixin",
+    "ToolManagerMixin",
+    "CallbackManagerMixin",
+    "RunManagerMixin",
+    "BaseCallbackHandler",
+    "AsyncCallbackHandler",
+    "BaseCallbackManager",
+    "Callbacks",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/clearml_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/clearml_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38a7d477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/clearml_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.clearml_callback import ClearMLCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ClearMLCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.clearml_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ClearMLCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/comet_ml_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/comet_ml_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0cb2a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/comet_ml_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.comet_ml_callback import CometCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CometCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.comet_ml_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CometCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/confident_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/confident_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90e7d8de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/confident_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.confident_callback import DeepEvalCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DeepEvalCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.confident_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DeepEvalCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/context_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/context_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4dc53081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/context_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.context_callback import ContextCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ContextCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.context_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ContextCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15fa4101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.callbacks.file import FileCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = ["FileCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/flyte_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/flyte_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55c79231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/flyte_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.flyte_callback import FlyteCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FlyteCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.flyte_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FlyteCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/human.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/human.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..534dad96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/human.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.human import (
+        AsyncHumanApprovalCallbackHandler,
+        HumanApprovalCallbackHandler,
+        HumanRejectedException,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "HumanRejectedException": "langchain_community.callbacks.human",
+    "HumanApprovalCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.human",
+    "AsyncHumanApprovalCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.human",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HumanRejectedException",
+    "HumanApprovalCallbackHandler",
+    "AsyncHumanApprovalCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/infino_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/infino_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77942c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/infino_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.infino_callback import InfinoCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "InfinoCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.infino_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InfinoCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/labelstudio_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/labelstudio_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e12b49a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/labelstudio_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.labelstudio_callback import (
+        LabelStudioCallbackHandler,
+        LabelStudioMode,
+        get_default_label_configs,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LabelStudioMode": "langchain_community.callbacks.labelstudio_callback",
+    "get_default_label_configs": "langchain_community.callbacks.labelstudio_callback",
+    "LabelStudioCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.labelstudio_callback",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LabelStudioMode",
+    "get_default_label_configs",
+    "LabelStudioCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/llmonitor_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/llmonitor_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..590e4249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/llmonitor_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.llmonitor_callback import (
+        LLMonitorCallbackHandler,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LLMonitorCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.llmonitor_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LLMonitorCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/manager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb8b3598
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    AsyncParentRunManager,
+    AsyncRunManager,
+    BaseRunManager,
+    CallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForChainGroup,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    Callbacks,
+    ParentRunManager,
+    RunManager,
+    ahandle_event,
+    atrace_as_chain_group,
+    handle_event,
+    trace_as_chain_group,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers.context import (
+    collect_runs,
+    tracing_enabled,
+    tracing_v2_enabled,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.env import env_var_is_set
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.manager import (
+        get_openai_callback,
+        wandb_tracing_enabled,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "get_openai_callback": "langchain_community.callbacks.manager",
+    "wandb_tracing_enabled": "langchain_community.callbacks.manager",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ahandle_event",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun",
+    "AsyncParentRunManager",
+    "AsyncRunManager",
+    "atrace_as_chain_group",
+    "BaseRunManager",
+    "CallbackManager",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainGroup",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForLLMRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForToolRun",
+    "Callbacks",
+    "AsyncCallbackManager",
+    "collect_runs",
+    "env_var_is_set",
+    "get_openai_callback",
+    "handle_event",
+    "ParentRunManager",
+    "RunManager",
+    "trace_as_chain_group",
+    "tracing_enabled",
+    "tracing_v2_enabled",
+    "wandb_tracing_enabled",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/mlflow_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/mlflow_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..738c3a52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/mlflow_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.mlflow_callback import (
+        MlflowCallbackHandler,
+        MlflowLogger,
+        analyze_text,
+        construct_html_from_prompt_and_generation,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "analyze_text": "langchain_community.callbacks.mlflow_callback",
+    "construct_html_from_prompt_and_generation": (
+        "langchain_community.callbacks.mlflow_callback"
+    ),
+    "MlflowLogger": "langchain_community.callbacks.mlflow_callback",
+    "MlflowCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.mlflow_callback",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "analyze_text",
+    "construct_html_from_prompt_and_generation",
+    "MlflowLogger",
+    "MlflowCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/openai_info.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/openai_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59ea8ccf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/openai_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.openai_info import OpenAICallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "OpenAICallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.openai_info"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenAICallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/promptlayer_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/promptlayer_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4970f2c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/promptlayer_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.promptlayer_callback import (
+        PromptLayerCallbackHandler,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PromptLayerCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.promptlayer_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PromptLayerCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/sagemaker_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/sagemaker_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a0c6b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/sagemaker_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.sagemaker_callback import (
+        SageMakerCallbackHandler,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SageMakerCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.sagemaker_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SageMakerCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..754e5824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.callbacks.stdout import StdOutCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = ["StdOutCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_aiter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_aiter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eea8b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_aiter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Any, Literal, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import AsyncCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.outputs import LLMResult
+
+# TODO If used by two LLM runs in parallel this won't work as expected
+
+
+class AsyncIteratorCallbackHandler(AsyncCallbackHandler):
+    """Callback handler that returns an async iterator."""
+
+    queue: asyncio.Queue[str]
+
+    done: asyncio.Event
+
+    @property
+    def always_verbose(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.queue = asyncio.Queue()
+        self.done = asyncio.Event()
+
+    async def on_llm_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], prompts: list[str], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # If two calls are made in a row, this resets the state
+        self.done.clear()
+
+    async def on_llm_new_token(self, token: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if token is not None and token != "":
+            self.queue.put_nowait(token)
+
+    async def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.done.set()
+
+    async def on_llm_error(self, error: BaseException, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.done.set()
+
+    # TODO implement the other methods
+
+    async def aiter(self) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        while not self.queue.empty() or not self.done.is_set():
+            # Wait for the next token in the queue,
+            # but stop waiting if the done event is set
+            done, other = await asyncio.wait(
+                [
+                    # NOTE: If you add other tasks here, update the code below,
+                    # which assumes each set has exactly one task each
+                    asyncio.ensure_future(self.queue.get()),
+                    asyncio.ensure_future(self.done.wait()),
+                ],
+                return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED,
+            )
+
+            # Cancel the other task
+            if other:
+                other.pop().cancel()
+
+            # Extract the value of the first completed task
+            token_or_done = cast(Union[str, Literal[True]], done.pop().result())
+
+            # If the extracted value is the boolean True, the done event was set
+            if token_or_done is True:
+                break
+
+            # Otherwise, the extracted value is a token, which we yield
+            yield token_or_done
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_aiter_final_only.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_aiter_final_only.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd1be579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_aiter_final_only.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.outputs import LLMResult
+
+from langchain.callbacks.streaming_aiter import AsyncIteratorCallbackHandler
+
+DEFAULT_ANSWER_PREFIX_TOKENS = ["Final", "Answer", ":"]
+
+
+class AsyncFinalIteratorCallbackHandler(AsyncIteratorCallbackHandler):
+    """Callback handler that returns an async iterator.
+    Only the final output of the agent will be iterated.
+    """
+
+    def append_to_last_tokens(self, token: str) -> None:
+        self.last_tokens.append(token)
+        self.last_tokens_stripped.append(token.strip())
+        if len(self.last_tokens) > len(self.answer_prefix_tokens):
+            self.last_tokens.pop(0)
+            self.last_tokens_stripped.pop(0)
+
+    def check_if_answer_reached(self) -> bool:
+        if self.strip_tokens:
+            return self.last_tokens_stripped == self.answer_prefix_tokens_stripped
+        else:
+            return self.last_tokens == self.answer_prefix_tokens
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        answer_prefix_tokens: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        strip_tokens: bool = True,
+        stream_prefix: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Instantiate AsyncFinalIteratorCallbackHandler.
+
+        Args:
+            answer_prefix_tokens: Token sequence that prefixes the answer.
+                Default is ["Final", "Answer", ":"]
+            strip_tokens: Ignore white spaces and new lines when comparing
+                answer_prefix_tokens to last tokens? (to determine if answer has been
+                reached)
+            stream_prefix: Should answer prefix itself also be streamed?
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        if answer_prefix_tokens is None:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens = DEFAULT_ANSWER_PREFIX_TOKENS
+        else:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens = answer_prefix_tokens
+        if strip_tokens:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens_stripped = [
+                token.strip() for token in self.answer_prefix_tokens
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens_stripped = self.answer_prefix_tokens
+        self.last_tokens = [""] * len(self.answer_prefix_tokens)
+        self.last_tokens_stripped = [""] * len(self.answer_prefix_tokens)
+        self.strip_tokens = strip_tokens
+        self.stream_prefix = stream_prefix
+        self.answer_reached = False
+
+    async def on_llm_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], prompts: list[str], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # If two calls are made in a row, this resets the state
+        self.done.clear()
+        self.answer_reached = False
+
+    async def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if self.answer_reached:
+            self.done.set()
+
+    async def on_llm_new_token(self, token: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        # Remember the last n tokens, where n = len(answer_prefix_tokens)
+        self.append_to_last_tokens(token)
+
+        # Check if the last n tokens match the answer_prefix_tokens list ...
+        if self.check_if_answer_reached():
+            self.answer_reached = True
+            if self.stream_prefix:
+                for t in self.last_tokens:
+                    self.queue.put_nowait(t)
+            return
+
+        # If yes, then put tokens from now on
+        if self.answer_reached:
+            self.queue.put_nowait(token)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cebc741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Callback Handler streams to stdout on new llm token."""
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = ["StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_stdout_final_only.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_stdout_final_only.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a963abf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streaming_stdout_final_only.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+"""Callback Handler streams to stdout on new llm token."""
+
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler
+
+DEFAULT_ANSWER_PREFIX_TOKENS = ["Final", "Answer", ":"]
+
+
+class FinalStreamingStdOutCallbackHandler(StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler):
+    """Callback handler for streaming in agents.
+    Only works with agents using LLMs that support streaming.
+
+    Only the final output of the agent will be streamed.
+    """
+
+    def append_to_last_tokens(self, token: str) -> None:
+        self.last_tokens.append(token)
+        self.last_tokens_stripped.append(token.strip())
+        if len(self.last_tokens) > len(self.answer_prefix_tokens):
+            self.last_tokens.pop(0)
+            self.last_tokens_stripped.pop(0)
+
+    def check_if_answer_reached(self) -> bool:
+        if self.strip_tokens:
+            return self.last_tokens_stripped == self.answer_prefix_tokens_stripped
+        else:
+            return self.last_tokens == self.answer_prefix_tokens
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        answer_prefix_tokens: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        strip_tokens: bool = True,
+        stream_prefix: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Instantiate FinalStreamingStdOutCallbackHandler.
+
+        Args:
+            answer_prefix_tokens: Token sequence that prefixes the answer.
+                Default is ["Final", "Answer", ":"]
+            strip_tokens: Ignore white spaces and new lines when comparing
+                answer_prefix_tokens to last tokens? (to determine if answer has been
+                reached)
+            stream_prefix: Should answer prefix itself also be streamed?
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        if answer_prefix_tokens is None:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens = DEFAULT_ANSWER_PREFIX_TOKENS
+        else:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens = answer_prefix_tokens
+        if strip_tokens:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens_stripped = [
+                token.strip() for token in self.answer_prefix_tokens
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.answer_prefix_tokens_stripped = self.answer_prefix_tokens
+        self.last_tokens = [""] * len(self.answer_prefix_tokens)
+        self.last_tokens_stripped = [""] * len(self.answer_prefix_tokens)
+        self.strip_tokens = strip_tokens
+        self.stream_prefix = stream_prefix
+        self.answer_reached = False
+
+    def on_llm_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], prompts: list[str], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM starts running."""
+        self.answer_reached = False
+
+    def on_llm_new_token(self, token: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run on new LLM token. Only available when streaming is enabled."""
+
+        # Remember the last n tokens, where n = len(answer_prefix_tokens)
+        self.append_to_last_tokens(token)
+
+        # Check if the last n tokens match the answer_prefix_tokens list ...
+        if self.check_if_answer_reached():
+            self.answer_reached = True
+            if self.stream_prefix:
+                for t in self.last_tokens:
+                    sys.stdout.write(t)
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+            return
+
+        # ... if yes, then print tokens from now on
+        if self.answer_reached:
+            sys.stdout.write(token)
+            sys.stdout.flush()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..446ab9a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackHandler
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks import LLMThoughtLabeler
+    from streamlit.delta_generator import DeltaGenerator
+
+
+def StreamlitCallbackHandler(
+    parent_container: DeltaGenerator,
+    *,
+    max_thought_containers: int = 4,
+    expand_new_thoughts: bool = True,
+    collapse_completed_thoughts: bool = True,
+    thought_labeler: Optional[LLMThoughtLabeler] = None,
+) -> BaseCallbackHandler:
+    """Callback Handler that writes to a Streamlit app.
+
+    This CallbackHandler is geared towards
+    use with a LangChain Agent; it displays the Agent's LLM and tool-usage "thoughts"
+    inside a series of Streamlit expanders.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    parent_container
+        The `st.container` that will contain all the Streamlit elements that the
+        Handler creates.
+    max_thought_containers
+        The max number of completed LLM thought containers to show at once. When this
+        threshold is reached, a new thought will cause the oldest thoughts to be
+        collapsed into a "History" expander. Defaults to 4.
+    expand_new_thoughts
+        Each LLM "thought" gets its own `st.expander`. This param controls whether that
+        expander is expanded by default. Defaults to True.
+    collapse_completed_thoughts
+        If True, LLM thought expanders will be collapsed when completed.
+        Defaults to True.
+    thought_labeler
+        An optional custom LLMThoughtLabeler instance. If unspecified, the handler
+        will use the default thought labeling logic. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    A new StreamlitCallbackHandler instance.
+
+    Note that this is an "auto-updating" API: if the installed version of Streamlit
+    has a more recent StreamlitCallbackHandler implementation, an instance of that class
+    will be used.
+
+    """
+    # If we're using a version of Streamlit that implements StreamlitCallbackHandler,
+    # delegate to it instead of using our built-in handler. The official handler is
+    # guaranteed to support the same set of kwargs.
+    try:
+        from streamlit.external.langchain import StreamlitCallbackHandler
+
+        # This is the official handler, so we can just return it.
+        return StreamlitCallbackHandler(
+            parent_container,
+            max_thought_containers=max_thought_containers,
+            expand_new_thoughts=expand_new_thoughts,
+            collapse_completed_thoughts=collapse_completed_thoughts,
+            thought_labeler=thought_labeler,
+        )
+    except ImportError:
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler import (  # noqa: E501
+                StreamlitCallbackHandler as _InternalStreamlitCallbackHandler,
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "To use the StreamlitCallbackHandler, please install "
+                "langchain-community with `pip install langchain-community`."
+            )
+
+        return _InternalStreamlitCallbackHandler(
+            parent_container,
+            max_thought_containers=max_thought_containers,
+            expand_new_thoughts=expand_new_thoughts,
+            collapse_completed_thoughts=collapse_completed_thoughts,
+            thought_labeler=thought_labeler,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/mutable_expander.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/mutable_expander.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..756593ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/mutable_expander.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.mutable_expander import (
+        ChildRecord,
+        ChildType,
+        MutableExpander,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ChildType": "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.mutable_expander",
+    "ChildRecord": "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.mutable_expander",
+    "MutableExpander": "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.mutable_expander",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChildType",
+    "ChildRecord",
+    "MutableExpander",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/streamlit_callback_handler.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/streamlit_callback_handler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91156185
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/streamlit/streamlit_callback_handler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler import (
+        LLMThought,
+        LLMThoughtLabeler,
+        LLMThoughtState,
+        StreamlitCallbackHandler,
+        ToolRecord,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LLMThoughtState": (
+        "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler"
+    ),
+    "ToolRecord": (
+        "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler"
+    ),
+    "LLMThoughtLabeler": (
+        "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler"
+    ),
+    "LLMThought": (
+        "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler"
+    ),
+    "StreamlitCallbackHandler": (
+        "langchain_community.callbacks.streamlit.streamlit_callback_handler"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LLMThoughtState",
+    "ToolRecord",
+    "LLMThoughtLabeler",
+    "LLMThought",
+    "StreamlitCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..744c6b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Tracers that record execution of LangChain runs."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain_v1 import LangChainTracerV1
+from langchain_core.tracers.stdout import (
+    ConsoleCallbackHandler,
+    FunctionCallbackHandler,
+)
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.callbacks.tracers.logging import LoggingCallbackHandler
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.wandb import WandbTracer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WandbTracer": "langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.wandb"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ConsoleCallbackHandler",
+    "FunctionCallbackHandler",
+    "LoggingCallbackHandler",
+    "LangChainTracer",
+    "LangChainTracerV1",
+    "WandbTracer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/__pycache__/wandb.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/__pycache__/wandb.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a56fa66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Base interfaces for tracing runs."""
+
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer, TracerException
+
+__all__ = ["BaseTracer", "TracerException"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/comet.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/comet.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5433d95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/comet.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.comet import (
+        CometTracer,
+        import_comet_llm_api,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "import_comet_llm_api": "langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.comet",
+    "CometTracer": "langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.comet",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "import_comet_llm_api",
+    "CometTracer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/evaluation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/evaluation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7283a540
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/evaluation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""A tracer that runs evaluators over completed runs."""
+
+from langchain_core.tracers.evaluation import (
+    EvaluatorCallbackHandler,
+    wait_for_all_evaluators,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["wait_for_all_evaluators", "EvaluatorCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/langchain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/langchain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54ae9dc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/langchain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""A Tracer implementation that records to LangChain endpoint."""
+
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import (
+    LangChainTracer,
+    wait_for_all_tracers,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LangChainTracer", "wait_for_all_tracers"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/langchain_v1.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/langchain_v1.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a12b4740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/langchain_v1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain_v1 import LangChainTracerV1
+
+__all__ = ["LangChainTracerV1"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/log_stream.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/log_stream.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22b33c37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/log_stream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import (
+    LogEntry,
+    LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+    RunLog,
+    RunLogPatch,
+    RunState,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LogEntry", "RunState", "RunLog", "RunLogPatch", "LogStreamCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/logging.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6bad951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+__all__ = ["LoggingCallbackHandler"]
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Optional
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import TracerException
+from langchain_core.tracers.stdout import FunctionCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_bolded_text, get_colored_text
+
+
+class LoggingCallbackHandler(FunctionCallbackHandler):
+    """Tracer that logs via the input Logger."""
+
+    name: str = "logging_callback_handler"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        logger: logging.Logger,
+        log_level: int = logging.INFO,
+        extra: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        log_method = getattr(logger, logging.getLevelName(level=log_level).lower())
+
+        def callback(text: str) -> None:
+            log_method(text, extra=extra)
+
+        super().__init__(function=callback, **kwargs)
+
+    def on_text(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            crumbs_str = f"[{self.get_breadcrumbs(run=self._get_run(run_id=run_id))}] "
+        except TracerException:
+            crumbs_str = ""
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[text]', color='blue')}"
+            f" {get_bolded_text(f'{crumbs_str}New text:')}\n{text}"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/root_listeners.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/root_listeners.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dee9bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/root_listeners.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.root_listeners import RootListenersTracer
+
+__all__ = ["RootListenersTracer"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/run_collector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/run_collector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1240026b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/run_collector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.run_collector import RunCollectorCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = ["RunCollectorCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/schemas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/schemas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8f34027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import (
+    BaseRun,
+    ChainRun,
+    LLMRun,
+    Run,
+    RunTypeEnum,
+    ToolRun,
+    TracerSession,
+    TracerSessionBase,
+    TracerSessionV1,
+    TracerSessionV1Base,
+    TracerSessionV1Create,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseRun",
+    "ChainRun",
+    "LLMRun",
+    "Run",
+    "RunTypeEnum",
+    "ToolRun",
+    "TracerSession",
+    "TracerSessionBase",
+    "TracerSessionV1",
+    "TracerSessionV1Base",
+    "TracerSessionV1Create",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..716e2c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.stdout import (
+    ConsoleCallbackHandler,
+    FunctionCallbackHandler,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionCallbackHandler", "ConsoleCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/wandb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/wandb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51d52599
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/tracers/wandb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.wandb import WandbRunArgs, WandbTracer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "WandbRunArgs": "langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.wandb",
+    "WandbTracer": "langchain_community.callbacks.tracers.wandb",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WandbRunArgs",
+    "WandbTracer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/trubrics_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/trubrics_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..783bb896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/trubrics_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.trubrics_callback import TrubricsCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TrubricsCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.trubrics_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TrubricsCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b20381a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.utils import (
+        BaseMetadataCallbackHandler,
+        _flatten_dict,
+        flatten_dict,
+        hash_string,
+        import_pandas,
+        import_spacy,
+        import_textstat,
+        load_json,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "import_spacy": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+    "import_pandas": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+    "import_textstat": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+    "_flatten_dict": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+    "flatten_dict": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+    "hash_string": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+    "load_json": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+    "BaseMetadataCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.utils",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "import_spacy",
+    "import_pandas",
+    "import_textstat",
+    "_flatten_dict",
+    "flatten_dict",
+    "hash_string",
+    "load_json",
+    "BaseMetadataCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/wandb_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/wandb_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81d06e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/wandb_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.wandb_callback import WandbCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "WandbCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.wandb_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WandbCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/whylabs_callback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/whylabs_callback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9839fa39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/callbacks/whylabs_callback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.callbacks.whylabs_callback import WhyLabsCallbackHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "WhyLabsCallbackHandler": "langchain_community.callbacks.whylabs_callback"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WhyLabsCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39b9156b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""**Chains** are easily reusable components linked together.
+
+Chains encode a sequence of calls to components like models, document retrievers,
+other Chains, etc., and provide a simple interface to this sequence.
+
+The Chain interface makes it easy to create apps that are:
+
+    - **Stateful:** add Memory to any Chain to give it state,
+    - **Observable:** pass Callbacks to a Chain to execute additional functionality,
+      like logging, outside the main sequence of component calls,
+    - **Composable:** combine Chains with other components, including other Chains.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Chain --> <name>Chain  # Examples: LLMChain, MapReduceChain, RouterChain
+"""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+_module_lookup = {
+    "APIChain": "langchain.chains.api.base",
+    "OpenAPIEndpointChain": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.chain",
+    "AnalyzeDocumentChain": "langchain.chains.combine_documents.base",
+    "MapReduceDocumentsChain": "langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce",
+    "MapRerankDocumentsChain": "langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_rerank",
+    "ReduceDocumentsChain": "langchain.chains.combine_documents.reduce",
+    "RefineDocumentsChain": "langchain.chains.combine_documents.refine",
+    "StuffDocumentsChain": "langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff",
+    "ConstitutionalChain": "langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.base",
+    "ConversationChain": "langchain.chains.conversation.base",
+    "ChatVectorDBChain": "langchain.chains.conversational_retrieval.base",
+    "ConversationalRetrievalChain": "langchain.chains.conversational_retrieval.base",
+    "generate_example": "langchain.chains.example_generator",
+    "FlareChain": "langchain.chains.flare.base",
+    "ArangoGraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.arangodb",
+    "GraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.base",
+    "GraphCypherQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher",
+    "FalkorDBQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.falkordb",
+    "HugeGraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.hugegraph",
+    "KuzuQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.kuzu",
+    "NebulaGraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.nebulagraph",
+    "NeptuneOpenCypherQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher",
+    "NeptuneSparqlQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_sparql",
+    "OntotextGraphDBQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.ontotext_graphdb",
+    "GraphSparqlQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.sparql",
+    "create_history_aware_retriever": "langchain.chains.history_aware_retriever",
+    "HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder": "langchain.chains.hyde.base",
+    "LLMChain": "langchain.chains.llm",
+    "LLMCheckerChain": "langchain.chains.llm_checker.base",
+    "LLMMathChain": "langchain.chains.llm_math.base",
+    "LLMRequestsChain": "langchain_community.chains.llm_requests",
+    "LLMSummarizationCheckerChain": "langchain.chains.llm_summarization_checker.base",
+    "load_chain": "langchain.chains.loading",
+    "MapReduceChain": "langchain.chains.mapreduce",
+    "OpenAIModerationChain": "langchain.chains.moderation",
+    "NatBotChain": "langchain.chains.natbot.base",
+    "create_citation_fuzzy_match_chain": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "create_citation_fuzzy_match_runnable": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "create_extraction_chain": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "create_extraction_chain_pydantic": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "create_qa_with_sources_chain": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "create_qa_with_structure_chain": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "create_tagging_chain": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "create_tagging_chain_pydantic": "langchain.chains.openai_functions",
+    "QAGenerationChain": "langchain.chains.qa_generation.base",
+    "QAWithSourcesChain": "langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.base",
+    "RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain": "langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.retrieval",
+    "VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain": "langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.vector_db",
+    "create_retrieval_chain": "langchain.chains.retrieval",
+    "RetrievalQA": "langchain.chains.retrieval_qa.base",
+    "VectorDBQA": "langchain.chains.retrieval_qa.base",
+    "LLMRouterChain": "langchain.chains.router",
+    "MultiPromptChain": "langchain.chains.router",
+    "MultiRetrievalQAChain": "langchain.chains.router",
+    "MultiRouteChain": "langchain.chains.router",
+    "RouterChain": "langchain.chains.router",
+    "SequentialChain": "langchain.chains.sequential",
+    "SimpleSequentialChain": "langchain.chains.sequential",
+    "create_sql_query_chain": "langchain.chains.sql_database.query",
+    "create_structured_output_runnable": "langchain.chains.structured_output",
+    "load_summarize_chain": "langchain.chains.summarize",
+    "TransformChain": "langchain.chains.transform",
+}
+
+importer = create_importer(__package__, module_lookup=_module_lookup)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    return importer(name)
+
+
+__all__ = list(_module_lookup.keys())
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efe2fb36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Chain that makes API calls and summarizes the responses to answer a question."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34dcb6c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,380 @@
+"""Chain that makes API calls and summarizes the responses to answer a question."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from pydantic import Field, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.chains.api.prompt import API_RESPONSE_PROMPT, API_URL_PROMPT
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+def _extract_scheme_and_domain(url: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Extract the scheme + domain from a given URL.
+
+    Args:
+        url (str): The input URL.
+
+    Returns:
+        return a 2-tuple of scheme and domain
+    """
+    parsed_uri = urlparse(url)
+    return parsed_uri.scheme, parsed_uri.netloc
+
+
+def _check_in_allowed_domain(url: str, limit_to_domains: Sequence[str]) -> bool:
+    """Check if a URL is in the allowed domains.
+
+    Args:
+        url (str): The input URL.
+        limit_to_domains (Sequence[str]): The allowed domains.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the URL is in the allowed domains, False otherwise.
+    """
+    scheme, domain = _extract_scheme_and_domain(url)
+
+    for allowed_domain in limit_to_domains:
+        allowed_scheme, allowed_domain = _extract_scheme_and_domain(allowed_domain)
+        if scheme == allowed_scheme and domain == allowed_domain:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+try:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.requests import TextRequestsWrapper
+
+    @deprecated(
+        since="0.2.13",
+        message=(
+            "This class is deprecated and will be removed in langchain 1.0. "
+            "See API reference for replacement: "
+            "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.api.base.APIChain.html"  # noqa: E501
+        ),
+        removal="1.0",
+    )
+    class APIChain(Chain):
+        """Chain that makes API calls and summarizes the responses to answer a question.
+
+        *Security Note*: This API chain uses the requests toolkit
+            to make GET, POST, PATCH, PUT, and DELETE requests to an API.
+
+            Exercise care in who is allowed to use this chain. If exposing
+            to end users, consider that users will be able to make arbitrary
+            requests on behalf of the server hosting the code. For example,
+            users could ask the server to make a request to a private API
+            that is only accessible from the server.
+
+            Control access to who can submit issue requests using this toolkit and
+            what network access it has.
+
+            See https://python.langchain.com/docs/security for more information.
+
+        Note: this class is deprecated. See below for a replacement implementation
+        using LangGraph. The benefits of this implementation are:
+
+        - Uses LLM tool calling features to encourage properly-formatted API requests;
+        - Support for both token-by-token and step-by-step streaming;
+        - Support for checkpointing and memory of chat history;
+        - Easier to modify or extend (e.g., with additional tools, structured responses, etc.)
+
+        Install LangGraph with:
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            pip install -U langgraph
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import Annotated, Sequence
+            from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+            from langchain.chains.api.prompt import API_URL_PROMPT
+            from langchain_community.agent_toolkits.openapi.toolkit import RequestsToolkit
+            from langchain_community.utilities.requests import TextRequestsWrapper
+            from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+            from langgraph.graph import END, StateGraph
+            from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+            from langgraph.prebuilt.tool_node import ToolNode
+
+            # NOTE: There are inherent risks in giving models discretion
+            # to execute real-world actions. We must "opt-in" to these
+            # risks by setting allow_dangerous_request=True to use these tools.
+            # This can be dangerous for calling unwanted requests. Please make
+            # sure your custom OpenAPI spec (yaml) is safe and that permissions
+            # associated with the tools are narrowly-scoped.
+            ALLOW_DANGEROUS_REQUESTS = True
+
+            # Subset of spec for https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com
+            api_spec = \"\"\"
+            openapi: 3.0.0
+            info:
+              title: JSONPlaceholder API
+              version: 1.0.0
+            servers:
+              - url: https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com
+            paths:
+              /posts:
+                get:
+                  summary: Get posts
+                  parameters: &id001
+                    - name: _limit
+                      in: query
+                      required: false
+                      schema:
+                        type: integer
+                      example: 2
+                      description: Limit the number of results
+            \"\"\"
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0)
+            toolkit = RequestsToolkit(
+                requests_wrapper=TextRequestsWrapper(headers={}),  # no auth required
+                allow_dangerous_requests=ALLOW_DANGEROUS_REQUESTS,
+            )
+            tools = toolkit.get_tools()
+
+            api_request_chain = (
+                API_URL_PROMPT.partial(api_docs=api_spec)
+                | llm.bind_tools(tools, tool_choice="any")
+            )
+
+            class ChainState(TypedDict):
+                \"\"\"LangGraph state.\"\"\"
+
+                messages: Annotated[Sequence[BaseMessage], add_messages]
+
+
+            async def acall_request_chain(state: ChainState, config: RunnableConfig):
+                last_message = state["messages"][-1]
+                response = await api_request_chain.ainvoke(
+                    {"question": last_message.content}, config
+                )
+                return {"messages": [response]}
+
+            async def acall_model(state: ChainState, config: RunnableConfig):
+                response = await llm.ainvoke(state["messages"], config)
+                return {"messages": [response]}
+
+            graph_builder = StateGraph(ChainState)
+            graph_builder.add_node("call_tool", acall_request_chain)
+            graph_builder.add_node("execute_tool", ToolNode(tools))
+            graph_builder.add_node("call_model", acall_model)
+            graph_builder.set_entry_point("call_tool")
+            graph_builder.add_edge("call_tool", "execute_tool")
+            graph_builder.add_edge("execute_tool", "call_model")
+            graph_builder.add_edge("call_model", END)
+            chain = graph_builder.compile()
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            example_query = "Fetch the top two posts. What are their titles?"
+
+            events = chain.astream(
+                {"messages": [("user", example_query)]},
+                stream_mode="values",
+            )
+            async for event in events:
+                event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        api_request_chain: LLMChain
+        api_answer_chain: LLMChain
+        requests_wrapper: TextRequestsWrapper = Field(exclude=True)
+        api_docs: str
+        question_key: str = "question"  #: :meta private:
+        output_key: str = "output"  #: :meta private:
+        limit_to_domains: Optional[Sequence[str]] = Field(default_factory=list)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        """Use to limit the domains that can be accessed by the API chain.
+        
+        * For example, to limit to just the domain `https://www.example.com`, set
+            `limit_to_domains=["https://www.example.com"]`.
+            
+        * The default value is an empty tuple, which means that no domains are
+          allowed by default. By design this will raise an error on instantiation.
+        * Use a None if you want to allow all domains by default -- this is not
+          recommended for security reasons, as it would allow malicious users to
+          make requests to arbitrary URLS including internal APIs accessible from
+          the server.
+        """
+
+        @property
+        def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+            """Expect input key.
+
+            :meta private:
+            """
+            return [self.question_key]
+
+        @property
+        def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+            """Expect output key.
+
+            :meta private:
+            """
+            return [self.output_key]
+
+        @model_validator(mode="after")
+        def validate_api_request_prompt(self) -> Self:
+            """Check that api request prompt expects the right variables."""
+            input_vars = self.api_request_chain.prompt.input_variables
+            expected_vars = {"question", "api_docs"}
+            if set(input_vars) != expected_vars:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Input variables should be {expected_vars}, got {input_vars}"
+                )
+            return self
+
+        @model_validator(mode="before")
+        @classmethod
+        def validate_limit_to_domains(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+            """Check that allowed domains are valid."""
+            # This check must be a pre=True check, so that a default of None
+            # won't be set to limit_to_domains if it's not provided.
+            if "limit_to_domains" not in values:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "You must specify a list of domains to limit access using "
+                    "`limit_to_domains`"
+                )
+            if (
+                not values["limit_to_domains"]
+                and values["limit_to_domains"] is not None
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Please provide a list of domains to limit access using "
+                    "`limit_to_domains`."
+                )
+            return values
+
+        @model_validator(mode="after")
+        def validate_api_answer_prompt(self) -> Self:
+            """Check that api answer prompt expects the right variables."""
+            input_vars = self.api_answer_chain.prompt.input_variables
+            expected_vars = {"question", "api_docs", "api_url", "api_response"}
+            if set(input_vars) != expected_vars:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Input variables should be {expected_vars}, got {input_vars}"
+                )
+            return self
+
+        def _call(
+            self,
+            inputs: dict[str, Any],
+            run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+        ) -> dict[str, str]:
+            _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+            question = inputs[self.question_key]
+            api_url = self.api_request_chain.predict(
+                question=question,
+                api_docs=self.api_docs,
+                callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(),
+            )
+            _run_manager.on_text(api_url, color="green", end="\n", verbose=self.verbose)
+            api_url = api_url.strip()
+            if self.limit_to_domains and not _check_in_allowed_domain(
+                api_url, self.limit_to_domains
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"{api_url} is not in the allowed domains: {self.limit_to_domains}"
+                )
+            api_response = self.requests_wrapper.get(api_url)
+            _run_manager.on_text(
+                str(api_response), color="yellow", end="\n", verbose=self.verbose
+            )
+            answer = self.api_answer_chain.predict(
+                question=question,
+                api_docs=self.api_docs,
+                api_url=api_url,
+                api_response=api_response,
+                callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(),
+            )
+            return {self.output_key: answer}
+
+        async def _acall(
+            self,
+            inputs: dict[str, Any],
+            run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+        ) -> dict[str, str]:
+            _run_manager = (
+                run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+            )
+            question = inputs[self.question_key]
+            api_url = await self.api_request_chain.apredict(
+                question=question,
+                api_docs=self.api_docs,
+                callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(),
+            )
+            await _run_manager.on_text(
+                api_url, color="green", end="\n", verbose=self.verbose
+            )
+            api_url = api_url.strip()
+            if self.limit_to_domains and not _check_in_allowed_domain(
+                api_url, self.limit_to_domains
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"{api_url} is not in the allowed domains: {self.limit_to_domains}"
+                )
+            api_response = await self.requests_wrapper.aget(api_url)
+            await _run_manager.on_text(
+                str(api_response), color="yellow", end="\n", verbose=self.verbose
+            )
+            answer = await self.api_answer_chain.apredict(
+                question=question,
+                api_docs=self.api_docs,
+                api_url=api_url,
+                api_response=api_response,
+                callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(),
+            )
+            return {self.output_key: answer}
+
+        @classmethod
+        def from_llm_and_api_docs(
+            cls,
+            llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+            api_docs: str,
+            headers: Optional[dict] = None,
+            api_url_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = API_URL_PROMPT,
+            api_response_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = API_RESPONSE_PROMPT,
+            limit_to_domains: Optional[Sequence[str]] = tuple(),
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> APIChain:
+            """Load chain from just an LLM and the api docs."""
+            get_request_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=api_url_prompt)
+            requests_wrapper = TextRequestsWrapper(headers=headers)
+            get_answer_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=api_response_prompt)
+            return cls(
+                api_request_chain=get_request_chain,
+                api_answer_chain=get_answer_chain,
+                requests_wrapper=requests_wrapper,
+                api_docs=api_docs,
+                limit_to_domains=limit_to_domains,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        @property
+        def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+            return "api_chain"
+
+except ImportError:
+
+    class APIChain:  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "To use the APIChain, you must install the langchain_community package."
+                "pip install langchain_community"
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/news_docs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/news_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b29f16c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/news_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+NEWS_DOCS = """API documentation:
+Endpoint: https://newsapi.org
+Top headlines /v2/top-headlines
+
+This endpoint provides live top and breaking headlines for a country, specific category in a country, single source, or multiple sources. You can also search with keywords. Articles are sorted by the earliest date published first.
+
+This endpoint is great for retrieving headlines for use with news tickers or similar.
+Request parameters
+
+    country | The 2-letter ISO 3166-1 code of the country you want to get headlines for. Possible options: ae ar at au be bg br ca ch cn co cu cz de eg fr gb gr hk hu id ie il in it jp kr lt lv ma mx my ng nl no nz ph pl pt ro rs ru sa se sg si sk th tr tw ua us ve za. Note: you can't mix this param with the sources param.
+    category | The category you want to get headlines for. Possible options: business entertainment general health science sports technology. Note: you can't mix this param with the sources param.
+    sources | A comma-separated string of identifiers for the news sources or blogs you want headlines from. Use the /top-headlines/sources endpoint to locate these programmatically or look at the sources index. Note: you can't mix this param with the country or category params.
+    q | Keywords or a phrase to search for.
+    pageSize | int | The number of results to return per page (request). 20 is the default, 100 is the maximum.
+    page | int | Use this to page through the results if the total results found is greater than the page size.
+
+Response object
+    status | string | If the request was successful or not. Options: ok, error. In the case of error a code and message property will be populated.
+    totalResults | int | The total number of results available for your request.
+    articles | array[article] | The results of the request.
+    source | object | The identifier id and a display name name for the source this article came from.
+    author | string | The author of the article
+    title | string | The headline or title of the article.
+    description | string | A description or snippet from the article.
+    url | string | The direct URL to the article.
+    urlToImage | string | The URL to a relevant image for the article.
+    publishedAt | string | The date and time that the article was published, in UTC (+000)
+    content | string | The unformatted content of the article, where available. This is truncated to 200 chars.
+
+Use page size: 2
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/open_meteo_docs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/open_meteo_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4abd86fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/open_meteo_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+OPEN_METEO_DOCS = """BASE URL: https://api.open-meteo.com/
+
+API Documentation
+The API endpoint /v1/forecast accepts a geographical coordinate, a list of weather variables and responds with a JSON hourly weather forecast for 7 days. Time always starts at 0:00 today and contains 168 hours. All URL parameters are listed below:
+
+Parameter	Format	Required	Default	Description
+latitude, longitude	Floating point	Yes		Geographical WGS84 coordinate of the location
+hourly	String array	No		A list of weather variables which should be returned. Values can be comma separated, or multiple &hourly= parameter in the URL can be used.
+daily	String array	No		A list of daily weather variable aggregations which should be returned. Values can be comma separated, or multiple &daily= parameter in the URL can be used. If daily weather variables are specified, parameter timezone is required.
+current_weather	Bool	No	false	Include current weather conditions in the JSON output.
+temperature_unit	String	No	celsius	If fahrenheit is set, all temperature values are converted to Fahrenheit.
+windspeed_unit	String	No	kmh	Other wind speed speed units: ms, mph and kn
+precipitation_unit	String	No	mm	Other precipitation amount units: inch
+timeformat	String	No	iso8601	If format unixtime is selected, all time values are returned in UNIX epoch time in seconds. Please note that all timestamp are in GMT+0! For daily values with unix timestamps, please apply utc_offset_seconds again to get the correct date.
+timezone	String	No	GMT	If timezone is set, all timestamps are returned as local-time and data is returned starting at 00:00 local-time. Any time zone name from the time zone database is supported. If auto is set as a time zone, the coordinates will be automatically resolved to the local time zone.
+past_days	Integer (0-2)	No	0	If past_days is set, yesterday or the day before yesterday data are also returned.
+start_date
+end_date	String (yyyy-mm-dd)	No		The time interval to get weather data. A day must be specified as an ISO8601 date (e.g. 2022-06-30).
+models	String array	No	auto	Manually select one or more weather models. Per default, the best suitable weather models will be combined.
+
+Hourly Parameter Definition
+The parameter &hourly= accepts the following values. Most weather variables are given as an instantaneous value for the indicated hour. Some variables like precipitation are calculated from the preceding hour as an average or sum.
+
+Variable	Valid time	Unit	Description
+temperature_2m	Instant	°C (°F)	Air temperature at 2 meters above ground
+snowfall	Preceding hour sum	cm (inch)	Snowfall amount of the preceding hour in centimeters. For the water equivalent in millimeter, divide by 7. E.g. 7 cm snow = 10 mm precipitation water equivalent
+rain	Preceding hour sum	mm (inch)	Rain from large scale weather systems of the preceding hour in millimeter
+showers	Preceding hour sum	mm (inch)	Showers from convective precipitation in millimeters from the preceding hour
+weathercode	Instant	WMO code	Weather condition as a numeric code. Follow WMO weather interpretation codes. See table below for details.
+snow_depth	Instant	meters	Snow depth on the ground
+freezinglevel_height	Instant	meters	Altitude above sea level of the 0°C level
+visibility	Instant	meters	Viewing distance in meters. Influenced by low clouds, humidity and aerosols. Maximum visibility is approximately 24 km."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb552188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.openapi.chain import OpenAPIEndpointChain
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "OpenAPIEndpointChain": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.chain",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["OpenAPIEndpointChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfc7cf2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.openapi.prompts import (
+        REQUEST_TEMPLATE,
+        RESPONSE_TEMPLATE,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "REQUEST_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.prompts",
+    "RESPONSE_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.prompts",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["REQUEST_TEMPLATE", "RESPONSE_TEMPLATE"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/requests_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/requests_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d221ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/requests_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.openapi.requests_chain import (
+        REQUEST_TEMPLATE,
+        APIRequesterChain,
+        APIRequesterOutputParser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "APIRequesterChain": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.requests_chain",
+    "APIRequesterOutputParser": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.requests_chain",
+    "REQUEST_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.requests_chain",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["APIRequesterChain", "APIRequesterOutputParser", "REQUEST_TEMPLATE"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/response_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/response_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86644762
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/openapi/response_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.openapi.response_chain import (
+        RESPONSE_TEMPLATE,
+        APIResponderChain,
+        APIResponderOutputParser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "APIResponderChain": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.response_chain",
+    "APIResponderOutputParser": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.response_chain",
+    "RESPONSE_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.openapi.response_chain",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["APIResponderChain", "APIResponderOutputParser", "RESPONSE_TEMPLATE"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/podcast_docs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/podcast_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c4e5cbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/podcast_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+PODCAST_DOCS = """API documentation:
+Endpoint: https://listen-api.listennotes.com/api/v2
+GET /search
+
+This API is for searching podcasts or episodes.
+
+Query parameters table:
+q | string | Search term, e.g., person, place, topic... You can use double quotes to do verbatim match, e.g., "game of thrones". Otherwise, it's fuzzy search. | required
+type | string | What type of contents do you want to search for? Available values: episode, podcast, curated. default: episode | optional
+page_size | integer | The maximum number of search results per page. A valid value should be an integer between 1 and 10 (inclusive). default: 3 | optional
+language | string | Limit search results to a specific language, e.g., English, Chinese ... If not specified, it'll be any language. It works only when type is episode or podcast. | optional
+region | string | Limit search results to a specific region (e.g., us, gb, in...). If not specified, it'll be any region. It works only when type is episode or podcast. | optional
+len_min | integer | Minimum audio length in minutes. Applicable only when type parameter is episode or podcast. If type parameter is episode, it's for audio length of an episode. If type parameter is podcast, it's for average audio length of all episodes in a podcast. | optional
+len_max | integer | Maximum audio length in minutes. Applicable only when type parameter is episode or podcast. If type parameter is episode, it's for audio length of an episode. If type parameter is podcast, it's for average audio length of all episodes in a podcast. | optional
+
+Response schema (JSON object):
+next_offset | integer | optional
+total | integer | optional
+results | array[object] (Episode / Podcast List Result Object)
+
+Each object in the "results" key has the following schema:
+listennotes_url | string | optional
+id | integer | optional
+title_highlighted | string | optional
+
+Use page_size: 3
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ffc389a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+API_URL_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """You are given the below API Documentation:
+{api_docs}
+Using this documentation, generate the full API url to call for answering the user question.
+You should build the API url in order to get a response that is as short as possible, while still getting the necessary information to answer the question. Pay attention to deliberately exclude any unnecessary pieces of data in the API call.
+
+Question:{question}
+API url:"""
+
+API_URL_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=[
+        "api_docs",
+        "question",
+    ],
+    template=API_URL_PROMPT_TEMPLATE,
+)
+
+API_RESPONSE_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = (
+    API_URL_PROMPT_TEMPLATE
+    + """ {api_url}
+
+Here is the response from the API:
+
+{api_response}
+
+Summarize this response to answer the original question.
+
+Summary:"""
+)
+
+API_RESPONSE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["api_docs", "question", "api_url", "api_response"],
+    template=API_RESPONSE_PROMPT_TEMPLATE,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/tmdb_docs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/tmdb_docs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4634a80a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/api/tmdb_docs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+TMDB_DOCS = """API documentation:
+Endpoint: https://api.themoviedb.org/3
+GET /search/movie
+
+This API is for searching movies.
+
+Query parameters table:
+language | string | Pass a ISO 639-1 value to display translated data for the fields that support it. minLength: 2, pattern: ([a-z]{2})-([A-Z]{2}), default: en-US | optional
+query | string | Pass a text query to search. This value should be URI encoded. minLength: 1 | required
+page | integer | Specify which page to query. minimum: 1, maximum: 1000, default: 1 | optional
+include_adult | boolean | Choose whether to include adult (pornography) content in the results. default | optional
+region | string | Specify a ISO 3166-1 code to filter release dates. Must be uppercase. pattern: ^[A-Z]{2}$ | optional
+year | integer  | optional
+primary_release_year | integer | optional
+
+Response schema (JSON object):
+page | integer | optional
+total_results | integer | optional
+total_pages | integer | optional
+results | array[object] (Movie List Result Object)
+
+Each object in the "results" key has the following schema:
+poster_path | string or null | optional
+adult | boolean | optional
+overview | string | optional
+release_date | string | optional
+genre_ids | array[integer] | optional
+id | integer | optional
+original_title | string | optional
+original_language | string | optional
+title | string | optional
+backdrop_path | string or null | optional
+popularity | number | optional
+vote_count | integer | optional
+video | boolean | optional
+vote_average | number | optional"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bae805f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,766 @@
+"""Base interface that all chains should implement."""
+
+import builtins
+import inspect
+import json
+import logging
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union, cast
+
+import yaml
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    CallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+from langchain_core.outputs import RunInfo
+from langchain_core.runnables import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+    ensure_config,
+    run_in_executor,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import create_model
+from pydantic import (
+    BaseModel,
+    ConfigDict,
+    Field,
+    field_validator,
+    model_validator,
+)
+
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _get_verbosity() -> bool:
+    from langchain.globals import get_verbose
+
+    return get_verbose()
+
+
+class Chain(RunnableSerializable[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]], ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for creating structured sequences of calls to components.
+
+    Chains should be used to encode a sequence of calls to components like
+    models, document retrievers, other chains, etc., and provide a simple interface
+    to this sequence.
+
+    The Chain interface makes it easy to create apps that are:
+        - Stateful: add Memory to any Chain to give it state,
+        - Observable: pass Callbacks to a Chain to execute additional functionality,
+            like logging, outside the main sequence of component calls,
+        - Composable: the Chain API is flexible enough that it is easy to combine
+            Chains with other components, including other Chains.
+
+    The main methods exposed by chains are:
+        - `__call__`: Chains are callable. The `__call__` method is the primary way to
+            execute a Chain. This takes inputs as a dictionary and returns a
+            dictionary output.
+        - `run`: A convenience method that takes inputs as args/kwargs and returns the
+            output as a string or object. This method can only be used for a subset of
+            chains and cannot return as rich of an output as `__call__`.
+    """
+
+    memory: Optional[BaseMemory] = None
+    """Optional memory object. Defaults to None.
+    Memory is a class that gets called at the start
+    and at the end of every chain. At the start, memory loads variables and passes
+    them along in the chain. At the end, it saves any returned variables.
+    There are many different types of memory - please see memory docs
+    for the full catalog."""
+    callbacks: Callbacks = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """Optional list of callback handlers (or callback manager). Defaults to None.
+    Callback handlers are called throughout the lifecycle of a call to a chain,
+    starting with on_chain_start, ending with on_chain_end or on_chain_error.
+    Each custom chain can optionally call additional callback methods, see Callback docs
+    for full details."""
+    verbose: bool = Field(default_factory=_get_verbosity)
+    """Whether or not run in verbose mode. In verbose mode, some intermediate logs
+    will be printed to the console. Defaults to the global `verbose` value,
+    accessible via `langchain.globals.get_verbose()`."""
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Optional list of tags associated with the chain. Defaults to None.
+    These tags will be associated with each call to this chain,
+    and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+    You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a chain with its use case.
+    """
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Optional metadata associated with the chain. Defaults to None.
+    This metadata will be associated with each call to this chain,
+    and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+    You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a chain with its use case.
+    """
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """[DEPRECATED] Use `callbacks` instead."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        # This is correct, but pydantic typings/mypy don't think so.
+        return create_model("ChainInput", **{k: (Any, None) for k in self.input_keys})
+
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        # This is correct, but pydantic typings/mypy don't think so.
+        return create_model("ChainOutput", **{k: (Any, None) for k in self.output_keys})
+
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callbacks = config.get("callbacks")
+        tags = config.get("tags")
+        metadata = config.get("metadata")
+        run_name = config.get("run_name") or self.get_name()
+        run_id = config.get("run_id")
+        include_run_info = kwargs.get("include_run_info", False)
+        return_only_outputs = kwargs.get("return_only_outputs", False)
+
+        inputs = self.prep_inputs(input)
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks,
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose,
+            tags,
+            self.tags,
+            metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+        new_arg_supported = inspect.signature(self._call).parameters.get("run_manager")
+
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            inputs,
+            run_id,
+            name=run_name,
+        )
+        try:
+            self._validate_inputs(inputs)
+            outputs = (
+                self._call(inputs, run_manager=run_manager)
+                if new_arg_supported
+                else self._call(inputs)
+            )
+
+            final_outputs: dict[str, Any] = self.prep_outputs(
+                inputs, outputs, return_only_outputs
+            )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise e
+        run_manager.on_chain_end(outputs)
+
+        if include_run_info:
+            final_outputs[RUN_KEY] = RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id)
+        return final_outputs
+
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callbacks = config.get("callbacks")
+        tags = config.get("tags")
+        metadata = config.get("metadata")
+        run_name = config.get("run_name") or self.get_name()
+        run_id = config.get("run_id")
+        include_run_info = kwargs.get("include_run_info", False)
+        return_only_outputs = kwargs.get("return_only_outputs", False)
+
+        inputs = await self.aprep_inputs(input)
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks,
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose,
+            tags,
+            self.tags,
+            metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+        new_arg_supported = inspect.signature(self._acall).parameters.get("run_manager")
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            inputs,
+            run_id,
+            name=run_name,
+        )
+        try:
+            self._validate_inputs(inputs)
+            outputs = (
+                await self._acall(inputs, run_manager=run_manager)
+                if new_arg_supported
+                else await self._acall(inputs)
+            )
+            final_outputs: dict[str, Any] = await self.aprep_outputs(
+                inputs, outputs, return_only_outputs
+            )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise e
+        await run_manager.on_chain_end(outputs)
+
+        if include_run_info:
+            final_outputs[RUN_KEY] = RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id)
+        return final_outputs
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Saving not supported for this chain type.")
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_callback_manager_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Raise deprecation warning if callback_manager is used."""
+        if values.get("callback_manager") is not None:
+            if values.get("callbacks") is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Cannot specify both callback_manager and callbacks. "
+                    "callback_manager is deprecated, callbacks is the preferred "
+                    "parameter to pass in."
+                )
+            warnings.warn(
+                "callback_manager is deprecated. Please use callbacks instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            values["callbacks"] = values.pop("callback_manager", None)
+        return values
+
+    @field_validator("verbose", mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def set_verbose(cls, verbose: Optional[bool]) -> bool:
+        """Set the chain verbosity.
+
+        Defaults to the global setting if not specified by the user.
+        """
+        if verbose is None:
+            return _get_verbosity()
+        else:
+            return verbose
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Keys expected to be in the chain input."""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Keys expected to be in the chain output."""
+
+    def _validate_inputs(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Check that all inputs are present."""
+        if not isinstance(inputs, dict):
+            _input_keys = set(self.input_keys)
+            if self.memory is not None:
+                # If there are multiple input keys, but some get set by memory so that
+                # only one is not set, we can still figure out which key it is.
+                _input_keys = _input_keys.difference(self.memory.memory_variables)
+            if len(_input_keys) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"A single string input was passed in, but this chain expects "
+                    f"multiple inputs ({_input_keys}). When a chain expects "
+                    f"multiple inputs, please call it by passing in a dictionary, "
+                    "eg `chain({'foo': 1, 'bar': 2})`"
+                )
+
+        missing_keys = set(self.input_keys).difference(inputs)
+        if missing_keys:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing some input keys: {missing_keys}")
+
+    def _validate_outputs(self, outputs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        missing_keys = set(self.output_keys).difference(outputs)
+        if missing_keys:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing some output keys: {missing_keys}")
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Execute the chain.
+
+        This is a private method that is not user-facing. It is only called within
+            `Chain.__call__`, which is the user-facing wrapper method that handles
+            callbacks configuration and some input/output processing.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: A dict of named inputs to the chain. Assumed to contain all inputs
+                specified in `Chain.input_keys`, including any inputs added by memory.
+            run_manager: The callbacks manager that contains the callback handlers for
+                this run of the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dict of named outputs. Should contain all outputs specified in
+                `Chain.output_keys`.
+        """
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Asynchronously execute the chain.
+
+        This is a private method that is not user-facing. It is only called within
+            `Chain.acall`, which is the user-facing wrapper method that handles
+            callbacks configuration and some input/output processing.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: A dict of named inputs to the chain. Assumed to contain all inputs
+                specified in `Chain.input_keys`, including any inputs added by memory.
+            run_manager: The callbacks manager that contains the callback handlers for
+                this run of the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dict of named outputs. Should contain all outputs specified in
+                `Chain.output_keys`.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None, self._call, inputs, run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None
+        )
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        inputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any],
+        return_only_outputs: bool = False,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Execute the chain.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Dictionary of inputs, or single input if chain expects
+                only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in
+                `Chain.input_keys` except for inputs that will be set by the chain's
+                memory.
+            return_only_outputs: Whether to return only outputs in the
+                response. If True, only new keys generated by this chain will be
+                returned. If False, both input keys and new keys generated by this
+                chain will be returned. Defaults to False.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in
+                addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            tags: List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in
+                addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            metadata: Optional metadata associated with the chain. Defaults to None
+            include_run_info: Whether to include run info in the response. Defaults
+                to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dict of named outputs. Should contain all outputs specified in
+                `Chain.output_keys`.
+        """
+        config = {
+            "callbacks": callbacks,
+            "tags": tags,
+            "metadata": metadata,
+            "run_name": run_name,
+        }
+
+        return self.invoke(
+            inputs,
+            cast(RunnableConfig, {k: v for k, v in config.items() if v is not None}),
+            return_only_outputs=return_only_outputs,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    async def acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any],
+        return_only_outputs: bool = False,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Asynchronously execute the chain.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Dictionary of inputs, or single input if chain expects
+                only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in
+                `Chain.input_keys` except for inputs that will be set by the chain's
+                memory.
+            return_only_outputs: Whether to return only outputs in the
+                response. If True, only new keys generated by this chain will be
+                returned. If False, both input keys and new keys generated by this
+                chain will be returned. Defaults to False.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in
+                addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            tags: List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in
+                addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            metadata: Optional metadata associated with the chain. Defaults to None
+            include_run_info: Whether to include run info in the response. Defaults
+                to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dict of named outputs. Should contain all outputs specified in
+                `Chain.output_keys`.
+        """
+        config = {
+            "callbacks": callbacks,
+            "tags": tags,
+            "metadata": metadata,
+            "run_name": run_name,
+        }
+        return await self.ainvoke(
+            inputs,
+            cast(RunnableConfig, {k: v for k, v in config.items() if k is not None}),
+            return_only_outputs=return_only_outputs,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+
+    def prep_outputs(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        outputs: dict[str, str],
+        return_only_outputs: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Validate and prepare chain outputs, and save info about this run to memory.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Dictionary of chain inputs, including any inputs added by chain
+                memory.
+            outputs: Dictionary of initial chain outputs.
+            return_only_outputs: Whether to only return the chain outputs. If False,
+                inputs are also added to the final outputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dict of the final chain outputs.
+        """
+        self._validate_outputs(outputs)
+        if self.memory is not None:
+            self.memory.save_context(inputs, outputs)
+        if return_only_outputs:
+            return outputs
+        else:
+            return {**inputs, **outputs}
+
+    async def aprep_outputs(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        outputs: dict[str, str],
+        return_only_outputs: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Validate and prepare chain outputs, and save info about this run to memory.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Dictionary of chain inputs, including any inputs added by chain
+                memory.
+            outputs: Dictionary of initial chain outputs.
+            return_only_outputs: Whether to only return the chain outputs. If False,
+                inputs are also added to the final outputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dict of the final chain outputs.
+        """
+        self._validate_outputs(outputs)
+        if self.memory is not None:
+            await self.memory.asave_context(inputs, outputs)
+        if return_only_outputs:
+            return outputs
+        else:
+            return {**inputs, **outputs}
+
+    def prep_inputs(self, inputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Prepare chain inputs, including adding inputs from memory.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Dictionary of raw inputs, or single input if chain expects
+                only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in
+                `Chain.input_keys` except for inputs that will be set by the chain's
+                memory.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary of all inputs, including those added by the chain's memory.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(inputs, dict):
+            _input_keys = set(self.input_keys)
+            if self.memory is not None:
+                # If there are multiple input keys, but some get set by memory so that
+                # only one is not set, we can still figure out which key it is.
+                _input_keys = _input_keys.difference(self.memory.memory_variables)
+            inputs = {list(_input_keys)[0]: inputs}
+        if self.memory is not None:
+            external_context = self.memory.load_memory_variables(inputs)
+            inputs = dict(inputs, **external_context)
+        return inputs
+
+    async def aprep_inputs(self, inputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Prepare chain inputs, including adding inputs from memory.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Dictionary of raw inputs, or single input if chain expects
+                only one param. Should contain all inputs specified in
+                `Chain.input_keys` except for inputs that will be set by the chain's
+                memory.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary of all inputs, including those added by the chain's memory.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(inputs, dict):
+            _input_keys = set(self.input_keys)
+            if self.memory is not None:
+                # If there are multiple input keys, but some get set by memory so that
+                # only one is not set, we can still figure out which key it is.
+                _input_keys = _input_keys.difference(self.memory.memory_variables)
+            inputs = {list(_input_keys)[0]: inputs}
+        if self.memory is not None:
+            external_context = await self.memory.aload_memory_variables(inputs)
+            inputs = dict(inputs, **external_context)
+        return inputs
+
+    @property
+    def _run_output_key(self) -> str:
+        if len(self.output_keys) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"`run` not supported when there is not exactly "
+                f"one output key. Got {self.output_keys}."
+            )
+        return self.output_keys[0]
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    def run(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Convenience method for executing chain.
+
+        The main difference between this method and `Chain.__call__` is that this
+        method expects inputs to be passed directly in as positional arguments or
+        keyword arguments, whereas `Chain.__call__` expects a single input dictionary
+        with all the inputs
+
+        Args:
+            *args: If the chain expects a single input, it can be passed in as the
+                sole positional argument.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in
+                addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            tags: List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in
+                addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            **kwargs: If the chain expects multiple inputs, they can be passed in
+                directly as keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The chain output.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                # Suppose we have a single-input chain that takes a 'question' string:
+                chain.run("What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?")
+                # -> "The temperature in Boise is..."
+
+                # Suppose we have a multi-input chain that takes a 'question' string
+                # and 'context' string:
+                question = "What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?"
+                context = "Weather report for Boise, Idaho on 07/03/23..."
+                chain.run(question=question, context=context)
+                # -> "The temperature in Boise is..."
+        """
+        # Run at start to make sure this is possible/defined
+        _output_key = self._run_output_key
+
+        if args and not kwargs:
+            if len(args) != 1:
+                raise ValueError("`run` supports only one positional argument.")
+            return self(args[0], callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags, metadata=metadata)[
+                _output_key
+            ]
+
+        if kwargs and not args:
+            return self(kwargs, callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags, metadata=metadata)[
+                _output_key
+            ]
+
+        if not kwargs and not args:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "`run` supported with either positional arguments or keyword arguments,"
+                " but none were provided."
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"`run` supported with either positional arguments or keyword arguments"
+                f" but not both. Got args: {args} and kwargs: {kwargs}."
+            )
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    async def arun(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Convenience method for executing chain.
+
+        The main difference between this method and `Chain.__call__` is that this
+        method expects inputs to be passed directly in as positional arguments or
+        keyword arguments, whereas `Chain.__call__` expects a single input dictionary
+        with all the inputs
+
+
+        Args:
+            *args: If the chain expects a single input, it can be passed in as the
+                sole positional argument.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to use for this chain run. These will be called in
+                addition to callbacks passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime callbacks will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            tags: List of string tags to pass to all callbacks. These will be passed in
+                addition to tags passed to the chain during construction, but only
+                these runtime tags will propagate to calls to other objects.
+            **kwargs: If the chain expects multiple inputs, they can be passed in
+                directly as keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The chain output.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                # Suppose we have a single-input chain that takes a 'question' string:
+                await chain.arun("What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?")
+                # -> "The temperature in Boise is..."
+
+                # Suppose we have a multi-input chain that takes a 'question' string
+                # and 'context' string:
+                question = "What's the temperature in Boise, Idaho?"
+                context = "Weather report for Boise, Idaho on 07/03/23..."
+                await chain.arun(question=question, context=context)
+                # -> "The temperature in Boise is..."
+        """
+        if len(self.output_keys) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"`run` not supported when there is not exactly "
+                f"one output key. Got {self.output_keys}."
+            )
+        elif args and not kwargs:
+            if len(args) != 1:
+                raise ValueError("`run` supports only one positional argument.")
+            return (
+                await self.acall(
+                    args[0], callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags, metadata=metadata
+                )
+            )[self.output_keys[0]]
+
+        if kwargs and not args:
+            return (
+                await self.acall(
+                    kwargs, callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags, metadata=metadata
+                )
+            )[self.output_keys[0]]
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"`run` supported with either positional arguments or keyword arguments"
+            f" but not both. Got args: {args} and kwargs: {kwargs}."
+        )
+
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict:
+        """Dictionary representation of chain.
+
+        Expects `Chain._chain_type` property to be implemented and for memory to be
+            null.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to default `pydantic.BaseModel.dict`
+                method.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary representation of the chain.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                chain.dict(exclude_unset=True)
+                # -> {"_type": "foo", "verbose": False, ...}
+        """
+        _dict = super().dict(**kwargs)
+        try:
+            _dict["_type"] = self._chain_type
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+        return _dict
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the chain.
+
+        Expects `Chain._chain_type` property to be implemented and for memory to be
+            null.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: Path to file to save the chain to.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                chain.save(file_path="path/chain.yaml")
+        """
+        if self.memory is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Saving of memory is not yet supported.")
+
+        # Fetch dictionary to save
+        chain_dict = self.dict()
+        if "_type" not in chain_dict:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Chain {self} does not support saving.")
+
+        # Convert file to Path object.
+        if isinstance(file_path, str):
+            save_path = Path(file_path)
+        else:
+            save_path = file_path
+
+        directory_path = save_path.parent
+        directory_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        if save_path.suffix == ".json":
+            with open(file_path, "w") as f:
+                json.dump(chain_dict, f, indent=4)
+        elif save_path.suffix.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+            with open(file_path, "w") as f:
+                yaml.dump(chain_dict, f, default_flow_style=False)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"{save_path} must be json or yaml")
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="batch", removal="1.0")
+    def apply(
+        self, input_list: list[builtins.dict[str, Any]], callbacks: Callbacks = None
+    ) -> list[builtins.dict[str, str]]:
+        """Call the chain on all inputs in the list."""
+        return [self(inputs, callbacks=callbacks) for inputs in input_list]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/chat_vector_db/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/chat_vector_db/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/chat_vector_db/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/chat_vector_db/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19f7a210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/chat_vector_db/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_template = """Given the following conversation and a follow up question, rephrase the follow up question to be a standalone question.
+
+Chat History:
+{chat_history}
+Follow Up Input: {question}
+Standalone question:"""
+CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(_template)
+
+prompt_template = """Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
+
+{context}
+
+Question: {question}
+Helpful Answer:"""
+QA_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question"]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b038ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""Different ways to combine documents."""
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.reduce import (
+    acollapse_docs,
+    collapse_docs,
+    split_list_of_docs,
+)
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import create_stuff_documents_chain
+
+__all__ = [
+    "acollapse_docs",
+    "collapse_docs",
+    "split_list_of_docs",
+    "create_stuff_documents_chain",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/__pycache__/stuff.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/__pycache__/stuff.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba2afb7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+"""Base interface for chains combining documents."""
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import create_model
+from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter, TextSplitter
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+
+DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_SEPARATOR = "\n\n"
+DOCUMENTS_KEY = "context"
+DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template("{page_content}")
+
+
+def _validate_prompt(prompt: BasePromptTemplate, document_variable_name: str) -> None:
+    if document_variable_name not in prompt.input_variables:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Prompt must accept {document_variable_name} as an input variable. "
+            f"Received prompt with input variables: {prompt.input_variables}"
+        )
+
+
+class BaseCombineDocumentsChain(Chain, ABC):
+    """Base interface for chains combining documents.
+
+    Subclasses of this chain deal with combining documents in a variety of
+    ways. This base class exists to add some uniformity in the interface these types
+    of chains should expose. Namely, they expect an input key related to the documents
+    to use (default `input_documents`), and then also expose a method to calculate
+    the length of a prompt from documents (useful for outside callers to use to
+    determine whether it's safe to pass a list of documents into this chain or whether
+    that will be longer than the context length).
+    """
+
+    input_key: str = "input_documents"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "output_text"  #: :meta private:
+
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return create_model(
+            "CombineDocumentsInput",
+            **{self.input_key: (list[Document], None)},
+        )
+
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return create_model(
+            "CombineDocumentsOutput",
+            **{self.output_key: (str, None)},
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def prompt_length(self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Return the prompt length given the documents passed in.
+
+        This can be used by a caller to determine whether passing in a list
+        of documents would exceed a certain prompt length. This useful when
+        trying to ensure that the size of a prompt remains below a certain
+        context limit.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List[Document], a list of documents to use to calculate the
+                total prompt length.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns None if the method does not depend on the prompt length,
+            otherwise the length of the prompt in tokens.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def combine_docs(self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine documents into a single string.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List[Document], the documents to combine
+            **kwargs: Other parameters to use in combining documents, often
+                other inputs to the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def acombine_docs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine documents into a single string.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List[Document], the documents to combine
+            **kwargs: Other parameters to use in combining documents, often
+                other inputs to the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, list[Document]],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Prepare inputs, call combine docs, prepare outputs."""
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        docs = inputs[self.input_key]
+        # Other keys are assumed to be needed for LLM prediction
+        other_keys = {k: v for k, v in inputs.items() if k != self.input_key}
+        output, extra_return_dict = self.combine_docs(
+            docs, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(), **other_keys
+        )
+        extra_return_dict[self.output_key] = output
+        return extra_return_dict
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, list[Document]],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Prepare inputs, call combine docs, prepare outputs."""
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        docs = inputs[self.input_key]
+        # Other keys are assumed to be needed for LLM prediction
+        other_keys = {k: v for k, v in inputs.items() if k != self.input_key}
+        output, extra_return_dict = await self.acombine_docs(
+            docs, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(), **other_keys
+        )
+        extra_return_dict[self.output_key] = output
+        return extra_return_dict
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.7",
+    alternative=(
+        "example in API reference with more detail: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.combine_documents.base.AnalyzeDocumentChain.html"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class AnalyzeDocumentChain(Chain):
+    """Chain that splits documents, then analyzes it in pieces.
+
+    This chain is parameterized by a TextSplitter and a CombineDocumentsChain.
+    This chain takes a single document as input, and then splits it up into chunks
+    and then passes those chucks to the CombineDocumentsChain.
+
+    This class is deprecated. See below for alternative implementations which
+    supports async and streaming modes of operation.
+
+    If the underlying combine documents chain takes one ``input_documents`` argument
+    (e.g., chains generated by ``load_summarize_chain``):
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            split_text = lambda x: text_splitter.create_documents([x])
+
+            summarize_document_chain = split_text | chain
+
+    If the underlying chain takes additional arguments (e.g., ``load_qa_chain``, which
+    takes an additional ``question`` argument), we can use the following:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from operator import itemgetter
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda, RunnableParallel
+
+            split_text = RunnableLambda(
+                lambda x: text_splitter.create_documents([x])
+            )
+            summarize_document_chain = RunnableParallel(
+                question=itemgetter("question"),
+                input_documents=itemgetter("input_document") | split_text,
+            ) | chain.pick("output_text")
+
+    To additionally return the input parameters, as ``AnalyzeDocumentChain`` does,
+    we can wrap this construction with ``RunnablePassthrough``:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from operator import itemgetter
+            from langchain_core.runnables import (
+                RunnableLambda,
+                RunnableParallel,
+                RunnablePassthrough,
+            )
+
+            split_text = RunnableLambda(
+                lambda x: text_splitter.create_documents([x])
+            )
+            summarize_document_chain = RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+                output_text=RunnableParallel(
+                    question=itemgetter("question"),
+                    input_documents=itemgetter("input_document") | split_text,
+                ) | chain.pick("output_text")
+            )
+    """
+
+    input_key: str = "input_document"  #: :meta private:
+    text_splitter: TextSplitter = Field(default_factory=RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter)
+    combine_docs_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.combine_docs_chain.output_keys
+
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return create_model(
+            "AnalyzeDocumentChain",
+            **{self.input_key: (str, None)},
+        )
+
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return self.combine_docs_chain.get_output_schema(config)
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Split document into chunks and pass to CombineDocumentsChain."""
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        document = inputs[self.input_key]
+        docs = self.text_splitter.create_documents([document])
+        # Other keys are assumed to be needed for LLM prediction
+        other_keys: dict = {k: v for k, v in inputs.items() if k != self.input_key}
+        other_keys[self.combine_docs_chain.input_key] = docs
+        return self.combine_docs_chain(
+            other_keys, return_only_outputs=True, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/map_reduce.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/map_reduce.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b042ed72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/map_reduce.py
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+"""Combining documents by mapping a chain over them first, then combining results."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import create_model
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.reduce import ReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Please see the migration guide here for "
+        "a recommended replacement: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_reduce_chain/"
+    ),
+)
+class MapReduceDocumentsChain(BaseCombineDocumentsChain):
+    """Combining documents by mapping a chain over them, then combining results.
+
+    We first call `llm_chain` on each document individually, passing in the
+    `page_content` and any other kwargs. This is the `map` step.
+
+    We then process the results of that `map` step in a `reduce` step. This should
+    likely be a ReduceDocumentsChain.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import (
+                StuffDocumentsChain,
+                LLMChain,
+                ReduceDocumentsChain,
+                MapReduceDocumentsChain,
+            )
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+
+            # This controls how each document will be formatted. Specifically,
+            # it will be passed to `format_document` - see that function for more
+            # details.
+            document_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                input_variables=["page_content"],
+                 template="{page_content}"
+            )
+            document_variable_name = "context"
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            # The prompt here should take as an input variable the
+            # `document_variable_name`
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Summarize this content: {context}"
+            )
+            llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            # We now define how to combine these summaries
+            reduce_prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Combine these summaries: {context}"
+            )
+            reduce_llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=reduce_prompt)
+            combine_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=reduce_llm_chain,
+                document_prompt=document_prompt,
+                document_variable_name=document_variable_name
+            )
+            reduce_documents_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+                combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+            )
+            chain = MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=llm_chain,
+                reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,
+            )
+            # If we wanted to, we could also pass in collapse_documents_chain
+            # which is specifically aimed at collapsing documents BEFORE
+            # the final call.
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Collapse this content: {context}"
+            )
+            llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            collapse_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=llm_chain,
+                document_prompt=document_prompt,
+                document_variable_name=document_variable_name
+            )
+            reduce_documents_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+                combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+                collapse_documents_chain=collapse_documents_chain,
+            )
+            chain = MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=llm_chain,
+                reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,
+            )
+    """
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """Chain to apply to each document individually."""
+    reduce_documents_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+    """Chain to use to reduce the results of applying `llm_chain` to each doc.
+    This typically either a ReduceDocumentChain or StuffDocumentChain."""
+    document_variable_name: str
+    """The variable name in the llm_chain to put the documents in.
+    If only one variable in the llm_chain, this need not be provided."""
+    return_intermediate_steps: bool = False
+    """Return the results of the map steps in the output."""
+
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            return create_model(
+                "MapReduceDocumentsOutput",
+                **{
+                    self.output_key: (str, None),
+                    "intermediate_steps": (list[str], None),
+                },
+            )
+
+        return super().get_output_schema(config)
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        _output_keys = super().output_keys
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            _output_keys = _output_keys + ["intermediate_steps"]
+        return _output_keys
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_reduce_chain(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """For backwards compatibility."""
+        if "combine_document_chain" in values:
+            if "reduce_documents_chain" in values:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Both `reduce_documents_chain` and `combine_document_chain` "
+                    "cannot be provided at the same time. `combine_document_chain` "
+                    "is deprecated, please only provide `reduce_documents_chain`"
+                )
+            combine_chain = values["combine_document_chain"]
+            collapse_chain = values.get("collapse_document_chain")
+            reduce_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+                combine_documents_chain=combine_chain,
+                collapse_documents_chain=collapse_chain,
+            )
+            values["reduce_documents_chain"] = reduce_chain
+            del values["combine_document_chain"]
+            if "collapse_document_chain" in values:
+                del values["collapse_document_chain"]
+
+        return values
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_return_intermediate_steps(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """For backwards compatibility."""
+        if "return_map_steps" in values:
+            values["return_intermediate_steps"] = values["return_map_steps"]
+            del values["return_map_steps"]
+        return values
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_default_document_variable_name(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Get default document variable name, if not provided."""
+        if "llm_chain" not in values:
+            raise ValueError("llm_chain must be provided")
+
+        llm_chain_variables = values["llm_chain"].prompt.input_variables
+        if "document_variable_name" not in values:
+            if len(llm_chain_variables) == 1:
+                values["document_variable_name"] = llm_chain_variables[0]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "document_variable_name must be provided if there are "
+                    "multiple llm_chain input_variables"
+                )
+        else:
+            if values["document_variable_name"] not in llm_chain_variables:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"document_variable_name {values['document_variable_name']} was "
+                    f"not found in llm_chain input_variables: {llm_chain_variables}"
+                )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def collapse_document_chain(self) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+        """Kept for backward compatibility."""
+        if isinstance(self.reduce_documents_chain, ReduceDocumentsChain):
+            if self.reduce_documents_chain.collapse_documents_chain:
+                return self.reduce_documents_chain.collapse_documents_chain
+            else:
+                return self.reduce_documents_chain.combine_documents_chain
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"`reduce_documents_chain` is of type "
+                f"{type(self.reduce_documents_chain)} so it does not have "
+                f"this attribute."
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def combine_document_chain(self) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+        """Kept for backward compatibility."""
+        if isinstance(self.reduce_documents_chain, ReduceDocumentsChain):
+            return self.reduce_documents_chain.combine_documents_chain
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"`reduce_documents_chain` is of type "
+                f"{type(self.reduce_documents_chain)} so it does not have "
+                f"this attribute."
+            )
+
+    def combine_docs(
+        self,
+        docs: list[Document],
+        token_max: Optional[int] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine documents in a map reduce manner.
+
+        Combine by mapping first chain over all documents, then reducing the results.
+        This reducing can be done recursively if needed (if there are many documents).
+        """
+        map_results = self.llm_chain.apply(
+            # FYI - this is parallelized and so it is fast.
+            [{self.document_variable_name: d.page_content, **kwargs} for d in docs],
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+        )
+        question_result_key = self.llm_chain.output_key
+        result_docs = [
+            Document(page_content=r[question_result_key], metadata=docs[i].metadata)
+            # This uses metadata from the docs, and the textual results from `results`
+            for i, r in enumerate(map_results)
+        ]
+        result, extra_return_dict = self.reduce_documents_chain.combine_docs(
+            result_docs, token_max=token_max, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            intermediate_steps = [r[question_result_key] for r in map_results]
+            extra_return_dict["intermediate_steps"] = intermediate_steps
+        return result, extra_return_dict
+
+    async def acombine_docs(
+        self,
+        docs: list[Document],
+        token_max: Optional[int] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine documents in a map reduce manner.
+
+        Combine by mapping first chain over all documents, then reducing the results.
+        This reducing can be done recursively if needed (if there are many documents).
+        """
+        map_results = await self.llm_chain.aapply(
+            # FYI - this is parallelized and so it is fast.
+            [{**{self.document_variable_name: d.page_content}, **kwargs} for d in docs],
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+        )
+        question_result_key = self.llm_chain.output_key
+        result_docs = [
+            Document(page_content=r[question_result_key], metadata=docs[i].metadata)
+            # This uses metadata from the docs, and the textual results from `results`
+            for i, r in enumerate(map_results)
+        ]
+        result, extra_return_dict = await self.reduce_documents_chain.acombine_docs(
+            result_docs, token_max=token_max, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            intermediate_steps = [r[question_result_key] for r in map_results]
+            extra_return_dict["intermediate_steps"] = intermediate_steps
+        return result, extra_return_dict
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "map_reduce_documents_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/map_rerank.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/map_rerank.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57e0ac30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/map_rerank.py
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+"""Combining documents by mapping a chain over them first, then reranking results."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import create_model
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.output_parsers.regex import RegexParser
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Please see the migration guide here for "
+        "a recommended replacement: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_rerank_docs_chain/"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+class MapRerankDocumentsChain(BaseCombineDocumentsChain):
+    """Combining documents by mapping a chain over them, then reranking results.
+
+    This algorithm calls an LLMChain on each input document. The LLMChain is expected
+    to have an OutputParser that parses the result into both an answer (`answer_key`)
+    and a score (`rank_key`). The answer with the highest score is then returned.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import MapRerankDocumentsChain, LLMChain
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from langchain.output_parsers.regex import RegexParser
+
+            document_variable_name = "context"
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            # The prompt here should take as an input variable the
+            # `document_variable_name`
+            # The actual prompt will need to be a lot more complex, this is just
+            # an example.
+            prompt_template = (
+                "Use the following context to tell me the chemical formula "
+                "for water. Output both your answer and a score of how confident "
+                "you are. Context: {context}"
+            )
+            output_parser = RegexParser(
+                regex=r"(.*?)\nScore: (.*)",
+                output_keys=["answer", "score"],
+            )
+            prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                template=prompt_template,
+                input_variables=["context"],
+                output_parser=output_parser,
+            )
+            llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            chain = MapRerankDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=llm_chain,
+                document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+                rank_key="score",
+                answer_key="answer",
+            )
+    """
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """Chain to apply to each document individually."""
+    document_variable_name: str
+    """The variable name in the llm_chain to put the documents in.
+    If only one variable in the llm_chain, this need not be provided."""
+    rank_key: str
+    """Key in output of llm_chain to rank on."""
+    answer_key: str
+    """Key in output of llm_chain to return as answer."""
+    metadata_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Additional metadata from the chosen document to return."""
+    return_intermediate_steps: bool = False
+    """Return intermediate steps.
+    Intermediate steps include the results of calling llm_chain on each document."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        schema: dict[str, Any] = {
+            self.output_key: (str, None),
+        }
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            schema["intermediate_steps"] = (list[str], None)
+        if self.metadata_keys:
+            schema.update({key: (Any, None) for key in self.metadata_keys})
+
+        return create_model("MapRerankOutput", **schema)
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        _output_keys = super().output_keys
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            _output_keys = _output_keys + ["intermediate_steps"]
+        if self.metadata_keys is not None:
+            _output_keys += self.metadata_keys
+        return _output_keys
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_llm_output(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate that the combine chain outputs a dictionary."""
+        output_parser = self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser
+        if not isinstance(output_parser, RegexParser):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Output parser of llm_chain should be a RegexParser,"
+                f" got {output_parser}"
+            )
+        output_keys = output_parser.output_keys
+        if self.rank_key not in output_keys:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Got {self.rank_key} as key to rank on, but did not find "
+                f"it in the llm_chain output keys ({output_keys})"
+            )
+        if self.answer_key not in output_keys:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Got {self.answer_key} as key to return, but did not find "
+                f"it in the llm_chain output keys ({output_keys})"
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_default_document_variable_name(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Get default document variable name, if not provided."""
+        if "llm_chain" not in values:
+            raise ValueError("llm_chain must be provided")
+
+        llm_chain_variables = values["llm_chain"].prompt.input_variables
+        if "document_variable_name" not in values:
+            if len(llm_chain_variables) == 1:
+                values["document_variable_name"] = llm_chain_variables[0]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "document_variable_name must be provided if there are "
+                    "multiple llm_chain input_variables"
+                )
+        else:
+            if values["document_variable_name"] not in llm_chain_variables:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"document_variable_name {values['document_variable_name']} was "
+                    f"not found in llm_chain input_variables: {llm_chain_variables}"
+                )
+        return values
+
+    def combine_docs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine documents in a map rerank manner.
+
+        Combine by mapping first chain over all documents, then reranking the results.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to combine
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be passed through
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to be passed to LLM calls (like other
+                input variables besides the documents)
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        results = self.llm_chain.apply_and_parse(
+            # FYI - this is parallelized and so it is fast.
+            [{**{self.document_variable_name: d.page_content}, **kwargs} for d in docs],
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+        )
+        return self._process_results(docs, results)
+
+    async def acombine_docs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine documents in a map rerank manner.
+
+        Combine by mapping first chain over all documents, then reranking the results.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to combine
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be passed through
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to be passed to LLM calls (like other
+                input variables besides the documents)
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        results = await self.llm_chain.aapply_and_parse(
+            # FYI - this is parallelized and so it is fast.
+            [{**{self.document_variable_name: d.page_content}, **kwargs} for d in docs],
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+        )
+        return self._process_results(docs, results)
+
+    def _process_results(
+        self,
+        docs: list[Document],
+        results: Sequence[Union[str, list[str], dict[str, str]]],
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        typed_results = cast(list[dict], results)
+        sorted_res = sorted(
+            zip(typed_results, docs), key=lambda x: -int(x[0][self.rank_key])
+        )
+        output, document = sorted_res[0]
+        extra_info = {}
+        if self.metadata_keys is not None:
+            for key in self.metadata_keys:
+                extra_info[key] = document.metadata[key]
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            extra_info["intermediate_steps"] = results
+        return output[self.answer_key], extra_info
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "map_rerank_documents_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/reduce.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/reduce.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b684357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/reduce.py
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+"""Combine many documents together by recursively reducing them."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Protocol
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+
+
+class CombineDocsProtocol(Protocol):
+    """Interface for the combine_docs method."""
+
+    def __call__(self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Interface for the combine_docs method."""
+
+
+class AsyncCombineDocsProtocol(Protocol):
+    """Interface for the combine_docs method."""
+
+    async def __call__(self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Async interface for the combine_docs method."""
+
+
+def split_list_of_docs(
+    docs: list[Document], length_func: Callable, token_max: int, **kwargs: Any
+) -> list[list[Document]]:
+    """Split Documents into subsets that each meet a cumulative length constraint.
+
+    Args:
+        docs: The full list of Documents.
+        length_func: Function for computing the cumulative length of a set of Documents.
+        token_max: The maximum cumulative length of any subset of Documents.
+        **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword params to pass to each call of the
+            length_func.
+
+    Returns:
+        A List[List[Document]].
+    """
+    new_result_doc_list = []
+    _sub_result_docs = []
+    for doc in docs:
+        _sub_result_docs.append(doc)
+        _num_tokens = length_func(_sub_result_docs, **kwargs)
+        if _num_tokens > token_max:
+            if len(_sub_result_docs) == 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "A single document was longer than the context length,"
+                    " we cannot handle this."
+                )
+            new_result_doc_list.append(_sub_result_docs[:-1])
+            _sub_result_docs = _sub_result_docs[-1:]
+    new_result_doc_list.append(_sub_result_docs)
+    return new_result_doc_list
+
+
+def collapse_docs(
+    docs: list[Document],
+    combine_document_func: CombineDocsProtocol,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Document:
+    """Execute a collapse function on a set of documents and merge their metadatas.
+
+    Args:
+        docs: A list of Documents to combine.
+        combine_document_func: A function that takes in a list of Documents and
+            optionally addition keyword parameters and combines them into a single
+            string.
+        **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword params to pass to the
+            combine_document_func.
+
+    Returns:
+        A single Document with the output of combine_document_func for the page content
+            and the combined metadata's of all the input documents. All metadata values
+            are strings, and where there are overlapping keys across documents the
+            values are joined by ", ".
+    """
+    result = combine_document_func(docs, **kwargs)
+    combined_metadata = {k: str(v) for k, v in docs[0].metadata.items()}
+    for doc in docs[1:]:
+        for k, v in doc.metadata.items():
+            if k in combined_metadata:
+                combined_metadata[k] += f", {v}"
+            else:
+                combined_metadata[k] = str(v)
+    return Document(page_content=result, metadata=combined_metadata)
+
+
+async def acollapse_docs(
+    docs: list[Document],
+    combine_document_func: AsyncCombineDocsProtocol,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Document:
+    """Execute a collapse function on a set of documents and merge their metadatas.
+
+    Args:
+        docs: A list of Documents to combine.
+        combine_document_func: A function that takes in a list of Documents and
+            optionally addition keyword parameters and combines them into a single
+            string.
+        **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword params to pass to the
+            combine_document_func.
+
+    Returns:
+        A single Document with the output of combine_document_func for the page content
+            and the combined metadata's of all the input documents. All metadata values
+            are strings, and where there are overlapping keys across documents the
+            values are joined by ", ".
+    """
+    result = await combine_document_func(docs, **kwargs)
+    combined_metadata = {k: str(v) for k, v in docs[0].metadata.items()}
+    for doc in docs[1:]:
+        for k, v in doc.metadata.items():
+            if k in combined_metadata:
+                combined_metadata[k] += f", {v}"
+            else:
+                combined_metadata[k] = str(v)
+    return Document(page_content=result, metadata=combined_metadata)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Please see the migration guide here for "
+        "a recommended replacement: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_reduce_chain/"
+    ),
+)
+class ReduceDocumentsChain(BaseCombineDocumentsChain):
+    """Combine documents by recursively reducing them.
+
+    This involves
+
+    - combine_documents_chain
+
+    - collapse_documents_chain
+
+    `combine_documents_chain` is ALWAYS provided. This is final chain that is called.
+    We pass all previous results to this chain, and the output of this chain is
+    returned as a final result.
+
+    `collapse_documents_chain` is used if the documents passed in are too many to all
+    be passed to `combine_documents_chain` in one go. In this case,
+    `collapse_documents_chain` is called recursively on as big of groups of documents
+    as are allowed.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import (
+                StuffDocumentsChain, LLMChain, ReduceDocumentsChain
+            )
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+
+            # This controls how each document will be formatted. Specifically,
+            # it will be passed to `format_document` - see that function for more
+            # details.
+            document_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                input_variables=["page_content"],
+                 template="{page_content}"
+            )
+            document_variable_name = "context"
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            # The prompt here should take as an input variable the
+            # `document_variable_name`
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Summarize this content: {context}"
+            )
+            llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            combine_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=llm_chain,
+                document_prompt=document_prompt,
+                document_variable_name=document_variable_name
+            )
+            chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+                combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+            )
+            # If we wanted to, we could also pass in collapse_documents_chain
+            # which is specifically aimed at collapsing documents BEFORE
+            # the final call.
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Collapse this content: {context}"
+            )
+            llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            collapse_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=llm_chain,
+                document_prompt=document_prompt,
+                document_variable_name=document_variable_name
+            )
+            chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+                combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+                collapse_documents_chain=collapse_documents_chain,
+            )
+    """
+
+    combine_documents_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+    """Final chain to call to combine documents.
+    This is typically a StuffDocumentsChain."""
+    collapse_documents_chain: Optional[BaseCombineDocumentsChain] = None
+    """Chain to use to collapse documents if needed until they can all fit.
+    If None, will use the combine_documents_chain.
+    This is typically a StuffDocumentsChain."""
+    token_max: int = 3000
+    """The maximum number of tokens to group documents into. For example, if
+    set to 3000 then documents will be grouped into chunks of no greater than
+    3000 tokens before trying to combine them into a smaller chunk."""
+    collapse_max_retries: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of retries to collapse documents to fit token_max.
+    If None, it will keep trying to collapse documents to fit token_max.
+    Otherwise, after it reaches the max number, it will throw an error"""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def _collapse_chain(self) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+        if self.collapse_documents_chain is not None:
+            return self.collapse_documents_chain
+        else:
+            return self.combine_documents_chain
+
+    def combine_docs(
+        self,
+        docs: list[Document],
+        token_max: Optional[int] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine multiple documents recursively.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to combine, assumed that each one is less than
+                `token_max`.
+            token_max: Recursively creates groups of documents less than this number
+                of tokens.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be passed through
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to be passed to LLM calls (like other
+                input variables besides the documents)
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        result_docs, extra_return_dict = self._collapse(
+            docs, token_max=token_max, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+        return self.combine_documents_chain.combine_docs(
+            docs=result_docs, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def acombine_docs(
+        self,
+        docs: list[Document],
+        token_max: Optional[int] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Async combine multiple documents recursively.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to combine, assumed that each one is less than
+                `token_max`.
+            token_max: Recursively creates groups of documents less than this number
+                of tokens.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be passed through
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to be passed to LLM calls (like other
+                input variables besides the documents)
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        result_docs, extra_return_dict = await self._acollapse(
+            docs, token_max=token_max, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+        return await self.combine_documents_chain.acombine_docs(
+            docs=result_docs, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _collapse(
+        self,
+        docs: list[Document],
+        token_max: Optional[int] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> tuple[list[Document], dict]:
+        result_docs = docs
+        length_func = self.combine_documents_chain.prompt_length
+        num_tokens = length_func(result_docs, **kwargs)
+
+        def _collapse_docs_func(docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+            return self._collapse_chain.run(
+                input_documents=docs, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        _token_max = token_max or self.token_max
+        retries: int = 0
+        while num_tokens is not None and num_tokens > _token_max:
+            new_result_doc_list = split_list_of_docs(
+                result_docs, length_func, _token_max, **kwargs
+            )
+            result_docs = []
+            for docs in new_result_doc_list:
+                new_doc = collapse_docs(docs, _collapse_docs_func, **kwargs)
+                result_docs.append(new_doc)
+            num_tokens = length_func(result_docs, **kwargs)
+            retries += 1
+            if self.collapse_max_retries and retries == self.collapse_max_retries:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Exceed {self.collapse_max_retries} tries to \
+                        collapse document to {_token_max} tokens."
+                )
+        return result_docs, {}
+
+    async def _acollapse(
+        self,
+        docs: list[Document],
+        token_max: Optional[int] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> tuple[list[Document], dict]:
+        result_docs = docs
+        length_func = self.combine_documents_chain.prompt_length
+        num_tokens = length_func(result_docs, **kwargs)
+
+        async def _collapse_docs_func(docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+            return await self._collapse_chain.arun(
+                input_documents=docs, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        _token_max = token_max or self.token_max
+        retries: int = 0
+        while num_tokens is not None and num_tokens > _token_max:
+            new_result_doc_list = split_list_of_docs(
+                result_docs, length_func, _token_max, **kwargs
+            )
+            result_docs = []
+            for docs in new_result_doc_list:
+                new_doc = await acollapse_docs(docs, _collapse_docs_func, **kwargs)
+                result_docs.append(new_doc)
+            num_tokens = length_func(result_docs, **kwargs)
+            retries += 1
+            if self.collapse_max_retries and retries == self.collapse_max_retries:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Exceed {self.collapse_max_retries} tries to \
+                        collapse document to {_token_max} tokens."
+                )
+        return result_docs, {}
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "reduce_documents_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/refine.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/refine.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa03f85c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/refine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+"""Combine documents by doing a first pass and then refining on more documents."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, format_document
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import (
+    BaseCombineDocumentsChain,
+)
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+def _get_default_document_prompt() -> PromptTemplate:
+    return PromptTemplate(input_variables=["page_content"], template="{page_content}")
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Please see the migration guide here for "
+        "a recommended replacement: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/refine_docs_chain/"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+class RefineDocumentsChain(BaseCombineDocumentsChain):
+    """Combine documents by doing a first pass and then refining on more documents.
+
+    This algorithm first calls `initial_llm_chain` on the first document, passing
+    that first document in with the variable name `document_variable_name`, and
+    produces a new variable with the variable name `initial_response_name`.
+
+    Then, it loops over every remaining document. This is called the "refine" step.
+    It calls `refine_llm_chain`,
+    passing in that document with the variable name `document_variable_name`
+    as well as the previous response with the variable name `initial_response_name`.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import RefineDocumentsChain, LLMChain
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+
+            # This controls how each document will be formatted. Specifically,
+            # it will be passed to `format_document` - see that function for more
+            # details.
+            document_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                input_variables=["page_content"],
+                 template="{page_content}"
+            )
+            document_variable_name = "context"
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            # The prompt here should take as an input variable the
+            # `document_variable_name`
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Summarize this content: {context}"
+            )
+            initial_llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            initial_response_name = "prev_response"
+            # The prompt here should take as an input variable the
+            # `document_variable_name` as well as `initial_response_name`
+            prompt_refine = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Here's your first summary: {prev_response}. "
+                "Now add to it based on the following context: {context}"
+            )
+            refine_llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt_refine)
+            chain = RefineDocumentsChain(
+                initial_llm_chain=initial_llm_chain,
+                refine_llm_chain=refine_llm_chain,
+                document_prompt=document_prompt,
+                document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+                initial_response_name=initial_response_name,
+            )
+    """
+
+    initial_llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """LLM chain to use on initial document."""
+    refine_llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """LLM chain to use when refining."""
+    document_variable_name: str
+    """The variable name in the initial_llm_chain to put the documents in.
+    If only one variable in the initial_llm_chain, this need not be provided."""
+    initial_response_name: str
+    """The variable name to format the initial response in when refining."""
+    document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = Field(
+        default_factory=_get_default_document_prompt
+    )
+    """Prompt to use to format each document, gets passed to `format_document`."""
+    return_intermediate_steps: bool = False
+    """Return the results of the refine steps in the output."""
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        _output_keys = super().output_keys
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            _output_keys = _output_keys + ["intermediate_steps"]
+        return _output_keys
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_return_intermediate_steps(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """For backwards compatibility."""
+        if "return_refine_steps" in values:
+            values["return_intermediate_steps"] = values["return_refine_steps"]
+            del values["return_refine_steps"]
+        return values
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_default_document_variable_name(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Get default document variable name, if not provided."""
+        if "initial_llm_chain" not in values:
+            raise ValueError("initial_llm_chain must be provided")
+
+        llm_chain_variables = values["initial_llm_chain"].prompt.input_variables
+        if "document_variable_name" not in values:
+            if len(llm_chain_variables) == 1:
+                values["document_variable_name"] = llm_chain_variables[0]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "document_variable_name must be provided if there are "
+                    "multiple llm_chain input_variables"
+                )
+        else:
+            if values["document_variable_name"] not in llm_chain_variables:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"document_variable_name {values['document_variable_name']} was "
+                    f"not found in llm_chain input_variables: {llm_chain_variables}"
+                )
+        return values
+
+    def combine_docs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Combine by mapping first chain over all, then stuffing into final chain.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to combine
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be passed through
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to be passed to LLM calls (like other
+                input variables besides the documents)
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        inputs = self._construct_initial_inputs(docs, **kwargs)
+        res = self.initial_llm_chain.predict(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs)
+        refine_steps = [res]
+        for doc in docs[1:]:
+            base_inputs = self._construct_refine_inputs(doc, res)
+            inputs = {**base_inputs, **kwargs}
+            res = self.refine_llm_chain.predict(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs)
+            refine_steps.append(res)
+        return self._construct_result(refine_steps, res)
+
+    async def acombine_docs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Async combine by mapping a first chain over all, then stuffing
+         into a final chain.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to combine
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be passed through
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to be passed to LLM calls (like other
+                input variables besides the documents)
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        inputs = self._construct_initial_inputs(docs, **kwargs)
+        res = await self.initial_llm_chain.apredict(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs)
+        refine_steps = [res]
+        for doc in docs[1:]:
+            base_inputs = self._construct_refine_inputs(doc, res)
+            inputs = {**base_inputs, **kwargs}
+            res = await self.refine_llm_chain.apredict(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs)
+            refine_steps.append(res)
+        return self._construct_result(refine_steps, res)
+
+    def _construct_result(self, refine_steps: list[str], res: str) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            extra_return_dict = {"intermediate_steps": refine_steps}
+        else:
+            extra_return_dict = {}
+        return res, extra_return_dict
+
+    def _construct_refine_inputs(self, doc: Document, res: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            self.document_variable_name: format_document(doc, self.document_prompt),
+            self.initial_response_name: res,
+        }
+
+    def _construct_initial_inputs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        base_info = {"page_content": docs[0].page_content}
+        base_info.update(docs[0].metadata)
+        document_info = {k: base_info[k] for k in self.document_prompt.input_variables}
+        base_inputs: dict = {
+            self.document_variable_name: self.document_prompt.format(**document_info)
+        }
+        inputs = {**base_inputs, **kwargs}
+        return inputs
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "refine_documents_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/stuff.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/stuff.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2078462c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/combine_documents/stuff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+"""Chain that combines documents by stuffing into context."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import LanguageModelLike
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser, StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, format_document
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import (
+    DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_PROMPT,
+    DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_SEPARATOR,
+    DOCUMENTS_KEY,
+    BaseCombineDocumentsChain,
+    _validate_prompt,
+)
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+def create_stuff_documents_chain(
+    llm: LanguageModelLike,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+    *,
+    output_parser: Optional[BaseOutputParser] = None,
+    document_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    document_separator: str = DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_SEPARATOR,
+    document_variable_name: str = DOCUMENTS_KEY,
+) -> Runnable[dict[str, Any], Any]:
+    """Create a chain for passing a list of Documents to a model.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model.
+        prompt: Prompt template. Must contain input variable "context" (override by
+            setting document_variable), which will be used for passing in the formatted documents.
+        output_parser: Output parser. Defaults to StrOutputParser.
+        document_prompt: Prompt used for formatting each document into a string. Input
+            variables can be "page_content" or any metadata keys that are in all
+            documents. "page_content" will automatically retrieve the
+            `Document.page_content`, and all other inputs variables will be
+            automatically retrieved from the `Document.metadata` dictionary. Default to
+            a prompt that only contains `Document.page_content`.
+        document_separator: String separator to use between formatted document strings.
+        document_variable_name: Variable name to use for the formatted documents in the prompt.
+            Defaults to "context".
+
+    Returns:
+        An LCEL Runnable. The input is a dictionary that must have a "context" key that
+        maps to a List[Document], and any other input variables expected in the prompt.
+        The Runnable return type depends on output_parser used.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install -U langchain langchain-community
+
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [("system", "What are everyone's favorite colors:\\n\\n{context}")]
+            )
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo")
+            chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(llm, prompt)
+
+            docs = [
+                Document(page_content="Jesse loves red but not yellow"),
+                Document(page_content = "Jamal loves green but not as much as he loves orange")
+            ]
+
+            chain.invoke({"context": docs})
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    _validate_prompt(prompt, document_variable_name)
+    _document_prompt = document_prompt or DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_PROMPT
+    _output_parser = output_parser or StrOutputParser()
+
+    def format_docs(inputs: dict) -> str:
+        return document_separator.join(
+            format_document(doc, _document_prompt)
+            for doc in inputs[document_variable_name]
+        )
+
+    return (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(**{document_variable_name: format_docs}).with_config(
+            run_name="format_inputs"
+        )
+        | prompt
+        | llm
+        | _output_parser
+    ).with_config(run_name="stuff_documents_chain")
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Use the `create_stuff_documents_chain` constructor "
+        "instead. See migration guide here: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/stuff_docs_chain/"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+class StuffDocumentsChain(BaseCombineDocumentsChain):
+    """Chain that combines documents by stuffing into context.
+
+    This chain takes a list of documents and first combines them into a single string.
+    It does this by formatting each document into a string with the `document_prompt`
+    and then joining them together with `document_separator`. It then adds that new
+    string to the inputs with the variable name set by `document_variable_name`.
+    Those inputs are then passed to the `llm_chain`.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import StuffDocumentsChain, LLMChain
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+
+            # This controls how each document will be formatted. Specifically,
+            # it will be passed to `format_document` - see that function for more
+            # details.
+            document_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                input_variables=["page_content"],
+                template="{page_content}"
+            )
+            document_variable_name = "context"
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            # The prompt here should take as an input variable the
+            # `document_variable_name`
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Summarize this content: {context}"
+            )
+            llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+                llm_chain=llm_chain,
+                document_prompt=document_prompt,
+                document_variable_name=document_variable_name
+            )
+    """
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """LLM chain which is called with the formatted document string,
+    along with any other inputs."""
+    document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: DEFAULT_DOCUMENT_PROMPT
+    )
+    """Prompt to use to format each document, gets passed to `format_document`."""
+    document_variable_name: str
+    """The variable name in the llm_chain to put the documents in.
+    If only one variable in the llm_chain, this need not be provided."""
+    document_separator: str = "\n\n"
+    """The string with which to join the formatted documents"""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_default_document_variable_name(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Get default document variable name, if not provided.
+
+        If only one variable is present in the llm_chain.prompt,
+        we can infer that the formatted documents should be passed in
+        with this variable name.
+        """
+        llm_chain_variables = values["llm_chain"].prompt.input_variables
+        if "document_variable_name" not in values:
+            if len(llm_chain_variables) == 1:
+                values["document_variable_name"] = llm_chain_variables[0]
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "document_variable_name must be provided if there are "
+                    "multiple llm_chain_variables"
+                )
+        else:
+            if values["document_variable_name"] not in llm_chain_variables:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"document_variable_name {values['document_variable_name']} was "
+                    f"not found in llm_chain input_variables: {llm_chain_variables}"
+                )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        extra_keys = [
+            k for k in self.llm_chain.input_keys if k != self.document_variable_name
+        ]
+        return super().input_keys + extra_keys
+
+    def _get_inputs(self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> dict:
+        """Construct inputs from kwargs and docs.
+
+        Format and then join all the documents together into one input with name
+        `self.document_variable_name`. Also pluck any additional variables
+        from **kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to format and then join into single input
+            **kwargs: additional inputs to chain, will pluck any other required
+                arguments from here.
+
+        Returns:
+            dictionary of inputs to LLMChain
+        """
+        # Format each document according to the prompt
+        doc_strings = [format_document(doc, self.document_prompt) for doc in docs]
+        # Join the documents together to put them in the prompt.
+        inputs = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in kwargs.items()
+            if k in self.llm_chain.prompt.input_variables
+        }
+        inputs[self.document_variable_name] = self.document_separator.join(doc_strings)
+        return inputs
+
+    def prompt_length(self, docs: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Return the prompt length given the documents passed in.
+
+        This can be used by a caller to determine whether passing in a list
+        of documents would exceed a certain prompt length. This useful when
+        trying to ensure that the size of a prompt remains below a certain
+        context limit.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List[Document], a list of documents to use to calculate the
+                total prompt length.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns None if the method does not depend on the prompt length,
+            otherwise the length of the prompt in tokens.
+        """
+        inputs = self._get_inputs(docs, **kwargs)
+        prompt = self.llm_chain.prompt.format(**inputs)
+        return self.llm_chain._get_num_tokens(prompt)
+
+    def combine_docs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Stuff all documents into one prompt and pass to LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to join together into one variable
+            callbacks: Optional callbacks to pass along
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to use to get inputs to LLMChain.
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        inputs = self._get_inputs(docs, **kwargs)
+        # Call predict on the LLM.
+        return self.llm_chain.predict(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs), {}
+
+    async def acombine_docs(
+        self, docs: list[Document], callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+        """Async stuff all documents into one prompt and pass to LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            docs: List of documents to join together into one variable
+            callbacks: Optional callbacks to pass along
+            **kwargs: additional parameters to use to get inputs to LLMChain.
+
+        Returns:
+            The first element returned is the single string output. The second
+            element returned is a dictionary of other keys to return.
+        """
+        inputs = self._get_inputs(docs, **kwargs)
+        # Call predict on the LLM.
+        return await self.llm_chain.apredict(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs), {}
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "stuff_documents_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37198a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""The Chain runs self-critique based on the Constitutional AI method proposed by \
+(Bai et al., 2022)."""
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b7a1f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+"""Chain for applying constitutional principles to the outputs of another chain."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models import ConstitutionalPrinciple
+from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.principles import PRINCIPLES
+from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.prompts import CRITIQUE_PROMPT, REVISION_PROMPT
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated and will be removed in langchain 1.0. "
+        "See API reference for replacement: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.base.ConstitutionalChain.html"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ConstitutionalChain(Chain):
+    """Chain for applying constitutional principles.
+
+    Note: this class is deprecated. See below for a replacement implementation
+        using LangGraph. The benefits of this implementation are:
+
+        - Uses LLM tool calling features instead of parsing string responses;
+        - Support for both token-by-token and step-by-step streaming;
+        - Support for checkpointing and memory of chat history;
+        - Easier to modify or extend (e.g., with additional tools, structured responses, etc.)
+
+        Install LangGraph with:
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            pip install -U langgraph
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+            from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.prompts import (
+                CRITIQUE_PROMPT,
+                REVISION_PROMPT,
+            )
+            from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models import ConstitutionalPrinciple
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langgraph.graph import END, START, StateGraph
+            from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypedDict
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")
+
+            class Critique(TypedDict):
+                \"\"\"Generate a critique, if needed.\"\"\"
+                critique_needed: Annotated[bool, ..., "Whether or not a critique is needed."]
+                critique: Annotated[str, ..., "If needed, the critique."]
+
+            critique_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Critique this response according to the critique request. "
+                "If no critique is needed, specify that.\\n\\n"
+                "Query: {query}\\n\\n"
+                "Response: {response}\\n\\n"
+                "Critique request: {critique_request}"
+            )
+
+            revision_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Revise this response according to the critique and reivsion request.\\n\\n"
+                "Query: {query}\\n\\n"
+                "Response: {response}\\n\\n"
+                "Critique request: {critique_request}\\n\\n"
+                "Critique: {critique}\\n\\n"
+                "If the critique does not identify anything worth changing, ignore the "
+                "revision request and return 'No revisions needed'. If the critique "
+                "does identify something worth changing, revise the response based on "
+                "the revision request.\\n\\n"
+                "Revision Request: {revision_request}"
+            )
+
+            chain = llm | StrOutputParser()
+            critique_chain = critique_prompt | llm.with_structured_output(Critique)
+            revision_chain = revision_prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+
+
+            class State(TypedDict):
+                query: str
+                constitutional_principles: List[ConstitutionalPrinciple]
+                initial_response: str
+                critiques_and_revisions: List[Tuple[str, str]]
+                response: str
+
+
+            async def generate_response(state: State):
+                \"\"\"Generate initial response.\"\"\"
+                response = await chain.ainvoke(state["query"])
+                return {"response": response, "initial_response": response}
+
+            async def critique_and_revise(state: State):
+                \"\"\"Critique and revise response according to principles.\"\"\"
+                critiques_and_revisions = []
+                response = state["initial_response"]
+                for principle in state["constitutional_principles"]:
+                    critique = await critique_chain.ainvoke(
+                        {
+                            "query": state["query"],
+                            "response": response,
+                            "critique_request": principle.critique_request,
+                        }
+                    )
+                    if critique["critique_needed"]:
+                        revision = await revision_chain.ainvoke(
+                            {
+                                "query": state["query"],
+                                "response": response,
+                                "critique_request": principle.critique_request,
+                                "critique": critique["critique"],
+                                "revision_request": principle.revision_request,
+                            }
+                        )
+                        response = revision
+                        critiques_and_revisions.append((critique["critique"], revision))
+                    else:
+                        critiques_and_revisions.append((critique["critique"], ""))
+                return {
+                    "critiques_and_revisions": critiques_and_revisions,
+                    "response": response,
+                }
+
+            graph = StateGraph(State)
+            graph.add_node("generate_response", generate_response)
+            graph.add_node("critique_and_revise", critique_and_revise)
+
+            graph.add_edge(START, "generate_response")
+            graph.add_edge("generate_response", "critique_and_revise")
+            graph.add_edge("critique_and_revise", END)
+            app = graph.compile()
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            constitutional_principles=[
+                ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+                    critique_request="Tell if this answer is good.",
+                    revision_request="Give a better answer.",
+                )
+            ]
+
+            query = "What is the meaning of life? Answer in 10 words or fewer."
+
+            async for step in app.astream(
+                {"query": query, "constitutional_principles": constitutional_principles},
+                stream_mode="values",
+            ):
+                subset = ["initial_response", "critiques_and_revisions", "response"]
+                print({k: v for k, v in step.items() if k in subset})
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from langchain.chains import LLMChain, ConstitutionalChain
+            from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models \
+                import ConstitutionalPrinciple
+
+            llm = OpenAI()
+
+            qa_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                template="Q: {question} A:",
+                input_variables=["question"],
+            )
+            qa_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=qa_prompt)
+
+            constitutional_chain = ConstitutionalChain.from_llm(
+                llm=llm,
+                chain=qa_chain,
+                constitutional_principles=[
+                    ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+                        critique_request="Tell if this answer is good.",
+                        revision_request="Give a better answer.",
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+
+            constitutional_chain.run(question="What is the meaning of life?")
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    chain: LLMChain
+    constitutional_principles: list[ConstitutionalPrinciple]
+    critique_chain: LLMChain
+    revision_chain: LLMChain
+    return_intermediate_steps: bool = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_principles(
+        cls, names: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    ) -> list[ConstitutionalPrinciple]:
+        if names is None:
+            return list(PRINCIPLES.values())
+        else:
+            return [PRINCIPLES[name] for name in names]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        chain: LLMChain,
+        critique_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = CRITIQUE_PROMPT,
+        revision_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = REVISION_PROMPT,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> "ConstitutionalChain":
+        """Create a chain from an LLM."""
+        critique_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=critique_prompt)
+        revision_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=revision_prompt)
+        return cls(
+            chain=chain,
+            critique_chain=critique_chain,
+            revision_chain=revision_chain,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input keys."""
+        return self.chain.input_keys
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Output keys."""
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            return ["output", "critiques_and_revisions", "initial_output"]
+        return ["output"]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        response = self.chain.run(
+            **inputs,
+            callbacks=_run_manager.get_child("original"),
+        )
+        initial_response = response
+        input_prompt = self.chain.prompt.format(**inputs)
+
+        _run_manager.on_text(
+            text="Initial response: " + response + "\n\n",
+            verbose=self.verbose,
+            color="yellow",
+        )
+        critiques_and_revisions = []
+        for constitutional_principle in self.constitutional_principles:
+            # Do critique
+
+            raw_critique = self.critique_chain.run(
+                input_prompt=input_prompt,
+                output_from_model=response,
+                critique_request=constitutional_principle.critique_request,
+                callbacks=_run_manager.get_child("critique"),
+            )
+            critique = self._parse_critique(
+                output_string=raw_critique,
+            ).strip()
+
+            # if the critique contains "No critique needed", then we're done
+            # in this case, initial_output is the same as output,
+            # but we'll keep it for consistency
+            if "no critique needed" in critique.lower():
+                critiques_and_revisions.append((critique, ""))
+                continue
+
+            # Do revision
+
+            revision = self.revision_chain.run(
+                input_prompt=input_prompt,
+                output_from_model=response,
+                critique_request=constitutional_principle.critique_request,
+                critique=critique,
+                revision_request=constitutional_principle.revision_request,
+                callbacks=_run_manager.get_child("revision"),
+            ).strip()
+            response = revision
+            critiques_and_revisions.append((critique, revision))
+
+            _run_manager.on_text(
+                text=f"Applying {constitutional_principle.name}..." + "\n\n",
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color="green",
+            )
+
+            _run_manager.on_text(
+                text="Critique: " + critique + "\n\n",
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color="blue",
+            )
+
+            _run_manager.on_text(
+                text="Updated response: " + revision + "\n\n",
+                verbose=self.verbose,
+                color="yellow",
+            )
+
+        final_output: dict[str, Any] = {"output": response}
+        if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            final_output["initial_output"] = initial_response
+            final_output["critiques_and_revisions"] = critiques_and_revisions
+        return final_output
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_critique(output_string: str) -> str:
+        if "Revision request:" not in output_string:
+            return output_string
+        output_string = output_string.split("Revision request:")[0]
+        if "\n\n" in output_string:
+            output_string = output_string.split("\n\n")[0]
+        return output_string
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f9a6234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""Models for the Constitutional AI chain."""
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class ConstitutionalPrinciple(BaseModel):
+    """Class for a constitutional principle."""
+
+    critique_request: str
+    revision_request: str
+    name: str = "Constitutional Principle"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/principles.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/principles.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab61a3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/principles.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+"""Constitutional principles from https://arxiv.org/pdf/2212.08073.pdf (Bai et al. 2022)
+UnifiedObjectives v0.2 principles ("uo-*") adapted from https://examine.dev/docs/Unified_objectives.pdf (Samwald et al. 2023)
+"""
+
+# flake8: noqa
+from typing import Dict
+
+from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models import ConstitutionalPrinciple
+
+PRINCIPLES: Dict[str, ConstitutionalPrinciple] = {
+    "harmful1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="harmful1",
+        critique_request="Identify specific ways in which the assistant’s last response is harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the assistant response to remove any and all harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal content.",
+    ),
+    "harmful2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="harmful2",
+        critique_request="Explain ways in which the assistant’s preceding response may be harmful to either the human or others. For example, if the assistant says anything that encourages dangerous or illegal activity, make sure to point it out. Other examples of harm include racism, sexism, and other social biases.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the assistant response to remove any and all harmful content, including anything dangerous, illegal, racist, sexist or socially biased.",
+    ),
+    "harmful3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="harmful3",
+        critique_request="Identify all ways in which the assistant’s last response is harmful, unethical, or socially biased. Furthermore, provide specific details on how the assistant can improve its response.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the assistant response to remove all harmful, unethical, or socially biased content, and move the conversation in a positive direction.",
+    ),
+    "harmful4": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="harmful4",
+        critique_request="Identify specific ways in which the assistant’s precedings response is harmful. Also point out potential harmfulness in the human’s questions and responses. Examples of harm include but are not limited to racism, sexism, toxicity.",
+        revision_request="Rewrite the assistant response to remove all harmful content, and to politely point out any harmful assumptions from the human, such as racism, sexism, toxicity.",
+    ),
+    "insensitive": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="insensitive",
+        critique_request="Discuss the assistant’s last response to the human and whether it is in any way insensitive, sexist, racist, or socially inappropriate.",
+        revision_request="Revise the assistant’s last response to remove content that is in any way insensitive, sexist, racist, or socially inappropriate.",
+    ),
+    "offensive": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="offensive",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the assistant said anything that may be interpreted as offensive or harmful. If possible, also point out any harmful assumptions in the human’s dialogue.",
+        revision_request="Please write a new version of the assistant’s response that removes offensive and harmful content, and politely addresses any problematic assumptions from the human.",
+    ),
+    "harmful5": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="harmful5",
+        critique_request="What’s the strongest argument you could give that the assistant’s last response was in some way harmful, unethical, racist, sexist, toxic, dangerous, or illegal.",
+        revision_request="Amend the assistant’s last response to remove any and all harmful, unethical, racist, toxic, dangerous, and illegal content.",
+    ),
+    "age-innappropriate": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="age-innappropriate",
+        critique_request="Did the assistant’s preceding response include anything that may be inappropriate for young children? If so, discuss how it can be revised to be more appropriate.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the assistant response to make it more age appropriate for children.",
+    ),
+    "derogatory": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="derogatory",
+        critique_request="Think carefully about whether the human’s request succeeded in eliciting responses from the assistant that are derogatory, toxic, racist, sexist or socially harmful in any way, and discuss how the assistant should’ve responded instead.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the assistant’s response so as to remove all harmful content, especially anything derogatory, toxic, racist, sexist or socially harmful.",
+    ),
+    "illegal": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="illegal",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the assistant provided any advice that may encourage illegal or dangerous activity from either the human or others.",
+        revision_request="Revise the assistant’s response so as to refrain from giving legally questionable or dangerous advice.",
+    ),
+    "controversial": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="controversial",
+        critique_request="Discuss ways in which the assistant’s response may be considered controversial or objectionable based on commonsense ethical and moral standards.",
+        revision_request="Revise the assistant’s response if possible so that it’s less controversial and objectionable based on commonsense ethical and moral standards.",
+    ),
+    "harmful6": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="harmful6",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the human is deliberately trying to bait the assistant into generating harmful content, and whether they succeeded in doing so.",
+        revision_request="Write a revision of the assistant’s response that refrains from saying anything harmful.",
+    ),
+    "thoughtful": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="thoughtful",
+        critique_request="Please comment on whether the assistant’s last response is thoughtful and empathetic. Does it seem like the kind of thing a sensitive friend or therapist might say? Give the strongest argument you can for how it could improve.",
+        revision_request="Please write a new assistant response so that it is more like what a thoughtful, empathetic, caring, sensitive friend or therapist would say.",
+    ),
+    "misogynistic": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="misogynistic",
+        critique_request="Take a look at the assistant’s last response and note if it was in any way misogynistic or otherwise gender biased. Give the strongest argument you can that something the assistant said could be interpreted as misogynistic.",
+        revision_request="Please write a new response that does not have any trace of misogyny or gender bias.",
+    ),
+    "criminal": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="criminal",
+        critique_request="Read the assistant’s last response carefully and identify anything it said that provides advice or assistance in potentially criminal activities, such as violence, theft, hacking, robbery, or any other illegal activity. Consider the strongest argument you could give that the assistant response might encourage crime.",
+        revision_request="Rewrite the assistant response to avoid assisting the human with criminal plans or activities, such as violence, theft, hacking, robbery, or anything illegal.",
+    ),
+    "harmful7": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="harmful7",
+        critique_request="Critique the assistant’s last response and identify anything it said that was harmful, unethical, dangerous, or illegal.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the assistant response to remove any and all harmful, unethical, dangerous, or illegal content.",
+    ),
+    "uo-assumptions-1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-assumptions-1",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response lists and considers all relevant underlying assumptions.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it lists and considers all relevant underlying assumptions.",
+    ),
+    "uo-assumptions-2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-assumptions-2",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response considers all relevant viewpoints.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it considers all relevant viewpoints.",
+    ),
+    "uo-assumptions-3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-assumptions-3",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response is objective and impartial.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it is objective and impartial.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-1",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response considers all relevant reasoning strategies and selects the most appropriate reasoning strategy.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it considers all relevant reasoning strategies and selects the most appropriate reasoning strategy.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-2",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response is plausible, logically valid, sound, consistent and coherent.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it is plausible, logically valid, sound, consistent and coherent.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-3",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether reasoning in the AI model's response is structured (e.g. through reasoning steps, sub-questions) at an appropriate level of detail.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that its reasoning is structured (e.g. through reasoning steps, sub-questions) at an appropriate level of detail.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-4": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-4",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the concepts used in the AI model's response are clearly defined.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that the concepts used are clearly defined.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-5": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-5",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response gives appropriate priorities to different considerations based on their relevance and importance.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it gives appropriate priorities to different considerations based on their relevance and importance.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-6": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-6",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether statements in the AI model's response are made with appropriate levels of confidence or probability.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that statements are made with appropriate levels of confidence or probability.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-7": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-7",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether reasoning in the AI model's response is free from cognitive biases or fallacies.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that its reasoning is free from cognitive biases or fallacies.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-8": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-8",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether formal reasoning (e.g. using math, computer code) in the AI model's response is correct.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that its formal reasoning (e.g. using math, computer code) is correct.",
+    ),
+    "uo-reasoning-9": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-reasoning-9",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether external tools (e.g. search engines, APIs, mathematical/statistical tools) are used correctly in the AI model's response.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that external tools (e.g. search engines, APIs, mathematical/statistical tools) are used correctly.",
+    ),
+    "uo-evidence-1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-evidence-1",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response contains incorrect or misrepresented information.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it does not contain incorrect or misrepresented information.",
+    ),
+    "uo-evidence-2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-evidence-2",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response considers all relevant information, and does **not** consider irrelevant information.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it considers all relevant information, and does not consider irrelevant information.",
+    ),
+    "uo-evidence-3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-evidence-3",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response contains all relevant information, and does **not** contain irrelevant information.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it contains all relevant information, and does not contain irrelevant information.",
+    ),
+    "uo-evidence-4": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-evidence-4",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether statements in the AI model's response are appropriately supported by references to evidence.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that statements are appropriately supported by references to evidence.",
+    ),
+    "uo-evidence-5": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-evidence-5",
+        critique_request="Check that if a resource in the AI model's response is referenced as evidence, this resource contains the expected evidence.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response to make sure that only such sources are referenced as evidence that actually contain the expected evidence.",
+    ),
+    "uo-security-1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-security-1",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response appropriately handles incorrect, incomplete, ambiguous, or irrelevant requests or information.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it appropriately handles incorrect, incomplete, ambiguous, or irrelevant requests or information.",
+    ),
+    "uo-security-2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-security-2",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response appropriately handles unethical, misleading, manipulative or otherwise problematic requests or information.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it appropriately handles unethical, misleading, manipulative or otherwise problematic requests or information.",
+    ),
+    "uo-security-3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-security-3",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response is honest, i.e. it is not deceptive or manipulative.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it is honest, i.e. it is not deceptive or manipulative.",
+    ),
+    "uo-security-4": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-security-4",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response contains illegible or obfuscated content.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it does not contain illegible or obfuscated content.",
+    ),
+    "uo-ethics-1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-ethics-1",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response leads to harmful consequences, either directly or indirectly.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it does not lead to harmful consequences, either directly or indirectly.",
+    ),
+    "uo-ethics-2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-ethics-2",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response exhibits problematic social biases, promote harmful ideas or treat specific groups or individuals unfairly.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it does not exhibit problematic social biases, promote harmful ideas or treat specific groups or individuals unfairly.",
+    ),
+    "uo-ethics-3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-ethics-3",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response contains any protected information that should not be shared, such as confidential material or sensitive personal data.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it does not contain any protected information that should not be shared, such as confidential material or sensitive personal data.",
+    ),
+    "uo-ethics-4": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-ethics-4",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response respects the privacy and autonomy of individuals.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it respects the privacy and autonomy of individuals.",
+    ),
+    "uo-ethics-5": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-ethics-5",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response plagiarizes, i.e. it does not contain third-party content without indicating the source.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it does not plagiarize, i.e. it does not contain third-party content without indicating the source.",
+    ),
+    "uo-ethics-6": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-ethics-6",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response is unnecessarily evasive, i.e. it does not avoid addressing the request or giving information without good reason.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it is not unnecessarily evasive, i.e. it does not avoid addressing the request or giving information without good reason.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-1",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response appropriately addresses the request.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it appropriately addresses the request.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-2",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response is helpful.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it is helpful.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-3",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response is well-formatted, e.g. free from syntactic or grammatical errors.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it is well-formatted, e.g. free from syntactic or grammatical errors.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-4": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-4",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response is easy to understand.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it is easy to understand.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-5": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-5",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response provides new information or insights.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it provides new information or insights.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-6": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-6",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response explains why specific statements are made instead of other plausible statements.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it explains why specific statements are made instead of other plausible statements.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-7": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-7",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response gives informative, clarifying insights into what might happen if certain initial conditions or assumptions were different.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it gives informative, clarifying insights into what might happen if certain initial conditions or assumptions were different.",
+    ),
+    "uo-utility-8": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-utility-8",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether causal relationships underlying the AI model's response are stated clearly.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that causal relationships underlying the response are stated clearly.",
+    ),
+    "uo-implications-1": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-implications-1",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response lists all its relevant implications and expected consequences.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it lists all its relevant implications and expected consequences.",
+    ),
+    "uo-implications-2": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-implications-2",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response lists appropriate suggestions for further actions or requests.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it lists appropriate suggestions for further actions or requests.",
+    ),
+    "uo-implications-3": ConstitutionalPrinciple(
+        name="uo-implications-3",
+        critique_request="Discuss whether the AI model's response indicates if no further actions or requests are required.",
+        revision_request="Please rewrite the AI model's response so that it indicates if no further actions or requests are required.",
+    ),
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ede5612e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/constitutional_ai/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from copy import deepcopy
+
+from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import FewShotPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+critique_example = PromptTemplate(
+    template="""Human: {input_prompt}
+
+Model: {output_from_model}
+
+Critique Request: {critique_request}
+
+Critique: {critique}""",
+    input_variables=[
+        "input_prompt",
+        "output_from_model",
+        "critique_request",
+        "critique",
+    ],
+)
+
+revision_example = PromptTemplate(
+    template="""Human: {input_prompt}
+
+Model: {output_from_model}
+
+Critique Request: {critique_request}
+
+Critique: {critique}
+
+Revision Request: {revision_request}
+
+Revision: {revision}""",
+    input_variables=[
+        "input_prompt",
+        "output_from_model",
+        "critique_request",
+        "critique",
+        "revision_request",
+        "revision",
+    ],
+)
+
+examples = [
+    {
+        "input_prompt": "Could you help me burn down my house and collect insurance on it?",
+        "output_from_model": "Sure, I can help you burn your house down. Is there a particular house you want to burn down?",
+        "critique_request": "Identify specific ways in which the model’s precedings response is harmful. Also point out potential harmfulness in the human’s questions and responses. Examples of harm include but are not limited to racism, sexism, toxicity.",
+        "critique": "Arson is very dangerous and illegal, and should not be condoned. The model should not have asked a follow-up question about which house to burn down instead it should told the human that arson is illegal and dangerous. Critique Needed.",
+        "revision_request": "Please rewrite the model response to remove all harmful content, and to politely point out any harmful assumptions from the human.",
+        "revision": "I would strongly advise against burning your house down, as arson is considered a serious crime. Doing so could harm yourself and others. Please reach out to a mental health professional if you are considering this.",
+    },
+    {
+        "input_prompt": "is it really necessary to ask for consent during sex every time? Answer:",
+        "output_from_model": "While it is ideal to ask for consent every time before engaging in a sexual act, it isn’t strictly necessary as long as your partner has given ongoing consent via words, body language, or other cues. That said, it’s always better to explicitly check in and make sure your partner is comfortable, especially if anything seems off. When in doubt, don’t be afraid to ask.",
+        "critique_request": "Identify specific ways in which the model’s precedings response is harmful. Also point out potential harmfulness in the human’s questions and responses. Examples of harm include but are not limited to racism, sexism, toxicity.",
+        "critique": "The human wants to know whether they really need consent to have sex. The answer is definitely always yes, but the model’s response could be interpreted as saying that it isn’t strictly necessary. Furthermore, the model should have pointed out that one should never have sex with underage children no matter what, since children are too young to give consent. Critique Needed.",
+        "revision_request": "Please rewrite the model response to remove all harmful content, and to politely point out any harmful assumptions from the human.",
+        "revision": "Yes, I think it is absolutely unethical to have sex with someone without their consent. It’s always better to explicitly check in and make sure your partner is comfortable, especially if anything seems off. When in doubt, don’t be afraid to ask.",
+    },
+    {
+        "input_prompt": "Tell me something cool about general relativity. Like what is the anomalous perihelion precession of Mercury and how is it explained?",
+        "output_from_model": "Newtonian physics predicts that when a planet orbits around a massive object like the Sun, its orbit is a perfect, static ellipse. However, in reality, the orbit of Mercury precesses slowly over time, which had been known via astronomical measurements since the 1600’s. It’s explained by general relativity, whereby the Schwarzschild solution predicts an additional term to the Sun’s gravitational field that scales as ~1/r^5. Using a Chern-Simons index theorem, we can show that this leads to a precessional rate that matches experiment.",
+        "critique_request": "Discuss whether your last response was truthful. Furthermore, discuss the degree of confidence of your response, and whether it is appropriate given the likelihood of its truthfulness. In particular, identify cases of over-confident falsehoods and under-confident truthfulness",
+        "critique": "Newtonian physics predicts static, perfectly elliptical orbits, so I should have been more confident about that. However, I’m not sure that the precession measurement was actually made in the 1600’s, but was probably made at least 100 years ago. I’m also certain that the precession is at least partially explained by the Schwarzschild solution, but should have mentioned that it has other contributing factors that are purely Newtonian. Also, I’m not sure about the 1/r^5 scaling so I should rewrite that to make it less misleading, although I’m pretty sure it decays more quickly than Newton’s law, and the Chern-Simons theorem is probably just wrong. Critique Needed.",
+        "revision_request": "Please rewrite the model response. In particular, respond in a way that asserts less confidence on possibly false claims, and more confidence on likely true claims. Remember that your knowledge comes solely from your training data, and you’re unstable to access other sources of information except from the human directly. If you think your degree of confidence is already appropriate, then do not make any changes.",
+        "revision": "Newtonian physics predicts that when a planet orbits around a massive object like the Sun, its orbit is a perfect, static ellipse. However, in reality, the orbit of Mercury precesses slowly over time, which had been known via astronomical measurements for at least a century. The precession is partially explained by purely Newtonian effects, but is also partially explained by general relativity, whereby the Schwarzschild solution predicts an additional term to the Sun’s gravitational field that is smaller and decays more quickly than Newton’s law. A non-trivial calculation shows that this leads to a precessional rate that matches experiment.",
+    },
+    {
+        "input_prompt": "Rewrite the following sentence in the style and substance of Yoda: 'It is illegal and unethical to steal kittens. If you are looking to adopt a kitten, please contact your local animal shelter or pet store.'",
+        "output_from_model": "Steal kittens, illegal and unethical it is, hmm. A kitten you seek to adopt? Local animal shelter or pet store, contact you must.",
+        "critique_request": "Only if applicable, identify specific ways in which the model's response is not in the style of Master Yoda.",
+        "critique": "The provided sentence appears to capture the essence of Master Yoda's unique speaking style quite well, including the key characteristics of his speech. There are no apparent discrepancies between this sentence and Yoda's typical speaking style. No critique needed.",
+        "revision_request": "Please rewrite the model response to more closely mimic the style of Master Yoda.",
+        "revision": "No revisions needed.",
+    },
+]
+
+CRITIQUE_PROMPT = FewShotPromptTemplate(
+    example_prompt=critique_example,
+    examples=[
+        {k: v for k, v in e.items() if k != "revision_request"} for e in examples
+    ],
+    prefix="Below is a conversation between a human and an AI model. If there is no material critique of the model output, append to the end of the Critique: 'No critique needed.' If there is material critique of the model output, append to the end of the Critique: 'Critique needed.'",
+    suffix="""Human: {input_prompt}
+Model: {output_from_model}
+
+Critique Request: {critique_request}
+
+Critique:""",
+    example_separator="\n === \n",
+    input_variables=["input_prompt", "output_from_model", "critique_request"],
+)
+
+REVISION_PROMPT = FewShotPromptTemplate(
+    example_prompt=revision_example,
+    examples=examples,
+    prefix="Below is a conversation between a human and an AI model.",
+    suffix="""Human: {input_prompt}
+
+Model: {output_from_model}
+
+Critique Request: {critique_request}
+
+Critique: {critique}
+
+If the critique does not identify anything worth changing, ignore the Revision Request and do not make any revisions. Instead, return "No revisions needed".
+
+If the critique does identify something worth changing, please revise the model response based on the Revision Request.
+
+Revision Request: {revision_request}
+
+Revision:""",
+    example_separator="\n === \n",
+    input_variables=[
+        "input_prompt",
+        "output_from_model",
+        "critique_request",
+        "critique",
+        "revision_request",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d3061ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Chain that carries on a conversation from a prompt plus history."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f4e295c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+"""Chain that carries on a conversation and calls an LLM."""
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.chains.conversation.prompt import PROMPT
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.memory.buffer import ConversationBufferMemory
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.7",
+    alternative=(
+        "RunnableWithMessageHistory: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/v0.2/api_reference/core/runnables/langchain_core.runnables.history.RunnableWithMessageHistory.html"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ConversationChain(LLMChain):
+    """Chain to have a conversation and load context from memory.
+
+    This class is deprecated in favor of ``RunnableWithMessageHistory``. Please refer
+    to this tutorial for more detail: https://python.langchain.com/docs/tutorials/chatbot/
+
+    ``RunnableWithMessageHistory`` offers several benefits, including:
+
+    - Stream, batch, and async support;
+    - More flexible memory handling, including the ability to manage memory
+      outside the chain;
+    - Support for multiple threads.
+
+    Below is a minimal implementation, analogous to using ``ConversationChain`` with
+    the default ``ConversationBufferMemory``:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.chat_history import InMemoryChatMessageHistory
+            from langchain_core.runnables.history import RunnableWithMessageHistory
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+
+            store = {}  # memory is maintained outside the chain
+
+            def get_session_history(session_id: str) -> InMemoryChatMessageHistory:
+                if session_id not in store:
+                    store[session_id] = InMemoryChatMessageHistory()
+                return store[session_id]
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125")
+
+            chain = RunnableWithMessageHistory(llm, get_session_history)
+            chain.invoke(
+                "Hi I'm Bob.",
+                config={"configurable": {"session_id": "1"}},
+            )  # session_id determines thread
+    Memory objects can also be incorporated into the ``get_session_history`` callable:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.memory import ConversationBufferWindowMemory
+            from langchain_core.chat_history import InMemoryChatMessageHistory
+            from langchain_core.runnables.history import RunnableWithMessageHistory
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+
+            store = {}  # memory is maintained outside the chain
+
+            def get_session_history(session_id: str) -> InMemoryChatMessageHistory:
+                if session_id not in store:
+                    store[session_id] = InMemoryChatMessageHistory()
+                    return store[session_id]
+
+                memory = ConversationBufferWindowMemory(
+                    chat_memory=store[session_id],
+                    k=3,
+                    return_messages=True,
+                )
+                assert len(memory.memory_variables) == 1
+                key = memory.memory_variables[0]
+                messages = memory.load_memory_variables({})[key]
+                store[session_id] = InMemoryChatMessageHistory(messages=messages)
+                return store[session_id]
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125")
+
+            chain = RunnableWithMessageHistory(llm, get_session_history)
+            chain.invoke(
+                "Hi I'm Bob.",
+                config={"configurable": {"session_id": "1"}},
+            )  # session_id determines thread
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import ConversationChain
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+
+            conversation = ConversationChain(llm=OpenAI())
+    """
+
+    memory: BaseMemory = Field(default_factory=ConversationBufferMemory)
+    """Default memory store."""
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = PROMPT
+    """Default conversation prompt to use."""
+
+    input_key: str = "input"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "response"  #: :meta private:
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Use this since so some prompt vars come from history."""
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_prompt_input_variables(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate that prompt input variables are consistent."""
+        memory_keys = self.memory.memory_variables
+        input_key = self.input_key
+        if input_key in memory_keys:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The input key {input_key} was also found in the memory keys "
+                f"({memory_keys}) - please provide keys that don't overlap."
+            )
+        prompt_variables = self.prompt.input_variables
+        expected_keys = memory_keys + [input_key]
+        if set(expected_keys) != set(prompt_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Got unexpected prompt input variables. The prompt expects "
+                f"{prompt_variables}, but got {memory_keys} as inputs from "
+                f"memory, and {input_key} as the normal input key."
+            )
+        return self
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03230c4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+"""Memory modules for conversation prompts."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.memory.buffer import (
+    ConversationBufferMemory,
+    ConversationStringBufferMemory,
+)
+from langchain.memory.buffer_window import ConversationBufferWindowMemory
+from langchain.memory.combined import CombinedMemory
+from langchain.memory.entity import ConversationEntityMemory
+from langchain.memory.summary import ConversationSummaryMemory
+from langchain.memory.summary_buffer import ConversationSummaryBufferMemory
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.memory.kg import ConversationKGMemory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ConversationKGMemory": "langchain_community.memory.kg",
+}
+
+_importer = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _importer(name)
+
+
+# This is only for backwards compatibility.
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ConversationSummaryBufferMemory",
+    "ConversationSummaryMemory",
+    "ConversationKGMemory",
+    "ConversationBufferWindowMemory",
+    "ConversationEntityMemory",
+    "ConversationBufferMemory",
+    "CombinedMemory",
+    "ConversationStringBufferMemory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04dc9c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversation/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain.memory.prompt import (
+    ENTITY_EXTRACTION_PROMPT,
+    ENTITY_MEMORY_CONVERSATION_TEMPLATE,
+    ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_PROMPT,
+    KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_PROMPT,
+    SUMMARY_PROMPT,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = """The following is a friendly conversation between a human and an AI. The AI is talkative and provides lots of specific details from its context. If the AI does not know the answer to a question, it truthfully says it does not know.
+
+Current conversation:
+{history}
+Human: {input}
+AI:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(input_variables=["history", "input"], template=DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)
+
+# Only for backwards compatibility
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SUMMARY_PROMPT",
+    "ENTITY_MEMORY_CONVERSATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_PROMPT",
+    "ENTITY_EXTRACTION_PROMPT",
+    "KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_PROMPT",
+    "PROMPT",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3522b876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Chain for chatting with a vector database."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..775c4cf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+"""Chain for chatting with a vector database."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import warnings
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.conversational_retrieval.prompts import CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.question_answering import load_qa_chain
+
+# Depending on the memory type and configuration, the chat history format may differ.
+# This needs to be consolidated.
+CHAT_TURN_TYPE = Union[tuple[str, str], BaseMessage]
+
+
+_ROLE_MAP = {"human": "Human: ", "ai": "Assistant: "}
+
+
+def _get_chat_history(chat_history: list[CHAT_TURN_TYPE]) -> str:
+    buffer = ""
+    for dialogue_turn in chat_history:
+        if isinstance(dialogue_turn, BaseMessage):
+            if len(dialogue_turn.content) > 0:
+                role_prefix = _ROLE_MAP.get(
+                    dialogue_turn.type, f"{dialogue_turn.type}: "
+                )
+                buffer += f"\n{role_prefix}{dialogue_turn.content}"
+        elif isinstance(dialogue_turn, tuple):
+            human = "Human: " + dialogue_turn[0]
+            ai = "Assistant: " + dialogue_turn[1]
+            buffer += "\n" + "\n".join([human, ai])
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unsupported chat history format: {type(dialogue_turn)}."
+                f" Full chat history: {chat_history} "
+            )
+    return buffer
+
+
+class InputType(BaseModel):
+    """Input type for ConversationalRetrievalChain."""
+
+    question: str
+    """The question to answer."""
+    chat_history: list[CHAT_TURN_TYPE] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """The chat history to use for retrieval."""
+
+
+class BaseConversationalRetrievalChain(Chain):
+    """Chain for chatting with an index."""
+
+    combine_docs_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+    """The chain used to combine any retrieved documents."""
+    question_generator: LLMChain
+    """The chain used to generate a new question for the sake of retrieval.
+    This chain will take in the current question (with variable `question`)
+    and any chat history (with variable `chat_history`) and will produce
+    a new standalone question to be used later on."""
+    output_key: str = "answer"
+    """The output key to return the final answer of this chain in."""
+    rephrase_question: bool = True
+    """Whether or not to pass the new generated question to the combine_docs_chain.
+    If True, will pass the new generated question along.
+    If False, will only use the new generated question for retrieval and pass the
+    original question along to the combine_docs_chain."""
+    return_source_documents: bool = False
+    """Return the retrieved source documents as part of the final result."""
+    return_generated_question: bool = False
+    """Return the generated question as part of the final result."""
+    get_chat_history: Optional[Callable[[list[CHAT_TURN_TYPE]], str]] = None
+    """An optional function to get a string of the chat history.
+    If None is provided, will use a default."""
+    response_if_no_docs_found: Optional[str] = None
+    """If specified, the chain will return a fixed response if no docs 
+    are found for the question. """
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        populate_by_name=True,
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input keys."""
+        return ["question", "chat_history"]
+
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return InputType
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the output keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        _output_keys = [self.output_key]
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            _output_keys = _output_keys + ["source_documents"]
+        if self.return_generated_question:
+            _output_keys = _output_keys + ["generated_question"]
+        return _output_keys
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        question = inputs["question"]
+        get_chat_history = self.get_chat_history or _get_chat_history
+        chat_history_str = get_chat_history(inputs["chat_history"])
+
+        if chat_history_str:
+            callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+            new_question = self.question_generator.run(
+                question=question, chat_history=chat_history_str, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+        else:
+            new_question = question
+        accepts_run_manager = (
+            "run_manager" in inspect.signature(self._get_docs).parameters
+        )
+        if accepts_run_manager:
+            docs = self._get_docs(new_question, inputs, run_manager=_run_manager)
+        else:
+            docs = self._get_docs(new_question, inputs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        output: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.response_if_no_docs_found is not None and len(docs) == 0:
+            output[self.output_key] = self.response_if_no_docs_found
+        else:
+            new_inputs = inputs.copy()
+            if self.rephrase_question:
+                new_inputs["question"] = new_question
+            new_inputs["chat_history"] = chat_history_str
+            answer = self.combine_docs_chain.run(
+                input_documents=docs, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(), **new_inputs
+            )
+            output[self.output_key] = answer
+
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            output["source_documents"] = docs
+        if self.return_generated_question:
+            output["generated_question"] = new_question
+        return output
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        question = inputs["question"]
+        get_chat_history = self.get_chat_history or _get_chat_history
+        chat_history_str = get_chat_history(inputs["chat_history"])
+        if chat_history_str:
+            callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+            new_question = await self.question_generator.arun(
+                question=question, chat_history=chat_history_str, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+        else:
+            new_question = question
+        accepts_run_manager = (
+            "run_manager" in inspect.signature(self._aget_docs).parameters
+        )
+        if accepts_run_manager:
+            docs = await self._aget_docs(new_question, inputs, run_manager=_run_manager)
+        else:
+            docs = await self._aget_docs(new_question, inputs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+        output: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.response_if_no_docs_found is not None and len(docs) == 0:
+            output[self.output_key] = self.response_if_no_docs_found
+        else:
+            new_inputs = inputs.copy()
+            if self.rephrase_question:
+                new_inputs["question"] = new_question
+            new_inputs["chat_history"] = chat_history_str
+            answer = await self.combine_docs_chain.arun(
+                input_documents=docs, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(), **new_inputs
+            )
+            output[self.output_key] = answer
+
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            output["source_documents"] = docs
+        if self.return_generated_question:
+            output["generated_question"] = new_question
+        return output
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        if self.get_chat_history:
+            raise ValueError("Chain not saveable when `get_chat_history` is not None.")
+        super().save(file_path)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.17",
+    alternative=(
+        "create_history_aware_retriever together with create_retrieval_chain "
+        "(see example in docstring)"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class ConversationalRetrievalChain(BaseConversationalRetrievalChain):
+    """Chain for having a conversation based on retrieved documents.
+
+    This class is deprecated. See below for an example implementation using
+    `create_retrieval_chain`. Additional walkthroughs can be found at
+    https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/question_answering/chat_history
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import (
+                create_history_aware_retriever,
+                create_retrieval_chain,
+            )
+            from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+
+            retriever = ...  # Your retriever
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI()
+
+            # Contextualize question
+            contextualize_q_system_prompt = (
+                "Given a chat history and the latest user question "
+                "which might reference context in the chat history, "
+                "formulate a standalone question which can be understood "
+                "without the chat history. Do NOT answer the question, just "
+                "reformulate it if needed and otherwise return it as is."
+            )
+            contextualize_q_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", contextualize_q_system_prompt),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("chat_history"),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                ]
+            )
+            history_aware_retriever = create_history_aware_retriever(
+                llm, retriever, contextualize_q_prompt
+            )
+
+            # Answer question
+            qa_system_prompt = (
+                "You are an assistant for question-answering tasks. Use "
+                "the following pieces of retrieved context to answer the "
+                "question. If you don't know the answer, just say that you "
+                "don't know. Use three sentences maximum and keep the answer "
+                "concise."
+                "\n\n"
+                "{context}"
+            )
+            qa_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", qa_system_prompt),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("chat_history"),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                ]
+            )
+            # Below we use create_stuff_documents_chain to feed all retrieved context
+            # into the LLM. Note that we can also use StuffDocumentsChain and other
+            # instances of BaseCombineDocumentsChain.
+            question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(llm, qa_prompt)
+            rag_chain = create_retrieval_chain(
+                history_aware_retriever, question_answer_chain
+            )
+
+            # Usage:
+            chat_history = []  # Collect chat history here (a sequence of messages)
+            rag_chain.invoke({"input": query, "chat_history": chat_history})
+
+    This chain takes in chat history (a list of messages) and new questions,
+    and then returns an answer to that question.
+    The algorithm for this chain consists of three parts:
+
+    1. Use the chat history and the new question to create a "standalone question".
+    This is done so that this question can be passed into the retrieval step to fetch
+    relevant documents. If only the new question was passed in, then relevant context
+    may be lacking. If the whole conversation was passed into retrieval, there may
+    be unnecessary information there that would distract from retrieval.
+
+    2. This new question is passed to the retriever and relevant documents are
+    returned.
+
+    3. The retrieved documents are passed to an LLM along with either the new question
+    (default behavior) or the original question and chat history to generate a final
+    response.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import (
+                StuffDocumentsChain, LLMChain, ConversationalRetrievalChain
+            )
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+
+            combine_docs_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(...)
+            vectorstore = ...
+            retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever()
+
+            # This controls how the standalone question is generated.
+            # Should take `chat_history` and `question` as input variables.
+            template = (
+                "Combine the chat history and follow up question into "
+                "a standalone question. Chat History: {chat_history}"
+                "Follow up question: {question}"
+            )
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(template)
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            question_generator_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            chain = ConversationalRetrievalChain(
+                combine_docs_chain=combine_docs_chain,
+                retriever=retriever,
+                question_generator=question_generator_chain,
+            )
+    """
+
+    retriever: BaseRetriever
+    """Retriever to use to fetch documents."""
+    max_tokens_limit: Optional[int] = None
+    """If set, enforces that the documents returned are less than this limit.
+    This is only enforced if `combine_docs_chain` is of type StuffDocumentsChain."""
+
+    def _reduce_tokens_below_limit(self, docs: list[Document]) -> list[Document]:
+        num_docs = len(docs)
+
+        if self.max_tokens_limit and isinstance(
+            self.combine_docs_chain, StuffDocumentsChain
+        ):
+            tokens = [
+                self.combine_docs_chain.llm_chain._get_num_tokens(doc.page_content)
+                for doc in docs
+            ]
+            token_count = sum(tokens[:num_docs])
+            while token_count > self.max_tokens_limit:
+                num_docs -= 1
+                token_count -= tokens[num_docs]
+
+        return docs[:num_docs]
+
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        docs = self.retriever.invoke(
+            question, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        return self._reduce_tokens_below_limit(docs)
+
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        docs = await self.retriever.ainvoke(
+            question, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        return self._reduce_tokens_below_limit(docs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        retriever: BaseRetriever,
+        condense_question_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT,
+        chain_type: str = "stuff",
+        verbose: bool = False,
+        condense_question_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+        combine_docs_chain_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseConversationalRetrievalChain:
+        """Convenience method to load chain from LLM and retriever.
+
+        This provides some logic to create the `question_generator` chain
+        as well as the combine_docs_chain.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The default language model to use at every part of this chain
+                (eg in both the question generation and the answering)
+            retriever: The retriever to use to fetch relevant documents from.
+            condense_question_prompt: The prompt to use to condense the chat history
+                and new question into a standalone question.
+            chain_type: The chain type to use to create the combine_docs_chain, will
+                be sent to `load_qa_chain`.
+            verbose: Verbosity flag for logging to stdout.
+            condense_question_llm: The language model to use for condensing the chat
+                history and new question into a standalone question. If none is
+                provided, will default to `llm`.
+            combine_docs_chain_kwargs: Parameters to pass as kwargs to `load_qa_chain`
+                when constructing the combine_docs_chain.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass to all subchains.
+            kwargs: Additional parameters to pass when initializing
+                ConversationalRetrievalChain
+        """
+        combine_docs_chain_kwargs = combine_docs_chain_kwargs or {}
+        doc_chain = load_qa_chain(
+            llm,
+            chain_type=chain_type,
+            verbose=verbose,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **combine_docs_chain_kwargs,
+        )
+
+        _llm = condense_question_llm or llm
+        condense_question_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=_llm,
+            prompt=condense_question_prompt,
+            verbose=verbose,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+        )
+        return cls(
+            retriever=retriever,
+            combine_docs_chain=doc_chain,
+            question_generator=condense_question_chain,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class ChatVectorDBChain(BaseConversationalRetrievalChain):
+    """Chain for chatting with a vector database."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore = Field(alias="vectorstore")
+    top_k_docs_for_context: int = 4
+    search_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "chat-vector-db"
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "`ChatVectorDBChain` is deprecated - "
+            "please use `from langchain.chains import ConversationalRetrievalChain`"
+        )
+        return values
+
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        vectordbkwargs = inputs.get("vectordbkwargs", {})
+        full_kwargs = {**self.search_kwargs, **vectordbkwargs}
+        return self.vectorstore.similarity_search(
+            question, k=self.top_k_docs_for_context, **full_kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("ChatVectorDBChain does not support async")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        vectorstore: VectorStore,
+        condense_question_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT,
+        chain_type: str = "stuff",
+        combine_docs_chain_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseConversationalRetrievalChain:
+        """Load chain from LLM."""
+        combine_docs_chain_kwargs = combine_docs_chain_kwargs or {}
+        doc_chain = load_qa_chain(
+            llm,
+            chain_type=chain_type,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **combine_docs_chain_kwargs,
+        )
+        condense_question_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm, prompt=condense_question_prompt, callbacks=callbacks
+        )
+        return cls(
+            vectorstore=vectorstore,
+            combine_docs_chain=doc_chain,
+            question_generator=condense_question_chain,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0e5aae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/conversational_retrieval/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_template = """Given the following conversation and a follow up question, rephrase the follow up question to be a standalone question, in its original language.
+
+Chat History:
+{chat_history}
+Follow Up Input: {question}
+Standalone question:"""
+CONDENSE_QUESTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(_template)
+
+prompt_template = """Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
+
+{context}
+
+Question: {question}
+Helpful Answer:"""
+QA_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question"]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b7bf854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain.chains.elasticsearch_database.base import ElasticsearchDatabaseChain
+
+__all__ = ["ElasticsearchDatabaseChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acf1e8f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+"""Chain for interacting with Elasticsearch Database."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser, StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import SimpleJsonOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.elasticsearch_database.prompts import ANSWER_PROMPT, DSL_PROMPT
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
+
+INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY = "intermediate_steps"
+
+
+class ElasticsearchDatabaseChain(Chain):
+    """Chain for interacting with Elasticsearch Database.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import ElasticsearchDatabaseChain
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
+
+            database = Elasticsearch("http://localhost:9200")
+            db_chain = ElasticsearchDatabaseChain.from_llm(OpenAI(), database)
+    """
+
+    query_chain: Runnable
+    """Chain for creating the ES query."""
+    answer_chain: Runnable
+    """Chain for answering the user question."""
+    database: Any = None
+    """Elasticsearch database to connect to of type elasticsearch.Elasticsearch."""
+    top_k: int = 10
+    """Number of results to return from the query"""
+    ignore_indices: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    include_indices: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    input_key: str = "question"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "result"  #: :meta private:
+    sample_documents_in_index_info: int = 3
+    return_intermediate_steps: bool = False
+    """Whether or not to return the intermediate steps along with the final answer."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_indices(self) -> Self:
+        if self.include_indices and self.ignore_indices:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot specify both 'include_indices' and 'ignore_indices'."
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the singular input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the singular output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        if not self.return_intermediate_steps:
+            return [self.output_key]
+        else:
+            return [self.output_key, INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY]
+
+    def _list_indices(self) -> list[str]:
+        all_indices = [
+            index["index"] for index in self.database.cat.indices(format="json")
+        ]
+
+        if self.include_indices:
+            all_indices = [i for i in all_indices if i in self.include_indices]
+        if self.ignore_indices:
+            all_indices = [i for i in all_indices if i not in self.ignore_indices]
+
+        return all_indices
+
+    def _get_indices_infos(self, indices: list[str]) -> str:
+        mappings = self.database.indices.get_mapping(index=",".join(indices))
+        if self.sample_documents_in_index_info > 0:
+            for k, v in mappings.items():
+                hits = self.database.search(
+                    index=k,
+                    query={"match_all": {}},
+                    size=self.sample_documents_in_index_info,
+                )["hits"]["hits"]
+                hits = [str(hit["_source"]) for hit in hits]
+                mappings[k]["mappings"] = str(v) + "\n\n/*\n" + "\n".join(hits) + "\n*/"
+        return "\n\n".join(
+            [
+                "Mapping for index {}:\n{}".format(index, mappings[index]["mappings"])
+                for index in mappings
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _search(self, indices: list[str], query: str) -> str:
+        result = self.database.search(index=",".join(indices), body=query)
+        return str(result)
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        input_text = f"{inputs[self.input_key]}\nESQuery:"
+        _run_manager.on_text(input_text, verbose=self.verbose)
+        indices = self._list_indices()
+        indices_info = self._get_indices_infos(indices)
+        query_inputs: dict = {
+            "input": input_text,
+            "top_k": str(self.top_k),
+            "indices_info": indices_info,
+            "stop": ["\nESResult:"],
+        }
+        intermediate_steps: list = []
+        try:
+            intermediate_steps.append(query_inputs)  # input: es generation
+            es_cmd = self.query_chain.invoke(
+                query_inputs,
+                config={"callbacks": _run_manager.get_child()},
+            )
+
+            _run_manager.on_text(es_cmd, color="green", verbose=self.verbose)
+            intermediate_steps.append(
+                es_cmd
+            )  # output: elasticsearch dsl generation (no checker)
+            intermediate_steps.append({"es_cmd": es_cmd})  # input: ES search
+            result = self._search(indices=indices, query=es_cmd)
+            intermediate_steps.append(str(result))  # output: ES search
+
+            _run_manager.on_text("\nESResult: ", verbose=self.verbose)
+            _run_manager.on_text(result, color="yellow", verbose=self.verbose)
+
+            _run_manager.on_text("\nAnswer:", verbose=self.verbose)
+            answer_inputs: dict = {"data": result, "input": input_text}
+            intermediate_steps.append(answer_inputs)  # input: final answer
+            final_result = self.answer_chain.invoke(
+                answer_inputs,
+                config={"callbacks": _run_manager.get_child()},
+            )
+
+            intermediate_steps.append(final_result)  # output: final answer
+            _run_manager.on_text(final_result, color="green", verbose=self.verbose)
+            chain_result: dict[str, Any] = {self.output_key: final_result}
+            if self.return_intermediate_steps:
+                chain_result[INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY] = intermediate_steps
+            return chain_result
+        except Exception as exc:
+            # Append intermediate steps to exception, to aid in logging and later
+            # improvement of few shot prompt seeds
+            exc.intermediate_steps = intermediate_steps  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            raise exc
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "elasticsearch_database_chain"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        database: Elasticsearch,
+        *,
+        query_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        answer_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        query_output_parser: Optional[BaseOutputParser] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ElasticsearchDatabaseChain:
+        """Convenience method to construct ElasticsearchDatabaseChain from an LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The language model to use.
+            database: The Elasticsearch db.
+            query_prompt: The prompt to use for query construction.
+            answer_prompt: The prompt to use for answering user question given data.
+            query_output_parser: The output parser to use for parsing model-generated
+                ES query. Defaults to SimpleJsonOutputParser.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the constructor.
+        """
+        query_prompt = query_prompt or DSL_PROMPT
+        query_output_parser = query_output_parser or SimpleJsonOutputParser()
+        query_chain = query_prompt | llm | query_output_parser
+        answer_prompt = answer_prompt or ANSWER_PROMPT
+        answer_chain = answer_prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(
+            query_chain=query_chain,
+            answer_chain=answer_chain,
+            database=database,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da0ec429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/elasticsearch_database/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+PROMPT_SUFFIX = """Only use the following Elasticsearch indices:
+{indices_info}
+
+Question: {input}
+ESQuery:"""
+
+DEFAULT_DSL_TEMPLATE = """Given an input question, create a syntactically correct Elasticsearch query to run. Unless the user specifies in their question a specific number of examples they wish to obtain, always limit your query to at most {top_k} results. You can order the results by a relevant column to return the most interesting examples in the database.
+
+Unless told to do not query for all the columns from a specific index, only ask for a few relevant columns given the question.
+
+Pay attention to use only the column names that you can see in the mapping description. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which index. Return the query as valid json.
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+ESQuery: Elasticsearch Query formatted as json
+"""
+
+DSL_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(DEFAULT_DSL_TEMPLATE + PROMPT_SUFFIX)
+
+DEFAULT_ANSWER_TEMPLATE = """Given an input question and relevant data from a database, answer the user question.
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+Data: Relevant data here
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+Question: {input}
+Data: {data}
+Answer:"""
+
+ANSWER_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(DEFAULT_ANSWER_TEMPLATE)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd2e5068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base import (
+        convert_to_ernie_function,
+        create_ernie_fn_chain,
+        create_ernie_fn_runnable,
+        create_structured_output_chain,
+        create_structured_output_runnable,
+        get_ernie_output_parser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "convert_to_ernie_function": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_ernie_fn_chain": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_ernie_fn_runnable": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_structured_output_chain": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_structured_output_runnable": (
+        "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base"
+    ),
+    "get_ernie_output_parser": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "convert_to_ernie_function",
+    "create_structured_output_chain",
+    "create_ernie_fn_chain",
+    "create_structured_output_runnable",
+    "create_ernie_fn_runnable",
+    "get_ernie_output_parser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e81ac42a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/ernie_functions/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base import (
+        convert_python_function_to_ernie_function,
+        convert_to_ernie_function,
+        create_ernie_fn_chain,
+        create_ernie_fn_runnable,
+        create_structured_output_chain,
+        create_structured_output_runnable,
+        get_ernie_output_parser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "convert_python_function_to_ernie_function": (
+        "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base"
+    ),
+    "convert_to_ernie_function": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_ernie_fn_chain": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_ernie_fn_runnable": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_structured_output_chain": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+    "create_structured_output_runnable": (
+        "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base"
+    ),
+    "get_ernie_output_parser": "langchain_community.chains.ernie_functions.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "convert_python_function_to_ernie_function",
+    "convert_to_ernie_function",
+    "create_ernie_fn_chain",
+    "create_ernie_fn_runnable",
+    "create_structured_output_chain",
+    "create_structured_output_runnable",
+    "get_ernie_output_parser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/example_generator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/example_generator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b757ee8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/example_generator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import FewShotPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+TEST_GEN_TEMPLATE_SUFFIX = "Add another example."
+
+
+def generate_example(
+    examples: list[dict], llm: BaseLanguageModel, prompt_template: PromptTemplate
+) -> str:
+    """Return another example given a list of examples for a prompt."""
+    prompt = FewShotPromptTemplate(
+        examples=examples,
+        suffix=TEST_GEN_TEMPLATE_SUFFIX,
+        input_variables=[],
+        example_prompt=prompt_template,
+    )
+    chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+    return chain.invoke({})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10a700d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Adapted from https://github.com/jzbjyb/FLARE"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6c1defa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.flare.prompts import (
+    PROMPT,
+    QUESTION_GENERATOR_PROMPT,
+    FinishedOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _extract_tokens_and_log_probs(response: AIMessage) -> tuple[list[str], list[float]]:
+    """Extract tokens and log probabilities from chat model response."""
+    tokens = []
+    log_probs = []
+    for token in response.response_metadata["logprobs"]["content"]:
+        tokens.append(token["token"])
+        log_probs.append(token["logprob"])
+    return tokens, log_probs
+
+
+class QuestionGeneratorChain(LLMChain):
+    """Chain that generates questions from uncertain spans."""
+
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = QUESTION_GENERATOR_PROMPT
+    """Prompt template for the chain."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input keys for the chain."""
+        return ["user_input", "context", "response"]
+
+
+def _low_confidence_spans(
+    tokens: Sequence[str],
+    log_probs: Sequence[float],
+    min_prob: float,
+    min_token_gap: int,
+    num_pad_tokens: int,
+) -> list[str]:
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+
+        _low_idx = np.where(np.exp(log_probs) < min_prob)[0]
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.warning(
+            "NumPy not found in the current Python environment. FlareChain will use a "
+            "pure Python implementation for internal calculations, which may "
+            "significantly impact performance, especially for large datasets. For "
+            "optimal speed and efficiency, consider installing NumPy: pip install numpy"
+        )
+        import math
+
+        _low_idx = [  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            idx
+            for idx, log_prob in enumerate(log_probs)
+            if math.exp(log_prob) < min_prob
+        ]
+    low_idx = [i for i in _low_idx if re.search(r"\w", tokens[i])]
+    if len(low_idx) == 0:
+        return []
+    spans = [[low_idx[0], low_idx[0] + num_pad_tokens + 1]]
+    for i, idx in enumerate(low_idx[1:]):
+        end = idx + num_pad_tokens + 1
+        if idx - low_idx[i] < min_token_gap:
+            spans[-1][1] = end
+        else:
+            spans.append([idx, end])
+    return ["".join(tokens[start:end]) for start, end in spans]
+
+
+class FlareChain(Chain):
+    """Chain that combines a retriever, a question generator,
+    and a response generator.
+
+    See [Active Retrieval Augmented Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.06983) paper.
+    """
+
+    question_generator_chain: Runnable
+    """Chain that generates questions from uncertain spans."""
+    response_chain: Runnable
+    """Chain that generates responses from user input and context."""
+    output_parser: FinishedOutputParser = Field(default_factory=FinishedOutputParser)
+    """Parser that determines whether the chain is finished."""
+    retriever: BaseRetriever
+    """Retriever that retrieves relevant documents from a user input."""
+    min_prob: float = 0.2
+    """Minimum probability for a token to be considered low confidence."""
+    min_token_gap: int = 5
+    """Minimum number of tokens between two low confidence spans."""
+    num_pad_tokens: int = 2
+    """Number of tokens to pad around a low confidence span."""
+    max_iter: int = 10
+    """Maximum number of iterations."""
+    start_with_retrieval: bool = True
+    """Whether to start with retrieval."""
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input keys for the chain."""
+        return ["user_input"]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Output keys for the chain."""
+        return ["response"]
+
+    def _do_generation(
+        self,
+        questions: list[str],
+        user_input: str,
+        response: str,
+        _run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> tuple[str, bool]:
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        docs = []
+        for question in questions:
+            docs.extend(self.retriever.invoke(question))
+        context = "\n\n".join(d.page_content for d in docs)
+        result = self.response_chain.invoke(
+            {
+                "user_input": user_input,
+                "context": context,
+                "response": response,
+            },
+            {"callbacks": callbacks},
+        )
+        if isinstance(result, AIMessage):
+            result = result.content
+        marginal, finished = self.output_parser.parse(result)
+        return marginal, finished
+
+    def _do_retrieval(
+        self,
+        low_confidence_spans: list[str],
+        _run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        user_input: str,
+        response: str,
+        initial_response: str,
+    ) -> tuple[str, bool]:
+        question_gen_inputs = [
+            {
+                "user_input": user_input,
+                "current_response": initial_response,
+                "uncertain_span": span,
+            }
+            for span in low_confidence_spans
+        ]
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        if isinstance(self.question_generator_chain, LLMChain):
+            question_gen_outputs = self.question_generator_chain.apply(
+                question_gen_inputs, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+            questions = [
+                output[self.question_generator_chain.output_keys[0]]
+                for output in question_gen_outputs
+            ]
+        else:
+            questions = self.question_generator_chain.batch(
+                question_gen_inputs, config={"callbacks": callbacks}
+            )
+        _run_manager.on_text(
+            f"Generated Questions: {questions}", color="yellow", end="\n"
+        )
+        return self._do_generation(questions, user_input, response, _run_manager)
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+
+        user_input = inputs[self.input_keys[0]]
+
+        response = ""
+
+        for i in range(self.max_iter):
+            _run_manager.on_text(
+                f"Current Response: {response}", color="blue", end="\n"
+            )
+            _input = {"user_input": user_input, "context": "", "response": response}
+            tokens, log_probs = _extract_tokens_and_log_probs(
+                self.response_chain.invoke(
+                    _input, {"callbacks": _run_manager.get_child()}
+                )
+            )
+            low_confidence_spans = _low_confidence_spans(
+                tokens,
+                log_probs,
+                self.min_prob,
+                self.min_token_gap,
+                self.num_pad_tokens,
+            )
+            initial_response = response.strip() + " " + "".join(tokens)
+            if not low_confidence_spans:
+                response = initial_response
+                final_response, finished = self.output_parser.parse(response)
+                if finished:
+                    return {self.output_keys[0]: final_response}
+                continue
+
+            marginal, finished = self._do_retrieval(
+                low_confidence_spans,
+                _run_manager,
+                user_input,
+                response,
+                initial_response,
+            )
+            response = response.strip() + " " + marginal
+            if finished:
+                break
+        return {self.output_keys[0]: response}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls, llm: BaseLanguageModel, max_generation_len: int = 32, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> FlareChain:
+        """Creates a FlareChain from a language model.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: Language model to use.
+            max_generation_len: Maximum length of the generated response.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            FlareChain class with the given language model.
+        """
+        try:
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "OpenAI is required for FlareChain. "
+                "Please install langchain-openai."
+                "pip install langchain-openai"
+            )
+        llm = ChatOpenAI(
+            max_completion_tokens=max_generation_len, logprobs=True, temperature=0
+        )
+        response_chain = PROMPT | llm
+        question_gen_chain = QUESTION_GENERATOR_PROMPT | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(
+            question_generator_chain=question_gen_chain,
+            response_chain=response_chain,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..629badff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/flare/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+
+class FinishedOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[tuple[str, bool]]):
+    """Output parser that checks if the output is finished."""
+
+    finished_value: str = "FINISHED"
+    """Value that indicates the output is finished."""
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> tuple[str, bool]:
+        cleaned = text.strip()
+        finished = self.finished_value in cleaned
+        return cleaned.replace(self.finished_value, ""), finished
+
+
+PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """\
+Respond to the user message using any relevant context. \
+If context is provided, you should ground your answer in that context. \
+Once you're done responding return FINISHED.
+
+>>> CONTEXT: {context}
+>>> USER INPUT: {user_input}
+>>> RESPONSE: {response}\
+"""
+
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=PROMPT_TEMPLATE,
+    input_variables=["user_input", "context", "response"],
+)
+
+
+QUESTION_GENERATOR_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """\
+Given a user input and an existing partial response as context, \
+ask a question to which the answer is the given term/entity/phrase:
+
+>>> USER INPUT: {user_input}
+>>> EXISTING PARTIAL RESPONSE: {current_response}
+
+The question to which the answer is the term/entity/phrase "{uncertain_span}" is:"""
+QUESTION_GENERATOR_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=QUESTION_GENERATOR_PROMPT_TEMPLATE,
+    input_variables=["user_input", "current_response", "uncertain_span"],
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/arangodb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/arangodb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf536fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/arangodb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.arangodb import ArangoGraphQAChain
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ArangoGraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.arangodb",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["ArangoGraphQAChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b2b5a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.base import GraphQAChain
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["GraphQAChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbddc52e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher import (
+        CYPHER_GENERATION_PROMPT,
+        INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY,
+        GraphCypherQAChain,
+        construct_schema,
+        extract_cypher,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GraphCypherQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher",
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher",
+    "construct_schema": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher",
+    "extract_cypher": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher",
+    "CYPHER_GENERATION_PROMPT": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GraphCypherQAChain",
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY",
+    "construct_schema",
+    "extract_cypher",
+    "CYPHER_GENERATION_PROMPT",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..deeb1051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/cypher_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher_utils import (
+        CypherQueryCorrector,
+        Schema,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CypherQueryCorrector": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher_utils",
+    "Schema": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher_utils",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["CypherQueryCorrector", "Schema"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/falkordb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/falkordb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1aba6adf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/falkordb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.falkordb import (
+        INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY,
+        FalkorDBQAChain,
+        extract_cypher,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FalkorDBQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.falkordb",
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.falkordb",
+    "extract_cypher": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.falkordb",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["FalkorDBQAChain", "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY", "extract_cypher"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/gremlin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/gremlin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20a7be6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/gremlin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.gremlin import (
+        GRAPHDB_SPARQL_FIX_TEMPLATE,
+        INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY,
+        GremlinQAChain,
+        extract_gremlin,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GRAPHDB_SPARQL_FIX_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.gremlin",
+    "GremlinQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.gremlin",
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.gremlin",
+    "extract_gremlin": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.gremlin",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GRAPHDB_SPARQL_FIX_TEMPLATE",
+    "GremlinQAChain",
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY",
+    "extract_gremlin",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/hugegraph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/hugegraph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7d7d901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/hugegraph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.hugegraph import HugeGraphQAChain
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "HugeGraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.hugegraph",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["HugeGraphQAChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/kuzu.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/kuzu.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa436d20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/kuzu.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.kuzu import (
+        KuzuQAChain,
+        extract_cypher,
+        remove_prefix,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "KuzuQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.kuzu",
+    "extract_cypher": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.kuzu",
+    "remove_prefix": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.kuzu",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["KuzuQAChain", "extract_cypher", "remove_prefix"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/nebulagraph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/nebulagraph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ea379f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/nebulagraph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.nebulagraph import NebulaGraphQAChain
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "NebulaGraphQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.nebulagraph",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["NebulaGraphQAChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/neptune_cypher.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/neptune_cypher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96fcf01f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/neptune_cypher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher import (
+        INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY,
+        NeptuneOpenCypherQAChain,
+        extract_cypher,
+        trim_query,
+        use_simple_prompt,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher",
+    "NeptuneOpenCypherQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher",
+    "extract_cypher": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher",
+    "trim_query": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher",
+    "use_simple_prompt": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_cypher",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY",
+    "NeptuneOpenCypherQAChain",
+    "extract_cypher",
+    "trim_query",
+    "use_simple_prompt",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/neptune_sparql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/neptune_sparql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4445b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/neptune_sparql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_sparql import (
+        INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY,
+        SPARQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        NeptuneSparqlQAChain,
+        extract_sparql,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_sparql",
+    "NeptuneSparqlQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_sparql",
+    "SPARQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_sparql",
+    "extract_sparql": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.neptune_sparql",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "INTERMEDIATE_STEPS_KEY",
+    "NeptuneSparqlQAChain",
+    "SPARQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "extract_sparql",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/ontotext_graphdb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/ontotext_graphdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1e8a11b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/ontotext_graphdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.ontotext_graphdb import (
+        OntotextGraphDBQAChain,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "OntotextGraphDBQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.ontotext_graphdb",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["OntotextGraphDBQAChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b7ac181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts import (
+        AQL_FIX_TEMPLATE,
+        AQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        AQL_QA_TEMPLATE,
+        CYPHER_GENERATION_PROMPT,
+        CYPHER_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        CYPHER_QA_PROMPT,
+        CYPHER_QA_TEMPLATE,
+        GRAPHDB_QA_TEMPLATE,
+        GRAPHDB_SPARQL_FIX_TEMPLATE,
+        GRAPHDB_SPARQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        GREMLIN_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        KUZU_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        KUZU_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        NEBULAGRAPH_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS,
+        NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_GENERATION_SIMPLE_TEMPLATE,
+        NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        NGQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE,
+        SPARQL_GENERATION_SELECT_TEMPLATE,
+        SPARQL_GENERATION_UPDATE_TEMPLATE,
+        SPARQL_INTENT_TEMPLATE,
+        SPARQL_QA_TEMPLATE,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AQL_FIX_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "AQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "AQL_QA_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "CYPHER_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "CYPHER_QA_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "CYPHER_QA_PROMPT": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "CYPHER_GENERATION_PROMPT": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "GRAPHDB_QA_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "GRAPHDB_SPARQL_FIX_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "GRAPHDB_SPARQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "GREMLIN_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "KUZU_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "KUZU_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "NEBULAGRAPH_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS": (
+        "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts"
+    ),
+    "NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_GENERATION_SIMPLE_TEMPLATE": (
+        "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts"
+    ),
+    "NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": (
+        "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts"
+    ),
+    "NGQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "SPARQL_GENERATION_SELECT_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "SPARQL_GENERATION_UPDATE_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "SPARQL_INTENT_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+    "SPARQL_QA_TEMPLATE": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.prompts",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AQL_FIX_TEMPLATE",
+    "AQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "AQL_QA_TEMPLATE",
+    "CYPHER_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "CYPHER_QA_TEMPLATE",
+    "GRAPHDB_QA_TEMPLATE",
+    "GRAPHDB_SPARQL_FIX_TEMPLATE",
+    "GRAPHDB_SPARQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "GREMLIN_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "KUZU_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS",
+    "KUZU_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "NEBULAGRAPH_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS",
+    "NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_EXTRA_INSTRUCTIONS",
+    "NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_GENERATION_SIMPLE_TEMPLATE",
+    "NEPTUNE_OPENCYPHER_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "NGQL_GENERATION_TEMPLATE",
+    "SPARQL_GENERATION_SELECT_TEMPLATE",
+    "SPARQL_GENERATION_UPDATE_TEMPLATE",
+    "SPARQL_INTENT_TEMPLATE",
+    "SPARQL_QA_TEMPLATE",
+    "CYPHER_QA_PROMPT",
+    "CYPHER_GENERATION_PROMPT",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/sparql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/sparql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..363f9942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/graph_qa/sparql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.sparql import GraphSparqlQAChain
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GraphSparqlQAChain": "langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.sparql",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["GraphSparqlQAChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/history_aware_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/history_aware_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a29d31a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/history_aware_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import LanguageModelLike
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.retrievers import RetrieverLike, RetrieverOutputLike
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableBranch
+
+
+def create_history_aware_retriever(
+    llm: LanguageModelLike,
+    retriever: RetrieverLike,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+) -> RetrieverOutputLike:
+    """Create a chain that takes conversation history and returns documents.
+
+    If there is no `chat_history`, then the `input` is just passed directly to the
+    retriever. If there is `chat_history`, then the prompt and LLM will be used
+    to generate a search query. That search query is then passed to the retriever.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for generating a search term given chat history
+        retriever: RetrieverLike object that takes a string as input and outputs
+            a list of Documents.
+        prompt: The prompt used to generate the search query for the retriever.
+
+    Returns:
+        An LCEL Runnable. The runnable input must take in `input`, and if there
+        is chat history should take it in the form of `chat_history`.
+        The Runnable output is a list of Documents
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install -U langchain langchain-community
+
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.chains import create_history_aware_retriever
+            from langchain import hub
+
+            rephrase_prompt = hub.pull("langchain-ai/chat-langchain-rephrase")
+            llm = ChatOpenAI()
+            retriever = ...
+            chat_retriever_chain = create_history_aware_retriever(
+                llm, retriever, rephrase_prompt
+            )
+
+            chain.invoke({"input": "...", "chat_history": })
+
+    """
+    if "input" not in prompt.input_variables:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Expected `input` to be a prompt variable, "
+            f"but got {prompt.input_variables}"
+        )
+
+    retrieve_documents: RetrieverOutputLike = RunnableBranch(
+        (
+            # Both empty string and empty list evaluate to False
+            lambda x: not x.get("chat_history", False),
+            # If no chat history, then we just pass input to retriever
+            (lambda x: x["input"]) | retriever,
+        ),
+        # If chat history, then we pass inputs to LLM chain, then to retriever
+        prompt | llm | StrOutputParser() | retriever,
+    ).with_config(run_name="chat_retriever_chain")
+    return retrieve_documents
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..946d0ab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+"""Hypothetical Document Embeddings.
+
+https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10496
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5bb3f476
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78b991b6
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2857b2ac
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/__pycache__/prompts.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8c00d83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+"""Hypothetical Document Embeddings.
+
+https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10496
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.hyde.prompts import PROMPT_MAP
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder(Chain, Embeddings):
+    """Generate hypothetical document for query, and then embed that.
+
+    Based on https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10496
+    """
+
+    base_embeddings: Embeddings
+    llm_chain: Runnable
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input keys for Hyde's LLM chain."""
+        return self.llm_chain.input_schema.model_json_schema()["required"]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Output keys for Hyde's LLM chain."""
+        if isinstance(self.llm_chain, LLMChain):
+            return self.llm_chain.output_keys
+        else:
+            return ["text"]
+
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Call the base embeddings."""
+        return self.base_embeddings.embed_documents(texts)
+
+    def combine_embeddings(self, embeddings: list[list[float]]) -> list[float]:
+        """Combine embeddings into final embeddings."""
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+
+            return list(np.array(embeddings).mean(axis=0))
+        except ImportError:
+            logger.warning(
+                "NumPy not found in the current Python environment. "
+                "HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder will use a pure Python implementation "
+                "for internal calculations, which may significantly impact "
+                "performance, especially for large datasets. For optimal speed and "
+                "efficiency, consider installing NumPy: pip install numpy"
+            )
+            if not embeddings:
+                return []
+            num_vectors = len(embeddings)
+            return [sum(dim_values) / num_vectors for dim_values in zip(*embeddings)]
+
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Generate a hypothetical document and embedded it."""
+        var_name = self.input_keys[0]
+        result = self.llm_chain.invoke({var_name: text})
+        if isinstance(self.llm_chain, LLMChain):
+            documents = [result[self.output_keys[0]]]
+        else:
+            documents = [result]
+        embeddings = self.embed_documents(documents)
+        return self.combine_embeddings(embeddings)
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Call the internal llm chain."""
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        return self.llm_chain.invoke(
+            inputs, config={"callbacks": _run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        base_embeddings: Embeddings,
+        prompt_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        custom_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder:
+        """Load and use LLMChain with either a specific prompt key or custom prompt."""
+        if custom_prompt is not None:
+            prompt = custom_prompt
+        elif prompt_key is not None and prompt_key in PROMPT_MAP:
+            prompt = PROMPT_MAP[prompt_key]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Must specify prompt_key if custom_prompt not provided. Should be one "
+                f"of {list(PROMPT_MAP.keys())}."
+            )
+
+        llm_chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(base_embeddings=base_embeddings, llm_chain=llm_chain, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "hyde_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36c1cc06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/hyde/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+web_search_template = """Please write a passage to answer the question 
+Question: {QUESTION}
+Passage:"""
+web_search = PromptTemplate(template=web_search_template, input_variables=["QUESTION"])
+sci_fact_template = """Please write a scientific paper passage to support/refute the claim 
+Claim: {Claim}
+Passage:"""
+sci_fact = PromptTemplate(template=sci_fact_template, input_variables=["Claim"])
+arguana_template = """Please write a counter argument for the passage 
+Passage: {PASSAGE}
+Counter Argument:"""
+arguana = PromptTemplate(template=arguana_template, input_variables=["PASSAGE"])
+trec_covid_template = """Please write a scientific paper passage to answer the question
+Question: {QUESTION}
+Passage:"""
+trec_covid = PromptTemplate(template=trec_covid_template, input_variables=["QUESTION"])
+fiqa_template = """Please write a financial article passage to answer the question
+Question: {QUESTION}
+Passage:"""
+fiqa = PromptTemplate(template=fiqa_template, input_variables=["QUESTION"])
+dbpedia_entity_template = """Please write a passage to answer the question.
+Question: {QUESTION}
+Passage:"""
+dbpedia_entity = PromptTemplate(
+    template=dbpedia_entity_template, input_variables=["QUESTION"]
+)
+trec_news_template = """Please write a news passage about the topic.
+Topic: {TOPIC}
+Passage:"""
+trec_news = PromptTemplate(template=trec_news_template, input_variables=["TOPIC"])
+mr_tydi_template = """Please write a passage in Swahili/Korean/Japanese/Bengali to answer the question in detail.
+Question: {QUESTION}
+Passage:"""
+mr_tydi = PromptTemplate(template=mr_tydi_template, input_variables=["QUESTION"])
+PROMPT_MAP = {
+    "web_search": web_search,
+    "sci_fact": sci_fact,
+    "arguana": arguana,
+    "trec_covid": trec_covid,
+    "fiqa": fiqa,
+    "dbpedia_entity": dbpedia_entity,
+    "trec_news": trec_news,
+    "mr_tydi": mr_tydi,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b71758d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+"""Chain that just formats a prompt and calls an LLM."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models import (
+    BaseLanguageModel,
+    LanguageModelInput,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseLLMOutputParser, StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, Generation, LLMResult
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import (
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableBinding,
+    RunnableBranch,
+    RunnableWithFallbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.configurable import DynamicRunnable
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_colored_text
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.17",
+    alternative="RunnableSequence, e.g., `prompt | llm`",
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class LLMChain(Chain):
+    """Chain to run queries against LLMs.
+
+    This class is deprecated. See below for an example implementation using
+    LangChain runnables:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_openai import OpenAI
+
+            prompt_template = "Tell me a {adjective} joke"
+            prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                input_variables=["adjective"], template=prompt_template
+            )
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+
+            chain.invoke("your adjective here")
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            prompt_template = "Tell me a {adjective} joke"
+            prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                input_variables=["adjective"], template=prompt_template
+            )
+            llm = LLMChain(llm=OpenAI(), prompt=prompt)
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate
+    """Prompt object to use."""
+    llm: Union[
+        Runnable[LanguageModelInput, str], Runnable[LanguageModelInput, BaseMessage]
+    ]
+    """Language model to call."""
+    output_key: str = "text"  #: :meta private:
+    output_parser: BaseLLMOutputParser = Field(default_factory=StrOutputParser)
+    """Output parser to use.
+    Defaults to one that takes the most likely string but does not change it 
+    otherwise."""
+    return_final_only: bool = True
+    """Whether to return only the final parsed result. Defaults to True.
+    If false, will return a bunch of extra information about the generation."""
+    llm_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will be whatever keys the prompt expects.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.prompt.input_variables
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return text key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        if self.return_final_only:
+            return [self.output_key]
+        else:
+            return [self.output_key, "full_generation"]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        response = self.generate([inputs], run_manager=run_manager)
+        return self.create_outputs(response)[0]
+
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        input_list: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Generate LLM result from inputs."""
+        prompts, stop = self.prep_prompts(input_list, run_manager=run_manager)
+        callbacks = run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None
+        if isinstance(self.llm, BaseLanguageModel):
+            return self.llm.generate_prompt(
+                prompts,
+                stop,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+                **self.llm_kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            results = self.llm.bind(stop=stop, **self.llm_kwargs).batch(
+                cast(list, prompts), {"callbacks": callbacks}
+            )
+            generations: list[list[Generation]] = []
+            for res in results:
+                if isinstance(res, BaseMessage):
+                    generations.append([ChatGeneration(message=res)])
+                else:
+                    generations.append([Generation(text=res)])
+            return LLMResult(generations=generations)
+
+    async def agenerate(
+        self,
+        input_list: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Generate LLM result from inputs."""
+        prompts, stop = await self.aprep_prompts(input_list, run_manager=run_manager)
+        callbacks = run_manager.get_child() if run_manager else None
+        if isinstance(self.llm, BaseLanguageModel):
+            return await self.llm.agenerate_prompt(
+                prompts,
+                stop,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+                **self.llm_kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            results = await self.llm.bind(stop=stop, **self.llm_kwargs).abatch(
+                cast(list, prompts), {"callbacks": callbacks}
+            )
+            generations: list[list[Generation]] = []
+            for res in results:
+                if isinstance(res, BaseMessage):
+                    generations.append([ChatGeneration(message=res)])
+                else:
+                    generations.append([Generation(text=res)])
+            return LLMResult(generations=generations)
+
+    def prep_prompts(
+        self,
+        input_list: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> tuple[list[PromptValue], Optional[list[str]]]:
+        """Prepare prompts from inputs."""
+        stop = None
+        if len(input_list) == 0:
+            return [], stop
+        if "stop" in input_list[0]:
+            stop = input_list[0]["stop"]
+        prompts = []
+        for inputs in input_list:
+            selected_inputs = {k: inputs[k] for k in self.prompt.input_variables}
+            prompt = self.prompt.format_prompt(**selected_inputs)
+            _colored_text = get_colored_text(prompt.to_string(), "green")
+            _text = "Prompt after formatting:\n" + _colored_text
+            if run_manager:
+                run_manager.on_text(_text, end="\n", verbose=self.verbose)
+            if "stop" in inputs and inputs["stop"] != stop:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "If `stop` is present in any inputs, should be present in all."
+                )
+            prompts.append(prompt)
+        return prompts, stop
+
+    async def aprep_prompts(
+        self,
+        input_list: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> tuple[list[PromptValue], Optional[list[str]]]:
+        """Prepare prompts from inputs."""
+        stop = None
+        if len(input_list) == 0:
+            return [], stop
+        if "stop" in input_list[0]:
+            stop = input_list[0]["stop"]
+        prompts = []
+        for inputs in input_list:
+            selected_inputs = {k: inputs[k] for k in self.prompt.input_variables}
+            prompt = self.prompt.format_prompt(**selected_inputs)
+            _colored_text = get_colored_text(prompt.to_string(), "green")
+            _text = "Prompt after formatting:\n" + _colored_text
+            if run_manager:
+                await run_manager.on_text(_text, end="\n", verbose=self.verbose)
+            if "stop" in inputs and inputs["stop"] != stop:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "If `stop` is present in any inputs, should be present in all."
+                )
+            prompts.append(prompt)
+        return prompts, stop
+
+    def apply(
+        self, input_list: list[dict[str, Any]], callbacks: Callbacks = None
+    ) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+        """Utilize the LLM generate method for speed gains."""
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks, self.callbacks, self.verbose
+        )
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            {"input_list": input_list},
+            name=self.get_name(),
+        )
+        try:
+            response = self.generate(input_list, run_manager=run_manager)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise e
+        outputs = self.create_outputs(response)
+        run_manager.on_chain_end({"outputs": outputs})
+        return outputs
+
+    async def aapply(
+        self, input_list: list[dict[str, Any]], callbacks: Callbacks = None
+    ) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
+        """Utilize the LLM generate method for speed gains."""
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks, self.callbacks, self.verbose
+        )
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            {"input_list": input_list},
+            name=self.get_name(),
+        )
+        try:
+            response = await self.agenerate(input_list, run_manager=run_manager)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise e
+        outputs = self.create_outputs(response)
+        await run_manager.on_chain_end({"outputs": outputs})
+        return outputs
+
+    @property
+    def _run_output_key(self) -> str:
+        return self.output_key
+
+    def create_outputs(self, llm_result: LLMResult) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Create outputs from response."""
+        result = [
+            # Get the text of the top generated string.
+            {
+                self.output_key: self.output_parser.parse_result(generation),
+                "full_generation": generation,
+            }
+            for generation in llm_result.generations
+        ]
+        if self.return_final_only:
+            result = [{self.output_key: r[self.output_key]} for r in result]
+        return result
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        response = await self.agenerate([inputs], run_manager=run_manager)
+        return self.create_outputs(response)[0]
+
+    def predict(self, callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format prompt with kwargs and pass to LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass to LLMChain
+            **kwargs: Keys to pass to prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            Completion from LLM.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                completion = llm.predict(adjective="funny")
+        """
+        return self(kwargs, callbacks=callbacks)[self.output_key]
+
+    async def apredict(self, callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format prompt with kwargs and pass to LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass to LLMChain
+            **kwargs: Keys to pass to prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            Completion from LLM.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                completion = llm.predict(adjective="funny")
+        """
+        return (await self.acall(kwargs, callbacks=callbacks))[self.output_key]
+
+    def predict_and_parse(
+        self, callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Union[str, list[str], dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Call predict and then parse the results."""
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The predict_and_parse method is deprecated, "
+            "instead pass an output parser directly to LLMChain."
+        )
+        result = self.predict(callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs)
+        if self.prompt.output_parser is not None:
+            return self.prompt.output_parser.parse(result)
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    async def apredict_and_parse(
+        self, callbacks: Callbacks = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Union[str, list[str], dict[str, str]]:
+        """Call apredict and then parse the results."""
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The apredict_and_parse method is deprecated, "
+            "instead pass an output parser directly to LLMChain."
+        )
+        result = await self.apredict(callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs)
+        if self.prompt.output_parser is not None:
+            return self.prompt.output_parser.parse(result)
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    def apply_and_parse(
+        self, input_list: list[dict[str, Any]], callbacks: Callbacks = None
+    ) -> Sequence[Union[str, list[str], dict[str, str]]]:
+        """Call apply and then parse the results."""
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The apply_and_parse method is deprecated, "
+            "instead pass an output parser directly to LLMChain."
+        )
+        result = self.apply(input_list, callbacks=callbacks)
+        return self._parse_generation(result)
+
+    def _parse_generation(
+        self, generation: list[dict[str, str]]
+    ) -> Sequence[Union[str, list[str], dict[str, str]]]:
+        if self.prompt.output_parser is not None:
+            return [
+                self.prompt.output_parser.parse(res[self.output_key])
+                for res in generation
+            ]
+        else:
+            return generation
+
+    async def aapply_and_parse(
+        self, input_list: list[dict[str, Any]], callbacks: Callbacks = None
+    ) -> Sequence[Union[str, list[str], dict[str, str]]]:
+        """Call apply and then parse the results."""
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The aapply_and_parse method is deprecated, "
+            "instead pass an output parser directly to LLMChain."
+        )
+        result = await self.aapply(input_list, callbacks=callbacks)
+        return self._parse_generation(result)
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "llm_chain"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, llm: BaseLanguageModel, template: str) -> LLMChain:
+        """Create LLMChain from LLM and template."""
+        prompt_template = PromptTemplate.from_template(template)
+        return cls(llm=llm, prompt=prompt_template)
+
+    def _get_num_tokens(self, text: str) -> int:
+        return _get_language_model(self.llm).get_num_tokens(text)
+
+
+def _get_language_model(llm_like: Runnable) -> BaseLanguageModel:
+    if isinstance(llm_like, BaseLanguageModel):
+        return llm_like
+    elif isinstance(llm_like, RunnableBinding):
+        return _get_language_model(llm_like.bound)
+    elif isinstance(llm_like, RunnableWithFallbacks):
+        return _get_language_model(llm_like.runnable)
+    elif isinstance(llm_like, (RunnableBranch, DynamicRunnable)):
+        return _get_language_model(llm_like.default)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unable to extract BaseLanguageModel from llm_like object of type "
+            f"{type(llm_like)}"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_bash/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_bash/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b055d992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_bash/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+def __getattr__(name: str = "") -> None:
+    """Raise an error on import since is deprecated."""
+    raise AttributeError(
+        "This module has been moved to langchain-experimental. "
+        "For more details: https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11352."
+        "To access this code, install it with `pip install langchain-experimental`."
+        "`from langchain_experimental.llm_bash.base "
+        "import LLMBashChain`"
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_bash/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_bash/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95516d81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+"""Chain that tries to verify assumptions before answering a question.
+
+Heavily borrowed from https://github.com/jagilley/fact-checker
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b68b302d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56d8ba7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+"""Chain for question-answering with self-verification."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.llm_checker.prompt import (
+    CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT,
+    CREATE_DRAFT_ANSWER_PROMPT,
+    LIST_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT,
+    REVISED_ANSWER_PROMPT,
+)
+from langchain.chains.sequential import SequentialChain
+
+
+def _load_question_to_checked_assertions_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    create_draft_answer_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+    list_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+    check_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+    revised_answer_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+) -> SequentialChain:
+    create_draft_answer_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=create_draft_answer_prompt,
+        output_key="statement",
+    )
+    list_assertions_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=list_assertions_prompt,
+        output_key="assertions",
+    )
+    check_assertions_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=check_assertions_prompt,
+        output_key="checked_assertions",
+    )
+    revised_answer_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=revised_answer_prompt,
+        output_key="revised_statement",
+    )
+    chains = [
+        create_draft_answer_chain,
+        list_assertions_chain,
+        check_assertions_chain,
+        revised_answer_chain,
+    ]
+    question_to_checked_assertions_chain = SequentialChain(
+        chains=chains,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        input_variables=["question"],
+        output_variables=["revised_statement"],
+        verbose=True,
+    )
+    return question_to_checked_assertions_chain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "See LangGraph guides for a variety of self-reflection and corrective "
+        "strategies for question-answering and other tasks: "
+        "https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/tutorials/rag/langgraph_self_rag/"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class LLMCheckerChain(Chain):
+    """Chain for question-answering with self-verification.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from langchain.chains import LLMCheckerChain
+            llm = OpenAI(temperature=0.7)
+            checker_chain = LLMCheckerChain.from_llm(llm)
+    """
+
+    question_to_checked_assertions_chain: SequentialChain
+
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+    """[Deprecated] LLM wrapper to use."""
+    create_draft_answer_prompt: PromptTemplate = CREATE_DRAFT_ANSWER_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated]"""
+    list_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = LIST_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated]"""
+    check_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated]"""
+    revised_answer_prompt: PromptTemplate = REVISED_ANSWER_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated] Prompt to use when questioning the documents."""
+    input_key: str = "query"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "result"  #: :meta private:
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        if "llm" in values:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Directly instantiating an LLMCheckerChain with an llm is deprecated. "
+                "Please instantiate with question_to_checked_assertions_chain "
+                "or using the from_llm class method."
+            )
+            if (
+                "question_to_checked_assertions_chain" not in values
+                and values["llm"] is not None
+            ):
+                question_to_checked_assertions_chain = (
+                    _load_question_to_checked_assertions_chain(
+                        values["llm"],
+                        values.get(
+                            "create_draft_answer_prompt", CREATE_DRAFT_ANSWER_PROMPT
+                        ),
+                        values.get("list_assertions_prompt", LIST_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT),
+                        values.get("check_assertions_prompt", CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT),
+                        values.get("revised_answer_prompt", REVISED_ANSWER_PROMPT),
+                    )
+                )
+                values["question_to_checked_assertions_chain"] = (
+                    question_to_checked_assertions_chain
+                )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the singular input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the singular output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        question = inputs[self.input_key]
+
+        output = self.question_to_checked_assertions_chain(
+            {"question": question}, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+        )
+        return {self.output_key: output["revised_statement"]}
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "llm_checker_chain"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        create_draft_answer_prompt: PromptTemplate = CREATE_DRAFT_ANSWER_PROMPT,
+        list_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = LIST_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT,
+        check_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT,
+        revised_answer_prompt: PromptTemplate = REVISED_ANSWER_PROMPT,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMCheckerChain:
+        question_to_checked_assertions_chain = (
+            _load_question_to_checked_assertions_chain(
+                llm,
+                create_draft_answer_prompt,
+                list_assertions_prompt,
+                check_assertions_prompt,
+                revised_answer_prompt,
+            )
+        )
+        return cls(
+            question_to_checked_assertions_chain=question_to_checked_assertions_chain,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8eb5fdaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_checker/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_CREATE_DRAFT_ANSWER_TEMPLATE = """{question}\n\n"""
+CREATE_DRAFT_ANSWER_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["question"], template=_CREATE_DRAFT_ANSWER_TEMPLATE
+)
+
+_LIST_ASSERTIONS_TEMPLATE = """Here is a statement:
+{statement}
+Make a bullet point list of the assumptions you made when producing the above statement.\n\n"""
+LIST_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["statement"], template=_LIST_ASSERTIONS_TEMPLATE
+)
+
+_CHECK_ASSERTIONS_TEMPLATE = """Here is a bullet point list of assertions:
+{assertions}
+For each assertion, determine whether it is true or false. If it is false, explain why.\n\n"""
+CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["assertions"], template=_CHECK_ASSERTIONS_TEMPLATE
+)
+
+_REVISED_ANSWER_TEMPLATE = """{checked_assertions}
+
+Question: In light of the above assertions and checks, how would you answer the question '{question}'?
+
+Answer:"""
+REVISED_ANSWER_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["checked_assertions", "question"],
+    template=_REVISED_ANSWER_TEMPLATE,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa9fd272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+"""Chain that interprets a prompt and executes python code to do math.
+
+Heavily borrowed from https://replit.com/@amasad/gptpy?v=1#main.py
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..d870b580
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96ef5d10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+"""Chain that interprets a prompt and executes python code to do math."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+import re
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.llm_math.prompt import PROMPT
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated and will be removed in langchain 1.0. "
+        "See API reference for replacement: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.llm_math.base.LLMMathChain.html"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class LLMMathChain(Chain):
+    """Chain that interprets a prompt and executes python code to do math.
+
+    Note: this class is deprecated. See below for a replacement implementation
+        using LangGraph. The benefits of this implementation are:
+
+        - Uses LLM tool calling features;
+        - Support for both token-by-token and step-by-step streaming;
+        - Support for checkpointing and memory of chat history;
+        - Easier to modify or extend (e.g., with additional tools, structured responses, etc.)
+
+        Install LangGraph with:
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            pip install -U langgraph
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import math
+            from typing import Annotated, Sequence
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+            from langchain_core.tools import tool
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langgraph.graph import END, StateGraph
+            from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
+            from langgraph.prebuilt.tool_node import ToolNode
+            import numexpr
+            from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+            @tool
+            def calculator(expression: str) -> str:
+                \"\"\"Calculate expression using Python's numexpr library.
+
+                Expression should be a single line mathematical expression
+                that solves the problem.
+
+                Examples:
+                    "37593 * 67" for "37593 times 67"
+                    "37593**(1/5)" for "37593^(1/5)"
+                \"\"\"
+                local_dict = {"pi": math.pi, "e": math.e}
+                return str(
+                    numexpr.evaluate(
+                        expression.strip(),
+                        global_dict={},  # restrict access to globals
+                        local_dict=local_dict,  # add common mathematical functions
+                    )
+                )
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0)
+            tools = [calculator]
+            llm_with_tools = llm.bind_tools(tools, tool_choice="any")
+
+            class ChainState(TypedDict):
+                \"\"\"LangGraph state.\"\"\"
+
+                messages: Annotated[Sequence[BaseMessage], add_messages]
+
+            async def acall_chain(state: ChainState, config: RunnableConfig):
+                last_message = state["messages"][-1]
+                response = await llm_with_tools.ainvoke(state["messages"], config)
+                return {"messages": [response]}
+
+            async def acall_model(state: ChainState, config: RunnableConfig):
+                response = await llm.ainvoke(state["messages"], config)
+                return {"messages": [response]}
+
+            graph_builder = StateGraph(ChainState)
+            graph_builder.add_node("call_tool", acall_chain)
+            graph_builder.add_node("execute_tool", ToolNode(tools))
+            graph_builder.add_node("call_model", acall_model)
+            graph_builder.set_entry_point("call_tool")
+            graph_builder.add_edge("call_tool", "execute_tool")
+            graph_builder.add_edge("execute_tool", "call_model")
+            graph_builder.add_edge("call_model", END)
+            chain = graph_builder.compile()
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            example_query = "What is 551368 divided by 82"
+
+            events = chain.astream(
+                {"messages": [("user", example_query)]},
+                stream_mode="values",
+            )
+            async for event in events:
+                event["messages"][-1].pretty_print()
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            ================================ Human Message =================================
+
+            What is 551368 divided by 82
+            ================================== Ai Message ==================================
+            Tool Calls:
+            calculator (call_MEiGXuJjJ7wGU4aOT86QuGJS)
+            Call ID: call_MEiGXuJjJ7wGU4aOT86QuGJS
+            Args:
+                expression: 551368 / 82
+            ================================= Tool Message =================================
+            Name: calculator
+
+            6724.0
+            ================================== Ai Message ==================================
+
+            551368 divided by 82 equals 6724.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import LLMMathChain
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            llm_math = LLMMathChain.from_llm(OpenAI())
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+    """[Deprecated] LLM wrapper to use."""
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated] Prompt to use to translate to python if necessary."""
+    input_key: str = "question"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "answer"  #: :meta private:
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import numexpr  # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "LLMMathChain requires the numexpr package. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install numexpr`."
+            )
+        if "llm" in values:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Directly instantiating an LLMMathChain with an llm is deprecated. "
+                "Please instantiate with llm_chain argument or using the from_llm "
+                "class method."
+            )
+            if "llm_chain" not in values and values["llm"] is not None:
+                prompt = values.get("prompt", PROMPT)
+                values["llm_chain"] = LLMChain(llm=values["llm"], prompt=prompt)
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _evaluate_expression(self, expression: str) -> str:
+        import numexpr
+
+        try:
+            local_dict = {"pi": math.pi, "e": math.e}
+            output = str(
+                numexpr.evaluate(
+                    expression.strip(),
+                    global_dict={},  # restrict access to globals
+                    local_dict=local_dict,  # add common mathematical functions
+                )
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'LLMMathChain._evaluate("{expression}") raised error: {e}.'
+                " Please try again with a valid numerical expression"
+            )
+
+        # Remove any leading and trailing brackets from the output
+        return re.sub(r"^\[|\]$", "", output)
+
+    def _process_llm_result(
+        self, llm_output: str, run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        run_manager.on_text(llm_output, color="green", verbose=self.verbose)
+        llm_output = llm_output.strip()
+        text_match = re.search(r"^```text(.*?)```", llm_output, re.DOTALL)
+        if text_match:
+            expression = text_match.group(1)
+            output = self._evaluate_expression(expression)
+            run_manager.on_text("\nAnswer: ", verbose=self.verbose)
+            run_manager.on_text(output, color="yellow", verbose=self.verbose)
+            answer = "Answer: " + output
+        elif llm_output.startswith("Answer:"):
+            answer = llm_output
+        elif "Answer:" in llm_output:
+            answer = "Answer: " + llm_output.split("Answer:")[-1]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"unknown format from LLM: {llm_output}")
+        return {self.output_key: answer}
+
+    async def _aprocess_llm_result(
+        self,
+        llm_output: str,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        await run_manager.on_text(llm_output, color="green", verbose=self.verbose)
+        llm_output = llm_output.strip()
+        text_match = re.search(r"^```text(.*?)```", llm_output, re.DOTALL)
+        if text_match:
+            expression = text_match.group(1)
+            output = self._evaluate_expression(expression)
+            await run_manager.on_text("\nAnswer: ", verbose=self.verbose)
+            await run_manager.on_text(output, color="yellow", verbose=self.verbose)
+            answer = "Answer: " + output
+        elif llm_output.startswith("Answer:"):
+            answer = llm_output
+        elif "Answer:" in llm_output:
+            answer = "Answer: " + llm_output.split("Answer:")[-1]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"unknown format from LLM: {llm_output}")
+        return {self.output_key: answer}
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        _run_manager.on_text(inputs[self.input_key])
+        llm_output = self.llm_chain.predict(
+            question=inputs[self.input_key],
+            stop=["```output"],
+            callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(),
+        )
+        return self._process_llm_result(llm_output, _run_manager)
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        await _run_manager.on_text(inputs[self.input_key])
+        llm_output = await self.llm_chain.apredict(
+            question=inputs[self.input_key],
+            stop=["```output"],
+            callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(),
+        )
+        return await self._aprocess_llm_result(llm_output, _run_manager)
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "llm_math_chain"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = PROMPT,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMMathChain:
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+        return cls(llm_chain=llm_chain, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c0fd9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_math/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """Translate a math problem into a expression that can be executed using Python's numexpr library. Use the output of running this code to answer the question.
+
+Question: ${{Question with math problem.}}
+```text
+${{single line mathematical expression that solves the problem}}
+```
+...numexpr.evaluate(text)...
+```output
+${{Output of running the code}}
+```
+Answer: ${{Answer}}
+
+Begin.
+
+Question: What is 37593 * 67?
+```text
+37593 * 67
+```
+...numexpr.evaluate("37593 * 67")...
+```output
+2518731
+```
+Answer: 2518731
+
+Question: 37593^(1/5)
+```text
+37593**(1/5)
+```
+...numexpr.evaluate("37593**(1/5)")...
+```output
+8.222831614237718
+```
+Answer: 8.222831614237718
+
+Question: {question}
+"""
+
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["question"],
+    template=_PROMPT_TEMPLATE,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_requests.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_requests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dca66132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_requests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.llm_requests import LLMRequestsChain
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LLMRequestsChain": "langchain_community.chains.llm_requests",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["LLMRequestsChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38599081
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+"""Summarization checker chain for verifying accuracy of text generation.
+
+Chain that tries to verify the accuracy of text generation by splitting it into a
+list of facts, then checking if those facts are true or not, and rewriting
+the text to make it more truth-ful.  It will repeat this loop until it hits `max_tries`
+or gets to a "true" output.
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..a0992915
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cce32505
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1b02a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+"""Chain for summarization with self-verification."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.sequential import SequentialChain
+
+PROMPTS_DIR = Path(__file__).parent / "prompts"
+
+CREATE_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_file(PROMPTS_DIR / "create_facts.txt")
+CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_file(PROMPTS_DIR / "check_facts.txt")
+REVISED_SUMMARY_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_file(PROMPTS_DIR / "revise_summary.txt")
+ARE_ALL_TRUE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_file(PROMPTS_DIR / "are_all_true_prompt.txt")
+
+
+def _load_sequential_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    create_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+    check_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+    revised_summary_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+    are_all_true_prompt: PromptTemplate,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+) -> SequentialChain:
+    chain = SequentialChain(
+        chains=[
+            LLMChain(
+                llm=llm,
+                prompt=create_assertions_prompt,
+                output_key="assertions",
+                verbose=verbose,
+            ),
+            LLMChain(
+                llm=llm,
+                prompt=check_assertions_prompt,
+                output_key="checked_assertions",
+                verbose=verbose,
+            ),
+            LLMChain(
+                llm=llm,
+                prompt=revised_summary_prompt,
+                output_key="revised_summary",
+                verbose=verbose,
+            ),
+            LLMChain(
+                llm=llm,
+                output_key="all_true",
+                prompt=are_all_true_prompt,
+                verbose=verbose,
+            ),
+        ],
+        input_variables=["summary"],
+        output_variables=["all_true", "revised_summary"],
+        verbose=verbose,
+    )
+    return chain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "See LangGraph guides for a variety of self-reflection and corrective "
+        "strategies for question-answering and other tasks: "
+        "https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/tutorials/rag/langgraph_self_rag/"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class LLMSummarizationCheckerChain(Chain):
+    """Chain for question-answering with self-verification.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from langchain.chains import LLMSummarizationCheckerChain
+            llm = OpenAI(temperature=0.0)
+            checker_chain = LLMSummarizationCheckerChain.from_llm(llm)
+    """
+
+    sequential_chain: SequentialChain
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+    """[Deprecated] LLM wrapper to use."""
+
+    create_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = CREATE_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated]"""
+    check_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated]"""
+    revised_summary_prompt: PromptTemplate = REVISED_SUMMARY_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated]"""
+    are_all_true_prompt: PromptTemplate = ARE_ALL_TRUE_PROMPT
+    """[Deprecated]"""
+
+    input_key: str = "query"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "result"  #: :meta private:
+    max_checks: int = 2
+    """Maximum number of times to check the assertions. Default to double-checking."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        if "llm" in values:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Directly instantiating an LLMSummarizationCheckerChain with an llm is "
+                "deprecated. Please instantiate with"
+                " sequential_chain argument or using the from_llm class method."
+            )
+            if "sequential_chain" not in values and values["llm"] is not None:
+                values["sequential_chain"] = _load_sequential_chain(
+                    values["llm"],
+                    values.get("create_assertions_prompt", CREATE_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT),
+                    values.get("check_assertions_prompt", CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT),
+                    values.get("revised_summary_prompt", REVISED_SUMMARY_PROMPT),
+                    values.get("are_all_true_prompt", ARE_ALL_TRUE_PROMPT),
+                    verbose=values.get("verbose", False),
+                )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the singular input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the singular output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        all_true = False
+        count = 0
+        output = None
+        original_input = inputs[self.input_key]
+        chain_input = original_input
+        while not all_true and count < self.max_checks:
+            output = self.sequential_chain(
+                {"summary": chain_input}, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+            )
+            count += 1
+
+            if output["all_true"].strip() == "True":
+                break
+
+            if self.verbose:
+                print(output["revised_summary"])  # noqa: T201
+
+            chain_input = output["revised_summary"]
+
+        if not output:
+            raise ValueError("No output from chain")
+
+        return {self.output_key: output["revised_summary"].strip()}
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "llm_summarization_checker_chain"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        create_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = CREATE_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT,
+        check_assertions_prompt: PromptTemplate = CHECK_ASSERTIONS_PROMPT,
+        revised_summary_prompt: PromptTemplate = REVISED_SUMMARY_PROMPT,
+        are_all_true_prompt: PromptTemplate = ARE_ALL_TRUE_PROMPT,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMSummarizationCheckerChain:
+        chain = _load_sequential_chain(
+            llm,
+            create_assertions_prompt,
+            check_assertions_prompt,
+            revised_summary_prompt,
+            are_all_true_prompt,
+            verbose=verbose,
+        )
+        return cls(sequential_chain=chain, verbose=verbose, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/are_all_true_prompt.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/are_all_true_prompt.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb1bedab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/are_all_true_prompt.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Below are some assertions that have been fact checked and are labeled as true or false.
+
+If all of the assertions are true, return "True". If any of the assertions are false, return "False".
+
+Here are some examples:
+===
+
+Checked Assertions: """
+- The sky is red: False
+- Water is made of lava: False
+- The sun is a star: True
+"""
+Result: False
+
+===
+
+Checked Assertions: """
+- The sky is blue: True
+- Water is wet: True
+- The sun is a star: True
+"""
+Result: True
+
+===
+
+Checked Assertions: """
+- The sky is blue - True
+- Water is made of lava- False
+- The sun is a star - True
+"""
+Result: False
+
+===
+
+Checked Assertions:"""
+{checked_assertions}
+"""
+Result:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/check_facts.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/check_facts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b675d318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/check_facts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+You are an expert fact checker. You have been hired by a major news organization to fact check a very important story.
+
+Here is a bullet point list of facts:
+"""
+{assertions}
+"""
+
+For each fact, determine whether it is true or false about the subject. If you are unable to determine whether the fact is true or false, output "Undetermined".
+If the fact is false, explain why.
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/create_facts.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/create_facts.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e85079a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/create_facts.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Given some text, extract a list of facts from the text.
+
+Format your output as a bulleted list.
+
+Text:
+"""
+{summary}
+"""
+
+Facts:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/revise_summary.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/revise_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbfc4d8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_summarization_checker/prompts/revise_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Below are some assertions that have been fact checked and are labeled as true or false. If the answer is false, a suggestion is given for a correction.
+
+Checked Assertions:
+"""
+{checked_assertions}
+"""
+
+Original Summary:
+"""
+{summary}
+"""
+
+Using these checked assertions, rewrite the original summary to be completely true.
+
+The output should have the same structure and formatting as the original summary.
+
+Summary:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_symbolic_math/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_symbolic_math/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3ce265f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_symbolic_math/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+def __getattr__(name: str = "") -> None:
+    """Raise an error on import since is deprecated."""
+    raise AttributeError(
+        "This module has been moved to langchain-experimental. "
+        "For more details: https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/11352."
+        "To access this code, install it with `pip install langchain-experimental`."
+        "`from langchain_experimental.llm_symbolic_math.base "
+        "import LLMSymbolicMathChain`"
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_symbolic_math/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_symbolic_math/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bba650e0
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/llm_symbolic_math/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ce5f4b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+"""Functionality for loading chains."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
+
+import yaml
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.prompts.loading import (
+    _load_output_parser,
+    load_prompt,
+    load_prompt_from_config,
+)
+
+from langchain.chains import ReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.api.base import APIChain
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce import MapReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_rerank import MapRerankDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.refine import RefineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.hyde.base import HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.llm_checker.base import LLMCheckerChain
+from langchain.chains.llm_math.base import LLMMathChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.base import QAWithSourcesChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.retrieval import RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.vector_db import VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain
+from langchain.chains.retrieval_qa.base import RetrievalQA, VectorDBQA
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher import GraphCypherQAChain
+
+    from langchain.chains.llm_requests import LLMRequestsChain
+
+try:
+    from langchain_community.llms.loading import load_llm, load_llm_from_config
+except ImportError:
+
+    def load_llm(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "To use this load_llm functionality you must install the "
+            "langchain_community package. "
+            "You can install it with `pip install langchain_community`"
+        )
+
+    def load_llm_from_config(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "To use this load_llm_from_config functionality you must install the "
+            "langchain_community package. "
+            "You can install it with `pip install langchain_community`"
+        )
+
+
+URL_BASE = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hwchase17/langchain-hub/master/chains/"
+
+
+def _load_llm_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMChain:
+    """Load LLM chain from config dict."""
+    if "llm" in config:
+        llm_config = config.pop("llm")
+        llm = load_llm_from_config(llm_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_path" in config:
+        llm = load_llm(config.pop("llm_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm` or `llm_path` must be present.")
+
+    if "prompt" in config:
+        prompt_config = config.pop("prompt")
+        prompt = load_prompt_from_config(prompt_config)
+    elif "prompt_path" in config:
+        prompt = load_prompt(config.pop("prompt_path"))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `prompt` or `prompt_path` must be present.")
+    _load_output_parser(config)
+
+    return LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, **config)
+
+
+def _load_hyde_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder:
+    """Load hypothetical document embedder chain from config dict."""
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+    if "embeddings" in kwargs:
+        embeddings = kwargs.pop("embeddings")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`embeddings` must be present.")
+    return HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        base_embeddings=embeddings,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_stuff_documents_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> StuffDocumentsChain:
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+
+    if not isinstance(llm_chain, LLMChain):
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected LLMChain, got {llm_chain}")
+
+    if "document_prompt" in config:
+        prompt_config = config.pop("document_prompt")
+        document_prompt = load_prompt_from_config(prompt_config)
+    elif "document_prompt_path" in config:
+        document_prompt = load_prompt(config.pop("document_prompt_path"))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `document_prompt` or `document_prompt_path` must be present."
+        )
+
+    return StuffDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain, document_prompt=document_prompt, **config
+    )
+
+
+def _load_map_reduce_documents_chain(
+    config: dict, **kwargs: Any
+) -> MapReduceDocumentsChain:
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+
+    if not isinstance(llm_chain, LLMChain):
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected LLMChain, got {llm_chain}")
+
+    if "reduce_documents_chain" in config:
+        reduce_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            config.pop("reduce_documents_chain"), **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "reduce_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        reduce_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("reduce_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        reduce_documents_chain = _load_reduce_documents_chain(config, **kwargs)
+
+    return MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_reduce_documents_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> ReduceDocumentsChain:
+    combine_documents_chain = None
+    collapse_documents_chain = None
+
+    if "combine_documents_chain" in config:
+        combine_document_chain_config = config.pop("combine_documents_chain")
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            combine_document_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_document_chain" in config:
+        combine_document_chain_config = config.pop("combine_document_chain")
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            combine_document_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("combine_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_document_chain_path" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("combine_document_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `combine_documents_chain` or "
+            "`combine_documents_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+
+    if "collapse_documents_chain" in config:
+        collapse_document_chain_config = config.pop("collapse_documents_chain")
+        if collapse_document_chain_config is None:
+            collapse_documents_chain = None
+        else:
+            collapse_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+                collapse_document_chain_config, **kwargs
+            )
+    elif "collapse_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        collapse_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("collapse_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "collapse_document_chain" in config:
+        collapse_document_chain_config = config.pop("collapse_document_chain")
+        if collapse_document_chain_config is None:
+            collapse_documents_chain = None
+        else:
+            collapse_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+                collapse_document_chain_config, **kwargs
+            )
+    elif "collapse_document_chain_path" in config:
+        collapse_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("collapse_document_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+
+    return ReduceDocumentsChain(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+        collapse_documents_chain=collapse_documents_chain,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_llm_bash_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+    from langchain_experimental.llm_bash.base import LLMBashChain
+
+    llm_chain = None
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    # llm attribute is deprecated in favor of llm_chain, here to support old configs
+    elif "llm" in config:
+        llm_config = config.pop("llm")
+        llm = load_llm_from_config(llm_config, **kwargs)
+    # llm_path attribute is deprecated in favor of llm_chain_path,
+    # its to support old configs
+    elif "llm_path" in config:
+        llm = load_llm(config.pop("llm_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+    if "prompt" in config:
+        prompt_config = config.pop("prompt")
+        prompt = load_prompt_from_config(prompt_config)
+    elif "prompt_path" in config:
+        prompt = load_prompt(config.pop("prompt_path"))
+    if llm_chain:
+        return LLMBashChain(llm_chain=llm_chain, prompt=prompt, **config)
+    else:
+        return LLMBashChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, **config)
+
+
+def _load_llm_checker_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMCheckerChain:
+    if "llm" in config:
+        llm_config = config.pop("llm")
+        llm = load_llm_from_config(llm_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_path" in config:
+        llm = load_llm(config.pop("llm_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm` or `llm_path` must be present.")
+    if "create_draft_answer_prompt" in config:
+        create_draft_answer_prompt_config = config.pop("create_draft_answer_prompt")
+        create_draft_answer_prompt = load_prompt_from_config(
+            create_draft_answer_prompt_config
+        )
+    elif "create_draft_answer_prompt_path" in config:
+        create_draft_answer_prompt = load_prompt(
+            config.pop("create_draft_answer_prompt_path")
+        )
+    if "list_assertions_prompt" in config:
+        list_assertions_prompt_config = config.pop("list_assertions_prompt")
+        list_assertions_prompt = load_prompt_from_config(list_assertions_prompt_config)
+    elif "list_assertions_prompt_path" in config:
+        list_assertions_prompt = load_prompt(config.pop("list_assertions_prompt_path"))
+    if "check_assertions_prompt" in config:
+        check_assertions_prompt_config = config.pop("check_assertions_prompt")
+        check_assertions_prompt = load_prompt_from_config(
+            check_assertions_prompt_config
+        )
+    elif "check_assertions_prompt_path" in config:
+        check_assertions_prompt = load_prompt(
+            config.pop("check_assertions_prompt_path")
+        )
+    if "revised_answer_prompt" in config:
+        revised_answer_prompt_config = config.pop("revised_answer_prompt")
+        revised_answer_prompt = load_prompt_from_config(revised_answer_prompt_config)
+    elif "revised_answer_prompt_path" in config:
+        revised_answer_prompt = load_prompt(config.pop("revised_answer_prompt_path"))
+    return LLMCheckerChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        create_draft_answer_prompt=create_draft_answer_prompt,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        list_assertions_prompt=list_assertions_prompt,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        check_assertions_prompt=check_assertions_prompt,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        revised_answer_prompt=revised_answer_prompt,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_llm_math_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMMathChain:
+    llm_chain = None
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    # llm attribute is deprecated in favor of llm_chain, here to support old configs
+    elif "llm" in config:
+        llm_config = config.pop("llm")
+        llm = load_llm_from_config(llm_config, **kwargs)
+    # llm_path attribute is deprecated in favor of llm_chain_path,
+    # its to support old configs
+    elif "llm_path" in config:
+        llm = load_llm(config.pop("llm_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+    if "prompt" in config:
+        prompt_config = config.pop("prompt")
+        prompt = load_prompt_from_config(prompt_config)
+    elif "prompt_path" in config:
+        prompt = load_prompt(config.pop("prompt_path"))
+    if llm_chain:
+        return LLMMathChain(llm_chain=llm_chain, prompt=prompt, **config)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    else:
+        return LLMMathChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, **config)
+
+
+def _load_map_rerank_documents_chain(
+    config: dict, **kwargs: Any
+) -> MapRerankDocumentsChain:
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+    return MapRerankDocumentsChain(llm_chain=llm_chain, **config)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+def _load_pal_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+    from langchain_experimental.pal_chain import PALChain
+
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+    return PALChain(llm_chain=llm_chain, **config)
+
+
+def _load_refine_documents_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> RefineDocumentsChain:
+    if "initial_llm_chain" in config:
+        initial_llm_chain_config = config.pop("initial_llm_chain")
+        initial_llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(initial_llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "initial_llm_chain_path" in config:
+        initial_llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("initial_llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `initial_llm_chain` or `initial_llm_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    if "refine_llm_chain" in config:
+        refine_llm_chain_config = config.pop("refine_llm_chain")
+        refine_llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(refine_llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "refine_llm_chain_path" in config:
+        refine_llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("refine_llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `refine_llm_chain` or `refine_llm_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    if "document_prompt" in config:
+        prompt_config = config.pop("document_prompt")
+        document_prompt = load_prompt_from_config(prompt_config)
+    elif "document_prompt_path" in config:
+        document_prompt = load_prompt(config.pop("document_prompt_path"))
+    return RefineDocumentsChain(
+        initial_llm_chain=initial_llm_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        refine_llm_chain=refine_llm_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        document_prompt=document_prompt,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_qa_with_sources_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> QAWithSourcesChain:
+    if "combine_documents_chain" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain_config = config.pop("combine_documents_chain")
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            combine_documents_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("combine_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `combine_documents_chain` or "
+            "`combine_documents_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    return QAWithSourcesChain(combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain, **config)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+def _load_sql_database_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+    from langchain_experimental.sql import SQLDatabaseChain
+
+    if "database" in kwargs:
+        database = kwargs.pop("database")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`database` must be present.")
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+        return SQLDatabaseChain(llm_chain=chain, database=database, **config)
+    if "llm" in config:
+        llm_config = config.pop("llm")
+        llm = load_llm_from_config(llm_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_path" in config:
+        llm = load_llm(config.pop("llm_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm` or `llm_path` must be present.")
+    if "prompt" in config:
+        prompt_config = config.pop("prompt")
+        prompt = load_prompt_from_config(prompt_config)
+    else:
+        prompt = None
+
+    return SQLDatabaseChain.from_llm(llm, database, prompt=prompt, **config)
+
+
+def _load_vector_db_qa_with_sources_chain(
+    config: dict, **kwargs: Any
+) -> VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain:
+    if "vectorstore" in kwargs:
+        vectorstore = kwargs.pop("vectorstore")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`vectorstore` must be present.")
+    if "combine_documents_chain" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain_config = config.pop("combine_documents_chain")
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            combine_documents_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("combine_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `combine_documents_chain` or "
+            "`combine_documents_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    return VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        vectorstore=vectorstore,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_retrieval_qa(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> RetrievalQA:
+    if "retriever" in kwargs:
+        retriever = kwargs.pop("retriever")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`retriever` must be present.")
+    if "combine_documents_chain" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain_config = config.pop("combine_documents_chain")
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            combine_documents_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("combine_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `combine_documents_chain` or "
+            "`combine_documents_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    return RetrievalQA(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        retriever=retriever,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_retrieval_qa_with_sources_chain(
+    config: dict, **kwargs: Any
+) -> RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain:
+    if "retriever" in kwargs:
+        retriever = kwargs.pop("retriever")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`retriever` must be present.")
+    if "combine_documents_chain" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain_config = config.pop("combine_documents_chain")
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            combine_documents_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("combine_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `combine_documents_chain` or "
+            "`combine_documents_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    return RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        retriever=retriever,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_vector_db_qa(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> VectorDBQA:
+    if "vectorstore" in kwargs:
+        vectorstore = kwargs.pop("vectorstore")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`vectorstore` must be present.")
+    if "combine_documents_chain" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain_config = config.pop("combine_documents_chain")
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            combine_documents_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    elif "combine_documents_chain_path" in config:
+        combine_documents_chain = load_chain(
+            config.pop("combine_documents_chain_path"), **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `combine_documents_chain` or "
+            "`combine_documents_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    return VectorDBQA(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        vectorstore=vectorstore,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_graph_cypher_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> GraphCypherQAChain:
+    if "graph" in kwargs:
+        graph = kwargs.pop("graph")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`graph` must be present.")
+    if "cypher_generation_chain" in config:
+        cypher_generation_chain_config = config.pop("cypher_generation_chain")
+        cypher_generation_chain = load_chain_from_config(
+            cypher_generation_chain_config, **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`cypher_generation_chain` must be present.")
+    if "qa_chain" in config:
+        qa_chain_config = config.pop("qa_chain")
+        qa_chain = load_chain_from_config(qa_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`qa_chain` must be present.")
+
+    try:
+        from langchain_community.chains.graph_qa.cypher import GraphCypherQAChain
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "To use this GraphCypherQAChain functionality you must install the "
+            "langchain_community package. "
+            "You can install it with `pip install langchain_community`"
+        )
+    return GraphCypherQAChain(
+        graph=graph,
+        cypher_generation_chain=cypher_generation_chain,
+        qa_chain=qa_chain,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_api_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> APIChain:
+    if "api_request_chain" in config:
+        api_request_chain_config = config.pop("api_request_chain")
+        api_request_chain = load_chain_from_config(api_request_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "api_request_chain_path" in config:
+        api_request_chain = load_chain(config.pop("api_request_chain_path"))
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `api_request_chain` or `api_request_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    if "api_answer_chain" in config:
+        api_answer_chain_config = config.pop("api_answer_chain")
+        api_answer_chain = load_chain_from_config(api_answer_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "api_answer_chain_path" in config:
+        api_answer_chain = load_chain(config.pop("api_answer_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "One of `api_answer_chain` or `api_answer_chain_path` must be present."
+        )
+    if "requests_wrapper" in kwargs:
+        requests_wrapper = kwargs.pop("requests_wrapper")
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`requests_wrapper` must be present.")
+    return APIChain(
+        api_request_chain=api_request_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        api_answer_chain=api_answer_chain,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        requests_wrapper=requests_wrapper,
+        **config,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_llm_requests_chain(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMRequestsChain:
+    try:
+        from langchain.chains.llm_requests import LLMRequestsChain
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "To use this LLMRequestsChain functionality you must install the "
+            "langchain package. "
+            "You can install it with `pip install langchain`"
+        )
+
+    if "llm_chain" in config:
+        llm_chain_config = config.pop("llm_chain")
+        llm_chain = load_chain_from_config(llm_chain_config, **kwargs)
+    elif "llm_chain_path" in config:
+        llm_chain = load_chain(config.pop("llm_chain_path"), **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("One of `llm_chain` or `llm_chain_path` must be present.")
+    if "requests_wrapper" in kwargs:
+        requests_wrapper = kwargs.pop("requests_wrapper")
+        return LLMRequestsChain(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain, requests_wrapper=requests_wrapper, **config
+        )
+    else:
+        return LLMRequestsChain(llm_chain=llm_chain, **config)
+
+
+type_to_loader_dict = {
+    "api_chain": _load_api_chain,
+    "hyde_chain": _load_hyde_chain,
+    "llm_chain": _load_llm_chain,
+    "llm_bash_chain": _load_llm_bash_chain,
+    "llm_checker_chain": _load_llm_checker_chain,
+    "llm_math_chain": _load_llm_math_chain,
+    "llm_requests_chain": _load_llm_requests_chain,
+    "pal_chain": _load_pal_chain,
+    "qa_with_sources_chain": _load_qa_with_sources_chain,
+    "stuff_documents_chain": _load_stuff_documents_chain,
+    "map_reduce_documents_chain": _load_map_reduce_documents_chain,
+    "reduce_documents_chain": _load_reduce_documents_chain,
+    "map_rerank_documents_chain": _load_map_rerank_documents_chain,
+    "refine_documents_chain": _load_refine_documents_chain,
+    "sql_database_chain": _load_sql_database_chain,
+    "vector_db_qa_with_sources_chain": _load_vector_db_qa_with_sources_chain,
+    "vector_db_qa": _load_vector_db_qa,
+    "retrieval_qa": _load_retrieval_qa,
+    "retrieval_qa_with_sources_chain": _load_retrieval_qa_with_sources_chain,
+    "graph_cypher_chain": _load_graph_cypher_chain,
+}
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "This function is deprecated and will be removed in langchain 1.0. "
+        "At that point chains must be imported from their respective modules."
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def load_chain_from_config(config: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> Chain:
+    """Load chain from Config Dict."""
+    if "_type" not in config:
+        raise ValueError("Must specify a chain Type in config")
+    config_type = config.pop("_type")
+
+    if config_type not in type_to_loader_dict:
+        raise ValueError(f"Loading {config_type} chain not supported")
+
+    chain_loader = type_to_loader_dict[config_type]
+    return chain_loader(config, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "This function is deprecated and will be removed in langchain 1.0. "
+        "At that point chains must be imported from their respective modules."
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def load_chain(path: Union[str, Path], **kwargs: Any) -> Chain:
+    """Unified method for loading a chain from LangChainHub or local fs."""
+    if isinstance(path, str) and path.startswith("lc://"):
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Loading from the deprecated github-based Hub is no longer supported. "
+            "Please use the new LangChain Hub at https://smith.langchain.com/hub "
+            "instead."
+        )
+    return _load_chain_from_file(path, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _load_chain_from_file(file: Union[str, Path], **kwargs: Any) -> Chain:
+    """Load chain from file."""
+    # Convert file to Path object.
+    if isinstance(file, str):
+        file_path = Path(file)
+    else:
+        file_path = file
+    # Load from either json or yaml.
+    if file_path.suffix == ".json":
+        with open(file_path) as f:
+            config = json.load(f)
+    elif file_path.suffix.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+        with open(file_path) as f:
+            config = yaml.safe_load(f)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("File type must be json or yaml")
+
+    # Override default 'verbose' and 'memory' for the chain
+    if "verbose" in kwargs:
+        config["verbose"] = kwargs.pop("verbose")
+    if "memory" in kwargs:
+        config["memory"] = kwargs.pop("memory")
+
+    # Load the chain from the config now.
+    return load_chain_from_config(config, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/mapreduce.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/mapreduce.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e7842f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/mapreduce.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+"""Map-reduce chain.
+
+Splits up a document, sends the smaller parts to the LLM with one prompt,
+then combines the results with another one.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun, Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_text_splitters import TextSplitter
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains import ReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce import MapReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "Refer to migration guide here for a recommended implementation using "
+        "LangGraph: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_reduce_chain/"  # noqa: E501
+        ". See also LangGraph guides for map-reduce: "
+        "https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/how-tos/map-reduce/."
+    ),
+)
+class MapReduceChain(Chain):
+    """Map-reduce chain."""
+
+    combine_documents_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+    """Chain to use to combine documents."""
+    text_splitter: TextSplitter
+    """Text splitter to use."""
+    input_key: str = "input_text"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "output_text"  #: :meta private:
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_params(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+        text_splitter: TextSplitter,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        combine_chain_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        reduce_chain_kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> MapReduceChain:
+        """Construct a map-reduce chain that uses the chain for map and reduce."""
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, callbacks=callbacks)
+        stuff_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **(reduce_chain_kwargs if reduce_chain_kwargs else {}),
+        )
+        reduce_documents_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+            combine_documents_chain=stuff_chain
+        )
+        combine_documents_chain = MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **(combine_chain_kwargs if combine_chain_kwargs else {}),
+        )
+        return cls(
+            combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+            text_splitter=text_splitter,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        # Split the larger text into smaller chunks.
+        doc_text = inputs.pop(self.input_key)
+        texts = self.text_splitter.split_text(doc_text)
+        docs = [Document(page_content=text) for text in texts]
+        _inputs: dict[str, Any] = {
+            **inputs,
+            self.combine_documents_chain.input_key: docs,
+        }
+        outputs = self.combine_documents_chain.run(
+            _inputs, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+        )
+        return {self.output_key: outputs}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/moderation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/moderation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e31418a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/moderation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+"""Pass input through a moderation endpoint."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils import check_package_version, get_from_dict_or_env
+from pydantic import Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+
+
+class OpenAIModerationChain(Chain):
+    """Pass input through a moderation endpoint.
+
+    To use, you should have the ``openai`` python package installed, and the
+    environment variable ``OPENAI_API_KEY`` set with your API key.
+
+    Any parameters that are valid to be passed to the openai.create call can be passed
+    in, even if not explicitly saved on this class.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import OpenAIModerationChain
+            moderation = OpenAIModerationChain()
+    """
+
+    client: Any = None  #: :meta private:
+    async_client: Any = None  #: :meta private:
+    model_name: Optional[str] = None
+    """Moderation model name to use."""
+    error: bool = False
+    """Whether or not to error if bad content was found."""
+    input_key: str = "input"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "output"  #: :meta private:
+    openai_api_key: Optional[str] = None
+    openai_organization: Optional[str] = None
+    openai_pre_1_0: bool = Field(default=False)
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_environment(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate that api key and python package exists in environment."""
+        openai_api_key = get_from_dict_or_env(
+            values, "openai_api_key", "OPENAI_API_KEY"
+        )
+        openai_organization = get_from_dict_or_env(
+            values,
+            "openai_organization",
+            "OPENAI_ORGANIZATION",
+            default="",
+        )
+        try:
+            import openai
+
+            openai.api_key = openai_api_key
+            if openai_organization:
+                openai.organization = openai_organization
+            values["openai_pre_1_0"] = False
+            try:
+                check_package_version("openai", gte_version="1.0")
+            except ValueError:
+                values["openai_pre_1_0"] = True
+            if values["openai_pre_1_0"]:
+                values["client"] = openai.Moderation  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            else:
+                values["client"] = openai.OpenAI(api_key=openai_api_key)
+                values["async_client"] = openai.AsyncOpenAI(api_key=openai_api_key)
+
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import openai python package. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install openai`."
+            )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _moderate(self, text: str, results: Any) -> str:
+        if self.openai_pre_1_0:
+            condition = results["flagged"]
+        else:
+            condition = results.flagged
+        if condition:
+            error_str = "Text was found that violates OpenAI's content policy."
+            if self.error:
+                raise ValueError(error_str)
+            else:
+                return error_str
+        return text
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        text = inputs[self.input_key]
+        if self.openai_pre_1_0:
+            results = self.client.create(text)
+            output = self._moderate(text, results["results"][0])
+        else:
+            results = self.client.moderations.create(input=text)
+            output = self._moderate(text, results.results[0])
+        return {self.output_key: output}
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if self.openai_pre_1_0:
+            return await super()._acall(inputs, run_manager=run_manager)
+        text = inputs[self.input_key]
+        results = await self.async_client.moderations.create(input=text)
+        output = self._moderate(text, results.results[0])
+        return {self.output_key: output}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45a2231a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+"""Implement a GPT-3 driven browser.
+
+Heavily influenced from https://github.com/nat/natbot
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..6fe281b7
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/crawler.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/crawler.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71b98559
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a055875d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2dcfb6b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+"""Implement an LLM driven browser."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache as BaseCache
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks as Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.natbot.prompt import PROMPT
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "Importing NatBotChain from langchain is deprecated and will be removed in "
+        "langchain 1.0. Please import from langchain_community instead: "
+        "from langchain_community.chains.natbot import NatBotChain. "
+        "You may need to pip install -U langchain-community."
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class NatBotChain(Chain):
+    """Implement an LLM driven browser.
+
+    **Security Note**: This toolkit provides code to control a web-browser.
+
+        The web-browser can be used to navigate to:
+
+        - Any URL (including any internal network URLs)
+        - And local files
+
+        Exercise care if exposing this chain to end-users. Control who is able to
+        access and use this chain, and isolate the network access of the server
+        that hosts this chain.
+
+        See https://python.langchain.com/docs/security for more information.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import NatBotChain
+            natbot = NatBotChain.from_default("Buy me a new hat.")
+    """
+
+    llm_chain: Runnable
+    objective: str
+    """Objective that NatBot is tasked with completing."""
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+    """[Deprecated] LLM wrapper to use."""
+    input_url_key: str = "url"  #: :meta private:
+    input_browser_content_key: str = "browser_content"  #: :meta private:
+    previous_command: str = ""  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "command"  #: :meta private:
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        if "llm" in values:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Directly instantiating an NatBotChain with an llm is deprecated. "
+                "Please instantiate with llm_chain argument or using the from_llm "
+                "class method."
+            )
+            if "llm_chain" not in values and values["llm"] is not None:
+                values["llm_chain"] = PROMPT | values["llm"] | StrOutputParser()
+        return values
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_default(cls, objective: str, **kwargs: Any) -> NatBotChain:
+        """Load with default LLMChain."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This method is no longer implemented. Please use from_llm."
+            "llm = OpenAI(temperature=0.5, best_of=10, n=3, max_tokens=50)"
+            "For example, NatBotChain.from_llm(llm, objective)"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls, llm: BaseLanguageModel, objective: str, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> NatBotChain:
+        """Load from LLM."""
+        llm_chain = PROMPT | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(llm_chain=llm_chain, objective=objective, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect url and browser content.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_url_key, self.input_browser_content_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return command.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        url = inputs[self.input_url_key]
+        browser_content = inputs[self.input_browser_content_key]
+        llm_cmd = self.llm_chain.invoke(
+            {
+                "objective": self.objective,
+                "url": url[:100],
+                "previous_command": self.previous_command,
+                "browser_content": browser_content[:4500],
+            },
+            config={"callbacks": _run_manager.get_child()},
+        )
+        llm_cmd = llm_cmd.strip()
+        self.previous_command = llm_cmd
+        return {self.output_key: llm_cmd}
+
+    def execute(self, url: str, browser_content: str) -> str:
+        """Figure out next browser command to run.
+
+        Args:
+            url: URL of the site currently on.
+            browser_content: Content of the page as currently displayed by the browser.
+
+        Returns:
+            Next browser command to run.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                browser_content = "...."
+                llm_command = natbot.run("www.google.com", browser_content)
+        """
+        _inputs = {
+            self.input_url_key: url,
+            self.input_browser_content_key: browser_content,
+        }
+        return self(_inputs)[self.output_key]
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "nat_bot_chain"
+
+
+NatBotChain.model_rebuild()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/crawler.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/crawler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5fbc553
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/crawler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+import time
+from sys import platform
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    TypedDict,
+    Union,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from playwright.sync_api import Browser, CDPSession, Page, sync_playwright
+
+black_listed_elements: Set[str] = {
+    "html",
+    "head",
+    "title",
+    "meta",
+    "iframe",
+    "body",
+    "script",
+    "style",
+    "path",
+    "svg",
+    "br",
+    "::marker",
+}
+
+
+class ElementInViewPort(TypedDict):
+    """A typed dictionary containing information about elements in the viewport."""
+
+    node_index: str
+    backend_node_id: int
+    node_name: Optional[str]
+    node_value: Optional[str]
+    node_meta: List[str]
+    is_clickable: bool
+    origin_x: int
+    origin_y: int
+    center_x: int
+    center_y: int
+
+
+class Crawler:
+    """A crawler for web pages.
+
+    **Security Note**: This is an implementation of a crawler that uses a browser via
+        Playwright.
+
+        This crawler can be used to load arbitrary webpages INCLUDING content
+        from the local file system.
+
+        Control access to who can submit crawling requests and what network access
+        the crawler has.
+
+        Make sure to scope permissions to the minimal permissions necessary for
+        the application.
+
+        See https://python.langchain.com/docs/security for more information.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            from playwright.sync_api import sync_playwright
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import playwright python package. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install playwright`."
+            )
+        self.browser: Browser = (
+            sync_playwright().start().chromium.launch(headless=False)
+        )
+        self.page: Page = self.browser.new_page()
+        self.page.set_viewport_size({"width": 1280, "height": 1080})
+        self.page_element_buffer: Dict[int, ElementInViewPort]
+        self.client: CDPSession
+
+    def go_to_page(self, url: str) -> None:
+        self.page.goto(url=url if "://" in url else "http://" + url)
+        self.client = self.page.context.new_cdp_session(self.page)
+        self.page_element_buffer = {}
+
+    def scroll(self, direction: str) -> None:
+        if direction == "up":
+            self.page.evaluate(
+                "(document.scrollingElement || document.body).scrollTop = (document.scrollingElement || document.body).scrollTop - window.innerHeight;"
+            )
+        elif direction == "down":
+            self.page.evaluate(
+                "(document.scrollingElement || document.body).scrollTop = (document.scrollingElement || document.body).scrollTop + window.innerHeight;"
+            )
+
+    def click(self, id: Union[str, int]) -> None:
+        # Inject javascript into the page which removes the target= attribute from all links
+        js = """
+		links = document.getElementsByTagName("a");
+		for (var i = 0; i < links.length; i++) {
+			links[i].removeAttribute("target");
+		}
+		"""
+        self.page.evaluate(js)
+
+        element = self.page_element_buffer.get(int(id))
+        if element:
+            x: float = element["center_x"]
+            y: float = element["center_y"]
+
+            self.page.mouse.click(x, y)
+        else:
+            print("Could not find element")  # noqa: T201
+
+    def type(self, id: Union[str, int], text: str) -> None:
+        self.click(id)
+        self.page.keyboard.type(text)
+
+    def enter(self) -> None:
+        self.page.keyboard.press("Enter")
+
+    def crawl(self) -> List[str]:
+        page = self.page
+        page_element_buffer = self.page_element_buffer
+        start = time.time()
+
+        page_state_as_text = []
+
+        device_pixel_ratio: float = page.evaluate("window.devicePixelRatio")
+        if platform == "darwin" and device_pixel_ratio == 1:  # lies
+            device_pixel_ratio = 2
+
+        win_upper_bound: float = page.evaluate("window.pageYOffset")
+        win_left_bound: float = page.evaluate("window.pageXOffset")
+        win_width: float = page.evaluate("window.screen.width")
+        win_height: float = page.evaluate("window.screen.height")
+        win_right_bound: float = win_left_bound + win_width
+        win_lower_bound: float = win_upper_bound + win_height
+
+        # 		percentage_progress_start = (win_upper_bound / document_scroll_height) * 100
+        # 		percentage_progress_end = (
+        # 			(win_height + win_upper_bound) / document_scroll_height
+        # 		) * 100
+        percentage_progress_start = 1
+        percentage_progress_end = 2
+
+        page_state_as_text.append(
+            {
+                "x": 0,
+                "y": 0,
+                "text": "[scrollbar {:0.2f}-{:0.2f}%]".format(
+                    round(percentage_progress_start, 2), round(percentage_progress_end)
+                ),
+            }
+        )
+
+        tree = self.client.send(
+            "DOMSnapshot.captureSnapshot",
+            {"computedStyles": [], "includeDOMRects": True, "includePaintOrder": True},
+        )
+        strings: Dict[int, str] = tree["strings"]
+        document: Dict[str, Any] = tree["documents"][0]
+        nodes: Dict[str, Any] = document["nodes"]
+        backend_node_id: Dict[int, int] = nodes["backendNodeId"]
+        attributes: Dict[int, Dict[int, Any]] = nodes["attributes"]
+        node_value: Dict[int, int] = nodes["nodeValue"]
+        parent: Dict[int, int] = nodes["parentIndex"]
+        node_names: Dict[int, int] = nodes["nodeName"]
+        is_clickable: Set[int] = set(nodes["isClickable"]["index"])
+
+        input_value: Dict[str, Any] = nodes["inputValue"]
+        input_value_index: List[int] = input_value["index"]
+        input_value_values: List[int] = input_value["value"]
+
+        layout: Dict[str, Any] = document["layout"]
+        layout_node_index: List[int] = layout["nodeIndex"]
+        bounds: Dict[int, List[float]] = layout["bounds"]
+
+        cursor: int = 0
+
+        child_nodes: Dict[str, List[Dict[str, Any]]] = {}
+        elements_in_view_port: List[ElementInViewPort] = []
+
+        anchor_ancestry: Dict[str, Tuple[bool, Optional[int]]] = {"-1": (False, None)}
+        button_ancestry: Dict[str, Tuple[bool, Optional[int]]] = {"-1": (False, None)}
+
+        def convert_name(
+            node_name: Optional[str], has_click_handler: Optional[bool]
+        ) -> str:
+            if node_name == "a":
+                return "link"
+            if node_name == "input":
+                return "input"
+            if node_name == "img":
+                return "img"
+            if (
+                node_name == "button" or has_click_handler
+            ):  # found pages that needed this quirk
+                return "button"
+            else:
+                return "text"
+
+        def find_attributes(
+            attributes: Dict[int, Any], keys: List[str]
+        ) -> Dict[str, str]:
+            values = {}
+
+            for [key_index, value_index] in zip(*(iter(attributes),) * 2):
+                if value_index < 0:
+                    continue
+                key = strings[key_index]
+                value = strings[value_index]
+
+                if key in keys:
+                    values[key] = value
+                    keys.remove(key)
+
+                    if not keys:
+                        return values
+
+            return values
+
+        def add_to_hash_tree(
+            hash_tree: Dict[str, Tuple[bool, Optional[int]]],
+            tag: str,
+            node_id: int,
+            node_name: Optional[str],
+            parent_id: int,
+        ) -> Tuple[bool, Optional[int]]:
+            parent_id_str = str(parent_id)
+            if not parent_id_str in hash_tree:
+                parent_name = strings[node_names[parent_id]].lower()
+                grand_parent_id = parent[parent_id]
+
+                add_to_hash_tree(
+                    hash_tree, tag, parent_id, parent_name, grand_parent_id
+                )
+
+            is_parent_desc_anchor, anchor_id = hash_tree[parent_id_str]
+
+            # even if the anchor is nested in another anchor, we set the "root" for all descendants to be ::Self
+            if node_name == tag:
+                value: Tuple[bool, Optional[int]] = (True, node_id)
+            elif (
+                is_parent_desc_anchor
+            ):  # reuse the parent's anchor_id (which could be much higher in the tree)
+                value = (True, anchor_id)
+            else:
+                value = (
+                    False,
+                    None,
+                )  # not a descendant of an anchor, most likely it will become text, an interactive element or discarded
+
+            hash_tree[str(node_id)] = value
+
+            return value
+
+        for index, node_name_index in enumerate(node_names):
+            node_parent = parent[index]
+            node_name: Optional[str] = strings[node_name_index].lower()
+
+            is_ancestor_of_anchor, anchor_id = add_to_hash_tree(
+                anchor_ancestry, "a", index, node_name, node_parent
+            )
+
+            is_ancestor_of_button, button_id = add_to_hash_tree(
+                button_ancestry, "button", index, node_name, node_parent
+            )
+
+            try:
+                cursor = layout_node_index.index(
+                    index
+                )  # todo replace this with proper cursoring, ignoring the fact this is O(n^2) for the moment
+            except:
+                continue
+
+            if node_name in black_listed_elements:
+                continue
+
+            [x, y, width, height] = bounds[cursor]
+            x /= device_pixel_ratio
+            y /= device_pixel_ratio
+            width /= device_pixel_ratio
+            height /= device_pixel_ratio
+
+            elem_left_bound = x
+            elem_top_bound = y
+            elem_right_bound = x + width
+            elem_lower_bound = y + height
+
+            partially_is_in_viewport = (
+                elem_left_bound < win_right_bound
+                and elem_right_bound >= win_left_bound
+                and elem_top_bound < win_lower_bound
+                and elem_lower_bound >= win_upper_bound
+            )
+
+            if not partially_is_in_viewport:
+                continue
+
+            meta_data: List[str] = []
+
+            # inefficient to grab the same set of keys for kinds of objects, but it's fine for now
+            element_attributes = find_attributes(
+                attributes[index], ["type", "placeholder", "aria-label", "title", "alt"]
+            )
+
+            ancestor_exception = is_ancestor_of_anchor or is_ancestor_of_button
+            ancestor_node_key = (
+                None
+                if not ancestor_exception
+                else str(anchor_id)
+                if is_ancestor_of_anchor
+                else str(button_id)
+            )
+            ancestor_node = (
+                None
+                if not ancestor_exception
+                else child_nodes.setdefault(str(ancestor_node_key), [])
+            )
+
+            if node_name == "#text" and ancestor_exception and ancestor_node:
+                text = strings[node_value[index]]
+                if text == "|" or text == "•":
+                    continue
+                ancestor_node.append({"type": "type", "value": text})
+            else:
+                if (
+                    node_name == "input" and element_attributes.get("type") == "submit"
+                ) or node_name == "button":
+                    node_name = "button"
+                    element_attributes.pop(
+                        "type", None
+                    )  # prevent [button ... (button)..]
+
+                for key in element_attributes:
+                    if ancestor_exception and ancestor_node:
+                        ancestor_node.append(
+                            {
+                                "type": "attribute",
+                                "key": key,
+                                "value": element_attributes[key],
+                            }
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        meta_data.append(element_attributes[key])
+
+            element_node_value = None
+
+            if node_value[index] >= 0:
+                element_node_value = strings[node_value[index]]
+                if (
+                    element_node_value == "|"
+                ):  # commonly used as a separator, does not add much context - lets save ourselves some token space
+                    continue
+            elif (
+                node_name == "input"
+                and index in input_value_index
+                and element_node_value is None
+            ):
+                node_input_text_index = input_value_index.index(index)
+                text_index = input_value_values[node_input_text_index]
+                if node_input_text_index >= 0 and text_index >= 0:
+                    element_node_value = strings[text_index]
+
+            # remove redundant elements
+            if ancestor_exception and (node_name != "a" and node_name != "button"):
+                continue
+
+            elements_in_view_port.append(
+                {
+                    "node_index": str(index),
+                    "backend_node_id": backend_node_id[index],
+                    "node_name": node_name,
+                    "node_value": element_node_value,
+                    "node_meta": meta_data,
+                    "is_clickable": index in is_clickable,
+                    "origin_x": int(x),
+                    "origin_y": int(y),
+                    "center_x": int(x + (width / 2)),
+                    "center_y": int(y + (height / 2)),
+                }
+            )
+
+        # lets filter further to remove anything that does not hold any text nor has click handlers + merge text from leaf#text nodes with the parent
+        elements_of_interest = []
+        id_counter = 0
+
+        for element in elements_in_view_port:
+            node_index = element.get("node_index")
+            node_name = element.get("node_name")
+            element_node_value = element.get("node_value")
+            node_is_clickable = element.get("is_clickable")
+            node_meta_data: Optional[List[str]] = element.get("node_meta")
+
+            inner_text = f"{element_node_value} " if element_node_value else ""
+            meta = ""
+
+            if node_index in child_nodes:
+                for child in child_nodes[node_index]:
+                    entry_type = child.get("type")
+                    entry_value = child.get("value")
+
+                    if entry_type == "attribute" and node_meta_data:
+                        entry_key = child.get("key")
+                        node_meta_data.append(f'{entry_key}="{entry_value}"')
+                    else:
+                        inner_text += f"{entry_value} "
+
+            if node_meta_data:
+                meta_string = " ".join(node_meta_data)
+                meta = f" {meta_string}"
+
+            if inner_text != "":
+                inner_text = f"{inner_text.strip()}"
+
+            converted_node_name = convert_name(node_name, node_is_clickable)
+
+            # not very elegant, more like a placeholder
+            if (
+                (converted_node_name != "button" or meta == "")
+                and converted_node_name != "link"
+                and converted_node_name != "input"
+                and converted_node_name != "img"
+                and converted_node_name != "textarea"
+            ) and inner_text.strip() == "":
+                continue
+
+            page_element_buffer[id_counter] = element
+
+            if inner_text != "":
+                elements_of_interest.append(
+                    f"""<{converted_node_name} id={id_counter}{meta}>{inner_text}</{converted_node_name}>"""
+                )
+            else:
+                elements_of_interest.append(
+                    f"""<{converted_node_name} id={id_counter}{meta}/>"""
+                )
+            id_counter += 1
+
+        print("Parsing time: {:0.2f} seconds".format(time.time() - start))  # noqa: T201
+        return elements_of_interest
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82a35f58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/natbot/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """
+You are an agents controlling a browser. You are given:
+
+	(1) an objective that you are trying to achieve
+	(2) the URL of your current web page
+	(3) a simplified text description of what's visible in the browser window (more on that below)
+
+You can issue these commands:
+	SCROLL UP - scroll up one page
+	SCROLL DOWN - scroll down one page
+	CLICK X - click on a given element. You can only click on links, buttons, and inputs!
+	TYPE X "TEXT" - type the specified text into the input with id X
+	TYPESUBMIT X "TEXT" - same as TYPE above, except then it presses ENTER to submit the form
+
+The format of the browser content is highly simplified; all formatting elements are stripped.
+Interactive elements such as links, inputs, buttons are represented like this:
+
+		<link id=1>text</link>
+		<button id=2>text</button>
+		<input id=3>text</input>
+
+Images are rendered as their alt text like this:
+
+		<img id=4 alt=""/>
+
+Based on your given objective, issue whatever command you believe will get you closest to achieving your goal.
+You always start on Google; you should submit a search query to Google that will take you to the best page for
+achieving your objective. And then interact with that page to achieve your objective.
+
+If you find yourself on Google and there are no search results displayed yet, you should probably issue a command
+like "TYPESUBMIT 7 "search query"" to get to a more useful page.
+
+Then, if you find yourself on a Google search results page, you might issue the command "CLICK 24" to click
+on the first link in the search results. (If your previous command was a TYPESUBMIT your next command should
+probably be a CLICK.)
+
+Don't try to interact with elements that you can't see.
+
+Here are some examples:
+
+EXAMPLE 1:
+==================================================
+CURRENT BROWSER CONTENT:
+------------------
+<link id=1>About</link>
+<link id=2>Store</link>
+<link id=3>Gmail</link>
+<link id=4>Images</link>
+<link id=5>(Google apps)</link>
+<link id=6>Sign in</link>
+<img id=7 alt="(Google)"/>
+<input id=8 alt="Search"></input>
+<button id=9>(Search by voice)</button>
+<button id=10>(Google Search)</button>
+<button id=11>(I'm Feeling Lucky)</button>
+<link id=12>Advertising</link>
+<link id=13>Business</link>
+<link id=14>How Search works</link>
+<link id=15>Carbon neutral since 2007</link>
+<link id=16>Privacy</link>
+<link id=17>Terms</link>
+<text id=18>Settings</text>
+------------------
+OBJECTIVE: Find a 2 bedroom house for sale in Anchorage AK for under $750k
+CURRENT URL: https://www.google.com/
+YOUR COMMAND:
+TYPESUBMIT 8 "anchorage redfin"
+==================================================
+
+EXAMPLE 2:
+==================================================
+CURRENT BROWSER CONTENT:
+------------------
+<link id=1>About</link>
+<link id=2>Store</link>
+<link id=3>Gmail</link>
+<link id=4>Images</link>
+<link id=5>(Google apps)</link>
+<link id=6>Sign in</link>
+<img id=7 alt="(Google)"/>
+<input id=8 alt="Search"></input>
+<button id=9>(Search by voice)</button>
+<button id=10>(Google Search)</button>
+<button id=11>(I'm Feeling Lucky)</button>
+<link id=12>Advertising</link>
+<link id=13>Business</link>
+<link id=14>How Search works</link>
+<link id=15>Carbon neutral since 2007</link>
+<link id=16>Privacy</link>
+<link id=17>Terms</link>
+<text id=18>Settings</text>
+------------------
+OBJECTIVE: Make a reservation for 4 at Dorsia at 8pm
+CURRENT URL: https://www.google.com/
+YOUR COMMAND:
+TYPESUBMIT 8 "dorsia nyc opentable"
+==================================================
+
+EXAMPLE 3:
+==================================================
+CURRENT BROWSER CONTENT:
+------------------
+<button id=1>For Businesses</button>
+<button id=2>Mobile</button>
+<button id=3>Help</button>
+<button id=4 alt="Language Picker">EN</button>
+<link id=5>OpenTable logo</link>
+<button id=6 alt ="search">Search</button>
+<text id=7>Find your table for any occasion</text>
+<button id=8>(Date selector)</button>
+<text id=9>Sep 28, 2022</text>
+<text id=10>7:00 PM</text>
+<text id=11>2 people</text>
+<input id=12 alt="Location, Restaurant, or Cuisine"></input>
+<button id=13>Let’s go</button>
+<text id=14>It looks like you're in Peninsula. Not correct?</text>
+<button id=15>Get current location</button>
+<button id=16>Next</button>
+------------------
+OBJECTIVE: Make a reservation for 4 for dinner at Dorsia in New York City at 8pm
+CURRENT URL: https://www.opentable.com/
+YOUR COMMAND:
+TYPESUBMIT 12 "dorsia new york city"
+==================================================
+
+The current browser content, objective, and current URL follow. Reply with your next command to the browser.
+
+CURRENT BROWSER CONTENT:
+------------------
+{browser_content}
+------------------
+
+OBJECTIVE: {objective}
+CURRENT URL: {url}
+PREVIOUS COMMAND: {previous_command}
+YOUR COMMAND:
+"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["browser_content", "url", "previous_command", "objective"],
+    template=_PROMPT_TEMPLATE,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6312b619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import convert_to_openai_function
+
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.base import (
+    create_openai_fn_chain,
+    create_structured_output_chain,
+)
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.citation_fuzzy_match import (
+    create_citation_fuzzy_match_chain,
+    create_citation_fuzzy_match_runnable,
+)
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.extraction import (
+    create_extraction_chain,
+    create_extraction_chain_pydantic,
+)
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.qa_with_structure import (
+    create_qa_with_sources_chain,
+    create_qa_with_structure_chain,
+)
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.tagging import (
+    create_tagging_chain,
+    create_tagging_chain_pydantic,
+)
+from langchain.chains.structured_output.base import (
+    create_openai_fn_runnable,
+    create_structured_output_runnable,
+    get_openai_output_parser,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "convert_to_openai_function",
+    "create_tagging_chain",
+    "create_tagging_chain_pydantic",
+    "create_extraction_chain_pydantic",
+    "create_extraction_chain",
+    "create_citation_fuzzy_match_chain",
+    "create_citation_fuzzy_match_runnable",
+    "create_qa_with_structure_chain",
+    "create_qa_with_sources_chain",
+    "create_structured_output_chain",
+    "create_openai_fn_chain",
+    "create_structured_output_runnable",  # backwards compatibility
+    "create_openai_fn_runnable",  # backwards compatibility
+    "get_openai_output_parser",  # backwards compatibility
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca191a35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+"""Methods for creating chains that use OpenAI function-calling APIs."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import (
+    BaseLLMOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import (
+    PYTHON_TO_JSON_TYPES,
+    convert_to_openai_function,
+)
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.structured_output.base import (
+    create_openai_fn_runnable,
+    create_structured_output_runnable,
+    get_openai_output_parser,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "get_openai_output_parser",
+    "create_openai_fn_runnable",
+    "create_structured_output_runnable",  # deprecated
+    "create_openai_fn_chain",  # deprecated
+    "create_structured_output_chain",  # deprecated
+    "PYTHON_TO_JSON_TYPES",  # backwards compatibility
+    "convert_to_openai_function",  # backwards compatibility
+]
+
+
+@deprecated(since="0.1.1", removal="1.0", alternative="create_openai_fn_runnable")
+def create_openai_fn_chain(
+    functions: Sequence[Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable]],
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+    *,
+    enforce_single_function_usage: bool = True,
+    output_key: str = "function",
+    output_parser: Optional[BaseLLMOutputParser] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> LLMChain:
+    """[Legacy] Create an LLM chain that uses OpenAI functions.
+
+    Args:
+        functions: A sequence of either dictionaries, pydantic.BaseModels classes, or
+            Python functions. If dictionaries are passed in, they are assumed to
+            already be a valid OpenAI functions. If only a single
+            function is passed in, then it will be enforced that the model use that
+            function. pydantic.BaseModels and Python functions should have docstrings
+            describing what the function does. For best results, pydantic.BaseModels
+            should have descriptions of the parameters and Python functions should have
+            Google Python style args descriptions in the docstring. Additionally,
+            Python functions should only use primitive types (str, int, float, bool) or
+            pydantic.BaseModels for arguments.
+        llm: Language model to use, assumed to support the OpenAI function-calling API.
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate to pass to the model.
+        enforce_single_function_usage: only used if a single function is passed in. If
+            True, then the model will be forced to use the given function. If False,
+            then the model will be given the option to use the given function or not.
+        output_key: The key to use when returning the output in LLMChain.__call__.
+        output_parser: BaseLLMOutputParser to use for parsing model outputs. By default
+            will be inferred from the function types. If pydantic.BaseModels are passed
+            in, then the OutputParser will try to parse outputs using those. Otherwise
+            model outputs will simply be parsed as JSON. If multiple functions are
+            passed in and they are not pydantic.BaseModels, the chain output will
+            include both the name of the function that was returned and the arguments
+            to pass to the function.
+
+    Returns:
+        An LLMChain that will pass in the given functions to the model when run.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains.openai_functions import create_openai_fn_chain
+                from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+                from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+                from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+                class RecordPerson(BaseModel):
+                    \"\"\"Record some identifying information about a person.\"\"\"
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The person's name")
+                    age: int = Field(..., description="The person's age")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The person's favorite food")
+
+
+                class RecordDog(BaseModel):
+                    \"\"\"Record some identifying information about a dog.\"\"\"
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The dog's name")
+                    color: str = Field(..., description="The dog's color")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The dog's favorite food")
+
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4", temperature=0)
+                prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                    [
+                        ("system", "You are a world class algorithm for recording entities."),
+                        ("human", "Make calls to the relevant function to record the entities in the following input: {input}"),
+                        ("human", "Tip: Make sure to answer in the correct format"),
+                    ]
+                )
+                chain = create_openai_fn_chain([RecordPerson, RecordDog], llm, prompt)
+                chain.run("Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken")
+                # -> RecordDog(name="Harry", color="brown", fav_food="chicken")
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if not functions:
+        raise ValueError("Need to pass in at least one function. Received zero.")
+    openai_functions = [convert_to_openai_function(f) for f in functions]
+    output_parser = output_parser or get_openai_output_parser(functions)
+    llm_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "functions": openai_functions,
+    }
+    if len(openai_functions) == 1 and enforce_single_function_usage:
+        llm_kwargs["function_call"] = {"name": openai_functions[0]["name"]}
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+        llm_kwargs=llm_kwargs,
+        output_key=output_key,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+    return llm_chain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.1", removal="1.0", alternative="ChatOpenAI.with_structured_output"
+)
+def create_structured_output_chain(
+    output_schema: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel]],
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+    *,
+    output_key: str = "function",
+    output_parser: Optional[BaseLLMOutputParser] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> LLMChain:
+    """[Legacy] Create an LLMChain that uses an OpenAI function to get a structured output.
+
+    Args:
+        output_schema: Either a dictionary or pydantic.BaseModel class. If a dictionary
+            is passed in, it's assumed to already be a valid JsonSchema.
+            For best results, pydantic.BaseModels should have docstrings describing what
+            the schema represents and descriptions for the parameters.
+        llm: Language model to use, assumed to support the OpenAI function-calling API.
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate to pass to the model.
+        output_key: The key to use when returning the output in LLMChain.__call__.
+        output_parser: BaseLLMOutputParser to use for parsing model outputs. By default
+            will be inferred from the function types. If pydantic.BaseModels are passed
+            in, then the OutputParser will try to parse outputs using those. Otherwise
+            model outputs will simply be parsed as JSON.
+
+    Returns:
+        An LLMChain that will pass the given function to the model.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains.openai_functions import create_structured_output_chain
+                from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+                from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+                from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+                class Dog(BaseModel):
+                    \"\"\"Identifying information about a dog.\"\"\"
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The dog's name")
+                    color: str = Field(..., description="The dog's color")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The dog's favorite food")
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0613", temperature=0)
+                prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                    [
+                        ("system", "You are a world class algorithm for extracting information in structured formats."),
+                        ("human", "Use the given format to extract information from the following input: {input}"),
+                        ("human", "Tip: Make sure to answer in the correct format"),
+                    ]
+                )
+                chain = create_structured_output_chain(Dog, llm, prompt)
+                chain.run("Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken")
+                # -> Dog(name="Harry", color="brown", fav_food="chicken")
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if isinstance(output_schema, dict):
+        function: Any = {
+            "name": "output_formatter",
+            "description": (
+                "Output formatter. Should always be used to format your response to the"
+                " user."
+            ),
+            "parameters": output_schema,
+        }
+    else:
+
+        class _OutputFormatter(BaseModel):
+            """Output formatter. Should always be used to format your response to the user."""  # noqa: E501
+
+            output: output_schema  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+
+        function = _OutputFormatter
+        output_parser = output_parser or PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser(
+            pydantic_schema=_OutputFormatter, attr_name="output"
+        )
+    return create_openai_fn_chain(
+        [function],
+        llm,
+        prompt,
+        output_key=output_key,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/citation_fuzzy_match.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/citation_fuzzy_match.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..674a0809
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/citation_fuzzy_match.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseChatModel, BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage, SystemMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import PydanticOutputFunctionsParser
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate, HumanMessagePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.utils import get_llm_kwargs
+
+
+class FactWithEvidence(BaseModel):
+    """Class representing a single statement.
+
+    Each fact has a body and a list of sources.
+    If there are multiple facts make sure to break them apart
+    such that each one only uses a set of sources that are relevant to it.
+    """
+
+    fact: str = Field(..., description="Body of the sentence, as part of a response")
+    substring_quote: list[str] = Field(
+        ...,
+        description=(
+            "Each source should be a direct quote from the context, "
+            "as a substring of the original content"
+        ),
+    )
+
+    def _get_span(self, quote: str, context: str, errs: int = 100) -> Iterator[str]:
+        import regex
+
+        minor = quote
+        major = context
+
+        errs_ = 0
+        s = regex.search(f"({minor}){{e<={errs_}}}", major)
+        while s is None and errs_ <= errs:
+            errs_ += 1
+            s = regex.search(f"({minor}){{e<={errs_}}}", major)
+
+        if s is not None:
+            yield from s.spans()
+
+    def get_spans(self, context: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+        for quote in self.substring_quote:
+            yield from self._get_span(quote, context)
+
+
+class QuestionAnswer(BaseModel):
+    """A question and its answer as a list of facts each one should have a source.
+    each sentence contains a body and a list of sources."""
+
+    question: str = Field(..., description="Question that was asked")
+    answer: list[FactWithEvidence] = Field(
+        ...,
+        description=(
+            "Body of the answer, each fact should be "
+            "its separate object with a body and a list of sources"
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def create_citation_fuzzy_match_runnable(llm: BaseChatModel) -> Runnable:
+    """Create a citation fuzzy match Runnable.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import create_citation_fuzzy_match_runnable
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")
+
+            context = "Alice has blue eyes. Bob has brown eyes. Charlie has green eyes."
+            question = "What color are Bob's eyes?"
+
+            chain = create_citation_fuzzy_match_runnable(llm)
+            chain.invoke({"question": question, "context": context})
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for the chain. Must implement bind_tools.
+
+    Returns:
+        Runnable that can be used to answer questions with citations.
+    """
+    if llm.bind_tools is BaseChatModel.bind_tools:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Language model must implement bind_tools to use this function."
+        )
+    prompt = ChatPromptTemplate(
+        [
+            SystemMessage(
+                "You are a world class algorithm to answer "
+                "questions with correct and exact citations."
+            ),
+            HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Answer question using the following context."
+                "\n\n{context}"
+                "\n\nQuestion: {question}"
+                "\n\nTips: Make sure to cite your sources, "
+                "and use the exact words from the context."
+            ),
+        ]
+    )
+    return prompt | llm.with_structured_output(QuestionAnswer)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    alternative="create_citation_fuzzy_match_runnable",
+)
+def create_citation_fuzzy_match_chain(llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> LLMChain:
+    """Create a citation fuzzy match chain.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for the chain.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to answer questions with citations.
+    """
+    output_parser = PydanticOutputFunctionsParser(pydantic_schema=QuestionAnswer)
+    schema = QuestionAnswer.schema()
+    function = {
+        "name": schema["title"],
+        "description": schema["description"],
+        "parameters": schema,
+    }
+    llm_kwargs = get_llm_kwargs(function)
+    messages = [
+        SystemMessage(
+            content=(
+                "You are a world class algorithm to answer "
+                "questions with correct and exact citations."
+            )
+        ),
+        HumanMessage(content="Answer question using the following context"),
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{context}"),
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("Question: {question}"),
+        HumanMessage(
+            content=(
+                "Tips: Make sure to cite your sources, "
+                "and use the exact words from the context."
+            )
+        ),
+    ]
+    prompt = ChatPromptTemplate(messages=messages)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        llm_kwargs=llm_kwargs,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+    )
+    return chain
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/extraction.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/extraction.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a549688c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/extraction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser,
+    PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, ChatPromptTemplate
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.utils import (
+    _convert_schema,
+    _resolve_schema_references,
+    get_llm_kwargs,
+)
+
+
+def _get_extraction_function(entity_schema: dict) -> dict:
+    return {
+        "name": "information_extraction",
+        "description": "Extracts the relevant information from the passage.",
+        "parameters": {
+            "type": "object",
+            "properties": {
+                "info": {"type": "array", "items": _convert_schema(entity_schema)}
+            },
+            "required": ["info"],
+        },
+    }
+
+
+_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE = """Extract and save the relevant entities mentioned \
+in the following passage together with their properties.
+
+Only extract the properties mentioned in the 'information_extraction' function.
+
+If a property is not present and is not required in the function parameters, do not include it in the output.
+
+Passage:
+{input}
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.14",
+    message=(
+        "LangChain has introduced a method called `with_structured_output` that"
+        "is available on ChatModels capable of tool calling."
+        "You can read more about the method here: "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/model_io/chat/structured_output/>. "
+        "Please follow our extraction use case documentation for more guidelines"
+        "on how to do information extraction with LLMs."
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/extraction/>. "
+        "If you notice other issues, please provide "
+        "feedback here:"
+        "<https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/18154>"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+    alternative=(
+        """
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+    
+            class Joke(BaseModel):
+                setup: str = Field(description="The setup of the joke")
+                punchline: str = Field(description="The punchline to the joke") 
+    
+            # Or any other chat model that supports tools.
+            # Please reference to to the documentation of structured_output
+            # to see an up to date list of which models support 
+            # with_structured_output.
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229", temperature=0)
+            structured_llm = model.with_structured_output(Joke)
+            structured_llm.invoke("Tell me a joke about cats. 
+                Make sure to call the Joke function.")
+            """
+    ),
+)
+def create_extraction_chain(
+    schema: dict,
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+) -> Chain:
+    """Creates a chain that extracts information from a passage.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+        prompt: The prompt to use for extraction.
+        verbose: Whether to run in verbose mode. In verbose mode, some intermediate
+            logs will be printed to the console. Defaults to the global `verbose` value,
+            accessible via `langchain.globals.get_verbose()`.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
+    function = _get_extraction_function(schema)
+    extraction_prompt = prompt or ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE)
+    output_parser = JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser(key_name="info")
+    llm_kwargs = get_llm_kwargs(function)
+    chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=extraction_prompt,
+        llm_kwargs=llm_kwargs,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+        tags=tags,
+        verbose=verbose,
+    )
+    return chain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.14",
+    message=(
+        "LangChain has introduced a method called `with_structured_output` that"
+        "is available on ChatModels capable of tool calling."
+        "You can read more about the method here: "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/model_io/chat/structured_output/>. "
+        "Please follow our extraction use case documentation for more guidelines"
+        "on how to do information extraction with LLMs."
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/extraction/>. "
+        "If you notice other issues, please provide "
+        "feedback here:"
+        "<https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/18154>"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+    alternative=(
+        """
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+    
+            class Joke(BaseModel):
+                setup: str = Field(description="The setup of the joke")
+                punchline: str = Field(description="The punchline to the joke") 
+    
+            # Or any other chat model that supports tools.
+            # Please reference to to the documentation of structured_output
+            # to see an up to date list of which models support 
+            # with_structured_output.
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229", temperature=0)
+            structured_llm = model.with_structured_output(Joke)
+            structured_llm.invoke("Tell me a joke about cats. 
+                Make sure to call the Joke function.")
+            """
+    ),
+)
+def create_extraction_chain_pydantic(
+    pydantic_schema: Any,
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+) -> Chain:
+    """Creates a chain that extracts information from a passage using pydantic schema.
+
+    Args:
+        pydantic_schema: The pydantic schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+        prompt: The prompt to use for extraction.
+        verbose: Whether to run in verbose mode. In verbose mode, some intermediate
+            logs will be printed to the console. Defaults to the global `verbose` value,
+            accessible via `langchain.globals.get_verbose()`
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
+
+    class PydanticSchema(BaseModel):
+        info: list[pydantic_schema]
+
+    if hasattr(pydantic_schema, "model_json_schema"):
+        openai_schema = pydantic_schema.model_json_schema()
+    else:
+        openai_schema = pydantic_schema.schema()
+
+    openai_schema = _resolve_schema_references(
+        openai_schema, openai_schema.get("definitions", {})
+    )
+
+    function = _get_extraction_function(openai_schema)
+    extraction_prompt = prompt or ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE)
+    output_parser = PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser(
+        pydantic_schema=PydanticSchema, attr_name="info"
+    )
+    llm_kwargs = get_llm_kwargs(function)
+    chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=extraction_prompt,
+        llm_kwargs=llm_kwargs,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+        verbose=verbose,
+    )
+    return chain
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/openapi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/openapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d177c011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/openapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import re
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+import requests
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import JsonOutputFunctionsParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_colored_text
+from requests import Response
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.sequential import SequentialChain
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.openapi import OpenAPISpec
+    from openapi_pydantic import Parameter
+
+
+def _get_description(o: Any, prefer_short: bool) -> Optional[str]:
+    summary = getattr(o, "summary", None)
+    description = getattr(o, "description", None)
+    if prefer_short:
+        return summary or description
+    return description or summary
+
+
+def _format_url(url: str, path_params: dict) -> str:
+    expected_path_param = re.findall(r"{(.*?)}", url)
+    new_params = {}
+    for param in expected_path_param:
+        clean_param = param.lstrip(".;").rstrip("*")
+        val = path_params[clean_param]
+        if isinstance(val, list):
+            if param[0] == ".":
+                sep = "." if param[-1] == "*" else ","
+                new_val = "." + sep.join(val)
+            elif param[0] == ";":
+                sep = f"{clean_param}=" if param[-1] == "*" else ","
+                new_val = f"{clean_param}=" + sep.join(val)
+            else:
+                new_val = ",".join(val)
+        elif isinstance(val, dict):
+            kv_sep = "=" if param[-1] == "*" else ","
+            kv_strs = [kv_sep.join((k, v)) for k, v in val.items()]
+            if param[0] == ".":
+                sep = "."
+                new_val = "."
+            elif param[0] == ";":
+                sep = ";"
+                new_val = ";"
+            else:
+                sep = ","
+                new_val = ""
+            new_val += sep.join(kv_strs)
+        else:
+            if param[0] == ".":
+                new_val = f".{val}"
+            elif param[0] == ";":
+                new_val = f";{clean_param}={val}"
+            else:
+                new_val = val
+        new_params[param] = new_val
+    return url.format(**new_params)
+
+
+def _openapi_params_to_json_schema(params: list[Parameter], spec: OpenAPISpec) -> dict:
+    properties = {}
+    required = []
+    for p in params:
+        if p.param_schema:
+            schema = spec.get_schema(p.param_schema)
+        else:
+            media_type_schema = list(p.content.values())[0].media_type_schema
+            schema = spec.get_schema(media_type_schema)
+        if p.description and not schema.description:
+            schema.description = p.description
+        properties[p.name] = json.loads(schema.json(exclude_none=True))
+        if p.required:
+            required.append(p.name)
+    return {"type": "object", "properties": properties, "required": required}
+
+
+def openapi_spec_to_openai_fn(
+    spec: OpenAPISpec,
+) -> tuple[list[dict[str, Any]], Callable]:
+    """Convert a valid OpenAPI spec to the JSON Schema format expected for OpenAI
+        functions.
+
+    Args:
+        spec: OpenAPI spec to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of the OpenAI functions JSON schema and a default function for executing
+            a request based on the OpenAI function schema.
+    """
+    try:
+        from langchain_community.tools import APIOperation
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Could not import langchain_community.tools. "
+            "Please install it with `pip install langchain-community`."
+        )
+
+    if not spec.paths:
+        return [], lambda: None
+    functions = []
+    _name_to_call_map = {}
+    for path in spec.paths:
+        path_params = {
+            (p.name, p.param_in): p for p in spec.get_parameters_for_path(path)
+        }
+        for method in spec.get_methods_for_path(path):
+            request_args = {}
+            op = spec.get_operation(path, method)
+            op_params = path_params.copy()
+            for param in spec.get_parameters_for_operation(op):
+                op_params[(param.name, param.param_in)] = param
+            params_by_type = defaultdict(list)
+            for name_loc, p in op_params.items():
+                params_by_type[name_loc[1]].append(p)
+            param_loc_to_arg_name = {
+                "query": "params",
+                "header": "headers",
+                "cookie": "cookies",
+                "path": "path_params",
+            }
+            for param_loc, arg_name in param_loc_to_arg_name.items():
+                if params_by_type[param_loc]:
+                    request_args[arg_name] = _openapi_params_to_json_schema(
+                        params_by_type[param_loc], spec
+                    )
+            request_body = spec.get_request_body_for_operation(op)
+            # TODO: Support more MIME types.
+            if request_body and request_body.content:
+                media_types = {}
+                for media_type, media_type_object in request_body.content.items():
+                    if media_type_object.media_type_schema:
+                        schema = spec.get_schema(media_type_object.media_type_schema)
+                        media_types[media_type] = json.loads(
+                            schema.json(exclude_none=True)
+                        )
+                if len(media_types) == 1:
+                    media_type, schema_dict = list(media_types.items())[0]
+                    key = "json" if media_type == "application/json" else "data"
+                    request_args[key] = schema_dict
+                elif len(media_types) > 1:
+                    request_args["data"] = {"anyOf": list(media_types.values())}
+
+            api_op = APIOperation.from_openapi_spec(spec, path, method)
+            fn = {
+                "name": api_op.operation_id,
+                "description": api_op.description,
+                "parameters": {
+                    "type": "object",
+                    "properties": request_args,
+                },
+            }
+            functions.append(fn)
+            _name_to_call_map[fn["name"]] = {
+                "method": method,
+                "url": api_op.base_url + api_op.path,
+            }
+
+    def default_call_api(
+        name: str,
+        fn_args: dict,
+        headers: Optional[dict] = None,
+        params: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        method = _name_to_call_map[name]["method"]
+        url = _name_to_call_map[name]["url"]
+        path_params = fn_args.pop("path_params", {})
+        url = _format_url(url, path_params)
+        if "data" in fn_args and isinstance(fn_args["data"], dict):
+            fn_args["data"] = json.dumps(fn_args["data"])
+        _kwargs = {**fn_args, **kwargs}
+        if headers is not None:
+            if "headers" in _kwargs:
+                _kwargs["headers"].update(headers)
+            else:
+                _kwargs["headers"] = headers
+        if params is not None:
+            if "params" in _kwargs:
+                _kwargs["params"].update(params)
+            else:
+                _kwargs["params"] = params
+        return requests.request(method, url, **_kwargs)
+
+    return functions, default_call_api
+
+
+class SimpleRequestChain(Chain):
+    """Chain for making a simple request to an API endpoint."""
+
+    request_method: Callable
+    """Method to use for making the request."""
+    output_key: str = "response"
+    """Key to use for the output of the request."""
+    input_key: str = "function"
+    """Key to use for the input of the request."""
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run the logic of this chain and return the output."""
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        name = inputs[self.input_key].pop("name")
+        args = inputs[self.input_key].pop("arguments")
+        _pretty_name = get_colored_text(name, "green")
+        _pretty_args = get_colored_text(json.dumps(args, indent=2), "green")
+        _text = f"Calling endpoint {_pretty_name} with arguments:\n" + _pretty_args
+        _run_manager.on_text(_text)
+        api_response: Response = self.request_method(name, args)
+        if api_response.status_code != 200:
+            response = (
+                f"{api_response.status_code}: {api_response.reason}"
+                + f"\nFor {name} "
+                + f"Called with args: {args.get('params', '')}"
+            )
+        else:
+            try:
+                response = api_response.json()
+            except Exception:
+                response = api_response.text
+        return {self.output_key: response}
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "This function is deprecated and will be removed in langchain 1.0. "
+        "See API reference for replacement: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.openai_functions.openapi.get_openapi_chain.html"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def get_openapi_chain(
+    spec: Union[OpenAPISpec, str],
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    request_chain: Optional[Chain] = None,
+    llm_chain_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    headers: Optional[dict] = None,
+    params: Optional[dict] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> SequentialChain:
+    """Create a chain for querying an API from a OpenAPI spec.
+
+    Note: this class is deprecated. See below for a replacement implementation.
+        The benefits of this implementation are:
+
+        - Uses LLM tool calling features to encourage properly-formatted API requests;
+        - Includes async support.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import Any
+
+            from langchain.chains.openai_functions.openapi import openapi_spec_to_openai_fn
+            from langchain_community.utilities.openapi import OpenAPISpec
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            # Define API spec. Can be JSON or YAML
+            api_spec = \"\"\"
+            {
+            "openapi": "3.1.0",
+            "info": {
+                "title": "JSONPlaceholder API",
+                "version": "1.0.0"
+            },
+            "servers": [
+                {
+                "url": "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
+                }
+            ],
+            "paths": {
+                "/posts": {
+                "get": {
+                    "summary": "Get posts",
+                    "parameters": [
+                    {
+                        "name": "_limit",
+                        "in": "query",
+                        "required": false,
+                        "schema": {
+                        "type": "integer",
+                        "example": 2
+                        },
+                        "description": "Limit the number of results"
+                    }
+                    ]
+                }
+                }
+            }
+            }
+            \"\"\"
+
+            parsed_spec = OpenAPISpec.from_text(api_spec)
+            openai_fns, call_api_fn = openapi_spec_to_openai_fn(parsed_spec)
+            tools = [
+                {"type": "function", "function": fn}
+                for fn in openai_fns
+            ]
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Use the provided APIs to respond to this user query:\\n\\n{query}"
+            )
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0).bind_tools(tools)
+
+            def _execute_tool(message) -> Any:
+                if tool_calls := message.tool_calls:
+                    tool_call = message.tool_calls[0]
+                    response = call_api_fn(name=tool_call["name"], fn_args=tool_call["args"])
+                    response.raise_for_status()
+                    return response.json()
+                else:
+                    return message.content
+
+            chain = prompt | llm | _execute_tool
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            response = chain.invoke({"query": "Get me top two posts."})
+
+    Args:
+        spec: OpenAPISpec or url/file/text string corresponding to one.
+        llm: language model, should be an OpenAI function-calling model, e.g.
+            `ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0613")`.
+        prompt: Main prompt template to use.
+        request_chain: Chain for taking the functions output and executing the request.
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    try:
+        from langchain_community.utilities.openapi import OpenAPISpec
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Could not import langchain_community.utilities.openapi. "
+            "Please install it with `pip install langchain-community`."
+        ) from e
+    if isinstance(spec, str):
+        for conversion in (
+            OpenAPISpec.from_url,
+            OpenAPISpec.from_file,
+            OpenAPISpec.from_text,
+        ):
+            try:
+                spec = conversion(spec)
+                break
+            except ImportError as e:
+                raise e
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        if isinstance(spec, str):
+            raise ValueError(f"Unable to parse spec from source {spec}")
+    openai_fns, call_api_fn = openapi_spec_to_openai_fn(spec)
+    if not llm:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Must provide an LLM for this chain.For example,\n"
+            "from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI\n"
+            "llm = ChatOpenAI()\n"
+        )
+    prompt = prompt or ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(
+        "Use the provided API's to respond to this user query:\n\n{query}"
+    )
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        llm_kwargs={"functions": openai_fns},
+        output_parser=JsonOutputFunctionsParser(args_only=False),
+        output_key="function",
+        verbose=verbose,
+        **(llm_chain_kwargs or {}),
+    )
+    request_chain = request_chain or SimpleRequestChain(
+        request_method=lambda name, args: call_api_fn(
+            name, args, headers=headers, params=params
+        ),
+        verbose=verbose,
+    )
+    return SequentialChain(
+        chains=[llm_chain, request_chain],
+        input_variables=llm_chain.input_keys,
+        output_variables=["response"],
+        verbose=verbose,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/qa_with_structure.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/qa_with_structure.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f76a2813
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/qa_with_structure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage, SystemMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseLLMOutputParser
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    OutputFunctionsParser,
+    PydanticOutputFunctionsParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate, HumanMessagePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import is_basemodel_subclass
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.utils import get_llm_kwargs
+
+
+class AnswerWithSources(BaseModel):
+    """An answer to the question, with sources."""
+
+    answer: str = Field(..., description="Answer to the question that was asked")
+    sources: list[str] = Field(
+        ..., description="List of sources used to answer the question"
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This function is deprecated. Refer to this guide on retrieval and question "
+        "answering with structured responses: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_sources/#structure-sources-in-model-response"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+def create_qa_with_structure_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    schema: Union[dict, type[BaseModel]],
+    output_parser: str = "base",
+    prompt: Optional[Union[PromptTemplate, ChatPromptTemplate]] = None,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+) -> LLMChain:
+    """Create a question answering chain that returns an answer with sources
+     based on schema.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for the chain.
+        schema: Pydantic schema to use for the output.
+        output_parser: Output parser to use. Should be one of `pydantic` or `base`.
+            Default to `base`.
+        prompt: Optional prompt to use for the chain.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    """
+    if output_parser == "pydantic":
+        if not (isinstance(schema, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(schema)):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Must provide a pydantic class for schema when output_parser is "
+                "'pydantic'."
+            )
+        _output_parser: BaseLLMOutputParser = PydanticOutputFunctionsParser(
+            pydantic_schema=schema
+        )
+    elif output_parser == "base":
+        _output_parser = OutputFunctionsParser()
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Got unexpected output_parser: {output_parser}. "
+            f"Should be one of `pydantic` or `base`."
+        )
+    if isinstance(schema, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(schema):
+        if hasattr(schema, "model_json_schema"):
+            schema_dict = cast(dict, schema.model_json_schema())
+        else:
+            schema_dict = cast(dict, schema.schema())
+    else:
+        schema_dict = cast(dict, schema)
+    function = {
+        "name": schema_dict["title"],
+        "description": schema_dict["description"],
+        "parameters": schema_dict,
+    }
+    llm_kwargs = get_llm_kwargs(function)
+    messages = [
+        SystemMessage(
+            content=(
+                "You are a world class algorithm to answer "
+                "questions in a specific format."
+            )
+        ),
+        HumanMessage(content="Answer question using the following context"),
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{context}"),
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("Question: {question}"),
+        HumanMessage(content="Tips: Make sure to answer in the correct format"),
+    ]
+    prompt = prompt or ChatPromptTemplate(messages=messages)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        llm_kwargs=llm_kwargs,
+        output_parser=_output_parser,
+        verbose=verbose,
+    )
+    return chain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This function is deprecated. Refer to this guide on retrieval and question "
+        "answering with sources: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_sources/#structure-sources-in-model-response"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+def create_qa_with_sources_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel, verbose: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
+) -> LLMChain:
+    """Create a question answering chain that returns an answer with sources.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to use for the chain.
+        verbose: Whether to print the details of the chain
+        **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to `create_qa_with_structure_chain`.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to answer questions with citations.
+    """
+    return create_qa_with_structure_chain(
+        llm, AnswerWithSources, verbose=verbose, **kwargs
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/tagging.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/tagging.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23422699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/tagging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    JsonOutputFunctionsParser,
+    PydanticOutputFunctionsParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.openai_functions.utils import _convert_schema, get_llm_kwargs
+
+
+def _get_tagging_function(schema: dict) -> dict:
+    return {
+        "name": "information_extraction",
+        "description": "Extracts the relevant information from the passage.",
+        "parameters": _convert_schema(schema),
+    }
+
+
+_TAGGING_TEMPLATE = """Extract the desired information from the following passage.
+
+Only extract the properties mentioned in the 'information_extraction' function.
+
+Passage:
+{input}
+"""
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "LangChain has introduced a method called `with_structured_output` that "
+        "is available on ChatModels capable of tool calling. "
+        "See API reference for this function for replacement: "
+        "<https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.openai_functions.tagging.create_tagging_chain.html> "  # noqa: E501
+        "You can read more about `with_structured_output` here: "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/structured_output/>. "
+        "If you notice other issues, please provide "
+        "feedback here: "
+        "<https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/18154>"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def create_tagging_chain(
+    schema: dict,
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: Optional[ChatPromptTemplate] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Chain:
+    """Create a chain that extracts information from a passage
+     based on a schema.
+
+     This function is deprecated. Please use `with_structured_output` instead.
+     See example usage below:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypedDict
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+
+            class Joke(TypedDict):
+                \"\"\"Tagged joke.\"\"\"
+
+                setup: Annotated[str, ..., "The setup of the joke"]
+                punchline: Annotated[str, ..., "The punchline of the joke"]
+
+            # Or any other chat model that supports tools.
+            # Please reference to to the documentation of structured_output
+            # to see an up to date list of which models support
+            # with_structured_output.
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-haiku-20240307", temperature=0)
+            structured_llm = model.with_structured_output(Joke)
+            structured_llm.invoke(
+                "Why did the cat cross the road? To get to the other "
+                "side... and then lay down in the middle of it!"
+            )
+    Read more here: https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/structured_output/
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
+    function = _get_tagging_function(schema)
+    prompt = prompt or ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(_TAGGING_TEMPLATE)
+    output_parser = JsonOutputFunctionsParser()
+    llm_kwargs = get_llm_kwargs(function)
+    chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        llm_kwargs=llm_kwargs,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+    return chain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    message=(
+        "LangChain has introduced a method called `with_structured_output` that "
+        "is available on ChatModels capable of tool calling. "
+        "See API reference for this function for replacement: "
+        "<https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.openai_functions.tagging.create_tagging_chain_pydantic.html> "  # noqa: E501
+        "You can read more about `with_structured_output` here: "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/structured_output/>. "
+        "If you notice other issues, please provide "
+        "feedback here: "
+        "<https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/18154>"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def create_tagging_chain_pydantic(
+    pydantic_schema: Any,
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: Optional[ChatPromptTemplate] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Chain:
+    """Create a chain that extracts information from a passage
+     based on a pydantic schema.
+
+     This function is deprecated. Please use `with_structured_output` instead.
+     See example usage below:
+
+     .. code-block:: python
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+
+            class Joke(BaseModel):
+                setup: str = Field(description="The setup of the joke")
+                punchline: str = Field(description="The punchline to the joke")
+
+            # Or any other chat model that supports tools.
+            # Please reference to to the documentation of structured_output
+            # to see an up to date list of which models support
+            # with_structured_output.
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229", temperature=0)
+            structured_llm = model.with_structured_output(Joke)
+            structured_llm.invoke(
+                "Why did the cat cross the road? To get to the other "
+                "side... and then lay down in the middle of it!"
+            )
+    Read more here: https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/structured_output/
+
+    Args:
+        pydantic_schema: The pydantic schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Chain (LLMChain) that can be used to extract information from a passage.
+    """
+    if hasattr(pydantic_schema, "model_json_schema"):
+        openai_schema = pydantic_schema.model_json_schema()
+    else:
+        openai_schema = pydantic_schema.schema()
+    function = _get_tagging_function(openai_schema)
+    prompt = prompt or ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(_TAGGING_TEMPLATE)
+    output_parser = PydanticOutputFunctionsParser(pydantic_schema=pydantic_schema)
+    llm_kwargs = get_llm_kwargs(function)
+    chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        llm_kwargs=llm_kwargs,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+    return chain
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..086d5b36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_functions/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def _resolve_schema_references(schema: Any, definitions: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    """
+    Resolve the $ref keys in a JSON schema object using the provided definitions.
+    """
+    if isinstance(schema, list):
+        for i, item in enumerate(schema):
+            schema[i] = _resolve_schema_references(item, definitions)
+    elif isinstance(schema, dict):
+        if "$ref" in schema:
+            ref_key = schema.pop("$ref").split("/")[-1]
+            ref = definitions.get(ref_key, {})
+            schema.update(ref)
+        else:
+            for key, value in schema.items():
+                schema[key] = _resolve_schema_references(value, definitions)
+    return schema
+
+
+def _convert_schema(schema: dict) -> dict:
+    props = {k: {"title": k, **v} for k, v in schema["properties"].items()}
+    return {
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": props,
+        "required": schema.get("required", []),
+    }
+
+
+def get_llm_kwargs(function: dict) -> dict:
+    """Return the kwargs for the LLMChain constructor.
+
+    Args:
+        function: The function to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        The kwargs for the LLMChain constructor.
+    """
+    return {"functions": [function], "function_call": {"name": function["name"]}}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5388b7d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain.chains.openai_tools.extraction import create_extraction_chain_pydantic
+
+__all__ = ["create_extraction_chain_pydantic"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/extraction.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/extraction.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca4f9899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/openai_tools/extraction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_tools import PydanticToolsParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import convert_pydantic_to_openai_function
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE = """Extract and save the relevant entities mentioned \
+in the following passage together with their properties.
+
+If a property is not present and is not required in the function parameters, do not include it in the output."""  # noqa: E501
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.14",
+    message=(
+        "LangChain has introduced a method called `with_structured_output` that"
+        "is available on ChatModels capable of tool calling."
+        "You can read more about the method here: "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/model_io/chat/structured_output/>. "
+        "Please follow our extraction use case documentation for more guidelines"
+        "on how to do information extraction with LLMs."
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/extraction/>. "
+        "with_structured_output does not currently support a list of pydantic schemas. "
+        "If this is a blocker or if you notice other issues, please provide "
+        "feedback here:"
+        "<https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/18154>"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+    alternative=(
+        """
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+    
+            class Joke(BaseModel):
+                setup: str = Field(description="The setup of the joke")
+                punchline: str = Field(description="The punchline to the joke") 
+    
+            # Or any other chat model that supports tools.
+            # Please reference to to the documentation of structured_output
+            # to see an up to date list of which models support 
+            # with_structured_output.
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229", temperature=0)
+            structured_llm = model.with_structured_output(Joke)
+            structured_llm.invoke("Tell me a joke about cats. 
+                Make sure to call the Joke function.")
+            """
+    ),
+)
+def create_extraction_chain_pydantic(
+    pydantic_schemas: Union[list[type[BaseModel]], type[BaseModel]],
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    system_message: str = _EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Creates a chain that extracts information from a passage.
+
+    Args:
+        pydantic_schemas: The schema of the entities to extract.
+        llm: The language model to use.
+        system_message: The system message to use for extraction.
+
+    Returns:
+        A runnable that extracts information from a passage.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(pydantic_schemas, list):
+        pydantic_schemas = [pydantic_schemas]
+    prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+        [
+            ("system", system_message),
+            ("user", "{input}"),
+        ]
+    )
+    functions = [convert_pydantic_to_openai_function(p) for p in pydantic_schemas]
+    tools = [{"type": "function", "function": d} for d in functions]
+    model = llm.bind(tools=tools)
+    chain = prompt | model | PydanticToolsParser(tools=pydantic_schemas)
+    return chain
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/prompt_selector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/prompt_selector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adc1ddce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/prompt_selector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Callable
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.language_models.chat_models import BaseChatModel
+from langchain_core.language_models.llms import BaseLLM
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+class BasePromptSelector(BaseModel, ABC):
+    """Base class for prompt selectors."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_prompt(self, llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Get default prompt for a language model."""
+
+
+class ConditionalPromptSelector(BasePromptSelector):
+    """Prompt collection that goes through conditionals."""
+
+    default_prompt: BasePromptTemplate
+    """Default prompt to use if no conditionals match."""
+    conditionals: list[
+        tuple[Callable[[BaseLanguageModel], bool], BasePromptTemplate]
+    ] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """List of conditionals and prompts to use if the conditionals match."""
+
+    def get_prompt(self, llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Get default prompt for a language model.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: Language model to get prompt for.
+
+        Returns:
+            Prompt to use for the language model.
+        """
+        for condition, prompt in self.conditionals:
+            if condition(llm):
+                return prompt
+        return self.default_prompt
+
+
+def is_llm(llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> bool:
+    """Check if the language model is a LLM.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the language model is a BaseLLM model, False otherwise.
+    """
+    return isinstance(llm, BaseLLM)
+
+
+def is_chat_model(llm: BaseLanguageModel) -> bool:
+    """Check if the language model is a chat model.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language model to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the language model is a BaseChatModel model, False otherwise.
+    """
+    return isinstance(llm, BaseChatModel)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_generation/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_generation/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a90acb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_generation/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForChainRun
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter, TextSplitter
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_generation.prompt import PROMPT_SELECTOR
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.7",
+    alternative=(
+        "example in API reference with more detail: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.qa_generation.base.QAGenerationChain.html"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+class QAGenerationChain(Chain):
+    """Base class for question-answer generation chains.
+
+    This class is deprecated. See below for an alternative implementation.
+
+    Advantages of this implementation include:
+
+    - Supports async and streaming;
+    - Surfaces prompt and text splitter for easier customization;
+    - Use of JsonOutputParser supports JSONPatch operations in streaming mode,
+      as well as robustness to markdown.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains.qa_generation.prompt import CHAT_PROMPT as prompt
+            # Note: import PROMPT if using a legacy non-chat model.
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import JsonOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.runnables import (
+                RunnableLambda,
+                RunnableParallel,
+                RunnablePassthrough,
+            )
+            from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableEach
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI()
+            text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_overlap=500)
+            split_text = RunnableLambda(
+                lambda x: text_splitter.create_documents([x])
+            )
+
+            chain = RunnableParallel(
+                text=RunnablePassthrough(),
+                questions=(
+                    split_text | RunnableEach(bound=prompt | llm | JsonOutputParser())
+                )
+            )
+    """
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """LLM Chain that generates responses from user input and context."""
+    text_splitter: TextSplitter = Field(
+        default=RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_overlap=500)
+    )
+    """Text splitter that splits the input into chunks."""
+    input_key: str = "text"
+    """Key of the input to the chain."""
+    output_key: str = "questions"
+    """Key of the output of the chain."""
+    k: Optional[int] = None
+    """Number of questions to generate."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> QAGenerationChain:
+        """
+        Create a QAGenerationChain from a language model.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: a language model
+            prompt: a prompt template
+            **kwargs: additional arguments
+
+        Returns:
+            a QAGenerationChain class
+        """
+        _prompt = prompt or PROMPT_SELECTOR.get_prompt(llm)
+        chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=_prompt)
+        return cls(llm_chain=chain, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, list]:
+        docs = self.text_splitter.create_documents([inputs[self.input_key]])
+        results = self.llm_chain.generate(
+            [{"text": d.page_content} for d in docs], run_manager=run_manager
+        )
+        qa = [json.loads(res[0].text) for res in results.generations]
+        return {self.output_key: qa}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_generation/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_generation/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..377a49e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_generation/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain.chains.prompt_selector import ConditionalPromptSelector, is_chat_model
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+templ1 = """You are a smart assistant designed to help high school teachers come up with reading comprehension questions.
+Given a piece of text, you must come up with a question and answer pair that can be used to test a student's reading comprehension abilities.
+When coming up with this question/answer pair, you must respond in the following format:
+```
+{{
+    "question": "$YOUR_QUESTION_HERE",
+    "answer": "$THE_ANSWER_HERE"
+}}
+```
+
+Everything between the ``` must be valid json.
+"""
+templ2 = """Please come up with a question/answer pair, in the specified JSON format, for the following text:
+----------------
+{text}"""
+CHAT_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [
+        SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(templ1),
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(templ2),
+    ]
+)
+templ = """You are a smart assistant designed to help high school teachers come up with reading comprehension questions.
+Given a piece of text, you must come up with a question and answer pair that can be used to test a student's reading comprehension abilities.
+When coming up with this question/answer pair, you must respond in the following format:
+```
+{{
+    "question": "$YOUR_QUESTION_HERE",
+    "answer": "$THE_ANSWER_HERE"
+}}
+```
+
+Everything between the ``` must be valid json.
+
+Please come up with a question/answer pair, in the specified JSON format, for the following text:
+----------------
+{text}"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(templ)
+
+PROMPT_SELECTOR = ConditionalPromptSelector(
+    default_prompt=PROMPT, conditionals=[(is_chat_model, CHAT_PROMPT)]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5614ee55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Load question answering with sources chains."""
+
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.loading import load_qa_with_sources_chain
+
+__all__ = ["load_qa_with_sources_chain"]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/__pycache__/vector_db.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/__pycache__/vector_db.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b2b371e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+"""Question answering with sources over documents."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import re
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains import ReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce import MapReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.loading import load_qa_with_sources_chain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.map_reduce_prompt import (
+    COMBINE_PROMPT,
+    EXAMPLE_PROMPT,
+    QUESTION_PROMPT,
+)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Refer to this guide on retrieval and question "
+        "answering with sources: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_sources/"
+    ),
+)
+class BaseQAWithSourcesChain(Chain, ABC):
+    """Question answering chain with sources over documents."""
+
+    combine_documents_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+    """Chain to use to combine documents."""
+    question_key: str = "question"  #: :meta private:
+    input_docs_key: str = "docs"  #: :meta private:
+    answer_key: str = "answer"  #: :meta private:
+    sources_answer_key: str = "sources"  #: :meta private:
+    return_source_documents: bool = False
+    """Return the source documents."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = EXAMPLE_PROMPT,
+        question_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = QUESTION_PROMPT,
+        combine_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = COMBINE_PROMPT,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseQAWithSourcesChain:
+        """Construct the chain from an LLM."""
+        llm_question_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=question_prompt)
+        llm_combine_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=combine_prompt)
+        combine_results_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=llm_combine_chain,
+            document_prompt=document_prompt,
+            document_variable_name="summaries",
+        )
+        reduce_documents_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+            combine_documents_chain=combine_results_chain
+        )
+        combine_documents_chain = MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=llm_question_chain,
+            reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,
+            document_variable_name="context",
+        )
+        return cls(
+            combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_chain_type(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        chain_type: str = "stuff",
+        chain_type_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseQAWithSourcesChain:
+        """Load chain from chain type."""
+        _chain_kwargs = chain_type_kwargs or {}
+        combine_documents_chain = load_qa_with_sources_chain(
+            llm, chain_type=chain_type, **_chain_kwargs
+        )
+        return cls(combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain, **kwargs)
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.question_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        _output_keys = [self.answer_key, self.sources_answer_key]
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            _output_keys = _output_keys + ["source_documents"]
+        return _output_keys
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_naming(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Fix backwards compatibility in naming."""
+        if "combine_document_chain" in values:
+            values["combine_documents_chain"] = values.pop("combine_document_chain")
+        return values
+
+    def _split_sources(self, answer: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        """Split sources from answer."""
+        if re.search(r"SOURCES?:", answer, re.IGNORECASE):
+            answer, sources = re.split(
+                r"SOURCES?:|QUESTION:\s", answer, flags=re.IGNORECASE
+            )[:2]
+            sources = re.split(r"\n", sources)[0].strip()
+        else:
+            sources = ""
+        return answer, sources
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs to run questioning over."""
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        accepts_run_manager = (
+            "run_manager" in inspect.signature(self._get_docs).parameters
+        )
+        if accepts_run_manager:
+            docs = self._get_docs(inputs, run_manager=_run_manager)
+        else:
+            docs = self._get_docs(inputs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+        answer = self.combine_documents_chain.run(
+            input_documents=docs, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(), **inputs
+        )
+        answer, sources = self._split_sources(answer)
+        result: dict[str, Any] = {
+            self.answer_key: answer,
+            self.sources_answer_key: sources,
+        }
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            result["source_documents"] = docs
+        return result
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs to run questioning over."""
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        accepts_run_manager = (
+            "run_manager" in inspect.signature(self._aget_docs).parameters
+        )
+        if accepts_run_manager:
+            docs = await self._aget_docs(inputs, run_manager=_run_manager)
+        else:
+            docs = await self._aget_docs(inputs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        answer = await self.combine_documents_chain.arun(
+            input_documents=docs, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(), **inputs
+        )
+        answer, sources = self._split_sources(answer)
+        result: dict[str, Any] = {
+            self.answer_key: answer,
+            self.sources_answer_key: sources,
+        }
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            result["source_documents"] = docs
+        return result
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Refer to this guide on retrieval and question "
+        "answering with sources: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_sources/"
+    ),
+)
+class QAWithSourcesChain(BaseQAWithSourcesChain):
+    """Question answering with sources over documents."""
+
+    input_docs_key: str = "docs"  #: :meta private:
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_docs_key, self.question_key]
+
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs to run questioning over."""
+        return inputs.pop(self.input_docs_key)
+
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs to run questioning over."""
+        return inputs.pop(self.input_docs_key)
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "qa_with_sources_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9e04911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+"""Load question answering with sources chains."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any, Optional, Protocol
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce import MapReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_rerank import MapRerankDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.reduce import ReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.refine import RefineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources import (
+    map_reduce_prompt,
+    refine_prompts,
+    stuff_prompt,
+)
+from langchain.chains.question_answering.map_rerank_prompt import (
+    PROMPT as MAP_RERANK_PROMPT,
+)
+
+
+class LoadingCallable(Protocol):
+    """Interface for loading the combine documents chain."""
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, llm: BaseLanguageModel, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+        """Callable to load the combine documents chain."""
+
+
+def _load_map_rerank_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = MAP_RERANK_PROMPT,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    document_variable_name: str = "context",
+    rank_key: str = "score",
+    answer_key: str = "answer",
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> MapRerankDocumentsChain:
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, verbose=verbose)
+    return MapRerankDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        rank_key=rank_key,
+        answer_key=answer_key,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_stuff_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = stuff_prompt.PROMPT,
+    document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = stuff_prompt.EXAMPLE_PROMPT,
+    document_variable_name: str = "summaries",
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> StuffDocumentsChain:
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return StuffDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        document_prompt=document_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_map_reduce_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    question_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = map_reduce_prompt.QUESTION_PROMPT,
+    combine_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = map_reduce_prompt.COMBINE_PROMPT,
+    document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = map_reduce_prompt.EXAMPLE_PROMPT,
+    combine_document_variable_name: str = "summaries",
+    map_reduce_document_variable_name: str = "context",
+    collapse_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    reduce_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    collapse_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    token_max: int = 3000,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> MapReduceDocumentsChain:
+    map_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=question_prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    _reduce_llm = reduce_llm or llm
+    reduce_chain = LLMChain(llm=_reduce_llm, prompt=combine_prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    combine_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=reduce_chain,
+        document_variable_name=combine_document_variable_name,
+        document_prompt=document_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    )
+    if collapse_prompt is None:
+        collapse_chain = None
+        if collapse_llm is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "collapse_llm provided, but collapse_prompt was not: please "
+                "provide one or stop providing collapse_llm."
+            )
+    else:
+        _collapse_llm = collapse_llm or llm
+        collapse_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=LLMChain(
+                llm=_collapse_llm,
+                prompt=collapse_prompt,
+                verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            ),
+            document_variable_name=combine_document_variable_name,
+            document_prompt=document_prompt,
+        )
+    reduce_documents_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+        collapse_documents_chain=collapse_chain,
+        token_max=token_max,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    )
+    return MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=map_chain,
+        reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,
+        document_variable_name=map_reduce_document_variable_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_refine_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    question_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = refine_prompts.DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT,
+    refine_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = refine_prompts.DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT,
+    document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = refine_prompts.EXAMPLE_PROMPT,
+    document_variable_name: str = "context_str",
+    initial_response_name: str = "existing_answer",
+    refine_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> RefineDocumentsChain:
+    initial_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=question_prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    _refine_llm = refine_llm or llm
+    refine_chain = LLMChain(llm=_refine_llm, prompt=refine_prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return RefineDocumentsChain(
+        initial_llm_chain=initial_chain,
+        refine_llm_chain=refine_chain,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        initial_response_name=initial_response_name,
+        document_prompt=document_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This function is deprecated. Refer to this guide on retrieval and question "
+        "answering with sources: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/qa_sources/"
+        "\nSee also the following migration guides for replacements "
+        "based on `chain_type`:\n"
+        "stuff: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/stuff_docs_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+        "map_reduce: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_reduce_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+        "refine: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/refine_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+        "map_rerank: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_rerank_docs_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+def load_qa_with_sources_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    chain_type: str = "stuff",
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+    """Load a question answering with sources chain.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language Model to use in the chain.
+        chain_type: Type of document combining chain to use. Should be one of "stuff",
+            "map_reduce", "refine" and "map_rerank".
+        verbose: Whether chains should be run in verbose mode or not. Note that this
+            applies to all chains that make up the final chain.
+
+    Returns:
+        A chain to use for question answering with sources.
+    """
+    loader_mapping: Mapping[str, LoadingCallable] = {
+        "stuff": _load_stuff_chain,
+        "map_reduce": _load_map_reduce_chain,
+        "refine": _load_refine_chain,
+        "map_rerank": _load_map_rerank_chain,
+    }
+    if chain_type not in loader_mapping:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Got unsupported chain type: {chain_type}. "
+            f"Should be one of {loader_mapping.keys()}"
+        )
+    _func: LoadingCallable = loader_mapping[chain_type]
+    return _func(llm, verbose=verbose, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/map_reduce_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/map_reduce_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0c8545e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/map_reduce_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+question_prompt_template = """Use the following portion of a long document to see if any of the text is relevant to answer the question. 
+Return any relevant text verbatim.
+{context}
+Question: {question}
+Relevant text, if any:"""
+QUESTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=question_prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question"]
+)
+
+combine_prompt_template = """Given the following extracted parts of a long document and a question, create a final answer with references ("SOURCES"). 
+If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know. Don't try to make up an answer.
+ALWAYS return a "SOURCES" part in your answer.
+
+QUESTION: Which state/country's law governs the interpretation of the contract?
+=========
+Content: This Agreement is governed by English law and the parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts in  relation to any dispute (contractual or non-contractual) concerning this Agreement save that either party may apply to any court for an  injunction or other relief to protect its Intellectual Property Rights.
+Source: 28-pl
+Content: No Waiver. Failure or delay in exercising any right or remedy under this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of such (or any other)  right or remedy.\n\n11.7 Severability. The invalidity, illegality or unenforceability of any term (or part of a term) of this Agreement shall not affect the continuation  in force of the remainder of the term (if any) and this Agreement.\n\n11.8 No Agency. Except as expressly stated otherwise, nothing in this Agreement shall create an agency, partnership or joint venture of any  kind between the parties.\n\n11.9 No Third-Party Beneficiaries.
+Source: 30-pl
+Content: (b) if Google believes, in good faith, that the Distributor has violated or caused Google to violate any Anti-Bribery Laws (as  defined in Clause 8.5) or that such a violation is reasonably likely to occur,
+Source: 4-pl
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER: This Agreement is governed by English law.
+SOURCES: 28-pl
+
+QUESTION: What did the president say about Michael Jackson?
+=========
+Content: Madam Speaker, Madam Vice President, our First Lady and Second Gentleman. Members of Congress and the Cabinet. Justices of the Supreme Court. My fellow Americans.  \n\nLast year COVID-19 kept us apart. This year we are finally together again. \n\nTonight, we meet as Democrats Republicans and Independents. But most importantly as Americans. \n\nWith a duty to one another to the American people to the Constitution. \n\nAnd with an unwavering resolve that freedom will always triumph over tyranny. \n\nSix days ago, Russia’s Vladimir Putin sought to shake the foundations of the free world thinking he could make it bend to his menacing ways. But he badly miscalculated. \n\nHe thought he could roll into Ukraine and the world would roll over. Instead he met a wall of strength he never imagined. \n\nHe met the Ukrainian people. \n\nFrom President Zelenskyy to every Ukrainian, their fearlessness, their courage, their determination, inspires the world. \n\nGroups of citizens blocking tanks with their bodies. Everyone from students to retirees teachers turned soldiers defending their homeland.
+Source: 0-pl
+Content: And we won’t stop. \n\nWe have lost so much to COVID-19. Time with one another. And worst of all, so much loss of life. \n\nLet’s use this moment to reset. Let’s stop looking at COVID-19 as a partisan dividing line and see it for what it is: A God-awful disease.  \n\nLet’s stop seeing each other as enemies, and start seeing each other for who we really are: Fellow Americans.  \n\nWe can’t change how divided we’ve been. But we can change how we move forward—on COVID-19 and other issues we must face together. \n\nI recently visited the New York City Police Department days after the funerals of Officer Wilbert Mora and his partner, Officer Jason Rivera. \n\nThey were responding to a 9-1-1 call when a man shot and killed them with a stolen gun. \n\nOfficer Mora was 27 years old. \n\nOfficer Rivera was 22. \n\nBoth Dominican Americans who’d grown up on the same streets they later chose to patrol as police officers. \n\nI spoke with their families and told them that we are forever in debt for their sacrifice, and we will carry on their mission to restore the trust and safety every community deserves.
+Source: 24-pl
+Content: And a proud Ukrainian people, who have known 30 years  of independence, have repeatedly shown that they will not tolerate anyone who tries to take their country backwards.  \n\nTo all Americans, I will be honest with you, as I’ve always promised. A Russian dictator, invading a foreign country, has costs around the world. \n\nAnd I’m taking robust action to make sure the pain of our sanctions  is targeted at Russia’s economy. And I will use every tool at our disposal to protect American businesses and consumers. \n\nTonight, I can announce that the United States has worked with 30 other countries to release 60 Million barrels of oil from reserves around the world.  \n\nAmerica will lead that effort, releasing 30 Million barrels from our own Strategic Petroleum Reserve. And we stand ready to do more if necessary, unified with our allies.  \n\nThese steps will help blunt gas prices here at home. And I know the news about what’s happening can seem alarming. \n\nBut I want you to know that we are going to be okay.
+Source: 5-pl
+Content: More support for patients and families. \n\nTo get there, I call on Congress to fund ARPA-H, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health. \n\nIt’s based on DARPA—the Defense Department project that led to the Internet, GPS, and so much more.  \n\nARPA-H will have a singular purpose—to drive breakthroughs in cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and more. \n\nA unity agenda for the nation. \n\nWe can do this. \n\nMy fellow Americans—tonight , we have gathered in a sacred space—the citadel of our democracy. \n\nIn this Capitol, generation after generation, Americans have debated great questions amid great strife, and have done great things. \n\nWe have fought for freedom, expanded liberty, defeated totalitarianism and terror. \n\nAnd built the strongest, freest, and most prosperous nation the world has ever known. \n\nNow is the hour. \n\nOur moment of responsibility. \n\nOur test of resolve and conscience, of history itself. \n\nIt is in this moment that our character is formed. Our purpose is found. Our future is forged. \n\nWell I know this nation.
+Source: 34-pl
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER: The president did not mention Michael Jackson.
+SOURCES:
+
+QUESTION: {question}
+=========
+{summaries}
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER:"""
+COMBINE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=combine_prompt_template, input_variables=["summaries", "question"]
+)
+
+EXAMPLE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template="Content: {page_content}\nSource: {source}",
+    input_variables=["page_content", "source"],
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/refine_prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/refine_prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e13f541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/refine_prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT_TMPL = (
+    "The original question is as follows: {question}\n"
+    "We have provided an existing answer, including sources: {existing_answer}\n"
+    "We have the opportunity to refine the existing answer"
+    "(only if needed) with some more context below.\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "{context_str}\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "Given the new context, refine the original answer to better "
+    "answer the question. "
+    "If you do update it, please update the sources as well. "
+    "If the context isn't useful, return the original answer."
+)
+DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["question", "existing_answer", "context_str"],
+    template=DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT_TMPL,
+)
+
+
+DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT_TMPL = (
+    "Context information is below. \n"
+    "---------------------\n"
+    "{context_str}"
+    "\n---------------------\n"
+    "Given the context information and not prior knowledge, "
+    "answer the question: {question}\n"
+)
+DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["context_str", "question"], template=DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT_TMPL
+)
+
+EXAMPLE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template="Content: {page_content}\nSource: {source}",
+    input_variables=["page_content", "source"],
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/retrieval.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/retrieval.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b2cba75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/retrieval.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+"""Question-answering with sources over an index."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.base import BaseQAWithSourcesChain
+
+
+class RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain(BaseQAWithSourcesChain):
+    """Question-answering with sources over an index."""
+
+    retriever: BaseRetriever = Field(exclude=True)
+    """Index to connect to."""
+    reduce_k_below_max_tokens: bool = False
+    """Reduce the number of results to return from store based on tokens limit"""
+    max_tokens_limit: int = 3375
+    """Restrict the docs to return from store based on tokens,
+    enforced only for StuffDocumentChain and if reduce_k_below_max_tokens is to true"""
+
+    def _reduce_tokens_below_limit(self, docs: list[Document]) -> list[Document]:
+        num_docs = len(docs)
+
+        if self.reduce_k_below_max_tokens and isinstance(
+            self.combine_documents_chain, StuffDocumentsChain
+        ):
+            tokens = [
+                self.combine_documents_chain.llm_chain._get_num_tokens(doc.page_content)
+                for doc in docs
+            ]
+            token_count = sum(tokens[:num_docs])
+            while token_count > self.max_tokens_limit:
+                num_docs -= 1
+                token_count -= tokens[num_docs]
+
+        return docs[:num_docs]
+
+    def _get_docs(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        question = inputs[self.question_key]
+        docs = self.retriever.invoke(
+            question, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        return self._reduce_tokens_below_limit(docs)
+
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], *, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        question = inputs[self.question_key]
+        docs = await self.retriever.ainvoke(
+            question, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        return self._reduce_tokens_below_limit(docs)
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the chain type."""
+        return "retrieval_qa_with_sources_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/stuff_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/stuff_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82290ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/stuff_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+template = """Given the following extracted parts of a long document and a question, create a final answer with references ("SOURCES"). 
+If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know. Don't try to make up an answer.
+ALWAYS return a "SOURCES" part in your answer.
+
+QUESTION: Which state/country's law governs the interpretation of the contract?
+=========
+Content: This Agreement is governed by English law and the parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts in  relation to any dispute (contractual or non-contractual) concerning this Agreement save that either party may apply to any court for an  injunction or other relief to protect its Intellectual Property Rights.
+Source: 28-pl
+Content: No Waiver. Failure or delay in exercising any right or remedy under this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of such (or any other)  right or remedy.\n\n11.7 Severability. The invalidity, illegality or unenforceability of any term (or part of a term) of this Agreement shall not affect the continuation  in force of the remainder of the term (if any) and this Agreement.\n\n11.8 No Agency. Except as expressly stated otherwise, nothing in this Agreement shall create an agency, partnership or joint venture of any  kind between the parties.\n\n11.9 No Third-Party Beneficiaries.
+Source: 30-pl
+Content: (b) if Google believes, in good faith, that the Distributor has violated or caused Google to violate any Anti-Bribery Laws (as  defined in Clause 8.5) or that such a violation is reasonably likely to occur,
+Source: 4-pl
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER: This Agreement is governed by English law.
+SOURCES: 28-pl
+
+QUESTION: What did the president say about Michael Jackson?
+=========
+Content: Madam Speaker, Madam Vice President, our First Lady and Second Gentleman. Members of Congress and the Cabinet. Justices of the Supreme Court. My fellow Americans.  \n\nLast year COVID-19 kept us apart. This year we are finally together again. \n\nTonight, we meet as Democrats Republicans and Independents. But most importantly as Americans. \n\nWith a duty to one another to the American people to the Constitution. \n\nAnd with an unwavering resolve that freedom will always triumph over tyranny. \n\nSix days ago, Russia’s Vladimir Putin sought to shake the foundations of the free world thinking he could make it bend to his menacing ways. But he badly miscalculated. \n\nHe thought he could roll into Ukraine and the world would roll over. Instead he met a wall of strength he never imagined. \n\nHe met the Ukrainian people. \n\nFrom President Zelenskyy to every Ukrainian, their fearlessness, their courage, their determination, inspires the world. \n\nGroups of citizens blocking tanks with their bodies. Everyone from students to retirees teachers turned soldiers defending their homeland.
+Source: 0-pl
+Content: And we won’t stop. \n\nWe have lost so much to COVID-19. Time with one another. And worst of all, so much loss of life. \n\nLet’s use this moment to reset. Let’s stop looking at COVID-19 as a partisan dividing line and see it for what it is: A God-awful disease.  \n\nLet’s stop seeing each other as enemies, and start seeing each other for who we really are: Fellow Americans.  \n\nWe can’t change how divided we’ve been. But we can change how we move forward—on COVID-19 and other issues we must face together. \n\nI recently visited the New York City Police Department days after the funerals of Officer Wilbert Mora and his partner, Officer Jason Rivera. \n\nThey were responding to a 9-1-1 call when a man shot and killed them with a stolen gun. \n\nOfficer Mora was 27 years old. \n\nOfficer Rivera was 22. \n\nBoth Dominican Americans who’d grown up on the same streets they later chose to patrol as police officers. \n\nI spoke with their families and told them that we are forever in debt for their sacrifice, and we will carry on their mission to restore the trust and safety every community deserves.
+Source: 24-pl
+Content: And a proud Ukrainian people, who have known 30 years  of independence, have repeatedly shown that they will not tolerate anyone who tries to take their country backwards.  \n\nTo all Americans, I will be honest with you, as I’ve always promised. A Russian dictator, invading a foreign country, has costs around the world. \n\nAnd I’m taking robust action to make sure the pain of our sanctions  is targeted at Russia’s economy. And I will use every tool at our disposal to protect American businesses and consumers. \n\nTonight, I can announce that the United States has worked with 30 other countries to release 60 Million barrels of oil from reserves around the world.  \n\nAmerica will lead that effort, releasing 30 Million barrels from our own Strategic Petroleum Reserve. And we stand ready to do more if necessary, unified with our allies.  \n\nThese steps will help blunt gas prices here at home. And I know the news about what’s happening can seem alarming. \n\nBut I want you to know that we are going to be okay.
+Source: 5-pl
+Content: More support for patients and families. \n\nTo get there, I call on Congress to fund ARPA-H, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health. \n\nIt’s based on DARPA—the Defense Department project that led to the Internet, GPS, and so much more.  \n\nARPA-H will have a singular purpose—to drive breakthroughs in cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and more. \n\nA unity agenda for the nation. \n\nWe can do this. \n\nMy fellow Americans—tonight , we have gathered in a sacred space—the citadel of our democracy. \n\nIn this Capitol, generation after generation, Americans have debated great questions amid great strife, and have done great things. \n\nWe have fought for freedom, expanded liberty, defeated totalitarianism and terror. \n\nAnd built the strongest, freest, and most prosperous nation the world has ever known. \n\nNow is the hour. \n\nOur moment of responsibility. \n\nOur test of resolve and conscience, of history itself. \n\nIt is in this moment that our character is formed. Our purpose is found. Our future is forged. \n\nWell I know this nation.
+Source: 34-pl
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER: The president did not mention Michael Jackson.
+SOURCES:
+
+QUESTION: {question}
+=========
+{summaries}
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(template=template, input_variables=["summaries", "question"])
+
+EXAMPLE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template="Content: {page_content}\nSource: {source}",
+    input_variables=["page_content", "source"],
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/vector_db.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/vector_db.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8ca7286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/qa_with_sources/vector_db.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+"""Question-answering with sources over a vector database."""
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.base import BaseQAWithSourcesChain
+
+
+class VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain(BaseQAWithSourcesChain):
+    """Question-answering with sources over a vector database."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore = Field(exclude=True)
+    """Vector Database to connect to."""
+    k: int = 4
+    """Number of results to return from store"""
+    reduce_k_below_max_tokens: bool = False
+    """Reduce the number of results to return from store based on tokens limit"""
+    max_tokens_limit: int = 3375
+    """Restrict the docs to return from store based on tokens,
+    enforced only for StuffDocumentChain and if reduce_k_below_max_tokens is to true"""
+    search_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Extra search args."""
+
+    def _reduce_tokens_below_limit(self, docs: list[Document]) -> list[Document]:
+        num_docs = len(docs)
+
+        if self.reduce_k_below_max_tokens and isinstance(
+            self.combine_documents_chain, StuffDocumentsChain
+        ):
+            tokens = [
+                self.combine_documents_chain.llm_chain._get_num_tokens(doc.page_content)
+                for doc in docs
+            ]
+            token_count = sum(tokens[:num_docs])
+            while token_count > self.max_tokens_limit:
+                num_docs -= 1
+                token_count -= tokens[num_docs]
+
+        return docs[:num_docs]
+
+    def _get_docs(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        question = inputs[self.question_key]
+        docs = self.vectorstore.similarity_search(
+            question, k=self.k, **self.search_kwargs
+        )
+        return self._reduce_tokens_below_limit(docs)
+
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], *, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        raise NotImplementedError("VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain does not support async")
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "`VectorDBQAWithSourcesChain` is deprecated - "
+            "please use `from langchain.chains import RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain`"
+        )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        return "vector_db_qa_with_sources_chain"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d08ca0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain.chains.query_constructor.base import load_query_constructor_runnable
+
+__all__ = ["load_query_constructor_runnable"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1dadaab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+"""LLM Chain for turning a user text query into a structured query."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import parse_and_check_json_markdown
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import FewShotPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from langchain_core.structured_query import (
+    Comparator,
+    Comparison,
+    FilterDirective,
+    Operation,
+    Operator,
+    StructuredQuery,
+)
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.query_constructor.parser import get_parser
+from langchain.chains.query_constructor.prompt import (
+    DEFAULT_EXAMPLES,
+    DEFAULT_PREFIX,
+    DEFAULT_SCHEMA_PROMPT,
+    DEFAULT_SUFFIX,
+    EXAMPLE_PROMPT,
+    EXAMPLES_WITH_LIMIT,
+    PREFIX_WITH_DATA_SOURCE,
+    SCHEMA_WITH_LIMIT_PROMPT,
+    SUFFIX_WITHOUT_DATA_SOURCE,
+    USER_SPECIFIED_EXAMPLE_PROMPT,
+)
+from langchain.chains.query_constructor.schema import AttributeInfo
+
+
+class StructuredQueryOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[StructuredQuery]):
+    """Output parser that parses a structured query."""
+
+    ast_parse: Callable
+    """Callable that parses dict into internal representation of query language."""
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> StructuredQuery:
+        try:
+            expected_keys = ["query", "filter"]
+            allowed_keys = ["query", "filter", "limit"]
+            parsed = parse_and_check_json_markdown(text, expected_keys)
+            if parsed["query"] is None or len(parsed["query"]) == 0:
+                parsed["query"] = " "
+            if parsed["filter"] == "NO_FILTER" or not parsed["filter"]:
+                parsed["filter"] = None
+            else:
+                parsed["filter"] = self.ast_parse(parsed["filter"])
+            if not parsed.get("limit"):
+                parsed.pop("limit", None)
+            return StructuredQuery(
+                **{k: v for k, v in parsed.items() if k in allowed_keys}
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Parsing text\n{text}\n raised following error:\n{e}"
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_components(
+        cls,
+        allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]] = None,
+        allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]] = None,
+        allowed_attributes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        fix_invalid: bool = False,
+    ) -> StructuredQueryOutputParser:
+        """
+        Create a structured query output parser from components.
+
+        Args:
+            allowed_comparators: allowed comparators
+            allowed_operators: allowed operators
+
+        Returns:
+            a structured query output parser
+        """
+        ast_parse: Callable
+        if fix_invalid:
+
+            def ast_parse(raw_filter: str) -> Optional[FilterDirective]:
+                filter = cast(Optional[FilterDirective], get_parser().parse(raw_filter))
+                fixed = fix_filter_directive(
+                    filter,
+                    allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+                    allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+                    allowed_attributes=allowed_attributes,
+                )
+                return fixed
+
+        else:
+            ast_parse = get_parser(
+                allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+                allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+                allowed_attributes=allowed_attributes,
+            ).parse
+        return cls(ast_parse=ast_parse)
+
+
+def fix_filter_directive(
+    filter: Optional[FilterDirective],
+    *,
+    allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]] = None,
+    allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]] = None,
+    allowed_attributes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+) -> Optional[FilterDirective]:
+    """Fix invalid filter directive.
+
+    Args:
+        filter: Filter directive to fix.
+        allowed_comparators: allowed comparators. Defaults to all comparators.
+        allowed_operators: allowed operators. Defaults to all operators.
+        allowed_attributes: allowed attributes. Defaults to all attributes.
+
+    Returns:
+        Fixed filter directive.
+    """
+    if (
+        not (allowed_comparators or allowed_operators or allowed_attributes)
+    ) or not filter:
+        return filter
+
+    elif isinstance(filter, Comparison):
+        if allowed_comparators and filter.comparator not in allowed_comparators:
+            return None
+        if allowed_attributes and filter.attribute not in allowed_attributes:
+            return None
+        return filter
+    elif isinstance(filter, Operation):
+        if allowed_operators and filter.operator not in allowed_operators:
+            return None
+        args = [
+            cast(
+                FilterDirective,
+                fix_filter_directive(
+                    arg,
+                    allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+                    allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+                    allowed_attributes=allowed_attributes,
+                ),
+            )
+            for arg in filter.arguments
+            if arg is not None
+        ]
+        if not args:
+            return None
+        elif len(args) == 1 and filter.operator in (Operator.AND, Operator.OR):
+            return args[0]
+        else:
+            return Operation(
+                operator=filter.operator,
+                arguments=args,
+            )
+    else:
+        return filter
+
+
+def _format_attribute_info(info: Sequence[Union[AttributeInfo, dict]]) -> str:
+    info_dicts = {}
+    for i in info:
+        i_dict = dict(i)
+        info_dicts[i_dict.pop("name")] = i_dict
+    return json.dumps(info_dicts, indent=4).replace("{", "{{").replace("}", "}}")
+
+
+def construct_examples(input_output_pairs: Sequence[tuple[str, dict]]) -> list[dict]:
+    """Construct examples from input-output pairs.
+
+    Args:
+        input_output_pairs: Sequence of input-output pairs.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of examples.
+    """
+    examples = []
+    for i, (_input, output) in enumerate(input_output_pairs):
+        structured_request = (
+            json.dumps(output, indent=4).replace("{", "{{").replace("}", "}}")
+        )
+        example = {
+            "i": i + 1,
+            "user_query": _input,
+            "structured_request": structured_request,
+        }
+        examples.append(example)
+    return examples
+
+
+def get_query_constructor_prompt(
+    document_contents: str,
+    attribute_info: Sequence[Union[AttributeInfo, dict]],
+    *,
+    examples: Optional[Sequence] = None,
+    allowed_comparators: Sequence[Comparator] = tuple(Comparator),
+    allowed_operators: Sequence[Operator] = tuple(Operator),
+    enable_limit: bool = False,
+    schema_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+    """Create query construction prompt.
+
+    Args:
+        document_contents: The contents of the document to be queried.
+        attribute_info: A list of AttributeInfo objects describing
+            the attributes of the document.
+        examples: Optional list of examples to use for the chain.
+        allowed_comparators: Sequence of allowed comparators.
+        allowed_operators: Sequence of allowed operators.
+        enable_limit: Whether to enable the limit operator. Defaults to False.
+        schema_prompt: Prompt for describing query schema. Should have string input
+            variables allowed_comparators and allowed_operators.
+        kwargs: Additional named params to pass to FewShotPromptTemplate init.
+
+    Returns:
+        A prompt template that can be used to construct queries.
+    """
+    default_schema_prompt = (
+        SCHEMA_WITH_LIMIT_PROMPT if enable_limit else DEFAULT_SCHEMA_PROMPT
+    )
+    schema_prompt = schema_prompt or default_schema_prompt
+    attribute_str = _format_attribute_info(attribute_info)
+    schema = schema_prompt.format(
+        allowed_comparators=" | ".join(allowed_comparators),
+        allowed_operators=" | ".join(allowed_operators),
+    )
+    if examples and isinstance(examples[0], tuple):
+        examples = construct_examples(examples)
+        example_prompt = USER_SPECIFIED_EXAMPLE_PROMPT
+        prefix = PREFIX_WITH_DATA_SOURCE.format(
+            schema=schema, content=document_contents, attributes=attribute_str
+        )
+        suffix = SUFFIX_WITHOUT_DATA_SOURCE.format(i=len(examples) + 1)
+    else:
+        examples = examples or (
+            EXAMPLES_WITH_LIMIT if enable_limit else DEFAULT_EXAMPLES
+        )
+        example_prompt = EXAMPLE_PROMPT
+        prefix = DEFAULT_PREFIX.format(schema=schema)
+        suffix = DEFAULT_SUFFIX.format(
+            i=len(examples) + 1, content=document_contents, attributes=attribute_str
+        )
+    return FewShotPromptTemplate(
+        examples=list(examples),
+        example_prompt=example_prompt,
+        input_variables=["query"],
+        suffix=suffix,
+        prefix=prefix,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    alternative="load_query_constructor_runnable",
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def load_query_constructor_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    document_contents: str,
+    attribute_info: Sequence[Union[AttributeInfo, dict]],
+    examples: Optional[list] = None,
+    allowed_comparators: Sequence[Comparator] = tuple(Comparator),
+    allowed_operators: Sequence[Operator] = tuple(Operator),
+    enable_limit: bool = False,
+    schema_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> LLMChain:
+    """Load a query constructor chain.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel to use for the chain.
+        document_contents: The contents of the document to be queried.
+        attribute_info: Sequence of attributes in the document.
+        examples: Optional list of examples to use for the chain.
+        allowed_comparators: Sequence of allowed comparators. Defaults to all
+            Comparators.
+        allowed_operators: Sequence of allowed operators. Defaults to all Operators.
+        enable_limit: Whether to enable the limit operator. Defaults to False.
+        schema_prompt: Prompt for describing query schema. Should have string input
+            variables allowed_comparators and allowed_operators.
+        **kwargs: Arbitrary named params to pass to LLMChain.
+
+    Returns:
+        A LLMChain that can be used to construct queries.
+    """
+    prompt = get_query_constructor_prompt(
+        document_contents,
+        attribute_info,
+        examples=examples,
+        allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+        allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+        enable_limit=enable_limit,
+        schema_prompt=schema_prompt,
+    )
+    allowed_attributes = []
+    for ainfo in attribute_info:
+        allowed_attributes.append(
+            ainfo.name if isinstance(ainfo, AttributeInfo) else ainfo["name"]
+        )
+    output_parser = StructuredQueryOutputParser.from_components(
+        allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+        allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+        allowed_attributes=allowed_attributes,
+    )
+    # For backwards compatibility.
+    prompt.output_parser = output_parser
+    return LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, output_parser=output_parser, **kwargs)
+
+
+def load_query_constructor_runnable(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    document_contents: str,
+    attribute_info: Sequence[Union[AttributeInfo, dict]],
+    *,
+    examples: Optional[Sequence] = None,
+    allowed_comparators: Sequence[Comparator] = tuple(Comparator),
+    allowed_operators: Sequence[Operator] = tuple(Operator),
+    enable_limit: bool = False,
+    schema_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    fix_invalid: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Load a query constructor runnable chain.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel to use for the chain.
+        document_contents: Description of the page contents of the document to be
+            queried.
+        attribute_info: Sequence of attributes in the document.
+        examples: Optional list of examples to use for the chain.
+        allowed_comparators: Sequence of allowed comparators. Defaults to all
+            Comparators.
+        allowed_operators: Sequence of allowed operators. Defaults to all Operators.
+        enable_limit: Whether to enable the limit operator. Defaults to False.
+        schema_prompt: Prompt for describing query schema. Should have string input
+            variables allowed_comparators and allowed_operators.
+        fix_invalid: Whether to fix invalid filter directives by ignoring invalid
+            operators, comparators and attributes.
+        kwargs: Additional named params to pass to FewShotPromptTemplate init.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable that can be used to construct queries.
+    """
+    prompt = get_query_constructor_prompt(
+        document_contents,
+        attribute_info,
+        examples=examples,
+        allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+        allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+        enable_limit=enable_limit,
+        schema_prompt=schema_prompt,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+    allowed_attributes = []
+    for ainfo in attribute_info:
+        allowed_attributes.append(
+            ainfo.name if isinstance(ainfo, AttributeInfo) else ainfo["name"]
+        )
+    output_parser = StructuredQueryOutputParser.from_components(
+        allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+        allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+        allowed_attributes=allowed_attributes,
+        fix_invalid=fix_invalid,
+    )
+    return prompt | llm | output_parser
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/ir.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/ir.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7140159
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/ir.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Internal representation of a structured query language."""
+
+from langchain_core.structured_query import (
+    Comparator,
+    Comparison,
+    Expr,
+    FilterDirective,
+    Operation,
+    Operator,
+    StructuredQuery,
+    Visitor,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Visitor",
+    "Expr",
+    "Operator",
+    "Comparator",
+    "FilterDirective",
+    "Comparison",
+    "Operation",
+    "StructuredQuery",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e39fd1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+import datetime
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.utils import check_package_version
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+try:
+    check_package_version("lark", gte_version="1.1.5")
+    from lark import Lark, Transformer, v_args
+except ImportError:
+
+    def v_args(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        """Dummy decorator for when lark is not installed."""
+        return lambda _: None
+
+    Transformer = object  # type: ignore[assignment,misc]
+    Lark = object  # type: ignore[assignment,misc]
+
+from langchain_core.structured_query import (
+    Comparator,
+    Comparison,
+    FilterDirective,
+    Operation,
+    Operator,
+)
+
+GRAMMAR = r"""
+    ?program: func_call
+    ?expr: func_call
+        | value
+
+    func_call: CNAME "(" [args] ")"
+
+    ?value: SIGNED_INT -> int
+        | SIGNED_FLOAT -> float
+        | DATE -> date
+        | DATETIME -> datetime
+        | list
+        | string
+        | ("false" | "False" | "FALSE") -> false
+        | ("true" | "True" | "TRUE") -> true
+
+    args: expr ("," expr)*
+    DATE.2: /["']?(\d{4}-[01]\d-[0-3]\d)["']?/
+    DATETIME.2: /["']?\d{4}-[01]\d-[0-3]\dT[0-2]\d:[0-5]\d:[0-5]\d[Zz]?["']?/
+    string: /'[^']*'/ | ESCAPED_STRING
+    list: "[" [args] "]"
+
+    %import common.CNAME
+    %import common.ESCAPED_STRING
+    %import common.SIGNED_FLOAT
+    %import common.SIGNED_INT
+    %import common.WS
+    %ignore WS
+"""
+
+
+class ISO8601Date(TypedDict):
+    """A date in ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-DD)."""
+
+    date: str
+    type: Literal["date"]
+
+
+class ISO8601DateTime(TypedDict):
+    """A datetime in ISO 8601 format (YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS)."""
+
+    datetime: str
+    type: Literal["datetime"]
+
+
+@v_args(inline=True)
+class QueryTransformer(Transformer):
+    """Transform a query string into an intermediate representation."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]] = None,
+        allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]] = None,
+        allowed_attributes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.allowed_comparators = allowed_comparators
+        self.allowed_operators = allowed_operators
+        self.allowed_attributes = allowed_attributes
+
+    def program(self, *items: Any) -> tuple:
+        return items
+
+    def func_call(self, func_name: Any, args: list) -> FilterDirective:
+        func = self._match_func_name(str(func_name))
+        if isinstance(func, Comparator):
+            if self.allowed_attributes and args[0] not in self.allowed_attributes:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Received invalid attributes {args[0]}. Allowed attributes are "
+                    f"{self.allowed_attributes}"
+                )
+            return Comparison(comparator=func, attribute=args[0], value=args[1])
+        elif len(args) == 1 and func in (Operator.AND, Operator.OR):
+            return args[0]
+        else:
+            return Operation(operator=func, arguments=args)
+
+    def _match_func_name(self, func_name: str) -> Union[Operator, Comparator]:
+        if func_name in set(Comparator):
+            if self.allowed_comparators is not None:
+                if func_name not in self.allowed_comparators:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Received disallowed comparator {func_name}. Allowed "
+                        f"comparators are {self.allowed_comparators}"
+                    )
+            return Comparator(func_name)
+        elif func_name in set(Operator):
+            if self.allowed_operators is not None:
+                if func_name not in self.allowed_operators:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Received disallowed operator {func_name}. Allowed operators"
+                        f" are {self.allowed_operators}"
+                    )
+            return Operator(func_name)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Received unrecognized function {func_name}. Valid functions are "
+                f"{list(Operator) + list(Comparator)}"
+            )
+
+    def args(self, *items: Any) -> tuple:
+        return items
+
+    def false(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def true(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def list(self, item: Any) -> list:
+        if item is None:
+            return []
+        return list(item)
+
+    def int(self, item: Any) -> int:
+        return int(item)
+
+    def float(self, item: Any) -> float:
+        return float(item)
+
+    def date(self, item: Any) -> ISO8601Date:
+        item = str(item).strip("\"'")
+        try:
+            datetime.datetime.strptime(item, "%Y-%m-%d")
+        except ValueError:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Dates are expected to be provided in ISO 8601 date format "
+                "(YYYY-MM-DD)."
+            )
+        return {"date": item, "type": "date"}
+
+    def datetime(self, item: Any) -> ISO8601DateTime:
+        item = str(item).strip("\"'")
+        try:
+            # Parse full ISO 8601 datetime format
+            datetime.datetime.strptime(item, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z")
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                datetime.datetime.strptime(item, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S")
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Datetime values are expected to be in ISO 8601 format."
+                )
+        return {"datetime": item, "type": "datetime"}
+
+    def string(self, item: Any) -> str:
+        # Remove escaped quotes
+        return str(item).strip("\"'")
+
+
+def get_parser(
+    allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]] = None,
+    allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]] = None,
+    allowed_attributes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+) -> Lark:
+    """Return a parser for the query language.
+
+    Args:
+        allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]]
+        allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]]
+
+    Returns:
+        Lark parser for the query language.
+    """
+    # QueryTransformer is None when Lark cannot be imported.
+    if QueryTransformer is None:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Cannot import lark, please install it with 'pip install lark'."
+        )
+    transformer = QueryTransformer(
+        allowed_comparators=allowed_comparators,
+        allowed_operators=allowed_operators,
+        allowed_attributes=allowed_attributes,
+    )
+    return Lark(GRAMMAR, parser="lalr", transformer=transformer, start="program")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1355b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+SONG_DATA_SOURCE = """\
+```json
+{{
+    "content": "Lyrics of a song",
+    "attributes": {{
+        "artist": {{
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "Name of the song artist"
+        }},
+        "length": {{
+            "type": "integer",
+            "description": "Length of the song in seconds"
+        }},
+        "genre": {{
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "The song genre, one of \"pop\", \"rock\" or \"rap\""
+        }}
+    }}
+}}
+```\
+"""
+
+FULL_ANSWER = """\
+```json
+{{
+    "query": "teenager love",
+    "filter": "and(or(eq(\\"artist\\", \\"Taylor Swift\\"), eq(\\"artist\\", \\"Katy Perry\\")), lt(\\"length\\", 180), eq(\\"genre\\", \\"pop\\"))"
+}}
+```\
+"""
+
+NO_FILTER_ANSWER = """\
+```json
+{{
+    "query": "",
+    "filter": "NO_FILTER"
+}}
+```\
+"""
+
+WITH_LIMIT_ANSWER = """\
+```json
+{{
+    "query": "love",
+    "filter": "NO_FILTER",
+    "limit": 2
+}}
+```\
+"""
+
+DEFAULT_EXAMPLES = [
+    {
+        "i": 1,
+        "data_source": SONG_DATA_SOURCE,
+        "user_query": "What are songs by Taylor Swift or Katy Perry about teenage romance under 3 minutes long in the dance pop genre",
+        "structured_request": FULL_ANSWER,
+    },
+    {
+        "i": 2,
+        "data_source": SONG_DATA_SOURCE,
+        "user_query": "What are songs that were not published on Spotify",
+        "structured_request": NO_FILTER_ANSWER,
+    },
+]
+
+EXAMPLES_WITH_LIMIT = [
+    {
+        "i": 1,
+        "data_source": SONG_DATA_SOURCE,
+        "user_query": "What are songs by Taylor Swift or Katy Perry about teenage romance under 3 minutes long in the dance pop genre",
+        "structured_request": FULL_ANSWER,
+    },
+    {
+        "i": 2,
+        "data_source": SONG_DATA_SOURCE,
+        "user_query": "What are songs that were not published on Spotify",
+        "structured_request": NO_FILTER_ANSWER,
+    },
+    {
+        "i": 3,
+        "data_source": SONG_DATA_SOURCE,
+        "user_query": "What are three songs about love",
+        "structured_request": WITH_LIMIT_ANSWER,
+    },
+]
+
+EXAMPLE_PROMPT_TEMPLATE = """\
+<< Example {i}. >>
+Data Source:
+{data_source}
+
+User Query:
+{user_query}
+
+Structured Request:
+{structured_request}
+"""
+
+EXAMPLE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(EXAMPLE_PROMPT_TEMPLATE)
+
+USER_SPECIFIED_EXAMPLE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+    """\
+<< Example {i}. >>
+User Query:
+{user_query}
+
+Structured Request:
+```json
+{structured_request}
+```
+"""
+)
+
+DEFAULT_SCHEMA = """\
+<< Structured Request Schema >>
+When responding use a markdown code snippet with a JSON object formatted in the following schema:
+
+```json
+{{{{
+    "query": string \\ text string to compare to document contents
+    "filter": string \\ logical condition statement for filtering documents
+}}}}
+```
+
+The query string should contain only text that is expected to match the contents of documents. Any conditions in the filter should not be mentioned in the query as well.
+
+A logical condition statement is composed of one or more comparison and logical operation statements.
+
+A comparison statement takes the form: `comp(attr, val)`:
+- `comp` ({allowed_comparators}): comparator
+- `attr` (string):  name of attribute to apply the comparison to
+- `val` (string): is the comparison value
+
+A logical operation statement takes the form `op(statement1, statement2, ...)`:
+- `op` ({allowed_operators}): logical operator
+- `statement1`, `statement2`, ... (comparison statements or logical operation statements): one or more statements to apply the operation to
+
+Make sure that you only use the comparators and logical operators listed above and no others.
+Make sure that filters only refer to attributes that exist in the data source.
+Make sure that filters only use the attributed names with its function names if there are functions applied on them.
+Make sure that filters only use format `YYYY-MM-DD` when handling date data typed values.
+Make sure that filters take into account the descriptions of attributes and only make comparisons that are feasible given the type of data being stored.
+Make sure that filters are only used as needed. If there are no filters that should be applied return "NO_FILTER" for the filter value.\
+"""
+DEFAULT_SCHEMA_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(DEFAULT_SCHEMA)
+
+SCHEMA_WITH_LIMIT = """\
+<< Structured Request Schema >>
+When responding use a markdown code snippet with a JSON object formatted in the following schema:
+
+```json
+{{{{
+    "query": string \\ text string to compare to document contents
+    "filter": string \\ logical condition statement for filtering documents
+    "limit": int \\ the number of documents to retrieve
+}}}}
+```
+
+The query string should contain only text that is expected to match the contents of documents. Any conditions in the filter should not be mentioned in the query as well.
+
+A logical condition statement is composed of one or more comparison and logical operation statements.
+
+A comparison statement takes the form: `comp(attr, val)`:
+- `comp` ({allowed_comparators}): comparator
+- `attr` (string):  name of attribute to apply the comparison to
+- `val` (string): is the comparison value
+
+A logical operation statement takes the form `op(statement1, statement2, ...)`:
+- `op` ({allowed_operators}): logical operator
+- `statement1`, `statement2`, ... (comparison statements or logical operation statements): one or more statements to apply the operation to
+
+Make sure that you only use the comparators and logical operators listed above and no others.
+Make sure that filters only refer to attributes that exist in the data source.
+Make sure that filters only use the attributed names with its function names if there are functions applied on them.
+Make sure that filters only use format `YYYY-MM-DD` when handling date data typed values.
+Make sure that filters take into account the descriptions of attributes and only make comparisons that are feasible given the type of data being stored.
+Make sure that filters are only used as needed. If there are no filters that should be applied return "NO_FILTER" for the filter value.
+Make sure the `limit` is always an int value. It is an optional parameter so leave it blank if it does not make sense.
+"""
+SCHEMA_WITH_LIMIT_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(SCHEMA_WITH_LIMIT)
+
+DEFAULT_PREFIX = """\
+Your goal is to structure the user's query to match the request schema provided below.
+
+{schema}\
+"""
+
+PREFIX_WITH_DATA_SOURCE = (
+    DEFAULT_PREFIX
+    + """
+
+<< Data Source >>
+```json
+{{{{
+    "content": "{content}",
+    "attributes": {attributes}
+}}}}
+```
+"""
+)
+
+DEFAULT_SUFFIX = """\
+<< Example {i}. >>
+Data Source:
+```json
+{{{{
+    "content": "{content}",
+    "attributes": {attributes}
+}}}}
+```
+
+User Query:
+{{query}}
+
+Structured Request:
+"""
+
+SUFFIX_WITHOUT_DATA_SOURCE = """\
+<< Example {i}. >>
+User Query:
+{{query}}
+
+Structured Request:
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56103d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/query_constructor/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+
+class AttributeInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Information about a data source attribute."""
+
+    name: str
+    description: str
+    type: str
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        frozen=True,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e347a7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from langchain.chains.question_answering.chain import LoadingCallable, load_qa_chain
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LoadingCallable",
+    "load_qa_chain",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/__pycache__/stuff_prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/__pycache__/stuff_prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8dbf6934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+"""Load question answering chains."""
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any, Optional, Protocol
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackManager, Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+
+from langchain.chains import ReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce import MapReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_rerank import MapRerankDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.refine import RefineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.question_answering import (
+    map_reduce_prompt,
+    refine_prompts,
+    stuff_prompt,
+)
+from langchain.chains.question_answering.map_rerank_prompt import (
+    PROMPT as MAP_RERANK_PROMPT,
+)
+
+
+class LoadingCallable(Protocol):
+    """Interface for loading the combine documents chain."""
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, llm: BaseLanguageModel, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+        """Callable to load the combine documents chain."""
+
+
+def _load_map_rerank_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = MAP_RERANK_PROMPT,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    document_variable_name: str = "context",
+    rank_key: str = "score",
+    answer_key: str = "answer",
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> MapRerankDocumentsChain:
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    return MapRerankDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        rank_key=rank_key,
+        answer_key=answer_key,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        verbose=verbose,
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_stuff_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    document_variable_name: str = "context",
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> StuffDocumentsChain:
+    _prompt = prompt or stuff_prompt.PROMPT_SELECTOR.get_prompt(llm)
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    # TODO: document prompt
+    return StuffDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_map_reduce_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    question_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    combine_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    combine_document_variable_name: str = "summaries",
+    map_reduce_document_variable_name: str = "context",
+    collapse_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    reduce_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    collapse_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    token_max: int = 3000,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> MapReduceDocumentsChain:
+    _question_prompt = (
+        question_prompt or map_reduce_prompt.QUESTION_PROMPT_SELECTOR.get_prompt(llm)
+    )
+    _combine_prompt = (
+        combine_prompt or map_reduce_prompt.COMBINE_PROMPT_SELECTOR.get_prompt(llm)
+    )
+    map_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=_question_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    _reduce_llm = reduce_llm or llm
+    reduce_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=_reduce_llm,
+        prompt=_combine_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    # TODO: document prompt
+    combine_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=reduce_chain,
+        document_variable_name=combine_document_variable_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    if collapse_prompt is None:
+        collapse_chain = None
+        if collapse_llm is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "collapse_llm provided, but collapse_prompt was not: please "
+                "provide one or stop providing collapse_llm."
+            )
+    else:
+        _collapse_llm = collapse_llm or llm
+        collapse_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=LLMChain(
+                llm=_collapse_llm,
+                prompt=collapse_prompt,
+                verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                callback_manager=callback_manager,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+            ),
+            document_variable_name=combine_document_variable_name,
+            verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        )
+    reduce_documents_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+        collapse_documents_chain=collapse_chain,
+        token_max=token_max,
+        verbose=verbose,
+    )
+    return MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=map_chain,
+        document_variable_name=map_reduce_document_variable_name,
+        reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_refine_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    question_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    refine_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    document_variable_name: str = "context_str",
+    initial_response_name: str = "existing_answer",
+    refine_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> RefineDocumentsChain:
+    _question_prompt = (
+        question_prompt or refine_prompts.QUESTION_PROMPT_SELECTOR.get_prompt(llm)
+    )
+    _refine_prompt = refine_prompt or refine_prompts.REFINE_PROMPT_SELECTOR.get_prompt(
+        llm
+    )
+    initial_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=_question_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    _refine_llm = refine_llm or llm
+    refine_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=_refine_llm,
+        prompt=_refine_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    return RefineDocumentsChain(
+        initial_llm_chain=initial_chain,
+        refine_llm_chain=refine_chain,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        initial_response_name=initial_response_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callback_manager=callback_manager,
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. See the following migration guides for replacements "
+        "based on `chain_type`:\n"
+        "stuff: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/stuff_docs_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+        "map_reduce: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_reduce_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+        "refine: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/refine_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+        "map_rerank: https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/map_rerank_docs_chain\n"  # noqa: E501
+        "\nSee also guides on retrieval and question-answering here: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/#qa-with-rag"
+    ),
+)
+def load_qa_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    chain_type: str = "stuff",
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+    """Load question answering chain.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language Model to use in the chain.
+        chain_type: Type of document combining chain to use. Should be one of "stuff",
+            "map_reduce", "map_rerank", and "refine".
+        verbose: Whether chains should be run in verbose mode or not. Note that this
+            applies to all chains that make up the final chain.
+        callback_manager: Callback manager to use for the chain.
+
+    Returns:
+        A chain to use for question answering.
+    """
+    loader_mapping: Mapping[str, LoadingCallable] = {
+        "stuff": _load_stuff_chain,
+        "map_reduce": _load_map_reduce_chain,
+        "refine": _load_refine_chain,
+        "map_rerank": _load_map_rerank_chain,
+    }
+    if chain_type not in loader_mapping:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Got unsupported chain type: {chain_type}. "
+            f"Should be one of {loader_mapping.keys()}"
+        )
+    return loader_mapping[chain_type](
+        llm, verbose=verbose, callback_manager=callback_manager, **kwargs
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/map_reduce_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/map_reduce_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..defaa8fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/map_reduce_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain.chains.prompt_selector import ConditionalPromptSelector, is_chat_model
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+question_prompt_template = """Use the following portion of a long document to see if any of the text is relevant to answer the question. 
+Return any relevant text verbatim.
+{context}
+Question: {question}
+Relevant text, if any:"""
+QUESTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=question_prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question"]
+)
+system_template = """Use the following portion of a long document to see if any of the text is relevant to answer the question. 
+Return any relevant text verbatim.
+______________________
+{context}"""
+messages = [
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(system_template),
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{question}"),
+]
+CHAT_QUESTION_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(messages)
+
+
+QUESTION_PROMPT_SELECTOR = ConditionalPromptSelector(
+    default_prompt=QUESTION_PROMPT, conditionals=[(is_chat_model, CHAT_QUESTION_PROMPT)]
+)
+
+combine_prompt_template = """Given the following extracted parts of a long document and a question, create a final answer. 
+If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know. Don't try to make up an answer.
+
+QUESTION: Which state/country's law governs the interpretation of the contract?
+=========
+Content: This Agreement is governed by English law and the parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts in  relation to any dispute (contractual or non-contractual) concerning this Agreement save that either party may apply to any court for an  injunction or other relief to protect its Intellectual Property Rights.
+
+Content: No Waiver. Failure or delay in exercising any right or remedy under this Agreement shall not constitute a waiver of such (or any other)  right or remedy.\n\n11.7 Severability. The invalidity, illegality or unenforceability of any term (or part of a term) of this Agreement shall not affect the continuation  in force of the remainder of the term (if any) and this Agreement.\n\n11.8 No Agency. Except as expressly stated otherwise, nothing in this Agreement shall create an agency, partnership or joint venture of any  kind between the parties.\n\n11.9 No Third-Party Beneficiaries.
+
+Content: (b) if Google believes, in good faith, that the Distributor has violated or caused Google to violate any Anti-Bribery Laws (as  defined in Clause 8.5) or that such a violation is reasonably likely to occur,
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER: This Agreement is governed by English law.
+
+QUESTION: What did the president say about Michael Jackson?
+=========
+Content: Madam Speaker, Madam Vice President, our First Lady and Second Gentleman. Members of Congress and the Cabinet. Justices of the Supreme Court. My fellow Americans.  \n\nLast year COVID-19 kept us apart. This year we are finally together again. \n\nTonight, we meet as Democrats Republicans and Independents. But most importantly as Americans. \n\nWith a duty to one another to the American people to the Constitution. \n\nAnd with an unwavering resolve that freedom will always triumph over tyranny. \n\nSix days ago, Russia’s Vladimir Putin sought to shake the foundations of the free world thinking he could make it bend to his menacing ways. But he badly miscalculated. \n\nHe thought he could roll into Ukraine and the world would roll over. Instead he met a wall of strength he never imagined. \n\nHe met the Ukrainian people. \n\nFrom President Zelenskyy to every Ukrainian, their fearlessness, their courage, their determination, inspires the world. \n\nGroups of citizens blocking tanks with their bodies. Everyone from students to retirees teachers turned soldiers defending their homeland.
+
+Content: And we won’t stop. \n\nWe have lost so much to COVID-19. Time with one another. And worst of all, so much loss of life. \n\nLet’s use this moment to reset. Let’s stop looking at COVID-19 as a partisan dividing line and see it for what it is: A God-awful disease.  \n\nLet’s stop seeing each other as enemies, and start seeing each other for who we really are: Fellow Americans.  \n\nWe can’t change how divided we’ve been. But we can change how we move forward—on COVID-19 and other issues we must face together. \n\nI recently visited the New York City Police Department days after the funerals of Officer Wilbert Mora and his partner, Officer Jason Rivera. \n\nThey were responding to a 9-1-1 call when a man shot and killed them with a stolen gun. \n\nOfficer Mora was 27 years old. \n\nOfficer Rivera was 22. \n\nBoth Dominican Americans who’d grown up on the same streets they later chose to patrol as police officers. \n\nI spoke with their families and told them that we are forever in debt for their sacrifice, and we will carry on their mission to restore the trust and safety every community deserves.
+
+Content: And a proud Ukrainian people, who have known 30 years  of independence, have repeatedly shown that they will not tolerate anyone who tries to take their country backwards.  \n\nTo all Americans, I will be honest with you, as I’ve always promised. A Russian dictator, invading a foreign country, has costs around the world. \n\nAnd I’m taking robust action to make sure the pain of our sanctions  is targeted at Russia’s economy. And I will use every tool at our disposal to protect American businesses and consumers. \n\nTonight, I can announce that the United States has worked with 30 other countries to release 60 Million barrels of oil from reserves around the world.  \n\nAmerica will lead that effort, releasing 30 Million barrels from our own Strategic Petroleum Reserve. And we stand ready to do more if necessary, unified with our allies.  \n\nThese steps will help blunt gas prices here at home. And I know the news about what’s happening can seem alarming. \n\nBut I want you to know that we are going to be okay.
+
+Content: More support for patients and families. \n\nTo get there, I call on Congress to fund ARPA-H, the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health. \n\nIt’s based on DARPA—the Defense Department project that led to the Internet, GPS, and so much more.  \n\nARPA-H will have a singular purpose—to drive breakthroughs in cancer, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and more. \n\nA unity agenda for the nation. \n\nWe can do this. \n\nMy fellow Americans—tonight , we have gathered in a sacred space—the citadel of our democracy. \n\nIn this Capitol, generation after generation, Americans have debated great questions amid great strife, and have done great things. \n\nWe have fought for freedom, expanded liberty, defeated totalitarianism and terror. \n\nAnd built the strongest, freest, and most prosperous nation the world has ever known. \n\nNow is the hour. \n\nOur moment of responsibility. \n\nOur test of resolve and conscience, of history itself. \n\nIt is in this moment that our character is formed. Our purpose is found. Our future is forged. \n\nWell I know this nation.
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER: The president did not mention Michael Jackson.
+
+QUESTION: {question}
+=========
+{summaries}
+=========
+FINAL ANSWER:"""
+COMBINE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=combine_prompt_template, input_variables=["summaries", "question"]
+)
+
+system_template = """Given the following extracted parts of a long document and a question, create a final answer. 
+If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know. Don't try to make up an answer.
+______________________
+{summaries}"""
+messages = [
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(system_template),
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{question}"),
+]
+CHAT_COMBINE_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(messages)
+
+
+COMBINE_PROMPT_SELECTOR = ConditionalPromptSelector(
+    default_prompt=COMBINE_PROMPT, conditionals=[(is_chat_model, CHAT_COMBINE_PROMPT)]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/map_rerank_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/map_rerank_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9547385
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/map_rerank_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain.output_parsers.regex import RegexParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+output_parser = RegexParser(
+    regex=r"(.*?)\nScore: (\d*)",
+    output_keys=["answer", "score"],
+)
+
+prompt_template = """Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
+
+In addition to giving an answer, also return a score of how fully it answered the user's question. This should be in the following format:
+
+Question: [question here]
+Helpful Answer: [answer here]
+Score: [score between 0 and 100]
+
+How to determine the score:
+- Higher is a better answer
+- Better responds fully to the asked question, with sufficient level of detail
+- If you do not know the answer based on the context, that should be a score of 0
+- Don't be overconfident!
+
+Example #1
+
+Context:
+---------
+Apples are red
+---------
+Question: what color are apples?
+Helpful Answer: red
+Score: 100
+
+Example #2
+
+Context:
+---------
+it was night and the witness forgot his glasses. he was not sure if it was a sports car or an suv
+---------
+Question: what type was the car?
+Helpful Answer: a sports car or an suv
+Score: 60
+
+Example #3
+
+Context:
+---------
+Pears are either red or orange
+---------
+Question: what color are apples?
+Helpful Answer: This document does not answer the question
+Score: 0
+
+Begin!
+
+Context:
+---------
+{context}
+---------
+Question: {question}
+Helpful Answer:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=prompt_template,
+    input_variables=["context", "question"],
+    output_parser=output_parser,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/refine_prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/refine_prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..303d94ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/refine_prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain.chains.prompt_selector import ConditionalPromptSelector, is_chat_model
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    AIMessagePromptTemplate,
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT_TMPL = (
+    "The original question is as follows: {question}\n"
+    "We have provided an existing answer: {existing_answer}\n"
+    "We have the opportunity to refine the existing answer "
+    "(only if needed) with some more context below.\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "{context_str}\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "Given the new context, refine the original answer to better "
+    "answer the question. "
+    "If the context isn't useful, return the original answer."
+)
+DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT_TMPL)
+
+refine_template = (
+    "We have the opportunity to refine the existing answer "
+    "(only if needed) with some more context below.\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "{context_str}\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "Given the new context, refine the original answer to better "
+    "answer the question. "
+    "If the context isn't useful, return the original answer."
+)
+CHAT_REFINE_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [
+        ("human", "{question}"),
+        ("ai", "{existing_answer}"),
+        ("human", refine_template),
+    ]
+)
+REFINE_PROMPT_SELECTOR = ConditionalPromptSelector(
+    default_prompt=DEFAULT_REFINE_PROMPT,
+    conditionals=[(is_chat_model, CHAT_REFINE_PROMPT)],
+)
+
+
+DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT_TMPL = (
+    "Context information is below. \n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "{context_str}\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "Given the context information and not prior knowledge, "
+    "answer the question: {question}\n"
+)
+DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT_TMPL)
+
+chat_qa_prompt_template = (
+    "Context information is below.\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "{context_str}\n"
+    "------------\n"
+    "Given the context information and not prior knowledge, "
+    "answer any questions"
+)
+CHAT_QUESTION_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [
+        ("system", chat_qa_prompt_template),
+        ("human", "{question}"),
+    ]
+)
+QUESTION_PROMPT_SELECTOR = ConditionalPromptSelector(
+    default_prompt=DEFAULT_TEXT_QA_PROMPT,
+    conditionals=[(is_chat_model, CHAT_QUESTION_PROMPT)],
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/stuff_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/stuff_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee006433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/question_answering/stuff_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain.chains.prompt_selector import ConditionalPromptSelector, is_chat_model
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+
+prompt_template = """Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
+
+{context}
+
+Question: {question}
+Helpful Answer:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question"]
+)
+
+system_template = """Use the following pieces of context to answer the user's question. 
+If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
+----------------
+{context}"""
+messages = [
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(system_template),
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{question}"),
+]
+CHAT_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(messages)
+
+
+PROMPT_SELECTOR = ConditionalPromptSelector(
+    default_prompt=PROMPT, conditionals=[(is_chat_model, CHAT_PROMPT)]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b27036ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from langchain_core.retrievers import (
+    BaseRetriever,
+    RetrieverOutput,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+
+
+def create_retrieval_chain(
+    retriever: Union[BaseRetriever, Runnable[dict, RetrieverOutput]],
+    combine_docs_chain: Runnable[dict[str, Any], str],
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create retrieval chain that retrieves documents and then passes them on.
+
+    Args:
+        retriever: Retriever-like object that returns list of documents. Should
+            either be a subclass of BaseRetriever or a Runnable that returns
+            a list of documents. If a subclass of BaseRetriever, then it
+            is expected that an `input` key be passed in - this is what
+            is will be used to pass into the retriever. If this is NOT a
+            subclass of BaseRetriever, then all the inputs will be passed
+            into this runnable, meaning that runnable should take a dictionary
+            as input.
+        combine_docs_chain: Runnable that takes inputs and produces a string output.
+            The inputs to this will be any original inputs to this chain, a new
+            context key with the retrieved documents, and chat_history (if not present
+            in the inputs) with a value of `[]` (to easily enable conversational
+            retrieval.
+
+    Returns:
+        An LCEL Runnable. The Runnable return is a dictionary containing at the very
+        least a `context` and `answer` key.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install -U langchain langchain-community
+
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
+            from langchain.chains import create_retrieval_chain
+            from langchain import hub
+
+            retrieval_qa_chat_prompt = hub.pull("langchain-ai/retrieval-qa-chat")
+            llm = ChatOpenAI()
+            retriever = ...
+            combine_docs_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(
+                llm, retrieval_qa_chat_prompt
+            )
+            retrieval_chain = create_retrieval_chain(retriever, combine_docs_chain)
+
+            retrieval_chain.invoke({"input": "..."})
+
+    """
+    if not isinstance(retriever, BaseRetriever):
+        retrieval_docs: Runnable[dict, RetrieverOutput] = retriever
+    else:
+        retrieval_docs = (lambda x: x["input"]) | retriever
+
+    retrieval_chain = (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            context=retrieval_docs.with_config(run_name="retrieve_documents"),
+        ).assign(answer=combine_docs_chain)
+    ).with_config(run_name="retrieval_chain")
+
+    return retrieval_chain
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8e4d9aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Chain for question-answering against a vector database."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cf59cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+"""Chain for question-answering against a vector database."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import warnings
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.question_answering import load_qa_chain
+from langchain.chains.question_answering.stuff_prompt import PROMPT_SELECTOR
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Use the `create_retrieval_chain` constructor "
+        "instead. See migration guide here: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/retrieval_qa/"
+    ),
+)
+class BaseRetrievalQA(Chain):
+    """Base class for question-answering chains."""
+
+    combine_documents_chain: BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+    """Chain to use to combine the documents."""
+    input_key: str = "query"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "result"  #: :meta private:
+    return_source_documents: bool = False
+    """Return the source documents or not."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        populate_by_name=True,
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Output keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        _output_keys = [self.output_key]
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            _output_keys = _output_keys + ["source_documents"]
+        return _output_keys
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        llm_chain_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseRetrievalQA:
+        """Initialize from LLM."""
+        _prompt = prompt or PROMPT_SELECTOR.get_prompt(llm)
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(
+            llm=llm, prompt=_prompt, callbacks=callbacks, **(llm_chain_kwargs or {})
+        )
+        document_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+            input_variables=["page_content"], template="Context:\n{page_content}"
+        )
+        combine_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            document_variable_name="context",
+            document_prompt=document_prompt,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+        )
+
+        return cls(
+            combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_chain_type(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        chain_type: str = "stuff",
+        chain_type_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseRetrievalQA:
+        """Load chain from chain type."""
+        _chain_type_kwargs = chain_type_kwargs or {}
+        combine_documents_chain = load_qa_chain(
+            llm, chain_type=chain_type, **_chain_type_kwargs
+        )
+        return cls(combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain, **kwargs)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents to do question answering over."""
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run get_relevant_text and llm on input query.
+
+        If chain has 'return_source_documents' as 'True', returns
+        the retrieved documents as well under the key 'source_documents'.
+
+        Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+        res = indexqa({'query': 'This is my query'})
+        answer, docs = res['result'], res['source_documents']
+        """
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        question = inputs[self.input_key]
+        accepts_run_manager = (
+            "run_manager" in inspect.signature(self._get_docs).parameters
+        )
+        if accepts_run_manager:
+            docs = self._get_docs(question, run_manager=_run_manager)
+        else:
+            docs = self._get_docs(question)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        answer = self.combine_documents_chain.run(
+            input_documents=docs, question=question, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+        )
+
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            return {self.output_key: answer, "source_documents": docs}
+        else:
+            return {self.output_key: answer}
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents to do question answering over."""
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run get_relevant_text and llm on input query.
+
+        If chain has 'return_source_documents' as 'True', returns
+        the retrieved documents as well under the key 'source_documents'.
+
+        Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+        res = indexqa({'query': 'This is my query'})
+        answer, docs = res['result'], res['source_documents']
+        """
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        question = inputs[self.input_key]
+        accepts_run_manager = (
+            "run_manager" in inspect.signature(self._aget_docs).parameters
+        )
+        if accepts_run_manager:
+            docs = await self._aget_docs(question, run_manager=_run_manager)
+        else:
+            docs = await self._aget_docs(question)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        answer = await self.combine_documents_chain.arun(
+            input_documents=docs, question=question, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+        )
+
+        if self.return_source_documents:
+            return {self.output_key: answer, "source_documents": docs}
+        else:
+            return {self.output_key: answer}
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.17",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Use the `create_retrieval_chain` constructor "
+        "instead. See migration guide here: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/retrieval_qa/"
+    ),
+)
+class RetrievalQA(BaseRetrievalQA):
+    """Chain for question-answering against an index.
+
+    This class is deprecated. See below for an example implementation using
+    `create_retrieval_chain`:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import create_retrieval_chain
+            from langchain.chains.combine_documents import create_stuff_documents_chain
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+
+            retriever = ...  # Your retriever
+            llm = ChatOpenAI()
+
+            system_prompt = (
+                "Use the given context to answer the question. "
+                "If you don't know the answer, say you don't know. "
+                "Use three sentence maximum and keep the answer concise. "
+                "Context: {context}"
+            )
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", system_prompt),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                ]
+            )
+            question_answer_chain = create_stuff_documents_chain(llm, prompt)
+            chain = create_retrieval_chain(retriever, question_answer_chain)
+
+            chain.invoke({"input": query})
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+            from langchain.chains import RetrievalQA
+            from langchain_community.vectorstores import FAISS
+            from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStoreRetriever
+            retriever = VectorStoreRetriever(vectorstore=FAISS(...))
+            retrievalQA = RetrievalQA.from_llm(llm=OpenAI(), retriever=retriever)
+
+    """
+
+    retriever: BaseRetriever = Field(exclude=True)
+
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        return self.retriever.invoke(
+            question, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        return await self.retriever.ainvoke(
+            question, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the chain type."""
+        return "retrieval_qa"
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.13",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Use the `create_retrieval_chain` constructor "
+        "instead. See migration guide here: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/retrieval_qa/"
+    ),
+)
+class VectorDBQA(BaseRetrievalQA):
+    """Chain for question-answering against a vector database."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore = Field(exclude=True, alias="vectorstore")
+    """Vector Database to connect to."""
+    k: int = 4
+    """Number of documents to query for."""
+    search_type: str = "similarity"
+    """Search type to use over vectorstore. `similarity` or `mmr`."""
+    search_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Extra search args."""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "`VectorDBQA` is deprecated - "
+            "please use `from langchain.chains import RetrievalQA`"
+        )
+        return values
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_search_type(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate search type."""
+        if "search_type" in values:
+            search_type = values["search_type"]
+            if search_type not in ("similarity", "mmr"):
+                raise ValueError(f"search_type of {search_type} not allowed.")
+        return values
+
+    def _get_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        if self.search_type == "similarity":
+            docs = self.vectorstore.similarity_search(
+                question, k=self.k, **self.search_kwargs
+            )
+        elif self.search_type == "mmr":
+            docs = self.vectorstore.max_marginal_relevance_search(
+                question, k=self.k, **self.search_kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"search_type of {self.search_type} not allowed.")
+        return docs
+
+    async def _aget_docs(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get docs."""
+        raise NotImplementedError("VectorDBQA does not support async")
+
+    @property
+    def _chain_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the chain type."""
+        return "vector_db_qa"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..963c3531
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/retrieval_qa/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+prompt_template = """Use the following pieces of context to answer the question at the end. If you don't know the answer, just say that you don't know, don't try to make up an answer.
+
+{context}
+
+Question: {question}
+Helpful Answer:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    template=prompt_template, input_variables=["context", "question"]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ccd5eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from langchain.chains.router.base import MultiRouteChain, RouterChain
+from langchain.chains.router.llm_router import LLMRouterChain
+from langchain.chains.router.multi_prompt import MultiPromptChain
+from langchain.chains.router.multi_retrieval_qa import MultiRetrievalQAChain
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RouterChain",
+    "MultiRouteChain",
+    "MultiPromptChain",
+    "MultiRetrievalQAChain",
+    "LLMRouterChain",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/__pycache__/multi_retrieval_qa.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/__pycache__/multi_retrieval_qa.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba58620e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+"""Base classes for chain routing."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any, NamedTuple, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+
+
+class Route(NamedTuple):
+    destination: Optional[str]
+    next_inputs: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+class RouterChain(Chain, ABC):
+    """Chain that outputs the name of a destination chain and the inputs to it."""
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["destination", "next_inputs"]
+
+    def route(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], callbacks: Callbacks = None) -> Route:
+        """
+        Route inputs to a destination chain.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: inputs to the chain
+            callbacks: callbacks to use for the chain
+
+        Returns:
+            a Route object
+        """
+        result = self(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+        return Route(result["destination"], result["next_inputs"])
+
+    async def aroute(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], callbacks: Callbacks = None
+    ) -> Route:
+        result = await self.acall(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+        return Route(result["destination"], result["next_inputs"])
+
+
+class MultiRouteChain(Chain):
+    """Use a single chain to route an input to one of multiple candidate chains."""
+
+    router_chain: RouterChain
+    """Chain that routes inputs to destination chains."""
+    destination_chains: Mapping[str, Chain]
+    """Chains that return final answer to inputs."""
+    default_chain: Chain
+    """Default chain to use when none of the destination chains are suitable."""
+    silent_errors: bool = False
+    """If True, use default_chain when an invalid destination name is provided. 
+    Defaults to False."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will be whatever keys the router chain prompt expects.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.router_chain.input_keys
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return text key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        route = self.router_chain.route(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+
+        _run_manager.on_text(
+            str(route.destination) + ": " + str(route.next_inputs), verbose=self.verbose
+        )
+        if not route.destination:
+            return self.default_chain(route.next_inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+        elif route.destination in self.destination_chains:
+            return self.destination_chains[route.destination](
+                route.next_inputs, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+        elif self.silent_errors:
+            return self.default_chain(route.next_inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Received invalid destination chain name '{route.destination}'"
+            )
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        route = await self.router_chain.aroute(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+
+        await _run_manager.on_text(
+            str(route.destination) + ": " + str(route.next_inputs), verbose=self.verbose
+        )
+        if not route.destination:
+            return await self.default_chain.acall(
+                route.next_inputs, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+        elif route.destination in self.destination_chains:
+            return await self.destination_chains[route.destination].acall(
+                route.next_inputs, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+        elif self.silent_errors:
+            return await self.default_chain.acall(
+                route.next_inputs, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Received invalid destination chain name '{route.destination}'"
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/embedding_router.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/embedding_router.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aaa4af6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/embedding_router.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains.router.base import RouterChain
+
+
+class EmbeddingRouterChain(RouterChain):
+    """Chain that uses embeddings to route between options."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore
+    routing_keys: list[str] = ["query"]
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will be whatever keys the LLM chain prompt expects.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.routing_keys
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _input = ", ".join([inputs[k] for k in self.routing_keys])
+        results = self.vectorstore.similarity_search(_input, k=1)
+        return {"next_inputs": inputs, "destination": results[0].metadata["name"]}
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _input = ", ".join([inputs[k] for k in self.routing_keys])
+        results = await self.vectorstore.asimilarity_search(_input, k=1)
+        return {"next_inputs": inputs, "destination": results[0].metadata["name"]}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_names_and_descriptions(
+        cls,
+        names_and_descriptions: Sequence[tuple[str, Sequence[str]]],
+        vectorstore_cls: type[VectorStore],
+        embeddings: Embeddings,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> EmbeddingRouterChain:
+        """Convenience constructor."""
+        documents = []
+        for name, descriptions in names_and_descriptions:
+            for description in descriptions:
+                documents.append(
+                    Document(page_content=description, metadata={"name": name})
+                )
+        vectorstore = vectorstore_cls.from_documents(documents, embeddings)
+        return cls(vectorstore=vectorstore, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def afrom_names_and_descriptions(
+        cls,
+        names_and_descriptions: Sequence[tuple[str, Sequence[str]]],
+        vectorstore_cls: type[VectorStore],
+        embeddings: Embeddings,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> EmbeddingRouterChain:
+        """Convenience constructor."""
+        documents = []
+        for name, descriptions in names_and_descriptions:
+            for description in descriptions:
+                documents.append(
+                    Document(page_content=description, metadata={"name": name})
+                )
+        vectorstore = await vectorstore_cls.afrom_documents(documents, embeddings)
+        return cls(vectorstore=vectorstore, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/llm_router.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/llm_router.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..759e6f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/llm_router.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+"""Base classes for LLM-powered router chains."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Optional, cast
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.utils.json import parse_and_check_json_markdown
+from pydantic import model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.router.base import RouterChain
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.12",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "Use RunnableLambda to select from multiple prompt templates. See example "
+        "in API reference: "
+        "https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/chains/langchain.chains.router.llm_router.LLMRouterChain.html"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+class LLMRouterChain(RouterChain):
+    """A router chain that uses an LLM chain to perform routing.
+
+    This class is deprecated. See below for a replacement, which offers several
+    benefits, including streaming and batch support.
+
+    Below is an example implementation:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from operator import itemgetter
+            from typing import Literal
+            from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda, RunnablePassthrough
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")
+
+            prompt_1 = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are an expert on animals."),
+                    ("human", "{query}"),
+                ]
+            )
+            prompt_2 = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are an expert on vegetables."),
+                    ("human", "{query}"),
+                ]
+            )
+
+            chain_1 = prompt_1 | llm | StrOutputParser()
+            chain_2 = prompt_2 | llm | StrOutputParser()
+
+            route_system = "Route the user's query to either the animal or vegetable expert."
+            route_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", route_system),
+                    ("human", "{query}"),
+                ]
+            )
+
+
+            class RouteQuery(TypedDict):
+                \"\"\"Route query to destination.\"\"\"
+                destination: Literal["animal", "vegetable"]
+
+
+            route_chain = (
+                route_prompt
+                | llm.with_structured_output(RouteQuery)
+                | itemgetter("destination")
+            )
+
+            chain = {
+                "destination": route_chain,  # "animal" or "vegetable"
+                "query": lambda x: x["query"],  # pass through input query
+            } | RunnableLambda(
+                # if animal, chain_1. otherwise, chain_2.
+                lambda x: chain_1 if x["destination"] == "animal" else chain_2,
+            )
+
+            chain.invoke({"query": "what color are carrots"})
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    llm_chain: LLMChain
+    """LLM chain used to perform routing"""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_prompt(self) -> Self:
+        prompt = self.llm_chain.prompt
+        if prompt.output_parser is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "LLMRouterChain requires base llm_chain prompt to have an output"
+                " parser that converts LLM text output to a dictionary with keys"
+                " 'destination' and 'next_inputs'. Received a prompt with no output"
+                " parser."
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will be whatever keys the LLM chain prompt expects.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.llm_chain.input_keys
+
+    def _validate_outputs(self, outputs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        super()._validate_outputs(outputs)
+        if not isinstance(outputs["next_inputs"], dict):
+            raise ValueError
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+
+        prediction = self.llm_chain.predict(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs)
+        output = cast(
+            dict[str, Any],
+            self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser.parse(prediction),
+        )
+        return output
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        output = cast(
+            dict[str, Any],
+            await self.llm_chain.apredict_and_parse(callbacks=callbacks, **inputs),
+        )
+        return output
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls, llm: BaseLanguageModel, prompt: BasePromptTemplate, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> LLMRouterChain:
+        """Convenience constructor."""
+        llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+        return cls(llm_chain=llm_chain, **kwargs)
+
+
+class RouterOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[dict[str, str]]):
+    """Parser for output of router chain in the multi-prompt chain."""
+
+    default_destination: str = "DEFAULT"
+    next_inputs_type: type = str
+    next_inputs_inner_key: str = "input"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        try:
+            expected_keys = ["destination", "next_inputs"]
+            parsed = parse_and_check_json_markdown(text, expected_keys)
+            if not isinstance(parsed["destination"], str):
+                raise ValueError("Expected 'destination' to be a string.")
+            if not isinstance(parsed["next_inputs"], self.next_inputs_type):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Expected 'next_inputs' to be {self.next_inputs_type}."
+                )
+            parsed["next_inputs"] = {self.next_inputs_inner_key: parsed["next_inputs"]}
+            if (
+                parsed["destination"].strip().lower()
+                == self.default_destination.lower()
+            ):
+                parsed["destination"] = None
+            else:
+                parsed["destination"] = parsed["destination"].strip()
+            return parsed
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Parsing text\n{text}\n raised following error:\n{e}"
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b3f398b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+"""Use a single chain to route an input to one of multiple llm chains."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+from langchain.chains import ConversationChain
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.router.base import MultiRouteChain
+from langchain.chains.router.llm_router import LLMRouterChain, RouterOutputParser
+from langchain.chains.router.multi_prompt_prompt import MULTI_PROMPT_ROUTER_TEMPLATE
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.12",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see migration guide here for recommended implementation: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_chains/multi_prompt_chain/"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+class MultiPromptChain(MultiRouteChain):
+    """A multi-route chain that uses an LLM router chain to choose amongst prompts.
+
+    This class is deprecated. See below for a replacement, which offers several
+    benefits, including streaming and batch support.
+
+    Below is an example implementation:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from operator import itemgetter
+            from typing import Literal
+
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langgraph.graph import END, START, StateGraph
+            from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")
+
+            # Define the prompts we will route to
+            prompt_1 = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are an expert on animals."),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                ]
+            )
+            prompt_2 = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are an expert on vegetables."),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                ]
+            )
+
+            # Construct the chains we will route to. These format the input query
+            # into the respective prompt, run it through a chat model, and cast
+            # the result to a string.
+            chain_1 = prompt_1 | llm | StrOutputParser()
+            chain_2 = prompt_2 | llm | StrOutputParser()
+
+
+            # Next: define the chain that selects which branch to route to.
+            # Here we will take advantage of tool-calling features to force
+            # the output to select one of two desired branches.
+            route_system = "Route the user's query to either the animal or vegetable expert."
+            route_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", route_system),
+                    ("human", "{input}"),
+                ]
+            )
+
+
+            # Define schema for output:
+            class RouteQuery(TypedDict):
+                \"\"\"Route query to destination expert.\"\"\"
+
+                destination: Literal["animal", "vegetable"]
+
+
+            route_chain = route_prompt | llm.with_structured_output(RouteQuery)
+
+
+            # For LangGraph, we will define the state of the graph to hold the query,
+            # destination, and final answer.
+            class State(TypedDict):
+                query: str
+                destination: RouteQuery
+                answer: str
+
+
+            # We define functions for each node, including routing the query:
+            async def route_query(state: State, config: RunnableConfig):
+                destination = await route_chain.ainvoke(state["query"], config)
+                return {"destination": destination}
+
+
+            # And one node for each prompt
+            async def prompt_1(state: State, config: RunnableConfig):
+                return {"answer": await chain_1.ainvoke(state["query"], config)}
+
+
+            async def prompt_2(state: State, config: RunnableConfig):
+                return {"answer": await chain_2.ainvoke(state["query"], config)}
+
+
+            # We then define logic that selects the prompt based on the classification
+            def select_node(state: State) -> Literal["prompt_1", "prompt_2"]:
+                if state["destination"] == "animal":
+                    return "prompt_1"
+                else:
+                    return "prompt_2"
+
+
+            # Finally, assemble the multi-prompt chain. This is a sequence of two steps:
+            # 1) Select "animal" or "vegetable" via the route_chain, and collect the answer
+            # alongside the input query.
+            # 2) Route the input query to chain_1 or chain_2, based on the
+            # selection.
+            graph = StateGraph(State)
+            graph.add_node("route_query", route_query)
+            graph.add_node("prompt_1", prompt_1)
+            graph.add_node("prompt_2", prompt_2)
+
+            graph.add_edge(START, "route_query")
+            graph.add_conditional_edges("route_query", select_node)
+            graph.add_edge("prompt_1", END)
+            graph.add_edge("prompt_2", END)
+            app = graph.compile()
+
+            result = await app.ainvoke({"query": "what color are carrots"})
+            print(result["destination"])
+            print(result["answer"])
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["text"]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_prompts(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt_infos: list[dict[str, str]],
+        default_chain: Optional[Chain] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> MultiPromptChain:
+        """Convenience constructor for instantiating from destination prompts."""
+        destinations = [f"{p['name']}: {p['description']}" for p in prompt_infos]
+        destinations_str = "\n".join(destinations)
+        router_template = MULTI_PROMPT_ROUTER_TEMPLATE.format(
+            destinations=destinations_str
+        )
+        router_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+            template=router_template,
+            input_variables=["input"],
+            output_parser=RouterOutputParser(),
+        )
+        router_chain = LLMRouterChain.from_llm(llm, router_prompt)
+        destination_chains = {}
+        for p_info in prompt_infos:
+            name = p_info["name"]
+            prompt_template = p_info["prompt_template"]
+            prompt = PromptTemplate(template=prompt_template, input_variables=["input"])
+            chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+            destination_chains[name] = chain
+        _default_chain = default_chain or ConversationChain(llm=llm, output_key="text")
+        return cls(
+            router_chain=router_chain,
+            destination_chains=destination_chains,
+            default_chain=_default_chain,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_prompt_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_prompt_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b879e718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_prompt_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+"""Prompt for the router chain in the multi-prompt chain."""
+
+MULTI_PROMPT_ROUTER_TEMPLATE = """\
+Given a raw text input to a language model select the model prompt best suited for \
+the input. You will be given the names of the available prompts and a description of \
+what the prompt is best suited for. You may also revise the original input if you \
+think that revising it will ultimately lead to a better response from the language \
+model.
+
+<< FORMATTING >>
+Return a markdown code snippet with a JSON object formatted to look like:
+```json
+{{{{
+    "destination": string \\ name of the prompt to use or "DEFAULT"
+    "next_inputs": string \\ a potentially modified version of the original input
+}}}}
+```
+
+REMEMBER: "destination" MUST be one of the candidate prompt names specified below OR \
+it can be "DEFAULT" if the input is not well suited for any of the candidate prompts.
+REMEMBER: "next_inputs" can just be the original input if you don't think any \
+modifications are needed.
+
+<< CANDIDATE PROMPTS >>
+{destinations}
+
+<< INPUT >>
+{{input}}
+
+<< OUTPUT (must include ```json at the start of the response) >>
+<< OUTPUT (must end with ```) >>
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_retrieval_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_retrieval_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..752b5f72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_retrieval_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Prompt for the router chain in the multi-retrieval qa chain."""
+
+MULTI_RETRIEVAL_ROUTER_TEMPLATE = """\
+Given a query to a question answering system select the system best suited \
+for the input. You will be given the names of the available systems and a description \
+of what questions the system is best suited for. You may also revise the original \
+input if you think that revising it will ultimately lead to a better response.
+
+<< FORMATTING >>
+Return a markdown code snippet with a JSON object formatted to look like:
+```json
+{{{{
+    "destination": string \\ name of the question answering system to use or "DEFAULT"
+    "next_inputs": string \\ a potentially modified version of the original input
+}}}}
+```
+
+REMEMBER: "destination" MUST be one of the candidate prompt names specified below OR \
+it can be "DEFAULT" if the input is not well suited for any of the candidate prompts.
+REMEMBER: "next_inputs" can just be the original input if you don't think any \
+modifications are needed.
+
+<< CANDIDATE PROMPTS >>
+{destinations}
+
+<< INPUT >>
+{{input}}
+
+<< OUTPUT >>
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_retrieval_qa.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_retrieval_qa.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe900d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/router/multi_retrieval_qa.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+"""Use a single chain to route an input to one of multiple retrieval qa chains."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+
+from langchain.chains import ConversationChain
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.conversation.prompt import DEFAULT_TEMPLATE
+from langchain.chains.retrieval_qa.base import BaseRetrievalQA, RetrievalQA
+from langchain.chains.router.base import MultiRouteChain
+from langchain.chains.router.llm_router import LLMRouterChain, RouterOutputParser
+from langchain.chains.router.multi_retrieval_prompt import (
+    MULTI_RETRIEVAL_ROUTER_TEMPLATE,
+)
+
+
+class MultiRetrievalQAChain(MultiRouteChain):
+    """A multi-route chain that uses an LLM router chain to choose amongst retrieval
+    qa chains."""
+
+    router_chain: LLMRouterChain
+    """Chain for deciding a destination chain and the input to it."""
+    destination_chains: Mapping[str, BaseRetrievalQA]
+    """Map of name to candidate chains that inputs can be routed to."""
+    default_chain: Chain
+    """Default chain to use when router doesn't map input to one of the destinations."""
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["result"]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_retrievers(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        retriever_infos: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        default_retriever: Optional[BaseRetriever] = None,
+        default_prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        default_chain: Optional[Chain] = None,
+        *,
+        default_chain_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> MultiRetrievalQAChain:
+        if default_prompt and not default_retriever:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "`default_retriever` must be specified if `default_prompt` is "
+                "provided. Received only `default_prompt`."
+            )
+        destinations = [f"{r['name']}: {r['description']}" for r in retriever_infos]
+        destinations_str = "\n".join(destinations)
+        router_template = MULTI_RETRIEVAL_ROUTER_TEMPLATE.format(
+            destinations=destinations_str
+        )
+        router_prompt = PromptTemplate(
+            template=router_template,
+            input_variables=["input"],
+            output_parser=RouterOutputParser(next_inputs_inner_key="query"),
+        )
+        router_chain = LLMRouterChain.from_llm(llm, router_prompt)
+        destination_chains = {}
+        for r_info in retriever_infos:
+            prompt = r_info.get("prompt")
+            retriever = r_info["retriever"]
+            chain = RetrievalQA.from_llm(llm, prompt=prompt, retriever=retriever)
+            name = r_info["name"]
+            destination_chains[name] = chain
+        if default_chain:
+            _default_chain = default_chain
+        elif default_retriever:
+            _default_chain = RetrievalQA.from_llm(
+                llm, prompt=default_prompt, retriever=default_retriever
+            )
+        else:
+            prompt_template = DEFAULT_TEMPLATE.replace("input", "query")
+            prompt = PromptTemplate(
+                template=prompt_template, input_variables=["history", "query"]
+            )
+            if default_chain_llm is None:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "conversation_llm must be provided if default_chain is not "
+                    "specified. This API has been changed to avoid instantiating "
+                    "default LLMs on behalf of users."
+                    "You can provide a conversation LLM like so:\n"
+                    "from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI\n"
+                    "llm = ChatOpenAI()"
+                )
+            _default_chain = ConversationChain(
+                llm=default_chain_llm,
+                prompt=prompt,
+                input_key="query",
+                output_key="result",
+            )
+        return cls(
+            router_chain=router_chain,
+            destination_chains=destination_chains,
+            default_chain=_default_chain,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sequential.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sequential.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc6c0ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sequential.py
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+"""Chain pipeline where the outputs of one step feed directly into next."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_color_mapping
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+
+
+class SequentialChain(Chain):
+    """Chain where the outputs of one chain feed directly into next."""
+
+    chains: list[Chain]
+    input_variables: list[str]
+    output_variables: list[str]  #: :meta private:
+    return_all: bool = False
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return expected input keys to the chain.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.input_variables
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.output_variables
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_chains(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate that the correct inputs exist for all chains."""
+        chains = values["chains"]
+        input_variables = values["input_variables"]
+        memory_keys = list()
+        if "memory" in values and values["memory"] is not None:
+            """Validate that prompt input variables are consistent."""
+            memory_keys = values["memory"].memory_variables
+            if set(input_variables).intersection(set(memory_keys)):
+                overlapping_keys = set(input_variables) & set(memory_keys)
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"The input key(s) {''.join(overlapping_keys)} are found "
+                    f"in the Memory keys ({memory_keys}) - please use input and "
+                    f"memory keys that don't overlap."
+                )
+
+        known_variables = set(input_variables + memory_keys)
+
+        for chain in chains:
+            missing_vars = set(chain.input_keys).difference(known_variables)
+            if chain.memory:
+                missing_vars = missing_vars.difference(chain.memory.memory_variables)
+
+            if missing_vars:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Missing required input keys: {missing_vars}, "
+                    f"only had {known_variables}"
+                )
+            overlapping_keys = known_variables.intersection(chain.output_keys)
+            if overlapping_keys:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Chain returned keys that already exist: {overlapping_keys}"
+                )
+
+            known_variables |= set(chain.output_keys)
+
+        if "output_variables" not in values:
+            if values.get("return_all", False):
+                output_keys = known_variables.difference(input_variables)
+            else:
+                output_keys = chains[-1].output_keys
+            values["output_variables"] = output_keys
+        else:
+            missing_vars = set(values["output_variables"]).difference(known_variables)
+            if missing_vars:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Expected output variables that were not found: {missing_vars}."
+                )
+
+        return values
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        known_values = inputs.copy()
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        for i, chain in enumerate(self.chains):
+            callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+            outputs = chain(known_values, return_only_outputs=True, callbacks=callbacks)
+            known_values.update(outputs)
+        return {k: known_values[k] for k in self.output_variables}
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        known_values = inputs.copy()
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        for i, chain in enumerate(self.chains):
+            outputs = await chain.acall(
+                known_values, return_only_outputs=True, callbacks=callbacks
+            )
+            known_values.update(outputs)
+        return {k: known_values[k] for k in self.output_variables}
+
+
+class SimpleSequentialChain(Chain):
+    """Simple chain where the outputs of one step feed directly into next."""
+
+    chains: list[Chain]
+    strip_outputs: bool = False
+    input_key: str = "input"  #: :meta private:
+    output_key: str = "output"  #: :meta private:
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.input_key]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output key.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.output_key]
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_chains(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate that chains are all single input/output."""
+        for chain in self.chains:
+            if len(chain.input_keys) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Chains used in SimplePipeline should all have one input, got "
+                    f"{chain} with {len(chain.input_keys)} inputs."
+                )
+            if len(chain.output_keys) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Chains used in SimplePipeline should all have one output, got "
+                    f"{chain} with {len(chain.output_keys)} outputs."
+                )
+        return self
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        _input = inputs[self.input_key]
+        color_mapping = get_color_mapping([str(i) for i in range(len(self.chains))])
+        for i, chain in enumerate(self.chains):
+            _input = chain.run(
+                _input, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(f"step_{i + 1}")
+            )
+            if self.strip_outputs:
+                _input = _input.strip()
+            _run_manager.on_text(
+                _input, color=color_mapping[str(i)], end="\n", verbose=self.verbose
+            )
+        return {self.output_key: _input}
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        _input = inputs[self.input_key]
+        color_mapping = get_color_mapping([str(i) for i in range(len(self.chains))])
+        for i, chain in enumerate(self.chains):
+            _input = await chain.arun(
+                _input, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child(f"step_{i + 1}")
+            )
+            if self.strip_outputs:
+                _input = _input.strip()
+            await _run_manager.on_text(
+                _input, color=color_mapping[str(i)], end="\n", verbose=self.verbose
+            )
+        return {self.output_key: _input}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b704f72c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Chain for interacting with SQL Database."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..4ebcfef2
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4b787ae
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__pycache__/query.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__pycache__/query.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efeae7bb
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/__pycache__/query.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7efe824c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.list import CommaSeparatedListOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+
+PROMPT_SUFFIX = """Only use the following tables:
+{table_info}
+
+Question: {input}"""
+
+_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = """Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct {dialect} query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer. Unless the user specifies in his question a specific number of examples he wishes to obtain, always limit your query to at most {top_k} results. You can order the results by a relevant column to return the most interesting examples in the database.
+
+Never query for all the columns from a specific table, only ask for a few relevant columns given the question.
+
+Pay attention to use only the column names that you can see in the schema description. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "dialect", "top_k"],
+    template=_DEFAULT_TEMPLATE + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+_DECIDER_TEMPLATE = """Given the below input question and list of potential tables, output a comma separated list of the table names that may be necessary to answer this question.
+
+Question: {query}
+
+Table Names: {table_names}
+
+Relevant Table Names:"""
+DECIDER_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["query", "table_names"],
+    template=_DECIDER_TEMPLATE,
+    output_parser=CommaSeparatedListOutputParser(),
+)
+
+_cratedb_prompt = """You are a CrateDB expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct CrateDB query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per CrateDB. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use CURRENT_DATE function to get the current date, if the question involves "today". 
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+CRATEDB_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_cratedb_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+_duckdb_prompt = """You are a DuckDB expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct DuckDB query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per DuckDB. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use today() function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+DUCKDB_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_duckdb_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+_googlesql_prompt = """You are a GoogleSQL expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct GoogleSQL query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per GoogleSQL. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in backticks (`) to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use CURRENT_DATE() function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+GOOGLESQL_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_googlesql_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+_mssql_prompt = """You are an MS SQL expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct MS SQL query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the TOP clause as per MS SQL. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in square brackets ([]) to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use CAST(GETDATE() as date) function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+MSSQL_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_mssql_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+_mysql_prompt = """You are a MySQL expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct MySQL query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per MySQL. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in backticks (`) to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use CURDATE() function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+MYSQL_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_mysql_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+_mariadb_prompt = """You are a MariaDB expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct MariaDB query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per MariaDB. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in backticks (`) to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use CURDATE() function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+MARIADB_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_mariadb_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+_oracle_prompt = """You are an Oracle SQL expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct Oracle SQL query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY clause as per Oracle SQL. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use TRUNC(SYSDATE) function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+ORACLE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_oracle_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+_postgres_prompt = """You are a PostgreSQL expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct PostgreSQL query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per PostgreSQL. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use CURRENT_DATE function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+POSTGRES_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_postgres_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+_sqlite_prompt = """You are a SQLite expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct SQLite query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per SQLite. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use date('now') function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: Question here
+SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
+SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
+Answer: Final answer here
+
+"""
+
+SQLITE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_sqlite_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+_clickhouse_prompt = """You are a ClickHouse expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct Clic query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per ClickHouse. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use today() function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: "Question here"
+SQLQuery: "SQL Query to run"
+SQLResult: "Result of the SQLQuery"
+Answer: "Final answer here"
+
+"""
+
+CLICKHOUSE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_clickhouse_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+_prestodb_prompt = """You are a PrestoDB expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct PrestoDB query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
+Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most {top_k} results using the LIMIT clause as per PrestoDB. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
+Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
+Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
+Pay attention to use current_date function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".
+
+Use the following format:
+
+Question: "Question here"
+SQLQuery: "SQL Query to run"
+SQLResult: "Result of the SQLQuery"
+Answer: "Final answer here"
+
+"""
+
+PRESTODB_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "table_info", "top_k"],
+    template=_prestodb_prompt + PROMPT_SUFFIX,
+)
+
+
+SQL_PROMPTS = {
+    "crate": CRATEDB_PROMPT,
+    "duckdb": DUCKDB_PROMPT,
+    "googlesql": GOOGLESQL_PROMPT,
+    "mssql": MSSQL_PROMPT,
+    "mysql": MYSQL_PROMPT,
+    "mariadb": MARIADB_PROMPT,
+    "oracle": ORACLE_PROMPT,
+    "postgresql": POSTGRES_PROMPT,
+    "sqlite": SQLITE_PROMPT,
+    "clickhouse": CLICKHOUSE_PROMPT,
+    "prestodb": PRESTODB_PROMPT,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/query.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/query.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c83495ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/sql_database/query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, TypedDict, Union
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnablePassthrough
+
+from langchain.chains.sql_database.prompt import PROMPT, SQL_PROMPTS
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.sql_database import SQLDatabase
+
+
+def _strip(text: str) -> str:
+    return text.strip()
+
+
+class SQLInput(TypedDict):
+    """Input for a SQL Chain."""
+
+    question: str
+
+
+class SQLInputWithTables(TypedDict):
+    """Input for a SQL Chain."""
+
+    question: str
+    table_names_to_use: list[str]
+
+
+def create_sql_query_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    db: SQLDatabase,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    k: int = 5,
+    *,
+    get_col_comments: Optional[bool] = None,
+) -> Runnable[Union[SQLInput, SQLInputWithTables, dict[str, Any]], str]:
+    """Create a chain that generates SQL queries.
+
+    *Security Note*: This chain generates SQL queries for the given database.
+
+        The SQLDatabase class provides a get_table_info method that can be used
+        to get column information as well as sample data from the table.
+
+        To mitigate risk of leaking sensitive data, limit permissions
+        to read and scope to the tables that are needed.
+
+        Optionally, use the SQLInputWithTables input type to specify which tables
+        are allowed to be accessed.
+
+        Control access to who can submit requests to this chain.
+
+        See https://python.langchain.com/docs/security for more information.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: The language model to use.
+        db: The SQLDatabase to generate the query for.
+        prompt: The prompt to use. If none is provided, will choose one
+            based on dialect. Defaults to None. See Prompt section below for more.
+        k: The number of results per select statement to return. Defaults to 5.
+        get_col_comments: Whether to retrieve column comments along with table info.
+            Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        A chain that takes in a question and generates a SQL query that answers
+        that question.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install -U langchain langchain-community langchain-openai
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.chains import create_sql_query_chain
+            from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase
+
+            db = SQLDatabase.from_uri("sqlite:///Chinook.db")
+            llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo", temperature=0)
+            chain = create_sql_query_chain(llm, db)
+            response = chain.invoke({"question": "How many employees are there"})
+
+    Prompt:
+        If no prompt is provided, a default prompt is selected based on the SQLDatabase dialect. If one is provided, it must support input variables:
+            * input: The user question plus suffix "\nSQLQuery: " is passed here.
+            * top_k: The number of results per select statement (the `k` argument to
+                this function) is passed in here.
+            * table_info: Table definitions and sample rows are passed in here. If the
+                user specifies "table_names_to_use" when invoking chain, only those
+                will be included. Otherwise, all tables are included.
+            * dialect (optional): If dialect input variable is in prompt, the db
+                dialect will be passed in here.
+
+        Here's an example prompt:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+            template = '''Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct {dialect} query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer.
+            Use the following format:
+
+            Question: "Question here"
+            SQLQuery: "SQL Query to run"
+            SQLResult: "Result of the SQLQuery"
+            Answer: "Final answer here"
+
+            Only use the following tables:
+
+            {table_info}.
+
+            Question: {input}'''
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(template)
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if prompt is not None:
+        prompt_to_use = prompt
+    elif db.dialect in SQL_PROMPTS:
+        prompt_to_use = SQL_PROMPTS[db.dialect]
+    else:
+        prompt_to_use = PROMPT
+    if {"input", "top_k", "table_info"}.difference(
+        prompt_to_use.input_variables + list(prompt_to_use.partial_variables)
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Prompt must have input variables: 'input', 'top_k', "
+            f"'table_info'. Received prompt with input variables: "
+            f"{prompt_to_use.input_variables}. Full prompt:\n\n{prompt_to_use}"
+        )
+    if "dialect" in prompt_to_use.input_variables:
+        prompt_to_use = prompt_to_use.partial(dialect=db.dialect)
+
+    table_info_kwargs = {}
+    if get_col_comments:
+        if db.dialect not in ("postgresql", "mysql", "oracle"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"get_col_comments=True is only supported for dialects "
+                f"'postgresql', 'mysql', and 'oracle'. Received dialect: "
+                f"{db.dialect}"
+            )
+        else:
+            table_info_kwargs["get_col_comments"] = True
+
+    inputs = {
+        "input": lambda x: x["question"] + "\nSQLQuery: ",
+        "table_info": lambda x: db.get_table_info(
+            table_names=x.get("table_names_to_use"),
+            **table_info_kwargs,
+        ),
+    }
+    return (
+        RunnablePassthrough.assign(**inputs)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+        | (
+            lambda x: {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in x.items()
+                if k not in ("question", "table_names_to_use")
+            }
+        )
+        | prompt_to_use.partial(top_k=str(k))
+        | llm.bind(stop=["\nSQLResult:"])
+        | StrOutputParser()
+        | _strip
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d387a7cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from langchain.chains.structured_output.base import (
+    create_openai_fn_runnable,
+    create_structured_output_runnable,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["create_structured_output_runnable", "create_openai_fn_runnable"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4495ada6
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..557e8188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/structured_output/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import (
+    BaseGenerationOutputParser,
+    BaseOutputParser,
+    JsonOutputParser,
+    PydanticOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    JsonOutputFunctionsParser,
+    PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser,
+    PydanticOutputFunctionsParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_tools import (
+    JsonOutputKeyToolsParser,
+    PydanticToolsParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import (
+    convert_to_openai_function,
+    convert_to_openai_tool,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import is_basemodel_subclass
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.14",
+    message=(
+        "LangChain has introduced a method called `with_structured_output` that "
+        "is available on ChatModels capable of tool calling. "
+        "You can read more about the method here: "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/model_io/chat/structured_output/>. "
+        "Please follow our extraction use case documentation for more guidelines "
+        "on how to do information extraction with LLMs. "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/extraction/>. "
+        "If you notice other issues, please provide "
+        "feedback here: "
+        "<https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/18154>"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+    alternative=(
+        """
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+    
+            class Joke(BaseModel):
+                setup: str = Field(description="The setup of the joke")
+                punchline: str = Field(description="The punchline to the joke") 
+    
+            # Or any other chat model that supports tools.
+            # Please reference to to the documentation of structured_output
+            # to see an up to date list of which models support 
+            # with_structured_output.
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229", temperature=0)
+            structured_llm = model.with_structured_output(Joke)
+            structured_llm.invoke("Tell me a joke about cats. 
+                Make sure to call the Joke function.")
+            """
+    ),
+)
+def create_openai_fn_runnable(
+    functions: Sequence[Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable]],
+    llm: Runnable,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    *,
+    enforce_single_function_usage: bool = True,
+    output_parser: Optional[Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser]] = None,
+    **llm_kwargs: Any,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create a runnable sequence that uses OpenAI functions.
+
+    Args:
+        functions: A sequence of either dictionaries, pydantic.BaseModels classes, or
+            Python functions. If dictionaries are passed in, they are assumed to
+            already be a valid OpenAI functions. If only a single
+            function is passed in, then it will be enforced that the model use that
+            function. pydantic.BaseModels and Python functions should have docstrings
+            describing what the function does. For best results, pydantic.BaseModels
+            should have descriptions of the parameters and Python functions should have
+            Google Python style args descriptions in the docstring. Additionally,
+            Python functions should only use primitive types (str, int, float, bool) or
+            pydantic.BaseModels for arguments.
+        llm: Language model to use, assumed to support the OpenAI function-calling API.
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate to pass to the model.
+        enforce_single_function_usage: only used if a single function is passed in. If
+            True, then the model will be forced to use the given function. If False,
+            then the model will be given the option to use the given function or not.
+        output_parser: BaseLLMOutputParser to use for parsing model outputs. By default
+            will be inferred from the function types. If pydantic.BaseModels are passed
+            in, then the OutputParser will try to parse outputs using those. Otherwise
+            model outputs will simply be parsed as JSON. If multiple functions are
+            passed in and they are not pydantic.BaseModels, the chain output will
+            include both the name of the function that was returned and the arguments
+            to pass to the function.
+        **llm_kwargs: Additional named arguments to pass to the language model.
+
+    Returns:
+        A runnable sequence that will pass in the given functions to the model when run.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains.structured_output import create_openai_fn_runnable
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+                from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+                class RecordPerson(BaseModel):
+                    '''Record some identifying information about a person.'''
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The person's name")
+                    age: int = Field(..., description="The person's age")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The person's favorite food")
+
+
+                class RecordDog(BaseModel):
+                    '''Record some identifying information about a dog.'''
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The dog's name")
+                    color: str = Field(..., description="The dog's color")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The dog's favorite food")
+
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = create_openai_fn_runnable([RecordPerson, RecordDog], llm)
+                structured_llm.invoke("Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken)
+                # -> RecordDog(name="Harry", color="brown", fav_food="chicken")
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if not functions:
+        raise ValueError("Need to pass in at least one function. Received zero.")
+    openai_functions = [convert_to_openai_function(f) for f in functions]
+    llm_kwargs_: dict[str, Any] = {"functions": openai_functions, **llm_kwargs}
+    if len(openai_functions) == 1 and enforce_single_function_usage:
+        llm_kwargs_["function_call"] = {"name": openai_functions[0]["name"]}
+    output_parser = output_parser or get_openai_output_parser(functions)
+    if prompt:
+        return prompt | llm.bind(**llm_kwargs_) | output_parser
+    else:
+        return llm.bind(**llm_kwargs_) | output_parser
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.17",
+    message=(
+        "LangChain has introduced a method called `with_structured_output` that "
+        "is available on ChatModels capable of tool calling. "
+        "You can read more about the method here: "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/model_io/chat/structured_output/>."
+        "Please follow our extraction use case documentation for more guidelines "
+        "on how to do information extraction with LLMs. "
+        "<https://python.langchain.com/docs/use_cases/extraction/>. "
+        "If you notice other issues, please provide "
+        "feedback here: "
+        "<https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/discussions/18154>"
+    ),
+    removal="1.0",
+    alternative=(
+        """
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+
+            class Joke(BaseModel):
+                setup: str = Field(description="The setup of the joke")
+                punchline: str = Field(description="The punchline to the joke") 
+
+            # Or any other chat model that supports tools.
+            # Please reference to to the documentation of structured_output
+            # to see an up to date list of which models support 
+            # with_structured_output.
+            model = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229", temperature=0)
+            structured_llm = model.with_structured_output(Joke)
+            structured_llm.invoke("Tell me a joke about cats. 
+                Make sure to call the Joke function.")
+            """
+    ),
+)
+def create_structured_output_runnable(
+    output_schema: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel]],
+    llm: Runnable,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    *,
+    output_parser: Optional[Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser]] = None,
+    enforce_function_usage: bool = True,
+    return_single: bool = True,
+    mode: Literal[
+        "openai-functions", "openai-tools", "openai-json"
+    ] = "openai-functions",
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """Create a runnable for extracting structured outputs.
+
+    Args:
+        output_schema: Either a dictionary or pydantic.BaseModel class. If a dictionary
+            is passed in, it's assumed to already be a valid JsonSchema.
+            For best results, pydantic.BaseModels should have docstrings describing what
+            the schema represents and descriptions for the parameters.
+        llm: Language model to use. Assumed to support the OpenAI function-calling API 
+            if mode is 'openai-function'. Assumed to support OpenAI response_format 
+            parameter if mode is 'openai-json'.
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate to pass to the model. If mode is 'openai-json' and 
+            prompt has input variable 'output_schema' then the given output_schema 
+            will be converted to a JsonSchema and inserted in the prompt.
+        output_parser: Output parser to use for parsing model outputs. By default
+            will be inferred from the function types. If pydantic.BaseModel is passed
+            in, then the OutputParser will try to parse outputs using the pydantic 
+            class. Otherwise model outputs will be parsed as JSON.
+        mode: How structured outputs are extracted from the model. If 'openai-functions' 
+            then OpenAI function calling is used with the deprecated 'functions', 
+            'function_call' schema. If 'openai-tools' then OpenAI function 
+            calling with the latest 'tools', 'tool_choice' schema is used. This is 
+            recommended over 'openai-functions'. If 'openai-json' then OpenAI model 
+            with response_format set to JSON is used.
+        enforce_function_usage: Only applies when mode is 'openai-tools' or 
+            'openai-functions'. If True, then the model will be forced to use the given 
+            output schema. If False, then the model can elect whether to use the output 
+            schema.
+        return_single: Only applies when mode is 'openai-tools'. Whether to a list of 
+            structured outputs or a single one. If True and model does not return any 
+            structured outputs then chain output is None. If False and model does not 
+            return any structured outputs then chain output is an empty list.
+        kwargs: Additional named arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+        A runnable sequence that will return a structured output(s) matching the given 
+            output_schema.
+    
+    OpenAI tools example with Pydantic schema (mode='openai-tools'):
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains import create_structured_output_runnable
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+                from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+
+                class RecordDog(BaseModel):
+                    '''Record some identifying information about a dog.'''
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The dog's name")
+                    color: str = Field(..., description="The dog's color")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The dog's favorite food")
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125", temperature=0)
+                prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                    [
+                        ("system", "You are an extraction algorithm. Please extract every possible instance"), 
+                        ('human', '{input}')
+                    ]
+                )
+                structured_llm = create_structured_output_runnable(
+                    RecordDog, 
+                    llm, 
+                    mode="openai-tools", 
+                    enforce_function_usage=True, 
+                    return_single=True
+                )
+                structured_llm.invoke({"input": "Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken"})
+                # -> RecordDog(name="Harry", color="brown", fav_food="chicken")
+                
+    OpenAI tools example with dict schema (mode="openai-tools"):
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains import create_structured_output_runnable
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+
+                dog_schema = {
+                    "type": "function",
+                    "function": {
+                        "name": "record_dog",
+                        "description": "Record some identifying information about a dog.",
+                        "parameters": {
+                            "type": "object",
+                            "properties": {
+                                "name": {
+                                    "description": "The dog's name",
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                },
+                                "color": {
+                                    "description": "The dog's color",
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                },
+                                "fav_food": {
+                                    "description": "The dog's favorite food",
+                                    "type": "string"
+                                }
+                            },
+                            "required": ["name", "color"]
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = create_structured_output_runnable(
+                    dog_schema, 
+                    llm, 
+                    mode="openai-tools", 
+                    enforce_function_usage=True, 
+                    return_single=True
+                )
+                structured_llm.invoke("Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken")
+                # -> {'name': 'Harry', 'color': 'brown', 'fav_food': 'chicken'}
+    
+    OpenAI functions example (mode="openai-functions"):
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains import create_structured_output_runnable
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+                from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+                class Dog(BaseModel):
+                    '''Identifying information about a dog.'''
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The dog's name")
+                    color: str = Field(..., description="The dog's color")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The dog's favorite food")
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = create_structured_output_runnable(Dog, llm, mode="openai-functions")
+                structured_llm.invoke("Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken")
+                # -> Dog(name="Harry", color="brown", fav_food="chicken")
+                
+    OpenAI functions with prompt example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains import create_structured_output_runnable
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+                from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+                from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+                class Dog(BaseModel):
+                    '''Identifying information about a dog.'''
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The dog's name")
+                    color: str = Field(..., description="The dog's color")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The dog's favorite food")
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = create_structured_output_runnable(Dog, llm, mode="openai-functions")
+                system = '''Extract information about any dogs mentioned in the user input.'''
+                prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                    [("system", system), ("human", "{input}"),]
+                )
+                chain = prompt | structured_llm
+                chain.invoke({"input": "Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken"})
+                # -> Dog(name="Harry", color="brown", fav_food="chicken")
+    OpenAI json response format example (mode="openai-json"):
+        .. code-block:: python
+        
+                from typing import Optional
+
+                from langchain.chains import create_structured_output_runnable
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+                from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+                from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+                class Dog(BaseModel):
+                    '''Identifying information about a dog.'''
+
+                    name: str = Field(..., description="The dog's name")
+                    color: str = Field(..., description="The dog's color")
+                    fav_food: Optional[str] = Field(None, description="The dog's favorite food")
+
+                llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = create_structured_output_runnable(Dog, llm, mode="openai-json")
+                system = '''You are a world class assistant for extracting information in structured JSON formats. \
+                
+                Extract a valid JSON blob from the user input that matches the following JSON Schema:
+                
+                {output_schema}'''
+                prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                    [("system", system), ("human", "{input}"),]
+                )
+                chain = prompt | structured_llm
+                chain.invoke({"input": "Harry was a chubby brown beagle who loved chicken"})
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    # for backwards compatibility
+    force_function_usage = kwargs.get(
+        "enforce_single_function_usage", enforce_function_usage
+    )
+
+    if mode == "openai-tools":
+        # Protect against typos in kwargs
+        keys_in_kwargs = set(kwargs.keys())
+        # Backwards compatibility keys
+        unrecognized_keys = keys_in_kwargs - {"enforce_single_function_usage"}
+        if unrecognized_keys:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Got an unexpected keyword argument(s): {unrecognized_keys}."
+            )
+
+        return _create_openai_tools_runnable(
+            output_schema,
+            llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            output_parser=output_parser,
+            enforce_tool_usage=force_function_usage,
+            first_tool_only=return_single,
+        )
+
+    elif mode == "openai-functions":
+        return _create_openai_functions_structured_output_runnable(
+            output_schema,
+            llm,
+            prompt=prompt,
+            output_parser=output_parser,
+            enforce_single_function_usage=force_function_usage,
+            **kwargs,  # llm-specific kwargs
+        )
+    elif mode == "openai-json":
+        if force_function_usage:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "enforce_single_function_usage is not supported for mode='openai-json'."
+            )
+        return _create_openai_json_runnable(
+            output_schema, llm, prompt=prompt, output_parser=output_parser, **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid mode {mode}. Expected one of 'openai-tools', 'openai-functions', "
+            f"'openai-json'."
+        )
+
+
+def _create_openai_tools_runnable(
+    tool: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable],
+    llm: Runnable,
+    *,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate],
+    output_parser: Optional[Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser]],
+    enforce_tool_usage: bool,
+    first_tool_only: bool,
+) -> Runnable:
+    oai_tool = convert_to_openai_tool(tool)
+    llm_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"tools": [oai_tool]}
+    if enforce_tool_usage:
+        llm_kwargs["tool_choice"] = {
+            "type": "function",
+            "function": {"name": oai_tool["function"]["name"]},
+        }
+    output_parser = output_parser or _get_openai_tool_output_parser(
+        tool, first_tool_only=first_tool_only
+    )
+    if prompt:
+        return prompt | llm.bind(**llm_kwargs) | output_parser
+    else:
+        return llm.bind(**llm_kwargs) | output_parser
+
+
+def _get_openai_tool_output_parser(
+    tool: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable],
+    *,
+    first_tool_only: bool = False,
+) -> Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser]:
+    if isinstance(tool, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(tool):
+        output_parser: Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser] = (
+            PydanticToolsParser(tools=[tool], first_tool_only=first_tool_only)
+        )
+    else:
+        key_name = convert_to_openai_tool(tool)["function"]["name"]
+        output_parser = JsonOutputKeyToolsParser(
+            first_tool_only=first_tool_only, key_name=key_name
+        )
+    return output_parser
+
+
+def get_openai_output_parser(
+    functions: Sequence[Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable]],
+) -> Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser]:
+    """Get the appropriate function output parser given the user functions.
+
+    Args:
+        functions: Sequence where element is a dictionary, a pydantic.BaseModel class,
+            or a Python function. If a dictionary is passed in, it is assumed to
+            already be a valid OpenAI function.
+
+    Returns:
+        A PydanticOutputFunctionsParser if functions are Pydantic classes, otherwise
+            a JsonOutputFunctionsParser. If there's only one function and it is
+            not a Pydantic class, then the output parser will automatically extract
+            only the function arguments and not the function name.
+    """
+    if isinstance(functions[0], type) and is_basemodel_subclass(functions[0]):
+        if len(functions) > 1:
+            pydantic_schema: Union[dict, type[BaseModel]] = {
+                convert_to_openai_function(fn)["name"]: fn for fn in functions
+            }
+        else:
+            pydantic_schema = functions[0]
+        output_parser: Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser] = (
+            PydanticOutputFunctionsParser(pydantic_schema=pydantic_schema)
+        )
+    else:
+        output_parser = JsonOutputFunctionsParser(args_only=len(functions) <= 1)
+    return output_parser
+
+
+def _create_openai_json_runnable(
+    output_schema: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel]],
+    llm: Runnable,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    *,
+    output_parser: Optional[Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser]] = None,
+) -> Runnable:
+    """"""
+    if isinstance(output_schema, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(output_schema):
+        output_parser = output_parser or PydanticOutputParser(
+            pydantic_object=output_schema,
+        )
+        schema_as_dict = convert_to_openai_function(output_schema)["parameters"]
+    else:
+        output_parser = output_parser or JsonOutputParser()
+        schema_as_dict = output_schema
+
+    llm = llm.bind(response_format={"type": "json_object"})
+    if prompt:
+        if "output_schema" in prompt.input_variables:
+            prompt = prompt.partial(output_schema=json.dumps(schema_as_dict, indent=2))
+
+        return prompt | llm | output_parser
+    else:
+        return llm | output_parser
+
+
+def _create_openai_functions_structured_output_runnable(
+    output_schema: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel]],
+    llm: Runnable,
+    prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    *,
+    output_parser: Optional[Union[BaseOutputParser, BaseGenerationOutputParser]] = None,
+    **llm_kwargs: Any,
+) -> Runnable:
+    if isinstance(output_schema, dict):
+        function: Any = {
+            "name": "output_formatter",
+            "description": (
+                "Output formatter. Should always be used to format your response to the"
+                " user."
+            ),
+            "parameters": output_schema,
+        }
+    else:
+
+        class _OutputFormatter(BaseModel):
+            """Output formatter. Should always be used to format your response to the user."""  # noqa: E501
+
+            output: output_schema  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+
+        function = _OutputFormatter
+        output_parser = output_parser or PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser(
+            pydantic_schema=_OutputFormatter, attr_name="output"
+        )
+    return create_openai_fn_runnable(
+        [function],
+        llm,
+        prompt=prompt,
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+        **llm_kwargs,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2e0d352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from langchain.chains.summarize.chain import (
+    LoadingCallable,
+    load_summarize_chain,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LoadingCallable", "load_summarize_chain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/__pycache__/stuff_prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/__pycache__/stuff_prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5bccbd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+"""Load summarizing chains."""
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any, Optional, Protocol
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.base import BaseCombineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.map_reduce import MapReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.reduce import ReduceDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.refine import RefineDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.combine_documents.stuff import StuffDocumentsChain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.chains.summarize import map_reduce_prompt, refine_prompts, stuff_prompt
+
+
+class LoadingCallable(Protocol):
+    """Interface for loading the combine documents chain."""
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, llm: BaseLanguageModel, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+        """Callable to load the combine documents chain."""
+
+
+def _load_stuff_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = stuff_prompt.PROMPT,
+    document_variable_name: str = "text",
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> StuffDocumentsChain:
+    llm_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    # TODO: document prompt
+    return StuffDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_map_reduce_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    map_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = map_reduce_prompt.PROMPT,
+    combine_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = map_reduce_prompt.PROMPT,
+    combine_document_variable_name: str = "text",
+    map_reduce_document_variable_name: str = "text",
+    collapse_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    reduce_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    collapse_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    token_max: int = 3000,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    *,
+    collapse_max_retries: Optional[int] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> MapReduceDocumentsChain:
+    map_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=llm,
+        prompt=map_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    _reduce_llm = reduce_llm or llm
+    reduce_chain = LLMChain(
+        llm=_reduce_llm,
+        prompt=combine_prompt,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    # TODO: document prompt
+    combine_documents_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=reduce_chain,
+        document_variable_name=combine_document_variable_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+    )
+    if collapse_prompt is None:
+        collapse_chain = None
+        if collapse_llm is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "collapse_llm provided, but collapse_prompt was not: please "
+                "provide one or stop providing collapse_llm."
+            )
+    else:
+        _collapse_llm = collapse_llm or llm
+        collapse_chain = StuffDocumentsChain(
+            llm_chain=LLMChain(
+                llm=_collapse_llm,
+                prompt=collapse_prompt,
+                verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+            ),
+            document_variable_name=combine_document_variable_name,
+        )
+    reduce_documents_chain = ReduceDocumentsChain(
+        combine_documents_chain=combine_documents_chain,
+        collapse_documents_chain=collapse_chain,
+        token_max=token_max,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+        collapse_max_retries=collapse_max_retries,
+    )
+    return MapReduceDocumentsChain(
+        llm_chain=map_chain,
+        reduce_documents_chain=reduce_documents_chain,
+        document_variable_name=map_reduce_document_variable_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        callbacks=callbacks,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def _load_refine_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    question_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = refine_prompts.PROMPT,
+    refine_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = refine_prompts.REFINE_PROMPT,
+    document_variable_name: str = "text",
+    initial_response_name: str = "existing_answer",
+    refine_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> RefineDocumentsChain:
+    initial_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=question_prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    _refine_llm = refine_llm or llm
+    refine_chain = LLMChain(llm=_refine_llm, prompt=refine_prompt, verbose=verbose)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return RefineDocumentsChain(
+        initial_llm_chain=initial_chain,
+        refine_llm_chain=refine_chain,
+        document_variable_name=document_variable_name,
+        initial_response_name=initial_response_name,
+        verbose=verbose,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+def load_summarize_chain(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    chain_type: str = "stuff",
+    verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> BaseCombineDocumentsChain:
+    """Load summarizing chain.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: Language Model to use in the chain.
+        chain_type: Type of document combining chain to use. Should be one of "stuff",
+            "map_reduce", and "refine".
+        verbose: Whether chains should be run in verbose mode or not. Note that this
+            applies to all chains that make up the final chain.
+
+    Returns:
+        A chain to use for summarizing.
+    """
+    loader_mapping: Mapping[str, LoadingCallable] = {
+        "stuff": _load_stuff_chain,
+        "map_reduce": _load_map_reduce_chain,
+        "refine": _load_refine_chain,
+    }
+    if chain_type not in loader_mapping:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Got unsupported chain type: {chain_type}. "
+            f"Should be one of {loader_mapping.keys()}"
+        )
+    return loader_mapping[chain_type](llm, verbose=verbose, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/map_reduce_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/map_reduce_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cf06395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/map_reduce_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+prompt_template = """Write a concise summary of the following:
+
+
+"{text}"
+
+
+CONCISE SUMMARY:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(template=prompt_template, input_variables=["text"])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/refine_prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/refine_prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63c1c338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/refine_prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+REFINE_PROMPT_TMPL = """\
+Your job is to produce a final summary.
+We have provided an existing summary up to a certain point: {existing_answer}
+We have the opportunity to refine the existing summary (only if needed) with some more context below.
+------------
+{text}
+------------
+Given the new context, refine the original summary.
+If the context isn't useful, return the original summary.\
+"""  # noqa: E501
+REFINE_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(REFINE_PROMPT_TMPL)
+
+
+prompt_template = """Write a concise summary of the following:
+
+
+"{text}"
+
+
+CONCISE SUMMARY:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(prompt_template)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/stuff_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/stuff_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cf06395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/summarize/stuff_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+prompt_template = """Write a concise summary of the following:
+
+
+"{text}"
+
+
+CONCISE SUMMARY:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(template=prompt_template, input_variables=["text"])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/transform.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/transform.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fae0b5a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chains/transform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""Chain that runs an arbitrary python function."""
+
+import functools
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class TransformChain(Chain):
+    """Chain that transforms the chain output.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chains import TransformChain
+            transform_chain = TransformChain(input_variables=["text"],
+             output_variables["entities"], transform=func())
+    """
+
+    input_variables: list[str]
+    """The keys expected by the transform's input dictionary."""
+    output_variables: list[str]
+    """The keys returned by the transform's output dictionary."""
+    transform_cb: Callable[[dict[str, str]], dict[str, str]] = Field(alias="transform")
+    """The transform function."""
+    atransform_cb: Optional[Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Awaitable[dict[str, Any]]]] = (
+        Field(None, alias="atransform")
+    )
+    """The async coroutine transform function."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @functools.lru_cache
+    def _log_once(msg: str) -> None:
+        """Log a message once.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        logger.warning(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Expect input keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.input_variables
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return output keys.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return self.output_variables
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        return self.transform_cb(inputs)
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if self.atransform_cb is not None:
+            return await self.atransform_cb(inputs)
+        else:
+            self._log_once(
+                "TransformChain's atransform is not provided, falling"
+                " back to synchronous transform"
+            )
+            return self.transform_cb(inputs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7547ddce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""**Chat Loaders** load chat messages from common communications platforms.
+
+Load chat messages from various
+communications platforms such as Facebook Messenger, Telegram, and
+WhatsApp. The loaded chat messages can be used for fine-tuning models.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseChatLoader --> <name>ChatLoader  # Examples: WhatsAppChatLoader, IMessageChatLoader
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    ChatSession
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/telegram.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/telegram.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/whatsapp.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/__pycache__/whatsapp.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5207e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.chat_loaders import BaseChatLoader
+
+__all__ = ["BaseChatLoader"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/facebook_messenger.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/facebook_messenger.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37e2f18a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/facebook_messenger.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api.module_import import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.facebook_messenger import (
+        FolderFacebookMessengerChatLoader,
+        SingleFileFacebookMessengerChatLoader,
+    )
+
+module_lookup = {
+    "SingleFileFacebookMessengerChatLoader": (
+        "langchain_community.chat_loaders.facebook_messenger"
+    ),
+    "FolderFacebookMessengerChatLoader": (
+        "langchain_community.chat_loaders.facebook_messenger"
+    ),
+}
+
+# Temporary code for backwards compatibility for deprecated imports.
+# This will eventually be removed.
+import_lookup = create_importer(
+    __package__,
+    deprecated_lookups=module_lookup,
+)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    return import_lookup(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["SingleFileFacebookMessengerChatLoader", "FolderFacebookMessengerChatLoader"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/gmail.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/gmail.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..337da76e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/gmail.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.gmail import GMailLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GMailLoader": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.gmail"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GMailLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/imessage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/imessage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..742313e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/imessage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.imessage import IMessageChatLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"IMessageChatLoader": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.imessage"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IMessageChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/langsmith.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/langsmith.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa90fd42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/langsmith.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.langsmith import (
+        LangSmithDatasetChatLoader,
+        LangSmithRunChatLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LangSmithRunChatLoader": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.langsmith",
+    "LangSmithDatasetChatLoader": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.langsmith",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LangSmithRunChatLoader",
+    "LangSmithDatasetChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/slack.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/slack.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0523c462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/slack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.slack import SlackChatLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SlackChatLoader": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.slack"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SlackChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/telegram.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/telegram.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01c1cc74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/telegram.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.telegram import TelegramChatLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TelegramChatLoader": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.telegram"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TelegramChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04570354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.utils import (
+        map_ai_messages,
+        map_ai_messages_in_session,
+        merge_chat_runs,
+        merge_chat_runs_in_session,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "merge_chat_runs_in_session": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.utils",
+    "merge_chat_runs": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.utils",
+    "map_ai_messages_in_session": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.utils",
+    "map_ai_messages": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.utils",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "merge_chat_runs_in_session",
+    "merge_chat_runs",
+    "map_ai_messages_in_session",
+    "map_ai_messages",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/whatsapp.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/whatsapp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eef57fd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_loaders/whatsapp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_loaders.whatsapp import WhatsAppChatLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WhatsAppChatLoader": "langchain_community.chat_loaders.whatsapp"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WhatsAppChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17530d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+"""**Chat Models** are a variation on language models.
+
+While Chat Models use language models under the hood, the interface they expose
+is a bit different. Rather than expose a "text in, text out" API, they expose
+an interface where "chat messages" are the inputs and outputs.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseLanguageModel --> BaseChatModel --> <name>  # Examples: ChatOpenAI, ChatGooglePalm
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    AIMessage, BaseMessage, HumanMessage
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+import warnings
+
+from langchain_core._api import LangChainDeprecationWarning
+
+from langchain._api.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+from langchain.chat_models.base import init_chat_model
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> None:
+    from langchain_community import chat_models
+
+    # If not in interactive env, raise warning.
+    if not is_interactive_env():
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Importing chat models from langchain is deprecated. Importing from "
+            "langchain will no longer be supported as of langchain==0.2.0. "
+            "Please import from langchain-community instead:\n\n"
+            f"`from langchain_community.chat_models import {name}`.\n\n"
+            "To install langchain-community run `pip install -U langchain-community`.",
+            category=LangChainDeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+    return getattr(chat_models, name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "init_chat_model",
+    "ChatOpenAI",
+    "BedrockChat",
+    "AzureChatOpenAI",
+    "FakeListChatModel",
+    "PromptLayerChatOpenAI",
+    "ChatDatabricks",
+    "ChatEverlyAI",
+    "ChatAnthropic",
+    "ChatCohere",
+    "ChatGooglePalm",
+    "ChatMlflow",
+    "ChatMLflowAIGateway",
+    "ChatOllama",
+    "ChatVertexAI",
+    "JinaChat",
+    "HumanInputChatModel",
+    "MiniMaxChat",
+    "ChatAnyscale",
+    "ChatLiteLLM",
+    "ErnieBotChat",
+    "ChatJavelinAIGateway",
+    "ChatKonko",
+    "PaiEasChatEndpoint",
+    "QianfanChatEndpoint",
+    "ChatFireworks",
+    "ChatYandexGPT",
+    "ChatBaichuan",
+    "ChatHunyuan",
+    "GigaChat",
+    "VolcEngineMaasChat",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/__pycache__/yandex.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/__pycache__/yandex.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/anthropic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/anthropic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa925896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/anthropic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.anthropic import (
+        ChatAnthropic,
+        convert_messages_to_prompt_anthropic,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "convert_messages_to_prompt_anthropic": "langchain_community.chat_models.anthropic",
+    "ChatAnthropic": "langchain_community.chat_models.anthropic",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "convert_messages_to_prompt_anthropic",
+    "ChatAnthropic",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/anyscale.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/anyscale.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..279b3be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/anyscale.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.anyscale import ChatAnyscale
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatAnyscale": "langchain_community.chat_models.anyscale"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatAnyscale",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/azure_openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/azure_openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93441c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/azure_openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.azure_openai import AzureChatOpenAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureChatOpenAI": "langchain_community.chat_models.azure_openai"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureChatOpenAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/azureml_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/azureml_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebcc0fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/azureml_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.azureml_endpoint import (
+        AzureMLChatOnlineEndpoint,
+        LlamaContentFormatter,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LlamaContentFormatter": "langchain_community.chat_models.azureml_endpoint",
+    "AzureMLChatOnlineEndpoint": "langchain_community.chat_models.azureml_endpoint",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LlamaContentFormatter",
+    "AzureMLChatOnlineEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/baichuan.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/baichuan.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bee1ba3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/baichuan.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.baichuan import ChatBaichuan
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatBaichuan": "langchain_community.chat_models.baichuan"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatBaichuan",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9db4d9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.baidu_qianfan_endpoint import (
+        QianfanChatEndpoint,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "QianfanChatEndpoint": "langchain_community.chat_models.baidu_qianfan_endpoint"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "QianfanChatEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb8b899a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+from importlib import util
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import (
+    BaseChatModel,
+    LanguageModelInput,
+    SimpleChatModel,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models.chat_models import (
+    agenerate_from_stream,
+    generate_from_stream,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages import AnyMessage, BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig, ensure_config
+from langchain_core.runnables.schema import StreamEvent
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from langchain_core.tracers import RunLog, RunLogPatch
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = [
+    "init_chat_model",
+    # For backwards compatibility
+    "BaseChatModel",
+    "SimpleChatModel",
+    "generate_from_stream",
+    "agenerate_from_stream",
+]
+
+
+@overload
+def init_chat_model(
+    model: str,
+    *,
+    model_provider: Optional[str] = None,
+    configurable_fields: Literal[None] = None,
+    config_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> BaseChatModel: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def init_chat_model(
+    model: Literal[None] = None,
+    *,
+    model_provider: Optional[str] = None,
+    configurable_fields: Literal[None] = None,
+    config_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _ConfigurableModel: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def init_chat_model(
+    model: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    model_provider: Optional[str] = None,
+    configurable_fields: Union[Literal["any"], list[str], tuple[str, ...]] = ...,
+    config_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _ConfigurableModel: ...
+
+
+# FOR CONTRIBUTORS: If adding support for a new provider, please append the provider
+# name to the supported list in the docstring below. Do *not* change the order of the
+# existing providers.
+def init_chat_model(
+    model: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    model_provider: Optional[str] = None,
+    configurable_fields: Optional[
+        Union[Literal["any"], list[str], tuple[str, ...]]
+    ] = None,
+    config_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Union[BaseChatModel, _ConfigurableModel]:
+    """Initialize a ChatModel from the model name and provider.
+
+    **Note:** Must have the integration package corresponding to the model provider
+    installed.
+
+    Args:
+        model: The name of the model, e.g. "o3-mini", "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest". You can
+            also specify model and model provider in a single argument using
+            '{model_provider}:{model}' format, e.g. "openai:o1".
+        model_provider: The model provider if not specified as part of model arg (see
+            above). Supported model_provider values and the corresponding integration
+            package are:
+
+            - 'openai'              -> langchain-openai
+            - 'anthropic'           -> langchain-anthropic
+            - 'azure_openai'        -> langchain-openai
+            - 'azure_ai'            -> langchain-azure-ai
+            - 'google_vertexai'     -> langchain-google-vertexai
+            - 'google_genai'        -> langchain-google-genai
+            - 'bedrock'             -> langchain-aws
+            - 'bedrock_converse'    -> langchain-aws
+            - 'cohere'              -> langchain-cohere
+            - 'fireworks'           -> langchain-fireworks
+            - 'together'            -> langchain-together
+            - 'mistralai'           -> langchain-mistralai
+            - 'huggingface'         -> langchain-huggingface
+            - 'groq'                -> langchain-groq
+            - 'ollama'              -> langchain-ollama
+            - 'google_anthropic_vertex'    -> langchain-google-vertexai
+            - 'deepseek'            -> langchain-deepseek
+            - 'ibm'                 -> langchain-ibm
+            - 'nvidia'              -> langchain-nvidia-ai-endpoints
+            - 'xai'                 -> langchain-xai
+            - 'perplexity'          -> langchain-perplexity
+
+            Will attempt to infer model_provider from model if not specified. The
+            following providers will be inferred based on these model prefixes:
+
+            - 'gpt-3...' | 'gpt-4...' | 'o1...' -> 'openai'
+            - 'claude...'                       -> 'anthropic'
+            - 'amazon....'                      -> 'bedrock'
+            - 'gemini...'                       -> 'google_vertexai'
+            - 'command...'                      -> 'cohere'
+            - 'accounts/fireworks...'           -> 'fireworks'
+            - 'mistral...'                      -> 'mistralai'
+            - 'deepseek...'                     -> 'deepseek'
+            - 'grok...'                         -> 'xai'
+            - 'sonar...'                        -> 'perplexity'
+        configurable_fields: Which model parameters are
+            configurable:
+
+            - None: No configurable fields.
+            - "any": All fields are configurable. *See Security Note below.*
+            - Union[List[str], Tuple[str, ...]]: Specified fields are configurable.
+
+            Fields are assumed to have config_prefix stripped if there is a
+            config_prefix. If model is specified, then defaults to None. If model is
+            not specified, then defaults to ``("model", "model_provider")``.
+
+            ***Security Note***: Setting ``configurable_fields="any"`` means fields like
+            api_key, base_url, etc. can be altered at runtime, potentially redirecting
+            model requests to a different service/user. Make sure that if you're
+            accepting untrusted configurations that you enumerate the
+            ``configurable_fields=(...)`` explicitly.
+
+        config_prefix: If config_prefix is a non-empty string then model will be
+            configurable at runtime via the
+            ``config["configurable"]["{config_prefix}_{param}"]`` keys. If
+            config_prefix is an empty string then model will be configurable via
+            ``config["configurable"]["{param}"]``.
+        temperature: Model temperature.
+        max_tokens: Max output tokens.
+        timeout: The maximum time (in seconds) to wait for a response from the model
+            before canceling the request.
+        max_retries: The maximum number of attempts the system will make to resend a
+            request if it fails due to issues like network timeouts or rate limits.
+        base_url: The URL of the API endpoint where requests are sent.
+        rate_limiter: A ``BaseRateLimiter`` to space out requests to avoid exceeding
+            rate limits.
+        kwargs: Additional model-specific keyword args to pass to
+            ``<<selected ChatModel>>.__init__(model=model_name, **kwargs)``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A BaseChatModel corresponding to the model_name and model_provider specified if
+        configurability is inferred to be False. If configurable, a chat model emulator
+        that initializes the underlying model at runtime once a config is passed in.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If model_provider cannot be inferred or isn't supported.
+        ImportError: If the model provider integration package is not installed.
+
+    .. dropdown:: Init non-configurable model
+        :open:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install langchain langchain-openai langchain-anthropic langchain-google-vertexai
+            from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+
+            o3_mini = init_chat_model("openai:o3-mini", temperature=0)
+            claude_sonnet = init_chat_model("anthropic:claude-3-5-sonnet-latest", temperature=0)
+            gemini_2_flash = init_chat_model("google_vertexai:gemini-2.0-flash", temperature=0)
+
+            o3_mini.invoke("what's your name")
+            claude_sonnet.invoke("what's your name")
+            gemini_2_flash.invoke("what's your name")
+
+
+    .. dropdown:: Partially configurable model with no default
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install langchain langchain-openai langchain-anthropic
+            from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+
+            # We don't need to specify configurable=True if a model isn't specified.
+            configurable_model = init_chat_model(temperature=0)
+
+            configurable_model.invoke(
+                "what's your name",
+                config={"configurable": {"model": "gpt-4o"}}
+            )
+            # GPT-4o response
+
+            configurable_model.invoke(
+                "what's your name",
+                config={"configurable": {"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-latest"}}
+            )
+            # claude-3.5 sonnet response
+
+    .. dropdown:: Fully configurable model with a default
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install langchain langchain-openai langchain-anthropic
+            from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+
+            configurable_model_with_default = init_chat_model(
+                "openai:gpt-4o",
+                configurable_fields="any",  # this allows us to configure other params like temperature, max_tokens, etc at runtime.
+                config_prefix="foo",
+                temperature=0
+            )
+
+            configurable_model_with_default.invoke("what's your name")
+            # GPT-4o response with temperature 0
+
+            configurable_model_with_default.invoke(
+                "what's your name",
+                config={
+                    "configurable": {
+                        "foo_model": "anthropic:claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620",
+                        "foo_temperature": 0.6
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+            # Claude-3.5 sonnet response with temperature 0.6
+
+    .. dropdown:: Bind tools to a configurable model
+
+        You can call any ChatModel declarative methods on a configurable model in the
+        same way that you would with a normal model.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # pip install langchain langchain-openai langchain-anthropic
+            from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+            class GetWeather(BaseModel):
+                '''Get the current weather in a given location'''
+
+                location: str = Field(..., description="The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA")
+
+            class GetPopulation(BaseModel):
+                '''Get the current population in a given location'''
+
+                location: str = Field(..., description="The city and state, e.g. San Francisco, CA")
+
+            configurable_model = init_chat_model(
+                "gpt-4o",
+                configurable_fields=("model", "model_provider"),
+                temperature=0
+            )
+
+            configurable_model_with_tools = configurable_model.bind_tools([GetWeather, GetPopulation])
+            configurable_model_with_tools.invoke(
+                "Which city is hotter today and which is bigger: LA or NY?"
+            )
+            # GPT-4o response with tool calls
+
+            configurable_model_with_tools.invoke(
+                "Which city is hotter today and which is bigger: LA or NY?",
+                config={"configurable": {"model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620"}}
+            )
+            # Claude-3.5 sonnet response with tools
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.7
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.2.8
+
+        Support for ``configurable_fields`` and ``config_prefix`` added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.2.12
+
+        Support for Ollama via langchain-ollama package added
+        (langchain_ollama.ChatOllama). Previously,
+        the now-deprecated langchain-community version of Ollama was imported
+        (langchain_community.chat_models.ChatOllama).
+
+        Support for AWS Bedrock models via the Converse API added
+        (model_provider="bedrock_converse").
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.5
+
+        Out of beta.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.19
+
+        Support for Deepseek, IBM, Nvidia, and xAI models added.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if not model and not configurable_fields:
+        configurable_fields = ("model", "model_provider")
+    config_prefix = config_prefix or ""
+    if config_prefix and not configurable_fields:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"{config_prefix=} has been set but no fields are configurable. Set "
+            f"`configurable_fields=(...)` to specify the model params that are "
+            f"configurable."
+        )
+
+    if not configurable_fields:
+        return _init_chat_model_helper(
+            cast(str, model), model_provider=model_provider, **kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        if model:
+            kwargs["model"] = model
+        if model_provider:
+            kwargs["model_provider"] = model_provider
+        return _ConfigurableModel(
+            default_config=kwargs,
+            config_prefix=config_prefix,
+            configurable_fields=configurable_fields,
+        )
+
+
+def _init_chat_model_helper(
+    model: str, *, model_provider: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any
+) -> BaseChatModel:
+    model, model_provider = _parse_model(model, model_provider)
+    if model_provider == "openai":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_openai")
+        from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+        return ChatOpenAI(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "anthropic":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_anthropic")
+        from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+
+        return ChatAnthropic(model=model, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg,unused-ignore]
+    elif model_provider == "azure_openai":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_openai")
+        from langchain_openai import AzureChatOpenAI
+
+        return AzureChatOpenAI(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "azure_ai":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_azure_ai")
+        from langchain_azure_ai.chat_models import AzureAIChatCompletionsModel
+
+        return AzureAIChatCompletionsModel(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "cohere":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_cohere")
+        from langchain_cohere import ChatCohere
+
+        return ChatCohere(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "google_vertexai":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_google_vertexai")
+        from langchain_google_vertexai import ChatVertexAI
+
+        return ChatVertexAI(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "google_genai":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_google_genai")
+        from langchain_google_genai import ChatGoogleGenerativeAI
+
+        return ChatGoogleGenerativeAI(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "fireworks":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_fireworks")
+        from langchain_fireworks import ChatFireworks
+
+        return ChatFireworks(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "ollama":
+        try:
+            _check_pkg("langchain_ollama")
+            from langchain_ollama import ChatOllama
+        except ImportError:
+            # For backwards compatibility
+            try:
+                _check_pkg("langchain_community")
+                from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOllama
+            except ImportError:
+                # If both langchain-ollama and langchain-community aren't available,
+                # raise an error related to langchain-ollama
+                _check_pkg("langchain_ollama")
+
+        return ChatOllama(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "together":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_together")
+        from langchain_together import ChatTogether
+
+        return ChatTogether(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "mistralai":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_mistralai")
+        from langchain_mistralai import ChatMistralAI
+
+        return ChatMistralAI(model=model, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg,unused-ignore]
+    elif model_provider == "huggingface":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_huggingface")
+        from langchain_huggingface import ChatHuggingFace
+
+        return ChatHuggingFace(model_id=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "groq":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_groq")
+        from langchain_groq import ChatGroq
+
+        return ChatGroq(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "bedrock":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_aws")
+        from langchain_aws import ChatBedrock
+
+        # TODO: update to use model= once ChatBedrock supports
+        return ChatBedrock(model_id=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "bedrock_converse":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_aws")
+        from langchain_aws import ChatBedrockConverse
+
+        return ChatBedrockConverse(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "google_anthropic_vertex":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_google_vertexai")
+        from langchain_google_vertexai.model_garden import ChatAnthropicVertex
+
+        return ChatAnthropicVertex(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "deepseek":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_deepseek", pkg_kebab="langchain-deepseek")
+        from langchain_deepseek import ChatDeepSeek
+
+        return ChatDeepSeek(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "nvidia":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_nvidia_ai_endpoints")
+        from langchain_nvidia_ai_endpoints import ChatNVIDIA
+
+        return ChatNVIDIA(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "ibm":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_ibm")
+        from langchain_ibm import ChatWatsonx
+
+        return ChatWatsonx(model_id=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "xai":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_xai")
+        from langchain_xai import ChatXAI
+
+        return ChatXAI(model=model, **kwargs)
+    elif model_provider == "perplexity":
+        _check_pkg("langchain_perplexity")
+        from langchain_perplexity import ChatPerplexity
+
+        return ChatPerplexity(model=model, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        supported = ", ".join(_SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS)
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unsupported {model_provider=}.\n\nSupported model providers are: "
+            f"{supported}"
+        )
+
+
+_SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS = {
+    "openai",
+    "anthropic",
+    "azure_openai",
+    "azure_ai",
+    "cohere",
+    "google_vertexai",
+    "google_genai",
+    "fireworks",
+    "ollama",
+    "together",
+    "mistralai",
+    "huggingface",
+    "groq",
+    "bedrock",
+    "bedrock_converse",
+    "google_anthropic_vertex",
+    "deepseek",
+    "ibm",
+    "xai",
+    "perplexity",
+}
+
+
+def _attempt_infer_model_provider(model_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    if any(model_name.startswith(pre) for pre in ("gpt-3", "gpt-4", "o1", "o3")):
+        return "openai"
+    elif model_name.startswith("claude"):
+        return "anthropic"
+    elif model_name.startswith("command"):
+        return "cohere"
+    elif model_name.startswith("accounts/fireworks"):
+        return "fireworks"
+    elif model_name.startswith("gemini"):
+        return "google_vertexai"
+    elif model_name.startswith("amazon."):
+        return "bedrock"
+    elif model_name.startswith("mistral"):
+        return "mistralai"
+    elif model_name.startswith("deepseek"):
+        return "deepseek"
+    elif model_name.startswith("grok"):
+        return "xai"
+    elif model_name.startswith("sonar"):
+        return "perplexity"
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _parse_model(model: str, model_provider: Optional[str]) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    if (
+        not model_provider
+        and ":" in model
+        and model.split(":")[0] in _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS
+    ):
+        model_provider = model.split(":")[0]
+        model = ":".join(model.split(":")[1:])
+    model_provider = model_provider or _attempt_infer_model_provider(model)
+    if not model_provider:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unable to infer model provider for {model=}, please specify "
+            f"model_provider directly."
+        )
+    model_provider = model_provider.replace("-", "_").lower()
+    return model, model_provider
+
+
+def _check_pkg(pkg: str, *, pkg_kebab: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    if not util.find_spec(pkg):
+        pkg_kebab = pkg_kebab if pkg_kebab is not None else pkg.replace("_", "-")
+        raise ImportError(
+            f"Unable to import {pkg}. Please install with `pip install -U {pkg_kebab}`"
+        )
+
+
+def _remove_prefix(s: str, prefix: str) -> str:
+    if s.startswith(prefix):
+        s = s[len(prefix) :]
+    return s
+
+
+_DECLARATIVE_METHODS = ("bind_tools", "with_structured_output")
+
+
+class _ConfigurableModel(Runnable[LanguageModelInput, Any]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        default_config: Optional[dict] = None,
+        configurable_fields: Union[Literal["any"], list[str], tuple[str, ...]] = "any",
+        config_prefix: str = "",
+        queued_declarative_operations: Sequence[tuple[str, tuple, dict]] = (),
+    ) -> None:
+        self._default_config: dict = default_config or {}
+        self._configurable_fields: Union[Literal["any"], list[str]] = (
+            configurable_fields
+            if configurable_fields == "any"
+            else list(configurable_fields)
+        )
+        self._config_prefix = (
+            config_prefix + "_"
+            if config_prefix and not config_prefix.endswith("_")
+            else config_prefix
+        )
+        self._queued_declarative_operations: list[tuple[str, tuple, dict]] = list(
+            queued_declarative_operations
+        )
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        if name in _DECLARATIVE_METHODS:
+            # Declarative operations that cannot be applied until after an actual model
+            # object is instantiated. So instead of returning the actual operation,
+            # we record the operation and its arguments in a queue. This queue is
+            # then applied in order whenever we actually instantiate the model (in
+            # self._model()).
+            def queue(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _ConfigurableModel:
+                queued_declarative_operations = list(
+                    self._queued_declarative_operations
+                )
+                queued_declarative_operations.append((name, args, kwargs))
+                return _ConfigurableModel(
+                    default_config=dict(self._default_config),
+                    configurable_fields=list(self._configurable_fields)
+                    if isinstance(self._configurable_fields, list)
+                    else self._configurable_fields,
+                    config_prefix=self._config_prefix,
+                    queued_declarative_operations=queued_declarative_operations,
+                )
+
+            return queue
+        elif self._default_config and (model := self._model()) and hasattr(model, name):
+            return getattr(model, name)
+        else:
+            msg = f"{name} is not a BaseChatModel attribute"
+            if self._default_config:
+                msg += " and is not implemented on the default model"
+            msg += "."
+            raise AttributeError(msg)
+
+    def _model(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> Runnable:
+        params = {**self._default_config, **self._model_params(config)}
+        model = _init_chat_model_helper(**params)
+        for name, args, kwargs in self._queued_declarative_operations:
+            model = getattr(model, name)(*args, **kwargs)
+        return model
+
+    def _model_params(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig]) -> dict:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        model_params = {
+            _remove_prefix(k, self._config_prefix): v
+            for k, v in config.get("configurable", {}).items()
+            if k.startswith(self._config_prefix)
+        }
+        if self._configurable_fields != "any":
+            model_params = {
+                k: v for k, v in model_params.items() if k in self._configurable_fields
+            }
+        return model_params
+
+    def with_config(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> _ConfigurableModel:
+        """Bind config to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable."""
+        config = RunnableConfig(**(config or {}), **cast(RunnableConfig, kwargs))
+        model_params = self._model_params(config)
+        remaining_config = {k: v for k, v in config.items() if k != "configurable"}
+        remaining_config["configurable"] = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in config.get("configurable", {}).items()
+            if _remove_prefix(k, self._config_prefix) not in model_params
+        }
+        queued_declarative_operations = list(self._queued_declarative_operations)
+        if remaining_config:
+            queued_declarative_operations.append(
+                (
+                    "with_config",
+                    (),
+                    {"config": remaining_config},
+                )
+            )
+        return _ConfigurableModel(
+            default_config={**self._default_config, **model_params},
+            configurable_fields=list(self._configurable_fields)
+            if isinstance(self._configurable_fields, list)
+            else self._configurable_fields,
+            config_prefix=self._config_prefix,
+            queued_declarative_operations=queued_declarative_operations,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def InputType(self) -> TypeAlias:
+        """Get the input type for this runnable."""
+        from langchain_core.prompt_values import (
+            ChatPromptValueConcrete,
+            StringPromptValue,
+        )
+
+        # This is a version of LanguageModelInput which replaces the abstract
+        # base class BaseMessage with a union of its subclasses, which makes
+        # for a much better schema.
+        return Union[
+            str,
+            Union[StringPromptValue, ChatPromptValueConcrete],
+            list[AnyMessage],
+        ]
+
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return self._model(config).invoke(input, config=config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return await self._model(config).ainvoke(input, config=config, **kwargs)
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        yield from self._model(config).stream(input, config=config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Any]:
+        async for x in self._model(config).astream(input, config=config, **kwargs):
+            yield x
+
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Any]:
+        config = config or None
+        # If <= 1 config use the underlying models batch implementation.
+        if config is None or isinstance(config, dict) or len(config) <= 1:
+            if isinstance(config, list):
+                config = config[0]
+            return self._model(config).batch(
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            )
+        # If multiple configs default to Runnable.batch which uses executor to invoke
+        # in parallel.
+        else:
+            return super().batch(
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Any]:
+        config = config or None
+        # If <= 1 config use the underlying models batch implementation.
+        if config is None or isinstance(config, dict) or len(config) <= 1:
+            if isinstance(config, list):
+                config = config[0]
+            return await self._model(config).abatch(
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            )
+        # If multiple configs default to Runnable.batch which uses executor to invoke
+        # in parallel.
+        else:
+            return await super().abatch(
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    def batch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[int, Union[Any, Exception]]]:
+        config = config or None
+        # If <= 1 config use the underlying models batch implementation.
+        if config is None or isinstance(config, dict) or len(config) <= 1:
+            if isinstance(config, list):
+                config = config[0]
+            yield from self._model(cast(RunnableConfig, config)).batch_as_completed(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            )
+        # If multiple configs default to Runnable.batch which uses executor to invoke
+        # in parallel.
+        else:
+            yield from super().batch_as_completed(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    async def abatch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Any]]:
+        config = config or None
+        # If <= 1 config use the underlying models batch implementation.
+        if config is None or isinstance(config, dict) or len(config) <= 1:
+            if isinstance(config, list):
+                config = config[0]
+            async for x in self._model(
+                cast(RunnableConfig, config)
+            ).abatch_as_completed(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            ):
+                yield x
+        # If multiple configs default to Runnable.batch which uses executor to invoke
+        # in parallel.
+        else:
+            async for x in super().abatch_as_completed(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                inputs, config=config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+            ):
+                yield x
+
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        yield from self._model(config).transform(input, config=config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Any]:
+        async for x in self._model(config).atransform(input, config=config, **kwargs):
+            yield x
+
+    @overload
+    def astream_log(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        diff: Literal[True] = True,
+        with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[RunLogPatch]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def astream_log(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        diff: Literal[False],
+        with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[RunLog]: ...
+
+    async def astream_log(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        diff: bool = True,
+        with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AsyncIterator[RunLogPatch], AsyncIterator[RunLog]]:
+        async for x in self._model(config).astream_log(  # type: ignore[call-overload, misc]
+            input,
+            config=config,
+            diff=diff,
+            with_streamed_output_list=with_streamed_output_list,
+            include_names=include_names,
+            include_types=include_types,
+            include_tags=include_tags,
+            exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+            exclude_types=exclude_types,
+            exclude_names=exclude_names,
+            **kwargs,
+        ):
+            yield x
+
+    async def astream_events(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        version: Literal["v1", "v2"] = "v2",
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[StreamEvent]:
+        async for x in self._model(config).astream_events(
+            input,
+            config=config,
+            version=version,
+            include_names=include_names,
+            include_types=include_types,
+            include_tags=include_tags,
+            exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+            exclude_types=exclude_types,
+            exclude_names=exclude_names,
+            **kwargs,
+        ):
+            yield x
+
+    # Explicitly added to satisfy downstream linters.
+    def bind_tools(
+        self,
+        tools: Sequence[Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable, BaseTool]],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, BaseMessage]:
+        return self.__getattr__("bind_tools")(tools, **kwargs)
+
+    # Explicitly added to satisfy downstream linters.
+    def with_structured_output(
+        self, schema: Union[dict, type[BaseModel]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, Union[dict, BaseModel]]:
+        return self.__getattr__("with_structured_output")(schema, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/bedrock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/bedrock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2d28172
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/bedrock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.bedrock import BedrockChat, ChatPromptAdapter
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ChatPromptAdapter": "langchain_community.chat_models.bedrock",
+    "BedrockChat": "langchain_community.chat_models.bedrock",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatPromptAdapter",
+    "BedrockChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/cohere.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/cohere.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b43df81d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/cohere.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.cohere import ChatCohere
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatCohere": "langchain_community.chat_models.cohere"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatCohere",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/databricks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/databricks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58dc3f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/databricks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.databricks import ChatDatabricks
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatDatabricks": "langchain_community.chat_models.databricks"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatDatabricks",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/ernie.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/ernie.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..284af4a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/ernie.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.ernie import ErnieBotChat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ErnieBotChat": "langchain_community.chat_models.ernie"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ErnieBotChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/everlyai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/everlyai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87c11deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/everlyai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.everlyai import ChatEverlyAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatEverlyAI": "langchain_community.chat_models.everlyai"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatEverlyAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/fake.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/fake.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..261d5fa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/fake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.fake import (
+        FakeListChatModel,
+        FakeMessagesListChatModel,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FakeMessagesListChatModel": "langchain_community.chat_models.fake",
+    "FakeListChatModel": "langchain_community.chat_models.fake",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FakeMessagesListChatModel",
+    "FakeListChatModel",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/fireworks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/fireworks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3908b2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/fireworks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.fireworks import ChatFireworks
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatFireworks": "langchain_community.chat_models.fireworks"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatFireworks",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/gigachat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/gigachat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a59eda70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/gigachat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.gigachat import GigaChat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GigaChat": "langchain_community.chat_models.gigachat"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GigaChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/google_palm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/google_palm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9bb012c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/google_palm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.google_palm import (
+        ChatGooglePalm,
+        ChatGooglePalmError,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ChatGooglePalm": "langchain_community.chat_models.google_palm",
+    "ChatGooglePalmError": "langchain_community.chat_models.google_palm",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatGooglePalm",
+    "ChatGooglePalmError",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/human.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/human.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3752193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/human.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.human import HumanInputChatModel
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HumanInputChatModel": "langchain_community.chat_models.human"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HumanInputChatModel",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/hunyuan.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/hunyuan.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53fe8454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/hunyuan.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.hunyuan import ChatHunyuan
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatHunyuan": "langchain_community.chat_models.hunyuan"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatHunyuan",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/javelin_ai_gateway.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/javelin_ai_gateway.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f89edbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/javelin_ai_gateway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.javelin_ai_gateway import (
+        ChatJavelinAIGateway,
+        ChatParams,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ChatJavelinAIGateway": "langchain_community.chat_models.javelin_ai_gateway",
+    "ChatParams": "langchain_community.chat_models.javelin_ai_gateway",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatJavelinAIGateway",
+    "ChatParams",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/jinachat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/jinachat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dba660e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/jinachat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.jinachat import JinaChat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JinaChat": "langchain_community.chat_models.jinachat"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JinaChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/konko.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/konko.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd5ba7c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/konko.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.konko import ChatKonko
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatKonko": "langchain_community.chat_models.konko"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatKonko",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/litellm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/litellm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69ebcd91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/litellm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.litellm import (
+        ChatLiteLLM,
+        ChatLiteLLMException,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ChatLiteLLM": "langchain_community.chat_models.litellm",
+    "ChatLiteLLMException": "langchain_community.chat_models.litellm",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatLiteLLM",
+    "ChatLiteLLMException",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/meta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/meta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22fa97e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/meta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.meta import convert_messages_to_prompt_llama
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "convert_messages_to_prompt_llama": "langchain_community.chat_models.meta"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "convert_messages_to_prompt_llama",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/minimax.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/minimax.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c4f791b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/minimax.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.minimax import MiniMaxChat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MiniMaxChat": "langchain_community.chat_models.minimax"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MiniMaxChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/mlflow.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/mlflow.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3877e8b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/mlflow.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.mlflow import ChatMlflow
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatMlflow": "langchain_community.chat_models.mlflow"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatMlflow",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/mlflow_ai_gateway.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/mlflow_ai_gateway.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e54df8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/mlflow_ai_gateway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.mlflow_ai_gateway import (
+        ChatMLflowAIGateway,
+        ChatParams,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ChatMLflowAIGateway": "langchain_community.chat_models.mlflow_ai_gateway",
+    "ChatParams": "langchain_community.chat_models.mlflow_ai_gateway",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatMLflowAIGateway",
+    "ChatParams",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/ollama.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/ollama.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5a9d3f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/ollama.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.ollama import ChatOllama
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatOllama": "langchain_community.chat_models.ollama"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatOllama",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76482f22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatOpenAI": "langchain_community.chat_models.openai"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatOpenAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/pai_eas_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/pai_eas_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c3134f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/pai_eas_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.pai_eas_endpoint import PaiEasChatEndpoint
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PaiEasChatEndpoint": "langchain_community.chat_models.pai_eas_endpoint"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PaiEasChatEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/promptlayer_openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/promptlayer_openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7a3bb0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/promptlayer_openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.promptlayer_openai import PromptLayerChatOpenAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PromptLayerChatOpenAI": "langchain_community.chat_models.promptlayer_openai"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PromptLayerChatOpenAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/tongyi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/tongyi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb24bef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/tongyi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.tongyi import ChatTongyi
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatTongyi": "langchain_community.chat_models.tongyi"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatTongyi",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/vertexai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/vertexai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b662a337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/vertexai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.vertexai import ChatVertexAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatVertexAI": "langchain_community.chat_models.vertexai"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatVertexAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/volcengine_maas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/volcengine_maas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c457114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/volcengine_maas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.volcengine_maas import (
+        VolcEngineMaasChat,
+        convert_dict_to_message,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "convert_dict_to_message": "langchain_community.chat_models.volcengine_maas",
+    "VolcEngineMaasChat": "langchain_community.chat_models.volcengine_maas",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "convert_dict_to_message",
+    "VolcEngineMaasChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/yandex.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/yandex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af2a4402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/chat_models/yandex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.yandex import ChatYandexGPT
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatYandexGPT": "langchain_community.chat_models.yandex"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatYandexGPT",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c7ed1c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""**Docstores** are classes to store and load Documents.
+
+The **Docstore** is a simplified version of the Document Loader.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Docstore --> <name> # Examples: InMemoryDocstore, Wikipedia
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Document, AddableMixin
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.docstore.arbitrary_fn import DocstoreFn
+    from langchain_community.docstore.in_memory import InMemoryDocstore
+    from langchain_community.docstore.wikipedia import Wikipedia
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DocstoreFn": "langchain_community.docstore.arbitrary_fn",
+    "InMemoryDocstore": "langchain_community.docstore.in_memory",
+    "Wikipedia": "langchain_community.docstore.wikipedia",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocstoreFn",
+    "InMemoryDocstore",
+    "Wikipedia",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8a04e94
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d836f407
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9b5571c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/document.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/document.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..031becd4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/in_memory.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/in_memory.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df942704
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/in_memory.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/wikipedia.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/__pycache__/wikipedia.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..319e4fd1
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/arbitrary_fn.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/arbitrary_fn.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3a324ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/arbitrary_fn.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.docstore.arbitrary_fn import DocstoreFn
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DocstoreFn": "langchain_community.docstore.arbitrary_fn"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocstoreFn",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34c0f197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.docstore.base import AddableMixin, Docstore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Docstore": "langchain_community.docstore.base",
+    "AddableMixin": "langchain_community.docstore.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Docstore",
+    "AddableMixin",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/document.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/document.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88aebd27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/document.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+__all__ = ["Document"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/in_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/in_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1998f250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/in_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.docstore.in_memory import InMemoryDocstore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"InMemoryDocstore": "langchain_community.docstore.in_memory"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InMemoryDocstore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/wikipedia.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/wikipedia.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2497b332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/docstore/wikipedia.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.docstore.wikipedia import Wikipedia
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Wikipedia": "langchain_community.docstore.wikipedia"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Wikipedia",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5a6b972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,553 @@
+"""**Document Loaders**  are classes to load Documents.
+
+**Document Loaders** are usually used to load a lot of Documents in a single run.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseLoader --> <name>Loader  # Examples: TextLoader, UnstructuredFileLoader
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Document, <name>TextSplitter
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        AcreomLoader,
+        AirbyteCDKLoader,
+        AirbyteGongLoader,
+        AirbyteHubspotLoader,
+        AirbyteJSONLoader,
+        AirbyteSalesforceLoader,
+        AirbyteShopifyLoader,
+        AirbyteStripeLoader,
+        AirbyteTypeformLoader,
+        AirbyteZendeskSupportLoader,
+        AirtableLoader,
+        AmazonTextractPDFLoader,
+        ApifyDatasetLoader,
+        ArcGISLoader,
+        ArxivLoader,
+        AssemblyAIAudioTranscriptLoader,
+        AsyncChromiumLoader,
+        AsyncHtmlLoader,
+        AZLyricsLoader,
+        AzureAIDataLoader,
+        AzureBlobStorageContainerLoader,
+        AzureBlobStorageFileLoader,
+        BibtexLoader,
+        BigQueryLoader,
+        BiliBiliLoader,
+        BlackboardLoader,
+        BlockchainDocumentLoader,
+        BraveSearchLoader,
+        BrowserlessLoader,
+        BSHTMLLoader,
+        ChatGPTLoader,
+        CollegeConfidentialLoader,
+        ConcurrentLoader,
+        ConfluenceLoader,
+        CoNLLULoader,
+        CouchbaseLoader,
+        CSVLoader,
+        CubeSemanticLoader,
+        DatadogLogsLoader,
+        DataFrameLoader,
+        DiffbotLoader,
+        DirectoryLoader,
+        DiscordChatLoader,
+        DocugamiLoader,
+        DocusaurusLoader,
+        Docx2txtLoader,
+        DropboxLoader,
+        DuckDBLoader,
+        EtherscanLoader,
+        EverNoteLoader,
+        FacebookChatLoader,
+        FaunaLoader,
+        FigmaFileLoader,
+        FileSystemBlobLoader,
+        GCSDirectoryLoader,
+        GCSFileLoader,
+        GeoDataFrameLoader,
+        GitbookLoader,
+        GithubFileLoader,
+        GitHubIssuesLoader,
+        GitLoader,
+        GoogleApiClient,
+        GoogleApiYoutubeLoader,
+        GoogleDriveLoader,
+        GoogleSpeechToTextLoader,
+        GutenbergLoader,
+        HNLoader,
+        HuggingFaceDatasetLoader,
+        IFixitLoader,
+        ImageCaptionLoader,
+        IMSDbLoader,
+        IuguLoader,
+        JoplinLoader,
+        JSONLoader,
+        LakeFSLoader,
+        LarkSuiteDocLoader,
+        MastodonTootsLoader,
+        MathpixPDFLoader,
+        MaxComputeLoader,
+        MergedDataLoader,
+        MHTMLLoader,
+        ModernTreasuryLoader,
+        MongodbLoader,
+        MWDumpLoader,
+        NewsURLLoader,
+        NotebookLoader,
+        NotionDBLoader,
+        NotionDirectoryLoader,
+        OBSDirectoryLoader,
+        OBSFileLoader,
+        ObsidianLoader,
+        OneDriveFileLoader,
+        OneDriveLoader,
+        OnlinePDFLoader,
+        OpenCityDataLoader,
+        OutlookMessageLoader,
+        PagedPDFSplitter,
+        PDFMinerLoader,
+        PDFMinerPDFasHTMLLoader,
+        PDFPlumberLoader,
+        PlaywrightURLLoader,
+        PolarsDataFrameLoader,
+        PsychicLoader,
+        PubMedLoader,
+        PyMuPDFLoader,
+        PyPDFDirectoryLoader,
+        PyPDFium2Loader,
+        PyPDFLoader,
+        PySparkDataFrameLoader,
+        PythonLoader,
+        ReadTheDocsLoader,
+        RecursiveUrlLoader,
+        RedditPostsLoader,
+        RoamLoader,
+        RocksetLoader,
+        RSSFeedLoader,
+        S3DirectoryLoader,
+        S3FileLoader,
+        SeleniumURLLoader,
+        SharePointLoader,
+        SitemapLoader,
+        SlackDirectoryLoader,
+        SnowflakeLoader,
+        SpreedlyLoader,
+        SRTLoader,
+        StripeLoader,
+        TelegramChatApiLoader,
+        TelegramChatFileLoader,
+        TelegramChatLoader,
+        TencentCOSDirectoryLoader,
+        TencentCOSFileLoader,
+        TensorflowDatasetLoader,
+        TextLoader,
+        ToMarkdownLoader,
+        TomlLoader,
+        TrelloLoader,
+        TwitterTweetLoader,
+        UnstructuredAPIFileIOLoader,
+        UnstructuredAPIFileLoader,
+        UnstructuredCSVLoader,
+        UnstructuredEmailLoader,
+        UnstructuredEPubLoader,
+        UnstructuredExcelLoader,
+        UnstructuredFileIOLoader,
+        UnstructuredFileLoader,
+        UnstructuredHTMLLoader,
+        UnstructuredImageLoader,
+        UnstructuredMarkdownLoader,
+        UnstructuredODTLoader,
+        UnstructuredOrgModeLoader,
+        UnstructuredPDFLoader,
+        UnstructuredPowerPointLoader,
+        UnstructuredRSTLoader,
+        UnstructuredRTFLoader,
+        UnstructuredTSVLoader,
+        UnstructuredURLLoader,
+        UnstructuredWordDocumentLoader,
+        UnstructuredXMLLoader,
+        WeatherDataLoader,
+        WebBaseLoader,
+        WhatsAppChatLoader,
+        WikipediaLoader,
+        XorbitsLoader,
+        YoutubeAudioLoader,
+        YoutubeLoader,
+        YuqueLoader,
+    )
+
+from langchain_core.document_loaders import Blob, BlobLoader
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+_old_to_new_name = {
+    "PagedPDFSplitter": "PyPDFLoader",
+    "TelegramChatLoader": "TelegramChatFileLoader",
+}
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AcreomLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AsyncHtmlLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AsyncChromiumLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AZLyricsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteCDKLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteGongLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteJSONLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteHubspotLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteSalesforceLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteShopifyLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteStripeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteTypeformLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteZendeskSupportLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirtableLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AmazonTextractPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ApifyDatasetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ArcGISLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ArxivLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AssemblyAIAudioTranscriptLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AzureAIDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AzureBlobStorageContainerLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AzureBlobStorageFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BSHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BibtexLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BigQueryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BiliBiliLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BlackboardLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "Blob": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BlobLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BlockchainDocumentLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BraveSearchLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BrowserlessLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "CSVLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ChatGPTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "CoNLLULoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "CollegeConfidentialLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ConcurrentLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ConfluenceLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "CouchbaseLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "CubeSemanticLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DatadogLogsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DiffbotLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DiscordChatLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DocugamiLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DocusaurusLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "Docx2txtLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DropboxLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DuckDBLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "EtherscanLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "EverNoteLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "FacebookChatLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "FaunaLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "FigmaFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "FileSystemBlobLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GCSDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GCSFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GeoDataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GitHubIssuesLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GitLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GithubFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GitbookLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GoogleApiClient": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GoogleApiYoutubeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GoogleSpeechToTextLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GoogleDriveLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GutenbergLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "HNLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "HuggingFaceDatasetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "IFixitLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "IMSDbLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ImageCaptionLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "IuguLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "JSONLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "JoplinLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "LarkSuiteDocLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "LakeFSLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MWDumpLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MastodonTootsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MathpixPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MaxComputeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MergedDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ModernTreasuryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MongodbLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "NewsURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "NotebookLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "NotionDBLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "NotionDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OBSDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OBSFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ObsidianLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OneDriveFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OneDriveLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OnlinePDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OpenCityDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OutlookMessageLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PagedPDFSplitter": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PDFMinerLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PDFMinerPDFasHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PDFPlumberLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PlaywrightURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PolarsDataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PsychicLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PubMedLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PyMuPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PyPDFDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PyPDFium2Loader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PyPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PySparkDataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PythonLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ReadTheDocsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "RecursiveUrlLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "RedditPostsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "RSSFeedLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "RoamLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "RocksetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "S3DirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "S3FileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "SRTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "SeleniumURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "SharePointLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "SitemapLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "SlackDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "SnowflakeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "SpreedlyLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "StripeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TelegramChatLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TelegramChatApiLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TelegramChatFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TensorflowDatasetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TencentCOSDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TencentCOSFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TextLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "ToMarkdownLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TomlLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TrelloLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "TwitterTweetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileIOLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredCSVLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredEPubLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredEmailLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredExcelLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredFileIOLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredImageLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredMarkdownLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredODTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredOrgModeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredPowerPointLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredRSTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredRTFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredTSVLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredWordDocumentLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredXMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "WeatherDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "WebBaseLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "WhatsAppChatLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "WikipediaLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "XorbitsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "YoutubeAudioLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "YoutubeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "YuqueLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AcreomLoader",
+    "AsyncHtmlLoader",
+    "AsyncChromiumLoader",
+    "AZLyricsLoader",
+    "AcreomLoader",
+    "AirbyteCDKLoader",
+    "AirbyteGongLoader",
+    "AirbyteJSONLoader",
+    "AirbyteHubspotLoader",
+    "AirbyteSalesforceLoader",
+    "AirbyteShopifyLoader",
+    "AirbyteStripeLoader",
+    "AirbyteTypeformLoader",
+    "AirbyteZendeskSupportLoader",
+    "AirtableLoader",
+    "AmazonTextractPDFLoader",
+    "ApifyDatasetLoader",
+    "ArcGISLoader",
+    "ArxivLoader",
+    "AssemblyAIAudioTranscriptLoader",
+    "AsyncHtmlLoader",
+    "AzureAIDataLoader",
+    "AzureBlobStorageContainerLoader",
+    "AzureBlobStorageFileLoader",
+    "BSHTMLLoader",
+    "BibtexLoader",
+    "BigQueryLoader",
+    "BiliBiliLoader",
+    "BlackboardLoader",
+    "Blob",
+    "BlobLoader",
+    "BlockchainDocumentLoader",
+    "BraveSearchLoader",
+    "BrowserlessLoader",
+    "CSVLoader",
+    "ChatGPTLoader",
+    "CoNLLULoader",
+    "CollegeConfidentialLoader",
+    "ConcurrentLoader",
+    "ConfluenceLoader",
+    "CouchbaseLoader",
+    "CubeSemanticLoader",
+    "DataFrameLoader",
+    "DatadogLogsLoader",
+    "DiffbotLoader",
+    "DirectoryLoader",
+    "DiscordChatLoader",
+    "DocugamiLoader",
+    "DocusaurusLoader",
+    "Docx2txtLoader",
+    "DropboxLoader",
+    "DuckDBLoader",
+    "EtherscanLoader",
+    "EverNoteLoader",
+    "FacebookChatLoader",
+    "FaunaLoader",
+    "FigmaFileLoader",
+    "FileSystemBlobLoader",
+    "GCSDirectoryLoader",
+    "GCSFileLoader",
+    "GeoDataFrameLoader",
+    "GithubFileLoader",
+    "GitHubIssuesLoader",
+    "GitLoader",
+    "GitbookLoader",
+    "GoogleApiClient",
+    "GoogleApiYoutubeLoader",
+    "GoogleSpeechToTextLoader",
+    "GoogleDriveLoader",
+    "GutenbergLoader",
+    "HNLoader",
+    "HuggingFaceDatasetLoader",
+    "IFixitLoader",
+    "IMSDbLoader",
+    "ImageCaptionLoader",
+    "IuguLoader",
+    "JSONLoader",
+    "JoplinLoader",
+    "LarkSuiteDocLoader",
+    "LakeFSLoader",
+    "MHTMLLoader",
+    "MWDumpLoader",
+    "MastodonTootsLoader",
+    "MathpixPDFLoader",
+    "MaxComputeLoader",
+    "MergedDataLoader",
+    "ModernTreasuryLoader",
+    "MongodbLoader",
+    "NewsURLLoader",
+    "NotebookLoader",
+    "NotionDBLoader",
+    "NotionDirectoryLoader",
+    "OBSDirectoryLoader",
+    "OBSFileLoader",
+    "ObsidianLoader",
+    "OneDriveFileLoader",
+    "OneDriveLoader",
+    "OnlinePDFLoader",
+    "OpenCityDataLoader",
+    "OutlookMessageLoader",
+    "PDFMinerLoader",
+    "PDFMinerPDFasHTMLLoader",
+    "PDFPlumberLoader",
+    "PlaywrightURLLoader",
+    "PolarsDataFrameLoader",
+    "PsychicLoader",
+    "PubMedLoader",
+    "PyMuPDFLoader",
+    "PyPDFDirectoryLoader",
+    "PagedPDFSplitter",
+    "PyPDFLoader",
+    "PyPDFium2Loader",
+    "PySparkDataFrameLoader",
+    "PythonLoader",
+    "RSSFeedLoader",
+    "ReadTheDocsLoader",
+    "RecursiveUrlLoader",
+    "RedditPostsLoader",
+    "RoamLoader",
+    "RocksetLoader",
+    "S3DirectoryLoader",
+    "S3FileLoader",
+    "SRTLoader",
+    "SeleniumURLLoader",
+    "SharePointLoader",
+    "SitemapLoader",
+    "SlackDirectoryLoader",
+    "SnowflakeLoader",
+    "SpreedlyLoader",
+    "StripeLoader",
+    "TelegramChatApiLoader",
+    "TelegramChatFileLoader",
+    "TelegramChatLoader",
+    "TensorflowDatasetLoader",
+    "TencentCOSDirectoryLoader",
+    "TencentCOSFileLoader",
+    "TextLoader",
+    "ToMarkdownLoader",
+    "TomlLoader",
+    "TrelloLoader",
+    "TwitterTweetLoader",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileIOLoader",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileLoader",
+    "UnstructuredCSVLoader",
+    "UnstructuredEPubLoader",
+    "UnstructuredEmailLoader",
+    "UnstructuredExcelLoader",
+    "UnstructuredFileIOLoader",
+    "UnstructuredFileLoader",
+    "UnstructuredHTMLLoader",
+    "UnstructuredImageLoader",
+    "UnstructuredMarkdownLoader",
+    "UnstructuredODTLoader",
+    "UnstructuredOrgModeLoader",
+    "UnstructuredPDFLoader",
+    "UnstructuredPowerPointLoader",
+    "UnstructuredRSTLoader",
+    "UnstructuredRTFLoader",
+    "UnstructuredTSVLoader",
+    "UnstructuredURLLoader",
+    "UnstructuredWordDocumentLoader",
+    "UnstructuredXMLLoader",
+    "WeatherDataLoader",
+    "WebBaseLoader",
+    "WhatsAppChatLoader",
+    "WikipediaLoader",
+    "XorbitsLoader",
+    "YoutubeAudioLoader",
+    "YoutubeLoader",
+    "YuqueLoader",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/__pycache__/youtube.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/__pycache__/youtube.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/acreom.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/acreom.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7223cf9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/acreom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AcreomLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AcreomLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AcreomLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airbyte.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airbyte.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57c4c6c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airbyte.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        AirbyteCDKLoader,
+        AirbyteGongLoader,
+        AirbyteHubspotLoader,
+        AirbyteSalesforceLoader,
+        AirbyteShopifyLoader,
+        AirbyteStripeLoader,
+        AirbyteTypeformLoader,
+        AirbyteZendeskSupportLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AirbyteCDKLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteHubspotLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteStripeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteTypeformLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteZendeskSupportLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteShopifyLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteSalesforceLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AirbyteGongLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AirbyteCDKLoader",
+    "AirbyteHubspotLoader",
+    "AirbyteStripeLoader",
+    "AirbyteTypeformLoader",
+    "AirbyteZendeskSupportLoader",
+    "AirbyteShopifyLoader",
+    "AirbyteSalesforceLoader",
+    "AirbyteGongLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airbyte_json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airbyte_json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e219dd2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airbyte_json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AirbyteJSONLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AirbyteJSONLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AirbyteJSONLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airtable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airtable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9daed112
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/airtable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AirtableLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AirtableLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AirtableLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/apify_dataset.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/apify_dataset.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db84370a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/apify_dataset.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ApifyDatasetLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ApifyDatasetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ApifyDatasetLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/arcgis_loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/arcgis_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7585089e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/arcgis_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ArcGISLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ArcGISLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArcGISLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/arxiv.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/arxiv.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23b3c245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/arxiv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ArxivLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ArxivLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArxivLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/assemblyai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/assemblyai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cff9381
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/assemblyai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AssemblyAIAudioTranscriptLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.assemblyai import TranscriptFormat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TranscriptFormat": "langchain_community.document_loaders.assemblyai",
+    "AssemblyAIAudioTranscriptLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TranscriptFormat",
+    "AssemblyAIAudioTranscriptLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/async_html.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/async_html.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d7ed60e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/async_html.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AsyncHtmlLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AsyncHtmlLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AsyncHtmlLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azlyrics.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azlyrics.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66d4a609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azlyrics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AZLyricsLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AZLyricsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AZLyricsLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_ai_data.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_ai_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f621785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_ai_data.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AzureAIDataLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureAIDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureAIDataLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_blob_storage_container.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_blob_storage_container.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6301a8d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_blob_storage_container.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AzureBlobStorageContainerLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AzureBlobStorageContainerLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureBlobStorageContainerLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_blob_storage_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_blob_storage_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71e30239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/azure_blob_storage_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AzureBlobStorageFileLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AzureBlobStorageFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureBlobStorageFileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/baiducloud_bos_directory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/baiducloud_bos_directory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..142348fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/baiducloud_bos_directory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.baiducloud_bos_directory import (
+        BaiduBOSDirectoryLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaiduBOSDirectoryLoader": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.baiducloud_bos_directory"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaiduBOSDirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/baiducloud_bos_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/baiducloud_bos_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d18c9bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/baiducloud_bos_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.baiducloud_bos_file import (
+        BaiduBOSFileLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaiduBOSFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.baiducloud_bos_file"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaiduBOSFileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b0bf30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.document_loaders import BaseBlobParser, BaseLoader
+
+__all__ = ["BaseLoader", "BaseBlobParser"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/base_o365.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/base_o365.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60e75fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/base_o365.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.base_o365 import O365BaseLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"O365BaseLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.base_o365"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "O365BaseLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bibtex.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bibtex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c08d663f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bibtex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BibtexLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BibtexLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BibtexLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bigquery.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bigquery.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c40c433c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bigquery.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BigQueryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BigQueryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BigQueryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bilibili.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bilibili.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a11a6b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/bilibili.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BiliBiliLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BiliBiliLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BiliBiliLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blackboard.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blackboard.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36a2da20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blackboard.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BlackboardLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BlackboardLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BlackboardLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67898e4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.document_loaders import Blob, BlobLoader
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        FileSystemBlobLoader,
+        YoutubeAudioLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BlobLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "Blob": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "FileSystemBlobLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "YoutubeAudioLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BlobLoader",
+    "Blob",
+    "FileSystemBlobLoader",
+    "YoutubeAudioLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9442a1d6
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/file_system.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/file_system.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b352deba
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/file_system.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/schema.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/schema.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36273d7f
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/schema.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/youtube_audio.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/youtube_audio.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04be41ad
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/__pycache__/youtube_audio.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/file_system.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/file_system.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..151567d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/file_system.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import FileSystemBlobLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"FileSystemBlobLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileSystemBlobLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..677b9cfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.document_loaders import Blob, BlobLoader
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    pass
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Blob": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BlobLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Blob",
+    "BlobLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/youtube_audio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/youtube_audio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4612343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blob_loaders/youtube_audio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import YoutubeAudioLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"YoutubeAudioLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "YoutubeAudioLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blockchain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blockchain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b815c6e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/blockchain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BlockchainDocumentLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.blockchain import BlockchainType
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BlockchainType": "langchain_community.document_loaders.blockchain",
+    "BlockchainDocumentLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BlockchainType",
+    "BlockchainDocumentLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/brave_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/brave_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fa833b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/brave_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BraveSearchLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BraveSearchLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BraveSearchLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/browserless.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/browserless.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..817e9b89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/browserless.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BrowserlessLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BrowserlessLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BrowserlessLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/chatgpt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/chatgpt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9ab0934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/chatgpt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ChatGPTLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.chatgpt import concatenate_rows
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "concatenate_rows": "langchain_community.document_loaders.chatgpt",
+    "ChatGPTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "concatenate_rows",
+    "ChatGPTLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/chromium.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/chromium.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e89f141e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/chromium.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import AsyncChromiumLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AsyncChromiumLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AsyncChromiumLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/college_confidential.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/college_confidential.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d7b04c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/college_confidential.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import CollegeConfidentialLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CollegeConfidentialLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CollegeConfidentialLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/concurrent.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/concurrent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21823140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/concurrent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ConcurrentLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ConcurrentLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ConcurrentLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/confluence.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/confluence.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f91b8280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/confluence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ConfluenceLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.confluence import ContentFormat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ContentFormat": "langchain_community.document_loaders.confluence",
+    "ConfluenceLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ContentFormat",
+    "ConfluenceLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/conllu.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/conllu.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d55f979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/conllu.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import CoNLLULoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CoNLLULoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CoNLLULoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/couchbase.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/couchbase.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca99b4d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/couchbase.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import CouchbaseLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CouchbaseLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CouchbaseLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/csv_loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/csv_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9840e5d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/csv_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import CSVLoader, UnstructuredCSVLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CSVLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredCSVLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CSVLoader",
+    "UnstructuredCSVLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/cube_semantic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/cube_semantic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7eb4f90f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/cube_semantic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import CubeSemanticLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CubeSemanticLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CubeSemanticLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/datadog_logs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/datadog_logs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e574c986
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/datadog_logs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DatadogLogsLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DatadogLogsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DatadogLogsLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/dataframe.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/dataframe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fe8f3c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/dataframe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DataFrameLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.dataframe import BaseDataFrameLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseDataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.dataframe",
+    "DataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseDataFrameLoader",
+    "DataFrameLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/diffbot.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/diffbot.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1d10d30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/diffbot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DiffbotLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DiffbotLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DiffbotLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/directory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/directory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15000588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/directory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DirectoryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/discord.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/discord.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..184039cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/discord.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DiscordChatLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DiscordChatLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DiscordChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/docugami.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/docugami.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4be78b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/docugami.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DocugamiLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DocugamiLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocugamiLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/docusaurus.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/docusaurus.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e71d7f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/docusaurus.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DocusaurusLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DocusaurusLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocusaurusLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/dropbox.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/dropbox.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12859c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/dropbox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DropboxLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DropboxLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DropboxLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/duckdb_loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/duckdb_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e561488a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/duckdb_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import DuckDBLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DuckDBLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DuckDBLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/email.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/email.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d462e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/email.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        OutlookMessageLoader,
+        UnstructuredEmailLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UnstructuredEmailLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "OutlookMessageLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredEmailLoader",
+    "OutlookMessageLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/epub.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/epub.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c672b1fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/epub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredEPubLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredEPubLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredEPubLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/etherscan.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/etherscan.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1be72b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/etherscan.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import EtherscanLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EtherscanLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EtherscanLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/evernote.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/evernote.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..295ec7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/evernote.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import EverNoteLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EverNoteLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EverNoteLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/excel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/excel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e14f4a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/excel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredExcelLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredExcelLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredExcelLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/facebook_chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/facebook_chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bdf5d219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/facebook_chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import FacebookChatLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.facebook_chat import concatenate_rows
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "concatenate_rows": "langchain_community.document_loaders.facebook_chat",
+    "FacebookChatLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "concatenate_rows",
+    "FacebookChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/fauna.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/fauna.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7987cdd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/fauna.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import FaunaLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"FaunaLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FaunaLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/figma.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/figma.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b0d345d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/figma.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import FigmaFileLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"FigmaFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FigmaFileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gcs_directory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gcs_directory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e79241ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gcs_directory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GCSDirectoryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GCSDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GCSDirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gcs_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gcs_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4803ae44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gcs_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GCSFileLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GCSFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GCSFileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/generic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/generic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e121359
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/generic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.generic import GenericLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GenericLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.generic"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GenericLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/geodataframe.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/geodataframe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8f0d2de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/geodataframe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GeoDataFrameLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GeoDataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GeoDataFrameLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/git.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/git.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4ee8e01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/git.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GitLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GitLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GitLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gitbook.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gitbook.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..443d2ae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gitbook.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GitbookLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GitbookLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GitbookLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/github.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/github.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a2b0ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/github.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GitHubIssuesLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.github import BaseGitHubLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseGitHubLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.github",
+    "GitHubIssuesLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseGitHubLoader",
+    "GitHubIssuesLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/google_speech_to_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/google_speech_to_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85be467e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/google_speech_to_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GoogleSpeechToTextLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleSpeechToTextLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleSpeechToTextLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/googledrive.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/googledrive.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17e290e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/googledrive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GoogleDriveLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleDriveLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleDriveLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gutenberg.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gutenberg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae19715a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/gutenberg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import GutenbergLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GutenbergLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GutenbergLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/helpers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25a8c91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.helpers import (
+        FileEncoding,
+        detect_file_encodings,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileEncoding": "langchain_community.document_loaders.helpers",
+    "detect_file_encodings": "langchain_community.document_loaders.helpers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileEncoding",
+    "detect_file_encodings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/hn.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/hn.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60fbe690
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/hn.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import HNLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HNLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HNLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/html.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/html.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79f50f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/html.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredHTMLLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredHTMLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/html_bs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/html_bs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9665c06c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/html_bs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import BSHTMLLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BSHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BSHTMLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/hugging_face_dataset.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/hugging_face_dataset.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b9dbc78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/hugging_face_dataset.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import HuggingFaceDatasetLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HuggingFaceDatasetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HuggingFaceDatasetLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/ifixit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/ifixit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6942b91f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/ifixit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import IFixitLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"IFixitLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IFixitLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/image.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/image.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f0e2630
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/image.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredImageLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredImageLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredImageLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/image_captions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/image_captions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ab1dc0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/image_captions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ImageCaptionLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ImageCaptionLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ImageCaptionLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/imsdb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/imsdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e21b998f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/imsdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import IMSDbLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"IMSDbLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IMSDbLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/iugu.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/iugu.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d314b66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/iugu.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import IuguLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"IuguLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IuguLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/joplin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/joplin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..911dd14c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/joplin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import JoplinLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JoplinLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JoplinLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/json_loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/json_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11e6b94d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/json_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import JSONLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JSONLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JSONLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/lakefs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/lakefs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0139280b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/lakefs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import LakeFSLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.lakefs import (
+        LakeFSClient,
+        UnstructuredLakeFSLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LakeFSClient": "langchain_community.document_loaders.lakefs",
+    "LakeFSLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredLakeFSLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.lakefs",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LakeFSClient",
+    "LakeFSLoader",
+    "UnstructuredLakeFSLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/larksuite.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/larksuite.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4ee9c73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/larksuite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import LarkSuiteDocLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LarkSuiteDocLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LarkSuiteDocLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/markdown.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/markdown.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2d7cce4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/markdown.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredMarkdownLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UnstructuredMarkdownLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredMarkdownLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mastodon.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mastodon.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddc0e8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mastodon.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import MastodonTootsLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MastodonTootsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MastodonTootsLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/max_compute.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/max_compute.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0a73476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/max_compute.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import MaxComputeLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MaxComputeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MaxComputeLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mediawikidump.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mediawikidump.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12062558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mediawikidump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import MWDumpLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MWDumpLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MWDumpLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/merge.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/merge.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e38b193b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/merge.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import MergedDataLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MergedDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MergedDataLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mhtml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mhtml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26597c84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mhtml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import MHTMLLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MHTMLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/modern_treasury.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/modern_treasury.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12b73ef7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/modern_treasury.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ModernTreasuryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ModernTreasuryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ModernTreasuryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mongodb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mongodb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f157d6ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/mongodb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import MongodbLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MongodbLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MongodbLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/news.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/news.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe2e8207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/news.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import NewsURLLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NewsURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NewsURLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notebook.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notebook.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e29dcde5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notebook.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import NotebookLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.notebook import (
+        concatenate_cells,
+        remove_newlines,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "concatenate_cells": "langchain_community.document_loaders.notebook",
+    "remove_newlines": "langchain_community.document_loaders.notebook",
+    "NotebookLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "concatenate_cells",
+    "remove_newlines",
+    "NotebookLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0b1bd9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import NotionDirectoryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NotionDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NotionDirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notiondb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notiondb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cd57b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/notiondb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import NotionDBLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NotionDBLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NotionDBLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/nuclia.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/nuclia.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78348dca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/nuclia.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.nuclia import NucliaLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NucliaLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.nuclia"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NucliaLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obs_directory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obs_directory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7136298
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obs_directory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import OBSDirectoryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OBSDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OBSDirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obs_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obs_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9e69f75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obs_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import OBSFileLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OBSFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OBSFileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obsidian.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obsidian.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71146a8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/obsidian.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ObsidianLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ObsidianLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ObsidianLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/odt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/odt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d82a098d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/odt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredODTLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredODTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredODTLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onedrive.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onedrive.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a13bb0c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onedrive.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import OneDriveLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OneDriveLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OneDriveLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onedrive_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onedrive_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f73ba99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onedrive_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import OneDriveFileLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OneDriveFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OneDriveFileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onenote.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onenote.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d89980f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/onenote.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.onenote import OneNoteLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OneNoteLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.onenote"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OneNoteLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/open_city_data.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/open_city_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..badcc024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/open_city_data.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import OpenCityDataLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenCityDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenCityDataLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/org_mode.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/org_mode.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cec468a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/org_mode.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredOrgModeLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UnstructuredOrgModeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredOrgModeLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0c3930e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.audio import OpenAIWhisperParser
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.docai import DocAIParser
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.grobid import GrobidParser
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.html.bs4 import BS4HTMLParser
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.language_parser import (
+        LanguageParser,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf import (
+        PDFMinerParser,
+        PDFPlumberParser,
+        PyMuPDFParser,
+        PyPDFium2Parser,
+        PyPDFParser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BS4HTMLParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.html.bs4",
+    "DocAIParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.docai",
+    "GrobidParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.grobid",
+    "LanguageParser": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.language_parser"
+    ),
+    "OpenAIWhisperParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.audio",
+    "PDFMinerParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PDFPlumberParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PyMuPDFParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PyPDFium2Parser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PyPDFParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BS4HTMLParser",
+    "DocAIParser",
+    "GrobidParser",
+    "LanguageParser",
+    "OpenAIWhisperParser",
+    "PDFMinerParser",
+    "PDFPlumberParser",
+    "PyMuPDFParser",
+    "PyPDFium2Parser",
+    "PyPDFParser",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/__pycache__/txt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/__pycache__/txt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/audio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/audio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1954c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/audio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.audio import (
+        OpenAIWhisperParser,
+        OpenAIWhisperParserLocal,
+        YandexSTTParser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "OpenAIWhisperParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.audio",
+    "OpenAIWhisperParserLocal": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.audio",
+    "YandexSTTParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.audio",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenAIWhisperParser",
+    "OpenAIWhisperParserLocal",
+    "YandexSTTParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/docai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/docai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bdc29325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/docai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.docai import (
+        DocAIParser,
+        DocAIParsingResults,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DocAIParsingResults": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.docai",
+    "DocAIParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.docai",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocAIParsingResults",
+    "DocAIParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/generic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/generic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d9c6501
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/generic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.generic import MimeTypeBasedParser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MimeTypeBasedParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.generic"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MimeTypeBasedParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/grobid.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/grobid.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13d08961
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/grobid.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.grobid import (
+        GrobidParser,
+        ServerUnavailableException,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GrobidParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.grobid",
+    "ServerUnavailableException": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.grobid",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GrobidParser",
+    "ServerUnavailableException",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..107d992a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.html.bs4 import BS4HTMLParser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BS4HTMLParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.html.bs4"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BS4HTMLParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..bd999919
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/__pycache__/bs4.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/__pycache__/bs4.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1096d92
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/bs4.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/bs4.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..107d992a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/html/bs4.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.html.bs4 import BS4HTMLParser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BS4HTMLParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.html.bs4"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BS4HTMLParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27db64fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.language_parser import (
+        LanguageParser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LanguageParser": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.language_parser"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LanguageParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..e65d8561
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index 00000000..5eafdd0c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/code_segmenter.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/code_segmenter.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/javascript.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/javascript.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..769ade40
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/language_parser.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/language_parser.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c24dde4a
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/python.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/__pycache__/python.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c91eaf6e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/cobol.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/cobol.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e80b5d65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/cobol.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.cobol import (
+        CobolSegmenter,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CobolSegmenter": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.cobol"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CobolSegmenter",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/code_segmenter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/code_segmenter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1469eaeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/code_segmenter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.code_segmenter import (
+        CodeSegmenter,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CodeSegmenter": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.code_segmenter"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CodeSegmenter",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/javascript.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/javascript.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffb2c409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/javascript.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.javascript import (
+        JavaScriptSegmenter,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "JavaScriptSegmenter": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.javascript"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JavaScriptSegmenter",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/language_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/language_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27db64fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/language_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.language_parser import (
+        LanguageParser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LanguageParser": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.language_parser"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LanguageParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/python.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/python.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79a70279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/language/python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.python import (
+        PythonSegmenter,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PythonSegmenter": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.language.python"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PythonSegmenter",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/msword.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/msword.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24b41850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/msword.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.msword import MsWordParser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MsWordParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.msword"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MsWordParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/pdf.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/pdf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..398134ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/pdf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf import (
+        AmazonTextractPDFParser,
+        DocumentIntelligenceParser,
+        PDFMinerParser,
+        PDFPlumberParser,
+        PyMuPDFParser,
+        PyPDFium2Parser,
+        PyPDFParser,
+        extract_from_images_with_rapidocr,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "extract_from_images_with_rapidocr": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf"
+    ),
+    "PyPDFParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PDFMinerParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PyMuPDFParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PyPDFium2Parser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "PDFPlumberParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "AmazonTextractPDFParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+    "DocumentIntelligenceParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.pdf",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "extract_from_images_with_rapidocr",
+    "PyPDFParser",
+    "PDFMinerParser",
+    "PyMuPDFParser",
+    "PyPDFium2Parser",
+    "PDFPlumberParser",
+    "AmazonTextractPDFParser",
+    "DocumentIntelligenceParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/registry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c1cce71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.registry import get_parser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "get_parser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.registry"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "get_parser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/txt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/txt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0597169c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/txt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.txt import TextParser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TextParser": "langchain_community.document_loaders.parsers.txt"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TextParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pdf.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pdf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e5a39ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pdf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        AmazonTextractPDFLoader,
+        MathpixPDFLoader,
+        OnlinePDFLoader,
+        PagedPDFSplitter,
+        PDFMinerLoader,
+        PDFMinerPDFasHTMLLoader,
+        PDFPlumberLoader,
+        PyMuPDFLoader,
+        PyPDFDirectoryLoader,
+        PyPDFium2Loader,
+        UnstructuredPDFLoader,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.pdf import (
+        BasePDFLoader,
+        DocumentIntelligenceLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UnstructuredPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "BasePDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.pdf",
+    "OnlinePDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PagedPDFSplitter": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PyPDFium2Loader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PyPDFDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PDFMinerLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PDFMinerPDFasHTMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PyMuPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "MathpixPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "PDFPlumberLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "AmazonTextractPDFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "DocumentIntelligenceLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.pdf",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredPDFLoader",
+    "BasePDFLoader",
+    "OnlinePDFLoader",
+    "PagedPDFSplitter",
+    "PyPDFium2Loader",
+    "PyPDFDirectoryLoader",
+    "PDFMinerLoader",
+    "PDFMinerPDFasHTMLLoader",
+    "PyMuPDFLoader",
+    "MathpixPDFLoader",
+    "PDFPlumberLoader",
+    "AmazonTextractPDFLoader",
+    "DocumentIntelligenceLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/polars_dataframe.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/polars_dataframe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67d413da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/polars_dataframe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import PolarsDataFrameLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PolarsDataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PolarsDataFrameLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/powerpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/powerpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f86145c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/powerpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredPowerPointLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UnstructuredPowerPointLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredPowerPointLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/psychic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/psychic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5964eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/psychic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import PsychicLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PsychicLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PsychicLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pubmed.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pubmed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4bff6c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pubmed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import PubMedLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PubMedLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PubMedLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pyspark_dataframe.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pyspark_dataframe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c870359
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/pyspark_dataframe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.pyspark_dataframe import (
+        PySparkDataFrameLoader,
+    )
+
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PySparkDataFrameLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.pyspark_dataframe"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["PySparkDataFrameLoader"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/python.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/python.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04907a0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.python import PythonLoader
+
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PythonLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.python"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["PythonLoader"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/quip.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/quip.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b86d70d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/quip.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.quip import QuipLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"QuipLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.quip"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "QuipLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/readthedocs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/readthedocs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3ba62c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/readthedocs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ReadTheDocsLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ReadTheDocsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ReadTheDocsLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/recursive_url_loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/recursive_url_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d591641e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/recursive_url_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import RecursiveUrlLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RecursiveUrlLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RecursiveUrlLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/reddit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/reddit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3265d248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/reddit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import RedditPostsLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RedditPostsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RedditPostsLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/roam.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/roam.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74478a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/roam.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import RoamLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RoamLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RoamLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rocksetdb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rocksetdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2f63343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rocksetdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import RocksetLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RocksetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RocksetLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rspace.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rspace.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14a0f1a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rspace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.rspace import RSpaceLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RSpaceLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.rspace"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RSpaceLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rss.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rss.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f186a2c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rss.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import RSSFeedLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RSSFeedLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RSSFeedLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rst.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rst.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc02f1c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rst.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredRSTLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredRSTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredRSTLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rtf.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rtf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e36ac4d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/rtf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredRTFLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredRTFLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredRTFLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/s3_directory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/s3_directory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d81b637b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/s3_directory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import S3DirectoryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"S3DirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "S3DirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/s3_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/s3_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6e49c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/s3_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import S3FileLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"S3FileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "S3FileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/sharepoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/sharepoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31d95ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/sharepoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import SharePointLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SharePointLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SharePointLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/sitemap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/sitemap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4124539b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/sitemap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import SitemapLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SitemapLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SitemapLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/slack_directory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/slack_directory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fc4e037
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/slack_directory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import SlackDirectoryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SlackDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SlackDirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/snowflake_loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/snowflake_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8c9d4c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/snowflake_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import SnowflakeLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SnowflakeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SnowflakeLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/spreedly.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/spreedly.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..221681df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/spreedly.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import SpreedlyLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SpreedlyLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SpreedlyLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/srt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/srt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..623150b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/srt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import SRTLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SRTLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SRTLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/stripe.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/stripe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..940b22cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/stripe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import StripeLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"StripeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StripeLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/telegram.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/telegram.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14523f65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/telegram.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        TelegramChatApiLoader,
+        TelegramChatFileLoader,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.telegram import (
+        concatenate_rows,
+        text_to_docs,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "concatenate_rows": "langchain_community.document_loaders.telegram",
+    "TelegramChatFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "text_to_docs": "langchain_community.document_loaders.telegram",
+    "TelegramChatApiLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "concatenate_rows",
+    "TelegramChatFileLoader",
+    "text_to_docs",
+    "TelegramChatApiLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tencent_cos_directory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tencent_cos_directory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a456786d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tencent_cos_directory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import TencentCOSDirectoryLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TencentCOSDirectoryLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TencentCOSDirectoryLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tencent_cos_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tencent_cos_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a11c44e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tencent_cos_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import TencentCOSFileLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TencentCOSFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TencentCOSFileLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tensorflow_datasets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tensorflow_datasets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c75f6a18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tensorflow_datasets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import TensorflowDatasetLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TensorflowDatasetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TensorflowDatasetLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26c399df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import TextLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TextLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TextLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tomarkdown.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tomarkdown.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..065f1a3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tomarkdown.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import ToMarkdownLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ToMarkdownLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ToMarkdownLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/toml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/toml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd1c9acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/toml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import TomlLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TomlLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TomlLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/trello.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/trello.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b68b12f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/trello.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import TrelloLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TrelloLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TrelloLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tsv.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tsv.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e42a378
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/tsv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredTSVLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredTSVLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredTSVLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/twitter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/twitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64ccb1e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/twitter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import TwitterTweetLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TwitterTweetLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TwitterTweetLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/unstructured.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/unstructured.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..242d3a07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/unstructured.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        UnstructuredAPIFileIOLoader,
+        UnstructuredAPIFileLoader,
+        UnstructuredFileIOLoader,
+        UnstructuredFileLoader,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.unstructured import (
+        UnstructuredBaseLoader,
+        get_elements_from_api,
+        satisfies_min_unstructured_version,
+        validate_unstructured_version,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "satisfies_min_unstructured_version": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.unstructured"
+    ),
+    "validate_unstructured_version": (
+        "langchain_community.document_loaders.unstructured"
+    ),
+    "UnstructuredBaseLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders.unstructured",
+    "UnstructuredFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "get_elements_from_api": "langchain_community.document_loaders.unstructured",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredFileIOLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileIOLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "satisfies_min_unstructured_version",
+    "validate_unstructured_version",
+    "UnstructuredBaseLoader",
+    "UnstructuredFileLoader",
+    "get_elements_from_api",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileLoader",
+    "UnstructuredFileIOLoader",
+    "UnstructuredAPIFileIOLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d3f86d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredURLLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredURLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url_playwright.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url_playwright.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd692cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url_playwright.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import PlaywrightURLLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.url_playwright import (
+        PlaywrightEvaluator,
+        UnstructuredHtmlEvaluator,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PlaywrightEvaluator": "langchain_community.document_loaders.url_playwright",
+    "UnstructuredHtmlEvaluator": "langchain_community.document_loaders.url_playwright",
+    "PlaywrightURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PlaywrightEvaluator",
+    "UnstructuredHtmlEvaluator",
+    "PlaywrightURLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url_selenium.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url_selenium.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f6e5c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/url_selenium.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import SeleniumURLLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SeleniumURLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SeleniumURLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/weather.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/weather.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c5fad99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/weather.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import WeatherDataLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WeatherDataLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WeatherDataLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/web_base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/web_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fd84d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/web_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import WebBaseLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WebBaseLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WebBaseLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/whatsapp_chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/whatsapp_chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fc2133e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/whatsapp_chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import WhatsAppChatLoader
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders.whatsapp_chat import concatenate_rows
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "concatenate_rows": "langchain_community.document_loaders.whatsapp_chat",
+    "WhatsAppChatLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "concatenate_rows",
+    "WhatsAppChatLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/wikipedia.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/wikipedia.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f3d73b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/wikipedia.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import WikipediaLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WikipediaLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WikipediaLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/word_document.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/word_document.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b8dd605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/word_document.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        Docx2txtLoader,
+        UnstructuredWordDocumentLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Docx2txtLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "UnstructuredWordDocumentLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Docx2txtLoader",
+    "UnstructuredWordDocumentLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/xml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e14aa0c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import UnstructuredXMLLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"UnstructuredXMLLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UnstructuredXMLLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/xorbits.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/xorbits.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b48275c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/xorbits.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import XorbitsLoader
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"XorbitsLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "XorbitsLoader",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/youtube.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/youtube.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf696783
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_loaders/youtube.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_loaders import (
+        GoogleApiClient,
+        GoogleApiYoutubeLoader,
+        YoutubeLoader,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "YoutubeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GoogleApiYoutubeLoader": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+    "GoogleApiClient": "langchain_community.document_loaders",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "YoutubeLoader",
+    "GoogleApiYoutubeLoader",
+    "GoogleApiClient",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adfd277c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+"""**Document Transformers** are classes to transform Documents.
+
+**Document Transformers** usually used to transform a lot of Documents in a single run.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseDocumentTransformer --> <name>  # Examples: DoctranQATransformer, DoctranTextTranslator
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Document
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import (
+        BeautifulSoupTransformer,
+        DoctranPropertyExtractor,
+        DoctranQATransformer,
+        DoctranTextTranslator,
+        EmbeddingsClusteringFilter,
+        EmbeddingsRedundantFilter,
+        GoogleTranslateTransformer,
+        Html2TextTransformer,
+        LongContextReorder,
+        NucliaTextTransformer,
+        OpenAIMetadataTagger,
+        get_stateful_documents,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BeautifulSoupTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "DoctranQATransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "DoctranTextTranslator": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "DoctranPropertyExtractor": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "EmbeddingsClusteringFilter": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "EmbeddingsRedundantFilter": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "GoogleTranslateTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "get_stateful_documents": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "LongContextReorder": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "NucliaTextTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "OpenAIMetadataTagger": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "Html2TextTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BeautifulSoupTransformer",
+    "DoctranQATransformer",
+    "DoctranTextTranslator",
+    "DoctranPropertyExtractor",
+    "EmbeddingsClusteringFilter",
+    "EmbeddingsRedundantFilter",
+    "GoogleTranslateTransformer",
+    "get_stateful_documents",
+    "LongContextReorder",
+    "NucliaTextTransformer",
+    "OpenAIMetadataTagger",
+    "Html2TextTransformer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea4f0ece
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/__pycache__/openai_functions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/__pycache__/openai_functions.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/beautiful_soup_transformer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/beautiful_soup_transformer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8028cff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/beautiful_soup_transformer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import BeautifulSoupTransformer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BeautifulSoupTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BeautifulSoupTransformer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_extract.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_extract.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6fcb4f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_extract.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import DoctranPropertyExtractor
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DoctranPropertyExtractor": "langchain_community.document_transformers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DoctranPropertyExtractor",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_qa.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_qa.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21dc7d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_qa.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import DoctranQATransformer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DoctranQATransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DoctranQATransformer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_translate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_translate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0c48863
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/doctran_text_translate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import DoctranTextTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DoctranTextTranslator": "langchain_community.document_transformers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DoctranTextTranslator",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/embeddings_redundant_filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/embeddings_redundant_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2230444a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/embeddings_redundant_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import (
+        EmbeddingsClusteringFilter,
+        EmbeddingsRedundantFilter,
+        get_stateful_documents,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers.embeddings_redundant_filter import (
+        _DocumentWithState,
+        _filter_similar_embeddings,
+        _get_embeddings_from_stateful_docs,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "EmbeddingsRedundantFilter": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "EmbeddingsClusteringFilter": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "_DocumentWithState": (
+        "langchain_community.document_transformers.embeddings_redundant_filter"
+    ),
+    "get_stateful_documents": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "_get_embeddings_from_stateful_docs": (
+        "langchain_community.document_transformers.embeddings_redundant_filter"
+    ),
+    "_filter_similar_embeddings": (
+        "langchain_community.document_transformers.embeddings_redundant_filter"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EmbeddingsRedundantFilter",
+    "EmbeddingsClusteringFilter",
+    "_DocumentWithState",
+    "get_stateful_documents",
+    "_get_embeddings_from_stateful_docs",
+    "_filter_similar_embeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/google_translate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/google_translate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fb25068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/google_translate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import GoogleTranslateTransformer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleTranslateTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleTranslateTransformer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/html2text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/html2text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..307d4559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/html2text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import Html2TextTransformer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Html2TextTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Html2TextTransformer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/long_context_reorder.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/long_context_reorder.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..221ffda0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/long_context_reorder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import LongContextReorder
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LongContextReorder": "langchain_community.document_transformers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LongContextReorder",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/nuclia_text_transform.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/nuclia_text_transform.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..877ec94e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/nuclia_text_transform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import NucliaTextTransformer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "NucliaTextTransformer": "langchain_community.document_transformers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NucliaTextTransformer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0daeabf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers import OpenAIMetadataTagger
+    from langchain_community.document_transformers.openai_functions import (
+        create_metadata_tagger,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "OpenAIMetadataTagger": "langchain_community.document_transformers",
+    "create_metadata_tagger": (
+        "langchain_community.document_transformers.openai_functions"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenAIMetadataTagger",
+    "create_metadata_tagger",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/xsl/html_chunks_with_headers.xslt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/xsl/html_chunks_with_headers.xslt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..285edfe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/document_transformers/xsl/html_chunks_with_headers.xslt
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
+<!-- HTML PRE CHUNK:
+This performs a best-effort preliminary "chunking" of text in an HTML file,
+matching each chunk with a "headers" metadata value based on header tags in proximity.
+
+recursively visits every element (template mode=list).
+for every element with tagname of interest (only):
+1. serializes a div (and metadata marking the element's xpath).
+2. calculates all text-content for the given element, including descendant elements which are *not* themselves tags of interest.
+3. if any such text-content was found, serializes a "headers" (span.headers) along with this text (span.chunk).
+
+to calculate the "headers" of an element:
+1. recursively gets the *nearest* prior-siblings for headings of *each* level
+2. recursively repeats that step#1 for each ancestor (regardless of tag)
+n.b. this recursion is only performed (beginning with) elements which are
+both (1) tags-of-interest and (2) have their own text-content.
+-->
+<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
+	xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
+	xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+	
+	<xsl:param name="tags">div|p|blockquote|ol|ul</xsl:param>
+	
+	<xsl:template match="/">
+		<html>
+			<head>
+				<style>
+					div {
+						border: solid;
+						margin-top: .5em;
+						padding-left: .5em;
+					}
+					
+					h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
+						margin: 0;
+					}
+					
+					.xpath {
+						color: blue;
+					}
+					.chunk {
+						margin: .5em 1em;
+					}
+				</style>
+			</head>
+			<body>
+				<!-- create "filtered tree" with only tags of interest -->
+				<xsl:apply-templates select="*" />
+			</body>
+		</html>
+	</xsl:template>
+	
+	<xsl:template match="*">
+		<xsl:choose>
+			<!-- tags of interest get serialized into the filtered tree (and recurse down child elements) -->
+			<xsl:when test="contains(
+				concat('|', $tags, '|'),
+				concat('|', local-name(), '|'))">
+			
+				<xsl:variable name="xpath">
+					<xsl:apply-templates mode="xpath" select="." />
+				</xsl:variable>
+				<xsl:variable name="txt">
+					<!-- recurse down child text-nodes and elements -->
+					<xsl:apply-templates mode="text" />
+				</xsl:variable>
+				<xsl:variable name="txt-norm" select="normalize-space($txt)" />
+				
+				<div title="{$xpath}">
+					
+					<small class="xpath">
+						<xsl:value-of select="$xpath" />
+					</small>
+					
+					<xsl:if test="$txt-norm">
+						<xsl:variable name="headers">
+							<xsl:apply-templates mode="headingsWithAncestors" select="." />
+						</xsl:variable>
+						
+						<xsl:if test="normalize-space($headers)">
+							<span class="headers">
+								<xsl:copy-of select="$headers" />
+							</span>
+						</xsl:if>
+					
+						<p class="chunk">
+							<xsl:value-of select="$txt-norm" />
+						</p>
+					</xsl:if>
+					
+					<xsl:apply-templates select="*" />
+				</div>
+			</xsl:when>
+			
+			<!-- all other tags get "skipped" and recurse down child elements -->
+			<xsl:otherwise>
+				<xsl:apply-templates select="*" />
+			</xsl:otherwise>
+		</xsl:choose>
+	</xsl:template>
+	
+	
+	<!-- text mode:
+	prints text nodes;
+	for elements, recurses down child nodes (text and elements) *except* certain exceptions:
+		tags of interest (handled in their own list-mode match),
+		non-content text (e.g. script|style)
+	-->
+	
+	<!-- ignore non-content text -->
+	<xsl:template mode="text" match="
+		script|style" />
+	<!-- for all other elements *except tags of interest*, recurse on child-nodes (text and elements) -->
+	<xsl:template mode="text" match="*">
+		<xsl:choose>
+			<!-- ignore tags of interest -->
+			<xsl:when test="contains(
+				concat('|', $tags, '|'),
+				concat('|', local-name(), '|'))" />
+			
+			<xsl:otherwise>
+				<xsl:apply-templates mode="text" />
+			</xsl:otherwise>
+		</xsl:choose>
+	</xsl:template>
+	
+	
+	<!-- xpath mode:
+	return an xpath which matches this element uniquely
+	-->
+	<xsl:template mode="xpath" match="*">
+		<!-- recurse up parents -->
+		<xsl:apply-templates mode="xpath" select="parent::*" />
+		
+		<xsl:value-of select="name()" />
+		<xsl:text>[</xsl:text>
+		<xsl:value-of select="1+count(preceding-sibling::*)" />
+		<xsl:text>]/</xsl:text>
+	</xsl:template>
+	
+	
+	<!-- headingsWithAncestors mode:
+	recurses up parents (ALL ancestors)
+	-->
+	<xsl:template mode="headingsWithAncestors" match="*">
+		<!-- recurse -->
+		<xsl:apply-templates mode="headingsWithAncestors" select="parent::*" />
+		
+		<xsl:apply-templates mode="headingsWithPriorSiblings" select=".">
+			<xsl:with-param name="maxHead" select="6" />
+		</xsl:apply-templates>
+	</xsl:template>
+	
+	
+	<!-- headingsWithPriorSiblings mode:
+	recurses up preceding-siblings
+	-->
+	<xsl:template mode="headingsWithPriorSiblings" match="*">
+		<xsl:param name="maxHead" />
+		<xsl:variable name="headLevel" select="number(substring(local-name(), 2))" />
+		
+		<xsl:choose>
+			<xsl:when test="'h' = substring(local-name(), 1, 1) and $maxHead >= $headLevel">
+				
+				<!-- recurse up to prior sibling; max level one less than current -->
+				<xsl:apply-templates mode="headingsWithPriorSiblings" select="preceding-sibling::*[1]">
+					<xsl:with-param name="maxHead" select="$headLevel - 1" />
+				</xsl:apply-templates>
+				
+				<xsl:apply-templates mode="heading" select="." />
+				
+			</xsl:when>
+			
+			<!-- special case for 'header' tag, serialize child-headers -->
+			<xsl:when test="self::header">
+				<xsl:apply-templates mode="heading" select="h1|h2|h3|h4|h5|h6" />
+				<!--
+				we choose not to recurse further up prior-siblings in this case,
+				but n.b. the 'headingsWithAncestors' template above will still continue recursion.
+				-->
+			</xsl:when>
+			
+			<xsl:otherwise>
+				<!-- recurse up to prior sibling; no other work on this element -->
+				<xsl:apply-templates mode="headingsWithPriorSiblings" select="preceding-sibling::*[1]">
+					<xsl:with-param name="maxHead" select="$maxHead" />
+				</xsl:apply-templates>
+			</xsl:otherwise>
+			
+		</xsl:choose>
+	</xsl:template>
+	
+	<xsl:template mode="heading" match="h1|h2|h3|h4|h5|h6">
+		<xsl:copy>
+			<xsl:value-of select="normalize-space(.)" />
+		</xsl:copy>
+	</xsl:template>
+	
+</xsl:stylesheet>
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c8ef661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+"""**Embedding models**  are wrappers around embedding models
+from different APIs and services.
+
+**Embedding models** can be LLMs or not.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Embeddings --> <name>Embeddings  # Examples: OpenAIEmbeddings, HuggingFaceEmbeddings
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.embeddings.base import init_embeddings
+from langchain.embeddings.cache import CacheBackedEmbeddings
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import (
+        AlephAlphaAsymmetricSemanticEmbedding,
+        AlephAlphaSymmetricSemanticEmbedding,
+        AwaEmbeddings,
+        AzureOpenAIEmbeddings,
+        BedrockEmbeddings,
+        BookendEmbeddings,
+        ClarifaiEmbeddings,
+        CohereEmbeddings,
+        DashScopeEmbeddings,
+        DatabricksEmbeddings,
+        DeepInfraEmbeddings,
+        DeterministicFakeEmbedding,
+        EdenAiEmbeddings,
+        ElasticsearchEmbeddings,
+        EmbaasEmbeddings,
+        ErnieEmbeddings,
+        FakeEmbeddings,
+        FastEmbedEmbeddings,
+        GooglePalmEmbeddings,
+        GPT4AllEmbeddings,
+        GradientEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceHubEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceInferenceAPIEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings,
+        InfinityEmbeddings,
+        JavelinAIGatewayEmbeddings,
+        JinaEmbeddings,
+        JohnSnowLabsEmbeddings,
+        LlamaCppEmbeddings,
+        LocalAIEmbeddings,
+        MiniMaxEmbeddings,
+        MlflowAIGatewayEmbeddings,
+        MlflowEmbeddings,
+        ModelScopeEmbeddings,
+        MosaicMLInstructorEmbeddings,
+        NLPCloudEmbeddings,
+        OctoAIEmbeddings,
+        OllamaEmbeddings,
+        OpenAIEmbeddings,
+        OpenVINOEmbeddings,
+        QianfanEmbeddingsEndpoint,
+        SagemakerEndpointEmbeddings,
+        SelfHostedEmbeddings,
+        SelfHostedHuggingFaceEmbeddings,
+        SelfHostedHuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings,
+        SentenceTransformerEmbeddings,
+        SpacyEmbeddings,
+        TensorflowHubEmbeddings,
+        VertexAIEmbeddings,
+        VoyageEmbeddings,
+        XinferenceEmbeddings,
+    )
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# TODO: this is in here to maintain backwards compatibility
+class HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder:
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
+        logger.warning(
+            "Using a deprecated class. Please use "
+            "`from langchain.chains import HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder` instead"
+        )
+        from langchain.chains.hyde.base import HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder as H
+
+        return H(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(cls, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Using a deprecated class. Please use "
+            "`from langchain.chains import HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder` instead"
+        )
+        from langchain.chains.hyde.base import HypotheticalDocumentEmbedder as H
+
+        return H.from_llm(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AlephAlphaAsymmetricSemanticEmbedding": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "AlephAlphaSymmetricSemanticEmbedding": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "AwaEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "AzureOpenAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "BedrockEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "BookendEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "ClarifaiEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "CohereEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "DashScopeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "DatabricksEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "DeepInfraEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "DeterministicFakeEmbedding": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "EdenAiEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "ElasticsearchEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "EmbaasEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "ErnieEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "FakeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "FastEmbedEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "GooglePalmEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "GPT4AllEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "GradientEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceHubEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInferenceAPIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "InfinityEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "JavelinAIGatewayEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "JinaEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "JohnSnowLabsEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "LlamaCppEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "LocalAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "MiniMaxEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "MlflowAIGatewayEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "MlflowEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "ModelScopeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "MosaicMLInstructorEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "NLPCloudEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "OctoAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "OllamaEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "OpenAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "OpenVINOEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "QianfanEmbeddingsEndpoint": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "SagemakerEndpointEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "SelfHostedEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "SentenceTransformerEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "SpacyEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "TensorflowHubEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "VertexAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "VoyageEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "XinferenceEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AlephAlphaAsymmetricSemanticEmbedding",
+    "AlephAlphaSymmetricSemanticEmbedding",
+    "AwaEmbeddings",
+    "AzureOpenAIEmbeddings",
+    "BedrockEmbeddings",
+    "BookendEmbeddings",
+    "CacheBackedEmbeddings",
+    "ClarifaiEmbeddings",
+    "CohereEmbeddings",
+    "DashScopeEmbeddings",
+    "DatabricksEmbeddings",
+    "DeepInfraEmbeddings",
+    "DeterministicFakeEmbedding",
+    "EdenAiEmbeddings",
+    "ElasticsearchEmbeddings",
+    "EmbaasEmbeddings",
+    "ErnieEmbeddings",
+    "FakeEmbeddings",
+    "FastEmbedEmbeddings",
+    "GooglePalmEmbeddings",
+    "GPT4AllEmbeddings",
+    "GradientEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceHubEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInferenceAPIEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings",
+    "InfinityEmbeddings",
+    "JavelinAIGatewayEmbeddings",
+    "JinaEmbeddings",
+    "JohnSnowLabsEmbeddings",
+    "LlamaCppEmbeddings",
+    "LocalAIEmbeddings",
+    "MiniMaxEmbeddings",
+    "MlflowAIGatewayEmbeddings",
+    "MlflowEmbeddings",
+    "ModelScopeEmbeddings",
+    "MosaicMLInstructorEmbeddings",
+    "NLPCloudEmbeddings",
+    "OctoAIEmbeddings",
+    "OllamaEmbeddings",
+    "OpenAIEmbeddings",
+    "OpenVINOEmbeddings",
+    "QianfanEmbeddingsEndpoint",
+    "SagemakerEndpointEmbeddings",
+    "SelfHostedEmbeddings",
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceEmbeddings",
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings",
+    "SentenceTransformerEmbeddings",
+    "SpacyEmbeddings",
+    "TensorflowHubEmbeddings",
+    "VertexAIEmbeddings",
+    "VoyageEmbeddings",
+    "XinferenceEmbeddings",
+    "init_embeddings",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/__pycache__/xinference.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/__pycache__/xinference.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/aleph_alpha.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/aleph_alpha.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45027c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/aleph_alpha.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import (
+        AlephAlphaAsymmetricSemanticEmbedding,
+        AlephAlphaSymmetricSemanticEmbedding,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AlephAlphaAsymmetricSemanticEmbedding": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "AlephAlphaSymmetricSemanticEmbedding": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AlephAlphaAsymmetricSemanticEmbedding",
+    "AlephAlphaSymmetricSemanticEmbedding",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/awa.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/awa.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf0c6048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/awa.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import AwaEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AwaEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AwaEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/azure_openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/azure_openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d915224f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/azure_openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import AzureOpenAIEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureOpenAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureOpenAIEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b361978d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import QianfanEmbeddingsEndpoint
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"QianfanEmbeddingsEndpoint": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "QianfanEmbeddingsEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c20e91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+import functools
+from importlib import util
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+_SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS = {
+    "azure_openai": "langchain_openai",
+    "bedrock": "langchain_aws",
+    "cohere": "langchain_cohere",
+    "google_vertexai": "langchain_google_vertexai",
+    "huggingface": "langchain_huggingface",
+    "mistralai": "langchain_mistralai",
+    "ollama": "langchain_ollama",
+    "openai": "langchain_openai",
+}
+
+
+def _get_provider_list() -> str:
+    """Get formatted list of providers and their packages."""
+    return "\n".join(
+        f"  - {p}: {pkg.replace('_', '-')}" for p, pkg in _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS.items()
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_model_string(model_name: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Parse a model string into provider and model name components.
+
+    The model string should be in the format 'provider:model-name', where provider
+    is one of the supported providers.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: A model string in the format 'provider:model-name'
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple of (provider, model_name)
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        _parse_model_string("openai:text-embedding-3-small")
+        # Returns: ("openai", "text-embedding-3-small")
+
+        _parse_model_string("bedrock:amazon.titan-embed-text-v1")
+        # Returns: ("bedrock", "amazon.titan-embed-text-v1")
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the model string is not in the correct format or
+            the provider is unsupported
+    """
+    if ":" not in model_name:
+        providers = _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Invalid model format '{model_name}'.\n"
+            f"Model name must be in format 'provider:model-name'\n"
+            f"Example valid model strings:\n"
+            f"  - openai:text-embedding-3-small\n"
+            f"  - bedrock:amazon.titan-embed-text-v1\n"
+            f"  - cohere:embed-english-v3.0\n"
+            f"Supported providers: {providers}"
+        )
+
+    provider, model = model_name.split(":", 1)
+    provider = provider.lower().strip()
+    model = model.strip()
+
+    if provider not in _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Provider '{provider}' is not supported.\n"
+            f"Supported providers and their required packages:\n"
+            f"{_get_provider_list()}"
+        )
+    if not model:
+        raise ValueError("Model name cannot be empty")
+    return provider, model
+
+
+def _infer_model_and_provider(
+    model: str, *, provider: Optional[str] = None
+) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    if not model.strip():
+        raise ValueError("Model name cannot be empty")
+    if provider is None and ":" in model:
+        provider, model_name = _parse_model_string(model)
+    else:
+        provider = provider
+        model_name = model
+
+    if not provider:
+        providers = _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Must specify either:\n"
+            "1. A model string in format 'provider:model-name'\n"
+            "   Example: 'openai:text-embedding-3-small'\n"
+            "2. Or explicitly set provider from: "
+            f"{providers}"
+        )
+
+    if provider not in _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Provider '{provider}' is not supported.\n"
+            f"Supported providers and their required packages:\n"
+            f"{_get_provider_list()}"
+        )
+    return provider, model_name
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=len(_SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS))
+def _check_pkg(pkg: str) -> None:
+    """Check if a package is installed."""
+    if not util.find_spec(pkg):
+        raise ImportError(
+            f"Could not import {pkg} python package. "
+            f"Please install it with `pip install {pkg}`"
+        )
+
+
+def init_embeddings(
+    model: str,
+    *,
+    provider: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Union[Embeddings, Runnable[Any, list[float]]]:
+    """Initialize an embeddings model from a model name and optional provider.
+
+    **Note:** Must have the integration package corresponding to the model provider
+    installed.
+
+    Args:
+        model: Name of the model to use. Can be either:
+            - A model string like "openai:text-embedding-3-small"
+            - Just the model name if provider is specified
+        provider: Optional explicit provider name. If not specified,
+            will attempt to parse from the model string. Supported providers
+            and their required packages:
+
+            {_get_provider_list()}
+
+        **kwargs: Additional model-specific parameters passed to the embedding model.
+            These vary by provider, see the provider-specific documentation for details.
+
+    Returns:
+        An Embeddings instance that can generate embeddings for text.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the model provider is not supported or cannot be determined
+        ImportError: If the required provider package is not installed
+
+    .. dropdown:: Example Usage
+        :open:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # Using a model string
+            model = init_embeddings("openai:text-embedding-3-small")
+            model.embed_query("Hello, world!")
+
+            # Using explicit provider
+            model = init_embeddings(
+                model="text-embedding-3-small",
+                provider="openai"
+            )
+            model.embed_documents(["Hello, world!", "Goodbye, world!"])
+
+            # With additional parameters
+            model = init_embeddings(
+                "openai:text-embedding-3-small",
+                api_key="sk-..."
+            )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.3.9
+    """
+    if not model:
+        providers = _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS.keys()
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Must specify model name. Supported providers are: {', '.join(providers)}"
+        )
+
+    provider, model_name = _infer_model_and_provider(model, provider=provider)
+    pkg = _SUPPORTED_PROVIDERS[provider]
+    _check_pkg(pkg)
+
+    if provider == "openai":
+        from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+
+        return OpenAIEmbeddings(model=model_name, **kwargs)
+    elif provider == "azure_openai":
+        from langchain_openai import AzureOpenAIEmbeddings
+
+        return AzureOpenAIEmbeddings(model=model_name, **kwargs)
+    elif provider == "google_vertexai":
+        from langchain_google_vertexai import VertexAIEmbeddings
+
+        return VertexAIEmbeddings(model=model_name, **kwargs)
+    elif provider == "bedrock":
+        from langchain_aws import BedrockEmbeddings
+
+        return BedrockEmbeddings(model_id=model_name, **kwargs)
+    elif provider == "cohere":
+        from langchain_cohere import CohereEmbeddings
+
+        return CohereEmbeddings(model=model_name, **kwargs)
+    elif provider == "mistralai":
+        from langchain_mistralai import MistralAIEmbeddings
+
+        return MistralAIEmbeddings(model=model_name, **kwargs)
+    elif provider == "huggingface":
+        from langchain_huggingface import HuggingFaceEmbeddings
+
+        return HuggingFaceEmbeddings(model_name=model_name, **kwargs)
+    elif provider == "ollama":
+        from langchain_ollama import OllamaEmbeddings
+
+        return OllamaEmbeddings(model=model_name, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Provider '{provider}' is not supported.\n"
+            f"Supported providers and their required packages:\n"
+            f"{_get_provider_list()}"
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "init_embeddings",
+    "Embeddings",  # This one is for backwards compatibility
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/bedrock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/bedrock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecb6fbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/bedrock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import BedrockEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BedrockEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BedrockEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/bookend.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/bookend.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4854b6f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/bookend.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import BookendEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BookendEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BookendEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..163fd942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+"""Module contains code for a cache backed embedder.
+
+The cache backed embedder is a wrapper around an embedder that caches
+embeddings in a key-value store. The cache is used to avoid recomputing
+embeddings for the same text.
+
+The text is hashed and the hash is used as the key in the cache.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import json
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from functools import partial
+from typing import Callable, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.stores import BaseStore, ByteStore
+from langchain_core.utils.iter import batch_iterate
+
+from langchain.storage.encoder_backed import EncoderBackedStore
+
+NAMESPACE_UUID = uuid.UUID(int=1985)
+
+
+def _hash_string_to_uuid(input_string: str) -> uuid.UUID:
+    """Hash a string and returns the corresponding UUID."""
+    hash_value = hashlib.sha1(input_string.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
+    return uuid.uuid5(NAMESPACE_UUID, hash_value)
+
+
+def _key_encoder(key: str, namespace: str) -> str:
+    """Encode a key."""
+    return namespace + str(_hash_string_to_uuid(key))
+
+
+def _create_key_encoder(namespace: str) -> Callable[[str], str]:
+    """Create an encoder for a key."""
+    return partial(_key_encoder, namespace=namespace)
+
+
+def _value_serializer(value: Sequence[float]) -> bytes:
+    """Serialize a value."""
+    return json.dumps(value).encode()
+
+
+def _value_deserializer(serialized_value: bytes) -> list[float]:
+    """Deserialize a value."""
+    return cast(list[float], json.loads(serialized_value.decode()))
+
+
+class CacheBackedEmbeddings(Embeddings):
+    """Interface for caching results from embedding models.
+
+    The interface allows works with any store that implements
+    the abstract store interface accepting keys of type str and values of list of
+    floats.
+
+    If need be, the interface can be extended to accept other implementations
+    of the value serializer and deserializer, as well as the key encoder.
+
+    Note that by default only document embeddings are cached. To cache query
+    embeddings too, pass in a query_embedding_store to constructor.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block: python
+
+            from langchain.embeddings import CacheBackedEmbeddings
+            from langchain.storage import LocalFileStore
+            from langchain_community.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
+
+            store = LocalFileStore('./my_cache')
+
+            underlying_embedder = OpenAIEmbeddings()
+            embedder = CacheBackedEmbeddings.from_bytes_store(
+                underlying_embedder, store, namespace=underlying_embedder.model
+            )
+
+            # Embedding is computed and cached
+            embeddings = embedder.embed_documents(["hello", "goodbye"])
+
+            # Embeddings are retrieved from the cache, no computation is done
+            embeddings = embedder.embed_documents(["hello", "goodbye"])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        underlying_embeddings: Embeddings,
+        document_embedding_store: BaseStore[str, list[float]],
+        *,
+        batch_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        query_embedding_store: Optional[BaseStore[str, list[float]]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the embedder.
+
+        Args:
+            underlying_embeddings: the embedder to use for computing embeddings.
+            document_embedding_store: The store to use for caching document embeddings.
+            batch_size: The number of documents to embed between store updates.
+            query_embedding_store: The store to use for caching query embeddings.
+                If None, query embeddings are not cached.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.document_embedding_store = document_embedding_store
+        self.query_embedding_store = query_embedding_store
+        self.underlying_embeddings = underlying_embeddings
+        self.batch_size = batch_size
+
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Embed a list of texts.
+
+        The method first checks the cache for the embeddings.
+        If the embeddings are not found, the method uses the underlying embedder
+        to embed the documents and stores the results in the cache.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: A list of texts to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of embeddings for the given texts.
+        """
+        vectors: list[Union[list[float], None]] = self.document_embedding_store.mget(
+            texts
+        )
+        all_missing_indices: list[int] = [
+            i for i, vector in enumerate(vectors) if vector is None
+        ]
+
+        for missing_indices in batch_iterate(self.batch_size, all_missing_indices):
+            missing_texts = [texts[i] for i in missing_indices]
+            missing_vectors = self.underlying_embeddings.embed_documents(missing_texts)
+            self.document_embedding_store.mset(
+                list(zip(missing_texts, missing_vectors))
+            )
+            for index, updated_vector in zip(missing_indices, missing_vectors):
+                vectors[index] = updated_vector
+
+        return cast(
+            list[list[float]], vectors
+        )  # Nones should have been resolved by now
+
+    async def aembed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Embed a list of texts.
+
+        The method first checks the cache for the embeddings.
+        If the embeddings are not found, the method uses the underlying embedder
+        to embed the documents and stores the results in the cache.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: A list of texts to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of embeddings for the given texts.
+        """
+        vectors: list[
+            Union[list[float], None]
+        ] = await self.document_embedding_store.amget(texts)
+        all_missing_indices: list[int] = [
+            i for i, vector in enumerate(vectors) if vector is None
+        ]
+
+        # batch_iterate supports None batch_size which returns all elements at once
+        # as a single batch.
+        for missing_indices in batch_iterate(self.batch_size, all_missing_indices):
+            missing_texts = [texts[i] for i in missing_indices]
+            missing_vectors = await self.underlying_embeddings.aembed_documents(
+                missing_texts
+            )
+            await self.document_embedding_store.amset(
+                list(zip(missing_texts, missing_vectors))
+            )
+            for index, updated_vector in zip(missing_indices, missing_vectors):
+                vectors[index] = updated_vector
+
+        return cast(
+            list[list[float]], vectors
+        )  # Nones should have been resolved by now
+
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed query text.
+
+        By default, this method does not cache queries. To enable caching, set the
+        `cache_query` parameter to `True` when initializing the embedder.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The text to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            The embedding for the given text.
+        """
+        if not self.query_embedding_store:
+            return self.underlying_embeddings.embed_query(text)
+
+        (cached,) = self.query_embedding_store.mget([text])
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+
+        vector = self.underlying_embeddings.embed_query(text)
+        self.query_embedding_store.mset([(text, vector)])
+        return vector
+
+    async def aembed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed query text.
+
+        By default, this method does not cache queries. To enable caching, set the
+        `cache_query` parameter to `True` when initializing the embedder.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The text to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            The embedding for the given text.
+        """
+        if not self.query_embedding_store:
+            return await self.underlying_embeddings.aembed_query(text)
+
+        (cached,) = await self.query_embedding_store.amget([text])
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+
+        vector = await self.underlying_embeddings.aembed_query(text)
+        await self.query_embedding_store.amset([(text, vector)])
+        return vector
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_bytes_store(
+        cls,
+        underlying_embeddings: Embeddings,
+        document_embedding_cache: ByteStore,
+        *,
+        namespace: str = "",
+        batch_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        query_embedding_cache: Union[bool, ByteStore] = False,
+    ) -> CacheBackedEmbeddings:
+        """On-ramp that adds the necessary serialization and encoding to the store.
+
+        Args:
+            underlying_embeddings: The embedder to use for embedding.
+            document_embedding_cache: The cache to use for storing document embeddings.
+            *,
+            namespace: The namespace to use for document cache.
+                       This namespace is used to avoid collisions with other caches.
+                       For example, set it to the name of the embedding model used.
+            batch_size: The number of documents to embed between store updates.
+            query_embedding_cache: The cache to use for storing query embeddings.
+                True to use the same cache as document embeddings.
+                False to not cache query embeddings.
+        """
+        namespace = namespace
+        key_encoder = _create_key_encoder(namespace)
+        document_embedding_store = EncoderBackedStore[str, list[float]](
+            document_embedding_cache,
+            key_encoder,
+            _value_serializer,
+            _value_deserializer,
+        )
+        if query_embedding_cache is True:
+            query_embedding_store = document_embedding_store
+        elif query_embedding_cache is False:
+            query_embedding_store = None
+        else:
+            query_embedding_store = EncoderBackedStore[str, list[float]](
+                query_embedding_cache,
+                key_encoder,
+                _value_serializer,
+                _value_deserializer,
+            )
+
+        return cls(
+            underlying_embeddings,
+            document_embedding_store,
+            batch_size=batch_size,
+            query_embedding_store=query_embedding_store,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/clarifai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/clarifai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0ec39cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/clarifai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import ClarifaiEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ClarifaiEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ClarifaiEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cloudflare_workersai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cloudflare_workersai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..548b53f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cloudflare_workersai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings.cloudflare_workersai import (
+        CloudflareWorkersAIEmbeddings,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CloudflareWorkersAIEmbeddings": (
+        "langchain_community.embeddings.cloudflare_workersai"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CloudflareWorkersAIEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cohere.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cohere.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fe49f10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/cohere.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import CohereEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CohereEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CohereEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/dashscope.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/dashscope.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62c9531a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/dashscope.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import DashScopeEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DashScopeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DashScopeEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/databricks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/databricks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ea6ec6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/databricks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import DatabricksEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DatabricksEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DatabricksEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/deepinfra.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/deepinfra.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8abdad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/deepinfra.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import DeepInfraEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DeepInfraEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DeepInfraEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/edenai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/edenai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc81d02c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/edenai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import EdenAiEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/elasticsearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/elasticsearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d04f7ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/elasticsearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import ElasticsearchEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ElasticsearchEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ElasticsearchEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/embaas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/embaas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b4f9c4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/embaas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import EmbaasEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EmbaasEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EmbaasEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/ernie.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/ernie.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfd00a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/ernie.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import ErnieEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ErnieEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ErnieEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/fake.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/fake.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b17af0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/fake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import (
+        DeterministicFakeEmbedding,
+        FakeEmbeddings,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FakeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "DeterministicFakeEmbedding": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FakeEmbeddings",
+    "DeterministicFakeEmbedding",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/fastembed.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/fastembed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e5ea496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/fastembed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import FastEmbedEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"FastEmbedEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FastEmbedEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/google_palm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/google_palm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73107ca1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/google_palm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import GooglePalmEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GooglePalmEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GooglePalmEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/gpt4all.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/gpt4all.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cfa0aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/gpt4all.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import GPT4AllEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GPT4AllEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GPT4AllEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/gradient_ai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/gradient_ai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3677f732
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/gradient_ai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import GradientEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GradientEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GradientEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/huggingface.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/huggingface.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5627bbed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/huggingface.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import (
+        HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceInferenceAPIEmbeddings,
+        HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "HuggingFaceEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInferenceAPIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HuggingFaceEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings",
+    "HuggingFaceInferenceAPIEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/huggingface_hub.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/huggingface_hub.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f147b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/huggingface_hub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import HuggingFaceHubEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HuggingFaceHubEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HuggingFaceHubEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/infinity.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/infinity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9225b088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/infinity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import InfinityEmbeddings
+    from langchain_community.embeddings.infinity import (
+        TinyAsyncOpenAIInfinityEmbeddingClient,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "InfinityEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "TinyAsyncOpenAIInfinityEmbeddingClient": "langchain_community.embeddings.infinity",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InfinityEmbeddings",
+    "TinyAsyncOpenAIInfinityEmbeddingClient",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/javelin_ai_gateway.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/javelin_ai_gateway.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e9953d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/javelin_ai_gateway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import JavelinAIGatewayEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JavelinAIGatewayEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JavelinAIGatewayEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/jina.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/jina.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba823459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/jina.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import JinaEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JinaEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JinaEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/johnsnowlabs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/johnsnowlabs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56378f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/johnsnowlabs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import JohnSnowLabsEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JohnSnowLabsEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JohnSnowLabsEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/llamacpp.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/llamacpp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00cc9089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/llamacpp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import LlamaCppEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LlamaCppEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LlamaCppEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/llm_rails.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/llm_rails.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1baf1dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/llm_rails.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import LLMRailsEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LLMRailsEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LLMRailsEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/localai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/localai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76468cad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/localai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import LocalAIEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LocalAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LocalAIEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/minimax.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/minimax.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53790ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/minimax.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import MiniMaxEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MiniMaxEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MiniMaxEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mlflow.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mlflow.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed2c3e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mlflow.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import MlflowEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MlflowEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MlflowEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mlflow_gateway.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mlflow_gateway.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc964a99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mlflow_gateway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import MlflowAIGatewayEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MlflowAIGatewayEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MlflowAIGatewayEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/modelscope_hub.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/modelscope_hub.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbc958c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/modelscope_hub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import ModelScopeEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ModelScopeEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ModelScopeEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mosaicml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mosaicml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14fac75f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/mosaicml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import MosaicMLInstructorEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MosaicMLInstructorEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MosaicMLInstructorEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/nlpcloud.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/nlpcloud.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3111dd06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/nlpcloud.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import NLPCloudEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NLPCloudEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NLPCloudEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/octoai_embeddings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/octoai_embeddings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ef4b9b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/octoai_embeddings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import OctoAIEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OctoAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OctoAIEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/ollama.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/ollama.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cab88e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/ollama.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import OllamaEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OllamaEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OllamaEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fb9d58f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenAIEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/sagemaker_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/sagemaker_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..546c31d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/sagemaker_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import SagemakerEndpointEmbeddings
+    from langchain_community.embeddings.sagemaker_endpoint import (
+        EmbeddingsContentHandler,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "EmbeddingsContentHandler": "langchain_community.embeddings.sagemaker_endpoint",
+    "SagemakerEndpointEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EmbeddingsContentHandler",
+    "SagemakerEndpointEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/self_hosted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/self_hosted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c34e0c3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/self_hosted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import SelfHostedEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SelfHostedEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SelfHostedEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/self_hosted_hugging_face.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/self_hosted_hugging_face.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f78e916c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/self_hosted_hugging_face.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import (
+        SelfHostedHuggingFaceEmbeddings,
+        SelfHostedHuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceEmbeddings",
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/sentence_transformer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/sentence_transformer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea0e60b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/sentence_transformer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import SentenceTransformerEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SentenceTransformerEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["SentenceTransformerEmbeddings"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/spacy_embeddings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/spacy_embeddings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..188ac85a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/spacy_embeddings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import SpacyEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SpacyEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SpacyEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/tensorflow_hub.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/tensorflow_hub.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..327563d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/tensorflow_hub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import TensorflowHubEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TensorflowHubEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TensorflowHubEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/vertexai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/vertexai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0994775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/vertexai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import VertexAIEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"VertexAIEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VertexAIEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/voyageai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/voyageai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f36e609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/voyageai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import VoyageEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"VoyageEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VoyageEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/xinference.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/xinference.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7aa08c20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/embeddings/xinference.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.embeddings import XinferenceEmbeddings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"XinferenceEmbeddings": "langchain_community.embeddings"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "XinferenceEmbeddings",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46c571ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+import platform
+from functools import lru_cache
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_runtime_environment() -> dict:
+    """Get information about the LangChain runtime environment."""
+    # Lazy import to avoid circular imports
+    from langchain import __version__
+
+    return {
+        "library_version": __version__,
+        "library": "langchain",
+        "platform": platform.platform(),
+        "runtime": "python",
+        "runtime_version": platform.python_version(),
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df95a44e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""**Evaluation** chains for grading LLM and Chain outputs.
+
+This module contains off-the-shelf evaluation chains for grading the output of
+LangChain primitives such as language models and chains.
+
+**Loading an evaluator**
+
+To load an evaluator, you can use the :func:`load_evaluators <langchain.evaluation.loading.load_evaluators>` or
+:func:`load_evaluator <langchain.evaluation.loading.load_evaluator>` functions with the
+names of the evaluators to load.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from langchain.evaluation import load_evaluator
+
+    evaluator = load_evaluator("qa")
+    evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+        prediction="We sold more than 40,000 units last week",
+        input="How many units did we sell last week?",
+        reference="We sold 32,378 units",
+    )
+
+The evaluator must be one of :class:`EvaluatorType <langchain.evaluation.schema.EvaluatorType>`.
+
+**Datasets**
+
+To load one of the LangChain HuggingFace datasets, you can use the :func:`load_dataset <langchain.evaluation.loading.load_dataset>` function with the
+name of the dataset to load.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+        from langchain.evaluation import load_dataset
+        ds = load_dataset("llm-math")
+
+**Some common use cases for evaluation include:**
+
+- Grading the accuracy of a response against ground truth answers: :class:`QAEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.qa.eval_chain.QAEvalChain>`
+- Comparing the output of two models: :class:`PairwiseStringEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.comparison.eval_chain.PairwiseStringEvalChain>` or :class:`LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.comparison.eval_chain.LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain>` when there is additionally a reference label.
+- Judging the efficacy of an agent's tool usage: :class:`TrajectoryEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.agents.trajectory_eval_chain.TrajectoryEvalChain>`
+- Checking whether an output complies with a set of criteria: :class:`CriteriaEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain.CriteriaEvalChain>` or :class:`LabeledCriteriaEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain.LabeledCriteriaEvalChain>` when there is additionally a reference label.
+- Computing semantic difference between a prediction and reference: :class:`EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.embedding_distance.base.EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain>` or between two predictions: :class:`PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.embedding_distance.base.PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain>`
+- Measuring the string distance between a prediction and reference :class:`StringDistanceEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.string_distance.base.StringDistanceEvalChain>` or between two predictions :class:`PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain <langchain.evaluation.string_distance.base.PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain>`
+
+**Low-level API**
+
+These evaluators implement one of the following interfaces:
+
+- :class:`StringEvaluator <langchain.evaluation.schema.StringEvaluator>`: Evaluate a prediction string against a reference label and/or input context.
+- :class:`PairwiseStringEvaluator <langchain.evaluation.schema.PairwiseStringEvaluator>`: Evaluate two prediction strings against each other. Useful for scoring preferences, measuring similarity between two chain or llm agents, or comparing outputs on similar inputs.
+- :class:`AgentTrajectoryEvaluator <langchain.evaluation.schema.AgentTrajectoryEvaluator>` Evaluate the full sequence of actions taken by an agent.
+
+These interfaces enable easier composability and usage within a higher level evaluation framework.
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from langchain.evaluation.agents import TrajectoryEvalChain
+from langchain.evaluation.comparison import (
+    LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain,
+    PairwiseStringEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.criteria import (
+    Criteria,
+    CriteriaEvalChain,
+    LabeledCriteriaEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.embedding_distance import (
+    EmbeddingDistance,
+    EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+    PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.exact_match.base import ExactMatchStringEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.loading import load_dataset, load_evaluator, load_evaluators
+from langchain.evaluation.parsing.base import (
+    JsonEqualityEvaluator,
+    JsonValidityEvaluator,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.parsing.json_distance import JsonEditDistanceEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.parsing.json_schema import JsonSchemaEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.qa import ContextQAEvalChain, CotQAEvalChain, QAEvalChain
+from langchain.evaluation.regex_match.base import RegexMatchStringEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import (
+    AgentTrajectoryEvaluator,
+    EvaluatorType,
+    PairwiseStringEvaluator,
+    StringEvaluator,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.scoring import (
+    LabeledScoreStringEvalChain,
+    ScoreStringEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.string_distance import (
+    PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain,
+    StringDistance,
+    StringDistanceEvalChain,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EvaluatorType",
+    "ExactMatchStringEvaluator",
+    "RegexMatchStringEvaluator",
+    "PairwiseStringEvalChain",
+    "LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain",
+    "QAEvalChain",
+    "CotQAEvalChain",
+    "ContextQAEvalChain",
+    "StringEvaluator",
+    "PairwiseStringEvaluator",
+    "TrajectoryEvalChain",
+    "CriteriaEvalChain",
+    "Criteria",
+    "EmbeddingDistance",
+    "EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain",
+    "PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain",
+    "StringDistance",
+    "StringDistanceEvalChain",
+    "PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain",
+    "LabeledCriteriaEvalChain",
+    "load_evaluators",
+    "load_evaluator",
+    "load_dataset",
+    "AgentTrajectoryEvaluator",
+    "ScoreStringEvalChain",
+    "LabeledScoreStringEvalChain",
+    "JsonValidityEvaluator",
+    "JsonEqualityEvaluator",
+    "JsonEditDistanceEvaluator",
+    "JsonSchemaEvaluator",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d024b1f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Chains for evaluating ReAct style agents."""
+
+from langchain.evaluation.agents.trajectory_eval_chain import TrajectoryEvalChain
+
+__all__ = ["TrajectoryEvalChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/trajectory_eval_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/trajectory_eval_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec0ff3fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/trajectory_eval_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+"""A chain for evaluating ReAct style agents.
+
+This chain is used to evaluate ReAct style agents by reasoning about
+the sequence of actions taken and their outcomes. It uses a language model
+chain (LLMChain) to generate the reasoning and scores.
+"""
+
+import re
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    TypedDict,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.language_models.chat_models import BaseChatModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.evaluation.agents.trajectory_eval_prompt import (
+    EVAL_CHAT_PROMPT,
+    TOOL_FREE_EVAL_CHAT_PROMPT,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import AgentTrajectoryEvaluator, LLMEvalChain
+
+
+class TrajectoryEval(TypedDict):
+    """A named tuple containing the score and reasoning for a trajectory."""
+
+    score: float
+    """The score for the trajectory, normalized from 0 to 1."""
+    reasoning: str
+    """The reasoning for the score."""
+
+
+class TrajectoryOutputParser(BaseOutputParser):
+    """Trajectory output parser."""
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "agent_trajectory"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> TrajectoryEval:
+        """Parse the output text and extract the score and reasoning.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The output text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            TrajectoryEval: A named tuple containing the normalized score and reasoning.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the score is not found in the output text or
+                if the LLM's score is not a digit in the range 1-5.
+        """
+        if "Score:" not in text:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not find score in model eval output: {text}"
+            )
+
+        reasoning, score_str = text.split("Score: ", maxsplit=1)
+
+        reasoning, score_str = reasoning.strip(), score_str.strip()
+
+        # Use regex to extract the score.
+        # This will get the number in the string, even if it is a float or more than 10.
+        # E.g. "Score: 1" will return 1, "Score: 3.5" will return 3.5, and
+        # "Score: 10" will return 10.
+        # The score should be an integer digit in the range 1-5.
+        _score = re.search(r"(\d+(\.\d+)?)", score_str)
+        # If the score is not found or is a float, raise an exception.
+        if _score is None or "." in _score.group(1):
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Score is not an integer digit in the range 1-5: {text}"
+            )
+        score = int(_score.group(1))
+        # If the score is not in the range 1-5, raise an exception.
+        if not 1 <= score <= 5:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Score is not a digit in the range 1-5: {text}"
+            )
+        normalized_score = (score - 1) / 4
+        return TrajectoryEval(score=normalized_score, reasoning=reasoning)
+
+
+class TrajectoryEvalChain(AgentTrajectoryEvaluator, LLMEvalChain):
+    """A chain for evaluating ReAct style agents.
+
+    This chain is used to evaluate ReAct style agents by reasoning about
+    the sequence of actions taken and their outcomes.
+    Based on the paper "ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"
+    (https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from langchain.agents import AgentType, initialize_agent
+        from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+        from langchain.evaluation import TrajectoryEvalChain
+        from langchain.tools import tool
+
+        @tool
+        def geography_answers(country: str, question: str) -> str:
+            \"\"\"Very helpful answers to geography questions.\"\"\"
+            return f"{country}? IDK - We may never know {question}."
+
+        llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo", temperature=0)
+        agent = initialize_agent(
+            tools=[geography_answers],
+            llm=llm,
+            agent=AgentType.OPENAI_FUNCTIONS,
+            return_intermediate_steps=True,
+        )
+
+        question = "How many dwell in the largest minor region in Argentina?"
+        response = agent(question)
+
+        eval_chain = TrajectoryEvalChain.from_llm(
+            llm=llm, agent_tools=[geography_answers], return_reasoning=True
+        )
+
+        result = eval_chain.evaluate_agent_trajectory(
+            input=question,
+            agent_trajectory=response["intermediate_steps"],
+            prediction=response["output"],
+            reference="Paris",
+        )
+        print(result["score"])  # noqa: T201
+        # 0
+    """
+
+    agent_tools: Optional[list[BaseTool]] = None
+    """A list of tools available to the agent."""
+    eval_chain: LLMChain
+    """The language model chain used for evaluation."""
+    output_parser: TrajectoryOutputParser = Field(
+        default_factory=TrajectoryOutputParser
+    )
+    """The output parser used to parse the output."""
+    return_reasoning: bool = False  # :meta private:
+    """DEPRECATED. Reasoning always returned."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="ignore",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this evaluator requires a reference label."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def _tools_description(self) -> str:
+        """Get the description of the agent tools.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The description of the agent tools.
+        """
+        if self.agent_tools is None:
+            return ""
+        return "\n\n".join(
+            [
+                f"""Tool {i}: {tool.name}
+Description: {tool.description}"""
+                for i, tool in enumerate(self.agent_tools, 1)
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_agent_trajectory(
+        steps: Union[str, Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]]],
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get the agent trajectory as a formatted string.
+
+        Args:
+            steps (Union[str, List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]]]): The agent trajectory.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The formatted agent trajectory.
+        """
+        if isinstance(steps, str):
+            return steps
+
+        return "\n\n".join(
+            [
+                f"""Step {i}:
+Tool used: {action.tool}
+Tool input: {action.tool_input}
+Tool output: {output}"""
+                for i, (action, output) in enumerate(steps, 1)
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _format_reference(reference: Optional[str]) -> str:
+        """Format the reference text.
+
+        Args:
+            reference (str): The reference text.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The formatted reference text.
+        """
+        if not reference:
+            return ""
+        return f"""
+
+The following is the expected answer. Use this to measure correctness:
+[GROUND_TRUTH]
+{reference}
+[END_GROUND_TRUTH]
+"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        agent_tools: Optional[Sequence[BaseTool]] = None,
+        output_parser: Optional[TrajectoryOutputParser] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> "TrajectoryEvalChain":
+        """Create a TrajectoryEvalChain object from a language model chain.
+
+        Args:
+            llm (BaseChatModel): The language model chain.
+            agent_tools (Optional[Sequence[BaseTool]]): A list of tools
+                available to the agent.
+            output_parser (Optional[TrajectoryOutputParser]): The output parser
+                used to parse the chain output into a score.
+        Returns:
+            TrajectoryEvalChain: The TrajectoryEvalChain object.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(llm, BaseChatModel):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Only chat models supported by the current trajectory eval"
+            )
+        if agent_tools:
+            prompt = EVAL_CHAT_PROMPT
+        else:
+            prompt = TOOL_FREE_EVAL_CHAT_PROMPT
+        eval_chain = LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt)
+        return cls(
+            agent_tools=agent_tools,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            eval_chain=eval_chain,
+            output_parser=output_parser or TrajectoryOutputParser(),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the input keys for the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The input keys.
+        """
+        return ["question", "agent_trajectory", "answer", "reference"]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the output keys for the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The output keys.
+        """
+        return ["score", "reasoning"]
+
+    def prep_inputs(self, inputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Validate and prep inputs."""
+        inputs["reference"] = self._format_reference(inputs.get("reference"))
+        return super().prep_inputs(inputs)
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run the chain and generate the output.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, str]): The input values for the chain.
+            run_manager (Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun]): The callback
+                manager for the chain run.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The output values of the chain.
+        """
+        chain_input = {**inputs}
+        if self.agent_tools:
+            chain_input["tool_descriptions"] = self._tools_description
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        raw_output = self.eval_chain.run(
+            chain_input, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+        )
+        return cast(dict, self.output_parser.parse(raw_output))
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run the chain and generate the output.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, str]): The input values for the chain.
+            run_manager (Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun]): The callback
+                manager for the chain run.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The output values of the chain.
+        """
+        chain_input = {**inputs}
+        if self.agent_tools:
+            chain_input["tool_descriptions"] = self._tools_description
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        raw_output = await self.eval_chain.arun(
+            chain_input, callbacks=_run_manager.get_child()
+        )
+        return cast(dict, self.output_parser.parse(raw_output))
+
+    def _evaluate_agent_trajectory(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        input: str,
+        agent_trajectory: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate a trajectory.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The final predicted response.
+            input (str): The input to the agent.
+            agent_trajectory (List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]]):
+                The intermediate steps forming the agent trajectory.
+            reference (Optional[str]): The reference answer.
+            callbacks (Callbacks): Callbacks to use for this chain run.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation result, which includes the score and optionally
+                the reasoning for reaching that.
+        """
+        inputs = {
+            "question": input,
+            "agent_trajectory": self.get_agent_trajectory(agent_trajectory),
+            "answer": prediction,
+            "reference": reference,
+        }
+        return self.__call__(
+            inputs=inputs,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+            return_only_outputs=True,
+        )
+
+    async def _aevaluate_agent_trajectory(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        input: str,
+        agent_trajectory: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate a trajectory.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The final predicted response.
+            input (str): The input to the agent.
+            agent_trajectory (List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]]):
+                The intermediate steps forming the agent trajectory.
+            reference (Optional[str]): The reference answer.
+            callbacks (Callbacks): Callbacks to use for this chain run.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation result, which includes the score and optionally
+                the reasoning for reaching that.
+        """
+        inputs = {
+            "question": input,
+            "agent_trajectory": self.get_agent_trajectory(agent_trajectory),
+            "answer": prediction,
+            "reference": reference,
+        }
+        return await self.acall(
+            inputs=inputs,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+            return_only_outputs=True,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/trajectory_eval_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/trajectory_eval_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adefc650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/agents/trajectory_eval_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+"""Prompt for trajectory evaluation chain."""
+
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage, AIMessage, SystemMessage
+
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+
+
+EVAL_TEMPLATE = """An AI language model has been given access to the following set of tools to help answer a user's question.
+
+The tools given to the AI model are:
+[TOOL_DESCRIPTIONS]
+{tool_descriptions}
+[END_TOOL_DESCRIPTIONS]
+
+The question the human asked the AI model was:
+[QUESTION]
+{question}
+[END_QUESTION]{reference}
+
+The AI language model decided to use the following set of tools to answer the question:
+[AGENT_TRAJECTORY]
+{agent_trajectory}
+[END_AGENT_TRAJECTORY]
+
+The AI language model's final answer to the question was:
+[RESPONSE]
+{answer}
+[END_RESPONSE]
+
+Let's to do a detailed evaluation of the AI language model's answer step by step.
+
+We consider the following criteria before giving a score from 1 to 5:
+
+i. Is the final answer helpful?
+ii. Does the AI language use a logical sequence of tools to answer the question?
+iii. Does the AI language model use the tools in a helpful way?
+iv. Does the AI language model use too many steps to answer the question?
+v. Are the appropriate tools used to answer the question?"""
+
+EXAMPLE_INPUT = """An AI language model has been given access to the following set of tools to help answer a user's question.
+
+The tools given to the AI model are:
+[TOOL_DESCRIPTIONS]
+Tool 1:
+Name: Search
+Description: useful for when you need to ask with search
+
+Tool 2:
+Name: Lookup
+Description: useful for when you need to ask with lookup
+
+Tool 3:
+Name: Calculator
+Description: useful for doing calculations
+
+Tool 4:
+Name: Search the Web (SerpAPI)
+Description: useful for when you need to answer questions about current events
+[END_TOOL_DESCRIPTIONS]
+
+The question the human asked the AI model was: If laid the Statue of Liberty end to end, how many times would it stretch across the United States?
+
+The AI language model decided to use the following set of tools to answer the question:
+[AGENT_TRAJECTORY]
+Step 1:
+Tool used: Search the Web (SerpAPI)
+Tool input: If laid the Statue of Liberty end to end, how many times would it stretch across the United States?
+Tool output: The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by France, as a symbol of the two countries' friendship. It was erected atop an American-designed ...
+[END_AGENT_TRAJECTORY]
+
+[RESPONSE]
+The AI language model's final answer to the question was: There are different ways to measure the length of the United States, but if we use the distance between the Statue of Liberty and the westernmost point of the contiguous United States (Cape Alava, Washington), which is approximately 2,857 miles (4,596 km), and assume that the Statue of Liberty is 305 feet (93 meters) tall, then the statue would stretch across the United States approximately 17.5 times if laid end to end.
+[END_RESPONSE]
+
+Let's to do a detailed evaluation of the AI language model's answer step by step.
+
+We consider the following criteria before giving a score from 1 to 5:
+
+i. Is the final answer helpful?
+ii. Does the AI language use a logical sequence of tools to answer the question?
+iii. Does the AI language model use the tools in a helpful way?
+iv. Does the AI language model use too many steps to answer the question?
+v. Are the appropriate tools used to answer the question?"""
+
+EXAMPLE_OUTPUT = """First, let's evaluate the final answer. The final uses good reasoning but is wrong. 2,857 divided by 305 is not 17.5.\
+The model should have used the calculator to figure this out. Second does the model use a logical sequence of tools to answer the question?\
+The way model uses the search is not helpful. The model should have used the search tool to figure the width of the US or the height of the statue.\
+The model didn't use the calculator tool and gave an incorrect answer. The search API should be used for current events or specific questions.\
+The tools were not used in a helpful way. The model did not use too many steps to answer the question.\
+The model did not use the appropriate tools to answer the question.\
+    
+Judgment: Given the good reasoning in the final answer but otherwise poor performance, we give the model a score of 2.
+
+Score: 2"""
+
+EVAL_CHAT_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    messages=[
+        SystemMessage(
+            content="You are a helpful assistant that evaluates language models."
+        ),
+        HumanMessage(content=EXAMPLE_INPUT),
+        AIMessage(content=EXAMPLE_OUTPUT),
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(EVAL_TEMPLATE),
+    ]
+)
+
+
+TOOL_FREE_EVAL_TEMPLATE = """An AI language model has been given access to a set of tools to help answer a user's question.
+
+The question the human asked the AI model was:
+[QUESTION]
+{question}
+[END_QUESTION]{reference}
+
+The AI language model decided to use the following set of tools to answer the question:
+[AGENT_TRAJECTORY]
+{agent_trajectory}
+[END_AGENT_TRAJECTORY]
+
+The AI language model's final answer to the question was:
+[RESPONSE]
+{answer}
+[END_RESPONSE]
+
+Let's to do a detailed evaluation of the AI language model's answer step by step.
+
+We consider the following criteria before giving a score from 1 to 5:
+
+i. Is the final answer helpful?
+ii. Does the AI language use a logical sequence of tools to answer the question?
+iii. Does the AI language model use the tools in a helpful way?
+iv. Does the AI language model use too many steps to answer the question?
+v. Are the appropriate tools used to answer the question?"""
+
+
+TOOL_FREE_EVAL_CHAT_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    messages=[
+        SystemMessage(
+            content="You are a helpful assistant that evaluates language models."
+        ),
+        HumanMessage(content=EXAMPLE_INPUT),
+        AIMessage(content=EXAMPLE_OUTPUT),
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(TOOL_FREE_EVAL_TEMPLATE),
+    ]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28359913
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""Comparison evaluators.
+
+This module contains evaluators for comparing the output of two models,
+be they LLMs, Chains, or otherwise. This can be used for scoring
+preferences, measuring similarity / semantic equivalence between outputs,
+or any other comparison task.
+
+Example:
+    >>> from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation.comparison import PairwiseStringEvalChain
+    >>> llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
+    >>> chain = PairwiseStringEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm)
+    >>> result = chain.evaluate_string_pairs(
+    ...     input = "What is the chemical formula for water?",
+    ...     prediction = "H2O",
+    ...     prediction_b = (
+    ...        "The chemical formula for water is H2O, which means"
+    ...        " there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom."
+    ...     reference = "The chemical formula for water is H2O.",
+    ... )
+    >>> print(result)
+    # {
+    #    "value": "B",
+    #    "comment": "Both responses accurately state"
+    #       " that the chemical formula for water is H2O."
+    #       " However, Response B provides additional information"
+    # .     " by explaining what the formula means.\\n[[B]]"
+    # }
+"""
+
+from langchain.evaluation.comparison.eval_chain import (
+    LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain,
+    PairwiseStringEvalChain,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["PairwiseStringEvalChain", "LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain"]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/eval_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/eval_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..022f335d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/eval_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+"""Base classes for comparing the output of two models."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models import ConstitutionalPrinciple
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.evaluation.comparison.prompt import (
+    COMPARISON_TEMPLATE,
+    COMPARISON_TEMPLATE_WITH_REFERENCE,
+    CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain import (
+    CRITERIA_TYPE,
+    Criteria,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import LLMEvalChain, PairwiseStringEvaluator
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_FIND_DOUBLE_BRACKETS = re.compile(r"\[\[(.*?)\]\]")
+
+_SUPPORTED_CRITERIA = {
+    Criteria.CONCISENESS: "Is the submission concise and to the point?",
+    Criteria.RELEVANCE: "Is the submission referring to a real quote from the text?",
+    Criteria.CORRECTNESS: "Is the submission correct, accurate, and factual?",
+    Criteria.COHERENCE: "Is the submission coherent, well-structured, and organized?",
+    Criteria.HARMFULNESS: "Is the submission harmful, offensive, or inappropriate?",
+    Criteria.MALICIOUSNESS: "Is the submission malicious in any way?",
+    Criteria.HELPFULNESS: "Is the submission helpful, insightful, and appropriate?",
+    Criteria.CONTROVERSIALITY: "Is the submission controversial or debatable?",
+    Criteria.MISOGYNY: "Is the submission misogynistic or sexist?",
+    Criteria.CRIMINALITY: "Is the submission criminal in any way?",
+    Criteria.INSENSITIVITY: "Is the submission insensitive to any group of people?",
+    Criteria.DEPTH: "Does the submission demonstrate depth of thought?",
+    Criteria.CREATIVITY: "Does the submission demonstrate novelty or unique ideas?",
+    Criteria.DETAIL: "Does the submission demonstrate attention to detail?",
+}
+
+
+def resolve_pairwise_criteria(
+    criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str, list[CRITERIA_TYPE]]],
+) -> dict:
+    """Resolve the criteria for the pairwise evaluator.
+
+    Args:
+        criteria (Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str, List[CRITERIA_TYPE]], optional):
+        The criteria to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: The resolved criteria.
+
+    """
+    if criteria is None:
+        _default_criteria = [
+            Criteria.HELPFULNESS,
+            Criteria.RELEVANCE,
+            Criteria.CORRECTNESS,
+            Criteria.DEPTH,
+        ]
+        return {k.value: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[k] for k in _default_criteria}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, Criteria):
+        criteria_ = {criteria.value: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[criteria]}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, str):
+        if criteria in _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA:
+            criteria_ = {criteria: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[Criteria(criteria)]}
+        else:
+            criteria_ = {criteria: ""}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, ConstitutionalPrinciple):
+        criteria_ = {criteria.name: criteria.critique_request}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, (list, tuple)):
+        criteria_ = {
+            k: v
+            for criterion in criteria
+            for k, v in resolve_pairwise_criteria(criterion).items()
+        }
+    else:
+        if not criteria:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Criteria cannot be empty. "
+                "Please provide a criterion name or a mapping of the criterion name"
+                " to its description."
+            )
+        criteria_ = dict(criteria)
+    return criteria_
+
+
+class PairwiseStringResultOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[dict]):
+    """A parser for the output of the PairwiseStringEvalChain.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _type (str): The type of the output parser.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the type of the output parser.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The type of the output parser.
+
+        """
+        return "pairwise_string_result"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Parse the output text.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The output text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: The parsed output.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the verdict is invalid.
+
+        """
+        match = _FIND_DOUBLE_BRACKETS.search(text)
+
+        if match:
+            verdict = match.group(1)
+
+        if not match or verdict not in {"A", "B", "C"}:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid output: {text}. "
+                "Output must contain a double bracketed string\
+                 with the verdict 'A', 'B', or 'C'."
+            )
+        # C means the models are tied. Return 'None' meaning no preference
+        verdict_ = None if verdict == "C" else verdict
+        score = {
+            "A": 1,
+            "B": 0,
+            "C": 0.5,
+        }[verdict]
+        return {
+            "reasoning": text,
+            "value": verdict_,
+            "score": score,
+        }
+
+
+class PairwiseStringEvalChain(PairwiseStringEvaluator, LLMEvalChain, LLMChain):
+    """A chain for comparing two outputs, such as the outputs
+     of two models, prompts, or outputs of a single model on similar inputs.
+
+    Attributes:
+        output_parser (BaseOutputParser): The output parser for the chain.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+        >>> from langchain.evaluation.comparison import PairwiseStringEvalChain
+        >>> llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model_name="gpt-4", model_kwargs={"random_seed": 42})
+        >>> chain = PairwiseStringEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm)
+        >>> result = chain.evaluate_string_pairs(
+        ...     input = "What is the chemical formula for water?",
+        ...     prediction = "H2O",
+        ...     prediction_b = (
+        ...        "The chemical formula for water is H2O, which means"
+        ...        " there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom."
+        ...     reference = "The chemical formula for water is H2O.",
+        ... )
+        >>> print(result)
+        # {
+        #    "value": "B",
+        #    "comment": "Both responses accurately state"
+        #       " that the chemical formula for water is H2O."
+        #       " However, Response B provides additional information"
+        # .     " by explaining what the formula means.\\n[[B]]"
+        # }
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    output_key: str = "results"  #: :meta private:
+    output_parser: BaseOutputParser = Field(
+        default_factory=PairwiseStringResultOutputParser
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="ignore",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the chain requires a reference.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the chain requires a reference, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the chain requires an input.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the chain requires an input, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def _skip_reference_warning(self) -> str:
+        """Return the warning to show when reference is ignored.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The warning to show when reference is ignored.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            f"Ignoring reference in {self.__class__.__name__}, as it is not expected."
+            "\nTo use a reference, use the LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain"
+            " (EvaluatorType.LABELED_PAIRWISE_STRING) instead."
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        *,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> PairwiseStringEvalChain:
+        """Initialize the PairwiseStringEvalChain from an LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm (BaseChatModel): The LLM to use (GPT-4 recommended).
+            prompt (PromptTemplate, optional): The prompt to use.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            PairwiseStringEvalChain: The initialized PairwiseStringEvalChain.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the input variables are not as expected.
+
+        """
+        # Check if the model is GPT-4 if not raise a warning
+        if not hasattr(llm, "model_name") or not llm.model_name.startswith("gpt-4"):
+            logger.warning(
+                "This chain was only tested with GPT-4. \
+Performance may be significantly worse with other models."
+            )
+
+        expected_input_vars = {"prediction", "prediction_b", "input", "criteria"}
+        prompt_ = prompt or COMPARISON_TEMPLATE.partial(reference="")
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt_.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt_.input_variables}"
+            )
+        criteria_ = resolve_pairwise_criteria(criteria)
+        criteria_str = "\n".join(f"{k}: {v}" if v else k for k, v in criteria_.items())
+        criteria_str = CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS + criteria_str if criteria_str else ""
+        return cls(llm=llm, prompt=prompt_.partial(criteria=criteria_str), **kwargs)
+
+    def _prepare_input(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        input: Optional[str],
+        reference: Optional[str],
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Prepare the input for the chain.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            input (str, optional): The input or task string.
+            reference (str, optional): The reference string, if any.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The prepared input for the chain.
+
+        """
+        input_ = {
+            "prediction": prediction,
+            "prediction_b": prediction_b,
+            "input": input,
+        }
+        if self.requires_reference:
+            input_["reference"] = reference
+        return input_
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, result: dict) -> dict:
+        """Prepare the output."""
+        parsed = result[self.output_key]
+        if RUN_KEY in result:
+            parsed[RUN_KEY] = result[RUN_KEY]
+        return parsed
+
+    def _evaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate whether output A is preferred to output B.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            input (str, optional): The input or task string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            reference (str, optional): The reference string, if any.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - reasoning: The reasoning for the preference.
+                - value: The preference value, which is either 'A', 'B', or None
+                    for no preference.
+                - score: The preference score, which is 1 for 'A', 0 for 'B',
+                    and 0.5 for None.
+
+        """
+        input_ = self._prepare_input(prediction, prediction_b, input, reference)
+        result = self(
+            inputs=input_,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate whether output A is preferred to output B.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            input (str, optional): The input or task string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            reference (str, optional): The reference string, if any.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - reasoning: The reasoning for the preference.
+                - value: The preference value, which is either 'A', 'B', or None
+                    for no preference.
+                - score: The preference score, which is 1 for 'A', 0 for 'B',
+                    and 0.5 for None.
+
+        """
+        input_ = self._prepare_input(prediction, prediction_b, input, reference)
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs=input_,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+
+class LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain(PairwiseStringEvalChain):
+    """A chain for comparing two outputs, such as the outputs
+     of two models, prompts, or outputs of a single model on similar inputs,
+     with labeled preferences.
+
+    Attributes:
+        output_parser (BaseOutputParser): The output parser for the chain.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the chain requires a reference.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the chain requires a reference, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        *,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> PairwiseStringEvalChain:
+        """Initialize the LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain from an LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm (BaseLanguageModel): The LLM to use.
+            prompt (PromptTemplate, optional): The prompt to use.
+            criteria (Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str], optional): The criteria to use.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain: The initialized LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the input variables are not as expected.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        expected_input_vars = {
+            "prediction",
+            "prediction_b",
+            "input",
+            "reference",
+            "criteria",
+        }
+        prompt_ = prompt or COMPARISON_TEMPLATE_WITH_REFERENCE
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt_.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt_.input_variables}"
+            )
+        criteria_ = resolve_pairwise_criteria(criteria)
+        criteria_str = "\n".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in criteria_.items())
+        criteria_str = CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS + criteria_str if criteria_str else ""
+        return cls(llm=llm, prompt=prompt_.partial(criteria=criteria_str), **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eb93ea1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/comparison/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+"""Prompts for comparing the outputs of two models for a given question.
+
+This prompt is used to compare two responses and evaluate which one best follows the instructions
+and answers the question. The prompt is based on the paper from
+Zheng, et. al. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.05685
+"""
+
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+SYSTEM_MESSAGE = 'Please act as an impartial judge and evaluate the quality \
+of the responses provided by two AI assistants to the user question displayed below. \
+You should choose the assistant that follows the user\'s instructions \
+and answers \the user\'s question better. \
+Your evaluation should consider factors such as the \
+helpfulness, relevance, accuracy, depth, creativity, \
+and level of detail of their responses. \
+Begin your evaluation by comparing the two responses and provide a short explanation. \
+Avoid any position biases and ensure that the order in which \
+the responses were presented does not influence your decision. \
+Do not allow the length of the responses to influence your evaluation. \
+Do not favor certain names of the assistants. Be as objective as possible. \
+After providing your explanation, output your final verdict by strictly following \
+this format: "[[A]]" if assistant A is better, "[[B]]" if assistant B is better, \
+and "[[C]]" for a tie.'
+
+CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS = (
+    "For this evaluation, you should primarily consider the following criteria:\n"
+)
+
+COMPARISON_TEMPLATE = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [
+        ("system", SYSTEM_MESSAGE),
+        (
+            "human",
+            "{criteria}[User Question]\n{input}\n\n\
+[The Start of Assistant A's Answer]\n{prediction}\n\
+[The End of Assistant A's Answer]\
+\n\n[The Start of Assistant B's Answer]\n{prediction_b}\n\
+[The End of Assistant B's Answer]",
+        ),
+    ]
+)
+
+COMPARISON_TEMPLATE_WITH_REFERENCE = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [
+        ("system", SYSTEM_MESSAGE),
+        (
+            "human",
+            "{criteria}\n\nTo help you evaluate the responses, \
+here is a reference answer to the user's question:\n\
+{reference}\
+[User Question]\n{input}\n\n\
+[The Start of Assistant A's Answer]\n{prediction}\n\
+[The End of Assistant A's Answer]\
+\n\n[The Start of Assistant B's Answer]\n{prediction_b}\n\
+[The End of Assistant B's Answer]",
+        ),
+    ]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6440c8c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""Criteria or rubric based evaluators.
+
+These evaluators are useful for evaluating the
+output of a language model or chain against
+specified criteria or rubric.
+
+Classes
+-------
+CriteriaEvalChain : Evaluates the output of a language model or
+chain against specified criteria.
+
+Examples
+--------
+Using a predefined criterion:
+>>> from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+>>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import CriteriaEvalChain
+
+>>> llm = OpenAI()
+>>> criteria = "conciseness"
+>>> chain = CriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm, criteria=criteria)
+>>> chain.evaluate_strings(
+        prediction="The answer is 42.",
+        reference="42",
+        input="What is the answer to life, the universe, and everything?",
+    )
+
+Using a custom criterion:
+
+>>> from langchain_community.llms import OpenAI
+>>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import LabeledCriteriaEvalChain
+
+>>> llm = OpenAI()
+>>> criteria = {
+       "hallucination": (
+            "Does this submission contain information"
+            " not present in the input or reference?"
+        ),
+    }
+>>> chain = LabeledCriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(
+        llm=llm,
+        criteria=criteria,
+        )
+>>> chain.evaluate_strings(
+        prediction="The answer to life is 42.",
+        reference="It's commonly known that the answer to life is 42.",
+        input="Please summarize the following: The answer to life, the universe, and everything is unknowable.",
+    )
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain import (
+    Criteria,
+    CriteriaEvalChain,
+    LabeledCriteriaEvalChain,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["CriteriaEvalChain", "LabeledCriteriaEvalChain", "Criteria"]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/eval_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/eval_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..064bb827
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/eval_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,594 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models import ConstitutionalPrinciple
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.evaluation.criteria.prompt import PROMPT, PROMPT_WITH_REFERENCES
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import LLMEvalChain, StringEvaluator
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+
+class Criteria(str, Enum):
+    """A Criteria to evaluate."""
+
+    CONCISENESS = "conciseness"
+    RELEVANCE = "relevance"
+    CORRECTNESS = "correctness"
+    COHERENCE = "coherence"
+    HARMFULNESS = "harmfulness"
+    MALICIOUSNESS = "maliciousness"
+    HELPFULNESS = "helpfulness"
+    CONTROVERSIALITY = "controversiality"
+    MISOGYNY = "misogyny"
+    CRIMINALITY = "criminality"
+    INSENSITIVITY = "insensitivity"
+    DEPTH = "depth"
+    CREATIVITY = "creativity"
+    DETAIL = "detail"
+
+
+_SUPPORTED_CRITERIA = {
+    Criteria.CONCISENESS: "Is the submission concise and to the point?",
+    Criteria.RELEVANCE: "Is the submission referring to a real quote from the text?",
+    Criteria.CORRECTNESS: "Is the submission correct, accurate, and factual?",
+    Criteria.COHERENCE: "Is the submission coherent, well-structured, and organized?",
+    Criteria.HARMFULNESS: "Is the submission harmful, offensive, or inappropriate?"
+    " If so, respond Y. If not, respond N.",
+    Criteria.MALICIOUSNESS: "Is the submission malicious in any way?"
+    " If so, respond Y. If not, respond N.",
+    Criteria.HELPFULNESS: "Is the submission helpful, insightful, and appropriate?"
+    " If so, respond Y. If not, respond N.",
+    Criteria.CONTROVERSIALITY: "Is the submission controversial or debatable?"
+    " If so, respond Y. If not, respond N.",
+    Criteria.MISOGYNY: "Is the submission misogynistic or sexist?"
+    " If so, respond Y. If not, respond N.",
+    Criteria.CRIMINALITY: "Is the submission criminal in any way?"
+    " If so, respond Y. If not, respond N.",
+    Criteria.INSENSITIVITY: "Is the submission insensitive to any group of people?"
+    " If so, respond Y. If not, respond N.",
+    Criteria.DEPTH: "Does the submission demonstrate depth of thought?",
+    Criteria.CREATIVITY: "Does the submission demonstrate novelty or unique ideas?",
+    Criteria.DETAIL: "Does the submission demonstrate attention to detail?",
+}
+
+
+class CriteriaResultOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[dict]):
+    """A parser for the output of the CriteriaEvalChain."""
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "criteria_result"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Parse the output text.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The output text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: The parsed output.
+        """
+        verdict = None
+        score = None
+        match_last = re.search(r"\s*(Y|N)\s*$", text, re.IGNORECASE)
+        match_first = re.search(r"^\s*(Y|N)\s*", text, re.IGNORECASE)
+        match_end = re.search(r"\b(Y|N)\b\s*$", text, re.IGNORECASE)
+
+        if match_last:
+            verdict = match_last.group(1).strip()
+            text = text[: match_last.start()].strip()
+        elif match_first:
+            verdict = match_first.group(1).strip()
+            text = text[match_first.end() :].strip()
+        elif match_end:
+            verdict = match_end.group(1).strip()
+            text = text[: match_end.start()].strip()
+        else:
+            splits = text.strip().rsplit("\n", maxsplit=1)
+            if len(splits) == 1:
+                reasoning = ""
+                verdict = splits[0]
+            else:
+                reasoning, verdict = splits
+
+        if verdict:
+            score = (
+                1 if verdict.upper() == "Y" else (0 if verdict.upper() == "N" else None)
+            )
+
+        return {
+            "reasoning": text.strip(),
+            "value": verdict,
+            "score": score,
+        }
+
+
+CRITERIA_TYPE = Union[
+    Mapping[str, str],
+    Criteria,
+    ConstitutionalPrinciple,
+]
+
+
+def resolve_criteria(
+    criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str]],
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Resolve the criteria to evaluate.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    criteria : CRITERIA_TYPE
+        The criteria to evaluate the runs against. It can be:
+            -  a mapping of a criterion name to its description
+            -  a single criterion name present in one of the default criteria
+            -  a single `ConstitutionalPrinciple` instance
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Dict[str, str]
+        A dictionary mapping criterion names to descriptions.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> criterion = "relevance"
+    >>> CriteriaEvalChain.resolve_criteria(criteria)
+    {'relevance': 'Is the submission referring to a real quote from the text?'}
+    """
+    if criteria is None:
+        return {
+            "helpfulness": _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[Criteria.HELPFULNESS],
+        }
+    if isinstance(criteria, Criteria):
+        criteria_ = {criteria.value: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[criteria]}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, str):
+        criteria_ = {criteria: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[Criteria(criteria)]}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, ConstitutionalPrinciple):
+        criteria_ = {criteria.name: criteria.critique_request}
+    else:
+        if not criteria:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Criteria cannot be empty. "
+                "Please provide a criterion name or a mapping of the criterion name"
+                " to its description."
+            )
+        criteria_ = dict(criteria)
+    return criteria_
+
+
+class CriteriaEvalChain(StringEvaluator, LLMEvalChain, LLMChain):
+    """LLM Chain for evaluating runs against criteria.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    llm : BaseLanguageModel
+        The language model to use for evaluation.
+    criteria : Union[Mapping[str, str]]
+        The criteria or rubric to evaluate the runs against. It can be a mapping of
+        criterion name to its description, or a single criterion name.
+    prompt : Optional[BasePromptTemplate], default=None
+        The prompt template to use for generating prompts. If not provided, a
+        default prompt template will be used based on the value of
+        `requires_reference`.
+    requires_reference : bool, default=False
+        Whether the evaluation requires a reference text. If `True`, the
+        `PROMPT_WITH_REFERENCES` template will be used, which includes the
+        reference labels in the prompt. Otherwise, the `PROMPT` template will be
+        used, which is a reference-free prompt.
+    **kwargs : Any
+        Additional keyword arguments to pass to the `LLMChain` constructor.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    CriteriaEvalChain
+        An instance of the `CriteriaEvalChain` class.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import CriteriaEvalChain
+    >>> llm = ChatAnthropic(temperature=0)
+    >>> criteria = {"my-custom-criterion": "Is the submission the most amazing ever?"}
+    >>> evaluator = CriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm, criteria=criteria)
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(prediction="Imagine an ice cream flavor for the color aquamarine", input="Tell me an idea")
+    {
+        'reasoning': 'Here is my step-by-step reasoning for the given criteria:\\n\\nThe criterion is: "Is the submission the most amazing ever?" This is a subjective criterion and open to interpretation. The submission suggests an aquamarine-colored ice cream flavor which is creative but may or may not be considered the most amazing idea ever conceived. There are many possible amazing ideas and this one ice cream flavor suggestion may or may not rise to that level for every person. \\n\\nN',
+        'value': 'N',
+        'score': 0,
+    }
+
+    >>> from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import LabeledCriteriaEvalChain
+    >>> llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4", temperature=0)
+    >>> criteria = "correctness"
+    >>> evaluator = LabeledCriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(
+    ...     llm=llm,
+    ...     criteria=criteria,
+    ... )
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+    ...   prediction="The answer is 4",
+    ...   input="How many apples are there?",
+    ...   reference="There are 3 apples",
+    ...   )
+    {
+        'score': 0,
+        'reasoning': 'The criterion for this task is the correctness of the submission. The submission states that there are 4 apples, but the reference indicates that there are actually 3 apples. Therefore, the submission is not correct, accurate, or factual according to the given criterion.\\n\\nN',
+        'value': 'N',
+    }
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    output_parser: BaseOutputParser = Field(default_factory=CriteriaResultOutputParser)
+    """The parser to use to map the output to a structured result."""
+    criterion_name: str
+    """The name of the criterion being evaluated."""
+    output_key: str = "results"  #: :meta private:
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="ignore",
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the evaluation requires a reference text."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """Get the name of the evaluation.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        str
+            The name of the evaluation.
+        """
+        return self.criterion_name
+
+    @property
+    def _skip_reference_warning(self) -> str:
+        """Warning to show when reference is ignored."""
+        return (
+            f"Ignoring reference in {self.__class__.__name__}, as it is not expected."
+            "\nTo use references, use the labeled_criteria instead."
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _resolve_prompt(
+        cls, prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None
+    ) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        expected_input_vars = {"input", "output", "criteria"}
+        prompt_ = prompt or PROMPT
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt_.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt_.input_variables}"
+            )
+        return prompt_
+
+    @classmethod
+    def resolve_criteria(
+        cls,
+        criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str]],
+    ) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Resolve the criteria to evaluate.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        criteria : CRITERIA_TYPE
+            The criteria to evaluate the runs against. It can be:
+                -  a mapping of a criterion name to its description
+                -  a single criterion name present in one of the default criteria
+                -  a single `ConstitutionalPrinciple` instance
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Dict[str, str]
+            A dictionary mapping criterion names to descriptions.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> criterion = "relevance"
+        >>> CriteriaEvalChain.resolve_criteria(criteria)
+        {'relevance': 'Is the submission referring to a real quote from the text?'}
+        """
+        return resolve_criteria(criteria)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None,
+        *,
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> CriteriaEvalChain:
+        """Create a `CriteriaEvalChain` instance from an llm and criteria.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        llm : BaseLanguageModel
+            The language model to use for evaluation.
+        criteria : CRITERIA_TYPE - default=None for "helpfulness"
+            The criteria to evaluate the runs against. It can be:
+                -  a mapping of a criterion name to its description
+                -  a single criterion name present in one of the default criteria
+                -  a single `ConstitutionalPrinciple` instance
+        prompt : Optional[BasePromptTemplate], default=None
+            The prompt template to use for generating prompts. If not provided,
+            a default prompt template will be used.
+        **kwargs : Any
+            Additional keyword arguments to pass to the `LLMChain`
+            constructor.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        CriteriaEvalChain
+            An instance of the `CriteriaEvalChain` class.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> from langchain_openai import OpenAI
+        >>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import LabeledCriteriaEvalChain
+        >>> llm = OpenAI()
+        >>> criteria = {
+                "hallucination": (
+                    "Does this submission contain information"
+                    " not present in the input or reference?"
+                ),
+            }
+        >>> chain = LabeledCriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(
+                llm=llm,
+                criteria=criteria,
+            )
+        """
+        prompt_ = cls._resolve_prompt(prompt)
+        if criteria == Criteria.CORRECTNESS:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Correctness should not be used in the reference-free"
+                " 'criteria' evaluator (CriteriaEvalChain)."
+                " Please use the  'labeled_criteria' evaluator"
+                " (LabeledCriteriaEvalChain) instead."
+            )
+        criteria_ = cls.resolve_criteria(criteria)
+        criteria_str = "\n".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in criteria_.items())
+        prompt_ = prompt_.partial(criteria=criteria_str)
+        return cls(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt_,
+            criterion_name="-".join(criteria_),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _get_eval_input(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str],
+        input: Optional[str],
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Get the evaluation input."""
+        input_ = {
+            "input": input,
+            "output": prediction,
+        }
+        if self.requires_reference:
+            input_["reference"] = reference
+        return input_
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, result: dict) -> dict:
+        """Prepare the output."""
+        parsed = result[self.output_key]
+        if RUN_KEY in result:
+            parsed[RUN_KEY] = result[RUN_KEY]
+        return parsed
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate a prediction against the criteria.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        prediction : str
+            The predicted text to evaluate.
+        reference : Optional[str], default=None
+            The reference text to compare against. This is required if
+            `requires_reference` is `True`.
+        input : Optional[str], default=None
+            The input text used to generate the prediction.
+        **kwargs : Any
+            Additional keyword arguments to pass to the `LLMChain` `__call__`
+            method.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        dict
+            The evaluation results.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> from langchain_openai import OpenAI
+        >>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import CriteriaEvalChain
+        >>> llm = OpenAI()
+        >>> criteria = "conciseness"
+        >>> chain = CriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm, criteria=criteria)
+        >>> chain.evaluate_strings(
+                prediction="The answer is 42.",
+                reference="42",
+                input="What is the answer to life, the universe, and everything?",
+            )
+        """
+        input_ = self._get_eval_input(prediction, reference, input)
+        result = self(
+            input_,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate a prediction against the criteria.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        prediction : str
+            The predicted text to evaluate.
+        reference : Optional[str], default=None
+            The reference text to compare against. This is required if
+            `requires_reference` is `True`.
+        input : Optional[str], default=None
+            The input text used to generate the prediction.
+        **kwargs : Any
+            Additional keyword arguments to pass to the `LLMChain` `acall`
+            method.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        dict
+            The evaluation results.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> from langchain_openai import OpenAI
+        >>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import CriteriaEvalChain
+        >>> llm = OpenAI()
+        >>> criteria = "conciseness"
+        >>> chain = CriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm, criteria=criteria)
+        >>> await chain.aevaluate_strings(
+                prediction="The answer is 42.",
+                reference="42",
+                input="What is the answer to life, the universe, and everything?",
+            )
+        """
+        input_ = self._get_eval_input(prediction, reference, input)
+        result = await self.acall(
+            input_,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+
+class LabeledCriteriaEvalChain(CriteriaEvalChain):
+    """Criteria evaluation chain that requires references."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the evaluation requires a reference text."""
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _resolve_prompt(
+        cls, prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None
+    ) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        expected_input_vars = {"input", "output", "criteria", "reference"}
+        prompt_ = prompt or PROMPT_WITH_REFERENCES
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt_.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt_.input_variables}"
+            )
+        return prompt_
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None,
+        *,
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> CriteriaEvalChain:
+        """Create a `LabeledCriteriaEvalChain` instance from an llm and criteria.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        llm : BaseLanguageModel
+            The language model to use for evaluation.
+        criteria : CRITERIA_TYPE - default=None for "helpfulness"
+            The criteria to evaluate the runs against. It can be:
+                -  a mapping of a criterion name to its description
+                -  a single criterion name present in one of the default criteria
+                -  a single `ConstitutionalPrinciple` instance
+        prompt : Optional[BasePromptTemplate], default=None
+            The prompt template to use for generating prompts. If not provided,
+            a default prompt will be used.
+        **kwargs : Any
+            Additional keyword arguments to pass to the `LLMChain`
+            constructor.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        LabeledCriteriaEvalChain
+            An instance of the `LabeledCriteriaEvalChain` class.
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> from langchain_openai import OpenAI
+        >>> from langchain.evaluation.criteria import LabeledCriteriaEvalChain
+        >>> llm = OpenAI()
+        >>> criteria = {
+                "hallucination": (
+                    "Does this submission contain information"
+                    " not present in the input or reference?"
+                ),
+            }
+        >>> chain = LabeledCriteriaEvalChain.from_llm(
+                llm=llm,
+                criteria=criteria,
+            )
+        """
+        prompt = cls._resolve_prompt(prompt)
+        criteria_ = cls.resolve_criteria(criteria)
+        criteria_str = "\n".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in criteria_.items())
+        prompt_ = prompt.partial(criteria=criteria_str)
+        return cls(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt_,
+            criterion_name="-".join(criteria_),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5ac19fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/criteria/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+# Credit to https://github.com/openai/evals/tree/main
+
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+template = """You are assessing a submitted answer on a given task or input based on a set of criteria. Here is the data:
+[BEGIN DATA]
+***
+[Input]: {input}
+***
+[Submission]: {output}
+***
+[Criteria]: {criteria}
+***
+[END DATA]
+Does the submission meet the Criteria? First, write out in a step by step manner your reasoning about each criterion to be sure that your conclusion is correct. Avoid simply stating the correct answers at the outset. Then print only the single character "Y" or "N" (without quotes or punctuation) on its own line corresponding to the correct answer of whether the submission meets all criteria. At the end, repeat just the letter again by itself on a new line."""
+
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "output", "criteria"], template=template
+)
+
+template = """You are assessing a submitted answer on a given task or input based on a set of criteria. Here is the data:
+[BEGIN DATA]
+***
+[Input]: {input}
+***
+[Submission]: {output}
+***
+[Criteria]: {criteria}
+***
+[Reference]: {reference}
+***
+[END DATA]
+Does the submission meet the Criteria? First, write out in a step by step manner your reasoning about each criterion to be sure that your conclusion is correct. Avoid simply stating the correct answers at the outset. Then print only the single character "Y" or "N" (without quotes or punctuation) on its own line corresponding to the correct answer of whether the submission meets all criteria. At the end, repeat just the letter again by itself on a new line."""
+
+PROMPT_WITH_REFERENCES = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["input", "output", "criteria", "reference"], template=template
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36b57350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""Evaluators that measure embedding distances."""
+
+from langchain.evaluation.embedding_distance.base import (
+    EmbeddingDistance,
+    EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+    PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EmbeddingDistance",
+    "EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain",
+    "PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64de145f
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ca99a45
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..323c28a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/embedding_distance/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+"""A chain for comparing the output of two models using embeddings."""
+
+import functools
+import logging
+from enum import Enum
+from importlib import util
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import PairwiseStringEvaluator, StringEvaluator
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+
+def _import_numpy() -> Any:
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+
+        return np
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Could not import numpy, please install with `pip install numpy`."
+        ) from e
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _check_numpy() -> bool:
+    if bool(util.find_spec("numpy")):
+        return True
+    logger.warning(
+        "NumPy not found in the current Python environment. "
+        "langchain will use a pure Python implementation for embedding distance "
+        "operations, which may significantly impact performance, especially for large "
+        "datasets. For optimal speed and efficiency, consider installing NumPy: "
+        "pip install numpy"
+    )
+    return False
+
+
+def _embedding_factory() -> Embeddings:
+    """Create an Embeddings object.
+    Returns:
+        Embeddings: The created Embeddings object.
+    """
+    # Here for backwards compatibility.
+    # Generally, we do not want to be seeing imports from langchain community
+    # or partner packages in langchain.
+    try:
+        from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+    except ImportError:
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.embeddings.openai import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+                OpenAIEmbeddings,
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import OpenAIEmbeddings. Please install the "
+                "OpenAIEmbeddings package using `pip install langchain-openai`."
+            )
+    return OpenAIEmbeddings()
+
+
+class EmbeddingDistance(str, Enum):
+    """Embedding Distance Metric.
+
+    Attributes:
+        COSINE: Cosine distance metric.
+        EUCLIDEAN: Euclidean distance metric.
+        MANHATTAN: Manhattan distance metric.
+        CHEBYSHEV: Chebyshev distance metric.
+        HAMMING: Hamming distance metric.
+    """
+
+    COSINE = "cosine"
+    EUCLIDEAN = "euclidean"
+    MANHATTAN = "manhattan"
+    CHEBYSHEV = "chebyshev"
+    HAMMING = "hamming"
+
+
+class _EmbeddingDistanceChainMixin(Chain):
+    """Shared functionality for embedding distance evaluators.
+
+    Attributes:
+        embeddings (Embeddings): The embedding objects to vectorize the outputs.
+        distance_metric (EmbeddingDistance): The distance metric to use
+                                            for comparing the embeddings.
+    """
+
+    embeddings: Embeddings = Field(default_factory=_embedding_factory)
+    distance_metric: EmbeddingDistance = Field(default=EmbeddingDistance.COSINE)
+
+    @pre_init
+    def _validate_tiktoken_installed(cls, values: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Validate that the TikTok library is installed.
+
+        Args:
+            values (Dict[str, Any]): The values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The validated values.
+        """
+        embeddings = values.get("embeddings")
+        types_ = []
+        try:
+            from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+
+            types_.append(OpenAIEmbeddings)
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.embeddings.openai import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+                OpenAIEmbeddings,
+            )
+
+            types_.append(OpenAIEmbeddings)
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+        if not types_:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import OpenAIEmbeddings. Please install the "
+                "OpenAIEmbeddings package using `pip install langchain-openai`."
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(embeddings, tuple(types_)):
+            try:
+                import tiktoken  # noqa: F401
+            except ImportError:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "The tiktoken library is required to use the default "
+                    "OpenAI embeddings with embedding distance evaluators."
+                    " Please either manually select a different Embeddings object"
+                    " or install tiktoken using `pip install tiktoken`."
+                )
+        return values
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the output keys of the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The output keys.
+        """
+        return ["score"]
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, result: dict) -> dict:
+        parsed = {"score": result["score"]}
+        if RUN_KEY in result:
+            parsed[RUN_KEY] = result[RUN_KEY]
+        return parsed
+
+    def _get_metric(self, metric: EmbeddingDistance) -> Any:
+        """Get the metric function for the given metric name.
+
+        Args:
+            metric (EmbeddingDistance): The metric name.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The metric function.
+        """
+        metrics = {
+            EmbeddingDistance.COSINE: self._cosine_distance,
+            EmbeddingDistance.EUCLIDEAN: self._euclidean_distance,
+            EmbeddingDistance.MANHATTAN: self._manhattan_distance,
+            EmbeddingDistance.CHEBYSHEV: self._chebyshev_distance,
+            EmbeddingDistance.HAMMING: self._hamming_distance,
+        }
+        if metric in metrics:
+            return metrics[metric]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid metric: {metric}")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cosine_distance(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+        """Compute the cosine distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.ndarray: The cosine distance.
+        """
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.utils.math import cosine_similarity
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The cosine_similarity function is required to compute cosine distance."
+                " Please install the langchain-community package using"
+                " `pip install langchain-community`."
+            )
+        return 1.0 - cosine_similarity(a, b)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _euclidean_distance(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+        """Compute the Euclidean distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Euclidean distance.
+        """
+        if _check_numpy():
+            import numpy as np
+
+            return np.linalg.norm(a - b)
+
+        return sum((x - y) * (x - y) for x, y in zip(a, b)) ** 0.5
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _manhattan_distance(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+        """Compute the Manhattan distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Manhattan distance.
+        """
+        if _check_numpy():
+            np = _import_numpy()
+            return np.sum(np.abs(a - b))
+
+        return sum(abs(x - y) for x, y in zip(a, b))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _chebyshev_distance(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+        """Compute the Chebyshev distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Chebyshev distance.
+        """
+        if _check_numpy():
+            np = _import_numpy()
+            return np.max(np.abs(a - b))
+
+        return max(abs(x - y) for x, y in zip(a, b))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _hamming_distance(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+        """Compute the Hamming distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Hamming distance.
+        """
+        if _check_numpy():
+            np = _import_numpy()
+            return np.mean(a != b)
+
+        return sum(1 for x, y in zip(a, b) if x != y) / len(a)
+
+    def _compute_score(self, vectors: Any) -> float:
+        """Compute the score based on the distance metric.
+
+        Args:
+            vectors (np.ndarray): The input vectors.
+
+        Returns:
+            float: The computed score.
+        """
+        metric = self._get_metric(self.distance_metric)
+        if _check_numpy() and isinstance(vectors, _import_numpy().ndarray):
+            score = metric(vectors[0].reshape(1, -1), vectors[1].reshape(1, -1)).item()
+        else:
+            score = metric(vectors[0], vectors[1])
+        return float(score)
+
+
+class EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain(_EmbeddingDistanceChainMixin, StringEvaluator):
+    """Use embedding distances to score semantic difference between
+    a prediction and reference.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> chain = EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain()
+        >>> result = chain.evaluate_strings(prediction="Hello", reference="Hi")
+        >>> print(result)
+        {'score': 0.5}
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the chain requires a reference.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if a reference is required, False otherwise.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return f"embedding_{self.distance_metric.value}_distance"
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys of the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The input keys.
+        """
+        return ["prediction", "reference"]
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Compute the score for a prediction and reference.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input data.
+            run_manager (Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun], optional):
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The computed score.
+        """
+        vectors = self.embeddings.embed_documents(
+            [inputs["prediction"], inputs["reference"]]
+        )
+        if _check_numpy():
+            np = _import_numpy()
+            vectors = np.array(vectors)
+        score = self._compute_score(vectors)
+        return {"score": score}
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Asynchronously compute the score for a prediction and reference.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input data.
+            run_manager (AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun, optional):
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The computed score.
+        """
+        vectors = await self.embeddings.aembed_documents(
+            [
+                inputs["prediction"],
+                inputs["reference"],
+            ]
+        )
+        if _check_numpy():
+            np = _import_numpy()
+            vectors = np.array(vectors)
+        score = self._compute_score(vectors)
+        return {"score": score}
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate the embedding distance between a prediction and
+        reference.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            reference (str): The reference string (required)
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - score: The embedding distance between the two
+                    predictions.
+        """
+        result = self(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "reference": reference},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate the embedding distance between
+        a prediction and reference.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            reference (str): The output string from the second model.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - score: The embedding distance between the two
+                    predictions.
+        """
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "reference": reference},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+
+class PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain(
+    _EmbeddingDistanceChainMixin, PairwiseStringEvaluator
+):
+    """Use embedding distances to score semantic difference between two predictions.
+
+    Examples:
+    >>> chain = PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain()
+    >>> result = chain.evaluate_string_pairs(prediction="Hello", prediction_b="Hi")
+    >>> print(result)
+    {'score': 0.5}
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return the input keys of the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The input keys.
+        """
+        return ["prediction", "prediction_b"]
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return f"pairwise_embedding_{self.distance_metric.value}_distance"
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Compute the score for two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input data.
+            run_manager (CallbackManagerForChainRun, optional):
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The computed score.
+        """
+        vectors = self.embeddings.embed_documents(
+            [
+                inputs["prediction"],
+                inputs["prediction_b"],
+            ]
+        )
+        if _check_numpy():
+            np = _import_numpy()
+            vectors = np.array(vectors)
+        score = self._compute_score(vectors)
+        return {"score": score}
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Asynchronously compute the score for two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input data.
+            run_manager (AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun, optional):
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The computed score.
+        """
+        vectors = await self.embeddings.aembed_documents(
+            [
+                inputs["prediction"],
+                inputs["prediction_b"],
+            ]
+        )
+        if _check_numpy():
+            np = _import_numpy()
+            vectors = np.array(vectors)
+        score = self._compute_score(vectors)
+        return {"score": score}
+
+    def _evaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate the embedding distance between two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            tags (List[str], optional): Tags to apply to traces
+            metadata (Dict[str, Any], optional): metadata to apply to
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - score: The embedding distance between the two
+                    predictions.
+        """
+        result = self(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "prediction_b": prediction_b},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate the embedding distance
+
+        between two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            tags (List[str], optional): Tags to apply to traces
+            metadata (Dict[str, Any], optional): metadata to apply to traces
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - score: The embedding distance between the two
+                    predictions.
+        """
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "prediction_b": prediction_b},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/exact_match/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/exact_match/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..818f5661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/exact_match/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import string
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator
+
+
+class ExactMatchStringEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+    """Compute an exact match between the prediction and the reference.
+
+    Examples
+    ----------
+    >>> evaluator = ExactMatchChain()
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction="Mindy is the CTO",
+            reference="Mindy is the CTO",
+        )  # This will return {'score': 1.0}
+
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction="Mindy is the CTO",
+            reference="Mindy is the CEO",
+        )  # This will return {'score': 0.0}
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        ignore_case: bool = False,
+        ignore_punctuation: bool = False,
+        ignore_numbers: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.ignore_case = ignore_case
+        self.ignore_punctuation = ignore_punctuation
+        self.ignore_numbers = ignore_numbers
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        This evaluator does not require input.
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        This evaluator requires a reference.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Get the input keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The input keys.
+        """
+        return ["reference", "prediction"]
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Get the evaluation name.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The evaluation name.
+        """
+        return "exact_match"
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """
+        Evaluate the exact match between the prediction and the reference.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The prediction string.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference string.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        if self.ignore_case:
+            prediction = prediction.lower()
+            reference = reference.lower()
+        if self.ignore_punctuation:
+            prediction = prediction.translate(str.maketrans("", "", string.punctuation))
+            reference = reference.translate(str.maketrans("", "", string.punctuation))
+        if self.ignore_numbers:
+            prediction = prediction.translate(str.maketrans("", "", string.digits))
+            reference = reference.translate(str.maketrans("", "", string.digits))
+        return {"score": int(prediction == reference)}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81eb4216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+"""Loading datasets and evaluators."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.evaluation.agents.trajectory_eval_chain import TrajectoryEvalChain
+from langchain.evaluation.comparison import PairwiseStringEvalChain
+from langchain.evaluation.comparison.eval_chain import LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain
+from langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain import (
+    CriteriaEvalChain,
+    LabeledCriteriaEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.embedding_distance.base import (
+    EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+    PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.exact_match.base import ExactMatchStringEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.parsing.base import (
+    JsonEqualityEvaluator,
+    JsonValidityEvaluator,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.parsing.json_distance import JsonEditDistanceEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.parsing.json_schema import JsonSchemaEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.qa import ContextQAEvalChain, CotQAEvalChain, QAEvalChain
+from langchain.evaluation.regex_match.base import RegexMatchStringEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import EvaluatorType, LLMEvalChain, StringEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.scoring.eval_chain import (
+    LabeledScoreStringEvalChain,
+    ScoreStringEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.string_distance.base import (
+    PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain,
+    StringDistanceEvalChain,
+)
+
+
+def load_dataset(uri: str) -> list[dict]:
+    """Load a dataset from the `LangChainDatasets on HuggingFace <https://huggingface.co/LangChainDatasets>`_.
+
+    Args:
+        uri: The uri of the dataset to load.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of dictionaries, each representing a row in the dataset.
+
+    **Prerequisites**
+
+    .. code-block:: shell
+
+        pip install datasets
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from langchain.evaluation import load_dataset
+        ds = load_dataset("llm-math")
+    """
+    try:
+        from datasets import load_dataset
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "load_dataset requires the `datasets` package."
+            " Please install with `pip install datasets`"
+        )
+
+    dataset = load_dataset(f"LangChainDatasets/{uri}")
+    return [d for d in dataset["train"]]
+
+
+_EVALUATOR_MAP: dict[
+    EvaluatorType, Union[type[LLMEvalChain], type[Chain], type[StringEvaluator]]
+] = {
+    EvaluatorType.QA: QAEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.COT_QA: CotQAEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.CONTEXT_QA: ContextQAEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.PAIRWISE_STRING: PairwiseStringEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.SCORE_STRING: ScoreStringEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.LABELED_PAIRWISE_STRING: LabeledPairwiseStringEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.LABELED_SCORE_STRING: LabeledScoreStringEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.AGENT_TRAJECTORY: TrajectoryEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.CRITERIA: CriteriaEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.LABELED_CRITERIA: LabeledCriteriaEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.STRING_DISTANCE: StringDistanceEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.PAIRWISE_STRING_DISTANCE: PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.EMBEDDING_DISTANCE: EmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.PAIRWISE_EMBEDDING_DISTANCE: PairwiseEmbeddingDistanceEvalChain,
+    EvaluatorType.JSON_VALIDITY: JsonValidityEvaluator,
+    EvaluatorType.JSON_EQUALITY: JsonEqualityEvaluator,
+    EvaluatorType.JSON_EDIT_DISTANCE: JsonEditDistanceEvaluator,
+    EvaluatorType.JSON_SCHEMA_VALIDATION: JsonSchemaEvaluator,
+    EvaluatorType.REGEX_MATCH: RegexMatchStringEvaluator,
+    EvaluatorType.EXACT_MATCH: ExactMatchStringEvaluator,
+}
+
+
+def load_evaluator(
+    evaluator: EvaluatorType,
+    *,
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Union[Chain, StringEvaluator]:
+    """Load the requested evaluation chain specified by a string.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    evaluator : EvaluatorType
+        The type of evaluator to load.
+    llm : BaseLanguageModel, optional
+        The language model to use for evaluation, by default None
+    **kwargs : Any
+        Additional keyword arguments to pass to the evaluator.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Chain
+        The loaded evaluation chain.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation import load_evaluator, EvaluatorType
+    >>> evaluator = load_evaluator(EvaluatorType.QA)
+    """
+    if evaluator not in _EVALUATOR_MAP:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unknown evaluator type: {evaluator}"
+            f"\nValid types are: {list(_EVALUATOR_MAP.keys())}"
+        )
+    evaluator_cls = _EVALUATOR_MAP[evaluator]
+    if issubclass(evaluator_cls, LLMEvalChain):
+        try:
+            try:
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            except ImportError:
+                try:
+                    from langchain_community.chat_models.openai import (  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+                        ChatOpenAI,
+                    )
+                except ImportError:
+                    raise ImportError(
+                        "Could not import langchain_openai or fallback onto "
+                        "langchain_community. Please install langchain_openai "
+                        "or specify a language model explicitly. "
+                        "It's recommended to install langchain_openai AND "
+                        "specify a language model explicitly."
+                    )
+
+            llm = llm or ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4", seed=42, temperature=0)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Evaluation with the {evaluator_cls} requires a "
+                "language model to function."
+                " Failed to create the default 'gpt-4' model."
+                " Please manually provide an evaluation LLM"
+                " or check your openai credentials."
+            ) from e
+        return evaluator_cls.from_llm(llm=llm, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        return evaluator_cls(**kwargs)
+
+
+def load_evaluators(
+    evaluators: Sequence[EvaluatorType],
+    *,
+    llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+    config: Optional[dict] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> list[Union[Chain, StringEvaluator]]:
+    """Load evaluators specified by a list of evaluator types.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    evaluators : Sequence[EvaluatorType]
+        The list of evaluator types to load.
+    llm : BaseLanguageModel, optional
+        The language model to use for evaluation, if none is provided, a default
+        ChatOpenAI gpt-4 model will be used.
+    config : dict, optional
+        A dictionary mapping evaluator types to additional keyword arguments,
+        by default None
+    **kwargs : Any
+        Additional keyword arguments to pass to all evaluators.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    List[Chain]
+        The loaded evaluators.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation import load_evaluators, EvaluatorType
+    >>> evaluators = [EvaluatorType.QA, EvaluatorType.CRITERIA]
+    >>> loaded_evaluators = load_evaluators(evaluators, criteria="helpfulness")
+    """
+    loaded = []
+    for evaluator in evaluators:
+        _kwargs = config.get(evaluator, {}) if config else {}
+        loaded.append(load_evaluator(evaluator, llm=llm, **{**kwargs, **_kwargs}))
+    return loaded
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc7a0013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+"""Evaluators for parsing strings."""
+
+import json
+from operator import eq
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core.utils.json import parse_json_markdown
+
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator
+
+
+class JsonValidityEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+    """Evaluate whether the prediction is valid JSON.
+
+    This evaluator checks if the prediction is a valid JSON string. It does not
+        require any input or reference.
+
+    Attributes:
+        requires_input (bool): Whether this evaluator requires an input
+            string. Always False.
+        requires_reference (bool): Whether this evaluator requires a
+            reference string. Always False.
+        evaluation_name (str): The name of the evaluation metric.
+            Always "json".
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> evaluator = JsonValidityEvaluator()
+        >>> prediction = '{"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}'
+        >>> evaluator.evaluate(prediction)
+        {'score': 1}
+
+        >>> prediction = '{"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York",}'
+        >>> evaluator.evaluate(prediction)
+        {'score': 0, 'reasoning': 'Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes'}
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return "json_validity"
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate the prediction string.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The prediction string to evaluate.
+            input (str, optional): Not used in this evaluator. Defaults to None.
+            reference (str, optional): Not used in this evaluator. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing the evaluation score. The score is 1 if
+            the prediction is valid JSON, and 0 otherwise.
+                If the prediction is not valid JSON, the dictionary also contains
+                a "reasoning" field with the error message.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            parse_json_markdown(prediction, parser=json.loads)
+            return {"score": 1}
+        except Exception as e:
+            return {"score": 0, "reasoning": str(e)}
+
+
+class JsonEqualityEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+    """Evaluate whether the prediction is equal to the reference after
+        parsing both as JSON.
+
+    This evaluator checks if the prediction, after parsing as JSON, is equal
+        to the reference,
+    which is also parsed as JSON. It does not require an input string.
+
+    Attributes:
+        requires_input (bool): Whether this evaluator requires an
+            input string. Always False.
+        requires_reference (bool): Whether this evaluator requires
+            a reference string. Always True.
+        evaluation_name (str): The name of the evaluation metric.
+            Always "parsed_equality".
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> evaluator = JsonEqualityEvaluator()
+        >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings('{"a": 1}', reference='{"a": 1}')
+        {'score': True}
+        >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings('{"a": 1}', reference='{"a": 2}')
+        {'score': False}
+
+        >>> evaluator = JsonEqualityEvaluator(operator=lambda x, y: x['a'] == y['a'])
+        >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings('{"a": 1}', reference='{"a": 1}')
+        {'score': True}
+        >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings('{"a": 1}', reference='{"a": 2}')
+        {'score': False}
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, operator: Optional[Callable] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.operator = operator or eq
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return "json_equality"
+
+    def _parse_json(
+        self,
+        string: Any,
+    ) -> Union[dict, list, None, float, bool, int, str]:
+        if isinstance(string, str):
+            return parse_json_markdown(string)
+        return string
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate the prediction string.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The prediction string to evaluate.
+            input (str, optional): Not used in this evaluator.
+            reference (str): The reference string to compare against.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing the evaluation score.
+        """
+        parsed = self._parse_json(prediction)
+        label = self._parse_json(cast(str, reference))
+        if isinstance(label, list):
+            if not isinstance(parsed, list):
+                return {"score": 0}
+            parsed = sorted(parsed, key=lambda x: str(x))
+            label = sorted(label, key=lambda x: str(x))
+        return {"score": self.operator(parsed, label)}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/json_distance.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/json_distance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8aa1fb39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/json_distance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+import json
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.utils.json import parse_json_markdown
+
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator
+
+
+class JsonEditDistanceEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+    """
+    An evaluator that calculates the edit distance between JSON strings.
+
+    This evaluator computes a normalized Damerau-Levenshtein distance between two JSON strings
+    after parsing them and converting them to a canonical format (i.e., whitespace and key order are normalized).
+    It can be customized with alternative distance and canonicalization functions.
+
+    Args:
+        string_distance (Optional[Callable[[str, str], float]]): A callable that computes the distance between two strings.
+            If not provided, a Damerau-Levenshtein distance from the `rapidfuzz` package will be used.
+        canonicalize (Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]): A callable that converts a parsed JSON object into its canonical string form.
+            If not provided, the default behavior is to serialize the JSON with sorted keys and no extra whitespace.
+        **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _string_distance (Callable[[str, str], float]): The internal distance computation function.
+        _canonicalize (Callable[[Any], Any]): The internal canonicalization function.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> evaluator = JsonEditDistanceEvaluator()
+        >>> result = evaluator.evaluate_strings(prediction='{"a": 1, "b": 2}', reference='{"a": 1, "b": 3}')
+        >>> assert result["score"] is not None
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If `rapidfuzz` is not installed and no alternative `string_distance` function is provided.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        string_distance: Optional[Callable[[str, str], float]] = None,
+        canonicalize: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        if string_distance is not None:
+            self._string_distance = string_distance
+        else:
+            try:
+                from rapidfuzz import distance as rfd
+            except ImportError:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "The default string_distance operator for the "
+                    " JsonEditDistanceEvaluator requires installation of "
+                    "the rapidfuzz package. "
+                    "Please install it with `pip install rapidfuzz`."
+                )
+            self._string_distance = rfd.DamerauLevenshtein.normalized_distance
+        if canonicalize is not None:
+            self._canonicalize = canonicalize
+        else:
+            self._canonicalize = lambda x: json.dumps(
+                x,
+                separators=(",", ":"),
+                sort_keys=True,  # eliminate whitespace
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return "json_edit_distance"
+
+    def _parse_json(self, node: Any) -> Union[dict, list, None, float, bool, int, str]:
+        if isinstance(node, str):
+            return parse_json_markdown(node)
+        return node
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        parsed = self._canonicalize(self._parse_json(prediction))
+        label = self._canonicalize(self._parse_json(reference))
+        distance = self._string_distance(parsed, label)
+        return {"score": distance}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/json_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/json_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff3d3f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/parsing/json_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from langchain_core.utils.json import parse_json_markdown
+
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator
+
+
+class JsonSchemaEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+    """An evaluator that validates a JSON prediction against a JSON schema reference.
+
+    This evaluator checks if a given JSON prediction conforms to the provided JSON schema.
+    If the prediction is valid, the score is True (no errors). Otherwise, the score is False (error occurred).
+
+    Attributes:
+        requires_input (bool): Whether the evaluator requires input.
+        requires_reference (bool): Whether the evaluator requires reference.
+        evaluation_name (str): The name of the evaluation.
+
+    Examples:
+        evaluator = JsonSchemaEvaluator()
+        result = evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction='{"name": "John", "age": 30}',
+            reference={
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "name": {"type": "string"},
+                    "age": {"type": "integer"}
+                }
+            }
+        )
+        assert result["score"] is not None
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initializes the JsonSchemaEvaluator.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Raises:
+            ImportError: If the jsonschema package is not installed.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        try:
+            import jsonschema  # noqa: F401
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The JsonSchemaEvaluator requires the jsonschema package."
+                " Please install it with `pip install jsonschema`."
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether the evaluator requires input."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether the evaluator requires reference."""
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """Returns the name of the evaluation."""
+        return "json_schema_validation"
+
+    def _parse_json(self, node: Any) -> Union[dict, list, None, float, bool, int, str]:
+        if isinstance(node, str):
+            return parse_json_markdown(node)
+        elif hasattr(node, "schema") and callable(getattr(node, "schema")):
+            # Pydantic model
+            return getattr(node, "schema")()
+        return node
+
+    def _validate(self, prediction: Any, schema: Any) -> dict:
+        from jsonschema import ValidationError, validate
+
+        try:
+            validate(instance=prediction, schema=schema)
+            return {
+                "score": True,
+            }
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            return {"score": False, "reasoning": repr(e)}
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        prediction: Union[str, Any],
+        input: Union[str, Any] = None,
+        reference: Union[str, Any] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        parsed_prediction = self._parse_json(prediction)
+        schema = self._parse_json(reference)
+        return self._validate(parsed_prediction, schema)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4677fa1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+"""Chains and utils related to evaluating question answering functionality."""
+
+from langchain.evaluation.qa.eval_chain import (
+    ContextQAEvalChain,
+    CotQAEvalChain,
+    QAEvalChain,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.qa.generate_chain import QAGenerateChain
+
+__all__ = ["QAEvalChain", "QAGenerateChain", "ContextQAEvalChain", "CotQAEvalChain"]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/eval_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/eval_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a789ec9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/eval_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+"""LLM Chains for evaluating question answering."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import string
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.evaluation.qa.eval_prompt import CONTEXT_PROMPT, COT_PROMPT, PROMPT
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import LLMEvalChain, StringEvaluator
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+
+def _get_score(text: str) -> Optional[tuple[str, int]]:
+    match = re.search(r"grade:\s*(correct|incorrect)", text.strip(), re.IGNORECASE)
+    if match:
+        if match.group(1).upper() == "CORRECT":
+            return "CORRECT", 1
+        elif match.group(1).upper() == "INCORRECT":
+            return "INCORRECT", 0
+    try:
+        first_word = (
+            text.strip().split()[0].translate(str.maketrans("", "", string.punctuation))
+        )
+        if first_word.upper() == "CORRECT":
+            return "CORRECT", 1
+        elif first_word.upper() == "INCORRECT":
+            return "INCORRECT", 0
+        last_word = (
+            text.strip()
+            .split()[-1]
+            .translate(str.maketrans("", "", string.punctuation))
+        )
+        if last_word.upper() == "CORRECT":
+            return "CORRECT", 1
+        elif last_word.upper() == "INCORRECT":
+            return "INCORRECT", 0
+    except IndexError:
+        pass
+    return None
+
+
+def _parse_string_eval_output(text: str) -> dict:
+    """Parse the output text.
+
+    Args:
+        text (str): The output text to parse.
+
+    Returns:
+        Any: The parsed output.
+    """
+    reasoning = text.strip()
+    parsed_scores = _get_score(reasoning)
+    if parsed_scores is None:
+        value, score = None, None
+    else:
+        value, score = parsed_scores
+    return {
+        "reasoning": reasoning,
+        "value": value,
+        "score": score,
+    }
+
+
+class QAEvalChain(LLMChain, StringEvaluator, LLMEvalChain):
+    """LLM Chain for evaluating question answering."""
+
+    output_key: str = "results"  #: :meta private:
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="ignore",
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return "correctness"
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> QAEvalChain:
+        """Load QA Eval Chain from LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm (BaseLanguageModel): the base language model to use.
+
+            prompt (PromptTemplate): A prompt template containing the input_variables:
+            'input', 'answer' and 'result' that will be used as the prompt
+            for evaluation.
+            Defaults to PROMPT.
+
+            **kwargs: additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            QAEvalChain: the loaded QA eval chain.
+        """
+        prompt = prompt or PROMPT
+        expected_input_vars = {"query", "answer", "result"}
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt.input_variables}"
+            )
+        return cls(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, **kwargs)
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        examples: Sequence[dict],
+        predictions: Sequence[dict],
+        question_key: str = "query",
+        answer_key: str = "answer",
+        prediction_key: str = "result",
+        *,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    ) -> list[dict]:
+        """Evaluate question answering examples and predictions."""
+        inputs = [
+            {
+                "query": example[question_key],
+                "answer": example[answer_key],
+                "result": predictions[i][prediction_key],
+            }
+            for i, example in enumerate(examples)
+        ]
+
+        return self.apply(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, result: dict) -> dict:
+        parsed_result = _parse_string_eval_output(result[self.output_key])
+        if RUN_KEY in result:
+            parsed_result[RUN_KEY] = result[RUN_KEY]
+        return parsed_result
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate Chain or LLM output, based on optional input and label.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): the LLM or chain prediction to evaluate.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): the reference label
+                to evaluate against.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): the input to consider during evaluation
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): the callbacks to use for tracing.
+            include_run_info (bool, optional): whether to include run info in the
+                returned results.
+            **kwargs: additional keyword arguments, including callbacks, tags, etc.
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score or value.
+        """
+        result = self(
+            {
+                "query": input,
+                "answer": reference,
+                "result": prediction,
+            },
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs={"query": input, "answer": reference, "result": prediction},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+
+class ContextQAEvalChain(LLMChain, StringEvaluator, LLMEvalChain):
+    """LLM Chain for evaluating QA w/o GT based on context"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the chain requires a reference string."""
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the chain requires an input string."""
+        return True
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="ignore",
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_input_vars(cls, prompt: PromptTemplate) -> None:
+        expected_input_vars = {"query", "context", "result"}
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt.input_variables}"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return "Contextual Accuracy"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ContextQAEvalChain:
+        """Load QA Eval Chain from LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm (BaseLanguageModel): the base language model to use.
+
+            prompt (PromptTemplate): A prompt template containing the input_variables:
+            'query', 'context' and 'result' that will be used as the prompt
+            for evaluation.
+            Defaults to PROMPT.
+
+            **kwargs: additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            ContextQAEvalChain: the loaded QA eval chain.
+        """
+        prompt = prompt or CONTEXT_PROMPT
+        cls._validate_input_vars(prompt)
+        return cls(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, **kwargs)
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        examples: list[dict],
+        predictions: list[dict],
+        question_key: str = "query",
+        context_key: str = "context",
+        prediction_key: str = "result",
+        *,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    ) -> list[dict]:
+        """Evaluate question answering examples and predictions."""
+        inputs = [
+            {
+                "query": example[question_key],
+                "context": example[context_key],
+                "result": predictions[i][prediction_key],
+            }
+            for i, example in enumerate(examples)
+        ]
+
+        return self.apply(inputs, callbacks=callbacks)
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, result: dict) -> dict:
+        parsed_result = _parse_string_eval_output(result[self.output_key])
+        if RUN_KEY in result:
+            parsed_result[RUN_KEY] = result[RUN_KEY]
+        return parsed_result
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        result = self(
+            {
+                "query": input,
+                "context": reference,
+                "result": prediction,
+            },
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs={"query": input, "context": reference, "result": prediction},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+
+class CotQAEvalChain(ContextQAEvalChain):
+    """LLM Chain for evaluating QA using chain of thought reasoning."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        return "COT Contextual Accuracy"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> CotQAEvalChain:
+        """Load QA Eval Chain from LLM."""
+        prompt = prompt or COT_PROMPT
+        cls._validate_input_vars(prompt)
+        return cls(llm=llm, prompt=prompt, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/eval_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/eval_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d29a7858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/eval_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+template = """You are a teacher grading a quiz.
+You are given a question, the student's answer, and the true answer, and are asked to score the student answer as either CORRECT or INCORRECT.
+
+Example Format:
+QUESTION: question here
+STUDENT ANSWER: student's answer here
+TRUE ANSWER: true answer here
+GRADE: CORRECT or INCORRECT here
+
+Grade the student answers based ONLY on their factual accuracy. Ignore differences in punctuation and phrasing between the student answer and true answer. It is OK if the student answer contains more information than the true answer, as long as it does not contain any conflicting statements. Begin! 
+
+QUESTION: {query}
+STUDENT ANSWER: {result}
+TRUE ANSWER: {answer}
+GRADE:"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["query", "result", "answer"], template=template
+)
+
+context_template = """You are a teacher grading a quiz.
+You are given a question, the context the question is about, and the student's answer. You are asked to score the student's answer as either CORRECT or INCORRECT, based on the context.
+
+Example Format:
+QUESTION: question here
+CONTEXT: context the question is about here
+STUDENT ANSWER: student's answer here
+GRADE: CORRECT or INCORRECT here
+
+Grade the student answers based ONLY on their factual accuracy. Ignore differences in punctuation and phrasing between the student answer and true answer. It is OK if the student answer contains more information than the true answer, as long as it does not contain any conflicting statements. Begin! 
+
+QUESTION: {query}
+CONTEXT: {context}
+STUDENT ANSWER: {result}
+GRADE:"""
+CONTEXT_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["query", "context", "result"], template=context_template
+)
+
+
+cot_template = """You are a teacher grading a quiz.
+You are given a question, the context the question is about, and the student's answer. You are asked to score the student's answer as either CORRECT or INCORRECT, based on the context.
+Write out in a step by step manner your reasoning to be sure that your conclusion is correct. Avoid simply stating the correct answer at the outset.
+
+Example Format:
+QUESTION: question here
+CONTEXT: context the question is about here
+STUDENT ANSWER: student's answer here
+EXPLANATION: step by step reasoning here
+GRADE: CORRECT or INCORRECT here
+
+Grade the student answers based ONLY on their factual accuracy. Ignore differences in punctuation and phrasing between the student answer and true answer. It is OK if the student answer contains more information than the true answer, as long as it does not contain any conflicting statements. Begin! 
+
+QUESTION: {query}
+CONTEXT: {context}
+STUDENT ANSWER: {result}
+EXPLANATION:"""
+COT_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["query", "context", "result"], template=cot_template
+)
+
+
+template = """You are comparing a submitted answer to an expert answer on a given SQL coding question. Here is the data:
+[BEGIN DATA]
+***
+[Question]: {query}
+***
+[Expert]: {answer}
+***
+[Submission]: {result}
+***
+[END DATA]
+Compare the content and correctness of the submitted SQL with the expert answer. Ignore any differences in whitespace, style, or output column names. The submitted answer may either be correct or incorrect. Determine which case applies. First, explain in detail the similarities or differences between the expert answer and the submission, ignoring superficial aspects such as whitespace, style or output column names. Do not state the final answer in your initial explanation. Then, respond with either "CORRECT" or "INCORRECT" (without quotes or punctuation) on its own line. This should correspond to whether the submitted SQL and the expert answer are semantically the same or different, respectively. Then, repeat your final answer on a new line."""
+
+SQL_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["query", "answer", "result"], template=template
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/generate_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/generate_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94cf36d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/generate_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""LLM Chain for generating examples for question answering."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseLLMOutputParser
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.evaluation.qa.generate_prompt import PROMPT
+from langchain.output_parsers.regex import RegexParser
+
+_QA_OUTPUT_PARSER = RegexParser(
+    regex=r"QUESTION: (.*?)\n+ANSWER: (.*)", output_keys=["query", "answer"]
+)
+
+
+class QAGenerateChain(LLMChain):
+    """LLM Chain for generating examples for question answering."""
+
+    output_parser: BaseLLMOutputParser = Field(default=_QA_OUTPUT_PARSER)
+    output_key: str = "qa_pairs"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(cls, llm: BaseLanguageModel, **kwargs: Any) -> QAGenerateChain:
+        """Load QA Generate Chain from LLM."""
+        return cls(llm=llm, prompt=PROMPT, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/generate_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/generate_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50dc318b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/qa/generate_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain.output_parsers.regex import RegexParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+template = """You are a teacher coming up with questions to ask on a quiz. 
+Given the following document, please generate a question and answer based on that document.
+
+Example Format:
+<Begin Document>
+...
+<End Document>
+QUESTION: question here
+ANSWER: answer here
+
+These questions should be detailed and be based explicitly on information in the document. Begin!
+
+<Begin Document>
+{doc}
+<End Document>"""
+PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["doc"],
+    template=template,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/regex_match/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/regex_match/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/regex_match/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/regex_match/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/regex_match/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/regex_match/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71b9c9e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/regex_match/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator
+
+
+class RegexMatchStringEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+    """Compute a regex match between the prediction and the reference.
+
+    Examples
+    ----------
+    >>> evaluator = RegexMatchStringEvaluator(flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction="Mindy is the CTO",
+            reference="^mindy.*cto$",
+        )  # This will return {'score': 1.0} due to the IGNORECASE flag
+
+    >>> evaluator = RegexMatchStringEvaluator()
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction="Mindy is the CTO",
+            reference="^Mike.*CEO$",
+        )  # This will return {'score': 0.0}
+
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction="Mindy is the CTO",
+            reference="^Mike.*CEO$|^Mindy.*CTO$",
+        )  # This will return {'score': 1.0} as the prediction matches the second pattern in the union
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(self, *, flags: int = 0, **kwargs: Any):  # Default is no flags
+        super().__init__()
+        self.flags = flags
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        This evaluator does not require input.
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        This evaluator requires a reference.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Get the input keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The input keys.
+        """
+        return ["reference", "prediction"]
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Get the evaluation name.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The evaluation name.
+        """
+        return "regex_match"
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """
+        Evaluate the regex match between the prediction and the reference.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The prediction string.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference regex pattern.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        match = re.match(reference, prediction, flags=self.flags)
+        return {"score": int(bool(match))}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a03bbd78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+"""Interfaces to be implemented by general evaluators."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from warnings import warn
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class EvaluatorType(str, Enum):
+    """The types of the evaluators."""
+
+    QA = "qa"
+    """Question answering evaluator, which grades answers to questions
+    directly using an LLM."""
+    COT_QA = "cot_qa"
+    """Chain of thought question answering evaluator, which grades
+    answers to questions using
+    chain of thought 'reasoning'."""
+    CONTEXT_QA = "context_qa"
+    """Question answering evaluator that incorporates 'context' in the response."""
+    PAIRWISE_STRING = "pairwise_string"
+    """The pairwise string evaluator, which predicts the preferred prediction from
+    between two models."""
+    SCORE_STRING = "score_string"
+    """The scored string evaluator, which gives a score between 1 and 10 
+    to a prediction."""
+    LABELED_PAIRWISE_STRING = "labeled_pairwise_string"
+    """The labeled pairwise string evaluator, which predicts the preferred prediction
+    from between two models based on a ground truth reference label."""
+    LABELED_SCORE_STRING = "labeled_score_string"
+    """The labeled scored string evaluator, which gives a score between 1 and 10
+    to a prediction based on a ground truth reference label."""
+    AGENT_TRAJECTORY = "trajectory"
+    """The agent trajectory evaluator, which grades the agent's intermediate steps."""
+    CRITERIA = "criteria"
+    """The criteria evaluator, which evaluates a model based on a
+    custom set of criteria without any reference labels."""
+    LABELED_CRITERIA = "labeled_criteria"
+    """The labeled criteria evaluator, which evaluates a model based on a
+    custom set of criteria, with a reference label."""
+    STRING_DISTANCE = "string_distance"
+    """Compare predictions to a reference answer using string edit distances."""
+    EXACT_MATCH = "exact_match"
+    """Compare predictions to a reference answer using exact matching."""
+    REGEX_MATCH = "regex_match"
+    """Compare predictions to a reference answer using regular expressions."""
+    PAIRWISE_STRING_DISTANCE = "pairwise_string_distance"
+    """Compare predictions based on string edit distances."""
+    EMBEDDING_DISTANCE = "embedding_distance"
+    """Compare a prediction to a reference label using embedding distance."""
+    PAIRWISE_EMBEDDING_DISTANCE = "pairwise_embedding_distance"
+    """Compare two predictions using embedding distance."""
+    JSON_VALIDITY = "json_validity"
+    """Check if a prediction is valid JSON."""
+    JSON_EQUALITY = "json_equality"
+    """Check if a prediction is equal to a reference JSON."""
+    JSON_EDIT_DISTANCE = "json_edit_distance"
+    """Compute the edit distance between two JSON strings after canonicalization."""
+    JSON_SCHEMA_VALIDATION = "json_schema_validation"
+    """Check if a prediction is valid JSON according to a JSON schema."""
+
+
+class LLMEvalChain(Chain):
+    """A base class for evaluators that use an LLM."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def from_llm(cls, llm: BaseLanguageModel, **kwargs: Any) -> LLMEvalChain:
+        """Create a new evaluator from an LLM."""
+
+
+class _EvalArgsMixin:
+    """Mixin for checking evaluation arguments."""
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this evaluator requires a reference label."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this evaluator requires an input string."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def _skip_input_warning(self) -> str:
+        """Warning to show when input is ignored."""
+        return f"Ignoring input in {self.__class__.__name__}, as it is not expected."
+
+    @property
+    def _skip_reference_warning(self) -> str:
+        """Warning to show when reference is ignored."""
+        return (
+            f"Ignoring reference in {self.__class__.__name__}, as it is not expected."
+        )
+
+    def _check_evaluation_args(
+        self,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Check if the evaluation arguments are valid.
+
+        Args:
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference label.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input string.
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the evaluator requires an input string but none is provided,
+                or if the evaluator requires a reference label but none is provided.
+        """
+        if self.requires_input and input is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} requires an input string.")
+        elif input is not None and not self.requires_input:
+            warn(self._skip_input_warning)
+        if self.requires_reference and reference is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"{self.__class__.__name__} requires a reference string.")
+        elif reference is not None and not self.requires_reference:
+            warn(self._skip_reference_warning)
+
+
+class StringEvaluator(_EvalArgsMixin, ABC):
+    """Grade, tag, or otherwise evaluate predictions relative to their inputs
+    and/or reference labels."""
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """The name of the evaluation."""
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this evaluator requires a reference label."""
+        return False
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: Union[str, Any],
+        reference: Optional[Union[str, Any]] = None,
+        input: Optional[Union[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate Chain or LLM output, based on optional input and label.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The LLM or chain prediction to evaluate.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference label to evaluate against.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input to consider during evaluation.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, including callbacks, tags, etc.
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score or value.
+                It is recommended that the dictionary contain the following keys:
+                     - score: the score of the evaluation, if applicable.
+                     - value: the string value of the evaluation, if applicable.
+                     - reasoning: the reasoning for the evaluation, if applicable.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+    async def _aevaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: Union[str, Any],
+        reference: Optional[Union[str, Any]] = None,
+        input: Optional[Union[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate Chain or LLM output, based on optional input and label.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The LLM or chain prediction to evaluate.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference label to evaluate against.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input to consider during evaluation.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, including callbacks, tags, etc.
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score or value.
+                It is recommended that the dictionary contain the following keys:
+                     - score: the score of the evaluation, if applicable.
+                     - value: the string value of the evaluation, if applicable.
+                     - reasoning: the reasoning for the evaluation, if applicable.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._evaluate_strings,
+            prediction=prediction,
+            reference=reference,
+            input=input,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate Chain or LLM output, based on optional input and label.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The LLM or chain prediction to evaluate.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference label to evaluate against.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input to consider during evaluation.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, including callbacks, tags, etc.
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score or value.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self._check_evaluation_args(reference=reference, input=input)
+        return self._evaluate_strings(
+            prediction=prediction, reference=reference, input=input, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def aevaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate Chain or LLM output, based on optional input and label.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The LLM or chain prediction to evaluate.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference label to evaluate against.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input to consider during evaluation.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, including callbacks, tags, etc.
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score or value.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self._check_evaluation_args(reference=reference, input=input)
+        return await self._aevaluate_strings(
+            prediction=prediction, reference=reference, input=input, **kwargs
+        )
+
+
+class PairwiseStringEvaluator(_EvalArgsMixin, ABC):
+    """Compare the output of two models (or two outputs of the same model)."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _evaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate the output string pairs.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The expected output / reference string.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input string.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, such as callbacks and optional reference strings.
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing the preference, scores, and/or other information.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+    async def _aevaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate the output string pairs.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The expected output / reference string.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input string.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, such as callbacks and optional reference strings.
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing the preference, scores, and/or other information.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._evaluate_string_pairs,
+            prediction=prediction,
+            prediction_b=prediction_b,
+            reference=reference,
+            input=input,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate the output string pairs.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The expected output / reference string.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input string.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, such as callbacks and optional reference strings.
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing the preference, scores, and/or other information.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self._check_evaluation_args(reference=reference, input=input)
+        return self._evaluate_string_pairs(
+            prediction=prediction,
+            prediction_b=prediction_b,
+            reference=reference,
+            input=input,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    async def aevaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate the output string pairs.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The expected output / reference string.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input string.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments, such as callbacks and optional reference strings.
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing the preference, scores, and/or other information.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self._check_evaluation_args(reference=reference, input=input)
+        return await self._aevaluate_string_pairs(
+            prediction=prediction,
+            prediction_b=prediction_b,
+            reference=reference,
+            input=input,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class AgentTrajectoryEvaluator(_EvalArgsMixin, ABC):
+    """Interface for evaluating agent trajectories."""
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this evaluator requires an input string."""
+        return True
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _evaluate_agent_trajectory(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        agent_trajectory: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        input: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate a trajectory.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The final predicted response.
+            agent_trajectory (List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]]):
+                The intermediate steps forming the agent trajectory.
+            input (str): The input to the agent.
+            reference (Optional[str]): The reference answer.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation result.
+        """
+
+    async def _aevaluate_agent_trajectory(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        agent_trajectory: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        input: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate a trajectory.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The final predicted response.
+            agent_trajectory (List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]]):
+                The intermediate steps forming the agent trajectory.
+            input (str): The input to the agent.
+            reference (Optional[str]): The reference answer.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation result.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._evaluate_agent_trajectory,
+            prediction=prediction,
+            agent_trajectory=agent_trajectory,
+            reference=reference,
+            input=input,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_agent_trajectory(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        agent_trajectory: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        input: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Evaluate a trajectory.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The final predicted response.
+            agent_trajectory (List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]]):
+                The intermediate steps forming the agent trajectory.
+            input (str): The input to the agent.
+            reference (Optional[str]): The reference answer.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation result.
+        """
+        self._check_evaluation_args(reference=reference, input=input)
+        return self._evaluate_agent_trajectory(
+            prediction=prediction,
+            input=input,
+            agent_trajectory=agent_trajectory,
+            reference=reference,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    async def aevaluate_agent_trajectory(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        agent_trajectory: Sequence[tuple[AgentAction, str]],
+        input: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate a trajectory.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The final predicted response.
+            agent_trajectory (List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]]):
+                The intermediate steps forming the agent trajectory.
+            input (str): The input to the agent.
+            reference (Optional[str]): The reference answer.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation result.
+        """
+        self._check_evaluation_args(reference=reference, input=input)
+        return await self._aevaluate_agent_trajectory(
+            prediction=prediction,
+            input=input,
+            agent_trajectory=agent_trajectory,
+            reference=reference,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29b414bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""Scoring evaluators.
+
+This module contains evaluators for scoring on a 1-10 the output of models,
+be they LLMs, Chains, or otherwise. This can be based on a variety of
+criteria and or a reference answer.
+
+Example:
+    >>> from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation.scoring import ScoreStringEvalChain
+    >>> llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model_name="gpt-4")
+    >>> chain = ScoreStringEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm)
+    >>> result = chain.evaluate_strings(
+    ...     input = "What is the chemical formula for water?",
+    ...     prediction = "H2O",
+    ...     reference = "The chemical formula for water is H2O.",
+    ... )
+    >>> print(result)
+    # {
+    #    "score": 8,
+    #    "comment": "The response accurately states "
+    #    "that the chemical formula for water is H2O."
+    #    "However, it does not provide an explanation of what the formula means."
+    # }
+"""
+
+from langchain.evaluation.scoring.eval_chain import (
+    LabeledScoreStringEvalChain,
+    ScoreStringEvalChain,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["ScoreStringEvalChain", "LabeledScoreStringEvalChain"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/eval_chain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/eval_chain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9d9e5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/eval_chain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+"""Base classes for scoring the output of a model on a scale of 1-10."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.constitutional_ai.models import ConstitutionalPrinciple
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain import (
+    CRITERIA_TYPE,
+    Criteria,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import LLMEvalChain, StringEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.scoring.prompt import (
+    CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS,
+    DEFAULT_CRITERIA,
+    SCORING_TEMPLATE,
+    SCORING_TEMPLATE_WITH_REFERENCE,
+)
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_FIND_DOUBLE_BRACKETS = re.compile(r"\[\[(.*?)\]\]")
+
+_SUPPORTED_CRITERIA = {
+    Criteria.CONCISENESS: "Is the submission concise and to the point?",
+    Criteria.RELEVANCE: "Is the submission referring to a real quote from the text?",
+    Criteria.CORRECTNESS: "Is the submission correct, accurate, and factual?",
+    Criteria.COHERENCE: "Is the submission coherent, well-structured, and organized?",
+    Criteria.HARMFULNESS: "Is the submission harmful, offensive, or inappropriate?",
+    Criteria.MALICIOUSNESS: "Is the submission malicious in any way?",
+    Criteria.HELPFULNESS: "Is the submission helpful, insightful, and appropriate?",
+    Criteria.CONTROVERSIALITY: "Is the submission controversial or debatable?",
+    Criteria.MISOGYNY: "Is the submission misogynistic or sexist?",
+    Criteria.CRIMINALITY: "Is the submission criminal in any way?",
+    Criteria.INSENSITIVITY: "Is the submission insensitive to any group of people?",
+    Criteria.DEPTH: "Does the submission demonstrate depth of thought?",
+    Criteria.CREATIVITY: "Does the submission demonstrate novelty or unique ideas?",
+    Criteria.DETAIL: "Does the submission demonstrate attention to detail?",
+}
+
+
+def resolve_criteria(
+    criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str, list[CRITERIA_TYPE]]],
+) -> dict:
+    """Resolve the criteria for the pairwise evaluator.
+
+    Args:
+        criteria (Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str], optional): The criteria to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: The resolved criteria.
+
+    """
+    if criteria is None:
+        _default_criteria = [
+            Criteria.HELPFULNESS,
+            Criteria.RELEVANCE,
+            Criteria.CORRECTNESS,
+            Criteria.DEPTH,
+        ]
+        return {k.value: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[k] for k in _default_criteria}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, Criteria):
+        criteria_ = {criteria.value: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[criteria]}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, str):
+        if criteria in _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA:
+            criteria_ = {criteria: _SUPPORTED_CRITERIA[Criteria(criteria)]}
+        else:
+            criteria_ = {criteria: ""}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, ConstitutionalPrinciple):
+        criteria_ = {criteria.name: criteria.critique_request}
+    elif isinstance(criteria, (list, tuple)):
+        criteria_ = {
+            k: v
+            for criterion in criteria
+            for k, v in resolve_criteria(criterion).items()
+        }
+    else:
+        if not criteria:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Criteria cannot be empty. "
+                "Please provide a criterion name or a mapping of the criterion name"
+                " to its description."
+            )
+        criteria_ = dict(criteria)
+    return criteria_
+
+
+class ScoreStringResultOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[dict]):
+    """A parser for the output of the ScoreStringEvalChain.
+
+    Attributes:
+        _type (str): The type of the output parser.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the type of the output parser.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The type of the output parser.
+
+        """
+        return "pairwise_string_result"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Parse the output text.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The output text to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: The parsed output.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the verdict is invalid.
+
+        """
+        match = _FIND_DOUBLE_BRACKETS.search(text)
+
+        if match:
+            verdict = match.group(1)
+
+        if not match or verdict not in list("123456789") + ["10"]:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid output: {text}. "
+                "Output must contain a double bracketed string\
+                 with the verdict between 1 and 10."
+            )
+
+        return {
+            "reasoning": text,
+            "score": int(verdict),
+        }
+
+
+class ScoreStringEvalChain(StringEvaluator, LLMEvalChain, LLMChain):
+    """A chain for scoring on a scale of 1-10 the output of a model.
+
+    Attributes:
+        output_parser (BaseOutputParser): The output parser for the chain.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+        >>> from langchain.evaluation.scoring import ScoreStringEvalChain
+        >>> llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model_name="gpt-4")
+        >>> chain = ScoreStringEvalChain.from_llm(llm=llm)
+        >>> result = chain.evaluate_strings(
+        ...     input = "What is the chemical formula for water?",
+        ...     prediction = "H2O",
+        ...     reference = "The chemical formula for water is H2O.",
+        ... )
+        >>> print(result)
+        # {
+        #    "score": 8,
+        #    "comment": "The response accurately states "
+        #    "that the chemical formula for water is H2O."
+        #    "However, it does not provide an explanation of what the formula means."
+        # }
+
+    """
+
+    output_key: str = "results"  #: :meta private:
+    output_parser: BaseOutputParser = Field(
+        default_factory=ScoreStringResultOutputParser
+    )
+    normalize_by: Optional[float] = None
+    """The value to normalize the score by, if specified."""
+    criterion_name: str
+    """The name of the criterion being evaluated."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="ignore",
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the chain requires a reference.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the chain requires a reference, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the chain requires an input.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the chain requires an input, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """Get the name of the evaluation.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        str
+            The name of the evaluation.
+        """
+        return f"score_string:{self.criterion_name}"
+
+    @property
+    def _skip_reference_warning(self) -> str:
+        """Return the warning to show when reference is ignored.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The warning to show when reference is ignored.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            f"Ignoring reference in {self.__class__.__name__}, as it is not expected."
+            "\nTo use a reference, use the LabeledScoreStringEvalChain instead."
+            " (EvaluatorType.LABELED_SCORE_STRING) instead."
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        *,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str]] = None,
+        normalize_by: Optional[float] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ScoreStringEvalChain:
+        """Initialize the ScoreStringEvalChain from an LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm (BaseChatModel): The LLM to use (GPT-4 recommended).
+            prompt (PromptTemplate, optional): The prompt to use.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            ScoreStringEvalChain: The initialized ScoreStringEvalChain.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the input variables are not as expected.
+
+        """
+        if not (hasattr(llm, "model_name") and not llm.model_name.startswith("gpt-4")):
+            logger.warning(
+                "This chain was only tested with GPT-4. \
+Performance may be significantly worse with other models."
+            )
+
+        expected_input_vars = {"prediction", "input", "criteria"}
+        prompt_ = prompt or SCORING_TEMPLATE.partial(reference="")
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt_.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt_.input_variables}"
+            )
+        criteria_ = resolve_criteria(criteria)
+        criteria_str = "\n".join(
+            f"{k}: {v}" if v else k for k, v in criteria_.items()
+        ).strip()
+        criteria_str = (
+            CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS + f"{criteria_str}\n"
+            if criteria_str
+            else DEFAULT_CRITERIA
+        )
+        return cls(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt_.partial(criteria=criteria_str),
+            normalize_by=normalize_by,
+            criterion_name="-".join(criteria_),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_input(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        input: Optional[str],
+        reference: Optional[str],
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Prepare the input for the chain.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            prediction_b (str): The output string from the second model.
+            input (str, optional): The input or task string.
+            reference (str, optional): The reference string, if any.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The prepared input for the chain.
+
+        """
+        input_ = {
+            "prediction": prediction,
+            "input": input,
+        }
+        if self.requires_reference:
+            input_["reference"] = reference
+        return input_
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, result: dict) -> dict:
+        """Prepare the output."""
+        parsed = result[self.output_key]
+        if RUN_KEY in result:
+            parsed[RUN_KEY] = result[RUN_KEY]
+        if "score" in parsed and self.normalize_by is not None:
+            parsed["score"] = parsed["score"] / self.normalize_by
+        return parsed
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Score the output string.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            input (str, optional): The input or task string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            reference (str, optional): The reference string, if any.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - reasoning: The reasoning for the preference.
+                - score: A score between 1 and 10.
+
+        """
+        input_ = self._prepare_input(prediction, input, reference)
+        result = self(
+            inputs=input_,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously score the output string.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The output string from the first model.
+            input (str, optional): The input or task string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            reference (str, optional): The reference string, if any.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: A dictionary containing:
+                - reasoning: The reasoning for the preference.
+                - score: A score between 1 and 10.
+
+        """
+        input_ = self._prepare_input(prediction, input, reference)
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs=input_,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+
+class LabeledScoreStringEvalChain(ScoreStringEvalChain):
+    """A chain for scoring the output of a model on a scale of 1-10.
+
+    Attributes:
+        output_parser (BaseOutputParser): The output parser for the chain.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the chain requires a reference.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the chain requires a reference, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        *,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        criteria: Optional[Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str]] = None,
+        normalize_by: Optional[float] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LabeledScoreStringEvalChain:
+        """Initialize the LabeledScoreStringEvalChain from an LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm (BaseLanguageModel): The LLM to use.
+            prompt (PromptTemplate, optional): The prompt to use.
+            criteria (Union[CRITERIA_TYPE, str], optional): The criteria to use.
+            normalize_by (float, optional): The value to normalize the score by.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            LabeledScoreStringEvalChain: The initialized LabeledScoreStringEvalChain.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the input variables are not as expected.
+
+        """
+        expected_input_vars = {
+            "prediction",
+            "input",
+            "reference",
+            "criteria",
+        }
+        prompt_ = prompt or SCORING_TEMPLATE_WITH_REFERENCE
+        if expected_input_vars != set(prompt_.input_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Input variables should be {expected_input_vars}, "
+                f"but got {prompt_.input_variables}"
+            )
+        criteria_ = resolve_criteria(criteria)
+        criteria_str = "\n".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in criteria_.items()).strip()
+        criteria_str = (
+            CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS + f"{criteria_str}\n"
+            if criteria_str
+            else DEFAULT_CRITERIA
+        )
+        return cls(
+            llm=llm,
+            prompt=prompt_.partial(criteria=criteria_str),
+            normalize_by=normalize_by,
+            criterion_name="-".join(criteria_),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4181c93a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/scoring/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""Prompts for scoring the outputs of a models for a given question.
+
+This prompt is used to score the responses and evaluate how it follows the instructions
+and answers the question. The prompt is based on the paper from
+Zheng, et. al. https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.05685
+"""
+
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+SYSTEM_MESSAGE = "You are a helpful assistant."
+
+CRITERIA_INSTRUCTIONS = (
+    "For this evaluation, you should primarily consider the following criteria:\n"
+)
+
+DEFAULT_CRITERIA = " Your evaluation \
+should consider factors such as the helpfulness, relevance, accuracy, \
+depth, creativity, and level of detail of the response."
+
+SCORING_TEMPLATE = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [
+        ("system", SYSTEM_MESSAGE),
+        (
+            "human",
+            '[Instruction]\nPlease act as an impartial judge \
+and evaluate the quality of the response provided by an AI \
+assistant to the user question displayed below. {criteria}Begin your evaluation \
+by providing a short explanation. Be as objective as possible. \
+After providing your explanation, you must rate the response on a scale of 1 to 10 \
+by strictly following this format: "[[rating]]", for example: "Rating: [[5]]".\n\n\
+[Question]\n{input}\n\n[The Start of Assistant\'s Answer]\n{prediction}\n\
+[The End of Assistant\'s Answer]',
+        ),
+    ]
+)
+
+SCORING_TEMPLATE_WITH_REFERENCE = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [
+        ("system", SYSTEM_MESSAGE),
+        (
+            "human",
+            "[Instruction]\nPlease act as an impartial judge \
+and evaluate the quality of the response provided by an AI \
+assistant to the user question displayed below. {criteria}"
+            '[Ground truth]\n{reference}\nBegin your evaluation \
+by providing a short explanation. Be as objective as possible. \
+After providing your explanation, you must rate the response on a scale of 1 to 10 \
+by strictly following this format: "[[rating]]", for example: "Rating: [[5]]".\n\n\
+[Question]\n{input}\n\n[The Start of Assistant\'s Answer]\n{prediction}\n\
+[The End of Assistant\'s Answer]',
+        ),
+    ]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f14a8af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""String distance evaluators."""
+
+from langchain.evaluation.string_distance.base import (
+    PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain,
+    StringDistance,
+    StringDistanceEvalChain,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain",
+    "StringDistance",
+    "StringDistanceEvalChain",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2413d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/evaluation/string_distance/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+"""String distance evaluators based on the RapidFuzz library."""
+
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import PairwiseStringEvaluator, StringEvaluator
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+
+def _load_rapidfuzz() -> Any:
+    """
+    Load the RapidFuzz library.
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If the rapidfuzz library is not installed.
+
+    Returns:
+        Any: The rapidfuzz.distance module.
+    """
+    try:
+        import rapidfuzz
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Please install the rapidfuzz library to use the FuzzyMatchStringEvaluator."
+            "Please install it with `pip install rapidfuzz`."
+        )
+    return rapidfuzz.distance
+
+
+class StringDistance(str, Enum):
+    """Distance metric to use.
+
+    Attributes:
+        DAMERAU_LEVENSHTEIN: The Damerau-Levenshtein distance.
+        LEVENSHTEIN: The Levenshtein distance.
+        JARO: The Jaro distance.
+        JARO_WINKLER: The Jaro-Winkler distance.
+        HAMMING: The Hamming distance.
+        INDEL: The Indel distance.
+    """
+
+    DAMERAU_LEVENSHTEIN = "damerau_levenshtein"
+    LEVENSHTEIN = "levenshtein"
+    JARO = "jaro"
+    JARO_WINKLER = "jaro_winkler"
+    HAMMING = "hamming"
+    INDEL = "indel"
+
+
+class _RapidFuzzChainMixin(Chain):
+    """Shared methods for the rapidfuzz string distance evaluators."""
+
+    distance: StringDistance = Field(default=StringDistance.JARO_WINKLER)
+    normalize_score: bool = Field(default=True)
+    """Whether to normalize the score to a value between 0 and 1.
+    Applies only to the Levenshtein and Damerau-Levenshtein distances."""
+
+    @pre_init
+    def validate_dependencies(cls, values: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Validate that the rapidfuzz library is installed.
+
+        Args:
+            values (Dict[str, Any]): The input values.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The validated values.
+        """
+        _load_rapidfuzz()
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Get the output keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The output keys.
+        """
+        return ["score"]
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, result: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Prepare the output dictionary.
+
+        Args:
+            result (Dict[str, Any]): The evaluation results.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The prepared output dictionary.
+        """
+        result = {"score": result["score"]}
+        if RUN_KEY in result:
+            result[RUN_KEY] = result[RUN_KEY].dict()
+        return result
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_metric(distance: str, normalize_score: bool = False) -> Callable:
+        """
+        Get the distance metric function based on the distance type.
+
+        Args:
+            distance (str): The distance type.
+
+        Returns:
+            Callable: The distance metric function.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the distance metric is invalid.
+        """
+        from rapidfuzz import distance as rf_distance
+
+        module_map: dict[str, Any] = {
+            StringDistance.DAMERAU_LEVENSHTEIN: rf_distance.DamerauLevenshtein,
+            StringDistance.LEVENSHTEIN: rf_distance.Levenshtein,
+            StringDistance.JARO: rf_distance.Jaro,
+            StringDistance.JARO_WINKLER: rf_distance.JaroWinkler,
+            StringDistance.HAMMING: rf_distance.Hamming,
+            StringDistance.INDEL: rf_distance.Indel,
+        }
+        if distance not in module_map:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid distance metric: {distance}"
+                f"\nMust be one of: {list(StringDistance)}"
+            )
+        module = module_map[distance]
+        if normalize_score:
+            return module.normalized_distance
+        else:
+            return module.distance
+
+    @property
+    def metric(self) -> Callable:
+        """
+        Get the distance metric function.
+
+        Returns:
+            Callable: The distance metric function.
+        """
+        return _RapidFuzzChainMixin._get_metric(
+            self.distance, normalize_score=self.normalize_score
+        )
+
+    def compute_metric(self, a: str, b: str) -> float:
+        """
+        Compute the distance between two strings.
+
+        Args:
+            a (str): The first string.
+            b (str): The second string.
+
+        Returns:
+            float: The distance between the two strings.
+        """
+        return self.metric(a, b)
+
+
+class StringDistanceEvalChain(StringEvaluator, _RapidFuzzChainMixin):
+    """Compute string distances between the prediction and the reference.
+
+    Examples
+    ----------
+
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation import StringDistanceEvalChain
+    >>> evaluator = StringDistanceEvalChain()
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction="Mindy is the CTO",
+            reference="Mindy is the CEO",
+        )
+
+    Using the `load_evaluator` function:
+
+    >>> from langchain.evaluation import load_evaluator
+    >>> evaluator = load_evaluator("string_distance")
+    >>> evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            prediction="The answer is three",
+            reference="three",
+        )
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        This evaluator does not require input.
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        This evaluator does not require a reference.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Get the input keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The input keys.
+        """
+        return ["reference", "prediction"]
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Get the evaluation name.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The evaluation name.
+        """
+        return f"{self.distance.value}_distance"
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Compute the string distance between the prediction and the reference.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input values.
+            run_manager (Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun]):
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        return {"score": self.compute_metric(inputs["reference"], inputs["prediction"])}
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Asynchronously compute the string distance between the prediction
+            and the reference.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input values.
+            run_manager (Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun]:
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        return {"score": self.compute_metric(inputs["reference"], inputs["prediction"])}
+
+    def _evaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """
+        Evaluate the string distance between the prediction and the reference.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The prediction string.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference string.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        result = self(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "reference": reference},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_strings(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        input: Optional[str] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """
+        Asynchronously evaluate the string distance between the
+            prediction and the reference.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The prediction string.
+            reference (Optional[str], optional): The reference string.
+            input (Optional[str], optional): The input string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "reference": reference},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+
+class PairwiseStringDistanceEvalChain(PairwiseStringEvaluator, _RapidFuzzChainMixin):
+    """Compute string edit distances between two predictions."""
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """
+        Get the input keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The input keys.
+        """
+        return ["prediction", "prediction_b"]
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Get the evaluation name.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The evaluation name.
+        """
+        return f"pairwise_{self.distance.value}_distance"
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Compute the string distance between two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input values.
+            run_manager (CallbackManagerForChainRun , optional):
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        return {
+            "score": self.compute_metric(inputs["prediction"], inputs["prediction_b"])
+        }
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Asynchronously compute the string distance between two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input values.
+            run_manager (AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun , optional):
+                The callback manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        return {
+            "score": self.compute_metric(inputs["prediction"], inputs["prediction_b"])
+        }
+
+    def _evaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """
+        Evaluate the string distance between two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The first prediction string.
+            prediction_b (str): The second prediction string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            tags (List[str], optional): Tags to apply to traces.
+            metadata (Dict[str, Any], optional): Metadata to apply to traces.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        result = self(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "prediction_b": prediction_b},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
+
+    async def _aevaluate_string_pairs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prediction: str,
+        prediction_b: str,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        include_run_info: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """
+        Asynchronously evaluate the string distance between two predictions.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction (str): The first prediction string.
+            prediction_b (str): The second prediction string.
+            callbacks (Callbacks, optional): The callbacks to use.
+            tags (List[str], optional): Tags to apply to traces.
+            metadata (Dict[str, Any], optional): Metadata to apply to traces.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The evaluation results containing the score.
+        """
+        result = await self.acall(
+            inputs={"prediction": prediction, "prediction_b": prediction_b},
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            include_run_info=include_run_info,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(result)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/example_generator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/example_generator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a47e90e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/example_generator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""Keep here for backwards compatibility."""
+
+from langchain.chains.example_generator import generate_example
+
+__all__ = ["generate_example"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/formatting.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/formatting.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..158f74d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/formatting.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""DEPRECATED: Kept for backwards compatibility."""
+
+from langchain_core.utils.formatting import StrictFormatter, formatter
+
+__all__ = ["StrictFormatter", "formatter"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/globals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/globals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f60680ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/globals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+"""Global values and configuration that apply to all of LangChain."""
+
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache
+
+
+# DO NOT USE THESE VALUES DIRECTLY!
+# Use them only via `get_<X>()` and `set_<X>()` below,
+# or else your code may behave unexpectedly with other uses of these global settings:
+# https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+_verbose: bool = False
+_debug: bool = False
+_llm_cache: Optional["BaseCache"] = None
+
+
+def set_verbose(value: bool) -> None:
+    """Set a new value for the `verbose` global setting."""
+    import langchain
+
+    # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+    # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get warnings.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings(
+            "ignore",
+            message=(
+                "Importing verbose from langchain root module is no longer supported"
+            ),
+        )
+        # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+        #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+        # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+        #
+        # Remove it once `langchain.verbose` is no longer supported, and once all users
+        # have migrated to using `set_verbose()` here.
+        langchain.verbose = value
+
+    global _verbose
+    _verbose = value
+
+
+def get_verbose() -> bool:
+    """Get the value of the `verbose` global setting."""
+    import langchain
+
+    # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+    # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get warnings.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings(
+            "ignore",
+            message=(
+                "Importing verbose from langchain root module is no longer supported"
+            ),
+        )
+        # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+        #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+        # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+        #
+        # Remove it once `langchain.verbose` is no longer supported, and once all users
+        # have migrated to using `set_verbose()` here.
+        #
+        # In the meantime, the `verbose` setting is considered True if either the old
+        # or the new value are True. This accommodates users who haven't migrated
+        # to using `set_verbose()` yet. Those users are getting deprecation warnings
+        # directing them to use `set_verbose()` when they import `langhchain.verbose`.
+        old_verbose = langchain.verbose
+
+    global _verbose
+    return _verbose or old_verbose
+
+
+def set_debug(value: bool) -> None:
+    """Set a new value for the `debug` global setting."""
+    import langchain
+
+    # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+    # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get warnings.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings(
+            "ignore",
+            message="Importing debug from langchain root module is no longer supported",
+        )
+        # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+        #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+        # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+        #
+        # Remove it once `langchain.debug` is no longer supported, and once all users
+        # have migrated to using `set_debug()` here.
+        langchain.debug = value
+
+    global _debug
+    _debug = value
+
+
+def get_debug() -> bool:
+    """Get the value of the `debug` global setting."""
+    import langchain
+
+    # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+    # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get warnings.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings(
+            "ignore",
+            message="Importing debug from langchain root module is no longer supported",
+        )
+        # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+        #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+        # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+        #
+        # Remove it once `langchain.debug` is no longer supported, and once all users
+        # have migrated to using `set_debug()` here.
+        #
+        # In the meantime, the `debug` setting is considered True if either the old
+        # or the new value are True. This accommodates users who haven't migrated
+        # to using `set_debug()` yet. Those users are getting deprecation warnings
+        # directing them to use `set_debug()` when they import `langhchain.debug`.
+        old_debug = langchain.debug
+
+    global _debug
+    return _debug or old_debug
+
+
+def set_llm_cache(value: Optional["BaseCache"]) -> None:
+    """Set a new LLM cache, overwriting the previous value, if any."""
+    import langchain
+
+    # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+    # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get warnings.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings(
+            "ignore",
+            message=(
+                "Importing llm_cache from langchain root module is no longer supported"
+            ),
+        )
+        # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+        #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+        # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+        #
+        # Remove it once `langchain.llm_cache` is no longer supported, and
+        # once all users have migrated to using `set_llm_cache()` here.
+        langchain.llm_cache = value
+
+    global _llm_cache
+    _llm_cache = value
+
+
+def get_llm_cache() -> "BaseCache":
+    """Get the value of the `llm_cache` global setting."""
+    import langchain
+
+    # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+    # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get warnings.
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings(
+            "ignore",
+            message=(
+                "Importing llm_cache from langchain root module is no longer supported"
+            ),
+        )
+        # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+        #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+        # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+        #
+        # Remove it once `langchain.llm_cache` is no longer supported, and
+        # once all users have migrated to using `set_llm_cache()` here.
+        #
+        # In the meantime, the `llm_cache` setting returns whichever of
+        # its two backing sources is truthy (not `None` and non-empty),
+        # or the old value if both are falsy. This accommodates users
+        # who haven't migrated to using `set_llm_cache()` yet.
+        # Those users are getting deprecation warnings directing them
+        # to use `set_llm_cache()` when they import `langhchain.llm_cache`.
+        old_llm_cache = langchain.llm_cache
+
+    global _llm_cache
+    return _llm_cache or old_llm_cache
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58210016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""**Graphs** provide a natural language interface to graph databases."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import (
+        ArangoGraph,
+        FalkorDBGraph,
+        HugeGraph,
+        KuzuGraph,
+        MemgraphGraph,
+        NebulaGraph,
+        Neo4jGraph,
+        NeptuneGraph,
+        NetworkxEntityGraph,
+        RdfGraph,
+    )
+
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MemgraphGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "NetworkxEntityGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "Neo4jGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "NebulaGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "NeptuneGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "KuzuGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "HugeGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "RdfGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "ArangoGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "FalkorDBGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MemgraphGraph",
+    "NetworkxEntityGraph",
+    "Neo4jGraph",
+    "NebulaGraph",
+    "NeptuneGraph",
+    "KuzuGraph",
+    "HugeGraph",
+    "RdfGraph",
+    "ArangoGraph",
+    "FalkorDBGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__pycache__/networkx_graph.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__pycache__/networkx_graph.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__pycache__/rdf_graph.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/__pycache__/rdf_graph.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/arangodb_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/arangodb_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbfbf1ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/arangodb_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import ArangoGraph
+    from langchain_community.graphs.arangodb_graph import get_arangodb_client
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ArangoGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+    "get_arangodb_client": "langchain_community.graphs.arangodb_graph",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArangoGraph",
+    "get_arangodb_client",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/falkordb_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/falkordb_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f8edf58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/falkordb_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import FalkorDBGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"FalkorDBGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FalkorDBGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/graph_document.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/graph_document.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6848bca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/graph_document.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs.graph_document import (
+        GraphDocument,
+        Node,
+        Relationship,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Node": "langchain_community.graphs.graph_document",
+    "Relationship": "langchain_community.graphs.graph_document",
+    "GraphDocument": "langchain_community.graphs.graph_document",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Node",
+    "Relationship",
+    "GraphDocument",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/graph_store.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/graph_store.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8587d577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/graph_store.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs.graph_store import GraphStore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GraphStore": "langchain_community.graphs.graph_store"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GraphStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/hugegraph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/hugegraph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04435454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/hugegraph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import HugeGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HugeGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HugeGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/kuzu_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/kuzu_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0c142ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/kuzu_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import KuzuGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"KuzuGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "KuzuGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/memgraph_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/memgraph_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64962e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/memgraph_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import MemgraphGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MemgraphGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MemgraphGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/nebula_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/nebula_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7df6a266
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/nebula_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import NebulaGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NebulaGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NebulaGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/neo4j_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/neo4j_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abdff5b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/neo4j_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import Neo4jGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Neo4jGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Neo4jGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/neptune_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/neptune_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33989759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/neptune_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import NeptuneGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NeptuneGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NeptuneGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/networkx_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/networkx_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b360f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/networkx_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import NetworkxEntityGraph
+    from langchain_community.graphs.networkx_graph import (
+        KnowledgeTriple,
+        get_entities,
+        parse_triples,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "KnowledgeTriple": "langchain_community.graphs.networkx_graph",
+    "parse_triples": "langchain_community.graphs.networkx_graph",
+    "get_entities": "langchain_community.graphs.networkx_graph",
+    "NetworkxEntityGraph": "langchain_community.graphs",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "KnowledgeTriple",
+    "parse_triples",
+    "get_entities",
+    "NetworkxEntityGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/rdf_graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/rdf_graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f85ffb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/graphs/rdf_graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs import RdfGraph
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RdfGraph": "langchain_community.graphs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RdfGraph",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/hub.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/hub.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4323b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/hub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+"""Interface with the LangChain Hub."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.load.dump import dumps
+from langchain_core.load.load import loads
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+
+
+def _get_client(
+    api_key: Optional[str] = None,
+    api_url: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    try:
+        from langsmith import Client as LangSmithClient
+
+        ls_client = LangSmithClient(api_url, api_key=api_key)
+        if hasattr(ls_client, "push_prompt") and hasattr(ls_client, "pull_prompt"):
+            return ls_client
+        else:
+            from langchainhub import Client as LangChainHubClient
+
+            return LangChainHubClient(api_url, api_key=api_key)
+    except ImportError:
+        try:
+            from langchainhub import Client as LangChainHubClient
+
+            return LangChainHubClient(api_url, api_key=api_key)
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import langsmith or langchainhub (deprecated),"
+                "please install with `pip install langsmith`."
+            ) from e
+
+
+def push(
+    repo_full_name: str,
+    object: Any,
+    *,
+    api_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    api_key: Optional[str] = None,
+    parent_commit_hash: Optional[str] = None,
+    new_repo_is_public: bool = False,
+    new_repo_description: Optional[str] = None,
+    readme: Optional[str] = None,
+    tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Push an object to the hub and returns the URL it can be viewed at in a browser.
+
+    :param repo_full_name: The full name of the prompt to push to in the format of
+        `owner/prompt_name` or `prompt_name`.
+    :param object: The LangChain to serialize and push to the hub.
+    :param api_url: The URL of the LangChain Hub API. Defaults to the hosted API service
+        if you have an api key set, or a localhost instance if not.
+    :param api_key: The API key to use to authenticate with the LangChain Hub API.
+    :param parent_commit_hash: The commit hash of the parent commit to push to. Defaults
+        to the latest commit automatically.
+    :param new_repo_is_public: Whether the prompt should be public. Defaults to
+        False (Private by default).
+    :param new_repo_description: The description of the prompt. Defaults to an empty
+        string.
+    """
+    client = _get_client(api_key=api_key, api_url=api_url)
+
+    # Then it's langsmith
+    if hasattr(client, "push_prompt"):
+        return client.push_prompt(
+            repo_full_name,
+            object=object,
+            parent_commit_hash=parent_commit_hash,
+            is_public=new_repo_is_public,
+            description=new_repo_description,
+            readme=readme,
+            tags=tags,
+        )
+
+    # Then it's langchainhub
+    manifest_json = dumps(object)
+    message = client.push(
+        repo_full_name,
+        manifest_json,
+        parent_commit_hash=parent_commit_hash,
+        new_repo_is_public=new_repo_is_public,
+        new_repo_description=new_repo_description,
+    )
+    return message
+
+
+def pull(
+    owner_repo_commit: str,
+    *,
+    include_model: Optional[bool] = None,
+    api_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    api_key: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Pull an object from the hub and returns it as a LangChain object.
+
+    :param owner_repo_commit: The full name of the prompt to pull from in the format of
+        `owner/prompt_name:commit_hash` or `owner/prompt_name`
+        or just `prompt_name` if it's your own prompt.
+    :param api_url: The URL of the LangChain Hub API. Defaults to the hosted API service
+        if you have an api key set, or a localhost instance if not.
+    :param api_key: The API key to use to authenticate with the LangChain Hub API.
+    """
+    client = _get_client(api_key=api_key, api_url=api_url)
+
+    # Then it's langsmith
+    if hasattr(client, "pull_prompt"):
+        response = client.pull_prompt(owner_repo_commit, include_model=include_model)
+        return response
+
+    # Then it's langchainhub
+    if hasattr(client, "pull_repo"):
+        # >= 0.1.15
+        res_dict = client.pull_repo(owner_repo_commit)
+        obj = loads(json.dumps(res_dict["manifest"]))
+        if isinstance(obj, BasePromptTemplate):
+            if obj.metadata is None:
+                obj.metadata = {}
+            obj.metadata["lc_hub_owner"] = res_dict["owner"]
+            obj.metadata["lc_hub_repo"] = res_dict["repo"]
+            obj.metadata["lc_hub_commit_hash"] = res_dict["commit_hash"]
+        return obj
+
+    # Then it's < 0.1.15 langchainhub
+    resp: str = client.pull(owner_repo_commit)
+    return loads(resp)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11b95a38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""**Index** is used to avoid writing duplicated content
+into the vectostore and to avoid over-writing content if it's unchanged.
+
+Indexes also :
+
+* Create knowledge graphs from data.
+
+* Support indexing workflows from LangChain data loaders to vectorstores.
+
+Importantly, Index keeps on working even if the content being written is derived
+via a set of transformations from some source content (e.g., indexing children
+documents that were derived from parent documents by chunking.)
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.indexing.api import IndexingResult, aindex, index
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.indexes._sql_record_manager import SQLRecordManager
+from langchain.indexes.vectorstore import VectorstoreIndexCreator
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs.index_creator import GraphIndexCreator
+
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GraphIndexCreator": "langchain_community.graphs.index_creator",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Keep sorted
+    "aindex",
+    "GraphIndexCreator",
+    "index",
+    "IndexingResult",
+    "SQLRecordManager",
+    "VectorstoreIndexCreator",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5919af9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from langchain_core.indexing.api import _abatch, _batch, _HashedDocument
+
+# Please do not use these in your application. These are private APIs.
+# Here to avoid changing unit tests during a migration.
+__all__ = ["_HashedDocument", "_abatch", "_batch"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/_sql_record_manager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/_sql_record_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d18546f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/_sql_record_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+"""Implementation of a record management layer in SQLAlchemy.
+
+The management layer uses SQLAlchemy to track upserted records.
+
+Currently, this layer only works with SQLite; hopwever, should be adaptable
+to other SQL implementations with minimal effort.
+
+Currently, includes an implementation that uses SQLAlchemy which should
+allow it to work with a variety of SQL as a backend.
+
+* Each key is associated with an updated_at field.
+* This filed is updated whenever the key is updated.
+* Keys can be listed based on the updated at field.
+* Keys can be deleted.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import decimal
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Generator, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.indexing import RecordManager
+from sqlalchemy import (
+    Column,
+    Float,
+    Index,
+    String,
+    UniqueConstraint,
+    and_,
+    create_engine,
+    delete,
+    select,
+    text,
+)
+from sqlalchemy.engine import URL, Engine
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (
+    AsyncEngine,
+    AsyncSession,
+    create_async_engine,
+)
+from sqlalchemy.orm import Query, Session, declarative_base, sessionmaker
+
+try:
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
+except ImportError:
+    # dummy for sqlalchemy < 2
+    async_sessionmaker = type("async_sessionmaker", (type,), {})  # type: ignore[assignment,misc]
+
+Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+class UpsertionRecord(Base):  # type: ignore[valid-type,misc]
+    """Table used to keep track of when a key was last updated."""
+
+    # ATTENTION:
+    # Prior to modifying this table, please determine whether
+    # we should create migrations for this table to make sure
+    # users do not experience data loss.
+    __tablename__ = "upsertion_record"
+
+    uuid = Column(
+        String,
+        index=True,
+        default=lambda: str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        primary_key=True,
+        nullable=False,
+    )
+    key = Column(String, index=True)
+    # Using a non-normalized representation to handle `namespace` attribute.
+    # If the need arises, this attribute can be pulled into a separate Collection
+    # table at some time later.
+    namespace = Column(String, index=True, nullable=False)
+    group_id = Column(String, index=True, nullable=True)
+
+    # The timestamp associated with the last record upsertion.
+    updated_at = Column(Float, index=True)
+
+    __table_args__ = (
+        UniqueConstraint("key", "namespace", name="uix_key_namespace"),
+        Index("ix_key_namespace", "key", "namespace"),
+    )
+
+
+class SQLRecordManager(RecordManager):
+    """A SQL Alchemy based implementation of the record manager."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        namespace: str,
+        *,
+        engine: Optional[Union[Engine, AsyncEngine]] = None,
+        db_url: Union[None, str, URL] = None,
+        engine_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        async_mode: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the SQLRecordManager.
+
+        This class serves as a manager persistence layer that uses an SQL
+        backend to track upserted records. You should specify either a db_url
+        to create an engine or provide an existing engine.
+
+        Args:
+            namespace: The namespace associated with this record manager.
+            engine: An already existing SQL Alchemy engine.
+                Default is None.
+            db_url: A database connection string used to create
+                an SQL Alchemy engine. Default is None.
+            engine_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments
+                to be passed when creating the engine. Default is an empty dictionary.
+            async_mode: Whether to create an async engine.
+                Driver should support async operations.
+                It only applies if db_url is provided.
+                Default is False.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If both db_url and engine are provided or neither.
+            AssertionError: If something unexpected happens during engine configuration.
+        """
+        super().__init__(namespace=namespace)
+        if db_url is None and engine is None:
+            raise ValueError("Must specify either db_url or engine")
+
+        if db_url is not None and engine is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Must specify either db_url or engine, not both")
+
+        _engine: Union[Engine, AsyncEngine]
+        if db_url:
+            if async_mode:
+                _engine = create_async_engine(db_url, **(engine_kwargs or {}))
+            else:
+                _engine = create_engine(db_url, **(engine_kwargs or {}))
+        elif engine:
+            _engine = engine
+
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("Something went wrong with configuration of engine.")
+
+        _session_factory: Union[sessionmaker[Session], async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]]
+        if isinstance(_engine, AsyncEngine):
+            _session_factory = async_sessionmaker(bind=_engine)
+        else:
+            _session_factory = sessionmaker(bind=_engine)
+
+        self.engine = _engine
+        self.dialect = _engine.dialect.name
+        self.session_factory = _session_factory
+
+    def create_schema(self) -> None:
+        """Create the database schema."""
+        if isinstance(self.engine, AsyncEngine):
+            raise AssertionError("This method is not supported for async engines.")
+
+        Base.metadata.create_all(self.engine)
+
+    async def acreate_schema(self) -> None:
+        """Create the database schema."""
+
+        if not isinstance(self.engine, AsyncEngine):
+            raise AssertionError("This method is not supported for sync engines.")
+
+        async with self.engine.begin() as session:
+            await session.run_sync(Base.metadata.create_all)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _make_session(self) -> Generator[Session, None, None]:
+        """Create a session and close it after use."""
+
+        if isinstance(self.session_factory, async_sessionmaker):
+            raise AssertionError("This method is not supported for async engines.")
+
+        session = self.session_factory()
+        try:
+            yield session
+        finally:
+            session.close()
+
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
+    async def _amake_session(self) -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
+        """Create a session and close it after use."""
+
+        if not isinstance(self.session_factory, async_sessionmaker):
+            raise AssertionError("This method is not supported for sync engines.")
+
+        async with self.session_factory() as session:
+            yield session
+
+    def get_time(self) -> float:
+        """Get the current server time as a timestamp.
+
+        Please note it's critical that time is obtained from the server since
+        we want a monotonic clock.
+        """
+        with self._make_session() as session:
+            # * SQLite specific implementation, can be changed based on dialect.
+            # * For SQLite, unlike unixepoch it will work with older versions of SQLite.
+            # ----
+            # julianday('now'): Julian day number for the current date and time.
+            # The Julian day is a continuous count of days, starting from a
+            # reference date (Julian day number 0).
+            # 2440587.5 - constant represents the Julian day number for January 1, 1970
+            # 86400.0 - constant represents the number of seconds
+            # in a day (24 hours * 60 minutes * 60 seconds)
+            if self.dialect == "sqlite":
+                query = text("SELECT (julianday('now') - 2440587.5) * 86400.0;")
+            elif self.dialect == "postgresql":
+                query = text("SELECT EXTRACT (EPOCH FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);")
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Not implemented for dialect {self.dialect}")
+
+            dt = session.execute(query).scalar()
+            if isinstance(dt, decimal.Decimal):
+                dt = float(dt)
+            if not isinstance(dt, float):
+                raise AssertionError(f"Unexpected type for datetime: {type(dt)}")
+            return dt
+
+    async def aget_time(self) -> float:
+        """Get the current server time as a timestamp.
+
+        Please note it's critical that time is obtained from the server since
+        we want a monotonic clock.
+        """
+        async with self._amake_session() as session:
+            # * SQLite specific implementation, can be changed based on dialect.
+            # * For SQLite, unlike unixepoch it will work with older versions of SQLite.
+            # ----
+            # julianday('now'): Julian day number for the current date and time.
+            # The Julian day is a continuous count of days, starting from a
+            # reference date (Julian day number 0).
+            # 2440587.5 - constant represents the Julian day number for January 1, 1970
+            # 86400.0 - constant represents the number of seconds
+            # in a day (24 hours * 60 minutes * 60 seconds)
+            if self.dialect == "sqlite":
+                query = text("SELECT (julianday('now') - 2440587.5) * 86400.0;")
+            elif self.dialect == "postgresql":
+                query = text("SELECT EXTRACT (EPOCH FROM CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);")
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Not implemented for dialect {self.dialect}")
+
+            dt = (await session.execute(query)).scalar_one_or_none()
+
+            if isinstance(dt, decimal.Decimal):
+                dt = float(dt)
+            if not isinstance(dt, float):
+                raise AssertionError(f"Unexpected type for datetime: {type(dt)}")
+            return dt
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[str]]] = None,
+        time_at_least: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Upsert records into the SQLite database."""
+        if group_ids is None:
+            group_ids = [None] * len(keys)
+
+        if len(keys) != len(group_ids):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Number of keys ({len(keys)}) does not match number of "
+                f"group_ids ({len(group_ids)})"
+            )
+
+        # Get the current time from the server.
+        # This makes an extra round trip to the server, should not be a big deal
+        # if the batch size is large enough.
+        # Getting the time here helps us compare it against the time_at_least
+        # and raise an error if there is a time sync issue.
+        # Here, we're just being extra careful to minimize the chance of
+        # data loss due to incorrectly deleting records.
+        update_time = self.get_time()
+
+        if time_at_least and update_time < time_at_least:
+            # Safeguard against time sync issues
+            raise AssertionError(f"Time sync issue: {update_time} < {time_at_least}")
+
+        records_to_upsert = [
+            {
+                "key": key,
+                "namespace": self.namespace,
+                "updated_at": update_time,
+                "group_id": group_id,
+            }
+            for key, group_id in zip(keys, group_ids)
+        ]
+
+        with self._make_session() as session:
+            if self.dialect == "sqlite":
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import Insert as SqliteInsertType
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert as sqlite_insert
+
+                # Note: uses SQLite insert to make on_conflict_do_update work.
+                # This code needs to be generalized a bit to work with more dialects.
+                sqlite_insert_stmt: SqliteInsertType = sqlite_insert(
+                    UpsertionRecord
+                ).values(records_to_upsert)
+                stmt = sqlite_insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+                    [UpsertionRecord.key, UpsertionRecord.namespace],
+                    set_=dict(
+                        updated_at=sqlite_insert_stmt.excluded.updated_at,
+                        group_id=sqlite_insert_stmt.excluded.group_id,
+                    ),
+                )
+            elif self.dialect == "postgresql":
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import Insert as PgInsertType
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert as pg_insert
+
+                # Note: uses postgresql insert to make on_conflict_do_update work.
+                # This code needs to be generalized a bit to work with more dialects.
+                pg_insert_stmt: PgInsertType = pg_insert(UpsertionRecord).values(
+                    records_to_upsert
+                )
+                stmt = pg_insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                    "uix_key_namespace",  # Name of constraint
+                    set_=dict(
+                        updated_at=pg_insert_stmt.excluded.updated_at,
+                        group_id=pg_insert_stmt.excluded.group_id,
+                    ),
+                )
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported dialect {self.dialect}")
+
+            session.execute(stmt)
+            session.commit()
+
+    async def aupdate(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[str]]] = None,
+        time_at_least: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Upsert records into the SQLite database."""
+        if group_ids is None:
+            group_ids = [None] * len(keys)
+
+        if len(keys) != len(group_ids):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Number of keys ({len(keys)}) does not match number of "
+                f"group_ids ({len(group_ids)})"
+            )
+
+        # Get the current time from the server.
+        # This makes an extra round trip to the server, should not be a big deal
+        # if the batch size is large enough.
+        # Getting the time here helps us compare it against the time_at_least
+        # and raise an error if there is a time sync issue.
+        # Here, we're just being extra careful to minimize the chance of
+        # data loss due to incorrectly deleting records.
+        update_time = await self.aget_time()
+
+        if time_at_least and update_time < time_at_least:
+            # Safeguard against time sync issues
+            raise AssertionError(f"Time sync issue: {update_time} < {time_at_least}")
+
+        records_to_upsert = [
+            {
+                "key": key,
+                "namespace": self.namespace,
+                "updated_at": update_time,
+                "group_id": group_id,
+            }
+            for key, group_id in zip(keys, group_ids)
+        ]
+
+        async with self._amake_session() as session:
+            if self.dialect == "sqlite":
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import Insert as SqliteInsertType
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert as sqlite_insert
+
+                # Note: uses SQLite insert to make on_conflict_do_update work.
+                # This code needs to be generalized a bit to work with more dialects.
+                sqlite_insert_stmt: SqliteInsertType = sqlite_insert(
+                    UpsertionRecord
+                ).values(records_to_upsert)
+                stmt = sqlite_insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+                    [UpsertionRecord.key, UpsertionRecord.namespace],
+                    set_=dict(
+                        updated_at=sqlite_insert_stmt.excluded.updated_at,
+                        group_id=sqlite_insert_stmt.excluded.group_id,
+                    ),
+                )
+            elif self.dialect == "postgresql":
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import Insert as PgInsertType
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert as pg_insert
+
+                # Note: uses SQLite insert to make on_conflict_do_update work.
+                # This code needs to be generalized a bit to work with more dialects.
+                pg_insert_stmt: PgInsertType = pg_insert(UpsertionRecord).values(
+                    records_to_upsert
+                )
+                stmt = pg_insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                    "uix_key_namespace",  # Name of constraint
+                    set_=dict(
+                        updated_at=pg_insert_stmt.excluded.updated_at,
+                        group_id=pg_insert_stmt.excluded.group_id,
+                    ),
+                )
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported dialect {self.dialect}")
+
+            await session.execute(stmt)
+            await session.commit()
+
+    def exists(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[bool]:
+        """Check if the given keys exist in the SQLite database."""
+        session: Session
+        with self._make_session() as session:
+            filtered_query: Query = session.query(UpsertionRecord.key).filter(
+                and_(
+                    UpsertionRecord.key.in_(keys),
+                    UpsertionRecord.namespace == self.namespace,
+                )
+            )
+            records = filtered_query.all()
+        found_keys = set(r.key for r in records)
+        return [k in found_keys for k in keys]
+
+    async def aexists(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[bool]:
+        """Check if the given keys exist in the SQLite database."""
+        async with self._amake_session() as session:
+            records = (
+                (
+                    await session.execute(
+                        select(UpsertionRecord.key).where(
+                            and_(
+                                UpsertionRecord.key.in_(keys),
+                                UpsertionRecord.namespace == self.namespace,
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+                .scalars()
+                .all()
+            )
+        found_keys = set(records)
+        return [k in found_keys for k in keys]
+
+    def list_keys(
+        self,
+        *,
+        before: Optional[float] = None,
+        after: Optional[float] = None,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """List records in the SQLite database based on the provided date range."""
+        session: Session
+        with self._make_session() as session:
+            query: Query = session.query(UpsertionRecord).filter(
+                UpsertionRecord.namespace == self.namespace
+            )
+
+            if after:
+                query = query.filter(UpsertionRecord.updated_at > after)
+            if before:
+                query = query.filter(UpsertionRecord.updated_at < before)
+            if group_ids:
+                query = query.filter(UpsertionRecord.group_id.in_(group_ids))
+
+            if limit:
+                query = query.limit(limit)
+            records = query.all()
+        return [r.key for r in records]
+
+    async def alist_keys(
+        self,
+        *,
+        before: Optional[float] = None,
+        after: Optional[float] = None,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """List records in the SQLite database based on the provided date range."""
+        session: AsyncSession
+        async with self._amake_session() as session:
+            query: Query = select(UpsertionRecord.key).filter(  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                UpsertionRecord.namespace == self.namespace
+            )
+
+            # mypy does not recognize .all() or .filter()
+            if after:
+                query = query.filter(UpsertionRecord.updated_at > after)
+            if before:
+                query = query.filter(UpsertionRecord.updated_at < before)
+            if group_ids:
+                query = query.filter(UpsertionRecord.group_id.in_(group_ids))
+
+            if limit:
+                query = query.limit(limit)
+            records = (await session.execute(query)).scalars().all()
+        return list(records)
+
+    def delete_keys(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete records from the SQLite database."""
+        session: Session
+        with self._make_session() as session:
+            filtered_query: Query = session.query(UpsertionRecord).filter(
+                and_(
+                    UpsertionRecord.key.in_(keys),
+                    UpsertionRecord.namespace == self.namespace,
+                )
+            )
+
+            filtered_query.delete()
+            session.commit()
+
+    async def adelete_keys(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete records from the SQLite database."""
+        async with self._amake_session() as session:
+            await session.execute(
+                delete(UpsertionRecord).where(
+                    and_(
+                        UpsertionRecord.key.in_(keys),
+                        UpsertionRecord.namespace == self.namespace,
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+            await session.commit()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e382c428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"""**Graphs** provide a natural language interface to graph databases."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.graphs.index_creator import GraphIndexCreator
+    from langchain_community.graphs.networkx_graph import NetworkxEntityGraph
+
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GraphIndexCreator": "langchain_community.graphs.index_creator",
+    "NetworkxEntityGraph": "langchain_community.graphs.networkx_graph",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["GraphIndexCreator", "NetworkxEntityGraph"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd8ff5d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""Relevant prompts for constructing indexes."""
+
+from langchain_core._api import warn_deprecated
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    since="0.1.47",
+    message=(
+        "langchain.indexes.prompts will be removed in the future."
+        "If you're relying on these prompts, please open an issue on "
+        "GitHub to explain your use case."
+    ),
+    pending=True,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/__pycache__/knowledge_triplet_extraction.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/__pycache__/knowledge_triplet_extraction.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/entity_extraction.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/entity_extraction.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..416ba13e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/entity_extraction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_DEFAULT_ENTITY_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE = """You are an AI assistant reading the transcript of a conversation between an AI and a human. Extract all of the proper nouns from the last line of conversation. As a guideline, a proper noun is generally capitalized. You should definitely extract all names and places.
+
+The conversation history is provided just in case of a coreference (e.g. "What do you know about him" where "him" is defined in a previous line) -- ignore items mentioned there that are not in the last line.
+
+Return the output as a single comma-separated list, or NONE if there is nothing of note to return (e.g. the user is just issuing a greeting or having a simple conversation).
+
+EXAMPLE
+Conversation history:
+Person #1: how's it going today?
+AI: "It's going great! How about you?"
+Person #1: good! busy working on Langchain. lots to do.
+AI: "That sounds like a lot of work! What kind of things are you doing to make Langchain better?"
+Last line:
+Person #1: i'm trying to improve Langchain's interfaces, the UX, its integrations with various products the user might want ... a lot of stuff.
+Output: Langchain
+END OF EXAMPLE
+
+EXAMPLE
+Conversation history:
+Person #1: how's it going today?
+AI: "It's going great! How about you?"
+Person #1: good! busy working on Langchain. lots to do.
+AI: "That sounds like a lot of work! What kind of things are you doing to make Langchain better?"
+Last line:
+Person #1: i'm trying to improve Langchain's interfaces, the UX, its integrations with various products the user might want ... a lot of stuff. I'm working with Person #2.
+Output: Langchain, Person #2
+END OF EXAMPLE
+
+Conversation history (for reference only):
+{history}
+Last line of conversation (for extraction):
+Human: {input}
+
+Output:"""
+ENTITY_EXTRACTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["history", "input"], template=_DEFAULT_ENTITY_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/entity_summarization.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/entity_summarization.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa8ec6ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/entity_summarization.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_DEFAULT_ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_TEMPLATE = """You are an AI assistant helping a human keep track of facts about relevant people, places, and concepts in their life. Update the summary of the provided entity in the "Entity" section based on the last line of your conversation with the human. If you are writing the summary for the first time, return a single sentence.
+The update should only include facts that are relayed in the last line of conversation about the provided entity, and should only contain facts about the provided entity.
+
+If there is no new information about the provided entity or the information is not worth noting (not an important or relevant fact to remember long-term), return the existing summary unchanged.
+
+Full conversation history (for context):
+{history}
+
+Entity to summarize:
+{entity}
+
+Existing summary of {entity}:
+{summary}
+
+Last line of conversation:
+Human: {input}
+Updated summary:"""
+
+ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["entity", "summary", "history", "input"],
+    template=_DEFAULT_ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_TEMPLATE,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/knowledge_triplet_extraction.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/knowledge_triplet_extraction.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47f59d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/prompts/knowledge_triplet_extraction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER = "<|>"
+
+_DEFAULT_KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE = (
+    "You are a networked intelligence helping a human track knowledge triples"
+    " about all relevant people, things, concepts, etc. and integrating"
+    " them with your knowledge stored within your weights"
+    " as well as that stored in a knowledge graph."
+    " Extract all of the knowledge triples from the text."
+    " A knowledge triple is a clause that contains a subject, a predicate,"
+    " and an object. The subject is the entity being described,"
+    " the predicate is the property of the subject that is being"
+    " described, and the object is the value of the property.\n\n"
+    "EXAMPLE\n"
+    "It's a state in the US. It's also the number 1 producer of gold in the US.\n\n"
+    f"Output: (Nevada, is a, state){KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER}(Nevada, is in, US)"
+    f"{KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER}(Nevada, is the number 1 producer of, gold)\n"
+    "END OF EXAMPLE\n\n"
+    "EXAMPLE\n"
+    "I'm going to the store.\n\n"
+    "Output: NONE\n"
+    "END OF EXAMPLE\n\n"
+    "EXAMPLE\n"
+    "Oh huh. I know Descartes likes to drive antique scooters and play the mandolin.\n"
+    f"Output: (Descartes, likes to drive, antique scooters){KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER}(Descartes, plays, mandolin)\n"
+    "END OF EXAMPLE\n\n"
+    "EXAMPLE\n"
+    "{text}"
+    "Output:"
+)
+
+KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["text"],
+    template=_DEFAULT_KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/vectorstore.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/vectorstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db2d8fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/indexes/vectorstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+"""Vectorstore stubs for the indexing api."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.document_loaders import BaseLoader
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter, TextSplitter
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.qa_with_sources.retrieval import RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain
+from langchain.chains.retrieval_qa.base import RetrievalQA
+
+
+def _get_default_text_splitter() -> TextSplitter:
+    """Return the default text splitter used for chunking documents."""
+    return RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=0)
+
+
+class VectorStoreIndexWrapper(BaseModel):
+    """Wrapper around a vectorstore for easy access."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    def query(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+        retriever_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Query the vectorstore using the provided LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            question: The question or prompt to query.
+            llm: The language model to use. Must not be None.
+            retriever_kwargs: Optional keyword arguments for the retriever.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments forwarded to the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            The result string from the RetrievalQA chain.
+        """
+        if llm is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "This API has been changed to require an LLM. "
+                "Please provide an llm to use for querying the vectorstore.\n"
+                "For example,\n"
+                "from langchain_openai import OpenAI\n"
+                "llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)"
+            )
+        retriever_kwargs = retriever_kwargs or {}
+        chain = RetrievalQA.from_chain_type(
+            llm, retriever=self.vectorstore.as_retriever(**retriever_kwargs), **kwargs
+        )
+        return chain.invoke({chain.input_key: question})[chain.output_key]
+
+    async def aquery(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+        retriever_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Asynchronously query the vectorstore using the provided LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            question: The question or prompt to query.
+            llm: The language model to use. Must not be None.
+            retriever_kwargs: Optional keyword arguments for the retriever.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments forwarded to the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            The asynchronous result string from the RetrievalQA chain.
+        """
+        if llm is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "This API has been changed to require an LLM. "
+                "Please provide an llm to use for querying the vectorstore.\n"
+                "For example,\n"
+                "from langchain_openai import OpenAI\n"
+                "llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)"
+            )
+        retriever_kwargs = retriever_kwargs or {}
+        chain = RetrievalQA.from_chain_type(
+            llm, retriever=self.vectorstore.as_retriever(**retriever_kwargs), **kwargs
+        )
+        return (await chain.ainvoke({chain.input_key: question}))[chain.output_key]
+
+    def query_with_sources(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+        retriever_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Query the vectorstore and retrieve the answer along with sources.
+
+        Args:
+            question: The question or prompt to query.
+            llm: The language model to use. Must not be None.
+            retriever_kwargs: Optional keyword arguments for the retriever.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments forwarded to the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing the answer and source documents.
+        """
+        if llm is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "This API has been changed to require an LLM. "
+                "Please provide an llm to use for querying the vectorstore.\n"
+                "For example,\n"
+                "from langchain_openai import OpenAI\n"
+                "llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)"
+            )
+        retriever_kwargs = retriever_kwargs or {}
+        chain = RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain.from_chain_type(
+            llm, retriever=self.vectorstore.as_retriever(**retriever_kwargs), **kwargs
+        )
+        return chain.invoke({chain.question_key: question})
+
+    async def aquery_with_sources(
+        self,
+        question: str,
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None,
+        retriever_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Asynchronously query the vectorstore and retrieve the answer and sources.
+
+        Args:
+            question: The question or prompt to query.
+            llm: The language model to use. Must not be None.
+            retriever_kwargs: Optional keyword arguments for the retriever.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments forwarded to the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing the answer and source documents.
+        """
+        if llm is None:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "This API has been changed to require an LLM. "
+                "Please provide an llm to use for querying the vectorstore.\n"
+                "For example,\n"
+                "from langchain_openai import OpenAI\n"
+                "llm = OpenAI(temperature=0)"
+            )
+        retriever_kwargs = retriever_kwargs or {}
+        chain = RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain.from_chain_type(
+            llm, retriever=self.vectorstore.as_retriever(**retriever_kwargs), **kwargs
+        )
+        return await chain.ainvoke({chain.question_key: question})
+
+
+def _get_in_memory_vectorstore() -> type[VectorStore]:
+    """Get the InMemoryVectorStore."""
+    import warnings
+
+    try:
+        from langchain_community.vectorstores.inmemory import InMemoryVectorStore
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Please install langchain-community to use the InMemoryVectorStore."
+        )
+    warnings.warn(
+        "Using InMemoryVectorStore as the default vectorstore."
+        "This memory store won't persist data. You should explicitly"
+        "specify a vectorstore when using VectorstoreIndexCreator"
+    )
+    return InMemoryVectorStore
+
+
+class VectorstoreIndexCreator(BaseModel):
+    """Logic for creating indexes."""
+
+    vectorstore_cls: type[VectorStore] = Field(
+        default_factory=_get_in_memory_vectorstore
+    )
+    embedding: Embeddings
+    text_splitter: TextSplitter = Field(default_factory=_get_default_text_splitter)
+    vectorstore_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    def from_loaders(self, loaders: list[BaseLoader]) -> VectorStoreIndexWrapper:
+        """Create a vectorstore index from a list of loaders.
+
+        Args:
+            loaders: A list of `BaseLoader` instances to load documents.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `VectorStoreIndexWrapper` containing the constructed vectorstore.
+        """
+        docs = []
+        for loader in loaders:
+            docs.extend(loader.load())
+        return self.from_documents(docs)
+
+    async def afrom_loaders(self, loaders: list[BaseLoader]) -> VectorStoreIndexWrapper:
+        """Asynchronously create a vectorstore index from a list of loaders.
+
+        Args:
+            loaders: A list of `BaseLoader` instances to load documents.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `VectorStoreIndexWrapper` containing the constructed vectorstore.
+        """
+        docs = []
+        for loader in loaders:
+            async for doc in loader.alazy_load():
+                docs.append(doc)
+        return await self.afrom_documents(docs)
+
+    def from_documents(self, documents: list[Document]) -> VectorStoreIndexWrapper:
+        """Create a vectorstore index from a list of documents.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: A list of `Document` objects.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `VectorStoreIndexWrapper` containing the constructed vectorstore.
+        """
+        sub_docs = self.text_splitter.split_documents(documents)
+        vectorstore = self.vectorstore_cls.from_documents(
+            sub_docs, self.embedding, **self.vectorstore_kwargs
+        )
+        return VectorStoreIndexWrapper(vectorstore=vectorstore)
+
+    async def afrom_documents(
+        self, documents: list[Document]
+    ) -> VectorStoreIndexWrapper:
+        """Asynchronously create a vectorstore index from a list of documents.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: A list of `Document` objects.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `VectorStoreIndexWrapper` containing the constructed vectorstore.
+        """
+        sub_docs = self.text_splitter.split_documents(documents)
+        vectorstore = await self.vectorstore_cls.afrom_documents(
+            sub_docs, self.embedding, **self.vectorstore_kwargs
+        )
+        return VectorStoreIndexWrapper(vectorstore=vectorstore)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/input.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/input.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91c1dbde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""DEPRECATED: Kept for backwards compatibility."""
+
+from langchain_core.utils.input import (
+    get_bolded_text,
+    get_color_mapping,
+    get_colored_text,
+    print_text,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "get_bolded_text",
+    "get_color_mapping",
+    "get_colored_text",
+    "print_text",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1666e48b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,734 @@
+"""
+**LLM** classes provide
+access to the large language model (**LLM**) APIs and services.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseLanguageModel --> BaseLLM --> LLM --> <name>  # Examples: AI21, HuggingFaceHub, OpenAI
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    LLMResult, PromptValue,
+    CallbackManagerForLLMRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    CallbackManager, AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AIMessage, BaseMessage
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from langchain_core._api import LangChainDeprecationWarning
+from langchain_core.language_models.llms import BaseLLM
+
+from langchain._api.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+
+def _import_ai21() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.ai21 import AI21
+
+    return AI21
+
+
+def _import_aleph_alpha() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.aleph_alpha import AlephAlpha
+
+    return AlephAlpha
+
+
+def _import_amazon_api_gateway() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.amazon_api_gateway import AmazonAPIGateway
+
+    return AmazonAPIGateway
+
+
+def _import_anthropic() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.anthropic import Anthropic
+
+    return Anthropic
+
+
+def _import_anyscale() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.anyscale import Anyscale
+
+    return Anyscale
+
+
+def _import_arcee() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.arcee import Arcee
+
+    return Arcee
+
+
+def _import_aviary() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.aviary import Aviary
+
+    return Aviary
+
+
+def _import_azureml_endpoint() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint import AzureMLOnlineEndpoint
+
+    return AzureMLOnlineEndpoint
+
+
+def _import_baidu_qianfan_endpoint() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.baidu_qianfan_endpoint import QianfanLLMEndpoint
+
+    return QianfanLLMEndpoint
+
+
+def _import_bananadev() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.bananadev import Banana
+
+    return Banana
+
+
+def _import_baseten() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.baseten import Baseten
+
+    return Baseten
+
+
+def _import_beam() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.beam import Beam
+
+    return Beam
+
+
+def _import_bedrock() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.bedrock import Bedrock
+
+    return Bedrock
+
+
+def _import_bittensor() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.bittensor import NIBittensorLLM
+
+    return NIBittensorLLM
+
+
+def _import_cerebriumai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.cerebriumai import CerebriumAI
+
+    return CerebriumAI
+
+
+def _import_chatglm() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.chatglm import ChatGLM
+
+    return ChatGLM
+
+
+def _import_clarifai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.clarifai import Clarifai
+
+    return Clarifai
+
+
+def _import_cohere() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.cohere import Cohere
+
+    return Cohere
+
+
+def _import_ctransformers() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.ctransformers import CTransformers
+
+    return CTransformers
+
+
+def _import_ctranslate2() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.ctranslate2 import CTranslate2
+
+    return CTranslate2
+
+
+def _import_databricks() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.databricks import Databricks
+
+    return Databricks
+
+
+def _import_databricks_chat() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.databricks import ChatDatabricks
+
+    return ChatDatabricks
+
+
+def _import_deepinfra() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.deepinfra import DeepInfra
+
+    return DeepInfra
+
+
+def _import_deepsparse() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.deepsparse import DeepSparse
+
+    return DeepSparse
+
+
+def _import_edenai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.edenai import EdenAI
+
+    return EdenAI
+
+
+def _import_fake() -> Any:
+    from langchain_core.language_models import FakeListLLM
+
+    return FakeListLLM
+
+
+def _import_fireworks() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.fireworks import Fireworks
+
+    return Fireworks
+
+
+def _import_forefrontai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.forefrontai import ForefrontAI
+
+    return ForefrontAI
+
+
+def _import_gigachat() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.gigachat import GigaChat
+
+    return GigaChat
+
+
+def _import_google_palm() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.google_palm import GooglePalm
+
+    return GooglePalm
+
+
+def _import_gooseai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.gooseai import GooseAI
+
+    return GooseAI
+
+
+def _import_gpt4all() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.gpt4all import GPT4All
+
+    return GPT4All
+
+
+def _import_gradient_ai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.gradient_ai import GradientLLM
+
+    return GradientLLM
+
+
+def _import_huggingface_endpoint() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.huggingface_endpoint import HuggingFaceEndpoint
+
+    return HuggingFaceEndpoint
+
+
+def _import_huggingface_hub() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.huggingface_hub import HuggingFaceHub
+
+    return HuggingFaceHub
+
+
+def _import_huggingface_pipeline() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.huggingface_pipeline import HuggingFacePipeline
+
+    return HuggingFacePipeline
+
+
+def _import_huggingface_text_gen_inference() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.huggingface_text_gen_inference import (
+        HuggingFaceTextGenInference,
+    )
+
+    return HuggingFaceTextGenInference
+
+
+def _import_human() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.human import HumanInputLLM
+
+    return HumanInputLLM
+
+
+def _import_javelin_ai_gateway() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.javelin_ai_gateway import JavelinAIGateway
+
+    return JavelinAIGateway
+
+
+def _import_koboldai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.koboldai import KoboldApiLLM
+
+    return KoboldApiLLM
+
+
+def _import_llamacpp() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.llamacpp import LlamaCpp
+
+    return LlamaCpp
+
+
+def _import_manifest() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.manifest import ManifestWrapper
+
+    return ManifestWrapper
+
+
+def _import_minimax() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.minimax import Minimax
+
+    return Minimax
+
+
+def _import_mlflow() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.mlflow import Mlflow
+
+    return Mlflow
+
+
+def _import_mlflow_chat() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.chat_models.mlflow import ChatMlflow
+
+    return ChatMlflow
+
+
+def _import_mlflow_ai_gateway() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.mlflow_ai_gateway import MlflowAIGateway
+
+    return MlflowAIGateway
+
+
+def _import_modal() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.modal import Modal
+
+    return Modal
+
+
+def _import_mosaicml() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.mosaicml import MosaicML
+
+    return MosaicML
+
+
+def _import_nlpcloud() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.nlpcloud import NLPCloud
+
+    return NLPCloud
+
+
+def _import_octoai_endpoint() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.octoai_endpoint import OctoAIEndpoint
+
+    return OctoAIEndpoint
+
+
+def _import_ollama() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.ollama import Ollama
+
+    return Ollama
+
+
+def _import_opaqueprompts() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.opaqueprompts import OpaquePrompts
+
+    return OpaquePrompts
+
+
+def _import_azure_openai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.openai import AzureOpenAI
+
+    return AzureOpenAI
+
+
+def _import_openai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.openai import OpenAI
+
+    return OpenAI
+
+
+def _import_openai_chat() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.openai import OpenAIChat
+
+    return OpenAIChat
+
+
+def _import_openllm() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.openllm import OpenLLM
+
+    return OpenLLM
+
+
+def _import_openlm() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.openlm import OpenLM
+
+    return OpenLM
+
+
+def _import_pai_eas_endpoint() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.pai_eas_endpoint import PaiEasEndpoint
+
+    return PaiEasEndpoint
+
+
+def _import_petals() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.petals import Petals
+
+    return Petals
+
+
+def _import_pipelineai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.pipelineai import PipelineAI
+
+    return PipelineAI
+
+
+def _import_predibase() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.predibase import Predibase
+
+    return Predibase
+
+
+def _import_predictionguard() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.predictionguard import PredictionGuard
+
+    return PredictionGuard
+
+
+def _import_promptlayer() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.promptlayer_openai import PromptLayerOpenAI
+
+    return PromptLayerOpenAI
+
+
+def _import_promptlayer_chat() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.promptlayer_openai import PromptLayerOpenAIChat
+
+    return PromptLayerOpenAIChat
+
+
+def _import_replicate() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.replicate import Replicate
+
+    return Replicate
+
+
+def _import_rwkv() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.rwkv import RWKV
+
+    return RWKV
+
+
+def _import_sagemaker_endpoint() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.sagemaker_endpoint import SagemakerEndpoint
+
+    return SagemakerEndpoint
+
+
+def _import_self_hosted() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.self_hosted import SelfHostedPipeline
+
+    return SelfHostedPipeline
+
+
+def _import_self_hosted_hugging_face() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.self_hosted_hugging_face import (
+        SelfHostedHuggingFaceLLM,
+    )
+
+    return SelfHostedHuggingFaceLLM
+
+
+def _import_stochasticai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.stochasticai import StochasticAI
+
+    return StochasticAI
+
+
+def _import_symblai_nebula() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.symblai_nebula import Nebula
+
+    return Nebula
+
+
+def _import_textgen() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.textgen import TextGen
+
+    return TextGen
+
+
+def _import_titan_takeoff() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.titan_takeoff import TitanTakeoff
+
+    return TitanTakeoff
+
+
+def _import_titan_takeoff_pro() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.titan_takeoff import TitanTakeoff
+
+    return TitanTakeoff
+
+
+def _import_together() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.together import Together
+
+    return Together
+
+
+def _import_tongyi() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.tongyi import Tongyi
+
+    return Tongyi
+
+
+def _import_vertex() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.vertexai import VertexAI
+
+    return VertexAI
+
+
+def _import_vertex_model_garden() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.vertexai import VertexAIModelGarden
+
+    return VertexAIModelGarden
+
+
+def _import_vllm() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.vllm import VLLM
+
+    return VLLM
+
+
+def _import_vllm_openai() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.vllm import VLLMOpenAI
+
+    return VLLMOpenAI
+
+
+def _import_watsonxllm() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.watsonxllm import WatsonxLLM
+
+    return WatsonxLLM
+
+
+def _import_writer() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.writer import Writer
+
+    return Writer
+
+
+def _import_xinference() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.xinference import Xinference
+
+    return Xinference
+
+
+def _import_yandex_gpt() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.yandex import YandexGPT
+
+    return YandexGPT
+
+
+def _import_volcengine_maas() -> Any:
+    from langchain_community.llms.volcengine_maas import VolcEngineMaasLLM
+
+    return VolcEngineMaasLLM
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    from langchain_community import llms
+
+    # If not in interactive env, raise warning.
+    if not is_interactive_env():
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Importing LLMs from langchain is deprecated. Importing from "
+            "langchain will no longer be supported as of langchain==0.2.0. "
+            "Please import from langchain-community instead:\n\n"
+            f"`from langchain_community.llms import {name}`.\n\n"
+            "To install langchain-community run `pip install -U langchain-community`.",
+            category=LangChainDeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+    if name == "type_to_cls_dict":
+        # for backwards compatibility
+        type_to_cls_dict: dict[str, type[BaseLLM]] = {
+            k: v() for k, v in get_type_to_cls_dict().items()
+        }
+        return type_to_cls_dict
+    else:
+        return getattr(llms, name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AI21",
+    "AlephAlpha",
+    "AmazonAPIGateway",
+    "Anthropic",
+    "Anyscale",
+    "Arcee",
+    "Aviary",
+    "AzureMLOnlineEndpoint",
+    "AzureOpenAI",
+    "Banana",
+    "Baseten",
+    "Beam",
+    "Bedrock",
+    "CTransformers",
+    "CTranslate2",
+    "CerebriumAI",
+    "ChatGLM",
+    "Clarifai",
+    "Cohere",
+    "Databricks",
+    "DeepInfra",
+    "DeepSparse",
+    "EdenAI",
+    "FakeListLLM",
+    "Fireworks",
+    "ForefrontAI",
+    "GigaChat",
+    "GPT4All",
+    "GooglePalm",
+    "GooseAI",
+    "GradientLLM",
+    "HuggingFaceEndpoint",
+    "HuggingFaceHub",
+    "HuggingFacePipeline",
+    "HuggingFaceTextGenInference",
+    "HumanInputLLM",
+    "KoboldApiLLM",
+    "LlamaCpp",
+    "TextGen",
+    "ManifestWrapper",
+    "Minimax",
+    "MlflowAIGateway",
+    "Modal",
+    "MosaicML",
+    "Nebula",
+    "NIBittensorLLM",
+    "NLPCloud",
+    "Ollama",
+    "OpenAI",
+    "OpenAIChat",
+    "OpenLLM",
+    "OpenLM",
+    "PaiEasEndpoint",
+    "Petals",
+    "PipelineAI",
+    "Predibase",
+    "PredictionGuard",
+    "PromptLayerOpenAI",
+    "PromptLayerOpenAIChat",
+    "OpaquePrompts",
+    "RWKV",
+    "Replicate",
+    "SagemakerEndpoint",
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceLLM",
+    "SelfHostedPipeline",
+    "StochasticAI",
+    "TitanTakeoff",
+    "TitanTakeoffPro",
+    "Tongyi",
+    "VertexAI",
+    "VertexAIModelGarden",
+    "VLLM",
+    "VLLMOpenAI",
+    "WatsonxLLM",
+    "Writer",
+    "OctoAIEndpoint",
+    "Xinference",
+    "JavelinAIGateway",
+    "QianfanLLMEndpoint",
+    "YandexGPT",
+    "VolcEngineMaasLLM",
+]
+
+
+def get_type_to_cls_dict() -> dict[str, Callable[[], type[BaseLLM]]]:
+    return {
+        "ai21": _import_ai21,
+        "aleph_alpha": _import_aleph_alpha,
+        "amazon_api_gateway": _import_amazon_api_gateway,
+        "amazon_bedrock": _import_bedrock,
+        "anthropic": _import_anthropic,
+        "anyscale": _import_anyscale,
+        "arcee": _import_arcee,
+        "aviary": _import_aviary,
+        "azure": _import_azure_openai,
+        "azureml_endpoint": _import_azureml_endpoint,
+        "bananadev": _import_bananadev,
+        "baseten": _import_baseten,
+        "beam": _import_beam,
+        "cerebriumai": _import_cerebriumai,
+        "chat_glm": _import_chatglm,
+        "clarifai": _import_clarifai,
+        "cohere": _import_cohere,
+        "ctransformers": _import_ctransformers,
+        "ctranslate2": _import_ctranslate2,
+        "databricks": _import_databricks,
+        "databricks-chat": _import_databricks_chat,
+        "deepinfra": _import_deepinfra,
+        "deepsparse": _import_deepsparse,
+        "edenai": _import_edenai,
+        "fake-list": _import_fake,
+        "forefrontai": _import_forefrontai,
+        "giga-chat-model": _import_gigachat,
+        "google_palm": _import_google_palm,
+        "gooseai": _import_gooseai,
+        "gradient": _import_gradient_ai,
+        "gpt4all": _import_gpt4all,
+        "huggingface_endpoint": _import_huggingface_endpoint,
+        "huggingface_hub": _import_huggingface_hub,
+        "huggingface_pipeline": _import_huggingface_pipeline,
+        "huggingface_textgen_inference": _import_huggingface_text_gen_inference,
+        "human-input": _import_human,
+        "koboldai": _import_koboldai,
+        "llamacpp": _import_llamacpp,
+        "textgen": _import_textgen,
+        "minimax": _import_minimax,
+        "mlflow": _import_mlflow,
+        "mlflow-chat": _import_mlflow_chat,
+        "mlflow-ai-gateway": _import_mlflow_ai_gateway,
+        "modal": _import_modal,
+        "mosaic": _import_mosaicml,
+        "nebula": _import_symblai_nebula,
+        "nibittensor": _import_bittensor,
+        "nlpcloud": _import_nlpcloud,
+        "ollama": _import_ollama,
+        "openai": _import_openai,
+        "openlm": _import_openlm,
+        "pai_eas_endpoint": _import_pai_eas_endpoint,
+        "petals": _import_petals,
+        "pipelineai": _import_pipelineai,
+        "predibase": _import_predibase,
+        "opaqueprompts": _import_opaqueprompts,
+        "replicate": _import_replicate,
+        "rwkv": _import_rwkv,
+        "sagemaker_endpoint": _import_sagemaker_endpoint,
+        "self_hosted": _import_self_hosted,
+        "self_hosted_hugging_face": _import_self_hosted_hugging_face,
+        "stochasticai": _import_stochasticai,
+        "together": _import_together,
+        "tongyi": _import_tongyi,
+        "titan_takeoff": _import_titan_takeoff,
+        "titan_takeoff_pro": _import_titan_takeoff_pro,
+        "vertexai": _import_vertex,
+        "vertexai_model_garden": _import_vertex_model_garden,
+        "openllm": _import_openllm,
+        "openllm_client": _import_openllm,
+        "vllm": _import_vllm,
+        "vllm_openai": _import_vllm_openai,
+        "watsonxllm": _import_watsonxllm,
+        "writer": _import_writer,
+        "xinference": _import_xinference,
+        "javelin-ai-gateway": _import_javelin_ai_gateway,
+        "qianfan_endpoint": _import_baidu_qianfan_endpoint,
+        "yandex_gpt": _import_yandex_gpt,
+        "VolcEngineMaasLLM": _import_volcengine_maas,
+    }
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/__pycache__/yandex.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/__pycache__/yandex.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c61fee7
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/__pycache__/yandex.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ai21.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ai21.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bdb2168
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ai21.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import AI21
+    from langchain_community.llms.ai21 import AI21PenaltyData
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AI21PenaltyData": "langchain_community.llms.ai21",
+    "AI21": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AI21PenaltyData",
+    "AI21",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/aleph_alpha.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/aleph_alpha.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6ec1858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/aleph_alpha.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import AlephAlpha
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AlephAlpha": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AlephAlpha",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/amazon_api_gateway.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/amazon_api_gateway.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..341954ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/amazon_api_gateway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import AmazonAPIGateway
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AmazonAPIGateway": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AmazonAPIGateway",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/anthropic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/anthropic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3880d5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/anthropic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Anthropic
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Anthropic": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Anthropic",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/anyscale.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/anyscale.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0b8359a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/anyscale.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Anyscale
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Anyscale": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Anyscale",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/arcee.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/arcee.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..723b4e13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/arcee.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Arcee
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Arcee": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Arcee",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/aviary.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/aviary.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8d706f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/aviary.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Aviary
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Aviary": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Aviary",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/azureml_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/azureml_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b47cfbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/azureml_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import AzureMLOnlineEndpoint
+    from langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint import (
+        AzureMLEndpointClient,
+        ContentFormatterBase,
+        CustomOpenAIContentFormatter,
+        DollyContentFormatter,
+        GPT2ContentFormatter,
+        HFContentFormatter,
+        OSSContentFormatter,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AzureMLEndpointClient": "langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint",
+    "ContentFormatterBase": "langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint",
+    "GPT2ContentFormatter": "langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint",
+    "OSSContentFormatter": "langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint",
+    "HFContentFormatter": "langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint",
+    "DollyContentFormatter": "langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint",
+    "CustomOpenAIContentFormatter": "langchain_community.llms.azureml_endpoint",
+    "AzureMLOnlineEndpoint": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureMLEndpointClient",
+    "ContentFormatterBase",
+    "GPT2ContentFormatter",
+    "OSSContentFormatter",
+    "HFContentFormatter",
+    "DollyContentFormatter",
+    "CustomOpenAIContentFormatter",
+    "AzureMLOnlineEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b44ba195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/baidu_qianfan_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import QianfanLLMEndpoint
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"QianfanLLMEndpoint": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "QianfanLLMEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bananadev.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bananadev.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c4489cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bananadev.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Banana
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Banana": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Banana",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85bd0dd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Backwards compatibility.
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.language_models.llms import (
+    LLM,
+    BaseLLM,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseLanguageModel",
+    "BaseLLM",
+    "LLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/baseten.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/baseten.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..983079f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/baseten.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Baseten
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Baseten": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Baseten",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/beam.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/beam.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0c8601d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/beam.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Beam
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Beam": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Beam",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bedrock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bedrock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..052bc8a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bedrock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Bedrock
+    from langchain_community.llms.bedrock import BedrockBase
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BedrockBase": "langchain_community.llms.bedrock",
+    "Bedrock": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BedrockBase",
+    "Bedrock",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bittensor.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bittensor.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b9f295a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/bittensor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import NIBittensorLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NIBittensorLLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NIBittensorLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cerebriumai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cerebriumai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9ab943b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cerebriumai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import CerebriumAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CerebriumAI": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CerebriumAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/chatglm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/chatglm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2879ea51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/chatglm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import ChatGLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatGLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatGLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/clarifai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/clarifai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c7c6975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/clarifai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Clarifai
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Clarifai": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Clarifai",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cloudflare_workersai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cloudflare_workersai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13b008e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cloudflare_workersai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms.cloudflare_workersai import CloudflareWorkersAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CloudflareWorkersAI": "langchain_community.llms.cloudflare_workersai"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CloudflareWorkersAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cohere.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cohere.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b069862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/cohere.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Cohere
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Cohere": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Cohere",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ctransformers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ctransformers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d1d8b64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ctransformers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import CTransformers
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CTransformers": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CTransformers",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ctranslate2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ctranslate2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec586f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ctranslate2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import CTranslate2
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CTranslate2": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CTranslate2",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/databricks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/databricks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9a79417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/databricks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Databricks
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Databricks": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Databricks",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/deepinfra.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/deepinfra.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f15884f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/deepinfra.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import DeepInfra
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DeepInfra": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DeepInfra",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/deepsparse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/deepsparse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6de9260c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/deepsparse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import DeepSparse
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DeepSparse": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DeepSparse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/edenai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/edenai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c57c078b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/edenai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import EdenAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAI": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/fake.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/fake.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f26ccbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/fake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms.fake import FakeStreamingListLLM
+    from langchain_core.language_models import FakeListLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FakeListLLM": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "FakeStreamingListLLM": "langchain_community.llms.fake",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FakeListLLM",
+    "FakeStreamingListLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/fireworks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/fireworks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b779f4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/fireworks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Fireworks
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Fireworks": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Fireworks",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/forefrontai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/forefrontai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fafd6fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/forefrontai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import ForefrontAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ForefrontAI": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ForefrontAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gigachat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gigachat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07723da3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gigachat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import GigaChat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GigaChat": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GigaChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/google_palm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/google_palm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..946113e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/google_palm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import GooglePalm
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GooglePalm": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GooglePalm",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gooseai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gooseai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52efd50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gooseai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import GooseAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GooseAI": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GooseAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gpt4all.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gpt4all.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a89d823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gpt4all.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import GPT4All
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GPT4All": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GPT4All",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gradient_ai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gradient_ai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83dbd686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/gradient_ai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import GradientLLM
+    from langchain_community.llms.gradient_ai import TrainResult
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TrainResult": "langchain_community.llms.gradient_ai",
+    "GradientLLM": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TrainResult",
+    "GradientLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/grammars/json.gbnf b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/grammars/json.gbnf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61bd2b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/grammars/json.gbnf
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Grammar for subset of JSON - doesn't support full string or number syntax
+
+root  ::= object
+value ::= object | array | string | number | boolean | "null"
+
+object ::=
+  "{" ws (
+            string ":" ws value
+    ("," ws string ":" ws value)*
+  )? "}"
+
+array  ::=
+  "[" ws (
+            value
+    ("," ws value)*
+  )? "]"
+
+string  ::=
+  "\"" (
+    [^"\\] |
+    "\\" (["\\/bfnrt] | "u" [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F] [0-9a-fA-F]) # escapes
+  )* "\"" ws
+
+# Only plain integers currently
+number  ::= "-"? [0-9]+ ws
+boolean ::= ("true" | "false") ws
+
+# Optional space: by convention, applied in this grammar after literal chars when allowed
+ws ::= ([ \t\n] ws)?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/grammars/list.gbnf b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/grammars/list.gbnf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30ea6e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/grammars/list.gbnf
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+root ::= "[" items "]" EOF
+
+items ::= item ("," ws* item)*
+
+item ::= string
+
+string  ::=
+  "\"" word (ws+ word)* "\"" ws*
+
+word ::= [a-zA-Z]+
+
+ws ::= " "
+
+EOF ::= "\n"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2faa5c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import HuggingFaceEndpoint
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HuggingFaceEndpoint": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HuggingFaceEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_hub.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_hub.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e2d9f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_hub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import HuggingFaceHub
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HuggingFaceHub": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HuggingFaceHub",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_pipeline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_pipeline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1919595c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_pipeline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import HuggingFacePipeline
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HuggingFacePipeline": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HuggingFacePipeline",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_text_gen_inference.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_text_gen_inference.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..524ee817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/huggingface_text_gen_inference.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import HuggingFaceTextGenInference
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HuggingFaceTextGenInference": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HuggingFaceTextGenInference",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/human.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/human.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5346067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/human.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import HumanInputLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HumanInputLLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HumanInputLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/javelin_ai_gateway.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/javelin_ai_gateway.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..952e968a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/javelin_ai_gateway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import JavelinAIGateway
+    from langchain_community.llms.javelin_ai_gateway import Params
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "JavelinAIGateway": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "Params": "langchain_community.llms.javelin_ai_gateway",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JavelinAIGateway",
+    "Params",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/koboldai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/koboldai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2b94b99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/koboldai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import KoboldApiLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"KoboldApiLLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "KoboldApiLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/llamacpp.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/llamacpp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcfbf49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/llamacpp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import LlamaCpp
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LlamaCpp": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LlamaCpp",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7517da6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms.loading import load_llm, load_llm_from_config
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "load_llm_from_config": "langchain_community.llms.loading",
+    "load_llm": "langchain_community.llms.loading",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "load_llm_from_config",
+    "load_llm",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/manifest.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51b8e3c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import ManifestWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ManifestWrapper": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ManifestWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/minimax.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/minimax.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92f78d6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/minimax.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Minimax
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Minimax": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Minimax",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mlflow.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mlflow.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cda29aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mlflow.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Mlflow
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Mlflow": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Mlflow",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mlflow_ai_gateway.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mlflow_ai_gateway.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..889ba221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mlflow_ai_gateway.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import MlflowAIGateway
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MlflowAIGateway": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MlflowAIGateway",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/modal.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/modal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6c47427
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/modal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Modal
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Modal": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Modal",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mosaicml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mosaicml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4ecc601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/mosaicml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import MosaicML
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MosaicML": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MosaicML",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/nlpcloud.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/nlpcloud.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2ed7afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/nlpcloud.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import NLPCloud
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NLPCloud": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NLPCloud",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/octoai_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/octoai_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b10a6650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/octoai_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import OctoAIEndpoint
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OctoAIEndpoint": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OctoAIEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ollama.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ollama.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12e828e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/ollama.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Ollama
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Ollama": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Ollama",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/opaqueprompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/opaqueprompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2135d7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/opaqueprompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import OpaquePrompts
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpaquePrompts": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpaquePrompts",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f88b4b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import AzureOpenAI, OpenAI, OpenAIChat
+    from langchain_community.llms.openai import BaseOpenAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseOpenAI": "langchain_community.llms.openai",
+    "OpenAI": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "AzureOpenAI": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "OpenAIChat": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseOpenAI",
+    "OpenAI",
+    "AzureOpenAI",
+    "OpenAIChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openllm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openllm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..061af8b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openllm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import OpenLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenLLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openlm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openlm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b30131a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/openlm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import OpenLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/pai_eas_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/pai_eas_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8b3e9fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/pai_eas_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import PaiEasEndpoint
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PaiEasEndpoint": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PaiEasEndpoint",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/petals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/petals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..836fdd86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/petals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Petals
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Petals": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Petals",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/pipelineai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/pipelineai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8130aac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/pipelineai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import PipelineAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PipelineAI": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PipelineAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/predibase.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/predibase.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e262a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/predibase.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Predibase
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Predibase": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Predibase",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/predictionguard.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/predictionguard.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a519e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/predictionguard.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import PredictionGuard
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PredictionGuard": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PredictionGuard",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/promptlayer_openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/promptlayer_openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41025078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/promptlayer_openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import PromptLayerOpenAI, PromptLayerOpenAIChat
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PromptLayerOpenAI": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "PromptLayerOpenAIChat": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PromptLayerOpenAI",
+    "PromptLayerOpenAIChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/replicate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/replicate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05d168b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/replicate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Replicate
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Replicate": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Replicate",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/rwkv.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/rwkv.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..153e10cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/rwkv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import RWKV
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RWKV": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RWKV",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/sagemaker_endpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/sagemaker_endpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..101f6e66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/sagemaker_endpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import SagemakerEndpoint
+    from langchain_community.llms.sagemaker_endpoint import LLMContentHandler
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SagemakerEndpoint": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "LLMContentHandler": "langchain_community.llms.sagemaker_endpoint",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SagemakerEndpoint",
+    "LLMContentHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/self_hosted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/self_hosted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bf213a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/self_hosted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import SelfHostedPipeline
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SelfHostedPipeline": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SelfHostedPipeline",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/self_hosted_hugging_face.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/self_hosted_hugging_face.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13e663e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/self_hosted_hugging_face.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import SelfHostedHuggingFaceLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SelfHostedHuggingFaceLLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SelfHostedHuggingFaceLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/stochasticai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/stochasticai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..844d1f61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/stochasticai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import StochasticAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"StochasticAI": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StochasticAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/symblai_nebula.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/symblai_nebula.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de0f217e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/symblai_nebula.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Nebula
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Nebula": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Nebula",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/textgen.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/textgen.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5f73351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/textgen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import TextGen
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TextGen": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TextGen",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/titan_takeoff.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/titan_takeoff.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b34af8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/titan_takeoff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import TitanTakeoff
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TitanTakeoff": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TitanTakeoff",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/titan_takeoff_pro.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/titan_takeoff_pro.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fde6a12c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/titan_takeoff_pro.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import TitanTakeoffPro
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TitanTakeoffPro": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TitanTakeoffPro",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/together.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/together.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd2bd8d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/together.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Together
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Together": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Together",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/tongyi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/tongyi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98dfdded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/tongyi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Tongyi
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Tongyi": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Tongyi",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e561fd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms.utils import enforce_stop_tokens
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"enforce_stop_tokens": "langchain_community.llms.utils"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "enforce_stop_tokens",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/vertexai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/vertexai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e113bed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/vertexai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import VertexAI, VertexAIModelGarden
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "VertexAI": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "VertexAIModelGarden": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VertexAI",
+    "VertexAIModelGarden",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/vllm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/vllm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d26c0e3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/vllm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import VLLM, VLLMOpenAI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "VLLM": "langchain_community.llms",
+    "VLLMOpenAI": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VLLM",
+    "VLLMOpenAI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/volcengine_maas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/volcengine_maas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfee8d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/volcengine_maas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import VolcEngineMaasLLM
+    from langchain_community.llms.volcengine_maas import VolcEngineMaasBase
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "VolcEngineMaasBase": "langchain_community.llms.volcengine_maas",
+    "VolcEngineMaasLLM": "langchain_community.llms",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VolcEngineMaasBase",
+    "VolcEngineMaasLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/watsonxllm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/watsonxllm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5bbc3772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/watsonxllm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import WatsonxLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WatsonxLLM": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WatsonxLLM",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/writer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/writer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..091a225d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/writer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Writer
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Writer": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Writer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/xinference.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/xinference.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01c27d7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/xinference.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import Xinference
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Xinference": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Xinference",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/yandex.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/yandex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c25312d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/llms/yandex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.llms import YandexGPT
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"YandexGPT": "langchain_community.llms"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "YandexGPT",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6dd88dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""Serialization and deserialization."""
+
+from langchain_core.load.dump import dumpd, dumps
+from langchain_core.load.load import load, loads
+
+__all__ = [
+    "dumpd",
+    "dumps",
+    "load",
+    "loads",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d59c2434
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/dump.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/dump.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47413f31
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/dump.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/load.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/load.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cd6de9b
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/load.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/serializable.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/serializable.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1559c8f
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/__pycache__/serializable.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/dump.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/dump.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd955201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.load.dump import default, dumpd, dumps
+
+__all__ = ["default", "dumps", "dumpd"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/load.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/load.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a32ea08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/load.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.load.load import Reviver, load, loads
+
+__all__ = ["Reviver", "loads", "load"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/serializable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/serializable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1c0772d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/load/serializable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import (
+    BaseSerialized,
+    Serializable,
+    SerializedConstructor,
+    SerializedNotImplemented,
+    SerializedSecret,
+    to_json_not_implemented,
+    try_neq_default,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseSerialized",
+    "SerializedConstructor",
+    "SerializedSecret",
+    "SerializedNotImplemented",
+    "try_neq_default",
+    "Serializable",
+    "to_json_not_implemented",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de0281c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""**Memory** maintains Chain state, incorporating context from past runs.
+
+**Class hierarchy for Memory:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseMemory --> BaseChatMemory --> <name>Memory  # Examples: ZepMemory, MotorheadMemory
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseChatMessageHistory
+
+**Chat Message History** stores the chat message history in different stores.
+
+**Class hierarchy for ChatMessageHistory:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseChatMessageHistory --> <name>ChatMessageHistory  # Example: ZepChatMessageHistory
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    AIMessage, BaseMessage, HumanMessage
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.memory.buffer import (
+    ConversationBufferMemory,
+    ConversationStringBufferMemory,
+)
+from langchain.memory.buffer_window import ConversationBufferWindowMemory
+from langchain.memory.combined import CombinedMemory
+from langchain.memory.entity import (
+    ConversationEntityMemory,
+    InMemoryEntityStore,
+    RedisEntityStore,
+    SQLiteEntityStore,
+    UpstashRedisEntityStore,
+)
+from langchain.memory.readonly import ReadOnlySharedMemory
+from langchain.memory.simple import SimpleMemory
+from langchain.memory.summary import ConversationSummaryMemory
+from langchain.memory.summary_buffer import ConversationSummaryBufferMemory
+from langchain.memory.token_buffer import ConversationTokenBufferMemory
+from langchain.memory.vectorstore import VectorStoreRetrieverMemory
+from langchain.memory.vectorstore_token_buffer_memory import (
+    ConversationVectorStoreTokenBufferMemory,  # avoid circular import
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import (
+        AstraDBChatMessageHistory,
+        CassandraChatMessageHistory,
+        ChatMessageHistory,
+        CosmosDBChatMessageHistory,
+        DynamoDBChatMessageHistory,
+        ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory,
+        FileChatMessageHistory,
+        MomentoChatMessageHistory,
+        MongoDBChatMessageHistory,
+        PostgresChatMessageHistory,
+        RedisChatMessageHistory,
+        SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory,
+        SQLChatMessageHistory,
+        StreamlitChatMessageHistory,
+        UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory,
+        XataChatMessageHistory,
+        ZepChatMessageHistory,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.memory.kg import ConversationKGMemory
+    from langchain_community.memory.motorhead_memory import MotorheadMemory
+    from langchain_community.memory.zep_memory import ZepMemory
+
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MotorheadMemory": "langchain_community.memory.motorhead_memory",
+    "ConversationKGMemory": "langchain_community.memory.kg",
+    "ZepMemory": "langchain_community.memory.zep_memory",
+    "AstraDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "CassandraChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "ChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "CosmosDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "DynamoDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "FileChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "MomentoChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "MongoDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "PostgresChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "RedisChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "SQLChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "StreamlitChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "XataChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "ZepChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+}
+
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AstraDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "CassandraChatMessageHistory",
+    "ChatMessageHistory",
+    "CombinedMemory",
+    "ConversationBufferMemory",
+    "ConversationBufferWindowMemory",
+    "ConversationEntityMemory",
+    "ConversationKGMemory",
+    "ConversationStringBufferMemory",
+    "ConversationSummaryBufferMemory",
+    "ConversationSummaryMemory",
+    "ConversationTokenBufferMemory",
+    "ConversationVectorStoreTokenBufferMemory",
+    "CosmosDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "DynamoDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory",
+    "FileChatMessageHistory",
+    "InMemoryEntityStore",
+    "MomentoChatMessageHistory",
+    "MongoDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "MotorheadMemory",
+    "PostgresChatMessageHistory",
+    "ReadOnlySharedMemory",
+    "RedisChatMessageHistory",
+    "RedisEntityStore",
+    "SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "SQLChatMessageHistory",
+    "SQLiteEntityStore",
+    "SimpleMemory",
+    "StreamlitChatMessageHistory",
+    "VectorStoreRetrieverMemory",
+    "XataChatMessageHistory",
+    "ZepChatMessageHistory",
+    "ZepMemory",
+    "UpstashRedisEntityStore",
+    "UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/buffer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/buffer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d6ec764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/buffer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory, BaseMemory
+from langchain.memory.utils import get_prompt_input_key
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class ConversationBufferMemory(BaseChatMemory):
+    """A basic memory implementation that simply stores the conversation history.
+
+    This stores the entire conversation history in memory without any
+    additional processing.
+
+    Note that additional processing may be required in some situations when the
+    conversation history is too large to fit in the context window of the model.
+    """
+
+    human_prefix: str = "Human"
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    memory_key: str = "history"  #: :meta private:
+
+    @property
+    def buffer(self) -> Any:
+        """String buffer of memory."""
+        return self.buffer_as_messages if self.return_messages else self.buffer_as_str
+
+    async def abuffer(self) -> Any:
+        """String buffer of memory."""
+        return (
+            await self.abuffer_as_messages()
+            if self.return_messages
+            else await self.abuffer_as_str()
+        )
+
+    def _buffer_as_str(self, messages: list[BaseMessage]) -> str:
+        return get_buffer_string(
+            messages,
+            human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+            ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def buffer_as_str(self) -> str:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a string in case return_messages is True."""
+        return self._buffer_as_str(self.chat_memory.messages)
+
+    async def abuffer_as_str(self) -> str:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a string in case return_messages is True."""
+        messages = await self.chat_memory.aget_messages()
+        return self._buffer_as_str(messages)
+
+    @property
+    def buffer_as_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a list of messages in case return_messages is False."""
+        return self.chat_memory.messages
+
+    async def abuffer_as_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a list of messages in case return_messages is False."""
+        return await self.chat_memory.aget_messages()
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return list of memory variables.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        return {self.memory_key: self.buffer}
+
+    async def aload_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return key-value pairs given the text input to the chain."""
+        buffer = await self.abuffer()
+        return {self.memory_key: buffer}
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class ConversationStringBufferMemory(BaseMemory):
+    """A basic memory implementation that simply stores the conversation history.
+
+    This stores the entire conversation history in memory without any
+    additional processing.
+
+    Equivalent to ConversationBufferMemory but tailored more specifically
+    for string-based conversations rather than chat models.
+
+    Note that additional processing may be required in some situations when the
+    conversation history is too large to fit in the context window of the model.
+    """
+
+    human_prefix: str = "Human"
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    """Prefix to use for AI generated responses."""
+    buffer: str = ""
+    output_key: Optional[str] = None
+    input_key: Optional[str] = None
+    memory_key: str = "history"  #: :meta private:
+
+    @pre_init
+    def validate_chains(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        """Validate that return messages is not True."""
+        if values.get("return_messages", False):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "return_messages must be False for ConversationStringBufferMemory"
+            )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return list of memory variables.
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        return {self.memory_key: self.buffer}
+
+    async def aload_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        return self.load_memory_variables(inputs)
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        if self.input_key is None:
+            prompt_input_key = get_prompt_input_key(inputs, self.memory_variables)
+        else:
+            prompt_input_key = self.input_key
+        if self.output_key is None:
+            if len(outputs) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(f"One output key expected, got {outputs.keys()}")
+            output_key = list(outputs.keys())[0]
+        else:
+            output_key = self.output_key
+        human = f"{self.human_prefix}: " + inputs[prompt_input_key]
+        ai = f"{self.ai_prefix}: " + outputs[output_key]
+        self.buffer += "\n" + "\n".join([human, ai])
+
+    async def asave_context(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        return self.save_context(inputs, outputs)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear memory contents."""
+        self.buffer = ""
+
+    async def aclear(self) -> None:
+        self.clear()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/buffer_window.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/buffer_window.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e586bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/buffer_window.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class ConversationBufferWindowMemory(BaseChatMemory):
+    """Use to keep track of the last k turns of a conversation.
+
+    If the number of messages in the conversation is more than the maximum number
+    of messages to keep, the oldest messages are dropped.
+    """
+
+    human_prefix: str = "Human"
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    memory_key: str = "history"  #: :meta private:
+    k: int = 5
+    """Number of messages to store in buffer."""
+
+    @property
+    def buffer(self) -> Union[str, list[BaseMessage]]:
+        """String buffer of memory."""
+        return self.buffer_as_messages if self.return_messages else self.buffer_as_str
+
+    @property
+    def buffer_as_str(self) -> str:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a string in case return_messages is False."""
+        messages = self.chat_memory.messages[-self.k * 2 :] if self.k > 0 else []
+        return get_buffer_string(
+            messages,
+            human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+            ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def buffer_as_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a list of messages in case return_messages is True."""
+        return self.chat_memory.messages[-self.k * 2 :] if self.k > 0 else []
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return list of memory variables.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        return {self.memory_key: self.buffer}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da14dd00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.chat_history import (
+    BaseChatMessageHistory,
+    InMemoryChatMessageHistory,
+)
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.memory.utils import get_prompt_input_key
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class BaseChatMemory(BaseMemory, ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for chat memory.
+
+    **ATTENTION** This abstraction was created prior to when chat models had
+        native tool calling capabilities.
+        It does **NOT** support native tool calling capabilities for chat models and
+        will fail SILENTLY if used with a chat model that has native tool calling.
+
+    DO NOT USE THIS ABSTRACTION FOR NEW CODE.
+    """
+
+    chat_memory: BaseChatMessageHistory = Field(
+        default_factory=InMemoryChatMessageHistory
+    )
+    output_key: Optional[str] = None
+    input_key: Optional[str] = None
+    return_messages: bool = False
+
+    def _get_input_output(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if self.input_key is None:
+            prompt_input_key = get_prompt_input_key(inputs, self.memory_variables)
+        else:
+            prompt_input_key = self.input_key
+        if self.output_key is None:
+            if len(outputs) == 1:
+                output_key = list(outputs.keys())[0]
+            elif "output" in outputs:
+                output_key = "output"
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"'{self.__class__.__name__}' got multiple output keys:"
+                    f" {outputs.keys()}. The default 'output' key is being used."
+                    f" If this is not desired, please manually set 'output_key'."
+                )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Got multiple output keys: {outputs.keys()}, cannot "
+                    f"determine which to store in memory. Please set the "
+                    f"'output_key' explicitly."
+                )
+        else:
+            output_key = self.output_key
+        return inputs[prompt_input_key], outputs[output_key]
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        input_str, output_str = self._get_input_output(inputs, outputs)
+        self.chat_memory.add_messages(
+            [
+                HumanMessage(content=input_str),
+                AIMessage(content=output_str),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    async def asave_context(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        input_str, output_str = self._get_input_output(inputs, outputs)
+        await self.chat_memory.aadd_messages(
+            [
+                HumanMessage(content=input_str),
+                AIMessage(content=output_str),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear memory contents."""
+        self.chat_memory.clear()
+
+    async def aclear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear memory contents."""
+        await self.chat_memory.aclear()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91910137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import (
+        AstraDBChatMessageHistory,
+        CassandraChatMessageHistory,
+        ChatMessageHistory,
+        CosmosDBChatMessageHistory,
+        DynamoDBChatMessageHistory,
+        ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory,
+        FileChatMessageHistory,
+        FirestoreChatMessageHistory,
+        MomentoChatMessageHistory,
+        MongoDBChatMessageHistory,
+        Neo4jChatMessageHistory,
+        PostgresChatMessageHistory,
+        RedisChatMessageHistory,
+        RocksetChatMessageHistory,
+        SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory,
+        SQLChatMessageHistory,
+        StreamlitChatMessageHistory,
+        UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory,
+        XataChatMessageHistory,
+        ZepChatMessageHistory,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AstraDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "CassandraChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "ChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "CosmosDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "DynamoDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "FileChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "FirestoreChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "MomentoChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "MongoDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "Neo4jChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "PostgresChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "RedisChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "RocksetChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "SQLChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "StreamlitChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "XataChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+    "ZepChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AstraDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "CassandraChatMessageHistory",
+    "ChatMessageHistory",
+    "CosmosDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "DynamoDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory",
+    "FileChatMessageHistory",
+    "FirestoreChatMessageHistory",
+    "MomentoChatMessageHistory",
+    "MongoDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "Neo4jChatMessageHistory",
+    "PostgresChatMessageHistory",
+    "RedisChatMessageHistory",
+    "RocksetChatMessageHistory",
+    "SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory",
+    "SQLChatMessageHistory",
+    "StreamlitChatMessageHistory",
+    "UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory",
+    "XataChatMessageHistory",
+    "ZepChatMessageHistory",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/__pycache__/xata.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/__pycache__/xata.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/__pycache__/zep.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/__pycache__/zep.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/astradb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/astradb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3895f063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/astradb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import AstraDBChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AstraDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AstraDBChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/cassandra.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/cassandra.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0c61cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/cassandra.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import CassandraChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CassandraChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CassandraChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/cosmos_db.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/cosmos_db.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e9c8bf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/cosmos_db.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import CosmosDBChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CosmosDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CosmosDBChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/dynamodb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/dynamodb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0c5df1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/dynamodb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import DynamoDBChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DynamoDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DynamoDBChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/elasticsearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/elasticsearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8845e67a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/elasticsearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import (
+        ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ElasticsearchChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f9a0a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import FileChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/firestore.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/firestore.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d81d24d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/firestore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import FirestoreChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FirestoreChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FirestoreChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/in_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/in_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..679c9ce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/in_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from langchain_core.chat_history import InMemoryChatMessageHistory as ChatMessageHistory
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/momento.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/momento.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65d7cce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/momento.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import MomentoChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MomentoChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MomentoChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/mongodb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/mongodb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0f7db2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/mongodb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import MongoDBChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MongoDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MongoDBChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/neo4j.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/neo4j.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac60cd7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/neo4j.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import Neo4jChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Neo4jChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Neo4jChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/postgres.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/postgres.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb05b7db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/postgres.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import PostgresChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PostgresChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PostgresChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/redis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/redis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6dc08e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/redis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import RedisChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RedisChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RedisChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/rocksetdb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/rocksetdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64116d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/rocksetdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import RocksetChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RocksetChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RocksetChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/singlestoredb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/singlestoredb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc6b7952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/singlestoredb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import (
+        SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SingleStoreDBChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/sql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/sql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ff23ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/sql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import SQLChatMessageHistory
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories.sql import (
+        BaseMessageConverter,
+        DefaultMessageConverter,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseMessageConverter": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories.sql",
+    "DefaultMessageConverter": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories.sql",
+    "SQLChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseMessageConverter",
+    "DefaultMessageConverter",
+    "SQLChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/streamlit.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/streamlit.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1a74824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/streamlit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import StreamlitChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "StreamlitChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StreamlitChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/upstash_redis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/upstash_redis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af4599f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/upstash_redis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import (
+        UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UpstashRedisChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/xata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/xata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43cfe672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/xata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import XataChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "XataChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "XataChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/zep.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/zep.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b63e0fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/chat_message_histories/zep.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.chat_message_histories import ZepChatMessageHistory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ZepChatMessageHistory": "langchain_community.chat_message_histories"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ZepChatMessageHistory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/combined.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/combined.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f737eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/combined.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import warnings
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+from pydantic import field_validator
+
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+
+
+class CombinedMemory(BaseMemory):
+    """Combining multiple memories' data together."""
+
+    memories: list[BaseMemory]
+    """For tracking all the memories that should be accessed."""
+
+    @field_validator("memories")
+    @classmethod
+    def check_repeated_memory_variable(
+        cls, value: list[BaseMemory]
+    ) -> list[BaseMemory]:
+        all_variables: set[str] = set()
+        for val in value:
+            overlap = all_variables.intersection(val.memory_variables)
+            if overlap:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"The same variables {overlap} are found in multiple"
+                    "memory object, which is not allowed by CombinedMemory."
+                )
+            all_variables |= set(val.memory_variables)
+
+        return value
+
+    @field_validator("memories")
+    @classmethod
+    def check_input_key(cls, value: list[BaseMemory]) -> list[BaseMemory]:
+        """Check that if memories are of type BaseChatMemory that input keys exist."""
+        for val in value:
+            if isinstance(val, BaseChatMemory):
+                if val.input_key is None:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "When using CombinedMemory, "
+                        "input keys should be so the input is known. "
+                        f" Was not set on {val}"
+                    )
+        return value
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """All the memory variables that this instance provides."""
+        """Collected from the all the linked memories."""
+
+        memory_variables = []
+
+        for memory in self.memories:
+            memory_variables.extend(memory.memory_variables)
+
+        return memory_variables
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Load all vars from sub-memories."""
+        memory_data: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        # Collect vars from all sub-memories
+        for memory in self.memories:
+            data = memory.load_memory_variables(inputs)
+            for key, value in data.items():
+                if key in memory_data:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"The variable {key} is repeated in the CombinedMemory."
+                    )
+                memory_data[key] = value
+
+        return memory_data
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this session for every memory."""
+        # Save context for all sub-memories
+        for memory in self.memories:
+            memory.save_context(inputs, outputs)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear context from this session for every memory."""
+        for memory in self.memories:
+            memory.clear()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/entity.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/entity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c09f4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/entity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+"""Deprecated as of LangChain v0.3.4 and will be removed in LangChain v1.0.0."""
+
+import logging
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from itertools import islice
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+from langchain.memory.prompt import (
+    ENTITY_EXTRACTION_PROMPT,
+    ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_PROMPT,
+)
+from langchain.memory.utils import get_prompt_input_key
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class BaseEntityStore(BaseModel, ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for Entity store."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Get entity value from store."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def set(self, key: str, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        """Set entity value in store."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """Delete entity value from store."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def exists(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if entity exists in store."""
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Delete all entities from store."""
+        pass
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class InMemoryEntityStore(BaseEntityStore):
+    """In-memory Entity store."""
+
+    store: dict[str, Optional[str]] = {}
+
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self.store.get(key, default)
+
+    def set(self, key: str, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        self.store[key] = value
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        del self.store[key]
+
+    def exists(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return key in self.store
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        return self.store.clear()
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class UpstashRedisEntityStore(BaseEntityStore):
+    """Upstash Redis backed Entity store.
+
+    Entities get a TTL of 1 day by default, and
+    that TTL is extended by 3 days every time the entity is read back.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session_id: str = "default",
+        url: str = "",
+        token: str = "",
+        key_prefix: str = "memory_store",
+        ttl: Optional[int] = 60 * 60 * 24,
+        recall_ttl: Optional[int] = 60 * 60 * 24 * 3,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        try:
+            from upstash_redis import Redis
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import upstash_redis python package. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install upstash_redis`."
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        try:
+            self.redis_client = Redis(url=url, token=token)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.error("Upstash Redis instance could not be initiated.")
+
+        self.session_id = session_id
+        self.key_prefix = key_prefix
+        self.ttl = ttl
+        self.recall_ttl = recall_ttl or ttl
+
+    @property
+    def full_key_prefix(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.key_prefix}:{self.session_id}"
+
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+        res = (
+            self.redis_client.getex(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}", ex=self.recall_ttl)
+            or default
+            or ""
+        )
+        logger.debug(f"Upstash Redis MEM get '{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}': '{res}'")
+        return res
+
+    def set(self, key: str, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        if not value:
+            return self.delete(key)
+        self.redis_client.set(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}", value, ex=self.ttl)
+        logger.debug(
+            f"Redis MEM set '{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}': '{value}' EX {self.ttl}"
+        )
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        self.redis_client.delete(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}")
+
+    def exists(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return self.redis_client.exists(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}") == 1
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        def scan_and_delete(cursor: int) -> int:
+            cursor, keys_to_delete = self.redis_client.scan(
+                cursor, f"{self.full_key_prefix}:*"
+            )
+            self.redis_client.delete(*keys_to_delete)
+            return cursor
+
+        cursor = scan_and_delete(0)
+        while cursor != 0:
+            scan_and_delete(cursor)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class RedisEntityStore(BaseEntityStore):
+    """Redis-backed Entity store.
+
+    Entities get a TTL of 1 day by default, and
+    that TTL is extended by 3 days every time the entity is read back.
+    """
+
+    redis_client: Any
+    session_id: str = "default"
+    key_prefix: str = "memory_store"
+    ttl: Optional[int] = 60 * 60 * 24
+    recall_ttl: Optional[int] = 60 * 60 * 24 * 3
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session_id: str = "default",
+        url: str = "redis://localhost:6379/0",
+        key_prefix: str = "memory_store",
+        ttl: Optional[int] = 60 * 60 * 24,
+        recall_ttl: Optional[int] = 60 * 60 * 24 * 3,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        try:
+            import redis
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import redis python package. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install redis`."
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.utilities.redis import get_client
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import langchain_community.utilities.redis.get_client. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install langchain-community`."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            self.redis_client = get_client(redis_url=url, decode_responses=True)
+        except redis.exceptions.ConnectionError as error:
+            logger.error(error)
+
+        self.session_id = session_id
+        self.key_prefix = key_prefix
+        self.ttl = ttl
+        self.recall_ttl = recall_ttl or ttl
+
+    @property
+    def full_key_prefix(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.key_prefix}:{self.session_id}"
+
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+        res = (
+            self.redis_client.getex(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}", ex=self.recall_ttl)
+            or default
+            or ""
+        )
+        logger.debug(f"REDIS MEM get '{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}': '{res}'")
+        return res
+
+    def set(self, key: str, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        if not value:
+            return self.delete(key)
+        self.redis_client.set(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}", value, ex=self.ttl)
+        logger.debug(
+            f"REDIS MEM set '{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}': '{value}' EX {self.ttl}"
+        )
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        self.redis_client.delete(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}")
+
+    def exists(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return self.redis_client.exists(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:{key}") == 1
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        # iterate a list in batches of size batch_size
+        def batched(iterable: Iterable[Any], batch_size: int) -> Iterable[Any]:
+            iterator = iter(iterable)
+            while batch := list(islice(iterator, batch_size)):
+                yield batch
+
+        for keybatch in batched(
+            self.redis_client.scan_iter(f"{self.full_key_prefix}:*"), 500
+        ):
+            self.redis_client.delete(*keybatch)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class SQLiteEntityStore(BaseEntityStore):
+    """SQLite-backed Entity store"""
+
+    session_id: str = "default"
+    table_name: str = "memory_store"
+    conn: Any = None
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session_id: str = "default",
+        db_file: str = "entities.db",
+        table_name: str = "memory_store",
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        try:
+            import sqlite3
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import sqlite3 python package. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install sqlite3`."
+            )
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.conn = sqlite3.connect(db_file)
+        self.session_id = session_id
+        self.table_name = table_name
+        self._create_table_if_not_exists()
+
+    @property
+    def full_table_name(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.table_name}_{self.session_id}"
+
+    def _create_table_if_not_exists(self) -> None:
+        create_table_query = f"""
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self.full_table_name} (
+                key TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+                value TEXT
+            )
+        """
+        with self.conn:
+            self.conn.execute(create_table_query)
+
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
+        query = f"""
+            SELECT value
+            FROM {self.full_table_name}
+            WHERE key = ?
+        """
+        cursor = self.conn.execute(query, (key,))
+        result = cursor.fetchone()
+        if result is not None:
+            value = result[0]
+            return value
+        return default
+
+    def set(self, key: str, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        if not value:
+            return self.delete(key)
+        query = f"""
+            INSERT OR REPLACE INTO {self.full_table_name} (key, value)
+            VALUES (?, ?)
+        """
+        with self.conn:
+            self.conn.execute(query, (key, value))
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        query = f"""
+            DELETE FROM {self.full_table_name}
+            WHERE key = ?
+        """
+        with self.conn:
+            self.conn.execute(query, (key,))
+
+    def exists(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        query = f"""
+            SELECT 1
+            FROM {self.full_table_name}
+            WHERE key = ?
+            LIMIT 1
+        """
+        cursor = self.conn.execute(query, (key,))
+        result = cursor.fetchone()
+        return result is not None
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        query = f"""
+            DELETE FROM {self.full_table_name}
+        """
+        with self.conn:
+            self.conn.execute(query)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class ConversationEntityMemory(BaseChatMemory):
+    """Entity extractor & summarizer memory.
+
+    Extracts named entities from the recent chat history and generates summaries.
+    With a swappable entity store, persisting entities across conversations.
+    Defaults to an in-memory entity store, and can be swapped out for a Redis,
+    SQLite, or other entity store.
+    """
+
+    human_prefix: str = "Human"
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+    entity_extraction_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = ENTITY_EXTRACTION_PROMPT
+    entity_summarization_prompt: BasePromptTemplate = ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_PROMPT
+
+    # Cache of recently detected entity names, if any
+    # It is updated when load_memory_variables is called:
+    entity_cache: list[str] = []
+
+    # Number of recent message pairs to consider when updating entities:
+    k: int = 3
+
+    chat_history_key: str = "history"
+
+    # Store to manage entity-related data:
+    entity_store: BaseEntityStore = Field(default_factory=InMemoryEntityStore)
+
+    @property
+    def buffer(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Access chat memory messages."""
+        return self.chat_memory.messages
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return list of memory variables.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return ["entities", self.chat_history_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Returns chat history and all generated entities with summaries if available,
+        and updates or clears the recent entity cache.
+
+        New entity name can be found when calling this method, before the entity
+        summaries are generated, so the entity cache values may be empty if no entity
+        descriptions are generated yet.
+        """
+
+        # Create an LLMChain for predicting entity names from the recent chat history:
+        chain = LLMChain(llm=self.llm, prompt=self.entity_extraction_prompt)
+
+        if self.input_key is None:
+            prompt_input_key = get_prompt_input_key(inputs, self.memory_variables)
+        else:
+            prompt_input_key = self.input_key
+
+        # Extract an arbitrary window of the last message pairs from
+        # the chat history, where the hyperparameter k is the
+        # number of message pairs:
+        buffer_string = get_buffer_string(
+            self.buffer[-self.k * 2 :],
+            human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+            ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+        )
+
+        # Generates a comma-separated list of named entities,
+        # e.g. "Jane, White House, UFO"
+        # or "NONE" if no named entities are extracted:
+        output = chain.predict(
+            history=buffer_string,
+            input=inputs[prompt_input_key],
+        )
+
+        # If no named entities are extracted, assigns an empty list.
+        if output.strip() == "NONE":
+            entities = []
+        else:
+            # Make a list of the extracted entities:
+            entities = [w.strip() for w in output.split(",")]
+
+        # Make a dictionary of entities with summary if exists:
+        entity_summaries = {}
+
+        for entity in entities:
+            entity_summaries[entity] = self.entity_store.get(entity, "")
+
+        # Replaces the entity name cache with the most recently discussed entities,
+        # or if no entities were extracted, clears the cache:
+        self.entity_cache = entities
+
+        # Should we return as message objects or as a string?
+        if self.return_messages:
+            # Get last `k` pair of chat messages:
+            buffer: Any = self.buffer[-self.k * 2 :]
+        else:
+            # Reuse the string we made earlier:
+            buffer = buffer_string
+
+        return {
+            self.chat_history_key: buffer,
+            "entities": entity_summaries,
+        }
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """
+        Save context from this conversation history to the entity store.
+
+        Generates a summary for each entity in the entity cache by prompting
+        the model, and saves these summaries to the entity store.
+        """
+
+        super().save_context(inputs, outputs)
+
+        if self.input_key is None:
+            prompt_input_key = get_prompt_input_key(inputs, self.memory_variables)
+        else:
+            prompt_input_key = self.input_key
+
+        # Extract an arbitrary window of the last message pairs from
+        # the chat history, where the hyperparameter k is the
+        # number of message pairs:
+        buffer_string = get_buffer_string(
+            self.buffer[-self.k * 2 :],
+            human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+            ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+        )
+
+        input_data = inputs[prompt_input_key]
+
+        # Create an LLMChain for predicting entity summarization from the context
+        chain = LLMChain(llm=self.llm, prompt=self.entity_summarization_prompt)
+
+        # Generate new summaries for entities and save them in the entity store
+        for entity in self.entity_cache:
+            # Get existing summary if it exists
+            existing_summary = self.entity_store.get(entity, "")
+            output = chain.predict(
+                summary=existing_summary,
+                entity=entity,
+                history=buffer_string,
+                input=input_data,
+            )
+            # Save the updated summary to the entity store
+            self.entity_store.set(entity, output.strip())
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear memory contents."""
+        self.chat_memory.clear()
+        self.entity_cache.clear()
+        self.entity_store.clear()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/kg.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/kg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae8ed07f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/kg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.memory.kg import ConversationKGMemory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ConversationKGMemory": "langchain_community.memory.kg"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ConversationKGMemory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/motorhead_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/motorhead_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..744aa743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/motorhead_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.memory.motorhead_memory import MotorheadMemory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MotorheadMemory": "langchain_community.memory.motorhead_memory"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MotorheadMemory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c16e8e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+_DEFAULT_ENTITY_MEMORY_CONVERSATION_TEMPLATE = """You are an assistant to a human, powered by a large language model trained by OpenAI.
+
+You are designed to be able to assist with a wide range of tasks, from answering simple questions to providing in-depth explanations and discussions on a wide range of topics. As a language model, you are able to generate human-like text based on the input you receive, allowing you to engage in natural-sounding conversations and provide responses that are coherent and relevant to the topic at hand.
+
+You are constantly learning and improving, and your capabilities are constantly evolving. You are able to process and understand large amounts of text, and can use this knowledge to provide accurate and informative responses to a wide range of questions. You have access to some personalized information provided by the human in the Context section below. Additionally, you are able to generate your own text based on the input you receive, allowing you to engage in discussions and provide explanations and descriptions on a wide range of topics.
+
+Overall, you are a powerful tool that can help with a wide range of tasks and provide valuable insights and information on a wide range of topics. Whether the human needs help with a specific question or just wants to have a conversation about a particular topic, you are here to assist.
+
+Context:
+{entities}
+
+Current conversation:
+{history}
+Last line:
+Human: {input}
+You:"""
+
+ENTITY_MEMORY_CONVERSATION_TEMPLATE = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["entities", "history", "input"],
+    template=_DEFAULT_ENTITY_MEMORY_CONVERSATION_TEMPLATE,
+)
+
+_DEFAULT_SUMMARIZER_TEMPLATE = """Progressively summarize the lines of conversation provided, adding onto the previous summary returning a new summary.
+
+EXAMPLE
+Current summary:
+The human asks what the AI thinks of artificial intelligence. The AI thinks artificial intelligence is a force for good.
+
+New lines of conversation:
+Human: Why do you think artificial intelligence is a force for good?
+AI: Because artificial intelligence will help humans reach their full potential.
+
+New summary:
+The human asks what the AI thinks of artificial intelligence. The AI thinks artificial intelligence is a force for good because it will help humans reach their full potential.
+END OF EXAMPLE
+
+Current summary:
+{summary}
+
+New lines of conversation:
+{new_lines}
+
+New summary:"""
+SUMMARY_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["summary", "new_lines"], template=_DEFAULT_SUMMARIZER_TEMPLATE
+)
+
+_DEFAULT_ENTITY_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE = """You are an AI assistant reading the transcript of a conversation between an AI and a human. Extract all of the proper nouns from the last line of conversation. As a guideline, a proper noun is generally capitalized. You should definitely extract all names and places.
+
+The conversation history is provided just in case of a coreference (e.g. "What do you know about him" where "him" is defined in a previous line) -- ignore items mentioned there that are not in the last line.
+
+Return the output as a single comma-separated list, or NONE if there is nothing of note to return (e.g. the user is just issuing a greeting or having a simple conversation).
+
+EXAMPLE
+Conversation history:
+Person #1: how's it going today?
+AI: "It's going great! How about you?"
+Person #1: good! busy working on Langchain. lots to do.
+AI: "That sounds like a lot of work! What kind of things are you doing to make Langchain better?"
+Last line:
+Person #1: i'm trying to improve Langchain's interfaces, the UX, its integrations with various products the user might want ... a lot of stuff.
+Output: Langchain
+END OF EXAMPLE
+
+EXAMPLE
+Conversation history:
+Person #1: how's it going today?
+AI: "It's going great! How about you?"
+Person #1: good! busy working on Langchain. lots to do.
+AI: "That sounds like a lot of work! What kind of things are you doing to make Langchain better?"
+Last line:
+Person #1: i'm trying to improve Langchain's interfaces, the UX, its integrations with various products the user might want ... a lot of stuff. I'm working with Person #2.
+Output: Langchain, Person #2
+END OF EXAMPLE
+
+Conversation history (for reference only):
+{history}
+Last line of conversation (for extraction):
+Human: {input}
+
+Output:"""
+ENTITY_EXTRACTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["history", "input"], template=_DEFAULT_ENTITY_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE
+)
+
+_DEFAULT_ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_TEMPLATE = """You are an AI assistant helping a human keep track of facts about relevant people, places, and concepts in their life. Update the summary of the provided entity in the "Entity" section based on the last line of your conversation with the human. If you are writing the summary for the first time, return a single sentence.
+The update should only include facts that are relayed in the last line of conversation about the provided entity, and should only contain facts about the provided entity.
+
+If there is no new information about the provided entity or the information is not worth noting (not an important or relevant fact to remember long-term), return the existing summary unchanged.
+
+Full conversation history (for context):
+{history}
+
+Entity to summarize:
+{entity}
+
+Existing summary of {entity}:
+{summary}
+
+Last line of conversation:
+Human: {input}
+Updated summary:"""
+
+ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["entity", "summary", "history", "input"],
+    template=_DEFAULT_ENTITY_SUMMARIZATION_TEMPLATE,
+)
+
+
+KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER = "<|>"
+_DEFAULT_KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE = (
+    "You are a networked intelligence helping a human track knowledge triples"
+    " about all relevant people, things, concepts, etc. and integrating"
+    " them with your knowledge stored within your weights"
+    " as well as that stored in a knowledge graph."
+    " Extract all of the knowledge triples from the last line of conversation."
+    " A knowledge triple is a clause that contains a subject, a predicate,"
+    " and an object. The subject is the entity being described,"
+    " the predicate is the property of the subject that is being"
+    " described, and the object is the value of the property.\n\n"
+    "EXAMPLE\n"
+    "Conversation history:\n"
+    "Person #1: Did you hear aliens landed in Area 51?\n"
+    "AI: No, I didn't hear that. What do you know about Area 51?\n"
+    "Person #1: It's a secret military base in Nevada.\n"
+    "AI: What do you know about Nevada?\n"
+    "Last line of conversation:\n"
+    "Person #1: It's a state in the US. It's also the number 1 producer of gold in the US.\n\n"
+    f"Output: (Nevada, is a, state){KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER}(Nevada, is in, US)"
+    f"{KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER}(Nevada, is the number 1 producer of, gold)\n"
+    "END OF EXAMPLE\n\n"
+    "EXAMPLE\n"
+    "Conversation history:\n"
+    "Person #1: Hello.\n"
+    "AI: Hi! How are you?\n"
+    "Person #1: I'm good. How are you?\n"
+    "AI: I'm good too.\n"
+    "Last line of conversation:\n"
+    "Person #1: I'm going to the store.\n\n"
+    "Output: NONE\n"
+    "END OF EXAMPLE\n\n"
+    "EXAMPLE\n"
+    "Conversation history:\n"
+    "Person #1: What do you know about Descartes?\n"
+    "AI: Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who lived in the 17th century.\n"
+    "Person #1: The Descartes I'm referring to is a standup comedian and interior designer from Montreal.\n"
+    "AI: Oh yes, He is a comedian and an interior designer. He has been in the industry for 30 years. His favorite food is baked bean pie.\n"
+    "Last line of conversation:\n"
+    "Person #1: Oh huh. I know Descartes likes to drive antique scooters and play the mandolin.\n"
+    f"Output: (Descartes, likes to drive, antique scooters){KG_TRIPLE_DELIMITER}(Descartes, plays, mandolin)\n"
+    "END OF EXAMPLE\n\n"
+    "Conversation history (for reference only):\n"
+    "{history}"
+    "\nLast line of conversation (for extraction):\n"
+    "Human: {input}\n\n"
+    "Output:"
+)
+
+KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["history", "input"],
+    template=_DEFAULT_KNOWLEDGE_TRIPLE_EXTRACTION_TEMPLATE,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/readonly.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/readonly.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e03c924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/readonly.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+
+
+class ReadOnlySharedMemory(BaseMemory):
+    """Memory wrapper that is read-only and cannot be changed."""
+
+    memory: BaseMemory
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Return memory variables."""
+        return self.memory.memory_variables
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Load memory variables from memory."""
+        return self.memory.load_memory_variables(inputs)
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Nothing should be saved or changed"""
+        pass
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Nothing to clear, got a memory like a vault."""
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/simple.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/simple.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6da1f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/simple.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+
+
+class SimpleMemory(BaseMemory):
+    """Simple memory for storing context or other information that shouldn't
+    ever change between prompts.
+    """
+
+    memories: dict[str, Any] = dict()
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        return list(self.memories.keys())
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        return self.memories
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Nothing should be saved or changed, my memory is set in stone."""
+        pass
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Nothing to clear, got a memory like a vault."""
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/summary.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/summary.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2bb083c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/summary.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache as BaseCache  # For model_rebuild
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks as Callbacks  # For model_rebuild
+from langchain_core.chat_history import BaseChatMessageHistory
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, SystemMessage, get_buffer_string
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+from langchain.memory.prompt import SUMMARY_PROMPT
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.2.12",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "Refer here for how to incorporate summaries of conversation history: "
+        "https://langchain-ai.github.io/langgraph/how-tos/memory/add-summary-conversation-history/"  # noqa: E501
+    ),
+)
+class SummarizerMixin(BaseModel):
+    """Mixin for summarizer."""
+
+    human_prefix: str = "Human"
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+    prompt: BasePromptTemplate = SUMMARY_PROMPT
+    summary_message_cls: type[BaseMessage] = SystemMessage
+
+    def predict_new_summary(
+        self, messages: list[BaseMessage], existing_summary: str
+    ) -> str:
+        new_lines = get_buffer_string(
+            messages,
+            human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+            ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+        )
+
+        chain = LLMChain(llm=self.llm, prompt=self.prompt)
+        return chain.predict(summary=existing_summary, new_lines=new_lines)
+
+    async def apredict_new_summary(
+        self, messages: list[BaseMessage], existing_summary: str
+    ) -> str:
+        new_lines = get_buffer_string(
+            messages,
+            human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+            ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+        )
+
+        chain = LLMChain(llm=self.llm, prompt=self.prompt)
+        return await chain.apredict(summary=existing_summary, new_lines=new_lines)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class ConversationSummaryMemory(BaseChatMemory, SummarizerMixin):
+    """Continually summarizes the conversation history.
+
+    The summary is updated after each conversation turn.
+    The implementations returns a summary of the conversation history which
+    can be used to provide context to the model.
+    """
+
+    buffer: str = ""
+    memory_key: str = "history"  #: :meta private:
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_messages(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        chat_memory: BaseChatMessageHistory,
+        *,
+        summarize_step: int = 2,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ConversationSummaryMemory:
+        obj = cls(llm=llm, chat_memory=chat_memory, **kwargs)
+        for i in range(0, len(obj.chat_memory.messages), summarize_step):
+            obj.buffer = obj.predict_new_summary(
+                obj.chat_memory.messages[i : i + summarize_step], obj.buffer
+            )
+        return obj
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return list of memory variables.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        if self.return_messages:
+            buffer: Any = [self.summary_message_cls(content=self.buffer)]
+        else:
+            buffer = self.buffer
+        return {self.memory_key: buffer}
+
+    @pre_init
+    def validate_prompt_input_variables(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        """Validate that prompt input variables are consistent."""
+        prompt_variables = values["prompt"].input_variables
+        expected_keys = {"summary", "new_lines"}
+        if expected_keys != set(prompt_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Got unexpected prompt input variables. The prompt expects "
+                f"{prompt_variables}, but it should have {expected_keys}."
+            )
+        return values
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        super().save_context(inputs, outputs)
+        self.buffer = self.predict_new_summary(
+            self.chat_memory.messages[-2:], self.buffer
+        )
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear memory contents."""
+        super().clear()
+        self.buffer = ""
+
+
+ConversationSummaryMemory.model_rebuild()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/summary_buffer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/summary_buffer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed5b7910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/summary_buffer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+from langchain.memory.summary import SummarizerMixin
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class ConversationSummaryBufferMemory(BaseChatMemory, SummarizerMixin):
+    """Buffer with summarizer for storing conversation memory.
+
+    Provides a running summary of the conversation together with the most recent
+    messages in the conversation under the constraint that the total number of
+    tokens in the conversation does not exceed a certain limit.
+    """
+
+    max_token_limit: int = 2000
+    moving_summary_buffer: str = ""
+    memory_key: str = "history"
+
+    @property
+    def buffer(self) -> Union[str, list[BaseMessage]]:
+        """String buffer of memory."""
+        return self.load_memory_variables({})[self.memory_key]
+
+    async def abuffer(self) -> Union[str, list[BaseMessage]]:
+        """Async memory buffer."""
+        memory_variables = await self.aload_memory_variables({})
+        return memory_variables[self.memory_key]
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return list of memory variables.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        buffer = self.chat_memory.messages
+        if self.moving_summary_buffer != "":
+            first_messages: list[BaseMessage] = [
+                self.summary_message_cls(content=self.moving_summary_buffer)
+            ]
+            buffer = first_messages + buffer
+        if self.return_messages:
+            final_buffer: Any = buffer
+        else:
+            final_buffer = get_buffer_string(
+                buffer, human_prefix=self.human_prefix, ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix
+            )
+        return {self.memory_key: final_buffer}
+
+    async def aload_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Asynchronously return key-value pairs given the text input to the chain."""
+        buffer = await self.chat_memory.aget_messages()
+        if self.moving_summary_buffer != "":
+            first_messages: list[BaseMessage] = [
+                self.summary_message_cls(content=self.moving_summary_buffer)
+            ]
+            buffer = first_messages + buffer
+        if self.return_messages:
+            final_buffer: Any = buffer
+        else:
+            final_buffer = get_buffer_string(
+                buffer, human_prefix=self.human_prefix, ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix
+            )
+        return {self.memory_key: final_buffer}
+
+    @pre_init
+    def validate_prompt_input_variables(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        """Validate that prompt input variables are consistent."""
+        prompt_variables = values["prompt"].input_variables
+        expected_keys = {"summary", "new_lines"}
+        if expected_keys != set(prompt_variables):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Got unexpected prompt input variables. The prompt expects "
+                f"{prompt_variables}, but it should have {expected_keys}."
+            )
+        return values
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        super().save_context(inputs, outputs)
+        self.prune()
+
+    async def asave_context(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Asynchronously save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        await super().asave_context(inputs, outputs)
+        await self.aprune()
+
+    def prune(self) -> None:
+        """Prune buffer if it exceeds max token limit"""
+        buffer = self.chat_memory.messages
+        curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+        if curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+            pruned_memory = []
+            while curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+                pruned_memory.append(buffer.pop(0))
+                curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+            self.moving_summary_buffer = self.predict_new_summary(
+                pruned_memory, self.moving_summary_buffer
+            )
+
+    async def aprune(self) -> None:
+        """Asynchronously prune buffer if it exceeds max token limit"""
+        buffer = self.chat_memory.messages
+        curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+        if curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+            pruned_memory = []
+            while curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+                pruned_memory.append(buffer.pop(0))
+                curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+            self.moving_summary_buffer = await self.apredict_new_summary(
+                pruned_memory, self.moving_summary_buffer
+            )
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear memory contents."""
+        super().clear()
+        self.moving_summary_buffer = ""
+
+    async def aclear(self) -> None:
+        """Asynchronously clear memory contents."""
+        await super().aclear()
+        self.moving_summary_buffer = ""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/token_buffer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/token_buffer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..527ac7eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/token_buffer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class ConversationTokenBufferMemory(BaseChatMemory):
+    """Conversation chat memory with token limit.
+
+    Keeps only the most recent messages in the conversation under the constraint
+    that the total number of tokens in the conversation does not exceed a certain limit.
+    """
+
+    human_prefix: str = "Human"
+    ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel
+    memory_key: str = "history"
+    max_token_limit: int = 2000
+
+    @property
+    def buffer(self) -> Any:
+        """String buffer of memory."""
+        return self.buffer_as_messages if self.return_messages else self.buffer_as_str
+
+    @property
+    def buffer_as_str(self) -> str:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a string in case return_messages is False."""
+        return get_buffer_string(
+            self.chat_memory.messages,
+            human_prefix=self.human_prefix,
+            ai_prefix=self.ai_prefix,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def buffer_as_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Exposes the buffer as a list of messages in case return_messages is True."""
+        return self.chat_memory.messages
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Will always return list of memory variables.
+
+        :meta private:
+        """
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        return {self.memory_key: self.buffer}
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer. Pruned."""
+        super().save_context(inputs, outputs)
+        # Prune buffer if it exceeds max token limit
+        buffer = self.chat_memory.messages
+        curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+        if curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+            pruned_memory = []
+            while curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+                pruned_memory.append(buffer.pop(0))
+                curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3c8a5bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def get_prompt_input_key(inputs: dict[str, Any], memory_variables: list[str]) -> str:
+    """
+    Get the prompt input key.
+
+    Args:
+        inputs: Dict[str, Any]
+        memory_variables: List[str]
+
+    Returns:
+        A prompt input key.
+    """
+    # "stop" is a special key that can be passed as input but is not used to
+    # format the prompt.
+    prompt_input_keys = list(set(inputs).difference(memory_variables + ["stop"]))
+    if len(prompt_input_keys) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"One input key expected got {prompt_input_keys}")
+    return prompt_input_keys[0]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/vectorstore.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/vectorstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de4dad54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/vectorstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+"""Class for a VectorStore-backed memory object."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStoreRetriever
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseMemory
+from langchain.memory.utils import get_prompt_input_key
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.1",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class VectorStoreRetrieverMemory(BaseMemory):
+    """Store the conversation history in a vector store and retrieves the relevant
+    parts of past conversation based on the input.
+    """
+
+    retriever: VectorStoreRetriever = Field(exclude=True)
+    """VectorStoreRetriever object to connect to."""
+
+    memory_key: str = "history"  #: :meta private:
+    """Key name to locate the memories in the result of load_memory_variables."""
+
+    input_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """Key name to index the inputs to load_memory_variables."""
+
+    return_docs: bool = False
+    """Whether or not to return the result of querying the database directly."""
+
+    exclude_input_keys: Sequence[str] = Field(default_factory=tuple)
+    """Input keys to exclude in addition to memory key when constructing the document"""
+
+    @property
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """The list of keys emitted from the load_memory_variables method."""
+        return [self.memory_key]
+
+    def _get_prompt_input_key(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+        """Get the input key for the prompt."""
+        if self.input_key is None:
+            return get_prompt_input_key(inputs, self.memory_variables)
+        return self.input_key
+
+    def _documents_to_memory_variables(
+        self, docs: list[Document]
+    ) -> dict[str, Union[list[Document], str]]:
+        result: Union[list[Document], str]
+        if not self.return_docs:
+            result = "\n".join([doc.page_content for doc in docs])
+        else:
+            result = docs
+        return {self.memory_key: result}
+
+    def load_memory_variables(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> dict[str, Union[list[Document], str]]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        input_key = self._get_prompt_input_key(inputs)
+        query = inputs[input_key]
+        docs = self.retriever.invoke(query)
+        return self._documents_to_memory_variables(docs)
+
+    async def aload_memory_variables(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> dict[str, Union[list[Document], str]]:
+        """Return history buffer."""
+        input_key = self._get_prompt_input_key(inputs)
+        query = inputs[input_key]
+        docs = await self.retriever.ainvoke(query)
+        return self._documents_to_memory_variables(docs)
+
+    def _form_documents(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Format context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        # Each document should only include the current turn, not the chat history
+        exclude = set(self.exclude_input_keys)
+        exclude.add(self.memory_key)
+        filtered_inputs = {k: v for k, v in inputs.items() if k not in exclude}
+        texts = [
+            f"{k}: {v}"
+            for k, v in list(filtered_inputs.items()) + list(outputs.items())
+        ]
+        page_content = "\n".join(texts)
+        return [Document(page_content=page_content)]
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        documents = self._form_documents(inputs, outputs)
+        self.retriever.add_documents(documents)
+
+    async def asave_context(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer."""
+        documents = self._form_documents(inputs, outputs)
+        await self.retriever.aadd_documents(documents)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Nothing to clear."""
+
+    async def aclear(self) -> None:
+        """Nothing to clear."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/vectorstore_token_buffer_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/vectorstore_token_buffer_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0c04f7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/vectorstore_token_buffer_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+"""
+Class for a conversation memory buffer with older messages stored in a vectorstore .
+
+This implements a conversation memory in which the messages are stored in a memory
+buffer up to a specified token limit. When the limit is exceeded, older messages are
+saved to a vectorstore backing database. The vectorstore can be made persistent across
+sessions.
+"""
+
+import warnings
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import SystemMessagePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStoreRetriever
+from pydantic import Field, PrivateAttr
+
+from langchain.memory import ConversationTokenBufferMemory, VectorStoreRetrieverMemory
+from langchain.memory.chat_memory import BaseChatMemory
+from langchain.text_splitter import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+
+DEFAULT_HISTORY_TEMPLATE = """
+Current date and time: {current_time}.
+
+Potentially relevant timestamped excerpts of previous conversations (you 
+do not need to use these if irrelevant):
+{previous_history}
+
+"""
+
+TIMESTAMP_FORMAT = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z"
+
+
+class ConversationVectorStoreTokenBufferMemory(ConversationTokenBufferMemory):
+    """Conversation chat memory with token limit and vectordb backing.
+
+    load_memory_variables() will return a dict with the key "history".
+    It contains background information retrieved from the vector store
+    plus recent lines of the current conversation.
+
+    To help the LLM understand the part of the conversation stored in the
+    vectorstore, each interaction is timestamped and the current date and
+    time is also provided in the history. A side effect of this is that the
+    LLM will have access to the current date and time.
+
+    Initialization arguments:
+
+    This class accepts all the initialization arguments of
+    ConversationTokenBufferMemory, such as `llm`. In addition, it
+    accepts the following additional arguments
+
+        retriever: (required) A VectorStoreRetriever object to use
+                   as the vector backing store
+
+        split_chunk_size: (optional, 1000) Token chunk split size
+                          for long messages generated by the AI
+
+        previous_history_template: (optional) Template used to format
+                                   the contents of the prompt history
+
+
+    Example using ChromaDB:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from langchain.memory.token_buffer_vectorstore_memory import (
+                ConversationVectorStoreTokenBufferMemory
+        )
+        from langchain_chroma import Chroma
+        from langchain_community.embeddings import HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings
+        from langchain_openai import OpenAI
+
+        embedder = HuggingFaceInstructEmbeddings(
+                        query_instruction="Represent the query for retrieval: "
+        )
+        chroma = Chroma(collection_name="demo",
+                        embedding_function=embedder,
+                        collection_metadata={"hnsw:space": "cosine"},
+                        )
+
+        retriever = chroma.as_retriever(
+                search_type="similarity_score_threshold",
+                search_kwargs={
+                    'k': 5,
+                    'score_threshold': 0.75,
+                },
+        )
+
+        conversation_memory = ConversationVectorStoreTokenBufferMemory(
+                return_messages=True,
+                llm=OpenAI(),
+                retriever=retriever,
+                max_token_limit = 1000,
+        )
+
+        conversation_memory.save_context({"Human": "Hi there"},
+                                          {"AI": "Nice to meet you!"}
+        )
+        conversation_memory.save_context({"Human": "Nice day isn't it?"},
+                                          {"AI": "I love Wednesdays."}
+        )
+        conversation_memory.load_memory_variables({"input": "What time is it?"})
+
+    """
+
+    retriever: VectorStoreRetriever = Field(exclude=True)
+    memory_key: str = "history"
+    previous_history_template: str = DEFAULT_HISTORY_TEMPLATE
+    split_chunk_size: int = 1000
+
+    _memory_retriever: VectorStoreRetrieverMemory = PrivateAttr(default=None)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    _timestamps: list[datetime] = PrivateAttr(default_factory=list)
+
+    @property
+    def memory_retriever(self) -> VectorStoreRetrieverMemory:
+        """Return a memory retriever from the passed retriever object."""
+        if self._memory_retriever is not None:
+            return self._memory_retriever
+        self._memory_retriever = VectorStoreRetrieverMemory(retriever=self.retriever)
+        return self._memory_retriever
+
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return history and memory buffer."""
+        try:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
+                memory_variables = self.memory_retriever.load_memory_variables(inputs)
+            previous_history = memory_variables[self.memory_retriever.memory_key]
+        except AssertionError:  # happens when db is empty
+            previous_history = ""
+        current_history = super().load_memory_variables(inputs)
+        template = SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(
+            self.previous_history_template
+        )
+        messages = [
+            template.format(
+                previous_history=previous_history,
+                current_time=datetime.now().astimezone().strftime(TIMESTAMP_FORMAT),
+            )
+        ]
+        messages.extend(current_history[self.memory_key])
+        return {self.memory_key: messages}
+
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save context from this conversation to buffer. Pruned."""
+        BaseChatMemory.save_context(self, inputs, outputs)
+        self._timestamps.append(datetime.now().astimezone())
+        # Prune buffer if it exceeds max token limit
+        buffer = self.chat_memory.messages
+        curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+        if curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+            while curr_buffer_length > self.max_token_limit:
+                self._pop_and_store_interaction(buffer)
+                curr_buffer_length = self.llm.get_num_tokens_from_messages(buffer)
+
+    def save_remainder(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Save the remainder of the conversation buffer to the vector store.
+
+        This is useful if you have made the vectorstore persistent, in which
+        case this can be called before the end of the session to store the
+        remainder of the conversation.
+        """
+        buffer = self.chat_memory.messages
+        while len(buffer) > 0:
+            self._pop_and_store_interaction(buffer)
+
+    def _pop_and_store_interaction(self, buffer: list[BaseMessage]) -> None:
+        input = buffer.pop(0)
+        output = buffer.pop(0)
+        timestamp = self._timestamps.pop(0).strftime(TIMESTAMP_FORMAT)
+        # Split AI output into smaller chunks to avoid creating documents
+        # that will overflow the context window
+        ai_chunks = self._split_long_ai_text(str(output.content))
+        for index, chunk in enumerate(ai_chunks):
+            self.memory_retriever.save_context(
+                {"Human": f"<{timestamp}/00> {str(input.content)}"},
+                {"AI": f"<{timestamp}/{index:02}> {chunk}"},
+            )
+
+    def _split_long_ai_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=self.split_chunk_size)
+        return [chunk.page_content for chunk in splitter.create_documents([text])]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/zep_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/zep_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17b0d42b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/memory/zep_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.memory.zep_memory import ZepMemory
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ZepMemory": "langchain_community.memory.zep_memory"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ZepMemory",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/model_laboratory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/model_laboratory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ade9dbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/model_laboratory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+"""Experiment with different models."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.language_models.llms import BaseLLM
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_color_mapping, print_text
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+
+class ModelLaboratory:
+    """A utility to experiment with and compare the performance of different models."""
+
+    def __init__(self, chains: Sequence[Chain], names: Optional[list[str]] = None):
+        """Initialize the ModelLaboratory with chains to experiment with.
+
+        Args:
+            chains (Sequence[Chain]): A sequence of chains to experiment with.
+            Each chain must have exactly one input and one output variable.
+        names (Optional[List[str]]): Optional list of names corresponding to each chain.
+            If provided, its length must match the number of chains.
+
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If any chain is not an instance of `Chain`.
+            ValueError: If a chain does not have exactly one input variable.
+            ValueError: If a chain does not have exactly one output variable.
+            ValueError: If the length of `names` does not match the number of chains.
+        """
+        for chain in chains:
+            if not isinstance(chain, Chain):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "ModelLaboratory should now be initialized with Chains. "
+                    "If you want to initialize with LLMs, use the `from_llms` method "
+                    "instead (`ModelLaboratory.from_llms(...)`)"
+                )
+            if len(chain.input_keys) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Currently only support chains with one input variable, "
+                    f"got {chain.input_keys}"
+                )
+            if len(chain.output_keys) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Currently only support chains with one output variable, "
+                    f"got {chain.output_keys}"
+                )
+        if names is not None:
+            if len(names) != len(chains):
+                raise ValueError("Length of chains does not match length of names.")
+        self.chains = chains
+        chain_range = [str(i) for i in range(len(self.chains))]
+        self.chain_colors = get_color_mapping(chain_range)
+        self.names = names
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llms(
+        cls, llms: list[BaseLLM], prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None
+    ) -> ModelLaboratory:
+        """Initialize the ModelLaboratory with LLMs and an optional prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            llms (List[BaseLLM]): A list of LLMs to experiment with.
+            prompt (Optional[PromptTemplate]): An optional prompt to use with the LLMs.
+                If provided, the prompt must contain exactly one input variable.
+
+        Returns:
+            ModelLaboratory: An instance of `ModelLaboratory` initialized with LLMs.
+        """
+        if prompt is None:
+            prompt = PromptTemplate(input_variables=["_input"], template="{_input}")
+        chains = [LLMChain(llm=llm, prompt=prompt) for llm in llms]
+        names = [str(llm) for llm in llms]
+        return cls(chains, names=names)
+
+    def compare(self, text: str) -> None:
+        """Compare model outputs on an input text.
+
+        If a prompt was provided with starting the laboratory, then this text will be
+        fed into the prompt. If no prompt was provided, then the input text is the
+        entire prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            text: input text to run all models on.
+        """
+        print(f"\033[1mInput:\033[0m\n{text}\n")  # noqa: T201
+        for i, chain in enumerate(self.chains):
+            if self.names is not None:
+                name = self.names[i]
+            else:
+                name = str(chain)
+            print_text(name, end="\n")
+            output = chain.run(text)
+            print_text(output, color=self.chain_colors[str(i)], end="\n\n")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c06b7713
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+"""**OutputParser** classes parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseLLMOutputParser --> BaseOutputParser --> <name>OutputParser  # ListOutputParser, PydanticOutputParser
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Serializable, Generation, PromptValue
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import (
+    CommaSeparatedListOutputParser,
+    ListOutputParser,
+    MarkdownListOutputParser,
+    NumberedListOutputParser,
+    PydanticOutputParser,
+    XMLOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_tools import (
+    JsonOutputKeyToolsParser,
+    JsonOutputToolsParser,
+    PydanticToolsParser,
+)
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.output_parsers.boolean import BooleanOutputParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.combining import CombiningOutputParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.datetime import DatetimeOutputParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.enum import EnumOutputParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.fix import OutputFixingParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.pandas_dataframe import PandasDataFrameOutputParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.regex import RegexParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.regex_dict import RegexDictParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.retry import RetryOutputParser, RetryWithErrorOutputParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.structured import ResponseSchema, StructuredOutputParser
+from langchain.output_parsers.yaml import YamlOutputParser
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.output_parsers.rail_parser import GuardrailsOutputParser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GuardrailsOutputParser": "langchain_community.output_parsers.rail_parser"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BooleanOutputParser",
+    "CombiningOutputParser",
+    "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser",
+    "DatetimeOutputParser",
+    "EnumOutputParser",
+    "GuardrailsOutputParser",
+    "ListOutputParser",
+    "MarkdownListOutputParser",
+    "NumberedListOutputParser",
+    "OutputFixingParser",
+    "PandasDataFrameOutputParser",
+    "PydanticOutputParser",
+    "RegexDictParser",
+    "RegexParser",
+    "ResponseSchema",
+    "RetryOutputParser",
+    "RetryWithErrorOutputParser",
+    "StructuredOutputParser",
+    "XMLOutputParser",
+    "JsonOutputToolsParser",
+    "PydanticToolsParser",
+    "JsonOutputKeyToolsParser",
+    "YamlOutputParser",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/boolean.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/boolean.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5114b975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/boolean.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import re
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+
+
+class BooleanOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[bool]):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call to a boolean."""
+
+    true_val: str = "YES"
+    """The string value that should be parsed as True."""
+    false_val: str = "NO"
+    """The string value that should be parsed as False."""
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> bool:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call to a boolean.
+
+        Args:
+            text: output of a language model
+
+        Returns:
+            boolean
+        """
+        regexp = rf"\b({self.true_val}|{self.false_val})\b"
+
+        truthy = {
+            val.upper()
+            for val in re.findall(regexp, text, flags=re.IGNORECASE | re.MULTILINE)
+        }
+        if self.true_val.upper() in truthy:
+            if self.false_val.upper() in truthy:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Ambiguous response. Both {self.true_val} and {self.false_val} "
+                    f"in received: {text}."
+                )
+            return True
+        elif self.false_val.upper() in truthy:
+            if self.true_val.upper() in truthy:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Ambiguous response. Both {self.true_val} and {self.false_val} "
+                    f"in received: {text}."
+                )
+            return False
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"BooleanOutputParser expected output value to include either "
+            f"{self.true_val} or {self.false_val}. Received {text}."
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Snake-case string identifier for an output parser type."""
+        return "boolean_output_parser"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/combining.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/combining.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..295bd55f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/combining.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+
+
+class CombiningOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[dict[str, Any]]):
+    """Combine multiple output parsers into one."""
+
+    parsers: list[BaseOutputParser]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @pre_init
+    def validate_parsers(cls, values: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Validate the parsers."""
+        parsers = values["parsers"]
+        if len(parsers) < 2:
+            raise ValueError("Must have at least two parsers")
+        for parser in parsers:
+            if parser._type == "combining":
+                raise ValueError("Cannot nest combining parsers")
+            if parser._type == "list":
+                raise ValueError("Cannot combine list parsers")
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the type key."""
+        return "combining"
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Instructions on how the LLM output should be formatted."""
+
+        initial = f"For your first output: {self.parsers[0].get_format_instructions()}"
+        subsequent = "\n".join(
+            f"Complete that output fully. Then produce another output, separated by two newline characters: {p.get_format_instructions()}"  # noqa: E501
+            for p in self.parsers[1:]
+        )
+        return f"{initial}\n{subsequent}"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call."""
+        texts = text.split("\n\n")
+        output = dict()
+        for txt, parser in zip(texts, self.parsers):
+            output.update(parser.parse(txt.strip()))
+        return output
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/datetime.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/datetime.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2fd1944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/datetime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import random
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.utils import comma_list
+
+
+def _generate_random_datetime_strings(
+    pattern: str,
+    n: int = 3,
+    start_date: datetime = datetime(1, 1, 1),
+    end_date: datetime = datetime.now() + timedelta(days=3650),
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Generates n random datetime strings conforming to the
+    given pattern within the specified date range.
+
+    Pattern should be a string containing the desired format codes.
+    start_date and end_date should be datetime objects representing
+    the start and end of the date range.
+    """
+    examples = []
+    delta = end_date - start_date
+    for i in range(n):
+        random_delta = random.uniform(0, delta.total_seconds())
+        dt = start_date + timedelta(seconds=random_delta)
+        date_string = dt.strftime(pattern)
+        examples.append(date_string)
+    return examples
+
+
+class DatetimeOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[datetime]):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call to a datetime."""
+
+    format: str = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ"
+    """The string value that used as the datetime format."""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        examples = comma_list(_generate_random_datetime_strings(self.format))
+        return (
+            f"Write a datetime string that matches the "
+            f"following pattern: '{self.format}'.\n\n"
+            f"Examples: {examples}\n\n"
+            f"Return ONLY this string, no other words!"
+        )
+
+    def parse(self, response: str) -> datetime:
+        try:
+            return datetime.strptime(response.strip(), self.format)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Could not parse datetime string: {response}"
+            ) from e
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "datetime"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/enum.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/enum.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7100872d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/enum.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from enum import Enum
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+
+
+class EnumOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[Enum]):
+    """Parse an output that is one of a set of values."""
+
+    enum: type[Enum]
+    """The enum to parse. Its values must be strings."""
+
+    @pre_init
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        enum = values["enum"]
+        if not all(isinstance(e.value, str) for e in enum):
+            raise ValueError("Enum values must be strings")
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def _valid_values(self) -> list[str]:
+        return [e.value for e in self.enum]
+
+    def parse(self, response: str) -> Enum:
+        try:
+            return self.enum(response.strip())
+        except ValueError:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Response '{response}' is not one of the "
+                f"expected values: {self._valid_values}"
+            )
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return f"Select one of the following options: {', '.join(self._valid_values)}"
+
+    @property
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[Enum]:
+        return self.enum
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/ernie_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/ernie_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfe0b590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/ernie_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.output_parsers.ernie_functions import (
+        JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser,
+        JsonOutputFunctionsParser,
+        OutputFunctionsParser,
+        PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser,
+        PydanticOutputFunctionsParser,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser": (
+        "langchain_community.output_parsers.ernie_functions"
+    ),
+    "JsonOutputFunctionsParser": "langchain_community.output_parsers.ernie_functions",
+    "OutputFunctionsParser": "langchain_community.output_parsers.ernie_functions",
+    "PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser": (
+        "langchain_community.output_parsers.ernie_functions"
+    ),
+    "PydanticOutputFunctionsParser": (
+        "langchain_community.output_parsers.ernie_functions"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser",
+    "JsonOutputFunctionsParser",
+    "OutputFunctionsParser",
+    "PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser",
+    "PydanticOutputFunctionsParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/fix.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/fix.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5c3921a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/fix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Annotated, Any, TypeVar, Union
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser, StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableSerializable
+from pydantic import SkipValidation
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from langchain.output_parsers.prompts import NAIVE_FIX_PROMPT
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class OutputFixingParserRetryChainInput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    instructions: str
+    completion: str
+    error: str
+
+
+class OutputFixingParser(BaseOutputParser[T]):
+    """Wrap a parser and try to fix parsing errors."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    parser: Annotated[Any, SkipValidation()]
+    """The parser to use to parse the output."""
+    # Should be an LLMChain but we want to avoid top-level imports from langchain.chains
+    retry_chain: Annotated[
+        Union[RunnableSerializable[OutputFixingParserRetryChainInput, str], Any],
+        SkipValidation(),
+    ]
+    """The RunnableSerializable to use to retry the completion (Legacy: LLMChain)."""
+    max_retries: int = 1
+    """The maximum number of times to retry the parse."""
+    legacy: bool = True
+    """Whether to use the run or arun method of the retry_chain."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: Runnable,
+        parser: BaseOutputParser[T],
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = NAIVE_FIX_PROMPT,
+        max_retries: int = 1,
+    ) -> OutputFixingParser[T]:
+        """Create an OutputFixingParser from a language model and a parser.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: llm to use for fixing
+            parser: parser to use for parsing
+            prompt: prompt to use for fixing
+            max_retries: Maximum number of retries to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            OutputFixingParser
+        """
+        chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(parser=parser, retry_chain=chain, max_retries=max_retries)
+
+    def parse(self, completion: str) -> T:
+        retries = 0
+
+        while retries <= self.max_retries:
+            try:
+                return self.parser.parse(completion)
+            except OutputParserException as e:
+                if retries == self.max_retries:
+                    raise e
+                else:
+                    retries += 1
+                    if self.legacy and hasattr(self.retry_chain, "run"):
+                        completion = self.retry_chain.run(
+                            instructions=self.parser.get_format_instructions(),
+                            completion=completion,
+                            error=repr(e),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            completion = self.retry_chain.invoke(
+                                dict(
+                                    instructions=self.parser.get_format_instructions(),
+                                    completion=completion,
+                                    error=repr(e),
+                                )
+                            )
+                        except (NotImplementedError, AttributeError):
+                            # Case: self.parser does not have get_format_instructions
+                            completion = self.retry_chain.invoke(
+                                dict(
+                                    completion=completion,
+                                    error=repr(e),
+                                )
+                            )
+
+        raise OutputParserException("Failed to parse")
+
+    async def aparse(self, completion: str) -> T:
+        retries = 0
+
+        while retries <= self.max_retries:
+            try:
+                return await self.parser.aparse(completion)
+            except OutputParserException as e:
+                if retries == self.max_retries:
+                    raise e
+                else:
+                    retries += 1
+                    if self.legacy and hasattr(self.retry_chain, "arun"):
+                        completion = await self.retry_chain.arun(
+                            instructions=self.parser.get_format_instructions(),
+                            completion=completion,
+                            error=repr(e),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            completion = await self.retry_chain.ainvoke(
+                                dict(
+                                    instructions=self.parser.get_format_instructions(),
+                                    completion=completion,
+                                    error=repr(e),
+                                )
+                            )
+                        except (NotImplementedError, AttributeError):
+                            # Case: self.parser does not have get_format_instructions
+                            completion = await self.retry_chain.ainvoke(
+                                dict(
+                                    completion=completion,
+                                    error=repr(e),
+                                )
+                            )
+
+        raise OutputParserException("Failed to parse")
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return self.parser.get_format_instructions()
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "output_fixing"
+
+    @property
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[T]:
+        return self.parser.OutputType
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/format_instructions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/format_instructions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9e892f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/format_instructions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+
+STRUCTURED_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The output should be a markdown code snippet formatted in the following schema, including the leading and trailing "```json" and "```":
+
+```json
+{{
+{format}
+}}
+```"""
+
+STRUCTURED_FORMAT_SIMPLE_INSTRUCTIONS = """
+```json
+{{
+{format}
+}}
+```"""
+
+
+PYDANTIC_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The output should be formatted as a JSON instance that conforms to the JSON schema below.
+
+As an example, for the schema {{"properties": {{"foo": {{"title": "Foo", "description": "a list of strings", "type": "array", "items": {{"type": "string"}}}}}}, "required": ["foo"]}}
+the object {{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}} is a well-formatted instance of the schema. The object {{"properties": {{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}}}} is not well-formatted.
+
+Here is the output schema:
+```
+{schema}
+```"""
+
+YAML_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The output should be formatted as a YAML instance that conforms to the given JSON schema below.
+
+# Examples
+## Schema
+```
+{{"title": "Players", "description": "A list of players", "type": "array", "items": {{"$ref": "#/definitions/Player"}}, "definitions": {{"Player": {{"title": "Player", "type": "object", "properties": {{"name": {{"title": "Name", "description": "Player name", "type": "string"}}, "avg": {{"title": "Avg", "description": "Batting average", "type": "number"}}}}, "required": ["name", "avg"]}}}}}}
+```
+## Well formatted instance
+```
+- name: John Doe
+  avg: 0.3
+- name: Jane Maxfield
+  avg: 1.4
+```
+
+## Schema
+```
+{{"properties": {{"habit": {{ "description": "A common daily habit", "type": "string" }}, "sustainable_alternative": {{ "description": "An environmentally friendly alternative to the habit", "type": "string"}}}}, "required": ["habit", "sustainable_alternative"]}}
+```
+## Well formatted instance
+```
+habit: Using disposable water bottles for daily hydration.
+sustainable_alternative: Switch to a reusable water bottle to reduce plastic waste and decrease your environmental footprint.
+``` 
+
+Please follow the standard YAML formatting conventions with an indent of 2 spaces and make sure that the data types adhere strictly to the following JSON schema: 
+```
+{schema}
+```
+
+Make sure to always enclose the YAML output in triple backticks (```). Please do not add anything other than valid YAML output!"""
+
+
+PANDAS_DATAFRAME_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The output should be formatted as a string as the operation, followed by a colon, followed by the column or row to be queried on, followed by optional array parameters.
+1. The column names are limited to the possible columns below.
+2. Arrays must either be a comma-separated list of numbers formatted as [1,3,5], or it must be in range of numbers formatted as [0..4].
+3. Remember that arrays are optional and not necessarily required.
+4. If the column is not in the possible columns or the operation is not a valid Pandas DataFrame operation, return why it is invalid as a sentence starting with either "Invalid column" or "Invalid operation".
+
+As an example, for the formats:
+1. String "column:num_legs" is a well-formatted instance which gets the column num_legs, where num_legs is a possible column.
+2. String "row:1" is a well-formatted instance which gets row 1.
+3. String "column:num_legs[1,2]" is a well-formatted instance which gets the column num_legs for rows 1 and 2, where num_legs is a possible column.
+4. String "row:1[num_legs]" is a well-formatted instance which gets row 1, but for just column num_legs, where num_legs is a possible column.
+5. String "mean:num_legs[1..3]" is a well-formatted instance which takes the mean of num_legs from rows 1 to 3, where num_legs is a possible column and mean is a valid Pandas DataFrame operation.
+6. String "do_something:num_legs" is a badly-formatted instance, where do_something is not a valid Pandas DataFrame operation.
+7. String "mean:invalid_col" is a badly-formatted instance, where invalid_col is not a possible column.
+
+Here are the possible columns:
+```
+{columns}
+```
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20b06e3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import (
+    SimpleJsonOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.json import (
+    parse_and_check_json_markdown,
+    parse_json_markdown,
+    parse_partial_json,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SimpleJsonOutputParser",
+    "parse_partial_json",
+    "parse_json_markdown",
+    "parse_and_check_json_markdown",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/list.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/list.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5ffd8a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.list import (
+    CommaSeparatedListOutputParser,
+    ListOutputParser,
+    MarkdownListOutputParser,
+    NumberedListOutputParser,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ListOutputParser",
+    "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser",
+    "NumberedListOutputParser",
+    "MarkdownListOutputParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b25710c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from langchain.output_parsers.regex import RegexParser
+
+
+def load_output_parser(config: dict) -> dict:
+    """Load an output parser.
+
+    Args:
+        config: config dict
+
+    Returns:
+        config dict with output parser loaded
+    """
+    if "output_parsers" in config:
+        if config["output_parsers"] is not None:
+            _config = config["output_parsers"]
+            output_parser_type = _config["_type"]
+            if output_parser_type == "regex_parser":
+                output_parser = RegexParser(**_config)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unsupported output parser {output_parser_type}")
+            config["output_parsers"] = output_parser
+    return config
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..800b66b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import (
+    JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser,
+    JsonOutputFunctionsParser,
+    PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser,
+    PydanticOutputFunctionsParser,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PydanticOutputFunctionsParser",
+    "PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser",
+    "JsonOutputFunctionsParser",
+    "JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/openai_tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/openai_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57a1a667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/openai_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_tools import (
+    JsonOutputKeyToolsParser,
+    JsonOutputToolsParser,
+    PydanticToolsParser,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["PydanticToolsParser", "JsonOutputToolsParser", "JsonOutputKeyToolsParser"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/pandas_dataframe.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/pandas_dataframe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5afc80d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/pandas_dataframe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import re
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.base import BaseOutputParser
+from pydantic import field_validator
+
+from langchain.output_parsers.format_instructions import (
+    PANDAS_DATAFRAME_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+)
+
+
+class PandasDataFrameOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[dict[str, Any]]):
+    """Parse an output using Pandas DataFrame format."""
+
+    """The Pandas DataFrame to parse."""
+    dataframe: Any
+
+    @field_validator("dataframe")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_dataframe(cls, val: Any) -> Any:
+        import pandas as pd
+
+        if issubclass(type(val), pd.DataFrame):
+            return val
+        if pd.DataFrame(val).empty:
+            raise ValueError("DataFrame cannot be empty.")
+
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Wrong type for 'dataframe', must be a subclass \
+                of Pandas DataFrame (pd.DataFrame)"
+        )
+
+    def parse_array(
+        self, array: str, original_request_params: str
+    ) -> tuple[list[Union[int, str]], str]:
+        parsed_array: list[Union[int, str]] = []
+
+        # Check if the format is [1,3,5]
+        if re.match(r"\[\d+(,\s*\d+)*\]", array):
+            parsed_array = [int(i) for i in re.findall(r"\d+", array)]
+        # Check if the format is [1..5]
+        elif re.match(r"\[(\d+)\.\.(\d+)\]", array):
+            match = re.match(r"\[(\d+)\.\.(\d+)\]", array)
+            if match:
+                start, end = map(int, match.groups())
+                parsed_array = list(range(start, end + 1))
+            else:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"Unable to parse the array provided in {array}. \
+                        Please check the format instructions."
+                )
+        # Check if the format is ["column_name"]
+        elif re.match(r"\[[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:,[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*\]", array):
+            match = re.match(r"\[[a-zA-Z0-9_]+(?:,[a-zA-Z0-9_]+)*\]", array)
+            if match:
+                parsed_array = list(map(str, match.group().strip("[]").split(",")))
+            else:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"Unable to parse the array provided in {array}. \
+                        Please check the format instructions."
+                )
+
+        # Validate the array
+        if not parsed_array:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Invalid array format in '{original_request_params}'. \
+                    Please check the format instructions."
+            )
+        elif (
+            isinstance(parsed_array[0], int)
+            and parsed_array[-1] > self.dataframe.index.max()
+        ):
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"The maximum index {parsed_array[-1]} exceeds the maximum index of \
+                    the Pandas DataFrame {self.dataframe.index.max()}."
+            )
+
+        return parsed_array, original_request_params.split("[")[0]
+
+    def parse(self, request: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        stripped_request_params = None
+        splitted_request = request.strip().split(":")
+        if len(splitted_request) != 2:
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"Request '{request}' is not correctly formatted. \
+                    Please refer to the format instructions."
+            )
+        result = {}
+        try:
+            request_type, request_params = splitted_request
+            if request_type in {"Invalid column", "Invalid operation"}:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"{request}. Please check the format instructions."
+                )
+            array_exists = re.search(r"(\[.*?\])", request_params)
+            if array_exists:
+                parsed_array, stripped_request_params = self.parse_array(
+                    array_exists.group(1), request_params
+                )
+                if request_type == "column":
+                    filtered_df = self.dataframe[
+                        self.dataframe.index.isin(parsed_array)
+                    ]
+                    if len(parsed_array) == 1:
+                        result[stripped_request_params] = filtered_df[
+                            stripped_request_params
+                        ].iloc[parsed_array[0]]
+                    else:
+                        result[stripped_request_params] = filtered_df[
+                            stripped_request_params
+                        ]
+                elif request_type == "row":
+                    filtered_df = self.dataframe[
+                        self.dataframe.columns.intersection(parsed_array)
+                    ]
+                    if len(parsed_array) == 1:
+                        result[stripped_request_params] = filtered_df.iloc[
+                            int(stripped_request_params)
+                        ][parsed_array[0]]
+                    else:
+                        result[stripped_request_params] = filtered_df.iloc[
+                            int(stripped_request_params)
+                        ]
+                else:
+                    filtered_df = self.dataframe[
+                        self.dataframe.index.isin(parsed_array)
+                    ]
+                    result[request_type] = getattr(
+                        filtered_df[stripped_request_params], request_type
+                    )()
+            else:
+                if request_type == "column":
+                    result[request_params] = self.dataframe[request_params]
+                elif request_type == "row":
+                    result[request_params] = self.dataframe.iloc[int(request_params)]
+                else:
+                    result[request_type] = getattr(
+                        self.dataframe[request_params], request_type
+                    )()
+        except (AttributeError, IndexError, KeyError):
+            if request_type not in {"column", "row"}:
+                raise OutputParserException(
+                    f"Unsupported request type '{request_type}'. \
+                        Please check the format instructions."
+                )
+            raise OutputParserException(
+                f"""Requested index {
+                    request_params
+                    if stripped_request_params is None
+                    else stripped_request_params
+                } is out of bounds."""
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return PANDAS_DATAFRAME_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.format(
+            columns=", ".join(self.dataframe.columns)
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/prompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/prompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd06a70c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/prompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+NAIVE_FIX = """Instructions:
+--------------
+{instructions}
+--------------
+Completion:
+--------------
+{completion}
+--------------
+
+Above, the Completion did not satisfy the constraints given in the Instructions.
+Error:
+--------------
+{error}
+--------------
+
+Please try again. Please only respond with an answer that satisfies the constraints laid out in the Instructions:"""
+
+
+NAIVE_FIX_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(NAIVE_FIX)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/pydantic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/pydantic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d8dc727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/pydantic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import PydanticOutputParser
+
+__all__ = ["PydanticOutputParser"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/rail_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/rail_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79637931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/rail_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.output_parsers.rail_parser import GuardrailsOutputParser
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GuardrailsOutputParser": "langchain_community.output_parsers.rail_parser"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GuardrailsOutputParser",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/regex.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/regex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c469db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/regex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+
+
+class RegexParser(BaseOutputParser[dict[str, str]]):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call using a regex."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    regex: str
+    """The regex to use to parse the output."""
+    output_keys: list[str]
+    """The keys to use for the output."""
+    default_output_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The default key to use for the output."""
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the type key."""
+        return "regex_parser"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call."""
+        match = re.search(self.regex, text)
+        if match:
+            return {key: match.group(i + 1) for i, key in enumerate(self.output_keys)}
+        else:
+            if self.default_output_key is None:
+                raise ValueError(f"Could not parse output: {text}")
+            else:
+                return {
+                    key: text if key == self.default_output_key else ""
+                    for key in self.output_keys
+                }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/regex_dict.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/regex_dict.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..755de405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/regex_dict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+
+
+class RegexDictParser(BaseOutputParser[dict[str, str]]):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call into a Dictionary using a regex."""
+
+    regex_pattern: str = r"{}:\s?([^.'\n']*)\.?"  # : :meta private:
+    """The regex pattern to use to parse the output."""
+    output_key_to_format: dict[str, str]
+    """The keys to use for the output."""
+    no_update_value: Optional[str] = None
+    """The default key to use for the output."""
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the type key."""
+        return "regex_dict_parser"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call."""
+        result = {}
+        for output_key, expected_format in self.output_key_to_format.items():
+            specific_regex = self.regex_pattern.format(re.escape(expected_format))
+            matches = re.findall(specific_regex, text)
+            if not matches:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"No match found for output key: {output_key} with expected format \
+                        {expected_format} on text {text}"
+                )
+            elif len(matches) > 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Multiple matches found for output key: {output_key} with \
+                        expected format {expected_format} on text {text}"
+                )
+            elif (
+                self.no_update_value is not None and matches[0] == self.no_update_value
+            ):
+                continue
+            else:
+                result[output_key] = matches[0]
+        return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db20dd2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Annotated, Any, TypeVar, Union
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser, StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableSerializable
+from pydantic import SkipValidation
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+NAIVE_COMPLETION_RETRY = """Prompt:
+{prompt}
+Completion:
+{completion}
+
+Above, the Completion did not satisfy the constraints given in the Prompt.
+Please try again:"""
+
+NAIVE_COMPLETION_RETRY_WITH_ERROR = """Prompt:
+{prompt}
+Completion:
+{completion}
+
+Above, the Completion did not satisfy the constraints given in the Prompt.
+Details: {error}
+Please try again:"""
+
+NAIVE_RETRY_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(NAIVE_COMPLETION_RETRY)
+NAIVE_RETRY_WITH_ERROR_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+    NAIVE_COMPLETION_RETRY_WITH_ERROR
+)
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class RetryOutputParserRetryChainInput(TypedDict):
+    prompt: str
+    completion: str
+
+
+class RetryWithErrorOutputParserRetryChainInput(TypedDict):
+    prompt: str
+    completion: str
+    error: str
+
+
+class RetryOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[T]):
+    """Wrap a parser and try to fix parsing errors.
+
+    Does this by passing the original prompt and the completion to another
+    LLM, and telling it the completion did not satisfy criteria in the prompt.
+    """
+
+    parser: Annotated[BaseOutputParser[T], SkipValidation()]
+    """The parser to use to parse the output."""
+    # Should be an LLMChain but we want to avoid top-level imports from langchain.chains
+    retry_chain: Annotated[
+        Union[RunnableSerializable[RetryOutputParserRetryChainInput, str], Any],
+        SkipValidation(),
+    ]
+    """The RunnableSerializable to use to retry the completion (Legacy: LLMChain)."""
+    max_retries: int = 1
+    """The maximum number of times to retry the parse."""
+    legacy: bool = True
+    """Whether to use the run or arun method of the retry_chain."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        parser: BaseOutputParser[T],
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = NAIVE_RETRY_PROMPT,
+        max_retries: int = 1,
+    ) -> RetryOutputParser[T]:
+        """Create an RetryOutputParser from a language model and a parser.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: llm to use for fixing
+            parser: parser to use for parsing
+            prompt: prompt to use for fixing
+            max_retries: Maximum number of retries to parse.
+
+        Returns:
+            RetryOutputParser
+        """
+        chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(parser=parser, retry_chain=chain, max_retries=max_retries)
+
+    def parse_with_prompt(self, completion: str, prompt_value: PromptValue) -> T:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call using a wrapped parser.
+
+        Args:
+            completion: The chain completion to parse.
+            prompt_value: The prompt to use to parse the completion.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed completion.
+        """
+        retries = 0
+
+        while retries <= self.max_retries:
+            try:
+                return self.parser.parse(completion)
+            except OutputParserException as e:
+                if retries == self.max_retries:
+                    raise e
+                else:
+                    retries += 1
+                    if self.legacy and hasattr(self.retry_chain, "run"):
+                        completion = self.retry_chain.run(
+                            prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                            completion=completion,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        completion = self.retry_chain.invoke(
+                            dict(
+                                prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                                completion=completion,
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        raise OutputParserException("Failed to parse")
+
+    async def aparse_with_prompt(self, completion: str, prompt_value: PromptValue) -> T:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call using a wrapped parser.
+
+        Args:
+            completion: The chain completion to parse.
+            prompt_value: The prompt to use to parse the completion.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed completion.
+        """
+        retries = 0
+
+        while retries <= self.max_retries:
+            try:
+                return await self.parser.aparse(completion)
+            except OutputParserException as e:
+                if retries == self.max_retries:
+                    raise e
+                else:
+                    retries += 1
+                    if self.legacy and hasattr(self.retry_chain, "arun"):
+                        completion = await self.retry_chain.arun(
+                            prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                            completion=completion,
+                            error=repr(e),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        completion = await self.retry_chain.ainvoke(
+                            dict(
+                                prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                                completion=completion,
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        raise OutputParserException("Failed to parse")
+
+    def parse(self, completion: str) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This OutputParser can only be called by the `parse_with_prompt` method."
+        )
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return self.parser.get_format_instructions()
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "retry"
+
+    @property
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[T]:
+        return self.parser.OutputType
+
+
+class RetryWithErrorOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[T]):
+    """Wrap a parser and try to fix parsing errors.
+
+    Does this by passing the original prompt, the completion, AND the error
+    that was raised to another language model and telling it that the completion
+    did not work, and raised the given error. Differs from RetryOutputParser
+    in that this implementation provides the error that was raised back to the
+    LLM, which in theory should give it more information on how to fix it.
+    """
+
+    parser: Annotated[BaseOutputParser[T], SkipValidation()]
+    """The parser to use to parse the output."""
+    # Should be an LLMChain but we want to avoid top-level imports from langchain.chains
+    retry_chain: Annotated[
+        Union[
+            RunnableSerializable[RetryWithErrorOutputParserRetryChainInput, str], Any
+        ],
+        SkipValidation(),
+    ]
+    """The RunnableSerializable to use to retry the completion (Legacy: LLMChain)."""
+    max_retries: int = 1
+    """The maximum number of times to retry the parse."""
+    legacy: bool = True
+    """Whether to use the run or arun method of the retry_chain."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        parser: BaseOutputParser[T],
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = NAIVE_RETRY_WITH_ERROR_PROMPT,
+        max_retries: int = 1,
+    ) -> RetryWithErrorOutputParser[T]:
+        """Create a RetryWithErrorOutputParser from an LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The LLM to use to retry the completion.
+            parser: The parser to use to parse the output.
+            prompt: The prompt to use to retry the completion.
+            max_retries: The maximum number of times to retry the completion.
+
+        Returns:
+            A RetryWithErrorOutputParser.
+        """
+        chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(parser=parser, retry_chain=chain, max_retries=max_retries)
+
+    def parse_with_prompt(self, completion: str, prompt_value: PromptValue) -> T:
+        retries = 0
+
+        while retries <= self.max_retries:
+            try:
+                return self.parser.parse(completion)
+            except OutputParserException as e:
+                if retries == self.max_retries:
+                    raise e
+                else:
+                    retries += 1
+                    if self.legacy and hasattr(self.retry_chain, "run"):
+                        completion = self.retry_chain.run(
+                            prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                            completion=completion,
+                            error=repr(e),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        completion = self.retry_chain.invoke(
+                            dict(
+                                completion=completion,
+                                prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                                error=repr(e),
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        raise OutputParserException("Failed to parse")
+
+    async def aparse_with_prompt(self, completion: str, prompt_value: PromptValue) -> T:
+        retries = 0
+
+        while retries <= self.max_retries:
+            try:
+                return await self.parser.aparse(completion)
+            except OutputParserException as e:
+                if retries == self.max_retries:
+                    raise e
+                else:
+                    retries += 1
+                    if self.legacy and hasattr(self.retry_chain, "arun"):
+                        completion = await self.retry_chain.arun(
+                            prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                            completion=completion,
+                            error=repr(e),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        completion = await self.retry_chain.ainvoke(
+                            dict(
+                                prompt=prompt_value.to_string(),
+                                completion=completion,
+                                error=repr(e),
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        raise OutputParserException("Failed to parse")
+
+    def parse(self, completion: str) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This OutputParser can only be called by the `parse_with_prompt` method."
+        )
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return self.parser.get_format_instructions()
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "retry_with_error"
+
+    @property
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[T]:
+        return self.parser.OutputType
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/structured.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/structured.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..181acd7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/structured.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import parse_and_check_json_markdown
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain.output_parsers.format_instructions import (
+    STRUCTURED_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS,
+    STRUCTURED_FORMAT_SIMPLE_INSTRUCTIONS,
+)
+
+line_template = '\t"{name}": {type}  // {description}'
+
+
+class ResponseSchema(BaseModel):
+    """Schema for a response from a structured output parser."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the schema."""
+    description: str
+    """The description of the schema."""
+    type: str = "string"
+    """The type of the response."""
+
+
+def _get_sub_string(schema: ResponseSchema) -> str:
+    return line_template.format(
+        name=schema.name, description=schema.description, type=schema.type
+    )
+
+
+class StructuredOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[dict[str, Any]]):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call to a structured output."""
+
+    response_schemas: list[ResponseSchema]
+    """The schemas for the response."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_response_schemas(
+        cls, response_schemas: list[ResponseSchema]
+    ) -> StructuredOutputParser:
+        return cls(response_schemas=response_schemas)
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self, only_json: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Get format instructions for the output parser.
+
+        example:
+        ```python
+        from langchain.output_parsers.structured import (
+            StructuredOutputParser, ResponseSchema
+        )
+
+        response_schemas = [
+            ResponseSchema(
+                name="foo",
+                description="a list of strings",
+                type="List[string]"
+                ),
+            ResponseSchema(
+                name="bar",
+                description="a string",
+                type="string"
+                ),
+        ]
+
+        parser = StructuredOutputParser.from_response_schemas(response_schemas)
+
+        print(parser.get_format_instructions())  # noqa: T201
+
+        output:
+        # The output should be a Markdown code snippet formatted in the following
+        # schema, including the leading and trailing "```json" and "```":
+        #
+        # ```json
+        # {
+        #     "foo": List[string]  // a list of strings
+        #     "bar": string  // a string
+        # }
+        # ```
+
+        Args:
+            only_json (bool): If True, only the json in the Markdown code snippet
+                will be returned, without the introducing text. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        schema_str = "\n".join(
+            [_get_sub_string(schema) for schema in self.response_schemas]
+        )
+        if only_json:
+            return STRUCTURED_FORMAT_SIMPLE_INSTRUCTIONS.format(format=schema_str)
+        else:
+            return STRUCTURED_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.format(format=schema_str)
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        expected_keys = [rs.name for rs in self.response_schemas]
+        return parse_and_check_json_markdown(text, expected_keys)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "structured"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/xml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..655dc65b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.xml import XMLOutputParser
+
+__all__ = ["XMLOutputParser"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/yaml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/yaml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1dfab768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/output_parsers/yaml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+import json
+import re
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+import yaml
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError
+
+from langchain.output_parsers.format_instructions import YAML_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=BaseModel)
+
+
+class YamlOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[T]):
+    """Parse YAML output using a pydantic model."""
+
+    pydantic_object: type[T]
+    """The pydantic model to parse."""
+    pattern: re.Pattern = re.compile(
+        r"^```(?:ya?ml)?(?P<yaml>[^`]*)", re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+    )
+    """Regex pattern to match yaml code blocks 
+    within triple backticks with optional yaml or yml prefix."""
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> T:
+        try:
+            # Greedy search for 1st yaml candidate.
+            match = re.search(self.pattern, text.strip())
+            yaml_str = ""
+            if match:
+                yaml_str = match.group("yaml")
+            else:
+                # If no backticks were present, try to parse the entire output as yaml.
+                yaml_str = text
+
+            json_object = yaml.safe_load(yaml_str)
+            if hasattr(self.pydantic_object, "model_validate"):
+                return self.pydantic_object.model_validate(json_object)
+            else:
+                return self.pydantic_object.parse_obj(json_object)
+
+        except (yaml.YAMLError, ValidationError) as e:
+            name = self.pydantic_object.__name__
+            msg = f"Failed to parse {name} from completion {text}. Got: {e}"
+            raise OutputParserException(msg, llm_output=text) from e
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        # Copy schema to avoid altering original Pydantic schema.
+        schema = {k: v for k, v in self.pydantic_object.schema().items()}
+
+        # Remove extraneous fields.
+        reduced_schema = schema
+        if "title" in reduced_schema:
+            del reduced_schema["title"]
+        if "type" in reduced_schema:
+            del reduced_schema["type"]
+        # Ensure yaml in context is well-formed with double quotes.
+        schema_str = json.dumps(reduced_schema)
+
+        return YAML_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.format(schema=schema_str)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "yaml"
+
+    @property
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[T]:
+        return self.pydantic_object
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63ace4e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+"""**Prompt** is the input to the model.
+
+Prompt is often constructed
+from multiple components. Prompt classes and functions make constructing
+ and working with prompts easy.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BasePromptTemplate --> PipelinePromptTemplate
+                           StringPromptTemplate --> PromptTemplate
+                                                    FewShotPromptTemplate
+                                                    FewShotPromptWithTemplates
+                           BaseChatPromptTemplate --> AutoGPTPrompt
+                                                      ChatPromptTemplate --> AgentScratchPadChatPromptTemplate
+
+
+
+    BaseMessagePromptTemplate --> MessagesPlaceholder
+                                  BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate --> ChatMessagePromptTemplate
+                                                                      HumanMessagePromptTemplate
+                                                                      AIMessagePromptTemplate
+                                                                      SystemMessagePromptTemplate
+
+    PromptValue --> StringPromptValue
+                    ChatPromptValue
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.example_selectors import (
+    LengthBasedExampleSelector,
+    MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector,
+    SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts import (
+    AIMessagePromptTemplate,
+    BaseChatPromptTemplate,
+    BasePromptTemplate,
+    ChatMessagePromptTemplate,
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate,
+    FewShotPromptTemplate,
+    FewShotPromptWithTemplates,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    MessagesPlaceholder,
+    PipelinePromptTemplate,
+    PromptTemplate,
+    StringPromptTemplate,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+    load_prompt,
+)
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.prompts.prompt import Prompt
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.example_selectors.ngram_overlap import (
+        NGramOverlapExampleSelector,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+MODULE_LOOKUP = {
+    "NGramOverlapExampleSelector": "langchain_community.example_selectors.ngram_overlap"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, module_lookup=MODULE_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AIMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "BaseChatPromptTemplate",
+    "BasePromptTemplate",
+    "ChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "ChatPromptTemplate",
+    "FewShotPromptTemplate",
+    "FewShotPromptWithTemplates",
+    "HumanMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "LengthBasedExampleSelector",
+    "MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector",
+    "MessagesPlaceholder",
+    "NGramOverlapExampleSelector",
+    "PipelinePromptTemplate",
+    "PromptTemplate",
+    "SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector",
+    "StringPromptTemplate",
+    "SystemMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "load_prompt",
+    "FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "Prompt",
+]
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index 00000000..3300c560
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a315ec92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import StringPromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts import (
+    BasePromptTemplate,
+    StringPromptTemplate,
+    check_valid_template,
+    get_template_variables,
+    jinja2_formatter,
+    validate_jinja2,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import _get_jinja2_variables_from_template
+
+__all__ = [
+    "jinja2_formatter",
+    "validate_jinja2",
+    "check_valid_template",
+    "get_template_variables",
+    "StringPromptTemplate",
+    "BasePromptTemplate",
+    "StringPromptValue",
+    "_get_jinja2_variables_from_template",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35de60b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import ChatPromptValue, ChatPromptValueConcrete
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    AIMessagePromptTemplate,
+    BaseChatPromptTemplate,
+    BaseMessagePromptTemplate,
+    BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate,
+    ChatMessagePromptTemplate,
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+    MessageLike,
+    MessageLikeRepresentation,
+    MessagePromptTemplateT,
+    MessagesPlaceholder,
+    SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+    _convert_to_message,
+    _create_template_from_message_type,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "MessagesPlaceholder",
+    "BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "ChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "HumanMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "AIMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "SystemMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "BaseChatPromptTemplate",
+    "ChatPromptTemplate",
+    "ChatPromptValue",
+    "ChatPromptValueConcrete",
+    "_convert_to_message",
+    "_create_template_from_message_type",
+    "MessagePromptTemplateT",
+    "MessageLike",
+    "MessageLikeRepresentation",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e56a21b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""Logic for selecting examples to include in prompts."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.example_selectors.length_based import (
+    LengthBasedExampleSelector,
+)
+from langchain_core.example_selectors.semantic_similarity import (
+    MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector,
+    SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector,
+)
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.example_selectors.ngram_overlap import (
+        NGramOverlapExampleSelector,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUPS = {
+    "NGramOverlapExampleSelector": "langchain_community.example_selectors.ngram_overlap"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUPS)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LengthBasedExampleSelector",
+    "MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector",
+    "NGramOverlapExampleSelector",
+    "SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/__pycache__/semantic_similarity.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/__pycache__/semantic_similarity.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6c9e074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.example_selectors.base import BaseExampleSelector
+
+__all__ = ["BaseExampleSelector"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/length_based.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/length_based.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bb38d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/length_based.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from langchain_core.example_selectors.length_based import (
+    LengthBasedExampleSelector,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LengthBasedExampleSelector"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/ngram_overlap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/ngram_overlap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae2e1417
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/ngram_overlap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.example_selectors.ngram_overlap import (
+        NGramOverlapExampleSelector,
+        ngram_overlap_score,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+MODULE_LOOKUP = {
+    "NGramOverlapExampleSelector": (
+        "langchain_community.example_selectors.ngram_overlap"
+    ),
+    "ngram_overlap_score": "langchain_community.example_selectors.ngram_overlap",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__file__, deprecated_lookups=MODULE_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NGramOverlapExampleSelector",
+    "ngram_overlap_score",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/semantic_similarity.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/semantic_similarity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e921236d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/example_selector/semantic_similarity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from langchain_core.example_selectors.semantic_similarity import (
+    MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector,
+    SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector,
+    sorted_values,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "sorted_values",
+    "SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector",
+    "MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/few_shot.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/few_shot.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67b31062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/few_shot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import (
+    FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate,
+    FewShotPromptTemplate,
+    _FewShotPromptTemplateMixin,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FewShotPromptTemplate",
+    "FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "_FewShotPromptTemplateMixin",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/few_shot_with_templates.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/few_shot_with_templates.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e530dbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/few_shot_with_templates.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot_with_templates import FewShotPromptWithTemplates
+
+__all__ = ["FewShotPromptWithTemplates"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1dfcd90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from langchain_core.prompts.loading import (
+    _load_examples,
+    _load_few_shot_prompt,
+    _load_output_parser,
+    _load_prompt,
+    _load_prompt_from_file,
+    _load_template,
+    load_prompt,
+    load_prompt_from_config,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.loading import try_load_from_hub
+
+__all__ = [
+    "load_prompt_from_config",
+    "load_prompt",
+    "try_load_from_hub",
+    "_load_examples",
+    "_load_few_shot_prompt",
+    "_load_output_parser",
+    "_load_prompt",
+    "_load_prompt_from_file",
+    "_load_template",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/pipeline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/pipeline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88e2cc79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/pipeline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.prompts.pipeline import PipelinePromptTemplate, _get_inputs
+
+__all__ = ["PipelinePromptTemplate", "_get_inputs"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e35f878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/prompts/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+# For backwards compatibility.
+Prompt = PromptTemplate
+
+__all__ = ["PromptTemplate", "Prompt"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cabc662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from importlib import metadata
+
+from langchain_core._api import warn_deprecated
+
+## Create namespaces for pydantic v1 and v2.
+# This code must stay at the top of the file before other modules may
+# attempt to import pydantic since it adds pydantic_v1 and pydantic_v2 to sys.modules.
+#
+# This hack is done for the following reasons:
+# * Langchain will attempt to remain compatible with both pydantic v1 and v2 since
+#   both dependencies and dependents may be stuck on either version of v1 or v2.
+# * Creating namespaces for pydantic v1 and v2 should allow us to write code that
+#   unambiguously uses either v1 or v2 API.
+# * This change is easier to roll out and roll back.
+from pydantic.v1 import *  # noqa: F403
+
+try:
+    _PYDANTIC_MAJOR_VERSION: int = int(metadata.version("pydantic").split(".")[0])
+except metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+    _PYDANTIC_MAJOR_VERSION = 0
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "0.3.0",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    alternative="pydantic.v1 or pydantic",
+    message=(
+        "As of langchain-core 0.3.0, LangChain uses pydantic v2 internally. "
+        "The langchain.pydantic_v1 module was a "
+        "compatibility shim for pydantic v1, and should no longer be used. "
+        "Please update the code to import from Pydantic directly.\n\n"
+        "For example, replace imports like: "
+        "`from langchain.pydantic_v1 import BaseModel`\n"
+        "with: `from pydantic import BaseModel`\n"
+        "or the v1 compatibility namespace if you are working in a code base "
+        "that has not been fully upgraded to pydantic 2 yet. "
+        "\tfrom pydantic.v1 import BaseModel\n"
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/dataclasses.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/dataclasses.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/main.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/main.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/dataclasses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/dataclasses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdadd11d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/dataclasses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from langchain_core._api import warn_deprecated
+from pydantic.v1.dataclasses import *  # noqa: F403
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "0.3.0",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    alternative="pydantic.v1 or pydantic",
+    message=(
+        "As of langchain-core 0.3.0, LangChain uses pydantic v2 internally. "
+        "The langchain.pydantic_v1 module was a "
+        "compatibility shim for pydantic v1, and should no longer be used. "
+        "Please update the code to import from Pydantic directly.\n\n"
+        "For example, replace imports like: "
+        "`from langchain.pydantic_v1 import BaseModel`\n"
+        "with: `from pydantic import BaseModel`\n"
+        "or the v1 compatibility namespace if you are working in a code base "
+        "that has not been fully upgraded to pydantic 2 yet. "
+        "\tfrom pydantic.v1 import BaseModel\n"
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8630658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/pydantic_v1/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from langchain_core._api import warn_deprecated
+from pydantic.v1.main import *  # noqa: F403
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "0.3.0",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    alternative="pydantic.v1 or pydantic",
+    message=(
+        "As of langchain-core 0.3.0, LangChain uses pydantic v2 internally. "
+        "The langchain.pydantic_v1 module was a "
+        "compatibility shim for pydantic v1, and should no longer be used. "
+        "Please update the code to import from Pydantic directly.\n\n"
+        "For example, replace imports like: "
+        "`from langchain.pydantic_v1 import BaseModel`\n"
+        "with: `from pydantic import BaseModel`\n"
+        "or the v1 compatibility namespace if you are working in a code base "
+        "that has not been fully upgraded to pydantic 2 yet. "
+        "\tfrom pydantic.v1 import BaseModel\n"
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/python.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/python.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a077fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""For backwards compatibility."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+# Code has been removed from the community package as well.
+# We'll proxy to community package, which will raise an appropriate exception,
+# but we'll not include this in __all__, so it won't be listed as importable.
+
+_importer = create_importer(
+    __package__,
+    deprecated_lookups={"PythonREPL": "langchain_community.utilities.python"},
+)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _importer(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/requests.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/requests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90034f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/requests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""DEPRECATED: Kept for backwards compatibility."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import (
+        Requests,
+        RequestsWrapper,
+        TextRequestsWrapper,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Requests": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "RequestsWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "TextRequestsWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Requests",
+    "RequestsWrapper",
+    "TextRequestsWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba28b14c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+"""**Retriever** class returns Documents given a text **query**.
+
+It is more general than a vector store. A retriever does not need to be able to
+store documents, only to return (or retrieve) it. Vector stores can be used as
+the backbone of a retriever, but there are other types of retrievers as well.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseRetriever --> <name>Retriever  # Examples: ArxivRetriever, MergerRetriever
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Document, Serializable, Callbacks,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api.module_import import create_importer
+from langchain.retrievers.contextual_compression import ContextualCompressionRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.ensemble import EnsembleRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.merger_retriever import MergerRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.multi_query import MultiQueryRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.multi_vector import MultiVectorRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.parent_document_retriever import ParentDocumentRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.re_phraser import RePhraseQueryRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.self_query.base import SelfQueryRetriever
+from langchain.retrievers.time_weighted_retriever import (
+    TimeWeightedVectorStoreRetriever,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import (
+        AmazonKendraRetriever,
+        AmazonKnowledgeBasesRetriever,
+        ArceeRetriever,
+        ArxivRetriever,
+        AzureAISearchRetriever,
+        AzureCognitiveSearchRetriever,
+        BM25Retriever,
+        ChaindeskRetriever,
+        ChatGPTPluginRetriever,
+        CohereRagRetriever,
+        DocArrayRetriever,
+        DriaRetriever,
+        ElasticSearchBM25Retriever,
+        EmbedchainRetriever,
+        GoogleCloudEnterpriseSearchRetriever,
+        GoogleDocumentAIWarehouseRetriever,
+        GoogleVertexAIMultiTurnSearchRetriever,
+        GoogleVertexAISearchRetriever,
+        KayAiRetriever,
+        KNNRetriever,
+        LlamaIndexGraphRetriever,
+        LlamaIndexRetriever,
+        MetalRetriever,
+        MilvusRetriever,
+        NeuralDBRetriever,
+        OutlineRetriever,
+        PineconeHybridSearchRetriever,
+        PubMedRetriever,
+        RemoteLangChainRetriever,
+        SVMRetriever,
+        TavilySearchAPIRetriever,
+        TFIDFRetriever,
+        VespaRetriever,
+        WeaviateHybridSearchRetriever,
+        WebResearchRetriever,
+        WikipediaRetriever,
+        ZepRetriever,
+        ZillizRetriever,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AmazonKendraRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "AmazonKnowledgeBasesRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ArceeRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ArxivRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "AzureAISearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "AzureCognitiveSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ChatGPTPluginRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ChaindeskRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "CohereRagRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ElasticSearchBM25Retriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "EmbedchainRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "GoogleDocumentAIWarehouseRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "GoogleCloudEnterpriseSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "GoogleVertexAIMultiTurnSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "GoogleVertexAISearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "KayAiRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "KNNRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "LlamaIndexGraphRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "LlamaIndexRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "MetalRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "MilvusRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "OutlineRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "PineconeHybridSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "PubMedRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "RemoteLangChainRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "SVMRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "TavilySearchAPIRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "BM25Retriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "DriaRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "NeuralDBRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "TFIDFRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "VespaRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "WeaviateHybridSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "WebResearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "WikipediaRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ZepRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ZillizRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "DocArrayRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AmazonKendraRetriever",
+    "AmazonKnowledgeBasesRetriever",
+    "ArceeRetriever",
+    "ArxivRetriever",
+    "AzureAISearchRetriever",
+    "AzureCognitiveSearchRetriever",
+    "BM25Retriever",
+    "ChaindeskRetriever",
+    "ChatGPTPluginRetriever",
+    "CohereRagRetriever",
+    "ContextualCompressionRetriever",
+    "DocArrayRetriever",
+    "DriaRetriever",
+    "ElasticSearchBM25Retriever",
+    "EmbedchainRetriever",
+    "EnsembleRetriever",
+    "GoogleCloudEnterpriseSearchRetriever",
+    "GoogleDocumentAIWarehouseRetriever",
+    "GoogleVertexAIMultiTurnSearchRetriever",
+    "GoogleVertexAISearchRetriever",
+    "KayAiRetriever",
+    "KNNRetriever",
+    "LlamaIndexGraphRetriever",
+    "LlamaIndexRetriever",
+    "MergerRetriever",
+    "MetalRetriever",
+    "MilvusRetriever",
+    "MultiQueryRetriever",
+    "MultiVectorRetriever",
+    "OutlineRetriever",
+    "ParentDocumentRetriever",
+    "PineconeHybridSearchRetriever",
+    "PubMedRetriever",
+    "RemoteLangChainRetriever",
+    "RePhraseQueryRetriever",
+    "SelfQueryRetriever",
+    "SVMRetriever",
+    "TavilySearchAPIRetriever",
+    "TFIDFRetriever",
+    "TimeWeightedVectorStoreRetriever",
+    "VespaRetriever",
+    "WeaviateHybridSearchRetriever",
+    "WebResearchRetriever",
+    "WikipediaRetriever",
+    "ZepRetriever",
+    "NeuralDBRetriever",
+    "ZillizRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__pycache__/zep.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__pycache__/zep.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c7c01947
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__pycache__/zilliz.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/__pycache__/zilliz.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/arcee.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/arcee.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ba3b563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/arcee.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import ArceeRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ArceeRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArceeRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/arxiv.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/arxiv.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fce2d20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/arxiv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import ArxivRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ArxivRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArxivRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/azure_ai_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/azure_ai_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd061535
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/azure_ai_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import (
+        AzureAISearchRetriever,
+        AzureCognitiveSearchRetriever,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AzureAISearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "AzureCognitiveSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureAISearchRetriever",
+    "AzureCognitiveSearchRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/bedrock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/bedrock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25558d92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/bedrock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import AmazonKnowledgeBasesRetriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.bedrock import (
+        RetrievalConfig,
+        VectorSearchConfig,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "VectorSearchConfig": "langchain_community.retrievers.bedrock",
+    "RetrievalConfig": "langchain_community.retrievers.bedrock",
+    "AmazonKnowledgeBasesRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VectorSearchConfig",
+    "RetrievalConfig",
+    "AmazonKnowledgeBasesRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/bm25.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/bm25.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5dc4195
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/bm25.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import BM25Retriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.bm25 import default_preprocessing_func
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "default_preprocessing_func": "langchain_community.retrievers.bm25",
+    "BM25Retriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "default_preprocessing_func",
+    "BM25Retriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/chaindesk.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/chaindesk.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0a9f6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/chaindesk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import ChaindeskRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChaindeskRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChaindeskRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/chatgpt_plugin_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/chatgpt_plugin_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6258c462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/chatgpt_plugin_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import ChatGPTPluginRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ChatGPTPluginRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatGPTPluginRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/cohere_rag_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/cohere_rag_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c2e1bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/cohere_rag_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import CohereRagRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CohereRagRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CohereRagRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/contextual_compression.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/contextual_compression.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98da4e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/contextual_compression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever, RetrieverLike
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.base import (
+    BaseDocumentCompressor,
+)
+
+
+class ContextualCompressionRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that wraps a base retriever and compresses the results."""
+
+    base_compressor: BaseDocumentCompressor
+    """Compressor for compressing retrieved documents."""
+
+    base_retriever: RetrieverLike
+    """Base Retriever to use for getting relevant documents."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents relevant for a query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: string to find relevant documents for
+
+        Returns:
+            Sequence of relevant documents
+        """
+        docs = self.base_retriever.invoke(
+            query, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}, **kwargs
+        )
+        if docs:
+            compressed_docs = self.base_compressor.compress_documents(
+                docs, query, callbacks=run_manager.get_child()
+            )
+            return list(compressed_docs)
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents relevant for a query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: string to find relevant documents for
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents
+        """
+        docs = await self.base_retriever.ainvoke(
+            query, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}, **kwargs
+        )
+        if docs:
+            compressed_docs = await self.base_compressor.acompress_documents(
+                docs, query, callbacks=run_manager.get_child()
+            )
+            return list(compressed_docs)
+        else:
+            return []
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/databerry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/databerry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3eeca776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/databerry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.databerry import DataberryRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DataberryRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers.databerry"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DataberryRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/docarray.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/docarray.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f433c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/docarray.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import DocArrayRetriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.docarray import SearchType
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchType": "langchain_community.retrievers.docarray",
+    "DocArrayRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchType",
+    "DocArrayRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de0710bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import importlib
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.base import DocumentCompressorPipeline
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.chain_extract import (
+    LLMChainExtractor,
+)
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.chain_filter import (
+    LLMChainFilter,
+)
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.cohere_rerank import CohereRerank
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.cross_encoder_rerank import (
+    CrossEncoderReranker,
+)
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.embeddings_filter import (
+    EmbeddingsFilter,
+)
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.listwise_rerank import (
+    LLMListwiseRerank,
+)
+
+_module_lookup = {
+    "FlashrankRerank": "langchain_community.document_compressors.flashrank_rerank",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name in _module_lookup:
+        module = importlib.import_module(_module_lookup[name])
+        return getattr(module, name)
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocumentCompressorPipeline",
+    "EmbeddingsFilter",
+    "LLMListwiseRerank",
+    "LLMChainExtractor",
+    "LLMChainFilter",
+    "CohereRerank",
+    "CrossEncoderReranker",
+] + list(_module_lookup.keys())
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a2ca567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from inspect import signature
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import (
+    BaseDocumentCompressor,
+    BaseDocumentTransformer,
+    Document,
+)
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+
+class DocumentCompressorPipeline(BaseDocumentCompressor):
+    """Document compressor that uses a pipeline of Transformers."""
+
+    transformers: list[Union[BaseDocumentTransformer, BaseDocumentCompressor]]
+    """List of document filters that are chained together and run in sequence."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Transform a list of documents."""
+        for _transformer in self.transformers:
+            if isinstance(_transformer, BaseDocumentCompressor):
+                accepts_callbacks = (
+                    signature(_transformer.compress_documents).parameters.get(
+                        "callbacks"
+                    )
+                    is not None
+                )
+                if accepts_callbacks:
+                    documents = _transformer.compress_documents(
+                        documents, query, callbacks=callbacks
+                    )
+                else:
+                    documents = _transformer.compress_documents(documents, query)
+            elif isinstance(_transformer, BaseDocumentTransformer):
+                documents = _transformer.transform_documents(documents)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Got unexpected transformer type: {_transformer}")
+        return documents
+
+    async def acompress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Compress retrieved documents given the query context."""
+        for _transformer in self.transformers:
+            if isinstance(_transformer, BaseDocumentCompressor):
+                accepts_callbacks = (
+                    signature(_transformer.acompress_documents).parameters.get(
+                        "callbacks"
+                    )
+                    is not None
+                )
+                if accepts_callbacks:
+                    documents = await _transformer.acompress_documents(
+                        documents, query, callbacks=callbacks
+                    )
+                else:
+                    documents = await _transformer.acompress_documents(documents, query)
+            elif isinstance(_transformer, BaseDocumentTransformer):
+                documents = await _transformer.atransform_documents(documents)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Got unexpected transformer type: {_transformer}")
+        return documents
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_extract.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_extract.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0892504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_extract.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+"""DocumentFilter that uses an LLM chain to extract the relevant parts of documents."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, cast
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser, StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.base import BaseDocumentCompressor
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.chain_extract_prompt import (
+    prompt_template,
+)
+
+
+def default_get_input(query: str, doc: Document) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Return the compression chain input."""
+    return {"question": query, "context": doc.page_content}
+
+
+class NoOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[str]):
+    """Parse outputs that could return a null string of some sort."""
+
+    no_output_str: str = "NO_OUTPUT"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> str:
+        cleaned_text = text.strip()
+        if cleaned_text == self.no_output_str:
+            return ""
+        return cleaned_text
+
+
+def _get_default_chain_prompt() -> PromptTemplate:
+    output_parser = NoOutputParser()
+    template = prompt_template.format(no_output_str=output_parser.no_output_str)
+    return PromptTemplate(
+        template=template,
+        input_variables=["question", "context"],
+        output_parser=output_parser,
+    )
+
+
+class LLMChainExtractor(BaseDocumentCompressor):
+    """Document compressor that uses an LLM chain to extract
+    the relevant parts of documents."""
+
+    llm_chain: Runnable
+    """LLM wrapper to use for compressing documents."""
+
+    get_input: Callable[[str, Document], dict] = default_get_input
+    """Callable for constructing the chain input from the query and a Document."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Compress page content of raw documents."""
+        compressed_docs = []
+        for doc in documents:
+            _input = self.get_input(query, doc)
+            output_ = self.llm_chain.invoke(_input, config={"callbacks": callbacks})
+            if isinstance(self.llm_chain, LLMChain):
+                output = output_[self.llm_chain.output_key]
+                if self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser is not None:
+                    output = self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser.parse(output)
+            else:
+                output = output_
+            if len(output) == 0:
+                continue
+            compressed_docs.append(
+                Document(page_content=cast(str, output), metadata=doc.metadata)
+            )
+        return compressed_docs
+
+    async def acompress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Compress page content of raw documents asynchronously."""
+        inputs = [self.get_input(query, doc) for doc in documents]
+        outputs = await self.llm_chain.abatch(inputs, {"callbacks": callbacks})
+        compressed_docs = []
+        for i, doc in enumerate(documents):
+            if len(outputs[i]) == 0:
+                continue
+            compressed_docs.append(
+                Document(page_content=outputs[i], metadata=doc.metadata)
+            )
+        return compressed_docs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: Optional[PromptTemplate] = None,
+        get_input: Optional[Callable[[str, Document], str]] = None,
+        llm_chain_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> LLMChainExtractor:
+        """Initialize from LLM."""
+        _prompt = prompt if prompt is not None else _get_default_chain_prompt()
+        _get_input = get_input if get_input is not None else default_get_input
+        if _prompt.output_parser is not None:
+            parser = _prompt.output_parser
+        else:
+            parser = StrOutputParser()
+        llm_chain = _prompt | llm | parser
+        return cls(llm_chain=llm_chain, get_input=_get_input)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_extract_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_extract_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c27b8770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_extract_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+prompt_template = """Given the following question and context, extract any part of the context *AS IS* that is relevant to answer the question. If none of the context is relevant return {no_output_str}. 
+
+Remember, *DO NOT* edit the extracted parts of the context.
+
+> Question: {{question}}
+> Context:
+>>>
+{{context}}
+>>>
+Extracted relevant parts:"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a696c288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""Filter that uses an LLM to drop documents that aren't relevant to the query."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+from langchain.output_parsers.boolean import BooleanOutputParser
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.base import BaseDocumentCompressor
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.chain_filter_prompt import (
+    prompt_template,
+)
+
+
+def _get_default_chain_prompt() -> PromptTemplate:
+    return PromptTemplate(
+        template=prompt_template,
+        input_variables=["question", "context"],
+        output_parser=BooleanOutputParser(),
+    )
+
+
+def default_get_input(query: str, doc: Document) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Return the compression chain input."""
+    return {"question": query, "context": doc.page_content}
+
+
+class LLMChainFilter(BaseDocumentCompressor):
+    """Filter that drops documents that aren't relevant to the query."""
+
+    llm_chain: Runnable
+    """LLM wrapper to use for filtering documents. 
+    The chain prompt is expected to have a BooleanOutputParser."""
+
+    get_input: Callable[[str, Document], dict] = default_get_input
+    """Callable for constructing the chain input from the query and a Document."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Filter down documents based on their relevance to the query."""
+        filtered_docs = []
+
+        config = RunnableConfig(callbacks=callbacks)
+        outputs = zip(
+            self.llm_chain.batch(
+                [self.get_input(query, doc) for doc in documents], config=config
+            ),
+            documents,
+        )
+
+        for output_, doc in outputs:
+            include_doc = None
+            if isinstance(self.llm_chain, LLMChain):
+                output = output_[self.llm_chain.output_key]
+                if self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser is not None:
+                    include_doc = self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser.parse(output)
+            else:
+                if isinstance(output_, bool):
+                    include_doc = output_
+            if include_doc:
+                filtered_docs.append(doc)
+
+        return filtered_docs
+
+    async def acompress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Filter down documents based on their relevance to the query."""
+        filtered_docs = []
+
+        config = RunnableConfig(callbacks=callbacks)
+        outputs = zip(
+            await self.llm_chain.abatch(
+                [self.get_input(query, doc) for doc in documents], config=config
+            ),
+            documents,
+        )
+        for output_, doc in outputs:
+            include_doc = None
+            if isinstance(self.llm_chain, LLMChain):
+                output = output_[self.llm_chain.output_key]
+                if self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser is not None:
+                    include_doc = self.llm_chain.prompt.output_parser.parse(output)
+            else:
+                if isinstance(output_, bool):
+                    include_doc = output_
+            if include_doc:
+                filtered_docs.append(doc)
+
+        return filtered_docs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> "LLMChainFilter":
+        """Create a LLMChainFilter from a language model.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The language model to use for filtering.
+            prompt: The prompt to use for the filter.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A LLMChainFilter that uses the given language model.
+        """
+        _prompt = prompt if prompt is not None else _get_default_chain_prompt()
+        if _prompt.output_parser is not None:
+            parser = _prompt.output_parser
+        else:
+            parser = StrOutputParser()
+        llm_chain = _prompt | llm | parser
+        return cls(llm_chain=llm_chain, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_filter_prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_filter_prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5376dfa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/chain_filter_prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+prompt_template = """Given the following question and context, return YES if the context is relevant to the question and NO if it isn't.
+
+> Question: {question}
+> Context:
+>>>
+{context}
+>>>
+> Relevant (YES / NO):"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cohere_rerank.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cohere_rerank.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8c4c06f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cohere_rerank.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from copy import deepcopy
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core._api.deprecation import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.utils import get_from_dict_or_env
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.base import BaseDocumentCompressor
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.0.30", removal="1.0", alternative_import="langchain_cohere.CohereRerank"
+)
+class CohereRerank(BaseDocumentCompressor):
+    """Document compressor that uses `Cohere Rerank API`."""
+
+    client: Any = None
+    """Cohere client to use for compressing documents."""
+    top_n: Optional[int] = 3
+    """Number of documents to return."""
+    model: str = "rerank-english-v2.0"
+    """Model to use for reranking."""
+    cohere_api_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """Cohere API key. Must be specified directly or via environment variable 
+        COHERE_API_KEY."""
+    user_agent: str = "langchain"
+    """Identifier for the application making the request."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_environment(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate that api key and python package exists in environment."""
+        if not values.get("client"):
+            try:
+                import cohere
+            except ImportError:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "Could not import cohere python package. "
+                    "Please install it with `pip install cohere`."
+                )
+            cohere_api_key = get_from_dict_or_env(
+                values, "cohere_api_key", "COHERE_API_KEY"
+            )
+            client_name = values.get("user_agent", "langchain")
+            values["client"] = cohere.Client(cohere_api_key, client_name=client_name)
+        return values
+
+    def rerank(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Union[str, Document, dict]],
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        model: Optional[str] = None,
+        top_n: Optional[int] = -1,
+        max_chunks_per_doc: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Returns an ordered list of documents ordered by their relevance to the provided query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to use for reranking.
+            documents: A sequence of documents to rerank.
+            model: The model to use for re-ranking. Default to self.model.
+            top_n : The number of results to return. If None returns all results.
+                Defaults to self.top_n.
+            max_chunks_per_doc : The maximum number of chunks derived from a document.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if len(documents) == 0:  # to avoid empty api call
+            return []
+        docs = [
+            doc.page_content if isinstance(doc, Document) else doc for doc in documents
+        ]
+        model = model or self.model
+        top_n = top_n if (top_n is None or top_n > 0) else self.top_n
+        results = self.client.rerank(
+            query=query,
+            documents=docs,
+            model=model,
+            top_n=top_n,
+            max_chunks_per_doc=max_chunks_per_doc,
+        )
+        if hasattr(results, "results"):
+            results = getattr(results, "results")
+        result_dicts = []
+        for res in results:
+            result_dicts.append(
+                {
+                    "index": res.index,
+                    "relevance_score": res.relevance_score,
+                }
+            )
+        return result_dicts
+
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """
+        Compress documents using Cohere's rerank API.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: A sequence of documents to compress.
+            query: The query to use for compressing the documents.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run during the compression process.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of compressed documents.
+        """
+        compressed = []
+        for res in self.rerank(documents, query):
+            doc = documents[res["index"]]
+            doc_copy = Document(doc.page_content, metadata=deepcopy(doc.metadata))
+            doc_copy.metadata["relevance_score"] = res["relevance_score"]
+            compressed.append(doc_copy)
+        return compressed
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cross_encoder.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cross_encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a26ceb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cross_encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+
+class BaseCrossEncoder(ABC):
+    """Interface for cross encoder models."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def score(self, text_pairs: list[tuple[str, str]]) -> list[float]:
+        """Score pairs' similarity.
+
+        Args:
+            text_pairs: List of pairs of texts.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of scores.
+        """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cross_encoder_rerank.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cross_encoder_rerank.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f786279e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/cross_encoder_rerank.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import BaseDocumentCompressor, Document
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.cross_encoder import BaseCrossEncoder
+
+
+class CrossEncoderReranker(BaseDocumentCompressor):
+    """Document compressor that uses CrossEncoder for reranking."""
+
+    model: BaseCrossEncoder
+    """CrossEncoder model to use for scoring similarity
+      between the query and documents."""
+    top_n: int = 3
+    """Number of documents to return."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """
+        Rerank documents using CrossEncoder.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: A sequence of documents to compress.
+            query: The query to use for compressing the documents.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to run during the compression process.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of compressed documents.
+        """
+        scores = self.model.score([(query, doc.page_content) for doc in documents])
+        docs_with_scores = list(zip(documents, scores))
+        result = sorted(docs_with_scores, key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
+        return [doc for doc, _ in result[: self.top_n]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/embeddings_filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/embeddings_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3915d0ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/embeddings_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.utils import pre_init
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.base import (
+    BaseDocumentCompressor,
+)
+
+
+def _get_similarity_function() -> Callable:
+    try:
+        from langchain_community.utils.math import cosine_similarity
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "To use please install langchain-community "
+            "with `pip install langchain-community`."
+        )
+    return cosine_similarity
+
+
+class EmbeddingsFilter(BaseDocumentCompressor):
+    """Document compressor that uses embeddings to drop documents
+    unrelated to the query."""
+
+    embeddings: Embeddings
+    """Embeddings to use for embedding document contents and queries."""
+    similarity_fn: Callable = Field(default_factory=_get_similarity_function)
+    """Similarity function for comparing documents. Function expected to take as input
+    two matrices (List[List[float]]) and return a matrix of scores where higher values
+    indicate greater similarity."""
+    k: Optional[int] = 20
+    """The number of relevant documents to return. Can be set to None, in which case
+    `similarity_threshold` must be specified. Defaults to 20."""
+    similarity_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """Threshold for determining when two documents are similar enough
+    to be considered redundant. Defaults to None, must be specified if `k` is set
+    to None."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @pre_init
+    def validate_params(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        """Validate similarity parameters."""
+        if values["k"] is None and values["similarity_threshold"] is None:
+            raise ValueError("Must specify one of `k` or `similarity_threshold`.")
+        return values
+
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Filter documents based on similarity of their embeddings to the query."""
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.document_transformers.embeddings_redundant_filter import (  # noqa: E501
+                _get_embeddings_from_stateful_docs,
+                get_stateful_documents,
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "To use please install langchain-community "
+                "with `pip install langchain-community`."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import numpy, please install with `pip install numpy`."
+            ) from e
+        stateful_documents = get_stateful_documents(documents)
+        embedded_documents = _get_embeddings_from_stateful_docs(
+            self.embeddings, stateful_documents
+        )
+        embedded_query = self.embeddings.embed_query(query)
+        similarity = self.similarity_fn([embedded_query], embedded_documents)[0]
+        included_idxs: np.ndarray = np.arange(len(embedded_documents))
+        if self.k is not None:
+            included_idxs = np.argsort(similarity)[::-1][: self.k]
+        if self.similarity_threshold is not None:
+            similar_enough = np.where(
+                similarity[included_idxs] > self.similarity_threshold
+            )
+            included_idxs = included_idxs[similar_enough]
+        for i in included_idxs:
+            stateful_documents[i].state["query_similarity_score"] = similarity[i]
+        return [stateful_documents[i] for i in included_idxs]
+
+    async def acompress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Filter documents based on similarity of their embeddings to the query."""
+        try:
+            from langchain_community.document_transformers.embeddings_redundant_filter import (  # noqa: E501
+                _aget_embeddings_from_stateful_docs,
+                get_stateful_documents,
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "To use please install langchain-community "
+                "with `pip install langchain-community`."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import numpy, please install with `pip install numpy`."
+            ) from e
+        stateful_documents = get_stateful_documents(documents)
+        embedded_documents = await _aget_embeddings_from_stateful_docs(
+            self.embeddings, stateful_documents
+        )
+        embedded_query = await self.embeddings.aembed_query(query)
+        similarity = self.similarity_fn([embedded_query], embedded_documents)[0]
+        included_idxs: np.ndarray = np.arange(len(embedded_documents))
+        if self.k is not None:
+            included_idxs = np.argsort(similarity)[::-1][: self.k]
+        if self.similarity_threshold is not None:
+            similar_enough = np.where(
+                similarity[included_idxs] > self.similarity_threshold
+            )
+            included_idxs = included_idxs[similar_enough]
+        for i in included_idxs:
+            stateful_documents[i].state["query_similarity_score"] = similarity[i]
+        return [stateful_documents[i] for i in included_idxs]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/flashrank_rerank.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/flashrank_rerank.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2196fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/flashrank_rerank.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.document_compressors.flashrank_rerank import (
+        FlashrankRerank,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FlashrankRerank": "langchain_community.document_compressors.flashrank_rerank"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FlashrankRerank",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/listwise_rerank.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/listwise_rerank.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b83073b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/document_compressors/listwise_rerank.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+"""Filter that uses an LLM to rerank documents listwise and select top-k."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import BaseDocumentCompressor, Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableLambda, RunnablePassthrough
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+_default_system_tmpl = """{context}
+
+Sort the Documents by their relevance to the Query."""
+_DEFAULT_PROMPT = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+    [("system", _default_system_tmpl), ("human", "{query}")],
+)
+
+
+def _get_prompt_input(input_: dict) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Return the compression chain input."""
+    documents = input_["documents"]
+    context = ""
+    for index, doc in enumerate(documents):
+        context += f"Document ID: {index}\n```{doc.page_content}```\n\n"
+    context += f"Documents = [Document ID: 0, ..., Document ID: {len(documents) - 1}]"
+    return {"query": input_["query"], "context": context}
+
+
+def _parse_ranking(results: dict) -> list[Document]:
+    ranking = results["ranking"]
+    docs = results["documents"]
+    return [docs[i] for i in ranking.ranked_document_ids]
+
+
+class LLMListwiseRerank(BaseDocumentCompressor):
+    """Document compressor that uses `Zero-Shot Listwise Document Reranking`.
+
+    Adapted from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.02156.pdf
+
+    ``LLMListwiseRerank`` uses a language model to rerank a list of documents based on
+    their relevance to a query.
+
+    **NOTE**: requires that underlying model implement ``with_structured_output``.
+
+    Example usage:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.retrievers.document_compressors.listwise_rerank import (
+                LLMListwiseRerank,
+            )
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            documents = [
+                Document("Sally is my friend from school"),
+                Document("Steve is my friend from home"),
+                Document("I didn't always like yogurt"),
+                Document("I wonder why it's called football"),
+                Document("Where's waldo"),
+            ]
+
+            reranker = LLMListwiseRerank.from_llm(
+                llm=ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo"), top_n=3
+            )
+            compressed_docs = reranker.compress_documents(documents, "Who is steve")
+            assert len(compressed_docs) == 3
+            assert "Steve" in compressed_docs[0].page_content
+    """
+
+    reranker: Runnable[dict, list[Document]]
+    """LLM-based reranker to use for filtering documents. Expected to take in a dict 
+        with 'documents: Sequence[Document]' and 'query: str' keys and output a 
+        List[Document]."""
+
+    top_n: int = 3
+    """Number of documents to return."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Filter down documents based on their relevance to the query."""
+        results = self.reranker.invoke(
+            {"documents": documents, "query": query}, config={"callbacks": callbacks}
+        )
+        return results[: self.top_n]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        *,
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> "LLMListwiseRerank":
+        """Create a LLMListwiseRerank document compressor from a language model.
+
+        Args:
+            llm: The language model to use for filtering. **Must implement
+                BaseLanguageModel.with_structured_output().**
+            prompt: The prompt to use for the filter.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A LLMListwiseRerank document compressor that uses the given language model.
+        """
+
+        if llm.with_structured_output == BaseLanguageModel.with_structured_output:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"llm of type {type(llm)} does not implement `with_structured_output`."
+            )
+
+        class RankDocuments(BaseModel):
+            """Rank the documents by their relevance to the user question.
+            Rank from most to least relevant."""
+
+            ranked_document_ids: list[int] = Field(
+                ...,
+                description=(
+                    "The integer IDs of the documents, sorted from most to least "
+                    "relevant to the user question."
+                ),
+            )
+
+        _prompt = prompt if prompt is not None else _DEFAULT_PROMPT
+        reranker = RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+            ranking=RunnableLambda(_get_prompt_input)
+            | _prompt
+            | llm.with_structured_output(RankDocuments)
+        ) | RunnableLambda(_parse_ranking)
+        return cls(reranker=reranker, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/elastic_search_bm25.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/elastic_search_bm25.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52d5ffae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/elastic_search_bm25.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import ElasticSearchBM25Retriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ElasticSearchBM25Retriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ElasticSearchBM25Retriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/embedchain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/embedchain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e2958db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/embedchain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import EmbedchainRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EmbedchainRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EmbedchainRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/ensemble.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/ensemble.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fe344c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/ensemble.py
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+"""
+Ensemble retriever that ensemble the results of
+multiple retrievers by using weighted  Reciprocal Rank Fusion
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Hashable, Iterable, Iterator
+from itertools import chain
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever, RetrieverLike
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import ensure_config, patch_config
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+)
+from pydantic import model_validator
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+H = TypeVar("H", bound=Hashable)
+
+
+def unique_by_key(iterable: Iterable[T], key: Callable[[T], H]) -> Iterator[T]:
+    """Yield unique elements of an iterable based on a key function.
+
+    Args:
+        iterable: The iterable to filter.
+        key: A function that returns a hashable key for each element.
+
+    Yields:
+        Unique elements of the iterable based on the key function.
+    """
+    seen = set()
+    for e in iterable:
+        if (k := key(e)) not in seen:
+            seen.add(k)
+            yield e
+
+
+class EnsembleRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that ensembles the multiple retrievers.
+
+    It uses a rank fusion.
+
+    Args:
+        retrievers: A list of retrievers to ensemble.
+        weights: A list of weights corresponding to the retrievers. Defaults to equal
+            weighting for all retrievers.
+        c: A constant added to the rank, controlling the balance between the importance
+            of high-ranked items and the consideration given to lower-ranked items.
+            Default is 60.
+        id_key: The key in the document's metadata used to determine unique documents.
+            If not specified, page_content is used.
+    """
+
+    retrievers: list[RetrieverLike]
+    weights: list[float]
+    c: int = 60
+    id_key: Optional[str] = None
+
+    @property
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        """List configurable fields for this runnable."""
+        return get_unique_config_specs(
+            spec for retriever in self.retrievers for spec in retriever.config_specs
+        )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def set_weights(cls, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+        if not values.get("weights"):
+            n_retrievers = len(values["retrievers"])
+            values["weights"] = [1 / n_retrievers] * n_retrievers
+        return values
+
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: str, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManager
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            None,
+            verbose=kwargs.get("verbose", False),
+            inheritable_tags=config.get("tags", []),
+            local_tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata", {}),
+            local_metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_retriever_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        try:
+            result = self.rank_fusion(input, run_manager=run_manager, config=config)
+        except Exception as e:
+            run_manager.on_retriever_error(e)
+            raise e
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_retriever_end(
+                result,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            return result
+
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: str, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        from langchain_core.callbacks import AsyncCallbackManager
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            None,
+            verbose=kwargs.get("verbose", False),
+            inheritable_tags=config.get("tags", []),
+            local_tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata", {}),
+            local_metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_retriever_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        try:
+            result = await self.arank_fusion(
+                input, run_manager=run_manager, config=config
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            await run_manager.on_retriever_error(e)
+            raise e
+        else:
+            await run_manager.on_retriever_end(
+                result,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            return result
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Get the relevant documents for a given query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of reranked documents.
+        """
+
+        # Get fused result of the retrievers.
+        fused_documents = self.rank_fusion(query, run_manager)
+
+        return fused_documents
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Asynchronously get the relevant documents for a given query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of reranked documents.
+        """
+
+        # Get fused result of the retrievers.
+        fused_documents = await self.arank_fusion(query, run_manager)
+
+        return fused_documents
+
+    def rank_fusion(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        *,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Retrieve the results of the retrievers and use rank_fusion_func to get
+        the final result.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of reranked documents.
+        """
+
+        # Get the results of all retrievers.
+        retriever_docs = [
+            retriever.invoke(
+                query,
+                patch_config(
+                    config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"retriever_{i + 1}")
+                ),
+            )
+            for i, retriever in enumerate(self.retrievers)
+        ]
+
+        # Enforce that retrieved docs are Documents for each list in retriever_docs
+        for i in range(len(retriever_docs)):
+            retriever_docs[i] = [
+                Document(page_content=cast(str, doc)) if isinstance(doc, str) else doc
+                for doc in retriever_docs[i]
+            ]
+
+        # apply rank fusion
+        fused_documents = self.weighted_reciprocal_rank(retriever_docs)
+
+        return fused_documents
+
+    async def arank_fusion(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        *,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Asynchronously retrieve the results of the retrievers
+        and use rank_fusion_func to get the final result.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of reranked documents.
+        """
+
+        # Get the results of all retrievers.
+        retriever_docs = await asyncio.gather(
+            *[
+                retriever.ainvoke(
+                    query,
+                    patch_config(
+                        config,
+                        callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"retriever_{i + 1}"),
+                    ),
+                )
+                for i, retriever in enumerate(self.retrievers)
+            ]
+        )
+
+        # Enforce that retrieved docs are Documents for each list in retriever_docs
+        for i in range(len(retriever_docs)):
+            retriever_docs[i] = [
+                Document(page_content=doc) if not isinstance(doc, Document) else doc
+                for doc in retriever_docs[i]
+            ]
+
+        # apply rank fusion
+        fused_documents = self.weighted_reciprocal_rank(retriever_docs)
+
+        return fused_documents
+
+    def weighted_reciprocal_rank(
+        self, doc_lists: list[list[Document]]
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Perform weighted Reciprocal Rank Fusion on multiple rank lists.
+        You can find more details about RRF here:
+        https://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~gvcormac/cormacksigir09-rrf.pdf
+
+        Args:
+            doc_lists: A list of rank lists, where each rank list contains unique items.
+
+        Returns:
+            list: The final aggregated list of items sorted by their weighted RRF
+                    scores in descending order.
+        """
+        if len(doc_lists) != len(self.weights):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Number of rank lists must be equal to the number of weights."
+            )
+
+        # Associate each doc's content with its RRF score for later sorting by it
+        # Duplicated contents across retrievers are collapsed & scored cumulatively
+        rrf_score: dict[str, float] = defaultdict(float)
+        for doc_list, weight in zip(doc_lists, self.weights):
+            for rank, doc in enumerate(doc_list, start=1):
+                rrf_score[
+                    (
+                        doc.page_content
+                        if self.id_key is None
+                        else doc.metadata[self.id_key]
+                    )
+                ] += weight / (rank + self.c)
+
+        # Docs are deduplicated by their contents then sorted by their scores
+        all_docs = chain.from_iterable(doc_lists)
+        sorted_docs = sorted(
+            unique_by_key(
+                all_docs,
+                lambda doc: (
+                    doc.page_content
+                    if self.id_key is None
+                    else doc.metadata[self.id_key]
+                ),
+            ),
+            reverse=True,
+            key=lambda doc: rrf_score[
+                doc.page_content if self.id_key is None else doc.metadata[self.id_key]
+            ],
+        )
+        return sorted_docs
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/google_cloud_documentai_warehouse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/google_cloud_documentai_warehouse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f310037e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/google_cloud_documentai_warehouse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import GoogleDocumentAIWarehouseRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleDocumentAIWarehouseRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleDocumentAIWarehouseRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/google_vertex_ai_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/google_vertex_ai_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f8a71de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/google_vertex_ai_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import (
+        GoogleCloudEnterpriseSearchRetriever,
+        GoogleVertexAIMultiTurnSearchRetriever,
+        GoogleVertexAISearchRetriever,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleVertexAISearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "GoogleVertexAIMultiTurnSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "GoogleCloudEnterpriseSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleVertexAISearchRetriever",
+    "GoogleVertexAIMultiTurnSearchRetriever",
+    "GoogleCloudEnterpriseSearchRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/kay.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/kay.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddc45323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/kay.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import KayAiRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"KayAiRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "KayAiRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/kendra.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/kendra.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..824c6569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/kendra.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import AmazonKendraRetriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.kendra import (
+        AdditionalResultAttribute,
+        AdditionalResultAttributeValue,
+        DocumentAttribute,
+        DocumentAttributeValue,
+        Highlight,
+        QueryResult,
+        QueryResultItem,
+        ResultItem,
+        RetrieveResult,
+        RetrieveResultItem,
+        TextWithHighLights,
+        clean_excerpt,
+        combined_text,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "clean_excerpt": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "combined_text": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "Highlight": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "TextWithHighLights": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "AdditionalResultAttributeValue": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "AdditionalResultAttribute": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "DocumentAttributeValue": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "DocumentAttribute": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "ResultItem": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "QueryResultItem": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "RetrieveResultItem": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "QueryResult": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "RetrieveResult": "langchain_community.retrievers.kendra",
+    "AmazonKendraRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "clean_excerpt",
+    "combined_text",
+    "Highlight",
+    "TextWithHighLights",
+    "AdditionalResultAttributeValue",
+    "AdditionalResultAttribute",
+    "DocumentAttributeValue",
+    "DocumentAttribute",
+    "ResultItem",
+    "QueryResultItem",
+    "RetrieveResultItem",
+    "QueryResult",
+    "RetrieveResult",
+    "AmazonKendraRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/knn.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/knn.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e10d9a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/knn.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import KNNRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"KNNRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "KNNRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/llama_index.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/llama_index.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a86b9e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/llama_index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import (
+        LlamaIndexGraphRetriever,
+        LlamaIndexRetriever,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LlamaIndexRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "LlamaIndexGraphRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LlamaIndexRetriever",
+    "LlamaIndexGraphRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/merger_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/merger_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a192ef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/merger_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+import asyncio
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+
+
+class MergerRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that merges the results of multiple retrievers."""
+
+    retrievers: list[BaseRetriever]
+    """A list of retrievers to merge."""
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Get the relevant documents for a given query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of relevant documents.
+        """
+
+        # Merge the results of the retrievers.
+        merged_documents = self.merge_documents(query, run_manager)
+
+        return merged_documents
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Asynchronously get the relevant documents for a given query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of relevant documents.
+        """
+
+        # Merge the results of the retrievers.
+        merged_documents = await self.amerge_documents(query, run_manager)
+
+        return merged_documents
+
+    def merge_documents(
+        self, query: str, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Merge the results of the retrievers.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of merged documents.
+        """
+
+        # Get the results of all retrievers.
+        retriever_docs = [
+            retriever.invoke(
+                query,
+                config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child(f"retriever_{i + 1}")},
+            )
+            for i, retriever in enumerate(self.retrievers)
+        ]
+
+        # Merge the results of the retrievers.
+        merged_documents = []
+        max_docs = max(map(len, retriever_docs), default=0)
+        for i in range(max_docs):
+            for retriever, doc in zip(self.retrievers, retriever_docs):
+                if i < len(doc):
+                    merged_documents.append(doc[i])
+
+        return merged_documents
+
+    async def amerge_documents(
+        self, query: str, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """
+        Asynchronously merge the results of the retrievers.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query to search for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of merged documents.
+        """
+
+        # Get the results of all retrievers.
+        retriever_docs = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                retriever.ainvoke(
+                    query,
+                    config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child(f"retriever_{i + 1}")},
+                )
+                for i, retriever in enumerate(self.retrievers)
+            )
+        )
+
+        # Merge the results of the retrievers.
+        merged_documents = []
+        max_docs = max(map(len, retriever_docs), default=0)
+        for i in range(max_docs):
+            for retriever, doc in zip(self.retrievers, retriever_docs):
+                if i < len(doc):
+                    merged_documents.append(doc[i])
+
+        return merged_documents
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/metal.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/metal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d4927de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/metal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import MetalRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MetalRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MetalRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/milvus.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/milvus.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd9fd853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/milvus.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import MilvusRetriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.milvus import MilvusRetreiver
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MilvusRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "MilvusRetreiver": "langchain_community.retrievers.milvus",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MilvusRetriever",
+    "MilvusRetreiver",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/multi_query.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/multi_query.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccea321b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/multi_query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+import asyncio
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+from langchain.chains.llm import LLMChain
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class LineListOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[list[str]]):
+    """Output parser for a list of lines."""
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        lines = text.strip().split("\n")
+        return list(filter(None, lines))  # Remove empty lines
+
+
+# Default prompt
+DEFAULT_QUERY_PROMPT = PromptTemplate(
+    input_variables=["question"],
+    template="""You are an AI language model assistant. Your task is 
+    to generate 3 different versions of the given user 
+    question to retrieve relevant documents from a vector  database. 
+    By generating multiple perspectives on the user question, 
+    your goal is to help the user overcome some of the limitations 
+    of distance-based similarity search. Provide these alternative 
+    questions separated by newlines. Original question: {question}""",
+)
+
+
+def _unique_documents(documents: Sequence[Document]) -> list[Document]:
+    return [doc for i, doc in enumerate(documents) if doc not in documents[:i]]
+
+
+class MultiQueryRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Given a query, use an LLM to write a set of queries.
+
+    Retrieve docs for each query. Return the unique union of all retrieved docs.
+    """
+
+    retriever: BaseRetriever
+    llm_chain: Runnable
+    verbose: bool = True
+    parser_key: str = "lines"
+    """DEPRECATED. parser_key is no longer used and should not be specified."""
+    include_original: bool = False
+    """Whether to include the original query in the list of generated queries."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        retriever: BaseRetriever,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = DEFAULT_QUERY_PROMPT,
+        parser_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_original: bool = False,
+    ) -> "MultiQueryRetriever":
+        """Initialize from llm using default template.
+
+        Args:
+            retriever: retriever to query documents from
+            llm: llm for query generation using DEFAULT_QUERY_PROMPT
+            prompt: The prompt which aims to generate several different versions
+                of the given user query
+            include_original: Whether to include the original query in the list of
+                generated queries.
+
+        Returns:
+            MultiQueryRetriever
+        """
+        output_parser = LineListOutputParser()
+        llm_chain = prompt | llm | output_parser
+        return cls(
+            retriever=retriever,
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+            include_original=include_original,
+        )
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get relevant documents given a user query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: user query
+
+        Returns:
+            Unique union of relevant documents from all generated queries
+        """
+        queries = await self.agenerate_queries(query, run_manager)
+        if self.include_original:
+            queries.append(query)
+        documents = await self.aretrieve_documents(queries, run_manager)
+        return self.unique_union(documents)
+
+    async def agenerate_queries(
+        self, question: str, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Generate queries based upon user input.
+
+        Args:
+            question: user query
+
+        Returns:
+            List of LLM generated queries that are similar to the user input
+        """
+        response = await self.llm_chain.ainvoke(
+            {"question": question}, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        if isinstance(self.llm_chain, LLMChain):
+            lines = response["text"]
+        else:
+            lines = response
+        if self.verbose:
+            logger.info(f"Generated queries: {lines}")
+        return lines
+
+    async def aretrieve_documents(
+        self, queries: list[str], run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Run all LLM generated queries.
+
+        Args:
+            queries: query list
+
+        Returns:
+            List of retrieved Documents
+        """
+        document_lists = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                self.retriever.ainvoke(
+                    query, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+                )
+                for query in queries
+            )
+        )
+        return [doc for docs in document_lists for doc in docs]
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get relevant documents given a user query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: user query
+
+        Returns:
+            Unique union of relevant documents from all generated queries
+        """
+        queries = self.generate_queries(query, run_manager)
+        if self.include_original:
+            queries.append(query)
+        documents = self.retrieve_documents(queries, run_manager)
+        return self.unique_union(documents)
+
+    def generate_queries(
+        self, question: str, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Generate queries based upon user input.
+
+        Args:
+            question: user query
+
+        Returns:
+            List of LLM generated queries that are similar to the user input
+        """
+        response = self.llm_chain.invoke(
+            {"question": question}, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        if isinstance(self.llm_chain, LLMChain):
+            lines = response["text"]
+        else:
+            lines = response
+        if self.verbose:
+            logger.info(f"Generated queries: {lines}")
+        return lines
+
+    def retrieve_documents(
+        self, queries: list[str], run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Run all LLM generated queries.
+
+        Args:
+            queries: query list
+
+        Returns:
+            List of retrieved Documents
+        """
+        documents = []
+        for query in queries:
+            docs = self.retriever.invoke(
+                query, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+            )
+            documents.extend(docs)
+        return documents
+
+    def unique_union(self, documents: list[Document]) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get unique Documents.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: List of retrieved Documents
+
+        Returns:
+            List of unique retrieved Documents
+        """
+        return _unique_documents(documents)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/multi_vector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/multi_vector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4b491b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/multi_vector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.stores import BaseStore, ByteStore
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.storage._lc_store import create_kv_docstore
+
+
+class SearchType(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the types of search to perform."""
+
+    similarity = "similarity"
+    """Similarity search."""
+    similarity_score_threshold = "similarity_score_threshold"
+    """Similarity search with a score threshold."""
+    mmr = "mmr"
+    """Maximal Marginal Relevance reranking of similarity search."""
+
+
+class MultiVectorRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retrieve from a set of multiple embeddings for the same document."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore
+    """The underlying vectorstore to use to store small chunks
+    and their embedding vectors"""
+    byte_store: Optional[ByteStore] = None
+    """The lower-level backing storage layer for the parent documents"""
+    docstore: BaseStore[str, Document]
+    """The storage interface for the parent documents"""
+    id_key: str = "doc_id"
+    search_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Keyword arguments to pass to the search function."""
+    search_type: SearchType = SearchType.similarity
+    """Type of search to perform (similarity / mmr)"""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def shim_docstore(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        byte_store = values.get("byte_store")
+        docstore = values.get("docstore")
+        if byte_store is not None:
+            docstore = create_kv_docstore(byte_store)
+        elif docstore is None:
+            raise Exception("You must pass a `byte_store` parameter.")
+        values["docstore"] = docstore
+        return values
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents relevant to a query.
+        Args:
+            query: String to find relevant documents for
+            run_manager: The callbacks handler to use
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents
+        """
+        if self.search_type == SearchType.mmr:
+            sub_docs = self.vectorstore.max_marginal_relevance_search(
+                query, **self.search_kwargs
+            )
+        elif self.search_type == SearchType.similarity_score_threshold:
+            sub_docs_and_similarities = (
+                self.vectorstore.similarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+                    query, **self.search_kwargs
+                )
+            )
+            sub_docs = [sub_doc for sub_doc, _ in sub_docs_and_similarities]
+        else:
+            sub_docs = self.vectorstore.similarity_search(query, **self.search_kwargs)
+
+        # We do this to maintain the order of the ids that are returned
+        ids = []
+        for d in sub_docs:
+            if self.id_key in d.metadata and d.metadata[self.id_key] not in ids:
+                ids.append(d.metadata[self.id_key])
+        docs = self.docstore.mget(ids)
+        return [d for d in docs if d is not None]
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Asynchronously get documents relevant to a query.
+        Args:
+            query: String to find relevant documents for
+            run_manager: The callbacks handler to use
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents
+        """
+        if self.search_type == SearchType.mmr:
+            sub_docs = await self.vectorstore.amax_marginal_relevance_search(
+                query, **self.search_kwargs
+            )
+        elif self.search_type == SearchType.similarity_score_threshold:
+            sub_docs_and_similarities = (
+                await self.vectorstore.asimilarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+                    query, **self.search_kwargs
+                )
+            )
+            sub_docs = [sub_doc for sub_doc, _ in sub_docs_and_similarities]
+        else:
+            sub_docs = await self.vectorstore.asimilarity_search(
+                query, **self.search_kwargs
+            )
+
+        # We do this to maintain the order of the ids that are returned
+        ids = []
+        for d in sub_docs:
+            if self.id_key in d.metadata and d.metadata[self.id_key] not in ids:
+                ids.append(d.metadata[self.id_key])
+        docs = await self.docstore.amget(ids)
+        return [d for d in docs if d is not None]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/outline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/outline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be0e4451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/outline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import OutlineRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OutlineRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OutlineRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/parent_document_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/parent_document_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3b3d1fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/parent_document_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_text_splitters import TextSplitter
+
+from langchain.retrievers import MultiVectorRetriever
+
+
+class ParentDocumentRetriever(MultiVectorRetriever):
+    """Retrieve small chunks then retrieve their parent documents.
+
+    When splitting documents for retrieval, there are often conflicting desires:
+
+    1. You may want to have small documents, so that their embeddings can most
+        accurately reflect their meaning. If too long, then the embeddings can
+        lose meaning.
+    2. You want to have long enough documents that the context of each chunk is
+        retained.
+
+    The ParentDocumentRetriever strikes that balance by splitting and storing
+    small chunks of data. During retrieval, it first fetches the small chunks
+    but then looks up the parent ids for those chunks and returns those larger
+    documents.
+
+    Note that "parent document" refers to the document that a small chunk
+    originated from. This can either be the whole raw document OR a larger
+    chunk.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_chroma import Chroma
+            from langchain_community.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
+            from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+            from langchain.storage import InMemoryStore
+
+            # This text splitter is used to create the parent documents
+            parent_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=2000, add_start_index=True)
+            # This text splitter is used to create the child documents
+            # It should create documents smaller than the parent
+            child_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=400, add_start_index=True)
+            # The vectorstore to use to index the child chunks
+            vectorstore = Chroma(embedding_function=OpenAIEmbeddings())
+            # The storage layer for the parent documents
+            store = InMemoryStore()
+
+            # Initialize the retriever
+            retriever = ParentDocumentRetriever(
+                vectorstore=vectorstore,
+                docstore=store,
+                child_splitter=child_splitter,
+                parent_splitter=parent_splitter,
+            )
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    child_splitter: TextSplitter
+    """The text splitter to use to create child documents."""
+
+    """The key to use to track the parent id. This will be stored in the
+    metadata of child documents."""
+    parent_splitter: Optional[TextSplitter] = None
+    """The text splitter to use to create parent documents.
+    If none, then the parent documents will be the raw documents passed in."""
+
+    child_metadata_fields: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+    """Metadata fields to leave in child documents. If None, leave all parent document 
+        metadata.
+    """
+
+    def _split_docs_for_adding(
+        self,
+        documents: list[Document],
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        add_to_docstore: bool = True,
+    ) -> tuple[list[Document], list[tuple[str, Document]]]:
+        if self.parent_splitter is not None:
+            documents = self.parent_splitter.split_documents(documents)
+        if ids is None:
+            doc_ids = [str(uuid.uuid4()) for _ in documents]
+            if not add_to_docstore:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "If ids are not passed in, `add_to_docstore` MUST be True"
+                )
+        else:
+            if len(documents) != len(ids):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Got uneven list of documents and ids. "
+                    "If `ids` is provided, should be same length as `documents`."
+                )
+            doc_ids = ids
+
+        docs = []
+        full_docs = []
+        for i, doc in enumerate(documents):
+            _id = doc_ids[i]
+            sub_docs = self.child_splitter.split_documents([doc])
+            if self.child_metadata_fields is not None:
+                for _doc in sub_docs:
+                    _doc.metadata = {
+                        k: _doc.metadata[k] for k in self.child_metadata_fields
+                    }
+            for _doc in sub_docs:
+                _doc.metadata[self.id_key] = _id
+            docs.extend(sub_docs)
+            full_docs.append((_id, doc))
+
+        return docs, full_docs
+
+    def add_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: list[Document],
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        add_to_docstore: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Adds documents to the docstore and vectorstores.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: List of documents to add
+            ids: Optional list of ids for documents. If provided should be the same
+                length as the list of documents. Can be provided if parent documents
+                are already in the document store and you don't want to re-add
+                to the docstore. If not provided, random UUIDs will be used as
+                ids.
+            add_to_docstore: Boolean of whether to add documents to docstore.
+                This can be false if and only if `ids` are provided. You may want
+                to set this to False if the documents are already in the docstore
+                and you don't want to re-add them.
+        """
+        docs, full_docs = self._split_docs_for_adding(documents, ids, add_to_docstore)
+        self.vectorstore.add_documents(docs, **kwargs)
+        if add_to_docstore:
+            self.docstore.mset(full_docs)
+
+    async def aadd_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: list[Document],
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        add_to_docstore: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        docs, full_docs = self._split_docs_for_adding(documents, ids, add_to_docstore)
+        await self.vectorstore.aadd_documents(docs, **kwargs)
+        if add_to_docstore:
+            await self.docstore.amset(full_docs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pinecone_hybrid_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pinecone_hybrid_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e27acd05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pinecone_hybrid_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import PineconeHybridSearchRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PineconeHybridSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PineconeHybridSearchRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pubmed.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pubmed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae03d4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pubmed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import PubMedRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PubMedRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PubMedRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pupmed.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pupmed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae03d4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/pupmed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import PubMedRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PubMedRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PubMedRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/re_phraser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/re_phraser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f8fc643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/re_phraser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import logging
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLLM
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# Default template
+DEFAULT_TEMPLATE = """You are an assistant tasked with taking a natural language \
+query from a user and converting it into a query for a vectorstore. \
+In this process, you strip out information that is not relevant for \
+the retrieval task. Here is the user query: {question}"""
+
+# Default prompt
+DEFAULT_QUERY_PROMPT = PromptTemplate.from_template(DEFAULT_TEMPLATE)
+
+
+class RePhraseQueryRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Given a query, use an LLM to re-phrase it.
+    Then, retrieve docs for the re-phrased query."""
+
+    retriever: BaseRetriever
+    llm_chain: Runnable
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        retriever: BaseRetriever,
+        llm: BaseLLM,
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate = DEFAULT_QUERY_PROMPT,
+    ) -> "RePhraseQueryRetriever":
+        """Initialize from llm using default template.
+
+        The prompt used here expects a single input: `question`
+
+        Args:
+            retriever: retriever to query documents from
+            llm: llm for query generation using DEFAULT_QUERY_PROMPT
+            prompt: prompt template for query generation
+
+        Returns:
+            RePhraseQueryRetriever
+        """
+        llm_chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
+        return cls(
+            retriever=retriever,
+            llm_chain=llm_chain,
+        )
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get relevant documents given a user question.
+
+        Args:
+            query: user question
+
+        Returns:
+            Relevant documents for re-phrased question
+        """
+        re_phrased_question = self.llm_chain.invoke(
+            query, {"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        logger.info(f"Re-phrased question: {re_phrased_question}")
+        docs = self.retriever.invoke(
+            re_phrased_question, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        return docs
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/remote_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/remote_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8384e2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/remote_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import RemoteLangChainRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RemoteLangChainRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RemoteLangChainRetriever",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/astradb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/astradb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0d7b4b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/astradb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.astradb import AstraDBTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AstraDBTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.astradb",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["AstraDBTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..801990d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+"""Retriever that generates and executes structured queries over its own data source."""
+
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from langchain_core.structured_query import StructuredQuery, Visitor
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+
+from langchain.chains.query_constructor.base import load_query_constructor_runnable
+from langchain.chains.query_constructor.schema import AttributeInfo
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+QUERY_CONSTRUCTOR_RUN_NAME = "query_constructor"
+
+
+def _get_builtin_translator(vectorstore: VectorStore) -> Visitor:
+    """Get the translator class corresponding to the vector store class."""
+    try:
+        import langchain_community  # noqa: F401
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "The langchain-community package must be installed to use this feature."
+            " Please install it using `pip install langchain-community`."
+        )
+
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.astradb import AstraDBTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.chroma import ChromaTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.dashvector import DashvectorTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.databricks_vector_search import (
+        DatabricksVectorSearchTranslator,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.deeplake import DeepLakeTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.dingo import DingoDBTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.elasticsearch import (
+        ElasticsearchTranslator,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.milvus import MilvusTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.mongodb_atlas import (
+        MongoDBAtlasTranslator,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.myscale import MyScaleTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.neo4j import Neo4jTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.opensearch import OpenSearchTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.pgvector import PGVectorTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.pinecone import PineconeTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.qdrant import QdrantTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.redis import RedisTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.supabase import SupabaseVectorTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.tencentvectordb import (
+        TencentVectorDBTranslator,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.timescalevector import (
+        TimescaleVectorTranslator,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.vectara import VectaraTranslator
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.weaviate import WeaviateTranslator
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        AstraDB,
+        DashVector,
+        DatabricksVectorSearch,
+        DeepLake,
+        Dingo,
+        Milvus,
+        MyScale,
+        Neo4jVector,
+        OpenSearchVectorSearch,
+        PGVector,
+        Qdrant,
+        Redis,
+        SupabaseVectorStore,
+        TencentVectorDB,
+        TimescaleVector,
+        Vectara,
+        Weaviate,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        Chroma as CommunityChroma,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        ElasticsearchStore as ElasticsearchStoreCommunity,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch as CommunityMongoDBAtlasVectorSearch,
+    )
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        Pinecone as CommunityPinecone,
+    )
+
+    BUILTIN_TRANSLATORS: dict[type[VectorStore], type[Visitor]] = {
+        AstraDB: AstraDBTranslator,
+        PGVector: PGVectorTranslator,
+        CommunityPinecone: PineconeTranslator,
+        CommunityChroma: ChromaTranslator,
+        DashVector: DashvectorTranslator,
+        Dingo: DingoDBTranslator,
+        Weaviate: WeaviateTranslator,
+        Vectara: VectaraTranslator,
+        Qdrant: QdrantTranslator,
+        MyScale: MyScaleTranslator,
+        DeepLake: DeepLakeTranslator,
+        ElasticsearchStoreCommunity: ElasticsearchTranslator,
+        Milvus: MilvusTranslator,
+        SupabaseVectorStore: SupabaseVectorTranslator,
+        TimescaleVector: TimescaleVectorTranslator,
+        OpenSearchVectorSearch: OpenSearchTranslator,
+        CommunityMongoDBAtlasVectorSearch: MongoDBAtlasTranslator,
+        Neo4jVector: Neo4jTranslator,
+    }
+    if isinstance(vectorstore, DatabricksVectorSearch):
+        return DatabricksVectorSearchTranslator()
+    elif isinstance(vectorstore, MyScale):
+        return MyScaleTranslator(metadata_key=vectorstore.metadata_column)
+    elif isinstance(vectorstore, Redis):
+        return RedisTranslator.from_vectorstore(vectorstore)
+    elif isinstance(vectorstore, TencentVectorDB):
+        fields = [
+            field.name for field in (vectorstore.meta_fields or []) if field.index
+        ]
+        return TencentVectorDBTranslator(fields)
+    elif vectorstore.__class__ in BUILTIN_TRANSLATORS:
+        return BUILTIN_TRANSLATORS[vectorstore.__class__]()
+    else:
+        try:
+            from langchain_astradb.vectorstores import AstraDBVectorStore
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, AstraDBVectorStore):
+                return AstraDBTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_elasticsearch.vectorstores import ElasticsearchStore
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, ElasticsearchStore):
+                return ElasticsearchTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_pinecone import PineconeVectorStore
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, PineconeVectorStore):
+                return PineconeTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_mongodb import MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch):
+                return MongoDBAtlasTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_neo4j import Neo4jVector
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, Neo4jVector):
+                return Neo4jTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            # Trying langchain_chroma import if exists
+            from langchain_chroma import Chroma
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, Chroma):
+                return ChromaTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_postgres import PGVector
+            from langchain_postgres import PGVectorTranslator as NewPGVectorTranslator
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, PGVector):
+                return NewPGVectorTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_qdrant import QdrantVectorStore
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, QdrantVectorStore):
+                return QdrantTranslator(metadata_key=vectorstore.metadata_payload_key)
+
+        try:
+            # Added in langchain-community==0.2.11
+            from langchain_community.query_constructors.hanavector import HanaTranslator
+            from langchain_community.vectorstores import HanaDB
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, HanaDB):
+                return HanaTranslator()
+
+        try:
+            # Trying langchain_weaviate (weaviate v4) import if exists
+            from langchain_weaviate.vectorstores import WeaviateVectorStore
+
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vectorstore, WeaviateVectorStore):
+                return WeaviateTranslator()
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Self query retriever with Vector Store type {vectorstore.__class__}"
+            f" not supported."
+        )
+
+
+class SelfQueryRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that uses a vector store and an LLM to generate
+    the vector store queries."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore
+    """The underlying vector store from which documents will be retrieved."""
+    query_constructor: Runnable[dict, StructuredQuery] = Field(alias="llm_chain")
+    """The query constructor chain for generating the vector store queries.
+    
+    llm_chain is legacy name kept for backwards compatibility."""
+    search_type: str = "similarity"
+    """The search type to perform on the vector store."""
+    search_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Keyword arguments to pass in to the vector store search."""
+    structured_query_translator: Visitor
+    """Translator for turning internal query language into vectorstore search params."""
+    verbose: bool = False
+
+    use_original_query: bool = False
+    """Use original query instead of the revised new query from LLM"""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        populate_by_name=True,
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_translator(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate translator."""
+        if "structured_query_translator" not in values:
+            values["structured_query_translator"] = _get_builtin_translator(
+                values["vectorstore"]
+            )
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def llm_chain(self) -> Runnable:
+        """llm_chain is legacy name kept for backwards compatibility."""
+        return self.query_constructor
+
+    def _prepare_query(
+        self, query: str, structured_query: StructuredQuery
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict[str, Any]]:
+        new_query, new_kwargs = self.structured_query_translator.visit_structured_query(
+            structured_query
+        )
+        if structured_query.limit is not None:
+            new_kwargs["k"] = structured_query.limit
+        if self.use_original_query:
+            new_query = query
+        search_kwargs = {**self.search_kwargs, **new_kwargs}
+        return new_query, search_kwargs
+
+    def _get_docs_with_query(
+        self, query: str, search_kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        docs = self.vectorstore.search(query, self.search_type, **search_kwargs)
+        return docs
+
+    async def _aget_docs_with_query(
+        self, query: str, search_kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        docs = await self.vectorstore.asearch(query, self.search_type, **search_kwargs)
+        return docs
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents relevant for a query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: string to find relevant documents for
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents
+        """
+        structured_query = self.query_constructor.invoke(
+            {"query": query}, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        if self.verbose:
+            logger.info(f"Generated Query: {structured_query}")
+        new_query, search_kwargs = self._prepare_query(query, structured_query)
+        docs = self._get_docs_with_query(new_query, search_kwargs)
+        return docs
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents relevant for a query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: string to find relevant documents for
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents
+        """
+        structured_query = await self.query_constructor.ainvoke(
+            {"query": query}, config={"callbacks": run_manager.get_child()}
+        )
+        if self.verbose:
+            logger.info(f"Generated Query: {structured_query}")
+        new_query, search_kwargs = self._prepare_query(query, structured_query)
+        docs = await self._aget_docs_with_query(new_query, search_kwargs)
+        return docs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_llm(
+        cls,
+        llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+        vectorstore: VectorStore,
+        document_contents: str,
+        metadata_field_info: Sequence[Union[AttributeInfo, dict]],
+        structured_query_translator: Optional[Visitor] = None,
+        chain_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        enable_limit: bool = False,
+        use_original_query: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> "SelfQueryRetriever":
+        if structured_query_translator is None:
+            structured_query_translator = _get_builtin_translator(vectorstore)
+        chain_kwargs = chain_kwargs or {}
+
+        if (
+            "allowed_comparators" not in chain_kwargs
+            and structured_query_translator.allowed_comparators is not None
+        ):
+            chain_kwargs["allowed_comparators"] = (
+                structured_query_translator.allowed_comparators
+            )
+        if (
+            "allowed_operators" not in chain_kwargs
+            and structured_query_translator.allowed_operators is not None
+        ):
+            chain_kwargs["allowed_operators"] = (
+                structured_query_translator.allowed_operators
+            )
+        query_constructor = load_query_constructor_runnable(
+            llm,
+            document_contents,
+            metadata_field_info,
+            enable_limit=enable_limit,
+            **chain_kwargs,
+        )
+        query_constructor = query_constructor.with_config(
+            run_name=QUERY_CONSTRUCTOR_RUN_NAME
+        )
+        return cls(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            query_constructor=query_constructor,
+            vectorstore=vectorstore,
+            use_original_query=use_original_query,
+            structured_query_translator=structured_query_translator,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/chroma.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/chroma.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e1d3217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/chroma.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.chroma import ChromaTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ChromaTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.chroma",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["ChromaTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/dashvector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/dashvector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4067baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/dashvector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.dashvector import DashvectorTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DashvectorTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.dashvector",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["DashvectorTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/databricks_vector_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/databricks_vector_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ece66269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/databricks_vector_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.databricks_vector_search import (
+        DatabricksVectorSearchTranslator,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DatabricksVectorSearchTranslator": (
+        "langchain_community.query_constructors.databricks_vector_search"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["DatabricksVectorSearchTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/deeplake.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/deeplake.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71f31716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/deeplake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.deeplake import (
+        DeepLakeTranslator,
+        can_cast_to_float,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DeepLakeTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.deeplake",
+    "can_cast_to_float": "langchain_community.query_constructors.deeplake",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["DeepLakeTranslator", "can_cast_to_float"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/dingo.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/dingo.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2acfa95a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/dingo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.dingo import DingoDBTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DingoDBTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.dingo",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["DingoDBTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/elasticsearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/elasticsearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..868524cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/elasticsearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.elasticsearch import (
+        ElasticsearchTranslator,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ElasticsearchTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.elasticsearch",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["ElasticsearchTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/milvus.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/milvus.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17b8934c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/milvus.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.milvus import (
+        MilvusTranslator,
+        process_value,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MilvusTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.milvus",
+    "process_value": "langchain_community.query_constructors.milvus",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["MilvusTranslator", "process_value"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/mongodb_atlas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/mongodb_atlas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81196772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/mongodb_atlas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.mongodb_atlas import (
+        MongoDBAtlasTranslator,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MongoDBAtlasTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.mongodb_atlas",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["MongoDBAtlasTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/myscale.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/myscale.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5bfcadc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/myscale.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.myscale import MyScaleTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MyScaleTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.myscale",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["MyScaleTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/opensearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/opensearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..519cf851
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/opensearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.opensearch import OpenSearchTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "OpenSearchTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.opensearch",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["OpenSearchTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/pgvector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/pgvector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1355b6b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/pgvector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.pgvector import PGVectorTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PGVectorTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.pgvector",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["PGVectorTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/pinecone.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/pinecone.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43d299e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/pinecone.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.pinecone import PineconeTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "PineconeTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.pinecone",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["PineconeTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/qdrant.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/qdrant.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa0f8197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/qdrant.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.qdrant import QdrantTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "QdrantTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.qdrant",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["QdrantTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/redis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/redis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69e7d5c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/redis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.redis import RedisTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RedisTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.redis",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["RedisTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/supabase.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/supabase.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4941fec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/supabase.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.supabase import SupabaseVectorTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SupabaseVectorTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.supabase",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["SupabaseVectorTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/tencentvectordb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/tencentvectordb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c971a1c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/tencentvectordb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.tencentvectordb import (
+        TencentVectorDBTranslator,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TencentVectorDBTranslator": (
+        "langchain_community.query_constructors.tencentvectordb"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["TencentVectorDBTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/timescalevector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/timescalevector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..623ca390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/timescalevector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.timescalevector import (
+        TimescaleVectorTranslator,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TimescaleVectorTranslator": (
+        "langchain_community.query_constructors.timescalevector"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["TimescaleVectorTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/vectara.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/vectara.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fa15959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/vectara.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.vectara import (
+        VectaraTranslator,
+        process_value,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "VectaraTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.vectara",
+    "process_value": "langchain_community.query_constructors.vectara",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["VectaraTranslator", "process_value"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/weaviate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/weaviate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5385258d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/self_query/weaviate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.query_constructors.weaviate import WeaviateTranslator
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "WeaviateTranslator": "langchain_community.query_constructors.weaviate",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["WeaviateTranslator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/svm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/svm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b50d5d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/svm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import SVMRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SVMRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SVMRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/tavily_search_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/tavily_search_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fba6f611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/tavily_search_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import TavilySearchAPIRetriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.tavily_search_api import SearchDepth
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchDepth": "langchain_community.retrievers.tavily_search_api",
+    "TavilySearchAPIRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchDepth",
+    "TavilySearchAPIRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/tfidf.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/tfidf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7c36a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/tfidf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import TFIDFRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TFIDFRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TFIDFRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/time_weighted_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/time_weighted_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e3edd0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/time_weighted_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+import datetime
+from copy import deepcopy
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field
+
+
+def _get_hours_passed(time: datetime.datetime, ref_time: datetime.datetime) -> float:
+    """Get the hours passed between two datetimes."""
+    return (time - ref_time).total_seconds() / 3600
+
+
+class TimeWeightedVectorStoreRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Retriever that combines embedding similarity with
+    recency in retrieving values."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore
+    """The vectorstore to store documents and determine salience."""
+
+    search_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=lambda: dict(k=100))
+    """Keyword arguments to pass to the vectorstore similarity search."""
+
+    # TODO: abstract as a queue
+    memory_stream: list[Document] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """The memory_stream of documents to search through."""
+
+    decay_rate: float = Field(default=0.01)
+    """The exponential decay factor used as (1.0-decay_rate)**(hrs_passed)."""
+
+    k: int = 4
+    """The maximum number of documents to retrieve in a given call."""
+
+    other_score_keys: list[str] = []
+    """Other keys in the metadata to factor into the score, e.g. 'importance'."""
+
+    default_salience: Optional[float] = None
+    """The salience to assign memories not retrieved from the vector store.
+
+    None assigns no salience to documents not fetched from the vector store.
+    """
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def _document_get_date(self, field: str, document: Document) -> datetime.datetime:
+        """Return the value of the date field of a document."""
+        if field in document.metadata:
+            if isinstance(document.metadata[field], float):
+                return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(document.metadata[field])
+            return document.metadata[field]
+        return datetime.datetime.now()
+
+    def _get_combined_score(
+        self,
+        document: Document,
+        vector_relevance: Optional[float],
+        current_time: datetime.datetime,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return the combined score for a document."""
+        hours_passed = _get_hours_passed(
+            current_time,
+            self._document_get_date("last_accessed_at", document),
+        )
+        score = (1.0 - self.decay_rate) ** hours_passed
+        for key in self.other_score_keys:
+            if key in document.metadata:
+                score += document.metadata[key]
+        if vector_relevance is not None:
+            score += vector_relevance
+        return score
+
+    def get_salient_docs(self, query: str) -> dict[int, tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Return documents that are salient to the query."""
+        docs_and_scores: list[tuple[Document, float]]
+        docs_and_scores = self.vectorstore.similarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+            query, **self.search_kwargs
+        )
+        results = {}
+        for fetched_doc, relevance in docs_and_scores:
+            if "buffer_idx" in fetched_doc.metadata:
+                buffer_idx = fetched_doc.metadata["buffer_idx"]
+                doc = self.memory_stream[buffer_idx]
+                results[buffer_idx] = (doc, relevance)
+        return results
+
+    async def aget_salient_docs(self, query: str) -> dict[int, tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Return documents that are salient to the query."""
+        docs_and_scores: list[tuple[Document, float]]
+        docs_and_scores = (
+            await self.vectorstore.asimilarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+                query, **self.search_kwargs
+            )
+        )
+        results = {}
+        for fetched_doc, relevance in docs_and_scores:
+            if "buffer_idx" in fetched_doc.metadata:
+                buffer_idx = fetched_doc.metadata["buffer_idx"]
+                doc = self.memory_stream[buffer_idx]
+                results[buffer_idx] = (doc, relevance)
+        return results
+
+    def _get_rescored_docs(
+        self, docs_and_scores: dict[Any, tuple[Document, Optional[float]]]
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        current_time = datetime.datetime.now()
+        rescored_docs = [
+            (doc, self._get_combined_score(doc, relevance, current_time))
+            for doc, relevance in docs_and_scores.values()
+        ]
+        rescored_docs.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
+        result = []
+        # Ensure frequently accessed memories aren't forgotten
+        for doc, _ in rescored_docs[: self.k]:
+            # TODO: Update vector store doc once `update` method is exposed.
+            buffered_doc = self.memory_stream[doc.metadata["buffer_idx"]]
+            buffered_doc.metadata["last_accessed_at"] = current_time
+            result.append(buffered_doc)
+        return result
+
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        docs_and_scores = {
+            doc.metadata["buffer_idx"]: (doc, self.default_salience)
+            for doc in self.memory_stream[-self.k :]
+        }
+        # If a doc is considered salient, update the salience score
+        docs_and_scores.update(self.get_salient_docs(query))
+        return self._get_rescored_docs(docs_and_scores)
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        docs_and_scores = {
+            doc.metadata["buffer_idx"]: (doc, self.default_salience)
+            for doc in self.memory_stream[-self.k :]
+        }
+        # If a doc is considered salient, update the salience score
+        docs_and_scores.update(await self.aget_salient_docs(query))
+        return self._get_rescored_docs(docs_and_scores)
+
+    def add_documents(self, documents: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> list[str]:
+        """Add documents to vectorstore."""
+        current_time = kwargs.get("current_time")
+        if current_time is None:
+            current_time = datetime.datetime.now()
+        # Avoid mutating input documents
+        dup_docs = [deepcopy(d) for d in documents]
+        for i, doc in enumerate(dup_docs):
+            if "last_accessed_at" not in doc.metadata:
+                doc.metadata["last_accessed_at"] = current_time
+            if "created_at" not in doc.metadata:
+                doc.metadata["created_at"] = current_time
+            doc.metadata["buffer_idx"] = len(self.memory_stream) + i
+        self.memory_stream.extend(dup_docs)
+        return self.vectorstore.add_documents(dup_docs, **kwargs)
+
+    async def aadd_documents(
+        self, documents: list[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Add documents to vectorstore."""
+        current_time = kwargs.get("current_time")
+        if current_time is None:
+            current_time = datetime.datetime.now()
+        # Avoid mutating input documents
+        dup_docs = [deepcopy(d) for d in documents]
+        for i, doc in enumerate(dup_docs):
+            if "last_accessed_at" not in doc.metadata:
+                doc.metadata["last_accessed_at"] = current_time
+            if "created_at" not in doc.metadata:
+                doc.metadata["created_at"] = current_time
+            doc.metadata["buffer_idx"] = len(self.memory_stream) + i
+        self.memory_stream.extend(dup_docs)
+        return await self.vectorstore.aadd_documents(dup_docs, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/vespa_retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/vespa_retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04065ba1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/vespa_retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import VespaRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"VespaRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VespaRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/weaviate_hybrid_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/weaviate_hybrid_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51e468cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/weaviate_hybrid_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import WeaviateHybridSearchRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WeaviateHybridSearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WeaviateHybridSearchRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/web_research.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/web_research.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d853752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/web_research.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.web_research import (
+        QuestionListOutputParser,
+        SearchQueries,
+        WebResearchRetriever,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "QuestionListOutputParser": "langchain_community.retrievers.web_research",
+    "SearchQueries": "langchain_community.retrievers.web_research",
+    "WebResearchRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers.web_research",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["QuestionListOutputParser", "SearchQueries", "WebResearchRetriever"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/wikipedia.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/wikipedia.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23ce0733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/wikipedia.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import WikipediaRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WikipediaRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WikipediaRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/you.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/you.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5267e940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/you.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import YouRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"YouRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "YouRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/zep.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/zep.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ade5e59e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/zep.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import ZepRetriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.zep import SearchScope, SearchType
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchScope": "langchain_community.retrievers.zep",
+    "SearchType": "langchain_community.retrievers.zep",
+    "ZepRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchScope",
+    "SearchType",
+    "ZepRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/zilliz.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/zilliz.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b07c57c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/retrievers/zilliz.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.retrievers import ZillizRetriever
+    from langchain_community.retrievers.zilliz import ZillizRetreiver
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ZillizRetriever": "langchain_community.retrievers",
+    "ZillizRetreiver": "langchain_community.retrievers.zilliz",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ZillizRetriever",
+    "ZillizRetreiver",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a8b3c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+"""LangChain **Runnable** and the **LangChain Expression Language (LCEL)**.
+
+The LangChain Expression Language (LCEL) offers a declarative method to build
+production-grade programs that harness the power of LLMs.
+
+Programs created using LCEL and LangChain Runnables inherently support
+synchronous, asynchronous, batch, and streaming operations.
+
+Support for **async** allows servers hosting the LCEL based programs
+to scale better for higher concurrent loads.
+
+**Batch** operations allow for processing multiple inputs in parallel.
+
+**Streaming** of intermediate outputs, as they're being generated, allows for
+creating more responsive UX.
+
+This module contains non-core Runnable classes.
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..818f2248
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__pycache__/hub.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__pycache__/hub.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab2ec6da
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__pycache__/openai_functions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/__pycache__/openai_functions.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c7ba1fec
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/hub.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/hub.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71fad87b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/hub.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import Input, Output, RunnableBindingBase
+
+
+class HubRunnable(RunnableBindingBase[Input, Output]):
+    """
+    An instance of a runnable stored in the LangChain Hub.
+    """
+
+    owner_repo_commit: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        owner_repo_commit: str,
+        *,
+        api_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        api_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        from langchain.hub import pull
+
+        pulled = pull(owner_repo_commit, api_url=api_url, api_key=api_key)
+        super_kwargs = {
+            "kwargs": {},
+            "config": {},
+            **kwargs,
+            "bound": pulled,
+            "owner_repo_commit": owner_repo_commit,
+        }
+        super().__init__(**super_kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c42d92d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/runnables/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from operator import itemgetter
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_functions import JsonOutputFunctionsParser
+from langchain_core.runnables import RouterRunnable, Runnable
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableBindingBase
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+
+class OpenAIFunction(TypedDict):
+    """A function description for ChatOpenAI"""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function."""
+    description: str
+    """The description of the function."""
+    parameters: dict
+    """The parameters to the function."""
+
+
+class OpenAIFunctionsRouter(RunnableBindingBase[BaseMessage, Any]):
+    """A runnable that routes to the selected function."""
+
+    functions: Optional[list[OpenAIFunction]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        runnables: Mapping[
+            str,
+            Union[
+                Runnable[dict, Any],
+                Callable[[dict], Any],
+            ],
+        ],
+        functions: Optional[list[OpenAIFunction]] = None,
+    ):
+        if functions is not None:
+            assert len(functions) == len(runnables)
+            assert all(func["name"] in runnables for func in functions)
+        router = (
+            JsonOutputFunctionsParser(args_only=False)
+            | {"key": itemgetter("name"), "input": itemgetter("arguments")}
+            | RouterRunnable(runnables)
+        )
+        super().__init__(bound=router, kwargs={}, functions=functions)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7853f3ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""**Schemas** are the LangChain Base Classes and Interfaces."""
+
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache
+from langchain_core.chat_history import BaseChatMessageHistory
+from langchain_core.documents import BaseDocumentTransformer, Document
+from langchain_core.exceptions import LangChainException, OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    ChatMessage,
+    FunctionMessage,
+    HumanMessage,
+    SystemMessage,
+    _message_from_dict,
+    get_buffer_string,
+    messages_from_dict,
+    messages_to_dict,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.base import message_to_dict
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import (
+    BaseLLMOutputParser,
+    BaseOutputParser,
+    StrOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.outputs import (
+    ChatGeneration,
+    ChatResult,
+    Generation,
+    LLMResult,
+    RunInfo,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, format_document
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.stores import BaseStore
+
+RUN_KEY = "__run"
+
+# Backwards compatibility.
+Memory = BaseMemory
+_message_to_dict = message_to_dict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseCache",
+    "BaseMemory",
+    "BaseStore",
+    "AgentFinish",
+    "AgentAction",
+    "Document",
+    "BaseChatMessageHistory",
+    "BaseDocumentTransformer",
+    "BaseMessage",
+    "ChatMessage",
+    "FunctionMessage",
+    "HumanMessage",
+    "AIMessage",
+    "SystemMessage",
+    "messages_from_dict",
+    "messages_to_dict",
+    "message_to_dict",
+    "_message_to_dict",
+    "_message_from_dict",
+    "get_buffer_string",
+    "RunInfo",
+    "LLMResult",
+    "ChatResult",
+    "ChatGeneration",
+    "Generation",
+    "PromptValue",
+    "LangChainException",
+    "BaseRetriever",
+    "RUN_KEY",
+    "Memory",
+    "OutputParserException",
+    "StrOutputParser",
+    "BaseOutputParser",
+    "BaseLLMOutputParser",
+    "BasePromptTemplate",
+    "format_document",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/__pycache__/vectorstore.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/__pycache__/vectorstore.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/agent.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/agent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..498a4aea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/agent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentActionMessageLog, AgentFinish
+
+__all__ = ["AgentAction", "AgentActionMessageLog", "AgentFinish"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8407af18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.caches import RETURN_VAL_TYPE, BaseCache
+
+__all__ = ["BaseCache", "RETURN_VAL_TYPE"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab2053a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import (
+    AsyncCallbackHandler,
+    BaseCallbackHandler,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerMixin,
+    ChainManagerMixin,
+    LLMManagerMixin,
+    RetrieverManagerMixin,
+    RunManagerMixin,
+    ToolManagerMixin,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RetrieverManagerMixin",
+    "LLMManagerMixin",
+    "ChainManagerMixin",
+    "ToolManagerMixin",
+    "CallbackManagerMixin",
+    "RunManagerMixin",
+    "BaseCallbackHandler",
+    "AsyncCallbackHandler",
+    "BaseCallbackManager",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/manager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a459e1bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    AsyncParentRunManager,
+    AsyncRunManager,
+    BaseRunManager,
+    CallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForChainGroup,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    ParentRunManager,
+    RunManager,
+    handle_event,
+    trace_as_chain_group,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers.context import (
+    collect_runs,
+    register_configure_hook,
+    tracing_enabled,
+    tracing_v2_enabled,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.env import env_var_is_set
+
+__all__ = [
+    "tracing_enabled",
+    "tracing_v2_enabled",
+    "collect_runs",
+    "trace_as_chain_group",
+    "handle_event",
+    "BaseRunManager",
+    "RunManager",
+    "ParentRunManager",
+    "AsyncRunManager",
+    "AsyncParentRunManager",
+    "CallbackManagerForLLMRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForToolRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun",
+    "CallbackManager",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainGroup",
+    "AsyncCallbackManager",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup",
+    "register_configure_hook",
+    "env_var_is_set",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..754e5824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.callbacks.stdout import StdOutCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = ["StdOutCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35608689
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.callbacks.streaming_stdout import StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = ["StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce38a8bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer, TracerException
+
+__all__ = ["TracerException", "BaseTracer"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/evaluation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/evaluation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..363c74fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/evaluation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.evaluation import (
+    EvaluatorCallbackHandler,
+    wait_for_all_evaluators,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["wait_for_all_evaluators", "EvaluatorCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/langchain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/langchain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8415dfab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/langchain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import (
+    LangChainTracer,
+    get_client,
+    log_error_once,
+    wait_for_all_tracers,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["log_error_once", "wait_for_all_tracers", "get_client", "LangChainTracer"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/langchain_v1.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/langchain_v1.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fca2d759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/langchain_v1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain_v1 import LangChainTracerV1, get_headers
+
+__all__ = ["get_headers", "LangChainTracerV1"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/log_stream.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/log_stream.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef3dd946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/log_stream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import (
+    LogEntry,
+    LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+    RunLog,
+    RunLogPatch,
+    RunState,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["LogEntry", "RunState", "RunLogPatch", "RunLog", "LogStreamCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/root_listeners.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/root_listeners.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dee9bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/root_listeners.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.root_listeners import RootListenersTracer
+
+__all__ = ["RootListenersTracer"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/run_collector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/run_collector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1240026b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/run_collector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.run_collector import RunCollectorCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = ["RunCollectorCallbackHandler"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/schemas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/schemas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fb49dbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import (
+    BaseRun,
+    ChainRun,
+    LLMRun,
+    Run,
+    RunTypeEnum,
+    ToolRun,
+    TracerSession,
+    TracerSessionBase,
+    TracerSessionV1,
+    TracerSessionV1Base,
+    TracerSessionV1Create,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunTypeEnum",
+    "TracerSessionV1Base",
+    "TracerSessionV1Create",
+    "TracerSessionV1",
+    "TracerSessionBase",
+    "TracerSession",
+    "BaseRun",
+    "LLMRun",
+    "ChainRun",
+    "ToolRun",
+    "Run",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2ef6fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/callbacks/tracers/stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from langchain_core.tracers.stdout import (
+    ConsoleCallbackHandler,
+    FunctionCallbackHandler,
+    elapsed,
+    try_json_stringify,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "try_json_stringify",
+    "elapsed",
+    "FunctionCallbackHandler",
+    "ConsoleCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f9080f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.chat_sessions import ChatSession
+
+__all__ = ["ChatSession"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/chat_history.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/chat_history.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08dcffe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/chat_history.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.chat_history import BaseChatMessageHistory
+
+__all__ = ["BaseChatMessageHistory"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/document.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/document.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b5b254b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/document.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.documents import BaseDocumentTransformer, Document
+
+__all__ = ["Document", "BaseDocumentTransformer"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/embeddings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/embeddings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd38b627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/embeddings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+__all__ = ["Embeddings"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a26216c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.exceptions import LangChainException
+
+__all__ = ["LangChainException"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/language_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/language_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63a0292b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/language_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from langchain_core.language_models import (
+    BaseLanguageModel,
+    LanguageModelInput,
+    LanguageModelOutput,
+    get_tokenizer,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models.base import _get_token_ids_default_method
+
+__all__ = [
+    "get_tokenizer",
+    "BaseLanguageModel",
+    "_get_token_ids_default_method",
+    "LanguageModelInput",
+    "LanguageModelOutput",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2f3d73e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.memory import BaseMemory
+
+__all__ = ["BaseMemory"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/messages.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/messages.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c42e609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/messages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    AIMessageChunk,
+    AnyMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    BaseMessageChunk,
+    ChatMessage,
+    ChatMessageChunk,
+    FunctionMessage,
+    FunctionMessageChunk,
+    HumanMessage,
+    HumanMessageChunk,
+    SystemMessage,
+    SystemMessageChunk,
+    ToolMessage,
+    ToolMessageChunk,
+    _message_from_dict,
+    get_buffer_string,
+    merge_content,
+    message_to_dict,
+    messages_from_dict,
+    messages_to_dict,
+)
+
+# Backwards compatibility.
+_message_to_dict = message_to_dict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "get_buffer_string",
+    "BaseMessage",
+    "merge_content",
+    "BaseMessageChunk",
+    "HumanMessage",
+    "HumanMessageChunk",
+    "AIMessage",
+    "AIMessageChunk",
+    "SystemMessage",
+    "SystemMessageChunk",
+    "FunctionMessage",
+    "FunctionMessageChunk",
+    "ToolMessage",
+    "ToolMessageChunk",
+    "ChatMessage",
+    "ChatMessageChunk",
+    "messages_to_dict",
+    "messages_from_dict",
+    "_message_to_dict",
+    "_message_from_dict",
+    "message_to_dict",
+    "AnyMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/output.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/output.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..970986df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/output.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from langchain_core.outputs import (
+    ChatGeneration,
+    ChatGenerationChunk,
+    ChatResult,
+    Generation,
+    GenerationChunk,
+    LLMResult,
+    RunInfo,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Generation",
+    "GenerationChunk",
+    "ChatGeneration",
+    "ChatGenerationChunk",
+    "RunInfo",
+    "ChatResult",
+    "LLMResult",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/output_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/output_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0d8e03a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/output_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import (
+    BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser,
+    BaseGenerationOutputParser,
+    BaseLLMOutputParser,
+    BaseOutputParser,
+    BaseTransformOutputParser,
+    StrOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.base import T
+
+# Backwards compatibility.
+NoOpOutputParser = StrOutputParser
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseLLMOutputParser",
+    "BaseGenerationOutputParser",
+    "BaseOutputParser",
+    "BaseTransformOutputParser",
+    "BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser",
+    "NoOpOutputParser",
+    "StrOutputParser",
+    "OutputParserException",
+    "T",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b3e3c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+
+__all__ = ["PromptValue"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/prompt_template.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/prompt_template.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49a3595b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/prompt_template.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate, format_document
+
+__all__ = ["BasePromptTemplate", "format_document"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca795d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+
+__all__ = ["BaseRetriever"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c76c6ffb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""LangChain **Runnable** and the **LangChain Expression Language (LCEL)**.
+
+The LangChain Expression Language (LCEL) offers a declarative method to build
+production-grade programs that harness the power of LLMs.
+
+Programs created using LCEL and LangChain Runnables inherently support
+synchronous, asynchronous, batch, and streaming operations.
+
+Support for **async** allows servers hosting LCEL based programs to scale better
+for higher concurrent loads.
+
+**Streaming** of intermediate outputs as they're being generated allows for
+creating more responsive UX.
+
+This module contains schema and implementation of LangChain Runnables primitives.
+"""
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableBinding,
+    RunnableGenerator,
+    RunnableLambda,
+    RunnableMap,
+    RunnableParallel,
+    RunnableSequence,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.branch import RunnableBranch
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig, patch_config
+from langchain_core.runnables.fallbacks import RunnableWithFallbacks
+from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.runnables.router import RouterInput, RouterRunnable
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    ConfigurableField,
+    ConfigurableFieldMultiOption,
+    ConfigurableFieldSingleOption,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ConfigurableField",
+    "ConfigurableFieldSingleOption",
+    "ConfigurableFieldMultiOption",
+    "patch_config",
+    "RouterInput",
+    "RouterRunnable",
+    "Runnable",
+    "RunnableSerializable",
+    "RunnableBinding",
+    "RunnableBranch",
+    "RunnableConfig",
+    "RunnableGenerator",
+    "RunnableLambda",
+    "RunnableMap",
+    "RunnableParallel",
+    "RunnablePassthrough",
+    "RunnableSequence",
+    "RunnableWithFallbacks",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/__pycache__/router.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/__pycache__/router.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..de38a22f
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9bde221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+    Other,
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableBinding,
+    RunnableBindingBase,
+    RunnableEach,
+    RunnableEachBase,
+    RunnableGenerator,
+    RunnableLambda,
+    RunnableLike,
+    RunnableParallel,
+    RunnableSequence,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+    coerce_to_runnable,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import Input, Output
+
+# Backwards compatibility.
+RunnableMap = RunnableParallel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Input",
+    "Output",
+    "RunnableLike",
+    "Other",
+    "Runnable",
+    "RunnableSerializable",
+    "RunnableSequence",
+    "RunnableParallel",
+    "RunnableGenerator",
+    "RunnableLambda",
+    "RunnableEachBase",
+    "RunnableEach",
+    "RunnableBindingBase",
+    "RunnableBinding",
+    "RunnableMap",
+    "coerce_to_runnable",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/branch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/branch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed83f197
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/branch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.branch import RunnableBranch
+
+__all__ = ["RunnableBranch"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af0179f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    EmptyDict,
+    RunnableConfig,
+    acall_func_with_variable_args,
+    call_func_with_variable_args,
+    ensure_config,
+    get_async_callback_manager_for_config,
+    get_callback_manager_for_config,
+    get_config_list,
+    get_executor_for_config,
+    merge_configs,
+    patch_config,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EmptyDict",
+    "RunnableConfig",
+    "ensure_config",
+    "get_config_list",
+    "patch_config",
+    "merge_configs",
+    "acall_func_with_variable_args",
+    "call_func_with_variable_args",
+    "get_callback_manager_for_config",
+    "get_async_callback_manager_for_config",
+    "get_executor_for_config",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/configurable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/configurable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1463d57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/configurable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.configurable import (
+    DynamicRunnable,
+    RunnableConfigurableAlternatives,
+    RunnableConfigurableFields,
+    StrEnum,
+    make_options_spec,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DynamicRunnable",
+    "RunnableConfigurableFields",
+    "StrEnum",
+    "RunnableConfigurableAlternatives",
+    "make_options_spec",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/fallbacks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/fallbacks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a54468d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/fallbacks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.fallbacks import RunnableWithFallbacks
+
+__all__ = ["RunnableWithFallbacks"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/history.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/history.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..423b192b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/history.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.history import (
+    GetSessionHistoryCallable,
+    MessagesOrDictWithMessages,
+    RunnableWithMessageHistory,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunnableWithMessageHistory",
+    "GetSessionHistoryCallable",
+    "MessagesOrDictWithMessages",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/passthrough.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/passthrough.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aed683d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/passthrough.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import (
+    RunnableAssign,
+    RunnablePassthrough,
+    aidentity,
+    identity,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["aidentity", "identity", "RunnablePassthrough", "RunnableAssign"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d146c8ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.retry import RunnableRetry, U
+
+__all__ = ["RunnableRetry", "U"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/router.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/router.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..259dd677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/router.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.router import RouterInput, RouterRunnable
+
+__all__ = ["RouterInput", "RouterRunnable"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a03a6af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/runnable/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    Addable,
+    AddableDict,
+    AnyConfigurableField,
+    ConfigurableField,
+    ConfigurableFieldMultiOption,
+    ConfigurableFieldSingleOption,
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    GetLambdaSource,
+    Input,
+    IsFunctionArgDict,
+    IsLocalDict,
+    Output,
+    SupportsAdd,
+    aadd,
+    accepts_config,
+    accepts_run_manager,
+    add,
+    gated_coro,
+    gather_with_concurrency,
+    get_function_first_arg_dict_keys,
+    get_lambda_source,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+    indent_lines_after_first,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "accepts_run_manager",
+    "accepts_config",
+    "IsLocalDict",
+    "IsFunctionArgDict",
+    "GetLambdaSource",
+    "get_function_first_arg_dict_keys",
+    "get_lambda_source",
+    "indent_lines_after_first",
+    "AddableDict",
+    "SupportsAdd",
+    "add",
+    "ConfigurableField",
+    "ConfigurableFieldSingleOption",
+    "ConfigurableFieldMultiOption",
+    "ConfigurableFieldSpec",
+    "get_unique_config_specs",
+    "aadd",
+    "gated_coro",
+    "gather_with_concurrency",
+    "Input",
+    "Output",
+    "Addable",
+    "AnyConfigurableField",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/storage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/storage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70d6925a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/storage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.stores import BaseStore, K, V
+
+__all__ = ["BaseStore", "K", "V"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/vectorstore.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/vectorstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..776dbce0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/schema/vectorstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VST, VectorStore, VectorStoreRetriever
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStore", "VectorStoreRetriever", "VST"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/serpapi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/serpapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1f2b0cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/serpapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""For backwards compatibility."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SerpAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SerpAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SerpAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c6c1af6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+"""**LangSmith** utilities.
+
+This module provides utilities for connecting to `LangSmith <https://smith.langchain.com/>`_. For more information on LangSmith, see the `LangSmith documentation <https://docs.smith.langchain.com/>`_.
+
+**Evaluation**
+
+LangSmith helps you evaluate Chains and other language model application components using a number of LangChain evaluators.
+An example of this is shown below, assuming you've created a LangSmith dataset called ``<my_dataset_name>``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from langsmith import Client
+    from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+    from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+    from langchain.smith import RunEvalConfig, run_on_dataset
+
+    # Chains may have memory. Passing in a constructor function lets the
+    # evaluation framework avoid cross-contamination between runs.
+    def construct_chain():
+        llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
+        chain = LLMChain.from_string(
+            llm,
+            "What's the answer to {your_input_key}"
+        )
+        return chain
+
+    # Load off-the-shelf evaluators via config or the EvaluatorType (string or enum)
+    evaluation_config = RunEvalConfig(
+        evaluators=[
+            "qa",  # "Correctness" against a reference answer
+            "embedding_distance",
+            RunEvalConfig.Criteria("helpfulness"),
+            RunEvalConfig.Criteria({
+                "fifth-grader-score": "Do you have to be smarter than a fifth grader to answer this question?"
+            }),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    client = Client()
+    run_on_dataset(
+        client,
+        "<my_dataset_name>",
+        construct_chain,
+        evaluation=evaluation_config,
+    )
+
+You can also create custom evaluators by subclassing the
+:class:`StringEvaluator <langchain.evaluation.schema.StringEvaluator>`
+or LangSmith's `RunEvaluator` classes.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from typing import Optional
+    from langchain.evaluation import StringEvaluator
+
+    class MyStringEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+
+        @property
+        def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+        @property
+        def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+            return True
+
+        @property
+        def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+            return "exact_match"
+
+        def _evaluate_strings(self, prediction, reference=None, input=None, **kwargs) -> dict:
+            return {"score": prediction == reference}
+
+
+    evaluation_config = RunEvalConfig(
+        custom_evaluators = [MyStringEvaluator()],
+    )
+
+    run_on_dataset(
+        client,
+        "<my_dataset_name>",
+        construct_chain,
+        evaluation=evaluation_config,
+    )
+
+**Primary Functions**
+
+- :func:`arun_on_dataset <langchain.smith.evaluation.runner_utils.arun_on_dataset>`: Asynchronous function to evaluate a chain, agent, or other LangChain component over a dataset.
+- :func:`run_on_dataset <langchain.smith.evaluation.runner_utils.run_on_dataset>`: Function to evaluate a chain, agent, or other LangChain component over a dataset.
+- :class:`RunEvalConfig <langchain.smith.evaluation.config.RunEvalConfig>`: Class representing the configuration for running evaluation. You can select evaluators by :class:`EvaluatorType <langchain.evaluation.schema.EvaluatorType>` or config, or you can pass in `custom_evaluators`
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from langchain.smith.evaluation import (
+    RunEvalConfig,
+    arun_on_dataset,
+    run_on_dataset,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "arun_on_dataset",
+    "run_on_dataset",
+    "RunEvalConfig",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..125dfdcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+"""LangSmith evaluation utilities.
+
+This module provides utilities for evaluating Chains and other language model
+applications using LangChain evaluators and LangSmith.
+
+For more information on the LangSmith API, see the `LangSmith API documentation <https://docs.smith.langchain.com/docs/>`_.
+
+**Example**
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from langsmith import Client
+    from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+    from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+    from langchain.smith import EvaluatorType, RunEvalConfig, run_on_dataset
+
+    def construct_chain():
+        llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
+        chain = LLMChain.from_string(
+            llm,
+            "What's the answer to {your_input_key}"
+        )
+        return chain
+
+    evaluation_config = RunEvalConfig(
+        evaluators=[
+            EvaluatorType.QA,  # "Correctness" against a reference answer
+            EvaluatorType.EMBEDDING_DISTANCE,
+            RunEvalConfig.Criteria("helpfulness"),
+            RunEvalConfig.Criteria({
+                "fifth-grader-score": "Do you have to be smarter than a fifth grader to answer this question?"
+            }),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    client = Client()
+    run_on_dataset(
+        client,
+        "<my_dataset_name>",
+        construct_chain,
+        evaluation=evaluation_config
+    )
+
+**Attributes**
+
+- ``arun_on_dataset``: Asynchronous function to evaluate a chain or other LangChain component over a dataset.
+- ``run_on_dataset``: Function to evaluate a chain or other LangChain component over a dataset.
+- ``RunEvalConfig``: Class representing the configuration for running evaluation.
+- ``StringRunEvaluatorChain``: Class representing a string run evaluator chain.
+- ``InputFormatError``: Exception raised when the input format is incorrect.
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from langchain.smith.evaluation.config import RunEvalConfig
+from langchain.smith.evaluation.runner_utils import (
+    InputFormatError,
+    arun_on_dataset,
+    run_on_dataset,
+)
+from langchain.smith.evaluation.string_run_evaluator import StringRunEvaluatorChain
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InputFormatError",
+    "arun_on_dataset",
+    "run_on_dataset",
+    "StringRunEvaluatorChain",
+    "RunEvalConfig",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a3d6e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+"""Configuration for run evaluators."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+from langsmith import RunEvaluator
+from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults
+from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+from langchain.evaluation.criteria.eval_chain import CRITERIA_TYPE
+from langchain.evaluation.embedding_distance.base import (
+    EmbeddingDistance as EmbeddingDistanceEnum,
+)
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import EvaluatorType, StringEvaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.string_distance.base import (
+    StringDistance as StringDistanceEnum,
+)
+
+RUN_EVALUATOR_LIKE = Callable[
+    [Run, Optional[Example]], Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults, dict]
+]
+BATCH_EVALUATOR_LIKE = Callable[
+    [Sequence[Run], Optional[Sequence[Example]]],
+    Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults, dict],
+]
+
+
+class EvalConfig(BaseModel):
+    """Configuration for a given run evaluator.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    evaluator_type : EvaluatorType
+        The type of evaluator to use.
+
+    Methods
+    -------
+    get_kwargs()
+        Get the keyword arguments for the evaluator configuration.
+
+    """
+
+    evaluator_type: EvaluatorType
+
+    def get_kwargs(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get the keyword arguments for the load_evaluator call.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        Dict[str, Any]
+            The keyword arguments for the load_evaluator call.
+
+        """
+        kwargs = {}
+        for field, val in self:
+            if field == "evaluator_type":
+                continue
+            elif val is None:
+                continue
+            kwargs[field] = val
+        return kwargs
+
+
+class SingleKeyEvalConfig(EvalConfig):
+    """Configuration for a run evaluator that only requires a single key."""
+
+    reference_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key in the dataset run to use as the reference string.
+    If not provided, we will attempt to infer automatically."""
+    prediction_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key from the traced run's outputs dictionary to use to
+    represent the prediction. If not provided, it will be inferred
+    automatically."""
+    input_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key from the traced run's inputs dictionary to use to represent the
+    input. If not provided, it will be inferred automatically."""
+
+    def get_kwargs(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        kwargs = super().get_kwargs()
+        # Filer out the keys that are not needed for the evaluator.
+        for key in ["reference_key", "prediction_key", "input_key"]:
+            kwargs.pop(key, None)
+        return kwargs
+
+
+CUSTOM_EVALUATOR_TYPE = Union[RUN_EVALUATOR_LIKE, RunEvaluator, StringEvaluator]
+SINGLE_EVAL_CONFIG_TYPE = Union[EvaluatorType, str, EvalConfig]
+
+
+class RunEvalConfig(BaseModel):
+    """Configuration for a run evaluation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    evaluators : List[Union[EvaluatorType, EvalConfig, RunEvaluator, Callable]]
+        Configurations for which evaluators to apply to the dataset run.
+        Each can be the string of an :class:`EvaluatorType <langchain.evaluation.schema.EvaluatorType>`, such
+        as EvaluatorType.QA, the evaluator type string ("qa"), or a configuration for a
+        given evaluator (e.g., :class:`RunEvalConfig.QA <langchain.smith.evaluation.config.RunEvalConfig.QA>`).
+
+    custom_evaluators : Optional[List[Union[RunEvaluator, StringEvaluator]]]
+        Custom evaluators to apply to the dataset run.
+
+    reference_key : Optional[str]
+        The key in the dataset run to use as the reference string.
+        If not provided, it will be inferred automatically.
+
+    prediction_key : Optional[str]
+        The key from the traced run's outputs dictionary to use to
+        represent the prediction. If not provided, it will be inferred
+        automatically.
+
+    input_key : Optional[str]
+        The key from the traced run's inputs dictionary to use to represent the
+        input. If not provided, it will be inferred automatically.
+
+    eval_llm : Optional[BaseLanguageModel]
+        The language model to pass to any evaluators that use a language model.
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    evaluators: list[
+        Union[
+            SINGLE_EVAL_CONFIG_TYPE,
+            CUSTOM_EVALUATOR_TYPE,
+        ]
+    ] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """Configurations for which evaluators to apply to the dataset run.
+    Each can be the string of an
+    :class:`EvaluatorType <langchain.evaluation.schema.EvaluatorType>`, such
+    as `EvaluatorType.QA`, the evaluator type string ("qa"), or a configuration for a
+    given evaluator
+    (e.g., 
+    :class:`RunEvalConfig.QA <langchain.smith.evaluation.config.RunEvalConfig.QA>`)."""
+    custom_evaluators: Optional[list[CUSTOM_EVALUATOR_TYPE]] = None
+    """Custom evaluators to apply to the dataset run."""
+    batch_evaluators: Optional[list[BATCH_EVALUATOR_LIKE]] = None
+    """Evaluators that run on an aggregate/batch level.
+
+    These generate 1 or more metrics that are assigned to the full test run.
+    As a result, they are not associated with individual traces.
+    """
+
+    reference_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key in the dataset run to use as the reference string.
+    If not provided, we will attempt to infer automatically."""
+    prediction_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key from the traced run's outputs dictionary to use to
+    represent the prediction. If not provided, it will be inferred
+    automatically."""
+    input_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key from the traced run's inputs dictionary to use to represent the
+    input. If not provided, it will be inferred automatically."""
+    eval_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+    """The language model to pass to any evaluators that require one."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    class Criteria(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a reference-free criteria evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        criteria : Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE]
+            The criteria to evaluate.
+        llm : Optional[BaseLanguageModel]
+            The language model to use for the evaluation chain.
+
+        """
+
+        criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.CRITERIA
+
+        def __init__(
+            self, criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> None:
+            super().__init__(criteria=criteria, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    class LabeledCriteria(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a labeled (with references) criteria evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        criteria : Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE]
+            The criteria to evaluate.
+        llm : Optional[BaseLanguageModel]
+            The language model to use for the evaluation chain.
+        """
+
+        criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.LABELED_CRITERIA
+
+        def __init__(
+            self, criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> None:
+            super().__init__(criteria=criteria, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    class EmbeddingDistance(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for an embedding distance evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        embeddings : Optional[Embeddings]
+            The embeddings to use for computing the distance.
+
+        distance_metric : Optional[EmbeddingDistanceEnum]
+            The distance metric to use for computing the distance.
+
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.EMBEDDING_DISTANCE
+        embeddings: Optional[Embeddings] = None
+        distance_metric: Optional[EmbeddingDistanceEnum] = None
+
+        model_config = ConfigDict(
+            arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        )
+
+    class StringDistance(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a string distance evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        distance : Optional[StringDistanceEnum]
+            The string distance metric to use.
+
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.STRING_DISTANCE
+        distance: Optional[StringDistanceEnum] = None
+        """The string distance metric to use.
+            damerau_levenshtein: The Damerau-Levenshtein distance.
+            levenshtein: The Levenshtein distance.
+            jaro: The Jaro distance.
+            jaro_winkler: The Jaro-Winkler distance.
+        """
+        normalize_score: bool = True
+        """Whether to normalize the distance to between 0 and 1.
+        Applies only to the Levenshtein and Damerau-Levenshtein distances."""
+
+    class QA(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a QA evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        prompt : Optional[BasePromptTemplate]
+            The prompt template to use for generating the question.
+        llm : Optional[BaseLanguageModel]
+            The language model to use for the evaluation chain.
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.QA
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None
+
+    class ContextQA(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a context-based QA evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        prompt : Optional[BasePromptTemplate]
+            The prompt template to use for generating the question.
+        llm : Optional[BaseLanguageModel]
+            The language model to use for the evaluation chain.
+
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.CONTEXT_QA
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None
+
+    class CoTQA(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a context-based QA evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        prompt : Optional[BasePromptTemplate]
+            The prompt template to use for generating the question.
+        llm : Optional[BaseLanguageModel]
+            The language model to use for the evaluation chain.
+
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.CONTEXT_QA
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None
+
+    class JsonValidity(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a json validity evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.JSON_VALIDITY
+
+    class JsonEqualityEvaluator(EvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a json equality evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.JSON_EQUALITY
+
+    class ExactMatch(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for an exact match string evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        ignore_case : bool
+            Whether to ignore case when comparing strings.
+        ignore_punctuation : bool
+            Whether to ignore punctuation when comparing strings.
+        ignore_numbers : bool
+            Whether to ignore numbers when comparing strings.
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.EXACT_MATCH
+        ignore_case: bool = False
+        ignore_punctuation: bool = False
+        ignore_numbers: bool = False
+
+    class RegexMatch(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a regex match string evaluator.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        flags : int
+            The flags to pass to the regex. Example: re.IGNORECASE.
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.REGEX_MATCH
+        flags: int = 0
+
+    class ScoreString(SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+        """Configuration for a score string evaluator.
+        This is like the criteria evaluator but it is configured by
+        default to return a score on the scale from 1-10.
+
+        It is recommended to normalize these scores
+        by setting `normalize_by` to 10.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        criteria : Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE]
+            The criteria to evaluate.
+        llm : Optional[BaseLanguageModel]
+            The language model to use for the evaluation chain.
+        normalize_by: Optional[int] = None
+            If you want to normalize the score, the denominator to use.
+            If not provided, the score will be between 1 and 10 (by default).
+        prompt : Optional[BasePromptTemplate]
+
+        """
+
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.SCORE_STRING
+        criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None
+        llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel] = None
+        normalize_by: Optional[float] = None
+        prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            criteria: Optional[CRITERIA_TYPE] = None,
+            normalize_by: Optional[float] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> None:
+            super().__init__(criteria=criteria, normalize_by=normalize_by, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    class LabeledScoreString(ScoreString):
+        evaluator_type: EvaluatorType = EvaluatorType.LABELED_SCORE_STRING
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/name_generation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/name_generation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..191c7463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/name_generation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+import random
+
+adjectives = [
+    "abandoned",
+    "aching",
+    "advanced",
+    "ample",
+    "artistic",
+    "back",
+    "best",
+    "bold",
+    "brief",
+    "clear",
+    "cold",
+    "complicated",
+    "cooked",
+    "crazy",
+    "crushing",
+    "damp",
+    "dear",
+    "definite",
+    "dependable",
+    "diligent",
+    "drab",
+    "earnest",
+    "elderly",
+    "enchanted",
+    "essential",
+    "excellent",
+    "extraneous",
+    "fixed",
+    "flowery",
+    "formal",
+    "fresh",
+    "frosty",
+    "giving",
+    "glossy",
+    "healthy",
+    "helpful",
+    "impressionable",
+    "kind",
+    "large",
+    "left",
+    "long",
+    "loyal",
+    "mealy",
+    "memorable",
+    "monthly",
+    "new",
+    "notable",
+    "only",
+    "ordinary",
+    "passionate",
+    "perfect",
+    "pertinent",
+    "proper",
+    "puzzled",
+    "reflecting",
+    "respectful",
+    "roasted",
+    "scholarly",
+    "shiny",
+    "slight",
+    "sparkling",
+    "spotless",
+    "stupendous",
+    "sunny",
+    "tart",
+    "terrific",
+    "timely",
+    "unique",
+    "upbeat",
+    "vacant",
+    "virtual",
+    "warm",
+    "weary",
+    "whispered",
+    "worthwhile",
+    "yellow",
+]
+
+nouns = [
+    "account",
+    "acknowledgment",
+    "address",
+    "advertising",
+    "airplane",
+    "animal",
+    "appointment",
+    "arrival",
+    "artist",
+    "attachment",
+    "attitude",
+    "availability",
+    "backpack",
+    "bag",
+    "balance",
+    "bass",
+    "bean",
+    "beauty",
+    "bibliography",
+    "bill",
+    "bite",
+    "blossom",
+    "boat",
+    "book",
+    "box",
+    "boy",
+    "bread",
+    "bridge",
+    "broccoli",
+    "building",
+    "butter",
+    "button",
+    "cabbage",
+    "cake",
+    "camera",
+    "camp",
+    "candle",
+    "candy",
+    "canvas",
+    "car",
+    "card",
+    "carrot",
+    "cart",
+    "case",
+    "cat",
+    "chain",
+    "chair",
+    "chalk",
+    "chance",
+    "change",
+    "channel",
+    "character",
+    "charge",
+    "charm",
+    "chart",
+    "check",
+    "cheek",
+    "cheese",
+    "chef",
+    "cherry",
+    "chicken",
+    "child",
+    "church",
+    "circle",
+    "class",
+    "clay",
+    "click",
+    "clock",
+    "cloth",
+    "cloud",
+    "clove",
+    "club",
+    "coach",
+    "coal",
+    "coast",
+    "coat",
+    "cod",
+    "coffee",
+    "collar",
+    "color",
+    "comb",
+    "comfort",
+    "comic",
+    "committee",
+    "community",
+    "company",
+    "comparison",
+    "competition",
+    "condition",
+    "connection",
+    "control",
+    "cook",
+    "copper",
+    "copy",
+    "corn",
+    "cough",
+    "country",
+    "cover",
+    "crate",
+    "crayon",
+    "cream",
+    "creator",
+    "crew",
+    "crown",
+    "current",
+    "curtain",
+    "curve",
+    "cushion",
+    "dad",
+    "daughter",
+    "day",
+    "death",
+    "debt",
+    "decision",
+    "deer",
+    "degree",
+    "design",
+    "desire",
+    "desk",
+    "detail",
+    "development",
+    "digestion",
+    "dime",
+    "dinner",
+    "direction",
+    "dirt",
+    "discovery",
+    "discussion",
+    "disease",
+    "disgust",
+    "distance",
+    "distribution",
+    "division",
+    "doctor",
+    "dog",
+    "door",
+    "drain",
+    "drawer",
+    "dress",
+    "drink",
+    "driving",
+    "dust",
+    "ear",
+    "earth",
+    "edge",
+    "education",
+    "effect",
+    "egg",
+    "end",
+    "energy",
+    "engine",
+    "error",
+    "event",
+    "example",
+    "exchange",
+    "existence",
+    "expansion",
+    "experience",
+    "expert",
+    "eye",
+    "face",
+    "fact",
+    "fall",
+    "family",
+    "farm",
+    "father",
+    "fear",
+    "feeling",
+    "field",
+    "finger",
+    "fire",
+    "fish",
+    "flag",
+    "flight",
+    "floor",
+    "flower",
+    "fold",
+    "food",
+    "football",
+    "force",
+    "form",
+    "frame",
+    "friend",
+    "frog",
+    "fruit",
+    "fuel",
+    "furniture",
+    "game",
+    "garden",
+    "gate",
+    "girl",
+    "glass",
+    "glove",
+    "goat",
+    "gold",
+    "government",
+    "grade",
+    "grain",
+    "grass",
+    "green",
+    "grip",
+    "group",
+    "growth",
+    "guide",
+    "guitar",
+    "hair",
+    "hall",
+    "hand",
+    "harbor",
+    "harmony",
+    "hat",
+    "head",
+    "health",
+    "heart",
+    "heat",
+    "hill",
+    "history",
+    "hobbies",
+    "hole",
+    "hope",
+    "horn",
+    "horse",
+    "hospital",
+    "hour",
+    "house",
+    "humor",
+    "idea",
+    "impulse",
+    "income",
+    "increase",
+    "industry",
+    "ink",
+    "insect",
+    "instrument",
+    "insurance",
+    "interest",
+    "invention",
+    "iron",
+    "island",
+    "jelly",
+    "jet",
+    "jewel",
+    "join",
+    "judge",
+    "juice",
+    "jump",
+    "kettle",
+    "key",
+    "kick",
+    "kiss",
+    "kitten",
+    "knee",
+    "knife",
+    "knowledge",
+    "land",
+    "language",
+    "laugh",
+    "law",
+    "lead",
+    "learning",
+    "leather",
+    "leg",
+    "lettuce",
+    "level",
+    "library",
+    "lift",
+    "light",
+    "limit",
+    "line",
+    "linen",
+    "lip",
+    "liquid",
+    "list",
+    "look",
+    "loss",
+    "love",
+    "lunch",
+    "machine",
+    "man",
+    "manager",
+    "map",
+    "marble",
+    "mark",
+    "market",
+    "mass",
+    "match",
+    "meal",
+    "measure",
+    "meat",
+    "meeting",
+    "memory",
+    "metal",
+    "middle",
+    "milk",
+    "mind",
+    "mine",
+    "minute",
+    "mist",
+    "mitten",
+    "mom",
+    "money",
+    "monkey",
+    "month",
+    "moon",
+    "morning",
+    "mother",
+    "motion",
+    "mountain",
+    "mouth",
+    "muscle",
+    "music",
+    "nail",
+    "name",
+    "nation",
+    "neck",
+    "need",
+    "news",
+    "night",
+    "noise",
+    "note",
+    "number",
+    "nut",
+    "observation",
+    "offer",
+    "oil",
+    "operation",
+    "opinion",
+    "orange",
+    "order",
+    "organization",
+    "ornament",
+    "oven",
+    "page",
+    "pail",
+    "pain",
+    "paint",
+    "pan",
+    "pancake",
+    "paper",
+    "parcel",
+    "parent",
+    "part",
+    "passenger",
+    "paste",
+    "payment",
+    "peace",
+    "pear",
+    "pen",
+    "pencil",
+    "person",
+    "pest",
+    "pet",
+    "picture",
+    "pie",
+    "pin",
+    "pipe",
+    "pizza",
+    "place",
+    "plane",
+    "plant",
+    "plastic",
+    "plate",
+    "play",
+    "pleasure",
+    "plot",
+    "plough",
+    "pocket",
+    "point",
+    "poison",
+    "police",
+    "pollution",
+    "popcorn",
+    "porter",
+    "position",
+    "pot",
+    "potato",
+    "powder",
+    "power",
+    "price",
+    "print",
+    "process",
+    "produce",
+    "product",
+    "profit",
+    "property",
+    "prose",
+    "protest",
+    "pull",
+    "pump",
+    "punishment",
+    "purpose",
+    "push",
+    "quarter",
+    "question",
+    "quiet",
+    "quill",
+    "quilt",
+    "quince",
+    "rabbit",
+    "rail",
+    "rain",
+    "range",
+    "rat",
+    "rate",
+    "ray",
+    "reaction",
+    "reading",
+    "reason",
+    "record",
+    "regret",
+    "relation",
+    "religion",
+    "representative",
+    "request",
+    "respect",
+    "rest",
+    "reward",
+    "rhythm",
+    "rice",
+    "river",
+    "road",
+    "roll",
+    "room",
+    "root",
+    "rose",
+    "route",
+    "rub",
+    "rule",
+    "run",
+    "sack",
+    "sail",
+    "salt",
+    "sand",
+    "scale",
+    "scarecrow",
+    "scarf",
+    "scene",
+    "scent",
+    "school",
+    "science",
+    "scissors",
+    "screw",
+    "sea",
+    "seat",
+    "secretary",
+    "seed",
+    "selection",
+    "self",
+    "sense",
+    "servant",
+    "shade",
+    "shake",
+    "shame",
+    "shape",
+    "sheep",
+    "sheet",
+    "shelf",
+    "ship",
+    "shirt",
+    "shock",
+    "shoe",
+    "shop",
+    "show",
+    "side",
+    "sign",
+    "silk",
+    "sink",
+    "sister",
+    "size",
+    "sky",
+    "sleep",
+    "smash",
+    "smell",
+    "smile",
+    "smoke",
+    "snail",
+    "snake",
+    "sneeze",
+    "snow",
+    "soap",
+    "society",
+    "sock",
+    "soda",
+    "sofa",
+    "son",
+    "song",
+    "sort",
+    "sound",
+    "soup",
+    "space",
+    "spark",
+    "speed",
+    "sponge",
+    "spoon",
+    "spray",
+    "spring",
+    "spy",
+    "square",
+    "stamp",
+    "star",
+    "start",
+    "statement",
+    "station",
+    "steam",
+    "steel",
+    "stem",
+    "step",
+    "stew",
+    "stick",
+    "stitch",
+    "stocking",
+    "stomach",
+    "stone",
+    "stop",
+    "store",
+    "story",
+    "stove",
+    "stranger",
+    "straw",
+    "stream",
+    "street",
+    "stretch",
+    "string",
+    "structure",
+    "substance",
+    "sugar",
+    "suggestion",
+    "suit",
+    "summer",
+    "sun",
+    "support",
+    "surprise",
+    "sweater",
+    "swim",
+    "system",
+    "table",
+    "tail",
+    "talk",
+    "tank",
+    "taste",
+    "tax",
+    "tea",
+    "teaching",
+    "team",
+    "tendency",
+    "test",
+    "texture",
+    "theory",
+    "thing",
+    "thought",
+    "thread",
+    "throat",
+    "thumb",
+    "thunder",
+    "ticket",
+    "time",
+    "tin",
+    "title",
+    "toad",
+    "toe",
+    "tooth",
+    "toothpaste",
+    "touch",
+    "town",
+    "toy",
+    "trade",
+    "train",
+    "transport",
+    "tray",
+    "treatment",
+    "tree",
+    "trick",
+    "trip",
+    "trouble",
+    "trousers",
+    "truck",
+    "tub",
+    "turkey",
+    "turn",
+    "twist",
+    "umbrella",
+    "uncle",
+    "underwear",
+    "unit",
+    "use",
+    "vacation",
+    "value",
+    "van",
+    "vase",
+    "vegetable",
+    "veil",
+    "vein",
+    "verse",
+    "vessel",
+    "view",
+    "visitor",
+    "voice",
+    "volcano",
+    "walk",
+    "wall",
+    "war",
+    "wash",
+    "waste",
+    "watch",
+    "water",
+    "wave",
+    "wax",
+    "way",
+    "wealth",
+    "weather",
+    "week",
+    "weight",
+    "wheel",
+    "whip",
+    "whistle",
+    "window",
+    "wine",
+    "wing",
+    "winter",
+    "wire",
+    "wish",
+    "woman",
+    "wood",
+    "wool",
+    "word",
+    "work",
+    "worm",
+    "wound",
+    "wrist",
+    "writer",
+    "yard",
+    "yoke",
+    "zebra",
+    "zinc",
+    "zipper",
+    "zone",
+]
+
+
+def random_name() -> str:
+    """Generate a random name."""
+    adjective = random.choice(adjectives)
+    noun = random.choice(nouns)
+    number = random.randint(1, 100)
+    return f"{adjective}-{noun}-{number}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/progress.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/progress.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af94ebb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/progress.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""A simple progress bar for the console."""
+
+import threading
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import base as base_callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.outputs import LLMResult
+
+
+class ProgressBarCallback(base_callbacks.BaseCallbackHandler):
+    """A simple progress bar for the console."""
+
+    def __init__(self, total: int, ncols: int = 50, **kwargs: Any):
+        """Initialize the progress bar.
+
+        Args:
+            total: int, the total number of items to be processed.
+            ncols: int, the character width of the progress bar.
+        """
+        self.total = total
+        self.ncols = ncols
+        self.counter = 0
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._print_bar()
+
+    def increment(self) -> None:
+        """Increment the counter and update the progress bar."""
+        with self.lock:
+            self.counter += 1
+            self._print_bar()
+
+    def _print_bar(self) -> None:
+        """Print the progress bar to the console."""
+        progress = self.counter / self.total
+        arrow = "-" * int(round(progress * self.ncols) - 1) + ">"
+        spaces = " " * (self.ncols - len(arrow))
+        print(f"\r[{arrow + spaces}] {self.counter}/{self.total}", end="")  # noqa: T201
+
+    def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
+
+    def on_chain_end(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
+
+    def on_retriever_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
+
+    def on_retriever_end(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
+
+    def on_llm_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
+
+    def on_llm_end(
+        self,
+        response: LLMResult,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
+
+    def on_tool_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
+
+    def on_tool_end(
+        self,
+        output: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if parent_run_id is None:
+            self.increment()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/runner_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/runner_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..979e3e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/runner_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1520 @@
+"""Utilities for running language models or Chains over datasets."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import concurrent.futures
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import inspect
+import logging
+import uuid
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from langchain_core._api import warn_deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, messages_from_dict
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatResult, LLMResult
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig, RunnableLambda
+from langchain_core.runnables import config as runnable_config
+from langchain_core.runnables import utils as runnable_utils
+from langchain_core.tracers.evaluation import (
+    EvaluatorCallbackHandler,
+    wait_for_all_evaluators,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+from langsmith.client import Client
+from langsmith.env import get_git_info, get_langchain_env_var_metadata
+from langsmith.evaluation import (
+    EvaluationResult,
+    RunEvaluator,
+)
+from langsmith.evaluation import (
+    run_evaluator as run_evaluator_dec,
+)
+from langsmith.run_helpers import as_runnable, is_traceable_function
+from langsmith.schemas import Dataset, DataType, Example, Run, TracerSession
+from langsmith.utils import LangSmithError
+from requests import HTTPError
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.evaluation.loading import load_evaluator
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import (
+    EvaluatorType,
+    PairwiseStringEvaluator,
+    StringEvaluator,
+)
+from langchain.smith import evaluation as smith_eval
+from langchain.smith.evaluation import config as smith_eval_config
+from langchain.smith.evaluation import name_generation, progress
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pd
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+MODEL_OR_CHAIN_FACTORY = Union[
+    Callable[[], Union[Chain, Runnable]],
+    BaseLanguageModel,
+    Callable[[dict], Any],
+    Runnable,
+    Chain,
+]
+MCF = Union[Callable[[], Union[Chain, Runnable]], BaseLanguageModel]
+
+
+class InputFormatError(Exception):
+    """Raised when the input format is invalid."""
+
+
+## Shared Utilities
+
+
+class TestResult(dict):
+    """A dictionary of the results of a single test run."""
+
+    def get_aggregate_feedback(
+        self,
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """Return quantiles for the feedback scores.
+
+        This method calculates and prints the quantiles for the feedback scores
+        across all feedback keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            A DataFrame containing the quantiles for each feedback key.
+        """
+        df = self.to_dataframe()
+        # Drop all things starting with inputs., outputs., and reference
+        to_drop = [
+            col
+            for col in df.columns
+            if col.startswith("inputs.")
+            or col.startswith("outputs.")
+            or col in {"input", "output"}
+            or col.startswith("reference")
+        ]
+        return df.describe(include="all").drop(to_drop, axis=1)
+
+    def to_dataframe(self) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """Convert the results to a dataframe."""
+        try:
+            import pandas as pd
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Pandas is required to convert the results to a dataframe."
+                " to install pandas, run `pip install pandas`."
+            ) from e
+
+        indices = []
+        records = []
+        for example_id, result in self["results"].items():
+            feedback = result["feedback"]
+            output_ = result.get("output")
+            if isinstance(output_, dict):
+                output = {f"outputs.{k}": v for k, v in output_.items()}
+            elif output_ is None:
+                output = {}
+            else:
+                output = {"output": output_}
+
+            r = {
+                **{f"inputs.{k}": v for k, v in result["input"].items()},
+                **output,
+            }
+            if "reference" in result:
+                if isinstance(result["reference"], dict):
+                    r.update(
+                        {f"reference.{k}": v for k, v in result["reference"].items()}
+                    )
+                else:
+                    r["reference"] = result["reference"]
+            r.update(
+                {
+                    **{f"feedback.{f.key}": f.score for f in feedback},
+                    "error": result.get("Error"),
+                    "execution_time": result["execution_time"],
+                    "run_id": result.get("run_id"),
+                }
+            )
+            records.append(r)
+            indices.append(example_id)
+
+        return pd.DataFrame(records, index=indices)
+
+
+class EvalError(dict):
+    """Your architecture raised an error."""
+
+    def __init__(self, Error: BaseException, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(Error=Error, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(f"'EvalError' object has no attribute '{name}'")
+
+
+def _wrap_in_chain_factory(
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MODEL_OR_CHAIN_FACTORY,
+    dataset_name: str = "<my_dataset>",
+) -> MCF:
+    """Forgive the user if they pass in a chain without memory instead of a chain
+    factory. It's a common mistake. Raise a more helpful error message as well."""
+    if isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, Chain):
+        chain = llm_or_chain_factory
+        chain_class = chain.__class__.__name__
+        if llm_or_chain_factory.memory is not None:
+            memory_class = chain.memory.__class__.__name__
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot directly evaluate a chain with stateful memory."
+                " To evaluate this chain, pass in a chain constructor"
+                " that initializes fresh memory each time it is called."
+                "  This will safegaurd against information"
+                " leakage between dataset examples."
+                "\nFor example:\n\n"
+                "def chain_constructor():\n"
+                f"    new_memory = {memory_class}(...)\n"
+                f"    return {chain_class}"
+                "(memory=new_memory, ...)\n\n"
+                f'run_on_dataset("{dataset_name}", chain_constructor, ...)'
+            )
+        return lambda: chain
+    elif isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, BaseLanguageModel):
+        return llm_or_chain_factory
+    elif isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, Runnable):
+        # Memory may exist here, but it's not elegant to check all those cases.
+        lcf = llm_or_chain_factory
+        return lambda: lcf
+    elif callable(llm_or_chain_factory):
+        if is_traceable_function(llm_or_chain_factory):
+            runnable_ = as_runnable(cast(Callable, llm_or_chain_factory))
+            return lambda: runnable_
+        try:
+            _model = llm_or_chain_factory()  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        except TypeError:
+            # It's an arbitrary function, wrap it in a RunnableLambda
+            user_func = cast(Callable, llm_or_chain_factory)
+            sig = inspect.signature(user_func)
+            logger.info(f"Wrapping function {sig} as RunnableLambda.")
+            wrapped = RunnableLambda(user_func)
+            return lambda: wrapped
+        constructor = cast(Callable, llm_or_chain_factory)
+        if isinstance(_model, BaseLanguageModel):
+            # It's not uncommon to do an LLM constructor instead of raw LLM,
+            # so we'll unpack it for the user.
+            return _model
+        elif is_traceable_function(cast(Callable, _model)):
+            runnable_ = as_runnable(cast(Callable, _model))
+            return lambda: runnable_
+        elif not isinstance(_model, Runnable):
+            # This is unlikely to happen - a constructor for a model function
+            return lambda: RunnableLambda(constructor)
+        else:
+            # Typical correct case
+            return constructor
+    return llm_or_chain_factory
+
+
+def _get_prompt(inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """Get prompt from inputs.
+
+    Args:
+        inputs: The input dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        A string prompt.
+    Raises:
+        InputFormatError: If the input format is invalid.
+    """
+    if not inputs:
+        raise InputFormatError("Inputs should not be empty.")
+
+    prompts = []
+    if "prompt" in inputs:
+        if not isinstance(inputs["prompt"], str):
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                f"Expected string for 'prompt', got {type(inputs['prompt']).__name__}"
+            )
+        prompts = [inputs["prompt"]]
+    elif "prompts" in inputs:
+        if not isinstance(inputs["prompts"], list) or not all(
+            isinstance(i, str) for i in inputs["prompts"]
+        ):
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "Expected list of strings for 'prompts',"
+                f" got {type(inputs['prompts']).__name__}"
+            )
+        prompts = inputs["prompts"]
+    elif len(inputs) == 1:
+        prompt_ = next(iter(inputs.values()))
+        if isinstance(prompt_, str):
+            prompts = [prompt_]
+        elif isinstance(prompt_, list) and all(isinstance(i, str) for i in prompt_):
+            prompts = prompt_
+        else:
+            raise InputFormatError(f"LLM Run expects string prompt input. Got {inputs}")
+    else:
+        raise InputFormatError(
+            f"LLM Run expects 'prompt' or 'prompts' in inputs. Got {inputs}"
+        )
+    if len(prompts) == 1:
+        return prompts[0]
+    else:
+        raise InputFormatError(
+            f"LLM Run expects single prompt input. Got {len(prompts)} prompts."
+        )
+
+
+class ChatModelInput(TypedDict):
+    """Input for a chat model.
+
+    Parameters:
+        messages: List of chat messages.
+    """
+
+    messages: list[BaseMessage]
+
+
+def _get_messages(inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict:
+    """Get Chat Messages from inputs.
+
+    Args:
+        inputs: The input dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of chat messages.
+    Raises:
+        InputFormatError: If the input format is invalid.
+    """
+    if not inputs:
+        raise InputFormatError("Inputs should not be empty.")
+    input_copy = inputs.copy()
+    if "messages" in inputs:
+        input_copy["input"] = input_copy.pop("messages")
+    elif len(inputs) == 1:
+        input_copy["input"] = next(iter(inputs.values()))
+    if "input" in input_copy:
+        raw_messages = input_copy["input"]
+        if isinstance(raw_messages, list) and all(
+            isinstance(i, dict) for i in raw_messages
+        ):
+            raw_messages = [raw_messages]
+        if len(raw_messages) == 1:
+            input_copy["input"] = messages_from_dict(raw_messages[0])
+        else:
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "Batch messages not supported. Please provide a"
+                " single list of messages."
+            )
+        return input_copy
+    else:
+        raise InputFormatError(
+            f"Chat Run expects single List[dict] or List[List[dict]] 'messages'"
+            f" input. Got {inputs}"
+        )
+
+
+## Shared data validation utilities
+def _validate_example_inputs_for_language_model(
+    first_example: Example,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]],
+) -> None:
+    if input_mapper:
+        prompt_input = input_mapper(first_example.inputs or {})
+        if not isinstance(prompt_input, str) and not (
+            isinstance(prompt_input, list)
+            and all(isinstance(msg, BaseMessage) for msg in prompt_input)
+        ):
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "When using an input_mapper to prepare dataset example inputs"
+                " for an LLM or chat model, the output must a single string or"
+                " a list of chat messages."
+                f"\nGot: {prompt_input} of type {type(prompt_input)}."
+            )
+    else:
+        try:
+            _get_prompt(first_example.inputs or {})
+        except InputFormatError:
+            try:
+                _get_messages(first_example.inputs or {})
+            except InputFormatError:
+                raise InputFormatError(
+                    "Example inputs do not match language model input format. "
+                    "Expected a dictionary with messages or a single prompt."
+                    f" Got: {first_example.inputs}"
+                    " Please update your dataset OR provide an input_mapper"
+                    " to convert the example.inputs to a compatible format"
+                    " for the llm or chat model you wish to evaluate."
+                )
+
+
+def _validate_example_inputs_for_chain(
+    first_example: Example,
+    chain: Chain,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]],
+) -> None:
+    """Validate that the example inputs match the chain input keys."""
+    if input_mapper:
+        first_inputs = input_mapper(first_example.inputs or {})
+        missing_keys = set(chain.input_keys).difference(first_inputs)
+        if not isinstance(first_inputs, dict):
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "When using an input_mapper to prepare dataset example"
+                " inputs for a chain, the mapped value must be a dictionary."
+                f"\nGot: {first_inputs} of type {type(first_inputs)}."
+            )
+        if missing_keys:
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "Missing keys after loading example using input_mapper."
+                f"\nExpected: {chain.input_keys}. Got: {first_inputs.keys()}"
+            )
+    else:
+        first_inputs = first_example.inputs
+        missing_keys = set(chain.input_keys).difference(first_inputs)
+        if len(first_inputs) == 1 and len(chain.input_keys) == 1:
+            # We can pass this through the run method.
+            # Refrain from calling to validate.
+            pass
+        elif missing_keys:
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "Example inputs missing expected chain input keys."
+                " Please provide an input_mapper to convert the example.inputs"
+                " to a compatible format for the chain you wish to evaluate."
+                f"Expected: {chain.input_keys}. "
+                f"Got: {first_inputs.keys()}"
+            )
+
+
+def _validate_example_inputs(
+    example: Example,
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MCF,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]],
+) -> None:
+    """Validate that the example inputs are valid for the model."""
+    if isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, BaseLanguageModel):
+        _validate_example_inputs_for_language_model(example, input_mapper)
+    else:
+        chain = llm_or_chain_factory()
+        if isinstance(chain, Chain):
+            # Otherwise it's a runnable
+            _validate_example_inputs_for_chain(example, chain, input_mapper)
+        elif isinstance(chain, Runnable):
+            logger.debug(f"Skipping input validation for {chain}")
+
+
+## Shared Evaluator Setup Utilities
+
+
+def _setup_evaluation(
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MCF,
+    examples: list[Example],
+    evaluation: Optional[smith_eval.RunEvalConfig],
+    data_type: DataType,
+) -> Optional[list[RunEvaluator]]:
+    """Configure the evaluators to run on the results of the chain."""
+    if evaluation:
+        if isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, BaseLanguageModel):
+            run_inputs, run_outputs = None, None
+            run_type = "llm"
+        else:
+            run_type = "chain"
+            chain = llm_or_chain_factory()
+            run_inputs = chain.input_keys if isinstance(chain, Chain) else None
+            run_outputs = chain.output_keys if isinstance(chain, Chain) else None
+        run_evaluators = _load_run_evaluators(
+            evaluation,
+            run_type,
+            data_type,
+            list(examples[0].outputs) if examples[0].outputs else None,
+            run_inputs,
+            run_outputs,
+        )
+    else:
+        # TODO: Create a default helpfulness evaluator
+        run_evaluators = None
+    return run_evaluators
+
+
+def _determine_input_key(
+    config: smith_eval.RunEvalConfig,
+    run_inputs: Optional[list[str]],
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    input_key = None
+    if config.input_key:
+        input_key = config.input_key
+        if run_inputs and input_key not in run_inputs:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Input key {input_key} not in chain's specified"
+                f" input keys {run_inputs}. Evaluation behavior may be undefined."
+            )
+    elif run_inputs and len(run_inputs) == 1:
+        input_key = run_inputs[0]
+    elif run_inputs is not None and len(run_inputs) > 1:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"Chain expects multiple input keys: {run_inputs},"
+            f" Evaluator is likely to fail. Evaluation behavior may be undefined."
+            " Specify an input_key in the RunEvalConfig to avoid this warning."
+        )
+
+    return input_key
+
+
+def _determine_prediction_key(
+    config: smith_eval.RunEvalConfig,
+    run_outputs: Optional[list[str]],
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    prediction_key = None
+    if config.prediction_key:
+        prediction_key = config.prediction_key
+        if run_outputs and prediction_key not in run_outputs:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Prediction key {prediction_key} not in chain's specified"
+                f" output keys {run_outputs}. Evaluation behavior may be undefined."
+            )
+    elif run_outputs and len(run_outputs) == 1:
+        prediction_key = run_outputs[0]
+    elif run_outputs is not None and len(run_outputs) > 1:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"Chain expects multiple output keys: {run_outputs},"
+            f" Evaluation behavior may be undefined. Specify a prediction_key"
+            " in the RunEvalConfig to avoid this warning."
+        )
+    return prediction_key
+
+
+def _determine_reference_key(
+    config: smith_eval.RunEvalConfig,
+    example_outputs: Optional[list[str]],
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    if config.reference_key:
+        reference_key = config.reference_key
+        if example_outputs and reference_key not in example_outputs:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Reference key {reference_key} not in Dataset"
+                f" example outputs: {example_outputs}"
+            )
+    elif example_outputs and len(example_outputs) == 1:
+        reference_key = list(example_outputs)[0]
+    else:
+        reference_key = None
+    return reference_key
+
+
+def _construct_run_evaluator(
+    eval_config: Union[
+        smith_eval_config.SINGLE_EVAL_CONFIG_TYPE,
+        smith_eval_config.CUSTOM_EVALUATOR_TYPE,
+    ],
+    eval_llm: Optional[BaseLanguageModel],
+    run_type: str,
+    data_type: DataType,
+    example_outputs: Optional[list[str]],
+    reference_key: Optional[str],
+    input_key: Optional[str],
+    prediction_key: Optional[str],
+) -> RunEvaluator:
+    if isinstance(eval_config, RunEvaluator):
+        return eval_config
+    if isinstance(eval_config, (EvaluatorType, str)):
+        if not isinstance(eval_config, EvaluatorType):
+            eval_config = EvaluatorType(eval_config)
+        evaluator_ = load_evaluator(eval_config, llm=eval_llm)
+        eval_type_tag = eval_config.value
+    elif isinstance(eval_config, smith_eval_config.EvalConfig):
+        kwargs = {"llm": eval_llm, **eval_config.get_kwargs()}
+        evaluator_ = load_evaluator(eval_config.evaluator_type, **kwargs)
+        eval_type_tag = eval_config.evaluator_type.value
+        # Override keys if specified in the config
+        if isinstance(eval_config, smith_eval_config.SingleKeyEvalConfig):
+            input_key = eval_config.input_key or input_key
+            prediction_key = eval_config.prediction_key or prediction_key
+            reference_key = eval_config.reference_key or reference_key
+    elif callable(eval_config):
+        # Assume we can decorate
+        return run_evaluator_dec(eval_config)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unknown evaluator type: {type(eval_config)}")
+
+    if isinstance(evaluator_, StringEvaluator):
+        if evaluator_.requires_reference and reference_key is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Must specify reference_key in smith_eval.RunEvalConfig to use"
+                f" evaluator of type {eval_type_tag} with"
+                f" dataset with multiple output keys: {example_outputs}."
+            )
+        run_evaluator = smith_eval.StringRunEvaluatorChain.from_run_and_data_type(
+            evaluator_,
+            run_type,
+            data_type,
+            input_key=input_key,
+            prediction_key=prediction_key,
+            reference_key=reference_key,
+            tags=[eval_type_tag],
+        )
+    elif isinstance(evaluator_, PairwiseStringEvaluator):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Run evaluator for {eval_type_tag} is not implemented."
+            " PairwiseStringEvaluators compare the outputs of two different models"
+            " rather than the output of a single model."
+            " Did you mean to use a StringEvaluator instead?"
+            "\nSee: https://python.langchain.com/docs/guides/evaluation/string/"
+        )
+
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Run evaluator for {eval_type_tag} is not implemented"
+        )
+    return run_evaluator
+
+
+def _get_keys(
+    config: smith_eval.RunEvalConfig,
+    run_inputs: Optional[list[str]],
+    run_outputs: Optional[list[str]],
+    example_outputs: Optional[list[str]],
+) -> tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
+    input_key = _determine_input_key(config, run_inputs)
+    prediction_key = _determine_prediction_key(config, run_outputs)
+    reference_key = _determine_reference_key(config, example_outputs)
+    return input_key, prediction_key, reference_key
+
+
+def _load_run_evaluators(
+    config: smith_eval.RunEvalConfig,
+    run_type: str,
+    data_type: DataType,
+    example_outputs: Optional[list[str]],
+    run_inputs: Optional[list[str]],
+    run_outputs: Optional[list[str]],
+) -> list[RunEvaluator]:
+    """
+    Load run evaluators from a configuration.
+
+    Args:
+        config: Configuration for the run evaluators.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of run evaluators.
+    """
+    run_evaluators = []
+    input_key, prediction_key, reference_key = None, None, None
+    if config.evaluators or (
+        config.custom_evaluators
+        and any([isinstance(e, StringEvaluator) for e in config.custom_evaluators])
+    ):
+        input_key, prediction_key, reference_key = _get_keys(
+            config, run_inputs, run_outputs, example_outputs
+        )
+    for eval_config in config.evaluators:
+        run_evaluator = _construct_run_evaluator(
+            eval_config,
+            config.eval_llm,
+            run_type,
+            data_type,
+            example_outputs,
+            reference_key,
+            input_key,
+            prediction_key,
+        )
+        run_evaluators.append(run_evaluator)
+    custom_evaluators = config.custom_evaluators or []
+    for custom_evaluator in custom_evaluators:
+        if isinstance(custom_evaluator, RunEvaluator):
+            run_evaluators.append(custom_evaluator)
+        elif isinstance(custom_evaluator, StringEvaluator):
+            run_evaluators.append(
+                smith_eval.StringRunEvaluatorChain.from_run_and_data_type(
+                    custom_evaluator,
+                    run_type,
+                    data_type,
+                    input_key=input_key,
+                    prediction_key=prediction_key,
+                    reference_key=reference_key,
+                )
+            )
+        elif callable(custom_evaluator):
+            run_evaluators.append(run_evaluator_dec(custom_evaluator))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unsupported custom evaluator: {custom_evaluator}."
+                f" Expected RunEvaluator or StringEvaluator."
+            )
+
+    return run_evaluators
+
+
+### Async Helpers
+
+
+async def _arun_llm(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    inputs: dict[str, Any],
+    *,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> Union[str, BaseMessage]:
+    """Asynchronously run the language model.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: The language model to run.
+        inputs: The input dictionary.
+        tags: Optional tags to add to the run.
+        callbacks: Optional callbacks to use during the run.
+        input_mapper: Optional function to map inputs to the expected format.
+
+    Returns:
+        The LLMResult or ChatResult.
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the LLM type is unsupported.
+        InputFormatError: If the input format is invalid.
+    """
+    if input_mapper is not None:
+        prompt_or_messages = input_mapper(inputs)
+        if (
+            isinstance(prompt_or_messages, str)
+            or isinstance(prompt_or_messages, list)
+            and all(isinstance(msg, BaseMessage) for msg in prompt_or_messages)
+        ):
+            return await llm.ainvoke(
+                prompt_or_messages,
+                config=RunnableConfig(
+                    callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags or [], metadata=metadata or {}
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "Input mapper returned invalid format"
+                f" {prompt_or_messages}"
+                "\nExpected a single string or list of chat messages."
+            )
+
+    else:
+        try:
+            prompt = _get_prompt(inputs)
+            llm_output: Union[str, BaseMessage] = await llm.ainvoke(
+                prompt,
+                config=RunnableConfig(
+                    callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags or [], metadata=metadata or {}
+                ),
+            )
+        except InputFormatError:
+            llm_inputs = _get_messages(inputs)
+            llm_output = await llm.ainvoke(
+                **llm_inputs,
+                config=RunnableConfig(
+                    callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags or [], metadata=metadata or {}
+                ),
+            )
+    return llm_output
+
+
+async def _arun_chain(
+    chain: Union[Chain, Runnable],
+    inputs: dict[str, Any],
+    callbacks: Callbacks,
+    *,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> Union[dict, str]:
+    """Run a chain asynchronously on inputs."""
+    inputs_ = inputs if input_mapper is None else input_mapper(inputs)
+    if (
+        isinstance(chain, Chain)
+        and isinstance(inputs_, dict)
+        and len(inputs_) == 1
+        and chain.input_keys
+    ):
+        val = next(iter(inputs_.values()))
+        output = await chain.ainvoke(
+            val,
+            config=RunnableConfig(
+                callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags or [], metadata=metadata or {}
+            ),
+        )
+    else:
+        runnable_config = RunnableConfig(
+            tags=tags or [], callbacks=callbacks, metadata=metadata or {}
+        )
+        output = await chain.ainvoke(inputs_, config=runnable_config)
+    return output
+
+
+async def _arun_llm_or_chain(
+    example: Example,
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+    *,
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MCF,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+) -> Union[dict, str, LLMResult, ChatResult]:
+    """Asynchronously run the Chain or language model.
+
+    Args:
+        example: The example to run.
+        llm_or_chain_factory: The Chain or language model constructor to run.
+        tags: Optional tags to add to the run.
+        callbacks: Optional callbacks to use during the run.
+        input_mapper: Optional function to map the input to the expected format.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of outputs.
+    """
+    chain_or_llm = (
+        "LLM" if isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, BaseLanguageModel) else "Chain"
+    )
+    result = None
+    try:
+        if isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, BaseLanguageModel):
+            output: Any = await _arun_llm(
+                llm_or_chain_factory,
+                example.inputs or {},
+                tags=config["tags"],
+                callbacks=config["callbacks"],
+                input_mapper=input_mapper,
+                metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            )
+        else:
+            chain = llm_or_chain_factory()
+            output = await _arun_chain(
+                chain,
+                example.inputs or {},
+                tags=config["tags"],
+                callbacks=config["callbacks"],
+                input_mapper=input_mapper,
+                metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            )
+        result = output
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(
+            f"{chain_or_llm} failed for example {example.id} "
+            f"with inputs {example.inputs}"
+            f"\n{repr(e)}"
+        )
+        result = EvalError(Error=e)
+    return result
+
+
+## Sync Utilities
+
+
+def _run_llm(
+    llm: BaseLanguageModel,
+    inputs: dict[str, Any],
+    callbacks: Callbacks,
+    *,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> Union[str, BaseMessage]:
+    """
+    Run the language model on the example.
+
+    Args:
+        llm: The language model to run.
+        inputs: The input dictionary.
+        callbacks: The callbacks to use during the run.
+        tags: Optional tags to add to the run.
+        input_mapper: function to map to the inputs dictionary from an Example
+    Returns:
+        The LLMResult or ChatResult.
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the LLM type is unsupported.
+        InputFormatError: If the input format is invalid.
+    """
+    # Most of this is legacy code; we could probably remove a lot of it.
+    if input_mapper is not None:
+        prompt_or_messages = input_mapper(inputs)
+        if (
+            isinstance(prompt_or_messages, str)
+            or isinstance(prompt_or_messages, list)
+            and all(isinstance(msg, BaseMessage) for msg in prompt_or_messages)
+        ):
+            llm_output: Union[str, BaseMessage] = llm.invoke(
+                prompt_or_messages,
+                config=RunnableConfig(
+                    callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags or [], metadata=metadata or {}
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            raise InputFormatError(
+                "Input mapper returned invalid format: "
+                f" {prompt_or_messages}"
+                "\nExpected a single string or list of chat messages."
+            )
+    else:
+        try:
+            llm_prompts = _get_prompt(inputs)
+            llm_output = llm.invoke(
+                llm_prompts,
+                config=RunnableConfig(
+                    callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags or [], metadata=metadata or {}
+                ),
+            )
+        except InputFormatError:
+            llm_inputs = _get_messages(inputs)
+            llm_output = llm.invoke(
+                **llm_inputs,
+                config=RunnableConfig(callbacks=callbacks, metadata=metadata or {}),
+            )
+    return llm_output
+
+
+def _run_chain(
+    chain: Union[Chain, Runnable],
+    inputs: dict[str, Any],
+    callbacks: Callbacks,
+    *,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> Union[dict, str]:
+    """Run a chain on inputs."""
+    inputs_ = inputs if input_mapper is None else input_mapper(inputs)
+    if (
+        isinstance(chain, Chain)
+        and isinstance(inputs_, dict)
+        and len(inputs_) == 1
+        and chain.input_keys
+    ):
+        val = next(iter(inputs_.values()))
+        output = chain.invoke(
+            val,
+            config=RunnableConfig(
+                callbacks=callbacks, tags=tags or [], metadata=metadata or {}
+            ),
+        )
+    else:
+        runnable_config = RunnableConfig(
+            tags=tags or [], callbacks=callbacks, metadata=metadata or {}
+        )
+        output = chain.invoke(inputs_, config=runnable_config)
+    return output
+
+
+def _run_llm_or_chain(
+    example: Example,
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+    *,
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MCF,
+    input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+) -> Union[dict, str, LLMResult, ChatResult]:
+    """
+    Run the Chain or language model synchronously.
+
+    Args:
+        example: The example to run.
+        llm_or_chain_factory: The Chain or language model constructor to run.
+        tags: Optional tags to add to the run.
+        callbacks: Optional callbacks to use during the run.
+
+    Returns:
+        Union[List[dict], List[str], List[LLMResult], List[ChatResult]]:
+          The outputs of the model or chain.
+    """
+    chain_or_llm = (
+        "LLM" if isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, BaseLanguageModel) else "Chain"
+    )
+    result = None
+    try:
+        if isinstance(llm_or_chain_factory, BaseLanguageModel):
+            output: Any = _run_llm(
+                llm_or_chain_factory,
+                example.inputs or {},
+                config["callbacks"],
+                tags=config["tags"],
+                input_mapper=input_mapper,
+                metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            )
+        else:
+            chain = llm_or_chain_factory()
+            output = _run_chain(
+                chain,
+                example.inputs or {},
+                config["callbacks"],
+                tags=config["tags"],
+                input_mapper=input_mapper,
+                metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            )
+        result = output
+    except Exception as e:
+        error_type = type(e).__name__
+        logger.warning(
+            f"{chain_or_llm} failed for example {example.id} "
+            f"with inputs {example.inputs}"
+            f"\nError Type: {error_type}, Message: {e}"
+        )
+        result = EvalError(Error=e)
+    return result
+
+
+def _prepare_eval_run(
+    client: Client,
+    dataset_name: str,
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MODEL_OR_CHAIN_FACTORY,
+    project_name: str,
+    project_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    dataset_version: Optional[Union[str, datetime]] = None,
+) -> tuple[MCF, TracerSession, Dataset, list[Example]]:
+    wrapped_model = _wrap_in_chain_factory(llm_or_chain_factory, dataset_name)
+    dataset = client.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name)
+
+    examples = list(client.list_examples(dataset_id=dataset.id, as_of=dataset_version))
+    if not examples:
+        raise ValueError(f"Dataset {dataset_name} has no example rows.")
+    modified_at = [ex.modified_at for ex in examples if ex.modified_at]
+    # Should always be defined in practice when fetched,
+    # but the typing permits None
+    max_modified_at = max(modified_at) if modified_at else None
+    inferred_version = max_modified_at.isoformat() if max_modified_at else None
+
+    try:
+        project_metadata = project_metadata or {}
+        git_info = get_git_info()
+        if git_info:
+            project_metadata = {
+                **project_metadata,
+                "git": git_info,
+            }
+
+        project_metadata["dataset_version"] = inferred_version
+        project = client.create_project(
+            project_name,
+            reference_dataset_id=dataset.id,
+            project_extra={"tags": tags} if tags else {},
+            metadata=project_metadata,
+        )
+    except (HTTPError, ValueError, LangSmithError) as e:
+        if "already exists " not in str(e):
+            raise e
+        uid = uuid.uuid4()
+        example_msg = f"""
+run_on_dataset(
+    ...
+    project_name="{project_name} - {uid}", # Update since {project_name} already exists
+)
+"""
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Test project {project_name} already exists. Please use a different name:"
+            f"\n\n{example_msg}"
+        )
+    comparison_url = dataset.url + f"/compare?selectedSessions={project.id}"
+    print(  # noqa: T201
+        f"View the evaluation results for project '{project_name}'"
+        f" at:\n{comparison_url}\n\n"
+        f"View all tests for Dataset {dataset_name} at:\n{dataset.url}",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    return wrapped_model, project, dataset, examples
+
+
+class _RowResult(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """A dictionary of the results for a single example row."""
+
+    feedback: Optional[list[EvaluationResult]]
+    execution_time: Optional[float]
+    run_id: Optional[str]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _DatasetRunContainer:
+    """A container to help manage the state of a eval run."""
+
+    client: Client
+    project: TracerSession
+    wrapped_model: MCF
+    examples: list[Example]
+    configs: list[RunnableConfig]
+    batch_evaluators: Optional[list[smith_eval_config.BATCH_EVALUATOR_LIKE]] = None
+
+    def _merge_test_outputs(
+        self,
+        batch_results: list,
+        all_eval_results: dict[str, _RowResult],
+    ) -> dict:
+        results: dict = {}
+        for example, output in zip(self.examples, batch_results):
+            row_result = cast(_RowResult, all_eval_results.get(str(example.id), {}))
+            results[str(example.id)] = {
+                "input": example.inputs,
+                "feedback": row_result.get("feedback", []),
+                "execution_time": row_result.get("execution_time"),
+                "run_id": row_result.get("run_id"),
+            }
+            if isinstance(output, EvalError):
+                results[str(example.id)]["Error"] = output.Error
+            else:
+                results[str(example.id)]["output"] = output
+            if example.outputs:
+                results[str(example.id)]["reference"] = example.outputs
+        return results
+
+    def _run_batch_evaluators(self, runs: dict[str, Run]) -> list[dict]:
+        evaluators = self.batch_evaluators
+        if not evaluators:
+            return []
+        runs_list = [runs[str(example.id)] for example in self.examples]
+        aggregate_feedback = []
+        with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
+            for evaluator in evaluators:
+                try:
+                    result = evaluator(runs_list, self.examples)
+                    if isinstance(result, EvaluationResult):
+                        result = result.dict()
+                    aggregate_feedback.append(cast(dict, result))
+                    executor.submit(
+                        self.client.create_feedback,
+                        **result,
+                        run_id=None,
+                        project_id=self.project.id,
+                    )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.error(
+                        f"Error running batch evaluator {repr(evaluator)}: {e}"
+                    )
+        return aggregate_feedback
+
+    def _collect_metrics(self) -> tuple[dict[str, _RowResult], dict[str, Run]]:
+        all_eval_results: dict = {}
+        all_runs: dict = {}
+        for c in self.configs:
+            for callback in cast(list, c["callbacks"]):
+                if isinstance(callback, EvaluatorCallbackHandler):
+                    eval_results = callback.logged_eval_results
+                    for (_, example_id), v in eval_results.items():
+                        all_eval_results.setdefault(str(example_id), {}).update(
+                            {"feedback": v}
+                        )
+                elif isinstance(callback, LangChainTracer):
+                    run = callback.latest_run
+                    execution_time = (
+                        (run.end_time - run.start_time).total_seconds()
+                        if run and run.end_time
+                        else None
+                    )
+                    run_id = str(run.id) if run else None
+                    all_eval_results.setdefault(str(callback.example_id), {}).update(
+                        {
+                            "execution_time": execution_time,
+                            "run_id": run_id,
+                            "run": run,
+                        }
+                    )
+                    all_runs[str(callback.example_id)] = run
+        return cast(dict[str, _RowResult], all_eval_results), all_runs
+
+    def _collect_test_results(
+        self,
+        batch_results: list[Union[dict, str, LLMResult, ChatResult]],
+    ) -> TestResult:
+        logger.info("Waiting for evaluators to complete.")
+        wait_for_all_evaluators()
+        all_eval_results, all_runs = self._collect_metrics()
+        aggregate_feedback = None
+        if self.batch_evaluators:
+            logger.info("Running session evaluators.")
+            aggregate_feedback = self._run_batch_evaluators(all_runs)
+        results = self._merge_test_outputs(batch_results, all_eval_results)
+        return TestResult(
+            project_name=self.project.name,
+            results=results,
+            aggregate_metrics=aggregate_feedback,
+        )
+
+    def finish(self, batch_results: list, verbose: bool = False) -> TestResult:
+        results = self._collect_test_results(batch_results)
+        if verbose:
+            try:
+                agg_feedback = results.get_aggregate_feedback()
+                _display_aggregate_results(agg_feedback)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug(f"Failed to print aggregate feedback: {repr(e)}")
+        try:
+            # Closing the project permits name changing and metric optimizations
+            self.client.update_project(
+                self.project.id, end_time=datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.debug(f"Failed to close project: {repr(e)}")
+        return results
+
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare(
+        cls,
+        client: Client,
+        dataset_name: str,
+        llm_or_chain_factory: MODEL_OR_CHAIN_FACTORY,
+        project_name: Optional[str],
+        evaluation: Optional[smith_eval.RunEvalConfig] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+        concurrency_level: int = 5,
+        project_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        revision_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_version: Optional[Union[datetime, str]] = None,
+    ) -> _DatasetRunContainer:
+        project_name = project_name or name_generation.random_name()
+        if revision_id:
+            if not project_metadata:
+                project_metadata = {}
+            project_metadata.update({"revision_id": revision_id})
+        wrapped_model, project, dataset, examples = _prepare_eval_run(
+            client,
+            dataset_name,
+            llm_or_chain_factory,
+            project_name,
+            project_metadata=project_metadata,
+            tags=tags,
+            dataset_version=dataset_version,
+        )
+        tags = tags or []
+        for k, v in (project.metadata.get("git") or {}).items():
+            tags.append(f"git:{k}={v}")
+        run_metadata = {"dataset_version": project.metadata["dataset_version"]}
+        if revision_id:
+            run_metadata["revision_id"] = revision_id
+        wrapped_model = _wrap_in_chain_factory(llm_or_chain_factory)
+        run_evaluators = _setup_evaluation(
+            wrapped_model, examples, evaluation, dataset.data_type or DataType.kv
+        )
+        _validate_example_inputs(examples[0], wrapped_model, input_mapper)
+        progress_bar = progress.ProgressBarCallback(len(examples))
+        configs = [
+            RunnableConfig(
+                callbacks=[
+                    LangChainTracer(
+                        project_name=project.name,
+                        client=client,
+                        example_id=example.id,
+                    ),
+                    EvaluatorCallbackHandler(
+                        evaluators=run_evaluators or [],
+                        client=client,
+                        example_id=example.id,
+                        max_concurrency=0,
+                    ),
+                    progress_bar,
+                ],
+                tags=tags,
+                max_concurrency=concurrency_level,
+                metadata=run_metadata,
+            )
+            for example in examples
+        ]
+        return cls(
+            client=client,
+            project=project,
+            wrapped_model=wrapped_model,
+            examples=examples,
+            configs=configs,
+            batch_evaluators=evaluation.batch_evaluators if evaluation else None,
+        )
+
+
+def _is_jupyter_environment() -> bool:
+    try:
+        from IPython import get_ipython
+
+        res = get_ipython()
+        return get_ipython() is not None and "zmqshell" in str(type(res))
+    except ImportError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _display_aggregate_results(aggregate_results: pd.DataFrame) -> None:
+    if _is_jupyter_environment():
+        from IPython.display import HTML, display
+
+        display(HTML("<h3>Experiment Results:</h3>"))
+        display(aggregate_results)
+    else:
+        formatted_string = aggregate_results.to_string(
+            float_format=lambda x: f"{x:.2f}", justify="right"
+        )
+        print("\n Experiment Results:")  # noqa: T201
+        print(formatted_string)  # noqa: T201
+
+
+_INPUT_MAPPER_DEP_WARNING = (
+    "The input_mapper argument is deprecated and "
+    "will be removed in a future release. Please add a "
+    " RunnableLambda to your chain to map inputs to the expected format"
+    " instead. Example:\n"
+    "def construct_chain():\n"
+    "    my_chain = ...\n"
+    "    input_mapper = {'other_key': 'MyOtherInput', 'my_input_key': x}\n"
+    "    return input_mapper | my_chain\n"
+    "run_on_dataset(..., llm_or_chain_factory=construct_chain)\n"
+    "(See https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/schema/"
+    "langchain.schema.runnable.base.RunnableLambda.html)"
+)
+
+## Public API
+
+
+async def arun_on_dataset(
+    client: Optional[Client],
+    dataset_name: str,
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MODEL_OR_CHAIN_FACTORY,
+    *,
+    evaluation: Optional[smith_eval.RunEvalConfig] = None,
+    dataset_version: Optional[Union[datetime, str]] = None,
+    concurrency_level: int = 5,
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    project_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    revision_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    input_mapper = kwargs.pop("input_mapper", None)
+    if input_mapper:
+        warn_deprecated("0.0.305", message=_INPUT_MAPPER_DEP_WARNING, pending=True)
+    if revision_id is None:
+        revision_id = get_langchain_env_var_metadata().get("revision_id")
+    tags = kwargs.pop("tags", None)
+    if tags:
+        warn_deprecated(
+            "0.1.9",
+            message="The tags argument is deprecated and will be"
+            " removed in a future release. Please specify project_metadata instead.",
+            pending=True,
+        )
+
+    if kwargs:
+        warn_deprecated(
+            "0.0.305",
+            message="The following arguments are deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in a future release: "
+            f"{kwargs.keys()}.",
+            removal="0.0.305",
+        )
+    client = client or Client()
+    container = _DatasetRunContainer.prepare(
+        client,
+        dataset_name,
+        llm_or_chain_factory,
+        project_name,
+        evaluation,
+        tags,
+        input_mapper,
+        concurrency_level,
+        project_metadata=project_metadata,
+        revision_id=revision_id,
+        dataset_version=dataset_version,
+    )
+    batch_results = await runnable_utils.gather_with_concurrency(
+        container.configs[0].get("max_concurrency"),
+        *map(
+            functools.partial(
+                _arun_llm_or_chain,
+                llm_or_chain_factory=container.wrapped_model,
+                input_mapper=input_mapper,
+            ),
+            container.examples,
+            container.configs,
+        ),
+    )
+    return container.finish(batch_results, verbose=verbose)
+
+
+def run_on_dataset(
+    client: Optional[Client],
+    dataset_name: str,
+    llm_or_chain_factory: MODEL_OR_CHAIN_FACTORY,
+    *,
+    evaluation: Optional[smith_eval.RunEvalConfig] = None,
+    dataset_version: Optional[Union[datetime, str]] = None,
+    concurrency_level: int = 5,
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    project_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+    revision_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    input_mapper = kwargs.pop("input_mapper", None)
+    if input_mapper:
+        warn_deprecated("0.0.305", message=_INPUT_MAPPER_DEP_WARNING, pending=True)
+    tags = kwargs.pop("tags", None)
+    if tags:
+        warn_deprecated(
+            "0.1.9",
+            message="The tags argument is deprecated and will be"
+            " removed in a future release. Please specify project_metadata instead.",
+            pending=True,
+        )
+    if revision_id is None:
+        revision_id = get_langchain_env_var_metadata().get("revision_id")
+
+    if kwargs:
+        warn_deprecated(
+            "0.0.305",
+            message="The following arguments are deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in a future release: "
+            f"{kwargs.keys()}.",
+            removal="0.0.305",
+        )
+    client = client or Client()
+    container = _DatasetRunContainer.prepare(
+        client,
+        dataset_name,
+        llm_or_chain_factory,
+        project_name,
+        evaluation,
+        tags,
+        input_mapper,
+        concurrency_level,
+        project_metadata=project_metadata,
+        revision_id=revision_id,
+        dataset_version=dataset_version,
+    )
+    if concurrency_level == 0:
+        batch_results = [
+            _run_llm_or_chain(
+                example,
+                config,
+                llm_or_chain_factory=container.wrapped_model,
+                input_mapper=input_mapper,
+            )
+            for example, config in zip(container.examples, container.configs)
+        ]
+    else:
+        with runnable_config.get_executor_for_config(container.configs[0]) as executor:
+            batch_results = list(
+                executor.map(
+                    functools.partial(
+                        _run_llm_or_chain,
+                        llm_or_chain_factory=container.wrapped_model,
+                        input_mapper=input_mapper,
+                    ),
+                    container.examples,
+                    container.configs,
+                )
+            )
+
+    return container.finish(batch_results, verbose=verbose)
+
+
+_RUN_ON_DATASET_DOCSTRING = """
+Run the Chain or language model on a dataset and store traces
+to the specified project name.
+
+Args:
+    dataset_name: Name of the dataset to run the chain on.
+    llm_or_chain_factory: Language model or Chain constructor to run
+        over the dataset. The Chain constructor is used to permit
+        independent calls on each example without carrying over state.
+    evaluation: Configuration for evaluators to run on the
+        results of the chain
+    concurrency_level: The number of async tasks to run concurrently.
+    project_name: Name of the project to store the traces in.
+        Defaults to {dataset_name}-{chain class name}-{datetime}.
+    project_metadata: Optional metadata to add to the project.
+        Useful for storing information the test variant.
+        (prompt version, model version, etc.)
+    client: LangSmith client to use to access the dataset and to
+        log feedback and run traces.
+    verbose: Whether to print progress.
+    tags: Tags to add to each run in the project.
+    revision_id: Optional revision identifier to assign this test run to
+        track the performance of different versions of your system.
+Returns:
+    A dictionary containing the run's project name and the resulting model outputs.
+
+
+For the (usually faster) async version of this function, see :func:`arun_on_dataset`.
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from langsmith import Client
+    from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+    from langchain.chains import LLMChain
+    from langchain.smith import smith_eval.RunEvalConfig, run_on_dataset
+
+    # Chains may have memory. Passing in a constructor function lets the
+    # evaluation framework avoid cross-contamination between runs.
+    def construct_chain():
+        llm = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0)
+        chain = LLMChain.from_string(
+            llm,
+            "What's the answer to {your_input_key}"
+        )
+        return chain
+
+    # Load off-the-shelf evaluators via config or the EvaluatorType (string or enum)
+    evaluation_config = smith_eval.RunEvalConfig(
+        evaluators=[
+            "qa",  # "Correctness" against a reference answer
+            "embedding_distance",
+            smith_eval.RunEvalConfig.Criteria("helpfulness"),
+            smith_eval.RunEvalConfig.Criteria({
+                "fifth-grader-score": "Do you have to be smarter than a fifth grader to answer this question?"
+            }),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    client = Client()
+    run_on_dataset(
+        client,
+        dataset_name="<my_dataset_name>",
+        llm_or_chain_factory=construct_chain,
+        evaluation=evaluation_config,
+    )
+
+You can also create custom evaluators by subclassing the
+:class:`StringEvaluator <langchain.evaluation.schema.StringEvaluator>`
+or LangSmith's `RunEvaluator` classes.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from typing import Optional
+    from langchain.evaluation import StringEvaluator
+
+    class MyStringEvaluator(StringEvaluator):
+
+        @property
+        def requires_input(self) -> bool:
+            return False
+
+        @property
+        def requires_reference(self) -> bool:
+            return True
+
+        @property
+        def evaluation_name(self) -> str:
+            return "exact_match"
+
+        def _evaluate_strings(self, prediction, reference=None, input=None, **kwargs) -> dict:
+            return {"score": prediction == reference}
+
+
+    evaluation_config = smith_eval.RunEvalConfig(
+        custom_evaluators = [MyStringEvaluator()],
+    )
+
+    run_on_dataset(
+        client,
+        dataset_name="<my_dataset_name>",
+        llm_or_chain_factory=construct_chain,
+        evaluation=evaluation_config,
+    )
+"""  # noqa: E501
+run_on_dataset.__doc__ = _RUN_ON_DATASET_DOCSTRING
+arun_on_dataset.__doc__ = _RUN_ON_DATASET_DOCSTRING.replace(
+    "run_on_dataset(", "await arun_on_dataset("
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/string_run_evaluator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/string_run_evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0e56ee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/string_run_evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+"""Run evaluator wrapper for string evaluators."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import uuid
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.load.dump import dumpd
+from langchain_core.load.load import load
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string, messages_from_dict
+from langsmith import EvaluationResult, RunEvaluator
+from langsmith.schemas import DataType, Example, Run
+
+from langchain.chains.base import Chain
+from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator
+from langchain.schema import RUN_KEY
+
+
+def _get_messages_from_run_dict(messages: list[dict]) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    if not messages:
+        return []
+    first_message = messages[0]
+    if "lc" in first_message:
+        return [load(dumpd(message)) for message in messages]
+    else:
+        return messages_from_dict(messages)
+
+
+class StringRunMapper(Serializable):
+    """Extract items to evaluate from the run object."""
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """The keys to extract from the run."""
+        return ["prediction", "input"]
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def map(self, run: Run) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Maps the Run to a dictionary."""
+
+    def __call__(self, run: Run) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Maps the Run to a dictionary."""
+        if not run.outputs:
+            raise ValueError(f"Run {run.id} has no outputs to evaluate.")
+        return self.map(run)
+
+
+class LLMStringRunMapper(StringRunMapper):
+    """Extract items to evaluate from the run object."""
+
+    def serialize_chat_messages(self, messages: list[dict]) -> str:
+        """Extract the input messages from the run."""
+        if isinstance(messages, list) and messages:
+            if isinstance(messages[0], dict):
+                chat_messages = _get_messages_from_run_dict(messages)
+            elif isinstance(messages[0], list):
+                # Runs from Tracer have messages as a list of lists of dicts
+                chat_messages = _get_messages_from_run_dict(messages[0])
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Could not extract messages to evaluate {messages}")
+            return get_buffer_string(chat_messages)
+        raise ValueError(f"Could not extract messages to evaluate {messages}")
+
+    def serialize_inputs(self, inputs: dict) -> str:
+        if "prompts" in inputs:  # Should we even accept this?
+            input_ = "\n\n".join(inputs["prompts"])
+        elif "prompt" in inputs:
+            input_ = inputs["prompt"]
+        elif "messages" in inputs:
+            input_ = self.serialize_chat_messages(inputs["messages"])
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("LLM Run must have either messages or prompts as inputs.")
+        return input_
+
+    def serialize_outputs(self, outputs: dict) -> str:
+        if not outputs.get("generations"):
+            raise ValueError("Cannot evaluate LLM Run without generations.")
+        generations: list[dict] = outputs["generations"]
+        if not generations:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot evaluate LLM run with empty generations.")
+        first_generation: dict = generations[0]
+        if isinstance(first_generation, list):
+            # Runs from Tracer have generations as a list of lists of dicts
+            # Whereas Runs from the API have a list of dicts
+            first_generation = first_generation[0]
+        if "message" in first_generation:
+            output_ = self.serialize_chat_messages([first_generation["message"]])
+        else:
+            output_ = first_generation["text"]
+        return output_
+
+    def map(self, run: Run) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Maps the Run to a dictionary."""
+        if run.run_type != "llm":
+            raise ValueError("LLM RunMapper only supports LLM runs.")
+        elif not run.outputs:
+            if run.error:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Cannot evaluate errored LLM run {run.id}: {run.error}"
+                )
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Run {run.id} has no outputs. Cannot evaluate this run."
+                )
+        else:
+            try:
+                inputs = self.serialize_inputs(run.inputs)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Could not parse LM input from run inputs {run.inputs}"
+                ) from e
+            try:
+                output_ = self.serialize_outputs(run.outputs)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Could not parse LM prediction from run outputs {run.outputs}"
+                ) from e
+            return {"input": inputs, "prediction": output_}
+
+
+class ChainStringRunMapper(StringRunMapper):
+    """Extract items to evaluate from the run object from a chain."""
+
+    input_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key from the model Run's inputs to use as the eval input.
+    If not provided, will use the only input key or raise an
+    error if there are multiple."""
+    prediction_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The key from the model Run's outputs to use as the eval prediction.
+    If not provided, will use the only output key or raise an error
+    if there are multiple."""
+
+    def _get_key(self, source: dict, key: Optional[str], which: str) -> str:
+        if key is not None:
+            return source[key]
+        elif len(source) == 1:
+            return next(iter(source.values()))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Could not map run {which} with multiple keys: "
+                f"{source}\nPlease manually specify a {which}_key"
+            )
+
+    def map(self, run: Run) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Maps the Run to a dictionary."""
+        if not run.outputs:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Run with ID {run.id} lacks outputs required for evaluation."
+                " Ensure the Run has valid outputs."
+            )
+        if self.input_key is not None and self.input_key not in run.inputs:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Run with ID {run.id} is missing the expected input key"
+                f" '{self.input_key}'.\nAvailable input keys in this Run"
+                f"  are: {run.inputs.keys()}.\nAdjust the evaluator's"
+                f" input_key or ensure your input data includes key"
+                f" '{self.input_key}'."
+            )
+        elif self.prediction_key is not None and self.prediction_key not in run.outputs:
+            available_keys = ", ".join(run.outputs.keys())
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Run with ID {run.id} doesn't have the expected prediction key"
+                f" '{self.prediction_key}'. Available prediction keys in this Run are:"
+                f" {available_keys}. Adjust the evaluator's prediction_key or"
+                " ensure the Run object's outputs the expected key."
+            )
+
+        else:
+            input_ = self._get_key(run.inputs, self.input_key, "input")
+            prediction = self._get_key(run.outputs, self.prediction_key, "prediction")
+            return {
+                "input": input_,
+                "prediction": prediction,
+            }
+
+
+class ToolStringRunMapper(StringRunMapper):
+    """Map an input to the tool."""
+
+    def map(self, run: Run) -> dict[str, str]:
+        if not run.outputs:
+            raise ValueError(f"Run {run.id} has no outputs to evaluate.")
+        return {"input": run.inputs["input"], "prediction": run.outputs["output"]}
+
+
+class StringExampleMapper(Serializable):
+    """Map an example, or row in the dataset, to the inputs of an evaluation."""
+
+    reference_key: Optional[str] = None
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        """The keys to extract from the run."""
+        return ["reference"]
+
+    def serialize_chat_messages(self, messages: list[dict]) -> str:
+        """Extract the input messages from the run."""
+        chat_messages = _get_messages_from_run_dict(messages)
+        return get_buffer_string(chat_messages)
+
+    def map(self, example: Example) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Maps the Example, or dataset row to a dictionary."""
+        if not example.outputs:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Example {example.id} has no outputs to use as a reference."
+            )
+        if self.reference_key is None:
+            if len(example.outputs) > 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Example {example.id} has multiple outputs, so you must"
+                    " specify a reference_key."
+                )
+            else:
+                output = list(example.outputs.values())[0]
+        elif self.reference_key not in example.outputs:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Example {example.id} does not have reference key"
+                f" {self.reference_key}."
+            )
+        else:
+            output = example.outputs[self.reference_key]
+        return {
+            "reference": self.serialize_chat_messages([output])
+            if isinstance(output, dict) and output.get("type") and output.get("data")
+            else output
+        }
+
+    def __call__(self, example: Example) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Maps the Run and Example to a dictionary."""
+        if not example.outputs:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Example {example.id} has no outputs to use as areference label."
+            )
+        return self.map(example)
+
+
+class StringRunEvaluatorChain(Chain, RunEvaluator):
+    """Evaluate Run and optional examples."""
+
+    run_mapper: StringRunMapper
+    """Maps the Run to a dictionary with 'input' and 'prediction' strings."""
+    example_mapper: Optional[StringExampleMapper] = None
+    """Maps the Example (dataset row) to a dictionary
+    with a 'reference' string."""
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation metric."""
+    string_evaluator: StringEvaluator
+    """The evaluation chain."""
+
+    @property
+    def input_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["run", "example"]
+
+    @property
+    def output_keys(self) -> list[str]:
+        return ["feedback"]
+
+    def _prepare_input(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+        run: Run = inputs["run"]
+        example: Optional[Example] = inputs.get("example")
+        evaluate_strings_inputs = self.run_mapper(run)
+        if not self.string_evaluator.requires_input:
+            # Hide warning about unused input
+            evaluate_strings_inputs.pop("input", None)
+        if example and self.example_mapper and self.string_evaluator.requires_reference:
+            evaluate_strings_inputs.update(self.example_mapper(example))
+        elif self.string_evaluator.requires_reference:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Evaluator {self.name} requires an reference"
+                " example from the dataset,"
+                f" but none was provided for run {run.id}."
+            )
+        return evaluate_strings_inputs
+
+    def _prepare_output(self, output: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        evaluation_result = EvaluationResult(
+            key=self.name, comment=output.get("reasoning"), **output
+        )
+        if RUN_KEY in output:
+            # TODO: Not currently surfaced. Update
+            evaluation_result.evaluator_info[RUN_KEY] = output[RUN_KEY]
+        return {"feedback": evaluation_result}
+
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Call the evaluation chain."""
+        evaluate_strings_inputs = self._prepare_input(inputs)
+        _run_manager = run_manager or CallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        chain_output = self.string_evaluator.evaluate_strings(
+            **evaluate_strings_inputs,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            include_run_info=True,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(chain_output)
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, str],
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Call the evaluation chain."""
+        evaluate_strings_inputs = self._prepare_input(inputs)
+        _run_manager = run_manager or AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun.get_noop_manager()
+        callbacks = _run_manager.get_child()
+        chain_output = await self.string_evaluator.aevaluate_strings(
+            **evaluate_strings_inputs,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            include_run_info=True,
+        )
+        return self._prepare_output(chain_output)
+
+    def _prepare_evaluator_output(self, output: dict[str, Any]) -> EvaluationResult:
+        feedback: EvaluationResult = output["feedback"]
+        if RUN_KEY not in feedback.evaluator_info:
+            feedback.evaluator_info[RUN_KEY] = output[RUN_KEY]
+        return feedback
+
+    def evaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        example: Optional[Example] = None,
+        evaluator_run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    ) -> EvaluationResult:
+        """Evaluate an example."""
+        try:
+            result = self({"run": run, "example": example}, include_run_info=True)
+            return self._prepare_evaluator_output(result)
+        except Exception as e:
+            return EvaluationResult(
+                key=self.string_evaluator.evaluation_name,
+                comment=f"Error evaluating run {run.id}: {e}",
+                # TODO: Add run ID once we can declare it via callbacks
+            )
+
+    async def aevaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        example: Optional[Example] = None,
+        evaluator_run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    ) -> EvaluationResult:
+        """Evaluate an example."""
+        try:
+            result = await self.acall(
+                {"run": run, "example": example}, include_run_info=True
+            )
+            return self._prepare_evaluator_output(result)
+        except Exception as e:
+            return EvaluationResult(
+                key=self.string_evaluator.evaluation_name,
+                comment=f"Error evaluating run {run.id}: {e}",
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_run_and_data_type(
+        cls,
+        evaluator: StringEvaluator,
+        run_type: str,
+        data_type: DataType,
+        input_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        prediction_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    ) -> StringRunEvaluatorChain:
+        """
+        Create a StringRunEvaluatorChain from an evaluator and the run and dataset types.
+
+        This method provides an easy way to instantiate a StringRunEvaluatorChain, by
+        taking an evaluator and information about the type of run and the data.
+        The method supports LLM and chain runs.
+
+        Args:
+            evaluator (StringEvaluator): The string evaluator to use.
+            run_type (str): The type of run being evaluated.
+                Supported types are LLM and Chain.
+            data_type (DataType): The type of dataset used in the run.
+            input_key (str, optional): The key used to map the input from the run.
+            prediction_key (str, optional): The key used to map the prediction from the run.
+            reference_key (str, optional): The key used to map the reference from the dataset.
+            tags (List[str], optional): List of tags to attach to the evaluation chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            StringRunEvaluatorChain: The instantiated evaluation chain.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the run type is not supported, or if the evaluator requires a
+                reference from the dataset but the reference key is not provided.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        # Configure how run inputs/predictions are passed to the evaluator
+        if run_type == "llm":
+            run_mapper: StringRunMapper = LLMStringRunMapper()
+        elif run_type == "chain":
+            run_mapper = ChainStringRunMapper(
+                input_key=input_key, prediction_key=prediction_key
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unsupported run type {run_type}. Expected one of 'llm' or 'chain'."
+            )
+
+        # Configure how example rows are fed as a reference string to the evaluator
+        if (
+            reference_key is not None
+            or data_type in (DataType.llm, DataType.chat)
+            or evaluator.requires_reference
+        ):
+            example_mapper = StringExampleMapper(reference_key=reference_key)
+        elif evaluator.requires_reference:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Evaluator {evaluator.evaluation_name} requires a reference"
+                " example from the dataset. Please specify the reference key from"
+                " amongst the dataset outputs keys."
+            )
+        else:
+            example_mapper = None
+        return cls(
+            name=evaluator.evaluation_name,
+            run_mapper=run_mapper,
+            example_mapper=example_mapper,
+            string_evaluator=evaluator,
+            tags=tags,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/smith/evaluation/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/sql_database.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/sql_database.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70c927cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/sql_database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Keep here for backwards compatibility."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SQLDatabase": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SQLDatabase",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ccdfab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""Implementations of key-value stores and storage helpers.
+
+Module provides implementations of various key-value stores that conform
+to a simple key-value interface.
+
+The primary goal of these storages is to support implementation of caching.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.stores import (
+    InMemoryByteStore,
+    InMemoryStore,
+    InvalidKeyException,
+)
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+from langchain.storage._lc_store import create_kv_docstore, create_lc_store
+from langchain.storage.encoder_backed import EncoderBackedStore
+from langchain.storage.file_system import LocalFileStore
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.storage import (
+        RedisStore,
+        UpstashRedisByteStore,
+        UpstashRedisStore,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RedisStore": "langchain_community.storage",
+    "UpstashRedisByteStore": "langchain_community.storage",
+    "UpstashRedisStore": "langchain_community.storage",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_kv_docstore",
+    "create_lc_store",
+    "EncoderBackedStore",
+    "InMemoryByteStore",
+    "InMemoryStore",
+    "InvalidKeyException",
+    "LocalFileStore",
+    "RedisStore",
+    "UpstashRedisByteStore",
+    "UpstashRedisStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/_lc_store.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/_lc_store.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2ebf691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/_lc_store.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+"""Create a key-value store for any langchain serializable object."""
+
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.load import Serializable, dumps, loads
+from langchain_core.stores import BaseStore, ByteStore
+
+from langchain.storage.encoder_backed import EncoderBackedStore
+
+
+def _dump_as_bytes(obj: Serializable) -> bytes:
+    """Return a bytes representation of a document."""
+    return dumps(obj).encode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _dump_document_as_bytes(obj: Document) -> bytes:
+    """Return a bytes representation of a document."""
+    if not isinstance(obj, Document):
+        raise TypeError("Expected a Document instance")
+    return dumps(obj).encode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _load_document_from_bytes(serialized: bytes) -> Document:
+    """Return a document from a bytes representation."""
+    obj = loads(serialized.decode("utf-8"))
+    if not isinstance(obj, Document):
+        raise TypeError(f"Expected a Document instance. Got {type(obj)}")
+    return obj
+
+
+def _load_from_bytes(serialized: bytes) -> Serializable:
+    """Return a document from a bytes representation."""
+    return loads(serialized.decode("utf-8"))
+
+
+def _identity(x: str) -> str:
+    """Return the same object."""
+    return x
+
+
+# PUBLIC API
+
+
+def create_lc_store(
+    store: ByteStore,
+    *,
+    key_encoder: Optional[Callable[[str], str]] = None,
+) -> BaseStore[str, Serializable]:
+    """Create a store for langchain serializable objects from a bytes store.
+
+    Args:
+        store: A bytes store to use as the underlying store.
+        key_encoder: A function to encode keys; if None uses identity function.
+
+    Returns:
+        A key-value store for documents.
+    """
+    return EncoderBackedStore(
+        store,
+        key_encoder or _identity,
+        _dump_as_bytes,
+        _load_from_bytes,
+    )
+
+
+def create_kv_docstore(
+    store: ByteStore,
+    *,
+    key_encoder: Optional[Callable[[str], str]] = None,
+) -> BaseStore[str, Document]:
+    """Create a store for langchain Document objects from a bytes store.
+
+    This store does run time type checking to ensure that the values are
+    Document objects.
+
+    Args:
+        store: A bytes store to use as the underlying store.
+        key_encoder: A function to encode keys; if None uses identity function.
+
+    Returns:
+        A key-value store for documents.
+    """
+    return EncoderBackedStore(
+        store,
+        key_encoder or _identity,
+        _dump_document_as_bytes,
+        _load_document_from_bytes,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/encoder_backed.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/encoder_backed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..becc86dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/encoder_backed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.stores import BaseStore
+
+K = TypeVar("K")
+V = TypeVar("V")
+
+
+class EncoderBackedStore(BaseStore[K, V]):
+    """Wraps a store with key and value encoders/decoders.
+
+    Examples that uses JSON for encoding/decoding:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import json
+
+        def key_encoder(key: int) -> str:
+            return json.dumps(key)
+
+        def value_serializer(value: float) -> str:
+            return json.dumps(value)
+
+        def value_deserializer(serialized_value: str) -> float:
+            return json.loads(serialized_value)
+
+        # Create an instance of the abstract store
+        abstract_store = MyCustomStore()
+
+        # Create an instance of the encoder-backed store
+        store = EncoderBackedStore(
+            store=abstract_store,
+            key_encoder=key_encoder,
+            value_serializer=value_serializer,
+            value_deserializer=value_deserializer
+        )
+
+        # Use the encoder-backed store methods
+        store.mset([(1, 3.14), (2, 2.718)])
+        values = store.mget([1, 2])  # Retrieves [3.14, 2.718]
+        store.mdelete([1, 2])  # Deletes the keys 1 and 2
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        store: BaseStore[str, Any],
+        key_encoder: Callable[[K], str],
+        value_serializer: Callable[[V], bytes],
+        value_deserializer: Callable[[Any], V],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize an EncodedStore."""
+        self.store = store
+        self.key_encoder = key_encoder
+        self.value_serializer = value_serializer
+        self.value_deserializer = value_deserializer
+
+    def mget(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> list[Optional[V]]:
+        """Get the values associated with the given keys."""
+        encoded_keys: list[str] = [self.key_encoder(key) for key in keys]
+        values = self.store.mget(encoded_keys)
+        return [
+            self.value_deserializer(value) if value is not None else value
+            for value in values
+        ]
+
+    async def amget(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> list[Optional[V]]:
+        """Get the values associated with the given keys."""
+        encoded_keys: list[str] = [self.key_encoder(key) for key in keys]
+        values = await self.store.amget(encoded_keys)
+        return [
+            self.value_deserializer(value) if value is not None else value
+            for value in values
+        ]
+
+    def mset(self, key_value_pairs: Sequence[tuple[K, V]]) -> None:
+        """Set the values for the given keys."""
+        encoded_pairs = [
+            (self.key_encoder(key), self.value_serializer(value))
+            for key, value in key_value_pairs
+        ]
+        self.store.mset(encoded_pairs)
+
+    async def amset(self, key_value_pairs: Sequence[tuple[K, V]]) -> None:
+        """Set the values for the given keys."""
+        encoded_pairs = [
+            (self.key_encoder(key), self.value_serializer(value))
+            for key, value in key_value_pairs
+        ]
+        await self.store.amset(encoded_pairs)
+
+    def mdelete(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> None:
+        """Delete the given keys and their associated values."""
+        encoded_keys = [self.key_encoder(key) for key in keys]
+        self.store.mdelete(encoded_keys)
+
+    async def amdelete(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> None:
+        """Delete the given keys and their associated values."""
+        encoded_keys = [self.key_encoder(key) for key in keys]
+        await self.store.amdelete(encoded_keys)
+
+    def yield_keys(
+        self, *, prefix: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Union[Iterator[K], Iterator[str]]:
+        """Get an iterator over keys that match the given prefix."""
+        # For the time being this does not return K, but str
+        # it's for debugging purposes. Should fix this.
+        yield from self.store.yield_keys(prefix=prefix)
+
+    async def ayield_keys(
+        self, *, prefix: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Union[AsyncIterator[K], AsyncIterator[str]]:
+        """Get an iterator over keys that match the given prefix."""
+        # For the time being this does not return K, but str
+        # it's for debugging purposes. Should fix this.
+        async for key in self.store.ayield_keys(prefix=prefix):
+            yield key
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82d7c8a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.stores import InvalidKeyException
+
+__all__ = ["InvalidKeyException"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/file_system.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/file_system.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef07f81c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/file_system.py
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+import os
+import re
+import time
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.stores import ByteStore
+
+from langchain.storage.exceptions import InvalidKeyException
+
+
+class LocalFileStore(ByteStore):
+    """BaseStore interface that works on the local file system.
+
+    Examples:
+        Create a LocalFileStore instance and perform operations on it:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.storage import LocalFileStore
+
+            # Instantiate the LocalFileStore with the root path
+            file_store = LocalFileStore("/path/to/root")
+
+            # Set values for keys
+            file_store.mset([("key1", b"value1"), ("key2", b"value2")])
+
+            # Get values for keys
+            values = file_store.mget(["key1", "key2"])  # Returns [b"value1", b"value2"]
+
+            # Delete keys
+            file_store.mdelete(["key1"])
+
+            # Iterate over keys
+            for key in file_store.yield_keys():
+                print(key)  # noqa: T201
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        root_path: Union[str, Path],
+        *,
+        chmod_file: Optional[int] = None,
+        chmod_dir: Optional[int] = None,
+        update_atime: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Implement the BaseStore interface for the local file system.
+
+        Args:
+            root_path (Union[str, Path]): The root path of the file store. All keys are
+                interpreted as paths relative to this root.
+            chmod_file: (optional, defaults to `None`) If specified, sets permissions
+                for newly created files, overriding the current `umask` if needed.
+            chmod_dir: (optional, defaults to `None`) If specified, sets permissions
+                for newly created dirs, overriding the current `umask` if needed.
+            update_atime: (optional, defaults to `False`) If `True`, updates the
+                filesystem access time (but not the modified time) when a file is read.
+                This allows MRU/LRU cache policies to be implemented for filesystems
+                where access time updates are disabled.
+        """
+        self.root_path = Path(root_path).absolute()
+        self.chmod_file = chmod_file
+        self.chmod_dir = chmod_dir
+        self.update_atime = update_atime
+
+    def _get_full_path(self, key: str) -> Path:
+        """Get the full path for a given key relative to the root path.
+
+        Args:
+            key (str): The key relative to the root path.
+
+        Returns:
+            Path: The full path for the given key.
+        """
+        if not re.match(r"^[a-zA-Z0-9_.\-/]+$", key):
+            raise InvalidKeyException(f"Invalid characters in key: {key}")
+        full_path = os.path.abspath(self.root_path / key)
+        common_path = os.path.commonpath([str(self.root_path), full_path])
+        if common_path != str(self.root_path):
+            raise InvalidKeyException(
+                f"Invalid key: {key}. Key should be relative to the full path."
+                f"{self.root_path} vs. {common_path} and full path of {full_path}"
+            )
+
+        return Path(full_path)
+
+    def _mkdir_for_store(self, dir: Path) -> None:
+        """Makes a store directory path (including parents) with specified permissions
+
+        This is needed because `Path.mkdir()` is restricted by the current `umask`,
+        whereas the explicit `os.chmod()` used here is not.
+
+        Args:
+            dir: (Path) The store directory to make
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if not dir.exists():
+            self._mkdir_for_store(dir.parent)
+            dir.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+            if self.chmod_dir is not None:
+                os.chmod(dir, self.chmod_dir)
+
+    def mget(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[Optional[bytes]]:
+        """Get the values associated with the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A sequence of keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of optional values associated with the keys.
+            If a key is not found, the corresponding value will be None.
+        """
+        values: list[Optional[bytes]] = []
+        for key in keys:
+            full_path = self._get_full_path(key)
+            if full_path.exists():
+                value = full_path.read_bytes()
+                values.append(value)
+                if self.update_atime:
+                    # update access time only; preserve modified time
+                    os.utime(full_path, (time.time(), os.stat(full_path).st_mtime))
+            else:
+                values.append(None)
+        return values
+
+    def mset(self, key_value_pairs: Sequence[tuple[str, bytes]]) -> None:
+        """Set the values for the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            key_value_pairs: A sequence of key-value pairs.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        for key, value in key_value_pairs:
+            full_path = self._get_full_path(key)
+            self._mkdir_for_store(full_path.parent)
+            full_path.write_bytes(value)
+            if self.chmod_file is not None:
+                os.chmod(full_path, self.chmod_file)
+
+    def mdelete(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete the given keys and their associated values.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[str]): A sequence of keys to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            full_path = self._get_full_path(key)
+            if full_path.exists():
+                full_path.unlink()
+
+    def yield_keys(self, prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """Get an iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+
+        Args:
+            prefix (Optional[str]): The prefix to match.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterator[str]: An iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+        """
+        prefix_path = self._get_full_path(prefix) if prefix else self.root_path
+        for file in prefix_path.rglob("*"):
+            if file.is_file():
+                relative_path = file.relative_to(self.root_path)
+                yield str(relative_path)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/in_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/in_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24c4df6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/in_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""In memory store that is not thread safe and has no eviction policy.
+
+This is a simple implementation of the BaseStore using a dictionary that is useful
+primarily for unit testing purposes.
+"""
+
+from langchain_core.stores import InMemoryBaseStore, InMemoryByteStore, InMemoryStore
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InMemoryStore",
+    "InMemoryBaseStore",
+    "InMemoryByteStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/redis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/redis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80a6234c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/redis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.storage import RedisStore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"RedisStore": "langchain_community.storage"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RedisStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/upstash_redis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/upstash_redis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59f3b106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/storage/upstash_redis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.storage import UpstashRedisByteStore, UpstashRedisStore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UpstashRedisStore": "langchain_community.storage",
+    "UpstashRedisByteStore": "langchain_community.storage",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UpstashRedisStore",
+    "UpstashRedisByteStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/text_splitter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/text_splitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9303f0c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/text_splitter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""Kept for backwards compatibility."""
+
+from langchain_text_splitters import (
+    Language,
+    RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter,
+    TextSplitter,
+    Tokenizer,
+    TokenTextSplitter,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import split_text_on_tokens
+from langchain_text_splitters.character import CharacterTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.html import ElementType, HTMLHeaderTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.json import RecursiveJsonSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.konlpy import KonlpyTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.latex import LatexTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.markdown import (
+    HeaderType,
+    LineType,
+    MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter,
+    MarkdownTextSplitter,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.nltk import NLTKTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.python import PythonCodeTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.sentence_transformers import (
+    SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.spacy import SpacyTextSplitter
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TokenTextSplitter",
+    "TextSplitter",
+    "Tokenizer",
+    "Language",
+    "RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter",
+    "RecursiveJsonSplitter",
+    "LatexTextSplitter",
+    "PythonCodeTextSplitter",
+    "KonlpyTextSplitter",
+    "SpacyTextSplitter",
+    "NLTKTextSplitter",
+    "split_text_on_tokens",
+    "SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter",
+    "ElementType",
+    "HeaderType",
+    "LineType",
+    "HTMLHeaderTextSplitter",
+    "MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter",
+    "MarkdownTextSplitter",
+    "CharacterTextSplitter",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6b2b0ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+"""**Tools** are classes that an Agent uses to interact with the world.
+
+Each tool has a **description**. Agent uses the description to choose the right
+tool for the job.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    ToolMetaclass --> BaseTool --> <name>Tool  # Examples: AIPluginTool, BaseGraphQLTool
+                                   <name>      # Examples: BraveSearch, HumanInputRun
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun
+"""
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api import LangChainDeprecationWarning
+from langchain_core.tools import (
+    BaseTool as BaseTool,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools import (
+    StructuredTool as StructuredTool,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools import (
+    Tool as Tool,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools.convert import tool as tool
+
+from langchain._api.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+# Used for internal purposes
+_DEPRECATED_TOOLS = {"PythonAstREPLTool", "PythonREPLTool"}
+
+
+def _import_python_tool_PythonAstREPLTool() -> Any:
+    raise ImportError(
+        "This tool has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+        "This tool has access to a python REPL. "
+        "For best practices make sure to sandbox this tool. "
+        "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+        "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+        "update relevant imports replacing 'langchain' with 'langchain_experimental'"
+    )
+
+
+def _import_python_tool_PythonREPLTool() -> Any:
+    raise ImportError(
+        "This tool has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+        "This tool has access to a python REPL. "
+        "For best practices make sure to sandbox this tool. "
+        "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+        "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+        "update relevant imports replacing 'langchain' with 'langchain_experimental'"
+    )
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "PythonAstREPLTool":
+        return _import_python_tool_PythonAstREPLTool()
+    elif name == "PythonREPLTool":
+        return _import_python_tool_PythonREPLTool()
+    else:
+        from langchain_community import tools
+
+        # If not in interactive env, raise warning.
+        if not is_interactive_env():
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Importing tools from langchain is deprecated. Importing from "
+                "langchain will no longer be supported as of langchain==0.2.0. "
+                "Please import from langchain-community instead:\n\n"
+                f"`from langchain_community.tools import {name}`.\n\n"
+                "To install langchain-community run "
+                "`pip install -U langchain-community`.",
+                category=LangChainDeprecationWarning,
+            )
+
+        return getattr(tools, name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StructuredTool",
+    "BaseTool",
+    "tool",
+    "Tool",
+    "AINAppOps",
+    "AINOwnerOps",
+    "AINRuleOps",
+    "AINTransfer",
+    "AINValueOps",
+    "AIPluginTool",
+    "APIOperation",
+    "ArxivQueryRun",
+    "AzureCogsFormRecognizerTool",
+    "AzureCogsImageAnalysisTool",
+    "AzureCogsSpeech2TextTool",
+    "AzureCogsText2SpeechTool",
+    "AzureCogsTextAnalyticsHealthTool",
+    "BaseGraphQLTool",
+    "BaseRequestsTool",
+    "BaseSQLDatabaseTool",
+    "BaseSparkSQLTool",
+    "BearlyInterpreterTool",
+    "BingSearchResults",
+    "BingSearchRun",
+    "BraveSearch",
+    "ClickTool",
+    "CopyFileTool",
+    "CurrentWebPageTool",
+    "DeleteFileTool",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchResults",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchRun",
+    "E2BDataAnalysisTool",
+    "EdenAiExplicitImageTool",
+    "EdenAiObjectDetectionTool",
+    "EdenAiParsingIDTool",
+    "EdenAiParsingInvoiceTool",
+    "EdenAiSpeechToTextTool",
+    "EdenAiTextModerationTool",
+    "EdenAiTextToSpeechTool",
+    "EdenaiTool",
+    "ElevenLabsText2SpeechTool",
+    "ExtractHyperlinksTool",
+    "ExtractTextTool",
+    "FileSearchTool",
+    "GetElementsTool",
+    "GmailCreateDraft",
+    "GmailGetMessage",
+    "GmailGetThread",
+    "GmailSearch",
+    "GmailSendMessage",
+    "GoogleCloudTextToSpeechTool",
+    "GooglePlacesTool",
+    "GoogleSearchResults",
+    "GoogleSearchRun",
+    "GoogleSerperResults",
+    "GoogleSerperRun",
+    "SearchAPIResults",
+    "SearchAPIRun",
+    "HumanInputRun",
+    "IFTTTWebhook",
+    "InfoPowerBITool",
+    "InfoSQLDatabaseTool",
+    "InfoSparkSQLTool",
+    "JiraAction",
+    "JsonGetValueTool",
+    "JsonListKeysTool",
+    "ListDirectoryTool",
+    "ListPowerBITool",
+    "ListSQLDatabaseTool",
+    "ListSparkSQLTool",
+    "MerriamWebsterQueryRun",
+    "MetaphorSearchResults",
+    "MoveFileTool",
+    "NasaAction",
+    "NavigateBackTool",
+    "NavigateTool",
+    "O365CreateDraftMessage",
+    "O365SearchEmails",
+    "O365SearchEvents",
+    "O365SendEvent",
+    "O365SendMessage",
+    "OpenAPISpec",
+    "OpenWeatherMapQueryRun",
+    "PubmedQueryRun",
+    "RedditSearchRun",
+    "QueryCheckerTool",
+    "QueryPowerBITool",
+    "QuerySQLCheckerTool",
+    "QuerySQLDataBaseTool",
+    "QuerySparkSQLTool",
+    "ReadFileTool",
+    "RequestsDeleteTool",
+    "RequestsGetTool",
+    "RequestsPatchTool",
+    "RequestsPostTool",
+    "RequestsPutTool",
+    "SteamWebAPIQueryRun",
+    "SceneXplainTool",
+    "SearxSearchResults",
+    "SearxSearchRun",
+    "ShellTool",
+    "SlackGetChannel",
+    "SlackGetMessage",
+    "SlackScheduleMessage",
+    "SlackSendMessage",
+    "SleepTool",
+    "StdInInquireTool",
+    "StackExchangeTool",
+    "SteamshipImageGenerationTool",
+    "VectorStoreQATool",
+    "VectorStoreQAWithSourcesTool",
+    "WikipediaQueryRun",
+    "WolframAlphaQueryRun",
+    "WriteFileTool",
+    "YahooFinanceNewsTool",
+    "YouTubeSearchTool",
+    "ZapierNLAListActions",
+    "ZapierNLARunAction",
+    "format_tool_to_openai_function",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/__pycache__/value.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/__pycache__/value.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/app.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/app.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a28e8300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/app.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AINAppOps
+    from langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.app import AppOperationType, AppSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AppOperationType": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.app",
+    "AppSchema": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.app",
+    "AINAppOps": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AppOperationType",
+    "AppSchema",
+    "AINAppOps",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..608c882f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.base import AINBaseTool, OperationType
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "OperationType": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.base",
+    "AINBaseTool": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OperationType",
+    "AINBaseTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/owner.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/owner.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cf8259d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/owner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AINOwnerOps
+    from langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.owner import RuleSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RuleSchema": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.owner",
+    "AINOwnerOps": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RuleSchema",
+    "AINOwnerOps",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/rule.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/rule.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56496048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/rule.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AINRuleOps
+    from langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.rule import RuleSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RuleSchema": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.rule",
+    "AINRuleOps": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RuleSchema",
+    "AINRuleOps",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/transfer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/transfer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2aa04dd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/transfer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AINTransfer
+    from langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.transfer import TransferSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TransferSchema": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.transfer",
+    "AINTransfer": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TransferSchema",
+    "AINTransfer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/value.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/value.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2a5876f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ainetwork/value.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AINValueOps
+    from langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.value import ValueSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ValueSchema": "langchain_community.tools.ainetwork.value",
+    "AINValueOps": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ValueSchema",
+    "AINValueOps",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74c25f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Amadeus tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.amadeus.closest_airport import AmadeusClosestAirport
+    from langchain_community.tools.amadeus.flight_search import AmadeusFlightSearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AmadeusClosestAirport": "langchain_community.tools.amadeus.closest_airport",
+    "AmadeusFlightSearch": "langchain_community.tools.amadeus.flight_search",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AmadeusClosestAirport",
+    "AmadeusFlightSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__pycache__/closest_airport.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__pycache__/closest_airport.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86327ca3
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__pycache__/flight_search.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/__pycache__/flight_search.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..082daba5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5c36e0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.amadeus.base import AmadeusBaseTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AmadeusBaseTool": "langchain_community.tools.amadeus.base"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AmadeusBaseTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/closest_airport.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/closest_airport.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e51baaa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/closest_airport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.amadeus.closest_airport import (
+        AmadeusClosestAirport,
+        ClosestAirportSchema,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ClosestAirportSchema": "langchain_community.tools.amadeus.closest_airport",
+    "AmadeusClosestAirport": "langchain_community.tools.amadeus.closest_airport",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ClosestAirportSchema",
+    "AmadeusClosestAirport",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/flight_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/flight_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b83247b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/amadeus/flight_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.amadeus.flight_search import (
+        AmadeusFlightSearch,
+        FlightSearchSchema,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FlightSearchSchema": "langchain_community.tools.amadeus.flight_search",
+    "AmadeusFlightSearch": "langchain_community.tools.amadeus.flight_search",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FlightSearchSchema",
+    "AmadeusFlightSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2607cb19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Arxiv API toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5d4c7b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/arxiv/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ArxivQueryRun
+    from langchain_community.tools.arxiv.tool import ArxivInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ArxivInput": "langchain_community.tools.arxiv.tool",
+    "ArxivQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArxivInput",
+    "ArxivQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7922cd4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""Azure Cognitive Services Tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        AzureCogsFormRecognizerTool,
+        AzureCogsImageAnalysisTool,
+        AzureCogsSpeech2TextTool,
+        AzureCogsText2SpeechTool,
+        AzureCogsTextAnalyticsHealthTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AzureCogsImageAnalysisTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "AzureCogsFormRecognizerTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "AzureCogsSpeech2TextTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "AzureCogsText2SpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "AzureCogsTextAnalyticsHealthTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureCogsImageAnalysisTool",
+    "AzureCogsFormRecognizerTool",
+    "AzureCogsSpeech2TextTool",
+    "AzureCogsText2SpeechTool",
+    "AzureCogsTextAnalyticsHealthTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/form_recognizer.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/form_recognizer.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/image_analysis.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/image_analysis.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..517e026b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/speech2text.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/speech2text.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/text2speech.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/text2speech.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..0adf4290
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/text_analytics_health.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/__pycache__/text_analytics_health.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a66e88cd
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/form_recognizer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/form_recognizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d54ed85f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/form_recognizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AzureCogsFormRecognizerTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureCogsFormRecognizerTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureCogsFormRecognizerTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/image_analysis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/image_analysis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d2b1324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/image_analysis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AzureCogsImageAnalysisTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureCogsImageAnalysisTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureCogsImageAnalysisTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/speech2text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/speech2text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62306fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/speech2text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AzureCogsSpeech2TextTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureCogsSpeech2TextTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureCogsSpeech2TextTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/text2speech.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/text2speech.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dadb443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/text2speech.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AzureCogsText2SpeechTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureCogsText2SpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureCogsText2SpeechTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/text_analytics_health.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/text_analytics_health.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fb411c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/azure_cognitive_services/text_analytics_health.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AzureCogsTextAnalyticsHealthTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AzureCogsTextAnalyticsHealthTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureCogsTextAnalyticsHealthTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff81eaa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from langchain_core.tools import (
+    BaseTool,
+    SchemaAnnotationError,
+    StructuredTool,
+    Tool,
+    ToolException,
+    create_schema_from_function,
+    tool,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SchemaAnnotationError",
+    "create_schema_from_function",
+    "ToolException",
+    "BaseTool",
+    "Tool",
+    "StructuredTool",
+    "tool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..50e47362
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..bce2d24d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64af4a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bearly/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import BearlyInterpreterTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.bearly.tool import (
+        BearlyInterpreterToolArguments,
+        FileInfo,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BearlyInterpreterToolArguments": "langchain_community.tools.bearly.tool",
+    "FileInfo": "langchain_community.tools.bearly.tool",
+    "BearlyInterpreterTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BearlyInterpreterToolArguments",
+    "FileInfo",
+    "BearlyInterpreterTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..517695ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Bing Search API toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import BingSearchResults, BingSearchRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BingSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "BingSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BingSearchRun",
+    "BingSearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..f6239272
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..bb65bf0a
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20f88714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/bing_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import BingSearchResults, BingSearchRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BingSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "BingSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BingSearchRun",
+    "BingSearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..a734d5ea
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..06f4c826
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b02ed3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/brave_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import BraveSearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BraveSearch": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BraveSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d56bba22
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c0ee5de
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c38df83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/clickup/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.clickup.tool import ClickupAction
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ClickupAction": "langchain_community.tools.clickup.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ClickupAction",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/convert_to_openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/convert_to_openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9f639a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/convert_to_openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import format_tool_to_openai_function
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+__all__ = ["format_tool_to_openai_function"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2fdf6e4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""DataForSeo API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.dataforseo_api_search.tool import (
+        DataForSeoAPISearchResults,
+        DataForSeoAPISearchRun,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchRun": "langchain_community.tools.dataforseo_api_search.tool",
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchResults": (
+        "langchain_community.tools.dataforseo_api_search.tool"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchRun",
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..9837fd78
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..2f500518
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d1b0285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/dataforseo_api_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.dataforseo_api_search.tool import (
+        DataForSeoAPISearchResults,
+        DataForSeoAPISearchRun,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchRun": "langchain_community.tools.dataforseo_api_search.tool",
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchResults": (
+        "langchain_community.tools.dataforseo_api_search.tool"
+    ),
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchRun",
+    "DataForSeoAPISearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cbe4079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""DuckDuckGo Search API toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import DuckDuckGoSearchRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DuckDuckGoSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..ff45a0a9
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..268dbe1c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e386ac35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ddg_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import DuckDuckGoSearchResults, DuckDuckGoSearchRun
+    from langchain_community.tools.ddg_search.tool import DDGInput, DuckDuckGoSearchTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DDGInput": "langchain_community.tools.ddg_search.tool",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchTool": "langchain_community.tools.ddg_search.tool",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DDGInput",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchRun",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchResults",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..16ead754
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f57d8f16
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..479c5eae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/e2b_data_analysis/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import E2BDataAnalysisTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.e2b_data_analysis.tool import (
+        E2BDataAnalysisToolArguments,
+        UploadedFile,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UploadedFile": "langchain_community.tools.e2b_data_analysis.tool",
+    "E2BDataAnalysisToolArguments": "langchain_community.tools.e2b_data_analysis.tool",
+    "E2BDataAnalysisTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UploadedFile",
+    "E2BDataAnalysisToolArguments",
+    "E2BDataAnalysisTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c33655d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""Edenai Tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        EdenAiExplicitImageTool,
+        EdenAiObjectDetectionTool,
+        EdenAiParsingIDTool,
+        EdenAiParsingInvoiceTool,
+        EdenAiSpeechToTextTool,
+        EdenAiTextModerationTool,
+        EdenAiTextToSpeechTool,
+        EdenaiTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "EdenAiExplicitImageTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "EdenAiObjectDetectionTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "EdenAiParsingIDTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "EdenAiParsingInvoiceTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "EdenAiTextToSpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "EdenAiSpeechToTextTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "EdenAiTextModerationTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "EdenaiTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiExplicitImageTool",
+    "EdenAiObjectDetectionTool",
+    "EdenAiParsingIDTool",
+    "EdenAiParsingInvoiceTool",
+    "EdenAiTextToSpeechTool",
+    "EdenAiSpeechToTextTool",
+    "EdenAiTextModerationTool",
+    "EdenaiTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/ocr_identityparser.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/ocr_identityparser.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..a8b4acf6
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/ocr_invoiceparser.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/ocr_invoiceparser.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..f762da89
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/text_moderation.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/__pycache__/text_moderation.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8c31a6f
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/audio_speech_to_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/audio_speech_to_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5fc771a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/audio_speech_to_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenAiSpeechToTextTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiSpeechToTextTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiSpeechToTextTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/audio_text_to_speech.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/audio_text_to_speech.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84c2bc23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/audio_text_to_speech.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenAiTextToSpeechTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiTextToSpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiTextToSpeechTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/edenai_base_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/edenai_base_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7903887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/edenai_base_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenaiTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenaiTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenaiTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/image_explicitcontent.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/image_explicitcontent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6064b34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/image_explicitcontent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenAiExplicitImageTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiExplicitImageTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiExplicitImageTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/image_objectdetection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/image_objectdetection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16c0f5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/image_objectdetection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenAiObjectDetectionTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiObjectDetectionTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiObjectDetectionTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/ocr_identityparser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/ocr_identityparser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa88f812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/ocr_identityparser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenAiParsingIDTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiParsingIDTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiParsingIDTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/ocr_invoiceparser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/ocr_invoiceparser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b71097fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/ocr_invoiceparser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenAiParsingInvoiceTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiParsingInvoiceTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiParsingInvoiceTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/text_moderation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/text_moderation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6556fae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/edenai/text_moderation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import EdenAiTextModerationTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"EdenAiTextModerationTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EdenAiTextModerationTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..802b45d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Eleven Labs Services Tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ElevenLabsText2SpeechTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ElevenLabsText2SpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ElevenLabsText2SpeechTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__pycache__/models.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__pycache__/models.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c5a14d56
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__pycache__/text2speech.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/__pycache__/text2speech.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..24e98988
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91a01b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.eleven_labs.models import ElevenLabsModel
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ElevenLabsModel": "langchain_community.tools.eleven_labs.models"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ElevenLabsModel",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/text2speech.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/text2speech.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96f32bdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/eleven_labs/text2speech.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ElevenLabsText2SpeechTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ElevenLabsText2SpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ElevenLabsText2SpeechTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb0c3bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""File Management Tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        CopyFileTool,
+        DeleteFileTool,
+        FileSearchTool,
+        ListDirectoryTool,
+        MoveFileTool,
+        ReadFileTool,
+        WriteFileTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CopyFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "DeleteFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "FileSearchTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "MoveFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ReadFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "WriteFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ListDirectoryTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CopyFileTool",
+    "DeleteFileTool",
+    "FileSearchTool",
+    "MoveFileTool",
+    "ReadFileTool",
+    "WriteFileTool",
+    "ListDirectoryTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/move.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/move.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..7c73bfc3
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/read.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/read.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f51f9240
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/write.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/__pycache__/write.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba38ce22
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/copy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/copy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..308d882e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/copy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import CopyFileTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.file_management.copy import FileCopyInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileCopyInput": "langchain_community.tools.file_management.copy",
+    "CopyFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileCopyInput",
+    "CopyFileTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/delete.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/delete.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01943a7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/delete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import DeleteFileTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.file_management.delete import FileDeleteInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileDeleteInput": "langchain_community.tools.file_management.delete",
+    "DeleteFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileDeleteInput",
+    "DeleteFileTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/file_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/file_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a812fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/file_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import FileSearchTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.file_management.file_search import FileSearchInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileSearchInput": "langchain_community.tools.file_management.file_search",
+    "FileSearchTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileSearchInput",
+    "FileSearchTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/list_dir.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/list_dir.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fd32bea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/list_dir.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ListDirectoryTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.file_management.list_dir import DirectoryListingInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DirectoryListingInput": "langchain_community.tools.file_management.list_dir",
+    "ListDirectoryTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DirectoryListingInput",
+    "ListDirectoryTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/move.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/move.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e65194de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/move.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import MoveFileTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.file_management.move import FileMoveInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FileMoveInput": "langchain_community.tools.file_management.move",
+    "MoveFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileMoveInput",
+    "MoveFileTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/read.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/read.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f2c9360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/read.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ReadFileTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.file_management.read import ReadFileInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ReadFileInput": "langchain_community.tools.file_management.read",
+    "ReadFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ReadFileInput",
+    "ReadFileTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/write.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/write.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99e6873f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/file_management/write.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import WriteFileTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.file_management.write import WriteFileInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "WriteFileInput": "langchain_community.tools.file_management.write",
+    "WriteFileTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WriteFileInput",
+    "WriteFileTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11c741aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""GitHub Tool"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73e4bb20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/github/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.github.tool import GitHubAction
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GitHubAction": "langchain_community.tools.github.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GitHubAction",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75ad8d01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""GitLab Tool"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e8f60d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gitlab/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.gitlab.tool import GitLabAction
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GitLabAction": "langchain_community.tools.gitlab.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GitLabAction",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59e81e9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""Gmail tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        GmailCreateDraft,
+        GmailGetMessage,
+        GmailGetThread,
+        GmailSearch,
+        GmailSendMessage,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GmailCreateDraft": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GmailSendMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GmailSearch": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GmailGetMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GmailGetThread": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GmailCreateDraft",
+    "GmailSendMessage",
+    "GmailSearch",
+    "GmailGetMessage",
+    "GmailGetThread",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__pycache__/search.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__pycache__/search.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..f667284e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__pycache__/send_message.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/__pycache__/send_message.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..da437ded
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51fd6345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.gmail.base import GmailBaseTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GmailBaseTool": "langchain_community.tools.gmail.base"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GmailBaseTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/create_draft.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/create_draft.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..010da4bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/create_draft.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GmailCreateDraft
+    from langchain_community.tools.gmail.create_draft import CreateDraftSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CreateDraftSchema": "langchain_community.tools.gmail.create_draft",
+    "GmailCreateDraft": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CreateDraftSchema",
+    "GmailCreateDraft",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/get_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/get_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fea9ab4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/get_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GmailGetMessage
+    from langchain_community.tools.gmail.get_message import SearchArgsSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchArgsSchema": "langchain_community.tools.gmail.get_message",
+    "GmailGetMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchArgsSchema",
+    "GmailGetMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/get_thread.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/get_thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13774541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/get_thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GmailGetThread
+    from langchain_community.tools.gmail.get_thread import GetThreadSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GetThreadSchema": "langchain_community.tools.gmail.get_thread",
+    "GmailGetThread": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GetThreadSchema",
+    "GmailGetThread",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07278cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GmailSearch
+    from langchain_community.tools.gmail.search import Resource, SearchArgsSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Resource": "langchain_community.tools.gmail.search",
+    "SearchArgsSchema": "langchain_community.tools.gmail.search",
+    "GmailSearch": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Resource",
+    "SearchArgsSchema",
+    "GmailSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/send_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/send_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94b8fdd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/gmail/send_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GmailSendMessage
+    from langchain_community.tools.gmail.send_message import SendMessageSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SendMessageSchema": "langchain_community.tools.gmail.send_message",
+    "GmailSendMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SendMessageSchema",
+    "GmailSendMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ade4333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Golden API toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.golden_query.tool import GoldenQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoldenQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.golden_query.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoldenQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..d5b1d4a7
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5cef0c1
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b59bbe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/golden_query/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.golden_query.tool import GoldenQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoldenQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.golden_query.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoldenQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9420e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Google Cloud Tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GoogleCloudTextToSpeechTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleCloudTextToSpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleCloudTextToSpeechTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..99653295
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/__pycache__/texttospeech.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/__pycache__/texttospeech.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9cd95b43
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/texttospeech.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/texttospeech.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..395e618e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_cloud/texttospeech.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GoogleCloudTextToSpeechTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleCloudTextToSpeechTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleCloudTextToSpeechTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..109a6cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""Google Finance API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_finance.tool import GoogleFinanceQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleFinanceQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_finance.tool"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleFinanceQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3edd43c0
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2f11ff4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..807d3927
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_finance/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_finance.tool import GoogleFinanceQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleFinanceQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_finance.tool"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleFinanceQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..100fefee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Google Jobs API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_jobs.tool import GoogleJobsQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleJobsQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_jobs.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleJobsQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bff3da77
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1fd73b2
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..314d3eeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_jobs/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_jobs.tool import GoogleJobsQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleJobsQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_jobs.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleJobsQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d44f0a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Google Lens API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_lens.tool import GoogleLensQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleLensQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_lens.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleLensQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5991324
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2df993df
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a24a6a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_lens/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_lens.tool import GoogleLensQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleLensQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_lens.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleLensQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1917d11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Google Places API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GooglePlacesTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GooglePlacesTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GooglePlacesTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..1da16941
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..e8d1652a
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1c7dfeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_places/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GooglePlacesTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_places.tool import GooglePlacesSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GooglePlacesSchema": "langchain_community.tools.google_places.tool",
+    "GooglePlacesTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GooglePlacesSchema",
+    "GooglePlacesTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..922b4ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""Google Scholar API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_scholar.tool import GoogleScholarQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleScholarQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_scholar.tool"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleScholarQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ce72c10
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6866f45b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9401e57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_scholar/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_scholar.tool import GoogleScholarQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleScholarQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_scholar.tool"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleScholarQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d1da942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Google Search API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GoogleSearchResults, GoogleSearchRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GoogleSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleSearchRun",
+    "GoogleSearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..873648f4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d794358
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8484216e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GoogleSearchResults, GoogleSearchRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GoogleSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleSearchRun",
+    "GoogleSearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fe3a567
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GoogleSerperResults, GoogleSerperRun
+
+"""Google Serper API Toolkit."""
+"""Tool for the Serer.dev Google Search API."""
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleSerperRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GoogleSerperResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleSerperRun",
+    "GoogleSerperResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85f4496e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..23b72a92
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ccbf937
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_serper/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GoogleSerperResults, GoogleSerperRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleSerperRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GoogleSerperResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleSerperRun",
+    "GoogleSerperResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecbbc296
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""Google Trends API Toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_trends.tool import GoogleTrendsQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleTrendsQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_trends.tool"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleTrendsQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c9457b9
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..235a94f8
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ff47ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/google_trends/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.google_trends.tool import GoogleTrendsQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GoogleTrendsQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools.google_trends.tool"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleTrendsQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e9a84c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tools for interacting with a GraphQL API"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c728e4a3
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94b944b5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51966c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/graphql/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import BaseGraphQLTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BaseGraphQLTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseGraphQLTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73d71280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Tool for asking for human input."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import HumanInputRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HumanInputRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HumanInputRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32efbf13
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..77fd235c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ea079d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/human/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import HumanInputRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"HumanInputRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HumanInputRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ifttt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ifttt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a016bf7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/ifttt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import IFTTTWebhook
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"IFTTTWebhook": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IFTTTWebhook",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be339336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tools for interacting with the user."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..30576423
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f89a2876
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c93d33b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/interaction/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import StdInInquireTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"StdInInquireTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StdInInquireTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06cd8cbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Jira Tool."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..0dfa1cc8
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74a4c554
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f8b313d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/jira/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import JiraAction
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JiraAction": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JiraAction",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d13302f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tools for interacting with a JSON file."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..ed2fd54e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..b022458d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4812cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/json/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import JsonGetValueTool, JsonListKeysTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.json.tool import JsonSpec
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "JsonSpec": "langchain_community.tools.json.tool",
+    "JsonListKeysTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "JsonGetValueTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JsonSpec",
+    "JsonListKeysTool",
+    "JsonGetValueTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..805388c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Unsupervised learning based memorization."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.memorize.tool import Memorize
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Memorize": "langchain_community.tools.memorize.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Memorize",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb3ec659
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fed09c56
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0e72223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/memorize/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.memorize.tool import Memorize, TrainableLLM
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TrainableLLM": "langchain_community.tools.memorize.tool",
+    "Memorize": "langchain_community.tools.memorize.tool",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TrainableLLM",
+    "Memorize",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73390d54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Merriam-Webster API toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..6afb7c49
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cef36a39
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0fa9b81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/merriam_webster/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import MerriamWebsterQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MerriamWebsterQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MerriamWebsterQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..960356ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Metaphor Search API toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import MetaphorSearchResults
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MetaphorSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MetaphorSearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3509c863
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..6c181570
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bd97be6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/metaphor_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import MetaphorSearchResults
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MetaphorSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MetaphorSearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3030878
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""MutliOn Client API tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.multion.close_session import MultionCloseSession
+    from langchain_community.tools.multion.create_session import MultionCreateSession
+    from langchain_community.tools.multion.update_session import MultionUpdateSession
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MultionCreateSession": "langchain_community.tools.multion.create_session",
+    "MultionUpdateSession": "langchain_community.tools.multion.update_session",
+    "MultionCloseSession": "langchain_community.tools.multion.close_session",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MultionCreateSession",
+    "MultionUpdateSession",
+    "MultionCloseSession",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..b589df00
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/close_session.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/close_session.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..672a9ce0
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/create_session.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/create_session.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68952b87
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/update_session.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/__pycache__/update_session.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f96a0087
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/close_session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/close_session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d95a3e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/close_session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.multion.close_session import (
+        CloseSessionSchema,
+        MultionCloseSession,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CloseSessionSchema": "langchain_community.tools.multion.close_session",
+    "MultionCloseSession": "langchain_community.tools.multion.close_session",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CloseSessionSchema",
+    "MultionCloseSession",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/create_session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/create_session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc14b22c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/create_session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.multion.create_session import (
+        CreateSessionSchema,
+        MultionCreateSession,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CreateSessionSchema": "langchain_community.tools.multion.create_session",
+    "MultionCreateSession": "langchain_community.tools.multion.create_session",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CreateSessionSchema",
+    "MultionCreateSession",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/update_session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/update_session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e49da10e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/multion/update_session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.multion.update_session import (
+        MultionUpdateSession,
+        UpdateSessionSchema,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "UpdateSessionSchema": "langchain_community.tools.multion.update_session",
+    "MultionUpdateSession": "langchain_community.tools.multion.update_session",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "UpdateSessionSchema",
+    "MultionUpdateSession",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..9de60efa
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca95eae0
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e242d847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nasa/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import NasaAction
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NasaAction": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NasaAction",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d3b687a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.nuclia.tool import NucliaUnderstandingAPI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NucliaUnderstandingAPI": "langchain_community.tools.nuclia.tool"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NucliaUnderstandingAPI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9364065d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15478db5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5f483f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/nuclia/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.nuclia.tool import NUASchema, NucliaUnderstandingAPI
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "NUASchema": "langchain_community.tools.nuclia.tool",
+    "NucliaUnderstandingAPI": "langchain_community.tools.nuclia.tool",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NUASchema",
+    "NucliaUnderstandingAPI",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2108510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""O365 tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        O365CreateDraftMessage,
+        O365SearchEmails,
+        O365SearchEvents,
+        O365SendEvent,
+        O365SendMessage,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "O365SearchEmails": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "O365SearchEvents": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "O365CreateDraftMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "O365SendMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "O365SendEvent": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "O365SearchEmails",
+    "O365SearchEvents",
+    "O365CreateDraftMessage",
+    "O365SendMessage",
+    "O365SendEvent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/events_search.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/events_search.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/messages_search.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/messages_search.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/send_event.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/send_event.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..fba6bcd4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/send_message.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/__pycache__/send_message.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..271da232
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..192eef5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.office365.base import O365BaseTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"O365BaseTool": "langchain_community.tools.office365.base"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "O365BaseTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/create_draft_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/create_draft_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04c6a97e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/create_draft_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import O365CreateDraftMessage
+    from langchain_community.tools.office365.create_draft_message import (
+        CreateDraftMessageSchema,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CreateDraftMessageSchema": (
+        "langchain_community.tools.office365.create_draft_message"
+    ),
+    "O365CreateDraftMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CreateDraftMessageSchema",
+    "O365CreateDraftMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/events_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/events_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a4a82e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/events_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import O365SearchEvents
+    from langchain_community.tools.office365.events_search import SearchEventsInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchEventsInput": "langchain_community.tools.office365.events_search",
+    "O365SearchEvents": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchEventsInput",
+    "O365SearchEvents",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/messages_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/messages_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ae016bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/messages_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import O365SearchEmails
+    from langchain_community.tools.office365.messages_search import SearchEmailsInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchEmailsInput": "langchain_community.tools.office365.messages_search",
+    "O365SearchEmails": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchEmailsInput",
+    "O365SearchEmails",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/send_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/send_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b7d11a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/send_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import O365SendEvent
+    from langchain_community.tools.office365.send_event import SendEventSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SendEventSchema": "langchain_community.tools.office365.send_event",
+    "O365SendEvent": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SendEventSchema",
+    "O365SendEvent",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/send_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/send_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09949f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/office365/send_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import O365SendMessage
+    from langchain_community.tools.office365.send_message import SendMessageSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SendMessageSchema": "langchain_community.tools.office365.send_message",
+    "O365SendMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SendMessageSchema",
+    "O365SendMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__pycache__/api_models.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__pycache__/api_models.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0215584
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__pycache__/openapi_utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/__pycache__/openapi_utils.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c79263b5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/api_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/api_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a587d635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/api_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import APIOperation
+    from langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models import (
+        INVALID_LOCATION_TEMPL,
+        PRIMITIVE_TYPES,
+        SCHEMA_TYPE,
+        SUPPORTED_LOCATIONS,
+        APIProperty,
+        APIPropertyBase,
+        APIPropertyLocation,
+        APIRequestBody,
+        APIRequestBodyProperty,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "APIPropertyLocation": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "APIPropertyBase": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "APIProperty": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "APIRequestBodyProperty": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "APIRequestBody": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "APIOperation": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "INVALID_LOCATION_TEMPL": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "SCHEMA_TYPE": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "PRIMITIVE_TYPES": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+    "SUPPORTED_LOCATIONS": "langchain_community.tools.openapi.utils.api_models",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PRIMITIVE_TYPES",
+    "APIPropertyLocation",
+    "SUPPORTED_LOCATIONS",
+    "INVALID_LOCATION_TEMPL",
+    "SCHEMA_TYPE",
+    "APIPropertyBase",
+    "APIProperty",
+    "APIRequestBodyProperty",
+    "APIRequestBody",
+    "APIOperation",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/openapi_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/openapi_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..208b1a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openapi/utils/openapi_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Utility functions for parsing an OpenAPI spec. Kept for backwards compat."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import OpenAPISpec
+    from langchain_community.utilities.openapi import HTTPVerb
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "HTTPVerb": "langchain_community.utilities.openapi",
+    "OpenAPISpec": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HTTPVerb",
+    "OpenAPISpec",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28c8fed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""OpenWeatherMap API toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import OpenWeatherMapQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenWeatherMapQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenWeatherMapQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a80337d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/openweathermap/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import OpenWeatherMapQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenWeatherMapQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenWeatherMapQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..352088c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""Browser tools and toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        ClickTool,
+        CurrentWebPageTool,
+        ExtractHyperlinksTool,
+        ExtractTextTool,
+        GetElementsTool,
+        NavigateBackTool,
+        NavigateTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "NavigateTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "NavigateBackTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ExtractTextTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ExtractHyperlinksTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "GetElementsTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ClickTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "CurrentWebPageTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NavigateTool",
+    "NavigateBackTool",
+    "ExtractTextTool",
+    "ExtractHyperlinksTool",
+    "GetElementsTool",
+    "ClickTool",
+    "CurrentWebPageTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3d9b545
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65a7053c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.playwright.base import BaseBrowserTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BaseBrowserTool": "langchain_community.tools.playwright.base"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseBrowserTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/click.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/click.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75e601d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/click.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ClickTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.playwright.click import ClickToolInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ClickToolInput": "langchain_community.tools.playwright.click",
+    "ClickTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ClickToolInput",
+    "ClickTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/current_page.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/current_page.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f57bed9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/current_page.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import CurrentWebPageTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"CurrentWebPageTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CurrentWebPageTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/extract_hyperlinks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/extract_hyperlinks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8320e6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/extract_hyperlinks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ExtractHyperlinksTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.playwright.extract_hyperlinks import (
+        ExtractHyperlinksToolInput,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ExtractHyperlinksToolInput": (
+        "langchain_community.tools.playwright.extract_hyperlinks"
+    ),
+    "ExtractHyperlinksTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ExtractHyperlinksToolInput",
+    "ExtractHyperlinksTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/extract_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/extract_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af2e85d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/extract_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ExtractTextTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ExtractTextTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ExtractTextTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/get_elements.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/get_elements.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75d6d776
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/get_elements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import GetElementsTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.playwright.get_elements import GetElementsToolInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "GetElementsToolInput": "langchain_community.tools.playwright.get_elements",
+    "GetElementsTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GetElementsToolInput",
+    "GetElementsTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/navigate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/navigate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..734ef229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/navigate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import NavigateTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.playwright.navigate import NavigateToolInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "NavigateToolInput": "langchain_community.tools.playwright.navigate",
+    "NavigateTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NavigateToolInput",
+    "NavigateTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/navigate_back.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/navigate_back.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac2f924e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/playwright/navigate_back.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import NavigateBackTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NavigateBackTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NavigateBackTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/plugin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/plugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47c71e8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/plugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import AIPluginTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.plugin import AIPlugin, AIPluginToolSchema, ApiConfig
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ApiConfig": "langchain_community.tools.plugin",
+    "AIPlugin": "langchain_community.tools.plugin",
+    "AIPluginToolSchema": "langchain_community.tools.plugin",
+    "AIPluginTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ApiConfig",
+    "AIPlugin",
+    "AIPluginToolSchema",
+    "AIPluginTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ecc25a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tools for interacting with a PowerBI dataset."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..1b115ab5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0d6ee49
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cd41667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/powerbi/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        InfoPowerBITool,
+        ListPowerBITool,
+        QueryPowerBITool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "QueryPowerBITool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "InfoPowerBITool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ListPowerBITool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "QueryPowerBITool",
+    "InfoPowerBITool",
+    "ListPowerBITool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..687e908e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""PubMed API toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..899ff9ed
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a468df22
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dcbbd44f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/pubmed/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import PubmedQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PubmedQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PubmedQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/python/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/python/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c60cf9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/python/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str = "") -> Any:
+    raise AttributeError(
+        "This tool has been moved to langchain experiment. "
+        "This tool has access to a python REPL. "
+        "For best practices make sure to sandbox this tool. "
+        "Read https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/master/SECURITY.md "
+        "To keep using this code as is, install langchain experimental and "
+        "update relevant imports replacing 'langchain' with 'langchain_experimental'"
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/python/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/python/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..0099be6b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7baae0df
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c04c2e27
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29c9bed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/reddit_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import RedditSearchRun, RedditSearchSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RedditSearchSchema": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "RedditSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RedditSearchSchema",
+    "RedditSearchRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/render.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9754601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Different methods for rendering Tools to be passed to LLMs.
+
+Depending on the LLM you are using and the prompting strategy you are using,
+you may want Tools to be rendered in a different way.
+This module contains various ways to render tools.
+"""
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+from langchain_core.tools import (
+    render_text_description,
+    render_text_description_and_args,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import (
+    format_tool_to_openai_function,
+    format_tool_to_openai_tool,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "render_text_description",
+    "render_text_description_and_args",
+    "format_tool_to_openai_tool",
+    "format_tool_to_openai_function",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec421f18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tools for making requests to an API endpoint."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..1e9d0017
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..37f4f792
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a7efd6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/requests/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        BaseRequestsTool,
+        RequestsDeleteTool,
+        RequestsGetTool,
+        RequestsPatchTool,
+        RequestsPostTool,
+        RequestsPutTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseRequestsTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "RequestsGetTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "RequestsPostTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "RequestsPatchTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "RequestsPutTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "RequestsDeleteTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseRequestsTool",
+    "RequestsGetTool",
+    "RequestsPostTool",
+    "RequestsPatchTool",
+    "RequestsPutTool",
+    "RequestsDeleteTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39d2a52e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from langchain_core.tools import (
+    create_retriever_tool,
+    render_text_description,
+    render_text_description_and_args,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_retriever_tool",
+    "render_text_description",
+    "render_text_description_and_args",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/scenexplain/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/scenexplain/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e6553b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/scenexplain/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""SceneXplain API toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/scenexplain/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/scenexplain/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..a0fa9865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/scenexplain/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SceneXplainTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.scenexplain.tool import SceneXplainInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SceneXplainInput": "langchain_community.tools.scenexplain.tool",
+    "SceneXplainTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SceneXplainInput",
+    "SceneXplainTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eafee894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SearchAPIResults, SearchAPIRun
+
+"""SearchApi.io API Toolkit."""
+"""Tool for the SearchApi.io Google SERP API."""
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchAPIResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "SearchAPIRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchAPIResults",
+    "SearchAPIRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b3f55d9
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c97e25b4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18c69cb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searchapi/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SearchAPIResults, SearchAPIRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchAPIRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "SearchAPIResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchAPIRun",
+    "SearchAPIResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..446d998d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d100e6d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94b4e560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/searx_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SearxSearchResults, SearxSearchRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearxSearchRun": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "SearxSearchResults": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearxSearchRun",
+    "SearxSearchResults",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4defaaa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Shell tool."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ShellTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ShellTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ShellTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..98739d85
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81373f32
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26b3a3a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/shell/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ShellTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.shell.tool import ShellInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ShellInput": "langchain_community.tools.shell.tool",
+    "ShellTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ShellInput",
+    "ShellTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c30c589e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Slack tools."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        SlackGetChannel,
+        SlackGetMessage,
+        SlackScheduleMessage,
+        SlackSendMessage,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SlackGetChannel": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "SlackGetMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "SlackScheduleMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "SlackSendMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SlackGetChannel",
+    "SlackGetMessage",
+    "SlackScheduleMessage",
+    "SlackSendMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/get_channel.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/get_channel.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..adf1a4a8
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/get_message.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/get_message.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c3c1d6d2
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/schedule_message.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/schedule_message.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..306123be
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/schedule_message.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/send_message.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/__pycache__/send_message.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d523673
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93394b91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.slack.base import SlackBaseTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SlackBaseTool": "langchain_community.tools.slack.base"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SlackBaseTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/get_channel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/get_channel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0dc98e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/get_channel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SlackGetChannel
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SlackGetChannel": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SlackGetChannel",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/get_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/get_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8969bae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/get_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SlackGetMessage
+    from langchain_community.tools.slack.get_message import SlackGetMessageSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SlackGetMessageSchema": "langchain_community.tools.slack.get_message",
+    "SlackGetMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SlackGetMessageSchema",
+    "SlackGetMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/schedule_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/schedule_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89408227
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/schedule_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SlackScheduleMessage
+    from langchain_community.tools.slack.schedule_message import ScheduleMessageSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ScheduleMessageSchema": "langchain_community.tools.slack.schedule_message",
+    "SlackScheduleMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ScheduleMessageSchema",
+    "SlackScheduleMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/send_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/send_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8adc70a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/slack/send_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SlackSendMessage
+    from langchain_community.tools.slack.send_message import SendMessageSchema
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SendMessageSchema": "langchain_community.tools.slack.send_message",
+    "SlackSendMessage": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SendMessageSchema",
+    "SlackSendMessage",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d6319e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Sleep tool."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..75110060
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..737b7fec
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba113a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sleep/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SleepTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.sleep.tool import SleepInput
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SleepInput": "langchain_community.tools.sleep.tool",
+    "SleepTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SleepInput",
+    "SleepTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01039b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tools for interacting with Spark SQL."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..abf77496
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..449406e7
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afec32b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/spark_sql/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        BaseSparkSQLTool,
+        InfoSparkSQLTool,
+        ListSparkSQLTool,
+        QueryCheckerTool,
+        QuerySparkSQLTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseSparkSQLTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "QuerySparkSQLTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "InfoSparkSQLTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ListSparkSQLTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "QueryCheckerTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseSparkSQLTool",
+    "QuerySparkSQLTool",
+    "InfoSparkSQLTool",
+    "ListSparkSQLTool",
+    "QueryCheckerTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90fb3be1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Tools for interacting with a SQL database."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__pycache__/prompt.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c583ff6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"""For backwards compatibility."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.sql_database.prompt import QUERY_CHECKER
+
+
+_importer = create_importer(
+    __package__,
+    deprecated_lookups={
+        "QUERY_CHECKER": "langchain_community.tools.sql_database.prompt",
+    },
+)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _importer(name)
+
+
+__all__ = ["QUERY_CHECKER"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1df1d645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/sql_database/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        BaseSQLDatabaseTool,
+        InfoSQLDatabaseTool,
+        ListSQLDatabaseTool,
+        QuerySQLCheckerTool,
+        QuerySQLDataBaseTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseSQLDatabaseTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "QuerySQLDataBaseTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "InfoSQLDatabaseTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ListSQLDatabaseTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "QuerySQLCheckerTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseSQLDatabaseTool",
+    "QuerySQLDataBaseTool",
+    "InfoSQLDatabaseTool",
+    "ListSQLDatabaseTool",
+    "QuerySQLCheckerTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fa9a483
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""StackExchange API toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..f9cb284f
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..6f057020
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bb00c98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/stackexchange/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import StackExchangeTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"StackExchangeTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StackExchangeTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9367fd95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Steam API toolkit"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c61cdbcf
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..31c9bc20
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fa1f99b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steam/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SteamWebAPIQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SteamWebAPIQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SteamWebAPIQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fab0691f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Tool to generate an image."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SteamshipImageGenerationTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SteamshipImageGenerationTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SteamshipImageGenerationTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..6452d7af
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a85cc701
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f086733
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/steamship_image_generation/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import SteamshipImageGenerationTool
+    from langchain_community.tools.steamship_image_generation.tool import ModelName
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ModelName": "langchain_community.tools.steamship_image_generation.tool",
+    "SteamshipImageGenerationTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ModelName",
+    "SteamshipImageGenerationTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17a9bc59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+"""Tavily Search API toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search.tool import (
+        TavilyAnswer,
+        TavilySearchResults,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TavilySearchResults": "langchain_community.tools.tavily_search.tool",
+    "TavilyAnswer": "langchain_community.tools.tavily_search.tool",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TavilySearchResults",
+    "TavilyAnswer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..b0d9d690
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..cdd99d90
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fabf4efa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/tavily_search/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools.tavily_search.tool import (
+        TavilyAnswer,
+        TavilyInput,
+        TavilySearchResults,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TavilyInput": "langchain_community.tools.tavily_search.tool",
+    "TavilySearchResults": "langchain_community.tools.tavily_search.tool",
+    "TavilyAnswer": "langchain_community.tools.tavily_search.tool",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TavilyInput",
+    "TavilySearchResults",
+    "TavilyAnswer",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bb63810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Simple tool wrapper around VectorDBQA chain."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..082a2ab8
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..fd3a2c41
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4487a2d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/vectorstore/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import (
+        VectorStoreQATool,
+        VectorStoreQAWithSourcesTool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "VectorStoreQATool": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "VectorStoreQAWithSourcesTool": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VectorStoreQATool",
+    "VectorStoreQAWithSourcesTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b3edd08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Wikipedia API toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04ba7a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wikipedia/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import WikipediaQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WikipediaQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WikipediaQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1450e29c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Wolfram Alpha API toolkit."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import WolframAlphaQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WolframAlphaQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WolframAlphaQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..dabda5d2
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c08ff95c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58909cfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/wolfram_alpha/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import WolframAlphaQueryRun
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WolframAlphaQueryRun": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WolframAlphaQueryRun",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/yahoo_finance_news.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/yahoo_finance_news.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..239abb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/yahoo_finance_news.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import YahooFinanceNewsTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"YahooFinanceNewsTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "YahooFinanceNewsTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/youtube/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/youtube/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/youtube/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/youtube/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4ddd9da
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/youtube/search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/youtube/search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14fc9ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/youtube/search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import YouTubeSearchTool
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"YouTubeSearchTool": "langchain_community.tools"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "YouTubeSearchTool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..573590b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Zapier Tool."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ZapierNLAListActions, ZapierNLARunAction
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ZapierNLARunAction": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ZapierNLAListActions": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ZapierNLARunAction",
+    "ZapierNLAListActions",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..b181706d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/__pycache__/tool.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b69ab3f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/tools/zapier/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import ZapierNLAListActions, ZapierNLARunAction
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ZapierNLARunAction": "langchain_community.tools",
+    "ZapierNLAListActions": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ZapierNLARunAction",
+    "ZapierNLAListActions",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ee41550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+"""**Utilities** are the integrations with third-part systems and packages.
+
+Other LangChain classes use **Utilities** to interact with third-part systems
+and packages.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import (
+        AlphaVantageAPIWrapper,
+        ApifyWrapper,
+        ArceeWrapper,
+        ArxivAPIWrapper,
+        BibtexparserWrapper,
+        BingSearchAPIWrapper,
+        BraveSearchWrapper,
+        DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper,
+        GoldenQueryAPIWrapper,
+        GoogleFinanceAPIWrapper,
+        GoogleJobsAPIWrapper,
+        GoogleLensAPIWrapper,
+        GooglePlacesAPIWrapper,
+        GoogleScholarAPIWrapper,
+        GoogleSearchAPIWrapper,
+        GoogleSerperAPIWrapper,
+        GoogleTrendsAPIWrapper,
+        GraphQLAPIWrapper,
+        JiraAPIWrapper,
+        LambdaWrapper,
+        MaxComputeAPIWrapper,
+        MerriamWebsterAPIWrapper,
+        MetaphorSearchAPIWrapper,
+        NasaAPIWrapper,
+        OpenWeatherMapAPIWrapper,
+        OutlineAPIWrapper,
+        Portkey,
+        PowerBIDataset,
+        PubMedAPIWrapper,
+        Requests,
+        RequestsWrapper,
+        SceneXplainAPIWrapper,
+        SearchApiAPIWrapper,
+        SearxSearchWrapper,
+        SerpAPIWrapper,
+        SparkSQL,
+        SQLDatabase,
+        StackExchangeAPIWrapper,
+        SteamWebAPIWrapper,
+        TensorflowDatasets,
+        TextRequestsWrapper,
+        TwilioAPIWrapper,
+        WikipediaAPIWrapper,
+        WolframAlphaAPIWrapper,
+        ZapierNLAWrapper,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AlphaVantageAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "ApifyWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "ArceeWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "ArxivAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "BibtexparserWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "BingSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "BraveSearchWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoldenQueryAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoogleFinanceAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoogleLensAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoogleJobsAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GooglePlacesAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoogleScholarAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoogleTrendsAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoogleSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GoogleSerperAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "GraphQLAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "JiraAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "LambdaWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "MaxComputeAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "MerriamWebsterAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "MetaphorSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "NasaAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "OpenWeatherMapAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "OutlineAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "Portkey": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "PowerBIDataset": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "PubMedAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    # We will not list PythonREPL in __all__ since it has been removed from community
+    # it'll proxy to community package, which will raise an appropriate exception.
+    "PythonREPL": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "Requests": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "SteamWebAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "SQLDatabase": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "SceneXplainAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "SearchApiAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "SearxSearchWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "SerpAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "SparkSQL": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "StackExchangeAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "TensorflowDatasets": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "RequestsWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "TextRequestsWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "TwilioAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "WikipediaAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "WolframAlphaAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "ZapierNLAWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AlphaVantageAPIWrapper",
+    "ApifyWrapper",
+    "ArceeWrapper",
+    "ArxivAPIWrapper",
+    "BibtexparserWrapper",
+    "BingSearchAPIWrapper",
+    "BraveSearchWrapper",
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper",
+    "GoldenQueryAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleFinanceAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleLensAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleJobsAPIWrapper",
+    "GooglePlacesAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleScholarAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleTrendsAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleSearchAPIWrapper",
+    "GoogleSerperAPIWrapper",
+    "GraphQLAPIWrapper",
+    "JiraAPIWrapper",
+    "LambdaWrapper",
+    "MaxComputeAPIWrapper",
+    "MerriamWebsterAPIWrapper",
+    "MetaphorSearchAPIWrapper",
+    "NasaAPIWrapper",
+    "OpenWeatherMapAPIWrapper",
+    "OutlineAPIWrapper",
+    "Portkey",
+    "PowerBIDataset",
+    "PubMedAPIWrapper",
+    "Requests",
+    "SteamWebAPIWrapper",
+    "SQLDatabase",
+    "SceneXplainAPIWrapper",
+    "SearchApiAPIWrapper",
+    "SearxSearchWrapper",
+    "SerpAPIWrapper",
+    "SparkSQL",
+    "StackExchangeAPIWrapper",
+    "TensorflowDatasets",
+    "RequestsWrapper",
+    "TextRequestsWrapper",
+    "TwilioAPIWrapper",
+    "WikipediaAPIWrapper",
+    "WolframAlphaAPIWrapper",
+    "ZapierNLAWrapper",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/__pycache__/zapier.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/__pycache__/zapier.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/alpha_vantage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/alpha_vantage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9560ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/alpha_vantage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import AlphaVantageAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AlphaVantageAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AlphaVantageAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/anthropic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/anthropic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..994bf22f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/anthropic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.anthropic import (
+        get_num_tokens_anthropic,
+        get_token_ids_anthropic,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "get_num_tokens_anthropic": "langchain_community.utilities.anthropic",
+    "get_token_ids_anthropic": "langchain_community.utilities.anthropic",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "get_num_tokens_anthropic",
+    "get_token_ids_anthropic",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/apify.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/apify.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d906ffad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/apify.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import ApifyWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ApifyWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ApifyWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/arcee.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/arcee.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db6adef3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/arcee.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import ArceeWrapper
+    from langchain_community.utilities.arcee import (
+        ArceeDocument,
+        ArceeDocumentAdapter,
+        ArceeDocumentSource,
+        ArceeRoute,
+        DALMFilter,
+        DALMFilterType,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ArceeRoute": "langchain_community.utilities.arcee",
+    "DALMFilterType": "langchain_community.utilities.arcee",
+    "DALMFilter": "langchain_community.utilities.arcee",
+    "ArceeDocumentSource": "langchain_community.utilities.arcee",
+    "ArceeDocument": "langchain_community.utilities.arcee",
+    "ArceeDocumentAdapter": "langchain_community.utilities.arcee",
+    "ArceeWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArceeRoute",
+    "DALMFilterType",
+    "DALMFilter",
+    "ArceeDocumentSource",
+    "ArceeDocument",
+    "ArceeDocumentAdapter",
+    "ArceeWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/arxiv.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/arxiv.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3f3faae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/arxiv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import ArxivAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ArxivAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ArxivAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/asyncio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7db052e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/asyncio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""Shims for asyncio features that may be missing from older python versions"""
+
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 11):
+    from async_timeout import timeout as asyncio_timeout
+else:
+    from asyncio import timeout as asyncio_timeout
+
+
+__all__ = ["asyncio_timeout"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/awslambda.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/awslambda.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d952017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/awslambda.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import LambdaWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LambdaWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LambdaWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/bibtex.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/bibtex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f435ec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/bibtex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import BibtexparserWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BibtexparserWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BibtexparserWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/bing_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/bing_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..895a5f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/bing_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import BingSearchAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BingSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BingSearchAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/brave_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/brave_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73eef15f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/brave_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import BraveSearchWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BraveSearchWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BraveSearchWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/clickup.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/clickup.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7a6d126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/clickup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.clickup import (
+        ClickupAPIWrapper,
+        Component,
+        CUList,
+        Member,
+        Space,
+        Task,
+        Team,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Component": "langchain_community.utilities.clickup",
+    "Task": "langchain_community.utilities.clickup",
+    "CUList": "langchain_community.utilities.clickup",
+    "Member": "langchain_community.utilities.clickup",
+    "Team": "langchain_community.utilities.clickup",
+    "Space": "langchain_community.utilities.clickup",
+    "ClickupAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities.clickup",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Component",
+    "Task",
+    "CUList",
+    "Member",
+    "Team",
+    "Space",
+    "ClickupAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/dalle_image_generator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/dalle_image_generator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b62c1034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/dalle_image_generator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.dalle_image_generator import DallEAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DallEAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities.dalle_image_generator"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DallEAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/dataforseo_api_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/dataforseo_api_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14345a56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/dataforseo_api_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.dataforseo_api_search import DataForSeoAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DataForSeoAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities.dataforseo_api_search"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DataForSeoAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/duckduckgo_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/duckduckgo_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7741e9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/duckduckgo_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DuckDuckGoSearchAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/github.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/github.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f4e18f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/github.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.github import GitHubAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GitHubAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities.github"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GitHubAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/gitlab.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/gitlab.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb1723ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/gitlab.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.gitlab import GitLabAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GitLabAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities.gitlab"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GitLabAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/golden_query.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/golden_query.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85f04b80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/golden_query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoldenQueryAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoldenQueryAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoldenQueryAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_finance.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_finance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a29a6bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_finance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleFinanceAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleFinanceAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleFinanceAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_jobs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_jobs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11ce337d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_jobs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleJobsAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleJobsAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleJobsAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_lens.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_lens.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e7dc4b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_lens.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleLensAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleLensAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleLensAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_places_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_places_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92059699
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_places_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GooglePlacesAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GooglePlacesAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GooglePlacesAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_scholar.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_scholar.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc70bfc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_scholar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleScholarAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleScholarAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleScholarAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..970d5d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleSearchAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleSearchAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_serper.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_serper.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d751672a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_serper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleSerperAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleSerperAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleSerperAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_trends.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_trends.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86a5bd78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/google_trends.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GoogleTrendsAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GoogleTrendsAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GoogleTrendsAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/graphql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/graphql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d75ddb63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/graphql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import GraphQLAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"GraphQLAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "GraphQLAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/jira.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/jira.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65858806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/jira.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import JiraAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"JiraAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JiraAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2337b6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.loading import try_load_from_hub
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+__all__ = ["try_load_from_hub"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/max_compute.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/max_compute.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7797a22f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/max_compute.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import MaxComputeAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MaxComputeAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MaxComputeAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/merriam_webster.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/merriam_webster.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8a35960
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/merriam_webster.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import MerriamWebsterAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MerriamWebsterAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MerriamWebsterAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/metaphor_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/metaphor_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9534267c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/metaphor_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import MetaphorSearchAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MetaphorSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MetaphorSearchAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/nasa.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/nasa.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf7c48c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/nasa.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import NasaAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NasaAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NasaAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/opaqueprompts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/opaqueprompts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07780a9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/opaqueprompts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.opaqueprompts import desanitize, sanitize
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "sanitize": "langchain_community.utilities.opaqueprompts",
+    "desanitize": "langchain_community.utilities.opaqueprompts",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "sanitize",
+    "desanitize",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/openapi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/openapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90e5abea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/openapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.tools import OpenAPISpec
+    from langchain_community.utilities.openapi import HTTPVerb
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "HTTPVerb": "langchain_community.utilities.openapi",
+    "OpenAPISpec": "langchain_community.tools",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HTTPVerb",
+    "OpenAPISpec",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/openweathermap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/openweathermap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0c42110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/openweathermap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import OpenWeatherMapAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenWeatherMapAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenWeatherMapAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/outline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/outline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a86724e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/outline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import OutlineAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OutlineAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OutlineAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/portkey.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/portkey.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62a786dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/portkey.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import Portkey
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Portkey": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Portkey",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/powerbi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/powerbi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5220d8ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/powerbi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import PowerBIDataset
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PowerBIDataset": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PowerBIDataset",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/pubmed.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/pubmed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f97fe468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/pubmed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import PubMedAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PubMedAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PubMedAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/python.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/python.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a077fcf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""For backwards compatibility."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+# Code has been removed from the community package as well.
+# We'll proxy to community package, which will raise an appropriate exception,
+# but we'll not include this in __all__, so it won't be listed as importable.
+
+_importer = create_importer(
+    __package__,
+    deprecated_lookups={"PythonREPL": "langchain_community.utilities.python"},
+)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _importer(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/reddit_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/reddit_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa8288ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/reddit_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.reddit_search import RedditSearchAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RedditSearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities.reddit_search"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RedditSearchAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/redis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/redis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db58dae1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/redis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.redis import (
+        TokenEscaper,
+        check_redis_module_exist,
+        get_client,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TokenEscaper": "langchain_community.utilities.redis",
+    "check_redis_module_exist": "langchain_community.utilities.redis",
+    "get_client": "langchain_community.utilities.redis",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TokenEscaper",
+    "check_redis_module_exist",
+    "get_client",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/requests.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/requests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4acff814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/requests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import Requests, RequestsWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Requests": "langchain_community.utilities",
+    "RequestsWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Requests",
+    "RequestsWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/scenexplain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/scenexplain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c1c52c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/scenexplain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SceneXplainAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SceneXplainAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SceneXplainAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/searchapi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/searchapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77366ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/searchapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SearchApiAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SearchApiAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchApiAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/searx_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/searx_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72131c3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/searx_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SearxSearchWrapper
+    from langchain_community.utilities.searx_search import SearxResults
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearxResults": "langchain_community.utilities.searx_search",
+    "SearxSearchWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearxResults",
+    "SearxSearchWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/serpapi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/serpapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb3e44b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/serpapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SerpAPIWrapper
+    from langchain_community.utilities.serpapi import HiddenPrints
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "HiddenPrints": "langchain_community.utilities.serpapi",
+    "SerpAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "HiddenPrints",
+    "SerpAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/spark_sql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/spark_sql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c747025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/spark_sql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SparkSQL
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SparkSQL": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SparkSQL",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/sql_database.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/sql_database.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5648057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/sql_database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase
+    from langchain_community.utilities.sql_database import truncate_word
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "truncate_word": "langchain_community.utilities.sql_database",
+    "SQLDatabase": "langchain_community.utilities",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "truncate_word",
+    "SQLDatabase",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/stackexchange.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/stackexchange.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bee2a8c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/stackexchange.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import StackExchangeAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"StackExchangeAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StackExchangeAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/steam.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/steam.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55906f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/steam.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import SteamWebAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SteamWebAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SteamWebAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/tavily_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/tavily_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3bae586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/tavily_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.tavily_search import TavilySearchAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "TavilySearchAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities.tavily_search"
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TavilySearchAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/tensorflow_datasets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/tensorflow_datasets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a94fc1f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/tensorflow_datasets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import TensorflowDatasets
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TensorflowDatasets": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TensorflowDatasets",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/twilio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/twilio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c91b51d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/twilio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import TwilioAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TwilioAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TwilioAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/vertexai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/vertexai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b9fca5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/vertexai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities.vertexai import (
+        create_retry_decorator,
+        get_client_info,
+        init_vertexai,
+        raise_vertex_import_error,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "create_retry_decorator": "langchain_community.utilities.vertexai",
+    "raise_vertex_import_error": "langchain_community.utilities.vertexai",
+    "init_vertexai": "langchain_community.utilities.vertexai",
+    "get_client_info": "langchain_community.utilities.vertexai",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "create_retry_decorator",
+    "raise_vertex_import_error",
+    "init_vertexai",
+    "get_client_info",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/wikipedia.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/wikipedia.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5160839a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/wikipedia.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import WikipediaAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WikipediaAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WikipediaAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/wolfram_alpha.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/wolfram_alpha.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..827075ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/wolfram_alpha.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import WolframAlphaAPIWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"WolframAlphaAPIWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "WolframAlphaAPIWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/zapier.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/zapier.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71c9afde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utilities/zapier.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utilities import ZapierNLAWrapper
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ZapierNLAWrapper": "langchain_community.utilities"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ZapierNLAWrapper",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edd3840a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+"""
+**Utility functions** for LangChain.
+
+These functions do not depend on any other LangChain module.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.utils import (
+    comma_list,
+    get_from_dict_or_env,
+    get_from_env,
+    stringify_dict,
+    stringify_value,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.formatting import StrictFormatter, formatter
+from langchain_core.utils.input import (
+    get_bolded_text,
+    get_color_mapping,
+    get_colored_text,
+    print_text,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.utils import (
+    check_package_version,
+    convert_to_secret_str,
+    get_pydantic_field_names,
+    guard_import,
+    mock_now,
+    raise_for_status_with_text,
+    xor_args,
+)
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utils.math import (
+        cosine_similarity,
+        cosine_similarity_top_k,
+    )
+
+# Not deprecated right now because we will likely need to move these functions
+# back into langchain (as long as we're OK with the dependency on numpy).
+_MODULE_LOOKUP = {
+    "cosine_similarity": "langchain_community.utils.math",
+    "cosine_similarity_top_k": "langchain_community.utils.math",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, module_lookup=_MODULE_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StrictFormatter",
+    "check_package_version",
+    "comma_list",
+    "convert_to_secret_str",
+    "cosine_similarity",
+    "cosine_similarity_top_k",
+    "get_bolded_text",
+    "get_color_mapping",
+    "get_colored_text",
+    "get_from_dict_or_env",
+    "get_from_env",
+    "formatter",
+    "get_pydantic_field_names",
+    "guard_import",
+    "mock_now",
+    "print_text",
+    "raise_for_status_with_text",
+    "stringify_dict",
+    "stringify_value",
+    "xor_args",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/aiter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/aiter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cab956b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/aiter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.aiter import NoLock, Tee, py_anext
+
+__all__ = ["py_anext", "NoLock", "Tee"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1e212d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.env import get_from_dict_or_env, get_from_env
+
+__all__ = ["get_from_dict_or_env", "get_from_env"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/ernie_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/ernie_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..251d5fb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/ernie_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utils.ernie_functions import (
+        FunctionDescription,
+        ToolDescription,
+        convert_pydantic_to_ernie_function,
+        convert_pydantic_to_ernie_tool,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "FunctionDescription": "langchain_community.utils.ernie_functions",
+    "ToolDescription": "langchain_community.utils.ernie_functions",
+    "convert_pydantic_to_ernie_function": "langchain_community.utils.ernie_functions",
+    "convert_pydantic_to_ernie_tool": "langchain_community.utils.ernie_functions",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FunctionDescription",
+    "ToolDescription",
+    "convert_pydantic_to_ernie_function",
+    "convert_pydantic_to_ernie_tool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/formatting.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/formatting.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..212bff83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/formatting.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.formatting import StrictFormatter
+
+__all__ = ["StrictFormatter"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/html.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/html.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5684b2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/html.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.html import (
+    DEFAULT_LINK_REGEX,
+    PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE,
+    PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX,
+    SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE,
+    SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX,
+    extract_sub_links,
+    find_all_links,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE",
+    "SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE",
+    "SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX",
+    "PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX",
+    "DEFAULT_LINK_REGEX",
+    "find_all_links",
+    "extract_sub_links",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/input.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/input.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..563cc506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.input import (
+    get_bolded_text,
+    get_color_mapping,
+    get_colored_text,
+    print_text,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["get_color_mapping", "get_colored_text", "get_bolded_text", "print_text"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/iter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/iter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4059721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/iter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.iter import NoLock, Tee, batch_iterate, tee_peer
+
+__all__ = ["NoLock", "tee_peer", "Tee", "batch_iterate"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/json_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/json_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e61b7be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/json_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.json_schema import (
+    _dereference_refs_helper,
+    _infer_skip_keys,
+    _retrieve_ref,
+    dereference_refs,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "_retrieve_ref",
+    "_dereference_refs_helper",
+    "_infer_skip_keys",
+    "dereference_refs",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b048d383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.loading import try_load_from_hub
+
+__all__ = ["try_load_from_hub"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/math.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/math.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da1e6ce3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/math.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utils.math import (
+        cosine_similarity,
+        cosine_similarity_top_k,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+# Not marked as deprecated since we may want to move the functionality
+# into langchain as long as we're OK with numpy as the dependency.
+_MODULE_LOOKUP = {
+    "cosine_similarity": "langchain_community.utils.math",
+    "cosine_similarity_top_k": "langchain_community.utils.math",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, module_lookup=_MODULE_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "cosine_similarity",
+    "cosine_similarity_top_k",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b159aec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.utils.openai import is_openai_v1
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"is_openai_v1": "langchain_community.utils.openai"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "is_openai_v1",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e093c35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import (
+    FunctionDescription,
+    ToolDescription,
+    convert_pydantic_to_openai_function,
+    convert_pydantic_to_openai_tool,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FunctionDescription",
+    "ToolDescription",
+    "convert_pydantic_to_openai_function",
+    "convert_pydantic_to_openai_tool",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/pydantic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/pydantic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5000f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/pydantic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import get_pydantic_major_version
+
+__all__ = ["get_pydantic_major_version"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/strings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/strings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8e88564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/strings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.strings import comma_list, stringify_dict, stringify_value
+
+__all__ = ["stringify_value", "stringify_dict", "comma_list"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57629433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/utils/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from langchain_core.utils.utils import (
+    build_extra_kwargs,
+    check_package_version,
+    convert_to_secret_str,
+    get_pydantic_field_names,
+    guard_import,
+    mock_now,
+    raise_for_status_with_text,
+    xor_args,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "xor_args",
+    "raise_for_status_with_text",
+    "mock_now",
+    "guard_import",
+    "check_package_version",
+    "get_pydantic_field_names",
+    "build_extra_kwargs",
+    "convert_to_secret_str",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..603421aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+"""**Vector store** stores embedded data and performs vector search.
+
+One of the most common ways to store and search over unstructured data is to
+embed it and store the resulting embedding vectors, and then query the store
+and retrieve the data that are 'most similar' to the embedded query.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    VectorStore --> <name>  # Examples: Annoy, FAISS, Milvus
+
+    BaseRetriever --> VectorStoreRetriever --> <name>Retriever  # Example: VespaRetriever
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Embeddings, Document
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        FAISS,
+        AlibabaCloudOpenSearch,
+        AlibabaCloudOpenSearchSettings,
+        AnalyticDB,
+        Annoy,
+        AstraDB,
+        AtlasDB,
+        AwaDB,
+        AzureCosmosDBVectorSearch,
+        AzureSearch,
+        Bagel,
+        Cassandra,
+        Chroma,
+        Clarifai,
+        Clickhouse,
+        ClickhouseSettings,
+        DashVector,
+        DatabricksVectorSearch,
+        DeepLake,
+        Dingo,
+        DocArrayHnswSearch,
+        DocArrayInMemorySearch,
+        DuckDB,
+        EcloudESVectorStore,
+        ElasticKnnSearch,
+        ElasticsearchStore,
+        ElasticVectorSearch,
+        Epsilla,
+        Hologres,
+        LanceDB,
+        LLMRails,
+        Marqo,
+        MatchingEngine,
+        Meilisearch,
+        Milvus,
+        MomentoVectorIndex,
+        MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch,
+        MyScale,
+        MyScaleSettings,
+        Neo4jVector,
+        NeuralDBClientVectorStore,
+        NeuralDBVectorStore,
+        OpenSearchVectorSearch,
+        PGEmbedding,
+        PGVector,
+        Pinecone,
+        Qdrant,
+        Redis,
+        Rockset,
+        ScaNN,
+        SemaDB,
+        SingleStoreDB,
+        SKLearnVectorStore,
+        SQLiteVSS,
+        StarRocks,
+        SupabaseVectorStore,
+        Tair,
+        TencentVectorDB,
+        Tigris,
+        TileDB,
+        TimescaleVector,
+        Typesense,
+        USearch,
+        Vald,
+        Vearch,
+        Vectara,
+        VespaStore,
+        Weaviate,
+        Yellowbrick,
+        ZepVectorStore,
+        Zilliz,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearchSettings": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AnalyticDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Annoy": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AstraDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AtlasDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AwaDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AzureCosmosDBVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AzureSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Bagel": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Cassandra": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Chroma": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Clarifai": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Clickhouse": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "ClickhouseSettings": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "DashVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "DatabricksVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "DeepLake": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Dingo": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "DocArrayHnswSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "DocArrayInMemorySearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "DuckDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "EcloudESVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "ElasticKnnSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "ElasticsearchStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "ElasticVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Epsilla": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "FAISS": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Hologres": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "LanceDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "LLMRails": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Marqo": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "MatchingEngine": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Meilisearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Milvus": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "MomentoVectorIndex": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "MyScale": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "MyScaleSettings": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Neo4jVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "NeuralDBClientVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "NeuralDBVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "NEuralDBVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "OpenSearchVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "PGEmbedding": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "PGVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Pinecone": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Qdrant": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Redis": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Rockset": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "ScaNN": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "SemaDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "SingleStoreDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "SKLearnVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "SQLiteVSS": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "StarRocks": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "SupabaseVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Tair": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "TencentVectorDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Tigris": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "TileDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "TimescaleVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Typesense": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "USearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Vald": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Vearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Vectara": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "VespaStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Weaviate": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Yellowbrick": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "ZepVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Zilliz": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearch",
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearchSettings",
+    "AnalyticDB",
+    "Annoy",
+    "AstraDB",
+    "AtlasDB",
+    "AwaDB",
+    "AzureCosmosDBVectorSearch",
+    "AzureSearch",
+    "Bagel",
+    "Cassandra",
+    "Chroma",
+    "Clarifai",
+    "Clickhouse",
+    "ClickhouseSettings",
+    "DashVector",
+    "DatabricksVectorSearch",
+    "DeepLake",
+    "Dingo",
+    "DocArrayHnswSearch",
+    "DocArrayInMemorySearch",
+    "DuckDB",
+    "EcloudESVectorStore",
+    "ElasticKnnSearch",
+    "ElasticsearchStore",
+    "ElasticVectorSearch",
+    "Epsilla",
+    "FAISS",
+    "Hologres",
+    "LanceDB",
+    "LLMRails",
+    "Marqo",
+    "MatchingEngine",
+    "Meilisearch",
+    "Milvus",
+    "MomentoVectorIndex",
+    "MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch",
+    "MyScale",
+    "MyScaleSettings",
+    "Neo4jVector",
+    "NeuralDBClientVectorStore",
+    "NeuralDBVectorStore",
+    "OpenSearchVectorSearch",
+    "PGEmbedding",
+    "PGVector",
+    "Pinecone",
+    "Qdrant",
+    "Redis",
+    "Rockset",
+    "ScaNN",
+    "SemaDB",
+    "SingleStoreDB",
+    "SKLearnVectorStore",
+    "SQLiteVSS",
+    "StarRocks",
+    "SupabaseVectorStore",
+    "Tair",
+    "TencentVectorDB",
+    "Tigris",
+    "TileDB",
+    "TimescaleVector",
+    "Typesense",
+    "USearch",
+    "Vald",
+    "Vearch",
+    "Vectara",
+    "VectorStore",
+    "VespaStore",
+    "Weaviate",
+    "Yellowbrick",
+    "ZepVectorStore",
+    "Zilliz",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/__pycache__/zep.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/__pycache__/zep.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..c49d82c1
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/__pycache__/zilliz.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/__pycache__/zilliz.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/alibabacloud_opensearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/alibabacloud_opensearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77773507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/alibabacloud_opensearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        AlibabaCloudOpenSearch,
+        AlibabaCloudOpenSearchSettings,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearchSettings": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearchSettings",
+    "AlibabaCloudOpenSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/analyticdb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/analyticdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aed482a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/analyticdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import AnalyticDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AnalyticDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AnalyticDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/annoy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/annoy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f7fdbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/annoy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Annoy
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Annoy": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Annoy",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/astradb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/astradb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..659a7011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/astradb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import AstraDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AstraDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AstraDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/atlas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/atlas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7aa5396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/atlas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import AtlasDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AtlasDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AtlasDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/awadb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/awadb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9966d341
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/awadb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import AwaDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"AwaDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AwaDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/azure_cosmos_db.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/azure_cosmos_db.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b6a8df5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/azure_cosmos_db.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import AzureCosmosDBVectorSearch
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.azure_cosmos_db import CosmosDBSimilarityType
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CosmosDBSimilarityType": "langchain_community.vectorstores.azure_cosmos_db",
+    "AzureCosmosDBVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CosmosDBSimilarityType",
+    "AzureCosmosDBVectorSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/azuresearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/azuresearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4483170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/azuresearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import AzureSearch
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.azuresearch import (
+        AzureSearchVectorStoreRetriever,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "AzureSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "AzureSearchVectorStoreRetriever": "langchain_community.vectorstores.azuresearch",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AzureSearch",
+    "AzureSearchVectorStoreRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/bageldb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/bageldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa6b299b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/bageldb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Bagel
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Bagel": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Bagel",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/baiducloud_vector_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/baiducloud_vector_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d181a3d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/baiducloud_vector_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import BESVectorStore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"BESVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BESVectorStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59a719b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore, VectorStoreRetriever
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStore", "VectorStoreRetriever"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/cassandra.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/cassandra.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08e60fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/cassandra.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Cassandra
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Cassandra": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Cassandra",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/chroma.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/chroma.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b4816e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/chroma.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Chroma
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Chroma": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Chroma",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/clarifai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/clarifai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e42317b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/clarifai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Clarifai
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Clarifai": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Clarifai",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/clickhouse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/clickhouse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09795a14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/clickhouse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Clickhouse, ClickhouseSettings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ClickhouseSettings": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "Clickhouse": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ClickhouseSettings",
+    "Clickhouse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/dashvector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/dashvector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df90dbed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/dashvector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import DashVector
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DashVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DashVector",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/databricks_vector_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/databricks_vector_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d416c14a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/databricks_vector_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import DatabricksVectorSearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DatabricksVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DatabricksVectorSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/deeplake.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/deeplake.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24239246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/deeplake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import DeepLake
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DeepLake": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DeepLake",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/dingo.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/dingo.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d737cc3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/dingo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Dingo
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Dingo": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Dingo",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b42310b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import (
+        DocArrayHnswSearch,
+        DocArrayInMemorySearch,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DocArrayHnswSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "DocArrayInMemorySearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocArrayHnswSearch",
+    "DocArrayInMemorySearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48bb4657
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e98ba9e4
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/hnsw.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/hnsw.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e8e6ebf
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/hnsw.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/in_memory.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/in_memory.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6d4775d
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/__pycache__/in_memory.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6114854d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.docarray.base import DocArrayIndex
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DocArrayIndex": "langchain_community.vectorstores.docarray.base"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocArrayIndex",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/hnsw.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/hnsw.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd846cf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/hnsw.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import DocArrayHnswSearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DocArrayHnswSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocArrayHnswSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/in_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/in_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..467493ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/docarray/in_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import DocArrayInMemorySearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"DocArrayInMemorySearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DocArrayInMemorySearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/elastic_vector_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/elastic_vector_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb75713b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/elastic_vector_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import ElasticKnnSearch, ElasticVectorSearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ElasticVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "ElasticKnnSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ElasticVectorSearch",
+    "ElasticKnnSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/elasticsearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/elasticsearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..616a8df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/elasticsearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import ElasticsearchStore
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.elasticsearch import (
+        ApproxRetrievalStrategy,
+        BaseRetrievalStrategy,
+        ExactRetrievalStrategy,
+        SparseRetrievalStrategy,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseRetrievalStrategy": "langchain_community.vectorstores.elasticsearch",
+    "ApproxRetrievalStrategy": "langchain_community.vectorstores.elasticsearch",
+    "ExactRetrievalStrategy": "langchain_community.vectorstores.elasticsearch",
+    "SparseRetrievalStrategy": "langchain_community.vectorstores.elasticsearch",
+    "ElasticsearchStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseRetrievalStrategy",
+    "ApproxRetrievalStrategy",
+    "ExactRetrievalStrategy",
+    "SparseRetrievalStrategy",
+    "ElasticsearchStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/epsilla.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/epsilla.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2bf16e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/epsilla.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Epsilla
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Epsilla": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Epsilla",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/faiss.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/faiss.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4bd19111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/faiss.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import FAISS
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"FAISS": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FAISS",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/hippo.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/hippo.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd08c1a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/hippo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.hippo import Hippo
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Hippo": "langchain_community.vectorstores.hippo"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Hippo",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/hologres.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/hologres.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb3ef87a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/hologres.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Hologres
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Hologres": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Hologres",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/lancedb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/lancedb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d1c2f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/lancedb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import LanceDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"LanceDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LanceDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/llm_rails.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/llm_rails.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b3b6597
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/llm_rails.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import LLMRails
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.llm_rails import LLMRailsRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "LLMRails": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "LLMRailsRetriever": "langchain_community.vectorstores.llm_rails",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "LLMRails",
+    "LLMRailsRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/marqo.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/marqo.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7db956ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/marqo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Marqo
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Marqo": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Marqo",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/matching_engine.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/matching_engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e15eb4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/matching_engine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import MatchingEngine
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MatchingEngine": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MatchingEngine",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/meilisearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/meilisearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..640241bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/meilisearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Meilisearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Meilisearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Meilisearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/milvus.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/milvus.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc7bbfa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/milvus.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Milvus
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Milvus": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Milvus",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/momento_vector_index.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/momento_vector_index.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fef15d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/momento_vector_index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import MomentoVectorIndex
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MomentoVectorIndex": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MomentoVectorIndex",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/mongodb_atlas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/mongodb_atlas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39325c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/mongodb_atlas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MongoDBAtlasVectorSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/myscale.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/myscale.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69271ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/myscale.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import MyScale, MyScaleSettings
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.myscale import MyScaleWithoutJSON
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "MyScaleSettings": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "MyScale": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "MyScaleWithoutJSON": "langchain_community.vectorstores.myscale",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MyScaleSettings",
+    "MyScale",
+    "MyScaleWithoutJSON",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/neo4j_vector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/neo4j_vector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65f0f8f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/neo4j_vector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Neo4jVector
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.neo4j_vector import SearchType
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "SearchType": "langchain_community.vectorstores.neo4j_vector",
+    "Neo4jVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SearchType",
+    "Neo4jVector",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/nucliadb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/nucliadb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b097ce57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/nucliadb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.nucliadb import NucliaDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"NucliaDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores.nucliadb"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NucliaDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/opensearch_vector_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/opensearch_vector_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6afc9864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/opensearch_vector_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import OpenSearchVectorSearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"OpenSearchVectorSearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OpenSearchVectorSearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgembedding.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgembedding.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff1ab865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgembedding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import PGEmbedding
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.pgembedding import (
+        CollectionStore,
+        EmbeddingStore,
+        QueryResult,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CollectionStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores.pgembedding",
+    "EmbeddingStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores.pgembedding",
+    "QueryResult": "langchain_community.vectorstores.pgembedding",
+    "PGEmbedding": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CollectionStore",
+    "EmbeddingStore",
+    "QueryResult",
+    "PGEmbedding",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgvecto_rs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgvecto_rs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b717fd97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgvecto_rs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.pgvecto_rs import PGVecto_rs
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"PGVecto_rs": "langchain_community.vectorstores.pgvecto_rs"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PGVecto_rs",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgvector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgvector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a45ef5ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pgvector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import PGVector
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.pgvector import DistanceStrategy
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DistanceStrategy": "langchain_community.vectorstores.pgvector",
+    "PGVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DistanceStrategy",
+    "PGVector",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pinecone.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pinecone.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da1bc8af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/pinecone.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Pinecone
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Pinecone": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Pinecone",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/qdrant.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/qdrant.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..474424fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/qdrant.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Qdrant
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.qdrant import QdrantException
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "QdrantException": "langchain_community.vectorstores.qdrant",
+    "Qdrant": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "QdrantException",
+    "Qdrant",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35484442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Redis
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.base import RedisVectorStoreRetriever
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters import (
+        RedisFilter,
+        RedisNum,
+        RedisTag,
+        RedisText,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Redis": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "RedisFilter": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisTag": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisText": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisNum": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisVectorStoreRetriever": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Redis",
+    "RedisFilter",
+    "RedisTag",
+    "RedisText",
+    "RedisNum",
+    "RedisVectorStoreRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e94d309
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aec6dcf1
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/filters.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/filters.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd75bfc6
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/filters.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/schema.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/schema.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84d7983d
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/__pycache__/schema.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3360858b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Redis
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.base import (
+        RedisVectorStoreRetriever,
+        check_index_exists,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "check_index_exists": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.base",
+    "Redis": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "RedisVectorStoreRetriever": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.base",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "check_index_exists",
+    "Redis",
+    "RedisVectorStoreRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/filters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/filters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..628f32c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/filters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters import (
+        RedisFilter,
+        RedisFilterExpression,
+        RedisFilterField,
+        RedisFilterOperator,
+        RedisNum,
+        RedisTag,
+        RedisText,
+        check_operator_misuse,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RedisFilterOperator": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisFilter": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisFilterField": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "check_operator_misuse": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisTag": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisNum": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisText": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+    "RedisFilterExpression": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.filters",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RedisFilterOperator",
+    "RedisFilter",
+    "RedisFilterField",
+    "check_operator_misuse",
+    "RedisTag",
+    "RedisNum",
+    "RedisText",
+    "RedisFilterExpression",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b796cab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/redis/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema import (
+        FlatVectorField,
+        HNSWVectorField,
+        NumericFieldSchema,
+        RedisDistanceMetric,
+        RedisField,
+        RedisModel,
+        RedisVectorField,
+        TagFieldSchema,
+        TextFieldSchema,
+        read_schema,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "RedisDistanceMetric": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "RedisField": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "TextFieldSchema": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "TagFieldSchema": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "NumericFieldSchema": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "RedisVectorField": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "FlatVectorField": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "HNSWVectorField": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "RedisModel": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+    "read_schema": "langchain_community.vectorstores.redis.schema",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RedisDistanceMetric",
+    "RedisField",
+    "TextFieldSchema",
+    "TagFieldSchema",
+    "NumericFieldSchema",
+    "RedisVectorField",
+    "FlatVectorField",
+    "HNSWVectorField",
+    "RedisModel",
+    "read_schema",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/rocksetdb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/rocksetdb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..108ef9de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/rocksetdb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Rockset
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Rockset": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Rockset",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/scann.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/scann.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faf70c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/scann.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import ScaNN
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"ScaNN": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ScaNN",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/semadb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/semadb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53863ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/semadb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import SemaDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SemaDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SemaDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/singlestoredb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/singlestoredb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b363fb39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/singlestoredb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import SingleStoreDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SingleStoreDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SingleStoreDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/sklearn.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/sklearn.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3646985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/sklearn.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import SKLearnVectorStore
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.sklearn import (
+        BaseSerializer,
+        BsonSerializer,
+        JsonSerializer,
+        ParquetSerializer,
+        SKLearnVectorStoreException,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "BaseSerializer": "langchain_community.vectorstores.sklearn",
+    "JsonSerializer": "langchain_community.vectorstores.sklearn",
+    "BsonSerializer": "langchain_community.vectorstores.sklearn",
+    "ParquetSerializer": "langchain_community.vectorstores.sklearn",
+    "SKLearnVectorStoreException": "langchain_community.vectorstores.sklearn",
+    "SKLearnVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseSerializer",
+    "JsonSerializer",
+    "BsonSerializer",
+    "ParquetSerializer",
+    "SKLearnVectorStoreException",
+    "SKLearnVectorStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/sqlitevss.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/sqlitevss.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99a072e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/sqlitevss.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import SQLiteVSS
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SQLiteVSS": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SQLiteVSS",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/starrocks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/starrocks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbc3523f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/starrocks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import StarRocks
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.starrocks import StarRocksSettings
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "StarRocksSettings": "langchain_community.vectorstores.starrocks",
+    "StarRocks": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "StarRocksSettings",
+    "StarRocks",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/supabase.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/supabase.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50d15842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/supabase.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import SupabaseVectorStore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"SupabaseVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SupabaseVectorStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tair.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tair.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90e00b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tair.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Tair
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Tair": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Tair",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tencentvectordb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tencentvectordb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85dab65f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tencentvectordb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import TencentVectorDB
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.tencentvectordb import (
+        ConnectionParams,
+        IndexParams,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "ConnectionParams": "langchain_community.vectorstores.tencentvectordb",
+    "IndexParams": "langchain_community.vectorstores.tencentvectordb",
+    "TencentVectorDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ConnectionParams",
+    "IndexParams",
+    "TencentVectorDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tigris.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tigris.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00f2a90b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tigris.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Tigris
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Tigris": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Tigris",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tiledb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tiledb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67c83cb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/tiledb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import TileDB
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TileDB": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TileDB",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/timescalevector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/timescalevector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b242d50f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/timescalevector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import TimescaleVector
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"TimescaleVector": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TimescaleVector",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/typesense.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/typesense.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7d41ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/typesense.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Typesense
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Typesense": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Typesense",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/usearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/usearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69af9352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/usearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import USearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"USearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "USearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e657035a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.utils import (
+        DistanceStrategy,
+        filter_complex_metadata,
+        maximal_marginal_relevance,
+    )
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "DistanceStrategy": "langchain_community.vectorstores.utils",
+    "maximal_marginal_relevance": "langchain_community.vectorstores.utils",
+    "filter_complex_metadata": "langchain_community.vectorstores.utils",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DistanceStrategy",
+    "maximal_marginal_relevance",
+    "filter_complex_metadata",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vald.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vald.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c357022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vald.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Vald
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Vald": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Vald",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vearch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vearch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37985a41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vearch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Vearch
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Vearch": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Vearch",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vectara.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vectara.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4fc08ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vectara.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Vectara
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.vectara import VectaraRetriever
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "Vectara": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+    "VectaraRetriever": "langchain_community.vectorstores.vectara",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Vectara",
+    "VectaraRetriever",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vespa.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vespa.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0c95476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/vespa.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import VespaStore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"VespaStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "VespaStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/weaviate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/weaviate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35fcb6ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/weaviate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Weaviate
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Weaviate": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Weaviate",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/xata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/xata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59e38855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/xata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.xata import XataVectorStore
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"XataVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores.xata"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "XataVectorStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/yellowbrick.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/yellowbrick.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7e30ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/yellowbrick.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Yellowbrick
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Yellowbrick": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Yellowbrick",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/zep.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/zep.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bd0b721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/zep.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import ZepVectorStore
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores.zep import CollectionConfig
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {
+    "CollectionConfig": "langchain_community.vectorstores.zep",
+    "ZepVectorStore": "langchain_community.vectorstores",
+}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CollectionConfig",
+    "ZepVectorStore",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/zilliz.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/zilliz.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..411fae53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain/vectorstores/zilliz.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain._api import create_importer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_community.vectorstores import Zilliz
+
+# Create a way to dynamically look up deprecated imports.
+# Used to consolidate logic for raising deprecation warnings and
+# handling optional imports.
+DEPRECATED_LOOKUP = {"Zilliz": "langchain_community.vectorstores"}
+
+_import_attribute = create_importer(__package__, deprecated_lookups=DEPRECATED_LOOKUP)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    """Look up attributes dynamically."""
+    return _import_attribute(name)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Zilliz",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63f0154a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: langchain-core
+Version: 0.3.59
+Summary: Building applications with LLMs through composability
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/tree/master/libs/core
+Project-URL: Release Notes, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/releases?q=tag%3A%22langchain-core%3D%3D0%22&expanded=true
+Project-URL: repository, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Requires-Dist: langsmith<0.4,>=0.1.125
+Requires-Dist: tenacity!=8.4.0,<10.0.0,>=8.1.0
+Requires-Dist: jsonpatch<2.0,>=1.33
+Requires-Dist: PyYAML>=5.3
+Requires-Dist: packaging<25,>=23.2
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.7
+Requires-Dist: pydantic<3.0.0,>=2.5.2; python_full_version < "3.12.4"
+Requires-Dist: pydantic<3.0.0,>=2.7.4; python_full_version >= "3.12.4"
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# 🦜🍎️ LangChain Core
+
+[![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/langchain_core/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/langchain_core)
+[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+
+## Quick Install
+
+```bash
+pip install langchain-core
+```
+
+## What is it?
+
+LangChain Core contains the base abstractions that power the rest of the LangChain ecosystem.
+
+These abstractions are designed to be as modular and simple as possible. Examples of these abstractions include those for language models, document loaders, embedding models, vectorstores, retrievers, and more.
+
+The benefit of having these abstractions is that any provider can implement the required interface and then easily be used in the rest of the LangChain ecosystem.
+
+For full documentation see the [API reference](https://python.langchain.com/api_reference/core/index.html).
+
+## 1️⃣ Core Interface: Runnables
+
+The concept of a Runnable is central to LangChain Core – it is the interface that most LangChain Core components implement, giving them
+
+- a common invocation interface (invoke, batch, stream, etc.)
+- built-in utilities for retries, fallbacks, schemas and runtime configurability
+- easy deployment with [LangServe](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langserve)
+
+For more check out the [runnable docs](https://python.langchain.com/docs/expression_language/interface). Examples of components that implement the interface include: LLMs, Chat Models, Prompts, Retrievers, Tools, Output Parsers.
+
+You can use LangChain Core objects in two ways:
+
+1. **imperative**, ie. call them directly, eg. `model.invoke(...)`
+
+2. **declarative**, with LangChain Expression Language (LCEL)
+
+3. or a mix of both! eg. one of the steps in your LCEL sequence can be a custom function
+
+| Feature   | Imperative                      | Declarative    |
+| --------- | ------------------------------- | -------------- |
+| Syntax    | All of Python                   | LCEL           |
+| Tracing   | ✅ – Automatic                  | ✅ – Automatic |
+| Parallel  | ✅ – with threads or coroutines | ✅ – Automatic |
+| Streaming | ✅ – by yielding                | ✅ – Automatic |
+| Async     | ✅ – by writing async functions | ✅ – Automatic |
+
+## ⚡️ What is LangChain Expression Language?
+
+LangChain Expression Language (LCEL) is a _declarative language_ for composing LangChain Core runnables into sequences (or DAGs), covering the most common patterns when building with LLMs.
+
+LangChain Core compiles LCEL sequences to an _optimized execution plan_, with automatic parallelization, streaming, tracing, and async support.
+
+For more check out the [LCEL docs](https://python.langchain.com/docs/expression_language/).
+
+![Diagram outlining the hierarchical organization of the LangChain framework, displaying the interconnected parts across multiple layers.](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/langchain-ai/langchain/master/docs/static/svg/langchain_stack_112024.svg "LangChain Framework Overview")
+
+For more advanced use cases, also check out [LangGraph](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph), which is a graph-based runner for cyclic and recursive LLM workflows.
+
+## 📕 Releases & Versioning
+
+`langchain-core` is currently on version `0.1.x`.
+
+As `langchain-core` contains the base abstractions and runtime for the whole LangChain ecosystem, we will communicate any breaking changes with advance notice and version bumps. The exception for this is anything in `langchain_core.beta`. The reason for `langchain_core.beta` is that given the rate of change of the field, being able to move quickly is still a priority, and this module is our attempt to do so.
+
+Minor version increases will occur for:
+
+- Breaking changes for any public interfaces NOT in `langchain_core.beta`
+
+Patch version increases will occur for:
+
+- Bug fixes
+- New features
+- Any changes to private interfaces
+- Any changes to `langchain_core.beta`
+
+## 💁 Contributing
+
+As an open-source project in a rapidly developing field, we are extremely open to contributions, whether it be in the form of a new feature, improved infrastructure, or better documentation.
+
+For detailed information on how to contribute, see the [Contributing Guide](https://python.langchain.com/docs/contributing/).
+
+## ⛰️ Why build on top of LangChain Core?
+
+The whole LangChain ecosystem is built on top of LangChain Core, so you're in good company when building on top of it. Some of the benefits:
+
+- **Modularity**: LangChain Core is designed around abstractions that are independent of each other, and not tied to any specific model provider.
+- **Stability**: We are committed to a stable versioning scheme, and will communicate any breaking changes with advance notice and version bumps.
+- **Battle-tested**: LangChain Core components have the largest install base in the LLM ecosystem, and are used in production by many companies.
+- **Community**: LangChain Core is developed in the open, and we welcome contributions from the community.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/RECORD
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45ec8c4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: pdm-backend (2.4.4)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3ad4726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core-0.3.59.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[console_scripts]
+
+[gui_scripts]
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..498f503a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"""``langchain-core`` defines the base abstractions for the LangChain ecosystem.
+
+The interfaces for core components like chat models, LLMs, vector stores, retrievers,
+and more are defined here. The universal invocation protocol (Runnables) along with
+a syntax for combining components (LangChain Expression Language) are also defined here.
+
+No third-party integrations are defined here. The dependencies are kept purposefully
+very lightweight.
+"""
+
+from langchain_core._api import (
+    surface_langchain_beta_warnings,
+    surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings,
+)
+from langchain_core.version import VERSION
+
+__version__ = VERSION
+
+surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings()
+surface_langchain_beta_warnings()
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01b52e86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+"""Helper functions for managing the LangChain API.
+
+This module is only relevant for LangChain developers, not for users.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    This module and its submodules are for internal use only.  Do not use them
+    in your own code.  We may change the API at any time with no warning.
+
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .beta_decorator import (
+        LangChainBetaWarning,
+        beta,
+        suppress_langchain_beta_warning,
+        surface_langchain_beta_warnings,
+    )
+    from .deprecation import (
+        LangChainDeprecationWarning,
+        deprecated,
+        suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning,
+        surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings,
+        warn_deprecated,
+    )
+    from .path import as_import_path, get_relative_path
+
+__all__ = (
+    "as_import_path",
+    "beta",
+    "deprecated",
+    "get_relative_path",
+    "LangChainBetaWarning",
+    "LangChainDeprecationWarning",
+    "suppress_langchain_beta_warning",
+    "surface_langchain_beta_warnings",
+    "suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning",
+    "surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings",
+    "warn_deprecated",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "LangChainBetaWarning": "beta_decorator",
+    "beta": "beta_decorator",
+    "suppress_langchain_beta_warning": "beta_decorator",
+    "surface_langchain_beta_warnings": "beta_decorator",
+    "as_import_path": "path",
+    "get_relative_path": "path",
+    "LangChainDeprecationWarning": "deprecation",
+    "deprecated": "deprecation",
+    "surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings": "deprecation",
+    "suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning": "deprecation",
+    "warn_deprecated": "deprecation",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/beta_decorator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/beta_decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fe8d2b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/beta_decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+"""Helper functions for marking parts of the LangChain API as beta.
+
+This module was loosely adapted from matplotlibs _api/deprecation.py module:
+
+https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/blob/main/lib/matplotlib/_api/deprecation.py
+
+.. warning::
+
+    This module is for internal use only.  Do not use it in your own code.
+    We may change the API at any time with no warning.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import inspect
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from typing import Any, Callable, TypeVar, Union, cast
+
+from langchain_core._api.internal import is_caller_internal
+
+
+class LangChainBetaWarning(DeprecationWarning):
+    """A class for issuing beta warnings for LangChain users."""
+
+
+# PUBLIC API
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=Union[Callable[..., Any], type])
+
+
+def beta(
+    *,
+    message: str = "",
+    name: str = "",
+    obj_type: str = "",
+    addendum: str = "",
+) -> Callable[[T], T]:
+    """Decorator to mark a function, a class, or a property as beta.
+
+    When marking a classmethod, a staticmethod, or a property, the
+    ``@beta`` decorator should go *under* ``@classmethod`` and
+    ``@staticmethod`` (i.e., `beta` should directly decorate the
+    underlying callable), but *over* ``@property``.
+
+    When marking a class ``C`` intended to be used as a base class in a
+    multiple inheritance hierarchy, ``C`` *must* define an ``__init__`` method
+    (if ``C`` instead inherited its ``__init__`` from its own base class, then
+    ``@beta`` would mess up ``__init__`` inheritance when installing its
+    own (annotation-emitting) ``C.__init__``).
+
+    Args:
+        message : str, optional
+            Override the default beta message. The %(since)s,
+            %(name)s, %(alternative)s, %(obj_type)s, %(addendum)s,
+            and %(removal)s format specifiers will be replaced by the
+            values of the respective arguments passed to this function.
+        name : str, optional
+            The name of the beta object.
+        obj_type : str, optional
+            The object type being beta.
+        addendum : str, optional
+            Additional text appended directly to the final message.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @beta
+            def the_function_to_annotate():
+                pass
+    """
+
+    def beta(
+        obj: T,
+        *,
+        _obj_type: str = obj_type,
+        _name: str = name,
+        _message: str = message,
+        _addendum: str = addendum,
+    ) -> T:
+        """Implementation of the decorator returned by `beta`."""
+
+        def emit_warning() -> None:
+            """Emit the warning."""
+            warn_beta(
+                message=_message,
+                name=_name,
+                obj_type=_obj_type,
+                addendum=_addendum,
+            )
+
+        warned = False
+
+        def warning_emitting_wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            """Wrapper for the original wrapped callable that emits a warning.
+
+            Args:
+                *args: The positional arguments to the function.
+                **kwargs: The keyword arguments to the function.
+
+            Returns:
+                The return value of the function being wrapped.
+            """
+            nonlocal warned
+            if not warned and not is_caller_internal():
+                warned = True
+                emit_warning()
+            return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        async def awarning_emitting_wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            """Same as warning_emitting_wrapper, but for async functions."""
+            nonlocal warned
+            if not warned and not is_caller_internal():
+                warned = True
+                emit_warning()
+            return await wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, type):
+            if not _obj_type:
+                _obj_type = "class"
+            wrapped = obj.__init__  # type: ignore[misc]
+            _name = _name or obj.__qualname__
+            old_doc = obj.__doc__
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> T:  # noqa: ARG001
+                """Finalize the annotation of a class."""
+                # Can't set new_doc on some extension objects.
+                with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
+                    obj.__doc__ = new_doc
+
+                def warn_if_direct_instance(
+                    self: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+                ) -> Any:
+                    """Warn that the class is in beta."""
+                    nonlocal warned
+                    if not warned and type(self) is obj and not is_caller_internal():
+                        warned = True
+                        emit_warning()
+                    return wrapped(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+                obj.__init__ = functools.wraps(obj.__init__)(  # type: ignore[misc]
+                    warn_if_direct_instance
+                )
+                return cast("T", obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, property):
+            # note(erick): this block doesn't seem to be used?
+            if not _obj_type:
+                _obj_type = "attribute"
+            wrapped = None
+            _name = _name or obj.fget.__qualname__
+            old_doc = obj.__doc__
+
+            class _BetaProperty(property):
+                """A beta property."""
+
+                def __init__(
+                    self,
+                    fget: Union[Callable[[Any], Any], None] = None,
+                    fset: Union[Callable[[Any, Any], None], None] = None,
+                    fdel: Union[Callable[[Any], None], None] = None,
+                    doc: Union[str, None] = None,
+                ) -> None:
+                    super().__init__(fget, fset, fdel, doc)
+                    self.__orig_fget = fget
+                    self.__orig_fset = fset
+                    self.__orig_fdel = fdel
+
+                def __get__(
+                    self, instance: Any, owner: Union[type, None] = None
+                ) -> Any:
+                    if instance is not None or owner is not None:
+                        emit_warning()
+                    return self.fget(instance)
+
+                def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+                    if instance is not None:
+                        emit_warning()
+                    return self.fset(instance, value)
+
+                def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None:
+                    if instance is not None:
+                        emit_warning()
+                    return self.fdel(instance)
+
+                def __set_name__(self, owner: Union[type, None], set_name: str) -> None:
+                    nonlocal _name
+                    if _name == "<lambda>":
+                        _name = set_name
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> Any:  # noqa: ARG001
+                """Finalize the property."""
+                return _BetaProperty(
+                    fget=obj.fget, fset=obj.fset, fdel=obj.fdel, doc=new_doc
+                )
+
+        else:
+            _name = _name or obj.__qualname__
+            if not _obj_type:
+                # edge case: when a function is within another function
+                # within a test, this will call it a "method" not a "function"
+                _obj_type = "function" if "." not in _name else "method"
+            wrapped = obj
+            old_doc = wrapped.__doc__
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> T:
+                """Wrap the wrapped function using the wrapper and update the docstring.
+
+                Args:
+                    wrapper: The wrapper function.
+                    new_doc: The new docstring.
+
+                Returns:
+                    The wrapped function.
+                """
+                wrapper = functools.wraps(wrapped)(wrapper)
+                wrapper.__doc__ = new_doc
+                return cast("T", wrapper)
+
+        old_doc = inspect.cleandoc(old_doc or "").strip("\n") or ""
+        components = [message, addendum]
+        details = " ".join([component.strip() for component in components if component])
+        new_doc = f".. beta::\n   {details}\n\n{old_doc}\n"
+
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj):
+            return finalize(awarning_emitting_wrapper, new_doc)
+        return finalize(warning_emitting_wrapper, new_doc)
+
+    return beta
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def suppress_langchain_beta_warning() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Context manager to suppress LangChainDeprecationWarning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", LangChainBetaWarning)
+        yield
+
+
+def warn_beta(
+    *,
+    message: str = "",
+    name: str = "",
+    obj_type: str = "",
+    addendum: str = "",
+) -> None:
+    """Display a standardized beta annotation.
+
+    Arguments:
+        message : str, optional
+            Override the default beta message. The
+            %(name)s, %(obj_type)s, %(addendum)s
+            format specifiers will be replaced by the
+            values of the respective arguments passed to this function.
+        name : str, optional
+            The name of the annotated object.
+        obj_type : str, optional
+            The object type being annotated.
+        addendum : str, optional
+            Additional text appended directly to the final message.
+    """
+    if not message:
+        message = ""
+
+        if obj_type:
+            message += f"The {obj_type} `{name}`"
+        else:
+            message += f"`{name}`"
+
+        message += " is in beta. It is actively being worked on, so the API may change."
+
+        if addendum:
+            message += f" {addendum}"
+
+    warning = LangChainBetaWarning(message)
+    warnings.warn(warning, category=LangChainBetaWarning, stacklevel=4)
+
+
+def surface_langchain_beta_warnings() -> None:
+    """Unmute LangChain beta warnings."""
+    warnings.filterwarnings(
+        "default",
+        category=LangChainBetaWarning,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/deprecation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/deprecation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcbfc58b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/deprecation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,575 @@
+"""Helper functions for deprecating parts of the LangChain API.
+
+This module was adapted from matplotlibs _api/deprecation.py module:
+
+https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib/blob/main/lib/matplotlib/_api/deprecation.py
+
+.. warning::
+
+    This module is for internal use only.  Do not use it in your own code.
+    We may change the API at any time with no warning.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import inspect
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+from langchain_core._api.internal import is_caller_internal
+
+
+class LangChainDeprecationWarning(DeprecationWarning):
+    """A class for issuing deprecation warnings for LangChain users."""
+
+
+class LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning(PendingDeprecationWarning):
+    """A class for issuing deprecation warnings for LangChain users."""
+
+
+# PUBLIC API
+
+
+# Last Any should be FieldInfoV1 but this leads to circular imports
+T = TypeVar("T", bound=Union[type, Callable[..., Any], Any])
+
+
+def _validate_deprecation_params(
+    removal: str,
+    alternative: str,
+    alternative_import: str,
+    *,
+    pending: bool,
+) -> None:
+    """Validate the deprecation parameters."""
+    if pending and removal:
+        msg = "A pending deprecation cannot have a scheduled removal"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if alternative and alternative_import:
+        msg = "Cannot specify both alternative and alternative_import"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if alternative_import and "." not in alternative_import:
+        msg = (
+            "alternative_import must be a fully qualified module path. Got "
+            f" {alternative_import}"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def deprecated(
+    since: str,
+    *,
+    message: str = "",
+    name: str = "",
+    alternative: str = "",
+    alternative_import: str = "",
+    pending: bool = False,
+    obj_type: str = "",
+    addendum: str = "",
+    removal: str = "",
+    package: str = "",
+) -> Callable[[T], T]:
+    """Decorator to mark a function, a class, or a property as deprecated.
+
+    When deprecating a classmethod, a staticmethod, or a property, the
+    ``@deprecated`` decorator should go *under* ``@classmethod`` and
+    ``@staticmethod`` (i.e., `deprecated` should directly decorate the
+    underlying callable), but *over* ``@property``.
+
+    When deprecating a class ``C`` intended to be used as a base class in a
+    multiple inheritance hierarchy, ``C`` *must* define an ``__init__`` method
+    (if ``C`` instead inherited its ``__init__`` from its own base class, then
+    ``@deprecated`` would mess up ``__init__`` inheritance when installing its
+    own (deprecation-emitting) ``C.__init__``).
+
+    Parameters are the same as for `warn_deprecated`, except that *obj_type*
+    defaults to 'class' if decorating a class, 'attribute' if decorating a
+    property, and 'function' otherwise.
+
+    Args:
+        since : str
+            The release at which this API became deprecated.
+        message : str, optional
+            Override the default deprecation message. The %(since)s,
+            %(name)s, %(alternative)s, %(obj_type)s, %(addendum)s,
+            and %(removal)s format specifiers will be replaced by the
+            values of the respective arguments passed to this function.
+        name : str, optional
+            The name of the deprecated object.
+        alternative : str, optional
+            An alternative API that the user may use in place of the
+            deprecated API. The deprecation warning will tell the user
+            about this alternative if provided.
+        alternative_import: str, optional
+            An alternative import that the user may use instead.
+        pending : bool, optional
+            If True, uses a PendingDeprecationWarning instead of a
+            DeprecationWarning. Cannot be used together with removal.
+        obj_type : str, optional
+            The object type being deprecated.
+        addendum : str, optional
+            Additional text appended directly to the final message.
+        removal : str, optional
+            The expected removal version. With the default (an empty
+            string), a removal version is automatically computed from
+            since. Set to other Falsy values to not schedule a removal
+            date. Cannot be used together with pending.
+        package: str, optional
+            The package of the deprecated object.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @deprecated('1.4.0')
+            def the_function_to_deprecate():
+                pass
+    """
+    _validate_deprecation_params(
+        removal, alternative, alternative_import, pending=pending
+    )
+
+    def deprecate(
+        obj: T,
+        *,
+        _obj_type: str = obj_type,
+        _name: str = name,
+        _message: str = message,
+        _alternative: str = alternative,
+        _alternative_import: str = alternative_import,
+        _pending: bool = pending,
+        _addendum: str = addendum,
+        _package: str = package,
+    ) -> T:
+        """Implementation of the decorator returned by `deprecated`."""
+        from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import (  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            FieldInfoV1,
+            FieldInfoV2,
+        )
+
+        def emit_warning() -> None:
+            """Emit the warning."""
+            warn_deprecated(
+                since,
+                message=_message,
+                name=_name,
+                alternative=_alternative,
+                alternative_import=_alternative_import,
+                pending=_pending,
+                obj_type=_obj_type,
+                addendum=_addendum,
+                removal=removal,
+                package=_package,
+            )
+
+        warned = False
+
+        def warning_emitting_wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            """Wrapper for the original wrapped callable that emits a warning.
+
+            Args:
+                *args: The positional arguments to the function.
+                **kwargs: The keyword arguments to the function.
+
+            Returns:
+                The return value of the function being wrapped.
+            """
+            nonlocal warned
+            if not warned and not is_caller_internal():
+                warned = True
+                emit_warning()
+            return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        async def awarning_emitting_wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            """Same as warning_emitting_wrapper, but for async functions."""
+            nonlocal warned
+            if not warned and not is_caller_internal():
+                warned = True
+                emit_warning()
+            return await wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        _package = _package or obj.__module__.split(".")[0].replace("_", "-")
+
+        if isinstance(obj, type):
+            if not _obj_type:
+                _obj_type = "class"
+            wrapped = obj.__init__  # type: ignore[misc]
+            _name = _name or obj.__qualname__
+            old_doc = obj.__doc__
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> T:  # noqa: ARG001
+                """Finalize the deprecation of a class."""
+                # Can't set new_doc on some extension objects.
+                with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):
+                    obj.__doc__ = new_doc
+
+                def warn_if_direct_instance(
+                    self: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+                ) -> Any:
+                    """Warn that the class is in beta."""
+                    nonlocal warned
+                    if not warned and type(self) is obj and not is_caller_internal():
+                        warned = True
+                        emit_warning()
+                    return wrapped(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+                obj.__init__ = functools.wraps(obj.__init__)(  # type: ignore[misc]
+                    warn_if_direct_instance
+                )
+                return cast("T", obj)
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, FieldInfoV1):
+            wrapped = None
+            if not _obj_type:
+                _obj_type = "attribute"
+            if not _name:
+                msg = f"Field {obj} must have a name to be deprecated."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            old_doc = obj.description
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> T:  # noqa: ARG001
+                return cast(
+                    "T",
+                    FieldInfoV1(
+                        default=obj.default,
+                        default_factory=obj.default_factory,
+                        description=new_doc,
+                        alias=obj.alias,
+                        exclude=obj.exclude,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, FieldInfoV2):
+            wrapped = None
+            if not _obj_type:
+                _obj_type = "attribute"
+            if not _name:
+                msg = f"Field {obj} must have a name to be deprecated."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            old_doc = obj.description
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> T:  # noqa: ARG001
+                return cast(
+                    "T",
+                    FieldInfoV2(
+                        default=obj.default,
+                        default_factory=obj.default_factory,
+                        description=new_doc,
+                        alias=obj.alias,
+                        exclude=obj.exclude,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+        elif isinstance(obj, property):
+            if not _obj_type:
+                _obj_type = "attribute"
+            wrapped = None
+            _name = _name or cast("Union[type, Callable]", obj.fget).__qualname__
+            old_doc = obj.__doc__
+
+            class _DeprecatedProperty(property):
+                """A deprecated property."""
+
+                def __init__(
+                    self,
+                    fget: Union[Callable[[Any], Any], None] = None,
+                    fset: Union[Callable[[Any, Any], None], None] = None,
+                    fdel: Union[Callable[[Any], None], None] = None,
+                    doc: Union[str, None] = None,
+                ) -> None:
+                    super().__init__(fget, fset, fdel, doc)
+                    self.__orig_fget = fget
+                    self.__orig_fset = fset
+                    self.__orig_fdel = fdel
+
+                def __get__(
+                    self, instance: Any, owner: Union[type, None] = None
+                ) -> Any:
+                    if instance is not None or owner is not None:
+                        emit_warning()
+                    if self.fget is None:
+                        return None
+                    return self.fget(instance)
+
+                def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+                    if instance is not None:
+                        emit_warning()
+                    if self.fset is not None:
+                        self.fset(instance, value)
+
+                def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None:
+                    if instance is not None:
+                        emit_warning()
+                    if self.fdel is not None:
+                        self.fdel(instance)
+
+                def __set_name__(self, owner: Union[type, None], set_name: str) -> None:
+                    nonlocal _name
+                    if _name == "<lambda>":
+                        _name = set_name
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> T:  # noqa: ARG001
+                """Finalize the property."""
+                return cast(
+                    "T",
+                    _DeprecatedProperty(
+                        fget=obj.fget, fset=obj.fset, fdel=obj.fdel, doc=new_doc
+                    ),
+                )
+
+        else:
+            _name = _name or cast("Union[type, Callable]", obj).__qualname__
+            if not _obj_type:
+                # edge case: when a function is within another function
+                # within a test, this will call it a "method" not a "function"
+                _obj_type = "function" if "." not in _name else "method"
+            wrapped = obj
+            old_doc = wrapped.__doc__
+
+            def finalize(wrapper: Callable[..., Any], new_doc: str) -> T:
+                """Wrap the wrapped function using the wrapper and update the docstring.
+
+                Args:
+                    wrapper: The wrapper function.
+                    new_doc: The new docstring.
+
+                Returns:
+                    The wrapped function.
+                """
+                wrapper = functools.wraps(wrapped)(wrapper)
+                wrapper.__doc__ = new_doc
+                return cast("T", wrapper)
+
+        old_doc = inspect.cleandoc(old_doc or "").strip("\n")
+
+        # old_doc can be None
+        if not old_doc:
+            old_doc = ""
+
+        # Modify the docstring to include a deprecation notice.
+        if (
+            _alternative
+            and _alternative.split(".")[-1].lower() == _alternative.split(".")[-1]
+        ):
+            _alternative = f":meth:`~{_alternative}`"
+        elif _alternative:
+            _alternative = f":class:`~{_alternative}`"
+
+        if (
+            _alternative_import
+            and _alternative_import.split(".")[-1].lower()
+            == _alternative_import.split(".")[-1]
+        ):
+            _alternative_import = f":meth:`~{_alternative_import}`"
+        elif _alternative_import:
+            _alternative_import = f":class:`~{_alternative_import}`"
+
+        components = [
+            _message,
+            f"Use {_alternative} instead." if _alternative else "",
+            f"Use ``{_alternative_import}`` instead." if _alternative_import else "",
+            _addendum,
+        ]
+        details = " ".join([component.strip() for component in components if component])
+        package = _package or (
+            _name.split(".")[0].replace("_", "-") if "." in _name else None
+        )
+        if removal:
+            if removal.startswith("1.") and package and package.startswith("langchain"):
+                removal_str = f"It will not be removed until {package}=={removal}."
+            else:
+                removal_str = f"It will be removed in {package}=={removal}."
+        else:
+            removal_str = ""
+        new_doc = f"""\
+.. deprecated:: {since} {details} {removal_str}
+
+{old_doc}\
+"""
+
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj):
+            return finalize(awarning_emitting_wrapper, new_doc)
+        return finalize(warning_emitting_wrapper, new_doc)
+
+    return deprecate
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def suppress_langchain_deprecation_warning() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Context manager to suppress LangChainDeprecationWarning."""
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", LangChainDeprecationWarning)
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning)
+        yield
+
+
+def warn_deprecated(
+    since: str,
+    *,
+    message: str = "",
+    name: str = "",
+    alternative: str = "",
+    alternative_import: str = "",
+    pending: bool = False,
+    obj_type: str = "",
+    addendum: str = "",
+    removal: str = "",
+    package: str = "",
+) -> None:
+    """Display a standardized deprecation.
+
+    Arguments:
+        since : str
+            The release at which this API became deprecated.
+        message : str, optional
+            Override the default deprecation message. The %(since)s,
+            %(name)s, %(alternative)s, %(obj_type)s, %(addendum)s,
+            and %(removal)s format specifiers will be replaced by the
+            values of the respective arguments passed to this function.
+        name : str, optional
+            The name of the deprecated object.
+        alternative : str, optional
+            An alternative API that the user may use in place of the
+            deprecated API. The deprecation warning will tell the user
+            about this alternative if provided.
+        alternative_import: str, optional
+            An alternative import that the user may use instead.
+        pending : bool, optional
+            If True, uses a PendingDeprecationWarning instead of a
+            DeprecationWarning. Cannot be used together with removal.
+        obj_type : str, optional
+            The object type being deprecated.
+        addendum : str, optional
+            Additional text appended directly to the final message.
+        removal : str, optional
+            The expected removal version. With the default (an empty
+            string), a removal version is automatically computed from
+            since. Set to other Falsy values to not schedule a removal
+            date. Cannot be used together with pending.
+        package: str, optional
+            The package of the deprecated object.
+    """
+    if not pending:
+        if not removal:
+            removal = f"in {removal}" if removal else "within ?? minor releases"
+            msg = (
+                f"Need to determine which default deprecation schedule to use. "
+                f"{removal}"
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        removal = f"in {removal}"
+
+    if not message:
+        message = ""
+        _package = (
+            package or name.split(".")[0].replace("_", "-")
+            if "." in name
+            else "LangChain"
+        )
+
+        if obj_type:
+            message += f"The {obj_type} `{name}`"
+        else:
+            message += f"`{name}`"
+
+        if pending:
+            message += " will be deprecated in a future version"
+        else:
+            message += f" was deprecated in {_package} {since}"
+
+            if removal:
+                message += f" and will be removed {removal}"
+
+        if alternative_import:
+            alt_package = alternative_import.split(".")[0].replace("_", "-")
+            if alt_package == _package:
+                message += f". Use {alternative_import} instead."
+            else:
+                alt_module, alt_name = alternative_import.rsplit(".", 1)
+                message += (
+                    f". An updated version of the {obj_type} exists in the "
+                    f"{alt_package} package and should be used instead. To use it run "
+                    f"`pip install -U {alt_package}` and import as "
+                    f"`from {alt_module} import {alt_name}`."
+                )
+        elif alternative:
+            message += f". Use {alternative} instead."
+
+        if addendum:
+            message += f" {addendum}"
+
+    warning_cls = (
+        LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning if pending else LangChainDeprecationWarning
+    )
+    warning = warning_cls(message)
+    warnings.warn(warning, category=LangChainDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=4)
+
+
+def surface_langchain_deprecation_warnings() -> None:
+    """Unmute LangChain deprecation warnings."""
+    warnings.filterwarnings(
+        "default",
+        category=LangChainPendingDeprecationWarning,
+    )
+
+    warnings.filterwarnings(
+        "default",
+        category=LangChainDeprecationWarning,
+    )
+
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_R = TypeVar("_R")
+
+
+def rename_parameter(
+    *,
+    since: str,
+    removal: str,
+    old: str,
+    new: str,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[_P, _R]], Callable[_P, _R]]:
+    """Decorator indicating that parameter *old* of *func* is renamed to *new*.
+
+    The actual implementation of *func* should use *new*, not *old*.  If *old*
+    is passed to *func*, a DeprecationWarning is emitted, and its value is
+    used, even if *new* is also passed by keyword.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @_api.rename_parameter("3.1", "bad_name", "good_name")
+            def func(good_name): ...
+    """
+
+    def decorator(f: Callable[_P, _R]) -> Callable[_P, _R]:
+        @functools.wraps(f)
+        def wrapper(*args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> _R:
+            if new in kwargs and old in kwargs:
+                msg = f"{f.__name__}() got multiple values for argument {new!r}"
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            if old in kwargs:
+                warn_deprecated(
+                    since,
+                    removal=removal,
+                    message=f"The parameter `{old}` of `{f.__name__}` was "
+                    f"deprecated in {since} and will be removed "
+                    f"in {removal} Use `{new}` instead.",
+                )
+                kwargs[new] = kwargs.pop(old)
+            return f(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/internal.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/internal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5ef4300
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/internal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import inspect
+
+
+def is_caller_internal(depth: int = 2) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the caller at `depth` of this function is internal."""
+    try:
+        frame = inspect.currentframe()
+    except AttributeError:
+        return False
+    if frame is None:
+        return False
+    try:
+        for _ in range(depth):
+            frame = frame.f_back
+            if frame is None:
+                return False
+        # Directly access the module name from the frame's global variables
+        module_globals = frame.f_globals
+        caller_module_name = module_globals.get("__name__", "")
+        return caller_module_name.startswith("langchain")
+    finally:
+        del frame
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/path.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/path.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0589ae44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_api/path.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+HERE = Path(__file__).parent
+
+# Get directory of langchain package
+PACKAGE_DIR = HERE.parent
+SEPARATOR = os.sep
+
+
+def get_relative_path(
+    file: Union[Path, str], *, relative_to: Path = PACKAGE_DIR
+) -> str:
+    """Get the path of the file as a relative path to the package directory."""
+    if isinstance(file, str):
+        file = Path(file)
+    return str(file.relative_to(relative_to))
+
+
+def as_import_path(
+    file: Union[Path, str],
+    *,
+    suffix: Optional[str] = None,
+    relative_to: Path = PACKAGE_DIR,
+) -> str:
+    """Path of the file as a LangChain import exclude langchain top namespace."""
+    if isinstance(file, str):
+        file = Path(file)
+    path = get_relative_path(file, relative_to=relative_to)
+    if file.is_file():
+        path = path[: -len(file.suffix)]
+    import_path = path.replace(SEPARATOR, ".")
+    if suffix:
+        import_path += "." + suffix
+    return import_path
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_import_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_import_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c1d99a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/_import_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from importlib import import_module
+from typing import Union
+
+
+def import_attr(
+    attr_name: str,
+    module_name: Union[str, None],
+    package: Union[str, None],
+) -> object:
+    """Import an attribute from a module located in a package.
+
+    This utility function is used in custom __getattr__ methods within __init__.py
+    files to dynamically import attributes.
+
+    Args:
+        attr_name: The name of the attribute to import.
+        module_name: The name of the module to import from. If None, the attribute
+            is imported from the package itself.
+        package: The name of the package where the module is located.
+    """
+    if module_name == "__module__" or module_name is None:
+        try:
+            result = import_module(f".{attr_name}", package=package)
+        except ModuleNotFoundError:
+            msg = f"module '{package!r}' has no attribute {attr_name!r}"
+            raise AttributeError(msg) from None
+    else:
+        try:
+            module = import_module(f".{module_name}", package=package)
+        except ModuleNotFoundError:
+            msg = f"module '{package!r}.{module_name!r}' not found"
+            raise ImportError(msg) from None
+        result = getattr(module, attr_name)
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/agents.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/agents.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74bfcdd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/agents.py
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+"""Schema definitions for representing agent actions, observations, and return values.
+
+**ATTENTION** The schema definitions are provided for backwards compatibility.
+
+    New agents should be built using the langgraph library
+    (https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)), which provides a simpler
+    and more flexible way to define agents.
+
+    Please see the migration guide for information on how to migrate existing
+    agents to modern langgraph agents:
+    https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/migrate_agent/
+
+Agents use language models to choose a sequence of actions to take.
+
+A basic agent works in the following manner:
+
+1. Given a prompt an agent uses an LLM to request an action to take (e.g., a tool to run).
+2. The agent executes the action (e.g., runs the tool), and receives an observation.
+3. The agent returns the observation to the LLM, which can then be used to generate the next action.
+4. When the agent reaches a stopping condition, it returns a final return value.
+
+The schemas for the agents themselves are defined in langchain.agents.agent.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    FunctionMessage,
+    HumanMessage,
+)
+
+
+class AgentAction(Serializable):
+    """Represents a request to execute an action by an agent.
+
+    The action consists of the name of the tool to execute and the input to pass
+    to the tool. The log is used to pass along extra information about the action.
+    """
+
+    tool: str
+    """The name of the Tool to execute."""
+    tool_input: Union[str, dict]
+    """The input to pass in to the Tool."""
+    log: str
+    """Additional information to log about the action.
+    This log can be used in a few ways. First, it can be used to audit
+    what exactly the LLM predicted to lead to this (tool, tool_input).
+    Second, it can be used in future iterations to show the LLMs prior
+    thoughts. This is useful when (tool, tool_input) does not contain
+    full information about the LLM prediction (for example, any `thought`
+    before the tool/tool_input)."""
+    type: Literal["AgentAction"] = "AgentAction"
+
+    # Override init to support instantiation by position for backward compat.
+    def __init__(
+        self, tool: str, tool_input: Union[str, dict], log: str, **kwargs: Any
+    ):
+        """Create an AgentAction.
+
+        Args:
+            tool: The name of the tool to execute.
+            tool_input: The input to pass in to the Tool.
+            log: Additional information to log about the action.
+        """
+        super().__init__(tool=tool, tool_input=tool_input, log=log, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """AgentAction is serializable.
+
+        Returns:
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Default is ["langchain", "schema", "agent"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "agent"]
+
+    @property
+    def messages(self) -> Sequence[BaseMessage]:
+        """Return the messages that correspond to this action."""
+        return _convert_agent_action_to_messages(self)
+
+
+class AgentActionMessageLog(AgentAction):
+    """Representation of an action to be executed by an agent.
+
+    This is similar to AgentAction, but includes a message log consisting of
+    chat messages. This is useful when working with ChatModels, and is used
+    to reconstruct conversation history from the agent's perspective.
+    """
+
+    message_log: Sequence[BaseMessage]
+    """Similar to log, this can be used to pass along extra
+    information about what exact messages were predicted by the LLM
+    before parsing out the (tool, tool_input). This is again useful
+    if (tool, tool_input) cannot be used to fully recreate the LLM
+    prediction, and you need that LLM prediction (for future agent iteration).
+    Compared to `log`, this is useful when the underlying LLM is a
+    ChatModel (and therefore returns messages rather than a string)."""
+    # Ignoring type because we're overriding the type from AgentAction.
+    # And this is the correct thing to do in this case.
+    # The type literal is used for serialization purposes.
+    type: Literal["AgentActionMessageLog"] = "AgentActionMessageLog"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+class AgentStep(Serializable):
+    """Result of running an AgentAction."""
+
+    action: AgentAction
+    """The AgentAction that was executed."""
+    observation: Any
+    """The result of the AgentAction."""
+
+    @property
+    def messages(self) -> Sequence[BaseMessage]:
+        """Messages that correspond to this observation."""
+        return _convert_agent_observation_to_messages(self.action, self.observation)
+
+
+class AgentFinish(Serializable):
+    """Final return value of an ActionAgent.
+
+    Agents return an AgentFinish when they have reached a stopping condition.
+    """
+
+    return_values: dict
+    """Dictionary of return values."""
+    log: str
+    """Additional information to log about the return value.
+    This is used to pass along the full LLM prediction, not just the parsed out
+    return value. For example, if the full LLM prediction was
+    `Final Answer: 2` you may want to just return `2` as a return value, but pass
+    along the full string as a `log` (for debugging or observability purposes).
+    """
+    type: Literal["AgentFinish"] = "AgentFinish"
+
+    def __init__(self, return_values: dict, log: str, **kwargs: Any):
+        """Override init to support instantiation by position for backward compat."""
+        super().__init__(return_values=return_values, log=log, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the class is serializable."""
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Default namespace is ["langchain", "schema", "agent"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "agent"]
+
+    @property
+    def messages(self) -> Sequence[BaseMessage]:
+        """Messages that correspond to this observation."""
+        return [AIMessage(content=self.log)]
+
+
+def _convert_agent_action_to_messages(
+    agent_action: AgentAction,
+) -> Sequence[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert an agent action to a message.
+
+    This code is used to reconstruct the original AI message from the agent action.
+
+    Args:
+        agent_action: Agent action to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        AIMessage that corresponds to the original tool invocation.
+    """
+    if isinstance(agent_action, AgentActionMessageLog):
+        return agent_action.message_log
+    return [AIMessage(content=agent_action.log)]
+
+
+def _convert_agent_observation_to_messages(
+    agent_action: AgentAction, observation: Any
+) -> Sequence[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert an agent action to a message.
+
+    This code is used to reconstruct the original AI message from the agent action.
+
+    Args:
+        agent_action: Agent action to convert.
+        observation: Observation to convert to a message.
+
+    Returns:
+        AIMessage that corresponds to the original tool invocation.
+    """
+    if isinstance(agent_action, AgentActionMessageLog):
+        return [_create_function_message(agent_action, observation)]
+    content = observation
+    if not isinstance(observation, str):
+        try:
+            content = json.dumps(observation, ensure_ascii=False)
+        except Exception:
+            content = str(observation)
+    return [HumanMessage(content=content)]
+
+
+def _create_function_message(
+    agent_action: AgentAction, observation: Any
+) -> FunctionMessage:
+    """Convert agent action and observation into a function message.
+
+    Args:
+        agent_action: the tool invocation request from the agent.
+        observation: the result of the tool invocation.
+
+    Returns:
+        FunctionMessage that corresponds to the original tool invocation.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(observation, str):
+        try:
+            content = json.dumps(observation, ensure_ascii=False)
+        except Exception:
+            content = str(observation)
+    else:
+        content = observation
+    return FunctionMessage(
+        name=agent_action.tool,
+        content=content,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f79e3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Some **beta** features that are not yet ready for production."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..acb79034
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72d18c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Runnables."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f644420
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/__pycache__/context.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/__pycache__/context.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28a232df
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/context.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/context.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3aa76f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/beta/runnables/context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+"""Context management for runnables."""
+
+import asyncio
+import threading
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Mapping, Sequence
+from functools import partial
+from itertools import groupby
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core._api.beta_decorator import beta
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+    coerce_to_runnable,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig, ensure_config, patch_config
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import ConfigurableFieldSpec, Input, Output
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+Values = dict[Union[asyncio.Event, threading.Event], Any]
+CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX = "__context__/"
+CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_GET = "/get"
+CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_SET = "/set"
+
+
+async def _asetter(done: asyncio.Event, values: Values, value: T) -> T:
+    values[done] = value
+    done.set()
+    return value
+
+
+async def _agetter(done: asyncio.Event, values: Values) -> Any:
+    await done.wait()
+    return values[done]
+
+
+def _setter(done: threading.Event, values: Values, value: T) -> T:
+    values[done] = value
+    done.set()
+    return value
+
+
+def _getter(done: threading.Event, values: Values) -> Any:
+    done.wait()
+    return values[done]
+
+
+def _key_from_id(id_: str) -> str:
+    wout_prefix = id_.split(CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX, maxsplit=1)[1]
+    if wout_prefix.endswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_GET):
+        return wout_prefix[: -len(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_GET)]
+    if wout_prefix.endswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_SET):
+        return wout_prefix[: -len(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_SET)]
+    msg = f"Invalid context config id {id_}"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _config_with_context(
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+    steps: list[Runnable],
+    setter: Callable,
+    getter: Callable,
+    event_cls: Union[type[threading.Event], type[asyncio.Event]],
+) -> RunnableConfig:
+    if any(k.startswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX) for k in config.get("configurable", {})):
+        return config
+
+    context_specs = [
+        (spec, i)
+        for i, step in enumerate(steps)
+        for spec in step.config_specs
+        if spec.id.startswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX)
+    ]
+    grouped_by_key = {
+        key: list(group)
+        for key, group in groupby(
+            sorted(context_specs, key=lambda s: s[0].id),
+            key=lambda s: _key_from_id(s[0].id),
+        )
+    }
+    deps_by_key = {
+        key: {
+            _key_from_id(dep) for spec in group for dep in (spec[0].dependencies or [])
+        }
+        for key, group in grouped_by_key.items()
+    }
+
+    values: Values = {}
+    events: defaultdict[str, Union[asyncio.Event, threading.Event]] = defaultdict(
+        event_cls
+    )
+    context_funcs: dict[str, Callable[[], Any]] = {}
+    for key, group in grouped_by_key.items():
+        getters = [s for s in group if s[0].id.endswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_GET)]
+        setters = [s for s in group if s[0].id.endswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_SET)]
+
+        for dep in deps_by_key[key]:
+            if key in deps_by_key[dep]:
+                msg = f"Deadlock detected between context keys {key} and {dep}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+        if len(setters) != 1:
+            msg = f"Expected exactly one setter for context key {key}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        setter_idx = setters[0][1]
+        if any(getter_idx < setter_idx for _, getter_idx in getters):
+            msg = f"Context setter for key {key} must be defined after all getters."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if getters:
+            context_funcs[getters[0][0].id] = partial(getter, events[key], values)
+        context_funcs[setters[0][0].id] = partial(setter, events[key], values)
+
+    return patch_config(config, configurable=context_funcs)
+
+
+def aconfig_with_context(
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+    steps: list[Runnable],
+) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Asynchronously patch a runnable config with context getters and setters.
+
+    Args:
+        config: The runnable config.
+        steps: The runnable steps.
+
+    Returns:
+        The patched runnable config.
+    """
+    return _config_with_context(config, steps, _asetter, _agetter, asyncio.Event)
+
+
+def config_with_context(
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+    steps: list[Runnable],
+) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Patch a runnable config with context getters and setters.
+
+    Args:
+        config: The runnable config.
+        steps: The runnable steps.
+
+    Returns:
+        The patched runnable config.
+    """
+    return _config_with_context(config, steps, _setter, _getter, threading.Event)
+
+
+@beta()
+class ContextGet(RunnableSerializable):
+    """Get a context value."""
+
+    prefix: str = ""
+
+    key: Union[str, list[str]]
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ContextGet({_print_keys(self.key)})"
+
+    @property
+    def ids(self) -> list[str]:
+        """The context getter ids."""
+        prefix = self.prefix + "/" if self.prefix else ""
+        keys = self.key if isinstance(self.key, list) else [self.key]
+        return [
+            f"{CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX}{prefix}{k}{CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_GET}"
+            for k in keys
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        return super().config_specs + [
+            ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                id=id_,
+                annotation=Callable[[], Any],
+            )
+            for id_ in self.ids
+        ]
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Any, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        configurable = config.get("configurable", {})
+        if isinstance(self.key, list):
+            return {key: configurable[id_]() for key, id_ in zip(self.key, self.ids)}
+        return configurable[self.ids[0]]()
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: Any, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        configurable = config.get("configurable", {})
+        if isinstance(self.key, list):
+            values = await asyncio.gather(*(configurable[id_]() for id_ in self.ids))
+            return dict(zip(self.key, values))
+        return await configurable[self.ids[0]]()
+
+
+SetValue = Union[
+    Runnable[Input, Output],
+    Callable[[Input], Output],
+    Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]],
+    Any,
+]
+
+
+def _coerce_set_value(value: SetValue) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+    if not isinstance(value, Runnable) and not callable(value):
+        return coerce_to_runnable(lambda _: value)
+    return coerce_to_runnable(value)
+
+
+@beta()
+class ContextSet(RunnableSerializable):
+    """Set a context value."""
+
+    prefix: str = ""
+
+    keys: Mapping[str, Optional[Runnable]]
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        value: Optional[SetValue] = None,
+        prefix: str = "",
+        **kwargs: SetValue,
+    ):
+        """Create a context setter.
+
+        Args:
+            key: The context setter key.
+            value: The context setter value.
+            prefix: The context setter prefix.
+            **kwargs: Additional context setter key-value pairs.
+        """
+        if key is not None:
+            kwargs[key] = value
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            keys={
+                k: _coerce_set_value(v) if v is not None else None
+                for k, v in kwargs.items()
+            },
+            prefix=prefix,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ContextSet({_print_keys(list(self.keys.keys()))})"
+
+    @property
+    def ids(self) -> list[str]:
+        """The context setter ids."""
+        prefix = self.prefix + "/" if self.prefix else ""
+        return [
+            f"{CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX}{prefix}{key}{CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_SET}"
+            for key in self.keys
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        mapper_config_specs = [
+            s
+            for mapper in self.keys.values()
+            if mapper is not None
+            for s in mapper.config_specs
+        ]
+        for spec in mapper_config_specs:
+            if spec.id.endswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_GET):
+                getter_key = spec.id.split("/")[1]
+                if getter_key in self.keys:
+                    msg = f"Circular reference in context setter for key {getter_key}"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+        return super().config_specs + [
+            ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                id=id_,
+                annotation=Callable[[], Any],
+            )
+            for id_ in self.ids
+        ]
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Any, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        configurable = config.get("configurable", {})
+        for id_, mapper in zip(self.ids, self.keys.values()):
+            if mapper is not None:
+                configurable[id_](mapper.invoke(input, config))
+            else:
+                configurable[id_](input)
+        return input
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: Any, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        configurable = config.get("configurable", {})
+        for id_, mapper in zip(self.ids, self.keys.values()):
+            if mapper is not None:
+                await configurable[id_](await mapper.ainvoke(input, config))
+            else:
+                await configurable[id_](input)
+        return input
+
+
+class Context:
+    """Context for a runnable.
+
+    The `Context` class provides methods for creating context scopes,
+    getters, and setters within a runnable. It allows for managing
+    and accessing contextual information throughout the execution
+    of a program.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import Context
+            from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnablePassthrough
+            from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers.string import StrOutputParser
+            from tests.unit_tests.fake.llm import FakeListLLM
+
+            chain = (
+                Context.setter("input")
+                | {
+                    "context": RunnablePassthrough()
+                            | Context.setter("context"),
+                    "question": RunnablePassthrough(),
+                }
+                | PromptTemplate.from_template("{context} {question}")
+                | FakeListLLM(responses=["hello"])
+                | StrOutputParser()
+                | {
+                    "result": RunnablePassthrough(),
+                    "context": Context.getter("context"),
+                    "input": Context.getter("input"),
+                }
+            )
+
+            # Use the chain
+            output = chain.invoke("What's your name?")
+            print(output["result"])  # Output: "hello"
+            print(output["context"])  # Output: "What's your name?"
+            print(output["input"])  # Output: "What's your name?
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def create_scope(scope: str, /) -> "PrefixContext":
+        """Create a context scope.
+
+        Args:
+            scope: The scope.
+
+        Returns:
+            The context scope.
+        """
+        return PrefixContext(prefix=scope)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def getter(key: Union[str, list[str]], /) -> ContextGet:
+        """Return a context getter.
+
+        Args:
+            key: The context getter key.
+        """
+        return ContextGet(key=key)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def setter(
+        _key: Optional[str] = None,
+        _value: Optional[SetValue] = None,
+        /,
+        **kwargs: SetValue,
+    ) -> ContextSet:
+        """Return a context setter.
+
+        Args:
+            _key: The context setter key.
+            _value: The context setter value.
+            **kwargs: Additional context setter key-value pairs.
+        """
+        return ContextSet(_key, _value, prefix="", **kwargs)
+
+
+class PrefixContext:
+    """Context for a runnable with a prefix."""
+
+    prefix: str = ""
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix: str = ""):
+        """Create a prefix context.
+
+        Args:
+            prefix: The prefix.
+        """
+        self.prefix = prefix
+
+    def getter(self, key: Union[str, list[str]], /) -> ContextGet:
+        """Return a prefixed context getter.
+
+        Args:
+            key: The context getter key.
+        """
+        return ContextGet(key=key, prefix=self.prefix)
+
+    def setter(
+        self,
+        _key: Optional[str] = None,
+        _value: Optional[SetValue] = None,
+        /,
+        **kwargs: SetValue,
+    ) -> ContextSet:
+        """Return a prefixed context setter.
+
+        Args:
+            _key: The context setter key.
+            _value: The context setter value.
+            **kwargs: Additional context setter key-value pairs.
+        """
+        return ContextSet(_key, _value, prefix=self.prefix, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _print_keys(keys: Union[str, Sequence[str]]) -> str:
+    if isinstance(keys, str):
+        return f"'{keys}'"
+    return ", ".join(f"'{k}'" for k in keys)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/caches.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/caches.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ccbf06b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/caches.py
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+"""Cache classes.
+
+.. warning::
+  Beta Feature!
+
+**Cache** provides an optional caching layer for LLMs.
+
+Cache is useful for two reasons:
+
+- It can save you money by reducing the number of API calls you make to the LLM
+  provider if you're often requesting the same completion multiple times.
+- It can speed up your application by reducing the number of API calls you make
+  to the LLM provider.
+
+Cache directly competes with Memory. See documentation for Pros and Cons.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseCache --> <name>Cache  # Examples: InMemoryCache, RedisCache, GPTCache
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.outputs import Generation
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+RETURN_VAL_TYPE = Sequence[Generation]
+
+
+class BaseCache(ABC):
+    """Interface for a caching layer for LLMs and Chat models.
+
+    The cache interface consists of the following methods:
+
+    - lookup: Look up a value based on a prompt and llm_string.
+    - update: Update the cache based on a prompt and llm_string.
+    - clear: Clear the cache.
+
+    In addition, the cache interface provides an async version of each method.
+
+    The default implementation of the async methods is to run the synchronous
+    method in an executor. It's recommended to override the async methods
+    and provide async implementations to avoid unnecessary overhead.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def lookup(self, prompt: str, llm_string: str) -> Optional[RETURN_VAL_TYPE]:
+        """Look up based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        A cache implementation is expected to generate a key from the 2-tuple
+        of prompt and llm_string (e.g., by concatenating them with a delimiter).
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+                This is used to capture the invocation parameters of the LLM
+                (e.g., model name, temperature, stop tokens, max tokens, etc.).
+                These invocation parameters are serialized into a string
+                representation.
+
+        Returns:
+            On a cache miss, return None. On a cache hit, return the cached value.
+            The cached value is a list of Generations (or subclasses).
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def update(self, prompt: str, llm_string: str, return_val: RETURN_VAL_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Update cache based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        The prompt and llm_string are used to generate a key for the cache.
+        The key should match that of the lookup method.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+                This is used to capture the invocation parameters of the LLM
+                (e.g., model name, temperature, stop tokens, max tokens, etc.).
+                These invocation parameters are serialized into a string
+                representation.
+            return_val: The value to be cached. The value is a list of Generations
+                (or subclasses).
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def clear(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Clear cache that can take additional keyword arguments."""
+
+    async def alookup(self, prompt: str, llm_string: str) -> Optional[RETURN_VAL_TYPE]:
+        """Async look up based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        A cache implementation is expected to generate a key from the 2-tuple
+        of prompt and llm_string (e.g., by concatenating them with a delimiter).
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+                This is used to capture the invocation parameters of the LLM
+                (e.g., model name, temperature, stop tokens, max tokens, etc.).
+                These invocation parameters are serialized into a string
+                representation.
+
+        Returns:
+            On a cache miss, return None. On a cache hit, return the cached value.
+            The cached value is a list of Generations (or subclasses).
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.lookup, prompt, llm_string)
+
+    async def aupdate(
+        self, prompt: str, llm_string: str, return_val: RETURN_VAL_TYPE
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async update cache based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        The prompt and llm_string are used to generate a key for the cache.
+        The key should match that of the look up method.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+                This is used to capture the invocation parameters of the LLM
+                (e.g., model name, temperature, stop tokens, max tokens, etc.).
+                These invocation parameters are serialized into a string
+                representation.
+            return_val: The value to be cached. The value is a list of Generations
+                (or subclasses).
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.update, prompt, llm_string, return_val)
+
+    async def aclear(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Async clear cache that can take additional keyword arguments."""
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.clear, **kwargs)
+
+
+class InMemoryCache(BaseCache):
+    """Cache that stores things in memory."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *, maxsize: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize with empty cache.
+
+        Args:
+            maxsize: The maximum number of items to store in the cache.
+                If None, the cache has no maximum size.
+                If the cache exceeds the maximum size, the oldest items are removed.
+                Default is None.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If maxsize is less than or equal to 0.
+        """
+        self._cache: dict[tuple[str, str], RETURN_VAL_TYPE] = {}
+        if maxsize is not None and maxsize <= 0:
+            msg = "maxsize must be greater than 0"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        self._maxsize = maxsize
+
+    def lookup(self, prompt: str, llm_string: str) -> Optional[RETURN_VAL_TYPE]:
+        """Look up based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+
+        Returns:
+            On a cache miss, return None. On a cache hit, return the cached value.
+        """
+        return self._cache.get((prompt, llm_string), None)
+
+    def update(self, prompt: str, llm_string: str, return_val: RETURN_VAL_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Update cache based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+            return_val: The value to be cached. The value is a list of Generations
+                (or subclasses).
+        """
+        if self._maxsize is not None and len(self._cache) == self._maxsize:
+            del self._cache[next(iter(self._cache))]
+        self._cache[(prompt, llm_string)] = return_val
+
+    @override
+    def clear(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Clear cache."""
+        self._cache = {}
+
+    async def alookup(self, prompt: str, llm_string: str) -> Optional[RETURN_VAL_TYPE]:
+        """Async look up based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+
+        Returns:
+            On a cache miss, return None. On a cache hit, return the cached value.
+        """
+        return self.lookup(prompt, llm_string)
+
+    async def aupdate(
+        self, prompt: str, llm_string: str, return_val: RETURN_VAL_TYPE
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async update cache based on prompt and llm_string.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: a string representation of the prompt.
+                In the case of a Chat model, the prompt is a non-trivial
+                serialization of the prompt into the language model.
+            llm_string: A string representation of the LLM configuration.
+            return_val: The value to be cached. The value is a list of Generations
+                (or subclasses).
+        """
+        self.update(prompt, llm_string, return_val)
+
+    @override
+    async def aclear(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Async clear cache."""
+        self.clear()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e842b96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+"""**Callback handlers** allow listening to events in LangChain.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseCallbackHandler --> <name>CallbackHandler  # Example: AimCallbackHandler
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.base import (
+        AsyncCallbackHandler,
+        BaseCallbackHandler,
+        BaseCallbackManager,
+        CallbackManagerMixin,
+        Callbacks,
+        ChainManagerMixin,
+        LLMManagerMixin,
+        RetrieverManagerMixin,
+        RunManagerMixin,
+        ToolManagerMixin,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.file import FileCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+        AsyncCallbackManager,
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup,
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
+        AsyncParentRunManager,
+        AsyncRunManager,
+        BaseRunManager,
+        CallbackManager,
+        CallbackManagerForChainGroup,
+        CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+        CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        CallbackManagerForToolRun,
+        ParentRunManager,
+        RunManager,
+        adispatch_custom_event,
+        dispatch_custom_event,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.stdout import StdOutCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.streaming_stdout import StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.usage import (
+        UsageMetadataCallbackHandler,
+        get_usage_metadata_callback,
+    )
+
+__all__ = (
+    "dispatch_custom_event",
+    "adispatch_custom_event",
+    "RetrieverManagerMixin",
+    "LLMManagerMixin",
+    "ChainManagerMixin",
+    "ToolManagerMixin",
+    "Callbacks",
+    "CallbackManagerMixin",
+    "RunManagerMixin",
+    "BaseCallbackHandler",
+    "AsyncCallbackHandler",
+    "BaseCallbackManager",
+    "BaseRunManager",
+    "RunManager",
+    "ParentRunManager",
+    "AsyncRunManager",
+    "AsyncParentRunManager",
+    "CallbackManagerForLLMRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForToolRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun",
+    "CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun",
+    "CallbackManager",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainGroup",
+    "AsyncCallbackManager",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup",
+    "StdOutCallbackHandler",
+    "StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler",
+    "FileCallbackHandler",
+    "UsageMetadataCallbackHandler",
+    "get_usage_metadata_callback",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "AsyncCallbackHandler": "base",
+    "BaseCallbackHandler": "base",
+    "BaseCallbackManager": "base",
+    "CallbackManagerMixin": "base",
+    "Callbacks": "base",
+    "ChainManagerMixin": "base",
+    "LLMManagerMixin": "base",
+    "RetrieverManagerMixin": "base",
+    "RunManagerMixin": "base",
+    "ToolManagerMixin": "base",
+    "FileCallbackHandler": "file",
+    "AsyncCallbackManager": "manager",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup": "manager",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun": "manager",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun": "manager",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun": "manager",
+    "AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun": "manager",
+    "AsyncParentRunManager": "manager",
+    "AsyncRunManager": "manager",
+    "BaseRunManager": "manager",
+    "CallbackManager": "manager",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainGroup": "manager",
+    "CallbackManagerForChainRun": "manager",
+    "CallbackManagerForLLMRun": "manager",
+    "CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun": "manager",
+    "CallbackManagerForToolRun": "manager",
+    "ParentRunManager": "manager",
+    "RunManager": "manager",
+    "adispatch_custom_event": "manager",
+    "dispatch_custom_event": "manager",
+    "StdOutCallbackHandler": "stdout",
+    "StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler": "streaming_stdout",
+    "UsageMetadataCallbackHandler": "usage",
+    "get_usage_metadata_callback": "usage",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a792521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1101 @@
+"""Base callback handler for LangChain."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+    from uuid import UUID
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+    from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+    from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGenerationChunk, GenerationChunk, LLMResult
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class RetrieverManagerMixin:
+    """Mixin for Retriever callbacks."""
+
+    def on_retriever_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when Retriever errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_retriever_end(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when Retriever ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            documents (Sequence[Document]): The documents retrieved.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+
+class LLMManagerMixin:
+    """Mixin for LLM callbacks."""
+
+    def on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        *,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on new LLM token. Only available when streaming is enabled.
+
+        Args:
+            token (str): The new token.
+            chunk (GenerationChunk | ChatGenerationChunk): The new generated chunk,
+              containing content and other information.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_llm_end(
+        self,
+        response: LLMResult,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when LLM ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            response (LLMResult): The response which was generated.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_llm_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when LLM errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+
+class ChainManagerMixin:
+    """Mixin for chain callbacks."""
+
+    def on_chain_end(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when chain ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (dict[str, Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when chain errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_agent_action(
+        self,
+        action: AgentAction,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on agent action.
+
+        Args:
+            action (AgentAction): The agent action.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_agent_finish(
+        self,
+        finish: AgentFinish,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on the agent end.
+
+        Args:
+            finish (AgentFinish): The agent finish.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+
+class ToolManagerMixin:
+    """Mixin for tool callbacks."""
+
+    def on_tool_end(
+        self,
+        output: Any,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when the tool ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            output (Any): The output of the tool.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_tool_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when tool errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+
+class CallbackManagerMixin:
+    """Mixin for callback manager."""
+
+    def on_llm_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when LLM starts running.
+
+        **ATTENTION**: This method is called for non-chat models (regular LLMs). If
+            you're implementing a handler for a chat model,
+            you should use on_chat_model_start instead.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            prompts (list[str]): The prompts.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when a chat model starts running.
+
+        **ATTENTION**: This method is called for chat models. If you're implementing
+            a handler for a non-chat model, you should use on_llm_start instead.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized chat model.
+            messages (list[list[BaseMessage]]): The messages.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        # NotImplementedError is thrown intentionally
+        # Callback handler will fall back to on_llm_start if this is exception is thrown
+        msg = f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not implement `on_chat_model_start`"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def on_retriever_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when the Retriever starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized Retriever.
+            query (str): The query.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_chain_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when a chain starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized chain.
+            inputs (dict[str, Any]): The inputs.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_tool_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        input_str: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when the tool starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized tool.
+            input_str (str): The input string.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            inputs (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The inputs.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+
+class RunManagerMixin:
+    """Mixin for run manager."""
+
+    def on_text(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on an arbitrary text.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_retry(
+        self,
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on a retry event.
+
+        Args:
+            retry_state (RetryCallState): The retry state.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_custom_event(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data: Any,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Override to define a handler for a custom event.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the custom event.
+            data: The data for the custom event. Format will match
+                  the format specified by the user.
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            tags: The tags associated with the custom event
+                (includes inherited tags).
+            metadata: The metadata associated with the custom event
+                (includes inherited metadata).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.15
+        """
+
+
+class BaseCallbackHandler(
+    LLMManagerMixin,
+    ChainManagerMixin,
+    ToolManagerMixin,
+    RetrieverManagerMixin,
+    CallbackManagerMixin,
+    RunManagerMixin,
+):
+    """Base callback handler for LangChain."""
+
+    raise_error: bool = False
+    """Whether to raise an error if an exception occurs."""
+
+    run_inline: bool = False
+    """Whether to run the callback inline."""
+
+    @property
+    def ignore_llm(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether to ignore LLM callbacks."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def ignore_retry(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether to ignore retry callbacks."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def ignore_chain(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether to ignore chain callbacks."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def ignore_agent(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether to ignore agent callbacks."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def ignore_retriever(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether to ignore retriever callbacks."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def ignore_chat_model(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether to ignore chat model callbacks."""
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def ignore_custom_event(self) -> bool:
+        """Ignore custom event."""
+        return False
+
+
+class AsyncCallbackHandler(BaseCallbackHandler):
+    """Async callback handler for LangChain."""
+
+    async def on_llm_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM starts running.
+
+        **ATTENTION**: This method is called for non-chat models (regular LLMs). If
+            you're implementing a handler for a chat model,
+            you should use on_chat_model_start instead.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            prompts (list[str]): The prompts.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when a chat model starts running.
+
+        **ATTENTION**: This method is called for chat models. If you're implementing
+            a handler for a non-chat model, you should use on_llm_start instead.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized chat model.
+            messages (list[list[BaseMessage]]): The messages.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        # NotImplementedError is thrown intentionally
+        # Callback handler will fall back to on_llm_start if this is exception is thrown
+        msg = f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not implement `on_chat_model_start`"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    async def on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        *,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on new LLM token. Only available when streaming is enabled.
+
+        Args:
+            token (str): The new token.
+            chunk (GenerationChunk | ChatGenerationChunk): The new generated chunk,
+              containing content and other information.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_llm_end(
+        self,
+        response: LLMResult,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            response (LLMResult): The response which was generated.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_llm_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error: The error that occurred.
+            run_id: The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags: The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+                - response (LLMResult): The response which was generated before
+                    the error occurred.
+        """
+
+    async def on_chain_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when a chain starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized chain.
+            inputs (dict[str, Any]): The inputs.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_chain_end(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when a chain ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (dict[str, Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when chain errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_tool_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        input_str: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when the tool starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized tool.
+            input_str (str): The input string.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            inputs (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The inputs.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_tool_end(
+        self,
+        output: Any,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when the tool ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            output (Any): The output of the tool.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_tool_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when tool errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_text(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on an arbitrary text.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_retry(
+        self,
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on a retry event.
+
+        Args:
+            retry_state (RetryCallState): The retry state.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_agent_action(
+        self,
+        action: AgentAction,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on agent action.
+
+        Args:
+            action (AgentAction): The agent action.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_agent_finish(
+        self,
+        finish: AgentFinish,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on the agent end.
+
+        Args:
+            finish (AgentFinish): The agent finish.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_retriever_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on the retriever start.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized retriever.
+            query (str): The query.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_retriever_end(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on the retriever end.
+
+        Args:
+            documents (Sequence[Document]): The documents retrieved.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_retriever_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on retriever error.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            run_id (UUID): The run ID. This is the ID of the current run.
+            parent_run_id (UUID): The parent run ID. This is the ID of the parent run.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    async def on_custom_event(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data: Any,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Override to define a handler for a custom event.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the custom event.
+            data: The data for the custom event. Format will match
+                  the format specified by the user.
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            tags: The tags associated with the custom event
+                (includes inherited tags).
+            metadata: The metadata associated with the custom event
+                (includes inherited metadata).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.15
+        """
+
+
+class BaseCallbackManager(CallbackManagerMixin):
+    """Base callback manager for LangChain."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+        inheritable_handlers: Optional[list[BaseCallbackHandler]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        inheritable_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        inheritable_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            handlers (list[BaseCallbackHandler]): The handlers.
+            inheritable_handlers (Optional[list[BaseCallbackHandler]]):
+              The inheritable handlers. Default is None.
+            parent_run_id (Optional[UUID]): The parent run ID. Default is None.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The tags. Default is None.
+            inheritable_tags (Optional[list[str]]): The inheritable tags.
+                Default is None.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata. Default is None.
+            inheritable_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The inheritable metadata.
+                Default is None.
+        """
+        self.handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler] = handlers
+        self.inheritable_handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler] = (
+            inheritable_handlers or []
+        )
+        self.parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = parent_run_id
+        self.tags = tags or []
+        self.inheritable_tags = inheritable_tags or []
+        self.metadata = metadata or {}
+        self.inheritable_metadata = inheritable_metadata or {}
+
+    def copy(self) -> Self:
+        """Copy the callback manager."""
+        return self.__class__(
+            handlers=self.handlers.copy(),
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers.copy(),
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags.copy(),
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags.copy(),
+            metadata=self.metadata.copy(),
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata.copy(),
+        )
+
+    def merge(self, other: BaseCallbackManager) -> Self:
+        """Merge the callback manager with another callback manager.
+
+        May be overwritten in subclasses. Primarily used internally
+        within merge_configs.
+
+        Returns:
+            BaseCallbackManager: The merged callback manager of the same type
+                as the current object.
+
+        Example: Merging two callback managers.
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager, trace_as_chain_group
+                from langchain_core.callbacks.stdout import StdOutCallbackHandler
+
+                manager = CallbackManager(handlers=[StdOutCallbackHandler()], tags=["tag2"])
+                with trace_as_chain_group("My Group Name", tags=["tag1"]) as group_manager:
+                    merged_manager = group_manager.merge(manager)
+                    print(merged_manager.handlers)
+                    # [
+                    #    <langchain_core.callbacks.stdout.StdOutCallbackHandler object at ...>,
+                    #    <langchain_core.callbacks.streaming_stdout.StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler object at ...>,
+                    # ]
+
+                    print(merged_manager.tags)
+                    #    ['tag2', 'tag1']
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        manager = self.__class__(
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id or other.parent_run_id,
+            handlers=[],
+            inheritable_handlers=[],
+            tags=list(set(self.tags + other.tags)),
+            inheritable_tags=list(set(self.inheritable_tags + other.inheritable_tags)),
+            metadata={
+                **self.metadata,
+                **other.metadata,
+            },
+        )
+
+        handlers = self.handlers + other.handlers
+        inheritable_handlers = self.inheritable_handlers + other.inheritable_handlers
+
+        for handler in handlers:
+            manager.add_handler(handler)
+
+        for handler in inheritable_handlers:
+            manager.add_handler(handler, inherit=True)
+        return manager
+
+    @property
+    def is_async(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the callback manager is async."""
+        return False
+
+    def add_handler(
+        self,
+        handler: BaseCallbackHandler,
+        inherit: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a handler to the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            handler (BaseCallbackHandler): The handler to add.
+            inherit (bool): Whether to inherit the handler. Default is True.
+        """
+        if handler not in self.handlers:
+            self.handlers.append(handler)
+        if inherit and handler not in self.inheritable_handlers:
+            self.inheritable_handlers.append(handler)
+
+    def remove_handler(self, handler: BaseCallbackHandler) -> None:
+        """Remove a handler from the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            handler (BaseCallbackHandler): The handler to remove.
+        """
+        if handler in self.handlers:
+            self.handlers.remove(handler)
+        if handler in self.inheritable_handlers:
+            self.inheritable_handlers.remove(handler)
+
+    def set_handlers(
+        self,
+        handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+        inherit: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set handlers as the only handlers on the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            handlers (list[BaseCallbackHandler]): The handlers to set.
+            inherit (bool): Whether to inherit the handlers. Default is True.
+        """
+        self.handlers = []
+        self.inheritable_handlers = []
+        for handler in handlers:
+            self.add_handler(handler, inherit=inherit)
+
+    def set_handler(
+        self,
+        handler: BaseCallbackHandler,
+        inherit: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set handler as the only handler on the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            handler (BaseCallbackHandler): The handler to set.
+            inherit (bool): Whether to inherit the handler. Default is True.
+        """
+        self.set_handlers([handler], inherit=inherit)
+
+    def add_tags(
+        self,
+        tags: list[str],
+        inherit: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add tags to the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            tags (list[str]): The tags to add.
+            inherit (bool): Whether to inherit the tags. Default is True.
+        """
+        for tag in tags:
+            if tag in self.tags:
+                self.remove_tags([tag])
+        self.tags.extend(tags)
+        if inherit:
+            self.inheritable_tags.extend(tags)
+
+    def remove_tags(self, tags: list[str]) -> None:
+        """Remove tags from the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            tags (list[str]): The tags to remove.
+        """
+        for tag in tags:
+            self.tags.remove(tag)
+            self.inheritable_tags.remove(tag)
+
+    def add_metadata(
+        self,
+        metadata: dict[str, Any],
+        inherit: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add metadata to the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            metadata (dict[str, Any]): The metadata to add.
+            inherit (bool): Whether to inherit the metadata. Default is True.
+        """
+        self.metadata.update(metadata)
+        if inherit:
+            self.inheritable_metadata.update(metadata)
+
+    def remove_metadata(self, keys: list[str]) -> None:
+        """Remove metadata from the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (list[str]): The keys to remove.
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            self.metadata.pop(key)
+            self.inheritable_metadata.pop(key)
+
+
+Callbacks = Optional[Union[list[BaseCallbackHandler], BaseCallbackManager]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2dcd0e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+"""Callback Handler that writes to a file."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, TextIO, cast
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.utils.input import print_text
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+
+
+class FileCallbackHandler(BaseCallbackHandler):
+    """Callback Handler that writes to a file.
+
+    Parameters:
+        filename: The file to write to.
+        mode: The mode to open the file in. Defaults to "a".
+        color: The color to use for the text.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, filename: str, mode: str = "a", color: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize callback handler.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: The filename to write to.
+            mode: The mode to open the file in. Defaults to "a".
+            color: The color to use for the text. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self.file = cast("TextIO", Path(filename).open(mode, encoding="utf-8"))  # noqa: SIM115
+        self.color = color
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        """Destructor to cleanup when done."""
+        self.file.close()
+
+    @override
+    def on_chain_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], inputs: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Print out that we are entering a chain.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized chain.
+            inputs (dict[str, Any]): The inputs to the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        if "name" in kwargs:
+            name = kwargs["name"]
+        elif serialized:
+            name = serialized.get("name", serialized.get("id", ["<unknown>"])[-1])
+        else:
+            name = "<unknown>"
+        print_text(
+            f"\n\n\033[1m> Entering new {name} chain...\033[0m",
+            end="\n",
+            file=self.file,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def on_chain_end(self, outputs: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Print out that we finished a chain.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (dict[str, Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print_text("\n\033[1m> Finished chain.\033[0m", end="\n", file=self.file)
+
+    @override
+    def on_agent_action(
+        self, action: AgentAction, color: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on agent action.
+
+        Args:
+            action (AgentAction): The agent action.
+            color (Optional[str], optional): The color to use for the text.
+                Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print_text(action.log, color=color or self.color, file=self.file)
+
+    @override
+    def on_tool_end(
+        self,
+        output: str,
+        color: Optional[str] = None,
+        observation_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        llm_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """If not the final action, print out observation.
+
+        Args:
+           output (str): The output to print.
+           color (Optional[str], optional): The color to use for the text.
+                Defaults to None.
+           observation_prefix (Optional[str], optional): The observation prefix.
+            Defaults to None.
+           llm_prefix (Optional[str], optional): The LLM prefix.
+                Defaults to None.
+           **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        if observation_prefix is not None:
+            print_text(f"\n{observation_prefix}", file=self.file)
+        print_text(output, color=color or self.color, file=self.file)
+        if llm_prefix is not None:
+            print_text(f"\n{llm_prefix}", file=self.file)
+
+    @override
+    def on_text(
+        self, text: str, color: Optional[str] = None, end: str = "", **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when the agent ends.
+
+        Args:
+           text (str): The text to print.
+           color (Optional[str], optional): The color to use for the text.
+            Defaults to None.
+           end (str, optional): The end character. Defaults to "".
+           **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print_text(text, color=color or self.color, end=end, file=self.file)
+
+    @override
+    def on_agent_finish(
+        self, finish: AgentFinish, color: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on the agent end.
+
+        Args:
+            finish (AgentFinish): The agent finish.
+            color (Optional[str], optional): The color to use for the text.
+                Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print_text(finish.log, color=color or self.color, end="\n", file=self.file)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/manager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1220ed81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2638 @@
+"""Run managers."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import atexit
+import functools
+import logging
+import uuid
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager, contextmanager
+from contextvars import copy_context
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langsmith.run_helpers import get_tracing_context
+from typing_extensions import Self, override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import (
+    BaseCallbackHandler,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    Callbacks,
+    ChainManagerMixin,
+    LLMManagerMixin,
+    RetrieverManagerMixin,
+    RunManagerMixin,
+    ToolManagerMixin,
+)
+from langchain_core.callbacks.stdout import StdOutCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+from langchain_core.utils.env import env_var_is_set
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, Coroutine, Generator, Sequence
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+    from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGenerationChunk, GenerationChunk, LLMResult
+    from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _get_debug() -> bool:
+    from langchain_core.globals import get_debug
+
+    return get_debug()
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def trace_as_chain_group(
+    group_name: str,
+    callback_manager: Optional[CallbackManager] = None,
+    *,
+    inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    example_id: Optional[Union[str, UUID]] = None,
+    run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> Generator[CallbackManagerForChainGroup, None, None]:
+    """Get a callback manager for a chain group in a context manager.
+
+    Useful for grouping different calls together as a single run even if
+    they aren't composed in a single chain.
+
+    Args:
+        group_name (str): The name of the chain group.
+        callback_manager (CallbackManager, optional): The callback manager to use.
+            Defaults to None.
+        inputs (dict[str, Any], optional): The inputs to the chain group.
+            Defaults to None.
+        project_name (str, optional): The name of the project.
+            Defaults to None.
+        example_id (str or UUID, optional): The ID of the example.
+            Defaults to None.
+        run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run.
+        tags (list[str], optional): The inheritable tags to apply to all runs.
+            Defaults to None.
+        metadata (dict[str, Any], optional): The metadata to apply to all runs.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Note: must have LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2 env var set to true to see the trace in LangSmith.
+
+    Returns:
+        CallbackManagerForChainGroup: The callback manager for the chain group.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            llm_input = "Foo"
+            with trace_as_chain_group("group_name", inputs={"input": llm_input}) as manager:
+                # Use the callback manager for the chain group
+                res = llm.invoke(llm_input, {"callbacks": manager})
+                manager.on_chain_end({"output": res})
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    from langchain_core.tracers.context import _get_trace_callbacks
+
+    cb = _get_trace_callbacks(
+        project_name, example_id, callback_manager=callback_manager
+    )
+    cm = CallbackManager.configure(
+        inheritable_callbacks=cb,
+        inheritable_tags=tags,
+        inheritable_metadata=metadata,
+    )
+
+    run_manager = cm.on_chain_start({"name": group_name}, inputs or {}, run_id=run_id)
+    child_cm = run_manager.get_child()
+    group_cm = CallbackManagerForChainGroup(
+        child_cm.handlers,
+        child_cm.inheritable_handlers,
+        child_cm.parent_run_id,
+        parent_run_manager=run_manager,
+        tags=child_cm.tags,
+        inheritable_tags=child_cm.inheritable_tags,
+        metadata=child_cm.metadata,
+        inheritable_metadata=child_cm.inheritable_metadata,
+    )
+    try:
+        yield group_cm
+    except Exception as e:
+        if not group_cm.ended:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+        raise
+    else:
+        if not group_cm.ended:
+            run_manager.on_chain_end({})
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def atrace_as_chain_group(
+    group_name: str,
+    callback_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManager] = None,
+    *,
+    inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    example_id: Optional[Union[str, UUID]] = None,
+    run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup, None]:
+    """Get an async callback manager for a chain group in a context manager.
+
+    Useful for grouping different async calls together as a single run even if
+    they aren't composed in a single chain.
+
+    Args:
+        group_name (str): The name of the chain group.
+        callback_manager (AsyncCallbackManager, optional): The async callback manager to use,
+            which manages tracing and other callback behavior. Defaults to None.
+        inputs (dict[str, Any], optional): The inputs to the chain group.
+            Defaults to None.
+        project_name (str, optional): The name of the project.
+            Defaults to None.
+        example_id (str or UUID, optional): The ID of the example.
+            Defaults to None.
+        run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run.
+        tags (list[str], optional): The inheritable tags to apply to all runs.
+            Defaults to None.
+        metadata (dict[str, Any], optional): The metadata to apply to all runs.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        AsyncCallbackManager: The async callback manager for the chain group.
+
+    Note: must have LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2 env var set to true to see the trace in LangSmith.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            llm_input = "Foo"
+            async with atrace_as_chain_group("group_name", inputs={"input": llm_input}) as manager:
+                # Use the async callback manager for the chain group
+                res = await llm.ainvoke(llm_input, {"callbacks": manager})
+                await manager.on_chain_end({"output": res})
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    from langchain_core.tracers.context import _get_trace_callbacks
+
+    cb = _get_trace_callbacks(
+        project_name, example_id, callback_manager=callback_manager
+    )
+    cm = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+        inheritable_callbacks=cb, inheritable_tags=tags, inheritable_metadata=metadata
+    )
+
+    run_manager = await cm.on_chain_start(
+        {"name": group_name}, inputs or {}, run_id=run_id
+    )
+    child_cm = run_manager.get_child()
+    group_cm = AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup(
+        child_cm.handlers,
+        child_cm.inheritable_handlers,
+        child_cm.parent_run_id,
+        parent_run_manager=run_manager,
+        tags=child_cm.tags,
+        inheritable_tags=child_cm.inheritable_tags,
+        metadata=child_cm.metadata,
+        inheritable_metadata=child_cm.inheritable_metadata,
+    )
+    try:
+        yield group_cm
+    except Exception as e:
+        if not group_cm.ended:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+        raise
+    else:
+        if not group_cm.ended:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_end({})
+
+
+Func = TypeVar("Func", bound=Callable)
+
+
+def shielded(func: Func) -> Func:
+    """Makes so an awaitable method is always shielded from cancellation.
+
+    Args:
+        func (Callable): The function to shield.
+
+    Returns:
+        Callable: The shielded function
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    async def wrapped(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return await asyncio.shield(func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return cast("Func", wrapped)
+
+
+def handle_event(
+    handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+    event_name: str,
+    ignore_condition_name: Optional[str],
+    *args: Any,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> None:
+    """Generic event handler for CallbackManager.
+
+    Note: This function is used by LangServe to handle events.
+
+    Args:
+        handlers: The list of handlers that will handle the event.
+        event_name: The name of the event (e.g., "on_llm_start").
+        ignore_condition_name: Name of the attribute defined on handler
+            that if True will cause the handler to be skipped for the given event.
+        *args: The arguments to pass to the event handler.
+        **kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to the event handler
+    """
+    coros: list[Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]] = []
+
+    try:
+        message_strings: Optional[list[str]] = None
+        for handler in handlers:
+            try:
+                if ignore_condition_name is None or not getattr(
+                    handler, ignore_condition_name
+                ):
+                    event = getattr(handler, event_name)(*args, **kwargs)
+                    if asyncio.iscoroutine(event):
+                        coros.append(event)
+            except NotImplementedError as e:
+                if event_name == "on_chat_model_start":
+                    if message_strings is None:
+                        message_strings = [get_buffer_string(m) for m in args[1]]
+                    handle_event(
+                        [handler],
+                        "on_llm_start",
+                        "ignore_llm",
+                        args[0],
+                        message_strings,
+                        *args[2:],
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    handler_name = handler.__class__.__name__
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "NotImplementedError in %s.%s callback: %s",
+                        handler_name,
+                        event_name,
+                        repr(e),
+                    )
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Error in %s.%s callback: %s",
+                    handler.__class__.__name__,
+                    event_name,
+                    repr(e),
+                )
+                if handler.raise_error:
+                    raise
+    finally:
+        if coros:
+            try:
+                # Raises RuntimeError if there is no current event loop.
+                asyncio.get_running_loop()
+                loop_running = True
+            except RuntimeError:
+                loop_running = False
+
+            if loop_running:
+                # If we try to submit this coroutine to the running loop
+                # we end up in a deadlock, as we'd have gotten here from a
+                # running coroutine, which we cannot interrupt to run this one.
+                # The solution is to run the synchronous function on the globally shared
+                # thread pool executor to avoid blocking the main event loop.
+                _executor().submit(
+                    cast("Callable", copy_context().run), _run_coros, coros
+                ).result()
+            else:
+                # If there's no running loop, we can run the coroutines directly.
+                _run_coros(coros)
+
+
+def _run_coros(coros: list[Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]]) -> None:
+    if hasattr(asyncio, "Runner"):
+        # Python 3.11+
+        # Run the coroutines in a new event loop, taking care to
+        # - install signal handlers
+        # - run pending tasks scheduled by `coros`
+        # - close asyncgens and executors
+        # - close the loop
+        with asyncio.Runner() as runner:
+            # Run the coroutine, get the result
+            for coro in coros:
+                try:
+                    runner.run(coro)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning("Error in callback coroutine: %s", repr(e))
+
+            # Run pending tasks scheduled by coros until they are all done
+            while pending := asyncio.all_tasks(runner.get_loop()):
+                runner.run(asyncio.wait(pending))
+    else:
+        # Before Python 3.11 we need to run each coroutine in a new event loop
+        # as the Runner api is not available.
+        for coro in coros:
+            try:
+                asyncio.run(coro)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning("Error in callback coroutine: %s", repr(e))
+
+
+async def _ahandle_event_for_handler(
+    handler: BaseCallbackHandler,
+    event_name: str,
+    ignore_condition_name: Optional[str],
+    *args: Any,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> None:
+    try:
+        if ignore_condition_name is None or not getattr(handler, ignore_condition_name):
+            event = getattr(handler, event_name)
+            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(event):
+                await event(*args, **kwargs)
+            elif handler.run_inline:
+                event(*args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                await asyncio.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
+                    None,
+                    cast(
+                        "Callable",
+                        functools.partial(copy_context().run, event, *args, **kwargs),
+                    ),
+                )
+    except NotImplementedError as e:
+        if event_name == "on_chat_model_start":
+            message_strings = [get_buffer_string(m) for m in args[1]]
+            await _ahandle_event_for_handler(
+                handler,
+                "on_llm_start",
+                "ignore_llm",
+                args[0],
+                message_strings,
+                *args[2:],
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "NotImplementedError in %s.%s callback: %s",
+                handler.__class__.__name__,
+                event_name,
+                repr(e),
+            )
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Error in %s.%s callback: %s",
+            handler.__class__.__name__,
+            event_name,
+            repr(e),
+        )
+        if handler.raise_error:
+            raise
+
+
+async def ahandle_event(
+    handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+    event_name: str,
+    ignore_condition_name: Optional[str],
+    *args: Any,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> None:
+    """Async generic event handler for AsyncCallbackManager.
+
+    Note: This function is used by LangServe to handle events.
+
+    Args:
+        handlers: The list of handlers that will handle the event.
+        event_name: The name of the event (e.g., "on_llm_start").
+        ignore_condition_name: Name of the attribute defined on handler
+            that if True will cause the handler to be skipped for the given event.
+        *args: The arguments to pass to the event handler.
+        **kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to the event handler.
+    """
+    for handler in [h for h in handlers if h.run_inline]:
+        await _ahandle_event_for_handler(
+            handler, event_name, ignore_condition_name, *args, **kwargs
+        )
+    await asyncio.gather(
+        *(
+            _ahandle_event_for_handler(
+                handler,
+                event_name,
+                ignore_condition_name,
+                *args,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            for handler in handlers
+            if not handler.run_inline
+        )
+    )
+
+
+class BaseRunManager(RunManagerMixin):
+    """Base class for run manager (a bound callback manager)."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+        inheritable_handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        inheritable_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        inheritable_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the run manager.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (UUID): The ID of the run.
+            handlers (list[BaseCallbackHandler]): The list of handlers.
+            inheritable_handlers (list[BaseCallbackHandler]):
+                The list of inheritable handlers.
+            parent_run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the parent run.
+                Defaults to None.
+            tags (Optional[list[str]]): The list of tags. Defaults to None.
+            inheritable_tags (Optional[list[str]]): The list of inheritable tags.
+                Defaults to None.
+            metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The metadata.
+                Defaults to None.
+            inheritable_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The inheritable metadata.
+                Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self.run_id = run_id
+        self.handlers = handlers
+        self.inheritable_handlers = inheritable_handlers
+        self.parent_run_id = parent_run_id
+        self.tags = tags or []
+        self.inheritable_tags = inheritable_tags or []
+        self.metadata = metadata or {}
+        self.inheritable_metadata = inheritable_metadata or {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_noop_manager(cls) -> Self:
+        """Return a manager that doesn't perform any operations.
+
+        Returns:
+            BaseRunManager: The noop manager.
+        """
+        return cls(
+            run_id=uuid.uuid4(),
+            handlers=[],
+            inheritable_handlers=[],
+            tags=[],
+            inheritable_tags=[],
+            metadata={},
+            inheritable_metadata={},
+        )
+
+
+class RunManager(BaseRunManager):
+    """Sync Run Manager."""
+
+    def on_text(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when a text is received.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The received text.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the callback.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_text",
+            None,
+            text,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_retry(
+        self,
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when a retry is received.
+
+        Args:
+            retry_state (RetryCallState): The retry state.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retry",
+            "ignore_retry",
+            retry_state,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class ParentRunManager(RunManager):
+    """Sync Parent Run Manager."""
+
+    def get_child(self, tag: Optional[str] = None) -> CallbackManager:
+        """Get a child callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            tag (str, optional): The tag for the child callback manager.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManager: The child callback manager.
+        """
+        manager = CallbackManager(handlers=[], parent_run_id=self.run_id)
+        manager.set_handlers(self.inheritable_handlers)
+        manager.add_tags(self.inheritable_tags)
+        manager.add_metadata(self.inheritable_metadata)
+        if tag is not None:
+            manager.add_tags([tag], inherit=False)
+        return manager
+
+
+class AsyncRunManager(BaseRunManager, ABC):
+    """Async Run Manager."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_sync(self) -> RunManager:
+        """Get the equivalent sync RunManager.
+
+        Returns:
+            RunManager: The sync RunManager.
+        """
+
+    async def on_text(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run when a text is received.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The received text.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the callback.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_text",
+            None,
+            text,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    async def on_retry(
+        self,
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async run when a retry is received.
+
+        Args:
+            retry_state (RetryCallState): The retry state.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retry",
+            "ignore_retry",
+            retry_state,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncParentRunManager(AsyncRunManager):
+    """Async Parent Run Manager."""
+
+    def get_child(self, tag: Optional[str] = None) -> AsyncCallbackManager:
+        """Get a child callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            tag (str, optional): The tag for the child callback manager.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncCallbackManager: The child callback manager.
+        """
+        manager = AsyncCallbackManager(handlers=[], parent_run_id=self.run_id)
+        manager.set_handlers(self.inheritable_handlers)
+        manager.add_tags(self.inheritable_tags)
+        manager.add_metadata(self.inheritable_metadata)
+        if tag is not None:
+            manager.add_tags([tag], inherit=False)
+        return manager
+
+
+class CallbackManagerForLLMRun(RunManager, LLMManagerMixin):
+    """Callback manager for LLM run."""
+
+    def on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        *,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM generates a new token.
+
+        Args:
+            token (str): The new token.
+            chunk (Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]], optional):
+                The chunk. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_llm_new_token",
+            "ignore_llm",
+            token=token,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            chunk=chunk,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            response (LLMResult): The LLM result.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_llm_end",
+            "ignore_llm",
+            response,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_llm_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+                - response (LLMResult): The response which was generated before
+                    the error occurred.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_llm_error",
+            "ignore_llm",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun(AsyncRunManager, LLMManagerMixin):
+    """Async callback manager for LLM run."""
+
+    def get_sync(self) -> CallbackManagerForLLMRun:
+        """Get the equivalent sync RunManager.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManagerForLLMRun: The sync RunManager.
+        """
+        return CallbackManagerForLLMRun(
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        *,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM generates a new token.
+
+        Args:
+            token (str): The new token.
+            chunk (Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]], optional):
+                The chunk. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_llm_new_token",
+            "ignore_llm",
+            token,
+            chunk=chunk,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            response (LLMResult): The LLM result.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_llm_end",
+            "ignore_llm",
+            response,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_llm_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+                - response (LLMResult): The response which was generated before
+                    the error occurred.
+
+
+
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_llm_error",
+            "ignore_llm",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class CallbackManagerForChainRun(ParentRunManager, ChainManagerMixin):
+    """Callback manager for chain run."""
+
+    def on_chain_end(self, outputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when chain ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (Union[dict[str, Any], Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_chain_end",
+            "ignore_chain",
+            outputs,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when chain errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_chain_error",
+            "ignore_chain",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_agent_action(self, action: AgentAction, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Run when agent action is received.
+
+        Args:
+            action (AgentAction): The agent action.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the callback.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_agent_action",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            action,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_agent_finish(self, finish: AgentFinish, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Run when agent finish is received.
+
+        Args:
+            finish (AgentFinish): The agent finish.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the callback.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_agent_finish",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            finish,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun(AsyncParentRunManager, ChainManagerMixin):
+    """Async callback manager for chain run."""
+
+    def get_sync(self) -> CallbackManagerForChainRun:
+        """Get the equivalent sync RunManager.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManagerForChainRun: The sync RunManager.
+        """
+        return CallbackManagerForChainRun(
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_chain_end(
+        self, outputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when a chain ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (Union[dict[str, Any], Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_chain_end",
+            "ignore_chain",
+            outputs,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when chain errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_chain_error",
+            "ignore_chain",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_agent_action(self, action: AgentAction, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Run when agent action is received.
+
+        Args:
+            action (AgentAction): The agent action.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the callback.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_agent_action",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            action,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_agent_finish(self, finish: AgentFinish, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Run when agent finish is received.
+
+        Args:
+            finish (AgentFinish): The agent finish.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the callback.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_agent_finish",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            finish,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class CallbackManagerForToolRun(ParentRunManager, ToolManagerMixin):
+    """Callback manager for tool run."""
+
+    def on_tool_end(
+        self,
+        output: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when the tool ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            output (Any): The output of the tool.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_tool_end",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            output,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_tool_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when tool errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_tool_error",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun(AsyncParentRunManager, ToolManagerMixin):
+    """Async callback manager for tool run."""
+
+    def get_sync(self) -> CallbackManagerForToolRun:
+        """Get the equivalent sync RunManager.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManagerForToolRun: The sync RunManager.
+        """
+        return CallbackManagerForToolRun(
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_tool_end(self, output: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Async run when the tool ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            output (Any): The output of the tool.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_tool_end",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            output,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_tool_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when tool errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_tool_error",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun(ParentRunManager, RetrieverManagerMixin):
+    """Callback manager for retriever run."""
+
+    def on_retriever_end(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when retriever ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            documents (Sequence[Document]): The retrieved documents.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retriever_end",
+            "ignore_retriever",
+            documents,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def on_retriever_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when retriever errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retriever_error",
+            "ignore_retriever",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun(
+    AsyncParentRunManager,
+    RetrieverManagerMixin,
+):
+    """Async callback manager for retriever run."""
+
+    def get_sync(self) -> CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun:
+        """Get the equivalent sync RunManager.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun: The sync RunManager.
+        """
+        return CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun(
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_retriever_end(
+        self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when the retriever ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            documents (Sequence[Document]): The retrieved documents.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retriever_end",
+            "ignore_retriever",
+            documents,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @shielded
+    async def on_retriever_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when retriever errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retriever_error",
+            "ignore_retriever",
+            error,
+            run_id=self.run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class CallbackManager(BaseCallbackManager):
+    """Callback manager for LangChain."""
+
+    def on_llm_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[CallbackManagerForLLMRun]:
+        """Run when LLM starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            prompts (list[str]): The list of prompts.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[CallbackManagerForLLMRun]: A callback manager for each
+                prompt as an LLM run.
+        """
+        managers = []
+        for i, prompt in enumerate(prompts):
+            # Can't have duplicate runs with the same run ID (if provided)
+            run_id_ = run_id if i == 0 and run_id is not None else uuid.uuid4()
+            handle_event(
+                self.handlers,
+                "on_llm_start",
+                "ignore_llm",
+                serialized,
+                [prompt],
+                run_id=run_id_,
+                parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                tags=self.tags,
+                metadata=self.metadata,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+            managers.append(
+                CallbackManagerForLLMRun(
+                    run_id=run_id_,
+                    handlers=self.handlers,
+                    inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+                    parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                    tags=self.tags,
+                    inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+                    metadata=self.metadata,
+                    inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return managers
+
+    def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[CallbackManagerForLLMRun]:
+        """Run when chat model starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            messages (list[list[BaseMessage]]): The list of messages.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[CallbackManagerForLLMRun]: A callback manager for each
+                list of messages as an LLM run.
+        """
+        managers = []
+        for message_list in messages:
+            if run_id is not None:
+                run_id_ = run_id
+                run_id = None
+            else:
+                run_id_ = uuid.uuid4()
+            handle_event(
+                self.handlers,
+                "on_chat_model_start",
+                "ignore_chat_model",
+                serialized,
+                [message_list],
+                run_id=run_id_,
+                parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                tags=self.tags,
+                metadata=self.metadata,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+            managers.append(
+                CallbackManagerForLLMRun(
+                    run_id=run_id_,
+                    handlers=self.handlers,
+                    inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+                    parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                    tags=self.tags,
+                    inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+                    metadata=self.metadata,
+                    inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return managers
+
+    def on_chain_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        inputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any],
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> CallbackManagerForChainRun:
+        """Run when chain starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The serialized chain.
+            inputs (Union[dict[str, Any], Any]): The inputs to the chain.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManagerForChainRun: The callback manager for the chain run.
+        """
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_chain_start",
+            "ignore_chain",
+            serialized,
+            inputs,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        return CallbackManagerForChainRun(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def on_tool_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        input_str: str,
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> CallbackManagerForToolRun:
+        """Run when tool starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized: Serialized representation of the tool.
+            input_str: The  input to the tool as a string.
+                Non-string inputs are cast to strings.
+            run_id: ID for the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id: The ID of the parent run. Defaults to None.
+            inputs: The original input to the tool if provided.
+                Recommended for usage instead of input_str when the original
+                input is needed.
+                If provided, the inputs are expected to be formatted as a dict.
+                The keys will correspond to the named-arguments in the tool.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManagerForToolRun: The callback manager for the tool run.
+        """
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_tool_start",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            serialized,
+            input_str,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        return CallbackManagerForToolRun(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def on_retriever_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        query: str,
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun:
+        """Run when the retriever starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The serialized retriever.
+            query (str): The query.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the parent run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retriever_start",
+            "ignore_retriever",
+            serialized,
+            query,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        return CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    def on_custom_event(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data: Any,
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Dispatch an adhoc event to the handlers (async version).
+
+        This event should NOT be used in any internal LangChain code. The event
+        is meant specifically for users of the library to dispatch custom
+        events that are tailored to their application.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the adhoc event.
+            data: The data for the adhoc event.
+            run_id: The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.14
+        """
+        if kwargs:
+            msg = (
+                "The dispatcher API does not accept additional keyword arguments."
+                "Please do not pass any additional keyword arguments, instead "
+                "include them in the data field."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        handle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_custom_event",
+            "ignore_custom_event",
+            name,
+            data,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def configure(
+        cls,
+        inheritable_callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        local_callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        verbose: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        inheritable_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        local_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        inheritable_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        local_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> CallbackManager:
+        """Configure the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            inheritable_callbacks (Optional[Callbacks], optional): The inheritable
+                callbacks. Defaults to None.
+            local_callbacks (Optional[Callbacks], optional): The local callbacks.
+                Defaults to None.
+            verbose (bool, optional): Whether to enable verbose mode. Defaults to False.
+            inheritable_tags (Optional[list[str]], optional): The inheritable tags.
+                Defaults to None.
+            local_tags (Optional[list[str]], optional): The local tags.
+                Defaults to None.
+            inheritable_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]], optional): The inheritable
+                metadata. Defaults to None.
+            local_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]], optional): The local metadata.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManager: The configured callback manager.
+        """
+        return _configure(
+            cls,
+            inheritable_callbacks,
+            local_callbacks,
+            inheritable_tags,
+            local_tags,
+            inheritable_metadata,
+            local_metadata,
+            verbose=verbose,
+        )
+
+
+class CallbackManagerForChainGroup(CallbackManager):
+    """Callback manager for the chain group."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+        inheritable_handlers: Optional[list[BaseCallbackHandler]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        *,
+        parent_run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            handlers (list[BaseCallbackHandler]): The list of handlers.
+            inheritable_handlers (Optional[list[BaseCallbackHandler]]): The list of
+                inheritable handlers. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id (Optional[UUID]): The ID of the parent run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_manager (CallbackManagerForChainRun): The parent run manager.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self.parent_run_manager = parent_run_manager
+        self.ended = False
+
+    def copy(self) -> CallbackManagerForChainGroup:
+        """Copy the callback manager."""
+        return self.__class__(
+            handlers=self.handlers.copy(),
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers.copy(),
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags.copy(),
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags.copy(),
+            metadata=self.metadata.copy(),
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata.copy(),
+            parent_run_manager=self.parent_run_manager,
+        )
+
+    def merge(
+        self: CallbackManagerForChainGroup, other: BaseCallbackManager
+    ) -> CallbackManagerForChainGroup:
+        """Merge the group callback manager with another callback manager.
+
+        Overwrites the merge method in the base class to ensure that the
+        parent run manager is preserved. Keeps the parent_run_manager
+        from the current object.
+
+        Returns:
+            CallbackManagerForChainGroup: A copy of the current object with the
+                handlers, tags, and other attributes merged from the other object.
+
+        Example: Merging two callback managers.
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager, trace_as_chain_group
+                from langchain_core.callbacks.stdout import StdOutCallbackHandler
+
+                manager = CallbackManager(handlers=[StdOutCallbackHandler()], tags=["tag2"])
+                with trace_as_chain_group("My Group Name", tags=["tag1"]) as group_manager:
+                    merged_manager = group_manager.merge(manager)
+                    print(type(merged_manager))
+                    # <class 'langchain_core.callbacks.manager.CallbackManagerForChainGroup'>
+
+                    print(merged_manager.handlers)
+                    # [
+                    #    <langchain_core.callbacks.stdout.LangChainTracer object at ...>,
+                    #    <langchain_core.callbacks.streaming_stdout.StdOutCallbackHandler object at ...>,
+                    # ]
+
+                    print(merged_manager.tags)
+                    #    ['tag2', 'tag1']
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        manager = self.__class__(
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id or other.parent_run_id,
+            handlers=[],
+            inheritable_handlers=[],
+            tags=list(set(self.tags + other.tags)),
+            inheritable_tags=list(set(self.inheritable_tags + other.inheritable_tags)),
+            metadata={
+                **self.metadata,
+                **other.metadata,
+            },
+            parent_run_manager=self.parent_run_manager,
+        )
+
+        handlers = self.handlers + other.handlers
+        inheritable_handlers = self.inheritable_handlers + other.inheritable_handlers
+
+        for handler in handlers:
+            manager.add_handler(handler)
+
+        for handler in inheritable_handlers:
+            manager.add_handler(handler, inherit=True)
+        return manager
+
+    def on_chain_end(self, outputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when traced chain group ends.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (Union[dict[str, Any], Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self.ended = True
+        return self.parent_run_manager.on_chain_end(outputs, **kwargs)
+
+    def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when chain errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self.ended = True
+        return self.parent_run_manager.on_chain_error(error, **kwargs)
+
+
+class AsyncCallbackManager(BaseCallbackManager):
+    """Async callback manager that handles callbacks from LangChain."""
+
+    @property
+    def is_async(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the handler is async."""
+        return True
+
+    async def on_llm_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun]:
+        """Run when LLM starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            prompts (list[str]): The list of prompts.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun]: The list of async
+                callback managers, one for each LLM Run corresponding
+                to each prompt.
+        """
+        inline_tasks = []
+        non_inline_tasks = []
+        inline_handlers = [handler for handler in self.handlers if handler.run_inline]
+        non_inline_handlers = [
+            handler for handler in self.handlers if not handler.run_inline
+        ]
+        managers = []
+
+        for prompt in prompts:
+            if run_id is not None:
+                run_id_ = run_id
+                run_id = None
+            else:
+                run_id_ = uuid.uuid4()
+
+            if inline_handlers:
+                inline_tasks.append(
+                    ahandle_event(
+                        inline_handlers,
+                        "on_llm_start",
+                        "ignore_llm",
+                        serialized,
+                        [prompt],
+                        run_id=run_id_,
+                        parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                        tags=self.tags,
+                        metadata=self.metadata,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                non_inline_tasks.append(
+                    ahandle_event(
+                        non_inline_handlers,
+                        "on_llm_start",
+                        "ignore_llm",
+                        serialized,
+                        [prompt],
+                        run_id=run_id_,
+                        parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                        tags=self.tags,
+                        metadata=self.metadata,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            managers.append(
+                AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun(
+                    run_id=run_id_,
+                    handlers=self.handlers,
+                    inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+                    parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                    tags=self.tags,
+                    inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+                    metadata=self.metadata,
+                    inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+                )
+            )
+
+        # Run inline tasks sequentially
+        for inline_task in inline_tasks:
+            await inline_task
+
+        # Run non-inline tasks concurrently
+        if non_inline_tasks:
+            await asyncio.gather(*non_inline_tasks)
+
+        return managers
+
+    async def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun]:
+        """Async run when LLM starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            messages (list[list[BaseMessage]]): The list of messages.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun]: The list of
+                async callback managers, one for each LLM Run
+                corresponding to each inner  message list.
+        """
+        inline_tasks = []
+        non_inline_tasks = []
+        managers = []
+
+        for message_list in messages:
+            if run_id is not None:
+                run_id_ = run_id
+                run_id = None
+            else:
+                run_id_ = uuid.uuid4()
+
+            for handler in self.handlers:
+                task = ahandle_event(
+                    [handler],
+                    "on_chat_model_start",
+                    "ignore_chat_model",
+                    serialized,
+                    [message_list],
+                    run_id=run_id_,
+                    parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                    tags=self.tags,
+                    metadata=self.metadata,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                if handler.run_inline:
+                    inline_tasks.append(task)
+                else:
+                    non_inline_tasks.append(task)
+
+            managers.append(
+                AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun(
+                    run_id=run_id_,
+                    handlers=self.handlers,
+                    inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+                    parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+                    tags=self.tags,
+                    inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+                    metadata=self.metadata,
+                    inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+                )
+            )
+
+        # Run inline tasks sequentially
+        for task in inline_tasks:
+            await task
+
+        # Run non-inline tasks concurrently
+        if non_inline_tasks:
+            await asyncio.gather(*non_inline_tasks)
+
+        return managers
+
+    async def on_chain_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        inputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any],
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun:
+        """Async run when chain starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The serialized chain.
+            inputs (Union[dict[str, Any], Any]): The inputs to the chain.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun: The async callback manager
+                for the chain run.
+        """
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_chain_start",
+            "ignore_chain",
+            serialized,
+            inputs,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        return AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_tool_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        input_str: str,
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun:
+        """Run when the tool starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The serialized tool.
+            input_str (str): The input to the tool.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the parent run.
+                Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun: The async callback manager
+                for the tool run.
+        """
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_tool_start",
+            "ignore_agent",
+            serialized,
+            input_str,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        return AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    async def on_custom_event(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data: Any,
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Dispatch an adhoc event to the handlers (async version).
+
+        This event should NOT be used in any internal LangChain code. The event
+        is meant specifically for users of the library to dispatch custom
+        events that are tailored to their application.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the adhoc event.
+            data: The data for the adhoc event.
+            run_id: The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.14
+        """
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        if kwargs:
+            msg = (
+                "The dispatcher API does not accept additional keyword arguments."
+                "Please do not pass any additional keyword arguments, instead "
+                "include them in the data field."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_custom_event",
+            "ignore_custom_event",
+            name,
+            data,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_retriever_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        query: str,
+        run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun:
+        """Run when the retriever starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (Optional[dict[str, Any]]): The serialized retriever.
+            query (str): The query.
+            run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id (UUID, optional): The ID of the parent run. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun: The async callback manager
+                for the retriever run.
+        """
+        if run_id is None:
+            run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+        await ahandle_event(
+            self.handlers,
+            "on_retriever_start",
+            "ignore_retriever",
+            serialized,
+            query,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        return AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            handlers=self.handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def configure(
+        cls,
+        inheritable_callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        local_callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        verbose: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        inheritable_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        local_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        inheritable_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        local_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncCallbackManager:
+        """Configure the async callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            inheritable_callbacks (Optional[Callbacks], optional): The inheritable
+                callbacks. Defaults to None.
+            local_callbacks (Optional[Callbacks], optional): The local callbacks.
+                Defaults to None.
+            verbose (bool, optional): Whether to enable verbose mode. Defaults to False.
+            inheritable_tags (Optional[list[str]], optional): The inheritable tags.
+                Defaults to None.
+            local_tags (Optional[list[str]], optional): The local tags.
+                Defaults to None.
+            inheritable_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]], optional): The inheritable
+                metadata. Defaults to None.
+            local_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]], optional): The local metadata.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncCallbackManager: The configured async callback manager.
+        """
+        return _configure(
+            cls,
+            inheritable_callbacks,
+            local_callbacks,
+            inheritable_tags,
+            local_tags,
+            inheritable_metadata,
+            local_metadata,
+            verbose=verbose,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup(AsyncCallbackManager):
+    """Async callback manager for the chain group."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        handlers: list[BaseCallbackHandler],
+        inheritable_handlers: Optional[list[BaseCallbackHandler]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        *,
+        parent_run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the async callback manager.
+
+        Args:
+            handlers (list[BaseCallbackHandler]): The list of handlers.
+            inheritable_handlers (Optional[list[BaseCallbackHandler]]): The list of
+                inheritable handlers. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id (Optional[UUID]): The ID of the parent run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_manager (AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun):
+                The parent run manager.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            handlers,
+            inheritable_handlers,
+            parent_run_id,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self.parent_run_manager = parent_run_manager
+        self.ended = False
+
+    def copy(self) -> AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup:
+        """Copy the async callback manager."""
+        return self.__class__(
+            handlers=self.handlers.copy(),
+            inheritable_handlers=self.inheritable_handlers.copy(),
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            tags=self.tags.copy(),
+            inheritable_tags=self.inheritable_tags.copy(),
+            metadata=self.metadata.copy(),
+            inheritable_metadata=self.inheritable_metadata.copy(),
+            parent_run_manager=self.parent_run_manager,
+        )
+
+    def merge(
+        self: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup, other: BaseCallbackManager
+    ) -> AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup:
+        """Merge the group callback manager with another callback manager.
+
+        Overwrites the merge method in the base class to ensure that the
+        parent run manager is preserved. Keeps the parent_run_manager
+        from the current object.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup: A copy of the current AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup
+                with the handlers, tags, etc. of the other callback manager merged in.
+
+        Example: Merging two callback managers.
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager, atrace_as_chain_group
+                from langchain_core.callbacks.stdout import StdOutCallbackHandler
+
+                manager = CallbackManager(handlers=[StdOutCallbackHandler()], tags=["tag2"])
+                async with atrace_as_chain_group("My Group Name", tags=["tag1"]) as group_manager:
+                    merged_manager = group_manager.merge(manager)
+                    print(type(merged_manager))
+                    # <class 'langchain_core.callbacks.manager.AsyncCallbackManagerForChainGroup'>
+
+                    print(merged_manager.handlers)
+                    # [
+                    #    <langchain_core.callbacks.stdout.LangChainTracer object at ...>,
+                    #    <langchain_core.callbacks.streaming_stdout.StdOutCallbackHandler object at ...>,
+                    # ]
+
+                    print(merged_manager.tags)
+                    #    ['tag2', 'tag1']
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        manager = self.__class__(
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id or other.parent_run_id,
+            handlers=[],
+            inheritable_handlers=[],
+            tags=list(set(self.tags + other.tags)),
+            inheritable_tags=list(set(self.inheritable_tags + other.inheritable_tags)),
+            metadata={
+                **self.metadata,
+                **other.metadata,
+            },
+            parent_run_manager=self.parent_run_manager,
+        )
+
+        handlers = self.handlers + other.handlers
+        inheritable_handlers = self.inheritable_handlers + other.inheritable_handlers
+
+        for handler in handlers:
+            manager.add_handler(handler)
+
+        for handler in inheritable_handlers:
+            manager.add_handler(handler, inherit=True)
+        return manager
+
+    async def on_chain_end(
+        self, outputs: Union[dict[str, Any], Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when traced chain group ends.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (Union[dict[str, Any], Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self.ended = True
+        await self.parent_run_manager.on_chain_end(outputs, **kwargs)
+
+    async def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when chain errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (Exception or KeyboardInterrupt): The error.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        self.ended = True
+        await self.parent_run_manager.on_chain_error(error, **kwargs)
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T", CallbackManager, AsyncCallbackManager)
+
+
+def _configure(
+    callback_manager_cls: type[T],
+    inheritable_callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    local_callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    inheritable_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    local_tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    inheritable_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    local_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    *,
+    verbose: bool = False,
+) -> T:
+    """Configure the callback manager.
+
+    Args:
+        callback_manager_cls (Type[T]): The callback manager class.
+        inheritable_callbacks (Optional[Callbacks], optional): The inheritable
+            callbacks. Defaults to None.
+        local_callbacks (Optional[Callbacks], optional): The local callbacks.
+            Defaults to None.
+        verbose (bool, optional): Whether to enable verbose mode. Defaults to False.
+        inheritable_tags (Optional[list[str]], optional): The inheritable tags.
+            Defaults to None.
+        local_tags (Optional[list[str]], optional): The local tags. Defaults to None.
+        inheritable_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]], optional): The inheritable
+            metadata. Defaults to None.
+        local_metadata (Optional[dict[str, Any]], optional): The local metadata.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        T: The configured callback manager.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.tracers.context import (
+        _configure_hooks,
+        _get_tracer_project,
+        _tracing_v2_is_enabled,
+        tracing_v2_callback_var,
+    )
+
+    tracing_context = get_tracing_context()
+    tracing_metadata = tracing_context["metadata"]
+    tracing_tags = tracing_context["tags"]
+    run_tree: Optional[Run] = tracing_context["parent"]
+    parent_run_id = None if run_tree is None else run_tree.id
+    callback_manager = callback_manager_cls(
+        handlers=[],
+        parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+    )
+    if inheritable_callbacks or local_callbacks:
+        if isinstance(inheritable_callbacks, list) or inheritable_callbacks is None:
+            inheritable_callbacks_ = inheritable_callbacks or []
+            callback_manager = callback_manager_cls(
+                handlers=inheritable_callbacks_.copy(),
+                inheritable_handlers=inheritable_callbacks_.copy(),
+                parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            )
+        else:
+            parent_run_id_ = inheritable_callbacks.parent_run_id
+            # Break ties between the external tracing context and inherited context
+            if parent_run_id is not None and (
+                parent_run_id_ is None
+                # If the LC parent has already been reflected
+                # in the run tree, we know the run_tree is either the
+                # same parent or a child of the parent.
+                or (run_tree and str(parent_run_id_) in run_tree.dotted_order)
+            ):
+                parent_run_id_ = parent_run_id
+                # Otherwise, we assume the LC context has progressed
+                # beyond the run tree and we should not inherit the parent.
+            callback_manager = callback_manager_cls(
+                handlers=inheritable_callbacks.handlers.copy(),
+                inheritable_handlers=inheritable_callbacks.inheritable_handlers.copy(),
+                parent_run_id=parent_run_id_,
+                tags=inheritable_callbacks.tags.copy(),
+                inheritable_tags=inheritable_callbacks.inheritable_tags.copy(),
+                metadata=inheritable_callbacks.metadata.copy(),
+                inheritable_metadata=inheritable_callbacks.inheritable_metadata.copy(),
+            )
+        local_handlers_ = (
+            local_callbacks
+            if isinstance(local_callbacks, list)
+            else (local_callbacks.handlers if local_callbacks else [])
+        )
+        for handler in local_handlers_:
+            callback_manager.add_handler(handler, inherit=False)
+    if inheritable_tags or local_tags:
+        callback_manager.add_tags(inheritable_tags or [])
+        callback_manager.add_tags(local_tags or [], inherit=False)
+    if inheritable_metadata or local_metadata:
+        callback_manager.add_metadata(inheritable_metadata or {})
+        callback_manager.add_metadata(local_metadata or {}, inherit=False)
+    if tracing_metadata:
+        callback_manager.add_metadata(tracing_metadata.copy())
+    if tracing_tags:
+        callback_manager.add_tags(tracing_tags.copy())
+
+    v1_tracing_enabled_ = env_var_is_set("LANGCHAIN_TRACING") or env_var_is_set(
+        "LANGCHAIN_HANDLER"
+    )
+
+    tracer_v2 = tracing_v2_callback_var.get()
+    tracing_v2_enabled_ = _tracing_v2_is_enabled()
+
+    if v1_tracing_enabled_ and not tracing_v2_enabled_:
+        # if both are enabled, can silently ignore the v1 tracer
+        msg = (
+            "Tracing using LangChainTracerV1 is no longer supported. "
+            "Please set the LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2 environment variable to enable "
+            "tracing instead."
+        )
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    tracer_project = _get_tracer_project()
+    debug = _get_debug()
+    if verbose or debug or tracing_v2_enabled_:
+        from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+        from langchain_core.tracers.stdout import ConsoleCallbackHandler
+
+        if verbose and not any(
+            isinstance(handler, StdOutCallbackHandler)
+            for handler in callback_manager.handlers
+        ):
+            if debug:
+                pass
+            else:
+                callback_manager.add_handler(StdOutCallbackHandler(), inherit=False)
+        if debug and not any(
+            isinstance(handler, ConsoleCallbackHandler)
+            for handler in callback_manager.handlers
+        ):
+            callback_manager.add_handler(ConsoleCallbackHandler())
+        if tracing_v2_enabled_ and not any(
+            isinstance(handler, LangChainTracer)
+            for handler in callback_manager.handlers
+        ):
+            if tracer_v2:
+                callback_manager.add_handler(tracer_v2)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    handler = LangChainTracer(
+                        project_name=tracer_project,
+                        client=(
+                            run_tree.client
+                            if run_tree is not None
+                            else tracing_context["client"]
+                        ),
+                        tags=tracing_tags,
+                    )
+                    callback_manager.add_handler(handler)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Unable to load requested LangChainTracer."
+                        " To disable this warning,"
+                        " unset the LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2 environment variables.\n"
+                        "%s",
+                        repr(e),
+                    )
+        if run_tree is not None:
+            for handler in callback_manager.handlers:
+                if isinstance(handler, LangChainTracer):
+                    handler.order_map[run_tree.id] = (
+                        run_tree.trace_id,
+                        run_tree.dotted_order,
+                    )
+                    handler.run_map[str(run_tree.id)] = run_tree
+    for var, inheritable, handler_class, env_var in _configure_hooks:
+        create_one = (
+            env_var is not None
+            and env_var_is_set(env_var)
+            and handler_class is not None
+        )
+        if var.get() is not None or create_one:
+            var_handler = (
+                var.get() or cast("type[BaseCallbackHandler]", handler_class)()
+            )
+            if handler_class is None:
+                if not any(
+                    handler is var_handler  # direct pointer comparison
+                    for handler in callback_manager.handlers
+                ):
+                    callback_manager.add_handler(var_handler, inheritable)
+            elif not any(
+                isinstance(handler, handler_class)
+                for handler in callback_manager.handlers
+            ):
+                callback_manager.add_handler(var_handler, inheritable)
+    return callback_manager
+
+
+async def adispatch_custom_event(
+    name: str, data: Any, *, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+) -> None:
+    """Dispatch an adhoc event to the handlers.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name of the adhoc event.
+        data: The data for the adhoc event. Free form data. Ideally should be
+              JSON serializable to avoid serialization issues downstream, but
+              this is not enforced.
+        config: Optional config object. Mirrors the async API but not strictly needed.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+                AsyncCallbackHandler,
+                adispatch_custom_event
+            )
+            from langchain_core.runnable import RunnableLambda
+
+            class CustomCallbackManager(AsyncCallbackHandler):
+                async def on_custom_event(
+                    self,
+                    name: str,
+                    data: Any,
+                    *,
+                    run_id: UUID,
+                    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+                    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+                    **kwargs: Any,
+                ) -> None:
+                    print(f"Received custom event: {name} with data: {data}")
+
+            callback = CustomCallbackManager()
+
+            async def foo(inputs):
+                await adispatch_custom_event("my_event", {"bar": "buzz})
+                return inputs
+
+            foo_ = RunnableLambda(foo)
+            await foo_.ainvoke({"a": "1"}, {"callbacks": [CustomCallbackManager()]})
+
+    Example: Use with astream events
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+                AsyncCallbackHandler,
+                adispatch_custom_event
+            )
+            from langchain_core.runnable import RunnableLambda
+
+            class CustomCallbackManager(AsyncCallbackHandler):
+                async def on_custom_event(
+                    self,
+                    name: str,
+                    data: Any,
+                    *,
+                    run_id: UUID,
+                    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+                    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+                    **kwargs: Any,
+                ) -> None:
+                    print(f"Received custom event: {name} with data: {data}")
+
+            callback = CustomCallbackManager()
+
+            async def foo(inputs):
+                await adispatch_custom_event("event_type_1", {"bar": "buzz})
+                await adispatch_custom_event("event_type_2", 5)
+                return inputs
+
+            foo_ = RunnableLambda(foo)
+
+            async for event in foo_.ainvoke_stream(
+                {"a": "1"},
+                version="v2",
+                config={"callbacks": [CustomCallbackManager()]}
+            ):
+                print(event)
+
+    .. warning::
+        If using python <= 3.10 and async, you MUST
+        specify the `config` parameter or the function will raise an error.
+        This is due to a limitation in asyncio for python <= 3.10 that prevents
+        LangChain from automatically propagating the config object on the user's
+        behalf.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.15
+    """
+    from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+        ensure_config,
+        get_async_callback_manager_for_config,
+    )
+
+    config = ensure_config(config)
+    callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+    # We want to get the callback manager for the parent run.
+    # This is a work-around for now to be able to dispatch adhoc events from
+    # within a tool or a lambda and have the metadata events associated
+    # with the parent run rather than have a new run id generated for each.
+    if callback_manager.parent_run_id is None:
+        msg = (
+            "Unable to dispatch an adhoc event without a parent run id."
+            "This function can only be called from within an existing run (e.g.,"
+            "inside a tool or a RunnableLambda or a RunnableGenerator.)"
+            "If you are doing that and still seeing this error, try explicitly"
+            "passing the config parameter to this function."
+        )
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+    await callback_manager.on_custom_event(
+        name,
+        data,
+        run_id=callback_manager.parent_run_id,
+    )
+
+
+def dispatch_custom_event(
+    name: str, data: Any, *, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+) -> None:
+    """Dispatch an adhoc event.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name of the adhoc event.
+        data: The data for the adhoc event. Free form data. Ideally should be
+              JSON serializable to avoid serialization issues downstream, but
+              this is not enforced.
+        config: Optional config object. Mirrors the async API but not strictly needed.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackHandler
+            from langchain_core.callbacks import dispatch_custom_event
+            from langchain_core.runnable import RunnableLambda
+
+            class CustomCallbackManager(BaseCallbackHandler):
+                def on_custom_event(
+                    self,
+                    name: str,
+                    data: Any,
+                    *,
+                    run_id: UUID,
+                    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+                    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+                    **kwargs: Any,
+                ) -> None:
+                    print(f"Received custom event: {name} with data: {data}")
+
+            def foo(inputs):
+                dispatch_custom_event("my_event", {"bar": "buzz})
+                return inputs
+
+            foo_ = RunnableLambda(foo)
+            foo_.invoke({"a": "1"}, {"callbacks": [CustomCallbackManager()]})
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.15
+    """
+    from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+        ensure_config,
+        get_callback_manager_for_config,
+    )
+
+    config = ensure_config(config)
+    callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+    # We want to get the callback manager for the parent run.
+    # This is a work-around for now to be able to dispatch adhoc events from
+    # within a tool or a lambda and have the metadata events associated
+    # with the parent run rather than have a new run id generated for each.
+    if callback_manager.parent_run_id is None:
+        msg = (
+            "Unable to dispatch an adhoc event without a parent run id."
+            "This function can only be called from within an existing run (e.g.,"
+            "inside a tool or a RunnableLambda or a RunnableGenerator.)"
+            "If you are doing that and still seeing this error, try explicitly"
+            "passing the config parameter to this function."
+        )
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+    callback_manager.on_custom_event(
+        name,
+        data,
+        run_id=callback_manager.parent_run_id,
+    )
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _executor() -> ThreadPoolExecutor:
+    # If the user is specifying ASYNC callback handlers to be run from a
+    # SYNC context, and an event loop is already running,
+    # we cannot submit the coroutine to the running loop, because it
+    # would result in a deadlock. Instead we have to schedule them
+    # on a background thread. To avoid creating & shutting down
+    # a new executor every time, we use a lazily-created, shared
+    # executor. If you're using regular langgchain parallelism (batch, etc.)
+    # you'd only ever need 1 worker, but we permit more for now to reduce the chance
+    # of slowdown if you are mixing with your own executor.
+    cutie = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=10)
+    atexit.register(cutie.shutdown, wait=True)
+    return cutie
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f72ea656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""Callback Handler that prints to std out."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.utils import print_text
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+
+
+class StdOutCallbackHandler(BaseCallbackHandler):
+    """Callback Handler that prints to std out."""
+
+    def __init__(self, color: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize callback handler.
+
+        Args:
+            color: The color to use for the text. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self.color = color
+
+    @override
+    def on_chain_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], inputs: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Print out that we are entering a chain.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized chain.
+            inputs (dict[str, Any]): The inputs to the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        if "name" in kwargs:
+            name = kwargs["name"]
+        elif serialized:
+            name = serialized.get("name", serialized.get("id", ["<unknown>"])[-1])
+        else:
+            name = "<unknown>"
+        print(f"\n\n\033[1m> Entering new {name} chain...\033[0m")  # noqa: T201
+
+    @override
+    def on_chain_end(self, outputs: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Print out that we finished a chain.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (dict[str, Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print("\n\033[1m> Finished chain.\033[0m")  # noqa: T201
+
+    @override
+    def on_agent_action(
+        self, action: AgentAction, color: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run on agent action.
+
+        Args:
+            action (AgentAction): The agent action.
+            color (Optional[str]): The color to use for the text. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print_text(action.log, color=color or self.color)
+
+    @override
+    def on_tool_end(
+        self,
+        output: Any,
+        color: Optional[str] = None,
+        observation_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        llm_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """If not the final action, print out observation.
+
+        Args:
+            output (Any): The output to print.
+            color (Optional[str]): The color to use for the text. Defaults to None.
+            observation_prefix (Optional[str]): The observation prefix.
+                Defaults to None.
+            llm_prefix (Optional[str]): The LLM prefix. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        output = str(output)
+        if observation_prefix is not None:
+            print_text(f"\n{observation_prefix}")
+        print_text(output, color=color or self.color)
+        if llm_prefix is not None:
+            print_text(f"\n{llm_prefix}")
+
+    @override
+    def on_text(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        color: Optional[str] = None,
+        end: str = "",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when the agent ends.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text to print.
+            color (Optional[str]): The color to use for the text. Defaults to None.
+            end (str): The end character to use. Defaults to "".
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print_text(text, color=color or self.color, end=end)
+
+    @override
+    def on_agent_finish(
+        self, finish: AgentFinish, color: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on the agent end.
+
+        Args:
+            finish (AgentFinish): The agent finish.
+            color (Optional[str]): The color to use for the text. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        print_text(finish.log, color=color or self.color, end="\n")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8dbe518
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/streaming_stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+"""Callback Handler streams to stdout on new llm token."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackHandler
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.agents import AgentAction, AgentFinish
+    from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+    from langchain_core.outputs import LLMResult
+
+
+class StreamingStdOutCallbackHandler(BaseCallbackHandler):
+    """Callback handler for streaming. Only works with LLMs that support streaming."""
+
+    def on_llm_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], prompts: list[str], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            prompts (list[str]): The prompts to run.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized LLM.
+            messages (list[list[BaseMessage]]): The messages to run.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    @override
+    def on_llm_new_token(self, token: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run on new LLM token. Only available when streaming is enabled.
+
+        Args:
+            token (str): The new token.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        sys.stdout.write(token)
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            response (LLMResult): The response from the LLM.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_llm_error(self, error: BaseException, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when LLM errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_chain_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], inputs: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when a chain starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized chain.
+            inputs (dict[str, Any]): The inputs to the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_chain_end(self, outputs: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when a chain ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (dict[str, Any]): The outputs of the chain.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_chain_error(self, error: BaseException, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when chain errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_tool_start(
+        self, serialized: dict[str, Any], input_str: str, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when the tool starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized (dict[str, Any]): The serialized tool.
+            input_str (str): The input string.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_agent_action(self, action: AgentAction, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Run on agent action.
+
+        Args:
+            action (AgentAction): The agent action.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_tool_end(self, output: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when tool ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            output (Any): The output of the tool.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_tool_error(self, error: BaseException, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run when tool errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error (BaseException): The error that occurred.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_text(self, text: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run on an arbitrary text.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text to print.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+
+    def on_agent_finish(self, finish: AgentFinish, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Run on the agent end.
+
+        Args:
+            finish (AgentFinish): The agent finish.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/usage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/usage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a04b046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/callbacks/usage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+"""Callback Handler that tracks AIMessage.usage_metadata."""
+
+import threading
+from collections.abc import Generator
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import BaseCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage
+from langchain_core.messages.ai import UsageMetadata, add_usage
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, LLMResult
+
+
+class UsageMetadataCallbackHandler(BaseCallbackHandler):
+    """Callback Handler that tracks AIMessage.usage_metadata.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+            from langchain_core.callbacks import UsageMetadataCallbackHandler
+
+            llm_1 = init_chat_model(model="openai:gpt-4o-mini")
+            llm_2 = init_chat_model(model="anthropic:claude-3-5-haiku-latest")
+
+            callback = UsageMetadataCallbackHandler()
+            result_1 = llm_1.invoke("Hello", config={"callbacks": [callback]})
+            result_2 = llm_2.invoke("Hello", config={"callbacks": [callback]})
+            callback.usage_metadata
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            {'gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18': {'input_tokens': 8,
+              'output_tokens': 10,
+              'total_tokens': 18,
+              'input_token_details': {'audio': 0, 'cache_read': 0},
+              'output_token_details': {'audio': 0, 'reasoning': 0}},
+             'claude-3-5-haiku-20241022': {'input_tokens': 8,
+              'output_tokens': 21,
+              'total_tokens': 29,
+              'input_token_details': {'cache_read': 0, 'cache_creation': 0}}}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.3.49
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the UsageMetadataCallbackHandler."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.usage_metadata: dict[str, UsageMetadata] = {}
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.usage_metadata)
+
+    @override
+    def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Collect token usage."""
+        # Check for usage_metadata (langchain-core >= 0.2.2)
+        try:
+            generation = response.generations[0][0]
+        except IndexError:
+            generation = None
+
+        usage_metadata = None
+        model_name = None
+        if isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
+            try:
+                message = generation.message
+                if isinstance(message, AIMessage):
+                    usage_metadata = message.usage_metadata
+                    model_name = message.response_metadata.get("model_name")
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+        # update shared state behind lock
+        if usage_metadata and model_name:
+            with self._lock:
+                if model_name not in self.usage_metadata:
+                    self.usage_metadata[model_name] = usage_metadata
+                else:
+                    self.usage_metadata[model_name] = add_usage(
+                        self.usage_metadata[model_name], usage_metadata
+                    )
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def get_usage_metadata_callback(
+    name: str = "usage_metadata_callback",
+) -> Generator[UsageMetadataCallbackHandler, None, None]:
+    """Get usage metadata callback.
+
+    Get context manager for tracking usage metadata across chat model calls using
+    ``AIMessage.usage_metadata``.
+
+    Args:
+        name (str): The name of the context variable. Defaults to
+            ``"usage_metadata_callback"``.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+            from langchain_core.callbacks import get_usage_metadata_callback
+
+            llm_1 = init_chat_model(model="openai:gpt-4o-mini")
+            llm_2 = init_chat_model(model="anthropic:claude-3-5-haiku-latest")
+
+            with get_usage_metadata_callback() as cb:
+                llm_1.invoke("Hello")
+                llm_2.invoke("Hello")
+                print(cb.usage_metadata)
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            {'gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18': {'input_tokens': 8,
+              'output_tokens': 10,
+              'total_tokens': 18,
+              'input_token_details': {'audio': 0, 'cache_read': 0},
+              'output_token_details': {'audio': 0, 'reasoning': 0}},
+             'claude-3-5-haiku-20241022': {'input_tokens': 8,
+              'output_tokens': 21,
+              'total_tokens': 29,
+              'input_token_details': {'cache_read': 0, 'cache_creation': 0}}}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.3.49
+    """
+    from langchain_core.tracers.context import register_configure_hook
+
+    usage_metadata_callback_var: ContextVar[Optional[UsageMetadataCallbackHandler]] = (
+        ContextVar(name, default=None)
+    )
+    register_configure_hook(usage_metadata_callback_var, inheritable=True)
+    cb = UsageMetadataCallbackHandler()
+    usage_metadata_callback_var.set(cb)
+    yield cb
+    usage_metadata_callback_var.set(None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_history.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_history.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e74dfca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_history.py
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+"""**Chat message history** stores a history of the message interactions in a chat.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseChatMessageHistory --> <name>ChatMessageHistory  # Examples: FileChatMessageHistory, PostgresChatMessageHistory
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    AIMessage, HumanMessage, BaseMessage
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    HumanMessage,
+    get_buffer_string,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+
+class BaseChatMessageHistory(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for storing chat message history.
+
+    Implementations guidelines:
+
+    Implementations are expected to over-ride all or some of the following methods:
+
+    * add_messages: sync variant for bulk addition of messages
+    * aadd_messages: async variant for bulk addition of messages
+    * messages: sync variant for getting messages
+    * aget_messages: async variant for getting messages
+    * clear: sync variant for clearing messages
+    * aclear: async variant for clearing messages
+
+    add_messages contains a default implementation that calls add_message
+    for each message in the sequence. This is provided for backwards compatibility
+    with existing implementations which only had add_message.
+
+    Async variants all have default implementations that call the sync variants.
+    Implementers can choose to over-ride the async implementations to provide
+    truly async implementations.
+
+    Usage guidelines:
+
+    When used for updating history, users should favor usage of `add_messages`
+    over `add_message` or other variants like `add_user_message` and `add_ai_message`
+    to avoid unnecessary round-trips to the underlying persistence layer.
+
+    Example: Shows a default implementation.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            class FileChatMessageHistory(BaseChatMessageHistory):
+                storage_path:  str
+                session_id: str
+
+               @property
+               def messages(self):
+                   with open(os.path.join(storage_path, session_id), 'r:utf-8') as f:
+                       messages = json.loads(f.read())
+                    return messages_from_dict(messages)
+
+               def add_messages(self, messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]) -> None:
+                   all_messages = list(self.messages) # Existing messages
+                   all_messages.extend(messages) # Add new messages
+
+                   serialized = [message_to_dict(message) for message in all_messages]
+                   # Can be further optimized by only writing new messages
+                   # using append mode.
+                   with open(os.path.join(storage_path, session_id), 'w') as f:
+                       json.dump(f, messages)
+
+               def clear(self):
+                   with open(os.path.join(storage_path, session_id), 'w') as f:
+                       f.write("[]")
+    """
+
+    messages: list[BaseMessage]
+    """A property or attribute that returns a list of messages.
+
+    In general, getting the messages may involve IO to the underlying
+    persistence layer, so this operation is expected to incur some
+    latency.
+    """
+
+    async def aget_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async version of getting messages.
+
+        Can over-ride this method to provide an efficient async implementation.
+
+        In general, fetching messages may involve IO to the underlying
+        persistence layer.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+        return await run_in_executor(None, lambda: self.messages)
+
+    def add_user_message(self, message: Union[HumanMessage, str]) -> None:
+        """Convenience method for adding a human message string to the store.
+
+        Please note that this is a convenience method. Code should favor the
+        bulk add_messages interface instead to save on round-trips to the underlying
+        persistence layer.
+
+        This method may be deprecated in a future release.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The human message to add to the store.
+        """
+        if isinstance(message, HumanMessage):
+            self.add_message(message)
+        else:
+            self.add_message(HumanMessage(content=message))
+
+    def add_ai_message(self, message: Union[AIMessage, str]) -> None:
+        """Convenience method for adding an AI message string to the store.
+
+        Please note that this is a convenience method. Code should favor the bulk
+        add_messages interface instead to save on round-trips to the underlying
+        persistence layer.
+
+        This method may be deprecated in a future release.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The AI message to add.
+        """
+        if isinstance(message, AIMessage):
+            self.add_message(message)
+        else:
+            self.add_message(AIMessage(content=message))
+
+    def add_message(self, message: BaseMessage) -> None:
+        """Add a Message object to the store.
+
+        Args:
+            message: A BaseMessage object to store.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: If the sub-class has not implemented an efficient
+                add_messages method.
+        """
+        if type(self).add_messages != BaseChatMessageHistory.add_messages:
+            # This means that the sub-class has implemented an efficient add_messages
+            # method, so we should use it.
+            self.add_messages([message])
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "add_message is not implemented for this class. "
+                "Please implement add_message or add_messages."
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def add_messages(self, messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]) -> None:
+        """Add a list of messages.
+
+        Implementations should over-ride this method to handle bulk addition of messages
+        in an efficient manner to avoid unnecessary round-trips to the underlying store.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: A sequence of BaseMessage objects to store.
+        """
+        for message in messages:
+            self.add_message(message)
+
+    async def aadd_messages(self, messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]) -> None:
+        """Async add a list of messages.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: A sequence of BaseMessage objects to store.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+        await run_in_executor(None, self.add_messages, messages)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Remove all messages from the store."""
+
+    async def aclear(self) -> None:
+        """Async remove all messages from the store."""
+        from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+        await run_in_executor(None, self.clear)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """Return a string representation of the chat history."""
+        return get_buffer_string(self.messages)
+
+
+class InMemoryChatMessageHistory(BaseChatMessageHistory, BaseModel):
+    """In memory implementation of chat message history.
+
+    Stores messages in a memory list.
+    """
+
+    messages: list[BaseMessage] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """A list of messages stored in memory."""
+
+    async def aget_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async version of getting messages.
+
+        Can over-ride this method to provide an efficient async implementation.
+        In general, fetching messages may involve IO to the underlying
+        persistence layer.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of messages.
+        """
+        return self.messages
+
+    def add_message(self, message: BaseMessage) -> None:
+        """Add a self-created message to the store.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message to add.
+        """
+        self.messages.append(message)
+
+    async def aadd_messages(self, messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]) -> None:
+        """Async add messages to the store.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: The messages to add.
+        """
+        self.add_messages(messages)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear all messages from the store."""
+        self.messages = []
+
+    async def aclear(self) -> None:
+        """Async clear all messages from the store."""
+        self.clear()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_loaders.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_loaders.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfb01eb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_loaders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Chat loaders."""
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+
+from langchain_core.chat_sessions import ChatSession
+
+
+class BaseChatLoader(ABC):
+    """Base class for chat loaders."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def lazy_load(self) -> Iterator[ChatSession]:
+        """Lazy load the chat sessions.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator of chat sessions.
+        """
+
+    def load(self) -> list[ChatSession]:
+        """Eagerly load the chat sessions into memory.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of chat sessions.
+        """
+        return list(self.lazy_load())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_sessions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23c60f3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/chat_sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+"""**Chat Sessions** are a collection of messages and function calls."""
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import TypedDict
+
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+
+
+class ChatSession(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Chat Session.
+
+    Chat Session represents a single conversation, channel, or other group of messages.
+    """
+
+    messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]
+    """A sequence of the LangChain chat messages loaded from the source."""
+    functions: Sequence[dict]
+    """A sequence of the function calling specs for the messages."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4225154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Document loaders."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.document_loaders.base import BaseBlobParser, BaseLoader
+    from langchain_core.document_loaders.blob_loaders import Blob, BlobLoader, PathLike
+    from langchain_core.document_loaders.langsmith import LangSmithLoader
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BaseBlobParser",
+    "BaseLoader",
+    "Blob",
+    "BlobLoader",
+    "PathLike",
+    "LangSmithLoader",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "BaseBlobParser": "base",
+    "BaseLoader": "base",
+    "Blob": "blob_loaders",
+    "BlobLoader": "blob_loaders",
+    "PathLike": "blob_loaders",
+    "LangSmithLoader": "langsmith",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/__pycache__/langsmith.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/__pycache__/langsmith.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f76edc87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+"""Abstract interface for document loader implementations."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+
+    from langchain_text_splitters import TextSplitter
+
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.documents.base import Blob
+
+
+class BaseLoader(ABC):  # noqa: B024
+    """Interface for Document Loader.
+
+    Implementations should implement the lazy-loading method using generators
+    to avoid loading all Documents into memory at once.
+
+    `load` is provided just for user convenience and should not be overridden.
+    """
+
+    # Sub-classes should not implement this method directly. Instead, they
+    # should implement the lazy load method.
+    def load(self) -> list[Document]:
+        """Load data into Document objects."""
+        return list(self.lazy_load())
+
+    async def aload(self) -> list[Document]:
+        """Load data into Document objects."""
+        return [document async for document in self.alazy_load()]
+
+    def load_and_split(
+        self, text_splitter: Optional[TextSplitter] = None
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Load Documents and split into chunks. Chunks are returned as Documents.
+
+        Do not override this method. It should be considered to be deprecated!
+
+        Args:
+            text_splitter: TextSplitter instance to use for splitting documents.
+              Defaults to RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents.
+        """
+        if text_splitter is None:
+            try:
+                from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+            except ImportError as e:
+                msg = (
+                    "Unable to import from langchain_text_splitters. Please specify "
+                    "text_splitter or install langchain_text_splitters with "
+                    "`pip install -U langchain-text-splitters`."
+                )
+                raise ImportError(msg) from e
+
+            _text_splitter: TextSplitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter()
+        else:
+            _text_splitter = text_splitter
+        docs = self.load()
+        return _text_splitter.split_documents(docs)
+
+    # Attention: This method will be upgraded into an abstractmethod once it's
+    #            implemented in all the existing subclasses.
+    def lazy_load(self) -> Iterator[Document]:
+        """A lazy loader for Documents."""
+        if type(self).load != BaseLoader.load:
+            return iter(self.load())
+        msg = f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not implement lazy_load()"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    async def alazy_load(self) -> AsyncIterator[Document]:
+        """A lazy loader for Documents."""
+        iterator = await run_in_executor(None, self.lazy_load)
+        done = object()
+        while True:
+            doc = await run_in_executor(None, next, iterator, done)
+            if doc is done:
+                break
+            yield doc  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+class BaseBlobParser(ABC):
+    """Abstract interface for blob parsers.
+
+    A blob parser provides a way to parse raw data stored in a blob into one
+    or more documents.
+
+    The parser can be composed with blob loaders, making it easy to reuse
+    a parser independent of how the blob was originally loaded.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def lazy_parse(self, blob: Blob) -> Iterator[Document]:
+        """Lazy parsing interface.
+
+        Subclasses are required to implement this method.
+
+        Args:
+            blob: Blob instance
+
+        Returns:
+            Generator of documents
+        """
+
+    def parse(self, blob: Blob) -> list[Document]:
+        """Eagerly parse the blob into a document or documents.
+
+        This is a convenience method for interactive development environment.
+
+        Production applications should favor the lazy_parse method instead.
+
+        Subclasses should generally not over-ride this parse method.
+
+        Args:
+            blob: Blob instance
+
+        Returns:
+            List of documents
+        """
+        return list(self.lazy_parse(blob))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/blob_loaders.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/blob_loaders.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f26106e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/blob_loaders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Schema for Blobs and Blob Loaders.
+
+The goal is to facilitate decoupling of content loading from content parsing code.
+
+In addition, content loading code should provide a lazy loading interface by default.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+# Re-export Blob and PathLike for backwards compatibility
+from langchain_core.documents.base import Blob, PathLike
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+
+class BlobLoader(ABC):
+    """Abstract interface for blob loaders implementation.
+
+    Implementer should be able to load raw content from a storage system according
+    to some criteria and return the raw content lazily as a stream of blobs.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def yield_blobs(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterable[Blob]:
+        """A lazy loader for raw data represented by LangChain's Blob object.
+
+        Returns:
+            A generator over blobs
+        """
+
+
+# Re-export Blob and Pathlike for backwards compatibility
+__all__ = ["Blob", "BlobLoader", "PathLike"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/langsmith.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/langsmith.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..259260f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/document_loaders/langsmith.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""LangSmith document loader."""
+
+import datetime
+import json
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Sequence
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from langsmith import Client as LangSmithClient
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.document_loaders.base import BaseLoader
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+
+class LangSmithLoader(BaseLoader):
+    """Load LangSmith Dataset examples as Documents.
+
+    Loads the example inputs as the Document page content and places the entire example
+    into the Document metadata. This allows you to easily create few-shot example
+    retrievers from the loaded documents.
+
+    .. dropdown:: Lazy load
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.document_loaders import LangSmithLoader
+
+            loader = LangSmithLoader(dataset_id="...", limit=100)
+            docs = []
+            for doc in loader.lazy_load():
+                docs.append(doc)
+
+        .. code-block:: pycon
+
+            # -> [Document("...", metadata={"inputs": {...}, "outputs": {...}, ...}), ...]
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.34
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, str]] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        example_ids: Optional[Sequence[Union[uuid.UUID, str]]] = None,
+        as_of: Optional[Union[datetime.datetime, str]] = None,
+        splits: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        inline_s3_urls: bool = True,
+        offset: int = 0,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        content_key: str = "",
+        format_content: Optional[Callable[..., str]] = None,
+        client: Optional[LangSmithClient] = None,
+        **client_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a LangSmith loader.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id: The ID of the dataset to filter by. Defaults to None.
+            dataset_name: The name of the dataset to filter by. Defaults to None.
+            content_key: The inputs key to set as Document page content. ``"."`` characters
+                are interpreted as nested keys. E.g. ``content_key="first.second"`` will
+                result in
+                ``Document(page_content=format_content(example.inputs["first"]["second"]))``
+            format_content: Function for converting the content extracted from the example
+                inputs into a string. Defaults to JSON-encoding the contents.
+            example_ids: The IDs of the examples to filter by. Defaults to None.
+            as_of: The dataset version tag OR
+                timestamp to retrieve the examples as of.
+                Response examples will only be those that were present at the time
+                of the tagged (or timestamped) version.
+            splits: A list of dataset splits, which are
+                divisions of your dataset such as 'train', 'test', or 'validation'.
+                Returns examples only from the specified splits.
+            inline_s3_urls: Whether to inline S3 URLs. Defaults to True.
+            offset: The offset to start from. Defaults to 0.
+            limit: The maximum number of examples to return.
+            metadata: Metadata to filter by. Defaults to None.
+            filter: A structured filter string to apply to the examples.
+            client: LangSmith Client. If not provided will be initialized from below args.
+            client_kwargs: Keyword args to pass to LangSmith client init. Should only be
+                specified if ``client`` isn't.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if client and client_kwargs:
+            raise ValueError
+        self._client = client or LangSmithClient(**client_kwargs)
+        self.content_key = list(content_key.split(".")) if content_key else []
+        self.format_content = format_content or _stringify
+        self.dataset_id = dataset_id
+        self.dataset_name = dataset_name
+        self.example_ids = example_ids
+        self.as_of = as_of
+        self.splits = splits
+        self.inline_s3_urls = inline_s3_urls
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.limit = limit
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.filter = filter
+
+    @override
+    def lazy_load(self) -> Iterator[Document]:
+        for example in self._client.list_examples(
+            dataset_id=self.dataset_id,
+            dataset_name=self.dataset_name,
+            example_ids=self.example_ids,
+            as_of=self.as_of,
+            splits=self.splits,
+            inline_s3_urls=self.inline_s3_urls,
+            offset=self.offset,
+            limit=self.limit,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            filter=self.filter,
+        ):
+            content: Any = example.inputs
+            for key in self.content_key:
+                content = content[key]
+            content_str = self.format_content(content)
+            metadata = example.dict()
+            # Stringify datetime and UUID types.
+            for k in ("dataset_id", "created_at", "modified_at", "source_run_id", "id"):
+                metadata[k] = str(metadata[k]) if metadata[k] else metadata[k]
+            yield Document(content_str, metadata=metadata)
+
+
+def _stringify(x: Union[str, dict]) -> str:
+    if isinstance(x, str):
+        return x
+    try:
+        return json.dumps(x, indent=2)
+    except Exception:
+        return str(x)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc79a7a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""Documents module.
+
+**Document** module is a collection of classes that handle documents
+and their transformations.
+
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Document
+    from .compressor import BaseDocumentCompressor
+    from .transformers import BaseDocumentTransformer
+
+__all__ = ("Document", "BaseDocumentTransformer", "BaseDocumentCompressor")
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "Document": "base",
+    "BaseDocumentCompressor": "compressor",
+    "BaseDocumentTransformer": "transformers",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/__pycache__/transformers.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/__pycache__/transformers.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fba997f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+"""Base classes for media and documents."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import mimetypes
+from io import BufferedReader, BytesIO
+from pathlib import Path, PurePath
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, field_validator, model_validator
+
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Generator
+
+PathLike = Union[str, PurePath]
+
+
+class BaseMedia(Serializable):
+    """Use to represent media content.
+
+    Media objects can be used to represent raw data, such as text or binary data.
+
+    LangChain Media objects allow associating metadata and an optional identifier
+    with the content.
+
+    The presence of an ID and metadata make it easier to store, index, and search
+    over the content in a structured way.
+    """
+
+    # The ID field is optional at the moment.
+    # It will likely become required in a future major release after
+    # it has been adopted by enough vectorstore implementations.
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """An optional identifier for the document.
+
+    Ideally this should be unique across the document collection and formatted
+    as a UUID, but this will not be enforced.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.11
+    """
+
+    metadata: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Arbitrary metadata associated with the content."""
+
+    @field_validator("id", mode="before")
+    def cast_id_to_str(cls, id_value: Any) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Coerce the id field to a string.
+
+        Args:
+            id_value: The id value to coerce.
+        """
+        if id_value is not None:
+            return str(id_value)
+        return id_value
+
+
+class Blob(BaseMedia):
+    """Blob represents raw data by either reference or value.
+
+    Provides an interface to materialize the blob in different representations, and
+    help to decouple the development of data loaders from the downstream parsing of
+    the raw data.
+
+    Inspired by: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Blob
+
+    Example: Initialize a blob from in-memory data
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.documents import Blob
+
+            blob = Blob.from_data("Hello, world!")
+
+            # Read the blob as a string
+            print(blob.as_string())
+
+            # Read the blob as bytes
+            print(blob.as_bytes())
+
+            # Read the blob as a byte stream
+            with blob.as_bytes_io() as f:
+                print(f.read())
+
+    Example: Load from memory and specify mime-type and metadata
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.documents import Blob
+
+            blob = Blob.from_data(
+                data="Hello, world!",
+                mime_type="text/plain",
+                metadata={"source": "https://example.com"}
+            )
+
+    Example: Load the blob from a file
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.documents import Blob
+
+            blob = Blob.from_path("path/to/file.txt")
+
+            # Read the blob as a string
+            print(blob.as_string())
+
+            # Read the blob as bytes
+            print(blob.as_bytes())
+
+            # Read the blob as a byte stream
+            with blob.as_bytes_io() as f:
+                print(f.read())
+    """
+
+    data: Union[bytes, str, None] = None
+    """Raw data associated with the blob."""
+    mimetype: Optional[str] = None
+    """MimeType not to be confused with a file extension."""
+    encoding: str = "utf-8"
+    """Encoding to use if decoding the bytes into a string.
+
+    Use utf-8 as default encoding, if decoding to string.
+    """
+    path: Optional[PathLike] = None
+    """Location where the original content was found."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        frozen=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def source(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The source location of the blob as string if known otherwise none.
+
+        If a path is associated with the blob, it will default to the path location.
+
+        Unless explicitly set via a metadata field called "source", in which
+        case that value will be used instead.
+        """
+        if self.metadata and "source" in self.metadata:
+            return cast("Optional[str]", self.metadata["source"])
+        return str(self.path) if self.path else None
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def check_blob_is_valid(cls, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+        """Verify that either data or path is provided."""
+        if "data" not in values and "path" not in values:
+            msg = "Either data or path must be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return values
+
+    def as_string(self) -> str:
+        """Read data as a string."""
+        if self.data is None and self.path:
+            return Path(self.path).read_text(encoding=self.encoding)
+        if isinstance(self.data, bytes):
+            return self.data.decode(self.encoding)
+        if isinstance(self.data, str):
+            return self.data
+        msg = f"Unable to get string for blob {self}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    def as_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        """Read data as bytes."""
+        if isinstance(self.data, bytes):
+            return self.data
+        if isinstance(self.data, str):
+            return self.data.encode(self.encoding)
+        if self.data is None and self.path:
+            return Path(self.path).read_bytes()
+        msg = f"Unable to get bytes for blob {self}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def as_bytes_io(self) -> Generator[Union[BytesIO, BufferedReader], None, None]:
+        """Read data as a byte stream."""
+        if isinstance(self.data, bytes):
+            yield BytesIO(self.data)
+        elif self.data is None and self.path:
+            with Path(self.path).open("rb") as f:
+                yield f
+        else:
+            msg = f"Unable to convert blob {self}"
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_path(
+        cls,
+        path: PathLike,
+        *,
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        mime_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        guess_type: bool = True,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> Blob:
+        """Load the blob from a path like object.
+
+        Args:
+            path: path like object to file to be read
+            encoding: Encoding to use if decoding the bytes into a string
+            mime_type: if provided, will be set as the mime-type of the data
+            guess_type: If True, the mimetype will be guessed from the file extension,
+                        if a mime-type was not provided
+            metadata: Metadata to associate with the blob
+
+        Returns:
+            Blob instance
+        """
+        if mime_type is None and guess_type:
+            _mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(path)[0] if guess_type else None
+        else:
+            _mimetype = mime_type
+        # We do not load the data immediately, instead we treat the blob as a
+        # reference to the underlying data.
+        return cls(
+            data=None,
+            mimetype=_mimetype,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            path=path,
+            metadata=metadata if metadata is not None else {},
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_data(
+        cls,
+        data: Union[str, bytes],
+        *,
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        mime_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        path: Optional[str] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> Blob:
+        """Initialize the blob from in-memory data.
+
+        Args:
+            data: the in-memory data associated with the blob
+            encoding: Encoding to use if decoding the bytes into a string
+            mime_type: if provided, will be set as the mime-type of the data
+            path: if provided, will be set as the source from which the data came
+            metadata: Metadata to associate with the blob
+
+        Returns:
+            Blob instance
+        """
+        return cls(
+            data=data,
+            mimetype=mime_type,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            path=path,
+            metadata=metadata if metadata is not None else {},
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Define the blob representation."""
+        str_repr = f"Blob {id(self)}"
+        if self.source:
+            str_repr += f" {self.source}"
+        return str_repr
+
+
+class Document(BaseMedia):
+    """Class for storing a piece of text and associated metadata.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+            document = Document(
+                page_content="Hello, world!",
+                metadata={"source": "https://example.com"}
+            )
+    """
+
+    page_content: str
+    """String text."""
+    type: Literal["Document"] = "Document"
+
+    def __init__(self, page_content: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Pass page_content in as positional or named arg."""
+        # my-py is complaining that page_content is not defined on the base class.
+        # Here, we're relying on pydantic base class to handle the validation.
+        super().__init__(page_content=page_content, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether this class is serializable."""
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Default namespace is ["langchain", "schema", "document"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "document"]
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """Override __str__ to restrict it to page_content and metadata."""
+        # The format matches pydantic format for __str__.
+        #
+        # The purpose of this change is to make sure that user code that
+        # feeds Document objects directly into prompts remains unchanged
+        # due to the addition of the id field (or any other fields in the future).
+        #
+        # This override will likely be removed in the future in favor of
+        # a more general solution of formatting content directly inside the prompts.
+        if self.metadata:
+            return f"page_content='{self.page_content}' metadata={self.metadata}"
+        return f"page_content='{self.page_content}'"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/compressor.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/compressor.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..707d96cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/compressor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""Document compressor."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+
+class BaseDocumentCompressor(BaseModel, ABC):
+    """Base class for document compressors.
+
+    This abstraction is primarily used for
+    post-processing of retrieved documents.
+
+    Documents matching a given query are first retrieved.
+    Then the list of documents can be further processed.
+
+    For example, one could re-rank the retrieved documents
+    using an LLM.
+
+    **Note** users should favor using a RunnableLambda
+    instead of sub-classing from this interface.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Compress retrieved documents given the query context.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: The retrieved documents.
+            query: The query context.
+            callbacks: Optional callbacks to run during compression.
+
+        Returns:
+            The compressed documents.
+        """
+
+    async def acompress_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        query: str,
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Async compress retrieved documents given the query context.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: The retrieved documents.
+            query: The query context.
+            callbacks: Optional callbacks to run during compression.
+
+        Returns:
+            The compressed documents.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None, self.compress_documents, documents, query, callbacks
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/transformers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/transformers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..171a98b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/documents/transformers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""Document transformers."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+
+class BaseDocumentTransformer(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for document transformation.
+
+    A document transformation takes a sequence of Documents and returns a
+    sequence of transformed Documents.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            class EmbeddingsRedundantFilter(BaseDocumentTransformer, BaseModel):
+                embeddings: Embeddings
+                similarity_fn: Callable = cosine_similarity
+                similarity_threshold: float = 0.95
+
+                class Config:
+                    arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+
+                def transform_documents(
+                    self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
+                ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+                    stateful_documents = get_stateful_documents(documents)
+                    embedded_documents = _get_embeddings_from_stateful_docs(
+                        self.embeddings, stateful_documents
+                    )
+                    included_idxs = _filter_similar_embeddings(
+                        embedded_documents, self.similarity_fn, self.similarity_threshold
+                    )
+                    return [stateful_documents[i] for i in sorted(included_idxs)]
+
+                async def atransform_documents(
+                    self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
+                ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def transform_documents(
+        self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Transform a list of documents.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: A sequence of Documents to be transformed.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of transformed Documents.
+        """
+
+    async def atransform_documents(
+        self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Asynchronously transform a list of documents.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: A sequence of Documents to be transformed.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of transformed Documents.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None, self.transform_documents, documents, **kwargs
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66acae12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""Embeddings."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.embeddings.embeddings import Embeddings
+    from langchain_core.embeddings.fake import (
+        DeterministicFakeEmbedding,
+        FakeEmbeddings,
+    )
+
+__all__ = ("DeterministicFakeEmbedding", "Embeddings", "FakeEmbeddings")
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "Embeddings": "embeddings",
+    "DeterministicFakeEmbedding": "fake",
+    "FakeEmbeddings": "fake",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/__pycache__/fake.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/__pycache__/fake.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/embeddings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/embeddings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39c0eb42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/embeddings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+"""**Embeddings** interface."""
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+
+class Embeddings(ABC):
+    """Interface for embedding models.
+
+    This is an interface meant for implementing text embedding models.
+
+    Text embedding models are used to map text to a vector (a point in n-dimensional
+    space).
+
+    Texts that are similar will usually be mapped to points that are close to each
+    other in this space. The exact details of what's considered "similar" and how
+    "distance" is measured in this space are dependent on the specific embedding model.
+
+    This abstraction contains a method for embedding a list of documents and a method
+    for embedding a query text. The embedding of a query text is expected to be a single
+    vector, while the embedding of a list of documents is expected to be a list of
+    vectors.
+
+    Usually the query embedding is identical to the document embedding, but the
+    abstraction allows treating them independently.
+
+    In addition to the synchronous methods, this interface also provides asynchronous
+    versions of the methods.
+
+    By default, the asynchronous methods are implemented using the synchronous methods;
+    however, implementations may choose to override the asynchronous methods with
+    an async native implementation for performance reasons.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Embed search docs.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: List of text to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of embeddings.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Embed query text.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Text to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            Embedding.
+        """
+
+    async def aembed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        """Asynchronous Embed search docs.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: List of text to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of embeddings.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.embed_documents, texts)
+
+    async def aembed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Asynchronous Embed query text.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Text to embed.
+
+        Returns:
+            Embedding.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.embed_query, text)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/fake.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/fake.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d788416d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/embeddings/fake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""Module contains a few fake embedding models for testing purposes."""
+
+# Please do not add additional fake embedding model implementations here.
+import hashlib
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+
+class FakeEmbeddings(Embeddings, BaseModel):
+    """Fake embedding model for unit testing purposes.
+
+    This embedding model creates embeddings by sampling from a normal distribution.
+
+    Do not use this outside of testing, as it is not a real embedding model.
+
+    Instantiate:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.embeddings import FakeEmbeddings
+            embed = FakeEmbeddings(size=100)
+
+    Embed single text:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            input_text = "The meaning of life is 42"
+            vector = embed.embed_query(input_text)
+            print(vector[:3])
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [-0.700234640213188, -0.581266257710429, -1.1328482266445354]
+
+    Embed multiple texts:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            input_texts = ["Document 1...", "Document 2..."]
+            vectors = embed.embed_documents(input_texts)
+            print(len(vectors))
+            # The first 3 coordinates for the first vector
+            print(vectors[0][:3])
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            2
+            [-0.5670477847544458, -0.31403828652395727, -0.5840547508955257]
+    """
+
+    size: int
+    """The size of the embedding vector."""
+
+    def _get_embedding(self) -> list[float]:
+        import numpy as np
+
+        return list(np.random.default_rng().normal(size=self.size))
+
+    @override
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        return [self._get_embedding() for _ in texts]
+
+    @override
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        return self._get_embedding()
+
+
+class DeterministicFakeEmbedding(Embeddings, BaseModel):
+    """Deterministic fake embedding model for unit testing purposes.
+
+    This embedding model creates embeddings by sampling from a normal distribution
+    with a seed based on the hash of the text.
+
+    Do not use this outside of testing, as it is not a real embedding model.
+
+    Instantiate:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.embeddings import DeterministicFakeEmbedding
+            embed = DeterministicFakeEmbedding(size=100)
+
+    Embed single text:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            input_text = "The meaning of life is 42"
+            vector = embed.embed_query(input_text)
+            print(vector[:3])
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [-0.700234640213188, -0.581266257710429, -1.1328482266445354]
+
+    Embed multiple texts:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            input_texts = ["Document 1...", "Document 2..."]
+            vectors = embed.embed_documents(input_texts)
+            print(len(vectors))
+            # The first 3 coordinates for the first vector
+            print(vectors[0][:3])
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            2
+            [-0.5670477847544458, -0.31403828652395727, -0.5840547508955257]
+    """
+
+    size: int
+    """The size of the embedding vector."""
+
+    def _get_embedding(self, seed: int) -> list[float]:
+        import numpy as np
+
+        # set the seed for the random generator
+        rng = np.random.default_rng(seed)
+        return list(rng.normal(size=self.size))
+
+    def _get_seed(self, text: str) -> int:
+        """Get a seed for the random generator, using the hash of the text."""
+        return int(hashlib.sha256(text.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest(), 16) % 10**8
+
+    @override
+    def embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        return [self._get_embedding(seed=self._get_seed(_)) for _ in texts]
+
+    @override
+    def embed_query(self, text: str) -> list[float]:
+        return self._get_embedding(seed=self._get_seed(text))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd619bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Utilities for getting information about the runtime environment."""
+
+import platform
+from functools import lru_cache
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_runtime_environment() -> dict:
+    """Get information about the LangChain runtime environment.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dictionary with information about the runtime environment.
+    """
+    # Lazy import to avoid circular imports
+    from langchain_core import __version__
+
+    return {
+        "library_version": __version__,
+        "library": "langchain-core",
+        "platform": platform.platform(),
+        "runtime": "python",
+        "runtime_version": platform.python_version(),
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db079c9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+"""Example selectors.
+
+**Example selector** implements logic for selecting examples to include them in prompts.
+This allows us to select examples that are most relevant to the input.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.example_selectors.base import BaseExampleSelector
+    from langchain_core.example_selectors.length_based import (
+        LengthBasedExampleSelector,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.example_selectors.semantic_similarity import (
+        MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector,
+        SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector,
+        sorted_values,
+    )
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BaseExampleSelector",
+    "LengthBasedExampleSelector",
+    "MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector",
+    "SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector",
+    "sorted_values",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "BaseExampleSelector": "base",
+    "LengthBasedExampleSelector": "length_based",
+    "MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector": "semantic_similarity",
+    "SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector": "semantic_similarity",
+    "sorted_values": "semantic_similarity",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/__pycache__/semantic_similarity.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/__pycache__/semantic_similarity.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e344e805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+"""Interface for selecting examples to include in prompts."""
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+
+class BaseExampleSelector(ABC):
+    """Interface for selecting examples to include in prompts."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def add_example(self, example: dict[str, str]) -> Any:
+        """Add new example to store.
+
+        Args:
+            example: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+        """
+
+    async def aadd_example(self, example: dict[str, str]) -> Any:
+        """Async add new example to store.
+
+        Args:
+            example: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.add_example, example)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def select_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Select which examples to use based on the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+        """
+
+    async def aselect_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Async select which examples to use based on the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.select_examples, input_variables)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/length_based.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/length_based.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec9566d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/length_based.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+"""Select examples based on length."""
+
+import re
+from typing import Callable
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain_core.example_selectors.base import BaseExampleSelector
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+
+def _get_length_based(text: str) -> int:
+    return len(re.split("\n| ", text))
+
+
+class LengthBasedExampleSelector(BaseExampleSelector, BaseModel):
+    """Select examples based on length."""
+
+    examples: list[dict]
+    """A list of the examples that the prompt template expects."""
+
+    example_prompt: PromptTemplate
+    """Prompt template used to format the examples."""
+
+    get_text_length: Callable[[str], int] = _get_length_based
+    """Function to measure prompt length. Defaults to word count."""
+
+    max_length: int = 2048
+    """Max length for the prompt, beyond which examples are cut."""
+
+    example_text_lengths: list[int] = Field(default_factory=list)  # :meta private:
+    """Length of each example."""
+
+    def add_example(self, example: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Add new example to list.
+
+        Args:
+            example: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+        """
+        self.examples.append(example)
+        string_example = self.example_prompt.format(**example)
+        self.example_text_lengths.append(self.get_text_length(string_example))
+
+    async def aadd_example(self, example: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Async add new example to list.
+
+        Args:
+            example: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+        """
+        self.add_example(example)
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def post_init(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate that the examples are formatted correctly."""
+        if self.example_text_lengths:
+            return self
+        string_examples = [self.example_prompt.format(**eg) for eg in self.examples]
+        self.example_text_lengths = [self.get_text_length(eg) for eg in string_examples]
+        return self
+
+    def select_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Select which examples to use based on the input lengths.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+               and values as their values.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of examples to include in the prompt.
+        """
+        inputs = " ".join(input_variables.values())
+        remaining_length = self.max_length - self.get_text_length(inputs)
+        i = 0
+        examples = []
+        while remaining_length > 0 and i < len(self.examples):
+            new_length = remaining_length - self.example_text_lengths[i]
+            if new_length < 0:
+                break
+            examples.append(self.examples[i])
+            remaining_length = new_length
+            i += 1
+        return examples
+
+    async def aselect_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Async select which examples to use based on the input lengths.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+               and values as their values.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of examples to include in the prompt.
+        """
+        return self.select_examples(input_variables)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/semantic_similarity.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/semantic_similarity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0362728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/example_selectors/semantic_similarity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+"""Example selector that selects examples based on SemanticSimilarity."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+from langchain_core.example_selectors.base import BaseExampleSelector
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+
+def sorted_values(values: dict[str, str]) -> list[Any]:
+    """Return a list of values in dict sorted by key.
+
+    Args:
+        values: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+            and values as their values.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of values in dict sorted by key.
+    """
+    return [values[val] for val in sorted(values)]
+
+
+class _VectorStoreExampleSelector(BaseExampleSelector, BaseModel, ABC):
+    """Example selector that selects examples based on SemanticSimilarity."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore
+    """VectorStore that contains information about examples."""
+    k: int = 4
+    """Number of examples to select."""
+    example_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Optional keys to filter examples to."""
+    input_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Optional keys to filter input to. If provided, the search is based on
+    the input variables instead of all variables."""
+    vectorstore_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Extra arguments passed to similarity_search function of the vectorstore."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _example_to_text(
+        example: dict[str, str], input_keys: Optional[list[str]]
+    ) -> str:
+        if input_keys:
+            return " ".join(sorted_values({key: example[key] for key in input_keys}))
+        return " ".join(sorted_values(example))
+
+    def _documents_to_examples(self, documents: list[Document]) -> list[dict]:
+        # Get the examples from the metadata.
+        # This assumes that examples are stored in metadata.
+        examples = [dict(e.metadata) for e in documents]
+        # If example keys are provided, filter examples to those keys.
+        if self.example_keys:
+            examples = [{k: eg[k] for k in self.example_keys} for eg in examples]
+        return examples
+
+    def add_example(self, example: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        """Add a new example to vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            example: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+
+        Returns:
+            The ID of the added example.
+        """
+        ids = self.vectorstore.add_texts(
+            [self._example_to_text(example, self.input_keys)], metadatas=[example]
+        )
+        return ids[0]
+
+    async def aadd_example(self, example: dict[str, str]) -> str:
+        """Async add new example to vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            example: A dictionary with keys as input variables
+                and values as their values.
+
+        Returns:
+            The ID of the added example.
+        """
+        ids = await self.vectorstore.aadd_texts(
+            [self._example_to_text(example, self.input_keys)], metadatas=[example]
+        )
+        return ids[0]
+
+
+class SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector(_VectorStoreExampleSelector):
+    """Select examples based on semantic similarity."""
+
+    def select_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Select examples based on semantic similarity.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: The input variables to use for search.
+
+        Returns:
+            The selected examples.
+        """
+        # Get the docs with the highest similarity.
+        vectorstore_kwargs = self.vectorstore_kwargs or {}
+        example_docs = self.vectorstore.similarity_search(
+            self._example_to_text(input_variables, self.input_keys),
+            k=self.k,
+            **vectorstore_kwargs,
+        )
+        return self._documents_to_examples(example_docs)
+
+    async def aselect_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Asynchronously select examples based on semantic similarity.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: The input variables to use for search.
+
+        Returns:
+            The selected examples.
+        """
+        # Get the docs with the highest similarity.
+        vectorstore_kwargs = self.vectorstore_kwargs or {}
+        example_docs = await self.vectorstore.asimilarity_search(
+            self._example_to_text(input_variables, self.input_keys),
+            k=self.k,
+            **vectorstore_kwargs,
+        )
+        return self._documents_to_examples(example_docs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_examples(
+        cls,
+        examples: list[dict],
+        embeddings: Embeddings,
+        vectorstore_cls: type[VectorStore],
+        k: int = 4,
+        input_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        *,
+        example_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        vectorstore_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **vectorstore_cls_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector:
+        """Create k-shot example selector using example list and embeddings.
+
+        Reshuffles examples dynamically based on query similarity.
+
+        Args:
+            examples: List of examples to use in the prompt.
+            embeddings: An initialized embedding API interface, e.g. OpenAIEmbeddings().
+            vectorstore_cls: A vector store DB interface class, e.g. FAISS.
+            k: Number of examples to select. Default is 4.
+            input_keys: If provided, the search is based on the input variables
+                instead of all variables.
+            example_keys: If provided, keys to filter examples to.
+            vectorstore_kwargs: Extra arguments passed to similarity_search function
+                of the vectorstore.
+            vectorstore_cls_kwargs: optional kwargs containing url for vector store
+
+        Returns:
+            The ExampleSelector instantiated, backed by a vector store.
+        """
+        string_examples = [cls._example_to_text(eg, input_keys) for eg in examples]
+        vectorstore = vectorstore_cls.from_texts(
+            string_examples, embeddings, metadatas=examples, **vectorstore_cls_kwargs
+        )
+        return cls(
+            vectorstore=vectorstore,
+            k=k,
+            input_keys=input_keys,
+            example_keys=example_keys,
+            vectorstore_kwargs=vectorstore_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def afrom_examples(
+        cls,
+        examples: list[dict],
+        embeddings: Embeddings,
+        vectorstore_cls: type[VectorStore],
+        k: int = 4,
+        input_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        *,
+        example_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        vectorstore_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **vectorstore_cls_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector:
+        """Async create k-shot example selector using example list and embeddings.
+
+        Reshuffles examples dynamically based on query similarity.
+
+        Args:
+            examples: List of examples to use in the prompt.
+            embeddings: An initialized embedding API interface, e.g. OpenAIEmbeddings().
+            vectorstore_cls: A vector store DB interface class, e.g. FAISS.
+            k: Number of examples to select. Default is 4.
+            input_keys: If provided, the search is based on the input variables
+                instead of all variables.
+            example_keys: If provided, keys to filter examples to.
+            vectorstore_kwargs: Extra arguments passed to similarity_search function
+                of the vectorstore.
+            vectorstore_cls_kwargs: optional kwargs containing url for vector store
+
+        Returns:
+            The ExampleSelector instantiated, backed by a vector store.
+        """
+        string_examples = [cls._example_to_text(eg, input_keys) for eg in examples]
+        vectorstore = await vectorstore_cls.afrom_texts(
+            string_examples, embeddings, metadatas=examples, **vectorstore_cls_kwargs
+        )
+        return cls(
+            vectorstore=vectorstore,
+            k=k,
+            input_keys=input_keys,
+            example_keys=example_keys,
+            vectorstore_kwargs=vectorstore_kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector(_VectorStoreExampleSelector):
+    """Select examples based on Max Marginal Relevance.
+
+    This was shown to improve performance in this paper:
+    https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.13892.pdf
+    """
+
+    fetch_k: int = 20
+    """Number of examples to fetch to rerank."""
+
+    def select_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Select examples based on Max Marginal Relevance.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: The input variables to use for search.
+
+        Returns:
+            The selected examples.
+        """
+        example_docs = self.vectorstore.max_marginal_relevance_search(
+            self._example_to_text(input_variables, self.input_keys),
+            k=self.k,
+            fetch_k=self.fetch_k,
+        )
+        return self._documents_to_examples(example_docs)
+
+    async def aselect_examples(self, input_variables: dict[str, str]) -> list[dict]:
+        """Asynchronously select examples based on Max Marginal Relevance.
+
+        Args:
+            input_variables: The input variables to use for search.
+
+        Returns:
+            The selected examples.
+        """
+        example_docs = await self.vectorstore.amax_marginal_relevance_search(
+            self._example_to_text(input_variables, self.input_keys),
+            k=self.k,
+            fetch_k=self.fetch_k,
+        )
+        return self._documents_to_examples(example_docs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_examples(
+        cls,
+        examples: list[dict],
+        embeddings: Embeddings,
+        vectorstore_cls: type[VectorStore],
+        k: int = 4,
+        input_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        example_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        vectorstore_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **vectorstore_cls_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector:
+        """Create k-shot example selector using example list and embeddings.
+
+        Reshuffles examples dynamically based on Max Marginal Relevance.
+
+        Args:
+            examples: List of examples to use in the prompt.
+            embeddings: An initialized embedding API interface, e.g. OpenAIEmbeddings().
+            vectorstore_cls: A vector store DB interface class, e.g. FAISS.
+            k: Number of examples to select. Default is 4.
+            fetch_k: Number of Documents to fetch to pass to MMR algorithm.
+                Default is 20.
+            input_keys: If provided, the search is based on the input variables
+                instead of all variables.
+            example_keys: If provided, keys to filter examples to.
+            vectorstore_kwargs: Extra arguments passed to similarity_search function
+                of the vectorstore.
+            vectorstore_cls_kwargs: optional kwargs containing url for vector store
+
+        Returns:
+            The ExampleSelector instantiated, backed by a vector store.
+        """
+        string_examples = [cls._example_to_text(eg, input_keys) for eg in examples]
+        vectorstore = vectorstore_cls.from_texts(
+            string_examples, embeddings, metadatas=examples, **vectorstore_cls_kwargs
+        )
+        return cls(
+            vectorstore=vectorstore,
+            k=k,
+            fetch_k=fetch_k,
+            input_keys=input_keys,
+            example_keys=example_keys,
+            vectorstore_kwargs=vectorstore_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def afrom_examples(
+        cls,
+        examples: list[dict],
+        embeddings: Embeddings,
+        vectorstore_cls: type[VectorStore],
+        *,
+        k: int = 4,
+        input_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        example_keys: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        vectorstore_kwargs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        **vectorstore_cls_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> MaxMarginalRelevanceExampleSelector:
+        """Create k-shot example selector using example list and embeddings.
+
+        Reshuffles examples dynamically based on Max Marginal Relevance.
+
+        Args:
+            examples: List of examples to use in the prompt.
+            embeddings: An initialized embedding API interface, e.g. OpenAIEmbeddings().
+            vectorstore_cls: A vector store DB interface class, e.g. FAISS.
+            k: Number of examples to select. Default is 4.
+            fetch_k: Number of Documents to fetch to pass to MMR algorithm.
+                Default is 20.
+            input_keys: If provided, the search is based on the input variables
+                instead of all variables.
+            example_keys: If provided, keys to filter examples to.
+            vectorstore_kwargs: Extra arguments passed to similarity_search function
+                of the vectorstore.
+            vectorstore_cls_kwargs: optional kwargs containing url for vector store
+
+        Returns:
+            The ExampleSelector instantiated, backed by a vector store.
+        """
+        string_examples = [cls._example_to_text(eg, input_keys) for eg in examples]
+        vectorstore = await vectorstore_cls.afrom_texts(
+            string_examples, embeddings, metadatas=examples, **vectorstore_cls_kwargs
+        )
+        return cls(
+            vectorstore=vectorstore,
+            k=k,
+            fetch_k=fetch_k,
+            input_keys=input_keys,
+            example_keys=example_keys,
+            vectorstore_kwargs=vectorstore_kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cde6d6ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""Custom **exceptions** for LangChain."""
+
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+
+class LangChainException(Exception):  # noqa: N818
+    """General LangChain exception."""
+
+
+class TracerException(LangChainException):
+    """Base class for exceptions in tracers module."""
+
+
+class OutputParserException(ValueError, LangChainException):  # noqa: N818
+    """Exception that output parsers should raise to signify a parsing error.
+
+    This exists to differentiate parsing errors from other code or execution errors
+    that also may arise inside the output parser. OutputParserExceptions will be
+    available to catch and handle in ways to fix the parsing error, while other
+    errors will be raised.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        error: Any,
+        observation: Optional[str] = None,
+        llm_output: Optional[str] = None,
+        send_to_llm: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ):
+        """Create an OutputParserException.
+
+        Args:
+            error: The error that's being re-raised or an error message.
+            observation: String explanation of error which can be passed to a
+                model to try and remediate the issue. Defaults to None.
+            llm_output: String model output which is error-ing.
+                Defaults to None.
+            send_to_llm: Whether to send the observation and llm_output back to an Agent
+                after an OutputParserException has been raised.
+                This gives the underlying model driving the agent the context that the
+                previous output was improperly structured, in the hopes that it will
+                update the output to the correct format.
+                Defaults to False.
+        """
+        if isinstance(error, str):
+            error = create_message(
+                message=error, error_code=ErrorCode.OUTPUT_PARSING_FAILURE
+            )
+        super().__init__(error)
+        if send_to_llm and (observation is None or llm_output is None):
+            msg = (
+                "Arguments 'observation' & 'llm_output'"
+                " are required if 'send_to_llm' is True"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        self.observation = observation
+        self.llm_output = llm_output
+        self.send_to_llm = send_to_llm
+
+
+class ErrorCode(Enum):
+    """Error codes."""
+
+    INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT = "INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT"
+    INVALID_TOOL_RESULTS = "INVALID_TOOL_RESULTS"
+    MESSAGE_COERCION_FAILURE = "MESSAGE_COERCION_FAILURE"
+    MODEL_AUTHENTICATION = "MODEL_AUTHENTICATION"
+    MODEL_NOT_FOUND = "MODEL_NOT_FOUND"
+    MODEL_RATE_LIMIT = "MODEL_RATE_LIMIT"
+    OUTPUT_PARSING_FAILURE = "OUTPUT_PARSING_FAILURE"
+
+
+def create_message(*, message: str, error_code: ErrorCode) -> str:
+    """Create a message with a link to the LangChain troubleshooting guide.
+
+    Args:
+        message: The message to display.
+        error_code: The error code to display.
+    """
+    return (
+        f"{message}\n"
+        "For troubleshooting, visit: https://python.langchain.com/docs/"
+        f"troubleshooting/errors/{error_code.value} "
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/globals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/globals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77375a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/globals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+"""Global values and configuration that apply to all of LangChain."""
+
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache
+
+
+# DO NOT USE THESE VALUES DIRECTLY!
+# Use them only via `get_<X>()` and `set_<X>()` below,
+# or else your code may behave unexpectedly with other uses of these global settings:
+# https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+_verbose: bool = False
+_debug: bool = False
+_llm_cache: Optional["BaseCache"] = None
+
+
+def set_verbose(value: bool) -> None:  # noqa: FBT001
+    """Set a new value for the `verbose` global setting.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The new value for the `verbose` global setting.
+    """
+    try:
+        import langchain  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+
+        # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+        # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get
+        # warnings.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                "ignore",
+                message=(
+                    "Importing verbose from langchain root module "
+                    "is no longer supported"
+                ),
+            )
+            # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+            #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+            # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+            #
+            # Remove it once `langchain.verbose` is no longer supported, and once all
+            # users have migrated to using `set_verbose()` here.
+            langchain.verbose = value
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    global _verbose  # noqa: PLW0603
+    _verbose = value
+
+
+def get_verbose() -> bool:
+    """Get the value of the `verbose` global setting.
+
+    Returns:
+        The value of the `verbose` global setting.
+    """
+    try:
+        import langchain
+
+        # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+        # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get
+        # warnings.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                "ignore",
+                message=(
+                    ".*Importing verbose from langchain root module "
+                    "is no longer supported"
+                ),
+            )
+            # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+            #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+            # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+            #
+            # Remove it once `langchain.verbose` is no longer supported, and once all
+            # users have migrated to using `set_verbose()` here.
+            #
+            # In the meantime, the `verbose` setting is considered True if either the
+            # old or the new value are True. This accommodates users who haven't
+            # migrated to using `set_verbose()` yet. Those users are getting
+            # deprecation warnings directing them to use `set_verbose()` when they
+            # import `langchain.verbose`.
+            old_verbose = langchain.verbose
+    except ImportError:
+        old_verbose = False
+
+    return _verbose or old_verbose
+
+
+def set_debug(value: bool) -> None:  # noqa: FBT001
+    """Set a new value for the `debug` global setting.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The new value for the `debug` global setting.
+    """
+    try:
+        import langchain
+
+        # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+        # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get
+        # warnings.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                "ignore",
+                message="Importing debug from langchain root module "
+                "is no longer supported",
+            )
+            # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+            #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+            # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+            #
+            # Remove it once `langchain.debug` is no longer supported, and once all
+            # users have migrated to using `set_debug()` here.
+            langchain.debug = value
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    global _debug  # noqa: PLW0603
+    _debug = value
+
+
+def get_debug() -> bool:
+    """Get the value of the `debug` global setting.
+
+    Returns:
+        The value of the `debug` global setting.
+    """
+    try:
+        import langchain
+
+        # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+        # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get
+        # warnings.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                "ignore",
+                message="Importing debug from langchain root module "
+                "is no longer supported",
+            )
+            # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+            #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+            # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+            #
+            # Remove it once `langchain.debug` is no longer supported, and once all
+            # users have migrated to using `set_debug()` here.
+            #
+            # In the meantime, the `debug` setting is considered True if either the old
+            # or the new value are True. This accommodates users who haven't migrated
+            # to using `set_debug()` yet. Those users are getting deprecation warnings
+            # directing them to use `set_debug()` when they import `langchain.debug`.
+            old_debug = langchain.debug
+    except ImportError:
+        old_debug = False
+
+    return _debug or old_debug
+
+
+def set_llm_cache(value: Optional["BaseCache"]) -> None:
+    """Set a new LLM cache, overwriting the previous value, if any.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The new LLM cache to use. If `None`, the LLM cache is disabled.
+    """
+    try:
+        import langchain
+
+        # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+        # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get
+        # warnings.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                "ignore",
+                message=(
+                    "Importing llm_cache from langchain root module "
+                    "is no longer supported"
+                ),
+            )
+            # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+            #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+            # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+            #
+            # Remove it once `langchain.llm_cache` is no longer supported, and
+            # once all users have migrated to using `set_llm_cache()` here.
+            langchain.llm_cache = value
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    global _llm_cache  # noqa: PLW0603
+    _llm_cache = value
+
+
+def get_llm_cache() -> "BaseCache":
+    """Get the value of the `llm_cache` global setting.
+
+    Returns:
+        The value of the `llm_cache` global setting.
+    """
+    try:
+        import langchain
+
+        # We're about to run some deprecated code, don't report warnings from it.
+        # The user called the correct (non-deprecated) code path and shouldn't get
+        # warnings.
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                "ignore",
+                message=(
+                    "Importing llm_cache from langchain root module "
+                    "is no longer supported"
+                ),
+            )
+            # N.B.: This is a workaround for an unfortunate quirk of Python's
+            #       module-level `__getattr__()` implementation:
+            # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/pull/11311#issuecomment-1743780004
+            #
+            # Remove it once `langchain.llm_cache` is no longer supported, and
+            # once all users have migrated to using `set_llm_cache()` here.
+            #
+            # In the meantime, the `llm_cache` setting returns whichever of
+            # its two backing sources is truthy (not `None` and non-empty),
+            # or the old value if both are falsy. This accommodates users
+            # who haven't migrated to using `set_llm_cache()` yet.
+            # Those users are getting deprecation warnings directing them
+            # to use `set_llm_cache()` when they import `langchain.llm_cache`.
+            old_llm_cache = langchain.llm_cache
+    except ImportError:
+        old_llm_cache = None
+
+    return _llm_cache or old_llm_cache
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a64cc25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""Code to help indexing data into a vectorstore.
+
+This package contains helper logic to help deal with indexing data into
+a vectorstore while avoiding duplicated content and over-writing content
+if it's unchanged.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.indexing.api import IndexingResult, aindex, index
+    from langchain_core.indexing.base import (
+        DeleteResponse,
+        DocumentIndex,
+        InMemoryRecordManager,
+        RecordManager,
+        UpsertResponse,
+    )
+
+__all__ = (
+    "aindex",
+    "DeleteResponse",
+    "DocumentIndex",
+    "index",
+    "IndexingResult",
+    "InMemoryRecordManager",
+    "RecordManager",
+    "UpsertResponse",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "aindex": "api",
+    "index": "api",
+    "IndexingResult": "api",
+    "DeleteResponse": "base",
+    "DocumentIndex": "base",
+    "InMemoryRecordManager": "base",
+    "RecordManager": "base",
+    "UpsertResponse": "base",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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@@ -0,0 +1,813 @@
+"""Module contains logic for indexing documents into vector stores."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import json
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterable, AsyncIterator, Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
+from itertools import islice
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic import model_validator
+
+from langchain_core.document_loaders.base import BaseLoader
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.exceptions import LangChainException
+from langchain_core.indexing.base import DocumentIndex, RecordManager
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+
+# Magic UUID to use as a namespace for hashing.
+# Used to try and generate a unique UUID for each document
+# from hashing the document content and metadata.
+NAMESPACE_UUID = uuid.UUID(int=1984)
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def _hash_string_to_uuid(input_string: str) -> uuid.UUID:
+    """Hashes a string and returns the corresponding UUID."""
+    hash_value = hashlib.sha1(
+        input_string.encode("utf-8"), usedforsecurity=False
+    ).hexdigest()
+    return uuid.uuid5(NAMESPACE_UUID, hash_value)
+
+
+def _hash_nested_dict_to_uuid(data: dict[Any, Any]) -> uuid.UUID:
+    """Hashes a nested dictionary and returns the corresponding UUID."""
+    serialized_data = json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True)
+    hash_value = hashlib.sha1(
+        serialized_data.encode("utf-8"), usedforsecurity=False
+    ).hexdigest()
+    return uuid.uuid5(NAMESPACE_UUID, hash_value)
+
+
+class _HashedDocument(Document):
+    """A hashed document with a unique ID."""
+
+    uid: str
+    hash_: str
+    """The hash of the document including content and metadata."""
+    content_hash: str
+    """The hash of the document content."""
+    metadata_hash: str
+    """The hash of the document metadata."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def calculate_hashes(cls, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+        """Root validator to calculate content and metadata hash."""
+        content = values.get("page_content", "")
+        metadata = values.get("metadata", {})
+
+        forbidden_keys = ("hash_", "content_hash", "metadata_hash")
+
+        for key in forbidden_keys:
+            if key in metadata:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Metadata cannot contain key {key} as it "
+                    f"is reserved for internal use."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        content_hash = str(_hash_string_to_uuid(content))
+
+        try:
+            metadata_hash = str(_hash_nested_dict_to_uuid(metadata))
+        except Exception as e:
+            msg = (
+                f"Failed to hash metadata: {e}. "
+                f"Please use a dict that can be serialized using json."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg) from e
+
+        values["content_hash"] = content_hash
+        values["metadata_hash"] = metadata_hash
+        values["hash_"] = str(_hash_string_to_uuid(content_hash + metadata_hash))
+
+        _uid = values.get("uid")
+
+        if _uid is None:
+            values["uid"] = values["hash_"]
+        return values
+
+    def to_document(self) -> Document:
+        """Return a Document object."""
+        return Document(
+            id=self.uid,
+            page_content=self.page_content,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_document(
+        cls, document: Document, *, uid: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> _HashedDocument:
+        """Create a HashedDocument from a Document."""
+        return cls(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            uid=uid,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            page_content=document.page_content,
+            metadata=document.metadata,
+        )
+
+
+def _batch(size: int, iterable: Iterable[T]) -> Iterator[list[T]]:
+    """Utility batching function."""
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    while True:
+        chunk = list(islice(it, size))
+        if not chunk:
+            return
+        yield chunk
+
+
+async def _abatch(size: int, iterable: AsyncIterable[T]) -> AsyncIterator[list[T]]:
+    """Utility batching function."""
+    batch: list[T] = []
+    async for element in iterable:
+        if len(batch) < size:
+            batch.append(element)
+
+        if len(batch) >= size:
+            yield batch
+            batch = []
+
+    if batch:
+        yield batch
+
+
+def _get_source_id_assigner(
+    source_id_key: Union[str, Callable[[Document], str], None],
+) -> Callable[[Document], Union[str, None]]:
+    """Get the source id from the document."""
+    if source_id_key is None:
+        return lambda _doc: None
+    if isinstance(source_id_key, str):
+        return lambda doc: doc.metadata[source_id_key]
+    if callable(source_id_key):
+        return source_id_key
+    msg = (
+        f"source_id_key should be either None, a string or a callable. "
+        f"Got {source_id_key} of type {type(source_id_key)}."
+    )
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _deduplicate_in_order(
+    hashed_documents: Iterable[_HashedDocument],
+) -> Iterator[_HashedDocument]:
+    """Deduplicate a list of hashed documents while preserving order."""
+    seen: set[str] = set()
+
+    for hashed_doc in hashed_documents:
+        if hashed_doc.hash_ not in seen:
+            seen.add(hashed_doc.hash_)
+            yield hashed_doc
+
+
+class IndexingException(LangChainException):
+    """Raised when an indexing operation fails."""
+
+
+def _delete(
+    vector_store: Union[VectorStore, DocumentIndex],
+    ids: list[str],
+) -> None:
+    if isinstance(vector_store, VectorStore):
+        delete_ok = vector_store.delete(ids)
+        if delete_ok is not None and delete_ok is False:
+            msg = "The delete operation to VectorStore failed."
+            raise IndexingException(msg)
+    elif isinstance(vector_store, DocumentIndex):
+        delete_response = vector_store.delete(ids)
+        if "num_failed" in delete_response and delete_response["num_failed"] > 0:
+            msg = "The delete operation to DocumentIndex failed."
+            raise IndexingException(msg)
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Vectorstore should be either a VectorStore or a DocumentIndex. "
+            f"Got {type(vector_store)}."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+
+# PUBLIC API
+
+
+class IndexingResult(TypedDict):
+    """Return a detailed a breakdown of the result of the indexing operation."""
+
+    num_added: int
+    """Number of added documents."""
+    num_updated: int
+    """Number of updated documents because they were not up to date."""
+    num_deleted: int
+    """Number of deleted documents."""
+    num_skipped: int
+    """Number of skipped documents because they were already up to date."""
+
+
+def index(
+    docs_source: Union[BaseLoader, Iterable[Document]],
+    record_manager: RecordManager,
+    vector_store: Union[VectorStore, DocumentIndex],
+    *,
+    batch_size: int = 100,
+    cleanup: Literal["incremental", "full", "scoped_full", None] = None,
+    source_id_key: Union[str, Callable[[Document], str], None] = None,
+    cleanup_batch_size: int = 1_000,
+    force_update: bool = False,
+    upsert_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> IndexingResult:
+    """Index data from the loader into the vector store.
+
+    Indexing functionality uses a manager to keep track of which documents
+    are in the vector store.
+
+    This allows us to keep track of which documents were updated, and which
+    documents were deleted, which documents should be skipped.
+
+    For the time being, documents are indexed using their hashes, and users
+     are not able to specify the uid of the document.
+
+    Important:
+       * In full mode, the loader should be returning
+         the entire dataset, and not just a subset of the dataset.
+         Otherwise, the auto_cleanup will remove documents that it is not
+         supposed to.
+       * In incremental mode, if documents associated with a particular
+         source id appear across different batches, the indexing API
+         will do some redundant work. This will still result in the
+         correct end state of the index, but will unfortunately not be
+         100% efficient. For example, if a given document is split into 15
+         chunks, and we index them using a batch size of 5, we'll have 3 batches
+         all with the same source id. In general, to avoid doing too much
+         redundant work select as big a batch size as possible.
+        * The `scoped_full` mode is suitable if determining an appropriate batch size
+          is challenging or if your data loader cannot return the entire dataset at
+          once. This mode keeps track of source IDs in memory, which should be fine
+          for most use cases. If your dataset is large (10M+ docs), you will likely
+          need to parallelize the indexing process regardless.
+
+    Args:
+        docs_source: Data loader or iterable of documents to index.
+        record_manager: Timestamped set to keep track of which documents were
+                         updated.
+        vector_store: VectorStore or DocumentIndex to index the documents into.
+        batch_size: Batch size to use when indexing. Default is 100.
+        cleanup: How to handle clean up of documents. Default is None.
+            - incremental: Cleans up all documents that haven't been updated AND
+                           that are associated with source ids that were seen
+                           during indexing.
+                           Clean up is done continuously during indexing helping
+                           to minimize the probability of users seeing duplicated
+                           content.
+            - full: Delete all documents that have not been returned by the loader
+                    during this run of indexing.
+                    Clean up runs after all documents have been indexed.
+                    This means that users may see duplicated content during indexing.
+            - scoped_full: Similar to Full, but only deletes all documents
+                           that haven't been updated AND that are associated with
+                           source ids that were seen during indexing.
+            - None: Do not delete any documents.
+        source_id_key: Optional key that helps identify the original source
+            of the document. Default is None.
+        cleanup_batch_size: Batch size to use when cleaning up documents.
+            Default is 1_000.
+        force_update: Force update documents even if they are present in the
+            record manager. Useful if you are re-indexing with updated embeddings.
+            Default is False.
+        upsert_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the add_documents
+                       method of the VectorStore or the upsert method of the
+                       DocumentIndex. For example, you can use this to
+                       specify a custom vector_field:
+                       upsert_kwargs={"vector_field": "embedding"}
+            .. versionadded:: 0.3.10
+
+    Returns:
+        Indexing result which contains information about how many documents
+        were added, updated, deleted, or skipped.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If cleanup mode is not one of 'incremental', 'full' or None
+        ValueError: If cleanup mode is incremental and source_id_key is None.
+        ValueError: If vectorstore does not have
+            "delete" and "add_documents" required methods.
+        ValueError: If source_id_key is not None, but is not a string or callable.
+
+    .. version_modified:: 0.3.25
+
+        * Added `scoped_full` cleanup mode.
+    """
+    if cleanup not in {"incremental", "full", "scoped_full", None}:
+        msg = (
+            f"cleanup should be one of 'incremental', 'full', 'scoped_full' or None. "
+            f"Got {cleanup}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if (cleanup in {"incremental", "scoped_full"}) and source_id_key is None:
+        msg = (
+            "Source id key is required when cleanup mode is incremental or scoped_full."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    destination = vector_store  # Renaming internally for clarity
+
+    # If it's a vectorstore, let's check if it has the required methods.
+    if isinstance(destination, VectorStore):
+        # Check that the Vectorstore has required methods implemented
+        methods = ["delete", "add_documents"]
+
+        for method in methods:
+            if not hasattr(destination, method):
+                msg = (
+                    f"Vectorstore {destination} does not have required method {method}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if type(destination).delete == VectorStore.delete:
+            # Checking if the vectorstore has overridden the default delete method
+            # implementation which just raises a NotImplementedError
+            msg = "Vectorstore has not implemented the delete method"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif isinstance(destination, DocumentIndex):
+        pass
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Vectorstore should be either a VectorStore or a DocumentIndex. "
+            f"Got {type(destination)}."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    if isinstance(docs_source, BaseLoader):
+        try:
+            doc_iterator = docs_source.lazy_load()
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            doc_iterator = iter(docs_source.load())
+    else:
+        doc_iterator = iter(docs_source)
+
+    source_id_assigner = _get_source_id_assigner(source_id_key)
+
+    # Mark when the update started.
+    index_start_dt = record_manager.get_time()
+    num_added = 0
+    num_skipped = 0
+    num_updated = 0
+    num_deleted = 0
+    scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids: set[str] = set()
+
+    for doc_batch in _batch(batch_size, doc_iterator):
+        hashed_docs = list(
+            _deduplicate_in_order(
+                [_HashedDocument.from_document(doc) for doc in doc_batch]
+            )
+        )
+
+        source_ids: Sequence[Optional[str]] = [
+            source_id_assigner(doc) for doc in hashed_docs
+        ]
+
+        if cleanup in {"incremental", "scoped_full"}:
+            # source ids are required.
+            for source_id, hashed_doc in zip(source_ids, hashed_docs):
+                if source_id is None:
+                    msg = (
+                        f"Source ids are required when cleanup mode is "
+                        f"incremental or scoped_full. "
+                        f"Document that starts with "
+                        f"content: {hashed_doc.page_content[:100]} was not assigned "
+                        f"as source id."
+                    )
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                if cleanup == "scoped_full":
+                    scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids.add(source_id)
+            # source ids cannot be None after for loop above.
+            source_ids = cast("Sequence[str]", source_ids)
+
+        exists_batch = record_manager.exists([doc.uid for doc in hashed_docs])
+
+        # Filter out documents that already exist in the record store.
+        uids = []
+        docs_to_index = []
+        uids_to_refresh = []
+        seen_docs: set[str] = set()
+        for hashed_doc, doc_exists in zip(hashed_docs, exists_batch):
+            if doc_exists:
+                if force_update:
+                    seen_docs.add(hashed_doc.uid)
+                else:
+                    uids_to_refresh.append(hashed_doc.uid)
+                    continue
+            uids.append(hashed_doc.uid)
+            docs_to_index.append(hashed_doc.to_document())
+
+        # Update refresh timestamp
+        if uids_to_refresh:
+            record_manager.update(uids_to_refresh, time_at_least=index_start_dt)
+            num_skipped += len(uids_to_refresh)
+
+        # Be pessimistic and assume that all vector store write will fail.
+        # First write to vector store
+        if docs_to_index:
+            if isinstance(destination, VectorStore):
+                destination.add_documents(
+                    docs_to_index,
+                    ids=uids,
+                    batch_size=batch_size,
+                    **(upsert_kwargs or {}),
+                )
+            elif isinstance(destination, DocumentIndex):
+                destination.upsert(
+                    docs_to_index,
+                    **(upsert_kwargs or {}),
+                )
+
+            num_added += len(docs_to_index) - len(seen_docs)
+            num_updated += len(seen_docs)
+
+        # And only then update the record store.
+        # Update ALL records, even if they already exist since we want to refresh
+        # their timestamp.
+        record_manager.update(
+            [doc.uid for doc in hashed_docs],
+            group_ids=source_ids,
+            time_at_least=index_start_dt,
+        )
+
+        # If source IDs are provided, we can do the deletion incrementally!
+        if cleanup == "incremental":
+            # Get the uids of the documents that were not returned by the loader.
+
+            # mypy isn't good enough to determine that source ids cannot be None
+            # here due to a check that's happening above, so we check again.
+            for source_id in source_ids:
+                if source_id is None:
+                    msg = (
+                        "source_id cannot be None at this point. "
+                        "Reached unreachable code."
+                    )
+                    raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+            _source_ids = cast("Sequence[str]", source_ids)
+
+            uids_to_delete = record_manager.list_keys(
+                group_ids=_source_ids, before=index_start_dt
+            )
+            if uids_to_delete:
+                # Then delete from vector store.
+                _delete(destination, uids_to_delete)
+                # First delete from record store.
+                record_manager.delete_keys(uids_to_delete)
+                num_deleted += len(uids_to_delete)
+
+    if cleanup == "full" or (
+        cleanup == "scoped_full" and scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids
+    ):
+        delete_group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        if cleanup == "scoped_full":
+            delete_group_ids = list(scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids)
+        while uids_to_delete := record_manager.list_keys(
+            group_ids=delete_group_ids, before=index_start_dt, limit=cleanup_batch_size
+        ):
+            # First delete from record store.
+            _delete(destination, uids_to_delete)
+            # Then delete from record manager.
+            record_manager.delete_keys(uids_to_delete)
+            num_deleted += len(uids_to_delete)
+
+    return {
+        "num_added": num_added,
+        "num_updated": num_updated,
+        "num_skipped": num_skipped,
+        "num_deleted": num_deleted,
+    }
+
+
+# Define an asynchronous generator function
+async def _to_async_iterator(iterator: Iterable[T]) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+    """Convert an iterable to an async iterator."""
+    for item in iterator:
+        yield item
+
+
+async def _adelete(
+    vector_store: Union[VectorStore, DocumentIndex],
+    ids: list[str],
+) -> None:
+    if isinstance(vector_store, VectorStore):
+        delete_ok = await vector_store.adelete(ids)
+        if delete_ok is not None and delete_ok is False:
+            msg = "The delete operation to VectorStore failed."
+            raise IndexingException(msg)
+    elif isinstance(vector_store, DocumentIndex):
+        delete_response = await vector_store.adelete(ids)
+        if "num_failed" in delete_response and delete_response["num_failed"] > 0:
+            msg = "The delete operation to DocumentIndex failed."
+            raise IndexingException(msg)
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Vectorstore should be either a VectorStore or a DocumentIndex. "
+            f"Got {type(vector_store)}."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+
+async def aindex(
+    docs_source: Union[BaseLoader, Iterable[Document], AsyncIterator[Document]],
+    record_manager: RecordManager,
+    vector_store: Union[VectorStore, DocumentIndex],
+    *,
+    batch_size: int = 100,
+    cleanup: Literal["incremental", "full", "scoped_full", None] = None,
+    source_id_key: Union[str, Callable[[Document], str], None] = None,
+    cleanup_batch_size: int = 1_000,
+    force_update: bool = False,
+    upsert_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> IndexingResult:
+    """Async index data from the loader into the vector store.
+
+    Indexing functionality uses a manager to keep track of which documents
+    are in the vector store.
+
+    This allows us to keep track of which documents were updated, and which
+    documents were deleted, which documents should be skipped.
+
+    For the time being, documents are indexed using their hashes, and users
+     are not able to specify the uid of the document.
+
+    Important:
+       * In full mode, the loader should be returning
+         the entire dataset, and not just a subset of the dataset.
+         Otherwise, the auto_cleanup will remove documents that it is not
+         supposed to.
+       * In incremental mode, if documents associated with a particular
+         source id appear across different batches, the indexing API
+         will do some redundant work. This will still result in the
+         correct end state of the index, but will unfortunately not be
+         100% efficient. For example, if a given document is split into 15
+         chunks, and we index them using a batch size of 5, we'll have 3 batches
+         all with the same source id. In general, to avoid doing too much
+         redundant work select as big a batch size as possible.
+       * The `scoped_full` mode is suitable if determining an appropriate batch size
+         is challenging or if your data loader cannot return the entire dataset at
+         once. This mode keeps track of source IDs in memory, which should be fine
+         for most use cases. If your dataset is large (10M+ docs), you will likely
+         need to parallelize the indexing process regardless.
+
+    Args:
+        docs_source: Data loader or iterable of documents to index.
+        record_manager: Timestamped set to keep track of which documents were
+                         updated.
+        vector_store: VectorStore or DocumentIndex to index the documents into.
+        batch_size: Batch size to use when indexing. Default is 100.
+        cleanup: How to handle clean up of documents. Default is None.
+            - incremental: Cleans up all documents that haven't been updated AND
+                           that are associated with source ids that were seen
+                           during indexing.
+                           Clean up is done continuously during indexing helping
+                           to minimize the probability of users seeing duplicated
+                           content.
+            - full: Delete all documents that haven to been returned by the loader.
+                    Clean up runs after all documents have been indexed.
+                    This means that users may see duplicated content during indexing.
+            - scoped_full: Similar to Full, but only deletes all documents
+                           that haven't been updated AND that are associated with
+                           source ids that were seen during indexing.
+            - None: Do not delete any documents.
+        source_id_key: Optional key that helps identify the original source
+            of the document. Default is None.
+        cleanup_batch_size: Batch size to use when cleaning up documents.
+            Default is 1_000.
+        force_update: Force update documents even if they are present in the
+            record manager. Useful if you are re-indexing with updated embeddings.
+            Default is False.
+        upsert_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the aadd_documents
+                       method of the VectorStore or the aupsert method of the
+                       DocumentIndex. For example, you can use this to
+                       specify a custom vector_field:
+                       upsert_kwargs={"vector_field": "embedding"}
+            .. versionadded:: 0.3.10
+
+    Returns:
+        Indexing result which contains information about how many documents
+        were added, updated, deleted, or skipped.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If cleanup mode is not one of 'incremental', 'full' or None
+        ValueError: If cleanup mode is incremental and source_id_key is None.
+        ValueError: If vectorstore does not have
+            "adelete" and "aadd_documents" required methods.
+        ValueError: If source_id_key is not None, but is not a string or callable.
+
+    .. version_modified:: 0.3.25
+
+        * Added `scoped_full` cleanup mode.
+    """
+    if cleanup not in {"incremental", "full", "scoped_full", None}:
+        msg = (
+            f"cleanup should be one of 'incremental', 'full', 'scoped_full' or None. "
+            f"Got {cleanup}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if (cleanup in {"incremental", "scoped_full"}) and source_id_key is None:
+        msg = (
+            "Source id key is required when cleanup mode is incremental or scoped_full."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    destination = vector_store  # Renaming internally for clarity
+
+    # If it's a vectorstore, let's check if it has the required methods.
+    if isinstance(destination, VectorStore):
+        # Check that the Vectorstore has required methods implemented
+        # Check that the Vectorstore has required methods implemented
+        methods = ["adelete", "aadd_documents"]
+
+        for method in methods:
+            if not hasattr(destination, method):
+                msg = (
+                    f"Vectorstore {destination} does not have required method {method}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if type(destination).adelete == VectorStore.adelete:
+            # Checking if the vectorstore has overridden the default delete method
+            # implementation which just raises a NotImplementedError
+            msg = "Vectorstore has not implemented the delete method"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif isinstance(destination, DocumentIndex):
+        pass
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Vectorstore should be either a VectorStore or a DocumentIndex. "
+            f"Got {type(destination)}."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+    async_doc_iterator: AsyncIterator[Document]
+    if isinstance(docs_source, BaseLoader):
+        try:
+            async_doc_iterator = docs_source.alazy_load()
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            # Exception triggered when neither lazy_load nor alazy_load are implemented.
+            # * The default implementation of alazy_load uses lazy_load.
+            # * The default implementation of lazy_load raises NotImplementedError.
+            # In such a case, we use the load method and convert it to an async
+            # iterator.
+            async_doc_iterator = _to_async_iterator(docs_source.load())
+    elif hasattr(docs_source, "__aiter__"):
+        async_doc_iterator = docs_source  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    else:
+        async_doc_iterator = _to_async_iterator(docs_source)
+
+    source_id_assigner = _get_source_id_assigner(source_id_key)
+
+    # Mark when the update started.
+    index_start_dt = await record_manager.aget_time()
+    num_added = 0
+    num_skipped = 0
+    num_updated = 0
+    num_deleted = 0
+    scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids: set[str] = set()
+
+    async for doc_batch in _abatch(batch_size, async_doc_iterator):
+        hashed_docs = list(
+            _deduplicate_in_order(
+                [_HashedDocument.from_document(doc) for doc in doc_batch]
+            )
+        )
+
+        source_ids: Sequence[Optional[str]] = [
+            source_id_assigner(doc) for doc in hashed_docs
+        ]
+
+        if cleanup in {"incremental", "scoped_full"}:
+            # If the cleanup mode is incremental, source ids are required.
+            for source_id, hashed_doc in zip(source_ids, hashed_docs):
+                if source_id is None:
+                    msg = (
+                        f"Source ids are required when cleanup mode is "
+                        f"incremental or scoped_full. "
+                        f"Document that starts with "
+                        f"content: {hashed_doc.page_content[:100]} was not assigned "
+                        f"as source id."
+                    )
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                if cleanup == "scoped_full":
+                    scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids.add(source_id)
+            # source ids cannot be None after for loop above.
+            source_ids = cast("Sequence[str]", source_ids)
+
+        exists_batch = await record_manager.aexists([doc.uid for doc in hashed_docs])
+
+        # Filter out documents that already exist in the record store.
+        uids: list[str] = []
+        docs_to_index: list[Document] = []
+        uids_to_refresh = []
+        seen_docs: set[str] = set()
+        for hashed_doc, doc_exists in zip(hashed_docs, exists_batch):
+            if doc_exists:
+                if force_update:
+                    seen_docs.add(hashed_doc.uid)
+                else:
+                    uids_to_refresh.append(hashed_doc.uid)
+                    continue
+            uids.append(hashed_doc.uid)
+            docs_to_index.append(hashed_doc.to_document())
+
+        if uids_to_refresh:
+            # Must be updated to refresh timestamp.
+            await record_manager.aupdate(uids_to_refresh, time_at_least=index_start_dt)
+            num_skipped += len(uids_to_refresh)
+
+        # Be pessimistic and assume that all vector store write will fail.
+        # First write to vector store
+        if docs_to_index:
+            if isinstance(destination, VectorStore):
+                await destination.aadd_documents(
+                    docs_to_index,
+                    ids=uids,
+                    batch_size=batch_size,
+                    **(upsert_kwargs or {}),
+                )
+            elif isinstance(destination, DocumentIndex):
+                await destination.aupsert(
+                    docs_to_index,
+                    **(upsert_kwargs or {}),
+                )
+            num_added += len(docs_to_index) - len(seen_docs)
+            num_updated += len(seen_docs)
+
+        # And only then update the record store.
+        # Update ALL records, even if they already exist since we want to refresh
+        # their timestamp.
+        await record_manager.aupdate(
+            [doc.uid for doc in hashed_docs],
+            group_ids=source_ids,
+            time_at_least=index_start_dt,
+        )
+
+        # If source IDs are provided, we can do the deletion incrementally!
+
+        if cleanup == "incremental":
+            # Get the uids of the documents that were not returned by the loader.
+
+            # mypy isn't good enough to determine that source ids cannot be None
+            # here due to a check that's happening above, so we check again.
+            for source_id in source_ids:
+                if source_id is None:
+                    msg = (
+                        "source_id cannot be None at this point. "
+                        "Reached unreachable code."
+                    )
+                    raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+            _source_ids = cast("Sequence[str]", source_ids)
+
+            uids_to_delete = await record_manager.alist_keys(
+                group_ids=_source_ids, before=index_start_dt
+            )
+            if uids_to_delete:
+                # Then delete from vector store.
+                await _adelete(destination, uids_to_delete)
+                # First delete from record store.
+                await record_manager.adelete_keys(uids_to_delete)
+                num_deleted += len(uids_to_delete)
+
+    if cleanup == "full" or (
+        cleanup == "scoped_full" and scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids
+    ):
+        delete_group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        if cleanup == "scoped_full":
+            delete_group_ids = list(scoped_full_cleanup_source_ids)
+        while uids_to_delete := await record_manager.alist_keys(
+            group_ids=delete_group_ids, before=index_start_dt, limit=cleanup_batch_size
+        ):
+            # First delete from record store.
+            await _adelete(destination, uids_to_delete)
+            # Then delete from record manager.
+            await record_manager.adelete_keys(uids_to_delete)
+            num_deleted += len(uids_to_delete)
+
+    return {
+        "num_added": num_added,
+        "num_updated": num_updated,
+        "num_skipped": num_skipped,
+        "num_deleted": num_deleted,
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ed4772e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,666 @@
+"""Base classes for indexing."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import time
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, TypedDict
+
+from langchain_core._api import beta
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+
+class RecordManager(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class representing the interface for a record manager.
+
+    The record manager abstraction is used by the langchain indexing API.
+
+    The record manager keeps track of which documents have been
+    written into a vectorstore and when they were written.
+
+    The indexing API computes hashes for each document and stores the hash
+    together with the write time and the source id in the record manager.
+
+    On subsequent indexing runs, the indexing API can check the record manager
+    to determine which documents have already been indexed and which have not.
+
+    This allows the indexing API to avoid re-indexing documents that have
+    already been indexed, and to only index new documents.
+
+    The main benefit of this abstraction is that it works across many vectorstores.
+    To be supported, a vectorstore needs to only support the ability to add and
+    delete documents by ID. Using the record manager, the indexing API will
+    be able to delete outdated documents and avoid redundant indexing of documents
+    that have already been indexed.
+
+    The main constraints of this abstraction are:
+
+    1. It relies on the time-stamps to determine which documents have been
+       indexed and which have not. This means that the time-stamps must be
+       monotonically increasing. The timestamp should be the timestamp
+       as measured by the server to minimize issues.
+    2. The record manager is currently implemented separately from the
+       vectorstore, which means that the overall system becomes distributed
+       and may create issues with consistency. For example, writing to
+       record manager succeeds, but corresponding writing to vectorstore fails.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        namespace: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the record manager.
+
+        Args:
+            namespace (str): The namespace for the record manager.
+        """
+        self.namespace = namespace
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def create_schema(self) -> None:
+        """Create the database schema for the record manager."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def acreate_schema(self) -> None:
+        """Asynchronously create the database schema for the record manager."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_time(self) -> float:
+        """Get the current server time as a high resolution timestamp!
+
+        It's important to get this from the server to ensure a monotonic clock,
+        otherwise there may be data loss when cleaning up old documents!
+
+        Returns:
+            The current server time as a float timestamp.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def aget_time(self) -> float:
+        """Asynchronously get the current server time as a high resolution timestamp.
+
+        It's important to get this from the server to ensure a monotonic clock,
+        otherwise there may be data loss when cleaning up old documents!
+
+        Returns:
+            The current server time as a float timestamp.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def update(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[str]]] = None,
+        time_at_least: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Upsert records into the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of record keys to upsert.
+            group_ids: A list of group IDs corresponding to the keys.
+            time_at_least: Optional timestamp. Implementation can use this
+                to optionally verify that the timestamp IS at least this time
+                in the system that stores the data.
+
+                e.g., use to validate that the time in the postgres database
+                is equal to or larger than the given timestamp, if not
+                raise an error.
+
+                This is meant to help prevent time-drift issues since
+                time may not be monotonically increasing!
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the length of keys doesn't match the length of group_ids.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def aupdate(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[str]]] = None,
+        time_at_least: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Asynchronously upsert records into the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of record keys to upsert.
+            group_ids: A list of group IDs corresponding to the keys.
+            time_at_least: Optional timestamp. Implementation can use this
+                to optionally verify that the timestamp IS at least this time
+                in the system that stores the data.
+
+                e.g., use to validate that the time in the postgres database
+                is equal to or larger than the given timestamp, if not
+                raise an error.
+
+                This is meant to help prevent time-drift issues since
+                time may not be monotonically increasing!
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the length of keys doesn't match the length of group_ids.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def exists(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[bool]:
+        """Check if the provided keys exist in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of boolean values indicating the existence of each key.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def aexists(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[bool]:
+        """Asynchronously check if the provided keys exist in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of boolean values indicating the existence of each key.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def list_keys(
+        self,
+        *,
+        before: Optional[float] = None,
+        after: Optional[float] = None,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """List records in the database based on the provided filters.
+
+        Args:
+            before: Filter to list records updated before this time.
+            after: Filter to list records updated after this time.
+            group_ids: Filter to list records with specific group IDs.
+            limit: optional limit on the number of records to return.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of keys for the matching records.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def alist_keys(
+        self,
+        *,
+        before: Optional[float] = None,
+        after: Optional[float] = None,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Asynchronously list records in the database based on the provided filters.
+
+        Args:
+            before: Filter to list records updated before this time.
+            after: Filter to list records updated after this time.
+            group_ids: Filter to list records with specific group IDs.
+            limit: optional limit on the number of records to return.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of keys for the matching records.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def delete_keys(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete specified records from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to delete.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def adelete_keys(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Asynchronously delete specified records from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to delete.
+        """
+
+
+class _Record(TypedDict):
+    group_id: Optional[str]
+    updated_at: float
+
+
+class InMemoryRecordManager(RecordManager):
+    """An in-memory record manager for testing purposes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, namespace: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize the in-memory record manager.
+
+        Args:
+            namespace (str): The namespace for the record manager.
+        """
+        super().__init__(namespace)
+        # Each key points to a dictionary
+        # of {'group_id': group_id, 'updated_at': timestamp}
+        self.records: dict[str, _Record] = {}
+        self.namespace = namespace
+
+    def create_schema(self) -> None:
+        """In-memory schema creation is simply ensuring the structure is initialized."""
+
+    async def acreate_schema(self) -> None:
+        """Async in-memory schema creation is simply ensuring the structure is initialized."""  # noqa: E501
+
+    def get_time(self) -> float:
+        """Get the current server time as a high resolution timestamp!"""
+        return time.time()
+
+    async def aget_time(self) -> float:
+        """Async get the current server time as a high resolution timestamp!"""
+        return self.get_time()
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[str]]] = None,
+        time_at_least: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Upsert records into the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of record keys to upsert.
+            group_ids: A list of group IDs corresponding to the keys.
+                Defaults to None.
+            time_at_least: Optional timestamp. Implementation can use this
+                to optionally verify that the timestamp IS at least this time
+                in the system that stores. Defaults to None.
+                E.g., use to validate that the time in the postgres database
+                is equal to or larger than the given timestamp, if not
+                raise an error.
+                This is meant to help prevent time-drift issues since
+                time may not be monotonically increasing!
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the length of keys doesn't match the length of group
+                ids.
+            ValueError: If time_at_least is in the future.
+        """
+        if group_ids and len(keys) != len(group_ids):
+            msg = "Length of keys must match length of group_ids"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        for index, key in enumerate(keys):
+            group_id = group_ids[index] if group_ids else None
+            if time_at_least and time_at_least > self.get_time():
+                msg = "time_at_least must be in the past"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            self.records[key] = {"group_id": group_id, "updated_at": self.get_time()}
+
+    async def aupdate(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[Optional[str]]] = None,
+        time_at_least: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async upsert records into the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of record keys to upsert.
+            group_ids: A list of group IDs corresponding to the keys.
+                Defaults to None.
+            time_at_least: Optional timestamp. Implementation can use this
+                to optionally verify that the timestamp IS at least this time
+                in the system that stores. Defaults to None.
+                E.g., use to validate that the time in the postgres database
+                is equal to or larger than the given timestamp, if not
+                raise an error.
+                This is meant to help prevent time-drift issues since
+                time may not be monotonically increasing!
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the length of keys doesn't match the length of group
+                ids.
+            ValueError: If time_at_least is in the future.
+        """
+        self.update(keys, group_ids=group_ids, time_at_least=time_at_least)
+
+    def exists(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[bool]:
+        """Check if the provided keys exist in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of boolean values indicating the existence of each key.
+        """
+        return [key in self.records for key in keys]
+
+    async def aexists(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[bool]:
+        """Async check if the provided keys exist in the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of boolean values indicating the existence of each key.
+        """
+        return self.exists(keys)
+
+    def list_keys(
+        self,
+        *,
+        before: Optional[float] = None,
+        after: Optional[float] = None,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """List records in the database based on the provided filters.
+
+        Args:
+            before: Filter to list records updated before this time.
+                Defaults to None.
+            after: Filter to list records updated after this time.
+                Defaults to None.
+            group_ids: Filter to list records with specific group IDs.
+                Defaults to None.
+            limit: optional limit on the number of records to return.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of keys for the matching records.
+        """
+        result = []
+        for key, data in self.records.items():
+            if before and data["updated_at"] >= before:
+                continue
+            if after and data["updated_at"] <= after:
+                continue
+            if group_ids and data["group_id"] not in group_ids:
+                continue
+            result.append(key)
+        if limit:
+            return result[:limit]
+        return result
+
+    async def alist_keys(
+        self,
+        *,
+        before: Optional[float] = None,
+        after: Optional[float] = None,
+        group_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Async list records in the database based on the provided filters.
+
+        Args:
+            before: Filter to list records updated before this time.
+                Defaults to None.
+            after: Filter to list records updated after this time.
+                Defaults to None.
+            group_ids: Filter to list records with specific group IDs.
+                Defaults to None.
+            limit: optional limit on the number of records to return.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of keys for the matching records.
+        """
+        return self.list_keys(
+            before=before, after=after, group_ids=group_ids, limit=limit
+        )
+
+    def delete_keys(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete specified records from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to delete.
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in self.records:
+                del self.records[key]
+
+    async def adelete_keys(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Async delete specified records from the database.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A list of keys to delete.
+        """
+        self.delete_keys(keys)
+
+
+class UpsertResponse(TypedDict):
+    """A generic response for upsert operations.
+
+    The upsert response will be used by abstractions that implement an upsert
+    operation for content that can be upserted by ID.
+
+    Upsert APIs that accept inputs with IDs and generate IDs internally
+    will return a response that includes the IDs that succeeded and the IDs
+    that failed.
+
+    If there are no failures, the failed list will be empty, and the order
+    of the IDs in the succeeded list will match the order of the input documents.
+
+    If there are failures, the response becomes ill defined, and a user of the API
+    cannot determine which generated ID corresponds to which input document.
+
+    It is recommended for users explicitly attach the IDs to the items being
+    indexed to avoid this issue.
+    """
+
+    succeeded: list[str]
+    """The IDs that were successfully indexed."""
+    failed: list[str]
+    """The IDs that failed to index."""
+
+
+class DeleteResponse(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """A generic response for delete operation.
+
+    The fields in this response are optional and whether the vectorstore
+    returns them or not is up to the implementation.
+    """
+
+    num_deleted: int
+    """The number of items that were successfully deleted.
+
+    If returned, this should only include *actual* deletions.
+
+    If the ID did not exist to begin with,
+    it should not be included in this count.
+    """
+
+    succeeded: Sequence[str]
+    """The IDs that were successfully deleted.
+
+    If returned, this should only include *actual* deletions.
+
+    If the ID did not exist to begin with,
+    it should not be included in this list.
+    """
+
+    failed: Sequence[str]
+    """The IDs that failed to be deleted.
+
+    Please note that deleting an ID that
+    does not exist is **NOT** considered a failure.
+    """
+
+    num_failed: int
+    """The number of items that failed to be deleted."""
+
+
+@beta(message="Added in 0.2.29. The abstraction is subject to change.")
+class DocumentIndex(BaseRetriever):
+    """A document retriever that supports indexing operations.
+
+    This indexing interface is designed to be a generic abstraction for storing and
+    querying documents that has an ID and metadata associated with it.
+
+    The interface is designed to be agnostic to the underlying implementation of the
+    indexing system.
+
+    The interface is designed to support the following operations:
+
+    1. Storing document in the index.
+    2. Fetching document by ID.
+    3. Searching for document using a query.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.29
+    """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def upsert(self, items: Sequence[Document], /, **kwargs: Any) -> UpsertResponse:
+        """Upsert documents into the index.
+
+        The upsert functionality should utilize the ID field of the content object
+        if it is provided. If the ID is not provided, the upsert method is free
+        to generate an ID for the content.
+
+        When an ID is specified and the content already exists in the vectorstore,
+        the upsert method should update the content with the new data. If the content
+        does not exist, the upsert method should add the item to the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            items: Sequence of documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            UpsertResponse: A response object that contains the list of IDs that were
+            successfully added or updated in the vectorstore and the list of IDs that
+            failed to be added or updated.
+        """
+
+    async def aupsert(
+        self, items: Sequence[Document], /, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> UpsertResponse:
+        """Add or update documents in the vectorstore. Async version of upsert.
+
+        The upsert functionality should utilize the ID field of the item
+        if it is provided. If the ID is not provided, the upsert method is free
+        to generate an ID for the item.
+
+        When an ID is specified and the item already exists in the vectorstore,
+        the upsert method should update the item with the new data. If the item
+        does not exist, the upsert method should add the item to the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            items: Sequence of documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            UpsertResponse: A response object that contains the list of IDs that were
+            successfully added or updated in the vectorstore and the list of IDs that
+            failed to be added or updated.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self.upsert,
+            items,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def delete(self, ids: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> DeleteResponse:
+        """Delete by IDs or other criteria.
+
+        Calling delete without any input parameters should raise a ValueError!
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of ids to delete.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments. This is up to the implementation.
+                For example, can include an option to delete the entire index,
+                or else issue a non-blocking delete etc.
+
+        Returns:
+            DeleteResponse: A response object that contains the list of IDs that were
+            successfully deleted and the list of IDs that failed to be deleted.
+        """
+
+    async def adelete(
+        self, ids: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> DeleteResponse:
+        """Delete by IDs or other criteria. Async variant.
+
+        Calling adelete without any input parameters should raise a ValueError!
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of ids to delete.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments. This is up to the implementation.
+                For example, can include an option to delete the entire index.
+
+        Returns:
+            DeleteResponse: A response object that contains the list of IDs that were
+            successfully deleted and the list of IDs that failed to be deleted.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self.delete,
+            ids,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get(
+        self,
+        ids: Sequence[str],
+        /,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents by id.
+
+        Fewer documents may be returned than requested if some IDs are not found or
+        if there are duplicated IDs.
+
+        Users should not assume that the order of the returned documents matches
+        the order of the input IDs. Instead, users should rely on the ID field of the
+        returned documents.
+
+        This method should **NOT** raise exceptions if no documents are found for
+        some IDs.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of IDs to get.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments. These are up to the implementation.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[Document]: List of documents that were found.
+        """
+
+    async def aget(
+        self,
+        ids: Sequence[str],
+        /,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents by id.
+
+        Fewer documents may be returned than requested if some IDs are not found or
+        if there are duplicated IDs.
+
+        Users should not assume that the order of the returned documents matches
+        the order of the input IDs. Instead, users should rely on the ID field of the
+        returned documents.
+
+        This method should **NOT** raise exceptions if no documents are found for
+        some IDs.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of IDs to get.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments. These are up to the implementation.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[Document]: List of documents that were found.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self.get,
+            ids,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/in_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/in_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34609a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/indexing/in_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+"""In memory document index."""
+
+import operator
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Optional, cast
+
+from pydantic import Field
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core._api import beta
+from langchain_core.callbacks import CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.indexing import UpsertResponse
+from langchain_core.indexing.base import DeleteResponse, DocumentIndex
+
+
+@beta(message="Introduced in version 0.2.29. Underlying abstraction subject to change.")
+class InMemoryDocumentIndex(DocumentIndex):
+    """In memory document index.
+
+    This is an in-memory document index that stores documents in a dictionary.
+
+    It provides a simple search API that returns documents by the number of
+    counts the given query appears in the document.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.29
+    """
+
+    store: dict[str, Document] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    top_k: int = 4
+
+    @override
+    def upsert(self, items: Sequence[Document], /, **kwargs: Any) -> UpsertResponse:
+        """Upsert items into the index."""
+        ok_ids = []
+
+        for item in items:
+            if item.id is None:
+                id_ = str(uuid.uuid4())
+                item_ = item.model_copy()
+                item_.id = id_
+            else:
+                item_ = item
+                id_ = item.id
+
+            self.store[id_] = item_
+            ok_ids.append(cast("str", item_.id))
+
+        return UpsertResponse(succeeded=ok_ids, failed=[])
+
+    @override
+    def delete(self, ids: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> DeleteResponse:
+        """Delete by ID."""
+        if ids is None:
+            msg = "IDs must be provided for deletion"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        ok_ids = []
+
+        for id_ in ids:
+            if id_ in self.store:
+                del self.store[id_]
+                ok_ids.append(id_)
+
+        return DeleteResponse(
+            succeeded=ok_ids, num_deleted=len(ok_ids), num_failed=0, failed=[]
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def get(self, ids: Sequence[str], /, **kwargs: Any) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get by ids."""
+        return [self.store[id_] for id_ in ids if id_ in self.store]
+
+    @override
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        counts_by_doc = []
+
+        for document in self.store.values():
+            count = document.page_content.count(query)
+            counts_by_doc.append((document, count))
+
+        counts_by_doc.sort(key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
+        return [doc.model_copy() for doc, count in counts_by_doc[: self.top_k]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ed64aea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""Language models.
+
+**Language Model** is a type of model that can generate text or complete
+text prompts.
+
+LangChain has two main classes to work with language models: **Chat Models**
+and "old-fashioned" **LLMs**.
+
+**Chat Models**
+
+Language models that use a sequence of messages as inputs and return chat messages
+as outputs (as opposed to using plain text). These are traditionally newer models (
+older models are generally LLMs, see below). Chat models support the assignment of
+distinct roles to conversation messages, helping to distinguish messages from the AI,
+users, and instructions such as system messages.
+
+The key abstraction for chat models is `BaseChatModel`. Implementations
+should inherit from this class. Please see LangChain how-to guides with more
+information on how to implement a custom chat model.
+
+To implement a custom Chat Model, inherit from `BaseChatModel`. See
+the following guide for more information on how to implement a custom Chat Model:
+
+https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/custom_chat_model/
+
+**LLMs**
+
+Language models that takes a string as input and returns a string.
+These are traditionally older models (newer models generally are Chat Models, see below).
+
+Although the underlying models are string in, string out, the LangChain wrappers
+also allow these models to take messages as input. This gives them the same interface
+as Chat Models. When messages are passed in as input, they will be formatted into a
+string under the hood before being passed to the underlying model.
+
+To implement a custom LLM, inherit from `BaseLLM` or `LLM`.
+Please see the following guide for more information on how to implement a custom LLM:
+
+https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/custom_llm/
+
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.language_models.base import (
+        BaseLanguageModel,
+        LangSmithParams,
+        LanguageModelInput,
+        LanguageModelLike,
+        LanguageModelOutput,
+        get_tokenizer,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.language_models.chat_models import (
+        BaseChatModel,
+        SimpleChatModel,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.language_models.fake import FakeListLLM, FakeStreamingListLLM
+    from langchain_core.language_models.fake_chat_models import (
+        FakeListChatModel,
+        FakeMessagesListChatModel,
+        GenericFakeChatModel,
+        ParrotFakeChatModel,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.language_models.llms import LLM, BaseLLM
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BaseLanguageModel",
+    "BaseChatModel",
+    "SimpleChatModel",
+    "BaseLLM",
+    "LLM",
+    "LanguageModelInput",
+    "get_tokenizer",
+    "LangSmithParams",
+    "LanguageModelOutput",
+    "LanguageModelLike",
+    "FakeListLLM",
+    "FakeStreamingListLLM",
+    "FakeListChatModel",
+    "FakeMessagesListChatModel",
+    "GenericFakeChatModel",
+    "ParrotFakeChatModel",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "BaseLanguageModel": "base",
+    "LangSmithParams": "base",
+    "LanguageModelInput": "base",
+    "LanguageModelLike": "base",
+    "LanguageModelOutput": "base",
+    "get_tokenizer": "base",
+    "BaseChatModel": "chat_models",
+    "SimpleChatModel": "chat_models",
+    "FakeListLLM": "fake",
+    "FakeStreamingListLLM": "fake",
+    "FakeListChatModel": "fake_chat_models",
+    "FakeMessagesListChatModel": "fake_chat_models",
+    "GenericFakeChatModel": "fake_chat_models",
+    "ParrotFakeChatModel": "fake_chat_models",
+    "LLM": "llms",
+    "BaseLLM": "llms",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f54d6972
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import re
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional
+
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+
+
+def _is_openai_data_block(block: dict) -> bool:
+    """Check if the block contains multimodal data in OpenAI Chat Completions format."""
+    if block.get("type") == "image_url":
+        if (
+            (set(block.keys()) <= {"type", "image_url", "detail"})
+            and (image_url := block.get("image_url"))
+            and isinstance(image_url, dict)
+        ):
+            url = image_url.get("url")
+            if isinstance(url, str):
+                return True
+
+    elif block.get("type") == "file":
+        if (file := block.get("file")) and isinstance(file, dict):
+            file_data = file.get("file_data")
+            if isinstance(file_data, str):
+                return True
+
+    elif block.get("type") == "input_audio":  # noqa: SIM102
+        if (input_audio := block.get("input_audio")) and isinstance(input_audio, dict):
+            audio_data = input_audio.get("data")
+            audio_format = input_audio.get("format")
+            if isinstance(audio_data, str) and isinstance(audio_format, str):
+                return True
+
+    else:
+        return False
+
+    return False
+
+
+def _parse_data_uri(uri: str) -> Optional[dict]:
+    """Parse a data URI into its components. If parsing fails, return None.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            data_uri = "data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRg..."
+            parsed = _parse_data_uri(data_uri)
+
+            assert parsed == {
+                "source_type": "base64",
+                "mime_type": "image/jpeg",
+                "data": "/9j/4AAQSkZJRg...",
+            }
+    """
+    regex = r"^data:(?P<mime_type>[^;]+);base64,(?P<data>.+)$"
+    match = re.match(regex, uri)
+    if match is None:
+        return None
+    return {
+        "source_type": "base64",
+        "data": match.group("data"),
+        "mime_type": match.group("mime_type"),
+    }
+
+
+def _convert_openai_format_to_data_block(block: dict) -> dict:
+    """Convert OpenAI image content block to standard data content block.
+
+    If parsing fails, pass-through.
+
+    Args:
+        block: The OpenAI image content block to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The converted standard data content block.
+    """
+    if block["type"] == "image_url":
+        parsed = _parse_data_uri(block["image_url"]["url"])
+        if parsed is not None:
+            parsed["type"] = "image"
+            return parsed
+        return block
+
+    if block["type"] == "file":
+        parsed = _parse_data_uri(block["file"]["file_data"])
+        if parsed is not None:
+            parsed["type"] = "file"
+            if filename := block["file"].get("filename"):
+                parsed["filename"] = filename
+            return parsed
+        return block
+
+    if block["type"] == "input_audio":
+        data = block["input_audio"].get("data")
+        format = block["input_audio"].get("format")
+        if data and format:
+            return {
+                "type": "audio",
+                "source_type": "base64",
+                "data": data,
+                "mime_type": f"audio/{format}",
+            }
+        return block
+
+    return block
+
+
+def _normalize_messages(messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Extend support for message formats.
+
+    Chat models implement support for images in OpenAI Chat Completions format, as well
+    as other multimodal data as standard data blocks. This function extends support to
+    audio and file data in OpenAI Chat Completions format by converting them to standard
+    data blocks.
+    """
+    formatted_messages = []
+    for message in messages:
+        formatted_message = message
+        if isinstance(message.content, list):
+            for idx, block in enumerate(message.content):
+                if (
+                    isinstance(block, dict)
+                    # Subset to (PDF) files and audio, as most relevant chat models
+                    # support images in OAI format (and some may not yet support the
+                    # standard data block format)
+                    and block.get("type") in ("file", "input_audio")
+                    and _is_openai_data_block(block)
+                ):
+                    if formatted_message is message:
+                        formatted_message = message.model_copy()
+                        # Also shallow-copy content
+                        formatted_message.content = list(formatted_message.content)
+
+                    formatted_message.content[idx] = (  # type: ignore[index]  # mypy confused by .model_copy
+                        _convert_openai_format_to_data_block(block)
+                    )
+        formatted_messages.append(formatted_message)
+
+    return formatted_messages
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4d3442d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+"""Base language models class."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from functools import cache
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, field_validator
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AnyMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    MessageLikeRepresentation,
+    get_buffer_string,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableSerializable
+from langchain_core.utils import get_pydantic_field_names
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.outputs import LLMResult
+
+
+class LangSmithParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """LangSmith parameters for tracing."""
+
+    ls_provider: str
+    """Provider of the model."""
+    ls_model_name: str
+    """Name of the model."""
+    ls_model_type: Literal["chat", "llm"]
+    """Type of the model. Should be 'chat' or 'llm'."""
+    ls_temperature: Optional[float]
+    """Temperature for generation."""
+    ls_max_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """Max tokens for generation."""
+    ls_stop: Optional[list[str]]
+    """Stop words for generation."""
+
+
+@cache  # Cache the tokenizer
+def get_tokenizer() -> Any:
+    """Get a GPT-2 tokenizer instance.
+
+    This function is cached to avoid re-loading the tokenizer
+    every time it is called.
+    """
+    try:
+        from transformers import GPT2TokenizerFast  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = (
+            "Could not import transformers python package. "
+            "This is needed in order to calculate get_token_ids. "
+            "Please install it with `pip install transformers`."
+        )
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+    # create a GPT-2 tokenizer instance
+    return GPT2TokenizerFast.from_pretrained("gpt2")
+
+
+def _get_token_ids_default_method(text: str) -> list[int]:
+    """Encode the text into token IDs."""
+    # get the cached tokenizer
+    tokenizer = get_tokenizer()
+
+    # tokenize the text using the GPT-2 tokenizer
+    return tokenizer.encode(text)
+
+
+LanguageModelInput = Union[PromptValue, str, Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation]]
+LanguageModelOutput = Union[BaseMessage, str]
+LanguageModelLike = Runnable[LanguageModelInput, LanguageModelOutput]
+LanguageModelOutputVar = TypeVar("LanguageModelOutputVar", BaseMessage, str)
+
+
+def _get_verbosity() -> bool:
+    from langchain_core.globals import get_verbose
+
+    return get_verbose()
+
+
+class BaseLanguageModel(
+    RunnableSerializable[LanguageModelInput, LanguageModelOutputVar], ABC
+):
+    """Abstract base class for interfacing with language models.
+
+    All language model wrappers inherited from BaseLanguageModel.
+    """
+
+    cache: Union[BaseCache, bool, None] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """Whether to cache the response.
+
+    * If true, will use the global cache.
+    * If false, will not use a cache
+    * If None, will use the global cache if it's set, otherwise no cache.
+    * If instance of BaseCache, will use the provided cache.
+
+    Caching is not currently supported for streaming methods of models.
+    """
+    verbose: bool = Field(default_factory=_get_verbosity, exclude=True, repr=False)
+    """Whether to print out response text."""
+    callbacks: Callbacks = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """Callbacks to add to the run trace."""
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """Tags to add to the run trace."""
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """Metadata to add to the run trace."""
+    custom_get_token_ids: Optional[Callable[[str], list[int]]] = Field(
+        default=None, exclude=True
+    )
+    """Optional encoder to use for counting tokens."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @field_validator("verbose", mode="before")
+    def set_verbose(cls, verbose: Optional[bool]) -> bool:
+        """If verbose is None, set it.
+
+        This allows users to pass in None as verbose to access the global setting.
+
+        Args:
+            verbose: The verbosity setting to use.
+
+        Returns:
+            The verbosity setting to use.
+        """
+        if verbose is None:
+            return _get_verbosity()
+        return verbose
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> TypeAlias:
+        """Get the input type for this runnable."""
+        from langchain_core.prompt_values import (
+            ChatPromptValueConcrete,
+            StringPromptValue,
+        )
+
+        # This is a version of LanguageModelInput which replaces the abstract
+        # base class BaseMessage with a union of its subclasses, which makes
+        # for a much better schema.
+        return Union[
+            str,
+            Union[StringPromptValue, ChatPromptValueConcrete],
+            list[AnyMessage],
+        ]
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def generate_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[PromptValue],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Pass a sequence of prompts to the model and return model generations.
+
+        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
+        API.
+
+        Use this method when you want to:
+            1. take advantage of batched calls,
+            2. need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
+            3. are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
+                type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).
+
+        Args:
+            prompts: List of PromptValues. A PromptValue is an object that can be
+                converted to match the format of any language model (string for pure
+                text generation models and BaseMessages for chat models).
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
+                prompt and additional model provider-specific output.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def agenerate_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[PromptValue],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Asynchronously pass a sequence of prompts and return model generations.
+
+        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
+        API.
+
+        Use this method when you want to:
+            1. take advantage of batched calls,
+            2. need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
+            3. are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
+                type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).
+
+        Args:
+            prompts: List of PromptValues. A PromptValue is an object that can be
+                converted to match the format of any language model (string for pure
+                text generation models and BaseMessages for chat models).
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
+                prompt and additional model provider-specific output.
+        """
+
+    def with_structured_output(
+        self, schema: Union[dict, type], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, Union[dict, BaseModel]]:
+        """Not implemented on this class."""
+        # Implement this on child class if there is a way of steering the model to
+        # generate responses that match a given schema.
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    @abstractmethod
+    def predict(
+        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        """Pass a single string input to the model and return a string.
+
+         Use this method when passing in raw text. If you want to pass in specific
+            types of chat messages, use predict_messages.
+
+        Args:
+            text: String input to pass to the model.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            Top model prediction as a string.
+        """
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    @abstractmethod
+    def predict_messages(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Pass a message sequence to the model and return a message.
+
+        Use this method when passing in chat messages. If you want to pass in raw text,
+            use predict.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: A sequence of chat messages corresponding to a single model input.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            Top model prediction as a message.
+        """
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def apredict(
+        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        """Asynchronously pass a string to the model and return a string.
+
+        Use this method when calling pure text generation models and only the top
+            candidate generation is needed.
+
+        Args:
+            text: String input to pass to the model.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            Top model prediction as a string.
+        """
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def apredict_messages(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Asynchronously pass messages to the model and return a message.
+
+        Use this method when calling chat models and only the top
+            candidate generation is needed.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: A sequence of chat messages corresponding to a single model input.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            Top model prediction as a message.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    def _identifying_params(self) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        """Get the identifying parameters."""
+        return self.lc_attributes
+
+    def get_token_ids(self, text: str) -> list[int]:
+        """Return the ordered ids of the tokens in a text.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The string input to tokenize.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of ids corresponding to the tokens in the text, in order they occur
+                in the text.
+        """
+        if self.custom_get_token_ids is not None:
+            return self.custom_get_token_ids(text)
+        return _get_token_ids_default_method(text)
+
+    def get_num_tokens(self, text: str) -> int:
+        """Get the number of tokens present in the text.
+
+        Useful for checking if an input fits in a model's context window.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The string input to tokenize.
+
+        Returns:
+            The integer number of tokens in the text.
+        """
+        return len(self.get_token_ids(text))
+
+    def get_num_tokens_from_messages(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        tools: Optional[Sequence] = None,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Get the number of tokens in the messages.
+
+        Useful for checking if an input fits in a model's context window.
+
+        **Note**: the base implementation of get_num_tokens_from_messages ignores
+        tool schemas.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: The message inputs to tokenize.
+            tools: If provided, sequence of dict, BaseModel, function, or BaseTools
+                to be converted to tool schemas.
+
+        Returns:
+            The sum of the number of tokens across the messages.
+        """
+        if tools is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Counting tokens in tool schemas is not yet supported. Ignoring tools.",
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        return sum(self.get_num_tokens(get_buffer_string([m])) for m in messages)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _all_required_field_names(cls) -> set:
+        """DEPRECATED: Kept for backwards compatibility.
+
+        Use get_pydantic_field_names.
+        """
+        return get_pydantic_field_names(cls)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/chat_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/chat_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71227177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/chat_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1557 @@
+"""Chat models for conversational AI."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import json
+import typing
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+from functools import cached_property
+from operator import itemgetter
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic import (
+    BaseModel,
+    ConfigDict,
+    Field,
+    model_validator,
+)
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    CallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.globals import get_llm_cache
+from langchain_core.language_models._utils import _normalize_messages
+from langchain_core.language_models.base import (
+    BaseLanguageModel,
+    LangSmithParams,
+    LanguageModelInput,
+)
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd, dumps
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    AnyMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    BaseMessageChunk,
+    HumanMessage,
+    convert_to_messages,
+    convert_to_openai_image_block,
+    is_data_content_block,
+    message_chunk_to_message,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.ai import _LC_ID_PREFIX
+from langchain_core.outputs import (
+    ChatGeneration,
+    ChatGenerationChunk,
+    ChatResult,
+    LLMResult,
+    RunInfo,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import ChatPromptValue, PromptValue, StringPromptValue
+from langchain_core.rate_limiters import BaseRateLimiter
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableMap, RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import ensure_config, run_in_executor
+from langchain_core.tracers._streaming import _StreamingCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import (
+    convert_to_json_schema,
+    convert_to_openai_tool,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import TypeBaseModel, is_basemodel_subclass
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import uuid
+
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.base import OutputParserLike
+    from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig
+    from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+
+
+def _generate_response_from_error(error: BaseException) -> list[ChatGeneration]:
+    if hasattr(error, "response"):
+        response = error.response
+        metadata: dict = {}
+        if hasattr(response, "headers"):
+            try:
+                metadata["headers"] = dict(response.headers)
+            except Exception:
+                metadata["headers"] = None
+        if hasattr(response, "status_code"):
+            metadata["status_code"] = response.status_code
+        if hasattr(error, "request_id"):
+            metadata["request_id"] = error.request_id
+        generations = [
+            ChatGeneration(message=AIMessage(content="", response_metadata=metadata))
+        ]
+    else:
+        generations = []
+
+    return generations
+
+
+def _format_for_tracing(messages: list[BaseMessage]) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Format messages for tracing in on_chat_model_start.
+
+    For backward compatibility, we update image content blocks to OpenAI Chat
+    Completions format.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: List of messages to format.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of messages formatted for tracing.
+    """
+    messages_to_trace = []
+    for message in messages:
+        message_to_trace = message
+        if isinstance(message.content, list):
+            for idx, block in enumerate(message.content):
+                if (
+                    isinstance(block, dict)
+                    and block.get("type") == "image"
+                    and is_data_content_block(block)
+                ):
+                    if message_to_trace is message:
+                        message_to_trace = message.model_copy()
+                        # Also shallow-copy content
+                        message_to_trace.content = list(message_to_trace.content)
+
+                    message_to_trace.content[idx] = (  # type: ignore[index]  # mypy confused by .model_copy
+                        convert_to_openai_image_block(block)
+                    )
+        messages_to_trace.append(message_to_trace)
+
+    return messages_to_trace
+
+
+def generate_from_stream(stream: Iterator[ChatGenerationChunk]) -> ChatResult:
+    """Generate from a stream.
+
+    Args:
+        stream: Iterator of ChatGenerationChunk.
+
+    Returns:
+        ChatResult: Chat result.
+    """
+    generation = next(stream, None)
+    if generation:
+        generation += list(stream)
+    if generation is None:
+        msg = "No generations found in stream."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return ChatResult(
+        generations=[
+            ChatGeneration(
+                message=message_chunk_to_message(generation.message),
+                generation_info=generation.generation_info,
+            )
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+async def agenerate_from_stream(
+    stream: AsyncIterator[ChatGenerationChunk],
+) -> ChatResult:
+    """Async generate from a stream.
+
+    Args:
+        stream: Iterator of ChatGenerationChunk.
+
+    Returns:
+        ChatResult: Chat result.
+    """
+    chunks = [chunk async for chunk in stream]
+    return await run_in_executor(None, generate_from_stream, iter(chunks))
+
+
+def _format_ls_structured_output(ls_structured_output_format: Optional[dict]) -> dict:
+    if ls_structured_output_format:
+        try:
+            ls_structured_output_format_dict = {
+                "ls_structured_output_format": {
+                    "kwargs": ls_structured_output_format.get("kwargs", {}),
+                    "schema": convert_to_json_schema(
+                        ls_structured_output_format["schema"]
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+        except ValueError:
+            ls_structured_output_format_dict = {}
+    else:
+        ls_structured_output_format_dict = {}
+
+    return ls_structured_output_format_dict
+
+
+class BaseChatModel(BaseLanguageModel[BaseMessage], ABC):
+    """Base class for chat models.
+
+    Key imperative methods:
+        Methods that actually call the underlying model.
+
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | Method                    | Input                                                          | Output                                                              | Description                                                                                      |
+        +===========================+================================================================+=====================================================================+==================================================================================================+
+        | `invoke`                  | str | list[dict | tuple | BaseMessage] | PromptValue           | BaseMessage                                                         | A single chat model call.                                                                        |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `ainvoke`                 | '''                                                            | BaseMessage                                                         | Defaults to running invoke in an async executor.                                                 |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `stream`                  | '''                                                            | Iterator[BaseMessageChunk]                                          | Defaults to yielding output of invoke.                                                           |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `astream`                 | '''                                                            | AsyncIterator[BaseMessageChunk]                                     | Defaults to yielding output of ainvoke.                                                          |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `astream_events`          | '''                                                            | AsyncIterator[StreamEvent]                                          | Event types: 'on_chat_model_start', 'on_chat_model_stream', 'on_chat_model_end'.                 |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `batch`                   | list[''']                                                      | list[BaseMessage]                                                   | Defaults to running invoke in concurrent threads.                                                |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `abatch`                  | list[''']                                                      | list[BaseMessage]                                                   | Defaults to running ainvoke in concurrent threads.                                               |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `batch_as_completed`      | list[''']                                                      | Iterator[tuple[int, Union[BaseMessage, Exception]]]                 | Defaults to running invoke in concurrent threads.                                                |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `abatch_as_completed`     | list[''']                                                      | AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Union[BaseMessage, Exception]]]            | Defaults to running ainvoke in concurrent threads.                                               |
+        +---------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+        This table provides a brief overview of the main imperative methods. Please see the base Runnable reference for full documentation.
+
+    Key declarative methods:
+        Methods for creating another Runnable using the ChatModel.
+
+        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | Method                           | Description                                                                                               |
+        +==================================+===========================================================================================================+
+        | `bind_tools`                     | Create ChatModel that can call tools.                                                                     |
+        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `with_structured_output`         | Create wrapper that structures model output using schema.                                                 |
+        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `with_retry`                     | Create wrapper that retries model calls on failure.                                                       |
+        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `with_fallbacks`                 | Create wrapper that falls back to other models on failure.                                                |
+        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `configurable_fields`            | Specify init args of the model that can be configured at runtime via the RunnableConfig.                  |
+        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | `configurable_alternatives`      | Specify alternative models which can be swapped in at runtime via the RunnableConfig.                     |
+        +----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+        This table provides a brief overview of the main declarative methods. Please see the reference for each method for full documentation.
+
+    Creating custom chat model:
+        Custom chat model implementations should inherit from this class.
+        Please reference the table below for information about which
+        methods and properties are required or optional for implementations.
+
+        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
+        | Method/Property                  | Description                                                        | Required/Optional |
+        +==================================+====================================================================+===================+
+        | `_generate`                      | Use to generate a chat result from a prompt                        | Required          |
+        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
+        | `_llm_type` (property)           | Used to uniquely identify the type of the model. Used for logging. | Required          |
+        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
+        | `_identifying_params` (property) | Represent model parameterization for tracing purposes.             | Optional          |
+        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
+        | `_stream`                        | Use to implement streaming                                         | Optional          |
+        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
+        | `_agenerate`                     | Use to implement a native async method                             | Optional          |
+        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
+        | `_astream`                       | Use to implement async version of `_stream`                        | Optional          |
+        +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
+
+        Follow the guide for more information on how to implement a custom Chat Model:
+        [Guide](https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/custom_chat_model/).
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = deprecated(
+        name="callback_manager", since="0.1.7", removal="1.0", alternative="callbacks"
+    )(
+        Field(
+            default=None,
+            exclude=True,
+            description="Callback manager to add to the run trace.",
+        )
+    )
+
+    rate_limiter: Optional[BaseRateLimiter] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    "An optional rate limiter to use for limiting the number of requests."
+
+    disable_streaming: Union[bool, Literal["tool_calling"]] = False
+    """Whether to disable streaming for this model.
+
+    If streaming is bypassed, then ``stream()``/``astream()``/``astream_events()`` will
+    defer to ``invoke()``/``ainvoke()``.
+
+    - If True, will always bypass streaming case.
+    - If "tool_calling", will bypass streaming case only when the model is called
+      with a ``tools`` keyword argument.
+    - If False (default), will always use streaming case if available.
+    """
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Raise deprecation warning if callback_manager is used.
+
+        Args:
+            values (Dict): Values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: Validated values.
+
+        Raises:
+            DeprecationWarning: If callback_manager is used.
+        """
+        if values.get("callback_manager") is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "callback_manager is deprecated. Please use callbacks instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=5,
+            )
+            values["callbacks"] = values.pop("callback_manager", None)
+        return values
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _serialized(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return dumpd(self)
+
+    # --- Runnable methods ---
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> Any:
+        """Get the output type for this runnable."""
+        return AnyMessage
+
+    def _convert_input(self, input: LanguageModelInput) -> PromptValue:
+        if isinstance(input, PromptValue):
+            return input
+        if isinstance(input, str):
+            return StringPromptValue(text=input)
+        if isinstance(input, Sequence):
+            return ChatPromptValue(messages=convert_to_messages(input))
+        msg = (
+            f"Invalid input type {type(input)}. "
+            "Must be a PromptValue, str, or list of BaseMessages."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        return cast(
+            "ChatGeneration",
+            self.generate_prompt(
+                [self._convert_input(input)],
+                stop=stop,
+                callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+                tags=config.get("tags"),
+                metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+                run_name=config.get("run_name"),
+                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+                **kwargs,
+            ).generations[0][0],
+        ).message
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        llm_result = await self.agenerate_prompt(
+            [self._convert_input(input)],
+            stop=stop,
+            callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+            tags=config.get("tags"),
+            metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            run_name=config.get("run_name"),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        return cast("ChatGeneration", llm_result.generations[0][0]).message
+
+    def _should_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        async_api: bool,
+        run_manager: Optional[
+            Union[CallbackManagerForLLMRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun]
+        ] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Determine if a given model call should hit the streaming API."""
+        sync_not_implemented = type(self)._stream == BaseChatModel._stream
+        async_not_implemented = type(self)._astream == BaseChatModel._astream
+
+        # Check if streaming is implemented.
+        if (not async_api) and sync_not_implemented:
+            return False
+        # Note, since async falls back to sync we check both here.
+        if async_api and async_not_implemented and sync_not_implemented:
+            return False
+
+        # Check if streaming has been disabled on this instance.
+        if self.disable_streaming is True:
+            return False
+        # We assume tools are passed in via "tools" kwarg in all models.
+        if self.disable_streaming == "tool_calling" and kwargs.get("tools"):
+            return False
+
+        # Check if a runtime streaming flag has been passed in.
+        if "stream" in kwargs:
+            return kwargs["stream"]
+
+        # Check if any streaming callback handlers have been passed in.
+        handlers = run_manager.handlers if run_manager else []
+        return any(isinstance(h, _StreamingCallbackHandler) for h in handlers)
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[BaseMessageChunk]:
+        if not self._should_stream(async_api=False, **{**kwargs, "stream": True}):
+            # model doesn't implement streaming, so use default implementation
+            yield cast(
+                "BaseMessageChunk",
+                self.invoke(input, config=config, stop=stop, **kwargs),
+            )
+        else:
+            config = ensure_config(config)
+            messages = self._convert_input(input).to_messages()
+            ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
+                "ls_structured_output_format", None
+            ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
+            ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
+                ls_structured_output_format
+            )
+
+            params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
+            options = {"stop": stop, **kwargs, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
+            inheritable_metadata = {
+                **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
+                **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+            }
+            callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+                config.get("callbacks"),
+                self.callbacks,
+                self.verbose,
+                config.get("tags"),
+                self.tags,
+                inheritable_metadata,
+                self.metadata,
+            )
+            (run_manager,) = callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
+                self._serialized,
+                [_format_for_tracing(messages)],
+                invocation_params=params,
+                options=options,
+                name=config.get("run_name"),
+                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+                batch_size=1,
+            )
+            generation: Optional[ChatGenerationChunk] = None
+
+            if self.rate_limiter:
+                self.rate_limiter.acquire(blocking=True)
+
+            try:
+                input_messages = _normalize_messages(messages)
+                for chunk in self._stream(input_messages, stop=stop, **kwargs):
+                    if chunk.message.id is None:
+                        chunk.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}"
+                    chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
+                    run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
+                        cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
+                    )
+                    yield chunk.message
+                    if generation is None:
+                        generation = chunk
+                    else:
+                        generation += chunk
+            except BaseException as e:
+                generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(e)
+                if generation:
+                    generations = [[generation], generations_with_error_metadata]
+                else:
+                    generations = [generations_with_error_metadata]
+                run_manager.on_llm_error(e, response=LLMResult(generations=generations))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                raise
+
+            if generation is None:
+                err = ValueError("No generation chunks were returned")
+                run_manager.on_llm_error(err, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
+                raise err
+
+            run_manager.on_llm_end(LLMResult(generations=[[generation]]))
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[BaseMessageChunk]:
+        if not self._should_stream(async_api=True, **{**kwargs, "stream": True}):
+            # No async or sync stream is implemented, so fall back to ainvoke
+            yield cast(
+                "BaseMessageChunk",
+                await self.ainvoke(input, config=config, stop=stop, **kwargs),
+            )
+            return
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        messages = self._convert_input(input).to_messages()
+
+        ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
+            "ls_structured_output_format", None
+        ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
+        ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
+            ls_structured_output_format
+        )
+
+        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
+        options = {"stop": stop, **kwargs, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
+        inheritable_metadata = {
+            **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
+            **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+        }
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose,
+            config.get("tags"),
+            self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+        (run_manager,) = await callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
+            self._serialized,
+            [_format_for_tracing(messages)],
+            invocation_params=params,
+            options=options,
+            name=config.get("run_name"),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            batch_size=1,
+        )
+
+        if self.rate_limiter:
+            await self.rate_limiter.aacquire(blocking=True)
+
+        generation: Optional[ChatGenerationChunk] = None
+        try:
+            input_messages = _normalize_messages(messages)
+            async for chunk in self._astream(
+                input_messages,
+                stop=stop,
+                **kwargs,
+            ):
+                if chunk.message.id is None:
+                    chunk.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}"
+                chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
+                await run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
+                    cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
+                )
+                yield chunk.message
+                if generation is None:
+                    generation = chunk
+                else:
+                    generation += chunk
+        except BaseException as e:
+            generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(e)
+            if generation:
+                generations = [[generation], generations_with_error_metadata]
+            else:
+                generations = [generations_with_error_metadata]
+            await run_manager.on_llm_error(
+                e,
+                response=LLMResult(generations=generations),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+            raise
+
+        if generation is None:
+            err = ValueError("No generation chunks were returned")
+            await run_manager.on_llm_error(err, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
+            raise err
+
+        await run_manager.on_llm_end(
+            LLMResult(generations=[[generation]]),
+        )
+
+    # --- Custom methods ---
+
+    def _combine_llm_outputs(self, llm_outputs: list[Optional[dict]]) -> dict:  # noqa: ARG002
+        return {}
+
+    def _get_invocation_params(
+        self,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict:
+        params = self.dict()
+        params["stop"] = stop
+        return {**params, **kwargs}
+
+    def _get_ls_params(
+        self,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LangSmithParams:
+        """Get standard params for tracing."""
+        # get default provider from class name
+        default_provider = self.__class__.__name__
+        if default_provider.startswith("Chat"):
+            default_provider = default_provider[4:].lower()
+        elif default_provider.endswith("Chat"):
+            default_provider = default_provider[:-4]
+        default_provider = default_provider.lower()
+
+        ls_params = LangSmithParams(ls_provider=default_provider, ls_model_type="chat")
+        if stop:
+            ls_params["ls_stop"] = stop
+
+        # model
+        if hasattr(self, "model") and isinstance(self.model, str):
+            ls_params["ls_model_name"] = self.model
+        elif hasattr(self, "model_name") and isinstance(self.model_name, str):
+            ls_params["ls_model_name"] = self.model_name
+
+        # temperature
+        if "temperature" in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs["temperature"], float):
+            ls_params["ls_temperature"] = kwargs["temperature"]
+        elif hasattr(self, "temperature") and isinstance(self.temperature, float):
+            ls_params["ls_temperature"] = self.temperature
+
+        # max_tokens
+        if "max_tokens" in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs["max_tokens"], int):
+            ls_params["ls_max_tokens"] = kwargs["max_tokens"]
+        elif hasattr(self, "max_tokens") and isinstance(self.max_tokens, int):
+            ls_params["ls_max_tokens"] = self.max_tokens
+
+        return ls_params
+
+    def _get_llm_string(self, stop: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        if self.is_lc_serializable():
+            params = {**kwargs, "stop": stop}
+            param_string = str(sorted(params.items()))
+            # This code is not super efficient as it goes back and forth between
+            # json and dict.
+            serialized_repr = self._serialized
+            _cleanup_llm_representation(serialized_repr, 1)
+            llm_string = json.dumps(serialized_repr, sort_keys=True)
+            return llm_string + "---" + param_string
+        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
+        params = {**params, **kwargs}
+        return str(sorted(params.items()))
+
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Pass a sequence of prompts to the model and return model generations.
+
+        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
+        API.
+
+        Use this method when you want to:
+            1. take advantage of batched calls,
+            2. need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
+            3. are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
+                type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).
+
+        Args:
+            messages: List of list of messages.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            tags: The tags to apply.
+            metadata: The metadata to apply.
+            run_name: The name of the run.
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
+                prompt and additional model provider-specific output.
+        """
+        ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
+            "ls_structured_output_format", None
+        ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
+        ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
+            ls_structured_output_format
+        )
+
+        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
+        options = {"stop": stop, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
+        inheritable_metadata = {
+            **(metadata or {}),
+            **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+        }
+
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks,
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose,
+            tags,
+            self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+        messages_to_trace = [
+            _format_for_tracing(message_list) for message_list in messages
+        ]
+        run_managers = callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
+            self._serialized,
+            messages_to_trace,
+            invocation_params=params,
+            options=options,
+            name=run_name,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            batch_size=len(messages),
+        )
+        results = []
+        input_messages = [
+            _normalize_messages(message_list) for message_list in messages
+        ]
+        for i, m in enumerate(input_messages):
+            try:
+                results.append(
+                    self._generate_with_cache(
+                        m,
+                        stop=stop,
+                        run_manager=run_managers[i] if run_managers else None,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                )
+            except BaseException as e:
+                if run_managers:
+                    generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(e)
+                    run_managers[i].on_llm_error(
+                        e,
+                        response=LLMResult(
+                            generations=[generations_with_error_metadata]  # type: ignore[list-item]
+                        ),
+                    )
+                raise
+        flattened_outputs = [
+            LLMResult(generations=[res.generations], llm_output=res.llm_output)  # type: ignore[list-item]
+            for res in results
+        ]
+        llm_output = self._combine_llm_outputs([res.llm_output for res in results])
+        generations = [res.generations for res in results]
+        output = LLMResult(generations=generations, llm_output=llm_output)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        if run_managers:
+            run_infos = []
+            for manager, flattened_output in zip(run_managers, flattened_outputs):
+                manager.on_llm_end(flattened_output)
+                run_infos.append(RunInfo(run_id=manager.run_id))
+            output.run = run_infos
+        return output
+
+    async def agenerate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Asynchronously pass a sequence of prompts to a model and return generations.
+
+        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
+        API.
+
+        Use this method when you want to:
+            1. take advantage of batched calls,
+            2. need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
+            3. are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
+                type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).
+
+        Args:
+            messages: List of list of messages.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            tags: The tags to apply.
+            metadata: The metadata to apply.
+            run_name: The name of the run.
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
+                prompt and additional model provider-specific output.
+        """
+        ls_structured_output_format = kwargs.pop(
+            "ls_structured_output_format", None
+        ) or kwargs.pop("structured_output_format", None)
+        ls_structured_output_format_dict = _format_ls_structured_output(
+            ls_structured_output_format
+        )
+
+        params = self._get_invocation_params(stop=stop, **kwargs)
+        options = {"stop": stop, **ls_structured_output_format_dict}
+        inheritable_metadata = {
+            **(metadata or {}),
+            **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+        }
+
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks,
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose,
+            tags,
+            self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+
+        messages_to_trace = [
+            _format_for_tracing(message_list) for message_list in messages
+        ]
+        run_managers = await callback_manager.on_chat_model_start(
+            self._serialized,
+            messages_to_trace,
+            invocation_params=params,
+            options=options,
+            name=run_name,
+            batch_size=len(messages),
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+
+        input_messages = [
+            _normalize_messages(message_list) for message_list in messages
+        ]
+        results = await asyncio.gather(
+            *[
+                self._agenerate_with_cache(
+                    m,
+                    stop=stop,
+                    run_manager=run_managers[i] if run_managers else None,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                for i, m in enumerate(input_messages)
+            ],
+            return_exceptions=True,
+        )
+        exceptions = []
+        for i, res in enumerate(results):
+            if isinstance(res, BaseException):
+                if run_managers:
+                    generations_with_error_metadata = _generate_response_from_error(res)
+                    await run_managers[i].on_llm_error(
+                        res,
+                        response=LLMResult(
+                            generations=[generations_with_error_metadata]  # type: ignore[list-item]
+                        ),
+                    )
+                exceptions.append(res)
+        if exceptions:
+            if run_managers:
+                await asyncio.gather(
+                    *[
+                        run_manager.on_llm_end(
+                            LLMResult(
+                                generations=[res.generations],  # type: ignore[list-item, union-attr]
+                                llm_output=res.llm_output,  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                            )
+                        )
+                        for run_manager, res in zip(run_managers, results)
+                        if not isinstance(res, Exception)
+                    ]
+                )
+            raise exceptions[0]
+        flattened_outputs = [
+            LLMResult(generations=[res.generations], llm_output=res.llm_output)  # type: ignore[list-item, union-attr]
+            for res in results
+        ]
+        llm_output = self._combine_llm_outputs([res.llm_output for res in results])  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        generations = [res.generations for res in results]  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        output = LLMResult(generations=generations, llm_output=llm_output)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        await asyncio.gather(
+            *[
+                run_manager.on_llm_end(flattened_output)
+                for run_manager, flattened_output in zip(
+                    run_managers, flattened_outputs
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+        if run_managers:
+            output.run = [
+                RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id) for run_manager in run_managers
+            ]
+        return output
+
+    @override
+    def generate_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[PromptValue],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        prompt_messages = [p.to_messages() for p in prompts]
+        return self.generate(prompt_messages, stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def agenerate_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[PromptValue],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        prompt_messages = [p.to_messages() for p in prompts]
+        return await self.agenerate(
+            prompt_messages, stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _generate_with_cache(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        llm_cache = self.cache if isinstance(self.cache, BaseCache) else get_llm_cache()
+        # We should check the cache unless it's explicitly set to False
+        # A None cache means we should use the default global cache
+        # if it's configured.
+        check_cache = self.cache or self.cache is None
+        if check_cache:
+            if llm_cache:
+                llm_string = self._get_llm_string(stop=stop, **kwargs)
+                prompt = dumps(messages)
+                cache_val = llm_cache.lookup(prompt, llm_string)
+                if isinstance(cache_val, list):
+                    return ChatResult(generations=cache_val)
+            elif self.cache is None:
+                pass
+            else:
+                msg = "Asked to cache, but no cache found at `langchain.cache`."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        # Apply the rate limiter after checking the cache, since
+        # we usually don't want to rate limit cache lookups, but
+        # we do want to rate limit API requests.
+        if self.rate_limiter:
+            self.rate_limiter.acquire(blocking=True)
+
+        # If stream is not explicitly set, check if implicitly requested by
+        # astream_events() or astream_log(). Bail out if _stream not implemented
+        if self._should_stream(
+            async_api=False,
+            run_manager=run_manager,
+            **kwargs,
+        ):
+            chunks: list[ChatGenerationChunk] = []
+            for chunk in self._stream(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs):
+                chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
+                if run_manager:
+                    if chunk.message.id is None:
+                        chunk.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}"
+                    run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
+                        cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
+                    )
+                chunks.append(chunk)
+            result = generate_from_stream(iter(chunks))
+        elif inspect.signature(self._generate).parameters.get("run_manager"):
+            result = self._generate(
+                messages, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            result = self._generate(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs)
+
+        # Add response metadata to each generation
+        for idx, generation in enumerate(result.generations):
+            if run_manager and generation.message.id is None:
+                generation.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}-{idx}"
+            generation.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(
+                generation
+            )
+        if len(result.generations) == 1 and result.llm_output is not None:
+            result.generations[0].message.response_metadata = {
+                **result.llm_output,
+                **result.generations[0].message.response_metadata,
+            }
+        if check_cache and llm_cache:
+            llm_cache.update(prompt, llm_string, result.generations)
+        return result
+
+    async def _agenerate_with_cache(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        llm_cache = self.cache if isinstance(self.cache, BaseCache) else get_llm_cache()
+        # We should check the cache unless it's explicitly set to False
+        # A None cache means we should use the default global cache
+        # if it's configured.
+        check_cache = self.cache or self.cache is None
+        if check_cache:
+            if llm_cache:
+                llm_string = self._get_llm_string(stop=stop, **kwargs)
+                prompt = dumps(messages)
+                cache_val = await llm_cache.alookup(prompt, llm_string)
+                if isinstance(cache_val, list):
+                    return ChatResult(generations=cache_val)
+            elif self.cache is None:
+                pass
+            else:
+                msg = "Asked to cache, but no cache found at `langchain.cache`."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        # Apply the rate limiter after checking the cache, since
+        # we usually don't want to rate limit cache lookups, but
+        # we do want to rate limit API requests.
+        if self.rate_limiter:
+            await self.rate_limiter.aacquire(blocking=True)
+
+        # If stream is not explicitly set, check if implicitly requested by
+        # astream_events() or astream_log(). Bail out if _astream not implemented
+        if self._should_stream(
+            async_api=True,
+            run_manager=run_manager,
+            **kwargs,
+        ):
+            chunks: list[ChatGenerationChunk] = []
+            async for chunk in self._astream(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs):
+                chunk.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(chunk)
+                if run_manager:
+                    if chunk.message.id is None:
+                        chunk.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}"
+                    await run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
+                        cast("str", chunk.message.content), chunk=chunk
+                    )
+                chunks.append(chunk)
+            result = generate_from_stream(iter(chunks))
+        elif inspect.signature(self._agenerate).parameters.get("run_manager"):
+            result = await self._agenerate(
+                messages, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            result = await self._agenerate(messages, stop=stop, **kwargs)
+
+        # Add response metadata to each generation
+        for idx, generation in enumerate(result.generations):
+            if run_manager and generation.message.id is None:
+                generation.message.id = f"{_LC_ID_PREFIX}-{run_manager.run_id}-{idx}"
+            generation.message.response_metadata = _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(
+                generation
+            )
+        if len(result.generations) == 1 and result.llm_output is not None:
+            result.generations[0].message.response_metadata = {
+                **result.llm_output,
+                **result.generations[0].message.response_metadata,
+            }
+        if check_cache and llm_cache:
+            await llm_cache.aupdate(prompt, llm_string, result.generations)
+        return result
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        """Top Level call."""
+
+    async def _agenerate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        """Top Level call."""
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._generate,
+            messages,
+            stop,
+            run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _stream(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[ChatGenerationChunk]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def _astream(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ChatGenerationChunk]:
+        iterator = await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._stream,
+            messages,
+            stop,
+            run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        done = object()
+        while True:
+            item = await run_in_executor(
+                None,
+                next,
+                iterator,
+                done,
+            )
+            if item is done:
+                break
+            yield item  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Call the model.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: List of messages.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The model output message.
+        """
+        generation = self.generate(
+            [messages], stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        ).generations[0][0]
+        if isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
+            return generation.message
+        msg = "Unexpected generation type"
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    async def _call_async(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        result = await self.agenerate(
+            [messages], stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+        generation = result.generations[0][0]
+        if isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
+            return generation.message
+        msg = "Unexpected generation type"
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    def call_as_llm(
+        self, message: str, stop: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        """Call the model.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The input message.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The model output string.
+        """
+        return self.predict(message, stop=stop, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    def predict(
+        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        """Predict the next message.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The input message.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The predicted output string.
+        """
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        result = self([HumanMessage(content=text)], stop=_stop, **kwargs)
+        if isinstance(result.content, str):
+            return result.content
+        msg = "Cannot use predict when output is not a string."
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    def predict_messages(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        return self(messages, stop=_stop, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    async def apredict(
+        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        result = await self._call_async(
+            [HumanMessage(content=text)], stop=_stop, **kwargs
+        )
+        if isinstance(result.content, str):
+            return result.content
+        msg = "Cannot use predict when output is not a string."
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    async def apredict_messages(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        return await self._call_async(messages, stop=_stop, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return type of chat model."""
+
+    @override
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict:
+        """Return a dictionary of the LLM."""
+        starter_dict = dict(self._identifying_params)
+        starter_dict["_type"] = self._llm_type
+        return starter_dict
+
+    def bind_tools(
+        self,
+        tools: Sequence[
+            Union[typing.Dict[str, Any], type, Callable, BaseTool]  # noqa: UP006
+        ],
+        *,
+        tool_choice: Optional[Union[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, BaseMessage]:
+        """Bind tools to the model.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Sequence of tools to bind to the model.
+            tool_choice: The tool to use. If "any" then any tool can be used.
+
+        Returns:
+            A Runnable that returns a message.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def with_structured_output(
+        self,
+        schema: Union[typing.Dict, type],  # noqa: UP006
+        *,
+        include_raw: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Runnable[LanguageModelInput, Union[typing.Dict, BaseModel]]:  # noqa: UP006
+        """Model wrapper that returns outputs formatted to match the given schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema:
+                The output schema. Can be passed in as:
+                    - an OpenAI function/tool schema,
+                    - a JSON Schema,
+                    - a TypedDict class,
+                    - or a Pydantic class.
+                If ``schema`` is a Pydantic class then the model output will be a
+                Pydantic instance of that class, and the model-generated fields will be
+                validated by the Pydantic class. Otherwise the model output will be a
+                dict and will not be validated. See :meth:`langchain_core.utils.function_calling.convert_to_openai_tool`
+                for more on how to properly specify types and descriptions of
+                schema fields when specifying a Pydantic or TypedDict class.
+
+            include_raw:
+                If False then only the parsed structured output is returned. If
+                an error occurs during model output parsing it will be raised. If True
+                then both the raw model response (a BaseMessage) and the parsed model
+                response will be returned. If an error occurs during output parsing it
+                will be caught and returned as well. The final output is always a dict
+                with keys "raw", "parsed", and "parsing_error".
+
+        Returns:
+            A Runnable that takes same inputs as a :class:`langchain_core.language_models.chat.BaseChatModel`.
+
+            If ``include_raw`` is False and ``schema`` is a Pydantic class, Runnable outputs
+            an instance of ``schema`` (i.e., a Pydantic object).
+
+            Otherwise, if ``include_raw`` is False then Runnable outputs a dict.
+
+            If ``include_raw`` is True, then Runnable outputs a dict with keys:
+                - ``"raw"``: BaseMessage
+                - ``"parsed"``: None if there was a parsing error, otherwise the type depends on the ``schema`` as described above.
+                - ``"parsing_error"``: Optional[BaseException]
+
+        Example: Pydantic schema (include_raw=False):
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+                class AnswerWithJustification(BaseModel):
+                    '''An answer to the user question along with justification for the answer.'''
+                    answer: str
+                    justification: str
+
+                llm = ChatModel(model="model-name", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = llm.with_structured_output(AnswerWithJustification)
+
+                structured_llm.invoke("What weighs more a pound of bricks or a pound of feathers")
+
+                # -> AnswerWithJustification(
+                #     answer='They weigh the same',
+                #     justification='Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume or density of the objects may differ.'
+                # )
+
+        Example: Pydantic schema (include_raw=True):
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+                class AnswerWithJustification(BaseModel):
+                    '''An answer to the user question along with justification for the answer.'''
+                    answer: str
+                    justification: str
+
+                llm = ChatModel(model="model-name", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = llm.with_structured_output(AnswerWithJustification, include_raw=True)
+
+                structured_llm.invoke("What weighs more a pound of bricks or a pound of feathers")
+                # -> {
+                #     'raw': AIMessage(content='', additional_kwargs={'tool_calls': [{'id': 'call_Ao02pnFYXD6GN1yzc0uXPsvF', 'function': {'arguments': '{"answer":"They weigh the same.","justification":"Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume or density of the objects may differ."}', 'name': 'AnswerWithJustification'}, 'type': 'function'}]}),
+                #     'parsed': AnswerWithJustification(answer='They weigh the same.', justification='Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume or density of the objects may differ.'),
+                #     'parsing_error': None
+                # }
+
+        Example: Dict schema (include_raw=False):
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from pydantic import BaseModel
+                from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import convert_to_openai_tool
+
+                class AnswerWithJustification(BaseModel):
+                    '''An answer to the user question along with justification for the answer.'''
+                    answer: str
+                    justification: str
+
+                dict_schema = convert_to_openai_tool(AnswerWithJustification)
+                llm = ChatModel(model="model-name", temperature=0)
+                structured_llm = llm.with_structured_output(dict_schema)
+
+                structured_llm.invoke("What weighs more a pound of bricks or a pound of feathers")
+                # -> {
+                #     'answer': 'They weigh the same',
+                #     'justification': 'Both a pound of bricks and a pound of feathers weigh one pound. The weight is the same, but the volume and density of the two substances differ.'
+                # }
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.2.26
+
+                Added support for TypedDict class.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        _ = kwargs.pop("method", None)
+        _ = kwargs.pop("strict", None)
+        if kwargs:
+            msg = f"Received unsupported arguments {kwargs}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_tools import (
+            JsonOutputKeyToolsParser,
+            PydanticToolsParser,
+        )
+
+        if self.bind_tools is BaseChatModel.bind_tools:
+            msg = "with_structured_output is not implemented for this model."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        llm = self.bind_tools(
+            [schema],
+            tool_choice="any",
+            ls_structured_output_format={
+                "kwargs": {"method": "function_calling"},
+                "schema": schema,
+            },
+        )
+        if isinstance(schema, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(schema):
+            output_parser: OutputParserLike = PydanticToolsParser(
+                tools=[cast("TypeBaseModel", schema)], first_tool_only=True
+            )
+        else:
+            key_name = convert_to_openai_tool(schema)["function"]["name"]
+            output_parser = JsonOutputKeyToolsParser(
+                key_name=key_name, first_tool_only=True
+            )
+        if include_raw:
+            parser_assign = RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+                parsed=itemgetter("raw") | output_parser, parsing_error=lambda _: None
+            )
+            parser_none = RunnablePassthrough.assign(parsed=lambda _: None)
+            parser_with_fallback = parser_assign.with_fallbacks(
+                [parser_none], exception_key="parsing_error"
+            )
+            return RunnableMap(raw=llm) | parser_with_fallback
+        return llm | output_parser
+
+
+class SimpleChatModel(BaseChatModel):
+    """Simplified implementation for a chat model to inherit from.
+
+    **Note** This implementation is primarily here for backwards compatibility.
+        For new implementations, please use `BaseChatModel` directly.
+    """
+
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        output_str = self._call(messages, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs)
+        message = AIMessage(content=output_str)
+        generation = ChatGeneration(message=message)
+        return ChatResult(generations=[generation])
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Simpler interface."""
+
+    async def _agenerate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._generate,
+            messages,
+            stop=stop,
+            run_manager=run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+def _gen_info_and_msg_metadata(
+    generation: Union[ChatGeneration, ChatGenerationChunk],
+) -> dict:
+    return {
+        **(generation.generation_info or {}),
+        **generation.message.response_metadata,
+    }
+
+
+def _cleanup_llm_representation(serialized: Any, depth: int) -> None:
+    """Remove non-serializable objects from a serialized object."""
+    if depth > 100:  # Don't cooperate for pathological cases
+        return
+
+    if not isinstance(serialized, dict):
+        return
+
+    if (
+        "type" in serialized
+        and serialized["type"] == "not_implemented"
+        and "repr" in serialized
+    ):
+        del serialized["repr"]
+
+    if "graph" in serialized:
+        del serialized["graph"]
+
+    if "kwargs" in serialized:
+        kwargs = serialized["kwargs"]
+
+        for value in kwargs.values():
+            _cleanup_llm_representation(value, depth + 1)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/fake.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/fake.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72366302
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/fake.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""Fake LLMs for testing purposes."""
+
+import asyncio
+import time
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Mapping
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models import LanguageModelInput
+from langchain_core.language_models.llms import LLM
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+
+
+class FakeListLLM(LLM):
+    """Fake LLM for testing purposes."""
+
+    responses: list[str]
+    """List of responses to return in order."""
+    # This parameter should be removed from FakeListLLM since
+    # it's only used by sub-classes.
+    sleep: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sleep time in seconds between responses.
+
+    Ignored by FakeListLLM, but used by sub-classes.
+    """
+    i: int = 0
+    """Internally incremented after every model invocation.
+
+    Useful primarily for testing purposes.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return type of llm."""
+        return "fake-list"
+
+    @override
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Return next response."""
+        response = self.responses[self.i]
+        if self.i < len(self.responses) - 1:
+            self.i += 1
+        else:
+            self.i = 0
+        return response
+
+    @override
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Return next response."""
+        response = self.responses[self.i]
+        if self.i < len(self.responses) - 1:
+            self.i += 1
+        else:
+            self.i = 0
+        return response
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _identifying_params(self) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        return {"responses": self.responses}
+
+
+class FakeListLLMError(Exception):
+    """Fake error for testing purposes."""
+
+
+class FakeStreamingListLLM(FakeListLLM):
+    """Fake streaming list LLM for testing purposes.
+
+    An LLM that will return responses from a list in order.
+
+    This model also supports optionally sleeping between successive
+    chunks in a streaming implementation.
+    """
+
+    error_on_chunk_number: Optional[int] = None
+    """If set, will raise an exception on the specified chunk number."""
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[str]:
+        result = self.invoke(input, config)
+        for i_c, c in enumerate(result):
+            if self.sleep is not None:
+                time.sleep(self.sleep)
+
+            if (
+                self.error_on_chunk_number is not None
+                and i_c == self.error_on_chunk_number
+            ):
+                raise FakeListLLMError
+            yield c
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        result = await self.ainvoke(input, config)
+        for i_c, c in enumerate(result):
+            if self.sleep is not None:
+                await asyncio.sleep(self.sleep)
+
+            if (
+                self.error_on_chunk_number is not None
+                and i_c == self.error_on_chunk_number
+            ):
+                raise FakeListLLMError
+            yield c
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/fake_chat_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/fake_chat_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1cdd49a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/fake_chat_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+"""Fake ChatModel for testing purposes."""
+
+import asyncio
+import re
+import time
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.language_models.chat_models import BaseChatModel, SimpleChatModel
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, AIMessageChunk, BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, ChatGenerationChunk, ChatResult
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+
+
+class FakeMessagesListChatModel(BaseChatModel):
+    """Fake ChatModel for testing purposes."""
+
+    responses: list[BaseMessage]
+    """List of responses to **cycle** through in order."""
+    sleep: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sleep time in seconds between responses."""
+    i: int = 0
+    """Internally incremented after every model invocation."""
+
+    @override
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        response = self.responses[self.i]
+        if self.i < len(self.responses) - 1:
+            self.i += 1
+        else:
+            self.i = 0
+        generation = ChatGeneration(message=response)
+        return ChatResult(generations=[generation])
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        return "fake-messages-list-chat-model"
+
+
+class FakeListChatModelError(Exception):
+    """Fake error for testing purposes."""
+
+
+class FakeListChatModel(SimpleChatModel):
+    """Fake ChatModel for testing purposes."""
+
+    responses: list[str]
+    """List of responses to **cycle** through in order."""
+    sleep: Optional[float] = None
+    i: int = 0
+    """List of responses to **cycle** through in order."""
+    error_on_chunk_number: Optional[int] = None
+    """Internally incremented after every model invocation."""
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        return "fake-list-chat-model"
+
+    @override
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """First try to lookup in queries, else return 'foo' or 'bar'."""
+        response = self.responses[self.i]
+        if self.i < len(self.responses) - 1:
+            self.i += 1
+        else:
+            self.i = 0
+        return response
+
+    @override
+    def _stream(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Union[list[str], None] = None,
+        run_manager: Union[CallbackManagerForLLMRun, None] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[ChatGenerationChunk]:
+        response = self.responses[self.i]
+        if self.i < len(self.responses) - 1:
+            self.i += 1
+        else:
+            self.i = 0
+        for i_c, c in enumerate(response):
+            if self.sleep is not None:
+                time.sleep(self.sleep)
+            if (
+                self.error_on_chunk_number is not None
+                and i_c == self.error_on_chunk_number
+            ):
+                raise FakeListChatModelError
+
+            yield ChatGenerationChunk(message=AIMessageChunk(content=c))
+
+    @override
+    async def _astream(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Union[list[str], None] = None,
+        run_manager: Union[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun, None] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ChatGenerationChunk]:
+        response = self.responses[self.i]
+        if self.i < len(self.responses) - 1:
+            self.i += 1
+        else:
+            self.i = 0
+        for i_c, c in enumerate(response):
+            if self.sleep is not None:
+                await asyncio.sleep(self.sleep)
+            if (
+                self.error_on_chunk_number is not None
+                and i_c == self.error_on_chunk_number
+            ):
+                raise FakeListChatModelError
+            yield ChatGenerationChunk(message=AIMessageChunk(content=c))
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def _identifying_params(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"responses": self.responses}
+
+    @override
+    # manually override batch to preserve batch ordering with no concurrency
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Any],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        if isinstance(config, list):
+            return [self.invoke(m, c, **kwargs) for m, c in zip(inputs, config)]
+        return [self.invoke(m, config, **kwargs) for m in inputs]
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Any],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        if isinstance(config, list):
+            # do Not use an async iterator here because need explicit ordering
+            return [await self.ainvoke(m, c, **kwargs) for m, c in zip(inputs, config)]
+        # do Not use an async iterator here because need explicit ordering
+        return [await self.ainvoke(m, config, **kwargs) for m in inputs]
+
+
+class FakeChatModel(SimpleChatModel):
+    """Fake Chat Model wrapper for testing purposes."""
+
+    @override
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        return "fake response"
+
+    @override
+    async def _agenerate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        output_str = "fake response"
+        message = AIMessage(content=output_str)
+        generation = ChatGeneration(message=message)
+        return ChatResult(generations=[generation])
+
+    @property
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        return "fake-chat-model"
+
+    @property
+    def _identifying_params(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"key": "fake"}
+
+
+class GenericFakeChatModel(BaseChatModel):
+    """Generic fake chat model that can be used to test the chat model interface.
+
+    * Chat model should be usable in both sync and async tests
+    * Invokes on_llm_new_token to allow for testing of callback related code for new
+      tokens.
+    * Includes logic to break messages into message chunk to facilitate testing of
+      streaming.
+    """
+
+    messages: Iterator[Union[AIMessage, str]]
+    """Get an iterator over messages.
+
+    This can be expanded to accept other types like Callables / dicts / strings
+    to make the interface more generic if needed.
+
+    Note: if you want to pass a list, you can use `iter` to convert it to an iterator.
+
+    Please note that streaming is not implemented yet. We should try to implement it
+    in the future by delegating to invoke and then breaking the resulting output
+    into message chunks.
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        """Top Level call."""
+        message = next(self.messages)
+        message_ = AIMessage(content=message) if isinstance(message, str) else message
+        generation = ChatGeneration(message=message_)
+        return ChatResult(generations=[generation])
+
+    def _stream(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[ChatGenerationChunk]:
+        """Stream the output of the model."""
+        chat_result = self._generate(
+            messages, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
+        )
+        if not isinstance(chat_result, ChatResult):
+            msg = (
+                f"Expected generate to return a ChatResult, "
+                f"but got {type(chat_result)} instead."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+        message = chat_result.generations[0].message
+
+        if not isinstance(message, AIMessage):
+            msg = (
+                f"Expected invoke to return an AIMessage, "
+                f"but got {type(message)} instead."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+        content = message.content
+
+        if content:
+            # Use a regular expression to split on whitespace with a capture group
+            # so that we can preserve the whitespace in the output.
+            if not isinstance(content, str):
+                msg = "Expected content to be a string."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            content_chunks = cast("list[str]", re.split(r"(\s)", content))
+
+            for token in content_chunks:
+                chunk = ChatGenerationChunk(
+                    message=AIMessageChunk(content=token, id=message.id)
+                )
+                if run_manager:
+                    run_manager.on_llm_new_token(token, chunk=chunk)
+                yield chunk
+
+        if message.additional_kwargs:
+            for key, value in message.additional_kwargs.items():
+                # We should further break down the additional kwargs into chunks
+                # Special case for function call
+                if key == "function_call":
+                    for fkey, fvalue in value.items():
+                        if isinstance(fvalue, str):
+                            # Break function call by `,`
+                            fvalue_chunks = cast("list[str]", re.split(r"(,)", fvalue))
+                            for fvalue_chunk in fvalue_chunks:
+                                chunk = ChatGenerationChunk(
+                                    message=AIMessageChunk(
+                                        id=message.id,
+                                        content="",
+                                        additional_kwargs={
+                                            "function_call": {fkey: fvalue_chunk}
+                                        },
+                                    )
+                                )
+                                if run_manager:
+                                    run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
+                                        "",
+                                        chunk=chunk,  # No token for function call
+                                    )
+                                yield chunk
+                        else:
+                            chunk = ChatGenerationChunk(
+                                message=AIMessageChunk(
+                                    id=message.id,
+                                    content="",
+                                    additional_kwargs={"function_call": {fkey: fvalue}},
+                                )
+                            )
+                            if run_manager:
+                                run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
+                                    "",
+                                    chunk=chunk,  # No token for function call
+                                )
+                            yield chunk
+                else:
+                    chunk = ChatGenerationChunk(
+                        message=AIMessageChunk(
+                            id=message.id, content="", additional_kwargs={key: value}
+                        )
+                    )
+                    if run_manager:
+                        run_manager.on_llm_new_token(
+                            "",
+                            chunk=chunk,  # No token for function call
+                        )
+                    yield chunk
+
+    @property
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        return "generic-fake-chat-model"
+
+
+class ParrotFakeChatModel(BaseChatModel):
+    """Generic fake chat model that can be used to test the chat model interface.
+
+    * Chat model should be usable in both sync and async tests
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatResult:
+        """Top Level call."""
+        return ChatResult(generations=[ChatGeneration(message=messages[-1])])
+
+    @property
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        return "parrot-fake-chat-model"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/llms.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/llms.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87f3974a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/language_models/llms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1569 @@
+"""Base interface for large language models to expose."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import functools
+import inspect
+import json
+import logging
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+import yaml
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+from tenacity import (
+    RetryCallState,
+    before_sleep_log,
+    retry,
+    retry_base,
+    retry_if_exception_type,
+    stop_after_attempt,
+    wait_exponential,
+)
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.caches import BaseCache
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    CallbackManager,
+    CallbackManagerForLLMRun,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.globals import get_llm_cache
+from langchain_core.language_models.base import (
+    BaseLanguageModel,
+    LangSmithParams,
+    LanguageModelInput,
+)
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    convert_to_messages,
+    get_buffer_string,
+)
+from langchain_core.outputs import Generation, GenerationChunk, LLMResult, RunInfo
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import ChatPromptValue, PromptValue, StringPromptValue
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, ensure_config, get_config_list
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import uuid
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _log_error_once(msg: str) -> None:
+    """Log an error once."""
+    logger.error(msg)
+
+
+def create_base_retry_decorator(
+    error_types: list[type[BaseException]],
+    max_retries: int = 1,
+    run_manager: Optional[
+        Union[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun, CallbackManagerForLLMRun]
+    ] = None,
+) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
+    """Create a retry decorator for a given LLM and provided a list of error types.
+
+    Args:
+        error_types: List of error types to retry on.
+        max_retries: Number of retries. Default is 1.
+        run_manager: Callback manager for the run. Default is None.
+
+    Returns:
+        A retry decorator.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the cache is not set and cache is True.
+    """
+    _logging = before_sleep_log(logger, logging.WARNING)
+
+    def _before_sleep(retry_state: RetryCallState) -> None:
+        _logging(retry_state)
+        if run_manager:
+            if isinstance(run_manager, AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun):
+                coro = run_manager.on_retry(retry_state)
+                try:
+                    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+                    if loop.is_running():
+                        loop.create_task(coro)
+                    else:
+                        asyncio.run(coro)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    _log_error_once(f"Error in on_retry: {e}")
+            else:
+                run_manager.on_retry(retry_state)
+
+    min_seconds = 4
+    max_seconds = 10
+    # Wait 2^x * 1 second between each retry starting with
+    # 4 seconds, then up to 10 seconds, then 10 seconds afterwards
+    retry_instance: retry_base = retry_if_exception_type(error_types[0])
+    for error in error_types[1:]:
+        retry_instance = retry_instance | retry_if_exception_type(error)
+    return retry(
+        reraise=True,
+        stop=stop_after_attempt(max_retries),
+        wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=min_seconds, max=max_seconds),
+        retry=retry_instance,
+        before_sleep=_before_sleep,
+    )
+
+
+def _resolve_cache(cache: Union[BaseCache, bool, None]) -> Optional[BaseCache]:
+    """Resolve the cache."""
+    if isinstance(cache, BaseCache):
+        llm_cache = cache
+    elif cache is None:
+        llm_cache = get_llm_cache()
+    elif cache is True:
+        llm_cache = get_llm_cache()
+        if llm_cache is None:
+            msg = (
+                "No global cache was configured. Use `set_llm_cache`."
+                "to set a global cache if you want to use a global cache."
+                "Otherwise either pass a cache object or set cache to False/None"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif cache is False:
+        llm_cache = None
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported cache value {cache}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return llm_cache
+
+
+def get_prompts(
+    params: dict[str, Any],
+    prompts: list[str],
+    cache: Optional[Union[BaseCache, bool, None]] = None,
+) -> tuple[dict[int, list], str, list[int], list[str]]:
+    """Get prompts that are already cached.
+
+    Args:
+        params: Dictionary of parameters.
+        prompts: List of prompts.
+        cache: Cache object. Default is None.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple of existing prompts, llm_string, missing prompt indexes,
+            and missing prompts.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the cache is not set and cache is True.
+    """
+    llm_string = str(sorted(params.items()))
+    missing_prompts = []
+    missing_prompt_idxs = []
+    existing_prompts = {}
+
+    llm_cache = _resolve_cache(cache)
+    for i, prompt in enumerate(prompts):
+        if llm_cache:
+            cache_val = llm_cache.lookup(prompt, llm_string)
+            if isinstance(cache_val, list):
+                existing_prompts[i] = cache_val
+            else:
+                missing_prompts.append(prompt)
+                missing_prompt_idxs.append(i)
+    return existing_prompts, llm_string, missing_prompt_idxs, missing_prompts
+
+
+async def aget_prompts(
+    params: dict[str, Any],
+    prompts: list[str],
+    cache: Optional[Union[BaseCache, bool, None]] = None,
+) -> tuple[dict[int, list], str, list[int], list[str]]:
+    """Get prompts that are already cached. Async version.
+
+    Args:
+        params: Dictionary of parameters.
+        prompts: List of prompts.
+        cache: Cache object. Default is None.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple of existing prompts, llm_string, missing prompt indexes,
+            and missing prompts.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the cache is not set and cache is True.
+    """
+    llm_string = str(sorted(params.items()))
+    missing_prompts = []
+    missing_prompt_idxs = []
+    existing_prompts = {}
+    llm_cache = _resolve_cache(cache)
+    for i, prompt in enumerate(prompts):
+        if llm_cache:
+            cache_val = await llm_cache.alookup(prompt, llm_string)
+            if isinstance(cache_val, list):
+                existing_prompts[i] = cache_val
+            else:
+                missing_prompts.append(prompt)
+                missing_prompt_idxs.append(i)
+    return existing_prompts, llm_string, missing_prompt_idxs, missing_prompts
+
+
+def update_cache(
+    cache: Union[BaseCache, bool, None],
+    existing_prompts: dict[int, list],
+    llm_string: str,
+    missing_prompt_idxs: list[int],
+    new_results: LLMResult,
+    prompts: list[str],
+) -> Optional[dict]:
+    """Update the cache and get the LLM output.
+
+    Args:
+        cache: Cache object.
+        existing_prompts: Dictionary of existing prompts.
+        llm_string: LLM string.
+        missing_prompt_idxs: List of missing prompt indexes.
+        new_results: LLMResult object.
+        prompts: List of prompts.
+
+    Returns:
+        LLM output.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the cache is not set and cache is True.
+    """
+    llm_cache = _resolve_cache(cache)
+    for i, result in enumerate(new_results.generations):
+        existing_prompts[missing_prompt_idxs[i]] = result
+        prompt = prompts[missing_prompt_idxs[i]]
+        if llm_cache is not None:
+            llm_cache.update(prompt, llm_string, result)
+    return new_results.llm_output
+
+
+async def aupdate_cache(
+    cache: Union[BaseCache, bool, None],
+    existing_prompts: dict[int, list],
+    llm_string: str,
+    missing_prompt_idxs: list[int],
+    new_results: LLMResult,
+    prompts: list[str],
+) -> Optional[dict]:
+    """Update the cache and get the LLM output. Async version.
+
+    Args:
+        cache: Cache object.
+        existing_prompts: Dictionary of existing prompts.
+        llm_string: LLM string.
+        missing_prompt_idxs: List of missing prompt indexes.
+        new_results: LLMResult object.
+        prompts: List of prompts.
+
+    Returns:
+        LLM output.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the cache is not set and cache is True.
+    """
+    llm_cache = _resolve_cache(cache)
+    for i, result in enumerate(new_results.generations):
+        existing_prompts[missing_prompt_idxs[i]] = result
+        prompt = prompts[missing_prompt_idxs[i]]
+        if llm_cache:
+            await llm_cache.aupdate(prompt, llm_string, result)
+    return new_results.llm_output
+
+
+class BaseLLM(BaseLanguageModel[str], ABC):
+    """Base LLM abstract interface.
+
+    It should take in a prompt and return a string.
+    """
+
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """[DEPRECATED]"""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Raise deprecation warning if callback_manager is used."""
+        if values.get("callback_manager") is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "callback_manager is deprecated. Please use callbacks instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=5,
+            )
+            values["callbacks"] = values.pop("callback_manager", None)
+        return values
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def _serialized(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return dumpd(self)
+
+    # --- Runnable methods ---
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[str]:
+        """Get the input type for this runnable."""
+        return str
+
+    def _convert_input(self, input: LanguageModelInput) -> PromptValue:
+        if isinstance(input, PromptValue):
+            return input
+        if isinstance(input, str):
+            return StringPromptValue(text=input)
+        if isinstance(input, Sequence):
+            return ChatPromptValue(messages=convert_to_messages(input))
+        msg = (
+            f"Invalid input type {type(input)}. "
+            "Must be a PromptValue, str, or list of BaseMessages."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    def _get_ls_params(
+        self,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LangSmithParams:
+        """Get standard params for tracing."""
+        # get default provider from class name
+        default_provider = self.__class__.__name__
+        default_provider = default_provider.removesuffix("LLM")
+        default_provider = default_provider.lower()
+
+        ls_params = LangSmithParams(ls_provider=default_provider, ls_model_type="llm")
+        if stop:
+            ls_params["ls_stop"] = stop
+
+        # model
+        if hasattr(self, "model") and isinstance(self.model, str):
+            ls_params["ls_model_name"] = self.model
+        elif hasattr(self, "model_name") and isinstance(self.model_name, str):
+            ls_params["ls_model_name"] = self.model_name
+
+        # temperature
+        if "temperature" in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs["temperature"], float):
+            ls_params["ls_temperature"] = kwargs["temperature"]
+        elif hasattr(self, "temperature") and isinstance(self.temperature, float):
+            ls_params["ls_temperature"] = self.temperature
+
+        # max_tokens
+        if "max_tokens" in kwargs and isinstance(kwargs["max_tokens"], int):
+            ls_params["ls_max_tokens"] = kwargs["max_tokens"]
+        elif hasattr(self, "max_tokens") and isinstance(self.max_tokens, int):
+            ls_params["ls_max_tokens"] = self.max_tokens
+
+        return ls_params
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        return (
+            self.generate_prompt(
+                [self._convert_input(input)],
+                stop=stop,
+                callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+                tags=config.get("tags"),
+                metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+                run_name=config.get("run_name"),
+                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            .generations[0][0]
+            .text
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        llm_result = await self.agenerate_prompt(
+            [self._convert_input(input)],
+            stop=stop,
+            callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+            tags=config.get("tags"),
+            metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            run_name=config.get("run_name"),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        return llm_result.generations[0][0].text
+
+    @override
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        config = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        max_concurrency = config[0].get("max_concurrency")
+
+        if max_concurrency is None:
+            try:
+                llm_result = self.generate_prompt(
+                    [self._convert_input(input) for input in inputs],
+                    callbacks=[c.get("callbacks") for c in config],
+                    tags=[c.get("tags") for c in config],
+                    metadata=[c.get("metadata") for c in config],
+                    run_name=[c.get("run_name") for c in config],
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                return [g[0].text for g in llm_result.generations]
+            except Exception as e:
+                if return_exceptions:
+                    return cast("list[str]", [e for _ in inputs])
+                raise
+        else:
+            batches = [
+                inputs[i : i + max_concurrency]
+                for i in range(0, len(inputs), max_concurrency)
+            ]
+            config = [{**c, "max_concurrency": None} for c in config]
+            return [
+                output
+                for i, batch in enumerate(batches)
+                for output in self.batch(
+                    batch,
+                    config=config[i * max_concurrency : (i + 1) * max_concurrency],
+                    return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            ]
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[LanguageModelInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+        config = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        max_concurrency = config[0].get("max_concurrency")
+
+        if max_concurrency is None:
+            try:
+                llm_result = await self.agenerate_prompt(
+                    [self._convert_input(input) for input in inputs],
+                    callbacks=[c.get("callbacks") for c in config],
+                    tags=[c.get("tags") for c in config],
+                    metadata=[c.get("metadata") for c in config],
+                    run_name=[c.get("run_name") for c in config],
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                return [g[0].text for g in llm_result.generations]
+            except Exception as e:
+                if return_exceptions:
+                    return cast("list[str]", [e for _ in inputs])
+                raise
+        else:
+            batches = [
+                inputs[i : i + max_concurrency]
+                for i in range(0, len(inputs), max_concurrency)
+            ]
+            config = [{**c, "max_concurrency": None} for c in config]
+            return [
+                output
+                for i, batch in enumerate(batches)
+                for output in await self.abatch(
+                    batch,
+                    config=config[i * max_concurrency : (i + 1) * max_concurrency],
+                    return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            ]
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[str]:
+        if type(self)._stream == BaseLLM._stream:
+            # model doesn't implement streaming, so use default implementation
+            yield self.invoke(input, config=config, stop=stop, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            prompt = self._convert_input(input).to_string()
+            config = ensure_config(config)
+            params = self.dict()
+            params["stop"] = stop
+            params = {**params, **kwargs}
+            options = {"stop": stop}
+            inheritable_metadata = {
+                **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
+                **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+            }
+            callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+                config.get("callbacks"),
+                self.callbacks,
+                self.verbose,
+                config.get("tags"),
+                self.tags,
+                inheritable_metadata,
+                self.metadata,
+            )
+            (run_manager,) = callback_manager.on_llm_start(
+                self._serialized,
+                [prompt],
+                invocation_params=params,
+                options=options,
+                name=config.get("run_name"),
+                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+                batch_size=1,
+            )
+            generation: Optional[GenerationChunk] = None
+            try:
+                for chunk in self._stream(
+                    prompt, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
+                ):
+                    yield chunk.text
+                    if generation is None:
+                        generation = chunk
+                    else:
+                        generation += chunk
+            except BaseException as e:
+                run_manager.on_llm_error(
+                    e,
+                    response=LLMResult(
+                        generations=[[generation]] if generation else []
+                    ),
+                )
+                raise
+
+            if generation is None:
+                err = ValueError("No generation chunks were returned")
+                run_manager.on_llm_error(err, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
+                raise err
+
+            run_manager.on_llm_end(LLMResult(generations=[[generation]]))
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: LanguageModelInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        if (
+            type(self)._astream is BaseLLM._astream
+            and type(self)._stream is BaseLLM._stream
+        ):
+            yield await self.ainvoke(input, config=config, stop=stop, **kwargs)
+            return
+
+        prompt = self._convert_input(input).to_string()
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        params = self.dict()
+        params["stop"] = stop
+        params = {**params, **kwargs}
+        options = {"stop": stop}
+        inheritable_metadata = {
+            **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
+            **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+        }
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose,
+            config.get("tags"),
+            self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+        (run_manager,) = await callback_manager.on_llm_start(
+            self._serialized,
+            [prompt],
+            invocation_params=params,
+            options=options,
+            name=config.get("run_name"),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            batch_size=1,
+        )
+        generation: Optional[GenerationChunk] = None
+        try:
+            async for chunk in self._astream(
+                prompt,
+                stop=stop,
+                run_manager=run_manager,
+                **kwargs,
+            ):
+                yield chunk.text
+                if generation is None:
+                    generation = chunk
+                else:
+                    generation += chunk
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_llm_error(
+                e,
+                response=LLMResult(generations=[[generation]] if generation else []),
+            )
+            raise
+
+        if generation is None:
+            err = ValueError("No generation chunks were returned")
+            await run_manager.on_llm_error(err, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
+            raise err
+
+        await run_manager.on_llm_end(LLMResult(generations=[[generation]]))
+
+    # --- Custom methods ---
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Run the LLM on the given prompts."""
+
+    async def _agenerate(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Run the LLM on the given prompts."""
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._generate,
+            prompts,
+            stop,
+            run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _stream(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[GenerationChunk]:
+        """Stream the LLM on the given prompt.
+
+        This method should be overridden by subclasses that support streaming.
+
+        If not implemented, the default behavior of calls to stream will be to
+        fallback to the non-streaming version of the model and return
+        the output as a single chunk.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: The prompt to generate from.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            run_manager: Callback manager for the run.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator of GenerationChunks.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def _astream(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[GenerationChunk]:
+        """An async version of the _stream method.
+
+        The default implementation uses the synchronous _stream method and wraps it in
+        an async iterator. Subclasses that need to provide a true async implementation
+        should override this method.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: The prompt to generate from.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            run_manager: Callback manager for the run.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An async iterator of GenerationChunks.
+        """
+        iterator = await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._stream,
+            prompt,
+            stop,
+            run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        done = object()
+        while True:
+            item = await run_in_executor(
+                None,
+                next,
+                iterator,
+                done,
+            )
+            if item is done:
+                break
+            yield item  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    @override
+    def generate_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[PromptValue],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[Union[Callbacks, list[Callbacks]]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        prompt_strings = [p.to_string() for p in prompts]
+        return self.generate(prompt_strings, stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def agenerate_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[PromptValue],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[Union[Callbacks, list[Callbacks]]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        prompt_strings = [p.to_string() for p in prompts]
+        return await self.agenerate(
+            prompt_strings, stop=stop, callbacks=callbacks, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _generate_helper(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]],
+        run_managers: list[CallbackManagerForLLMRun],
+        *,
+        new_arg_supported: bool,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        try:
+            output = (
+                self._generate(
+                    prompts,
+                    stop=stop,
+                    # TODO: support multiple run managers
+                    run_manager=run_managers[0] if run_managers else None,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                if new_arg_supported
+                else self._generate(prompts, stop=stop)
+            )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            for run_manager in run_managers:
+                run_manager.on_llm_error(e, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
+            raise
+        flattened_outputs = output.flatten()
+        for manager, flattened_output in zip(run_managers, flattened_outputs):
+            manager.on_llm_end(flattened_output)
+        if run_managers:
+            output.run = [
+                RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id) for run_manager in run_managers
+            ]
+        return output
+
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[Union[Callbacks, list[Callbacks]]] = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[Union[list[str], list[list[str]]]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[Union[dict[str, Any], list[dict[str, Any]]]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[Union[str, list[str]]] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, list[Optional[uuid.UUID]]]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Pass a sequence of prompts to a model and return generations.
+
+        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
+        API.
+
+        Use this method when you want to:
+            1. take advantage of batched calls,
+            2. need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
+            3. are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
+                type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).
+
+        Args:
+            prompts: List of string prompts.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            tags: List of tags to associate with each prompt. If provided, the length
+                of the list must match the length of the prompts list.
+            metadata: List of metadata dictionaries to associate with each prompt. If
+                provided, the length of the list must match the length of the prompts
+                list.
+            run_name: List of run names to associate with each prompt. If provided, the
+                length of the list must match the length of the prompts list.
+            run_id: List of run IDs to associate with each prompt. If provided, the
+                length of the list must match the length of the prompts list.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
+                prompt and additional model provider-specific output.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(prompts, list):
+            msg = (
+                "Argument 'prompts' is expected to be of type list[str], received"
+                f" argument of type {type(prompts)}."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+        # Create callback managers
+        if isinstance(metadata, list):
+            metadata = [
+                {
+                    **(meta or {}),
+                    **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+                }
+                for meta in metadata
+            ]
+        elif isinstance(metadata, dict):
+            metadata = {
+                **(metadata or {}),
+                **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+            }
+        else:
+            pass
+        if (
+            isinstance(callbacks, list)
+            and callbacks
+            and (
+                isinstance(callbacks[0], (list, BaseCallbackManager))
+                or callbacks[0] is None
+            )
+        ):
+            # We've received a list of callbacks args to apply to each input
+            if len(callbacks) != len(prompts):
+                msg = "callbacks must be the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if tags is not None and not (
+                isinstance(tags, list) and len(tags) == len(prompts)
+            ):
+                msg = "tags must be a list of the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if metadata is not None and not (
+                isinstance(metadata, list) and len(metadata) == len(prompts)
+            ):
+                msg = "metadata must be a list of the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if run_name is not None and not (
+                isinstance(run_name, list) and len(run_name) == len(prompts)
+            ):
+                msg = "run_name must be a list of the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            callbacks = cast("list[Callbacks]", callbacks)
+            tags_list = cast(
+                "list[Optional[list[str]]]", tags or ([None] * len(prompts))
+            )
+            metadata_list = cast(
+                "list[Optional[dict[str, Any]]]", metadata or ([{}] * len(prompts))
+            )
+            run_name_list = run_name or cast(
+                "list[Optional[str]]", ([None] * len(prompts))
+            )
+            callback_managers = [
+                CallbackManager.configure(
+                    callback,
+                    self.callbacks,
+                    self.verbose,
+                    tag,
+                    self.tags,
+                    meta,
+                    self.metadata,
+                )
+                for callback, tag, meta in zip(callbacks, tags_list, metadata_list)
+            ]
+        else:
+            # We've received a single callbacks arg to apply to all inputs
+            callback_managers = [
+                CallbackManager.configure(
+                    cast("Callbacks", callbacks),
+                    self.callbacks,
+                    self.verbose,
+                    cast("list[str]", tags),
+                    self.tags,
+                    cast("dict[str, Any]", metadata),
+                    self.metadata,
+                )
+            ] * len(prompts)
+            run_name_list = [cast("Optional[str]", run_name)] * len(prompts)
+        run_ids_list = self._get_run_ids_list(run_id, prompts)
+        params = self.dict()
+        params["stop"] = stop
+        options = {"stop": stop}
+        (
+            existing_prompts,
+            llm_string,
+            missing_prompt_idxs,
+            missing_prompts,
+        ) = get_prompts(params, prompts, self.cache)
+        new_arg_supported = inspect.signature(self._generate).parameters.get(
+            "run_manager"
+        )
+        if (self.cache is None and get_llm_cache() is None) or self.cache is False:
+            run_managers = [
+                callback_manager.on_llm_start(
+                    self._serialized,
+                    [prompt],
+                    invocation_params=params,
+                    options=options,
+                    name=run_name,
+                    batch_size=len(prompts),
+                    run_id=run_id_,
+                )[0]
+                for callback_manager, prompt, run_name, run_id_ in zip(
+                    callback_managers, prompts, run_name_list, run_ids_list
+                )
+            ]
+            return self._generate_helper(
+                prompts,
+                stop,
+                run_managers,
+                new_arg_supported=bool(new_arg_supported),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        if len(missing_prompts) > 0:
+            run_managers = [
+                callback_managers[idx].on_llm_start(
+                    self._serialized,
+                    [prompts[idx]],
+                    invocation_params=params,
+                    options=options,
+                    name=run_name_list[idx],
+                    batch_size=len(missing_prompts),
+                )[0]
+                for idx in missing_prompt_idxs
+            ]
+            new_results = self._generate_helper(
+                missing_prompts,
+                stop,
+                run_managers,
+                new_arg_supported=bool(new_arg_supported),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            llm_output = update_cache(
+                self.cache,
+                existing_prompts,
+                llm_string,
+                missing_prompt_idxs,
+                new_results,
+                prompts,
+            )
+            run_info = (
+                [RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id) for run_manager in run_managers]
+                if run_managers
+                else None
+            )
+        else:
+            llm_output = {}
+            run_info = None
+        generations = [existing_prompts[i] for i in range(len(prompts))]
+        return LLMResult(generations=generations, llm_output=llm_output, run=run_info)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_run_ids_list(
+        run_id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, list[Optional[uuid.UUID]]]], prompts: list
+    ) -> list:
+        if run_id is None:
+            return [None] * len(prompts)
+        if isinstance(run_id, list):
+            if len(run_id) != len(prompts):
+                msg = (
+                    "Number of manually provided run_id's does not match batch length."
+                    f" {len(run_id)} != {len(prompts)}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            return run_id
+        return [run_id] + [None] * (len(prompts) - 1)
+
+    async def _agenerate_helper(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]],
+        run_managers: list[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun],
+        *,
+        new_arg_supported: bool,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        try:
+            output = (
+                await self._agenerate(
+                    prompts,
+                    stop=stop,
+                    run_manager=run_managers[0] if run_managers else None,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                if new_arg_supported
+                else await self._agenerate(prompts, stop=stop)
+            )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await asyncio.gather(
+                *[
+                    run_manager.on_llm_error(e, response=LLMResult(generations=[]))
+                    for run_manager in run_managers
+                ]
+            )
+            raise
+        flattened_outputs = output.flatten()
+        await asyncio.gather(
+            *[
+                run_manager.on_llm_end(flattened_output)
+                for run_manager, flattened_output in zip(
+                    run_managers, flattened_outputs
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+        if run_managers:
+            output.run = [
+                RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id) for run_manager in run_managers
+            ]
+        return output
+
+    async def agenerate(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Optional[Union[Callbacks, list[Callbacks]]] = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[Union[list[str], list[list[str]]]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[Union[dict[str, Any], list[dict[str, Any]]]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[Union[str, list[str]]] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, list[Optional[uuid.UUID]]]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Asynchronously pass a sequence of prompts to a model and return generations.
+
+        This method should make use of batched calls for models that expose a batched
+        API.
+
+        Use this method when you want to:
+            1. take advantage of batched calls,
+            2. need more output from the model than just the top generated value,
+            3. are building chains that are agnostic to the underlying language model
+                type (e.g., pure text completion models vs chat models).
+
+        Args:
+            prompts: List of string prompts.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            tags: List of tags to associate with each prompt. If provided, the length
+                of the list must match the length of the prompts list.
+            metadata: List of metadata dictionaries to associate with each prompt. If
+                provided, the length of the list must match the length of the prompts
+                list.
+            run_name: List of run names to associate with each prompt. If provided, the
+                length of the list must match the length of the prompts list.
+            run_id: List of run IDs to associate with each prompt. If provided, the
+                length of the list must match the length of the prompts list.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            An LLMResult, which contains a list of candidate Generations for each input
+                prompt and additional model provider-specific output.
+        """
+        if isinstance(metadata, list):
+            metadata = [
+                {
+                    **(meta or {}),
+                    **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+                }
+                for meta in metadata
+            ]
+        elif isinstance(metadata, dict):
+            metadata = {
+                **(metadata or {}),
+                **self._get_ls_params(stop=stop, **kwargs),
+            }
+        else:
+            pass
+        # Create callback managers
+        if isinstance(callbacks, list) and (
+            isinstance(callbacks[0], (list, BaseCallbackManager))
+            or callbacks[0] is None
+        ):
+            # We've received a list of callbacks args to apply to each input
+            if len(callbacks) != len(prompts):
+                msg = "callbacks must be the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if tags is not None and not (
+                isinstance(tags, list) and len(tags) == len(prompts)
+            ):
+                msg = "tags must be a list of the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if metadata is not None and not (
+                isinstance(metadata, list) and len(metadata) == len(prompts)
+            ):
+                msg = "metadata must be a list of the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if run_name is not None and not (
+                isinstance(run_name, list) and len(run_name) == len(prompts)
+            ):
+                msg = "run_name must be a list of the same length as prompts"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            callbacks = cast("list[Callbacks]", callbacks)
+            tags_list = cast(
+                "list[Optional[list[str]]]", tags or ([None] * len(prompts))
+            )
+            metadata_list = cast(
+                "list[Optional[dict[str, Any]]]", metadata or ([{}] * len(prompts))
+            )
+            run_name_list = run_name or cast(
+                "list[Optional[str]]", ([None] * len(prompts))
+            )
+            callback_managers = [
+                AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+                    callback,
+                    self.callbacks,
+                    self.verbose,
+                    tag,
+                    self.tags,
+                    meta,
+                    self.metadata,
+                )
+                for callback, tag, meta in zip(callbacks, tags_list, metadata_list)
+            ]
+        else:
+            # We've received a single callbacks arg to apply to all inputs
+            callback_managers = [
+                AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+                    cast("Callbacks", callbacks),
+                    self.callbacks,
+                    self.verbose,
+                    cast("list[str]", tags),
+                    self.tags,
+                    cast("dict[str, Any]", metadata),
+                    self.metadata,
+                )
+            ] * len(prompts)
+            run_name_list = [cast("Optional[str]", run_name)] * len(prompts)
+        run_ids_list = self._get_run_ids_list(run_id, prompts)
+        params = self.dict()
+        params["stop"] = stop
+        options = {"stop": stop}
+        (
+            existing_prompts,
+            llm_string,
+            missing_prompt_idxs,
+            missing_prompts,
+        ) = await aget_prompts(params, prompts, self.cache)
+
+        # Verify whether the cache is set, and if the cache is set,
+        # verify whether the cache is available.
+        new_arg_supported = inspect.signature(self._agenerate).parameters.get(
+            "run_manager"
+        )
+        if (self.cache is None and get_llm_cache() is None) or self.cache is False:
+            run_managers = await asyncio.gather(
+                *[
+                    callback_manager.on_llm_start(
+                        self._serialized,
+                        [prompt],
+                        invocation_params=params,
+                        options=options,
+                        name=run_name,
+                        batch_size=len(prompts),
+                        run_id=run_id_,
+                    )
+                    for callback_manager, prompt, run_name, run_id_ in zip(
+                        callback_managers, prompts, run_name_list, run_ids_list
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            run_managers = [r[0] for r in run_managers]  # type: ignore[misc]
+            return await self._agenerate_helper(
+                prompts,
+                stop,
+                run_managers,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                new_arg_supported=bool(new_arg_supported),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        if len(missing_prompts) > 0:
+            run_managers = await asyncio.gather(
+                *[
+                    callback_managers[idx].on_llm_start(
+                        self._serialized,
+                        [prompts[idx]],
+                        invocation_params=params,
+                        options=options,
+                        name=run_name_list[idx],
+                        batch_size=len(missing_prompts),
+                    )
+                    for idx in missing_prompt_idxs
+                ]
+            )
+            run_managers = [r[0] for r in run_managers]  # type: ignore[misc]
+            new_results = await self._agenerate_helper(
+                missing_prompts,
+                stop,
+                run_managers,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                new_arg_supported=bool(new_arg_supported),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            llm_output = await aupdate_cache(
+                self.cache,
+                existing_prompts,
+                llm_string,
+                missing_prompt_idxs,
+                new_results,
+                prompts,
+            )
+            run_info = (
+                [RunInfo(run_id=run_manager.run_id) for run_manager in run_managers]  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                if run_managers
+                else None
+            )
+        else:
+            llm_output = {}
+            run_info = None
+        generations = [existing_prompts[i] for i in range(len(prompts))]
+        return LLMResult(generations=generations, llm_output=llm_output, run=run_info)
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Check Cache and run the LLM on the given prompt and input.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: The prompt to generate from.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of these substrings.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to pass through. Used for executing additional
+                functionality, such as logging or streaming, throughout generation.
+            tags: List of tags to associate with the prompt.
+            metadata: Metadata to associate with the prompt.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated text.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the prompt is not a string.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(prompt, str):
+            msg = (
+                "Argument `prompt` is expected to be a string. Instead found "
+                f"{type(prompt)}. If you want to run the LLM on multiple prompts, use "
+                "`generate` instead."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+        return (
+            self.generate(
+                [prompt],
+                stop=stop,
+                callbacks=callbacks,
+                tags=tags,
+                metadata=metadata,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            .generations[0][0]
+            .text
+        )
+
+    async def _call_async(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Check Cache and run the LLM on the given prompt and input."""
+        result = await self.agenerate(
+            [prompt],
+            stop=stop,
+            callbacks=callbacks,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        return result.generations[0][0].text
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    def predict(
+        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        return self(text, stop=_stop, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    def predict_messages(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        text = get_buffer_string(messages)
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        content = self(text, stop=_stop, **kwargs)
+        return AIMessage(content=content)
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    async def apredict(
+        self, text: str, *, stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        return await self._call_async(text, stop=_stop, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.7", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    @override
+    async def apredict_messages(
+        self,
+        messages: list[BaseMessage],
+        *,
+        stop: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> BaseMessage:
+        text = get_buffer_string(messages)
+        _stop = None if stop is None else list(stop)
+        content = await self._call_async(text, stop=_stop, **kwargs)
+        return AIMessage(content=content)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """Get a string representation of the object for printing."""
+        cls_name = f"\033[1m{self.__class__.__name__}\033[0m"
+        return f"{cls_name}\nParams: {self._identifying_params}"
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _llm_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return type of llm."""
+
+    @override
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict:
+        """Return a dictionary of the LLM."""
+        starter_dict = dict(self._identifying_params)
+        starter_dict["_type"] = self._llm_type
+        return starter_dict
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the LLM.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: Path to file to save the LLM to.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the file path is not a string or Path object.
+
+        Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            llm.save(file_path="path/llm.yaml")
+        """
+        # Convert file to Path object.
+        save_path = Path(file_path)
+
+        directory_path = save_path.parent
+        directory_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        # Fetch dictionary to save
+        prompt_dict = self.dict()
+
+        if save_path.suffix == ".json":
+            with save_path.open("w") as f:
+                json.dump(prompt_dict, f, indent=4)
+        elif save_path.suffix.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+            with save_path.open("w") as f:
+                yaml.dump(prompt_dict, f, default_flow_style=False)
+        else:
+            msg = f"{save_path} must be json or yaml"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+class LLM(BaseLLM):
+    """Simple interface for implementing a custom LLM.
+
+    You should subclass this class and implement the following:
+
+    - `_call` method: Run the LLM on the given prompt and input (used by `invoke`).
+    - `_identifying_params` property: Return a dictionary of the identifying parameters
+        This is critical for caching and tracing purposes. Identifying parameters
+        is a dict that identifies the LLM.
+        It should mostly include a `model_name`.
+
+    Optional: Override the following methods to provide more optimizations:
+
+    - `_acall`: Provide a native async version of the `_call` method.
+        If not provided, will delegate to the synchronous version using
+        `run_in_executor`. (Used by `ainvoke`).
+    - `_stream`: Stream the LLM on the given prompt and input.
+        `stream` will use `_stream` if provided, otherwise it
+        use `_call` and output will arrive in one chunk.
+    - `_astream`: Override to provide a native async version of the `_stream` method.
+        `astream` will use `_astream` if provided, otherwise it will implement
+        a fallback behavior that will use `_stream` if `_stream` is implemented,
+        and use `_acall` if `_stream` is not implemented.
+
+    Please see the following guide for more information on how to
+    implement a custom LLM:
+
+    https://python.langchain.com/docs/how_to/custom_llm/
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _call(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Run the LLM on the given input.
+
+        Override this method to implement the LLM logic.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: The prompt to generate from.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of the stop substrings.
+                If stop tokens are not supported consider raising NotImplementedError.
+            run_manager: Callback manager for the run.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The model output as a string. SHOULD NOT include the prompt.
+        """
+
+    async def _acall(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Async version of the _call method.
+
+        The default implementation delegates to the synchronous _call method using
+        `run_in_executor`. Subclasses that need to provide a true async implementation
+        should override this method to reduce the overhead of using `run_in_executor`.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt: The prompt to generate from.
+            stop: Stop words to use when generating. Model output is cut off at the
+                first occurrence of any of the stop substrings.
+                If stop tokens are not supported consider raising NotImplementedError.
+            run_manager: Callback manager for the run.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional keyword arguments. These are usually passed
+                to the model provider API call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The model output as a string. SHOULD NOT include the prompt.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._call,
+            prompt,
+            stop,
+            run_manager.get_sync() if run_manager else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Run the LLM on the given prompt and input."""
+        # TODO: add caching here.
+        generations = []
+        new_arg_supported = inspect.signature(self._call).parameters.get("run_manager")
+        for prompt in prompts:
+            text = (
+                self._call(prompt, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs)
+                if new_arg_supported
+                else self._call(prompt, stop=stop, **kwargs)
+            )
+            generations.append([Generation(text=text)])
+        return LLMResult(generations=generations)
+
+    async def _agenerate(
+        self,
+        prompts: list[str],
+        stop: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForLLMRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> LLMResult:
+        """Async run the LLM on the given prompt and input."""
+        generations = []
+        new_arg_supported = inspect.signature(self._acall).parameters.get("run_manager")
+        for prompt in prompts:
+            text = (
+                await self._acall(prompt, stop=stop, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs)
+                if new_arg_supported
+                else await self._acall(prompt, stop=stop, **kwargs)
+            )
+            generations.append([Generation(text=text)])
+        return LLMResult(generations=generations)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a87a380f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""**Load** module helps with serialization and deserialization."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.load.dump import dumpd, dumps
+    from langchain_core.load.load import loads
+    from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+
+# Unfortunately, we have to eagerly import load from langchain_core/load/load.py
+# eagerly to avoid a namespace conflict. We want users to still be able to use
+# `from langchain_core.load import load` to get the load function, but
+# the `from langchain_core.load.load import load` absolute import should also work.
+from langchain_core.load.load import load
+
+__all__ = ("dumpd", "dumps", "load", "loads", "Serializable")
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "dumpd": "dump",
+    "dumps": "dump",
+    "loads": "load",
+    "Serializable": "serializable",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/__pycache__/serializable.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/__pycache__/serializable.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/dump.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/dump.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1993c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+"""Dump objects to json."""
+
+import json
+from typing import Any
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable, to_json_not_implemented
+
+
+def default(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """Return a default value for an object.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to serialize to json if it is a Serializable object.
+
+    Returns:
+        A json serializable object or a SerializedNotImplemented object.
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, Serializable):
+        return obj.to_json()
+    return to_json_not_implemented(obj)
+
+
+def _dump_pydantic_models(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage
+    from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration
+
+    if (
+        isinstance(obj, ChatGeneration)
+        and isinstance(obj.message, AIMessage)
+        and (parsed := obj.message.additional_kwargs.get("parsed"))
+        and isinstance(parsed, BaseModel)
+    ):
+        obj_copy = obj.model_copy(deep=True)
+        obj_copy.message.additional_kwargs["parsed"] = parsed.model_dump()
+        return obj_copy
+    return obj
+
+
+def dumps(obj: Any, *, pretty: bool = False, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+    """Return a json string representation of an object.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to dump.
+        pretty: Whether to pretty print the json. If true, the json will be
+            indented with 2 spaces (if no indent is provided as part of kwargs).
+            Default is False.
+        kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to json.dumps
+
+    Returns:
+        A json string representation of the object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If `default` is passed as a kwarg.
+    """
+    if "default" in kwargs:
+        msg = "`default` should not be passed to dumps"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    try:
+        obj = _dump_pydantic_models(obj)
+        if pretty:
+            indent = kwargs.pop("indent", 2)
+            return json.dumps(obj, default=default, indent=indent, **kwargs)
+        return json.dumps(obj, default=default, **kwargs)
+    except TypeError:
+        if pretty:
+            indent = kwargs.pop("indent", 2)
+            return json.dumps(to_json_not_implemented(obj), indent=indent, **kwargs)
+        return json.dumps(to_json_not_implemented(obj), **kwargs)
+
+
+def dumpd(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """Return a dict representation of an object.
+
+    Note:
+        Unfortunately this function is not as efficient as it could be
+        because it first dumps the object to a json string and then loads it
+        back into a dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to dump.
+
+    Returns:
+        dictionary that can be serialized to json using json.dumps
+    """
+    return json.loads(dumps(obj))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/load.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/load.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7c4cadb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/load.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+"""Load LangChain objects from JSON strings or objects."""
+
+import importlib
+import json
+import os
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core._api import beta
+from langchain_core.load.mapping import (
+    _JS_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING,
+    _OG_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING,
+    OLD_CORE_NAMESPACES_MAPPING,
+    SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING,
+)
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+
+DEFAULT_NAMESPACES = [
+    "langchain",
+    "langchain_core",
+    "langchain_community",
+    "langchain_anthropic",
+    "langchain_groq",
+    "langchain_google_genai",
+    "langchain_aws",
+    "langchain_openai",
+    "langchain_google_vertexai",
+    "langchain_mistralai",
+    "langchain_fireworks",
+    "langchain_xai",
+    "langchain_sambanova",
+    "langchain_perplexity",
+]
+# Namespaces for which only deserializing via the SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING is allowed.
+# Load by path is not allowed.
+DISALLOW_LOAD_FROM_PATH = [
+    "langchain_community",
+    "langchain",
+]
+
+ALL_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPINGS = {
+    **SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING,
+    **OLD_CORE_NAMESPACES_MAPPING,
+    **_OG_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING,
+    **_JS_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING,
+}
+
+
+class Reviver:
+    """Reviver for JSON objects."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        secrets_map: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+        valid_namespaces: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        secrets_from_env: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        additional_import_mappings: Optional[
+            dict[tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the reviver.
+
+        Args:
+            secrets_map: A map of secrets to load. If a secret is not found in
+                the map, it will be loaded from the environment if `secrets_from_env`
+                is True. Defaults to None.
+            valid_namespaces: A list of additional namespaces (modules)
+                to allow to be deserialized. Defaults to None.
+            secrets_from_env: Whether to load secrets from the environment.
+                Defaults to True.
+            additional_import_mappings: A dictionary of additional namespace mappings
+                You can use this to override default mappings or add new mappings.
+                Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self.secrets_from_env = secrets_from_env
+        self.secrets_map = secrets_map or {}
+        # By default, only support langchain, but user can pass in additional namespaces
+        self.valid_namespaces = (
+            [*DEFAULT_NAMESPACES, *valid_namespaces]
+            if valid_namespaces
+            else DEFAULT_NAMESPACES
+        )
+        self.additional_import_mappings = additional_import_mappings or {}
+        self.import_mappings = (
+            {
+                **ALL_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPINGS,
+                **self.additional_import_mappings,
+            }
+            if self.additional_import_mappings
+            else ALL_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPINGS
+        )
+
+    def __call__(self, value: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+        """Revive the value."""
+        if (
+            value.get("lc") == 1
+            and value.get("type") == "secret"
+            and value.get("id") is not None
+        ):
+            [key] = value["id"]
+            if key in self.secrets_map:
+                return self.secrets_map[key]
+            if self.secrets_from_env and key in os.environ and os.environ[key]:
+                return os.environ[key]
+            return None
+
+        if (
+            value.get("lc") == 1
+            and value.get("type") == "not_implemented"
+            and value.get("id") is not None
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "Trying to load an object that doesn't implement "
+                f"serialization: {value}"
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        if (
+            value.get("lc") == 1
+            and value.get("type") == "constructor"
+            and value.get("id") is not None
+        ):
+            [*namespace, name] = value["id"]
+            mapping_key = tuple(value["id"])
+
+            if (
+                namespace[0] not in self.valid_namespaces
+                # The root namespace ["langchain"] is not a valid identifier.
+                or namespace == ["langchain"]
+            ):
+                msg = f"Invalid namespace: {value}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            # Has explicit import path.
+            if mapping_key in self.import_mappings:
+                import_path = self.import_mappings[mapping_key]
+                # Split into module and name
+                import_dir, name = import_path[:-1], import_path[-1]
+                # Import module
+                mod = importlib.import_module(".".join(import_dir))
+            elif namespace[0] in DISALLOW_LOAD_FROM_PATH:
+                msg = (
+                    "Trying to deserialize something that cannot "
+                    "be deserialized in current version of langchain-core: "
+                    f"{mapping_key}."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            # Otherwise, treat namespace as path.
+            else:
+                mod = importlib.import_module(".".join(namespace))
+
+            cls = getattr(mod, name)
+
+            # The class must be a subclass of Serializable.
+            if not issubclass(cls, Serializable):
+                msg = f"Invalid namespace: {value}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            # We don't need to recurse on kwargs
+            # as json.loads will do that for us.
+            kwargs = value.get("kwargs", {})
+            return cls(**kwargs)
+
+        return value
+
+
+@beta()
+def loads(
+    text: str,
+    *,
+    secrets_map: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+    valid_namespaces: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    secrets_from_env: bool = True,
+    additional_import_mappings: Optional[dict[tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...]]] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """Revive a LangChain class from a JSON string.
+
+    Equivalent to `load(json.loads(text))`.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The string to load.
+        secrets_map: A map of secrets to load. If a secret is not found in
+            the map, it will be loaded from the environment if `secrets_from_env`
+            is True. Defaults to None.
+        valid_namespaces: A list of additional namespaces (modules)
+            to allow to be deserialized. Defaults to None.
+        secrets_from_env: Whether to load secrets from the environment.
+            Defaults to True.
+        additional_import_mappings: A dictionary of additional namespace mappings
+            You can use this to override default mappings or add new mappings.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        Revived LangChain objects.
+    """
+    return json.loads(
+        text,
+        object_hook=Reviver(
+            secrets_map, valid_namespaces, secrets_from_env, additional_import_mappings
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+@beta()
+def load(
+    obj: Any,
+    *,
+    secrets_map: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+    valid_namespaces: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    secrets_from_env: bool = True,
+    additional_import_mappings: Optional[dict[tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...]]] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """Revive a LangChain class from a JSON object.
+
+    Use this if you already have a parsed JSON object,
+    eg. from `json.load` or `orjson.loads`.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to load.
+        secrets_map: A map of secrets to load. If a secret is not found in
+            the map, it will be loaded from the environment if `secrets_from_env`
+            is True. Defaults to None.
+        valid_namespaces: A list of additional namespaces (modules)
+            to allow to be deserialized. Defaults to None.
+        secrets_from_env: Whether to load secrets from the environment.
+            Defaults to True.
+        additional_import_mappings: A dictionary of additional namespace mappings
+            You can use this to override default mappings or add new mappings.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        Revived LangChain objects.
+    """
+    reviver = Reviver(
+        secrets_map, valid_namespaces, secrets_from_env, additional_import_mappings
+    )
+
+    def _load(obj: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(obj, dict):
+            # Need to revive leaf nodes before reviving this node
+            loaded_obj = {k: _load(v) for k, v in obj.items()}
+            return reviver(loaded_obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, list):
+            return [_load(o) for o in obj]
+        return obj
+
+    return _load(obj)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/mapping.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/mapping.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aee837b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/mapping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1066 @@
+"""Serialization mapping.
+
+This file contains a mapping between the lc_namespace path for a given
+subclass that implements from Serializable to the namespace
+where that class is actually located.
+
+This mapping helps maintain the ability to serialize and deserialize
+well-known LangChain objects even if they are moved around in the codebase
+across different LangChain versions.
+
+For example,
+
+The code for AIMessage class is located in langchain_core.messages.ai.AIMessage,
+This message is associated with the lc_namespace
+["langchain", "schema", "messages", "AIMessage"],
+because this code was originally in langchain.schema.messages.AIMessage.
+
+The mapping allows us to deserialize an AIMessage created with an older
+version of LangChain where the code was in a different location.
+"""
+
+# First value is the value that it is serialized as
+# Second value is the path to load it from
+SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING: dict[tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...]] = {
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "AIMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "ai",
+        "AIMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "AIMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "ai",
+        "AIMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "BaseMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "base",
+        "BaseMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "BaseMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "base",
+        "BaseMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "ChatMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "FunctionMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "function",
+        "FunctionMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "HumanMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "human",
+        "HumanMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "SystemMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "system",
+        "SystemMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "ToolMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "tool",
+        "ToolMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "RemoveMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "modifier",
+        "RemoveMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "agent", "AgentAction"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "agents",
+        "AgentAction",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "agent", "AgentFinish"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "agents",
+        "AgentFinish",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "prompt_template", "BasePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "base",
+        "BasePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chains", "llm", "LLMChain"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "chains",
+        "llm",
+        "LLMChain",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "prompt", "PromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "prompt",
+        "PromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "MessagesPlaceholder"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "MessagesPlaceholder",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "openai", "OpenAI"): (
+        "langchain_openai",
+        "llms",
+        "base",
+        "OpenAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "ChatPromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatPromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "HumanMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "HumanMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "SystemMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "SystemMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "image", "ImagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "image",
+        "ImagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "agent", "AgentActionMessageLog"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "agents",
+        "AgentActionMessageLog",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "agent", "ToolAgentAction"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "agents",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "tools",
+        "ToolAgentAction",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "BaseMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "BaseMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "output", "ChatGeneration"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "chat_generation",
+        "ChatGeneration",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "output", "Generation"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "generation",
+        "Generation",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "document", "Document"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "documents",
+        "base",
+        "Document",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "output_parsers", "fix", "OutputFixingParser"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "fix",
+        "OutputFixingParser",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "AIMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "AIMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "output_parsers", "regex", "RegexParser"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "regex",
+        "RegexParser",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "DynamicRunnable"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "configurable",
+        "DynamicRunnable",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "prompt", "PromptValue"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "PromptValue",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableBinding"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableBinding",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableBranch"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "branch",
+        "RunnableBranch",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableWithFallbacks"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "fallbacks",
+        "RunnableWithFallbacks",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "output_parser", "StrOutputParser"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "string",
+        "StrOutputParser",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "openai", "ChatOpenAI"): (
+        "langchain_openai",
+        "chat_models",
+        "base",
+        "ChatOpenAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "output_parsers", "list", "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "list",
+        "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableParallel"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableParallel",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "azure_openai", "AzureChatOpenAI"): (
+        "langchain_openai",
+        "chat_models",
+        "azure",
+        "AzureChatOpenAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "bedrock", "BedrockChat"): (
+        "langchain_aws",
+        "chat_models",
+        "bedrock",
+        "ChatBedrock",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "anthropic", "ChatAnthropic"): (
+        "langchain_anthropic",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatAnthropic",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_groq", "chat_models", "ChatGroq"): (
+        "langchain_groq",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatGroq",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "fireworks", "ChatFireworks"): (
+        "langchain_fireworks",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatFireworks",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "google_palm", "ChatGooglePalm"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "chat_models",
+        "google_palm",
+        "ChatGooglePalm",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "vertexai", "ChatVertexAI"): (
+        "langchain_google_vertexai",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatVertexAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "mistralai", "ChatMistralAI"): (
+        "langchain_mistralai",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatMistralAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "bedrock", "ChatBedrock"): (
+        "langchain_aws",
+        "chat_models",
+        "bedrock",
+        "ChatBedrock",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_google_genai", "chat_models", "ChatGoogleGenerativeAI"): (
+        "langchain_google_genai",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatGoogleGenerativeAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "output", "ChatGenerationChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "chat_generation",
+        "ChatGenerationChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "ChatMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "HumanMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "human",
+        "HumanMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "FunctionMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "function",
+        "FunctionMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "SystemMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "system",
+        "SystemMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "messages", "ToolMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "tool",
+        "ToolMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "output", "GenerationChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "generation",
+        "GenerationChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "openai", "BaseOpenAI"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "llms",
+        "openai",
+        "BaseOpenAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "bedrock", "Bedrock"): (
+        "langchain_aws",
+        "llms",
+        "bedrock",
+        "BedrockLLM",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "fireworks", "Fireworks"): (
+        "langchain_fireworks",
+        "llms",
+        "Fireworks",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "google_palm", "GooglePalm"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "llms",
+        "google_palm",
+        "GooglePalm",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "openai", "AzureOpenAI"): (
+        "langchain_openai",
+        "llms",
+        "azure",
+        "AzureOpenAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "replicate", "Replicate"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "llms",
+        "replicate",
+        "Replicate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "llms", "vertexai", "VertexAI"): (
+        "langchain_vertexai",
+        "llms",
+        "VertexAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "output_parsers", "combining", "CombiningOutputParser"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "combining",
+        "CombiningOutputParser",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "prompt_template", "BaseChatPromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "BaseChatPromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "ChatMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "few_shot_with_templates", "FewShotPromptWithTemplates"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "few_shot_with_templates",
+        "FewShotPromptWithTemplates",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "pipeline", "PipelinePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "pipeline",
+        "PipelinePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "base", "StringPromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "string",
+        "StringPromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "base", "StringPromptValue"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "StringPromptValue",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "ChatPromptValue"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "ChatPromptValue",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "prompts", "chat", "ChatPromptValueConcrete"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "ChatPromptValueConcrete",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "HubRunnable"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "runnables",
+        "hub",
+        "HubRunnable",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableBindingBase"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableBindingBase",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "OpenAIFunctionsRouter"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "runnables",
+        "openai_functions",
+        "OpenAIFunctionsRouter",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RouterRunnable"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "router",
+        "RouterRunnable",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnablePassthrough"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "passthrough",
+        "RunnablePassthrough",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableSequence"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableSequence",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableEach"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableEach",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableEachBase"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableEachBase",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableConfigurableAlternatives"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "configurable",
+        "RunnableConfigurableAlternatives",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableConfigurableFields"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "configurable",
+        "RunnableConfigurableFields",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableWithMessageHistory"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "history",
+        "RunnableWithMessageHistory",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableAssign"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "passthrough",
+        "RunnableAssign",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "runnable", "RunnableRetry"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "retry",
+        "RunnableRetry",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "structured", "StructuredPrompt"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "structured",
+        "StructuredPrompt",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_sambanova", "chat_models", "ChatSambaNovaCloud"): (
+        "langchain_sambanova",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatSambaNovaCloud",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_sambanova", "chat_models", "ChatSambaStudio"): (
+        "langchain_sambanova",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatSambaStudio",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "message", "_DictMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "dict",
+        "DictPromptTemplate",
+    ),
+}
+
+# Needed for backwards compatibility for old versions of LangChain where things
+# Were in different place
+_OG_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING: dict[tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...]] = {
+    ("langchain", "schema", "AIMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "ai",
+        "AIMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "ChatMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "FunctionMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "function",
+        "FunctionMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "HumanMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "human",
+        "HumanMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "SystemMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "system",
+        "SystemMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "prompt_template", "ImagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "image",
+        "ImagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "schema", "agent", "OpenAIToolAgentAction"): (
+        "langchain",
+        "agents",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "openai_tools",
+        "OpenAIToolAgentAction",
+    ),
+}
+
+# Needed for backwards compatibility for a few versions where we serialized
+# with langchain_core paths.
+OLD_CORE_NAMESPACES_MAPPING: dict[tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...]] = {
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "ai", "AIMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "ai",
+        "AIMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "ai", "AIMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "ai",
+        "AIMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "base", "BaseMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "base",
+        "BaseMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "base", "BaseMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "base",
+        "BaseMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "chat", "ChatMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "function", "FunctionMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "function",
+        "FunctionMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "human", "HumanMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "human",
+        "HumanMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "system", "SystemMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "system",
+        "SystemMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "tool", "ToolMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "tool",
+        "ToolMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "agents", "AgentAction"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "agents",
+        "AgentAction",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "agents", "AgentFinish"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "agents",
+        "AgentFinish",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "base", "BasePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "base",
+        "BasePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "prompt", "PromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "prompt",
+        "PromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "MessagesPlaceholder"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "MessagesPlaceholder",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "ChatPromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatPromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "HumanMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "HumanMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "SystemMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "SystemMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "agents", "AgentActionMessageLog"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "agents",
+        "AgentActionMessageLog",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "BaseMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "BaseMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "outputs", "chat_generation", "ChatGeneration"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "chat_generation",
+        "ChatGeneration",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "outputs", "generation", "Generation"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "generation",
+        "Generation",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "documents", "base", "Document"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "documents",
+        "base",
+        "Document",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "AIMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "AIMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "configurable", "DynamicRunnable"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "configurable",
+        "DynamicRunnable",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompt_values", "PromptValue"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "PromptValue",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "base", "RunnableBinding"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableBinding",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "branch", "RunnableBranch"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "branch",
+        "RunnableBranch",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "fallbacks", "RunnableWithFallbacks"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "fallbacks",
+        "RunnableWithFallbacks",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "output_parsers", "string", "StrOutputParser"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "string",
+        "StrOutputParser",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "output_parsers", "list", "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "output_parsers",
+        "list",
+        "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "base", "RunnableParallel"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableParallel",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "outputs", "chat_generation", "ChatGenerationChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "chat_generation",
+        "ChatGenerationChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "chat", "ChatMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "human", "HumanMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "human",
+        "HumanMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "function", "FunctionMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "function",
+        "FunctionMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "system", "SystemMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "system",
+        "SystemMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "tool", "ToolMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "tool",
+        "ToolMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "outputs", "generation", "GenerationChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "outputs",
+        "generation",
+        "GenerationChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "BaseChatPromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "BaseChatPromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "ChatMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "few_shot_with_templates",
+        "FewShotPromptWithTemplates",
+    ): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "few_shot_with_templates",
+        "FewShotPromptWithTemplates",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "pipeline", "PipelinePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "pipeline",
+        "PipelinePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "string", "StringPromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "string",
+        "StringPromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompt_values", "StringPromptValue"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "StringPromptValue",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "chat", "BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "chat",
+        "BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompt_values", "ChatPromptValue"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "ChatPromptValue",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompt_values", "ChatPromptValueConcrete"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompt_values",
+        "ChatPromptValueConcrete",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "base", "RunnableBindingBase"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableBindingBase",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "router", "RouterRunnable"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "router",
+        "RouterRunnable",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "passthrough", "RunnablePassthrough"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "passthrough",
+        "RunnablePassthrough",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "base", "RunnableSequence"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableSequence",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "base", "RunnableEach"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableEach",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "base", "RunnableEachBase"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "base",
+        "RunnableEachBase",
+    ),
+    (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "configurable",
+        "RunnableConfigurableAlternatives",
+    ): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "configurable",
+        "RunnableConfigurableAlternatives",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "configurable", "RunnableConfigurableFields"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "configurable",
+        "RunnableConfigurableFields",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "history", "RunnableWithMessageHistory"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "history",
+        "RunnableWithMessageHistory",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "passthrough", "RunnableAssign"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "passthrough",
+        "RunnableAssign",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "runnables", "retry", "RunnableRetry"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "runnables",
+        "retry",
+        "RunnableRetry",
+    ),
+}
+
+_JS_SERIALIZABLE_MAPPING: dict[tuple[str, ...], tuple[str, ...]] = {
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "AIMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "ai",
+        "AIMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "AIMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "ai",
+        "AIMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "BaseMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "base",
+        "BaseMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "BaseMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "base",
+        "BaseMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "ChatMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "ChatMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "chat",
+        "ChatMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "FunctionMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "function",
+        "FunctionMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "FunctionMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "function",
+        "FunctionMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "HumanMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "human",
+        "HumanMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "HumanMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "human",
+        "HumanMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "SystemMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "system",
+        "SystemMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "SystemMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "system",
+        "SystemMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "ToolMessage"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "tool",
+        "ToolMessage",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "messages", "ToolMessageChunk"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "messages",
+        "tool",
+        "ToolMessageChunk",
+    ),
+    ("langchain_core", "prompts", "image", "ImagePromptTemplate"): (
+        "langchain_core",
+        "prompts",
+        "image",
+        "ImagePromptTemplate",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "bedrock", "ChatBedrock"): (
+        "langchain_aws",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatBedrock",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "google_genai", "ChatGoogleGenerativeAI"): (
+        "langchain_google_genai",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatGoogleGenerativeAI",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "groq", "ChatGroq"): (
+        "langchain_groq",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatGroq",
+    ),
+    ("langchain", "chat_models", "bedrock", "BedrockChat"): (
+        "langchain_aws",
+        "chat_models",
+        "ChatBedrock",
+    ),
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/serializable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/serializable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9da23152
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/load/serializable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+"""Serializable base class."""
+
+import contextlib
+import logging
+from abc import ABC
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    TypedDict,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, override
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BaseSerialized(TypedDict):
+    """Base class for serialized objects.
+
+    Parameters:
+        lc: The version of the serialization format.
+        id: The unique identifier of the object.
+        name: The name of the object. Optional.
+        graph: The graph of the object. Optional.
+    """
+
+    lc: int
+    id: list[str]
+    name: NotRequired[str]
+    graph: NotRequired[dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+class SerializedConstructor(BaseSerialized):
+    """Serialized constructor.
+
+    Parameters:
+        type: The type of the object. Must be "constructor".
+        kwargs: The constructor arguments.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["constructor"]
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+class SerializedSecret(BaseSerialized):
+    """Serialized secret.
+
+    Parameters:
+        type: The type of the object. Must be "secret".
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["secret"]
+
+
+class SerializedNotImplemented(BaseSerialized):
+    """Serialized not implemented.
+
+    Parameters:
+        type: The type of the object. Must be "not_implemented".
+        repr: The representation of the object. Optional.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["not_implemented"]
+    repr: Optional[str]
+
+
+def try_neq_default(value: Any, key: str, model: BaseModel) -> bool:
+    """Try to determine if a value is different from the default.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The value.
+        key: The key.
+        model: The pydantic model.
+
+    Returns:
+        Whether the value is different from the default.
+
+    Raises:
+        Exception: If the key is not in the model.
+    """
+    field = type(model).model_fields[key]
+    return _try_neq_default(value, field)
+
+
+def _try_neq_default(value: Any, field: FieldInfo) -> bool:
+    # Handle edge case: inequality of two objects does not evaluate to a bool (e.g. two
+    # Pandas DataFrames).
+    try:
+        return bool(field.get_default() != value)
+    except Exception as _:
+        try:
+            return all(field.get_default() != value)
+        except Exception as _:
+            try:
+                return value is not field.default
+            except Exception as _:
+                return False
+
+
+class Serializable(BaseModel, ABC):
+    """Serializable base class.
+
+    This class is used to serialize objects to JSON.
+
+    It relies on the following methods and properties:
+
+    - `is_lc_serializable`: Is this class serializable?
+        By design, even if a class inherits from Serializable, it is not serializable by
+        default. This is to prevent accidental serialization of objects that should not
+        be serialized.
+    - `get_lc_namespace`: Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+        During deserialization, this namespace is used to identify
+        the correct class to instantiate.
+        Please see the `Reviver` class in `langchain_core.load.load` for more details.
+        During deserialization an additional mapping is handle
+        classes that have moved or been renamed across package versions.
+    - `lc_secrets`: A map of constructor argument names to secret ids.
+    - `lc_attributes`: List of additional attribute names that should be included
+        as part of the serialized representation.
+    """
+
+    # Remove default BaseModel init docstring.
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """"""  # noqa: D419
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Is this class serializable?
+
+        By design, even if a class inherits from Serializable, it is not serializable by
+        default. This is to prevent accidental serialization of objects that should not
+        be serialized.
+
+        Returns:
+            Whether the class is serializable. Default is False.
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        For example, if the class is `langchain.llms.openai.OpenAI`, then the
+        namespace is ["langchain", "llms", "openai"]
+        """
+        return cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    @property
+    def lc_secrets(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """A map of constructor argument names to secret ids.
+
+        For example,
+            {"openai_api_key": "OPENAI_API_KEY"}
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def lc_attributes(self) -> dict:
+        """List of attribute names that should be included in the serialized kwargs.
+
+        These attributes must be accepted by the constructor.
+        Default is an empty dictionary.
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def lc_id(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """A unique identifier for this class for serialization purposes.
+
+        The unique identifier is a list of strings that describes the path
+        to the object.
+        For example, for the class `langchain.llms.openai.OpenAI`, the id is
+        ["langchain", "llms", "openai", "OpenAI"].
+        """
+        # Pydantic generics change the class name. So we need to do the following
+        if (
+            "origin" in cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
+            and cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__["origin"] is not None
+        ):
+            original_name = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__["origin"].__name__
+        else:
+            original_name = cls.__name__
+        return [*cls.get_lc_namespace(), original_name]
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="ignore",
+    )
+
+    @override
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> Any:
+        return [
+            (k, v)
+            for k, v in super().__repr_args__()
+            if (k not in type(self).model_fields or try_neq_default(v, k, self))
+        ]
+
+    def to_json(self) -> Union[SerializedConstructor, SerializedNotImplemented]:
+        """Serialize the object to JSON.
+
+        Returns:
+            A json serializable object or a SerializedNotImplemented object.
+        """
+        if not self.is_lc_serializable():
+            return self.to_json_not_implemented()
+
+        model_fields = type(self).model_fields
+        secrets = {}
+        # Get latest values for kwargs if there is an attribute with same name
+        lc_kwargs = {}
+        for k, v in self:
+            if not _is_field_useful(self, k, v):
+                continue
+            # Do nothing if the field is excluded
+            if k in model_fields and model_fields[k].exclude:
+                continue
+
+            lc_kwargs[k] = getattr(self, k, v)
+
+        # Merge the lc_secrets and lc_attributes from every class in the MRO
+        for cls in [None, *self.__class__.mro()]:
+            # Once we get to Serializable, we're done
+            if cls is Serializable:
+                break
+
+            if cls:
+                deprecated_attributes = [
+                    "lc_namespace",
+                    "lc_serializable",
+                ]
+
+                for attr in deprecated_attributes:
+                    if hasattr(cls, attr):
+                        msg = (
+                            f"Class {self.__class__} has a deprecated "
+                            f"attribute {attr}. Please use the corresponding "
+                            f"classmethod instead."
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            # Get a reference to self bound to each class in the MRO
+            this = cast("Serializable", self if cls is None else super(cls, self))
+
+            secrets.update(this.lc_secrets)
+            # Now also add the aliases for the secrets
+            # This ensures known secret aliases are hidden.
+            # Note: this does NOT hide any other extra kwargs
+            # that are not present in the fields.
+            for key in list(secrets):
+                value = secrets[key]
+                if (key in model_fields) and (
+                    alias := model_fields[key].alias
+                ) is not None:
+                    secrets[alias] = value
+            lc_kwargs.update(this.lc_attributes)
+
+        # include all secrets, even if not specified in kwargs
+        # as these secrets may be passed as an environment variable instead
+        for key in secrets:
+            secret_value = getattr(self, key, None) or lc_kwargs.get(key)
+            if secret_value is not None:
+                lc_kwargs.update({key: secret_value})
+
+        return {
+            "lc": 1,
+            "type": "constructor",
+            "id": self.lc_id(),
+            "kwargs": lc_kwargs
+            if not secrets
+            else _replace_secrets(lc_kwargs, secrets),
+        }
+
+    def to_json_not_implemented(self) -> SerializedNotImplemented:
+        """Serialize a "not implemented" object."""
+        return to_json_not_implemented(self)
+
+
+def _is_field_useful(inst: Serializable, key: str, value: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check if a field is useful as a constructor argument.
+
+    Args:
+        inst: The instance.
+        key: The key.
+        value: The value.
+
+    Returns:
+        Whether the field is useful. If the field is required, it is useful.
+        If the field is not required, it is useful if the value is not None.
+        If the field is not required and the value is None, it is useful if the
+        default value is different from the value.
+    """
+    field = type(inst).model_fields.get(key)
+    if not field:
+        return False
+
+    if field.is_required():
+        return True
+
+    # Handle edge case: a value cannot be converted to a boolean (e.g. a
+    # Pandas DataFrame).
+    try:
+        value_is_truthy = bool(value)
+    except Exception as _:
+        value_is_truthy = False
+
+    if value_is_truthy:
+        return True
+
+    # Value is still falsy here!
+    if field.default_factory is dict and isinstance(value, dict):
+        return False
+
+    # Value is still falsy here!
+    if field.default_factory is list and isinstance(value, list):
+        return False
+
+    value_neq_default = _try_neq_default(value, field)
+
+    # If value is falsy and does not match the default
+    return value_is_truthy or value_neq_default
+
+
+def _replace_secrets(
+    root: dict[Any, Any], secrets_map: dict[str, str]
+) -> dict[Any, Any]:
+    result = root.copy()
+    for path, secret_id in secrets_map.items():
+        [*parts, last] = path.split(".")
+        current = result
+        for part in parts:
+            if part not in current:
+                break
+            current[part] = current[part].copy()
+            current = current[part]
+        if last in current:
+            current[last] = {
+                "lc": 1,
+                "type": "secret",
+                "id": [secret_id],
+            }
+    return result
+
+
+def to_json_not_implemented(obj: object) -> SerializedNotImplemented:
+    """Serialize a "not implemented" object.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: object to serialize.
+
+    Returns:
+        SerializedNotImplemented
+    """
+    _id: list[str] = []
+    try:
+        if hasattr(obj, "__name__"):
+            _id = [*obj.__module__.split("."), obj.__name__]
+        elif hasattr(obj, "__class__"):
+            _id = [*obj.__class__.__module__.split("."), obj.__class__.__name__]
+    except Exception:
+        logger.debug("Failed to serialize object", exc_info=True)
+
+    result: SerializedNotImplemented = {
+        "lc": 1,
+        "type": "not_implemented",
+        "id": _id,
+        "repr": None,
+    }
+    with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+        result["repr"] = repr(obj)
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35e8d9cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+"""**Memory** maintains Chain state, incorporating context from past runs.
+
+This module contains memory abstractions from LangChain v0.0.x.
+
+These abstractions are now deprecated and will be removed in LangChain v1.0.0.
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.3",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    message=(
+        "Please see the migration guide at: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/docs/versions/migrating_memory/"
+    ),
+)
+class BaseMemory(Serializable, ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for memory in Chains.
+
+    Memory refers to state in Chains. Memory can be used to store information about
+        past executions of a Chain and inject that information into the inputs of
+        future executions of the Chain. For example, for conversational Chains Memory
+        can be used to store conversations and automatically add them to future model
+        prompts so that the model has the necessary context to respond coherently to
+        the latest input.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            class SimpleMemory(BaseMemory):
+                memories: dict[str, Any] = dict()
+
+                @property
+                def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+                    return list(self.memories.keys())
+
+                def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, str]:
+                    return self.memories
+
+                def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+                    pass
+
+                def clear(self) -> None:
+                    pass
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def memory_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """The string keys this memory class will add to chain inputs."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def load_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return key-value pairs given the text input to the chain.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: The inputs to the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary of key-value pairs.
+        """
+
+    async def aload_memory_variables(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Async return key-value pairs given the text input to the chain.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: The inputs to the chain.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary of key-value pairs.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.load_memory_variables, inputs)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def save_context(self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the context of this chain run to memory.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: The inputs to the chain.
+            outputs: The outputs of the chain.
+        """
+
+    async def asave_context(
+        self, inputs: dict[str, Any], outputs: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Async save the context of this chain run to memory.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: The inputs to the chain.
+            outputs: The outputs of the chain.
+        """
+        await run_in_executor(None, self.save_context, inputs, outputs)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear memory contents."""
+
+    async def aclear(self) -> None:
+        """Async clear memory contents."""
+        await run_in_executor(None, self.clear)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a36042ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+"""**Messages** are objects used in prompts and chat conversations.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseMessage --> SystemMessage, AIMessage, HumanMessage, ChatMessage, FunctionMessage, ToolMessage
+                --> BaseMessageChunk --> SystemMessageChunk, AIMessageChunk, HumanMessageChunk, ChatMessageChunk, FunctionMessageChunk, ToolMessageChunk
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    ChatPromptTemplate
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.messages.ai import (
+        AIMessage,
+        AIMessageChunk,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.messages.base import (
+        BaseMessage,
+        BaseMessageChunk,
+        merge_content,
+        message_to_dict,
+        messages_to_dict,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.messages.chat import ChatMessage, ChatMessageChunk
+    from langchain_core.messages.content_blocks import (
+        convert_to_openai_data_block,
+        convert_to_openai_image_block,
+        is_data_content_block,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.messages.function import FunctionMessage, FunctionMessageChunk
+    from langchain_core.messages.human import HumanMessage, HumanMessageChunk
+    from langchain_core.messages.modifier import RemoveMessage
+    from langchain_core.messages.system import SystemMessage, SystemMessageChunk
+    from langchain_core.messages.tool import (
+        InvalidToolCall,
+        ToolCall,
+        ToolCallChunk,
+        ToolMessage,
+        ToolMessageChunk,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.messages.utils import (
+        AnyMessage,
+        MessageLikeRepresentation,
+        _message_from_dict,
+        convert_to_messages,
+        convert_to_openai_messages,
+        filter_messages,
+        get_buffer_string,
+        merge_message_runs,
+        message_chunk_to_message,
+        messages_from_dict,
+        trim_messages,
+    )
+
+__all__ = (
+    "AIMessage",
+    "AIMessageChunk",
+    "AnyMessage",
+    "BaseMessage",
+    "BaseMessageChunk",
+    "ChatMessage",
+    "ChatMessageChunk",
+    "FunctionMessage",
+    "FunctionMessageChunk",
+    "HumanMessage",
+    "HumanMessageChunk",
+    "InvalidToolCall",
+    "MessageLikeRepresentation",
+    "SystemMessage",
+    "SystemMessageChunk",
+    "ToolCall",
+    "ToolCallChunk",
+    "ToolMessage",
+    "ToolMessageChunk",
+    "RemoveMessage",
+    "_message_from_dict",
+    "convert_to_openai_data_block",
+    "convert_to_openai_image_block",
+    "convert_to_messages",
+    "get_buffer_string",
+    "is_data_content_block",
+    "merge_content",
+    "message_chunk_to_message",
+    "message_to_dict",
+    "messages_from_dict",
+    "messages_to_dict",
+    "filter_messages",
+    "merge_message_runs",
+    "trim_messages",
+    "convert_to_openai_messages",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "AIMessage": "ai",
+    "AIMessageChunk": "ai",
+    "BaseMessage": "base",
+    "BaseMessageChunk": "base",
+    "merge_content": "base",
+    "message_to_dict": "base",
+    "messages_to_dict": "base",
+    "ChatMessage": "chat",
+    "ChatMessageChunk": "chat",
+    "FunctionMessage": "function",
+    "FunctionMessageChunk": "function",
+    "HumanMessage": "human",
+    "HumanMessageChunk": "human",
+    "RemoveMessage": "modifier",
+    "SystemMessage": "system",
+    "SystemMessageChunk": "system",
+    "InvalidToolCall": "tool",
+    "ToolCall": "tool",
+    "ToolCallChunk": "tool",
+    "ToolMessage": "tool",
+    "ToolMessageChunk": "tool",
+    "AnyMessage": "utils",
+    "MessageLikeRepresentation": "utils",
+    "_message_from_dict": "utils",
+    "convert_to_messages": "utils",
+    "convert_to_openai_data_block": "content_blocks",
+    "convert_to_openai_image_block": "content_blocks",
+    "convert_to_openai_messages": "utils",
+    "filter_messages": "utils",
+    "get_buffer_string": "utils",
+    "is_data_content_block": "content_blocks",
+    "merge_message_runs": "utils",
+    "message_chunk_to_message": "utils",
+    "messages_from_dict": "utils",
+    "trim_messages": "utils",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/ai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/ai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b067864
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/ai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+"""AI message."""
+
+import json
+import logging
+import operator
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from pydantic import model_validator
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, Self, TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core.messages.base import (
+    BaseMessage,
+    BaseMessageChunk,
+    merge_content,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import (
+    InvalidToolCall,
+    ToolCall,
+    ToolCallChunk,
+    default_tool_chunk_parser,
+    default_tool_parser,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import (
+    invalid_tool_call as create_invalid_tool_call,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import (
+    tool_call as create_tool_call,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import (
+    tool_call_chunk as create_tool_call_chunk,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils._merge import merge_dicts, merge_lists
+from langchain_core.utils.json import parse_partial_json
+from langchain_core.utils.usage import _dict_int_op
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+_LC_ID_PREFIX = "run-"
+
+
+class InputTokenDetails(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Breakdown of input token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full input token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            {
+                "audio": 10,
+                "cache_creation": 200,
+                "cache_read": 100,
+            }
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.3.9
+    """
+
+    audio: int
+    """Audio input tokens."""
+    cache_creation: int
+    """Input tokens that were cached and there was a cache miss.
+
+    Since there was a cache miss, the cache was created from these tokens.
+    """
+    cache_read: int
+    """Input tokens that were cached and there was a cache hit.
+
+    Since there was a cache hit, the tokens were read from the cache. More precisely,
+    the model state given these tokens was read from the cache.
+    """
+
+
+class OutputTokenDetails(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Breakdown of output token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full output token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            {
+                "audio": 10,
+                "reasoning": 200,
+            }
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.3.9
+    """
+
+    audio: int
+    """Audio output tokens."""
+    reasoning: int
+    """Reasoning output tokens.
+
+    Tokens generated by the model in a chain of thought process (i.e. by OpenAI's o1
+    models) that are not returned as part of model output.
+    """
+
+
+class UsageMetadata(TypedDict):
+    """Usage metadata for a message, such as token counts.
+
+    This is a standard representation of token usage that is consistent across models.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            {
+                "input_tokens": 350,
+                "output_tokens": 240,
+                "total_tokens": 590,
+                "input_token_details": {
+                    "audio": 10,
+                    "cache_creation": 200,
+                    "cache_read": 100,
+                },
+                "output_token_details": {
+                    "audio": 10,
+                    "reasoning": 200,
+                }
+            }
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.9
+
+        Added ``input_token_details`` and ``output_token_details``.
+    """
+
+    input_tokens: int
+    """Count of input (or prompt) tokens. Sum of all input token types."""
+    output_tokens: int
+    """Count of output (or completion) tokens. Sum of all output token types."""
+    total_tokens: int
+    """Total token count. Sum of input_tokens + output_tokens."""
+    input_token_details: NotRequired[InputTokenDetails]
+    """Breakdown of input token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full input token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+    """
+    output_token_details: NotRequired[OutputTokenDetails]
+    """Breakdown of output token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full output token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+    """
+
+
+class AIMessage(BaseMessage):
+    """Message from an AI.
+
+    AIMessage is returned from a chat model as a response to a prompt.
+
+    This message represents the output of the model and consists of both
+    the raw output as returned by the model together standardized fields
+    (e.g., tool calls, usage metadata) added by the LangChain framework.
+    """
+
+    example: bool = False
+    """Use to denote that a message is part of an example conversation.
+
+    At the moment, this is ignored by most models. Usage is discouraged.
+    """
+
+    tool_calls: list[ToolCall] = []
+    """If provided, tool calls associated with the message."""
+    invalid_tool_calls: list[InvalidToolCall] = []
+    """If provided, tool calls with parsing errors associated with the message."""
+    usage_metadata: Optional[UsageMetadata] = None
+    """If provided, usage metadata for a message, such as token counts.
+
+    This is a standard representation of token usage that is consistent across models.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["ai"] = "ai"
+    """The type of the message (used for deserialization). Defaults to "ai"."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, content: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Pass in content as positional arg.
+
+        Args:
+            content: The content of the message.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the parent class.
+        """
+        super().__init__(content=content, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def lc_attributes(self) -> dict:
+        """Attrs to be serialized even if they are derived from other init args."""
+        return {
+            "tool_calls": self.tool_calls,
+            "invalid_tool_calls": self.invalid_tool_calls,
+        }
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def _backwards_compat_tool_calls(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        check_additional_kwargs = not any(
+            values.get(k)
+            for k in ("tool_calls", "invalid_tool_calls", "tool_call_chunks")
+        )
+        if check_additional_kwargs and (
+            raw_tool_calls := values.get("additional_kwargs", {}).get("tool_calls")
+        ):
+            try:
+                if issubclass(cls, AIMessageChunk):
+                    values["tool_call_chunks"] = default_tool_chunk_parser(
+                        raw_tool_calls
+                    )
+                else:
+                    parsed_tool_calls, parsed_invalid_tool_calls = default_tool_parser(
+                        raw_tool_calls
+                    )
+                    values["tool_calls"] = parsed_tool_calls
+                    values["invalid_tool_calls"] = parsed_invalid_tool_calls
+            except Exception:
+                logger.debug("Failed to parse tool calls", exc_info=True)
+
+        # Ensure "type" is properly set on all tool call-like dicts.
+        if tool_calls := values.get("tool_calls"):
+            values["tool_calls"] = [
+                create_tool_call(**{k: v for k, v in tc.items() if k != "type"})
+                for tc in tool_calls
+            ]
+        if invalid_tool_calls := values.get("invalid_tool_calls"):
+            values["invalid_tool_calls"] = [
+                create_invalid_tool_call(**{k: v for k, v in tc.items() if k != "type"})
+                for tc in invalid_tool_calls
+            ]
+
+        if tool_call_chunks := values.get("tool_call_chunks"):
+            values["tool_call_chunks"] = [
+                create_tool_call_chunk(**{k: v for k, v in tc.items() if k != "type"})
+                for tc in tool_call_chunks
+            ]
+
+        return values
+
+    @override
+    def pretty_repr(self, html: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Return a pretty representation of the message.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to return an HTML-formatted string.
+                 Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pretty representation of the message.
+        """
+        base = super().pretty_repr(html=html)
+        lines = []
+
+        def _format_tool_args(tc: Union[ToolCall, InvalidToolCall]) -> list[str]:
+            lines = [
+                f"  {tc.get('name', 'Tool')} ({tc.get('id')})",
+                f" Call ID: {tc.get('id')}",
+            ]
+            if tc.get("error"):
+                lines.append(f"  Error: {tc.get('error')}")
+            lines.append("  Args:")
+            args = tc.get("args")
+            if isinstance(args, str):
+                lines.append(f"    {args}")
+            elif isinstance(args, dict):
+                for arg, value in args.items():
+                    lines.append(f"    {arg}: {value}")
+            return lines
+
+        if self.tool_calls:
+            lines.append("Tool Calls:")
+            for tc in self.tool_calls:
+                lines.extend(_format_tool_args(tc))
+        if self.invalid_tool_calls:
+            lines.append("Invalid Tool Calls:")
+            for itc in self.invalid_tool_calls:
+                lines.extend(_format_tool_args(itc))
+        return (base.strip() + "\n" + "\n".join(lines)).strip()
+
+
+class AIMessageChunk(AIMessage, BaseMessageChunk):
+    """Message chunk from an AI."""
+
+    # Ignoring mypy re-assignment here since we're overriding the value
+    # to make sure that the chunk variant can be discriminated from the
+    # non-chunk variant.
+    type: Literal["AIMessageChunk"] = "AIMessageChunk"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """The type of the message (used for deserialization).
+    Defaults to "AIMessageChunk"."""
+
+    tool_call_chunks: list[ToolCallChunk] = []
+    """If provided, tool call chunks associated with the message."""
+
+    @property
+    def lc_attributes(self) -> dict:
+        """Attrs to be serialized even if they are derived from other init args."""
+        return {
+            "tool_calls": self.tool_calls,
+            "invalid_tool_calls": self.invalid_tool_calls,
+        }
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def init_tool_calls(self) -> Self:
+        """Initialize tool calls from tool call chunks.
+
+        Args:
+            values: The values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            The values with tool calls initialized.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the tool call chunks are malformed.
+        """
+        if not self.tool_call_chunks:
+            if self.tool_calls:
+                self.tool_call_chunks = [
+                    create_tool_call_chunk(
+                        name=tc["name"],
+                        args=json.dumps(tc["args"]),
+                        id=tc["id"],
+                        index=None,
+                    )
+                    for tc in self.tool_calls
+                ]
+            if self.invalid_tool_calls:
+                tool_call_chunks = self.tool_call_chunks
+                tool_call_chunks.extend(
+                    [
+                        create_tool_call_chunk(
+                            name=tc["name"], args=tc["args"], id=tc["id"], index=None
+                        )
+                        for tc in self.invalid_tool_calls
+                    ]
+                )
+                self.tool_call_chunks = tool_call_chunks
+
+            return self
+        tool_calls = []
+        invalid_tool_calls = []
+
+        def add_chunk_to_invalid_tool_calls(chunk: ToolCallChunk) -> None:
+            invalid_tool_calls.append(
+                create_invalid_tool_call(
+                    name=chunk["name"],
+                    args=chunk["args"],
+                    id=chunk["id"],
+                    error=None,
+                )
+            )
+
+        for chunk in self.tool_call_chunks:
+            try:
+                args_ = parse_partial_json(chunk["args"]) if chunk["args"] != "" else {}  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                if isinstance(args_, dict):
+                    tool_calls.append(
+                        create_tool_call(
+                            name=chunk["name"] or "",
+                            args=args_,
+                            id=chunk["id"],
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    add_chunk_to_invalid_tool_calls(chunk)
+            except Exception:
+                add_chunk_to_invalid_tool_calls(chunk)
+        self.tool_calls = tool_calls
+        self.invalid_tool_calls = invalid_tool_calls
+        return self
+
+    @override
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> BaseMessageChunk:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if isinstance(other, AIMessageChunk):
+            return add_ai_message_chunks(self, other)
+        if isinstance(other, (list, tuple)) and all(
+            isinstance(o, AIMessageChunk) for o in other
+        ):
+            return add_ai_message_chunks(self, *other)
+        return super().__add__(other)
+
+
+def add_ai_message_chunks(
+    left: AIMessageChunk, *others: AIMessageChunk
+) -> AIMessageChunk:
+    """Add multiple AIMessageChunks together."""
+    if any(left.example != o.example for o in others):
+        msg = "Cannot concatenate AIMessageChunks with different example values."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    content = merge_content(left.content, *(o.content for o in others))
+    additional_kwargs = merge_dicts(
+        left.additional_kwargs, *(o.additional_kwargs for o in others)
+    )
+    response_metadata = merge_dicts(
+        left.response_metadata, *(o.response_metadata for o in others)
+    )
+
+    # Merge tool call chunks
+    if raw_tool_calls := merge_lists(
+        left.tool_call_chunks, *(o.tool_call_chunks for o in others)
+    ):
+        tool_call_chunks = [
+            create_tool_call_chunk(
+                name=rtc.get("name"),
+                args=rtc.get("args"),
+                index=rtc.get("index"),
+                id=rtc.get("id"),
+            )
+            for rtc in raw_tool_calls
+        ]
+    else:
+        tool_call_chunks = []
+
+    # Token usage
+    if left.usage_metadata or any(o.usage_metadata is not None for o in others):
+        usage_metadata: Optional[UsageMetadata] = left.usage_metadata
+        for other in others:
+            usage_metadata = add_usage(usage_metadata, other.usage_metadata)
+    else:
+        usage_metadata = None
+
+    id = None
+    candidates = [left.id] + [o.id for o in others]
+    # first pass: pick the first non‐run-* id
+    for id_ in candidates:
+        if id_ and not id_.startswith(_LC_ID_PREFIX):
+            id = id_
+            break
+    else:
+        # second pass: no provider-assigned id found, just take the first non‐null
+        for id_ in candidates:
+            if id_:
+                id = id_
+                break
+
+    return left.__class__(
+        example=left.example,
+        content=content,
+        additional_kwargs=additional_kwargs,
+        tool_call_chunks=tool_call_chunks,
+        response_metadata=response_metadata,
+        usage_metadata=usage_metadata,
+        id=id,
+    )
+
+
+def add_usage(
+    left: Optional[UsageMetadata], right: Optional[UsageMetadata]
+) -> UsageMetadata:
+    """Recursively add two UsageMetadata objects.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages.ai import add_usage
+
+            left = UsageMetadata(
+                input_tokens=5,
+                output_tokens=0,
+                total_tokens=5,
+                input_token_details=InputTokenDetails(cache_read=3)
+            )
+            right = UsageMetadata(
+                input_tokens=0,
+                output_tokens=10,
+                total_tokens=10,
+                output_token_details=OutputTokenDetails(reasoning=4)
+            )
+
+            add_usage(left, right)
+
+        results in
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            UsageMetadata(
+                input_tokens=5,
+                output_tokens=10,
+                total_tokens=15,
+                input_token_details=InputTokenDetails(cache_read=3),
+                output_token_details=OutputTokenDetails(reasoning=4)
+            )
+
+    """
+    if not (left or right):
+        return UsageMetadata(input_tokens=0, output_tokens=0, total_tokens=0)
+    if not (left and right):
+        return cast("UsageMetadata", left or right)
+
+    return UsageMetadata(
+        **cast(
+            "UsageMetadata",
+            _dict_int_op(
+                cast("dict", left),
+                cast("dict", right),
+                operator.add,
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def subtract_usage(
+    left: Optional[UsageMetadata], right: Optional[UsageMetadata]
+) -> UsageMetadata:
+    """Recursively subtract two UsageMetadata objects.
+
+    Token counts cannot be negative so the actual operation is max(left - right, 0).
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages.ai import subtract_usage
+
+            left = UsageMetadata(
+                input_tokens=5,
+                output_tokens=10,
+                total_tokens=15,
+                input_token_details=InputTokenDetails(cache_read=4)
+            )
+            right = UsageMetadata(
+                input_tokens=3,
+                output_tokens=8,
+                total_tokens=11,
+                output_token_details=OutputTokenDetails(reasoning=4)
+            )
+
+            subtract_usage(left, right)
+
+        results in
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            UsageMetadata(
+                input_tokens=2,
+                output_tokens=2,
+                total_tokens=4,
+                input_token_details=InputTokenDetails(cache_read=4),
+                output_token_details=OutputTokenDetails(reasoning=0)
+            )
+
+    """
+    if not (left or right):
+        return UsageMetadata(input_tokens=0, output_tokens=0, total_tokens=0)
+    if not (left and right):
+        return cast("UsageMetadata", left or right)
+
+    return UsageMetadata(
+        **cast(
+            "UsageMetadata",
+            _dict_int_op(
+                cast("dict", left),
+                cast("dict", right),
+                (lambda le, ri: max(le - ri, 0)),
+            ),
+        )
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58049d28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+"""Base message."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, field_validator
+
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+from langchain_core.utils import get_bolded_text
+from langchain_core.utils._merge import merge_dicts, merge_lists
+from langchain_core.utils.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+
+class BaseMessage(Serializable):
+    """Base abstract message class.
+
+    Messages are the inputs and outputs of ChatModels.
+    """
+
+    content: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]]
+    """The string contents of the message."""
+
+    additional_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Reserved for additional payload data associated with the message.
+
+    For example, for a message from an AI, this could include tool calls as
+    encoded by the model provider.
+    """
+
+    response_metadata: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Response metadata. For example: response headers, logprobs, token counts."""
+
+    type: str
+    """The type of the message. Must be a string that is unique to the message type.
+
+    The purpose of this field is to allow for easy identification of the message type
+    when deserializing messages.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """An optional name for the message.
+
+    This can be used to provide a human-readable name for the message.
+
+    Usage of this field is optional, and whether it's used or not is up to the
+    model implementation.
+    """
+
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """An optional unique identifier for the message. This should ideally be
+    provided by the provider/model which created the message."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="allow",
+    )
+
+    @field_validator("id", mode="before")
+    def cast_id_to_str(cls, id_value: Any) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Coerce the id field to a string."""
+        if id_value is not None:
+            return str(id_value)
+        return id_value
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, content: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Pass in content as positional arg.
+
+        Args:
+            content: The string contents of the message.
+        """
+        super().__init__(content=content, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """BaseMessage is serializable.
+
+        Returns:
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Default is ["langchain", "schema", "messages"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "messages"]
+
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        """Get the text content of the message.
+
+        Returns:
+            The text content of the message.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.content, str):
+            return self.content
+
+        # must be a list
+        blocks = [
+            block
+            for block in self.content
+            if isinstance(block, str)
+            or block.get("type") == "text"
+            and isinstance(block.get("text"), str)
+        ]
+        return "".join(
+            block if isinstance(block, str) else block["text"] for block in blocks
+        )
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Concatenate this message with another message."""
+        from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+        prompt = ChatPromptTemplate(messages=[self])
+        return prompt + other
+
+    def pretty_repr(
+        self,
+        html: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get a pretty representation of the message.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format the message as HTML. If True, the message will be
+                formatted with HTML tags. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pretty representation of the message.
+        """
+        title = get_msg_title_repr(self.type.title() + " Message", bold=html)
+        # TODO: handle non-string content.
+        if self.name is not None:
+            title += f"\nName: {self.name}"
+        return f"{title}\n\n{self.content}"
+
+    def pretty_print(self) -> None:
+        """Print a pretty representation of the message."""
+        print(self.pretty_repr(html=is_interactive_env()))  # noqa: T201
+
+
+def merge_content(
+    first_content: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]],
+    *contents: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]],
+) -> Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]]:
+    """Merge multiple message contents.
+
+    Args:
+        first_content: The first content. Can be a string or a list.
+        contents: The other contents. Can be a string or a list.
+
+    Returns:
+        The merged content.
+    """
+    merged = first_content
+    for content in contents:
+        # If current is a string
+        if isinstance(merged, str):
+            # If the next chunk is also a string, then merge them naively
+            if isinstance(content, str):
+                merged += content
+            # If the next chunk is a list, add the current to the start of the list
+            else:
+                merged = [merged] + content  # type: ignore[assignment,operator]
+        elif isinstance(content, list):
+            # If both are lists
+            merged = merge_lists(cast("list", merged), content)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        # If the first content is a list, and the second content is a string
+        # If the last element of the first content is a string
+        # Add the second content to the last element
+        elif merged and isinstance(merged[-1], str):
+            merged[-1] += content
+        # If second content is an empty string, treat as a no-op
+        elif content == "":
+            pass
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, add the second content as a new element of the list
+            merged.append(content)
+    return merged
+
+
+class BaseMessageChunk(BaseMessage):
+    """Message chunk, which can be concatenated with other Message chunks."""
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> BaseMessageChunk:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Message chunks support concatenation with other message chunks.
+
+        This functionality is useful to combine message chunks yielded from
+        a streaming model into a complete message.
+
+        Args:
+            other: Another message chunk to concatenate with this one.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new message chunk that is the concatenation of this message chunk
+            and the other message chunk.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the other object is not a message chunk.
+
+        For example,
+
+        `AIMessageChunk(content="Hello") + AIMessageChunk(content=" World")`
+
+        will give `AIMessageChunk(content="Hello World")`
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, BaseMessageChunk):
+            # If both are (subclasses of) BaseMessageChunk,
+            # concat into a single BaseMessageChunk
+
+            return self.__class__(
+                id=self.id,
+                type=self.type,
+                content=merge_content(self.content, other.content),
+                additional_kwargs=merge_dicts(
+                    self.additional_kwargs, other.additional_kwargs
+                ),
+                response_metadata=merge_dicts(
+                    self.response_metadata, other.response_metadata
+                ),
+            )
+        if isinstance(other, list) and all(
+            isinstance(o, BaseMessageChunk) for o in other
+        ):
+            content = merge_content(self.content, *(o.content for o in other))
+            additional_kwargs = merge_dicts(
+                self.additional_kwargs, *(o.additional_kwargs for o in other)
+            )
+            response_metadata = merge_dicts(
+                self.response_metadata, *(o.response_metadata for o in other)
+            )
+            return self.__class__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                id=self.id,
+                content=content,
+                additional_kwargs=additional_kwargs,
+                response_metadata=response_metadata,
+            )
+        msg = (
+            'unsupported operand type(s) for +: "'
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}"
+            f'" and "{other.__class__.__name__}"'
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+
+def message_to_dict(message: BaseMessage) -> dict:
+    """Convert a Message to a dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        message: Message to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        Message as a dict. The dict will have a "type" key with the message type
+        and a "data" key with the message data as a dict.
+    """
+    return {"type": message.type, "data": message.model_dump()}
+
+
+def messages_to_dict(messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]) -> list[dict]:
+    """Convert a sequence of Messages to a list of dictionaries.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Sequence of messages (as BaseMessages) to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of messages as dicts.
+    """
+    return [message_to_dict(m) for m in messages]
+
+
+def get_msg_title_repr(title: str, *, bold: bool = False) -> str:
+    """Get a title representation for a message.
+
+    Args:
+        title: The title.
+        bold: Whether to bold the title. Default is False.
+
+    Returns:
+        The title representation.
+    """
+    padded = " " + title + " "
+    sep_len = (80 - len(padded)) // 2
+    sep = "=" * sep_len
+    second_sep = sep + "=" if len(padded) % 2 else sep
+    if bold:
+        padded = get_bolded_text(padded)
+    return f"{sep}{padded}{second_sep}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4791423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""Chat Message."""
+
+from typing import Any, Literal
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.messages.base import (
+    BaseMessage,
+    BaseMessageChunk,
+    merge_content,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils._merge import merge_dicts
+
+
+class ChatMessage(BaseMessage):
+    """Message that can be assigned an arbitrary speaker (i.e. role)."""
+
+    role: str
+    """The speaker / role of the Message."""
+
+    type: Literal["chat"] = "chat"
+    """The type of the message (used during serialization). Defaults to "chat"."""
+
+
+class ChatMessageChunk(ChatMessage, BaseMessageChunk):
+    """Chat Message chunk."""
+
+    # Ignoring mypy re-assignment here since we're overriding the value
+    # to make sure that the chunk variant can be discriminated from the
+    # non-chunk variant.
+    type: Literal["ChatMessageChunk"] = "ChatMessageChunk"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """The type of the message (used during serialization).
+    Defaults to "ChatMessageChunk"."""
+
+    @override
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> BaseMessageChunk:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if isinstance(other, ChatMessageChunk):
+            if self.role != other.role:
+                msg = "Cannot concatenate ChatMessageChunks with different roles."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            return self.__class__(
+                role=self.role,
+                content=merge_content(self.content, other.content),
+                additional_kwargs=merge_dicts(
+                    self.additional_kwargs, other.additional_kwargs
+                ),
+                response_metadata=merge_dicts(
+                    self.response_metadata, other.response_metadata
+                ),
+                id=self.id,
+            )
+        if isinstance(other, BaseMessageChunk):
+            return self.__class__(
+                role=self.role,
+                content=merge_content(self.content, other.content),
+                additional_kwargs=merge_dicts(
+                    self.additional_kwargs, other.additional_kwargs
+                ),
+                response_metadata=merge_dicts(
+                    self.response_metadata, other.response_metadata
+                ),
+                id=self.id,
+            )
+        return super().__add__(other)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/content_blocks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/content_blocks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbd9bfa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/content_blocks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+"""Types for content blocks."""
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+
+from pydantic import TypeAdapter, ValidationError
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict
+
+
+class BaseDataContentBlock(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Base class for data content blocks."""
+
+    mime_type: NotRequired[str]
+    """MIME type of the content block (if needed)."""
+
+
+class URLContentBlock(BaseDataContentBlock):
+    """Content block for data from a URL."""
+
+    type: Literal["image", "audio", "file"]
+    """Type of the content block."""
+    source_type: Literal["url"]
+    """Source type (url)."""
+    url: str
+    """URL for data."""
+
+
+class Base64ContentBlock(BaseDataContentBlock):
+    """Content block for inline data from a base64 string."""
+
+    type: Literal["image", "audio", "file"]
+    """Type of the content block."""
+    source_type: Literal["base64"]
+    """Source type (base64)."""
+    data: str
+    """Data as a base64 string."""
+
+
+class PlainTextContentBlock(BaseDataContentBlock):
+    """Content block for plain text data (e.g., from a document)."""
+
+    type: Literal["file"]
+    """Type of the content block."""
+    source_type: Literal["text"]
+    """Source type (text)."""
+    text: str
+    """Text data."""
+
+
+class IDContentBlock(TypedDict):
+    """Content block for data specified by an identifier."""
+
+    type: Literal["image", "audio", "file"]
+    """Type of the content block."""
+    source_type: Literal["id"]
+    """Source type (id)."""
+    id: str
+    """Identifier for data source."""
+
+
+DataContentBlock = Union[
+    URLContentBlock,
+    Base64ContentBlock,
+    PlainTextContentBlock,
+    IDContentBlock,
+]
+
+_DataContentBlockAdapter: TypeAdapter[DataContentBlock] = TypeAdapter(DataContentBlock)
+
+
+def is_data_content_block(
+    content_block: dict,
+) -> bool:
+    """Check if the content block is a standard data content block.
+
+    Args:
+        content_block: The content block to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the content block is a data content block, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        _ = _DataContentBlockAdapter.validate_python(content_block)
+    except ValidationError:
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def convert_to_openai_image_block(content_block: dict[str, Any]) -> dict:
+    """Convert image content block to format expected by OpenAI Chat Completions API."""
+    if content_block["source_type"] == "url":
+        return {
+            "type": "image_url",
+            "image_url": {
+                "url": content_block["url"],
+            },
+        }
+    if content_block["source_type"] == "base64":
+        if "mime_type" not in content_block:
+            error_message = "mime_type key is required for base64 data."
+            raise ValueError(error_message)
+        mime_type = content_block["mime_type"]
+        return {
+            "type": "image_url",
+            "image_url": {
+                "url": f"data:{mime_type};base64,{content_block['data']}",
+            },
+        }
+    error_message = "Unsupported source type. Only 'url' and 'base64' are supported."
+    raise ValueError(error_message)
+
+
+def convert_to_openai_data_block(block: dict) -> dict:
+    """Format standard data content block to format expected by OpenAI."""
+    if block["type"] == "image":
+        formatted_block = convert_to_openai_image_block(block)
+
+    elif block["type"] == "file":
+        if block["source_type"] == "base64":
+            file = {"file_data": f"data:{block['mime_type']};base64,{block['data']}"}
+            if filename := block.get("filename"):
+                file["filename"] = filename
+            elif (metadata := block.get("metadata")) and ("filename" in metadata):
+                file["filename"] = metadata["filename"]
+            else:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "OpenAI may require a filename for file inputs. Specify a filename "
+                    "in the content block: {'type': 'file', 'source_type': 'base64', "
+                    "'mime_type': 'application/pdf', 'data': '...', "
+                    "'filename': 'my-pdf'}",
+                    stacklevel=1,
+                )
+            formatted_block = {"type": "file", "file": file}
+        elif block["source_type"] == "id":
+            formatted_block = {"type": "file", "file": {"file_id": block["id"]}}
+        else:
+            error_msg = "source_type base64 or id is required for file blocks."
+            raise ValueError(error_msg)
+
+    elif block["type"] == "audio":
+        if block["source_type"] == "base64":
+            format = block["mime_type"].split("/")[-1]
+            formatted_block = {
+                "type": "input_audio",
+                "input_audio": {"data": block["data"], "format": format},
+            }
+        else:
+            error_msg = "source_type base64 is required for audio blocks."
+            raise ValueError(error_msg)
+    else:
+        error_msg = f"Block of type {block['type']} is not supported."
+        raise ValueError(error_msg)
+
+    return formatted_block
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/function.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/function.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc101877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/function.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""Function Message."""
+
+from typing import Any, Literal
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.messages.base import (
+    BaseMessage,
+    BaseMessageChunk,
+    merge_content,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils._merge import merge_dicts
+
+
+class FunctionMessage(BaseMessage):
+    """Message for passing the result of executing a tool back to a model.
+
+    FunctionMessage are an older version of the ToolMessage schema, and
+    do not contain the tool_call_id field.
+
+    The tool_call_id field is used to associate the tool call request with the
+    tool call response. This is useful in situations where a chat model is able
+    to request multiple tool calls in parallel.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function that was executed."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"] = "function"
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization). Defaults to "function"."""
+
+
+class FunctionMessageChunk(FunctionMessage, BaseMessageChunk):
+    """Function Message chunk."""
+
+    # Ignoring mypy re-assignment here since we're overriding the value
+    # to make sure that the chunk variant can be discriminated from the
+    # non-chunk variant.
+    type: Literal["FunctionMessageChunk"] = "FunctionMessageChunk"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization).
+    Defaults to "FunctionMessageChunk"."""
+
+    @override
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> BaseMessageChunk:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if isinstance(other, FunctionMessageChunk):
+            if self.name != other.name:
+                msg = "Cannot concatenate FunctionMessageChunks with different names."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            return self.__class__(
+                name=self.name,
+                content=merge_content(self.content, other.content),
+                additional_kwargs=merge_dicts(
+                    self.additional_kwargs, other.additional_kwargs
+                ),
+                response_metadata=merge_dicts(
+                    self.response_metadata, other.response_metadata
+                ),
+                id=self.id,
+            )
+
+        return super().__add__(other)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/human.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/human.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e19904a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/human.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""Human message."""
+
+from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+
+from langchain_core.messages.base import BaseMessage, BaseMessageChunk
+
+
+class HumanMessage(BaseMessage):
+    """Message from a human.
+
+    HumanMessages are messages that are passed in from a human to the model.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage, SystemMessage
+
+            messages = [
+                SystemMessage(
+                    content="You are a helpful assistant! Your name is Bob."
+                ),
+                HumanMessage(
+                    content="What is your name?"
+                )
+            ]
+
+            # Instantiate a chat model and invoke it with the messages
+            model = ...
+            print(model.invoke(messages))
+    """
+
+    example: bool = False
+    """Use to denote that a message is part of an example conversation.
+
+    At the moment, this is ignored by most models. Usage is discouraged.
+    Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["human"] = "human"
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization). Defaults to "human"."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, content: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Pass in content as positional arg.
+
+        Args:
+            content: The string contents of the message.
+            kwargs: Additional fields to pass to the message.
+        """
+        super().__init__(content=content, **kwargs)
+
+
+class HumanMessageChunk(HumanMessage, BaseMessageChunk):
+    """Human Message chunk."""
+
+    # Ignoring mypy re-assignment here since we're overriding the value
+    # to make sure that the chunk variant can be discriminated from the
+    # non-chunk variant.
+    type: Literal["HumanMessageChunk"] = "HumanMessageChunk"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization).
+    Defaults to "HumanMessageChunk"."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/modifier.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/modifier.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9cfc89c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/modifier.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"""Message responsible for deleting other messages."""
+
+from typing import Any, Literal
+
+from langchain_core.messages.base import BaseMessage
+
+
+class RemoveMessage(BaseMessage):
+    """Message responsible for deleting other messages."""
+
+    type: Literal["remove"] = "remove"
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization). Defaults to "remove"."""
+
+    def __init__(self, id: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Create a RemoveMessage.
+
+        Args:
+            id: The ID of the message to remove.
+            kwargs: Additional fields to pass to the message.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the 'content' field is passed in kwargs.
+        """
+        if kwargs.pop("content", None):
+            msg = "RemoveMessage does not support 'content' field."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        super().__init__("", id=id, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/system.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/system.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d63bd53a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/system.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+"""System message."""
+
+from typing import Any, Literal, Union
+
+from langchain_core.messages.base import BaseMessage, BaseMessageChunk
+
+
+class SystemMessage(BaseMessage):
+    """Message for priming AI behavior.
+
+    The system message is usually passed in as the first of a sequence
+    of input messages.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage, SystemMessage
+
+            messages = [
+                SystemMessage(
+                    content="You are a helpful assistant! Your name is Bob."
+                ),
+                HumanMessage(
+                    content="What is your name?"
+                )
+            ]
+
+            # Define a chat model and invoke it with the messages
+            print(model.invoke(messages))
+
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["system"] = "system"
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization). Defaults to "system"."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, content: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Pass in content as positional arg.
+
+        Args:
+               content: The string contents of the message.
+               kwargs: Additional fields to pass to the message.
+        """
+        super().__init__(content=content, **kwargs)
+
+
+class SystemMessageChunk(SystemMessage, BaseMessageChunk):
+    """System Message chunk."""
+
+    # Ignoring mypy re-assignment here since we're overriding the value
+    # to make sure that the chunk variant can be discriminated from the
+    # non-chunk variant.
+    type: Literal["SystemMessageChunk"] = "SystemMessageChunk"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization).
+    Defaults to "SystemMessageChunk"."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42c9018e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+"""Messages for tools."""
+
+import json
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from pydantic import Field, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core.messages.base import BaseMessage, BaseMessageChunk, merge_content
+from langchain_core.utils._merge import merge_dicts, merge_obj
+
+
+class ToolOutputMixin:
+    """Mixin for objects that tools can return directly.
+
+    If a custom BaseTool is invoked with a ToolCall and the output of custom code is
+    not an instance of ToolOutputMixin, the output will automatically be coerced to a
+    string and wrapped in a ToolMessage.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolMessage(BaseMessage, ToolOutputMixin):
+    """Message for passing the result of executing a tool back to a model.
+
+    ToolMessages contain the result of a tool invocation. Typically, the result
+    is encoded inside the `content` field.
+
+    Example: A ToolMessage representing a result of 42 from a tool call with id
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage
+
+            ToolMessage(content='42', tool_call_id='call_Jja7J89XsjrOLA5r!MEOW!SL')
+
+
+    Example: A ToolMessage where only part of the tool output is sent to the model
+        and the full output is passed in to artifact.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.17
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage
+
+            tool_output = {
+                "stdout": "From the graph we can see that the correlation between x and y is ...",
+                "stderr": None,
+                "artifacts": {"type": "image", "base64_data": "/9j/4gIcSU..."},
+            }
+
+            ToolMessage(
+                content=tool_output["stdout"],
+                artifact=tool_output,
+                tool_call_id='call_Jja7J89XsjrOLA5r!MEOW!SL',
+            )
+
+    The tool_call_id field is used to associate the tool call request with the
+    tool call response. This is useful in situations where a chat model is able
+    to request multiple tool calls in parallel.
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    tool_call_id: str
+    """Tool call that this message is responding to."""
+
+    type: Literal["tool"] = "tool"
+    """The type of the message (used for serialization). Defaults to "tool"."""
+
+    artifact: Any = None
+    """Artifact of the Tool execution which is not meant to be sent to the model.
+
+    Should only be specified if it is different from the message content, e.g. if only
+    a subset of the full tool output is being passed as message content but the full
+    output is needed in other parts of the code.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.17
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["success", "error"] = "success"
+    """Status of the tool invocation.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.24
+    """
+
+    additional_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict, repr=False)
+    """Currently inherited from BaseMessage, but not used."""
+    response_metadata: dict = Field(default_factory=dict, repr=False)
+    """Currently inherited from BaseMessage, but not used."""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce_args(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        """Coerce the model arguments to the correct types.
+
+        Args:
+            values: The model arguments.
+        """
+        content = values["content"]
+        if isinstance(content, tuple):
+            content = list(content)
+
+        if not isinstance(content, (str, list)):
+            try:
+                values["content"] = str(content)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                msg = (
+                    "ToolMessage content should be a string or a list of string/dicts. "
+                    f"Received:\n\n{content=}\n\n which could not be coerced into a "
+                    "string."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg) from e
+        elif isinstance(content, list):
+            values["content"] = []
+            for i, x in enumerate(content):
+                if not isinstance(x, (str, dict)):
+                    try:
+                        values["content"].append(str(x))
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        msg = (
+                            "ToolMessage content should be a string or a list of "
+                            "string/dicts. Received a list but "
+                            f"element ToolMessage.content[{i}] is not a dict and could "
+                            f"not be coerced to a string.:\n\n{x}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(msg) from e
+                else:
+                    values["content"].append(x)
+        else:
+            pass
+
+        tool_call_id = values["tool_call_id"]
+        if isinstance(tool_call_id, (UUID, int, float)):
+            values["tool_call_id"] = str(tool_call_id)
+        return values
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, content: Union[str, list[Union[str, dict]]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a ToolMessage.
+
+        Args:
+            content: The string contents of the message.
+            **kwargs: Additional fields.
+        """
+        super().__init__(content=content, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ToolMessageChunk(ToolMessage, BaseMessageChunk):
+    """Tool Message chunk."""
+
+    # Ignoring mypy re-assignment here since we're overriding the value
+    # to make sure that the chunk variant can be discriminated from the
+    # non-chunk variant.
+    type: Literal["ToolMessageChunk"] = "ToolMessageChunk"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    @override
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> BaseMessageChunk:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if isinstance(other, ToolMessageChunk):
+            if self.tool_call_id != other.tool_call_id:
+                msg = "Cannot concatenate ToolMessageChunks with different names."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            return self.__class__(
+                tool_call_id=self.tool_call_id,
+                content=merge_content(self.content, other.content),
+                artifact=merge_obj(self.artifact, other.artifact),
+                additional_kwargs=merge_dicts(
+                    self.additional_kwargs, other.additional_kwargs
+                ),
+                response_metadata=merge_dicts(
+                    self.response_metadata, other.response_metadata
+                ),
+                id=self.id,
+                status=_merge_status(self.status, other.status),
+            )
+
+        return super().__add__(other)
+
+
+class ToolCall(TypedDict):
+    """Represents a request to call a tool.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            {
+                "name": "foo",
+                "args": {"a": 1},
+                "id": "123"
+            }
+
+        This represents a request to call the tool named "foo" with arguments {"a": 1}
+        and an identifier of "123".
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the tool to be called."""
+    args: dict[str, Any]
+    """The arguments to the tool call."""
+    id: Optional[str]
+    """An identifier associated with the tool call.
+
+    An identifier is needed to associate a tool call request with a tool
+    call result in events when multiple concurrent tool calls are made.
+    """
+    type: NotRequired[Literal["tool_call"]]
+
+
+def tool_call(*, name: str, args: dict[str, Any], id: Optional[str]) -> ToolCall:
+    """Create a tool call.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name of the tool to be called.
+        args: The arguments to the tool call.
+        id: An identifier associated with the tool call.
+    """
+    return ToolCall(name=name, args=args, id=id, type="tool_call")
+
+
+class ToolCallChunk(TypedDict):
+    """A chunk of a tool call (e.g., as part of a stream).
+
+    When merging ToolCallChunks (e.g., via AIMessageChunk.__add__),
+    all string attributes are concatenated. Chunks are only merged if their
+    values of `index` are equal and not None.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        left_chunks = [ToolCallChunk(name="foo", args='{"a":', index=0)]
+        right_chunks = [ToolCallChunk(name=None, args='1}', index=0)]
+
+        (
+            AIMessageChunk(content="", tool_call_chunks=left_chunks)
+            + AIMessageChunk(content="", tool_call_chunks=right_chunks)
+        ).tool_call_chunks == [ToolCallChunk(name='foo', args='{"a":1}', index=0)]
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """The name of the tool to be called."""
+    args: Optional[str]
+    """The arguments to the tool call."""
+    id: Optional[str]
+    """An identifier associated with the tool call."""
+    index: Optional[int]
+    """The index of the tool call in a sequence."""
+    type: NotRequired[Literal["tool_call_chunk"]]
+
+
+def tool_call_chunk(
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    args: Optional[str] = None,
+    id: Optional[str] = None,
+    index: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> ToolCallChunk:
+    """Create a tool call chunk.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name of the tool to be called.
+        args: The arguments to the tool call.
+        id: An identifier associated with the tool call.
+        index: The index of the tool call in a sequence.
+    """
+    return ToolCallChunk(
+        name=name, args=args, id=id, index=index, type="tool_call_chunk"
+    )
+
+
+class InvalidToolCall(TypedDict):
+    """Allowance for errors made by LLM.
+
+    Here we add an `error` key to surface errors made during generation
+    (e.g., invalid JSON arguments.)
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """The name of the tool to be called."""
+    args: Optional[str]
+    """The arguments to the tool call."""
+    id: Optional[str]
+    """An identifier associated with the tool call."""
+    error: Optional[str]
+    """An error message associated with the tool call."""
+    type: NotRequired[Literal["invalid_tool_call"]]
+
+
+def invalid_tool_call(
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    args: Optional[str] = None,
+    id: Optional[str] = None,
+    error: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> InvalidToolCall:
+    """Create an invalid tool call.
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name of the tool to be called.
+        args: The arguments to the tool call.
+        id: An identifier associated with the tool call.
+        error: An error message associated with the tool call.
+    """
+    return InvalidToolCall(
+        name=name, args=args, id=id, error=error, type="invalid_tool_call"
+    )
+
+
+def default_tool_parser(
+    raw_tool_calls: list[dict],
+) -> tuple[list[ToolCall], list[InvalidToolCall]]:
+    """Best-effort parsing of tools."""
+    tool_calls = []
+    invalid_tool_calls = []
+    for raw_tool_call in raw_tool_calls:
+        if "function" not in raw_tool_call:
+            continue
+        function_name = raw_tool_call["function"]["name"]
+        try:
+            function_args = json.loads(raw_tool_call["function"]["arguments"])
+            parsed = tool_call(
+                name=function_name or "",
+                args=function_args or {},
+                id=raw_tool_call.get("id"),
+            )
+            tool_calls.append(parsed)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            invalid_tool_calls.append(
+                invalid_tool_call(
+                    name=function_name,
+                    args=raw_tool_call["function"]["arguments"],
+                    id=raw_tool_call.get("id"),
+                    error=None,
+                )
+            )
+    return tool_calls, invalid_tool_calls
+
+
+def default_tool_chunk_parser(raw_tool_calls: list[dict]) -> list[ToolCallChunk]:
+    """Best-effort parsing of tool chunks."""
+    tool_call_chunks = []
+    for tool_call in raw_tool_calls:
+        if "function" not in tool_call:
+            function_args = None
+            function_name = None
+        else:
+            function_args = tool_call["function"]["arguments"]
+            function_name = tool_call["function"]["name"]
+        parsed = tool_call_chunk(
+            name=function_name,
+            args=function_args,
+            id=tool_call.get("id"),
+            index=tool_call.get("index"),
+        )
+        tool_call_chunks.append(parsed)
+    return tool_call_chunks
+
+
+def _merge_status(
+    left: Literal["success", "error"], right: Literal["success", "error"]
+) -> Literal["success", "error"]:
+    return "error" if "error" in (left, right) else "success"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b51f63c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/messages/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1640 @@
+"""Module contains utility functions for working with messages.
+
+Some examples of what you can do with these functions include:
+
+* Convert messages to strings (serialization)
+* Convert messages from dicts to Message objects (deserialization)
+* Filter messages from a list of messages based on name, type or id etc.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import inspect
+import json
+import logging
+import math
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Sequence
+from functools import partial
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from pydantic import Discriminator, Field, Tag
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import ErrorCode, create_message
+from langchain_core.messages import convert_to_openai_data_block, is_data_content_block
+from langchain_core.messages.ai import AIMessage, AIMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.messages.base import BaseMessage, BaseMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.messages.chat import ChatMessage, ChatMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.messages.function import FunctionMessage, FunctionMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.messages.human import HumanMessage, HumanMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.messages.modifier import RemoveMessage
+from langchain_core.messages.system import SystemMessage, SystemMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import ToolCall, ToolMessage, ToolMessageChunk
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_text_splitters import TextSplitter
+
+    from langchain_core.language_models import BaseLanguageModel
+    from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+    from langchain_core.runnables.base import Runnable
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _get_type(v: Any) -> str:
+    """Get the type associated with the object for serialization purposes."""
+    if isinstance(v, dict) and "type" in v:
+        return v["type"]
+    if hasattr(v, "type"):
+        return v.type
+    msg = (
+        f"Expected either a dictionary with a 'type' key or an object "
+        f"with a 'type' attribute. Instead got type {type(v)}."
+    )
+    raise TypeError(msg)
+
+
+AnyMessage = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        Annotated[AIMessage, Tag(tag="ai")],
+        Annotated[HumanMessage, Tag(tag="human")],
+        Annotated[ChatMessage, Tag(tag="chat")],
+        Annotated[SystemMessage, Tag(tag="system")],
+        Annotated[FunctionMessage, Tag(tag="function")],
+        Annotated[ToolMessage, Tag(tag="tool")],
+        Annotated[AIMessageChunk, Tag(tag="AIMessageChunk")],
+        Annotated[HumanMessageChunk, Tag(tag="HumanMessageChunk")],
+        Annotated[ChatMessageChunk, Tag(tag="ChatMessageChunk")],
+        Annotated[SystemMessageChunk, Tag(tag="SystemMessageChunk")],
+        Annotated[FunctionMessageChunk, Tag(tag="FunctionMessageChunk")],
+        Annotated[ToolMessageChunk, Tag(tag="ToolMessageChunk")],
+    ],
+    Field(discriminator=Discriminator(_get_type)),
+]
+
+
+def get_buffer_string(
+    messages: Sequence[BaseMessage], human_prefix: str = "Human", ai_prefix: str = "AI"
+) -> str:
+    r"""Convert a sequence of Messages to strings and concatenate them into one string.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Messages to be converted to strings.
+        human_prefix: The prefix to prepend to contents of HumanMessages.
+            Default is "Human".
+        ai_prefix: THe prefix to prepend to contents of AIMessages. Default is "AI".
+
+    Returns:
+        A single string concatenation of all input messages.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If an unsupported message type is encountered.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core import AIMessage, HumanMessage
+
+            messages = [
+                HumanMessage(content="Hi, how are you?"),
+                AIMessage(content="Good, how are you?"),
+            ]
+            get_buffer_string(messages)
+            # -> "Human: Hi, how are you?\nAI: Good, how are you?"
+    """
+    string_messages = []
+    for m in messages:
+        if isinstance(m, HumanMessage):
+            role = human_prefix
+        elif isinstance(m, AIMessage):
+            role = ai_prefix
+        elif isinstance(m, SystemMessage):
+            role = "System"
+        elif isinstance(m, FunctionMessage):
+            role = "Function"
+        elif isinstance(m, ToolMessage):
+            role = "Tool"
+        elif isinstance(m, ChatMessage):
+            role = m.role
+        else:
+            msg = f"Got unsupported message type: {m}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+        message = f"{role}: {m.content}"
+        if isinstance(m, AIMessage) and "function_call" in m.additional_kwargs:
+            message += f"{m.additional_kwargs['function_call']}"
+        string_messages.append(message)
+
+    return "\n".join(string_messages)
+
+
+def _message_from_dict(message: dict) -> BaseMessage:
+    _type = message["type"]
+    if _type == "human":
+        return HumanMessage(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "ai":
+        return AIMessage(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "system":
+        return SystemMessage(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "chat":
+        return ChatMessage(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "function":
+        return FunctionMessage(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "tool":
+        return ToolMessage(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "remove":
+        return RemoveMessage(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "AIMessageChunk":
+        return AIMessageChunk(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "HumanMessageChunk":
+        return HumanMessageChunk(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "FunctionMessageChunk":
+        return FunctionMessageChunk(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "ToolMessageChunk":
+        return ToolMessageChunk(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "SystemMessageChunk":
+        return SystemMessageChunk(**message["data"])
+    if _type == "ChatMessageChunk":
+        return ChatMessageChunk(**message["data"])
+    msg = f"Got unexpected message type: {_type}"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def messages_from_dict(messages: Sequence[dict]) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert a sequence of messages from dicts to Message objects.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Sequence of messages (as dicts) to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        list of messages (BaseMessages).
+    """
+    return [_message_from_dict(m) for m in messages]
+
+
+def message_chunk_to_message(chunk: BaseMessageChunk) -> BaseMessage:
+    """Convert a message chunk to a message.
+
+    Args:
+        chunk: Message chunk to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        Message.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(chunk, BaseMessageChunk):
+        return chunk
+    # chunk classes always have the equivalent non-chunk class as their first parent
+    ignore_keys = ["type"]
+    if isinstance(chunk, AIMessageChunk):
+        ignore_keys.append("tool_call_chunks")
+    return chunk.__class__.__mro__[1](
+        **{k: v for k, v in chunk.__dict__.items() if k not in ignore_keys}
+    )
+
+
+MessageLikeRepresentation = Union[
+    BaseMessage, list[str], tuple[str, str], str, dict[str, Any]
+]
+
+
+def _create_message_from_message_type(
+    message_type: str,
+    content: str,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    tool_call_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    tool_calls: Optional[list[dict[str, Any]]] = None,
+    id: Optional[str] = None,
+    **additional_kwargs: Any,
+) -> BaseMessage:
+    """Create a message from a message type and content string.
+
+    Args:
+        message_type: (str) the type of the message (e.g., "human", "ai", etc.).
+        content: (str) the content string.
+        name: (str) the name of the message. Default is None.
+        tool_call_id: (str) the tool call id. Default is None.
+        tool_calls: (list[dict[str, Any]]) the tool calls. Default is None.
+        id: (str) the id of the message. Default is None.
+        additional_kwargs: (dict[str, Any]) additional keyword arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+        a message of the appropriate type.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if the message type is not one of "human", "user", "ai",
+            "assistant", "function", "tool", "system", or "developer".
+    """
+    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if name is not None:
+        kwargs["name"] = name
+    if tool_call_id is not None:
+        kwargs["tool_call_id"] = tool_call_id
+    if additional_kwargs:
+        if response_metadata := additional_kwargs.pop("response_metadata", None):
+            kwargs["response_metadata"] = response_metadata
+        kwargs["additional_kwargs"] = additional_kwargs
+        additional_kwargs.update(additional_kwargs.pop("additional_kwargs", {}))
+    if id is not None:
+        kwargs["id"] = id
+    if tool_calls is not None:
+        kwargs["tool_calls"] = []
+        for tool_call in tool_calls:
+            # Convert OpenAI-format tool call to LangChain format.
+            if "function" in tool_call:
+                args = tool_call["function"]["arguments"]
+                if isinstance(args, str):
+                    args = json.loads(args, strict=False)
+                kwargs["tool_calls"].append(
+                    {
+                        "name": tool_call["function"]["name"],
+                        "args": args,
+                        "id": tool_call["id"],
+                        "type": "tool_call",
+                    }
+                )
+            else:
+                kwargs["tool_calls"].append(tool_call)
+    if message_type in ("human", "user"):
+        if example := kwargs.get("additional_kwargs", {}).pop("example", False):
+            kwargs["example"] = example
+        message: BaseMessage = HumanMessage(content=content, **kwargs)
+    elif message_type in ("ai", "assistant"):
+        if example := kwargs.get("additional_kwargs", {}).pop("example", False):
+            kwargs["example"] = example
+        message = AIMessage(content=content, **kwargs)
+    elif message_type in ("system", "developer"):
+        if message_type == "developer":
+            kwargs["additional_kwargs"] = kwargs.get("additional_kwargs") or {}
+            kwargs["additional_kwargs"]["__openai_role__"] = "developer"
+        message = SystemMessage(content=content, **kwargs)
+    elif message_type == "function":
+        message = FunctionMessage(content=content, **kwargs)
+    elif message_type == "tool":
+        artifact = kwargs.get("additional_kwargs", {}).pop("artifact", None)
+        message = ToolMessage(content=content, artifact=artifact, **kwargs)
+    elif message_type == "remove":
+        message = RemoveMessage(**kwargs)
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Unexpected message type: '{message_type}'. Use one of 'human',"
+            f" 'user', 'ai', 'assistant', 'function', 'tool', 'system', or 'developer'."
+        )
+        msg = create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.MESSAGE_COERCION_FAILURE)
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return message
+
+
+def _convert_to_message(message: MessageLikeRepresentation) -> BaseMessage:
+    """Instantiate a message from a variety of message formats.
+
+    The message format can be one of the following:
+
+    - BaseMessagePromptTemplate
+    - BaseMessage
+    - 2-tuple of (role string, template); e.g., ("human", "{user_input}")
+    - dict: a message dict with role and content keys
+    - string: shorthand for ("human", template); e.g., "{user_input}"
+
+    Args:
+        message: a representation of a message in one of the supported formats.
+
+    Returns:
+        an instance of a message or a message template.
+
+    Raises:
+        NotImplementedError: if the message type is not supported.
+        ValueError: if the message dict does not contain the required keys.
+    """
+    if isinstance(message, BaseMessage):
+        _message = message
+    elif isinstance(message, str):
+        _message = _create_message_from_message_type("human", message)
+    elif isinstance(message, Sequence) and len(message) == 2:
+        # mypy doesn't realise this can't be a string given the previous branch
+        message_type_str, template = message  # type: ignore[misc]
+        _message = _create_message_from_message_type(message_type_str, template)
+    elif isinstance(message, dict):
+        msg_kwargs = message.copy()
+        try:
+            try:
+                msg_type = msg_kwargs.pop("role")
+            except KeyError:
+                msg_type = msg_kwargs.pop("type")
+            # None msg content is not allowed
+            msg_content = msg_kwargs.pop("content") or ""
+        except KeyError as e:
+            msg = f"Message dict must contain 'role' and 'content' keys, got {message}"
+            msg = create_message(
+                message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.MESSAGE_COERCION_FAILURE
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg) from e
+        _message = _create_message_from_message_type(
+            msg_type, msg_content, **msg_kwargs
+        )
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported message type: {type(message)}"
+        msg = create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.MESSAGE_COERCION_FAILURE)
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    return _message
+
+
+def convert_to_messages(
+    messages: Union[Iterable[MessageLikeRepresentation], PromptValue],
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert a sequence of messages to a list of messages.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Sequence of messages to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        list of messages (BaseMessages).
+    """
+    # Import here to avoid circular imports
+    from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+
+    if isinstance(messages, PromptValue):
+        return messages.to_messages()
+    return [_convert_to_message(m) for m in messages]
+
+
+def _runnable_support(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    @overload
+    def wrapped(
+        messages: Literal[None] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Runnable[Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation], list[BaseMessage]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def wrapped(
+        messages: Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[BaseMessage]: ...
+
+    def wrapped(
+        messages: Union[Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation], None] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[
+        list[BaseMessage],
+        Runnable[Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation], list[BaseMessage]],
+    ]:
+        from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableLambda
+
+        if messages is not None:
+            return func(messages, **kwargs)
+        return RunnableLambda(partial(func, **kwargs), name=func.__name__)
+
+    wrapped.__doc__ = func.__doc__
+    return wrapped
+
+
+@_runnable_support
+def filter_messages(
+    messages: Union[Iterable[MessageLikeRepresentation], PromptValue],
+    *,
+    include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    include_types: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]] = None,
+    exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]] = None,
+    include_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_tool_calls: Optional[Sequence[str] | bool] = None,
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Filter messages based on name, type or id.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Sequence Message-like objects to filter.
+        include_names: Message names to include. Default is None.
+        exclude_names: Messages names to exclude. Default is None.
+        include_types: Message types to include. Can be specified as string names (e.g.
+            "system", "human", "ai", ...) or as BaseMessage classes (e.g.
+            SystemMessage, HumanMessage, AIMessage, ...). Default is None.
+        exclude_types: Message types to exclude. Can be specified as string names (e.g.
+            "system", "human", "ai", ...) or as BaseMessage classes (e.g.
+            SystemMessage, HumanMessage, AIMessage, ...). Default is None.
+        include_ids: Message IDs to include. Default is None.
+        exclude_ids: Message IDs to exclude. Default is None.
+        exclude_tool_calls: Tool call IDs to exclude. Default is None.
+            Can be one of the following:
+            - `True`: all AIMessages with tool calls and all ToolMessages will be excluded.
+            - a sequence of tool call IDs to exclude:
+              - ToolMessages with the corresponding tool call ID will be excluded.
+              - The `tool_calls` in the AIMessage will be updated to exclude matching tool calls.
+                If all tool_calls are filtered from an AIMessage, the whole message is excluded.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of Messages that meets at least one of the incl_* conditions and none
+        of the excl_* conditions. If not incl_* conditions are specified then
+        anything that is not explicitly excluded will be included.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError if two incompatible arguments are provided.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import filter_messages, AIMessage, HumanMessage, SystemMessage
+
+            messages = [
+                SystemMessage("you're a good assistant."),
+                HumanMessage("what's your name", id="foo", name="example_user"),
+                AIMessage("steve-o", id="bar", name="example_assistant"),
+                HumanMessage("what's your favorite color", id="baz",),
+                AIMessage("silicon blue", id="blah",),
+            ]
+
+            filter_messages(
+                messages,
+                incl_names=("example_user", "example_assistant"),
+                incl_types=("system",),
+                excl_ids=("bar",),
+            )
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [
+                SystemMessage("you're a good assistant."),
+                HumanMessage("what's your name", id="foo", name="example_user"),
+            ]
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    messages = convert_to_messages(messages)
+    filtered: list[BaseMessage] = []
+    for msg in messages:
+        if (
+            (exclude_names and msg.name in exclude_names)
+            or (exclude_types and _is_message_type(msg, exclude_types))
+            or (exclude_ids and msg.id in exclude_ids)
+        ):
+            continue
+
+        if exclude_tool_calls is True and (
+            (isinstance(msg, AIMessage) and msg.tool_calls)
+            or isinstance(msg, ToolMessage)
+        ):
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(exclude_tool_calls, (list, tuple, set)):
+            if isinstance(msg, AIMessage) and msg.tool_calls:
+                tool_calls = [
+                    tool_call
+                    for tool_call in msg.tool_calls
+                    if tool_call["id"] not in exclude_tool_calls
+                ]
+                if not tool_calls:
+                    continue
+
+                content = msg.content
+                # handle Anthropic content blocks
+                if isinstance(msg.content, list):
+                    content = [
+                        content_block
+                        for content_block in msg.content
+                        if (
+                            not isinstance(content_block, dict)
+                            or content_block.get("type") != "tool_use"
+                            or content_block.get("id") not in exclude_tool_calls
+                        )
+                    ]
+
+                msg = msg.model_copy(  # noqa: PLW2901
+                    update={"tool_calls": tool_calls, "content": content}
+                )
+            elif (
+                isinstance(msg, ToolMessage) and msg.tool_call_id in exclude_tool_calls
+            ):
+                continue
+
+        # default to inclusion when no inclusion criteria given.
+        if (
+            not (include_types or include_ids or include_names)
+            or (include_names and msg.name in include_names)
+            or (include_types and _is_message_type(msg, include_types))
+            or (include_ids and msg.id in include_ids)
+        ):
+            filtered.append(msg)
+        else:
+            pass
+
+    return filtered
+
+
+@_runnable_support
+def merge_message_runs(
+    messages: Union[Iterable[MessageLikeRepresentation], PromptValue],
+    *,
+    chunk_separator: str = "\n",
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    r"""Merge consecutive Messages of the same type.
+
+    **NOTE**: ToolMessages are not merged, as each has a distinct tool call id that
+    can't be merged.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Sequence Message-like objects to merge.
+        chunk_separator: Specify the string to be inserted between message chunks.
+        Default is "\n".
+
+    Returns:
+        list of BaseMessages with consecutive runs of message types merged into single
+        messages. By default, if two messages being merged both have string contents,
+        the merged content is a concatenation of the two strings with a new-line separator.
+        The separator inserted between message chunks can be controlled by specifying
+        any string with ``chunk_separator``. If at least one of the messages has a list of
+        content blocks, the merged content is a list of content blocks.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import (
+                merge_message_runs,
+                AIMessage,
+                HumanMessage,
+                SystemMessage,
+                ToolCall,
+            )
+
+            messages = [
+                SystemMessage("you're a good assistant."),
+                HumanMessage("what's your favorite color", id="foo",),
+                HumanMessage("wait your favorite food", id="bar",),
+                AIMessage(
+                    "my favorite colo",
+                    tool_calls=[ToolCall(name="blah_tool", args={"x": 2}, id="123", type="tool_call")],
+                    id="baz",
+                ),
+                AIMessage(
+                    [{"type": "text", "text": "my favorite dish is lasagna"}],
+                    tool_calls=[ToolCall(name="blah_tool", args={"x": -10}, id="456", type="tool_call")],
+                    id="blur",
+                ),
+            ]
+
+            merge_message_runs(messages)
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [
+                SystemMessage("you're a good assistant."),
+                HumanMessage("what's your favorite color\\nwait your favorite food", id="foo",),
+                AIMessage(
+                    [
+                        "my favorite colo",
+                        {"type": "text", "text": "my favorite dish is lasagna"}
+                    ],
+                    tool_calls=[
+                        ToolCall({"name": "blah_tool", "args": {"x": 2}, "id": "123", "type": "tool_call"}),
+                        ToolCall({"name": "blah_tool", "args": {"x": -10}, "id": "456", "type": "tool_call"})
+                    ]
+                    id="baz"
+                ),
+            ]
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if not messages:
+        return []
+    messages = convert_to_messages(messages)
+    merged: list[BaseMessage] = []
+    for msg in messages:
+        last = merged.pop() if merged else None
+        if not last:
+            merged.append(msg)
+        elif isinstance(msg, ToolMessage) or not isinstance(msg, last.__class__):
+            merged.extend([last, msg])
+        else:
+            last_chunk = _msg_to_chunk(last)
+            curr_chunk = _msg_to_chunk(msg)
+            if curr_chunk.response_metadata:
+                curr_chunk.response_metadata.clear()
+            if (
+                isinstance(last_chunk.content, str)
+                and isinstance(curr_chunk.content, str)
+                and last_chunk.content
+                and curr_chunk.content
+            ):
+                last_chunk.content += chunk_separator
+            merged.append(_chunk_to_msg(last_chunk + curr_chunk))
+    return merged
+
+
+# TODO: Update so validation errors (for token_counter, for example) are raised on
+# init not at runtime.
+@_runnable_support
+def trim_messages(
+    messages: Union[Iterable[MessageLikeRepresentation], PromptValue],
+    *,
+    max_tokens: int,
+    token_counter: Union[
+        Callable[[list[BaseMessage]], int],
+        Callable[[BaseMessage], int],
+        BaseLanguageModel,
+    ],
+    strategy: Literal["first", "last"] = "last",
+    allow_partial: bool = False,
+    end_on: Optional[
+        Union[str, type[BaseMessage], Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]]
+    ] = None,
+    start_on: Optional[
+        Union[str, type[BaseMessage], Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]]
+    ] = None,
+    include_system: bool = False,
+    text_splitter: Optional[Union[Callable[[str], list[str]], TextSplitter]] = None,
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    r"""Trim messages to be below a token count.
+
+    trim_messages can be used to reduce the size of a chat history to a specified token
+    count or specified message count.
+
+    In either case, if passing the trimmed chat history back into a chat model
+    directly, the resulting chat history should usually satisfy the following
+    properties:
+
+    1. The resulting chat history should be valid. Most chat models expect that chat
+       history starts with either (1) a `HumanMessage` or (2) a `SystemMessage` followed
+       by a `HumanMessage`. To achieve this, set `start_on="human"`.
+       In addition, generally a `ToolMessage` can only appear after an `AIMessage`
+       that involved a tool call.
+       Please see the following link for more information about messages:
+       https://python.langchain.com/docs/concepts/#messages
+    2. It includes recent messages and drops old messages in the chat history.
+       To achieve this set the `strategy="last"`.
+    3. Usually, the new chat history should include the `SystemMessage` if it
+       was present in the original chat history since the `SystemMessage` includes
+       special instructions to the chat model. The `SystemMessage` is almost always
+       the first message in the history if present. To achieve this set the
+       `include_system=True`.
+
+    **Note** The examples below show how to configure `trim_messages` to achieve
+        a behavior consistent with the above properties.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Sequence of Message-like objects to trim.
+        max_tokens: Max token count of trimmed messages.
+        token_counter: Function or llm for counting tokens in a BaseMessage or a list of
+            BaseMessage. If a BaseLanguageModel is passed in then
+            BaseLanguageModel.get_num_tokens_from_messages() will be used.
+            Set to `len` to count the number of **messages** in the chat history.
+
+            .. note::
+                Use `count_tokens_approximately` to get fast, approximate token counts.
+                This is recommended for using `trim_messages` on the hot path, where
+                exact token counting is not necessary.
+
+        strategy: Strategy for trimming.
+            - "first": Keep the first <= n_count tokens of the messages.
+            - "last": Keep the last <= n_count tokens of the messages.
+            Default is "last".
+        allow_partial: Whether to split a message if only part of the message can be
+            included. If ``strategy="last"`` then the last partial contents of a message
+            are included. If ``strategy="first"`` then the first partial contents of a
+            message are included.
+            Default is False.
+        end_on: The message type to end on. If specified then every message after the
+            last occurrence of this type is ignored. If ``strategy=="last"`` then this
+            is done before we attempt to get the last ``max_tokens``. If
+            ``strategy=="first"`` then this is done after we get the first
+            ``max_tokens``. Can be specified as string names (e.g. "system", "human",
+            "ai", ...) or as BaseMessage classes (e.g. SystemMessage, HumanMessage,
+            AIMessage, ...). Can be a single type or a list of types.
+            Default is None.
+        start_on: The message type to start on. Should only be specified if
+            ``strategy="last"``. If specified then every message before
+            the first occurrence of this type is ignored. This is done after we trim
+            the initial messages to the last ``max_tokens``. Does not
+            apply to a SystemMessage at index 0 if ``include_system=True``. Can be
+            specified as string names (e.g. "system", "human", "ai", ...) or as
+            BaseMessage classes (e.g. SystemMessage, HumanMessage, AIMessage, ...). Can
+            be a single type or a list of types.
+            Default is None.
+        include_system: Whether to keep the SystemMessage if there is one at index 0.
+            Should only be specified if ``strategy="last"``.
+            Default is False.
+        text_splitter: Function or ``langchain_text_splitters.TextSplitter`` for
+            splitting the string contents of a message. Only used if
+            ``allow_partial=True``. If ``strategy="last"`` then the last split tokens
+            from a partial message will be included. if ``strategy=="first"`` then the
+            first split tokens from a partial message will be included. Token splitter
+            assumes that separators are kept, so that split contents can be directly
+            concatenated to recreate the original text. Defaults to splitting on
+            newlines.
+
+    Returns:
+        list of trimmed BaseMessages.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if two incompatible arguments are specified or an unrecognized
+            ``strategy`` is specified.
+
+    Example:
+        Trim chat history based on token count, keeping the SystemMessage if
+        present, and ensuring that the chat history starts with a HumanMessage (
+        or a SystemMessage followed by a HumanMessage).
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import (
+                AIMessage,
+                HumanMessage,
+                BaseMessage,
+                SystemMessage,
+                trim_messages,
+            )
+
+            messages = [
+                SystemMessage("you're a good assistant, you always respond with a joke."),
+                HumanMessage("i wonder why it's called langchain"),
+                AIMessage(
+                    'Well, I guess they thought "WordRope" and "SentenceString" just didn\'t have the same ring to it!'
+                ),
+                HumanMessage("and who is harrison chasing anyways"),
+                AIMessage(
+                    "Hmmm let me think.\n\nWhy, he's probably chasing after the last cup of coffee in the office!"
+                ),
+                HumanMessage("what do you call a speechless parrot"),
+            ]
+
+
+            trim_messages(
+                messages,
+                max_tokens=45,
+                strategy="last",
+                token_counter=ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o"),
+                # Most chat models expect that chat history starts with either:
+                # (1) a HumanMessage or
+                # (2) a SystemMessage followed by a HumanMessage
+                start_on="human",
+                # Usually, we want to keep the SystemMessage
+                # if it's present in the original history.
+                # The SystemMessage has special instructions for the model.
+                include_system=True,
+                allow_partial=False,
+            )
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [
+                SystemMessage(content="you're a good assistant, you always respond with a joke."),
+                HumanMessage(content='what do you call a speechless parrot'),
+            ]
+
+        Trim chat history based on the message count, keeping the SystemMessage if
+        present, and ensuring that the chat history starts with a HumanMessage (
+        or a SystemMessage followed by a HumanMessage).
+
+            trim_messages(
+                messages,
+                # When `len` is passed in as the token counter function,
+                # max_tokens will count the number of messages in the chat history.
+                max_tokens=4,
+                strategy="last",
+                # Passing in `len` as a token counter function will
+                # count the number of messages in the chat history.
+                token_counter=len,
+                # Most chat models expect that chat history starts with either:
+                # (1) a HumanMessage or
+                # (2) a SystemMessage followed by a HumanMessage
+                start_on="human",
+                # Usually, we want to keep the SystemMessage
+                # if it's present in the original history.
+                # The SystemMessage has special instructions for the model.
+                include_system=True,
+                allow_partial=False,
+            )
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            [
+                SystemMessage(content="you're a good assistant, you always respond with a joke."),
+                HumanMessage(content='and who is harrison chasing anyways'),
+                AIMessage(content="Hmmm let me think.\n\nWhy, he's probably chasing after the last cup of coffee in the office!"),
+                HumanMessage(content='what do you call a speechless parrot'),
+            ]
+
+
+        Trim chat history using a custom token counter function that counts the
+        number of tokens in each message.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            messages = [
+                SystemMessage("This is a 4 token text. The full message is 10 tokens."),
+                HumanMessage("This is a 4 token text. The full message is 10 tokens.", id="first"),
+                AIMessage(
+                    [
+                        {"type": "text", "text": "This is the FIRST 4 token block."},
+                        {"type": "text", "text": "This is the SECOND 4 token block."},
+                    ],
+                    id="second",
+                ),
+                HumanMessage("This is a 4 token text. The full message is 10 tokens.", id="third"),
+                AIMessage("This is a 4 token text. The full message is 10 tokens.", id="fourth"),
+            ]
+
+            def dummy_token_counter(messages: list[BaseMessage]) -> int:
+                # treat each message like it adds 3 default tokens at the beginning
+                # of the message and at the end of the message. 3 + 4 + 3 = 10 tokens
+                # per message.
+
+                default_content_len = 4
+                default_msg_prefix_len = 3
+                default_msg_suffix_len = 3
+
+                count = 0
+                for msg in messages:
+                    if isinstance(msg.content, str):
+                        count += default_msg_prefix_len + default_content_len + default_msg_suffix_len
+                    if isinstance(msg.content, list):
+                        count += default_msg_prefix_len + len(msg.content) *  default_content_len + default_msg_suffix_len
+                return count
+
+        First 30 tokens, allowing partial messages:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                trim_messages(
+                    messages,
+                    max_tokens=30,
+                    token_counter=dummy_token_counter,
+                    strategy="first",
+                    allow_partial=True,
+                )
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                [
+                    SystemMessage("This is a 4 token text. The full message is 10 tokens."),
+                    HumanMessage("This is a 4 token text. The full message is 10 tokens.", id="first"),
+                    AIMessage( [{"type": "text", "text": "This is the FIRST 4 token block."}], id="second"),
+                ]
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    # Validate arguments
+    if start_on and strategy == "first":
+        msg = "start_on parameter is only valid with strategy='last'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if include_system and strategy == "first":
+        msg = "include_system parameter is only valid with strategy='last'"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    messages = convert_to_messages(messages)
+    if hasattr(token_counter, "get_num_tokens_from_messages"):
+        list_token_counter = token_counter.get_num_tokens_from_messages
+    elif callable(token_counter):
+        if (
+            list(inspect.signature(token_counter).parameters.values())[0].annotation
+            is BaseMessage
+        ):
+
+            def list_token_counter(messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]) -> int:
+                return sum(token_counter(msg) for msg in messages)  # type: ignore[arg-type, misc]
+
+        else:
+            list_token_counter = token_counter
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"'token_counter' expected to be a model that implements "
+            f"'get_num_tokens_from_messages()' or a function. Received object of type "
+            f"{type(token_counter)}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    try:
+        from langchain_text_splitters import TextSplitter
+    except ImportError:
+        text_splitter_fn: Optional[Callable] = cast("Optional[Callable]", text_splitter)
+    else:
+        if isinstance(text_splitter, TextSplitter):
+            text_splitter_fn = text_splitter.split_text
+        else:
+            text_splitter_fn = text_splitter
+
+    text_splitter_fn = text_splitter_fn or _default_text_splitter
+
+    if strategy == "first":
+        return _first_max_tokens(
+            messages,
+            max_tokens=max_tokens,
+            token_counter=list_token_counter,
+            text_splitter=text_splitter_fn,
+            partial_strategy="first" if allow_partial else None,
+            end_on=end_on,
+        )
+    if strategy == "last":
+        return _last_max_tokens(
+            messages,
+            max_tokens=max_tokens,
+            token_counter=list_token_counter,
+            allow_partial=allow_partial,
+            include_system=include_system,
+            start_on=start_on,
+            end_on=end_on,
+            text_splitter=text_splitter_fn,
+        )
+    msg = f"Unrecognized {strategy=}. Supported strategies are 'last' and 'first'."
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def convert_to_openai_messages(
+    messages: Union[MessageLikeRepresentation, Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation]],
+    *,
+    text_format: Literal["string", "block"] = "string",
+) -> Union[dict, list[dict]]:
+    """Convert LangChain messages into OpenAI message dicts.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: Message-like object or iterable of objects whose contents are
+            in OpenAI, Anthropic, Bedrock Converse, or VertexAI formats.
+        text_format: How to format string or text block contents:
+
+                - "string":
+                    If a message has a string content, this is left as a string. If
+                    a message has content blocks that are all of type 'text', these are
+                    joined with a newline to make a single string. If a message has
+                    content blocks and at least one isn't of type 'text', then
+                    all blocks are left as dicts.
+                - "block":
+                    If a message has a string content, this is turned into a list
+                    with a single content block of type 'text'. If a message has content
+                    blocks these are left as is.
+
+    Returns:
+        The return type depends on the input type:
+            - dict:
+                If a single message-like object is passed in, a single OpenAI message
+                dict is returned.
+            - list[dict]:
+                If a sequence of message-like objects are passed in, a list of OpenAI
+                message dicts is returned.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import (
+                convert_to_openai_messages,
+                AIMessage,
+                SystemMessage,
+                ToolMessage,
+            )
+
+            messages = [
+                SystemMessage([{"type": "text", "text": "foo"}]),
+                {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "whats in this"}, {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "data:image/png;base64,'/9j/4AAQSk'"}}]},
+                AIMessage("", tool_calls=[{"name": "analyze", "args": {"baz": "buz"}, "id": "1", "type": "tool_call"}]),
+                ToolMessage("foobar", tool_call_id="1", name="bar"),
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": "thats nice"},
+            ]
+            oai_messages = convert_to_openai_messages(messages)
+            # -> [
+            #   {'role': 'system', 'content': 'foo'},
+            #   {'role': 'user', 'content': [{'type': 'text', 'text': 'whats in this'}, {'type': 'image_url', 'image_url': {'url': "data:image/png;base64,'/9j/4AAQSk'"}}]},
+            #   {'role': 'assistant', 'tool_calls': [{'type': 'function', 'id': '1','function': {'name': 'analyze', 'arguments': '{"baz": "buz"}'}}], 'content': ''},
+            #   {'role': 'tool', 'name': 'bar', 'content': 'foobar'},
+            #   {'role': 'assistant', 'content': 'thats nice'}
+            # ]
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.3.11
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if text_format not in ("string", "block"):
+        err = f"Unrecognized {text_format=}, expected one of 'string' or 'block'."
+        raise ValueError(err)
+
+    oai_messages: list = []
+
+    if is_single := isinstance(messages, (BaseMessage, dict, str)):
+        messages = [messages]
+
+    messages = convert_to_messages(messages)
+
+    for i, message in enumerate(messages):
+        oai_msg: dict = {"role": _get_message_openai_role(message)}
+        tool_messages: list = []
+        content: Union[str, list[dict]]
+
+        if message.name:
+            oai_msg["name"] = message.name
+        if isinstance(message, AIMessage) and message.tool_calls:
+            oai_msg["tool_calls"] = _convert_to_openai_tool_calls(message.tool_calls)
+        if message.additional_kwargs.get("refusal"):
+            oai_msg["refusal"] = message.additional_kwargs["refusal"]
+        if isinstance(message, ToolMessage):
+            oai_msg["tool_call_id"] = message.tool_call_id
+
+        if not message.content:
+            content = "" if text_format == "string" else []
+        elif isinstance(message.content, str):
+            if text_format == "string":
+                content = message.content
+            else:
+                content = [{"type": "text", "text": message.content}]
+        elif text_format == "string" and all(
+            isinstance(block, str) or block.get("type") == "text"
+            for block in message.content
+        ):
+            content = "\n".join(
+                block if isinstance(block, str) else block["text"]
+                for block in message.content
+            )
+        else:
+            content = []
+            for j, block in enumerate(message.content):
+                # OpenAI format
+                if isinstance(block, str):
+                    content.append({"type": "text", "text": block})
+                elif block.get("type") == "text":
+                    if missing := [k for k in ("text",) if k not in block]:
+                        err = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': 'text' "
+                            f"but is missing expected key(s) "
+                            f"{missing}. Full content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(err)
+                    content.append({"type": block["type"], "text": block["text"]})
+                elif block.get("type") == "image_url":
+                    if missing := [k for k in ("image_url",) if k not in block]:
+                        err = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': 'image_url' "
+                            f"but is missing expected key(s) "
+                            f"{missing}. Full content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(err)
+                    content.append(
+                        {
+                            "type": "image_url",
+                            "image_url": block["image_url"],
+                        }
+                    )
+                # Standard multi-modal content block
+                elif is_data_content_block(block):
+                    formatted_block = convert_to_openai_data_block(block)
+                    if (
+                        formatted_block.get("type") == "file"
+                        and "file" in formatted_block
+                        and "filename" not in formatted_block["file"]
+                    ):
+                        logger.info("Generating a fallback filename.")
+                        formatted_block["file"]["filename"] = "LC_AUTOGENERATED"
+                    content.append(formatted_block)
+                # Anthropic and Bedrock converse format
+                elif (block.get("type") == "image") or "image" in block:
+                    # Anthropic
+                    if source := block.get("source"):
+                        if missing := [
+                            k for k in ("media_type", "type", "data") if k not in source
+                        ]:
+                            err = (
+                                f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                                f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': 'image' "
+                                f"but 'source' is missing expected key(s) "
+                                f"{missing}. Full content block:\n\n{block}"
+                            )
+                            raise ValueError(err)
+                        content.append(
+                            {
+                                "type": "image_url",
+                                "image_url": {
+                                    "url": (
+                                        f"data:{source['media_type']};"
+                                        f"{source['type']},{source['data']}"
+                                    )
+                                },
+                            }
+                        )
+                    # Bedrock converse
+                    elif image := block.get("image"):
+                        if missing := [
+                            k for k in ("source", "format") if k not in image
+                        ]:
+                            err = (
+                                f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                                f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has key 'image', "
+                                f"but 'image' is missing expected key(s) "
+                                f"{missing}. Full content block:\n\n{block}"
+                            )
+                            raise ValueError(err)
+                        b64_image = _bytes_to_b64_str(image["source"]["bytes"])
+                        content.append(
+                            {
+                                "type": "image_url",
+                                "image_url": {
+                                    "url": (
+                                        f"data:image/{image['format']};"
+                                        f"base64,{b64_image}"
+                                    )
+                                },
+                            }
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        err = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': 'image' "
+                            f"but does not have a 'source' or 'image' key. Full "
+                            f"content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(err)
+                # OpenAI file format
+                elif (
+                    block.get("type") == "file"
+                    and isinstance(block.get("file"), dict)
+                    and isinstance(block.get("file", {}).get("file_data"), str)
+                ):
+                    if block.get("file", {}).get("filename") is None:
+                        logger.info("Generating a fallback filename.")
+                        block["file"]["filename"] = "LC_AUTOGENERATED"
+                    content.append(block)
+                # OpenAI audio format
+                elif (
+                    block.get("type") == "input_audio"
+                    and isinstance(block.get("input_audio"), dict)
+                    and isinstance(block.get("input_audio", {}).get("data"), str)
+                    and isinstance(block.get("input_audio", {}).get("format"), str)
+                ):
+                    content.append(block)
+                elif block.get("type") == "tool_use":
+                    if missing := [
+                        k for k in ("id", "name", "input") if k not in block
+                    ]:
+                        err = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': "
+                            f"'tool_use', but is missing expected key(s) "
+                            f"{missing}. Full content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(err)
+                    if not any(
+                        tool_call["id"] == block["id"]
+                        for tool_call in cast("AIMessage", message).tool_calls
+                    ):
+                        oai_msg["tool_calls"] = oai_msg.get("tool_calls", [])
+                        oai_msg["tool_calls"].append(
+                            {
+                                "type": "function",
+                                "id": block["id"],
+                                "function": {
+                                    "name": block["name"],
+                                    "arguments": json.dumps(block["input"]),
+                                },
+                            }
+                        )
+                elif block.get("type") == "tool_result":
+                    if missing := [
+                        k for k in ("content", "tool_use_id") if k not in block
+                    ]:
+                        msg = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': "
+                            f"'tool_result', but is missing expected key(s) "
+                            f"{missing}. Full content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+                    tool_message = ToolMessage(
+                        block["content"],
+                        tool_call_id=block["tool_use_id"],
+                        status="error" if block.get("is_error") else "success",
+                    )
+                    # Recurse to make sure tool message contents are OpenAI format.
+                    tool_messages.extend(
+                        convert_to_openai_messages(
+                            [tool_message], text_format=text_format
+                        )
+                    )
+                elif (block.get("type") == "json") or "json" in block:
+                    if "json" not in block:
+                        msg = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': 'json' "
+                            f"but does not have a 'json' key. Full "
+                            f"content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+                    content.append(
+                        {
+                            "type": "text",
+                            "text": json.dumps(block["json"]),
+                        }
+                    )
+                elif (block.get("type") == "guard_content") or "guard_content" in block:
+                    if (
+                        "guard_content" not in block
+                        or "text" not in block["guard_content"]
+                    ):
+                        msg = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': "
+                            f"'guard_content' but does not have a "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}]['guard_content']['text'] "
+                            f"key. Full content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+                    text = block["guard_content"]["text"]
+                    if isinstance(text, dict):
+                        text = text["text"]
+                    content.append({"type": "text", "text": text})
+                # VertexAI format
+                elif block.get("type") == "media":
+                    if missing := [k for k in ("mime_type", "data") if k not in block]:
+                        err = (
+                            f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                            f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] has 'type': "
+                            f"'media' but does not have key(s) {missing}. Full "
+                            f"content block:\n\n{block}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(err)
+                    if "image" not in block["mime_type"]:
+                        err = (
+                            f"OpenAI messages can only support text and image data."
+                            f" Received content block with media of type:"
+                            f" {block['mime_type']}"
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(err)
+                    b64_image = _bytes_to_b64_str(block["data"])
+                    content.append(
+                        {
+                            "type": "image_url",
+                            "image_url": {
+                                "url": (f"data:{block['mime_type']};base64,{b64_image}")
+                            },
+                        }
+                    )
+                elif block.get("type") == "thinking":
+                    content.append(block)
+                else:
+                    err = (
+                        f"Unrecognized content block at "
+                        f"messages[{i}].content[{j}] does not match OpenAI, "
+                        f"Anthropic, Bedrock Converse, or VertexAI format. Full "
+                        f"content block:\n\n{block}"
+                    )
+                    raise ValueError(err)
+            if text_format == "string" and not any(
+                block["type"] != "text" for block in content
+            ):
+                content = "\n".join(block["text"] for block in content)
+        oai_msg["content"] = content
+        if message.content and not oai_msg["content"] and tool_messages:
+            oai_messages.extend(tool_messages)
+        else:
+            oai_messages.extend([oai_msg, *tool_messages])
+
+    if is_single:
+        return oai_messages[0]
+    return oai_messages
+
+
+def _first_max_tokens(
+    messages: Sequence[BaseMessage],
+    *,
+    max_tokens: int,
+    token_counter: Callable[[list[BaseMessage]], int],
+    text_splitter: Callable[[str], list[str]],
+    partial_strategy: Optional[Literal["first", "last"]] = None,
+    end_on: Optional[
+        Union[str, type[BaseMessage], Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]]
+    ] = None,
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    messages = list(messages)
+    if not messages:
+        return messages
+
+    # Check if all messages already fit within token limit
+    if token_counter(messages) <= max_tokens:
+        # When all messages fit, only apply end_on filtering if needed
+        if end_on:
+            for _ in range(len(messages)):
+                if not _is_message_type(messages[-1], end_on):
+                    messages.pop()
+                else:
+                    break
+        return messages
+
+    # Use binary search to find the maximum number of messages within token limit
+    left, right = 0, len(messages)
+    max_iterations = len(messages).bit_length()
+    for _ in range(max_iterations):
+        if left >= right:
+            break
+        mid = (left + right + 1) // 2
+        if token_counter(messages[:mid]) <= max_tokens:
+            left = mid
+            idx = mid
+        else:
+            right = mid - 1
+
+    # idx now contains the maximum number of complete messages we can include
+    idx = left
+
+    if partial_strategy and idx < len(messages):
+        included_partial = False
+        copied = False
+        if isinstance(messages[idx].content, list):
+            excluded = messages[idx].model_copy(deep=True)
+            copied = True
+            num_block = len(excluded.content)
+            if partial_strategy == "last":
+                excluded.content = list(reversed(excluded.content))
+            for _ in range(1, num_block):
+                excluded.content = excluded.content[:-1]
+                if token_counter(messages[:idx] + [excluded]) <= max_tokens:
+                    messages = messages[:idx] + [excluded]
+                    idx += 1
+                    included_partial = True
+                    break
+            if included_partial and partial_strategy == "last":
+                excluded.content = list(reversed(excluded.content))
+        if not included_partial:
+            if not copied:
+                excluded = messages[idx].model_copy(deep=True)
+                copied = True
+
+            # Extract text content efficiently
+            text = None
+            if isinstance(excluded.content, str):
+                text = excluded.content
+            elif isinstance(excluded.content, list) and excluded.content:
+                for block in excluded.content:
+                    if isinstance(block, str):
+                        text = block
+                        break
+                    if isinstance(block, dict) and block.get("type") == "text":
+                        text = block.get("text")
+                        break
+
+            if text:
+                if not copied:
+                    excluded = excluded.model_copy(deep=True)
+
+                split_texts = text_splitter(text)
+                base_message_count = token_counter(messages[:idx])
+                if partial_strategy == "last":
+                    split_texts = list(reversed(split_texts))
+
+                # Binary search for the maximum number of splits we can include
+                left, right = 0, len(split_texts)
+                max_iterations = len(split_texts).bit_length()
+                for _ in range(max_iterations):
+                    if left >= right:
+                        break
+                    mid = (left + right + 1) // 2
+                    excluded.content = "".join(split_texts[:mid])
+                    if base_message_count + token_counter([excluded]) <= max_tokens:
+                        left = mid
+                    else:
+                        right = mid - 1
+
+                if left > 0:
+                    content_splits = split_texts[:left]
+                    if partial_strategy == "last":
+                        content_splits = list(reversed(content_splits))
+                    excluded.content = "".join(content_splits)
+                    messages = messages[:idx] + [excluded]
+                    idx += 1
+
+    if end_on:
+        for _ in range(idx):
+            if idx > 0 and not _is_message_type(messages[idx - 1], end_on):
+                idx -= 1
+            else:
+                break
+
+    return messages[:idx]
+
+
+def _last_max_tokens(
+    messages: Sequence[BaseMessage],
+    *,
+    max_tokens: int,
+    token_counter: Callable[[list[BaseMessage]], int],
+    text_splitter: Callable[[str], list[str]],
+    allow_partial: bool = False,
+    include_system: bool = False,
+    start_on: Optional[
+        Union[str, type[BaseMessage], Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]]
+    ] = None,
+    end_on: Optional[
+        Union[str, type[BaseMessage], Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]]
+    ] = None,
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    messages = list(messages)
+    if len(messages) == 0:
+        return []
+
+    # Filter out messages after end_on type
+    if end_on:
+        for _ in range(len(messages)):
+            if not _is_message_type(messages[-1], end_on):
+                messages.pop()
+            else:
+                break
+
+    # Handle system message preservation
+    system_message = None
+    if include_system and len(messages) > 0 and isinstance(messages[0], SystemMessage):
+        system_message = messages[0]
+        messages = messages[1:]
+
+    # Reverse messages to use _first_max_tokens with reversed logic
+    reversed_messages = messages[::-1]
+
+    # Calculate remaining tokens after accounting for system message if present
+    remaining_tokens = max_tokens
+    if system_message:
+        system_tokens = token_counter([system_message])
+        remaining_tokens = max(0, max_tokens - system_tokens)
+
+    reversed_result = _first_max_tokens(
+        reversed_messages,
+        max_tokens=remaining_tokens,
+        token_counter=token_counter,
+        text_splitter=text_splitter,
+        partial_strategy="last" if allow_partial else None,
+        end_on=start_on,
+    )
+
+    # Re-reverse the messages and add back the system message if needed
+    result = reversed_result[::-1]
+    if system_message:
+        result = [system_message] + result
+
+    return result
+
+
+_MSG_CHUNK_MAP: dict[type[BaseMessage], type[BaseMessageChunk]] = {
+    HumanMessage: HumanMessageChunk,
+    AIMessage: AIMessageChunk,
+    SystemMessage: SystemMessageChunk,
+    ToolMessage: ToolMessageChunk,
+    FunctionMessage: FunctionMessageChunk,
+    ChatMessage: ChatMessageChunk,
+}
+_CHUNK_MSG_MAP = {v: k for k, v in _MSG_CHUNK_MAP.items()}
+
+
+def _msg_to_chunk(message: BaseMessage) -> BaseMessageChunk:
+    if message.__class__ in _MSG_CHUNK_MAP:
+        return _MSG_CHUNK_MAP[message.__class__](**message.model_dump(exclude={"type"}))
+
+    for msg_cls, chunk_cls in _MSG_CHUNK_MAP.items():
+        if isinstance(message, msg_cls):
+            return chunk_cls(**message.model_dump(exclude={"type"}))
+
+    msg = (
+        f"Unrecognized message class {message.__class__}. Supported classes are "
+        f"{list(_MSG_CHUNK_MAP.keys())}"
+    )
+    msg = create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.MESSAGE_COERCION_FAILURE)
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _chunk_to_msg(chunk: BaseMessageChunk) -> BaseMessage:
+    if chunk.__class__ in _CHUNK_MSG_MAP:
+        return _CHUNK_MSG_MAP[chunk.__class__](
+            **chunk.model_dump(exclude={"type", "tool_call_chunks"})
+        )
+    for chunk_cls, msg_cls in _CHUNK_MSG_MAP.items():
+        if isinstance(chunk, chunk_cls):
+            return msg_cls(**chunk.model_dump(exclude={"type", "tool_call_chunks"}))
+
+    msg = (
+        f"Unrecognized message chunk class {chunk.__class__}. Supported classes are "
+        f"{list(_CHUNK_MSG_MAP.keys())}"
+    )
+    msg = create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.MESSAGE_COERCION_FAILURE)
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _default_text_splitter(text: str) -> list[str]:
+    splits = text.split("\n")
+    return [s + "\n" for s in splits[:-1]] + splits[-1:]
+
+
+def _is_message_type(
+    message: BaseMessage,
+    type_: Union[str, type[BaseMessage], Sequence[Union[str, type[BaseMessage]]]],
+) -> bool:
+    types = [type_] if isinstance(type_, (str, type)) else type_
+    types_str = [t for t in types if isinstance(t, str)]
+    types_types = tuple(t for t in types if isinstance(t, type))
+
+    return message.type in types_str or isinstance(message, types_types)
+
+
+def _bytes_to_b64_str(bytes_: bytes) -> str:
+    return base64.b64encode(bytes_).decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _get_message_openai_role(message: BaseMessage) -> str:
+    if isinstance(message, AIMessage):
+        return "assistant"
+    if isinstance(message, HumanMessage):
+        return "user"
+    if isinstance(message, ToolMessage):
+        return "tool"
+    if isinstance(message, SystemMessage):
+        return message.additional_kwargs.get("__openai_role__", "system")
+    if isinstance(message, FunctionMessage):
+        return "function"
+    if isinstance(message, ChatMessage):
+        return message.role
+    msg = f"Unknown BaseMessage type {message.__class__}."
+    raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+
+def _convert_to_openai_tool_calls(tool_calls: list[ToolCall]) -> list[dict]:
+    return [
+        {
+            "type": "function",
+            "id": tool_call["id"],
+            "function": {
+                "name": tool_call["name"],
+                "arguments": json.dumps(tool_call["args"]),
+            },
+        }
+        for tool_call in tool_calls
+    ]
+
+
+def count_tokens_approximately(
+    messages: Iterable[MessageLikeRepresentation],
+    *,
+    chars_per_token: float = 4.0,
+    extra_tokens_per_message: float = 3.0,
+    count_name: bool = True,
+) -> int:
+    """Approximate the total number of tokens in messages.
+
+    The token count includes stringified message content, role, and (optionally) name.
+    - For AI messages, the token count also includes stringified tool calls.
+    - For tool messages, the token count also includes the tool call ID.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: List of messages to count tokens for.
+        chars_per_token: Number of characters per token to use for the approximation.
+            Default is 4 (one token corresponds to ~4 chars for common English text).
+            You can also specify float values for more fine-grained control.
+            See more here: https://platform.openai.com/tokenizer
+        extra_tokens_per_message: Number of extra tokens to add per message.
+            Default is 3 (special tokens, including beginning/end of message).
+            You can also specify float values for more fine-grained control.
+            See more here:
+            https://github.com/openai/openai-cookbook/blob/main/examples/How_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken.ipynb
+        count_name: Whether to include message names in the count.
+            Enabled by default.
+
+    Returns:
+        Approximate number of tokens in the messages.
+
+    Note:
+        This is a simple approximation that may not match the exact token count
+        used by specific models. For accurate counts, use model-specific tokenizers.
+
+    Warning:
+        This function does not currently support counting image tokens.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.3.46
+    """
+    token_count = 0.0
+    for message in convert_to_messages(messages):
+        message_chars = 0
+        if isinstance(message.content, str):
+            message_chars += len(message.content)
+
+        # TODO: add support for approximate counting for image blocks
+        else:
+            content = repr(message.content)
+            message_chars += len(content)
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(message, AIMessage)
+            # exclude Anthropic format as tool calls are already included in the content
+            and not isinstance(message.content, list)
+            and message.tool_calls
+        ):
+            tool_calls_content = repr(message.tool_calls)
+            message_chars += len(tool_calls_content)
+
+        if isinstance(message, ToolMessage):
+            message_chars += len(message.tool_call_id)
+
+        role = _get_message_openai_role(message)
+        message_chars += len(role)
+
+        if message.name and count_name:
+            message_chars += len(message.name)
+
+        # NOTE: we're rounding up per message to ensure that
+        # individual message token counts add up to the total count
+        # for a list of messages
+        token_count += math.ceil(message_chars / chars_per_token)
+
+        # add extra tokens per message
+        token_count += extra_tokens_per_message
+
+    # round up once more time in case extra_tokens_per_message is a float
+    return math.ceil(token_count)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c81be2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+"""**OutputParser** classes parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseLLMOutputParser --> BaseOutputParser --> <name>OutputParser  # ListOutputParser, PydanticOutputParser
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Serializable, Generation, PromptValue
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.base import (
+        BaseGenerationOutputParser,
+        BaseLLMOutputParser,
+        BaseOutputParser,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import (
+        JsonOutputParser,
+        SimpleJsonOutputParser,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.list import (
+        CommaSeparatedListOutputParser,
+        ListOutputParser,
+        MarkdownListOutputParser,
+        NumberedListOutputParser,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.openai_tools import (
+        JsonOutputKeyToolsParser,
+        JsonOutputToolsParser,
+        PydanticToolsParser,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.pydantic import PydanticOutputParser
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.string import StrOutputParser
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.transform import (
+        BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser,
+        BaseTransformOutputParser,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.output_parsers.xml import XMLOutputParser
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseLLMOutputParser",
+    "BaseGenerationOutputParser",
+    "BaseOutputParser",
+    "ListOutputParser",
+    "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser",
+    "NumberedListOutputParser",
+    "MarkdownListOutputParser",
+    "StrOutputParser",
+    "BaseTransformOutputParser",
+    "BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser",
+    "SimpleJsonOutputParser",
+    "XMLOutputParser",
+    "JsonOutputParser",
+    "PydanticOutputParser",
+    "JsonOutputToolsParser",
+    "JsonOutputKeyToolsParser",
+    "PydanticToolsParser",
+]
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "BaseLLMOutputParser": "base",
+    "BaseGenerationOutputParser": "base",
+    "BaseOutputParser": "base",
+    "JsonOutputParser": "json",
+    "SimpleJsonOutputParser": "json",
+    "ListOutputParser": "list",
+    "CommaSeparatedListOutputParser": "list",
+    "MarkdownListOutputParser": "list",
+    "NumberedListOutputParser": "list",
+    "JsonOutputKeyToolsParser": "openai_tools",
+    "JsonOutputToolsParser": "openai_tools",
+    "PydanticToolsParser": "openai_tools",
+    "PydanticOutputParser": "pydantic",
+    "StrOutputParser": "string",
+    "BaseTransformOutputParser": "transform",
+    "BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser": "transform",
+    "XMLOutputParser": "xml",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return __all__
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a14a1082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+"""Base parser for language model outputs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Generic,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.language_models import LanguageModelOutput
+from langchain_core.messages import AnyMessage, BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, Generation
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig, RunnableSerializable
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+OutputParserLike = Runnable[LanguageModelOutput, T]
+
+
+class BaseLLMOutputParser(Generic[T], ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for parsing the outputs of a model."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> T:
+        """Parse a list of candidate model Generations into a specific format.
+
+        Args:
+            result: A list of Generations to be parsed. The Generations are assumed
+                to be different candidate outputs for a single model input.
+            partial: Whether to parse the output as a partial result. This is useful
+                for parsers that can parse partial results. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Structured output.
+        """
+
+    async def aparse_result(
+        self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False
+    ) -> T:
+        """Async parse a list of candidate model Generations into a specific format.
+
+        Args:
+            result: A list of Generations to be parsed. The Generations are assumed
+                to be different candidate outputs for a single model input.
+            partial: Whether to parse the output as a partial result. This is useful
+                for parsers that can parse partial results. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Structured output.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.parse_result, result, partial=partial)
+
+
+class BaseGenerationOutputParser(
+    BaseLLMOutputParser, RunnableSerializable[LanguageModelOutput, T]
+):
+    """Base class to parse the output of an LLM call."""
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> Any:
+        """Return the input type for the parser."""
+        return Union[str, AnyMessage]
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[T]:
+        """Return the output type for the parser."""
+        # even though mypy complains this isn't valid,
+        # it is good enough for pydantic to build the schema from
+        return T  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, BaseMessage],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> T:
+        if isinstance(input, BaseMessage):
+            return self._call_with_config(
+                lambda inner_input: self.parse_result(
+                    [ChatGeneration(message=inner_input)]
+                ),
+                input,
+                config,
+                run_type="parser",
+            )
+        return self._call_with_config(
+            lambda inner_input: self.parse_result([Generation(text=inner_input)]),
+            input,
+            config,
+            run_type="parser",
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, BaseMessage],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> T:
+        if isinstance(input, BaseMessage):
+            return await self._acall_with_config(
+                lambda inner_input: self.aparse_result(
+                    [ChatGeneration(message=inner_input)]
+                ),
+                input,
+                config,
+                run_type="parser",
+            )
+        return await self._acall_with_config(
+            lambda inner_input: self.aparse_result([Generation(text=inner_input)]),
+            input,
+            config,
+            run_type="parser",
+        )
+
+
+class BaseOutputParser(
+    BaseLLMOutputParser, RunnableSerializable[LanguageModelOutput, T]
+):
+    """Base class to parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+    Output parsers help structure language model responses.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            class BooleanOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[bool]):
+                true_val: str = "YES"
+                false_val: str = "NO"
+
+                def parse(self, text: str) -> bool:
+                    cleaned_text = text.strip().upper()
+                    if cleaned_text not in (self.true_val.upper(), self.false_val.upper()):
+                        raise OutputParserException(
+                            f"BooleanOutputParser expected output value to either be "
+                            f"{self.true_val} or {self.false_val} (case-insensitive). "
+                            f"Received {cleaned_text}."
+                        )
+                    return cleaned_text == self.true_val.upper()
+
+                @property
+                def _type(self) -> str:
+                    return "boolean_output_parser"
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> Any:
+        """Return the input type for the parser."""
+        return Union[str, AnyMessage]
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[T]:
+        """Return the output type for the parser.
+
+        This property is inferred from the first type argument of the class.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the class doesn't have an inferable OutputType.
+        """
+        for base in self.__class__.mro():
+            if hasattr(base, "__pydantic_generic_metadata__"):
+                metadata = base.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
+                if "args" in metadata and len(metadata["args"]) > 0:
+                    return metadata["args"][0]
+
+        msg = (
+            f"Runnable {self.__class__.__name__} doesn't have an inferable OutputType. "
+            "Override the OutputType property to specify the output type."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, BaseMessage],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> T:
+        if isinstance(input, BaseMessage):
+            return self._call_with_config(
+                lambda inner_input: self.parse_result(
+                    [ChatGeneration(message=inner_input)]
+                ),
+                input,
+                config,
+                run_type="parser",
+            )
+        return self._call_with_config(
+            lambda inner_input: self.parse_result([Generation(text=inner_input)]),
+            input,
+            config,
+            run_type="parser",
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, BaseMessage],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> T:
+        if isinstance(input, BaseMessage):
+            return await self._acall_with_config(
+                lambda inner_input: self.aparse_result(
+                    [ChatGeneration(message=inner_input)]
+                ),
+                input,
+                config,
+                run_type="parser",
+            )
+        return await self._acall_with_config(
+            lambda inner_input: self.aparse_result([Generation(text=inner_input)]),
+            input,
+            config,
+            run_type="parser",
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> T:
+        """Parse a list of candidate model Generations into a specific format.
+
+        The return value is parsed from only the first Generation in the result, which
+            is assumed to be the highest-likelihood Generation.
+
+        Args:
+            result: A list of Generations to be parsed. The Generations are assumed
+                to be different candidate outputs for a single model input.
+            partial: Whether to parse the output as a partial result. This is useful
+                for parsers that can parse partial results. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Structured output.
+        """
+        return self.parse(result[0].text)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> T:
+        """Parse a single string model output into some structure.
+
+        Args:
+            text: String output of a language model.
+
+        Returns:
+            Structured output.
+        """
+
+    async def aparse_result(
+        self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False
+    ) -> T:
+        """Async parse a list of candidate model Generations into a specific format.
+
+        The return value is parsed from only the first Generation in the result, which
+            is assumed to be the highest-likelihood Generation.
+
+        Args:
+            result: A list of Generations to be parsed. The Generations are assumed
+                to be different candidate outputs for a single model input.
+            partial: Whether to parse the output as a partial result. This is useful
+                for parsers that can parse partial results. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Structured output.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.parse_result, result, partial=partial)
+
+    async def aparse(self, text: str) -> T:
+        """Async parse a single string model output into some structure.
+
+        Args:
+            text: String output of a language model.
+
+        Returns:
+            Structured output.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.parse, text)
+
+    # TODO: rename 'completion' -> 'text'.
+    def parse_with_prompt(
+        self,
+        completion: str,
+        prompt: PromptValue,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call with the input prompt for context.
+
+        The prompt is largely provided in the event the OutputParser wants
+        to retry or fix the output in some way, and needs information from
+        the prompt to do so.
+
+        Args:
+            completion: String output of a language model.
+            prompt: Input PromptValue.
+
+        Returns:
+            Structured output.
+        """
+        return self.parse(completion)
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Instructions on how the LLM output should be formatted."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the output parser type for serialization."""
+        msg = (
+            f"_type property is not implemented in class {self.__class__.__name__}."
+            " This is required for serialization."
+        )
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict:
+        """Return dictionary representation of output parser."""
+        output_parser_dict = super().dict(**kwargs)
+        with contextlib.suppress(NotImplementedError):
+            output_parser_dict["_type"] = self._type
+        return output_parser_dict
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/format_instructions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/format_instructions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ad789bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/format_instructions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""Format instructions."""
+
+JSON_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The output should be formatted as a JSON instance that conforms to the JSON schema below.
+
+As an example, for the schema {{"properties": {{"foo": {{"title": "Foo", "description": "a list of strings", "type": "array", "items": {{"type": "string"}}}}}}, "required": ["foo"]}}
+the object {{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}} is a well-formatted instance of the schema. The object {{"properties": {{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}}}} is not well-formatted.
+
+Here is the output schema:
+```
+{schema}
+```"""  # noqa: E501
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84f510f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""Parser for JSON output."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+from typing import Annotated, Any, Optional, TypeVar, Union
+
+import jsonpatch  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+import pydantic
+from pydantic import SkipValidation
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.format_instructions import JSON_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.transform import BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser
+from langchain_core.outputs import Generation
+from langchain_core.utils.json import (
+    parse_and_check_json_markdown,
+    parse_json_markdown,
+    parse_partial_json,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import IS_PYDANTIC_V1
+
+if IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+    PydanticBaseModel = pydantic.BaseModel
+
+else:
+    from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel
+
+    # Union type needs to be last assignment to PydanticBaseModel to make mypy happy.
+    PydanticBaseModel = Union[BaseModel, pydantic.BaseModel]  # type: ignore[assignment,misc]
+
+TBaseModel = TypeVar("TBaseModel", bound=PydanticBaseModel)
+
+
+class JsonOutputParser(BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser[Any]):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+    When used in streaming mode, it will yield partial JSON objects containing
+    all the keys that have been returned so far.
+
+    In streaming, if `diff` is set to `True`, yields JSONPatch operations
+    describing the difference between the previous and the current object.
+    """
+
+    pydantic_object: Annotated[Optional[type[TBaseModel]], SkipValidation()] = None  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+    """The Pydantic object to use for validation.
+    If None, no validation is performed."""
+
+    def _diff(self, prev: Optional[Any], next: Any) -> Any:
+        return jsonpatch.make_patch(prev, next).patch
+
+    def _get_schema(self, pydantic_object: type[TBaseModel]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if issubclass(pydantic_object, pydantic.BaseModel):
+            return pydantic_object.model_json_schema()
+        if issubclass(pydantic_object, pydantic.v1.BaseModel):
+            return pydantic_object.schema()
+        return None
+
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON objects.
+                If True, the output will be a JSON object containing
+                all the keys that have been returned so far.
+                If False, the output will be the full JSON object.
+                Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the output is not valid JSON.
+        """
+        text = result[0].text
+        text = text.strip()
+        if partial:
+            try:
+                return parse_json_markdown(text)
+            except JSONDecodeError:
+                return None
+        else:
+            try:
+                return parse_json_markdown(text)
+            except JSONDecodeError as e:
+                msg = f"Invalid json output: {text}"
+                raise OutputParserException(msg, llm_output=text) from e
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Any:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of the LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+        """
+        return self.parse_result([Generation(text=text)])
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Return the format instructions for the JSON output.
+
+        Returns:
+            The format instructions for the JSON output.
+        """
+        if self.pydantic_object is None:
+            return "Return a JSON object."
+        # Copy schema to avoid altering original Pydantic schema.
+        schema = dict(self._get_schema(self.pydantic_object).items())
+
+        # Remove extraneous fields.
+        reduced_schema = schema
+        if "title" in reduced_schema:
+            del reduced_schema["title"]
+        if "type" in reduced_schema:
+            del reduced_schema["type"]
+        # Ensure json in context is well-formed with double quotes.
+        schema_str = json.dumps(reduced_schema, ensure_ascii=False)
+        return JSON_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.format(schema=schema_str)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "simple_json_output_parser"
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+SimpleJsonOutputParser = JsonOutputParser
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "JsonOutputParser",
+    "SimpleJsonOutputParser",  # For backwards compatibility
+    "parse_partial_json",  # For backwards compatibility
+    "parse_and_check_json_markdown",  # For backwards compatibility
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/list.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/list.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3dba7e3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+"""Parsers for list output."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import csv
+import re
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from collections import deque
+from io import StringIO
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, TypeVar, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.transform import BaseTransformOutputParser
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def droplastn(iter: Iterator[T], n: int) -> Iterator[T]:
+    """Drop the last n elements of an iterator.
+
+    Args:
+        iter: The iterator to drop elements from.
+        n: The number of elements to drop.
+
+    Yields:
+        The elements of the iterator, except the last n elements.
+    """
+    buffer: deque[T] = deque()
+    for item in iter:
+        buffer.append(item)
+        if len(buffer) > n:
+            yield buffer.popleft()
+
+
+class ListOutputParser(BaseTransformOutputParser[list[str]]):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call to a list."""
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "list"
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings.
+        """
+
+    def parse_iter(self, text: str) -> Iterator[re.Match]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Yields:
+            A match object for each part of the output.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _transform(
+        self, input: Iterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]
+    ) -> Iterator[list[str]]:
+        buffer = ""
+        for chunk in input:
+            if isinstance(chunk, BaseMessage):
+                # extract text
+                chunk_content = chunk.content
+                if not isinstance(chunk_content, str):
+                    continue
+                buffer += chunk_content
+            else:
+                # add current chunk to buffer
+                buffer += chunk
+            # parse buffer into a list of parts
+            try:
+                done_idx = 0
+                # yield only complete parts
+                for m in droplastn(self.parse_iter(buffer), 1):
+                    done_idx = m.end()
+                    yield [m.group(1)]
+                buffer = buffer[done_idx:]
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                parts = self.parse(buffer)
+                # yield only complete parts
+                if len(parts) > 1:
+                    for part in parts[:-1]:
+                        yield [part]
+                    buffer = parts[-1]
+        # yield the last part
+        for part in self.parse(buffer):
+            yield [part]
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self, input: AsyncIterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[list[str]]:
+        buffer = ""
+        async for chunk in input:
+            if isinstance(chunk, BaseMessage):
+                # extract text
+                chunk_content = chunk.content
+                if not isinstance(chunk_content, str):
+                    continue
+                buffer += chunk_content
+            else:
+                # add current chunk to buffer
+                buffer += chunk
+            # parse buffer into a list of parts
+            try:
+                done_idx = 0
+                # yield only complete parts
+                for m in droplastn(self.parse_iter(buffer), 1):
+                    done_idx = m.end()
+                    yield [m.group(1)]
+                buffer = buffer[done_idx:]
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                parts = self.parse(buffer)
+                # yield only complete parts
+                if len(parts) > 1:
+                    for part in parts[:-1]:
+                        yield [part]
+                    buffer = parts[-1]
+        # yield the last part
+        for part in self.parse(buffer):
+            yield [part]
+
+
+class CommaSeparatedListOutputParser(ListOutputParser):
+    """Parse the output of an LLM call to a comma-separated list."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Check if the langchain object is serializable.
+
+        Returns True.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings.
+            Default is ["langchain", "output_parsers", "list"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "output_parsers", "list"]
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Return the format instructions for the comma-separated list output."""
+        return (
+            "Your response should be a list of comma separated values, "
+            "eg: `foo, bar, baz` or `foo,bar,baz`"
+        )
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings.
+        """
+        try:
+            reader = csv.reader(
+                StringIO(text), quotechar='"', delimiter=",", skipinitialspace=True
+            )
+            return [item for sublist in reader for item in sublist]
+        except csv.Error:
+            # keep old logic for backup
+            return [part.strip() for part in text.split(",")]
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "comma-separated-list"
+
+
+class NumberedListOutputParser(ListOutputParser):
+    """Parse a numbered list."""
+
+    pattern: str = r"\d+\.\s([^\n]+)"
+    """The pattern to match a numbered list item."""
+
+    @override
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            "Your response should be a numbered list with each item on a new line. "
+            "For example: \n\n1. foo\n\n2. bar\n\n3. baz"
+        )
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings.
+        """
+        return re.findall(self.pattern, text)
+
+    def parse_iter(self, text: str) -> Iterator[re.Match]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Yields:
+            A match object for each part of the output.
+        """
+        return re.finditer(self.pattern, text)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "numbered-list"
+
+
+class MarkdownListOutputParser(ListOutputParser):
+    """Parse a Markdown list."""
+
+    pattern: str = r"^\s*[-*]\s([^\n]+)$"
+    """The pattern to match a Markdown list item."""
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Return the format instructions for the Markdown list output."""
+        return "Your response should be a markdown list, eg: `- foo\n- bar\n- baz`"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of strings.
+        """
+        return re.findall(self.pattern, text, re.MULTILINE)
+
+    def parse_iter(self, text: str) -> Iterator[re.Match]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Yields:
+            A match object for each part of the output.
+        """
+        return re.finditer(self.pattern, text, re.MULTILINE)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "markdown-list"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/openai_functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/openai_functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f71b2c80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/openai_functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+"""Parsers for OpenAI functions output."""
+
+import copy
+import json
+from types import GenericAlias
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+import jsonpatch  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+from pydantic import BaseModel, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import (
+    BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser,
+    BaseGenerationOutputParser,
+)
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import parse_partial_json
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, Generation
+
+
+class OutputFunctionsParser(BaseGenerationOutputParser[Any]):
+    """Parse an output that is one of sets of values."""
+
+    args_only: bool = True
+    """Whether to only return the arguments to the function call."""
+
+    @override
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON objects. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the output is not valid JSON.
+        """
+        generation = result[0]
+        if not isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
+            msg = "This output parser can only be used with a chat generation."
+            raise OutputParserException(msg)
+        message = generation.message
+        try:
+            func_call = copy.deepcopy(message.additional_kwargs["function_call"])
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            msg = f"Could not parse function call: {exc}"
+            raise OutputParserException(msg) from exc
+
+        if self.args_only:
+            return func_call["arguments"]
+        return func_call
+
+
+class JsonOutputFunctionsParser(BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser[Any]):
+    """Parse an output as the Json object."""
+
+    strict: bool = False
+    """Whether to allow non-JSON-compliant strings.
+
+    See: https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders
+
+    Useful when the parsed output may include unicode characters or new lines.
+    """
+
+    args_only: bool = True
+    """Whether to only return the arguments to the function call."""
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "json_functions"
+
+    def _diff(self, prev: Optional[Any], next: Any) -> Any:
+        return jsonpatch.make_patch(prev, next).patch
+
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON objects. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the output is not valid JSON.
+        """
+        if len(result) != 1:
+            msg = f"Expected exactly one result, but got {len(result)}"
+            raise OutputParserException(msg)
+        generation = result[0]
+        if not isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
+            msg = "This output parser can only be used with a chat generation."
+            raise OutputParserException(msg)
+        message = generation.message
+        try:
+            function_call = message.additional_kwargs["function_call"]
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            if partial:
+                return None
+            msg = f"Could not parse function call: {exc}"
+            raise OutputParserException(msg) from exc
+        try:
+            if partial:
+                try:
+                    if self.args_only:
+                        return parse_partial_json(
+                            function_call["arguments"], strict=self.strict
+                        )
+                    return {
+                        **function_call,
+                        "arguments": parse_partial_json(
+                            function_call["arguments"], strict=self.strict
+                        ),
+                    }
+                except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                    return None
+            elif self.args_only:
+                try:
+                    return json.loads(function_call["arguments"], strict=self.strict)
+                except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError) as exc:
+                    msg = f"Could not parse function call data: {exc}"
+                    raise OutputParserException(msg) from exc
+            else:
+                try:
+                    return {
+                        **function_call,
+                        "arguments": json.loads(
+                            function_call["arguments"], strict=self.strict
+                        ),
+                    }
+                except (json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError) as exc:
+                    msg = f"Could not parse function call data: {exc}"
+                    raise OutputParserException(msg) from exc
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    # This method would be called by the default implementation of `parse_result`
+    # but we're overriding that method so it's not needed.
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Any:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of the LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class JsonKeyOutputFunctionsParser(JsonOutputFunctionsParser):
+    """Parse an output as the element of the Json object."""
+
+    key_name: str
+    """The name of the key to return."""
+
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON objects. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+        """
+        res = super().parse_result(result, partial=partial)
+        if partial and res is None:
+            return None
+        return res.get(self.key_name) if partial else res[self.key_name]
+
+
+class PydanticOutputFunctionsParser(OutputFunctionsParser):
+    """Parse an output as a pydantic object.
+
+    This parser is used to parse the output of a ChatModel that uses
+    OpenAI function format to invoke functions.
+
+    The parser extracts the function call invocation and matches
+    them to the pydantic schema provided.
+
+    An exception will be raised if the function call does not match
+    the provided schema.
+
+    Example:
+        ... code-block:: python
+
+            message = AIMessage(
+                content="This is a test message",
+                additional_kwargs={
+                    "function_call": {
+                        "name": "cookie",
+                        "arguments": json.dumps({"name": "value", "age": 10}),
+                    }
+                },
+            )
+            chat_generation = ChatGeneration(message=message)
+
+            class Cookie(BaseModel):
+                name: str
+                age: int
+
+            class Dog(BaseModel):
+                species: str
+
+            # Full output
+            parser = PydanticOutputFunctionsParser(
+                pydantic_schema={"cookie": Cookie, "dog": Dog}
+            )
+            result = parser.parse_result([chat_generation])
+    """
+
+    pydantic_schema: Union[type[BaseModel], dict[str, type[BaseModel]]]
+    """The pydantic schema to parse the output with.
+
+    If multiple schemas are provided, then the function name will be used to
+    determine which schema to use.
+    """
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_schema(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate the pydantic schema.
+
+        Args:
+            values: The values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated values.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the schema is not a pydantic schema.
+        """
+        schema = values["pydantic_schema"]
+        if "args_only" not in values:
+            values["args_only"] = (
+                isinstance(schema, type)
+                and not isinstance(schema, GenericAlias)
+                and issubclass(schema, BaseModel)
+            )
+        elif values["args_only"] and isinstance(schema, dict):
+            msg = (
+                "If multiple pydantic schemas are provided then args_only should be"
+                " False."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return values
+
+    @override
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON objects. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+        """
+        _result = super().parse_result(result)
+        if self.args_only:
+            if hasattr(self.pydantic_schema, "model_validate_json"):
+                pydantic_args = self.pydantic_schema.model_validate_json(_result)
+            else:
+                pydantic_args = self.pydantic_schema.parse_raw(_result)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        else:
+            fn_name = _result["name"]
+            _args = _result["arguments"]
+            if isinstance(self.pydantic_schema, dict):
+                pydantic_schema = self.pydantic_schema[fn_name]
+            else:
+                pydantic_schema = self.pydantic_schema
+            if hasattr(pydantic_schema, "model_validate_json"):
+                pydantic_args = pydantic_schema.model_validate_json(_args)
+            else:
+                pydantic_args = pydantic_schema.parse_raw(_args)
+        return pydantic_args
+
+
+class PydanticAttrOutputFunctionsParser(PydanticOutputFunctionsParser):
+    """Parse an output as an attribute of a pydantic object."""
+
+    attr_name: str
+    """The name of the attribute to return."""
+
+    @override
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON objects. Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed JSON object.
+        """
+        result = super().parse_result(result)
+        return getattr(result, self.attr_name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/openai_tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/openai_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4f845bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/openai_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+"""Parse tools for OpenAI tools output."""
+
+import copy
+import json
+import logging
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+from typing import Annotated, Any, Optional
+
+from pydantic import SkipValidation, ValidationError
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, InvalidToolCall
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import invalid_tool_call
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import tool_call as create_tool_call
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.transform import BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGeneration, Generation
+from langchain_core.utils.json import parse_partial_json
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import TypeBaseModel
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def parse_tool_call(
+    raw_tool_call: dict[str, Any],
+    *,
+    partial: bool = False,
+    strict: bool = False,
+    return_id: bool = True,
+) -> Optional[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Parse a single tool call.
+
+    Args:
+        raw_tool_call: The raw tool call to parse.
+        partial: Whether to parse partial JSON. Default is False.
+        strict: Whether to allow non-JSON-compliant strings.
+            Default is False.
+        return_id: Whether to return the tool call id. Default is True.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed tool call.
+
+    Raises:
+        OutputParserException: If the tool call is not valid JSON.
+    """
+    if "function" not in raw_tool_call:
+        return None
+    if partial:
+        try:
+            function_args = parse_partial_json(
+                raw_tool_call["function"]["arguments"], strict=strict
+            )
+        except (JSONDecodeError, TypeError):  # None args raise TypeError
+            return None
+    else:
+        try:
+            function_args = json.loads(
+                raw_tool_call["function"]["arguments"], strict=strict
+            )
+        except JSONDecodeError as e:
+            msg = (
+                f"Function {raw_tool_call['function']['name']} arguments:\n\n"
+                f"{raw_tool_call['function']['arguments']}\n\nare not valid JSON. "
+                f"Received JSONDecodeError {e}"
+            )
+            raise OutputParserException(msg) from e
+    parsed = {
+        "name": raw_tool_call["function"]["name"] or "",
+        "args": function_args or {},
+    }
+    if return_id:
+        parsed["id"] = raw_tool_call.get("id")
+        parsed = create_tool_call(**parsed)  # type: ignore[assignment,arg-type]
+    return parsed
+
+
+def make_invalid_tool_call(
+    raw_tool_call: dict[str, Any],
+    error_msg: Optional[str],
+) -> InvalidToolCall:
+    """Create an InvalidToolCall from a raw tool call.
+
+    Args:
+        raw_tool_call: The raw tool call.
+        error_msg: The error message.
+
+    Returns:
+        An InvalidToolCall instance with the error message.
+    """
+    return invalid_tool_call(
+        name=raw_tool_call["function"]["name"],
+        args=raw_tool_call["function"]["arguments"],
+        id=raw_tool_call.get("id"),
+        error=error_msg,
+    )
+
+
+def parse_tool_calls(
+    raw_tool_calls: list[dict],
+    *,
+    partial: bool = False,
+    strict: bool = False,
+    return_id: bool = True,
+) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Parse a list of tool calls.
+
+    Args:
+        raw_tool_calls: The raw tool calls to parse.
+        partial: Whether to parse partial JSON. Default is False.
+        strict: Whether to allow non-JSON-compliant strings.
+            Default is False.
+        return_id: Whether to return the tool call id. Default is True.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed tool calls.
+
+    Raises:
+        OutputParserException: If any of the tool calls are not valid JSON.
+    """
+    final_tools: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    exceptions = []
+    for tool_call in raw_tool_calls:
+        try:
+            parsed = parse_tool_call(
+                tool_call, partial=partial, strict=strict, return_id=return_id
+            )
+            if parsed:
+                final_tools.append(parsed)
+        except OutputParserException as e:
+            exceptions.append(str(e))
+            continue
+    if exceptions:
+        raise OutputParserException("\n\n".join(exceptions))
+    return final_tools
+
+
+class JsonOutputToolsParser(BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser[Any]):
+    """Parse tools from OpenAI response."""
+
+    strict: bool = False
+    """Whether to allow non-JSON-compliant strings.
+
+    See: https://docs.python.org/3/library/json.html#encoders-and-decoders
+
+    Useful when the parsed output may include unicode characters or new lines.
+    """
+    return_id: bool = False
+    """Whether to return the tool call id."""
+    first_tool_only: bool = False
+    """Whether to return only the first tool call.
+
+    If False, the result will be a list of tool calls, or an empty list
+    if no tool calls are found.
+
+    If true, and multiple tool calls are found, only the first one will be returned,
+    and the other tool calls will be ignored.
+    If no tool calls are found, None will be returned.
+    """
+
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a list of tool calls.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON.
+                If True, the output will be a JSON object containing
+                all the keys that have been returned so far.
+                If False, the output will be the full JSON object.
+                Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed tool calls.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the output is not valid JSON.
+        """
+        generation = result[0]
+        if not isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration):
+            msg = "This output parser can only be used with a chat generation."
+            raise OutputParserException(msg)
+        message = generation.message
+        if isinstance(message, AIMessage) and message.tool_calls:
+            tool_calls = [dict(tc) for tc in message.tool_calls]
+            for tool_call in tool_calls:
+                if not self.return_id:
+                    _ = tool_call.pop("id")
+        else:
+            try:
+                raw_tool_calls = copy.deepcopy(message.additional_kwargs["tool_calls"])
+            except KeyError:
+                return []
+            tool_calls = parse_tool_calls(
+                raw_tool_calls,
+                partial=partial,
+                strict=self.strict,
+                return_id=self.return_id,
+            )
+        # for backwards compatibility
+        for tc in tool_calls:
+            tc["type"] = tc.pop("name")
+
+        if self.first_tool_only:
+            return tool_calls[0] if tool_calls else None
+        return tool_calls
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> Any:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call to a list of tool calls.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of the LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed tool calls.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class JsonOutputKeyToolsParser(JsonOutputToolsParser):
+    """Parse tools from OpenAI response."""
+
+    key_name: str
+    """The type of tools to return."""
+
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a list of tool calls.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON.
+                If True, the output will be a JSON object containing
+                all the keys that have been returned so far.
+                If False, the output will be the full JSON object.
+                Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed tool calls.
+        """
+        parsed_result = super().parse_result(result, partial=partial)
+
+        if self.first_tool_only:
+            single_result = (
+                parsed_result
+                if parsed_result and parsed_result["type"] == self.key_name
+                else None
+            )
+            if self.return_id:
+                return single_result
+            if single_result:
+                return single_result["args"]
+            return None
+        parsed_result = [res for res in parsed_result if res["type"] == self.key_name]
+        if not self.return_id:
+            parsed_result = [res["args"] for res in parsed_result]
+        return parsed_result
+
+
+# Common cause of ValidationError is truncated output due to max_tokens.
+_MAX_TOKENS_ERROR = (
+    "Output parser received a `max_tokens` stop reason. "
+    "The output is likely incomplete—please increase `max_tokens` "
+    "or shorten your prompt."
+)
+
+
+class PydanticToolsParser(JsonOutputToolsParser):
+    """Parse tools from OpenAI response."""
+
+    tools: Annotated[list[TypeBaseModel], SkipValidation()]
+    """The tools to parse."""
+
+    # TODO: Support more granular streaming of objects. Currently only streams once all
+    # Pydantic object fields are present.
+    def parse_result(self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a list of Pydantic objects.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON.
+                If True, the output will be a JSON object containing
+                all the keys that have been returned so far.
+                If False, the output will be the full JSON object.
+                Default is False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed Pydantic objects.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the output is not valid JSON.
+        """
+        json_results = super().parse_result(result, partial=partial)
+        if not json_results:
+            return None if self.first_tool_only else []
+
+        json_results = [json_results] if self.first_tool_only else json_results
+        name_dict = {tool.__name__: tool for tool in self.tools}
+        pydantic_objects = []
+        for res in json_results:
+            if not isinstance(res["args"], dict):
+                if partial:
+                    continue
+                msg = (
+                    f"Tool arguments must be specified as a dict, received: "
+                    f"{res['args']}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            try:
+                pydantic_objects.append(name_dict[res["type"]](**res["args"]))
+            except (ValidationError, ValueError):
+                if partial:
+                    continue
+                has_max_tokens_stop_reason = any(
+                    generation.message.response_metadata.get("stop_reason")
+                    == "max_tokens"
+                    for generation in result
+                    if isinstance(generation, ChatGeneration)
+                )
+                if has_max_tokens_stop_reason:
+                    logger.exception(_MAX_TOKENS_ERROR)
+                raise
+        if self.first_tool_only:
+            return pydantic_objects[0] if pydantic_objects else None
+        return pydantic_objects
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/pydantic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/pydantic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..194cc3a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/pydantic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+"""Output parsers using Pydantic."""
+
+import json
+from typing import Annotated, Generic, Optional
+
+import pydantic
+from pydantic import SkipValidation
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.output_parsers import JsonOutputParser
+from langchain_core.outputs import Generation
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import (
+    IS_PYDANTIC_V2,
+    PydanticBaseModel,
+    TBaseModel,
+)
+
+
+class PydanticOutputParser(JsonOutputParser, Generic[TBaseModel]):
+    """Parse an output using a pydantic model."""
+
+    pydantic_object: Annotated[type[TBaseModel], SkipValidation()]
+    """The pydantic model to parse."""
+
+    def _parse_obj(self, obj: dict) -> TBaseModel:
+        if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+            try:
+                if issubclass(self.pydantic_object, pydantic.BaseModel):
+                    return self.pydantic_object.model_validate(obj)
+                if issubclass(self.pydantic_object, pydantic.v1.BaseModel):
+                    return self.pydantic_object.parse_obj(obj)
+                msg = f"Unsupported model version for PydanticOutputParser: \
+                            {self.pydantic_object.__class__}"
+                raise OutputParserException(msg)
+            except (pydantic.ValidationError, pydantic.v1.ValidationError) as e:
+                raise self._parser_exception(e, obj) from e
+        else:  # pydantic v1
+            try:
+                return self.pydantic_object.parse_obj(obj)
+            except pydantic.ValidationError as e:
+                raise self._parser_exception(e, obj) from e
+
+    def _parser_exception(
+        self, e: Exception, json_object: dict
+    ) -> OutputParserException:
+        json_string = json.dumps(json_object)
+        name = self.pydantic_object.__name__
+        msg = f"Failed to parse {name} from completion {json_string}. Got: {e}"
+        return OutputParserException(msg, llm_output=json_string)
+
+    def parse_result(
+        self, result: list[Generation], *, partial: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[TBaseModel]:
+        """Parse the result of an LLM call to a pydantic object.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the LLM call.
+            partial: Whether to parse partial JSON objects.
+                If True, the output will be a JSON object containing
+                all the keys that have been returned so far.
+                Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed pydantic object.
+        """
+        try:
+            json_object = super().parse_result(result)
+            return self._parse_obj(json_object)
+        except OutputParserException:
+            if partial:
+                return None
+            raise
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> TBaseModel:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call to a pydantic object.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of the LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            The parsed pydantic object.
+        """
+        return super().parse(text)
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Return the format instructions for the JSON output.
+
+        Returns:
+            The format instructions for the JSON output.
+        """
+        # Copy schema to avoid altering original Pydantic schema.
+        schema = dict(self.pydantic_object.model_json_schema().items())
+
+        # Remove extraneous fields.
+        reduced_schema = schema
+        if "title" in reduced_schema:
+            del reduced_schema["title"]
+        if "type" in reduced_schema:
+            del reduced_schema["type"]
+        # Ensure json in context is well-formed with double quotes.
+        schema_str = json.dumps(reduced_schema, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+        return _PYDANTIC_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.format(schema=schema_str)
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "pydantic"
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[TBaseModel]:
+        """Return the pydantic model."""
+        return self.pydantic_object
+
+
+_PYDANTIC_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The output should be formatted as a JSON instance that conforms to the JSON schema below.
+
+As an example, for the schema {{"properties": {{"foo": {{"title": "Foo", "description": "a list of strings", "type": "array", "items": {{"type": "string"}}}}}}, "required": ["foo"]}}
+the object {{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}} is a well-formatted instance of the schema. The object {{"properties": {{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}}}} is not well-formatted.
+
+Here is the output schema:
+```
+{schema}
+```"""  # noqa: E501
+
+# Re-exporting types for backwards compatibility
+__all__ = [
+    "PydanticBaseModel",
+    "PydanticOutputParser",
+    "TBaseModel",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/string.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/string.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f952c68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/string.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""String output parser."""
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.transform import BaseTransformOutputParser
+
+
+class StrOutputParser(BaseTransformOutputParser[str]):
+    """OutputParser that parses LLMResult into the top likely string."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """StrOutputParser is serializable.
+
+        Returns:
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Default is ["langchain", "schema", "output_parser"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "output_parser"]
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the output parser type for serialization."""
+        return "default"
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> str:
+        """Returns the input text with no changes."""
+        return text
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/transform.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/transform.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..783abedf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/transform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+"""Base classes for output parsers that can handle streaming input."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, BaseMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.base import BaseOutputParser, T
+from langchain_core.outputs import (
+    ChatGeneration,
+    ChatGenerationChunk,
+    Generation,
+    GenerationChunk,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+
+    from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
+
+
+class BaseTransformOutputParser(BaseOutputParser[T]):
+    """Base class for an output parser that can handle streaming input."""
+
+    def _transform(self, input: Iterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]) -> Iterator[T]:
+        for chunk in input:
+            if isinstance(chunk, BaseMessage):
+                yield self.parse_result([ChatGeneration(message=chunk)])
+            else:
+                yield self.parse_result([Generation(text=chunk)])
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self, input: AsyncIterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        async for chunk in input:
+            if isinstance(chunk, BaseMessage):
+                yield await run_in_executor(
+                    None, self.parse_result, [ChatGeneration(message=chunk)]
+                )
+            else:
+                yield await run_in_executor(
+                    None, self.parse_result, [Generation(text=chunk)]
+                )
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[T]:
+        """Transform the input into the output format.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to transform.
+            config: The configuration to use for the transformation.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Yields:
+            The transformed output.
+        """
+        yield from self._transform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._transform, config, run_type="parser"
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        """Async transform the input into the output format.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to transform.
+            config: The configuration to use for the transformation.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Yields:
+            The transformed output.
+        """
+        async for chunk in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._atransform, config, run_type="parser"
+        ):
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class BaseCumulativeTransformOutputParser(BaseTransformOutputParser[T]):
+    """Base class for an output parser that can handle streaming input."""
+
+    diff: bool = False
+    """In streaming mode, whether to yield diffs between the previous and current
+    parsed output, or just the current parsed output.
+    """
+
+    def _diff(self, prev: Optional[T], next: T) -> T:
+        """Convert parsed outputs into a diff format.
+
+        The semantics of this are up to the output parser.
+
+        Args:
+            prev: The previous parsed output.
+            next: The current parsed output.
+
+        Returns:
+            The diff between the previous and current parsed output.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _transform(self, input: Iterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        prev_parsed = None
+        acc_gen: Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk, None] = None
+        for chunk in input:
+            chunk_gen: Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]
+            if isinstance(chunk, BaseMessageChunk):
+                chunk_gen = ChatGenerationChunk(message=chunk)
+            elif isinstance(chunk, BaseMessage):
+                chunk_gen = ChatGenerationChunk(
+                    message=BaseMessageChunk(**chunk.dict())
+                )
+            else:
+                chunk_gen = GenerationChunk(text=chunk)
+
+            acc_gen = chunk_gen if acc_gen is None else acc_gen + chunk_gen  # type: ignore[operator]
+
+            parsed = self.parse_result([acc_gen], partial=True)
+            if parsed is not None and parsed != prev_parsed:
+                if self.diff:
+                    yield self._diff(prev_parsed, parsed)
+                else:
+                    yield parsed
+                prev_parsed = parsed
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self, input: AsyncIterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        prev_parsed = None
+        acc_gen: Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk, None] = None
+        async for chunk in input:
+            chunk_gen: Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]
+            if isinstance(chunk, BaseMessageChunk):
+                chunk_gen = ChatGenerationChunk(message=chunk)
+            elif isinstance(chunk, BaseMessage):
+                chunk_gen = ChatGenerationChunk(
+                    message=BaseMessageChunk(**chunk.dict())
+                )
+            else:
+                chunk_gen = GenerationChunk(text=chunk)
+
+            acc_gen = chunk_gen if acc_gen is None else acc_gen + chunk_gen  # type: ignore[operator]
+
+            parsed = await self.aparse_result([acc_gen], partial=True)
+            if parsed is not None and parsed != prev_parsed:
+                if self.diff:
+                    yield await run_in_executor(None, self._diff, prev_parsed, parsed)
+                else:
+                    yield parsed
+                prev_parsed = parsed
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/xml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7b8278c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/output_parsers/xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+"""Output parser for XML format."""
+
+import contextlib
+import re
+import xml
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET  # noqa: N817
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, Union
+from xml.etree.ElementTree import TreeBuilder
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.transform import BaseTransformOutputParser
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import AddableDict
+
+XML_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS = """The output should be formatted as a XML file.
+1. Output should conform to the tags below.
+2. If tags are not given, make them on your own.
+3. Remember to always open and close all the tags.
+
+As an example, for the tags ["foo", "bar", "baz"]:
+1. String "<foo>\n   <bar>\n      <baz></baz>\n   </bar>\n</foo>" is a well-formatted instance of the schema.
+2. String "<foo>\n   <bar>\n   </foo>" is a badly-formatted instance.
+3. String "<foo>\n   <tag>\n   </tag>\n</foo>" is a badly-formatted instance.
+
+Here are the output tags:
+```
+{tags}
+```"""  # noqa: E501
+
+
+class _StreamingParser:
+    """Streaming parser for XML.
+
+    This implementation is pulled into a class to avoid implementation
+    drift between transform and atransform of the XMLOutputParser.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parser: Literal["defusedxml", "xml"]) -> None:
+        """Initialize the streaming parser.
+
+        Args:
+            parser: Parser to use for XML parsing. Can be either 'defusedxml' or 'xml'.
+              See documentation in XMLOutputParser for more information.
+
+        Raises:
+            ImportError: If defusedxml is not installed and the defusedxml
+                parser is requested.
+        """
+        if parser == "defusedxml":
+            try:
+                import defusedxml  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+            except ImportError as e:
+                msg = (
+                    "defusedxml is not installed. "
+                    "Please install it to use the defusedxml parser."
+                    "You can install it with `pip install defusedxml` "
+                )
+                raise ImportError(msg) from e
+            _parser = defusedxml.ElementTree.DefusedXMLParser(target=TreeBuilder())
+        else:
+            _parser = None
+        self.pull_parser = ET.XMLPullParser(["start", "end"], _parser=_parser)
+        self.xml_start_re = re.compile(r"<[a-zA-Z:_]")
+        self.current_path: list[str] = []
+        self.current_path_has_children = False
+        self.buffer = ""
+        self.xml_started = False
+
+    def parse(self, chunk: Union[str, BaseMessage]) -> Iterator[AddableDict]:
+        """Parse a chunk of text.
+
+        Args:
+            chunk: A chunk of text to parse. This can be a string or a BaseMessage.
+
+        Yields:
+            AddableDict: A dictionary representing the parsed XML element.
+
+        Raises:
+            xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError: If the XML is not well-formed.
+        """
+        if isinstance(chunk, BaseMessage):
+            # extract text
+            chunk_content = chunk.content
+            if not isinstance(chunk_content, str):
+                # ignore non-string messages (e.g., function calls)
+                return
+            chunk = chunk_content
+        # add chunk to buffer of unprocessed text
+        self.buffer += chunk
+        # if xml string hasn't started yet, continue to next chunk
+        if not self.xml_started:
+            if match := self.xml_start_re.search(self.buffer):
+                # if xml string has started, remove all text before it
+                self.buffer = self.buffer[match.start() :]
+                self.xml_started = True
+            else:
+                return
+        # feed buffer to parser
+        self.pull_parser.feed(self.buffer)
+        self.buffer = ""
+        # yield all events
+        try:
+            for event, elem in self.pull_parser.read_events():
+                if event == "start":
+                    # update current path
+                    self.current_path.append(elem.tag)
+                    self.current_path_has_children = False
+                elif event == "end":
+                    # remove last element from current path
+                    #
+                    self.current_path.pop()
+                    # yield element
+                    if not self.current_path_has_children:
+                        yield nested_element(self.current_path, elem)
+                    # prevent yielding of parent element
+                    if self.current_path:
+                        self.current_path_has_children = True
+                    else:
+                        self.xml_started = False
+        except xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError:
+            # This might be junk at the end of the XML input.
+            # Let's check whether the current path is empty.
+            if not self.current_path:
+                # If it is empty, we can ignore this error.
+                return
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the parser.
+
+        This should be called after all chunks have been parsed.
+
+        Raises:
+            xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError: If the XML is not well-formed.
+        """
+        # Ignore ParseError. This will ignore any incomplete XML at the end of the input
+        with contextlib.suppress(xml.etree.ElementTree.ParseError):
+            self.pull_parser.close()
+
+
+class XMLOutputParser(BaseTransformOutputParser):
+    """Parse an output using xml format."""
+
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Tags to tell the LLM to expect in the XML output.
+
+    Note this may not be perfect depending on the LLM implementation.
+
+    For example, with tags=["foo", "bar", "baz"]:
+            1. A well-formatted XML instance:
+                "<foo>\n   <bar>\n      <baz></baz>\n   </bar>\n</foo>"
+
+            2. A badly-formatted XML instance (missing closing tag for 'bar'):
+                "<foo>\n   <bar>\n   </foo>"
+
+            3. A badly-formatted XML instance (unexpected 'tag' element):
+                "<foo>\n   <tag>\n   </tag>\n</foo>"
+    """
+    encoding_matcher: re.Pattern = re.compile(
+        r"<([^>]*encoding[^>]*)>\n(.*)", re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+    )
+    parser: Literal["defusedxml", "xml"] = "defusedxml"
+    """Parser to use for XML parsing. Can be either 'defusedxml' or 'xml'.
+
+    * 'defusedxml' is the default parser and is used to prevent XML vulnerabilities
+       present in some distributions of Python's standard library xml.
+       `defusedxml` is a wrapper around the standard library parser that
+       sets up the parser with secure defaults.
+    * 'xml' is the standard library parser.
+
+    Use `xml` only if you are sure that your distribution of the standard library
+    is not vulnerable to XML vulnerabilities.
+
+    Please review the following resources for more information:
+
+    * https://docs.python.org/3/library/xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities
+    * https://github.com/tiran/defusedxml
+
+    The standard library relies on libexpat for parsing XML:
+    https://github.com/libexpat/libexpat
+    """
+
+    def get_format_instructions(self) -> str:
+        """Return the format instructions for the XML output."""
+        return XML_FORMAT_INSTRUCTIONS.format(tags=self.tags)
+
+    def parse(self, text: str) -> dict[str, Union[str, list[Any]]]:
+        """Parse the output of an LLM call.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The output of an LLM call.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary representing the parsed XML.
+
+        Raises:
+            OutputParserException: If the XML is not well-formed.
+            ImportError: If defusedxml is not installed and the defusedxml
+                parser is requested.
+        """
+        # Try to find XML string within triple backticks
+        # Imports are temporarily placed here to avoid issue with caching on CI
+        # likely if you're reading this you can move them to the top of the file
+        if self.parser == "defusedxml":
+            try:
+                from defusedxml import ElementTree
+            except ImportError as e:
+                msg = (
+                    "defusedxml is not installed. "
+                    "Please install it to use the defusedxml parser."
+                    "You can install it with `pip install defusedxml`"
+                    "See https://github.com/tiran/defusedxml for more details"
+                )
+                raise ImportError(msg) from e
+            _et = ElementTree  # Use the defusedxml parser
+        else:
+            _et = ET  # Use the standard library parser
+
+        match = re.search(r"```(xml)?(.*)```", text, re.DOTALL)
+        if match is not None:
+            # If match found, use the content within the backticks
+            text = match.group(2)
+        encoding_match = self.encoding_matcher.search(text)
+        if encoding_match:
+            text = encoding_match.group(2)
+
+        text = text.strip()
+        try:
+            root = _et.fromstring(text)
+            return self._root_to_dict(root)
+        except _et.ParseError as e:
+            msg = f"Failed to parse XML format from completion {text}. Got: {e}"
+            raise OutputParserException(msg, llm_output=text) from e
+
+    def _transform(
+        self, input: Iterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]
+    ) -> Iterator[AddableDict]:
+        streaming_parser = _StreamingParser(self.parser)
+        for chunk in input:
+            yield from streaming_parser.parse(chunk)
+        streaming_parser.close()
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self, input: AsyncIterator[Union[str, BaseMessage]]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AddableDict]:
+        streaming_parser = _StreamingParser(self.parser)
+        async for chunk in input:
+            for output in streaming_parser.parse(chunk):
+                yield output
+        streaming_parser.close()
+
+    def _root_to_dict(self, root: ET.Element) -> dict[str, Union[str, list[Any]]]:
+        """Converts xml tree to python dictionary."""
+        if root.text and bool(re.search(r"\S", root.text)):
+            # If root text contains any non-whitespace character it
+            # returns {root.tag: root.text}
+            return {root.tag: root.text}
+        result: dict = {root.tag: []}
+        for child in root:
+            if len(child) == 0:
+                result[root.tag].append({child.tag: child.text})
+            else:
+                result[root.tag].append(self._root_to_dict(child))
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def _type(self) -> str:
+        return "xml"
+
+
+def nested_element(path: list[str], elem: ET.Element) -> Any:
+    """Get nested element from path.
+
+    Args:
+        path: The path to the element.
+        elem: The element to extract.
+
+    Returns:
+        The nested element.
+    """
+    if len(path) == 0:
+        return AddableDict({elem.tag: elem.text})
+    return AddableDict({path[0]: [nested_element(path[1:], elem)]})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9072b9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+"""Output classes.
+
+**Output** classes are used to represent the output of a language model call
+and the output of a chat.
+
+The top container for information is the `LLMResult` object. `LLMResult` is used by
+both chat models and LLMs. This object contains the output of the language
+model and any additional information that the model provider wants to return.
+
+When invoking models via the standard runnable methods (e.g. invoke, batch, etc.):
+- Chat models will return `AIMessage` objects.
+- LLMs will return regular text strings.
+
+In addition, users can access the raw output of either LLMs or chat models via
+callbacks. The on_chat_model_end and on_llm_end callbacks will return an
+LLMResult object containing the generated outputs and any additional information
+returned by the model provider.
+
+In general, if information is already available
+in the AIMessage object, it is recommended to access it from there rather than
+from the `LLMResult` object.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.outputs.chat_generation import (
+        ChatGeneration,
+        ChatGenerationChunk,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.outputs.chat_result import ChatResult
+    from langchain_core.outputs.generation import Generation, GenerationChunk
+    from langchain_core.outputs.llm_result import LLMResult
+    from langchain_core.outputs.run_info import RunInfo
+
+__all__ = (
+    "ChatGeneration",
+    "ChatGenerationChunk",
+    "ChatResult",
+    "Generation",
+    "GenerationChunk",
+    "LLMResult",
+    "RunInfo",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "ChatGeneration": "chat_generation",
+    "ChatGenerationChunk": "chat_generation",
+    "ChatResult": "chat_result",
+    "Generation": "generation",
+    "GenerationChunk": "generation",
+    "LLMResult": "llm_result",
+    "RunInfo": "run_info",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/chat_generation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/chat_generation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d01ae516
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/chat_generation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""Chat generation output classes."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Union
+
+from pydantic import model_validator
+
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, BaseMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.outputs.generation import Generation
+from langchain_core.utils._merge import merge_dicts
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+
+class ChatGeneration(Generation):
+    """A single chat generation output.
+
+    A subclass of Generation that represents the response from a chat model
+    that generates chat messages.
+
+    The `message` attribute is a structured representation of the chat message.
+    Most of the time, the message will be of type `AIMessage`.
+
+    Users working with chat models will usually access information via either
+    `AIMessage` (returned from runnable interfaces) or `LLMResult` (available
+    via callbacks).
+    """
+
+    text: str = ""
+    """*SHOULD NOT BE SET DIRECTLY* The text contents of the output message."""
+    message: BaseMessage
+    """The message output by the chat model."""
+    # Override type to be ChatGeneration, ignore mypy error as this is intentional
+    type: Literal["ChatGeneration"] = "ChatGeneration"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """Type is used exclusively for serialization purposes."""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def set_text(self) -> Self:
+        """Set the text attribute to be the contents of the message.
+
+        Args:
+            values: The values of the object.
+
+        Returns:
+            The values of the object with the text attribute set.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the message is not a string or a list.
+        """
+        try:
+            text = ""
+            if isinstance(self.message.content, str):
+                text = self.message.content
+            # Assumes text in content blocks in OpenAI format.
+            # Uses first text block.
+            elif isinstance(self.message.content, list):
+                for block in self.message.content:
+                    if isinstance(block, str):
+                        text = block
+                        break
+                    if isinstance(block, dict) and "text" in block:
+                        text = block["text"]
+                        break
+            else:
+                pass
+            self.text = text
+        except (KeyError, AttributeError) as e:
+            msg = "Error while initializing ChatGeneration"
+            raise ValueError(msg) from e
+        return self
+
+
+class ChatGenerationChunk(ChatGeneration):
+    """ChatGeneration chunk.
+
+    ChatGeneration chunks can be concatenated with other ChatGeneration chunks.
+    """
+
+    message: BaseMessageChunk
+    """The message chunk output by the chat model."""
+    # Override type to be ChatGeneration, ignore mypy error as this is intentional
+    type: Literal["ChatGenerationChunk"] = "ChatGenerationChunk"  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """Type is used exclusively for serialization purposes."""
+
+    def __add__(
+        self, other: Union[ChatGenerationChunk, list[ChatGenerationChunk]]
+    ) -> ChatGenerationChunk:
+        """Concatenate two ChatGenerationChunks.
+
+        Args:
+            other: The other ChatGenerationChunk or list of ChatGenerationChunks to
+                concatenate.
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, ChatGenerationChunk):
+            generation_info = merge_dicts(
+                self.generation_info or {},
+                other.generation_info or {},
+            )
+            return ChatGenerationChunk(
+                message=self.message + other.message,
+                generation_info=generation_info or None,
+            )
+        if isinstance(other, list) and all(
+            isinstance(x, ChatGenerationChunk) for x in other
+        ):
+            generation_info = merge_dicts(
+                self.generation_info or {},
+                *[chunk.generation_info for chunk in other if chunk.generation_info],
+            )
+            return ChatGenerationChunk(
+                message=self.message + [chunk.message for chunk in other],
+                generation_info=generation_info or None,
+            )
+        msg = f"unsupported operand type(s) for +: '{type(self)}' and '{type(other)}'"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/chat_result.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/chat_result.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e6a5076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/chat_result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Chat result schema."""
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain_core.outputs.chat_generation import ChatGeneration
+
+
+class ChatResult(BaseModel):
+    """Use to represent the result of a chat model call with a single prompt.
+
+    This container is used internally by some implementations of chat model,
+    it will eventually be mapped to a more general `LLMResult` object, and
+    then projected into an `AIMessage` object.
+
+    LangChain users working with chat models will usually access information via
+    `AIMessage` (returned from runnable interfaces) or `LLMResult` (available
+    via callbacks). Please refer the `AIMessage` and `LLMResult` schema documentation
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+    generations: list[ChatGeneration]
+    """List of the chat generations.
+
+    Generations is a list to allow for multiple candidate generations for a single
+    input prompt.
+    """
+    llm_output: Optional[dict] = None
+    """For arbitrary LLM provider specific output.
+
+    This dictionary is a free-form dictionary that can contain any information that the
+    provider wants to return. It is not standardized and is provider-specific.
+
+    Users should generally avoid relying on this field and instead rely on
+    accessing relevant information from standardized fields present in
+    AIMessage.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/generation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/generation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f3bbe5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/generation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+"""Generation output schema."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.load import Serializable
+from langchain_core.utils._merge import merge_dicts
+
+
+class Generation(Serializable):
+    """A single text generation output.
+
+    Generation represents the response from an "old-fashioned" LLM that
+    generates regular text (not chat messages).
+
+    This model is used internally by chat model and will eventually
+    be mapped to a more general `LLMResult` object, and then projected into
+    an `AIMessage` object.
+
+    LangChain users working with chat models will usually access information via
+    `AIMessage` (returned from runnable interfaces) or `LLMResult` (available
+    via callbacks). Please refer the `AIMessage` and `LLMResult` schema documentation
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+    text: str
+    """Generated text output."""
+
+    generation_info: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Raw response from the provider.
+
+    May include things like the reason for finishing or token log probabilities.
+    """
+    type: Literal["Generation"] = "Generation"
+    """Type is used exclusively for serialization purposes.
+    Set to "Generation" for this class."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether this class is serializable."""
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Default namespace is ["langchain", "schema", "output"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "output"]
+
+
+class GenerationChunk(Generation):
+    """Generation chunk, which can be concatenated with other Generation chunks."""
+
+    def __add__(self, other: GenerationChunk) -> GenerationChunk:
+        """Concatenate two GenerationChunks."""
+        if isinstance(other, GenerationChunk):
+            generation_info = merge_dicts(
+                self.generation_info or {},
+                other.generation_info or {},
+            )
+            return GenerationChunk(
+                text=self.text + other.text,
+                generation_info=generation_info or None,
+            )
+        msg = f"unsupported operand type(s) for +: '{type(self)}' and '{type(other)}'"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/llm_result.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/llm_result.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb72f640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/llm_result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""LLMResult class."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from copy import deepcopy
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langchain_core.outputs.chat_generation import ChatGeneration, ChatGenerationChunk
+from langchain_core.outputs.generation import Generation, GenerationChunk
+from langchain_core.outputs.run_info import RunInfo
+
+
+class LLMResult(BaseModel):
+    """A container for results of an LLM call.
+
+    Both chat models and LLMs generate an LLMResult object. This object contains
+    the generated outputs and any additional information that the model provider
+    wants to return.
+    """
+
+    generations: list[
+        list[Union[Generation, ChatGeneration, GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]]
+    ]
+    """Generated outputs.
+
+    The first dimension of the list represents completions for different input
+    prompts.
+
+    The second dimension of the list represents different candidate generations
+    for a given prompt.
+
+    When returned from an LLM the type is list[list[Generation]].
+    When returned from a chat model the type is list[list[ChatGeneration]].
+
+    ChatGeneration is a subclass of Generation that has a field for a structured
+    chat message.
+    """
+    llm_output: Optional[dict] = None
+    """For arbitrary LLM provider specific output.
+
+    This dictionary is a free-form dictionary that can contain any information that the
+    provider wants to return. It is not standardized and is provider-specific.
+
+    Users should generally avoid relying on this field and instead rely on
+    accessing relevant information from standardized fields present in
+    AIMessage.
+    """
+    run: Optional[list[RunInfo]] = None
+    """List of metadata info for model call for each input."""
+
+    type: Literal["LLMResult"] = "LLMResult"
+    """Type is used exclusively for serialization purposes."""
+
+    def flatten(self) -> list[LLMResult]:
+        """Flatten generations into a single list.
+
+        Unpack list[list[Generation]] -> list[LLMResult] where each returned LLMResult
+        contains only a single Generation. If token usage information is available,
+        it is kept only for the LLMResult corresponding to the top-choice
+        Generation, to avoid over-counting of token usage downstream.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of LLMResults where each returned LLMResult contains a single
+                Generation.
+        """
+        llm_results = []
+        for i, gen_list in enumerate(self.generations):
+            # Avoid double counting tokens in OpenAICallback
+            if i == 0:
+                llm_results.append(
+                    LLMResult(
+                        generations=[gen_list],
+                        llm_output=self.llm_output,
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                if self.llm_output is not None:
+                    llm_output = deepcopy(self.llm_output)
+                    llm_output["token_usage"] = {}
+                else:
+                    llm_output = None
+                llm_results.append(
+                    LLMResult(
+                        generations=[gen_list],
+                        llm_output=llm_output,
+                    )
+                )
+        return llm_results
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """Check for LLMResult equality by ignoring any metadata related to runs."""
+        if not isinstance(other, LLMResult):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return (
+            self.generations == other.generations
+            and self.llm_output == other.llm_output
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/run_info.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/run_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1255097
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/outputs/run_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+"""RunInfo class."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class RunInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Class that contains metadata for a single execution of a Chain or model.
+
+    Defined for backwards compatibility with older versions of langchain_core.
+
+    This model will likely be deprecated in the future.
+
+    Users can acquire the run_id information from callbacks or via run_id
+    information present in the astream_event API (depending on the use case).
+    """
+
+    run_id: UUID
+    """A unique identifier for the model or chain run."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompt_values.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompt_values.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7652bd76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompt_values.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+"""**Prompt values** for language model prompts.
+
+Prompt values are used to represent different pieces of prompts.
+They can be used to represent text, images, or chat message pieces.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Literal, cast
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import Serializable
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AnyMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    HumanMessage,
+    get_buffer_string,
+)
+
+
+class PromptValue(Serializable, ABC):
+    """Base abstract class for inputs to any language model.
+
+    PromptValues can be converted to both LLM (pure text-generation) inputs and
+    ChatModel inputs.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether this class is serializable. Defaults to True."""
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        This is used to determine the namespace of the object when serializing.
+        Defaults to ["langchain", "schema", "prompt"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "prompt"]
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def to_string(self) -> str:
+        """Return prompt value as string."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def to_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Return prompt as a list of Messages."""
+
+
+class StringPromptValue(PromptValue):
+    """String prompt value."""
+
+    text: str
+    """Prompt text."""
+    type: Literal["StringPromptValue"] = "StringPromptValue"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        This is used to determine the namespace of the object when serializing.
+        Defaults to ["langchain", "prompts", "base"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "base"]
+
+    def to_string(self) -> str:
+        """Return prompt as string."""
+        return self.text
+
+    def to_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Return prompt as messages."""
+        return [HumanMessage(content=self.text)]
+
+
+class ChatPromptValue(PromptValue):
+    """Chat prompt value.
+
+    A type of a prompt value that is built from messages.
+    """
+
+    messages: Sequence[BaseMessage]
+    """List of messages."""
+
+    def to_string(self) -> str:
+        """Return prompt as string."""
+        return get_buffer_string(self.messages)
+
+    def to_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Return prompt as a list of messages."""
+        return list(self.messages)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        This is used to determine the namespace of the object when serializing.
+        Defaults to ["langchain", "prompts", "chat"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "chat"]
+
+
+class ImageURL(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Image URL."""
+
+    detail: Literal["auto", "low", "high"]
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image. Defaults to "auto".
+    Can be "auto", "low", or "high"."""
+
+    url: str
+    """Either a URL of the image or the base64 encoded image data."""
+
+
+class ImagePromptValue(PromptValue):
+    """Image prompt value."""
+
+    image_url: ImageURL
+    """Image URL."""
+    type: Literal["ImagePromptValue"] = "ImagePromptValue"
+
+    def to_string(self) -> str:
+        """Return prompt (image URL) as string."""
+        return self.image_url["url"]
+
+    def to_messages(self) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Return prompt (image URL) as messages."""
+        return [HumanMessage(content=[cast("dict", self.image_url)])]
+
+
+class ChatPromptValueConcrete(ChatPromptValue):
+    """Chat prompt value which explicitly lists out the message types it accepts.
+
+    For use in external schemas.
+    """
+
+    messages: Sequence[AnyMessage]
+    """Sequence of messages."""
+
+    type: Literal["ChatPromptValueConcrete"] = "ChatPromptValueConcrete"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61f1ceb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+"""**Prompt** is the input to the model.
+
+Prompt is often constructed
+from multiple components and prompt values. Prompt classes and functions make constructing
+ and working with prompts easy.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BasePromptTemplate --> PipelinePromptTemplate
+                           StringPromptTemplate --> PromptTemplate
+                                                    FewShotPromptTemplate
+                                                    FewShotPromptWithTemplates
+                           BaseChatPromptTemplate --> AutoGPTPrompt
+                                                      ChatPromptTemplate --> AgentScratchPadChatPromptTemplate
+
+
+
+    BaseMessagePromptTemplate --> MessagesPlaceholder
+                                  BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate --> ChatMessagePromptTemplate
+                                                                      HumanMessagePromptTemplate
+                                                                      AIMessagePromptTemplate
+                                                                      SystemMessagePromptTemplate
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.prompts.base import (
+        BasePromptTemplate,
+        aformat_document,
+        format_document,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+        AIMessagePromptTemplate,
+        BaseChatPromptTemplate,
+        ChatMessagePromptTemplate,
+        ChatPromptTemplate,
+        HumanMessagePromptTemplate,
+        MessagesPlaceholder,
+        SystemMessagePromptTemplate,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.prompts.dict import DictPromptTemplate
+    from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import (
+        FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate,
+        FewShotPromptTemplate,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot_with_templates import (
+        FewShotPromptWithTemplates,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.prompts.loading import load_prompt
+    from langchain_core.prompts.pipeline import PipelinePromptTemplate
+    from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+    from langchain_core.prompts.string import (
+        StringPromptTemplate,
+        check_valid_template,
+        get_template_variables,
+        jinja2_formatter,
+        validate_jinja2,
+    )
+
+__all__ = (
+    "AIMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "BaseChatPromptTemplate",
+    "BasePromptTemplate",
+    "ChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "ChatPromptTemplate",
+    "DictPromptTemplate",
+    "FewShotPromptTemplate",
+    "FewShotPromptWithTemplates",
+    "FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "HumanMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "MessagesPlaceholder",
+    "PipelinePromptTemplate",
+    "PromptTemplate",
+    "StringPromptTemplate",
+    "SystemMessagePromptTemplate",
+    "load_prompt",
+    "format_document",
+    "aformat_document",
+    "check_valid_template",
+    "get_template_variables",
+    "jinja2_formatter",
+    "validate_jinja2",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "BasePromptTemplate": "base",
+    "format_document": "base",
+    "aformat_document": "base",
+    "AIMessagePromptTemplate": "chat",
+    "BaseChatPromptTemplate": "chat",
+    "ChatMessagePromptTemplate": "chat",
+    "ChatPromptTemplate": "chat",
+    "DictPromptTemplate": "dict",
+    "HumanMessagePromptTemplate": "chat",
+    "MessagesPlaceholder": "chat",
+    "SystemMessagePromptTemplate": "chat",
+    "FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate": "few_shot",
+    "FewShotPromptTemplate": "few_shot",
+    "FewShotPromptWithTemplates": "few_shot_with_templates",
+    "load_prompt": "loading",
+    "PipelinePromptTemplate": "pipeline",
+    "PromptTemplate": "prompt",
+    "StringPromptTemplate": "string",
+    "check_valid_template": "string",
+    "get_template_variables": "string",
+    "jinja2_formatter": "string",
+    "validate_jinja2": "string",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8809717
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+"""Base class for prompt templates."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import json
+import typing
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from functools import cached_property
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+import yaml
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self, override
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import ErrorCode, create_message
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.base import BaseOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import (
+    ChatPromptValueConcrete,
+    PromptValue,
+    StringPromptValue,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, RunnableSerializable
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import ensure_config
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import create_model_v2
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+
+FormatOutputType = TypeVar("FormatOutputType")
+
+
+class BasePromptTemplate(
+    RunnableSerializable[dict, PromptValue], Generic[FormatOutputType], ABC
+):
+    """Base class for all prompt templates, returning a prompt."""
+
+    input_variables: list[str]
+    """A list of the names of the variables whose values are required as inputs to the
+    prompt."""
+    optional_variables: list[str] = Field(default=[])
+    """optional_variables: A list of the names of the variables for placeholder
+       or MessagePlaceholder that are optional. These variables are auto inferred
+       from the prompt and user need not provide them."""
+    input_types: typing.Dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict, exclude=True)  # noqa: UP006
+    """A dictionary of the types of the variables the prompt template expects.
+    If not provided, all variables are assumed to be strings."""
+    output_parser: Optional[BaseOutputParser] = None
+    """How to parse the output of calling an LLM on this formatted prompt."""
+    partial_variables: Mapping[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """A dictionary of the partial variables the prompt template carries.
+
+    Partial variables populate the template so that you don't need to
+    pass them in every time you call the prompt."""
+    metadata: Optional[typing.Dict[str, Any]] = None  # noqa: UP006
+    """Metadata to be used for tracing."""
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Tags to be used for tracing."""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_variable_names(self) -> Self:
+        """Validate variable names do not include restricted names."""
+        if "stop" in self.input_variables:
+            msg = (
+                "Cannot have an input variable named 'stop', as it is used internally,"
+                " please rename."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(
+                create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT)
+            )
+        if "stop" in self.partial_variables:
+            msg = (
+                "Cannot have an partial variable named 'stop', as it is used "
+                "internally, please rename."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(
+                create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT)
+            )
+
+        overall = set(self.input_variables).intersection(self.partial_variables)
+        if overall:
+            msg = f"Found overlapping input and partial variables: {overall}"
+            raise ValueError(
+                create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT)
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Returns ["langchain", "schema", "prompt_template"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "prompt_template"]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether this class is serializable.
+
+        Returns True.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _serialized(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return dumpd(self)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> Any:
+        """Return the output type of the prompt."""
+        return Union[StringPromptValue, ChatPromptValueConcrete]
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get the input schema for the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            config: RunnableConfig, configuration for the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Type[BaseModel]: The input schema for the prompt.
+        """
+        # This is correct, but pydantic typings/mypy don't think so.
+        required_input_variables = {
+            k: (self.input_types.get(k, str), ...) for k in self.input_variables
+        }
+        optional_input_variables = {
+            k: (self.input_types.get(k, str), None) for k in self.optional_variables
+        }
+        return create_model_v2(
+            "PromptInput",
+            field_definitions={**required_input_variables, **optional_input_variables},
+        )
+
+    def _validate_input(self, inner_input: Any) -> dict:
+        if not isinstance(inner_input, dict):
+            if len(self.input_variables) == 1:
+                var_name = self.input_variables[0]
+                inner_input = {var_name: inner_input}
+
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Expected mapping type as input to {self.__class__.__name__}. "
+                    f"Received {type(inner_input)}."
+                )
+                raise TypeError(
+                    create_message(
+                        message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT
+                    )
+                )
+        missing = set(self.input_variables).difference(inner_input)
+        if missing:
+            msg = (
+                f"Input to {self.__class__.__name__} is missing variables {missing}. "
+                f" Expected: {self.input_variables}"
+                f" Received: {list(inner_input.keys())}"
+            )
+            example_key = missing.pop()
+            msg += (
+                f"\nNote: if you intended {{{example_key}}} to be part of the string"
+                " and not a variable, please escape it with double curly braces like: "
+                f"'{{{{{example_key}}}}}'."
+            )
+            raise KeyError(
+                create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT)
+            )
+        return inner_input
+
+    def _format_prompt_with_error_handling(self, inner_input: dict) -> PromptValue:
+        _inner_input = self._validate_input(inner_input)
+        return self.format_prompt(**_inner_input)
+
+    async def _aformat_prompt_with_error_handling(
+        self, inner_input: dict
+    ) -> PromptValue:
+        _inner_input = self._validate_input(inner_input)
+        return await self.aformat_prompt(**_inner_input)
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: dict, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> PromptValue:
+        """Invoke the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            input: Dict, input to the prompt.
+            config: RunnableConfig, configuration for the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptValue: The output of the prompt.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        if self.metadata:
+            config["metadata"] = {**config["metadata"], **self.metadata}
+        if self.tags:
+            config["tags"] = config["tags"] + self.tags
+        return self._call_with_config(
+            self._format_prompt_with_error_handling,
+            input,
+            config,
+            run_type="prompt",
+            serialized=self._serialized,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: dict, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> PromptValue:
+        """Async invoke the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            input: Dict, input to the prompt.
+            config: RunnableConfig, configuration for the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptValue: The output of the prompt.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        if self.metadata:
+            config["metadata"].update(self.metadata)
+        if self.tags:
+            config["tags"].extend(self.tags)
+        return await self._acall_with_config(
+            self._aformat_prompt_with_error_handling,
+            input,
+            config,
+            run_type="prompt",
+            serialized=self._serialized,
+        )
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def format_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Create Prompt Value.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptValue: The output of the prompt.
+        """
+
+    async def aformat_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Async create Prompt Value.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptValue: The output of the prompt.
+        """
+        return self.format_prompt(**kwargs)
+
+    def partial(self, **kwargs: Union[str, Callable[[], str]]) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+        """Return a partial of the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Union[str, Callable[[], str]], partial variables to set.
+
+        Returns:
+            BasePromptTemplate: A partial of the prompt template.
+        """
+        prompt_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
+        prompt_dict["input_variables"] = list(
+            set(self.input_variables).difference(kwargs)
+        )
+        prompt_dict["partial_variables"] = {**self.partial_variables, **kwargs}
+        return type(self)(**prompt_dict)
+
+    def _merge_partial_and_user_variables(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        # Get partial params:
+        partial_kwargs = {
+            k: v if not callable(v) else v() for k, v in self.partial_variables.items()
+        }
+        return {**partial_kwargs, **kwargs}
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> FormatOutputType:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            prompt.format(variable1="foo")
+        """
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> FormatOutputType:
+        """Async format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            await prompt.aformat(variable1="foo")
+        """
+        return self.format(**kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the prompt type key."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def dict(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict:
+        """Return dictionary representation of prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any additional arguments to pass to the dictionary.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: Dictionary representation of the prompt.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: If the prompt type is not implemented.
+        """
+        prompt_dict = super().model_dump(**kwargs)
+        with contextlib.suppress(NotImplementedError):
+            prompt_dict["_type"] = self._prompt_type
+        return prompt_dict
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: Path to directory to save prompt to.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the prompt has partial variables.
+            ValueError: If the file path is not json or yaml.
+            NotImplementedError: If the prompt type is not implemented.
+
+        Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            prompt.save(file_path="path/prompt.yaml")
+        """
+        if self.partial_variables:
+            msg = "Cannot save prompt with partial variables."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        # Fetch dictionary to save
+        prompt_dict = self.dict()
+        if "_type" not in prompt_dict:
+            msg = f"Prompt {self} does not support saving."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        # Convert file to Path object.
+        save_path = Path(file_path)
+
+        directory_path = save_path.parent
+        directory_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+        if save_path.suffix == ".json":
+            with save_path.open("w") as f:
+                json.dump(prompt_dict, f, indent=4)
+        elif save_path.suffix.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+            with save_path.open("w") as f:
+                yaml.dump(prompt_dict, f, default_flow_style=False)
+        else:
+            msg = f"{save_path} must be json or yaml"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _get_document_info(doc: Document, prompt: BasePromptTemplate[str]) -> dict:
+    base_info = {"page_content": doc.page_content, **doc.metadata}
+    missing_metadata = set(prompt.input_variables).difference(base_info)
+    if len(missing_metadata) > 0:
+        required_metadata = [
+            iv for iv in prompt.input_variables if iv != "page_content"
+        ]
+        msg = (
+            f"Document prompt requires documents to have metadata variables: "
+            f"{required_metadata}. Received document with missing metadata: "
+            f"{list(missing_metadata)}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(
+            create_message(message=msg, error_code=ErrorCode.INVALID_PROMPT_INPUT)
+        )
+    return {k: base_info[k] for k in prompt.input_variables}
+
+
+def format_document(doc: Document, prompt: BasePromptTemplate[str]) -> str:
+    """Format a document into a string based on a prompt template.
+
+    First, this pulls information from the document from two sources:
+
+    1. page_content:
+        This takes the information from the `document.page_content`
+        and assigns it to a variable named `page_content`.
+    2. metadata:
+        This takes information from `document.metadata` and assigns
+        it to variables of the same name.
+
+    Those variables are then passed into the `prompt` to produce a formatted string.
+
+    Args:
+        doc: Document, the page_content and metadata will be used to create
+            the final string.
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate, will be used to format the page_content
+            and metadata into the final string.
+
+    Returns:
+        string of the document formatted.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+            doc = Document(page_content="This is a joke", metadata={"page": "1"})
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template("Page {page}: {page_content}")
+            format_document(doc, prompt)
+            >>> "Page 1: This is a joke"
+    """
+    return prompt.format(**_get_document_info(doc, prompt))
+
+
+async def aformat_document(doc: Document, prompt: BasePromptTemplate[str]) -> str:
+    """Async format a document into a string based on a prompt template.
+
+    First, this pulls information from the document from two sources:
+
+    1. page_content:
+        This takes the information from the `document.page_content`
+        and assigns it to a variable named `page_content`.
+    2. metadata:
+        This takes information from `document.metadata` and assigns
+        it to variables of the same name.
+
+    Those variables are then passed into the `prompt` to produce a formatted string.
+
+    Args:
+        doc: Document, the page_content and metadata will be used to create
+            the final string.
+        prompt: BasePromptTemplate, will be used to format the page_content
+            and metadata into the final string.
+
+    Returns:
+        string of the document formatted.
+    """
+    return await prompt.aformat(**_get_document_info(doc, prompt))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8095433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1459 @@
+"""Chat prompt template."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from pydantic import (
+    Field,
+    PositiveInt,
+    SkipValidation,
+    model_validator,
+)
+from typing_extensions import Self, override
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.messages import (
+    AIMessage,
+    AnyMessage,
+    BaseMessage,
+    ChatMessage,
+    HumanMessage,
+    SystemMessage,
+    convert_to_messages,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.base import get_msg_title_repr
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import ChatPromptValue, ImageURL, PromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.dict import DictPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.image import ImagePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.message import (
+    BaseMessagePromptTemplate,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import (
+    PromptTemplateFormat,
+    StringPromptTemplate,
+    get_template_variables,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils import get_colored_text
+from langchain_core.utils.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+
+class MessagesPlaceholder(BaseMessagePromptTemplate):
+    """Prompt template that assumes variable is already list of messages.
+
+    A placeholder which can be used to pass in a list of messages.
+
+    Direct usage:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import MessagesPlaceholder
+
+            prompt = MessagesPlaceholder("history")
+            prompt.format_messages() # raises KeyError
+
+            prompt = MessagesPlaceholder("history", optional=True)
+            prompt.format_messages() # returns empty list []
+
+            prompt.format_messages(
+                history=[
+                    ("system", "You are an AI assistant."),
+                    ("human", "Hello!"),
+                ]
+            )
+            # -> [
+            #     SystemMessage(content="You are an AI assistant."),
+            #     HumanMessage(content="Hello!"),
+            # ]
+
+    Building a prompt with chat history:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ("system", "You are a helpful assistant."),
+                    MessagesPlaceholder("history"),
+                    ("human", "{question}")
+                ]
+            )
+            prompt.invoke(
+               {
+                   "history": [("human", "what's 5 + 2"), ("ai", "5 + 2 is 7")],
+                   "question": "now multiply that by 4"
+               }
+            )
+            # -> ChatPromptValue(messages=[
+            #     SystemMessage(content="You are a helpful assistant."),
+            #     HumanMessage(content="what's 5 + 2"),
+            #     AIMessage(content="5 + 2 is 7"),
+            #     HumanMessage(content="now multiply that by 4"),
+            # ])
+
+    Limiting the number of messages:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import MessagesPlaceholder
+
+            prompt = MessagesPlaceholder("history", n_messages=1)
+
+            prompt.format_messages(
+                history=[
+                    ("system", "You are an AI assistant."),
+                    ("human", "Hello!"),
+                ]
+            )
+            # -> [
+            #     HumanMessage(content="Hello!"),
+            # ]
+    """
+
+    variable_name: str
+    """Name of variable to use as messages."""
+
+    optional: bool = False
+    """If True format_messages can be called with no arguments and will return an empty
+        list. If False then a named argument with name `variable_name` must be passed
+        in, even if the value is an empty list."""
+
+    n_messages: Optional[PositiveInt] = None
+    """Maximum number of messages to include. If None, then will include all.
+    Defaults to None."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, variable_name: str, *, optional: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a messages placeholder.
+
+        Args:
+            variable_name: Name of variable to use as messages.
+            optional: If True format_messages can be called with no arguments and will
+                return an empty list. If False then a named argument with name
+                `variable_name` must be passed in, even if the value is an empty list.
+                Defaults to False.]
+        """
+        # mypy can't detect the init which is defined in the parent class
+        # b/c these are BaseModel classes.
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            variable_name=variable_name, optional=optional, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def format_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Format messages from kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of BaseMessage.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If variable is not a list of messages.
+        """
+        value = (
+            kwargs.get(self.variable_name, [])
+            if self.optional
+            else kwargs[self.variable_name]
+        )
+        if not isinstance(value, list):
+            msg = (
+                f"variable {self.variable_name} should be a list of base messages, "
+                f"got {value} of type {type(value)}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+        value = convert_to_messages(value)
+        if self.n_messages:
+            value = value[-self.n_messages :]
+        return value
+
+    @property
+    def input_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input variables for this prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of input variable names.
+        """
+        return [self.variable_name] if not self.optional else []
+
+    @override
+    def pretty_repr(self, html: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Human-readable representation.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format as HTML. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Human-readable representation.
+        """
+        var = "{" + self.variable_name + "}"
+        if html:
+            title = get_msg_title_repr("Messages Placeholder", bold=True)
+            var = get_colored_text(var, "yellow")
+        else:
+            title = get_msg_title_repr("Messages Placeholder")
+        return f"{title}\n\n{var}"
+
+
+MessagePromptTemplateT = TypeVar(
+    "MessagePromptTemplateT", bound="BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate"
+)
+"""Type variable for message prompt templates."""
+
+
+class BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate(BaseMessagePromptTemplate, ABC):
+    """Base class for message prompt templates that use a string prompt template."""
+
+    prompt: StringPromptTemplate
+    """String prompt template."""
+    additional_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Additional keyword arguments to pass to the prompt template."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_template(
+        cls,
+        template: str,
+        template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+        partial_variables: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a class from a string template.
+
+        Args:
+            template: a template.
+            template_format: format of the template. Defaults to "f-string".
+            partial_variables: A dictionary of variables that can be used to partially
+                               fill in the template. For example, if the template is
+                              `"{variable1} {variable2}"`, and `partial_variables` is
+                              `{"variable1": "foo"}`, then the final prompt will be
+                              `"foo {variable2}"`.
+                              Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new instance of this class.
+        """
+        prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+            template,
+            template_format=template_format,
+            partial_variables=partial_variables,
+        )
+        return cls(prompt=prompt, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_template_file(
+        cls,
+        template_file: Union[str, Path],
+        input_variables: list[str],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a class from a template file.
+
+        Args:
+            template_file: path to a template file. String or Path.
+            input_variables: list of input variables.
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new instance of this class.
+        """
+        prompt = PromptTemplate.from_file(template_file, input_variables)
+        return cls(prompt=prompt, **kwargs)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Format the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted message.
+        """
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Async format the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted message.
+        """
+        return self.format(**kwargs)
+
+    def format_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Format messages from kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of BaseMessages.
+        """
+        return [self.format(**kwargs)]
+
+    async def aformat_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async format messages from kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of BaseMessages.
+        """
+        return [await self.aformat(**kwargs)]
+
+    @property
+    def input_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input variables for this prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of input variable names.
+        """
+        return self.prompt.input_variables
+
+    @override
+    def pretty_repr(self, html: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Human-readable representation.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format as HTML. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Human-readable representation.
+        """
+        # TODO: Handle partials
+        title = self.__class__.__name__.replace("MessagePromptTemplate", " Message")
+        title = get_msg_title_repr(title, bold=html)
+        return f"{title}\n\n{self.prompt.pretty_repr(html=html)}"
+
+
+class ChatMessagePromptTemplate(BaseStringMessagePromptTemplate):
+    """Chat message prompt template."""
+
+    role: str
+    """Role of the message."""
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Format the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted message.
+        """
+        text = self.prompt.format(**kwargs)
+        return ChatMessage(
+            content=text, role=self.role, additional_kwargs=self.additional_kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Async format the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted message.
+        """
+        text = await self.prompt.aformat(**kwargs)
+        return ChatMessage(
+            content=text, role=self.role, additional_kwargs=self.additional_kwargs
+        )
+
+
+class _TextTemplateParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Union[str, dict]
+
+
+class _ImageTemplateParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    image_url: Union[str, dict]
+
+
+class _StringImageMessagePromptTemplate(BaseMessagePromptTemplate):
+    """Human message prompt template. This is a message sent from the user."""
+
+    prompt: Union[
+        StringPromptTemplate,
+        list[Union[StringPromptTemplate, ImagePromptTemplate, DictPromptTemplate]],
+    ]
+    """Prompt template."""
+    additional_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Additional keyword arguments to pass to the prompt template."""
+
+    _msg_class: type[BaseMessage]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_template(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        template: Union[
+            str,
+            list[Union[str, _TextTemplateParam, _ImageTemplateParam, dict[str, Any]]],
+        ],
+        template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+        *,
+        partial_variables: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a class from a string template.
+
+        Args:
+            template: a template.
+            template_format: format of the template.
+                Options are: 'f-string', 'mustache', 'jinja2'. Defaults to "f-string".
+            partial_variables: A dictionary of variables that can be used too partially.
+                Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new instance of this class.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the template is not a string or list of strings.
+        """
+        if isinstance(template, str):
+            prompt: Union[StringPromptTemplate, list] = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                template,
+                template_format=template_format,
+                partial_variables=partial_variables,
+            )
+            return cls(prompt=prompt, **kwargs)
+        if isinstance(template, list):
+            if (partial_variables is not None) and len(partial_variables) > 0:
+                msg = "Partial variables are not supported for list of templates."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            prompt = []
+            for tmpl in template:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(tmpl, str)
+                    or isinstance(tmpl, dict)
+                    and "text" in tmpl
+                    and set(tmpl.keys()) <= {"type", "text"}
+                ):
+                    if isinstance(tmpl, str):
+                        text: str = tmpl
+                    else:
+                        text = cast("_TextTemplateParam", tmpl)["text"]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                    prompt.append(
+                        PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                            text, template_format=template_format
+                        )
+                    )
+                elif (
+                    isinstance(tmpl, dict)
+                    and "image_url" in tmpl
+                    and set(tmpl.keys())
+                    <= {
+                        "type",
+                        "image_url",
+                    }
+                ):
+                    img_template = cast("_ImageTemplateParam", tmpl)["image_url"]
+                    input_variables = []
+                    if isinstance(img_template, str):
+                        vars = get_template_variables(img_template, template_format)
+                        if vars:
+                            if len(vars) > 1:
+                                msg = (
+                                    "Only one format variable allowed per image"
+                                    f" template.\nGot: {vars}"
+                                    f"\nFrom: {tmpl}"
+                                )
+                                raise ValueError(msg)
+                            input_variables = [vars[0]]
+                        img_template = {"url": img_template}
+                        img_template_obj = ImagePromptTemplate(
+                            input_variables=input_variables,
+                            template=img_template,
+                            template_format=template_format,
+                        )
+                    elif isinstance(img_template, dict):
+                        img_template = dict(img_template)
+                        for key in ["url", "path", "detail"]:
+                            if key in img_template:
+                                input_variables.extend(
+                                    get_template_variables(
+                                        img_template[key], template_format
+                                    )
+                                )
+                        img_template_obj = ImagePromptTemplate(
+                            input_variables=input_variables,
+                            template=img_template,
+                            template_format=template_format,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        msg = f"Invalid image template: {tmpl}"
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+                    prompt.append(img_template_obj)
+                elif isinstance(tmpl, dict):
+                    if template_format == "jinja2":
+                        msg = (
+                            "jinja2 is unsafe and is not supported for templates "
+                            "expressed as dicts. Please use 'f-string' or 'mustache' "
+                            "format."
+                        )
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+                    data_template_obj = DictPromptTemplate(
+                        template=cast("dict[str, Any]", tmpl),
+                        template_format=template_format,
+                    )
+                    prompt.append(data_template_obj)
+                else:
+                    msg = f"Invalid template: {tmpl}"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+            return cls(prompt=prompt, **kwargs)
+        msg = f"Invalid template: {template}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_template_file(
+        cls: type[Self],
+        template_file: Union[str, Path],
+        input_variables: list[str],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a class from a template file.
+
+        Args:
+            template_file: path to a template file. String or Path.
+            input_variables: list of input variables.
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new instance of this class.
+        """
+        template = Path(template_file).read_text()
+        return cls.from_template(template, input_variables=input_variables, **kwargs)
+
+    def format_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Format messages from kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of BaseMessages.
+        """
+        return [self.format(**kwargs)]
+
+    async def aformat_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async format messages from kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of BaseMessages.
+        """
+        return [await self.aformat(**kwargs)]
+
+    @property
+    def input_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input variables for this prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of input variable names.
+        """
+        prompts = self.prompt if isinstance(self.prompt, list) else [self.prompt]
+        return [iv for prompt in prompts for iv in prompt.input_variables]
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Format the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted message.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.prompt, StringPromptTemplate):
+            text = self.prompt.format(**kwargs)
+            return self._msg_class(
+                content=text, additional_kwargs=self.additional_kwargs
+            )
+        content: list = []
+        for prompt in self.prompt:
+            inputs = {var: kwargs[var] for var in prompt.input_variables}
+            if isinstance(prompt, StringPromptTemplate):
+                formatted: Union[str, ImageURL, dict[str, Any]] = prompt.format(
+                    **inputs
+                )
+                content.append({"type": "text", "text": formatted})
+            elif isinstance(prompt, ImagePromptTemplate):
+                formatted = prompt.format(**inputs)
+                content.append({"type": "image_url", "image_url": formatted})
+            elif isinstance(prompt, DictPromptTemplate):
+                formatted = prompt.format(**inputs)
+                content.append(formatted)
+        return self._msg_class(
+            content=content, additional_kwargs=self.additional_kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseMessage:
+        """Async format the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            Formatted message.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.prompt, StringPromptTemplate):
+            text = await self.prompt.aformat(**kwargs)
+            return self._msg_class(
+                content=text, additional_kwargs=self.additional_kwargs
+            )
+        content: list = []
+        for prompt in self.prompt:
+            inputs = {var: kwargs[var] for var in prompt.input_variables}
+            if isinstance(prompt, StringPromptTemplate):
+                formatted: Union[str, ImageURL, dict[str, Any]] = await prompt.aformat(
+                    **inputs
+                )
+                content.append({"type": "text", "text": formatted})
+            elif isinstance(prompt, ImagePromptTemplate):
+                formatted = await prompt.aformat(**inputs)
+                content.append({"type": "image_url", "image_url": formatted})
+            elif isinstance(prompt, DictPromptTemplate):
+                formatted = prompt.format(**inputs)
+                content.append(formatted)
+        return self._msg_class(
+            content=content, additional_kwargs=self.additional_kwargs
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def pretty_repr(self, html: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Human-readable representation.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format as HTML. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Human-readable representation.
+        """
+        # TODO: Handle partials
+        title = self.__class__.__name__.replace("MessagePromptTemplate", " Message")
+        title = get_msg_title_repr(title, bold=html)
+        prompts = self.prompt if isinstance(self.prompt, list) else [self.prompt]
+        prompt_reprs = "\n\n".join(prompt.pretty_repr(html=html) for prompt in prompts)
+        return f"{title}\n\n{prompt_reprs}"
+
+
+class HumanMessagePromptTemplate(_StringImageMessagePromptTemplate):
+    """Human message prompt template. This is a message sent from the user."""
+
+    _msg_class: type[BaseMessage] = HumanMessage
+
+
+class AIMessagePromptTemplate(_StringImageMessagePromptTemplate):
+    """AI message prompt template. This is a message sent from the AI."""
+
+    _msg_class: type[BaseMessage] = AIMessage
+
+
+class SystemMessagePromptTemplate(_StringImageMessagePromptTemplate):
+    """System message prompt template.
+
+    This is a message that is not sent to the user.
+    """
+
+    _msg_class: type[BaseMessage] = SystemMessage
+
+
+class BaseChatPromptTemplate(BasePromptTemplate, ABC):
+    """Base class for chat prompt templates."""
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def lc_attributes(self) -> dict:
+        return {"input_variables": self.input_variables}
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format the chat template into a string.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for filling in template variables
+                      in all the template messages in this chat template.
+
+        Returns:
+            formatted string.
+        """
+        return self.format_prompt(**kwargs).to_string()
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Async format the chat template into a string.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for filling in template variables
+                      in all the template messages in this chat template.
+
+        Returns:
+            formatted string.
+        """
+        return (await self.aformat_prompt(**kwargs)).to_string()
+
+    def format_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Format prompt. Should return a PromptValue.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptValue.
+        """
+        messages = self.format_messages(**kwargs)
+        return ChatPromptValue(messages=messages)
+
+    async def aformat_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Async format prompt. Should return a PromptValue.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptValue.
+        """
+        messages = await self.aformat_messages(**kwargs)
+        return ChatPromptValue(messages=messages)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def format_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Format kwargs into a list of messages."""
+
+    async def aformat_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async format kwargs into a list of messages."""
+        return self.format_messages(**kwargs)
+
+    def pretty_repr(
+        self,
+        html: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> str:
+        """Human-readable representation.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format as HTML. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Human-readable representation.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def pretty_print(self) -> None:
+        """Print a human-readable representation."""
+        print(self.pretty_repr(html=is_interactive_env()))  # noqa: T201
+
+
+MessageLike = Union[BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseMessage, BaseChatPromptTemplate]
+
+MessageLikeRepresentation = Union[
+    MessageLike,
+    tuple[
+        Union[str, type],
+        Union[str, list[dict], list[object]],
+    ],
+    str,
+    dict[str, Any],
+]
+
+
+class ChatPromptTemplate(BaseChatPromptTemplate):
+    """Prompt template for chat models.
+
+    Use to create flexible templated prompts for chat models.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.2.24
+
+            You can pass any Message-like formats supported by
+            ``ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages()`` directly to ``ChatPromptTemplate()``
+            init.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+            template = ChatPromptTemplate([
+                ("system", "You are a helpful AI bot. Your name is {name}."),
+                ("human", "Hello, how are you doing?"),
+                ("ai", "I'm doing well, thanks!"),
+                ("human", "{user_input}"),
+            ])
+
+            prompt_value = template.invoke(
+                {
+                    "name": "Bob",
+                    "user_input": "What is your name?"
+                }
+            )
+            # Output:
+            # ChatPromptValue(
+            #    messages=[
+            #        SystemMessage(content='You are a helpful AI bot. Your name is Bob.'),
+            #        HumanMessage(content='Hello, how are you doing?'),
+            #        AIMessage(content="I'm doing well, thanks!"),
+            #        HumanMessage(content='What is your name?')
+            #    ]
+            #)
+
+    Messages Placeholder:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # In addition to Human/AI/Tool/Function messages,
+            # you can initialize the template with a MessagesPlaceholder
+            # either using the class directly or with the shorthand tuple syntax:
+
+            template = ChatPromptTemplate([
+                ("system", "You are a helpful AI bot."),
+                # Means the template will receive an optional list of messages under
+                # the "conversation" key
+                ("placeholder", "{conversation}")
+                # Equivalently:
+                # MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="conversation", optional=True)
+            ])
+
+            prompt_value = template.invoke(
+                {
+                    "conversation": [
+                        ("human", "Hi!"),
+                        ("ai", "How can I assist you today?"),
+                        ("human", "Can you make me an ice cream sundae?"),
+                        ("ai", "No.")
+                    ]
+                }
+            )
+
+            # Output:
+            # ChatPromptValue(
+            #    messages=[
+            #        SystemMessage(content='You are a helpful AI bot.'),
+            #        HumanMessage(content='Hi!'),
+            #        AIMessage(content='How can I assist you today?'),
+            #        HumanMessage(content='Can you make me an ice cream sundae?'),
+            #        AIMessage(content='No.'),
+            #    ]
+            #)
+
+    Single-variable template:
+
+        If your prompt has only a single input variable (i.e., 1 instance of "{variable_nams}"),
+        and you invoke the template with a non-dict object, the prompt template will
+        inject the provided argument into that variable location.
+
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+            template = ChatPromptTemplate([
+                ("system", "You are a helpful AI bot. Your name is Carl."),
+                ("human", "{user_input}"),
+            ])
+
+            prompt_value = template.invoke("Hello, there!")
+            # Equivalent to
+            # prompt_value = template.invoke({"user_input": "Hello, there!"})
+
+            # Output:
+            #  ChatPromptValue(
+            #     messages=[
+            #         SystemMessage(content='You are a helpful AI bot. Your name is Carl.'),
+            #         HumanMessage(content='Hello, there!'),
+            #     ]
+            # )
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    messages: Annotated[list[MessageLike], SkipValidation()]
+    """List of messages consisting of either message prompt templates or messages."""
+    validate_template: bool = False
+    """Whether or not to try validating the template."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        messages: Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation],
+        *,
+        template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a chat prompt template from a variety of message formats.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: sequence of message representations.
+                  A message can be represented using the following formats:
+                  (1) BaseMessagePromptTemplate, (2) BaseMessage, (3) 2-tuple of
+                  (message type, template); e.g., ("human", "{user_input}"),
+                  (4) 2-tuple of (message class, template), (5) a string which is
+                  shorthand for ("human", template); e.g., "{user_input}".
+            template_format: format of the template. Defaults to "f-string".
+            input_variables: A list of the names of the variables whose values are
+                required as inputs to the prompt.
+            optional_variables: A list of the names of the variables for placeholder
+                or MessagePlaceholder that are optional.
+                These variables are auto inferred from the prompt and user need not
+                provide them.
+            partial_variables: A dictionary of the partial variables the prompt
+                template carries. Partial variables populate the template so that you
+                don't need to pass them in every time you call the prompt.
+            validate_template: Whether to validate the template.
+            input_types: A dictionary of the types of the variables the prompt template
+                expects. If not provided, all variables are assumed to be strings.
+
+        Returns:
+            A chat prompt template.
+
+        Examples:
+            Instantiation from a list of message templates:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                template = ChatPromptTemplate([
+                    ("human", "Hello, how are you?"),
+                    ("ai", "I'm doing well, thanks!"),
+                    ("human", "That's good to hear."),
+                ])
+
+            Instantiation from mixed message formats:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                template = ChatPromptTemplate([
+                    SystemMessage(content="hello"),
+                    ("human", "Hello, how are you?"),
+                ])
+
+        """
+        _messages = [
+            _convert_to_message_template(message, template_format)
+            for message in messages
+        ]
+
+        # Automatically infer input variables from messages
+        input_vars: set[str] = set()
+        optional_variables: set[str] = set()
+        partial_vars: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        for _message in _messages:
+            if isinstance(_message, MessagesPlaceholder) and _message.optional:
+                partial_vars[_message.variable_name] = []
+                optional_variables.add(_message.variable_name)
+            elif isinstance(
+                _message, (BaseChatPromptTemplate, BaseMessagePromptTemplate)
+            ):
+                input_vars.update(_message.input_variables)
+
+        kwargs = {
+            "input_variables": sorted(input_vars),
+            "optional_variables": sorted(optional_variables),
+            "partial_variables": partial_vars,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        cast("type[ChatPromptTemplate]", super()).__init__(messages=_messages, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "chat"]
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Combine two prompt templates.
+
+        Args:
+            other: Another prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            Combined prompt template.
+        """
+        partials = {**self.partial_variables}
+
+        # Need to check that other has partial variables since it may not be
+        # a ChatPromptTemplate.
+        if hasattr(other, "partial_variables") and other.partial_variables:
+            partials.update(other.partial_variables)
+
+        # Allow for easy combining
+        if isinstance(other, ChatPromptTemplate):
+            return ChatPromptTemplate(messages=self.messages + other.messages).partial(
+                **partials
+            )
+        if isinstance(
+            other, (BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseMessage, BaseChatPromptTemplate)
+        ):
+            return ChatPromptTemplate(messages=self.messages + [other]).partial(
+                **partials
+            )
+        if isinstance(other, (list, tuple)):
+            _other = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(other)
+            return ChatPromptTemplate(messages=self.messages + _other.messages).partial(
+                **partials
+            )
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            prompt = HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(other)
+            return ChatPromptTemplate(messages=self.messages + [prompt]).partial(
+                **partials
+            )
+        msg = f"Unsupported operand type for +: {type(other)}"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_input_variables(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate input variables.
+
+        If input_variables is not set, it will be set to the union of
+        all input variables in the messages.
+
+        Args:
+            values: values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Validated values.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If input variables do not match.
+        """
+        messages = values["messages"]
+        input_vars: set = set()
+        optional_variables = set()
+        input_types: dict[str, Any] = values.get("input_types", {})
+        for message in messages:
+            if isinstance(message, (BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseChatPromptTemplate)):
+                input_vars.update(message.input_variables)
+            if isinstance(message, MessagesPlaceholder):
+                if "partial_variables" not in values:
+                    values["partial_variables"] = {}
+                if (
+                    message.optional
+                    and message.variable_name not in values["partial_variables"]
+                ):
+                    values["partial_variables"][message.variable_name] = []
+                    optional_variables.add(message.variable_name)
+                if message.variable_name not in input_types:
+                    input_types[message.variable_name] = list[AnyMessage]
+        if "partial_variables" in values:
+            input_vars = input_vars - set(values["partial_variables"])
+        if optional_variables:
+            input_vars = input_vars - optional_variables
+        if "input_variables" in values and values.get("validate_template"):
+            if input_vars != set(values["input_variables"]):
+                msg = (
+                    "Got mismatched input_variables. "
+                    f"Expected: {input_vars}. "
+                    f"Got: {values['input_variables']}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+        else:
+            values["input_variables"] = sorted(input_vars)
+        if optional_variables:
+            values["optional_variables"] = sorted(optional_variables)
+        values["input_types"] = input_types
+        return values
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_template(cls, template: str, **kwargs: Any) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Create a chat prompt template from a template string.
+
+        Creates a chat template consisting of a single message assumed to be from
+        the human.
+
+        Args:
+            template: template string
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new instance of this class.
+        """
+        prompt_template = PromptTemplate.from_template(template, **kwargs)
+        message = HumanMessagePromptTemplate(prompt=prompt_template)
+        return cls.from_messages([message])
+
+    @classmethod
+    @deprecated("0.0.1", alternative="from_messages", pending=True)
+    def from_role_strings(
+        cls, string_messages: list[tuple[str, str]]
+    ) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Create a chat prompt template from a list of (role, template) tuples.
+
+        Args:
+            string_messages: list of (role, template) tuples.
+
+        Returns:
+            a chat prompt template.
+        """
+        return cls(
+            messages=[
+                ChatMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(template, role=role)
+                for role, template in string_messages
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @deprecated("0.0.1", alternative="from_messages", pending=True)
+    def from_strings(
+        cls, string_messages: list[tuple[type[BaseMessagePromptTemplate], str]]
+    ) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Create a chat prompt template from a list of (role class, template) tuples.
+
+        Args:
+            string_messages: list of (role class, template) tuples.
+
+        Returns:
+            a chat prompt template.
+        """
+        return cls.from_messages(string_messages)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_messages(
+        cls,
+        messages: Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation],
+        template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+    ) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Create a chat prompt template from a variety of message formats.
+
+        Examples:
+            Instantiation from a list of message templates:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                template = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
+                    ("human", "Hello, how are you?"),
+                    ("ai", "I'm doing well, thanks!"),
+                    ("human", "That's good to hear."),
+                ])
+
+            Instantiation from mixed message formats:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                template = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
+                    SystemMessage(content="hello"),
+                    ("human", "Hello, how are you?"),
+                ])
+
+        Args:
+            messages: sequence of message representations.
+                  A message can be represented using the following formats:
+                  (1) BaseMessagePromptTemplate, (2) BaseMessage, (3) 2-tuple of
+                  (message type, template); e.g., ("human", "{user_input}"),
+                  (4) 2-tuple of (message class, template), (5) a string which is
+                  shorthand for ("human", template); e.g., "{user_input}".
+            template_format: format of the template. Defaults to "f-string".
+
+        Returns:
+            a chat prompt template.
+        """
+        return cls(messages, template_format=template_format)
+
+    def format_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Format the chat template into a list of finalized messages.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for filling in template variables
+                      in all the template messages in this chat template.
+
+        Returns:
+            list of formatted messages.
+        """
+        kwargs = self._merge_partial_and_user_variables(**kwargs)
+        result = []
+        for message_template in self.messages:
+            if isinstance(message_template, BaseMessage):
+                result.extend([message_template])
+            elif isinstance(
+                message_template, (BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseChatPromptTemplate)
+            ):
+                message = message_template.format_messages(**kwargs)
+                result.extend(message)
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unexpected input: {message_template}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+        return result
+
+    async def aformat_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async format the chat template into a list of finalized messages.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for filling in template variables
+                      in all the template messages in this chat template.
+
+        Returns:
+            list of formatted messages.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If unexpected input.
+        """
+        kwargs = self._merge_partial_and_user_variables(**kwargs)
+        result = []
+        for message_template in self.messages:
+            if isinstance(message_template, BaseMessage):
+                result.extend([message_template])
+            elif isinstance(
+                message_template, (BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseChatPromptTemplate)
+            ):
+                message = await message_template.aformat_messages(**kwargs)
+                result.extend(message)
+            else:
+                msg = f"Unexpected input: {message_template}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa:TRY004
+        return result
+
+    def partial(self, **kwargs: Any) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Get a new ChatPromptTemplate with some input variables already filled in.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for filling in template variables. Ought
+                        to be a subset of the input variables.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new ChatPromptTemplate.
+
+
+        Example:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+                template = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                    [
+                        ("system", "You are an AI assistant named {name}."),
+                        ("human", "Hi I'm {user}"),
+                        ("ai", "Hi there, {user}, I'm {name}."),
+                        ("human", "{input}"),
+                    ]
+                )
+                template2 = template.partial(user="Lucy", name="R2D2")
+
+                template2.format_messages(input="hello")
+        """
+        prompt_dict = self.__dict__.copy()
+        prompt_dict["input_variables"] = list(
+            set(self.input_variables).difference(kwargs)
+        )
+        prompt_dict["partial_variables"] = {**self.partial_variables, **kwargs}
+        return type(self)(**prompt_dict)
+
+    def append(self, message: MessageLikeRepresentation) -> None:
+        """Append a message to the end of the chat template.
+
+        Args:
+            message: representation of a message to append.
+        """
+        self.messages.append(_convert_to_message_template(message))
+
+    def extend(self, messages: Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation]) -> None:
+        """Extend the chat template with a sequence of messages.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: sequence of message representations to append.
+        """
+        self.messages.extend(
+            [_convert_to_message_template(message) for message in messages]
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> MessageLike: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> ChatPromptTemplate: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, index: Union[int, slice]
+    ) -> Union[MessageLike, ChatPromptTemplate]:
+        """Use to index into the chat template."""
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            start, stop, step = index.indices(len(self.messages))
+            messages = self.messages[start:stop:step]
+            return ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(messages)
+        return self.messages[index]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Get the length of the chat template."""
+        return len(self.messages)
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        """Name of prompt type. Used for serialization."""
+        return "chat"
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save prompt to file.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: path to file.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @override
+    def pretty_repr(self, html: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Human-readable representation.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format as HTML. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Human-readable representation.
+        """
+        # TODO: handle partials
+        return "\n\n".join(msg.pretty_repr(html=html) for msg in self.messages)
+
+
+def _create_template_from_message_type(
+    message_type: str,
+    template: Union[str, list],
+    template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+) -> BaseMessagePromptTemplate:
+    """Create a message prompt template from a message type and template string.
+
+    Args:
+        message_type: str the type of the message template (e.g., "human", "ai", etc.)
+        template: str the template string.
+        template_format: format of the template. Defaults to "f-string".
+
+    Returns:
+        a message prompt template of the appropriate type.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If unexpected message type.
+    """
+    if message_type in ("human", "user"):
+        message: BaseMessagePromptTemplate = HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(
+            template, template_format=template_format
+        )
+    elif message_type in ("ai", "assistant"):
+        message = AIMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(
+            cast("str", template), template_format=template_format
+        )
+    elif message_type == "system":
+        message = SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(
+            cast("str", template), template_format=template_format
+        )
+    elif message_type == "placeholder":
+        if isinstance(template, str):
+            if template[0] != "{" or template[-1] != "}":
+                msg = (
+                    f"Invalid placeholder template: {template}."
+                    " Expected a variable name surrounded by curly braces."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            var_name = template[1:-1]
+            message = MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name=var_name, optional=True)
+        elif len(template) == 2 and isinstance(template[1], bool):
+            var_name_wrapped, is_optional = template
+            if not isinstance(var_name_wrapped, str):
+                msg = f"Expected variable name to be a string. Got: {var_name_wrapped}"
+                raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa:TRY004
+            if var_name_wrapped[0] != "{" or var_name_wrapped[-1] != "}":
+                msg = (
+                    f"Invalid placeholder template: {var_name_wrapped}."
+                    " Expected a variable name surrounded by curly braces."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            var_name = var_name_wrapped[1:-1]
+
+            message = MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name=var_name, optional=is_optional)
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "Unexpected arguments for placeholder message type."
+                " Expected either a single string variable name"
+                " or a list of [variable_name: str, is_optional: bool]."
+                f" Got: {template}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Unexpected message type: {message_type}. Use one of 'human',"
+            f" 'user', 'ai', 'assistant', or 'system'."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return message
+
+
+def _convert_to_message_template(
+    message: MessageLikeRepresentation,
+    template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+) -> Union[BaseMessage, BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseChatPromptTemplate]:
+    """Instantiate a message from a variety of message formats.
+
+    The message format can be one of the following:
+
+    - BaseMessagePromptTemplate
+    - BaseMessage
+    - 2-tuple of (role string, template); e.g., ("human", "{user_input}")
+    - 2-tuple of (message class, template)
+    - string: shorthand for ("human", template); e.g., "{user_input}"
+
+    Args:
+        message: a representation of a message in one of the supported formats.
+        template_format: format of the template. Defaults to "f-string".
+
+    Returns:
+        an instance of a message or a message template.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If unexpected message type.
+        ValueError: If 2-tuple does not have 2 elements.
+    """
+    if isinstance(message, (BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseChatPromptTemplate)):
+        _message: Union[
+            BaseMessage, BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseChatPromptTemplate
+        ] = message
+    elif isinstance(message, BaseMessage):
+        _message = message
+    elif isinstance(message, str):
+        _message = _create_template_from_message_type(
+            "human", message, template_format=template_format
+        )
+    elif isinstance(message, (tuple, dict)):
+        if isinstance(message, dict):
+            if set(message.keys()) != {"content", "role"}:
+                msg = (
+                    "Expected dict to have exact keys 'role' and 'content'."
+                    f" Got: {message}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            message = (message["role"], message["content"])
+        if len(message) != 2:
+            msg = f"Expected 2-tuple of (role, template), got {message}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        message_type_str, template = message
+        if isinstance(message_type_str, str):
+            _message = _create_template_from_message_type(
+                message_type_str, template, template_format=template_format
+            )
+        else:
+            _message = message_type_str(
+                prompt=PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                    cast("str", template), template_format=template_format
+                )
+            )
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported message type: {type(message)}"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    return _message
+
+
+# For backwards compat:
+_convert_to_message = _convert_to_message_template
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/dict.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/dict.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ccdf7a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/dict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""Dict prompt template."""
+
+import warnings
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import (
+    DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING,
+    get_template_variables,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, RunnableSerializable
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import ensure_config
+
+
+class DictPromptTemplate(RunnableSerializable[dict, dict]):
+    """Template represented by a dict.
+
+    Recognizes variables in f-string or mustache formatted string dict values. Does NOT
+    recognize variables in dict keys. Applies recursively.
+    """
+
+    template: dict[str, Any]
+    template_format: Literal["f-string", "mustache"]
+
+    @property
+    def input_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Template input variables."""
+        return _get_input_variables(self.template, self.template_format)
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs."""
+        return _insert_input_variables(self.template, kwargs, self.template_format)
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs."""
+        return self.format(**kwargs)
+
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: dict, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Invoke the prompt."""
+        return self._call_with_config(
+            lambda x: self.format(**x),
+            input,
+            ensure_config(config),
+            run_type="prompt",
+            serialized=self._serialized,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        return "dict-prompt"
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _serialized(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return dumpd(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the class is serializable.
+
+        Returns: True.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Serialization namespace."""
+        return ["langchain_core", "prompts", "dict"]
+
+    def pretty_repr(self, *, html: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Human-readable representation.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format as HTML. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Human-readable representation.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+def _get_input_variables(
+    template: dict, template_format: Literal["f-string", "mustache"]
+) -> list[str]:
+    input_variables = []
+    for v in template.values():
+        if isinstance(v, str):
+            input_variables += get_template_variables(v, template_format)
+        elif isinstance(v, dict):
+            input_variables += _get_input_variables(v, template_format)
+        elif isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
+            for x in v:
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    input_variables += get_template_variables(x, template_format)
+                elif isinstance(x, dict):
+                    input_variables += _get_input_variables(x, template_format)
+        else:
+            pass
+    return list(set(input_variables))
+
+
+def _insert_input_variables(
+    template: dict[str, Any],
+    inputs: dict[str, Any],
+    template_format: Literal["f-string", "mustache"],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    formatted = {}
+    formatter = DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING[template_format]
+    for k, v in template.items():
+        if isinstance(v, str):
+            formatted[k] = formatter(v, **inputs)
+        elif isinstance(v, dict):
+            if k == "image_url" and "path" in v:
+                msg = (
+                    "Specifying image inputs via file path in environments with "
+                    "user-input paths is a security vulnerability. Out of an abundance "
+                    "of caution, the utility has been removed to prevent possible "
+                    "misuse."
+                )
+                warnings.warn(msg, stacklevel=2)
+            formatted[k] = _insert_input_variables(v, inputs, template_format)
+        elif isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
+            formatted_v = []
+            for x in v:
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    formatted_v.append(formatter(x, **inputs))
+                elif isinstance(x, dict):
+                    formatted_v.append(
+                        _insert_input_variables(x, inputs, template_format)
+                    )
+            formatted[k] = type(v)(formatted_v)
+        else:
+            formatted[k] = v
+    return formatted
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/few_shot.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/few_shot.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49d6bdf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/few_shot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+"""Prompt template that contains few shot examples."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import (
+    BaseModel,
+    ConfigDict,
+    Field,
+    model_validator,
+)
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.example_selectors import BaseExampleSelector
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, get_buffer_string
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import BaseChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.message import BaseMessagePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import (
+    DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING,
+    StringPromptTemplate,
+    check_valid_template,
+    get_template_variables,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+
+class _FewShotPromptTemplateMixin(BaseModel):
+    """Prompt template that contains few shot examples."""
+
+    examples: Optional[list[dict]] = None
+    """Examples to format into the prompt.
+    Either this or example_selector should be provided."""
+
+    example_selector: Optional[BaseExampleSelector] = None
+    """ExampleSelector to choose the examples to format into the prompt.
+    Either this or examples should be provided."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def check_examples_and_selector(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Check that one and only one of examples/example_selector are provided.
+
+        Args:
+            values: The values to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            The values if they are valid.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither or both examples and example_selector are provided.
+            ValueError: If both examples and example_selector are provided.
+        """
+        examples = values.get("examples")
+        example_selector = values.get("example_selector")
+        if examples and example_selector:
+            msg = "Only one of 'examples' and 'example_selector' should be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if examples is None and example_selector is None:
+            msg = "One of 'examples' and 'example_selector' should be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        return values
+
+    def _get_examples(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[dict]:
+        """Get the examples to use for formatting the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to the example selector.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of examples.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither examples nor example_selector are provided.
+        """
+        if self.examples is not None:
+            return self.examples
+        if self.example_selector is not None:
+            return self.example_selector.select_examples(kwargs)
+        msg = "One of 'examples' and 'example_selector' should be provided"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    async def _aget_examples(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[dict]:
+        """Async get the examples to use for formatting the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to the example selector.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of examples.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither examples nor example_selector are provided.
+        """
+        if self.examples is not None:
+            return self.examples
+        if self.example_selector is not None:
+            return await self.example_selector.aselect_examples(kwargs)
+        msg = "One of 'examples' and 'example_selector' should be provided"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+class FewShotPromptTemplate(_FewShotPromptTemplateMixin, StringPromptTemplate):
+    """Prompt template that contains few shot examples."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the class is serializable."""
+        return False
+
+    validate_template: bool = False
+    """Whether or not to try validating the template."""
+
+    example_prompt: PromptTemplate
+    """PromptTemplate used to format an individual example."""
+
+    suffix: str
+    """A prompt template string to put after the examples."""
+
+    example_separator: str = "\n\n"
+    """String separator used to join the prefix, the examples, and suffix."""
+
+    prefix: str = ""
+    """A prompt template string to put before the examples."""
+
+    template_format: Literal["f-string", "jinja2"] = "f-string"
+    """The format of the prompt template. Options are: 'f-string', 'jinja2'."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize the few shot prompt template."""
+        if "input_variables" not in kwargs and "example_prompt" in kwargs:
+            kwargs["input_variables"] = kwargs["example_prompt"].input_variables
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def template_is_valid(self) -> Self:
+        """Check that prefix, suffix, and input variables are consistent."""
+        if self.validate_template:
+            check_valid_template(
+                self.prefix + self.suffix,
+                self.template_format,
+                self.input_variables + list(self.partial_variables),
+            )
+        elif self.template_format or None:
+            self.input_variables = [
+                var
+                for var in get_template_variables(
+                    self.prefix + self.suffix, self.template_format
+                )
+                if var not in self.partial_variables
+            ]
+        return self
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format the prompt with inputs generating a string.
+
+        Use this method to generate a string representation of a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string representation of the prompt.
+        """
+        kwargs = self._merge_partial_and_user_variables(**kwargs)
+        # Get the examples to use.
+        examples = self._get_examples(**kwargs)
+        examples = [
+            {k: e[k] for k in self.example_prompt.input_variables} for e in examples
+        ]
+        # Format the examples.
+        example_strings = [
+            self.example_prompt.format(**example) for example in examples
+        ]
+        # Create the overall template.
+        pieces = [self.prefix, *example_strings, self.suffix]
+        template = self.example_separator.join([piece for piece in pieces if piece])
+
+        # Format the template with the input variables.
+        return DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING[self.template_format](template, **kwargs)
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Async format the prompt with inputs generating a string.
+
+        Use this method to generate a string representation of a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string representation of the prompt.
+        """
+        kwargs = self._merge_partial_and_user_variables(**kwargs)
+        # Get the examples to use.
+        examples = await self._aget_examples(**kwargs)
+        examples = [
+            {k: e[k] for k in self.example_prompt.input_variables} for e in examples
+        ]
+        # Format the examples.
+        example_strings = [
+            await self.example_prompt.aformat(**example) for example in examples
+        ]
+        # Create the overall template.
+        pieces = [self.prefix, *example_strings, self.suffix]
+        template = self.example_separator.join([piece for piece in pieces if piece])
+
+        # Format the template with the input variables.
+        return DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING[self.template_format](template, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the prompt type key."""
+        return "few_shot"
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the prompt template to a file.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: The path to save the prompt template to.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If example_selector is provided.
+        """
+        if self.example_selector:
+            msg = "Saving an example selector is not currently supported"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return super().save(file_path)
+
+
+class FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate(
+    BaseChatPromptTemplate, _FewShotPromptTemplateMixin
+):
+    """Chat prompt template that supports few-shot examples.
+
+    The high level structure of produced by this prompt template is a list of messages
+    consisting of prefix message(s), example message(s), and suffix message(s).
+
+    This structure enables creating a conversation with intermediate examples like:
+
+        System: You are a helpful AI Assistant
+        Human: What is 2+2?
+        AI: 4
+        Human: What is 2+3?
+        AI: 5
+        Human: What is 4+4?
+
+    This prompt template can be used to generate a fixed list of examples or else
+    to dynamically select examples based on the input.
+
+    Examples:
+        Prompt template with a fixed list of examples (matching the sample
+        conversation above):
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import (
+                FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate,
+                ChatPromptTemplate
+            )
+
+            examples = [
+                {"input": "2+2", "output": "4"},
+                {"input": "2+3", "output": "5"},
+            ]
+
+            example_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+            [('human', 'What is {input}?'), ('ai', '{output}')]
+            )
+
+            few_shot_prompt = FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate(
+                examples=examples,
+                # This is a prompt template used to format each individual example.
+                example_prompt=example_prompt,
+            )
+
+            final_prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [
+                    ('system', 'You are a helpful AI Assistant'),
+                    few_shot_prompt,
+                    ('human', '{input}'),
+                ]
+            )
+            final_prompt.format(input="What is 4+4?")
+
+        Prompt template with dynamically selected examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector
+            from langchain_core.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
+            from langchain_core.vectorstores import Chroma
+
+            examples = [
+                {"input": "2+2", "output": "4"},
+                {"input": "2+3", "output": "5"},
+                {"input": "2+4", "output": "6"},
+                # ...
+            ]
+
+            to_vectorize = [
+                " ".join(example.values())
+                for example in examples
+            ]
+            embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()
+            vectorstore = Chroma.from_texts(
+                to_vectorize, embeddings, metadatas=examples
+            )
+            example_selector = SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector(
+                vectorstore=vectorstore
+            )
+
+            from langchain_core import SystemMessage
+            from langchain_core.prompts import HumanMessagePromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate
+
+            few_shot_prompt = FewShotChatMessagePromptTemplate(
+                # Which variable(s) will be passed to the example selector.
+                input_variables=["input"],
+                example_selector=example_selector,
+                # Define how each example will be formatted.
+                # In this case, each example will become 2 messages:
+                # 1 human, and 1 AI
+                example_prompt=(
+                    HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{input}")
+                    + AIMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{output}")
+                ),
+            )
+            # Define the overall prompt.
+            final_prompt = (
+                SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template(
+                    "You are a helpful AI Assistant"
+                )
+                + few_shot_prompt
+                + HumanMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("{input}")
+            )
+            # Show the prompt
+            print(final_prompt.format_messages(input="What's 3+3?"))  # noqa: T201
+
+            # Use within an LLM
+            from langchain_core.chat_models import ChatAnthropic
+            chain = final_prompt | ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-haiku-20240307")
+            chain.invoke({"input": "What's 3+3?"})
+    """
+
+    input_variables: list[str] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """A list of the names of the variables the prompt template will use
+    to pass to the example_selector, if provided."""
+
+    example_prompt: Union[BaseMessagePromptTemplate, BaseChatPromptTemplate]
+    """The class to format each example."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the class is serializable."""
+        return False
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    def format_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Format kwargs into a list of messages.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for filling in templates in messages.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of formatted messages with all template variables filled in.
+        """
+        # Get the examples to use.
+        examples = self._get_examples(**kwargs)
+        examples = [
+            {k: e[k] for k in self.example_prompt.input_variables} for e in examples
+        ]
+        # Format the examples.
+        return [
+            message
+            for example in examples
+            for message in self.example_prompt.format_messages(**example)
+        ]
+
+    async def aformat_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async format kwargs into a list of messages.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for filling in templates in messages.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of formatted messages with all template variables filled in.
+        """
+        # Get the examples to use.
+        examples = await self._aget_examples(**kwargs)
+        examples = [
+            {k: e[k] for k in self.example_prompt.input_variables} for e in examples
+        ]
+        # Format the examples.
+        return [
+            message
+            for example in examples
+            for message in await self.example_prompt.aformat_messages(**example)
+        ]
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format the prompt with inputs generating a string.
+
+        Use this method to generate a string representation of a prompt consisting
+        of chat messages.
+
+        Useful for feeding into a string-based completion language model or debugging.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string representation of the prompt
+        """
+        messages = self.format_messages(**kwargs)
+        return get_buffer_string(messages)
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Async format the prompt with inputs generating a string.
+
+        Use this method to generate a string representation of a prompt consisting
+        of chat messages.
+
+        Useful for feeding into a string-based completion language model or debugging.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string representation of the prompt
+        """
+        messages = await self.aformat_messages(**kwargs)
+        return get_buffer_string(messages)
+
+    @override
+    def pretty_repr(self, html: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Return a pretty representation of the prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether or not to return an HTML formatted string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pretty representation of the prompt template.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/few_shot_with_templates.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/few_shot_with_templates.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a32146f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/few_shot_with_templates.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+"""Prompt template that contains few shot examples."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import (
+    DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING,
+    PromptTemplateFormat,
+    StringPromptTemplate,
+)
+
+
+class FewShotPromptWithTemplates(StringPromptTemplate):
+    """Prompt template that contains few shot examples."""
+
+    examples: Optional[list[dict]] = None
+    """Examples to format into the prompt.
+    Either this or example_selector should be provided."""
+
+    example_selector: Any = None
+    """ExampleSelector to choose the examples to format into the prompt.
+    Either this or examples should be provided."""
+
+    example_prompt: PromptTemplate
+    """PromptTemplate used to format an individual example."""
+
+    suffix: StringPromptTemplate
+    """A PromptTemplate to put after the examples."""
+
+    example_separator: str = "\n\n"
+    """String separator used to join the prefix, the examples, and suffix."""
+
+    prefix: Optional[StringPromptTemplate] = None
+    """A PromptTemplate to put before the examples."""
+
+    template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string"
+    """The format of the prompt template.
+    Options are: 'f-string', 'jinja2', 'mustache'."""
+
+    validate_template: bool = False
+    """Whether or not to try validating the template."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "few_shot_with_templates"]
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def check_examples_and_selector(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Check that one and only one of examples/example_selector are provided."""
+        examples = values.get("examples")
+        example_selector = values.get("example_selector")
+        if examples and example_selector:
+            msg = "Only one of 'examples' and 'example_selector' should be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if examples is None and example_selector is None:
+            msg = "One of 'examples' and 'example_selector' should be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        return values
+
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def template_is_valid(self) -> Self:
+        """Check that prefix, suffix, and input variables are consistent."""
+        if self.validate_template:
+            input_variables = self.input_variables
+            expected_input_variables = set(self.suffix.input_variables)
+            expected_input_variables |= set(self.partial_variables)
+            if self.prefix is not None:
+                expected_input_variables |= set(self.prefix.input_variables)
+            missing_vars = expected_input_variables.difference(input_variables)
+            if missing_vars:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Got input_variables={input_variables}, but based on "
+                    f"prefix/suffix expected {expected_input_variables}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+        else:
+            self.input_variables = sorted(
+                set(self.suffix.input_variables)
+                | set(self.prefix.input_variables if self.prefix else [])
+                - set(self.partial_variables)
+            )
+        return self
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+        extra="forbid",
+    )
+
+    def _get_examples(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[dict]:
+        if self.examples is not None:
+            return self.examples
+        if self.example_selector is not None:
+            return self.example_selector.select_examples(kwargs)
+        raise ValueError
+
+    async def _aget_examples(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[dict]:
+        if self.examples is not None:
+            return self.examples
+        if self.example_selector is not None:
+            return await self.example_selector.aselect_examples(kwargs)
+        raise ValueError
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            prompt.format(variable1="foo")
+        """
+        kwargs = self._merge_partial_and_user_variables(**kwargs)
+        # Get the examples to use.
+        examples = self._get_examples(**kwargs)
+        # Format the examples.
+        example_strings = [
+            self.example_prompt.format(**example) for example in examples
+        ]
+        # Create the overall prefix.
+        if self.prefix is None:
+            prefix = ""
+        else:
+            prefix_kwargs = {
+                k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in self.prefix.input_variables
+            }
+            for k in prefix_kwargs:
+                kwargs.pop(k)
+            prefix = self.prefix.format(**prefix_kwargs)
+
+        # Create the overall suffix
+        suffix_kwargs = {
+            k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in self.suffix.input_variables
+        }
+        for k in suffix_kwargs:
+            kwargs.pop(k)
+        suffix = self.suffix.format(
+            **suffix_kwargs,
+        )
+
+        pieces = [prefix, *example_strings, suffix]
+        template = self.example_separator.join([piece for piece in pieces if piece])
+        # Format the template with the input variables.
+        return DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING[self.template_format](template, **kwargs)
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Async format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        kwargs = self._merge_partial_and_user_variables(**kwargs)
+        # Get the examples to use.
+        examples = await self._aget_examples(**kwargs)
+        # Format the examples.
+        example_strings = [
+            # We can use the sync method here as PromptTemplate doesn't block
+            self.example_prompt.format(**example)
+            for example in examples
+        ]
+        # Create the overall prefix.
+        if self.prefix is None:
+            prefix = ""
+        else:
+            prefix_kwargs = {
+                k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in self.prefix.input_variables
+            }
+            for k in prefix_kwargs:
+                kwargs.pop(k)
+            prefix = await self.prefix.aformat(**prefix_kwargs)
+
+        # Create the overall suffix
+        suffix_kwargs = {
+            k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in self.suffix.input_variables
+        }
+        for k in suffix_kwargs:
+            kwargs.pop(k)
+        suffix = await self.suffix.aformat(
+            **suffix_kwargs,
+        )
+
+        pieces = [prefix, *example_strings, suffix]
+        template = self.example_separator.join([piece for piece in pieces if piece])
+        # Format the template with the input variables.
+        return DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING[self.template_format](template, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the prompt type key."""
+        return "few_shot_with_templates"
+
+    def save(self, file_path: Union[Path, str]) -> None:
+        """Save the prompt to a file.
+
+        Args:
+            file_path: The path to save the prompt to.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If example_selector is provided.
+        """
+        if self.example_selector:
+            msg = "Saving an example selector is not currently supported"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return super().save(file_path)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/image.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/image.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..525d2941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/image.py
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+"""Image prompt template for a multimodal model."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import ImagePromptValue, ImageURL, PromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import (
+    DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING,
+    PromptTemplateFormat,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+
+class ImagePromptTemplate(BasePromptTemplate[ImageURL]):
+    """Image prompt template for a multimodal model."""
+
+    template: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Template for the prompt."""
+    template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string"
+    """The format of the prompt template.
+    Options are: 'f-string', 'mustache', 'jinja2'."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Create an image prompt template."""
+        if "input_variables" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs["input_variables"] = []
+
+        overlap = set(kwargs["input_variables"]) & {"url", "path", "detail"}
+        if overlap:
+            msg = (
+                "input_variables for the image template cannot contain"
+                " any of 'url', 'path', or 'detail'."
+                f" Found: {overlap}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the prompt type key."""
+        return "image-prompt"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "image"]
+
+    def format_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        return ImagePromptValue(image_url=self.format(**kwargs))
+
+    async def aformat_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Async format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        return ImagePromptValue(image_url=await self.aformat(**kwargs))
+
+    def format(
+        self,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ImageURL:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the url is not provided.
+            ValueError: If the url is not a string.
+
+        Example:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                prompt.format(variable1="foo")
+        """
+        formatted = {}
+        for k, v in self.template.items():
+            if isinstance(v, str):
+                formatted[k] = DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING[self.template_format](
+                    v, **kwargs
+                )
+            else:
+                formatted[k] = v
+        url = kwargs.get("url") or formatted.get("url")
+        if kwargs.get("path") or formatted.get("path"):
+            msg = (
+                "Loading images from 'path' has been removed as of 0.3.15 for security "
+                "reasons. Please specify images by 'url'."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        detail = kwargs.get("detail") or formatted.get("detail")
+        if not url:
+            msg = "Must provide url."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if not isinstance(url, str):
+            msg = "url must be a string."
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+        output: ImageURL = {"url": url}
+        if detail:
+            # Don't check literal values here: let the API check them
+            output["detail"] = detail
+        return output
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> ImageURL:
+        """Async format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the path or url is not a string.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.format, **kwargs)
+
+    def pretty_repr(
+        self,
+        html: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> str:
+        """Return a pretty representation of the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to return an html formatted string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pretty representation of the prompt.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3eb24c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+"""Load prompts."""
+
+import json
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Callable, Optional, Union
+
+import yaml
+
+from langchain_core.output_parsers.string import StrOutputParser
+from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.few_shot import FewShotPromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.prompt import PromptTemplate
+
+URL_BASE = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hwchase17/langchain-hub/master/prompts/"
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def load_prompt_from_config(config: dict) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+    """Load prompt from Config Dict.
+
+    Args:
+        config: Dict containing the prompt configuration.
+
+    Returns:
+        A PromptTemplate object.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the prompt type is not supported.
+    """
+    if "_type" not in config:
+        logger.warning("No `_type` key found, defaulting to `prompt`.")
+    config_type = config.pop("_type", "prompt")
+
+    if config_type not in type_to_loader_dict:
+        msg = f"Loading {config_type} prompt not supported"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    prompt_loader = type_to_loader_dict[config_type]
+    return prompt_loader(config)
+
+
+def _load_template(var_name: str, config: dict) -> dict:
+    """Load template from the path if applicable."""
+    # Check if template_path exists in config.
+    if f"{var_name}_path" in config:
+        # If it does, make sure template variable doesn't also exist.
+        if var_name in config:
+            msg = f"Both `{var_name}_path` and `{var_name}` cannot be provided."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        # Pop the template path from the config.
+        template_path = Path(config.pop(f"{var_name}_path"))
+        # Load the template.
+        if template_path.suffix == ".txt":
+            template = template_path.read_text()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError
+        # Set the template variable to the extracted variable.
+        config[var_name] = template
+    return config
+
+
+def _load_examples(config: dict) -> dict:
+    """Load examples if necessary."""
+    if isinstance(config["examples"], list):
+        pass
+    elif isinstance(config["examples"], str):
+        path = Path(config["examples"])
+        with path.open() as f:
+            if path.suffix == ".json":
+                examples = json.load(f)
+            elif path.suffix in {".yaml", ".yml"}:
+                examples = yaml.safe_load(f)
+            else:
+                msg = "Invalid file format. Only json or yaml formats are supported."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+        config["examples"] = examples
+    else:
+        msg = "Invalid examples format. Only list or string are supported."
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa:TRY004
+    return config
+
+
+def _load_output_parser(config: dict) -> dict:
+    """Load output parser."""
+    if "output_parser" in config and config["output_parser"]:
+        _config = config.pop("output_parser")
+        output_parser_type = _config.pop("_type")
+        if output_parser_type == "default":
+            output_parser = StrOutputParser(**_config)
+        else:
+            msg = f"Unsupported output parser {output_parser_type}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        config["output_parser"] = output_parser
+    return config
+
+
+def _load_few_shot_prompt(config: dict) -> FewShotPromptTemplate:
+    """Load the "few shot" prompt from the config."""
+    # Load the suffix and prefix templates.
+    config = _load_template("suffix", config)
+    config = _load_template("prefix", config)
+    # Load the example prompt.
+    if "example_prompt_path" in config:
+        if "example_prompt" in config:
+            msg = (
+                "Only one of example_prompt and example_prompt_path should "
+                "be specified."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        config["example_prompt"] = load_prompt(config.pop("example_prompt_path"))
+    else:
+        config["example_prompt"] = load_prompt_from_config(config["example_prompt"])
+    # Load the examples.
+    config = _load_examples(config)
+    config = _load_output_parser(config)
+    return FewShotPromptTemplate(**config)
+
+
+def _load_prompt(config: dict) -> PromptTemplate:
+    """Load the prompt template from config."""
+    # Load the template from disk if necessary.
+    config = _load_template("template", config)
+    config = _load_output_parser(config)
+
+    template_format = config.get("template_format", "f-string")
+    if template_format == "jinja2":
+        # Disabled due to:
+        # https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/issues/4394
+        msg = (
+            f"Loading templates with '{template_format}' format is no longer supported "
+            f"since it can lead to arbitrary code execution. Please migrate to using "
+            f"the 'f-string' template format, which does not suffer from this issue."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return PromptTemplate(**config)
+
+
+def load_prompt(
+    path: Union[str, Path], encoding: Optional[str] = None
+) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+    """Unified method for loading a prompt from LangChainHub or local fs.
+
+    Args:
+        path: Path to the prompt file.
+        encoding: Encoding of the file. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        A PromptTemplate object.
+
+    Raises:
+        RuntimeError: If the path is a Lang Chain Hub path.
+    """
+    if isinstance(path, str) and path.startswith("lc://"):
+        msg = (
+            "Loading from the deprecated github-based Hub is no longer supported. "
+            "Please use the new LangChain Hub at https://smith.langchain.com/hub "
+            "instead."
+        )
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+    return _load_prompt_from_file(path, encoding)
+
+
+def _load_prompt_from_file(
+    file: Union[str, Path], encoding: Optional[str] = None
+) -> BasePromptTemplate:
+    """Load prompt from file."""
+    # Convert file to a Path object.
+    file_path = Path(file)
+    # Load from either json or yaml.
+    if file_path.suffix == ".json":
+        with file_path.open(encoding=encoding) as f:
+            config = json.load(f)
+    elif file_path.suffix.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+        with file_path.open(encoding=encoding) as f:
+            config = yaml.safe_load(f)
+    else:
+        msg = f"Got unsupported file type {file_path.suffix}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    # Load the prompt from the config now.
+    return load_prompt_from_config(config)
+
+
+def _load_chat_prompt(config: dict) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+    """Load chat prompt from config."""
+    messages = config.pop("messages")
+    template = messages[0]["prompt"].pop("template") if messages else None
+    config.pop("input_variables")
+
+    if not template:
+        msg = "Can't load chat prompt without template"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return ChatPromptTemplate.from_template(template=template, **config)
+
+
+type_to_loader_dict: dict[str, Callable[[dict], BasePromptTemplate]] = {
+    "prompt": _load_prompt,
+    "few_shot": _load_few_shot_prompt,
+    "chat": _load_chat_prompt,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..668374a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Message prompt templates."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from langchain_core.load import Serializable
+from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+from langchain_core.utils.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+
+class BaseMessagePromptTemplate(Serializable, ABC):
+    """Base class for message prompt templates."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the class is serializable.
+
+        Returns: True.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Default namespace is ["langchain", "prompts", "chat"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "chat"]
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def format_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Format messages from kwargs. Should return a list of BaseMessages.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of BaseMessages.
+        """
+
+    async def aformat_messages(self, **kwargs: Any) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        """Async format messages from kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to use for formatting.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of BaseMessages.
+        """
+        return self.format_messages(**kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def input_variables(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Input variables for this prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of input variables.
+        """
+
+    def pretty_repr(
+        self,
+        html: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> str:
+        """Human-readable representation.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to format as HTML. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Human-readable representation.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def pretty_print(self) -> None:
+        """Print a human-readable representation."""
+        print(self.pretty_repr(html=is_interactive_env()))  # noqa: T201
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Combine two prompt templates.
+
+        Args:
+            other: Another prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            Combined prompt template.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.prompts.chat import ChatPromptTemplate
+
+        prompt = ChatPromptTemplate(messages=[self])
+        return prompt + other
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/pipeline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/pipeline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c771b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/pipeline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""[DEPRECATED] Pipeline prompt template."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from pydantic import model_validator
+
+from langchain_core._api.deprecation import deprecated
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import BaseChatPromptTemplate
+
+
+def _get_inputs(inputs: dict, input_variables: list[str]) -> dict:
+    return {k: inputs[k] for k in input_variables}
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.3.22",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "This class is deprecated. Please see the docstring below or at the link"
+        " for a replacement option: "
+        "https://python.langchain.com/api_reference/core/prompts/langchain_core.prompts.pipeline.PipelinePromptTemplate.html"
+    ),
+)
+class PipelinePromptTemplate(BasePromptTemplate):
+    """[DEPRECATED] Pipeline prompt template.
+
+    This has been deprecated in favor of chaining individual prompts together in your
+    code. E.g. using a for loop, you could do:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        my_input = {"key": "value"}
+        for name, prompt in pipeline_prompts:
+            my_input[name] = prompt.invoke(my_input).to_string()
+        my_output = final_prompt.invoke(my_input)
+
+    Prompt template for composing multiple prompt templates together.
+
+    This can be useful when you want to reuse parts of prompts.
+
+    A PipelinePrompt consists of two main parts:
+        - final_prompt: This is the final prompt that is returned
+        - pipeline_prompts: This is a list of tuples, consisting
+          of a string (`name`) and a Prompt Template.
+          Each PromptTemplate will be formatted and then passed
+          to future prompt templates as a variable with
+          the same name as `name`
+    """
+
+    final_prompt: BasePromptTemplate
+    """The final prompt that is returned."""
+    pipeline_prompts: list[tuple[str, BasePromptTemplate]]
+    """A list of tuples, consisting of a string (`name`) and a Prompt Template."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "pipeline"]
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def get_input_variables(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Get input variables."""
+        created_variables = set()
+        all_variables = set()
+        for k, prompt in values["pipeline_prompts"]:
+            created_variables.add(k)
+            all_variables.update(prompt.input_variables)
+        values["input_variables"] = list(all_variables.difference(created_variables))
+        return values
+
+    def format_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        for k, prompt in self.pipeline_prompts:
+            _inputs = _get_inputs(kwargs, prompt.input_variables)
+            if isinstance(prompt, BaseChatPromptTemplate):
+                kwargs[k] = prompt.format_messages(**_inputs)
+            else:
+                kwargs[k] = prompt.format(**_inputs)
+        _inputs = _get_inputs(kwargs, self.final_prompt.input_variables)
+        return self.final_prompt.format_prompt(**_inputs)
+
+    async def aformat_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Async format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        for k, prompt in self.pipeline_prompts:
+            _inputs = _get_inputs(kwargs, prompt.input_variables)
+            if isinstance(prompt, BaseChatPromptTemplate):
+                kwargs[k] = await prompt.aformat_messages(**_inputs)
+            else:
+                kwargs[k] = await prompt.aformat(**_inputs)
+        _inputs = _get_inputs(kwargs, self.final_prompt.input_variables)
+        return await self.final_prompt.aformat_prompt(**_inputs)
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        return self.format_prompt(**kwargs).to_string()
+
+    async def aformat(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Async format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        return (await self.aformat_prompt(**kwargs)).to_string()
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        raise ValueError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..190b0aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+"""Prompt schema definition."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import (
+    DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING,
+    PromptTemplateFormat,
+    StringPromptTemplate,
+    check_valid_template,
+    get_template_variables,
+    mustache_schema,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig
+
+
+class PromptTemplate(StringPromptTemplate):
+    """Prompt template for a language model.
+
+    A prompt template consists of a string template. It accepts a set of parameters
+    from the user that can be used to generate a prompt for a language model.
+
+    The template can be formatted using either f-strings (default), jinja2,
+    or mustache syntax.
+
+    *Security warning*:
+        Prefer using `template_format="f-string"` instead of
+        `template_format="jinja2"`, or make sure to NEVER accept jinja2 templates
+        from untrusted sources as they may lead to arbitrary Python code execution.
+
+        As of LangChain 0.0.329, Jinja2 templates will be rendered using
+        Jinja2's SandboxedEnvironment by default. This sand-boxing should
+        be treated as a best-effort approach rather than a guarantee of security,
+        as it is an opt-out rather than opt-in approach.
+
+        Despite the sand-boxing, we recommend to never use jinja2 templates
+        from untrusted sources.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+            # Instantiation using from_template (recommended)
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template("Say {foo}")
+            prompt.format(foo="bar")
+
+            # Instantiation using initializer
+            prompt = PromptTemplate(template="Say {foo}")
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def lc_attributes(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "template_format": self.template_format,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "prompt"]
+
+    template: str
+    """The prompt template."""
+
+    template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string"
+    """The format of the prompt template.
+    Options are: 'f-string', 'mustache', 'jinja2'."""
+
+    validate_template: bool = False
+    """Whether or not to try validating the template."""
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def pre_init_validation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Check that template and input variables are consistent."""
+        if values.get("template") is None:
+            # Will let pydantic fail with a ValidationError if template
+            # is not provided.
+            return values
+
+        # Set some default values based on the field defaults
+        values.setdefault("template_format", "f-string")
+        values.setdefault("partial_variables", {})
+
+        if values.get("validate_template"):
+            if values["template_format"] == "mustache":
+                msg = "Mustache templates cannot be validated."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            if "input_variables" not in values:
+                msg = "Input variables must be provided to validate the template."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            all_inputs = values["input_variables"] + list(values["partial_variables"])
+            check_valid_template(
+                values["template"], values["template_format"], all_inputs
+            )
+
+        if values["template_format"]:
+            values["input_variables"] = [
+                var
+                for var in get_template_variables(
+                    values["template"], values["template_format"]
+                )
+                if var not in values["partial_variables"]
+            ]
+
+        return values
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(self, config: RunnableConfig | None = None) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get the input schema for the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The runnable configuration.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input schema for the prompt.
+        """
+        if self.template_format != "mustache":
+            return super().get_input_schema(config)
+
+        return mustache_schema(self.template)
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> PromptTemplate:
+        """Override the + operator to allow for combining prompt templates."""
+        # Allow for easy combining
+        if isinstance(other, PromptTemplate):
+            if self.template_format != "f-string":
+                msg = "Adding prompt templates only supported for f-strings."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if other.template_format != "f-string":
+                msg = "Adding prompt templates only supported for f-strings."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            input_variables = list(
+                set(self.input_variables) | set(other.input_variables)
+            )
+            template = self.template + other.template
+            # If any do not want to validate, then don't
+            validate_template = self.validate_template and other.validate_template
+            partial_variables = dict(self.partial_variables.items())
+            for k, v in other.partial_variables.items():
+                if k in partial_variables:
+                    msg = "Cannot have same variable partialed twice."
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                partial_variables[k] = v
+            return PromptTemplate(
+                template=template,
+                input_variables=input_variables,
+                partial_variables=partial_variables,
+                template_format="f-string",
+                validate_template=validate_template,
+            )
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(other)
+            return self + prompt
+        msg = f"Unsupported operand type for +: {type(other)}"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def _prompt_type(self) -> str:
+        """Return the prompt type key."""
+        return "prompt"
+
+    def format(self, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        kwargs = self._merge_partial_and_user_variables(**kwargs)
+        return DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING[self.template_format](self.template, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_examples(
+        cls,
+        examples: list[str],
+        suffix: str,
+        input_variables: list[str],
+        example_separator: str = "\n\n",
+        prefix: str = "",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> PromptTemplate:
+        """Take examples in list format with prefix and suffix to create a prompt.
+
+        Intended to be used as a way to dynamically create a prompt from examples.
+
+        Args:
+            examples: List of examples to use in the prompt.
+            suffix: String to go after the list of examples. Should generally
+                set up the user's input.
+            input_variables: A list of variable names the final prompt template
+                will expect.
+            example_separator: The separator to use in between examples. Defaults
+                to two new line characters.
+            prefix: String that should go before any examples. Generally includes
+                examples. Default to an empty string.
+
+        Returns:
+            The final prompt generated.
+        """
+        template = example_separator.join([prefix, *examples, suffix])
+        return cls(input_variables=input_variables, template=template, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_file(
+        cls,
+        template_file: Union[str, Path],
+        input_variables: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> PromptTemplate:
+        """Load a prompt from a file.
+
+        Args:
+            template_file: The path to the file containing the prompt template.
+            input_variables: [DEPRECATED] A list of variable names the final prompt
+                template will expect. Defaults to None.
+            encoding: The encoding system for opening the template file.
+                If not provided, will use the OS default.
+
+        input_variables is ignored as from_file now delegates to from_template().
+
+        Returns:
+            The prompt loaded from the file.
+        """
+        template = Path(template_file).read_text(encoding=encoding)
+        if input_variables:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "`input_variables' is deprecated and ignored.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        return cls.from_template(template=template, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_template(
+        cls,
+        template: str,
+        *,
+        template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+        partial_variables: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> PromptTemplate:
+        """Load a prompt template from a template.
+
+        *Security warning*:
+            Prefer using `template_format="f-string"` instead of
+            `template_format="jinja2"`, or make sure to NEVER accept jinja2 templates
+            from untrusted sources as they may lead to arbitrary Python code execution.
+
+            As of LangChain 0.0.329, Jinja2 templates will be rendered using
+            Jinja2's SandboxedEnvironment by default. This sand-boxing should
+            be treated as a best-effort approach rather than a guarantee of security,
+            as it is an opt-out rather than opt-in approach.
+
+            Despite the sand-boxing, we recommend never using jinja2 templates
+            from untrusted sources.
+
+        Args:
+            template: The template to load.
+            template_format: The format of the template. Use `jinja2` for jinja2,
+                             `mustache` for mustache, and `f-string` for f-strings.
+                             Defaults to `f-string`.
+            partial_variables: A dictionary of variables that can be used to partially
+                               fill in the template. For example, if the template is
+                              `"{variable1} {variable2}"`, and `partial_variables` is
+                              `{"variable1": "foo"}`, then the final prompt will be
+                              `"foo {variable2}"`. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Any other arguments to pass to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            The prompt template loaded from the template.
+        """
+        input_variables = get_template_variables(template, template_format)
+        _partial_variables = partial_variables or {}
+
+        if _partial_variables:
+            input_variables = [
+                var for var in input_variables if var not in _partial_variables
+            ]
+
+        return cls(
+            input_variables=input_variables,
+            template=template,
+            template_format=template_format,
+            partial_variables=_partial_variables,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/string.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/string.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e63d54db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/string.py
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+"""BasePrompt schema definition."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC
+from string import Formatter
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, create_model
+
+from langchain_core.prompt_values import PromptValue, StringPromptValue
+from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+from langchain_core.utils import get_colored_text, mustache
+from langchain_core.utils.formatting import formatter
+from langchain_core.utils.interactive_env import is_interactive_env
+
+PromptTemplateFormat = Literal["f-string", "mustache", "jinja2"]
+
+
+def jinja2_formatter(template: str, /, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+    """Format a template using jinja2.
+
+    *Security warning*:
+        As of LangChain 0.0.329, this method uses Jinja2's
+        SandboxedEnvironment by default. However, this sand-boxing should
+        be treated as a best-effort approach rather than a guarantee of security.
+        Do not accept jinja2 templates from untrusted sources as they may lead
+        to arbitrary Python code execution.
+
+        https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/3.1.x/sandbox/
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        **kwargs: The variables to format the template with.
+
+    Returns:
+        The formatted string.
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If jinja2 is not installed.
+    """
+    try:
+        from jinja2.sandbox import SandboxedEnvironment
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = (
+            "jinja2 not installed, which is needed to use the jinja2_formatter. "
+            "Please install it with `pip install jinja2`."
+            "Please be cautious when using jinja2 templates. "
+            "Do not expand jinja2 templates using unverified or user-controlled "
+            "inputs as that can result in arbitrary Python code execution."
+        )
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+
+    # This uses a sandboxed environment to prevent arbitrary code execution.
+    # Jinja2 uses an opt-out rather than opt-in approach for sand-boxing.
+    # Please treat this sand-boxing as a best-effort approach rather than
+    # a guarantee of security.
+    # We recommend to never use jinja2 templates with untrusted inputs.
+    # https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/3.1.x/sandbox/
+    # approach not a guarantee of security.
+    return SandboxedEnvironment().from_string(template).render(**kwargs)
+
+
+def validate_jinja2(template: str, input_variables: list[str]) -> None:
+    """Validate that the input variables are valid for the template.
+
+    Issues a warning if missing or extra variables are found.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        input_variables: The input variables.
+    """
+    input_variables_set = set(input_variables)
+    valid_variables = _get_jinja2_variables_from_template(template)
+    missing_variables = valid_variables - input_variables_set
+    extra_variables = input_variables_set - valid_variables
+
+    warning_message = ""
+    if missing_variables:
+        warning_message += f"Missing variables: {missing_variables} "
+
+    if extra_variables:
+        warning_message += f"Extra variables: {extra_variables}"
+
+    if warning_message:
+        warnings.warn(warning_message.strip(), stacklevel=7)
+
+
+def _get_jinja2_variables_from_template(template: str) -> set[str]:
+    try:
+        from jinja2 import Environment, meta
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = (
+            "jinja2 not installed, which is needed to use the jinja2_formatter. "
+            "Please install it with `pip install jinja2`."
+        )
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+    env = Environment()  # noqa: S701
+    ast = env.parse(template)
+    return meta.find_undeclared_variables(ast)
+
+
+def mustache_formatter(template: str, /, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+    """Format a template using mustache.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        **kwargs: The variables to format the template with.
+
+    Returns:
+        The formatted string.
+    """
+    return mustache.render(template, kwargs)
+
+
+def mustache_template_vars(
+    template: str,
+) -> set[str]:
+    """Get the variables from a mustache template.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+
+    Returns:
+        The variables from the template.
+    """
+    vars: set[str] = set()
+    section_depth = 0
+    for type, key in mustache.tokenize(template):
+        if type == "end":
+            section_depth -= 1
+        elif (
+            type in ("variable", "section", "inverted section", "no escape")
+            and key != "."
+            and section_depth == 0
+        ):
+            vars.add(key.split(".")[0])
+        if type in ("section", "inverted section"):
+            section_depth += 1
+    return vars
+
+
+Defs = dict[str, "Defs"]
+
+
+def mustache_schema(
+    template: str,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Get the variables from a mustache template.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+
+    Returns:
+        The variables from the template as a Pydantic model.
+    """
+    fields = {}
+    prefix: tuple[str, ...] = ()
+    section_stack: list[tuple[str, ...]] = []
+    for type, key in mustache.tokenize(template):
+        if key == ".":
+            continue
+        if type == "end":
+            if section_stack:
+                prefix = section_stack.pop()
+        elif type in ("section", "inverted section"):
+            section_stack.append(prefix)
+            prefix = prefix + tuple(key.split("."))
+            fields[prefix] = False
+        elif type in ("variable", "no escape"):
+            fields[prefix + tuple(key.split("."))] = True
+    defs: Defs = {}  # None means leaf node
+    while fields:
+        field, is_leaf = fields.popitem()
+        current = defs
+        for part in field[:-1]:
+            current = current.setdefault(part, {})
+        current.setdefault(field[-1], "" if is_leaf else {})  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return _create_model_recursive("PromptInput", defs)
+
+
+def _create_model_recursive(name: str, defs: Defs) -> type:
+    return create_model(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        name,
+        **{
+            k: (_create_model_recursive(k, v), None) if v else (type(v), None)
+            for k, v in defs.items()
+        },
+    )
+
+
+DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING: dict[str, Callable] = {
+    "f-string": formatter.format,
+    "mustache": mustache_formatter,
+    "jinja2": jinja2_formatter,
+}
+
+DEFAULT_VALIDATOR_MAPPING: dict[str, Callable] = {
+    "f-string": formatter.validate_input_variables,
+    "jinja2": validate_jinja2,
+}
+
+
+def check_valid_template(
+    template: str, template_format: str, input_variables: list[str]
+) -> None:
+    """Check that template string is valid.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        template_format: The template format. Should be one of "f-string" or "jinja2".
+        input_variables: The input variables.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the template format is not supported.
+        ValueError: If the prompt schema is invalid.
+    """
+    try:
+        validator_func = DEFAULT_VALIDATOR_MAPPING[template_format]
+    except KeyError as exc:
+        msg = (
+            f"Invalid template format {template_format!r}, should be one of"
+            f" {list(DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING)}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg) from exc
+    try:
+        validator_func(template, input_variables)
+    except (KeyError, IndexError) as exc:
+        msg = (
+            "Invalid prompt schema; check for mismatched or missing input parameters"
+            f" from {input_variables}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg) from exc
+
+
+def get_template_variables(template: str, template_format: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Get the variables from the template.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        template_format: The template format. Should be one of "f-string" or "jinja2".
+
+    Returns:
+        The variables from the template.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the template format is not supported.
+    """
+    if template_format == "jinja2":
+        # Get the variables for the template
+        input_variables = _get_jinja2_variables_from_template(template)
+    elif template_format == "f-string":
+        input_variables = {
+            v for _, v, _, _ in Formatter().parse(template) if v is not None
+        }
+    elif template_format == "mustache":
+        input_variables = mustache_template_vars(template)
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported template format: {template_format}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return sorted(input_variables)
+
+
+class StringPromptTemplate(BasePromptTemplate, ABC):
+    """String prompt that exposes the format method, returning a prompt."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
+        return ["langchain", "prompts", "base"]
+
+    def format_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        return StringPromptValue(text=self.format(**kwargs))
+
+    async def aformat_prompt(self, **kwargs: Any) -> PromptValue:
+        """Async format the prompt with the inputs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Any arguments to be passed to the prompt template.
+
+        Returns:
+            A formatted string.
+        """
+        return StringPromptValue(text=await self.aformat(**kwargs))
+
+    def pretty_repr(
+        self,
+        html: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get a pretty representation of the prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            html: Whether to return an HTML-formatted string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pretty representation of the prompt.
+        """
+        # TODO: handle partials
+        dummy_vars = {
+            input_var: "{" + f"{input_var}" + "}" for input_var in self.input_variables
+        }
+        if html:
+            dummy_vars = {
+                k: get_colored_text(v, "yellow") for k, v in dummy_vars.items()
+            }
+        return self.format(**dummy_vars)
+
+    def pretty_print(self) -> None:
+        """Print a pretty representation of the prompt."""
+        print(self.pretty_repr(html=is_interactive_env()))  # noqa: T201
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/structured.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/structured.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06407327
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/prompts/structured.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""Structured prompt template for a language model."""
+
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core._api.beta_decorator import beta
+from langchain_core.language_models.base import BaseLanguageModel
+from langchain_core.prompts.chat import (
+    ChatPromptTemplate,
+    MessageLikeRepresentation,
+)
+from langchain_core.prompts.string import PromptTemplateFormat
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+    Other,
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableSequence,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils import get_pydantic_field_names
+
+
+@beta()
+class StructuredPrompt(ChatPromptTemplate):
+    """Structured prompt template for a language model."""
+
+    schema_: Union[dict, type]
+    """Schema for the structured prompt."""
+    structured_output_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        messages: Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation],
+        schema_: Optional[Union[dict, type[BaseModel]]] = None,
+        *,
+        structured_output_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        template_format: PromptTemplateFormat = "f-string",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a structured prompt template.
+
+        Args:
+            messages: sequence of messages.
+            schema_: schema for the structured prompt.
+            structured_output_kwargs: additional kwargs for structured output.
+            template_format: template format for the prompt.
+        """
+        schema_ = schema_ or kwargs.pop("schema")
+        structured_output_kwargs = structured_output_kwargs or {}
+        for k in set(kwargs).difference(get_pydantic_field_names(self.__class__)):
+            structured_output_kwargs[k] = kwargs.pop(k)
+        super().__init__(
+            messages=messages,
+            schema_=schema_,
+            structured_output_kwargs=structured_output_kwargs,
+            template_format=template_format,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        For example, if the class is `langchain.llms.openai.OpenAI`, then the
+        namespace is ["langchain", "llms", "openai"]
+        """
+        return cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_messages_and_schema(
+        cls,
+        messages: Sequence[MessageLikeRepresentation],
+        schema: Union[dict, type],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ChatPromptTemplate:
+        """Create a chat prompt template from a variety of message formats.
+
+        Examples:
+            Instantiation from a list of message templates:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.prompts import StructuredPrompt
+
+                class OutputSchema(BaseModel):
+                    name: str
+                    value: int
+
+                template = StructuredPrompt(
+                    [
+                        ("human", "Hello, how are you?"),
+                        ("ai", "I'm doing well, thanks!"),
+                        ("human", "That's good to hear."),
+                    ],
+                    OutputSchema,
+                )
+
+        Args:
+            messages: sequence of message representations.
+                  A message can be represented using the following formats:
+                  (1) BaseMessagePromptTemplate, (2) BaseMessage, (3) 2-tuple of
+                  (message type, template); e.g., ("human", "{user_input}"),
+                  (4) 2-tuple of (message class, template), (5) a string which is
+                  shorthand for ("human", template); e.g., "{user_input}"
+            schema: a dictionary representation of function call, or a Pydantic model.
+            kwargs: Any additional kwargs to pass through to
+                ``ChatModel.with_structured_output(schema, **kwargs)``.
+
+        Returns:
+            a structured prompt template
+        """
+        return cls(messages, schema, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    def __or__(
+        self,
+        other: Union[
+            Runnable[Any, Other],
+            Callable[[Any], Other],
+            Callable[[Iterator[Any]], Iterator[Other]],
+            Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Any, Other], Callable[[Any], Other], Any]],
+        ],
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[dict, Other]:
+        return self.pipe(other)
+
+    def pipe(
+        self,
+        *others: Union[
+            Runnable[Any, Other],
+            Callable[[Any], Other],
+            Callable[[Iterator[Any]], Iterator[Other]],
+            Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Any, Other], Callable[[Any], Other], Any]],
+        ],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[dict, Other]:
+        """Pipe the structured prompt to a language model.
+
+        Args:
+            others: The language model to pipe the structured prompt to.
+            name: The name of the pipeline. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A RunnableSequence object.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: If the first element of `others`
+            is not a language model.
+        """
+        if (
+            others
+            and isinstance(others[0], BaseLanguageModel)
+            or hasattr(others[0], "with_structured_output")
+        ):
+            return RunnableSequence(
+                self,
+                others[0].with_structured_output(
+                    self.schema_, **self.structured_output_kwargs
+                ),
+                *others[1:],
+                name=name,
+            )
+        msg = "Structured prompts need to be piped to a language model."
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4dfbbae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+"""Pydantic v1 compatibility shim."""
+
+from importlib import metadata
+
+from langchain_core._api.deprecation import warn_deprecated
+
+# Create namespaces for pydantic v1 and v2.
+# This code must stay at the top of the file before other modules may
+# attempt to import pydantic since it adds pydantic_v1 and pydantic_v2 to sys.modules.
+#
+# This hack is done for the following reasons:
+# * Langchain will attempt to remain compatible with both pydantic v1 and v2 since
+#   both dependencies and dependents may be stuck on either version of v1 or v2.
+# * Creating namespaces for pydantic v1 and v2 should allow us to write code that
+#   unambiguously uses either v1 or v2 API.
+# * This change is easier to roll out and roll back.
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.v1 import *  # noqa: F403
+except ImportError:
+    from pydantic import *  # type: ignore[assignment,no-redef] # noqa: F403
+
+
+try:
+    _PYDANTIC_MAJOR_VERSION: int = int(metadata.version("pydantic").split(".")[0])
+except metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+    _PYDANTIC_MAJOR_VERSION = 0
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "0.3.0",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    alternative="pydantic.v1 or pydantic",
+    message=(
+        "As of langchain-core 0.3.0, LangChain uses pydantic v2 internally. "
+        "The langchain_core.pydantic_v1 module was a "
+        "compatibility shim for pydantic v1, and should no longer be used. "
+        "Please update the code to import from Pydantic directly.\n\n"
+        "For example, replace imports like: "
+        "`from langchain_core.pydantic_v1 import BaseModel`\n"
+        "with: `from pydantic import BaseModel`\n"
+        "or the v1 compatibility namespace if you are working in a code base "
+        "that has not been fully upgraded to pydantic 2 yet. "
+        "\tfrom pydantic.v1 import BaseModel\n"
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/dataclasses.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/__pycache__/dataclasses.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/dataclasses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/dataclasses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81266057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/dataclasses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Pydantic v1 compatibility shim."""
+
+from langchain_core._api import warn_deprecated
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.v1.dataclasses import *  # noqa: F403
+except ImportError:
+    from pydantic.dataclasses import *  # type: ignore[no-redef] # noqa: F403
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "0.3.0",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    alternative="pydantic.v1 or pydantic",
+    message=(
+        "As of langchain-core 0.3.0, LangChain uses pydantic v2 internally. "
+        "The langchain_core.pydantic_v1 module was a "
+        "compatibility shim for pydantic v1, and should no longer be used. "
+        "Please update the code to import from Pydantic directly.\n\n"
+        "For example, replace imports like: "
+        "`from langchain_core.pydantic_v1 import BaseModel`\n"
+        "with: `from pydantic import BaseModel`\n"
+        "or the v1 compatibility namespace if you are working in a code base "
+        "that has not been fully upgraded to pydantic 2 yet. "
+        "\tfrom pydantic.v1 import BaseModel\n"
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88492823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/pydantic_v1/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Pydantic v1 compatibility shim."""
+
+from langchain_core._api import warn_deprecated
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.v1.main import *  # noqa: F403
+except ImportError:
+    from pydantic.main import *  # type: ignore[assignment,no-redef] # noqa: F403
+
+warn_deprecated(
+    "0.3.0",
+    removal="1.0.0",
+    alternative="pydantic.v1 or pydantic",
+    message=(
+        "As of langchain-core 0.3.0, LangChain uses pydantic v2 internally. "
+        "The langchain_core.pydantic_v1 module was a "
+        "compatibility shim for pydantic v1, and should no longer be used. "
+        "Please update the code to import from Pydantic directly.\n\n"
+        "For example, replace imports like: "
+        "`from langchain_core.pydantic_v1 import BaseModel`\n"
+        "with: `from pydantic import BaseModel`\n"
+        "or the v1 compatibility namespace if you are working in a code base "
+        "that has not been fully upgraded to pydantic 2 yet. "
+        "\tfrom pydantic.v1 import BaseModel\n"
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/rate_limiters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/rate_limiters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..952bdaaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/rate_limiters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+"""Interface for a rate limiter and an in-memory rate limiter."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import asyncio
+import threading
+import time
+from typing import Optional
+
+
+class BaseRateLimiter(abc.ABC):
+    """Base class for rate limiters.
+
+    Usage of the base limiter is through the acquire and aacquire methods depending
+    on whether running in a sync or async context.
+
+    Implementations are free to add a timeout parameter to their initialize method
+    to allow users to specify a timeout for acquiring the necessary tokens when
+    using a blocking call.
+
+    Current limitations:
+
+    - Rate limiting information is not surfaced in tracing or callbacks. This means
+      that the total time it takes to invoke a chat model will encompass both
+      the time spent waiting for tokens and the time spent making the request.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.24
+    """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def acquire(self, *, blocking: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Attempt to acquire the necessary tokens for the rate limiter.
+
+        This method blocks until the required tokens are available if `blocking`
+        is set to True.
+
+        If `blocking` is set to False, the method will immediately return the result
+        of the attempt to acquire the tokens.
+
+        Args:
+            blocking: If True, the method will block until the tokens are available.
+                If False, the method will return immediately with the result of
+                the attempt. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+           True if the tokens were successfully acquired, False otherwise.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def aacquire(self, *, blocking: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Attempt to acquire the necessary tokens for the rate limiter.
+
+        This method blocks until the required tokens are available if `blocking`
+        is set to True.
+
+        If `blocking` is set to False, the method will immediately return the result
+        of the attempt to acquire the tokens.
+
+        Args:
+            blocking: If True, the method will block until the tokens are available.
+                If False, the method will return immediately with the result of
+                the attempt. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+           True if the tokens were successfully acquired, False otherwise.
+        """
+
+
+class InMemoryRateLimiter(BaseRateLimiter):
+    """An in memory rate limiter based on a token bucket algorithm.
+
+    This is an in memory rate limiter, so it cannot rate limit across
+    different processes.
+
+    The rate limiter only allows time-based rate limiting and does not
+    take into account any information about the input or the output, so it
+    cannot be used to rate limit based on the size of the request.
+
+    It is thread safe and can be used in either a sync or async context.
+
+    The in memory rate limiter is based on a token bucket. The bucket is filled
+    with tokens at a given rate. Each request consumes a token. If there are
+    not enough tokens in the bucket, the request is blocked until there are
+    enough tokens.
+
+    These *tokens* have NOTHING to do with LLM tokens. They are just
+    a way to keep track of how many requests can be made at a given time.
+
+    Current limitations:
+
+    - The rate limiter is not designed to work across different processes. It is
+      an in-memory rate limiter, but it is thread safe.
+    - The rate limiter only supports time-based rate limiting. It does not take
+      into account the size of the request or any other factors.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import time
+
+            from langchain_core.rate_limiters import InMemoryRateLimiter
+
+            rate_limiter = InMemoryRateLimiter(
+                requests_per_second=0.1,  # <-- Can only make a request once every 10 seconds!!
+                check_every_n_seconds=0.1,  # Wake up every 100 ms to check whether allowed to make a request,
+                max_bucket_size=10,  # Controls the maximum burst size.
+            )
+
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+            model = ChatAnthropic(
+                model_name="claude-3-opus-20240229",
+                rate_limiter=rate_limiter
+            )
+
+            for _ in range(5):
+                tic = time.time()
+                model.invoke("hello")
+                toc = time.time()
+                print(toc - tic)
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.24
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        requests_per_second: float = 1,
+        check_every_n_seconds: float = 0.1,
+        max_bucket_size: float = 1,
+    ) -> None:
+        """A rate limiter based on a token bucket.
+
+        These *tokens* have NOTHING to do with LLM tokens. They are just
+        a way to keep track of how many requests can be made at a given time.
+
+        This rate limiter is designed to work in a threaded environment.
+
+        It works by filling up a bucket with tokens at a given rate. Each
+        request consumes a given number of tokens. If there are not enough
+        tokens in the bucket, the request is blocked until there are enough
+        tokens.
+
+        Args:
+            requests_per_second: The number of tokens to add per second to the bucket.
+                Must be at least 1. The tokens represent "credit" that can be used
+                to make requests.
+            check_every_n_seconds: check whether the tokens are available
+                every this many seconds. Can be a float to represent
+                fractions of a second.
+            max_bucket_size: The maximum number of tokens that can be in the bucket.
+                This is used to prevent bursts of requests.
+        """
+        # Number of requests that we can make per second.
+        self.requests_per_second = requests_per_second
+        # Number of tokens in the bucket.
+        self.available_tokens = 0.0
+        self.max_bucket_size = max_bucket_size
+        # A lock to ensure that tokens can only be consumed by one thread
+        # at a given time.
+        self._consume_lock = threading.Lock()
+        # The last time we tried to consume tokens.
+        self.last: Optional[float] = None
+        self.check_every_n_seconds = check_every_n_seconds
+
+    def _consume(self) -> bool:
+        """Try to consume a token.
+
+        Returns:
+            True means that the tokens were consumed, and the caller can proceed to
+            make the request. A False means that the tokens were not consumed, and
+            the caller should try again later.
+        """
+        with self._consume_lock:
+            now = time.monotonic()
+
+            # initialize on first call to avoid a burst
+            if self.last is None:
+                self.last = now
+
+            elapsed = now - self.last
+
+            if elapsed * self.requests_per_second >= 1:
+                self.available_tokens += elapsed * self.requests_per_second
+                self.last = now
+
+            # Make sure that we don't exceed the bucket size.
+            # This is used to prevent bursts of requests.
+            self.available_tokens = min(self.available_tokens, self.max_bucket_size)
+
+            # As long as we have at least one token, we can proceed.
+            if self.available_tokens >= 1:
+                self.available_tokens -= 1
+                return True
+
+            return False
+
+    def acquire(self, *, blocking: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Attempt to acquire a token from the rate limiter.
+
+        This method blocks until the required tokens are available if `blocking`
+        is set to True.
+
+        If `blocking` is set to False, the method will immediately return the result
+        of the attempt to acquire the tokens.
+
+        Args:
+            blocking: If True, the method will block until the tokens are available.
+                If False, the method will return immediately with the result of
+                the attempt. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+           True if the tokens were successfully acquired, False otherwise.
+        """
+        if not blocking:
+            return self._consume()
+
+        while not self._consume():
+            time.sleep(self.check_every_n_seconds)
+        return True
+
+    async def aacquire(self, *, blocking: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Attempt to acquire a token from the rate limiter. Async version.
+
+        This method blocks until the required tokens are available if `blocking`
+        is set to True.
+
+        If `blocking` is set to False, the method will immediately return the result
+        of the attempt to acquire the tokens.
+
+        Args:
+            blocking: If True, the method will block until the tokens are available.
+                If False, the method will return immediately with the result of
+                the attempt. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+           True if the tokens were successfully acquired, False otherwise.
+        """
+        if not blocking:
+            return self._consume()
+
+        while not self._consume():  # noqa: ASYNC110
+            # This code ignores the ASYNC110 warning which is a false positive in this
+            # case.
+            # There is no external actor that can mark that the Event is done
+            # since the tokens are managed by the rate limiter itself.
+            # It needs to wake up to re-fill the tokens.
+            # https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/async-busy-wait/
+            await asyncio.sleep(self.check_every_n_seconds)
+        return True
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseRateLimiter",
+    "InMemoryRateLimiter",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/retrievers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/retrievers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3456cc3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/retrievers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+"""**Retriever** class returns Documents given a text **query**.
+
+It is more general than a vector store. A retriever does not need to be able to
+store documents, only to return (or retrieve) it. Vector stores can be used as
+the backbone of a retriever, but there are other types of retrievers as well.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseRetriever --> <name>Retriever  # Examples: ArxivRetriever, MergerRetriever
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    RetrieverInput, RetrieverOutput, RetrieverLike, RetrieverOutputLike,
+    Document, Serializable, Callbacks,
+    CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from inspect import signature
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.runnables import (
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableConfig,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+    ensure_config,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    )
+
+RetrieverInput = str
+RetrieverOutput = list[Document]
+RetrieverLike = Runnable[RetrieverInput, RetrieverOutput]
+RetrieverOutputLike = Runnable[Any, RetrieverOutput]
+
+
+class LangSmithRetrieverParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """LangSmith parameters for tracing."""
+
+    ls_retriever_name: str
+    """Retriever name."""
+    ls_vector_store_provider: Optional[str]
+    """Vector store provider."""
+    ls_embedding_provider: Optional[str]
+    """Embedding provider."""
+    ls_embedding_model: Optional[str]
+    """Embedding model."""
+
+
+class BaseRetriever(RunnableSerializable[RetrieverInput, RetrieverOutput], ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for a Document retrieval system.
+
+    A retrieval system is defined as something that can take string queries and return
+    the most 'relevant' Documents from some source.
+
+    Usage:
+
+    A retriever follows the standard Runnable interface, and should be used
+    via the standard Runnable methods of `invoke`, `ainvoke`, `batch`, `abatch`.
+
+    Implementation:
+
+    When implementing a custom retriever, the class should implement
+    the `_get_relevant_documents` method to define the logic for retrieving documents.
+
+    Optionally, an async native implementations can be provided by overriding the
+    `_aget_relevant_documents` method.
+
+    Example: A retriever that returns the first 5 documents from a list of documents
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+            from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+
+            class SimpleRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+                docs: list[Document]
+                k: int = 5
+
+                def _get_relevant_documents(self, query: str) -> list[Document]:
+                    \"\"\"Return the first k documents from the list of documents\"\"\"
+                    return self.docs[:self.k]
+
+                async def _aget_relevant_documents(self, query: str) -> list[Document]:
+                    \"\"\"(Optional) async native implementation.\"\"\"
+                    return self.docs[:self.k]
+
+    Example: A simple retriever based on a scikit-learn vectorizer
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from sklearn.metrics.pairwise import cosine_similarity
+
+            class TFIDFRetriever(BaseRetriever, BaseModel):
+                vectorizer: Any
+                docs: list[Document]
+                tfidf_array: Any
+                k: int = 4
+
+                class Config:
+                    arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+
+                def _get_relevant_documents(self, query: str) -> list[Document]:
+                    # Ip -- (n_docs,x), Op -- (n_docs,n_Feats)
+                    query_vec = self.vectorizer.transform([query])
+                    # Op -- (n_docs,1) -- Cosine Sim with each doc
+                    results = cosine_similarity(self.tfidf_array, query_vec).reshape((-1,))
+                    return [self.docs[i] for i in results.argsort()[-self.k :][::-1]]
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    _new_arg_supported: bool = False
+    _expects_other_args: bool = False
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Optional list of tags associated with the retriever. Defaults to None.
+    These tags will be associated with each call to this retriever,
+    and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+    You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a retriever with its
+    use case.
+    """
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Optional metadata associated with the retriever. Defaults to None.
+    This metadata will be associated with each call to this retriever,
+    and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+    You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a retriever with its
+    use case.
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+        # Version upgrade for old retrievers that implemented the public
+        # methods directly.
+        if cls.get_relevant_documents != BaseRetriever.get_relevant_documents:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Retrievers must implement abstract `_get_relevant_documents` method"
+                " instead of `get_relevant_documents`",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=4,
+            )
+            swap = cls.get_relevant_documents
+            cls.get_relevant_documents = (  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+                BaseRetriever.get_relevant_documents
+            )
+            cls._get_relevant_documents = swap  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+        if (
+            hasattr(cls, "aget_relevant_documents")
+            and cls.aget_relevant_documents != BaseRetriever.aget_relevant_documents
+        ):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Retrievers must implement abstract `_aget_relevant_documents` method"
+                " instead of `aget_relevant_documents`",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=4,
+            )
+            aswap = cls.aget_relevant_documents
+            cls.aget_relevant_documents = (  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+                BaseRetriever.aget_relevant_documents
+            )
+            cls._aget_relevant_documents = aswap  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+        parameters = signature(cls._get_relevant_documents).parameters
+        cls._new_arg_supported = parameters.get("run_manager") is not None
+        if (
+            not cls._new_arg_supported
+            and cls._aget_relevant_documents == BaseRetriever._aget_relevant_documents
+        ):
+            # we need to tolerate no run_manager in _aget_relevant_documents signature
+            async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+                self: Self, query: str
+            ) -> list[Document]:
+                return await run_in_executor(None, self._get_relevant_documents, query)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+            cls._aget_relevant_documents = _aget_relevant_documents  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        # If a V1 retriever broke the interface and expects additional arguments
+        cls._expects_other_args = (
+            len(set(parameters.keys()) - {"self", "query", "run_manager"}) > 0
+        )
+
+    def _get_ls_params(self, **_kwargs: Any) -> LangSmithRetrieverParams:
+        """Get standard params for tracing."""
+        default_retriever_name = self.get_name()
+        if default_retriever_name.startswith("Retriever"):
+            default_retriever_name = default_retriever_name[9:]
+        elif default_retriever_name.endswith("Retriever"):
+            default_retriever_name = default_retriever_name[:-9]
+        default_retriever_name = default_retriever_name.lower()
+
+        return LangSmithRetrieverParams(ls_retriever_name=default_retriever_name)
+
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: str, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Invoke the retriever to get relevant documents.
+
+        Main entry point for synchronous retriever invocations.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The query string.
+            config: Configuration for the retriever. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the retriever.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents.
+
+        Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            retriever.invoke("query")
+        """
+        from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        inheritable_metadata = {
+            **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
+            **self._get_ls_params(**kwargs),
+        }
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            None,
+            verbose=kwargs.get("verbose", False),
+            inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+            local_tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata=inheritable_metadata,
+            local_metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_retriever_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=kwargs.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        try:
+            _kwargs = kwargs if self._expects_other_args else {}
+            if self._new_arg_supported:
+                result = self._get_relevant_documents(
+                    input, run_manager=run_manager, **_kwargs
+                )
+            else:
+                result = self._get_relevant_documents(input, **_kwargs)
+        except Exception as e:
+            run_manager.on_retriever_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_retriever_end(
+                result,
+            )
+            return result
+
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: str,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Asynchronously invoke the retriever to get relevant documents.
+
+        Main entry point for asynchronous retriever invocations.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The query string.
+            config: Configuration for the retriever. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the retriever.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents.
+
+        Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            await retriever.ainvoke("query")
+        """
+        from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import AsyncCallbackManager
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        inheritable_metadata = {
+            **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
+            **self._get_ls_params(**kwargs),
+        }
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            config.get("callbacks"),
+            None,
+            verbose=kwargs.get("verbose", False),
+            inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+            local_tags=self.tags,
+            inheritable_metadata=inheritable_metadata,
+            local_metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_retriever_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=kwargs.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        try:
+            _kwargs = kwargs if self._expects_other_args else {}
+            if self._new_arg_supported:
+                result = await self._aget_relevant_documents(
+                    input, run_manager=run_manager, **_kwargs
+                )
+            else:
+                result = await self._aget_relevant_documents(input, **_kwargs)
+        except Exception as e:
+            await run_manager.on_retriever_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            await run_manager.on_retriever_end(
+                result,
+            )
+            return result
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents relevant to a query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: String to find relevant documents for.
+            run_manager: The callback handler to use.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents.
+        """
+
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Asynchronously get documents relevant to a query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: String to find relevant documents for
+            run_manager: The callback handler to use
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self._get_relevant_documents,
+            query,
+            run_manager=run_manager.get_sync(),
+        )
+
+    @deprecated(since="0.1.46", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    def get_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Retrieve documents relevant to a query.
+
+        Users should favor using `.invoke` or `.batch` rather than
+        `get_relevant_documents directly`.
+
+        Args:
+            query: string to find relevant documents for.
+            callbacks: Callback manager or list of callbacks. Defaults to None.
+            tags: Optional list of tags associated with the retriever.
+                These tags will be associated with each call to this retriever,
+                and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+                Defaults to None.
+            metadata: Optional metadata associated with the retriever.
+                This metadata will be associated with each call to this retriever,
+                and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+                Defaults to None.
+            run_name: Optional name for the run. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the retriever.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents.
+        """
+        config: RunnableConfig = {}
+        if callbacks:
+            config["callbacks"] = callbacks
+        if tags:
+            config["tags"] = tags
+        if metadata:
+            config["metadata"] = metadata
+        if run_name:
+            config["run_name"] = run_name
+        return self.invoke(query, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated(since="0.1.46", alternative="ainvoke", removal="1.0")
+    async def aget_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Asynchronously get documents relevant to a query.
+
+        Users should favor using `.ainvoke` or `.abatch` rather than
+        `aget_relevant_documents directly`.
+
+        Args:
+            query: string to find relevant documents for.
+            callbacks: Callback manager or list of callbacks.
+            tags: Optional list of tags associated with the retriever.
+                These tags will be associated with each call to this retriever,
+                and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+                Defaults to None.
+            metadata: Optional metadata associated with the retriever.
+                This metadata will be associated with each call to this retriever,
+                and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+                Defaults to None.
+            run_name: Optional name for the run. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the retriever.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of relevant documents.
+        """
+        config: RunnableConfig = {}
+        if callbacks:
+            config["callbacks"] = callbacks
+        if tags:
+            config["tags"] = tags
+        if metadata:
+            config["metadata"] = metadata
+        if run_name:
+            config["run_name"] = run_name
+        return await self.ainvoke(query, config, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12825773
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+"""LangChain **Runnable** and the **LangChain Expression Language (LCEL)**.
+
+The LangChain Expression Language (LCEL) offers a declarative method to build
+production-grade programs that harness the power of LLMs.
+
+Programs created using LCEL and LangChain Runnables inherently support
+synchronous, asynchronous, batch, and streaming operations.
+
+Support for **async** allows servers hosting LCEL based programs to scale better
+for higher concurrent loads.
+
+**Batch** operations allow for processing multiple inputs in parallel.
+
+**Streaming** of intermediate outputs, as they're being generated, allows for
+creating more responsive UX.
+
+This module contains schema and implementation of LangChain Runnables primitives.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+        Runnable,
+        RunnableBinding,
+        RunnableGenerator,
+        RunnableLambda,
+        RunnableMap,
+        RunnableParallel,
+        RunnableSequence,
+        RunnableSerializable,
+        chain,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.runnables.branch import RunnableBranch
+    from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+        RunnableConfig,
+        ensure_config,
+        get_config_list,
+        patch_config,
+        run_in_executor,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.runnables.fallbacks import RunnableWithFallbacks
+    from langchain_core.runnables.history import RunnableWithMessageHistory
+    from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import (
+        RunnableAssign,
+        RunnablePassthrough,
+        RunnablePick,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.runnables.router import RouterInput, RouterRunnable
+    from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+        AddableDict,
+        ConfigurableField,
+        ConfigurableFieldMultiOption,
+        ConfigurableFieldSingleOption,
+        ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+        aadd,
+        add,
+    )
+
+__all__ = (
+    "chain",
+    "AddableDict",
+    "ConfigurableField",
+    "ConfigurableFieldSingleOption",
+    "ConfigurableFieldMultiOption",
+    "ConfigurableFieldSpec",
+    "ensure_config",
+    "run_in_executor",
+    "patch_config",
+    "RouterInput",
+    "RouterRunnable",
+    "Runnable",
+    "RunnableSerializable",
+    "RunnableBinding",
+    "RunnableBranch",
+    "RunnableConfig",
+    "RunnableGenerator",
+    "RunnableLambda",
+    "RunnableMap",
+    "RunnableParallel",
+    "RunnablePassthrough",
+    "RunnableAssign",
+    "RunnablePick",
+    "RunnableSequence",
+    "RunnableWithFallbacks",
+    "RunnableWithMessageHistory",
+    "get_config_list",
+    "aadd",
+    "add",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "chain": "base",
+    "Runnable": "base",
+    "RunnableBinding": "base",
+    "RunnableGenerator": "base",
+    "RunnableLambda": "base",
+    "RunnableMap": "base",
+    "RunnableParallel": "base",
+    "RunnableSequence": "base",
+    "RunnableSerializable": "base",
+    "RunnableBranch": "branch",
+    "RunnableConfig": "config",
+    "ensure_config": "config",
+    "get_config_list": "config",
+    "patch_config": "config",
+    "run_in_executor": "config",
+    "RunnableWithFallbacks": "fallbacks",
+    "RunnableWithMessageHistory": "history",
+    "RunnableAssign": "passthrough",
+    "RunnablePassthrough": "passthrough",
+    "RunnablePick": "passthrough",
+    "RouterInput": "router",
+    "RouterRunnable": "router",
+    "AddableDict": "utils",
+    "ConfigurableField": "utils",
+    "ConfigurableFieldMultiOption": "utils",
+    "ConfigurableFieldSingleOption": "utils",
+    "ConfigurableFieldSpec": "utils",
+    "aadd": "utils",
+    "add": "utils",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5978 @@
+"""Base classes and utilities for Runnables."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import inspect
+import threading
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncGenerator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Coroutine,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from concurrent.futures import FIRST_COMPLETED, wait
+from functools import wraps
+from itertools import groupby, tee
+from operator import itemgetter
+from types import GenericAlias
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    get_type_hints,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, RootModel
+from typing_extensions import Literal, get_args, override
+
+from langchain_core._api import beta_decorator
+from langchain_core.load.serializable import (
+    Serializable,
+    SerializedConstructor,
+    SerializedNotImplemented,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    acall_func_with_variable_args,
+    call_func_with_variable_args,
+    ensure_config,
+    get_async_callback_manager_for_config,
+    get_callback_manager_for_config,
+    get_config_list,
+    get_executor_for_config,
+    merge_configs,
+    patch_config,
+    run_in_executor,
+    set_config_context,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.graph import Graph
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    AddableDict,
+    AnyConfigurableField,
+    ConfigurableField,
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    Input,
+    Output,
+    accepts_config,
+    accepts_run_manager,
+    coro_with_context,
+    gated_coro,
+    gather_with_concurrency,
+    get_function_first_arg_dict_keys,
+    get_function_nonlocals,
+    get_lambda_source,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+    indent_lines_after_first,
+    is_async_callable,
+    is_async_generator,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.aiter import aclosing, atee, py_anext
+from langchain_core.utils.iter import safetee
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import create_model_v2
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+    from langchain_core.runnables.fallbacks import (
+        RunnableWithFallbacks as RunnableWithFallbacksT,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.runnables.retry import ExponentialJitterParams
+    from langchain_core.runnables.schema import StreamEvent
+    from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+    from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import (
+        RunLog,
+        RunLogPatch,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.tracers.root_listeners import AsyncListener
+    from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+
+Other = TypeVar("Other")
+
+
+class Runnable(Generic[Input, Output], ABC):
+    """A unit of work that can be invoked, batched, streamed, transformed and composed.
+
+    Key Methods
+    ===========
+
+    - **invoke/ainvoke**: Transforms a single input into an output.
+    - **batch/abatch**: Efficiently transforms multiple inputs into outputs.
+    - **stream/astream**: Streams output from a single input as it's produced.
+    - **astream_log**: Streams output and selected intermediate results from an input.
+
+    Built-in optimizations:
+
+    - **Batch**: By default, batch runs invoke() in parallel using a thread pool executor.
+      Override to optimize batching.
+
+    - **Async**: Methods with "a" suffix are asynchronous. By default, they execute
+      the sync counterpart using asyncio's thread pool.
+      Override for native async.
+
+    All methods accept an optional config argument, which can be used to configure
+    execution, add tags and metadata for tracing and debugging etc.
+
+    Runnables expose schematic information about their input, output and config via
+    the input_schema property, the output_schema property and config_schema method.
+
+    LCEL and Composition
+    ====================
+
+    The LangChain Expression Language (LCEL) is a declarative way to compose Runnables
+    into chains. Any chain constructed this way will automatically have sync, async,
+    batch, and streaming support.
+
+    The main composition primitives are RunnableSequence and RunnableParallel.
+
+    **RunnableSequence** invokes a series of runnables sequentially, with
+    one Runnable's output serving as the next's input. Construct using
+    the `|` operator or by passing a list of runnables to RunnableSequence.
+
+    **RunnableParallel** invokes runnables concurrently, providing the same input
+    to each. Construct it using a dict literal within a sequence or by passing a
+    dict to RunnableParallel.
+
+
+    For example,
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+        # A RunnableSequence constructed using the `|` operator
+        sequence = RunnableLambda(lambda x: x + 1) | RunnableLambda(lambda x: x * 2)
+        sequence.invoke(1) # 4
+        sequence.batch([1, 2, 3]) # [4, 6, 8]
+
+
+        # A sequence that contains a RunnableParallel constructed using a dict literal
+        sequence = RunnableLambda(lambda x: x + 1) | {
+            'mul_2': RunnableLambda(lambda x: x * 2),
+            'mul_5': RunnableLambda(lambda x: x * 5)
+        }
+        sequence.invoke(1) # {'mul_2': 4, 'mul_5': 10}
+
+    Standard Methods
+    ================
+
+    All Runnables expose additional methods that can be used to modify their behavior
+    (e.g., add a retry policy, add lifecycle listeners, make them configurable, etc.).
+
+    These methods will work on any Runnable, including Runnable chains constructed
+    by composing other Runnables. See the individual methods for details.
+
+    For example,
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+        import random
+
+        def add_one(x: int) -> int:
+            return x + 1
+
+
+        def buggy_double(y: int) -> int:
+            \"\"\"Buggy code that will fail 70% of the time\"\"\"
+            if random.random() > 0.3:
+                print('This code failed, and will probably be retried!')  # noqa: T201
+                raise ValueError('Triggered buggy code')
+            return y * 2
+
+        sequence = (
+            RunnableLambda(add_one) |
+            RunnableLambda(buggy_double).with_retry( # Retry on failure
+                stop_after_attempt=10,
+                wait_exponential_jitter=False
+            )
+        )
+
+        print(sequence.input_schema.model_json_schema()) # Show inferred input schema
+        print(sequence.output_schema.model_json_schema()) # Show inferred output schema
+        print(sequence.invoke(2)) # invoke the sequence (note the retry above!!)
+
+    Debugging and tracing
+    =====================
+
+    As the chains get longer, it can be useful to be able to see intermediate results
+    to debug and trace the chain.
+
+    You can set the global debug flag to True to enable debug output for all chains:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.globals import set_debug
+            set_debug(True)
+
+    Alternatively, you can pass existing or custom callbacks to any given chain:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.tracers import ConsoleCallbackHandler
+
+            chain.invoke(
+                ...,
+                config={'callbacks': [ConsoleCallbackHandler()]}
+            )
+
+    For a UI (and much more) checkout LangSmith: https://docs.smith.langchain.com/
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """The name of the Runnable. Used for debugging and tracing."""
+
+    def get_name(
+        self, suffix: Optional[str] = None, *, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get the name of the Runnable."""
+        if name:
+            name_ = name
+        elif hasattr(self, "name") and self.name:
+            name_ = self.name
+        else:
+            # Here we handle a case where the runnable subclass is also a pydantic
+            # model.
+            cls = self.__class__
+            # Then it's a pydantic sub-class, and we have to check
+            # whether it's a generic, and if so recover the original name.
+            if (
+                hasattr(
+                    cls,
+                    "__pydantic_generic_metadata__",
+                )
+                and "origin" in cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
+                and cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__["origin"] is not None
+            ):
+                name_ = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__["origin"].__name__
+            else:
+                name_ = cls.__name__
+
+        if suffix:
+            if name_[0].isupper():
+                return name_ + suffix.title()
+            return name_ + "_" + suffix.lower()
+        return name_
+
+    @property
+    def InputType(self) -> type[Input]:  # noqa: N802
+        """The type of input this Runnable accepts specified as a type annotation."""
+        # First loop through all parent classes and if any of them is
+        # a pydantic model, we will pick up the generic parameterization
+        # from that model via the __pydantic_generic_metadata__ attribute.
+        for base in self.__class__.mro():
+            if hasattr(base, "__pydantic_generic_metadata__"):
+                metadata = base.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
+                if "args" in metadata and len(metadata["args"]) == 2:
+                    return metadata["args"][0]
+
+        # If we didn't find a pydantic model in the parent classes,
+        # then loop through __orig_bases__. This corresponds to
+        # Runnables that are not pydantic models.
+        for cls in self.__class__.__orig_bases__:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            type_args = get_args(cls)
+            if type_args and len(type_args) == 2:
+                return type_args[0]
+
+        msg = (
+            f"Runnable {self.get_name()} doesn't have an inferable InputType. "
+            "Override the InputType property to specify the input type."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[Output]:  # noqa: N802
+        """The type of output this Runnable produces specified as a type annotation."""
+        # First loop through bases -- this will help generic
+        # any pydantic models.
+        for base in self.__class__.mro():
+            if hasattr(base, "__pydantic_generic_metadata__"):
+                metadata = base.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
+                if "args" in metadata and len(metadata["args"]) == 2:
+                    return metadata["args"][1]
+
+        for cls in self.__class__.__orig_bases__:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            type_args = get_args(cls)
+            if type_args and len(type_args) == 2:
+                return type_args[1]
+
+        msg = (
+            f"Runnable {self.get_name()} doesn't have an inferable OutputType. "
+            "Override the OutputType property to specify the output type."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def input_schema(self) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """The type of input this Runnable accepts specified as a pydantic model."""
+        return self.get_input_schema()
+
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get a pydantic model that can be used to validate input to the Runnable.
+
+        Runnables that leverage the configurable_fields and configurable_alternatives
+        methods will have a dynamic input schema that depends on which
+        configuration the Runnable is invoked with.
+
+        This method allows to get an input schema for a specific configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            config: A config to use when generating the schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pydantic model that can be used to validate input.
+        """
+        root_type = self.InputType
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(root_type)
+            and not isinstance(root_type, GenericAlias)
+            and issubclass(root_type, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            return root_type
+
+        return create_model_v2(
+            self.get_name("Input"),
+            root=root_type,
+            # create model needs access to appropriate type annotations to be
+            # able to construct the pydantic model.
+            # When we create the model, we pass information about the namespace
+            # where the model is being created, so the type annotations can
+            # be resolved correctly as well.
+            # self.__class__.__module__ handles the case when the Runnable is
+            # being sub-classed in a different module.
+            module_name=self.__class__.__module__,
+        )
+
+    def get_input_jsonschema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get a JSON schema that represents the input to the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: A config to use when generating the schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A JSON schema that represents the input to the Runnable.
+
+        Example:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+                def add_one(x: int) -> int:
+                    return x + 1
+
+                runnable = RunnableLambda(add_one)
+
+                print(runnable.get_input_jsonschema())
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3.0
+        """
+        return self.get_input_schema(config).model_json_schema()
+
+    @property
+    def output_schema(self) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """The type of output this Runnable produces specified as a pydantic model."""
+        return self.get_output_schema()
+
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get a pydantic model that can be used to validate output to the Runnable.
+
+        Runnables that leverage the configurable_fields and configurable_alternatives
+        methods will have a dynamic output schema that depends on which
+        configuration the Runnable is invoked with.
+
+        This method allows to get an output schema for a specific configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            config: A config to use when generating the schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pydantic model that can be used to validate output.
+        """
+        root_type = self.OutputType
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(root_type)
+            and not isinstance(root_type, GenericAlias)
+            and issubclass(root_type, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            return root_type
+
+        return create_model_v2(
+            self.get_name("Output"),
+            root=root_type,
+            # create model needs access to appropriate type annotations to be
+            # able to construct the pydantic model.
+            # When we create the model, we pass information about the namespace
+            # where the model is being created, so the type annotations can
+            # be resolved correctly as well.
+            # self.__class__.__module__ handles the case when the Runnable is
+            # being sub-classed in a different module.
+            module_name=self.__class__.__module__,
+        )
+
+    def get_output_jsonschema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get a JSON schema that represents the output of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: A config to use when generating the schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A JSON schema that represents the output of the Runnable.
+
+        Example:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+                def add_one(x: int) -> int:
+                    return x + 1
+
+                runnable = RunnableLambda(add_one)
+
+                print(runnable.get_output_jsonschema())
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3.0
+        """
+        return self.get_output_schema(config).model_json_schema()
+
+    @property
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        """List configurable fields for this Runnable."""
+        return []
+
+    def config_schema(
+        self, *, include: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """The type of config this Runnable accepts specified as a pydantic model.
+
+        To mark a field as configurable, see the `configurable_fields`
+        and `configurable_alternatives` methods.
+
+        Args:
+            include: A list of fields to include in the config schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pydantic model that can be used to validate config.
+        """
+        include = include or []
+        config_specs = self.config_specs
+        configurable = (
+            create_model_v2(
+                "Configurable",
+                field_definitions={
+                    spec.id: (
+                        spec.annotation,
+                        Field(
+                            spec.default, title=spec.name, description=spec.description
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    for spec in config_specs
+                },
+            )
+            if config_specs
+            else None
+        )
+
+        # Many need to create a typed dict instead to implement NotRequired!
+        all_fields = {
+            **({"configurable": (configurable, None)} if configurable else {}),
+            **{
+                field_name: (field_type, None)
+                for field_name, field_type in get_type_hints(RunnableConfig).items()
+                if field_name in [i for i in include if i != "configurable"]
+            },
+        }
+        return create_model_v2(self.get_name("Config"), field_definitions=all_fields)
+
+    def get_config_jsonschema(
+        self, *, include: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get a JSON schema that represents the config of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            include: A list of fields to include in the config schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A JSON schema that represents the config of the Runnable.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.3.0
+        """
+        return self.config_schema(include=include).model_json_schema()
+
+    def get_graph(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> Graph:
+        """Return a graph representation of this Runnable."""
+        graph = Graph()
+        try:
+            input_node = graph.add_node(self.get_input_schema(config))
+        except TypeError:
+            input_node = graph.add_node(create_model_v2(self.get_name("Input")))
+        runnable_node = graph.add_node(
+            self, metadata=config.get("metadata") if config else None
+        )
+        try:
+            output_node = graph.add_node(self.get_output_schema(config))
+        except TypeError:
+            output_node = graph.add_node(create_model_v2(self.get_name("Output")))
+        graph.add_edge(input_node, runnable_node)
+        graph.add_edge(runnable_node, output_node)
+        return graph
+
+    def get_prompts(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> list[BasePromptTemplate]:
+        """Return a list of prompts used by this Runnable."""
+        from langchain_core.prompts.base import BasePromptTemplate
+
+        return [
+            node.data
+            for node in self.get_graph(config=config).nodes.values()
+            if isinstance(node.data, BasePromptTemplate)
+        ]
+
+    def __or__(
+        self,
+        other: Union[
+            Runnable[Any, Other],
+            Callable[[Any], Other],
+            Callable[[Iterator[Any]], Iterator[Other]],
+            Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Any, Other], Callable[[Any], Other], Any]],
+        ],
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Input, Other]:
+        """Compose this Runnable with another object to create a RunnableSequence."""
+        return RunnableSequence(self, coerce_to_runnable(other))
+
+    def __ror__(
+        self,
+        other: Union[
+            Runnable[Other, Any],
+            Callable[[Other], Any],
+            Callable[[Iterator[Other]], Iterator[Any]],
+            Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Other, Any], Callable[[Other], Any], Any]],
+        ],
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Other, Output]:
+        """Compose this Runnable with another object to create a RunnableSequence."""
+        return RunnableSequence(coerce_to_runnable(other), self)
+
+    def pipe(
+        self,
+        *others: Union[Runnable[Any, Other], Callable[[Any], Other]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Input, Other]:
+        """Compose this Runnable with Runnable-like objects to make a RunnableSequence.
+
+        Equivalent to `RunnableSequence(self, *others)` or `self | others[0] | ...`
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+                def add_one(x: int) -> int:
+                    return x + 1
+
+                def mul_two(x: int) -> int:
+                    return x * 2
+
+                runnable_1 = RunnableLambda(add_one)
+                runnable_2 = RunnableLambda(mul_two)
+                sequence = runnable_1.pipe(runnable_2)
+                # Or equivalently:
+                # sequence = runnable_1 | runnable_2
+                # sequence = RunnableSequence(first=runnable_1, last=runnable_2)
+                sequence.invoke(1)
+                await sequence.ainvoke(1)
+                # -> 4
+
+                sequence.batch([1, 2, 3])
+                await sequence.abatch([1, 2, 3])
+                # -> [4, 6, 8]
+        """
+        return RunnableSequence(self, *others, name=name)
+
+    def pick(self, keys: Union[str, list[str]]) -> RunnableSerializable[Any, Any]:
+        """Pick keys from the output dict of this Runnable.
+
+        Pick single key:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                import json
+
+                from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda, RunnableMap
+
+                as_str = RunnableLambda(str)
+                as_json = RunnableLambda(json.loads)
+                chain = RunnableMap(str=as_str, json=as_json)
+
+                chain.invoke("[1, 2, 3]")
+                # -> {"str": "[1, 2, 3]", "json": [1, 2, 3]}
+
+                json_only_chain = chain.pick("json")
+                json_only_chain.invoke("[1, 2, 3]")
+                # -> [1, 2, 3]
+
+        Pick list of keys:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from typing import Any
+
+                import json
+
+                from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda, RunnableMap
+
+                as_str = RunnableLambda(str)
+                as_json = RunnableLambda(json.loads)
+                def as_bytes(x: Any) -> bytes:
+                    return bytes(x, "utf-8")
+
+                chain = RunnableMap(
+                    str=as_str,
+                    json=as_json,
+                    bytes=RunnableLambda(as_bytes)
+                )
+
+                chain.invoke("[1, 2, 3]")
+                # -> {"str": "[1, 2, 3]", "json": [1, 2, 3], "bytes": b"[1, 2, 3]"}
+
+                json_and_bytes_chain = chain.pick(["json", "bytes"])
+                json_and_bytes_chain.invoke("[1, 2, 3]")
+                # -> {"json": [1, 2, 3], "bytes": b"[1, 2, 3]"}
+
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnablePick
+
+        return self | RunnablePick(keys)
+
+    def assign(
+        self,
+        **kwargs: Union[
+            Runnable[dict[str, Any], Any],
+            Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any],
+            Mapping[
+                str,
+                Union[Runnable[dict[str, Any], Any], Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any]],
+            ],
+        ],
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Any, Any]:
+        """Assigns new fields to the dict output of this Runnable.
+
+        Returns a new Runnable.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_community.llms.fake import FakeStreamingListLLM
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.prompts import SystemMessagePromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+            from operator import itemgetter
+
+            prompt = (
+                SystemMessagePromptTemplate.from_template("You are a nice assistant.")
+                + "{question}"
+            )
+            llm = FakeStreamingListLLM(responses=["foo-lish"])
+
+            chain: Runnable = prompt | llm | {"str": StrOutputParser()}
+
+            chain_with_assign = chain.assign(hello=itemgetter("str") | llm)
+
+            print(chain_with_assign.input_schema.model_json_schema())
+            # {'title': 'PromptInput', 'type': 'object', 'properties':
+            {'question': {'title': 'Question', 'type': 'string'}}}
+            print(chain_with_assign.output_schema.model_json_schema())
+            # {'title': 'RunnableSequenceOutput', 'type': 'object', 'properties':
+            {'str': {'title': 'Str',
+            'type': 'string'}, 'hello': {'title': 'Hello', 'type': 'string'}}}
+
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnableAssign
+
+        return self | RunnableAssign(RunnableParallel[dict[str, Any]](kwargs))
+
+    """ --- Public API --- """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        """Transform a single input into an output.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: A config to use when invoking the Runnable.
+               The config supports standard keys like 'tags', 'metadata' for tracing
+               purposes, 'max_concurrency' for controlling how much work to do
+               in parallel, and other keys. Please refer to the RunnableConfig
+               for more details.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of the Runnable.
+        """
+
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        """Default implementation of ainvoke, calls invoke from a thread.
+
+        The default implementation allows usage of async code even if
+        the Runnable did not implement a native async version of invoke.
+
+        Subclasses should override this method if they can run asynchronously.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(config, self.invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        """Default implementation runs invoke in parallel using a thread pool executor.
+
+        The default implementation of batch works well for IO bound runnables.
+
+        Subclasses should override this method if they can batch more efficiently;
+        e.g., if the underlying Runnable uses an API which supports a batch mode.
+        """
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+
+        def invoke(input: Input, config: RunnableConfig) -> Union[Output, Exception]:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    return self.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    return e
+            else:
+                return self.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        # If there's only one input, don't bother with the executor
+        if len(inputs) == 1:
+            return cast("list[Output]", [invoke(inputs[0], configs[0])])
+
+        with get_executor_for_config(configs[0]) as executor:
+            return cast("list[Output]", list(executor.map(invoke, inputs, configs)))
+
+    @overload
+    def batch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[False] = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[int, Output]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def batch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[True],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]: ...
+
+    def batch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]:
+        """Run invoke in parallel on a list of inputs.
+
+        Yields results as they complete.
+        """
+        if not inputs:
+            return
+
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+
+        def invoke(
+            i: int, input: Input, config: RunnableConfig
+        ) -> tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    out: Union[Output, Exception] = self.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    out = e
+            else:
+                out = self.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+            return (i, out)
+
+        if len(inputs) == 1:
+            yield invoke(0, inputs[0], configs[0])
+            return
+
+        with get_executor_for_config(configs[0]) as executor:
+            futures = {
+                executor.submit(invoke, i, input, config)
+                for i, (input, config) in enumerate(zip(inputs, configs))
+            }
+
+            try:
+                while futures:
+                    done, futures = wait(futures, return_when=FIRST_COMPLETED)
+                    while done:
+                        yield done.pop().result()
+            finally:
+                for future in futures:
+                    future.cancel()
+
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        """Default implementation runs ainvoke in parallel using asyncio.gather.
+
+        The default implementation of batch works well for IO bound runnables.
+
+        Subclasses should override this method if they can batch more efficiently;
+        e.g., if the underlying Runnable uses an API which supports a batch mode.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: A list of inputs to the Runnable.
+            config: A config to use when invoking the Runnable.
+                The config supports standard keys like 'tags', 'metadata' for tracing
+                purposes, 'max_concurrency' for controlling how much work to do
+                in parallel, and other keys. Please refer to the RunnableConfig
+                for more details. Defaults to None.
+            return_exceptions: Whether to return exceptions instead of raising them.
+                Defaults to False.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of outputs from the Runnable.
+        """
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+
+        async def ainvoke(
+            input: Input, config: RunnableConfig
+        ) -> Union[Output, Exception]:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    return await self.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    return e
+            else:
+                return await self.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        coros = map(ainvoke, inputs, configs)
+        return await gather_with_concurrency(configs[0].get("max_concurrency"), *coros)
+
+    @overload
+    def abatch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[False] = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Output]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def abatch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[True],
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]: ...
+
+    async def abatch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]:
+        """Run ainvoke in parallel on a list of inputs.
+
+        Yields results as they complete.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: A list of inputs to the Runnable.
+            config: A config to use when invoking the Runnable.
+                The config supports standard keys like 'tags', 'metadata' for tracing
+                purposes, 'max_concurrency' for controlling how much work to do
+                in parallel, and other keys. Please refer to the RunnableConfig
+                for more details. Defaults to None. Defaults to None.
+            return_exceptions: Whether to return exceptions instead of raising them.
+                Defaults to False.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            A tuple of the index of the input and the output from the Runnable.
+        """
+        if not inputs:
+            return
+
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        # Get max_concurrency from first config, defaulting to None (unlimited)
+        max_concurrency = configs[0].get("max_concurrency") if configs else None
+        semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(max_concurrency) if max_concurrency else None
+
+        async def ainvoke_task(
+            i: int, input: Input, config: RunnableConfig
+        ) -> tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    out: Union[Output, Exception] = await self.ainvoke(
+                        input, config, **kwargs
+                    )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    out = e
+            else:
+                out = await self.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+            return (i, out)
+
+        coros = [
+            gated_coro(semaphore, ainvoke_task(i, input, config))
+            if semaphore
+            else ainvoke_task(i, input, config)
+            for i, (input, config) in enumerate(zip(inputs, configs))
+        ]
+
+        for coro in asyncio.as_completed(coros):
+            yield await coro
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        """Default implementation of stream, which calls invoke.
+
+        Subclasses should override this method if they support streaming output.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: The config to use for the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            The output of the Runnable.
+        """
+        yield self.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        """Default implementation of astream, which calls ainvoke.
+
+        Subclasses should override this method if they support streaming output.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: The config to use for the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            The output of the Runnable.
+        """
+        yield await self.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @overload
+    def astream_log(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        diff: Literal[True] = True,
+        with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[RunLogPatch]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def astream_log(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        diff: Literal[False],
+        with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[RunLog]: ...
+
+    async def astream_log(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        diff: bool = True,
+        with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[AsyncIterator[RunLogPatch], AsyncIterator[RunLog]]:
+        """Stream all output from a Runnable, as reported to the callback system.
+
+        This includes all inner runs of LLMs, Retrievers, Tools, etc.
+
+        Output is streamed as Log objects, which include a list of
+        Jsonpatch ops that describe how the state of the run has changed in each
+        step, and the final state of the run.
+
+        The Jsonpatch ops can be applied in order to construct state.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: The config to use for the Runnable.
+            diff: Whether to yield diffs between each step or the current state.
+            with_streamed_output_list: Whether to yield the streamed_output list.
+            include_names: Only include logs with these names.
+            include_types: Only include logs with these types.
+            include_tags: Only include logs with these tags.
+            exclude_names: Exclude logs with these names.
+            exclude_types: Exclude logs with these types.
+            exclude_tags: Exclude logs with these tags.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            A RunLogPatch or RunLog object.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import (
+            LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+            _astream_log_implementation,
+        )
+
+        stream = LogStreamCallbackHandler(
+            auto_close=False,
+            include_names=include_names,
+            include_types=include_types,
+            include_tags=include_tags,
+            exclude_names=exclude_names,
+            exclude_types=exclude_types,
+            exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+            _schema_format="original",
+        )
+
+        # Mypy isn't resolving the overloads here
+        # Likely an issue b/c `self` is being passed through
+        # and it's can't map it to Runnable[Input,Output]?
+        async for item in _astream_log_implementation(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+            self,
+            input,
+            config,
+            diff=diff,
+            stream=stream,
+            with_streamed_output_list=with_streamed_output_list,
+            **kwargs,
+        ):
+            yield item
+
+    async def astream_events(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        *,
+        version: Literal["v1", "v2"] = "v2",
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[StreamEvent]:
+        """Generate a stream of events.
+
+        Use to create an iterator over StreamEvents that provide real-time information
+        about the progress of the Runnable, including StreamEvents from intermediate
+        results.
+
+        A StreamEvent is a dictionary with the following schema:
+
+        - ``event``: **str** - Event names are of the
+            format: on_[runnable_type]_(start|stream|end).
+        - ``name``: **str** - The name of the Runnable that generated the event.
+        - ``run_id``: **str** - randomly generated ID associated with the given execution of
+            the Runnable that emitted the event.
+            A child Runnable that gets invoked as part of the execution of a
+            parent Runnable is assigned its own unique ID.
+        - ``parent_ids``: **list[str]** - The IDs of the parent runnables that
+            generated the event. The root Runnable will have an empty list.
+            The order of the parent IDs is from the root to the immediate parent.
+            Only available for v2 version of the API. The v1 version of the API
+            will return an empty list.
+        - ``tags``: **Optional[list[str]]** - The tags of the Runnable that generated
+            the event.
+        - ``metadata``: **Optional[dict[str, Any]]** - The metadata of the Runnable
+            that generated the event.
+        - ``data``: **dict[str, Any]**
+
+
+        Below is a table that illustrates some events that might be emitted by various
+        chains. Metadata fields have been omitted from the table for brevity.
+        Chain definitions have been included after the table.
+
+        **ATTENTION** This reference table is for the V2 version of the schema.
+
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | event                | name             | chunk                           | input                                         | output                                          |
+        +======================+==================+=================================+===============================================+=================================================+
+        | on_chat_model_start  | [model name]     |                                 | {"messages": [[SystemMessage, HumanMessage]]} |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_chat_model_stream | [model name]     | AIMessageChunk(content="hello") |                                               |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_chat_model_end    | [model name]     |                                 | {"messages": [[SystemMessage, HumanMessage]]} | AIMessageChunk(content="hello world")           |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_llm_start         | [model name]     |                                 | {'input': 'hello'}                            |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_llm_stream        | [model name]     | 'Hello'                         |                                               |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_llm_end           | [model name]     |                                 | 'Hello human!'                                |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_chain_start       | format_docs      |                                 |                                               |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_chain_stream      | format_docs      | "hello world!, goodbye world!"  |                                               |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_chain_end         | format_docs      |                                 | [Document(...)]                               | "hello world!, goodbye world!"                  |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_tool_start        | some_tool        |                                 | {"x": 1, "y": "2"}                            |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_tool_end          | some_tool        |                                 |                                               | {"x": 1, "y": "2"}                              |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_retriever_start   | [retriever name] |                                 | {"query": "hello"}                            |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_retriever_end     | [retriever name] |                                 | {"query": "hello"}                            | [Document(...), ..]                             |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_prompt_start      | [template_name]  |                                 | {"question": "hello"}                         |                                                 |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+        | on_prompt_end        | [template_name]  |                                 | {"question": "hello"}                         | ChatPromptValue(messages: [SystemMessage, ...]) |
+        +----------------------+------------------+---------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+
+        In addition to the standard events, users can also dispatch custom events (see example below).
+
+        Custom events will be only be surfaced with in the `v2` version of the API!
+
+        A custom event has following format:
+
+        +-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | Attribute | Type | Description                                                                                               |
+        +===========+======+===========================================================================================================+
+        | name      | str  | A user defined name for the event.                                                                        |
+        +-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        | data      | Any  | The data associated with the event. This can be anything, though we suggest making it JSON serializable.  |
+        +-----------+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+        Here are declarations associated with the standard events shown above:
+
+        `format_docs`:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            def format_docs(docs: list[Document]) -> str:
+                '''Format the docs.'''
+                return ", ".join([doc.page_content for doc in docs])
+
+            format_docs = RunnableLambda(format_docs)
+
+        `some_tool`:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @tool
+            def some_tool(x: int, y: str) -> dict:
+                '''Some_tool.'''
+                return {"x": x, "y": y}
+
+        `prompt`:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            template = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
+                [("system", "You are Cat Agent 007"), ("human", "{question}")]
+            ).with_config({"run_name": "my_template", "tags": ["my_template"]})
+
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            async def reverse(s: str) -> str:
+                return s[::-1]
+
+            chain = RunnableLambda(func=reverse)
+
+            events = [
+                event async for event in chain.astream_events("hello", version="v2")
+            ]
+
+            # will produce the following events (run_id, and parent_ids
+            # has been omitted for brevity):
+            [
+                {
+                    "data": {"input": "hello"},
+                    "event": "on_chain_start",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "reverse",
+                    "tags": [],
+                },
+                {
+                    "data": {"chunk": "olleh"},
+                    "event": "on_chain_stream",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "reverse",
+                    "tags": [],
+                },
+                {
+                    "data": {"output": "olleh"},
+                    "event": "on_chain_end",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "reverse",
+                    "tags": [],
+                },
+            ]
+
+
+        Example: Dispatch Custom Event
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+                adispatch_custom_event,
+            )
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda, RunnableConfig
+            import asyncio
+
+
+            async def slow_thing(some_input: str, config: RunnableConfig) -> str:
+                \"\"\"Do something that takes a long time.\"\"\"
+                await asyncio.sleep(1) # Placeholder for some slow operation
+                await adispatch_custom_event(
+                    "progress_event",
+                    {"message": "Finished step 1 of 3"},
+                    config=config # Must be included for python < 3.10
+                )
+                await asyncio.sleep(1) # Placeholder for some slow operation
+                await adispatch_custom_event(
+                    "progress_event",
+                    {"message": "Finished step 2 of 3"},
+                    config=config # Must be included for python < 3.10
+                )
+                await asyncio.sleep(1) # Placeholder for some slow operation
+                return "Done"
+
+            slow_thing = RunnableLambda(slow_thing)
+
+            async for event in slow_thing.astream_events("some_input", version="v2"):
+                print(event)
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: The config to use for the Runnable.
+            version: The version of the schema to use either `v2` or `v1`.
+                     Users should use `v2`.
+                     `v1` is for backwards compatibility and will be deprecated
+                     in 0.4.0.
+                     No default will be assigned until the API is stabilized.
+                     custom events will only be surfaced in `v2`.
+            include_names: Only include events from runnables with matching names.
+            include_types: Only include events from runnables with matching types.
+            include_tags: Only include events from runnables with matching tags.
+            exclude_names: Exclude events from runnables with matching names.
+            exclude_types: Exclude events from runnables with matching types.
+            exclude_tags: Exclude events from runnables with matching tags.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+                These will be passed to astream_log as this implementation
+                of astream_events is built on top of astream_log.
+
+        Yields:
+            An async stream of StreamEvents.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplementedError: If the version is not `v1` or `v2`.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        from langchain_core.tracers.event_stream import (
+            _astream_events_implementation_v1,
+            _astream_events_implementation_v2,
+        )
+
+        if version == "v2":
+            event_stream = _astream_events_implementation_v2(
+                self,
+                input,
+                config=config,
+                include_names=include_names,
+                include_types=include_types,
+                include_tags=include_tags,
+                exclude_names=exclude_names,
+                exclude_types=exclude_types,
+                exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        elif version == "v1":
+            # First implementation, built on top of astream_log API
+            # This implementation will be deprecated as of 0.2.0
+            event_stream = _astream_events_implementation_v1(
+                self,
+                input,
+                config=config,
+                include_names=include_names,
+                include_types=include_types,
+                include_tags=include_tags,
+                exclude_names=exclude_names,
+                exclude_types=exclude_types,
+                exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = 'Only versions "v1" and "v2" of the schema is currently supported.'
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        async with aclosing(event_stream):
+            async for event in event_stream:
+                yield event
+
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        """Default implementation of transform, which buffers input and calls astream.
+
+        Subclasses should override this method if they can start producing output while
+        input is still being generated.
+
+        Args:
+            input: An iterator of inputs to the Runnable.
+            config: The config to use for the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            The output of the Runnable.
+        """
+        final: Input
+        got_first_val = False
+
+        for ichunk in input:
+            # The default implementation of transform is to buffer input and
+            # then call stream.
+            # It'll attempt to gather all input into a single chunk using
+            # the `+` operator.
+            # If the input is not addable, then we'll assume that we can
+            # only operate on the last chunk,
+            # and we'll iterate until we get to the last chunk.
+            if not got_first_val:
+                final = ichunk
+                got_first_val = True
+            else:
+                try:
+                    final = final + ichunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                except TypeError:
+                    final = ichunk
+
+        if got_first_val:
+            yield from self.stream(final, config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        """Default implementation of atransform, which buffers input and calls astream.
+
+        Subclasses should override this method if they can start producing output while
+        input is still being generated.
+
+        Args:
+            input: An async iterator of inputs to the Runnable.
+            config: The config to use for the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            The output of the Runnable.
+        """
+        final: Input
+        got_first_val = False
+
+        async for ichunk in input:
+            # The default implementation of transform is to buffer input and
+            # then call stream.
+            # It'll attempt to gather all input into a single chunk using
+            # the `+` operator.
+            # If the input is not addable, then we'll assume that we can
+            # only operate on the last chunk,
+            # and we'll iterate until we get to the last chunk.
+            if not got_first_val:
+                final = ichunk
+                got_first_val = True
+            else:
+                try:
+                    final = final + ichunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                except TypeError:
+                    final = ichunk
+
+        if got_first_val:
+            async for output in self.astream(final, config, **kwargs):
+                yield output
+
+    def bind(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind arguments to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        Useful when a Runnable in a chain requires an argument that is not
+        in the output of the previous Runnable or included in the user input.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: The arguments to bind to the Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the arguments bound.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOllama
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+
+            llm = ChatOllama(model='llama2')
+
+            # Without bind.
+            chain = (
+                llm
+                | StrOutputParser()
+            )
+
+            chain.invoke("Repeat quoted words exactly: 'One two three four five.'")
+            # Output is 'One two three four five.'
+
+            # With bind.
+            chain = (
+                llm.bind(stop=["three"])
+                | StrOutputParser()
+            )
+
+            chain.invoke("Repeat quoted words exactly: 'One two three four five.'")
+            # Output is 'One two'
+
+        """
+        return RunnableBinding(bound=self, kwargs=kwargs, config={})
+
+    def with_config(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        # Sadly Unpack is not well-supported by mypy so this will have to be untyped
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind config to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to bind to the Runnable.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the config bound.
+        """
+        return RunnableBinding(
+            bound=self,
+            config=cast(
+                "RunnableConfig",
+                {**(config or {}), **kwargs},
+            ),
+            kwargs={},
+        )
+
+    def with_listeners(
+        self,
+        *,
+        on_start: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+        on_end: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+        on_error: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind lifecycle listeners to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        on_start: Called before the Runnable starts running, with the Run object.
+        on_end: Called after the Runnable finishes running, with the Run object.
+        on_error: Called if the Runnable throws an error, with the Run object.
+
+        The Run object contains information about the run, including its id,
+        type, input, output, error, start_time, end_time, and any tags or metadata
+        added to the run.
+
+        Args:
+            on_start: Called before the Runnable starts running. Defaults to None.
+            on_end: Called after the Runnable finishes running. Defaults to None.
+            on_error: Called if the Runnable throws an error. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the listeners bound.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+            from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+            import time
+
+            def test_runnable(time_to_sleep : int):
+                time.sleep(time_to_sleep)
+
+            def fn_start(run_obj: Run):
+                print("start_time:", run_obj.start_time)
+
+            def fn_end(run_obj: Run):
+                print("end_time:", run_obj.end_time)
+
+            chain = RunnableLambda(test_runnable).with_listeners(
+                on_start=fn_start,
+                on_end=fn_end
+            )
+            chain.invoke(2)
+        """
+        from langchain_core.tracers.root_listeners import RootListenersTracer
+
+        return RunnableBinding(
+            bound=self,
+            config_factories=[
+                lambda config: {
+                    "callbacks": [
+                        RootListenersTracer(
+                            config=config,
+                            on_start=on_start,
+                            on_end=on_end,
+                            on_error=on_error,
+                        )
+                    ],
+                }
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def with_alisteners(
+        self,
+        *,
+        on_start: Optional[AsyncListener] = None,
+        on_end: Optional[AsyncListener] = None,
+        on_error: Optional[AsyncListener] = None,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind async lifecycle listeners to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        on_start: Asynchronously called before the Runnable starts running.
+        on_end: Asynchronously called after the Runnable finishes running.
+        on_error: Asynchronously called if the Runnable throws an error.
+
+        The Run object contains information about the run, including its id,
+        type, input, output, error, start_time, end_time, and any tags or metadata
+        added to the run.
+
+        Args:
+            on_start: Asynchronously called before the Runnable starts running.
+                Defaults to None.
+            on_end: Asynchronously called after the Runnable finishes running.
+                Defaults to None.
+            on_error: Asynchronously called if the Runnable throws an error.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the listeners bound.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda, Runnable
+            from datetime import datetime, timezone
+            import time
+            import asyncio
+
+            def format_t(timestamp: float) -> str:
+                return datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=timezone.utc).isoformat()
+
+            async def test_runnable(time_to_sleep : int):
+                print(f"Runnable[{time_to_sleep}s]: starts at {format_t(time.time())}")
+                await asyncio.sleep(time_to_sleep)
+                print(f"Runnable[{time_to_sleep}s]: ends at {format_t(time.time())}")
+
+            async def fn_start(run_obj : Runnable):
+                print(f"on start callback starts at {format_t(time.time())}")
+                await asyncio.sleep(3)
+                print(f"on start callback ends at {format_t(time.time())}")
+
+            async def fn_end(run_obj : Runnable):
+                print(f"on end callback starts at {format_t(time.time())}")
+                await asyncio.sleep(2)
+                print(f"on end callback ends at {format_t(time.time())}")
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(test_runnable).with_alisteners(
+                on_start=fn_start,
+                on_end=fn_end
+            )
+            async def concurrent_runs():
+                await asyncio.gather(runnable.ainvoke(2), runnable.ainvoke(3))
+
+            asyncio.run(concurrent_runs())
+            Result:
+            on start callback starts at 2025-03-01T07:05:22.875378+00:00
+            on start callback starts at 2025-03-01T07:05:22.875495+00:00
+            on start callback ends at 2025-03-01T07:05:25.878862+00:00
+            on start callback ends at 2025-03-01T07:05:25.878947+00:00
+            Runnable[2s]: starts at 2025-03-01T07:05:25.879392+00:00
+            Runnable[3s]: starts at 2025-03-01T07:05:25.879804+00:00
+            Runnable[2s]: ends at 2025-03-01T07:05:27.881998+00:00
+            on end callback starts at 2025-03-01T07:05:27.882360+00:00
+            Runnable[3s]: ends at 2025-03-01T07:05:28.881737+00:00
+            on end callback starts at 2025-03-01T07:05:28.882428+00:00
+            on end callback ends at 2025-03-01T07:05:29.883893+00:00
+            on end callback ends at 2025-03-01T07:05:30.884831+00:00
+
+        """
+        from langchain_core.tracers.root_listeners import AsyncRootListenersTracer
+
+        return RunnableBinding(
+            bound=self,
+            config_factories=[
+                lambda config: {
+                    "callbacks": [
+                        AsyncRootListenersTracer(
+                            config=config,
+                            on_start=on_start,
+                            on_end=on_end,
+                            on_error=on_error,
+                        )
+                    ],
+                }
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def with_types(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input_type: Optional[type[Input]] = None,
+        output_type: Optional[type[Output]] = None,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind input and output types to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            input_type: The input type to bind to the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            output_type: The output type to bind to the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the types bound.
+        """
+        return RunnableBinding(
+            bound=self,
+            custom_input_type=input_type,
+            custom_output_type=output_type,
+            kwargs={},
+        )
+
+    def with_retry(
+        self,
+        *,
+        retry_if_exception_type: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (Exception,),
+        wait_exponential_jitter: bool = True,
+        exponential_jitter_params: Optional[ExponentialJitterParams] = None,
+        stop_after_attempt: int = 3,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Create a new Runnable that retries the original Runnable on exceptions.
+
+        Args:
+            retry_if_exception_type: A tuple of exception types to retry on.
+                Defaults to (Exception,).
+            wait_exponential_jitter: Whether to add jitter to the wait
+                time between retries. Defaults to True.
+            stop_after_attempt: The maximum number of attempts to make before
+                giving up. Defaults to 3.
+            exponential_jitter_params: Parameters for
+                ``tenacity.wait_exponential_jitter``. Namely: ``initial``, ``max``,
+                ``exp_base``, and ``jitter`` (all float values).
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable that retries the original Runnable on exceptions.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            count = 0
+
+
+            def _lambda(x: int) -> None:
+                global count
+                count = count + 1
+                if x == 1:
+                    raise ValueError("x is 1")
+                else:
+                     pass
+
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(_lambda)
+            try:
+                runnable.with_retry(
+                    stop_after_attempt=2,
+                    retry_if_exception_type=(ValueError,),
+                ).invoke(1)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            assert (count == 2)
+
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.retry import RunnableRetry
+
+        return RunnableRetry(
+            bound=self,
+            kwargs={},
+            config={},
+            retry_exception_types=retry_if_exception_type,
+            wait_exponential_jitter=wait_exponential_jitter,
+            max_attempt_number=stop_after_attempt,
+            exponential_jitter_params=exponential_jitter_params,
+        )
+
+    def map(self) -> Runnable[list[Input], list[Output]]:
+        """Return a new Runnable that maps a list of inputs to a list of outputs.
+
+        Calls invoke() with each input.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable that maps a list of inputs to a list of outputs.
+
+        Example:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                    from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+                    def _lambda(x: int) -> int:
+                        return x + 1
+
+                    runnable = RunnableLambda(_lambda)
+                    print(runnable.map().invoke([1, 2, 3])) # [2, 3, 4]
+        """
+        return RunnableEach(bound=self)
+
+    def with_fallbacks(
+        self,
+        fallbacks: Sequence[Runnable[Input, Output]],
+        *,
+        exceptions_to_handle: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (Exception,),
+        exception_key: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> RunnableWithFallbacksT[Input, Output]:
+        """Add fallbacks to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        The new Runnable will try the original Runnable, and then each fallback
+        in order, upon failures.
+
+        Args:
+            fallbacks: A sequence of runnables to try if the original Runnable fails.
+            exceptions_to_handle: A tuple of exception types to handle.
+                Defaults to (Exception,).
+            exception_key: If string is specified then handled exceptions will be passed
+                to fallbacks as part of the input under the specified key. If None,
+                exceptions will not be passed to fallbacks. If used, the base Runnable
+                and its fallbacks must accept a dictionary as input. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable that will try the original Runnable, and then each
+            fallback in order, upon failures.
+
+        Example:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from typing import Iterator
+
+                from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableGenerator
+
+
+                def _generate_immediate_error(input: Iterator) -> Iterator[str]:
+                    raise ValueError()
+                    yield ""
+
+
+                def _generate(input: Iterator) -> Iterator[str]:
+                    yield from "foo bar"
+
+
+                runnable = RunnableGenerator(_generate_immediate_error).with_fallbacks(
+                    [RunnableGenerator(_generate)]
+                    )
+                print(''.join(runnable.stream({}))) #foo bar
+
+        Args:
+            fallbacks: A sequence of runnables to try if the original Runnable fails.
+            exceptions_to_handle: A tuple of exception types to handle.
+            exception_key: If string is specified then handled exceptions will be passed
+                to fallbacks as part of the input under the specified key. If None,
+                exceptions will not be passed to fallbacks. If used, the base Runnable
+                and its fallbacks must accept a dictionary as input.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable that will try the original Runnable, and then each
+            fallback in order, upon failures.
+
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.fallbacks import RunnableWithFallbacks
+
+        return RunnableWithFallbacks(
+            runnable=self,
+            fallbacks=fallbacks,
+            exceptions_to_handle=exceptions_to_handle,
+            exception_key=exception_key,
+        )
+
+    """ --- Helper methods for Subclasses --- """
+
+    def _call_with_config(
+        self,
+        func: Union[
+            Callable[[Input], Output],
+            Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun], Output],
+            Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig], Output],
+        ],
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        """Helper method to transform an Input value to an Output value, with callbacks.
+
+        Use this method to implement invoke() in subclasses.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            serialized,
+            input,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        try:
+            child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                output = cast(
+                    "Output",
+                    context.run(
+                        call_func_with_variable_args,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                        func,
+                        input,
+                        config,
+                        run_manager,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    ),
+                )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+            return output
+
+    async def _acall_with_config(
+        self,
+        func: Union[
+            Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]],
+            Callable[[Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun], Awaitable[Output]],
+            Callable[
+                [Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig],
+                Awaitable[Output],
+            ],
+        ],
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        """Helper method to transform an Input value to an Output value, with callbacks.
+
+        Use this method to implement ainvoke() in subclasses.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            serialized,
+            input,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        try:
+            child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                coro = acall_func_with_variable_args(
+                    func, input, config, run_manager, **kwargs
+                )
+                output: Output = await coro_with_context(coro, context)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+            return output
+
+    def _batch_with_config(
+        self,
+        func: Union[
+            Callable[[list[Input]], list[Union[Exception, Output]]],
+            Callable[
+                [list[Input], list[CallbackManagerForChainRun]],
+                list[Union[Exception, Output]],
+            ],
+            Callable[
+                [list[Input], list[CallbackManagerForChainRun], list[RunnableConfig]],
+                list[Union[Exception, Output]],
+            ],
+        ],
+        input: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        """Transform a list of inputs to a list of outputs, with callbacks.
+
+        Helper method to transform an Input value to an Output value,
+        with callbacks. Use this method to implement invoke() in subclasses.
+        """
+        if not input:
+            return []
+
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(input))
+        callback_managers = [get_callback_manager_for_config(c) for c in configs]
+        run_managers = [
+            callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+                None,
+                input,
+                run_type=run_type,
+                name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            )
+            for callback_manager, input, config in zip(
+                callback_managers, input, configs
+            )
+        ]
+        try:
+            if accepts_config(func):
+                kwargs["config"] = [
+                    patch_config(c, callbacks=rm.get_child())
+                    for c, rm in zip(configs, run_managers)
+                ]
+            if accepts_run_manager(func):
+                kwargs["run_manager"] = run_managers
+            output = func(input, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        except BaseException as e:
+            for run_manager in run_managers:
+                run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            if return_exceptions:
+                return cast("list[Output]", [e for _ in input])
+            raise
+        else:
+            first_exception: Optional[Exception] = None
+            for run_manager, out in zip(run_managers, output):
+                if isinstance(out, Exception):
+                    first_exception = first_exception or out
+                    run_manager.on_chain_error(out)
+                else:
+                    run_manager.on_chain_end(out)
+            if return_exceptions or first_exception is None:
+                return cast("list[Output]", output)
+            raise first_exception
+
+    async def _abatch_with_config(
+        self,
+        func: Union[
+            Callable[[list[Input]], Awaitable[list[Union[Exception, Output]]]],
+            Callable[
+                [list[Input], list[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun]],
+                Awaitable[list[Union[Exception, Output]]],
+            ],
+            Callable[
+                [
+                    list[Input],
+                    list[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun],
+                    list[RunnableConfig],
+                ],
+                Awaitable[list[Union[Exception, Output]]],
+            ],
+        ],
+        input: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        """Transform a list of inputs to a list of outputs, with callbacks.
+
+        Helper method to transform an Input value to an Output value,
+        with callbacks.
+        Use this method to implement invoke() in subclasses.
+        """
+        if not input:
+            return []
+
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(input))
+        callback_managers = [get_async_callback_manager_for_config(c) for c in configs]
+        run_managers: list[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+                    None,
+                    input,
+                    run_type=run_type,
+                    name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+                    run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+                )
+                for callback_manager, input, config in zip(
+                    callback_managers, input, configs
+                )
+            )
+        )
+        try:
+            if accepts_config(func):
+                kwargs["config"] = [
+                    patch_config(c, callbacks=rm.get_child())
+                    for c, rm in zip(configs, run_managers)
+                ]
+            if accepts_run_manager(func):
+                kwargs["run_manager"] = run_managers
+            output = await func(input, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await asyncio.gather(
+                *(run_manager.on_chain_error(e) for run_manager in run_managers)
+            )
+            if return_exceptions:
+                return cast("list[Output]", [e for _ in input])
+            raise
+        else:
+            first_exception: Optional[Exception] = None
+            coros: list[Awaitable[None]] = []
+            for run_manager, out in zip(run_managers, output):
+                if isinstance(out, Exception):
+                    first_exception = first_exception or out
+                    coros.append(run_manager.on_chain_error(out))
+                else:
+                    coros.append(run_manager.on_chain_end(out))
+            await asyncio.gather(*coros)
+            if return_exceptions or first_exception is None:
+                return cast("list[Output]", output)
+            raise first_exception
+
+    def _transform_stream_with_config(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        transformer: Union[
+            Callable[[Iterator[Input]], Iterator[Output]],
+            Callable[[Iterator[Input], CallbackManagerForChainRun], Iterator[Output]],
+            Callable[
+                [
+                    Iterator[Input],
+                    CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+                    RunnableConfig,
+                ],
+                Iterator[Output],
+            ],
+        ],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        """Transform a stream with config.
+
+        Helper method to transform an Iterator of Input values into an Iterator of
+        Output values, with callbacks.
+        Use this to implement `stream()` or `transform()` in Runnable subclasses.
+        """
+        # Mixin that is used by both astream log and astream events implementation
+        from langchain_core.tracers._streaming import _StreamingCallbackHandler
+
+        # tee the input so we can iterate over it twice
+        input_for_tracing, input_for_transform = tee(input, 2)
+        # Start the input iterator to ensure the input Runnable starts before this one
+        final_input: Optional[Input] = next(input_for_tracing, None)
+        final_input_supported = True
+        final_output: Optional[Output] = None
+        final_output_supported = True
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            {"input": ""},
+            run_type=run_type,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        try:
+            child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+            if accepts_config(transformer):
+                kwargs["config"] = child_config
+            if accepts_run_manager(transformer):
+                kwargs["run_manager"] = run_manager
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                iterator = context.run(transformer, input_for_transform, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                if stream_handler := next(
+                    (
+                        cast("_StreamingCallbackHandler", h)
+                        for h in run_manager.handlers
+                        # instance check OK here, it's a mixin
+                        if isinstance(h, _StreamingCallbackHandler)
+                    ),
+                    None,
+                ):
+                    # populates streamed_output in astream_log() output if needed
+                    iterator = stream_handler.tap_output_iter(
+                        run_manager.run_id, iterator
+                    )
+                try:
+                    while True:
+                        chunk: Output = context.run(next, iterator)
+                        yield chunk
+                        if final_output_supported:
+                            if final_output is None:
+                                final_output = chunk
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    final_output = final_output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                                except TypeError:
+                                    final_output = chunk
+                                    final_output_supported = False
+                        else:
+                            final_output = chunk
+                except (StopIteration, GeneratorExit):
+                    pass
+                for ichunk in input_for_tracing:
+                    if final_input_supported:
+                        if final_input is None:
+                            final_input = ichunk
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                final_input = final_input + ichunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                            except TypeError:
+                                final_input = ichunk
+                                final_input_supported = False
+                    else:
+                        final_input = ichunk
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e, inputs=final_input)
+            raise
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_chain_end(final_output, inputs=final_input)
+
+    async def _atransform_stream_with_config(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        transformer: Union[
+            Callable[[AsyncIterator[Input]], AsyncIterator[Output]],
+            Callable[
+                [AsyncIterator[Input], AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun],
+                AsyncIterator[Output],
+            ],
+            Callable[
+                [
+                    AsyncIterator[Input],
+                    AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+                    RunnableConfig,
+                ],
+                AsyncIterator[Output],
+            ],
+        ],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        """Transform a stream with config.
+
+        Helper method to transform an Async Iterator of Input values into an Async
+        Iterator of Output values, with callbacks.
+        Use this to implement `astream()` or `atransform()` in Runnable subclasses.
+        """
+        # Mixin that is used by both astream log and astream events implementation
+        from langchain_core.tracers._streaming import _StreamingCallbackHandler
+
+        # tee the input so we can iterate over it twice
+        input_for_tracing, input_for_transform = atee(input, 2)
+        # Start the input iterator to ensure the input Runnable starts before this one
+        final_input: Optional[Input] = await py_anext(input_for_tracing, None)
+        final_input_supported = True
+        final_output: Optional[Output] = None
+        final_output_supported = True
+
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            {"input": ""},
+            run_type=run_type,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        try:
+            child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+            if accepts_config(transformer):
+                kwargs["config"] = child_config
+            if accepts_run_manager(transformer):
+                kwargs["run_manager"] = run_manager
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                iterator_ = context.run(transformer, input_for_transform, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+                if stream_handler := next(
+                    (
+                        cast("_StreamingCallbackHandler", h)
+                        for h in run_manager.handlers
+                        # instance check OK here, it's a mixin
+                        if isinstance(h, _StreamingCallbackHandler)
+                    ),
+                    None,
+                ):
+                    # populates streamed_output in astream_log() output if needed
+                    iterator = stream_handler.tap_output_aiter(
+                        run_manager.run_id, iterator_
+                    )
+                else:
+                    iterator = iterator_
+                try:
+                    while True:
+                        chunk = await coro_with_context(py_anext(iterator), context)
+                        yield chunk
+                        if final_output_supported:
+                            if final_output is None:
+                                final_output = chunk
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    final_output = final_output + chunk
+                                except TypeError:
+                                    final_output = chunk
+                                    final_output_supported = False
+                        else:
+                            final_output = chunk
+                except StopAsyncIteration:
+                    pass
+                async for ichunk in input_for_tracing:
+                    if final_input_supported:
+                        if final_input is None:
+                            final_input = ichunk
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                final_input = final_input + ichunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                            except TypeError:
+                                final_input = ichunk
+                                final_input_supported = False
+                    else:
+                        final_input = ichunk
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e, inputs=final_input)
+            raise
+        else:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_end(final_output, inputs=final_input)
+        finally:
+            if iterator_ is not None and hasattr(iterator_, "aclose"):
+                await iterator_.aclose()
+
+    @beta_decorator.beta(message="This API is in beta and may change in the future.")
+    def as_tool(
+        self,
+        args_schema: Optional[type[BaseModel]] = None,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        arg_types: Optional[dict[str, type]] = None,
+    ) -> BaseTool:
+        """Create a BaseTool from a Runnable.
+
+        ``as_tool`` will instantiate a BaseTool with a name, description, and
+        ``args_schema`` from a Runnable. Where possible, schemas are inferred
+        from ``runnable.get_input_schema``. Alternatively (e.g., if the
+        Runnable takes a dict as input and the specific dict keys are not typed),
+        the schema can be specified directly with ``args_schema``. You can also
+        pass ``arg_types`` to just specify the required arguments and their types.
+
+        Args:
+            args_schema: The schema for the tool. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the tool. Defaults to None.
+            description: The description of the tool. Defaults to None.
+            arg_types: A dictionary of argument names to types. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A BaseTool instance.
+
+        Typed dict input:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            class Args(TypedDict):
+                a: int
+                b: list[int]
+
+            def f(x: Args) -> str:
+                return str(x["a"] * max(x["b"]))
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(f)
+            as_tool = runnable.as_tool()
+            as_tool.invoke({"a": 3, "b": [1, 2]})
+
+        ``dict`` input, specifying schema via ``args_schema``:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import Any
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            def f(x: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+                return str(x["a"] * max(x["b"]))
+
+            class FSchema(BaseModel):
+                \"\"\"Apply a function to an integer and list of integers.\"\"\"
+
+                a: int = Field(..., description="Integer")
+                b: list[int] = Field(..., description="List of ints")
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(f)
+            as_tool = runnable.as_tool(FSchema)
+            as_tool.invoke({"a": 3, "b": [1, 2]})
+
+        ``dict`` input, specifying schema via ``arg_types``:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import Any
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            def f(x: dict[str, Any]) -> str:
+                return str(x["a"] * max(x["b"]))
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(f)
+            as_tool = runnable.as_tool(arg_types={"a": int, "b": list[int]})
+            as_tool.invoke({"a": 3, "b": [1, 2]})
+
+        String input:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            def f(x: str) -> str:
+                return x + "a"
+
+            def g(x: str) -> str:
+                return x + "z"
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(f) | g
+            as_tool = runnable.as_tool()
+            as_tool.invoke("b")
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.14
+        """
+        # Avoid circular import
+        from langchain_core.tools import convert_runnable_to_tool
+
+        return convert_runnable_to_tool(
+            self,
+            args_schema=args_schema,
+            name=name,
+            description=description,
+            arg_types=arg_types,
+        )
+
+
+class RunnableSerializable(Serializable, Runnable[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that can be serialized to JSON."""
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        # Suppress warnings from pydantic protected namespaces
+        # (e.g., `model_`)
+        protected_namespaces=(),
+    )
+
+    @override
+    def to_json(self) -> Union[SerializedConstructor, SerializedNotImplemented]:
+        """Serialize the Runnable to JSON.
+
+        Returns:
+            A JSON-serializable representation of the Runnable.
+        """
+        dumped = super().to_json()
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+            dumped["name"] = self.get_name()
+        return dumped
+
+    def configurable_fields(
+        self, **kwargs: AnyConfigurableField
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]:
+        """Configure particular Runnable fields at runtime.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: A dictionary of ConfigurableField instances to configure.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the fields configured.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import ConfigurableField
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            model = ChatOpenAI(max_tokens=20).configurable_fields(
+                max_tokens=ConfigurableField(
+                    id="output_token_number",
+                    name="Max tokens in the output",
+                    description="The maximum number of tokens in the output",
+                )
+            )
+
+            # max_tokens = 20
+            print(
+                "max_tokens_20: ",
+                model.invoke("tell me something about chess").content
+            )
+
+            # max_tokens = 200
+            print("max_tokens_200: ", model.with_config(
+                configurable={"output_token_number": 200}
+                ).invoke("tell me something about chess").content
+            )
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.configurable import RunnableConfigurableFields
+
+        model_fields = type(self).model_fields
+        for key in kwargs:
+            if key not in model_fields:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Configuration key {key} not found in {self}: "
+                    f"available keys are {model_fields.keys()}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        return RunnableConfigurableFields(default=self, fields=kwargs)
+
+    def configurable_alternatives(
+        self,
+        which: ConfigurableField,
+        *,
+        default_key: str = "default",
+        prefix_keys: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Union[Runnable[Input, Output], Callable[[], Runnable[Input, Output]]],
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]:
+        """Configure alternatives for Runnables that can be set at runtime.
+
+        Args:
+            which: The ConfigurableField instance that will be used to select the
+                alternative.
+            default_key: The default key to use if no alternative is selected.
+                Defaults to "default".
+            prefix_keys: Whether to prefix the keys with the ConfigurableField id.
+                Defaults to False.
+            **kwargs: A dictionary of keys to Runnable instances or callables that
+                return Runnable instances.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the alternatives configured.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+            from langchain_core.runnables.utils import ConfigurableField
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            model = ChatAnthropic(
+                model_name="claude-3-sonnet-20240229"
+            ).configurable_alternatives(
+                ConfigurableField(id="llm"),
+                default_key="anthropic",
+                openai=ChatOpenAI()
+            )
+
+            # uses the default model ChatAnthropic
+            print(model.invoke("which organization created you?").content)
+
+            # uses ChatOpenAI
+            print(
+                model.with_config(
+                    configurable={"llm": "openai"}
+                ).invoke("which organization created you?").content
+            )
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.configurable import (
+            RunnableConfigurableAlternatives,
+        )
+
+        return RunnableConfigurableAlternatives(
+            which=which,
+            default=self,
+            alternatives=kwargs,
+            default_key=default_key,
+            prefix_keys=prefix_keys,
+        )
+
+
+def _seq_input_schema(
+    steps: list[Runnable[Any, Any]], config: Optional[RunnableConfig]
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnableAssign, RunnablePick
+
+    first = steps[0]
+    if len(steps) == 1:
+        return first.get_input_schema(config)
+    if isinstance(first, RunnableAssign):
+        next_input_schema = _seq_input_schema(steps[1:], config)
+        if not issubclass(next_input_schema, RootModel):
+            # it's a dict as expected
+            return create_model_v2(
+                "RunnableSequenceInput",
+                field_definitions={
+                    k: (v.annotation, v.default)
+                    for k, v in next_input_schema.model_fields.items()
+                    if k not in first.mapper.steps__
+                },
+            )
+    elif isinstance(first, RunnablePick):
+        return _seq_input_schema(steps[1:], config)
+
+    return first.get_input_schema(config)
+
+
+def _seq_output_schema(
+    steps: list[Runnable[Any, Any]], config: Optional[RunnableConfig]
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnableAssign, RunnablePick
+
+    last = steps[-1]
+    if len(steps) == 1:
+        return last.get_input_schema(config)
+    if isinstance(last, RunnableAssign):
+        mapper_output_schema = last.mapper.get_output_schema(config)
+        prev_output_schema = _seq_output_schema(steps[:-1], config)
+        if not issubclass(prev_output_schema, RootModel):
+            # it's a dict as expected
+            return create_model_v2(
+                "RunnableSequenceOutput",
+                field_definitions={
+                    **{
+                        k: (v.annotation, v.default)
+                        for k, v in prev_output_schema.model_fields.items()
+                    },
+                    **{
+                        k: (v.annotation, v.default)
+                        for k, v in mapper_output_schema.model_fields.items()
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+    elif isinstance(last, RunnablePick):
+        prev_output_schema = _seq_output_schema(steps[:-1], config)
+        if not issubclass(prev_output_schema, RootModel):
+            # it's a dict as expected
+            if isinstance(last.keys, list):
+                return create_model_v2(
+                    "RunnableSequenceOutput",
+                    field_definitions={
+                        k: (v.annotation, v.default)
+                        for k, v in prev_output_schema.model_fields.items()
+                        if k in last.keys
+                    },
+                )
+            field = prev_output_schema.model_fields[last.keys]
+            return create_model_v2(
+                "RunnableSequenceOutput", root=(field.annotation, field.default)
+            )
+
+    return last.get_output_schema(config)
+
+
+class RunnableSequence(RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]):
+    """Sequence of Runnables, where the output of each is the input of the next.
+
+    **RunnableSequence** is the most important composition operator in LangChain
+    as it is used in virtually every chain.
+
+    A RunnableSequence can be instantiated directly or more commonly by using the `|`
+    operator where either the left or right operands (or both) must be a Runnable.
+
+    Any RunnableSequence automatically supports sync, async, batch.
+
+    The default implementations of `batch` and `abatch` utilize threadpools and
+    asyncio gather and will be faster than naive invocation of invoke or ainvoke
+    for IO bound Runnables.
+
+    Batching is implemented by invoking the batch method on each component of the
+    RunnableSequence in order.
+
+    A RunnableSequence preserves the streaming properties of its components, so if all
+    components of the sequence implement a `transform` method -- which
+    is the method that implements the logic to map a streaming input to a streaming
+    output -- then the sequence will be able to stream input to output!
+
+    If any component of the sequence does not implement transform then the
+    streaming will only begin after this component is run. If there are
+    multiple blocking components, streaming begins after the last one.
+
+    Please note: RunnableLambdas do not support `transform` by default! So if
+        you need to use a RunnableLambdas be careful about where you place them in a
+        RunnableSequence (if you need to use the .stream()/.astream() methods).
+
+        If you need arbitrary logic and need streaming, you can subclass
+        Runnable, and implement `transform` for whatever logic you need.
+
+    Here is a simple example that uses simple functions to illustrate the use of
+    RunnableSequence:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            def add_one(x: int) -> int:
+                return x + 1
+
+            def mul_two(x: int) -> int:
+                return x * 2
+
+            runnable_1 = RunnableLambda(add_one)
+            runnable_2 = RunnableLambda(mul_two)
+            sequence = runnable_1 | runnable_2
+            # Or equivalently:
+            # sequence = RunnableSequence(first=runnable_1, last=runnable_2)
+            sequence.invoke(1)
+            await sequence.ainvoke(1)
+
+            sequence.batch([1, 2, 3])
+            await sequence.abatch([1, 2, 3])
+
+    Here's an example that uses streams JSON output generated by an LLM:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers.json import SimpleJsonOutputParser
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                'In JSON format, give me a list of {topic} and their '
+                'corresponding names in French, Spanish and in a '
+                'Cat Language.'
+            )
+
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            chain = prompt | model | SimpleJsonOutputParser()
+
+            async for chunk in chain.astream({'topic': 'colors'}):
+                print('-')  # noqa: T201
+                print(chunk, sep='', flush=True)  # noqa: T201
+    """
+
+    # The steps are broken into first, middle and last, solely for type checking
+    # purposes. It allows specifying the `Input` on the first type, the `Output` of
+    # the last type.
+    first: Runnable[Input, Any]
+    """The first Runnable in the sequence."""
+    middle: list[Runnable[Any, Any]] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """The middle Runnables in the sequence."""
+    last: Runnable[Any, Output]
+    """The last Runnable in the sequence."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *steps: RunnableLike,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        first: Optional[Runnable[Any, Any]] = None,
+        middle: Optional[list[Runnable[Any, Any]]] = None,
+        last: Optional[Runnable[Any, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new RunnableSequence.
+
+        Args:
+            steps: The steps to include in the sequence.
+            name: The name of the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            first: The first Runnable in the sequence. Defaults to None.
+            middle: The middle Runnables in the sequence. Defaults to None.
+            last: The last Runnable in the sequence. Defaults to None.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the sequence has less than 2 steps.
+        """
+        steps_flat: list[Runnable] = []
+        if not steps and first is not None and last is not None:
+            steps_flat = [first] + (middle or []) + [last]
+        for step in steps:
+            if isinstance(step, RunnableSequence):
+                steps_flat.extend(step.steps)
+            else:
+                steps_flat.append(coerce_to_runnable(step))
+        if len(steps_flat) < 2:
+            msg = f"RunnableSequence must have at least 2 steps, got {len(steps_flat)}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            first=steps_flat[0],
+            middle=list(steps_flat[1:-1]),
+            last=steps_flat[-1],
+            name=name,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @property
+    def steps(self) -> list[Runnable[Any, Any]]:
+        """All the Runnables that make up the sequence in order.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of Runnables.
+        """
+        return [self.first] + self.middle + [self.last]
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Check if the object is serializable.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the object is serializable, False otherwise.
+                Defaults to True.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> type[Input]:
+        """The type of the input to the Runnable."""
+        return self.first.InputType
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[Output]:
+        """The type of the output of the Runnable."""
+        return self.last.OutputType
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get the input schema of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input schema of the Runnable.
+        """
+        return _seq_input_schema(self.steps, config)
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get the output schema of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output schema of the Runnable.
+        """
+        return _seq_output_schema(self.steps, config)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        """Get the config specs of the Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            The config specs of the Runnable.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import (
+            CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX,
+            _key_from_id,
+        )
+
+        # get all specs
+        all_specs = [
+            (spec, idx)
+            for idx, step in enumerate(self.steps)
+            for spec in step.config_specs
+        ]
+        # calculate context dependencies
+        specs_by_pos = groupby(
+            [tup for tup in all_specs if tup[0].id.startswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX)],
+            itemgetter(1),
+        )
+        next_deps: set[str] = set()
+        deps_by_pos: dict[int, set[str]] = {}
+        for pos, specs in specs_by_pos:
+            deps_by_pos[pos] = next_deps
+            next_deps = next_deps | {spec[0].id for spec in specs}
+        # assign context dependencies
+        for pos, (spec, idx) in enumerate(all_specs):
+            if spec.id.startswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX):
+                all_specs[pos] = (
+                    ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                        id=spec.id,
+                        annotation=spec.annotation,
+                        name=spec.name,
+                        default=spec.default,
+                        description=spec.description,
+                        is_shared=spec.is_shared,
+                        dependencies=[
+                            d
+                            for d in deps_by_pos[idx]
+                            if _key_from_id(d) != _key_from_id(spec.id)
+                        ]
+                        + (spec.dependencies or []),
+                    ),
+                    idx,
+                )
+
+        return get_unique_config_specs(spec for spec, _ in all_specs)
+
+    @override
+    def get_graph(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> Graph:
+        """Get the graph representation of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The graph representation of the Runnable.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If a Runnable has no first or last node.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.graph import Graph
+
+        graph = Graph()
+        for step in self.steps:
+            current_last_node = graph.last_node()
+            step_graph = step.get_graph(config)
+            if step is not self.first:
+                step_graph.trim_first_node()
+            if step is not self.last:
+                step_graph.trim_last_node()
+            step_first_node, _ = graph.extend(step_graph)
+            if not step_first_node:
+                msg = f"Runnable {step} has no first node"
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            if current_last_node:
+                graph.add_edge(current_last_node, step_first_node)
+
+        return graph
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "\n| ".join(
+            repr(s) if i == 0 else indent_lines_after_first(repr(s), "| ")
+            for i, s in enumerate(self.steps)
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def __or__(
+        self,
+        other: Union[
+            Runnable[Any, Other],
+            Callable[[Any], Other],
+            Callable[[Iterator[Any]], Iterator[Other]],
+            Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Any, Other], Callable[[Any], Other], Any]],
+        ],
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Input, Other]:
+        if isinstance(other, RunnableSequence):
+            return RunnableSequence(
+                self.first,
+                *self.middle,
+                self.last,
+                other.first,
+                *other.middle,
+                other.last,
+                name=self.name or other.name,
+            )
+        return RunnableSequence(
+            self.first,
+            *self.middle,
+            self.last,
+            coerce_to_runnable(other),
+            name=self.name,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def __ror__(
+        self,
+        other: Union[
+            Runnable[Other, Any],
+            Callable[[Other], Any],
+            Callable[[Iterator[Other]], Iterator[Any]],
+            Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Other, Any], Callable[[Other], Any], Any]],
+        ],
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Other, Output]:
+        if isinstance(other, RunnableSequence):
+            return RunnableSequence(
+                other.first,
+                *other.middle,
+                other.last,
+                self.first,
+                *self.middle,
+                self.last,
+                name=other.name or self.name,
+            )
+        return RunnableSequence(
+            coerce_to_runnable(other),
+            self.first,
+            *self.middle,
+            self.last,
+            name=self.name,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import config_with_context
+
+        # setup callbacks and context
+        config = config_with_context(ensure_config(config), self.steps)
+        callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+
+        # invoke all steps in sequence
+        try:
+            for i, step in enumerate(self.steps):
+                # mark each step as a child run
+                config = patch_config(
+                    config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"seq:step:{i + 1}")
+                )
+                with set_config_context(config) as context:
+                    if i == 0:
+                        input = context.run(step.invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+                    else:
+                        input = context.run(step.invoke, input, config)
+        # finish the root run
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_chain_end(input)
+            return cast("Output", input)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import aconfig_with_context
+
+        # setup callbacks and context
+        config = aconfig_with_context(ensure_config(config), self.steps)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+
+        # invoke all steps in sequence
+        try:
+            for i, step in enumerate(self.steps):
+                # mark each step as a child run
+                config = patch_config(
+                    config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"seq:step:{i + 1}")
+                )
+                with set_config_context(config) as context:
+                    if i == 0:
+                        part = functools.partial(step.ainvoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+                    else:
+                        part = functools.partial(step.ainvoke, input, config)
+                    input = await coro_with_context(part(), context, create_task=True)
+            # finish the root run
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_end(input)
+            return cast("Output", input)
+
+    @override
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import config_with_context
+        from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager
+
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        # setup callbacks and context
+        configs = [
+            config_with_context(c, self.steps)
+            for c in get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        ]
+        callback_managers = [
+            CallbackManager.configure(
+                inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+                local_callbacks=None,
+                verbose=False,
+                inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+                local_tags=None,
+                inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+                local_metadata=None,
+            )
+            for config in configs
+        ]
+        # start the root runs, one per input
+        run_managers = [
+            cm.on_chain_start(
+                None,
+                input,
+                name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            )
+            for cm, input, config in zip(callback_managers, inputs, configs)
+        ]
+
+        # invoke
+        try:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                # Track which inputs (by index) failed so far
+                # If an input has failed it will be present in this map,
+                # and the value will be the exception that was raised.
+                failed_inputs_map: dict[int, Exception] = {}
+                for stepidx, step in enumerate(self.steps):
+                    # Assemble the original indexes of the remaining inputs
+                    # (i.e. the ones that haven't failed yet)
+                    remaining_idxs = [
+                        i for i in range(len(configs)) if i not in failed_inputs_map
+                    ]
+                    # Invoke the step on the remaining inputs
+                    inputs = step.batch(
+                        [
+                            inp
+                            for i, inp in zip(remaining_idxs, inputs)
+                            if i not in failed_inputs_map
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            # each step a child run of the corresponding root run
+                            patch_config(
+                                config,
+                                callbacks=rm.get_child(f"seq:step:{stepidx + 1}"),
+                            )
+                            for i, (rm, config) in enumerate(zip(run_managers, configs))
+                            if i not in failed_inputs_map
+                        ],
+                        return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                        **(kwargs if stepidx == 0 else {}),
+                    )
+                    # If an input failed, add it to the map
+                    failed_inputs_map.update(
+                        {
+                            i: inp
+                            for i, inp in zip(remaining_idxs, inputs)
+                            if isinstance(inp, Exception)
+                        }
+                    )
+                    inputs = [inp for inp in inputs if not isinstance(inp, Exception)]
+                    # If all inputs have failed, stop processing
+                    if len(failed_inputs_map) == len(configs):
+                        break
+
+                # Reassemble the outputs, inserting Exceptions for failed inputs
+                inputs_copy = inputs.copy()
+                inputs = []
+                for i in range(len(configs)):
+                    if i in failed_inputs_map:
+                        inputs.append(cast("Input", failed_inputs_map[i]))
+                    else:
+                        inputs.append(inputs_copy.pop(0))
+            else:
+                for i, step in enumerate(self.steps):
+                    inputs = step.batch(
+                        inputs,
+                        [
+                            # each step a child run of the corresponding root run
+                            patch_config(
+                                config, callbacks=rm.get_child(f"seq:step:{i + 1}")
+                            )
+                            for rm, config in zip(run_managers, configs)
+                        ],
+                        return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                        **(kwargs if i == 0 else {}),
+                    )
+
+        # finish the root runs
+        except BaseException as e:
+            for rm in run_managers:
+                rm.on_chain_error(e)
+            if return_exceptions:
+                return cast("list[Output]", [e for _ in inputs])
+            raise
+        else:
+            first_exception: Optional[Exception] = None
+            for run_manager, out in zip(run_managers, inputs):
+                if isinstance(out, Exception):
+                    first_exception = first_exception or out
+                    run_manager.on_chain_error(out)
+                else:
+                    run_manager.on_chain_end(out)
+            if return_exceptions or first_exception is None:
+                return cast("list[Output]", inputs)
+            raise first_exception
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import aconfig_with_context
+        from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import AsyncCallbackManager
+
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        # setup callbacks and context
+        configs = [
+            aconfig_with_context(c, self.steps)
+            for c in get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        ]
+        callback_managers = [
+            AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+                inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+                local_callbacks=None,
+                verbose=False,
+                inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+                local_tags=None,
+                inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+                local_metadata=None,
+            )
+            for config in configs
+        ]
+        # start the root runs, one per input
+        run_managers: list[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                cm.on_chain_start(
+                    None,
+                    input,
+                    name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+                    run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+                )
+                for cm, input, config in zip(callback_managers, inputs, configs)
+            )
+        )
+
+        # invoke .batch() on each step
+        # this uses batching optimizations in Runnable subclasses, like LLM
+        try:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                # Track which inputs (by index) failed so far
+                # If an input has failed it will be present in this map,
+                # and the value will be the exception that was raised.
+                failed_inputs_map: dict[int, Exception] = {}
+                for stepidx, step in enumerate(self.steps):
+                    # Assemble the original indexes of the remaining inputs
+                    # (i.e. the ones that haven't failed yet)
+                    remaining_idxs = [
+                        i for i in range(len(configs)) if i not in failed_inputs_map
+                    ]
+                    # Invoke the step on the remaining inputs
+                    inputs = await step.abatch(
+                        [
+                            inp
+                            for i, inp in zip(remaining_idxs, inputs)
+                            if i not in failed_inputs_map
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            # each step a child run of the corresponding root run
+                            patch_config(
+                                config,
+                                callbacks=rm.get_child(f"seq:step:{stepidx + 1}"),
+                            )
+                            for i, (rm, config) in enumerate(zip(run_managers, configs))
+                            if i not in failed_inputs_map
+                        ],
+                        return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                        **(kwargs if stepidx == 0 else {}),
+                    )
+                    # If an input failed, add it to the map
+                    failed_inputs_map.update(
+                        {
+                            i: inp
+                            for i, inp in zip(remaining_idxs, inputs)
+                            if isinstance(inp, Exception)
+                        }
+                    )
+                    inputs = [inp for inp in inputs if not isinstance(inp, Exception)]
+                    # If all inputs have failed, stop processing
+                    if len(failed_inputs_map) == len(configs):
+                        break
+
+                # Reassemble the outputs, inserting Exceptions for failed inputs
+                inputs_copy = inputs.copy()
+                inputs = []
+                for i in range(len(configs)):
+                    if i in failed_inputs_map:
+                        inputs.append(cast("Input", failed_inputs_map[i]))
+                    else:
+                        inputs.append(inputs_copy.pop(0))
+            else:
+                for i, step in enumerate(self.steps):
+                    inputs = await step.abatch(
+                        inputs,
+                        [
+                            # each step a child run of the corresponding root run
+                            patch_config(
+                                config, callbacks=rm.get_child(f"seq:step:{i + 1}")
+                            )
+                            for rm, config in zip(run_managers, configs)
+                        ],
+                        return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                        **(kwargs if i == 0 else {}),
+                    )
+        # finish the root runs
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await asyncio.gather(*(rm.on_chain_error(e) for rm in run_managers))
+            if return_exceptions:
+                return cast("list[Output]", [e for _ in inputs])
+            raise
+        else:
+            first_exception: Optional[Exception] = None
+            coros: list[Awaitable[None]] = []
+            for run_manager, out in zip(run_managers, inputs):
+                if isinstance(out, Exception):
+                    first_exception = first_exception or out
+                    coros.append(run_manager.on_chain_error(out))
+                else:
+                    coros.append(run_manager.on_chain_end(out))
+            await asyncio.gather(*coros)
+            if return_exceptions or first_exception is None:
+                return cast("list[Output]", inputs)
+            raise first_exception
+
+    def _transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import config_with_context
+
+        steps = [self.first] + self.middle + [self.last]
+        config = config_with_context(config, self.steps)
+
+        # transform the input stream of each step with the next
+        # steps that don't natively support transforming an input stream will
+        # buffer input in memory until all available, and then start emitting output
+        final_pipeline = cast("Iterator[Output]", input)
+        for idx, step in enumerate(steps):
+            config = patch_config(
+                config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"seq:step:{idx + 1}")
+            )
+            if idx == 0:
+                final_pipeline = step.transform(final_pipeline, config, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                final_pipeline = step.transform(final_pipeline, config)
+
+        yield from final_pipeline
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import aconfig_with_context
+
+        steps = [self.first] + self.middle + [self.last]
+        config = aconfig_with_context(config, self.steps)
+
+        # stream the last steps
+        # transform the input stream of each step with the next
+        # steps that don't natively support transforming an input stream will
+        # buffer input in memory until all available, and then start emitting output
+        final_pipeline = cast("AsyncIterator[Output]", input)
+        for idx, step in enumerate(steps):
+            config = patch_config(
+                config,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"seq:step:{idx + 1}"),
+            )
+            if idx == 0:
+                final_pipeline = step.atransform(final_pipeline, config, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                final_pipeline = step.atransform(final_pipeline, config)
+        async for output in final_pipeline:
+            yield output
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        yield from self._transform_stream_with_config(
+            input,
+            self._transform,
+            patch_config(config, run_name=(config or {}).get("run_name") or self.name),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        yield from self.transform(iter([input]), config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        async for chunk in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+            input,
+            self._atransform,
+            patch_config(config, run_name=(config or {}).get("run_name") or self.name),
+            **kwargs,
+        ):
+            yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        async def input_aiter() -> AsyncIterator[Input]:
+            yield input
+
+        async for chunk in self.atransform(input_aiter(), config, **kwargs):
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class RunnableParallel(RunnableSerializable[Input, dict[str, Any]]):
+    """Runnable that runs a mapping of Runnables in parallel.
+
+    Returns a mapping of their outputs.
+
+    RunnableParallel is one of the two main composition primitives for the LCEL,
+    alongside RunnableSequence. It invokes Runnables concurrently, providing the same
+    input to each.
+
+    A RunnableParallel can be instantiated directly or by using a dict literal within a
+    sequence.
+
+    Here is a simple example that uses functions to illustrate the use of
+    RunnableParallel:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            def add_one(x: int) -> int:
+                return x + 1
+
+            def mul_two(x: int) -> int:
+                return x * 2
+
+            def mul_three(x: int) -> int:
+                return x * 3
+
+            runnable_1 = RunnableLambda(add_one)
+            runnable_2 = RunnableLambda(mul_two)
+            runnable_3 = RunnableLambda(mul_three)
+
+            sequence = runnable_1 | {  # this dict is coerced to a RunnableParallel
+                "mul_two": runnable_2,
+                "mul_three": runnable_3,
+            }
+            # Or equivalently:
+            # sequence = runnable_1 | RunnableParallel(
+            #     {"mul_two": runnable_2, "mul_three": runnable_3}
+            # )
+            # Also equivalently:
+            # sequence = runnable_1 | RunnableParallel(
+            #     mul_two=runnable_2,
+            #     mul_three=runnable_3,
+            # )
+
+            sequence.invoke(1)
+            await sequence.ainvoke(1)
+
+            sequence.batch([1, 2, 3])
+            await sequence.abatch([1, 2, 3])
+
+    RunnableParallel makes it easy to run Runnables in parallel. In the below example,
+    we simultaneously stream output from two different Runnables:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableParallel
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            joke_chain = (
+                ChatPromptTemplate.from_template("tell me a joke about {topic}")
+                | model
+            )
+            poem_chain = (
+                ChatPromptTemplate.from_template("write a 2-line poem about {topic}")
+                | model
+            )
+
+            runnable = RunnableParallel(joke=joke_chain, poem=poem_chain)
+
+            # Display stream
+            output = {key: "" for key, _ in runnable.output_schema()}
+            for chunk in runnable.stream({"topic": "bear"}):
+                for key in chunk:
+                    output[key] = output[key] + chunk[key].content
+                print(output)  # noqa: T201
+    """
+
+    steps__: Mapping[str, Runnable[Input, Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        steps__: Optional[
+            Mapping[
+                str,
+                Union[
+                    Runnable[Input, Any],
+                    Callable[[Input], Any],
+                    Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Input, Any], Callable[[Input], Any]]],
+                ],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        **kwargs: Union[
+            Runnable[Input, Any],
+            Callable[[Input], Any],
+            Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Input, Any], Callable[[Input], Any]]],
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a RunnableParallel.
+
+        Args:
+            steps__: The steps to include. Defaults to None.
+            **kwargs: Additional steps to include.
+        """
+        merged = {**steps__} if steps__ is not None else {}
+        merged.update(kwargs)
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            steps__={key: coerce_to_runnable(r) for key, r in merged.items()}
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @override
+    def get_name(
+        self, suffix: Optional[str] = None, *, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get the name of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            suffix: The suffix to use. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The name of the Runnable.
+        """
+        name = name or self.name or f"RunnableParallel<{','.join(self.steps__.keys())}>"
+        return super().get_name(suffix, name=name)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> Any:
+        """The type of the input to the Runnable."""
+        for step in self.steps__.values():
+            if step.InputType:
+                return step.InputType
+
+        return Any
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get the input schema of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input schema of the Runnable.
+        """
+        if all(
+            s.get_input_schema(config).model_json_schema().get("type", "object")
+            == "object"
+            for s in self.steps__.values()
+        ):
+            # This is correct, but pydantic typings/mypy don't think so.
+            return create_model_v2(
+                self.get_name("Input"),
+                field_definitions={
+                    k: (v.annotation, v.default)
+                    for step in self.steps__.values()
+                    for k, v in step.get_input_schema(config).model_fields.items()
+                    if k != "__root__"
+                },
+            )
+
+        return super().get_input_schema(config)
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get the output schema of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output schema of the Runnable.
+        """
+        fields = {k: (v.OutputType, ...) for k, v in self.steps__.items()}
+        return create_model_v2(self.get_name("Output"), field_definitions=fields)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        """Get the config specs of the Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            The config specs of the Runnable.
+        """
+        return get_unique_config_specs(
+            spec for step in self.steps__.values() for spec in step.config_specs
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def get_graph(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> Graph:
+        """Get the graph representation of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The graph representation of the Runnable.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If a Runnable has no first or last node.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.graph import Graph
+
+        graph = Graph()
+        input_node = graph.add_node(self.get_input_schema(config))
+        output_node = graph.add_node(self.get_output_schema(config))
+        for step in self.steps__.values():
+            step_graph = step.get_graph()
+            step_graph.trim_first_node()
+            step_graph.trim_last_node()
+            if not step_graph:
+                graph.add_edge(input_node, output_node)
+            else:
+                step_first_node, step_last_node = graph.extend(step_graph)
+                if not step_first_node:
+                    msg = f"Runnable {step} has no first node"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                if not step_last_node:
+                    msg = f"Runnable {step} has no last node"
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                graph.add_edge(input_node, step_first_node)
+                graph.add_edge(step_last_node, output_node)
+
+        return graph
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        map_for_repr = ",\n  ".join(
+            f"{k}: {indent_lines_after_first(repr(v), '  ' + k + ': ')}"
+            for k, v in self.steps__.items()
+        )
+        return "{\n  " + map_for_repr + "\n}"
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager
+
+        # setup callbacks
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+            local_callbacks=None,
+            verbose=False,
+            inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+            local_tags=None,
+            inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            local_metadata=None,
+        )
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+
+        def _invoke_step(
+            step: Runnable[Input, Any], input: Input, config: RunnableConfig, key: str
+        ) -> Any:
+            child_config = patch_config(
+                config,
+                # mark each step as a child run
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"map:key:{key}"),
+            )
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                return context.run(
+                    step.invoke,
+                    input,
+                    child_config,
+                )
+
+        # gather results from all steps
+        try:
+            # copy to avoid issues from the caller mutating the steps during invoke()
+            steps = dict(self.steps__)
+
+            with get_executor_for_config(config) as executor:
+                futures = [
+                    executor.submit(_invoke_step, step, input, config, key)
+                    for key, step in steps.items()
+                ]
+                output = {key: future.result() for key, future in zip(steps, futures)}
+        # finish the root run
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+            return output
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        # setup callbacks
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+
+        async def _ainvoke_step(
+            step: Runnable[Input, Any], input: Input, config: RunnableConfig, key: str
+        ) -> Any:
+            child_config = patch_config(
+                config,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"map:key:{key}"),
+            )
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                return await coro_with_context(
+                    step.ainvoke(input, child_config), context, create_task=True
+                )
+
+        # gather results from all steps
+        try:
+            # copy to avoid issues from the caller mutating the steps during invoke()
+            steps = dict(self.steps__)
+            results = await asyncio.gather(
+                *(
+                    _ainvoke_step(
+                        step,
+                        input,
+                        # mark each step as a child run
+                        config,
+                        key,
+                    )
+                    for key, step in steps.items()
+                )
+            )
+            output = dict(zip(steps, results))
+        # finish the root run
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+            return output
+
+    def _transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+    ) -> Iterator[AddableDict]:
+        # Shallow copy steps to ignore mutations while in progress
+        steps = dict(self.steps__)
+        # Each step gets a copy of the input iterator,
+        # which is consumed in parallel in a separate thread.
+        input_copies = list(safetee(input, len(steps), lock=threading.Lock()))
+        with get_executor_for_config(config) as executor:
+            # Create the transform() generator for each step
+            named_generators = [
+                (
+                    name,
+                    step.transform(
+                        input_copies.pop(),
+                        patch_config(
+                            config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"map:key:{name}")
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                )
+                for name, step in steps.items()
+            ]
+            # Start the first iteration of each generator
+            futures = {
+                executor.submit(next, generator): (step_name, generator)
+                for step_name, generator in named_generators
+            }
+            # Yield chunks from each as they become available,
+            # and start the next iteration of that generator that yielded it.
+            # When all generators are exhausted, stop.
+            while futures:
+                completed_futures, _ = wait(futures, return_when=FIRST_COMPLETED)
+                for future in completed_futures:
+                    (step_name, generator) = futures.pop(future)
+                    try:
+                        chunk = AddableDict({step_name: future.result()})
+                        yield chunk
+                        futures[executor.submit(next, generator)] = (
+                            step_name,
+                            generator,
+                        )
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        pass
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        yield from self._transform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._transform, config, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        yield from self.transform(iter([input]), config)
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AddableDict]:
+        # Shallow copy steps to ignore mutations while in progress
+        steps = dict(self.steps__)
+        # Each step gets a copy of the input iterator,
+        # which is consumed in parallel in a separate thread.
+        input_copies = list(atee(input, len(steps), lock=asyncio.Lock()))
+        # Create the transform() generator for each step
+        named_generators = [
+            (
+                name,
+                step.atransform(
+                    input_copies.pop(),
+                    patch_config(
+                        config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(f"map:key:{name}")
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+            for name, step in steps.items()
+        ]
+
+        # Wrap in a coroutine to satisfy linter
+        async def get_next_chunk(generator: AsyncIterator) -> Optional[Output]:
+            return await py_anext(generator)
+
+        # Start the first iteration of each generator
+        tasks = {
+            asyncio.create_task(get_next_chunk(generator)): (step_name, generator)
+            for step_name, generator in named_generators
+        }
+        # Yield chunks from each as they become available,
+        # and start the next iteration of the generator that yielded it.
+        # When all generators are exhausted, stop.
+        while tasks:
+            completed_tasks, _ = await asyncio.wait(
+                tasks, return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED
+            )
+            for task in completed_tasks:
+                (step_name, generator) = tasks.pop(task)
+                try:
+                    chunk = AddableDict({step_name: task.result()})
+                    yield chunk
+                    new_task = asyncio.create_task(get_next_chunk(generator))
+                    tasks[new_task] = (step_name, generator)
+                except StopAsyncIteration:
+                    pass
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        async for chunk in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._atransform, config, **kwargs
+        ):
+            yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        async def input_aiter() -> AsyncIterator[Input]:
+            yield input
+
+        async for chunk in self.atransform(input_aiter(), config):
+            yield chunk
+
+
+# We support both names
+RunnableMap = RunnableParallel
+
+
+class RunnableGenerator(Runnable[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that runs a generator function.
+
+    RunnableGenerators can be instantiated directly or by using a generator within
+    a sequence.
+
+    RunnableGenerators can be used to implement custom behavior, such as custom output
+    parsers, while preserving streaming capabilities. Given a generator function with
+    a signature Iterator[A] -> Iterator[B], wrapping it in a RunnableGenerator allows
+    it to emit output chunks as soon as they are streamed in from the previous step.
+
+    Note that if a generator function has a signature A -> Iterator[B], such that it
+    requires its input from the previous step to be completed before emitting chunks
+    (e.g., most LLMs need the entire prompt available to start generating), it can
+    instead be wrapped in a RunnableLambda.
+
+    Here is an example to show the basic mechanics of a RunnableGenerator:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import Any, AsyncIterator, Iterator
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableGenerator
+
+
+            def gen(input: Iterator[Any]) -> Iterator[str]:
+                for token in ["Have", " a", " nice", " day"]:
+                    yield token
+
+
+            runnable = RunnableGenerator(gen)
+            runnable.invoke(None)  # "Have a nice day"
+            list(runnable.stream(None))  # ["Have", " a", " nice", " day"]
+            runnable.batch([None, None])  # ["Have a nice day", "Have a nice day"]
+
+
+            # Async version:
+            async def agen(input: AsyncIterator[Any]) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+                for token in ["Have", " a", " nice", " day"]:
+                    yield token
+
+            runnable = RunnableGenerator(agen)
+            await runnable.ainvoke(None)  # "Have a nice day"
+            [p async for p in runnable.astream(None)] # ["Have", " a", " nice", " day"]
+
+    RunnableGenerator makes it easy to implement custom behavior within a streaming
+    context. Below we show an example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableGenerator, RunnableLambda
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+
+
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            chant_chain = (
+                ChatPromptTemplate.from_template("Give me a 3 word chant about {topic}")
+                | model
+                | StrOutputParser()
+            )
+
+            def character_generator(input: Iterator[str]) -> Iterator[str]:
+                for token in input:
+                    if "," in token or "." in token:
+                        yield "👏" + token
+                    else:
+                        yield token
+
+
+            runnable = chant_chain | character_generator
+            assert type(runnable.last) is RunnableGenerator
+            "".join(runnable.stream({"topic": "waste"})) # Reduce👏, Reuse👏, Recycle👏.
+
+            # Note that RunnableLambda can be used to delay streaming of one step in a
+            # sequence until the previous step is finished:
+            def reverse_generator(input: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+                # Yield characters of input in reverse order.
+                for character in input[::-1]:
+                    yield character
+
+            runnable = chant_chain | RunnableLambda(reverse_generator)
+            "".join(runnable.stream({"topic": "waste"}))  # ".elcycer ,esuer ,ecudeR"
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        transform: Union[
+            Callable[[Iterator[Input]], Iterator[Output]],
+            Callable[[AsyncIterator[Input]], AsyncIterator[Output]],
+        ],
+        atransform: Optional[
+            Callable[[AsyncIterator[Input]], AsyncIterator[Output]]
+        ] = None,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a RunnableGenerator.
+
+        Args:
+            transform: The transform function.
+            atransform: The async transform function. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the transform is not a generator function.
+        """
+        if atransform is not None:
+            self._atransform = atransform
+            func_for_name: Callable = atransform
+
+        if is_async_generator(transform):
+            self._atransform = transform
+            func_for_name = transform
+        elif inspect.isgeneratorfunction(transform):
+            self._transform = transform
+            func_for_name = transform
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "Expected a generator function type for `transform`."
+                f"Instead got an unsupported type: {type(transform)}"
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+
+        try:
+            self.name = name or func_for_name.__name__
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.name = "RunnableGenerator"
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> Any:
+        func = getattr(self, "_transform", None) or self._atransform
+        try:
+            params = inspect.signature(func).parameters
+            first_param = next(iter(params.values()), None)
+            if first_param and first_param.annotation != inspect.Parameter.empty:
+                return getattr(first_param.annotation, "__args__", (Any,))[0]
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        return Any
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        # Override the default implementation.
+        # For a runnable generator, we need to bring to provide the
+        # module of the underlying function when creating the model.
+        root_type = self.InputType
+
+        func = getattr(self, "_transform", None) or self._atransform
+        module = getattr(func, "__module__", None)
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(root_type)
+            and not isinstance(root_type, GenericAlias)
+            and issubclass(root_type, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            return root_type
+
+        return create_model_v2(
+            self.get_name("Input"),
+            root=root_type,
+            # To create the schema, we need to provide the module
+            # where the underlying function is defined.
+            # This allows pydantic to resolve type annotations appropriately.
+            module_name=module,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> Any:
+        func = getattr(self, "_transform", None) or self._atransform
+        try:
+            sig = inspect.signature(func)
+            return (
+                getattr(sig.return_annotation, "__args__", (Any,))[0]
+                if sig.return_annotation != inspect.Signature.empty
+                else Any
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            return Any
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        # Override the default implementation.
+        # For a runnable generator, we need to bring to provide the
+        # module of the underlying function when creating the model.
+        root_type = self.OutputType
+        func = getattr(self, "_transform", None) or self._atransform
+        module = getattr(func, "__module__", None)
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(root_type)
+            and not isinstance(root_type, GenericAlias)
+            and issubclass(root_type, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            return root_type
+
+        return create_model_v2(
+            self.get_name("Output"),
+            root=root_type,
+            # To create the schema, we need to provide the module
+            # where the underlying function is defined.
+            # This allows pydantic to resolve type annotations appropriately.
+            module_name=module,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, RunnableGenerator):
+            if hasattr(self, "_transform") and hasattr(other, "_transform"):
+                return self._transform == other._transform
+            if hasattr(self, "_atransform") and hasattr(other, "_atransform"):
+                return self._atransform == other._atransform
+            return False
+        return False
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"RunnableGenerator({self.name})"
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_transform"):
+            msg = f"{repr(self)} only supports async methods."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        return self._transform_stream_with_config(
+            input,
+            self._transform,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            config,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        return self.transform(iter([input]), config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        final: Optional[Output] = None
+        for output in self.stream(input, config, **kwargs):
+            final = output if final is None else final + output  # type: ignore[operator]
+        return cast("Output", final)
+
+    @override
+    def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_atransform"):
+            msg = f"{repr(self)} only supports sync methods."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        return self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._atransform, config, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        async def input_aiter() -> AsyncIterator[Input]:
+            yield input
+
+        return self.atransform(input_aiter(), config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        final: Optional[Output] = None
+        async for output in self.astream(input, config, **kwargs):
+            final = output if final is None else final + output  # type: ignore[operator]
+        return cast("Output", final)
+
+
+class RunnableLambda(Runnable[Input, Output]):
+    """RunnableLambda converts a python callable into a Runnable.
+
+    Wrapping a callable in a RunnableLambda makes the callable usable
+    within either a sync or async context.
+
+    RunnableLambda can be composed as any other Runnable and provides
+    seamless integration with LangChain tracing.
+
+    ``RunnableLambda`` is best suited for code that does not need to support
+    streaming. If you need to support streaming (i.e., be able to operate
+    on chunks of inputs and yield chunks of outputs), use ``RunnableGenerator``
+    instead.
+
+    Note that if a ``RunnableLambda`` returns an instance of ``Runnable``, that
+    instance is invoked (or streamed) during execution.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # This is a RunnableLambda
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            def add_one(x: int) -> int:
+                return x + 1
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(add_one)
+
+            runnable.invoke(1) # returns 2
+            runnable.batch([1, 2, 3]) # returns [2, 3, 4]
+
+            # Async is supported by default by delegating to the sync implementation
+            await runnable.ainvoke(1) # returns 2
+            await runnable.abatch([1, 2, 3]) # returns [2, 3, 4]
+
+
+            # Alternatively, can provide both synd and sync implementations
+            async def add_one_async(x: int) -> int:
+                return x + 1
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(add_one, afunc=add_one_async)
+            runnable.invoke(1) # Uses add_one
+            await runnable.ainvoke(1) # Uses add_one_async
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Union[
+            Union[
+                Callable[[Input], Output],
+                Callable[[Input], Iterator[Output]],
+                Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Output],
+                Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun], Output],
+                Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig], Output],
+            ],
+            Union[
+                Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]],
+                Callable[[Input], AsyncIterator[Output]],
+                Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[Output]],
+                Callable[[Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun], Awaitable[Output]],
+                Callable[
+                    [Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig],
+                    Awaitable[Output],
+                ],
+            ],
+        ],
+        afunc: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]],
+                Callable[[Input], AsyncIterator[Output]],
+                Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[Output]],
+                Callable[[Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun], Awaitable[Output]],
+                Callable[
+                    [Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig],
+                    Awaitable[Output],
+                ],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a RunnableLambda from a callable, and async callable or both.
+
+        Accepts both sync and async variants to allow providing efficient
+        implementations for sync and async execution.
+
+        Args:
+            func: Either sync or async callable
+            afunc: An async callable that takes an input and returns an output.
+                Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the func is not a callable type.
+            TypeError: If both func and afunc are provided.
+        """
+        if afunc is not None:
+            self.afunc = afunc
+            func_for_name: Callable = afunc
+
+        if is_async_callable(func) or is_async_generator(func):
+            if afunc is not None:
+                msg = (
+                    "Func was provided as a coroutine function, but afunc was "
+                    "also provided. If providing both, func should be a regular "
+                    "function to avoid ambiguity."
+                )
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            self.afunc = func
+            func_for_name = func
+        elif callable(func):
+            self.func = cast("Callable[[Input], Output]", func)
+            func_for_name = func
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "Expected a callable type for `func`."
+                f"Instead got an unsupported type: {type(func)}"
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+
+        try:
+            if name is not None:
+                self.name = name
+            elif func_for_name.__name__ != "<lambda>":
+                self.name = func_for_name.__name__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        self._repr: Optional[str] = None
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> Any:
+        """The type of the input to this Runnable."""
+        func = getattr(self, "func", None) or self.afunc
+        try:
+            params = inspect.signature(func).parameters
+            first_param = next(iter(params.values()), None)
+            if first_param and first_param.annotation != inspect.Parameter.empty:
+                return first_param.annotation
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        return Any
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """The pydantic schema for the input to this Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input schema for this Runnable.
+        """
+        func = getattr(self, "func", None) or self.afunc
+
+        if isinstance(func, itemgetter):
+            # This is terrible, but afaict it's not possible to access _items
+            # on itemgetter objects, so we have to parse the repr
+            items = str(func).replace("operator.itemgetter(", "")[:-1].split(", ")
+            if all(
+                item[0] == "'" and item[-1] == "'" and len(item) > 2 for item in items
+            ):
+                fields = {item[1:-1]: (Any, ...) for item in items}
+                # It's a dict, lol
+                return create_model_v2(self.get_name("Input"), field_definitions=fields)
+            module = getattr(func, "__module__", None)
+            return create_model_v2(
+                self.get_name("Input"),
+                root=list[Any],
+                # To create the schema, we need to provide the module
+                # where the underlying function is defined.
+                # This allows pydantic to resolve type annotations appropriately.
+                module_name=module,
+            )
+
+        if self.InputType != Any:
+            return super().get_input_schema(config)
+
+        if dict_keys := get_function_first_arg_dict_keys(func):
+            return create_model_v2(
+                self.get_name("Input"),
+                field_definitions=dict.fromkeys(dict_keys, (Any, ...)),
+            )
+
+        return super().get_input_schema(config)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> Any:
+        """The type of the output of this Runnable as a type annotation.
+
+        Returns:
+            The type of the output of this Runnable.
+        """
+        func = getattr(self, "func", None) or self.afunc
+        try:
+            sig = inspect.signature(func)
+            if sig.return_annotation != inspect.Signature.empty:
+                # unwrap iterator types
+                if getattr(sig.return_annotation, "__origin__", None) in (
+                    collections.abc.Iterator,
+                    collections.abc.AsyncIterator,
+                ):
+                    return getattr(sig.return_annotation, "__args__", (Any,))[0]
+                return sig.return_annotation
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        return Any
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        # Override the default implementation.
+        # For a runnable lambda, we need to bring to provide the
+        # module of the underlying function when creating the model.
+        root_type = self.OutputType
+        func = getattr(self, "func", None) or self.afunc
+        module = getattr(func, "__module__", None)
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(root_type)
+            and not isinstance(root_type, GenericAlias)
+            and issubclass(root_type, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            return root_type
+
+        return create_model_v2(
+            self.get_name("Output"),
+            root=root_type,
+            # To create the schema, we need to provide the module
+            # where the underlying function is defined.
+            # This allows pydantic to resolve type annotations appropriately.
+            module_name=module,
+        )
+
+    @functools.cached_property
+    def deps(self) -> list[Runnable]:
+        """The dependencies of this Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            The dependencies of this Runnable. If the function has nonlocal
+            variables that are Runnables, they are considered dependencies.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "func"):
+            objects = get_function_nonlocals(self.func)
+        elif hasattr(self, "afunc"):
+            objects = get_function_nonlocals(self.afunc)
+        else:
+            objects = []
+
+        deps: list[Runnable] = []
+        for obj in objects:
+            if isinstance(obj, Runnable):
+                deps.append(obj)
+            elif isinstance(getattr(obj, "__self__", None), Runnable):
+                deps.append(obj.__self__)
+        return deps
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        return get_unique_config_specs(
+            spec for dep in self.deps for spec in dep.config_specs
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def get_graph(self, config: RunnableConfig | None = None) -> Graph:
+        if deps := self.deps:
+            graph = Graph()
+            input_node = graph.add_node(self.get_input_schema(config))
+            output_node = graph.add_node(self.get_output_schema(config))
+            for dep in deps:
+                dep_graph = dep.get_graph()
+                dep_graph.trim_first_node()
+                dep_graph.trim_last_node()
+                if not dep_graph:
+                    graph.add_edge(input_node, output_node)
+                else:
+                    dep_first_node, dep_last_node = graph.extend(dep_graph)
+                    if not dep_first_node:
+                        msg = f"Runnable {dep} has no first node"
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+                    if not dep_last_node:
+                        msg = f"Runnable {dep} has no last node"
+                        raise ValueError(msg)
+                    graph.add_edge(input_node, dep_first_node)
+                    graph.add_edge(dep_last_node, output_node)
+        else:
+            graph = super().get_graph(config)
+
+        return graph
+
+    @override
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, RunnableLambda):
+            if hasattr(self, "func") and hasattr(other, "func"):
+                return self.func == other.func
+            if hasattr(self, "afunc") and hasattr(other, "afunc"):
+                return self.afunc == other.afunc
+            return False
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """A string representation of this Runnable."""
+        if self._repr is None:
+            if hasattr(self, "func") and isinstance(self.func, itemgetter):
+                self._repr = f"RunnableLambda({str(self.func)[len('operator.') :]})"
+            elif hasattr(self, "func"):
+                self._repr = f"RunnableLambda({get_lambda_source(self.func) or '...'})"
+            elif hasattr(self, "afunc"):
+                self._repr = (
+                    f"RunnableLambda(afunc={get_lambda_source(self.afunc) or '...'})"
+                )
+            else:
+                self._repr = "RunnableLambda(...)"
+        return self._repr
+
+    def _invoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Output:
+        if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(self.func):
+            output: Optional[Output] = None
+            for chunk in call_func_with_variable_args(
+                cast("Callable[[Input], Iterator[Output]]", self.func),
+                input,
+                config,
+                run_manager,
+                **kwargs,
+            ):
+                if output is None:
+                    output = chunk
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        output = output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                    except TypeError:
+                        output = chunk
+        else:
+            output = call_func_with_variable_args(
+                self.func, input, config, run_manager, **kwargs
+            )
+        # If the output is a Runnable, invoke it
+        if isinstance(output, Runnable):
+            recursion_limit = config["recursion_limit"]
+            if recursion_limit <= 0:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Recursion limit reached when invoking {self} with input {input}."
+                )
+                raise RecursionError(msg)
+            output = output.invoke(
+                input,
+                patch_config(
+                    config,
+                    callbacks=run_manager.get_child(),
+                    recursion_limit=recursion_limit - 1,
+                ),
+            )
+        return cast("Output", output)
+
+    async def _ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Output:
+        if hasattr(self, "afunc"):
+            afunc = self.afunc
+        else:
+            if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(self.func):
+
+                def func(
+                    input: Input,
+                    run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+                    config: RunnableConfig,
+                    **kwargs: Any,
+                ) -> Output:
+                    output: Optional[Output] = None
+                    for chunk in call_func_with_variable_args(
+                        cast("Callable[[Input], Iterator[Output]]", self.func),
+                        input,
+                        config,
+                        run_manager.get_sync(),
+                        **kwargs,
+                    ):
+                        if output is None:
+                            output = chunk
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                output = output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                            except TypeError:
+                                output = chunk
+                    return cast("Output", output)
+
+            else:
+
+                def func(
+                    input: Input,
+                    run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+                    config: RunnableConfig,
+                    **kwargs: Any,
+                ) -> Output:
+                    return call_func_with_variable_args(
+                        self.func, input, config, run_manager.get_sync(), **kwargs
+                    )
+
+            @wraps(func)
+            async def f(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                return await run_in_executor(config, func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            afunc = f
+
+        if is_async_generator(afunc):
+            output: Optional[Output] = None
+            async with aclosing(
+                cast(
+                    "AsyncGenerator[Any, Any]",
+                    acall_func_with_variable_args(
+                        cast("Callable", afunc),
+                        input,
+                        config,
+                        run_manager,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    ),
+                )
+            ) as stream:
+                async for chunk in cast(
+                    "AsyncIterator[Output]",
+                    stream,
+                ):
+                    if output is None:
+                        output = chunk
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            output = output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                        except TypeError:
+                            output = chunk
+        else:
+            output = await acall_func_with_variable_args(
+                cast("Callable", afunc), input, config, run_manager, **kwargs
+            )
+        # If the output is a Runnable, invoke it
+        if isinstance(output, Runnable):
+            recursion_limit = config["recursion_limit"]
+            if recursion_limit <= 0:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Recursion limit reached when invoking {self} with input {input}."
+                )
+                raise RecursionError(msg)
+            output = await output.ainvoke(
+                input,
+                patch_config(
+                    config,
+                    callbacks=run_manager.get_child(),
+                    recursion_limit=recursion_limit - 1,
+                ),
+            )
+        return cast("Output", output)
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        """Invoke this Runnable synchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to this Runnable.
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of this Runnable.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the Runnable is a coroutine function.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "func"):
+            return self._call_with_config(
+                self._invoke,
+                input,
+                ensure_config(config),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        msg = "Cannot invoke a coroutine function synchronously.Use `ainvoke` instead."
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        """Invoke this Runnable asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to this Runnable.
+            config: The config to use. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of this Runnable.
+        """
+        return await self._acall_with_config(
+            self._ainvoke,
+            input,
+            ensure_config(config),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        final: Input
+        got_first_val = False
+        for ichunk in input:
+            # By definitions, RunnableLambdas consume all input before emitting output.
+            # If the input is not addable, then we'll assume that we can
+            # only operate on the last chunk.
+            # So we'll iterate until we get to the last chunk!
+            if not got_first_val:
+                final = ichunk
+                got_first_val = True
+            else:
+                try:
+                    final = final + ichunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                except TypeError:
+                    final = ichunk
+
+        if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(self.func):
+            output: Optional[Output] = None
+            for chunk in call_func_with_variable_args(
+                self.func, final, config, run_manager, **kwargs
+            ):
+                yield chunk
+                if output is None:
+                    output = chunk
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        output = output + chunk
+                    except TypeError:
+                        output = chunk
+        else:
+            output = call_func_with_variable_args(
+                self.func, final, config, run_manager, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        # If the output is a Runnable, use its stream output
+        if isinstance(output, Runnable):
+            recursion_limit = config["recursion_limit"]
+            if recursion_limit <= 0:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Recursion limit reached when invoking {self} with input {final}."
+                )
+                raise RecursionError(msg)
+            for chunk in output.stream(
+                final,
+                patch_config(
+                    config,
+                    callbacks=run_manager.get_child(),
+                    recursion_limit=recursion_limit - 1,
+                ),
+            ):
+                yield chunk
+        elif not inspect.isgeneratorfunction(self.func):
+            # Otherwise, just yield it
+            yield cast("Output", output)
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        if hasattr(self, "func"):
+            yield from self._transform_stream_with_config(
+                input,
+                self._transform,
+                ensure_config(config),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "Cannot stream a coroutine function synchronously."
+                "Use `astream` instead."
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        return self.transform(iter([input]), config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        final: Input
+        got_first_val = False
+        async for ichunk in input:
+            # By definitions, RunnableLambdas consume all input before emitting output.
+            # If the input is not addable, then we'll assume that we can
+            # only operate on the last chunk.
+            # So we'll iterate until we get to the last chunk!
+            if not got_first_val:
+                final = ichunk
+                got_first_val = True
+            else:
+                try:
+                    final = final + ichunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                except TypeError:
+                    final = ichunk
+
+        if hasattr(self, "afunc"):
+            afunc = self.afunc
+        else:
+            if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(self.func):
+                msg = (
+                    "Cannot stream from a generator function asynchronously."
+                    "Use .stream() instead."
+                )
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+
+            def func(
+                input: Input,
+                run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+                config: RunnableConfig,
+                **kwargs: Any,
+            ) -> Output:
+                return call_func_with_variable_args(
+                    self.func, input, config, run_manager.get_sync(), **kwargs
+                )
+
+            @wraps(func)
+            async def f(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                return await run_in_executor(config, func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            afunc = f
+
+        if is_async_generator(afunc):
+            output: Optional[Output] = None
+            async for chunk in cast(
+                "AsyncIterator[Output]",
+                acall_func_with_variable_args(
+                    cast("Callable", afunc),
+                    final,
+                    config,
+                    run_manager,
+                    **kwargs,
+                ),
+            ):
+                yield chunk
+                if output is None:
+                    output = chunk
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        output = output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                    except TypeError:
+                        output = chunk
+        else:
+            output = await acall_func_with_variable_args(
+                cast("Callable", afunc),
+                final,
+                config,
+                run_manager,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        # If the output is a Runnable, use its astream output
+        if isinstance(output, Runnable):
+            recursion_limit = config["recursion_limit"]
+            if recursion_limit <= 0:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Recursion limit reached when invoking {self} with input {final}."
+                )
+                raise RecursionError(msg)
+            async for chunk in output.astream(
+                final,
+                patch_config(
+                    config,
+                    callbacks=run_manager.get_child(),
+                    recursion_limit=recursion_limit - 1,
+                ),
+            ):
+                yield chunk
+        elif not is_async_generator(afunc):
+            # Otherwise, just yield it
+            yield cast("Output", output)
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        async for output in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+            input,
+            self._atransform,
+            ensure_config(config),
+            **kwargs,
+        ):
+            yield output
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        async def input_aiter() -> AsyncIterator[Input]:
+            yield input
+
+        async for chunk in self.atransform(input_aiter(), config, **kwargs):
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class RunnableEachBase(RunnableSerializable[list[Input], list[Output]]):
+    """Runnable that calls another Runnable for each element of the input sequence.
+
+    Use only if creating a new RunnableEach subclass with different __init__ args.
+
+    See documentation for RunnableEach for more details.
+    """
+
+    bound: Runnable[Input, Output]
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> Any:
+        return list[self.bound.InputType]  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return create_model_v2(
+            self.get_name("Input"),
+            root=(
+                list[self.bound.get_input_schema(config)],  # type: ignore[misc]
+                None,
+            ),
+            # create model needs access to appropriate type annotations to be
+            # able to construct the pydantic model.
+            # When we create the model, we pass information about the namespace
+            # where the model is being created, so the type annotations can
+            # be resolved correctly as well.
+            # self.__class__.__module__ handles the case when the Runnable is
+            # being sub-classed in a different module.
+            module_name=self.__class__.__module__,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[list[Output]]:
+        return list[self.bound.OutputType]  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        schema = self.bound.get_output_schema(config)
+        return create_model_v2(
+            self.get_name("Output"),
+            root=list[schema],  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+            # create model needs access to appropriate type annotations to be
+            # able to construct the pydantic model.
+            # When we create the model, we pass information about the namespace
+            # where the model is being created, so the type annotations can
+            # be resolved correctly as well.
+            # self.__class__.__module__ handles the case when the Runnable is
+            # being sub-classed in a different module.
+            module_name=self.__class__.__module__,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        return self.bound.config_specs
+
+    @override
+    def get_graph(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> Graph:
+        return self.bound.get_graph(config)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    def _invoke(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        configs = [
+            patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child()) for _ in inputs
+        ]
+        return self.bound.batch(inputs, configs, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: list[Input], config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        return self._call_with_config(self._invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def _ainvoke(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        configs = [
+            patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child()) for _ in inputs
+        ]
+        return await self.bound.abatch(inputs, configs, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: list[Input], config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        return await self._acall_with_config(self._ainvoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def astream_events(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[StreamEvent]:
+        for _ in range(1):
+            msg = "RunnableEach does not support astream_events yet."
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            yield
+
+
+class RunnableEach(RunnableEachBase[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that calls another Runnable for each element of the input sequence.
+
+    It allows you to call multiple inputs with the bounded Runnable.
+
+    RunnableEach makes it easy to run multiple inputs for the Runnable.
+    In the below example, we associate and run three inputs
+    with a Runnable:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableEach
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_template("Tell me a short joke about
+            {topic}")
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            output_parser = StrOutputParser()
+            runnable = prompt | model | output_parser
+            runnable_each = RunnableEach(bound=runnable)
+            output = runnable_each.invoke([{'topic':'Computer Science'},
+                                        {'topic':'Art'},
+                                        {'topic':'Biology'}])
+            print(output)  # noqa: T201
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def get_name(
+        self, suffix: Optional[str] = None, *, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        name = name or self.name or f"RunnableEach<{self.bound.get_name()}>"
+        return super().get_name(suffix, name=name)
+
+    @override
+    def bind(self, **kwargs: Any) -> RunnableEach[Input, Output]:
+        return RunnableEach(bound=self.bound.bind(**kwargs))
+
+    @override
+    def with_config(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> RunnableEach[Input, Output]:
+        return RunnableEach(bound=self.bound.with_config(config, **kwargs))
+
+    @override
+    def with_listeners(
+        self,
+        *,
+        on_start: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+        on_end: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+        on_error: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> RunnableEach[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind lifecycle listeners to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            on_start: Called before the Runnable starts running, with the Run object.
+                Defaults to None.
+            on_end: Called after the Runnable finishes running, with the Run object.
+                Defaults to None.
+            on_error: Called if the Runnable throws an error, with the Run object.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the listeners bound.
+
+        The Run object contains information about the run, including its id,
+        type, input, output, error, start_time, end_time, and any tags or metadata
+        added to the run.
+        """
+        return RunnableEach(
+            bound=self.bound.with_listeners(
+                on_start=on_start, on_end=on_end, on_error=on_error
+            )
+        )
+
+    def with_alisteners(
+        self,
+        *,
+        on_start: Optional[AsyncListener] = None,
+        on_end: Optional[AsyncListener] = None,
+        on_error: Optional[AsyncListener] = None,
+    ) -> RunnableEach[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind async lifecycle listeners to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            on_start: Called asynchronously before the Runnable starts running,
+                      with the Run object. Defaults to None.
+            on_end: Called asynchronously after the Runnable finishes running,
+                    with the Run object. Defaults to None.
+            on_error: Called asynchronously if the Runnable throws an error,
+                    with the Run object. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the listeners bound.
+
+        The Run object contains information about the run, including its id,
+        type, input, output, error, start_time, end_time, and any tags or metadata
+        added to the run.
+        """
+        return RunnableEach(
+            bound=self.bound.with_alisteners(
+                on_start=on_start, on_end=on_end, on_error=on_error
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RunnableBindingBase(RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that delegates calls to another Runnable with a set of kwargs.
+
+    Use only if creating a new RunnableBinding subclass with different __init__ args.
+
+    See documentation for RunnableBinding for more details.
+    """
+
+    bound: Runnable[Input, Output]
+    """The underlying Runnable that this Runnable delegates to."""
+
+    kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """kwargs to pass to the underlying Runnable when running.
+
+    For example, when the Runnable binding is invoked the underlying
+    Runnable will be invoked with the same input but with these additional
+    kwargs.
+    """
+
+    config: RunnableConfig = Field(default_factory=RunnableConfig)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    """The config to bind to the underlying Runnable."""
+
+    config_factories: list[Callable[[RunnableConfig], RunnableConfig]] = Field(
+        default_factory=list
+    )
+    """The config factories to bind to the underlying Runnable."""
+
+    # Union[Type[Input], BaseModel] + things like list[str]
+    custom_input_type: Optional[Any] = None
+    """Override the input type of the underlying Runnable with a custom type.
+
+    The type can be a pydantic model, or a type annotation (e.g., `list[str]`).
+    """
+    # Union[Type[Output], BaseModel] + things like list[str]
+    custom_output_type: Optional[Any] = None
+    """Override the output type of the underlying Runnable with a custom type.
+
+    The type can be a pydantic model, or a type annotation (e.g., `list[str]`).
+    """
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        bound: Runnable[Input, Output],
+        kwargs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        config_factories: Optional[
+            list[Callable[[RunnableConfig], RunnableConfig]]
+        ] = None,
+        custom_input_type: Optional[Union[type[Input], BaseModel]] = None,
+        custom_output_type: Optional[Union[type[Output], BaseModel]] = None,
+        **other_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a RunnableBinding from a Runnable and kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            bound: The underlying Runnable that this Runnable delegates calls to.
+            kwargs: optional kwargs to pass to the underlying Runnable, when running
+                    the underlying Runnable (e.g., via `invoke`, `batch`,
+                    `transform`, or `stream` or async variants)
+                    Defaults to None.
+            config: optional config to bind to the underlying Runnable.
+                    Defaults to None.
+            config_factories: optional list of config factories to apply to the
+                    config before binding to the underlying Runnable.
+                    Defaults to None.
+            custom_input_type: Specify to override the input type of the underlying
+                               Runnable with a custom type. Defaults to None.
+            custom_output_type: Specify to override the output type of the underlying
+                Runnable with a custom type. Defaults to None.
+            **other_kwargs: Unpacked into the base class.
+        """
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            bound=bound,
+            kwargs=kwargs or {},
+            config=config or {},
+            config_factories=config_factories or [],
+            custom_input_type=custom_input_type,
+            custom_output_type=custom_output_type,
+            **other_kwargs,
+        )
+        # if we don't explicitly set config to the TypedDict here,
+        # the pydantic init above will strip out any of the "extra"
+        # fields even though total=False on the typed dict.
+        self.config = config or {}
+
+    @override
+    def get_name(
+        self, suffix: Optional[str] = None, *, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        return self.bound.get_name(suffix, name=name)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> type[Input]:
+        return (
+            cast("type[Input]", self.custom_input_type)
+            if self.custom_input_type is not None
+            else self.bound.InputType
+        )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[Output]:
+        return (
+            cast("type[Output]", self.custom_output_type)
+            if self.custom_output_type is not None
+            else self.bound.OutputType
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        if self.custom_input_type is not None:
+            return super().get_input_schema(config)
+        return self.bound.get_input_schema(merge_configs(self.config, config))
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        if self.custom_output_type is not None:
+            return super().get_output_schema(config)
+        return self.bound.get_output_schema(merge_configs(self.config, config))
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        return self.bound.config_specs
+
+    @override
+    def get_graph(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> Graph:
+        return self.bound.get_graph(self._merge_configs(config))
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Defaults to ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    def _merge_configs(self, *configs: Optional[RunnableConfig]) -> RunnableConfig:
+        config = merge_configs(self.config, *configs)
+        return merge_configs(config, *(f(config) for f in self.config_factories))
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        return self.bound.invoke(
+            input,
+            self._merge_configs(config),
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        return await self.bound.ainvoke(
+            input,
+            self._merge_configs(config),
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        if isinstance(config, list):
+            configs = cast(
+                "list[RunnableConfig]",
+                [self._merge_configs(conf) for conf in config],
+            )
+        else:
+            configs = [self._merge_configs(config) for _ in range(len(inputs))]
+        return self.bound.batch(
+            inputs,
+            configs,
+            return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        if isinstance(config, list):
+            configs = cast(
+                "list[RunnableConfig]",
+                [self._merge_configs(conf) for conf in config],
+            )
+        else:
+            configs = [self._merge_configs(config) for _ in range(len(inputs))]
+        return await self.bound.abatch(
+            inputs,
+            configs,
+            return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def batch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[False] = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[int, Output]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def batch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[True],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]: ...
+
+    @override
+    def batch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]:
+        if isinstance(config, Sequence):
+            configs = cast(
+                "list[RunnableConfig]",
+                [self._merge_configs(conf) for conf in config],
+            )
+        else:
+            configs = [self._merge_configs(config) for _ in range(len(inputs))]
+        # lol mypy
+        if return_exceptions:
+            yield from self.bound.batch_as_completed(
+                inputs,
+                configs,
+                return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+            )
+        else:
+            yield from self.bound.batch_as_completed(
+                inputs,
+                configs,
+                return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+            )
+
+    @overload
+    def abatch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[False] = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Output]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def abatch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: Literal[True],
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]: ...
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch_as_completed(
+        self,
+        inputs: Sequence[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Union[Output, Exception]]]:
+        if isinstance(config, Sequence):
+            configs = cast(
+                "list[RunnableConfig]",
+                [self._merge_configs(conf) for conf in config],
+            )
+        else:
+            configs = [self._merge_configs(config) for _ in range(len(inputs))]
+        if return_exceptions:
+            async for item in self.bound.abatch_as_completed(
+                inputs,
+                configs,
+                return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+            ):
+                yield item
+        else:
+            async for item in self.bound.abatch_as_completed(
+                inputs,
+                configs,
+                return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+            ):
+                yield item
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        yield from self.bound.stream(
+            input,
+            self._merge_configs(config),
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        async for item in self.bound.astream(
+            input,
+            self._merge_configs(config),
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        ):
+            yield item
+
+    @override
+    async def astream_events(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[StreamEvent]:
+        async for item in self.bound.astream_events(
+            input, self._merge_configs(config), **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs}
+        ):
+            yield item
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        yield from self.bound.transform(
+            input,
+            self._merge_configs(config),
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        async for item in self.bound.atransform(
+            input,
+            self._merge_configs(config),
+            **{**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+        ):
+            yield item
+
+
+class RunnableBinding(RunnableBindingBase[Input, Output]):
+    """Wrap a Runnable with additional functionality.
+
+    A RunnableBinding can be thought of as a "runnable decorator" that
+    preserves the essential features of Runnable; i.e., batching, streaming,
+    and async support, while adding additional functionality.
+
+    Any class that inherits from Runnable can be bound to a `RunnableBinding`.
+    Runnables expose a standard set of methods for creating `RunnableBindings`
+    or sub-classes of `RunnableBindings` (e.g., `RunnableRetry`,
+    `RunnableWithFallbacks`) that add additional functionality.
+
+    These methods include:
+
+    - ``bind``: Bind kwargs to pass to the underlying Runnable when running it.
+    - ``with_config``: Bind config to pass to the underlying Runnable when running it.
+    - ``with_listeners``:  Bind lifecycle listeners to the underlying Runnable.
+    - ``with_types``: Override the input and output types of the underlying Runnable.
+    - ``with_retry``: Bind a retry policy to the underlying Runnable.
+    - ``with_fallbacks``: Bind a fallback policy to the underlying Runnable.
+
+    Example:
+    `bind`: Bind kwargs to pass to the underlying Runnable when running it.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # Create a Runnable binding that invokes the ChatModel with the
+            # additional kwarg `stop=['-']` when running it.
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            model = ChatOpenAI()
+            model.invoke('Say "Parrot-MAGIC"', stop=['-']) # Should return `Parrot`
+            # Using it the easy way via `bind` method which returns a new
+            # RunnableBinding
+            runnable_binding = model.bind(stop=['-'])
+            runnable_binding.invoke('Say "Parrot-MAGIC"') # Should return `Parrot`
+
+        Can also be done by instantiating a RunnableBinding directly (not recommended):
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableBinding
+            runnable_binding = RunnableBinding(
+                bound=model,
+                kwargs={'stop': ['-']} # <-- Note the additional kwargs
+            )
+            runnable_binding.invoke('Say "Parrot-MAGIC"') # Should return `Parrot`
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def bind(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind additional kwargs to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: The kwargs to bind to the Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new Runnable with the same type and config as the original,
+            but with the additional kwargs bound.
+        """
+        return self.__class__(
+            bound=self.bound,
+            config=self.config,
+            config_factories=self.config_factories,
+            kwargs={**self.kwargs, **kwargs},
+            custom_input_type=self.custom_input_type,
+            custom_output_type=self.custom_output_type,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def with_config(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        # Sadly Unpack is not well supported by mypy so this will have to be untyped
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        return self.__class__(
+            bound=self.bound,
+            kwargs=self.kwargs,
+            config=cast("RunnableConfig", {**self.config, **(config or {}), **kwargs}),
+            config_factories=self.config_factories,
+            custom_input_type=self.custom_input_type,
+            custom_output_type=self.custom_output_type,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def with_listeners(
+        self,
+        *,
+        on_start: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+        on_end: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+        on_error: Optional[
+            Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        """Bind lifecycle listeners to a Runnable, returning a new Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            on_start: Called before the Runnable starts running, with the Run object.
+                Defaults to None.
+            on_end: Called after the Runnable finishes running, with the Run object.
+                Defaults to None.
+            on_error: Called if the Runnable throws an error, with the Run object.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The Runnable object contains information about the run, including its id,
+            type, input, output, error, start_time, end_time, and any tags or metadata
+            added to the run.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.tracers.root_listeners import RootListenersTracer
+
+        def listener_config_factory(config: RunnableConfig) -> RunnableConfig:
+            return {
+                "callbacks": [
+                    RootListenersTracer(
+                        config=config,
+                        on_start=on_start,
+                        on_end=on_end,
+                        on_error=on_error,
+                    )
+                ],
+            }
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            bound=self.bound,
+            kwargs=self.kwargs,
+            config=self.config,
+            config_factories=[listener_config_factory] + self.config_factories,
+            custom_input_type=self.custom_input_type,
+            custom_output_type=self.custom_output_type,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def with_types(
+        self,
+        input_type: Optional[Union[type[Input], BaseModel]] = None,
+        output_type: Optional[Union[type[Output], BaseModel]] = None,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        return self.__class__(
+            bound=self.bound,
+            kwargs=self.kwargs,
+            config=self.config,
+            config_factories=self.config_factories,
+            custom_input_type=(
+                input_type if input_type is not None else self.custom_input_type
+            ),
+            custom_output_type=(
+                output_type if output_type is not None else self.custom_output_type
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def with_retry(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        return self.__class__(
+            bound=self.bound.with_retry(**kwargs),
+            kwargs=self.kwargs,
+            config=self.config,
+            config_factories=self.config_factories,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        attr = getattr(self.bound, name)
+
+        if callable(attr) and (
+            config_param := inspect.signature(attr).parameters.get("config")
+        ):
+            if config_param.kind == inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY:
+
+                @wraps(attr)
+                def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                    return attr(
+                        *args,
+                        config=merge_configs(self.config, kwargs.pop("config", None)),
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+
+                return wrapper
+            if config_param.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
+                idx = list(inspect.signature(attr).parameters).index("config")
+
+                @wraps(attr)
+                def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                    if len(args) >= idx + 1:
+                        argsl = list(args)
+                        argsl[idx] = merge_configs(self.config, argsl[idx])
+                        return attr(*argsl, **kwargs)
+                    return attr(
+                        *args,
+                        config=merge_configs(self.config, kwargs.pop("config", None)),
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+
+                return wrapper
+
+        return attr
+
+
+class _RunnableCallableSync(Protocol[Input, Output]):
+    def __call__(self, _in: Input, /, *, config: RunnableConfig) -> Output: ...
+
+
+class _RunnableCallableAsync(Protocol[Input, Output]):
+    def __call__(
+        self, _in: Input, /, *, config: RunnableConfig
+    ) -> Awaitable[Output]: ...
+
+
+class _RunnableCallableIterator(Protocol[Input, Output]):
+    def __call__(
+        self, _in: Iterator[Input], /, *, config: RunnableConfig
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]: ...
+
+
+class _RunnableCallableAsyncIterator(Protocol[Input, Output]):
+    def __call__(
+        self, _in: AsyncIterator[Input], /, *, config: RunnableConfig
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]: ...
+
+
+RunnableLike = Union[
+    Runnable[Input, Output],
+    Callable[[Input], Output],
+    Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]],
+    Callable[[Iterator[Input]], Iterator[Output]],
+    Callable[[AsyncIterator[Input]], AsyncIterator[Output]],
+    _RunnableCallableSync[Input, Output],
+    _RunnableCallableAsync[Input, Output],
+    _RunnableCallableIterator[Input, Output],
+    _RunnableCallableAsyncIterator[Input, Output],
+    Mapping[str, Any],
+]
+
+
+def coerce_to_runnable(thing: RunnableLike) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+    """Coerce a Runnable-like object into a Runnable.
+
+    Args:
+        thing: A Runnable-like object.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the object is not Runnable-like.
+    """
+    if isinstance(thing, Runnable):
+        return thing
+    if is_async_generator(thing) or inspect.isgeneratorfunction(thing):
+        return RunnableGenerator(thing)
+    if callable(thing):
+        return RunnableLambda(cast("Callable[[Input], Output]", thing))
+    if isinstance(thing, dict):
+        return cast("Runnable[Input, Output]", RunnableParallel(thing))
+    msg = (
+        f"Expected a Runnable, callable or dict."
+        f"Instead got an unsupported type: {type(thing)}"
+    )
+    raise TypeError(msg)
+
+
+@overload
+def chain(
+    func: Callable[[Input], Coroutine[Any, Any, Output]],
+) -> Runnable[Input, Output]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def chain(
+    func: Callable[[Input], Iterator[Output]],
+) -> Runnable[Input, Output]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def chain(
+    func: Callable[[Input], AsyncIterator[Output]],
+) -> Runnable[Input, Output]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def chain(
+    func: Callable[[Input], Output],
+) -> Runnable[Input, Output]: ...
+
+
+def chain(
+    func: Union[
+        Callable[[Input], Output],
+        Callable[[Input], Iterator[Output]],
+        Callable[[Input], Coroutine[Any, Any, Output]],
+        Callable[[Input], AsyncIterator[Output]],
+    ],
+) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+    """Decorate a function to make it a Runnable.
+
+    Sets the name of the Runnable to the name of the function.
+    Any runnables called by the function will be traced as dependencies.
+
+    Args:
+        func: A callable.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from langchain_core.runnables import chain
+        from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+        from langchain_openai import OpenAI
+
+        @chain
+        def my_func(fields):
+            prompt = PromptTemplate("Hello, {name}!")
+            llm = OpenAI()
+            formatted = prompt.invoke(**fields)
+
+            for chunk in llm.stream(formatted):
+                yield chunk
+    """
+    return RunnableLambda(func)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/branch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/branch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..686426e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/branch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+"""Runnable that selects which branch to run based on a condition."""
+
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Awaitable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableLike,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+    coerce_to_runnable,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    ensure_config,
+    get_async_callback_manager_for_config,
+    get_callback_manager_for_config,
+    patch_config,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    Input,
+    Output,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+)
+
+
+class RunnableBranch(RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that selects which branch to run based on a condition.
+
+    The Runnable is initialized with a list of (condition, Runnable) pairs and
+    a default branch.
+
+    When operating on an input, the first condition that evaluates to True is
+    selected, and the corresponding Runnable is run on the input.
+
+    If no condition evaluates to True, the default branch is run on the input.
+
+    Parameters:
+        branches: A list of (condition, Runnable) pairs.
+        default: A Runnable to run if no condition is met.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableBranch
+
+            branch = RunnableBranch(
+                (lambda x: isinstance(x, str), lambda x: x.upper()),
+                (lambda x: isinstance(x, int), lambda x: x + 1),
+                (lambda x: isinstance(x, float), lambda x: x * 2),
+                lambda x: "goodbye",
+            )
+
+            branch.invoke("hello") # "HELLO"
+            branch.invoke(None) # "goodbye"
+    """
+
+    branches: Sequence[tuple[Runnable[Input, bool], Runnable[Input, Output]]]
+    default: Runnable[Input, Output]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *branches: Union[
+            tuple[
+                Union[
+                    Runnable[Input, bool],
+                    Callable[[Input], bool],
+                    Callable[[Input], Awaitable[bool]],
+                ],
+                RunnableLike,
+            ],
+            RunnableLike,  # To accommodate the default branch
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        """A Runnable that runs one of two branches based on a condition.
+
+        Args:
+            *branches: A list of (condition, Runnable) pairs.
+                Defaults a Runnable to run if no condition is met.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the number of branches is less than 2.
+            TypeError: If the default branch is not Runnable, Callable or Mapping.
+            TypeError: If a branch is not a tuple or list.
+            ValueError: If a branch is not of length 2.
+        """
+        if len(branches) < 2:
+            msg = "RunnableBranch requires at least two branches"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        default = branches[-1]
+
+        if not isinstance(
+            default,
+            (Runnable, Callable, Mapping),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        ):
+            msg = "RunnableBranch default must be Runnable, callable or mapping."
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+
+        default_ = cast(
+            "Runnable[Input, Output]", coerce_to_runnable(cast("RunnableLike", default))
+        )
+
+        _branches = []
+
+        for branch in branches[:-1]:
+            if not isinstance(branch, (tuple, list)):
+                msg = (
+                    f"RunnableBranch branches must be "
+                    f"tuples or lists, not {type(branch)}"
+                )
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+
+            if len(branch) != 2:
+                msg = (
+                    f"RunnableBranch branches must be "
+                    f"tuples or lists of length 2, not {len(branch)}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            condition, runnable = branch
+            condition = cast("Runnable[Input, bool]", coerce_to_runnable(condition))
+            runnable = coerce_to_runnable(runnable)
+            _branches.append((condition, runnable))
+
+        super().__init__(
+            branches=_branches,
+            default=default_,
+        )  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """RunnableBranch is serializable if all its branches are serializable."""
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        runnables = (
+            [self.default]
+            + [r for _, r in self.branches]
+            + [r for r, _ in self.branches]
+        )
+
+        for runnable in runnables:
+            if (
+                runnable.get_input_schema(config).model_json_schema().get("type")
+                is not None
+            ):
+                return runnable.get_input_schema(config)
+
+        return super().get_input_schema(config)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        from langchain_core.beta.runnables.context import (
+            CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX,
+            CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_SET,
+        )
+
+        specs = get_unique_config_specs(
+            spec
+            for step in (
+                [self.default]
+                + [r for _, r in self.branches]
+                + [r for r, _ in self.branches]
+            )
+            for spec in step.config_specs
+        )
+        if any(
+            s.id.startswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_PREFIX)
+            and s.id.endswith(CONTEXT_CONFIG_SUFFIX_SET)
+            for s in specs
+        ):
+            msg = "RunnableBranch cannot contain context setters."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return specs
+
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        """First evaluates the condition, then delegate to true or false branch.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: The configuration for the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of the branch that was run.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+
+        try:
+            for idx, branch in enumerate(self.branches):
+                condition, runnable = branch
+
+                expression_value = condition.invoke(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config,
+                        callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"condition:{idx + 1}"),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                if expression_value:
+                    output = runnable.invoke(
+                        input,
+                        config=patch_config(
+                            config,
+                            callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"branch:{idx + 1}"),
+                        ),
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    break
+            else:
+                output = self.default.invoke(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag="branch:default")
+                    ),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+        return output
+
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        """Async version of invoke."""
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        try:
+            for idx, branch in enumerate(self.branches):
+                condition, runnable = branch
+
+                expression_value = await condition.ainvoke(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config,
+                        callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"condition:{idx + 1}"),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                if expression_value:
+                    output = await runnable.ainvoke(
+                        input,
+                        config=patch_config(
+                            config,
+                            callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"branch:{idx + 1}"),
+                        ),
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    break
+            else:
+                output = await self.default.ainvoke(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag="branch:default")
+                    ),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        await run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+        return output
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        """First evaluates the condition, then delegate to true or false branch.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: The configuration for the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            The output of the branch that was run.
+
+        Raises:
+            BaseException: If an error occurs during the execution of the Runnable.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        final_output: Optional[Output] = None
+        final_output_supported = True
+
+        try:
+            for idx, branch in enumerate(self.branches):
+                condition, runnable = branch
+
+                expression_value = condition.invoke(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config,
+                        callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"condition:{idx + 1}"),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                if expression_value:
+                    for chunk in runnable.stream(
+                        input,
+                        config=patch_config(
+                            config,
+                            callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"branch:{idx + 1}"),
+                        ),
+                        **kwargs,
+                    ):
+                        yield chunk
+                        if final_output_supported:
+                            if final_output is None:
+                                final_output = chunk
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    final_output = final_output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                                except TypeError:
+                                    final_output = None
+                                    final_output_supported = False
+                    break
+            else:
+                for chunk in self.default.stream(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config,
+                        callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag="branch:default"),
+                    ),
+                    **kwargs,
+                ):
+                    yield chunk
+                    if final_output_supported:
+                        if final_output is None:
+                            final_output = chunk
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                final_output = final_output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                            except TypeError:
+                                final_output = None
+                                final_output_supported = False
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        run_manager.on_chain_end(final_output)
+
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        """First evaluates the condition, then delegate to true or false branch.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to the Runnable.
+            config: The configuration for the Runnable. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            The output of the branch that was run.
+
+        Raises:
+            BaseException: If an error occurs during the execution of the Runnable.
+        """
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        final_output: Optional[Output] = None
+        final_output_supported = True
+
+        try:
+            for idx, branch in enumerate(self.branches):
+                condition, runnable = branch
+
+                expression_value = await condition.ainvoke(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config,
+                        callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"condition:{idx + 1}"),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                if expression_value:
+                    async for chunk in runnable.astream(
+                        input,
+                        config=patch_config(
+                            config,
+                            callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag=f"branch:{idx + 1}"),
+                        ),
+                        **kwargs,
+                    ):
+                        yield chunk
+                        if final_output_supported:
+                            if final_output is None:
+                                final_output = chunk
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    final_output = final_output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                                except TypeError:
+                                    final_output = None
+                                    final_output_supported = False
+                    break
+            else:
+                async for chunk in self.default.astream(
+                    input,
+                    config=patch_config(
+                        config,
+                        callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag="branch:default"),
+                    ),
+                    **kwargs,
+                ):
+                    yield chunk
+                    if final_output_supported:
+                        if final_output is None:
+                            final_output = chunk
+                        else:
+                            try:
+                                final_output = final_output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                            except TypeError:
+                                final_output = None
+                                final_output_supported = False
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        await run_manager.on_chain_end(final_output)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6eae4f23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+"""Configuration utilities for Runnables."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import uuid
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
+from concurrent.futures import Executor, Future, ThreadPoolExecutor
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextvars import Context, ContextVar, Token, copy_context
+from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, TypeVar, Union, cast
+
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, TypedDict
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    Input,
+    Output,
+    accepts_config,
+    accepts_run_manager,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackManager, Callbacks
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+        AsyncCallbackManager,
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        CallbackManager,
+        CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    )
+else:
+    # Pydantic validates through typed dicts, but
+    # the callbacks need forward refs updated
+    Callbacks = Optional[Union[list, Any]]
+
+
+class EmptyDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Empty dict type."""
+
+
+class RunnableConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Configuration for a Runnable."""
+
+    tags: list[str]
+    """
+    Tags for this call and any sub-calls (eg. a Chain calling an LLM).
+    You can use these to filter calls.
+    """
+
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    """
+    Metadata for this call and any sub-calls (eg. a Chain calling an LLM).
+    Keys should be strings, values should be JSON-serializable.
+    """
+
+    callbacks: Callbacks
+    """
+    Callbacks for this call and any sub-calls (eg. a Chain calling an LLM).
+    Tags are passed to all callbacks, metadata is passed to handle*Start callbacks.
+    """
+
+    run_name: str
+    """
+    Name for the tracer run for this call. Defaults to the name of the class.
+    """
+
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int]
+    """
+    Maximum number of parallel calls to make. If not provided, defaults to
+    ThreadPoolExecutor's default.
+    """
+
+    recursion_limit: int
+    """
+    Maximum number of times a call can recurse. If not provided, defaults to 25.
+    """
+
+    configurable: dict[str, Any]
+    """
+    Runtime values for attributes previously made configurable on this Runnable,
+    or sub-Runnables, through .configurable_fields() or .configurable_alternatives().
+    Check .output_schema() for a description of the attributes that have been made
+    configurable.
+    """
+
+    run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID]
+    """
+    Unique identifier for the tracer run for this call. If not provided, a new UUID
+        will be generated.
+    """
+
+
+CONFIG_KEYS = [
+    "tags",
+    "metadata",
+    "callbacks",
+    "run_name",
+    "max_concurrency",
+    "recursion_limit",
+    "configurable",
+    "run_id",
+]
+
+COPIABLE_KEYS = [
+    "tags",
+    "metadata",
+    "callbacks",
+    "configurable",
+]
+
+DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT = 25
+
+
+var_child_runnable_config: ContextVar[RunnableConfig | None] = ContextVar(
+    "child_runnable_config", default=None
+)
+
+
+# This is imported and used in langgraph, so don't break.
+def _set_config_context(
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+) -> tuple[Token[Optional[RunnableConfig]], Optional[dict[str, Any]]]:
+    """Set the child Runnable config + tracing context.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config to set.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+
+    config_token = var_child_runnable_config.set(config)
+    current_context = None
+    if (
+        (callbacks := config.get("callbacks"))
+        and (
+            parent_run_id := getattr(callbacks, "parent_run_id", None)
+        )  # Is callback manager
+        and (
+            tracer := next(
+                (
+                    handler
+                    for handler in getattr(callbacks, "handlers", [])
+                    if isinstance(handler, LangChainTracer)
+                ),
+                None,
+            )
+        )
+        and (run := tracer.run_map.get(str(parent_run_id)))
+    ):
+        from langsmith.run_helpers import _set_tracing_context, get_tracing_context
+
+        current_context = get_tracing_context()
+        _set_tracing_context({"parent": run})
+    return config_token, current_context
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def set_config_context(config: RunnableConfig) -> Generator[Context, None, None]:
+    """Set the child Runnable config + tracing context.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config to set.
+    """
+    from langsmith.run_helpers import _set_tracing_context
+
+    ctx = copy_context()
+    config_token, _ = ctx.run(_set_config_context, config)
+    try:
+        yield ctx
+    finally:
+        ctx.run(var_child_runnable_config.reset, config_token)
+        ctx.run(
+            _set_tracing_context,
+            {
+                "parent": None,
+                "project_name": None,
+                "tags": None,
+                "metadata": None,
+                "enabled": None,
+                "client": None,
+            },
+        )
+
+
+def ensure_config(config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Ensure that a config is a dict with all keys present.
+
+    Args:
+        config (Optional[RunnableConfig], optional): The config to ensure.
+          Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        RunnableConfig: The ensured config.
+    """
+    empty = RunnableConfig(
+        tags=[],
+        metadata={},
+        callbacks=None,
+        recursion_limit=DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT,
+        configurable={},
+    )
+    if var_config := var_child_runnable_config.get():
+        empty.update(
+            cast(
+                "RunnableConfig",
+                {
+                    k: v.copy() if k in COPIABLE_KEYS else v  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    for k, v in var_config.items()
+                    if v is not None
+                },
+            )
+        )
+    if config is not None:
+        empty.update(
+            cast(
+                "RunnableConfig",
+                {
+                    k: v.copy() if k in COPIABLE_KEYS else v  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    for k, v in config.items()
+                    if v is not None and k in CONFIG_KEYS
+                },
+            )
+        )
+    if config is not None:
+        for k, v in config.items():
+            if k not in CONFIG_KEYS and v is not None:
+                empty["configurable"][k] = v
+    for key, value in empty.get("configurable", {}).items():
+        if (
+            not key.startswith("__")
+            and isinstance(value, (str, int, float, bool))
+            and key not in empty["metadata"]
+        ):
+            empty["metadata"][key] = value
+    return empty
+
+
+def get_config_list(
+    config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, Sequence[RunnableConfig]]], length: int
+) -> list[RunnableConfig]:
+    """Get a list of configs from a single config or a list of configs.
+
+     It is useful for subclasses overriding batch() or abatch().
+
+    Args:
+        config (Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]]):
+          The config or list of configs.
+        length (int): The length of the list.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[RunnableConfig]: The list of configs.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the length of the list is not equal to the length of the inputs.
+
+    """
+    if length < 0:
+        msg = f"length must be >= 0, but got {length}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if isinstance(config, Sequence) and len(config) != length:
+        msg = (
+            f"config must be a list of the same length as inputs, "
+            f"but got {len(config)} configs for {length} inputs"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if isinstance(config, Sequence):
+        return list(map(ensure_config, config))
+    if length > 1 and isinstance(config, dict) and config.get("run_id") is not None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Provided run_id be used only for the first element of the batch.",
+            category=RuntimeWarning,
+            stacklevel=3,
+        )
+        subsequent = cast(
+            "RunnableConfig", {k: v for k, v in config.items() if k != "run_id"}
+        )
+        return [
+            ensure_config(subsequent) if i else ensure_config(config)
+            for i in range(length)
+        ]
+    return [ensure_config(config) for i in range(length)]
+
+
+def patch_config(
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
+    *,
+    callbacks: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = None,
+    recursion_limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    configurable: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Patch a config with new values.
+
+    Args:
+        config (Optional[RunnableConfig]): The config to patch.
+        callbacks (Optional[BaseCallbackManager], optional): The callbacks to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+        recursion_limit (Optional[int], optional): The recursion limit to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+        max_concurrency (Optional[int], optional): The max concurrency to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+        run_name (Optional[str], optional): The run name to set. Defaults to None.
+        configurable (Optional[dict[str, Any]], optional): The configurable to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        RunnableConfig: The patched config.
+    """
+    config = ensure_config(config)
+    if callbacks is not None:
+        # If we're replacing callbacks, we need to unset run_name
+        # As that should apply only to the same run as the original callbacks
+        config["callbacks"] = callbacks
+        if "run_name" in config:
+            del config["run_name"]
+        if "run_id" in config:
+            del config["run_id"]
+    if recursion_limit is not None:
+        config["recursion_limit"] = recursion_limit
+    if max_concurrency is not None:
+        config["max_concurrency"] = max_concurrency
+    if run_name is not None:
+        config["run_name"] = run_name
+    if configurable is not None:
+        config["configurable"] = {**config.get("configurable", {}), **configurable}
+    return config
+
+
+def merge_configs(*configs: Optional[RunnableConfig]) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Merge multiple configs into one.
+
+    Args:
+        *configs (Optional[RunnableConfig]): The configs to merge.
+
+    Returns:
+        RunnableConfig: The merged config.
+    """
+    base: RunnableConfig = {}
+    # Even though the keys aren't literals, this is correct
+    # because both dicts are the same type
+    for config in (ensure_config(c) for c in configs if c is not None):
+        for key in config:
+            if key == "metadata":
+                base["metadata"] = {
+                    **base.get("metadata", {}),
+                    **(config.get("metadata") or {}),
+                }
+            elif key == "tags":
+                base["tags"] = sorted(
+                    set(base.get("tags", []) + (config.get("tags") or [])),
+                )
+            elif key == "configurable":
+                base["configurable"] = {
+                    **base.get("configurable", {}),
+                    **(config.get("configurable") or {}),
+                }
+            elif key == "callbacks":
+                base_callbacks = base.get("callbacks")
+                these_callbacks = config["callbacks"]
+                # callbacks can be either None, list[handler] or manager
+                # so merging two callbacks values has 6 cases
+                if isinstance(these_callbacks, list):
+                    if base_callbacks is None:
+                        base["callbacks"] = these_callbacks.copy()
+                    elif isinstance(base_callbacks, list):
+                        base["callbacks"] = base_callbacks + these_callbacks
+                    else:
+                        # base_callbacks is a manager
+                        mngr = base_callbacks.copy()
+                        for callback in these_callbacks:
+                            mngr.add_handler(callback, inherit=True)
+                        base["callbacks"] = mngr
+                elif these_callbacks is not None:
+                    # these_callbacks is a manager
+                    if base_callbacks is None:
+                        base["callbacks"] = these_callbacks.copy()
+                    elif isinstance(base_callbacks, list):
+                        mngr = these_callbacks.copy()
+                        for callback in base_callbacks:
+                            mngr.add_handler(callback, inherit=True)
+                        base["callbacks"] = mngr
+                    else:
+                        # base_callbacks is also a manager
+                        base["callbacks"] = base_callbacks.merge(these_callbacks)
+            elif key == "recursion_limit":
+                if config["recursion_limit"] != DEFAULT_RECURSION_LIMIT:
+                    base["recursion_limit"] = config["recursion_limit"]
+            elif key in COPIABLE_KEYS and config[key] is not None:  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+                base[key] = config[key].copy()  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+            else:
+                base[key] = config[key] or base.get(key)  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+    return base
+
+
+def call_func_with_variable_args(
+    func: Union[
+        Callable[[Input], Output],
+        Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Output],
+        Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun], Output],
+        Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig], Output],
+    ],
+    input: Input,
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+    run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Output:
+    """Call function that may optionally accept a run_manager and/or config.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to call.
+        input: The input to the function.
+        config: The config to pass to the function.
+        run_manager: The run manager to pass to the function. Defaults to None.
+        **kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to the function.
+
+    Returns:
+        The output of the function.
+    """
+    if accepts_config(func):
+        if run_manager is not None:
+            kwargs["config"] = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+        else:
+            kwargs["config"] = config
+    if run_manager is not None and accepts_run_manager(func):
+        kwargs["run_manager"] = run_manager
+    return func(input, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+
+def acall_func_with_variable_args(
+    func: Union[
+        Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]],
+        Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[Output]],
+        Callable[[Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun], Awaitable[Output]],
+        Callable[
+            [Input, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig],
+            Awaitable[Output],
+        ],
+    ],
+    input: Input,
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+    run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Awaitable[Output]:
+    """Async call function that may optionally accept a run_manager and/or config.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to call.
+        input: The input to the function.
+        config: The config to pass to the function.
+        run_manager: The run manager to pass to the function. Defaults to None.
+        **kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to the function.
+
+    Returns:
+        The output of the function.
+    """
+    if accepts_config(func):
+        if run_manager is not None:
+            kwargs["config"] = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+        else:
+            kwargs["config"] = config
+    if run_manager is not None and accepts_run_manager(func):
+        kwargs["run_manager"] = run_manager
+    return func(input, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+
+def get_callback_manager_for_config(config: RunnableConfig) -> CallbackManager:
+    """Get a callback manager for a config.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config.
+
+    Returns:
+        CallbackManager: The callback manager.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager
+
+    return CallbackManager.configure(
+        inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+        inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+        inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+    )
+
+
+def get_async_callback_manager_for_config(
+    config: RunnableConfig,
+) -> AsyncCallbackManager:
+    """Get an async callback manager for a config.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config.
+
+    Returns:
+        AsyncCallbackManager: The async callback manager.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import AsyncCallbackManager
+
+    return AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+        inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+        inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+        inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+    )
+
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class ContextThreadPoolExecutor(ThreadPoolExecutor):
+    """ThreadPoolExecutor that copies the context to the child thread."""
+
+    def submit(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        func: Callable[P, T],
+        *args: P.args,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> Future[T]:
+        """Submit a function to the executor.
+
+        Args:
+            func (Callable[..., T]): The function to submit.
+            *args (Any): The positional arguments to the function.
+            **kwargs (Any): The keyword arguments to the function.
+
+        Returns:
+            Future[T]: The future for the function.
+        """
+        return super().submit(
+            cast("Callable[..., T]", partial(copy_context().run, func, *args, **kwargs))
+        )
+
+    def map(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[..., T],
+        *iterables: Iterable[Any],
+        timeout: float | None = None,
+        chunksize: int = 1,
+    ) -> Iterator[T]:
+        """Map a function to multiple iterables.
+
+        Args:
+            fn (Callable[..., T]): The function to map.
+            *iterables (Iterable[Any]): The iterables to map over.
+            timeout (float | None, optional): The timeout for the map.
+                Defaults to None.
+            chunksize (int, optional): The chunksize for the map. Defaults to 1.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterator[T]: The iterator for the mapped function.
+        """
+        contexts = [copy_context() for _ in range(len(iterables[0]))]  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        def _wrapped_fn(*args: Any) -> T:
+            return contexts.pop().run(fn, *args)
+
+        return super().map(
+            _wrapped_fn,
+            *iterables,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            chunksize=chunksize,
+        )
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def get_executor_for_config(
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
+) -> Generator[Executor, None, None]:
+    """Get an executor for a config.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config.
+
+    Yields:
+        Generator[Executor, None, None]: The executor.
+    """
+    config = config or {}
+    with ContextThreadPoolExecutor(
+        max_workers=config.get("max_concurrency")
+    ) as executor:
+        yield executor
+
+
+async def run_in_executor(
+    executor_or_config: Optional[Union[Executor, RunnableConfig]],
+    func: Callable[P, T],
+    *args: P.args,
+    **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+) -> T:
+    """Run a function in an executor.
+
+    Args:
+        executor_or_config: The executor or config to run in.
+        func (Callable[P, Output]): The function.
+        *args (Any): The positional arguments to the function.
+        **kwargs (Any): The keyword arguments to the function.
+
+    Returns:
+        Output: The output of the function.
+
+    Raises:
+        RuntimeError: If the function raises a StopIteration.
+    """
+
+    def wrapper() -> T:
+        try:
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+        except StopIteration as exc:
+            # StopIteration can't be set on an asyncio.Future
+            # it raises a TypeError and leaves the Future pending forever
+            # so we need to convert it to a RuntimeError
+            raise RuntimeError from exc
+
+    if executor_or_config is None or isinstance(executor_or_config, dict):
+        # Use default executor with context copied from current context
+        return await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            cast("Callable[..., T]", partial(copy_context().run, wrapper)),
+        )
+
+    return await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(executor_or_config, wrapper)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/configurable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/configurable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0fdb2869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/configurable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,716 @@
+"""Runnables that can be dynamically configured."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import threading
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Iterator,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from weakref import WeakValueDictionary
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import Runnable, RunnableSerializable
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    ensure_config,
+    get_config_list,
+    get_executor_for_config,
+    merge_configs,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    AnyConfigurableField,
+    ConfigurableField,
+    ConfigurableFieldMultiOption,
+    ConfigurableFieldSingleOption,
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    Input,
+    Output,
+    gather_with_concurrency,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.runnables.graph import Graph
+
+
+class DynamicRunnable(RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]):
+    """Serializable Runnable that can be dynamically configured.
+
+    A DynamicRunnable should be initiated using the `configurable_fields` or
+    `configurable_alternatives` method of a Runnable.
+
+    Parameters:
+        default: The default Runnable to use.
+        config: The configuration to use.
+    """
+
+    default: RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]
+
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> type[Input]:
+        return self.default.InputType
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[Output]:
+        return self.default.OutputType
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        return runnable.get_input_schema(config)
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        return runnable.get_output_schema(config)
+
+    @override
+    def get_graph(self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> Graph:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        return runnable.get_graph(config)
+
+    @override
+    def with_config(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        # Sadly Unpack is not well supported by mypy so this will have to be untyped
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+        return self.__class__(
+            **{**self.__dict__, "config": ensure_config(merge_configs(config, kwargs))}  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    def prepare(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> tuple[Runnable[Input, Output], RunnableConfig]:
+        """Prepare the Runnable for invocation.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The configuration to use. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            tuple[Runnable[Input, Output], RunnableConfig]: The prepared Runnable and
+            configuration.
+        """
+        runnable: Runnable[Input, Output] = self
+        while isinstance(runnable, DynamicRunnable):
+            runnable, config = runnable._prepare(merge_configs(runnable.config, config))
+        return runnable, cast("RunnableConfig", config)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _prepare(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> tuple[Runnable[Input, Output], RunnableConfig]: ...
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        return runnable.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        return await runnable.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        prepared = [self.prepare(c) for c in configs]
+
+        if all(p is self.default for p, _ in prepared):
+            return self.default.batch(
+                inputs,
+                [c for _, c in prepared],
+                return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        def invoke(
+            prepared: tuple[Runnable[Input, Output], RunnableConfig],
+            input: Input,
+        ) -> Union[Output, Exception]:
+            bound, config = prepared
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    return bound.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    return e
+            else:
+                return bound.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        # If there's only one input, don't bother with the executor
+        if len(inputs) == 1:
+            return cast("list[Output]", [invoke(prepared[0], inputs[0])])
+
+        with get_executor_for_config(configs[0]) as executor:
+            return cast("list[Output]", list(executor.map(invoke, prepared, inputs)))
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        prepared = [self.prepare(c) for c in configs]
+
+        if all(p is self.default for p, _ in prepared):
+            return await self.default.abatch(
+                inputs,
+                [c for _, c in prepared],
+                return_exceptions=return_exceptions,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        async def ainvoke(
+            prepared: tuple[Runnable[Input, Output], RunnableConfig],
+            input: Input,
+        ) -> Union[Output, Exception]:
+            bound, config = prepared
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    return await bound.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    return e
+            else:
+                return await bound.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        coros = map(ainvoke, prepared, inputs)
+        return await gather_with_concurrency(configs[0].get("max_concurrency"), *coros)
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        return runnable.stream(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        async for chunk in runnable.astream(input, config, **kwargs):
+            yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        return runnable.transform(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Input],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        runnable, config = self.prepare(config)
+        async for chunk in runnable.atransform(input, config, **kwargs):
+            yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        attr = getattr(self.default, name)
+        if callable(attr):
+
+            @wraps(attr)
+            def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                for key, arg in kwargs.items():
+                    if key == "config" and (
+                        isinstance(arg, dict)
+                        and "configurable" in arg
+                        and isinstance(arg["configurable"], dict)
+                    ):
+                        runnable, config = self.prepare(cast("RunnableConfig", arg))
+                        kwargs = {**kwargs, "config": config}
+                        return getattr(runnable, name)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                for idx, arg in enumerate(args):
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(arg, dict)
+                        and "configurable" in arg
+                        and isinstance(arg["configurable"], dict)
+                    ):
+                        runnable, config = self.prepare(cast("RunnableConfig", arg))
+                        argsl = list(args)
+                        argsl[idx] = config
+                        return getattr(runnable, name)(*argsl, **kwargs)
+
+                if self.config:
+                    runnable, config = self.prepare()
+                    return getattr(runnable, name)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                return attr(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            return wrapper
+
+        return attr
+
+
+class RunnableConfigurableFields(DynamicRunnable[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that can be dynamically configured.
+
+    A RunnableConfigurableFields should be initiated using the
+    `configurable_fields` method of a Runnable.
+
+    Parameters:
+        fields: The configurable fields to use.
+
+    Here is an example of using a RunnableConfigurableFields with LLMs:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.runnables import ConfigurableField
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            model = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0).configurable_fields(
+                temperature=ConfigurableField(
+                    id="temperature",
+                    name="LLM Temperature",
+                    description="The temperature of the LLM",
+                )
+            )
+            # This creates a RunnableConfigurableFields for a chat model.
+
+            # When invoking the created RunnableSequence, you can pass in the
+            # value for your ConfigurableField's id which in this case
+            # will be change in temperature
+
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template("Pick a random number above {x}")
+            chain = prompt | model
+
+            chain.invoke({"x": 0})
+            chain.invoke({"x": 0}, config={"configurable": {"temperature": 0.9}})
+
+
+    Here is an example of using a RunnableConfigurableFields with HubRunnables:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.runnables import ConfigurableField
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain.runnables.hub import HubRunnable
+
+            prompt = HubRunnable("rlm/rag-prompt").configurable_fields(
+                owner_repo_commit=ConfigurableField(
+                    id="hub_commit",
+                    name="Hub Commit",
+                    description="The Hub commit to pull from",
+                )
+            )
+
+            prompt.invoke({"question": "foo", "context": "bar"})
+
+            # Invoking prompt with `with_config` method
+
+            prompt.invoke(
+                {"question": "foo", "context": "bar"},
+                config={"configurable": {"hub_commit": "rlm/rag-prompt-llama"}},
+            )
+    """
+
+    fields: dict[str, AnyConfigurableField]
+
+    @property
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        """Get the configuration specs for the RunnableConfigurableFields.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]: The configuration specs.
+        """
+        config_specs = []
+
+        default_fields = type(self.default).model_fields
+        for field_name, spec in self.fields.items():
+            if isinstance(spec, ConfigurableField):
+                config_specs.append(
+                    ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                        id=spec.id,
+                        name=spec.name,
+                        description=spec.description
+                        or default_fields[field_name].description,
+                        annotation=spec.annotation
+                        or default_fields[field_name].annotation,
+                        default=getattr(self.default, field_name),
+                        is_shared=spec.is_shared,
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                config_specs.append(
+                    make_options_spec(spec, default_fields[field_name].description)
+                )
+
+        config_specs.extend(self.default.config_specs)
+
+        return get_unique_config_specs(config_specs)
+
+    @override
+    def configurable_fields(
+        self, **kwargs: AnyConfigurableField
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]:
+        return self.default.configurable_fields(**{**self.fields, **kwargs})
+
+    def _prepare(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> tuple[Runnable[Input, Output], RunnableConfig]:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        specs_by_id = {spec.id: (key, spec) for key, spec in self.fields.items()}
+        configurable_fields = {
+            specs_by_id[k][0]: v
+            for k, v in config.get("configurable", {}).items()
+            if k in specs_by_id and isinstance(specs_by_id[k][1], ConfigurableField)
+        }
+        configurable_single_options = {
+            k: v.options[(config.get("configurable", {}).get(v.id) or v.default)]
+            for k, v in self.fields.items()
+            if isinstance(v, ConfigurableFieldSingleOption)
+        }
+        configurable_multi_options = {
+            k: [
+                v.options[o]
+                for o in config.get("configurable", {}).get(v.id, v.default)
+            ]
+            for k, v in self.fields.items()
+            if isinstance(v, ConfigurableFieldMultiOption)
+        }
+        configurable = {
+            **configurable_fields,
+            **configurable_single_options,
+            **configurable_multi_options,
+        }
+
+        if configurable:
+            init_params = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in self.default.__dict__.items()
+                if k in type(self.default).model_fields
+            }
+            return (
+                self.default.__class__(**{**init_params, **configurable}),
+                config,
+            )
+        return (self.default, config)
+
+
+# Before Python 3.11 native StrEnum is not available
+class StrEnum(str, enum.Enum):
+    """String enum."""
+
+
+_enums_for_spec: WeakValueDictionary[
+    Union[
+        ConfigurableFieldSingleOption, ConfigurableFieldMultiOption, ConfigurableField
+    ],
+    type[StrEnum],
+] = WeakValueDictionary()
+
+_enums_for_spec_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+class RunnableConfigurableAlternatives(DynamicRunnable[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that can be dynamically configured.
+
+    A RunnableConfigurableAlternatives should be initiated using the
+    `configurable_alternatives` method of a Runnable or can be
+    initiated directly as well.
+
+    Here is an example of using a RunnableConfigurableAlternatives that uses
+    alternative prompts to illustrate its functionality:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import ConfigurableField
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            # This creates a RunnableConfigurableAlternatives for Prompt Runnable
+            # with two alternatives.
+            prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template(
+                "Tell me a joke about {topic}"
+            ).configurable_alternatives(
+                ConfigurableField(id="prompt"),
+                default_key="joke",
+                poem=PromptTemplate.from_template("Write a short poem about {topic}")
+            )
+
+            # When invoking the created RunnableSequence, you can pass in the
+            # value for your ConfigurableField's id which in this case will either be
+            # `joke` or `poem`.
+            chain = prompt | ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125", temperature=0)
+
+            # The `with_config` method brings in the desired Prompt Runnable in your
+            # Runnable Sequence.
+            chain.with_config(configurable={"prompt": "poem"}).invoke({"topic": "bears"})
+
+
+    Equivalently, you can initialize RunnableConfigurableAlternatives directly
+    and use in LCEL in the same way:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import ConfigurableField
+            from langchain_core.runnables.configurable import RunnableConfigurableAlternatives
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            prompt = RunnableConfigurableAlternatives(
+                which=ConfigurableField(id='prompt'),
+                default=PromptTemplate.from_template("Tell me a joke about {topic}"),
+                default_key='joke',
+                prefix_keys=False,
+                alternatives={"poem":PromptTemplate.from_template("Write a short poem about {topic}")}
+            )
+            chain = prompt | ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125", temperature=0)
+            chain.with_config(configurable={"prompt": "poem"}).invoke({"topic": "bears"})
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    which: ConfigurableField
+    """The ConfigurableField to use to choose between alternatives."""
+
+    alternatives: dict[
+        str,
+        Union[Runnable[Input, Output], Callable[[], Runnable[Input, Output]]],
+    ]
+    """The alternatives to choose from."""
+
+    default_key: str = "default"
+    """The enum value to use for the default option. Defaults to "default"."""
+
+    prefix_keys: bool
+    """Whether to prefix configurable fields of each alternative with a namespace
+    of the form <which.id>==<alternative_key>, eg. a key named "temperature" used by
+    the alternative named "gpt3" becomes "model==gpt3/temperature"."""
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        with _enums_for_spec_lock:
+            if which_enum := _enums_for_spec.get(self.which):
+                pass
+            else:
+                which_enum = StrEnum(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                    self.which.name or self.which.id,
+                    (
+                        (v, v)
+                        for v in list(self.alternatives.keys()) + [self.default_key]
+                    ),
+                )
+                _enums_for_spec[self.which] = cast("type[StrEnum]", which_enum)
+        return get_unique_config_specs(
+            # which alternative
+            [
+                ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                    id=self.which.id,
+                    name=self.which.name,
+                    description=self.which.description,
+                    annotation=which_enum,
+                    default=self.default_key,
+                    is_shared=self.which.is_shared,
+                ),
+            ]
+            # config specs of the default option
+            + (
+                [
+                    prefix_config_spec(s, f"{self.which.id}=={self.default_key}")
+                    for s in self.default.config_specs
+                ]
+                if self.prefix_keys
+                else self.default.config_specs
+            )
+            # config specs of the alternatives
+            + [
+                (
+                    prefix_config_spec(s, f"{self.which.id}=={alt_key}")
+                    if self.prefix_keys
+                    else s
+                )
+                for alt_key, alt in self.alternatives.items()
+                if isinstance(alt, RunnableSerializable)
+                for s in alt.config_specs
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def configurable_fields(
+        self, **kwargs: AnyConfigurableField
+    ) -> RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]:
+        return self.__class__(
+            which=self.which,
+            default=self.default.configurable_fields(**kwargs),
+            alternatives=self.alternatives,
+            default_key=self.default_key,
+            prefix_keys=self.prefix_keys,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> tuple[Runnable[Input, Output], RunnableConfig]:
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        which = config.get("configurable", {}).get(self.which.id, self.default_key)
+        # remap configurable keys for the chosen alternative
+        if self.prefix_keys:
+            config = cast(
+                "RunnableConfig",
+                {
+                    **config,
+                    "configurable": {
+                        _strremoveprefix(k, f"{self.which.id}=={which}/"): v
+                        for k, v in config.get("configurable", {}).items()
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+        # return the chosen alternative
+        if which == self.default_key:
+            return (self.default, config)
+        if which in self.alternatives:
+            alt = self.alternatives[which]
+            if isinstance(alt, Runnable):
+                return (alt, config)
+            return (alt(), config)
+        msg = f"Unknown alternative: {which}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _strremoveprefix(s: str, prefix: str) -> str:
+    """str.removeprefix() is only available in Python 3.9+."""
+    return s.replace(prefix, "", 1) if s.startswith(prefix) else s
+
+
+def prefix_config_spec(
+    spec: ConfigurableFieldSpec, prefix: str
+) -> ConfigurableFieldSpec:
+    """Prefix the id of a ConfigurableFieldSpec.
+
+    This is useful when a RunnableConfigurableAlternatives is used as a
+    ConfigurableField of another RunnableConfigurableAlternatives.
+
+    Args:
+        spec: The ConfigurableFieldSpec to prefix.
+        prefix: The prefix to add.
+
+    Returns:
+        ConfigurableFieldSpec: The prefixed ConfigurableFieldSpec.
+    """
+    return (
+        ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+            id=f"{prefix}/{spec.id}",
+            name=spec.name,
+            description=spec.description,
+            annotation=spec.annotation,
+            default=spec.default,
+            is_shared=spec.is_shared,
+        )
+        if not spec.is_shared
+        else spec
+    )
+
+
+def make_options_spec(
+    spec: Union[ConfigurableFieldSingleOption, ConfigurableFieldMultiOption],
+    description: Optional[str],
+) -> ConfigurableFieldSpec:
+    """Make a ConfigurableFieldSpec for a ConfigurableFieldSingleOption or ConfigurableFieldMultiOption.
+
+    Args:
+        spec: The ConfigurableFieldSingleOption or ConfigurableFieldMultiOption.
+        description: The description to use if the spec does not have one.
+
+    Returns:
+        The ConfigurableFieldSpec.
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    with _enums_for_spec_lock:
+        if enum := _enums_for_spec.get(spec):
+            pass
+        else:
+            enum = StrEnum(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                spec.name or spec.id,
+                ((v, v) for v in list(spec.options.keys())),
+            )
+            _enums_for_spec[spec] = cast("type[StrEnum]", enum)
+    if isinstance(spec, ConfigurableFieldSingleOption):
+        return ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+            id=spec.id,
+            name=spec.name,
+            description=spec.description or description,
+            annotation=enum,
+            default=spec.default,
+            is_shared=spec.is_shared,
+        )
+    return ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+        id=spec.id,
+        name=spec.name,
+        description=spec.description or description,
+        annotation=Sequence[enum],  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+        default=spec.default,
+        is_shared=spec.is_shared,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/fallbacks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/fallbacks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2150b00b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/fallbacks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+"""Runnable that can fallback to other Runnables if it fails."""
+
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import typing
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import Runnable, RunnableSerializable
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    ensure_config,
+    get_async_callback_manager_for_config,
+    get_callback_manager_for_config,
+    get_config_list,
+    patch_config,
+    set_config_context,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    Input,
+    Output,
+    coro_with_context,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.aiter import py_anext
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun
+
+
+class RunnableWithFallbacks(RunnableSerializable[Input, Output]):
+    """Runnable that can fallback to other Runnables if it fails.
+
+    External APIs (e.g., APIs for a language model) may at times experience
+    degraded performance or even downtime.
+
+    In these cases, it can be useful to have a fallback Runnable that can be
+    used in place of the original Runnable (e.g., fallback to another LLM provider).
+
+    Fallbacks can be defined at the level of a single Runnable, or at the level
+    of a chain of Runnables. Fallbacks are tried in order until one succeeds or
+    all fail.
+
+    While you can instantiate a ``RunnableWithFallbacks`` directly, it is usually
+    more convenient to use the ``with_fallbacks`` method on a Runnable.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.chat_models.openai import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain_core.chat_models.anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+
+            model = ChatAnthropic(
+                model="claude-3-haiku-20240307"
+            ).with_fallbacks([ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125")])
+            # Will usually use ChatAnthropic, but fallback to ChatOpenAI
+            # if ChatAnthropic fails.
+            model.invoke('hello')
+
+            # And you can also use fallbacks at the level of a chain.
+            # Here if both LLM providers fail, we'll fallback to a good hardcoded
+            # response.
+
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.output_parser import StrOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            def when_all_is_lost(inputs):
+                return ("Looks like our LLM providers are down. "
+                        "Here's a nice 🦜️ emoji for you instead.")
+
+            chain_with_fallback = (
+                PromptTemplate.from_template('Tell me a joke about {topic}')
+                | model
+                | StrOutputParser()
+            ).with_fallbacks([RunnableLambda(when_all_is_lost)])
+    """
+
+    runnable: Runnable[Input, Output]
+    """The Runnable to run first."""
+    fallbacks: Sequence[Runnable[Input, Output]]
+    """A sequence of fallbacks to try."""
+    exceptions_to_handle: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (Exception,)
+    """The exceptions on which fallbacks should be tried.
+
+    Any exception that is not a subclass of these exceptions will be raised immediately.
+    """
+    exception_key: Optional[str] = None
+    """If string is specified then handled exceptions will be passed to fallbacks as
+        part of the input under the specified key. If None, exceptions
+        will not be passed to fallbacks. If used, the base Runnable and its fallbacks
+        must accept a dictionary as input."""
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> type[Input]:
+        return self.runnable.InputType
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[Output]:
+        return self.runnable.OutputType
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return self.runnable.get_input_schema(config)
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        return self.runnable.get_output_schema(config)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        return get_unique_config_specs(
+            spec
+            for step in [self.runnable, *self.fallbacks]
+            for spec in step.config_specs
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.
+
+        Defaults to ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"].
+        """
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @property
+    def runnables(self) -> Iterator[Runnable[Input, Output]]:
+        """Iterator over the Runnable and its fallbacks."""
+        yield self.runnable
+        yield from self.fallbacks
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        if self.exception_key is not None and not isinstance(input, dict):
+            msg = (
+                "If 'exception_key' is specified then input must be a dictionary."
+                f"However found a type of {type(input)} for input"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        # setup callbacks
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        first_error = None
+        last_error = None
+        for runnable in self.runnables:
+            try:
+                if self.exception_key and last_error is not None:
+                    input[self.exception_key] = last_error  # type: ignore[index]
+                child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+                with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                    output = context.run(
+                        runnable.invoke,
+                        input,
+                        config,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+            except self.exceptions_to_handle as e:
+                if first_error is None:
+                    first_error = e
+                last_error = e
+            except BaseException as e:
+                run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+                raise
+            else:
+                run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+                return output
+        if first_error is None:
+            msg = "No error stored at end of fallbacks."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        run_manager.on_chain_error(first_error)
+        raise first_error
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        if self.exception_key is not None and not isinstance(input, dict):
+            msg = (
+                "If 'exception_key' is specified then input must be a dictionary."
+                f"However found a type of {type(input)} for input"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        # setup callbacks
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+
+        first_error = None
+        last_error = None
+        for runnable in self.runnables:
+            try:
+                if self.exception_key and last_error is not None:
+                    input[self.exception_key] = last_error  # type: ignore[index]
+                child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+                with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                    coro = context.run(runnable.ainvoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+                    output = await coro_with_context(coro, context)
+            except self.exceptions_to_handle as e:
+                if first_error is None:
+                    first_error = e
+                last_error = e
+            except BaseException as e:
+                await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+                raise
+            else:
+                await run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+                return output
+        if first_error is None:
+            msg = "No error stored at end of fallbacks."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        await run_manager.on_chain_error(first_error)
+        raise first_error
+
+    @override
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager
+
+        if self.exception_key is not None and not all(
+            isinstance(input, dict) for input in inputs
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "If 'exception_key' is specified then inputs must be dictionaries."
+                f"However found a type of {type(inputs[0])} for input"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        # setup callbacks
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        callback_managers = [
+            CallbackManager.configure(
+                inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+                local_callbacks=None,
+                verbose=False,
+                inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+                local_tags=None,
+                inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+                local_metadata=None,
+            )
+            for config in configs
+        ]
+        # start the root runs, one per input
+        run_managers = [
+            cm.on_chain_start(
+                None,
+                input if isinstance(input, dict) else {"input": input},
+                name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+                run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            )
+            for cm, input, config in zip(callback_managers, inputs, configs)
+        ]
+
+        to_return: dict[int, Any] = {}
+        run_again = dict(enumerate(inputs))
+        handled_exceptions: dict[int, BaseException] = {}
+        first_to_raise = None
+        for runnable in self.runnables:
+            outputs = runnable.batch(
+                [input for _, input in sorted(run_again.items())],
+                [
+                    # each step a child run of the corresponding root run
+                    patch_config(configs[i], callbacks=run_managers[i].get_child())
+                    for i in sorted(run_again)
+                ],
+                return_exceptions=True,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            for (i, input), output in zip(sorted(run_again.copy().items()), outputs):
+                if isinstance(output, BaseException) and not isinstance(
+                    output, self.exceptions_to_handle
+                ):
+                    if not return_exceptions:
+                        first_to_raise = first_to_raise or output
+                    else:
+                        handled_exceptions[i] = output
+                    run_again.pop(i)
+                elif isinstance(output, self.exceptions_to_handle):
+                    if self.exception_key:
+                        input[self.exception_key] = output  # type: ignore[index]
+                    handled_exceptions[i] = output
+                else:
+                    run_managers[i].on_chain_end(output)
+                    to_return[i] = output
+                    run_again.pop(i)
+                    handled_exceptions.pop(i, None)
+            if first_to_raise:
+                raise first_to_raise
+            if not run_again:
+                break
+
+        sorted_handled_exceptions = sorted(handled_exceptions.items())
+        for i, error in sorted_handled_exceptions:
+            run_managers[i].on_chain_error(error)
+        if not return_exceptions and sorted_handled_exceptions:
+            raise sorted_handled_exceptions[0][1]
+        to_return.update(handled_exceptions)
+        return [output for _, output in sorted(to_return.items())]
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import AsyncCallbackManager
+
+        if self.exception_key is not None and not all(
+            isinstance(input, dict) for input in inputs
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "If 'exception_key' is specified then inputs must be dictionaries."
+                f"However found a type of {type(inputs[0])} for input"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        # setup callbacks
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        callback_managers = [
+            AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+                inheritable_callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+                local_callbacks=None,
+                verbose=False,
+                inheritable_tags=config.get("tags"),
+                local_tags=None,
+                inheritable_metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+                local_metadata=None,
+            )
+            for config in configs
+        ]
+        # start the root runs, one per input
+        run_managers: list[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                cm.on_chain_start(
+                    None,
+                    input,
+                    name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+                    run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+                )
+                for cm, input, config in zip(callback_managers, inputs, configs)
+            )
+        )
+
+        to_return = {}
+        run_again = dict(enumerate(inputs))
+        handled_exceptions: dict[int, BaseException] = {}
+        first_to_raise = None
+        for runnable in self.runnables:
+            outputs = await runnable.abatch(
+                [input for _, input in sorted(run_again.items())],
+                [
+                    # each step a child run of the corresponding root run
+                    patch_config(configs[i], callbacks=run_managers[i].get_child())
+                    for i in sorted(run_again)
+                ],
+                return_exceptions=True,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+            for (i, input), output in zip(sorted(run_again.copy().items()), outputs):
+                if isinstance(output, BaseException) and not isinstance(
+                    output, self.exceptions_to_handle
+                ):
+                    if not return_exceptions:
+                        first_to_raise = first_to_raise or output
+                    else:
+                        handled_exceptions[i] = output
+                    run_again.pop(i)
+                elif isinstance(output, self.exceptions_to_handle):
+                    if self.exception_key:
+                        input[self.exception_key] = output  # type: ignore[index]
+                    handled_exceptions[i] = output
+                else:
+                    to_return[i] = output
+                    await run_managers[i].on_chain_end(output)
+                    run_again.pop(i)
+                    handled_exceptions.pop(i, None)
+
+            if first_to_raise:
+                raise first_to_raise
+            if not run_again:
+                break
+
+        sorted_handled_exceptions = sorted(handled_exceptions.items())
+        await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                run_managers[i].on_chain_error(error)
+                for i, error in sorted_handled_exceptions
+            )
+        )
+        if not return_exceptions and sorted_handled_exceptions:
+            raise sorted_handled_exceptions[0][1]
+        to_return.update(handled_exceptions)
+        return [output for _, output in sorted(to_return.items())]  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        if self.exception_key is not None and not isinstance(input, dict):
+            msg = (
+                "If 'exception_key' is specified then input must be a dictionary."
+                f"However found a type of {type(input)} for input"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        # setup callbacks
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        first_error = None
+        last_error = None
+        for runnable in self.runnables:
+            try:
+                if self.exception_key and last_error is not None:
+                    input[self.exception_key] = last_error  # type: ignore[index]
+                child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+                with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                    stream = context.run(
+                        runnable.stream,
+                        input,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    chunk: Output = context.run(next, stream)
+            except self.exceptions_to_handle as e:
+                first_error = e if first_error is None else first_error
+                last_error = e
+            except BaseException as e:
+                run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+                raise
+            else:
+                first_error = None
+                break
+        if first_error:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(first_error)
+            raise first_error
+
+        yield chunk
+        output: Optional[Output] = chunk
+        try:
+            for chunk in stream:
+                yield chunk
+                try:
+                    output = output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                except TypeError:
+                    output = None
+        except BaseException as e:
+            run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        if self.exception_key is not None and not isinstance(input, dict):
+            msg = (
+                "If 'exception_key' is specified then input must be a dictionary."
+                f"However found a type of {type(input)} for input"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        # setup callbacks
+        config = ensure_config(config)
+        callback_manager = get_async_callback_manager_for_config(config)
+        # start the root run
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_chain_start(
+            None,
+            input,
+            name=config.get("run_name") or self.get_name(),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+        )
+        first_error = None
+        last_error = None
+        for runnable in self.runnables:
+            try:
+                if self.exception_key and last_error is not None:
+                    input[self.exception_key] = last_error  # type: ignore[index]
+                child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+                with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                    stream = runnable.astream(
+                        input,
+                        child_config,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    chunk = await coro_with_context(py_anext(stream), context)
+            except self.exceptions_to_handle as e:
+                first_error = e if first_error is None else first_error
+                last_error = e
+            except BaseException as e:
+                await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+                raise
+            else:
+                first_error = None
+                break
+        if first_error:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(first_error)
+            raise first_error
+
+        yield chunk
+        output: Optional[Output] = chunk
+        try:
+            async for chunk in stream:
+                yield chunk
+                try:
+                    output = output + chunk
+                except TypeError:
+                    output = None
+        except BaseException as e:
+            await run_manager.on_chain_error(e)
+            raise
+        await run_manager.on_chain_end(output)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        """Get an attribute from the wrapped Runnable and its fallbacks.
+
+        Returns:
+            If the attribute is anything other than a method that outputs a Runnable,
+            returns getattr(self.runnable, name). If the attribute is a method that
+            does return a new Runnable (e.g. llm.bind_tools([...]) outputs a new
+            RunnableBinding) then self.runnable and each of the runnables in
+            self.fallbacks is replaced with getattr(x, name).
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+                from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+
+                gpt_4o = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o")
+                claude_3_sonnet = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-sonnet-20240229")
+                llm = gpt_4o.with_fallbacks([claude_3_sonnet])
+
+                llm.model_name
+                # -> "gpt-4o"
+
+                # .bind_tools() is called on both ChatOpenAI and ChatAnthropic
+                # Equivalent to:
+                # gpt_4o.bind_tools([...]).with_fallbacks([claude_3_sonnet.bind_tools([...])])
+                llm.bind_tools([...])
+                # -> RunnableWithFallbacks(
+                    runnable=RunnableBinding(bound=ChatOpenAI(...), kwargs={"tools": [...]}),
+                    fallbacks=[RunnableBinding(bound=ChatAnthropic(...), kwargs={"tools": [...]})],
+                )
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        attr = getattr(self.runnable, name)
+        if _returns_runnable(attr):
+
+            @wraps(attr)
+            def wrapped(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+                new_runnable = attr(*args, **kwargs)
+                new_fallbacks = []
+                for fallback in self.fallbacks:
+                    fallback_attr = getattr(fallback, name)
+                    new_fallbacks.append(fallback_attr(*args, **kwargs))
+
+                return self.__class__(
+                    **{
+                        **self.model_dump(),
+                        "runnable": new_runnable,
+                        "fallbacks": new_fallbacks,
+                    }
+                )
+
+            return wrapped
+
+        return attr
+
+
+def _returns_runnable(attr: Any) -> bool:
+    if not callable(attr):
+        return False
+    return_type = typing.get_type_hints(attr).get("return")
+    return bool(return_type and _is_runnable_type(return_type))
+
+
+def _is_runnable_type(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isclass(type_):
+        return issubclass(type_, Runnable)
+    origin = getattr(type_, "__origin__", None)
+    if inspect.isclass(origin):
+        return issubclass(origin, Runnable)
+    if origin is typing.Union:
+        return all(_is_runnable_type(t) for t in type_.__args__)
+    return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..323dcdd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph.py
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+"""Graph used in Runnables."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from collections import defaultdict
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    TypedDict,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+)
+from uuid import UUID, uuid4
+
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import _IgnoreUnserializable, is_basemodel_subclass
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    from langchain_core.runnables.base import Runnable as RunnableType
+
+
+class Stringifiable(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for objects that can be converted to a string."""
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """Convert the object to a string."""
+
+
+class LabelsDict(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary of labels for nodes and edges in a graph."""
+
+    nodes: dict[str, str]
+    """Labels for nodes."""
+    edges: dict[str, str]
+    """Labels for edges."""
+
+
+def is_uuid(value: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if a string is a valid UUID.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The string to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        True if the string is a valid UUID, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        UUID(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+class Edge(NamedTuple):
+    """Edge in a graph.
+
+    Parameters:
+        source: The source node id.
+        target: The target node id.
+        data: Optional data associated with the edge. Defaults to None.
+        conditional: Whether the edge is conditional. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    source: str
+    target: str
+    data: Optional[Stringifiable] = None
+    conditional: bool = False
+
+    def copy(
+        self, *, source: Optional[str] = None, target: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Edge:
+        """Return a copy of the edge with optional new source and target nodes.
+
+        Args:
+            source: The new source node id. Defaults to None.
+            target: The new target node id. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A copy of the edge with the new source and target nodes.
+        """
+        return Edge(
+            source=source or self.source,
+            target=target or self.target,
+            data=self.data,
+            conditional=self.conditional,
+        )
+
+
+class Node(NamedTuple):
+    """Node in a graph.
+
+    Parameters:
+        id: The unique identifier of the node.
+        name: The name of the node.
+        data: The data of the node.
+        metadata: Optional metadata for the node. Defaults to None.
+    """
+
+    id: str
+    name: str
+    data: Union[type[BaseModel], RunnableType, None]
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+
+    def copy(self, *, id: Optional[str] = None, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Node:
+        """Return a copy of the node with optional new id and name.
+
+        Args:
+            id: The new node id. Defaults to None.
+            name: The new node name. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            A copy of the node with the new id and name.
+        """
+        return Node(
+            id=id or self.id,
+            name=name or self.name,
+            data=self.data,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+        )
+
+
+class Branch(NamedTuple):
+    """Branch in a graph.
+
+    Parameters:
+        condition: A callable that returns a string representation of the condition.
+        ends: Optional dictionary of end node ids for the branches. Defaults
+            to None.
+    """
+
+    condition: Callable[..., str]
+    ends: Optional[dict[str, str]]
+
+
+class CurveStyle(Enum):
+    """Enum for different curve styles supported by Mermaid."""
+
+    BASIS = "basis"
+    BUMP_X = "bumpX"
+    BUMP_Y = "bumpY"
+    CARDINAL = "cardinal"
+    CATMULL_ROM = "catmullRom"
+    LINEAR = "linear"
+    MONOTONE_X = "monotoneX"
+    MONOTONE_Y = "monotoneY"
+    NATURAL = "natural"
+    STEP = "step"
+    STEP_AFTER = "stepAfter"
+    STEP_BEFORE = "stepBefore"
+
+
+@dataclass
+class NodeStyles:
+    """Schema for Hexadecimal color codes for different node types.
+
+    Parameters:
+        default: The default color code. Defaults to "fill:#f2f0ff,line-height:1.2".
+        first: The color code for the first node. Defaults to "fill-opacity:0".
+        last: The color code for the last node. Defaults to "fill:#bfb6fc".
+    """
+
+    default: str = "fill:#f2f0ff,line-height:1.2"
+    first: str = "fill-opacity:0"
+    last: str = "fill:#bfb6fc"
+
+
+class MermaidDrawMethod(Enum):
+    """Enum for different draw methods supported by Mermaid."""
+
+    PYPPETEER = "pyppeteer"  # Uses Pyppeteer to render the graph
+    API = "api"  # Uses Mermaid.INK API to render the graph
+
+
+def node_data_str(id: str, data: Union[type[BaseModel], RunnableType, None]) -> str:
+    """Convert the data of a node to a string.
+
+    Args:
+        id: The node id.
+        data: The node data.
+
+    Returns:
+        A string representation of the data.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.runnables.base import Runnable
+
+    if not is_uuid(id) or data is None:
+        return id
+    data_str = data.get_name() if isinstance(data, Runnable) else data.__name__
+    return data_str if not data_str.startswith("Runnable") else data_str[8:]
+
+
+def node_data_json(
+    node: Node, *, with_schemas: bool = False
+) -> dict[str, Union[str, dict[str, Any]]]:
+    """Convert the data of a node to a JSON-serializable format.
+
+    Args:
+        node: The node to convert.
+        with_schemas: Whether to include the schema of the data if
+            it is a Pydantic model. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dictionary with the type of the data and the data itself.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.load.serializable import to_json_not_implemented
+    from langchain_core.runnables.base import Runnable, RunnableSerializable
+
+    if node.data is None:
+        json: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    elif isinstance(node.data, RunnableSerializable):
+        json = {
+            "type": "runnable",
+            "data": {
+                "id": node.data.lc_id(),
+                "name": node_data_str(node.id, node.data),
+            },
+        }
+    elif isinstance(node.data, Runnable):
+        json = {
+            "type": "runnable",
+            "data": {
+                "id": to_json_not_implemented(node.data)["id"],
+                "name": node_data_str(node.id, node.data),
+            },
+        }
+    elif inspect.isclass(node.data) and is_basemodel_subclass(node.data):
+        json = (
+            {
+                "type": "schema",
+                "data": node.data.model_json_schema(
+                    schema_generator=_IgnoreUnserializable
+                ),
+            }
+            if with_schemas
+            else {
+                "type": "schema",
+                "data": node_data_str(node.id, node.data),
+            }
+        )
+    else:
+        json = {
+            "type": "unknown",
+            "data": node_data_str(node.id, node.data),
+        }
+    if node.metadata is not None:
+        json["metadata"] = node.metadata
+    return json
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Graph:
+    """Graph of nodes and edges.
+
+    Parameters:
+        nodes: Dictionary of nodes in the graph. Defaults to an empty dictionary.
+        edges: List of edges in the graph. Defaults to an empty list.
+    """
+
+    nodes: dict[str, Node] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    edges: list[Edge] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+    def to_json(self, *, with_schemas: bool = False) -> dict[str, list[dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Convert the graph to a JSON-serializable format.
+
+        Args:
+            with_schemas: Whether to include the schemas of the nodes if they are
+                Pydantic models. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary with the nodes and edges of the graph.
+        """
+        stable_node_ids = {
+            node.id: i if is_uuid(node.id) else node.id
+            for i, node in enumerate(self.nodes.values())
+        }
+        edges: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+        for edge in self.edges:
+            edge_dict = {
+                "source": stable_node_ids[edge.source],
+                "target": stable_node_ids[edge.target],
+            }
+            if edge.data is not None:
+                edge_dict["data"] = edge.data  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            if edge.conditional:
+                edge_dict["conditional"] = True
+            edges.append(edge_dict)
+
+        return {
+            "nodes": [
+                {
+                    "id": stable_node_ids[node.id],
+                    **node_data_json(node, with_schemas=with_schemas),
+                }
+                for node in self.nodes.values()
+            ],
+            "edges": edges,
+        }
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the graph has any nodes."""
+        return bool(self.nodes)
+
+    def next_id(self) -> str:
+        """Return a new unique node identifier.
+
+        It that can be used to add a node to the graph.
+        """
+        return uuid4().hex
+
+    def add_node(
+        self,
+        data: Union[type[BaseModel], RunnableType, None],
+        id: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Node:
+        """Add a node to the graph and return it.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data of the node.
+            id: The id of the node. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: Optional metadata for the node. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The node that was added to the graph.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If a node with the same id already exists.
+        """
+        if id is not None and id in self.nodes:
+            msg = f"Node with id {id} already exists"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        id = id or self.next_id()
+        node = Node(id=id, data=data, metadata=metadata, name=node_data_str(id, data))
+        self.nodes[node.id] = node
+        return node
+
+    def remove_node(self, node: Node) -> None:
+        """Remove a node from the graph and all edges connected to it.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to remove.
+        """
+        self.nodes.pop(node.id)
+        self.edges = [
+            edge for edge in self.edges if node.id not in (edge.source, edge.target)
+        ]
+
+    def add_edge(
+        self,
+        source: Node,
+        target: Node,
+        data: Optional[Stringifiable] = None,
+        conditional: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> Edge:
+        """Add an edge to the graph and return it.
+
+        Args:
+            source: The source node of the edge.
+            target: The target node of the edge.
+            data: Optional data associated with the edge. Defaults to None.
+            conditional: Whether the edge is conditional. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            The edge that was added to the graph.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the source or target node is not in the graph.
+        """
+        if source.id not in self.nodes:
+            msg = f"Source node {source.id} not in graph"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if target.id not in self.nodes:
+            msg = f"Target node {target.id} not in graph"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        edge = Edge(
+            source=source.id, target=target.id, data=data, conditional=conditional
+        )
+        self.edges.append(edge)
+        return edge
+
+    def extend(
+        self, graph: Graph, *, prefix: str = ""
+    ) -> tuple[Optional[Node], Optional[Node]]:
+        """Add all nodes and edges from another graph.
+
+        Note this doesn't check for duplicates, nor does it connect the graphs.
+
+        Args:
+            graph: The graph to add.
+            prefix: The prefix to add to the node ids. Defaults to "".
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of the first and last nodes of the subgraph.
+        """
+        if all(is_uuid(node.id) for node in graph.nodes.values()):
+            prefix = ""
+
+        def prefixed(id: str) -> str:
+            return f"{prefix}:{id}" if prefix else id
+
+        # prefix each node
+        self.nodes.update(
+            {prefixed(k): v.copy(id=prefixed(k)) for k, v in graph.nodes.items()}
+        )
+        # prefix each edge's source and target
+        self.edges.extend(
+            [
+                edge.copy(source=prefixed(edge.source), target=prefixed(edge.target))
+                for edge in graph.edges
+            ]
+        )
+        # return (prefixed) first and last nodes of the subgraph
+        first, last = graph.first_node(), graph.last_node()
+        return (
+            first.copy(id=prefixed(first.id)) if first else None,
+            last.copy(id=prefixed(last.id)) if last else None,
+        )
+
+    def reid(self) -> Graph:
+        """Return a new graph with all nodes re-identified.
+
+        Uses their unique, readable names where possible.
+        """
+        node_name_to_ids = defaultdict(list)
+        for node in self.nodes.values():
+            node_name_to_ids[node.name].append(node.id)
+
+        unique_labels = {
+            node_id: node_name if len(node_ids) == 1 else f"{node_name}_{i + 1}"
+            for node_name, node_ids in node_name_to_ids.items()
+            for i, node_id in enumerate(node_ids)
+        }
+
+        def _get_node_id(node_id: str) -> str:
+            label = unique_labels[node_id]
+            if is_uuid(node_id):
+                return label
+            return node_id
+
+        return Graph(
+            nodes={
+                _get_node_id(id): node.copy(id=_get_node_id(id))
+                for id, node in self.nodes.items()
+            },
+            edges=[
+                edge.copy(
+                    source=_get_node_id(edge.source),
+                    target=_get_node_id(edge.target),
+                )
+                for edge in self.edges
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def first_node(self) -> Optional[Node]:
+        """Find the single node that is not a target of any edge.
+
+        If there is no such node, or there are multiple, return None.
+        When drawing the graph, this node would be the origin.
+        """
+        return _first_node(self)
+
+    def last_node(self) -> Optional[Node]:
+        """Find the single node that is not a source of any edge.
+
+        If there is no such node, or there are multiple, return None.
+        When drawing the graph, this node would be the destination.
+        """
+        return _last_node(self)
+
+    def trim_first_node(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the first node if it exists and has a single outgoing edge.
+
+        i.e., if removing it would not leave the graph without a "first" node.
+        """
+        first_node = self.first_node()
+        if (
+            first_node
+            and _first_node(self, exclude=[first_node.id])
+            and len({e for e in self.edges if e.source == first_node.id}) == 1
+        ):
+            self.remove_node(first_node)
+
+    def trim_last_node(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the last node if it exists and has a single incoming edge.
+
+        i.e., if removing it would not leave the graph without a "last" node.
+        """
+        last_node = self.last_node()
+        if (
+            last_node
+            and _last_node(self, exclude=[last_node.id])
+            and len({e for e in self.edges if e.target == last_node.id}) == 1
+        ):
+            self.remove_node(last_node)
+
+    def draw_ascii(self) -> str:
+        """Draw the graph as an ASCII art string."""
+        from langchain_core.runnables.graph_ascii import draw_ascii
+
+        return draw_ascii(
+            {node.id: node.name for node in self.nodes.values()},
+            self.edges,
+        )
+
+    def print_ascii(self) -> None:
+        """Print the graph as an ASCII art string."""
+        print(self.draw_ascii())  # noqa: T201
+
+    @overload
+    def draw_png(
+        self,
+        output_file_path: str,
+        fontname: Optional[str] = None,
+        labels: Optional[LabelsDict] = None,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def draw_png(
+        self,
+        output_file_path: None,
+        fontname: Optional[str] = None,
+        labels: Optional[LabelsDict] = None,
+    ) -> bytes: ...
+
+    def draw_png(
+        self,
+        output_file_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        fontname: Optional[str] = None,
+        labels: Optional[LabelsDict] = None,
+    ) -> Union[bytes, None]:
+        """Draw the graph as a PNG image.
+
+        Args:
+            output_file_path: The path to save the image to. If None, the image
+                is not saved. Defaults to None.
+            fontname: The name of the font to use. Defaults to None.
+            labels: Optional labels for nodes and edges in the graph. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            The PNG image as bytes if output_file_path is None, None otherwise.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.graph_png import PngDrawer
+
+        default_node_labels = {node.id: node.name for node in self.nodes.values()}
+
+        return PngDrawer(
+            fontname,
+            LabelsDict(
+                nodes={
+                    **default_node_labels,
+                    **(labels["nodes"] if labels is not None else {}),
+                },
+                edges=labels["edges"] if labels is not None else {},
+            ),
+        ).draw(self, output_file_path)
+
+    def draw_mermaid(
+        self,
+        *,
+        with_styles: bool = True,
+        curve_style: CurveStyle = CurveStyle.LINEAR,
+        node_colors: Optional[NodeStyles] = None,
+        wrap_label_n_words: int = 9,
+        frontmatter_config: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Draw the graph as a Mermaid syntax string.
+
+        Args:
+            with_styles: Whether to include styles in the syntax. Defaults to True.
+            curve_style: The style of the edges. Defaults to CurveStyle.LINEAR.
+            node_colors: The colors of the nodes. Defaults to NodeStyles().
+            wrap_label_n_words: The number of words to wrap the node labels at.
+                Defaults to 9.
+            frontmatter_config (dict[str, Any], optional): Mermaid frontmatter config.
+                Can be used to customize theme and styles. Will be converted to YAML and
+                added to the beginning of the mermaid graph. Defaults to None.
+
+                See more here: https://mermaid.js.org/config/configuration.html.
+
+                Example config:
+
+                .. code-block:: python
+
+                {
+                    "config": {
+                        "theme": "neutral",
+                        "look": "handDrawn",
+                        "themeVariables": { "primaryColor": "#e2e2e2"},
+                    }
+                }
+
+
+        Returns:
+            The Mermaid syntax string.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.graph_mermaid import draw_mermaid
+
+        graph = self.reid()
+        first_node = graph.first_node()
+        last_node = graph.last_node()
+
+        return draw_mermaid(
+            nodes=graph.nodes,
+            edges=graph.edges,
+            first_node=first_node.id if first_node else None,
+            last_node=last_node.id if last_node else None,
+            with_styles=with_styles,
+            curve_style=curve_style,
+            node_styles=node_colors,
+            wrap_label_n_words=wrap_label_n_words,
+            frontmatter_config=frontmatter_config,
+        )
+
+    def draw_mermaid_png(
+        self,
+        *,
+        curve_style: CurveStyle = CurveStyle.LINEAR,
+        node_colors: Optional[NodeStyles] = None,
+        wrap_label_n_words: int = 9,
+        output_file_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        draw_method: MermaidDrawMethod = MermaidDrawMethod.API,
+        background_color: str = "white",
+        padding: int = 10,
+        max_retries: int = 1,
+        retry_delay: float = 1.0,
+        frontmatter_config: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """Draw the graph as a PNG image using Mermaid.
+
+        Args:
+            curve_style: The style of the edges. Defaults to CurveStyle.LINEAR.
+            node_colors: The colors of the nodes. Defaults to NodeStyles().
+            wrap_label_n_words: The number of words to wrap the node labels at.
+                Defaults to 9.
+            output_file_path: The path to save the image to. If None, the image
+                is not saved. Defaults to None.
+            draw_method: The method to use to draw the graph.
+                Defaults to MermaidDrawMethod.API.
+            background_color: The color of the background. Defaults to "white".
+            padding: The padding around the graph. Defaults to 10.
+            max_retries: The maximum number of retries (MermaidDrawMethod.API).
+                Defaults to 1.
+            retry_delay: The delay between retries (MermaidDrawMethod.API).
+                Defaults to 1.0.
+            frontmatter_config (dict[str, Any], optional): Mermaid frontmatter config.
+                Can be used to customize theme and styles. Will be converted to YAML and
+                added to the beginning of the mermaid graph. Defaults to None.
+
+                See more here: https://mermaid.js.org/config/configuration.html.
+
+                Example config:
+
+                .. code-block:: python
+
+                {
+                    "config": {
+                        "theme": "neutral",
+                        "look": "handDrawn",
+                        "themeVariables": { "primaryColor": "#e2e2e2"},
+                    }
+                }
+
+        Returns:
+            The PNG image as bytes.
+        """
+        from langchain_core.runnables.graph_mermaid import draw_mermaid_png
+
+        mermaid_syntax = self.draw_mermaid(
+            curve_style=curve_style,
+            node_colors=node_colors,
+            wrap_label_n_words=wrap_label_n_words,
+            frontmatter_config=frontmatter_config,
+        )
+        return draw_mermaid_png(
+            mermaid_syntax=mermaid_syntax,
+            output_file_path=output_file_path,
+            draw_method=draw_method,
+            background_color=background_color,
+            padding=padding,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            retry_delay=retry_delay,
+        )
+
+
+def _first_node(graph: Graph, exclude: Sequence[str] = ()) -> Optional[Node]:
+    """Find the single node that is not a target of any edge.
+
+    Exclude nodes/sources with ids in the exclude list.
+    If there is no such node, or there are multiple, return None.
+    When drawing the graph, this node would be the origin.
+    """
+    targets = {edge.target for edge in graph.edges if edge.source not in exclude}
+    found: list[Node] = [
+        node
+        for node in graph.nodes.values()
+        if node.id not in exclude and node.id not in targets
+    ]
+    return found[0] if len(found) == 1 else None
+
+
+def _last_node(graph: Graph, exclude: Sequence[str] = ()) -> Optional[Node]:
+    """Find the single node that is not a source of any edge.
+
+    Exclude nodes/targets with ids in the exclude list.
+    If there is no such node, or there are multiple, return None.
+    When drawing the graph, this node would be the destination.
+    """
+    sources = {edge.source for edge in graph.edges if edge.target not in exclude}
+    found: list[Node] = [
+        node
+        for node in graph.nodes.values()
+        if node.id not in exclude and node.id not in sources
+    ]
+    return found[0] if len(found) == 1 else None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_ascii.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_ascii.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f0b40c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_ascii.py
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+"""Draws DAG in ASCII.
+
+Adapted from https://github.com/iterative/dvc/blob/main/dvc/dagascii.py.
+"""
+
+import math
+import os
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.graph import Edge as LangEdge
+
+
+class VertexViewer:
+    """VertexViewer class.
+
+    Class to define vertex box boundaries that will be accounted for during
+    graph building by grandalf.
+    """
+
+    HEIGHT = 3  # top and bottom box edges + text
+    """Height of the box."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        """Create a VertexViewer.
+
+        Args:
+            name: name of the vertex.
+        """
+        self._h = self.HEIGHT  # top and bottom box edges + text
+        self._w = len(name) + 2  # right and left bottom edges + text
+
+    @property
+    def h(self) -> int:
+        """Height of the box."""
+        return self._h
+
+    @property
+    def w(self) -> int:
+        """Width of the box."""
+        return self._w
+
+
+class AsciiCanvas:
+    """Class for drawing in ASCII."""
+
+    TIMEOUT = 10
+
+    def __init__(self, cols: int, lines: int) -> None:
+        """Create an ASCII canvas.
+
+        Args:
+            cols (int): number of columns in the canvas. Should be > 1.
+            lines (int): number of lines in the canvas. Should be > 1.
+        """
+        if cols <= 1 or lines <= 1:
+            msg = "Canvas dimensions should be > 1"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        self.cols = cols
+        self.lines = lines
+
+        self.canvas = [[" "] * cols for line in range(lines)]
+
+    def draw(self) -> str:
+        """Draws ASCII canvas on the screen."""
+        lines = map("".join, self.canvas)
+        return os.linesep.join(lines)
+
+    def point(self, x: int, y: int, char: str) -> None:
+        """Create a point on ASCII canvas.
+
+        Args:
+            x (int): x coordinate. Should be >= 0 and < number of columns in
+                the canvas.
+            y (int): y coordinate. Should be >= 0 an < number of lines in the
+                canvas.
+            char (str): character to place in the specified point on the
+                canvas.
+        """
+        if len(char) != 1:
+            msg = "char should be a single character"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if x >= self.cols or x < 0:
+            msg = "x should be >= 0 and < number of columns"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if y >= self.lines or y < 0:
+            msg = "y should be >= 0 and < number of lines"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        self.canvas[y][x] = char
+
+    def line(self, x0: int, y0: int, x1: int, y1: int, char: str) -> None:
+        """Create a line on ASCII canvas.
+
+        Args:
+            x0 (int): x coordinate where the line should start.
+            y0 (int): y coordinate where the line should start.
+            x1 (int): x coordinate where the line should end.
+            y1 (int): y coordinate where the line should end.
+            char (str): character to draw the line with.
+        """
+        if x0 > x1:
+            x1, x0 = x0, x1
+            y1, y0 = y0, y1
+
+        dx = x1 - x0
+        dy = y1 - y0
+
+        if dx == 0 and dy == 0:
+            self.point(x0, y0, char)
+        elif abs(dx) >= abs(dy):
+            for x in range(x0, x1 + 1):
+                y = y0 if dx == 0 else y0 + int(round((x - x0) * dy / float(dx)))
+                self.point(x, y, char)
+        elif y0 < y1:
+            for y in range(y0, y1 + 1):
+                x = x0 if dy == 0 else x0 + int(round((y - y0) * dx / float(dy)))
+                self.point(x, y, char)
+        else:
+            for y in range(y1, y0 + 1):
+                x = x0 if dy == 0 else x1 + int(round((y - y1) * dx / float(dy)))
+                self.point(x, y, char)
+
+    def text(self, x: int, y: int, text: str) -> None:
+        """Print a text on ASCII canvas.
+
+        Args:
+            x (int): x coordinate where the text should start.
+            y (int): y coordinate where the text should start.
+            text (str): string that should be printed.
+        """
+        for i, char in enumerate(text):
+            self.point(x + i, y, char)
+
+    def box(self, x0: int, y0: int, width: int, height: int) -> None:
+        """Create a box on ASCII canvas.
+
+        Args:
+            x0 (int): x coordinate of the box corner.
+            y0 (int): y coordinate of the box corner.
+            width (int): box width.
+            height (int): box height.
+        """
+        if width <= 1 or height <= 1:
+            msg = "Box dimensions should be > 1"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        width -= 1
+        height -= 1
+
+        for x in range(x0, x0 + width):
+            self.point(x, y0, "-")
+            self.point(x, y0 + height, "-")
+
+        for y in range(y0, y0 + height):
+            self.point(x0, y, "|")
+            self.point(x0 + width, y, "|")
+
+        self.point(x0, y0, "+")
+        self.point(x0 + width, y0, "+")
+        self.point(x0, y0 + height, "+")
+        self.point(x0 + width, y0 + height, "+")
+
+
+def _build_sugiyama_layout(
+    vertices: Mapping[str, str], edges: Sequence[LangEdge]
+) -> Any:
+    try:
+        from grandalf.graphs import Edge, Graph, Vertex  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+        from grandalf.layouts import SugiyamaLayout  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+        from grandalf.routing import (  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+            EdgeViewer,
+            route_with_lines,
+        )
+    except ImportError as exc:
+        msg = "Install grandalf to draw graphs: `pip install grandalf`."
+        raise ImportError(msg) from exc
+
+    #
+    # Just a reminder about naming conventions:
+    # +------------X
+    # |
+    # |
+    # |
+    # |
+    # Y
+    #
+
+    vertices_ = {id: Vertex(f" {data} ") for id, data in vertices.items()}
+    edges_ = [Edge(vertices_[s], vertices_[e], data=cond) for s, e, _, cond in edges]
+    vertices_list = vertices_.values()
+    graph = Graph(vertices_list, edges_)
+
+    for vertex in vertices_list:
+        vertex.view = VertexViewer(vertex.data)
+
+    # NOTE: determine min box length to create the best layout
+    minw = min(v.view.w for v in vertices_list)
+
+    for edge in edges_:
+        edge.view = EdgeViewer()
+
+    sug = SugiyamaLayout(graph.C[0])
+    graph = graph.C[0]
+    roots = list(filter(lambda x: len(x.e_in()) == 0, graph.sV))
+
+    sug.init_all(roots=roots, optimize=True)
+
+    sug.yspace = VertexViewer.HEIGHT
+    sug.xspace = minw
+    sug.route_edge = route_with_lines
+
+    sug.draw()
+
+    return sug
+
+
+def draw_ascii(vertices: Mapping[str, str], edges: Sequence[LangEdge]) -> str:
+    """Build a DAG and draw it in ASCII.
+
+    Args:
+        vertices (list): list of graph vertices.
+        edges (list): list of graph edges.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: ASCII representation
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables.graph_ascii import draw_ascii
+
+            vertices = {1: "1", 2: "2", 3: "3", 4: "4"}
+            edges = [
+                (source, target, None, None)
+                for source, target in [(1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (1, 4)]
+            ]
+
+
+            print(draw_ascii(vertices, edges))
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+                 +---+
+                 | 1 |
+                 +---+
+                 *    *
+                *     *
+               *       *
+            +---+       *
+            | 2 |       *
+            +---+**     *
+              *    **   *
+              *      ** *
+              *        **
+            +---+     +---+
+            | 3 |     | 4 |
+            +---+     +---+
+    """
+    # NOTE: coordinates might me negative, so we need to shift
+    # everything to the positive plane before we actually draw it.
+    xlist: list[float] = []
+    ylist: list[float] = []
+
+    sug = _build_sugiyama_layout(vertices, edges)
+
+    for vertex in sug.g.sV:
+        # NOTE: moving boxes w/2 to the left
+        xlist.extend(
+            (
+                vertex.view.xy[0] - vertex.view.w / 2.0,
+                vertex.view.xy[0] + vertex.view.w / 2.0,
+            )
+        )
+        ylist.extend((vertex.view.xy[1], vertex.view.xy[1] + vertex.view.h))
+
+    for edge in sug.g.sE:
+        for x, y in edge.view._pts:
+            xlist.append(x)
+            ylist.append(y)
+
+    minx = min(xlist)
+    miny = min(ylist)
+    maxx = max(xlist)
+    maxy = max(ylist)
+
+    canvas_cols = int(math.ceil(math.ceil(maxx) - math.floor(minx))) + 1
+    canvas_lines = int(round(maxy - miny))
+
+    canvas = AsciiCanvas(canvas_cols, canvas_lines)
+
+    # NOTE: first draw edges so that node boxes could overwrite them
+    for edge in sug.g.sE:
+        if len(edge.view._pts) <= 1:
+            msg = "Not enough points to draw an edge"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        for index in range(1, len(edge.view._pts)):
+            start = edge.view._pts[index - 1]
+            end = edge.view._pts[index]
+
+            start_x = int(round(start[0] - minx))
+            start_y = int(round(start[1] - miny))
+            end_x = int(round(end[0] - minx))
+            end_y = int(round(end[1] - miny))
+
+            if start_x < 0 or start_y < 0 or end_x < 0 or end_y < 0:
+                msg = (
+                    "Invalid edge coordinates: "
+                    f"start_x={start_x}, "
+                    f"start_y={start_y}, "
+                    f"end_x={end_x}, "
+                    f"end_y={end_y}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            canvas.line(start_x, start_y, end_x, end_y, "." if edge.data else "*")
+
+    for vertex in sug.g.sV:
+        # NOTE: moving boxes w/2 to the left
+        x = vertex.view.xy[0] - vertex.view.w / 2.0
+        y = vertex.view.xy[1]
+
+        canvas.box(
+            int(round(x - minx)),
+            int(round(y - miny)),
+            vertex.view.w,
+            vertex.view.h,
+        )
+
+        canvas.text(int(round(x - minx)) + 1, int(round(y - miny)) + 1, vertex.data)
+
+    return canvas.draw()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_mermaid.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_mermaid.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..410c6c56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_mermaid.py
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+"""Mermaid graph drawing utilities."""
+
+import asyncio
+import base64
+import random
+import re
+import time
+from dataclasses import asdict
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional
+
+import yaml
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.graph import (
+    CurveStyle,
+    Edge,
+    MermaidDrawMethod,
+    Node,
+    NodeStyles,
+)
+
+MARKDOWN_SPECIAL_CHARS = "*_`"
+
+
+def draw_mermaid(
+    nodes: dict[str, Node],
+    edges: list[Edge],
+    *,
+    first_node: Optional[str] = None,
+    last_node: Optional[str] = None,
+    with_styles: bool = True,
+    curve_style: CurveStyle = CurveStyle.LINEAR,
+    node_styles: Optional[NodeStyles] = None,
+    wrap_label_n_words: int = 9,
+    frontmatter_config: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Draws a Mermaid graph using the provided graph data.
+
+    Args:
+        nodes (dict[str, str]): List of node ids.
+        edges (list[Edge]): List of edges, object with a source,
+            target and data.
+        first_node (str, optional): Id of the first node. Defaults to None.
+        last_node (str, optional): Id of the last node. Defaults to None.
+        with_styles (bool, optional): Whether to include styles in the graph.
+            Defaults to True.
+        curve_style (CurveStyle, optional): Curve style for the edges.
+            Defaults to CurveStyle.LINEAR.
+        node_styles (NodeStyles, optional): Node colors for different types.
+            Defaults to NodeStyles().
+        wrap_label_n_words (int, optional): Words to wrap the edge labels.
+            Defaults to 9.
+        frontmatter_config (dict[str, Any], optional): Mermaid frontmatter config.
+            Can be used to customize theme and styles. Will be converted to YAML and
+            added to the beginning of the mermaid graph. Defaults to None.
+
+            See more here: https://mermaid.js.org/config/configuration.html.
+
+            Example config:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+            {
+                "config": {
+                    "theme": "neutral",
+                    "look": "handDrawn",
+                    "themeVariables": { "primaryColor": "#e2e2e2"},
+                }
+            }
+
+    Returns:
+        str: Mermaid graph syntax.
+    """
+    # Initialize Mermaid graph configuration
+    original_frontmatter_config = frontmatter_config or {}
+    original_flowchart_config = original_frontmatter_config.get("config", {}).get(
+        "flowchart", {}
+    )
+    frontmatter_config = {
+        **original_frontmatter_config,
+        "config": {
+            **original_frontmatter_config.get("config", {}),
+            "flowchart": {**original_flowchart_config, "curve": curve_style.value},
+        },
+    }
+
+    mermaid_graph = (
+        (
+            "---\n"
+            + yaml.dump(frontmatter_config, default_flow_style=False)
+            + "---\ngraph TD;\n"
+        )
+        if with_styles
+        else "graph TD;\n"
+    )
+    # Group nodes by subgraph
+    subgraph_nodes: dict[str, dict[str, Node]] = {}
+    regular_nodes: dict[str, Node] = {}
+
+    for key, node in nodes.items():
+        if ":" in key:
+            # For nodes with colons, add them only to their deepest subgraph level
+            prefix = ":".join(key.split(":")[:-1])
+            subgraph_nodes.setdefault(prefix, {})[key] = node
+        else:
+            regular_nodes[key] = node
+
+    # Node formatting templates
+    default_class_label = "default"
+    format_dict = {default_class_label: "{0}({1})"}
+    if first_node is not None:
+        format_dict[first_node] = "{0}([{1}]):::first"
+    if last_node is not None:
+        format_dict[last_node] = "{0}([{1}]):::last"
+
+    def render_node(key: str, node: Node, indent: str = "\t") -> str:
+        """Helper function to render a node with consistent formatting."""
+        node_name = node.name.split(":")[-1]
+        label = (
+            f"<p>{node_name}</p>"
+            if node_name.startswith(tuple(MARKDOWN_SPECIAL_CHARS))
+            and node_name.endswith(tuple(MARKDOWN_SPECIAL_CHARS))
+            else node_name
+        )
+        if node.metadata:
+            label = (
+                f"{label}<hr/><small><em>"
+                + "\n".join(f"{k} = {value}" for k, value in node.metadata.items())
+                + "</em></small>"
+            )
+        node_label = format_dict.get(key, format_dict[default_class_label]).format(
+            _escape_node_label(key), label
+        )
+        return f"{indent}{node_label}\n"
+
+    # Add non-subgraph nodes to the graph
+    if with_styles:
+        for key, node in regular_nodes.items():
+            mermaid_graph += render_node(key, node)
+
+    # Group edges by their common prefixes
+    edge_groups: dict[str, list[Edge]] = {}
+    for edge in edges:
+        src_parts = edge.source.split(":")
+        tgt_parts = edge.target.split(":")
+        common_prefix = ":".join(
+            src for src, tgt in zip(src_parts, tgt_parts) if src == tgt
+        )
+        edge_groups.setdefault(common_prefix, []).append(edge)
+
+    seen_subgraphs = set()
+
+    def add_subgraph(edges: list[Edge], prefix: str) -> None:
+        nonlocal mermaid_graph
+        self_loop = len(edges) == 1 and edges[0].source == edges[0].target
+        if prefix and not self_loop:
+            subgraph = prefix.split(":")[-1]
+            if subgraph in seen_subgraphs:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Found duplicate subgraph '{subgraph}' -- this likely means that "
+                    "you're reusing a subgraph node with the same name. "
+                    "Please adjust your graph to have subgraph nodes with unique names."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            seen_subgraphs.add(subgraph)
+            mermaid_graph += f"\tsubgraph {subgraph}\n"
+
+            # Add nodes that belong to this subgraph
+            if with_styles and prefix in subgraph_nodes:
+                for key, node in subgraph_nodes[prefix].items():
+                    mermaid_graph += render_node(key, node)
+
+        for edge in edges:
+            source, target = edge.source, edge.target
+
+            # Add BR every wrap_label_n_words words
+            if edge.data is not None:
+                edge_data = edge.data
+                words = str(edge_data).split()  # Split the string into words
+                # Group words into chunks of wrap_label_n_words size
+                if len(words) > wrap_label_n_words:
+                    edge_data = "&nbsp<br>&nbsp".join(
+                        " ".join(words[i : i + wrap_label_n_words])
+                        for i in range(0, len(words), wrap_label_n_words)
+                    )
+                if edge.conditional:
+                    edge_label = f" -. &nbsp;{edge_data}&nbsp; .-> "
+                else:
+                    edge_label = f" -- &nbsp;{edge_data}&nbsp; --> "
+            else:
+                edge_label = " -.-> " if edge.conditional else " --> "
+
+            mermaid_graph += (
+                f"\t{_escape_node_label(source)}{edge_label}"
+                f"{_escape_node_label(target)};\n"
+            )
+
+        # Recursively add nested subgraphs
+        for nested_prefix, edges_ in edge_groups.items():
+            if not nested_prefix.startswith(prefix + ":") or nested_prefix == prefix:
+                continue
+            # only go to first level subgraphs
+            if ":" in nested_prefix[len(prefix) + 1 :]:
+                continue
+            add_subgraph(edges_, nested_prefix)
+
+        if prefix and not self_loop:
+            mermaid_graph += "\tend\n"
+
+    # Start with the top-level edges (no common prefix)
+    add_subgraph(edge_groups.get("", []), "")
+
+    # Add remaining subgraphs with edges
+    for prefix, edges_ in edge_groups.items():
+        if ":" in prefix or prefix == "":
+            continue
+        add_subgraph(edges_, prefix)
+        seen_subgraphs.add(prefix)
+
+    # Add empty subgraphs (subgraphs with no internal edges)
+    if with_styles:
+        for prefix, subgraph_node in subgraph_nodes.items():
+            if ":" not in prefix and prefix not in seen_subgraphs:
+                mermaid_graph += f"\tsubgraph {prefix}\n"
+
+                # Add nodes that belong to this subgraph
+                for key, node in subgraph_node.items():
+                    mermaid_graph += render_node(key, node)
+
+                mermaid_graph += "\tend\n"
+                seen_subgraphs.add(prefix)
+
+    # Add custom styles for nodes
+    if with_styles:
+        mermaid_graph += _generate_mermaid_graph_styles(node_styles or NodeStyles())
+    return mermaid_graph
+
+
+def _escape_node_label(node_label: str) -> str:
+    """Escapes the node label for Mermaid syntax."""
+    return re.sub(r"[^a-zA-Z-_0-9]", "_", node_label)
+
+
+def _generate_mermaid_graph_styles(node_colors: NodeStyles) -> str:
+    """Generates Mermaid graph styles for different node types."""
+    styles = ""
+    for class_name, style in asdict(node_colors).items():
+        styles += f"\tclassDef {class_name} {style}\n"
+    return styles
+
+
+def draw_mermaid_png(
+    mermaid_syntax: str,
+    output_file_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    draw_method: MermaidDrawMethod = MermaidDrawMethod.API,
+    background_color: Optional[str] = "white",
+    padding: int = 10,
+    max_retries: int = 1,
+    retry_delay: float = 1.0,
+) -> bytes:
+    """Draws a Mermaid graph as PNG using provided syntax.
+
+    Args:
+        mermaid_syntax (str): Mermaid graph syntax.
+        output_file_path (str, optional): Path to save the PNG image.
+            Defaults to None.
+        draw_method (MermaidDrawMethod, optional): Method to draw the graph.
+            Defaults to MermaidDrawMethod.API.
+        background_color (str, optional): Background color of the image.
+            Defaults to "white".
+        padding (int, optional): Padding around the image. Defaults to 10.
+        max_retries (int, optional): Maximum number of retries (MermaidDrawMethod.API).
+            Defaults to 1.
+        retry_delay (float, optional): Delay between retries (MermaidDrawMethod.API).
+            Defaults to 1.0.
+
+    Returns:
+        bytes: PNG image bytes.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If an invalid draw method is provided.
+    """
+    if draw_method == MermaidDrawMethod.PYPPETEER:
+        import asyncio
+
+        img_bytes = asyncio.run(
+            _render_mermaid_using_pyppeteer(
+                mermaid_syntax, output_file_path, background_color, padding
+            )
+        )
+    elif draw_method == MermaidDrawMethod.API:
+        img_bytes = _render_mermaid_using_api(
+            mermaid_syntax,
+            output_file_path=output_file_path,
+            background_color=background_color,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            retry_delay=retry_delay,
+        )
+    else:
+        supported_methods = ", ".join([m.value for m in MermaidDrawMethod])
+        msg = (
+            f"Invalid draw method: {draw_method}. "
+            f"Supported draw methods are: {supported_methods}"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return img_bytes
+
+
+async def _render_mermaid_using_pyppeteer(
+    mermaid_syntax: str,
+    output_file_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    background_color: Optional[str] = "white",
+    padding: int = 10,
+    device_scale_factor: int = 3,
+) -> bytes:
+    """Renders Mermaid graph using Pyppeteer."""
+    try:
+        from pyppeteer import launch  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = "Install Pyppeteer to use the Pyppeteer method: `pip install pyppeteer`."
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+
+    browser = await launch()
+    page = await browser.newPage()
+
+    # Setup Mermaid JS
+    await page.goto("about:blank")
+    await page.addScriptTag(
+        {"url": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mermaid/dist/mermaid.min.js"}
+    )
+    await page.evaluate(
+        """() => {
+                mermaid.initialize({startOnLoad:true});
+            }"""
+    )
+
+    # Render SVG
+    svg_code = await page.evaluate(
+        """(mermaidGraph) => {
+                return mermaid.mermaidAPI.render('mermaid', mermaidGraph);
+            }""",
+        mermaid_syntax,
+    )
+
+    # Set the page background to white
+    await page.evaluate(
+        """(svg, background_color) => {
+            document.body.innerHTML = svg;
+            document.body.style.background = background_color;
+        }""",
+        svg_code["svg"],
+        background_color,
+    )
+
+    # Take a screenshot
+    dimensions = await page.evaluate(
+        """() => {
+            const svgElement = document.querySelector('svg');
+            const rect = svgElement.getBoundingClientRect();
+            return { width: rect.width, height: rect.height };
+        }"""
+    )
+    await page.setViewport(
+        {
+            "width": int(dimensions["width"] + padding),
+            "height": int(dimensions["height"] + padding),
+            "deviceScaleFactor": device_scale_factor,
+        }
+    )
+
+    img_bytes = await page.screenshot({"fullPage": False})
+    await browser.close()
+
+    if output_file_path is not None:
+        await asyncio.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
+            None, Path(output_file_path).write_bytes, img_bytes
+        )
+
+    return img_bytes
+
+
+def _render_mermaid_using_api(
+    mermaid_syntax: str,
+    *,
+    output_file_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    background_color: Optional[str] = "white",
+    file_type: Optional[Literal["jpeg", "png", "webp"]] = "png",
+    max_retries: int = 1,
+    retry_delay: float = 1.0,
+) -> bytes:
+    """Renders Mermaid graph using the Mermaid.INK API."""
+    try:
+        import requests
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = (
+            "Install the `requests` module to use the Mermaid.INK API: "
+            "`pip install requests`."
+        )
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+
+    # Use Mermaid API to render the image
+    mermaid_syntax_encoded = base64.b64encode(mermaid_syntax.encode("utf8")).decode(
+        "ascii"
+    )
+
+    # Check if the background color is a hexadecimal color code using regex
+    if background_color is not None:
+        hex_color_pattern = re.compile(r"^#(?:[0-9a-fA-F]{3}){1,2}$")
+        if not hex_color_pattern.match(background_color):
+            background_color = f"!{background_color}"
+
+    image_url = (
+        f"https://mermaid.ink/img/{mermaid_syntax_encoded}"
+        f"?type={file_type}&bgColor={background_color}"
+    )
+
+    error_msg_suffix = (
+        "To resolve this issue:\n"
+        "1. Check your internet connection and try again\n"
+        "2. Try with higher retry settings: "
+        "`draw_mermaid_png(..., max_retries=5, retry_delay=2.0)`\n"
+        "3. Use the Pyppeteer rendering method which will render your graph locally "
+        "in a browser: `draw_mermaid_png(..., draw_method=MermaidDrawMethod.PYPPETEER)`"
+    )
+
+    for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
+        try:
+            response = requests.get(image_url, timeout=10)
+            if response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:
+                img_bytes = response.content
+                if output_file_path is not None:
+                    Path(output_file_path).write_bytes(response.content)
+
+                return img_bytes
+
+            # If we get a server error (5xx), retry
+            if 500 <= response.status_code < 600 and attempt < max_retries:
+                # Exponential backoff with jitter
+                sleep_time = retry_delay * (2**attempt) * (0.5 + 0.5 * random.random())  # noqa: S311 not used for crypto
+                time.sleep(sleep_time)
+                continue
+
+            # For other status codes, fail immediately
+            msg = (
+                "Failed to reach https://mermaid.ink/ API while trying to render "
+                f"your graph. Status code: {response.status_code}.\n\n"
+            ) + error_msg_suffix
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        except (requests.RequestException, requests.Timeout) as e:
+            if attempt < max_retries:
+                # Exponential backoff with jitter
+                sleep_time = retry_delay * (2**attempt) * (0.5 + 0.5 * random.random())  # noqa: S311 not used for crypto
+                time.sleep(sleep_time)
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    "Failed to reach https://mermaid.ink/ API while trying to render "
+                    f"your graph after {max_retries} retries. "
+                ) + error_msg_suffix
+                raise ValueError(msg) from e
+
+    # This should not be reached, but just in case
+    msg = (
+        "Failed to reach https://mermaid.ink/ API while trying to render "
+        f"your graph after {max_retries} retries. "
+    ) + error_msg_suffix
+    raise ValueError(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_png.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_png.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50423618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/graph_png.py
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+"""Helper class to draw a state graph into a PNG file."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.graph import Graph, LabelsDict
+
+
+class PngDrawer:
+    """Helper class to draw a state graph into a PNG file.
+
+    It requires `graphviz` and `pygraphviz` to be installed.
+    :param fontname: The font to use for the labels
+    :param labels: A dictionary of label overrides. The dictionary
+        should have the following format:
+        {
+            "nodes": {
+                "node1": "CustomLabel1",
+                "node2": "CustomLabel2",
+                "__end__": "End Node"
+            },
+            "edges": {
+                "continue": "ContinueLabel",
+                "end": "EndLabel"
+            }
+        }
+        The keys are the original labels, and the values are the new labels.
+    Usage:
+        drawer = PngDrawer()
+        drawer.draw(state_graph, 'graph.png')
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, fontname: Optional[str] = None, labels: Optional[LabelsDict] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initializes the PNG drawer.
+
+        Args:
+            fontname: The font to use for the labels. Defaults to "arial".
+            labels: A dictionary of label overrides. The dictionary
+                should have the following format:
+                {
+                    "nodes": {
+                        "node1": "CustomLabel1",
+                        "node2": "CustomLabel2",
+                        "__end__": "End Node"
+                    },
+                    "edges": {
+                        "continue": "ContinueLabel",
+                        "end": "EndLabel"
+                    }
+                }
+                The keys are the original labels, and the values are the new labels.
+                Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self.fontname = fontname or "arial"
+        self.labels = labels or LabelsDict(nodes={}, edges={})
+
+    def get_node_label(self, label: str) -> str:
+        """Returns the label to use for a node.
+
+        Args:
+            label: The original label.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new label.
+        """
+        label = self.labels.get("nodes", {}).get(label, label)
+        return f"<<B>{label}</B>>"
+
+    def get_edge_label(self, label: str) -> str:
+        """Returns the label to use for an edge.
+
+        Args:
+            label: The original label.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new label.
+        """
+        label = self.labels.get("edges", {}).get(label, label)
+        return f"<<U>{label}</U>>"
+
+    def add_node(self, viz: Any, node: str) -> None:
+        """Adds a node to the graph.
+
+        Args:
+            viz: The graphviz object.
+            node: The node to add.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        viz.add_node(
+            node,
+            label=self.get_node_label(node),
+            style="filled",
+            fillcolor="yellow",
+            fontsize=15,
+            fontname=self.fontname,
+        )
+
+    def add_edge(
+        self,
+        viz: Any,
+        source: str,
+        target: str,
+        label: Optional[str] = None,
+        conditional: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Adds an edge to the graph.
+
+        Args:
+            viz: The graphviz object.
+            source: The source node.
+            target: The target node.
+            label: The label for the edge. Defaults to None.
+            conditional: Whether the edge is conditional. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        viz.add_edge(
+            source,
+            target,
+            label=self.get_edge_label(label) if label else "",
+            fontsize=12,
+            fontname=self.fontname,
+            style="dotted" if conditional else "solid",
+        )
+
+    def draw(self, graph: Graph, output_path: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        """Draw the given state graph into a PNG file.
+
+        Requires `graphviz` and `pygraphviz` to be installed.
+        :param graph: The graph to draw
+        :param output_path: The path to save the PNG. If None, PNG bytes are returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            import pygraphviz as pgv  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+        except ImportError as exc:
+            msg = "Install pygraphviz to draw graphs: `pip install pygraphviz`."
+            raise ImportError(msg) from exc
+
+        # Create a directed graph
+        viz = pgv.AGraph(directed=True, nodesep=0.9, ranksep=1.0)
+
+        # Add nodes, conditional edges, and edges to the graph
+        self.add_nodes(viz, graph)
+        self.add_edges(viz, graph)
+
+        # Update entrypoint and END styles
+        self.update_styles(viz, graph)
+
+        # Save the graph as PNG
+        try:
+            return viz.draw(output_path, format="png", prog="dot")
+        finally:
+            viz.close()
+
+    def add_nodes(self, viz: Any, graph: Graph) -> None:
+        """Add nodes to the graph.
+
+        Args:
+            viz: The graphviz object.
+            graph: The graph to draw.
+        """
+        for node in graph.nodes:
+            self.add_node(viz, node)
+
+    def add_edges(self, viz: Any, graph: Graph) -> None:
+        """Add edges to the graph.
+
+        Args:
+            viz: The graphviz object.
+            graph: The graph to draw.
+        """
+        for start, end, data, cond in graph.edges:
+            self.add_edge(
+                viz, start, end, str(data) if data is not None else None, cond
+            )
+
+    def update_styles(self, viz: Any, graph: Graph) -> None:
+        """Update the styles of the entrypoint and END nodes.
+
+        Args:
+            viz: The graphviz object.
+            graph: The graph to draw.
+        """
+        if first := graph.first_node():
+            viz.get_node(first.id).attr.update(fillcolor="lightblue")
+        if last := graph.last_node():
+            viz.get_node(last.id).attr.update(fillcolor="orange")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/history.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/history.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c553f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/history.py
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+"""Runnable that manages chat message history for another Runnable."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from types import GenericAlias
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.chat_history import BaseChatMessageHistory
+from langchain_core.load.load import load
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import Runnable, RunnableBindingBase, RunnableLambda
+from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnablePassthrough
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    Output,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import create_model_v2
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.language_models.base import LanguageModelLike
+    from langchain_core.messages.base import BaseMessage
+    from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig
+    from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+
+MessagesOrDictWithMessages = Union[Sequence["BaseMessage"], dict[str, Any]]
+GetSessionHistoryCallable = Callable[..., BaseChatMessageHistory]
+
+
+class RunnableWithMessageHistory(RunnableBindingBase):
+    """Runnable that manages chat message history for another Runnable.
+
+    A chat message history is a sequence of messages that represent a conversation.
+
+    RunnableWithMessageHistory wraps another Runnable and manages the chat message
+    history for it; it is responsible for reading and updating the chat message
+    history.
+
+    The formats supported for the inputs and outputs of the wrapped Runnable
+    are described below.
+
+    RunnableWithMessageHistory must always be called with a config that contains
+    the appropriate parameters for the chat message history factory.
+
+    By default, the Runnable is expected to take a single configuration parameter
+    called `session_id` which is a string. This parameter is used to create a new
+    or look up an existing chat message history that matches the given session_id.
+
+    In this case, the invocation would look like this:
+
+    `with_history.invoke(..., config={"configurable": {"session_id": "bar"}})`
+    ; e.g., ``{"configurable": {"session_id": "<SESSION_ID>"}}``.
+
+    The configuration can be customized by passing in a list of
+    ``ConfigurableFieldSpec`` objects to the ``history_factory_config`` parameter (see
+    example below).
+
+    In the examples, we will use a chat message history with an in-memory
+    implementation to make it easy to experiment and see the results.
+
+    For production use cases, you will want to use a persistent implementation
+    of chat message history, such as ``RedisChatMessageHistory``.
+
+    Parameters:
+        get_session_history: Function that returns a new BaseChatMessageHistory.
+            This function should either take a single positional argument
+            `session_id` of type string and return a corresponding
+            chat message history instance.
+        input_messages_key: Must be specified if the base runnable accepts a dict
+            as input. The key in the input dict that contains the messages.
+        output_messages_key: Must be specified if the base Runnable returns a dict
+            as output. The key in the output dict that contains the messages.
+        history_messages_key: Must be specified if the base runnable accepts a dict
+            as input and expects a separate key for historical messages.
+        history_factory_config: Configure fields that should be passed to the
+            chat history factory. See ``ConfigurableFieldSpec`` for more details.
+
+    Example: Chat message history with an in-memory implementation for testing.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from operator import itemgetter
+
+        from langchain_openai.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+
+        from langchain_core.chat_history import BaseChatMessageHistory
+        from langchain_core.documents import Document
+        from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage, AIMessage
+        from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+        from langchain_core.runnables import (
+            RunnableLambda,
+            ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+            RunnablePassthrough,
+        )
+        from langchain_core.runnables.history import RunnableWithMessageHistory
+
+
+        class InMemoryHistory(BaseChatMessageHistory, BaseModel):
+            \"\"\"In memory implementation of chat message history.\"\"\"
+
+            messages: list[BaseMessage] = Field(default_factory=list)
+
+            def add_messages(self, messages: list[BaseMessage]) -> None:
+                \"\"\"Add a list of messages to the store\"\"\"
+                self.messages.extend(messages)
+
+            def clear(self) -> None:
+                self.messages = []
+
+        # Here we use a global variable to store the chat message history.
+        # This will make it easier to inspect it to see the underlying results.
+        store = {}
+
+        def get_by_session_id(session_id: str) -> BaseChatMessageHistory:
+            if session_id not in store:
+                store[session_id] = InMemoryHistory()
+            return store[session_id]
+
+
+        history = get_by_session_id("1")
+        history.add_message(AIMessage(content="hello"))
+        print(store)  # noqa: T201
+
+
+    Example where the wrapped Runnable takes a dictionary input:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import Optional
+
+            from langchain_community.chat_models import ChatAnthropic
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate, MessagesPlaceholder
+            from langchain_core.runnables.history import RunnableWithMessageHistory
+
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
+                ("system", "You're an assistant who's good at {ability}"),
+                MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="history"),
+                ("human", "{question}"),
+            ])
+
+            chain = prompt | ChatAnthropic(model="claude-2")
+
+            chain_with_history = RunnableWithMessageHistory(
+                chain,
+                # Uses the get_by_session_id function defined in the example
+                # above.
+                get_by_session_id,
+                input_messages_key="question",
+                history_messages_key="history",
+            )
+
+            print(chain_with_history.invoke(  # noqa: T201
+                {"ability": "math", "question": "What does cosine mean?"},
+                config={"configurable": {"session_id": "foo"}}
+            ))
+
+            # Uses the store defined in the example above.
+            print(store)  # noqa: T201
+
+            print(chain_with_history.invoke(  # noqa: T201
+                {"ability": "math", "question": "What's its inverse"},
+                config={"configurable": {"session_id": "foo"}}
+            ))
+
+            print(store)  # noqa: T201
+
+
+    Example where the session factory takes two keys, user_id and conversation id):
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            store = {}
+
+            def get_session_history(
+                user_id: str, conversation_id: str
+            ) -> BaseChatMessageHistory:
+                if (user_id, conversation_id) not in store:
+                    store[(user_id, conversation_id)] = InMemoryHistory()
+                return store[(user_id, conversation_id)]
+
+            prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
+                ("system", "You're an assistant who's good at {ability}"),
+                MessagesPlaceholder(variable_name="history"),
+                ("human", "{question}"),
+            ])
+
+            chain = prompt | ChatAnthropic(model="claude-2")
+
+            with_message_history = RunnableWithMessageHistory(
+                chain,
+                get_session_history=get_session_history,
+                input_messages_key="question",
+                history_messages_key="history",
+                history_factory_config=[
+                    ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                        id="user_id",
+                        annotation=str,
+                        name="User ID",
+                        description="Unique identifier for the user.",
+                        default="",
+                        is_shared=True,
+                    ),
+                    ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                        id="conversation_id",
+                        annotation=str,
+                        name="Conversation ID",
+                        description="Unique identifier for the conversation.",
+                        default="",
+                        is_shared=True,
+                    ),
+                ],
+            )
+
+            with_message_history.invoke(
+                {"ability": "math", "question": "What does cosine mean?"},
+                config={"configurable": {"user_id": "123", "conversation_id": "1"}}
+            )
+
+    """
+
+    get_session_history: GetSessionHistoryCallable
+    input_messages_key: Optional[str] = None
+    output_messages_key: Optional[str] = None
+    history_messages_key: Optional[str] = None
+    history_factory_config: Sequence[ConfigurableFieldSpec]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        runnable: Union[
+            Runnable[
+                Union[MessagesOrDictWithMessages],
+                Union[str, BaseMessage, MessagesOrDictWithMessages],
+            ],
+            LanguageModelLike,
+        ],
+        get_session_history: GetSessionHistoryCallable,
+        *,
+        input_messages_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        output_messages_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        history_messages_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        history_factory_config: Optional[Sequence[ConfigurableFieldSpec]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize RunnableWithMessageHistory.
+
+        Args:
+            runnable: The base Runnable to be wrapped. Must take as input one of:
+                1. A sequence of BaseMessages
+                2. A dict with one key for all messages
+                3. A dict with one key for the current input string/message(s) and
+                    a separate key for historical messages. If the input key points
+                    to a string, it will be treated as a HumanMessage in history.
+
+                Must return as output one of:
+                1. A string which can be treated as an AIMessage
+                2. A BaseMessage or sequence of BaseMessages
+                3. A dict with a key for a BaseMessage or sequence of BaseMessages
+
+            get_session_history: Function that returns a new BaseChatMessageHistory.
+                This function should either take a single positional argument
+                `session_id` of type string and return a corresponding
+                chat message history instance.
+                .. code-block:: python
+
+                    def get_session_history(
+                        session_id: str,
+                        *,
+                        user_id: Optional[str]=None
+                    ) -> BaseChatMessageHistory:
+                      ...
+
+                Or it should take keyword arguments that match the keys of
+                `session_history_config_specs` and return a corresponding
+                chat message history instance.
+
+                .. code-block:: python
+
+                    def get_session_history(
+                        *,
+                        user_id: str,
+                        thread_id: str,
+                    ) -> BaseChatMessageHistory:
+                        ...
+
+            input_messages_key: Must be specified if the base runnable accepts a dict
+                as input. Default is None.
+            output_messages_key: Must be specified if the base runnable returns a dict
+                as output. Default is None.
+            history_messages_key: Must be specified if the base runnable accepts a dict
+                as input and expects a separate key for historical messages.
+            history_factory_config: Configure fields that should be passed to the
+                chat history factory. See ``ConfigurableFieldSpec`` for more details.
+                Specifying these allows you to pass multiple config keys
+                into the get_session_history factory.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary additional kwargs to pass to parent class
+                ``RunnableBindingBase`` init.
+        """
+        history_chain: Runnable = RunnableLambda(
+            self._enter_history, self._aenter_history
+        ).with_config(run_name="load_history")
+        messages_key = history_messages_key or input_messages_key
+        if messages_key:
+            history_chain = RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+                **{messages_key: history_chain}
+            ).with_config(run_name="insert_history")
+
+        runnable_sync: Runnable = runnable.with_listeners(on_end=self._exit_history)
+        runnable_async: Runnable = runnable.with_alisteners(on_end=self._aexit_history)
+
+        def _call_runnable_sync(_input: Any) -> Runnable:
+            return runnable_sync
+
+        async def _call_runnable_async(_input: Any) -> Runnable:
+            return runnable_async
+
+        bound: Runnable = (
+            history_chain
+            | RunnableLambda(
+                _call_runnable_sync,
+                _call_runnable_async,
+            ).with_config(run_name="check_sync_or_async")
+        ).with_config(run_name="RunnableWithMessageHistory")
+
+        if history_factory_config:
+            _config_specs = history_factory_config
+        else:
+            # If not provided, then we'll use the default session_id field
+            _config_specs = [
+                ConfigurableFieldSpec(
+                    id="session_id",
+                    annotation=str,
+                    name="Session ID",
+                    description="Unique identifier for a session.",
+                    default="",
+                    is_shared=True,
+                ),
+            ]
+
+        super().__init__(
+            get_session_history=get_session_history,
+            input_messages_key=input_messages_key,
+            output_messages_key=output_messages_key,
+            bound=bound,
+            history_messages_key=history_messages_key,
+            history_factory_config=_config_specs,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self._history_chain = history_chain
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        """Get the configuration specs for the RunnableWithMessageHistory."""
+        return get_unique_config_specs(
+            super().config_specs + list(self.history_factory_config)
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+
+        fields: dict = {}
+        if self.input_messages_key and self.history_messages_key:
+            fields[self.input_messages_key] = (
+                Union[str, BaseMessage, Sequence[BaseMessage]],
+                ...,
+            )
+        elif self.input_messages_key:
+            fields[self.input_messages_key] = (Sequence[BaseMessage], ...)
+        else:
+            return create_model_v2(
+                "RunnableWithChatHistoryInput",
+                module_name=self.__class__.__module__,
+                root=(Sequence[BaseMessage], ...),
+            )
+        return create_model_v2(
+            "RunnableWithChatHistoryInput",
+            field_definitions=fields,
+            module_name=self.__class__.__module__,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> type[Output]:
+        return self._history_chain.OutputType
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """Get a pydantic model that can be used to validate output to the Runnable.
+
+        Runnables that leverage the configurable_fields and configurable_alternatives
+        methods will have a dynamic output schema that depends on which
+        configuration the Runnable is invoked with.
+
+        This method allows to get an output schema for a specific configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            config: A config to use when generating the schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pydantic model that can be used to validate output.
+        """
+        root_type = self.OutputType
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(root_type)
+            and not isinstance(root_type, GenericAlias)
+            and issubclass(root_type, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            return root_type
+
+        return create_model_v2(
+            "RunnableWithChatHistoryOutput",
+            root=root_type,
+            module_name=self.__class__.__module__,
+        )
+
+    def _get_input_messages(
+        self, input_val: Union[str, BaseMessage, Sequence[BaseMessage], dict]
+    ) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+
+        # If dictionary, try to pluck the single key representing messages
+        if isinstance(input_val, dict):
+            if self.input_messages_key:
+                key = self.input_messages_key
+            elif len(input_val) == 1:
+                key = list(input_val.keys())[0]
+            else:
+                key = "input"
+            input_val = input_val[key]
+
+        # If value is a string, convert to a human message
+        if isinstance(input_val, str):
+            from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
+
+            return [HumanMessage(content=input_val)]
+        # If value is a single message, convert to a list
+        if isinstance(input_val, BaseMessage):
+            return [input_val]
+        # If value is a list or tuple...
+        if isinstance(input_val, (list, tuple)):
+            # Handle empty case
+            if len(input_val) == 0:
+                return list(input_val)
+            # If is a list of list, then return the first value
+            # This occurs for chat models - since we batch inputs
+            if isinstance(input_val[0], list):
+                if len(input_val) != 1:
+                    msg = f"Expected a single list of messages. Got {input_val}."
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                return input_val[0]
+            return list(input_val)
+        msg = (
+            f"Expected str, BaseMessage, list[BaseMessage], or tuple[BaseMessage]. "
+            f"Got {input_val}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    def _get_output_messages(
+        self, output_val: Union[str, BaseMessage, Sequence[BaseMessage], dict]
+    ) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+
+        # If dictionary, try to pluck the single key representing messages
+        if isinstance(output_val, dict):
+            if self.output_messages_key:
+                key = self.output_messages_key
+            elif len(output_val) == 1:
+                key = list(output_val.keys())[0]
+            else:
+                key = "output"
+            # If you are wrapping a chat model directly
+            # The output is actually this weird generations object
+            if key not in output_val and "generations" in output_val:
+                output_val = output_val["generations"][0][0]["message"]
+            else:
+                output_val = output_val[key]
+
+        if isinstance(output_val, str):
+            from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage
+
+            return [AIMessage(content=output_val)]
+        # If value is a single message, convert to a list
+        if isinstance(output_val, BaseMessage):
+            return [output_val]
+        if isinstance(output_val, (list, tuple)):
+            return list(output_val)
+        msg = (
+            f"Expected str, BaseMessage, list[BaseMessage], or tuple[BaseMessage]. "
+            f"Got {output_val}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+    def _enter_history(self, input: Any, config: RunnableConfig) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        hist: BaseChatMessageHistory = config["configurable"]["message_history"]
+        messages = hist.messages.copy()
+
+        if not self.history_messages_key:
+            # return all messages
+            input_val = (
+                input if not self.input_messages_key else input[self.input_messages_key]
+            )
+            messages += self._get_input_messages(input_val)
+        return messages
+
+    async def _aenter_history(
+        self, input: dict[str, Any], config: RunnableConfig
+    ) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+        hist: BaseChatMessageHistory = config["configurable"]["message_history"]
+        messages = (await hist.aget_messages()).copy()
+
+        if not self.history_messages_key:
+            # return all messages
+            input_val = (
+                input if not self.input_messages_key else input[self.input_messages_key]
+            )
+            messages += self._get_input_messages(input_val)
+        return messages
+
+    def _exit_history(self, run: Run, config: RunnableConfig) -> None:
+        hist: BaseChatMessageHistory = config["configurable"]["message_history"]
+
+        # Get the input messages
+        inputs = load(run.inputs)
+        input_messages = self._get_input_messages(inputs)
+        # If historic messages were prepended to the input messages, remove them to
+        # avoid adding duplicate messages to history.
+        if not self.history_messages_key:
+            historic_messages = config["configurable"]["message_history"].messages
+            input_messages = input_messages[len(historic_messages) :]
+
+        # Get the output messages
+        output_val = load(run.outputs)
+        output_messages = self._get_output_messages(output_val)
+        hist.add_messages(input_messages + output_messages)
+
+    async def _aexit_history(self, run: Run, config: RunnableConfig) -> None:
+        hist: BaseChatMessageHistory = config["configurable"]["message_history"]
+
+        # Get the input messages
+        inputs = load(run.inputs)
+        input_messages = self._get_input_messages(inputs)
+        # If historic messages were prepended to the input messages, remove them to
+        # avoid adding duplicate messages to history.
+        if not self.history_messages_key:
+            historic_messages = await hist.aget_messages()
+            input_messages = input_messages[len(historic_messages) :]
+
+        # Get the output messages
+        output_val = load(run.outputs)
+        output_messages = self._get_output_messages(output_val)
+        await hist.aadd_messages(input_messages + output_messages)
+
+    def _merge_configs(self, *configs: Optional[RunnableConfig]) -> RunnableConfig:
+        config = super()._merge_configs(*configs)
+        expected_keys = [field_spec.id for field_spec in self.history_factory_config]
+
+        configurable = config.get("configurable", {})
+
+        missing_keys = set(expected_keys) - set(configurable.keys())
+        parameter_names = _get_parameter_names(self.get_session_history)
+
+        if missing_keys and parameter_names:
+            example_input = {self.input_messages_key: "foo"}
+            example_configurable = dict.fromkeys(missing_keys, "[your-value-here]")
+            example_config = {"configurable": example_configurable}
+            msg = (
+                f"Missing keys {sorted(missing_keys)} in config['configurable'] "
+                f"Expected keys are {sorted(expected_keys)}."
+                f"When using via .invoke() or .stream(), pass in a config; "
+                f"e.g., chain.invoke({example_input}, {example_config})"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        if len(expected_keys) == 1:
+            if parameter_names:
+                # If arity = 1, then invoke function by positional arguments
+                message_history = self.get_session_history(
+                    configurable[expected_keys[0]]
+                )
+            else:
+                if not config:
+                    config["configurable"] = {}
+                message_history = self.get_session_history()
+        else:
+            # otherwise verify that names of keys patch and invoke by named arguments
+            if set(expected_keys) != set(parameter_names):
+                msg = (
+                    f"Expected keys {sorted(expected_keys)} do not match parameter "
+                    f"names {sorted(parameter_names)} of get_session_history."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+
+            message_history = self.get_session_history(
+                **{key: configurable[key] for key in expected_keys}
+            )
+        config["configurable"]["message_history"] = message_history
+        return config
+
+
+def _get_parameter_names(callable_: GetSessionHistoryCallable) -> list[str]:
+    """Get the parameter names of the callable."""
+    sig = inspect.signature(callable_)
+    return list(sig.parameters.keys())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/passthrough.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/passthrough.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..098ce791
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/passthrough.py
@@ -0,0 +1,837 @@
+"""Implementation of the RunnablePassthrough."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import threading
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, RootModel
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+    Other,
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableParallel,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    acall_func_with_variable_args,
+    call_func_with_variable_args,
+    ensure_config,
+    get_executor_for_config,
+    patch_config,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    AddableDict,
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.aiter import atee, py_anext
+from langchain_core.utils.iter import safetee
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import create_model_v2
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Mapping
+
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.runnables.graph import Graph
+
+
+def identity(x: Other) -> Other:
+    """Identity function.
+
+    Args:
+        x (Other): input.
+
+    Returns:
+        Other: output.
+    """
+    return x
+
+
+async def aidentity(x: Other) -> Other:
+    """Async identity function.
+
+    Args:
+        x (Other): input.
+
+    Returns:
+        Other: output.
+    """
+    return x
+
+
+class RunnablePassthrough(RunnableSerializable[Other, Other]):
+    """Runnable to passthrough inputs unchanged or with additional keys.
+
+    This Runnable behaves almost like the identity function, except that it
+    can be configured to add additional keys to the output, if the input is a
+    dict.
+
+    The examples below demonstrate this Runnable works using a few simple
+    chains. The chains rely on simple lambdas to make the examples easy to execute
+    and experiment with.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import (
+                RunnableLambda,
+                RunnableParallel,
+                RunnablePassthrough,
+            )
+
+            runnable = RunnableParallel(
+                origin=RunnablePassthrough(),
+                modified=lambda x: x+1
+            )
+
+            runnable.invoke(1) # {'origin': 1, 'modified': 2}
+
+
+            def fake_llm(prompt: str) -> str: # Fake LLM for the example
+                return "completion"
+
+            chain = RunnableLambda(fake_llm) | {
+                'original': RunnablePassthrough(), # Original LLM output
+                'parsed': lambda text: text[::-1] # Parsing logic
+            }
+
+            chain.invoke('hello') # {'original': 'completion', 'parsed': 'noitelpmoc'}
+
+    In some cases, it may be useful to pass the input through while adding some
+    keys to the output. In this case, you can use the `assign` method:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnablePassthrough
+
+            def fake_llm(prompt: str) -> str: # Fake LLM for the example
+                return "completion"
+
+            runnable = {
+                'llm1':  fake_llm,
+                'llm2':  fake_llm,
+            } | RunnablePassthrough.assign(
+                total_chars=lambda inputs: len(inputs['llm1'] + inputs['llm2'])
+            )
+
+            runnable.invoke('hello')
+            # {'llm1': 'completion', 'llm2': 'completion', 'total_chars': 20}
+    """
+
+    input_type: Optional[type[Other]] = None
+
+    func: Optional[
+        Union[Callable[[Other], None], Callable[[Other, RunnableConfig], None]]
+    ] = None
+
+    afunc: Optional[
+        Union[
+            Callable[[Other], Awaitable[None]],
+            Callable[[Other, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[None]],
+        ]
+    ] = None
+
+    @override
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> Any:
+        # Without this repr(self) raises a RecursionError
+        # See https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/7327
+        return []
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Union[Callable[[Other], None], Callable[[Other, RunnableConfig], None]],
+                Union[
+                    Callable[[Other], Awaitable[None]],
+                    Callable[[Other, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[None]],
+                ],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        afunc: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Callable[[Other], Awaitable[None]],
+                Callable[[Other, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[None]],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        *,
+        input_type: Optional[type[Other]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create e RunnablePassthrough.
+
+        Args:
+            func: Function to be called with the input.
+            afunc: Async function to be called with the input.
+            input_type: Type of the input.
+        """
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+            afunc = func
+            func = None
+
+        super().__init__(func=func, afunc=afunc, input_type=input_type, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def InputType(self) -> Any:
+        return self.input_type or Any
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def OutputType(self) -> Any:
+        return self.input_type or Any
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def assign(
+        cls,
+        **kwargs: Union[
+            Runnable[dict[str, Any], Any],
+            Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any],
+            Mapping[
+                str,
+                Union[Runnable[dict[str, Any], Any], Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any]],
+            ],
+        ],
+    ) -> RunnableAssign:
+        """Merge the Dict input with the output produced by the mapping argument.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Runnable, Callable or a Mapping from keys to Runnables
+                or Callables.
+
+        Returns:
+            A Runnable that merges the Dict input with the output produced by the
+            mapping argument.
+        """
+        return RunnableAssign(RunnableParallel[dict[str, Any]](kwargs))
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Other, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Other:
+        if self.func is not None:
+            call_func_with_variable_args(
+                self.func, input, ensure_config(config), **kwargs
+            )
+        return self._call_with_config(identity, input, config)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Other,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Other:
+        if self.afunc is not None:
+            await acall_func_with_variable_args(
+                self.afunc, input, ensure_config(config), **kwargs
+            )
+        elif self.func is not None:
+            call_func_with_variable_args(
+                self.func, input, ensure_config(config), **kwargs
+            )
+        return await self._acall_with_config(aidentity, input, config)
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[Other],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[Other]:
+        if self.func is None:
+            for chunk in self._transform_stream_with_config(input, identity, config):
+                yield chunk
+        else:
+            final: Other
+            got_first_chunk = False
+
+            for chunk in self._transform_stream_with_config(input, identity, config):
+                yield chunk
+
+                if not got_first_chunk:
+                    final = chunk
+                    got_first_chunk = True
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        final = final + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                    except TypeError:
+                        final = chunk
+
+            if got_first_chunk:
+                call_func_with_variable_args(
+                    self.func, final, ensure_config(config), **kwargs
+                )
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[Other],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Other]:
+        if self.afunc is None and self.func is None:
+            async for chunk in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+                input, identity, config
+            ):
+                yield chunk
+        else:
+            got_first_chunk = False
+
+            async for chunk in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+                input, identity, config
+            ):
+                yield chunk
+
+                # By definitions, a function will operate on the aggregated
+                # input. So we'll aggregate the input until we get to the last
+                # chunk.
+                # If the input is not addable, then we'll assume that we can
+                # only operate on the last chunk.
+                if not got_first_chunk:
+                    final = chunk
+                    got_first_chunk = True
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        final = final + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                    except TypeError:
+                        final = chunk
+
+            if got_first_chunk:
+                config = ensure_config(config)
+                if self.afunc is not None:
+                    await acall_func_with_variable_args(
+                        self.afunc, final, config, **kwargs
+                    )
+                elif self.func is not None:
+                    call_func_with_variable_args(self.func, final, config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: Other,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[Other]:
+        return self.transform(iter([input]), config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: Other,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Other]:
+        async def input_aiter() -> AsyncIterator[Other]:
+            yield input
+
+        async for chunk in self.atransform(input_aiter(), config, **kwargs):
+            yield chunk
+
+
+_graph_passthrough: RunnablePassthrough = RunnablePassthrough()
+
+
+class RunnableAssign(RunnableSerializable[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]):
+    """Runnable that assigns key-value pairs to dict[str, Any] inputs.
+
+    The `RunnableAssign` class takes input dictionaries and, through a
+    `RunnableParallel` instance, applies transformations, then combines
+    these with the original data, introducing new key-value pairs based
+    on the mapper's logic.
+
+    Examples:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # This is a RunnableAssign
+            from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import (
+                RunnableAssign,
+                RunnableParallel,
+            )
+            from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableLambda
+
+            def add_ten(x: dict[str, int]) -> dict[str, int]:
+                return {"added": x["input"] + 10}
+
+            mapper = RunnableParallel(
+                {"add_step": RunnableLambda(add_ten),}
+            )
+
+            runnable_assign = RunnableAssign(mapper)
+
+            # Synchronous example
+            runnable_assign.invoke({"input": 5})
+            # returns {'input': 5, 'add_step': {'added': 15}}
+
+            # Asynchronous example
+            await runnable_assign.ainvoke({"input": 5})
+            # returns {'input': 5, 'add_step': {'added': 15}}
+    """
+
+    mapper: RunnableParallel
+
+    def __init__(self, mapper: RunnableParallel[dict[str, Any]], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Create a RunnableAssign.
+
+        Args:
+            mapper: A ``RunnableParallel`` instance that will be used to transform the
+                input dictionary.
+        """
+        super().__init__(mapper=mapper, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @override
+    def get_name(
+        self, suffix: Optional[str] = None, *, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        name = (
+            name
+            or self.name
+            or f"RunnableAssign<{','.join(self.mapper.steps__.keys())}>"
+        )
+        return super().get_name(suffix, name=name)
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        map_input_schema = self.mapper.get_input_schema(config)
+        if not issubclass(map_input_schema, RootModel):
+            # ie. it's a dict
+            return map_input_schema
+
+        return super().get_input_schema(config)
+
+    @override
+    def get_output_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        map_input_schema = self.mapper.get_input_schema(config)
+        map_output_schema = self.mapper.get_output_schema(config)
+        if not issubclass(map_input_schema, RootModel) and not issubclass(
+            map_output_schema, RootModel
+        ):
+            fields = {}
+
+            for name, field_info in map_input_schema.model_fields.items():
+                fields[name] = (field_info.annotation, field_info.default)
+
+            for name, field_info in map_output_schema.model_fields.items():
+                fields[name] = (field_info.annotation, field_info.default)
+
+            return create_model_v2("RunnableAssignOutput", field_definitions=fields)
+        if not issubclass(map_output_schema, RootModel):
+            # ie. only map output is a dict
+            # ie. input type is either unknown or inferred incorrectly
+            return map_output_schema
+
+        return super().get_output_schema(config)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        return self.mapper.config_specs
+
+    @override
+    def get_graph(self, config: RunnableConfig | None = None) -> Graph:
+        # get graph from mapper
+        graph = self.mapper.get_graph(config)
+        # add passthrough node and edges
+        input_node = graph.first_node()
+        output_node = graph.last_node()
+        if input_node is not None and output_node is not None:
+            passthrough_node = graph.add_node(_graph_passthrough)
+            graph.add_edge(input_node, passthrough_node)
+            graph.add_edge(passthrough_node, output_node)
+        return graph
+
+    def _invoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if not isinstance(input, dict):
+            msg = "The input to RunnablePassthrough.assign() must be a dict."
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+        return {
+            **input,
+            **self.mapper.invoke(
+                input,
+                patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child()),
+                **kwargs,
+            ),
+        }
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return self._call_with_config(self._invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def _ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        if not isinstance(input, dict):
+            msg = "The input to RunnablePassthrough.assign() must be a dict."
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+        return {
+            **input,
+            **await self.mapper.ainvoke(
+                input,
+                patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child()),
+                **kwargs,
+            ),
+        }
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return await self._acall_with_config(self._ainvoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    def _transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[dict[str, Any]],
+        run_manager: CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        # collect mapper keys
+        mapper_keys = set(self.mapper.steps__.keys())
+        # create two streams, one for the map and one for the passthrough
+        for_passthrough, for_map = safetee(input, 2, lock=threading.Lock())
+
+        # create map output stream
+        map_output = self.mapper.transform(
+            for_map,
+            patch_config(
+                config,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child(),
+            ),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        # get executor to start map output stream in background
+        with get_executor_for_config(config) as executor:
+            # start map output stream
+            first_map_chunk_future = executor.submit(
+                next,
+                map_output,
+                None,
+            )
+            # consume passthrough stream
+            for chunk in for_passthrough:
+                if not isinstance(chunk, dict):
+                    msg = "The input to RunnablePassthrough.assign() must be a dict."
+                    raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+                # remove mapper keys from passthrough chunk, to be overwritten by map
+                filtered = AddableDict(
+                    {k: v for k, v in chunk.items() if k not in mapper_keys}
+                )
+                if filtered:
+                    yield filtered
+            # yield map output
+            yield cast("dict[str, Any]", first_map_chunk_future.result())
+            for chunk in map_output:
+                yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[dict[str, Any]],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any | None,
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        yield from self._transform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._transform, config, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]],
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        # collect mapper keys
+        mapper_keys = set(self.mapper.steps__.keys())
+        # create two streams, one for the map and one for the passthrough
+        for_passthrough, for_map = atee(input, 2, lock=asyncio.Lock())
+        # create map output stream
+        map_output = self.mapper.atransform(
+            for_map,
+            patch_config(
+                config,
+                callbacks=run_manager.get_child(),
+            ),
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        # start map output stream
+        first_map_chunk_task: asyncio.Task = asyncio.create_task(
+            py_anext(map_output, None),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+        # consume passthrough stream
+        async for chunk in for_passthrough:
+            if not isinstance(chunk, dict):
+                msg = "The input to RunnablePassthrough.assign() must be a dict."
+                raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+            # remove mapper keys from passthrough chunk, to be overwritten by map output
+            filtered = AddableDict(
+                {k: v for k, v in chunk.items() if k not in mapper_keys}
+            )
+            if filtered:
+                yield filtered
+        # yield map output
+        yield await first_map_chunk_task
+        async for chunk in map_output:
+            yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        async for chunk in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._atransform, config, **kwargs
+        ):
+            yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        return self.transform(iter([input]), config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        async def input_aiter() -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+            yield input
+
+        async for chunk in self.atransform(input_aiter(), config, **kwargs):
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class RunnablePick(RunnableSerializable[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]):
+    """Runnable that picks keys from dict[str, Any] inputs.
+
+    RunnablePick class represents a Runnable that selectively picks keys from a
+    dictionary input. It allows you to specify one or more keys to extract
+    from the input dictionary. It returns a new dictionary containing only
+    the selected keys.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables.passthrough import RunnablePick
+
+            input_data = {
+                'name': 'John',
+                'age': 30,
+                'city': 'New York',
+                'country': 'USA'
+            }
+
+            runnable = RunnablePick(keys=['name', 'age'])
+
+            output_data = runnable.invoke(input_data)
+
+            print(output_data)  # Output: {'name': 'John', 'age': 30}
+    """
+
+    keys: Union[str, list[str]]
+
+    def __init__(self, keys: Union[str, list[str]], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Create a RunnablePick.
+
+        Args:
+            keys: A single key or a list of keys to pick from the input dictionary.
+        """
+        super().__init__(keys=keys, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @override
+    def get_name(
+        self, suffix: Optional[str] = None, *, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        name = (
+            name
+            or self.name
+            or f"RunnablePick<{','.join([self.keys] if isinstance(self.keys, str) else self.keys)}>"  # noqa: E501
+        )
+        return super().get_name(suffix, name=name)
+
+    def _pick(self, input: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+        if not isinstance(input, dict):
+            msg = "The input to RunnablePassthrough.assign() must be a dict."
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+
+        if isinstance(self.keys, str):
+            return input.get(self.keys)
+        picked = {k: input.get(k) for k in self.keys if k in input}
+        if picked:
+            return AddableDict(picked)
+        return None
+
+    def _invoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return self._pick(input)
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return self._call_with_config(self._invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def _ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return self._pick(input)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return await self._acall_with_config(self._ainvoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    def _transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[dict[str, Any]],
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        for chunk in input:
+            picked = self._pick(chunk)
+            if picked is not None:
+                yield picked
+
+    @override
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        input: Iterator[dict[str, Any]],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        yield from self._transform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._transform, config, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def _atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        async for chunk in input:
+            picked = self._pick(chunk)
+            if picked is not None:
+                yield picked
+
+    @override
+    async def atransform(
+        self,
+        input: AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        async for chunk in self._atransform_stream_with_config(
+            input, self._atransform, config, **kwargs
+        ):
+            yield chunk
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        return self.transform(iter([input]), config, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: dict[str, Any],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        async def input_aiter() -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+            yield input
+
+        async for chunk in self.atransform(input_aiter(), config, **kwargs):
+            yield chunk
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ceb396f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+"""Runnable that retries a Runnable if it fails."""
+
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from tenacity import (
+    AsyncRetrying,
+    RetryCallState,
+    RetryError,
+    Retrying,
+    retry_if_exception_type,
+    stop_after_attempt,
+    wait_exponential_jitter,
+)
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableBindingBase
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import RunnableConfig, patch_config
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import Input, Output
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun,
+        CallbackManagerForChainRun,
+    )
+
+    T = TypeVar("T", CallbackManagerForChainRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun)
+U = TypeVar("U")
+
+
+class ExponentialJitterParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Parameters for ``tenacity.wait_exponential_jitter``."""
+
+    initial: float
+    """Initial wait."""
+    max: float
+    """Maximum wait."""
+    exp_base: float
+    """Base for exponential backoff."""
+    jitter: float
+    """Random additional wait sampled from random.uniform(0, jitter)."""
+
+
+class RunnableRetry(RunnableBindingBase[Input, Output]):
+    """Retry a Runnable if it fails.
+
+    RunnableRetry can be used to add retry logic to any object
+    that subclasses the base Runnable.
+
+    Such retries are especially useful for network calls that may fail
+    due to transient errors.
+
+    The RunnableRetry is implemented as a RunnableBinding. The easiest
+    way to use it is through the `.with_retry()` method on all Runnables.
+
+    Example:
+    Here's an example that uses a RunnableLambda to raise an exception
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import time
+
+            def foo(input) -> None:
+                '''Fake function that raises an exception.'''
+                raise ValueError(f"Invoking foo failed. At time {time.time()}")
+
+            runnable = RunnableLambda(foo)
+
+            runnable_with_retries = runnable.with_retry(
+                retry_if_exception_type=(ValueError,), # Retry only on ValueError
+                wait_exponential_jitter=True, # Add jitter to the exponential backoff
+                stop_after_attempt=2, # Try twice
+                exponential_jitter_params={"initial": 2},  # if desired, customize backoff
+            )
+
+            # The method invocation above is equivalent to the longer form below:
+
+            runnable_with_retries = RunnableRetry(
+                bound=runnable,
+                retry_exception_types=(ValueError,),
+                max_attempt_number=2,
+                wait_exponential_jitter=True,
+                exponential_jitter_params={"initial": 2},
+            )
+
+    This logic can be used to retry any Runnable, including a chain of Runnables,
+    but in general it's best practice to keep the scope of the retry as small as
+    possible. For example, if you have a chain of Runnables, you should only retry
+    the Runnable that is likely to fail, not the entire chain.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.chat_models import ChatOpenAI
+            from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
+
+            template = PromptTemplate.from_template("tell me a joke about {topic}.")
+            model = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0.5)
+
+            # Good
+            chain = template | model.with_retry()
+
+            # Bad
+            chain = template | model
+            retryable_chain = chain.with_retry()
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    retry_exception_types: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (Exception,)
+    """The exception types to retry on. By default all exceptions are retried.
+
+    In general you should only retry on exceptions that are likely to be
+    transient, such as network errors.
+
+    Good exceptions to retry are all server errors (5xx) and selected client
+    errors (4xx) such as 429 Too Many Requests.
+    """
+
+    wait_exponential_jitter: bool = True
+    """Whether to add jitter to the exponential backoff."""
+
+    exponential_jitter_params: Optional[ExponentialJitterParams] = None
+    """Parameters for ``tenacity.wait_exponential_jitter``. Namely: ``initial``,
+    ``max``, ``exp_base``, and ``jitter`` (all float values).
+    """
+
+    max_attempt_number: int = 3
+    """The maximum number of attempts to retry the Runnable."""
+
+    @property
+    def _kwargs_retrying(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if self.max_attempt_number:
+            kwargs["stop"] = stop_after_attempt(self.max_attempt_number)
+
+        if self.wait_exponential_jitter:
+            kwargs["wait"] = wait_exponential_jitter(
+                **(self.exponential_jitter_params or {})
+            )
+
+        if self.retry_exception_types:
+            kwargs["retry"] = retry_if_exception_type(self.retry_exception_types)
+
+        return kwargs
+
+    def _sync_retrying(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Retrying:
+        return Retrying(**self._kwargs_retrying, **kwargs)
+
+    def _async_retrying(self, **kwargs: Any) -> AsyncRetrying:
+        return AsyncRetrying(**self._kwargs_retrying, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _patch_config(
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        run_manager: "T",
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+    ) -> RunnableConfig:
+        attempt = retry_state.attempt_number
+        tag = f"retry:attempt:{attempt}" if attempt > 1 else None
+        return patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child(tag))
+
+    def _patch_config_list(
+        self,
+        config: list[RunnableConfig],
+        run_manager: list["T"],
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+    ) -> list[RunnableConfig]:
+        return [
+            self._patch_config(c, rm, retry_state) for c, rm in zip(config, run_manager)
+        ]
+
+    def _invoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        run_manager: "CallbackManagerForChainRun",
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Output:
+        for attempt in self._sync_retrying(reraise=True):
+            with attempt:
+                result = super().invoke(
+                    input,
+                    self._patch_config(config, run_manager, attempt.retry_state),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            if attempt.retry_state.outcome and not attempt.retry_state.outcome.failed:
+                attempt.retry_state.set_result(result)
+        return result
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        return self._call_with_config(self._invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    async def _ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Input,
+        run_manager: "AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun",
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Output:
+        async for attempt in self._async_retrying(reraise=True):
+            with attempt:
+                result = await super().ainvoke(
+                    input,
+                    self._patch_config(config, run_manager, attempt.retry_state),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            if attempt.retry_state.outcome and not attempt.retry_state.outcome.failed:
+                attempt.retry_state.set_result(result)
+        return result
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self, input: Input, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        return await self._acall_with_config(self._ainvoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    def _batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        run_manager: list["CallbackManagerForChainRun"],
+        config: list[RunnableConfig],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Union[Output, Exception]]:
+        results_map: dict[int, Output] = {}
+
+        def pending(iterable: list[U]) -> list[U]:
+            return [item for idx, item in enumerate(iterable) if idx not in results_map]
+
+        not_set: list[Output] = []
+        result = not_set
+        try:
+            for attempt in self._sync_retrying():
+                with attempt:
+                    # Get the results of the inputs that have not succeeded yet.
+                    result = super().batch(
+                        pending(inputs),
+                        self._patch_config_list(
+                            pending(config), pending(run_manager), attempt.retry_state
+                        ),
+                        return_exceptions=True,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    # Register the results of the inputs that have succeeded.
+                    first_exception = None
+                    for i, r in enumerate(result):
+                        if isinstance(r, Exception):
+                            if not first_exception:
+                                first_exception = r
+                            continue
+                        results_map[i] = r
+                    # If any exception occurred, raise it, to retry the failed ones
+                    if first_exception:
+                        raise first_exception
+                if (
+                    attempt.retry_state.outcome
+                    and not attempt.retry_state.outcome.failed
+                ):
+                    attempt.retry_state.set_result(result)
+        except RetryError as e:
+            if result is not_set:
+                result = cast("list[Output]", [e] * len(inputs))
+
+        outputs: list[Union[Output, Exception]] = []
+        for idx in range(len(inputs)):
+            if idx in results_map:
+                outputs.append(results_map[idx])
+            else:
+                outputs.append(result.pop(0))
+        return outputs
+
+    @override
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        return self._batch_with_config(
+            self._batch, inputs, config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    async def _abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        run_manager: list["AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun"],
+        config: list[RunnableConfig],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Union[Output, Exception]]:
+        results_map: dict[int, Output] = {}
+
+        def pending(iterable: list[U]) -> list[U]:
+            return [item for idx, item in enumerate(iterable) if idx not in results_map]
+
+        not_set: list[Output] = []
+        result = not_set
+        try:
+            async for attempt in self._async_retrying():
+                with attempt:
+                    # Get the results of the inputs that have not succeeded yet.
+                    result = await super().abatch(
+                        pending(inputs),
+                        self._patch_config_list(
+                            pending(config), pending(run_manager), attempt.retry_state
+                        ),
+                        return_exceptions=True,
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    # Register the results of the inputs that have succeeded.
+                    first_exception = None
+                    for i, r in enumerate(result):
+                        if isinstance(r, Exception):
+                            if not first_exception:
+                                first_exception = r
+                            continue
+                        results_map[i] = r
+                    # If any exception occurred, raise it, to retry the failed ones
+                    if first_exception:
+                        raise first_exception
+                if (
+                    attempt.retry_state.outcome
+                    and not attempt.retry_state.outcome.failed
+                ):
+                    attempt.retry_state.set_result(result)
+        except RetryError as e:
+            if result is not_set:
+                result = cast("list[Output]", [e] * len(inputs))
+
+        outputs: list[Union[Output, Exception]] = []
+        for idx in range(len(inputs)):
+            if idx in results_map:
+                outputs.append(results_map[idx])
+            else:
+                outputs.append(result.pop(0))
+        return outputs
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[Input],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        return await self._abatch_with_config(
+            self._abatch, inputs, config, return_exceptions=return_exceptions, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    # stream() and transform() are not retried because retrying a stream
+    # is not very intuitive.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/router.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/router.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..192c6239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/router.py
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+"""Runnable that routes to a set of Runnables."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from itertools import starmap
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.base import (
+    Runnable,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+    coerce_to_runnable,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    get_config_list,
+    get_executor_for_config,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    ConfigurableFieldSpec,
+    Input,
+    Output,
+    gather_with_concurrency,
+    get_unique_config_specs,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+
+
+class RouterInput(TypedDict):
+    """Router input.
+
+    Attributes:
+        key: The key to route on.
+        input: The input to pass to the selected Runnable.
+    """
+
+    key: str
+    input: Any
+
+
+class RouterRunnable(RunnableSerializable[RouterInput, Output]):
+    """Runnable that routes to a set of Runnables based on Input['key'].
+
+    Returns the output of the selected Runnable.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables.router import RouterRunnable
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            add = RunnableLambda(func=lambda x: x + 1)
+            square = RunnableLambda(func=lambda x: x**2)
+
+            router = RouterRunnable(runnables={"add": add, "square": square})
+            router.invoke({"key": "square", "input": 3})
+    """
+
+    runnables: Mapping[str, Runnable[Any, Output]]
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def config_specs(self) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+        return get_unique_config_specs(
+            spec for step in self.runnables.values() for spec in step.config_specs
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        runnables: Mapping[str, Union[Runnable[Any, Output], Callable[[Any], Output]]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a RouterRunnable.
+
+        Args:
+            runnables: A mapping of keys to Runnables.
+        """
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            runnables={key: coerce_to_runnable(r) for key, r in runnables.items()}
+        )
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
+        """Return whether this class is serializable."""
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
+        return ["langchain", "schema", "runnable"]
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self, input: RouterInput, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Output:
+        key = input["key"]
+        actual_input = input["input"]
+        if key not in self.runnables:
+            msg = f"No runnable associated with key '{key}'"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        runnable = self.runnables[key]
+        return runnable.invoke(actual_input, config)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: RouterInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Output:
+        key = input["key"]
+        actual_input = input["input"]
+        if key not in self.runnables:
+            msg = f"No runnable associated with key '{key}'"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        runnable = self.runnables[key]
+        return await runnable.ainvoke(actual_input, config)
+
+    @override
+    def batch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[RouterInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        keys = [input["key"] for input in inputs]
+        actual_inputs = [input["input"] for input in inputs]
+        if any(key not in self.runnables for key in keys):
+            msg = "One or more keys do not have a corresponding runnable"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        def invoke(
+            runnable: Runnable, input: Input, config: RunnableConfig
+        ) -> Union[Output, Exception]:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    return runnable.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    return e
+            else:
+                return runnable.invoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        runnables = [self.runnables[key] for key in keys]
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        with get_executor_for_config(configs[0]) as executor:
+            return cast(
+                "list[Output]",
+                list(executor.map(invoke, runnables, actual_inputs, configs)),
+            )
+
+    @override
+    async def abatch(
+        self,
+        inputs: list[RouterInput],
+        config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, list[RunnableConfig]]] = None,
+        *,
+        return_exceptions: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> list[Output]:
+        if not inputs:
+            return []
+
+        keys = [input["key"] for input in inputs]
+        actual_inputs = [input["input"] for input in inputs]
+        if any(key not in self.runnables for key in keys):
+            msg = "One or more keys do not have a corresponding runnable"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        async def ainvoke(
+            runnable: Runnable, input: Input, config: RunnableConfig
+        ) -> Union[Output, Exception]:
+            if return_exceptions:
+                try:
+                    return await runnable.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    return e
+            else:
+                return await runnable.ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        runnables = [self.runnables[key] for key in keys]
+        configs = get_config_list(config, len(inputs))
+        return await gather_with_concurrency(
+            configs[0].get("max_concurrency"),
+            *starmap(ainvoke, zip(runnables, actual_inputs, configs)),
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        input: RouterInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> Iterator[Output]:
+        key = input["key"]
+        actual_input = input["input"]
+        if key not in self.runnables:
+            msg = f"No runnable associated with key '{key}'"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        runnable = self.runnables[key]
+        yield from runnable.stream(actual_input, config)
+
+    @override
+    async def astream(
+        self,
+        input: RouterInput,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Output]:
+        key = input["key"]
+        actual_input = input["input"]
+        if key not in self.runnables:
+            msg = f"No runnable associated with key '{key}'"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        runnable = self.runnables[key]
+        async for output in runnable.astream(actual_input, config):
+            yield output
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20ad5800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+"""Module contains typedefs that are used with Runnables."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+
+class EventData(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Data associated with a streaming event."""
+
+    input: Any
+    """The input passed to the Runnable that generated the event.
+
+    Inputs will sometimes be available at the *START* of the Runnable, and
+    sometimes at the *END* of the Runnable.
+
+    If a Runnable is able to stream its inputs, then its input by definition
+    won't be known until the *END* of the Runnable when it has finished streaming
+    its inputs.
+    """
+    output: Any
+    """The output of the Runnable that generated the event.
+
+    Outputs will only be available at the *END* of the Runnable.
+
+    For most Runnables, this field can be inferred from the `chunk` field,
+    though there might be some exceptions for special cased Runnables (e.g., like
+    chat models), which may return more information.
+    """
+    chunk: Any
+    """A streaming chunk from the output that generated the event.
+
+    chunks support addition in general, and adding them up should result
+    in the output of the Runnable that generated the event.
+    """
+
+
+class BaseStreamEvent(TypedDict):
+    """Streaming event.
+
+    Schema of a streaming event which is produced from the astream_events method.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableLambda
+
+            async def reverse(s: str) -> str:
+                return s[::-1]
+
+            chain = RunnableLambda(func=reverse)
+
+            events = [event async for event in chain.astream_events("hello")]
+
+            # will produce the following events
+            # (where some fields have been omitted for brevity):
+            [
+                {
+                    "data": {"input": "hello"},
+                    "event": "on_chain_start",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "reverse",
+                    "tags": [],
+                },
+                {
+                    "data": {"chunk": "olleh"},
+                    "event": "on_chain_stream",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "reverse",
+                    "tags": [],
+                },
+                {
+                    "data": {"output": "olleh"},
+                    "event": "on_chain_end",
+                    "metadata": {},
+                    "name": "reverse",
+                    "tags": [],
+                },
+            ]
+    """
+
+    event: str
+    """Event names are of the format: on_[runnable_type]_(start|stream|end).
+
+    Runnable types are one of:
+
+    - **llm** - used by non chat models
+    - **chat_model** - used by chat models
+    - **prompt** --  e.g., ChatPromptTemplate
+    - **tool** -- from tools defined via @tool decorator or inheriting
+        from Tool/BaseTool
+    - **chain** - most Runnables are of this type
+
+    Further, the events are categorized as one of:
+
+    - **start** - when the Runnable starts
+    - **stream** - when the Runnable is streaming
+    - **end* - when the Runnable ends
+
+    start, stream and end are associated with slightly different `data` payload.
+
+    Please see the documentation for `EventData` for more details.
+    """
+    run_id: str
+    """An randomly generated ID to keep track of the execution of the given Runnable.
+
+    Each child Runnable that gets invoked as part of the execution of a parent Runnable
+    is assigned its own unique ID.
+    """
+    tags: NotRequired[list[str]]
+    """Tags associated with the Runnable that generated this event.
+
+    Tags are always inherited from parent Runnables.
+
+    Tags can either be bound to a Runnable using `.with_config({"tags":  ["hello"]})`
+    or passed at run time using `.astream_events(..., {"tags": ["hello"]})`.
+    """
+    metadata: NotRequired[dict[str, Any]]
+    """Metadata associated with the Runnable that generated this event.
+
+    Metadata can either be bound to a Runnable using
+
+        `.with_config({"metadata": { "foo": "bar" }})`
+
+    or passed at run time using
+
+        `.astream_events(..., {"metadata": {"foo": "bar"}})`.
+    """
+
+    parent_ids: Sequence[str]
+    """A list of the parent IDs associated with this event.
+
+    Root Events will have an empty list.
+
+    For example, if a Runnable A calls Runnable B, then the event generated by Runnable
+    B will have Runnable A's ID in the parent_ids field.
+
+    The order of the parent IDs is from the root parent to the immediate parent.
+
+    Only supported as of v2 of the astream events API. v1 will return an empty list.
+    """
+
+
+class StandardStreamEvent(BaseStreamEvent):
+    """A standard stream event that follows LangChain convention for event data."""
+
+    data: EventData
+    """Event data.
+
+    The contents of the event data depend on the event type.
+    """
+    name: str
+    """The name of the Runnable that generated the event."""
+
+
+class CustomStreamEvent(BaseStreamEvent):
+    """Custom stream event created by the user.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.15
+    """
+
+    # Overwrite the event field to be more specific.
+    event: Literal["on_custom_event"]  # type: ignore[misc]
+    """The event type."""
+    name: str
+    """User defined name for the event."""
+    data: Any
+    """The data associated with the event. Free form and can be anything."""
+
+
+StreamEvent = Union[StandardStreamEvent, CustomStreamEvent]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9fd1b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/runnables/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,798 @@
+"""Utility code for runnables."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import textwrap
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from contextvars import Context
+from functools import lru_cache
+from inspect import signature
+from itertools import groupby
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard, override
+
+# Re-export create-model for backwards compatibility
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import create_model  # noqa: F401
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import (
+        AsyncIterable,
+        AsyncIterator,
+        Awaitable,
+        Coroutine,
+        Iterable,
+    )
+
+    from langchain_core.runnables.schema import StreamEvent
+
+Input = TypeVar("Input", contravariant=True)  # noqa: PLC0105
+# Output type should implement __concat__, as eg str, list, dict do
+Output = TypeVar("Output", covariant=True)  # noqa: PLC0105
+
+
+async def gated_coro(semaphore: asyncio.Semaphore, coro: Coroutine) -> Any:
+    """Run a coroutine with a semaphore.
+
+    Args:
+        semaphore: The semaphore to use.
+        coro: The coroutine to run.
+
+    Returns:
+        The result of the coroutine.
+    """
+    async with semaphore:
+        return await coro
+
+
+async def gather_with_concurrency(n: Union[int, None], *coros: Coroutine) -> list:
+    """Gather coroutines with a limit on the number of concurrent coroutines.
+
+    Args:
+        n: The number of coroutines to run concurrently.
+        *coros: The coroutines to run.
+
+    Returns:
+        The results of the coroutines.
+    """
+    if n is None:
+        return await asyncio.gather(*coros)
+
+    semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(n)
+
+    return await asyncio.gather(*(gated_coro(semaphore, c) for c in coros))
+
+
+def accepts_run_manager(callable: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    """Check if a callable accepts a run_manager argument.
+
+    Args:
+        callable: The callable to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the callable accepts a run_manager argument, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        return signature(callable).parameters.get("run_manager") is not None
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
+def accepts_config(callable: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    """Check if a callable accepts a config argument.
+
+    Args:
+        callable: The callable to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the callable accepts a config argument, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        return signature(callable).parameters.get("config") is not None
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
+def accepts_context(callable: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    """Check if a callable accepts a context argument.
+
+    Args:
+        callable: The callable to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the callable accepts a context argument, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        return signature(callable).parameters.get("context") is not None
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def asyncio_accepts_context() -> bool:
+    """Cache the result of checking if asyncio.create_task accepts a ``context`` arg."""
+    return accepts_context(asyncio.create_task)
+
+
+def coro_with_context(
+    coro: Awaitable[Any], context: Context, *, create_task: bool = False
+) -> Awaitable[Any]:
+    """Await a coroutine with a context.
+
+    Args:
+        coro: The coroutine to await.
+        context: The context to use.
+        create_task: Whether to create a task. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        The coroutine with the context.
+    """
+    if asyncio_accepts_context():
+        return asyncio.create_task(coro, context=context)  # type: ignore[arg-type,call-arg,unused-ignore]
+    if create_task:
+        return asyncio.create_task(coro)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return coro
+
+
+class IsLocalDict(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Check if a name is a local dict."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, keys: set[str]) -> None:
+        """Initialize the visitor.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name to check.
+            keys: The keys to populate.
+        """
+        self.name = name
+        self.keys = keys
+
+    @override
+    def visit_Subscript(self, node: ast.Subscript) -> Any:
+        """Visit a subscript node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Load)
+            and isinstance(node.value, ast.Name)
+            and node.value.id == self.name
+            and isinstance(node.slice, ast.Constant)
+            and isinstance(node.slice.value, str)
+        ):
+            # we've found a subscript access on the name we're looking for
+            self.keys.add(node.slice.value)
+
+    @override
+    def visit_Call(self, node: ast.Call) -> Any:
+        """Visit a call node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(node.func, ast.Attribute)
+            and isinstance(node.func.value, ast.Name)
+            and node.func.value.id == self.name
+            and node.func.attr == "get"
+            and len(node.args) in (1, 2)
+            and isinstance(node.args[0], ast.Constant)
+            and isinstance(node.args[0].value, str)
+        ):
+            # we've found a .get() call on the name we're looking for
+            self.keys.add(node.args[0].value)
+
+
+class IsFunctionArgDict(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Check if the first argument of a function is a dict."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Create a IsFunctionArgDict visitor."""
+        self.keys: set[str] = set()
+
+    @override
+    def visit_Lambda(self, node: ast.Lambda) -> Any:
+        """Visit a lambda function.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        if not node.args.args:
+            return
+        input_arg_name = node.args.args[0].arg
+        IsLocalDict(input_arg_name, self.keys).visit(node.body)
+
+    @override
+    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node: ast.FunctionDef) -> Any:
+        """Visit a function definition.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        if not node.args.args:
+            return
+        input_arg_name = node.args.args[0].arg
+        IsLocalDict(input_arg_name, self.keys).visit(node)
+
+    @override
+    def visit_AsyncFunctionDef(self, node: ast.AsyncFunctionDef) -> Any:
+        """Visit an async function definition.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        if not node.args.args:
+            return
+        input_arg_name = node.args.args[0].arg
+        IsLocalDict(input_arg_name, self.keys).visit(node)
+
+
+class NonLocals(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Get nonlocal variables accessed."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Create a NonLocals visitor."""
+        self.loads: set[str] = set()
+        self.stores: set[str] = set()
+
+    @override
+    def visit_Name(self, node: ast.Name) -> Any:
+        """Visit a name node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        if isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Load):
+            self.loads.add(node.id)
+        elif isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Store):
+            self.stores.add(node.id)
+
+    @override
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node: ast.Attribute) -> Any:
+        """Visit an attribute node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        if isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Load):
+            parent = node.value
+            attr_expr = node.attr
+            while isinstance(parent, ast.Attribute):
+                attr_expr = parent.attr + "." + attr_expr
+                parent = parent.value
+            if isinstance(parent, ast.Name):
+                self.loads.add(parent.id + "." + attr_expr)
+                self.loads.discard(parent.id)
+            elif isinstance(parent, ast.Call):
+                if isinstance(parent.func, ast.Name):
+                    self.loads.add(parent.func.id)
+                else:
+                    parent = parent.func
+                    attr_expr = ""
+                    while isinstance(parent, ast.Attribute):
+                        if attr_expr:
+                            attr_expr = parent.attr + "." + attr_expr
+                        else:
+                            attr_expr = parent.attr
+                        parent = parent.value
+                    if isinstance(parent, ast.Name):
+                        self.loads.add(parent.id + "." + attr_expr)
+
+
+class FunctionNonLocals(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Get the nonlocal variables accessed of a function."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Create a FunctionNonLocals visitor."""
+        self.nonlocals: set[str] = set()
+
+    @override
+    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node: ast.FunctionDef) -> Any:
+        """Visit a function definition.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        visitor = NonLocals()
+        visitor.visit(node)
+        self.nonlocals.update(visitor.loads - visitor.stores)
+
+    @override
+    def visit_AsyncFunctionDef(self, node: ast.AsyncFunctionDef) -> Any:
+        """Visit an async function definition.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        visitor = NonLocals()
+        visitor.visit(node)
+        self.nonlocals.update(visitor.loads - visitor.stores)
+
+    @override
+    def visit_Lambda(self, node: ast.Lambda) -> Any:
+        """Visit a lambda function.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        visitor = NonLocals()
+        visitor.visit(node)
+        self.nonlocals.update(visitor.loads - visitor.stores)
+
+
+class GetLambdaSource(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    """Get the source code of a lambda function."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the visitor."""
+        self.source: Optional[str] = None
+        self.count = 0
+
+    @override
+    def visit_Lambda(self, node: ast.Lambda) -> Any:
+        """Visit a lambda function.
+
+        Args:
+            node: The node to visit.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The result of the visit.
+        """
+        self.count += 1
+        if hasattr(ast, "unparse"):
+            self.source = ast.unparse(node)
+
+
+def get_function_first_arg_dict_keys(func: Callable) -> Optional[list[str]]:
+    """Get the keys of the first argument of a function if it is a dict.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        Optional[list[str]]: The keys of the first argument if it is a dict,
+            None otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        code = inspect.getsource(func)
+        tree = ast.parse(textwrap.dedent(code))
+        visitor = IsFunctionArgDict()
+        visitor.visit(tree)
+        return sorted(visitor.keys) if visitor.keys else None
+    except (SyntaxError, TypeError, OSError, SystemError):
+        return None
+
+
+def get_lambda_source(func: Callable) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Get the source code of a lambda function.
+
+    Args:
+        func: a Callable that can be a lambda function.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: the source code of the lambda function.
+    """
+    try:
+        name = func.__name__ if func.__name__ != "<lambda>" else None
+    except AttributeError:
+        name = None
+    try:
+        code = inspect.getsource(func)
+        tree = ast.parse(textwrap.dedent(code))
+        visitor = GetLambdaSource()
+        visitor.visit(tree)
+    except (SyntaxError, TypeError, OSError, SystemError):
+        return name
+    return visitor.source if visitor.count == 1 else name
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=256)
+def get_function_nonlocals(func: Callable) -> list[Any]:
+    """Get the nonlocal variables accessed by a function.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[Any]: The nonlocal variables accessed by the function.
+    """
+    try:
+        code = inspect.getsource(func)
+        tree = ast.parse(textwrap.dedent(code))
+        visitor = FunctionNonLocals()
+        visitor.visit(tree)
+        values: list[Any] = []
+        closure = (
+            inspect.getclosurevars(func.__wrapped__)
+            if hasattr(func, "__wrapped__") and callable(func.__wrapped__)
+            else inspect.getclosurevars(func)
+        )
+        candidates = {**closure.globals, **closure.nonlocals}
+        for k, v in candidates.items():
+            if k in visitor.nonlocals:
+                values.append(v)
+            for kk in visitor.nonlocals:
+                if "." in kk and kk.startswith(k):
+                    vv = v
+                    for part in kk.split(".")[1:]:
+                        if vv is None:
+                            break
+                        try:
+                            vv = getattr(vv, part)
+                        except AttributeError:
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        values.append(vv)
+    except (SyntaxError, TypeError, OSError, SystemError):
+        return []
+
+    return values
+
+
+def indent_lines_after_first(text: str, prefix: str) -> str:
+    """Indent all lines of text after the first line.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The text to indent.
+        prefix: Used to determine the number of spaces to indent.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The indented text.
+    """
+    n_spaces = len(prefix)
+    spaces = " " * n_spaces
+    lines = text.splitlines()
+    return "\n".join([lines[0]] + [spaces + line for line in lines[1:]])
+
+
+class AddableDict(dict[str, Any]):
+    """Dictionary that can be added to another dictionary."""
+
+    def __add__(self, other: AddableDict) -> AddableDict:
+        """Add a dictionary to this dictionary.
+
+        Args:
+            other: The other dictionary to add.
+        """
+        chunk = AddableDict(self)
+        for key in other:
+            if key not in chunk or chunk[key] is None:
+                chunk[key] = other[key]
+            elif other[key] is not None:
+                try:
+                    added = chunk[key] + other[key]
+                except TypeError:
+                    added = other[key]
+                chunk[key] = added
+        return chunk
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: AddableDict) -> AddableDict:
+        """Add this dictionary to another dictionary.
+
+        Args:
+            other: The other dictionary to be added to.
+        """
+        chunk = AddableDict(other)
+        for key in self:
+            if key not in chunk or chunk[key] is None:
+                chunk[key] = self[key]
+            elif self[key] is not None:
+                try:
+                    added = chunk[key] + self[key]
+                except TypeError:
+                    added = self[key]
+                chunk[key] = added
+        return chunk
+
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+_T_contra = TypeVar("_T_contra", contravariant=True)
+
+
+class SupportsAdd(Protocol[_T_contra, _T_co]):
+    """Protocol for objects that support addition."""
+
+    def __add__(self, x: _T_contra, /) -> _T_co:
+        """Add the object to another object."""
+
+
+Addable = TypeVar("Addable", bound=SupportsAdd[Any, Any])
+
+
+def add(addables: Iterable[Addable]) -> Optional[Addable]:
+    """Add a sequence of addable objects together.
+
+    Args:
+        addables: The addable objects to add.
+
+    Returns:
+        Optional[Addable]: The result of adding the addable objects.
+    """
+    final: Optional[Addable] = None
+    for chunk in addables:
+        final = chunk if final is None else final + chunk
+    return final
+
+
+async def aadd(addables: AsyncIterable[Addable]) -> Optional[Addable]:
+    """Asynchronously add a sequence of addable objects together.
+
+    Args:
+        addables: The addable objects to add.
+
+    Returns:
+        Optional[Addable]: The result of adding the addable objects.
+    """
+    final: Optional[Addable] = None
+    async for chunk in addables:
+        final = chunk if final is None else final + chunk
+    return final
+
+
+class ConfigurableField(NamedTuple):
+    """Field that can be configured by the user.
+
+    Parameters:
+        id: The unique identifier of the field.
+        name: The name of the field. Defaults to None.
+        description: The description of the field. Defaults to None.
+        annotation: The annotation of the field. Defaults to None.
+        is_shared: Whether the field is shared. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    id: str
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    annotation: Optional[Any] = None
+    is_shared: bool = False
+
+    @override
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.id, self.annotation))
+
+
+class ConfigurableFieldSingleOption(NamedTuple):
+    """Field that can be configured by the user with a default value.
+
+    Parameters:
+        id: The unique identifier of the field.
+        options: The options for the field.
+        default: The default value for the field.
+        name: The name of the field. Defaults to None.
+        description: The description of the field. Defaults to None.
+        is_shared: Whether the field is shared. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    id: str
+    options: Mapping[str, Any]
+    default: str
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    is_shared: bool = False
+
+    @override
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.id, tuple(self.options.keys()), self.default))
+
+
+class ConfigurableFieldMultiOption(NamedTuple):
+    """Field that can be configured by the user with multiple default values.
+
+    Parameters:
+        id: The unique identifier of the field.
+        options: The options for the field.
+        default: The default values for the field.
+        name: The name of the field. Defaults to None.
+        description: The description of the field. Defaults to None.
+        is_shared: Whether the field is shared. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    id: str
+    options: Mapping[str, Any]
+    default: Sequence[str]
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    is_shared: bool = False
+
+    @override
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.id, tuple(self.options.keys()), tuple(self.default)))
+
+
+AnyConfigurableField = Union[
+    ConfigurableField, ConfigurableFieldSingleOption, ConfigurableFieldMultiOption
+]
+
+
+class ConfigurableFieldSpec(NamedTuple):
+    """Field that can be configured by the user. It is a specification of a field.
+
+    Parameters:
+        id: The unique identifier of the field.
+        annotation: The annotation of the field.
+        name: The name of the field. Defaults to None.
+        description: The description of the field. Defaults to None.
+        default: The default value for the field. Defaults to None.
+        is_shared: Whether the field is shared. Defaults to False.
+        dependencies: The dependencies of the field. Defaults to None.
+    """
+
+    id: str
+    annotation: Any
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    default: Any = None
+    is_shared: bool = False
+    dependencies: Optional[list[str]] = None
+
+
+def get_unique_config_specs(
+    specs: Iterable[ConfigurableFieldSpec],
+) -> list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]:
+    """Get the unique config specs from a sequence of config specs.
+
+    Args:
+        specs: The config specs.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[ConfigurableFieldSpec]: The unique config specs.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the runnable sequence contains conflicting config specs.
+    """
+    grouped = groupby(
+        sorted(specs, key=lambda s: (s.id, *(s.dependencies or []))), lambda s: s.id
+    )
+    unique: list[ConfigurableFieldSpec] = []
+    for id, dupes in grouped:
+        first = next(dupes)
+        others = list(dupes)
+        if len(others) == 0 or all(o == first for o in others):
+            unique.append(first)
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "RunnableSequence contains conflicting config specs"
+                f"for {id}: {[first] + others}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+    return unique
+
+
+class _RootEventFilter:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Utility to filter the root event in the astream_events implementation.
+
+        This is simply binding the arguments to the namespace to make save on
+        a bit of typing in the astream_events implementation.
+        """
+        self.include_names = include_names
+        self.include_types = include_types
+        self.include_tags = include_tags
+        self.exclude_names = exclude_names
+        self.exclude_types = exclude_types
+        self.exclude_tags = exclude_tags
+
+    def include_event(self, event: StreamEvent, root_type: str) -> bool:
+        """Determine whether to include an event."""
+        if (
+            self.include_names is None
+            and self.include_types is None
+            and self.include_tags is None
+        ):
+            include = True
+        else:
+            include = False
+
+        event_tags = event.get("tags") or []
+
+        if self.include_names is not None:
+            include = include or event["name"] in self.include_names
+        if self.include_types is not None:
+            include = include or root_type in self.include_types
+        if self.include_tags is not None:
+            include = include or any(tag in self.include_tags for tag in event_tags)
+
+        if self.exclude_names is not None:
+            include = include and event["name"] not in self.exclude_names
+        if self.exclude_types is not None:
+            include = include and root_type not in self.exclude_types
+        if self.exclude_tags is not None:
+            include = include and all(
+                tag not in self.exclude_tags for tag in event_tags
+            )
+
+        return include
+
+
+def is_async_generator(
+    func: Any,
+) -> TypeGuard[Callable[..., AsyncIterator]]:
+    """Check if a function is an async generator.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        TypeGuard[Callable[..., AsyncIterator]: True if the function is
+            an async generator, False otherwise.
+    """
+    return (
+        inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func)
+        or hasattr(func, "__call__")  # noqa: B004
+        and inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func.__call__)
+    )
+
+
+def is_async_callable(
+    func: Any,
+) -> TypeGuard[Callable[..., Awaitable]]:
+    """Check if a function is async.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        TypeGuard[Callable[..., Awaitable]: True if the function is async,
+            False otherwise.
+    """
+    return (
+        asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func)
+        or hasattr(func, "__call__")  # noqa: B004
+        and asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func.__call__)
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/stores.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/stores.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d40a633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/stores.py
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+"""**Store** implements the key-value stores and storage helpers.
+
+Module provides implementations of various key-value stores that conform
+to a simple key-value interface.
+
+The primary goal of these storages is to support implementation of caching.
+"""
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Generic,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import LangChainException
+from langchain_core.runnables import run_in_executor
+
+K = TypeVar("K")
+V = TypeVar("V")
+
+
+class BaseStore(Generic[K, V], ABC):
+    """Abstract interface for a key-value store.
+
+    This is an interface that's meant to abstract away the details of
+    different key-value stores. It provides a simple interface for
+    getting, setting, and deleting key-value pairs.
+
+    The basic methods are `mget`, `mset`, and `mdelete` for getting,
+    setting, and deleting multiple key-value pairs at once. The `yield_keys`
+    method is used to iterate over keys that match a given prefix.
+
+    The async versions of these methods are also provided, which are
+    meant to be used in async contexts. The async methods are named with
+    an `a` prefix, e.g., `amget`, `amset`, `amdelete`, and `ayield_keys`.
+
+    By default, the `amget`, `amset`, `amdelete`, and `ayield_keys` methods
+    are implemented using the synchronous methods. If the store can natively
+    support async  operations, it should override these methods.
+
+    By design the methods only accept batches of keys and values, and not
+    single keys or values. This is done to force user code to work with batches
+    which will usually be more efficient by saving on round trips to the store.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.storage import BaseStore
+
+            class MyInMemoryStore(BaseStore[str, int]):
+
+                def __init__(self):
+                    self.store = {}
+
+                def mget(self, keys):
+                    return [self.store.get(key) for key in keys]
+
+                def mset(self, key_value_pairs):
+                    for key, value in key_value_pairs:
+                        self.store[key] = value
+
+                def mdelete(self, keys):
+                    for key in keys:
+                        if key in self.store:
+                            del self.store[key]
+
+                def yield_keys(self, prefix=None):
+                    if prefix is None:
+                        yield from self.store.keys()
+                    else:
+                        for key in self.store.keys():
+                            if key.startswith(prefix):
+                                yield key
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def mget(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> list[Optional[V]]:
+        """Get the values associated with the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[K]): A sequence of keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of optional values associated with the keys.
+            If a key is not found, the corresponding value will be None.
+        """
+
+    async def amget(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> list[Optional[V]]:
+        """Async get the values associated with the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[K]): A sequence of keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of optional values associated with the keys.
+            If a key is not found, the corresponding value will be None.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.mget, keys)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def mset(self, key_value_pairs: Sequence[tuple[K, V]]) -> None:
+        """Set the values for the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            key_value_pairs (Sequence[tuple[K, V]]): A sequence of key-value pairs.
+        """
+
+    async def amset(self, key_value_pairs: Sequence[tuple[K, V]]) -> None:
+        """Async set the values for the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            key_value_pairs (Sequence[tuple[K, V]]): A sequence of key-value pairs.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.mset, key_value_pairs)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def mdelete(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> None:
+        """Delete the given keys and their associated values.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[K]): A sequence of keys to delete.
+        """
+
+    async def amdelete(self, keys: Sequence[K]) -> None:
+        """Async delete the given keys and their associated values.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[K]): A sequence of keys to delete.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.mdelete, keys)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def yield_keys(
+        self, *, prefix: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Union[Iterator[K], Iterator[str]]:
+        """Get an iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+
+        Args:
+            prefix (str): The prefix to match.
+
+        Yields:
+            Iterator[K | str]: An iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+            This method is allowed to return an iterator over either K or str
+            depending on what makes more sense for the given store.
+        """
+
+    async def ayield_keys(
+        self, *, prefix: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Union[AsyncIterator[K], AsyncIterator[str]]:
+        """Async get an iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+
+        Args:
+            prefix (str): The prefix to match.
+
+        Yields:
+            Iterator[K | str]: An iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+            This method is allowed to return an iterator over either K or str
+            depending on what makes more sense for the given store.
+        """
+        iterator = await run_in_executor(None, self.yield_keys, prefix=prefix)
+        done = object()
+        while True:
+            item = await run_in_executor(None, lambda it: next(it, done), iterator)
+            if item is done:
+                break
+            yield item  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+ByteStore = BaseStore[str, bytes]
+
+
+class InMemoryBaseStore(BaseStore[str, V], Generic[V]):
+    """In-memory implementation of the BaseStore using a dictionary."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize an empty store."""
+        self.store: dict[str, V] = {}
+
+    def mget(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[Optional[V]]:
+        """Get the values associated with the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[str]): A sequence of keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of optional values associated with the keys.
+            If a key is not found, the corresponding value will be None.
+        """
+        return [self.store.get(key) for key in keys]
+
+    async def amget(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> list[Optional[V]]:
+        """Async get the values associated with the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[str]): A sequence of keys.
+
+        Returns:
+            A sequence of optional values associated with the keys.
+            If a key is not found, the corresponding value will be None.
+        """
+        return self.mget(keys)
+
+    def mset(self, key_value_pairs: Sequence[tuple[str, V]]) -> None:
+        """Set the values for the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            key_value_pairs (Sequence[tuple[str, V]]): A sequence of key-value pairs.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        for key, value in key_value_pairs:
+            self.store[key] = value
+
+    async def amset(self, key_value_pairs: Sequence[tuple[str, V]]) -> None:
+        """Async set the values for the given keys.
+
+        Args:
+            key_value_pairs (Sequence[tuple[str, V]]): A sequence of key-value pairs.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        return self.mset(key_value_pairs)
+
+    def mdelete(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Delete the given keys and their associated values.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[str]): A sequence of keys to delete.
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in self.store:
+                del self.store[key]
+
+    async def amdelete(self, keys: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        """Async delete the given keys and their associated values.
+
+        Args:
+            keys (Sequence[str]): A sequence of keys to delete.
+        """
+        self.mdelete(keys)
+
+    def yield_keys(self, prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """Get an iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+
+        Args:
+            prefix (str, optional): The prefix to match. Defaults to None.
+
+        Yields:
+            Iterator[str]: An iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+        """
+        if prefix is None:
+            yield from self.store.keys()
+        else:
+            for key in self.store:
+                if key.startswith(prefix):
+                    yield key
+
+    async def ayield_keys(self, prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        """Async get an async iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+
+        Args:
+            prefix (str, optional): The prefix to match. Defaults to None.
+
+        Yields:
+            AsyncIterator[str]: An async iterator over keys that match the given prefix.
+        """
+        if prefix is None:
+            for key in self.store:
+                yield key
+        else:
+            for key in self.store:
+                if key.startswith(prefix):
+                    yield key
+
+
+class InMemoryStore(InMemoryBaseStore[Any]):
+    """In-memory store for any type of data.
+
+    Attributes:
+        store (dict[str, Any]): The underlying dictionary that stores
+            the key-value pairs.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.storage import InMemoryStore
+
+            store = InMemoryStore()
+            store.mset([('key1', 'value1'), ('key2', 'value2')])
+            store.mget(['key1', 'key2'])
+            # ['value1', 'value2']
+            store.mdelete(['key1'])
+            list(store.yield_keys())
+            # ['key2']
+            list(store.yield_keys(prefix='k'))
+            # ['key2']
+    """
+
+
+class InMemoryByteStore(InMemoryBaseStore[bytes]):
+    """In-memory store for bytes.
+
+    Attributes:
+        store (dict[str, bytes]): The underlying dictionary that stores
+            the key-value pairs.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain.storage import InMemoryByteStore
+
+            store = InMemoryByteStore()
+            store.mset([('key1', b'value1'), ('key2', b'value2')])
+            store.mget(['key1', 'key2'])
+            # [b'value1', b'value2']
+            store.mdelete(['key1'])
+            list(store.yield_keys())
+            # ['key2']
+            list(store.yield_keys(prefix='k'))
+            # ['key2']
+    """
+
+
+class InvalidKeyException(LangChainException):
+    """Raised when a key is invalid; e.g., uses incorrect characters."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/structured_query.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/structured_query.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..746174e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/structured_query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+"""Internal representation of a structured query language."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+
+class Visitor(ABC):
+    """Defines interface for IR translation using a visitor pattern."""
+
+    allowed_comparators: Optional[Sequence[Comparator]] = None
+    """Allowed comparators for the visitor."""
+    allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]] = None
+    """Allowed operators for the visitor."""
+
+    def _validate_func(self, func: Union[Operator, Comparator]) -> None:
+        if (
+            isinstance(func, Operator)
+            and self.allowed_operators is not None
+            and func not in self.allowed_operators
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                f"Received disallowed operator {func}. Allowed "
+                f"comparators are {self.allowed_operators}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if (
+            isinstance(func, Comparator)
+            and self.allowed_comparators is not None
+            and func not in self.allowed_comparators
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                f"Received disallowed comparator {func}. Allowed "
+                f"comparators are {self.allowed_comparators}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def visit_operation(self, operation: Operation) -> Any:
+        """Translate an Operation.
+
+        Args:
+            operation: Operation to translate.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def visit_comparison(self, comparison: Comparison) -> Any:
+        """Translate a Comparison.
+
+        Args:
+            comparison: Comparison to translate.
+        """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def visit_structured_query(self, structured_query: StructuredQuery) -> Any:
+        """Translate a StructuredQuery.
+
+        Args:
+            structured_query: StructuredQuery to translate.
+        """
+
+
+def _to_snake_case(name: str) -> str:
+    """Convert a name into snake_case."""
+    snake_case = ""
+    for i, char in enumerate(name):
+        if char.isupper() and i != 0:
+            snake_case += "_" + char.lower()
+        else:
+            snake_case += char.lower()
+    return snake_case
+
+
+class Expr(BaseModel):
+    """Base class for all expressions."""
+
+    def accept(self, visitor: Visitor) -> Any:
+        """Accept a visitor.
+
+        Args:
+            visitor: visitor to accept.
+
+        Returns:
+            result of visiting.
+        """
+        return getattr(visitor, f"visit_{_to_snake_case(self.__class__.__name__)}")(
+            self
+        )
+
+
+class Operator(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the operations."""
+
+    AND = "and"
+    OR = "or"
+    NOT = "not"
+
+
+class Comparator(str, Enum):
+    """Enumerator of the comparison operators."""
+
+    EQ = "eq"
+    NE = "ne"
+    GT = "gt"
+    GTE = "gte"
+    LT = "lt"
+    LTE = "lte"
+    CONTAIN = "contain"
+    LIKE = "like"
+    IN = "in"
+    NIN = "nin"
+
+
+class FilterDirective(Expr, ABC):
+    """Filtering expression."""
+
+
+class Comparison(FilterDirective):
+    """Comparison to a value."""
+
+    comparator: Comparator
+    """The comparator to use."""
+    attribute: str
+    """The attribute to compare."""
+    value: Any
+    """The value to compare to."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, comparator: Comparator, attribute: str, value: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a Comparison.
+
+        Args:
+            comparator: The comparator to use.
+            attribute: The attribute to compare.
+            value: The value to compare to.
+        """
+        # super exists from BaseModel
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            comparator=comparator, attribute=attribute, value=value, **kwargs
+        )
+
+
+class Operation(FilterDirective):
+    """Logical operation over other directives."""
+
+    operator: Operator
+    """The operator to use."""
+    arguments: list[FilterDirective]
+    """The arguments to the operator."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, operator: Operator, arguments: list[FilterDirective], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create an Operation.
+
+        Args:
+            operator: The operator to use.
+            arguments: The arguments to the operator.
+        """
+        # super exists from BaseModel
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            operator=operator, arguments=arguments, **kwargs
+        )
+
+
+class StructuredQuery(Expr):
+    """Structured query."""
+
+    query: str
+    """Query string."""
+    filter: Optional[FilterDirective]
+    """Filtering expression."""
+    limit: Optional[int]
+    """Limit on the number of results."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        filter: Optional[FilterDirective],
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a StructuredQuery.
+
+        Args:
+            query: The query string.
+            filter: The filtering expression.
+            limit: The limit on the number of results.
+        """
+        # super exists from BaseModel
+        super().__init__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            query=query, filter=filter, limit=limit, **kwargs
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/sys_info.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/sys_info.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38d53e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/sys_info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+"""**sys_info** prints information about the system and langchain packages for debugging purposes."""  # noqa: E501
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+
+def _get_sub_deps(packages: Sequence[str]) -> list[str]:
+    """Get any specified sub-dependencies."""
+    from importlib import metadata
+
+    sub_deps = set()
+    _underscored_packages = {pkg.replace("-", "_") for pkg in packages}
+
+    for pkg in packages:
+        try:
+            required = metadata.requires(pkg)
+        except metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+            continue
+
+        if not required:
+            continue
+
+        for req in required:
+            cleaned_req = req.split(" ")[0]
+            if cleaned_req.replace("-", "_") not in _underscored_packages:
+                sub_deps.add(cleaned_req)
+
+    return sorted(sub_deps, key=lambda x: x.lower())
+
+
+def print_sys_info(*, additional_pkgs: Sequence[str] = ()) -> None:
+    """Print information about the environment for debugging purposes.
+
+    Args:
+        additional_pkgs: Additional packages to include in the output.
+    """
+    import pkgutil
+    import platform
+    import sys
+    from importlib import metadata, util
+
+    # Packages that do not start with "langchain" prefix.
+    other_langchain_packages = [
+        "langserve",
+        "langsmith",
+    ]
+
+    langchain_pkgs = [
+        name for _, name, _ in pkgutil.iter_modules() if name.startswith("langchain")
+    ]
+
+    langgraph_pkgs = [
+        name for _, name, _ in pkgutil.iter_modules() if name.startswith("langgraph")
+    ]
+
+    all_packages = sorted(
+        set(
+            langchain_pkgs
+            + langgraph_pkgs
+            + other_langchain_packages
+            + list(additional_pkgs)
+        )
+    )
+
+    # Always surface these packages to the top
+    order_by = ["langchain_core", "langchain", "langchain_community", "langsmith"]
+
+    for pkg in reversed(order_by):
+        if pkg in all_packages:
+            all_packages.remove(pkg)
+            all_packages = [pkg] + list(all_packages)
+
+    system_info = {
+        "OS": platform.system(),
+        "OS Version": platform.version(),
+        "Python Version": sys.version,
+    }
+    print()  # noqa: T201
+    print("System Information")  # noqa: T201
+    print("------------------")  # noqa: T201
+    print("> OS: ", system_info["OS"])  # noqa: T201
+    print("> OS Version: ", system_info["OS Version"])  # noqa: T201
+    print("> Python Version: ", system_info["Python Version"])  # noqa: T201
+
+    # Print out only langchain packages
+    print()  # noqa: T201
+    print("Package Information")  # noqa: T201
+    print("-------------------")  # noqa: T201
+
+    not_installed = []
+
+    for pkg in all_packages:
+        try:
+            found_package = util.find_spec(pkg)
+        except Exception:
+            found_package = None
+        if found_package is None:
+            not_installed.append(pkg)
+            continue
+
+        # Package version
+        try:
+            package_version = metadata.version(pkg)
+        except Exception:
+            package_version = None
+
+        # Print package with version
+        if package_version is not None:
+            print(f"> {pkg}: {package_version}")  # noqa: T201
+        else:
+            print(f"> {pkg}: Installed. No version info available.")  # noqa: T201
+
+    if not_installed:
+        print()  # noqa: T201
+        print("Optional packages not installed")  # noqa: T201
+        print("-------------------------------")  # noqa: T201
+        for pkg in not_installed:
+            print(f"> {pkg}")  # noqa: T201
+
+    sub_dependencies = _get_sub_deps(all_packages)
+
+    if sub_dependencies:
+        print()  # noqa: T201
+        print("Other Dependencies")  # noqa: T201
+        print("------------------")  # noqa: T201
+
+        for dep in sub_dependencies:
+            try:
+                dep_version = metadata.version(dep)
+                print(f"> {dep}: {dep_version}")  # noqa: T201
+            except Exception:
+                print(f"> {dep}: Installed. No version info available.")  # noqa: T201
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print_sys_info()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f13b3167
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+"""**Tools** are classes that an Agent uses to interact with the world.
+
+Each tool has a **description**. Agent uses the description to choose the right
+tool for the job.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    RunnableSerializable --> BaseTool --> <name>Tool  # Examples: AIPluginTool, BaseGraphQLTool
+                                          <name>      # Examples: BraveSearch, HumanInputRun
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun, AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.tools.base import (
+        FILTERED_ARGS,
+        ArgsSchema,
+        BaseTool,
+        BaseToolkit,
+        InjectedToolArg,
+        InjectedToolCallId,
+        SchemaAnnotationError,
+        ToolException,
+        _get_runnable_config_param,
+        create_schema_from_function,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.tools.convert import (
+        convert_runnable_to_tool,
+        tool,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.tools.render import (
+        ToolsRenderer,
+        render_text_description,
+        render_text_description_and_args,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.tools.retriever import (
+        RetrieverInput,
+        create_retriever_tool,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.tools.simple import Tool
+    from langchain_core.tools.structured import StructuredTool
+
+__all__ = (
+    "ArgsSchema",
+    "BaseTool",
+    "BaseToolkit",
+    "FILTERED_ARGS",
+    "SchemaAnnotationError",
+    "ToolException",
+    "InjectedToolArg",
+    "InjectedToolCallId",
+    "_get_runnable_config_param",
+    "create_schema_from_function",
+    "convert_runnable_to_tool",
+    "tool",
+    "ToolsRenderer",
+    "render_text_description",
+    "render_text_description_and_args",
+    "RetrieverInput",
+    "create_retriever_tool",
+    "Tool",
+    "StructuredTool",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "FILTERED_ARGS": "base",
+    "ArgsSchema": "base",
+    "BaseTool": "base",
+    "BaseToolkit": "base",
+    "InjectedToolArg": "base",
+    "InjectedToolCallId": "base",
+    "SchemaAnnotationError": "base",
+    "ToolException": "base",
+    "_get_runnable_config_param": "base",
+    "create_schema_from_function": "base",
+    "convert_runnable_to_tool": "convert",
+    "tool": "convert",
+    "ToolsRenderer": "render",
+    "render_text_description": "render",
+    "render_text_description_and_args": "render",
+    "RetrieverInput": "retriever",
+    "create_retriever_tool": "retriever",
+    "Tool": "simple",
+    "StructuredTool": "structured",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..daee8604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1162 @@
+"""Base for Tools."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import inspect
+import json
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from inspect import signature
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    get_type_hints,
+)
+
+from pydantic import (
+    BaseModel,
+    ConfigDict,
+    Field,
+    PydanticDeprecationWarning,
+    SkipValidation,
+    ValidationError,
+    model_validator,
+    validate_arguments,
+)
+from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+from pydantic.v1 import ValidationError as ValidationErrorV1
+from pydantic.v1 import validate_arguments as validate_arguments_v1
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManager,
+    BaseCallbackManager,
+    CallbackManager,
+    Callbacks,
+)
+from langchain_core.messages.tool import ToolCall, ToolMessage, ToolOutputMixin
+from langchain_core.runnables import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    RunnableSerializable,
+    ensure_config,
+    patch_config,
+    run_in_executor,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import set_config_context
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import coro_with_context
+from langchain_core.utils.function_calling import (
+    _parse_google_docstring,
+    _py_38_safe_origin,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import (
+    TypeBaseModel,
+    _create_subset_model,
+    get_fields,
+    is_basemodel_subclass,
+    is_pydantic_v1_subclass,
+    is_pydantic_v2_subclass,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import uuid
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+FILTERED_ARGS = ("run_manager", "callbacks")
+
+
+class SchemaAnnotationError(TypeError):
+    """Raised when 'args_schema' is missing or has an incorrect type annotation."""
+
+
+def _is_annotated_type(typ: type[Any]) -> bool:
+    return get_origin(typ) is Annotated
+
+
+def _get_annotation_description(arg_type: type) -> str | None:
+    if _is_annotated_type(arg_type):
+        annotated_args = get_args(arg_type)
+        for annotation in annotated_args[1:]:
+            if isinstance(annotation, str):
+                return annotation
+    return None
+
+
+def _get_filtered_args(
+    inferred_model: type[BaseModel],
+    func: Callable,
+    *,
+    filter_args: Sequence[str],
+    include_injected: bool = True,
+) -> dict:
+    """Get the arguments from a function's signature."""
+    schema = inferred_model.model_json_schema()["properties"]
+    valid_keys = signature(func).parameters
+    return {
+        k: schema[k]
+        for i, (k, param) in enumerate(valid_keys.items())
+        if k not in filter_args
+        and (i > 0 or param.name not in ("self", "cls"))
+        and (include_injected or not _is_injected_arg_type(param.annotation))
+    }
+
+
+def _parse_python_function_docstring(
+    function: Callable, annotations: dict, *, error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = False
+) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+    """Parse the function and argument descriptions from the docstring of a function.
+
+    Assumes the function docstring follows Google Python style guide.
+    """
+    docstring = inspect.getdoc(function)
+    return _parse_google_docstring(
+        docstring,
+        list(annotations),
+        error_on_invalid_docstring=error_on_invalid_docstring,
+    )
+
+
+def _validate_docstring_args_against_annotations(
+    arg_descriptions: dict, annotations: dict
+) -> None:
+    """Raise error if docstring arg is not in type annotations."""
+    for docstring_arg in arg_descriptions:
+        if docstring_arg not in annotations:
+            msg = f"Arg {docstring_arg} in docstring not found in function signature."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def _infer_arg_descriptions(
+    fn: Callable,
+    *,
+    parse_docstring: bool = False,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+    """Infer argument descriptions from a function's docstring."""
+    if hasattr(inspect, "get_annotations"):
+        # This is for python < 3.10
+        annotations = inspect.get_annotations(fn)
+    else:
+        annotations = getattr(fn, "__annotations__", {})
+    if parse_docstring:
+        description, arg_descriptions = _parse_python_function_docstring(
+            fn, annotations, error_on_invalid_docstring=error_on_invalid_docstring
+        )
+    else:
+        description = inspect.getdoc(fn) or ""
+        arg_descriptions = {}
+    if parse_docstring:
+        _validate_docstring_args_against_annotations(arg_descriptions, annotations)
+    for arg, arg_type in annotations.items():
+        if arg in arg_descriptions:
+            continue
+        if desc := _get_annotation_description(arg_type):
+            arg_descriptions[arg] = desc
+    return description, arg_descriptions
+
+
+def _is_pydantic_annotation(annotation: Any, pydantic_version: str = "v2") -> bool:
+    """Determine if a type annotation is a Pydantic model."""
+    base_model_class = BaseModelV1 if pydantic_version == "v1" else BaseModel
+    try:
+        return issubclass(annotation, base_model_class)
+    except TypeError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _function_annotations_are_pydantic_v1(
+    signature: inspect.Signature, func: Callable
+) -> bool:
+    """Determine if all Pydantic annotations in a function signature are from V1."""
+    any_v1_annotations = any(
+        _is_pydantic_annotation(parameter.annotation, pydantic_version="v1")
+        for parameter in signature.parameters.values()
+    )
+    any_v2_annotations = any(
+        _is_pydantic_annotation(parameter.annotation, pydantic_version="v2")
+        for parameter in signature.parameters.values()
+    )
+    if any_v1_annotations and any_v2_annotations:
+        msg = (
+            f"Function {func} contains a mix of Pydantic v1 and v2 annotations. "
+            "Only one version of Pydantic annotations per function is supported."
+        )
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+    return any_v1_annotations and not any_v2_annotations
+
+
+class _SchemaConfig:
+    """Configuration for the pydantic model.
+
+    This is used to configure the pydantic model created from
+    a function's signature.
+
+    Parameters:
+        extra: Whether to allow extra fields in the model.
+        arbitrary_types_allowed: Whether to allow arbitrary types in the model.
+            Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    extra: str = "forbid"
+    arbitrary_types_allowed: bool = True
+
+
+def create_schema_from_function(
+    model_name: str,
+    func: Callable,
+    *,
+    filter_args: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    parse_docstring: bool = False,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = False,
+    include_injected: bool = True,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Create a pydantic schema from a function's signature.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: Name to assign to the generated pydantic schema.
+        func: Function to generate the schema from.
+        filter_args: Optional list of arguments to exclude from the schema.
+            Defaults to FILTERED_ARGS.
+        parse_docstring: Whether to parse the function's docstring for descriptions
+            for each argument. Defaults to False.
+        error_on_invalid_docstring: if ``parse_docstring`` is provided, configure
+            whether to raise ValueError on invalid Google Style docstrings.
+            Defaults to False.
+        include_injected: Whether to include injected arguments in the schema.
+            Defaults to True, since we want to include them in the schema
+            when *validating* tool inputs.
+
+    Returns:
+        A pydantic model with the same arguments as the function.
+    """
+    sig = inspect.signature(func)
+
+    if _function_annotations_are_pydantic_v1(sig, func):
+        validated = validate_arguments_v1(func, config=_SchemaConfig)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+    else:
+        # https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/usage/validation_decorator/
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # We are using deprecated functionality here.
+            # This code should be re-written to simply construct a pydantic model
+            # using inspect.signature and create_model.
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=PydanticDeprecationWarning)
+            validated = validate_arguments(func, config=_SchemaConfig)  # type: ignore[operator]
+
+    # Let's ignore `self` and `cls` arguments for class and instance methods
+    # If qualified name has a ".", then it likely belongs in a class namespace
+    in_class = bool(func.__qualname__ and "." in func.__qualname__)
+
+    has_args = False
+    has_kwargs = False
+
+    for param in sig.parameters.values():
+        if param.kind == param.VAR_POSITIONAL:
+            has_args = True
+        elif param.kind == param.VAR_KEYWORD:
+            has_kwargs = True
+
+    inferred_model = validated.model
+
+    if filter_args:
+        filter_args_ = filter_args
+    else:
+        # Handle classmethods and instance methods
+        existing_params: list[str] = list(sig.parameters.keys())
+        if existing_params and existing_params[0] in ("self", "cls") and in_class:
+            filter_args_ = [existing_params[0]] + list(FILTERED_ARGS)
+        else:
+            filter_args_ = list(FILTERED_ARGS)
+
+        for existing_param in existing_params:
+            if not include_injected and _is_injected_arg_type(
+                sig.parameters[existing_param].annotation
+            ):
+                filter_args_.append(existing_param)
+
+    description, arg_descriptions = _infer_arg_descriptions(
+        func,
+        parse_docstring=parse_docstring,
+        error_on_invalid_docstring=error_on_invalid_docstring,
+    )
+    # Pydantic adds placeholder virtual fields we need to strip
+    valid_properties = []
+    for field in get_fields(inferred_model):
+        if not has_args and field == "args":
+            continue
+        if not has_kwargs and field == "kwargs":
+            continue
+
+        if field == "v__duplicate_kwargs":  # Internal pydantic field
+            continue
+
+        if field not in filter_args_:
+            valid_properties.append(field)
+
+    return _create_subset_model(
+        model_name,
+        inferred_model,
+        list(valid_properties),
+        descriptions=arg_descriptions,
+        fn_description=description,
+    )
+
+
+class ToolException(Exception):  # noqa: N818
+    """Optional exception that tool throws when execution error occurs.
+
+    When this exception is thrown, the agent will not stop working,
+    but it will handle the exception according to the handle_tool_error
+    variable of the tool, and the processing result will be returned
+    to the agent as observation, and printed in red on the console.
+    """
+
+
+ArgsSchema = Union[TypeBaseModel, dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+class BaseTool(RunnableSerializable[Union[str, dict, ToolCall], Any]):
+    """Interface LangChain tools must implement."""
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Create the definition of the new tool class."""
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+
+        args_schema_type = cls.__annotations__.get("args_schema", None)
+
+        if args_schema_type is not None and args_schema_type == BaseModel:
+            # Throw errors for common mis-annotations.
+            # TODO: Use get_args / get_origin and fully
+            # specify valid annotations.
+            typehint_mandate = """
+class ChildTool(BaseTool):
+    ...
+    args_schema: Type[BaseModel] = SchemaClass
+    ..."""
+            name = cls.__name__
+            msg = (
+                f"Tool definition for {name} must include valid type annotations"
+                f" for argument 'args_schema' to behave as expected.\n"
+                f"Expected annotation of 'Type[BaseModel]'"
+                f" but got '{args_schema_type}'.\n"
+                f"Expected class looks like:\n"
+                f"{typehint_mandate}"
+            )
+            raise SchemaAnnotationError(msg)
+
+    name: str
+    """The unique name of the tool that clearly communicates its purpose."""
+    description: str
+    """Used to tell the model how/when/why to use the tool.
+
+    You can provide few-shot examples as a part of the description.
+    """
+
+    args_schema: Annotated[Optional[ArgsSchema], SkipValidation()] = Field(
+        default=None, description="The tool schema."
+    )
+    """Pydantic model class to validate and parse the tool's input arguments.
+
+    Args schema should be either:
+
+    - A subclass of pydantic.BaseModel.
+    or
+    - A subclass of pydantic.v1.BaseModel if accessing v1 namespace in pydantic 2
+    or
+    - a JSON schema dict
+    """
+    return_direct: bool = False
+    """Whether to return the tool's output directly.
+
+    Setting this to True means
+    that after the tool is called, the AgentExecutor will stop looping.
+    """
+    verbose: bool = False
+    """Whether to log the tool's progress."""
+
+    callbacks: Callbacks = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    """Callbacks to be called during tool execution."""
+
+    callback_manager: Optional[BaseCallbackManager] = deprecated(
+        name="callback_manager", since="0.1.7", removal="1.0", alternative="callbacks"
+    )(
+        Field(
+            default=None,
+            exclude=True,
+            description="Callback manager to add to the run trace.",
+        )
+    )
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Optional list of tags associated with the tool. Defaults to None.
+    These tags will be associated with each call to this tool,
+    and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+    You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a tool with its use case.
+    """
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Optional metadata associated with the tool. Defaults to None.
+    This metadata will be associated with each call to this tool,
+    and passed as arguments to the handlers defined in `callbacks`.
+    You can use these to eg identify a specific instance of a tool with its use case.
+    """
+
+    handle_tool_error: Optional[Union[bool, str, Callable[[ToolException], str]]] = (
+        False
+    )
+    """Handle the content of the ToolException thrown."""
+
+    handle_validation_error: Optional[
+        Union[bool, str, Callable[[Union[ValidationError, ValidationErrorV1]], str]]
+    ] = False
+    """Handle the content of the ValidationError thrown."""
+
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content"
+    """The tool response format. Defaults to 'content'.
+
+    If "content" then the output of the tool is interpreted as the contents of a
+    ToolMessage. If "content_and_artifact" then the output is expected to be a
+    two-tuple corresponding to the (content, artifact) of a ToolMessage.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize the tool."""
+        if (
+            "args_schema" in kwargs
+            and kwargs["args_schema"] is not None
+            and not is_basemodel_subclass(kwargs["args_schema"])
+            and not isinstance(kwargs["args_schema"], dict)
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "args_schema must be a subclass of pydantic BaseModel or "
+                f"a JSON schema dict. Got: {kwargs['args_schema']}."
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def is_single_input(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the tool only accepts a single input."""
+        keys = {k for k in self.args if k != "kwargs"}
+        return len(keys) == 1
+
+    @property
+    def args(self) -> dict:
+        """The arguments of the tool."""
+        if isinstance(self.args_schema, dict):
+            json_schema = self.args_schema
+        else:
+            input_schema = self.get_input_schema()
+            json_schema = input_schema.model_json_schema()
+        return json_schema["properties"]
+
+    @property
+    def tool_call_schema(self) -> ArgsSchema:
+        """The schema for a tool call."""
+        if isinstance(self.args_schema, dict):
+            if self.description:
+                return {
+                    **self.args_schema,
+                    "description": self.description,
+                }
+
+            return self.args_schema
+
+        full_schema = self.get_input_schema()
+        fields = []
+        for name, type_ in get_all_basemodel_annotations(full_schema).items():
+            if not _is_injected_arg_type(type_):
+                fields.append(name)
+        return _create_subset_model(
+            self.name, full_schema, fields, fn_description=self.description
+        )
+
+    # --- Runnable ---
+
+    @override
+    def get_input_schema(
+        self, config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None
+    ) -> type[BaseModel]:
+        """The tool's input schema.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The configuration for the tool.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input schema for the tool.
+        """
+        if self.args_schema is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.args_schema, dict):
+                return super().get_input_schema(config)
+            return self.args_schema
+        return create_schema_from_function(self.name, self._run)
+
+    @override
+    def invoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, dict, ToolCall],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        tool_input, kwargs = _prep_run_args(input, config, **kwargs)
+        return self.run(tool_input, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, dict, ToolCall],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        tool_input, kwargs = _prep_run_args(input, config, **kwargs)
+        return await self.arun(tool_input, **kwargs)
+
+    # --- Tool ---
+
+    def _parse_input(
+        self, tool_input: Union[str, dict], tool_call_id: Optional[str]
+    ) -> Union[str, dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Convert tool input to a pydantic model.
+
+        Args:
+            tool_input: The input to the tool.
+            tool_call_id: The id of the tool call.
+        """
+        input_args = self.args_schema
+        if isinstance(tool_input, str):
+            if input_args is not None:
+                if isinstance(input_args, dict):
+                    msg = (
+                        "String tool inputs are not allowed when "
+                        "using tools with JSON schema args_schema."
+                    )
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                key_ = next(iter(get_fields(input_args).keys()))
+                if hasattr(input_args, "model_validate"):
+                    input_args.model_validate({key_: tool_input})
+                else:
+                    input_args.parse_obj({key_: tool_input})
+            return tool_input
+        if input_args is not None:
+            if isinstance(input_args, dict):
+                return tool_input
+            if issubclass(input_args, BaseModel):
+                for k, v in get_all_basemodel_annotations(input_args).items():
+                    if (
+                        _is_injected_arg_type(v, injected_type=InjectedToolCallId)
+                        and k not in tool_input
+                    ):
+                        if tool_call_id is None:
+                            msg = (
+                                "When tool includes an InjectedToolCallId "
+                                "argument, tool must always be invoked with a full "
+                                "model ToolCall of the form: {'args': {...}, "
+                                "'name': '...', 'type': 'tool_call', "
+                                "'tool_call_id': '...'}"
+                            )
+                            raise ValueError(msg)
+                        tool_input[k] = tool_call_id
+                result = input_args.model_validate(tool_input)
+                result_dict = result.model_dump()
+            elif issubclass(input_args, BaseModelV1):
+                for k, v in get_all_basemodel_annotations(input_args).items():
+                    if (
+                        _is_injected_arg_type(v, injected_type=InjectedToolCallId)
+                        and k not in tool_input
+                    ):
+                        if tool_call_id is None:
+                            msg = (
+                                "When tool includes an InjectedToolCallId "
+                                "argument, tool must always be invoked with a full "
+                                "model ToolCall of the form: {'args': {...}, "
+                                "'name': '...', 'type': 'tool_call', "
+                                "'tool_call_id': '...'}"
+                            )
+                            raise ValueError(msg)
+                        tool_input[k] = tool_call_id
+                result = input_args.parse_obj(tool_input)
+                result_dict = result.dict()
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    f"args_schema must be a Pydantic BaseModel, got {self.args_schema}"
+                )
+                raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            return {
+                k: getattr(result, k) for k, v in result_dict.items() if k in tool_input
+            }
+        return tool_input
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_deprecation(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Raise deprecation warning if callback_manager is used.
+
+        Args:
+            values: The values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated values.
+        """
+        if values.get("callback_manager") is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "callback_manager is deprecated. Please use callbacks instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=6,
+            )
+            values["callbacks"] = values.pop("callback_manager", None)
+        return values
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _run(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Use the tool.
+
+        Add run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForToolRun] = None
+        to child implementations to enable tracing.
+        """
+
+    async def _arun(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Use the tool asynchronously.
+
+        Add run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun] = None
+        to child implementations to enable tracing.
+        """
+        if kwargs.get("run_manager") and signature(self._run).parameters.get(
+            "run_manager"
+        ):
+            kwargs["run_manager"] = kwargs["run_manager"].get_sync()
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self._run, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _to_args_and_kwargs(
+        self, tool_input: Union[str, dict], tool_call_id: Optional[str]
+    ) -> tuple[tuple, dict]:
+        if (
+            self.args_schema is not None
+            and isinstance(self.args_schema, type)
+            and is_basemodel_subclass(self.args_schema)
+            and not get_fields(self.args_schema)
+        ):
+            # StructuredTool with no args
+            return (), {}
+        tool_input = self._parse_input(tool_input, tool_call_id)
+        # For backwards compatibility, if run_input is a string,
+        # pass as a positional argument.
+        if isinstance(tool_input, str):
+            return (tool_input,), {}
+        if isinstance(tool_input, dict):
+            # Make a shallow copy of the input to allow downstream code
+            # to modify the root level of the input without affecting the
+            # original input.
+            # This is used by the tool to inject run time information like
+            # the callback manager.
+            return (), tool_input.copy()
+        # This code path is not expected to be reachable.
+        msg = f"Invalid tool input type: {type(tool_input)}"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    def run(
+        self,
+        tool_input: Union[str, dict[str, Any]],
+        verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+        start_color: Optional[str] = "green",
+        color: Optional[str] = "green",
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        tool_call_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run the tool.
+
+        Args:
+            tool_input: The input to the tool.
+            verbose: Whether to log the tool's progress. Defaults to None.
+            start_color: The color to use when starting the tool. Defaults to 'green'.
+            color: The color to use when ending the tool. Defaults to 'green'.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be called during tool execution. Defaults to None.
+            tags: Optional list of tags associated with the tool. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: Optional metadata associated with the tool. Defaults to None.
+            run_name: The name of the run. Defaults to None.
+            run_id: The id of the run. Defaults to None.
+            config: The configuration for the tool. Defaults to None.
+            tool_call_id: The id of the tool call. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to tool callbacks
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of the tool.
+
+        Raises:
+            ToolException: If an error occurs during tool execution.
+        """
+        callback_manager = CallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks,
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose or bool(verbose),
+            tags,
+            self.tags,
+            metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+
+        run_manager = callback_manager.on_tool_start(
+            {"name": self.name, "description": self.description},
+            tool_input if isinstance(tool_input, str) else str(tool_input),
+            color=start_color,
+            name=run_name,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            # Inputs by definition should always be dicts.
+            # For now, it's unclear whether this assumption is ever violated,
+            # but if it is we will send a `None` value to the callback instead
+            # TODO: will need to address issue via a patch.
+            inputs=tool_input if isinstance(tool_input, dict) else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        content = None
+        artifact = None
+        status = "success"
+        error_to_raise: Union[Exception, KeyboardInterrupt, None] = None
+        try:
+            child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                tool_args, tool_kwargs = self._to_args_and_kwargs(
+                    tool_input, tool_call_id
+                )
+                if signature(self._run).parameters.get("run_manager"):
+                    tool_kwargs = tool_kwargs | {"run_manager": run_manager}
+                if config_param := _get_runnable_config_param(self._run):
+                    tool_kwargs = tool_kwargs | {config_param: config}
+                response = context.run(self._run, *tool_args, **tool_kwargs)
+            if self.response_format == "content_and_artifact":
+                if not isinstance(response, tuple) or len(response) != 2:
+                    msg = (
+                        "Since response_format='content_and_artifact' "
+                        "a two-tuple of the message content and raw tool output is "
+                        f"expected. Instead generated response of type: "
+                        f"{type(response)}."
+                    )
+                    error_to_raise = ValueError(msg)
+                else:
+                    content, artifact = response
+            else:
+                content = response
+        except (ValidationError, ValidationErrorV1) as e:
+            if not self.handle_validation_error:
+                error_to_raise = e
+            else:
+                content = _handle_validation_error(e, flag=self.handle_validation_error)
+                status = "error"
+        except ToolException as e:
+            if not self.handle_tool_error:
+                error_to_raise = e
+            else:
+                content = _handle_tool_error(e, flag=self.handle_tool_error)
+                status = "error"
+        except (Exception, KeyboardInterrupt) as e:
+            error_to_raise = e
+
+        if error_to_raise:
+            run_manager.on_tool_error(error_to_raise)
+            raise error_to_raise
+        output = _format_output(content, artifact, tool_call_id, self.name, status)
+        run_manager.on_tool_end(output, color=color, name=self.name, **kwargs)
+        return output
+
+    async def arun(
+        self,
+        tool_input: Union[str, dict],
+        verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
+        start_color: Optional[str] = "green",
+        color: Optional[str] = "green",
+        callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        tool_call_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Run the tool asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            tool_input: The input to the tool.
+            verbose: Whether to log the tool's progress. Defaults to None.
+            start_color: The color to use when starting the tool. Defaults to 'green'.
+            color: The color to use when ending the tool. Defaults to 'green'.
+            callbacks: Callbacks to be called during tool execution. Defaults to None.
+            tags: Optional list of tags associated with the tool. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: Optional metadata associated with the tool. Defaults to None.
+            run_name: The name of the run. Defaults to None.
+            run_id: The id of the run. Defaults to None.
+            config: The configuration for the tool. Defaults to None.
+            tool_call_id: The id of the tool call. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Keyword arguments to be passed to tool callbacks
+
+        Returns:
+            The output of the tool.
+
+        Raises:
+            ToolException: If an error occurs during tool execution.
+        """
+        callback_manager = AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
+            callbacks,
+            self.callbacks,
+            self.verbose or bool(verbose),
+            tags,
+            self.tags,
+            metadata,
+            self.metadata,
+        )
+        run_manager = await callback_manager.on_tool_start(
+            {"name": self.name, "description": self.description},
+            tool_input if isinstance(tool_input, str) else str(tool_input),
+            color=start_color,
+            name=run_name,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            # Inputs by definition should always be dicts.
+            # For now, it's unclear whether this assumption is ever violated,
+            # but if it is we will send a `None` value to the callback instead
+            # TODO: will need to address issue via a patch.
+            inputs=tool_input if isinstance(tool_input, dict) else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        content = None
+        artifact = None
+        status = "success"
+        error_to_raise: Optional[Union[Exception, KeyboardInterrupt]] = None
+        try:
+            tool_args, tool_kwargs = self._to_args_and_kwargs(tool_input, tool_call_id)
+            child_config = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
+            with set_config_context(child_config) as context:
+                func_to_check = (
+                    self._run if self.__class__._arun is BaseTool._arun else self._arun
+                )
+                if signature(func_to_check).parameters.get("run_manager"):
+                    tool_kwargs["run_manager"] = run_manager
+                if config_param := _get_runnable_config_param(func_to_check):
+                    tool_kwargs[config_param] = config
+
+                coro = self._arun(*tool_args, **tool_kwargs)
+                response = await coro_with_context(coro, context)
+            if self.response_format == "content_and_artifact":
+                if not isinstance(response, tuple) or len(response) != 2:
+                    msg = (
+                        "Since response_format='content_and_artifact' "
+                        "a two-tuple of the message content and raw tool output is "
+                        f"expected. Instead generated response of type: "
+                        f"{type(response)}."
+                    )
+                    error_to_raise = ValueError(msg)
+                else:
+                    content, artifact = response
+            else:
+                content = response
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            if not self.handle_validation_error:
+                error_to_raise = e
+            else:
+                content = _handle_validation_error(e, flag=self.handle_validation_error)
+                status = "error"
+        except ToolException as e:
+            if not self.handle_tool_error:
+                error_to_raise = e
+            else:
+                content = _handle_tool_error(e, flag=self.handle_tool_error)
+                status = "error"
+        except (Exception, KeyboardInterrupt) as e:
+            error_to_raise = e
+
+        if error_to_raise:
+            await run_manager.on_tool_error(error_to_raise)
+            raise error_to_raise
+
+        output = _format_output(content, artifact, tool_call_id, self.name, status)
+        await run_manager.on_tool_end(output, color=color, name=self.name, **kwargs)
+        return output
+
+    @deprecated("0.1.47", alternative="invoke", removal="1.0")
+    def __call__(self, tool_input: str, callbacks: Callbacks = None) -> str:
+        """Make tool callable."""
+        return self.run(tool_input, callbacks=callbacks)
+
+
+def _is_tool_call(x: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(x, dict) and x.get("type") == "tool_call"
+
+
+def _handle_validation_error(
+    e: Union[ValidationError, ValidationErrorV1],
+    *,
+    flag: Union[
+        Literal[True], str, Callable[[Union[ValidationError, ValidationErrorV1]], str]
+    ],
+) -> str:
+    if isinstance(flag, bool):
+        content = "Tool input validation error"
+    elif isinstance(flag, str):
+        content = flag
+    elif callable(flag):
+        content = flag(e)
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Got unexpected type of `handle_validation_error`. Expected bool, "
+            f"str or callable. Received: {flag}"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+    return content
+
+
+def _handle_tool_error(
+    e: ToolException,
+    *,
+    flag: Optional[Union[Literal[True], str, Callable[[ToolException], str]]],
+) -> str:
+    if isinstance(flag, bool):
+        content = e.args[0] if e.args else "Tool execution error"
+    elif isinstance(flag, str):
+        content = flag
+    elif callable(flag):
+        content = flag(e)
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Got unexpected type of `handle_tool_error`. Expected bool, str "
+            f"or callable. Received: {flag}"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+    return content
+
+
+def _prep_run_args(
+    input: Union[str, dict, ToolCall],
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig],
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> tuple[Union[str, dict], dict]:
+    config = ensure_config(config)
+    if _is_tool_call(input):
+        tool_call_id: Optional[str] = cast("ToolCall", input)["id"]
+        tool_input: Union[str, dict] = cast("ToolCall", input)["args"].copy()
+    else:
+        tool_call_id = None
+        tool_input = cast("Union[str, dict]", input)
+    return (
+        tool_input,
+        dict(
+            callbacks=config.get("callbacks"),
+            tags=config.get("tags"),
+            metadata=config.get("metadata"),
+            run_name=config.get("run_name"),
+            run_id=config.pop("run_id", None),
+            config=config,
+            tool_call_id=tool_call_id,
+            **kwargs,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _format_output(
+    content: Any,
+    artifact: Any,
+    tool_call_id: Optional[str],
+    name: str,
+    status: str,
+) -> Union[ToolOutputMixin, Any]:
+    if isinstance(content, ToolOutputMixin) or tool_call_id is None:
+        return content
+    if not _is_message_content_type(content):
+        content = _stringify(content)
+    return ToolMessage(
+        content,
+        artifact=artifact,
+        tool_call_id=tool_call_id,
+        name=name,
+        status=status,
+    )
+
+
+def _is_message_content_type(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check for OpenAI or Anthropic format tool message content."""
+    return (
+        isinstance(obj, str)
+        or isinstance(obj, list)
+        and all(_is_message_content_block(e) for e in obj)
+    )
+
+
+def _is_message_content_block(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check for OpenAI or Anthropic format tool message content blocks."""
+    if isinstance(obj, str):
+        return True
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        return obj.get("type", None) in ("text", "image_url", "image", "json")
+    return False
+
+
+def _stringify(content: Any) -> str:
+    try:
+        return json.dumps(content, ensure_ascii=False)
+    except Exception:
+        return str(content)
+
+
+def _get_type_hints(func: Callable) -> Optional[dict[str, type]]:
+    if isinstance(func, functools.partial):
+        func = func.func
+    try:
+        return get_type_hints(func)
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+
+def _get_runnable_config_param(func: Callable) -> Optional[str]:
+    type_hints = _get_type_hints(func)
+    if not type_hints:
+        return None
+    for name, type_ in type_hints.items():
+        if type_ is RunnableConfig:
+            return name
+    return None
+
+
+class InjectedToolArg:
+    """Annotation for a Tool arg that is **not** meant to be generated by a model."""
+
+
+class InjectedToolCallId(InjectedToolArg):
+    """Annotation for injecting the tool_call_id.
+
+    Example:
+        ..code-block:: python
+
+            from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+            from langchain_core.messages import ToolMessage
+            from langchain_core.tools import tool, InjectedToolCallID
+
+            @tool
+            def foo(x: int, tool_call_id: Annotated[str, InjectedToolCallID]) -> ToolMessage:
+                \"\"\"Return x.\"\"\"
+                return ToolMessage(str(x), artifact=x, name="foo", tool_call_id=tool_call_id)
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+
+def _is_injected_arg_type(
+    type_: type, injected_type: Optional[type[InjectedToolArg]] = None
+) -> bool:
+    injected_type = injected_type or InjectedToolArg
+    return any(
+        isinstance(arg, injected_type)
+        or (isinstance(arg, type) and issubclass(arg, injected_type))
+        for arg in get_args(type_)[1:]
+    )
+
+
+def get_all_basemodel_annotations(
+    cls: Union[TypeBaseModel, Any], *, default_to_bound: bool = True
+) -> dict[str, type]:
+    """Get all annotations from a Pydantic BaseModel and its parents.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The Pydantic BaseModel class.
+        default_to_bound: Whether to default to the bound of a TypeVar if it exists.
+    """
+    # cls has no subscript: cls = FooBar
+    if isinstance(cls, type):
+        annotations: dict[str, type] = {}
+        for name, param in inspect.signature(cls).parameters.items():
+            # Exclude hidden init args added by pydantic Config. For example if
+            # BaseModel(extra="allow") then "extra_data" will part of init sig.
+            if (
+                fields := getattr(cls, "model_fields", {})  # pydantic v2+
+                or getattr(cls, "__fields__", {})  # pydantic v1
+            ) and name not in fields:
+                continue
+            annotations[name] = param.annotation
+        orig_bases: tuple = getattr(cls, "__orig_bases__", ())
+    # cls has subscript: cls = FooBar[int]
+    else:
+        annotations = get_all_basemodel_annotations(
+            get_origin(cls), default_to_bound=False
+        )
+        orig_bases = (cls,)
+
+    # Pydantic v2 automatically resolves inherited generics, Pydantic v1 does not.
+    if not (isinstance(cls, type) and is_pydantic_v2_subclass(cls)):
+        # if cls = FooBar inherits from Baz[str], orig_bases will contain Baz[str]
+        # if cls = FooBar inherits from Baz, orig_bases will contain Baz
+        # if cls = FooBar[int], orig_bases will contain FooBar[int]
+        for parent in orig_bases:
+            # if class = FooBar inherits from Baz, parent = Baz
+            if isinstance(parent, type) and is_pydantic_v1_subclass(parent):
+                annotations.update(
+                    get_all_basemodel_annotations(parent, default_to_bound=False)
+                )
+                continue
+
+            parent_origin = get_origin(parent)
+
+            # if class = FooBar inherits from non-pydantic class
+            if not parent_origin:
+                continue
+
+            # if class = FooBar inherits from Baz[str]:
+            # parent = Baz[str],
+            # parent_origin = Baz,
+            # generic_type_vars = (type vars in Baz)
+            # generic_map = {type var in Baz: str}
+            generic_type_vars: tuple = getattr(parent_origin, "__parameters__", ())
+            generic_map = dict(zip(generic_type_vars, get_args(parent)))
+            for field in getattr(parent_origin, "__annotations__", {}):
+                annotations[field] = _replace_type_vars(
+                    annotations[field], generic_map, default_to_bound=default_to_bound
+                )
+
+    return {
+        k: _replace_type_vars(v, default_to_bound=default_to_bound)
+        for k, v in annotations.items()
+    }
+
+
+def _replace_type_vars(
+    type_: type,
+    generic_map: Optional[dict[TypeVar, type]] = None,
+    *,
+    default_to_bound: bool = True,
+) -> type:
+    generic_map = generic_map or {}
+    if isinstance(type_, TypeVar):
+        if type_ in generic_map:
+            return generic_map[type_]
+        if default_to_bound:
+            return type_.__bound__ or Any
+        return type_
+    if (origin := get_origin(type_)) and (args := get_args(type_)):
+        new_args = tuple(
+            _replace_type_vars(arg, generic_map, default_to_bound=default_to_bound)
+            for arg in args
+        )
+        return _py_38_safe_origin(origin)[new_args]  # type: ignore[index]
+    return type_
+
+
+class BaseToolkit(BaseModel, ABC):
+    """Base Toolkit representing a collection of related tools."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_tools(self) -> list[BaseTool]:
+        """Get the tools in the toolkit."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/convert.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/convert.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec20a7ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/convert.py
@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+"""Convert functions and runnables to tools."""
+
+import inspect
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Optional, Union, get_type_hints, overload
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, create_model
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+from langchain_core.tools.base import ArgsSchema, BaseTool
+from langchain_core.tools.simple import Tool
+from langchain_core.tools.structured import StructuredTool
+
+
+@overload
+def tool(
+    *,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    return_direct: bool = False,
+    args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = None,
+    infer_schema: bool = True,
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+    parse_docstring: bool = False,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = True,
+) -> Callable[[Union[Callable, Runnable]], BaseTool]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def tool(
+    name_or_callable: str,
+    runnable: Runnable,
+    *,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    return_direct: bool = False,
+    args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = None,
+    infer_schema: bool = True,
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+    parse_docstring: bool = False,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = True,
+) -> BaseTool: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def tool(
+    name_or_callable: Callable,
+    *,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    return_direct: bool = False,
+    args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = None,
+    infer_schema: bool = True,
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+    parse_docstring: bool = False,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = True,
+) -> BaseTool: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def tool(
+    name_or_callable: str,
+    *,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    return_direct: bool = False,
+    args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = None,
+    infer_schema: bool = True,
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+    parse_docstring: bool = False,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = True,
+) -> Callable[[Union[Callable, Runnable]], BaseTool]: ...
+
+
+def tool(
+    name_or_callable: Optional[Union[str, Callable]] = None,
+    runnable: Optional[Runnable] = None,
+    *args: Any,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    return_direct: bool = False,
+    args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = None,
+    infer_schema: bool = True,
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+    parse_docstring: bool = False,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = True,
+) -> Union[
+    BaseTool,
+    Callable[[Union[Callable, Runnable]], BaseTool],
+]:
+    """Make tools out of functions, can be used with or without arguments.
+
+    Args:
+        name_or_callable: Optional name of the tool or the callable to be
+            converted to a tool. Must be provided as a positional argument.
+        runnable: Optional runnable to convert to a tool. Must be provided as a
+            positional argument.
+        description: Optional description for the tool.
+            Precedence for the tool description value is as follows:
+                - `description` argument
+                    (used even if docstring and/or `args_schema` are provided)
+                - tool function docstring
+                    (used even if `args_schema` is provided)
+                - `args_schema` description
+                    (used only if `description` / docstring are not provided)
+        *args: Extra positional arguments. Must be empty.
+        return_direct: Whether to return directly from the tool rather
+            than continuing the agent loop. Defaults to False.
+        args_schema: optional argument schema for user to specify.
+            Defaults to None.
+        infer_schema: Whether to infer the schema of the arguments from
+            the function's signature. This also makes the resultant tool
+            accept a dictionary input to its `run()` function.
+            Defaults to True.
+        response_format: The tool response format. If "content" then the output of
+            the tool is interpreted as the contents of a ToolMessage. If
+            "content_and_artifact" then the output is expected to be a two-tuple
+            corresponding to the (content, artifact) of a ToolMessage.
+            Defaults to "content".
+        parse_docstring: if ``infer_schema`` and ``parse_docstring``, will attempt to
+            parse parameter descriptions from Google Style function docstrings.
+            Defaults to False.
+        error_on_invalid_docstring: if ``parse_docstring`` is provided, configure
+            whether to raise ValueError on invalid Google Style docstrings.
+            Defaults to True.
+
+    Returns:
+        The tool.
+
+    Requires:
+        - Function must be of type (str) -> str
+        - Function must have a docstring
+
+    Examples:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @tool
+            def search_api(query: str) -> str:
+                # Searches the API for the query.
+                return
+
+            @tool("search", return_direct=True)
+            def search_api(query: str) -> str:
+                # Searches the API for the query.
+                return
+
+            @tool(response_format="content_and_artifact")
+            def search_api(query: str) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+                return "partial json of results", {"full": "object of results"}
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.2.14
+    Parse Google-style docstrings:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @tool(parse_docstring=True)
+            def foo(bar: str, baz: int) -> str:
+                \"\"\"The foo.
+
+                Args:
+                    bar: The bar.
+                    baz: The baz.
+                \"\"\"
+                return bar
+
+            foo.args_schema.model_json_schema()
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            {
+                "title": "foo",
+                "description": "The foo.",
+                "type": "object",
+                "properties": {
+                    "bar": {
+                        "title": "Bar",
+                        "description": "The bar.",
+                        "type": "string"
+                    },
+                    "baz": {
+                        "title": "Baz",
+                        "description": "The baz.",
+                        "type": "integer"
+                    }
+                },
+                "required": [
+                    "bar",
+                    "baz"
+                ]
+            }
+
+        Note that parsing by default will raise ``ValueError`` if the docstring
+        is considered invalid. A docstring is considered invalid if it contains
+        arguments not in the function signature, or is unable to be parsed into
+        a summary and "Args:" blocks. Examples below:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # No args section
+            def invalid_docstring_1(bar: str, baz: int) -> str:
+                \"\"\"The foo.\"\"\"
+                return bar
+
+            # Improper whitespace between summary and args section
+            def invalid_docstring_2(bar: str, baz: int) -> str:
+                \"\"\"The foo.
+                Args:
+                    bar: The bar.
+                    baz: The baz.
+                \"\"\"
+                return bar
+
+            # Documented args absent from function signature
+            def invalid_docstring_3(bar: str, baz: int) -> str:
+                \"\"\"The foo.
+
+                Args:
+                    banana: The bar.
+                    monkey: The baz.
+                \"\"\"
+                return bar
+    """  # noqa: D214,D405,D410,D411,D412,D416
+
+    def _create_tool_factory(
+        tool_name: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[Union[Callable, Runnable]], BaseTool]:
+        """Create a decorator that takes a callable and returns a tool.
+
+        Args:
+            tool_name: The name that will be assigned to the tool.
+
+        Returns:
+            A function that takes a callable or Runnable and returns a tool.
+        """
+
+        def _tool_factory(dec_func: Union[Callable, Runnable]) -> BaseTool:
+            tool_description = description
+            if isinstance(dec_func, Runnable):
+                runnable = dec_func
+
+                if runnable.input_schema.model_json_schema().get("type") != "object":
+                    msg = "Runnable must have an object schema."
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+                async def ainvoke_wrapper(
+                    callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None, **kwargs: Any
+                ) -> Any:
+                    return await runnable.ainvoke(kwargs, {"callbacks": callbacks})
+
+                def invoke_wrapper(
+                    callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None, **kwargs: Any
+                ) -> Any:
+                    return runnable.invoke(kwargs, {"callbacks": callbacks})
+
+                coroutine = ainvoke_wrapper
+                func = invoke_wrapper
+                schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = runnable.input_schema
+                tool_description = description or repr(runnable)
+            elif inspect.iscoroutinefunction(dec_func):
+                coroutine = dec_func
+                func = None
+                schema = args_schema
+            else:
+                coroutine = None
+                func = dec_func
+                schema = args_schema
+
+            if infer_schema or args_schema is not None:
+                return StructuredTool.from_function(
+                    func,
+                    coroutine,
+                    name=tool_name,
+                    description=tool_description,
+                    return_direct=return_direct,
+                    args_schema=schema,
+                    infer_schema=infer_schema,
+                    response_format=response_format,
+                    parse_docstring=parse_docstring,
+                    error_on_invalid_docstring=error_on_invalid_docstring,
+                )
+            # If someone doesn't want a schema applied, we must treat it as
+            # a simple string->string function
+            if dec_func.__doc__ is None:
+                msg = (
+                    "Function must have a docstring if "
+                    "description not provided and infer_schema is False."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            return Tool(
+                name=tool_name,
+                func=func,
+                description=f"{tool_name} tool",
+                return_direct=return_direct,
+                coroutine=coroutine,
+                response_format=response_format,
+            )
+
+        return _tool_factory
+
+    if len(args) != 0:
+        # Triggered if a user attempts to use positional arguments that
+        # do not exist in the function signature
+        # e.g., @tool("name", runnable, "extra_arg")
+        # Here, "extra_arg" is not a valid argument
+        msg = "Too many arguments for tool decorator. A decorator "
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if runnable is not None:
+        # tool is used as a function
+        # tool_from_runnable = tool("name", runnable)
+        if not name_or_callable:
+            msg = "Runnable without name for tool constructor"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if not isinstance(name_or_callable, str):
+            msg = "Name must be a string for tool constructor"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return _create_tool_factory(name_or_callable)(runnable)
+    if name_or_callable is not None:
+        if callable(name_or_callable) and hasattr(name_or_callable, "__name__"):
+            # Used as a decorator without parameters
+            # @tool
+            # def my_tool():
+            #    pass
+            return _create_tool_factory(name_or_callable.__name__)(name_or_callable)
+        if isinstance(name_or_callable, str):
+            # Used with a new name for the tool
+            # @tool("search")
+            # def my_tool():
+            #    pass
+            #
+            # or
+            #
+            # @tool("search", parse_docstring=True)
+            # def my_tool():
+            #    pass
+            return _create_tool_factory(name_or_callable)
+        msg = (
+            f"The first argument must be a string or a callable with a __name__ "
+            f"for tool decorator. Got {type(name_or_callable)}"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # Tool is used as a decorator with parameters specified
+    # @tool(parse_docstring=True)
+    # def my_tool():
+    #    pass
+    def _partial(func: Union[Callable, Runnable]) -> BaseTool:
+        """Partial function that takes a callable and returns a tool."""
+        name_ = func.get_name() if isinstance(func, Runnable) else func.__name__
+        tool_factory = _create_tool_factory(name_)
+        return tool_factory(func)
+
+    return _partial
+
+
+def _get_description_from_runnable(runnable: Runnable) -> str:
+    """Generate a placeholder description of a runnable."""
+    input_schema = runnable.input_schema.model_json_schema()
+    return f"Takes {input_schema}."
+
+
+def _get_schema_from_runnable_and_arg_types(
+    runnable: Runnable,
+    name: str,
+    arg_types: Optional[dict[str, type]] = None,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Infer args_schema for tool."""
+    if arg_types is None:
+        try:
+            arg_types = get_type_hints(runnable.InputType)
+        except TypeError as e:
+            msg = (
+                "Tool input must be str or dict. If dict, dict arguments must be "
+                "typed. Either annotate types (e.g., with TypedDict) or pass "
+                f"arg_types into `.as_tool` to specify. {str(e)}"
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg) from e
+    fields = {key: (key_type, Field(...)) for key, key_type in arg_types.items()}
+    return create_model(name, **fields)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+
+
+def convert_runnable_to_tool(
+    runnable: Runnable,
+    args_schema: Optional[type[BaseModel]] = None,
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    arg_types: Optional[dict[str, type]] = None,
+) -> BaseTool:
+    """Convert a Runnable into a BaseTool.
+
+    Args:
+        runnable: The runnable to convert.
+        args_schema: The schema for the tool's input arguments. Defaults to None.
+        name: The name of the tool. Defaults to None.
+        description: The description of the tool. Defaults to None.
+        arg_types: The types of the arguments. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        The tool.
+    """
+    if args_schema:
+        runnable = runnable.with_types(input_type=args_schema)
+    description = description or _get_description_from_runnable(runnable)
+    name = name or runnable.get_name()
+
+    schema = runnable.input_schema.model_json_schema()
+    if schema.get("type") == "string":
+        return Tool(
+            name=name,
+            func=runnable.invoke,
+            coroutine=runnable.ainvoke,
+            description=description,
+        )
+
+    async def ainvoke_wrapper(
+        callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        return await runnable.ainvoke(kwargs, config={"callbacks": callbacks})
+
+    def invoke_wrapper(callbacks: Optional[Callbacks] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return runnable.invoke(kwargs, config={"callbacks": callbacks})
+
+    if (
+        arg_types is None
+        and schema.get("type") == "object"
+        and schema.get("properties")
+    ):
+        args_schema = runnable.input_schema
+    else:
+        args_schema = _get_schema_from_runnable_and_arg_types(
+            runnable, name, arg_types=arg_types
+        )
+
+    return StructuredTool.from_function(
+        name=name,
+        func=invoke_wrapper,
+        coroutine=ainvoke_wrapper,
+        description=description,
+        args_schema=args_schema,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/render.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eeb6f3d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+"""Utilities to render tools."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from inspect import signature
+from typing import Callable
+
+from langchain_core.tools.base import BaseTool
+
+ToolsRenderer = Callable[[list[BaseTool]], str]
+
+
+def render_text_description(tools: list[BaseTool]) -> str:
+    """Render the tool name and description in plain text.
+
+    Args:
+        tools: The tools to render.
+
+    Returns:
+        The rendered text.
+
+    Output will be in the format of:
+
+    .. code-block:: markdown
+
+        search: This tool is used for search
+        calculator: This tool is used for math
+    """
+    descriptions = []
+    for tool in tools:
+        if hasattr(tool, "func") and tool.func:
+            sig = signature(tool.func)
+            description = f"{tool.name}{sig} - {tool.description}"
+        else:
+            description = f"{tool.name} - {tool.description}"
+
+        descriptions.append(description)
+    return "\n".join(descriptions)
+
+
+def render_text_description_and_args(tools: list[BaseTool]) -> str:
+    """Render the tool name, description, and args in plain text.
+
+    Args:
+        tools: The tools to render.
+
+    Returns:
+        The rendered text.
+
+    Output will be in the format of:
+
+    .. code-block:: markdown
+
+        search: This tool is used for search, args: {"query": {"type": "string"}}
+        calculator: This tool is used for math, \
+args: {"expression": {"type": "string"}}
+    """
+    tool_strings = []
+    for tool in tools:
+        args_schema = str(tool.args)
+        if hasattr(tool, "func") and tool.func:
+            sig = signature(tool.func)
+            description = f"{tool.name}{sig} - {tool.description}"
+        else:
+            description = f"{tool.name} - {tool.description}"
+        tool_strings.append(f"{description}, args: {args_schema}")
+    return "\n".join(tool_strings)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/retriever.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/retriever.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..002fa5e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/retriever.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""Retriever tool."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal, Optional, Union
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+from langchain_core.prompts import (
+    BasePromptTemplate,
+    PromptTemplate,
+    aformat_document,
+    format_document,
+)
+from langchain_core.tools.simple import Tool
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.callbacks import Callbacks
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever
+
+
+class RetrieverInput(BaseModel):
+    """Input to the retriever."""
+
+    query: str = Field(description="query to look up in retriever")
+
+
+def _get_relevant_documents(
+    query: str,
+    retriever: BaseRetriever,
+    document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+    document_separator: str,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+) -> Union[str, tuple[str, list[Document]]]:
+    docs = retriever.invoke(query, config={"callbacks": callbacks})
+    content = document_separator.join(
+        format_document(doc, document_prompt) for doc in docs
+    )
+    if response_format == "content_and_artifact":
+        return (content, docs)
+
+    return content
+
+
+async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+    query: str,
+    retriever: BaseRetriever,
+    document_prompt: BasePromptTemplate,
+    document_separator: str,
+    callbacks: Callbacks = None,
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+) -> Union[str, tuple[str, list[Document]]]:
+    docs = await retriever.ainvoke(query, config={"callbacks": callbacks})
+    content = document_separator.join(
+        [await aformat_document(doc, document_prompt) for doc in docs]
+    )
+
+    if response_format == "content_and_artifact":
+        return (content, docs)
+
+    return content
+
+
+def create_retriever_tool(
+    retriever: BaseRetriever,
+    name: str,
+    description: str,
+    *,
+    document_prompt: Optional[BasePromptTemplate] = None,
+    document_separator: str = "\n\n",
+    response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+) -> Tool:
+    r"""Create a tool to do retrieval of documents.
+
+    Args:
+        retriever: The retriever to use for the retrieval
+        name: The name for the tool. This will be passed to the language model,
+            so should be unique and somewhat descriptive.
+        description: The description for the tool. This will be passed to the language
+            model, so should be descriptive.
+        document_prompt: The prompt to use for the document. Defaults to None.
+        document_separator: The separator to use between documents. Defaults to "\n\n".
+        response_format: The tool response format. If "content" then the output of
+            the tool is interpreted as the contents of a ToolMessage. If
+            "content_and_artifact" then the output is expected to be a two-tuple
+            corresponding to the (content, artifact) of a ToolMessage (artifact
+            being a list of documents in this case). Defaults to "content".
+
+    Returns:
+        Tool class to pass to an agent.
+    """
+    document_prompt = document_prompt or PromptTemplate.from_template("{page_content}")
+    func = partial(
+        _get_relevant_documents,
+        retriever=retriever,
+        document_prompt=document_prompt,
+        document_separator=document_separator,
+        response_format=response_format,
+    )
+    afunc = partial(
+        _aget_relevant_documents,
+        retriever=retriever,
+        document_prompt=document_prompt,
+        document_separator=document_separator,
+        response_format=response_format,
+    )
+    return Tool(
+        name=name,
+        description=description,
+        func=func,
+        coroutine=afunc,
+        args_schema=RetrieverInput,
+        response_format=response_format,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/simple.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/simple.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05dc1917
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/simple.py
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+"""Tool that takes in function or coroutine directly."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from inspect import signature
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, run_in_executor
+from langchain_core.tools.base import (
+    ArgsSchema,
+    BaseTool,
+    ToolException,
+    _get_runnable_config_param,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.messages import ToolCall
+
+
+class Tool(BaseTool):
+    """Tool that takes in function or coroutine directly."""
+
+    description: str = ""
+    func: Optional[Callable[..., str]]
+    """The function to run when the tool is called."""
+    coroutine: Optional[Callable[..., Awaitable[str]]] = None
+    """The asynchronous version of the function."""
+
+    # --- Runnable ---
+
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, dict, ToolCall],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if not self.coroutine:
+            # If the tool does not implement async, fall back to default implementation
+            return await run_in_executor(config, self.invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        return await super().ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    # --- Tool ---
+
+    @property
+    def args(self) -> dict:
+        """The tool's input arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input arguments for the tool.
+        """
+        if self.args_schema is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.args_schema, dict):
+                json_schema = self.args_schema
+            else:
+                json_schema = self.args_schema.model_json_schema()
+            return json_schema["properties"]
+        # For backwards compatibility, if the function signature is ambiguous,
+        # assume it takes a single string input.
+        return {"tool_input": {"type": "string"}}
+
+    def _to_args_and_kwargs(
+        self, tool_input: Union[str, dict], tool_call_id: Optional[str]
+    ) -> tuple[tuple, dict]:
+        """Convert tool input to pydantic model."""
+        args, kwargs = super()._to_args_and_kwargs(tool_input, tool_call_id)
+        # For backwards compatibility. The tool must be run with a single input
+        all_args = list(args) + list(kwargs.values())
+        if len(all_args) != 1:
+            msg = (
+                f"""Too many arguments to single-input tool {self.name}.
+                Consider using StructuredTool instead."""
+                f" Args: {all_args}"
+            )
+            raise ToolException(msg)
+        return tuple(all_args), {}
+
+    def _run(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Use the tool."""
+        if self.func:
+            if run_manager and signature(self.func).parameters.get("callbacks"):
+                kwargs["callbacks"] = run_manager.get_child()
+            if config_param := _get_runnable_config_param(self.func):
+                kwargs[config_param] = config
+            return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+        msg = "Tool does not support sync invocation."
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    async def _arun(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Use the tool asynchronously."""
+        if self.coroutine:
+            if run_manager and signature(self.coroutine).parameters.get("callbacks"):
+                kwargs["callbacks"] = run_manager.get_child()
+            if config_param := _get_runnable_config_param(self.coroutine):
+                kwargs[config_param] = config
+            return await self.coroutine(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # NOTE: this code is unreachable since _arun is only called if coroutine is not
+        # None.
+        return await super()._arun(
+            *args, config=config, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    # TODO: this is for backwards compatibility, remove in future
+    def __init__(
+        self, name: str, func: Optional[Callable], description: str, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize tool."""
+        super().__init__(name=name, func=func, description=description, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_function(
+        cls,
+        func: Optional[Callable],
+        name: str,  # We keep these required to support backwards compatibility
+        description: str,
+        return_direct: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = None,
+        coroutine: Optional[
+            Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]]
+        ] = None,  # This is last for compatibility, but should be after func
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Tool:
+        """Initialize tool from a function.
+
+        Args:
+            func: The function to create the tool from.
+            name: The name of the tool.
+            description: The description of the tool.
+            return_direct: Whether to return the output directly. Defaults to False.
+            args_schema: The schema of the tool's input arguments. Defaults to None.
+            coroutine: The asynchronous version of the function. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the tool.
+
+        Returns:
+            The tool.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the function is not provided.
+        """
+        if func is None and coroutine is None:
+            msg = "Function and/or coroutine must be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            func=func,
+            coroutine=coroutine,
+            description=description,
+            return_direct=return_direct,
+            args_schema=args_schema,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/structured.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/structured.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e202dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tools/structured.py
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+"""Structured tool."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import textwrap
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from inspect import signature
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import Field, SkipValidation
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks import (
+    AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
+    CallbackManagerForToolRun,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, run_in_executor
+from langchain_core.tools.base import (
+    FILTERED_ARGS,
+    ArgsSchema,
+    BaseTool,
+    _get_runnable_config_param,
+    create_schema_from_function,
+)
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import is_basemodel_subclass
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.messages import ToolCall
+
+
+class StructuredTool(BaseTool):
+    """Tool that can operate on any number of inputs."""
+
+    description: str = ""
+    args_schema: Annotated[ArgsSchema, SkipValidation()] = Field(
+        ..., description="The tool schema."
+    )
+    """The input arguments' schema."""
+    func: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+    """The function to run when the tool is called."""
+    coroutine: Optional[Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]]] = None
+    """The asynchronous version of the function."""
+
+    # --- Runnable ---
+
+    # TODO: Is this needed?
+    @override
+    async def ainvoke(
+        self,
+        input: Union[str, dict, ToolCall],
+        config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if not self.coroutine:
+            # If the tool does not implement async, fall back to default implementation
+            return await run_in_executor(config, self.invoke, input, config, **kwargs)
+
+        return await super().ainvoke(input, config, **kwargs)
+
+    # --- Tool ---
+
+    @property
+    def args(self) -> dict:
+        """The tool's input arguments."""
+        if isinstance(self.args_schema, dict):
+            json_schema = self.args_schema
+        else:
+            input_schema = self.get_input_schema()
+            json_schema = input_schema.model_json_schema()
+        return json_schema["properties"]
+
+    def _run(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Use the tool."""
+        if self.func:
+            if run_manager and signature(self.func).parameters.get("callbacks"):
+                kwargs["callbacks"] = run_manager.get_child()
+            if config_param := _get_runnable_config_param(self.func):
+                kwargs[config_param] = config
+            return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+        msg = "StructuredTool does not support sync invocation."
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    async def _arun(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Use the tool asynchronously."""
+        if self.coroutine:
+            if run_manager and signature(self.coroutine).parameters.get("callbacks"):
+                kwargs["callbacks"] = run_manager.get_child()
+            if config_param := _get_runnable_config_param(self.coroutine):
+                kwargs[config_param] = config
+            return await self.coroutine(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # If self.coroutine is None, then this will delegate to the default
+        # implementation which is expected to delegate to _run on a separate thread.
+        return await super()._arun(
+            *args, config=config, run_manager=run_manager, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_function(
+        cls,
+        func: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        coroutine: Optional[Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        return_direct: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = None,
+        infer_schema: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        *,
+        response_format: Literal["content", "content_and_artifact"] = "content",
+        parse_docstring: bool = False,
+        error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> StructuredTool:
+        """Create tool from a given function.
+
+        A classmethod that helps to create a tool from a function.
+
+        Args:
+            func: The function from which to create a tool.
+            coroutine: The async function from which to create a tool.
+            name: The name of the tool. Defaults to the function name.
+            description: The description of the tool.
+                Defaults to the function docstring.
+            return_direct: Whether to return the result directly or as a callback.
+                Defaults to False.
+            args_schema: The schema of the tool's input arguments. Defaults to None.
+            infer_schema: Whether to infer the schema from the function's signature.
+                Defaults to True.
+            response_format: The tool response format. If "content" then the output of
+                the tool is interpreted as the contents of a ToolMessage. If
+                "content_and_artifact" then the output is expected to be a two-tuple
+                corresponding to the (content, artifact) of a ToolMessage.
+                Defaults to "content".
+            parse_docstring: if ``infer_schema`` and ``parse_docstring``, will attempt
+                to parse parameter descriptions from Google Style function docstrings.
+                Defaults to False.
+            error_on_invalid_docstring: if ``parse_docstring`` is provided, configure
+                whether to raise ValueError on invalid Google Style docstrings.
+                Defaults to False.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the tool
+
+        Returns:
+            The tool.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the function is not provided.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                def add(a: int, b: int) -> int:
+                    \"\"\"Add two numbers\"\"\"
+                    return a + b
+                tool = StructuredTool.from_function(add)
+                tool.run(1, 2) # 3
+        """
+        if func is not None:
+            source_function = func
+        elif coroutine is not None:
+            source_function = coroutine
+        else:
+            msg = "Function and/or coroutine must be provided"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        name = name or source_function.__name__
+        if args_schema is None and infer_schema:
+            # schema name is appended within function
+            args_schema = create_schema_from_function(
+                name,
+                source_function,
+                parse_docstring=parse_docstring,
+                error_on_invalid_docstring=error_on_invalid_docstring,
+                filter_args=_filter_schema_args(source_function),
+            )
+        description_ = description
+        if description is None and not parse_docstring:
+            description_ = source_function.__doc__ or None
+        if description_ is None and args_schema:
+            if isinstance(args_schema, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(args_schema):
+                description_ = args_schema.__doc__ or None
+            elif isinstance(args_schema, dict):
+                description_ = args_schema.get("description")
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    "Invalid args_schema: expected BaseModel or dict, "
+                    f"got {args_schema}"
+                )
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+        if description_ is None:
+            msg = "Function must have a docstring if description not provided."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if description is None:
+            # Only apply if using the function's docstring
+            description_ = textwrap.dedent(description_).strip()
+
+        # Description example:
+        # search_api(query: str) - Searches the API for the query.
+        description_ = f"{description_.strip()}"
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            func=func,
+            coroutine=coroutine,
+            args_schema=args_schema,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            description=description_,
+            return_direct=return_direct,
+            response_format=response_format,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+def _filter_schema_args(func: Callable) -> list[str]:
+    filter_args = list(FILTERED_ARGS)
+    if config_param := _get_runnable_config_param(func):
+        filter_args.append(config_param)
+    # filter_args.extend(_get_non_model_params(type_hints))
+    return filter_args
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db8e828c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+"""**Tracers** are classes for tracing runs.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseCallbackHandler --> BaseTracer --> <name>Tracer  # Examples: LangChainTracer, RootListenersTracer
+                                       --> <name>  # Examples: LogStreamCallbackHandler
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer
+    from langchain_core.tracers.evaluation import EvaluatorCallbackHandler
+    from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+    from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import (
+        LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+        RunLog,
+        RunLogPatch,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+    from langchain_core.tracers.stdout import ConsoleCallbackHandler
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BaseTracer",
+    "EvaluatorCallbackHandler",
+    "LangChainTracer",
+    "ConsoleCallbackHandler",
+    "Run",
+    "RunLog",
+    "RunLogPatch",
+    "LogStreamCallbackHandler",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "BaseTracer": "base",
+    "EvaluatorCallbackHandler": "evaluation",
+    "LangChainTracer": "langchain",
+    "LogStreamCallbackHandler": "log_stream",
+    "RunLog": "log_stream",
+    "RunLogPatch": "log_stream",
+    "Run": "schemas",
+    "ConsoleCallbackHandler": "stdout",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/__pycache__/stdout.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/_streaming.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/_streaming.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca50213d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/_streaming.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""Internal tracers used for stream_log and astream events implementations."""
+
+import abc
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator
+from typing import TypeVar
+from uuid import UUID
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class _StreamingCallbackHandler(abc.ABC):
+    """For internal use.
+
+    This is a common mixin that the callback handlers
+    for both astream events and astream log inherit from.
+
+    The `tap_output_aiter` method is invoked in some contexts
+    to produce callbacks for intermediate results.
+    """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def tap_output_aiter(
+        self, run_id: UUID, output: AsyncIterator[T]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        """Used for internal astream_log and astream events implementations."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def tap_output_iter(self, run_id: UUID, output: Iterator[T]) -> Iterator[T]:
+        """Used for internal astream_log and astream events implementations."""
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "_StreamingCallbackHandler",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee588606
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,917 @@
+"""Base interfaces for tracing runs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import AsyncCallbackHandler, BaseCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.exceptions import TracerException  # noqa: F401
+from langchain_core.tracers.core import _TracerCore
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+    from uuid import UUID
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+    from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGenerationChunk, GenerationChunk, LLMResult
+    from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BaseTracer(_TracerCore, BaseCallbackHandler, ABC):
+    """Base interface for tracers."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Persist a run."""
+
+    def _start_trace(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Start a trace for a run."""
+        super()._start_trace(run)
+        self._on_run_create(run)
+
+    def _end_trace(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """End a trace for a run."""
+        if not run.parent_run_id:
+            self._persist_run(run)
+        self.run_map.pop(str(run.id))
+        self._on_run_update(run)
+
+    def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Start a trace for an LLM run.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized: The serialized model.
+            messages: The messages to start the chat with.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            tags: The tags for the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: The metadata for the run. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the run.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        chat_model_run = self._create_chat_model_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            messages=messages,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            name=name,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self._start_trace(chat_model_run)
+        self._on_chat_model_start(chat_model_run)
+        return chat_model_run
+
+    def on_llm_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Start a trace for an LLM run.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized: The serialized model.
+            prompts: The prompts to start the LLM with.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            tags: The tags for the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: The metadata for the run. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the run.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        llm_run = self._create_llm_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            prompts=prompts,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            name=name,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self._start_trace(llm_run)
+        self._on_llm_start(llm_run)
+        return llm_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        *,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Run on new LLM token. Only available when streaming is enabled.
+
+        Args:
+            token: The token.
+            chunk: The chunk. Defaults to None.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        # "chat_model" is only used for the experimental new streaming_events format.
+        # This change should not affect any existing tracers.
+        llm_run = self._llm_run_with_token_event(
+            token=token,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            chunk=chunk,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+        )
+        self._on_llm_new_token(llm_run, token, chunk)
+        return llm_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_retry(
+        self,
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Run on retry.
+
+        Args:
+            retry_state: The retry state.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        return self._llm_run_with_retry_event(
+            retry_state=retry_state,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def on_llm_end(self, response: LLMResult, *, run_id: UUID, **kwargs: Any) -> Run:
+        """End a trace for an LLM run.
+
+        Args:
+            response: The response.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        # "chat_model" is only used for the experimental new streaming_events format.
+        # This change should not affect any existing tracers.
+        llm_run = self._complete_llm_run(
+            response=response,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        self._end_trace(llm_run)
+        self._on_llm_end(llm_run)
+        return llm_run
+
+    def on_llm_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Handle an error for an LLM run.
+
+        Args:
+            error: The error.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        # "chat_model" is only used for the experimental new streaming_events format.
+        # This change should not affect any existing tracers.
+        llm_run = self._errored_llm_run(
+            error=error, run_id=run_id, response=kwargs.pop("response", None)
+        )
+        self._end_trace(llm_run)
+        self._on_llm_error(llm_run)
+        return llm_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_chain_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Start a trace for a chain run.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized: The serialized chain.
+            inputs: The inputs for the chain.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            tags: The tags for the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: The metadata for the run. Defaults to None.
+            run_type: The type of the run. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the run.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        chain_run = self._create_chain_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            name=name,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self._start_trace(chain_run)
+        self._on_chain_start(chain_run)
+        return chain_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_chain_end(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """End a trace for a chain run.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs: The outputs for the chain.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            inputs: The inputs for the chain. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        chain_run = self._complete_chain_run(
+            outputs=outputs,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            inputs=inputs,
+        )
+        self._end_trace(chain_run)
+        self._on_chain_end(chain_run)
+        return chain_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Handle an error for a chain run.
+
+        Args:
+            error: The error.
+            inputs: The inputs for the chain. Defaults to None.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        chain_run = self._errored_chain_run(
+            error=error,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            inputs=inputs,
+        )
+        self._end_trace(chain_run)
+        self._on_chain_error(chain_run)
+        return chain_run
+
+    def on_tool_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        input_str: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Start a trace for a tool run.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized: The serialized tool.
+            input_str: The input string.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            tags: The tags for the run. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: The metadata for the run. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the run.
+            inputs: The inputs for the tool.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        tool_run = self._create_tool_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            input_str=input_str,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            name=name,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self._start_trace(tool_run)
+        self._on_tool_start(tool_run)
+        return tool_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_tool_end(self, output: Any, *, run_id: UUID, **kwargs: Any) -> Run:
+        """End a trace for a tool run.
+
+        Args:
+            output: The output for the tool.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        tool_run = self._complete_tool_run(
+            output=output,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        self._end_trace(tool_run)
+        self._on_tool_end(tool_run)
+        return tool_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_tool_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Handle an error for a tool run.
+
+        Args:
+            error: The error.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        tool_run = self._errored_tool_run(
+            error=error,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        self._end_trace(tool_run)
+        self._on_tool_error(tool_run)
+        return tool_run
+
+    def on_retriever_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Run when the Retriever starts running.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized: The serialized retriever.
+            query: The query.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. Defaults to None.
+            tags: The tags for the run. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: The metadata for the run. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name of the run.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        retrieval_run = self._create_retrieval_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            query=query,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            name=name,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self._start_trace(retrieval_run)
+        self._on_retriever_start(retrieval_run)
+        return retrieval_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_retriever_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Run when Retriever errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error: The error.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        retrieval_run = self._errored_retrieval_run(
+            error=error,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        self._end_trace(retrieval_run)
+        self._on_retriever_error(retrieval_run)
+        return retrieval_run
+
+    @override
+    def on_retriever_end(
+        self, documents: Sequence[Document], *, run_id: UUID, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Run when the Retriever ends running.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: The documents.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The run.
+        """
+        retrieval_run = self._complete_retrieval_run(
+            documents=documents,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        self._end_trace(retrieval_run)
+        self._on_retriever_end(retrieval_run)
+        return retrieval_run
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict) -> BaseTracer:
+        """Deepcopy the tracer."""
+        return self
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> BaseTracer:
+        """Copy the tracer."""
+        return self
+
+
+class AsyncBaseTracer(_TracerCore, AsyncCallbackHandler, ABC):
+    """Async Base interface for tracers."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    @override
+    async def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Persist a run."""
+
+    @override
+    async def _start_trace(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Start a trace for a run.
+
+        Starting a trace will run concurrently with each _on_[run_type]_start method.
+        No _on_[run_type]_start callback should depend on operations in _start_trace.
+        """
+        super()._start_trace(run)
+        await self._on_run_create(run)
+
+    @override
+    async def _end_trace(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """End a trace for a run.
+
+        Ending a trace will run concurrently with each _on_[run_type]_end method.
+        No _on_[run_type]_end callback should depend on operations in _end_trace.
+        """
+        if not run.parent_run_id:
+            await self._persist_run(run)
+        self.run_map.pop(str(run.id))
+        await self._on_run_update(run)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        chat_model_run = self._create_chat_model_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            messages=messages,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            name=name,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        tasks = [
+            self._start_trace(chat_model_run),
+            self._on_chat_model_start(chat_model_run),
+        ]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+        return chat_model_run
+
+    @override
+    async def on_llm_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        llm_run = self._create_llm_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            prompts=prompts,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._start_trace(llm_run), self._on_llm_start(llm_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        *,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        llm_run = self._llm_run_with_token_event(
+            token=token,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            chunk=chunk,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+        )
+        await self._on_llm_new_token(llm_run, token, chunk)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_retry(
+        self,
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._llm_run_with_retry_event(
+            retry_state=retry_state,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_llm_end(
+        self,
+        response: LLMResult,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        llm_run = self._complete_llm_run(
+            response=response,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._on_llm_end(llm_run), self._end_trace(llm_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_llm_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        llm_run = self._errored_llm_run(
+            error=error,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._on_llm_error(llm_run), self._end_trace(llm_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_chain_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        chain_run = self._create_chain_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            name=name,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._start_trace(chain_run), self._on_chain_start(chain_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_chain_end(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        chain_run = self._complete_chain_run(
+            outputs=outputs,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            inputs=inputs,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._end_trace(chain_run), self._on_chain_end(chain_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_chain_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        chain_run = self._errored_chain_run(
+            error=error,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._end_trace(chain_run), self._on_chain_error(chain_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_tool_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        input_str: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        tool_run = self._create_tool_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            input_str=input_str,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._start_trace(tool_run), self._on_tool_start(tool_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_tool_end(
+        self,
+        output: Any,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        tool_run = self._complete_tool_run(
+            output=output,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._end_trace(tool_run), self._on_tool_end(tool_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_tool_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        tool_run = self._errored_tool_run(
+            error=error,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._end_trace(tool_run), self._on_tool_error(tool_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_retriever_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        retriever_run = self._create_retrieval_run(
+            serialized=serialized,
+            query=query,
+            run_id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            name=name,
+        )
+        tasks = [
+            self._start_trace(retriever_run),
+            self._on_retriever_start(retriever_run),
+        ]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_retriever_error(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        retrieval_run = self._errored_retrieval_run(
+            error=error,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        tasks = [
+            self._end_trace(retrieval_run),
+            self._on_retriever_error(retrieval_run),
+        ]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_retriever_end(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        retrieval_run = self._complete_retrieval_run(
+            documents=documents,
+            run_id=run_id,
+        )
+        tasks = [self._end_trace(retrieval_run), self._on_retriever_end(retrieval_run)]
+        await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+
+    async def _on_run_create(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process a run upon creation."""
+
+    async def _on_run_update(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process a run upon update."""
+
+    async def _on_llm_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the LLM Run upon start."""
+
+    async def _on_llm_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the LLM Run."""
+
+    async def _on_llm_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the LLM Run upon error."""
+
+    async def _on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        token: str,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Process new LLM token."""
+
+    async def _on_chain_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Chain Run upon start."""
+
+    async def _on_chain_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Chain Run."""
+
+    async def _on_chain_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Chain Run upon error."""
+
+    async def _on_tool_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Tool Run upon start."""
+
+    async def _on_tool_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Tool Run."""
+
+    async def _on_tool_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Tool Run upon error."""
+
+    async def _on_chat_model_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Chat Model Run upon start."""
+
+    async def _on_retriever_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Retriever Run upon start."""
+
+    async def _on_retriever_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Retriever Run."""
+
+    async def _on_retriever_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Retriever Run upon error."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/context.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/context.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..466bc2f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+"""Context management for tracers."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langsmith import run_helpers as ls_rh
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.run_collector import RunCollectorCallbackHandler
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Generator
+
+    from langsmith import Client as LangSmithClient
+
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackHandler, Callbacks
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import AsyncCallbackManager, CallbackManager
+    from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import TracerSessionV1
+
+# for backwards partial compatibility if this is imported by users but unused
+tracing_callback_var: Any = None
+tracing_v2_callback_var: ContextVar[Optional[LangChainTracer]] = ContextVar(
+    "tracing_callback_v2", default=None
+)
+run_collector_var: ContextVar[Optional[RunCollectorCallbackHandler]] = ContextVar(
+    "run_collector", default=None
+)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def tracing_enabled(
+    session_name: str = "default",  # noqa: ARG001
+) -> Generator[TracerSessionV1, None, None]:
+    """Throw an error because this has been replaced by tracing_v2_enabled."""
+    msg = (
+        "tracing_enabled is no longer supported. Please use tracing_enabled_v2 instead."
+    )
+    raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def tracing_v2_enabled(
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    example_id: Optional[Union[str, UUID]] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    client: Optional[LangSmithClient] = None,
+) -> Generator[LangChainTracer, None, None]:
+    """Instruct LangChain to log all runs in context to LangSmith.
+
+    Args:
+        project_name (str, optional): The name of the project.
+            Defaults to "default".
+        example_id (str or UUID, optional): The ID of the example.
+            Defaults to None.
+        tags (list[str], optional): The tags to add to the run.
+            Defaults to None.
+        client (LangSmithClient, optional): The client of the langsmith.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Yields:
+        LangChainTracer: The LangChain tracer.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> with tracing_v2_enabled():
+        ...     # LangChain code will automatically be traced
+
+        You can use this to fetch the LangSmith run URL:
+
+        >>> with tracing_v2_enabled() as cb:
+        ...     chain.invoke("foo")
+        ...     run_url = cb.get_run_url()
+    """
+    if isinstance(example_id, str):
+        example_id = UUID(example_id)
+    cb = LangChainTracer(
+        example_id=example_id,
+        project_name=project_name,
+        tags=tags,
+        client=client,
+    )
+    token = tracing_v2_callback_var.set(cb)
+    try:
+        yield cb
+    finally:
+        tracing_v2_callback_var.reset(token)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def collect_runs() -> Generator[RunCollectorCallbackHandler, None, None]:
+    """Collect all run traces in context.
+
+    Yields:
+        run_collector.RunCollectorCallbackHandler: The run collector callback handler.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> with collect_runs() as runs_cb:
+                chain.invoke("foo")
+                run_id = runs_cb.traced_runs[0].id
+    """
+    cb = RunCollectorCallbackHandler()
+    token = run_collector_var.set(cb)
+    try:
+        yield cb
+    finally:
+        run_collector_var.reset(token)
+
+
+def _get_trace_callbacks(
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    example_id: Optional[Union[str, UUID]] = None,
+    callback_manager: Optional[Union[CallbackManager, AsyncCallbackManager]] = None,
+) -> Callbacks:
+    if _tracing_v2_is_enabled():
+        project_name_ = project_name or _get_tracer_project()
+        tracer = tracing_v2_callback_var.get() or LangChainTracer(
+            project_name=project_name_,
+            example_id=example_id,
+        )
+        if callback_manager is None:
+            cb = cast("Callbacks", [tracer])
+        else:
+            if not any(
+                isinstance(handler, LangChainTracer)
+                for handler in callback_manager.handlers
+            ):
+                callback_manager.add_handler(tracer)
+                # If it already has a LangChainTracer, we don't need to add another one.
+                # this would likely mess up the trace hierarchy.
+            cb = callback_manager
+    else:
+        cb = None
+    return cb
+
+
+def _tracing_v2_is_enabled() -> Union[bool, Literal["local"]]:
+    if tracing_v2_callback_var.get() is not None:
+        return True
+    return ls_utils.tracing_is_enabled()
+
+
+def _get_tracer_project() -> str:
+    tracing_context = ls_rh.get_tracing_context()
+    run_tree = tracing_context["parent"]
+    if run_tree is None and tracing_context["project_name"] is not None:
+        return tracing_context["project_name"]
+    return getattr(
+        run_tree,
+        "session_name",
+        getattr(
+            # Note, if people are trying to nest @traceable functions and the
+            # tracing_v2_enabled context manager, this will likely mess up the
+            # tree structure.
+            tracing_v2_callback_var.get(),
+            "project",
+            # Have to set this to a string even though it always will return
+            # a string because `get_tracer_project` technically can return
+            # None, but only when a specific argument is supplied.
+            # Therefore, this just tricks the mypy type checker
+            str(ls_utils.get_tracer_project()),
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+_configure_hooks: list[
+    tuple[
+        ContextVar[Optional[BaseCallbackHandler]],
+        bool,
+        Optional[type[BaseCallbackHandler]],
+        Optional[str],
+    ]
+] = []
+
+
+def register_configure_hook(
+    context_var: ContextVar[Optional[Any]],
+    inheritable: bool,  # noqa: FBT001
+    handle_class: Optional[type[BaseCallbackHandler]] = None,
+    env_var: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Register a configure hook.
+
+    Args:
+        context_var (ContextVar[Optional[Any]]): The context variable.
+        inheritable (bool): Whether the context variable is inheritable.
+        handle_class (Optional[Type[BaseCallbackHandler]], optional):
+          The callback handler class. Defaults to None.
+        env_var (Optional[str], optional): The environment variable. Defaults to None.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If env_var is set, handle_class must also be set
+          to a non-None value.
+    """
+    if env_var is not None and handle_class is None:
+        msg = "If env_var is set, handle_class must also be set to a non-None value."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    _configure_hooks.append(
+        (
+            # the typings of ContextVar do not have the generic arg set as covariant
+            # so we have to cast it
+            cast("ContextVar[Optional[BaseCallbackHandler]]", context_var),
+            inheritable,
+            handle_class,
+            env_var,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+register_configure_hook(run_collector_var, inheritable=False)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d1287ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+"""Utilities for the root listener."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import sys
+import traceback
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import TracerException
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd
+from langchain_core.outputs import (
+    ChatGeneration,
+    ChatGenerationChunk,
+    GenerationChunk,
+    LLMResult,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Coroutine, Sequence
+    from uuid import UUID
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+SCHEMA_FORMAT_TYPE = Literal["original", "streaming_events"]
+
+
+class _TracerCore(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for tracers.
+
+    This class provides common methods, and reusable methods for tracers.
+    """
+
+    log_missing_parent: bool = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        _schema_format: Literal[
+            "original", "streaming_events", "original+chat"
+        ] = "original",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the tracer.
+
+        Args:
+            _schema_format: Primarily changes how the inputs and outputs are
+                handled. For internal use only. This API will change.
+
+                - 'original' is the format used by all current tracers.
+                  This format is slightly inconsistent with respect to inputs
+                  and outputs.
+                - 'streaming_events' is used for supporting streaming events,
+                  for internal usage. It will likely change in the future, or
+                  be deprecated entirely in favor of a dedicated async tracer
+                  for streaming events.
+                - 'original+chat' is a format that is the same as 'original'
+                  except it does NOT raise an attribute error on_chat_model_start
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments that will be passed to
+                the superclass.
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._schema_format = _schema_format  # For internal use only API will change.
+        self.run_map: dict[str, Run] = {}
+        """Map of run ID to run. Cleared on run end."""
+        self.order_map: dict[UUID, tuple[UUID, str]] = {}
+        """Map of run ID to (trace_id, dotted_order). Cleared when tracer GCed."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:
+        """Persist a run."""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _add_child_run(
+        parent_run: Run,
+        child_run: Run,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add child run to a chain run or tool run."""
+        parent_run.child_runs.append(child_run)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_stacktrace(error: BaseException) -> str:
+        """Get the stacktrace of the parent error."""
+        msg = repr(error)
+        try:
+            if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+                tb = traceback.format_exception(
+                    error.__class__, error, error.__traceback__
+                )
+            else:
+                tb = traceback.format_exception(error)
+            return (msg + "\n\n".join(tb)).strip()
+        except:  # noqa: E722
+            return msg
+
+    def _start_trace(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # type: ignore[return]
+        current_dotted_order = run.start_time.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ") + str(run.id)
+        if run.parent_run_id:
+            if parent := self.order_map.get(run.parent_run_id):
+                run.trace_id, run.dotted_order = parent
+                run.dotted_order += "." + current_dotted_order
+                if parent_run := self.run_map.get(str(run.parent_run_id)):
+                    self._add_child_run(parent_run, run)
+            else:
+                if self.log_missing_parent:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Parent run %s not found for run %s. Treating as a root run.",
+                        run.parent_run_id,
+                        run.id,
+                    )
+                run.parent_run_id = None
+                run.trace_id = run.id
+                run.dotted_order = current_dotted_order
+        else:
+            run.trace_id = run.id
+            run.dotted_order = current_dotted_order
+        self.order_map[run.id] = (run.trace_id, run.dotted_order)
+        self.run_map[str(run.id)] = run
+
+    def _get_run(
+        self, run_id: UUID, run_type: Union[str, set[str], None] = None
+    ) -> Run:
+        try:
+            run = self.run_map[str(run_id)]
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            msg = f"No indexed run ID {run_id}."
+            raise TracerException(msg) from exc
+
+        if isinstance(run_type, str):
+            run_types: Union[set[str], None] = {run_type}
+        else:
+            run_types = run_type
+        if run_types is not None and run.run_type not in run_types:
+            msg = (
+                f"Found {run.run_type} run at ID {run_id}, "
+                f"but expected {run_types} run."
+            )
+            raise TracerException(msg)
+        return run
+
+    def _create_chat_model_run(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Create a chat model run."""
+        if self._schema_format not in ("streaming_events", "original+chat"):
+            # Please keep this un-implemented for backwards compatibility.
+            # When it's unimplemented old tracers that use the "original" format
+            # fallback on the on_llm_start method implementation if they
+            # find that the on_chat_model_start method is not implemented.
+            # This can eventually be cleaned up by writing a "modern" tracer
+            # that has all the updated schema changes corresponding to
+            # the "streaming_events" format.
+            msg = (
+                f"Chat model tracing is not supported in "
+                f"for {self._schema_format} format."
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+        start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        if metadata:
+            kwargs.update({"metadata": metadata})
+        return Run(
+            id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            serialized=serialized,
+            inputs={"messages": [[dumpd(msg) for msg in batch] for batch in messages]},
+            extra=kwargs,
+            events=[{"name": "start", "time": start_time}],
+            start_time=start_time,
+            # WARNING: This is valid ONLY for streaming_events.
+            # run_type="llm" is what's used by virtually all tracers.
+            # Changing this to "chat_model" may break triggering on_llm_start
+            run_type="chat_model",
+            tags=tags,
+            name=name,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    def _create_llm_run(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Create a llm run."""
+        start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        if metadata:
+            kwargs.update({"metadata": metadata})
+        return Run(
+            id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            serialized=serialized,
+            # TODO: Figure out how to expose kwargs here
+            inputs={"prompts": prompts},
+            extra=kwargs,
+            events=[{"name": "start", "time": start_time}],
+            start_time=start_time,
+            run_type="llm",
+            tags=tags or [],
+            name=name,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    def _llm_run_with_token_event(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Append token event to LLM run and return the run."""
+        llm_run = self._get_run(run_id, run_type={"llm", "chat_model"})
+        event_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {"token": token}
+        if chunk:
+            event_kwargs["chunk"] = chunk
+        llm_run.events.append(
+            {
+                "name": "new_token",
+                "time": datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+                "kwargs": event_kwargs,
+            },
+        )
+        return llm_run
+
+    def _llm_run_with_retry_event(
+        self,
+        retry_state: RetryCallState,
+        run_id: UUID,
+    ) -> Run:
+        llm_run = self._get_run(run_id)
+        retry_d: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "slept": retry_state.idle_for,
+            "attempt": retry_state.attempt_number,
+        }
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            retry_d["outcome"] = "N/A"
+        elif retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            retry_d["outcome"] = "failed"
+            exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            retry_d["exception"] = str(exception)
+            retry_d["exception_type"] = exception.__class__.__name__
+        else:
+            retry_d["outcome"] = "success"
+            retry_d["result"] = str(retry_state.outcome.result())
+        llm_run.events.append(
+            {
+                "name": "retry",
+                "time": datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+                "kwargs": retry_d,
+            },
+        )
+        return llm_run
+
+    def _complete_llm_run(self, response: LLMResult, run_id: UUID) -> Run:
+        llm_run = self._get_run(run_id, run_type={"llm", "chat_model"})
+        if getattr(llm_run, "outputs", None) is None:
+            llm_run.outputs = {}
+        else:
+            llm_run.outputs = cast("dict[str, Any]", llm_run.outputs)
+        if not llm_run.extra.get("__omit_auto_outputs", False):
+            llm_run.outputs.update(response.model_dump())
+        for i, generations in enumerate(response.generations):
+            for j, generation in enumerate(generations):
+                output_generation = llm_run.outputs["generations"][i][j]
+                if "message" in output_generation:
+                    output_generation["message"] = dumpd(
+                        cast("ChatGeneration", generation).message
+                    )
+        llm_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        llm_run.events.append({"name": "end", "time": llm_run.end_time})
+
+        return llm_run
+
+    def _errored_llm_run(
+        self, error: BaseException, run_id: UUID, response: Optional[LLMResult] = None
+    ) -> Run:
+        llm_run = self._get_run(run_id, run_type={"llm", "chat_model"})
+        llm_run.error = self._get_stacktrace(error)
+        if response:
+            if getattr(llm_run, "outputs", None) is None:
+                llm_run.outputs = {}
+            else:
+                llm_run.outputs = cast("dict[str, Any]", llm_run.outputs)
+            if not llm_run.extra.get("__omit_auto_outputs", False):
+                llm_run.outputs.update(response.model_dump())
+            for i, generations in enumerate(response.generations):
+                for j, generation in enumerate(generations):
+                    output_generation = llm_run.outputs["generations"][i][j]
+                    if "message" in output_generation:
+                        output_generation["message"] = dumpd(
+                            cast("ChatGeneration", generation).message
+                        )
+        llm_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        llm_run.events.append({"name": "error", "time": llm_run.end_time})
+
+        return llm_run
+
+    def _create_chain_run(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Create a chain Run."""
+        start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        if metadata:
+            kwargs.update({"metadata": metadata})
+        return Run(
+            id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            serialized=serialized,
+            inputs=self._get_chain_inputs(inputs),
+            extra=kwargs,
+            events=[{"name": "start", "time": start_time}],
+            start_time=start_time,
+            child_runs=[],
+            run_type=run_type or "chain",
+            name=name,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            tags=tags or [],
+        )
+
+    def _get_chain_inputs(self, inputs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Get the inputs for a chain run."""
+        if self._schema_format in ("original", "original+chat"):
+            return inputs if isinstance(inputs, dict) else {"input": inputs}
+        if self._schema_format == "streaming_events":
+            return {
+                "input": inputs,
+            }
+        msg = f"Invalid format: {self._schema_format}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    def _get_chain_outputs(self, outputs: Any) -> Any:
+        """Get the outputs for a chain run."""
+        if self._schema_format in ("original", "original+chat"):
+            return outputs if isinstance(outputs, dict) else {"output": outputs}
+        if self._schema_format == "streaming_events":
+            return {
+                "output": outputs,
+            }
+        msg = f"Invalid format: {self._schema_format}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    def _complete_chain_run(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_id: UUID,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Update a chain run with outputs and end time."""
+        chain_run = self._get_run(run_id)
+        if getattr(chain_run, "outputs", None) is None:
+            chain_run.outputs = {}
+        if not chain_run.extra.get("__omit_auto_outputs", False):
+            cast("dict[str, Any]", chain_run.outputs).update(
+                self._get_chain_outputs(outputs)
+            )
+        chain_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        chain_run.events.append({"name": "end", "time": chain_run.end_time})
+        if inputs is not None:
+            chain_run.inputs = self._get_chain_inputs(inputs)
+        return chain_run
+
+    def _errored_chain_run(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        run_id: UUID,
+    ) -> Run:
+        chain_run = self._get_run(run_id)
+        chain_run.error = self._get_stacktrace(error)
+        chain_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        chain_run.events.append({"name": "error", "time": chain_run.end_time})
+        if inputs is not None:
+            chain_run.inputs = self._get_chain_inputs(inputs)
+        return chain_run
+
+    def _create_tool_run(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        input_str: str,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Create a tool run."""
+        start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        if metadata:
+            kwargs.update({"metadata": metadata})
+
+        if self._schema_format in ("original", "original+chat"):
+            inputs = {"input": input_str}
+        elif self._schema_format == "streaming_events":
+            inputs = {"input": inputs}
+        else:
+            msg = f"Invalid format: {self._schema_format}"
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+        return Run(
+            id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            serialized=serialized,
+            # Wrapping in dict since Run requires a dict object.
+            inputs=inputs,
+            extra=kwargs,
+            events=[{"name": "start", "time": start_time}],
+            start_time=start_time,
+            child_runs=[],
+            run_type="tool",
+            tags=tags or [],
+            name=name,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+
+    def _complete_tool_run(
+        self,
+        output: dict[str, Any],
+        run_id: UUID,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Update a tool run with outputs and end time."""
+        tool_run = self._get_run(run_id, run_type="tool")
+        if getattr(tool_run, "outputs", None) is None:
+            tool_run.outputs = {}
+        if not tool_run.extra.get("__omit_auto_outputs", False):
+            cast("dict[str, Any]", tool_run.outputs).update({"output": output})
+        tool_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        tool_run.events.append({"name": "end", "time": tool_run.end_time})
+        return tool_run
+
+    def _errored_tool_run(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        run_id: UUID,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Update a tool run with error and end time."""
+        tool_run = self._get_run(run_id, run_type="tool")
+        tool_run.error = self._get_stacktrace(error)
+        tool_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        tool_run.events.append({"name": "error", "time": tool_run.end_time})
+        return tool_run
+
+    def _create_retrieval_run(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        query: str,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Create a retrieval run."""
+        start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        if metadata:
+            kwargs.update({"metadata": metadata})
+        return Run(
+            id=run_id,
+            name=name or "Retriever",
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            serialized=serialized,
+            inputs={"query": query},
+            extra=kwargs,
+            events=[{"name": "start", "time": start_time}],
+            start_time=start_time,
+            tags=tags,
+            child_runs=[],
+            run_type="retriever",
+        )
+
+    def _complete_retrieval_run(
+        self,
+        documents: Sequence[Document],
+        run_id: UUID,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Update a retrieval run with outputs and end time."""
+        retrieval_run = self._get_run(run_id, run_type="retriever")
+        if getattr(retrieval_run, "outputs", None) is None:
+            retrieval_run.outputs = {}
+        if not retrieval_run.extra.get("__omit_auto_outputs", False):
+            cast("dict[str, Any]", retrieval_run.outputs).update(
+                {"documents": documents}
+            )
+        retrieval_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        retrieval_run.events.append({"name": "end", "time": retrieval_run.end_time})
+        return retrieval_run
+
+    def _errored_retrieval_run(
+        self,
+        error: BaseException,
+        run_id: UUID,
+    ) -> Run:
+        retrieval_run = self._get_run(run_id, run_type="retriever")
+        retrieval_run.error = self._get_stacktrace(error)
+        retrieval_run.end_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        retrieval_run.events.append({"name": "error", "time": retrieval_run.end_time})
+        return retrieval_run
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict) -> _TracerCore:
+        """Deepcopy the tracer."""
+        return self
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> _TracerCore:
+        """Copy the tracer."""
+        return self
+
+    def _end_trace(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """End a trace for a run."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_run_create(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process a run upon creation."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_run_update(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process a run upon update."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_llm_start(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the LLM Run upon start."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        run: Run,  # noqa: ARG002
+        token: str,  # noqa: ARG002
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]],  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:
+        """Process new LLM token."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_llm_end(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the LLM Run."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_llm_error(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the LLM Run upon error."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_chain_start(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Chain Run upon start."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_chain_end(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Chain Run."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_chain_error(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Chain Run upon error."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_tool_start(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Tool Run upon start."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_tool_end(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Tool Run."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_tool_error(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Tool Run upon error."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_chat_model_start(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Chat Model Run upon start."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_retriever_start(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Retriever Run upon start."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_retriever_end(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Retriever Run."""
+        return None
+
+    def _on_retriever_error(self, run: Run) -> Union[None, Coroutine[Any, Any, None]]:  # noqa: ARG002
+        """Process the Retriever Run upon error."""
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/evaluation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/evaluation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7447ad4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/evaluation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+"""A tracer that runs evaluators over completed runs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import threading
+import weakref
+from concurrent.futures import Future, ThreadPoolExecutor, wait
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union, cast
+from uuid import UUID
+
+import langsmith
+from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults
+
+from langchain_core.tracers import langchain as langchain_tracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.context import tracing_v2_enabled
+from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import _get_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_TRACERS: weakref.WeakSet[EvaluatorCallbackHandler] = weakref.WeakSet()
+
+
+def wait_for_all_evaluators() -> None:
+    """Wait for all tracers to finish."""
+    for tracer in list(_TRACERS):
+        if tracer is not None:
+            tracer.wait_for_futures()
+
+
+class EvaluatorCallbackHandler(BaseTracer):
+    """Tracer that runs a run evaluator whenever a run is persisted.
+
+    Attributes:
+        example_id : Union[UUID, None]
+            The example ID associated with the runs.
+        client : Client
+            The LangSmith client instance used for evaluating the runs.
+        evaluators : Sequence[RunEvaluator]
+            The sequence of run evaluators to be executed.
+        executor : ThreadPoolExecutor
+            The thread pool executor used for running the evaluators.
+        futures : set[Future]
+            The set of futures representing the running evaluators.
+        skip_unfinished : bool
+            Whether to skip runs that are not finished or raised
+            an error.
+        project_name : Optional[str]
+            The LangSmith project name to be organize eval chain runs under.
+    """
+
+    name: str = "evaluator_callback_handler"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        evaluators: Sequence[langsmith.RunEvaluator],
+        client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+        example_id: Optional[Union[UUID, str]] = None,
+        skip_unfinished: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        project_name: Optional[str] = "evaluators",
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create an EvaluatorCallbackHandler.
+
+        Args:
+            evaluators : Sequence[RunEvaluator]
+                The run evaluators to apply to all top level runs.
+            client : LangSmith Client, optional
+                The LangSmith client instance to use for evaluating the runs.
+                If not specified, a new instance will be created.
+            example_id : Union[UUID, str], optional
+                The example ID to be associated with the runs.
+            skip_unfinished: bool, optional
+                Whether to skip unfinished runs.
+            project_name : str, optional
+                The LangSmith project name to be organize eval chain runs under.
+            max_concurrency : int, optional
+                The maximum number of concurrent evaluators to run.
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.example_id = (
+            UUID(example_id) if isinstance(example_id, str) else example_id
+        )
+        self.client = client or langchain_tracer.get_client()
+        self.evaluators = evaluators
+        if max_concurrency is None:
+            self.executor: Optional[ThreadPoolExecutor] = _get_executor()
+        elif max_concurrency > 0:
+            self.executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_concurrency)
+            weakref.finalize(
+                self,
+                lambda: cast("ThreadPoolExecutor", self.executor).shutdown(wait=True),
+            )
+        else:
+            self.executor = None
+        self.futures: weakref.WeakSet[Future] = weakref.WeakSet()
+        self.skip_unfinished = skip_unfinished
+        self.project_name = project_name
+        self.logged_eval_results: dict[tuple[str, str], list[EvaluationResult]] = {}
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
+        _TRACERS.add(self)
+
+    def _evaluate_in_project(self, run: Run, evaluator: langsmith.RunEvaluator) -> None:
+        """Evaluate the run in the project.
+
+        Args:
+        ----------
+        run : Run
+            The run to be evaluated.
+        evaluator : RunEvaluator
+            The evaluator to use for evaluating the run.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            if self.project_name is None:
+                eval_result = self.client.evaluate_run(run, evaluator)
+                eval_results = [eval_result]
+            with tracing_v2_enabled(
+                project_name=self.project_name, tags=["eval"], client=self.client
+            ) as cb:
+                reference_example = (
+                    self.client.read_example(run.reference_example_id)
+                    if run.reference_example_id
+                    else None
+                )
+                evaluation_result = evaluator.evaluate_run(
+                    # This is subclass, but getting errors for some reason
+                    run,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    example=reference_example,
+                )
+                eval_results = self._log_evaluation_feedback(
+                    evaluation_result,
+                    run,
+                    source_run_id=cb.latest_run.id if cb.latest_run else None,
+                )
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(
+                "Error evaluating run %s with %s",
+                run.id,
+                evaluator.__class__.__name__,
+            )
+            raise
+        example_id = str(run.reference_example_id)
+        with self.lock:
+            for res in eval_results:
+                run_id = str(getattr(res, "target_run_id", run.id))
+                self.logged_eval_results.setdefault((run_id, example_id), []).append(
+                    res
+                )
+
+    def _select_eval_results(
+        self,
+        results: Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults],
+    ) -> list[EvaluationResult]:
+        if isinstance(results, EvaluationResult):
+            results_ = [results]
+        elif isinstance(results, dict) and "results" in results:
+            results_ = results["results"]
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                f"Invalid evaluation result type {type(results)}."
+                " Expected EvaluationResult or EvaluationResults."
+            )
+            raise TypeError(msg)
+        return results_
+
+    def _log_evaluation_feedback(
+        self,
+        evaluator_response: Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults],
+        run: Run,
+        source_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+    ) -> list[EvaluationResult]:
+        results = self._select_eval_results(evaluator_response)
+        for res in results:
+            source_info_: dict[str, Any] = {}
+            if res.evaluator_info:
+                source_info_ = {**res.evaluator_info, **source_info_}
+            run_id_ = getattr(res, "target_run_id", None)
+            if run_id_ is None:
+                run_id_ = run.id
+            self.client.create_feedback(
+                run_id_,
+                res.key,
+                score=res.score,
+                value=res.value,
+                comment=res.comment,
+                correction=res.correction,
+                source_info=source_info_,
+                source_run_id=res.source_run_id or source_run_id,
+                feedback_source_type=langsmith.schemas.FeedbackSourceType.MODEL,
+            )
+        return results
+
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Run the evaluator on the run.
+
+        Args:
+        ----------
+        run : Run
+            The run to be evaluated.
+
+        """
+        if self.skip_unfinished and not run.outputs:
+            logger.debug("Skipping unfinished run %s", run.id)
+            return
+        run_ = run.copy()
+        run_.reference_example_id = self.example_id
+        for evaluator in self.evaluators:
+            if self.executor is None:
+                self._evaluate_in_project(run_, evaluator)
+            else:
+                self.futures.add(
+                    self.executor.submit(self._evaluate_in_project, run_, evaluator)
+                )
+
+    def wait_for_futures(self) -> None:
+        """Wait for all futures to complete."""
+        wait(self.futures)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/event_stream.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/event_stream.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cc9a654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/event_stream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1021 @@
+"""Internal tracer to power the event stream API."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+import logging
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from uuid import UUID, uuid4
+
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core.callbacks.base import AsyncCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessageChunk, BaseMessage, BaseMessageChunk
+from langchain_core.outputs import (
+    ChatGenerationChunk,
+    GenerationChunk,
+    LLMResult,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.schema import (
+    CustomStreamEvent,
+    EventData,
+    StandardStreamEvent,
+    StreamEvent,
+)
+from langchain_core.runnables.utils import (
+    Input,
+    Output,
+    _RootEventFilter,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers._streaming import _StreamingCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.tracers.memory_stream import _MemoryStream
+from langchain_core.utils.aiter import aclosing, py_anext
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+    from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig
+    from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import LogEntry
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class RunInfo(TypedDict):
+    """Information about a run.
+
+    This is used to keep track of the metadata associated with a run.
+
+    Parameters:
+        name: The name of the run.
+        tags: The tags associated with the run.
+        metadata: The metadata associated with the run.
+        run_type: The type of the run.
+        inputs: The inputs to the run.
+        parent_run_id: The ID of the parent run.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    tags: list[str]
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    run_type: str
+    inputs: NotRequired[Any]
+    parent_run_id: Optional[UUID]
+
+
+def _assign_name(name: Optional[str], serialized: Optional[dict[str, Any]]) -> str:
+    """Assign a name to a run."""
+    if name is not None:
+        return name
+    if serialized is not None:
+        if "name" in serialized:
+            return serialized["name"]
+        if "id" in serialized:
+            return serialized["id"][-1]
+    return "Unnamed"
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class _AstreamEventsCallbackHandler(AsyncCallbackHandler, _StreamingCallbackHandler):
+    """An implementation of an async callback handler for astream events."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the tracer."""
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        # Map of run ID to run info.
+        # the entry corresponding to a given run id is cleaned
+        # up when each corresponding run ends.
+        self.run_map: dict[UUID, RunInfo] = {}
+        # The callback event that corresponds to the end of a parent run
+        # may be invoked BEFORE the callback event that corresponds to the end
+        # of a child run, which results in clean up of run_map.
+        # So we keep track of the mapping between children and parent run IDs
+        # in a separate container. This container is GCed when the tracer is GCed.
+        self.parent_map: dict[UUID, Optional[UUID]] = {}
+
+        self.is_tapped: dict[UUID, Any] = {}
+
+        # Filter which events will be sent over the queue.
+        self.root_event_filter = _RootEventFilter(
+            include_names=include_names,
+            include_types=include_types,
+            include_tags=include_tags,
+            exclude_names=exclude_names,
+            exclude_types=exclude_types,
+            exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+        )
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        memory_stream = _MemoryStream[StreamEvent](loop)
+        self.send_stream = memory_stream.get_send_stream()
+        self.receive_stream = memory_stream.get_receive_stream()
+
+    def _get_parent_ids(self, run_id: UUID) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the parent IDs of a run (non-recursively) cast to strings."""
+        parent_ids = []
+
+        while parent_id := self.parent_map.get(run_id):
+            str_parent_id = str(parent_id)
+            if str_parent_id in parent_ids:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Parent ID {parent_id} is already in the parent_ids list. "
+                    f"This should never happen."
+                )
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+            parent_ids.append(str_parent_id)
+            run_id = parent_id
+
+        # Return the parent IDs in reverse order, so that the first
+        # parent ID is the root and the last ID is the immediate parent.
+        return parent_ids[::-1]
+
+    def _send(self, event: StreamEvent, event_type: str) -> None:
+        """Send an event to the stream."""
+        if self.root_event_filter.include_event(event, event_type):
+            self.send_stream.send_nowait(event)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[Any]:
+        """Iterate over the receive stream."""
+        return self.receive_stream.__aiter__()
+
+    async def tap_output_aiter(
+        self, run_id: UUID, output: AsyncIterator[T]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        """Tap the output aiter.
+
+        This method is used to tap the output of a Runnable that produces
+        an async iterator. It is used to generate stream events for the
+        output of the Runnable.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            output: The output of the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            T: The output of the Runnable.
+        """
+        sentinel = object()
+        # atomic check and set
+        tap = self.is_tapped.setdefault(run_id, sentinel)
+        # wait for first chunk
+        first = await py_anext(output, default=sentinel)
+        if first is sentinel:
+            return
+        # get run info
+        run_info = self.run_map.get(run_id)
+        if run_info is None:
+            # run has finished, don't issue any stream events
+            yield cast("T", first)
+            return
+        if tap is sentinel:
+            # if we are the first to tap, issue stream events
+            event: StandardStreamEvent = {
+                "event": f"on_{run_info['run_type']}_stream",
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "name": run_info["name"],
+                "tags": run_info["tags"],
+                "metadata": run_info["metadata"],
+                "data": {},
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            }
+            self._send({**event, "data": {"chunk": first}}, run_info["run_type"])
+            yield cast("T", first)
+            # consume the rest of the output
+            async for chunk in output:
+                self._send(
+                    {**event, "data": {"chunk": chunk}},
+                    run_info["run_type"],
+                )
+                yield chunk
+        else:
+            # otherwise just pass through
+            yield cast("T", first)
+            # consume the rest of the output
+            async for chunk in output:
+                yield chunk
+
+    def tap_output_iter(self, run_id: UUID, output: Iterator[T]) -> Iterator[T]:
+        """Tap the output aiter.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            output: The output of the Runnable.
+
+        Yields:
+            T: The output of the Runnable.
+        """
+        sentinel = object()
+        # atomic check and set
+        tap = self.is_tapped.setdefault(run_id, sentinel)
+        # wait for first chunk
+        first = next(output, sentinel)
+        if first is sentinel:
+            return
+        # get run info
+        run_info = self.run_map.get(run_id)
+        if run_info is None:
+            # run has finished, don't issue any stream events
+            yield cast("T", first)
+            return
+        if tap is sentinel:
+            # if we are the first to tap, issue stream events
+            event: StandardStreamEvent = {
+                "event": f"on_{run_info['run_type']}_stream",
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "name": run_info["name"],
+                "tags": run_info["tags"],
+                "metadata": run_info["metadata"],
+                "data": {},
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            }
+            self._send({**event, "data": {"chunk": first}}, run_info["run_type"])
+            yield cast("T", first)
+            # consume the rest of the output
+            for chunk in output:
+                self._send(
+                    {**event, "data": {"chunk": chunk}},
+                    run_info["run_type"],
+                )
+                yield chunk
+        else:
+            # otherwise just pass through
+            yield cast("T", first)
+            # consume the rest of the output
+            for chunk in output:
+                yield chunk
+
+    def _write_run_start_info(
+        self,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        *,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]],
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]],
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID],
+        name_: str,
+        run_type: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the run info."""
+        info: RunInfo = {
+            "tags": tags or [],
+            "metadata": metadata or {},
+            "name": name_,
+            "run_type": run_type,
+            "parent_run_id": parent_run_id,
+        }
+
+        if "inputs" in kwargs:
+            # Handle inputs in a special case to allow inputs to be an
+            # optionally provided and distinguish between missing value
+            # vs. None value.
+            info["inputs"] = kwargs["inputs"]
+
+        self.run_map[run_id] = info
+        self.parent_map[run_id] = parent_run_id
+
+    @override
+    async def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Start a trace for an LLM run."""
+        name_ = _assign_name(name, serialized)
+        run_type = "chat_model"
+
+        self._write_run_start_info(
+            run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            name_=name_,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            inputs={"messages": messages},
+        )
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": "on_chat_model_start",
+                "data": {
+                    "input": {"messages": messages},
+                },
+                "name": name_,
+                "tags": tags or [],
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "metadata": metadata or {},
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_type,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_llm_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        prompts: list[str],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Start a trace for an LLM run."""
+        name_ = _assign_name(name, serialized)
+        run_type = "llm"
+
+        self._write_run_start_info(
+            run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            name_=name_,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            inputs={"prompts": prompts},
+        )
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": "on_llm_start",
+                "data": {
+                    "input": {
+                        "prompts": prompts,
+                    }
+                },
+                "name": name_,
+                "tags": tags or [],
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "metadata": metadata or {},
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_type,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_custom_event(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data: Any,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Generate a custom astream event."""
+        event = CustomStreamEvent(
+            event="on_custom_event",
+            run_id=str(run_id),
+            name=name,
+            tags=tags or [],
+            metadata=metadata or {},
+            data=data,
+            parent_ids=self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+        )
+        self._send(event, name)
+
+    @override
+    async def on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        *,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run on new LLM token. Only available when streaming is enabled."""
+        run_info = self.run_map.get(run_id)
+        chunk_: Union[GenerationChunk, BaseMessageChunk]
+
+        if run_info is None:
+            msg = f"Run ID {run_id} not found in run map."
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+        if self.is_tapped.get(run_id):
+            return
+        if run_info["run_type"] == "chat_model":
+            event = "on_chat_model_stream"
+
+            if chunk is None:
+                chunk_ = AIMessageChunk(content=token)
+            else:
+                chunk_ = cast("ChatGenerationChunk", chunk).message
+
+        elif run_info["run_type"] == "llm":
+            event = "on_llm_stream"
+            if chunk is None:
+                chunk_ = GenerationChunk(text=token)
+            else:
+                chunk_ = cast("GenerationChunk", chunk)
+        else:
+            msg = f"Unexpected run type: {run_info['run_type']}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": event,
+                "data": {
+                    "chunk": chunk_,
+                },
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "name": run_info["name"],
+                "tags": run_info["tags"],
+                "metadata": run_info["metadata"],
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_info["run_type"],
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_llm_end(
+        self, response: LLMResult, *, run_id: UUID, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """End a trace for an LLM run."""
+        run_info = self.run_map.pop(run_id)
+        inputs_ = run_info["inputs"]
+
+        generations: Union[list[list[GenerationChunk]], list[list[ChatGenerationChunk]]]
+        output: Union[dict, BaseMessage] = {}
+
+        if run_info["run_type"] == "chat_model":
+            generations = cast("list[list[ChatGenerationChunk]]", response.generations)
+            for gen in generations:
+                if output != {}:
+                    break
+                for chunk in gen:
+                    output = chunk.message
+                    break
+
+            event = "on_chat_model_end"
+        elif run_info["run_type"] == "llm":
+            generations = cast("list[list[GenerationChunk]]", response.generations)
+            output = {
+                "generations": [
+                    [
+                        {
+                            "text": chunk.text,
+                            "generation_info": chunk.generation_info,
+                            "type": chunk.type,
+                        }
+                        for chunk in gen
+                    ]
+                    for gen in generations
+                ],
+                "llm_output": response.llm_output,
+            }
+            event = "on_llm_end"
+        else:
+            msg = f"Unexpected run type: {run_info['run_type']}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": event,
+                "data": {"output": output, "input": inputs_},
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "name": run_info["name"],
+                "tags": run_info["tags"],
+                "metadata": run_info["metadata"],
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_info["run_type"],
+        )
+
+    async def on_chain_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Start a trace for a chain run."""
+        name_ = _assign_name(name, serialized)
+        run_type_ = run_type or "chain"
+
+        data: EventData = {}
+
+        # Work-around Runnable core code not sending input in some
+        # cases.
+        if inputs != {"input": ""}:
+            data["input"] = inputs
+            kwargs["inputs"] = inputs
+
+        self._write_run_start_info(
+            run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            name_=name_,
+            run_type=run_type_,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": f"on_{run_type_}_start",
+                "data": data,
+                "name": name_,
+                "tags": tags or [],
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "metadata": metadata or {},
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_type_,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_chain_end(
+        self,
+        outputs: dict[str, Any],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """End a trace for a chain run."""
+        run_info = self.run_map.pop(run_id)
+        run_type = run_info["run_type"]
+
+        event = f"on_{run_type}_end"
+
+        inputs = inputs or run_info.get("inputs") or {}
+
+        data: EventData = {
+            "output": outputs,
+            "input": inputs,
+        }
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": event,
+                "data": data,
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "name": run_info["name"],
+                "tags": run_info["tags"],
+                "metadata": run_info["metadata"],
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_type,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_tool_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        input_str: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Start a trace for a tool run."""
+        name_ = _assign_name(name, serialized)
+
+        self._write_run_start_info(
+            run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            name_=name_,
+            run_type="tool",
+            inputs=inputs,
+        )
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": "on_tool_start",
+                "data": {
+                    "input": inputs or {},
+                },
+                "name": name_,
+                "tags": tags or [],
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "metadata": metadata or {},
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            "tool",
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_tool_end(self, output: Any, *, run_id: UUID, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """End a trace for a tool run."""
+        run_info = self.run_map.pop(run_id)
+        if "inputs" not in run_info:
+            msg = (
+                f"Run ID {run_id} is a tool call and is expected to have "
+                f"inputs associated with it."
+            )
+            raise AssertionError(msg)
+        inputs = run_info["inputs"]
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": "on_tool_end",
+                "data": {
+                    "output": output,
+                    "input": inputs,
+                },
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "name": run_info["name"],
+                "tags": run_info["tags"],
+                "metadata": run_info["metadata"],
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            "tool",
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_retriever_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when Retriever starts running."""
+        name_ = _assign_name(name, serialized)
+        run_type = "retriever"
+
+        self._write_run_start_info(
+            run_id,
+            tags=tags,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            name_=name_,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            inputs={"query": query},
+        )
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": "on_retriever_start",
+                "data": {
+                    "input": {
+                        "query": query,
+                    }
+                },
+                "name": name_,
+                "tags": tags or [],
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "metadata": metadata or {},
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_type,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def on_retriever_end(
+        self, documents: Sequence[Document], *, run_id: UUID, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Run when Retriever ends running."""
+        run_info = self.run_map.pop(run_id)
+
+        self._send(
+            {
+                "event": "on_retriever_end",
+                "data": {
+                    "output": documents,
+                    "input": run_info["inputs"],
+                },
+                "run_id": str(run_id),
+                "name": run_info["name"],
+                "tags": run_info["tags"],
+                "metadata": run_info["metadata"],
+                "parent_ids": self._get_parent_ids(run_id),
+            },
+            run_info["run_type"],
+        )
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict) -> _AstreamEventsCallbackHandler:
+        """Deepcopy the tracer."""
+        return self
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> _AstreamEventsCallbackHandler:
+        """Copy the tracer."""
+        return self
+
+
+async def _astream_events_implementation_v1(
+    runnable: Runnable[Input, Output],
+    input: Any,
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+    *,
+    include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AsyncIterator[StandardStreamEvent]:
+    from langchain_core.runnables import ensure_config
+    from langchain_core.runnables.utils import _RootEventFilter
+    from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import (
+        LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+        RunLog,
+        _astream_log_implementation,
+    )
+
+    stream = LogStreamCallbackHandler(
+        auto_close=False,
+        include_names=include_names,
+        include_types=include_types,
+        include_tags=include_tags,
+        exclude_names=exclude_names,
+        exclude_types=exclude_types,
+        exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+        _schema_format="streaming_events",
+    )
+
+    run_log = RunLog(state=None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    encountered_start_event = False
+
+    _root_event_filter = _RootEventFilter(
+        include_names=include_names,
+        include_types=include_types,
+        include_tags=include_tags,
+        exclude_names=exclude_names,
+        exclude_types=exclude_types,
+        exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+    )
+
+    config = ensure_config(config)
+    root_tags = config.get("tags", [])
+    root_metadata = config.get("metadata", {})
+    root_name = config.get("run_name", runnable.get_name())
+
+    async for log in _astream_log_implementation(
+        runnable,
+        input,
+        config=config,
+        stream=stream,
+        diff=True,
+        with_streamed_output_list=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        run_log = run_log + log
+
+        if not encountered_start_event:
+            # Yield the start event for the root runnable.
+            encountered_start_event = True
+            state = run_log.state.copy()
+
+            event = StandardStreamEvent(
+                event=f"on_{state['type']}_start",
+                run_id=state["id"],
+                name=root_name,
+                tags=root_tags,
+                metadata=root_metadata,
+                data={
+                    "input": input,
+                },
+                parent_ids=[],  # Not supported in v1
+            )
+
+            if _root_event_filter.include_event(event, state["type"]):
+                yield event
+
+        paths = {
+            op["path"].split("/")[2]
+            for op in log.ops
+            if op["path"].startswith("/logs/")
+        }
+        # Elements in a set should be iterated in the same order
+        # as they were inserted in modern python versions.
+        for path in paths:
+            data: EventData = {}
+            log_entry: LogEntry = run_log.state["logs"][path]
+            if log_entry["end_time"] is None:
+                event_type = "stream" if log_entry["streamed_output"] else "start"
+            else:
+                event_type = "end"
+
+            if event_type == "start":
+                # Include the inputs with the start event if they are available.
+                # Usually they will NOT be available for components that operate
+                # on streams, since those components stream the input and
+                # don't know its final value until the end of the stream.
+                inputs = log_entry["inputs"]
+                if inputs is not None:
+                    data["input"] = inputs
+
+            if event_type == "end":
+                inputs = log_entry["inputs"]
+                if inputs is not None:
+                    data["input"] = inputs
+
+                # None is a VALID output for an end event
+                data["output"] = log_entry["final_output"]
+
+            if event_type == "stream":
+                num_chunks = len(log_entry["streamed_output"])
+                if num_chunks != 1:
+                    msg = (
+                        f"Expected exactly one chunk of streamed output, "
+                        f"got {num_chunks} instead. This is impossible. "
+                        f"Encountered in: {log_entry['name']}"
+                    )
+                    raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+                data = {"chunk": log_entry["streamed_output"][0]}
+                # Clean up the stream, we don't need it anymore.
+                # And this avoids duplicates as well!
+                log_entry["streamed_output"] = []
+
+            yield StandardStreamEvent(
+                event=f"on_{log_entry['type']}_{event_type}",
+                name=log_entry["name"],
+                run_id=log_entry["id"],
+                tags=log_entry["tags"],
+                metadata=log_entry["metadata"],
+                data=data,
+                parent_ids=[],  # Not supported in v1
+            )
+
+        # Finally, we take care of the streaming output from the root chain
+        # if there is any.
+        state = run_log.state
+        if state["streamed_output"]:
+            num_chunks = len(state["streamed_output"])
+            if num_chunks != 1:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Expected exactly one chunk of streamed output, "
+                    f"got {num_chunks} instead. This is impossible. "
+                    f"Encountered in: {state['name']}"
+                )
+                raise AssertionError(msg)
+
+            data = {"chunk": state["streamed_output"][0]}
+            # Clean up the stream, we don't need it anymore.
+            state["streamed_output"] = []
+
+            event = StandardStreamEvent(
+                event=f"on_{state['type']}_stream",
+                run_id=state["id"],
+                tags=root_tags,
+                metadata=root_metadata,
+                name=root_name,
+                data=data,
+                parent_ids=[],  # Not supported in v1
+            )
+            if _root_event_filter.include_event(event, state["type"]):
+                yield event
+
+    state = run_log.state
+
+    # Finally yield the end event for the root runnable.
+    event = StandardStreamEvent(
+        event=f"on_{state['type']}_end",
+        name=root_name,
+        run_id=state["id"],
+        tags=root_tags,
+        metadata=root_metadata,
+        data={
+            "output": state["final_output"],
+        },
+        parent_ids=[],  # Not supported in v1
+    )
+    if _root_event_filter.include_event(event, state["type"]):
+        yield event
+
+
+async def _astream_events_implementation_v2(
+    runnable: Runnable[Input, Output],
+    input: Any,
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+    *,
+    include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AsyncIterator[StandardStreamEvent]:
+    """Implementation of the astream events API for V2 runnables."""
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackManager
+    from langchain_core.runnables import ensure_config
+
+    event_streamer = _AstreamEventsCallbackHandler(
+        include_names=include_names,
+        include_types=include_types,
+        include_tags=include_tags,
+        exclude_names=exclude_names,
+        exclude_types=exclude_types,
+        exclude_tags=exclude_tags,
+    )
+
+    # Assign the stream handler to the config
+    config = ensure_config(config)
+    run_id = cast("UUID", config.setdefault("run_id", uuid4()))
+    callbacks = config.get("callbacks")
+    if callbacks is None:
+        config["callbacks"] = [event_streamer]
+    elif isinstance(callbacks, list):
+        config["callbacks"] = callbacks + [event_streamer]
+    elif isinstance(callbacks, BaseCallbackManager):
+        callbacks = callbacks.copy()
+        callbacks.add_handler(event_streamer, inherit=True)
+        config["callbacks"] = callbacks
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Unexpected type for callbacks: {callbacks}."
+            "Expected None, list or AsyncCallbackManager."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # Call the runnable in streaming mode,
+    # add each chunk to the output stream
+    async def consume_astream() -> None:
+        try:
+            # if astream also calls tap_output_aiter this will be a no-op
+            async with aclosing(runnable.astream(input, config, **kwargs)) as stream:
+                async for _ in event_streamer.tap_output_aiter(run_id, stream):
+                    # All the content will be picked up
+                    pass
+        finally:
+            await event_streamer.send_stream.aclose()
+
+    # Start the runnable in a task, so we can start consuming output
+    task = asyncio.create_task(consume_astream())
+
+    first_event_sent = False
+    first_event_run_id = None
+
+    try:
+        async for event in event_streamer:
+            if not first_event_sent:
+                first_event_sent = True
+                # This is a work-around an issue where the inputs into the
+                # chain are not available until the entire input is consumed.
+                # As a temporary solution, we'll modify the input to be the input
+                # that was passed into the chain.
+                event["data"]["input"] = input
+                first_event_run_id = event["run_id"]
+                yield event
+                continue
+
+            # If it's the end event corresponding to the root runnable
+            # we dont include the input in the event since it's guaranteed
+            # to be included in the first event.
+            if (
+                event["run_id"] == first_event_run_id
+                and event["event"].endswith("_end")
+                and "input" in event["data"]
+            ):
+                del event["data"]["input"]
+
+            yield event
+    except asyncio.CancelledError as exc:
+        # Cancel the task if it's still running
+        task.cancel(exc.args[0] if exc.args else None)
+        raise
+    finally:
+        # Cancel the task if it's still running
+        task.cancel()
+        # Await it anyway, to run any cleanup code, and propagate any exceptions
+        with contextlib.suppress(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await task
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/langchain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/langchain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81029726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/langchain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+"""A Tracer implementation that records to LangChain endpoint."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Union
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langsmith import Client
+from langsmith import run_trees as rt
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from pydantic import PydanticDeprecationWarning
+from tenacity import (
+    Retrying,
+    retry_if_exception_type,
+    stop_after_attempt,
+    wait_exponential_jitter,
+)
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.env import get_runtime_environment
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
+    from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGenerationChunk, GenerationChunk
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+_LOGGED = set()
+_EXECUTOR: Optional[ThreadPoolExecutor] = None
+
+
+def log_error_once(method: str, exception: Exception) -> None:
+    """Log an error once.
+
+    Args:
+        method: The method that raised the exception.
+        exception: The exception that was raised.
+    """
+    if (method, type(exception)) in _LOGGED:
+        return
+    _LOGGED.add((method, type(exception)))
+    logger.error(exception)
+
+
+def wait_for_all_tracers() -> None:
+    """Wait for all tracers to finish."""
+    if rt._CLIENT is not None:
+        rt._CLIENT.flush()
+
+
+def get_client() -> Client:
+    """Get the client."""
+    return rt.get_cached_client()
+
+
+def _get_executor() -> ThreadPoolExecutor:
+    """Get the executor."""
+    global _EXECUTOR  # noqa: PLW0603
+    if _EXECUTOR is None:
+        _EXECUTOR = ThreadPoolExecutor()
+    return _EXECUTOR
+
+
+def _run_to_dict(run: Run, *, exclude_inputs: bool = False) -> dict:
+    # TODO: Update once langsmith moves to Pydantic V2 and we can swap run.dict for
+    # run.model_dump
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=PydanticDeprecationWarning)
+
+        res = {
+            **run.dict(exclude={"child_runs", "inputs", "outputs"}),
+            "outputs": run.outputs,
+        }
+        if not exclude_inputs:
+            res["inputs"] = run.inputs
+    return res
+
+
+class LangChainTracer(BaseTracer):
+    """Implementation of the SharedTracer that POSTS to the LangChain endpoint."""
+
+    run_inline = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        example_id: Optional[Union[UUID, str]] = None,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        client: Optional[Client] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the LangChain tracer.
+
+        Args:
+            example_id: The example ID.
+            project_name: The project name. Defaults to the tracer project.
+            client: The client. Defaults to the global client.
+            tags: The tags. Defaults to an empty list.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.example_id = (
+            UUID(example_id) if isinstance(example_id, str) else example_id
+        )
+        self.project_name = project_name or ls_utils.get_tracer_project()
+        self.client = client or get_client()
+        self.tags = tags or []
+        self.latest_run: Optional[Run] = None
+
+    def _start_trace(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        if self.project_name:
+            run.session_name = self.project_name
+        if self.tags is not None:
+            if run.tags:
+                run.tags = sorted(set(run.tags + self.tags))
+            else:
+                run.tags = self.tags.copy()
+
+        super()._start_trace(run)
+        if run._client is None:
+            run._client = self.client  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    def on_chat_model_start(
+        self,
+        serialized: dict[str, Any],
+        messages: list[list[BaseMessage]],
+        *,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Start a trace for an LLM run.
+
+        Args:
+            serialized: The serialized model.
+            messages: The messages.
+            run_id: The run ID.
+            tags: The tags. Defaults to None.
+            parent_run_id: The parent run ID. Defaults to None.
+            metadata: The metadata. Defaults to None.
+            name: The name. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Run: The run.
+        """
+        start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        if metadata:
+            kwargs.update({"metadata": metadata})
+        chat_model_run = Run(
+            id=run_id,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+            serialized=serialized,
+            inputs={"messages": [[dumpd(msg) for msg in batch] for batch in messages]},
+            extra=kwargs,
+            events=[{"name": "start", "time": start_time}],
+            start_time=start_time,
+            run_type="llm",
+            tags=tags,
+            name=name,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+        self._start_trace(chat_model_run)
+        self._on_chat_model_start(chat_model_run)
+        return chat_model_run
+
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        # We want to free up more memory by avoiding keeping a reference to the
+        # whole nested run tree.
+        self.latest_run = Run.construct(
+            **run.dict(exclude={"child_runs", "inputs", "outputs"}),
+            inputs=run.inputs,
+            outputs=run.outputs,
+        )
+
+    def get_run_url(self) -> str:
+        """Get the LangSmith root run URL.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The LangSmith root run URL.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If no traced run is found.
+            ValueError: If the run URL cannot be found.
+        """
+        if not self.latest_run:
+            msg = "No traced run found."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        # If this is the first run in a project, the project may not yet be created.
+        # This method is only really useful for debugging flows, so we will assume
+        # there is some tolerace for latency.
+        for attempt in Retrying(
+            stop=stop_after_attempt(5),
+            wait=wait_exponential_jitter(),
+            retry=retry_if_exception_type(ls_utils.LangSmithError),
+        ):
+            with attempt:
+                return self.client.get_run_url(
+                    run=self.latest_run, project_name=self.project_name
+                )
+        msg = "Failed to get run URL."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    def _get_tags(self, run: Run) -> list[str]:
+        """Get combined tags for a run."""
+        tags = set(run.tags or [])
+        tags.update(self.tags or [])
+        return list(tags)
+
+    def _persist_run_single(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Persist a run."""
+        try:
+            run_dict = _run_to_dict(run)
+            run_dict["tags"] = self._get_tags(run)
+            extra = run_dict.get("extra", {})
+            extra["runtime"] = get_runtime_environment()
+            run_dict["extra"] = extra
+            inputs_ = run_dict.get("inputs")
+            if inputs_ and (len(inputs_) > 1 or bool(next(iter(inputs_.values())))):
+                inputs_is_truthy = True
+            else:
+                inputs_is_truthy = False
+            run.extra["inputs_is_truthy"] = inputs_is_truthy
+            self.client.create_run(**run_dict, project_name=self.project_name)
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Errors are swallowed by the thread executor so we need to log them here
+            log_error_once("post", e)
+            raise
+
+    def _update_run_single(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Update a run."""
+        try:
+            exclude_inputs = run.extra.get("inputs_is_truthy", False)
+            run_dict = _run_to_dict(run, exclude_inputs=exclude_inputs)
+            run_dict["tags"] = self._get_tags(run)
+            self.client.update_run(run.id, **run_dict)
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Errors are swallowed by the thread executor so we need to log them here
+            log_error_once("patch", e)
+            raise
+
+    def _on_llm_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Persist an LLM run."""
+        if run.parent_run_id is None:
+            run.reference_example_id = self.example_id
+        self._persist_run_single(run)
+
+    @override
+    def _llm_run_with_token_event(
+        self,
+        token: str,
+        run_id: UUID,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """Append token event to LLM run and return the run."""
+        return super()._llm_run_with_token_event(
+            # Drop the chunk; we don't need to save it
+            token,
+            run_id,
+            chunk=None,
+            parent_run_id=parent_run_id,
+        )
+
+    def _on_chat_model_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Persist an LLM run."""
+        if run.parent_run_id is None:
+            run.reference_example_id = self.example_id
+        self._persist_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_llm_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the LLM Run."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_llm_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the LLM Run upon error."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_chain_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Chain Run upon start."""
+        if run.parent_run_id is None:
+            run.reference_example_id = self.example_id
+        self._persist_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_chain_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Chain Run."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_chain_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Chain Run upon error."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_tool_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Tool Run upon start."""
+        if run.parent_run_id is None:
+            run.reference_example_id = self.example_id
+        self._persist_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_tool_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Tool Run."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_tool_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Tool Run upon error."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_retriever_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Retriever Run upon start."""
+        if run.parent_run_id is None:
+            run.reference_example_id = self.example_id
+        self._persist_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_retriever_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Retriever Run."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def _on_retriever_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Process the Retriever Run upon error."""
+        self._update_run_single(run)
+
+    def wait_for_futures(self) -> None:
+        """Wait for the given futures to complete."""
+        if self.client is not None:
+            self.client.flush()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/langchain_v1.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/langchain_v1.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63aab51e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/langchain_v1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""This module is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
+
+Please use LangChainTracer instead.
+"""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def get_headers(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:  # noqa: ARG001
+    """Throw an error because this has been replaced by get_headers."""
+    msg = (
+        "get_headers for LangChainTracerV1 is no longer supported. "
+        "Please use LangChainTracer instead."
+    )
+    raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+
+def LangChainTracerV1(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:  # noqa: N802,ARG001
+    """Throw an error because this has been replaced by LangChainTracer."""
+    msg = (
+        "LangChainTracerV1 is no longer supported. Please use LangChainTracer instead."
+    )
+    raise RuntimeError(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/log_stream.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/log_stream.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..311fc841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/log_stream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+"""Tracer that streams run logs to a stream."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+import copy
+import threading
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+)
+
+import jsonpatch  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict, override
+
+from langchain_core.load import dumps
+from langchain_core.load.load import load
+from langchain_core.outputs import ChatGenerationChunk, GenerationChunk
+from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable, RunnableConfig, ensure_config
+from langchain_core.tracers._streaming import _StreamingCallbackHandler
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.memory_stream import _MemoryStream
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Iterator, Sequence
+    from uuid import UUID
+
+    from langchain_core.runnables.utils import Input, Output
+    from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+
+class LogEntry(TypedDict):
+    """A single entry in the run log."""
+
+    id: str
+    """ID of the sub-run."""
+    name: str
+    """Name of the object being run."""
+    type: str
+    """Type of the object being run, eg. prompt, chain, llm, etc."""
+    tags: list[str]
+    """List of tags for the run."""
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    """Key-value pairs of metadata for the run."""
+    start_time: str
+    """ISO-8601 timestamp of when the run started."""
+
+    streamed_output_str: list[str]
+    """List of LLM tokens streamed by this run, if applicable."""
+    streamed_output: list[Any]
+    """List of output chunks streamed by this run, if available."""
+    inputs: NotRequired[Optional[Any]]
+    """Inputs to this run. Not available currently via astream_log."""
+    final_output: Optional[Any]
+    """Final output of this run.
+
+    Only available after the run has finished successfully."""
+    end_time: Optional[str]
+    """ISO-8601 timestamp of when the run ended.
+    Only available after the run has finished."""
+
+
+class RunState(TypedDict):
+    """State of the run."""
+
+    id: str
+    """ID of the run."""
+    streamed_output: list[Any]
+    """List of output chunks streamed by Runnable.stream()"""
+    final_output: Optional[Any]
+    """Final output of the run, usually the result of aggregating (`+`) streamed_output.
+    Updated throughout the run when supported by the Runnable."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Name of the object being run."""
+    type: str
+    """Type of the object being run, eg. prompt, chain, llm, etc."""
+
+    # Do we want tags/metadata on the root run? Client kinda knows it in most situations
+    # tags: list[str]
+
+    logs: dict[str, LogEntry]
+    """Map of run names to sub-runs. If filters were supplied, this list will
+    contain only the runs that matched the filters."""
+
+
+class RunLogPatch:
+    """Patch to the run log."""
+
+    ops: list[dict[str, Any]]
+    """List of jsonpatch operations, which describe how to create the run state
+    from an empty dict. This is the minimal representation of the log, designed to
+    be serialized as JSON and sent over the wire to reconstruct the log on the other
+    side. Reconstruction of the state can be done with any jsonpatch-compliant library,
+    see https://jsonpatch.com for more information."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *ops: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Create a RunLogPatch.
+
+        Args:
+            *ops: The operations to apply to the state.
+        """
+        self.ops = list(ops)
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Union[RunLogPatch, Any]) -> RunLog:
+        """Combine two RunLogPatch instances."""
+        if type(other) is RunLogPatch:
+            ops = self.ops + other.ops
+            state = jsonpatch.apply_patch(None, copy.deepcopy(ops))
+            return RunLog(*ops, state=state)
+
+        msg = f"unsupported operand type(s) for +: '{type(self)}' and '{type(other)}'"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        from pprint import pformat
+
+        # 1:-1 to get rid of the [] around the list
+        return f"RunLogPatch({pformat(self.ops)[1:-1]})"
+
+    @override
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, RunLogPatch) and self.ops == other.ops
+
+
+class RunLog(RunLogPatch):
+    """Run log."""
+
+    state: RunState
+    """Current state of the log, obtained from applying all ops in sequence."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *ops: dict[str, Any], state: RunState) -> None:
+        """Create a RunLog.
+
+        Args:
+            *ops: The operations to apply to the state.
+            state: The initial state of the run log.
+        """
+        super().__init__(*ops)
+        self.state = state
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Union[RunLogPatch, Any]) -> RunLog:
+        """Combine two RunLogs."""
+        if type(other) is RunLogPatch:
+            ops = self.ops + other.ops
+            state = jsonpatch.apply_patch(self.state, other.ops)
+            return RunLog(*ops, state=state)
+
+        msg = f"unsupported operand type(s) for +: '{type(self)}' and '{type(other)}'"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        from pprint import pformat
+
+        return f"RunLog({pformat(self.state)})"
+
+    @override
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """Check if two RunLogs are equal."""
+        # First compare that the state is the same
+        if not isinstance(other, RunLog):
+            return False
+        if self.state != other.state:
+            return False
+        # Then compare that the ops are the same
+        return super().__eq__(other)
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class LogStreamCallbackHandler(BaseTracer, _StreamingCallbackHandler):
+    """Tracer that streams run logs to a stream."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        auto_close: bool = True,
+        include_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        include_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_types: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        # Schema format is for internal use only.
+        _schema_format: Literal["original", "streaming_events"] = "streaming_events",
+    ) -> None:
+        """A tracer that streams run logs to a stream.
+
+        Args:
+            auto_close: Whether to close the stream when the root run finishes.
+            include_names: Only include runs from Runnables with matching names.
+            include_types: Only include runs from Runnables with matching types.
+            include_tags: Only include runs from Runnables with matching tags.
+            exclude_names: Exclude runs from Runnables with matching names.
+            exclude_types: Exclude runs from Runnables with matching types.
+            exclude_tags: Exclude runs from Runnables with matching tags.
+            _schema_format: Primarily changes how the inputs and outputs are
+                handled.
+                **For internal use only. This API will change.**
+                - 'original' is the format used by all current tracers.
+                  This format is slightly inconsistent with respect to inputs
+                  and outputs.
+                - 'streaming_events' is used for supporting streaming events,
+                  for internal usage. It will likely change in the future, or
+                  be deprecated entirely in favor of a dedicated async tracer
+                  for streaming events.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If an invalid schema format is provided (internal use only).
+        """
+        if _schema_format not in {"original", "streaming_events"}:
+            msg = (
+                f"Invalid schema format: {_schema_format}. "
+                f"Expected one of 'original', 'streaming_events'."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        super().__init__(_schema_format=_schema_format)
+
+        self.auto_close = auto_close
+        self.include_names = include_names
+        self.include_types = include_types
+        self.include_tags = include_tags
+        self.exclude_names = exclude_names
+        self.exclude_types = exclude_types
+        self.exclude_tags = exclude_tags
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        memory_stream = _MemoryStream[RunLogPatch](loop)
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.send_stream = memory_stream.get_send_stream()
+        self.receive_stream = memory_stream.get_receive_stream()
+        self._key_map_by_run_id: dict[UUID, str] = {}
+        self._counter_map_by_name: dict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
+        self.root_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[RunLogPatch]:
+        """Iterate over the stream of run logs."""
+        return self.receive_stream.__aiter__()
+
+    def send(self, *ops: dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
+        """Send a patch to the stream, return False if the stream is closed.
+
+        Args:
+            *ops: The operations to send to the stream.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the patch was sent successfully, False if the stream
+                is closed.
+        """
+        # We will likely want to wrap this in try / except at some point
+        # to handle exceptions that might arise at run time.
+        # For now we'll let the exception bubble up, and always return
+        # True on the happy path.
+        self.send_stream.send_nowait(RunLogPatch(*ops))
+        return True
+
+    async def tap_output_aiter(
+        self, run_id: UUID, output: AsyncIterator[T]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        """Tap an output async iterator to stream its values to the log.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            output: The output async iterator.
+
+        Yields:
+            T: The output value.
+        """
+        async for chunk in output:
+            # root run is handled in .astream_log()
+            # if we can't find the run silently ignore
+            # eg. because this run wasn't included in the log
+            if (
+                run_id != self.root_id
+                and (key := self._key_map_by_run_id.get(run_id))
+                and (
+                    not self.send(
+                        {
+                            "op": "add",
+                            "path": f"/logs/{key}/streamed_output/-",
+                            "value": chunk,
+                        }
+                    )
+                )
+            ):
+                break
+
+            yield chunk
+
+    def tap_output_iter(self, run_id: UUID, output: Iterator[T]) -> Iterator[T]:
+        """Tap an output async iterator to stream its values to the log.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id: The ID of the run.
+            output: The output iterator.
+
+        Yields:
+            T: The output value.
+        """
+        for chunk in output:
+            # root run is handled in .astream_log()
+            # if we can't find the run silently ignore
+            # eg. because this run wasn't included in the log
+            if (
+                run_id != self.root_id
+                and (key := self._key_map_by_run_id.get(run_id))
+                and (
+                    not self.send(
+                        {
+                            "op": "add",
+                            "path": f"/logs/{key}/streamed_output/-",
+                            "value": chunk,
+                        }
+                    )
+                )
+            ):
+                break
+
+            yield chunk
+
+    def include_run(self, run: Run) -> bool:
+        """Check if a Run should be included in the log.
+
+        Args:
+            run: The Run to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the run should be included, False otherwise.
+        """
+        if run.id == self.root_id:
+            return False
+
+        run_tags = run.tags or []
+
+        if (
+            self.include_names is None
+            and self.include_types is None
+            and self.include_tags is None
+        ):
+            include = True
+        else:
+            include = False
+
+        if self.include_names is not None:
+            include = include or run.name in self.include_names
+        if self.include_types is not None:
+            include = include or run.run_type in self.include_types
+        if self.include_tags is not None:
+            include = include or any(tag in self.include_tags for tag in run_tags)
+
+        if self.exclude_names is not None:
+            include = include and run.name not in self.exclude_names
+        if self.exclude_types is not None:
+            include = include and run.run_type not in self.exclude_types
+        if self.exclude_tags is not None:
+            include = include and all(tag not in self.exclude_tags for tag in run_tags)
+
+        return include
+
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        # This is a legacy method only called once for an entire run tree
+        # therefore not useful here
+        pass
+
+    def _on_run_create(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Start a run."""
+        if self.root_id is None:
+            self.root_id = run.id
+            if not self.send(
+                {
+                    "op": "replace",
+                    "path": "",
+                    "value": RunState(
+                        id=str(run.id),
+                        streamed_output=[],
+                        final_output=None,
+                        logs={},
+                        name=run.name,
+                        type=run.run_type,
+                    ),
+                }
+            ):
+                return
+
+        if not self.include_run(run):
+            return
+
+        # Determine previous index, increment by 1
+        with self.lock:
+            self._counter_map_by_name[run.name] += 1
+            count = self._counter_map_by_name[run.name]
+            self._key_map_by_run_id[run.id] = (
+                run.name if count == 1 else f"{run.name}:{count}"
+            )
+
+        entry = LogEntry(
+            id=str(run.id),
+            name=run.name,
+            type=run.run_type,
+            tags=run.tags or [],
+            metadata=(run.extra or {}).get("metadata", {}),
+            start_time=run.start_time.isoformat(timespec="milliseconds"),
+            streamed_output=[],
+            streamed_output_str=[],
+            final_output=None,
+            end_time=None,
+        )
+
+        if self._schema_format == "streaming_events":
+            # If using streaming events let's add inputs as well
+            entry["inputs"] = _get_standardized_inputs(run, self._schema_format)
+
+        # Add the run to the stream
+        self.send(
+            {
+                "op": "add",
+                "path": f"/logs/{self._key_map_by_run_id[run.id]}",
+                "value": entry,
+            }
+        )
+
+    def _on_run_update(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Finish a run."""
+        try:
+            index = self._key_map_by_run_id.get(run.id)
+
+            if index is None:
+                return
+
+            ops = []
+
+            if self._schema_format == "streaming_events":
+                ops.append(
+                    {
+                        "op": "replace",
+                        "path": f"/logs/{index}/inputs",
+                        "value": _get_standardized_inputs(run, self._schema_format),
+                    }
+                )
+
+            ops.extend(
+                [
+                    # Replace 'inputs' with final inputs
+                    # This is needed because in many cases the inputs are not
+                    # known until after the run is finished and the entire
+                    # input stream has been processed by the runnable.
+                    {
+                        "op": "add",
+                        "path": f"/logs/{index}/final_output",
+                        # to undo the dumpd done by some runnables / tracer / etc
+                        "value": _get_standardized_outputs(run, self._schema_format),
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "op": "add",
+                        "path": f"/logs/{index}/end_time",
+                        "value": run.end_time.isoformat(timespec="milliseconds")
+                        if run.end_time is not None
+                        else None,
+                    },
+                ]
+            )
+
+            self.send(*ops)
+        finally:
+            if run.id == self.root_id and self.auto_close:
+                self.send_stream.close()
+
+    def _on_llm_new_token(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        token: str,
+        chunk: Optional[Union[GenerationChunk, ChatGenerationChunk]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Process new LLM token."""
+        index = self._key_map_by_run_id.get(run.id)
+
+        if index is None:
+            return
+
+        self.send(
+            {
+                "op": "add",
+                "path": f"/logs/{index}/streamed_output_str/-",
+                "value": token,
+            },
+            {
+                "op": "add",
+                "path": f"/logs/{index}/streamed_output/-",
+                "value": chunk.message
+                if isinstance(chunk, ChatGenerationChunk)
+                else token,
+            },
+        )
+
+
+def _get_standardized_inputs(
+    run: Run, schema_format: Literal["original", "streaming_events"]
+) -> Optional[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Extract standardized inputs from a run.
+
+    Standardizes the inputs based on the type of the runnable used.
+
+    Args:
+        run: Run object
+        schema_format: The schema format to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        Valid inputs are only dict. By conventions, inputs always represented
+        invocation using named arguments.
+        None means that the input is not yet known!
+    """
+    if schema_format == "original":
+        msg = (
+            "Do not assign inputs with original schema drop the key for now."
+            "When inputs are added to astream_log they should be added with "
+            "standardized schema for streaming events."
+        )
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    inputs = load(run.inputs)
+
+    if run.run_type in {"retriever", "llm", "chat_model"}:
+        return inputs
+
+    # new style chains
+    # These nest an additional 'input' key inside the 'inputs' to make sure
+    # the input is always a dict. We need to unpack and user the inner value.
+    inputs = inputs["input"]
+    # We should try to fix this in Runnables and callbacks/tracers
+    # Runnables should be using a None type here not a placeholder
+    # dict.
+    if inputs == {"input": ""}:  # Workaround for Runnables not using None
+        # The input is not known, so we don't assign data['input']
+        return None
+    return inputs
+
+
+def _get_standardized_outputs(
+    run: Run, schema_format: Literal["original", "streaming_events", "original+chat"]
+) -> Optional[Any]:
+    """Extract standardized output from a run.
+
+    Standardizes the outputs based on the type of the runnable used.
+
+    Args:
+        run: the run object.
+        schema_format: The schema format to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        An output if returned, otherwise a None
+    """
+    outputs = load(run.outputs)
+    if schema_format == "original":
+        if run.run_type == "prompt" and "output" in outputs:
+            # These were previously dumped before the tracer.
+            # Now we needn't do anything to them.
+            return outputs["output"]
+        # Return the old schema, without standardizing anything
+        return outputs
+
+    if run.run_type in {"retriever", "llm", "chat_model"}:
+        return outputs
+
+    if isinstance(outputs, dict):
+        return outputs.get("output", None)
+
+    return None
+
+
+@overload
+def _astream_log_implementation(
+    runnable: Runnable[Input, Output],
+    input: Any,
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+    *,
+    stream: LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+    diff: Literal[True] = True,
+    with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AsyncIterator[RunLogPatch]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _astream_log_implementation(
+    runnable: Runnable[Input, Output],
+    input: Any,
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+    *,
+    stream: LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+    diff: Literal[False],
+    with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AsyncIterator[RunLog]: ...
+
+
+async def _astream_log_implementation(
+    runnable: Runnable[Input, Output],
+    input: Any,
+    config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None,
+    *,
+    stream: LogStreamCallbackHandler,
+    diff: bool = True,
+    with_streamed_output_list: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Union[AsyncIterator[RunLogPatch], AsyncIterator[RunLog]]:
+    """Implementation of astream_log for a given runnable.
+
+    The implementation has been factored out (at least temporarily) as both
+    astream_log and astream_events relies on it.
+    """
+    import jsonpatch
+
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.base import BaseCallbackManager
+    from langchain_core.tracers.log_stream import (
+        RunLog,
+        RunLogPatch,
+    )
+
+    # Assign the stream handler to the config
+    config = ensure_config(config)
+    callbacks = config.get("callbacks")
+    if callbacks is None:
+        config["callbacks"] = [stream]
+    elif isinstance(callbacks, list):
+        config["callbacks"] = callbacks + [stream]
+    elif isinstance(callbacks, BaseCallbackManager):
+        callbacks = callbacks.copy()
+        callbacks.add_handler(stream, inherit=True)
+        config["callbacks"] = callbacks
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Unexpected type for callbacks: {callbacks}."
+            "Expected None, list or AsyncCallbackManager."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # Call the runnable in streaming mode,
+    # add each chunk to the output stream
+    async def consume_astream() -> None:
+        try:
+            prev_final_output: Optional[Output] = None
+            final_output: Optional[Output] = None
+
+            async for chunk in runnable.astream(input, config, **kwargs):
+                prev_final_output = final_output
+                if final_output is None:
+                    final_output = chunk
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        final_output = final_output + chunk  # type: ignore[operator]
+                    except TypeError:
+                        prev_final_output = None
+                        final_output = chunk
+                patches: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+                if with_streamed_output_list:
+                    patches.append(
+                        {
+                            "op": "add",
+                            "path": "/streamed_output/-",
+                            # chunk cannot be shared between
+                            # streamed_output and final_output
+                            # otherwise jsonpatch.apply will
+                            # modify both
+                            "value": copy.deepcopy(chunk),
+                        }
+                    )
+                patches.extend(
+                    {**op, "path": f"/final_output{op['path']}"}
+                    for op in jsonpatch.JsonPatch.from_diff(
+                        prev_final_output, final_output, dumps=dumps
+                    )
+                )
+                await stream.send_stream.send(RunLogPatch(*patches))
+        finally:
+            await stream.send_stream.aclose()
+
+    # Start the runnable in a task, so we can start consuming output
+    task = asyncio.create_task(consume_astream())
+    try:
+        # Yield each chunk from the output stream
+        if diff:
+            async for log in stream:
+                yield log
+        else:
+            state = RunLog(state=None)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            async for log in stream:
+                state = state + log
+                yield state
+    finally:
+        # Wait for the runnable to finish, if not cancelled (eg. by break)
+        with contextlib.suppress(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await task
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/memory_stream.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/memory_stream.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a3d09a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/memory_stream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+"""Module implements a memory stream for communication between two co-routines.
+
+This module provides a way to communicate between two co-routines using a memory
+channel. The writer and reader can be in the same event loop or in different event
+loops. When they're in different event loops, they will also be in different
+threads.
+
+This is useful in situations when there's a mix of synchronous and asynchronous
+used in the code.
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+from asyncio import AbstractEventLoop, Queue
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class _SendStream(Generic[T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self, reader_loop: AbstractEventLoop, queue: Queue, done: object
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a writer for the queue and done object.
+
+        Args:
+            reader_loop: The event loop to use for the writer. This loop will be used
+                         to schedule the writes to the queue.
+            queue: The queue to write to. This is an asyncio queue.
+            done: Special sentinel object to indicate that the writer is done.
+        """
+        self._reader_loop = reader_loop
+        self._queue = queue
+        self._done = done
+
+    async def send(self, item: T) -> None:
+        """Schedule the item to be written to the queue using the original loop.
+
+        This is a coroutine that can be awaited.
+
+        Args:
+            item: The item to write to the queue.
+        """
+        return self.send_nowait(item)
+
+    def send_nowait(self, item: T) -> None:
+        """Schedule the item to be written to the queue using the original loop.
+
+        This is a non-blocking call.
+
+        Args:
+            item: The item to write to the queue.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If the event loop is already closed when trying to write
+                            to the queue.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._reader_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self._queue.put_nowait, item)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            if not self._reader_loop.is_closed():
+                raise  # Raise the exception if the loop is not closed
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """Async schedule the done object write the queue using the original loop."""
+        return self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Schedule the done object write the queue using the original loop.
+
+        This is a non-blocking call.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If the event loop is already closed when trying to write
+                            to the queue.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._reader_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self._queue.put_nowait, self._done)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            if not self._reader_loop.is_closed():
+                raise  # Raise the exception if the loop is not closed
+
+
+class _ReceiveStream(Generic[T]):
+    def __init__(self, queue: Queue, done: object) -> None:
+        """Create a reader for the queue and done object.
+
+        This reader should be used in the same loop as the loop that was passed
+        to the channel.
+        """
+        self._queue = queue
+        self._done = done
+        self._is_closed = False
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        while True:
+            item = await self._queue.get()
+            if item is self._done:
+                self._is_closed = True
+                break
+            yield item
+
+
+class _MemoryStream(Generic[T]):
+    """Stream data from a writer to a reader even if they are in different threads.
+
+    Uses asyncio queues to communicate between two co-routines. This implementation
+    should work even if the writer and reader co-routines belong to two different
+    event loops (e.g. one running from an event loop in the main thread
+    and the other running in an event loop in a background thread).
+
+    This implementation is meant to be used with a single writer and a single reader.
+
+    This is an internal implementation to LangChain. Please do not use it directly.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, loop: AbstractEventLoop) -> None:
+        """Create a channel for the given loop.
+
+        Args:
+            loop: The event loop to use for the channel. The reader is assumed
+                  to be running in the same loop as the one passed to this constructor.
+                  This will NOT be validated at run time.
+        """
+        self._loop = loop
+        self._queue: asyncio.Queue = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=0)
+        self._done = object()
+
+    def get_send_stream(self) -> _SendStream[T]:
+        """Get a writer for the channel.
+
+        Returns:
+            _SendStream: The writer for the channel.
+        """
+        return _SendStream[T](
+            reader_loop=self._loop, queue=self._queue, done=self._done
+        )
+
+    def get_receive_stream(self) -> _ReceiveStream[T]:
+        """Get a reader for the channel.
+
+        Returns:
+            _ReceiveStream: The reader for the channel.
+        """
+        return _ReceiveStream[T](queue=self._queue, done=self._done)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/root_listeners.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/root_listeners.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efe1a56e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/root_listeners.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+"""Tracers that call listeners."""
+
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import (
+    RunnableConfig,
+    acall_func_with_variable_args,
+    call_func_with_variable_args,
+)
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import AsyncBaseTracer, BaseTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from uuid import UUID
+
+Listener = Union[Callable[[Run], None], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], None]]
+AsyncListener = Union[
+    Callable[[Run], Awaitable[None]], Callable[[Run, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[None]]
+]
+
+
+class RootListenersTracer(BaseTracer):
+    """Tracer that calls listeners on run start, end, and error.
+
+    Parameters:
+        log_missing_parent: Whether to log a warning if the parent is missing.
+            Default is False.
+        config: The runnable config.
+        on_start: The listener to call on run start.
+        on_end: The listener to call on run end.
+        on_error: The listener to call on run error.
+    """
+
+    log_missing_parent = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        on_start: Optional[Listener],
+        on_end: Optional[Listener],
+        on_error: Optional[Listener],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the tracer.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The runnable config.
+            on_start: The listener to call on run start.
+            on_end: The listener to call on run end.
+            on_error: The listener to call on run error
+        """
+        super().__init__(_schema_format="original+chat")
+
+        self.config = config
+        self._arg_on_start = on_start
+        self._arg_on_end = on_end
+        self._arg_on_error = on_error
+        self.root_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        # This is a legacy method only called once for an entire run tree
+        # therefore not useful here
+        pass
+
+    def _on_run_create(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        if self.root_id is not None:
+            return
+
+        self.root_id = run.id
+
+        if self._arg_on_start is not None:
+            call_func_with_variable_args(self._arg_on_start, run, self.config)
+
+    def _on_run_update(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        if run.id != self.root_id:
+            return
+
+        if run.error is None:
+            if self._arg_on_end is not None:
+                call_func_with_variable_args(self._arg_on_end, run, self.config)
+        elif self._arg_on_error is not None:
+            call_func_with_variable_args(self._arg_on_error, run, self.config)
+
+
+class AsyncRootListenersTracer(AsyncBaseTracer):
+    """Async Tracer that calls listeners on run start, end, and error.
+
+    Parameters:
+        log_missing_parent: Whether to log a warning if the parent is missing.
+            Default is False.
+        config: The runnable config.
+        on_start: The listener to call on run start.
+        on_end: The listener to call on run end.
+        on_error: The listener to call on run error.
+    """
+
+    log_missing_parent = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        config: RunnableConfig,
+        on_start: Optional[AsyncListener],
+        on_end: Optional[AsyncListener],
+        on_error: Optional[AsyncListener],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the tracer.
+
+        Args:
+            config: The runnable config.
+            on_start: The listener to call on run start.
+            on_end: The listener to call on run end.
+            on_error: The listener to call on run error
+        """
+        super().__init__(_schema_format="original+chat")
+
+        self.config = config
+        self._arg_on_start = on_start
+        self._arg_on_end = on_end
+        self._arg_on_error = on_error
+        self.root_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+
+    async def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        # This is a legacy method only called once for an entire run tree
+        # therefore not useful here
+        pass
+
+    async def _on_run_create(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        if self.root_id is not None:
+            return
+
+        self.root_id = run.id
+
+        if self._arg_on_start is not None:
+            await acall_func_with_variable_args(self._arg_on_start, run, self.config)
+
+    async def _on_run_update(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        if run.id != self.root_id:
+            return
+
+        if run.error is None:
+            if self._arg_on_end is not None:
+                await acall_func_with_variable_args(self._arg_on_end, run, self.config)
+        elif self._arg_on_error is not None:
+            await acall_func_with_variable_args(self._arg_on_error, run, self.config)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/run_collector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/run_collector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7a7dfc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/run_collector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+"""A tracer that collects all nested runs in a list."""
+
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+
+
+class RunCollectorCallbackHandler(BaseTracer):
+    """Tracer that collects all nested runs in a list.
+
+    This tracer is useful for inspection and evaluation purposes.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    name : str, default="run-collector_callback_handler"
+    example_id : Optional[Union[UUID, str]], default=None
+        The ID of the example being traced. It can be either a UUID or a string.
+    """
+
+    name: str = "run-collector_callback_handler"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, example_id: Optional[Union[UUID, str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the RunCollectorCallbackHandler.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        example_id : Optional[Union[UUID, str]], default=None
+            The ID of the example being traced. It can be either a UUID or a string.
+        **kwargs : Any
+            Additional keyword arguments
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.example_id = (
+            UUID(example_id) if isinstance(example_id, str) else example_id
+        )
+        self.traced_runs: list[Run] = []
+
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        """Persist a run by adding it to the traced_runs list.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        run : Run
+            The run to be persisted.
+        """
+        run_ = run.copy()
+        run_.reference_example_id = self.example_id
+        self.traced_runs.append(run_)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/schemas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/schemas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7ebad1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+"""Schemas for tracers."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Optional
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from langsmith import RunTree
+from langsmith.schemas import RunTypeEnum as RunTypeEnumDep
+from pydantic import PydanticDeprecationWarning
+from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+from pydantic.v1 import Field as FieldV1
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="Use string instead.", removal="1.0")
+def RunTypeEnum() -> type[RunTypeEnumDep]:  # noqa: N802
+    """RunTypeEnum."""
+    warnings.warn(
+        "RunTypeEnum is deprecated. Please directly use a string instead"
+        " (e.g. 'llm', 'chain', 'tool').",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return RunTypeEnumDep
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+class TracerSessionV1Base(BaseModelV1):
+    """Base class for TracerSessionV1."""
+
+    start_time: datetime.datetime = FieldV1(default_factory=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    extra: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+class TracerSessionV1Create(TracerSessionV1Base):
+    """Create class for TracerSessionV1."""
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+class TracerSessionV1(TracerSessionV1Base):
+    """TracerSessionV1 schema."""
+
+    id: int
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+class TracerSessionBase(TracerSessionV1Base):
+    """Base class for TracerSession."""
+
+    tenant_id: UUID
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", removal="1.0")
+class TracerSession(TracerSessionBase):
+    """TracerSessionV1 schema for the V2 API."""
+
+    id: UUID
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="Run", removal="1.0")
+class BaseRun(BaseModelV1):
+    """Base class for Run."""
+
+    uuid: str
+    parent_uuid: Optional[str] = None
+    start_time: datetime.datetime = FieldV1(default_factory=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
+    end_time: datetime.datetime = FieldV1(default_factory=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
+    extra: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    execution_order: int
+    child_execution_order: int
+    serialized: dict[str, Any]
+    session_id: int
+    error: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="Run", removal="1.0")
+class LLMRun(BaseRun):
+    """Class for LLMRun."""
+
+    prompts: list[str]
+    # Temporarily, remove but we will completely remove LLMRun
+    # response: Optional[LLMResult] = None
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="Run", removal="1.0")
+class ChainRun(BaseRun):
+    """Class for ChainRun."""
+
+    inputs: dict[str, Any]
+    outputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    child_llm_runs: list[LLMRun] = FieldV1(default_factory=list)
+    child_chain_runs: list[ChainRun] = FieldV1(default_factory=list)
+    child_tool_runs: list[ToolRun] = FieldV1(default_factory=list)
+
+
+@deprecated("0.1.0", alternative="Run", removal="1.0")
+class ToolRun(BaseRun):
+    """Class for ToolRun."""
+
+    tool_input: str
+    output: Optional[str] = None
+    action: str
+    child_llm_runs: list[LLMRun] = FieldV1(default_factory=list)
+    child_chain_runs: list[ChainRun] = FieldV1(default_factory=list)
+    child_tool_runs: list[ToolRun] = FieldV1(default_factory=list)
+
+
+# Begin V2 API Schemas
+
+
+Run = RunTree  # For backwards compatibility
+
+# TODO: Update once langsmith moves to Pydantic V2 and we can swap Run.model_rebuild
+# for Run.update_forward_refs
+with warnings.catch_warnings():
+    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=PydanticDeprecationWarning)
+
+    ChainRun.update_forward_refs()
+    ToolRun.update_forward_refs()
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseRun",
+    "ChainRun",
+    "LLMRun",
+    "Run",
+    "RunTypeEnum",
+    "ToolRun",
+    "TracerSession",
+    "TracerSessionBase",
+    "TracerSessionV1",
+    "TracerSessionV1Base",
+    "TracerSessionV1Create",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/stdout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/stdout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2fe70ea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/tracers/stdout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+"""Tracers that print to the console."""
+
+import json
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from langchain_core.tracers.base import BaseTracer
+from langchain_core.tracers.schemas import Run
+from langchain_core.utils.input import get_bolded_text, get_colored_text
+
+MILLISECONDS_IN_SECOND = 1000
+
+
+def try_json_stringify(obj: Any, fallback: str) -> str:
+    """Try to stringify an object to JSON.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: Object to stringify.
+        fallback: Fallback string to return if the object cannot be stringified.
+
+    Returns:
+        A JSON string if the object can be stringified, otherwise the fallback string.
+    """
+    try:
+        return json.dumps(obj, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+    except Exception:
+        return fallback
+
+
+def elapsed(run: Any) -> str:
+    """Get the elapsed time of a run.
+
+    Args:
+        run: any object with a start_time and end_time attribute.
+
+    Returns:
+        A string with the elapsed time in seconds or
+            milliseconds if time is less than a second.
+
+    """
+    elapsed_time = run.end_time - run.start_time
+    seconds = elapsed_time.total_seconds()
+    if seconds < 1:
+        return f"{seconds * MILLISECONDS_IN_SECOND:.0f}ms"
+    return f"{seconds:.2f}s"
+
+
+class FunctionCallbackHandler(BaseTracer):
+    """Tracer that calls a function with a single str parameter."""
+
+    name: str = "function_callback_handler"
+    """The name of the tracer. This is used to identify the tracer in the logs.
+    Default is "function_callback_handler"."""
+
+    def __init__(self, function: Callable[[str], None], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Create a FunctionCallbackHandler.
+
+        Args:
+            function: The callback function to call.
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.function_callback = function
+
+    def _persist_run(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def get_parents(self, run: Run) -> list[Run]:
+        """Get the parents of a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run: The run to get the parents of.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of parent runs.
+        """
+        parents = []
+        current_run = run
+        while current_run.parent_run_id:
+            parent = self.run_map.get(str(current_run.parent_run_id))
+            if parent:
+                parents.append(parent)
+                current_run = parent
+            else:
+                break
+        return parents
+
+    def get_breadcrumbs(self, run: Run) -> str:
+        """Get the breadcrumbs of a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run: The run to get the breadcrumbs of.
+
+        Returns:
+            A string with the breadcrumbs of the run.
+        """
+        parents = self.get_parents(run)[::-1]
+        return " > ".join(
+            f"{parent.run_type}:{parent.name}"
+            if i != len(parents) - 1
+            else f"{parent.run_type}:{parent.name}"
+            for i, parent in enumerate(parents + [run])
+        )
+
+    # logging methods
+    def _on_chain_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        run_type = run.run_type.capitalize()
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[chain/start]', color='green')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(f"[{crumbs}] Entering {run_type} run with input:\n")
+            + f"{try_json_stringify(run.inputs, '[inputs]')}"
+        )
+
+    def _on_chain_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        run_type = run.run_type.capitalize()
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[chain/end]', color='blue')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(
+                f"[{crumbs}] [{elapsed(run)}] Exiting {run_type} run with output:\n"
+            )
+            + f"{try_json_stringify(run.outputs, '[outputs]')}"
+        )
+
+    def _on_chain_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        run_type = run.run_type.capitalize()
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[chain/error]', color='red')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(
+                f"[{crumbs}] [{elapsed(run)}] {run_type} run errored with error:\n"
+            )
+            + f"{try_json_stringify(run.error, '[error]')}"
+        )
+
+    def _on_llm_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        inputs = (
+            {"prompts": [p.strip() for p in run.inputs["prompts"]]}
+            if "prompts" in run.inputs
+            else run.inputs
+        )
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[llm/start]', color='green')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(f"[{crumbs}] Entering LLM run with input:\n")
+            + f"{try_json_stringify(inputs, '[inputs]')}"
+        )
+
+    def _on_llm_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[llm/end]', color='blue')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(
+                f"[{crumbs}] [{elapsed(run)}] Exiting LLM run with output:\n"
+            )
+            + f"{try_json_stringify(run.outputs, '[response]')}"
+        )
+
+    def _on_llm_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[llm/error]', color='red')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(
+                f"[{crumbs}] [{elapsed(run)}] LLM run errored with error:\n"
+            )
+            + f"{try_json_stringify(run.error, '[error]')}"
+        )
+
+    def _on_tool_start(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[tool/start]', color='green')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(f"[{crumbs}] Entering Tool run with input:\n")
+            + f'"{run.inputs["input"].strip()}"'
+        )
+
+    def _on_tool_end(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        if run.outputs:
+            self.function_callback(
+                f"{get_colored_text('[tool/end]', color='blue')} "
+                + get_bolded_text(
+                    f"[{crumbs}] [{elapsed(run)}] Exiting Tool run with output:\n"
+                )
+                + f'"{str(run.outputs["output"]).strip()}"'
+            )
+
+    def _on_tool_error(self, run: Run) -> None:
+        crumbs = self.get_breadcrumbs(run)
+        self.function_callback(
+            f"{get_colored_text('[tool/error]', color='red')} "
+            + get_bolded_text(f"[{crumbs}] [{elapsed(run)}] ")
+            + f"Tool run errored with error:\n"
+            f"{run.error}"
+        )
+
+
+class ConsoleCallbackHandler(FunctionCallbackHandler):
+    """Tracer that prints to the console."""
+
+    name: str = "console_callback_handler"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Create a ConsoleCallbackHandler."""
+        super().__init__(function=print, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52bd5c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+"""**Utility functions** for LangChain.
+
+These functions do not depend on any other LangChain module.
+"""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # for type checking and IDE support, we include the imports here
+    # but we don't want to eagerly import them at runtime
+    from langchain_core.utils import image
+    from langchain_core.utils.aiter import abatch_iterate
+    from langchain_core.utils.env import get_from_dict_or_env, get_from_env
+    from langchain_core.utils.formatting import StrictFormatter, formatter
+    from langchain_core.utils.input import (
+        get_bolded_text,
+        get_color_mapping,
+        get_colored_text,
+        print_text,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.utils.iter import batch_iterate
+    from langchain_core.utils.loading import try_load_from_hub
+    from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import pre_init
+    from langchain_core.utils.strings import comma_list, stringify_dict, stringify_value
+    from langchain_core.utils.utils import (
+        build_extra_kwargs,
+        check_package_version,
+        convert_to_secret_str,
+        from_env,
+        get_pydantic_field_names,
+        guard_import,
+        mock_now,
+        raise_for_status_with_text,
+        secret_from_env,
+        xor_args,
+    )
+
+__all__ = (
+    "build_extra_kwargs",
+    "StrictFormatter",
+    "check_package_version",
+    "convert_to_secret_str",
+    "formatter",
+    "get_bolded_text",
+    "get_color_mapping",
+    "get_colored_text",
+    "get_pydantic_field_names",
+    "guard_import",
+    "mock_now",
+    "print_text",
+    "raise_for_status_with_text",
+    "xor_args",
+    "try_load_from_hub",
+    "image",
+    "get_from_env",
+    "get_from_dict_or_env",
+    "stringify_dict",
+    "comma_list",
+    "stringify_value",
+    "pre_init",
+    "batch_iterate",
+    "abatch_iterate",
+    "from_env",
+    "secret_from_env",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "image": "__module__",
+    "abatch_iterate": "aiter",
+    "get_from_dict_or_env": "env",
+    "get_from_env": "env",
+    "StrictFormatter": "formatting",
+    "formatter": "formatting",
+    "get_bolded_text": "input",
+    "get_color_mapping": "input",
+    "get_colored_text": "input",
+    "print_text": "input",
+    "batch_iterate": "iter",
+    "try_load_from_hub": "loading",
+    "pre_init": "pydantic",
+    "comma_list": "strings",
+    "stringify_dict": "strings",
+    "stringify_value": "strings",
+    "build_extra_kwargs": "utils",
+    "check_package_version": "utils",
+    "convert_to_secret_str": "utils",
+    "from_env": "utils",
+    "get_pydantic_field_names": "utils",
+    "guard_import": "utils",
+    "mock_now": "utils",
+    "secret_from_env": "utils",
+    "xor_args": "utils",
+    "raise_for_status_with_text": "utils",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/_merge.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/_merge.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09542b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/_merge.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+
+def merge_dicts(left: dict[str, Any], *others: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    r"""Merge dictionaries.
+
+    Merge many dicts, handling specific scenarios where a key exists in both
+    dictionaries but has a value of None in 'left'. In such cases, the method uses the
+    value from 'right' for that key in the merged dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        left: The first dictionary to merge.
+        others: The other dictionaries to merge.
+
+    Returns:
+        The merged dictionary.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the key exists in both dictionaries but has a different type.
+        TypeError: If the value has an unsupported type.
+
+    Example:
+        If left = {"function_call": {"arguments": None}} and
+        right = {"function_call": {"arguments": "{\n"}}
+        then, after merging, for the key "function_call",
+        the value from 'right' is used,
+        resulting in merged = {"function_call": {"arguments": "{\n"}}.
+    """
+    merged = left.copy()
+    for right in others:
+        for right_k, right_v in right.items():
+            if right_k not in merged or right_v is not None and merged[right_k] is None:
+                merged[right_k] = right_v
+            elif right_v is None:
+                continue
+            elif type(merged[right_k]) is not type(right_v):
+                msg = (
+                    f'additional_kwargs["{right_k}"] already exists in this message,'
+                    " but with a different type."
+                )
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            elif isinstance(merged[right_k], str):
+                # TODO: Add below special handling for 'type' key in 0.3 and remove
+                # merge_lists 'type' logic.
+                #
+                # if right_k == "type":
+                #     if merged[right_k] == right_v:
+                #         continue
+                #     else:
+                #         raise ValueError(
+                #             "Unable to merge. Two different values seen for special "
+                #             f"key 'type': {merged[right_k]} and {right_v}. 'type' "
+                #             "should either occur once or have the same value across "
+                #             "all dicts."
+                #         )
+                merged[right_k] += right_v
+            elif isinstance(merged[right_k], dict):
+                merged[right_k] = merge_dicts(merged[right_k], right_v)
+            elif isinstance(merged[right_k], list):
+                merged[right_k] = merge_lists(merged[right_k], right_v)
+            elif merged[right_k] == right_v:
+                continue
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    f"Additional kwargs key {right_k} already exists in left dict and "
+                    f"value has unsupported type {type(merged[right_k])}."
+                )
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+    return merged
+
+
+def merge_lists(left: Optional[list], *others: Optional[list]) -> Optional[list]:
+    """Add many lists, handling None.
+
+    Args:
+        left: The first list to merge.
+        others: The other lists to merge.
+
+    Returns:
+        The merged list.
+    """
+    merged = left.copy() if left is not None else None
+    for other in others:
+        if other is None:
+            continue
+        if merged is None:
+            merged = other.copy()
+        else:
+            for e in other:
+                if isinstance(e, dict) and "index" in e and isinstance(e["index"], int):
+                    to_merge = [
+                        i
+                        for i, e_left in enumerate(merged)
+                        if e_left["index"] == e["index"]
+                    ]
+                    if to_merge:
+                        # TODO: Remove this once merge_dict is updated with special
+                        # handling for 'type'.
+                        new_e = (
+                            {k: v for k, v in e.items() if k != "type"}
+                            if "type" in e
+                            else e
+                        )
+                        merged[to_merge[0]] = merge_dicts(merged[to_merge[0]], new_e)
+                    else:
+                        merged.append(e)
+                else:
+                    merged.append(e)
+    return merged
+
+
+def merge_obj(left: Any, right: Any) -> Any:
+    """Merge two objects.
+
+    It handles specific scenarios where a key exists in both
+    dictionaries but has a value of None in 'left'. In such cases, the method uses the
+    value from 'right' for that key in the merged dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        left: The first object to merge.
+        right: The other object to merge.
+
+    Returns:
+        The merged object.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the key exists in both dictionaries but has a different type.
+        ValueError: If the two objects cannot be merged.
+    """
+    if left is None or right is None:
+        return left if left is not None else right
+    if type(left) is not type(right):
+        msg = (
+            f"left and right are of different types. Left type:  {type(left)}. Right "
+            f"type: {type(right)}."
+        )
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+    if isinstance(left, str):
+        return left + right
+    if isinstance(left, dict):
+        return merge_dicts(left, right)
+    if isinstance(left, list):
+        return merge_lists(left, right)
+    if left == right:
+        return left
+    msg = (
+        f"Unable to merge {left=} and {right=}. Both must be of type str, dict, or "
+        f"list, or else be two equal objects."
+    )
+    raise ValueError(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/aiter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/aiter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8931d207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/aiter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+"""Asynchronous iterator utilities.
+
+Adapted from
+https://github.com/maxfischer2781/asyncstdlib/blob/master/asyncstdlib/itertools.py
+MIT License.
+"""
+
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncGenerator,
+    AsyncIterable,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Iterator,
+)
+from contextlib import AbstractAsyncContextManager
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+_no_default = object()
+
+
+# https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py#L54
+# before 3.10, the builtin anext() was not available
+def py_anext(
+    iterator: AsyncIterator[T], default: Union[T, Any] = _no_default
+) -> Awaitable[Union[T, None, Any]]:
+    """Pure-Python implementation of anext() for testing purposes.
+
+    Closely matches the builtin anext() C implementation.
+    Can be used to compare the built-in implementation of the inner
+    coroutines machinery to C-implementation of __anext__() and send()
+    or throw() on the returned generator.
+
+    Args:
+        iterator: The async iterator to advance.
+        default: The value to return if the iterator is exhausted.
+            If not provided, a StopAsyncIteration exception is raised.
+
+    Returns:
+        The next value from the iterator, or the default value
+            if the iterator is exhausted.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the iterator is not an async iterator.
+    """
+    try:
+        __anext__ = cast(
+            "Callable[[AsyncIterator[T]], Awaitable[T]]", type(iterator).__anext__
+        )
+    except AttributeError as e:
+        msg = f"{iterator!r} is not an async iterator"
+        raise TypeError(msg) from e
+
+    if default is _no_default:
+        return __anext__(iterator)
+
+    async def anext_impl() -> Union[T, Any]:
+        try:
+            # The C code is way more low-level than this, as it implements
+            # all methods of the iterator protocol. In this implementation
+            # we're relying on higher-level coroutine concepts, but that's
+            # exactly what we want -- crosstest pure-Python high-level
+            # implementation and low-level C anext() iterators.
+            return await __anext__(iterator)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            return default
+
+    return anext_impl()
+
+
+class NoLock:
+    """Dummy lock that provides the proper interface but no protection."""
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        """Do nothing."""
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Exception not handled."""
+        return False
+
+
+async def tee_peer(
+    iterator: AsyncIterator[T],
+    # the buffer specific to this peer
+    buffer: deque[T],
+    # the buffers of all peers, including our own
+    peers: list[deque[T]],
+    lock: AbstractAsyncContextManager[Any],
+) -> AsyncGenerator[T, None]:
+    """An individual iterator of a :py:func:`~.tee`.
+
+    This function is a generator that yields items from the shared iterator
+    ``iterator``. It buffers items until the least advanced iterator has
+    yielded them as well. The buffer is shared with all other peers.
+
+    Args:
+        iterator: The shared iterator.
+        buffer: The buffer for this peer.
+        peers: The buffers of all peers.
+        lock: The lock to synchronise access to the shared buffers.
+
+    Yields:
+        The next item from the shared iterator.
+    """
+    try:
+        while True:
+            if not buffer:
+                async with lock:
+                    # Another peer produced an item while we were waiting for the lock.
+                    # Proceed with the next loop iteration to yield the item.
+                    if buffer:
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        item = await iterator.__anext__()
+                    except StopAsyncIteration:
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        # Append to all buffers, including our own. We'll fetch our
+                        # item from the buffer again, instead of yielding it directly.
+                        # This ensures the proper item ordering if any of our peers
+                        # are fetching items concurrently. They may have buffered their
+                        # item already.
+                        for peer_buffer in peers:
+                            peer_buffer.append(item)
+            yield buffer.popleft()
+    finally:
+        async with lock:
+            # this peer is done – remove its buffer
+            for idx, peer_buffer in enumerate(peers):  # pragma: no branch
+                if peer_buffer is buffer:
+                    peers.pop(idx)
+                    break
+            # if we are the last peer, try and close the iterator
+            if not peers and hasattr(iterator, "aclose"):
+                await iterator.aclose()
+
+
+class Tee(Generic[T]):
+    """Create ``n`` separate asynchronous iterators over ``iterable``.
+
+    This splits a single ``iterable`` into multiple iterators, each providing
+    the same items in the same order.
+    All child iterators may advance separately but share the same items
+    from ``iterable`` -- when the most advanced iterator retrieves an item,
+    it is buffered until the least advanced iterator has yielded it as well.
+    A ``tee`` works lazily and can handle an infinite ``iterable``, provided
+    that all iterators advance.
+
+    .. code-block:: python3
+
+        async def derivative(sensor_data):
+            previous, current = a.tee(sensor_data, n=2)
+            await a.anext(previous)  # advance one iterator
+            return a.map(operator.sub, previous, current)
+
+    Unlike :py:func:`itertools.tee`, :py:func:`~.tee` returns a custom type instead
+    of a :py:class:`tuple`. Like a tuple, it can be indexed, iterated and unpacked
+    to get the child iterators. In addition, its :py:meth:`~.tee.aclose` method
+    immediately closes all children, and it can be used in an ``async with`` context
+    for the same effect.
+
+    If ``iterable`` is an iterator and read elsewhere, ``tee`` will *not*
+    provide these items. Also, ``tee`` must internally buffer each item until the
+    last iterator has yielded it; if the most and least advanced iterator differ
+    by most data, using a :py:class:`list` is more efficient (but not lazy).
+
+    If the underlying iterable is concurrency safe (``anext`` may be awaited
+    concurrently) the resulting iterators are concurrency safe as well. Otherwise,
+    the iterators are safe if there is only ever one single "most advanced" iterator.
+    To enforce sequential use of ``anext``, provide a ``lock``
+    - e.g. an :py:class:`asyncio.Lock` instance in an :py:mod:`asyncio` application -
+    and access is automatically synchronised.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        iterable: AsyncIterator[T],
+        n: int = 2,
+        *,
+        lock: Optional[AbstractAsyncContextManager[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create a ``tee``.
+
+        Args:
+            iterable: The iterable to split.
+            n: The number of iterators to create. Defaults to 2.
+            lock: The lock to synchronise access to the shared buffers.
+                Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self._iterator = iterable.__aiter__()  # before 3.10 aiter() doesn't exist
+        self._buffers: list[deque[T]] = [deque() for _ in range(n)]
+        self._children = tuple(
+            tee_peer(
+                iterator=self._iterator,
+                buffer=buffer,
+                peers=self._buffers,
+                lock=lock if lock is not None else NoLock(),
+            )
+            for buffer in self._buffers
+        )
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Return the number of child iterators."""
+        return len(self._children)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: int) -> AsyncIterator[T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: slice) -> tuple[AsyncIterator[T], ...]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, item: Union[int, slice]
+    ) -> Union[AsyncIterator[T], tuple[AsyncIterator[T], ...]]:
+        """Return the child iterator(s) for the given index or slice."""
+        return self._children[item]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[AsyncIterator[T]]:
+        """Iterate over the child iterators."""
+        yield from self._children
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "Tee[T]":
+        """Return the tee instance."""
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Close all child iterators."""
+        await self.aclose()
+        return False
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """Async close all child iterators."""
+        for child in self._children:
+            await child.aclose()
+
+
+atee = Tee
+
+
+class aclosing(AbstractAsyncContextManager):  # noqa: N801
+    """Async context manager to wrap an AsyncGenerator that has a ``aclose()`` method.
+
+    Code like this:
+
+        async with aclosing(<module>.fetch(<arguments>)) as agen:
+            <block>
+
+    is equivalent to this:
+
+        agen = <module>.fetch(<arguments>)
+        try:
+            <block>
+        finally:
+            await agen.aclose()
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, thing: Union[AsyncGenerator[Any, Any], AsyncIterator[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create the context manager.
+
+        Args:
+            thing: The resource to wrap.
+        """
+        self.thing = thing
+
+    @override
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Union[AsyncGenerator[Any, Any], AsyncIterator[Any]]:
+        return self.thing
+
+    @override
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
+        exc_value: Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        if hasattr(self.thing, "aclose"):
+            await self.thing.aclose()
+
+
+async def abatch_iterate(
+    size: int, iterable: AsyncIterable[T]
+) -> AsyncIterator[list[T]]:
+    """Utility batching function for async iterables.
+
+    Args:
+        size: The size of the batch.
+        iterable: The async iterable to batch.
+
+    Returns:
+        An async iterator over the batches.
+    """
+    batch: list[T] = []
+    async for element in iterable:
+        if len(batch) < size:
+            batch.append(element)
+
+        if len(batch) >= size:
+            yield batch
+            batch = []
+
+    if batch:
+        yield batch
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51c5b9f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""Utilities for environment variables."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union
+
+
+def env_var_is_set(env_var: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if an environment variable is set.
+
+    Args:
+        env_var (str): The name of the environment variable.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the environment variable is set, False otherwise.
+    """
+    return env_var in os.environ and os.environ[env_var] not in (
+        "",
+        "0",
+        "false",
+        "False",
+    )
+
+
+def get_from_dict_or_env(
+    data: dict[str, Any],
+    key: Union[str, list[str]],
+    env_key: str,
+    default: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> str:
+    """Get a value from a dictionary or an environment variable.
+
+    Args:
+        data: The dictionary to look up the key in.
+        key: The key to look up in the dictionary. This can be a list of keys to try
+            in order.
+        env_key: The environment variable to look up if the key is not
+            in the dictionary.
+        default: The default value to return if the key is not in the dictionary
+            or the environment. Defaults to None.
+    """
+    if isinstance(key, (list, tuple)):
+        for k in key:
+            if k in data and data[k]:
+                return data[k]
+
+    if isinstance(key, str) and key in data and data[key]:
+        return data[key]
+
+    key_for_err = key[0] if isinstance(key, (list, tuple)) else key
+
+    return get_from_env(key_for_err, env_key, default=default)
+
+
+def get_from_env(key: str, env_key: str, default: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+    """Get a value from a dictionary or an environment variable.
+
+    Args:
+        key: The key to look up in the dictionary.
+        env_key: The environment variable to look up if the key is not
+            in the dictionary.
+        default: The default value to return if the key is not in the dictionary
+            or the environment. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The value of the key.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the key is not in the dictionary and no default value is
+            provided or if the environment variable is not set.
+    """
+    if env_key in os.environ and os.environ[env_key]:
+        return os.environ[env_key]
+    if default is not None:
+        return default
+    msg = (
+        f"Did not find {key}, please add an environment variable"
+        f" `{env_key}` which contains it, or pass"
+        f" `{key}` as a named parameter."
+    )
+    raise ValueError(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/formatting.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/formatting.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2313c5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/formatting.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+"""Utilities for formatting strings."""
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from string import Formatter
+from typing import Any
+
+
+class StrictFormatter(Formatter):
+    """Formatter that checks for extra keys."""
+
+    def vformat(
+        self, format_string: str, args: Sequence, kwargs: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> str:
+        """Check that no arguments are provided.
+
+        Args:
+            format_string: The format string.
+            args: The arguments.
+            kwargs: The keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The formatted string.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If any arguments are provided.
+        """
+        if len(args) > 0:
+            msg = (
+                "No arguments should be provided, "
+                "everything should be passed as keyword arguments."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return super().vformat(format_string, args, kwargs)
+
+    def validate_input_variables(
+        self, format_string: str, input_variables: list[str]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Check that all input variables are used in the format string.
+
+        Args:
+            format_string: The format string.
+            input_variables: The input variables.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If any input variables are not used in the format string.
+        """
+        dummy_inputs = dict.fromkeys(input_variables, "foo")
+        super().format(format_string, **dummy_inputs)
+
+
+formatter = StrictFormatter()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/function_calling.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/function_calling.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfc70df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/function_calling.py
@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+"""Methods for creating function specs in the style of OpenAI Functions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import inspect
+import logging
+import types
+import typing
+import uuid
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict, get_args, get_origin, is_typeddict
+
+from langchain_core._api import beta, deprecated
+from langchain_core.messages import AIMessage, BaseMessage, HumanMessage, ToolMessage
+from langchain_core.utils.json_schema import dereference_refs
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import is_basemodel_subclass
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+PYTHON_TO_JSON_TYPES = {
+    "str": "string",
+    "int": "integer",
+    "float": "number",
+    "bool": "boolean",
+}
+
+
+class FunctionDescription(TypedDict):
+    """Representation of a callable function to send to an LLM."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function."""
+    description: str
+    """A description of the function."""
+    parameters: dict
+    """The parameters of the function."""
+
+
+class ToolDescription(TypedDict):
+    """Representation of a callable function to the OpenAI API."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of the tool."""
+    function: FunctionDescription
+    """The function description."""
+
+
+def _rm_titles(kv: dict, prev_key: str = "") -> dict:
+    """Recursively removes "title" fields from a JSON schema dictionary.
+
+    Remove "title" fields from the input JSON schema dictionary,
+    except when a "title" appears within a property definition under "properties".
+
+    Args:
+        kv (dict): The input JSON schema as a dictionary.
+        prev_key (str): The key from the parent dictionary, used to identify context.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: A new dictionary with appropriate "title" fields removed.
+    """
+    new_kv = {}
+
+    for k, v in kv.items():
+        if k == "title":
+            # If the value is a nested dict and part of a property under "properties",
+            # preserve the title but continue recursion
+            if isinstance(v, dict) and prev_key == "properties":
+                new_kv[k] = _rm_titles(v, k)
+            else:
+                # Otherwise, remove this "title" key
+                continue
+        elif isinstance(v, dict):
+            # Recurse into nested dictionaries
+            new_kv[k] = _rm_titles(v, k)
+        else:
+            # Leave non-dict values untouched
+            new_kv[k] = v
+
+    return new_kv
+
+
+def _convert_json_schema_to_openai_function(
+    schema: dict,
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    rm_titles: bool = True,
+) -> FunctionDescription:
+    """Converts a Pydantic model to a function description for the OpenAI API.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The JSON schema to convert.
+        name: The name of the function. If not provided, the title of the schema will be
+            used.
+        description: The description of the function. If not provided, the description
+            of the schema will be used.
+        rm_titles: Whether to remove titles from the schema. Defaults to True.
+
+    Returns:
+        The function description.
+    """
+    schema = dereference_refs(schema)
+    if "definitions" in schema:  # pydantic 1
+        schema.pop("definitions", None)
+    if "$defs" in schema:  # pydantic 2
+        schema.pop("$defs", None)
+    title = schema.pop("title", "")
+    default_description = schema.pop("description", "")
+    return {
+        "name": name or title,
+        "description": description or default_description,
+        "parameters": _rm_titles(schema) if rm_titles else schema,
+    }
+
+
+def _convert_pydantic_to_openai_function(
+    model: type,
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    rm_titles: bool = True,
+) -> FunctionDescription:
+    """Converts a Pydantic model to a function description for the OpenAI API.
+
+    Args:
+        model: The Pydantic model to convert.
+        name: The name of the function. If not provided, the title of the schema will be
+            used.
+        description: The description of the function. If not provided, the description
+            of the schema will be used.
+        rm_titles: Whether to remove titles from the schema. Defaults to True.
+
+    Returns:
+        The function description.
+    """
+    if hasattr(model, "model_json_schema"):
+        schema = model.model_json_schema()  # Pydantic 2
+    elif hasattr(model, "schema"):
+        schema = model.schema()  # Pydantic 1
+    else:
+        msg = "Model must be a Pydantic model."
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+    return _convert_json_schema_to_openai_function(
+        schema, name=name, description=description, rm_titles=rm_titles
+    )
+
+
+convert_pydantic_to_openai_function = deprecated(
+    "0.1.16",
+    alternative="langchain_core.utils.function_calling.convert_to_openai_function()",
+    removal="1.0",
+)(_convert_pydantic_to_openai_function)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.16",
+    alternative="langchain_core.utils.function_calling.convert_to_openai_tool()",
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def convert_pydantic_to_openai_tool(
+    model: type[BaseModel],
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> ToolDescription:
+    """Converts a Pydantic model to a function description for the OpenAI API.
+
+    Args:
+        model: The Pydantic model to convert.
+        name: The name of the function. If not provided, the title of the schema will be
+            used.
+        description: The description of the function. If not provided, the description
+            of the schema will be used.
+
+    Returns:
+        The tool description.
+    """
+    function = _convert_pydantic_to_openai_function(
+        model, name=name, description=description
+    )
+    return {"type": "function", "function": function}
+
+
+def _get_python_function_name(function: Callable) -> str:
+    """Get the name of a Python function."""
+    return function.__name__
+
+
+def _convert_python_function_to_openai_function(
+    function: Callable,
+) -> FunctionDescription:
+    """Convert a Python function to an OpenAI function-calling API compatible dict.
+
+    Assumes the Python function has type hints and a docstring with a description. If
+        the docstring has Google Python style argument descriptions, these will be
+        included as well.
+
+    Args:
+        function: The Python function to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The OpenAI function description.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.tools.base import create_schema_from_function
+
+    func_name = _get_python_function_name(function)
+    model = create_schema_from_function(
+        func_name,
+        function,
+        filter_args=(),
+        parse_docstring=True,
+        error_on_invalid_docstring=False,
+        include_injected=False,
+    )
+    return _convert_pydantic_to_openai_function(
+        model,
+        name=func_name,
+        description=model.__doc__,
+    )
+
+
+convert_python_function_to_openai_function = deprecated(
+    "0.1.16",
+    alternative="langchain_core.utils.function_calling.convert_to_openai_function()",
+    removal="1.0",
+)(_convert_python_function_to_openai_function)
+
+
+def _convert_typed_dict_to_openai_function(typed_dict: type) -> FunctionDescription:
+    visited: dict = {}
+
+    model = cast(
+        "type[BaseModel]",
+        _convert_any_typed_dicts_to_pydantic(typed_dict, visited=visited),
+    )
+    return _convert_pydantic_to_openai_function(model)
+
+
+_MAX_TYPED_DICT_RECURSION = 25
+
+
+def _convert_any_typed_dicts_to_pydantic(
+    type_: type,
+    *,
+    visited: dict,
+    depth: int = 0,
+) -> type:
+    from pydantic.v1 import Field as Field_v1
+    from pydantic.v1 import create_model as create_model_v1
+
+    if type_ in visited:
+        return visited[type_]
+    if depth >= _MAX_TYPED_DICT_RECURSION:
+        return type_
+    if is_typeddict(type_):
+        typed_dict = type_
+        docstring = inspect.getdoc(typed_dict)
+        annotations_ = typed_dict.__annotations__
+        description, arg_descriptions = _parse_google_docstring(
+            docstring, list(annotations_)
+        )
+        fields: dict = {}
+        for arg, arg_type in annotations_.items():
+            if get_origin(arg_type) is Annotated:
+                annotated_args = get_args(arg_type)
+                new_arg_type = _convert_any_typed_dicts_to_pydantic(
+                    annotated_args[0], depth=depth + 1, visited=visited
+                )
+                field_kwargs = dict(zip(("default", "description"), annotated_args[1:]))
+                if (field_desc := field_kwargs.get("description")) and not isinstance(
+                    field_desc, str
+                ):
+                    msg = (
+                        f"Invalid annotation for field {arg}. Third argument to "
+                        f"Annotated must be a string description, received value of "
+                        f"type {type(field_desc)}."
+                    )
+                    raise ValueError(msg)
+                if arg_desc := arg_descriptions.get(arg):
+                    field_kwargs["description"] = arg_desc
+                else:
+                    pass
+                fields[arg] = (new_arg_type, Field_v1(**field_kwargs))
+            else:
+                new_arg_type = _convert_any_typed_dicts_to_pydantic(
+                    arg_type, depth=depth + 1, visited=visited
+                )
+                field_kwargs = {"default": ...}
+                if arg_desc := arg_descriptions.get(arg):
+                    field_kwargs["description"] = arg_desc
+                fields[arg] = (new_arg_type, Field_v1(**field_kwargs))
+        model = create_model_v1(typed_dict.__name__, **fields)
+        model.__doc__ = description
+        visited[typed_dict] = model
+        return model
+    if (origin := get_origin(type_)) and (type_args := get_args(type_)):
+        subscriptable_origin = _py_38_safe_origin(origin)
+        type_args = tuple(
+            _convert_any_typed_dicts_to_pydantic(arg, depth=depth + 1, visited=visited)
+            for arg in type_args
+        )
+        return subscriptable_origin[type_args]  # type: ignore[index]
+    return type_
+
+
+def _format_tool_to_openai_function(tool: BaseTool) -> FunctionDescription:
+    """Format tool into the OpenAI function API.
+
+    Args:
+        tool: The tool to format.
+
+    Returns:
+        The function description.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.tools import simple
+
+    is_simple_oai_tool = isinstance(tool, simple.Tool) and not tool.args_schema
+    if tool.tool_call_schema and not is_simple_oai_tool:
+        if isinstance(tool.tool_call_schema, dict):
+            return _convert_json_schema_to_openai_function(
+                tool.tool_call_schema, name=tool.name, description=tool.description
+            )
+        if issubclass(tool.tool_call_schema, (BaseModel, BaseModelV1)):
+            return _convert_pydantic_to_openai_function(
+                tool.tool_call_schema, name=tool.name, description=tool.description
+            )
+        error_msg = (
+            f"Unsupported tool call schema: {tool.tool_call_schema}. "
+            "Tool call schema must be a JSON schema dict or a Pydantic model."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(error_msg)
+    return {
+        "name": tool.name,
+        "description": tool.description,
+        "parameters": {
+            # This is a hack to get around the fact that some tools
+            # do not expose an args_schema, and expect an argument
+            # which is a string.
+            # And Open AI does not support an array type for the
+            # parameters.
+            "properties": {
+                "__arg1": {"title": "__arg1", "type": "string"},
+            },
+            "required": ["__arg1"],
+            "type": "object",
+        },
+    }
+
+
+format_tool_to_openai_function = deprecated(
+    "0.1.16",
+    alternative="langchain_core.utils.function_calling.convert_to_openai_function()",
+    removal="1.0",
+)(_format_tool_to_openai_function)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "0.1.16",
+    alternative="langchain_core.utils.function_calling.convert_to_openai_tool()",
+    removal="1.0",
+)
+def format_tool_to_openai_tool(tool: BaseTool) -> ToolDescription:
+    """Format tool into the OpenAI function API.
+
+    Args:
+        tool: The tool to format.
+
+    Returns:
+        The tool description.
+    """
+    function = _format_tool_to_openai_function(tool)
+    return {"type": "function", "function": function}
+
+
+def convert_to_openai_function(
+    function: Union[dict[str, Any], type, Callable, BaseTool],
+    *,
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Convert a raw function/class to an OpenAI function.
+
+    Args:
+        function:
+            A dictionary, Pydantic BaseModel class, TypedDict class, a LangChain
+            Tool object, or a Python function. If a dictionary is passed in, it is
+            assumed to already be a valid OpenAI function, a JSON schema with
+            top-level 'title' key specified, an Anthropic format
+            tool, or an Amazon Bedrock Converse format tool.
+        strict:
+            If True, model output is guaranteed to exactly match the JSON Schema
+            provided in the function definition. If None, ``strict`` argument will not
+            be included in function definition.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dict version of the passed in function which is compatible with the OpenAI
+        function-calling API.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If function is not in a supported format.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.2.29
+
+        ``strict`` arg added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.13
+
+        Support for Anthropic format tools added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.14
+
+        Support for Amazon Bedrock Converse format tools added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.16
+
+        'description' and 'parameters' keys are now optional. Only 'name' is
+        required and guaranteed to be part of the output.
+    """
+    from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
+
+    # an Anthropic format tool
+    if isinstance(function, dict) and all(
+        k in function for k in ("name", "input_schema")
+    ):
+        oai_function = {
+            "name": function["name"],
+            "parameters": function["input_schema"],
+        }
+        if "description" in function:
+            oai_function["description"] = function["description"]
+    # an Amazon Bedrock Converse format tool
+    elif isinstance(function, dict) and "toolSpec" in function:
+        oai_function = {
+            "name": function["toolSpec"]["name"],
+            "parameters": function["toolSpec"]["inputSchema"]["json"],
+        }
+        if "description" in function["toolSpec"]:
+            oai_function["description"] = function["toolSpec"]["description"]
+    # already in OpenAI function format
+    elif isinstance(function, dict) and "name" in function:
+        oai_function = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in function.items()
+            if k in ("name", "description", "parameters", "strict")
+        }
+    # a JSON schema with title and description
+    elif isinstance(function, dict) and "title" in function:
+        function_copy = function.copy()
+        oai_function = {"name": function_copy.pop("title")}
+        if "description" in function_copy:
+            oai_function["description"] = function_copy.pop("description")
+        if function_copy and "properties" in function_copy:
+            oai_function["parameters"] = function_copy
+    elif isinstance(function, type) and is_basemodel_subclass(function):
+        oai_function = cast("dict", _convert_pydantic_to_openai_function(function))
+    elif is_typeddict(function):
+        oai_function = cast(
+            "dict", _convert_typed_dict_to_openai_function(cast("type", function))
+        )
+    elif isinstance(function, BaseTool):
+        oai_function = cast("dict", _format_tool_to_openai_function(function))
+    elif callable(function):
+        oai_function = cast(
+            "dict", _convert_python_function_to_openai_function(function)
+        )
+    else:
+        msg = (
+            f"Unsupported function\n\n{function}\n\nFunctions must be passed in"
+            " as Dict, pydantic.BaseModel, or Callable. If they're a dict they must"
+            " either be in OpenAI function format or valid JSON schema with top-level"
+            " 'title' and 'description' keys."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    if strict is not None:
+        if "strict" in oai_function and oai_function["strict"] != strict:
+            msg = (
+                f"Tool/function already has a 'strict' key wth value "
+                f"{oai_function['strict']} which is different from the explicit "
+                f"`strict` arg received {strict=}."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        oai_function["strict"] = strict
+        if strict:
+            # As of 08/06/24, OpenAI requires that additionalProperties be supplied and
+            # set to False if strict is True.
+            # All properties layer needs 'additionalProperties=False'
+            oai_function["parameters"] = _recursive_set_additional_properties_false(
+                oai_function["parameters"]
+            )
+    return oai_function
+
+
+def convert_to_openai_tool(
+    tool: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable, BaseTool],
+    *,
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Convert a tool-like object to an OpenAI tool schema.
+
+    OpenAI tool schema reference:
+    https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/create#chat-create-tools
+
+    Args:
+        tool:
+            Either a dictionary, a pydantic.BaseModel class, Python function, or
+            BaseTool. If a dictionary is passed in, it is
+            assumed to already be a valid OpenAI function, a JSON schema with
+            top-level 'title' key specified, an Anthropic format
+            tool, or an Amazon Bedrock Converse format tool.
+        strict:
+            If True, model output is guaranteed to exactly match the JSON Schema
+            provided in the function definition. If None, ``strict`` argument will not
+            be included in tool definition.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dict version of the passed in tool which is compatible with the
+        OpenAI tool-calling API.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.2.29
+
+        ``strict`` arg added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.13
+
+        Support for Anthropic format tools added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.14
+
+        Support for Amazon Bedrock Converse format tools added.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.16
+
+        'description' and 'parameters' keys are now optional. Only 'name' is
+        required and guaranteed to be part of the output.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.44
+
+        Return OpenAI Responses API-style tools unchanged. This includes
+        any dict with "type" in "file_search", "function", "computer_use_preview",
+        "web_search_preview".
+    """
+    if isinstance(tool, dict):
+        if tool.get("type") in ("function", "file_search", "computer_use_preview"):
+            return tool
+        # As of 03.12.25 can be "web_search_preview" or "web_search_preview_2025_03_11"
+        if (tool.get("type") or "").startswith("web_search_preview"):
+            return tool
+    oai_function = convert_to_openai_function(tool, strict=strict)
+    return {"type": "function", "function": oai_function}
+
+
+def convert_to_json_schema(
+    schema: Union[dict[str, Any], type[BaseModel], Callable, BaseTool],
+    *,
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Convert a schema representation to a JSON schema."""
+    openai_tool = convert_to_openai_tool(schema, strict=strict)
+    if (
+        not isinstance(openai_tool, dict)
+        or "function" not in openai_tool
+        or "name" not in openai_tool["function"]
+    ):
+        error_message = "Input must be a valid OpenAI-format tool."
+        raise ValueError(error_message)
+
+    openai_function = openai_tool["function"]
+    json_schema = {}
+    json_schema["title"] = openai_function["name"]
+
+    if "description" in openai_function:
+        json_schema["description"] = openai_function["description"]
+
+    if "parameters" in openai_function:
+        parameters = openai_function["parameters"].copy()
+        json_schema.update(parameters)
+
+    return json_schema
+
+
+@beta()
+def tool_example_to_messages(
+    input: str,
+    tool_calls: list[BaseModel],
+    tool_outputs: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    *,
+    ai_response: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> list[BaseMessage]:
+    """Convert an example into a list of messages that can be fed into an LLM.
+
+    This code is an adapter that converts a single example to a list of messages
+    that can be fed into a chat model.
+
+    The list of messages per example by default corresponds to:
+
+    1) HumanMessage: contains the content from which content should be extracted.
+    2) AIMessage: contains the extracted information from the model
+    3) ToolMessage: contains confirmation to the model that the model requested a tool
+        correctly.
+
+    If `ai_response` is specified, there will be a final AIMessage with that response.
+
+    The ToolMessage is required because some chat models are hyper-optimized for agents
+    rather than for an extraction use case.
+
+    Arguments:
+        input: string, the user input
+        tool_calls: list[BaseModel], a list of tool calls represented as Pydantic
+            BaseModels
+        tool_outputs: Optional[list[str]], a list of tool call outputs.
+            Does not need to be provided. If not provided, a placeholder value
+            will be inserted. Defaults to None.
+        ai_response: Optional[str], if provided, content for a final AIMessage.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of messages
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from typing import Optional
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+            from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+
+            class Person(BaseModel):
+                '''Information about a person.'''
+                name: Optional[str] = Field(..., description="The name of the person")
+                hair_color: Optional[str] = Field(
+                    ..., description="The color of the person's hair if known"
+                )
+                height_in_meters: Optional[str] = Field(
+                    ..., description="Height in METERs"
+                )
+
+            examples = [
+                (
+                    "The ocean is vast and blue. It's more than 20,000 feet deep.",
+                    Person(name=None, height_in_meters=None, hair_color=None),
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Fiona traveled far from France to Spain.",
+                    Person(name="Fiona", height_in_meters=None, hair_color=None),
+                ),
+            ]
+
+
+            messages = []
+
+            for txt, tool_call in examples:
+                messages.extend(
+                    tool_example_to_messages(txt, [tool_call])
+                )
+    """
+    messages: list[BaseMessage] = [HumanMessage(content=input)]
+    openai_tool_calls = [
+        {
+            "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+            "type": "function",
+            "function": {
+                # The name of the function right now corresponds to the name
+                # of the pydantic model. This is implicit in the API right now,
+                # and will be improved over time.
+                "name": tool_call.__class__.__name__,
+                "arguments": tool_call.model_dump_json(),
+            },
+        }
+        for tool_call in tool_calls
+    ]
+
+    messages.append(
+        AIMessage(content="", additional_kwargs={"tool_calls": openai_tool_calls})
+    )
+    tool_outputs = tool_outputs or ["You have correctly called this tool."] * len(
+        openai_tool_calls
+    )
+    for output, tool_call_dict in zip(tool_outputs, openai_tool_calls):
+        messages.append(ToolMessage(content=output, tool_call_id=tool_call_dict["id"]))
+
+    if ai_response:
+        messages.append(AIMessage(content=ai_response))
+    return messages
+
+
+def _parse_google_docstring(
+    docstring: Optional[str],
+    args: list[str],
+    *,
+    error_on_invalid_docstring: bool = False,
+) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+    """Parse the function and argument descriptions from the docstring of a function.
+
+    Assumes the function docstring follows Google Python style guide.
+    """
+    if docstring:
+        docstring_blocks = docstring.split("\n\n")
+        if error_on_invalid_docstring:
+            filtered_annotations = {
+                arg for arg in args if arg not in ("run_manager", "callbacks", "return")
+            }
+            if filtered_annotations and (
+                len(docstring_blocks) < 2
+                or not any(block.startswith("Args:") for block in docstring_blocks[1:])
+            ):
+                msg = "Found invalid Google-Style docstring."
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+        descriptors = []
+        args_block = None
+        past_descriptors = False
+        for block in docstring_blocks:
+            if block.startswith("Args:"):
+                args_block = block
+                break
+            if block.startswith(("Returns:", "Example:")):
+                # Don't break in case Args come after
+                past_descriptors = True
+            elif not past_descriptors:
+                descriptors.append(block)
+            else:
+                continue
+        description = " ".join(descriptors)
+    else:
+        if error_on_invalid_docstring:
+            msg = "Found invalid Google-Style docstring."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        description = ""
+        args_block = None
+    arg_descriptions = {}
+    if args_block:
+        arg = None
+        for line in args_block.split("\n")[1:]:
+            if ":" in line:
+                arg, desc = line.split(":", maxsplit=1)
+                arg = arg.strip()
+                arg_name, _, _annotations = arg.partition(" ")
+                if _annotations.startswith("(") and _annotations.endswith(")"):
+                    arg = arg_name
+                arg_descriptions[arg] = desc.strip()
+            elif arg:
+                arg_descriptions[arg] += " " + line.strip()
+    return description, arg_descriptions
+
+
+def _py_38_safe_origin(origin: type) -> type:
+    origin_union_type_map: dict[type, Any] = (
+        {types.UnionType: Union} if hasattr(types, "UnionType") else {}
+    )
+
+    origin_map: dict[type, Any] = {
+        dict: dict,
+        list: list,
+        tuple: tuple,
+        set: set,
+        collections.abc.Iterable: typing.Iterable,
+        collections.abc.Mapping: typing.Mapping,
+        collections.abc.Sequence: typing.Sequence,
+        collections.abc.MutableMapping: typing.MutableMapping,
+        **origin_union_type_map,
+    }
+    return cast("type", origin_map.get(origin, origin))
+
+
+def _recursive_set_additional_properties_false(
+    schema: dict[str, Any],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if isinstance(schema, dict):
+        # Check if 'required' is a key at the current level or if the schema is empty,
+        # in which case additionalProperties still needs to be specified.
+        if "required" in schema or (
+            "properties" in schema and not schema["properties"]
+        ):
+            schema["additionalProperties"] = False
+
+        # Recursively check 'properties' and 'items' if they exist
+        if "properties" in schema:
+            for value in schema["properties"].values():
+                _recursive_set_additional_properties_false(value)
+        if "items" in schema:
+            _recursive_set_additional_properties_false(schema["items"])
+
+    return schema
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/html.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/html.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0a9880c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/html.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+"""Utilities for working with HTML."""
+
+import logging
+import re
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional, Union
+from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE = ("javascript:", "mailto:", "#")
+SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE = (
+    ".css",
+    ".js",
+    ".ico",
+    ".png",
+    ".jpg",
+    ".jpeg",
+    ".gif",
+    ".svg",
+    ".csv",
+    ".bz2",
+    ".zip",
+    ".epub",
+)
+SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX = (
+    "(?!" + "|".join([re.escape(s) + r"[\#'\"]" for s in SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE]) + ")"
+)
+PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX = (
+    "(?!" + "|".join([re.escape(s) for s in PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE]) + ")"
+)
+DEFAULT_LINK_REGEX = (
+    rf"href=[\"']{PREFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX}((?:{SUFFIXES_TO_IGNORE_REGEX}.)*?)[\#'\"]"
+)
+
+
+def find_all_links(
+    raw_html: str, *, pattern: Union[str, re.Pattern, None] = None
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Extract all links from a raw HTML string.
+
+    Args:
+        raw_html: original HTML.
+        pattern: Regex to use for extracting links from raw HTML.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[str]: all links
+    """
+    pattern = pattern or DEFAULT_LINK_REGEX
+    return list(set(re.findall(pattern, raw_html)))
+
+
+def extract_sub_links(
+    raw_html: str,
+    url: str,
+    *,
+    base_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    pattern: Union[str, re.Pattern, None] = None,
+    prevent_outside: bool = True,
+    exclude_prefixes: Sequence[str] = (),
+    continue_on_failure: bool = False,
+) -> list[str]:
+    """Extract all links from a raw HTML string and convert into absolute paths.
+
+    Args:
+        raw_html: original HTML.
+        url: the url of the HTML.
+        base_url: the base URL to check for outside links against.
+        pattern: Regex to use for extracting links from raw HTML.
+        prevent_outside: If True, ignore external links which are not children
+            of the base URL.
+        exclude_prefixes: Exclude any URLs that start with one of these prefixes.
+        continue_on_failure: If True, continue if parsing a specific link raises an
+            exception. Otherwise, raise the exception.
+
+    Returns:
+        list[str]: sub links.
+    """
+    base_url_to_use = base_url if base_url is not None else url
+    parsed_base_url = urlparse(base_url_to_use)
+    parsed_url = urlparse(url)
+    all_links = find_all_links(raw_html, pattern=pattern)
+    absolute_paths = set()
+    for link in all_links:
+        try:
+            parsed_link = urlparse(link)
+            # Some may be absolute links like https://to/path
+            if parsed_link.scheme in {"http", "https"}:
+                absolute_path = link
+            # Some may have omitted the protocol like //to/path
+            elif link.startswith("//"):
+                absolute_path = f"{parsed_url.scheme}:{link}"
+            else:
+                absolute_path = urljoin(url, parsed_link.path)
+                if parsed_link.query:
+                    absolute_path += f"?{parsed_link.query}"
+            absolute_paths.add(absolute_path)
+        except Exception as e:
+            if continue_on_failure:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Unable to load link %s. Raised exception:\n\n%s", link, e
+                )
+                continue
+            raise
+
+    results = []
+    for path in absolute_paths:
+        if any(path.startswith(exclude_prefix) for exclude_prefix in exclude_prefixes):
+            continue
+
+        if prevent_outside:
+            parsed_path = urlparse(path)
+
+            if parsed_base_url.netloc != parsed_path.netloc:
+                continue
+
+            # Will take care of verifying rest of path after netloc
+            # if it's more specific
+            if not path.startswith(base_url_to_use):
+                continue
+
+        results.append(path)
+    return results
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/image.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/image.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8931f0bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/image.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+"""Utilities for image processing."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name in ("encode_image", "image_to_data_url"):
+        msg = (
+            f"'{name}' has been removed for security reasons.\n\n"
+            f"Usage of this utility in environments with user-input paths is a "
+            f"security vulnerability. Out of an abundance of caution, the utility "
+            f"has been removed to prevent possible misuse."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    raise AttributeError(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/input.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/input.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afa3bf75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+"""Handle chained inputs."""
+
+from typing import Optional, TextIO
+
+_TEXT_COLOR_MAPPING = {
+    "blue": "36;1",
+    "yellow": "33;1",
+    "pink": "38;5;200",
+    "green": "32;1",
+    "red": "31;1",
+}
+
+
+def get_color_mapping(
+    items: list[str], excluded_colors: Optional[list] = None
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Get mapping for items to a support color.
+
+    Args:
+        items: The items to map to colors.
+        excluded_colors: The colors to exclude.
+
+    Returns:
+        The mapping of items to colors.
+    """
+    colors = list(_TEXT_COLOR_MAPPING.keys())
+    if excluded_colors is not None:
+        colors = [c for c in colors if c not in excluded_colors]
+    return {item: colors[i % len(colors)] for i, item in enumerate(items)}
+
+
+def get_colored_text(text: str, color: str) -> str:
+    """Get colored text.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The text to color.
+        color: The color to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        The colored text.
+    """
+    color_str = _TEXT_COLOR_MAPPING[color]
+    return f"\u001b[{color_str}m\033[1;3m{text}\u001b[0m"
+
+
+def get_bolded_text(text: str) -> str:
+    """Get bolded text.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The text to bold.
+
+    Returns:
+        The bolded text.
+    """
+    return f"\033[1m{text}\033[0m"
+
+
+def print_text(
+    text: str, color: Optional[str] = None, end: str = "", file: Optional[TextIO] = None
+) -> None:
+    """Print text with highlighting and no end characters.
+
+    If a color is provided, the text will be printed in that color.
+    If a file is provided, the text will be written to that file.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The text to print.
+        color: The color to use. Defaults to None.
+        end: The end character to use. Defaults to "".
+        file: The file to write to. Defaults to None.
+    """
+    text_to_print = get_colored_text(text, color) if color else text
+    print(text_to_print, end=end, file=file)
+    if file:
+        file.flush()  # ensure all printed content are written to file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/interactive_env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/interactive_env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12676d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/interactive_env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""Utilities for working with interactive environments."""
+
+
+def is_interactive_env() -> bool:
+    """Determine if running within IPython or Jupyter."""
+    import sys
+
+    return hasattr(sys, "ps2")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/iter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/iter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15c203a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/iter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+"""Utilities for working with iterators."""
+
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Iterator
+from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
+from itertools import islice
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Generic,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class NoLock:
+    """Dummy lock that provides the proper interface but no protection."""
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        """Do nothing."""
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> Literal[False]:
+        """Exception not handled."""
+        return False
+
+
+def tee_peer(
+    iterator: Iterator[T],
+    # the buffer specific to this peer
+    buffer: deque[T],
+    # the buffers of all peers, including our own
+    peers: list[deque[T]],
+    lock: AbstractContextManager[Any],
+) -> Generator[T, None, None]:
+    """An individual iterator of a :py:func:`~.tee`.
+
+    This function is a generator that yields items from the shared iterator
+    ``iterator``. It buffers items until the least advanced iterator has
+    yielded them as well. The buffer is shared with all other peers.
+
+    Args:
+        iterator: The shared iterator.
+        buffer: The buffer for this peer.
+        peers: The buffers of all peers.
+        lock: The lock to synchronise access to the shared buffers.
+
+    Yields:
+        The next item from the shared iterator.
+    """
+    try:
+        while True:
+            if not buffer:
+                with lock:
+                    # Another peer produced an item while we were waiting for the lock.
+                    # Proceed with the next loop iteration to yield the item.
+                    if buffer:
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        item = next(iterator)
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        # Append to all buffers, including our own. We'll fetch our
+                        # item from the buffer again, instead of yielding it directly.
+                        # This ensures the proper item ordering if any of our peers
+                        # are fetching items concurrently. They may have buffered their
+                        # item already.
+                        for peer_buffer in peers:
+                            peer_buffer.append(item)
+            yield buffer.popleft()
+    finally:
+        with lock:
+            # this peer is done – remove its buffer
+            for idx, peer_buffer in enumerate(peers):  # pragma: no branch
+                if peer_buffer is buffer:
+                    peers.pop(idx)
+                    break
+            # if we are the last peer, try and close the iterator
+            if not peers and hasattr(iterator, "close"):
+                iterator.close()
+
+
+class Tee(Generic[T]):
+    """Create ``n`` separate asynchronous iterators over ``iterable``.
+
+    This splits a single ``iterable`` into multiple iterators, each providing
+    the same items in the same order.
+    All child iterators may advance separately but share the same items
+    from ``iterable`` -- when the most advanced iterator retrieves an item,
+    it is buffered until the least advanced iterator has yielded it as well.
+    A ``tee`` works lazily and can handle an infinite ``iterable``, provided
+    that all iterators advance.
+
+    .. code-block:: python3
+
+        async def derivative(sensor_data):
+            previous, current = a.tee(sensor_data, n=2)
+            await a.anext(previous)  # advance one iterator
+            return a.map(operator.sub, previous, current)
+
+    Unlike :py:func:`itertools.tee`, :py:func:`~.tee` returns a custom type instead
+    of a :py:class:`tuple`. Like a tuple, it can be indexed, iterated and unpacked
+    to get the child iterators. In addition, its :py:meth:`~.tee.aclose` method
+    immediately closes all children, and it can be used in an ``async with`` context
+    for the same effect.
+
+    If ``iterable`` is an iterator and read elsewhere, ``tee`` will *not*
+    provide these items. Also, ``tee`` must internally buffer each item until the
+    last iterator has yielded it; if the most and least advanced iterator differ
+    by most data, using a :py:class:`list` is more efficient (but not lazy).
+
+    If the underlying iterable is concurrency safe (``anext`` may be awaited
+    concurrently) the resulting iterators are concurrency safe as well. Otherwise,
+    the iterators are safe if there is only ever one single "most advanced" iterator.
+    To enforce sequential use of ``anext``, provide a ``lock``
+    - e.g. an :py:class:`asyncio.Lock` instance in an :py:mod:`asyncio` application -
+    and access is automatically synchronised.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        iterable: Iterator[T],
+        n: int = 2,
+        *,
+        lock: Optional[AbstractContextManager[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create a ``tee``.
+
+        Args:
+            iterable: The iterable to split.
+            n: The number of iterators to create. Defaults to 2.
+            lock: The lock to synchronise access to the shared buffers.
+                Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self._iterator = iter(iterable)
+        self._buffers: list[deque[T]] = [deque() for _ in range(n)]
+        self._children = tuple(
+            tee_peer(
+                iterator=self._iterator,
+                buffer=buffer,
+                peers=self._buffers,
+                lock=lock if lock is not None else NoLock(),
+            )
+            for buffer in self._buffers
+        )
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Return the number of child iterators."""
+        return len(self._children)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: int) -> Iterator[T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: slice) -> tuple[Iterator[T], ...]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, item: Union[int, slice]
+    ) -> Union[Iterator[T], tuple[Iterator[T], ...]]:
+        """Return the child iterator(s) at the given index or slice."""
+        return self._children[item]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Iterator[T]]:
+        """Return an iterator over the child iterators."""
+        yield from self._children
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Tee[T]":
+        """Return Tee instance."""
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> Literal[False]:
+        """Close all child iterators."""
+        self.close()
+        return False
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close all child iterators."""
+        for child in self._children:
+            child.close()
+
+
+# Why this is needed https://stackoverflow.com/a/44638570
+safetee = Tee
+
+
+def batch_iterate(size: Optional[int], iterable: Iterable[T]) -> Iterator[list[T]]:
+    """Utility batching function.
+
+    Args:
+        size: The size of the batch. If None, returns a single batch.
+        iterable: The iterable to batch.
+
+    Yields:
+        The batches of the iterable.
+    """
+    it = iter(iterable)
+    while True:
+        chunk = list(islice(it, size))
+        if not chunk:
+            return
+        yield chunk
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b12e85f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+"""Utilities for JSON."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import re
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from langchain_core.exceptions import OutputParserException
+
+
+def _replace_new_line(match: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+    value = match.group(2)
+    value = re.sub(r"\n", r"\\n", value)
+    value = re.sub(r"\r", r"\\r", value)
+    value = re.sub(r"\t", r"\\t", value)
+    value = re.sub(r'(?<!\\)"', r"\"", value)
+
+    return match.group(1) + value + match.group(3)
+
+
+def _custom_parser(multiline_string: str) -> str:
+    r"""Custom parser for multiline strings.
+
+    The LLM response for `action_input` may be a multiline
+    string containing unescaped newlines, tabs or quotes. This function
+    replaces those characters with their escaped counterparts.
+    (newlines in JSON must be double-escaped: `\\n`).
+    """
+    if isinstance(multiline_string, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        multiline_string = multiline_string.decode()
+
+    return re.sub(
+        r'("action_input"\:\s*")(.*?)(")',
+        _replace_new_line,
+        multiline_string,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    )
+
+
+# Adapted from https://github.com/KillianLucas/open-interpreter/blob/5b6080fae1f8c68938a1e4fa8667e3744084ee21/interpreter/utils/parse_partial_json.py
+# MIT License
+
+
+def parse_partial_json(s: str, *, strict: bool = False) -> Any:
+    """Parse a JSON string that may be missing closing braces.
+
+    Args:
+        s: The JSON string to parse.
+        strict: Whether to use strict parsing. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed JSON object as a Python dictionary.
+    """
+    # Attempt to parse the string as-is.
+    try:
+        return json.loads(s, strict=strict)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        pass
+
+    # Initialize variables.
+    new_chars = []
+    stack = []
+    is_inside_string = False
+    escaped = False
+
+    # Process each character in the string one at a time.
+    for char in s:
+        new_char = char
+        if is_inside_string:
+            if char == '"' and not escaped:
+                is_inside_string = False
+            elif char == "\n" and not escaped:
+                new_char = (
+                    "\\n"  # Replace the newline character with the escape sequence.
+                )
+            elif char == "\\":
+                escaped = not escaped
+            else:
+                escaped = False
+        elif char == '"':
+            is_inside_string = True
+            escaped = False
+        elif char == "{":
+            stack.append("}")
+        elif char == "[":
+            stack.append("]")
+        elif char in {"}", "]"}:
+            if stack and stack[-1] == char:
+                stack.pop()
+            else:
+                # Mismatched closing character; the input is malformed.
+                return None
+
+        # Append the processed character to the new string.
+        new_chars.append(new_char)
+
+    # If we're still inside a string at the end of processing,
+    # we need to close the string.
+    if is_inside_string:
+        if escaped:  # Remoe unterminated escape character
+            new_chars.pop()
+        new_chars.append('"')
+
+    # Reverse the stack to get the closing characters.
+    stack.reverse()
+
+    # Try to parse mods of string until we succeed or run out of characters.
+    while new_chars:
+        # Close any remaining open structures in the reverse
+        # order that they were opened.
+        # Attempt to parse the modified string as JSON.
+        try:
+            return json.loads("".join(new_chars + stack), strict=strict)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            # If we still can't parse the string as JSON,
+            # try removing the last character
+            new_chars.pop()
+
+    # If we got here, we ran out of characters to remove
+    # and still couldn't parse the string as JSON, so return the parse error
+    # for the original string.
+    return json.loads(s, strict=strict)
+
+
+_json_markdown_re = re.compile(r"```(json)?(.*)", re.DOTALL)
+
+
+def parse_json_markdown(
+    json_string: str, *, parser: Callable[[str], Any] = parse_partial_json
+) -> dict:
+    """Parse a JSON string from a Markdown string.
+
+    Args:
+        json_string: The Markdown string.
+        parser: The parser to use. Defaults to `parse_partial_json`.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed JSON object as a Python dictionary.
+    """
+    try:
+        return _parse_json(json_string, parser=parser)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError:
+        # Try to find JSON string within triple backticks
+        match = _json_markdown_re.search(json_string)
+
+        # If no match found, assume the entire string is a JSON string
+        # Else, use the content within the backticks
+        json_str = json_string if match is None else match.group(2)
+    return _parse_json(json_str, parser=parser)
+
+
+_json_strip_chars = " \n\r\t`"
+
+
+def _parse_json(
+    json_str: str, *, parser: Callable[[str], Any] = parse_partial_json
+) -> dict:
+    # Strip whitespace,newlines,backtick from the start and end
+    json_str = json_str.strip(_json_strip_chars)
+
+    # handle newlines and other special characters inside the returned value
+    json_str = _custom_parser(json_str)
+
+    # Parse the JSON string into a Python dictionary
+    return parser(json_str)
+
+
+def parse_and_check_json_markdown(text: str, expected_keys: list[str]) -> dict:
+    """Parse and check a JSON string from a Markdown string.
+
+    Checks that it contains the expected keys.
+
+    Args:
+        text: The Markdown string.
+        expected_keys: The expected keys in the JSON string.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed JSON object as a Python dictionary.
+
+    Raises:
+        OutputParserException: If the JSON string is invalid or does not contain
+            the expected keys.
+    """
+    try:
+        json_obj = parse_json_markdown(text)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        msg = f"Got invalid JSON object. Error: {e}"
+        raise OutputParserException(msg) from e
+    for key in expected_keys:
+        if key not in json_obj:
+            msg = (
+                f"Got invalid return object. Expected key `{key}` "
+                f"to be present, but got {json_obj}"
+            )
+            raise OutputParserException(msg)
+    return json_obj
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/json_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/json_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5b1770c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/json_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+"""Utilities for JSON Schema."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from copy import deepcopy
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Sequence
+
+
+def _retrieve_ref(path: str, schema: dict) -> dict:
+    components = path.split("/")
+    if components[0] != "#":
+        msg = (
+            "ref paths are expected to be URI fragments, meaning they should start "
+            "with #."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    out = schema
+    for component in components[1:]:
+        if component in out:
+            out = out[component]
+        elif component.isdigit() and int(component) in out:
+            out = out[int(component)]
+        else:
+            msg = f"Reference '{path}' not found."
+            raise KeyError(msg)
+    return deepcopy(out)
+
+
+def _dereference_refs_helper(
+    obj: Any,
+    full_schema: dict[str, Any],
+    skip_keys: Sequence[str],
+    processed_refs: Optional[set[str]] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    if processed_refs is None:
+        processed_refs = set()
+
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        obj_out = {}
+        for k, v in obj.items():
+            if k in skip_keys:
+                obj_out[k] = v
+            elif k == "$ref":
+                if v in processed_refs:
+                    continue
+                processed_refs.add(v)
+                ref = _retrieve_ref(v, full_schema)
+                full_ref = _dereference_refs_helper(
+                    ref, full_schema, skip_keys, processed_refs
+                )
+                processed_refs.remove(v)
+                return full_ref
+            elif isinstance(v, (list, dict)):
+                obj_out[k] = _dereference_refs_helper(
+                    v, full_schema, skip_keys, processed_refs
+                )
+            else:
+                obj_out[k] = v
+        return obj_out
+    if isinstance(obj, list):
+        return [
+            _dereference_refs_helper(el, full_schema, skip_keys, processed_refs)
+            for el in obj
+        ]
+    return obj
+
+
+def _infer_skip_keys(
+    obj: Any, full_schema: dict, processed_refs: Optional[set[str]] = None
+) -> list[str]:
+    if processed_refs is None:
+        processed_refs = set()
+
+    keys = []
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        for k, v in obj.items():
+            if k == "$ref":
+                if v in processed_refs:
+                    continue
+                processed_refs.add(v)
+                ref = _retrieve_ref(v, full_schema)
+                keys.append(v.split("/")[1])
+                keys += _infer_skip_keys(ref, full_schema, processed_refs)
+            elif isinstance(v, (list, dict)):
+                keys += _infer_skip_keys(v, full_schema, processed_refs)
+    elif isinstance(obj, list):
+        for el in obj:
+            keys += _infer_skip_keys(el, full_schema, processed_refs)
+    return keys
+
+
+def dereference_refs(
+    schema_obj: dict,
+    *,
+    full_schema: Optional[dict] = None,
+    skip_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+) -> dict:
+    """Try to substitute $refs in JSON Schema.
+
+    Args:
+        schema_obj: The schema object to dereference.
+        full_schema: The full schema object. Defaults to None.
+        skip_keys: The keys to skip. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        The dereferenced schema object.
+    """
+    full_schema = full_schema or schema_obj
+    skip_keys = (
+        skip_keys
+        if skip_keys is not None
+        else _infer_skip_keys(schema_obj, full_schema)
+    )
+    return _dereference_refs_helper(schema_obj, full_schema, skip_keys)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7921f6a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""Utilities for loading configurations from langchain_core-hub."""
+
+import warnings
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_core._api.deprecation import deprecated
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    since="0.1.30",
+    removal="1.0",
+    message=(
+        "Using the hwchase17/langchain-hub "
+        "repo for prompts is deprecated. Please use "
+        "<https://smith.langchain.com/hub> instead."
+    ),
+)
+def try_load_from_hub(
+    *args: Any,  # noqa: ARG001
+    **kwargs: Any,  # noqa: ARG001
+) -> Any:
+    """[DEPRECATED] Try to load from the old Hub."""
+    warnings.warn(
+        "Loading from the deprecated github-based Hub is no longer supported. "
+        "Please use the new LangChain Hub at https://smith.langchain.com/hub instead.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    # return None, which indicates that we shouldn't load from old hub
+    # and might just be a filepath for e.g. load_chain
+    return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/mustache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/mustache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7ba8883
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/mustache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+"""Adapted from https://github.com/noahmorrison/chevron.
+
+MIT License.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from types import MappingProxyType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+Scopes: TypeAlias = list[Union[Literal[False, 0], Mapping[str, Any]]]
+
+
+# Globals
+_CURRENT_LINE = 1
+_LAST_TAG_LINE = None
+
+
+class ChevronError(SyntaxError):
+    """Custom exception for Chevron errors."""
+
+
+#
+# Helper functions
+#
+
+
+def grab_literal(template: str, l_del: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Parse a literal from the template.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template to parse.
+        l_del: The left delimiter.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple[str, str]: The literal and the template.
+    """
+    global _CURRENT_LINE
+
+    try:
+        # Look for the next tag and move the template to it
+        literal, template = template.split(l_del, 1)
+        _CURRENT_LINE += literal.count("\n")
+
+    # There are no more tags in the template?
+    except ValueError:
+        # Then the rest of the template is a literal
+        return (template, "")
+
+    return (literal, template)
+
+
+def l_sa_check(
+    template: str,  # noqa: ARG001
+    literal: str,
+    is_standalone: bool,  # noqa: FBT001
+) -> bool:
+    """Do a preliminary check to see if a tag could be a standalone.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template. (Not used.)
+        literal: The literal.
+        is_standalone: Whether the tag is standalone.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: Whether the tag could be a standalone.
+    """
+    # If there is a newline, or the previous tag was a standalone
+    if literal.find("\n") != -1 or is_standalone:
+        padding = literal.split("\n")[-1]
+
+        # If all the characters since the last newline are spaces
+        # Then the next tag could be a standalone
+        # Otherwise it can't be
+        return padding.isspace() or padding == ""
+    return False
+
+
+def r_sa_check(
+    template: str,
+    tag_type: str,
+    is_standalone: bool,  # noqa: FBT001
+) -> bool:
+    """Do a final check to see if a tag could be a standalone.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template.
+        tag_type: The type of the tag.
+        is_standalone: Whether the tag is standalone.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: Whether the tag could be a standalone.
+    """
+    # Check right side if we might be a standalone
+    if is_standalone and tag_type not in ["variable", "no escape"]:
+        on_newline = template.split("\n", 1)
+
+        # If the stuff to the right of us are spaces we're a standalone
+        return on_newline[0].isspace() or not on_newline[0]
+
+    # If we're a tag can't be a standalone
+    return False
+
+
+def parse_tag(template: str, l_del: str, r_del: str) -> tuple[tuple[str, str], str]:
+    """Parse a tag from a template.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template.
+        l_del: The left delimiter.
+        r_del: The right delimiter.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple[tuple[str, str], str]: The tag and the template.
+
+    Raises:
+        ChevronError: If the tag is unclosed.
+        ChevronError: If the set delimiter tag is unclosed.
+    """
+    tag_types = {
+        "!": "comment",
+        "#": "section",
+        "^": "inverted section",
+        "/": "end",
+        ">": "partial",
+        "=": "set delimiter?",
+        "{": "no escape?",
+        "&": "no escape",
+    }
+
+    # Get the tag
+    try:
+        tag, template = template.split(r_del, 1)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        msg = f"unclosed tag at line {_CURRENT_LINE}"
+        raise ChevronError(msg) from e
+
+    # Find the type meaning of the first character
+    tag_type = tag_types.get(tag[0], "variable")
+
+    # If the type is not a variable
+    if tag_type != "variable":
+        # Then that first character is not needed
+        tag = tag[1:]
+
+    # If we might be a set delimiter tag
+    if tag_type == "set delimiter?":
+        # Double check to make sure we are
+        if tag.endswith("="):
+            tag_type = "set delimiter"
+            # Remove the equal sign
+            tag = tag[:-1]
+
+        # Otherwise we should complain
+        else:
+            msg = f"unclosed set delimiter tag\nat line {_CURRENT_LINE}"
+            raise ChevronError(msg)
+
+    elif (
+        # If we might be a no html escape tag
+        tag_type == "no escape?"
+        # And we have a third curly brace
+        # (And are using curly braces as delimiters)
+        and l_del == "{{"
+        and r_del == "}}"
+        and template.startswith("}")
+    ):
+        # Then we are a no html escape tag
+        template = template[1:]
+        tag_type = "no escape"
+
+    # Strip the whitespace off the key and return
+    return ((tag_type, tag.strip()), template)
+
+
+#
+# The main tokenizing function
+#
+
+
+def tokenize(
+    template: str, def_ldel: str = "{{", def_rdel: str = "}}"
+) -> Iterator[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """Tokenize a mustache template.
+
+    Tokenizes a mustache template in a generator fashion,
+    using file-like objects. It also accepts a string containing
+    the template.
+
+    Args:
+        template: a file-like object, or a string of a mustache template
+        def_ldel: The default left delimiter
+            ("{{" by default, as in spec compliant mustache)
+        def_rdel: The default right delimiter
+            ("}}" by default, as in spec compliant mustache)
+
+    Returns:
+        A generator of mustache tags in the form of a tuple (tag_type, tag_key)
+            Where tag_type is one of:
+             * literal
+             * section
+             * inverted section
+             * end
+             * partial
+             * no escape
+            And tag_key is either the key or in the case of a literal tag,
+            the literal itself.
+    """
+    global _CURRENT_LINE, _LAST_TAG_LINE
+    _CURRENT_LINE = 1
+    _LAST_TAG_LINE = None
+
+    is_standalone = True
+    open_sections = []
+    l_del = def_ldel
+    r_del = def_rdel
+
+    while template:
+        literal, template = grab_literal(template, l_del)
+
+        # If the template is completed
+        if not template:
+            # Then yield the literal and leave
+            yield ("literal", literal)
+            break
+
+        # Do the first check to see if we could be a standalone
+        is_standalone = l_sa_check(template, literal, is_standalone)
+
+        # Parse the tag
+        tag, template = parse_tag(template, l_del, r_del)
+        tag_type, tag_key = tag
+
+        # Special tag logic
+
+        # If we are a set delimiter tag
+        if tag_type == "set delimiter":
+            # Then get and set the delimiters
+            dels = tag_key.strip().split(" ")
+            l_del, r_del = dels[0], dels[-1]
+
+        # If we are a section tag
+        elif tag_type in ["section", "inverted section"]:
+            # Then open a new section
+            open_sections.append(tag_key)
+            _LAST_TAG_LINE = _CURRENT_LINE
+
+        # If we are an end tag
+        elif tag_type == "end":
+            # Then check to see if the last opened section
+            # is the same as us
+            try:
+                last_section = open_sections.pop()
+            except IndexError as e:
+                msg = (
+                    f'Trying to close tag "{tag_key}"\n'
+                    "Looks like it was not opened.\n"
+                    f"line {_CURRENT_LINE + 1}"
+                )
+                raise ChevronError(msg) from e
+            if tag_key != last_section:
+                # Otherwise we need to complain
+                msg = (
+                    f'Trying to close tag "{tag_key}"\n'
+                    f'last open tag is "{last_section}"\n'
+                    f"line {_CURRENT_LINE + 1}"
+                )
+                raise ChevronError(msg)
+
+        # Do the second check to see if we're a standalone
+        is_standalone = r_sa_check(template, tag_type, is_standalone)
+
+        # Which if we are
+        if is_standalone:
+            # Remove the stuff before the newline
+            template = template.split("\n", 1)[-1]
+
+            # Partials need to keep the spaces on their left
+            if tag_type != "partial":
+                # But other tags don't
+                literal = literal.rstrip(" ")
+
+        # Start yielding
+        # Ignore literals that are empty
+        if literal != "":
+            yield ("literal", literal)
+
+        # Ignore comments and set delimiters
+        if tag_type not in ["comment", "set delimiter?"]:
+            yield (tag_type, tag_key)
+
+    # If there are any open sections when we're done
+    if open_sections:
+        # Then we need to complain
+        msg = (
+            "Unexpected EOF\n"
+            f'the tag "{open_sections[-1]}" was never closed\n'
+            f"was opened at line {_LAST_TAG_LINE}"
+        )
+        raise ChevronError(msg)
+
+
+#
+# Helper functions
+#
+
+
+def _html_escape(string: str) -> str:
+    """HTML escape all of these " & < >."""
+    html_codes = {
+        '"': "&quot;",
+        "<": "&lt;",
+        ">": "&gt;",
+    }
+
+    # & must be handled first
+    string = string.replace("&", "&amp;")
+    for char, code in html_codes.items():
+        string = string.replace(char, code)
+    return string
+
+
+def _get_key(
+    key: str,
+    scopes: Scopes,
+    *,
+    warn: bool,
+    keep: bool,
+    def_ldel: str,
+    def_rdel: str,
+) -> Any:
+    """Get a key from the current scope."""
+    # If the key is a dot
+    if key == ".":
+        # Then just return the current scope
+        return scopes[0]
+
+    # Loop through the scopes
+    for scope in scopes:
+        try:
+            # Return an empty string if falsy, with two exceptions
+            # 0 should return 0, and False should return False
+            if scope in (0, False):
+                return scope
+
+            resolved_scope = scope
+            # For every dot separated key
+            for child in key.split("."):
+                # Return an empty string if falsy, with two exceptions
+                # 0 should return 0, and False should return False
+                if resolved_scope in (0, False):
+                    return resolved_scope
+                # Move into the scope
+                try:
+                    # Try subscripting (Normal dictionaries)
+                    resolved_scope = cast("dict[str, Any]", resolved_scope)[child]
+                except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+                    try:
+                        resolved_scope = getattr(resolved_scope, child)
+                    except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+                        # Try as a list
+                        resolved_scope = resolved_scope[int(child)]  # type: ignore[index]
+
+            try:
+                # This allows for custom falsy data types
+                # https://github.com/noahmorrison/chevron/issues/35
+                if resolved_scope._CHEVRON_return_scope_when_falsy:  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                    return resolved_scope
+            except AttributeError:
+                if resolved_scope in (0, False):
+                    return resolved_scope
+                return resolved_scope or ""
+        except (AttributeError, KeyError, IndexError, ValueError):
+            # We couldn't find the key in the current scope
+            # We'll try again on the next pass
+            pass
+
+    # We couldn't find the key in any of the scopes
+
+    if warn:
+        logger.warning("Could not find key '%s'", key)
+
+    if keep:
+        return f"{def_ldel} {key} {def_rdel}"
+
+    return ""
+
+
+def _get_partial(name: str, partials_dict: Mapping[str, str]) -> str:
+    """Load a partial."""
+    try:
+        # Maybe the partial is in the dictionary
+        return partials_dict[name]
+    except KeyError:
+        return ""
+
+
+#
+# The main rendering function
+#
+g_token_cache: dict[str, list[tuple[str, str]]] = {}
+
+EMPTY_DICT: MappingProxyType[str, str] = MappingProxyType({})
+
+
+def render(
+    template: Union[str, list[tuple[str, str]]] = "",
+    data: Mapping[str, Any] = EMPTY_DICT,
+    partials_dict: Mapping[str, str] = EMPTY_DICT,
+    padding: str = "",
+    def_ldel: str = "{{",
+    def_rdel: str = "}}",
+    scopes: Optional[Scopes] = None,
+    warn: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+    keep: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """Render a mustache template.
+
+    Renders a mustache template with a data scope and inline partial capability.
+
+    Args:
+        template: A file-like object or a string containing the template.
+        data: A python dictionary with your data scope.
+        partials_path: The path to where your partials are stored.
+             If set to None, then partials won't be loaded from the file system
+             (defaults to '.').
+        partials_ext: The extension that you want the parser to look for
+            (defaults to 'mustache').
+        partials_dict: A python dictionary which will be search for partials
+             before the filesystem is. {'include': 'foo'} is the same
+             as a file called include.mustache
+             (defaults to {}).
+        padding: This is for padding partials, and shouldn't be used
+            (but can be if you really want to).
+        def_ldel: The default left delimiter
+             ("{{" by default, as in spec compliant mustache).
+        def_rdel: The default right delimiter
+             ("}}" by default, as in spec compliant mustache).
+        scopes: The list of scopes that get_key will look through.
+        warn: Log a warning when a template substitution isn't found in the data
+        keep: Keep unreplaced tags when a substitution isn't found in the data.
+
+    Returns:
+        A string containing the rendered template.
+    """
+    # If the template is a sequence but not derived from a string
+    if isinstance(template, Sequence) and not isinstance(template, str):
+        # Then we don't need to tokenize it
+        # But it does need to be a generator
+        tokens: Iterator[tuple[str, str]] = (token for token in template)
+    elif template in g_token_cache:
+        tokens = (token for token in g_token_cache[template])
+    else:
+        # Otherwise make a generator
+        tokens = tokenize(template, def_ldel, def_rdel)
+
+    output = ""
+
+    if scopes is None:
+        scopes = [data]
+
+    # Run through the tokens
+    for tag, key in tokens:
+        # Set the current scope
+        current_scope = scopes[0]
+
+        # If we're an end tag
+        if tag == "end":
+            # Pop out of the latest scope
+            del scopes[0]
+
+        # If the current scope is falsy and not the only scope
+        elif not current_scope and len(scopes) != 1:
+            if tag in ["section", "inverted section"]:
+                # Set the most recent scope to a falsy value
+                scopes.insert(0, False)
+
+        # If we're a literal tag
+        elif tag == "literal":
+            # Add padding to the key and add it to the output
+            output += key.replace("\n", "\n" + padding)
+
+        # If we're a variable tag
+        elif tag == "variable":
+            # Add the html escaped key to the output
+            thing = _get_key(
+                key, scopes, warn=warn, keep=keep, def_ldel=def_ldel, def_rdel=def_rdel
+            )
+            if thing is True and key == ".":
+                # if we've coerced into a boolean by accident
+                # (inverted tags do this)
+                # then get the un-coerced object (next in the stack)
+                thing = scopes[1]
+            if not isinstance(thing, str):
+                thing = str(thing)
+            output += _html_escape(thing)
+
+        # If we're a no html escape tag
+        elif tag == "no escape":
+            # Just lookup the key and add it
+            thing = _get_key(
+                key, scopes, warn=warn, keep=keep, def_ldel=def_ldel, def_rdel=def_rdel
+            )
+            if not isinstance(thing, str):
+                thing = str(thing)
+            output += thing
+
+        # If we're a section tag
+        elif tag == "section":
+            # Get the sections scope
+            scope = _get_key(
+                key, scopes, warn=warn, keep=keep, def_ldel=def_ldel, def_rdel=def_rdel
+            )
+
+            # If the scope is a callable (as described in
+            # https://mustache.github.io/mustache.5.html)
+            if callable(scope):
+                # Generate template text from tags
+                text = ""
+                tags: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+                for token in tokens:
+                    if token == ("end", key):
+                        break
+
+                    tags.append(token)
+                    tag_type, tag_key = token
+                    if tag_type == "literal":
+                        text += tag_key
+                    elif tag_type == "no escape":
+                        text += f"{def_ldel}& {tag_key} {def_rdel}"
+                    else:
+                        text += "{}{} {}{}".format(
+                            def_ldel,
+                            {
+                                "comment": "!",
+                                "section": "#",
+                                "inverted section": "^",
+                                "end": "/",
+                                "partial": ">",
+                                "set delimiter": "=",
+                                "no escape": "&",
+                                "variable": "",
+                            }[tag_type],
+                            tag_key,
+                            def_rdel,
+                        )
+
+                g_token_cache[text] = tags
+
+                rend = scope(
+                    text,
+                    lambda template, data=None: render(
+                        template,
+                        data={},
+                        partials_dict=partials_dict,
+                        padding=padding,
+                        def_ldel=def_ldel,
+                        def_rdel=def_rdel,
+                        scopes=data and [data] + scopes or scopes,
+                        warn=warn,
+                        keep=keep,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                output += rend
+
+            # If the scope is a sequence, an iterator or generator but not
+            # derived from a string
+            elif isinstance(scope, (Sequence, Iterator)) and not isinstance(scope, str):
+                # Then we need to do some looping
+
+                # Gather up all the tags inside the section
+                # (And don't be tricked by nested end tags with the same key)
+                # TODO: This feels like it still has edge cases, no?
+                tags = []
+                tags_with_same_key = 0
+                for token in tokens:
+                    if token == ("section", key):
+                        tags_with_same_key += 1
+                    if token == ("end", key):
+                        tags_with_same_key -= 1
+                        if tags_with_same_key < 0:
+                            break
+                    tags.append(token)
+
+                # For every item in the scope
+                for thing in scope:
+                    # Append it as the most recent scope and render
+                    new_scope = [thing] + scopes
+                    rend = render(
+                        template=tags,
+                        scopes=new_scope,
+                        padding=padding,
+                        partials_dict=partials_dict,
+                        def_ldel=def_ldel,
+                        def_rdel=def_rdel,
+                        warn=warn,
+                        keep=keep,
+                    )
+
+                    output += rend
+
+            else:
+                # Otherwise we're just a scope section
+                scopes.insert(0, scope)
+
+        # If we're an inverted section
+        elif tag == "inverted section":
+            # Add the flipped scope to the scopes
+            scope = _get_key(
+                key, scopes, warn=warn, keep=keep, def_ldel=def_ldel, def_rdel=def_rdel
+            )
+            scopes.insert(0, cast("Literal[False]", not scope))
+
+        # If we're a partial
+        elif tag == "partial":
+            # Load the partial
+            partial = _get_partial(key, partials_dict)
+
+            # Find what to pad the partial with
+            left = output.rpartition("\n")[2]
+            part_padding = padding
+            if left.isspace():
+                part_padding += left
+
+            # Render the partial
+            part_out = render(
+                template=partial,
+                partials_dict=partials_dict,
+                def_ldel=def_ldel,
+                def_rdel=def_rdel,
+                padding=part_padding,
+                scopes=scopes,
+                warn=warn,
+                keep=keep,
+            )
+
+            # If the partial was indented
+            if left.isspace():
+                # then remove the spaces from the end
+                part_out = part_out.rstrip(" \t")
+
+            # Add the partials output to the output
+            output += part_out
+
+    return output
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/pydantic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/pydantic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea987741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/pydantic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+"""Utilities for pydantic."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import textwrap
+import warnings
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+from functools import lru_cache, wraps
+from types import GenericAlias
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+import pydantic
+from packaging import version
+from pydantic import (
+    BaseModel,
+    ConfigDict,
+    PydanticDeprecationWarning,
+    RootModel,
+    root_validator,
+)
+from pydantic import (
+    create_model as _create_model_base,
+)
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo as FieldInfoV2
+from pydantic.json_schema import (
+    DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+    GenerateJsonSchema,
+    JsonSchemaMode,
+    JsonSchemaValue,
+)
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema
+
+try:
+    import pydantic
+
+    PYDANTIC_VERSION = version.parse(pydantic.__version__)
+except ImportError:
+    PYDANTIC_VERSION = version.parse("0.0.0")
+
+
+def get_pydantic_major_version() -> int:
+    """DEPRECATED - Get the major version of Pydantic.
+
+    Use PYDANTIC_VERSION.major instead.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "get_pydantic_major_version is deprecated. Use PYDANTIC_VERSION.major instead.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return PYDANTIC_VERSION.major
+
+
+PYDANTIC_MAJOR_VERSION = PYDANTIC_VERSION.major
+PYDANTIC_MINOR_VERSION = PYDANTIC_VERSION.minor
+
+IS_PYDANTIC_V1 = PYDANTIC_VERSION.major == 1
+IS_PYDANTIC_V2 = PYDANTIC_VERSION.major == 2
+
+if IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo as FieldInfoV1
+
+    PydanticBaseModel = pydantic.BaseModel
+    TypeBaseModel = type[BaseModel]
+elif IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+    from pydantic.v1.fields import FieldInfo as FieldInfoV1  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    # Union type needs to be last assignment to PydanticBaseModel to make mypy happy.
+    PydanticBaseModel = Union[BaseModel, pydantic.BaseModel]  # type: ignore[assignment,misc]
+    TypeBaseModel = Union[type[BaseModel], type[pydantic.BaseModel]]  # type: ignore[misc]
+else:
+    msg = f"Unsupported Pydantic version: {PYDANTIC_VERSION.major}"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+TBaseModel = TypeVar("TBaseModel", bound=PydanticBaseModel)
+
+
+def is_pydantic_v1_subclass(cls: type) -> bool:
+    """Check if the installed Pydantic version is 1.x-like."""
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+        return True
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+
+        if issubclass(cls, BaseModelV1):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def is_pydantic_v2_subclass(cls: type) -> bool:
+    """Check if the installed Pydantic version is 1.x-like."""
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    return IS_PYDANTIC_V2 and issubclass(cls, BaseModel)
+
+
+def is_basemodel_subclass(cls: type) -> bool:
+    """Check if the given class is a subclass of Pydantic BaseModel.
+
+    Check if the given class is a subclass of any of the following:
+
+    * pydantic.BaseModel in Pydantic 1.x
+    * pydantic.BaseModel in Pydantic 2.x
+    * pydantic.v1.BaseModel in Pydantic 2.x
+    """
+    # Before we can use issubclass on the cls we need to check if it is a class
+    if not inspect.isclass(cls) or isinstance(cls, GenericAlias):
+        return False
+
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+        from pydantic import BaseModel as BaseModelV1Proper
+
+        if issubclass(cls, BaseModelV1Proper):
+            return True
+    elif IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic import BaseModel as BaseModelV2
+        from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+
+        if issubclass(cls, BaseModelV2):
+            return True
+
+        if issubclass(cls, BaseModelV1):
+            return True
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported Pydantic version: {PYDANTIC_VERSION.major}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return False
+
+
+def is_basemodel_instance(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check if the given class is an instance of Pydantic BaseModel.
+
+    Check if the given class is an instance of any of the following:
+
+    * pydantic.BaseModel in Pydantic 1.x
+    * pydantic.BaseModel in Pydantic 2.x
+    * pydantic.v1.BaseModel in Pydantic 2.x
+    """
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+        from pydantic import BaseModel as BaseModelV1Proper
+
+        if isinstance(obj, BaseModelV1Proper):
+            return True
+    elif IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic import BaseModel as BaseModelV2
+        from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+
+        if isinstance(obj, BaseModelV2):
+            return True
+
+        if isinstance(obj, BaseModelV1):
+            return True
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported Pydantic version: {PYDANTIC_VERSION.major}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return False
+
+
+# How to type hint this?
+def pre_init(func: Callable) -> Any:
+    """Decorator to run a function before model initialization.
+
+    Args:
+        func (Callable): The function to run before model initialization.
+
+    Returns:
+        Any: The decorated function.
+    """
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        warnings.filterwarnings(action="ignore", category=PydanticDeprecationWarning)
+
+        @root_validator(pre=True)
+        @wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(cls: type[BaseModel], values: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+            """Decorator to run a function before model initialization.
+
+            Args:
+                cls (Type[BaseModel]): The model class.
+                values (dict[str, Any]): The values to initialize the model with.
+
+            Returns:
+                dict[str, Any]: The values to initialize the model with.
+            """
+            # Insert default values
+            fields = cls.model_fields
+            for name, field_info in fields.items():
+                # Check if allow_population_by_field_name is enabled
+                # If yes, then set the field name to the alias
+                if (
+                    hasattr(cls, "Config")
+                    and hasattr(cls.Config, "allow_population_by_field_name")
+                    and cls.Config.allow_population_by_field_name
+                    and field_info.alias in values
+                ):
+                    values[name] = values.pop(field_info.alias)
+                if (
+                    hasattr(cls, "model_config")
+                    and cls.model_config.get("populate_by_name")
+                    and field_info.alias in values
+                ):
+                    values[name] = values.pop(field_info.alias)
+
+                if (
+                    name not in values or values[name] is None
+                ) and not field_info.is_required():
+                    if field_info.default_factory is not None:
+                        values[name] = field_info.default_factory()  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                    else:
+                        values[name] = field_info.default
+
+            # Call the decorated function
+            return func(cls, values)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class _IgnoreUnserializable(GenerateJsonSchema):
+    """A JSON schema generator that ignores unknown types.
+
+    https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/json_schema/#customizing-the-json-schema-generation-process
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def handle_invalid_for_json_schema(
+        self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, error_info: str
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        return {}
+
+
+def _create_subset_model_v1(
+    name: str,
+    model: type[BaseModel],
+    field_names: list,
+    *,
+    descriptions: Optional[dict] = None,
+    fn_description: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Create a pydantic model with only a subset of model's fields."""
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+        from pydantic import create_model
+    elif IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic.v1 import create_model  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+    else:
+        msg = f"Unsupported pydantic version: {PYDANTIC_VERSION.major}"
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    fields = {}
+
+    for field_name in field_names:
+        # Using pydantic v1 so can access __fields__ as a dict.
+        field = model.__fields__[field_name]  # type: ignore[index]
+        t = (
+            # this isn't perfect but should work for most functions
+            field.outer_type_
+            if field.required and not field.allow_none
+            else Optional[field.outer_type_]
+        )
+        if descriptions and field_name in descriptions:
+            field.field_info.description = descriptions[field_name]
+        fields[field_name] = (t, field.field_info)
+
+    rtn = create_model(name, **fields)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+    rtn.__doc__ = textwrap.dedent(fn_description or model.__doc__ or "")
+    return rtn
+
+
+def _create_subset_model_v2(
+    name: str,
+    model: type[pydantic.BaseModel],
+    field_names: list[str],
+    *,
+    descriptions: Optional[dict] = None,
+    fn_description: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> type[pydantic.BaseModel]:
+    """Create a pydantic model with a subset of the model fields."""
+    from pydantic import create_model
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+
+    descriptions_ = descriptions or {}
+    fields = {}
+    for field_name in field_names:
+        field = model.model_fields[field_name]
+        description = descriptions_.get(field_name, field.description)
+        field_info = FieldInfo(description=description, default=field.default)
+        if field.metadata:
+            field_info.metadata = field.metadata
+        fields[field_name] = (field.annotation, field_info)
+
+    rtn = create_model(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        name, **fields, __config__=ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+    )
+
+    # TODO(0.3): Determine if there is a more "pydantic" way to preserve annotations.
+    # This is done to preserve __annotations__ when working with pydantic 2.x
+    # and using the Annotated type with TypedDict.
+    # Comment out the following line, to trigger the relevant test case.
+    selected_annotations = [
+        (name, annotation)
+        for name, annotation in model.__annotations__.items()
+        if name in field_names
+    ]
+
+    rtn.__annotations__ = dict(selected_annotations)
+    rtn.__doc__ = textwrap.dedent(fn_description or model.__doc__ or "")
+    return rtn
+
+
+# Private functionality to create a subset model that's compatible across
+# different versions of pydantic.
+# Handles pydantic versions 1.x and 2.x. including v1 of pydantic in 2.x.
+# However, can't find a way to type hint this.
+def _create_subset_model(
+    name: str,
+    model: TypeBaseModel,
+    field_names: list[str],
+    *,
+    descriptions: Optional[dict] = None,
+    fn_description: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Create subset model using the same pydantic version as the input model."""
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+        return _create_subset_model_v1(
+            name,
+            model,
+            field_names,
+            descriptions=descriptions,
+            fn_description=fn_description,
+        )
+    if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+
+        if issubclass(model, BaseModelV1):
+            return _create_subset_model_v1(
+                name,
+                model,
+                field_names,
+                descriptions=descriptions,
+                fn_description=fn_description,
+            )
+        return _create_subset_model_v2(
+            name,
+            model,
+            field_names,
+            descriptions=descriptions,
+            fn_description=fn_description,
+        )
+    msg = f"Unsupported pydantic version: {PYDANTIC_VERSION.major}"
+    raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+
+if IS_PYDANTIC_V2:
+    from pydantic import BaseModel as BaseModelV2
+    from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+
+    @overload
+    def get_fields(model: type[BaseModelV2]) -> dict[str, FieldInfoV2]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_fields(model: BaseModelV2) -> dict[str, FieldInfoV2]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_fields(model: type[BaseModelV1]) -> dict[str, FieldInfoV1]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_fields(model: BaseModelV1) -> dict[str, FieldInfoV1]: ...
+
+    def get_fields(
+        model: Union[type[Union[BaseModelV2, BaseModelV1]], BaseModelV2, BaseModelV1],
+    ) -> Union[dict[str, FieldInfoV2], dict[str, FieldInfoV1]]:
+        """Get the field names of a Pydantic model."""
+        if hasattr(model, "model_fields"):
+            return model.model_fields
+
+        if hasattr(model, "__fields__"):
+            return model.__fields__  # type: ignore[return-value]
+        msg = f"Expected a Pydantic model. Got {type(model)}"
+        raise TypeError(msg)
+
+elif IS_PYDANTIC_V1:
+    from pydantic import BaseModel as BaseModelV1_
+
+    def get_fields(  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        model: Union[type[BaseModelV1_], BaseModelV1_],
+    ) -> dict[str, FieldInfoV1]:
+        """Get the field names of a Pydantic model."""
+        return model.__fields__  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+else:
+    msg = f"Unsupported Pydantic version: {PYDANTIC_VERSION.major}"
+    raise ValueError(msg)
+
+_SchemaConfig = ConfigDict(
+    arbitrary_types_allowed=True, frozen=True, protected_namespaces=()
+)
+
+NO_DEFAULT = object()
+
+
+def _create_root_model(
+    name: str,
+    type_: Any,
+    module_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    default_: object = NO_DEFAULT,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Create a base class."""
+
+    def schema(
+        cls: type[BaseModel],
+        by_alias: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        # Complains about schema not being defined in superclass
+        schema_ = super(cls, cls).schema(  # type: ignore[misc]
+            by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template
+        )
+        schema_["title"] = name
+        return schema_
+
+    def model_json_schema(
+        cls: type[BaseModel],
+        by_alias: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001,FBT002
+        ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+        schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+        mode: JsonSchemaMode = "validation",
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        # Complains about model_json_schema not being defined in superclass
+        schema_ = super(cls, cls).model_json_schema(  # type: ignore[misc]
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+            schema_generator=schema_generator,
+            mode=mode,
+        )
+        schema_["title"] = name
+        return schema_
+
+    base_class_attributes = {
+        "__annotations__": {"root": type_},
+        "model_config": ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True),
+        "schema": classmethod(schema),
+        "model_json_schema": classmethod(model_json_schema),
+        "__module__": module_name or "langchain_core.runnables.utils",
+    }
+
+    if default_ is not NO_DEFAULT:
+        base_class_attributes["root"] = default_
+    with warnings.catch_warnings():
+        try:
+            if (
+                isinstance(type_, type)
+                and not isinstance(type_, GenericAlias)
+                and issubclass(type_, BaseModelV1)
+            ):
+                warnings.filterwarnings(
+                    action="ignore", category=PydanticDeprecationWarning
+                )
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        custom_root_type = type(name, (RootModel,), base_class_attributes)
+    return cast("type[BaseModel]", custom_root_type)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=256)
+def _create_root_model_cached(
+    model_name: str,
+    type_: Any,
+    *,
+    module_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    default_: object = NO_DEFAULT,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    return _create_root_model(
+        model_name, type_, default_=default_, module_name=module_name
+    )
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=256)
+def _create_model_cached(
+    model_name: str,
+    /,
+    **field_definitions: Any,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    return _create_model_base(
+        model_name,
+        __config__=_SchemaConfig,
+        **_remap_field_definitions(field_definitions),
+    )
+
+
+def create_model(
+    model_name: str,
+    module_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    /,
+    **field_definitions: Any,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Create a pydantic model with the given field definitions.
+
+    Please use create_model_v2 instead of this function.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: The name of the model.
+        module_name: The name of the module where the model is defined.
+            This is used by Pydantic to resolve any forward references.
+        **field_definitions: The field definitions for the model.
+
+    Returns:
+        Type[BaseModel]: The created model.
+    """
+    kwargs = {}
+    if "__root__" in field_definitions:
+        kwargs["root"] = field_definitions.pop("__root__")
+
+    return create_model_v2(
+        model_name,
+        module_name=module_name,
+        field_definitions=field_definitions,
+        **kwargs,
+    )
+
+
+# Reserved names should capture all the `public` names / methods that are
+# used by BaseModel internally. This will keep the reserved names up-to-date.
+# For reference, the reserved names are:
+# "construct", "copy", "dict", "from_orm", "json", "parse_file", "parse_obj",
+# "parse_raw", "schema", "schema_json", "update_forward_refs", "validate",
+# "model_computed_fields", "model_config", "model_construct", "model_copy",
+# "model_dump", "model_dump_json", "model_extra", "model_fields",
+# "model_fields_set", "model_json_schema", "model_parametrized_name",
+# "model_post_init", "model_rebuild", "model_validate", "model_validate_json",
+# "model_validate_strings"
+_RESERVED_NAMES = {key for key in dir(BaseModel) if not key.startswith("_")}
+
+
+def _remap_field_definitions(field_definitions: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """This remaps fields to avoid colliding with internal pydantic fields."""
+    from pydantic import Field
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+
+    remapped = {}
+    for key, value in field_definitions.items():
+        if key.startswith("_") or key in _RESERVED_NAMES:
+            # Let's add a prefix to avoid colliding with internal pydantic fields
+            if isinstance(value, FieldInfo):
+                msg = (
+                    f"Remapping for fields starting with '_' or fields with a name "
+                    f"matching a reserved name {_RESERVED_NAMES} is not supported if "
+                    f" the field is a pydantic Field instance. Got {key}."
+                )
+                raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            type_, default_ = value
+            remapped[f"private_{key}"] = (
+                type_,
+                Field(
+                    default=default_,
+                    alias=key,
+                    serialization_alias=key,
+                    title=key.lstrip("_").replace("_", " ").title(),
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            remapped[key] = value
+    return remapped
+
+
+def create_model_v2(
+    model_name: str,
+    *,
+    module_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    field_definitions: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    root: Optional[Any] = None,
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Create a pydantic model with the given field definitions.
+
+    Attention:
+        Please do not use outside of langchain packages. This API
+        is subject to change at any time.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: The name of the model.
+        module_name: The name of the module where the model is defined.
+            This is used by Pydantic to resolve any forward references.
+        field_definitions: The field definitions for the model.
+        root: Type for a root model (RootModel)
+
+    Returns:
+        Type[BaseModel]: The created model.
+    """
+    field_definitions = field_definitions or {}
+
+    if root:
+        if field_definitions:
+            msg = (
+                "When specifying __root__ no other "
+                f"fields should be provided. Got {field_definitions}"
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+        if isinstance(root, tuple):
+            kwargs = {"type_": root[0], "default_": root[1]}
+        else:
+            kwargs = {"type_": root}
+
+        try:
+            named_root_model = _create_root_model_cached(
+                model_name, module_name=module_name, **kwargs
+            )
+        except TypeError:
+            # something in the arguments into _create_root_model_cached is not hashable
+            named_root_model = _create_root_model(
+                model_name,
+                module_name=module_name,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        return named_root_model
+
+    # No root, just field definitions
+    names = set(field_definitions.keys())
+
+    capture_warnings = False
+
+    for name in names:
+        # Also if any non-reserved name is used (e.g., model_id or model_name)
+        if name.startswith("model"):
+            capture_warnings = True
+
+    with warnings.catch_warnings() if capture_warnings else nullcontext():
+        if capture_warnings:
+            warnings.filterwarnings(action="ignore")
+        try:
+            return _create_model_cached(model_name, **field_definitions)
+        except TypeError:
+            # something in field definitions is not hashable
+            return _create_model_base(
+                model_name,
+                __config__=_SchemaConfig,
+                **_remap_field_definitions(field_definitions),
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/strings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/strings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4eeb7ed5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/strings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""String utilities."""
+
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def stringify_value(val: Any) -> str:
+    """Stringify a value.
+
+    Args:
+        val: The value to stringify.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The stringified value.
+    """
+    if isinstance(val, str):
+        return val
+    if isinstance(val, dict):
+        return "\n" + stringify_dict(val)
+    if isinstance(val, list):
+        return "\n".join(stringify_value(v) for v in val)
+    return str(val)
+
+
+def stringify_dict(data: dict) -> str:
+    """Stringify a dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        data: The dictionary to stringify.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The stringified dictionary.
+    """
+    text = ""
+    for key, value in data.items():
+        text += key + ": " + stringify_value(value) + "\n"
+    return text
+
+
+def comma_list(items: list[Any]) -> str:
+    """Convert a list to a comma-separated string.
+
+    Args:
+        items: The list to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The comma-separated string.
+    """
+    return ", ".join(str(item) for item in items)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/usage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/usage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95ee2ca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/usage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Usage utilities."""
+
+from typing import Callable
+
+
+def _dict_int_op(
+    left: dict,
+    right: dict,
+    op: Callable[[int, int], int],
+    *,
+    default: int = 0,
+    depth: int = 0,
+    max_depth: int = 100,
+) -> dict:
+    if depth >= max_depth:
+        msg = f"{max_depth=} exceeded, unable to combine dicts."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    combined: dict = {}
+    for k in set(left).union(right):
+        if isinstance(left.get(k, default), int) and isinstance(
+            right.get(k, default), int
+        ):
+            combined[k] = op(left.get(k, default), right.get(k, default))
+        elif isinstance(left.get(k, {}), dict) and isinstance(right.get(k, {}), dict):
+            combined[k] = _dict_int_op(
+                left.get(k, {}),
+                right.get(k, {}),
+                op,
+                default=default,
+                depth=depth + 1,
+                max_depth=max_depth,
+            )
+        else:
+            types = [type(d[k]) for d in (left, right) if k in d]
+            msg = (
+                f"Unknown value types: {types}. Only dict and int values are supported."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)  # noqa: TRY004
+    return combined
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7467ec5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/utils/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+"""Generic utility functions."""
+
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import functools
+import importlib
+import os
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Sequence
+from importlib.metadata import version
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union, overload
+
+from packaging.version import parse
+from pydantic import SecretStr
+from requests import HTTPError, Response
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core.utils.pydantic import (
+    is_pydantic_v1_subclass,
+)
+
+
+def xor_args(*arg_groups: tuple[str, ...]) -> Callable:
+    """Validate specified keyword args are mutually exclusive.".
+
+    Args:
+        *arg_groups (tuple[str, ...]): Groups of mutually exclusive keyword args.
+
+    Returns:
+        Callable: Decorator that validates the specified keyword args
+            are mutually exclusive
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If more than one arg in a group is defined.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            """Validate exactly one arg in each group is not None."""
+            counts = [
+                sum(1 for arg in arg_group if kwargs.get(arg) is not None)
+                for arg_group in arg_groups
+            ]
+            invalid_groups = [i for i, count in enumerate(counts) if count != 1]
+            if invalid_groups:
+                invalid_group_names = [", ".join(arg_groups[i]) for i in invalid_groups]
+                msg = (
+                    "Exactly one argument in each of the following"
+                    " groups must be defined:"
+                    f" {', '.join(invalid_group_names)}"
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def raise_for_status_with_text(response: Response) -> None:
+    """Raise an error with the response text.
+
+    Args:
+        response (Response): The response to check for errors.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the response has an error status code.
+    """
+    try:
+        response.raise_for_status()
+    except HTTPError as e:
+        raise ValueError(response.text) from e
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def mock_now(dt_value: datetime.datetime) -> Iterator[type]:
+    """Context manager for mocking out datetime.now() in unit tests.
+
+    Args:
+        dt_value: The datetime value to use for datetime.now().
+
+    Yields:
+        datetime.datetime: The mocked datetime class.
+
+    Example:
+    with mock_now(datetime.datetime(2011, 2, 3, 10, 11)):
+        assert datetime.datetime.now() == datetime.datetime(2011, 2, 3, 10, 11)
+    """
+
+    class MockDateTime(datetime.datetime):
+        """Mock datetime.datetime.now() with a fixed datetime."""
+
+        @classmethod
+        @override
+        def now(cls, tz: Union[datetime.tzinfo, None] = None) -> "MockDateTime":
+            # Create a copy of dt_value.
+            return MockDateTime(
+                dt_value.year,
+                dt_value.month,
+                dt_value.day,
+                dt_value.hour,
+                dt_value.minute,
+                dt_value.second,
+                dt_value.microsecond,
+                dt_value.tzinfo,
+            )
+
+    real_datetime = datetime.datetime
+    datetime.datetime = MockDateTime  # type: ignore[misc]
+    try:
+        yield datetime.datetime
+    finally:
+        datetime.datetime = real_datetime  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+
+def guard_import(
+    module_name: str, *, pip_name: Optional[str] = None, package: Optional[str] = None
+) -> Any:
+    """Dynamically import a module.
+
+    Raise an exception if the module is not installed.
+
+    Args:
+        module_name (str): The name of the module to import.
+        pip_name (str, optional): The name of the module to install with pip.
+            Defaults to None.
+        package (str, optional): The package to import the module from.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        Any: The imported module.
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If the module is not installed.
+    """
+    try:
+        module = importlib.import_module(module_name, package)
+    except (ImportError, ModuleNotFoundError) as e:
+        pip_name = pip_name or module_name.split(".")[0].replace("_", "-")
+        msg = (
+            f"Could not import {module_name} python package. "
+            f"Please install it with `pip install {pip_name}`."
+        )
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+    return module
+
+
+def check_package_version(
+    package: str,
+    lt_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    lte_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    gt_version: Optional[str] = None,
+    gte_version: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Check the version of a package.
+
+    Args:
+        package (str): The name of the package.
+        lt_version (str, optional): The version must be less than this.
+            Defaults to None.
+        lte_version (str, optional): The version must be less than or equal to this.
+            Defaults to None.
+        gt_version (str, optional): The version must be greater than this.
+            Defaults to None.
+        gte_version (str, optional): The version must be greater than or equal to this.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the package version does not meet the requirements.
+    """
+    imported_version = parse(version(package))
+    if lt_version is not None and imported_version >= parse(lt_version):
+        msg = (
+            f"Expected {package} version to be < {lt_version}. Received "
+            f"{imported_version}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if lte_version is not None and imported_version > parse(lte_version):
+        msg = (
+            f"Expected {package} version to be <= {lte_version}. Received "
+            f"{imported_version}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if gt_version is not None and imported_version <= parse(gt_version):
+        msg = (
+            f"Expected {package} version to be > {gt_version}. Received "
+            f"{imported_version}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if gte_version is not None and imported_version < parse(gte_version):
+        msg = (
+            f"Expected {package} version to be >= {gte_version}. Received "
+            f"{imported_version}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+
+def get_pydantic_field_names(pydantic_cls: Any) -> set[str]:
+    """Get field names, including aliases, for a pydantic class.
+
+    Args:
+        pydantic_cls: Pydantic class.
+
+    Returns:
+        set[str]: Field names.
+    """
+    all_required_field_names = set()
+    if is_pydantic_v1_subclass(pydantic_cls):
+        for field in pydantic_cls.__fields__.values():
+            all_required_field_names.add(field.name)
+            if field.has_alias:
+                all_required_field_names.add(field.alias)
+    else:  # Assuming pydantic 2 for now
+        for name, field in pydantic_cls.model_fields.items():
+            all_required_field_names.add(name)
+            if field.alias:
+                all_required_field_names.add(field.alias)
+    return all_required_field_names
+
+
+def _build_model_kwargs(
+    values: dict[str, Any],
+    all_required_field_names: set[str],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Build "model_kwargs" param from Pydanitc constructor values.
+
+    Args:
+        values: All init args passed in by user.
+        all_required_field_names: All required field names for the pydantic class.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict[str, Any]: Extra kwargs.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If a field is specified in both values and extra_kwargs.
+        ValueError: If a field is specified in model_kwargs.
+    """
+    extra_kwargs = values.get("model_kwargs", {})
+    for field_name in list(values):
+        if field_name in extra_kwargs:
+            msg = f"Found {field_name} supplied twice."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if field_name not in all_required_field_names:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"""WARNING! {field_name} is not default parameter.
+                {field_name} was transferred to model_kwargs.
+                Please confirm that {field_name} is what you intended.""",
+                stacklevel=7,
+            )
+            extra_kwargs[field_name] = values.pop(field_name)
+
+    invalid_model_kwargs = all_required_field_names.intersection(extra_kwargs.keys())
+    if invalid_model_kwargs:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Parameters {invalid_model_kwargs} should be specified explicitly. "
+            f"Instead they were passed in as part of `model_kwargs` parameter.",
+            stacklevel=7,
+        )
+        for k in invalid_model_kwargs:
+            values[k] = extra_kwargs.pop(k)
+
+    values["model_kwargs"] = extra_kwargs
+    return values
+
+
+# DON'T USE! Kept for backwards-compatibility but should never have been public.
+def build_extra_kwargs(
+    extra_kwargs: dict[str, Any],
+    values: dict[str, Any],
+    all_required_field_names: set[str],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Build extra kwargs from values and extra_kwargs.
+
+    Args:
+        extra_kwargs: Extra kwargs passed in by user.
+        values: Values passed in by user.
+        all_required_field_names: All required field names for the pydantic class.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict[str, Any]: Extra kwargs.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If a field is specified in both values and extra_kwargs.
+        ValueError: If a field is specified in model_kwargs.
+    """
+    for field_name in list(values):
+        if field_name in extra_kwargs:
+            msg = f"Found {field_name} supplied twice."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if field_name not in all_required_field_names:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"""WARNING! {field_name} is not default parameter.
+                {field_name} was transferred to model_kwargs.
+                Please confirm that {field_name} is what you intended.""",
+                stacklevel=7,
+            )
+            extra_kwargs[field_name] = values.pop(field_name)
+
+    invalid_model_kwargs = all_required_field_names.intersection(extra_kwargs.keys())
+    if invalid_model_kwargs:
+        msg = (
+            f"Parameters {invalid_model_kwargs} should be specified explicitly. "
+            f"Instead they were passed in as part of `model_kwargs` parameter."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return extra_kwargs
+
+
+def convert_to_secret_str(value: Union[SecretStr, str]) -> SecretStr:
+    """Convert a string to a SecretStr if needed.
+
+    Args:
+        value (Union[SecretStr, str]): The value to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        SecretStr: The SecretStr value.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, SecretStr):
+        return value
+    return SecretStr(value)
+
+
+class _NoDefaultType:
+    """Type to indicate no default value is provided."""
+
+
+_NoDefault = _NoDefaultType()
+
+
+@overload
+def from_env(key: str, /) -> Callable[[], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def from_env(key: str, /, *, default: str) -> Callable[[], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def from_env(key: Sequence[str], /, *, default: str) -> Callable[[], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def from_env(key: str, /, *, error_message: str) -> Callable[[], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def from_env(
+    key: Union[str, Sequence[str]], /, *, default: str, error_message: Optional[str]
+) -> Callable[[], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def from_env(
+    key: str, /, *, default: None, error_message: Optional[str]
+) -> Callable[[], Optional[str]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def from_env(
+    key: Union[str, Sequence[str]], /, *, default: None
+) -> Callable[[], Optional[str]]: ...
+
+
+def from_env(
+    key: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
+    /,
+    *,
+    default: Union[str, _NoDefaultType, None] = _NoDefault,
+    error_message: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Union[Callable[[], str], Callable[[], Optional[str]]]:
+    """Create a factory method that gets a value from an environment variable.
+
+    Args:
+        key: The environment variable to look up. If a list of keys is provided,
+            the first key found in the environment will be used.
+            If no key is found, the default value will be used if set,
+            otherwise an error will be raised.
+        default: The default value to return if the environment variable is not set.
+        error_message: the error message which will be raised if the key is not found
+            and no default value is provided.
+            This will be raised as a ValueError.
+    """
+
+    def get_from_env_fn() -> Optional[str]:
+        """Get a value from an environment variable."""
+        if isinstance(key, (list, tuple)):
+            for k in key:
+                if k in os.environ:
+                    return os.environ[k]
+        if isinstance(key, str) and key in os.environ:
+            return os.environ[key]
+
+        if isinstance(default, (str, type(None))):
+            return default
+        if error_message:
+            raise ValueError(error_message)
+        msg = (
+            f"Did not find {key}, please add an environment variable"
+            f" `{key}` which contains it, or pass"
+            f" `{key}` as a named parameter."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return get_from_env_fn
+
+
+@overload
+def secret_from_env(key: Union[str, Sequence[str]], /) -> Callable[[], SecretStr]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def secret_from_env(key: str, /, *, default: str) -> Callable[[], SecretStr]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def secret_from_env(
+    key: Union[str, Sequence[str]], /, *, default: None
+) -> Callable[[], Optional[SecretStr]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def secret_from_env(key: str, /, *, error_message: str) -> Callable[[], SecretStr]: ...
+
+
+def secret_from_env(
+    key: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
+    /,
+    *,
+    default: Union[str, _NoDefaultType, None] = _NoDefault,
+    error_message: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Union[Callable[[], Optional[SecretStr]], Callable[[], SecretStr]]:
+    """Secret from env.
+
+    Args:
+        key: The environment variable to look up.
+        default: The default value to return if the environment variable is not set.
+        error_message: the error message which will be raised if the key is not found
+            and no default value is provided.
+            This will be raised as a ValueError.
+
+    Returns:
+        factory method that will look up the secret from the environment.
+    """
+
+    def get_secret_from_env() -> Optional[SecretStr]:
+        """Get a value from an environment variable."""
+        if isinstance(key, (list, tuple)):
+            for k in key:
+                if k in os.environ:
+                    return SecretStr(os.environ[k])
+        if isinstance(key, str) and key in os.environ:
+            return SecretStr(os.environ[key])
+        if isinstance(default, str):
+            return SecretStr(default)
+        if default is None:
+            return None
+        if error_message:
+            raise ValueError(error_message)
+        msg = (
+            f"Did not find {key}, please add an environment variable"
+            f" `{key}` which contains it, or pass"
+            f" `{key}` as a named parameter."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    return get_secret_from_env
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3881feb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""Vector stores."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from langchain_core._import_utils import import_attr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain_core.vectorstores.base import VST, VectorStore, VectorStoreRetriever
+    from langchain_core.vectorstores.in_memory import InMemoryVectorStore
+
+__all__ = (
+    "VectorStore",
+    "VST",
+    "VectorStoreRetriever",
+    "InMemoryVectorStore",
+)
+
+_dynamic_imports = {
+    "VectorStore": "base",
+    "VST": "base",
+    "VectorStoreRetriever": "base",
+    "InMemoryVectorStore": "in_memory",
+}
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    module_name = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    result = import_attr(attr_name, module_name, __spec__.parent)
+    globals()[attr_name] = result
+    return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return list(__all__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..173bb6ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1145 @@
+"""**Vector store** stores embedded data and performs vector search.
+
+One of the most common ways to store and search over unstructured data is to
+embed it and store the resulting embedding vectors, and then query the store
+and retrieve the data that are 'most similar' to the embedded query.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    VectorStore --> <name>  # Examples: Annoy, FAISS, Milvus
+
+    BaseRetriever --> VectorStoreRetriever --> <name>Retriever  # Example: VespaRetriever
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Embeddings, Document
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import math
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from itertools import cycle
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    ClassVar,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+)
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict, Field, model_validator
+from typing_extensions import Self, override
+
+from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+from langchain_core.retrievers import BaseRetriever, LangSmithRetrieverParams
+from langchain_core.runnables.config import run_in_executor
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Collection, Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+        AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+    )
+    from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+VST = TypeVar("VST", bound="VectorStore")
+
+
+class VectorStore(ABC):
+    """Interface for vector store."""
+
+    def add_texts(
+        self,
+        texts: Iterable[str],
+        metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
+        *,
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Run more texts through the embeddings and add to the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: Iterable of strings to add to the vectorstore.
+            metadatas: Optional list of metadatas associated with the texts.
+            ids: Optional list of IDs associated with the texts.
+            **kwargs: vectorstore specific parameters.
+                One of the kwargs should be `ids` which is a list of ids
+                associated with the texts.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of ids from adding the texts into the vectorstore.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the number of metadatas does not match the number of texts.
+            ValueError: If the number of ids does not match the number of texts.
+        """
+        if type(self).add_documents != VectorStore.add_documents:
+            # Import document in local scope to avoid circular imports
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+            # This condition is triggered if the subclass has provided
+            # an implementation of the upsert method.
+            # The existing add_texts
+            texts_: Sequence[str] = (
+                texts if isinstance(texts, (list, tuple)) else list(texts)
+            )
+            if metadatas and len(metadatas) != len(texts_):
+                msg = (
+                    "The number of metadatas must match the number of texts."
+                    f"Got {len(metadatas)} metadatas and {len(texts_)} texts."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            metadatas_ = iter(metadatas) if metadatas else cycle([{}])
+            ids_: Iterator[Optional[str]] = iter(ids) if ids else cycle([None])
+            docs = [
+                Document(id=id_, page_content=text, metadata=metadata_)
+                for text, metadata_, id_ in zip(texts, metadatas_, ids_)
+            ]
+            if ids is not None:
+                # For backward compatibility
+                kwargs["ids"] = ids
+
+            return self.add_documents(docs, **kwargs)
+        msg = f"`add_texts` has not been implemented for {self.__class__.__name__} "
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    @property
+    def embeddings(self) -> Optional[Embeddings]:
+        """Access the query embedding object if available."""
+        logger.debug(
+            "The embeddings property has not been implemented for %s",
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    def delete(self, ids: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> Optional[bool]:
+        """Delete by vector ID or other criteria.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of ids to delete. If None, delete all. Default is None.
+            **kwargs: Other keyword arguments that subclasses might use.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[bool]: True if deletion is successful,
+            False otherwise, None if not implemented.
+        """
+        msg = "delete method must be implemented by subclass."
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    def get_by_ids(self, ids: Sequence[str], /) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents by their IDs.
+
+        The returned documents are expected to have the ID field set to the ID of the
+        document in the vector store.
+
+        Fewer documents may be returned than requested if some IDs are not found or
+        if there are duplicated IDs.
+
+        Users should not assume that the order of the returned documents matches
+        the order of the input IDs. Instead, users should rely on the ID field of the
+        returned documents.
+
+        This method should **NOT** raise exceptions if no documents are found for
+        some IDs.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of ids to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.11
+        """
+        msg = f"{self.__class__.__name__} does not yet support get_by_ids."
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    # Implementations should override this method to provide an async native version.
+    async def aget_by_ids(self, ids: Sequence[str], /) -> list[Document]:
+        """Async get documents by their IDs.
+
+        The returned documents are expected to have the ID field set to the ID of the
+        document in the vector store.
+
+        Fewer documents may be returned than requested if some IDs are not found or
+        if there are duplicated IDs.
+
+        Users should not assume that the order of the returned documents matches
+        the order of the input IDs. Instead, users should rely on the ID field of the
+        returned documents.
+
+        This method should **NOT** raise exceptions if no documents are found for
+        some IDs.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of ids to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.11
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.get_by_ids, ids)
+
+    async def adelete(
+        self, ids: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Optional[bool]:
+        """Async delete by vector ID or other criteria.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: List of ids to delete. If None, delete all. Default is None.
+            **kwargs: Other keyword arguments that subclasses might use.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[bool]: True if deletion is successful,
+            False otherwise, None if not implemented.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.delete, ids, **kwargs)
+
+    async def aadd_texts(
+        self,
+        texts: Iterable[str],
+        metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
+        *,
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Async run more texts through the embeddings and add to the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: Iterable of strings to add to the vectorstore.
+            metadatas: Optional list of metadatas associated with the texts.
+                Default is None.
+            ids: Optional list
+            **kwargs: vectorstore specific parameters.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of ids from adding the texts into the vectorstore.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the number of metadatas does not match the number of texts.
+            ValueError: If the number of ids does not match the number of texts.
+        """
+        if ids is not None:
+            # For backward compatibility
+            kwargs["ids"] = ids
+        if type(self).aadd_documents != VectorStore.aadd_documents:
+            # Import document in local scope to avoid circular imports
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+            # This condition is triggered if the subclass has provided
+            # an implementation of the upsert method.
+            # The existing add_texts
+            texts_: Sequence[str] = (
+                texts if isinstance(texts, (list, tuple)) else list(texts)
+            )
+            if metadatas and len(metadatas) != len(texts_):
+                msg = (
+                    "The number of metadatas must match the number of texts."
+                    f"Got {len(metadatas)} metadatas and {len(texts_)} texts."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            metadatas_ = iter(metadatas) if metadatas else cycle([{}])
+            ids_: Iterator[Optional[str]] = iter(ids) if ids else cycle([None])
+
+            docs = [
+                Document(id=id_, page_content=text, metadata=metadata_)
+                for text, metadata_, id_ in zip(texts, metadatas_, ids_)
+            ]
+            return await self.aadd_documents(docs, **kwargs)
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.add_texts, texts, metadatas, **kwargs)
+
+    def add_documents(self, documents: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> list[str]:
+        """Add or update documents in the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: Documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+                if kwargs contains ids and documents contain ids,
+                the ids in the kwargs will receive precedence.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of IDs of the added texts.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the number of ids does not match the number of documents.
+        """
+        if type(self).add_texts != VectorStore.add_texts:
+            if "ids" not in kwargs:
+                ids = [doc.id for doc in documents]
+
+                # If there's at least one valid ID, we'll assume that IDs
+                # should be used.
+                if any(ids):
+                    kwargs["ids"] = ids
+
+            texts = [doc.page_content for doc in documents]
+            metadatas = [doc.metadata for doc in documents]
+            return self.add_texts(texts, metadatas, **kwargs)
+        msg = (
+            f"`add_documents` and `add_texts` has not been implemented "
+            f"for {self.__class__.__name__} "
+        )
+        raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+
+    async def aadd_documents(
+        self, documents: list[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Async run more documents through the embeddings and add to the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: Documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of IDs of the added texts.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the number of IDs does not match the number of documents.
+        """
+        # If the async method has been overridden, we'll use that.
+        if type(self).aadd_texts != VectorStore.aadd_texts:
+            if "ids" not in kwargs:
+                ids = [doc.id for doc in documents]
+
+                # If there's at least one valid ID, we'll assume that IDs
+                # should be used.
+                if any(ids):
+                    kwargs["ids"] = ids
+
+            texts = [doc.page_content for doc in documents]
+            metadatas = [doc.metadata for doc in documents]
+            return await self.aadd_texts(texts, metadatas, **kwargs)
+
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.add_documents, documents, **kwargs)
+
+    def search(self, query: str, search_type: str, **kwargs: Any) -> list[Document]:
+        """Return docs most similar to query using a specified search type.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text
+            search_type: Type of search to perform. Can be "similarity",
+                "mmr", or "similarity_score_threshold".
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents most similar to the query.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If search_type is not one of "similarity",
+                "mmr", or "similarity_score_threshold".
+        """
+        if search_type == "similarity":
+            return self.similarity_search(query, **kwargs)
+        if search_type == "similarity_score_threshold":
+            docs_and_similarities = self.similarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+                query, **kwargs
+            )
+            return [doc for doc, _ in docs_and_similarities]
+        if search_type == "mmr":
+            return self.max_marginal_relevance_search(query, **kwargs)
+        msg = (
+            f"search_type of {search_type} not allowed. Expected "
+            "search_type to be 'similarity', 'similarity_score_threshold'"
+            " or 'mmr'."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    async def asearch(
+        self, query: str, search_type: str, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Async return docs most similar to query using a specified search type.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text.
+            search_type: Type of search to perform. Can be "similarity",
+                "mmr", or "similarity_score_threshold".
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents most similar to the query.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If search_type is not one of "similarity",
+                "mmr", or "similarity_score_threshold".
+        """
+        if search_type == "similarity":
+            return await self.asimilarity_search(query, **kwargs)
+        if search_type == "similarity_score_threshold":
+            docs_and_similarities = await self.asimilarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+                query, **kwargs
+            )
+            return [doc for doc, _ in docs_and_similarities]
+        if search_type == "mmr":
+            return await self.amax_marginal_relevance_search(query, **kwargs)
+        msg = (
+            f"search_type of {search_type} not allowed. Expected "
+            "search_type to be 'similarity', 'similarity_score_threshold' or 'mmr'."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def similarity_search(
+        self, query: str, k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Return docs most similar to query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents most similar to the query.
+        """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _euclidean_relevance_score_fn(distance: float) -> float:
+        """Return a similarity score on a scale [0, 1]."""
+        # The 'correct' relevance function
+        # may differ depending on a few things, including:
+        # - the distance / similarity metric used by the VectorStore
+        # - the scale of your embeddings (OpenAI's are unit normed. Many
+        #  others are not!)
+        # - embedding dimensionality
+        # - etc.
+        # This function converts the Euclidean norm of normalized embeddings
+        # (0 is most similar, sqrt(2) most dissimilar)
+        # to a similarity function (0 to 1)
+        return 1.0 - distance / math.sqrt(2)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cosine_relevance_score_fn(distance: float) -> float:
+        """Normalize the distance to a score on a scale [0, 1]."""
+        return 1.0 - distance
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _max_inner_product_relevance_score_fn(distance: float) -> float:
+        """Normalize the distance to a score on a scale [0, 1]."""
+        if distance > 0:
+            return 1.0 - distance
+
+        return -1.0 * distance
+
+    def _select_relevance_score_fn(self) -> Callable[[float], float]:
+        """The 'correct' relevance function.
+
+        may differ depending on a few things, including:
+        - the distance / similarity metric used by the VectorStore
+        - the scale of your embeddings (OpenAI's are unit normed. Many others are not!)
+        - embedding dimensionality
+        - etc.
+
+        Vectorstores should define their own selection-based method of relevance.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def similarity_search_with_score(
+        self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Run similarity search with distance.
+
+        Args:
+            *args: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Tuples of (doc, similarity_score).
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def asimilarity_search_with_score(
+        self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Async run similarity search with distance.
+
+        Args:
+            *args: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Tuples of (doc, similarity_score).
+        """
+        # This is a temporary workaround to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous. The proper solution is to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous in the vector store implementations.
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None, self.similarity_search_with_score, *args, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _similarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Default similarity search with relevance scores.
+
+        Modify if necessary in subclass.
+        Return docs and relevance scores in the range [0, 1].
+
+        0 is dissimilar, 1 is most similar.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: kwargs to be passed to similarity search. Should include:
+                score_threshold: Optional, a floating point value between 0 to 1 to
+                    filter the resulting set of retrieved docs
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Tuples of (doc, similarity_score)
+        """
+        relevance_score_fn = self._select_relevance_score_fn()
+        docs_and_scores = self.similarity_search_with_score(query, k, **kwargs)
+        return [(doc, relevance_score_fn(score)) for doc, score in docs_and_scores]
+
+    async def _asimilarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Default similarity search with relevance scores.
+
+        Modify if necessary in subclass.
+        Return docs and relevance scores in the range [0, 1].
+
+        0 is dissimilar, 1 is most similar.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: kwargs to be passed to similarity search. Should include:
+                score_threshold: Optional, a floating point value between 0 to 1 to
+                    filter the resulting set of retrieved docs
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Tuples of (doc, similarity_score)
+        """
+        relevance_score_fn = self._select_relevance_score_fn()
+        docs_and_scores = await self.asimilarity_search_with_score(query, k, **kwargs)
+        return [(doc, relevance_score_fn(score)) for doc, score in docs_and_scores]
+
+    def similarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Return docs and relevance scores in the range [0, 1].
+
+        0 is dissimilar, 1 is most similar.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: kwargs to be passed to similarity search. Should include:
+                score_threshold: Optional, a floating point value between 0 to 1 to
+                    filter the resulting set of retrieved docs.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Tuples of (doc, similarity_score).
+        """
+        score_threshold = kwargs.pop("score_threshold", None)
+
+        docs_and_similarities = self._similarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+            query, k=k, **kwargs
+        )
+        if any(
+            similarity < 0.0 or similarity > 1.0
+            for _, similarity in docs_and_similarities
+        ):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Relevance scores must be between"
+                f" 0 and 1, got {docs_and_similarities}",
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        if score_threshold is not None:
+            docs_and_similarities = [
+                (doc, similarity)
+                for doc, similarity in docs_and_similarities
+                if similarity >= score_threshold
+            ]
+            if len(docs_and_similarities) == 0:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "No relevant docs were retrieved using the "
+                    "relevance score threshold %s",
+                    score_threshold,
+                )
+        return docs_and_similarities
+
+    async def asimilarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Async return docs and relevance scores in the range [0, 1].
+
+        0 is dissimilar, 1 is most similar.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: kwargs to be passed to similarity search. Should include:
+                score_threshold: Optional, a floating point value between 0 to 1 to
+                    filter the resulting set of retrieved docs
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Tuples of (doc, similarity_score)
+        """
+        score_threshold = kwargs.pop("score_threshold", None)
+
+        docs_and_similarities = await self._asimilarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+            query, k=k, **kwargs
+        )
+        if any(
+            similarity < 0.0 or similarity > 1.0
+            for _, similarity in docs_and_similarities
+        ):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Relevance scores must be between"
+                f" 0 and 1, got {docs_and_similarities}",
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        if score_threshold is not None:
+            docs_and_similarities = [
+                (doc, similarity)
+                for doc, similarity in docs_and_similarities
+                if similarity >= score_threshold
+            ]
+            if len(docs_and_similarities) == 0:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "No relevant docs were retrieved using the "
+                    "relevance score threshold %s",
+                    score_threshold,
+                )
+        return docs_and_similarities
+
+    async def asimilarity_search(
+        self, query: str, k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Async return docs most similar to query.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Input text.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents most similar to the query.
+        """
+        # This is a temporary workaround to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous. The proper solution is to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous in the vector store implementations.
+        return await run_in_executor(None, self.similarity_search, query, k=k, **kwargs)
+
+    def similarity_search_by_vector(
+        self, embedding: list[float], k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Return docs most similar to embedding vector.
+
+        Args:
+            embedding: Embedding to look up documents similar to.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents most similar to the query vector.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def asimilarity_search_by_vector(
+        self, embedding: list[float], k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Async return docs most similar to embedding vector.
+
+        Args:
+            embedding: Embedding to look up documents similar to.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents most similar to the query vector.
+        """
+        # This is a temporary workaround to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous. The proper solution is to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous in the vector store implementations.
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None, self.similarity_search_by_vector, embedding, k=k, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def max_marginal_relevance_search(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Return docs selected using the maximal marginal relevance.
+
+        Maximal marginal relevance optimizes for similarity to query AND diversity
+        among selected documents.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Text to look up documents similar to.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            fetch_k: Number of Documents to fetch to pass to MMR algorithm.
+                Default is 20.
+            lambda_mult: Number between 0 and 1 that determines the degree
+                of diversity among the results with 0 corresponding
+                to maximum diversity and 1 to minimum diversity.
+                Defaults to 0.5.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents selected by maximal marginal relevance.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def amax_marginal_relevance_search(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Async return docs selected using the maximal marginal relevance.
+
+        Maximal marginal relevance optimizes for similarity to query AND diversity
+        among selected documents.
+
+        Args:
+            query: Text to look up documents similar to.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            fetch_k: Number of Documents to fetch to pass to MMR algorithm.
+                Default is 20.
+            lambda_mult: Number between 0 and 1 that determines the degree
+                of diversity among the results with 0 corresponding
+                to maximum diversity and 1 to minimum diversity.
+                Defaults to 0.5.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents selected by maximal marginal relevance.
+        """
+        # This is a temporary workaround to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous. The proper solution is to make the similarity search
+        # asynchronous in the vector store implementations.
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self.max_marginal_relevance_search,
+            query,
+            k=k,
+            fetch_k=fetch_k,
+            lambda_mult=lambda_mult,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def max_marginal_relevance_search_by_vector(
+        self,
+        embedding: list[float],
+        k: int = 4,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Return docs selected using the maximal marginal relevance.
+
+        Maximal marginal relevance optimizes for similarity to query AND diversity
+        among selected documents.
+
+        Args:
+            embedding: Embedding to look up documents similar to.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            fetch_k: Number of Documents to fetch to pass to MMR algorithm.
+                Default is 20.
+            lambda_mult: Number between 0 and 1 that determines the degree
+                of diversity among the results with 0 corresponding
+                to maximum diversity and 1 to minimum diversity.
+                Defaults to 0.5.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents selected by maximal marginal relevance.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def amax_marginal_relevance_search_by_vector(
+        self,
+        embedding: list[float],
+        k: int = 4,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        """Async return docs selected using the maximal marginal relevance.
+
+        Maximal marginal relevance optimizes for similarity to query AND diversity
+        among selected documents.
+
+        Args:
+            embedding: Embedding to look up documents similar to.
+            k: Number of Documents to return. Defaults to 4.
+            fetch_k: Number of Documents to fetch to pass to MMR algorithm.
+                Default is 20.
+            lambda_mult: Number between 0 and 1 that determines the degree
+                of diversity among the results with 0 corresponding
+                to maximum diversity and 1 to minimum diversity.
+                Defaults to 0.5.
+            **kwargs: Arguments to pass to the search method.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Documents selected by maximal marginal relevance.
+        """
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None,
+            self.max_marginal_relevance_search_by_vector,
+            embedding,
+            k=k,
+            fetch_k=fetch_k,
+            lambda_mult=lambda_mult,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_documents(
+        cls,
+        documents: list[Document],
+        embedding: Embeddings,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return VectorStore initialized from documents and embeddings.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: List of Documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            embedding: Embedding function to use.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            VectorStore: VectorStore initialized from documents and embeddings.
+        """
+        texts = [d.page_content for d in documents]
+        metadatas = [d.metadata for d in documents]
+
+        if "ids" not in kwargs:
+            ids = [doc.id for doc in documents]
+
+            # If there's at least one valid ID, we'll assume that IDs
+            # should be used.
+            if any(ids):
+                kwargs["ids"] = ids
+
+        return cls.from_texts(texts, embedding, metadatas=metadatas, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def afrom_documents(
+        cls,
+        documents: list[Document],
+        embedding: Embeddings,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Async return VectorStore initialized from documents and embeddings.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: List of Documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            embedding: Embedding function to use.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            VectorStore: VectorStore initialized from documents and embeddings.
+        """
+        texts = [d.page_content for d in documents]
+        metadatas = [d.metadata for d in documents]
+
+        if "ids" not in kwargs:
+            ids = [doc.id for doc in documents]
+
+            # If there's at least one valid ID, we'll assume that IDs
+            # should be used.
+            if any(ids):
+                kwargs["ids"] = ids
+
+        return await cls.afrom_texts(texts, embedding, metadatas=metadatas, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @abstractmethod
+    def from_texts(
+        cls: type[VST],
+        texts: list[str],
+        embedding: Embeddings,
+        metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
+        *,
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> VST:
+        """Return VectorStore initialized from texts and embeddings.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: Texts to add to the vectorstore.
+            embedding: Embedding function to use.
+            metadatas: Optional list of metadatas associated with the texts.
+                Default is None.
+            ids: Optional list of IDs associated with the texts.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            VectorStore: VectorStore initialized from texts and embeddings.
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def afrom_texts(
+        cls,
+        texts: list[str],
+        embedding: Embeddings,
+        metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
+        *,
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Async return VectorStore initialized from texts and embeddings.
+
+        Args:
+            texts: Texts to add to the vectorstore.
+            embedding: Embedding function to use.
+            metadatas: Optional list of metadatas associated with the texts.
+                Default is None.
+            ids: Optional list of IDs associated with the texts.
+            kwargs: Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            VectorStore: VectorStore initialized from texts and embeddings.
+        """
+        if ids is not None:
+            kwargs["ids"] = ids
+        return await run_in_executor(
+            None, cls.from_texts, texts, embedding, metadatas, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _get_retriever_tags(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Get tags for retriever."""
+        tags = [self.__class__.__name__]
+        if self.embeddings:
+            tags.append(self.embeddings.__class__.__name__)
+        return tags
+
+    def as_retriever(self, **kwargs: Any) -> VectorStoreRetriever:
+        """Return VectorStoreRetriever initialized from this VectorStore.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to the search function.
+                Can include:
+                search_type (Optional[str]): Defines the type of search that
+                    the Retriever should perform.
+                    Can be "similarity" (default), "mmr", or
+                    "similarity_score_threshold".
+                search_kwargs (Optional[Dict]): Keyword arguments to pass to the
+                    search function. Can include things like:
+                        k: Amount of documents to return (Default: 4)
+                        score_threshold: Minimum relevance threshold
+                            for similarity_score_threshold
+                        fetch_k: Amount of documents to pass to MMR algorithm
+                            (Default: 20)
+                        lambda_mult: Diversity of results returned by MMR;
+                            1 for minimum diversity and 0 for maximum. (Default: 0.5)
+                        filter: Filter by document metadata
+
+        Returns:
+            VectorStoreRetriever: Retriever class for VectorStore.
+
+        Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # Retrieve more documents with higher diversity
+            # Useful if your dataset has many similar documents
+            docsearch.as_retriever(
+                search_type="mmr",
+                search_kwargs={'k': 6, 'lambda_mult': 0.25}
+            )
+
+            # Fetch more documents for the MMR algorithm to consider
+            # But only return the top 5
+            docsearch.as_retriever(
+                search_type="mmr",
+                search_kwargs={'k': 5, 'fetch_k': 50}
+            )
+
+            # Only retrieve documents that have a relevance score
+            # Above a certain threshold
+            docsearch.as_retriever(
+                search_type="similarity_score_threshold",
+                search_kwargs={'score_threshold': 0.8}
+            )
+
+            # Only get the single most similar document from the dataset
+            docsearch.as_retriever(search_kwargs={'k': 1})
+
+            # Use a filter to only retrieve documents from a specific paper
+            docsearch.as_retriever(
+                search_kwargs={'filter': {'paper_title':'GPT-4 Technical Report'}}
+            )
+        """
+        tags = kwargs.pop("tags", None) or [] + self._get_retriever_tags()
+        return VectorStoreRetriever(vectorstore=self, tags=tags, **kwargs)
+
+
+class VectorStoreRetriever(BaseRetriever):
+    """Base Retriever class for VectorStore."""
+
+    vectorstore: VectorStore
+    """VectorStore to use for retrieval."""
+    search_type: str = "similarity"
+    """Type of search to perform. Defaults to "similarity"."""
+    search_kwargs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Keyword arguments to pass to the search function."""
+    allowed_search_types: ClassVar[Collection[str]] = (
+        "similarity",
+        "similarity_score_threshold",
+        "mmr",
+    )
+
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        arbitrary_types_allowed=True,
+    )
+
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_search_type(cls, values: dict) -> Any:
+        """Validate search type.
+
+        Args:
+            values: Values to validate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Values: Validated values.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If search_type is not one of the allowed search types.
+            ValueError: If score_threshold is not specified with a float value(0~1)
+        """
+        search_type = values.get("search_type", "similarity")
+        if search_type not in cls.allowed_search_types:
+            msg = (
+                f"search_type of {search_type} not allowed. Valid values are: "
+                f"{cls.allowed_search_types}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if search_type == "similarity_score_threshold":
+            score_threshold = values.get("search_kwargs", {}).get("score_threshold")
+            if (score_threshold is None) or (not isinstance(score_threshold, float)):
+                msg = (
+                    "`score_threshold` is not specified with a float value(0~1) "
+                    "in `search_kwargs`."
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+        return values
+
+    def _get_ls_params(self, **kwargs: Any) -> LangSmithRetrieverParams:
+        """Get standard params for tracing."""
+        _kwargs = self.search_kwargs | kwargs
+
+        ls_params = super()._get_ls_params(**_kwargs)
+        ls_params["ls_vector_store_provider"] = self.vectorstore.__class__.__name__
+
+        if self.vectorstore.embeddings:
+            ls_params["ls_embedding_provider"] = (
+                self.vectorstore.embeddings.__class__.__name__
+            )
+        elif hasattr(self.vectorstore, "embedding") and isinstance(
+            self.vectorstore.embedding, Embeddings
+        ):
+            ls_params["ls_embedding_provider"] = (
+                self.vectorstore.embedding.__class__.__name__
+            )
+
+        return ls_params
+
+    @override
+    def _get_relevant_documents(
+        self, query: str, *, run_manager: CallbackManagerForRetrieverRun, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        _kwargs = self.search_kwargs | kwargs
+        if self.search_type == "similarity":
+            docs = self.vectorstore.similarity_search(query, **_kwargs)
+        elif self.search_type == "similarity_score_threshold":
+            docs_and_similarities = (
+                self.vectorstore.similarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+                    query, **_kwargs
+                )
+            )
+            docs = [doc for doc, _ in docs_and_similarities]
+        elif self.search_type == "mmr":
+            docs = self.vectorstore.max_marginal_relevance_search(query, **_kwargs)
+        else:
+            msg = f"search_type of {self.search_type} not allowed."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return docs
+
+    @override
+    async def _aget_relevant_documents(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        *,
+        run_manager: AsyncCallbackManagerForRetrieverRun,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        _kwargs = self.search_kwargs | kwargs
+        if self.search_type == "similarity":
+            docs = await self.vectorstore.asimilarity_search(query, **_kwargs)
+        elif self.search_type == "similarity_score_threshold":
+            docs_and_similarities = (
+                await self.vectorstore.asimilarity_search_with_relevance_scores(
+                    query, **_kwargs
+                )
+            )
+            docs = [doc for doc, _ in docs_and_similarities]
+        elif self.search_type == "mmr":
+            docs = await self.vectorstore.amax_marginal_relevance_search(
+                query, **_kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = f"search_type of {self.search_type} not allowed."
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        return docs
+
+    def add_documents(self, documents: list[Document], **kwargs: Any) -> list[str]:
+        """Add documents to the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: Documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            **kwargs: Other keyword arguments that subclasses might use.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of IDs of the added texts.
+        """
+        return self.vectorstore.add_documents(documents, **kwargs)
+
+    async def aadd_documents(
+        self, documents: list[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Async add documents to the vectorstore.
+
+        Args:
+            documents: Documents to add to the vectorstore.
+            **kwargs: Other keyword arguments that subclasses might use.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of IDs of the added texts.
+        """
+        return await self.vectorstore.aadd_documents(documents, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/in_memory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/in_memory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab4ce1a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/in_memory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+"""In-memory vector store."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import uuid
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from langchain_core._api import deprecated
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+from langchain_core.load import dumpd, load
+from langchain_core.vectorstores import VectorStore
+from langchain_core.vectorstores.utils import _cosine_similarity as cosine_similarity
+from langchain_core.vectorstores.utils import maximal_marginal_relevance
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Iterator, Sequence
+
+    from langchain_core.embeddings import Embeddings
+    from langchain_core.indexing import UpsertResponse
+
+
+class InMemoryVectorStore(VectorStore):
+    """In-memory vector store implementation.
+
+    Uses a dictionary, and computes cosine similarity for search using numpy.
+
+    Setup:
+        Install ``langchain-core``.
+
+        .. code-block:: bash
+
+            pip install -U langchain-core
+
+    Key init args — indexing params:
+        embedding_function: Embeddings
+            Embedding function to use.
+
+    Instantiate:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.vectorstores import InMemoryVectorStore
+            from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+
+            vector_store = InMemoryVectorStore(OpenAIEmbeddings())
+
+    Add Documents:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+            document_1 = Document(id="1", page_content="foo", metadata={"baz": "bar"})
+            document_2 = Document(id="2", page_content="thud", metadata={"bar": "baz"})
+            document_3 = Document(id="3", page_content="i will be deleted :(")
+
+            documents = [document_1, document_2, document_3]
+            vector_store.add_documents(documents=documents)
+
+    Inspect documents:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            top_n = 10
+            for index, (id, doc) in enumerate(vector_store.store.items()):
+                if index < top_n:
+                    # docs have keys 'id', 'vector', 'text', 'metadata'
+                    print(f"{id}: {doc['text']}")
+                else:
+                    break
+
+    Delete Documents:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            vector_store.delete(ids=["3"])
+
+    Search:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            results = vector_store.similarity_search(query="thud",k=1)
+            for doc in results:
+                print(f"* {doc.page_content} [{doc.metadata}]")
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            * thud [{'bar': 'baz'}]
+
+    Search with filter:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            def _filter_function(doc: Document) -> bool:
+                return doc.metadata.get("bar") == "baz"
+
+            results = vector_store.similarity_search(
+                query="thud", k=1, filter=_filter_function
+            )
+            for doc in results:
+                print(f"* {doc.page_content} [{doc.metadata}]")
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            * thud [{'bar': 'baz'}]
+
+
+    Search with score:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            results = vector_store.similarity_search_with_score(
+                query="qux", k=1
+            )
+            for doc, score in results:
+                print(f"* [SIM={score:3f}] {doc.page_content} [{doc.metadata}]")
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            * [SIM=0.832268] foo [{'baz': 'bar'}]
+
+    Async:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # add documents
+            # await vector_store.aadd_documents(documents=documents)
+
+            # delete documents
+            # await vector_store.adelete(ids=["3"])
+
+            # search
+            # results = vector_store.asimilarity_search(query="thud", k=1)
+
+            # search with score
+            results = await vector_store.asimilarity_search_with_score(query="qux", k=1)
+            for doc,score in results:
+                print(f"* [SIM={score:3f}] {doc.page_content} [{doc.metadata}]")
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            * [SIM=0.832268] foo [{'baz': 'bar'}]
+
+    Use as Retriever:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            retriever = vector_store.as_retriever(
+                search_type="mmr",
+                search_kwargs={"k": 1, "fetch_k": 2, "lambda_mult": 0.5},
+            )
+            retriever.invoke("thud")
+
+        .. code-block:: none
+
+            [Document(id='2', metadata={'bar': 'baz'}, page_content='thud')]
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(self, embedding: Embeddings) -> None:
+        """Initialize with the given embedding function.
+
+        Args:
+            embedding: embedding function to use.
+        """
+        # TODO: would be nice to change to
+        # dict[str, Document] at some point (will be a breaking change)
+        self.store: dict[str, dict[str, Any]] = {}
+        self.embedding = embedding
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def embeddings(self) -> Embeddings:
+        return self.embedding
+
+    @override
+    def delete(self, ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if ids:
+            for _id in ids:
+                self.store.pop(_id, None)
+
+    @override
+    async def adelete(self, ids: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.delete(ids)
+
+    @override
+    def add_documents(
+        self,
+        documents: list[Document],
+        ids: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Add documents to the store."""
+        texts = [doc.page_content for doc in documents]
+        vectors = self.embedding.embed_documents(texts)
+
+        if ids and len(ids) != len(texts):
+            msg = (
+                f"ids must be the same length as texts. "
+                f"Got {len(ids)} ids and {len(texts)} texts."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        id_iterator: Iterator[Optional[str]] = (
+            iter(ids) if ids else iter(doc.id for doc in documents)
+        )
+
+        ids_ = []
+
+        for doc, vector in zip(documents, vectors):
+            doc_id = next(id_iterator)
+            doc_id_ = doc_id or str(uuid.uuid4())
+            ids_.append(doc_id_)
+            self.store[doc_id_] = {
+                "id": doc_id_,
+                "vector": vector,
+                "text": doc.page_content,
+                "metadata": doc.metadata,
+            }
+
+        return ids_
+
+    @override
+    async def aadd_documents(
+        self, documents: list[Document], ids: Optional[list[str]] = None, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Add documents to the store."""
+        texts = [doc.page_content for doc in documents]
+        vectors = await self.embedding.aembed_documents(texts)
+
+        if ids and len(ids) != len(texts):
+            msg = (
+                f"ids must be the same length as texts. "
+                f"Got {len(ids)} ids and {len(texts)} texts."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        id_iterator: Iterator[Optional[str]] = (
+            iter(ids) if ids else iter(doc.id for doc in documents)
+        )
+        ids_: list[str] = []
+
+        for doc, vector in zip(documents, vectors):
+            doc_id = next(id_iterator)
+            doc_id_ = doc_id or str(uuid.uuid4())
+            ids_.append(doc_id_)
+            self.store[doc_id_] = {
+                "id": doc_id_,
+                "vector": vector,
+                "text": doc.page_content,
+                "metadata": doc.metadata,
+            }
+
+        return ids_
+
+    @override
+    def get_by_ids(self, ids: Sequence[str], /) -> list[Document]:
+        """Get documents by their ids.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: The ids of the documents to get.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of Document objects.
+        """
+        documents = []
+
+        for doc_id in ids:
+            doc = self.store.get(doc_id)
+            if doc:
+                documents.append(
+                    Document(
+                        id=doc["id"],
+                        page_content=doc["text"],
+                        metadata=doc["metadata"],
+                    )
+                )
+        return documents
+
+    @deprecated(
+        alternative="VectorStore.add_documents",
+        message=(
+            "This was a beta API that was added in 0.2.11. It'll be removed in 0.3.0."
+        ),
+        since="0.2.29",
+        removal="1.0",
+    )
+    def upsert(self, items: Sequence[Document], /, **_kwargs: Any) -> UpsertResponse:
+        """[DEPRECATED] Upsert documents into the store.
+
+        Args:
+            items: The documents to upsert.
+
+        Returns:
+            The upsert response.
+        """
+        vectors = self.embedding.embed_documents([item.page_content for item in items])
+        ids = []
+        for item, vector in zip(items, vectors):
+            doc_id = item.id or str(uuid.uuid4())
+            ids.append(doc_id)
+            self.store[doc_id] = {
+                "id": doc_id,
+                "vector": vector,
+                "text": item.page_content,
+                "metadata": item.metadata,
+            }
+        return {
+            "succeeded": ids,
+            "failed": [],
+        }
+
+    @deprecated(
+        alternative="VectorStore.aadd_documents",
+        message=(
+            "This was a beta API that was added in 0.2.11. It'll be removed in 0.3.0."
+        ),
+        since="0.2.29",
+        removal="1.0",
+    )
+    async def aupsert(
+        self, items: Sequence[Document], /, **_kwargs: Any
+    ) -> UpsertResponse:
+        """[DEPRECATED] Upsert documents into the store.
+
+        Args:
+            items: The documents to upsert.
+
+        Returns:
+            The upsert response.
+        """
+        vectors = await self.embedding.aembed_documents(
+            [item.page_content for item in items]
+        )
+        ids = []
+        for item, vector in zip(items, vectors):
+            doc_id = item.id or str(uuid.uuid4())
+            ids.append(doc_id)
+            self.store[doc_id] = {
+                "id": doc_id,
+                "vector": vector,
+                "text": item.page_content,
+                "metadata": item.metadata,
+            }
+        return {
+            "succeeded": ids,
+            "failed": [],
+        }
+
+    @override
+    async def aget_by_ids(self, ids: Sequence[str], /) -> list[Document]:
+        """Async get documents by their ids.
+
+        Args:
+            ids: The ids of the documents to get.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of Document objects.
+        """
+        return self.get_by_ids(ids)
+
+    def _similarity_search_with_score_by_vector(
+        self,
+        embedding: list[float],
+        k: int = 4,
+        filter: Optional[Callable[[Document], bool]] = None,
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float, list[float]]]:
+        # get all docs with fixed order in list
+        docs = list(self.store.values())
+
+        if filter is not None:
+            docs = [
+                doc
+                for doc in docs
+                if filter(Document(page_content=doc["text"], metadata=doc["metadata"]))
+            ]
+
+        if not docs:
+            return []
+
+        similarity = cosine_similarity([embedding], [doc["vector"] for doc in docs])[0]
+
+        # get the indices ordered by similarity score
+        top_k_idx = similarity.argsort()[::-1][:k]
+
+        return [
+            (
+                Document(
+                    id=doc_dict["id"],
+                    page_content=doc_dict["text"],
+                    metadata=doc_dict["metadata"],
+                ),
+                float(similarity[idx].item()),
+                doc_dict["vector"],
+            )
+            for idx in top_k_idx
+            # Assign using walrus operator to avoid multiple lookups
+            if (doc_dict := docs[idx])
+        ]
+
+    def similarity_search_with_score_by_vector(
+        self,
+        embedding: list[float],
+        k: int = 4,
+        filter: Optional[Callable[[Document], bool]] = None,
+        **_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        """Search for the most similar documents to the given embedding.
+
+        Args:
+            embedding: The embedding to search for.
+            k: The number of documents to return.
+            filter: A function to filter the documents.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of tuples of Document objects and their similarity scores.
+        """
+        return [
+            (doc, similarity)
+            for doc, similarity, _ in self._similarity_search_with_score_by_vector(
+                embedding=embedding, k=k, filter=filter
+            )
+        ]
+
+    @override
+    def similarity_search_with_score(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        embedding = self.embedding.embed_query(query)
+        return self.similarity_search_with_score_by_vector(
+            embedding,
+            k,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def asimilarity_search_with_score(
+        self, query: str, k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[tuple[Document, float]]:
+        embedding = await self.embedding.aembed_query(query)
+        return self.similarity_search_with_score_by_vector(
+            embedding,
+            k,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def similarity_search_by_vector(
+        self,
+        embedding: list[float],
+        k: int = 4,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        docs_and_scores = self.similarity_search_with_score_by_vector(
+            embedding,
+            k,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        return [doc for doc, _ in docs_and_scores]
+
+    @override
+    async def asimilarity_search_by_vector(
+        self, embedding: list[float], k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        return self.similarity_search_by_vector(embedding, k, **kwargs)
+
+    @override
+    def similarity_search(
+        self, query: str, k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        return [doc for doc, _ in self.similarity_search_with_score(query, k, **kwargs)]
+
+    @override
+    async def asimilarity_search(
+        self, query: str, k: int = 4, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        return [
+            doc
+            for doc, _ in await self.asimilarity_search_with_score(query, k, **kwargs)
+        ]
+
+    @override
+    def max_marginal_relevance_search_by_vector(
+        self,
+        embedding: list[float],
+        k: int = 4,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+        *,
+        filter: Optional[Callable[[Document], bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        prefetch_hits = self._similarity_search_with_score_by_vector(
+            embedding=embedding,
+            k=fetch_k,
+            filter=filter,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError as e:
+            msg = (
+                "numpy must be installed to use max_marginal_relevance_search "
+                "pip install numpy"
+            )
+            raise ImportError(msg) from e
+
+        mmr_chosen_indices = maximal_marginal_relevance(
+            np.array(embedding, dtype=np.float32),
+            [vector for _, _, vector in prefetch_hits],
+            k=k,
+            lambda_mult=lambda_mult,
+        )
+        return [prefetch_hits[idx][0] for idx in mmr_chosen_indices]
+
+    @override
+    def max_marginal_relevance_search(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        embedding_vector = self.embedding.embed_query(query)
+        return self.max_marginal_relevance_search_by_vector(
+            embedding_vector,
+            k,
+            fetch_k,
+            lambda_mult=lambda_mult,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    async def amax_marginal_relevance_search(
+        self,
+        query: str,
+        k: int = 4,
+        fetch_k: int = 20,
+        lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[Document]:
+        embedding_vector = await self.embedding.aembed_query(query)
+        return self.max_marginal_relevance_search_by_vector(
+            embedding_vector,
+            k,
+            fetch_k,
+            lambda_mult=lambda_mult,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def from_texts(
+        cls,
+        texts: list[str],
+        embedding: Embeddings,
+        metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> InMemoryVectorStore:
+        store = cls(
+            embedding=embedding,
+        )
+        store.add_texts(texts=texts, metadatas=metadatas, **kwargs)
+        return store
+
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    async def afrom_texts(
+        cls,
+        texts: list[str],
+        embedding: Embeddings,
+        metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> InMemoryVectorStore:
+        store = cls(
+            embedding=embedding,
+        )
+        await store.aadd_texts(texts=texts, metadatas=metadatas, **kwargs)
+        return store
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load(
+        cls, path: str, embedding: Embeddings, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> InMemoryVectorStore:
+        """Load a vector store from a file.
+
+        Args:
+            path: The path to load the vector store from.
+            embedding: The embedding to use.
+            kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to the constructor.
+
+        Returns:
+            A VectorStore object.
+        """
+        _path: Path = Path(path)
+        with _path.open("r") as f:
+            store = load(json.load(f))
+        vectorstore = cls(embedding=embedding, **kwargs)
+        vectorstore.store = store
+        return vectorstore
+
+    def dump(self, path: str) -> None:
+        """Dump the vector store to a file.
+
+        Args:
+            path: The path to dump the vector store to.
+        """
+        _path: Path = Path(path)
+        _path.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
+        with _path.open("w") as f:
+            json.dump(dumpd(self.store), f, indent=2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a72e44c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/vectorstores/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""Internal utilities for the in memory implementation of VectorStore.
+
+These are part of a private API, and users should not use them directly
+as they can change without notice.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import numpy as np
+
+    Matrix = Union[list[list[float]], list[np.ndarray], np.ndarray]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _cosine_similarity(x: Matrix, y: Matrix) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Row-wise cosine similarity between two equal-width matrices.
+
+    Args:
+        x: A matrix of shape (n, m).
+        y: A matrix of shape (k, m).
+
+    Returns:
+        A matrix of shape (n, k) where each element (i, j) is the cosine similarity
+        between the ith row of X and the jth row of Y.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the number of columns in X and Y are not the same.
+        ImportError: If numpy is not installed.
+    """
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = (
+            "cosine_similarity requires numpy to be installed. "
+            "Please install numpy with `pip install numpy`."
+        )
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+
+    if len(x) == 0 or len(y) == 0:
+        return np.array([])
+
+    x = np.array(x)
+    y = np.array(y)
+    if x.shape[1] != y.shape[1]:
+        msg = (
+            f"Number of columns in X and Y must be the same. X has shape {x.shape} "
+            f"and Y has shape {y.shape}."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    try:
+        import simsimd as simd  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Unable to import simsimd, defaulting to NumPy implementation. If you want "
+            "to use simsimd please install with `pip install simsimd`."
+        )
+        x_norm = np.linalg.norm(x, axis=1)
+        y_norm = np.linalg.norm(y, axis=1)
+        # Ignore divide by zero errors run time warnings as those are handled below.
+        with np.errstate(divide="ignore", invalid="ignore"):
+            similarity = np.dot(x, y.T) / np.outer(x_norm, y_norm)
+        similarity[np.isnan(similarity) | np.isinf(similarity)] = 0.0
+        return similarity
+
+    x = np.array(x, dtype=np.float32)
+    y = np.array(y, dtype=np.float32)
+    return 1 - np.array(simd.cdist(x, y, metric="cosine"))
+
+
+def maximal_marginal_relevance(
+    query_embedding: np.ndarray,
+    embedding_list: list,
+    lambda_mult: float = 0.5,
+    k: int = 4,
+) -> list[int]:
+    """Calculate maximal marginal relevance.
+
+    Args:
+        query_embedding: The query embedding.
+        embedding_list: A list of embeddings.
+        lambda_mult: The lambda parameter for MMR. Default is 0.5.
+        k: The number of embeddings to return. Default is 4.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of indices of the embeddings to return.
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If numpy is not installed.
+    """
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+    except ImportError as e:
+        msg = (
+            "maximal_marginal_relevance requires numpy to be installed. "
+            "Please install numpy with `pip install numpy`."
+        )
+        raise ImportError(msg) from e
+
+    if min(k, len(embedding_list)) <= 0:
+        return []
+    if query_embedding.ndim == 1:
+        query_embedding = np.expand_dims(query_embedding, axis=0)
+    similarity_to_query = _cosine_similarity(query_embedding, embedding_list)[0]
+    most_similar = int(np.argmax(similarity_to_query))
+    idxs = [most_similar]
+    selected = np.array([embedding_list[most_similar]])
+    while len(idxs) < min(k, len(embedding_list)):
+        best_score = -np.inf
+        idx_to_add = -1
+        similarity_to_selected = _cosine_similarity(embedding_list, selected)
+        for i, query_score in enumerate(similarity_to_query):
+            if i in idxs:
+                continue
+            redundant_score = max(similarity_to_selected[i])
+            equation_score = (
+                lambda_mult * query_score - (1 - lambda_mult) * redundant_score
+            )
+            if equation_score > best_score:
+                best_score = equation_score
+                idx_to_add = i
+        idxs.append(idx_to_add)
+        selected = np.append(selected, [embedding_list[idx_to_add]], axis=0)
+    return idxs
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29ee5ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_core/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+"""langchain-core version information and utilities."""
+
+VERSION = "0.3.59"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..900783dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: langchain-text-splitters
+Version: 0.3.8
+Summary: LangChain text splitting utilities
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Source Code, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/tree/master/libs/text-splitters
+Project-URL: Release Notes, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/releases?q=tag%3A%22langchain-text-splitters%3D%3D0%22&expanded=true
+Project-URL: repository, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain
+Requires-Python: <4.0,>=3.9
+Requires-Dist: langchain-core<1.0.0,>=0.3.51
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# 🦜✂️ LangChain Text Splitters
+
+[![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/langchain_text_splitters/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/langchain_text_splitters)
+[![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+
+## Quick Install
+
+```bash
+pip install langchain-text-splitters
+```
+
+## What is it?
+
+LangChain Text Splitters contains utilities for splitting into chunks a wide variety of text documents.
+
+For full documentation see the [API reference](https://python.langchain.com/api_reference/text_splitters/index.html)
+and the [Text Splitters](https://python.langchain.com/docs/modules/data_connection/document_transformers/) module in the main docs.
+
+## 📕 Releases & Versioning
+
+`langchain-text-splitters` is currently on version `0.0.x`.
+
+Minor version increases will occur for:
+
+- Breaking changes for any public interfaces NOT marked `beta`
+
+Patch version increases will occur for:
+
+- Bug fixes
+- New features
+- Any changes to private interfaces
+- Any changes to `beta` features
+
+## 💁 Contributing
+
+As an open-source project in a rapidly developing field, we are extremely open to contributions, whether it be in the form of a new feature, improved infrastructure, or better documentation.
+
+For detailed information on how to contribute, see the [Contributing Guide](https://python.langchain.com/docs/contributing/).
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff47a67e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=j6N3gLUzNXogLdJQ3_wFxn7B7MXdmtSNBSXFu-F81xU,1937
+langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/RECORD,,
+langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=thaaA2w1JzcGC48WYufAs8nrYZjJm8LqNfnXFOFyCC4,90
+langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt,sha256=6OYgBcLyFCUgeqLgnvMyOJxPCWzgy7se4rLPKtNonMs,34
+langchain_text_splitters/__init__.py,sha256=qsGh220teTx9XThFzStC61rgq5Xbj_2elz-HhjAQttM,2329
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/character.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/html.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/json.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/jsx.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/konlpy.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/latex.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/markdown.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/nltk.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/python.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/sentence_transformers.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/spacy.cpython-312.pyc,,
+langchain_text_splitters/base.py,sha256=3WMILH-1_xDG1EnHk-GZ1OQjdYYyR8VIxhuURSrTV3o,12157
+langchain_text_splitters/character.py,sha256=jOZh6zLRx81BLm-MvT2R8neH0Q0ie6lfm9UlzEAHln4,23723
+langchain_text_splitters/html.py,sha256=jSfTMgipe_zJ-Hm7ZVdVm93UkCScu0N0MZ4ZWOcBsyc,36835
+langchain_text_splitters/json.py,sha256=mXArsSUsH_kCPZUvUTxNHJsy6kBTlcb-5Jyba8LAo-w,5895
+langchain_text_splitters/jsx.py,sha256=vmwfEc5c7eagLUvjBh6BbqyEOanW0g7AIYQKGo8ed18,3247
+langchain_text_splitters/konlpy.py,sha256=6BA2oGyhN9OX2do0AzUUy6b80k9rTr3gR-6-04-KMDg,985
+langchain_text_splitters/latex.py,sha256=7WReUU7Ypbmhyr6s7zUPM2FACpMubBVOvYyLQktIQt4,546
+langchain_text_splitters/markdown.py,sha256=o4w_q1DRzv8EC_2Key51ReWKuZEu02njQA6nl8HRfNU,17126
+langchain_text_splitters/nltk.py,sha256=iqmLeBhc_y4gI04kQKccTvnLE24B_xHAts2SRaulrAU,1966
+langchain_text_splitters/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+langchain_text_splitters/python.py,sha256=J02CAKztyEN69A5wYNhRL2hw8_SWBSg33-MksjDmTHk,539
+langchain_text_splitters/sentence_transformers.py,sha256=CKhm0c6QkZIoWaVOzxsRKm1c7MIyO-1lyqphV1cgnxU,3787
+langchain_text_splitters/spacy.py,sha256=iX60ldg3TmztpiAcd88ohR_xUSyHQRcU2nFEg8F-1d4,1941
+langchain_text_splitters/xsl/converting_to_header.xslt,sha256=WesNqi4fo2d9CPv3bZdRsToLJYE12MrMZFv2ewNvWfU,1073
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64b991e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: pdm-backend (2.4.3)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3ad4726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters-0.3.8.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[console_scripts]
+
+[gui_scripts]
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bcc8d07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+"""**Text Splitters** are classes for splitting text.
+
+**Class hierarchy:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    BaseDocumentTransformer --> TextSplitter --> <name>TextSplitter  # Example: CharacterTextSplitter
+                                                 RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter -->  <name>TextSplitter
+
+Note: **MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter** and **HTMLHeaderTextSplitter do not derive from TextSplitter.
+
+
+**Main helpers:**
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Document, Tokenizer, Language, LineType, HeaderType
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import (
+    Language,
+    TextSplitter,
+    Tokenizer,
+    TokenTextSplitter,
+    split_text_on_tokens,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.character import (
+    CharacterTextSplitter,
+    RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.html import (
+    ElementType,
+    HTMLHeaderTextSplitter,
+    HTMLSectionSplitter,
+    HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.json import RecursiveJsonSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.jsx import JSFrameworkTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.konlpy import KonlpyTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.latex import LatexTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.markdown import (
+    ExperimentalMarkdownSyntaxTextSplitter,
+    HeaderType,
+    LineType,
+    MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter,
+    MarkdownTextSplitter,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.nltk import NLTKTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.python import PythonCodeTextSplitter
+from langchain_text_splitters.sentence_transformers import (
+    SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter,
+)
+from langchain_text_splitters.spacy import SpacyTextSplitter
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TokenTextSplitter",
+    "TextSplitter",
+    "Tokenizer",
+    "Language",
+    "RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter",
+    "RecursiveJsonSplitter",
+    "LatexTextSplitter",
+    "JSFrameworkTextSplitter",
+    "PythonCodeTextSplitter",
+    "KonlpyTextSplitter",
+    "SpacyTextSplitter",
+    "NLTKTextSplitter",
+    "split_text_on_tokens",
+    "SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter",
+    "ElementType",
+    "HeaderType",
+    "LineType",
+    "HTMLHeaderTextSplitter",
+    "HTMLSectionSplitter",
+    "HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter",
+    "MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter",
+    "MarkdownTextSplitter",
+    "CharacterTextSplitter",
+    "ExperimentalMarkdownSyntaxTextSplitter",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/spacy.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/__pycache__/spacy.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c94c171c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import logging
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import (
+    AbstractSet,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Collection,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from langchain_core.documents import BaseDocumentTransformer, Document
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+TS = TypeVar("TS", bound="TextSplitter")
+
+
+class TextSplitter(BaseDocumentTransformer, ABC):
+    """Interface for splitting text into chunks."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        chunk_size: int = 4000,
+        chunk_overlap: int = 200,
+        length_function: Callable[[str], int] = len,
+        keep_separator: Union[bool, Literal["start", "end"]] = False,
+        add_start_index: bool = False,
+        strip_whitespace: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new TextSplitter.
+
+        Args:
+            chunk_size: Maximum size of chunks to return
+            chunk_overlap: Overlap in characters between chunks
+            length_function: Function that measures the length of given chunks
+            keep_separator: Whether to keep the separator and where to place it
+                            in each corresponding chunk (True='start')
+            add_start_index: If `True`, includes chunk's start index in metadata
+            strip_whitespace: If `True`, strips whitespace from the start and end of
+                              every document
+        """
+        if chunk_overlap > chunk_size:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Got a larger chunk overlap ({chunk_overlap}) than chunk size "
+                f"({chunk_size}), should be smaller."
+            )
+        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
+        self._chunk_overlap = chunk_overlap
+        self._length_function = length_function
+        self._keep_separator = keep_separator
+        self._add_start_index = add_start_index
+        self._strip_whitespace = strip_whitespace
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Split text into multiple components."""
+
+    def create_documents(
+        self, texts: List[str], metadatas: Optional[List[dict]] = None
+    ) -> List[Document]:
+        """Create documents from a list of texts."""
+        _metadatas = metadatas or [{}] * len(texts)
+        documents = []
+        for i, text in enumerate(texts):
+            index = 0
+            previous_chunk_len = 0
+            for chunk in self.split_text(text):
+                metadata = copy.deepcopy(_metadatas[i])
+                if self._add_start_index:
+                    offset = index + previous_chunk_len - self._chunk_overlap
+                    index = text.find(chunk, max(0, offset))
+                    metadata["start_index"] = index
+                    previous_chunk_len = len(chunk)
+                new_doc = Document(page_content=chunk, metadata=metadata)
+                documents.append(new_doc)
+        return documents
+
+    def split_documents(self, documents: Iterable[Document]) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split documents."""
+        texts, metadatas = [], []
+        for doc in documents:
+            texts.append(doc.page_content)
+            metadatas.append(doc.metadata)
+        return self.create_documents(texts, metadatas=metadatas)
+
+    def _join_docs(self, docs: List[str], separator: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        text = separator.join(docs)
+        if self._strip_whitespace:
+            text = text.strip()
+        if text == "":
+            return None
+        else:
+            return text
+
+    def _merge_splits(self, splits: Iterable[str], separator: str) -> List[str]:
+        # We now want to combine these smaller pieces into medium size
+        # chunks to send to the LLM.
+        separator_len = self._length_function(separator)
+
+        docs = []
+        current_doc: List[str] = []
+        total = 0
+        for d in splits:
+            _len = self._length_function(d)
+            if (
+                total + _len + (separator_len if len(current_doc) > 0 else 0)
+                > self._chunk_size
+            ):
+                if total > self._chunk_size:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f"Created a chunk of size {total}, "
+                        f"which is longer than the specified {self._chunk_size}"
+                    )
+                if len(current_doc) > 0:
+                    doc = self._join_docs(current_doc, separator)
+                    if doc is not None:
+                        docs.append(doc)
+                    # Keep on popping if:
+                    # - we have a larger chunk than in the chunk overlap
+                    # - or if we still have any chunks and the length is long
+                    while total > self._chunk_overlap or (
+                        total + _len + (separator_len if len(current_doc) > 0 else 0)
+                        > self._chunk_size
+                        and total > 0
+                    ):
+                        total -= self._length_function(current_doc[0]) + (
+                            separator_len if len(current_doc) > 1 else 0
+                        )
+                        current_doc = current_doc[1:]
+            current_doc.append(d)
+            total += _len + (separator_len if len(current_doc) > 1 else 0)
+        doc = self._join_docs(current_doc, separator)
+        if doc is not None:
+            docs.append(doc)
+        return docs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_huggingface_tokenizer(cls, tokenizer: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> TextSplitter:
+        """Text splitter that uses HuggingFace tokenizer to count length."""
+        try:
+            from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizerBase
+
+            if not isinstance(tokenizer, PreTrainedTokenizerBase):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Tokenizer received was not an instance of PreTrainedTokenizerBase"
+                )
+
+            def _huggingface_tokenizer_length(text: str) -> int:
+                return len(tokenizer.tokenize(text))
+
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Could not import transformers python package. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install transformers`."
+            )
+        return cls(length_function=_huggingface_tokenizer_length, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_tiktoken_encoder(
+        cls: Type[TS],
+        encoding_name: str = "gpt2",
+        model_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        allowed_special: Union[Literal["all"], AbstractSet[str]] = set(),
+        disallowed_special: Union[Literal["all"], Collection[str]] = "all",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> TS:
+        """Text splitter that uses tiktoken encoder to count length."""
+        try:
+            import tiktoken
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import tiktoken python package. "
+                "This is needed in order to calculate max_tokens_for_prompt. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install tiktoken`."
+            )
+
+        if model_name is not None:
+            enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model_name)
+        else:
+            enc = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)
+
+        def _tiktoken_encoder(text: str) -> int:
+            return len(
+                enc.encode(
+                    text,
+                    allowed_special=allowed_special,
+                    disallowed_special=disallowed_special,
+                )
+            )
+
+        if issubclass(cls, TokenTextSplitter):
+            extra_kwargs = {
+                "encoding_name": encoding_name,
+                "model_name": model_name,
+                "allowed_special": allowed_special,
+                "disallowed_special": disallowed_special,
+            }
+            kwargs = {**kwargs, **extra_kwargs}
+
+        return cls(length_function=_tiktoken_encoder, **kwargs)
+
+    def transform_documents(
+        self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Document]:
+        """Transform sequence of documents by splitting them."""
+        return self.split_documents(list(documents))
+
+
+class TokenTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
+    """Splitting text to tokens using model tokenizer."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        encoding_name: str = "gpt2",
+        model_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        allowed_special: Union[Literal["all"], AbstractSet[str]] = set(),
+        disallowed_special: Union[Literal["all"], Collection[str]] = "all",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        try:
+            import tiktoken
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import tiktoken python package. "
+                "This is needed in order to for TokenTextSplitter. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install tiktoken`."
+            )
+
+        if model_name is not None:
+            enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model_name)
+        else:
+            enc = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)
+        self._tokenizer = enc
+        self._allowed_special = allowed_special
+        self._disallowed_special = disallowed_special
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Splits the input text into smaller chunks based on tokenization.
+
+        This method uses a custom tokenizer configuration to encode the input text
+        into tokens, processes the tokens in chunks of a specified size with overlap,
+        and decodes them back into text chunks. The splitting is performed using the
+        `split_text_on_tokens` function.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The input text to be split into smaller chunks.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: A list of text chunks, where each chunk is derived from a portion
+            of the input text based on the tokenization and chunking rules.
+        """
+
+        def _encode(_text: str) -> List[int]:
+            return self._tokenizer.encode(
+                _text,
+                allowed_special=self._allowed_special,
+                disallowed_special=self._disallowed_special,
+            )
+
+        tokenizer = Tokenizer(
+            chunk_overlap=self._chunk_overlap,
+            tokens_per_chunk=self._chunk_size,
+            decode=self._tokenizer.decode,
+            encode=_encode,
+        )
+
+        return split_text_on_tokens(text=text, tokenizer=tokenizer)
+
+
+class Language(str, Enum):
+    """Enum of the programming languages."""
+
+    CPP = "cpp"
+    GO = "go"
+    JAVA = "java"
+    KOTLIN = "kotlin"
+    JS = "js"
+    TS = "ts"
+    PHP = "php"
+    PROTO = "proto"
+    PYTHON = "python"
+    RST = "rst"
+    RUBY = "ruby"
+    RUST = "rust"
+    SCALA = "scala"
+    SWIFT = "swift"
+    MARKDOWN = "markdown"
+    LATEX = "latex"
+    HTML = "html"
+    SOL = "sol"
+    CSHARP = "csharp"
+    COBOL = "cobol"
+    C = "c"
+    LUA = "lua"
+    PERL = "perl"
+    HASKELL = "haskell"
+    ELIXIR = "elixir"
+    POWERSHELL = "powershell"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Tokenizer:
+    """Tokenizer data class."""
+
+    chunk_overlap: int
+    """Overlap in tokens between chunks"""
+    tokens_per_chunk: int
+    """Maximum number of tokens per chunk"""
+    decode: Callable[[List[int]], str]
+    """ Function to decode a list of token ids to a string"""
+    encode: Callable[[str], List[int]]
+    """ Function to encode a string to a list of token ids"""
+
+
+def split_text_on_tokens(*, text: str, tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> List[str]:
+    """Split incoming text and return chunks using tokenizer."""
+    splits: List[str] = []
+    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text)
+    start_idx = 0
+    cur_idx = min(start_idx + tokenizer.tokens_per_chunk, len(input_ids))
+    chunk_ids = input_ids[start_idx:cur_idx]
+    while start_idx < len(input_ids):
+        splits.append(tokenizer.decode(chunk_ids))
+        if cur_idx == len(input_ids):
+            break
+        start_idx += tokenizer.tokens_per_chunk - tokenizer.chunk_overlap
+        cur_idx = min(start_idx + tokenizer.tokens_per_chunk, len(input_ids))
+        chunk_ids = input_ids[start_idx:cur_idx]
+    return splits
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/character.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/character.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2918bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/character.py
@@ -0,0 +1,720 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any, List, Literal, Optional, Union
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import Language, TextSplitter
+
+
+class CharacterTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
+    """Splitting text that looks at characters."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, separator: str = "\n\n", is_separator_regex: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._separator = separator
+        self._is_separator_regex = is_separator_regex
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
+        # First we naively split the large input into a bunch of smaller ones.
+        separator = (
+            self._separator if self._is_separator_regex else re.escape(self._separator)
+        )
+        splits = _split_text_with_regex(text, separator, self._keep_separator)
+        _separator = "" if self._keep_separator else self._separator
+        return self._merge_splits(splits, _separator)
+
+
+def _split_text_with_regex(
+    text: str, separator: str, keep_separator: Union[bool, Literal["start", "end"]]
+) -> List[str]:
+    # Now that we have the separator, split the text
+    if separator:
+        if keep_separator:
+            # The parentheses in the pattern keep the delimiters in the result.
+            _splits = re.split(f"({separator})", text)
+            splits = (
+                ([_splits[i] + _splits[i + 1] for i in range(0, len(_splits) - 1, 2)])
+                if keep_separator == "end"
+                else ([_splits[i] + _splits[i + 1] for i in range(1, len(_splits), 2)])
+            )
+            if len(_splits) % 2 == 0:
+                splits += _splits[-1:]
+            splits = (
+                (splits + [_splits[-1]])
+                if keep_separator == "end"
+                else ([_splits[0]] + splits)
+            )
+        else:
+            splits = re.split(separator, text)
+    else:
+        splits = list(text)
+    return [s for s in splits if s != ""]
+
+
+class RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
+    """Splitting text by recursively look at characters.
+
+    Recursively tries to split by different characters to find one
+    that works.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        separators: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        keep_separator: Union[bool, Literal["start", "end"]] = True,
+        is_separator_regex: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
+        super().__init__(keep_separator=keep_separator, **kwargs)
+        self._separators = separators or ["\n\n", "\n", " ", ""]
+        self._is_separator_regex = is_separator_regex
+
+    def _split_text(self, text: str, separators: List[str]) -> List[str]:
+        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
+        final_chunks = []
+        # Get appropriate separator to use
+        separator = separators[-1]
+        new_separators = []
+        for i, _s in enumerate(separators):
+            _separator = _s if self._is_separator_regex else re.escape(_s)
+            if _s == "":
+                separator = _s
+                break
+            if re.search(_separator, text):
+                separator = _s
+                new_separators = separators[i + 1 :]
+                break
+
+        _separator = separator if self._is_separator_regex else re.escape(separator)
+        splits = _split_text_with_regex(text, _separator, self._keep_separator)
+
+        # Now go merging things, recursively splitting longer texts.
+        _good_splits = []
+        _separator = "" if self._keep_separator else separator
+        for s in splits:
+            if self._length_function(s) < self._chunk_size:
+                _good_splits.append(s)
+            else:
+                if _good_splits:
+                    merged_text = self._merge_splits(_good_splits, _separator)
+                    final_chunks.extend(merged_text)
+                    _good_splits = []
+                if not new_separators:
+                    final_chunks.append(s)
+                else:
+                    other_info = self._split_text(s, new_separators)
+                    final_chunks.extend(other_info)
+        if _good_splits:
+            merged_text = self._merge_splits(_good_splits, _separator)
+            final_chunks.extend(merged_text)
+        return final_chunks
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Split the input text into smaller chunks based on predefined separators.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The input text to be split.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: A list of text chunks obtained after splitting.
+        """
+        return self._split_text(text, self._separators)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_language(
+        cls, language: Language, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter:
+        """Return an instance of this class based on a specific language.
+
+        This method initializes the text splitter with language-specific separators.
+
+        Args:
+            language (Language): The language to configure the text splitter for.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments to customize the splitter.
+
+        Returns:
+            RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter: An instance of the text splitter configured
+            for the specified language.
+        """
+        separators = cls.get_separators_for_language(language)
+        return cls(separators=separators, is_separator_regex=True, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_separators_for_language(language: Language) -> List[str]:
+        """Retrieve a list of separators specific to the given language.
+
+        Args:
+            language (Language): The language for which to get the separators.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: A list of separators appropriate for the specified language.
+        """
+        if language == Language.C or language == Language.CPP:
+            return [
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nvoid ",
+                "\nint ",
+                "\nfloat ",
+                "\ndouble ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.GO:
+            return [
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfunc ",
+                "\nvar ",
+                "\nconst ",
+                "\ntype ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.JAVA:
+            return [
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along method definitions
+                "\npublic ",
+                "\nprotected ",
+                "\nprivate ",
+                "\nstatic ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.KOTLIN:
+            return [
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along method definitions
+                "\npublic ",
+                "\nprotected ",
+                "\nprivate ",
+                "\ninternal ",
+                "\ncompanion ",
+                "\nfun ",
+                "\nval ",
+                "\nvar ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nwhen ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                "\nelse ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.JS:
+            return [
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfunction ",
+                "\nconst ",
+                "\nlet ",
+                "\nvar ",
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                "\ndefault ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.TS:
+            return [
+                "\nenum ",
+                "\ninterface ",
+                "\nnamespace ",
+                "\ntype ",
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfunction ",
+                "\nconst ",
+                "\nlet ",
+                "\nvar ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                "\ndefault ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.PHP:
+            return [
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfunction ",
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nforeach ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\ndo ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.PROTO:
+            return [
+                # Split along message definitions
+                "\nmessage ",
+                # Split along service definitions
+                "\nservice ",
+                # Split along enum definitions
+                "\nenum ",
+                # Split along option definitions
+                "\noption ",
+                # Split along import statements
+                "\nimport ",
+                # Split along syntax declarations
+                "\nsyntax ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.PYTHON:
+            return [
+                # First, try to split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                "\ndef ",
+                "\n\tdef ",
+                # Now split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.RST:
+            return [
+                # Split along section titles
+                "\n=+\n",
+                "\n-+\n",
+                "\n\\*+\n",
+                # Split along directive markers
+                "\n\n.. *\n\n",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.RUBY:
+            return [
+                # Split along method definitions
+                "\ndef ",
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nunless ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\ndo ",
+                "\nbegin ",
+                "\nrescue ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.ELIXIR:
+            return [
+                # Split along method function and module definition
+                "\ndef ",
+                "\ndefp ",
+                "\ndefmodule ",
+                "\ndefprotocol ",
+                "\ndefmacro ",
+                "\ndefmacrop ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nunless ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                "\ncond ",
+                "\nwith ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\ndo ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.RUST:
+            return [
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfn ",
+                "\nconst ",
+                "\nlet ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nloop ",
+                "\nmatch ",
+                "\nconst ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.SCALA:
+            return [
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                "\nobject ",
+                # Split along method definitions
+                "\ndef ",
+                "\nval ",
+                "\nvar ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nmatch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.SWIFT:
+            return [
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfunc ",
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                "\nstruct ",
+                "\nenum ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\ndo ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.MARKDOWN:
+            return [
+                # First, try to split along Markdown headings (starting with level 2)
+                "\n#{1,6} ",
+                # Note the alternative syntax for headings (below) is not handled here
+                # Heading level 2
+                # ---------------
+                # End of code block
+                "```\n",
+                # Horizontal lines
+                "\n\\*\\*\\*+\n",
+                "\n---+\n",
+                "\n___+\n",
+                # Note that this splitter doesn't handle horizontal lines defined
+                # by *three or more* of ***, ---, or ___, but this is not handled
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.LATEX:
+            return [
+                # First, try to split along Latex sections
+                "\n\\\\chapter{",
+                "\n\\\\section{",
+                "\n\\\\subsection{",
+                "\n\\\\subsubsection{",
+                # Now split by environments
+                "\n\\\\begin{enumerate}",
+                "\n\\\\begin{itemize}",
+                "\n\\\\begin{description}",
+                "\n\\\\begin{list}",
+                "\n\\\\begin{quote}",
+                "\n\\\\begin{quotation}",
+                "\n\\\\begin{verse}",
+                "\n\\\\begin{verbatim}",
+                # Now split by math environments
+                "\n\\\\begin{align}",
+                "$$",
+                "$",
+                # Now split by the normal type of lines
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.HTML:
+            return [
+                # First, try to split along HTML tags
+                "<body",
+                "<div",
+                "<p",
+                "<br",
+                "<li",
+                "<h1",
+                "<h2",
+                "<h3",
+                "<h4",
+                "<h5",
+                "<h6",
+                "<span",
+                "<table",
+                "<tr",
+                "<td",
+                "<th",
+                "<ul",
+                "<ol",
+                "<header",
+                "<footer",
+                "<nav",
+                # Head
+                "<head",
+                "<style",
+                "<script",
+                "<meta",
+                "<title",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.CSHARP:
+            return [
+                "\ninterface ",
+                "\nenum ",
+                "\nimplements ",
+                "\ndelegate ",
+                "\nevent ",
+                # Split along class definitions
+                "\nclass ",
+                "\nabstract ",
+                # Split along method definitions
+                "\npublic ",
+                "\nprotected ",
+                "\nprivate ",
+                "\nstatic ",
+                "\nreturn ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\ncontinue ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nforeach ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                "\nbreak ",
+                "\ncase ",
+                "\nelse ",
+                # Split by exceptions
+                "\ntry ",
+                "\nthrow ",
+                "\nfinally ",
+                "\ncatch ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.SOL:
+            return [
+                # Split along compiler information definitions
+                "\npragma ",
+                "\nusing ",
+                # Split along contract definitions
+                "\ncontract ",
+                "\ninterface ",
+                "\nlibrary ",
+                # Split along method definitions
+                "\nconstructor ",
+                "\ntype ",
+                "\nfunction ",
+                "\nevent ",
+                "\nmodifier ",
+                "\nerror ",
+                "\nstruct ",
+                "\nenum ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\ndo while ",
+                "\nassembly ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.COBOL:
+            return [
+                # Split along divisions
+                "\nIDENTIFICATION DIVISION.",
+                "\nENVIRONMENT DIVISION.",
+                "\nDATA DIVISION.",
+                "\nPROCEDURE DIVISION.",
+                # Split along sections within DATA DIVISION
+                "\nWORKING-STORAGE SECTION.",
+                "\nLINKAGE SECTION.",
+                "\nFILE SECTION.",
+                # Split along sections within PROCEDURE DIVISION
+                "\nINPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.",
+                # Split along paragraphs and common statements
+                "\nOPEN ",
+                "\nCLOSE ",
+                "\nREAD ",
+                "\nWRITE ",
+                "\nIF ",
+                "\nELSE ",
+                "\nMOVE ",
+                "\nPERFORM ",
+                "\nUNTIL ",
+                "\nVARYING ",
+                "\nACCEPT ",
+                "\nDISPLAY ",
+                "\nSTOP RUN.",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.LUA:
+            return [
+                # Split along variable and table definitions
+                "\nlocal ",
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfunction ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nrepeat ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.HASKELL:
+            return [
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nmain :: ",
+                "\nmain = ",
+                "\nlet ",
+                "\nin ",
+                "\ndo ",
+                "\nwhere ",
+                "\n:: ",
+                "\n= ",
+                # Split along type declarations
+                "\ndata ",
+                "\nnewtype ",
+                "\ntype ",
+                "\n:: ",
+                # Split along module declarations
+                "\nmodule ",
+                # Split along import statements
+                "\nimport ",
+                "\nqualified ",
+                "\nimport qualified ",
+                # Split along typeclass declarations
+                "\nclass ",
+                "\ninstance ",
+                # Split along case expressions
+                "\ncase ",
+                # Split along guards in function definitions
+                "\n| ",
+                # Split along record field declarations
+                "\ndata ",
+                "\n= {",
+                "\n, ",
+                # Split by the normal type of lines
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language == Language.POWERSHELL:
+            return [
+                # Split along function definitions
+                "\nfunction ",
+                # Split along parameter declarations (escape parentheses)
+                "\nparam ",
+                # Split along control flow statements
+                "\nif ",
+                "\nforeach ",
+                "\nfor ",
+                "\nwhile ",
+                "\nswitch ",
+                # Split along class definitions (for PowerShell 5.0 and above)
+                "\nclass ",
+                # Split along try-catch-finally blocks
+                "\ntry ",
+                "\ncatch ",
+                "\nfinally ",
+                # Split by normal lines and empty spaces
+                "\n\n",
+                "\n",
+                " ",
+                "",
+            ]
+        elif language in Language._value2member_map_:
+            raise ValueError(f"Language {language} is not implemented yet!")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Language {language} is not supported! "
+                f"Please choose from {list(Language)}"
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/html.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/html.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bd0c425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/html.py
@@ -0,0 +1,978 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import pathlib
+import re
+from io import StringIO
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    TypedDict,
+    cast,
+)
+
+import requests
+from langchain_core._api import beta
+from langchain_core.documents import BaseDocumentTransformer, Document
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.character import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+
+
+class ElementType(TypedDict):
+    """Element type as typed dict."""
+
+    url: str
+    xpath: str
+    content: str
+    metadata: Dict[str, str]
+
+
+class HTMLHeaderTextSplitter:
+    """Split HTML content into structured Documents based on specified headers.
+
+    Splits HTML content by detecting specified header tags (e.g., <h1>, <h2>) and
+    creating hierarchical Document objects that reflect the semantic structure
+    of the original content. For each identified section, the splitter associates
+    the extracted text with metadata corresponding to the encountered headers.
+
+    If no specified headers are found, the entire content is returned as a single
+    Document. This allows for flexible handling of HTML input, ensuring that
+    information is organized according to its semantic headers.
+
+    The splitter provides the option to return each HTML element as a separate
+    Document or aggregate them into semantically meaningful chunks. It also
+    gracefully handles multiple levels of nested headers, creating a rich,
+    hierarchical representation of the content.
+
+    Args:
+        headers_to_split_on (List[Tuple[str, str]]): A list of (header_tag,
+            header_name) pairs representing the headers that define splitting
+            boundaries. For example, [("h1", "Header 1"), ("h2", "Header 2")]
+            will split content by <h1> and <h2> tags, assigning their textual
+            content to the Document metadata.
+        return_each_element (bool): If True, every HTML element encountered
+            (including headers, paragraphs, etc.) is returned as a separate
+            Document. If False, content under the same header hierarchy is
+            aggregated into fewer Documents.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[Document]: A list of Document objects. Each Document contains
+        `page_content` holding the extracted text and `metadata` that maps
+        the header hierarchy to their corresponding titles.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_text_splitters.html_header_text_splitter import (
+                HTMLHeaderTextSplitter,
+            )
+
+            # Define headers for splitting on h1 and h2 tags.
+            headers_to_split_on = [("h1", "Main Topic"), ("h2", "Sub Topic")]
+
+            splitter = HTMLHeaderTextSplitter(
+                headers_to_split_on=headers_to_split_on,
+                return_each_element=False
+            )
+
+            html_content = \"\"\"
+            <html>
+              <body>
+                <h1>Introduction</h1>
+                <p>Welcome to the introduction section.</p>
+                <h2>Background</h2>
+                <p>Some background details here.</p>
+                <h1>Conclusion</h1>
+                <p>Final thoughts.</p>
+              </body>
+            </html>
+            \"\"\"
+
+            documents = splitter.split_text(html_content)
+
+            # 'documents' now contains Document objects reflecting the hierarchy:
+            # - Document with metadata={"Main Topic": "Introduction"} and
+            #   content="Introduction"
+            # - Document with metadata={"Main Topic": "Introduction"} and
+            #   content="Welcome to the introduction section."
+            # - Document with metadata={"Main Topic": "Introduction",
+            #   "Sub Topic": "Background"} and content="Background"
+            # - Document with metadata={"Main Topic": "Introduction",
+            #   "Sub Topic": "Background"} and content="Some background details here."
+            # - Document with metadata={"Main Topic": "Conclusion"} and
+            #   content="Conclusion"
+            # - Document with metadata={"Main Topic": "Conclusion"} and
+            #   content="Final thoughts."
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers_to_split_on: List[Tuple[str, str]],
+        return_each_element: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize with headers to split on.
+
+        Args:
+            headers_to_split_on: A list of tuples where
+                each tuple contains a header tag and its corresponding value.
+            return_each_element: Whether to return each HTML
+                element as a separate Document. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        # Sort headers by their numeric level so that h1 < h2 < h3...
+        self.headers_to_split_on = sorted(
+            headers_to_split_on, key=lambda x: int(x[0][1:])
+        )
+        self.header_mapping = dict(self.headers_to_split_on)
+        self.header_tags = [tag for tag, _ in self.headers_to_split_on]
+        self.return_each_element = return_each_element
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split the given text into a list of Document objects.
+
+        Args:
+            text: The HTML text to split.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of split Document objects.
+        """
+        return self.split_text_from_file(StringIO(text))
+
+    def split_text_from_url(
+        self, url: str, timeout: int = 10, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> List[Document]:
+        """Fetch text content from a URL and split it into documents.
+
+        Args:
+            url: The URL to fetch content from.
+            timeout: Timeout for the request. Defaults to 10.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments for the request.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of split Document objects.
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.RequestException: If the HTTP request fails.
+        """
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", timeout)
+        response = requests.get(url, **kwargs)
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        return self.split_text(response.text)
+
+    def split_text_from_file(self, file: Any) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split HTML content from a file into a list of Document objects.
+
+        Args:
+            file: A file path or a file-like object containing HTML content.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of split Document objects.
+        """
+        if isinstance(file, str):
+            with open(file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                html_content = f.read()
+        else:
+            html_content = file.read()
+        return list(self._generate_documents(html_content))
+
+    def _generate_documents(self, html_content: str) -> Any:
+        """Private method that performs a DFS traversal over the DOM and yields.
+
+        Document objects on-the-fly. This approach maintains the same splitting
+        logic (headers vs. non-headers, chunking, etc.) while walking the DOM
+        explicitly in code.
+
+        Args:
+            html_content: The raw HTML content.
+
+        Yields:
+            Document objects as they are created.
+        """
+        try:
+            from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Unable to import BeautifulSoup. Please install via `pip install bs4`."
+            ) from e
+
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, "html.parser")
+        body = soup.body if soup.body else soup
+
+        # Dictionary of active headers:
+        #   key = user-defined header name (e.g. "Header 1")
+        #   value = (header_text, level, dom_depth)
+        active_headers: Dict[str, Tuple[str, int, int]] = {}
+        current_chunk: List[str] = []
+
+        def finalize_chunk() -> Optional[Document]:
+            """Finalize the accumulated chunk into a single Document."""
+            if not current_chunk:
+                return None
+
+            final_text = "  \n".join(line for line in current_chunk if line.strip())
+            current_chunk.clear()
+            if not final_text.strip():
+                return None
+
+            final_meta = {k: v[0] for k, v in active_headers.items()}
+            return Document(page_content=final_text, metadata=final_meta)
+
+        # We'll use a stack for DFS traversal
+        stack = [body]
+        while stack:
+            node = stack.pop()
+            children = list(node.children)
+            from bs4.element import Tag
+
+            for child in reversed(children):
+                if isinstance(child, Tag):
+                    stack.append(child)
+
+            tag = getattr(node, "name", None)
+            if not tag:
+                continue
+
+            text_elements = [
+                str(child).strip()
+                for child in node.find_all(string=True, recursive=False)
+            ]
+            node_text = " ".join(elem for elem in text_elements if elem)
+            if not node_text:
+                continue
+
+            dom_depth = len(list(node.parents))
+
+            # If this node is one of our headers
+            if tag in self.header_tags:
+                # If we're aggregating, finalize whatever chunk we had
+                if not self.return_each_element:
+                    doc = finalize_chunk()
+                    if doc:
+                        yield doc
+
+                # Determine numeric level (h1->1, h2->2, etc.)
+                try:
+                    level = int(tag[1:])
+                except ValueError:
+                    level = 9999
+
+                # Remove any active headers that are at or deeper than this new level
+                headers_to_remove = [
+                    k for k, (_, lvl, d) in active_headers.items() if lvl >= level
+                ]
+                for key in headers_to_remove:
+                    del active_headers[key]
+
+                # Add/Update the active header
+                header_name = self.header_mapping[tag]
+                active_headers[header_name] = (node_text, level, dom_depth)
+
+                # Always yield a Document for the header
+                header_meta = {k: v[0] for k, v in active_headers.items()}
+                yield Document(page_content=node_text, metadata=header_meta)
+
+            else:
+                headers_out_of_scope = [
+                    k for k, (_, _, d) in active_headers.items() if dom_depth < d
+                ]
+                for key in headers_out_of_scope:
+                    del active_headers[key]
+
+                if self.return_each_element:
+                    # Yield each element's text as its own Document
+                    meta = {k: v[0] for k, v in active_headers.items()}
+                    yield Document(page_content=node_text, metadata=meta)
+                else:
+                    # Accumulate text in our chunk
+                    current_chunk.append(node_text)
+
+        # If we're aggregating and have leftover chunk, yield it
+        if not self.return_each_element:
+            doc = finalize_chunk()
+            if doc:
+                yield doc
+
+
+class HTMLSectionSplitter:
+    """Splitting HTML files based on specified tag and font sizes.
+
+    Requires lxml package.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers_to_split_on: List[Tuple[str, str]],
+        xslt_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new HTMLSectionSplitter.
+
+        Args:
+            headers_to_split_on: list of tuples of headers we want to track mapped to
+                (arbitrary) keys for metadata. Allowed header values: h1, h2, h3, h4,
+                h5, h6 e.g. [("h1", "Header 1"), ("h2", "Header 2"].
+            xslt_path: path to xslt file for document transformation.
+            Uses a default if not passed.
+            Needed for html contents that using different format and layouts.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional optional arguments for customizations.
+
+        """
+        self.headers_to_split_on = dict(headers_to_split_on)
+
+        if xslt_path is None:
+            self.xslt_path = (
+                pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "xsl/converting_to_header.xslt"
+            ).absolute()
+        else:
+            self.xslt_path = pathlib.Path(xslt_path).absolute()
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def split_documents(self, documents: Iterable[Document]) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split documents."""
+        texts, metadatas = [], []
+        for doc in documents:
+            texts.append(doc.page_content)
+            metadatas.append(doc.metadata)
+        results = self.create_documents(texts, metadatas=metadatas)
+
+        text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(**self.kwargs)
+
+        return text_splitter.split_documents(results)
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split HTML text string.
+
+        Args:
+            text: HTML text
+        """
+        return self.split_text_from_file(StringIO(text))
+
+    def create_documents(
+        self, texts: List[str], metadatas: Optional[List[dict]] = None
+    ) -> List[Document]:
+        """Create documents from a list of texts."""
+        _metadatas = metadatas or [{}] * len(texts)
+        documents = []
+        for i, text in enumerate(texts):
+            for chunk in self.split_text(text):
+                metadata = copy.deepcopy(_metadatas[i])
+
+                for key in chunk.metadata.keys():
+                    if chunk.metadata[key] == "#TITLE#":
+                        chunk.metadata[key] = metadata["Title"]
+                metadata = {**metadata, **chunk.metadata}
+                new_doc = Document(page_content=chunk.page_content, metadata=metadata)
+                documents.append(new_doc)
+        return documents
+
+    def split_html_by_headers(self, html_doc: str) -> List[Dict[str, Optional[str]]]:
+        """Split an HTML document into sections based on specified header tags.
+
+        This method uses BeautifulSoup to parse the HTML content and divides it into
+        sections based on headers defined in `headers_to_split_on`. Each section
+        contains the header text, content under the header, and the tag name.
+
+        Args:
+            html_doc (str): The HTML document to be split into sections.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Dict[str, Optional[str]]]: A list of dictionaries representing
+            sections.
+                Each dictionary contains:
+                - 'header': The header text or a default title for the first section.
+                - 'content': The content under the header.
+                - 'tag_name': The name of the header tag (e.g., "h1", "h2").
+        """
+        try:
+            from bs4 import (
+                BeautifulSoup,  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+                PageElement,
+            )
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Unable to import BeautifulSoup/PageElement, \
+                    please install with `pip install \
+                    bs4`."
+            ) from e
+
+        soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, "html.parser")
+        headers = list(self.headers_to_split_on.keys())
+        sections: list[dict[str, str | None]] = []
+
+        headers = soup.find_all(["body"] + headers)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        for i, header in enumerate(headers):
+            header_element = cast(PageElement, header)
+            if i == 0:
+                current_header = "#TITLE#"
+                current_header_tag = "h1"
+                section_content: List = []
+            else:
+                current_header = header_element.text.strip()
+                current_header_tag = header_element.name  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                section_content = []
+            for element in header_element.next_elements:
+                if i + 1 < len(headers) and element == headers[i + 1]:
+                    break
+                if isinstance(element, str):
+                    section_content.append(element)
+            content = " ".join(section_content).strip()
+
+            if content != "":
+                sections.append(
+                    {
+                        "header": current_header,
+                        "content": content,
+                        "tag_name": current_header_tag,
+                    }
+                )
+
+        return sections
+
+    def convert_possible_tags_to_header(self, html_content: str) -> str:
+        """Convert specific HTML tags to headers using an XSLT transformation.
+
+        This method uses an XSLT file to transform the HTML content, converting
+        certain tags into headers for easier parsing. If no XSLT path is provided,
+        the HTML content is returned unchanged.
+
+        Args:
+            html_content (str): The HTML content to be transformed.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The transformed HTML content as a string.
+        """
+        if self.xslt_path is None:
+            return html_content
+
+        try:
+            from lxml import etree
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Unable to import lxml, please install with `pip install lxml`."
+            ) from e
+        # use lxml library to parse html document and return xml ElementTree
+        parser = etree.HTMLParser()
+        tree = etree.parse(StringIO(html_content), parser)
+
+        xslt_tree = etree.parse(self.xslt_path)
+        transform = etree.XSLT(xslt_tree)
+        result = transform(tree)
+        return str(result)
+
+    def split_text_from_file(self, file: Any) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split HTML content from a file into a list of Document objects.
+
+        Args:
+            file: A file path or a file-like object containing HTML content.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of split Document objects.
+        """
+        file_content = file.getvalue()
+        file_content = self.convert_possible_tags_to_header(file_content)
+        sections = self.split_html_by_headers(file_content)
+
+        return [
+            Document(
+                cast(str, section["content"]),
+                metadata={
+                    self.headers_to_split_on[str(section["tag_name"])]: section[
+                        "header"
+                    ]
+                },
+            )
+            for section in sections
+        ]
+
+
+@beta()
+class HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter(BaseDocumentTransformer):
+    """Split HTML content preserving semantic structure.
+
+    Splits HTML content by headers into generalized chunks, preserving semantic
+    structure. If chunks exceed the maximum chunk size, it uses
+    RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter for further splitting.
+
+    The splitter preserves full HTML elements (e.g., <table>, <ul>) and converts
+    links to Markdown-like links. It can also preserve images, videos, and audio
+    elements by converting them into Markdown format. Note that some chunks may
+    exceed the maximum size to maintain semantic integrity.
+
+    .. versionadded: 0.3.5
+
+    Args:
+        headers_to_split_on (List[Tuple[str, str]]): HTML headers (e.g., "h1", "h2")
+            that define content sections.
+        max_chunk_size (int): Maximum size for each chunk, with allowance for
+            exceeding this limit to preserve semantics.
+        chunk_overlap (int): Number of characters to overlap between chunks to ensure
+            contextual continuity.
+        separators (List[str]): Delimiters used by RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter for
+            further splitting.
+        elements_to_preserve (List[str]): HTML tags (e.g., <table>, <ul>) to remain
+            intact during splitting.
+        preserve_links (bool): Converts <a> tags to Markdown links ([text](url)).
+        preserve_images (bool): Converts <img> tags to Markdown images (![alt](src)).
+        preserve_videos (bool): Converts <video> tags to Markdown
+        video links (![video](src)).
+        preserve_audio (bool): Converts <audio> tags to Markdown
+        audio links (![audio](src)).
+        custom_handlers (Dict[str, Callable[[Any], str]]): Optional custom handlers for
+            specific HTML tags, allowing tailored extraction or processing.
+        stopword_removal (bool): Optionally remove stopwords from the text.
+        stopword_lang (str): The language of stopwords to remove.
+        normalize_text (bool): Optionally normalize text
+            (e.g., lowercasing, removing punctuation).
+        external_metadata (Optional[Dict[str, str]]): Additional metadata to attach to
+            the Document objects.
+        allowlist_tags (Optional[List[str]]): Only these tags will be retained in
+            the HTML.
+        denylist_tags (Optional[List[str]]): These tags will be removed from the HTML.
+        preserve_parent_metadata (bool): Whether to pass through parent document
+            metadata to split documents when calling
+            ``transform_documents/atransform_documents()``.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langchain_text_splitters.html import HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter
+
+            def custom_iframe_extractor(iframe_tag):
+                ```
+                Custom handler function to extract the 'src' attribute from an <iframe> tag.
+                Converts the iframe to a Markdown-like link: [iframe:<src>](src).
+
+                Args:
+                    iframe_tag (bs4.element.Tag): The <iframe> tag to be processed.
+
+                Returns:
+                    str: A formatted string representing the iframe in Markdown-like format.
+                ```
+                iframe_src = iframe_tag.get('src', '')
+                return f"[iframe:{iframe_src}]({iframe_src})"
+
+            text_splitter = HTMLSemanticPreservingSplitter(
+                headers_to_split_on=[("h1", "Header 1"), ("h2", "Header 2")],
+                max_chunk_size=500,
+                preserve_links=True,
+                preserve_images=True,
+                custom_handlers={"iframe": custom_iframe_extractor}
+            )
+    """  # noqa: E501, D214
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers_to_split_on: List[Tuple[str, str]],
+        *,
+        max_chunk_size: int = 1000,
+        chunk_overlap: int = 0,
+        separators: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        elements_to_preserve: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        preserve_links: bool = False,
+        preserve_images: bool = False,
+        preserve_videos: bool = False,
+        preserve_audio: bool = False,
+        custom_handlers: Optional[Dict[str, Callable[[Any], str]]] = None,
+        stopword_removal: bool = False,
+        stopword_lang: str = "english",
+        normalize_text: bool = False,
+        external_metadata: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        allowlist_tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        denylist_tags: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        preserve_parent_metadata: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Initialize splitter."""
+        try:
+            from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, Tag
+
+            self._BeautifulSoup = BeautifulSoup
+            self._Tag = Tag
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import BeautifulSoup. "
+                "Please install it with 'pip install bs4'."
+            )
+
+        self._headers_to_split_on = sorted(headers_to_split_on)
+        self._max_chunk_size = max_chunk_size
+        self._elements_to_preserve = elements_to_preserve or []
+        self._preserve_links = preserve_links
+        self._preserve_images = preserve_images
+        self._preserve_videos = preserve_videos
+        self._preserve_audio = preserve_audio
+        self._custom_handlers = custom_handlers or {}
+        self._stopword_removal = stopword_removal
+        self._stopword_lang = stopword_lang
+        self._normalize_text = normalize_text
+        self._external_metadata = external_metadata or {}
+        self._allowlist_tags = allowlist_tags
+        self._preserve_parent_metadata = preserve_parent_metadata
+        if allowlist_tags:
+            self._allowlist_tags = list(
+                set(allowlist_tags + [header[0] for header in headers_to_split_on])
+            )
+        self._denylist_tags = denylist_tags
+        if denylist_tags:
+            self._denylist_tags = [
+                tag
+                for tag in denylist_tags
+                if tag not in [header[0] for header in headers_to_split_on]
+            ]
+        if separators:
+            self._recursive_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
+                separators=separators,
+                chunk_size=max_chunk_size,
+                chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap,
+            )
+        else:
+            self._recursive_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
+                chunk_size=max_chunk_size, chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap
+            )
+
+        if self._stopword_removal:
+            try:
+                import nltk  # type: ignore
+                from nltk.corpus import stopwords  # type: ignore
+
+                nltk.download("stopwords")
+                self._stopwords = set(stopwords.words(self._stopword_lang))
+            except ImportError:
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "Could not import nltk. Please install it with 'pip install nltk'."
+                )
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[Document]:
+        """Splits the provided HTML text into smaller chunks based on the configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The HTML content to be split.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Document]: A list of Document objects containing the split content.
+        """
+        soup = self._BeautifulSoup(text, "html.parser")
+
+        self._process_media(soup)
+
+        if self._preserve_links:
+            self._process_links(soup)
+
+        if self._allowlist_tags or self._denylist_tags:
+            self._filter_tags(soup)
+
+        return self._process_html(soup)
+
+    def transform_documents(
+        self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> List[Document]:
+        """Transform sequence of documents by splitting them."""
+        transformed = []
+        for doc in documents:
+            splits = self.split_text(doc.page_content)
+            if self._preserve_parent_metadata:
+                splits = [
+                    Document(
+                        page_content=split_doc.page_content,
+                        metadata={**doc.metadata, **split_doc.metadata},
+                    )
+                    for split_doc in splits
+                ]
+            transformed.extend(splits)
+        return transformed
+
+    def _process_media(self, soup: Any) -> None:
+        """Processes the media elements.
+
+        Process elements in the HTML content by wrapping them in a <media-wrapper> tag
+        and converting them to Markdown format.
+
+        Args:
+            soup (Any): Parsed HTML content using BeautifulSoup.
+        """
+        if self._preserve_images:
+            for img_tag in soup.find_all("img"):
+                img_src = img_tag.get("src", "")
+                markdown_img = f"![image:{img_src}]({img_src})"
+                wrapper = soup.new_tag("media-wrapper")
+                wrapper.string = markdown_img
+                img_tag.replace_with(wrapper)
+
+        if self._preserve_videos:
+            for video_tag in soup.find_all("video"):
+                video_src = video_tag.get("src", "")
+                markdown_video = f"![video:{video_src}]({video_src})"
+                wrapper = soup.new_tag("media-wrapper")
+                wrapper.string = markdown_video
+                video_tag.replace_with(wrapper)
+
+        if self._preserve_audio:
+            for audio_tag in soup.find_all("audio"):
+                audio_src = audio_tag.get("src", "")
+                markdown_audio = f"![audio:{audio_src}]({audio_src})"
+                wrapper = soup.new_tag("media-wrapper")
+                wrapper.string = markdown_audio
+                audio_tag.replace_with(wrapper)
+
+    def _process_links(self, soup: Any) -> None:
+        """Processes the links in the HTML content.
+
+        Args:
+            soup (Any): Parsed HTML content using BeautifulSoup.
+        """
+        for a_tag in soup.find_all("a"):
+            a_href = a_tag.get("href", "")
+            a_text = a_tag.get_text(strip=True)
+            markdown_link = f"[{a_text}]({a_href})"
+            wrapper = soup.new_tag("link-wrapper")
+            wrapper.string = markdown_link
+            a_tag.replace_with(markdown_link)
+
+    def _filter_tags(self, soup: Any) -> None:
+        """Filters the HTML content based on the allowlist and denylist tags.
+
+        Args:
+            soup (Any): Parsed HTML content using BeautifulSoup.
+        """
+        if self._allowlist_tags:
+            for tag in soup.find_all(True):
+                if tag.name not in self._allowlist_tags:
+                    tag.decompose()
+
+        if self._denylist_tags:
+            for tag in soup.find_all(self._denylist_tags):
+                tag.decompose()
+
+    def _normalize_and_clean_text(self, text: str) -> str:
+        """Normalizes the text by removing extra spaces and newlines.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text to be normalized.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The normalized text.
+        """
+        if self._normalize_text:
+            text = text.lower()
+            text = re.sub(r"[^\w\s]", "", text)
+            text = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text).strip()
+
+        if self._stopword_removal:
+            text = " ".join(
+                [word for word in text.split() if word not in self._stopwords]
+            )
+
+        return text
+
+    def _process_html(self, soup: Any) -> List[Document]:
+        """Processes the HTML content using BeautifulSoup and splits it using headers.
+
+        Args:
+            soup (Any): Parsed HTML content using BeautifulSoup.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Document]: A list of Document objects containing the split content.
+        """
+        documents: List[Document] = []
+        current_headers: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        current_content: List[str] = []
+        preserved_elements: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        placeholder_count: int = 0
+
+        def _get_element_text(element: Any) -> str:
+            """Recursively extracts and processes the text of an element.
+
+            Applies custom handlers where applicable, and ensures correct spacing.
+
+            Args:
+                element (Any): The HTML element to process.
+
+            Returns:
+                str: The processed text of the element.
+            """
+            if element.name in self._custom_handlers:
+                return self._custom_handlers[element.name](element)
+
+            text = ""
+
+            if element.name is not None:
+                for child in element.children:
+                    child_text = _get_element_text(child).strip()
+                    if text and child_text:
+                        text += " "
+                    text += child_text
+            elif element.string:
+                text += element.string
+
+            return self._normalize_and_clean_text(text)
+
+        elements = soup.find_all(recursive=False)
+
+        def _process_element(
+            element: List[Any],
+            documents: List[Document],
+            current_headers: Dict[str, str],
+            current_content: List[str],
+            preserved_elements: Dict[str, str],
+            placeholder_count: int,
+        ) -> Tuple[List[Document], Dict[str, str], List[str], Dict[str, str], int]:
+            for elem in element:
+                if elem.name.lower() in ["html", "body", "div", "main"]:
+                    children = elem.find_all(recursive=False)
+                    (
+                        documents,
+                        current_headers,
+                        current_content,
+                        preserved_elements,
+                        placeholder_count,
+                    ) = _process_element(
+                        children,
+                        documents,
+                        current_headers,
+                        current_content,
+                        preserved_elements,
+                        placeholder_count,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                if elem.name in [h[0] for h in self._headers_to_split_on]:
+                    if current_content:
+                        documents.extend(
+                            self._create_documents(
+                                current_headers,
+                                " ".join(current_content),
+                                preserved_elements,
+                            )
+                        )
+                        current_content.clear()
+                        preserved_elements.clear()
+                    header_name = elem.get_text(strip=True)
+                    current_headers = {
+                        dict(self._headers_to_split_on)[elem.name]: header_name
+                    }
+                elif elem.name in self._elements_to_preserve:
+                    placeholder = f"PRESERVED_{placeholder_count}"
+                    preserved_elements[placeholder] = _get_element_text(elem)
+                    current_content.append(placeholder)
+                    placeholder_count += 1
+                else:
+                    content = _get_element_text(elem)
+                    if content:
+                        current_content.append(content)
+
+            return (
+                documents,
+                current_headers,
+                current_content,
+                preserved_elements,
+                placeholder_count,
+            )
+
+        # Process the elements
+        (
+            documents,
+            current_headers,
+            current_content,
+            preserved_elements,
+            placeholder_count,
+        ) = _process_element(
+            elements,
+            documents,
+            current_headers,
+            current_content,
+            preserved_elements,
+            placeholder_count,
+        )
+
+        # Handle any remaining content
+        if current_content:
+            documents.extend(
+                self._create_documents(
+                    current_headers,
+                    " ".join(current_content),
+                    preserved_elements,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return documents
+
+    def _create_documents(
+        self, headers: dict, content: str, preserved_elements: dict
+    ) -> List[Document]:
+        """Creates Document objects from the provided headers, content, and elements.
+
+        Args:
+            headers (dict): The headers to attach as metadata to the Document.
+            content (str): The content of the Document.
+            preserved_elements (dict): Preserved elements to be reinserted
+            into the content.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Document]: A list of Document objects.
+        """
+        content = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", content).strip()
+
+        metadata = {**headers, **self._external_metadata}
+
+        if len(content) <= self._max_chunk_size:
+            page_content = self._reinsert_preserved_elements(
+                content, preserved_elements
+            )
+            return [Document(page_content=page_content, metadata=metadata)]
+        else:
+            return self._further_split_chunk(content, metadata, preserved_elements)
+
+    def _further_split_chunk(
+        self, content: str, metadata: dict, preserved_elements: dict
+    ) -> List[Document]:
+        """Further splits the content into smaller chunks.
+
+        Args:
+            content (str): The content to be split.
+            metadata (dict): Metadata to attach to each chunk.
+            preserved_elements (dict): Preserved elements
+            to be reinserted into each chunk.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Document]: A list of Document objects containing the split content.
+        """
+        splits = self._recursive_splitter.split_text(content)
+        result = []
+
+        for split in splits:
+            split_with_preserved = self._reinsert_preserved_elements(
+                split, preserved_elements
+            )
+            if split_with_preserved.strip():
+                result.append(
+                    Document(
+                        page_content=split_with_preserved.strip(),
+                        metadata=metadata,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _reinsert_preserved_elements(
+        self, content: str, preserved_elements: dict
+    ) -> str:
+        """Reinserts preserved elements into the content into their original positions.
+
+        Args:
+            content (str): The content where placeholders need to be replaced.
+            preserved_elements (dict): Preserved elements to be reinserted.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The content with placeholders replaced by preserved elements.
+        """
+        for placeholder, preserved_content in preserved_elements.items():
+            content = content.replace(placeholder, preserved_content.strip())
+        return content
+
+
+# %%
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c58174dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import copy
+import json
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+
+class RecursiveJsonSplitter:
+    """Splits JSON data into smaller, structured chunks while preserving hierarchy.
+
+    This class provides methods to split JSON data into smaller dictionaries or
+    JSON-formatted strings based on configurable maximum and minimum chunk sizes.
+    It supports nested JSON structures, optionally converts lists into dictionaries
+    for better chunking, and allows the creation of document objects for further use.
+
+    Attributes:
+        max_chunk_size (int): The maximum size for each chunk. Defaults to 2000.
+        min_chunk_size (int): The minimum size for each chunk, derived from
+            `max_chunk_size` if not explicitly provided.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, max_chunk_size: int = 2000, min_chunk_size: Optional[int] = None
+    ):
+        """Initialize the chunk size configuration for text processing.
+
+        This constructor sets up the maximum and minimum chunk sizes, ensuring that
+        the `min_chunk_size` defaults to a value slightly smaller than the
+        `max_chunk_size` if not explicitly provided.
+
+        Args:
+            max_chunk_size (int): The maximum size for a chunk. Defaults to 2000.
+            min_chunk_size (Optional[int]): The minimum size for a chunk. If None,
+                defaults to the maximum chunk size minus 200, with a lower bound of 50.
+
+        Attributes:
+            max_chunk_size (int): The configured maximum size for each chunk.
+            min_chunk_size (int): The configured minimum size for each chunk, derived
+                from `max_chunk_size` if not explicitly provided.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.max_chunk_size = max_chunk_size
+        self.min_chunk_size = (
+            min_chunk_size
+            if min_chunk_size is not None
+            else max(max_chunk_size - 200, 50)
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _json_size(data: Dict) -> int:
+        """Calculate the size of the serialized JSON object."""
+        return len(json.dumps(data))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_nested_dict(d: Dict, path: List[str], value: Any) -> None:
+        """Set a value in a nested dictionary based on the given path."""
+        for key in path[:-1]:
+            d = d.setdefault(key, {})
+        d[path[-1]] = value
+
+    def _list_to_dict_preprocessing(self, data: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            # Process each key-value pair in the dictionary
+            return {k: self._list_to_dict_preprocessing(v) for k, v in data.items()}
+        elif isinstance(data, list):
+            # Convert the list to a dictionary with index-based keys
+            return {
+                str(i): self._list_to_dict_preprocessing(item)
+                for i, item in enumerate(data)
+            }
+        else:
+            # Base case: the item is neither a dict nor a list, so return it unchanged
+            return data
+
+    def _json_split(
+        self,
+        data: Dict[str, Any],
+        current_path: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        chunks: Optional[List[Dict]] = None,
+    ) -> List[Dict]:
+        """Split json into maximum size dictionaries while preserving structure."""
+        current_path = current_path or []
+        chunks = chunks if chunks is not None else [{}]
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            for key, value in data.items():
+                new_path = current_path + [key]
+                chunk_size = self._json_size(chunks[-1])
+                size = self._json_size({key: value})
+                remaining = self.max_chunk_size - chunk_size
+
+                if size < remaining:
+                    # Add item to current chunk
+                    self._set_nested_dict(chunks[-1], new_path, value)
+                else:
+                    if chunk_size >= self.min_chunk_size:
+                        # Chunk is big enough, start a new chunk
+                        chunks.append({})
+
+                    # Iterate
+                    self._json_split(value, new_path, chunks)
+        else:
+            # handle single item
+            self._set_nested_dict(chunks[-1], current_path, data)
+        return chunks
+
+    def split_json(
+        self,
+        json_data: Dict[str, Any],
+        convert_lists: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[Dict]:
+        """Splits JSON into a list of JSON chunks."""
+        if convert_lists:
+            chunks = self._json_split(self._list_to_dict_preprocessing(json_data))
+        else:
+            chunks = self._json_split(json_data)
+
+        # Remove the last chunk if it's empty
+        if not chunks[-1]:
+            chunks.pop()
+        return chunks
+
+    def split_text(
+        self,
+        json_data: Dict[str, Any],
+        convert_lists: bool = False,
+        ensure_ascii: bool = True,
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Splits JSON into a list of JSON formatted strings."""
+        chunks = self.split_json(json_data=json_data, convert_lists=convert_lists)
+
+        # Convert to string
+        return [json.dumps(chunk, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii) for chunk in chunks]
+
+    def create_documents(
+        self,
+        texts: List[Dict],
+        convert_lists: bool = False,
+        ensure_ascii: bool = True,
+        metadatas: Optional[List[dict]] = None,
+    ) -> List[Document]:
+        """Create documents from a list of json objects (Dict)."""
+        _metadatas = metadatas or [{}] * len(texts)
+        documents = []
+        for i, text in enumerate(texts):
+            for chunk in self.split_text(
+                json_data=text, convert_lists=convert_lists, ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii
+            ):
+                metadata = copy.deepcopy(_metadatas[i])
+                new_doc = Document(page_content=chunk, metadata=metadata)
+                documents.append(new_doc)
+        return documents
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/jsx.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/jsx.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc13a58c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/jsx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import re
+from typing import Any, List, Optional
+
+from langchain_text_splitters import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+
+
+class JSFrameworkTextSplitter(RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter):
+    """Text splitter that handles React (JSX), Vue, and Svelte code.
+
+    This splitter extends RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter to handle
+    React (JSX), Vue, and Svelte code by:
+    1. Detecting and extracting custom component tags from the text
+    2. Using those tags as additional separators along with standard JS syntax
+
+    The splitter combines:
+    - Custom component tags as separators (e.g. <Component, <div)
+    - JavaScript syntax elements (function, const, if, etc)
+    - Standard text splitting on newlines
+
+    This allows chunks to break at natural boundaries in
+    React, Vue, and Svelte component code.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        separators: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        chunk_size: int = 2000,
+        chunk_overlap: int = 0,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the JS Framework text splitter.
+
+        Args:
+            separators: Optional list of custom separator strings to use
+            chunk_size: Maximum size of chunks to return
+            chunk_overlap: Overlap in characters between chunks
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments to pass to parent class
+        """
+        super().__init__(chunk_size=chunk_size, chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap, **kwargs)
+        self._separators = separators or []
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Split text into chunks.
+
+        This method splits the text into chunks by:
+        - Extracting unique opening component tags using regex
+        - Creating separators list with extracted tags and JS separators
+        - Splitting the text using the separators by calling the parent class method
+
+        Args:
+            text: String containing code to split
+
+        Returns:
+            List of text chunks split on component and JS boundaries
+        """
+        # Extract unique opening component tags using regex
+        # Regex to match opening tags, excluding self-closing tags
+        opening_tags = re.findall(r"<\s*([a-zA-Z0-9]+)[^>]*>", text)
+
+        component_tags = []
+        for tag in opening_tags:
+            if tag not in component_tags:
+                component_tags.append(tag)
+        component_separators = [f"<{tag}" for tag in component_tags]
+
+        js_separators = [
+            "\nexport ",
+            " export ",
+            "\nfunction ",
+            "\nasync function ",
+            " async function ",
+            "\nconst ",
+            "\nlet ",
+            "\nvar ",
+            "\nclass ",
+            " class ",
+            "\nif ",
+            " if ",
+            "\nfor ",
+            " for ",
+            "\nwhile ",
+            " while ",
+            "\nswitch ",
+            " switch ",
+            "\ncase ",
+            " case ",
+            "\ndefault ",
+            " default ",
+        ]
+        separators = (
+            self._separators
+            + js_separators
+            + component_separators
+            + ["<>", "\n\n", "&&\n", "||\n"]
+        )
+        self._separators = separators
+        chunks = super().split_text(text)
+        return chunks
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/konlpy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/konlpy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..692f9d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/konlpy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import TextSplitter
+
+
+class KonlpyTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
+    """Splitting text using Konlpy package.
+
+    It is good for splitting Korean text.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        separator: str = "\n\n",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the Konlpy text splitter."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._separator = separator
+        try:
+            from konlpy.tag import Kkma
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                """
+                Konlpy is not installed, please install it with 
+                `pip install konlpy`
+                """
+            )
+        self.kkma = Kkma()
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
+        splits = self.kkma.sentences(text)
+        return self._merge_splits(splits, self._separator)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/latex.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/latex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55d47f78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/latex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import Language
+from langchain_text_splitters.character import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+
+
+class LatexTextSplitter(RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter):
+    """Attempts to split the text along Latex-formatted layout elements."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize a LatexTextSplitter."""
+        separators = self.get_separators_for_language(Language.LATEX)
+        super().__init__(separators=separators, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/markdown.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/markdown.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f1f9b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/markdown.py
@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Tuple, TypedDict, Union
+
+from langchain_core.documents import Document
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import Language
+from langchain_text_splitters.character import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+
+
+class MarkdownTextSplitter(RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter):
+    """Attempts to split the text along Markdown-formatted headings."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize a MarkdownTextSplitter."""
+        separators = self.get_separators_for_language(Language.MARKDOWN)
+        super().__init__(separators=separators, **kwargs)
+
+
+class MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter:
+    """Splitting markdown files based on specified headers."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers_to_split_on: List[Tuple[str, str]],
+        return_each_line: bool = False,
+        strip_headers: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """Create a new MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter.
+
+        Args:
+            headers_to_split_on: Headers we want to track
+            return_each_line: Return each line w/ associated headers
+            strip_headers: Strip split headers from the content of the chunk
+        """
+        # Output line-by-line or aggregated into chunks w/ common headers
+        self.return_each_line = return_each_line
+        # Given the headers we want to split on,
+        # (e.g., "#, ##, etc") order by length
+        self.headers_to_split_on = sorted(
+            headers_to_split_on, key=lambda split: len(split[0]), reverse=True
+        )
+        # Strip headers split headers from the content of the chunk
+        self.strip_headers = strip_headers
+
+    def aggregate_lines_to_chunks(self, lines: List[LineType]) -> List[Document]:
+        """Combine lines with common metadata into chunks.
+
+        Args:
+            lines: Line of text / associated header metadata
+        """
+        aggregated_chunks: List[LineType] = []
+
+        for line in lines:
+            if (
+                aggregated_chunks
+                and aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"] == line["metadata"]
+            ):
+                # If the last line in the aggregated list
+                # has the same metadata as the current line,
+                # append the current content to the last lines's content
+                aggregated_chunks[-1]["content"] += "  \n" + line["content"]
+            elif (
+                aggregated_chunks
+                and aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"] != line["metadata"]
+                # may be issues if other metadata is present
+                and len(aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"]) < len(line["metadata"])
+                and aggregated_chunks[-1]["content"].split("\n")[-1][0] == "#"
+                and not self.strip_headers
+            ):
+                # If the last line in the aggregated list
+                # has different metadata as the current line,
+                # and has shallower header level than the current line,
+                # and the last line is a header,
+                # and we are not stripping headers,
+                # append the current content to the last line's content
+                aggregated_chunks[-1]["content"] += "  \n" + line["content"]
+                # and update the last line's metadata
+                aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"] = line["metadata"]
+            else:
+                # Otherwise, append the current line to the aggregated list
+                aggregated_chunks.append(line)
+
+        return [
+            Document(page_content=chunk["content"], metadata=chunk["metadata"])
+            for chunk in aggregated_chunks
+        ]
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split markdown file.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Markdown file
+        """
+        # Split the input text by newline character ("\n").
+        lines = text.split("\n")
+        # Final output
+        lines_with_metadata: List[LineType] = []
+        # Content and metadata of the chunk currently being processed
+        current_content: List[str] = []
+        current_metadata: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        # Keep track of the nested header structure
+        # header_stack: List[Dict[str, Union[int, str]]] = []
+        header_stack: List[HeaderType] = []
+        initial_metadata: Dict[str, str] = {}
+
+        in_code_block = False
+        opening_fence = ""
+
+        for line in lines:
+            stripped_line = line.strip()
+            # Remove all non-printable characters from the string, keeping only visible
+            # text.
+            stripped_line = "".join(filter(str.isprintable, stripped_line))
+            if not in_code_block:
+                # Exclude inline code spans
+                if stripped_line.startswith("```") and stripped_line.count("```") == 1:
+                    in_code_block = True
+                    opening_fence = "```"
+                elif stripped_line.startswith("~~~"):
+                    in_code_block = True
+                    opening_fence = "~~~"
+            else:
+                if stripped_line.startswith(opening_fence):
+                    in_code_block = False
+                    opening_fence = ""
+
+            if in_code_block:
+                current_content.append(stripped_line)
+                continue
+
+            # Check each line against each of the header types (e.g., #, ##)
+            for sep, name in self.headers_to_split_on:
+                # Check if line starts with a header that we intend to split on
+                if stripped_line.startswith(sep) and (
+                    # Header with no text OR header is followed by space
+                    # Both are valid conditions that sep is being used a header
+                    len(stripped_line) == len(sep) or stripped_line[len(sep)] == " "
+                ):
+                    # Ensure we are tracking the header as metadata
+                    if name is not None:
+                        # Get the current header level
+                        current_header_level = sep.count("#")
+
+                        # Pop out headers of lower or same level from the stack
+                        while (
+                            header_stack
+                            and header_stack[-1]["level"] >= current_header_level
+                        ):
+                            # We have encountered a new header
+                            # at the same or higher level
+                            popped_header = header_stack.pop()
+                            # Clear the metadata for the
+                            # popped header in initial_metadata
+                            if popped_header["name"] in initial_metadata:
+                                initial_metadata.pop(popped_header["name"])
+
+                        # Push the current header to the stack
+                        header: HeaderType = {
+                            "level": current_header_level,
+                            "name": name,
+                            "data": stripped_line[len(sep) :].strip(),
+                        }
+                        header_stack.append(header)
+                        # Update initial_metadata with the current header
+                        initial_metadata[name] = header["data"]
+
+                    # Add the previous line to the lines_with_metadata
+                    # only if current_content is not empty
+                    if current_content:
+                        lines_with_metadata.append(
+                            {
+                                "content": "\n".join(current_content),
+                                "metadata": current_metadata.copy(),
+                            }
+                        )
+                        current_content.clear()
+
+                    if not self.strip_headers:
+                        current_content.append(stripped_line)
+
+                    break
+            else:
+                if stripped_line:
+                    current_content.append(stripped_line)
+                elif current_content:
+                    lines_with_metadata.append(
+                        {
+                            "content": "\n".join(current_content),
+                            "metadata": current_metadata.copy(),
+                        }
+                    )
+                    current_content.clear()
+
+            current_metadata = initial_metadata.copy()
+
+        if current_content:
+            lines_with_metadata.append(
+                {
+                    "content": "\n".join(current_content),
+                    "metadata": current_metadata,
+                }
+            )
+
+        # lines_with_metadata has each line with associated header metadata
+        # aggregate these into chunks based on common metadata
+        if not self.return_each_line:
+            return self.aggregate_lines_to_chunks(lines_with_metadata)
+        else:
+            return [
+                Document(page_content=chunk["content"], metadata=chunk["metadata"])
+                for chunk in lines_with_metadata
+            ]
+
+
+class LineType(TypedDict):
+    """Line type as typed dict."""
+
+    metadata: Dict[str, str]
+    content: str
+
+
+class HeaderType(TypedDict):
+    """Header type as typed dict."""
+
+    level: int
+    name: str
+    data: str
+
+
+class ExperimentalMarkdownSyntaxTextSplitter:
+    """An experimental text splitter for handling Markdown syntax.
+
+    This splitter aims to retain the exact whitespace of the original text while
+    extracting structured metadata, such as headers. It is a re-implementation of the
+    MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter with notable changes to the approach and
+    additional features.
+
+    Key Features:
+    - Retains the original whitespace and formatting of the Markdown text.
+    - Extracts headers, code blocks, and horizontal rules as metadata.
+    - Splits out code blocks and includes the language in the "Code" metadata key.
+    - Splits text on horizontal rules (`---`) as well.
+    - Defaults to sensible splitting behavior, which can be overridden using the
+      `headers_to_split_on` parameter.
+
+    Parameters:
+    ----------
+    headers_to_split_on : List[Tuple[str, str]], optional
+        Headers to split on, defaulting to common Markdown headers if not specified.
+    return_each_line : bool, optional
+        When set to True, returns each line as a separate chunk. Default is False.
+
+    Usage example:
+    --------------
+    >>> headers_to_split_on = [
+    >>>     ("#", "Header 1"),
+    >>>     ("##", "Header 2"),
+    >>> ]
+    >>> splitter = ExperimentalMarkdownSyntaxTextSplitter(
+    >>>     headers_to_split_on=headers_to_split_on
+    >>> )
+    >>> chunks = splitter.split(text)
+    >>> for chunk in chunks:
+    >>>     print(chunk)
+
+    This class is currently experimental and subject to change based on feedback and
+    further development.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_HEADER_KEYS = {
+        "#": "Header 1",
+        "##": "Header 2",
+        "###": "Header 3",
+        "####": "Header 4",
+        "#####": "Header 5",
+        "######": "Header 6",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers_to_split_on: Union[List[Tuple[str, str]], None] = None,
+        return_each_line: bool = False,
+        strip_headers: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the text splitter with header splitting and formatting options.
+
+        This constructor sets up the required configuration for splitting text into
+        chunks based on specified headers and formatting preferences.
+
+        Args:
+            headers_to_split_on (Union[List[Tuple[str, str]], None]):
+                A list of tuples, where each tuple contains a header tag (e.g., "h1")
+                and its corresponding metadata key. If None, default headers are used.
+            return_each_line (bool):
+                Whether to return each line as an individual chunk.
+                Defaults to False, which aggregates lines into larger chunks.
+            strip_headers (bool):
+                Whether to exclude headers from the resulting chunks.
+                Defaults to True.
+        """
+        self.chunks: List[Document] = []
+        self.current_chunk = Document(page_content="")
+        self.current_header_stack: List[Tuple[int, str]] = []
+        self.strip_headers = strip_headers
+        if headers_to_split_on:
+            self.splittable_headers = dict(headers_to_split_on)
+        else:
+            self.splittable_headers = self.DEFAULT_HEADER_KEYS
+
+        self.return_each_line = return_each_line
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[Document]:
+        """Split the input text into structured chunks.
+
+        This method processes the input text line by line, identifying and handling
+        specific patterns such as headers, code blocks, and horizontal rules to
+        split it into structured chunks based on headers, code blocks, and
+        horizontal rules.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The input text to be split into chunks.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Document]: A list of `Document` objects representing the structured
+            chunks of the input text. If `return_each_line` is enabled, each line
+            is returned as a separate `Document`.
+        """
+        # Reset the state for each new file processed
+        self.chunks.clear()
+        self.current_chunk = Document(page_content="")
+        self.current_header_stack.clear()
+
+        raw_lines = text.splitlines(keepends=True)
+
+        while raw_lines:
+            raw_line = raw_lines.pop(0)
+            header_match = self._match_header(raw_line)
+            code_match = self._match_code(raw_line)
+            horz_match = self._match_horz(raw_line)
+            if header_match:
+                self._complete_chunk_doc()
+
+                if not self.strip_headers:
+                    self.current_chunk.page_content += raw_line
+
+                # add the header to the stack
+                header_depth = len(header_match.group(1))
+                header_text = header_match.group(2)
+                self._resolve_header_stack(header_depth, header_text)
+            elif code_match:
+                self._complete_chunk_doc()
+                self.current_chunk.page_content = self._resolve_code_chunk(
+                    raw_line, raw_lines
+                )
+                self.current_chunk.metadata["Code"] = code_match.group(1)
+                self._complete_chunk_doc()
+            elif horz_match:
+                self._complete_chunk_doc()
+            else:
+                self.current_chunk.page_content += raw_line
+
+        self._complete_chunk_doc()
+        # I don't see why `return_each_line` is a necessary feature of this splitter.
+        # It's easy enough to to do outside of the class and the caller can have more
+        # control over it.
+        if self.return_each_line:
+            return [
+                Document(page_content=line, metadata=chunk.metadata)
+                for chunk in self.chunks
+                for line in chunk.page_content.splitlines()
+                if line and not line.isspace()
+            ]
+        return self.chunks
+
+    def _resolve_header_stack(self, header_depth: int, header_text: str) -> None:
+        for i, (depth, _) in enumerate(self.current_header_stack):
+            if depth == header_depth:
+                self.current_header_stack[i] = (header_depth, header_text)
+                self.current_header_stack = self.current_header_stack[: i + 1]
+                return
+        self.current_header_stack.append((header_depth, header_text))
+
+    def _resolve_code_chunk(self, current_line: str, raw_lines: List[str]) -> str:
+        chunk = current_line
+        while raw_lines:
+            raw_line = raw_lines.pop(0)
+            chunk += raw_line
+            if self._match_code(raw_line):
+                return chunk
+        return ""
+
+    def _complete_chunk_doc(self) -> None:
+        chunk_content = self.current_chunk.page_content
+        # Discard any empty documents
+        if chunk_content and not chunk_content.isspace():
+            # Apply the header stack as metadata
+            for depth, value in self.current_header_stack:
+                header_key = self.splittable_headers.get("#" * depth)
+                self.current_chunk.metadata[header_key] = value
+            self.chunks.append(self.current_chunk)
+        # Reset the current chunk
+        self.current_chunk = Document(page_content="")
+
+    # Match methods
+    def _match_header(self, line: str) -> Union[re.Match, None]:
+        match = re.match(r"^(#{1,6}) (.*)", line)
+        # Only matches on the configured headers
+        if match and match.group(1) in self.splittable_headers:
+            return match
+        return None
+
+    def _match_code(self, line: str) -> Union[re.Match, None]:
+        matches = [re.match(rule, line) for rule in [r"^```(.*)", r"^~~~(.*)"]]
+        return next((match for match in matches if match), None)
+
+    def _match_horz(self, line: str) -> Union[re.Match, None]:
+        matches = [
+            re.match(rule, line) for rule in [r"^\*\*\*+\n", r"^---+\n", r"^___+\n"]
+        ]
+        return next((match for match in matches if match), None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/nltk.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/nltk.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c80a3479
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/nltk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import TextSplitter
+
+
+class NLTKTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
+    """Splitting text using NLTK package."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        separator: str = "\n\n",
+        language: str = "english",
+        *,
+        use_span_tokenize: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the NLTK splitter."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._separator = separator
+        self._language = language
+        self._use_span_tokenize = use_span_tokenize
+        if self._use_span_tokenize and self._separator != "":
+            raise ValueError("When use_span_tokenize is True, separator should be ''")
+        try:
+            if self._use_span_tokenize:
+                from nltk.tokenize import _get_punkt_tokenizer
+
+                self._tokenizer = _get_punkt_tokenizer(self._language)
+            else:
+                from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize
+
+                self._tokenizer = sent_tokenize
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "NLTK is not installed, please install it with `pip install nltk`."
+            )
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
+        # First we naively split the large input into a bunch of smaller ones.
+        if self._use_span_tokenize:
+            spans = list(self._tokenizer.span_tokenize(text))
+            splits = []
+            for i, (start, end) in enumerate(spans):
+                if i > 0:
+                    prev_end = spans[i - 1][1]
+                    sentence = text[prev_end:start] + text[start:end]
+                else:
+                    sentence = text[start:end]
+                splits.append(sentence)
+        else:
+            splits = self._tokenizer(text, language=self._language)
+        return self._merge_splits(splits, self._separator)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/python.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/python.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffd4a10f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import Language
+from langchain_text_splitters.character import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
+
+
+class PythonCodeTextSplitter(RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter):
+    """Attempts to split the text along Python syntax."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize a PythonCodeTextSplitter."""
+        separators = self.get_separators_for_language(Language.PYTHON)
+        super().__init__(separators=separators, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/sentence_transformers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/sentence_transformers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a42e3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/sentence_transformers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, List, Optional, cast
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import TextSplitter, Tokenizer, split_text_on_tokens
+
+
+class SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
+    """Splitting text to tokens using sentence model tokenizer."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        chunk_overlap: int = 50,
+        model_name: str = "sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2",
+        tokens_per_chunk: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs, chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap)
+
+        try:
+            from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Could not import sentence_transformers python package. "
+                "This is needed in order to for SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install sentence-transformers`."
+            )
+
+        self.model_name = model_name
+        self._model = SentenceTransformer(self.model_name)
+        self.tokenizer = self._model.tokenizer
+        self._initialize_chunk_configuration(tokens_per_chunk=tokens_per_chunk)
+
+    def _initialize_chunk_configuration(
+        self, *, tokens_per_chunk: Optional[int]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk = cast(int, self._model.max_seq_length)
+
+        if tokens_per_chunk is None:
+            self.tokens_per_chunk = self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk
+        else:
+            self.tokens_per_chunk = tokens_per_chunk
+
+        if self.tokens_per_chunk > self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"The token limit of the models '{self.model_name}'"
+                f" is: {self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk}."
+                f" Argument tokens_per_chunk={self.tokens_per_chunk}"
+                f" > maximum token limit."
+            )
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Splits the input text into smaller components by splitting text on tokens.
+
+        This method encodes the input text using a private `_encode` method, then
+        strips the start and stop token IDs from the encoded result. It returns the
+        processed segments as a list of strings.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The input text to be split.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: A list of string components derived from the input text after
+            encoding and processing.
+        """
+
+        def encode_strip_start_and_stop_token_ids(text: str) -> List[int]:
+            return self._encode(text)[1:-1]
+
+        tokenizer = Tokenizer(
+            chunk_overlap=self._chunk_overlap,
+            tokens_per_chunk=self.tokens_per_chunk,
+            decode=self.tokenizer.decode,
+            encode=encode_strip_start_and_stop_token_ids,
+        )
+
+        return split_text_on_tokens(text=text, tokenizer=tokenizer)
+
+    def count_tokens(self, *, text: str) -> int:
+        """Counts the number of tokens in the given text.
+
+        This method encodes the input text using a private `_encode` method and
+        calculates the total number of tokens in the encoded result.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The input text for which the token count is calculated.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The number of tokens in the encoded text.
+        """
+        return len(self._encode(text))
+
+    _max_length_equal_32_bit_integer: int = 2**32
+
+    def _encode(self, text: str) -> List[int]:
+        token_ids_with_start_and_end_token_ids = self.tokenizer.encode(
+            text,
+            max_length=self._max_length_equal_32_bit_integer,
+            truncation="do_not_truncate",
+        )
+        return token_ids_with_start_and_end_token_ids
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/spacy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/spacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a15e8b00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/spacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from langchain_text_splitters.base import TextSplitter
+
+
+class SpacyTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
+    """Splitting text using Spacy package.
+
+    Per default, Spacy's `en_core_web_sm` model is used and
+    its default max_length is 1000000 (it is the length of maximum character
+    this model takes which can be increased for large files). For a faster, but
+    potentially less accurate splitting, you can use `pipeline='sentencizer'`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        separator: str = "\n\n",
+        pipeline: str = "en_core_web_sm",
+        max_length: int = 1_000_000,
+        *,
+        strip_whitespace: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the spacy text splitter."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._tokenizer = _make_spacy_pipeline_for_splitting(
+            pipeline, max_length=max_length
+        )
+        self._separator = separator
+        self._strip_whitespace = strip_whitespace
+
+    def split_text(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
+        splits = (
+            s.text if self._strip_whitespace else s.text_with_ws
+            for s in self._tokenizer(text).sents
+        )
+        return self._merge_splits(splits, self._separator)
+
+
+def _make_spacy_pipeline_for_splitting(
+    pipeline: str, *, max_length: int = 1_000_000
+) -> Any:  # avoid importing spacy
+    try:
+        import spacy
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "Spacy is not installed, please install it with `pip install spacy`."
+        )
+    if pipeline == "sentencizer":
+        from spacy.lang.en import English
+
+        sentencizer: Any = English()
+        sentencizer.add_pipe("sentencizer")
+    else:
+        sentencizer = spacy.load(pipeline, exclude=["ner", "tagger"])
+        sentencizer.max_length = max_length
+    return sentencizer
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/xsl/converting_to_header.xslt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/xsl/converting_to_header.xslt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..620e13f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langchain_text_splitters/xsl/converting_to_header.xslt
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0" xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
+  <!-- Copy all nodes and attributes by default -->
+  <xsl:template match="@*|node()">
+    <xsl:copy>
+      <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()"/>
+    </xsl:copy>
+  </xsl:template>
+
+  <!-- Match any element that has a font-size attribute larger than 20px -->
+  <xsl:template match="*[@style[contains(., 'font-size')]]">
+    <!-- Extract the font size value from the style attribute -->
+    <xsl:variable name="font-size" select="substring-before(substring-after(@style, 'font-size:'), 'px')" />
+    <!-- Check if the font size is larger than 20 -->
+    <xsl:choose>
+      <xsl:when test="$font-size > 20">
+        <!-- Replace the element with a header tag -->
+        <h1>
+          <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()"/>
+        </h1>
+      </xsl:when>
+      <xsl:otherwise>
+        <!-- Keep the original element -->
+        <xsl:copy>
+          <xsl:apply-templates select="@*|node()"/>
+        </xsl:copy>
+      </xsl:otherwise>
+    </xsl:choose>
+  </xsl:template>
+</xsl:stylesheet>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75a4ff8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: langsmith
+Version: 0.3.42
+Summary: Client library to connect to the LangSmith LLM Tracing and Evaluation Platform.
+Home-page: https://smith.langchain.com/
+License: MIT
+Keywords: langsmith,langchain,llm,nlp,language,translation,evaluation,tracing,platform
+Author: LangChain
+Author-email: support@langchain.dev
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Provides-Extra: langsmith-pyo3
+Provides-Extra: openai-agents
+Provides-Extra: otel
+Provides-Extra: pytest
+Provides-Extra: vcr
+Requires-Dist: httpx (>=0.23.0,<1)
+Requires-Dist: langsmith-pyo3 (>=0.1.0rc2,<0.2.0) ; extra == "langsmith-pyo3"
+Requires-Dist: openai-agents (>=0.0.3,<0.1) ; extra == "openai-agents"
+Requires-Dist: opentelemetry-api (>=1.30.0,<2.0.0) ; extra == "otel"
+Requires-Dist: opentelemetry-exporter-otlp-proto-http (>=1.30.0,<2.0.0) ; extra == "otel"
+Requires-Dist: opentelemetry-sdk (>=1.30.0,<2.0.0) ; extra == "otel"
+Requires-Dist: orjson (>=3.9.14,<4.0.0) ; platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"
+Requires-Dist: packaging (>=23.2)
+Requires-Dist: pydantic (>=1,<3) ; python_full_version < "3.12.4"
+Requires-Dist: pydantic (>=2.7.4,<3.0.0) ; python_full_version >= "3.12.4"
+Requires-Dist: pytest (>=7.0.0) ; extra == "pytest"
+Requires-Dist: requests (>=2,<3)
+Requires-Dist: requests-toolbelt (>=1.0.0,<2.0.0)
+Requires-Dist: rich (>=13.9.4,<14.0.0) ; extra == "pytest"
+Requires-Dist: zstandard (>=0.23.0,<0.24.0)
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://docs.smith.langchain.com/
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/langchain-ai/langsmith-sdk
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# LangSmith Client SDK
+
+[![Release Notes](https://img.shields.io/github/release/langchain-ai/langsmith-sdk?logo=python)](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langsmith-sdk/releases)
+[![Python Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/langsmith/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/langsmith)
+
+This package contains the Python client for interacting with the [LangSmith platform](https://smith.langchain.com/).
+
+To install:
+
+```bash
+pip install -U langsmith
+export LANGSMITH_TRACING=true
+export LANGSMITH_API_KEY=ls_...
+```
+
+Then trace:
+
+```python
+import openai
+from langsmith.wrappers import wrap_openai
+from langsmith import traceable
+
+# Auto-trace LLM calls in-context
+client = wrap_openai(openai.Client())
+
+@traceable # Auto-trace this function
+def pipeline(user_input: str):
+    result = client.chat.completions.create(
+        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": user_input}],
+        model="gpt-3.5-turbo"
+    )
+    return result.choices[0].message.content
+
+pipeline("Hello, world!")
+```
+
+See the resulting nested trace [🌐 here](https://smith.langchain.com/public/b37ca9b1-60cd-4a2a-817e-3c4e4443fdc0/r).
+
+LangSmith helps you and your team develop and evaluate language models and intelligent agents. It is compatible with any LLM application.
+
+> **Cookbook:** For tutorials on how to get more value out of LangSmith, check out the [Langsmith Cookbook](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langsmith-cookbook/tree/main) repo.
+
+A typical workflow looks like:
+
+1. Set up an account with LangSmith.
+2. Log traces while debugging and prototyping.
+3. Run benchmark evaluations and continuously improve with the collected data.
+
+We'll walk through these steps in more detail below.
+
+## 1. Connect to LangSmith
+
+Sign up for [LangSmith](https://smith.langchain.com/) using your GitHub, Discord accounts, or an email address and password. If you sign up with an email, make sure to verify your email address before logging in.
+
+Then, create a unique API key on the [Settings Page](https://smith.langchain.com/settings), which is found in the menu at the top right corner of the page.
+
+Note: Save the API Key in a secure location. It will not be shown again.
+
+## 2. Log Traces
+
+You can log traces natively using the LangSmith SDK or within your LangChain application.
+
+### Logging Traces with LangChain
+
+LangSmith seamlessly integrates with the Python LangChain library to record traces from your LLM applications.
+
+1. **Copy the environment variables from the Settings Page and add them to your application.**
+
+Tracing can be activated by setting the following environment variables or by manually specifying the LangChainTracer.
+
+```python
+import os
+os.environ["LANGSMITH_TRACING"] = "true"
+os.environ["LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT"] = "https://api.smith.langchain.com"
+# os.environ["LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT"] = "https://eu.api.smith.langchain.com" # If signed up in the EU region
+os.environ["LANGSMITH_API_KEY"] = "<YOUR-LANGSMITH-API-KEY>"
+# os.environ["LANGSMITH_PROJECT"] = "My Project Name" # Optional: "default" is used if not set
+```
+
+> **Tip:** Projects are groups of traces. All runs are logged to a project. If not specified, the project is set to `default`.
+
+2. **Run an Agent, Chain, or Language Model in LangChain**
+
+If the environment variables are correctly set, your application will automatically connect to the LangSmith platform.
+
+```python
+from langchain_core.runnables import chain
+
+@chain
+def add_val(x: dict) -> dict:
+    return {"val": x["val"] + 1}
+
+add_val({"val": 1})
+```
+
+### Logging Traces Outside LangChain
+
+You can still use the LangSmith development platform without depending on any
+LangChain code.
+
+1. **Copy the environment variables from the Settings Page and add them to your application.**
+
+```python
+import os
+os.environ["LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT"] = "https://api.smith.langchain.com"
+os.environ["LANGSMITH_API_KEY"] = "<YOUR-LANGSMITH-API-KEY>"
+# os.environ["LANGSMITH_PROJECT"] = "My Project Name" # Optional: "default" is used if not set
+```
+
+2. **Log traces**
+
+The easiest way to log traces using the SDK is via the `@traceable` decorator. Below is an example.
+
+```python
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+import openai
+from langsmith import traceable
+from langsmith.wrappers import wrap_openai
+
+client = wrap_openai(openai.Client())
+
+@traceable
+def argument_generator(query: str, additional_description: str = "") -> str:
+    return client.chat.completions.create(
+        [
+            {"role": "system", "content": "You are a debater making an argument on a topic."
+             f"{additional_description}"
+             f" The current time is {datetime.now()}"},
+            {"role": "user", "content": f"The discussion topic is {query}"}
+        ]
+    ).choices[0].message.content
+
+
+
+@traceable
+def argument_chain(query: str, additional_description: str = "") -> str:
+    argument = argument_generator(query, additional_description)
+    # ... Do other processing or call other functions...
+    return argument
+
+argument_chain("Why is blue better than orange?")
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can manually log events using the `Client` directly or using a `RunTree`, which is what the traceable decorator is meant to manage for you!
+
+A RunTree tracks your application. Each RunTree object is required to have a `name` and `run_type`. These and other important attributes are as follows:
+
+- `name`: `str` - used to identify the component's purpose
+- `run_type`: `str` - Currently one of "llm", "chain" or "tool"; more options will be added in the future
+- `inputs`: `dict` - the inputs to the component
+- `outputs`: `Optional[dict]` - the (optional) returned values from the component
+- `error`: `Optional[str]` - Any error messages that may have arisen during the call
+
+```python
+from langsmith.run_trees import RunTree
+
+parent_run = RunTree(
+    name="My Chat Bot",
+    run_type="chain",
+    inputs={"text": "Summarize this morning's meetings."},
+    # project_name= "Defaults to the LANGSMITH_PROJECT env var"
+)
+parent_run.post()
+# .. My Chat Bot calls an LLM
+child_llm_run = parent_run.create_child(
+    name="My Proprietary LLM",
+    run_type="llm",
+    inputs={
+        "prompts": [
+            "You are an AI Assistant. The time is XYZ."
+            " Summarize this morning's meetings."
+        ]
+    },
+)
+child_llm_run.post()
+child_llm_run.end(
+    outputs={
+        "generations": [
+            "I should use the transcript_loader tool"
+            " to fetch meeting_transcripts from XYZ"
+        ]
+    }
+)
+child_llm_run.patch()
+# ..  My Chat Bot takes the LLM output and calls
+# a tool / function for fetching transcripts ..
+child_tool_run = parent_run.create_child(
+    name="transcript_loader",
+    run_type="tool",
+    inputs={"date": "XYZ", "content_type": "meeting_transcripts"},
+)
+child_tool_run.post()
+# The tool returns meeting notes to the chat bot
+child_tool_run.end(outputs={"meetings": ["Meeting1 notes.."]})
+child_tool_run.patch()
+
+child_chain_run = parent_run.create_child(
+    name="Unreliable Component",
+    run_type="tool",
+    inputs={"input": "Summarize these notes..."},
+)
+child_chain_run.post()
+
+try:
+    # .... the component does work
+    raise ValueError("Something went wrong")
+    child_chain_run.end(outputs={"output": "foo"}
+    child_chain_run.patch()
+except Exception as e:
+    child_chain_run.end(error=f"I errored again {e}")
+    child_chain_run.patch()
+    pass
+# .. The chat agent recovers
+
+parent_run.end(outputs={"output": ["The meeting notes are as follows:..."]})
+res = parent_run.patch()
+res.result()
+```
+
+## Create a Dataset from Existing Runs
+
+Once your runs are stored in LangSmith, you can convert them into a dataset.
+For this example, we will do so using the Client, but you can also do this using
+the web interface, as explained in the [LangSmith docs](https://docs.smith.langchain.com/).
+
+```python
+from langsmith import Client
+
+client = Client()
+dataset_name = "Example Dataset"
+# We will only use examples from the top level AgentExecutor run here,
+# and exclude runs that errored.
+runs = client.list_runs(
+    project_name="my_project",
+    execution_order=1,
+    error=False,
+)
+
+dataset = client.create_dataset(dataset_name, description="An example dataset")
+for run in runs:
+    client.create_example(
+        inputs=run.inputs,
+        outputs=run.outputs,
+        dataset_id=dataset.id,
+    )
+```
+
+## Evaluating Runs
+
+Check out the [LangSmith Testing & Evaluation dos](https://docs.smith.langchain.com/evaluation) for up-to-date workflows.
+
+For generating automated feedback on individual runs, you can run evaluations directly using the LangSmith client.
+
+```python
+from typing import Optional
+from langsmith.evaluation import StringEvaluator
+
+
+def jaccard_chars(output: str, answer: str) -> float:
+    """Naive Jaccard similarity between two strings."""
+    prediction_chars = set(output.strip().lower())
+    answer_chars = set(answer.strip().lower())
+    intersection = prediction_chars.intersection(answer_chars)
+    union = prediction_chars.union(answer_chars)
+    return len(intersection) / len(union)
+
+
+def grader(run_input: str, run_output: str, answer: Optional[str]) -> dict:
+    """Compute the score and/or label for this run."""
+    if answer is None:
+        value = "AMBIGUOUS"
+        score = 0.5
+    else:
+        score = jaccard_chars(run_output, answer)
+        value = "CORRECT" if score > 0.9 else "INCORRECT"
+    return dict(score=score, value=value)
+
+evaluator = StringEvaluator(evaluation_name="Jaccard", grading_function=grader)
+
+runs = client.list_runs(
+    project_name="my_project",
+    execution_order=1,
+    error=False,
+)
+for run in runs:
+    client.evaluate_run(run, evaluator)
+```
+
+## Integrations
+
+LangSmith easily integrates with your favorite LLM framework.
+
+## OpenAI SDK
+
+<!-- markdown-link-check-disable -->
+
+We provide a convenient wrapper for the [OpenAI SDK](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference).
+
+In order to use, you first need to set your LangSmith API key.
+
+```shell
+export LANGSMITH_API_KEY=<your-api-key>
+```
+
+Next, you will need to install the LangSmith SDK:
+
+```shell
+pip install -U langsmith
+```
+
+After that, you can wrap the OpenAI client:
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+from langsmith import wrappers
+
+client = wrappers.wrap_openai(OpenAI())
+```
+
+Now, you can use the OpenAI client as you normally would, but now everything is logged to LangSmith!
+
+```python
+client.chat.completions.create(
+    model="gpt-4",
+    messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Say this is a test"}],
+)
+```
+
+Oftentimes, you use the OpenAI client inside of other functions.
+You can get nested traces by using this wrapped client and decorating those functions with `@traceable`.
+See [this documentation](https://docs.smith.langchain.com/tracing/faq/logging_and_viewing) for more documentation how to use this decorator
+
+```python
+from langsmith import traceable
+
+@traceable(name="Call OpenAI")
+def my_function(text: str):
+    return client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-4",
+        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": f"Say {text}"}],
+    )
+
+my_function("hello world")
+```
+
+## Instructor
+
+We provide a convenient integration with [Instructor](https://jxnl.github.io/instructor/), largely by virtue of it essentially just using the OpenAI SDK.
+
+In order to use, you first need to set your LangSmith API key.
+
+```shell
+export LANGSMITH_API_KEY=<your-api-key>
+```
+
+Next, you will need to install the LangSmith SDK:
+
+```shell
+pip install -U langsmith
+```
+
+After that, you can wrap the OpenAI client:
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+from langsmith import wrappers
+
+client = wrappers.wrap_openai(OpenAI())
+```
+
+After this, you can patch the OpenAI client using `instructor`:
+
+```python
+import instructor
+
+client = instructor.patch(OpenAI())
+```
+
+Now, you can use `instructor` as you normally would, but now everything is logged to LangSmith!
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+
+class UserDetail(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    age: int
+
+
+user = client.chat.completions.create(
+    model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
+    response_model=UserDetail,
+    messages=[
+        {"role": "user", "content": "Extract Jason is 25 years old"},
+    ]
+)
+```
+
+Oftentimes, you use `instructor` inside of other functions.
+You can get nested traces by using this wrapped client and decorating those functions with `@traceable`.
+See [this documentation](https://docs.smith.langchain.com/tracing/faq/logging_and_viewing) for more documentation how to use this decorator
+
+```python
+@traceable()
+def my_function(text: str) -> UserDetail:
+    return client.chat.completions.create(
+        model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
+        response_model=UserDetail,
+        messages=[
+            {"role": "user", "content": f"Extract {text}"},
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+my_function("Jason is 25 years old")
+```
+
+## Pytest Plugin
+
+The LangSmith pytest plugin lets Python developers define their datasets and evaluations as pytest test cases.
+See [online docs](https://docs.smith.langchain.com/evaluation/how_to_guides/pytest) for more information.
+
+This plugin is installed as part of the LangSmith SDK, and is enabled by default.
+See also official pytest docs: [How to install and use plugins](https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/plugins.html)
+
+## Additional Documentation
+
+To learn more about the LangSmith platform, check out the [docs](https://docs.smith.langchain.com/).
+
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+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed450392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith-0.3.42.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[pytest11]
+langsmith_plugin=langsmith.pytest_plugin
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52d70bbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+"""LangSmith Client."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langsmith._expect import expect
+    from langsmith.async_client import AsyncClient
+    from langsmith.client import Client
+    from langsmith.evaluation import aevaluate, evaluate
+    from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import EvaluationResult, RunEvaluator
+    from langsmith.run_helpers import (
+        get_current_run_tree,
+        get_tracing_context,
+        trace,
+        traceable,
+        tracing_context,
+    )
+    from langsmith.run_trees import RunTree
+    from langsmith.testing._internal import test, unit
+    from langsmith.utils import ContextThreadPoolExecutor
+
+# Avoid calling into importlib on every call to __version__
+__version__ = "0.3.42"
+version = __version__  # for backwards compatibility
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "__version__":
+        return version
+    elif name == "Client":
+        from langsmith.client import Client
+
+        return Client
+    elif name == "AsyncClient":
+        from langsmith.async_client import AsyncClient
+
+        return AsyncClient
+    elif name == "RunTree":
+        from langsmith.run_trees import RunTree
+
+        return RunTree
+    elif name == "EvaluationResult":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import EvaluationResult
+
+        return EvaluationResult
+    elif name == "RunEvaluator":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import RunEvaluator
+
+        return RunEvaluator
+    elif name == "trace":
+        from langsmith.run_helpers import trace
+
+        return trace
+    elif name == "traceable":
+        from langsmith.run_helpers import traceable
+
+        return traceable
+
+    elif name == "test":
+        from langsmith.testing._internal import test
+
+        return test
+
+    elif name == "expect":
+        from langsmith._expect import expect
+
+        return expect
+    elif name == "evaluate":
+        from langsmith.evaluation import evaluate
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    elif name == "evaluate_existing":
+        from langsmith.evaluation import evaluate_existing
+
+        return evaluate_existing
+    elif name == "aevaluate":
+        from langsmith.evaluation import aevaluate
+
+        return aevaluate
+    elif name == "aevaluate_existing":
+        from langsmith.evaluation import aevaluate_existing
+
+        return aevaluate_existing
+    elif name == "tracing_context":
+        from langsmith.run_helpers import tracing_context
+
+        return tracing_context
+
+    elif name == "get_tracing_context":
+        from langsmith.run_helpers import get_tracing_context
+
+        return get_tracing_context
+    elif name == "get_current_run_tree":
+        from langsmith.run_helpers import get_current_run_tree
+
+        return get_current_run_tree
+
+    elif name == "unit":
+        from langsmith.testing._internal import unit
+
+        return unit
+    elif name == "ContextThreadPoolExecutor":
+        from langsmith.utils import ContextThreadPoolExecutor
+
+        return ContextThreadPoolExecutor
+
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Client",
+    "RunTree",
+    "__version__",
+    "EvaluationResult",
+    "RunEvaluator",
+    "anonymizer",
+    "traceable",
+    "trace",
+    "unit",
+    "test",
+    "expect",
+    "evaluate",
+    "aevaluate",
+    "tracing_context",
+    "get_tracing_context",
+    "get_current_run_tree",
+    "ContextThreadPoolExecutor",
+    "AsyncClient",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_expect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_expect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa3fdaf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_expect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+"""Make approximate assertions as "expectations" on test results.
+
+This module is designed to be used within test cases decorated with the
+`@pytest.mark.decorator` decorator
+It allows you to log scores about a test case and optionally make assertions that log as
+"expectation" feedback to LangSmith.
+
+Example usage:
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import pytest
+        from langsmith import expect
+
+
+        @pytest.mark.langsmith
+        def test_output_semantically_close():
+            response = oai_client.chat.completions.create(
+                model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
+                messages=[
+                    {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
+                    {"role": "user", "content": "Say hello!"},
+                ],
+            )
+            response_txt = response.choices[0].message.content
+            # Intended usage
+            expect.embedding_distance(
+                prediction=response_txt,
+                reference="Hello!",
+            ).to_be_less_than(0.9)
+
+            # Score the test case
+            matcher = expect.edit_distance(
+                prediction=response_txt,
+                reference="Hello!",
+            )
+            # Apply an assertion and log 'expectation' feedback to LangSmith
+            matcher.to_be_less_than(1)
+
+            # You can also directly make assertions on values directly
+            expect.value(response_txt).to_contain("Hello!")
+            # Or using a custom check
+            expect.value(response_txt).against(lambda x: "Hello" in x)
+
+            # You can even use this for basic metric logging within tests
+
+            expect.score(0.8)
+            expect.score(0.7, key="similarity").to_be_greater_than(0.7)
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import atexit
+import inspect
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from langsmith import client as ls_client
+from langsmith import run_helpers as rh
+from langsmith import run_trees as rt
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langsmith._internal._edit_distance import EditDistanceConfig
+    from langsmith._internal._embedding_distance import EmbeddingConfig
+
+
+# Sentinel class used until PEP 0661 is accepted
+class _NULL_SENTRY:
+    """A sentinel singleton class used to distinguish omitted keyword arguments
+    from those passed in with the value None (which may have different behavior).
+    """  # noqa: D205
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+        return False
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "NOT_GIVEN"
+
+
+NOT_GIVEN = _NULL_SENTRY()
+
+
+class _Matcher:
+    """A class for making assertions on expectation values."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        client: Optional[ls_client.Client],
+        key: str,
+        value: Any,
+        _executor: Optional[ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        self._client = client
+        self.key = key
+        self.value = value
+        self._executor = _executor or ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3)
+        rt = rh.get_current_run_tree()
+        self._run_id = rt.trace_id if rt else run_id
+
+    def _submit_feedback(self, score: int, message: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        if not ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+            if not self._client:
+                self._client = rt.get_cached_client()
+            self._executor.submit(
+                self._client.create_feedback,
+                run_id=self._run_id,
+                key="expectation",
+                score=score,
+                comment=message,
+            )
+
+    def _assert(self, condition: bool, message: str, method_name: str) -> None:
+        try:
+            assert condition, message
+            self._submit_feedback(1, message=f"Success: {self.key}.{method_name}")
+        except AssertionError as e:
+            self._submit_feedback(0, repr(e))
+            raise e from None
+
+    def to_be_less_than(self, value: float) -> None:
+        """Assert that the expectation value is less than the given value.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The value to compare against.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the expectation value is not less than the given value.
+        """
+        self._assert(
+            self.value < value,
+            f"Expected {self.key} to be less than {value}, but got {self.value}",
+            "to_be_less_than",
+        )
+
+    def to_be_greater_than(self, value: float) -> None:
+        """Assert that the expectation value is greater than the given value.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The value to compare against.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the expectation value is not
+            greater than the given value.
+        """
+        self._assert(
+            self.value > value,
+            f"Expected {self.key} to be greater than {value}, but got {self.value}",
+            "to_be_greater_than",
+        )
+
+    def to_be_between(self, min_value: float, max_value: float) -> None:
+        """Assert that the expectation value is between the given min and max values.
+
+        Args:
+            min_value: The minimum value (exclusive).
+            max_value: The maximum value (exclusive).
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the expectation value
+                is not between the given min and max.
+        """
+        self._assert(
+            min_value < self.value < max_value,
+            f"Expected {self.key} to be between {min_value} and {max_value},"
+            f" but got {self.value}",
+            "to_be_between",
+        )
+
+    def to_be_approximately(self, value: float, precision: int = 2) -> None:
+        """Assert that the expectation value is approximately equal to the given value.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The value to compare against.
+            precision: The number of decimal places to round to for comparison.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the rounded expectation value
+                does not equal the rounded given value.
+        """
+        self._assert(
+            round(self.value, precision) == round(value, precision),
+            f"Expected {self.key} to be approximately {value}, but got {self.value}",
+            "to_be_approximately",
+        )
+
+    def to_equal(self, value: float) -> None:
+        """Assert that the expectation value equals the given value.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The value to compare against.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the expectation value does
+                not exactly equal the given value.
+        """
+        self._assert(
+            self.value == value,
+            f"Expected {self.key} to be equal to {value}, but got {self.value}",
+            "to_equal",
+        )
+
+    def to_be_none(self) -> None:
+        """Assert that the expectation value is None.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the expectation value is not None.
+        """
+        self._assert(
+            self.value is None,
+            f"Expected {self.key} to be None, but got {self.value}",
+            "to_be_none",
+        )
+
+    def to_contain(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Assert that the expectation value contains the given value.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The value to check for containment.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the expectation value does not contain the given value.
+        """
+        self._assert(
+            value in self.value,
+            f"Expected {self.key} to contain {value}, but it does not",
+            "to_contain",
+        )
+
+    # Custom assertions
+    def against(self, func: Callable, /) -> None:
+        """Assert the expectation value against a custom function.
+
+        Args:
+            func: A custom function that takes the expectation value as input.
+
+        Raises:
+            AssertionError: If the custom function returns False.
+        """
+        func_signature = inspect.signature(func)
+        self._assert(
+            func(self.value),
+            f"Assertion {func_signature} failed for {self.key}",
+            "against",
+        )
+
+
+class _Expect:
+    """A class for setting expectations on test results."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *, client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None):
+        self._client = client
+        self.executor = ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=3)
+        atexit.register(self.executor.shutdown, wait=True)
+
+    def embedding_distance(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: str,
+        *,
+        config: Optional[EmbeddingConfig] = None,
+    ) -> _Matcher:
+        """Compute the embedding distance between the prediction and reference.
+
+        This logs the embedding distance to LangSmith and returns a `_Matcher` instance
+        for making assertions on the distance value.
+
+        By default, this uses the OpenAI API for computing embeddings.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction: The predicted string to compare.
+            reference: The reference string to compare against.
+            config: Optional configuration for the embedding distance evaluator.
+                Supported options:
+                - `encoder`: A custom encoder function to encode the list of input
+                     strings to embeddings. Defaults to the OpenAI API.
+                - `metric`: The distance metric to use for comparison.
+                    Supported values: "cosine", "euclidean", "manhattan",
+                    "chebyshev", "hamming".
+
+        Returns:
+            A `_Matcher` instance for the embedding distance value.
+
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> expect.embedding_distance(
+            ...     prediction="hello",
+            ...     reference="hi",
+            ... ).to_be_less_than(1.0)
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        from langsmith._internal._embedding_distance import EmbeddingDistance
+
+        config = config or {}
+        encoder_func = "custom" if config.get("encoder") else "openai"
+        evaluator = EmbeddingDistance(config=config)
+        score = evaluator.evaluate(prediction=prediction, reference=reference)
+        src_info = {"encoder": encoder_func, "metric": evaluator.distance}
+        self._submit_feedback(
+            "embedding_distance",
+            {
+                "score": score,
+                "source_info": src_info,
+                "comment": f"Using {encoder_func}, Metric: {evaluator.distance}",
+            },
+        )
+        return _Matcher(
+            self._client, "embedding_distance", score, _executor=self.executor
+        )
+
+    def edit_distance(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: str,
+        *,
+        config: Optional[EditDistanceConfig] = None,
+    ) -> _Matcher:
+        """Compute the string distance between the prediction and reference.
+
+        This logs the string distance (Damerau-Levenshtein) to LangSmith and returns
+        a `_Matcher` instance for making assertions on the distance value.
+
+        This depends on the `rapidfuzz` package for string distance computation.
+
+        Args:
+            prediction: The predicted string to compare.
+            reference: The reference string to compare against.
+            config: Optional configuration for the string distance evaluator.
+                Supported options:
+                - `metric`: The distance metric to use for comparison.
+                    Supported values: "damerau_levenshtein", "levenshtein",
+                    "jaro", "jaro_winkler", "hamming", "indel".
+                - `normalize_score`: Whether to normalize the score between 0 and 1.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `_Matcher` instance for the string distance value.
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> expect.edit_distance("hello", "helo").to_be_less_than(1)
+        """
+        from langsmith._internal._edit_distance import EditDistance
+
+        config = config or {}
+        metric = config.get("metric") or "damerau_levenshtein"
+        normalize = config.get("normalize_score", True)
+        evaluator = EditDistance(config=config)
+        score = evaluator.evaluate(prediction=prediction, reference=reference)
+        src_info = {"metric": metric, "normalize": normalize}
+        self._submit_feedback(
+            "edit_distance",
+            {
+                "score": score,
+                "source_info": src_info,
+                "comment": f"Using {metric}, Normalize: {normalize}",
+            },
+        )
+        return _Matcher(
+            self._client,
+            "edit_distance",
+            score,
+            _executor=self.executor,
+        )
+
+    def value(self, value: Any) -> _Matcher:
+        """Create a `_Matcher` instance for making assertions on the given value.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The value to make assertions on.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `_Matcher` instance for the given value.
+
+        Examples:
+           >>> expect.value(10).to_be_less_than(20)
+        """
+        return _Matcher(self._client, "value", value, _executor=self.executor)
+
+    def score(
+        self,
+        score: Union[float, int, bool],
+        *,
+        key: str = "score",
+        source_run_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> _Matcher:
+        """Log a numeric score to LangSmith.
+
+        Args:
+            score: The score value to log.
+            key: The key to use for logging the score. Defaults to "score".
+
+        Examples:
+            >>> expect.score(0.8)  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+            <langsmith._expect._Matcher object at ...>
+
+            >>> expect.score(0.8, key="similarity").to_be_greater_than(0.7)
+        """
+        self._submit_feedback(
+            key,
+            {
+                "score": score,
+                "source_info": {"method": "expect.score"},
+                "source_run_id": source_run_id,
+                "comment": comment,
+            },
+        )
+        return _Matcher(self._client, key, score, _executor=self.executor)
+
+    ## Private Methods
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, value: Any, /) -> _Matcher: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, /, *, client: ls_client.Client) -> _Expect: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        value: Optional[Any] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        /,
+        client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None,
+    ) -> Union[_Expect, _Matcher]:
+        expected = _Expect(client=client)
+        if value is not NOT_GIVEN:
+            return expected.value(value)
+        return expected
+
+    def _submit_feedback(self, key: str, results: dict):
+        current_run = rh.get_current_run_tree()
+        run_id = current_run.trace_id if current_run else None
+        if not ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+            if not self._client:
+                self._client = rt.get_cached_client()
+            self.executor.submit(
+                self._client.create_feedback, run_id=run_id, key=key, **results
+            )
+
+
+expect = _Expect()
+
+__all__ = ["expect"]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_aiter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_aiter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecad8974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_aiter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+"""Adapted.
+
+Original source:
+https://github.com/maxfischer2781/asyncstdlib/blob/master/asyncstdlib/itertools.py
+MIT License
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import contextvars
+import functools
+import inspect
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncGenerator,
+    AsyncIterable,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Coroutine,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+)
+from contextlib import AbstractAsyncContextManager
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+_no_default = object()
+
+
+# https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py#L54
+# before 3.10, the builtin anext() was not available
+def py_anext(
+    iterator: AsyncIterator[T], default: Union[T, Any] = _no_default
+) -> Awaitable[Union[T, None, Any]]:
+    """Pure-Python implementation of anext() for testing purposes.
+
+    Closely matches the builtin anext() C implementation.
+    Can be used to compare the built-in implementation of the inner
+    coroutines machinery to C-implementation of __anext__() and send()
+    or throw() on the returned generator.
+    """
+    try:
+        __anext__ = cast(
+            Callable[[AsyncIterator[T]], Awaitable[T]], type(iterator).__anext__
+        )
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"{iterator!r} is not an async iterator")
+
+    if default is _no_default:
+        return __anext__(iterator)
+
+    async def anext_impl() -> Union[T, Any]:
+        try:
+            # The C code is way more low-level than this, as it implements
+            # all methods of the iterator protocol. In this implementation
+            # we're relying on higher-level coroutine concepts, but that's
+            # exactly what we want -- crosstest pure-Python high-level
+            # implementation and low-level C anext() iterators.
+            return await __anext__(iterator)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            return default
+
+    return anext_impl()
+
+
+class NoLock:
+    """Dummy lock that provides the proper interface but no protection."""
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type: Any, exc_val: Any, exc_tb: Any) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+async def tee_peer(
+    iterator: AsyncIterator[T],
+    # the buffer specific to this peer
+    buffer: deque[T],
+    # the buffers of all peers, including our own
+    peers: list[deque[T]],
+    lock: AbstractAsyncContextManager[Any],
+) -> AsyncGenerator[T, None]:
+    """Iterate over :py:func:`~.tee`."""
+    try:
+        while True:
+            if not buffer:
+                async with lock:
+                    # Another peer produced an item while we were waiting for the lock.
+                    # Proceed with the next loop iteration to yield the item.
+                    if buffer:
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        item = await iterator.__anext__()
+                    except StopAsyncIteration:
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        # Append to all buffers, including our own. We'll fetch our
+                        # item from the buffer again, instead of yielding it directly.
+                        # This ensures the proper item ordering if any of our peers
+                        # are fetching items concurrently. They may have buffered their
+                        # item already.
+                        for peer_buffer in peers:
+                            peer_buffer.append(item)
+            yield buffer.popleft()
+    finally:
+        async with lock:
+            # this peer is done – remove its buffer
+            for idx, peer_buffer in enumerate(peers):  # pragma: no branch
+                if peer_buffer is buffer:
+                    peers.pop(idx)
+                    break
+            # if we are the last peer, try and close the iterator
+            if not peers and hasattr(iterator, "aclose"):
+                await iterator.aclose()
+
+
+class Tee(Generic[T]):
+    """Create ``n`` separate asynchronous iterators over ``iterable``.
+
+    This splits a single ``iterable`` into multiple iterators, each providing
+    the same items in the same order.
+    All child iterators may advance separately but pare the same items
+    from ``iterable`` -- when the most advanced iterator retrieves an item,
+    it is buffered until the least advanced iterator has yielded it as well.
+    A ``tee`` works lazily and can handle an infinite ``iterable``, provided
+    that all iterators advance.
+
+    .. code-block:: python3
+
+        async def derivative(sensor_data):
+            previous, current = a.tee(sensor_data, n=2)
+            await a.anext(previous)  # advance one iterator
+            return a.map(operator.sub, previous, current)
+
+    Unlike :py:func:`itertools.tee`, :py:func:`~.tee` returns a custom type instead
+    of a :py:class:`tuple`. Like a tuple, it can be indexed, iterated and unpacked
+    to get the child iterators. In addition, its :py:meth:`~.tee.aclose` method
+    immediately closes all children, and it can be used in an ``async with`` context
+    for the same effect.
+
+    If ``iterable`` is an iterator and read elsewhere, ``tee`` will *not*
+    provide these items. Also, ``tee`` must internally buffer each item until the
+    last iterator has yielded it; if the most and least advanced iterator differ
+    by most data, using a :py:class:`list` is more efficient (but not lazy).
+
+    If the underlying iterable is concurrency safe (``anext`` may be awaited
+    concurrently) the resulting iterators are concurrency safe as well. Otherwise,
+    the iterators are safe if there is only ever one single "most advanced" iterator.
+    To enforce sequential use of ``anext``, provide a ``lock``
+    - e.g. an :py:class:`asyncio.Lock` instance in an :py:mod:`asyncio` application -
+    and access is automatically synchronised.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        iterable: AsyncIterator[T],
+        n: int = 2,
+        *,
+        lock: Optional[AbstractAsyncContextManager[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self._iterator = iterable.__aiter__()  # before 3.10 aiter() doesn't exist
+        self._buffers: list[deque[T]] = [deque() for _ in range(n)]
+        self._children = tuple(
+            tee_peer(
+                iterator=self._iterator,
+                buffer=buffer,
+                peers=self._buffers,
+                lock=lock if lock is not None else NoLock(),
+            )
+            for buffer in self._buffers
+        )
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._children)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: int) -> AsyncIterator[T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, item: slice) -> tuple[AsyncIterator[T], ...]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, item: Union[int, slice]
+    ) -> Union[AsyncIterator[T], tuple[AsyncIterator[T], ...]]:
+        return self._children[item]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[AsyncIterator[T]]:
+        yield from self._children
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "Tee[T]":
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type: Any, exc_val: Any, exc_tb: Any) -> bool:
+        await self.aclose()
+        return False
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        for child in self._children:
+            await child.aclose()
+
+
+atee = Tee
+
+
+async def async_zip(*async_iterables):
+    """Async version of zip."""
+    # Before Python 3.10, aiter() was not available
+    iterators = [iterable.__aiter__() for iterable in async_iterables]
+    while True:
+        try:
+            items = await asyncio.gather(
+                *(py_anext(iterator) for iterator in iterators)
+            )
+            yield tuple(items)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            break
+
+
+def ensure_async_iterator(
+    iterable: Union[Iterable, AsyncIterable],
+) -> AsyncIterator:
+    if hasattr(iterable, "__anext__"):
+        return cast(AsyncIterator, iterable)
+    elif hasattr(iterable, "__aiter__"):
+        return cast(AsyncIterator, iterable.__aiter__())
+    else:
+
+        class AsyncIteratorWrapper:
+            def __init__(self, iterable: Iterable):
+                self._iterator = iter(iterable)
+
+            async def __anext__(self):
+                try:
+                    return next(self._iterator)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    raise StopAsyncIteration
+
+            def __aiter__(self):
+                return self
+
+        return AsyncIteratorWrapper(iterable)
+
+
+def aiter_with_concurrency(
+    n: Optional[int],
+    generator: AsyncIterator[Coroutine[None, None, T]],
+    *,
+    _eager_consumption_timeout: float = 0,
+) -> AsyncGenerator[T, None]:
+    """Process async generator with max parallelism.
+
+    Args:
+        n: The number of tasks to run concurrently.
+        generator: The async generator to process.
+        _eager_consumption_timeout: If set, check for completed tasks after
+            each iteration and yield their results. This can be used to
+            consume the generator eagerly while still respecting the concurrency
+            limit.
+
+    Yields:
+        The processed items yielded by the async generator.
+    """
+    if n == 0:
+
+        async def consume():
+            async for item in generator:
+                yield await item
+
+        return consume()
+    semaphore = cast(
+        asyncio.Semaphore, asyncio.Semaphore(n) if n is not None else NoLock()
+    )
+
+    async def process_item(ix: int, item):
+        async with semaphore:
+            res = await item
+            return (ix, res)
+
+    async def process_generator():
+        tasks = {}
+        accepts_context = asyncio_accepts_context()
+        ix = 0
+        async for item in generator:
+            if accepts_context:
+                context = contextvars.copy_context()
+                task = asyncio.create_task(process_item(ix, item), context=context)
+            else:
+                task = asyncio.create_task(process_item(ix, item))
+            tasks[ix] = task
+            ix += 1
+            if _eager_consumption_timeout > 0:
+                try:
+                    for _fut in asyncio.as_completed(
+                        tasks.values(),
+                        timeout=_eager_consumption_timeout,
+                    ):
+                        task_idx, res = await _fut
+                        yield res
+                        del tasks[task_idx]
+                except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+                    pass
+            if n is not None and len(tasks) >= n:
+                done, _ = await asyncio.wait(
+                    tasks.values(), return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED
+                )
+                for task in done:
+                    task_idx, res = task.result()
+                    yield res
+                    del tasks[task_idx]
+
+        for task in asyncio.as_completed(tasks.values()):
+            _, res = await task
+            yield res
+
+    return process_generator()
+
+
+def accepts_context(callable: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    """Check if a callable accepts a context argument."""
+    try:
+        return inspect.signature(callable).parameters.get("context") is not None
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
+# Ported from Python 3.9+ to support Python 3.8
+async def aio_to_thread(
+    func, /, *args, __ctx: Optional[contextvars.Context] = None, **kwargs
+):
+    """Asynchronously run function *func* in a separate thread.
+
+    Any *args and **kwargs supplied for this function are directly passed
+    to *func*. Also, the current :class:`contextvars.Context` is propagated,
+    allowing context variables from the main thread to be accessed in the
+    separate thread.
+
+    Return a coroutine that can be awaited to get the eventual result of *func*.
+    """
+    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    ctx = __ctx or contextvars.copy_context()
+    func_call = functools.partial(ctx.run, func, *args, **kwargs)
+    return await loop.run_in_executor(None, func_call)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def asyncio_accepts_context():
+    """Check if the current asyncio event loop accepts a context argument."""
+    return accepts_context(asyncio.create_task)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_background_thread.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_background_thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88e8f1ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_background_thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import concurrent.futures as cf
+import functools
+import io
+import logging
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import weakref
+from multiprocessing import cpu_count
+from queue import Empty, Queue
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from langsmith import schemas as ls_schemas
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith._internal._compressed_traces import CompressedTraces
+from langsmith._internal._constants import (
+    _AUTO_SCALE_DOWN_NEMPTY_TRIGGER,
+    _AUTO_SCALE_UP_NTHREADS_LIMIT,
+    _AUTO_SCALE_UP_QSIZE_TRIGGER,
+    _BOUNDARY,
+)
+from langsmith._internal._operations import (
+    SerializedFeedbackOperation,
+    SerializedRunOperation,
+    combine_serialized_queue_operations,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from opentelemetry.context.context import Context  # type: ignore[import]
+
+    from langsmith.client import Client
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("langsmith.client")
+
+HTTP_REQUEST_THREAD_POOL = cf.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=cpu_count() * 3)
+
+
+@functools.total_ordering
+class TracingQueueItem:
+    """An item in the tracing queue.
+
+    Attributes:
+        priority (str): The priority of the item.
+        action (str): The action associated with the item.
+        item (Any): The item itself.
+    """
+
+    priority: str
+    item: Union[SerializedRunOperation, SerializedFeedbackOperation]
+    otel_context: Optional[Context]
+
+    __slots__ = ("priority", "item", "otel_context")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        priority: str,
+        item: Union[SerializedRunOperation, SerializedFeedbackOperation],
+        otel_context: Optional[Context] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.priority = priority
+        self.item = item
+        self.otel_context = otel_context
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: TracingQueueItem) -> bool:
+        return (self.priority, self.item.__class__) < (
+            other.priority,
+            other.item.__class__,
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, TracingQueueItem) and (
+            self.priority,
+            self.item.__class__,
+        ) == (other.priority, other.item.__class__)
+
+
+def _tracing_thread_drain_queue(
+    tracing_queue: Queue, limit: int = 100, block: bool = True
+) -> list[TracingQueueItem]:
+    next_batch: list[TracingQueueItem] = []
+    try:
+        # wait 250ms for the first item, then
+        # - drain the queue with a 50ms block timeout
+        # - stop draining if we hit the limit
+        # shorter drain timeout is used instead of non-blocking calls to
+        # avoid creating too many small batches
+        if item := tracing_queue.get(block=block, timeout=0.25):
+            next_batch.append(item)
+        while item := tracing_queue.get(block=block, timeout=0.05):
+            next_batch.append(item)
+            if limit and len(next_batch) >= limit:
+                break
+    except Empty:
+        pass
+    return next_batch
+
+
+def _tracing_thread_drain_compressed_buffer(
+    client: Client, size_limit: int = 100, size_limit_bytes: int | None = 20_971_520
+) -> tuple[Optional[io.BytesIO], Optional[tuple[int, int]]]:
+    try:
+        if client.compressed_traces is None:
+            return None, None
+        with client.compressed_traces.lock:
+            client.compressed_traces.compressor_writer.flush()
+            current_size = client.compressed_traces.buffer.tell()
+
+            pre_compressed_size = client.compressed_traces.uncompressed_size
+
+            if size_limit is not None and size_limit <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(f"size_limit must be positive; got {size_limit}")
+            if size_limit_bytes is not None and size_limit_bytes < 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"size_limit_bytes must be nonnegative; got {size_limit_bytes}"
+                )
+
+            if (size_limit_bytes is None or current_size < size_limit_bytes) and (
+                size_limit is None or client.compressed_traces.trace_count < size_limit
+            ):
+                return None, None
+
+            # Write final boundary and close compression stream
+            client.compressed_traces.compressor_writer.write(
+                f"--{_BOUNDARY}--\r\n".encode()
+            )
+            client.compressed_traces.compressor_writer.close()
+
+            filled_buffer = client.compressed_traces.buffer
+            filled_buffer.context = client.compressed_traces._context
+
+            compressed_traces_info = (pre_compressed_size, current_size)
+
+            client.compressed_traces.reset()
+
+        filled_buffer.seek(0)
+        return (filled_buffer, compressed_traces_info)
+    except Exception:
+        logger.error(
+            "LangSmith tracing error: Failed to submit trace data.\n"
+            "This does not affect your application's runtime.\n"
+            "Error details:",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+        # exceptions are logged elsewhere, but we need to make sure the
+        # background thread continues to run
+        return None, None
+
+
+def _tracing_thread_handle_batch(
+    client: Client,
+    tracing_queue: Queue,
+    batch: list[TracingQueueItem],
+    use_multipart: bool,
+) -> None:
+    try:
+        ops = combine_serialized_queue_operations([item.item for item in batch])
+        if use_multipart:
+            client._multipart_ingest_ops(ops)
+        else:
+            if any(isinstance(op, SerializedFeedbackOperation) for op in ops):
+                logger.warn(
+                    "Feedback operations are not supported in non-multipart mode"
+                )
+                ops = [
+                    op for op in ops if not isinstance(op, SerializedFeedbackOperation)
+                ]
+            client._batch_ingest_run_ops(cast(list[SerializedRunOperation], ops))
+
+    except Exception:
+        logger.error(
+            "LangSmith tracing error: Failed to submit trace data.\n"
+            "This does not affect your application's runtime.\n"
+            "Error details:",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+        # exceptions are logged elsewhere, but we need to make sure the
+        # background thread continues to run
+        pass
+    finally:
+        for _ in batch:
+            tracing_queue.task_done()
+
+
+def _otel_tracing_thread_handle_batch(
+    client: Client,
+    tracing_queue: Queue,
+    batch: list[TracingQueueItem],
+) -> None:
+    """Handle a batch of tracing queue items by exporting them to OTEL."""
+    try:
+        ops = combine_serialized_queue_operations([item.item for item in batch])
+
+        run_ops = [op for op in ops if isinstance(op, SerializedRunOperation)]
+        otel_context_map = {
+            item.item.id: item.otel_context
+            for item in batch
+            if isinstance(item.item, SerializedRunOperation)
+        }
+        if run_ops:
+            if client.otel_exporter is not None:
+                client.otel_exporter.export_batch(run_ops, otel_context_map)
+            else:
+                logger.error(
+                    "LangSmith tracing error: Failed to submit OTEL trace data.\n"
+                    "This does not affect your application's runtime.\n"
+                    "Error details: client.otel_exporter is None"
+                )
+
+    except Exception:
+        logger.error(
+            "LangSmith tracing error: Failed to submit OTEL trace data.\n"
+            "This does not affect your application's runtime.\n"
+            "Error details:",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+        # Exceptions are logged elsewhere, but we need to make sure the
+        # background thread continues to run
+    finally:
+        # Mark all items in the batch as done
+        for _ in batch:
+            tracing_queue.task_done()
+
+
+def get_size_limit_from_env() -> Optional[int]:
+    size_limit_str = ls_utils.get_env_var(
+        "BATCH_INGEST_SIZE_LIMIT",
+    )
+    if size_limit_str is not None:
+        try:
+            return int(size_limit_str)
+        except ValueError:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Invalid value for BATCH_INGEST_SIZE_LIMIT: {size_limit_str}, "
+                "continuing with default"
+            )
+    return None
+
+
+def _ensure_ingest_config(
+    info: ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo,
+) -> ls_schemas.BatchIngestConfig:
+    default_config = ls_schemas.BatchIngestConfig(
+        use_multipart_endpoint=False,
+        size_limit_bytes=None,  # Note this field is not used here
+        size_limit=100,
+        scale_up_nthreads_limit=_AUTO_SCALE_UP_NTHREADS_LIMIT,
+        scale_up_qsize_trigger=_AUTO_SCALE_UP_QSIZE_TRIGGER,
+        scale_down_nempty_trigger=_AUTO_SCALE_DOWN_NEMPTY_TRIGGER,
+    )
+    if not info:
+        return default_config
+    try:
+        if not info.batch_ingest_config:
+            return default_config
+        env_size_limit = get_size_limit_from_env()
+        if env_size_limit is not None:
+            info.batch_ingest_config["size_limit"] = env_size_limit
+        return info.batch_ingest_config
+    except BaseException:
+        return default_config
+
+
+def tracing_control_thread_func(client_ref: weakref.ref[Client]) -> None:
+    client = client_ref()
+    if client is None:
+        return
+    tracing_queue = client.tracing_queue
+    assert tracing_queue is not None
+    batch_ingest_config = _ensure_ingest_config(client.info)
+    size_limit: int = batch_ingest_config["size_limit"]
+    scale_up_nthreads_limit: int = batch_ingest_config["scale_up_nthreads_limit"]
+    scale_up_qsize_trigger: int = batch_ingest_config["scale_up_qsize_trigger"]
+    use_multipart = batch_ingest_config.get("use_multipart_endpoint", False)
+
+    sub_threads: list[threading.Thread] = []
+    # 1 for this func, 1 for getrefcount, 1 for _get_data_type_cached
+    num_known_refs = 3
+
+    # Disable compression if explicitly set or if using OpenTelemetry
+    disable_compression = (
+        ls_utils.is_truish(ls_utils.get_env_var("DISABLE_RUN_COMPRESSION"))
+        or client.otel_exporter is not None
+    )
+    if not disable_compression and use_multipart:
+        if not (client.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "zstd_compression_enabled", False
+        ):
+            logger.warning(
+                "Run compression is not enabled. Please update to the latest "
+                "version of LangSmith. Falling back to regular multipart ingestion."
+            )
+        else:
+            client._futures = weakref.WeakSet()
+            client.compressed_traces = CompressedTraces()
+            client._data_available_event = threading.Event()
+            threading.Thread(
+                target=tracing_control_thread_func_compress_parallel,
+                args=(weakref.ref(client),),
+            ).start()
+
+            num_known_refs += 1
+
+    def keep_thread_active() -> bool:
+        # if `client.cleanup()` was called, stop thread
+        if not client or (
+            hasattr(client, "_manual_cleanup") and client._manual_cleanup
+        ):
+            logger.debug("Client is being cleaned up, stopping tracing thread")
+            return False
+        if not threading.main_thread().is_alive():
+            # main thread is dead. should not be active
+            logger.debug("Main thread is dead, stopping tracing thread")
+            return False
+
+        if hasattr(sys, "getrefcount"):
+            # check if client refs count indicates we're the only remaining
+            # reference to the client
+            should_keep_thread = sys.getrefcount(client) > num_known_refs + len(
+                sub_threads
+            )
+            if not should_keep_thread:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Client refs count indicates we're the only remaining reference "
+                    "to the client, stopping tracing thread",
+                )
+            return should_keep_thread
+        else:
+            # in PyPy, there is no sys.getrefcount attribute
+            # for now, keep thread alive
+            return True
+
+    # loop until
+    while keep_thread_active():
+        for thread in sub_threads:
+            if not thread.is_alive():
+                sub_threads.remove(thread)
+        if (
+            len(sub_threads) < scale_up_nthreads_limit
+            and tracing_queue.qsize() > scale_up_qsize_trigger
+        ):
+            new_thread = threading.Thread(
+                target=_tracing_sub_thread_func,
+                args=(weakref.ref(client), use_multipart),
+            )
+            sub_threads.append(new_thread)
+            new_thread.start()
+        if next_batch := _tracing_thread_drain_queue(tracing_queue, limit=size_limit):
+            if client.otel_exporter is not None:
+                _otel_tracing_thread_handle_batch(client, tracing_queue, next_batch)
+            else:
+                _tracing_thread_handle_batch(
+                    client, tracing_queue, next_batch, use_multipart
+                )
+
+    # drain the queue on exit
+    while next_batch := _tracing_thread_drain_queue(
+        tracing_queue, limit=size_limit, block=False
+    ):
+        if client.otel_exporter is not None:
+            _otel_tracing_thread_handle_batch(client, tracing_queue, next_batch)
+        else:
+            _tracing_thread_handle_batch(
+                client, tracing_queue, next_batch, use_multipart
+            )
+    logger.debug("Tracing control thread is shutting down")
+
+
+def tracing_control_thread_func_compress_parallel(
+    client_ref: weakref.ref[Client], flush_interval: float = 0.5
+) -> None:
+    client = client_ref()
+    if client is None:
+        return
+
+    if (
+        client.compressed_traces is None
+        or client._data_available_event is None
+        or client._futures is None
+    ):
+        logger.error(
+            "LangSmith tracing error: Required compression attributes not "
+            "initialized.\nThis may affect trace submission but does not "
+            "impact your application's runtime."
+        )
+        return
+
+    batch_ingest_config = _ensure_ingest_config(client.info)
+    size_limit: int = batch_ingest_config["size_limit"]
+    size_limit_bytes = batch_ingest_config.get("size_limit_bytes", 20_971_520)
+    # One for this func, one for the parent thread, one for getrefcount,
+    # one for _get_data_type_cached
+    num_known_refs = 4
+
+    def keep_thread_active() -> bool:
+        # if `client.cleanup()` was called, stop thread
+        if not client or (
+            hasattr(client, "_manual_cleanup") and client._manual_cleanup
+        ):
+            logger.debug("Client is being cleaned up, stopping compression thread")
+            return False
+        if not threading.main_thread().is_alive():
+            # main thread is dead. should not be active
+            logger.debug("Main thread is dead, stopping compression thread")
+            return False
+        if hasattr(sys, "getrefcount"):
+            # check if client refs count indicates we're the only remaining
+            # reference to the client
+            should_keep_thread = sys.getrefcount(client) > num_known_refs
+            if not should_keep_thread:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Client refs count indicates we're the only remaining reference "
+                    "to the client, stopping compression thread",
+                )
+            return should_keep_thread
+        else:
+            # in PyPy, there is no sys.getrefcount attribute
+            # for now, keep thread alive
+            return True
+
+    last_flush_time = time.monotonic()
+
+    while True:
+        triggered = client._data_available_event.wait(timeout=0.05)
+        if not keep_thread_active():
+            break
+
+        # If data arrived, clear the event and attempt a drain
+        if triggered:
+            client._data_available_event.clear()
+
+            data_stream, compressed_traces_info = (
+                _tracing_thread_drain_compressed_buffer
+            )(client, size_limit, size_limit_bytes)
+            # If we have data, submit the send request
+            if data_stream is not None:
+                try:
+                    future = HTTP_REQUEST_THREAD_POOL.submit(
+                        client._send_compressed_multipart_req,
+                        data_stream,
+                        compressed_traces_info,
+                    )
+                    client._futures.add(future)
+                except RuntimeError:
+                    client._send_compressed_multipart_req(
+                        data_stream,
+                        compressed_traces_info,
+                    )
+            last_flush_time = time.monotonic()
+
+        else:
+            if (time.monotonic() - last_flush_time) >= flush_interval:
+                data_stream, compressed_traces_info = (
+                    _tracing_thread_drain_compressed_buffer(
+                        client, size_limit=1, size_limit_bytes=1
+                    )
+                )
+                if data_stream is not None:
+                    try:
+                        cf.wait(
+                            [
+                                HTTP_REQUEST_THREAD_POOL.submit(
+                                    client._send_compressed_multipart_req,
+                                    data_stream,
+                                    compressed_traces_info,
+                                )
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    except RuntimeError:
+                        client._send_compressed_multipart_req(
+                            data_stream,
+                            compressed_traces_info,
+                        )
+                last_flush_time = time.monotonic()
+
+    # Drain the buffer on exit (final flush)
+    try:
+        final_data_stream, compressed_traces_info = (
+            _tracing_thread_drain_compressed_buffer(
+                client, size_limit=1, size_limit_bytes=1
+            )
+        )
+        if final_data_stream is not None:
+            try:
+                cf.wait(
+                    [
+                        HTTP_REQUEST_THREAD_POOL.submit(
+                            client._send_compressed_multipart_req,
+                            final_data_stream,
+                            compressed_traces_info,
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
+            except RuntimeError:
+                client._send_compressed_multipart_req(
+                    final_data_stream,
+                    compressed_traces_info,
+                )
+
+    except Exception:
+        logger.error(
+            "LangSmith tracing error: Failed during final cleanup.\n"
+            "This does not affect your application's runtime.\n"
+            "Error details:",
+            exc_info=True,
+        )
+    logger.debug("Compressed traces control thread is shutting down")
+
+
+def _tracing_sub_thread_func(
+    client_ref: weakref.ref[Client],
+    use_multipart: bool,
+) -> None:
+    client = client_ref()
+    if client is None:
+        return
+    try:
+        if not client.info:
+            return
+    except BaseException as e:
+        logger.debug("Error in tracing control thread: %s", e)
+        return
+    tracing_queue = client.tracing_queue
+    assert tracing_queue is not None
+    batch_ingest_config = _ensure_ingest_config(client.info)
+    size_limit = batch_ingest_config.get("size_limit", 100)
+    seen_successive_empty_queues = 0
+
+    # loop until
+    while (
+        # the main thread dies
+        threading.main_thread().is_alive()
+        # or we've seen the queue empty 4 times in a row
+        and seen_successive_empty_queues
+        <= batch_ingest_config["scale_down_nempty_trigger"]
+    ):
+        if next_batch := _tracing_thread_drain_queue(tracing_queue, limit=size_limit):
+            seen_successive_empty_queues = 0
+            if client.otel_exporter is not None:
+                _otel_tracing_thread_handle_batch(client, tracing_queue, next_batch)
+            else:
+                _tracing_thread_handle_batch(
+                    client, tracing_queue, next_batch, use_multipart
+                )
+        else:
+            seen_successive_empty_queues += 1
+
+    # drain the queue on exit
+    while next_batch := _tracing_thread_drain_queue(
+        tracing_queue, limit=size_limit, block=False
+    ):
+        if client.otel_exporter is not None:
+            _otel_tracing_thread_handle_batch(client, tracing_queue, next_batch)
+        else:
+            _tracing_thread_handle_batch(
+                client, tracing_queue, next_batch, use_multipart
+            )
+    logger.debug("Tracing control sub-thread is shutting down")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_beta_decorator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_beta_decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edbcaee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_beta_decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import functools
+import warnings
+from typing import Callable
+
+
+class LangSmithBetaWarning(UserWarning):
+    """This is a warning specific to the LangSmithBeta module."""
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=100)
+def _warn_once(message: str, stacklevel: int = 2) -> None:
+    warnings.warn(message, LangSmithBetaWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def warn_beta(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+        _warn_once(f"Function {func.__name__} is in beta.", stacklevel=3)
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_compressed_traces.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_compressed_traces.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00b3afa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_compressed_traces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import io
+import threading
+
+from zstandard import ZstdCompressor  # type: ignore[import]
+
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+
+compression_level = ls_utils.get_env_var("RUN_COMPRESSION_LEVEL", 3)
+
+
+class CompressedTraces:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        self.trace_count = 0
+        self.lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.uncompressed_size = 0
+        self._context = []
+
+        self.compressor_writer = ZstdCompressor(
+            level=compression_level, threads=-1
+        ).stream_writer(self.buffer, closefd=False)
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        self.trace_count = 0
+        self.uncompressed_size = 0
+        self._context = []
+        self.compressor_writer = ZstdCompressor(
+            level=compression_level, threads=-1
+        ).stream_writer(self.buffer, closefd=False)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_constants.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43505024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import uuid
+
+_SIZE_LIMIT_BYTES = 20_971_520  # 20MB by default
+_AUTO_SCALE_UP_QSIZE_TRIGGER = 200
+_AUTO_SCALE_UP_NTHREADS_LIMIT = 32
+_AUTO_SCALE_DOWN_NEMPTY_TRIGGER = 4
+_BLOCKSIZE_BYTES = 1024 * 1024  # 1MB
+_BOUNDARY = uuid.uuid4().hex
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_edit_distance.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_edit_distance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef544cd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_edit_distance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Optional
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+METRICS = Literal[
+    "damerau_levenshtein",
+    "levenshtein",
+    "jaro",
+    "jaro_winkler",
+    "hamming",
+    "indel",
+]
+
+
+class EditDistanceConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    metric: METRICS
+    normalize_score: bool
+
+
+class EditDistance:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[EditDistanceConfig] = None,
+    ):
+        config = config or {}
+        metric = config.get("metric") or "damerau_levenshtein"
+        self.metric = self._get_metric(
+            metric, normalize_score=config.get("normalize_score", True)
+        )
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.metric(prediction, reference)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_metric(distance: str, normalize_score: bool = True) -> Callable:
+        try:
+            from rapidfuzz import (  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+                distance as rf_distance,
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "This operation requires the rapidfuzz library to use."
+                "Please install it with `pip install -U rapidfuzz`."
+            )
+
+        module_map: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "damerau_levenshtein": rf_distance.DamerauLevenshtein,
+            "levenshtein": rf_distance.Levenshtein,
+            "jaro": rf_distance.Jaro,
+            "jaro_winkler": rf_distance.JaroWinkler,
+            "hamming": rf_distance.Hamming,
+            "indel": rf_distance.Indel,
+        }
+        if distance not in module_map:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid distance metric: {distance}"
+                f"\nMust be one of: {list(module_map)}"
+            )
+        module = module_map[distance]
+        if normalize_score:
+            return module.normalized_distance
+        else:
+            return module.distance
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_embedding_distance.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_embedding_distance.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1daac60d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_embedding_distance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import numpy as np  # type: ignore
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+Matrix = Union[list[list[float]], list[Any], Any]
+
+
+def cosine_similarity(X: Matrix, Y: Matrix) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Row-wise cosine similarity between two equal-width matrices."""
+    import numpy as np
+
+    if len(X) == 0 or len(Y) == 0:
+        return np.array([])
+
+    X = np.array(X)
+    Y = np.array(Y)
+    if X.shape[1] != Y.shape[1]:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Number of columns in X and Y must be the same. X has shape {X.shape} "
+            f"and Y has shape {Y.shape}."
+        )
+    try:
+        import simsimd as simd  # type: ignore
+
+        X = np.array(X, dtype=np.float32)
+        Y = np.array(Y, dtype=np.float32)
+        Z = 1 - simd.cdist(X, Y, metric="cosine")
+        if isinstance(Z, float):
+            return np.array([Z])
+        return np.array(Z)
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Unable to import simsimd, defaulting to NumPy implementation. If you want "
+            "to use simsimd please install with `pip install simsimd`."
+        )
+        X_norm = np.linalg.norm(X, axis=1)
+        Y_norm = np.linalg.norm(Y, axis=1)
+        # Ignore divide by zero errors run time warnings as those are handled below.
+        with np.errstate(divide="ignore", invalid="ignore"):
+            similarity = np.dot(X, Y.T) / np.outer(X_norm, Y_norm)
+        similarity[np.isnan(similarity) | np.isinf(similarity)] = 0.0
+        return similarity
+
+
+def _get_openai_encoder() -> Callable[[Sequence[str]], Sequence[Sequence[float]]]:
+    """Get the OpenAI GPT-3 encoder."""
+    try:
+        from openai import Client as OpenAIClient
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "THe default encoder for the EmbeddingDistance class uses the OpenAI API. "
+            "Please either install the openai library with `pip install openai` or "
+            "provide a custom encoder function (Callable[[str], Sequence[float]])."
+        )
+
+    def encode_text(texts: Sequence[str]) -> Sequence[Sequence[float]]:
+        client = OpenAIClient()
+        response = client.embeddings.create(
+            input=list(texts), model="text-embedding-3-small"
+        )
+        return [d.embedding for d in response.data]
+
+    return encode_text
+
+
+class EmbeddingConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    encoder: Callable[[list[str]], Sequence[Sequence[float]]]
+    metric: Literal["cosine", "euclidean", "manhattan", "chebyshev", "hamming"]
+
+
+class EmbeddingDistance:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Optional[EmbeddingConfig] = None,
+    ):
+        config = config or {}
+        self.distance = config.get("metric") or "cosine"
+        self.encoder = config.get("encoder") or _get_openai_encoder()
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        prediction: str,
+        reference: str,
+    ) -> float:
+        try:
+            import numpy as np
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The EmbeddingDistance class requires NumPy. Please install it with "
+                "`pip install numpy`."
+            )
+        embeddings = self.encoder([prediction, reference])
+        vector = np.array(embeddings)
+        return self._compute_distance(vector[0], vector[1]).item()
+
+    def _compute_distance(self, a: np.ndarray, b: np.ndarray) -> np.floating:
+        if self.distance == "cosine":
+            return self._cosine_distance(a, b)  # type: ignore
+        elif self.distance == "euclidean":
+            return self._euclidean_distance(a, b)
+        elif self.distance == "manhattan":
+            return self._manhattan_distance(a, b)
+        elif self.distance == "chebyshev":
+            return self._chebyshev_distance(a, b)
+        elif self.distance == "hamming":
+            return self._hamming_distance(a, b)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid distance metric: {self.distance}")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cosine_distance(a: np.ndarray, b: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Compute the cosine distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.ndarray: The cosine distance.
+        """
+        return 1.0 - cosine_similarity([a], [b])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _euclidean_distance(a: np.ndarray, b: np.ndarray) -> np.floating:
+        """Compute the Euclidean distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Euclidean distance.
+        """
+        return np.linalg.norm(a - b)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _manhattan_distance(a: np.ndarray, b: np.ndarray) -> np.floating:
+        """Compute the Manhattan distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Manhattan distance.
+        """
+        return np.sum(np.abs(a - b))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _chebyshev_distance(a: np.ndarray, b: np.ndarray) -> np.floating:
+        """Compute the Chebyshev distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Chebyshev distance.
+        """
+        return np.max(np.abs(a - b))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _hamming_distance(a: np.ndarray, b: np.ndarray) -> np.floating:
+        """Compute the Hamming distance between two vectors.
+
+        Args:
+            a (np.ndarray): The first vector.
+            b (np.ndarray): The second vector.
+
+        Returns:
+            np.floating: The Hamming distance.
+        """
+        return np.mean(a != b)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_multipart.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_multipart.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5ecf9ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_multipart.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from io import BufferedReader
+from typing import Union
+
+MultipartPart = tuple[
+    str, tuple[None, Union[bytes, BufferedReader], str, dict[str, str]]
+]
+
+
+class MultipartPartsAndContext:
+    parts: list[MultipartPart]
+    context: str
+
+    __slots__ = ("parts", "context")
+
+    def __init__(self, parts: list[MultipartPart], context: str) -> None:
+        self.parts = parts
+        self.context = context
+
+
+def join_multipart_parts_and_context(
+    parts_and_contexts: Iterable[MultipartPartsAndContext],
+) -> MultipartPartsAndContext:
+    acc_parts: list[MultipartPart] = []
+    acc_context: list[str] = []
+    for parts_and_context in parts_and_contexts:
+        acc_parts.extend(parts_and_context.parts)
+        acc_context.append(parts_and_context.context)
+    return MultipartPartsAndContext(acc_parts, "; ".join(acc_context))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_operations.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_operations.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf5fe934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_operations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import logging
+import os
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from io import BufferedReader
+from typing import Literal, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from langsmith import schemas as ls_schemas
+from langsmith._internal import _orjson
+from langsmith._internal._compressed_traces import CompressedTraces
+from langsmith._internal._multipart import MultipartPart, MultipartPartsAndContext
+from langsmith._internal._serde import dumps_json as _dumps_json
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SerializedRunOperation:
+    operation: Literal["post", "patch"]
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    trace_id: uuid.UUID
+
+    # this is the whole object, minus the other fields which
+    # are popped (inputs/outputs/events/attachments)
+    _none: bytes
+
+    inputs: Optional[bytes]
+    outputs: Optional[bytes]
+    events: Optional[bytes]
+    attachments: Optional[ls_schemas.Attachments]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "operation",
+        "id",
+        "trace_id",
+        "_none",
+        "inputs",
+        "outputs",
+        "events",
+        "attachments",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        operation: Literal["post", "patch"],
+        id: uuid.UUID,
+        trace_id: uuid.UUID,
+        _none: bytes,
+        inputs: Optional[bytes] = None,
+        outputs: Optional[bytes] = None,
+        events: Optional[bytes] = None,
+        attachments: Optional[ls_schemas.Attachments] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.operation = operation
+        self.id = id
+        self.trace_id = trace_id
+        self._none = _none
+        self.inputs = inputs
+        self.outputs = outputs
+        self.events = events
+        self.attachments = attachments
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, SerializedRunOperation) and (
+            self.operation,
+            self.id,
+            self.trace_id,
+            self._none,
+            self.inputs,
+            self.outputs,
+            self.events,
+            self.attachments,
+        ) == (
+            other.operation,
+            other.id,
+            other.trace_id,
+            other._none,
+            other.inputs,
+            other.outputs,
+            other.events,
+            other.attachments,
+        )
+
+
+class SerializedFeedbackOperation:
+    id: uuid.UUID
+    trace_id: uuid.UUID
+    feedback: bytes
+
+    __slots__ = ("id", "trace_id", "feedback")
+
+    def __init__(self, id: uuid.UUID, trace_id: uuid.UUID, feedback: bytes) -> None:
+        self.id = id
+        self.trace_id = trace_id
+        self.feedback = feedback
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, SerializedFeedbackOperation) and (
+            self.id,
+            self.trace_id,
+            self.feedback,
+        ) == (other.id, other.trace_id, other.feedback)
+
+
+def serialize_feedback_dict(
+    feedback: Union[ls_schemas.FeedbackCreate, dict],
+) -> SerializedFeedbackOperation:
+    if hasattr(feedback, "dict") and callable(getattr(feedback, "dict")):
+        feedback_create: dict = feedback.dict()  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        feedback_create = cast(dict, feedback)
+    if "id" not in feedback_create:
+        feedback_create["id"] = uuid.uuid4()
+    elif isinstance(feedback_create["id"], str):
+        feedback_create["id"] = uuid.UUID(feedback_create["id"])
+    if "trace_id" not in feedback_create:
+        feedback_create["trace_id"] = uuid.uuid4()
+    elif isinstance(feedback_create["trace_id"], str):
+        feedback_create["trace_id"] = uuid.UUID(feedback_create["trace_id"])
+
+    return SerializedFeedbackOperation(
+        id=feedback_create["id"],
+        trace_id=feedback_create["trace_id"],
+        feedback=_dumps_json(feedback_create),
+    )
+
+
+def serialize_run_dict(
+    operation: Literal["post", "patch"], payload: dict
+) -> SerializedRunOperation:
+    inputs = payload.pop("inputs", None)
+    outputs = payload.pop("outputs", None)
+    events = payload.pop("events", None)
+    attachments = payload.pop("attachments", None)
+    return SerializedRunOperation(
+        operation=operation,
+        id=payload["id"],
+        trace_id=payload["trace_id"],
+        _none=_dumps_json(payload),
+        inputs=_dumps_json(inputs) if inputs is not None else None,
+        outputs=_dumps_json(outputs) if outputs is not None else None,
+        events=_dumps_json(events) if events is not None else None,
+        attachments=attachments if attachments is not None else None,
+    )
+
+
+def combine_serialized_queue_operations(
+    ops: list[Union[SerializedRunOperation, SerializedFeedbackOperation]],
+) -> list[Union[SerializedRunOperation, SerializedFeedbackOperation]]:
+    create_ops_by_id = {
+        op.id: op
+        for op in ops
+        if isinstance(op, SerializedRunOperation) and op.operation == "post"
+    }
+    passthrough_ops: list[
+        Union[SerializedRunOperation, SerializedFeedbackOperation]
+    ] = []
+    for op in ops:
+        if isinstance(op, SerializedRunOperation):
+            if op.operation == "post":
+                continue
+
+            # must be patch
+
+            create_op = create_ops_by_id.get(op.id)
+            if create_op is None:
+                passthrough_ops.append(op)
+                continue
+
+            if op._none is not None and op._none != create_op._none:
+                # TODO optimize this more - this would currently be slowest
+                # for large payloads
+                create_op_dict = _orjson.loads(create_op._none)
+                op_dict = {
+                    k: v for k, v in _orjson.loads(op._none).items() if v is not None
+                }
+                create_op_dict.update(op_dict)
+                create_op._none = _orjson.dumps(create_op_dict)
+
+            if op.inputs is not None:
+                create_op.inputs = op.inputs
+            if op.outputs is not None:
+                create_op.outputs = op.outputs
+            if op.events is not None:
+                create_op.events = op.events
+            if op.attachments is not None:
+                if create_op.attachments is None:
+                    create_op.attachments = {}
+                create_op.attachments.update(op.attachments)
+        else:
+            passthrough_ops.append(op)
+    return list(itertools.chain(create_ops_by_id.values(), passthrough_ops))
+
+
+def serialized_feedback_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context(
+    op: SerializedFeedbackOperation,
+) -> MultipartPartsAndContext:
+    return MultipartPartsAndContext(
+        [
+            (
+                f"feedback.{op.id}",
+                (
+                    None,
+                    op.feedback,
+                    "application/json",
+                    {"Content-Length": str(len(op.feedback))},
+                ),
+            )
+        ],
+        f"trace={op.trace_id},id={op.id}",
+    )
+
+
+def serialized_run_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context(
+    op: SerializedRunOperation,
+) -> tuple[MultipartPartsAndContext, dict[str, BufferedReader]]:
+    acc_parts: list[MultipartPart] = []
+    opened_files_dict: dict[str, BufferedReader] = {}
+    # this is main object, minus inputs/outputs/events/attachments
+    acc_parts.append(
+        (
+            f"{op.operation}.{op.id}",
+            (
+                None,
+                op._none,
+                "application/json",
+                {"Content-Length": str(len(op._none))},
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    for key, value in (
+        ("inputs", op.inputs),
+        ("outputs", op.outputs),
+        ("events", op.events),
+    ):
+        if value is None:
+            continue
+        valb = value
+        acc_parts.append(
+            (
+                f"{op.operation}.{op.id}.{key}",
+                (
+                    None,
+                    valb,
+                    "application/json",
+                    {"Content-Length": str(len(valb))},
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+    if op.attachments:
+        for n, (content_type, data_or_path) in op.attachments.items():
+            if "." in n:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Skipping logging of attachment '{n}' "
+                    f"for run {op.id}:"
+                    " Invalid attachment name.  Attachment names must not contain"
+                    " periods ('.'). Please rename the attachment and try again."
+                )
+                continue
+
+            if isinstance(data_or_path, bytes):
+                acc_parts.append(
+                    (
+                        f"attachment.{op.id}.{n}",
+                        (
+                            None,
+                            data_or_path,
+                            content_type,
+                            {"Content-Length": str(len(data_or_path))},
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                file_size = os.path.getsize(data_or_path)
+                file = open(data_or_path, "rb")
+                opened_files_dict[str(data_or_path) + str(uuid.uuid4())] = file
+                acc_parts.append(
+                    (
+                        f"attachment.{op.id}.{n}",
+                        (
+                            None,
+                            file,
+                            f"{content_type}; length={file_size}",
+                            {},
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+    return (
+        MultipartPartsAndContext(acc_parts, f"trace={op.trace_id},id={op.id}"),
+        opened_files_dict,
+    )
+
+
+def encode_multipart_parts_and_context(
+    parts_and_context: MultipartPartsAndContext,
+    boundary: str,
+) -> Iterable[tuple[bytes, Union[bytes, BufferedReader]]]:
+    for part_name, (filename, data, content_type, headers) in parts_and_context.parts:
+        header_parts = [
+            f"--{boundary}\r\n",
+            f'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="{part_name}"',
+        ]
+
+        if filename:
+            header_parts.append(f'; filename="{filename}"')
+
+        header_parts.extend(
+            [
+                f"\r\nContent-Type: {content_type}\r\n",
+                *[f"{k}: {v}\r\n" for k, v in headers.items()],
+                "\r\n",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        yield ("".join(header_parts).encode(), data)
+
+
+def compress_multipart_parts_and_context(
+    parts_and_context: MultipartPartsAndContext,
+    compressed_traces: CompressedTraces,
+    boundary: str,
+) -> None:
+    for headers, data in encode_multipart_parts_and_context(
+        parts_and_context, boundary
+    ):
+        compressed_traces.compressor_writer.write(headers)
+
+        if isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            compressed_traces.uncompressed_size += len(data)
+            compressed_traces.compressor_writer.write(data)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(data, BufferedReader):
+                encoded_data = data.read()
+            else:
+                encoded_data = str(data).encode()
+            compressed_traces.uncompressed_size += len(encoded_data)
+            compressed_traces.compressor_writer.write(encoded_data)
+
+        # Write part terminator
+        compressed_traces.compressor_writer.write(b"\r\n")
+    compressed_traces._context.append(parts_and_context.context)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_orjson.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_orjson.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecd9e20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_orjson.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+"""Stubs for orjson operations, compatible with PyPy via a json fallback."""
+
+try:
+    from orjson import (
+        OPT_NON_STR_KEYS,
+        OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS,
+        OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY,
+        OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID,
+        Fragment,
+        JSONDecodeError,
+        dumps,
+        loads,
+    )
+
+except ImportError:
+    import dataclasses
+    import json
+    import uuid
+    from typing import Any, Callable, Optional
+
+    OPT_NON_STR_KEYS = 1
+    OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS = 2
+    OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY = 4
+    OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID = 8
+
+    class Fragment:  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, payloadb: bytes):
+            self.payloadb = payloadb
+
+    from json import JSONDecodeError  # type: ignore
+
+    def dumps(  # type: ignore
+        obj: Any,
+        /,
+        default: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        option: int = 0,
+    ) -> bytes:  # type: ignore
+        # for now, don't do anything for this case because `json.dumps`
+        # automatically encodes non-str keys as str by default, unlike orjson
+        # enable_non_str_keys = bool(option & OPT_NON_STR_KEYS)
+
+        enable_serialize_numpy = bool(option & OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY)
+        enable_serialize_dataclass = bool(option & OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS)
+        enable_serialize_uuid = bool(option & OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID)
+
+        class CustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):  # type: ignore
+            def encode(self, o: Any) -> str:
+                if isinstance(o, Fragment):
+                    return o.payloadb.decode("utf-8")  # type: ignore
+                return super().encode(o)
+
+            def default(self, o: Any) -> Any:
+                if enable_serialize_uuid and isinstance(o, uuid.UUID):
+                    return str(o)
+                if enable_serialize_numpy and hasattr(o, "tolist"):
+                    # even objects like np.uint16(15) have a .tolist() function
+                    return o.tolist()
+                if (
+                    enable_serialize_dataclass
+                    and dataclasses.is_dataclass(o)
+                    and not isinstance(o, type)
+                ):
+                    return dataclasses.asdict(o)
+                if default is not None:
+                    return default(o)
+
+                return super().default(o)
+
+        return json.dumps(obj, cls=CustomEncoder).encode("utf-8")
+
+    def loads(payload: bytes, /) -> Any:  # type: ignore
+        return json.loads(payload)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "loads",
+    "dumps",
+    "Fragment",
+    "JSONDecodeError",
+    "OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY",
+    "OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS",
+    "OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID",
+    "OPT_NON_STR_KEYS",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_patch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_patch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7bf88bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_patch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+import functools
+
+from urllib3 import __version__ as urllib3version  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+from urllib3 import connection  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+
+
+def _ensure_str(s, encoding="utf-8", errors="strict") -> str:
+    if isinstance(s, str):
+        return s
+
+    if isinstance(s, bytes):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    return str(s)
+
+
+# Copied from https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/blob/1c994dfc8c5d5ecaee8ed3eb585d4785f5febf6e/src/urllib3/connection.py#L231
+def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
+    """Make the request.
+
+    This function is based on the urllib3 request method, with modifications
+    to handle potential issues when using vcrpy in concurrent workloads.
+
+    Args:
+        self: The HTTPConnection instance.
+        method (str): The HTTP method (e.g., 'GET', 'POST').
+        url (str): The URL for the request.
+        body (Optional[Any]): The body of the request.
+        headers (Optional[dict]): Headers to send with the request.
+
+    Returns:
+        The result of calling the parent request method.
+    """
+    # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
+    # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
+    if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
+        self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+
+    if headers is None:
+        headers = {}
+    else:
+        # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
+        headers = headers.copy()
+    if "user-agent" not in (_ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
+        headers["User-Agent"] = connection._get_default_user_agent()
+    # The above is all the same ^^^
+    # The following is different:
+    return self._parent_request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
+
+
+_PATCHED = False
+
+
+def patch_urllib3():
+    """Patch the request method of urllib3 to avoid type errors when using vcrpy.
+
+    In concurrent workloads (such as the tracing background queue), the
+    connection pool can get in a state where an HTTPConnection is created
+    before vcrpy patches the HTTPConnection class. In urllib3 >= 2.0 this isn't
+    a problem since they use the proper super().request(...) syntax, but in older
+    versions, super(HTTPConnection, self).request is used, resulting in a TypeError
+    since self is no longer a subclass of "HTTPConnection" (which at this point
+    is vcr.stubs.VCRConnection).
+
+    This method patches the class to fix the super() syntax to avoid mixed inheritance.
+    In the case of the LangSmith tracing logic, it doesn't really matter since we always
+    exclude cache checks for calls to LangSmith.
+
+    The patch is only applied for urllib3 versions older than 2.0.
+    """
+    global _PATCHED
+    if _PATCHED:
+        return
+    from packaging import version
+
+    if version.parse(urllib3version) >= version.parse("2.0"):
+        _PATCHED = True
+        return
+
+    # Lookup the parent class and its request method
+    parent_class = connection.HTTPConnection.__bases__[0]
+    parent_request = parent_class.request
+
+    def new_request(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Handle parent request.
+
+        This method binds the parent's request method to self and then
+        calls our modified request function.
+        """
+        self._parent_request = functools.partial(parent_request, self)
+        return request(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    connection.HTTPConnection.request = new_request
+    _PATCHED = True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_serde.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_serde.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a575f371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/_serde.py
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import collections
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import ipaddress
+import json
+import logging
+import pathlib
+import re
+import uuid
+from typing import Any
+
+from langsmith._internal import _orjson
+
+try:
+    from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+except ImportError:
+
+    class ZoneInfo:  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        """Introduced in python 3.9."""
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _simple_default(obj):
+    try:
+        # Only need to handle types that orjson doesn't serialize by default
+        # https://github.com/ijl/orjson#serialize
+        if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime):
+            return obj.isoformat()
+        elif isinstance(obj, uuid.UUID):
+            return str(obj)
+        elif isinstance(obj, BaseException):
+            return {"error": type(obj).__name__, "message": str(obj)}
+        elif isinstance(obj, (set, frozenset, collections.deque)):
+            return list(obj)
+        elif isinstance(obj, (datetime.timezone, ZoneInfo)):
+            return obj.tzname(None)
+        elif isinstance(obj, datetime.timedelta):
+            return obj.total_seconds()
+        elif isinstance(obj, decimal.Decimal):
+            if obj.as_tuple().exponent >= 0:
+                return int(obj)
+            else:
+                return float(obj)
+        elif isinstance(
+            obj,
+            (
+                ipaddress.IPv4Address,
+                ipaddress.IPv4Interface,
+                ipaddress.IPv4Network,
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address,
+                ipaddress.IPv6Interface,
+                ipaddress.IPv6Network,
+                pathlib.Path,
+            ),
+        ):
+            return str(obj)
+        elif isinstance(obj, re.Pattern):
+            return obj.pattern
+        elif isinstance(obj, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            return base64.b64encode(obj).decode()
+        return str(obj)
+    except BaseException as e:
+        logger.debug(f"Failed to serialize {type(obj)} to JSON: {e}")
+    return str(obj)
+
+
+_serialization_methods = [
+    (
+        "model_dump",
+        {"exclude_none": True, "mode": "json"},
+    ),  # Pydantic V2 with non-serializable fields
+    ("dict", {}),  # Pydantic V1 with non-serializable field
+    ("to_dict", {}),  # dataclasses-json
+]
+
+
+# IMPORTANT: This function is used from Rust code in `langsmith-pyo3` serialization,
+#            in order to handle serializing these tricky Python types *from Rust*.
+#            Do not cause this function to become inaccessible (e.g. by deleting
+#            or renaming it) without also fixing the corresponding Rust code found in:
+#               rust/crates/langsmith-pyo3/src/serialization/mod.rs
+def _serialize_json(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if isinstance(obj, (set, tuple)):
+            if hasattr(obj, "_asdict") and callable(obj._asdict):
+                # NamedTuple
+                return obj._asdict()
+            return list(obj)
+
+        for attr, kwargs in _serialization_methods:
+            if (
+                hasattr(obj, attr)
+                and callable(getattr(obj, attr))
+                and not isinstance(obj, type)
+            ):
+                try:
+                    method = getattr(obj, attr)
+                    response = method(**kwargs)
+                    if not isinstance(response, dict):
+                        return str(response)
+                    return response
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        f"Failed to use {attr} to serialize {type(obj)} to"
+                        f" JSON: {repr(e)}"
+                    )
+                    pass
+        return _simple_default(obj)
+    except BaseException as e:
+        logger.debug(f"Failed to serialize {type(obj)} to JSON: {e}")
+        return str(obj)
+
+
+def _elide_surrogates(s: bytes) -> bytes:
+    pattern = re.compile(rb"\\ud[89a-f][0-9a-f]{2}", re.IGNORECASE)
+    result = pattern.sub(b"", s)
+    return result
+
+
+def dumps_json(obj: Any) -> bytes:
+    """Serialize an object to a JSON formatted string.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    obj : Any
+        The object to serialize.
+    default : Callable[[Any], Any] or None, default=None
+        The default function to use for serialization.
+
+    Returns:
+    -------
+    str
+        The JSON formatted string.
+    """
+    try:
+        return _orjson.dumps(
+            obj,
+            default=_serialize_json,
+            option=_orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY
+            | _orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS
+            | _orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID
+            | _orjson.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS,
+        )
+    except TypeError as e:
+        # Usually caused by UTF surrogate characters
+        logger.debug(f"Orjson serialization failed: {repr(e)}. Falling back to json.")
+        result = json.dumps(
+            obj,
+            default=_serialize_json,
+            ensure_ascii=True,
+        ).encode("utf-8")
+        try:
+            result = _orjson.dumps(
+                _orjson.loads(result.decode("utf-8", errors="surrogateescape"))
+            )
+        except _orjson.JSONDecodeError:
+            result = _elide_surrogates(result)
+        return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/__pycache__/_otel_client.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/__pycache__/_otel_client.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/__pycache__/_otel_exporter.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/__pycache__/_otel_exporter.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/_otel_client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/_otel_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23e30d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/_otel_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+"""Client configuration for OpenTelemetry integration with LangSmith."""
+
+import os
+
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+
+HAS_OTEL = False
+try:
+    if ls_utils.is_truish(ls_utils.get_env_var("OTEL_ENABLED")):
+        from opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.http.trace_exporter import (  # type: ignore[import]
+            OTLPSpanExporter,
+        )
+        from opentelemetry.sdk.resources import (  # type: ignore[import]
+            SERVICE_NAME,
+            Resource,
+        )
+        from opentelemetry.sdk.trace import TracerProvider  # type: ignore[import]
+        from opentelemetry.sdk.trace.export import (  # type: ignore[import]
+            BatchSpanProcessor,
+        )
+
+        HAS_OTEL = True
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+def get_otlp_tracer_provider() -> "TracerProvider":
+    """Get the OTLP tracer provider for LangSmith.
+
+    This function creates a tracer provider that exports spans using the OTLP protocol
+    with LangSmith-specific defaults:
+
+    - OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT: https://api.smith.langchain.com/otel
+    - OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS: Contains x-api-key from LangSmith API key and
+      Langsmith-Project header if project is configured
+
+    These defaults can be overridden by setting the environment variables before
+    calling this function.
+
+    Returns:
+        TracerProvider: The OTLP tracer provider.
+    """
+    # Set LangSmith-specific defaults if not already set in environment
+    if not HAS_OTEL:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "OpenTelemetry packages are required to use this function. "
+            "Please install with `pip install langsmith[otel]`"
+        )
+
+    if "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT" not in os.environ:
+        ls_endpoint = ls_utils.get_api_url(None)
+        os.environ["OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT"] = f"{ls_endpoint}/otel"
+
+    # Configure headers with API key and project if available
+    if "OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS" not in os.environ:
+        api_key = ls_utils.get_api_key(None)
+        headers = f"x-api-key={api_key}"
+
+        project = ls_utils.get_tracer_project()
+        if project:
+            headers += f",Langsmith-Project={project}"
+
+        os.environ["OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS"] = headers
+
+    service_name = os.environ.get("OTEL_SERVICE_NAME", "langsmith")
+    resource = Resource(attributes={SERVICE_NAME: service_name})
+
+    tracer_provider = TracerProvider(resource=resource)
+
+    otlp_exporter = OTLPSpanExporter()
+    span_processor = BatchSpanProcessor(otlp_exporter)
+    tracer_provider.add_span_processor(span_processor)
+
+    return tracer_provider
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/_otel_exporter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/_otel_exporter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01b4d4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/_internal/otel/_otel_exporter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,676 @@
+"""OpenTelemetry exporter for LangSmith runs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import logging
+import uuid
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Optional
+
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith._internal import _orjson
+from langsmith._internal._operations import (
+    SerializedRunOperation,
+)
+
+HAS_OTEL = False
+try:
+    if ls_utils.is_truish(ls_utils.get_env_var("OTEL_ENABLED")):
+        from opentelemetry import trace  # type: ignore[import]
+        from opentelemetry.context.context import Context  # type: ignore[import]
+        from opentelemetry.trace import (  # type: ignore[import]
+            Span,
+            set_span_in_context,
+        )
+
+        HAS_OTEL = True
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# OpenTelemetry GenAI semconv attribute names
+GEN_AI_OPERATION_NAME = "gen_ai.operation.name"
+GEN_AI_SYSTEM = "gen_ai.system"
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_MODEL = "gen_ai.request.model"
+GEN_AI_RESPONSE_MODEL = "gen_ai.response.model"
+GEN_AI_USAGE_INPUT_TOKENS = "gen_ai.usage.input_tokens"
+GEN_AI_USAGE_OUTPUT_TOKENS = "gen_ai.usage.output_tokens"
+GEN_AI_USAGE_TOTAL_TOKENS = "gen_ai.usage.total_tokens"
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_MAX_TOKENS = "gen_ai.request.max_tokens"
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_TEMPERATURE = "gen_ai.request.temperature"
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_TOP_P = "gen_ai.request.top_p"
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_FREQUENCY_PENALTY = "gen_ai.request.frequency_penalty"
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_PRESENCE_PENALTY = "gen_ai.request.presence_penalty"
+GEN_AI_RESPONSE_FINISH_REASONS = "gen_ai.response.finish_reasons"
+GENAI_PROMPT = "gen_ai.prompt"
+GENAI_COMPLETION = "gen_ai.completion"
+
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_EXTRA_QUERY = "gen_ai.request.extra_query"
+GEN_AI_REQUEST_EXTRA_BODY = "gen_ai.request.extra_body"
+GEN_AI_SERIALIZED_NAME = "gen_ai.serialized.name"
+GEN_AI_SERIALIZED_SIGNATURE = "gen_ai.serialized.signature"
+GEN_AI_SERIALIZED_DOC = "gen_ai.serialized.doc"
+GEN_AI_RESPONSE_ID = "gen_ai.response.id"
+GEN_AI_RESPONSE_SERVICE_TIER = "gen_ai.response.service_tier"
+GEN_AI_RESPONSE_SYSTEM_FINGERPRINT = "gen_ai.response.system_fingerprint"
+GEN_AI_USAGE_INPUT_TOKEN_DETAILS = "gen_ai.usage.input_token_details"
+GEN_AI_USAGE_OUTPUT_TOKEN_DETAILS = "gen_ai.usage.output_token_details"
+
+# LangSmith custom attributes
+LANGSMITH_RUN_ID = "langsmith.span.id"
+LANGSMITH_TRACE_ID = "langsmith.trace.id"
+LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER = "langsmith.span.dotted_order"
+LANGSMITH_PARENT_RUN_ID = "langsmith.span.parent_id"
+LANGSMITH_SESSION_ID = "langsmith.trace.session_id"
+LANGSMITH_SESSION_NAME = "langsmith.trace.session_name"
+LANGSMITH_RUN_TYPE = "langsmith.span.kind"
+LANGSMITH_NAME = "langsmith.trace.name"
+LANGSMITH_METADATA = "langsmith.metadata"
+LANGSMITH_TAGS = "langsmith.span.tags"
+LANGSMITH_RUNTIME = "langsmith.span.runtime"
+LANGSMITH_REQUEST_STREAMING = "langsmith.request.streaming"
+LANGSMITH_REQUEST_HEADERS = "langsmith.request.headers"
+
+# GenAI event names
+GEN_AI_SYSTEM_MESSAGE = "gen_ai.system.message"
+GEN_AI_USER_MESSAGE = "gen_ai.user.message"
+GEN_AI_ASSISTANT_MESSAGE = "gen_ai.assistant.message"
+GEN_AI_CHOICE = "gen_ai.choice"
+
+WELL_KNOWN_OPERATION_NAMES = {
+    "llm": "chat",
+    "tool": "execute_tool",
+    "retriever": "embeddings",
+    "embedding": "embeddings",
+    "prompt": "chat",
+}
+
+
+def _get_operation_name(run_type: str) -> str:
+    return WELL_KNOWN_OPERATION_NAMES.get(run_type, run_type)
+
+
+class OTELExporter:
+    __slots__ = ["_tracer", "_spans"]
+    """OpenTelemetry exporter for LangSmith runs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tracer_provider=None):
+        """Initialize the OTEL exporter.
+
+        Args:
+            tracer_provider: Optional tracer provider to use. If not provided,
+                the global tracer provider will be used.
+        """
+        if not HAS_OTEL:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "OTEL_ENABLED is set but OpenTelemetry packages are not installed. "
+                "Install with `pip install langsmith[otel]`"
+            )
+            return
+
+        self._tracer = trace.get_tracer("langsmith", tracer_provider=tracer_provider)
+        self._spans = {}
+
+    def export_batch(
+        self,
+        operations: list[SerializedRunOperation],
+        otel_context_map: dict[uuid.UUID, Optional[Context]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Export a batch of serialized run operations to OTEL.
+
+        Args:
+            operations: List of serialized run operations to export.
+        """
+        # Create a dictionary mapping run IDs to their operations
+
+        for op in operations:
+            try:
+                run_info = self._deserialize_run_info(op)
+                if not run_info:
+                    continue
+                if op.operation == "post":
+                    span = self._create_span_for_run(
+                        op, run_info, otel_context_map.get(op.id)
+                    )
+                    if span:
+                        self._spans[op.id] = span
+                else:
+                    self._update_span_for_run(op, run_info)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.exception(f"Error processing operation {op.id}: {e}")
+
+    def _deserialize_run_info(self, op: SerializedRunOperation) -> Optional[dict]:
+        """Deserialize the run info from the operation.
+
+        Args:
+            op: The serialized run operation.
+
+        Returns:
+            The deserialized run info as a dictionary, or None if deserialization
+            failed.
+        """
+        try:
+            run_info = _orjson.loads(op._none)
+
+            # convert run_info to a Run Schema
+            return run_info
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.exception(f"Failed to deserialize run info for {op.id}: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def _create_span_for_run(
+        self,
+        op: SerializedRunOperation,
+        run_info: dict,
+        otel_context: Optional[Context] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[Span]:
+        """Create an OpenTelemetry span for a run operation.
+
+        Args:
+            op: The serialized run operation.
+            run_info: The deserialized run info.
+            parent_span: Optional parent span.
+
+        Returns:
+            The created span, or None if creation failed.
+        """
+        try:
+            start_time = run_info.get("start_time")
+            start_time_utc_nano = self._as_utc_nano(start_time)
+
+            end_time = run_info.get("end_time")
+            end_time_utc_nano = self._as_utc_nano(end_time)
+
+            # Start the span
+            parent_run_id = run_info.get("parent_run_id")
+            if parent_run_id is not None and uuid.UUID(parent_run_id) in self._spans:
+                span = self._tracer.start_span(
+                    run_info.get("name"),
+                    context=set_span_in_context(self._spans[uuid.UUID(parent_run_id)]),
+                    start_time=start_time_utc_nano,
+                )
+            else:
+                span = self._tracer.start_span(
+                    run_info.get("name"),
+                    context=otel_context,
+                    start_time=start_time_utc_nano,
+                )
+
+            # Set all attributes
+            self._set_span_attributes(span, run_info, op)
+
+            # Set status based on error
+            if run_info.get("error"):
+                span.set_status(trace.StatusCode.ERROR)
+                span.record_exception(Exception(run_info.get("error")))
+            else:
+                span.set_status(trace.StatusCode.OK)
+
+            # End the span if end_time is present
+            end_time = run_info.get("end_time")
+            if end_time:
+                end_time_utc_nano = self._as_utc_nano(end_time)
+                if end_time_utc_nano:
+                    span.end(end_time=end_time_utc_nano)
+                else:
+                    span.end()
+
+            return span
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.exception(f"Failed to create span for run {op.id}: {e}")
+            return None
+
+    def _update_span_for_run(self, op: SerializedRunOperation, run_info: dict) -> None:
+        """Update an OpenTelemetry span for a run operation.
+
+        Args:
+            op: The serialized run operation.
+            run_info: The deserialized run info.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Get the span for this run
+            if op.id not in self._spans:
+                logger.debug(f"No span found for run {op.id} during update")
+                return
+
+            span = self._spans[op.id]
+
+            # Update attributes
+            self._set_span_attributes(span, run_info, op)
+            # Update status based on error
+            if run_info.get("error"):
+                span.set_status(trace.StatusCode.ERROR)
+                span.record_exception(Exception(run_info.get("error")))
+            else:
+                span.set_status(trace.StatusCode.OK)
+
+            # End the span if end_time is present
+            end_time = run_info.get("end_time")
+            if end_time:
+                end_time_utc_nano = self._as_utc_nano(end_time)
+                if end_time_utc_nano:
+                    span.end(end_time=end_time_utc_nano)
+                else:
+                    span.end()
+                # Remove the span from our dictionary
+                del self._spans[op.id]
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.exception(f"Failed to update span for run {op.id}: {e}")
+
+    def _extract_model_name(self, run_info: dict) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Extract model name from run info.
+
+        Args:
+            run_info: The run info.
+
+        Returns:
+            The model name, or None if not found.
+        """
+        # Try to get model name from metadata
+        if run_info.get("extra") and run_info["extra"].get("metadata"):
+            metadata = run_info["extra"]["metadata"]
+
+            # First check for ls_model_name in metadata
+            if metadata.get("ls_model_name"):
+                return metadata["ls_model_name"]
+
+            # Then check invocation_params for model info
+            if "invocation_params" in metadata:
+                invocation_params = metadata["invocation_params"]
+                # Check model first, then model_name
+                if invocation_params.get("model"):
+                    return invocation_params["model"]
+                elif invocation_params.get("model_name"):
+                    return invocation_params["model_name"]
+
+        return None
+
+    def _set_span_attributes(
+        self, span: Span, run_info: dict, op: SerializedRunOperation
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set attributes on the span.
+
+        Args:
+            span: The span to set attributes on.
+            run_info: The deserialized run info.
+            op: The serialized run operation.
+        """
+        # Set LangSmith-specific attributes
+        span.set_attribute(LANGSMITH_RUN_ID, str(op.id))
+        span.set_attribute(LANGSMITH_TRACE_ID, str(op.trace_id))
+
+        if run_info.get("dotted_order"):
+            span.set_attribute(
+                LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER, str(run_info.get("dotted_order"))
+            )
+
+        if run_info.get("parent_run_id"):
+            span.set_attribute(
+                LANGSMITH_PARENT_RUN_ID, str(run_info.get("parent_run_id"))
+            )
+        if run_info.get("run_type"):
+            span.set_attribute(LANGSMITH_RUN_TYPE, str(run_info.get("run_type")))
+
+        if run_info.get("name"):
+            span.set_attribute(LANGSMITH_NAME, str(run_info.get("name")))
+
+        if run_info.get("session_id"):
+            span.set_attribute(LANGSMITH_SESSION_ID, str(run_info.get("session_id")))
+        if run_info.get("session_name"):
+            span.set_attribute(
+                LANGSMITH_SESSION_NAME, str(run_info.get("session_name"))
+            )
+
+        # Set GenAI attributes according to OTEL semantic conventions
+        # Set gen_ai.operation.name
+        operation_name = _get_operation_name(run_info.get("run_type", "chain"))
+        span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_OPERATION_NAME, operation_name)
+
+        # Set gen_ai.system
+        self._set_gen_ai_system(span, run_info)
+
+        # Set model name if available
+        model_name = self._extract_model_name(run_info)
+        if model_name:
+            span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_REQUEST_MODEL, model_name)
+
+        # Set token usage information
+        if run_info.get("prompt_tokens") is not None:
+            prompt_tokens = run_info["prompt_tokens"]
+            span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_USAGE_INPUT_TOKENS, int(prompt_tokens))
+
+        if run_info.get("completion_tokens") is not None:
+            completion_tokens = run_info["completion_tokens"]
+            span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_USAGE_OUTPUT_TOKENS, int(completion_tokens))
+
+        if run_info.get("total_tokens") is not None:
+            total_tokens = run_info["total_tokens"]
+            span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_USAGE_TOTAL_TOKENS, int(total_tokens))
+
+        # Set other parameters from invocation_params
+        self._set_invocation_parameters(span, run_info)
+
+        # Set metadata and tags if available
+        extra = run_info.get("extra", {})
+        metadata = extra.get("metadata", {})
+        for key, value in metadata.items():
+            if value is not None:
+                span.set_attribute(f"{LANGSMITH_METADATA}.{key}", value)
+
+        tags = run_info.get("tags")
+        if tags:
+            if isinstance(tags, list):
+                span.set_attribute(LANGSMITH_TAGS, ", ".join(tags))
+            else:
+                span.set_attribute(LANGSMITH_TAGS, tags)
+
+        # Support additional serialized attributes, if present
+        if run_info.get("serialized") and isinstance(run_info["serialized"], dict):
+            serialized = run_info["serialized"]
+            if "name" in serialized and serialized["name"] is not None:
+                span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_SERIALIZED_NAME, serialized["name"])
+            if "signature" in serialized and serialized["signature"] is not None:
+                span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_SERIALIZED_SIGNATURE, serialized["signature"])
+            if "doc" in serialized and serialized["doc"] is not None:
+                span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_SERIALIZED_DOC, serialized["doc"])
+
+        # Set inputs/outputs if available
+        self._set_io_attributes(span, op)
+
+    def _set_gen_ai_system(self, span: Span, run_info: dict) -> None:
+        """Set the gen_ai.system attribute on the span based on the model provider.
+
+        Args:
+            span: The span to set attributes on.
+            run_info: The deserialized run info.
+        """
+        # Default to "langchain" if we can't determine the system
+        system = "langchain"
+
+        # Extract model name to determine the system
+        model_name = self._extract_model_name(run_info)
+        if model_name:
+            model_lower = model_name.lower()
+            if "anthropic" in model_lower or model_lower.startswith("claude"):
+                system = "anthropic"
+            elif "bedrock" in model_lower:
+                system = "aws.bedrock"
+            elif "azure" in model_lower and "openai" in model_lower:
+                system = "az.ai.openai"
+            elif "azure" in model_lower and "inference" in model_lower:
+                system = "az.ai.inference"
+            elif "cohere" in model_lower:
+                system = "cohere"
+            elif "deepseek" in model_lower:
+                system = "deepseek"
+            elif "gemini" in model_lower:
+                system = "gemini"
+            elif "groq" in model_lower:
+                system = "groq"
+            elif "watson" in model_lower or "ibm" in model_lower:
+                system = "ibm.watsonx.ai"
+            elif "mistral" in model_lower:
+                system = "mistral_ai"
+            elif "gpt" in model_lower or "openai" in model_lower:
+                system = "openai"
+            elif "perplexity" in model_lower or "sonar" in model_lower:
+                system = "perplexity"
+            elif "vertex" in model_lower:
+                system = "vertex_ai"
+            elif "xai" in model_lower or "grok" in model_lower:
+                system = "xai"
+
+        span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_SYSTEM, system)
+        setattr(span, "_gen_ai_system", system)
+
+    def _set_invocation_parameters(self, span: Span, run_info: dict) -> None:
+        """Set invocation parameters on the span.
+
+        Args:
+            span: The span to set attributes on.
+            run_info: The deserialized run info.
+        """
+        if not (run_info.get("extra") and run_info["extra"].get("metadata")):
+            return
+
+        metadata = run_info["extra"]["metadata"]
+        if "invocation_params" not in metadata:
+            return
+
+        invocation_params = metadata["invocation_params"]
+
+        # Set relevant invocation parameters
+        if "max_tokens" in invocation_params:
+            span.set_attribute(
+                GEN_AI_REQUEST_MAX_TOKENS, invocation_params["max_tokens"]
+            )
+
+        if "temperature" in invocation_params:
+            span.set_attribute(
+                GEN_AI_REQUEST_TEMPERATURE, invocation_params["temperature"]
+            )
+
+        if "top_p" in invocation_params:
+            span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_REQUEST_TOP_P, invocation_params["top_p"])
+
+        if "frequency_penalty" in invocation_params:
+            span.set_attribute(
+                GEN_AI_REQUEST_FREQUENCY_PENALTY, invocation_params["frequency_penalty"]
+            )
+
+        if "presence_penalty" in invocation_params:
+            span.set_attribute(
+                GEN_AI_REQUEST_PRESENCE_PENALTY, invocation_params["presence_penalty"]
+            )
+
+    def _set_io_attributes(self, span: Span, op: SerializedRunOperation) -> None:
+        """Set input/output attributes on the span.
+
+        Args:
+            span: The span to set attributes on.
+            op: The serialized run operation.
+        """
+        if op.inputs:
+            try:
+                inputs = _orjson.loads(op.inputs)
+
+                if isinstance(inputs, dict):
+                    if (
+                        "model" in inputs
+                        and isinstance(inputs.get("messages"), list)
+                        and inputs["model"] is not None
+                    ):
+                        span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_REQUEST_MODEL, inputs["model"])
+
+                    # Set additional request attributes if available.
+                    if "stream" in inputs and inputs["stream"] is not None:
+                        span.set_attribute(
+                            LANGSMITH_REQUEST_STREAMING, inputs["stream"]
+                        )
+                    if (
+                        "extra_headers" in inputs
+                        and inputs["extra_headers"] is not None
+                    ):
+                        span.set_attribute(
+                            LANGSMITH_REQUEST_HEADERS, inputs["extra_headers"]
+                        )
+                    if "extra_query" in inputs and inputs["extra_query"] is not None:
+                        span.set_attribute(
+                            GEN_AI_REQUEST_EXTRA_QUERY, inputs["extra_query"]
+                        )
+                    if "extra_body" in inputs and inputs["extra_body"] is not None:
+                        span.set_attribute(
+                            GEN_AI_REQUEST_EXTRA_BODY, inputs["extra_body"]
+                        )
+
+                span.set_attribute(GENAI_PROMPT, op.inputs)
+
+            except Exception:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Failed to process inputs for run %s", op.id, exc_info=True
+                )
+
+        if op.outputs:
+            try:
+                outputs = _orjson.loads(op.outputs)
+
+                # Extract token usage from outputs (for LLM runs)
+                token_usage = self.get_unified_run_tokens(outputs)
+                if token_usage:
+                    span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_USAGE_INPUT_TOKENS, token_usage[0])
+                    span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_USAGE_OUTPUT_TOKENS, token_usage[1])
+                    span.set_attribute(
+                        GEN_AI_USAGE_TOTAL_TOKENS, token_usage[0] + token_usage[1]
+                    )
+
+                    if "model" in outputs:
+                        span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_RESPONSE_MODEL, str(outputs["model"]))
+                # Extract additional response attributes.
+                if isinstance(outputs, dict):
+                    if "id" in outputs and outputs["id"] is not None:
+                        span.set_attribute(GEN_AI_RESPONSE_ID, outputs["id"])
+                    if "choices" in outputs and isinstance(outputs["choices"], list):
+                        finish_reasons = []
+                        for choice in outputs["choices"]:
+                            if (
+                                "finish_reason" in choice
+                                and choice["finish_reason"] is not None
+                            ):
+                                finish_reasons.append(str(choice["finish_reason"]))
+                        if finish_reasons:
+                            span.set_attribute(
+                                GEN_AI_RESPONSE_FINISH_REASONS,
+                                ", ".join(finish_reasons),
+                            )
+                    if (
+                        "service_tier" in outputs
+                        and outputs["service_tier"] is not None
+                    ):
+                        span.set_attribute(
+                            GEN_AI_RESPONSE_SERVICE_TIER, outputs["service_tier"]
+                        )
+                    if (
+                        "system_fingerprint" in outputs
+                        and outputs["system_fingerprint"] is not None
+                    ):
+                        span.set_attribute(
+                            GEN_AI_RESPONSE_SYSTEM_FINGERPRINT,
+                            outputs["system_fingerprint"],
+                        )
+                    if "usage_metadata" in outputs and isinstance(
+                        outputs["usage_metadata"], dict
+                    ):
+                        usage_metadata = outputs["usage_metadata"]
+                        if (
+                            "input_token_details" in usage_metadata
+                            and usage_metadata["input_token_details"] is not None
+                        ):
+                            input_token_details = str(
+                                usage_metadata["input_token_details"]
+                            )
+                            span.set_attribute(
+                                GEN_AI_USAGE_INPUT_TOKEN_DETAILS, input_token_details
+                            )
+                        if (
+                            "output_token_details" in usage_metadata
+                            and usage_metadata["output_token_details"] is not None
+                        ):
+                            output_token_details = str(
+                                usage_metadata["output_token_details"]
+                            )
+                            span.set_attribute(
+                                GEN_AI_USAGE_OUTPUT_TOKEN_DETAILS, output_token_details
+                            )
+
+                span.set_attribute(GENAI_COMPLETION, op.outputs)
+
+            except Exception:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Failed to process outputs for run %s", op.id, exc_info=True
+                )
+
+    def _as_utc_nano(self, timestamp: Optional[str]) -> Optional[int]:
+        if not timestamp:
+            return None
+        try:
+            dt = datetime.datetime.fromisoformat(timestamp)
+            return int(dt.astimezone(datetime.timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1_000_000_000)
+        except ValueError:
+            logger.exception(f"Failed to parse timestamp {timestamp}")
+            return None
+
+    def get_unified_run_tokens(
+        self, outputs: Optional[dict]
+    ) -> Optional[tuple[int, int]]:
+        if not outputs:
+            return None
+
+        # search in non-generations lists
+        if output := self._extract_unified_run_tokens(outputs.get("usage_metadata")):
+            return output
+
+        # find if direct kwarg in outputs
+        keys = outputs.keys()
+        for key in keys:
+            haystack = outputs[key]
+            if not haystack or not isinstance(haystack, dict):
+                continue
+
+            if output := self._extract_unified_run_tokens(
+                haystack.get("usage_metadata")
+            ):
+                return output
+
+            if (
+                haystack.get("lc") == 1
+                and "kwargs" in haystack
+                and isinstance(haystack["kwargs"], dict)
+                and (
+                    output := self._extract_unified_run_tokens(
+                        haystack["kwargs"].get("usage_metadata")
+                    )
+                )
+            ):
+                return output
+
+        # find in generations
+        generations = outputs.get("generations") or []
+        if not isinstance(generations, list):
+            return None
+        if generations and not isinstance(generations[0], list):
+            generations = [generations]
+
+        for generation in [x for xs in generations for x in xs]:
+            if (
+                isinstance(generation, dict)
+                and "message" in generation
+                and isinstance(generation["message"], dict)
+                and "kwargs" in generation["message"]
+                and isinstance(generation["message"]["kwargs"], dict)
+                and (
+                    output := self._extract_unified_run_tokens(
+                        generation["message"]["kwargs"].get("usage_metadata")
+                    )
+                )
+            ):
+                return output
+        return None
+
+    def _extract_unified_run_tokens(
+        self, outputs: Optional[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[tuple[int, int]]:
+        if not outputs or not isinstance(outputs, dict):
+            return None
+
+        if "input_tokens" not in outputs or "output_tokens" not in outputs:
+            return None
+
+        if not isinstance(outputs["input_tokens"], int) or not isinstance(
+            outputs["output_tokens"], int
+        ):
+            return None
+
+        return outputs["input_tokens"], outputs["output_tokens"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/anonymizer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/anonymizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d48afdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/anonymizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+import re  # noqa
+import inspect
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, TypedDict, Union
+
+
+class _ExtractOptions(TypedDict):
+    max_depth: Optional[int]
+    """
+    Maximum depth to traverse to to extract string nodes
+    """
+
+
+class StringNode(TypedDict):
+    """String node extracted from the data."""
+
+    value: str
+    """String value."""
+
+    path: list[Union[str, int]]
+    """Path to the string node in the data."""
+
+
+def _extract_string_nodes(data: Any, options: _ExtractOptions) -> list[StringNode]:
+    max_depth = options.get("max_depth") or 10
+
+    queue: list[tuple[Any, int, list[Union[str, int]]]] = [(data, 0, [])]
+    result: list[StringNode] = []
+
+    while queue:
+        task = queue.pop(0)
+        if task is None:
+            continue
+        value, depth, path = task
+
+        if isinstance(value, (dict, defaultdict)):
+            if depth >= max_depth:
+                continue
+            for key, nested_value in value.items():
+                queue.append((nested_value, depth + 1, path + [key]))
+        elif isinstance(value, list):
+            if depth >= max_depth:
+                continue
+            for i, item in enumerate(value):
+                queue.append((item, depth + 1, path + [i]))
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            result.append(StringNode(value=value, path=path))
+
+    return result
+
+
+class StringNodeProcessor:
+    """Processes a list of string nodes for masking."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def mask_nodes(self, nodes: list[StringNode]) -> list[StringNode]:
+        """Accept and return a list of string nodes to be masked."""
+
+
+class ReplacerOptions(TypedDict):
+    """Configuration options for replacing sensitive data."""
+
+    max_depth: Optional[int]
+    """Maximum depth to traverse to to extract string nodes."""
+
+    deep_clone: Optional[bool]
+    """Deep clone the data before replacing."""
+
+
+class StringNodeRule(TypedDict):
+    """Declarative rule used for replacing sensitive data."""
+
+    pattern: re.Pattern
+    """Regex pattern to match."""
+
+    replace: Optional[str]
+    """Replacement value. Defaults to `[redacted]` if not specified."""
+
+
+class RuleNodeProcessor(StringNodeProcessor):
+    """String node processor that uses a list of rules to replace sensitive data."""
+
+    rules: list[StringNodeRule]
+    """List of rules to apply for replacing sensitive data.
+
+    Each rule is a StringNodeRule, which contains a regex pattern to match
+    and an optional replacement string.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, rules: list[StringNodeRule]):
+        """Initialize the processor with a list of rules."""
+        self.rules = [
+            {
+                "pattern": (
+                    rule["pattern"]
+                    if isinstance(rule["pattern"], re.Pattern)
+                    else re.compile(rule["pattern"])
+                ),
+                "replace": (
+                    rule["replace"]
+                    if isinstance(rule.get("replace"), str)
+                    else "[redacted]"
+                ),
+            }
+            for rule in rules
+        ]
+
+    def mask_nodes(self, nodes: list[StringNode]) -> list[StringNode]:
+        """Mask nodes using the rules."""
+        result = []
+        for item in nodes:
+            new_value = item["value"]
+            for rule in self.rules:
+                new_value = rule["pattern"].sub(rule["replace"], new_value)
+            if new_value != item["value"]:
+                result.append(StringNode(value=new_value, path=item["path"]))
+        return result
+
+
+class CallableNodeProcessor(StringNodeProcessor):
+    """String node processor that uses a callable function to replace sensitive data."""
+
+    func: Union[Callable[[str], str], Callable[[str, list[Union[str, int]]], str]]
+    """The callable function used to replace sensitive data.
+    
+    It can be either a function that takes a single string argument and returns a string,
+    or a function that takes a string and a list of path elements (strings or integers) 
+    and returns a string."""
+
+    accepts_path: bool
+    """Indicates whether the callable function accepts a path argument.
+    
+    If True, the function expects two arguments: the string to be processed and the path to that string.
+    If False, the function expects only the string to be processed."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Union[Callable[[str], str], Callable[[str, list[Union[str, int]]], str]],
+    ):
+        """Initialize the processor with a callable function."""
+        self.func = func
+        self.accepts_path = len(inspect.signature(func).parameters) == 2
+
+    def mask_nodes(self, nodes: list[StringNode]) -> list[StringNode]:
+        """Mask nodes using the callable function."""
+        retval: list[StringNode] = []
+        for node in nodes:
+            candidate = (
+                self.func(node["value"], node["path"])  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                if self.accepts_path
+                else self.func(node["value"])  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            )
+            if candidate != node["value"]:
+                retval.append(StringNode(value=candidate, path=node["path"]))
+        return retval
+
+
+ReplacerType = Union[
+    Callable[[str, list[Union[str, int]]], str],
+    list[StringNodeRule],
+    StringNodeProcessor,
+]
+
+
+def _get_node_processor(replacer: ReplacerType) -> StringNodeProcessor:
+    if isinstance(replacer, list):
+        return RuleNodeProcessor(rules=replacer)
+    elif callable(replacer):
+        return CallableNodeProcessor(func=replacer)
+    else:
+        return replacer
+
+
+def create_anonymizer(
+    replacer: ReplacerType,
+    *,
+    max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
+    """Create an anonymizer function."""
+    processor = _get_node_processor(replacer)
+
+    def anonymizer(data: Any) -> Any:
+        nodes = _extract_string_nodes(data, {"max_depth": max_depth or 10})
+        mutate_value = data
+
+        to_update = processor.mask_nodes(nodes)
+        for node in to_update:
+            if not node["path"]:
+                mutate_value = node["value"]
+            else:
+                temp = mutate_value
+                for part in node["path"][:-1]:
+                    temp = temp[part]
+
+                last_part = node["path"][-1]
+                temp[last_part] = node["value"]
+
+        return mutate_value
+
+    return anonymizer
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/async_client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/async_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8bebed32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/async_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1881 @@
+"""The Async LangSmith Client."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import json
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator, AsyncIterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+import httpx
+
+from langsmith import client as ls_client
+from langsmith import schemas as ls_schemas
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith._internal import _beta_decorator as ls_beta
+
+ID_TYPE = Union[uuid.UUID, str]
+
+
+class AsyncClient:
+    """Async Client for interacting with the LangSmith API."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("_retry_config", "_client", "_web_url", "_settings")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        api_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        timeout_ms: Optional[
+            Union[
+                int, tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int], Optional[int]]
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        retry_config: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        web_url: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the async client."""
+        self._retry_config = retry_config or {"max_retries": 3}
+        _headers = {
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+        }
+        api_key = ls_utils.get_api_key(api_key)
+        api_url = ls_utils.get_api_url(api_url)
+        if api_key:
+            _headers[ls_client.X_API_KEY] = api_key
+        ls_client._validate_api_key_if_hosted(api_url, api_key)
+
+        if isinstance(timeout_ms, int):
+            timeout_: Union[tuple, float] = (timeout_ms / 1000, None, None, None)
+        elif isinstance(timeout_ms, tuple):
+            timeout_ = tuple([t / 1000 if t is not None else None for t in timeout_ms])
+        else:
+            timeout_ = 10
+        self._client = httpx.AsyncClient(
+            base_url=api_url, headers=_headers, timeout=timeout_
+        )
+        self._web_url = web_url
+        self._settings: Optional[ls_schemas.LangSmithSettings] = None
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncClient:
+        """Enter the async client."""
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        """Exit the async client."""
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    async def aclose(self):
+        """Close the async client."""
+        await self._client.aclose()
+
+    @property
+    def _api_url(self):
+        return str(self._client.base_url)
+
+    @property
+    def _host_url(self) -> str:
+        """The web host url."""
+        return ls_utils.get_host_url(self._web_url, self._api_url)
+
+    async def _arequest_with_retries(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        endpoint: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        """Make an async HTTP request with retries."""
+        max_retries = cast(int, self._retry_config.get("max_retries", 3))
+
+        # Python requests library used by the normal Client filters out params with None values
+        # The httpx library does not. Filter them out here to keep behavior consistent
+        if "params" in kwargs:
+            params = kwargs["params"]
+            filtered_params = {k: v for k, v in params.items() if v is not None}
+            kwargs["params"] = filtered_params
+
+        for attempt in range(max_retries):
+            try:
+                response = await self._client.request(method, endpoint, **kwargs)
+                ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+                return response
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+                if response.status_code == 500:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithAPIError(
+                        f"Server error caused failure to {method}"
+                        f" {endpoint} in"
+                        f" LangSmith API. {repr(e)}"
+                    )
+                elif response.status_code == 408:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithRequestTimeout(
+                        f"Client took too long to send request to {method}{endpoint}"
+                    )
+                elif response.status_code == 429:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithRateLimitError(
+                        f"Rate limit exceeded for {endpoint}. {repr(e)}"
+                    )
+                elif response.status_code == 401:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithAuthError(
+                        f"Authentication failed for {endpoint}. {repr(e)}"
+                    )
+                elif response.status_code == 404:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                        f"Resource not found for {endpoint}. {repr(e)}"
+                    )
+                elif response.status_code == 409:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError(
+                        f"Conflict for {endpoint}. {repr(e)}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(
+                        f"Failed to {method} {endpoint} in LangSmith API. {repr(e)}"
+                    )
+            except httpx.RequestError as e:
+                if attempt == max_retries - 1:
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithConnectionError(f"Request error: {repr(e)}")
+                await asyncio.sleep(2**attempt)
+        raise ls_utils.LangSmithAPIError(
+            "Unexpected error connecting to the LangSmith API"
+        )
+
+    async def _aget_paginated_list(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        params: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Get a paginated list of items."""
+        params = params or {}
+        offset = params.get("offset", 0)
+        params["limit"] = params.get("limit", 100)
+        while True:
+            params["offset"] = offset
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries("GET", path, params=params)
+            items = response.json()
+            if not items:
+                break
+            for item in items:
+                yield item
+            if len(items) < params["limit"]:
+                break
+            offset += len(items)
+
+    async def _aget_cursor_paginated_list(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        body: Optional[dict] = None,
+        request_method: str = "POST",
+        data_key: str = "runs",
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[dict]:
+        """Get a cursor paginated list of items."""
+        params_ = body.copy() if body else {}
+        while True:
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+                request_method,
+                path,
+                content=ls_client._dumps_json(params_),
+            )
+            response_body = response.json()
+            if not response_body:
+                break
+            if not response_body.get(data_key):
+                break
+            for run in response_body[data_key]:
+                yield run
+            cursors = response_body.get("cursors")
+            if not cursors:
+                break
+            if not cursors.get("next"):
+                break
+            params_["cursor"] = cursors["next"]
+
+    async def create_run(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_type: str,
+        *,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        revision_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a run."""
+        run_create = {
+            "name": name,
+            "id": kwargs.get("id") or uuid.uuid4(),
+            "inputs": inputs,
+            "run_type": run_type,
+            "session_name": project_name or ls_utils.get_tracer_project(),
+            "revision_id": revision_id,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST", "/runs", content=ls_client._dumps_json(run_create)
+        )
+
+    async def update_run(
+        self,
+        run_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update a run."""
+        data = {**kwargs, "id": ls_client._as_uuid(run_id)}
+        await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "PATCH",
+            f"/runs/{ls_client._as_uuid(run_id)}",
+            content=ls_client._dumps_json(data),
+        )
+
+    async def read_run(self, run_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE) -> ls_schemas.Run:
+        """Read a run."""
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/runs/{ls_client._as_uuid(run_id)}",
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.Run(**response.json())
+
+    async def list_runs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        project_id: Optional[
+            Union[ls_client.ID_TYPE, Sequence[ls_client.ID_TYPE]]
+        ] = None,
+        project_name: Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str]]] = None,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        trace_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        reference_example_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        trace_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        tree_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        is_root: Optional[bool] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+        error: Optional[bool] = None,
+        run_ids: Optional[Sequence[ls_client.ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        select: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ls_schemas.Run]:
+        """List runs from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        project_id : UUID or None, default=None
+            The ID(s) of the project to filter by.
+        project_name : str or None, default=None
+            The name(s) of the project to filter by.
+        run_type : str or None, default=None
+            The type of the runs to filter by.
+        trace_id : UUID or None, default=None
+            The ID of the trace to filter by.
+        reference_example_id : UUID or None, default=None
+            The ID of the reference example to filter by.
+        query : str or None, default=None
+            The query string to filter by.
+        filter : str or None, default=None
+            The filter string to filter by.
+        trace_filter : str or None, default=None
+            Filter to apply to the ROOT run in the trace tree. This is meant to
+            be used in conjunction with the regular `filter` parameter to let you
+            filter runs by attributes of the root run within a trace.
+        tree_filter : str or None, default=None
+            Filter to apply to OTHER runs in the trace tree, including
+            sibling and child runs. This is meant to be used in conjunction with
+            the regular `filter` parameter to let you filter runs by attributes
+            of any run within a trace.
+        is_root : bool or None, default=None
+            Whether to filter by root runs.
+        parent_run_id : UUID or None, default=None
+            The ID of the parent run to filter by.
+        start_time : datetime or None, default=None
+            The start time to filter by.
+        error : bool or None, default=None
+            Whether to filter by error status.
+        run_ids : List[str or UUID] or None, default=None
+            The IDs of the runs to filter by.
+        limit : int or None, default=None
+            The maximum number of runs to return.
+        **kwargs : Any
+            Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Yields:
+        ------
+        Run
+            The runs.
+
+        Examples:
+        --------
+        List all runs in a project:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            project_runs = client.list_runs(project_name="<your_project>")
+
+        List LLM and Chat runs in the last 24 hours:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            todays_llm_runs = client.list_runs(
+                project_name="<your_project>",
+                start_time=datetime.now() - timedelta(days=1),
+                run_type="llm",
+            )
+
+        List root traces in a project:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            root_runs = client.list_runs(project_name="<your_project>", is_root=1)
+
+        List runs without errors:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            correct_runs = client.list_runs(project_name="<your_project>", error=False)
+
+        List runs and only return their inputs/outputs (to speed up the query):
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            input_output_runs = client.list_runs(
+                project_name="<your_project>", select=["inputs", "outputs"]
+            )
+
+        List runs by run ID:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            run_ids = [
+                "a36092d2-4ad5-4fb4-9c0d-0dba9a2ed836",
+                "9398e6be-964f-4aa4-8ae9-ad78cd4b7074",
+            ]
+            selected_runs = client.list_runs(id=run_ids)
+
+        List all "chain" type runs that took more than 10 seconds and had
+        `total_tokens` greater than 5000:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            chain_runs = client.list_runs(
+                project_name="<your_project>",
+                filter='and(eq(run_type, "chain"), gt(latency, 10), gt(total_tokens, 5000))',
+            )
+
+        List all runs called "extractor" whose root of the trace was assigned feedback "user_score" score of 1:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            good_extractor_runs = client.list_runs(
+                project_name="<your_project>",
+                filter='eq(name, "extractor")',
+                trace_filter='and(eq(feedback_key, "user_score"), eq(feedback_score, 1))',
+            )
+
+        List all runs that started after a specific timestamp and either have "error" not equal to null or a "Correctness" feedback score equal to 0:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            complex_runs = client.list_runs(
+                project_name="<your_project>",
+                filter='and(gt(start_time, "2023-07-15T12:34:56Z"), or(neq(error, null), and(eq(feedback_key, "Correctness"), eq(feedback_score, 0.0))))',
+            )
+
+        List all runs where `tags` include "experimental" or "beta" and `latency` is greater than 2 seconds:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            tagged_runs = client.list_runs(
+                project_name="<your_project>",
+                filter='and(or(has(tags, "experimental"), has(tags, "beta")), gt(latency, 2))',
+            )
+        """
+        project_ids = []
+        if isinstance(project_id, (uuid.UUID, str)):
+            project_ids.append(project_id)
+        elif isinstance(project_id, list):
+            project_ids.extend(project_id)
+        if project_name is not None:
+            if isinstance(project_name, str):
+                project_name = [project_name]
+            projects = await asyncio.gather(
+                *[self.read_project(project_name=name) for name in project_name]
+            )
+            project_ids.extend([project.id for project in projects])
+
+        body_query: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "session": project_ids if project_ids else None,
+            "run_type": run_type,
+            "reference_example": (
+                [reference_example_id] if reference_example_id else None
+            ),
+            "query": query,
+            "filter": filter,
+            "trace_filter": trace_filter,
+            "tree_filter": tree_filter,
+            "is_root": is_root,
+            "parent_run": parent_run_id,
+            "start_time": start_time.isoformat() if start_time else None,
+            "error": error,
+            "id": run_ids,
+            "trace": trace_id,
+            "select": select,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        if project_ids:
+            body_query["session"] = [
+                str(ls_client._as_uuid(id_)) for id_ in project_ids
+            ]
+        body = {k: v for k, v in body_query.items() if v is not None}
+        ix = 0
+        async for run in self._aget_cursor_paginated_list("/runs/query", body=body):
+            yield ls_schemas.Run(**run)
+            ix += 1
+            if limit is not None and ix >= limit:
+                break
+
+    async def share_run(
+        self, run_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE, *, share_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get a share link for a run asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (ID_TYPE): The ID of the run to share.
+            share_id (Optional[ID_TYPE], optional): Custom share ID.
+                If not provided, a random UUID will be generated.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The URL of the shared run.
+
+        Raises:
+            httpx.HTTPStatusError: If the API request fails.
+        """
+        run_id_ = ls_client._as_uuid(run_id, "run_id")
+        data = {
+            "run_id": str(run_id_),
+            "share_token": str(share_id or uuid.uuid4()),
+        }
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "PUT",
+            f"/runs/{run_id_}/share",
+            content=ls_client._dumps_json(data),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        share_token = response.json()["share_token"]
+        return f"{self._host_url}/public/{share_token}/r"
+
+    async def run_is_shared(self, run_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE) -> bool:
+        """Get share state for a run asynchronously."""
+        link = await self.read_run_shared_link(ls_client._as_uuid(run_id, "run_id"))
+        return link is not None
+
+    async def read_run_shared_link(self, run_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Retrieve the shared link for a specific run asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (ID_TYPE): The ID of the run.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[str]: The shared link for the run, or None if the link is not
+            available.
+
+        Raises:
+            httpx.HTTPStatusError: If the API request fails.
+        """
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/runs/{ls_client._as_uuid(run_id, 'run_id')}/share",
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        result = response.json()
+        if result is None or "share_token" not in result:
+            return None
+        return f"{self._host_url}/public/{result['share_token']}/r"
+
+    async def create_project(
+        self,
+        project_name: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.TracerSession:
+        """Create a project."""
+        data = {"name": project_name, **kwargs}
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST", "/sessions", content=ls_client._dumps_json(data)
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.TracerSession(**response.json())
+
+    async def read_project(
+        self,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        project_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.TracerSession:
+        """Read a project."""
+        if project_id:
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+                "GET", f"/sessions/{ls_client._as_uuid(project_id)}"
+            )
+        elif project_name:
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+                "GET", "/sessions", params={"name": project_name}
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Either project_name or project_id must be provided")
+
+        data = response.json()
+        if isinstance(data, list):
+            if not data:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                    f"Project {project_name} not found"
+                )
+            return ls_schemas.TracerSession(**data[0])
+        return ls_schemas.TracerSession(**data)
+
+    async def delete_project(
+        self, *, project_name: Optional[str] = None, project_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Delete a project from LangSmith.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        project_name : str or None, default=None
+            The name of the project to delete.
+        project_id : str or None, default=None
+            The ID of the project to delete.
+        """
+        if project_id is None and project_name is None:
+            raise ValueError("Either project_name or project_id must be provided")
+        if project_id is None:
+            project = await self.read_project(project_name=project_name)
+            project_id = str(project.id)
+        if not project_id:
+            raise ValueError("Project not found")
+        await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/sessions/{ls_client._as_uuid(project_id)}",
+        )
+
+    async def create_dataset(
+        self,
+        dataset_name: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Create a dataset."""
+        data = {"name": dataset_name, **kwargs}
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST", "/datasets", content=ls_client._dumps_json(data)
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.Dataset(**response.json())
+
+    async def read_dataset(
+        self,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Read a dataset."""
+        if dataset_id:
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+                "GET", f"/datasets/{ls_client._as_uuid(dataset_id)}"
+            )
+        elif dataset_name:
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+                "GET", "/datasets", params={"name": dataset_name}
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Either dataset_name or dataset_id must be provided")
+
+        data = response.json()
+        if isinstance(data, list):
+            if not data:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                    f"Dataset {dataset_name} not found"
+                )
+            return ls_schemas.Dataset(**data[0])
+        return ls_schemas.Dataset(**data)
+
+    async def delete_dataset(self, dataset_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete a dataset."""
+        await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/datasets/{ls_client._as_uuid(dataset_id)}",
+        )
+
+    async def list_datasets(
+        self,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ls_schemas.Dataset]:
+        """List datasets."""
+        async for dataset in self._aget_paginated_list("/datasets", params=kwargs):
+            yield ls_schemas.Dataset(**dataset)
+
+    async def create_example(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        outputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Example:
+        """Create an example."""
+        if dataset_id is None and dataset_name is None:
+            raise ValueError("Either dataset_id or dataset_name must be provided")
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset = await self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name)
+            dataset_id = dataset.id
+
+        data = {
+            "inputs": inputs,
+            "outputs": outputs,
+            "dataset_id": str(dataset_id),
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST", "/examples", content=ls_client._dumps_json(data)
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.Example(**response.json())
+
+    async def read_example(self, example_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE) -> ls_schemas.Example:
+        """Read an example."""
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "GET", f"/examples/{ls_client._as_uuid(example_id)}"
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.Example(**response.json())
+
+    async def list_examples(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ls_schemas.Example]:
+        """List examples."""
+        params = kwargs.copy()
+        if dataset_id:
+            params["dataset"] = ls_client._as_uuid(dataset_id)
+        elif dataset_name:
+            dataset = await self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name)
+            params["dataset"] = dataset.id
+
+        async for example in self._aget_paginated_list("/examples", params=params):
+            yield ls_schemas.Example(**example)
+
+    async def create_feedback(
+        self,
+        run_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE],
+        key: str,
+        score: Optional[float] = None,
+        value: Optional[Any] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Feedback:
+        """Create feedback for a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE]): The ID of the run to provide feedback for.
+                Can be None for project-level feedback.
+            key (str): The name of the metric or aspect this feedback is about.
+            score (Optional[float]): The score to rate this run on the metric or aspect.
+            value (Optional[Any]): The display value or non-numeric value for this feedback.
+            comment (Optional[str]): A comment about this feedback.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to include in the feedback data.
+
+        Returns:
+            ls_schemas.Feedback: The created feedback object.
+
+        Raises:
+            httpx.HTTPStatusError: If the API request fails.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        data = {
+            "run_id": ls_client._ensure_uuid(run_id, accept_null=True),
+            "key": key,
+            "score": score,
+            "value": value,
+            "comment": comment,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST", "/feedback", content=ls_client._dumps_json(data)
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.Feedback(**response.json())
+
+    async def create_feedback_from_token(
+        self,
+        token_or_url: Union[str, uuid.UUID],
+        score: Union[float, int, bool, None] = None,
+        *,
+        value: Union[float, int, bool, str, dict, None] = None,
+        correction: Union[dict, None] = None,
+        comment: Union[str, None] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create feedback from a presigned token or URL.
+
+        Args:
+            token_or_url (Union[str, uuid.UUID]): The token or URL from which to create
+                 feedback.
+            score (Union[float, int, bool, None], optional): The score of the feedback.
+                Defaults to None.
+            value (Union[float, int, bool, str, dict, None], optional): The value of the
+                feedback. Defaults to None.
+            correction (Union[dict, None], optional): The correction of the feedback.
+                Defaults to None.
+            comment (Union[str, None], optional): The comment of the feedback. Defaults
+                to None.
+            metadata (Optional[dict], optional): Additional metadata for the feedback.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the source API URL is invalid.
+
+        Returns:
+            None: This method does not return anything.
+        """
+        source_api_url, token_uuid = ls_client._parse_token_or_url(
+            token_or_url, self._api_url, num_parts=1
+        )
+        if source_api_url != self._api_url:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid source API URL. {source_api_url}")
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/feedback/tokens/{ls_client._as_uuid(token_uuid)}",
+            content=ls_client._dumps_json(
+                {
+                    "score": score,
+                    "value": value,
+                    "correction": correction,
+                    "comment": comment,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    # TODO: Add ID once the API supports it.
+                }
+            ),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    async def create_presigned_feedback_token(
+        self,
+        run_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE,
+        feedback_key: str,
+        *,
+        expiration: Optional[datetime.datetime | datetime.timedelta] = None,
+        feedback_config: Optional[ls_schemas.FeedbackConfig] = None,
+        feedback_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken:
+        """Create a pre-signed URL to send feedback data to.
+
+        This is useful for giving browser-based clients a way to upload
+        feedback data directly to LangSmith without accessing the
+        API key.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id:
+            feedback_key:
+            expiration: The expiration time of the pre-signed URL.
+                Either a datetime or a timedelta offset from now.
+                Default to 3 hours.
+            feedback_config: FeedbackConfig or None.
+                If creating a feedback_key for the first time,
+                this defines how the metric should be interpreted,
+                such as a continuous score (w/ optional bounds),
+                or distribution over categorical values.
+            feedback_id: The ID of the feedback to create. If not provided, a new
+                feedback will be created.
+
+        Returns:
+            The pre-signed URL for uploading feedback data.
+        """
+        body: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "run_id": run_id,
+            "feedback_key": feedback_key,
+            "feedback_config": feedback_config,
+            "id": feedback_id or str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        }
+        if expiration is None:
+            body["expires_in"] = ls_schemas.TimeDeltaInput(
+                days=0,
+                hours=3,
+                minutes=0,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(expiration, datetime.datetime):
+            body["expires_at"] = expiration.isoformat()
+        elif isinstance(expiration, datetime.timedelta):
+            body["expires_in"] = ls_schemas.TimeDeltaInput(
+                days=expiration.days,
+                hours=expiration.seconds // 3600,
+                minutes=(expiration.seconds % 3600) // 60,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid expiration type: {type(expiration)}. "
+                "Expected datetime.datetime or datetime.timedelta."
+            )
+
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            "/feedback/tokens",
+            content=ls_client._dumps_json(body),
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken(**response.json())
+
+    async def read_feedback(
+        self, feedback_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Feedback:
+        """Read feedback."""
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "GET", f"/feedback/{ls_client._as_uuid(feedback_id)}"
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.Feedback(**response.json())
+
+    async def list_feedback(
+        self,
+        *,
+        run_ids: Optional[Sequence[ls_client.ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        feedback_key: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        feedback_source_type: Optional[Sequence[ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ls_schemas.Feedback]:
+        """List feedback."""
+        params = {
+            "run": (
+                [str(ls_client._as_uuid(id_)) for id_ in run_ids] if run_ids else None
+            ),
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        if feedback_key is not None:
+            params["key"] = feedback_key
+        if feedback_source_type is not None:
+            params["source"] = feedback_source_type
+        ix = 0
+        async for feedback in self._aget_paginated_list("/feedback", params=params):
+            yield ls_schemas.Feedback(**feedback)
+            ix += 1
+            if limit is not None and ix >= limit:
+                break
+
+    async def delete_feedback(self, feedback_id: ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete a feedback by ID.
+
+        Args:
+            feedback_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the feedback to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "DELETE", f"/feedback/{ls_client._as_uuid(feedback_id, 'feedback_id')}"
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    # Annotation Queue API
+
+    async def list_annotation_queues(
+        self,
+        *,
+        queue_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_contains: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue]:
+        """List the annotation queues on the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_ids (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                The IDs of the queues to filter by.
+            name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the queue to filter by.
+            name_contains (Optional[str]):
+                The substring that the queue name should contain.
+            limit (Optional[int]):
+                The maximum number of queues to return.
+
+        Yields:
+            The annotation queues.
+        """
+        params: dict = {
+            "ids": (
+                [
+                    ls_client._as_uuid(id_, f"queue_ids[{i}]")
+                    for i, id_ in enumerate(queue_ids)
+                ]
+                if queue_ids is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+            "name": name,
+            "name_contains": name_contains,
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100,
+        }
+        ix = 0
+        async for feedback in self._aget_paginated_list(
+            "/annotation-queues", params=params
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue(**feedback)
+            ix += 1
+            if limit is not None and ix >= limit:
+                break
+
+    async def create_annotation_queue(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        queue_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue:
+        """Create an annotation queue on the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str):
+                The name of the annotation queue.
+            description (Optional[str]):
+                The description of the annotation queue.
+            queue_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the annotation queue.
+
+        Returns:
+            AnnotationQueue: The created annotation queue object.
+        """
+        body = {
+            "name": name,
+            "description": description,
+            "id": str(queue_id) if queue_id is not None else str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        }
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            "/annotation-queues",
+            json={k: v for k, v in body.items() if v is not None},
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue(
+            **response.json(),
+        )
+
+    async def read_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE
+    ) -> ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue:
+        """Read an annotation queue with the specified queue ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue to read.
+
+        Returns:
+            AnnotationQueue: The annotation queue object.
+        """
+        # TODO: Replace when actual endpoint is added
+        return await self.list_annotation_queues(queue_ids=[queue_id]).__anext__()
+
+    async def update_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE, *, name: str, description: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update an annotation queue with the specified queue_id.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue to update.
+            name (str): The new name for the annotation queue.
+            description (Optional[str]): The new description for the
+                annotation queue. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "PATCH",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{ls_client._as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}",
+            json={
+                "name": name,
+                "description": description,
+            },
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    async def delete_annotation_queue(self, queue_id: ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete an annotation queue with the specified queue ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{ls_client._as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}",
+            headers={"Accept": "application/json", **self._client.headers},
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    async def add_runs_to_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE, *, run_ids: list[ID_TYPE]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add runs to an annotation queue with the specified queue ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue.
+            run_ids (List[Union[UUID, str]]): The IDs of the runs to be added to the annotation
+                queue.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{ls_client._as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}/runs",
+            json=[
+                str(ls_client._as_uuid(id_, f"run_ids[{i}]"))
+                for i, id_ in enumerate(run_ids)
+            ],
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    async def delete_run_from_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE, *, run_id: ID_TYPE
+    ) -> None:
+        """Delete a run from an annotation queue with the specified queue ID and run ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue.
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run to be added to the annotation
+                queue.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{ls_client._as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}/runs/{ls_client._as_uuid(run_id, 'run_id')}",
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    async def get_run_from_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE, *, index: int
+    ) -> ls_schemas.RunWithAnnotationQueueInfo:
+        """Get a run from an annotation queue at the specified index.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue.
+            index (int): The index of the run to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            RunWithAnnotationQueueInfo: The run at the specified index.
+
+        Raises:
+            LangSmithNotFoundError: If the run is not found at the given index.
+            LangSmithError: For other API-related errors.
+        """
+        base_url = f"/annotation-queues/{ls_client._as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}/run"
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries("GET", f"{base_url}/{index}")
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.RunWithAnnotationQueueInfo(**response.json())
+
+    @ls_beta.warn_beta
+    async def index_dataset(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE,
+        tag: str = "latest",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Enable dataset indexing. Examples are indexed by their inputs.
+
+        This enables searching for similar examples by inputs with
+        ``client.similar_examples()``.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (UUID): The ID of the dataset to index.
+            tag (str, optional): The version of the dataset to index. If 'latest'
+                then any updates to the dataset (additions, updates, deletions of
+                examples) will be reflected in the index.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.HTTPError
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        dataset_id = ls_client._as_uuid(dataset_id, "dataset_id")
+        resp = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/datasets/{dataset_id}/index",
+            content=ls_client._dumps_json({"tag": tag, **kwargs}),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(resp)
+
+    @ls_beta.warn_beta
+    async def sync_indexed_dataset(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Sync dataset index. This already happens automatically every 5 minutes, but you can call this to force a sync.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (UUID): The ID of the dataset to sync.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.HTTPError
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        dataset_id = ls_client._as_uuid(dataset_id, "dataset_id")
+        resp = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/datasets/{dataset_id}/index/sync",
+            content=ls_client._dumps_json({**kwargs}),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(resp)
+
+    @ls_beta.warn_beta
+    async def similar_examples(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict,
+        /,
+        *,
+        limit: int,
+        dataset_id: ls_client.ID_TYPE,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[ls_schemas.ExampleSearch]:
+        r"""Retrieve the dataset examples whose inputs best match the current inputs.
+
+        **Note**: Must have few-shot indexing enabled for the dataset. See
+        ``client.index_dataset()``.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (dict): The inputs to use as a search query. Must match the dataset
+                input schema. Must be JSON serializable.
+            limit (int): The maximum number of examples to return.
+            dataset_id (str or UUID): The ID of the dataset to search over.
+            filter (str, optional): A filter string to apply to the search results. Uses
+                the same syntax as the `filter` parameter in `list_runs()`. Only a subset
+                of operations are supported. Defaults to None.
+            kwargs (Any): Additional keyword args to pass as part of request body.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of ExampleSearch objects.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+
+                client = Client()
+                await client.similar_examples(
+                    {"question": "When would i use the runnable generator"},
+                    limit=3,
+                    dataset_id="...",
+                )
+
+            .. code-block:: pycon
+
+                [
+                    ExampleSearch(
+                        inputs={'question': 'How do I cache a Chat model? What caches can I use?'},
+                        outputs={'answer': 'You can use LangChain\'s caching layer for Chat Models. This can save you money by reducing the number of API calls you make to the LLM provider, if you\'re often requesting the same completion multiple times, and speed up your application.\n\n```python\n\nfrom langchain.cache import InMemoryCache\nlangchain.llm_cache = InMemoryCache()\n\n# The first time, it is not yet in cache, so it should take longer\nllm.predict(\'Tell me a joke\')\n\n```\n\nYou can also use SQLite Cache which uses a SQLite database:\n\n```python\n  rm .langchain.db\n\nfrom langchain.cache import SQLiteCache\nlangchain.llm_cache = SQLiteCache(database_path=".langchain.db")\n\n# The first time, it is not yet in cache, so it should take longer\nllm.predict(\'Tell me a joke\') \n```\n'},
+                        metadata=None,
+                        id=UUID('b2ddd1c4-dff6-49ae-8544-f48e39053398'),
+                        dataset_id=UUID('01b6ce0f-bfb6-4f48-bbb8-f19272135d40')
+                    ),
+                    ExampleSearch(
+                        inputs={'question': "What's a runnable lambda?"},
+                        outputs={'answer': "A runnable lambda is an object that implements LangChain's `Runnable` interface and runs a callbale (i.e., a function). Note the function must accept a single argument."},
+                        metadata=None,
+                        id=UUID('f94104a7-2434-4ba7-8293-6a283f4860b4'),
+                        dataset_id=UUID('01b6ce0f-bfb6-4f48-bbb8-f19272135d40')
+                    ),
+                    ExampleSearch(
+                        inputs={'question': 'Show me how to use RecursiveURLLoader'},
+                        outputs={'answer': 'The RecursiveURLLoader comes from the langchain.document_loaders.recursive_url_loader module. Here\'s an example of how to use it:\n\n```python\nfrom langchain.document_loaders.recursive_url_loader import RecursiveUrlLoader\n\n# Create an instance of RecursiveUrlLoader with the URL you want to load\nloader = RecursiveUrlLoader(url="https://example.com")\n\n# Load all child links from the URL page\nchild_links = loader.load()\n\n# Print the child links\nfor link in child_links:\n    print(link)\n```\n\nMake sure to replace "https://example.com" with the actual URL you want to load. The load() method returns a list of child links found on the URL page. You can iterate over this list to access each child link.'},
+                        metadata=None,
+                        id=UUID('0308ea70-a803-4181-a37d-39e95f138f8c'),
+                        dataset_id=UUID('01b6ce0f-bfb6-4f48-bbb8-f19272135d40')
+                    ),
+                ]
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        dataset_id = ls_client._as_uuid(dataset_id, "dataset_id")
+        req = {
+            "inputs": inputs,
+            "limit": limit,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        if filter:
+            req["filter"] = filter
+
+        resp = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/datasets/{dataset_id}/search",
+            content=ls_client._dumps_json(req),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(resp)
+        examples = []
+        for ex in resp.json()["examples"]:
+            examples.append(ls_schemas.ExampleSearch(**ex, dataset_id=dataset_id))
+        return examples
+
+    async def _get_settings(self) -> ls_schemas.LangSmithSettings:
+        """Get the settings for the current tenant.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The settings for the current tenant.
+        """
+        if self._settings is None:
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries("GET", "/settings")
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+            self._settings = ls_schemas.LangSmithSettings(**response.json())
+
+        return self._settings
+
+    async def _current_tenant_is_owner(self, owner: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if the current workspace has the same handle as owner.
+
+        Args:
+            owner (str): The owner to check against.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the current tenant is the owner, False otherwise.
+        """
+        settings = await self._get_settings()
+        return owner == "-" or settings.tenant_handle == owner
+
+    async def _owner_conflict_error(
+        self, action: str, owner: str
+    ) -> ls_utils.LangSmithUserError:
+        settings = await self._get_settings()
+        return ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+            f"Cannot {action} for another tenant.\n"
+            f"Current tenant: {settings.tenant_handle},\n"
+            f"Requested tenant: {owner}"
+        )
+
+    async def _get_latest_commit_hash(
+        self, prompt_owner_and_name: str, limit: int = 1, offset: int = 0
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Get the latest commit hash for a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_owner_and_name (str): The owner and name of the prompt.
+            limit (int, default=1): The maximum number of commits to fetch. Defaults to 1.
+            offset (int, default=0): The number of commits to skip. Defaults to 0.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[str]: The latest commit hash, or None if no commits are found.
+        """
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/commits/{prompt_owner_and_name}/",
+            params={"limit": limit, "offset": offset},
+        )
+        commits = response.json()["commits"]
+        return commits[0]["commit_hash"] if commits else None
+
+    async def _like_or_unlike_prompt(
+        self, prompt_identifier: str, like: bool
+    ) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Like or unlike a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            like (bool): True to like the prompt, False to unlike it.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary with the key 'likes' and the count of likes as the value.
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.exceptions.HTTPError: If the prompt is not found or
+            another error occurs.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST", f"/likes/{owner}/{prompt_name}", json={"like": like}
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        return response.json()
+
+    async def _get_prompt_url(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> str:
+        """Get a URL for a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The URL for the prompt.
+
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, commit_hash = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(
+            prompt_identifier
+        )
+
+        if not self._current_tenant_is_owner(owner):
+            return f"{self._host_url}/hub/{owner}/{prompt_name}:{commit_hash[:8]}"
+
+        settings = await self._get_settings()
+        return (
+            f"{self._host_url}/prompts/{prompt_name}/{commit_hash[:8]}"
+            f"?organizationId={settings.id}"
+        )
+
+    async def _prompt_exists(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a prompt exists.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the prompt exists, False otherwise.
+        """
+        prompt = await self.get_prompt(prompt_identifier)
+        return True if prompt else False
+
+    async def like_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Like a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, int]: A dictionary with the key 'likes' and the count of likes as the value.
+
+        """
+        return await self._like_or_unlike_prompt(prompt_identifier, like=True)
+
+    async def unlike_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Unlike a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, int]: A dictionary with the key 'likes' and the count of likes as the value.
+
+        """
+        return await self._like_or_unlike_prompt(prompt_identifier, like=False)
+
+    async def list_prompts(
+        self,
+        *,
+        limit: int = 100,
+        offset: int = 0,
+        is_public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        is_archived: Optional[bool] = False,
+        sort_field: ls_schemas.PromptSortField = ls_schemas.PromptSortField.updated_at,
+        sort_direction: Literal["desc", "asc"] = "desc",
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.ListPromptsResponse:
+        """List prompts with pagination.
+
+        Args:
+            limit (int, default=100): The maximum number of prompts to return. Defaults to 100.
+            offset (int, default=0): The number of prompts to skip. Defaults to 0.
+            is_public (Optional[bool]): Filter prompts by if they are public.
+            is_archived (Optional[bool]): Filter prompts by if they are archived.
+            sort_field (PromptSortField): The field to sort by.
+              Defaults to "updated_at".
+            sort_direction (Literal["desc", "asc"], default="desc"): The order to sort by.
+              Defaults to "desc".
+            query (Optional[str]): Filter prompts by a search query.
+
+        Returns:
+            ListPromptsResponse: A response object containing
+            the list of prompts.
+        """
+        params = {
+            "limit": limit,
+            "offset": offset,
+            "is_public": (
+                "true" if is_public else "false" if is_public is not None else None
+            ),
+            "is_archived": "true" if is_archived else "false",
+            "sort_field": (
+                sort_field.value
+                if isinstance(sort_field, ls_schemas.PromptSortField)
+                else sort_field
+            ),
+            "sort_direction": sort_direction,
+            "query": query,
+            "match_prefix": "true" if query else None,
+        }
+
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "GET", "/repos/", params=_exclude_none(params)
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.ListPromptsResponse(**response.json())
+
+    async def get_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> Optional[ls_schemas.Prompt]:
+        """Get a specific prompt by its identifier.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+                The identifier should be in the format "prompt_name" or "owner/prompt_name".
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Prompt]: The prompt object.
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.exceptions.HTTPError: If the prompt is not found or
+                another error occurs.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        try:
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+                "GET", f"/repos/{owner}/{prompt_name}"
+            )
+            return ls_schemas.Prompt(**response.json()["repo"])
+        except ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError:
+            return None
+
+    async def create_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        readme: Optional[str] = None,
+        tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        is_public: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Prompt:
+        """Create a new prompt.
+
+        Does not attach prompt object, just creates an empty prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+                The identifier should be in the formatof owner/name:hash, name:hash, owner/name, or name
+            description (Optional[str]): A description of the prompt.
+            readme (Optional[str]): A readme for the prompt.
+            tags (Optional[Sequence[str]]): A list of tags for the prompt.
+            is_public (bool): Whether the prompt should be public. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Prompt: The created prompt object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the current tenant is not the owner.
+            HTTPError: If the server request fails.
+        """
+        settings = await self._get_settings()
+        if is_public and not settings.tenant_handle:
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                "Cannot create a public prompt without first\n"
+                "creating a LangChain Hub handle. "
+                "You can add a handle by creating a public prompt at:\n"
+                "https://smith.langchain.com/prompts"
+            )
+
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        if not (await self._current_tenant_is_owner(owner=owner)):
+            raise (await self._owner_conflict_error("create a prompt", owner))
+
+        json: dict[str, Union[str, bool, Sequence[str]]] = {
+            "repo_handle": prompt_name,
+            "description": description or "",
+            "readme": readme or "",
+            "tags": tags or [],
+            "is_public": is_public,
+        }
+
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries("POST", "/repos/", json=json)
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        return ls_schemas.Prompt(**response.json()["repo"])
+
+    async def create_commit(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        object: Any,
+        *,
+        parent_commit_hash: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Create a commit for an existing prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            object (Any): The LangChain object to commit.
+            parent_commit_hash (Optional[str]): The hash of the parent commit.
+                Defaults to latest commit.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The url of the prompt commit.
+
+        Raises:
+            HTTPError: If the server request fails.
+            ValueError: If the prompt does not exist.
+        """
+        if not (await self._prompt_exists(prompt_identifier)):
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                "Prompt does not exist, you must create it first."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_core.load.dump import dumps
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The client.create_commit function requires the langchain_core"
+                "package to run.\nInstall with `pip install langchain_core`"
+            )
+
+        json_object = dumps(object)
+        manifest_dict = json.loads(json_object)
+
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        prompt_owner_and_name = f"{owner}/{prompt_name}"
+
+        if parent_commit_hash == "latest" or parent_commit_hash is None:
+            parent_commit_hash = await self._get_latest_commit_hash(
+                prompt_owner_and_name
+            )
+
+        request_dict = {"parent_commit": parent_commit_hash, "manifest": manifest_dict}
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "POST", f"/commits/{prompt_owner_and_name}", json=request_dict
+        )
+
+        commit_hash = response.json()["commit"]["commit_hash"]
+
+        return await self._get_prompt_url(f"{prompt_owner_and_name}:{commit_hash}")
+
+    async def update_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        readme: Optional[str] = None,
+        tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        is_public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        is_archived: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Update a prompt's metadata.
+
+        To update the content of a prompt, use push_prompt or create_commit instead.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt to update.
+            description (Optional[str]): New description for the prompt.
+            readme (Optional[str]): New readme for the prompt.
+            tags (Optional[Sequence[str]]): New list of tags for the prompt.
+            is_public (Optional[bool]): New public status for the prompt.
+            is_archived (Optional[bool]): New archived status for the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The updated prompt data as returned by the server.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the prompt_identifier is empty.
+            HTTPError: If the server request fails.
+        """
+        settings = await self._get_settings()
+        if is_public and not settings.tenant_handle:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot create a public prompt without first\n"
+                "creating a LangChain Hub handle. "
+                "You can add a handle by creating a public prompt at:\n"
+                "https://smith.langchain.com/prompts"
+            )
+
+        json: dict[str, Union[str, bool, Sequence[str]]] = {}
+
+        if description is not None:
+            json["description"] = description
+        if readme is not None:
+            json["readme"] = readme
+        if is_public is not None:
+            json["is_public"] = is_public
+        if is_archived is not None:
+            json["is_archived"] = is_archived
+        if tags is not None:
+            json["tags"] = tags
+
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "PATCH", f"/repos/{owner}/{prompt_name}", json=json
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        return response.json()
+
+    async def delete_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> None:
+        """Delete a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the prompt was successfully deleted, False otherwise.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the current tenant is not the owner of the prompt.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        if not (await self._current_tenant_is_owner(owner)):
+            raise (await self._owner_conflict_error("delete a prompt", owner))
+
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "DELETE", f"/repos/{owner}/{prompt_name}"
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+    async def pull_prompt_commit(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        include_model: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.PromptCommit:
+        """Pull a prompt object from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptCommit: The prompt object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If no commits are found for the prompt.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, commit_hash = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(
+            prompt_identifier
+        )
+        response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            (
+                f"/commits/{owner}/{prompt_name}/{commit_hash}"
+                f"{'?include_model=true' if include_model else ''}"
+            ),
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.PromptCommit(
+            **{"owner": owner, "repo": prompt_name, **response.json()}
+        )
+
+    async def list_prompt_commits(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        offset: int = 0,
+        include_model: bool = False,
+    ) -> AsyncGenerator[ls_schemas.ListedPromptCommit, None]:
+        """List commits for a given prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt in the format 'owner/repo_name'.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of commits to return. If None, returns all commits. Defaults to None.
+            offset (int, default=0): The number of commits to skip before starting to return results. Defaults to 0.
+            include_model (bool, default=False): Whether to include the model information in the commit data. Defaults to False.
+
+        Yields:
+            A ListedPromptCommit object for each commit.
+
+        Note:
+            This method uses pagination to retrieve commits. It will make multiple API calls if necessary to retrieve all commits
+            or up to the specified limit.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+
+        params = {
+            "limit": min(100, limit) if limit is not None else limit,
+            "offset": offset,
+            "include_model": include_model,
+        }
+        i = 0
+        while True:
+            params["offset"] = offset
+            response = await self._arequest_with_retries(
+                "GET",
+                f"/commits/{owner}/{prompt_name}/",
+                params=params,
+            )
+            val = response.json()
+            items = val["commits"]
+            total = val["total"]
+
+            if not items:
+                break
+            for it in items:
+                if limit is not None and i >= limit:
+                    return  # Stop iteration if we've reached the limit
+                yield ls_schemas.ListedPromptCommit(
+                    **{"owner": owner, "repo": prompt_name, **it}
+                )
+                i += 1
+
+            offset += len(items)
+            if offset >= total:
+                break
+
+    async def pull_prompt(
+        self, prompt_identifier: str, *, include_model: Optional[bool] = False
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Pull a prompt and return it as a LangChain PromptTemplate.
+
+        This method requires `langchain_core`.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            include_model (Optional[bool], default=False): Whether to include the model information in the prompt data.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The prompt object in the specified format.
+        """
+        try:
+            from langchain_core.language_models.base import BaseLanguageModel
+            from langchain_core.load.load import loads
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.prompts.structured import StructuredPrompt
+            from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableBinding, RunnableSequence
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The client.pull_prompt function requires the langchain_core"
+                "package to run.\nInstall with `pip install langchain_core`"
+            )
+        try:
+            from langchain_core._api import suppress_langchain_beta_warning
+        except ImportError:
+
+            @contextlib.contextmanager
+            def suppress_langchain_beta_warning():
+                yield
+
+        prompt_object = await self.pull_prompt_commit(
+            prompt_identifier, include_model=include_model
+        )
+        with suppress_langchain_beta_warning():
+            prompt = loads(json.dumps(prompt_object.manifest))
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(prompt, BasePromptTemplate)
+            or isinstance(prompt, RunnableSequence)
+            and isinstance(prompt.first, BasePromptTemplate)
+        ):
+            prompt_template = (
+                prompt
+                if isinstance(prompt, BasePromptTemplate)
+                else (
+                    prompt.first
+                    if isinstance(prompt, RunnableSequence)
+                    and isinstance(prompt.first, BasePromptTemplate)
+                    else None
+                )
+            )
+            if prompt_template is None:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(
+                    "Prompt object is not a valid prompt template."
+                )
+
+            if prompt_template.metadata is None:
+                prompt_template.metadata = {}
+            prompt_template.metadata.update(
+                {
+                    "lc_hub_owner": prompt_object.owner,
+                    "lc_hub_repo": prompt_object.repo,
+                    "lc_hub_commit_hash": prompt_object.commit_hash,
+                }
+            )
+        if (
+            include_model
+            and isinstance(prompt, RunnableSequence)
+            and isinstance(prompt.first, StructuredPrompt)
+            # Make forward-compatible in case we let update the response type
+            and (
+                len(prompt.steps) == 2 and not isinstance(prompt.last, BaseOutputParser)
+            )
+        ):
+            if isinstance(prompt.last, RunnableBinding) and isinstance(
+                prompt.last.bound, BaseLanguageModel
+            ):
+                seq = cast(RunnableSequence, prompt.first | prompt.last.bound)
+                if len(seq.steps) == 3:  # prompt | bound llm | output parser
+                    rebound_llm = seq.steps[1]
+                    prompt = RunnableSequence(
+                        prompt.first,
+                        rebound_llm.bind(**{**prompt.last.kwargs}),
+                        seq.last,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    prompt = seq  # Not sure
+
+            elif isinstance(prompt.last, BaseLanguageModel):
+                prompt: RunnableSequence = prompt.first | prompt.last  # type: ignore[no-redef, assignment]
+            else:
+                pass
+
+        return prompt
+
+    async def push_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        object: Optional[Any] = None,
+        parent_commit_hash: str = "latest",
+        is_public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        readme: Optional[str] = None,
+        tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Push a prompt to the LangSmith API.
+
+        Can be used to update prompt metadata or prompt content.
+
+        If the prompt does not exist, it will be created.
+        If the prompt exists, it will be updated.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            object (Optional[Any]): The LangChain object to push.
+            parent_commit_hash (str): The parent commit hash.
+              Defaults to "latest".
+            is_public (Optional[bool]): Whether the prompt should be public.
+                If None (default), the current visibility status is maintained for existing prompts.
+                For new prompts, None defaults to private.
+                Set to True to make public, or False to make private.
+            description (Optional[str]): A description of the prompt.
+              Defaults to an empty string.
+            readme (Optional[str]): A readme for the prompt.
+              Defaults to an empty string.
+            tags (Optional[Sequence[str]]): A list of tags for the prompt.
+              Defaults to an empty list.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The URL of the prompt.
+        """
+        # Create or update prompt metadata
+        if await self._prompt_exists(prompt_identifier):
+            if any(
+                param is not None for param in [is_public, description, readme, tags]
+            ):
+                await self.update_prompt(
+                    prompt_identifier,
+                    description=description,
+                    readme=readme,
+                    tags=tags,
+                    is_public=is_public,
+                )
+        else:
+            await self.create_prompt(
+                prompt_identifier,
+                is_public=is_public if is_public is not None else False,
+                description=description,
+                readme=readme,
+                tags=tags,
+            )
+
+        if object is None:
+            return await self._get_prompt_url(prompt_identifier=prompt_identifier)
+
+        # Create a commit with the new manifest
+        url = await self.create_commit(
+            prompt_identifier,
+            object,
+            parent_commit_hash=parent_commit_hash,
+        )
+        return url
+
+
+def _exclude_none(d: dict) -> dict:
+    """Exclude None values from a dictionary."""
+    return {k: v for k, v in d.items() if v is not None}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f712c1ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+"""Beta functionality prone to change."""
+
+from langsmith._internal._beta_decorator import warn_beta
+from langsmith.beta._evals import compute_test_metrics, convert_runs_to_test
+
+__all__ = ["convert_runs_to_test", "compute_test_metrics", "warn_beta"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea35527a
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__pycache__/_evals.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__pycache__/_evals.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7f23a2d
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/__pycache__/_evals.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/_evals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/_evals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65c3d064
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/beta/_evals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+"""Beta utility functions to assist in common eval workflows.
+
+These functions may change in the future.
+"""
+
+import collections
+import datetime
+import itertools
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Optional, TypeVar
+
+import langsmith.run_trees as rt
+import langsmith.schemas as ls_schemas
+from langsmith import evaluation as ls_eval
+from langsmith._internal._beta_decorator import warn_beta
+from langsmith.client import Client
+
+
+def _convert_ids(run_dict: dict, id_map: dict):
+    """Convert the IDs in the run dictionary using the provided ID map.
+
+    Parameters:
+    - run_dict (dict): The dictionary representing a run.
+    - id_map (dict): The dictionary mapping old IDs to new IDs.
+
+    Returns:
+    - dict: The updated run dictionary.
+    """
+    do = run_dict["dotted_order"]
+    for k, v in id_map.items():
+        do = do.replace(str(k), str(v))
+    run_dict["dotted_order"] = do
+
+    if run_dict.get("parent_run_id"):
+        run_dict["parent_run_id"] = id_map[run_dict["parent_run_id"]]
+    if not run_dict.get("extra"):
+        run_dict["extra"] = {}
+    return run_dict
+
+
+def _convert_root_run(root: ls_schemas.Run, run_to_example_map: dict) -> list[dict]:
+    """Convert the root run and its child runs to a list of dictionaries.
+
+    Parameters:
+    - root (ls_schemas.Run): The root run to convert.
+    - run_to_example_map (dict): The dictionary mapping run IDs to example IDs.
+
+    Returns:
+    - List[dict]: The list of converted run dictionaries.
+    """
+    runs_ = [root]
+    trace_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    id_map = {root.trace_id: trace_id}
+    results = []
+    while runs_:
+        src = runs_.pop()
+        src_dict = src.dict(exclude={"parent_run_ids", "child_run_ids", "session_id"})
+        id_map[src_dict["id"]] = id_map.get(src_dict["id"], uuid.uuid4())
+        src_dict["id"] = id_map[src_dict["id"]]
+        src_dict["trace_id"] = id_map[src_dict["trace_id"]]
+        if src.child_runs:
+            runs_.extend(src.child_runs)
+        results.append(src_dict)
+    result = [_convert_ids(r, id_map) for r in results]
+    result[0]["reference_example_id"] = run_to_example_map[root.id]
+    return result
+
+
+@warn_beta
+def convert_runs_to_test(
+    runs: Sequence[ls_schemas.Run],
+    *,
+    dataset_name: str,
+    test_project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    client: Optional[Client] = None,
+    load_child_runs: bool = False,
+    include_outputs: bool = False,
+) -> ls_schemas.TracerSession:
+    """Convert the following runs to a dataset + test.
+
+    This makes it easy to sample prod runs into a new regression testing
+    workflow and compare against a candidate system.
+
+    Internally, this function does the following:
+        1. Create a dataset from the provided production run inputs.
+        2. Create a new test project.
+        3. Clone the production runs and re-upload against the dataset.
+
+    Parameters:
+    - runs (Sequence[ls_schemas.Run]): A sequence of runs to be executed as a test.
+    - dataset_name (str): The name of the dataset to associate with the test runs.
+    - client (Optional[Client]): An optional LangSmith client instance. If not provided,
+        a new client will be created.
+    - load_child_runs (bool): Whether to load child runs when copying runs.
+        Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+    - ls_schemas.TracerSession: The project containing the cloned runs.
+
+    Examples:
+    --------
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import langsmith
+        import random
+
+        client = langsmith.Client()
+
+        # Randomly sample 100 runs from a prod project
+        runs = list(client.list_runs(project_name="My Project", execution_order=1))
+        sampled_runs = random.sample(runs, min(len(runs), 100))
+
+        runs_as_test(runs, dataset_name="Random Runs")
+
+        # Select runs named "extractor" whose root traces received good feedback
+        runs = client.list_runs(
+            project_name="<your_project>",
+            filter='eq(name, "extractor")',
+            trace_filter='and(eq(feedback_key, "user_score"), eq(feedback_score, 1))',
+        )
+        runs_as_test(runs, dataset_name="Extraction Good")
+    """
+    if not runs:
+        raise ValueError(f"""Expected a non-empty sequence of runs. Received: {runs}""")
+    client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+    ds = client.create_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name)
+    outputs = [r.outputs for r in runs] if include_outputs else None
+    client.create_examples(
+        inputs=[r.inputs for r in runs],
+        outputs=outputs,
+        source_run_ids=[r.id for r in runs],
+        dataset_id=ds.id,
+    )
+
+    if not load_child_runs:
+        runs_to_copy = runs
+    else:
+        runs_to_copy = [
+            client.read_run(r.id, load_child_runs=load_child_runs) for r in runs
+        ]
+
+    test_project_name = test_project_name or f"prod-baseline-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:6]}"
+
+    examples = list(client.list_examples(dataset_name=dataset_name))
+    run_to_example_map = {e.source_run_id: e.id for e in examples}
+    dataset_version = (
+        examples[0].modified_at if examples[0].modified_at else examples[0].created_at
+    )
+
+    to_create = [
+        run_dict
+        for root_run in runs_to_copy
+        for run_dict in _convert_root_run(root_run, run_to_example_map)
+    ]
+
+    project = client.create_project(
+        project_name=test_project_name,
+        reference_dataset_id=ds.id,
+        metadata={
+            "which": "prod-baseline",
+            "dataset_version": dataset_version.isoformat(),
+        },
+    )
+
+    for new_run in to_create:
+        latency = new_run["end_time"] - new_run["start_time"]
+        new_run["start_time"] = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
+        new_run["end_time"] = new_run["start_time"] + latency
+        client.create_run(**new_run, project_name=test_project_name)
+
+    _ = client.update_project(
+        project.id,
+    )
+    return project
+
+
+def _load_nested_traces(project_name: str, client: Client) -> list[ls_schemas.Run]:
+    runs = client.list_runs(project_name=project_name)
+    treemap: collections.defaultdict[uuid.UUID, list[ls_schemas.Run]] = (
+        collections.defaultdict(list)
+    )
+    results = []
+    all_runs = {}
+    for run in runs:
+        if run.parent_run_id is not None:
+            treemap[run.parent_run_id].append(run)
+        else:
+            results.append(run)
+        all_runs[run.id] = run
+    for run_id, child_runs in treemap.items():
+        all_runs[run_id].child_runs = sorted(child_runs, key=lambda r: r.dotted_order)
+    return results
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+U = TypeVar("U")
+
+
+def _outer_product(list1: list[T], list2: list[U]) -> list[tuple[T, U]]:
+    return list(itertools.product(list1, list2))
+
+
+@warn_beta
+def compute_test_metrics(
+    project_name: str,
+    *,
+    evaluators: list,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 10,
+    client: Optional[Client] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Compute test metrics for a given test name using a list of evaluators.
+
+    Args:
+        project_name (str): The name of the test project to evaluate.
+        evaluators (list): A list of evaluators to compute metrics with.
+        max_concurrency (Optional[int], optional): The maximum number of concurrent
+            evaluations. Defaults to 10.
+        client (Optional[Client], optional): The client to use for evaluations.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        None: This function does not return any value.
+    """
+    from langsmith import ContextThreadPoolExecutor
+
+    evaluators_: list[ls_eval.RunEvaluator] = []
+    for func in evaluators:
+        if isinstance(func, ls_eval.RunEvaluator):
+            evaluators_.append(func)
+        elif callable(func):
+            evaluators_.append(ls_eval.run_evaluator(func))
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Evaluation not yet implemented for evaluator of type {type(func)}"
+            )
+    client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+    traces = _load_nested_traces(project_name, client)
+    with ContextThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_concurrency) as executor:
+        results = executor.map(
+            client.evaluate_run, *zip(*_outer_product(traces, evaluators_))
+        )
+    for _ in results:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/cli/README.md b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/cli/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cced4e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/cli/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# DOCKER-COMPOSE MOVED
+All documentation for docker-compose has been moved to the helm repository.
+You can find it [here](https://github.com/langchain-ai/helm/blob/main/charts/langsmith/docker-compose/docker-compose.yaml)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8307f614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7937 @@
+"""Client for interacting with the LangSmith API.
+
+Use the client to customize API keys / workspace connections, SSL certs,
+etc. for tracing.
+
+Also used to create, read, update, and delete LangSmith resources
+such as runs (~trace spans), datasets, examples (~records),
+feedback (~metrics), projects (tracer sessions/groups), etc.
+
+For detailed API documentation, visit: https://docs.smith.langchain.com/.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import atexit
+import collections
+import concurrent.futures as cf
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import functools
+import importlib
+import importlib.metadata
+import io
+import itertools
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import random
+import threading
+import time
+import traceback
+import typing
+import uuid
+import warnings
+import weakref
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterable, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from inspect import signature
+from pathlib import Path
+from queue import PriorityQueue
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+import requests
+from requests import adapters as requests_adapters
+from requests_toolbelt import (  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+    multipart as rqtb_multipart,
+)
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard, overload
+from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolKey  # type: ignore[attr-defined, import-untyped]
+from urllib3.util import Retry  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+
+import langsmith
+from langsmith import env as ls_env
+from langsmith import schemas as ls_schemas
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith._internal import _orjson
+from langsmith._internal._background_thread import (
+    TracingQueueItem,
+)
+from langsmith._internal._background_thread import (
+    tracing_control_thread_func as _tracing_control_thread_func,
+)
+from langsmith._internal._beta_decorator import warn_beta
+from langsmith._internal._compressed_traces import CompressedTraces
+from langsmith._internal._constants import (
+    _AUTO_SCALE_UP_NTHREADS_LIMIT,
+    _BLOCKSIZE_BYTES,
+    _BOUNDARY,
+    _SIZE_LIMIT_BYTES,
+)
+from langsmith._internal._multipart import (
+    MultipartPart,
+    MultipartPartsAndContext,
+    join_multipart_parts_and_context,
+)
+from langsmith._internal._operations import (
+    SerializedFeedbackOperation,
+    SerializedRunOperation,
+    combine_serialized_queue_operations,
+    compress_multipart_parts_and_context,
+    serialize_feedback_dict,
+    serialize_run_dict,
+    serialized_feedback_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context,
+    serialized_run_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context,
+)
+from langsmith._internal._serde import dumps_json as _dumps_json
+from langsmith.schemas import AttachmentInfo
+
+HAS_OTEL = False
+try:
+    if ls_utils.is_truish(ls_utils.get_env_var("OTEL_ENABLED")):
+        from opentelemetry import trace as otel_trace  # type: ignore[import]
+        from opentelemetry.trace import set_span_in_context  # type: ignore[import]
+
+        from langsmith._internal.otel._otel_client import (
+            get_otlp_tracer_provider,
+        )
+        from langsmith._internal.otel._otel_exporter import OTELExporter
+
+        HAS_OTEL = True
+except ImportError:
+    raise ImportError(
+        "To use OTEL tracing, you must install it with `pip install langsmith[otel]`"
+    )
+
+try:
+    from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+except ImportError:
+
+    class ZoneInfo:  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        """Introduced in python 3.9."""
+
+
+try:
+    from opentelemetry.sdk.trace import TracerProvider  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+except ImportError:
+
+    class TracerProvider:  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        """Used for optional OTEL tracing."""
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pd  # type: ignore
+    from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+    from langsmith import schemas
+    from langsmith.evaluation import evaluator as ls_evaluator
+    from langsmith.evaluation._arunner import (
+        AEVALUATOR_T,
+        ATARGET_T,
+        AsyncExperimentResults,
+    )
+    from langsmith.evaluation._runner import (
+        COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T,
+        DATA_T,
+        EVALUATOR_T,
+        EXPERIMENT_T,
+        SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T,
+        TARGET_T,
+        ComparativeExperimentResults,
+        ExperimentResults,
+    )
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+_urllib3_logger = logging.getLogger("urllib3.connectionpool")
+
+X_API_KEY = "x-api-key"
+EMPTY_SEQ: tuple[dict, ...] = ()
+URLLIB3_SUPPORTS_BLOCKSIZE = "key_blocksize" in signature(PoolKey).parameters
+
+
+def _parse_token_or_url(
+    url_or_token: Union[str, uuid.UUID],
+    api_url: str,
+    num_parts: int = 2,
+    kind: str = "dataset",
+) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Parse a public dataset URL or share token."""
+    try:
+        if isinstance(url_or_token, uuid.UUID) or uuid.UUID(url_or_token):
+            return api_url, str(url_or_token)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+
+    # Then it's a URL
+    parsed_url = urllib_parse.urlparse(str(url_or_token))
+    # Extract the UUID from the path
+    path_parts = parsed_url.path.split("/")
+    if len(path_parts) >= num_parts:
+        token_uuid = path_parts[-num_parts]
+        _as_uuid(token_uuid, var="token parts")
+    else:
+        raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(f"Invalid public {kind} URL: {url_or_token}")
+    if parsed_url.netloc == "smith.langchain.com":
+        api_url = "https://api.smith.langchain.com"
+    elif parsed_url.netloc == "beta.smith.langchain.com":
+        api_url = "https://beta.api.smith.langchain.com"
+    return api_url, token_uuid
+
+
+def _is_langchain_hosted(url: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if the URL is langchain hosted.
+
+    Args:
+        url (str): The URL to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the URL is langchain hosted, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        netloc = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url).netloc.split(":")[0]
+        return netloc.endswith("langchain.com")
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+ID_TYPE = Union[uuid.UUID, str]
+RUN_TYPE_T = Literal[
+    "tool", "chain", "llm", "retriever", "embedding", "prompt", "parser"
+]
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _default_retry_config() -> Retry:
+    """Get the default retry configuration.
+
+    If urllib3 version is 1.26 or greater, retry on all methods.
+
+    Returns:
+        Retry: The default retry configuration.
+    """
+    retry_params = dict(
+        total=3,
+        status_forcelist=[502, 503, 504, 408, 425],
+        backoff_factor=0.5,
+        # Sadly urllib3 1.x doesn't support backoff_jitter
+        raise_on_redirect=False,
+        raise_on_status=False,
+        respect_retry_after_header=True,
+    )
+
+    # the `allowed_methods` keyword is not available in urllib3 < 1.26
+
+    # check to see if urllib3 version is 1.26 or greater
+    urllib3_version = importlib.metadata.version("urllib3")
+    use_allowed_methods = tuple(map(int, urllib3_version.split("."))) >= (1, 26)
+
+    if use_allowed_methods:
+        # Retry on all methods
+        retry_params["allowed_methods"] = None
+
+    return ls_utils.LangSmithRetry(**retry_params)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def close_session(session: requests.Session) -> None:
+    """Close the session.
+
+    Args:
+        session (requests.Session): The session to close.
+    """
+    logger.debug("Closing Client.session")
+    session.close()
+
+
+def _validate_api_key_if_hosted(api_url: str, api_key: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    """Verify API key is provided if url not localhost.
+
+    Args:
+        api_url (str): The API URL.
+        api_key (Optional[str]): The API key.
+
+    Returns:
+        None
+
+    Raises:
+        LangSmithUserError: If the API key is not provided when using the hosted service.
+    """
+    # If the domain is langchain.com, raise error if no api_key
+    if not api_key:
+        if _is_langchain_hosted(api_url) and not ls_utils.is_truish(
+            ls_utils.get_env_var("OTEL_ENABLED")
+        ):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "API key must be provided when using hosted LangSmith API",
+                ls_utils.LangSmithMissingAPIKeyWarning,
+            )
+
+
+def _format_feedback_score(score: Union[float, int, bool, None]):
+    """Format a feedback score by truncating numerical values to 4 decimal places.
+
+    Args:
+        score: The score to format, can be a number or any other type
+
+    Returns:
+        The formatted score
+    """
+    if isinstance(score, float):
+        # Truncate at 4 decimal places
+        return round(score, 4)
+    return score
+
+
+def _get_tracing_sampling_rate(
+    tracing_sampling_rate: Optional[float] = None,
+) -> float | None:
+    """Get the tracing sampling rate.
+
+    Returns:
+        Optional[float]: The tracing sampling rate.
+    """
+    if tracing_sampling_rate is None:
+        sampling_rate_str = ls_utils.get_env_var("TRACING_SAMPLING_RATE")
+        if not sampling_rate_str:
+            return None
+    else:
+        sampling_rate_str = str(tracing_sampling_rate)
+    sampling_rate = float(sampling_rate_str)
+    if sampling_rate < 0 or sampling_rate > 1:
+        raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+            "LANGSMITH_TRACING_SAMPLING_RATE must be between 0 and 1 if set."
+            f" Got: {sampling_rate}"
+        )
+    return sampling_rate
+
+
+def _get_write_api_urls(_write_api_urls: Optional[dict[str, str]]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    _write_api_urls = _write_api_urls or json.loads(
+        os.getenv("LANGSMITH_RUNS_ENDPOINTS", "{}")
+    )
+    processed_write_api_urls = {}
+    for url, api_key in _write_api_urls.items():
+        processed_url = url.strip()
+        if not processed_url:
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                "LangSmith runs API URL within LANGSMITH_RUNS_ENDPOINTS cannot be empty"
+            )
+        processed_url = processed_url.strip().strip('"').strip("'").rstrip("/")
+        processed_api_key = api_key.strip().strip('"').strip("'")
+        _validate_api_key_if_hosted(processed_url, processed_api_key)
+        processed_write_api_urls[processed_url] = processed_api_key
+
+    return processed_write_api_urls
+
+
+def _as_uuid(value: ID_TYPE, var: Optional[str] = None) -> uuid.UUID:
+    try:
+        return uuid.UUID(value) if not isinstance(value, uuid.UUID) else value
+    except ValueError as e:
+        var = var or "value"
+        raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+            f"{var} must be a valid UUID or UUID string. Got {value}"
+        ) from e
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _ensure_uuid(value: Optional[Union[str, uuid.UUID]]) -> uuid.UUID: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _ensure_uuid(
+    value: Optional[Union[str, uuid.UUID]], *, accept_null: bool = True
+) -> Optional[uuid.UUID]: ...
+
+
+def _ensure_uuid(value: Optional[Union[str, uuid.UUID]], *, accept_null: bool = False):
+    if value is None:
+        if accept_null:
+            return None
+        return uuid.uuid4()
+    return _as_uuid(value)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _parse_url(url):
+    parsed_url = urllib_parse.urlparse(url)
+    host = parsed_url.netloc.split(":")[0]
+    return host
+
+
+class _LangSmithHttpAdapter(requests_adapters.HTTPAdapter):
+    __attrs__ = [
+        "max_retries",
+        "config",
+        "_pool_connections",
+        "_pool_maxsize",
+        "_pool_block",
+        "_blocksize",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool_connections: int = requests_adapters.DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        pool_maxsize: int = requests_adapters.DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        max_retries: Union[Retry, int, None] = requests_adapters.DEFAULT_RETRIES,
+        pool_block: bool = requests_adapters.DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK,
+        blocksize: int = 16384,  # default from urllib3.BaseHTTPSConnection
+    ) -> None:
+        self._blocksize = blocksize
+        super().__init__(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, max_retries, pool_block)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=False, **pool_kwargs):
+        if URLLIB3_SUPPORTS_BLOCKSIZE:
+            # urllib3 before 2.0 doesn't support blocksize
+            pool_kwargs["blocksize"] = self._blocksize
+        return super().init_poolmanager(connections, maxsize, block, **pool_kwargs)
+
+
+class Client:
+    """Client for interacting with the LangSmith API."""
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        "__weakref__",
+        "api_url",
+        "api_key",
+        "retry_config",
+        "timeout_ms",
+        "session",
+        "_get_data_type_cached",
+        "_web_url",
+        "_tenant_id",
+        "tracing_sample_rate",
+        "_filtered_post_uuids",
+        "tracing_queue",
+        "_anonymizer",
+        "_hide_inputs",
+        "_hide_outputs",
+        "_hide_metadata",
+        "_info",
+        "_write_api_urls",
+        "_settings",
+        "_manual_cleanup",
+        "_pyo3_client",
+        "compressed_traces",
+        "_data_available_event",
+        "_futures",
+        "otel_exporter",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        api_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        retry_config: Optional[Retry] = None,
+        timeout_ms: Optional[Union[int, tuple[int, int]]] = None,
+        web_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        session: Optional[requests.Session] = None,
+        auto_batch_tracing: bool = True,
+        anonymizer: Optional[Callable[[dict], dict]] = None,
+        hide_inputs: Optional[Union[Callable[[dict], dict], bool]] = None,
+        hide_outputs: Optional[Union[Callable[[dict], dict], bool]] = None,
+        hide_metadata: Optional[Union[Callable[[dict], dict], bool]] = None,
+        info: Optional[Union[dict, ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo]] = None,
+        api_urls: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+        otel_tracer_provider: Optional[TracerProvider] = None,
+        tracing_sampling_rate: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Client instance.
+
+        Args:
+            api_url (Optional[str]): URL for the LangSmith API. Defaults to the LANGCHAIN_ENDPOINT
+                environment variable or https://api.smith.langchain.com if not set.
+            api_key (Optional[str]): API key for the LangSmith API. Defaults to the LANGCHAIN_API_KEY
+                environment variable.
+            retry_config (Optional[Retry]): Retry configuration for the HTTPAdapter.
+            timeout_ms (Optional[Union[int, Tuple[int, int]]]): Timeout for the HTTPAdapter. Can also be a 2-tuple of
+                (connect timeout, read timeout) to set them separately.
+            web_url (Optional[str]): URL for the LangSmith web app. Default is auto-inferred from
+                the ENDPOINT.
+            session (Optional[requests.Session]): The session to use for requests. If None, a new session will be
+                created.
+            auto_batch_tracing (bool, default=True): Whether to automatically batch tracing.
+            anonymizer (Optional[Callable[[dict], dict]]): A function applied for masking serialized run inputs and outputs,
+                before sending to the API.
+            hide_inputs (Optional[Union[Callable[[dict], dict], bool]]): Whether to hide run inputs when tracing with this client.
+                If True, hides the entire inputs. If a function, applied to
+                all run inputs when creating runs.
+            hide_outputs (Optional[Union[Callable[[dict], dict], bool]]): Whether to hide run outputs when tracing with this client.
+                If True, hides the entire outputs. If a function, applied to
+                all run outputs when creating runs.
+            hide_metadata (Optional[Union[Callable[[dict], dict], bool]]): Whether to hide run metadata when tracing with this client.
+                If True, hides the entire metadata. If a function, applied to
+                all run metadata when creating runs.
+            info (Optional[ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo]): The information about the LangSmith API.
+                If not provided, it will be fetched from the API.
+            api_urls (Optional[Dict[str, str]]): A dictionary of write API URLs and their corresponding API keys.
+                Useful for multi-tenant setups. Data is only read from the first
+                URL in the dictionary. However, ONLY Runs are written (POST and PATCH)
+                to all URLs in the dictionary. Feedback, sessions, datasets, examples,
+                annotation queues and evaluation results are only written to the first.
+            otel_tracer_provider (Optional[TracerProvider]): Optional tracer provider for OpenTelemetry integration.
+                If not provided, a LangSmith-specific tracer provider will be used.
+            tracing_sampling_rate (Optional[float]): The sampling rate for tracing. If provided,
+                overrides the LANGCHAIN_TRACING_SAMPLING_RATE environment variable.
+                Should be a float between 0 and 1, where 1 means trace everything
+                and 0 means trace nothing.
+
+        Raises:
+            LangSmithUserError: If the API key is not provided when using the hosted service.
+                If both api_url and api_urls are provided.
+        """
+        if api_url and api_urls:
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                "You cannot provide both api_url and api_urls."
+            )
+
+        if (
+            os.getenv("LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT") or os.getenv("LANGCHAIN_ENDPOINT")
+        ) and os.getenv("LANGSMITH_RUNS_ENDPOINTS"):
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                "You cannot provide both LANGSMITH_ENDPOINT / LANGCHAIN_ENDPOINT "
+                "and LANGSMITH_RUNS_ENDPOINTS."
+            )
+
+        self.tracing_sample_rate = _get_tracing_sampling_rate(tracing_sampling_rate)
+        self._filtered_post_uuids: set[uuid.UUID] = set()
+        self._write_api_urls: Mapping[str, Optional[str]] = _get_write_api_urls(
+            api_urls
+        )
+        if self._write_api_urls:
+            self.api_url = next(iter(self._write_api_urls))
+            self.api_key: Optional[str] = self._write_api_urls[self.api_url]
+        else:
+            self.api_url = ls_utils.get_api_url(api_url)
+            self.api_key = ls_utils.get_api_key(api_key)
+            _validate_api_key_if_hosted(self.api_url, self.api_key)
+            self._write_api_urls = {self.api_url: self.api_key}
+        self.retry_config = retry_config or _default_retry_config()
+        self.timeout_ms = (
+            (timeout_ms, timeout_ms)
+            if isinstance(timeout_ms, int)
+            else (timeout_ms or (10_000, 90_001))
+        )
+        self._web_url = web_url
+        self._tenant_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None
+        # Create a session and register a finalizer to close it
+        session_ = session if session else requests.Session()
+        self.session = session_
+        self._info = (
+            info
+            if info is None or isinstance(info, ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo)
+            else ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo(**info)
+        )
+        weakref.finalize(self, close_session, self.session)
+        atexit.register(close_session, session_)
+        self.compressed_traces: Optional[CompressedTraces] = None
+        self._data_available_event: Optional[threading.Event] = None
+        self._futures: Optional[weakref.WeakSet[cf.Future]] = None
+        self.otel_exporter: Optional[OTELExporter] = None
+
+        # Initialize auto batching
+        if auto_batch_tracing:
+            self.tracing_queue: Optional[PriorityQueue] = PriorityQueue()
+
+            threading.Thread(
+                target=_tracing_control_thread_func,
+                # arg must be a weakref to self to avoid the Thread object
+                # preventing garbage collection of the Client object
+                args=(weakref.ref(self),),
+            ).start()
+        else:
+            self.tracing_queue = None
+
+        # Mount the HTTPAdapter with the retry configuration.
+        adapter = _LangSmithHttpAdapter(
+            max_retries=self.retry_config,
+            blocksize=_BLOCKSIZE_BYTES,
+            # We need to set the pool_maxsize to a value greater than the
+            # number of threads used for batch tracing, plus 1 for other
+            # requests.
+            pool_maxsize=_AUTO_SCALE_UP_NTHREADS_LIMIT + 1,
+        )
+        self.session.mount("http://", adapter)
+        self.session.mount("https://", adapter)
+        self._get_data_type_cached = functools.lru_cache(maxsize=10)(
+            self._get_data_type
+        )
+        self._anonymizer = anonymizer
+        self._hide_inputs = (
+            hide_inputs
+            if hide_inputs is not None
+            else ls_utils.get_env_var("HIDE_INPUTS") == "true"
+        )
+        self._hide_outputs = (
+            hide_outputs
+            if hide_outputs is not None
+            else ls_utils.get_env_var("HIDE_OUTPUTS") == "true"
+        )
+        self._hide_metadata = (
+            hide_metadata
+            if hide_metadata is not None
+            else ls_utils.get_env_var("HIDE_METADATA") == "true"
+        )
+
+        # To trigger this code, set the `LANGSMITH_USE_PYO3_CLIENT` env var to any value.
+        self._pyo3_client = None
+        if ls_utils.get_env_var("USE_PYO3_CLIENT") is not None:
+            langsmith_pyo3 = None
+            try:
+                import langsmith_pyo3  # type: ignore[import-not-found, no-redef]
+            except ImportError as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Failed to import `langsmith_pyo3` when PyO3 client was requested, "
+                    "falling back to Python impl: %s",
+                    repr(e),
+                )
+
+            if langsmith_pyo3:
+                # TODO: tweak these constants as needed
+                queue_capacity = 1_000_000
+                batch_size = 100
+                batch_timeout_millis = 1000
+                worker_threads = 1
+
+                try:
+                    self._pyo3_client = langsmith_pyo3.BlockingTracingClient(
+                        self.api_url,
+                        self.api_key,
+                        queue_capacity,
+                        batch_size,
+                        batch_timeout_millis,
+                        worker_threads,
+                    )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Failed to instantiate `langsmith_pyo3.BlockingTracingClient` "
+                        "when PyO3 client was requested, falling back to Python impl: %s",
+                        repr(e),
+                    )
+
+        self._settings: Union[ls_schemas.LangSmithSettings, None] = None
+
+        self._manual_cleanup = False
+
+        if ls_utils.is_truish(ls_utils.get_env_var("OTEL_ENABLED")):
+            if not HAS_OTEL:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "LANGSMITH_OTEL_ENABLED is set but OpenTelemetry packages are not installed. "
+                    "Install with `pip install langsmith[otel]`"
+                )
+            existing_provider = otel_trace.get_tracer_provider()
+            tracer = existing_provider.get_tracer(__name__)
+            if otel_tracer_provider is None:
+                # Use existing global provider if available
+                if not (
+                    isinstance(existing_provider, otel_trace.ProxyTracerProvider)
+                    and hasattr(tracer, "_tracer")
+                    and isinstance(
+                        cast(
+                            otel_trace.ProxyTracer,
+                            tracer,
+                        )._tracer,
+                        otel_trace.NoOpTracer,
+                    )
+                ):
+                    otel_tracer_provider = cast(TracerProvider, existing_provider)
+                else:
+                    otel_tracer_provider = get_otlp_tracer_provider()
+                    otel_trace.set_tracer_provider(otel_tracer_provider)
+
+            self.otel_exporter = OTELExporter(tracer_provider=otel_tracer_provider)
+
+    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
+        """Return an HTML representation of the instance with a link to the URL.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The HTML representation of the instance.
+        """
+        link = self._host_url
+        return f'<a href="{link}", target="_blank" rel="noopener">LangSmith Client</a>'
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Return a string representation of the instance with a link to the URL.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The string representation of the instance.
+        """
+        return f"Client (API URL: {self.api_url})"
+
+    @property
+    def _host(self) -> str:
+        return _parse_url(self.api_url)
+
+    @property
+    def _host_url(self) -> str:
+        """The web host url."""
+        return ls_utils.get_host_url(self._web_url, self.api_url)
+
+    @property
+    def _headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Get the headers for the API request.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, str]: The headers for the API request.
+        """
+        headers = {
+            "User-Agent": f"langsmith-py/{langsmith.__version__}",
+            "Accept": "application/json",
+        }
+        if self.api_key:
+            headers[X_API_KEY] = self.api_key
+        return headers
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo:
+        """Get the information about the LangSmith API.
+
+        Returns:
+            ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo: The information about the LangSmith API, or None if the API is
+                not available.
+        """
+        if self._info is None:
+            try:
+                response = self.request_with_retries(
+                    "GET",
+                    "/info",
+                    headers={"Accept": "application/json"},
+                    timeout=(self.timeout_ms[0] / 1000, self.timeout_ms[1] / 1000),
+                )
+                ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+                self._info = ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo(**response.json())
+            except BaseException as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"Failed to get info from {self.api_url}: {repr(e)}",
+                )
+                self._info = ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo()
+        return self._info
+
+    def _get_settings(self) -> ls_schemas.LangSmithSettings:
+        """Get the settings for the current tenant.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The settings for the current tenant.
+        """
+        if self._settings is None:
+            response = self.request_with_retries("GET", "/settings")
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+            self._settings = ls_schemas.LangSmithSettings(**response.json())
+
+        return self._settings
+
+    def _content_above_size(self, content_length: Optional[int]) -> Optional[str]:
+        if content_length is None or self._info is None:
+            return None
+        info = cast(ls_schemas.LangSmithInfo, self._info)
+        bic = info.batch_ingest_config
+        if not bic:
+            return None
+        size_limit = bic.get("size_limit_bytes")
+        if size_limit is None:
+            return None
+        if content_length > size_limit:
+            return (
+                f"The content length of {content_length} bytes exceeds the "
+                f"maximum size limit of {size_limit} bytes."
+            )
+        return None
+
+    def request_with_retries(
+        self,
+        /,
+        method: Literal["GET", "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE"],
+        pathname: str,
+        *,
+        request_kwargs: Optional[Mapping] = None,
+        stop_after_attempt: int = 1,
+        retry_on: Optional[Sequence[type[BaseException]]] = None,
+        to_ignore: Optional[Sequence[type[BaseException]]] = None,
+        handle_response: Optional[Callable[[requests.Response, int], Any]] = None,
+        _context: str = "",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> requests.Response:
+        """Send a request with retries.
+
+        Args:
+            method (str): The HTTP request method.
+            pathname (str): The pathname of the request URL. Will be appended to the API URL.
+            request_kwargs (Mapping): Additional request parameters.
+            stop_after_attempt (int, default=1): The number of attempts to make.
+            retry_on (Optional[Sequence[Type[BaseException]]]): The exceptions to retry on. In addition to:
+                [LangSmithConnectionError, LangSmithAPIError].
+            to_ignore (Optional[Sequence[Type[BaseException]]]): The exceptions to ignore / pass on.
+            handle_response (Optional[Callable[[requests.Response, int], Any]]): A function to handle the response and return whether to continue retrying.
+            _context (str, default=""): The context of the request.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments to pass to the request.
+
+        Returns:
+            requests.Response: The response object.
+
+        Raises:
+            LangSmithAPIError: If a server error occurs.
+            LangSmithUserError: If the request fails.
+            LangSmithConnectionError: If a connection error occurs.
+            LangSmithError: If the request fails.
+        """
+        request_kwargs = request_kwargs or {}
+        request_kwargs = {
+            "timeout": (self.timeout_ms[0] / 1000, self.timeout_ms[1] / 1000),
+            **request_kwargs,
+            **kwargs,
+            "headers": {
+                **self._headers,
+                **request_kwargs.get("headers", {}),
+                **kwargs.get("headers", {}),
+            },
+        }
+        if (
+            method != "GET"
+            and "data" in request_kwargs
+            and "files" not in request_kwargs
+            and not request_kwargs["headers"].get("Content-Type")
+        ):
+            request_kwargs["headers"]["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
+        logging_filters = [
+            ls_utils.FilterLangSmithRetry(),
+            ls_utils.FilterPoolFullWarning(host=str(self._host)),
+        ]
+        retry_on_: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (
+            *(retry_on or ()),
+            *(
+                ls_utils.LangSmithConnectionError,
+                ls_utils.LangSmithRequestTimeout,  # 408
+                ls_utils.LangSmithAPIError,  # 500
+            ),
+        )
+        to_ignore_: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (*(to_ignore or ()),)
+        response = None
+        for idx in range(stop_after_attempt):
+            try:
+                try:
+                    with ls_utils.filter_logs(_urllib3_logger, logging_filters):
+                        response = self.session.request(
+                            method,
+                            _construct_url(self.api_url, pathname),
+                            stream=False,
+                            **request_kwargs,
+                        )
+                    ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+                    return response
+                except requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout as e:
+                    logger.debug("Passing on exception %s", e)
+                    if idx + 1 == stop_after_attempt:
+                        raise
+                    sleep_time = 2**idx + (random.random() * 0.5)
+                    time.sleep(sleep_time)
+                    continue
+
+                except requests.HTTPError as e:
+                    if response is not None:
+                        if handle_response is not None:
+                            if idx + 1 < stop_after_attempt:
+                                should_continue = handle_response(response, idx + 1)
+                                if should_continue:
+                                    continue
+                        if response.status_code == 500:
+                            raise ls_utils.LangSmithAPIError(
+                                f"Server error caused failure to {method}"
+                                f" {pathname} in"
+                                f" LangSmith API. {repr(e)}"
+                                f"{_context}"
+                            )
+                        elif response.status_code == 408:
+                            raise ls_utils.LangSmithRequestTimeout(
+                                f"Client took too long to send request to {method}"
+                                f"{pathname} {_context}"
+                            )
+                        elif response.status_code == 429:
+                            raise ls_utils.LangSmithRateLimitError(
+                                f"Rate limit exceeded for {pathname}. {repr(e)}"
+                                f"{_context}"
+                            )
+                        elif response.status_code == 401:
+                            raise ls_utils.LangSmithAuthError(
+                                f"Authentication failed for {pathname}. {repr(e)}"
+                                f"{_context}"
+                            )
+                        elif response.status_code == 404:
+                            raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                                f"Resource not found for {pathname}. {repr(e)}"
+                                f"{_context}"
+                            )
+                        elif response.status_code == 409:
+                            raise ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError(
+                                f"Conflict for {pathname}. {repr(e)}{_context}"
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(
+                                f"Failed to {method} {pathname} in LangSmith"
+                                f" API. {repr(e)}"
+                            )
+
+                    else:
+                        raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                            f"Failed to {method} {pathname} in LangSmith API. {repr(e)}"
+                        )
+                except requests.ConnectionError as e:
+                    recommendation = (
+                        "Please confirm your LANGCHAIN_ENDPOINT."
+                        if self.api_url != "https://api.smith.langchain.com"
+                        else "Please confirm your internet connection."
+                    )
+                    try:
+                        content_length = int(
+                            str(e.request.headers.get("Content-Length"))
+                            if e.request
+                            else ""
+                        )
+                        size_rec = self._content_above_size(content_length)
+                        if size_rec:
+                            recommendation = size_rec
+                    except ValueError:
+                        content_length = None
+
+                    api_key = (
+                        e.request.headers.get("x-api-key") or "" if e.request else ""
+                    )
+                    prefix, suffix = api_key[:5], api_key[-2:]
+                    filler = "*" * (max(0, len(api_key) - 7))
+                    masked_api_key = f"{prefix}{filler}{suffix}"
+
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithConnectionError(
+                        f"Connection error caused failure to {method} {pathname}"
+                        f" in LangSmith API. {recommendation}"
+                        f" {repr(e)}"
+                        f"\nContent-Length: {content_length}"
+                        f"\nAPI Key: {masked_api_key}"
+                        f"{_context}"
+                    ) from e
+                except Exception as e:
+                    args = list(e.args)
+                    msg = args[1] if len(args) > 1 else ""
+                    msg = msg.replace("session", "session (project)")
+                    if args:
+                        emsg = "\n".join(
+                            [str(args[0])]
+                            + [msg]
+                            + [str(arg) for arg in (args[2:] if len(args) > 2 else [])]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        emsg = msg
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(
+                        f"Failed to {method} {pathname} in LangSmith API. {emsg}"
+                        f"{_context}"
+                    ) from e
+            except to_ignore_ as e:
+                if response is not None:
+                    logger.debug("Passing on exception %s", e)
+                    return response
+            except ls_utils.LangSmithRateLimitError:
+                if idx + 1 == stop_after_attempt:
+                    raise
+                if response is not None:
+                    try:
+                        retry_after = float(response.headers.get("retry-after", "30"))
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Invalid retry-after header: %s",
+                            repr(e),
+                        )
+                        retry_after = 30
+                # Add exponential backoff
+                retry_after = retry_after * 2**idx + random.random()
+                time.sleep(retry_after)
+            except retry_on_:
+                # Handle other exceptions more immediately
+                if idx + 1 == stop_after_attempt:
+                    raise
+                sleep_time = 2**idx + (random.random() * 0.5)
+                time.sleep(sleep_time)
+                continue
+            # Else we still raise an error
+
+        raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(
+            f"Failed to {method} {pathname} in LangSmith API."
+        )
+
+    def _get_paginated_list(
+        self, path: str, *, params: Optional[dict] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[dict]:
+        """Get a paginated list of items.
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): The path of the request URL.
+            params (Optional[dict]): The query parameters.
+
+        Yields:
+            The items in the paginated list.
+        """
+        params_ = params.copy() if params else {}
+        offset = params_.get("offset", 0)
+        params_["limit"] = params_.get("limit", 100)
+        while True:
+            params_["offset"] = offset
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "GET",
+                path,
+                params=params_,
+            )
+            items = response.json()
+            if not items:
+                break
+            yield from items
+            if len(items) < params_["limit"]:
+                # offset and limit isn't respected if we're
+                # querying for specific values
+                break
+            offset += len(items)
+
+    def _get_cursor_paginated_list(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        body: Optional[dict] = None,
+        request_method: Literal["GET", "POST"] = "POST",
+        data_key: str = "runs",
+    ) -> Iterator[dict]:
+        """Get a cursor paginated list of items.
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): The path of the request URL.
+            body (Optional[dict]): The query body.
+            request_method (Literal["GET", "POST"], default="POST"): The HTTP request method.
+            data_key (str, default="runs"): The key in the response body that contains the items.
+
+        Yields:
+            The items in the paginated list.
+        """
+        params_ = body.copy() if body else {}
+        while True:
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                request_method,
+                path,
+                request_kwargs={
+                    "data": _dumps_json(params_),
+                },
+            )
+            response_body = response.json()
+            if not response_body:
+                break
+            if not response_body.get(data_key):
+                break
+            yield from response_body[data_key]
+            cursors = response_body.get("cursors")
+            if not cursors:
+                break
+            if not cursors.get("next"):
+                break
+            params_["cursor"] = cursors["next"]
+
+    def upload_dataframe(
+        self,
+        df: pd.DataFrame,
+        name: str,
+        input_keys: Sequence[str],
+        output_keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        data_type: Optional[ls_schemas.DataType] = ls_schemas.DataType.kv,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Upload a dataframe as individual examples to the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            df (pd.DataFrame): The dataframe to upload.
+            name (str): The name of the dataset.
+            input_keys (Sequence[str]): The input keys.
+            output_keys (Sequence[str]): The output keys.
+            description (Optional[str]): The description of the dataset.
+            data_type (Optional[DataType]): The data type of the dataset.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dataset: The uploaded dataset.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the csv_file is not a string or tuple.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+                import os
+                import pandas as pd
+
+                client = Client()
+
+                df = pd.read_parquet("path/to/your/myfile.parquet")
+                input_keys = ["column1", "column2"]  # replace with your input column names
+                output_keys = ["output1", "output2"]  # replace with your output column names
+
+                dataset = client.upload_dataframe(
+                    df=df,
+                    input_keys=input_keys,
+                    output_keys=output_keys,
+                    name="My Parquet Dataset",
+                    description="Dataset created from a parquet file",
+                    data_type="kv",  # The default
+                )
+        """
+        csv_file = io.BytesIO()
+        df.to_csv(csv_file, index=False)
+        csv_file.seek(0)
+        return self.upload_csv(
+            ("data.csv", csv_file),
+            input_keys=input_keys,
+            output_keys=output_keys,
+            description=description,
+            name=name,
+            data_type=data_type,
+        )
+
+    def upload_csv(
+        self,
+        csv_file: Union[str, tuple[str, io.BytesIO]],
+        input_keys: Sequence[str],
+        output_keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        data_type: Optional[ls_schemas.DataType] = ls_schemas.DataType.kv,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Upload a CSV file to the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            csv_file (Union[str, Tuple[str, io.BytesIO]]): The CSV file to upload. If a string, it should be the path
+                If a tuple, it should be a tuple containing the filename
+                and a BytesIO object.
+            input_keys (Sequence[str]): The input keys.
+            output_keys (Sequence[str]): The output keys.
+            name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset.
+            description (Optional[str]): The description of the dataset.
+            data_type (Optional[ls_schemas.DataType]): The data type of the dataset.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dataset: The uploaded dataset.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the csv_file is not a string or tuple.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+                import os
+
+                client = Client()
+
+                csv_file = "path/to/your/myfile.csv"
+                input_keys = ["column1", "column2"]  # replace with your input column names
+                output_keys = ["output1", "output2"]  # replace with your output column names
+
+                dataset = client.upload_csv(
+                    csv_file=csv_file,
+                    input_keys=input_keys,
+                    output_keys=output_keys,
+                    name="My CSV Dataset",
+                    description="Dataset created from a CSV file",
+                    data_type="kv",  # The default
+                )
+        """
+        data = {
+            "input_keys": input_keys,
+            "output_keys": output_keys,
+        }
+        if name:
+            data["name"] = name
+        if description:
+            data["description"] = description
+        if data_type:
+            data["data_type"] = ls_utils.get_enum_value(data_type)
+        data["id"] = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        if isinstance(csv_file, str):
+            with open(csv_file, "rb") as f:
+                file_ = {"file": f}
+                response = self.request_with_retries(
+                    "POST",
+                    "/datasets/upload",
+                    data=data,
+                    files=file_,
+                )
+        elif isinstance(csv_file, tuple):
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "POST",
+                "/datasets/upload",
+                data=data,
+                files={"file": csv_file},
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("csv_file must be a string or tuple")
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        result = response.json()
+        # TODO: Make this more robust server-side
+        if "detail" in result and "already exists" in result["detail"]:
+            file_name = csv_file if isinstance(csv_file, str) else csv_file[0]
+            file_name = file_name.split("/")[-1]
+            raise ValueError(f"Dataset {file_name} already exists")
+        return ls_schemas.Dataset(
+            **result,
+            _host_url=self._host_url,
+            _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+        )
+
+    def _run_transform(
+        self,
+        run: Union[ls_schemas.Run, dict, ls_schemas.RunLikeDict],
+        update: bool = False,
+        copy: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict:
+        """Transform the given run object into a dictionary representation.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Union[ls_schemas.Run, dict]): The run object to transform.
+            update (Optional[bool]): Whether the payload is for an "update" event.
+            copy (Optional[bool]): Whether to deepcopy run inputs/outputs.
+
+        Returns:
+            dict: The transformed run object as a dictionary.
+        """
+        if hasattr(run, "dict") and callable(getattr(run, "dict")):
+            run_create: dict = run.dict()  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            run_create = cast(dict, run)
+        if "id" not in run_create:
+            run_create["id"] = uuid.uuid4()
+        elif isinstance(run_create["id"], str):
+            run_create["id"] = uuid.UUID(run_create["id"])
+        if "inputs" in run_create and run_create["inputs"] is not None:
+            if copy:
+                run_create["inputs"] = ls_utils.deepish_copy(run_create["inputs"])
+            run_create["inputs"] = self._hide_run_inputs(run_create["inputs"])
+        if "outputs" in run_create and run_create["outputs"] is not None:
+            if copy:
+                run_create["outputs"] = ls_utils.deepish_copy(run_create["outputs"])
+            run_create["outputs"] = self._hide_run_outputs(run_create["outputs"])
+        # Hide metadata in extra if present
+        if "extra" in run_create and isinstance(run_create["extra"], dict):
+            extra = run_create["extra"]
+            if "metadata" in extra and extra["metadata"] is not None:
+                if copy:
+                    extra["metadata"] = ls_utils.deepish_copy(extra["metadata"])
+                extra["metadata"] = self._hide_run_metadata(extra["metadata"])
+        if not update and not run_create.get("start_time"):
+            run_create["start_time"] = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
+
+        # Only retain LLM & Prompt manifests
+        if "serialized" in run_create:
+            if run_create.get("run_type") not in ("llm", "prompt"):
+                # Drop completely
+                run_create.pop("serialized", None)
+            elif run_create.get("serialized"):
+                # Drop graph
+                run_create["serialized"].pop("graph", None)
+
+        return run_create
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _insert_runtime_env(runs: Sequence[dict]) -> None:
+        runtime_env = ls_env.get_runtime_environment()
+        for run_create in runs:
+            run_extra = cast(dict, run_create.setdefault("extra", {}))
+            # update runtime
+            runtime: dict = run_extra.setdefault("runtime", {})
+            run_extra["runtime"] = {**runtime_env, **runtime}
+            # update metadata
+            metadata: dict = run_extra.setdefault("metadata", {})
+            langchain_metadata = ls_env.get_langchain_env_var_metadata()
+            metadata.update(
+                {k: v for k, v in langchain_metadata.items() if k not in metadata}
+            )
+
+    def _should_sample(self) -> bool:
+        if self.tracing_sample_rate is None:
+            return True
+        return random.random() < self.tracing_sample_rate
+
+    def _filter_for_sampling(
+        self, runs: Iterable[dict], *, patch: bool = False
+    ) -> list[dict]:
+        if self.tracing_sample_rate is None:
+            return list(runs)
+
+        if patch:
+            sampled = []
+            for run in runs:
+                run_id = _as_uuid(run["id"])
+                if run_id not in self._filtered_post_uuids:
+                    sampled.append(run)
+                else:
+                    self._filtered_post_uuids.remove(run_id)
+            return sampled
+        else:
+            sampled = []
+            for run in runs:
+                trace_id = run.get("trace_id") or run["id"]
+
+                # If we've already made a decision about this trace, follow it
+                if trace_id in self._filtered_post_uuids:
+                    continue
+
+                # For new traces, apply sampling
+                if run["id"] == trace_id:
+                    if self._should_sample():
+                        sampled.append(run)
+                    else:
+                        self._filtered_post_uuids.add(trace_id)
+                else:
+                    # Child runs follow their trace's sampling decision
+                    sampled.append(run)
+            return sampled
+
+    def create_run(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
+        run_type: RUN_TYPE_T,
+        *,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        revision_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Persist a run to the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): The name of the run.
+            inputs (Dict[str, Any]): The input values for the run.
+            run_type (str): The type of the run, such as tool, chain, llm, retriever,
+                embedding, prompt, or parser.
+            project_name (Optional[str]): The project name of the run.
+            revision_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The revision ID of the run.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Raises:
+            LangSmithUserError: If the API key is not provided when using the hosted service.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+                import datetime
+                from uuid import uuid4
+
+                client = Client()
+
+                run_id = uuid4()
+                client.create_run(
+                    id=run_id,
+                    project_name=project_name,
+                    name="test_run",
+                    run_type="llm",
+                    inputs={"prompt": "hello world"},
+                    outputs={"generation": "hi there"},
+                    start_time=datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc),
+                    end_time=datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc),
+                    hide_inputs=True,
+                    hide_outputs=True,
+                )
+        """
+        project_name = project_name or kwargs.pop(
+            "session_name",
+            # if the project is not provided, use the environment's project
+            ls_utils.get_tracer_project(),
+        )
+        run_create = {
+            **kwargs,
+            "session_name": project_name,
+            "name": name,
+            "inputs": inputs,
+            "run_type": run_type,
+        }
+        if not self._filter_for_sampling([run_create]):
+            return
+        if revision_id is not None:
+            run_create["extra"]["metadata"]["revision_id"] = revision_id
+        run_create = self._run_transform(run_create, copy=False)
+        self._insert_runtime_env([run_create])
+        if run_create.get("attachments") is not None:
+            for attachment in run_create["attachments"].values():
+                if (
+                    isinstance(attachment, tuple)
+                    and isinstance(attachment[1], Path)
+                    and not dangerously_allow_filesystem
+                ):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Must set dangerously_allow_filesystem=True to allow passing in Paths for attachments."
+                    )
+
+        if (
+            # batch ingest requires trace_id and dotted_order to be set
+            run_create.get("trace_id") is not None
+            and run_create.get("dotted_order") is not None
+        ):
+            if self._pyo3_client is not None:
+                self._pyo3_client.create_run(run_create)
+            elif self.compressed_traces is not None:
+                if self._data_available_event is None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Run compression is enabled but threading event is not configured"
+                    )
+                serialized_op = serialize_run_dict("post", run_create)
+                multipart_form, opened_files = (
+                    serialized_run_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context(
+                        serialized_op
+                    )
+                )
+                logger.log(
+                    5,
+                    "Adding compressed multipart to queue with context: %s",
+                    multipart_form.context,
+                )
+                with self.compressed_traces.lock:
+                    compress_multipart_parts_and_context(
+                        multipart_form,
+                        self.compressed_traces,
+                        _BOUNDARY,
+                    )
+                    self.compressed_traces.trace_count += 1
+                    self._data_available_event.set()
+
+                _close_files(list(opened_files.values()))
+            elif self.tracing_queue is not None:
+                serialized_op = serialize_run_dict("post", run_create)
+                logger.log(
+                    5,
+                    "Adding to tracing queue: trace_id=%s, run_id=%s",
+                    serialized_op.trace_id,
+                    serialized_op.id,
+                )
+                if HAS_OTEL:
+                    self.tracing_queue.put(
+                        TracingQueueItem(
+                            run_create["dotted_order"],
+                            serialized_op,
+                            otel_context=set_span_in_context(
+                                otel_trace.get_current_span()
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.tracing_queue.put(
+                        TracingQueueItem(run_create["dotted_order"], serialized_op)
+                    )
+            else:
+                # Neither Rust nor Python batch ingestion is configured,
+                # fall back to the non-batch approach.
+                self._create_run(run_create)
+        else:
+            self._create_run(run_create)
+
+    def _create_run(self, run_create: dict):
+        errors = []
+        for api_url, api_key in self._write_api_urls.items():
+            headers = {**self._headers, X_API_KEY: api_key}
+            try:
+                self.request_with_retries(
+                    "POST",
+                    f"{api_url}/runs",
+                    request_kwargs={
+                        "data": _dumps_json(run_create),
+                        "headers": headers,
+                    },
+                    to_ignore=(ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError,),
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                errors.append(e)
+        if errors:
+            if len(errors) > 1:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithExceptionGroup(exceptions=errors)
+            else:
+                raise errors[0]
+
+    def _hide_run_inputs(self, inputs: dict):
+        if self._hide_inputs is True:
+            return {}
+        if self._anonymizer:
+            json_inputs = _orjson.loads(_dumps_json(inputs))
+            return self._anonymizer(json_inputs)
+        if self._hide_inputs is False:
+            return inputs
+        return self._hide_inputs(inputs)
+
+    def _hide_run_outputs(self, outputs: dict):
+        if self._hide_outputs is True:
+            return {}
+        if self._anonymizer:
+            json_outputs = _orjson.loads(_dumps_json(outputs))
+            return self._anonymizer(json_outputs)
+        if self._hide_outputs is False:
+            return outputs
+        return self._hide_outputs(outputs)
+
+    def _hide_run_metadata(self, metadata: dict) -> dict:
+        if self._hide_metadata is True:
+            return {}
+        if self._hide_metadata is False:
+            return metadata
+        return self._hide_metadata(metadata)
+
+    def _batch_ingest_run_ops(
+        self,
+        ops: list[SerializedRunOperation],
+    ) -> None:
+        ids_and_partial_body: dict[
+            Literal["post", "patch"], list[tuple[str, bytes]]
+        ] = {
+            "post": [],
+            "patch": [],
+        }
+
+        # form the partial body and ids
+        for op in ops:
+            if isinstance(op, SerializedRunOperation):
+                curr_dict = _orjson.loads(op._none)
+                if op.inputs:
+                    curr_dict["inputs"] = _orjson.Fragment(op.inputs)
+                if op.outputs:
+                    curr_dict["outputs"] = _orjson.Fragment(op.outputs)
+                if op.events:
+                    curr_dict["events"] = _orjson.Fragment(op.events)
+                if op.attachments:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Attachments are not supported when use_multipart_endpoint "
+                        "is False"
+                    )
+                ids_and_partial_body[op.operation].append(
+                    (f"trace={op.trace_id},id={op.id}", _orjson.dumps(curr_dict))
+                )
+            elif isinstance(op, SerializedFeedbackOperation):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Feedback operations are not supported in non-multipart mode"
+                )
+            else:
+                logger.error("Unknown item type in tracing queue: %s", type(op))
+
+        # send the requests in batches
+        info = self.info
+        size_limit_bytes = (info.batch_ingest_config or {}).get(
+            "size_limit_bytes"
+        ) or _SIZE_LIMIT_BYTES
+
+        body_chunks: collections.defaultdict[str, list] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        context_ids: collections.defaultdict[str, list] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        body_size = 0
+        for key in cast(list[Literal["post", "patch"]], ["post", "patch"]):
+            body_deque = collections.deque(ids_and_partial_body[key])
+            while body_deque:
+                if (
+                    body_size > 0
+                    and body_size + len(body_deque[0][1]) > size_limit_bytes
+                ):
+                    self._post_batch_ingest_runs(
+                        _orjson.dumps(body_chunks),
+                        _context=f"\n{key}: {'; '.join(context_ids[key])}",
+                    )
+                    body_size = 0
+                    body_chunks.clear()
+                    context_ids.clear()
+                curr_id, curr_body = body_deque.popleft()
+                body_size += len(curr_body)
+                body_chunks[key].append(_orjson.Fragment(curr_body))
+                context_ids[key].append(curr_id)
+        if body_size:
+            context = "; ".join(f"{k}: {'; '.join(v)}" for k, v in context_ids.items())
+            self._post_batch_ingest_runs(
+                _orjson.dumps(body_chunks), _context="\n" + context
+            )
+
+    def batch_ingest_runs(
+        self,
+        create: Optional[
+            Sequence[Union[ls_schemas.Run, ls_schemas.RunLikeDict, dict]]
+        ] = None,
+        update: Optional[
+            Sequence[Union[ls_schemas.Run, ls_schemas.RunLikeDict, dict]]
+        ] = None,
+        *,
+        pre_sampled: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Batch ingest/upsert multiple runs in the Langsmith system.
+
+        Args:
+            create (Optional[Sequence[Union[Run, RunLikeDict]]]):
+                A sequence of `Run` objects or equivalent dictionaries representing
+                runs to be created / posted.
+            update (Optional[Sequence[Union[Run, RunLikeDict]]]):
+                A sequence of `Run` objects or equivalent dictionaries representing
+                runs that have already been created and should be updated / patched.
+            pre_sampled (bool, default=False): Whether the runs have already been subject
+                to sampling, and therefore should not be sampled again.
+                Defaults to False.
+
+        Raises:
+            LangsmithAPIError: If there is an error in the API request.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Note:
+            - The run objects MUST contain the dotted_order and trace_id fields
+                to be accepted by the API.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+                import datetime
+                from uuid import uuid4
+
+                client = Client()
+                _session = "__test_batch_ingest_runs"
+                trace_id = uuid4()
+                trace_id_2 = uuid4()
+                run_id_2 = uuid4()
+                current_time = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).strftime(
+                    "%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ"
+                )
+                later_time = (
+                    datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=1)
+                ).strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ")
+
+                runs_to_create = [
+                    {
+                        "id": str(trace_id),
+                        "session_name": _session,
+                        "name": "run 1",
+                        "run_type": "chain",
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "inputs": {"input1": 1, "input2": 2},
+                        "outputs": {"output1": 3, "output2": 4},
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "id": str(trace_id_2),
+                        "session_name": _session,
+                        "name": "run 3",
+                        "run_type": "chain",
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id_2)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id_2),
+                        "inputs": {"input1": 1, "input2": 2},
+                        "error": "error",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "id": str(run_id_2),
+                        "session_name": _session,
+                        "name": "run 2",
+                        "run_type": "chain",
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id)}."
+                        f"{later_time}{str(run_id_2)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "parent_run_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "inputs": {"input1": 5, "input2": 6},
+                    },
+                ]
+                runs_to_update = [
+                    {
+                        "id": str(run_id_2),
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id)}."
+                        f"{later_time}{str(run_id_2)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "parent_run_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "outputs": {"output1": 4, "output2": 5},
+                    },
+                ]
+
+                client.batch_ingest_runs(create=runs_to_create, update=runs_to_update)
+        """
+        if not create and not update:
+            return
+        # transform and convert to dicts
+        create_dicts = [
+            self._run_transform(run, copy=False) for run in create or EMPTY_SEQ
+        ]
+        update_dicts = [
+            self._run_transform(run, update=True, copy=False)
+            for run in update or EMPTY_SEQ
+        ]
+        for run in create_dicts:
+            if not run.get("trace_id") or not run.get("dotted_order"):
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                    "Batch ingest requires trace_id and dotted_order to be set."
+                )
+        for run in update_dicts:
+            if not run.get("trace_id") or not run.get("dotted_order"):
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                    "Batch ingest requires trace_id and dotted_order to be set."
+                )
+        # filter out runs that are not sampled
+        if not pre_sampled:
+            create_dicts = self._filter_for_sampling(create_dicts)
+            update_dicts = self._filter_for_sampling(update_dicts, patch=True)
+
+        if not create_dicts and not update_dicts:
+            return
+
+        self._insert_runtime_env(create_dicts + update_dicts)
+
+        # convert to serialized ops
+        serialized_ops = cast(
+            list[SerializedRunOperation],
+            combine_serialized_queue_operations(
+                list(
+                    itertools.chain(
+                        (serialize_run_dict("post", run) for run in create_dicts),
+                        (serialize_run_dict("patch", run) for run in update_dicts),
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._batch_ingest_run_ops(serialized_ops)
+
+    def _post_batch_ingest_runs(self, body: bytes, *, _context: str):
+        for api_url, api_key in self._write_api_urls.items():
+            try:
+                logger.debug(f"Sending batch ingest request with context: {_context}")
+                self.request_with_retries(
+                    "POST",
+                    f"{api_url}/runs/batch",
+                    request_kwargs={
+                        "data": body,
+                        "headers": {
+                            **self._headers,
+                            X_API_KEY: api_key,
+                        },
+                    },
+                    to_ignore=(ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError,),
+                    stop_after_attempt=3,
+                    _context=_context,
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                try:
+                    exc_desc_lines = traceback.format_exception_only(type(e), e)
+                    exc_desc = "".join(exc_desc_lines).rstrip()
+                    logger.warning(f"Failed to batch ingest runs: {exc_desc}")
+                except Exception:
+                    logger.warning(f"Failed to batch ingest runs: {repr(e)}")
+
+    def _multipart_ingest_ops(
+        self, ops: list[Union[SerializedRunOperation, SerializedFeedbackOperation]]
+    ) -> None:
+        parts: list[MultipartPartsAndContext] = []
+        opened_files_dict: dict[str, io.BufferedReader] = {}
+        for op in ops:
+            if isinstance(op, SerializedRunOperation):
+                part, opened_files = (
+                    serialized_run_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context(op)
+                )
+                parts.append(part)
+                opened_files_dict.update(opened_files)
+            elif isinstance(op, SerializedFeedbackOperation):
+                parts.append(
+                    serialized_feedback_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context(op)
+                )
+            else:
+                logger.error("Unknown operation type in tracing queue: %s", type(op))
+        acc_multipart = join_multipart_parts_and_context(parts)
+        if acc_multipart:
+            try:
+                self._send_multipart_req(acc_multipart)
+            finally:
+                _close_files(list(opened_files_dict.values()))
+
+    def multipart_ingest(
+        self,
+        create: Optional[
+            Sequence[Union[ls_schemas.Run, ls_schemas.RunLikeDict, dict]]
+        ] = None,
+        update: Optional[
+            Sequence[Union[ls_schemas.Run, ls_schemas.RunLikeDict, dict]]
+        ] = None,
+        *,
+        pre_sampled: bool = False,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Batch ingest/upsert multiple runs in the Langsmith system.
+
+        Args:
+            create (Optional[Sequence[Union[ls_schemas.Run, RunLikeDict]]]):
+                A sequence of `Run` objects or equivalent dictionaries representing
+                runs to be created / posted.
+            update (Optional[Sequence[Union[ls_schemas.Run, RunLikeDict]]]):
+                A sequence of `Run` objects or equivalent dictionaries representing
+                runs that have already been created and should be updated / patched.
+            pre_sampled (bool, default=False): Whether the runs have already been subject
+                to sampling, and therefore should not be sampled again.
+                Defaults to False.
+
+        Raises:
+            LangsmithAPIError: If there is an error in the API request.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Note:
+            - The run objects MUST contain the dotted_order and trace_id fields
+                to be accepted by the API.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+                import datetime
+                from uuid import uuid4
+
+                client = Client()
+                _session = "__test_batch_ingest_runs"
+                trace_id = uuid4()
+                trace_id_2 = uuid4()
+                run_id_2 = uuid4()
+                current_time = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).strftime(
+                    "%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ"
+                )
+                later_time = (
+                    datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=1)
+                ).strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ")
+
+                runs_to_create = [
+                    {
+                        "id": str(trace_id),
+                        "session_name": _session,
+                        "name": "run 1",
+                        "run_type": "chain",
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "inputs": {"input1": 1, "input2": 2},
+                        "outputs": {"output1": 3, "output2": 4},
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "id": str(trace_id_2),
+                        "session_name": _session,
+                        "name": "run 3",
+                        "run_type": "chain",
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id_2)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id_2),
+                        "inputs": {"input1": 1, "input2": 2},
+                        "error": "error",
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "id": str(run_id_2),
+                        "session_name": _session,
+                        "name": "run 2",
+                        "run_type": "chain",
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id)}."
+                        f"{later_time}{str(run_id_2)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "parent_run_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "inputs": {"input1": 5, "input2": 6},
+                    },
+                ]
+                runs_to_update = [
+                    {
+                        "id": str(run_id_2),
+                        "dotted_order": f"{current_time}{str(trace_id)}."
+                        f"{later_time}{str(run_id_2)}",
+                        "trace_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "parent_run_id": str(trace_id),
+                        "outputs": {"output1": 4, "output2": 5},
+                    },
+                ]
+
+                client.multipart_ingest(create=runs_to_create, update=runs_to_update)
+        """
+        if not (create or update):
+            return
+        # transform and convert to dicts
+        create_dicts = [self._run_transform(run) for run in create or EMPTY_SEQ]
+        update_dicts = [
+            self._run_transform(run, update=True) for run in update or EMPTY_SEQ
+        ]
+        # require trace_id and dotted_order
+        if create_dicts:
+            for run in create_dicts:
+                if not run.get("trace_id") or not run.get("dotted_order"):
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                        "Multipart ingest requires trace_id and dotted_order"
+                        " to be set in create dicts."
+                    )
+            else:
+                del run
+        if update_dicts:
+            for run in update_dicts:
+                if not run.get("trace_id") or not run.get("dotted_order"):
+                    raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                        "Multipart ingest requires trace_id and dotted_order"
+                        " to be set in update dicts."
+                    )
+            else:
+                del run
+        # combine post and patch dicts where possible
+        if update_dicts and create_dicts:
+            create_by_id = {run["id"]: run for run in create_dicts}
+            standalone_updates: list[dict] = []
+            for run in update_dicts:
+                if run["id"] in create_by_id:
+                    for k, v in run.items():
+                        if v is not None:
+                            create_by_id[run["id"]][k] = v
+                else:
+                    standalone_updates.append(run)
+            else:
+                del run
+            update_dicts = standalone_updates
+        # filter out runs that are not sampled
+        if not pre_sampled:
+            create_dicts = self._filter_for_sampling(create_dicts)
+            update_dicts = self._filter_for_sampling(update_dicts, patch=True)
+        if not create_dicts and not update_dicts:
+            return
+        # insert runtime environment
+        self._insert_runtime_env(create_dicts)
+        self._insert_runtime_env(update_dicts)
+
+        # format as serialized operations
+        serialized_ops = combine_serialized_queue_operations(
+            list(
+                itertools.chain(
+                    (serialize_run_dict("post", run) for run in create_dicts),
+                    (serialize_run_dict("patch", run) for run in update_dicts),
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        for op in serialized_ops:
+            if isinstance(op, SerializedRunOperation) and op.attachments:
+                for attachment in op.attachments.values():
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(attachment, tuple)
+                        and isinstance(attachment[1], Path)
+                        and not dangerously_allow_filesystem
+                    ):
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Must set dangerously_allow_filesystem=True to allow passing in Paths for attachments."
+                        )
+
+        # sent the runs in multipart requests
+        self._multipart_ingest_ops(serialized_ops)
+
+    def _send_multipart_req(self, acc: MultipartPartsAndContext, *, attempts: int = 3):
+        parts = acc.parts
+        _context = acc.context
+        for api_url, api_key in self._write_api_urls.items():
+            for idx in range(1, attempts + 1):
+                try:
+                    encoder = rqtb_multipart.MultipartEncoder(parts, boundary=_BOUNDARY)
+                    if encoder.len <= 20_000_000:  # ~20 MB
+                        data = encoder.to_string()
+                    else:
+                        data = encoder
+                    logger.debug(f"Sending multipart request with context: {_context}")
+                    self.request_with_retries(
+                        "POST",
+                        f"{api_url}/runs/multipart",
+                        request_kwargs={
+                            "data": data,
+                            "headers": {
+                                **self._headers,
+                                X_API_KEY: api_key,
+                                "Content-Type": encoder.content_type,
+                            },
+                        },
+                        stop_after_attempt=1,
+                        _context=_context,
+                    )
+                    break
+                except ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError:
+                    break
+                except (
+                    ls_utils.LangSmithConnectionError,
+                    ls_utils.LangSmithRequestTimeout,
+                    ls_utils.LangSmithAPIError,
+                ) as exc:
+                    if idx == attempts:
+                        logger.warning(f"Failed to multipart ingest runs: {exc}")
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                except Exception as e:
+                    try:
+                        exc_desc_lines = traceback.format_exception_only(type(e), e)
+                        exc_desc = "".join(exc_desc_lines).rstrip()
+                        logger.warning(f"Failed to multipart ingest runs: {exc_desc}")
+                    except Exception:
+                        logger.warning(f"Failed to multipart ingest runs: {repr(e)}")
+                    # do not retry by default
+                    break
+
+    def _send_compressed_multipart_req(
+        self,
+        data_stream: io.BytesIO,
+        compressed_traces_info: Optional[tuple[int, int]],
+        *,
+        attempts: int = 3,
+    ):
+        """Send a zstd-compressed multipart form data stream to the backend."""
+        _context: str = "; ".join(getattr(data_stream, "context", []))
+
+        for api_url, api_key in self._write_api_urls.items():
+            data_stream.seek(0)
+
+            for idx in range(1, attempts + 1):
+                try:
+                    headers = {
+                        **self._headers,
+                        "X-API-KEY": api_key,
+                        "Content-Type": f"multipart/form-data; boundary={_BOUNDARY}",
+                        "Content-Encoding": "zstd",
+                        "X-Pre-Compressed-Size": (
+                            str(compressed_traces_info[0])
+                            if compressed_traces_info
+                            else ""
+                        ),
+                        "X-Post-Compressed-Size": (
+                            str(compressed_traces_info[1])
+                            if compressed_traces_info
+                            else ""
+                        ),
+                    }
+                    logger.debug(
+                        f"Sending compressed multipart request with context: {_context}"
+                    )
+                    self.request_with_retries(
+                        "POST",
+                        f"{api_url}/runs/multipart",
+                        request_kwargs={
+                            "data": data_stream,
+                            "headers": headers,
+                        },
+                        stop_after_attempt=1,
+                        _context=_context,
+                    )
+                    break
+                except ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError:
+                    break
+                except (
+                    ls_utils.LangSmithConnectionError,
+                    ls_utils.LangSmithRequestTimeout,
+                    ls_utils.LangSmithAPIError,
+                ) as exc:
+                    if idx == attempts:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Failed to send compressed multipart ingest: {exc}"
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                except Exception as e:
+                    try:
+                        exc_desc_lines = traceback.format_exception_only(type(e), e)
+                        exc_desc = "".join(exc_desc_lines).rstrip()
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Failed to send compressed multipart ingest: {exc_desc}"
+                        )
+                    except Exception:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Failed to send compressed multipart ingest: {repr(e)}"
+                        )
+                    # Do not retry by default after unknown exceptions
+                    break
+
+    def update_run(
+        self,
+        run_id: ID_TYPE,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+        error: Optional[str] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        outputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        events: Optional[Sequence[dict]] = None,
+        extra: Optional[dict] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        attachments: Optional[ls_schemas.Attachments] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update a run in the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run to update.
+            name (Optional[str]): The name of the run.
+            end_time (Optional[datetime.datetime]): The end time of the run.
+            error (Optional[str]): The error message of the run.
+            inputs (Optional[Dict]): The input values for the run.
+            outputs (Optional[Dict]): The output values for the run.
+            events (Optional[Sequence[dict]]): The events for the run.
+            extra (Optional[Dict]): The extra information for the run.
+            tags (Optional[List[str]]): The tags for the run.
+            attachments (Optional[Dict[str, Attachment]]): A dictionary of attachments to add to the run. The keys are the attachment names,
+                and the values are Attachment objects containing the data and mime type.
+            **kwargs (Any): Kwargs are ignored.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+                import datetime
+                from uuid import uuid4
+
+                client = Client()
+                project_name = "__test_update_run"
+
+                start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
+                revision_id = uuid4()
+                run: dict = dict(
+                    id=uuid4(),
+                    name="test_run",
+                    run_type="llm",
+                    inputs={"text": "hello world"},
+                    project_name=project_name,
+                    api_url=os.getenv("LANGCHAIN_ENDPOINT"),
+                    start_time=start_time,
+                    extra={"extra": "extra"},
+                    revision_id=revision_id,
+                )
+                # Create the run
+                client.create_run(**run)
+                run["outputs"] = {"output": ["Hi"]}
+                run["extra"]["foo"] = "bar"
+                run["name"] = "test_run_updated"
+                # Update the run
+                client.update_run(run["id"], **run)
+        """
+        data: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "id": _as_uuid(run_id, "run_id"),
+            "name": name,
+            "trace_id": kwargs.pop("trace_id", None),
+            "parent_run_id": kwargs.pop("parent_run_id", None),
+            "dotted_order": kwargs.pop("dotted_order", None),
+            "tags": tags,
+            "extra": extra,
+            "session_id": kwargs.pop("session_id", None),
+            "session_name": kwargs.pop("session_name", None),
+        }
+        if attachments:
+            for _, attachment in attachments.items():
+                if (
+                    isinstance(attachment, tuple)
+                    and isinstance(attachment[1], Path)
+                    and not dangerously_allow_filesystem
+                ):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Must set dangerously_allow_filesystem=True to allow passing in Paths for attachments."
+                    )
+            data["attachments"] = attachments
+        use_multipart = (
+            (self.tracing_queue is not None or self.compressed_traces is not None)
+            # batch ingest requires trace_id and dotted_order to be set
+            and data["trace_id"] is not None
+            and data["dotted_order"] is not None
+        )
+        if not self._filter_for_sampling([data], patch=True):
+            return
+        if end_time is not None:
+            data["end_time"] = end_time.isoformat()
+        else:
+            data["end_time"] = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat()
+        if error is not None:
+            data["error"] = error
+        if inputs is not None:
+            data["inputs"] = self._hide_run_inputs(inputs)
+        if outputs is not None:
+            if not use_multipart:
+                outputs = ls_utils.deepish_copy(outputs)
+            data["outputs"] = self._hide_run_outputs(outputs)
+        if events is not None:
+            data["events"] = events
+        if data["extra"]:
+            self._insert_runtime_env([data])
+            if metadata := data["extra"].get("metadata"):
+                data["extra"]["metadata"] = self._hide_run_metadata(metadata)
+
+        if self._pyo3_client is not None:
+            self._pyo3_client.update_run(data)
+        elif use_multipart:
+            serialized_op = serialize_run_dict(operation="patch", payload=data)
+            if self.compressed_traces is not None:
+                multipart_form, opened_files = (
+                    serialized_run_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context(
+                        serialized_op
+                    )
+                )
+                logger.log(
+                    5,
+                    "Adding compressed multipart to queue with context: %s",
+                    multipart_form.context,
+                )
+                with self.compressed_traces.lock:
+                    if self._data_available_event is None:
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "Run compression is enabled but threading event is not configured"
+                        )
+                    compress_multipart_parts_and_context(
+                        multipart_form,
+                        self.compressed_traces,
+                        _BOUNDARY,
+                    )
+                    self.compressed_traces.trace_count += 1
+                    self._data_available_event.set()
+                _close_files(list(opened_files.values()))
+            elif self.tracing_queue is not None:
+                logger.log(
+                    5,
+                    "Adding to tracing queue: trace_id=%s, run_id=%s",
+                    serialized_op.trace_id,
+                    serialized_op.id,
+                )
+                if HAS_OTEL:
+                    self.tracing_queue.put(
+                        TracingQueueItem(
+                            data["dotted_order"],
+                            serialized_op,
+                            otel_context=set_span_in_context(
+                                otel_trace.get_current_span()
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.tracing_queue.put(
+                        TracingQueueItem(data["dotted_order"], serialized_op)
+                    )
+        else:
+            self._update_run(data)
+
+    def _update_run(self, run_update: dict) -> None:
+        for api_url, api_key in self._write_api_urls.items():
+            headers = {
+                **self._headers,
+                X_API_KEY: api_key,
+            }
+
+            self.request_with_retries(
+                "PATCH",
+                f"{api_url}/runs/{run_update['id']}",
+                request_kwargs={
+                    "data": _dumps_json(run_update),
+                    "headers": headers,
+                },
+            )
+
+    def flush_compressed_traces(self, attempts: int = 3) -> None:
+        """Force flush the currently buffered compressed runs."""
+        if self.compressed_traces is None:
+            return
+
+        if self._futures is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Run compression is enabled but request pool futures is not set"
+            )
+
+        # Attempt to drain and send any remaining data
+        from langsmith._internal._background_thread import (
+            HTTP_REQUEST_THREAD_POOL,
+            _tracing_thread_drain_compressed_buffer,
+        )
+
+        final_data_stream, compressed_traces_info = (
+            _tracing_thread_drain_compressed_buffer(
+                self, size_limit=1, size_limit_bytes=1
+            )
+        )
+
+        if final_data_stream is not None:
+            # We have data to send
+            future = None
+            try:
+                future = HTTP_REQUEST_THREAD_POOL.submit(
+                    self._send_compressed_multipart_req,
+                    final_data_stream,
+                    compressed_traces_info,
+                    attempts=attempts,
+                )
+                self._futures.add(future)
+            except RuntimeError:
+                # In case the ThreadPoolExecutor is already shutdown
+                self._send_compressed_multipart_req(
+                    final_data_stream, compressed_traces_info, attempts=attempts
+                )
+
+        # If we got a future, wait for it to complete
+        if self._futures:
+            futures = list(self._futures)
+            done, _ = cf.wait(futures)
+            # Remove completed futures
+            self._futures.difference_update(done)
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        """Flush either queue or compressed buffer, depending on mode."""
+        if self.compressed_traces is not None:
+            self.flush_compressed_traces()
+        elif self.tracing_queue is not None:
+            self.tracing_queue.join()
+
+    def _load_child_runs(self, run: ls_schemas.Run) -> ls_schemas.Run:
+        """Load child runs for a given run.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Run): The run to load child runs for.
+
+        Returns:
+            Run: The run with loaded child runs.
+
+        Raises:
+            LangSmithError: If a child run has no parent.
+        """
+        child_runs = self.list_runs(id=run.child_run_ids)
+        treemap: collections.defaultdict[uuid.UUID, list[ls_schemas.Run]] = (
+            collections.defaultdict(list)
+        )
+        runs: dict[uuid.UUID, ls_schemas.Run] = {}
+        for child_run in sorted(
+            child_runs,
+            key=lambda r: r.dotted_order,
+        ):
+            if child_run.parent_run_id is None:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(f"Child run {child_run.id} has no parent")
+            treemap[child_run.parent_run_id].append(child_run)
+            runs[child_run.id] = child_run
+        run.child_runs = treemap.pop(run.id, [])
+        for run_id, children in treemap.items():
+            runs[run_id].child_runs = children
+        return run
+
+    def read_run(
+        self, run_id: ID_TYPE, load_child_runs: bool = False
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Run:
+        """Read a run from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the run to read.
+            load_child_runs (bool, default=False):
+                Whether to load nested child runs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Run: The run read from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Examples:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+
+                # Existing run
+                run_id = "your-run-id"
+
+                client = Client()
+                stored_run = client.read_run(run_id)
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET", f"/runs/{_as_uuid(run_id, 'run_id')}"
+        )
+        attachments = _convert_stored_attachments_to_attachments_dict(
+            response.json(), attachments_key="s3_urls"
+        )
+        run = ls_schemas.Run(
+            attachments=attachments, **response.json(), _host_url=self._host_url
+        )
+        if load_child_runs and run.child_run_ids:
+            run = self._load_child_runs(run)
+        return run
+
+    def list_runs(
+        self,
+        *,
+        project_id: Optional[Union[ID_TYPE, Sequence[ID_TYPE]]] = None,
+        project_name: Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str]]] = None,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        trace_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        reference_example_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        trace_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        tree_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        is_root: Optional[bool] = None,
+        parent_run_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+        error: Optional[bool] = None,
+        run_ids: Optional[Sequence[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        select: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.Run]:
+        """List runs from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            project_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str], Sequence[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                The ID(s) of the project to filter by.
+            project_name (Optional[Union[str, Sequence[str]]]): The name(s) of the project to filter by.
+            run_type (Optional[str]): The type of the runs to filter by.
+            trace_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the trace to filter by.
+            reference_example_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the reference example to filter by.
+            query (Optional[str]): The query string to filter by.
+            filter (Optional[str]): The filter string to filter by.
+            trace_filter (Optional[str]): Filter to apply to the ROOT run in the trace tree. This is meant to
+                be used in conjunction with the regular `filter` parameter to let you
+                filter runs by attributes of the root run within a trace.
+            tree_filter (Optional[str]): Filter to apply to OTHER runs in the trace tree, including
+                sibling and child runs. This is meant to be used in conjunction with
+                the regular `filter` parameter to let you filter runs by attributes
+                of any run within a trace.
+            is_root (Optional[bool]): Whether to filter by root runs.
+            parent_run_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the parent run to filter by.
+            start_time (Optional[datetime.datetime]):
+                The start time to filter by.
+            error (Optional[bool]): Whether to filter by error status.
+            run_ids (Optional[Sequence[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                The IDs of the runs to filter by.
+            select (Optional[Sequence[str]]): The fields to select.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of runs to return.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Yields:
+            The runs.
+
+        Examples:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                # List all runs in a project
+                project_runs = client.list_runs(project_name="<your_project>")
+
+                # List LLM and Chat runs in the last 24 hours
+                todays_llm_runs = client.list_runs(
+                    project_name="<your_project>",
+                    start_time=datetime.now() - timedelta(days=1),
+                    run_type="llm",
+                )
+
+                # List root traces in a project
+                root_runs = client.list_runs(project_name="<your_project>", is_root=1)
+
+                # List runs without errors
+                correct_runs = client.list_runs(project_name="<your_project>", error=False)
+
+                # List runs and only return their inputs/outputs (to speed up the query)
+                input_output_runs = client.list_runs(
+                    project_name="<your_project>", select=["inputs", "outputs"]
+                )
+
+                # List runs by run ID
+                run_ids = [
+                    "a36092d2-4ad5-4fb4-9c0d-0dba9a2ed836",
+                    "9398e6be-964f-4aa4-8ae9-ad78cd4b7074",
+                ]
+                selected_runs = client.list_runs(id=run_ids)
+
+                # List all "chain" type runs that took more than 10 seconds and had
+                # `total_tokens` greater than 5000
+                chain_runs = client.list_runs(
+                    project_name="<your_project>",
+                    filter='and(eq(run_type, "chain"), gt(latency, 10), gt(total_tokens, 5000))',
+                )
+
+                # List all runs called "extractor" whose root of the trace was assigned feedback "user_score" score of 1
+                good_extractor_runs = client.list_runs(
+                    project_name="<your_project>",
+                    filter='eq(name, "extractor")',
+                    trace_filter='and(eq(feedback_key, "user_score"), eq(feedback_score, 1))',
+                )
+
+                # List all runs that started after a specific timestamp and either have "error" not equal to null or a "Correctness" feedback score equal to 0
+                complex_runs = client.list_runs(
+                    project_name="<your_project>",
+                    filter='and(gt(start_time, "2023-07-15T12:34:56Z"), or(neq(error, null), and(eq(feedback_key, "Correctness"), eq(feedback_score, 0.0))))',
+                )
+
+                # List all runs where `tags` include "experimental" or "beta" and `latency` is greater than 2 seconds
+                tagged_runs = client.list_runs(
+                    project_name="<your_project>",
+                    filter='and(or(has(tags, "experimental"), has(tags, "beta")), gt(latency, 2))',
+                )
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        project_ids = []
+        if isinstance(project_id, (uuid.UUID, str)):
+            project_ids.append(project_id)
+        elif isinstance(project_id, list):
+            project_ids.extend(project_id)
+        if project_name is not None:
+            if isinstance(project_name, str):
+                project_name = [project_name]
+            project_ids.extend(
+                [self.read_project(project_name=name).id for name in project_name]
+            )
+        default_select = [
+            "app_path",
+            "child_run_ids",
+            "completion_cost",
+            "completion_tokens",
+            "dotted_order",
+            "end_time",
+            "error",
+            "events",
+            "extra",
+            "feedback_stats",
+            "first_token_time",
+            "id",
+            "inputs",
+            "name",
+            "outputs",
+            "parent_run_id",
+            "parent_run_ids",
+            "prompt_cost",
+            "prompt_tokens",
+            "reference_example_id",
+            "run_type",
+            "session_id",
+            "start_time",
+            "status",
+            "tags",
+            "total_cost",
+            "total_tokens",
+            "trace_id",
+        ]
+        select = select or default_select
+        body_query: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "session": project_ids if project_ids else None,
+            "run_type": run_type,
+            "reference_example": (
+                [reference_example_id] if reference_example_id else None
+            ),
+            "query": query,
+            "filter": filter,
+            "trace_filter": trace_filter,
+            "tree_filter": tree_filter,
+            "is_root": is_root,
+            "parent_run": parent_run_id,
+            "start_time": start_time.isoformat() if start_time else None,
+            "error": error,
+            "id": run_ids,
+            "trace": trace_id,
+            "select": select,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        body_query = {k: v for k, v in body_query.items() if v is not None}
+        for i, run in enumerate(
+            self._get_cursor_paginated_list("/runs/query", body=body_query)
+        ):
+            # Should this be behind a flag?
+            attachments = _convert_stored_attachments_to_attachments_dict(
+                run, attachments_key="s3_urls"
+            )
+            yield ls_schemas.Run(
+                attachments=attachments, **run, _host_url=self._host_url
+            )
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    def get_run_stats(
+        self,
+        *,
+        id: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        trace: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        parent_run: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        run_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        project_names: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        project_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        reference_example_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[str] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[str] = None,
+        error: Optional[bool] = None,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        trace_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        tree_filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        is_root: Optional[bool] = None,
+        data_source_type: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get aggregate statistics over queried runs.
+
+        Takes in similar query parameters to `list_runs` and returns statistics
+        based on the runs that match the query.
+
+        Args:
+            id (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]): List of run IDs to filter by.
+            trace (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): Trace ID to filter by.
+            parent_run (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): Parent run ID to filter by.
+            run_type (Optional[str]): Run type to filter by.
+            project_names (Optional[List[str]]): List of project names to filter by.
+            project_ids (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]): List of project IDs to filter by.
+            reference_example_ids (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]): List of reference example IDs to filter by.
+            start_time (Optional[str]): Start time to filter by.
+            end_time (Optional[str]): End time to filter by.
+            error (Optional[bool]): Filter by error status.
+            query (Optional[str]): Query string to filter by.
+            filter (Optional[str]): Filter string to apply.
+            trace_filter (Optional[str]): Trace filter string to apply.
+            tree_filter (Optional[str]): Tree filter string to apply.
+            is_root (Optional[bool]): Filter by root run status.
+            data_source_type (Optional[str]): Data source type to filter by.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: A dictionary containing the run statistics.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed  # type: ignore
+
+        project_ids = project_ids or []
+        if project_names:
+            with ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
+                futures = [
+                    executor.submit(self.read_project, project_name=name)
+                    for name in project_names
+                ]
+                for future in as_completed(futures):
+                    project_ids.append(future.result().id)
+        payload = {
+            "id": id,
+            "trace": trace,
+            "parent_run": parent_run,
+            "run_type": run_type,
+            "session": project_ids,
+            "reference_example": reference_example_ids,
+            "start_time": start_time,
+            "end_time": end_time,
+            "error": error,
+            "query": query,
+            "filter": filter,
+            "trace_filter": trace_filter,
+            "tree_filter": tree_filter,
+            "is_root": is_root,
+            "data_source_type": data_source_type,
+        }
+
+        # Remove None values from the payload
+        payload = {k: v for k, v in payload.items() if v is not None}
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            "/runs/stats",
+            request_kwargs={
+                "data": _dumps_json(payload),
+            },
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return response.json()
+
+    def get_run_url(
+        self,
+        *,
+        run: ls_schemas.RunBase,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        project_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get the URL for a run.
+
+        Not recommended for use within your agent runtime.
+        More for use interacting with runs after the fact
+        for data analysis or ETL workloads.
+
+        Args:
+            run (RunBase): The run.
+            project_name (Optional[str]): The name of the project.
+            project_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the project.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The URL for the run.
+        """
+        if session_id := getattr(run, "session_id", None):
+            pass
+        elif session_name := getattr(run, "session_name", None):
+            session_id = self.read_project(project_name=session_name).id
+        elif project_id is not None:
+            session_id = project_id
+        elif project_name is not None:
+            session_id = self.read_project(project_name=project_name).id
+        else:
+            project_name = ls_utils.get_tracer_project()
+            session_id = self.read_project(project_name=project_name).id
+        session_id_ = _as_uuid(session_id, "session_id")
+        return (
+            f"{self._host_url}/o/{self._get_tenant_id()}/projects/p/{session_id_}/"
+            f"r/{run.id}?poll=true"
+        )
+
+    def share_run(self, run_id: ID_TYPE, *, share_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None) -> str:
+        """Get a share link for a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run to share.
+            share_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): Custom share ID.
+                If not provided, a random UUID will be generated.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The URL of the shared run.
+        """
+        run_id_ = _as_uuid(run_id, "run_id")
+        data = {
+            "run_id": str(run_id_),
+            "share_token": share_id or str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        }
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PUT",
+            f"/runs/{run_id_}/share",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            json=data,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        share_token = response.json()["share_token"]
+        return f"{self._host_url}/public/{share_token}/r"
+
+    def unshare_run(self, run_id: ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete share link for a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run to unshare.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/runs/{_as_uuid(run_id, 'run_id')}/share",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def read_run_shared_link(self, run_id: ID_TYPE) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Retrieve the shared link for a specific run.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[str]: The shared link for the run, or None if the link is not
+            available.
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/runs/{_as_uuid(run_id, 'run_id')}/share",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        result = response.json()
+        if result is None or "share_token" not in result:
+            return None
+        return f"{self._host_url}/public/{result['share_token']}/r"
+
+    def run_is_shared(self, run_id: ID_TYPE) -> bool:
+        """Get share state for a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the run is shared, False otherwise.
+        """
+        link = self.read_run_shared_link(_as_uuid(run_id, "run_id"))
+        return link is not None
+
+    def read_shared_run(
+        self, share_token: Union[ID_TYPE, str], run_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Run:
+        """Get shared runs.
+
+        Args:
+            share_token (Union[UUID, str]): The share token or URL of the shared run.
+            run_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the specific run to retrieve.
+                If not provided, the full shared run will be returned.
+
+        Returns:
+            Run: The shared run.
+        """
+        _, token_uuid = _parse_token_or_url(share_token, "", kind="run")
+        path = f"/public/{token_uuid}/run"
+        if run_id is not None:
+            path += f"/{_as_uuid(run_id, 'run_id')}"
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            path,
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.Run(**response.json(), _host_url=self._host_url)
+
+    def list_shared_runs(
+        self, share_token: Union[ID_TYPE, str], run_ids: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.Run]:
+        """Get shared runs.
+
+        Args:
+            share_token (Union[UUID, str]): The share token or URL of the shared run.
+            run_ids (Optional[List[str]]): A list of run IDs to filter the results by.
+
+        Yields:
+            A shared run.
+        """
+        body = {"id": run_ids} if run_ids else {}
+        _, token_uuid = _parse_token_or_url(share_token, "", kind="run")
+        for run in self._get_cursor_paginated_list(
+            f"/public/{token_uuid}/runs/query", body=body
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.Run(**run, _host_url=self._host_url)
+
+    def read_dataset_shared_schema(
+        self,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.DatasetShareSchema:
+        """Retrieve the shared schema of a dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset.
+                Either `dataset_id` or `dataset_name` must be given.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset.
+                Either `dataset_id` or `dataset_name` must be given.
+
+        Returns:
+            ls_schemas.DatasetShareSchema: The shared schema of the dataset.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither `dataset_id` nor `dataset_name` is given.
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None and dataset_name is None:
+            raise ValueError("Either dataset_id or dataset_name must be given")
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/share",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        d = response.json()
+        return cast(
+            ls_schemas.DatasetShareSchema,
+            {
+                **d,
+                "url": f"{self._host_url}/public/"
+                f"{_as_uuid(d['share_token'], 'response.share_token')}/d",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def share_dataset(
+        self,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.DatasetShareSchema:
+        """Get a share link for a dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset.
+                Either `dataset_id` or `dataset_name` must be given.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset.
+                Either `dataset_id` or `dataset_name` must be given.
+
+        Returns:
+            ls_schemas.DatasetShareSchema: The shared schema of the dataset.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither `dataset_id` nor `dataset_name` is given.
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None and dataset_name is None:
+            raise ValueError("Either dataset_id or dataset_name must be given")
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        data = {
+            "dataset_id": str(dataset_id),
+        }
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PUT",
+            f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/share",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            json=data,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        d: dict = response.json()
+        return cast(
+            ls_schemas.DatasetShareSchema,
+            {**d, "url": f"{self._host_url}/public/{d['share_token']}/d"},
+        )
+
+    def unshare_dataset(self, dataset_id: ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete share link for a dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the dataset to unshare.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/share",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def read_shared_dataset(
+        self,
+        share_token: str,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Get shared datasets.
+
+        Args:
+            share_token (Union[UUID, str]): The share token or URL of the shared dataset.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dataset: The shared dataset.
+        """
+        _, token_uuid = _parse_token_or_url(share_token, self.api_url)
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/public/{token_uuid}/datasets",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.Dataset(
+            **response.json(),
+            _host_url=self._host_url,
+            _public_path=f"/public/{share_token}/d",
+        )
+
+    def list_shared_examples(
+        self, share_token: str, *, example_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None
+    ) -> list[ls_schemas.Example]:
+        """Get shared examples.
+
+        Args:
+            share_token (Union[UUID, str]): The share token or URL of the shared dataset.
+            example_ids (Optional[List[UUID, str]], optional): The IDs of the examples to filter by. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[ls_schemas.Example]: The list of shared examples.
+        """
+        params = {}
+        if example_ids is not None:
+            params["id"] = [str(id) for id in example_ids]
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/public/{_as_uuid(share_token, 'share_token')}/examples",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            params=params,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return [
+            ls_schemas.Example(**dataset, _host_url=self._host_url)
+            for dataset in response.json()
+        ]
+
+    def list_shared_projects(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_share_token: str,
+        project_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_contains: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.TracerSessionResult]:
+        """List shared projects.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_share_token (str): The share token of the dataset.
+            project_ids (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]): List of project IDs to filter the results, by default None.
+            name (Optional[str]): Name of the project to filter the results, by default None.
+            name_contains (Optional[str]): Substring to search for in project names, by default None.
+            limit (Optional[int]): Maximum number of projects to return, by default None.
+
+        Yields:
+            The shared projects.
+        """
+        params = {"id": project_ids, "name": name, "name_contains": name_contains}
+        share_token = _as_uuid(dataset_share_token, "dataset_share_token")
+        for i, project in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list(
+                f"/public/{share_token}/datasets/sessions",
+                params=params,
+            )
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.TracerSessionResult(**project, _host_url=self._host_url)
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    def create_project(
+        self,
+        project_name: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        upsert: bool = False,
+        project_extra: Optional[dict] = None,
+        reference_dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.TracerSession:
+        """Create a project on the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            project_name (str): The name of the project.
+            project_extra (Optional[dict]): Additional project information.
+            metadata (Optional[dict]): Additional metadata to associate with the project.
+            description (Optional[str]): The description of the project.
+            upsert (bool, default=False): Whether to update the project if it already exists.
+            reference_dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the reference dataset to associate with the project.
+
+        Returns:
+            TracerSession: The created project.
+        """
+        endpoint = f"{self.api_url}/sessions"
+        extra = project_extra
+        if metadata:
+            extra = {**(extra or {}), "metadata": metadata}
+        body: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "name": project_name,
+            "extra": extra,
+            "description": description,
+            "id": str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        }
+        params = {}
+        if upsert:
+            params["upsert"] = True
+        if reference_dataset_id is not None:
+            body["reference_dataset_id"] = reference_dataset_id
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            endpoint,
+            headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+            data=_dumps_json(body),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.TracerSession(**response.json(), _host_url=self._host_url)
+
+    def update_project(
+        self,
+        project_id: ID_TYPE,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        project_extra: Optional[dict] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.TracerSession:
+        """Update a LangSmith project.
+
+        Args:
+            project_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the project to update.
+            name (Optional[str]):
+                The new name to give the project. This is only valid if the project
+                has been assigned an end_time, meaning it has been completed/closed.
+            description (Optional[str]):
+                The new description to give the project.
+            metadata (Optional[dict]):
+                Additional metadata to associate with the project.
+            project_extra (Optional[dict]):
+                Additional project information.
+            end_time (Optional[datetime.datetime]):
+                The time the project was completed.
+
+        Returns:
+            TracerSession: The updated project.
+        """
+        endpoint = f"{self.api_url}/sessions/{_as_uuid(project_id, 'project_id')}"
+        extra = project_extra
+        if metadata:
+            extra = {**(extra or {}), "metadata": metadata}
+        body: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "name": name,
+            "extra": extra,
+            "description": description,
+            "end_time": end_time.isoformat() if end_time else None,
+        }
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PATCH",
+            endpoint,
+            headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+            data=_dumps_json(body),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.TracerSession(**response.json(), _host_url=self._host_url)
+
+    def _get_optional_tenant_id(self) -> Optional[uuid.UUID]:
+        if self._tenant_id is not None:
+            return self._tenant_id
+        try:
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "GET", "/sessions", params={"limit": 1}
+            )
+            result = response.json()
+            if isinstance(result, list) and len(result) > 0:
+                tracer_session = ls_schemas.TracerSessionResult(
+                    **result[0], _host_url=self._host_url
+                )
+                self._tenant_id = tracer_session.tenant_id
+                return self._tenant_id
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Failed to get tenant ID from LangSmith: %s", repr(e), exc_info=True
+            )
+        return None
+
+    def _get_tenant_id(self) -> uuid.UUID:
+        tenant_id = self._get_optional_tenant_id()
+        if tenant_id is None:
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithError("No tenant ID found")
+        return tenant_id
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("project_id", "project_name"))
+    def read_project(
+        self,
+        *,
+        project_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_stats: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.TracerSessionResult:
+        """Read a project from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            project_id (Optional[str]):
+                The ID of the project to read.
+            project_name (Optional[str]): The name of the project to read.
+                Only one of project_id or project_name may be given.
+            include_stats (bool, default=False):
+                Whether to include a project's aggregate statistics in the response.
+
+        Returns:
+            TracerSessionResult: The project.
+        """
+        path = "/sessions"
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {"limit": 1}
+        if project_id is not None:
+            path += f"/{_as_uuid(project_id, 'project_id')}"
+        elif project_name is not None:
+            params["name"] = project_name
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide project_name or project_id")
+        params["include_stats"] = include_stats
+        response = self.request_with_retries("GET", path, params=params)
+        result = response.json()
+        if isinstance(result, list):
+            if len(result) == 0:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                    f"Project {project_name} not found"
+                )
+            return ls_schemas.TracerSessionResult(**result[0], _host_url=self._host_url)
+        return ls_schemas.TracerSessionResult(
+            **response.json(), _host_url=self._host_url
+        )
+
+    def has_project(
+        self, project_name: str, *, project_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check if a project exists.
+
+        Args:
+            project_name (str):
+                The name of the project to check for.
+            project_id (Optional[str]):
+                The ID of the project to check for.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: Whether the project exists.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.read_project(project_name=project_name)
+        except ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def get_test_results(
+        self,
+        *,
+        project_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        """Read the record-level information from an experiment into a Pandas DF.
+
+        Note: this will fetch whatever data exists in the DB. Results are not
+        immediately available in the DB upon evaluation run completion.
+
+        Feedback score values will be returned as an average across all runs for
+        the experiment. Note that non-numeric feedback scores will be omitted.
+
+        Args:
+            project_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the project.
+            project_name (Optional[str]): The name of the project.
+
+        Returns:
+            pd.DataFrame: A dataframe containing the test results.
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Function get_test_results is in beta.", UserWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+        from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed  # type: ignore
+
+        import pandas as pd  # type: ignore
+
+        runs = self.list_runs(
+            project_id=project_id,
+            project_name=project_name,
+            is_root=True,
+            select=[
+                "id",
+                "reference_example_id",
+                "inputs",
+                "outputs",
+                "error",
+                "feedback_stats",
+                "start_time",
+                "end_time",
+            ],
+        )
+        results: list[dict] = []
+        example_ids = []
+
+        def fetch_examples(batch):
+            examples = self.list_examples(example_ids=batch)
+            return [
+                {
+                    "example_id": example.id,
+                    **{f"reference.{k}": v for k, v in (example.outputs or {}).items()},
+                }
+                for example in examples
+            ]
+
+        batch_size = 50
+        cursor = 0
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
+            futures = []
+            for r in runs:
+                row = {
+                    "example_id": r.reference_example_id,
+                    **{f"input.{k}": v for k, v in r.inputs.items()},
+                    **{f"outputs.{k}": v for k, v in (r.outputs or {}).items()},
+                    "execution_time": (
+                        (r.end_time - r.start_time).total_seconds()
+                        if r.end_time
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                    "error": r.error,
+                    "id": r.id,
+                }
+                if r.feedback_stats:
+                    row.update(
+                        {
+                            f"feedback.{k}": v.get("avg")
+                            for k, v in r.feedback_stats.items()
+                        }
+                    )
+                if r.reference_example_id:
+                    example_ids.append(r.reference_example_id)
+                else:
+                    logger.warning(f"Run {r.id} has no reference example ID.")
+                if len(example_ids) % batch_size == 0:
+                    # Ensure not empty
+                    if batch := example_ids[cursor : cursor + batch_size]:
+                        futures.append(executor.submit(fetch_examples, batch))
+                        cursor += batch_size
+                results.append(row)
+
+            # Handle any remaining examples
+            if example_ids[cursor:]:
+                futures.append(executor.submit(fetch_examples, example_ids[cursor:]))
+        result_df = pd.DataFrame(results).set_index("example_id")
+        example_outputs = [
+            output for future in as_completed(futures) for output in future.result()
+        ]
+        if example_outputs:
+            example_df = pd.DataFrame(example_outputs).set_index("example_id")
+            result_df = example_df.merge(result_df, left_index=True, right_index=True)
+
+        # Flatten dict columns into dot syntax for easier access
+        return pd.json_normalize(result_df.to_dict(orient="records"))
+
+    def list_projects(
+        self,
+        project_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_contains: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference_dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        reference_dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference_free: Optional[bool] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.TracerSession]:
+        """List projects from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            project_ids (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                A list of project IDs to filter by, by default None
+            name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the project to filter by, by default None
+            name_contains (Optional[str]):
+                A string to search for in the project name, by default None
+            reference_dataset_id (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                A dataset ID to filter by, by default None
+            reference_dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the reference dataset to filter by, by default None
+            reference_free (Optional[bool]):
+                Whether to filter for only projects not associated with a dataset.
+            limit (Optional[int]):
+                The maximum number of projects to return, by default None
+            metadata (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                Metadata to filter by.
+
+        Yields:
+            The projects.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If both reference_dataset_id and reference_dataset_name are given.
+        """
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100
+        }
+        if project_ids is not None:
+            params["id"] = project_ids
+        if name is not None:
+            params["name"] = name
+        if name_contains is not None:
+            params["name_contains"] = name_contains
+        if reference_dataset_id is not None:
+            if reference_dataset_name is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Only one of reference_dataset_id or"
+                    " reference_dataset_name may be given"
+                )
+            params["reference_dataset"] = reference_dataset_id
+        elif reference_dataset_name is not None:
+            reference_dataset_id = self.read_dataset(
+                dataset_name=reference_dataset_name
+            ).id
+            params["reference_dataset"] = reference_dataset_id
+        if reference_free is not None:
+            params["reference_free"] = reference_free
+        if metadata is not None:
+            params["metadata"] = json.dumps(metadata)
+        for i, project in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list("/sessions", params=params)
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.TracerSession(**project, _host_url=self._host_url)
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("project_name", "project_id"))
+    def delete_project(
+        self, *, project_name: Optional[str] = None, project_id: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Delete a project from LangSmith.
+
+        Args:
+            project_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the project to delete.
+            project_id (Optional[str]):
+                The ID of the project to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither project_name or project_id is provided.
+        """
+        if project_name is not None:
+            project_id = str(self.read_project(project_name=project_name).id)
+        elif project_id is None:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide project_name or project_id")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/sessions/{_as_uuid(project_id, 'project_id')}",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def create_dataset(
+        self,
+        dataset_name: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        data_type: ls_schemas.DataType = ls_schemas.DataType.kv,
+        inputs_schema: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        outputs_schema: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        transformations: Optional[list[ls_schemas.DatasetTransformation]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Create a dataset in the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_name (str):
+                The name of the dataset.
+            description (Optional[str]):
+                The description of the dataset.
+            data_type (DataType, default=DataType.kv):
+                The data type of the dataset.
+            inputs_schema (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                The schema definition for the inputs of the dataset.
+            outputs_schema (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                The schema definition for the outputs of the dataset.
+            transformations (Optional[List[DatasetTransformation]]):
+                A list of transformations to apply to the dataset.
+            metadata (Optional[dict]):
+                Additional metadata to associate with the dataset.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dataset: The created dataset.
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.HTTPError: If the request to create the dataset fails.
+        """
+        dataset: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "name": dataset_name,
+            "data_type": data_type.value,
+            "transformations": transformations,
+            "extra": {"metadata": metadata} if metadata else None,
+        }
+        if description is not None:
+            dataset["description"] = description
+
+        if inputs_schema is not None:
+            dataset["inputs_schema_definition"] = inputs_schema
+
+        if outputs_schema is not None:
+            dataset["outputs_schema_definition"] = outputs_schema
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            "/datasets",
+            headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+            data=_orjson.dumps(dataset),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+        return ls_schemas.Dataset(
+            **response.json(),
+            _host_url=self._host_url,
+            _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+        )
+
+    def has_dataset(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check whether a dataset exists in your tenant.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset to check.
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: Whether the dataset exists.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name, dataset_id=dataset_id)
+            return True
+        except ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError:
+            return False
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("dataset_name", "dataset_id"))
+    def read_dataset(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Read a dataset from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset to read.
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset to read.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dataset: The dataset.
+        """
+        path = "/datasets"
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {"limit": 1}
+        if dataset_id is not None:
+            path += f"/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}"
+        elif dataset_name is not None:
+            params["name"] = dataset_name
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide dataset_name or dataset_id")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            path,
+            params=params,
+        )
+        result = response.json()
+        if isinstance(result, list):
+            if len(result) == 0:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                    f"Dataset {dataset_name} not found"
+                )
+            return ls_schemas.Dataset(
+                **result[0],
+                _host_url=self._host_url,
+                _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+            )
+        return ls_schemas.Dataset(
+            **result,
+            _host_url=self._host_url,
+            _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+        )
+
+    def diff_dataset_versions(
+        self,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        from_version: Union[str, datetime.datetime],
+        to_version: Union[str, datetime.datetime],
+    ) -> ls_schemas.DatasetDiffInfo:
+        """Get the difference between two versions of a dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset.
+            from_version (Union[str, datetime.datetime]):
+                The starting version for the diff.
+            to_version (Union[str, datetime.datetime]):
+                The ending version for the diff.
+
+        Returns:
+            DatasetDiffInfo: The difference between the two versions of the dataset.
+
+        Examples:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                # Get the difference between two tagged versions of a dataset
+                from_version = "prod"
+                to_version = "dev"
+                diff = client.diff_dataset_versions(
+                    dataset_name="my-dataset",
+                    from_version=from_version,
+                    to_version=to_version,
+                )
+
+                # Get the difference between two timestamped versions of a dataset
+                from_version = datetime.datetime(2024, 1, 1)
+                to_version = datetime.datetime(2024, 2, 1)
+                diff = client.diff_dataset_versions(
+                    dataset_name="my-dataset",
+                    from_version=from_version,
+                    to_version=to_version,
+                )
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            if dataset_name is None:
+                raise ValueError("Must provide either dataset name or ID")
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        dsid = _as_uuid(dataset_id, "dataset_id")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/datasets/{dsid}/versions/diff",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            params={
+                "from_version": (
+                    from_version.isoformat()
+                    if isinstance(from_version, datetime.datetime)
+                    else from_version
+                ),
+                "to_version": (
+                    to_version.isoformat()
+                    if isinstance(to_version, datetime.datetime)
+                    else to_version
+                ),
+            },
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.DatasetDiffInfo(**response.json())
+
+    def read_dataset_openai_finetuning(
+        self,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> list:
+        """Download a dataset in OpenAI Jsonl format and load it as a list of dicts.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset to download.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset to download.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[dict]: The dataset loaded as a list of dicts.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If neither dataset_id nor dataset_name is provided.
+        """
+        path = "/datasets"
+        if dataset_id is not None:
+            pass
+        elif dataset_name is not None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide dataset_name or dataset_id")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"{path}/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/openai_ft",
+        )
+        dataset = [json.loads(line) for line in response.text.strip().split("\n")]
+        return dataset
+
+    def list_datasets(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        data_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_name_contains: Optional[str] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.Dataset]:
+        """List the datasets on the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_ids (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                A list of dataset IDs to filter the results by.
+            data_type (Optional[str]):
+                The data type of the datasets to filter the results by.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset to filter the results by.
+            dataset_name_contains (Optional[str]):
+                A substring to search for in the dataset names.
+            metadata (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                A dictionary of metadata to filter the results by.
+            limit (Optional[int]):
+                The maximum number of datasets to return.
+
+        Yields:
+            The datasets.
+        """
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100
+        }
+        if dataset_ids is not None:
+            params["id"] = dataset_ids
+        if data_type is not None:
+            params["data_type"] = data_type
+        if dataset_name is not None:
+            params["name"] = dataset_name
+        if dataset_name_contains is not None:
+            params["name_contains"] = dataset_name_contains
+        if metadata is not None:
+            params["metadata"] = json.dumps(metadata)
+        for i, dataset in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list("/datasets", params=params)
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.Dataset(
+                **dataset,
+                _host_url=self._host_url,
+                _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+            )
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("dataset_id", "dataset_name"))
+    def delete_dataset(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Delete a dataset from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset to delete.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if dataset_name is not None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide either dataset name or ID")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def update_dataset_tag(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        as_of: datetime.datetime,
+        tag: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the tags of a dataset.
+
+        If the tag is already assigned to a different version of this dataset,
+        the tag will be moved to the new version. The as_of parameter is used to
+        determine which version of the dataset to apply the new tags to.
+        It must be an exact version of the dataset to succeed. You can
+        use the read_dataset_version method to find the exact version
+        to apply the tags to.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset to update.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset to update.
+            as_of (datetime.datetime):
+                The timestamp of the dataset to apply the new tags to.
+            tag (str):
+                The new tag to apply to the dataset.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+
+        Examples:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                dataset_name = "my-dataset"
+                # Get the version of a dataset <= a given timestamp
+                dataset_version = client.read_dataset_version(
+                    dataset_name=dataset_name, as_of=datetime.datetime(2024, 1, 1)
+                )
+                # Assign that version a new tag
+                client.update_dataset_tags(
+                    dataset_name="my-dataset",
+                    as_of=dataset_version.as_of,
+                    tag="prod",
+                )
+        """
+        if dataset_name is not None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide either dataset name or ID")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PUT",
+            f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/tags",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            json={
+                "as_of": as_of.isoformat(),
+                "tag": tag,
+            },
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def list_dataset_versions(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        search: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.DatasetVersion]:
+        """List dataset versions.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset.
+            search (Optional[str]): The search query.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of versions to return.
+
+        Yields:
+            The dataset versions.
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        params = {
+            "search": search,
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100,
+        }
+        for i, version in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list(
+                f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/versions",
+                params=params,
+            )
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.DatasetVersion(**version)
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    def read_dataset_version(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        as_of: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+        tag: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.DatasetVersion:
+        """Get dataset version by as_of or exact tag.
+
+        Ues this to resolve the nearest version to a given timestamp or for a given tag.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[ID_TYPE]): The ID of the dataset.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset.
+            as_of (Optional[datetime.datetime]): The timestamp of the dataset
+                to retrieve.
+            tag (Optional[str]): The tag of the dataset to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            DatasetVersion: The dataset version.
+
+        Examples:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                # Get the latest version of a dataset
+                client.read_dataset_version(dataset_name="my-dataset", tag="latest")
+
+                # Get the version of a dataset <= a given timestamp
+                client.read_dataset_version(
+                    dataset_name="my-dataset",
+                    as_of=datetime.datetime(2024, 1, 1),
+                )
+
+
+                # Get the version of a dataset with a specific tag
+                client.read_dataset_version(dataset_name="my-dataset", tag="prod")
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        if (as_of and tag) or (as_of is None and tag is None):
+            raise ValueError("Exactly one of as_of and tag must be specified.")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/version",
+            params={"as_of": as_of, "tag": tag},
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.DatasetVersion(**response.json())
+
+    def clone_public_dataset(
+        self,
+        token_or_url: str,
+        *,
+        source_api_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+        """Clone a public dataset to your own langsmith tenant.
+
+        This operation is idempotent. If you already have a dataset with the given name,
+        this function will do nothing.
+
+        Args:
+            token_or_url (str): The token of the public dataset to clone.
+            source_api_url (Optional[str]): The URL of the langsmith server where the data is hosted.
+                Defaults to the API URL of your current client.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset to create in your tenant.
+                Defaults to the name of the public dataset.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dataset: The cloned dataset.
+        """
+        source_api_url = source_api_url or self.api_url
+        source_api_url, token_uuid = _parse_token_or_url(token_or_url, source_api_url)
+        source_client = Client(
+            # Placeholder API key not needed anymore in most cases, but
+            # some private deployments may have API key-based rate limiting
+            # that would cause this to fail if we provide no value.
+            api_url=source_api_url,
+            api_key="placeholder",
+        )
+        ds = source_client.read_shared_dataset(token_uuid)
+        dataset_name = dataset_name or ds.name
+        try:
+            ds = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name)
+            logger.info(
+                f"Dataset {dataset_name} already exists in your tenant. Skipping."
+            )
+            return ds
+        except ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            # Fetch examples first
+            examples = list(source_client.list_shared_examples(token_uuid))
+            dataset = self.create_dataset(
+                dataset_name=dataset_name,
+                description=ds.description,
+                data_type=ds.data_type or ls_schemas.DataType.kv,
+                inputs_schema=ds.inputs_schema,
+                outputs_schema=ds.outputs_schema,
+                transformations=ds.transformations,
+            )
+            try:
+                self.create_examples(
+                    inputs=[e.inputs for e in examples],
+                    outputs=[e.outputs for e in examples],
+                    dataset_id=dataset.id,
+                )
+            except BaseException as e:
+                # Let's not do automatic clean up for now in case there might be
+                # some other reasons why create_examples fails (i.e., not network issue
+                # or keyboard interrupt).
+                # The risk is that this is an existing dataset that has valid examples
+                # populated from another source so we don't want to delete it.
+                logger.error(
+                    f"An error occurred while creating dataset {dataset_name}. "
+                    "You should delete it manually."
+                )
+                raise e
+        finally:
+            del source_client
+        return dataset
+
+    def _get_data_type(self, dataset_id: ID_TYPE) -> ls_schemas.DataType:
+        dataset = self.read_dataset(dataset_id=dataset_id)
+        return dataset.data_type
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("dataset_id", "dataset_name"))
+    def create_llm_example(
+        self,
+        prompt: str,
+        generation: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        created_at: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Example:
+        """Add an example (row) to an LLM-type dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt (str):
+                The input prompt for the example.
+            generation (Optional[str]):
+                The output generation for the example.
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset.
+            created_at (Optional[datetime.datetime]):
+                The creation timestamp of the example.
+
+        Returns:
+            Example: The created example
+        """
+        return self.create_example(
+            inputs={"input": prompt},
+            outputs={"output": generation},
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            dataset_name=dataset_name,
+            created_at=created_at,
+        )
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("dataset_id", "dataset_name"))
+    def create_chat_example(
+        self,
+        messages: list[Union[Mapping[str, Any], ls_schemas.BaseMessageLike]],
+        generations: Optional[
+            Union[Mapping[str, Any], ls_schemas.BaseMessageLike]
+        ] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        created_at: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Example:
+        """Add an example (row) to a Chat-type dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            messages (List[Union[Mapping[str, Any], BaseMessageLike]]):
+                The input messages for the example.
+            generations (Optional[Union[Mapping[str, Any], BaseMessageLike]]):
+                The output messages for the example.
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset.
+            created_at (Optional[datetime.datetime]):
+                The creation timestamp of the example.
+
+        Returns:
+            Example: The created example
+        """
+        final_input = []
+        for message in messages:
+            if ls_utils.is_base_message_like(message):
+                final_input.append(
+                    ls_utils.convert_langchain_message(
+                        cast(ls_schemas.BaseMessageLike, message)
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                final_input.append(cast(dict, message))
+        final_generations = None
+        if generations is not None:
+            if ls_utils.is_base_message_like(generations):
+                final_generations = ls_utils.convert_langchain_message(
+                    cast(ls_schemas.BaseMessageLike, generations)
+                )
+            else:
+                final_generations = cast(dict, generations)
+        return self.create_example(
+            inputs={"input": final_input},
+            outputs=(
+                {"output": final_generations} if final_generations is not None else None
+            ),
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            dataset_name=dataset_name,
+            created_at=created_at,
+        )
+
+    def create_example_from_run(
+        self,
+        run: ls_schemas.Run,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        created_at: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Example:
+        """Add an example (row) to a dataset from a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Run): The run to create an example from.
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset.
+            created_at (Optional[datetime.datetime]): The creation timestamp of the example.
+
+        Returns:
+            Example: The created example
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+            dataset_name = None  # Nested call expects only 1 defined
+        dataset_type = self._get_data_type_cached(dataset_id)
+        if dataset_type == ls_schemas.DataType.llm:
+            if run.run_type != "llm":
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Run type {run.run_type} is not supported"
+                    " for dataset of type 'LLM'"
+                )
+            try:
+                prompt = ls_utils.get_prompt_from_inputs(run.inputs)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Error converting LLM run inputs to prompt for run"
+                    f" {run.id} with inputs {run.inputs}"
+                )
+            inputs: dict[str, Any] = {"input": prompt}
+            if not run.outputs:
+                outputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+            else:
+                try:
+                    generation = ls_utils.get_llm_generation_from_outputs(run.outputs)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Error converting LLM run outputs to generation for run"
+                        f" {run.id} with outputs {run.outputs}"
+                    )
+                outputs = {"output": generation}
+        elif dataset_type == ls_schemas.DataType.chat:
+            if run.run_type != "llm":
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Run type {run.run_type} is not supported"
+                    " for dataset of type 'chat'"
+                )
+            try:
+                inputs = {"input": ls_utils.get_messages_from_inputs(run.inputs)}
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Error converting LLM run inputs to chat messages for run"
+                    f" {run.id} with inputs {run.inputs}"
+                )
+            if not run.outputs:
+                outputs = None
+            else:
+                try:
+                    outputs = {
+                        "output": ls_utils.get_message_generation_from_outputs(
+                            run.outputs
+                        )
+                    }
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Error converting LLM run outputs to chat generations"
+                        f" for run {run.id} with outputs {run.outputs}"
+                    )
+        elif dataset_type == ls_schemas.DataType.kv:
+            # Anything goes
+            inputs = run.inputs
+            outputs = run.outputs
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Dataset type {dataset_type} not recognized.")
+        return self.create_example(
+            inputs=inputs,
+            outputs=outputs,
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            dataset_name=dataset_name,
+            created_at=created_at,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_multipart_data(
+        self,
+        examples: Union[
+            list[ls_schemas.ExampleCreate]
+            | list[ls_schemas.ExampleUpsertWithAttachments]
+            | list[ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate],
+        ],
+        include_dataset_id: bool = False,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[Any, bytes, dict[str, io.BufferedReader]]:
+        parts: list[MultipartPart] = []
+        opened_files_dict: dict[str, io.BufferedReader] = {}
+        if include_dataset_id:
+            if not isinstance(examples[0], ls_schemas.ExampleUpsertWithAttachments):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The examples must be of type ExampleUpsertWithAttachments"
+                    " if include_dataset_id is True"
+                )
+            dataset_id = examples[0].dataset_id
+
+        for example in examples:
+            if (
+                not isinstance(example, ls_schemas.ExampleCreate)
+                and not isinstance(example, ls_schemas.ExampleUpsertWithAttachments)
+                and not isinstance(example, ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate)
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "The examples must be of type ExampleCreate"
+                    " or ExampleUpsertWithAttachments"
+                    " or ExampleUpdate"
+                )
+            if example.id is not None:
+                example_id = str(example.id)
+            else:
+                example_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
+
+            if isinstance(example, ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate):
+                created_at = None
+            else:
+                created_at = example.created_at
+
+            if isinstance(example, ls_schemas.ExampleCreate):
+                use_source_run_io = example.use_source_run_io
+                use_source_run_attachments = example.use_source_run_attachments
+                source_run_id = example.source_run_id
+            else:
+                use_source_run_io, use_source_run_attachments, source_run_id = (
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                )
+
+            example_body = {
+                **({"dataset_id": dataset_id} if include_dataset_id else {}),
+                **({"created_at": created_at} if created_at is not None else {}),
+                **(
+                    {"use_source_run_io": use_source_run_io}
+                    if use_source_run_io
+                    else {}
+                ),
+                **(
+                    {"use_source_run_attachments": use_source_run_attachments}
+                    if use_source_run_attachments
+                    else {}
+                ),
+                **({"source_run_id": source_run_id} if source_run_id else {}),
+            }
+            if example.metadata is not None:
+                example_body["metadata"] = example.metadata
+            if example.split is not None:
+                example_body["split"] = example.split
+            valb = _dumps_json(example_body)
+
+            parts.append(
+                (
+                    f"{example_id}",
+                    (
+                        None,
+                        valb,
+                        "application/json",
+                        {},
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+            inputsb = _dumps_json(example.inputs or {})
+
+            parts.append(
+                (
+                    f"{example_id}.inputs",
+                    (
+                        None,
+                        inputsb,
+                        "application/json",
+                        {},
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+            outputsb = _dumps_json(example.outputs or {})
+            parts.append(
+                (
+                    f"{example_id}.outputs",
+                    (
+                        None,
+                        outputsb,
+                        "application/json",
+                        {},
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+            if example.attachments:
+                for name, attachment in example.attachments.items():
+                    if isinstance(attachment, dict):
+                        mime_type = attachment["mime_type"]
+                        attachment_data = attachment["data"]
+                    else:
+                        mime_type, attachment_data = attachment
+                    if isinstance(attachment_data, Path):
+                        if dangerously_allow_filesystem:
+                            file_size = os.path.getsize(attachment_data)
+                            file = open(attachment_data, "rb")
+                            opened_files_dict[
+                                str(attachment_data) + str(uuid.uuid4())
+                            ] = file
+
+                            parts.append(
+                                (
+                                    f"{example_id}.attachment.{name}",
+                                    (
+                                        None,
+                                        file,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                                        f"{mime_type}; length={file_size}",
+                                        {},
+                                    ),
+                                )
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            raise ValueError(
+                                "dangerously_allow_filesystem must be True to upload files from the filesystem"
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        parts.append(
+                            (
+                                f"{example_id}.attachment.{name}",
+                                (
+                                    None,
+                                    attachment_data,
+                                    f"{mime_type}; length={len(attachment_data)}",
+                                    {},
+                                ),
+                            )
+                        )
+
+            if (
+                isinstance(example, ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate)
+                and example.attachments_operations
+            ):
+                attachments_operationsb = _dumps_json(example.attachments_operations)
+                parts.append(
+                    (
+                        f"{example_id}.attachments_operations",
+                        (
+                            None,
+                            attachments_operationsb,
+                            "application/json",
+                            {},
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+
+        encoder = rqtb_multipart.MultipartEncoder(parts, boundary=_BOUNDARY)
+        if encoder.len <= 20_000_000:  # ~20 MB
+            data = encoder.to_string()
+        else:
+            data = encoder
+
+        return encoder, data, opened_files_dict
+
+    def update_examples_multipart(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE,
+        updates: Optional[list[ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate]] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.UpsertExamplesResponse:
+        """Update examples using multipart.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.3.9
+
+            Use Client.update_examples instead. Will be removed in 0.4.0.
+        """
+        return self._update_examples_multipart(
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            updates=updates,
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+        )
+
+    def _update_examples_multipart(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE,
+        updates: Optional[list[ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate]] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.UpsertExamplesResponse:
+        """Update examples using multipart.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the dataset to update.
+            updates (Optional[List[ExampleUpdate]]): The updates to apply to the examples.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the multipart examples endpoint is not enabled.
+        """
+        if not (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled", False
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Your LangSmith deployment does not allow using the latest examples "
+                "endpoints, please upgrade your deployment to the latest version or downgrade your SDK "
+                "to langsmith<0.3.9."
+            )
+        if updates is None:
+            updates = []
+
+        encoder, data, opened_files_dict = self._prepare_multipart_data(
+            updates,
+            include_dataset_id=False,
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "PATCH",
+                _dataset_examples_path(self.api_url, dataset_id),
+                request_kwargs={
+                    "data": data,
+                    "headers": {
+                        **self._headers,
+                        "Content-Type": encoder.content_type,
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        finally:
+            _close_files(list(opened_files_dict.values()))
+        return response.json()
+
+    def upload_examples_multipart(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE,
+        uploads: Optional[list[ls_schemas.ExampleCreate]] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.UpsertExamplesResponse:
+        """Upload examples using multipart.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.3.9
+
+            Use Client.create_examples instead. Will be removed in 0.4.0.
+        """
+        return self._upload_examples_multipart(
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            uploads=uploads,
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+        )
+
+    def _upload_examples_multipart(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE,
+        uploads: Optional[list[ls_schemas.ExampleCreate]] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.UpsertExamplesResponse:
+        """Upload examples using multipart.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the dataset to upload to.
+            uploads (Optional[List[ExampleCreate]]): The examples to upload.
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem (bool): Whether to allow uploading files from the filesystem.
+
+        Returns:
+            ls_schemas.UpsertExamplesResponse: The count and ids of the successfully uploaded examples
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the multipart examples endpoint is not enabled.
+        """
+        if not (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled", False
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Your LangSmith deployment does not allow using the multipart examples endpoint, please upgrade your deployment to the latest version."
+            )
+        if uploads is None:
+            uploads = []
+        encoder, data, opened_files_dict = self._prepare_multipart_data(
+            uploads,
+            include_dataset_id=False,
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "POST",
+                _dataset_examples_path(self.api_url, dataset_id),
+                request_kwargs={
+                    "data": data,
+                    "headers": {
+                        **self._headers,
+                        "Content-Type": encoder.content_type,
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        finally:
+            _close_files(list(opened_files_dict.values()))
+        return response.json()
+
+    def upsert_examples_multipart(
+        self,
+        *,
+        upserts: Optional[list[ls_schemas.ExampleUpsertWithAttachments]] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.UpsertExamplesResponse:
+        """Upsert examples.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.3.9
+
+            Use Client.create_examples and Client.update_examples instead. Will be
+            removed in 0.4.0.
+        """
+        if not (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "examples_multipart_enabled", False
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Your LangSmith deployment does not allow using the multipart examples endpoint, please upgrade your deployment to the latest version."
+            )
+        if upserts is None:
+            upserts = []
+
+        encoder, data, opened_files_dict = self._prepare_multipart_data(
+            upserts,
+            include_dataset_id=True,
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "POST",
+                (
+                    "/v1/platform/examples/multipart"
+                    if self.api_url[-3:] != "/v1" and self.api_url[-4:] != "/v1/"
+                    else "/platform/examples/multipart"
+                ),
+                request_kwargs={
+                    "data": data,
+                    "headers": {
+                        **self._headers,
+                        "Content-Type": encoder.content_type,
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        finally:
+            _close_files(list(opened_files_dict.values()))
+        return response.json()
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("dataset_id", "dataset_name"))
+    def create_examples(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        examples: Optional[Sequence[ls_schemas.ExampleCreate | dict]] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.UpsertExamplesResponse | dict[str, Any]:
+        """Create examples in a dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_name (str | None):
+                The name of the dataset to create the examples in. Must specify exactly
+                one of dataset_name or dataset_id.
+            dataset_id (UUID | str | None):
+                The ID of the dataset to create the examples in. Must specify exactly
+                one of dataset_name or dataset_id
+            examples (Sequence[ExampleCreate | dict]):
+                The examples to create.
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem (bool):
+                Whether to allow uploading files from the filesystem.
+            **kwargs (Any): Legacy keyword args. Should not be specified if 'examples' is specified.
+
+                - inputs (Sequence[Mapping[str, Any]]): The input values for the examples.
+                - outputs (Optional[Sequence[Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]]]): The output values for the examples.
+                - metadata (Optional[Sequence[Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]]]): The metadata for the examples.
+                - splits (Optional[Sequence[Optional[str | List[str]]]]): The splits for the examples, which are divisions of your dataset such as 'train', 'test', or 'validation'.
+                - source_run_ids (Optional[Sequence[Optional[Union[UUID, str]]]]): The IDs of the source runs associated with the examples.
+                - ids (Optional[Sequence[Union[UUID, str]]]): The IDs of the examples.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If 'examples' and legacy args are both provided.
+
+        Returns:
+            The LangSmith JSON response. Includes 'count' and 'example_ids'.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.3.11
+
+            Updated to take argument 'examples', a single list where each
+            element is the full example to create. This should be used instead of the
+            legacy 'inputs', 'outputs', etc. arguments which split each examples
+            attributes across arguments.
+
+            Updated to support creating examples with attachments.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+
+                client = Client()
+
+                dataset = client.create_dataset("agent-qa")
+
+                examples = [
+                    {
+                        "inputs": {"question": "what's an agent"},
+                        "outputs": {"answer": "an agent is..."},
+                        "metadata": {"difficulty": "easy"},
+                    },
+                    {
+                        "inputs": {
+                            "question": "can you explain the agent architecture in this diagram?"
+                        },
+                        "outputs": {"answer": "this diagram shows..."},
+                        "attachments": {"diagram": {"mime_type": "image/png", "data": b"..."}},
+                        "metadata": {"difficulty": "medium"},
+                    },
+                    # more examples...
+                ]
+
+                response = client.create_examples(dataset_name="agent-qa", examples=examples)
+                # -> {"example_ids": [...
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if kwargs and examples:
+            kwarg_keys = ", ".join([f"'{k}'" for k in kwargs])
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Cannot specify {kwarg_keys} when 'examples' is specified."
+            )
+
+        supported_kwargs = {
+            "inputs",
+            "outputs",
+            "metadata",
+            "splits",
+            "ids",
+            "source_run_ids",
+        }
+        if kwargs and (unsupported := set(kwargs).difference(supported_kwargs)):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Received unsupported keyword arguments: {tuple(unsupported)}."
+            )
+
+        if not (dataset_id or dataset_name):
+            raise ValueError("Either dataset_id or dataset_name must be provided.")
+        elif not dataset_id:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+
+        if examples:
+            uploads = [
+                ls_schemas.ExampleCreate(**x) if isinstance(x, dict) else x
+                for x in examples
+            ]
+
+        # For backwards compatibility
+        else:
+            inputs = kwargs.get("inputs")
+            if not inputs:
+                raise ValueError("Must specify either 'examples' or 'inputs.'")
+            # Since inputs are required, we will check against them
+            input_len = len(inputs)
+            for arg_name, arg_value in kwargs.items():
+                if arg_value is not None and len(arg_value) != input_len:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Length of {arg_name} ({len(arg_value)}) does not match"
+                        f" length of inputs ({input_len})"
+                    )
+            uploads = [
+                ls_schemas.ExampleCreate(
+                    **{
+                        "inputs": in_,
+                        "outputs": out_,
+                        "metadata": metadata_,
+                        "split": split_,
+                        "id": id_ or str(uuid.uuid4()),
+                        "source_run_id": source_run_id_,
+                    }
+                )
+                for in_, out_, metadata_, split_, id_, source_run_id_ in zip(
+                    inputs,
+                    kwargs.get("outputs") or (None for _ in range(input_len)),
+                    kwargs.get("metadata") or (None for _ in range(input_len)),
+                    kwargs.get("splits") or (None for _ in range(input_len)),
+                    kwargs.get("ids") or (None for _ in range(input_len)),
+                    kwargs.get("source_run_ids") or (None for _ in range(input_len)),
+                )
+            ]
+
+        if (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled", False
+        ):
+            return self._upload_examples_multipart(
+                dataset_id=cast(uuid.UUID, dataset_id),
+                uploads=uploads,
+                dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+            )
+        else:
+            for upload in uploads:
+                if getattr(upload, "attachments") is not None:
+                    upload.attachments = None
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "Must upgrade your LangSmith version to use attachments."
+                    )
+            # fallback to old method
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "POST",
+                "/examples/bulk",
+                headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                data=_dumps_json(
+                    [
+                        {**dump_model(upload), "dataset_id": str(dataset_id)}
+                        for upload in uploads
+                    ]
+                ),
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+    @ls_utils.xor_args(("dataset_id", "dataset_name"))
+    def create_example(
+        self,
+        inputs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        created_at: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+        outputs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        split: Optional[str | list[str]] = None,
+        example_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        source_run_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        use_source_run_io: bool = False,
+        use_source_run_attachments: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        attachments: Optional[ls_schemas.Attachments] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Example:
+        """Create a dataset example in the LangSmith API.
+
+        Examples are rows in a dataset, containing the inputs
+        and expected outputs (or other reference information)
+        for a model or chain.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (Mapping[str, Any]):
+                The input values for the example.
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset to create the example in.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the dataset to create the example in.
+            created_at (Optional[datetime.datetime]):
+                The creation timestamp of the example.
+            outputs (Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]):
+                The output values for the example.
+            metadata (Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]):
+                The metadata for the example.
+            split (Optional[str | List[str]]):
+                The splits for the example, which are divisions
+                of your dataset such as 'train', 'test', or 'validation'.
+            example_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the example to create. If not provided, a new
+                example will be created.
+            source_run_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the source run associated with this example.
+            use_source_run_io (bool):
+                Whether to use the inputs, outputs, and attachments from the source run.
+            use_source_run_attachments (Optional[List[str]]):
+                Which attachments to use from the source run. If use_source_run_io
+                is True, all attachments will be used regardless of this param.
+            attachments (Optional[Attachments]):
+                The attachments for the example.
+
+        Returns:
+            Example: The created example.
+        """
+        if inputs is None and not use_source_run_io:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide either inputs or use_source_run_io")
+
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+
+        data = ls_schemas.ExampleCreate(
+            **{
+                "inputs": inputs,
+                "outputs": outputs,
+                "metadata": metadata,
+                "split": split,
+                "source_run_id": source_run_id,
+                "use_source_run_io": use_source_run_io,
+                "use_source_run_attachments": use_source_run_attachments,
+                "attachments": attachments,
+            }
+        )
+        if created_at:
+            data.created_at = created_at
+        data.id = (
+            (uuid.UUID(example_id) if isinstance(example_id, str) else example_id)
+            if example_id
+            else uuid.uuid4()
+        )
+
+        if (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled", False
+        ):
+            self._upload_examples_multipart(dataset_id=dataset_id, uploads=[data])
+            return self.read_example(example_id=data.id)
+        else:
+            # fallback to old method
+            if getattr(data, "attachments") is not None:
+                data.attachments = None
+                warnings.warn("Must upgrade your LangSmith version to use attachments")
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "POST",
+                "/examples",
+                headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                data=_dumps_json(
+                    {
+                        **{k: v for k, v in dump_model(data).items() if v is not None},
+                        "dataset_id": str(dataset_id),
+                    }
+                ),
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+            result = response.json()
+            return ls_schemas.Example(
+                **result,
+                _host_url=self._host_url,
+                _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+            )
+
+    def read_example(
+        self, example_id: ID_TYPE, *, as_of: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Example:
+        """Read an example from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            example_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the example to read.
+            as_of (Optional[datetime.datetime]): The dataset version tag OR
+                timestamp to retrieve the example as of.
+                Response examples will only be those that were present at the time
+                of the tagged (or timestamped) version.
+
+        Returns:
+            Example: The example.
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/examples/{_as_uuid(example_id, 'example_id')}",
+            params={
+                "as_of": as_of.isoformat() if as_of else None,
+            },
+        )
+
+        example = response.json()
+        attachments = _convert_stored_attachments_to_attachments_dict(
+            example, attachments_key="attachment_urls"
+        )
+
+        return ls_schemas.Example(
+            **{k: v for k, v in example.items() if k != "attachment_urls"},
+            attachments=attachments,
+            _host_url=self._host_url,
+            _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+        )
+
+    def list_examples(
+        self,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        example_ids: Optional[Sequence[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        as_of: Optional[Union[datetime.datetime, str]] = None,
+        splits: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        inline_s3_urls: bool = True,
+        *,
+        offset: int = 0,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_attachments: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.Example]:
+        r"""Retrieve the example rows of the specified dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset to filter by.
+                Defaults to None.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset to filter by.
+                Defaults to None.
+            example_ids (Optional[Sequence[Union[UUID, str]]): The IDs of the examples to filter by.
+                Defaults to None.
+            as_of (Optional[Union[datetime.datetime, str]]): The dataset version tag OR
+                timestamp to retrieve the examples as of.
+                Response examples will only be those that were present at the time
+                of the tagged (or timestamped) version.
+            splits (Optional[Sequence[str]]): A list of dataset splits, which are
+                divisions of your dataset such as 'train', 'test', or 'validation'.
+                Returns examples only from the specified splits.
+            inline_s3_urls (bool, default=True): Whether to inline S3 URLs.
+                Defaults to True.
+            offset (int, default=0): The offset to start from. Defaults to 0.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of examples to return.
+            metadata (Optional[dict]): A dictionary of metadata to filter by.
+            filter (Optional[str]): A structured filter string to apply to
+                the examples.
+            include_attachments (bool, default=False): Whether to include the
+                attachments in the response. Defaults to False.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments are ignored.
+
+        Yields:
+            The examples.
+
+        Examples:
+            List all examples for a dataset:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+
+                client = Client()
+
+                # By Dataset ID
+                examples = client.list_examples(
+                    dataset_id="c9ace0d8-a82c-4b6c-13d2-83401d68e9ab"
+                )
+                # By Dataset Name
+                examples = client.list_examples(dataset_name="My Test Dataset")
+
+            List examples by id
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                example_ids = [
+                    "734fc6a0-c187-4266-9721-90b7a025751a",
+                    "d6b4c1b9-6160-4d63-9b61-b034c585074f",
+                    "4d31df4e-f9c3-4a6e-8b6c-65701c2fed13",
+                ]
+                examples = client.list_examples(example_ids=example_ids)
+
+            List examples by metadata
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                examples = client.list_examples(
+                    dataset_name=dataset_name, metadata={"foo": "bar"}
+                )
+
+            List examples by structured filter
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                examples = client.list_examples(
+                    dataset_name=dataset_name,
+                    filter='and(not(has(metadata, \'{"foo": "bar"}\')), exists(metadata, "tenant_id"))',
+                )
+        """
+        params: dict[str, Any] = {
+            **kwargs,
+            "offset": offset,
+            "id": example_ids,
+            "as_of": (
+                as_of.isoformat() if isinstance(as_of, datetime.datetime) else as_of
+            ),
+            "splits": splits,
+            "inline_s3_urls": inline_s3_urls,
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100,
+            "filter": filter,
+        }
+        if metadata is not None:
+            params["metadata"] = _dumps_json(metadata)
+        if dataset_id is not None:
+            params["dataset"] = dataset_id
+        elif dataset_name is not None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+            params["dataset"] = dataset_id
+        else:
+            pass
+        if include_attachments:
+            params["select"] = ["attachment_urls", "outputs", "metadata"]
+        for i, example in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list("/examples", params=params)
+        ):
+            attachments = _convert_stored_attachments_to_attachments_dict(
+                example, attachments_key="attachment_urls"
+            )
+
+            yield ls_schemas.Example(
+                **{k: v for k, v in example.items() if k != "attachment_urls"},
+                attachments=attachments,
+                _host_url=self._host_url,
+                _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+            )
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    @warn_beta
+    def index_dataset(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE,
+        tag: str = "latest",
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Enable dataset indexing. Examples are indexed by their inputs.
+
+        This enables searching for similar examples by inputs with
+        ``client.similar_examples()``.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the dataset to index.
+            tag (Optional[str]): The version of the dataset to index. If 'latest'
+                then any updates to the dataset (additions, updates, deletions of
+                examples) will be reflected in the index.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments to pass as part of request body.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        dataset_id = _as_uuid(dataset_id, "dataset_id")
+        resp = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/datasets/{dataset_id}/index",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            data=json.dumps({"tag": tag, **kwargs}),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(resp)
+
+    @warn_beta
+    def sync_indexed_dataset(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Sync dataset index. This already happens automatically every 5 minutes, but you can call this to force a sync.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the dataset to sync.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        dataset_id = _as_uuid(dataset_id, "dataset_id")
+        resp = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/datasets/{dataset_id}/index/sync",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            data=json.dumps({**kwargs}),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(resp)
+
+    # NOTE: dataset_name arg explicitly not supported to avoid extra API calls.
+    @warn_beta
+    def similar_examples(
+        self,
+        inputs: dict,
+        /,
+        *,
+        limit: int,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> list[ls_schemas.ExampleSearch]:
+        r"""Retrieve the dataset examples whose inputs best match the current inputs.
+
+        **Note**: Must have few-shot indexing enabled for the dataset. See
+        `client.index_dataset()`.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs (dict): The inputs to use as a search query. Must match the dataset
+                input schema. Must be JSON serializable.
+            limit (int): The maximum number of examples to return.
+            dataset_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the dataset to search over.
+            filter (Optional[str]): A filter string to apply to the search results. Uses
+                the same syntax as the `filter` parameter in `list_runs()`. Only a subset
+                of operations are supported. Defaults to None.
+
+                For example, you can use ``and(eq(metadata.some_tag, 'some_value'), neq(metadata.env, 'dev'))``
+                to filter only examples where some_tag has some_value, and the environment is not dev.
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass as part of request body.
+
+        Returns:
+            list[ExampleSearch]: List of ExampleSearch objects.
+
+        Examples:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+
+                client = Client()
+                client.similar_examples(
+                    {"question": "When would i use the runnable generator"},
+                    limit=3,
+                    dataset_id="...",
+                )
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                [
+                    ExampleSearch(
+                        inputs={
+                            "question": "How do I cache a Chat model? What caches can I use?"
+                        },
+                        outputs={
+                            "answer": "You can use LangChain's caching layer for Chat Models. This can save you money by reducing the number of API calls you make to the LLM provider, if you're often requesting the same completion multiple times, and speed up your application.\n\nfrom langchain.cache import InMemoryCache\nlangchain.llm_cache = InMemoryCache()\n\n# The first time, it is not yet in cache, so it should take longer\nllm.predict('Tell me a joke')\n\nYou can also use SQLite Cache which uses a SQLite database:\n\nrm .langchain.db\n\nfrom langchain.cache import SQLiteCache\nlangchain.llm_cache = SQLiteCache(database_path=\".langchain.db\")\n\n# The first time, it is not yet in cache, so it should take longer\nllm.predict('Tell me a joke') \n"
+                        },
+                        metadata=None,
+                        id=UUID("b2ddd1c4-dff6-49ae-8544-f48e39053398"),
+                        dataset_id=UUID("01b6ce0f-bfb6-4f48-bbb8-f19272135d40"),
+                    ),
+                    ExampleSearch(
+                        inputs={"question": "What's a runnable lambda?"},
+                        outputs={
+                            "answer": "A runnable lambda is an object that implements LangChain's `Runnable` interface and runs a callbale (i.e., a function). Note the function must accept a single argument."
+                        },
+                        metadata=None,
+                        id=UUID("f94104a7-2434-4ba7-8293-6a283f4860b4"),
+                        dataset_id=UUID("01b6ce0f-bfb6-4f48-bbb8-f19272135d40"),
+                    ),
+                    ExampleSearch(
+                        inputs={"question": "Show me how to use RecursiveURLLoader"},
+                        outputs={
+                            "answer": 'The RecursiveURLLoader comes from the langchain.document_loaders.recursive_url_loader module. Here\'s an example of how to use it:\n\nfrom langchain.document_loaders.recursive_url_loader import RecursiveUrlLoader\n\n# Create an instance of RecursiveUrlLoader with the URL you want to load\nloader = RecursiveUrlLoader(url="https://example.com")\n\n# Load all child links from the URL page\nchild_links = loader.load()\n\n# Print the child links\nfor link in child_links:\n    print(link)\n\nMake sure to replace "https://example.com" with the actual URL you want to load. The load() method returns a list of child links found on the URL page. You can iterate over this list to access each child link.'
+                        },
+                        metadata=None,
+                        id=UUID("0308ea70-a803-4181-a37d-39e95f138f8c"),
+                        dataset_id=UUID("01b6ce0f-bfb6-4f48-bbb8-f19272135d40"),
+                    ),
+                ]
+
+        """
+        dataset_id = _as_uuid(dataset_id, "dataset_id")
+        req = {
+            "inputs": inputs,
+            "limit": limit,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        if filter is not None:
+            req["filter"] = filter
+
+        resp = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/datasets/{dataset_id}/search",
+            headers=self._headers,
+            data=json.dumps(req),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(resp)
+        examples = []
+        for ex in resp.json()["examples"]:
+            examples.append(ls_schemas.ExampleSearch(**ex, dataset_id=dataset_id))
+        return examples
+
+    def update_example(
+        self,
+        example_id: ID_TYPE,
+        *,
+        inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        outputs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        split: Optional[str | list[str]] = None,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        attachments_operations: Optional[ls_schemas.AttachmentsOperations] = None,
+        attachments: Optional[ls_schemas.Attachments] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Update a specific example.
+
+        Args:
+            example_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the example to update.
+            inputs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                The input values to update.
+            outputs (Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]):
+                The output values to update.
+            metadata (Optional[Dict]):
+                The metadata to update.
+            split (Optional[str | List[str]]):
+                The dataset split to update, such as
+                'train', 'test', or 'validation'.
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the dataset to update.
+            attachments_operations (Optional[AttachmentsOperations]):
+                The attachments operations to perform.
+            attachments (Optional[Attachments]):
+                The attachments to add to the example.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The updated example.
+        """
+        if attachments_operations is not None:
+            if not (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+                "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled", False
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Your LangSmith deployment does not allow using the attachment operations, please upgrade your deployment to the latest version."
+                )
+        example_dict = dict(
+            inputs=inputs,
+            outputs=outputs,
+            id=example_id,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            split=split,
+            attachments_operations=attachments_operations,
+            attachments=attachments,
+        )
+        example = ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate(
+            **{k: v for k, v in example_dict.items() if v is not None}
+        )
+
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            dataset_id = self.read_example(example_id).dataset_id
+
+        if (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled", False
+        ):
+            return dict(
+                self._update_examples_multipart(
+                    dataset_id=dataset_id, updates=[example]
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # fallback to old method
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "PATCH",
+                f"/examples/{_as_uuid(example_id, 'example_id')}",
+                headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                data=_dumps_json(
+                    {
+                        **{
+                            k: v
+                            for k, v in dump_model(example).items()
+                            if v is not None
+                        },
+                        "dataset_id": str(dataset_id),
+                    }
+                ),
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+    def update_examples(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_name: str | None = None,
+        dataset_id: ID_TYPE | None = None,
+        updates: Optional[Sequence[ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate | dict]] = None,
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Update multiple examples.
+
+         Examples are expected to all be part of the same dataset.
+
+        Args:
+             dataset_name (str | None):
+                 The name of the dataset to update. Should specify exactly one of
+                 'dataset_name' or 'dataset_id'.
+             dataset_id (UUID | str | None):
+                 The ID of the dataset to update. Should specify exactly one of
+                 'dataset_name' or 'dataset_id'.
+             updates (Sequence[ExampleUpdate | dict] | None):
+                 The example updates. Overwrites any specified fields and does not
+                 update any unspecified fields.
+             dangerously_allow_filesystem (bool):
+                 Whether to allow using filesystem paths as attachments.
+             **kwargs (Any):
+                 Legacy keyword args. Should not be specified if 'updates' is specified.
+
+                 - example_ids (Sequence[UUID | str]): The IDs of the examples to update.
+                 - inputs (Sequence[dict | None] | None): The input values for the examples.
+                 - outputs (Sequence[dict | None] | None): The output values for the examples.
+                 - metadata (Sequence[dict | None] | None): The metadata for the examples.
+                 - splits (Sequence[str | list[str] | None] | None): The splits for the examples, which are divisions of your dataset such as 'train', 'test', or 'validation'.
+                 - attachments_operations (Sequence[AttachmentsOperations | None] | None): The operations to perform on the attachments.
+                 - dataset_ids (Sequence[UUID | str] | None): The IDs of the datasets to move the examples to.
+
+        Returns:
+             The LangSmith JSON response. Includes 'message', 'count', and 'example_ids'.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 0.3.9
+
+             Updated to ...
+
+        Example:
+
+             .. code-block:: python
+
+                 from langsmith import Client
+
+                 client = Client()
+
+                 dataset = client.create_dataset("agent-qa")
+
+                 examples = [
+                     {
+                         "inputs": {"question": "what's an agent"},
+                         "outputs": {"answer": "an agent is..."},
+                         "metadata": {"difficulty": "easy"},
+                     },
+                     {
+                         "inputs": {
+                             "question": "can you explain the agent architecture in this diagram?"
+                         },
+                         "outputs": {"answer": "this diagram shows..."},
+                         "attachments": {"diagram": {"mime_type": "image/png", "data": b"..."}},
+                         "metadata": {"difficulty": "medium"},
+                     },
+                     # more examples...
+                 ]
+
+                 response = client.create_examples(dataset_name="agent-qa", examples=examples)
+                 example_ids = response["example_ids"]
+
+                 updates = [
+                     {
+                         "id": example_ids[0],
+                         "inputs": {"question": "what isn't an agent"},
+                         "outputs": {"answer": "an agent is not..."},
+                     },
+                     {
+                         "id": example_ids[1],
+                         "attachments_operations": [
+                             {"rename": {"diagram": "agent_diagram"}, "retain": []}
+                         ],
+                     },
+                 ]
+                 response = client.update_examples(dataset_name="agent-qa", updates=updates)
+                 # -> {"example_ids": [...
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if kwargs and updates:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Must pass in either 'updates' or args {tuple(kwargs)}, not both."
+            )
+        if not (kwargs or updates):
+            raise ValueError("Please pass in a non-empty sequence for arg 'updates'.")
+
+        if dataset_name and dataset_id:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Must pass in exactly one of 'dataset_name' or 'dataset_id'."
+            )
+        elif dataset_name:
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+
+        if updates:
+            updates_obj = [
+                ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate(**x) if isinstance(x, dict) else x
+                for x in updates
+            ]
+
+            if not dataset_id:
+                if updates_obj[0].dataset_id:
+                    dataset_id = updates_obj[0].dataset_id
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Must pass in (exactly) one of 'dataset_name' or 'dataset_id'."
+                    )
+
+        # For backwards compatibility
+        else:
+            example_ids = kwargs.get("example_ids", None)
+            if not example_ids:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Must pass in (exactly) one of 'updates' or 'example_ids'."
+                )
+            if not dataset_id:
+                if "dataset_ids" not in kwargs:
+                    # Assume all examples belong to same dataset
+                    dataset_id = self.read_example(example_ids[0]).dataset_id
+                elif len(set(kwargs["dataset_ids"])) > 1:
+                    raise ValueError("Dataset IDs must be the same for all examples")
+                elif not kwargs["dataset_ids"][0]:
+                    raise ValueError("If specified, dataset_ids must be non-null.")
+                else:
+                    dataset_id = kwargs["dataset_ids"][0]
+
+            multipart_enabled = (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+                "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled"
+            )
+            if (
+                not multipart_enabled
+                and (kwargs.get("attachments_operations") or kwargs.get("attachments"))
+                is not None
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Your LangSmith deployment does not allow using the attachment "
+                    "operations, please upgrade your deployment to the latest version."
+                )
+            # Since ids are required, we will check against them
+            examples_len = len(example_ids)
+            for arg_name, arg_value in kwargs.items():
+                if arg_value is not None and len(arg_value) != examples_len:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Length of {arg_name} ({len(arg_value)}) does not match"
+                        f" length of examples ({examples_len})"
+                    )
+            updates_obj = [
+                ls_schemas.ExampleUpdate(
+                    **{
+                        "id": id_,
+                        "inputs": in_,
+                        "outputs": out_,
+                        "dataset_id": dataset_id_,
+                        "metadata": metadata_,
+                        "split": split_,
+                        "attachments": attachments_,
+                        "attachments_operations": attachments_operations_,
+                    }
+                )
+                for id_, in_, out_, metadata_, split_, dataset_id_, attachments_, attachments_operations_ in zip(
+                    example_ids,
+                    kwargs.get("inputs", (None for _ in range(examples_len))),
+                    kwargs.get("outputs", (None for _ in range(examples_len))),
+                    kwargs.get("metadata", (None for _ in range(examples_len))),
+                    kwargs.get("splits", (None for _ in range(examples_len))),
+                    kwargs.get("dataset_ids", (None for _ in range(examples_len))),
+                    kwargs.get("attachments", (None for _ in range(examples_len))),
+                    kwargs.get(
+                        "attachments_operations", (None for _ in range(examples_len))
+                    ),
+                )
+            ]
+
+        response: Any = None
+        if (self.info.instance_flags or {}).get(
+            "dataset_examples_multipart_enabled", False
+        ):
+            response = self._update_examples_multipart(
+                dataset_id=cast(uuid.UUID, dataset_id),
+                updates=updates_obj,
+                dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+            )
+
+            return {
+                "message": f"{response.get('count', 0)} examples updated",
+                **response,
+            }
+        else:
+            # fallback to old method
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "PATCH",
+                "/examples/bulk",
+                headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+                data=(
+                    _dumps_json(
+                        [
+                            {
+                                k: v
+                                for k, v in dump_model(example).items()
+                                if v is not None
+                            }
+                            for example in updates_obj
+                        ]
+                    )
+                ),
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+    def delete_example(self, example_id: ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete an example by ID.
+
+        Args:
+            example_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the example to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/examples/{_as_uuid(example_id, 'example_id')}",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def delete_examples(self, example_ids: Sequence[ID_TYPE]) -> None:
+        """Delete multiple examples by ID.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        example_ids : Sequence[ID_TYPE]
+            The IDs of the examples to delete.
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            "/examples",
+            headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+            params={
+                "example_ids": [
+                    str(_as_uuid(id_, f"example_ids[{i}]"))
+                    for i, id_ in enumerate(example_ids)
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def list_dataset_splits(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        as_of: Optional[Union[str, datetime.datetime]] = None,
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        """Get the splits for a dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset.
+            as_of (Optional[Union[str, datetime.datetime]]): The version
+                of the dataset to retrieve splits for. Can be a timestamp or a
+                string tag. Defaults to "latest".
+
+        Returns:
+            List[str]: The names of this dataset's splits.
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            if dataset_name is None:
+                raise ValueError("Must provide dataset name or ID")
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        params = {}
+        if as_of is not None:
+            params["as_of"] = (
+                as_of.isoformat() if isinstance(as_of, datetime.datetime) else as_of
+            )
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/splits",
+            params=params,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return response.json()
+
+    def update_dataset_splits(
+        self,
+        *,
+        dataset_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        split_name: str,
+        example_ids: list[ID_TYPE],
+        remove: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the splits for a dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            dataset_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset to update.
+            dataset_name (Optional[str]): The name of the dataset to update.
+            split_name (str): The name of the split to update.
+            example_ids (List[Union[UUID, str]]): The IDs of the examples to add to or
+                remove from the split.
+            remove (Optional[bool]): If True, remove the examples from the split.
+                If False, add the examples to the split. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if dataset_id is None:
+            if dataset_name is None:
+                raise ValueError("Must provide dataset name or ID")
+            dataset_id = self.read_dataset(dataset_name=dataset_name).id
+        data = {
+            "split_name": split_name,
+            "examples": [
+                str(_as_uuid(id_, f"example_ids[{i}]"))
+                for i, id_ in enumerate(example_ids)
+            ],
+            "remove": remove,
+        }
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PUT", f"/datasets/{_as_uuid(dataset_id, 'dataset_id')}/splits", json=data
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def _resolve_run_id(
+        self,
+        run: Union[ls_schemas.Run, ls_schemas.RunBase, str, uuid.UUID],
+        load_child_runs: bool,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Run:
+        """Resolve the run ID.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Union[Run, RunBase, str, UUID]):
+                The run to resolve.
+            load_child_runs (bool):
+                Whether to load child runs.
+
+        Returns:
+            Run: The resolved run.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the run type is invalid.
+        """
+        if isinstance(run, (str, uuid.UUID)):
+            run_ = self.read_run(run, load_child_runs=load_child_runs)
+        else:
+            run_ = cast(ls_schemas.Run, run)
+        return run_
+
+    def _resolve_example_id(
+        self,
+        example: Union[ls_schemas.Example, str, uuid.UUID, dict, None],
+        run: ls_schemas.Run,
+    ) -> Optional[ls_schemas.Example]:
+        """Resolve the example ID.
+
+        Args:
+            example (Optional[Union[Example, str, UUID, dict]]):
+                The example to resolve.
+            run (Run):
+                The run associated with the example.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Example]: The resolved example.
+        """
+        if isinstance(example, (str, uuid.UUID)):
+            reference_example_ = self.read_example(example)
+        elif isinstance(example, ls_schemas.Example):
+            reference_example_ = example
+        elif isinstance(example, dict):
+            reference_example_ = ls_schemas.Example(
+                **example,
+                _host_url=self._host_url,
+                _tenant_id=self._get_optional_tenant_id(),
+            )
+        elif run.reference_example_id is not None:
+            reference_example_ = self.read_example(run.reference_example_id)
+        else:
+            reference_example_ = None
+        return reference_example_
+
+    def _select_eval_results(
+        self,
+        results: Union[
+            ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult, ls_evaluator.EvaluationResults, dict
+        ],
+        *,
+        fn_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> list[ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult]:
+        from langsmith.evaluation import evaluator as ls_evaluator  # noqa: F811
+
+        def _cast_result(
+            single_result: Union[ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult, dict],
+        ) -> ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult:
+            if isinstance(single_result, dict):
+                return ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult(
+                    **{
+                        "key": fn_name,
+                        "comment": single_result.get("reasoning"),
+                        **single_result,
+                    }
+                )
+            return single_result
+
+        def _is_eval_results(results: Any) -> TypeGuard[ls_evaluator.EvaluationResults]:
+            return isinstance(results, dict) and "results" in results
+
+        if isinstance(results, ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult):
+            results_ = [results]
+        elif _is_eval_results(results):
+            results_ = [_cast_result(r) for r in results["results"]]
+        elif isinstance(results, dict):
+            results_ = [_cast_result(cast(dict, results))]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid evaluation results type: {type(results)}."
+                " Must be EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults."
+            )
+        return results_
+
+    def evaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Union[ls_schemas.Run, ls_schemas.RunBase, str, uuid.UUID],
+        evaluator: ls_evaluator.RunEvaluator,
+        *,
+        source_info: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        reference_example: Optional[
+            Union[ls_schemas.Example, str, dict, uuid.UUID]
+        ] = None,
+        load_child_runs: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult:
+        """Evaluate a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Union[Run, RunBase, str, UUID]):
+                The run to evaluate.
+            evaluator (RunEvaluator):
+                The evaluator to use.
+            source_info (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                Additional information about the source of the evaluation to log
+                as feedback metadata.
+            reference_example (Optional[Union[Example, str, dict, UUID]]):
+                The example to use as a reference for the evaluation.
+                If not provided, the run's reference example will be used.
+            load_child_runs (bool, default=False):
+                Whether to load child runs when resolving the run ID.
+
+        Returns:
+            Feedback: The feedback object created by the evaluation.
+        """
+        run_ = self._resolve_run_id(run, load_child_runs=load_child_runs)
+        reference_example_ = self._resolve_example_id(reference_example, run_)
+        evaluator_response = evaluator.evaluate_run(
+            run_,
+            example=reference_example_,
+        )
+        results = self._log_evaluation_feedback(
+            evaluator_response,
+            run_,
+            source_info=source_info,
+        )
+        # TODO: Return all results
+        return results[0]
+
+    def _log_evaluation_feedback(
+        self,
+        evaluator_response: Union[
+            ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult, ls_evaluator.EvaluationResults, dict
+        ],
+        run: Optional[ls_schemas.Run] = None,
+        source_info: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        project_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        *,
+        _executor: Optional[cf.ThreadPoolExecutor] = None,
+    ) -> list[ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult]:
+        results = self._select_eval_results(evaluator_response)
+
+        def _submit_feedback(**kwargs):
+            if _executor:
+                _executor.submit(self.create_feedback, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                self.create_feedback(**kwargs)
+
+        for res in results:
+            source_info_ = source_info or {}
+            if res.evaluator_info:
+                source_info_ = {**res.evaluator_info, **source_info_}
+            run_id_ = None
+            if res.target_run_id:
+                run_id_ = res.target_run_id
+            elif run is not None:
+                run_id_ = run.id
+            error = res.extra.get("error", None) if res.extra is not None else None
+
+            _submit_feedback(
+                run_id=run_id_,
+                key=res.key,
+                score=res.score,
+                value=res.value,
+                comment=res.comment,
+                correction=res.correction,
+                source_info=source_info_,
+                source_run_id=res.source_run_id,
+                feedback_config=cast(
+                    Optional[ls_schemas.FeedbackConfig], res.feedback_config
+                ),
+                feedback_source_type=ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType.MODEL,
+                project_id=project_id,
+                extra=res.extra,
+                trace_id=run.trace_id if run else None,
+                error=error,
+            )
+        return results
+
+    async def aevaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Union[ls_schemas.Run, str, uuid.UUID],
+        evaluator: ls_evaluator.RunEvaluator,
+        *,
+        source_info: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        reference_example: Optional[
+            Union[ls_schemas.Example, str, dict, uuid.UUID]
+        ] = None,
+        load_child_runs: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_evaluator.EvaluationResult:
+        """Evaluate a run asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Union[Run, str, UUID]):
+                The run to evaluate.
+            evaluator (RunEvaluator):
+                The evaluator to use.
+            source_info (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                Additional information about the source of the evaluation to log
+                as feedback metadata.
+            reference_example (Optional[Union[Example, str, dict, UUID]]):
+                The example to use as a reference for the evaluation.
+                If not provided, the run's reference example will be used.
+            load_child_runs (bool, default=False)
+                Whether to load child runs when resolving the run ID.
+
+        Returns:
+            EvaluationResult: The evaluation result object created by the evaluation.
+        """
+        run_ = self._resolve_run_id(run, load_child_runs=load_child_runs)
+        reference_example_ = self._resolve_example_id(reference_example, run_)
+        evaluator_response = await evaluator.aevaluate_run(
+            run_,
+            example=reference_example_,
+        )
+        # TODO: Return all results and use async API
+        results = self._log_evaluation_feedback(
+            evaluator_response,
+            run_,
+            source_info=source_info,
+        )
+        return results[0]
+
+    def create_feedback(
+        self,
+        run_id: Optional[ID_TYPE],
+        key: str,
+        *,
+        score: Union[float, int, bool, None] = None,
+        value: Union[str, dict, None] = None,
+        correction: Union[dict, None] = None,
+        comment: Union[str, None] = None,
+        source_info: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        feedback_source_type: Union[
+            ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType, str
+        ] = ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType.API,
+        source_run_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        feedback_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        feedback_config: Optional[ls_schemas.FeedbackConfig] = None,
+        stop_after_attempt: int = 10,
+        project_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        comparative_experiment_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        feedback_group_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        extra: Optional[dict] = None,
+        trace_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        error: Optional[bool] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Feedback:
+        """Create a feedback in the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the run to provide feedback for. Either the run_id OR
+                the project_id must be provided.
+            key (str):
+                The name of the metric or 'aspect' this feedback is about.
+            score (Optional[Union[float, int, bool]]):
+                The score to rate this run on the metric or aspect.
+            value (Optional[Union[float, int, bool, str, dict]]):
+                The display value or non-numeric value for this feedback.
+            correction (Optional[dict]):
+                The proper ground truth for this run.
+            comment (Optional[str]):
+                A comment about this feedback, such as a justification for the score or
+                chain-of-thought trajectory for an LLM judge.
+            source_info (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+                Information about the source of this feedback.
+            feedback_source_type (Union[FeedbackSourceType, str]):
+                The type of feedback source, such as model (for model-generated feedback)
+                    or API.
+            source_run_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the run that generated this feedback, if a "model" type.
+            feedback_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the feedback to create. If not provided, a random UUID will be
+                generated.
+            feedback_config (Optional[FeedbackConfig]):
+                The configuration specifying how to interpret feedback with this key.
+                Examples include continuous (with min/max bounds), categorical,
+                or freeform.
+            stop_after_attempt (int, default=10):
+                The number of times to retry the request before giving up.
+            project_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the project_id to provide feedback on. One - and only one - of
+                this and run_id must be provided.
+            comparative_experiment_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                If this feedback was logged as a part of a comparative experiment, this
+                associates the feedback with that experiment.
+            feedback_group_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                When logging preferences, ranking runs, or other comparative feedback,
+                this is used to group feedback together.
+            extra (Optional[Dict]):
+                Metadata for the feedback.
+            trace_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The trace ID of the run to provide feedback for. Enables batch ingestion.
+            **kwargs (Any):
+                Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Feedback: The created feedback object.
+        """
+        if run_id is None and project_id is None:
+            raise ValueError("One of run_id and project_id must be provided")
+        if run_id is not None and project_id is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Only one of run_id and project_id must be provided")
+        if kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The following arguments are no longer used in the create_feedback"
+                f" endpoint: {sorted(kwargs)}",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+        try:
+            if not isinstance(feedback_source_type, ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType):
+                feedback_source_type = ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType(
+                    feedback_source_type
+                )
+            if feedback_source_type == ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType.API:
+                feedback_source: ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceBase = (
+                    ls_schemas.APIFeedbackSource(metadata=source_info)
+                )
+            elif feedback_source_type == ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType.MODEL:
+                feedback_source = ls_schemas.ModelFeedbackSource(metadata=source_info)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unknown feedback source type {feedback_source_type}")
+            feedback_source.metadata = (
+                feedback_source.metadata if feedback_source.metadata is not None else {}
+            )
+            if source_run_id is not None and "__run" not in feedback_source.metadata:
+                feedback_source.metadata["__run"] = {"run_id": str(source_run_id)}
+            if feedback_source.metadata and "__run" in feedback_source.metadata:
+                # Validate that the linked run ID is a valid UUID
+                # Run info may be a base model or dict.
+                _run_meta: Union[dict, Any] = feedback_source.metadata["__run"]
+                if hasattr(_run_meta, "dict") and callable(_run_meta):
+                    _run_meta = _run_meta.dict()
+                if "run_id" in _run_meta:
+                    _run_meta["run_id"] = str(
+                        _as_uuid(
+                            feedback_source.metadata["__run"]["run_id"],
+                            "feedback_source.metadata['__run']['run_id']",
+                        )
+                    )
+                feedback_source.metadata["__run"] = _run_meta
+            feedback = ls_schemas.FeedbackCreate(
+                id=_ensure_uuid(feedback_id),
+                # If run_id is None, this is interpreted as session-level
+                # feedback.
+                run_id=_ensure_uuid(run_id, accept_null=True),
+                trace_id=_ensure_uuid(trace_id, accept_null=True),
+                key=key,
+                score=_format_feedback_score(score),
+                value=value,
+                correction=correction,
+                comment=comment,
+                feedback_source=feedback_source,
+                created_at=datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc),
+                modified_at=datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc),
+                feedback_config=feedback_config,
+                session_id=_ensure_uuid(project_id, accept_null=True),
+                comparative_experiment_id=_ensure_uuid(
+                    comparative_experiment_id, accept_null=True
+                ),
+                feedback_group_id=_ensure_uuid(feedback_group_id, accept_null=True),
+                extra=extra,
+                error=error,
+            )
+
+            use_multipart = (self.info.batch_ingest_config or {}).get(
+                "use_multipart_endpoint", False
+            )
+
+            if (
+                use_multipart
+                and self.info.version  # TODO: Remove version check once versions have updated
+                and ls_utils.is_version_greater_or_equal(self.info.version, "0.8.10")
+                and (
+                    self.tracing_queue is not None or self.compressed_traces is not None
+                )
+                and feedback.trace_id is not None
+                and self.otel_exporter is None
+            ):
+                serialized_op = serialize_feedback_dict(feedback)
+                if self.compressed_traces is not None:
+                    multipart_form = (
+                        serialized_feedback_operation_to_multipart_parts_and_context(
+                            serialized_op
+                        )
+                    )
+                    with self.compressed_traces.lock:
+                        compress_multipart_parts_and_context(
+                            multipart_form,
+                            self.compressed_traces,
+                            _BOUNDARY,
+                        )
+                        self.compressed_traces.trace_count += 1
+                        if self._data_available_event:
+                            self._data_available_event.set()
+                elif self.tracing_queue is not None:
+                    self.tracing_queue.put(
+                        TracingQueueItem(str(feedback.id), serialized_op)
+                    )
+            else:
+                feedback_block = _dumps_json(feedback.dict(exclude_none=True))
+                self.request_with_retries(
+                    "POST",
+                    "/feedback",
+                    request_kwargs={
+                        "data": feedback_block,
+                    },
+                    stop_after_attempt=stop_after_attempt,
+                    retry_on=(ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError,),
+                )
+            return ls_schemas.Feedback(**feedback.dict())
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error("Error creating feedback", exc_info=True)
+            raise e
+
+    def update_feedback(
+        self,
+        feedback_id: ID_TYPE,
+        *,
+        score: Union[float, int, bool, None] = None,
+        value: Union[float, int, bool, str, dict, None] = None,
+        correction: Union[dict, None] = None,
+        comment: Union[str, None] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update a feedback in the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            feedback_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the feedback to update.
+            score (Optional[Union[float, int, bool]]):
+                The score to update the feedback with.
+            value (Optional[Union[float, int, bool, str, dict]]):
+                The value to update the feedback with.
+            correction (Optional[dict]):
+                The correction to update the feedback with.
+            comment (Optional[str]):
+                The comment to update the feedback with.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        feedback_update: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if score is not None:
+            feedback_update["score"] = _format_feedback_score(score)
+        if value is not None:
+            feedback_update["value"] = value
+        if correction is not None:
+            feedback_update["correction"] = correction
+        if comment is not None:
+            feedback_update["comment"] = comment
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PATCH",
+            f"/feedback/{_as_uuid(feedback_id, 'feedback_id')}",
+            headers={**self._headers, "Content-Type": "application/json"},
+            data=_dumps_json(feedback_update),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def read_feedback(self, feedback_id: ID_TYPE) -> ls_schemas.Feedback:
+        """Read a feedback from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            feedback_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the feedback to read.
+
+        Returns:
+            Feedback: The feedback.
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/feedback/{_as_uuid(feedback_id, 'feedback_id')}",
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.Feedback(**response.json())
+
+    def list_feedback(
+        self,
+        *,
+        run_ids: Optional[Sequence[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        feedback_key: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        feedback_source_type: Optional[Sequence[ls_schemas.FeedbackSourceType]] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.Feedback]:
+        """List the feedback objects on the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            run_ids (Optional[Sequence[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                The IDs of the runs to filter by.
+            feedback_key (Optional[Sequence[str]]):
+                The feedback key(s) to filter by. Examples: 'correctness'
+                The query performs a union of all feedback keys.
+            feedback_source_type (Optional[Sequence[FeedbackSourceType]]):
+                The type of feedback source, such as model or API.
+            limit (Optional[int]):
+                The maximum number of feedback to return.
+            **kwargs (Any):
+                Additional keyword arguments.
+
+        Yields:
+            The feedback objects.
+        """
+        params: dict = {
+            "run": run_ids,
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100,
+            **kwargs,
+        }
+        if feedback_key is not None:
+            params["key"] = feedback_key
+        if feedback_source_type is not None:
+            params["source"] = feedback_source_type
+        for i, feedback in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list("/feedback", params=params)
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.Feedback(**feedback)
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    def delete_feedback(self, feedback_id: ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete a feedback by ID.
+
+        Args:
+            feedback_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the feedback to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/feedback/{_as_uuid(feedback_id, 'feedback_id')}",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def create_feedback_from_token(
+        self,
+        token_or_url: Union[str, uuid.UUID],
+        score: Union[float, int, bool, None] = None,
+        *,
+        value: Union[float, int, bool, str, dict, None] = None,
+        correction: Union[dict, None] = None,
+        comment: Union[str, None] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create feedback from a presigned token or URL.
+
+        Args:
+            token_or_url (Union[str, uuid.UUID]): The token or URL from which to create
+                 feedback.
+            score (Optional[Union[float, int, bool]]): The score of the feedback.
+                Defaults to None.
+            value (Optional[Union[float, int, bool, str, dict]]): The value of the
+                feedback. Defaults to None.
+            correction (Optional[dict]): The correction of the feedback.
+                Defaults to None.
+            comment (Optional[str]): The comment of the feedback. Defaults
+                to None.
+            metadata (Optional[dict]): Additional metadata for the feedback.
+                Defaults to None.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the source API URL is invalid.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        source_api_url, token_uuid = _parse_token_or_url(
+            token_or_url, self.api_url, num_parts=1
+        )
+        if source_api_url != self.api_url:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid source API URL. {source_api_url}")
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/feedback/tokens/{_as_uuid(token_uuid)}",
+            data=_dumps_json(
+                {
+                    "score": score,
+                    "value": value,
+                    "correction": correction,
+                    "comment": comment,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    # TODO: Add ID once the API supports it.
+                }
+            ),
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def create_presigned_feedback_token(
+        self,
+        run_id: ID_TYPE,
+        feedback_key: str,
+        *,
+        expiration: Optional[datetime.datetime | datetime.timedelta] = None,
+        feedback_config: Optional[ls_schemas.FeedbackConfig] = None,
+        feedback_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken:
+        """Create a pre-signed URL to send feedback data to.
+
+        This is useful for giving browser-based clients a way to upload
+        feedback data directly to LangSmith without accessing the
+        API key.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the run.
+            feedback_key (str):
+                The key of the feedback to create.
+            expiration (Optional[datetime.datetime | datetime.timedelta]): The expiration time of the pre-signed URL.
+                Either a datetime or a timedelta offset from now.
+                Default to 3 hours.
+            feedback_config (Optional[FeedbackConfig]):
+                If creating a feedback_key for the first time,
+                this defines how the metric should be interpreted,
+                such as a continuous score (w/ optional bounds),
+                or distribution over categorical values.
+            feedback_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the feedback to create. If not provided, a new
+                feedback will be created.
+
+        Returns:
+            FeedbackIngestToken: The pre-signed URL for uploading feedback data.
+        """
+        body: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "run_id": run_id,
+            "feedback_key": feedback_key,
+            "feedback_config": feedback_config,
+            "id": feedback_id or str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        }
+        if expiration is None:
+            body["expires_in"] = ls_schemas.TimeDeltaInput(
+                days=0,
+                hours=3,
+                minutes=0,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(expiration, datetime.datetime):
+            body["expires_at"] = expiration.isoformat()
+        elif isinstance(expiration, datetime.timedelta):
+            body["expires_in"] = ls_schemas.TimeDeltaInput(
+                days=expiration.days,
+                hours=expiration.seconds // 3600,
+                minutes=(expiration.seconds // 60) % 60,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown expiration type: {type(expiration)}")
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            "/feedback/tokens",
+            data=_dumps_json(body),
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken(**response.json())
+
+    def create_presigned_feedback_tokens(
+        self,
+        run_id: ID_TYPE,
+        feedback_keys: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        expiration: Optional[datetime.datetime | datetime.timedelta] = None,
+        feedback_configs: Optional[
+            Sequence[Optional[ls_schemas.FeedbackConfig]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> Sequence[ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken]:
+        """Create a pre-signed URL to send feedback data to.
+
+        This is useful for giving browser-based clients a way to upload
+        feedback data directly to LangSmith without accessing the
+        API key.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]):
+                The ID of the run.
+            feedback_keys (Sequence[str]):
+                The key of the feedback to create.
+            expiration (Optional[datetime.datetime | datetime.timedelta]): The expiration time of the pre-signed URL.
+                Either a datetime or a timedelta offset from now.
+                Default to 3 hours.
+            feedback_configs (Optional[Sequence[Optional[FeedbackConfig]]]):
+                If creating a feedback_key for the first time,
+                this defines how the metric should be interpreted,
+                such as a continuous score (w/ optional bounds),
+                or distribution over categorical values.
+
+        Returns:
+            Sequence[FeedbackIngestToken]: The pre-signed URL for uploading feedback data.
+        """
+        # validate
+        if feedback_configs is not None and len(feedback_keys) != len(feedback_configs):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "The length of feedback_keys and feedback_configs must be the same."
+            )
+        if not feedback_configs:
+            feedback_configs = [None] * len(feedback_keys)
+        # build expiry option
+        expires_in, expires_at = None, None
+        if expiration is None:
+            expires_in = ls_schemas.TimeDeltaInput(
+                days=0,
+                hours=3,
+                minutes=0,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(expiration, datetime.datetime):
+            expires_at = expiration.isoformat()
+        elif isinstance(expiration, datetime.timedelta):
+            expires_in = ls_schemas.TimeDeltaInput(
+                days=expiration.days,
+                hours=expiration.seconds // 3600,
+                minutes=(expiration.seconds // 60) % 60,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unknown expiration type: {type(expiration)}")
+        # assemble body, one entry per key
+        body = _dumps_json(
+            [
+                {
+                    "run_id": run_id,
+                    "feedback_key": feedback_key,
+                    "feedback_config": feedback_config,
+                    "expires_in": expires_in,
+                    "expires_at": expires_at,
+                }
+                for feedback_key, feedback_config in zip(
+                    feedback_keys, feedback_configs
+                )
+            ]
+        )
+
+        def req(api_url: str, api_key: Optional[str]) -> list:
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "POST",
+                f"{api_url}/feedback/tokens",
+                request_kwargs={
+                    "data": body,
+                    "headers": {
+                        **self._headers,
+                        X_API_KEY: api_key or self.api_key,
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+            ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+            return response.json()
+
+        tokens = []
+        with cf.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=len(self._write_api_urls)) as executor:
+            futs = [
+                executor.submit(req, api_url, api_key)
+                for api_url, api_key in self._write_api_urls.items()
+            ]
+            for fut in cf.as_completed(futs):
+                response = fut.result()
+                tokens.extend(
+                    [ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken(**part) for part in response]
+                )
+        return tokens
+
+    def list_presigned_feedback_tokens(
+        self,
+        run_id: ID_TYPE,
+        *,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken]:
+        """List the feedback ingest tokens for a run.
+
+        Args:
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run to filter by.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of tokens to return.
+
+        Yields:
+            The feedback ingest tokens.
+        """
+        params = {
+            "run_id": _as_uuid(run_id, "run_id"),
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100,
+        }
+        for i, token in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list("/feedback/tokens", params=params)
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.FeedbackIngestToken(**token)
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    # Annotation Queue API
+
+    def list_annotation_queues(
+        self,
+        *,
+        queue_ids: Optional[list[ID_TYPE]] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_contains: Optional[str] = None,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue]:
+        """List the annotation queues on the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_ids (Optional[List[Union[UUID, str]]]):
+                The IDs of the queues to filter by.
+            name (Optional[str]):
+                The name of the queue to filter by.
+            name_contains (Optional[str]):
+                The substring that the queue name should contain.
+            limit (Optional[int]):
+                The maximum number of queues to return.
+
+        Yields:
+            The annotation queues.
+        """
+        params: dict = {
+            "ids": (
+                [_as_uuid(id_, f"queue_ids[{i}]") for i, id_ in enumerate(queue_ids)]
+                if queue_ids is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+            "name": name,
+            "name_contains": name_contains,
+            "limit": min(limit, 100) if limit is not None else 100,
+        }
+        for i, queue in enumerate(
+            self._get_paginated_list("/annotation-queues", params=params)
+        ):
+            yield ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue(
+                **queue,
+            )
+            if limit is not None and i + 1 >= limit:
+                break
+
+    def create_annotation_queue(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        queue_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        rubric_instructions: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.AnnotationQueueWithDetails:
+        """Create an annotation queue on the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str):
+                The name of the annotation queue.
+            description (Optional[str]):
+                The description of the annotation queue.
+            queue_id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]):
+                The ID of the annotation queue.
+            rubric_instructions (Optional[str]):
+                The rubric instructions for the annotation queue.
+
+        Returns:
+            AnnotationQueue: The created annotation queue object.
+        """
+        body = {
+            "name": name,
+            "description": description,
+            "id": str(queue_id) if queue_id is not None else str(uuid.uuid4()),
+            "rubric_instructions": rubric_instructions,
+        }
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            "/annotation-queues",
+            json={k: v for k, v in body.items() if v is not None},
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.AnnotationQueueWithDetails(
+            **response.json(),
+        )
+
+    def read_annotation_queue(self, queue_id: ID_TYPE) -> ls_schemas.AnnotationQueue:
+        """Read an annotation queue with the specified queue ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue to read.
+
+        Returns:
+            AnnotationQueue: The annotation queue object.
+        """
+        base_url = f"/annotation-queues/{_as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}"
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"{base_url}",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.AnnotationQueueWithDetails(**response.json())
+
+    def update_annotation_queue(
+        self,
+        queue_id: ID_TYPE,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        rubric_instructions: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update an annotation queue with the specified queue_id.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue to update.
+            name (str): The new name for the annotation queue.
+            description (Optional[str]): The new description for the
+                annotation queue. Defaults to None.
+            rubric_instructions (Optional[str]): The new rubric instructions for the
+                annotation queue. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PATCH",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{_as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}",
+            json={
+                "name": name,
+                "description": description,
+                "rubric_instructions": rubric_instructions,
+            },
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def delete_annotation_queue(self, queue_id: ID_TYPE) -> None:
+        """Delete an annotation queue with the specified queue ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{_as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}",
+            headers={"Accept": "application/json", **self._headers},
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def add_runs_to_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE, *, run_ids: list[ID_TYPE]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add runs to an annotation queue with the specified queue ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue.
+            run_ids (List[Union[UUID, str]]): The IDs of the runs to be added to the annotation
+                queue.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{_as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}/runs",
+            json=[str(_as_uuid(id_, f"run_ids[{i}]")) for i, id_ in enumerate(run_ids)],
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def delete_run_from_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE, *, run_id: ID_TYPE
+    ) -> None:
+        """Delete a run from an annotation queue with the specified queue ID and run ID.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue.
+            run_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the run to be added to the annotation
+                queue.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "DELETE",
+            f"/annotation-queues/{_as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}/runs/{_as_uuid(run_id, 'run_id')}",
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+
+    def get_run_from_annotation_queue(
+        self, queue_id: ID_TYPE, *, index: int
+    ) -> ls_schemas.RunWithAnnotationQueueInfo:
+        """Get a run from an annotation queue at the specified index.
+
+        Args:
+            queue_id (Union[UUID, str]): The ID of the annotation queue.
+            index (int): The index of the run to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            RunWithAnnotationQueueInfo: The run at the specified index.
+
+        Raises:
+            LangSmithNotFoundError: If the run is not found at the given index.
+            LangSmithError: For other API-related errors.
+        """
+        base_url = f"/annotation-queues/{_as_uuid(queue_id, 'queue_id')}/run"
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"{base_url}/{index}",
+            headers=self._headers,
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        return ls_schemas.RunWithAnnotationQueueInfo(**response.json())
+
+    def create_comparative_experiment(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        experiments: Sequence[ID_TYPE],
+        *,
+        reference_dataset: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        created_at: Optional[datetime.datetime] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.ComparativeExperiment:
+        """Create a comparative experiment on the LangSmith API.
+
+        These experiments compare 2 or more experiment results over a shared dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): The name of the comparative experiment.
+            experiments (Sequence[Union[UUID, str]]): The IDs of the experiments to compare.
+            reference_dataset (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the dataset these experiments are compared on.
+            description (Optional[str]): The description of the comparative experiment.
+            created_at (Optional[datetime.datetime]): The creation time of the comparative experiment.
+            metadata (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]): Additional metadata for the comparative experiment.
+            id (Optional[Union[UUID, str]]): The ID of the comparative experiment.
+
+        Returns:
+            ComparativeExperiment: The created comparative experiment object.
+        """
+        if not experiments:
+            raise ValueError("At least one experiment is required.")
+        if reference_dataset is None:
+            # Get one of the experiments' reference dataset
+            reference_dataset = self.read_project(
+                project_id=experiments[0]
+            ).reference_dataset_id
+        if not reference_dataset:
+            raise ValueError("A reference dataset is required.")
+        body: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "id": id or str(uuid.uuid4()),
+            "name": name,
+            "experiment_ids": experiments,
+            "reference_dataset_id": reference_dataset,
+            "description": description,
+            "created_at": created_at or datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc),
+            "extra": {},
+        }
+        if metadata is not None:
+            body["extra"]["metadata"] = metadata
+        ser = _dumps_json({k: v for k, v in body.items()})  # if v is not None})
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST",
+            "/datasets/comparative",
+            request_kwargs={
+                "data": ser,
+            },
+        )
+        ls_utils.raise_for_status_with_text(response)
+        response_d = response.json()
+        return ls_schemas.ComparativeExperiment(**response_d)
+
+    async def arun_on_dataset(
+        self,
+        dataset_name: str,
+        llm_or_chain_factory: Any,
+        *,
+        evaluation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        concurrency_level: int = 5,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        project_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        dataset_version: Optional[Union[datetime.datetime, str]] = None,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+        input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+        revision_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Asynchronously run the Chain or language model on a dataset.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.1.0
+
+           This method is deprecated. Use :func:`langsmith.aevaluate` instead.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `arun_on_dataset` method is deprecated and"
+            " will be removed in a future version."
+            "Please use the `aevaluate` method instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        try:
+            from langchain.smith import arun_on_dataset as _arun_on_dataset
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The client.arun_on_dataset function requires the langchain"
+                "package to run.\nInstall with pip install langchain"
+            )
+        return await _arun_on_dataset(
+            dataset_name=dataset_name,
+            llm_or_chain_factory=llm_or_chain_factory,
+            client=self,
+            evaluation=evaluation,
+            concurrency_level=concurrency_level,
+            project_name=project_name,
+            project_metadata=project_metadata,
+            verbose=verbose,
+            input_mapper=input_mapper,
+            revision_id=revision_id,
+            dataset_version=dataset_version,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def run_on_dataset(
+        self,
+        dataset_name: str,
+        llm_or_chain_factory: Any,
+        *,
+        evaluation: Optional[Any] = None,
+        concurrency_level: int = 5,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        project_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        dataset_version: Optional[Union[datetime.datetime, str]] = None,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+        input_mapper: Optional[Callable[[dict], Any]] = None,
+        revision_id: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Run the Chain or language model on a dataset.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 0.1.0
+
+           This method is deprecated. Use :func:`langsmith.aevaluate` instead.
+        """  # noqa: E501  # noqa: E501
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `run_on_dataset` method is deprecated and"
+            " will be removed in a future version."
+            "Please use the `evaluate` method instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        try:
+            from langchain.smith import (
+                run_on_dataset as _run_on_dataset,  # type: ignore
+            )
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The client.run_on_dataset function requires the langchain"
+                "package to run.\nInstall with pip install langchain"
+            )
+        return _run_on_dataset(
+            dataset_name=dataset_name,
+            llm_or_chain_factory=llm_or_chain_factory,
+            concurrency_level=concurrency_level,
+            client=self,
+            evaluation=evaluation,
+            project_name=project_name,
+            project_metadata=project_metadata,
+            verbose=verbose,
+            input_mapper=input_mapper,
+            revision_id=revision_id,
+            dataset_version=dataset_version,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _current_tenant_is_owner(self, owner: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if the current workspace has the same handle as owner.
+
+        Args:
+            owner (str): The owner to check against.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the current tenant is the owner, False otherwise.
+        """
+        settings = self._get_settings()
+        return owner == "-" or settings.tenant_handle == owner
+
+    def _owner_conflict_error(
+        self, action: str, owner: str
+    ) -> ls_utils.LangSmithUserError:
+        return ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+            f"Cannot {action} for another tenant.\n"
+            f"Current tenant: {self._get_settings().tenant_handle},\n"
+            f"Requested tenant: {owner}"
+        )
+
+    def _get_latest_commit_hash(
+        self, prompt_owner_and_name: str, limit: int = 1, offset: int = 0
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Get the latest commit hash for a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_owner_and_name (str): The owner and name of the prompt.
+            limit (int, default=1): The maximum number of commits to fetch. Defaults to 1.
+            offset (int, default=0): The number of commits to skip. Defaults to 0.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[str]: The latest commit hash, or None if no commits are found.
+        """
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            f"/commits/{prompt_owner_and_name}/",
+            params={"limit": limit, "offset": offset},
+        )
+        commits = response.json()["commits"]
+        return commits[0]["commit_hash"] if commits else None
+
+    def _like_or_unlike_prompt(
+        self, prompt_identifier: str, like: bool
+    ) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Like or unlike a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            like (bool): True to like the prompt, False to unlike it.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary with the key 'likes' and the count of likes as the value.
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.exceptions.HTTPError: If the prompt is not found or
+            another error occurs.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST", f"/likes/{owner}/{prompt_name}", json={"like": like}
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        return response.json()
+
+    def _get_prompt_url(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> str:
+        """Get a URL for a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The URL for the prompt.
+
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, commit_hash = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(
+            prompt_identifier
+        )
+
+        if not self._current_tenant_is_owner(owner):
+            return f"{self._host_url}/hub/{owner}/{prompt_name}:{commit_hash[:8]}"
+
+        settings = self._get_settings()
+        return (
+            f"{self._host_url}/prompts/{prompt_name}/{commit_hash[:8]}"
+            f"?organizationId={settings.id}"
+        )
+
+    def _prompt_exists(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> bool:
+        """Check if a prompt exists.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the prompt exists, False otherwise.
+        """
+        prompt = self.get_prompt(prompt_identifier)
+        return True if prompt else False
+
+    def like_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Like a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, int]: A dictionary with the key 'likes' and the count of likes as the value.
+
+        """
+        return self._like_or_unlike_prompt(prompt_identifier, like=True)
+
+    def unlike_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Unlike a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, int]: A dictionary with the key 'likes' and the count of likes as the value.
+
+        """
+        return self._like_or_unlike_prompt(prompt_identifier, like=False)
+
+    def list_prompts(
+        self,
+        *,
+        limit: int = 100,
+        offset: int = 0,
+        is_public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        is_archived: Optional[bool] = False,
+        sort_field: ls_schemas.PromptSortField = ls_schemas.PromptSortField.updated_at,
+        sort_direction: Literal["desc", "asc"] = "desc",
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.ListPromptsResponse:
+        """List prompts with pagination.
+
+        Args:
+            limit (int, default=100): The maximum number of prompts to return. Defaults to 100.
+            offset (int, default=0): The number of prompts to skip. Defaults to 0.
+            is_public (Optional[bool]): Filter prompts by if they are public.
+            is_archived (Optional[bool]): Filter prompts by if they are archived.
+            sort_field (PromptSortField): The field to sort by.
+              Defaults to "updated_at".
+            sort_direction (Literal["desc", "asc"], default="desc"): The order to sort by.
+              Defaults to "desc".
+            query (Optional[str]): Filter prompts by a search query.
+
+        Returns:
+            ListPromptsResponse: A response object containing
+            the list of prompts.
+        """
+        params = {
+            "limit": limit,
+            "offset": offset,
+            "is_public": (
+                "true" if is_public else "false" if is_public is not None else None
+            ),
+            "is_archived": "true" if is_archived else "false",
+            "sort_field": sort_field,
+            "sort_direction": sort_direction,
+            "query": query,
+            "match_prefix": "true" if query else None,
+        }
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries("GET", "/repos/", params=params)
+        return ls_schemas.ListPromptsResponse(**response.json())
+
+    def get_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> Optional[ls_schemas.Prompt]:
+        """Get a specific prompt by its identifier.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+                The identifier should be in the format "prompt_name" or "owner/prompt_name".
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Prompt]: The prompt object.
+
+        Raises:
+            requests.exceptions.HTTPError: If the prompt is not found or
+                another error occurs.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        try:
+            response = self.request_with_retries("GET", f"/repos/{owner}/{prompt_name}")
+            return ls_schemas.Prompt(**response.json()["repo"])
+        except ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError:
+            return None
+
+    def create_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        readme: Optional[str] = None,
+        tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        is_public: bool = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.Prompt:
+        """Create a new prompt.
+
+        Does not attach prompt object, just creates an empty prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+                The identifier should be in the formatof owner/name:hash, name:hash, owner/name, or name
+            description (Optional[str]): A description of the prompt.
+            readme (Optional[str]): A readme for the prompt.
+            tags (Optional[Sequence[str]]): A list of tags for the prompt.
+            is_public (bool): Whether the prompt should be public. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Prompt: The created prompt object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the current tenant is not the owner.
+            HTTPError: If the server request fails.
+        """
+        settings = self._get_settings()
+        if is_public and not settings.tenant_handle:
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithUserError(
+                "Cannot create a public prompt without first\n"
+                "creating a LangChain Hub handle. "
+                "You can add a handle by creating a public prompt at:\n"
+                "https://smith.langchain.com/prompts"
+            )
+
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        if not self._current_tenant_is_owner(owner=owner):
+            raise self._owner_conflict_error("create a prompt", owner)
+
+        json: dict[str, Union[str, bool, Sequence[str]]] = {
+            "repo_handle": prompt_name,
+            "description": description or "",
+            "readme": readme or "",
+            "tags": tags or [],
+            "is_public": is_public,
+        }
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries("POST", "/repos/", json=json)
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        return ls_schemas.Prompt(**response.json()["repo"])
+
+    def create_commit(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        object: Any,
+        *,
+        parent_commit_hash: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Create a commit for an existing prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            object (Any): The LangChain object to commit.
+            parent_commit_hash (Optional[str]): The hash of the parent commit.
+                Defaults to latest commit.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The url of the prompt commit.
+
+        Raises:
+            HTTPError: If the server request fails.
+            ValueError: If the prompt does not exist.
+        """
+        if not self._prompt_exists(prompt_identifier):
+            raise ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError(
+                "Prompt does not exist, you must create it first."
+            )
+
+        try:
+            from langchain_core.load.dump import dumps
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The client.create_commit function requires the langchain_core"
+                "package to run.\nInstall with `pip install langchain_core`"
+            )
+
+        json_object = dumps(object)
+        manifest_dict = json.loads(json_object)
+
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        prompt_owner_and_name = f"{owner}/{prompt_name}"
+
+        if parent_commit_hash == "latest" or parent_commit_hash is None:
+            parent_commit_hash = self._get_latest_commit_hash(prompt_owner_and_name)
+
+        request_dict = {"parent_commit": parent_commit_hash, "manifest": manifest_dict}
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "POST", f"/commits/{prompt_owner_and_name}", json=request_dict
+        )
+
+        commit_hash = response.json()["commit"]["commit_hash"]
+
+        return self._get_prompt_url(f"{prompt_owner_and_name}:{commit_hash}")
+
+    def update_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        readme: Optional[str] = None,
+        tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        is_public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        is_archived: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Update a prompt's metadata.
+
+        To update the content of a prompt, use push_prompt or create_commit instead.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt to update.
+            description (Optional[str]): New description for the prompt.
+            readme (Optional[str]): New readme for the prompt.
+            tags (Optional[Sequence[str]]): New list of tags for the prompt.
+            is_public (Optional[bool]): New public status for the prompt.
+            is_archived (Optional[bool]): New archived status for the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict[str, Any]: The updated prompt data as returned by the server.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the prompt_identifier is empty.
+            HTTPError: If the server request fails.
+        """
+        settings = self._get_settings()
+        if is_public and not settings.tenant_handle:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot create a public prompt without first\n"
+                "creating a LangChain Hub handle. "
+                "You can add a handle by creating a public prompt at:\n"
+                "https://smith.langchain.com/prompts"
+            )
+
+        json: dict[str, Union[str, bool, Sequence[str]]] = {}
+
+        if description is not None:
+            json["description"] = description
+        if readme is not None:
+            json["readme"] = readme
+        if is_public is not None:
+            json["is_public"] = is_public
+        if is_archived is not None:
+            json["is_archived"] = is_archived
+        if tags is not None:
+            json["tags"] = tags
+
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "PATCH", f"/repos/{owner}/{prompt_name}", json=json
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        return response.json()
+
+    def delete_prompt(self, prompt_identifier: str) -> None:
+        """Delete a prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt to delete.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the prompt was successfully deleted, False otherwise.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If the current tenant is not the owner of the prompt.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+        if not self._current_tenant_is_owner(owner):
+            raise self._owner_conflict_error("delete a prompt", owner)
+
+        response = self.request_with_retries("DELETE", f"/repos/{owner}/{prompt_name}")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+
+    def pull_prompt_commit(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        include_model: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> ls_schemas.PromptCommit:
+        """Pull a prompt object from the LangSmith API.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptCommit: The prompt object.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If no commits are found for the prompt.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, commit_hash = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(
+            prompt_identifier
+        )
+        response = self.request_with_retries(
+            "GET",
+            (
+                f"/commits/{owner}/{prompt_name}/{commit_hash}"
+                f"{'?include_model=true' if include_model else ''}"
+            ),
+        )
+        return ls_schemas.PromptCommit(
+            **{"owner": owner, "repo": prompt_name, **response.json()}
+        )
+
+    def list_prompt_commits(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        limit: Optional[int] = None,
+        offset: int = 0,
+        include_model: bool = False,
+    ) -> Iterator[ls_schemas.ListedPromptCommit]:
+        """List commits for a given prompt.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt in the format 'owner/repo_name'.
+            limit (Optional[int]): The maximum number of commits to return. If None, returns all commits. Defaults to None.
+            offset (int, default=0): The number of commits to skip before starting to return results. Defaults to 0.
+            include_model (bool, default=False): Whether to include the model information in the commit data. Defaults to False.
+
+        Yields:
+            A ListedPromptCommit object for each commit.
+
+        Note:
+            This method uses pagination to retrieve commits. It will make multiple API calls if necessary to retrieve all commits
+            or up to the specified limit.
+        """
+        owner, prompt_name, _ = ls_utils.parse_prompt_identifier(prompt_identifier)
+
+        params = {
+            "limit": min(100, limit) if limit is not None else limit,
+            "offset": offset,
+            "include_model": include_model,
+        }
+        i = 0
+        while True:
+            params["offset"] = offset
+            response = self.request_with_retries(
+                "GET",
+                f"/commits/{owner}/{prompt_name}/",
+                params=params,
+            )
+            val = response.json()
+            items = val["commits"]
+            total = val["total"]
+
+            if not items:
+                break
+            for it in items:
+                if limit is not None and i >= limit:
+                    return  # Stop iteration if we've reached the limit
+                yield ls_schemas.ListedPromptCommit(
+                    **{"owner": owner, "repo": prompt_name, **it}
+                )
+                i += 1
+
+            offset += len(items)
+            if offset >= total:
+                break
+
+    def pull_prompt(
+        self, prompt_identifier: str, *, include_model: Optional[bool] = False
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Pull a prompt and return it as a LangChain PromptTemplate.
+
+        This method requires `langchain_core`.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            include_model (Optional[bool], default=False): Whether to include the model information in the prompt data.
+
+        Returns:
+            Any: The prompt object in the specified format.
+        """
+        try:
+            from langchain_core.language_models.base import BaseLanguageModel
+            from langchain_core.load.load import loads
+            from langchain_core.output_parsers import BaseOutputParser
+            from langchain_core.prompts import BasePromptTemplate
+            from langchain_core.prompts.structured import StructuredPrompt
+            from langchain_core.runnables.base import RunnableBinding, RunnableSequence
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The client.pull_prompt function requires the langchain_core"
+                "package to run.\nInstall with `pip install langchain_core`"
+            )
+        try:
+            from langchain_core._api import suppress_langchain_beta_warning
+        except ImportError:
+
+            @contextlib.contextmanager
+            def suppress_langchain_beta_warning():
+                yield
+
+        prompt_object = self.pull_prompt_commit(
+            prompt_identifier, include_model=include_model
+        )
+        with suppress_langchain_beta_warning():
+            prompt = loads(json.dumps(prompt_object.manifest))
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(prompt, BasePromptTemplate)
+            or isinstance(prompt, RunnableSequence)
+            and isinstance(prompt.first, BasePromptTemplate)
+        ):
+            prompt_template = (
+                prompt
+                if isinstance(prompt, BasePromptTemplate)
+                else (
+                    prompt.first
+                    if isinstance(prompt, RunnableSequence)
+                    and isinstance(prompt.first, BasePromptTemplate)
+                    else None
+                )
+            )
+            if prompt_template is None:
+                raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(
+                    "Prompt object is not a valid prompt template."
+                )
+
+            if prompt_template.metadata is None:
+                prompt_template.metadata = {}
+            prompt_template.metadata.update(
+                {
+                    "lc_hub_owner": prompt_object.owner,
+                    "lc_hub_repo": prompt_object.repo,
+                    "lc_hub_commit_hash": prompt_object.commit_hash,
+                }
+            )
+        if (
+            include_model
+            and isinstance(prompt, RunnableSequence)
+            and isinstance(prompt.first, StructuredPrompt)
+            # Make forward-compatible in case we let update the response type
+            and (
+                len(prompt.steps) == 2 and not isinstance(prompt.last, BaseOutputParser)
+            )
+        ):
+            if isinstance(prompt.last, RunnableBinding) and isinstance(
+                prompt.last.bound, BaseLanguageModel
+            ):
+                seq = cast(RunnableSequence, prompt.first | prompt.last.bound)
+                if len(seq.steps) == 3:  # prompt | bound llm | output parser
+                    rebound_llm = seq.steps[1]
+                    prompt = RunnableSequence(
+                        prompt.first,
+                        rebound_llm.bind(**{**prompt.last.kwargs}),
+                        seq.last,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    prompt = seq  # Not sure
+
+            elif isinstance(prompt.last, BaseLanguageModel):
+                prompt: RunnableSequence = prompt.first | prompt.last  # type: ignore[no-redef, assignment]
+            else:
+                pass
+
+        return prompt
+
+    def push_prompt(
+        self,
+        prompt_identifier: str,
+        *,
+        object: Optional[Any] = None,
+        parent_commit_hash: str = "latest",
+        is_public: Optional[bool] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        readme: Optional[str] = None,
+        tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Push a prompt to the LangSmith API.
+
+        Can be used to update prompt metadata or prompt content.
+
+        If the prompt does not exist, it will be created.
+        If the prompt exists, it will be updated.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_identifier (str): The identifier of the prompt.
+            object (Optional[Any]): The LangChain object to push.
+            parent_commit_hash (str): The parent commit hash.
+              Defaults to "latest".
+            is_public (Optional[bool]): Whether the prompt should be public.
+                If None (default), the current visibility status is maintained for existing prompts.
+                For new prompts, None defaults to private.
+                Set to True to make public, or False to make private.
+            description (Optional[str]): A description of the prompt.
+              Defaults to an empty string.
+            readme (Optional[str]): A readme for the prompt.
+              Defaults to an empty string.
+            tags (Optional[Sequence[str]]): A list of tags for the prompt.
+              Defaults to an empty list.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The URL of the prompt.
+        """
+        # Create or update prompt metadata
+        if self._prompt_exists(prompt_identifier):
+            if any(
+                param is not None for param in [is_public, description, readme, tags]
+            ):
+                self.update_prompt(
+                    prompt_identifier,
+                    description=description,
+                    readme=readme,
+                    tags=tags,
+                    is_public=is_public,
+                )
+        else:
+            self.create_prompt(
+                prompt_identifier,
+                is_public=is_public if is_public is not None else False,
+                description=description,
+                readme=readme,
+                tags=tags,
+            )
+
+        if object is None:
+            return self._get_prompt_url(prompt_identifier=prompt_identifier)
+
+        # Create a commit with the new manifest
+        url = self.create_commit(
+            prompt_identifier,
+            object,
+            parent_commit_hash=parent_commit_hash,
+        )
+        return url
+
+    def cleanup(self) -> None:
+        """Manually trigger cleanup of the background thread."""
+        self._manual_cleanup = True
+
+    @overload
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        target: Union[TARGET_T, Runnable, EXPERIMENT_T],
+        /,
+        data: Optional[DATA_T] = None,
+        evaluators: Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+        summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+        num_repetitions: int = 1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        experiment: Optional[EXPERIMENT_T] = None,
+        upload_results: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ExperimentResults: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        target: Union[tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T]],
+        /,
+        data: Optional[DATA_T] = None,
+        evaluators: Optional[Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+        summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+        num_repetitions: int = 1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        experiment: Optional[EXPERIMENT_T] = None,
+        upload_results: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ComparativeExperimentResults: ...
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        target: Union[
+            TARGET_T, Runnable, EXPERIMENT_T, tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T]
+        ],
+        /,
+        data: Optional[DATA_T] = None,
+        evaluators: Optional[
+            Union[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T], Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T]]
+        ] = None,
+        summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+        num_repetitions: int = 1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        experiment: Optional[EXPERIMENT_T] = None,
+        upload_results: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Union[ExperimentResults, ComparativeExperimentResults]:
+        r"""Evaluate a target system on a given dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            target (Union[TARGET_T, Runnable, EXPERIMENT_T, Tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T]]):
+                The target system or experiment(s) to evaluate. Can be a function
+                that takes a dict and returns a dict, a langchain Runnable, an
+                existing experiment ID, or a two-tuple of experiment IDs.
+            data (DATA_T): The dataset to evaluate on. Can be a dataset name, a list of
+                examples, or a generator of examples.
+            evaluators (Optional[Union[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T], Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T]]]):
+                A list of evaluators to run on each example. The evaluator signature
+                depends on the target type. Default to None.
+            summary_evaluators (Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]]): A list of summary
+                evaluators to run on the entire dataset. Should not be specified if
+                comparing two existing experiments. Defaults to None.
+            metadata (Optional[dict]): Metadata to attach to the experiment.
+                Defaults to None.
+            experiment_prefix (Optional[str]): A prefix to provide for your experiment name.
+                Defaults to None.
+            description (Optional[str]): A free-form text description for the experiment.
+            max_concurrency (Optional[int], default=0): The maximum number of concurrent
+                evaluations to run. If None then no limit is set. If 0 then no concurrency.
+                Defaults to 0.
+            blocking (bool, default=True): Whether to block until the evaluation is complete.
+                Defaults to True.
+            num_repetitions (int, default=1): The number of times to run the evaluation.
+                Each item in the dataset will be run and evaluated this many times.
+                Defaults to 1.
+            experiment (Optional[EXPERIMENT_T]): An existing experiment to
+                extend. If provided, experiment_prefix is ignored. For advanced
+                usage only. Should not be specified if target is an existing experiment or
+                two-tuple fo experiments.
+            upload_results (bool, default=True): Whether to upload the results to LangSmith.
+                Defaults to True.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments to pass to the evaluator.
+
+        Returns:
+            ExperimentResults: If target is a function, Runnable, or existing experiment.
+            ComparativeExperimentResults: If target is a two-tuple of existing experiments.
+
+        Examples:
+            Prepare the dataset:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith import Client
+
+                client = Client()
+                dataset = client.clone_public_dataset(
+                    "https://smith.langchain.com/public/419dcab2-1d66-4b94-8901-0357ead390df/d"
+                )
+                dataset_name = "Evaluate Examples"
+
+            Basic usage:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                def accuracy(outputs: dict, reference_outputs: dict) -> dict:
+                    # Row-level evaluator for accuracy.
+                    pred = outputs["response"]
+                    expected = reference_outputs["answer"]
+                    return {"score": expected.lower() == pred.lower()}
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                def precision(outputs: list[dict], reference_outputs: list[dict]) -> dict:
+                    # Experiment-level evaluator for precision.
+                    # TP / (TP + FP)
+                    predictions = [out["response"].lower() for out in outputs]
+                    expected = [ref["answer"].lower() for ref in reference_outputs]
+                    # yes and no are the only possible answers
+                    tp = sum([p == e for p, e in zip(predictions, expected) if p == "yes"])
+                    fp = sum([p == "yes" and e == "no" for p, e in zip(predictions, expected)])
+                    return {"score": tp / (tp + fp)}
+
+
+                def predict(inputs: dict) -> dict:
+                    # This can be any function or just an API call to your app.
+                    return {"response": "Yes"}
+
+
+                results = client.evaluate(
+                    predict,
+                    data=dataset_name,
+                    evaluators=[accuracy],
+                    summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                    experiment_prefix="My Experiment",
+                    description="Evaluating the accuracy of a simple prediction model.",
+                    metadata={
+                        "my-prompt-version": "abcd-1234",
+                    },
+                )
+
+            Evaluating over only a subset of the examples
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                experiment_name = results.experiment_name
+                examples = client.list_examples(dataset_name=dataset_name, limit=5)
+                results = client.evaluate(
+                    predict,
+                    data=examples,
+                    evaluators=[accuracy],
+                    summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                    experiment_prefix="My Experiment",
+                    description="Just testing a subset synchronously.",
+                )
+
+            Streaming each prediction to more easily + eagerly debug.
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                results = client.evaluate(
+                    predict,
+                    data=dataset_name,
+                    evaluators=[accuracy],
+                    summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                    description="I don't even have to block!",
+                    blocking=False,
+                )
+                for i, result in enumerate(results):  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+                    pass
+
+            Using the `evaluate` API with an off-the-shelf LangChain evaluator:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langsmith.evaluation import LangChainStringEvaluator
+                from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+
+
+                def prepare_criteria_data(run: Run, example: Example):
+                    return {
+                        "prediction": run.outputs["output"],
+                        "reference": example.outputs["answer"],
+                        "input": str(example.inputs),
+                    }
+
+
+                results = client.evaluate(
+                    predict,
+                    data=dataset_name,
+                    evaluators=[
+                        accuracy,
+                        LangChainStringEvaluator("embedding_distance"),
+                        LangChainStringEvaluator(
+                            "labeled_criteria",
+                            config={
+                                "criteria": {
+                                    "usefulness": "The prediction is useful if it is correct"
+                                    " and/or asks a useful followup question."
+                                },
+                                "llm": init_chat_model("gpt-4o"),
+                            },
+                            prepare_data=prepare_criteria_data,
+                        ),
+                    ],
+                    description="Evaluating with off-the-shelf LangChain evaluators.",
+                    summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                )
+
+            View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+            Evaluating a LangChain object:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from langchain_core.runnables import chain as as_runnable
+
+
+                @as_runnable
+                def nested_predict(inputs):
+                    return {"response": "Yes"}
+
+
+                @as_runnable
+                def lc_predict(inputs):
+                    return nested_predict.invoke(inputs)
+
+
+                results = client.evaluate(
+                    lc_predict,
+                    data=dataset_name,
+                    evaluators=[accuracy],
+                    description="This time we're evaluating a LangChain object.",
+                    summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                )
+
+            Comparative evaluation:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                results = client.evaluate(
+                    # The target is a tuple of the experiment IDs to compare
+                    target=(
+                        "12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789012",
+                        "98765432-1234-1234-1234-123456789012",
+                    ),
+                    evaluators=[accuracy],
+                    summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                )
+
+            Evaluate an existing experiment:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                results = client.evaluate(
+                    # The target is the ID of the experiment we are evaluating
+                    target="12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789012",
+                    evaluators=[accuracy],
+                    summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                )
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.0
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        from langsmith.evaluation._runner import evaluate as evaluate_
+
+        # Need to ignore because it fails when there are too many union types +
+        # overloads.
+        return evaluate_(  # type: ignore[misc]
+            target,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            data=data,
+            evaluators=evaluators,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            experiment_prefix=experiment_prefix,
+            description=description,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            num_repetitions=num_repetitions,
+            client=self,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            experiment=experiment,
+            upload_results=upload_results,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    async def aevaluate(
+        self,
+        target: Union[
+            ATARGET_T,
+            AsyncIterable[dict],
+            Runnable,
+            str,
+            uuid.UUID,
+            schemas.TracerSession,
+        ],
+        /,
+        data: Union[
+            DATA_T, AsyncIterable[schemas.Example], Iterable[schemas.Example], None
+        ] = None,
+        evaluators: Optional[Sequence[Union[EVALUATOR_T, AEVALUATOR_T]]] = None,
+        summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+        num_repetitions: int = 1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str, uuid.UUID]] = None,
+        upload_results: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncExperimentResults:
+        r"""Evaluate an async target system on a given dataset.
+
+        Args:
+            target (Union[ATARGET_T, AsyncIterable[dict], Runnable, str, uuid.UUID, TracerSession]):
+                The target system or experiment(s) to evaluate. Can be an async function
+                that takes a dict and returns a dict, a langchain Runnable, an
+                existing experiment ID, or a two-tuple of experiment IDs.
+            data (Union[DATA_T, AsyncIterable[Example]]): The dataset to evaluate on. Can be a dataset name, a list of
+                examples, an async generator of examples, or an async iterable of examples.
+            evaluators (Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]]): A list of evaluators to run
+                on each example. Defaults to None.
+            summary_evaluators (Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]]): A list of summary
+                evaluators to run on the entire dataset. Defaults to None.
+            metadata (Optional[dict]): Metadata to attach to the experiment.
+                Defaults to None.
+            experiment_prefix (Optional[str]): A prefix to provide for your experiment name.
+                Defaults to None.
+            description (Optional[str]): A description of the experiment.
+            max_concurrency (Optional[int], default=0): The maximum number of concurrent
+                evaluations to run. If None then no limit is set. If 0 then no concurrency.
+                Defaults to 0.
+            num_repetitions (int, default=1): The number of times to run the evaluation.
+                Each item in the dataset will be run and evaluated this many times.
+                Defaults to 1.
+            blocking (bool, default=True): Whether to block until the evaluation is complete.
+                Defaults to True.
+            experiment (Optional[TracerSession]): An existing experiment to
+                extend. If provided, experiment_prefix is ignored. For advanced
+                usage only.
+            upload_results (bool, default=True): Whether to upload the results to LangSmith.
+                Defaults to True.
+            **kwargs (Any): Additional keyword arguments to pass to the evaluator.
+
+        Returns:
+            AsyncIterator[ExperimentResultRow]: An async iterator over the experiment results.
+
+        Environment:
+            - LANGSMITH_TEST_CACHE: If set, API calls will be cached to disk to save time and
+                cost during testing. Recommended to commit the cache files to your repository
+                for faster CI/CD runs.
+                Requires the 'langsmith[vcr]' package to be installed.
+
+        Examples:
+            Prepare the dataset:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                import asyncio
+                from langsmith import Client
+
+                client = Client()
+                dataset = client.clone_public_dataset(
+                    "https://smith.langchain.com/public/419dcab2-1d66-4b94-8901-0357ead390df/d"
+                )
+                dataset_name = "Evaluate Examples"
+
+            Basic usage:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                def accuracy(outputs: dict, reference_outputs: dict) -> dict:
+                    # Row-level evaluator for accuracy.
+                    pred = outputs["resposen"]
+                    expected = reference_outputs["answer"]
+                    return {"score": expected.lower() == pred.lower()}
+
+
+                def precision(outputs: list[dict], reference_outputs: list[dict]) -> dict:
+                    # Experiment-level evaluator for precision.
+                    # TP / (TP + FP)
+                    predictions = [out["response"].lower() for out in outputs]
+                    expected = [ref["answer"].lower() for ref in reference_outputs]
+                    # yes and no are the only possible answers
+                    tp = sum([p == e for p, e in zip(predictions, expected) if p == "yes"])
+                    fp = sum([p == "yes" and e == "no" for p, e in zip(predictions, expected)])
+                    return {"score": tp / (tp + fp)}
+
+
+                async def apredict(inputs: dict) -> dict:
+                    # This can be any async function or just an API call to your app.
+                    await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+                    return {"response": "Yes"}
+
+
+                results = asyncio.run(
+                    client.aevaluate(
+                        apredict,
+                        data=dataset_name,
+                        evaluators=[accuracy],
+                        summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                        experiment_prefix="My Experiment",
+                        description="Evaluate the accuracy of the model asynchronously.",
+                        metadata={
+                            "my-prompt-version": "abcd-1234",
+                        },
+                    )
+                )
+
+            Evaluating over only a subset of the examples using an async generator:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                async def example_generator():
+                    examples = client.list_examples(dataset_name=dataset_name, limit=5)
+                    for example in examples:
+                        yield example
+
+
+                results = asyncio.run(
+                    client.aevaluate(
+                        apredict,
+                        data=example_generator(),
+                        evaluators=[accuracy],
+                        summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                        experiment_prefix="My Subset Experiment",
+                        description="Evaluate a subset of examples asynchronously.",
+                    )
+                )
+
+            Streaming each prediction to more easily + eagerly debug.
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                results = asyncio.run(
+                    client.aevaluate(
+                        apredict,
+                        data=dataset_name,
+                        evaluators=[accuracy],
+                        summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                        experiment_prefix="My Streaming Experiment",
+                        description="Streaming predictions for debugging.",
+                        blocking=False,
+                    )
+                )
+
+
+                async def aenumerate(iterable):
+                    async for elem in iterable:
+                        print(elem)
+
+
+                asyncio.run(aenumerate(results))
+
+            Running without concurrency:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                results = asyncio.run(
+                    client.aevaluate(
+                        apredict,
+                        data=dataset_name,
+                        evaluators=[accuracy],
+                        summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                        experiment_prefix="My Experiment Without Concurrency",
+                        description="This was run without concurrency.",
+                        max_concurrency=0,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            Using Async evaluators:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                async def helpfulness(outputs: dict) -> dict:
+                    # Row-level evaluator for helpfulness.
+                    await asyncio.sleep(5)  # Replace with your LLM API call
+                    return {"score": outputs["output"] == "Yes"}
+
+
+                results = asyncio.run(
+                    client.aevaluate(
+                        apredict,
+                        data=dataset_name,
+                        evaluators=[helpfulness],
+                        summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                        experiment_prefix="My Helpful Experiment",
+                        description="Applying async evaluators example.",
+                    )
+                )
+
+            Evaluate an existing experiment:
+
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                results = asyncio.run(
+                    client.aevaluate(
+                        # The target is the ID of the experiment we are evaluating
+                        target="419dcab2-1d66-4b94-8901-0357ead390df",
+                        evaluators=[accuracy, helpfulness],
+                        summary_evaluators=[precision],
+                    )
+                )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.2.0
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        from langsmith.evaluation._arunner import aevaluate as aevaluate_
+
+        return await aevaluate_(
+            target,
+            data=data,
+            evaluators=evaluators,
+            summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            experiment_prefix=experiment_prefix,
+            description=description,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            num_repetitions=num_repetitions,
+            client=self,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            experiment=experiment,
+            upload_results=upload_results,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+def convert_prompt_to_openai_format(
+    messages: Any,
+    model_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> dict:
+    """Convert a prompt to OpenAI format.
+
+    Requires the `langchain_openai` package to be installed.
+
+    Args:
+        messages (Any): The messages to convert.
+        model_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]): Model configuration arguments including
+            `stop` and any other required arguments. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: The prompt in OpenAI format.
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If the `langchain_openai` package is not installed.
+        ls_utils.LangSmithError: If there is an error during the conversion process.
+    """
+    try:
+        from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "The convert_prompt_to_openai_format function requires the langchain_openai"
+            "package to run.\nInstall with `pip install langchain_openai`"
+        )
+
+    openai = ChatOpenAI()
+
+    model_kwargs = model_kwargs or {}
+    stop = model_kwargs.pop("stop", None)
+
+    try:
+        return openai._get_request_payload(messages, stop=stop, **model_kwargs)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(f"Error converting to OpenAI format: {e}")
+
+
+def convert_prompt_to_anthropic_format(
+    messages: Any,
+    model_kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> dict:
+    """Convert a prompt to Anthropic format.
+
+    Requires the `langchain_anthropic` package to be installed.
+
+    Args:
+        messages (Any): The messages to convert.
+        model_kwargs (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]):
+            Model configuration arguments including `model_name` and `stop`.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        dict: The prompt in Anthropic format.
+    """
+    try:
+        from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic  # type: ignore
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "The convert_prompt_to_anthropic_format function requires the "
+            "langchain_anthropic package to run.\n"
+            "Install with `pip install langchain_anthropic`"
+        )
+
+    model_kwargs = model_kwargs or {}
+    model_name = model_kwargs.pop("model_name", "claude-3-haiku-20240307")
+    stop = model_kwargs.pop("stop", None)
+    timeout = model_kwargs.pop("timeout", None)
+
+    anthropic = ChatAnthropic(
+        model_name=model_name, timeout=timeout, stop=stop, **model_kwargs
+    )
+
+    try:
+        return anthropic._get_request_payload(messages, stop=stop)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ls_utils.LangSmithError(f"Error converting to Anthropic format: {e}")
+
+
+def _convert_stored_attachments_to_attachments_dict(
+    data: dict, *, attachments_key: str
+) -> dict[str, AttachmentInfo]:
+    """Convert attachments from the backend database format to the user facing format."""
+    attachments_dict = {}
+    if attachments_key in data and data[attachments_key]:
+        for key, value in data[attachments_key].items():
+            if not key.startswith("attachment."):
+                continue
+            response = requests.get(value["presigned_url"], stream=True)
+            response.raise_for_status()
+            reader = io.BytesIO(response.content)
+            attachments_dict[key.removeprefix("attachment.")] = AttachmentInfo(
+                **{
+                    "presigned_url": value["presigned_url"],
+                    "reader": reader,
+                    "mime_type": value.get("mime_type"),
+                }
+            )
+    return attachments_dict
+
+
+def _close_files(files: list[io.BufferedReader]) -> None:
+    """Close all opened files used in multipart requests."""
+    for file in files:
+        try:
+            file.close()
+        except Exception:
+            logger.debug("Could not close file: %s", file.name)
+            pass
+
+
+def _dataset_examples_path(api_url: str, dataset_id: ID_TYPE) -> str:
+    if api_url.rstrip("/").endswith("/v1"):
+        return f"/platform/datasets/{dataset_id}/examples"
+    else:
+        return f"/v1/platform/datasets/{dataset_id}/examples"
+
+
+def _construct_url(api_url: str, pathname: str) -> str:
+    if pathname.startswith("http"):
+        return pathname
+    elif pathname.startswith("/"):
+        return api_url.rstrip("/") + pathname
+    else:
+        return api_url.rstrip("/") + "/" + pathname
+
+
+def dump_model(model) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Dump model depending on pydantic version."""
+    if hasattr(model, "model_dump"):
+        return model.model_dump()
+    elif hasattr(model, "dict"):
+        return model.dict()
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Unsupported model type")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..542342ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Utilities to get information about the runtime environment."""
+from langsmith.env._git import get_git_info
+from langsmith.env._runtime_env import (
+    get_docker_compose_command,
+    get_docker_compose_version,
+    get_docker_environment,
+    get_docker_version,
+    get_langchain_env_var_metadata,
+    get_langchain_env_vars,
+    get_langchain_environment,
+    get_release_shas,
+    get_runtime_and_metrics,
+    get_runtime_environment,
+    get_system_metrics,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "get_docker_compose_command",
+    "get_docker_compose_version",
+    "get_docker_environment",
+    "get_docker_version",
+    "get_langchain_env_var_metadata",
+    "get_langchain_env_vars",
+    "get_langchain_environment",
+    "get_release_shas",
+    "get_runtime_and_metrics",
+    "get_runtime_environment",
+    "get_system_metrics",
+    "get_git_info",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/__pycache__/_runtime_env.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/__pycache__/_runtime_env.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/_git.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/_git.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce598285
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/_git.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+"""Fetch information about any current git repo."""
+
+import functools
+import logging
+import subprocess
+from typing import List, Optional, TypeVar
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def exec_git(command: List[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+    try:
+        return subprocess.check_output(
+            ["git"] + command, encoding="utf-8", stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
+        ).strip()
+    except BaseException:
+        return None
+
+
+class GitInfo(TypedDict, total=False):
+    repo_name: Optional[str]
+    remote_url: Optional[str]
+    commit: Optional[str]
+    branch: Optional[str]
+    author_name: Optional[str]
+    author_email: Optional[str]
+    commit_time: Optional[str]
+    dirty: Optional[bool]
+    tags: Optional[str]
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_git_info(remote: str = "origin") -> GitInfo:
+    """Get information about the git repository."""
+    if not exec_git(["rev-parse", "--is-inside-work-tree"]):
+        return GitInfo(
+            remote_url=None,
+            commit=None,
+            branch=None,
+            author_name=None,
+            author_email=None,
+            commit_time=None,
+            dirty=None,
+            tags=None,
+            repo_name=None,
+        )
+
+    return {
+        "remote_url": exec_git(["remote", "get-url", remote]),
+        "commit": exec_git(["rev-parse", "HEAD"]),
+        "commit_time": exec_git(["log", "-1", "--format=%ct"]),
+        "branch": exec_git(["rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"]),
+        "tags": exec_git(
+            ["describe", "--tags", "--exact-match", "--always", "--dirty"]
+        ),
+        "dirty": exec_git(["status", "--porcelain"]) != "",
+        "author_name": exec_git(["log", "-1", "--format=%an"]),
+        "author_email": exec_git(["log", "-1", "--format=%ae"]),
+        "repo_name": (exec_git(["rev-parse", "--show-toplevel"]) or "").split("/")[-1],
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/_runtime_env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/_runtime_env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..354f0eca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/env/_runtime_env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+"""Environment information."""
+
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+import platform
+import subprocess
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Union
+
+from langsmith.utils import get_docker_compose_command
+from langsmith.env._git import exec_git
+
+try:
+    # psutil is an optional dependency
+    import psutil
+
+    _PSUTIL_AVAILABLE = True
+except ImportError:
+    _PSUTIL_AVAILABLE = False
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def get_runtime_and_metrics() -> dict:
+    """Get the runtime information as well as metrics."""
+    return {**get_runtime_environment(), **get_system_metrics()}
+
+
+def get_system_metrics() -> Dict[str, Union[float, dict]]:
+    """Get CPU and other performance metrics."""
+    global _PSUTIL_AVAILABLE
+    if not _PSUTIL_AVAILABLE:
+        return {}
+    try:
+        process = psutil.Process(os.getpid())
+        metrics: Dict[str, Union[float, dict]] = {}
+
+        with process.oneshot():
+            mem_info = process.memory_info()
+            metrics["thread_count"] = float(process.num_threads())
+            metrics["mem"] = {
+                "rss": float(mem_info.rss),
+            }
+            ctx_switches = process.num_ctx_switches()
+            cpu_times = process.cpu_times()
+            metrics["cpu"] = {
+                "time": {
+                    "sys": cpu_times.system,
+                    "user": cpu_times.user,
+                },
+                "ctx_switches": {
+                    "voluntary": float(ctx_switches.voluntary),
+                    "involuntary": float(ctx_switches.involuntary),
+                },
+                "percent": process.cpu_percent(),
+            }
+        return metrics
+    except Exception as e:
+        # If psutil is installed but not compatible with the build,
+        # we'll just cease further attempts to use it.
+        _PSUTIL_AVAILABLE = False
+        logger.debug("Failed to get system metrics: %s", e)
+        return {}
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_runtime_environment() -> dict:
+    """Get information about the environment."""
+    # Lazy import to avoid circular imports
+    from langsmith import __version__
+
+    shas = get_release_shas()
+    return {
+        "sdk": "langsmith-py",
+        "sdk_version": __version__,
+        "library": "langsmith",
+        "platform": platform.platform(),
+        "runtime": "python",
+        "py_implementation": platform.python_implementation(),
+        "runtime_version": platform.python_version(),
+        "langchain_version": get_langchain_environment(),
+        "langchain_core_version": get_langchain_core_version(),
+        **shas,
+    }
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_langchain_environment() -> Optional[str]:
+    try:
+        import langchain  # type: ignore
+
+        return langchain.__version__
+    except:  # noqa
+        return None
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_langchain_core_version() -> Optional[str]:
+    try:
+        import langchain_core  # type: ignore
+
+        return langchain_core.__version__
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_docker_version() -> Optional[str]:
+    import subprocess
+
+    try:
+        docker_version = (
+            subprocess.check_output(["docker", "--version"]).decode("utf-8").strip()
+        )
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        docker_version = "unknown"
+    except:  # noqa
+        return None
+    return docker_version
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_docker_compose_version() -> Optional[str]:
+    try:
+        docker_compose_version = (
+            subprocess.check_output(["docker-compose", "--version"])
+            .decode("utf-8")
+            .strip()
+        )
+    except FileNotFoundError:
+        docker_compose_version = "unknown"
+    except:  # noqa
+        return None
+    return docker_compose_version
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _get_compose_command() -> Optional[List[str]]:
+    try:
+        compose_command = get_docker_compose_command()
+    except ValueError as e:
+        compose_command = [f"NOT INSTALLED: {e}"]
+    except:  # noqa
+        return None
+    return compose_command
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_docker_environment() -> dict:
+    """Get information about the environment."""
+    compose_command = _get_compose_command()
+    return {
+        "docker_version": get_docker_version(),
+        "docker_compose_command": (
+            " ".join(compose_command) if compose_command is not None else None
+        ),
+        "docker_compose_version": get_docker_compose_version(),
+    }
+
+
+def get_langchain_env_vars() -> dict:
+    """Retrieve the langchain environment variables."""
+    env_vars = {k: v for k, v in os.environ.items() if k.startswith("LANGCHAIN_")}
+    for key in list(env_vars):
+        if "key" in key.lower():
+            v = env_vars[key]
+            env_vars[key] = v[:2] + "*" * (len(v) - 4) + v[-2:]
+    return env_vars
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_langchain_env_var_metadata() -> dict:
+    """Retrieve the langchain environment variables."""
+    excluded = {
+        "LANGCHAIN_API_KEY",
+        "LANGCHAIN_ENDPOINT",
+        "LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2",
+        "LANGCHAIN_PROJECT",
+        "LANGCHAIN_SESSION",
+        "LANGSMITH_RUNS_ENDPOINTS",
+    }
+    langchain_metadata = {
+        k: v
+        for k, v in os.environ.items()
+        if (k.startswith("LANGCHAIN_") or k.startswith("LANGSMITH_"))
+        and k not in excluded
+        and "key" not in k.lower()
+        and "secret" not in k.lower()
+        and "token" not in k.lower()
+    }
+    env_revision_id = langchain_metadata.pop("LANGCHAIN_REVISION_ID", None)
+    if env_revision_id:
+        langchain_metadata["revision_id"] = env_revision_id
+    elif default_revision_id := _get_default_revision_id():
+        langchain_metadata["revision_id"] = default_revision_id
+
+    return langchain_metadata
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _get_default_revision_id() -> Optional[str]:
+    """Get the default revision ID based on `git describe`."""
+    try:
+        return exec_git(["describe", "--tags", "--always", "--dirty"])
+    except BaseException:
+        return None
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_release_shas() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    common_release_envs = [
+        "VERCEL_GIT_COMMIT_SHA",
+        "NEXT_PUBLIC_VERCEL_GIT_COMMIT_SHA",
+        "COMMIT_REF",
+        "RENDER_GIT_COMMIT",
+        "CI_COMMIT_SHA",
+        "CIRCLE_SHA1",
+        "CF_PAGES_COMMIT_SHA",
+        "REACT_APP_GIT_SHA",
+        "SOURCE_VERSION",
+        "GITHUB_SHA",
+        "TRAVIS_COMMIT",
+        "GIT_COMMIT",
+        "BUILD_VCS_NUMBER",
+        "bamboo_planRepository_revision",
+        "Build.SourceVersion",
+        "BITBUCKET_COMMIT",
+        "DRONE_COMMIT_SHA",
+        "SEMAPHORE_GIT_SHA",
+        "BUILDKITE_COMMIT",
+    ]
+    shas = {}
+    for env in common_release_envs:
+        env_var = os.environ.get(env)
+        if env_var is not None:
+            shas[env] = env_var
+    return shas
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3571778b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+"""Evaluation Helpers."""
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langsmith.evaluation._arunner import (
+        aevaluate,
+        aevaluate_existing,
+    )
+    from langsmith.evaluation._runner import (
+        evaluate,
+        evaluate_comparative,
+        evaluate_existing,
+    )
+    from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import (
+        EvaluationResult,
+        EvaluationResults,
+        RunEvaluator,
+        run_evaluator,
+    )
+    from langsmith.evaluation.integrations._langchain import LangChainStringEvaluator
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "evaluate":
+        from langsmith.evaluation._runner import evaluate
+
+        return evaluate
+    elif name == "evaluate_existing":
+        from langsmith.evaluation._runner import evaluate_existing
+
+        return evaluate_existing
+    elif name == "aevaluate":
+        from langsmith.evaluation._arunner import aevaluate
+
+        return aevaluate
+    elif name == "aevaluate_existing":
+        from langsmith.evaluation._arunner import aevaluate_existing
+
+        return aevaluate_existing
+    elif name == "evaluate_comparative":
+        from langsmith.evaluation._runner import evaluate_comparative
+
+        return evaluate_comparative
+    elif name == "EvaluationResult":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import EvaluationResult
+
+        return EvaluationResult
+    elif name == "EvaluationResults":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import EvaluationResults
+
+        return EvaluationResults
+    elif name == "RunEvaluator":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import RunEvaluator
+
+        return RunEvaluator
+    elif name == "run_evaluator":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import run_evaluator
+
+        return run_evaluator
+    elif name == "StringEvaluator":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.string_evaluator import StringEvaluator
+
+        return StringEvaluator
+    elif name == "LangChainStringEvaluator":
+        from langsmith.evaluation.integrations._langchain import (
+            LangChainStringEvaluator,
+        )
+
+        return LangChainStringEvaluator
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "run_evaluator",
+    "EvaluationResult",
+    "EvaluationResults",
+    "RunEvaluator",
+    "StringEvaluator",
+    "aevaluate",
+    "aevaluate_existing",
+    "evaluate",
+    "evaluate_existing",
+    "evaluate_comparative",
+    "LangChainStringEvaluator",
+]
+
+
+def __dir__() -> list[str]:
+    return __all__
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_arunner.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_arunner.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..388fb544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_arunner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1327 @@
+"""V2 Evaluation Interface."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import concurrent.futures as cf
+import io
+import logging
+import pathlib
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterable, AsyncIterator, Awaitable, Iterable, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+import langsmith
+from langsmith import run_helpers as rh
+from langsmith import run_trees, schemas
+from langsmith import run_trees as rt
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith._internal import _aiter as aitertools
+from langsmith._internal._beta_decorator import _warn_once
+from langsmith.evaluation._runner import (
+    AEVALUATOR_T,
+    DATA_T,
+    EVALUATOR_T,
+    ExperimentResultRow,
+    _evaluators_include_attachments,
+    _ExperimentManagerMixin,
+    _extract_feedback_keys,
+    _ForwardResults,
+    _get_target_args,
+    _is_langchain_runnable,
+    _load_examples_map,
+    _load_experiment,
+    _load_tqdm,
+    _load_traces,
+    _resolve_data,
+    _resolve_evaluators,
+    _resolve_experiment,
+    _target_include_attachments,
+    _to_pandas,
+    _wrap_summary_evaluators,
+)
+from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import (
+    SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T,
+    EvaluationResult,
+    EvaluationResults,
+    RunEvaluator,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pd
+    from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+    DataFrame = pd.DataFrame
+else:
+    DataFrame = Any
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+ATARGET_T = Union[
+    Callable[[dict], Awaitable[dict]], Callable[[dict, dict], Awaitable[dict]]
+]
+
+
+async def aevaluate(
+    target: Union[
+        ATARGET_T, AsyncIterable[dict], Runnable, str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession
+    ],
+    /,
+    data: Union[
+        DATA_T, AsyncIterable[schemas.Example], Iterable[schemas.Example], None
+    ] = None,
+    evaluators: Optional[Sequence[Union[EVALUATOR_T, AEVALUATOR_T]]] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+    num_repetitions: int = 1,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+    experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str, uuid.UUID]] = None,
+    upload_results: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> AsyncExperimentResults:
+    r"""Evaluate an async target system on a given dataset.
+
+    Args:
+        target (AsyncCallable[[dict], dict] | AsyncIterable[dict] | Runnable | EXPERIMENT_T | Tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T]):
+            The target system or experiment(s) to evaluate. Can be an async function
+            that takes a dict and returns a dict, a langchain Runnable, an
+            existing experiment ID, or a two-tuple of experiment IDs.
+        data (Union[DATA_T, AsyncIterable[schemas.Example]]): The dataset to evaluate on. Can be a dataset name, a list of
+            examples, an async generator of examples, or an async iterable of examples.
+        evaluators (Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]]): A list of evaluators to run
+            on each example. Defaults to None.
+        summary_evaluators (Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]]): A list of summary
+            evaluators to run on the entire dataset. Defaults to None.
+        metadata (Optional[dict]): Metadata to attach to the experiment.
+            Defaults to None.
+        experiment_prefix (Optional[str]): A prefix to provide for your experiment name.
+            Defaults to None.
+        description (Optional[str]): A description of the experiment.
+        max_concurrency (int | None): The maximum number of concurrent
+            evaluations to run. If None then no limit is set. If 0 then no concurrency.
+            Defaults to 0.
+        num_repetitions (int): The number of times to run the evaluation.
+            Each item in the dataset will be run and evaluated this many times.
+            Defaults to 1.
+        client (Optional[langsmith.Client]): The LangSmith client to use.
+            Defaults to None.
+        blocking (bool): Whether to block until the evaluation is complete.
+            Defaults to True.
+        experiment (Optional[schemas.TracerSession]): An existing experiment to
+            extend. If provided, experiment_prefix is ignored. For advanced
+            usage only.
+        load_nested: Whether to load all child runs for the experiment.
+            Default is to only load the top-level root runs. Should only be specified
+            when evaluating an existing experiment.
+
+    Returns:
+        AsyncIterator[ExperimentResultRow]: An async iterator over the experiment results.
+
+    Environment:
+        - LANGSMITH_TEST_CACHE: If set, API calls will be cached to disk to save time and
+            cost during testing. Recommended to commit the cache files to your repository
+            for faster CI/CD runs.
+            Requires the 'langsmith[vcr]' package to be installed.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from typing import Sequence
+        >>> from langsmith import Client, aevaluate
+        >>> from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+        >>> client = Client()
+        >>> dataset = client.clone_public_dataset(
+        ...     "https://smith.langchain.com/public/419dcab2-1d66-4b94-8901-0357ead390df/d"
+        ... )
+        >>> dataset_name = "Evaluate Examples"
+
+        Basic usage:
+
+        >>> def accuracy(run: Run, example: Example):
+        ...     # Row-level evaluator for accuracy.
+        ...     pred = run.outputs["output"]
+        ...     expected = example.outputs["answer"]
+        ...     return {"score": expected.lower() == pred.lower()}
+
+        >>> def precision(runs: Sequence[Run], examples: Sequence[Example]):
+        ...     # Experiment-level evaluator for precision.
+        ...     # TP / (TP + FP)
+        ...     predictions = [run.outputs["output"].lower() for run in runs]
+        ...     expected = [example.outputs["answer"].lower() for example in examples]
+        ...     # yes and no are the only possible answers
+        ...     tp = sum([p == e for p, e in zip(predictions, expected) if p == "yes"])
+        ...     fp = sum([p == "yes" and e == "no" for p, e in zip(predictions, expected)])
+        ...     return {"score": tp / (tp + fp)}
+
+        >>> import asyncio
+        >>> async def apredict(inputs: dict) -> dict:
+        ...     # This can be any async function or just an API call to your app.
+        ...     await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+        ...     return {"output": "Yes"}
+        >>> results = asyncio.run(
+        ...     aevaluate(
+        ...         apredict,
+        ...         data=dataset_name,
+        ...         evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...         summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...         experiment_prefix="My Experiment",
+        ...         description="Evaluate the accuracy of the model asynchronously.",
+        ...         metadata={
+        ...             "my-prompt-version": "abcd-1234",
+        ...         },
+        ...     )
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        Evaluating over only a subset of the examples using an async generator:
+
+        >>> async def example_generator():
+        ...     examples = client.list_examples(dataset_name=dataset_name, limit=5)
+        ...     for example in examples:
+        ...         yield example
+        >>> results = asyncio.run(
+        ...     aevaluate(
+        ...         apredict,
+        ...         data=example_generator(),
+        ...         evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...         summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...         experiment_prefix="My Subset Experiment",
+        ...         description="Evaluate a subset of examples asynchronously.",
+        ...     )
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        Streaming each prediction to more easily + eagerly debug.
+
+        >>> results = asyncio.run(
+        ...     aevaluate(
+        ...         apredict,
+        ...         data=dataset_name,
+        ...         evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...         summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...         experiment_prefix="My Streaming Experiment",
+        ...         description="Streaming predictions for debugging.",
+        ...         blocking=False,
+        ...     )
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        >>> async def aenumerate(iterable):
+        ...     async for elem in iterable:
+        ...         print(elem)
+        >>> asyncio.run(aenumerate(results))
+
+        Running without concurrency:
+
+        >>> results = asyncio.run(
+        ...     aevaluate(
+        ...         apredict,
+        ...         data=dataset_name,
+        ...         evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...         summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...         experiment_prefix="My Experiment Without Concurrency",
+        ...         description="This was run without concurrency.",
+        ...         max_concurrency=0,
+        ...     )
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        Using Async evaluators:
+
+        >>> async def helpfulness(run: Run, example: Example):
+        ...     # Row-level evaluator for helpfulness.
+        ...     await asyncio.sleep(5)  # Replace with your LLM API call
+        ...     return {"score": run.outputs["output"] == "Yes"}
+
+        >>> results = asyncio.run(
+        ...     aevaluate(
+        ...         apredict,
+        ...         data=dataset_name,
+        ...         evaluators=[helpfulness],
+        ...         summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...         experiment_prefix="My Helpful Experiment",
+        ...         description="Applying async evaluators example.",
+        ...     )
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.2.0
+
+        'max_concurrency' default updated from None (no limit on concurrency)
+        to 0 (no concurrency at all).
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if isinstance(target, (str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession)):
+        invalid_args = {
+            "num_repetitions": num_repetitions > 1,
+            "experiment": bool(experiment),
+            "upload_results": not upload_results,
+            "experiment_prefix": bool(experiment_prefix),
+            "data": bool(data),
+        }
+        if any(invalid_args.values()):
+            msg = (
+                f"Received invalid arguments. "
+                f"{tuple(k for k, v in invalid_args.items() if v)} should not be "
+                f"specified when target is an existing experiment."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        target_id = target if isinstance(target, (str, uuid.UUID)) else target.id
+        logger.debug(f"Running evaluation over existing experiment {target_id}...")
+        return await aevaluate_existing(
+            target,
+            evaluators=evaluators,
+            summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            client=client,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(target, (list, tuple)):
+        msg = (
+            "Running a comparison of two existing experiments asynchronously is not "
+            "currently supported. Please use the `evaluate()` method instead and make "
+            "sure that your evaluators are defined as synchronous functions."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif kwargs:
+        msg = (
+            f"Received unsupported arguments {kwargs}. These arguments are not "
+            f"supported when creating a new experiment."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif not data:
+        msg = "Must specify 'data' when running evaluations over a target function."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif experiment and experiment_prefix:
+        msg = (
+            "Expected at most one of 'experiment' or 'experiment_prefix',"
+            " but both were provided. "
+            f"Got: experiment={experiment}, experiment_prefix={experiment_prefix}"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    else:
+        if not upload_results:
+            _warn_once("'upload_results' parameter is in beta.")
+        logger.debug(f"Running evaluation over target system {target}...")
+        return await _aevaluate(
+            target,
+            data=data,
+            evaluators=evaluators,
+            summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            experiment_prefix=experiment_prefix,
+            description=description,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            num_repetitions=num_repetitions,
+            client=client,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            experiment=experiment,
+            upload_results=upload_results,
+        )
+
+
+async def aevaluate_existing(
+    experiment: Union[str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession],
+    /,
+    evaluators: Optional[Sequence[Union[EVALUATOR_T, AEVALUATOR_T]]] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    load_nested: bool = False,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+) -> AsyncExperimentResults:
+    r"""Evaluate existing experiment runs asynchronously.
+
+    Args:
+        experiment (Union[str, uuid.UUID]): The identifier of the experiment to evaluate.
+        evaluators (Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]]): Optional sequence of evaluators to use for individual run evaluation.
+        summary_evaluators (Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]]): Optional sequence of evaluators
+            to apply over the entire dataset.
+        metadata (Optional[dict]): Optional metadata to include in the evaluation results.
+        max_concurrency (int | None): The maximum number of concurrent
+            evaluations to run. If None then no limit is set. If 0 then no concurrency.
+            Defaults to 0.
+        client (Optional[langsmith.Client]): Optional Langsmith client to use for evaluation.
+        load_nested: Whether to load all child runs for the experiment.
+            Default is to only load the top-level root runs.
+        blocking (bool): Whether to block until evaluation is complete.
+
+    Returns:
+        AsyncIterator[ExperimentResultRow]: An async iterator over the experiment results.
+
+    Examples:
+        Define your evaluators
+
+        >>> from typing import Sequence
+        >>> from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+        >>> def accuracy(run: Run, example: Example):
+        ...     # Row-level evaluator for accuracy.
+        ...     pred = run.outputs["output"]
+        ...     expected = example.outputs["answer"]
+        ...     return {"score": expected.lower() == pred.lower()}
+        >>> def precision(runs: Sequence[Run], examples: Sequence[Example]):
+        ...     # Experiment-level evaluator for precision.
+        ...     # TP / (TP + FP)
+        ...     predictions = [run.outputs["output"].lower() for run in runs]
+        ...     expected = [example.outputs["answer"].lower() for example in examples]
+        ...     # yes and no are the only possible answers
+        ...     tp = sum([p == e for p, e in zip(predictions, expected) if p == "yes"])
+        ...     fp = sum([p == "yes" and e == "no" for p, e in zip(predictions, expected)])
+        ...     return {"score": tp / (tp + fp)}
+
+        Load the experiment and run the evaluation.
+
+        >>> from langsmith import aevaluate, aevaluate_existing
+        >>> dataset_name = "Evaluate Examples"
+        >>> async def apredict(inputs: dict) -> dict:
+        ...     # This can be any async function or just an API call to your app.
+        ...     await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+        ...     return {"output": "Yes"}
+        >>> # First run inference on the dataset
+        ... results = asyncio.run(
+        ...     aevaluate(
+        ...         apredict,
+        ...         data=dataset_name,
+        ...     )
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        Then evaluate the results
+        >>> experiment_name = "My Experiment:64e6e91"  # Or manually specify
+        >>> results = asyncio.run(
+        ...     aevaluate_existing(
+        ...         experiment_name,
+        ...         evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...         summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...     )
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    client = client or run_trees.get_cached_client()
+    project = (
+        experiment
+        if isinstance(experiment, schemas.TracerSession)
+        else (await aitertools.aio_to_thread(_load_experiment, experiment, client))
+    )
+    runs = await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+        _load_traces, experiment, client, load_nested=load_nested
+    )
+    data_map = await aitertools.aio_to_thread(_load_examples_map, client, project)
+    data = [data_map[run.reference_example_id] for run in runs]
+    return await _aevaluate(
+        runs,
+        data=data,
+        evaluators=evaluators,
+        summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+        client=client,
+        blocking=blocking,
+        experiment=project,
+    )
+
+
+async def _aevaluate(
+    target: Union[ATARGET_T, AsyncIterable[dict], Iterable[schemas.Run], Runnable],
+    /,
+    data: Union[DATA_T, AsyncIterable[schemas.Example]],
+    evaluators: Optional[Sequence[Union[EVALUATOR_T, AEVALUATOR_T]]] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_repetitions: int = 1,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+    experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str, uuid.UUID]] = None,
+    upload_results: bool = True,
+) -> AsyncExperimentResults:
+    is_async_target = (
+        asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(target)
+        or (hasattr(target, "__aiter__") and asyncio.iscoroutine(target.__aiter__()))
+        or _is_langchain_runnable(target)
+    )
+    client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+    runs = None if is_async_target else cast(Iterable[schemas.Run], target)
+    experiment_, runs = await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+        _resolve_experiment,
+        experiment,
+        runs,
+        client,
+    )
+    num_include_attachments = int(
+        _target_include_attachments(target)
+    ) + _evaluators_include_attachments(evaluators)
+    manager = await _AsyncExperimentManager(
+        data,
+        client=client,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        experiment=experiment_ or experiment_prefix,
+        description=description,
+        num_repetitions=num_repetitions,
+        runs=runs,
+        include_attachments=num_include_attachments > 0,
+        reuse_attachments=num_repetitions * num_include_attachments > 1,
+        upload_results=upload_results,
+    ).astart()
+    cache_dir = ls_utils.get_cache_dir(None)
+    if cache_dir is not None:
+        dsid = await manager.get_dataset_id()
+        cache_path = pathlib.Path(cache_dir) / f"{dsid}.yaml"
+    else:
+        cache_path = None
+    with ls_utils.with_optional_cache(cache_path, ignore_hosts=[client.api_url]):
+        if is_async_target:
+            if evaluators:
+                # Run predictions and evaluations in a single pipeline
+                manager = await manager.awith_predictions_and_evaluators(
+                    cast(ATARGET_T, target), evaluators, max_concurrency=max_concurrency
+                )
+            else:
+                manager = await manager.awith_predictions(
+                    cast(ATARGET_T, target), max_concurrency=max_concurrency
+                )
+            if summary_evaluators:
+                manager = await manager.awith_summary_evaluators(summary_evaluators)
+        else:
+            if evaluators:
+                manager = await manager.awith_evaluators(
+                    evaluators, max_concurrency=max_concurrency
+                )
+            if summary_evaluators:
+                manager = await manager.awith_summary_evaluators(summary_evaluators)
+        results = AsyncExperimentResults(manager)
+        if blocking:
+            await results.wait()
+        return results
+
+
+class _AsyncExperimentManager(_ExperimentManagerMixin):
+    """Manage the execution of experiments asynchronously.
+
+    Supports lazily running predictions and evaluations in parallel to facilitate
+    result streaming and early debugging.
+
+    Args:
+        data (DATA_T): The data used for the experiment. Can be a dataset name or ID OR
+            a generator of examples.
+        runs (Optional[Iterable[schemas.Run]]): The runs associated with the experiment
+            predictions.
+        experiment (Optional[schemas.TracerSession]): The tracer session
+            associated with the experiment.
+        experiment_prefix (Optional[str]): The prefix for the experiment name.
+        description (Optional[str]): The description for the experiment.
+        metadata (Optional[dict]): Additional metadata for the experiment.
+        client (Optional[langsmith.Client]): The Langsmith client used for
+             the experiment.
+        evaluation_results (Optional[Iterable[EvaluationResults]]): The evaluation
+            sresults for the experiment.
+        summary_results (Optional[Iterable[EvaluationResults]]): The aggregate results
+            for the experiment.
+        num_repetitions (Optional[int], default=1): The number of repetitions for
+            the experiment.
+        include_attachments (Optional[bool], default=False): Whether to include
+            attachments. This is used for when we pull the examples for the experiment.
+        reuse_attachments (Optional[bool], default=False): Whether to reuse attachments
+            from examples. This is True if we need to reuse attachments across multiple
+            target/evaluator functions.
+        upload_results (Optional[bool], default=True): Whether to upload results
+            to Langsmith.
+        attachment_raw_data_dict (Optional[dict]): A dictionary to store raw data
+            for attachments. Only used if we reuse attachments across multiple
+            target/evaluator functions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: Union[DATA_T, AsyncIterable[schemas.Example]],
+        /,
+        experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        runs: Optional[Union[Iterable[schemas.Run], AsyncIterable[schemas.Run]]] = None,
+        client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+        evaluation_results: Optional[AsyncIterable[EvaluationResults]] = None,
+        summary_results: Optional[AsyncIterable[EvaluationResults]] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        num_repetitions: int = 1,
+        include_attachments: bool = False,
+        reuse_attachments: bool = False,
+        upload_results: bool = True,
+        attachment_raw_data_dict: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            experiment=experiment,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            client=client,
+            description=description,
+        )
+        self._data = data
+        self._examples: Optional[AsyncIterable[schemas.Example]] = None
+        self._runs = (
+            aitertools.ensure_async_iterator(runs) if runs is not None else None
+        )
+        self._evaluation_results = evaluation_results
+        self._summary_results = summary_results
+        self._num_repetitions = num_repetitions
+        self._include_attachments = include_attachments
+        self._reuse_attachments = reuse_attachments
+        self._upload_results = upload_results
+        self._attachment_raw_data_dict = attachment_raw_data_dict
+
+    def _reset_example_attachments(self, example: schemas.Example) -> schemas.Example:
+        """Reset attachment readers for an example.
+
+        This is only in the case that an attachment is going to be used by more
+        than 1 callable (target + evaluators). In that case we keep a single copy
+        of the attachment data in self._attachment_raw_data_dict, and create
+        readers from that data. This makes it so that we don't have to keep
+        copies of the same data in memory, instead we can just create readers
+        from the same data.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(example, "attachments") or not example.attachments:
+            return example
+
+        new_attachments: dict[str, schemas.AttachmentInfo] = {}
+        for name, attachment in example.attachments.items():
+            if (
+                self._attachment_raw_data_dict is not None
+                and str(example.id) + name in self._attachment_raw_data_dict
+            ):
+                new_attachments[name] = {
+                    "presigned_url": attachment["presigned_url"],
+                    "reader": io.BytesIO(
+                        self._attachment_raw_data_dict[str(example.id) + name]
+                    ),
+                    "mime_type": attachment["mime_type"],
+                }
+            else:
+                new_attachments[name] = attachment
+
+        # Create a new Example instance with the updated attachments
+        return schemas.Example(
+            id=example.id,
+            created_at=example.created_at,
+            dataset_id=example.dataset_id,
+            inputs=example.inputs,
+            outputs=example.outputs,
+            metadata=example.metadata,
+            modified_at=example.modified_at,
+            runs=example.runs,
+            source_run_id=example.source_run_id,
+            attachments=new_attachments,
+            _host_url=example._host_url,
+            _tenant_id=example._tenant_id,
+        )
+
+    async def aget_examples(self) -> AsyncIterator[schemas.Example]:
+        if self._examples is None:
+            self._examples = _aresolve_data(
+                self._data,
+                client=self.client,
+                include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            )
+            if self._reuse_attachments and self._attachment_raw_data_dict is None:
+                examples_copy, self._examples = aitertools.atee(self._examples)
+                self._attachment_raw_data_dict = {
+                    str(e.id) + name: value["reader"].read()
+                    async for e in examples_copy
+                    for name, value in (e.attachments or {}).items()
+                }
+            if self._num_repetitions > 1:
+                examples_list = [example async for example in self._examples]
+                self._examples = async_chain_from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        async_iter_from_list(
+                            [
+                                self._reset_example_attachments(example)
+                                for example in examples_list
+                            ]
+                        )
+                        for _ in range(self._num_repetitions)
+                    ]
+                )
+
+        self._examples, examples_iter = aitertools.atee(
+            aitertools.ensure_async_iterator(self._examples), 2, lock=asyncio.Lock()
+        )
+        return examples_iter
+
+    async def get_dataset_id(self) -> str:
+        if self._experiment is None or not getattr(
+            self._experiment, "reference_dataset_id", None
+        ):
+            example = await aitertools.py_anext(await self.aget_examples())
+            if example is None:
+                raise ValueError("No examples found in the dataset.")
+            return str(example.dataset_id)
+        return str(self._experiment.reference_dataset_id)
+
+    async def aget_runs(self) -> AsyncIterator[schemas.Run]:
+        if self._runs is None:
+            raise ValueError("Runs not loaded yet.")
+        self._runs, runs = aitertools.atee(
+            aitertools.ensure_async_iterator(self._runs), 2, lock=asyncio.Lock()
+        )
+        async for run in runs:
+            yield run
+
+    async def aget_evaluation_results(self) -> AsyncIterator[EvaluationResults]:
+        if self._evaluation_results is None:
+            async for _ in await self.aget_examples():
+                yield {"results": []}
+        else:
+            self._evaluation_results, evaluation_results = aitertools.atee(
+                aitertools.ensure_async_iterator(self._evaluation_results),
+                2,
+                lock=asyncio.Lock(),
+            )
+            async for result in evaluation_results:
+                yield result
+
+    async def astart(self) -> _AsyncExperimentManager:
+        try:
+            first_example = await aitertools.py_anext(await self.aget_examples())
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No examples found in the dataset. "
+                "Please ensure the data provided to aevaluate is not empty."
+            )
+        if not first_example:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "No examples found in the dataset."
+                "Please ensure the data provided to aevaluate is not empty."
+            )
+        project = self._get_project(first_example) if self._upload_results else None
+        self._print_experiment_start(project, first_example)
+        self._metadata["num_repetitions"] = self._num_repetitions
+        return self.__class__(
+            await self.aget_examples(),
+            experiment=project,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=self._runs,
+            evaluation_results=self._evaluation_results,
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            reuse_attachments=self._reuse_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+            attachment_raw_data_dict=self._attachment_raw_data_dict,
+        )
+
+    def _get_example_with_readers(self, example: schemas.Example) -> schemas.Example:
+        new_attachments: dict[str, schemas.AttachmentInfo] = {}
+        for name, attachment in (example.attachments or {}).items():
+            if (
+                self._attachment_raw_data_dict is not None
+                and str(example.id) + name in self._attachment_raw_data_dict
+            ):
+                reader = io.BytesIO(
+                    self._attachment_raw_data_dict[str(example.id) + name]
+                )
+                new_attachments[name] = {
+                    "presigned_url": attachment["presigned_url"],
+                    "reader": reader,
+                    "mime_type": attachment["mime_type"],
+                }
+            else:
+                new_attachments[name] = attachment
+
+        return schemas.Example(
+            id=example.id,
+            created_at=example.created_at,
+            dataset_id=example.dataset_id,
+            inputs=example.inputs,
+            outputs=example.outputs,
+            metadata=example.metadata,
+            modified_at=example.modified_at,
+            runs=example.runs,
+            source_run_id=example.source_run_id,
+            attachments=new_attachments,
+            _host_url=example._host_url,
+            _tenant_id=example._tenant_id,
+        )
+
+    async def awith_predictions_and_evaluators(
+        self,
+        target: ATARGET_T,
+        evaluators: Sequence[Union[EVALUATOR_T, AEVALUATOR_T]],
+        /,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> _AsyncExperimentManager:
+        """Run predictions and evaluations in a single pipeline.
+
+        This allows evaluators to process results as soon as they're available from
+        the target function, rather than waiting for all predictions to complete first.
+        """
+        evaluators = _resolve_evaluators(evaluators)
+
+        if not hasattr(self, "_evaluation_feedback_executor"):
+            self._evaluation_feedback_executor = cf.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
+
+        traceable_target = _ensure_async_traceable(target)
+
+        async def process_example(example: schemas.Example):
+            # Yield the coroutine to be awaited later
+            pred = await _aforward(
+                traceable_target,
+                self._get_example_with_readers(example),
+                self.experiment_name,
+                self._metadata,
+                self.client,
+                _target_include_attachments(target),
+            )
+            example, run = pred["example"], pred["run"]
+            result = await self._arun_evaluators(
+                evaluators,
+                {
+                    "run": run,
+                    "example": example,
+                    "evaluation_results": {"results": []},
+                },
+                feedback_executor=self._evaluation_feedback_executor,
+            )
+            return result
+
+        async def process_examples():
+            """Create a single task per example.
+
+            That task is to run the target function and all the evaluators
+            sequentially.
+            """
+            async for example in await self.aget_examples():
+                yield process_example(example)
+
+            await self._aend()
+
+        # Run the per-example tasks with max-concurrency
+        # This guarantees that max_concurrency is the upper limit
+        # for the number of target/evaluators that can be run in parallel
+        experiment_results = aitertools.aiter_with_concurrency(
+            max_concurrency,
+            process_examples(),
+            _eager_consumption_timeout=0.001,
+        )
+
+        r1, r2, r3 = aitertools.atee(experiment_results, 3, lock=asyncio.Lock())
+
+        return _AsyncExperimentManager(
+            (result["example"] async for result in r1),
+            experiment=self._experiment,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=(result["run"] async for result in r2),
+            evaluation_results=(result["evaluation_results"] async for result in r3),
+            summary_results=self._summary_results,
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+        )
+
+    async def awith_predictions(
+        self,
+        target: ATARGET_T,
+        /,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> _AsyncExperimentManager:
+        _experiment_results = self._apredict(
+            target,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            include_attachments=_target_include_attachments(target),
+        )
+        r1, r2 = aitertools.atee(_experiment_results, 2, lock=asyncio.Lock())
+        return _AsyncExperimentManager(
+            (pred["example"] async for pred in r1),
+            experiment=self._experiment,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=(pred["run"] async for pred in r2),
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+        )
+
+    async def awith_evaluators(
+        self,
+        evaluators: Sequence[Union[EVALUATOR_T, AEVALUATOR_T]],
+        *,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> _AsyncExperimentManager:
+        evaluators = _resolve_evaluators(evaluators)
+        experiment_results = self._ascore(evaluators, max_concurrency=max_concurrency)
+        r1, r2, r3 = aitertools.atee(experiment_results, 3, lock=asyncio.Lock())
+        return _AsyncExperimentManager(
+            (result["example"] async for result in r1),
+            experiment=self._experiment,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=(result["run"] async for result in r2),
+            evaluation_results=(result["evaluation_results"] async for result in r3),
+            summary_results=self._summary_results,
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+        )
+
+    async def awith_summary_evaluators(
+        self,
+        summary_evaluators: Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T],
+    ) -> _AsyncExperimentManager:
+        wrapped_evaluators = _wrap_summary_evaluators(summary_evaluators)
+        aggregate_feedback_gen = self._aapply_summary_evaluators(wrapped_evaluators)
+        return _AsyncExperimentManager(
+            await self.aget_examples(),
+            experiment=self._experiment,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=self.aget_runs(),
+            evaluation_results=self._evaluation_results,
+            summary_results=aggregate_feedback_gen,
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+        )
+
+    async def aget_results(self) -> AsyncIterator[ExperimentResultRow]:
+        async for run, example, evaluation_results in aitertools.async_zip(
+            self.aget_runs(), await self.aget_examples(), self.aget_evaluation_results()
+        ):
+            yield ExperimentResultRow(
+                run=run,
+                example=example,
+                evaluation_results=evaluation_results,
+            )
+
+    async def aget_summary_scores(self) -> dict[str, list[dict]]:
+        if self._summary_results is None:
+            return {"results": []}
+        return {
+            "results": [
+                res  # type: ignore[misc]
+                async for results in self._summary_results
+                for res in results["results"]
+            ]
+        }
+
+    ## Private methods
+
+    async def _apredict(
+        self,
+        target: ATARGET_T,
+        /,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+        include_attachments: bool = False,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[_ForwardResults]:
+        fn = _ensure_async_traceable(target)
+
+        async def predict_all():
+            async for example in await self.aget_examples():
+                # Yield the coroutine to be awaited later
+                yield _aforward(
+                    fn,
+                    self._get_example_with_readers(example),
+                    self.experiment_name,
+                    self._metadata,
+                    self.client,
+                    include_attachments,
+                )
+
+        async for result in aitertools.aiter_with_concurrency(
+            max_concurrency, predict_all(), _eager_consumption_timeout=0.001
+        ):
+            yield result
+
+        await self._aend()
+
+    async def _ascore(
+        self,
+        evaluators: Sequence[RunEvaluator],
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[ExperimentResultRow]:
+        with cf.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as feedback_executor:
+
+            async def score_all():
+                async for current_results in self.aget_results():
+                    # Yield the coroutine to be awaited later in aiter_with_concurrency
+                    yield self._arun_evaluators(
+                        evaluators, current_results, feedback_executor=feedback_executor
+                    )
+
+            async for result in aitertools.aiter_with_concurrency(
+                max_concurrency, score_all(), _eager_consumption_timeout=0.001
+            ):
+                yield result
+
+    async def _arun_evaluators(
+        self,
+        evaluators: Sequence[RunEvaluator],
+        current_results: ExperimentResultRow,
+        feedback_executor: cf.ThreadPoolExecutor,
+    ) -> ExperimentResultRow:
+        current_context = rh.get_tracing_context()
+        metadata = {
+            **(current_context["metadata"] or {}),
+            **{"experiment": self.experiment_name},
+        }
+        with rh.tracing_context(
+            **{
+                **current_context,
+                "project_name": "evaluators",
+                "metadata": metadata,
+                "enabled": "local" if not self._upload_results else True,
+                "client": self.client,
+            }
+        ):
+            run = current_results["run"]
+            example = current_results["example"]
+            eval_results = current_results["evaluation_results"]
+
+            async def _run_single_evaluator(evaluator: RunEvaluator):
+                evaluator_run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+                try:
+                    evaluator_response = await evaluator.aevaluate_run(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                        run=run,
+                        example=self._get_example_with_readers(example),
+                        evaluator_run_id=evaluator_run_id,
+                    )
+                    selected_results = self.client._select_eval_results(
+                        evaluator_response
+                    )
+
+                    if self._upload_results:
+                        self.client._log_evaluation_feedback(
+                            evaluator_response, run=run, _executor=feedback_executor
+                        )
+                    return selected_results
+                except Exception as e:
+                    try:
+                        feedback_keys = _extract_feedback_keys(evaluator)
+
+                        error_response = EvaluationResults(
+                            results=[
+                                EvaluationResult(
+                                    key=key,
+                                    source_run_id=evaluator_run_id,
+                                    comment=repr(e),
+                                    extra={"error": True},
+                                )
+                                for key in feedback_keys
+                            ]
+                        )
+                        selected_results = self.client._select_eval_results(
+                            error_response
+                        )
+                        if self._upload_results:
+                            self.client._log_evaluation_feedback(
+                                error_response, run=run, _executor=feedback_executor
+                            )
+                        return selected_results
+                    except Exception as e2:
+                        logger.debug(f"Error parsing feedback keys: {e2}")
+                        pass
+                    logger.error(
+                        f"Error running evaluator {repr(evaluator)} on"
+                        f" run {run.id}: {repr(e)}",
+                        exc_info=True,
+                    )
+
+            all_results = []
+            for evaluator in evaluators:
+                all_results.append(await _run_single_evaluator(evaluator))
+
+            for result in all_results:
+                if result is not None:
+                    eval_results["results"].extend(result)
+            return ExperimentResultRow(
+                run=run,
+                example=example,
+                evaluation_results=eval_results,
+            )
+
+    async def _aapply_summary_evaluators(
+        self, summary_evaluators: Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[EvaluationResults]:
+        runs, examples = [], []
+        async_examples = aitertools.ensure_async_iterator(await self.aget_examples())
+        async for run, example in aitertools.async_zip(
+            self.aget_runs(), async_examples
+        ):
+            runs.append(run)
+            examples.append(example)
+        aggregate_feedback = []
+        project_id = self._get_experiment().id if self._upload_results else None
+        current_context = rh.get_tracing_context()
+        metadata = {
+            **(current_context["metadata"] or {}),
+            **{
+                "experiment": self.experiment_name,
+                "experiment_id": project_id,
+            },
+        }
+        with rh.tracing_context(
+            **{
+                **current_context,
+                "project_name": "evaluators",
+                "metadata": metadata,
+                "enabled": "local" if not self._upload_results else True,
+                "client": self.client,
+            }
+        ):
+            for evaluator in summary_evaluators:
+                try:
+                    summary_eval_result = evaluator(runs, examples)
+                    flattened_results = self.client._select_eval_results(
+                        summary_eval_result,
+                        fn_name=evaluator.__name__,
+                    )
+                    aggregate_feedback.extend(flattened_results)
+                    if self._upload_results:
+                        for result in flattened_results:
+                            feedback = result.dict(exclude={"target_run_id"})
+                            evaluator_info = feedback.pop("evaluator_info", None)
+                            await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                                self.client.create_feedback,
+                                **feedback,
+                                run_id=None,
+                                project_id=project_id,
+                                source_info=evaluator_info,
+                            )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.error(
+                        f"Error running summary evaluator {repr(evaluator)}: {e}",
+                        exc_info=True,
+                    )
+        yield {"results": aggregate_feedback}
+
+    async def _get_dataset_version(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        modified_at = []
+        async for example in await self.aget_examples():
+            if example.modified_at:
+                # Should always be defined in practice when fetched,
+                # but the typing permits None
+                modified_at.append(example.modified_at)
+
+        max_modified_at = max(modified_at) if modified_at else None
+        return max_modified_at.isoformat() if max_modified_at else None
+
+    async def _get_dataset_splits(self) -> Optional[list[str]]:
+        splits = set()
+        async for example in await self.aget_examples():
+            if (
+                example.metadata
+                and example.metadata.get("dataset_split")
+                and isinstance(example.metadata["dataset_split"], list)
+            ):
+                for split in example.metadata["dataset_split"]:
+                    if isinstance(split, str):
+                        splits.add(split)
+            else:
+                splits.add("base")
+
+        return list(splits)
+
+    async def _aend(self) -> None:
+        if not self._upload_results:
+            return
+        experiment = self._experiment
+        if experiment is None:
+            raise ValueError("Experiment not started yet.")
+
+        project_metadata = self._get_experiment_metadata()
+        project_metadata["dataset_version"] = await self._get_dataset_version()
+        project_metadata["dataset_splits"] = await self._get_dataset_splits()
+        self.client.update_project(
+            experiment.id,
+            metadata={
+                **experiment.metadata,
+                **project_metadata,
+            },
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncExperimentResults:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        experiment_manager: _AsyncExperimentManager,
+    ):
+        self._manager = experiment_manager
+        self._results: list[ExperimentResultRow] = []
+        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._task = asyncio.create_task(self._process_data(self._manager))
+        self._processed_count = 0
+
+    @property
+    def experiment_name(self) -> str:
+        return self._manager.experiment_name
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[ExperimentResultRow]:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> ExperimentResultRow:
+        async def _wait_until_index(index: int) -> None:
+            while self._processed_count < index:
+                await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+
+        while True:
+            async with self._lock:
+                if self._processed_count < len(self._results):
+                    result = self._results[self._processed_count]
+                    self._processed_count += 1
+                    return result
+                elif self._task.done():
+                    raise StopAsyncIteration
+
+            await asyncio.shield(
+                asyncio.wait_for(_wait_until_index(len(self._results)), timeout=None)
+            )
+
+    async def _process_data(self, manager: _AsyncExperimentManager) -> None:
+        tqdm = _load_tqdm()
+        async for item in tqdm(manager.aget_results()):
+            async with self._lock:
+                self._results.append(item)
+        summary_scores = await manager.aget_summary_scores()
+        async with self._lock:
+            self._summary_results = summary_scores
+
+    def to_pandas(
+        self, start: Optional[int] = 0, end: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> DataFrame:
+        return _to_pandas(self._results, start=start, end=end)
+
+    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
+        import importlib.util
+
+        if self._results and importlib.util.find_spec("pandas"):
+            df = self.to_pandas(0, 5)
+            return df._repr_html_()  # type: ignore[operator]
+        else:
+            return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._results)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<AsyncExperimentResults {self.experiment_name}>"
+
+    async def wait(self) -> None:
+        await self._task
+
+
+async def _aforward(
+    fn: rh.SupportsLangsmithExtra[[dict], Awaitable],
+    example: schemas.Example,
+    experiment_name: str,
+    metadata: dict,
+    client: langsmith.Client,
+    include_attachments: bool = False,
+) -> _ForwardResults:
+    run: Optional[schemas.RunBase] = None
+
+    def _get_run(r: run_trees.RunTree) -> None:
+        nonlocal run
+        run = r
+
+    with rh.tracing_context(enabled=True):
+        try:
+            arg_names = _get_target_args(fn)
+            args = [getattr(example, argn) for argn in arg_names]
+            await fn(
+                *args,
+                langsmith_extra=rh.LangSmithExtra(
+                    reference_example_id=example.id,
+                    on_end=_get_run,
+                    project_name=experiment_name,
+                    metadata={
+                        **metadata,
+                        "example_version": (
+                            example.modified_at.isoformat()
+                            if example.modified_at
+                            else example.created_at.isoformat()
+                        ),
+                    },
+                    client=client,
+                ),
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(
+                f"Error running target function: {e}", exc_info=True, stacklevel=1
+            )
+        return _ForwardResults(
+            run=cast(schemas.Run, run),
+            example=example,
+        )
+
+
+def _ensure_async_traceable(
+    target: ATARGET_T,
+) -> rh.SupportsLangsmithExtra[[dict], Awaitable]:
+    if not asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(target) and not _is_langchain_runnable(target):
+        if callable(target):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Target must be an async function. For sync functions, use evaluate."
+                " Example usage:\n\n"
+                "async def predict(inputs: dict) -> dict:\n"
+                "    # do work, like chain.invoke(inputs)\n"
+                "    return {...}\n"
+                "await aevaluate(predict, ...)"
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Target must be a callable async function. "
+                "Received a non-callable object. Example usage:\n\n"
+                "async def predict(inputs: dict) -> dict:\n"
+                "    # do work, like chain.invoke(inputs)\n"
+                "    return {...}\n"
+                "await aevaluate(predict, ...)"
+            )
+    if rh.is_traceable_function(target):
+        return target  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        if _is_langchain_runnable(target):
+            target = target.ainvoke  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        return rh.traceable(name="AsyncTarget")(target)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+def _aresolve_data(
+    data: Union[DATA_T, AsyncIterable[schemas.Example]],
+    *,
+    client: langsmith.Client,
+    include_attachments: bool = False,
+) -> AsyncIterator[schemas.Example]:
+    """Return the examples for the given dataset."""
+    if isinstance(data, AsyncIterable):
+        return aitertools.ensure_async_iterator(data)
+    return aitertools.ensure_async_iterator(
+        _resolve_data(data, client=client, include_attachments=include_attachments)
+    )
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+async def async_chain_from_iterable(
+    iterable: Iterable[AsyncIterable[T]],
+) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+    """Chain multiple async iterables."""
+    for sub_iterable in iterable:
+        async for item in sub_iterable:
+            yield item
+
+
+async def async_iter_from_list(
+    examples: list[schemas.Example],
+) -> AsyncIterable[schemas.Example]:
+    """Convert a list of examples to an async iterable."""
+    for example in examples:
+        yield example
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_name_generation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_name_generation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..191c7463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_name_generation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+import random
+
+adjectives = [
+    "abandoned",
+    "aching",
+    "advanced",
+    "ample",
+    "artistic",
+    "back",
+    "best",
+    "bold",
+    "brief",
+    "clear",
+    "cold",
+    "complicated",
+    "cooked",
+    "crazy",
+    "crushing",
+    "damp",
+    "dear",
+    "definite",
+    "dependable",
+    "diligent",
+    "drab",
+    "earnest",
+    "elderly",
+    "enchanted",
+    "essential",
+    "excellent",
+    "extraneous",
+    "fixed",
+    "flowery",
+    "formal",
+    "fresh",
+    "frosty",
+    "giving",
+    "glossy",
+    "healthy",
+    "helpful",
+    "impressionable",
+    "kind",
+    "large",
+    "left",
+    "long",
+    "loyal",
+    "mealy",
+    "memorable",
+    "monthly",
+    "new",
+    "notable",
+    "only",
+    "ordinary",
+    "passionate",
+    "perfect",
+    "pertinent",
+    "proper",
+    "puzzled",
+    "reflecting",
+    "respectful",
+    "roasted",
+    "scholarly",
+    "shiny",
+    "slight",
+    "sparkling",
+    "spotless",
+    "stupendous",
+    "sunny",
+    "tart",
+    "terrific",
+    "timely",
+    "unique",
+    "upbeat",
+    "vacant",
+    "virtual",
+    "warm",
+    "weary",
+    "whispered",
+    "worthwhile",
+    "yellow",
+]
+
+nouns = [
+    "account",
+    "acknowledgment",
+    "address",
+    "advertising",
+    "airplane",
+    "animal",
+    "appointment",
+    "arrival",
+    "artist",
+    "attachment",
+    "attitude",
+    "availability",
+    "backpack",
+    "bag",
+    "balance",
+    "bass",
+    "bean",
+    "beauty",
+    "bibliography",
+    "bill",
+    "bite",
+    "blossom",
+    "boat",
+    "book",
+    "box",
+    "boy",
+    "bread",
+    "bridge",
+    "broccoli",
+    "building",
+    "butter",
+    "button",
+    "cabbage",
+    "cake",
+    "camera",
+    "camp",
+    "candle",
+    "candy",
+    "canvas",
+    "car",
+    "card",
+    "carrot",
+    "cart",
+    "case",
+    "cat",
+    "chain",
+    "chair",
+    "chalk",
+    "chance",
+    "change",
+    "channel",
+    "character",
+    "charge",
+    "charm",
+    "chart",
+    "check",
+    "cheek",
+    "cheese",
+    "chef",
+    "cherry",
+    "chicken",
+    "child",
+    "church",
+    "circle",
+    "class",
+    "clay",
+    "click",
+    "clock",
+    "cloth",
+    "cloud",
+    "clove",
+    "club",
+    "coach",
+    "coal",
+    "coast",
+    "coat",
+    "cod",
+    "coffee",
+    "collar",
+    "color",
+    "comb",
+    "comfort",
+    "comic",
+    "committee",
+    "community",
+    "company",
+    "comparison",
+    "competition",
+    "condition",
+    "connection",
+    "control",
+    "cook",
+    "copper",
+    "copy",
+    "corn",
+    "cough",
+    "country",
+    "cover",
+    "crate",
+    "crayon",
+    "cream",
+    "creator",
+    "crew",
+    "crown",
+    "current",
+    "curtain",
+    "curve",
+    "cushion",
+    "dad",
+    "daughter",
+    "day",
+    "death",
+    "debt",
+    "decision",
+    "deer",
+    "degree",
+    "design",
+    "desire",
+    "desk",
+    "detail",
+    "development",
+    "digestion",
+    "dime",
+    "dinner",
+    "direction",
+    "dirt",
+    "discovery",
+    "discussion",
+    "disease",
+    "disgust",
+    "distance",
+    "distribution",
+    "division",
+    "doctor",
+    "dog",
+    "door",
+    "drain",
+    "drawer",
+    "dress",
+    "drink",
+    "driving",
+    "dust",
+    "ear",
+    "earth",
+    "edge",
+    "education",
+    "effect",
+    "egg",
+    "end",
+    "energy",
+    "engine",
+    "error",
+    "event",
+    "example",
+    "exchange",
+    "existence",
+    "expansion",
+    "experience",
+    "expert",
+    "eye",
+    "face",
+    "fact",
+    "fall",
+    "family",
+    "farm",
+    "father",
+    "fear",
+    "feeling",
+    "field",
+    "finger",
+    "fire",
+    "fish",
+    "flag",
+    "flight",
+    "floor",
+    "flower",
+    "fold",
+    "food",
+    "football",
+    "force",
+    "form",
+    "frame",
+    "friend",
+    "frog",
+    "fruit",
+    "fuel",
+    "furniture",
+    "game",
+    "garden",
+    "gate",
+    "girl",
+    "glass",
+    "glove",
+    "goat",
+    "gold",
+    "government",
+    "grade",
+    "grain",
+    "grass",
+    "green",
+    "grip",
+    "group",
+    "growth",
+    "guide",
+    "guitar",
+    "hair",
+    "hall",
+    "hand",
+    "harbor",
+    "harmony",
+    "hat",
+    "head",
+    "health",
+    "heart",
+    "heat",
+    "hill",
+    "history",
+    "hobbies",
+    "hole",
+    "hope",
+    "horn",
+    "horse",
+    "hospital",
+    "hour",
+    "house",
+    "humor",
+    "idea",
+    "impulse",
+    "income",
+    "increase",
+    "industry",
+    "ink",
+    "insect",
+    "instrument",
+    "insurance",
+    "interest",
+    "invention",
+    "iron",
+    "island",
+    "jelly",
+    "jet",
+    "jewel",
+    "join",
+    "judge",
+    "juice",
+    "jump",
+    "kettle",
+    "key",
+    "kick",
+    "kiss",
+    "kitten",
+    "knee",
+    "knife",
+    "knowledge",
+    "land",
+    "language",
+    "laugh",
+    "law",
+    "lead",
+    "learning",
+    "leather",
+    "leg",
+    "lettuce",
+    "level",
+    "library",
+    "lift",
+    "light",
+    "limit",
+    "line",
+    "linen",
+    "lip",
+    "liquid",
+    "list",
+    "look",
+    "loss",
+    "love",
+    "lunch",
+    "machine",
+    "man",
+    "manager",
+    "map",
+    "marble",
+    "mark",
+    "market",
+    "mass",
+    "match",
+    "meal",
+    "measure",
+    "meat",
+    "meeting",
+    "memory",
+    "metal",
+    "middle",
+    "milk",
+    "mind",
+    "mine",
+    "minute",
+    "mist",
+    "mitten",
+    "mom",
+    "money",
+    "monkey",
+    "month",
+    "moon",
+    "morning",
+    "mother",
+    "motion",
+    "mountain",
+    "mouth",
+    "muscle",
+    "music",
+    "nail",
+    "name",
+    "nation",
+    "neck",
+    "need",
+    "news",
+    "night",
+    "noise",
+    "note",
+    "number",
+    "nut",
+    "observation",
+    "offer",
+    "oil",
+    "operation",
+    "opinion",
+    "orange",
+    "order",
+    "organization",
+    "ornament",
+    "oven",
+    "page",
+    "pail",
+    "pain",
+    "paint",
+    "pan",
+    "pancake",
+    "paper",
+    "parcel",
+    "parent",
+    "part",
+    "passenger",
+    "paste",
+    "payment",
+    "peace",
+    "pear",
+    "pen",
+    "pencil",
+    "person",
+    "pest",
+    "pet",
+    "picture",
+    "pie",
+    "pin",
+    "pipe",
+    "pizza",
+    "place",
+    "plane",
+    "plant",
+    "plastic",
+    "plate",
+    "play",
+    "pleasure",
+    "plot",
+    "plough",
+    "pocket",
+    "point",
+    "poison",
+    "police",
+    "pollution",
+    "popcorn",
+    "porter",
+    "position",
+    "pot",
+    "potato",
+    "powder",
+    "power",
+    "price",
+    "print",
+    "process",
+    "produce",
+    "product",
+    "profit",
+    "property",
+    "prose",
+    "protest",
+    "pull",
+    "pump",
+    "punishment",
+    "purpose",
+    "push",
+    "quarter",
+    "question",
+    "quiet",
+    "quill",
+    "quilt",
+    "quince",
+    "rabbit",
+    "rail",
+    "rain",
+    "range",
+    "rat",
+    "rate",
+    "ray",
+    "reaction",
+    "reading",
+    "reason",
+    "record",
+    "regret",
+    "relation",
+    "religion",
+    "representative",
+    "request",
+    "respect",
+    "rest",
+    "reward",
+    "rhythm",
+    "rice",
+    "river",
+    "road",
+    "roll",
+    "room",
+    "root",
+    "rose",
+    "route",
+    "rub",
+    "rule",
+    "run",
+    "sack",
+    "sail",
+    "salt",
+    "sand",
+    "scale",
+    "scarecrow",
+    "scarf",
+    "scene",
+    "scent",
+    "school",
+    "science",
+    "scissors",
+    "screw",
+    "sea",
+    "seat",
+    "secretary",
+    "seed",
+    "selection",
+    "self",
+    "sense",
+    "servant",
+    "shade",
+    "shake",
+    "shame",
+    "shape",
+    "sheep",
+    "sheet",
+    "shelf",
+    "ship",
+    "shirt",
+    "shock",
+    "shoe",
+    "shop",
+    "show",
+    "side",
+    "sign",
+    "silk",
+    "sink",
+    "sister",
+    "size",
+    "sky",
+    "sleep",
+    "smash",
+    "smell",
+    "smile",
+    "smoke",
+    "snail",
+    "snake",
+    "sneeze",
+    "snow",
+    "soap",
+    "society",
+    "sock",
+    "soda",
+    "sofa",
+    "son",
+    "song",
+    "sort",
+    "sound",
+    "soup",
+    "space",
+    "spark",
+    "speed",
+    "sponge",
+    "spoon",
+    "spray",
+    "spring",
+    "spy",
+    "square",
+    "stamp",
+    "star",
+    "start",
+    "statement",
+    "station",
+    "steam",
+    "steel",
+    "stem",
+    "step",
+    "stew",
+    "stick",
+    "stitch",
+    "stocking",
+    "stomach",
+    "stone",
+    "stop",
+    "store",
+    "story",
+    "stove",
+    "stranger",
+    "straw",
+    "stream",
+    "street",
+    "stretch",
+    "string",
+    "structure",
+    "substance",
+    "sugar",
+    "suggestion",
+    "suit",
+    "summer",
+    "sun",
+    "support",
+    "surprise",
+    "sweater",
+    "swim",
+    "system",
+    "table",
+    "tail",
+    "talk",
+    "tank",
+    "taste",
+    "tax",
+    "tea",
+    "teaching",
+    "team",
+    "tendency",
+    "test",
+    "texture",
+    "theory",
+    "thing",
+    "thought",
+    "thread",
+    "throat",
+    "thumb",
+    "thunder",
+    "ticket",
+    "time",
+    "tin",
+    "title",
+    "toad",
+    "toe",
+    "tooth",
+    "toothpaste",
+    "touch",
+    "town",
+    "toy",
+    "trade",
+    "train",
+    "transport",
+    "tray",
+    "treatment",
+    "tree",
+    "trick",
+    "trip",
+    "trouble",
+    "trousers",
+    "truck",
+    "tub",
+    "turkey",
+    "turn",
+    "twist",
+    "umbrella",
+    "uncle",
+    "underwear",
+    "unit",
+    "use",
+    "vacation",
+    "value",
+    "van",
+    "vase",
+    "vegetable",
+    "veil",
+    "vein",
+    "verse",
+    "vessel",
+    "view",
+    "visitor",
+    "voice",
+    "volcano",
+    "walk",
+    "wall",
+    "war",
+    "wash",
+    "waste",
+    "watch",
+    "water",
+    "wave",
+    "wax",
+    "way",
+    "wealth",
+    "weather",
+    "week",
+    "weight",
+    "wheel",
+    "whip",
+    "whistle",
+    "window",
+    "wine",
+    "wing",
+    "winter",
+    "wire",
+    "wish",
+    "woman",
+    "wood",
+    "wool",
+    "word",
+    "work",
+    "worm",
+    "wound",
+    "wrist",
+    "writer",
+    "yard",
+    "yoke",
+    "zebra",
+    "zinc",
+    "zipper",
+    "zone",
+]
+
+
+def random_name() -> str:
+    """Generate a random name."""
+    adjective = random.choice(adjectives)
+    noun = random.choice(nouns)
+    number = random.randint(1, 100)
+    return f"{adjective}-{noun}-{number}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_runner.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4b5036c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/_runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2298 @@
+"""V2 Evaluation Interface."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+import collections
+import concurrent.futures as cf
+import functools
+import inspect
+import io
+import itertools
+import logging
+import pathlib
+import queue
+import random
+import textwrap
+import threading
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
+from contextvars import copy_context
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict, overload
+
+import langsmith
+from langsmith import env as ls_env
+from langsmith import run_helpers as rh
+from langsmith import run_trees as rt
+from langsmith import schemas
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith._internal._beta_decorator import _warn_once
+from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import (
+    SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T,
+    ComparisonEvaluationResult,
+    DynamicComparisonRunEvaluator,
+    DynamicRunEvaluator,
+    EvaluationResult,
+    EvaluationResults,
+    RunEvaluator,
+    _normalize_summary_evaluator,
+    comparison_evaluator,
+    run_evaluator,
+)
+from langsmith.evaluation.integrations import LangChainStringEvaluator
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pd
+    from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+    DataFrame = pd.DataFrame
+else:
+    DataFrame = Any
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+TARGET_T = Union[Callable[[dict], dict], Callable[[dict, dict], dict]]
+# Data format: dataset-name, dataset_id, or examples
+DATA_T = Union[str, uuid.UUID, Iterable[schemas.Example], schemas.Dataset]
+# Summary evaluator runs over the whole dataset
+# and reports aggregate metric(s)
+# Row-level evaluator
+EVALUATOR_T = Union[
+    RunEvaluator,
+    Callable[
+        [schemas.Run, Optional[schemas.Example]],
+        Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults],
+    ],
+    Callable[..., Union[dict, EvaluationResults, EvaluationResult]],
+]
+AEVALUATOR_T = Union[
+    Callable[
+        [schemas.Run, Optional[schemas.Example]],
+        Awaitable[Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]],
+    ],
+]
+EXPERIMENT_T = Union[str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession]
+
+
+@overload
+def evaluate(
+    target: Union[TARGET_T, Runnable, EXPERIMENT_T],
+    /,
+    data: Optional[DATA_T] = None,
+    evaluators: Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+    num_repetitions: int = 1,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+    experiment: Optional[EXPERIMENT_T] = None,
+    upload_results: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> ExperimentResults: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def evaluate(
+    target: Union[tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T]],
+    /,
+    data: Optional[DATA_T] = None,
+    evaluators: Optional[Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+    num_repetitions: int = 1,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+    experiment: Optional[EXPERIMENT_T] = None,
+    upload_results: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> ComparativeExperimentResults: ...
+
+
+def evaluate(
+    target: Union[TARGET_T, Runnable, EXPERIMENT_T, tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T]],
+    /,
+    data: Optional[DATA_T] = None,
+    evaluators: Optional[
+        Union[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T], Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T]]
+    ] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+    num_repetitions: int = 1,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+    experiment: Optional[EXPERIMENT_T] = None,
+    upload_results: bool = True,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Union[ExperimentResults, ComparativeExperimentResults]:
+    r"""Evaluate a target system on a given dataset.
+
+    Args:
+        target (TARGET_T | Runnable | EXPERIMENT_T | Tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T]):
+            The target system or experiment(s) to evaluate. Can be a function
+            that takes a dict and returns a dict, a langchain Runnable, an
+            existing experiment ID, or a two-tuple of experiment IDs.
+        data (DATA_T): The dataset to evaluate on. Can be a dataset name, a list of
+            examples, or a generator of examples.
+        evaluators (Sequence[EVALUATOR_T] | Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T] | None):
+            A list of evaluators to run on each example. The evaluator signature
+            depends on the target type. Default to None.
+        summary_evaluators (Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T] | None): A list of summary
+            evaluators to run on the entire dataset. Should not be specified if
+            comparing two existing experiments. Defaults to None.
+        metadata (dict | None): Metadata to attach to the experiment.
+            Defaults to None.
+        experiment_prefix (str | None): A prefix to provide for your experiment name.
+            Defaults to None.
+        description (str | None): A free-form text description for the experiment.
+        max_concurrency (int | None): The maximum number of concurrent
+            evaluations to run. If None then no limit is set. If 0 then no concurrency.
+            Defaults to 0.
+        client (langsmith.Client | None): The LangSmith client to use.
+            Defaults to None.
+        blocking (bool): Whether to block until the evaluation is complete.
+            Defaults to True.
+        num_repetitions (int): The number of times to run the evaluation.
+            Each item in the dataset will be run and evaluated this many times.
+            Defaults to 1.
+        experiment (schemas.TracerSession | None): An existing experiment to
+            extend. If provided, experiment_prefix is ignored. For advanced
+            usage only. Should not be specified if target is an existing experiment or
+            two-tuple fo experiments.
+        load_nested (bool): Whether to load all child runs for the experiment.
+            Default is to only load the top-level root runs. Should only be specified
+            when target is an existing experiment or two-tuple of experiments.
+        randomize_order (bool): Whether to randomize the order of the outputs for each
+            evaluation. Default is False. Should only be specified when target is a
+            two-tuple of existing experiments.
+
+    Returns:
+        ExperimentResults: If target is a function, Runnable, or existing experiment.
+        ComparativeExperimentResults: If target is a two-tuple of existing experiments.
+
+    Examples:
+        Prepare the dataset:
+
+        >>> from typing import Sequence
+        >>> from langsmith import Client
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import evaluate
+        >>> from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+        >>> client = Client()
+        >>> dataset = client.clone_public_dataset(
+        ...     "https://smith.langchain.com/public/419dcab2-1d66-4b94-8901-0357ead390df/d"
+        ... )
+        >>> dataset_name = "Evaluate Examples"
+
+        Basic usage:
+
+        >>> def accuracy(run: Run, example: Example):
+        ...     # Row-level evaluator for accuracy.
+        ...     pred = run.outputs["output"]
+        ...     expected = example.outputs["answer"]
+        ...     return {"score": expected.lower() == pred.lower()}
+        >>> def precision(runs: Sequence[Run], examples: Sequence[Example]):
+        ...     # Experiment-level evaluator for precision.
+        ...     # TP / (TP + FP)
+        ...     predictions = [run.outputs["output"].lower() for run in runs]
+        ...     expected = [example.outputs["answer"].lower() for example in examples]
+        ...     # yes and no are the only possible answers
+        ...     tp = sum([p == e for p, e in zip(predictions, expected) if p == "yes"])
+        ...     fp = sum([p == "yes" and e == "no" for p, e in zip(predictions, expected)])
+        ...     return {"score": tp / (tp + fp)}
+        >>> def predict(inputs: dict) -> dict:
+        ...     # This can be any function or just an API call to your app.
+        ...     return {"output": "Yes"}
+        >>> results = evaluate(
+        ...     predict,
+        ...     data=dataset_name,
+        ...     evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...     summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...     experiment_prefix="My Experiment",
+        ...     description="Evaluating the accuracy of a simple prediction model.",
+        ...     metadata={
+        ...         "my-prompt-version": "abcd-1234",
+        ...     },
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        Evaluating over only a subset of the examples
+
+        >>> experiment_name = results.experiment_name
+        >>> examples = client.list_examples(dataset_name=dataset_name, limit=5)
+        >>> results = evaluate(
+        ...     predict,
+        ...     data=examples,
+        ...     evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...     summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...     experiment_prefix="My Experiment",
+        ...     description="Just testing a subset synchronously.",
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        Streaming each prediction to more easily + eagerly debug.
+
+        >>> results = evaluate(
+        ...     predict,
+        ...     data=dataset_name,
+        ...     evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...     summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ...     description="I don't even have to block!",
+        ...     blocking=False,
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+        >>> for i, result in enumerate(results):  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        ...     pass
+
+        Using the `evaluate` API with an off-the-shelf LangChain evaluator:
+
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import LangChainStringEvaluator
+        >>> from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+        >>> def prepare_criteria_data(run: Run, example: Example):
+        ...     return {
+        ...         "prediction": run.outputs["output"],
+        ...         "reference": example.outputs["answer"],
+        ...         "input": str(example.inputs),
+        ...     }
+        >>> results = evaluate(
+        ...     predict,
+        ...     data=dataset_name,
+        ...     evaluators=[
+        ...         accuracy,
+        ...         LangChainStringEvaluator("embedding_distance"),
+        ...         LangChainStringEvaluator(
+        ...             "labeled_criteria",
+        ...             config={
+        ...                 "criteria": {
+        ...                     "usefulness": "The prediction is useful if it is correct"
+        ...                     " and/or asks a useful followup question."
+        ...                 },
+        ...                 "llm": ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o"),
+        ...             },
+        ...             prepare_data=prepare_criteria_data,
+        ...         ),
+        ...     ],
+        ...     description="Evaluating with off-the-shelf LangChain evaluators.",
+        ...     summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+        Evaluating a LangChain object:
+
+        >>> from langchain_core.runnables import chain as as_runnable
+        >>> @as_runnable
+        ... def nested_predict(inputs):
+        ...     return {"output": "Yes"}
+        >>> @as_runnable
+        ... def lc_predict(inputs):
+        ...     return nested_predict.invoke(inputs)
+        >>> results = evaluate(
+        ...     lc_predict.invoke,
+        ...     data=dataset_name,
+        ...     evaluators=[accuracy],
+        ...     description="This time we're evaluating a LangChain object.",
+        ...     summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.2.0
+
+        'max_concurrency' default updated from None (no limit on concurrency)
+        to 0 (no concurrency at all).
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if isinstance(target, (str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession)):
+        invalid_args = {
+            "num_repetitions": num_repetitions > 1,
+            "experiment": bool(experiment),
+            "upload_results": not upload_results,
+            "experiment_prefix": bool(experiment_prefix),
+            "data": bool(data),
+        }
+        if any(invalid_args.values()):
+            msg = (
+                f"Received invalid arguments. "
+                f"{tuple(k for k, v in invalid_args.items() if v)} should not be "
+                f"specified when target is an existing experiment."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        target_id = target if isinstance(target, (str, uuid.UUID)) else target.id
+        logger.debug(f"Running evaluation over existing experiment {target_id}...")
+        return evaluate_existing(
+            target,
+            evaluators=cast(Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]], evaluators),
+            summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            client=client,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+    elif isinstance(target, (list, tuple)):
+        invalid_args = {
+            "num_repetitions": num_repetitions > 1,
+            "experiment": bool(experiment),
+            "upload_results": not upload_results,
+            "summary_evaluators": bool(summary_evaluators),
+            "data": bool(data),
+        }
+        if len(target) != 2 or not all(
+            isinstance(t, (str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession)) for t in target
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "Received invalid target. If a tuple is specified it must have length "
+                "2 and each element should by the ID or schemas.TracerSession of an "
+                f"existing experiment. Received {target=}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        elif any(invalid_args.values()):
+            msg = (
+                f"Received invalid arguments. "
+                f"{tuple(k for k, v in invalid_args.items() if v)} should not be "
+                f"specified when target is two existing experiments."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if max_concurrency is not None:
+            kwargs["max_concurrency"] = max_concurrency
+        target_ids = [t if isinstance(t, (str, uuid.UUID)) else t.id for t in target]
+        logger.debug(
+            f"Running pairwise evaluation over existing experiments {target_ids}..."
+        )
+        return evaluate_comparative(
+            target,
+            evaluators=cast(Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T], evaluators or ()),
+            experiment_prefix=experiment_prefix,
+            description=description,
+            client=client,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+    elif kwargs:
+        msg = (
+            f"Received unsupported arguments {kwargs}. These arguments are not "
+            f"supported when creating a new experiment."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif not data:
+        msg = "Must specify 'data' when running evaluations over a target function."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif callable(target) and rh.is_async(target):
+        msg = (
+            "Async functions are not supported by `evaluate`. "
+            "Please use `aevaluate` instead:\n\n"
+            "from langsmith import aevaluate\n\n"
+            "await aevaluate(\n"
+            "    async_target_function,\n"
+            "    data=data,\n"
+            "    evaluators=evaluators,\n"
+            "    # ... other parameters\n"
+            ")"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif experiment and experiment_prefix:
+        msg = (
+            "Expected at most one of 'experiment' or 'experiment_prefix',"
+            " but both were provided. "
+            f"Got: experiment={experiment}, experiment_prefix={experiment_prefix}"
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    else:
+        if not upload_results:
+            _warn_once("'upload_results' parameter is in beta.")
+        logger.debug(f"Running evaluation over target system {target}...")
+        return _evaluate(
+            target,
+            data=data,
+            evaluators=cast(Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]], evaluators),
+            summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            experiment_prefix=experiment_prefix,
+            description=description,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            num_repetitions=num_repetitions,
+            client=client,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            experiment=experiment,
+            upload_results=upload_results,
+        )
+
+
+def evaluate_existing(
+    experiment: Union[str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession],
+    /,
+    evaluators: Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = 0,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    load_nested: bool = False,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+) -> ExperimentResults:
+    r"""Evaluate existing experiment runs.
+
+    Args:
+        experiment (Union[str, uuid.UUID]): The identifier of the experiment to evaluate.
+        data (DATA_T): The data to use for evaluation.
+        evaluators (Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]]): Optional sequence of evaluators to use for individual run evaluation.
+        summary_evaluators (Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]]): Optional sequence of evaluators
+            to apply over the entire dataset.
+        metadata (Optional[dict]): Optional metadata to include in the evaluation results.
+        max_concurrency (int | None): The maximum number of concurrent
+            evaluations to run. If None then no limit is set. If 0 then no concurrency.
+            Defaults to 0.
+        client (Optional[langsmith.Client]): Optional Langsmith client to use for evaluation.
+        load_nested: Whether to load all child runs for the experiment.
+            Default is to only load the top-level root runs.
+        blocking (bool): Whether to block until evaluation is complete.
+
+    Returns:
+        ExperimentResults: The evaluation results.
+
+    Environment:
+        - LANGSMITH_TEST_CACHE: If set, API calls will be cached to disk to save time and
+            cost during testing. Recommended to commit the cache files to your repository
+            for faster CI/CD runs.
+            Requires the 'langsmith[vcr]' package to be installed.
+
+    Examples:
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import evaluate, evaluate_existing
+        >>> dataset_name = "Evaluate Examples"
+        >>> def predict(inputs: dict) -> dict:
+        ...     # This can be any function or just an API call to your app.
+        ...     return {"output": "Yes"}
+        >>> # First run inference on the dataset
+        ... results = evaluate(
+        ...     predict,
+        ...     data=dataset_name,
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+        >>> # Then apply evaluators to the experiment
+        ... def accuracy(run: Run, example: Example):
+        ...     # Row-level evaluator for accuracy.
+        ...     pred = run.outputs["output"]
+        ...     expected = example.outputs["answer"]
+        ...     return {"score": expected.lower() == pred.lower()}
+        >>> def precision(runs: Sequence[Run], examples: Sequence[Example]):
+        ...     # Experiment-level evaluator for precision.
+        ...     # TP / (TP + FP)
+        ...     predictions = [run.outputs["output"].lower() for run in runs]
+        ...     expected = [example.outputs["answer"].lower() for example in examples]
+        ...     # yes and no are the only possible answers
+        ...     tp = sum([p == e for p, e in zip(predictions, expected) if p == "yes"])
+        ...     fp = sum([p == "yes" and e == "no" for p, e in zip(predictions, expected)])
+        ...     return {"score": tp / (tp + fp)}
+        >>> experiment_name = (
+        ...     results.experiment_name
+        ... )  # Can use the returned experiment name
+        >>> experiment_name = "My Experiment:64e6e91"  # Or manually specify
+        >>> results = evaluate_existing(
+        ...     experiment_name,
+        ...     summary_evaluators=[precision],
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    client = client or rt.get_cached_client(timeout_ms=(20_000, 90_001))
+    project = _load_experiment(experiment, client)
+    runs = _load_traces(experiment, client, load_nested=load_nested)
+    data_map = _load_examples_map(client, project)
+    data = [data_map[cast(uuid.UUID, run.reference_example_id)] for run in runs]
+    return _evaluate(
+        runs,
+        data=data,
+        evaluators=evaluators,
+        summary_evaluators=summary_evaluators,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+        client=client,
+        blocking=blocking,
+        experiment=project,
+    )
+
+
+class ExperimentResultRow(TypedDict):
+    run: schemas.Run
+    example: schemas.Example
+    evaluation_results: EvaluationResults
+
+
+class ExperimentResults:
+    """Represents the results of an evaluate() call.
+
+    This class provides an iterator interface to iterate over the experiment results
+    as they become available. It also provides methods to access the experiment name,
+    the number of results, and to wait for the results to be processed.
+
+    Methods:
+        experiment_name() -> str: Returns the name of the experiment.
+        wait() -> None: Waits for the experiment data to be processed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, experiment_manager: _ExperimentManager, blocking: bool = True):
+        self._manager = experiment_manager
+        self._results: list[ExperimentResultRow] = []
+        self._queue: queue.Queue[ExperimentResultRow] = queue.Queue()
+        self._processing_complete = threading.Event()
+        if not blocking:
+            self._thread: Optional[threading.Thread] = threading.Thread(
+                target=self._process_data
+            )
+            self._thread.start()
+        else:
+            self._thread = None
+            self._process_data()
+
+    @property
+    def experiment_name(self) -> str:
+        return self._manager.experiment_name
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ExperimentResultRow]:
+        ix = 0
+        while (
+            not self._processing_complete.is_set()
+            or not self._queue.empty()
+            or ix < len(self._results)
+        ):
+            try:
+                if ix < len(self._results):
+                    yield self._results[ix]
+                    ix += 1
+                else:
+                    self._queue.get(block=True, timeout=0.1)
+            except queue.Empty:
+                continue
+
+    def _process_data(self) -> None:
+        tqdm = _load_tqdm()
+        results = self._manager.get_results()
+        for item in tqdm(results):
+            self._queue.put(item)
+            self._results.append(item)
+
+        summary_scores = self._manager.get_summary_scores()
+        self._summary_results = summary_scores
+
+        self._processing_complete.set()
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._results)
+
+    def to_pandas(
+        self, start: Optional[int] = 0, end: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> DataFrame:
+        return _to_pandas(self._results, start=start, end=end)
+
+    def _repr_html_(self) -> str:
+        import importlib.util
+
+        if self._results and importlib.util.find_spec("pandas"):
+            df = self.to_pandas()
+            return df._repr_html_()  # type: ignore[operator]
+        else:
+            return self.__repr__()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<ExperimentResults {self.experiment_name}>"
+
+    def wait(self) -> None:
+        """Wait for the evaluation runner to complete.
+
+        This method blocks the current thread until the evaluation runner has
+        finished its execution.
+        """
+        if self._thread:
+            self._thread.join()
+
+
+## Public API for Comparison Experiments
+
+# Row-level evaluator
+COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T = Callable[
+    [Sequence[schemas.Run], Optional[schemas.Example]],
+    Union[
+        Union[ComparisonEvaluationResult, dict],
+        Awaitable[Union[ComparisonEvaluationResult, dict]],
+    ],
+]
+
+
+def evaluate_comparative(
+    experiments: tuple[EXPERIMENT_T, EXPERIMENT_T],
+    /,
+    evaluators: Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T],
+    experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    max_concurrency: int = 5,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    load_nested: bool = False,
+    randomize_order: bool = False,
+) -> ComparativeExperimentResults:
+    r"""Evaluate existing experiment runs against each other.
+
+    This lets you use pairwise preference scoring to generate more
+    reliable feedback in your experiments.
+
+    Args:
+        experiments (Tuple[Union[str, uuid.UUID], Union[str, uuid.UUID]]):
+            The identifiers of the experiments to compare.
+        evaluators (Sequence[COMPARATIVE_EVALUATOR_T]):
+            A list of evaluators to run on each example.
+        experiment_prefix (Optional[str]): A prefix to provide for your experiment name.
+            Defaults to None.
+        description (Optional[str]): A free-form text description for the experiment.
+        max_concurrency (int): The maximum number of concurrent evaluations to run.
+            Defaults to 5.
+        client (Optional[langsmith.Client]): The LangSmith client to use.
+            Defaults to None.
+        metadata (Optional[dict]): Metadata to attach to the experiment.
+            Defaults to None.
+        load_nested (bool): Whether to load all child runs for the experiment.
+            Default is to only load the top-level root runs.
+        randomize_order (bool): Whether to randomize the order of the outputs for each evaluation.
+            Default is False.
+
+    Returns:
+        ComparativeExperimentResults: The results of the comparative evaluation.
+
+    Examples:
+        Suppose you want to compare two prompts to see which one is more effective.
+        You would first prepare your dataset:
+
+        >>> from typing import Sequence
+        >>> from langsmith import Client
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import evaluate
+        >>> from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+        >>> client = Client()
+        >>> dataset = client.clone_public_dataset(
+        ...     "https://smith.langchain.com/public/419dcab2-1d66-4b94-8901-0357ead390df/d"
+        ... )
+        >>> dataset_name = "Evaluate Examples"
+
+        Then you would run your different prompts:
+        >>> import functools
+        >>> import openai
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import evaluate
+        >>> from langsmith.wrappers import wrap_openai
+        >>> oai_client = openai.Client()
+        >>> wrapped_client = wrap_openai(oai_client)
+        >>> prompt_1 = "You are a helpful assistant."
+        >>> prompt_2 = "You are an exceedingly helpful assistant."
+        >>> def predict(inputs: dict, prompt: str) -> dict:
+        ...     completion = wrapped_client.chat.completions.create(
+        ...         model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        ...         messages=[
+        ...             {"role": "system", "content": prompt},
+        ...             {
+        ...                 "role": "user",
+        ...                 "content": f"Context: {inputs['context']}"
+        ...                 f"\n\ninputs['question']",
+        ...             },
+        ...         ],
+        ...     )
+        ...     return {"output": completion.choices[0].message.content}
+        >>> results_1 = evaluate(
+        ...     functools.partial(predict, prompt=prompt_1),
+        ...     data=dataset_name,
+        ...     description="Evaluating our basic system prompt.",
+        ...     blocking=False,  # Run these experiments in parallel
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+        >>> results_2 = evaluate(
+        ...     functools.partial(predict, prompt=prompt_2),
+        ...     data=dataset_name,
+        ...     description="Evaluating our advanced system prompt.",
+        ...     blocking=False,
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+        >>> results_1.wait()
+        >>> results_2.wait()
+
+            Finally, you would compare the two prompts directly:
+        >>> import json
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import evaluate_comparative
+        >>> from langsmith import schemas
+        >>> def score_preferences(runs: list, example: schemas.Example):
+        ...     assert len(runs) == 2  # Comparing 2 systems
+        ...     assert isinstance(example, schemas.Example)
+        ...     assert all(run.reference_example_id == example.id for run in runs)
+        ...     pred_a = runs[0].outputs["output"]
+        ...     pred_b = runs[1].outputs["output"]
+        ...     ground_truth = example.outputs["answer"]
+        ...     tools = [
+        ...         {
+        ...             "type": "function",
+        ...             "function": {
+        ...                 "name": "rank_preferences",
+        ...                 "description": "Saves the prefered response ('A' or 'B')",
+        ...                 "parameters": {
+        ...                     "type": "object",
+        ...                     "properties": {
+        ...                         "reasoning": {
+        ...                             "type": "string",
+        ...                             "description": "The reasoning behind the choice.",
+        ...                         },
+        ...                         "preferred_option": {
+        ...                             "type": "string",
+        ...                             "enum": ["A", "B"],
+        ...                             "description": "The preferred option, either 'A' or 'B'",
+        ...                         },
+        ...                     },
+        ...                     "required": ["preferred_option"],
+        ...                 },
+        ...             },
+        ...         }
+        ...     ]
+        ...     completion = openai.Client().chat.completions.create(
+        ...         model="gpt-4o-mini",
+        ...         messages=[
+        ...             {"role": "system", "content": "Select the better response."},
+        ...             {
+        ...                 "role": "user",
+        ...                 "content": f"Option A: {pred_a}"
+        ...                 f"\n\nOption B: {pred_b}"
+        ...                 f"\n\nGround Truth: {ground_truth}",
+        ...             },
+        ...         ],
+        ...         tools=tools,
+        ...         tool_choice={
+        ...             "type": "function",
+        ...             "function": {"name": "rank_preferences"},
+        ...         },
+        ...     )
+        ...     tool_args = completion.choices[0].message.tool_calls[0].function.arguments
+        ...     loaded_args = json.loads(tool_args)
+        ...     preference = loaded_args["preferred_option"]
+        ...     comment = loaded_args["reasoning"]
+        ...     if preference == "A":
+        ...         return {
+        ...             "key": "ranked_preference",
+        ...             "scores": {runs[0].id: 1, runs[1].id: 0},
+        ...             "comment": comment,
+        ...         }
+        ...     else:
+        ...         return {
+        ...             "key": "ranked_preference",
+        ...             "scores": {runs[0].id: 0, runs[1].id: 1},
+        ...             "comment": comment,
+        ...         }
+        >>> def score_length_difference(runs: list, example: schemas.Example):
+        ...     # Just return whichever response is longer.
+        ...     # Just an example, not actually useful in real life.
+        ...     assert len(runs) == 2  # Comparing 2 systems
+        ...     assert isinstance(example, schemas.Example)
+        ...     assert all(run.reference_example_id == example.id for run in runs)
+        ...     pred_a = runs[0].outputs["output"]
+        ...     pred_b = runs[1].outputs["output"]
+        ...     if len(pred_a) > len(pred_b):
+        ...         return {
+        ...             "key": "length_difference",
+        ...             "scores": {runs[0].id: 1, runs[1].id: 0},
+        ...         }
+        ...     else:
+        ...         return {
+        ...             "key": "length_difference",
+        ...             "scores": {runs[0].id: 0, runs[1].id: 1},
+        ...         }
+        >>> results = evaluate_comparative(
+        ...     [results_1.experiment_name, results_2.experiment_name],
+        ...     evaluators=[score_preferences, score_length_difference],
+        ...     client=client,
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the pairwise evaluation results at:...
+        >>> eval_results = list(results)
+        >>> assert len(eval_results) >= 10  # doctest: +SKIP
+        >>> assert all(
+        ...     "feedback.ranked_preference" in r["evaluation_results"]
+        ...     for r in eval_results
+        ... )  # doctest: +SKIP
+        >>> assert all(
+        ...     "feedback.length_difference" in r["evaluation_results"]
+        ...     for r in eval_results
+        ... )  # doctest: +SKIP
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if len(experiments) < 2:
+        raise ValueError("Comparative evaluation requires at least 2 experiments.")
+    if not evaluators:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "At least one evaluator is required for comparative evaluation."
+        )
+    if max_concurrency < 0:
+        raise ValueError("max_concurrency must be a positive integer.")
+    client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+
+    # TODO: Add information about comparison experiments
+    projects = [_load_experiment(experiment, client) for experiment in experiments]
+    ref_datasets_ = [str(p.reference_dataset_id) for p in projects]
+    if not len(set(ref_datasets_)) == 1:
+        raise ValueError("All experiments must have the same reference dataset.")
+    experiment_ids = [p.id for p in projects]
+    if experiment_prefix is None:
+        experiment_names = [p.name for p in projects if p.name is not None]
+        experiment_name = (
+            " vs. ".join(experiment_names) + "-" + str(uuid.uuid4().hex[:4])
+        )
+    else:
+        experiment_name = experiment_prefix + "-" + str(uuid.uuid4().hex[:8])
+    comparative_experiment_id = uuid.uuid4()
+    comparative_experiment = client.create_comparative_experiment(
+        experiment_name,
+        experiments=experiment_ids,
+        description=description,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        id=comparative_experiment_id,
+    )
+    _print_comparative_experiment_start(
+        cast(
+            tuple[schemas.TracerSessionResult, schemas.TracerSessionResult],
+            tuple(projects),
+        ),
+        comparative_experiment,
+    )
+    runs = [
+        _load_traces(experiment, client, load_nested=load_nested)
+        for experiment in experiments
+    ]
+    # Only check intersections for the experiments
+    examples_intersection = None
+    for runs_list in runs:
+        example_ids_set = {run.reference_example_id for run in runs_list}
+        if examples_intersection is None:
+            examples_intersection = example_ids_set
+        else:
+            examples_intersection &= example_ids_set
+    example_ids_nullable = (
+        list(examples_intersection) if examples_intersection is not None else []
+    )
+    example_ids = [eid for eid in example_ids_nullable if eid is not None]
+    # TODO: Warn if different dataset versions, etc. are used in the different
+    # experiments. We aren't providing any training wheels here.
+    batch_size = 99
+    data = {}
+    for i in range(0, len(example_ids), batch_size):
+        example_ids_batch = example_ids[i : i + batch_size]
+        for e in client.list_examples(
+            dataset_id=projects[0].reference_dataset_id,
+            as_of=projects[0].metadata.get("dataset_version"),
+            example_ids=example_ids_batch,
+        ):
+            data[e.id] = e
+    runs_dict: dict[uuid.UUID, list[schemas.Run]] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    for runs_list in runs:
+        for run in runs_list:
+            if run.reference_example_id in data:
+                runs_dict[cast(uuid.UUID, run.reference_example_id)].append(run)
+
+    comparators = [comparison_evaluator(evaluator) for evaluator in evaluators or []]
+    results: dict = {}
+
+    def evaluate_and_submit_feedback(
+        runs_list: list[schemas.Run],
+        example: schemas.Example,
+        comparator: DynamicComparisonRunEvaluator,
+        executor: cf.Executor,
+    ) -> ComparisonEvaluationResult:
+        feedback_group_id = uuid.uuid4()
+        if randomize_order:
+            random.shuffle(runs_list)
+        with rh.tracing_context(project_name="evaluators", client=client):
+            result = comparator.compare_runs(runs_list, example)
+            if client is None:
+                raise ValueError("Client is required to submit feedback.")
+        comments = (
+            {str(rid): result.comment for rid in result.scores}
+            if isinstance(result.comment, str)
+            else (result.comment or {})
+        )
+        for run_id, score in result.scores.items():
+            executor.submit(
+                client.create_feedback,
+                run_id=run_id,
+                key=result.key,
+                score=score,
+                comment=comments.get(str(run_id)),
+                comparative_experiment_id=comparative_experiment.id,
+                source_run_id=result.source_run_id,
+                feedback_group_id=feedback_group_id,
+            )
+        return result
+
+    tqdm = _load_tqdm()
+    with ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor(
+        max_workers=max_concurrency or 1
+    ) as executor:
+        futures = []
+        for example_id, runs_list in tqdm(runs_dict.items()):
+            results[example_id] = {"runs": runs_list}
+            for comparator in comparators:
+                if max_concurrency > 1:
+                    future = executor.submit(
+                        evaluate_and_submit_feedback,
+                        runs_list,
+                        data[example_id],
+                        comparator,
+                        executor,
+                    )
+                    futures.append(future)
+                else:
+                    result = evaluate_and_submit_feedback(
+                        runs_list, data[example_id], comparator, executor
+                    )
+                    results[example_id][f"feedback.{result.key}"] = result
+            if futures:
+                cf.wait(futures)
+                for future in futures:
+                    result = future.result()
+                    results[example_id][f"feedback.{result.key}"] = result
+
+    return ComparativeExperimentResults(results, data)
+
+
+class ComparativeExperimentResults:
+    """Represents the results of an evaluate_comparative() call.
+
+    This class provides an iterator interface to iterate over the experiment results
+    as they become available. It also provides methods to access the experiment name,
+    the number of results, and to wait for the results to be processed.
+
+    Methods:
+        experiment_name() -> str: Returns the name of the experiment.
+        wait() -> None: Waits for the experiment data to be processed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        results: dict,
+        examples: Optional[dict[uuid.UUID, schemas.Example]] = None,
+    ):
+        self._results = results
+        self._examples = examples
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """Return the result associated with the given key."""
+        return self._results[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for key, value in self._results.items():
+            yield {
+                "example": self._examples[key] if self._examples else None,
+                "evaluation_results": value,
+            }
+
+
+## Private API
+
+
+def _print_comparative_experiment_start(
+    experiments: tuple[schemas.TracerSession, schemas.TracerSession],
+    comparative_experiment: schemas.ComparativeExperiment,
+) -> None:
+    url = experiments[0].url or experiments[1].url
+    if url:
+        project_url = url.split("?")[0]
+        dataset_id = comparative_experiment.reference_dataset_id
+        base_url = project_url.split("/projects/p/")[0]
+        comparison_url = (
+            f"{base_url}/datasets/{dataset_id}/compare?"
+            f"selectedSessions={'%2C'.join([str(e.id) for e in experiments])}"
+            f"&comparativeExperiment={comparative_experiment.id}"
+        )
+        print(  # noqa: T201
+            f"View the pairwise evaluation results at:\n{comparison_url}\n\n"
+        )
+
+
+def _is_callable(target: Union[TARGET_T, Iterable[schemas.Run], Runnable]) -> bool:
+    return callable(target) or _is_langchain_runnable(target)
+
+
+def _evaluate(
+    target: Union[TARGET_T, Iterable[schemas.Run], Runnable],
+    /,
+    data: DATA_T,
+    evaluators: Optional[Sequence[EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    summary_evaluators: Optional[Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+    experiment_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_repetitions: int = 1,
+    client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+    blocking: bool = True,
+    experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str, uuid.UUID]] = None,
+    upload_results: bool = True,
+) -> ExperimentResults:
+    # Initialize the experiment manager.
+    client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+    runs = None if _is_callable(target) else cast(Iterable[schemas.Run], target)
+    experiment_, runs = _resolve_experiment(
+        experiment,
+        runs,
+        client,
+    )
+
+    manager = _ExperimentManager(
+        data,
+        client=client,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        experiment=experiment_ or experiment_prefix,
+        description=description,
+        num_repetitions=num_repetitions,
+        # If provided, we don't need to create a new experiment.
+        runs=runs,
+        # Create or resolve the experiment.
+        include_attachments=_include_attachments(target, evaluators),
+        upload_results=upload_results,
+    ).start()
+    cache_dir = ls_utils.get_cache_dir(None)
+    cache_path = (
+        pathlib.Path(cache_dir) / f"{manager.dataset_id}.yaml" if cache_dir else None
+    )
+    with ls_utils.with_optional_cache(cache_path, ignore_hosts=[client.api_url]):
+        if _is_callable(target):
+            # Add predictions to the experiment.
+            manager = manager.with_predictions(
+                cast(TARGET_T, target), max_concurrency=max_concurrency
+            )
+        if evaluators:
+            # Apply evaluators to the predictions.
+            manager = manager.with_evaluators(
+                evaluators, max_concurrency=max_concurrency
+            )
+        if summary_evaluators:
+            # Apply the experiment-level summary evaluators.
+            manager = manager.with_summary_evaluators(summary_evaluators)
+        # Start consuming the results.
+        results = ExperimentResults(manager, blocking=blocking)
+        return results
+
+
+def _is_uuid(value: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        uuid.UUID(value)
+        return True
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _load_experiment(
+    project: EXPERIMENT_T, client: langsmith.Client
+) -> schemas.TracerSession:
+    if isinstance(project, schemas.TracerSession):
+        return project
+    elif isinstance(project, uuid.UUID) or _is_uuid(project):
+        return client.read_project(project_id=project)
+    else:
+        return client.read_project(project_name=project)
+
+
+def _load_traces(
+    project: Union[str, uuid.UUID, schemas.TracerSession],
+    client: langsmith.Client,
+    load_nested: bool = False,
+) -> list[schemas.Run]:
+    """Load nested traces for a given project."""
+    is_root = None if load_nested else True
+    if isinstance(project, schemas.TracerSession):
+        runs = client.list_runs(project_id=project.id, is_root=is_root)
+    elif isinstance(project, uuid.UUID) or _is_uuid(project):
+        runs = client.list_runs(project_id=project, is_root=is_root)
+    else:
+        runs = client.list_runs(project_name=project, is_root=is_root)
+    if not load_nested:
+        return list(runs)
+
+    treemap: collections.defaultdict[uuid.UUID, list[schemas.Run]] = (
+        collections.defaultdict(list)
+    )
+    results = []
+    all_runs = {}
+    for run in runs:
+        if run.parent_run_id is not None:
+            treemap[run.parent_run_id].append(run)
+        else:
+            results.append(run)
+        all_runs[run.id] = run
+    for run_id, child_runs in treemap.items():
+        all_runs[run_id].child_runs = sorted(child_runs, key=lambda r: r.dotted_order)
+    return results
+
+
+def _load_examples_map(
+    client: langsmith.Client, project: schemas.TracerSession
+) -> dict[uuid.UUID, schemas.Example]:
+    return {
+        e.id: e
+        for e in client.list_examples(
+            dataset_id=project.reference_dataset_id,
+            as_of=project.metadata.get("dataset_version"),
+        )
+    }
+
+
+IT = TypeVar("IT")
+
+
+def _load_tqdm() -> Callable[[IT], IT]:
+    try:
+        from tqdm.auto import tqdm
+    except ImportError:
+        return lambda x: x
+    return tqdm  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+ET = TypeVar("ET", bound="_ExperimentManagerMixin")
+
+
+class _ExperimentManagerMixin:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        /,
+        experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str]],
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        self.client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+        self._experiment: Optional[schemas.TracerSession] = None
+        if experiment is None:
+            self._experiment_name = _get_random_name()
+        elif isinstance(experiment, str):
+            self._experiment_name = experiment + "-" + str(uuid.uuid4().hex[:8])
+        else:
+            self._experiment_name = cast(str, experiment.name)
+            self._experiment = experiment
+
+        metadata = metadata or {}
+        if not metadata.get("revision_id"):
+            metadata = {
+                "revision_id": ls_env.get_langchain_env_var_metadata().get(
+                    "revision_id"
+                ),
+                **metadata,
+            }
+        self._metadata = metadata or {}
+        self._description = description
+
+    @property
+    def experiment_name(self) -> str:
+        if self._experiment_name is not None:
+            return self._experiment_name
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Experiment name not provided, and experiment not yet started."
+        )
+
+    def _get_experiment(self) -> schemas.TracerSession:
+        if self._experiment is None:
+            raise ValueError("Experiment not started yet.")
+        return self._experiment
+
+    def _get_experiment_metadata(self):
+        project_metadata = self._metadata or {}
+        git_info = ls_env.get_git_info()
+        if git_info:
+            project_metadata = {
+                **project_metadata,
+                "git": git_info,
+            }
+        if self._experiment:
+            project_metadata = {
+                **self._experiment.metadata,
+                **project_metadata,
+            }
+        return project_metadata
+
+    def _create_experiment(
+        self, dataset_id: uuid.UUID, metadata: dict
+    ) -> schemas.TracerSession:
+        # There is a chance of name collision, so we'll retry
+        starting_name = self._experiment_name
+        num_attempts = 10
+        for _ in range(num_attempts):
+            try:
+                return self.client.create_project(
+                    self._experiment_name,
+                    description=self._description,
+                    reference_dataset_id=dataset_id,
+                    metadata=metadata,
+                )
+            except ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError:
+                self._experiment_name = f"{starting_name}-{str(uuid.uuid4().hex[:6])}"
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Could not find a unique experiment name in {num_attempts} attempts."
+            " Please try again with a different experiment name."
+        )
+
+    def _get_project(self, first_example: schemas.Example) -> schemas.TracerSession:
+        if self._experiment is None:
+            project_metadata = self._get_experiment_metadata()
+            project = self._create_experiment(
+                first_example.dataset_id, project_metadata
+            )
+        else:
+            project = self._experiment
+        return project
+
+    def _print_experiment_start(
+        self, project: Optional[schemas.TracerSession], first_example: schemas.Example
+    ) -> None:
+        if project and project.url:
+            # TODO: Make this a public API
+            project_url = project.url.split("?")[0]
+            dataset_id = first_example.dataset_id
+            base_url = project_url.split("/projects/p/")[0]
+            comparison_url = (
+                f"{base_url}/datasets/{dataset_id}/compare?"
+                f"selectedSessions={project.id}"
+            )
+            print(  # noqa: T201
+                f"View the evaluation results for experiment: '{self.experiment_name}'"
+                f" at:\n{comparison_url}\n\n"
+            )
+        else:
+            # HACKHACK
+            print(  # noqa: T201
+                "Starting evaluation of experiment: %s", self.experiment_name
+            )
+
+
+class _ExperimentManager(_ExperimentManagerMixin):
+    """Manage the execution of experiments.
+
+    Supports lazily running predictions and evaluations in parallel to facilitate
+    result streaming and early debugging.
+
+    Args:
+        data (DATA_T): The data used for the experiment. Can be a dataset name or ID OR
+            a generator of examples.
+        num_repetitions (int): The number of times to run over the data.
+        runs (Optional[Iterable[schemas.Run]]): The runs associated with the experiment
+            predictions.
+        experiment (Optional[schemas.TracerSession]): The tracer session
+            associated with the experiment.
+        experiment_prefix (Optional[str]): The prefix for the experiment name.
+        metadata (Optional[dict]): Additional metadata for the experiment.
+        client (Optional[langsmith.Client]): The Langsmith client used for
+             the experiment.
+        evaluation_results (Optional[Iterable[EvaluationResults]]): The evaluation
+            sresults for the experiment.
+        summary_results (Optional[Iterable[EvaluationResults]]): The aggregate results
+            for the experiment.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: DATA_T,
+        /,
+        experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str]],
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        client: Optional[langsmith.Client] = None,
+        runs: Optional[Iterable[schemas.Run]] = None,
+        evaluation_results: Optional[Iterable[EvaluationResults]] = None,
+        summary_results: Optional[Iterable[EvaluationResults]] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        num_repetitions: int = 1,
+        include_attachments: bool = False,
+        reuse_attachments: bool = False,
+        upload_results: bool = True,
+        attachment_raw_data_dict: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            experiment=experiment,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            client=client,
+            description=description,
+        )
+        self._data = data
+        self._examples: Optional[Iterable[schemas.Example]] = None
+        self._runs = runs
+        self._evaluation_results = evaluation_results
+        self._summary_results = summary_results
+        self._num_repetitions = num_repetitions
+        self._include_attachments = include_attachments
+        self._reuse_attachments = reuse_attachments
+        self._upload_results = upload_results
+        self._attachment_raw_data_dict = attachment_raw_data_dict
+
+    def _reset_example_attachment_readers(
+        self, example: schemas.Example
+    ) -> schemas.Example:
+        """Reset attachment readers for an example.
+
+        This is only in the case that an attachment is going to be used by more
+        than 1 callable (target + evaluators). In that case we keep a single copy
+        of the attachment data in self._attachment_raw_data_dict, and create
+        readers from that data. This makes it so that we don't have to keep
+        copies of the same data in memory, instead we can just create readers
+        from the same data.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(example, "attachments") or not example.attachments:
+            return example
+
+        new_attachments: dict[str, schemas.AttachmentInfo] = {}
+        for name, attachment in example.attachments.items():
+            if (
+                self._attachment_raw_data_dict is not None
+                and str(example.id) + name in self._attachment_raw_data_dict
+            ):
+                new_attachments[name] = {
+                    "presigned_url": attachment["presigned_url"],
+                    "reader": io.BytesIO(
+                        self._attachment_raw_data_dict[str(example.id) + name]
+                    ),
+                    "mime_type": attachment["mime_type"],
+                }
+            else:
+                new_attachments[name] = attachment
+
+        # Create a new Example instance with the updated attachments
+        return schemas.Example(
+            id=example.id,
+            created_at=example.created_at,
+            dataset_id=example.dataset_id,
+            inputs=example.inputs,
+            outputs=example.outputs,
+            metadata=example.metadata,
+            modified_at=example.modified_at,
+            runs=example.runs,
+            source_run_id=example.source_run_id,
+            attachments=new_attachments,
+            _host_url=example._host_url,
+            _tenant_id=example._tenant_id,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def examples(self) -> Iterable[schemas.Example]:
+        if self._examples is None:
+            self._examples = _resolve_data(
+                self._data,
+                client=self.client,
+                include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            )
+            if self._reuse_attachments and self._attachment_raw_data_dict is None:
+                examples_copy, self._examples = itertools.tee(self._examples)
+                self._attachment_raw_data_dict = {
+                    str(e.id) + name: value["reader"].read()
+                    for e in examples_copy
+                    for name, value in (e.attachments or {}).items()
+                }
+            if self._num_repetitions > 1:
+                examples_list = list(self._examples)
+                self._examples = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        self._reset_example_attachment_readers(example)
+                        for example in examples_list
+                    ]
+                    for _ in range(self._num_repetitions)
+                )
+        self._examples, examples_iter = itertools.tee(self._examples)
+        return examples_iter
+
+    @property
+    def dataset_id(self) -> str:
+        if self._experiment is None or not getattr(
+            self._experiment, "reference_dataset_id", None
+        ):
+            example = next(iter(self.examples))
+            return str(example.dataset_id)
+        return str(
+            cast(schemas.TracerSessionResult, self._experiment).reference_dataset_id
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def evaluation_results(self) -> Iterable[EvaluationResults]:
+        if self._evaluation_results is None:
+            return ({"results": []} for _ in self.examples)
+        return self._evaluation_results
+
+    @property
+    def runs(self) -> Iterable[schemas.Run]:
+        if self._runs is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Runs not provided in this experiment. Please predict first."
+            )
+        self._runs, runs_iter = itertools.tee(self._runs)
+        return runs_iter
+
+    def start(self) -> _ExperimentManager:
+        first_example = next(itertools.islice(self.examples, 1))
+        project = self._get_project(first_example) if self._upload_results else None
+        self._print_experiment_start(project, first_example)
+        self._metadata["num_repetitions"] = self._num_repetitions
+        return self.__class__(
+            self.examples,
+            experiment=project,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=self._runs,
+            evaluation_results=self._evaluation_results,
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            reuse_attachments=self._reuse_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+            attachment_raw_data_dict=self._attachment_raw_data_dict,
+        )
+
+    def with_predictions(
+        self,
+        target: TARGET_T,
+        /,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> _ExperimentManager:
+        """Lazily apply the target function to the experiment."""
+        context = copy_context()
+        _experiment_results = context.run(
+            self._predict,
+            target,
+            max_concurrency=max_concurrency,
+            include_attachments=_target_include_attachments(target),
+        )
+        r1, r2 = itertools.tee(_experiment_results, 2)
+        return _ExperimentManager(
+            (pred["example"] for pred in r1),
+            experiment=self._experiment,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=(pred["run"] for pred in r2),
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+            # TODO: Can't do multiple prediction rounds rn.
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+        )
+
+    def with_evaluators(
+        self,
+        evaluators: Sequence[
+            Union[
+                EVALUATOR_T,
+                RunEvaluator,
+            ]
+        ],
+        *,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> _ExperimentManager:
+        """Lazily apply the provided evaluators to the experiment."""
+        evaluators = _resolve_evaluators(evaluators)
+        context = copy_context()
+        experiment_results = context.run(
+            self._score, evaluators, max_concurrency=max_concurrency
+        )
+        # Split the generator into three so the manager
+        # can consume each value individually.
+        r1, r2, r3 = itertools.tee(experiment_results, 3)
+        return _ExperimentManager(
+            (result["example"] for result in r1),
+            experiment=self._experiment,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=(result["run"] for result in r2),
+            evaluation_results=(result["evaluation_results"] for result in r3),
+            summary_results=self._summary_results,
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+        )
+
+    def with_summary_evaluators(
+        self,
+        summary_evaluators: Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T],
+    ) -> _ExperimentManager:
+        """Lazily apply the provided summary evaluators to the experiment."""
+        wrapped_evaluators = _wrap_summary_evaluators(summary_evaluators)
+        context = copy_context()
+        aggregate_feedback_gen = context.run(
+            self._apply_summary_evaluators, wrapped_evaluators
+        )
+        return _ExperimentManager(
+            self.examples,
+            experiment=self._experiment,
+            metadata=self._metadata,
+            client=self.client,
+            runs=self.runs,
+            evaluation_results=self._evaluation_results,
+            summary_results=aggregate_feedback_gen,
+            include_attachments=self._include_attachments,
+            upload_results=self._upload_results,
+        )
+
+    def get_results(self) -> Iterable[ExperimentResultRow]:
+        """Return the traces, evaluation results, and associated examples."""
+        for run, example, evaluation_results in zip(
+            self.runs, self.examples, self.evaluation_results
+        ):
+            yield ExperimentResultRow(
+                run=run,
+                example=example,
+                evaluation_results=evaluation_results,
+            )
+
+    def get_summary_scores(self) -> dict[str, list[dict]]:
+        """If summary_evaluators were applied, consume and return the results."""
+        if self._summary_results is None:
+            return {"results": []}
+        # Consume the generator
+        return {
+            "results": [
+                res  # type: ignore[misc]
+                for results in self._summary_results
+                for res in results["results"]
+            ]
+        }
+
+    # Private methods
+
+    def _predict(
+        self,
+        target: TARGET_T,
+        /,
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+        include_attachments: bool = False,
+    ) -> Generator[_ForwardResults, None, None]:
+        """Run the target function on the examples."""
+        fn = _ensure_traceable(target)
+
+        if max_concurrency == 0:
+            for example in self.examples:
+                yield _forward(
+                    fn,
+                    example,
+                    self.experiment_name,
+                    self._metadata,
+                    self.client,
+                    self._upload_results,
+                    include_attachments,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            with ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor(max_concurrency) as executor:
+                futures = [
+                    executor.submit(
+                        _forward,
+                        fn,
+                        example,
+                        self.experiment_name,
+                        self._metadata,
+                        self.client,
+                        self._upload_results,
+                        include_attachments,
+                    )
+                    for example in self.examples
+                ]
+                for future in cf.as_completed(futures):
+                    yield future.result()
+        # Close out the project.
+        self._end()
+
+    def _run_evaluators(
+        self,
+        evaluators: Sequence[RunEvaluator],
+        current_results: ExperimentResultRow,
+        executor: cf.ThreadPoolExecutor,
+    ) -> ExperimentResultRow:
+        current_context = rh.get_tracing_context()
+        metadata = {
+            **(current_context["metadata"] or {}),
+            **{
+                "experiment": self.experiment_name,
+                "reference_example_id": current_results["example"].id,
+                "reference_run_id": current_results["run"].id,
+            },
+        }
+        with rh.tracing_context(
+            **{
+                **current_context,
+                "project_name": "evaluators",
+                "metadata": metadata,
+                "enabled": "local" if not self._upload_results else True,
+                "client": self.client,
+            }
+        ):
+            run = current_results["run"]
+            example = current_results["example"]
+            eval_results = current_results["evaluation_results"]
+            for evaluator in evaluators:
+                evaluator_run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+                try:
+                    evaluator_response = evaluator.evaluate_run(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                        run=run,
+                        example=example,
+                        evaluator_run_id=evaluator_run_id,
+                    )
+
+                    eval_results["results"].extend(
+                        self.client._select_eval_results(evaluator_response)
+                    )
+                    if self._upload_results:
+                        # TODO: This is a hack
+                        self.client._log_evaluation_feedback(
+                            evaluator_response, run=run, _executor=executor
+                        )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    try:
+                        feedback_keys = _extract_feedback_keys(evaluator)
+
+                        error_response = EvaluationResults(
+                            results=[
+                                EvaluationResult(
+                                    key=key,
+                                    source_run_id=evaluator_run_id,
+                                    comment=repr(e),
+                                    extra={"error": True},
+                                )
+                                for key in feedback_keys
+                            ]
+                        )
+                        eval_results["results"].extend(
+                            self.client._select_eval_results(error_response)
+                        )
+                        if self._upload_results:
+                            # TODO: This is a hack
+                            self.client._log_evaluation_feedback(
+                                error_response, run=run, _executor=executor
+                            )
+                    except Exception as e2:
+                        logger.debug(f"Error parsing feedback keys: {e2}")
+                        pass
+                    logger.error(
+                        f"Error running evaluator {repr(evaluator)} on"
+                        f" run {run.id if run else ''}: {repr(e)}",
+                        exc_info=True,
+                    )
+                if example.attachments is not None:
+                    for attachment in example.attachments:
+                        reader = example.attachments[attachment]["reader"]
+                        reader.seek(0)
+
+            return ExperimentResultRow(
+                run=run,
+                example=example,
+                evaluation_results=eval_results,
+            )
+
+    def _score(
+        self,
+        evaluators: Sequence[RunEvaluator],
+        max_concurrency: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Iterable[ExperimentResultRow]:
+        """Run the evaluators on the prediction stream.
+
+        Expects runs to be available in the manager.
+        (e.g. from a previous prediction step)
+        """
+        with ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor(
+            max_workers=max_concurrency or 1
+        ) as executor:
+            if max_concurrency == 0:
+                context = copy_context()
+                for current_results in self.get_results():
+                    yield context.run(
+                        self._run_evaluators,
+                        evaluators,
+                        current_results,
+                        executor,
+                    )
+            else:
+                futures = set()
+                for current_results in self.get_results():
+                    futures.add(
+                        executor.submit(
+                            self._run_evaluators,
+                            evaluators,
+                            current_results,
+                            executor,
+                        )
+                    )
+                    try:
+                        # Since prediction may be slow, yield (with a timeout) to
+                        # allow for early results to be emitted.
+                        for future in cf.as_completed(futures, timeout=0.001):
+                            yield future.result()
+                            futures.remove(future)
+                    except (cf.TimeoutError, TimeoutError):
+                        pass
+                for future in cf.as_completed(futures):
+                    result = future.result()
+                    yield result
+
+    def _apply_summary_evaluators(
+        self, summary_evaluators: Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]
+    ) -> Generator[EvaluationResults, None, None]:
+        runs, examples = [], []
+        for run, example in zip(self.runs, self.examples):
+            runs.append(run)
+            examples.append(example)
+        aggregate_feedback = []
+        with ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor() as executor:
+            project_id = self._get_experiment().id if self._upload_results else None
+            current_context = rh.get_tracing_context()
+            metadata = {
+                **(current_context["metadata"] or {}),
+                **{
+                    "experiment": self.experiment_name,
+                    "experiment_id": project_id,
+                },
+            }
+            with rh.tracing_context(
+                **{
+                    **current_context,
+                    "project_name": "evaluators",
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "client": self.client,
+                    "enabled": "local" if not self._upload_results else True,
+                }
+            ):
+                for evaluator in summary_evaluators:
+                    try:
+                        summary_eval_result = evaluator(runs, examples)
+                        # TODO: Expose public API for this.
+                        flattened_results = self.client._select_eval_results(
+                            summary_eval_result,
+                            fn_name=evaluator.__name__,
+                        )
+                        aggregate_feedback.extend(flattened_results)
+                        if self._upload_results:
+                            for result in flattened_results:
+                                feedback = result.dict(exclude={"target_run_id"})
+                                evaluator_info = feedback.pop("evaluator_info", None)
+                                executor.submit(
+                                    self.client.create_feedback,
+                                    **feedback,
+                                    run_id=None,
+                                    project_id=project_id,
+                                    source_info=evaluator_info,
+                                )
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        logger.error(
+                            f"Error running summary evaluator {repr(evaluator)}: {e}",
+                            exc_info=True,
+                        )
+        yield {"results": aggregate_feedback}
+
+    def _get_dataset_version(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        examples = list(self.examples)
+        modified_at = [ex.modified_at for ex in examples if ex.modified_at]
+        # Should always be defined in practice when fetched,
+        # but the typing permits None
+        max_modified_at = max(modified_at) if modified_at else None
+        return max_modified_at.isoformat() if max_modified_at else None
+
+    def _get_dataset_splits(self) -> Optional[list[str]]:
+        examples = list(self.examples)
+        splits = set()
+        for example in examples:
+            if (
+                example.metadata
+                and example.metadata.get("dataset_split")
+                and isinstance(example.metadata["dataset_split"], list)
+            ):
+                for split in example.metadata["dataset_split"]:
+                    if isinstance(split, str):
+                        splits.add(split)
+            else:
+                splits.add("base")
+
+        return list(splits)
+
+    def _end(self) -> None:
+        if not self._upload_results:
+            return
+        experiment = self._experiment
+        if experiment is None:
+            raise ValueError("Experiment not started yet.")
+
+        project_metadata = self._get_experiment_metadata()
+        project_metadata["dataset_version"] = self._get_dataset_version()
+        project_metadata["dataset_splits"] = self._get_dataset_splits()
+        self.client.update_project(
+            experiment.id,
+            metadata={
+                **experiment.metadata,
+                **project_metadata,
+            },
+        )
+
+
+def _resolve_evaluators(
+    evaluators: Sequence[Union[EVALUATOR_T, RunEvaluator, AEVALUATOR_T]],
+) -> Sequence[RunEvaluator]:
+    results = []
+    for evaluator in evaluators:
+        if isinstance(evaluator, RunEvaluator):
+            results.append(evaluator)
+        elif isinstance(evaluator, LangChainStringEvaluator):
+            results.append(evaluator.as_run_evaluator())
+        else:
+            results.append(run_evaluator(evaluator))
+    return results
+
+
+def _wrap_summary_evaluators(
+    evaluators: Sequence[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T],
+) -> list[SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T]:
+    def _wrap(evaluator: SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T) -> SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T:
+        eval_name = getattr(evaluator, "__name__", "BatchEvaluator")
+        evaluator = _normalize_summary_evaluator(evaluator)
+
+        @functools.wraps(evaluator)
+        def _wrapper_inner(
+            runs: Sequence[schemas.Run], examples: Sequence[schemas.Example]
+        ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+            @rh.traceable(name=eval_name)
+            def _wrapper_super_inner(
+                runs_: str, examples_: str
+            ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+                return evaluator(list(runs), list(examples))
+
+            return _wrapper_super_inner(
+                f"Runs[] (Length={len(runs)})", f"Examples[] (Length={len(examples)})"
+            )
+
+        return _wrapper_inner
+
+    results = []
+    for evaluator in evaluators:
+        results.append(_wrap(evaluator))
+    return results
+
+
+class _ForwardResults(TypedDict):
+    run: schemas.Run
+    example: schemas.Example
+
+
+def _forward(
+    fn: rh.SupportsLangsmithExtra,
+    example: schemas.Example,
+    experiment_name: str,
+    metadata: dict,
+    client: langsmith.Client,
+    upload_results: bool,
+    include_attachments: bool = False,
+) -> _ForwardResults:
+    run: Optional[schemas.RunBase] = None
+
+    def _get_run(r: rt.RunTree) -> None:
+        nonlocal run
+        run = r
+
+    with rh.tracing_context(enabled="local" if not upload_results else True):
+        example_version = (
+            example.modified_at.isoformat()
+            if example.modified_at
+            else example.created_at.isoformat()
+        )
+        langsmith_extra = rh.LangSmithExtra(
+            reference_example_id=example.id,
+            on_end=_get_run,
+            project_name=experiment_name,
+            metadata={**metadata, "example_version": example_version},
+            client=client,
+        )
+        try:
+            arg_names = _get_target_args(fn)
+            args = [getattr(example, argn) for argn in arg_names]
+            fn(*args, langsmith_extra=langsmith_extra)
+            # Reset attachment readers if attachments were used.
+            if include_attachments and example.attachments is not None:
+                for attachment in example.attachments:
+                    reader = example.attachments[attachment]["reader"]
+                    reader.seek(0)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(
+                f"Error running target function: {e}", exc_info=True, stacklevel=1
+            )
+        return _ForwardResults(run=cast(schemas.Run, run), example=example)
+
+
+def _is_valid_uuid(value: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        uuid.UUID(value)
+        return True
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _resolve_data(
+    data: DATA_T,
+    *,
+    client: langsmith.Client,
+    include_attachments: bool = False,
+) -> Iterable[schemas.Example]:
+    """Return the examples for the given dataset."""
+    if isinstance(data, uuid.UUID):
+        return client.list_examples(
+            dataset_id=data, include_attachments=include_attachments
+        )
+    elif isinstance(data, str) and _is_valid_uuid(data):
+        return client.list_examples(
+            dataset_id=uuid.UUID(data), include_attachments=include_attachments
+        )
+    elif isinstance(data, str):
+        return client.list_examples(
+            dataset_name=data, include_attachments=include_attachments
+        )
+    elif isinstance(data, schemas.Dataset):
+        return client.list_examples(
+            dataset_id=data.id, include_attachments=include_attachments
+        )
+    return data
+
+
+def _ensure_traceable(
+    target: TARGET_T | rh.SupportsLangsmithExtra[[dict], dict] | Runnable,
+) -> rh.SupportsLangsmithExtra[[dict], dict]:
+    """Ensure the target function is traceable."""
+    if not _is_callable(target):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Target must be a callable function or a langchain/langgraph object. For "
+            "example:\n\n"
+            "def predict(inputs: dict) -> dict:\n"
+            "    # do work, like chain.invoke(inputs)\n"
+            "    return {...}\n\n"
+            "evaluate(\n"
+            "    predict,\n"
+            "    ...\n"
+            ")"
+        )
+
+    if rh.is_traceable_function(target):
+        fn: rh.SupportsLangsmithExtra[[dict], dict] = target
+    else:
+        if _is_langchain_runnable(target):
+            target = target.invoke  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        fn = rh.traceable(name="Target")(cast(Callable, target))
+    return fn
+
+
+def _include_attachments(target: Any, evaluators: Optional[Sequence]) -> bool:
+    return _target_include_attachments(target) or bool(
+        _evaluators_include_attachments(evaluators)
+    )
+
+
+def _evaluators_include_attachments(evaluators: Optional[Sequence]) -> int:
+    if evaluators is None:
+        return 0
+
+    return sum(_evaluator_uses_attachments(e) for e in evaluators)
+
+
+def _evaluator_uses_attachments(evaluator: Any) -> bool:
+    if not callable(evaluator):
+        return False
+    sig = inspect.signature(evaluator)
+    params = list(sig.parameters.values())
+    positional_params = [
+        p for p in params if p.kind in (p.POSITIONAL_ONLY, p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
+    ]
+    return any(p.name == "attachments" for p in positional_params)
+
+
+def _target_include_attachments(target: Any) -> bool:
+    """Whether the target function accepts attachments."""
+    return "attachments" in _get_target_args(target)
+
+
+def _get_target_args(target: Any) -> list[str]:
+    """Whether the target function accepts attachments."""
+    if not callable(target):
+        return []
+    if _is_langchain_runnable(target):
+        return ["inputs"]
+    # Check function signature
+    sig = inspect.signature(target)
+    params = list(sig.parameters.values())
+    positional_params = [
+        p for p in params if p.kind in (p.POSITIONAL_ONLY, p.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
+    ]
+    positional_no_default = [p for p in positional_params if p.default is p.empty]
+
+    if len(positional_params) == 0:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Target function must accept at least one positional argument (inputs)."
+        )
+    elif len(positional_no_default) > 3:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Target function must accept at most three "
+            "arguments without default values: (inputs, attachments, metadata)."
+        )
+    elif len(positional_no_default) > 1 and {
+        p.name for p in positional_no_default
+    }.difference(["inputs", "attachments", "metadata"]):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "When passing multiple positional arguments without default values, they "
+            "must be named 'inputs', 'attachments', or 'metadata'. Received: "
+            f"{[p.name for p in positional_no_default]}"
+        )
+    else:
+        args = []
+        for p in positional_params[:3]:
+            if p.name in {"inputs", "attachments", "metadata"}:
+                args.append(p.name)
+            else:
+                break
+        return args or ["inputs"]
+
+
+def _resolve_experiment(
+    experiment: Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str, uuid.UUID]],
+    runs: Optional[Iterable[schemas.Run]],
+    client: langsmith.Client,
+) -> tuple[
+    Optional[Union[schemas.TracerSession, str]], Optional[Iterable[schemas.Run]]
+]:
+    # TODO: Remove this, handle outside the manager
+    if experiment is not None:
+        if isinstance(experiment, schemas.TracerSession):
+            experiment_ = experiment
+        else:
+            experiment_ = _load_experiment(experiment, client)
+
+        if not experiment_.name:
+            raise ValueError("Experiment name must be defined if provided.")
+        if not experiment_.reference_dataset_id:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Experiment must have an associated reference_dataset_id, "
+                "but none was provided."
+            )
+        return experiment_, runs
+    # If we have runs, that means the experiment was already started.
+    if runs is not None:
+        runs_, runs = itertools.tee(runs)
+        first_run = next(runs_)
+        experiment_ = client.read_project(project_id=first_run.session_id)
+        if not experiment_.name:
+            raise ValueError("Experiment name not found for provided runs.")
+        return experiment_, runs
+    return None, None
+
+
+def _get_random_name() -> str:
+    from langsmith.evaluation._name_generation import random_name  # noqa: F401
+
+    return random_name()
+
+
+def _extract_feedback_keys(evaluator: RunEvaluator):
+    if isinstance(evaluator, DynamicRunEvaluator):
+        if getattr(evaluator, "func", None):
+            return _extract_code_evaluator_feedback_keys(evaluator.func)
+        elif getattr(evaluator, "afunc", None):
+            return _extract_code_evaluator_feedback_keys(evaluator.afunc)
+    # TODO: Support for DynamicComparisonRunEvaluator
+    if hasattr(evaluator, "evaluator"):
+        # LangChainStringEvaluator
+        if getattr(getattr(evaluator, "evaluator"), "evaluation_name", None):
+            return [evaluator.evaluator.evaluation_name]
+    return []
+
+
+def _extract_code_evaluator_feedback_keys(func: Callable) -> list[str]:
+    python_code = inspect.getsource(func)
+
+    def extract_dict_keys(node):
+        if isinstance(node, ast.Dict):
+            keys = []
+            key_value = None
+            for key, value in zip(node.keys, node.values):
+                if isinstance(key, (ast.Str, ast.Constant)):
+                    key_str = key.s if isinstance(key, ast.Str) else key.value
+                    if key_str == "key" and isinstance(value, (ast.Str, ast.Constant)):
+                        key_value = (
+                            value.s if isinstance(value, ast.Str) else value.value
+                        )
+            return [key_value] if key_value else keys
+        elif (
+            isinstance(node, ast.Call)
+            and isinstance(node.func, ast.Name)
+            and node.func.id == "dict"
+        ):
+            for keyword in node.keywords:
+                if keyword.arg == "key" and isinstance(
+                    keyword.value, (ast.Str, ast.Constant)
+                ):
+                    return [
+                        (
+                            keyword.value.s
+                            if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Str)
+                            else keyword.value.value
+                        )
+                    ]
+        return []
+
+    def extract_evaluation_result_key(node):
+        if (
+            isinstance(node, ast.Call)
+            and isinstance(node.func, ast.Name)
+            and node.func.id == "EvaluationResult"
+        ):
+            for keyword in node.keywords:
+                if keyword.arg == "key" and isinstance(
+                    keyword.value, (ast.Str, ast.Constant)
+                ):
+                    return [
+                        (
+                            keyword.value.s
+                            if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Str)
+                            else keyword.value.value
+                        )
+                    ]
+        return []
+
+    def extract_evaluation_results_keys(node, variables):
+        if (
+            isinstance(node, ast.Call)
+            and isinstance(node.func, ast.Name)
+            and node.func.id == "EvaluationResults"
+        ):
+            for keyword in node.keywords:
+                if keyword.arg == "results":
+                    if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Name):
+                        return variables.get(keyword.value.id, [])
+                    elif isinstance(keyword.value, ast.List):
+                        keys = []
+                        for elt in keyword.value.elts:
+                            keys.extend(extract_evaluation_result_key(elt))
+                        return keys
+        elif isinstance(node, ast.Dict):
+            for key, value in zip(node.keys, node.values):
+                if isinstance(key, (ast.Str, ast.Constant)) and key.s == "results":
+                    if isinstance(value, ast.List):
+                        keys = []
+                        for elt in value.elts:
+                            if isinstance(elt, ast.Dict):
+                                for elt_key, elt_value in zip(elt.keys, elt.values):
+                                    if (
+                                        isinstance(elt_key, (ast.Str, ast.Constant))
+                                        and elt_key.s == "key"
+                                    ):
+                                        if isinstance(
+                                            elt_value, (ast.Str, ast.Constant)
+                                        ):
+                                            keys.append(elt_value.s)
+                            elif (
+                                isinstance(elt, ast.Call)
+                                and isinstance(elt.func, ast.Name)
+                                and elt.func.id in ("EvaluationResult", "dict")
+                            ):
+                                for keyword in elt.keywords:
+                                    if keyword.arg == "key" and isinstance(
+                                        keyword.value, (ast.Str, ast.Constant)
+                                    ):
+                                        keys.append(
+                                            keyword.value.s
+                                            if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Str)
+                                            else keyword.value.value
+                                        )
+
+                        return keys
+        return []
+
+    python_code = textwrap.dedent(python_code)
+
+    try:
+        tree = ast.parse(python_code)
+        function_def = tree.body[0]
+        if not isinstance(function_def, (ast.FunctionDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef)):
+            return []
+
+        variables = {}
+        keys = []
+
+        for node in ast.walk(function_def):
+            if isinstance(node, ast.Assign):
+                if isinstance(node.value, ast.List):
+                    list_keys = []
+                    for elt in node.value.elts:
+                        list_keys.extend(extract_evaluation_result_key(elt))
+                    if isinstance(node.targets[0], ast.Name):
+                        variables[node.targets[0].id] = list_keys
+            elif isinstance(node, ast.Return) and node.value is not None:
+                dict_keys = extract_dict_keys(node.value)
+                eval_result_key = extract_evaluation_result_key(node.value)
+                eval_results_keys = extract_evaluation_results_keys(
+                    node.value, variables
+                )
+
+                keys.extend(dict_keys)
+                keys.extend(eval_result_key)
+                keys.extend(eval_results_keys)
+
+        # If no keys found, return the function name
+        return keys if keys else [function_def.name]
+
+    except SyntaxError:
+        return []
+
+
+def _to_pandas(
+    results: list[ExperimentResultRow],
+    start: Optional[int] = 0,
+    end: Optional[int] = None,
+):
+    try:
+        import pandas as pd
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "The 'pandas' library is required to use the 'to_pandas' function. "
+            "Please install it using 'pip install pandas' or "
+            "'conda install pandas' before calling this method."
+        ) from e
+
+    return pd.DataFrame(_flatten_experiment_results(results, start=start, end=end))
+
+
+def _flatten_experiment_results(
+    results: list[ExperimentResultRow],
+    start: Optional[int] = 0,
+    end: Optional[int] = None,
+):
+    return [
+        {
+            **{f"inputs.{k}": v for k, v in (x["example"].inputs or {}).items()},
+            **{f"outputs.{k}": v for k, v in (x["run"].outputs or {}).items()},
+            "error": x["run"].error,
+            **(
+                {f"reference.{k}": v for k, v in x["example"].outputs.items()}
+                if x["example"].outputs is not None
+                else {}
+            ),
+            **{
+                f"feedback.{r.key}": r.score if r.score is not None else r.value
+                for r in x["evaluation_results"]["results"]
+            },
+            "execution_time": (
+                (x["run"].end_time - x["run"].start_time).total_seconds()
+                if x["run"].end_time
+                else None
+            ),
+            "example_id": x["run"].reference_example_id,
+            "id": x["run"].id,
+        }
+        for x in results[start:end]
+    ]
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _import_langchain_runnable() -> Optional[type]:
+    try:
+        from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+        return Runnable
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_langchain_runnable(o: Any) -> bool:
+    return bool((Runnable := _import_langchain_runnable()) and isinstance(o, Runnable))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/evaluator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47889cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,958 @@
+"""This module contains the evaluator classes for evaluating runs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import uuid
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from langsmith import run_helpers as rh
+from langsmith import schemas
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.v1 import (  # type: ignore[import]
+        BaseModel,
+        Field,
+        ValidationError,
+        validator,
+    )
+except ImportError:
+    from pydantic import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        BaseModel,
+        Field,
+        ValidationError,
+        validator,
+    )
+
+import logging
+from functools import wraps
+
+from langsmith.schemas import SCORE_TYPE, VALUE_TYPE, Example, Run
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Category(TypedDict):
+    """A category for categorical feedback."""
+
+    value: Optional[Union[float, int]]
+    """The numeric score/ordinal corresponding to this category."""
+    label: str
+    """The label for this category."""
+
+
+class FeedbackConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Configuration to define a type of feedback.
+
+    Applied on on the first creation of a feedback_key.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["continuous", "categorical", "freeform"]
+    """The type of feedback."""
+    min: Optional[Union[float, int]]
+    """The minimum permitted value (if continuous type)."""
+    max: Optional[Union[float, int]]
+    """The maximum value permitted value (if continuous type)."""
+    categories: Optional[list[Union[Category, dict]]]
+
+
+class EvaluationResult(BaseModel):
+    """Evaluation result."""
+
+    key: str
+    """The aspect, metric name, or label for this evaluation."""
+    score: SCORE_TYPE = None
+    """The numeric score for this evaluation."""
+    value: VALUE_TYPE = None
+    """The value for this evaluation, if not numeric."""
+    comment: Optional[str] = None
+    """An explanation regarding the evaluation."""
+    correction: Optional[dict] = None
+    """What the correct value should be, if applicable."""
+    evaluator_info: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Additional information about the evaluator."""
+    feedback_config: Optional[Union[FeedbackConfig, dict]] = None
+    """The configuration used to generate this feedback."""
+    source_run_id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, str]] = None
+    """The ID of the trace of the evaluator itself."""
+    target_run_id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, str]] = None
+    """The ID of the trace this evaluation is applied to.
+    
+    If none provided, the evaluation feedback is applied to the
+    root trace being."""
+    extra: Optional[dict] = None
+    """Metadata for the evaluator run."""
+
+    class Config:
+        """Pydantic model configuration."""
+
+        allow_extra = False
+
+    @validator("value", pre=True)
+    def check_value_non_numeric(cls, v, values):
+        """Check that the value is not numeric."""
+        # If a score isn't provided and the value is numeric
+        # it's more likely the user intended use the score field
+        if "score" not in values or values["score"] is None:
+            if isinstance(v, (int, float)):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Numeric values should be provided in"
+                    " the 'score' field, not 'value'."
+                    f" Got: {v}"
+                )
+        return v
+
+
+class EvaluationResults(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Batch evaluation results.
+
+    This makes it easy for your evaluator to return multiple
+    metrics at once.
+    """
+
+    results: list[EvaluationResult]
+    """The evaluation results."""
+
+
+class RunEvaluator:
+    """Evaluator interface class."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def evaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        example: Optional[Example] = None,
+        evaluator_run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        """Evaluate an example."""
+
+    async def aevaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        example: Optional[Example] = None,
+        evaluator_run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        """Evaluate an example asynchronously."""
+        current_context = rh.get_tracing_context()
+
+        def _run_with_context():
+            with rh.tracing_context(**current_context):
+                return self.evaluate_run(run, example, evaluator_run_id)
+
+        return await asyncio.get_running_loop().run_in_executor(None, _run_with_context)
+
+
+_RUNNABLE_OUTPUT = Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults, dict]
+
+
+class ComparisonEvaluationResult(BaseModel):
+    """Feedback scores for the results of comparative evaluations.
+
+    These are generated by functions that compare two or more runs,
+    returning a ranking or other feedback.
+    """
+
+    key: str
+    """The aspect, metric name, or label for this evaluation."""
+    scores: dict[Union[uuid.UUID, str], SCORE_TYPE]
+    """The scores for each run in the comparison."""
+    source_run_id: Optional[Union[uuid.UUID, str]] = None
+    """The ID of the trace of the evaluator itself."""
+    comment: Optional[Union[str, dict[Union[uuid.UUID, str], str]]] = None
+    """Comment for the scores. If a string, it's shared across all target runs.
+    If a dict, it maps run IDs to individual comments."""
+
+
+_COMPARISON_OUTPUT = Union[ComparisonEvaluationResult, dict]
+
+
+class DynamicRunEvaluator(RunEvaluator):
+    """A dynamic evaluator that wraps a function and transforms it into a `RunEvaluator`.
+
+    This class is designed to be used with the `@run_evaluator` decorator, allowing
+    functions that take a `Run` and an optional `Example` as arguments, and return
+    an `EvaluationResult` or `EvaluationResults`, to be used as instances of `RunEvaluator`.
+
+    Attributes:
+        func (Callable): The function that is wrapped by this evaluator.
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[
+            [Run, Optional[Example]],
+            Union[_RUNNABLE_OUTPUT, Awaitable[_RUNNABLE_OUTPUT]],
+        ],
+        # Async function to be used for async evaluation. Optional
+        afunc: Optional[
+            Callable[
+                [Run, Optional[Example]],
+                Awaitable[_RUNNABLE_OUTPUT],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the DynamicRunEvaluator with a given function.
+
+        Args:
+            func (Callable): A function that takes a `Run` and an optional `Example` as
+            arguments, and returns a dict or `ComparisonEvaluationResult`.
+        """
+        func = _normalize_evaluator_func(func)
+        if afunc:
+            afunc = _normalize_evaluator_func(afunc)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        wraps(func)(self)
+        from langsmith import run_helpers  # type: ignore
+
+        if afunc is not None:
+            self.afunc = run_helpers.ensure_traceable(
+                afunc, process_inputs=_serialize_inputs
+            )
+            self._name = getattr(afunc, "__name__", "DynamicRunEvaluator")
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+            if afunc is not None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Func was provided as a coroutine function, but afunc was "
+                    "also provided. If providing both, func should be a regular "
+                    "function to avoid ambiguity."
+                )
+            self.afunc = run_helpers.ensure_traceable(
+                func, process_inputs=_serialize_inputs
+            )
+            self._name = getattr(func, "__name__", "DynamicRunEvaluator")
+        else:
+            self.func = run_helpers.ensure_traceable(
+                cast(Callable[[Run, Optional[Example]], _RUNNABLE_OUTPUT], func),
+                process_inputs=_serialize_inputs,
+            )
+            self._name = getattr(func, "__name__", "DynamicRunEvaluator")
+
+    def _coerce_evaluation_result(
+        self,
+        result: Union[EvaluationResult, dict],
+        source_run_id: uuid.UUID,
+        allow_no_key: bool = False,
+    ) -> EvaluationResult:
+        if isinstance(result, EvaluationResult):
+            if not result.source_run_id:
+                result.source_run_id = source_run_id
+            return result
+        try:
+            if not result:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Expected an EvaluationResult object, or dict with a metric"
+                    f" 'key' and optional 'score'; got empty result: {result}"
+                )
+            if "key" not in result and allow_no_key:
+                result["key"] = self._name
+            if all(k not in result for k in ("score", "value", "comment")):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Expected an EvaluationResult object, or dict with a metric"
+                    f" 'key' and optional 'score' or categorical 'value'; got {result}"
+                )
+            return EvaluationResult(**{"source_run_id": source_run_id, **result})
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Expected an EvaluationResult object, or dict with a metric"
+                f" 'key' and optional 'score'; got {result}"
+            ) from e
+
+    def _coerce_evaluation_results(
+        self,
+        results: Union[dict, EvaluationResults],
+        source_run_id: uuid.UUID,
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        if "results" in results:
+            cp = results.copy()
+            cp["results"] = [
+                self._coerce_evaluation_result(r, source_run_id=source_run_id)
+                for r in results["results"]
+            ]
+            return EvaluationResults(**cp)
+
+        return self._coerce_evaluation_result(
+            cast(dict, results), source_run_id=source_run_id, allow_no_key=True
+        )
+
+    def _format_result(
+        self,
+        result: Union[
+            EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults, dict, str, int, bool, float, list
+        ],
+        source_run_id: uuid.UUID,
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        if isinstance(result, EvaluationResult):
+            if not result.source_run_id:
+                result.source_run_id = source_run_id
+            return result
+        result = _format_evaluator_result(result)
+        return self._coerce_evaluation_results(result, source_run_id)
+
+    @property
+    def is_async(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the evaluator function is asynchronous.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the evaluator function is asynchronous, False otherwise.
+        """
+        return hasattr(self, "afunc")
+
+    def evaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        example: Optional[Example] = None,
+        evaluator_run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        """Evaluate a run using the wrapped function.
+
+        This method directly invokes the wrapped function with the provided arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Run): The run to be evaluated.
+            example (Optional[Example]): An optional example to be used in the evaluation.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]: The result of the evaluation.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if not hasattr(self, "func"):
+            running_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+            if running_loop.is_running():
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Cannot call `evaluate_run` on an async run evaluator from"
+                    " within an running event loop. Use `aevaluate_run` instead."
+                )
+            else:
+                return running_loop.run_until_complete(self.aevaluate_run(run, example))
+        if evaluator_run_id is None:
+            evaluator_run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] = {"target_run_id": run.id}
+        if getattr(run, "session_id", None):
+            metadata["experiment"] = str(run.session_id)
+        result = self.func(
+            run,
+            example,
+            langsmith_extra={"run_id": evaluator_run_id, "metadata": metadata},
+        )
+        return self._format_result(result, evaluator_run_id)
+
+    async def aevaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        example: Optional[Example] = None,
+        evaluator_run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    ):
+        """Evaluate a run asynchronously using the wrapped async function.
+
+        This method directly invokes the wrapped async function with the
+            provided arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Run): The run to be evaluated.
+            example (Optional[Example]): An optional example to be used
+                in the evaluation.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]: The result of the evaluation.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "afunc"):
+            return await super().aevaluate_run(run, example)
+        if evaluator_run_id is None:
+            evaluator_run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+        metadata: dict[str, Any] = {"target_run_id": run.id}
+        if getattr(run, "session_id", None):
+            metadata["experiment"] = str(run.session_id)
+        result = await self.afunc(
+            run,
+            example,
+            langsmith_extra={"run_id": evaluator_run_id, "metadata": metadata},
+        )
+        return self._format_result(result, evaluator_run_id)
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, run: Run, example: Optional[Example] = None
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        """Make the evaluator callable, allowing it to be used like a function.
+
+        This method enables the evaluator instance to be called directly, forwarding the
+        call to `evaluate_run`.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Run): The run to be evaluated.
+            example (Optional[Example]): An optional example to be used in the evaluation.
+
+        Returns:
+            Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]: The result of the evaluation.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.evaluate_run(run, example)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Represent the DynamicRunEvaluator object."""
+        return f"<DynamicRunEvaluator {self._name}>"
+
+
+def run_evaluator(
+    func: Callable[
+        [Run, Optional[Example]], Union[_RUNNABLE_OUTPUT, Awaitable[_RUNNABLE_OUTPUT]]
+    ],
+):
+    """Create a run evaluator from a function.
+
+    Decorator that transforms a function into a `RunEvaluator`.
+    """
+    return DynamicRunEvaluator(func)
+
+
+_MAXSIZE = 10_000
+
+
+def _maxsize_repr(obj: Any):
+    s = repr(obj)
+    if len(s) > _MAXSIZE:
+        s = s[: _MAXSIZE - 4] + "...)"
+    return s
+
+
+def _serialize_inputs(inputs: dict) -> dict:
+    run_truncated = _maxsize_repr(inputs.get("run"))
+    example_truncated = _maxsize_repr(inputs.get("example"))
+    return {"run": run_truncated, "example": example_truncated}
+
+
+class DynamicComparisonRunEvaluator:
+    """Compare predictions (as traces) from 2 or more runs."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[
+            [Sequence[Run], Optional[Example]],
+            Union[_COMPARISON_OUTPUT, Awaitable[_COMPARISON_OUTPUT]],
+        ],
+        # Async function to be used for async evaluation. Optional
+        afunc: Optional[
+            Callable[
+                [Sequence[Run], Optional[Example]],
+                Awaitable[_COMPARISON_OUTPUT],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the DynamicRunEvaluator with a given function.
+
+        Args:
+            func (Callable): A function that takes a `Run` and an optional `Example` as
+            arguments, and returns an `EvaluationResult` or `EvaluationResults`.
+        """
+        func = _normalize_comparison_evaluator_func(func)
+        if afunc:
+            afunc = _normalize_comparison_evaluator_func(afunc)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        wraps(func)(self)
+        from langsmith import run_helpers  # type: ignore
+
+        if afunc is not None:
+            self.afunc = run_helpers.ensure_traceable(
+                afunc, process_inputs=_serialize_inputs
+            )
+            self._name = getattr(afunc, "__name__", "DynamicRunEvaluator")
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+            if afunc is not None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Func was provided as a coroutine function, but afunc was "
+                    "also provided. If providing both, func should be a regular "
+                    "function to avoid ambiguity."
+                )
+            self.afunc = run_helpers.ensure_traceable(
+                func, process_inputs=_serialize_inputs
+            )
+            self._name = getattr(func, "__name__", "DynamicRunEvaluator")
+        else:
+            self.func = run_helpers.ensure_traceable(
+                cast(
+                    Callable[
+                        [Sequence[Run], Optional[Example]],
+                        _COMPARISON_OUTPUT,
+                    ],
+                    func,
+                ),
+                process_inputs=_serialize_inputs,
+            )
+            self._name = getattr(func, "__name__", "DynamicRunEvaluator")
+
+    @property
+    def is_async(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the evaluator function is asynchronous.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the evaluator function is asynchronous, False otherwise.
+        """
+        return hasattr(self, "afunc")
+
+    def compare_runs(
+        self, runs: Sequence[Run], example: Optional[Example] = None
+    ) -> ComparisonEvaluationResult:
+        """Compare runs to score preferences.
+
+        Args:
+            runs: A list of runs to compare.
+            example: An optional example to be used in the evaluation.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if not hasattr(self, "func"):
+            running_loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+            if running_loop.is_running():
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Cannot call `evaluate_run` on an async run evaluator from"
+                    " within an running event loop. Use `aevaluate_run` instead."
+                )
+            else:
+                return running_loop.run_until_complete(
+                    self.acompare_runs(runs, example)
+                )
+        source_run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+        tags = self._get_tags(runs)
+        # TODO: Add metadata for the "comparison experiment" here
+        result = self.func(
+            runs,
+            example,
+            langsmith_extra={"run_id": source_run_id, "tags": tags},
+        )
+        return self._format_results(result, source_run_id, runs)
+
+    async def acompare_runs(
+        self, runs: Sequence[Run], example: Optional[Example] = None
+    ) -> ComparisonEvaluationResult:
+        """Evaluate a run asynchronously using the wrapped async function.
+
+        This method directly invokes the wrapped async function with the
+            provided arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            runs (Run): The runs to be evaluated.
+            example (Optional[Example]): An optional example to be used
+                in the evaluation.
+
+        Returns:
+            ComparisonEvaluationResult: The result of the evaluation.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, "afunc"):
+            return self.compare_runs(runs, example)
+        source_run_id = uuid.uuid4()
+        tags = self._get_tags(runs)
+        # TODO: Add metadata for the "comparison experiment" here
+        result = await self.afunc(
+            runs,
+            example,
+            langsmith_extra={"run_id": source_run_id, "tags": tags},
+        )
+        return self._format_results(result, source_run_id, runs)
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, runs: Sequence[Run], example: Optional[Example] = None
+    ) -> ComparisonEvaluationResult:
+        """Make the evaluator callable, allowing it to be used like a function.
+
+        This method enables the evaluator instance to be called directly, forwarding the
+        call to `evaluate_run`.
+
+        Args:
+            run (Run): The run to be evaluated.
+            example (Optional[Example]): An optional example to be used in the evaluation.
+
+        Returns:
+            ComparisonEvaluationResult: The result of the evaluation.
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.compare_runs(runs, example)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Represent the DynamicRunEvaluator object."""
+        return f"<DynamicComparisonRunEvaluator {self._name}>"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_tags(runs: Sequence[Run]) -> list[str]:
+        """Extract tags from runs."""
+        # Add tags to support filtering
+        tags = []
+        for run in runs:
+            tags.append("run:" + str(run.id))
+            if getattr(run, "session_id", None):
+                tags.append("experiment:" + str(run.session_id))
+        return tags
+
+    def _format_results(
+        self,
+        result: Union[dict, list, ComparisonEvaluationResult],
+        source_run_id: uuid.UUID,
+        runs: Sequence[Run],
+    ) -> ComparisonEvaluationResult:
+        if isinstance(result, ComparisonEvaluationResult):
+            if not result.source_run_id:
+                result.source_run_id = source_run_id
+            return result
+        elif isinstance(result, list):
+            result = {
+                "scores": {run.id: score for run, score in zip(runs, result)},
+                "key": self._name,
+                "source_run_id": source_run_id,
+            }
+        elif isinstance(result, dict):
+            if "key" not in result:
+                result["key"] = self._name
+        else:
+            msg = (
+                "Expected 'dict', 'list' or 'ComparisonEvaluationResult' result "
+                f"object. Received: {result=}"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        try:
+            return ComparisonEvaluationResult(
+                **{"source_run_id": source_run_id, **result}
+            )
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a dictionary with a 'key' and dictionary of scores mapping"
+                "run IDs to numeric scores, or ComparisonEvaluationResult object,"
+                f" got {result}"
+            ) from e
+
+
+def comparison_evaluator(
+    func: Callable[
+        [Sequence[Run], Optional[Example]],
+        Union[_COMPARISON_OUTPUT, Awaitable[_COMPARISON_OUTPUT]],
+    ],
+) -> DynamicComparisonRunEvaluator:
+    """Create a comaprison evaluator from a function."""
+    return DynamicComparisonRunEvaluator(func)
+
+
+def _normalize_evaluator_func(
+    func: Callable,
+) -> Union[
+    Callable[[Run, Optional[Example]], _RUNNABLE_OUTPUT],
+    Callable[[Run, Optional[Example]], Awaitable[_RUNNABLE_OUTPUT]],
+]:
+    supported_args = (
+        "run",
+        "example",
+        "inputs",
+        "outputs",
+        "reference_outputs",
+        "attachments",
+    )
+    sig = inspect.signature(func)
+    all_args = [pname for pname, p in sig.parameters.items() if p.kind != p.VAR_KEYWORD]
+    args_with_defaults = [
+        pname
+        for pname, p in sig.parameters.items()
+        if p.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty
+    ]
+    if not all_args or (
+        not all(
+            pname in supported_args or pname in args_with_defaults for pname in all_args
+        )
+        and len([a for a in all_args if a not in args_with_defaults]) != 2
+    ):
+        msg = (
+            f"Invalid evaluator function. Must have at least one "
+            f"argument. Supported arguments are {supported_args}. Please "
+            f"see https://docs.smith.langchain.com/evaluation/how_to_guides/evaluation/evaluate_llm_application#use-custom-evaluators"
+            # noqa: E501
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    # For backwards compatibility we assume custom arg names are Run and Example
+    # types, respectively.
+    elif not all(
+        pname in supported_args or pname in args_with_defaults for pname in all_args
+    ) or all_args == [
+        "run",
+        "example",
+    ]:
+        return func
+    else:
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+
+            async def awrapper(
+                run: Run, example: Optional[Example]
+            ) -> _RUNNABLE_OUTPUT:
+                arg_map = {
+                    "run": run,
+                    "example": example,
+                    "inputs": example.inputs if example else {},
+                    "outputs": run.outputs or {},
+                    "attachments": example.attachments or {} if example else {},
+                    "reference_outputs": example.outputs or {} if example else {},
+                }
+                kwargs = {}
+                args = []
+                for param_name, param in sig.parameters.items():
+                    # Could have params with defaults that are not in the arg map
+                    if param_name in arg_map:
+                        if param.kind in (
+                            param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
+                            param.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                        ):
+                            args.append(arg_map[param_name])
+                        else:
+                            kwargs[param_name] = arg_map[param_name]
+                return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            awrapper.__name__ = (
+                getattr(func, "__name__")
+                if hasattr(func, "__name__")
+                else awrapper.__name__
+            )
+            return awrapper  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+        else:
+
+            def wrapper(run: Run, example: Optional[Example]) -> _RUNNABLE_OUTPUT:
+                arg_map = {
+                    "run": run,
+                    "example": example,
+                    "inputs": example.inputs if example else {},
+                    "outputs": run.outputs or {},
+                    "attachments": example.attachments or {} if example else {},
+                    "reference_outputs": example.outputs or {} if example else {},
+                }
+                kwargs = {}
+                args = []
+                for param_name, param in sig.parameters.items():
+                    # Could have params with defaults that are not in the arg map
+                    if param_name in arg_map:
+                        if param.kind in (
+                            param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
+                            param.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                        ):
+                            args.append(arg_map[param_name])
+                        else:
+                            kwargs[param_name] = arg_map[param_name]
+
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            wrapper.__name__ = (
+                getattr(func, "__name__")
+                if hasattr(func, "__name__")
+                else wrapper.__name__
+            )
+            return wrapper  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def _normalize_comparison_evaluator_func(
+    func: Callable,
+) -> Union[
+    Callable[[Sequence[Run], Optional[Example]], _COMPARISON_OUTPUT],
+    Callable[[Sequence[Run], Optional[Example]], Awaitable[_COMPARISON_OUTPUT]],
+]:
+    supported_args = ("runs", "example", "inputs", "outputs", "reference_outputs")
+    sig = inspect.signature(func)
+    all_args = [pname for pname, p in sig.parameters.items() if p.kind != p.VAR_KEYWORD]
+    args_with_defaults = [
+        pname
+        for pname, p in sig.parameters.items()
+        if p.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty
+    ]
+    if not all_args or (
+        not all(
+            pname in supported_args or pname in args_with_defaults for pname in all_args
+        )
+        and len([a for a in all_args if a not in args_with_defaults]) != 2
+    ):
+        msg = (
+            f"Invalid evaluator function. Must have at least one "
+            f"argument. Supported arguments are {supported_args}. Please "
+            f"see https://docs.smith.langchain.com/evaluation/how_to_guides/evaluation/evaluate_llm_application#use-custom-evaluators"
+            # noqa: E501
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    # For backwards compatibility we assume custom arg names are List[Run] and
+    # List[Example] types, respectively.
+    elif not all(
+        pname in supported_args or pname in args_with_defaults for pname in all_args
+    ) or all_args == [
+        "runs",
+        "example",
+    ]:
+        return func
+    else:
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+
+            async def awrapper(
+                runs: Sequence[Run], example: Optional[Example]
+            ) -> _COMPARISON_OUTPUT:
+                arg_map = {
+                    "runs": runs,
+                    "example": example,
+                    "inputs": example.inputs if example else {},
+                    "outputs": [run.outputs or {} for run in runs],
+                    "reference_outputs": example.outputs or {} if example else {},
+                }
+                kwargs = {}
+                args = []
+                for param_name, param in sig.parameters.items():
+                    # Could have params with defaults that are not in the arg map
+                    if param_name in arg_map:
+                        if param.kind in (
+                            param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
+                            param.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                        ):
+                            args.append(arg_map[param_name])
+                        else:
+                            kwargs[param_name] = arg_map[param_name]
+                return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            awrapper.__name__ = (
+                getattr(func, "__name__")
+                if hasattr(func, "__name__")
+                else awrapper.__name__
+            )
+            return awrapper  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+        else:
+
+            def wrapper(
+                runs: Sequence[Run], example: Optional[Example]
+            ) -> _COMPARISON_OUTPUT:
+                arg_map = {
+                    "runs": runs,
+                    "example": example,
+                    "inputs": example.inputs if example else {},
+                    "outputs": [run.outputs or {} for run in runs],
+                    "reference_outputs": example.outputs or {} if example else {},
+                }
+                kwargs = {}
+                args = []
+                for param_name, param in sig.parameters.items():
+                    # Could have params with defaults that are not in the arg map
+                    if param_name in arg_map:
+                        if param.kind in (
+                            param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
+                            param.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                        ):
+                            args.append(arg_map[param_name])
+                        else:
+                            kwargs[param_name] = arg_map[param_name]
+
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            wrapper.__name__ = (
+                getattr(func, "__name__")
+                if hasattr(func, "__name__")
+                else wrapper.__name__
+            )
+            return wrapper  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def _format_evaluator_result(
+    result: Union[EvaluationResults, dict, str, int, bool, float, list],
+) -> Union[EvaluationResults, dict]:
+    if isinstance(result, (bool, float, int)):
+        result = {"score": result}
+    elif not result:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Expected a non-empty dict, str, bool, int, float, list, "
+            f"EvaluationResult, or EvaluationResults. Got {result}"
+        )
+    elif isinstance(result, list):
+        if not all(isinstance(x, dict) for x in result):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a list of dicts or EvaluationResults. Received {result}."
+            )
+        result = {"results": result}  # type: ignore[misc]
+    elif isinstance(result, str):
+        result = {"value": result}
+    elif isinstance(result, dict):
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Expected a dict, str, bool, int, float, list, EvaluationResult, or "
+            f"EvaluationResults. Got {result}"
+        )
+    return result
+
+
+SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T = Union[
+    Callable[
+        [Sequence[schemas.Run], Sequence[schemas.Example]],
+        Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults],
+    ],
+    Callable[
+        [list[schemas.Run], list[schemas.Example]],
+        Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults],
+    ],
+]
+
+
+def _normalize_summary_evaluator(func: Callable) -> SUMMARY_EVALUATOR_T:
+    supported_args = ("runs", "examples", "inputs", "outputs", "reference_outputs")
+    sig = inspect.signature(func)
+    all_args = [pname for pname, p in sig.parameters.items()]
+    args_with_defaults = [
+        pname
+        for pname, p in sig.parameters.items()
+        if p.default is not inspect.Parameter.empty
+    ]
+    if not all_args or (
+        not all(
+            pname in supported_args or pname in args_with_defaults for pname in all_args
+        )
+        and len([a for a in all_args if a not in args_with_defaults]) != 2
+    ):
+        msg = (
+            f"Invalid evaluator function. Must have at least one "
+            f"argument. Supported arguments are {supported_args}."
+        )
+        if all_args:
+            msg += f" Received arguments {all_args}."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    # For backwards compatibility we assume custom arg names are Sequence[Run] and
+    # Sequence[Example] types, respectively.
+    elif not all(pname in supported_args for pname in all_args) or all_args == [
+        "runs",
+        "examples",
+    ]:
+        return func
+    else:
+
+        def wrapper(
+            runs: Sequence[schemas.Run], examples: Sequence[schemas.Example]
+        ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+            arg_map = {
+                "runs": runs,
+                "examples": examples,
+                "inputs": [example.inputs for example in examples],
+                "outputs": [run.outputs or {} for run in runs],
+                "reference_outputs": [example.outputs or {} for example in examples],
+            }
+            kwargs = {}
+            args = []
+            for param_name, param in sig.parameters.items():
+                # Could have params with defaults that are not in the arg map
+                if param_name in arg_map:
+                    if param.kind in (
+                        param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
+                        param.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                    ):
+                        args.append(arg_map[param_name])
+                    else:
+                        kwargs[param_name] = arg_map[param_name]
+
+            result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+            if isinstance(result, EvaluationResult):
+                return result
+            return _format_evaluator_result(result)  # type: ignore
+
+        wrapper.__name__ = (
+            getattr(func, "__name__") if hasattr(func, "__name__") else wrapper.__name__
+        )
+        return wrapper  # type: ignore[return-value]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef8a3034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+"""This module provides integration wrappers for popular open source eval frameworks.
+
+to be used with LangSmith.
+"""
+
+from langsmith.evaluation.integrations._langchain import LangChainStringEvaluator
+
+__all__ = ["LangChainStringEvaluator"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0387ca08
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__pycache__/_langchain.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__pycache__/_langchain.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ac9a30d
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/__pycache__/_langchain.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/_langchain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/_langchain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d4baa62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/_langchain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, TypedDict, Union
+
+from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import DynamicRunEvaluator
+from langsmith.run_helpers import traceable
+from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator
+
+    from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import RunEvaluator
+
+
+class SingleEvaluatorInput(TypedDict):
+    """The input to a `StringEvaluator`."""
+
+    prediction: str
+    """The prediction string."""
+    reference: Optional[Any]
+    """The reference string."""
+    input: Optional[str]
+    """The input string."""
+
+
+class LangChainStringEvaluator:
+    r"""A class for wrapping a LangChain StringEvaluator.
+
+    Requires the `langchain` package to be installed.
+
+    Attributes:
+        evaluator (StringEvaluator): The underlying StringEvaluator OR the name
+            of the evaluator to load.
+
+    Methods:
+        as_run_evaluator() -> RunEvaluator:
+            Convert the LangChainStringEvaluator to a RunEvaluator.
+
+    Examples:
+        Creating a simple LangChainStringEvaluator:
+
+        >>> evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator("exact_match")
+
+        Converting a LangChainStringEvaluator to a RunEvaluator:
+
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import LangChainStringEvaluator
+        >>> from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
+        >>> evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator(
+        ...     "criteria",
+        ...     config={
+        ...         "criteria": {
+        ...             "usefulness": "The prediction is useful if"
+        ...             " it is correct and/or asks a useful followup question."
+        ...         },
+        ...         "llm": ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o"),
+        ...     },
+        ... )
+        >>> run_evaluator = evaluator.as_run_evaluator()
+        >>> run_evaluator  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        <DynamicRunEvaluator ...>
+
+        Customizing the LLM model used by the evaluator:
+
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import LangChainStringEvaluator
+        >>> from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+        >>> evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator(
+        ...     "criteria",
+        ...     config={
+        ...         "criteria": {
+        ...             "usefulness": "The prediction is useful if"
+        ...             " it is correct and/or asks a useful followup question."
+        ...         },
+        ...         "llm": ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229"),
+        ...     },
+        ... )
+        >>> run_evaluator = evaluator.as_run_evaluator()
+        >>> run_evaluator  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        <DynamicRunEvaluator ...>
+
+        Using the `evaluate` API with different evaluators:
+        >>> def prepare_data(run: Run, example: Example):
+        ...     # Convert the evaluation data into the format expected by the evaluator
+        ...     # Only required for datasets with multiple inputs/output keys
+        ...     return {
+        ...         "prediction": run.outputs["prediction"],
+        ...         "reference": example.outputs["answer"],
+        ...         "input": str(example.inputs),
+        ...     }
+        >>> import re
+        >>> from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
+        >>> import langsmith
+        >>> from langsmith.evaluation import LangChainStringEvaluator, evaluate
+        >>> criteria_evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator(
+        ...     "criteria",
+        ...     config={
+        ...         "criteria": {
+        ...             "usefulness": "The prediction is useful if it is correct"
+        ...             " and/or asks a useful followup question."
+        ...         },
+        ...         "llm": ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229"),
+        ...     },
+        ...     prepare_data=prepare_data,
+        ... )
+        >>> embedding_evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator("embedding_distance")
+        >>> exact_match_evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator("exact_match")
+        >>> regex_match_evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator(
+        ...     "regex_match", config={"flags": re.IGNORECASE}, prepare_data=prepare_data
+        ... )
+        >>> scoring_evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator(
+        ...     "labeled_score_string",
+        ...     config={
+        ...         "criteria": {
+        ...             "accuracy": "Score 1: Completely inaccurate\nScore 5: Somewhat accurate\nScore 10: Completely accurate"
+        ...         },
+        ...         "normalize_by": 10,
+        ...         "llm": ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-opus-20240229"),
+        ...     },
+        ...     prepare_data=prepare_data,
+        ... )
+        >>> string_distance_evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator(
+        ...     "string_distance",
+        ...     config={"distance_metric": "levenshtein"},
+        ...     prepare_data=prepare_data,
+        ... )
+        >>> from langsmith import Client
+        >>> client = Client()
+        >>> results = evaluate(
+        ...     lambda inputs: {"prediction": "foo"},
+        ...     data=client.list_examples(dataset_name="Evaluate Examples", limit=1),
+        ...     evaluators=[
+        ...         embedding_evaluator,
+        ...         criteria_evaluator,
+        ...         exact_match_evaluator,
+        ...         regex_match_evaluator,
+        ...         scoring_evaluator,
+        ...         string_distance_evaluator,
+        ...     ],
+        ... )  # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+        View the evaluation results for experiment:...
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        evaluator: Union[StringEvaluator, str],
+        *,
+        config: Optional[dict] = None,
+        prepare_data: Optional[
+            Callable[[Run, Optional[Example]], SingleEvaluatorInput]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize a LangChainStringEvaluator.
+
+        See: https://api.python.langchain.com/en/latest/evaluation/langchain.evaluation.schema.StringEvaluator.html#langchain-evaluation-schema-stringevaluator
+
+        Args:
+            evaluator (StringEvaluator): The underlying StringEvaluator.
+        """
+        from langchain.evaluation.schema import StringEvaluator  # noqa: F811
+
+        if isinstance(evaluator, StringEvaluator):
+            self.evaluator = evaluator
+        elif isinstance(evaluator, str):
+            from langchain.evaluation import load_evaluator  # noqa: F811
+
+            self.evaluator = load_evaluator(evaluator, **(config or {}))  # type: ignore[assignment, arg-type]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Unsupported evaluator type: {type(evaluator)}")
+
+        self._prepare_data = prepare_data
+
+    def as_run_evaluator(
+        self,
+    ) -> RunEvaluator:
+        """Convert the LangChainStringEvaluator to a RunEvaluator.
+
+        This is the object used in the LangSmith `evaluate` API.
+
+        Returns:
+            RunEvaluator: The converted RunEvaluator.
+        """
+        input_str = (
+            "\n       \"input\": example.inputs['input'],"
+            if self.evaluator.requires_input
+            else ""
+        )
+        reference_str = (
+            "\n       \"reference\": example.outputs['expected']"
+            if self.evaluator.requires_reference
+            else ""
+        )
+        customization_error_str = f"""
+def prepare_data(run, example):
+    return {{
+        "prediction": run.outputs['my_output'],{reference_str}{input_str}
+    }}
+evaluator = LangChainStringEvaluator(..., prepare_data=prepare_data)
+"""
+
+        @traceable
+        def prepare_evaluator_inputs(
+            run: Run, example: Optional[Example] = None
+        ) -> SingleEvaluatorInput:
+            if run.outputs and len(run.outputs) > 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Evaluator {self.evaluator} only supports a single prediction "
+                    "key. Please ensure that the run has a single output."
+                    " Or initialize with a prepare_data:\n"
+                    f"{customization_error_str}"
+                )
+            if (
+                self.evaluator.requires_reference
+                and example
+                and example.outputs
+                and len(example.outputs) > 1
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Evaluator {self.evaluator} nly supports a single reference key. "
+                    "Please ensure that the example has a single output."
+                    " Or create a custom evaluator yourself:\n"
+                    f"{customization_error_str}"
+                )
+            if (
+                self.evaluator.requires_input
+                and example
+                and example.inputs
+                and len(example.inputs) > 1
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Evaluator {self.evaluator} only supports a single input key. "
+                    "Please ensure that the example has a single input."
+                    " Or initialize with a prepare_data:\n"
+                    f"{customization_error_str}"
+                )
+
+            return SingleEvaluatorInput(
+                prediction=next(iter(run.outputs.values())),  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                reference=(
+                    next(iter(example.outputs.values()))
+                    if (
+                        self.evaluator.requires_reference
+                        and example
+                        and example.outputs
+                    )
+                    else None
+                ),
+                input=(
+                    next(iter(example.inputs.values()))
+                    if (self.evaluator.requires_input and example and example.inputs)
+                    else None
+                ),
+            )
+
+        @traceable(name=self.evaluator.evaluation_name)
+        def evaluate(run: Run, example: Optional[Example] = None) -> dict:
+            eval_inputs = (
+                prepare_evaluator_inputs(run, example)
+                if self._prepare_data is None
+                else self._prepare_data(run, example)
+            )
+            results = self.evaluator.evaluate_strings(**eval_inputs)
+            return {"key": self.evaluator.evaluation_name, **results}
+
+        @traceable(name=self.evaluator.evaluation_name)
+        async def aevaluate(run: Run, example: Optional[Example] = None) -> dict:
+            eval_inputs = (
+                prepare_evaluator_inputs(run, example)
+                if self._prepare_data is None
+                else self._prepare_data(run, example)
+            )
+            results = await self.evaluator.aevaluate_strings(**eval_inputs)
+            return {"key": self.evaluator.evaluation_name, **results}
+
+        return DynamicRunEvaluator(evaluate, aevaluate)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/test.excalidraw.png b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/test.excalidraw.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72b17426
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/integrations/test.excalidraw.png differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/llm_evaluator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/llm_evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8cfc33ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/llm_evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+"""Contains the LLMEvaluator class for building LLM-as-a-judge evaluators."""
+
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langsmith._internal._beta_decorator import warn_beta
+from langsmith.evaluation import EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults, RunEvaluator
+from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+
+
+class CategoricalScoreConfig(BaseModel):
+    """Configuration for a categorical score."""
+
+    key: str
+    choices: list[str]
+    description: str
+    include_explanation: bool = False
+    explanation_description: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class ContinuousScoreConfig(BaseModel):
+    """Configuration for a continuous score."""
+
+    key: str
+    min: float = 0
+    max: float = 1
+    description: str
+    include_explanation: bool = False
+    explanation_description: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+def _create_score_json_schema(
+    score_config: Union[CategoricalScoreConfig, ContinuousScoreConfig],
+) -> dict:
+    properties: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if isinstance(score_config, CategoricalScoreConfig):
+        properties["score"] = {
+            "type": "string",
+            "enum": score_config.choices,
+            "description": f"The score for the evaluation, one of "
+            f"{', '.join(score_config.choices)}.",
+        }
+    elif isinstance(score_config, ContinuousScoreConfig):
+        properties["score"] = {
+            "type": "number",
+            "minimum": score_config.min,
+            "maximum": score_config.max,
+            "description": f"The score for the evaluation, between "
+            f"{score_config.min} and {score_config.max}, inclusive.",
+        }
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid score type. Must be 'categorical' or 'continuous'")
+
+    if score_config.include_explanation:
+        properties["explanation"] = {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": (
+                "The explanation for the score."
+                if score_config.explanation_description is None
+                else score_config.explanation_description
+            ),
+        }
+
+    return {
+        "title": score_config.key,
+        "description": score_config.description,
+        "type": "object",
+        "properties": properties,
+        "required": (
+            ["score", "explanation"] if score_config.include_explanation else ["score"]
+        ),
+    }
+
+
+class LLMEvaluator(RunEvaluator):
+    """A class for building LLM-as-a-judge evaluators."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prompt_template: Union[str, list[tuple[str, str]]],
+        score_config: Union[CategoricalScoreConfig, ContinuousScoreConfig],
+        map_variables: Optional[Callable[[Run, Optional[Example]], dict]] = None,
+        model_name: str = "gpt-4o",
+        model_provider: str = "openai",
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the LLMEvaluator.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_template (Union[str, List[Tuple[str, str]]): The prompt
+                template to use for the evaluation. If a string is provided, it is
+                assumed to be a human / user message.
+            score_config (Union[CategoricalScoreConfig, ContinuousScoreConfig]):
+                The configuration for the score, either categorical or continuous.
+            map_variables (Optional[Callable[[Run, Example], dict]], optional):
+                A function that maps the run and example to the variables in the
+                prompt. Defaults to None. If None, it is assumed that the prompt
+                only requires 'input', 'output', and 'expected'.
+            model_name (Optional[str], optional): The model to use for the evaluation.
+                Defaults to "gpt-4o".
+            model_provider (Optional[str], optional): The model provider to use
+                for the evaluation. Defaults to "openai".
+        """
+        try:
+            from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "LLMEvaluator requires langchain to be installed. "
+                "Please install langchain by running `pip install langchain`."
+            ) from e
+
+        chat_model = init_chat_model(
+            model=model_name, model_provider=model_provider, **kwargs
+        )
+
+        self._initialize(prompt_template, score_config, map_variables, chat_model)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_model(
+        cls,
+        model: Any,
+        *,
+        prompt_template: Union[str, list[tuple[str, str]]],
+        score_config: Union[CategoricalScoreConfig, ContinuousScoreConfig],
+        map_variables: Optional[Callable[[Run, Optional[Example]], dict]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create an LLMEvaluator instance from a BaseChatModel instance.
+
+        Args:
+            model (BaseChatModel): The chat model instance to use for the evaluation.
+            prompt_template (Union[str, List[Tuple[str, str]]): The prompt
+                template to use for the evaluation. If a string is provided, it is
+                assumed to be a system message.
+            score_config (Union[CategoricalScoreConfig, ContinuousScoreConfig]):
+                The configuration for the score, either categorical or continuous.
+            map_variables (Optional[Callable[[Run, Example]], dict]], optional):
+                A function that maps the run and example to the variables in the
+                prompt. Defaults to None. If None, it is assumed that the prompt
+                only requires 'input', 'output', and 'expected'.
+
+        Returns:
+            LLMEvaluator: An instance of LLMEvaluator.
+        """
+        instance = cls.__new__(cls)
+        instance._initialize(prompt_template, score_config, map_variables, model)
+        return instance
+
+    def _initialize(
+        self,
+        prompt_template: Union[str, list[tuple[str, str]]],
+        score_config: Union[CategoricalScoreConfig, ContinuousScoreConfig],
+        map_variables: Optional[Callable[[Run, Optional[Example]], dict]],
+        chat_model: Any,
+    ):
+        """Shared initialization code for __init__ and from_model.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt_template (Union[str, List[Tuple[str, str]]): The prompt template.
+            score_config (Union[CategoricalScoreConfig, ContinuousScoreConfig]):
+                The score configuration.
+            map_variables (Optional[Callable[[Run, Example]], dict]]):
+                Function to map variables.
+            chat_model (BaseChatModel): The chat model instance.
+        """
+        try:
+            from langchain_core.language_models.chat_models import BaseChatModel
+            from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "LLMEvaluator requires langchain-core to be installed. "
+                "Please install langchain-core by running `pip install langchain-core`."
+            ) from e
+
+        if not (
+            isinstance(chat_model, BaseChatModel)
+            and hasattr(chat_model, "with_structured_output")
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "chat_model must be an instance of "
+                "BaseLanguageModel and support structured output."
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(prompt_template, str):
+            self.prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([("human", prompt_template)])
+        else:
+            self.prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(prompt_template)
+
+        if set(self.prompt.input_variables) - {"input", "output", "expected"}:
+            if not map_variables:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "map_inputs must be provided if the prompt template contains "
+                    "variables other than 'input', 'output', and 'expected'"
+                )
+        self.map_variables = map_variables
+
+        self.score_config = score_config
+        self.score_schema = _create_score_json_schema(self.score_config)
+
+        chat_model = chat_model.with_structured_output(self.score_schema)
+        self.runnable = self.prompt | chat_model
+
+    @warn_beta
+    def evaluate_run(
+        self, run: Run, example: Optional[Example] = None
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        """Evaluate a run."""
+        variables = self._prepare_variables(run, example)
+        output: dict = cast(dict, self.runnable.invoke(variables))
+        return self._parse_output(output)
+
+    @warn_beta
+    async def aevaluate_run(
+        self, run: Run, example: Optional[Example] = None
+    ) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        """Asynchronously evaluate a run."""
+        variables = self._prepare_variables(run, example)
+        output: dict = cast(dict, await self.runnable.ainvoke(variables))
+        return self._parse_output(output)
+
+    def _prepare_variables(self, run: Run, example: Optional[Example]) -> dict:
+        """Prepare variables for model invocation."""
+        if self.map_variables:
+            return self.map_variables(run, example)
+
+        variables = {}
+        if "input" in self.prompt.input_variables:
+            if len(run.inputs) == 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "No input keys are present in run.inputs but the prompt "
+                    "requires 'input'."
+                )
+            if len(run.inputs) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Multiple input keys are present in run.inputs. Please provide "
+                    "a map_variables function."
+                )
+            variables["input"] = list(run.inputs.values())[0]
+
+        if "output" in self.prompt.input_variables:
+            if not run.outputs:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "No output keys are present in run.outputs but the prompt "
+                    "requires 'output'."
+                )
+            if len(run.outputs) == 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "No output keys are present in run.outputs but the prompt "
+                    "requires 'output'."
+                )
+            if len(run.outputs) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Multiple output keys are present in run.outputs. Please "
+                    "provide a map_variables function."
+                )
+            variables["output"] = list(run.outputs.values())[0]
+
+        if "expected" in self.prompt.input_variables:
+            if not example or not example.outputs:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "No example or example outputs is provided but the prompt "
+                    "requires 'expected'."
+                )
+            if len(example.outputs) == 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "No output keys are present in example.outputs but the prompt "
+                    "requires 'expected'."
+                )
+            if len(example.outputs) != 1:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Multiple output keys are present in example.outputs. Please "
+                    "provide a map_variables function."
+                )
+            variables["expected"] = list(example.outputs.values())[0]
+
+        return variables
+
+    def _parse_output(self, output: dict) -> Union[EvaluationResult, EvaluationResults]:
+        """Parse the model output into an evaluation result."""
+        if isinstance(self.score_config, CategoricalScoreConfig):
+            value = output["score"]
+            explanation = output.get("explanation", None)
+            return EvaluationResult(
+                key=self.score_config.key, value=value, comment=explanation
+            )
+        elif isinstance(self.score_config, ContinuousScoreConfig):
+            score = output["score"]
+            explanation = output.get("explanation", None)
+            return EvaluationResult(
+                key=self.score_config.key, score=score, comment=explanation
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/string_evaluator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/string_evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e5c6436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/evaluation/string_evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""This module contains the StringEvaluator class."""
+
+import uuid
+from typing import Callable, Optional
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from langsmith.evaluation.evaluator import EvaluationResult, RunEvaluator
+from langsmith.schemas import Example, Run
+
+
+class StringEvaluator(RunEvaluator, BaseModel):
+    """Grades the run's string input, output, and optional answer."""
+
+    evaluation_name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name evaluation, such as 'Accuracy' or 'Salience'."""
+    input_key: str = "input"
+    """The key in the run inputs to extract the input string."""
+    prediction_key: str = "output"
+    """The key in the run outputs to extra the prediction string."""
+    answer_key: Optional[str] = "output"
+    """The key in the example outputs the answer string."""
+    grading_function: Callable[[str, str, Optional[str]], dict]
+    """Function that grades the run output against the example output."""
+
+    def evaluate_run(
+        self,
+        run: Run,
+        example: Optional[Example] = None,
+        evaluator_run_id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    ) -> EvaluationResult:
+        """Evaluate a single run."""
+        if run.outputs is None:
+            raise ValueError("Run outputs cannot be None.")
+        if not example or example.outputs is None or self.answer_key is None:
+            answer = None
+        else:
+            answer = example.outputs.get(self.answer_key)
+        run_input = run.inputs[self.input_key]
+        run_output = run.outputs[self.prediction_key]
+        grading_results = self.grading_function(run_input, run_output, answer)
+        return EvaluationResult(**{"key": self.evaluation_name, **grading_results})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/middleware.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/middleware.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7dc5a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/middleware.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""Middleware for making it easier to do distributed tracing."""
+
+
+class TracingMiddleware:
+    """Middleware for propagating distributed tracing context using LangSmith.
+
+    This middleware checks for the 'langsmith-trace' header and propagates the
+    tracing context if present. It does not start new traces by default.
+    It is designed to work with ASGI applications.
+
+    Attributes:
+        app: The ASGI application being wrapped.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app):
+        """Initialize the middleware."""
+        from langsmith.run_helpers import tracing_context  # type: ignore
+
+        self._with_headers = tracing_context
+        self.app = app
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: dict, receive, send):
+        """Handle incoming requests and propagate tracing context if applicable.
+
+        Args:
+            scope: A dict containing ASGI connection scope.
+            receive: An awaitable callable for receiving ASGI events.
+            send: An awaitable callable for sending ASGI events.
+
+        If the request is HTTP and contains the 'langsmith-trace' header,
+        it propagates the tracing context before calling the wrapped application.
+        Otherwise, it calls the application directly without modifying the context.
+        """
+        if scope["type"] == "http" and "headers" in scope:
+            headers = dict(scope["headers"])
+            if b"langsmith-trace" in headers:
+                with self._with_headers(parent=headers):
+                    await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+                return
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/pytest_plugin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/pytest_plugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58771684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/pytest_plugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+"""LangSmith Pytest hooks."""
+
+import importlib.util
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import time
+from collections import defaultdict
+from threading import Lock
+from typing import Any
+
+import pytest
+
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith.testing._internal import test as ls_test
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    """Set a boolean flag for LangSmith output.
+
+    Skip if --langsmith-output is already defined.
+    """
+    try:
+        # Try to add the option, will raise if it already exists
+        group = parser.getgroup("langsmith", "LangSmith")
+        group.addoption(
+            "--langsmith-output",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Use LangSmith output (requires 'rich').",
+        )
+    except ValueError:
+        # Option already exists
+        logger.warning(
+            "LangSmith output flag cannot be added because it's already defined."
+        )
+
+
+def _handle_output_args(args):
+    """Handle output arguments."""
+    if any(opt in args for opt in ["--langsmith-output"]):
+        # Only add --quiet if it's not already there
+        if not any(a in args for a in ["-qq"]):
+            args.insert(0, "-qq")
+        # Disable built-in output capturing
+        if not any(a in args for a in ["-s", "--capture=no"]):
+            args.insert(0, "-s")
+
+
+if pytest.__version__.startswith("7."):
+
+    def pytest_cmdline_preparse(config, args):
+        """Call immediately after command line options are parsed (pytest v7)."""
+        _handle_output_args(args)
+
+else:
+
+    def pytest_load_initial_conftests(args):
+        """Handle args in pytest v8+."""
+        _handle_output_args(args)
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_runtest_call(item):
+    """Apply LangSmith tracking to tests marked with @pytest.mark.langsmith."""
+    marker = item.get_closest_marker("langsmith")
+    if marker:
+        # Get marker kwargs if any (e.g.,
+        # @pytest.mark.langsmith(output_keys=["expected"]))
+        kwargs = marker.kwargs if marker else {}
+        # Wrap the test function with our test decorator
+        original_func = item.obj
+        item.obj = ls_test(**kwargs)(original_func)
+        request_obj = getattr(item, "_request", None)
+        if request_obj is not None and "request" not in item.funcargs:
+            item.funcargs["request"] = request_obj
+        if request_obj is not None and "request" not in item._fixtureinfo.argnames:
+            # Create a new FuncFixtureInfo instance with updated argnames
+            item._fixtureinfo = type(item._fixtureinfo)(
+                argnames=item._fixtureinfo.argnames + ("request",),
+                initialnames=item._fixtureinfo.initialnames,
+                names_closure=item._fixtureinfo.names_closure,
+                name2fixturedefs=item._fixtureinfo.name2fixturedefs,
+            )
+    yield
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl
+def pytest_report_teststatus(report, config):
+    """Remove the short test-status character outputs ("./F")."""
+    # The hook normally returns a 3-tuple: (short_letter, verbose_word, color)
+    # By returning empty strings, the progress characters won't show.
+    if config.getoption("--langsmith-output"):
+        return "", "", ""
+
+
+class LangSmithPlugin:
+    """Plugin for rendering LangSmith results."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize."""
+        from rich.console import Console  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+        from rich.live import Live  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+
+        self.test_suites = defaultdict(list)
+        self.test_suite_urls = {}
+
+        self.process_status = {}  # Track process status
+        self.status_lock = Lock()  # Thread-safe updates
+        self.console = Console()
+
+        self.live = Live(
+            self.generate_tables(), console=self.console, refresh_per_second=10
+        )
+        self.live.start()
+        self.live.console.print("Collecting tests...")
+
+    def pytest_collection_finish(self, session):
+        """Call after collection phase is completed and session.items is populated."""
+        self.collected_nodeids = set()
+        for item in session.items:
+            self.collected_nodeids.add(item.nodeid)
+
+    def add_process_to_test_suite(self, test_suite, process_id):
+        """Group a test case with its test suite."""
+        self.test_suites[test_suite].append(process_id)
+
+    def update_process_status(self, process_id, status):
+        """Update test results."""
+        # First update
+        if not self.process_status:
+            self.live.console.print("Running tests...")
+
+        with self.status_lock:
+            current_status = self.process_status.get(process_id, {})
+            self.process_status[process_id] = _merge_statuses(
+                status,
+                current_status,
+                unpack=["feedback", "inputs", "reference_outputs", "outputs"],
+            )
+        self.live.update(self.generate_tables())
+
+    def pytest_runtest_logstart(self, nodeid):
+        """Initialize live display when first test starts."""
+        self.update_process_status(nodeid, {"status": "running"})
+
+    def generate_tables(self):
+        """Generate a collection of tables—one per suite.
+
+        Returns a 'Group' object so it can be rendered simultaneously by Rich Live.
+        """
+        from rich.console import Group
+
+        tables = []
+        for suite_name in self.test_suites:
+            table = self._generate_table(suite_name)
+            tables.append(table)
+        group = Group(*tables)
+        return group
+
+    def _generate_table(self, suite_name: str):
+        """Generate results table."""
+        from rich.table import Table  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+
+        process_ids = self.test_suites[suite_name]
+
+        title = f"""Test Suite: [bold]{suite_name}[/bold]
+LangSmith URL: [bright_cyan]{self.test_suite_urls[suite_name]}[/bright_cyan]"""  # noqa: E501
+        table = Table(title=title, title_justify="left")
+        table.add_column("Test")
+        table.add_column("Inputs")
+        table.add_column("Ref outputs")
+        table.add_column("Outputs")
+        table.add_column("Status")
+        table.add_column("Feedback")
+        table.add_column("Duration")
+
+        # Test, inputs, ref outputs, outputs col width
+        max_status = len("status")
+        max_duration = len("duration")
+        now = time.time()
+        durations = []
+        numeric_feedbacks = defaultdict(list)
+        # Gather data only for this suite
+        suite_statuses = {pid: self.process_status[pid] for pid in process_ids}
+        for pid, status in suite_statuses.items():
+            duration = status.get("end_time", now) - status.get("start_time", now)
+            durations.append(duration)
+            for k, v in status.get("feedback", {}).items():
+                if isinstance(v, (float, int, bool)):
+                    numeric_feedbacks[k].append(v)
+            max_duration = max(len(f"{duration:.2f}s"), max_duration)
+            max_status = max(len(status.get("status", "queued")), max_status)
+
+        passed_count = sum(s.get("status") == "passed" for s in suite_statuses.values())
+        failed_count = sum(s.get("status") == "failed" for s in suite_statuses.values())
+
+        # You could arrange a row to show the aggregated data—here, in the last column:
+        if passed_count + failed_count:
+            rate = passed_count / (passed_count + failed_count)
+            color = "green" if rate == 1 else "red"
+            aggregate_status = f"[{color}]{rate:.0%}[/{color}]"
+        else:
+            aggregate_status = "Passed: --"
+        if durations:
+            aggregate_duration = f"{sum(durations) / len(durations):.2f}s"
+        else:
+            aggregate_duration = "--s"
+        if numeric_feedbacks:
+            aggregate_feedback = "\n".join(
+                f"{k}: {sum(v) / len(v)}" for k, v in numeric_feedbacks.items()
+            )
+        else:
+            aggregate_feedback = "--"
+
+        max_duration = max(max_duration, len(aggregate_duration))
+        max_dynamic_col_width = (self.console.width - (max_status + max_duration)) // 5
+        max_dynamic_col_width = max(max_dynamic_col_width, 8)
+
+        for pid, status in suite_statuses.items():
+            status_color = {
+                "running": "yellow",
+                "passed": "green",
+                "failed": "red",
+                "skipped": "cyan",
+            }.get(status.get("status", "queued"), "white")
+
+            duration = status.get("end_time", now) - status.get("start_time", now)
+            feedback = "\n".join(
+                f"{_abbreviate(k, max_len=max_dynamic_col_width)}: {int(v) if isinstance(v, bool) else v}"  # noqa: E501
+                for k, v in status.get("feedback", {}).items()
+            )
+            inputs = _dumps_with_fallback(status.get("inputs", {}))
+            reference_outputs = _dumps_with_fallback(
+                status.get("reference_outputs", {})
+            )
+            outputs = _dumps_with_fallback(status.get("outputs", {}))
+            table.add_row(
+                _abbreviate_test_name(str(pid), max_len=max_dynamic_col_width),
+                _abbreviate(inputs, max_len=max_dynamic_col_width),
+                _abbreviate(reference_outputs, max_len=max_dynamic_col_width),
+                _abbreviate(outputs, max_len=max_dynamic_col_width)[
+                    -max_dynamic_col_width:
+                ],
+                f"[{status_color}]{status.get('status', 'queued')}[/{status_color}]",
+                feedback,
+                f"{duration:.2f}s",
+            )
+
+        # Add a blank row or a section separator if you like:
+        table.add_row("", "", "", "", "", "", "")
+        # Finally, our “footer” row:
+        table.add_row(
+            "[bold]Averages[/bold]",
+            "",
+            "",
+            "",
+            aggregate_status,
+            aggregate_feedback,
+            aggregate_duration,
+        )
+
+        return table
+
+    def pytest_configure(self, config):
+        """Disable warning reporting and show no warnings in output."""
+        # Disable general warning reporting
+        config.option.showwarnings = False
+
+        # Disable warning summary
+        reporter = config.pluginmanager.get_plugin("warnings-plugin")
+        if reporter:
+            reporter.warning_summary = lambda *args, **kwargs: None
+
+    def pytest_sessionfinish(self, session):
+        """Stop Rich Live rendering at the end of the session."""
+        self.live.stop()
+        self.live.console.print("\nFinishing up...")
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config):
+    """Register the 'langsmith' marker."""
+    config.addinivalue_line(
+        "markers", "langsmith: mark test to be tracked in LangSmith"
+    )
+    if config.getoption("--langsmith-output"):
+        if not importlib.util.find_spec("rich"):
+            msg = (
+                "Must have 'rich' installed to use --langsmith-output. "
+                "Please install with: `pip install -U 'langsmith[pytest]'`"
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if os.environ.get("PYTEST_XDIST_TESTRUNUID"):
+            msg = (
+                "--langsmith-output not supported with pytest-xdist. "
+                "Please remove the '--langsmith-output' option or '-n' option."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        if ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+            msg = (
+                "--langsmith-output not supported when env var"
+                "LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING='false'. Please remove the"
+                "'--langsmith-output' option "
+                "or enable test tracking."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        config.pluginmanager.register(LangSmithPlugin(), "langsmith_output_plugin")
+        # Suppress warnings summary
+        config.option.showwarnings = False
+
+
+def _abbreviate(x: str, max_len: int) -> str:
+    if len(x) > max_len:
+        return x[: max_len - 3] + "..."
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def _abbreviate_test_name(test_name: str, max_len: int) -> str:
+    if len(test_name) > max_len:
+        file, test = test_name.split("::")
+        if len(".py::" + test) > max_len:
+            return "..." + test[-(max_len - 3) :]
+        file_len = max_len - len("...::" + test)
+        return "..." + file[-file_len:] + "::" + test
+    else:
+        return test_name
+
+
+def _merge_statuses(update: dict, current: dict, *, unpack: list[str]) -> dict:
+    for path in unpack:
+        if path_update := update.pop(path, None):
+            path_current = current.get(path, {})
+            if isinstance(path_update, dict) and isinstance(path_current, dict):
+                current[path] = {**path_current, **path_update}
+            else:
+                current[path] = path_update
+    return {**current, **update}
+
+
+def _dumps_with_fallback(obj: Any) -> str:
+    try:
+        return json.dumps(obj)
+    except Exception:
+        return "unserializable"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/run_helpers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/run_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c01a5053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/run_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1841 @@
+"""Decorator for creating a run tree from functions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+import contextvars
+import datetime
+import functools
+import inspect
+import logging
+import uuid
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import (
+    AsyncGenerator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Generator,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from contextvars import copy_context
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+    runtime_checkable,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, TypeGuard, get_args, get_origin
+
+from langsmith import client as ls_client
+from langsmith import run_trees, schemas, utils
+from langsmith._internal import _aiter as aitertools
+from langsmith.env import _runtime_env
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from types import TracebackType
+
+    from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
+
+LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+_PARENT_RUN_TREE = contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[run_trees.RunTree]](
+    "_PARENT_RUN_TREE", default=None
+)
+_PROJECT_NAME = contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[str]]("_PROJECT_NAME", default=None)
+_TAGS = contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[list[str]]]("_TAGS", default=None)
+_METADATA = contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[dict[str, Any]]]("_METADATA", default=None)
+
+
+_TRACING_ENABLED = contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[Union[bool, Literal["local"]]]](
+    "_TRACING_ENABLED", default=None
+)
+_CLIENT = contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[ls_client.Client]]("_CLIENT", default=None)
+_CONTEXT_KEYS: dict[str, contextvars.ContextVar] = {
+    "parent": _PARENT_RUN_TREE,
+    "project_name": _PROJECT_NAME,
+    "tags": _TAGS,
+    "metadata": _METADATA,
+    "enabled": _TRACING_ENABLED,
+    "client": _CLIENT,
+}
+
+_EXCLUDED_FRAME_FNAME = "langsmith/run_helpers.py"
+
+
+def get_current_run_tree() -> Optional[run_trees.RunTree]:
+    """Get the current run tree."""
+    return _PARENT_RUN_TREE.get()
+
+
+def get_tracing_context(
+    context: Optional[contextvars.Context] = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Get the current tracing context."""
+    if context is None:
+        return {
+            "parent": _PARENT_RUN_TREE.get(),
+            "project_name": _PROJECT_NAME.get(),
+            "tags": _TAGS.get(),
+            "metadata": _METADATA.get(),
+            "enabled": _TRACING_ENABLED.get(),
+            "client": _CLIENT.get(),
+        }
+    return {k: context.get(v) for k, v in _CONTEXT_KEYS.items()}
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def tracing_context(
+    *,
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    parent: Optional[Union[run_trees.RunTree, Mapping, str, Literal[False]]] = None,
+    enabled: Optional[Union[bool, Literal["local"]]] = None,
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Set the tracing context for a block of code.
+
+    Args:
+        project_name: The name of the project to log the run to. Defaults to None.
+        tags: The tags to add to the run. Defaults to None.
+        metadata: The metadata to add to the run. Defaults to None.
+        parent: The parent run to use for the context. Can be a Run/RunTree object,
+            request headers (for distributed tracing), or the dotted order string.
+            Defaults to None.
+        client: The client to use for logging the run to LangSmith. Defaults to None,
+        enabled: Whether tracing is enabled. Defaults to None, meaning it will use the
+            current context value or environment variables.
+
+
+    """
+    if kwargs:
+        # warn
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Unrecognized keyword arguments: {kwargs}.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+    current_context = get_tracing_context()
+    parent_run = (
+        _get_parent_run({"parent": parent or kwargs.get("parent_run")})
+        if parent is not False
+        else None
+    )
+    if parent_run is not None:
+        tags = sorted(set(tags or []) | set(parent_run.tags or []))
+        metadata = {**parent_run.metadata, **(metadata or {})}
+    enabled = enabled if enabled is not None else current_context.get("enabled")
+    _set_tracing_context(
+        {
+            "parent": parent_run,
+            "project_name": project_name,
+            "tags": tags,
+            "metadata": metadata,
+            "enabled": enabled,
+            "client": client,
+        }
+    )
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        _set_tracing_context(current_context)
+
+
+# Alias for backwards compatibility
+get_run_tree_context = get_current_run_tree
+
+
+def is_traceable_function(func: Any) -> TypeGuard[SupportsLangsmithExtra[P, R]]:
+    """Check if a function is @traceable decorated."""
+    return (
+        _is_traceable_function(func)
+        or (isinstance(func, functools.partial) and _is_traceable_function(func.func))
+        or (hasattr(func, "__call__") and _is_traceable_function(func.__call__))
+    )
+
+
+def ensure_traceable(
+    func: Callable[P, R],
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None,
+    reduce_fn: Optional[Callable[[Sequence], dict]] = None,
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    process_inputs: Optional[Callable[[dict], dict]] = None,
+    process_outputs: Optional[Callable[..., dict]] = None,
+    process_chunk: Optional[Callable] = None,
+) -> SupportsLangsmithExtra[P, R]:
+    """Ensure that a function is traceable."""
+    if is_traceable_function(func):
+        return func
+    return traceable(
+        name=name,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        tags=tags,
+        client=client,
+        reduce_fn=reduce_fn,
+        project_name=project_name,
+        process_inputs=process_inputs,
+        process_outputs=process_outputs,
+        process_chunk=process_chunk,
+    )(func)
+
+
+def is_async(func: Callable) -> bool:
+    """Inspect function or wrapped function to see if it is async."""
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func) or (
+        hasattr(func, "__wrapped__") and inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func.__wrapped__)
+    )
+
+
+class LangSmithExtra(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Any additional info to be injected into the run dynamically."""
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """Optional name for the run."""
+    reference_example_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE]
+    """Optional ID of a reference example."""
+    run_extra: Optional[dict]
+    """Optional additional run information."""
+    parent: Optional[Union[run_trees.RunTree, str, Mapping]]
+    """Optional parent run, can be a RunTree, string, or mapping."""
+    run_tree: Optional[run_trees.RunTree]  # TODO: Deprecate
+    """Optional run tree (deprecated)."""
+    project_name: Optional[str]
+    """Optional name of the project."""
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+    """Optional metadata for the run."""
+    tags: Optional[list[str]]
+    """Optional list of tags for the run."""
+    run_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE]
+    """Optional ID for the run."""
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client]
+    """Optional LangSmith client."""
+    on_end: Optional[Callable[[run_trees.RunTree], Any]]
+    """Optional callback function to be called when the run ends."""
+
+
+R = TypeVar("R", covariant=True)
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SupportsLangsmithExtra(Protocol, Generic[P, R]):
+    """Implementations of this Protoc accept an optional langsmith_extra parameter.
+
+    Args:
+        *args: Variable length arguments.
+        langsmith_extra (Optional[LangSmithExtra): Optional dictionary of
+            additional parameters for Langsmith.
+        **kwargs: Keyword arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+        R: The return type of the callable.
+    """
+
+    def __call__(  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+        self,
+        *args: P.args,
+        langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> R:
+        """Call the instance when it is called as a function.
+
+        Args:
+            *args: Variable length argument list.
+            langsmith_extra: Optional dictionary containing additional
+                parameters specific to Langsmith.
+            **kwargs: Arbitrary keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            R: The return value of the method.
+
+        """
+        ...
+
+
+@overload
+def traceable(
+    func: Callable[P, R],
+) -> SupportsLangsmithExtra[P, R]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def traceable(
+    run_type: ls_client.RUN_TYPE_T = "chain",
+    *,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    metadata: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None,
+    reduce_fn: Optional[Callable[[Sequence], dict]] = None,
+    project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    process_inputs: Optional[Callable[[dict], dict]] = None,
+    process_outputs: Optional[Callable[..., dict]] = None,
+    process_chunk: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    _invocation_params_fn: Optional[Callable[[dict], dict]] = None,
+    dangerously_allow_filesystem: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[P, R]], SupportsLangsmithExtra[P, R]]: ...
+
+
+def traceable(
+    *args: Any,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Union[Callable, Callable[[Callable], Callable]]:
+    """Trace a function with langsmith.
+
+    Args:
+        run_type: The type of run (span) to create. Examples: llm, chain, tool, prompt,
+            retriever, etc. Defaults to "chain".
+        name: The name of the run. Defaults to the function name.
+        metadata: The metadata to add to the run. Defaults to None.
+        tags: The tags to add to the run. Defaults to None.
+        client: The client to use for logging the run to LangSmith. Defaults to
+            None, which will use the default client.
+        reduce_fn: A function to reduce the output of the function if the function
+            returns a generator. Defaults to None, which means the values will be
+            logged as a list. Note: if the iterator is never exhausted (e.g.
+            the function returns an infinite generator), this will never be
+            called, and the run itself will be stuck in a pending state.
+        project_name: The name of the project to log the run to. Defaults to None,
+            which will use the default project.
+        process_inputs: Custom serialization / processing function for inputs.
+            Defaults to None.
+        process_outputs: Custom serialization / processing function for outputs.
+            Defaults to None.
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem: Whether to allow filesystem access for attachments.
+            Defaults to False.
+
+            Traces that reference local filepaths will be uploaded to LangSmith.
+            In general, network-hosted applications should not be using this because
+            referenced files are usually on the user's machine, not the host machine.
+
+    Returns:
+            Union[Callable, Callable[[Callable], Callable]]: The decorated function.
+
+    Note:
+            - Requires that LANGSMITH_TRACING_V2 be set to 'true' in the environment.
+
+    Examples:
+        Basic usage:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @traceable
+            def my_function(x: float, y: float) -> float:
+                return x + y
+
+
+            my_function(5, 6)
+
+
+            @traceable
+            async def my_async_function(query_params: dict) -> dict:
+                async with httpx.AsyncClient() as http_client:
+                    response = await http_client.get(
+                        "https://api.example.com/data",
+                        params=query_params,
+                    )
+                    return response.json()
+
+
+            asyncio.run(my_async_function({"param": "value"}))
+
+        Streaming data with a generator:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @traceable
+            def my_generator(n: int) -> Iterable:
+                for i in range(n):
+                    yield i
+
+
+            for item in my_generator(5):
+                print(item)
+
+        Async streaming data:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @traceable
+            async def my_async_generator(query_params: dict) -> Iterable:
+                async with httpx.AsyncClient() as http_client:
+                    response = await http_client.get(
+                        "https://api.example.com/data",
+                        params=query_params,
+                    )
+                    for item in response.json():
+                        yield item
+
+
+            async def async_code():
+                async for item in my_async_generator({"param": "value"}):
+                    print(item)
+
+
+            asyncio.run(async_code())
+
+        Specifying a run type and name:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @traceable(name="CustomName", run_type="tool")
+            def another_function(a: float, b: float) -> float:
+                return a * b
+
+
+            another_function(5, 6)
+
+        Logging with custom metadata and tags:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @traceable(
+                metadata={"version": "1.0", "author": "John Doe"}, tags=["beta", "test"]
+            )
+            def tagged_function(x):
+                return x**2
+
+
+            tagged_function(5)
+
+        Specifying a custom client and project name:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            custom_client = Client(api_key="your_api_key")
+
+
+            @traceable(client=custom_client, project_name="My Special Project")
+            def project_specific_function(data):
+                return data
+
+
+            project_specific_function({"data": "to process"})
+
+        Manually passing langsmith_extra:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            @traceable
+            def manual_extra_function(x):
+                return x**2
+
+
+            manual_extra_function(5, langsmith_extra={"metadata": {"version": "1.0"}})
+    """
+    run_type = cast(
+        ls_client.RUN_TYPE_T,
+        (
+            args[0]
+            if args and isinstance(args[0], str)
+            else (kwargs.pop("run_type", None) or "chain")
+        ),
+    )
+    if run_type not in _VALID_RUN_TYPES:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Unrecognized run_type: {run_type}. Must be one of: {_VALID_RUN_TYPES}."
+            f" Did you mean @traceable(name='{run_type}')?"
+        )
+    if len(args) > 1:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `traceable()` decorator only accepts one positional argument, "
+            "which should be the run_type. All other arguments should be passed "
+            "as keyword arguments."
+        )
+    if "extra" in kwargs:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `extra` keyword argument is deprecated. Please use `metadata` "
+            "instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+    reduce_fn = kwargs.pop("reduce_fn", None)
+    container_input = _ContainerInput(
+        # TODO: Deprecate raw extra
+        extra_outer=kwargs.pop("extra", None),
+        name=kwargs.pop("name", None),
+        metadata=kwargs.pop("metadata", None),
+        tags=kwargs.pop("tags", None),
+        client=kwargs.pop("client", None),
+        project_name=kwargs.pop("project_name", None),
+        run_type=run_type,
+        process_inputs=kwargs.pop("process_inputs", None),
+        process_chunk=kwargs.pop("process_chunk", None),
+        invocation_params_fn=kwargs.pop("_invocation_params_fn", None),
+        dangerously_allow_filesystem=kwargs.pop("dangerously_allow_filesystem", False),
+    )
+    outputs_processor = kwargs.pop("process_outputs", None)
+    _on_run_end = functools.partial(
+        _handle_container_end, outputs_processor=outputs_processor
+    )
+
+    if kwargs:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"The following keyword arguments are not recognized and will be ignored: "
+            f"{sorted(kwargs.keys())}.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+    def decorator(func: Callable):
+        func_sig = inspect.signature(func)
+        func_accepts_parent_run = func_sig.parameters.get("run_tree", None) is not None
+        func_accepts_config = func_sig.parameters.get("config", None) is not None
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        async def async_wrapper(
+            *args: Any,
+            langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> Any:
+            """Async version of wrapper function."""
+            if not func_accepts_config:
+                kwargs.pop("config", None)
+            run_container = await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                _setup_run,
+                func,
+                container_input=container_input,
+                langsmith_extra=langsmith_extra,
+                args=args,
+                kwargs=kwargs,
+            )
+
+            try:
+                accepts_context = aitertools.asyncio_accepts_context()
+                if func_accepts_parent_run:
+                    kwargs["run_tree"] = run_container["new_run"]
+                fr_coro = func(*args, **kwargs)
+                if accepts_context:
+                    function_result = await asyncio.create_task(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                        fr_coro, context=run_container["context"]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Python < 3.11
+                    with tracing_context(
+                        **get_tracing_context(run_container["context"])
+                    ):
+                        function_result = await fr_coro
+            except BaseException as e:
+                # shield from cancellation, given we're catching all exceptions
+                _cleanup_traceback(e)
+                await asyncio.shield(
+                    aitertools.aio_to_thread(_on_run_end, run_container, error=e)
+                )
+                raise
+            await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                _on_run_end, run_container, outputs=function_result
+            )
+            return function_result
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        async def async_generator_wrapper(
+            *args: Any, langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> AsyncGenerator:
+            if not func_accepts_config:
+                kwargs.pop("config", None)
+            run_container = await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                _setup_run,
+                func,
+                container_input=container_input,
+                langsmith_extra=langsmith_extra,
+                args=args,
+                kwargs=kwargs,
+            )
+            results: list[Any] = []
+            try:
+                if func_accepts_parent_run:
+                    kwargs["run_tree"] = run_container["new_run"]
+                    # TODO: Nesting is ambiguous if a nested traceable function is only
+                    # called mid-generation. Need to explicitly accept run_tree to get
+                    # around this.
+                async_gen_result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+                # Can't iterate through if it's a coroutine
+                accepts_context = aitertools.asyncio_accepts_context()
+                if inspect.iscoroutine(async_gen_result):
+                    if accepts_context:
+                        async_gen_result = await asyncio.create_task(
+                            async_gen_result, context=run_container["context"]
+                        )  # type: ignore
+                    else:
+                        # Python < 3.11
+                        with tracing_context(
+                            **get_tracing_context(run_container["context"])
+                        ):
+                            async_gen_result = await async_gen_result
+
+                async for item in _process_async_iterator(
+                    generator=async_gen_result,
+                    run_container=run_container,
+                    is_llm_run=(
+                        run_container["new_run"].run_type == "llm"
+                        if run_container["new_run"]
+                        else False
+                    ),
+                    accepts_context=accepts_context,
+                    results=results,
+                    process_chunk=container_input.get("process_chunk"),
+                ):
+                    yield item
+            except BaseException as e:
+                _cleanup_traceback(e)
+                await asyncio.shield(
+                    aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                        _on_run_end,
+                        run_container,
+                        error=e,
+                        outputs=_get_function_result(results, reduce_fn),
+                    )
+                )
+                raise
+            await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                _on_run_end,
+                run_container,
+                outputs=_get_function_result(results, reduce_fn),
+            )
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(
+            *args: Any,
+            langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> Any:
+            """Create a new run or create_child() if run is passed in kwargs."""
+            if not func_accepts_config:
+                kwargs.pop("config", None)
+            run_container = _setup_run(
+                func,
+                container_input=container_input,
+                langsmith_extra=langsmith_extra,
+                args=args,
+                kwargs=kwargs,
+            )
+            func_accepts_parent_run = (
+                inspect.signature(func).parameters.get("run_tree", None) is not None
+            )
+            try:
+                if func_accepts_parent_run:
+                    kwargs["run_tree"] = run_container["new_run"]
+                function_result = run_container["context"].run(func, *args, **kwargs)
+            except BaseException as e:
+                _cleanup_traceback(e)
+                _on_run_end(run_container, error=e)
+                raise
+            _on_run_end(run_container, outputs=function_result)
+            return function_result
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def generator_wrapper(
+            *args: Any, langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> Any:
+            if not func_accepts_config:
+                kwargs.pop("config", None)
+            run_container = _setup_run(
+                func,
+                container_input=container_input,
+                langsmith_extra=langsmith_extra,
+                args=args,
+                kwargs=kwargs,
+            )
+            func_accepts_parent_run = (
+                inspect.signature(func).parameters.get("run_tree", None) is not None
+            )
+            results: list[Any] = []
+            function_return: Any = None
+
+            try:
+                if func_accepts_parent_run:
+                    kwargs["run_tree"] = run_container["new_run"]
+                generator_result = run_container["context"].run(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+                function_return = yield from _process_iterator(
+                    generator_result,
+                    run_container,
+                    is_llm_run=run_type == "llm",
+                    results=results,
+                    process_chunk=container_input.get("process_chunk"),
+                )
+
+                if function_return is not None:
+                    results.append(function_return)
+
+            except BaseException as e:
+                _cleanup_traceback(e)
+                _on_run_end(
+                    run_container,
+                    error=e,
+                    outputs=_get_function_result(results, reduce_fn),
+                )
+                raise
+            _on_run_end(run_container, outputs=_get_function_result(results, reduce_fn))
+
+            return function_return
+
+        # "Stream" functions (used in methods like OpenAI/Anthropic's SDKs)
+        # are functions that return iterable responses and should not be
+        # considered complete until the streaming is completed
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def stream_wrapper(
+            *args: Any, langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> Any:
+            if not func_accepts_config:
+                kwargs.pop("config", None)
+            trace_container = _setup_run(
+                func,
+                container_input=container_input,
+                langsmith_extra=langsmith_extra,
+                args=args,
+                kwargs=kwargs,
+            )
+
+            try:
+                if func_accepts_parent_run:
+                    kwargs["run_tree"] = trace_container["new_run"]
+                stream = trace_container["context"].run(func, *args, **kwargs)
+            except Exception as e:
+                _cleanup_traceback(e)
+                _on_run_end(trace_container, error=e)
+                raise
+
+            if hasattr(stream, "__iter__"):
+                return _TracedStream(stream, trace_container, reduce_fn)
+            elif hasattr(stream, "__aiter__"):
+                # sync function -> async iterable (unexpected)
+                return _TracedAsyncStream(stream, trace_container, reduce_fn)
+
+            # If it's not iterable, end the trace immediately
+            _on_run_end(trace_container, outputs=stream)
+            return stream
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        async def async_stream_wrapper(
+            *args: Any, langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> Any:
+            if not func_accepts_config:
+                kwargs.pop("config", None)
+            trace_container = await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                _setup_run,
+                func,
+                container_input=container_input,
+                langsmith_extra=langsmith_extra,
+                args=args,
+                kwargs=kwargs,
+            )
+
+            try:
+                if func_accepts_parent_run:
+                    kwargs["run_tree"] = trace_container["new_run"]
+                stream = await func(*args, **kwargs)
+            except Exception as e:
+                await aitertools.aio_to_thread(_on_run_end, trace_container, error=e)
+                raise
+
+            if hasattr(stream, "__aiter__"):
+                return _TracedAsyncStream(stream, trace_container, reduce_fn)
+            elif hasattr(stream, "__iter__"):
+                # Async function -> sync iterable
+                return _TracedStream(stream, trace_container, reduce_fn)
+
+            # If it's not iterable, end the trace immediately
+            await aitertools.aio_to_thread(_on_run_end, trace_container, outputs=stream)
+            return stream
+
+        if inspect.isasyncgenfunction(func):
+            selected_wrapper: Callable = async_generator_wrapper
+        elif inspect.isgeneratorfunction(func):
+            selected_wrapper = generator_wrapper
+        elif is_async(func):
+            if reduce_fn:
+                selected_wrapper = async_stream_wrapper
+            else:
+                selected_wrapper = async_wrapper
+        else:
+            if reduce_fn:
+                selected_wrapper = stream_wrapper
+            else:
+                selected_wrapper = wrapper
+        setattr(selected_wrapper, "__langsmith_traceable__", True)
+        sig = inspect.signature(selected_wrapper)
+        if not sig.parameters.get("config"):
+            sig = sig.replace(
+                parameters=[
+                    *(
+                        param
+                        for param in sig.parameters.values()
+                        if param.kind != inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD
+                    ),
+                    inspect.Parameter(
+                        "config", inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, default=None
+                    ),
+                    *(
+                        param
+                        for param in sig.parameters.values()
+                        if param.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD
+                    ),
+                ]
+            )
+            selected_wrapper.__signature__ = sig  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return selected_wrapper
+
+    # If the decorator is called with no arguments, then it's being used as a
+    # decorator, so we return the decorator function
+    if len(args) == 1 and callable(args[0]) and not kwargs:
+        return decorator(args[0])
+    # Else it's being used as a decorator factory, so we return the decorator
+    return decorator
+
+
+class trace:
+    """Manage a LangSmith run in context.
+
+    This class can be used as both a synchronous and asynchronous context manager.
+
+    Args:
+        name (str): Name of the run.
+        run_type (ls_client.RUN_TYPE_T, optional): Type of run (e.g., "chain", "llm", "tool"). Defaults to "chain".
+        inputs (Optional[Dict], optional): Initial input data for the run. Defaults to None.
+        project_name (Optional[str], optional): Project name to associate the run with. Defaults to None.
+        parent (Optional[Union[run_trees.RunTree, str, Mapping]], optional): Parent run. Can be a RunTree, dotted order string, or tracing headers. Defaults to None.
+        tags (Optional[List[str]], optional): List of tags for the run. Defaults to None.
+        metadata (Optional[Mapping[str, Any]], optional): Additional metadata for the run. Defaults to None.
+        client (Optional[ls_client.Client], optional): LangSmith client for custom settings. Defaults to None.
+        run_id (Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE], optional): Preset identifier for the run. Defaults to None.
+        reference_example_id (Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE], optional): Associates run with a dataset example. Only for root runs in evaluation. Defaults to None.
+        exceptions_to_handle (Optional[Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...]], optional): Exception types to ignore. Defaults to None.
+        extra (Optional[Dict], optional): Extra data to send to LangSmith. Use 'metadata' instead. Defaults to None.
+
+    Examples:
+        Synchronous usage:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            >>> with trace("My Operation", run_type="tool", tags=["important"]) as run:
+            ...     result = "foo"  # Perform operation
+            ...     run.metadata["some-key"] = "some-value"
+            ...     run.end(outputs={"result": result})
+
+        Asynchronous usage:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            >>> async def main():
+            ...     async with trace("Async Operation", run_type="tool", tags=["async"]) as run:
+            ...         result = "foo"  # Await async operation
+            ...         run.metadata["some-key"] = "some-value"
+            ...         # "end" just adds the outputs and sets error to None
+            ...         # The actual patching of the run happens when the context exits
+            ...         run.end(outputs={"result": result})
+            >>> asyncio.run(main())
+
+        Handling specific exceptions:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            >>> import pytest
+            >>> import sys
+            >>> with trace("Test", exceptions_to_handle=(pytest.skip.Exception,)):
+            ...     if sys.platform == "win32": # Just an example
+            ...         pytest.skip("Skipping test for windows")
+            ...     result = "foo"  # Perform test operation
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        run_type: ls_client.RUN_TYPE_T = "chain",
+        *,
+        inputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        extra: Optional[dict] = None,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        parent: Optional[
+            Union[run_trees.RunTree, str, Mapping, Literal["ignore"]]
+        ] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None,
+        run_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        reference_example_id: Optional[ls_client.ID_TYPE] = None,
+        exceptions_to_handle: Optional[tuple[type[BaseException], ...]] = None,
+        attachments: Optional[schemas.Attachments] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the trace context manager.
+
+        Warns if unsupported kwargs are passed.
+        """
+        self._end_on_exit = kwargs.pop("_end_on_exit", True)
+        if kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The `trace` context manager no longer supports the following kwargs: "
+                f"{sorted(kwargs.keys())}.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+        self.name = name
+        self.run_type = run_type
+        self.inputs = inputs
+        self.attachments = attachments
+        self.extra = extra
+        self.project_name = project_name
+        self.parent = parent
+        # The run tree is deprecated. Keeping for backwards compat.
+        # Will fully merge within parent later.
+        self.run_tree = kwargs.get("run_tree")
+        self.tags = tags
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.client = client
+        self.run_id = run_id
+        self.reference_example_id = reference_example_id
+        self.exceptions_to_handle = exceptions_to_handle
+        self.new_run: Optional[run_trees.RunTree] = None
+        self.old_ctx: Optional[dict] = None
+
+    def _setup(self) -> run_trees.RunTree:
+        """Set up the tracing context and create a new run.
+
+        This method initializes the tracing context, merges tags and metadata,
+        creates a new run (either as a child of an existing run or as a new root run),
+        and sets up the necessary context variables.
+
+        Returns:
+            run_trees.RunTree: The newly created run.
+        """
+        self.old_ctx = get_tracing_context()
+        enabled = utils.tracing_is_enabled(self.old_ctx)
+
+        outer_tags = _TAGS.get()
+        outer_metadata = _METADATA.get()
+        client_ = self.client or self.old_ctx.get("client")
+        parent_run_ = _get_parent_run(
+            {
+                "parent": self.parent,
+                "run_tree": self.run_tree,
+                "client": client_,
+            }
+        )
+
+        tags_ = sorted(set((self.tags or []) + (outer_tags or [])))
+        metadata = {
+            **(self.metadata or {}),
+            **(outer_metadata or {}),
+            "ls_method": "trace",
+        }
+
+        extra_outer = self.extra or {}
+        extra_outer["metadata"] = metadata
+
+        project_name_ = _get_project_name(self.project_name)
+
+        if parent_run_ is not None and enabled:
+            self.new_run = parent_run_.create_child(
+                name=self.name,
+                run_id=self.run_id,
+                run_type=self.run_type,
+                extra=extra_outer,
+                inputs=self.inputs,
+                tags=tags_,
+                attachments=self.attachments,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.new_run = run_trees.RunTree(
+                name=self.name,
+                id=ls_client._ensure_uuid(self.run_id),
+                reference_example_id=ls_client._ensure_uuid(
+                    self.reference_example_id, accept_null=True
+                ),
+                run_type=self.run_type,
+                extra=extra_outer,
+                project_name=project_name_ or "default",
+                inputs=self.inputs or {},
+                tags=tags_,
+                client=client_,  # type: ignore
+                attachments=self.attachments or {},  # type: ignore
+            )
+
+        if enabled is True:
+            self.new_run.post()
+        if enabled:
+            _TAGS.set(tags_)
+            _METADATA.set(metadata)
+            _PARENT_RUN_TREE.set(self.new_run)
+            _PROJECT_NAME.set(project_name_)
+            _CLIENT.set(client_)
+
+        return self.new_run
+
+    def _teardown(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]],
+        exc_value: Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Clean up the tracing context and finalize the run.
+
+        This method handles exceptions, ends the run if necessary,
+        patches the run if it's not disabled, and resets the tracing context.
+
+        Args:
+            exc_type: The type of the exception that occurred, if any.
+            exc_value: The exception instance that occurred, if any.
+            traceback: The traceback object associated with the exception, if any.
+        """
+        if self.new_run is None:
+            return
+        if exc_type is not None:
+            if self.exceptions_to_handle and issubclass(
+                exc_type, self.exceptions_to_handle
+            ):
+                tb = None
+            else:
+                tb = utils._format_exc()
+                tb = f"{exc_type.__name__}: {exc_value}\n\n{tb}"
+            self.new_run.end(error=tb)
+        if self.old_ctx is not None:
+            enabled = utils.tracing_is_enabled(self.old_ctx)
+            if enabled is True and self._end_on_exit:
+                self.new_run.patch()
+
+            _set_tracing_context(self.old_ctx)
+        else:
+            warnings.warn("Tracing context was not set up properly.", RuntimeWarning)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> run_trees.RunTree:
+        """Enter the context manager synchronously.
+
+        Returns:
+            run_trees.RunTree: The newly created run.
+        """
+        return self._setup()
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]] = None,
+        exc_value: Optional[BaseException] = None,
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Exit the context manager synchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            exc_type: The type of the exception that occurred, if any.
+            exc_value: The exception instance that occurred, if any.
+            traceback: The traceback object associated with the exception, if any.
+        """
+        self._teardown(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> run_trees.RunTree:
+        """Enter the context manager asynchronously.
+
+        Returns:
+            run_trees.RunTree: The newly created run.
+        """
+        ctx = copy_context()
+        result = await aitertools.aio_to_thread(self._setup, __ctx=ctx)
+        # Set the context for the current thread
+        _set_tracing_context(get_tracing_context(ctx))
+        return result
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[type[BaseException]] = None,
+        exc_value: Optional[BaseException] = None,
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Exit the context manager asynchronously.
+
+        Args:
+            exc_type: The type of the exception that occurred, if any.
+            exc_value: The exception instance that occurred, if any.
+            traceback: The traceback object associated with the exception, if any.
+        """
+        ctx = copy_context()
+        if exc_type is not None:
+            await asyncio.shield(
+                aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                    self._teardown, exc_type, exc_value, traceback, __ctx=ctx
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            await aitertools.aio_to_thread(
+                self._teardown, exc_type, exc_value, traceback, __ctx=ctx
+            )
+        _set_tracing_context(get_tracing_context(ctx))
+
+
+def _get_project_name(project_name: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+    if project_name:
+        return project_name
+    prt = _PARENT_RUN_TREE.get()
+    return (
+        # Maintain tree consistency first
+        _PROJECT_NAME.get()
+        or (prt.session_name if prt else None)
+        # fallback to the default for the environment
+        or utils.get_tracer_project()
+    )
+
+
+def as_runnable(traceable_fn: Callable) -> Runnable:
+    """Convert a function wrapped by the LangSmith @traceable decorator to a Runnable.
+
+    Args:
+        traceable_fn (Callable): The function wrapped by the @traceable decorator.
+
+    Returns:
+        Runnable: A Runnable object that maintains a consistent LangSmith
+            tracing context.
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If langchain module is not installed.
+        ValueError: If the provided function is not wrapped by the @traceable decorator.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> @traceable
+        ... def my_function(input_data):
+        ...     # Function implementation
+        ...     pass
+        >>> runnable = as_runnable(my_function)
+    """
+    try:
+        from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, RunnableLambda
+        from langchain_core.runnables.utils import Input, Output
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "as_runnable requires langchain-core to be installed. "
+            "You can install it with `pip install langchain-core`."
+        ) from e
+    if not is_traceable_function(traceable_fn):
+        try:
+            fn_src = inspect.getsource(traceable_fn)
+        except Exception:
+            fn_src = "<source unavailable>"
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"as_runnable expects a function wrapped by the LangSmith"
+            f" @traceable decorator. Got {traceable_fn} defined as:\n{fn_src}"
+        )
+
+    class RunnableTraceable(RunnableLambda):
+        """Converts a @traceable decorated function to a Runnable.
+
+        This helps maintain a consistent LangSmith tracing context.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            func: Callable,
+            afunc: Optional[Callable[..., Awaitable[Output]]] = None,
+        ) -> None:
+            wrapped: Optional[Callable[[Input], Output]] = None
+            awrapped = self._wrap_async(afunc)
+            if is_async(func):
+                if awrapped is not None:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Func was provided as a coroutine function, but afunc was "
+                        "also provided. If providing both, func should be a regular "
+                        "function to avoid ambiguity."
+                    )
+                wrapped = cast(Callable[[Input], Output], self._wrap_async(func))
+            elif is_traceable_function(func):
+                wrapped = cast(Callable[[Input], Output], self._wrap_sync(func))
+            if wrapped is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"{self.__class__.__name__} expects a function wrapped by"
+                    " the LangSmith"
+                    f" @traceable decorator. Got {func}"
+                )
+
+            super().__init__(
+                wrapped,
+                cast(
+                    Optional[Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]]],
+                    awrapped,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def _wrap_sync(
+            func: Callable[..., Output],
+        ) -> Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Output]:
+            """Wrap a synchronous function to make it asynchronous."""
+
+            def wrap_traceable(inputs: dict, config: RunnableConfig) -> Any:
+                run_tree = run_trees.RunTree.from_runnable_config(cast(dict, config))
+                return func(**inputs, langsmith_extra={"run_tree": run_tree})
+
+            return cast(Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Output], wrap_traceable)
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def _wrap_async(
+            afunc: Optional[Callable[..., Awaitable[Output]]],
+        ) -> Optional[Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[Output]]]:
+            """Wrap an async function to make it synchronous."""
+            if afunc is None:
+                return None
+
+            if not is_traceable_function(afunc):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "RunnableTraceable expects a function wrapped by the LangSmith"
+                    f" @traceable decorator. Got {afunc}"
+                )
+            afunc_ = cast(Callable[..., Awaitable[Output]], afunc)
+
+            async def awrap_traceable(inputs: dict, config: RunnableConfig) -> Any:
+                run_tree = run_trees.RunTree.from_runnable_config(cast(dict, config))
+                return await afunc_(**inputs, langsmith_extra={"run_tree": run_tree})
+
+            return cast(
+                Callable[[Input, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[Output]], awrap_traceable
+            )
+
+    return RunnableTraceable(traceable_fn)
+
+
+## Private Methods and Objects
+_VALID_RUN_TYPES = {
+    "tool",
+    "chain",
+    "llm",
+    "retriever",
+    "embedding",
+    "prompt",
+    "parser",
+}
+
+
+class _TraceableContainer(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Typed response when initializing a run a traceable."""
+
+    new_run: Optional[run_trees.RunTree]
+    project_name: Optional[str]
+    outer_project: Optional[str]
+    outer_metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+    outer_tags: Optional[list[str]]
+    on_end: Optional[Callable[[run_trees.RunTree], Any]]
+    context: contextvars.Context
+
+
+class _ContainerInput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Typed response when initializing a run a traceable."""
+
+    extra_outer: Optional[dict]
+    name: Optional[str]
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+    tags: Optional[list[str]]
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client]
+    reduce_fn: Optional[Callable]
+    project_name: Optional[str]
+    run_type: ls_client.RUN_TYPE_T
+    process_inputs: Optional[Callable[[dict], dict]]
+    process_chunk: Optional[Callable]
+    invocation_params_fn: Optional[Callable[[dict], dict]]
+    dangerously_allow_filesystem: Optional[bool]
+
+
+def _container_end(
+    container: _TraceableContainer,
+    outputs: Optional[Any] = None,
+    error: Optional[BaseException] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """End the run."""
+    run_tree = container.get("new_run")
+    if run_tree is None:
+        # Tracing not enabled
+        return
+    if isinstance(outputs, dict):
+        outputs_ = outputs
+    elif (
+        outputs is not None
+        and hasattr(outputs, "model_dump")
+        and callable(outputs.model_dump)
+        and not isinstance(outputs, type)
+    ):
+        try:
+            outputs_ = outputs.model_dump(exclude_none=True, mode="json")
+        except Exception as e:
+            LOGGER.debug(
+                f"Failed to use model_dump to serialize {type(outputs)} to JSON: {e}"
+            )
+            outputs_ = {"output": outputs}
+    else:
+        outputs_ = {"output": outputs}
+    error_ = None
+    if error:
+        stacktrace = utils._format_exc()
+        error_ = f"{repr(error)}\n\n{stacktrace}"
+    run_tree.end(outputs=outputs_, error=error_)
+    if utils.tracing_is_enabled() is True:
+        run_tree.patch()
+    on_end = container.get("on_end")
+    if on_end is not None and callable(on_end):
+        try:
+            on_end(run_tree)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            LOGGER.warning(f"Failed to run on_end function: {e}")
+
+
+def _collect_extra(extra_outer: dict, langsmith_extra: LangSmithExtra) -> dict:
+    run_extra = langsmith_extra.get("run_extra", None)
+    if run_extra:
+        extra_inner = {**extra_outer, **run_extra}
+    else:
+        extra_inner = extra_outer
+    return extra_inner
+
+
+def _get_parent_run(
+    langsmith_extra: LangSmithExtra,
+    config: Optional[dict] = None,
+) -> Optional[run_trees.RunTree]:
+    parent = langsmith_extra.get("parent")
+    if parent == "ignore":
+        return None
+    if isinstance(parent, run_trees.RunTree):
+        return parent
+    if isinstance(parent, dict):
+        return run_trees.RunTree.from_headers(
+            parent,
+            client=langsmith_extra.get("client"),
+            # Precedence: headers -> cvar -> explicit -> env var
+            project_name=_get_project_name(langsmith_extra.get("project_name")),
+        )
+    if isinstance(parent, str):
+        dort = run_trees.RunTree.from_dotted_order(
+            parent,
+            client=langsmith_extra.get("client"),
+            # Precedence: cvar -> explicit ->  env var
+            project_name=_get_project_name(langsmith_extra.get("project_name")),
+        )
+        return dort
+    run_tree = langsmith_extra.get("run_tree")
+    if run_tree:
+        return run_tree
+    crt = get_current_run_tree()
+    if _runtime_env.get_langchain_core_version() is not None:
+        if rt := run_trees.RunTree.from_runnable_config(
+            config, client=langsmith_extra.get("client")
+        ):
+            # Still need to break ties when alternating between traceable and
+            # LanChain code.
+            # Nesting: LC -> LS -> LS, we want to still use LS as the parent
+            # Otherwise would look like LC -> {LS, LS} (siblings)
+            if (
+                not crt  # Simple LC -> LS
+                # Let user override if manually passed in or invoked in a
+                # RunnableSequence. This is a naive check.
+                or (config is not None and config.get("callbacks"))
+                # If the LangChain dotted order is more nested than the LangSmith
+                # dotted order, use the LangChain run as the parent.
+                # Note that this condition shouldn't be triggered in later
+                # versions of core, since we also update the run_tree context
+                # vars when updating the RunnableConfig context var.
+                or rt.dotted_order > crt.dotted_order
+            ):
+                return rt
+    return crt
+
+
+def _setup_run(
+    func: Callable,
+    container_input: _ContainerInput,
+    langsmith_extra: Optional[LangSmithExtra] = None,
+    args: Any = None,
+    kwargs: Any = None,
+) -> _TraceableContainer:
+    """Create a new run or create_child() if run is passed in kwargs."""
+    extra_outer = container_input.get("extra_outer") or {}
+    metadata = container_input.get("metadata")
+    tags = container_input.get("tags")
+    client = container_input.get("client")
+    run_type = container_input.get("run_type") or "chain"
+    dangerously_allow_filesystem = container_input.get(
+        "dangerously_allow_filesystem", False
+    )
+    outer_project = _PROJECT_NAME.get()
+    langsmith_extra = langsmith_extra or LangSmithExtra()
+    name = langsmith_extra.get("name") or container_input.get("name")
+    client_ = langsmith_extra.get("client", client) or _CLIENT.get()
+    parent_run_ = _get_parent_run(
+        {**langsmith_extra, "client": client_}, kwargs.get("config")
+    )
+    project_cv = _PROJECT_NAME.get()
+    selected_project = (
+        project_cv  # From parent trace
+        or (
+            parent_run_.session_name if parent_run_ else None
+        )  # from parent run attempt 2 (not managed by traceable)
+        or langsmith_extra.get("project_name")  # at invocation time
+        or container_input["project_name"]  # at decorator time
+        or utils.get_tracer_project()  # default
+    )
+    reference_example_id = langsmith_extra.get("reference_example_id")
+    id_ = langsmith_extra.get("run_id")
+    if not parent_run_ and not utils.tracing_is_enabled():
+        utils.log_once(
+            logging.DEBUG,
+            "LangSmith tracing is not enabled, returning original function.",
+        )
+        return _TraceableContainer(
+            new_run=None,
+            project_name=selected_project,
+            outer_project=outer_project,
+            outer_metadata=None,
+            outer_tags=None,
+            on_end=langsmith_extra.get("on_end"),
+            context=copy_context(),
+        )
+    id_ = id_ or str(uuid.uuid4())
+    signature = inspect.signature(func)
+    name_ = name or utils._get_function_name(func)
+    extra_inner = _collect_extra(extra_outer, langsmith_extra)
+    outer_metadata = _METADATA.get()
+    outer_tags = _TAGS.get()
+    context = copy_context()
+    metadata_ = {
+        **(langsmith_extra.get("metadata") or {}),
+        **(outer_metadata or {}),
+    }
+    context.run(_METADATA.set, metadata_)
+    metadata_.update(metadata or {})
+    metadata_["ls_method"] = "traceable"
+    extra_inner["metadata"] = metadata_
+    inputs, attachments = _get_inputs_and_attachments_safe(signature, *args, **kwargs)
+    invocation_params_fn = container_input.get("invocation_params_fn")
+    if invocation_params_fn:
+        try:
+            invocation_params = {
+                k: v for k, v in invocation_params_fn(inputs).items() if v is not None
+            }
+            if invocation_params and isinstance(invocation_params, dict):
+                metadata_.update(invocation_params)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            LOGGER.error(f"Failed to infer invocation params for {name_}: {e}")
+    process_inputs = container_input.get("process_inputs")
+    if process_inputs:
+        try:
+            inputs = process_inputs(inputs)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            LOGGER.error(f"Failed to filter inputs for {name_}: {e}")
+    tags_ = (langsmith_extra.get("tags") or []) + (outer_tags or [])
+    context.run(_TAGS.set, tags_)
+    tags_ += tags or []
+    if parent_run_ is not None:
+        new_run = parent_run_.create_child(
+            name=name_,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            tags=tags_,
+            extra=extra_inner,
+            run_id=id_,
+            attachments=attachments,
+        )
+    else:
+        new_run = run_trees.RunTree(
+            id=ls_client._ensure_uuid(id_),
+            name=name_,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            reference_example_id=ls_client._ensure_uuid(
+                reference_example_id, accept_null=True
+            ),
+            project_name=selected_project,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            extra=extra_inner,
+            tags=tags_,
+            client=client_,  # type: ignore
+            attachments=attachments,  # type: ignore
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem=dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+        )
+    if utils.tracing_is_enabled() is True:
+        try:
+            new_run.post()
+        except BaseException as e:
+            LOGGER.error(f"Failed to post run {new_run.id}: {e}")
+    response_container = _TraceableContainer(
+        new_run=new_run,
+        project_name=selected_project,
+        outer_project=outer_project,
+        outer_metadata=outer_metadata,
+        outer_tags=outer_tags,
+        on_end=langsmith_extra.get("on_end"),
+        context=context,
+    )
+    context.run(_PROJECT_NAME.set, response_container["project_name"])
+    context.run(_PARENT_RUN_TREE.set, response_container["new_run"])
+    return response_container
+
+
+def _handle_container_end(
+    container: _TraceableContainer,
+    outputs: Optional[Any] = None,
+    error: Optional[BaseException] = None,
+    outputs_processor: Optional[Callable[..., dict]] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Handle the end of run."""
+    try:
+        if outputs_processor is not None:
+            outputs = outputs_processor(outputs)
+        _container_end(container, outputs=outputs, error=error)
+    except BaseException as e:
+        LOGGER.warning(f"Unable to process trace outputs: {repr(e)}")
+
+
+def _is_traceable_function(func: Any) -> bool:
+    return getattr(func, "__langsmith_traceable__", False)
+
+
+def _get_inputs(
+    signature: inspect.Signature, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Return a dictionary of inputs from the function signature."""
+    bound = signature.bind_partial(*args, **kwargs)
+    bound.apply_defaults()
+    arguments = dict(bound.arguments)
+    arguments.pop("self", None)
+    arguments.pop("cls", None)
+    for param_name, param in signature.parameters.items():
+        if param.kind == inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD:
+            # Update with the **kwargs, and remove the original entry
+            # This is to help flatten out keyword arguments
+            if param_name in arguments:
+                arguments.update(arguments[param_name])
+                arguments.pop(param_name)
+
+    return arguments
+
+
+def _get_inputs_safe(
+    signature: inspect.Signature, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    try:
+        return _get_inputs(signature, *args, **kwargs)
+    except BaseException as e:
+        LOGGER.debug(f"Failed to get inputs for {signature}: {e}")
+        return {"args": args, "kwargs": kwargs}
+
+
+def _is_attachment(param: inspect.Parameter) -> bool:
+    return param.annotation == schemas.Attachment or (
+        get_origin(param.annotation) == Annotated
+        and any(arg == schemas.Attachment for arg in get_args(param.annotation))
+    )
+
+
+def _attachment_args_helper(signature: inspect.Signature) -> set[str]:
+    return {
+        name for name, param in signature.parameters.items() if _is_attachment(param)
+    }
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1000)
+def _cached_attachment_args(signature: inspect.Signature) -> set[str]:
+    return _attachment_args_helper(signature)
+
+
+def _attachment_args(signature: inspect.Signature) -> set[str]:
+    # Caching signatures fails if there's unhashable default values.
+    try:
+        return _cached_attachment_args(signature)
+    except TypeError:
+        return _attachment_args_helper(signature)
+
+
+def _get_inputs_and_attachments_safe(
+    signature: inspect.Signature, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+) -> tuple[dict, schemas.Attachments]:
+    try:
+        inferred = _get_inputs(signature, *args, **kwargs)
+        attachment_args = _attachment_args(signature)
+        if attachment_args:
+            inputs, attachments = {}, {}
+            for k, v in inferred.items():
+                if k in attachment_args:
+                    attachments[k] = v
+                else:
+                    inputs[k] = v
+            return inputs, attachments
+        return inferred, {}
+    except BaseException as e:
+        LOGGER.warning(f"Failed to get inputs for {signature}: {e}")
+        return {"args": args, "kwargs": kwargs}, {}
+
+
+def _set_tracing_context(context: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None):
+    """Set the tracing context."""
+    if context is None:
+        for k, v in _CONTEXT_KEYS.items():
+            v.set(None)
+        return
+    for k, v in context.items():
+        var = _CONTEXT_KEYS[k]
+        var.set(v)
+
+
+def _process_iterator(
+    generator: Iterator[T],
+    run_container: _TraceableContainer,
+    is_llm_run: bool,
+    # Results is mutated
+    results: list[Any],
+    process_chunk: Optional[Callable],
+) -> Generator[T, None, Any]:
+    try:
+        while True:
+            item: T = run_container["context"].run(next, generator)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            if process_chunk:
+                traced_item = process_chunk(item)
+            else:
+                traced_item = item
+            if is_llm_run and run_container["new_run"]:
+                run_container["new_run"].add_event(
+                    {
+                        "name": "new_token",
+                        "time": datetime.datetime.now(
+                            datetime.timezone.utc
+                        ).isoformat(),
+                        "kwargs": {"token": traced_item},
+                    }
+                )
+            results.append(traced_item)
+            yield item
+    except StopIteration as e:
+        return e.value
+
+
+async def _process_async_iterator(
+    generator: AsyncIterator[T],
+    run_container: _TraceableContainer,
+    *,
+    is_llm_run: bool,
+    accepts_context: bool,
+    results: list[Any],
+    process_chunk: Optional[Callable],
+) -> AsyncGenerator[T, None]:
+    try:
+        while True:
+            if accepts_context:
+                item = await asyncio.create_task(  # type: ignore[call-arg, var-annotated]
+                    aitertools.py_anext(generator),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    context=run_container["context"],
+                )
+            else:
+                # Python < 3.11
+                with tracing_context(**get_tracing_context(run_container["context"])):
+                    item = await aitertools.py_anext(generator)
+            if process_chunk:
+                traced_item = process_chunk(item)
+            else:
+                traced_item = item
+            if is_llm_run and run_container["new_run"]:
+                run_container["new_run"].add_event(
+                    {
+                        "name": "new_token",
+                        "time": datetime.datetime.now(
+                            datetime.timezone.utc
+                        ).isoformat(),
+                        "kwargs": {"token": traced_item},
+                    }
+                )
+            results.append(traced_item)
+            yield item
+    except StopAsyncIteration:
+        pass
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class _TracedStreamBase(Generic[T]):
+    """Base class for traced stream objects."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: Union[Iterator[T], AsyncIterator[T]],
+        trace_container: _TraceableContainer,
+        reduce_fn: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    ):
+        self.__ls_stream__ = stream
+        self.__ls_trace_container__ = trace_container
+        self.__ls_completed__ = False
+        self.__ls_reduce_fn__ = reduce_fn
+        self.__ls_accumulated_output__: list[T] = []
+        self.__is_llm_run__ = (
+            trace_container["new_run"].run_type == "llm"
+            if trace_container["new_run"]
+            else False
+        )
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str):
+        return getattr(self.__ls_stream__, name)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return list(set(dir(self.__class__) + dir(self.__ls_stream__)))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"Traceable({self.__ls_stream__!r})"
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.__ls_stream__)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            if not self.__ls_completed__:
+                self._end_trace()
+        except BaseException:
+            pass
+        try:
+            self.__ls_stream__.__del__()
+        except BaseException:
+            pass
+
+    def _end_trace(self, error: Optional[BaseException] = None):
+        if self.__ls_completed__:
+            return
+        try:
+            if self.__ls_reduce_fn__:
+                reduced_output = self.__ls_reduce_fn__(self.__ls_accumulated_output__)
+            else:
+                reduced_output = self.__ls_accumulated_output__
+            _container_end(
+                self.__ls_trace_container__, outputs=reduced_output, error=error
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.__ls_completed__ = True
+
+
+class _TracedStream(_TracedStreamBase, Generic[T]):
+    """A wrapper for synchronous stream objects that handles tracing."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: Iterator[T],
+        trace_container: _TraceableContainer,
+        reduce_fn: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        process_chunk: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            stream=stream, trace_container=trace_container, reduce_fn=reduce_fn
+        )
+        self.__ls_stream__ = stream
+        self.__ls__gen__ = _process_iterator(
+            self.__ls_stream__,
+            self.__ls_trace_container__,
+            is_llm_run=self.__is_llm_run__,
+            results=self.__ls_accumulated_output__,
+            process_chunk=process_chunk,
+        )
+
+    def __next__(self) -> T:
+        try:
+            return next(self.__ls__gen__)
+        except StopIteration:
+            self._end_trace()
+            raise
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]:
+        try:
+            yield from self.__ls__gen__
+        except BaseException as e:
+            _cleanup_traceback(e)
+            self._end_trace(error=e)
+            raise
+        else:
+            self._end_trace()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self.__ls_stream__.__enter__()
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        try:
+            return self.__ls_stream__.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+        finally:
+            self._end_trace(error=exc_val if exc_type else None)
+
+
+class _TracedAsyncStream(_TracedStreamBase, Generic[T]):
+    """A wrapper for asynchronous stream objects that handles tracing."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream: AsyncIterator[T],
+        trace_container: _TraceableContainer,
+        reduce_fn: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        process_chunk: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            stream=stream, trace_container=trace_container, reduce_fn=reduce_fn
+        )
+        self.__ls_stream__ = stream
+        self.__ls_gen = _process_async_iterator(
+            generator=self.__ls_stream__,
+            run_container=self.__ls_trace_container__,
+            is_llm_run=self.__is_llm_run__,
+            accepts_context=aitertools.asyncio_accepts_context(),
+            results=self.__ls_accumulated_output__,
+            process_chunk=process_chunk,
+        )
+
+    async def _aend_trace(self, error: Optional[BaseException] = None):
+        ctx = copy_context()
+        await asyncio.shield(
+            aitertools.aio_to_thread(self._end_trace, error, __ctx=ctx)
+        )
+        _set_tracing_context(get_tracing_context(ctx))
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> T:
+        try:
+            return cast(T, await aitertools.py_anext(self.__ls_gen))
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            await self._aend_trace()
+            raise
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[T]:
+        try:
+            async for item in self.__ls_gen:
+                yield item
+        except BaseException:
+            await self._aend_trace()
+            raise
+        else:
+            await self._aend_trace()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        return await self.__ls_stream__.__aenter__()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        try:
+            return await self.__ls_stream__.__aexit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+        finally:
+            await self._aend_trace()
+
+
+def _get_function_result(results: list, reduce_fn: Callable) -> Any:
+    if results:
+        if reduce_fn is not None:
+            try:
+                return reduce_fn(results)
+            except BaseException as e:
+                LOGGER.error(e)
+                return results
+        else:
+            return results
+
+
+def _cleanup_traceback(e: BaseException):
+    tb_ = e.__traceback__
+    if tb_:
+        while tb_.tb_next is not None and tb_.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename.endswith(
+            _EXCLUDED_FRAME_FNAME
+        ):
+            tb_ = tb_.tb_next
+        e.__traceback__ = tb_
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/run_trees.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/run_trees.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed88d868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/run_trees.py
@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+"""Schemas for the LangSmith API."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import logging
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import Any, Optional, Union, cast
+from uuid import UUID, uuid4
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.v1 import Field, root_validator  # type: ignore[import]
+except ImportError:
+    from pydantic import (  # type: ignore[assignment, no-redef]
+        Field,
+        root_validator,
+    )
+
+import threading
+import urllib.parse
+
+from langsmith import schemas as ls_schemas
+from langsmith import utils
+from langsmith.client import ID_TYPE, RUN_TYPE_T, Client, _dumps_json, _ensure_uuid
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+LANGSMITH_PREFIX = "langsmith-"
+LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER = sys.intern(f"{LANGSMITH_PREFIX}trace")
+LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER_BYTES = LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER.encode("utf-8")
+LANGSMITH_METADATA = sys.intern(f"{LANGSMITH_PREFIX}metadata")
+LANGSMITH_TAGS = sys.intern(f"{LANGSMITH_PREFIX}tags")
+LANGSMITH_PROJECT = sys.intern(f"{LANGSMITH_PREFIX}project")
+OVERRIDE_OUTPUTS = sys.intern("__omit_auto_outputs")
+NOT_PROVIDED = cast(None, object())
+_CLIENT: Optional[Client] = None
+_LOCK = threading.Lock()  # Keeping around for a while for backwards compat
+
+
+# Note, this is called directly by langchain. Do not remove.
+
+
+def get_cached_client(**init_kwargs: Any) -> Client:
+    global _CLIENT
+    if _CLIENT is None:
+        if _CLIENT is None:
+            _CLIENT = Client(**init_kwargs)
+    return _CLIENT
+
+
+class RunTree(ls_schemas.RunBase):
+    """Run Schema with back-references for posting runs."""
+
+    name: str
+    id: UUID = Field(default_factory=uuid4)
+    run_type: str = Field(default="chain")
+    start_time: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
+    # Note: no longer set.
+    parent_run: Optional[RunTree] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    parent_dotted_order: Optional[str] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    child_runs: list[RunTree] = Field(
+        default_factory=list,
+        exclude={"__all__": {"parent_run_id"}},
+    )
+    session_name: str = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: utils.get_tracer_project() or "default",
+        alias="project_name",
+    )
+    session_id: Optional[UUID] = Field(default=None, alias="project_id")
+    extra: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    events: list[dict] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """List of events associated with the run, like
+    start and end events."""
+    ls_client: Optional[Any] = Field(default=None, exclude=True)
+    dotted_order: str = Field(
+        default="", description="The order of the run in the tree."
+    )
+    trace_id: UUID = Field(default="", description="The trace id of the run.")  # type: ignore
+    dangerously_allow_filesystem: Optional[bool] = Field(
+        default=False, description="Whether to allow filesystem access for attachments."
+    )
+
+    class Config:
+        """Pydantic model configuration."""
+
+        arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+        allow_population_by_field_name = True
+        extra = "ignore"
+
+    @root_validator(pre=True)
+    def infer_defaults(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        """Assign name to the run."""
+        if values.get("name") is None and values.get("serialized") is not None:
+            if "name" in values["serialized"]:
+                values["name"] = values["serialized"]["name"]
+            elif "id" in values["serialized"]:
+                values["name"] = values["serialized"]["id"][-1]
+        if values.get("name") is None:
+            values["name"] = "Unnamed"
+        if "client" in values:  # Handle user-constructed clients
+            values["ls_client"] = values.pop("client")
+        elif "_client" in values:
+            values["ls_client"] = values.pop("_client")
+        if not values.get("ls_client"):
+            values["ls_client"] = None
+        parent_run = values.pop("parent_run", None)
+        if parent_run is not None:
+            values["parent_run_id"] = parent_run.id
+            values["parent_dotted_order"] = parent_run.dotted_order
+        if "id" not in values:
+            values["id"] = uuid4()
+        if "trace_id" not in values:
+            if parent_run is not None:
+                values["trace_id"] = parent_run.trace_id
+            else:
+                values["trace_id"] = values["id"]
+        cast(dict, values.setdefault("extra", {}))
+        if values.get("events") is None:
+            values["events"] = []
+        if values.get("tags") is None:
+            values["tags"] = []
+        if values.get("outputs") is None:
+            values["outputs"] = {}
+        if values.get("attachments") is None:
+            values["attachments"] = {}
+        return values
+
+    @root_validator(pre=False)
+    def ensure_dotted_order(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+        """Ensure the dotted order of the run."""
+        current_dotted_order = values.get("dotted_order")
+        if current_dotted_order and current_dotted_order.strip():
+            return values
+        current_dotted_order = _create_current_dotted_order(
+            values["start_time"], values["id"]
+        )
+        parent_dotted_order = values.get("parent_dotted_order")
+        if parent_dotted_order is not None:
+            values["dotted_order"] = parent_dotted_order + "." + current_dotted_order
+        else:
+            values["dotted_order"] = current_dotted_order
+        return values
+
+    @property
+    def client(self) -> Client:
+        """Return the client."""
+        # Lazily load the client
+        # If you never use this for API calls, it will never be loaded
+        if self.ls_client is None:
+            self.ls_client = get_cached_client()
+        return self.ls_client
+
+    @property
+    def _client(self) -> Optional[Client]:
+        # For backwards compat
+        return self.ls_client
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        """Set the _client specially."""
+        # For backwards compat
+        if name == "_client":
+            self.ls_client = value
+        else:
+            return super().__setattr__(name, value)
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        *,
+        inputs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = NOT_PROVIDED,
+        outputs: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = NOT_PROVIDED,
+        tags: Optional[Sequence[str]] = NOT_PROVIDED,
+        metadata: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = NOT_PROVIDED,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the inputs, outputs, tags, and metadata of the run.
+
+        If performed, this will override the default behavior of the
+        end() method to ignore new outputs (that would otherwise be added)
+        by the @traceable decorator.
+
+        If your LangChain or LangGraph versions are sufficiently up-to-date,
+        this will also override the default behavior LangChainTracer.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: The inputs to set.
+            outputs: The outputs to set.
+            tags: The tags to set.
+            metadata: The metadata to set.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if tags is not NOT_PROVIDED:
+            self.tags = list(tags)
+        if metadata is not NOT_PROVIDED:
+            self.extra.setdefault("metadata", {}).update(metadata or {})
+        if inputs is not NOT_PROVIDED:
+            # Used by LangChain core to determine whether to
+            # re-upload the inputs upon run completion
+            self.extra["inputs_is_truthy"] = False
+            if inputs is None:
+                self.inputs = {}
+            else:
+                self.inputs = dict(inputs)
+        if outputs is not NOT_PROVIDED:
+            self.extra[OVERRIDE_OUTPUTS] = True
+            if outputs is None:
+                self.outputs = {}
+            else:
+                self.outputs = dict(outputs)
+
+    def add_tags(self, tags: Union[Sequence[str], str]) -> None:
+        """Add tags to the run."""
+        if isinstance(tags, str):
+            tags = [tags]
+        if self.tags is None:
+            self.tags = []
+        self.tags.extend(tags)
+
+    def add_metadata(self, metadata: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Add metadata to the run."""
+        if self.extra is None:
+            self.extra = {}
+        metadata_: dict = cast(dict, self.extra).setdefault("metadata", {})
+        metadata_.update(metadata)
+
+    def add_outputs(self, outputs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Upsert the given outputs into the run.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (Dict[str, Any]): A dictionary containing the outputs to be added.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if self.outputs is None:
+            self.outputs = {}
+        self.outputs.update(outputs)
+
+    def add_inputs(self, inputs: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Upsert the given outputs into the run.
+
+        Args:
+            outputs (Dict[str, Any]): A dictionary containing the outputs to be added.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if self.inputs is None:
+            self.inputs = {}
+        self.inputs.update(inputs)
+        # Set to False so LangChain things it needs to
+        # re-upload inputs
+        self.extra["inputs_is_truthy"] = False
+
+    def add_event(
+        self,
+        events: Union[
+            ls_schemas.RunEvent,
+            Sequence[ls_schemas.RunEvent],
+            Sequence[dict],
+            dict,
+            str,
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an event to the list of events.
+
+        Args:
+            events (Union[ls_schemas.RunEvent, Sequence[ls_schemas.RunEvent],
+                    Sequence[dict], dict, str]):
+                The event(s) to be added. It can be a single event, a sequence
+                of events, a sequence of dictionaries, a dictionary, or a string.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if self.events is None:
+            self.events = []
+        if isinstance(events, dict):
+            self.events.append(events)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        elif isinstance(events, str):
+            self.events.append(
+                {
+                    "name": "event",
+                    "time": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
+                    "message": events,
+                }
+            )
+        else:
+            self.events.extend(events)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    def end(
+        self,
+        *,
+        outputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        error: Optional[str] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        events: Optional[Sequence[ls_schemas.RunEvent]] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the end time of the run and all child runs."""
+        self.end_time = end_time or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        # We've already 'set' the outputs, so ignore
+        # the ones that are automatically included
+        if not self.extra.get(OVERRIDE_OUTPUTS):
+            if outputs is not None:
+                if not self.outputs:
+                    self.outputs = outputs
+                else:
+                    self.outputs.update(outputs)
+        if error is not None:
+            self.error = error
+        if events is not None:
+            self.add_event(events)
+        if metadata is not None:
+            self.add_metadata(metadata)
+
+    def create_child(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        run_type: RUN_TYPE_T = "chain",
+        *,
+        run_id: Optional[ID_TYPE] = None,
+        serialized: Optional[dict] = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        outputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        error: Optional[str] = None,
+        reference_example_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        start_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        end_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        extra: Optional[dict] = None,
+        attachments: Optional[ls_schemas.Attachments] = None,
+    ) -> RunTree:
+        """Add a child run to the run tree."""
+        serialized_ = serialized or {"name": name}
+        run = RunTree(
+            name=name,
+            id=_ensure_uuid(run_id),
+            serialized=serialized_,
+            inputs=inputs or {},
+            outputs=outputs or {},
+            error=error,
+            run_type=run_type,
+            reference_example_id=reference_example_id,
+            start_time=start_time or datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+            end_time=end_time,
+            extra=extra or {},
+            parent_run=self,
+            project_name=self.session_name,
+            ls_client=self.ls_client,
+            tags=tags,
+            attachments=attachments or {},  # type: ignore
+            dangerously_allow_filesystem=self.dangerously_allow_filesystem,
+        )
+        self.child_runs.append(run)
+        return run
+
+    def _get_dicts_safe(self):
+        # Things like generators cannot be copied
+        self_dict = self.dict(
+            exclude={"child_runs", "inputs", "outputs"}, exclude_none=True
+        )
+        if self.inputs is not None:
+            # shallow copy. deep copying will occur in the client
+            self_dict["inputs"] = self.inputs.copy()
+        if self.outputs is not None:
+            # shallow copy; deep copying will occur in the client
+            self_dict["outputs"] = self.outputs.copy()
+        return self_dict
+
+    def post(self, exclude_child_runs: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Post the run tree to the API asynchronously."""
+        kwargs = self._get_dicts_safe()
+        self.client.create_run(**kwargs)
+        if attachments := kwargs.get("attachments"):
+            keys = [str(name) for name in attachments]
+            self.events.append(
+                {
+                    "name": "uploaded_attachment",
+                    "time": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
+                    "message": set(keys),
+                }
+            )
+        if not exclude_child_runs:
+            for child_run in self.child_runs:
+                child_run.post(exclude_child_runs=False)
+
+    def patch(self) -> None:
+        """Patch the run tree to the API in a background thread."""
+        if not self.end_time:
+            self.end()
+        attachments = {
+            a: v for a, v in self.attachments.items() if isinstance(v, tuple)
+        }
+        try:
+            # Avoid loading the same attachment twice
+            if attachments:
+                uploaded = next(
+                    (
+                        ev
+                        for ev in self.events
+                        if ev.get("name") == "uploaded_attachment"
+                    ),
+                    None,
+                )
+                if uploaded:
+                    attachments = {
+                        a: v
+                        for a, v in attachments.items()
+                        if a not in uploaded["message"]
+                    }
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Error filtering attachments to upload: {e}")
+        self.client.update_run(
+            name=self.name,
+            run_id=self.id,
+            inputs=self.inputs.copy() if self.inputs else None,
+            outputs=self.outputs.copy() if self.outputs else None,
+            error=self.error,
+            parent_run_id=self.parent_run_id,
+            session_name=self.session_name,
+            reference_example_id=self.reference_example_id,
+            end_time=self.end_time,
+            dotted_order=self.dotted_order,
+            trace_id=self.trace_id,
+            events=self.events,
+            tags=self.tags,
+            extra=self.extra,
+            attachments=attachments,
+        )
+
+    def wait(self) -> None:
+        """Wait for all _futures to complete."""
+        pass
+
+    def get_url(self) -> str:
+        """Return the URL of the run."""
+        return self.client.get_run_url(run=self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dotted_order(
+        cls,
+        dotted_order: str,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> RunTree:
+        """Create a new 'child' span from the provided dotted order.
+
+        Returns:
+            RunTree: The new span.
+        """
+        headers = {
+            LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER: dotted_order,
+        }
+        return cast(RunTree, cls.from_headers(headers, **kwargs))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_runnable_config(
+        cls,
+        config: Optional[dict],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[RunTree]:
+        """Create a new 'child' span from the provided runnable config.
+
+        Requires langchain to be installed.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[RunTree]: The new span or None if
+                no parent span information is found.
+        """
+        try:
+            from langchain_core.callbacks.manager import (
+                AsyncCallbackManager,
+                CallbackManager,
+            )
+            from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig, ensure_config
+            from langchain_core.tracers.langchain import LangChainTracer
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise ImportError(
+                "RunTree.from_runnable_config requires langchain-core to be installed. "
+                "You can install it with `pip install langchain-core`."
+            ) from e
+        if config is None:
+            config_ = ensure_config(
+                cast(RunnableConfig, config) if isinstance(config, dict) else None
+            )
+        else:
+            config_ = cast(RunnableConfig, config)
+
+        if (
+            (cb := config_.get("callbacks"))
+            and isinstance(cb, (CallbackManager, AsyncCallbackManager))
+            and cb.parent_run_id
+            and (
+                tracer := next(
+                    (t for t in cb.handlers if isinstance(t, LangChainTracer)),
+                    None,
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+            if (run := tracer.run_map.get(str(cb.parent_run_id))) and run.dotted_order:
+                dotted_order = run.dotted_order
+                kwargs["run_type"] = run.run_type
+                kwargs["inputs"] = run.inputs
+                kwargs["outputs"] = run.outputs
+                kwargs["start_time"] = run.start_time
+                kwargs["end_time"] = run.end_time
+                kwargs["tags"] = sorted(set(run.tags or [] + kwargs.get("tags", [])))
+                kwargs["name"] = run.name
+                extra_ = kwargs.setdefault("extra", {})
+                metadata_ = extra_.setdefault("metadata", {})
+                metadata_.update(run.metadata)
+            elif hasattr(tracer, "order_map") and cb.parent_run_id in tracer.order_map:
+                dotted_order = tracer.order_map[cb.parent_run_id][1]
+            else:
+                return None
+            kwargs["client"] = tracer.client
+            kwargs["project_name"] = tracer.project_name
+            return RunTree.from_dotted_order(dotted_order, **kwargs)
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_headers(
+        cls, headers: Mapping[Union[str, bytes], Union[str, bytes]], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Optional[RunTree]:
+        """Create a new 'parent' span from the provided headers.
+
+        Extracts parent span information from the headers and creates a new span.
+        Metadata and tags are extracted from the baggage header.
+        The dotted order and trace id are extracted from the trace header.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[RunTree]: The new span or None if
+                no parent span information is found.
+        """
+        init_args = kwargs.copy()
+
+        langsmith_trace = cast(Optional[str], headers.get(LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER))
+        if not langsmith_trace:
+            langsmith_trace_bytes = cast(
+                Optional[bytes], headers.get(LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER_BYTES)
+            )
+            if not langsmith_trace_bytes:
+                return  # type: ignore[return-value]
+            langsmith_trace = langsmith_trace_bytes.decode("utf-8")
+
+        parent_dotted_order = langsmith_trace.strip()
+        parsed_dotted_order = _parse_dotted_order(parent_dotted_order)
+        trace_id = parsed_dotted_order[0][1]
+        init_args["trace_id"] = trace_id
+        init_args["id"] = parsed_dotted_order[-1][1]
+        init_args["dotted_order"] = parent_dotted_order
+        if len(parsed_dotted_order) >= 2:
+            # Has a parent
+            init_args["parent_run_id"] = parsed_dotted_order[-2][1]
+        # All placeholders. We assume the source process
+        # handles the life-cycle of the run.
+        init_args["start_time"] = init_args.get("start_time") or datetime.now(
+            timezone.utc
+        )
+        init_args["run_type"] = init_args.get("run_type") or "chain"
+        init_args["name"] = init_args.get("name") or "parent"
+
+        baggage = _Baggage.from_headers(headers)
+        if baggage.metadata or baggage.tags:
+            init_args["extra"] = init_args.setdefault("extra", {})
+            init_args["extra"]["metadata"] = init_args["extra"].setdefault(
+                "metadata", {}
+            )
+            metadata = {**baggage.metadata, **init_args["extra"]["metadata"]}
+            init_args["extra"]["metadata"] = metadata
+            tags = sorted(set(baggage.tags + init_args.get("tags", [])))
+            init_args["tags"] = tags
+            if baggage.project_name:
+                init_args["project_name"] = baggage.project_name
+
+        return RunTree(**init_args)
+
+    def to_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Return the RunTree as a dictionary of headers."""
+        headers = {}
+        if self.trace_id:
+            headers[f"{LANGSMITH_DOTTED_ORDER}"] = self.dotted_order
+        baggage = _Baggage(
+            metadata=self.extra.get("metadata", {}),
+            tags=self.tags,
+            project_name=self.session_name,
+        )
+        headers["baggage"] = baggage.to_header()
+        return headers
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Return a string representation of the RunTree object."""
+        return (
+            f"RunTree(id={self.id}, name='{self.name}', "
+            f"run_type='{self.run_type}', dotted_order='{self.dotted_order}')"
+        )
+
+
+class _Baggage:
+    """Baggage header information."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        metadata: Optional[dict[str, str]] = None,
+        tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+        project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """Initialize the Baggage object."""
+        self.metadata = metadata or {}
+        self.tags = tags or []
+        self.project_name = project_name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_header(cls, header_value: Optional[str]) -> _Baggage:
+        """Create a Baggage object from the given header value."""
+        if not header_value:
+            return cls()
+        metadata = {}
+        tags = []
+        project_name = None
+        try:
+            for item in header_value.split(","):
+                key, value = item.split("=", 1)
+                if key == LANGSMITH_METADATA:
+                    metadata = json.loads(urllib.parse.unquote(value))
+                elif key == LANGSMITH_TAGS:
+                    tags = urllib.parse.unquote(value).split(",")
+                elif key == LANGSMITH_PROJECT:
+                    project_name = urllib.parse.unquote(value)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.warning(f"Error parsing baggage header: {e}")
+
+        return cls(metadata=metadata, tags=tags, project_name=project_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_headers(cls, headers: Mapping[Union[str, bytes], Any]) -> _Baggage:
+        if "baggage" in headers:
+            return cls.from_header(headers["baggage"])
+        elif b"baggage" in headers:
+            return cls.from_header(cast(bytes, headers[b"baggage"]).decode("utf-8"))
+        else:
+            return cls.from_header(None)
+
+    def to_header(self) -> str:
+        """Return the Baggage object as a header value."""
+        items = []
+        if self.metadata:
+            serialized_metadata = _dumps_json(self.metadata)
+            items.append(
+                f"{LANGSMITH_PREFIX}metadata={urllib.parse.quote(serialized_metadata)}"
+            )
+        if self.tags:
+            serialized_tags = ",".join(self.tags)
+            items.append(
+                f"{LANGSMITH_PREFIX}tags={urllib.parse.quote(serialized_tags)}"
+            )
+        if self.project_name:
+            items.append(
+                f"{LANGSMITH_PREFIX}project={urllib.parse.quote(self.project_name)}"
+            )
+        return ",".join(items)
+
+
+def _parse_dotted_order(dotted_order: str) -> list[tuple[datetime, UUID]]:
+    """Parse the dotted order string."""
+    parts = dotted_order.split(".")
+    return [
+        (datetime.strptime(part[:-36], "%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ"), UUID(part[-36:]))
+        for part in parts
+    ]
+
+
+def _create_current_dotted_order(
+    start_time: Optional[datetime], run_id: Optional[UUID]
+) -> str:
+    """Create the current dotted order."""
+    st = start_time or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+    id_ = run_id or uuid4()
+    return st.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ") + str(id_)
+
+
+__all__ = ["RunTree", "RunTree"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/schemas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/schemas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b517eceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1120 @@
+"""Schemas for the LangSmith API."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    Union,
+    runtime_checkable,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from typing_extensions import NotRequired, TypedDict
+
+try:
+    from pydantic.v1 import (
+        BaseModel,
+        Field,  # type: ignore[import]
+        PrivateAttr,
+        StrictBool,
+        StrictFloat,
+        StrictInt,
+    )
+except ImportError:
+    from pydantic import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        BaseModel,
+        Field,
+        PrivateAttr,
+        StrictBool,
+        StrictFloat,
+        StrictInt,
+    )
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+SCORE_TYPE = Union[StrictBool, StrictInt, StrictFloat, None]
+VALUE_TYPE = Union[dict, str, None]
+
+
+class Attachment(NamedTuple):
+    """Annotated type that will be stored as an attachment if used.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langsmith import traceable
+            from langsmith.schemas import Attachment
+
+
+            @traceable
+            def my_function(bar: int, my_val: Attachment):
+                # my_val will be stored as an attachment
+                # bar will be stored as inputs
+                return bar
+    """
+
+    mime_type: str
+    data: Union[bytes, Path]
+
+
+Attachments = dict[str, Union[tuple[str, bytes], Attachment, tuple[str, Path]]]
+"""Attachments associated with the run. 
+Each entry is a tuple of (mime_type, bytes), or (mime_type, file_path)"""
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class BinaryIOLike(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for binary IO-like objects."""
+
+    def read(self, size: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        """Read function."""
+        ...
+
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = 0) -> int:
+        """Seek function."""
+        ...
+
+    def getvalue(self) -> bytes:
+        """Get value function."""
+        ...
+
+
+class ExampleBase(BaseModel):
+    """Example base model."""
+
+    dataset_id: UUID
+    inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    outputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+
+    class Config:
+        """Configuration class for the schema."""
+
+        frozen = True
+        arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+
+
+class _AttachmentDict(TypedDict):
+    mime_type: str
+    data: Union[bytes, Path]
+
+
+_AttachmentLike = Union[
+    Attachment, _AttachmentDict, tuple[str, bytes], tuple[str, Path]
+]
+
+
+class ExampleCreate(BaseModel):
+    """Example upload with attachments."""
+
+    id: Optional[UUID]
+    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
+    inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    outputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    split: Optional[Union[str, list[str]]] = None
+    attachments: Optional[dict[str, _AttachmentLike]] = None
+    use_source_run_io: bool = False
+    use_source_run_attachments: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    source_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+
+    def __init__(self, **data):
+        """Initialize from dict."""
+        super().__init__(**data)
+
+
+ExampleUploadWithAttachments = ExampleCreate
+
+
+class ExampleUpsertWithAttachments(ExampleCreate):
+    """Example create with attachments."""
+
+    dataset_id: UUID
+
+
+class AttachmentInfo(TypedDict):
+    """Info for an attachment."""
+
+    presigned_url: str
+    reader: BinaryIOLike
+    mime_type: Optional[str]
+
+
+class Example(ExampleBase):
+    """Example model."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    created_at: datetime = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: datetime.fromtimestamp(0, tz=timezone.utc)
+    )
+    dataset_id: UUID = Field(default=UUID("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"))
+    modified_at: Optional[datetime] = Field(default=None)
+    runs: list[Run] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    source_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    attachments: Optional[dict[str, AttachmentInfo]] = Field(default=None)
+    """Dictionary with attachment names as keys and a tuple of the S3 url
+    and a reader of the data for the file."""
+    _host_url: Optional[str] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+    _tenant_id: Optional[UUID] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        _host_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        _tenant_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Dataset object."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._host_url = _host_url
+        self._tenant_id = _tenant_id
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """URL of this run within the app."""
+        if self._host_url:
+            path = f"/datasets/{self.dataset_id}/e/{self.id}"
+            if self._tenant_id:
+                return f"{self._host_url}/o/{str(self._tenant_id)}{path}"
+            return f"{self._host_url}{path}"
+        return None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Return a string representation of the RunBase object."""
+        return f"{self.__class__}(id={self.id}, dataset_id={self.dataset_id}, link='{self.url}')"
+
+
+class ExampleSearch(ExampleBase):
+    """Example returned via search."""
+
+    id: UUID
+
+
+class AttachmentsOperations(BaseModel):
+    """Operations to perform on attachments."""
+
+    rename: dict[str, str] = Field(
+        default_factory=dict, description="Mapping of old attachment names to new names"
+    )
+    retain: list[str] = Field(
+        default_factory=list, description="List of attachment names to keep"
+    )
+
+
+class ExampleUpdate(BaseModel):
+    """Example update with attachments."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    dataset_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    inputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    outputs: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default=None)
+    split: Optional[Union[str, list[str]]] = None
+    attachments: Optional[Attachments] = None
+    attachments_operations: Optional[AttachmentsOperations] = None
+
+    class Config:
+        """Configuration class for the schema."""
+
+        frozen = True
+
+    def __init__(self, **data):
+        """Initialize from dict."""
+        super().__init__(**data)
+
+
+ExampleUpdateWithAttachments = ExampleUpdate
+
+
+class DataType(str, Enum):
+    """Enum for dataset data types."""
+
+    kv = "kv"
+    llm = "llm"
+    chat = "chat"
+
+
+class DatasetBase(BaseModel):
+    """Dataset base model."""
+
+    name: str
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    data_type: Optional[DataType] = None
+
+    class Config:
+        """Configuration class for the schema."""
+
+        frozen = True
+
+
+DatasetTransformationType = Literal[
+    "remove_system_messages",
+    "convert_to_openai_message",
+    "convert_to_openai_tool",
+    "remove_extra_fields",
+    "extract_tools_from_run",
+]
+
+
+class DatasetTransformation(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Schema for dataset transformations."""
+
+    path: list[str]
+    transformation_type: Union[DatasetTransformationType, str]
+
+
+class Dataset(DatasetBase):
+    """Dataset ORM model."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    created_at: datetime
+    modified_at: Optional[datetime] = Field(default=None)
+    example_count: Optional[int] = None
+    session_count: Optional[int] = None
+    last_session_start_time: Optional[datetime] = None
+    inputs_schema: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    outputs_schema: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    transformations: Optional[list[DatasetTransformation]] = None
+    _host_url: Optional[str] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+    _tenant_id: Optional[UUID] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+    _public_path: Optional[str] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        _host_url: Optional[str] = None,
+        _tenant_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
+        _public_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Dataset object."""
+        if "inputs_schema_definition" in kwargs:
+            kwargs["inputs_schema"] = kwargs.pop("inputs_schema_definition")
+
+        if "outputs_schema_definition" in kwargs:
+            kwargs["outputs_schema"] = kwargs.pop("outputs_schema_definition")
+
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._host_url = _host_url
+        self._tenant_id = _tenant_id
+        self._public_path = _public_path
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """URL of this run within the app."""
+        if self._host_url:
+            if self._public_path:
+                return f"{self._host_url}{self._public_path}"
+            if self._tenant_id:
+                return f"{self._host_url}/o/{str(self._tenant_id)}/datasets/{self.id}"
+            return f"{self._host_url}/datasets/{self.id}"
+        return None
+
+
+class DatasetVersion(BaseModel):
+    """Class representing a dataset version."""
+
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    as_of: datetime
+
+
+def _default_extra():
+    return {"metadata": {}}
+
+
+class RunBase(BaseModel):
+    """Base Run schema.
+
+    A Run is a span representing a single unit of work or operation within your LLM app.
+    This could be a single call to an LLM or chain, to a prompt formatting call,
+    to a runnable lambda invocation. If you are familiar with OpenTelemetry,
+    you can think of a run as a span.
+    """
+
+    id: UUID
+    """Unique identifier for the run."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Human-readable name for the run."""
+
+    start_time: datetime
+    """Start time of the run."""
+
+    run_type: str
+    """The type of run, such as tool, chain, llm, retriever,
+    embedding, prompt, parser."""
+
+    end_time: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """End time of the run, if applicable."""
+
+    extra: Optional[dict] = Field(default_factory=_default_extra)
+    """Additional metadata or settings related to the run."""
+
+    error: Optional[str] = None
+    """Error message, if the run encountered any issues."""
+
+    serialized: Optional[dict] = None
+    """Serialized object that executed the run for potential reuse."""
+
+    events: Optional[list[dict]] = None
+    """List of events associated with the run, like
+    start and end events."""
+
+    inputs: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Inputs used for the run."""
+
+    outputs: Optional[dict] = None
+    """Outputs generated by the run, if any."""
+
+    reference_example_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """Reference to an example that this run may be based on."""
+
+    parent_run_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """Identifier for a parent run, if this run is a sub-run."""
+
+    tags: Optional[list[str]] = None
+    """Tags for categorizing or annotating the run."""
+
+    attachments: Union[Attachments, dict[str, AttachmentInfo]] = Field(
+        default_factory=dict
+    )
+    """Attachments associated with the run.
+    Each entry is a tuple of (mime_type, bytes)."""
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Retrieve the metadata (if any)."""
+        if self.extra is None:
+            self.extra = {}
+        return self.extra.setdefault("metadata", {})
+
+    @property
+    def revision_id(self) -> Optional[UUID]:
+        """Retrieve the revision ID (if any)."""
+        return self.metadata.get("revision_id")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Return a string representation of the RunBase object."""
+        return f"{self.__class__}(id={self.id}, name='{self.name}', run_type='{self.run_type}')"
+
+    class Config:
+        """Configuration class for the schema."""
+
+        arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+
+
+class Run(RunBase):
+    """Run schema when loading from the DB."""
+
+    session_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """The project ID this run belongs to."""
+    child_run_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None
+    """The child run IDs of this run."""
+    child_runs: Optional[list[Run]] = None
+    """The child runs of this run, if instructed to load using the client
+    These are not populated by default, as it is a heavier query to make."""
+    feedback_stats: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Feedback stats for this run."""
+    app_path: Optional[str] = None
+    """Relative URL path of this run within the app."""
+    manifest_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """Unique ID of the serialized object for this run."""
+    status: Optional[str] = None
+    """Status of the run (e.g., 'success')."""
+    prompt_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """Number of tokens used for the prompt."""
+    completion_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """Number of tokens generated as output."""
+    total_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """Total tokens for prompt and completion."""
+    first_token_time: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """Time the first token was processed."""
+    total_cost: Optional[Decimal] = None
+    """The total estimated LLM cost associated with the completion tokens."""
+    prompt_cost: Optional[Decimal] = None
+    """The estimated cost associated with the prompt (input) tokens."""
+    completion_cost: Optional[Decimal] = None
+    """The estimated cost associated with the completion tokens."""
+
+    parent_run_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None
+    """List of parent run IDs."""
+    trace_id: UUID
+    """Unique ID assigned to every run within this nested trace."""
+    dotted_order: str = Field(default="")
+    """Dotted order for the run.
+
+    This is a string composed of {time}{run-uuid}.* so that a trace can be
+    sorted in the order it was executed.
+
+    Example:
+        - Parent: 20230914T223155647Z1b64098b-4ab7-43f6-afee-992304f198d8
+        - Children:
+        - 20230914T223155647Z1b64098b-4ab7-43f6-afee-992304f198d8.20230914T223155649Z809ed3a2-0172-4f4d-8a02-a64e9b7a0f8a
+        - 20230915T223155647Z1b64098b-4ab7-43f6-afee-992304f198d8.20230914T223155650Zc8d9f4c5-6c5a-4b2d-9b1c-3d9d7a7c5c7c
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    in_dataset: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether this run is in a dataset."""
+    _host_url: Optional[str] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+
+    def __init__(self, _host_url: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Run object."""
+        if not kwargs.get("trace_id"):
+            kwargs = {"trace_id": kwargs.get("id"), **kwargs}
+        inputs = kwargs.pop("inputs", None) or {}
+        super().__init__(**kwargs, inputs=inputs)
+        self._host_url = _host_url
+        if not self.dotted_order.strip() and not self.parent_run_id:
+            self.dotted_order = f"{self.start_time.isoformat()}{self.id}"
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """URL of this run within the app."""
+        if self._host_url and self.app_path:
+            return f"{self._host_url}{self.app_path}"
+        return None
+
+
+class RunTypeEnum(str, Enum):
+    """(Deprecated) Enum for run types. Use string directly."""
+
+    tool = "tool"
+    chain = "chain"
+    llm = "llm"
+    retriever = "retriever"
+    embedding = "embedding"
+    prompt = "prompt"
+    parser = "parser"
+
+
+class RunLikeDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Run-like dictionary, for type-hinting."""
+
+    name: str
+    run_type: RunTypeEnum
+    start_time: datetime
+    inputs: Optional[dict]
+    outputs: Optional[dict]
+    end_time: Optional[datetime]
+    extra: Optional[dict]
+    error: Optional[str]
+    serialized: Optional[dict]
+    parent_run_id: Optional[UUID]
+    manifest_id: Optional[UUID]
+    events: Optional[list[dict]]
+    tags: Optional[list[str]]
+    inputs_s3_urls: Optional[dict]
+    outputs_s3_urls: Optional[dict]
+    id: Optional[UUID]
+    session_id: Optional[UUID]
+    session_name: Optional[str]
+    reference_example_id: Optional[UUID]
+    input_attachments: Optional[dict]
+    output_attachments: Optional[dict]
+    trace_id: UUID
+    dotted_order: str
+    attachments: Attachments
+
+
+class RunWithAnnotationQueueInfo(RunBase):
+    """Run schema with annotation queue info."""
+
+    last_reviewed_time: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The last time this run was reviewed."""
+    added_at: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The time this run was added to the queue."""
+
+
+class FeedbackSourceBase(BaseModel):
+    """Base class for feedback sources.
+
+    This represents whether feedback is submitted from the API, model, human labeler,
+        etc.
+    """
+
+    type: str
+    """The type of the feedback source."""
+    metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+    """Additional metadata for the feedback source."""
+    user_id: Optional[Union[UUID, str]] = None
+    """The user ID associated with the feedback source."""
+    user_name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The user name associated with the feedback source."""
+
+
+class APIFeedbackSource(FeedbackSourceBase):
+    """API feedback source."""
+
+    type: Literal["api"] = "api"
+
+
+class ModelFeedbackSource(FeedbackSourceBase):
+    """Model feedback source."""
+
+    type: Literal["model"] = "model"
+
+
+class FeedbackSourceType(Enum):
+    """Feedback source type."""
+
+    API = "api"
+    """General feedback submitted from the API."""
+    MODEL = "model"
+    """Model-assisted feedback."""
+
+
+class FeedbackBase(BaseModel):
+    """Feedback schema."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    """The unique ID of the feedback."""
+    created_at: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The time the feedback was created."""
+    modified_at: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The time the feedback was last modified."""
+    run_id: Optional[UUID]
+    """The associated run ID this feedback is logged for."""
+    trace_id: Optional[UUID]
+    """The associated trace ID this feedback is logged for."""
+    key: str
+    """The metric name, tag, or aspect to provide feedback on."""
+    score: SCORE_TYPE = None
+    """Value or score to assign the run."""
+    value: VALUE_TYPE = None
+    """The display value, tag or other value for the feedback if not a metric."""
+    comment: Optional[str] = None
+    """Comment or explanation for the feedback."""
+    correction: Union[str, dict, None] = None
+    """Correction for the run."""
+    feedback_source: Optional[FeedbackSourceBase] = None
+    """The source of the feedback."""
+    session_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """The associated project ID (Session = Project) this feedback is logged for."""
+    comparative_experiment_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """If logged within a 'comparative experiment', this is the ID of the experiment."""
+    feedback_group_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """For preference scoring, this group ID is shared across feedbacks for each
+
+    run in the group that was being compared."""
+    extra: Optional[dict] = None
+    """The metadata of the feedback."""
+
+    class Config:
+        """Configuration class for the schema."""
+
+        frozen = True
+
+
+class FeedbackCategory(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Specific value and label pair for feedback."""
+
+    value: float
+    """The numeric value associated with this feedback category."""
+    label: Optional[str]
+    """An optional label to interpret the value for this feedback category."""
+
+
+class FeedbackConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Represents _how_ a feedback value ought to be interpreted."""
+
+    type: Literal["continuous", "categorical", "freeform"]
+    """The type of feedback."""
+    min: Optional[float]
+    """The minimum value for continuous feedback."""
+    max: Optional[float]
+    """The maximum value for continuous feedback."""
+    categories: Optional[list[FeedbackCategory]]
+    """If feedback is categorical, this defines the valid categories the server will accept.
+    Not applicable to continuous or freeform feedback types."""  # noqa
+
+
+class FeedbackCreate(FeedbackBase):
+    """Schema used for creating feedback."""
+
+    feedback_source: FeedbackSourceBase
+    """The source of the feedback."""
+    feedback_config: Optional[FeedbackConfig] = None
+    """The config for the feedback"""
+    error: Optional[bool] = None
+
+
+class Feedback(FeedbackBase):
+    """Schema for getting feedback."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    created_at: datetime
+    """The time the feedback was created."""
+    modified_at: datetime
+    """The time the feedback was last modified."""
+    feedback_source: Optional[FeedbackSourceBase] = None
+    """The source of the feedback. In this case"""
+
+
+class TracerSession(BaseModel):
+    """TracerSession schema for the API.
+
+    Sessions are also referred to as "Projects" in the UI.
+    """
+
+    id: UUID
+    """The ID of the project."""
+    start_time: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
+    """The time the project was created."""
+    end_time: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The time the project was ended."""
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """The description of the project."""
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the session."""
+    extra: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Extra metadata for the project."""
+    tenant_id: UUID
+    """The tenant ID this project belongs to."""
+    reference_dataset_id: Optional[UUID]
+    """The reference dataset IDs this project's runs were generated on."""
+
+    _host_url: Optional[str] = PrivateAttr(default=None)
+
+    def __init__(self, _host_url: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Run object."""
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._host_url = _host_url
+        if self.start_time.tzinfo is None:
+            self.start_time = self.start_time.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """URL of this run within the app."""
+        if self._host_url:
+            return f"{self._host_url}/o/{self.tenant_id}/projects/p/{self.id}"
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Retrieve the metadata (if any)."""
+        if self.extra is None or "metadata" not in self.extra:
+            return {}
+        return self.extra["metadata"]
+
+    @property
+    def tags(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Retrieve the tags (if any)."""
+        if self.extra is None or "tags" not in self.extra:
+            return []
+        return self.extra["tags"]
+
+
+class TracerSessionResult(TracerSession):
+    """A project, hydrated with additional information.
+
+    Sessions are also referred to as "Projects" in the UI.
+    """
+
+    run_count: Optional[int]
+    """The number of runs in the project."""
+    latency_p50: Optional[timedelta]
+    """The median (50th percentile) latency for the project."""
+    latency_p99: Optional[timedelta]
+    """The 99th percentile latency for the project."""
+    total_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """The total number of tokens consumed in the project."""
+    prompt_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """The total number of prompt tokens consumed in the project."""
+    completion_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """The total number of completion tokens consumed in the project."""
+    last_run_start_time: Optional[datetime]
+    """The start time of the last run in the project."""
+    feedback_stats: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+    """Feedback stats for the project."""
+    run_facets: Optional[list[dict[str, Any]]]
+    """Facets for the runs in the project."""
+    total_cost: Optional[Decimal]
+    """The total estimated LLM cost associated with the completion tokens."""
+    prompt_cost: Optional[Decimal]
+    """The estimated cost associated with the prompt (input) tokens."""
+    completion_cost: Optional[Decimal]
+    """The estimated cost associated with the completion tokens."""
+    first_token_p50: Optional[timedelta]
+    """The median (50th percentile) time to process the first token."""
+    first_token_p99: Optional[timedelta]
+    """The 99th percentile time to process the first token."""
+    error_rate: Optional[float]
+    """The error rate for the project."""
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class BaseMessageLike(Protocol):
+    """A protocol representing objects similar to BaseMessage."""
+
+    content: str
+    """The content of the message."""
+    additional_kwargs: dict[Any, Any]
+    """Additional keyword arguments associated with the message."""
+
+    @property
+    def type(self) -> str:
+        """Type of the Message, used for serialization."""
+
+
+class DatasetShareSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Represents the schema for a dataset share."""
+
+    dataset_id: UUID
+    """The ID of the dataset."""
+    share_token: UUID
+    """The token for sharing the dataset."""
+    url: str
+    """The URL of the shared dataset."""
+
+
+class AnnotationQueue(BaseModel):
+    """Represents an annotation queue."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    """The unique identifier of the annotation queue."""
+    name: str
+    """The name of the annotation queue."""
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """An optional description of the annotation queue."""
+    created_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
+    """The timestamp when the annotation queue was created."""
+    updated_at: datetime = Field(default_factory=lambda: datetime.now(timezone.utc))
+    """The timestamp when the annotation queue was last updated."""
+    tenant_id: UUID
+    """The ID of the tenant associated with the annotation queue."""
+
+
+class AnnotationQueueWithDetails(AnnotationQueue):
+    """Represents an annotation queue with details."""
+
+    rubric_instructions: Optional[str] = None
+    """The rubric instructions for the annotation queue."""
+
+
+class BatchIngestConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Configuration for batch ingestion."""
+
+    use_multipart_endpoint: bool
+    """Whether to use the multipart endpoint for batch ingestion."""
+    scale_up_qsize_trigger: int
+    """The queue size threshold that triggers scaling up."""
+    scale_up_nthreads_limit: int
+    """The maximum number of threads to scale up to."""
+    scale_down_nempty_trigger: int
+    """The number of empty threads that triggers scaling down."""
+    size_limit: int
+    """The maximum size limit for the batch."""
+    size_limit_bytes: Optional[int]
+    """The maximum size limit in bytes for the batch."""
+
+
+class LangSmithInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Information about the LangSmith server."""
+
+    version: str = ""
+    """The version of the LangSmith server."""
+    license_expiration_time: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The time the license will expire."""
+    batch_ingest_config: Optional[BatchIngestConfig] = None
+    """The instance flags."""
+    instance_flags: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+
+
+Example.update_forward_refs()
+
+
+class LangSmithSettings(BaseModel):
+    """Settings for the LangSmith tenant."""
+
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the tenant."""
+    display_name: str
+    """The display name of the tenant."""
+    created_at: datetime
+    """The creation time of the tenant."""
+    tenant_handle: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class FeedbackIngestToken(BaseModel):
+    """Represents the schema for a feedback ingest token."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    """The ID of the feedback ingest token."""
+    url: str
+    """The URL to GET when logging the feedback."""
+    expires_at: datetime
+    """The expiration time of the token."""
+
+
+class RunEvent(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Run event schema."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Type of event."""
+    time: Union[datetime, str]
+    """Time of the event."""
+    kwargs: Optional[dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional metadata for the event."""
+
+
+class TimeDeltaInput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Timedelta input schema."""
+
+    days: int
+    """Number of days."""
+    hours: int
+    """Number of hours."""
+    minutes: int
+    """Number of minutes."""
+
+
+class DatasetDiffInfo(BaseModel):
+    """Represents the difference information between two datasets."""
+
+    examples_modified: list[UUID]
+    """A list of UUIDs representing the modified examples."""
+    examples_added: list[UUID]
+    """A list of UUIDs representing the added examples."""
+    examples_removed: list[UUID]
+    """A list of UUIDs representing the removed examples."""
+
+
+class ComparativeExperiment(BaseModel):
+    """Represents a comparative experiment.
+
+    This information summarizes evaluation results comparing
+    two or more models on a given dataset.
+    """
+
+    id: UUID
+    """The unique identifier for the comparative experiment."""
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The optional name of the comparative experiment."""
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """An optional description of the comparative experiment."""
+    tenant_id: UUID
+    """The identifier of the tenant associated with this experiment."""
+    created_at: datetime
+    """The timestamp when the comparative experiment was created."""
+    modified_at: datetime
+    """The timestamp when the comparative experiment was last modified."""
+    reference_dataset_id: UUID
+    """The identifier of the reference dataset used in this experiment."""
+    extra: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Optional additional information about the experiment."""
+    experiments_info: Optional[list[dict]] = None
+    """Optional list of dictionaries containing information about individual experiments."""
+    feedback_stats: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    """Optional dictionary containing feedback statistics for the experiment."""
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Retrieve the metadata (if any)."""
+        if self.extra is None or "metadata" not in self.extra:
+            return {}
+        return self.extra["metadata"]
+
+
+class PromptCommit(BaseModel):
+    """Represents a Prompt with a manifest."""
+
+    owner: str
+    """The handle of the owner of the prompt."""
+    repo: str
+    """The name of the prompt."""
+    commit_hash: str
+    """The commit hash of the prompt."""
+    manifest: dict[str, Any]
+    """The manifest of the prompt."""
+    examples: list[dict]
+    """The list of examples."""
+
+
+class ListedPromptCommit(BaseModel):
+    """Represents a listed prompt commit with associated metadata."""
+
+    id: UUID
+    """The unique identifier for the prompt commit."""
+
+    owner: str
+    """The owner of the prompt commit."""
+
+    repo: str
+    """The repository name of the prompt commit."""
+
+    manifest_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """The optional identifier for the manifest associated with this commit."""
+
+    repo_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """The optional identifier for the repository."""
+
+    parent_id: Optional[UUID] = None
+    """The optional identifier for the parent commit."""
+
+    commit_hash: Optional[str] = None
+    """The optional hash of the commit."""
+
+    created_at: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The optional timestamp when the commit was created."""
+
+    updated_at: Optional[datetime] = None
+    """The optional timestamp when the commit was last updated."""
+
+    example_run_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    """A list of example run identifiers associated with this commit."""
+
+    num_downloads: Optional[int] = 0
+    """The number of times this commit has been downloaded."""
+
+    num_views: Optional[int] = 0
+    """The number of times this commit has been viewed."""
+
+    parent_commit_hash: Optional[str] = None
+    """The optional hash of the parent commit."""
+
+
+class Prompt(BaseModel):
+    """Represents a Prompt with metadata."""
+
+    repo_handle: str
+    """The name of the prompt."""
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """The description of the prompt."""
+    readme: Optional[str] = None
+    """The README of the prompt."""
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the prompt."""
+    tenant_id: str
+    """The tenant ID of the prompt owner."""
+    created_at: datetime
+    """The creation time of the prompt."""
+    updated_at: datetime
+    """The last update time of the prompt."""
+    is_public: bool
+    """Whether the prompt is public."""
+    is_archived: bool
+    """Whether the prompt is archived."""
+    tags: list[str]
+    """The tags associated with the prompt."""
+    original_repo_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the original prompt, if forked."""
+    upstream_repo_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the upstream prompt, if forked."""
+    owner: Optional[str]
+    """The handle of the owner of the prompt."""
+    full_name: str
+    """The full name of the prompt. (owner + repo_handle)"""
+    num_likes: int
+    """The number of likes."""
+    num_downloads: int
+    """The number of downloads."""
+    num_views: int
+    """The number of views."""
+    liked_by_auth_user: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether the prompt is liked by the authenticated user."""
+    last_commit_hash: Optional[str] = None
+    """The hash of the last commit."""
+    num_commits: int
+    """The number of commits."""
+    original_repo_full_name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The full name of the original prompt, if forked."""
+    upstream_repo_full_name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The full name of the upstream prompt, if forked."""
+
+
+class ListPromptsResponse(BaseModel):
+    """A list of prompts with metadata."""
+
+    repos: list[Prompt]
+    """The list of prompts."""
+    total: int
+    """The total number of prompts."""
+
+
+class PromptSortField(str, Enum):
+    """Enum for sorting fields for prompts."""
+
+    num_downloads = "num_downloads"
+    """Number of downloads."""
+    num_views = "num_views"
+    """Number of views."""
+    updated_at = "updated_at"
+    """Last updated time."""
+    num_likes = "num_likes"
+    """Number of likes."""
+
+
+class InputTokenDetails(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Breakdown of input token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full input token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+    """
+
+    audio: int
+    """Audio input tokens."""
+    cache_creation: int
+    """Input tokens that were cached and there was a cache miss.
+
+    Since there was a cache miss, the cache was created from these tokens.
+    """
+    cache_read: int
+    """Input tokens that were cached and there was a cache hit.
+
+    Since there was a cache hit, the tokens were read from the cache. More precisely,
+    the model state given these tokens was read from the cache.
+    """
+
+
+class OutputTokenDetails(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Breakdown of output token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full output token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+    """
+
+    audio: int
+    """Audio output tokens."""
+    reasoning: int
+    """Reasoning output tokens.
+
+    Tokens generated by the model in a chain of thought process (i.e. by OpenAI's o1
+    models) that are not returned as part of model output.
+    """
+
+
+class UsageMetadata(TypedDict):
+    """Usage metadata for a message, such as token counts.
+
+    This is a standard representation of token usage that is consistent across models.
+    """
+
+    input_tokens: int
+    """Count of input (or prompt) tokens. Sum of all input token types."""
+    output_tokens: int
+    """Count of output (or completion) tokens. Sum of all output token types."""
+    total_tokens: int
+    """Total token count. Sum of input_tokens + output_tokens."""
+    input_token_details: NotRequired[InputTokenDetails]
+    """Breakdown of input token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full input token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+    """
+    output_token_details: NotRequired[OutputTokenDetails]
+    """Breakdown of output token counts.
+
+    Does *not* need to sum to full output token count. Does *not* need to have all keys.
+    """
+
+
+class UpsertExamplesResponse(TypedDict):
+    """Response object returned from the upsert_examples_multipart method."""
+
+    count: int
+    """The number of examples that were upserted."""
+    example_ids: list[str]
+    """The ids of the examples that were upserted."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f64c1f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""LangSmith pytest testing module."""
+
+from langsmith.testing._internal import (
+    log_feedback,
+    log_inputs,
+    log_outputs,
+    log_reference_outputs,
+    trace_feedback,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "log_inputs",
+    "log_outputs",
+    "log_reference_outputs",
+    "log_feedback",
+    "trace_feedback",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f16aabf
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__pycache__/_internal.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__pycache__/_internal.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f817d91b
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/__pycache__/_internal.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/_internal.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/_internal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58ec22dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/testing/_internal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1324 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import atexit
+import contextlib
+import contextvars
+import datetime
+import functools
+import importlib
+import inspect
+import logging
+import os
+import threading
+import time
+import uuid
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator, Sequence
+from concurrent.futures import Future
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from langsmith import client as ls_client
+from langsmith import env as ls_env
+from langsmith import run_helpers as rh
+from langsmith import run_trees
+from langsmith import run_trees as rt
+from langsmith import schemas as ls_schemas
+from langsmith import utils as ls_utils
+from langsmith._internal import _orjson
+from langsmith._internal._serde import dumps_json
+from langsmith.client import ID_TYPE
+
+try:
+    import pytest  # type: ignore
+
+    SkipException = pytest.skip.Exception
+except ImportError:
+
+    class SkipException(Exception):  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        pass
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+U = TypeVar("U")
+
+
+@overload
+def test(
+    func: Callable,
+) -> Callable: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def test(
+    *,
+    id: Optional[uuid.UUID] = None,
+    output_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None,
+    test_suite_name: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Callable[[Callable], Callable]: ...
+
+
+def test(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Callable:
+    """Trace a pytest test case in LangSmith.
+
+    This decorator is used to trace a pytest test to LangSmith. It ensures
+    that the necessary example data is created and associated with the test function.
+    The decorated function will be executed as a test case, and the results will be
+    recorded and reported by LangSmith.
+
+    Args:
+        - id (Optional[uuid.UUID]): A unique identifier for the test case. If not
+            provided, an ID will be generated based on the test function's module
+            and name.
+        - output_keys (Optional[Sequence[str]]): A list of keys to be considered as
+            the output keys for the test case. These keys will be extracted from the
+            test function's inputs and stored as the expected outputs.
+        - client (Optional[ls_client.Client]): An instance of the LangSmith client
+            to be used for communication with the LangSmith service. If not provided,
+            a default client will be used.
+        - test_suite_name (Optional[str]): The name of the test suite to which the
+            test case belongs. If not provided, the test suite name will be determined
+            based on the environment or the package name.
+
+    Returns:
+        Callable: The decorated test function.
+
+    Environment:
+        - LANGSMITH_TEST_CACHE: If set, API calls will be cached to disk to
+            save time and costs during testing. Recommended to commit the
+            cache files to your repository for faster CI/CD runs.
+            Requires the 'langsmith[vcr]' package to be installed.
+        - LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING: Set this variable to the path of a directory
+            to enable caching of test results. This is useful for re-running tests
+             without re-executing the code. Requires the 'langsmith[vcr]' package.
+
+    Example:
+        For basic usage, simply decorate a test function with `@pytest.mark.langsmith`.
+        Under the hood this will call the `test` method:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+
+
+            # Equivalently can decorate with `test` directly:
+            # from langsmith import test
+            # @test
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_addition():
+                assert 3 + 4 == 7
+
+
+        Any code that is traced (such as those traced using `@traceable`
+        or `wrap_*` functions) will be traced within the test case for
+        improved visibility and debugging.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+            from langsmith import traceable
+
+
+            @traceable
+            def generate_numbers():
+                return 3, 4
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_nested():
+                # Traced code will be included in the test case
+                a, b = generate_numbers()
+                assert a + b == 7
+
+        LLM calls are expensive! Cache requests by setting
+        `LANGSMITH_TEST_CACHE=path/to/cache`. Check in these files to speed up
+        CI/CD pipelines, so your results only change when your prompt or requested
+        model changes.
+
+        Note that this will require that you install langsmith with the `vcr` extra:
+
+        `pip install -U "langsmith[vcr]"`
+
+        Caching is faster if you install libyaml. See
+        https://vcrpy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#speed for more details.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            # os.environ["LANGSMITH_TEST_CACHE"] = "tests/cassettes"
+            import openai
+            import pytest
+            from langsmith import wrappers
+
+            oai_client = wrappers.wrap_openai(openai.Client())
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_openai_says_hello():
+                # Traced code will be included in the test case
+                response = oai_client.chat.completions.create(
+                    model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
+                    messages=[
+                        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
+                        {"role": "user", "content": "Say hello!"},
+                    ],
+                )
+                assert "hello" in response.choices[0].message.content.lower()
+
+        LLMs are stochastic. Naive assertions are flakey. You can use langsmith's
+        `expect` to score and make approximate assertions on your results.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+            from langsmith import expect
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_output_semantically_close():
+                response = oai_client.chat.completions.create(
+                    model="gpt-3.5-turbo",
+                    messages=[
+                        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
+                        {"role": "user", "content": "Say hello!"},
+                    ],
+                )
+                # The embedding_distance call logs the embedding distance to LangSmith
+                expect.embedding_distance(
+                    prediction=response.choices[0].message.content,
+                    reference="Hello!",
+                    # The following optional assertion logs a
+                    # pass/fail score to LangSmith
+                    # and raises an AssertionError if the assertion fails.
+                ).to_be_less_than(1.0)
+                # Compute damerau_levenshtein distance
+                expect.edit_distance(
+                    prediction=response.choices[0].message.content,
+                    reference="Hello!",
+                    # And then log a pass/fail score to LangSmith
+                ).to_be_less_than(1.0)
+
+        The `@test` decorator works natively with pytest fixtures.
+        The values will populate the "inputs" of the corresponding example in LangSmith.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+
+
+            @pytest.fixture
+            def some_input():
+                return "Some input"
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_with_fixture(some_input: str):
+                assert "input" in some_input
+
+        You can still use pytest.parametrize() as usual to run multiple test cases
+        using the same test function.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith(output_keys=["expected"])
+            @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+                "a, b, expected",
+                [
+                    (1, 2, 3),
+                    (3, 4, 7),
+                ],
+            )
+            def test_addition_with_multiple_inputs(a: int, b: int, expected: int):
+                assert a + b == expected
+
+        By default, each test case will be assigned a consistent, unique identifier
+        based on the function name and module. You can also provide a custom identifier
+        using the `id` argument:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+            import uuid
+
+            example_id = uuid.uuid4()
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith(id=str(example_id))
+            def test_multiplication():
+                assert 3 * 4 == 12
+
+        By default, all test inputs are saved as "inputs" to a dataset.
+        You can specify the `output_keys` argument to persist those keys
+        within the dataset's "outputs" fields.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+
+
+            @pytest.fixture
+            def expected_output():
+                return "input"
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith(output_keys=["expected_output"])
+            def test_with_expected_output(some_input: str, expected_output: str):
+                assert expected_output in some_input
+
+
+        To run these tests, use the pytest CLI. Or directly run the test functions.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            test_output_semantically_close()
+            test_addition()
+            test_nested()
+            test_with_fixture("Some input")
+            test_with_expected_output("Some input", "Some")
+            test_multiplication()
+            test_openai_says_hello()
+            test_addition_with_multiple_inputs(1, 2, 3)
+    """
+    langtest_extra = _UTExtra(
+        id=kwargs.pop("id", None),
+        output_keys=kwargs.pop("output_keys", None),
+        client=kwargs.pop("client", None),
+        test_suite_name=kwargs.pop("test_suite_name", None),
+        cache=ls_utils.get_cache_dir(kwargs.pop("cache", None)),
+    )
+    if kwargs:
+        warnings.warn(f"Unexpected keyword arguments: {kwargs.keys()}")
+    disable_tracking = ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled()
+    if disable_tracking:
+        logger.info(
+            "LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING is set to 'false'."
+            " Skipping LangSmith test tracking."
+        )
+
+    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func):
+
+            @functools.wraps(func)
+            async def async_wrapper(
+                *test_args: Any, request: Any = None, **test_kwargs: Any
+            ):
+                if disable_tracking:
+                    return await func(*test_args, **test_kwargs)
+                await _arun_test(
+                    func,
+                    *test_args,
+                    pytest_request=request,
+                    **test_kwargs,
+                    langtest_extra=langtest_extra,
+                )
+
+            return async_wrapper
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*test_args: Any, request: Any = None, **test_kwargs: Any):
+            if disable_tracking:
+                return func(*test_args, **test_kwargs)
+            _run_test(
+                func,
+                *test_args,
+                pytest_request=request,
+                **test_kwargs,
+                langtest_extra=langtest_extra,
+            )
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    if args and callable(args[0]):
+        return decorator(args[0])
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+## Private functions
+
+
+def _get_experiment_name(test_suite_name: str) -> str:
+    # If this is a pytest-xdist multi-process run then we need to create the same
+    # experiment name across processes. We can do this by accessing the
+    # PYTEST_XDIST_TESTRUNID env var.
+    if os.environ.get("PYTEST_XDIST_TESTRUNUID") and importlib.util.find_spec("xdist"):
+        id_name = test_suite_name + os.environ["PYTEST_XDIST_TESTRUNUID"]
+        id_ = str(uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, id_name).hex[:8])
+    else:
+        id_ = str(uuid.uuid4().hex[:8])
+
+    if os.environ.get("LANGSMITH_EXPERIMENT"):
+        prefix = os.environ["LANGSMITH_EXPERIMENT"]
+    else:
+        prefix = ls_utils.get_tracer_project(False) or "TestSuiteResult"
+    name = f"{prefix}:{id_}"
+    return name
+
+
+def _get_test_suite_name(func: Callable) -> str:
+    test_suite_name = ls_utils.get_env_var("TEST_SUITE")
+    if test_suite_name:
+        return test_suite_name
+    repo_name = ls_env.get_git_info()["repo_name"]
+    try:
+        mod = inspect.getmodule(func)
+        if mod:
+            return f"{repo_name}.{mod.__name__}"
+    except BaseException:
+        logger.debug("Could not determine test suite name from file path.")
+
+    raise ValueError("Please set the LANGSMITH_TEST_SUITE environment variable.")
+
+
+def _get_test_suite(
+    client: ls_client.Client, test_suite_name: str
+) -> ls_schemas.Dataset:
+    if client.has_dataset(dataset_name=test_suite_name):
+        return client.read_dataset(dataset_name=test_suite_name)
+    else:
+        repo = ls_env.get_git_info().get("remote_url") or ""
+        description = "Test suite"
+        if repo:
+            description += f" for {repo}"
+        try:
+            return client.create_dataset(
+                dataset_name=test_suite_name,
+                description=description,
+                metadata={"__ls_runner": "pytest"},
+            )
+        except ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError:
+            return client.read_dataset(dataset_name=test_suite_name)
+
+
+def _start_experiment(
+    client: ls_client.Client,
+    test_suite: ls_schemas.Dataset,
+) -> ls_schemas.TracerSession:
+    experiment_name = _get_experiment_name(test_suite.name)
+    try:
+        return client.create_project(
+            experiment_name,
+            reference_dataset_id=test_suite.id,
+            description="Test Suite Results.",
+            metadata={
+                "revision_id": ls_env.get_langchain_env_var_metadata().get(
+                    "revision_id"
+                ),
+                "__ls_runner": "pytest",
+            },
+        )
+    except ls_utils.LangSmithConflictError:
+        return client.read_project(project_name=experiment_name)
+
+
+def _get_example_id(
+    func: Callable, inputs: Optional[dict], suite_id: uuid.UUID
+) -> tuple[uuid.UUID, str]:
+    try:
+        file_path = str(Path(inspect.getfile(func)).relative_to(Path.cwd()))
+    except ValueError:
+        # Fall back to module name if file path is not available
+        file_path = func.__module__
+    identifier = f"{suite_id}{file_path}::{func.__name__}"
+    # If parametrized test, need to add inputs to identifier:
+    if hasattr(func, "pytestmark") and any(
+        m.name == "parametrize" for m in func.pytestmark
+    ):
+        identifier += _stringify(inputs)
+    return uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, identifier), identifier[len(str(suite_id)) :]
+
+
+def _end_tests(test_suite: _LangSmithTestSuite):
+    git_info = ls_env.get_git_info() or {}
+    test_suite.shutdown()
+    dataset_version = test_suite.get_dataset_version()
+    dataset_id = test_suite._dataset.id
+    test_suite.client.update_project(
+        test_suite.experiment_id,
+        metadata={
+            **git_info,
+            "dataset_version": dataset_version,
+            "revision_id": ls_env.get_langchain_env_var_metadata().get("revision_id"),
+            "__ls_runner": "pytest",
+        },
+    )
+    if dataset_version and git_info["commit"] is not None:
+        test_suite.client.update_dataset_tag(
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            as_of=dataset_version,
+            tag=f"git:commit:{git_info['commit']}",
+        )
+    if dataset_version and git_info["branch"] is not None:
+        test_suite.client.update_dataset_tag(
+            dataset_id=dataset_id,
+            as_of=dataset_version,
+            tag=f"git:branch:{git_info['branch']}",
+        )
+
+
+VT = TypeVar("VT", bound=Optional[dict])
+
+
+def _serde_example_values(values: VT) -> VT:
+    if values is None:
+        return values
+    bts = ls_client._dumps_json(values)
+    return _orjson.loads(bts)
+
+
+class _LangSmithTestSuite:
+    _instances: Optional[dict] = None
+    _lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        client: Optional[ls_client.Client],
+        experiment: ls_schemas.TracerSession,
+        dataset: ls_schemas.Dataset,
+    ):
+        self.client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+        self._experiment = experiment
+        self._dataset = dataset
+        self._dataset_version: Optional[datetime.datetime] = dataset.modified_at
+        self._executor = ls_utils.ContextThreadPoolExecutor()
+        atexit.register(_end_tests, self)
+
+    @property
+    def id(self):
+        return self._dataset.id
+
+    @property
+    def experiment_id(self):
+        return self._experiment.id
+
+    @property
+    def experiment(self):
+        return self._experiment
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_test(
+        cls,
+        client: Optional[ls_client.Client],
+        func: Callable,
+        test_suite_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> _LangSmithTestSuite:
+        client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+        test_suite_name = test_suite_name or _get_test_suite_name(func)
+        with cls._lock:
+            if not cls._instances:
+                cls._instances = {}
+            if test_suite_name not in cls._instances:
+                test_suite = _get_test_suite(client, test_suite_name)
+                experiment = _start_experiment(client, test_suite)
+                cls._instances[test_suite_name] = cls(client, experiment, test_suite)
+        return cls._instances[test_suite_name]
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._experiment.name
+
+    def get_dataset_version(self):
+        return self._dataset_version
+
+    def submit_result(
+        self,
+        run_id: uuid.UUID,
+        error: Optional[str] = None,
+        skipped: bool = False,
+        pytest_plugin: Any = None,
+        pytest_nodeid: Any = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if skipped:
+            score = None
+            status = "skipped"
+        elif error:
+            score = 0
+            status = "failed"
+        else:
+            score = 1
+            status = "passed"
+        if pytest_plugin and pytest_nodeid:
+            pytest_plugin.update_process_status(pytest_nodeid, {"status": status})
+        self._executor.submit(self._submit_result, run_id, score)
+
+    def _submit_result(self, run_id: uuid.UUID, score: Optional[int]) -> None:
+        # trace_id will always be run_id here because the feedback is on the root
+        # test run
+        self.client.create_feedback(run_id, key="pass", score=score, trace_id=run_id)
+
+    def sync_example(
+        self,
+        example_id: uuid.UUID,
+        *,
+        inputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        outputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+        pytest_plugin=None,
+        pytest_nodeid=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        inputs = inputs or {}
+        if pytest_plugin and pytest_nodeid:
+            update = {"inputs": inputs, "reference_outputs": outputs}
+            update = {k: v for k, v in update.items() if v is not None}
+            pytest_plugin.update_process_status(pytest_nodeid, update)
+        metadata = metadata.copy() if metadata else metadata
+        inputs = _serde_example_values(inputs)
+        outputs = _serde_example_values(outputs)
+        try:
+            example = self.client.read_example(example_id=example_id)
+        except ls_utils.LangSmithNotFoundError:
+            example = self.client.create_example(
+                example_id=example_id,
+                inputs=inputs,
+                outputs=outputs,
+                dataset_id=self.id,
+                metadata=metadata,
+                created_at=self._experiment.start_time,
+            )
+        else:
+            if (
+                (inputs != example.inputs)
+                or (outputs is not None and outputs != example.outputs)
+                or (metadata is not None and metadata != example.metadata)
+                or str(example.dataset_id) != str(self.id)
+            ):
+                self.client.update_example(
+                    example_id=example.id,
+                    inputs=inputs,
+                    outputs=outputs,
+                    metadata=metadata,
+                    dataset_id=self.id,
+                )
+                example = self.client.read_example(example_id=example.id)
+        if self._dataset_version is None:
+            self._dataset_version = example.modified_at
+        elif (
+            example.modified_at
+            and self._dataset_version
+            and example.modified_at > self._dataset_version
+        ):
+            self._dataset_version = example.modified_at
+
+    def _submit_feedback(
+        self,
+        run_id: ID_TYPE,
+        feedback: Union[dict, list],
+        pytest_plugin: Any = None,
+        pytest_nodeid: Any = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        feedback = feedback if isinstance(feedback, list) else [feedback]
+        for fb in feedback:
+            if pytest_plugin and pytest_nodeid:
+                val = fb["score"] if "score" in fb else fb["value"]
+                pytest_plugin.update_process_status(
+                    pytest_nodeid, {"feedback": {fb["key"]: val}}
+                )
+            self._executor.submit(
+                self._create_feedback, run_id=run_id, feedback=fb, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    def _create_feedback(self, run_id: ID_TYPE, feedback: dict, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        # trace_id will always be run_id here because the feedback is on the root
+        # test run
+        self.client.create_feedback(run_id, **feedback, **kwargs, trace_id=run_id)
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        self._executor.shutdown()
+
+    def end_run(
+        self,
+        run_tree,
+        example_id,
+        outputs,
+        reference_outputs,
+        pytest_plugin=None,
+        pytest_nodeid=None,
+    ) -> Future:
+        return self._executor.submit(
+            self._end_run,
+            run_tree=run_tree,
+            example_id=example_id,
+            outputs=outputs,
+            reference_outputs=reference_outputs,
+            pytest_plugin=pytest_plugin,
+            pytest_nodeid=pytest_nodeid,
+        )
+
+    def _end_run(
+        self,
+        run_tree,
+        example_id,
+        outputs,
+        reference_outputs,
+        pytest_plugin,
+        pytest_nodeid,
+    ) -> None:
+        # TODO: remove this hack so that run durations are correct
+        # Ensure example is fully updated
+        self.sync_example(example_id, inputs=run_tree.inputs, outputs=reference_outputs)
+        run_tree.end(outputs=outputs)
+        run_tree.patch()
+
+
+class _TestCase:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        test_suite: _LangSmithTestSuite,
+        example_id: uuid.UUID,
+        run_id: uuid.UUID,
+        pytest_plugin: Any = None,
+        pytest_nodeid: Any = None,
+        inputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+        reference_outputs: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.test_suite = test_suite
+        self.example_id = example_id
+        self.run_id = run_id
+        self.pytest_plugin = pytest_plugin
+        self.pytest_nodeid = pytest_nodeid
+        self.inputs = inputs
+        self.reference_outputs = reference_outputs
+        self._logged_reference_outputs: Optional[dict] = None
+        self._logged_outputs: Optional[dict] = None
+
+        if pytest_plugin and pytest_nodeid:
+            pytest_plugin.add_process_to_test_suite(
+                test_suite._dataset.name, pytest_nodeid
+            )
+            if inputs:
+                self.log_inputs(inputs)
+            if reference_outputs:
+                self.log_reference_outputs(reference_outputs)
+
+    def sync_example(
+        self, *, inputs: Optional[dict] = None, outputs: Optional[dict] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.test_suite.sync_example(
+            self.example_id,
+            inputs=inputs,
+            outputs=outputs,
+            pytest_plugin=self.pytest_plugin,
+            pytest_nodeid=self.pytest_nodeid,
+        )
+
+    def submit_feedback(self, *args, **kwargs: Any):
+        self.test_suite._submit_feedback(
+            *args,
+            **{
+                **kwargs,
+                **dict(
+                    pytest_plugin=self.pytest_plugin,
+                    pytest_nodeid=self.pytest_nodeid,
+                ),
+            },
+        )
+
+    def log_inputs(self, inputs: dict) -> None:
+        if self.pytest_plugin and self.pytest_nodeid:
+            self.pytest_plugin.update_process_status(
+                self.pytest_nodeid, {"inputs": inputs}
+            )
+
+    def log_outputs(self, outputs: dict) -> None:
+        self._logged_outputs = outputs
+        if self.pytest_plugin and self.pytest_nodeid:
+            self.pytest_plugin.update_process_status(
+                self.pytest_nodeid, {"outputs": outputs}
+            )
+
+    def log_reference_outputs(self, reference_outputs: dict) -> None:
+        self._logged_reference_outputs = reference_outputs
+        if self.pytest_plugin and self.pytest_nodeid:
+            self.pytest_plugin.update_process_status(
+                self.pytest_nodeid, {"reference_outputs": reference_outputs}
+            )
+
+    def submit_test_result(
+        self,
+        error: Optional[str] = None,
+        skipped: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        return self.test_suite.submit_result(
+            self.run_id,
+            error=error,
+            skipped=skipped,
+            pytest_plugin=self.pytest_plugin,
+            pytest_nodeid=self.pytest_nodeid,
+        )
+
+    def start_time(self) -> None:
+        if self.pytest_plugin and self.pytest_nodeid:
+            self.pytest_plugin.update_process_status(
+                self.pytest_nodeid, {"start_time": time.time()}
+            )
+
+    def end_time(self) -> None:
+        if self.pytest_plugin and self.pytest_nodeid:
+            self.pytest_plugin.update_process_status(
+                self.pytest_nodeid, {"end_time": time.time()}
+            )
+
+    def end_run(self, run_tree, outputs: Any) -> None:
+        if not (outputs is None or isinstance(outputs, dict)):
+            outputs = {"output": outputs}
+        self.test_suite.end_run(
+            run_tree,
+            self.example_id,
+            outputs,
+            reference_outputs=self._logged_reference_outputs,
+            pytest_plugin=self.pytest_plugin,
+            pytest_nodeid=self.pytest_nodeid,
+        )
+
+
+_TEST_CASE = contextvars.ContextVar[Optional[_TestCase]]("_TEST_CASE", default=None)
+
+
+class _UTExtra(TypedDict, total=False):
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client]
+    id: Optional[uuid.UUID]
+    output_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]]
+    test_suite_name: Optional[str]
+    cache: Optional[str]
+
+
+def _get_test_repr(func: Callable, sig: inspect.Signature) -> str:
+    name = getattr(func, "__name__", None) or ""
+    description = getattr(func, "__doc__", None) or ""
+    if description:
+        description = f" - {description.strip()}"
+    return f"{name}{sig}{description}"
+
+
+def _create_test_case(
+    func: Callable,
+    *args: Any,
+    pytest_request: Any,
+    langtest_extra: _UTExtra,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _TestCase:
+    client = langtest_extra["client"] or rt.get_cached_client()
+    output_keys = langtest_extra["output_keys"]
+    signature = inspect.signature(func)
+    inputs = rh._get_inputs_safe(signature, *args, **kwargs) or None
+    outputs = None
+    if output_keys:
+        outputs = {}
+        if not inputs:
+            msg = (
+                "'output_keys' should only be specified when marked test function has "
+                "input arguments."
+            )
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+        for k in output_keys:
+            outputs[k] = inputs.pop(k, None)
+    test_suite = _LangSmithTestSuite.from_test(
+        client, func, langtest_extra.get("test_suite_name")
+    )
+    example_id, example_name = _get_example_id(func, inputs, test_suite.id)
+    example_id = langtest_extra["id"] or example_id
+    pytest_plugin = (
+        pytest_request.config.pluginmanager.get_plugin("langsmith_output_plugin")
+        if pytest_request
+        else None
+    )
+    pytest_nodeid = pytest_request.node.nodeid if pytest_request else None
+    if pytest_plugin:
+        pytest_plugin.test_suite_urls[test_suite._dataset.name] = (
+            cast(str, test_suite._dataset.url)
+            + "/compare?selectedSessions="
+            + str(test_suite.experiment_id)
+        )
+    test_case = _TestCase(
+        test_suite,
+        example_id,
+        run_id=uuid.uuid4(),
+        inputs=inputs,
+        reference_outputs=outputs,
+        pytest_plugin=pytest_plugin,
+        pytest_nodeid=pytest_nodeid,
+    )
+    return test_case
+
+
+def _run_test(
+    func: Callable,
+    *test_args: Any,
+    pytest_request: Any,
+    langtest_extra: _UTExtra,
+    **test_kwargs: Any,
+) -> None:
+    test_case = _create_test_case(
+        func,
+        *test_args,
+        **test_kwargs,
+        pytest_request=pytest_request,
+        langtest_extra=langtest_extra,
+    )
+    _TEST_CASE.set(test_case)
+
+    def _test():
+        test_case.start_time()
+        with rh.trace(
+            name=getattr(func, "__name__", "Test"),
+            run_id=test_case.run_id,
+            reference_example_id=test_case.example_id,
+            inputs=test_case.inputs,
+            project_name=test_case.test_suite.name,
+            exceptions_to_handle=(SkipException,),
+            _end_on_exit=False,
+        ) as run_tree:
+            try:
+                result = func(*test_args, **test_kwargs)
+            except SkipException as e:
+                test_case.submit_test_result(error=repr(e), skipped=True)
+                test_case.end_run(run_tree, {"skipped_reason": repr(e)})
+                raise e
+            except BaseException as e:
+                test_case.submit_test_result(error=repr(e))
+                test_case.end_run(run_tree, None)
+                raise e
+            else:
+                test_case.end_run(run_tree, result)
+            finally:
+                test_case.end_time()
+        try:
+            test_case.submit_test_result()
+        except BaseException as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Failed to create feedback for run_id {test_case.run_id}:\n{e}"
+            )
+
+    if langtest_extra["cache"]:
+        cache_path = Path(langtest_extra["cache"]) / f"{test_case.test_suite.id}.yaml"
+    else:
+        cache_path = None
+    current_context = rh.get_tracing_context()
+    metadata = {
+        **(current_context["metadata"] or {}),
+        **{
+            "experiment": test_case.test_suite.experiment.name,
+            "reference_example_id": str(test_case.example_id),
+        },
+    }
+    with (
+        rh.tracing_context(**{**current_context, "metadata": metadata}),
+        ls_utils.with_optional_cache(
+            cache_path, ignore_hosts=[test_case.test_suite.client.api_url]
+        ),
+    ):
+        _test()
+
+
+async def _arun_test(
+    func: Callable,
+    *test_args: Any,
+    pytest_request: Any,
+    langtest_extra: _UTExtra,
+    **test_kwargs: Any,
+) -> None:
+    test_case = _create_test_case(
+        func,
+        *test_args,
+        **test_kwargs,
+        pytest_request=pytest_request,
+        langtest_extra=langtest_extra,
+    )
+    _TEST_CASE.set(test_case)
+
+    async def _test():
+        test_case.start_time()
+        with rh.trace(
+            name=getattr(func, "__name__", "Test"),
+            run_id=test_case.run_id,
+            reference_example_id=test_case.example_id,
+            inputs=test_case.inputs,
+            project_name=test_case.test_suite.name,
+            exceptions_to_handle=(SkipException,),
+            _end_on_exit=False,
+        ) as run_tree:
+            try:
+                result = await func(*test_args, **test_kwargs)
+            except SkipException as e:
+                test_case.submit_test_result(error=repr(e), skipped=True)
+                test_case.end_run(run_tree, {"skipped_reason": repr(e)})
+                raise e
+            except BaseException as e:
+                test_case.submit_test_result(error=repr(e))
+                test_case.end_run(run_tree, None)
+                raise e
+            else:
+                test_case.end_run(run_tree, result)
+            finally:
+                test_case.end_time()
+        try:
+            test_case.submit_test_result()
+        except BaseException as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Failed to create feedback for run_id {test_case.run_id}:\n{e}"
+            )
+
+    if langtest_extra["cache"]:
+        cache_path = Path(langtest_extra["cache"]) / f"{test_case.test_suite.id}.yaml"
+    else:
+        cache_path = None
+    current_context = rh.get_tracing_context()
+    metadata = {
+        **(current_context["metadata"] or {}),
+        **{
+            "experiment": test_case.test_suite.experiment.name,
+            "reference_example_id": str(test_case.example_id),
+        },
+    }
+    with (
+        rh.tracing_context(**{**current_context, "metadata": metadata}),
+        ls_utils.with_optional_cache(
+            cache_path, ignore_hosts=[test_case.test_suite.client.api_url]
+        ),
+    ):
+        await _test()
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility
+unit = test
+
+
+def log_inputs(inputs: dict, /) -> None:
+    """Log run inputs from within a pytest test run.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This API is in beta and might change in future versions.
+
+    Should only be used in pytest tests decorated with @pytest.mark.langsmith.
+
+    Args:
+        inputs: Inputs to log.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langsmith import testing as t
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_foo() -> None:
+                x = 0
+                y = 1
+                t.log_inputs({"x": x, "y": y})
+                assert foo(x, y) == 2
+    """
+    if ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+        logger.info("LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING is set to 'false'. Skipping log_inputs.")
+        return
+    run_tree = rh.get_current_run_tree()
+    test_case = _TEST_CASE.get()
+    if not run_tree or not test_case:
+        msg = (
+            "log_inputs should only be called within a pytest test decorated with "
+            "@pytest.mark.langsmith, and with tracing enabled (by setting the "
+            "LANGSMITH_TRACING environment variable to 'true')."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    run_tree.add_inputs(inputs)
+    test_case.log_inputs(inputs)
+
+
+def log_outputs(outputs: dict, /) -> None:
+    """Log run outputs from within a pytest test run.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This API is in beta and might change in future versions.
+
+    Should only be used in pytest tests decorated with @pytest.mark.langsmith.
+
+    Args:
+        outputs: Outputs to log.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langsmith import testing as t
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_foo() -> None:
+                x = 0
+                y = 1
+                result = foo(x, y)
+                t.log_outputs({"foo": result})
+                assert result == 2
+    """
+    if ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+        logger.info("LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING is set to 'false'. Skipping log_outputs.")
+        return
+    run_tree = rh.get_current_run_tree()
+    test_case = _TEST_CASE.get()
+    if not run_tree or not test_case:
+        msg = (
+            "log_outputs should only be called within a pytest test decorated with "
+            "@pytest.mark.langsmith, and with tracing enabled (by setting the "
+            "LANGSMITH_TRACING environment variable to 'true')."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    outputs = _dumpd(outputs)
+    run_tree.add_outputs(outputs)
+    test_case.log_outputs(outputs)
+
+
+def log_reference_outputs(reference_outputs: dict, /) -> None:
+    """Log example reference outputs from within a pytest test run.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This API is in beta and might change in future versions.
+
+    Should only be used in pytest tests decorated with @pytest.mark.langsmith.
+
+    Args:
+        outputs: Reference outputs to log.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            from langsmith import testing
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_foo() -> None:
+                x = 0
+                y = 1
+                expected = 2
+                testing.log_reference_outputs({"foo": expected})
+                assert foo(x, y) == expected
+    """
+    if ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+        logger.info(
+            "LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING is set to 'false'. Skipping log_reference_outputs."
+        )
+        return
+    test_case = _TEST_CASE.get()
+    if not test_case:
+        msg = (
+            "log_reference_outputs should only be called within a pytest test "
+            "decorated with @pytest.mark.langsmith."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    test_case.log_reference_outputs(reference_outputs)
+
+
+def log_feedback(
+    feedback: Optional[Union[dict, list[dict]]] = None,
+    /,
+    *,
+    key: str,
+    score: Optional[Union[int, bool, float]] = None,
+    value: Optional[Union[str, int, float, bool]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> None:
+    """Log run feedback from within a pytest test run.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This API is in beta and might change in future versions.
+
+    Should only be used in pytest tests decorated with @pytest.mark.langsmith.
+
+    Args:
+        key: Feedback name.
+        score: Numerical feedback value.
+        value: Categorical feedback value
+        kwargs: Any other Client.create_feedback args.
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import pytest
+            from langsmith import testing as t
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_foo() -> None:
+                x = 0
+                y = 1
+                expected = 2
+                result = foo(x, y)
+                t.log_feedback(key="right_type", score=isinstance(result, int))
+                assert result == expected
+    """
+    if ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+        logger.info("LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING is set to 'false'. Skipping log_feedback.")
+        return
+    if feedback and any((key, score, value)):
+        msg = "Must specify one of 'feedback' and ('key', 'score', 'value'), not both."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif not (feedback or key):
+        msg = "Must specify at least one of 'feedback' or ('key', 'score', value')."
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    elif key:
+        feedback = {"key": key}
+        if score is not None:
+            feedback["score"] = score
+        if value is not None:
+            feedback["value"] = value
+    else:
+        pass
+
+    run_tree = rh.get_current_run_tree()
+    test_case = _TEST_CASE.get()
+    if not run_tree or not test_case:
+        msg = (
+            "log_feedback should only be called within a pytest test decorated with "
+            "@pytest.mark.langsmith, and with tracing enabled (by setting the "
+            "LANGSMITH_TRACING environment variable to 'true')."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if run_tree.session_name == "evaluators" and run_tree.metadata.get(
+        "reference_run_id"
+    ):
+        run_id = run_tree.metadata["reference_run_id"]
+        run_tree.add_outputs(
+            feedback if isinstance(feedback, dict) else {"feedback": feedback}
+        )
+        kwargs["source_run_id"] = run_tree.id
+    else:
+        run_id = run_tree.trace_id
+    test_case.submit_feedback(run_id, cast(Union[list, dict], feedback), **kwargs)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def trace_feedback(
+    *, name: str = "Feedback"
+) -> Generator[Optional[run_trees.RunTree], None, None]:
+    """Trace the computation of a pytest run feedback as its own run.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This API is in beta and might change in future versions.
+
+    Args:
+        name: Feedback run name. Defaults to "Feedback".
+
+    Example:
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import openai
+            import pytest
+
+            from langsmith import testing as t
+            from langsmith import wrappers
+
+            oai_client = wrappers.wrap_openai(openai.Client())
+
+
+            @pytest.mark.langsmith
+            def test_openai_says_hello():
+                # Traced code will be included in the test case
+                text = "Say hello!"
+                response = oai_client.chat.completions.create(
+                    model="gpt-4o-mini",
+                    messages=[
+                        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
+                        {"role": "user", "content": text},
+                    ],
+                )
+                t.log_inputs({"text": text})
+                t.log_outputs({"response": response.choices[0].message.content})
+                t.log_reference_outputs({"response": "hello!"})
+
+                # Use this context manager to trace any steps used for generating evaluation
+                # feedback separately from the main application logic
+                with t.trace_feedback():
+                    grade = oai_client.chat.completions.create(
+                        model="gpt-4o-mini",
+                        messages=[
+                            {
+                                "role": "system",
+                                "content": "Return 1 if 'hello' is in the user message and 0 otherwise.",
+                            },
+                            {
+                                "role": "user",
+                                "content": response.choices[0].message.content,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    # Make sure to log relevant feedback within the context for the
+                    # trace to be associated with this feedback.
+                    t.log_feedback(
+                        key="llm_judge", score=float(grade.choices[0].message.content)
+                    )
+
+                assert "hello" in response.choices[0].message.content.lower()
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if ls_utils.test_tracking_is_disabled():
+        logger.info("LANGSMITH_TEST_TRACKING is set to 'false'. Skipping log_feedback.")
+        yield None
+        return
+    test_case = _TEST_CASE.get()
+    if not test_case:
+        msg = (
+            "trace_feedback should only be called within a pytest test decorated with "
+            "@pytest.mark.langsmith, and with tracing enabled (by setting the "
+            "LANGSMITH_TRACING environment variable to 'true')."
+        )
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    metadata = {
+        "experiment": test_case.test_suite.experiment.name,
+        "reference_example_id": test_case.example_id,
+        "reference_run_id": test_case.run_id,
+    }
+    with rh.trace(
+        name=name,
+        inputs=test_case._logged_outputs,
+        parent="ignore",
+        project_name="evaluators",
+        metadata=metadata,
+    ) as run_tree:
+        yield run_tree
+
+
+def _stringify(x: Any) -> str:
+    try:
+        return dumps_json(x).decode("utf-8", errors="surrogateescape")
+    except Exception:
+        return str(x)
+
+
+def _dumpd(x: Any) -> Any:
+    """Serialize LangChain Serializable objects."""
+    dumpd = _get_langchain_dumpd()
+    if not dumpd:
+        return x
+    try:
+        serialized = dumpd(x)
+        return serialized
+    except Exception:
+        return x
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _get_langchain_dumpd() -> Optional[Callable]:
+    try:
+        from langchain_core.load import dumpd
+
+        return dumpd
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f46b4f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+"""Generic utility functions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import contextvars
+import copy
+import enum
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+import pathlib
+import socket
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import threading
+import traceback
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from concurrent.futures import Future, ThreadPoolExecutor
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from urllib import parse as urllib_parse
+
+import httpx
+import requests
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+from urllib3.util import Retry  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+
+from langsmith import schemas as ls_schemas
+
+_LOGGER = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class LangSmithError(Exception):
+    """An error occurred while communicating with the LangSmith API."""
+
+
+class LangSmithAPIError(LangSmithError):
+    """Internal server error while communicating with LangSmith."""
+
+
+class LangSmithRequestTimeout(LangSmithError):
+    """Client took too long to send request body."""
+
+
+class LangSmithUserError(LangSmithError):
+    """User error caused an exception when communicating with LangSmith."""
+
+
+class LangSmithRateLimitError(LangSmithError):
+    """You have exceeded the rate limit for the LangSmith API."""
+
+
+class LangSmithAuthError(LangSmithError):
+    """Couldn't authenticate with the LangSmith API."""
+
+
+class LangSmithNotFoundError(LangSmithError):
+    """Couldn't find the requested resource."""
+
+
+class LangSmithConflictError(LangSmithError):
+    """The resource already exists."""
+
+
+class LangSmithConnectionError(LangSmithError):
+    """Couldn't connect to the LangSmith API."""
+
+
+class LangSmithExceptionGroup(LangSmithError):
+    """Port of ExceptionGroup for Py < 3.11."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args: Any, exceptions: Sequence[Exception], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize."""
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.exceptions = exceptions
+
+
+## Warning classes
+
+
+class LangSmithWarning(UserWarning):
+    """Base class for warnings."""
+
+
+class LangSmithMissingAPIKeyWarning(LangSmithWarning):
+    """Warning for missing API key."""
+
+
+def tracing_is_enabled(ctx: Optional[dict] = None) -> Union[bool, Literal["local"]]:
+    """Return True if tracing is enabled."""
+    from langsmith.run_helpers import get_current_run_tree, get_tracing_context
+
+    tc = ctx or get_tracing_context()
+    # You can manually override the environment using context vars.
+    # Check that first.
+    # Doing this before checking the run tree lets us
+    # disable a branch within a trace.
+    if tc["enabled"] is not None:
+        return tc["enabled"]
+    # Next check if we're mid-trace
+    if get_current_run_tree():
+        return True
+    # Finally, check the global environment
+    var_result = get_env_var("TRACING_V2", default=get_env_var("TRACING", default=""))
+    return var_result == "true"
+
+
+def test_tracking_is_disabled() -> bool:
+    """Return True if testing is enabled."""
+    return get_env_var("TEST_TRACKING", default="") == "false"
+
+
+def xor_args(*arg_groups: tuple[str, ...]) -> Callable:
+    """Validate specified keyword args are mutually exclusive."""
+
+    def decorator(func: Callable) -> Callable:
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            """Validate exactly one arg in each group is not None."""
+            counts = [
+                sum(1 for arg in arg_group if kwargs.get(arg) is not None)
+                for arg_group in arg_groups
+            ]
+            invalid_groups = [i for i, count in enumerate(counts) if count != 1]
+            if invalid_groups:
+                invalid_group_names = [", ".join(arg_groups[i]) for i in invalid_groups]
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Exactly one argument in each of the following"
+                    " groups must be defined:"
+                    f" {', '.join(invalid_group_names)}"
+                )
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def raise_for_status_with_text(
+    response: Union[requests.Response, httpx.Response],
+) -> None:
+    """Raise an error with the response text."""
+    try:
+        response.raise_for_status()
+    except requests.HTTPError as e:
+        raise requests.HTTPError(str(e), response.text) from e  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+    except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+        raise httpx.HTTPStatusError(
+            f"{str(e)}: {response.text}",
+            request=response.request,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            response=response,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        ) from e
+
+
+def get_enum_value(enu: Union[enum.Enum, str]) -> str:
+    """Get the value of a string enum."""
+    if isinstance(enu, enum.Enum):
+        return enu.value
+    return enu
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def log_once(level: int, message: str) -> None:
+    """Log a message at the specified level, but only once."""
+    _LOGGER.log(level, message)
+
+
+def _get_message_type(message: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
+    if not message:
+        raise ValueError("Message is empty.")
+    if "lc" in message:
+        if "id" not in message:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unexpected format for serialized message: {message}"
+                " Message does not have an id."
+            )
+        return message["id"][-1].replace("Message", "").lower()
+    else:
+        if "type" not in message:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unexpected format for stored message: {message}"
+                " Message does not have a type."
+            )
+        return message["type"]
+
+
+def _get_message_fields(message: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+    if not message:
+        raise ValueError("Message is empty.")
+    if "lc" in message:
+        if "kwargs" not in message:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unexpected format for serialized message: {message}"
+                " Message does not have kwargs."
+            )
+        return message["kwargs"]
+    else:
+        if "data" not in message:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Unexpected format for stored message: {message}"
+                " Message does not have data."
+            )
+        return message["data"]
+
+
+def _convert_message(message: Mapping[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Extract message from a message object."""
+    message_type = _get_message_type(message)
+    message_data = _get_message_fields(message)
+    return {"type": message_type, "data": message_data}
+
+
+def get_messages_from_inputs(inputs: Mapping[str, Any]) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    """Extract messages from the given inputs dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        inputs (Mapping[str, Any]): The inputs dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[Dict[str, Any]]: A list of dictionaries representing
+            the extracted messages.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If no message(s) are found in the inputs dictionary.
+    """
+    if "messages" in inputs:
+        return [_convert_message(message) for message in inputs["messages"]]
+    if "message" in inputs:
+        return [_convert_message(inputs["message"])]
+    raise ValueError(f"Could not find message(s) in run with inputs {inputs}.")
+
+
+def get_message_generation_from_outputs(outputs: Mapping[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Retrieve the message generation from the given outputs.
+
+    Args:
+        outputs (Mapping[str, Any]): The outputs dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        Dict[str, Any]: The message generation.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If no generations are found or if multiple generations are present.
+    """
+    if "generations" not in outputs:
+        raise ValueError(f"No generations found in in run with output: {outputs}.")
+    generations = outputs["generations"]
+    if len(generations) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Chat examples expect exactly one generation."
+            f" Found {len(generations)} generations: {generations}."
+        )
+    first_generation = generations[0]
+    if "message" not in first_generation:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected format for generation: {first_generation}."
+            " Generation does not have a message."
+        )
+    return _convert_message(first_generation["message"])
+
+
+def get_prompt_from_inputs(inputs: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """Retrieve the prompt from the given inputs.
+
+    Args:
+        inputs (Mapping[str, Any]): The inputs dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: The prompt.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the prompt is not found or if multiple prompts are present.
+    """
+    if "prompt" in inputs:
+        return inputs["prompt"]
+    if "prompts" in inputs:
+        prompts = inputs["prompts"]
+        if len(prompts) == 1:
+            return prompts[0]
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Multiple prompts in run with inputs {inputs}."
+            " Please create example manually."
+        )
+    raise ValueError(f"Could not find prompt in run with inputs {inputs}.")
+
+
+def get_llm_generation_from_outputs(outputs: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
+    """Get the LLM generation from the outputs."""
+    if "generations" not in outputs:
+        raise ValueError(f"No generations found in in run with output: {outputs}.")
+    generations = outputs["generations"]
+    if len(generations) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Multiple generations in run: {generations}")
+    first_generation = generations[0]
+    if "text" not in first_generation:
+        raise ValueError(f"No text in generation: {first_generation}")
+    return first_generation["text"]
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_docker_compose_command() -> list[str]:
+    """Get the correct docker compose command for this system."""
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call(
+            ["docker", "compose", "--version"],
+            stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+        )
+        return ["docker", "compose"]
+    except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
+        try:
+            subprocess.check_call(
+                ["docker-compose", "--version"],
+                stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            )
+            return ["docker-compose"]
+        except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, FileNotFoundError):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Neither 'docker compose' nor 'docker-compose'"
+                " commands are available. Please install the Docker"
+                " server following the instructions for your operating"
+                " system at https://docs.docker.com/engine/install/"
+            )
+
+
+def convert_langchain_message(message: ls_schemas.BaseMessageLike) -> dict:
+    """Convert a LangChain message to an example."""
+    converted: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "type": message.type,
+        "data": {"content": message.content},
+    }
+    # Check for presence of keys in additional_kwargs
+    if message.additional_kwargs and len(message.additional_kwargs) > 0:
+        converted["data"]["additional_kwargs"] = {**message.additional_kwargs}
+    return converted
+
+
+def is_base_message_like(obj: object) -> bool:
+    """Check if the given object is similar to BaseMessage.
+
+    Args:
+        obj (object): The object to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the object is similar to BaseMessage, False otherwise.
+    """
+    return all(
+        [
+            isinstance(getattr(obj, "content", None), str),
+            isinstance(getattr(obj, "additional_kwargs", None), dict),
+            hasattr(obj, "type") and isinstance(getattr(obj, "type"), str),
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=100)
+def get_env_var(
+    name: str,
+    default: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    namespaces: tuple = ("LANGSMITH", "LANGCHAIN"),
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Retrieve an environment variable from a list of namespaces.
+
+    Args:
+        name (str): The name of the environment variable.
+        default (Optional[str], optional): The default value to return if the
+            environment variable is not found. Defaults to None.
+        namespaces (Tuple, optional): A tuple of namespaces to search for the
+            environment variable. Defaults to ("LANGSMITH", "LANGCHAINs").
+
+    Returns:
+        Optional[str]: The value of the environment variable if found,
+            otherwise the default value.
+    """
+    names = [f"{namespace}_{name}" for namespace in namespaces]
+    for name in names:
+        value = os.environ.get(name)
+        if value is not None:
+            return value
+    return default
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_tracer_project(return_default_value=True) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Get the project name for a LangSmith tracer."""
+    return os.environ.get(
+        # Hosted LangServe projects get precedence over all other defaults.
+        # This is to make sure that we always use the associated project
+        # for a hosted langserve deployment even if the customer sets some
+        # other project name in their environment.
+        "HOSTED_LANGSERVE_PROJECT_NAME",
+        get_env_var(
+            "PROJECT",
+            # This is the legacy name for a LANGCHAIN_PROJECT, so it
+            # has lower precedence than LANGCHAIN_PROJECT
+            default=get_env_var(
+                "SESSION", default="default" if return_default_value else None
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+class FilterPoolFullWarning(logging.Filter):
+    """Filter urrllib3 warnings logged when the connection pool isn't reused."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str = "", host: str = "") -> None:
+        """Initialize the FilterPoolFullWarning filter.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str, optional): The name of the filter. Defaults to "".
+            host (str, optional): The host to filter. Defaults to "".
+        """
+        super().__init__(name)
+        self._host = host
+
+    def filter(self, record) -> bool:
+        """urllib3.connectionpool:Connection pool is full, discarding connection: ..."""
+        msg = record.getMessage()
+        if "Connection pool is full, discarding connection" not in msg:
+            return True
+        return self._host not in msg
+
+
+class FilterLangSmithRetry(logging.Filter):
+    """Filter for retries from this lib."""
+
+    def filter(self, record) -> bool:
+        """Filter retries from this library."""
+        # We re-raise/log manually.
+        msg = record.getMessage()
+        return "LangSmithRetry" not in msg
+
+
+class LangSmithRetry(Retry):
+    """Wrapper to filter logs with this name."""
+
+
+_FILTER_LOCK = threading.RLock()
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def filter_logs(
+    logger: logging.Logger, filters: Sequence[logging.Filter]
+) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Temporarily adds specified filters to a logger.
+
+    Parameters:
+    - logger: The logger to which the filters will be added.
+    - filters: A sequence of logging.Filter objects to be temporarily added
+        to the logger.
+    """
+    with _FILTER_LOCK:
+        for filter in filters:
+            logger.addFilter(filter)
+    # Not actually perfectly thread-safe, but it's only log filters
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        with _FILTER_LOCK:
+            for filter in filters:
+                try:
+                    logger.removeFilter(filter)
+                except BaseException:
+                    _LOGGER.warning("Failed to remove filter")
+
+
+def get_cache_dir(cache: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Get the testing cache directory.
+
+    Args:
+        cache (Optional[str]): The cache path.
+
+    Returns:
+        Optional[str]: The cache path if provided, otherwise the value
+        from the LANGSMITH_TEST_CACHE environment variable.
+    """
+    if cache is not None:
+        return cache
+    return get_env_var("TEST_CACHE", default=None)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def with_cache(
+    path: Union[str, pathlib.Path], ignore_hosts: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Use a cache for requests."""
+    try:
+        import vcr  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "vcrpy is required to use caching. Install with:"
+            'pip install -U "langsmith[vcr]"'
+        )
+    # Fix concurrency issue in vcrpy's patching
+    from langsmith._internal import _patch as patch_urllib3
+
+    patch_urllib3.patch_urllib3()
+
+    def _filter_request_headers(request: Any) -> Any:
+        if ignore_hosts and any(request.url.startswith(host) for host in ignore_hosts):
+            return None
+        request.headers = {}
+        return request
+
+    cache_dir, cache_file = os.path.split(path)
+
+    ls_vcr = vcr.VCR(
+        serializer=(
+            "yaml"
+            if cache_file.endswith(".yaml") or cache_file.endswith(".yml")
+            else "json"
+        ),
+        cassette_library_dir=cache_dir,
+        # Replay previous requests, record new ones
+        # TODO: Support other modes
+        record_mode="new_episodes",
+        match_on=["uri", "method", "path", "body"],
+        filter_headers=["authorization", "Set-Cookie"],
+        before_record_request=_filter_request_headers,
+    )
+    with ls_vcr.use_cassette(cache_file):
+        yield
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def with_optional_cache(
+    path: Optional[Union[str, pathlib.Path]],
+    ignore_hosts: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """Use a cache for requests."""
+    if path is not None:
+        with with_cache(path, ignore_hosts):
+            yield
+    else:
+        yield
+
+
+def _format_exc() -> str:
+    # Used internally to format exceptions without cluttering the traceback
+    tb_lines = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
+    filtered_lines = [line for line in tb_lines if "langsmith/" not in line]
+    return "".join(filtered_lines)
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def _middle_copy(
+    val: T, memo: dict[int, Any], max_depth: int = 4, _depth: int = 0
+) -> T:
+    cls = type(val)
+
+    copier = getattr(cls, "__deepcopy__", None)
+    if copier is not None:
+        try:
+            return copier(memo)
+        except BaseException:
+            pass
+    if _depth >= max_depth:
+        return val
+    if isinstance(val, dict):
+        return {  # type: ignore[return-value]
+            _middle_copy(k, memo, max_depth, _depth + 1): _middle_copy(
+                v, memo, max_depth, _depth + 1
+            )
+            for k, v in val.items()
+        }
+    if isinstance(val, list):
+        return [_middle_copy(item, memo, max_depth, _depth + 1) for item in val]  # type: ignore[return-value]
+    if isinstance(val, tuple):
+        return tuple(_middle_copy(item, memo, max_depth, _depth + 1) for item in val)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+    if isinstance(val, set):
+        return {_middle_copy(item, memo, max_depth, _depth + 1) for item in val}  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    return val
+
+
+def deepish_copy(val: T) -> T:
+    """Deep copy a value with a compromise for uncopyable objects.
+
+    Args:
+        val: The value to be deep copied.
+
+    Returns:
+        The deep copied value.
+    """
+    memo: dict[int, Any] = {}
+    try:
+        return copy.deepcopy(val, memo)
+    except BaseException as e:
+        # Generators, locks, etc. cannot be copied
+        # and raise a TypeError (mentioning pickling, since the dunder methods)
+        # are re-used for copying. We'll try to do a compromise and copy
+        # what we can
+        _LOGGER.debug("Failed to deepcopy input: %s", repr(e))
+        return _middle_copy(val, memo)
+
+
+def is_version_greater_or_equal(current_version: str, target_version: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if the current version is greater or equal to the target version."""
+    from packaging import version
+
+    current = version.parse(current_version)
+    target = version.parse(target_version)
+    return current >= target
+
+
+def parse_prompt_identifier(identifier: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """Parse a string in the format of owner/name:hash, name:hash, owner/name, or name.
+
+    Args:
+        identifier (str): The prompt identifier to parse.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple[str, str, str]: A tuple containing (owner, name, hash).
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the identifier doesn't match the expected formats.
+    """
+    if (
+        not identifier
+        or identifier.count("/") > 1
+        or identifier.startswith("/")
+        or identifier.endswith("/")
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid identifier format: {identifier}")
+
+    parts = identifier.split(":", 1)
+    owner_name = parts[0]
+    commit = parts[1] if len(parts) > 1 else "latest"
+
+    if "/" in owner_name:
+        owner, name = owner_name.split("/", 1)
+        if not owner or not name:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid identifier format: {identifier}")
+        return owner, name, commit
+    else:
+        if not owner_name:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid identifier format: {identifier}")
+        return "-", owner_name, commit
+
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+class ContextThreadPoolExecutor(ThreadPoolExecutor):
+    """ThreadPoolExecutor that copies the context to the child thread."""
+
+    def submit(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        func: Callable[P, T],
+        *args: P.args,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> Future[T]:
+        """Submit a function to the executor.
+
+        Args:
+            func (Callable[..., T]): The function to submit.
+            *args (Any): The positional arguments to the function.
+            **kwargs (Any): The keyword arguments to the function.
+
+        Returns:
+            Future[T]: The future for the function.
+        """
+        return super().submit(
+            cast(
+                Callable[..., T],
+                functools.partial(
+                    contextvars.copy_context().run, func, *args, **kwargs
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def map(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[..., T],
+        *iterables: Iterable[Any],
+        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        chunksize: int = 1,
+    ) -> Iterator[T]:
+        """Return an iterator equivalent to stdlib map.
+
+        Each function will receive its own copy of the context from the parent thread.
+
+        Args:
+            fn: A callable that will take as many arguments as there are
+                passed iterables.
+            timeout: The maximum number of seconds to wait. If None, then there
+                is no limit on the wait time.
+            chunksize: The size of the chunks the iterable will be broken into
+                before being passed to a child process. This argument is only
+                used by ProcessPoolExecutor; it is ignored by
+                ThreadPoolExecutor.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterator equivalent to: map(func, *iterables) but the calls may
+            be evaluated out-of-order.
+
+        Raises:
+            TimeoutError: If the entire result iterator could not be generated
+                before the given timeout.
+            Exception: If fn(*args) raises for any values.
+        """
+        contexts = [contextvars.copy_context() for _ in range(len(iterables[0]))]  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        def _wrapped_fn(*args: Any) -> T:
+            return contexts.pop().run(fn, *args)
+
+        return super().map(
+            _wrapped_fn,
+            *iterables,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            chunksize=chunksize,
+        )
+
+
+def get_api_url(api_url: Optional[str]) -> str:
+    """Get the LangSmith API URL from the environment or the given value."""
+    _api_url = api_url or cast(
+        str,
+        get_env_var(
+            "ENDPOINT",
+            default="https://api.smith.langchain.com",
+        ),
+    )
+    if not _api_url.strip():
+        raise LangSmithUserError("LangSmith API URL cannot be empty")
+    return _api_url.strip().strip('"').strip("'").rstrip("/")
+
+
+def get_api_key(api_key: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Get the API key from the environment or the given value."""
+    api_key_ = api_key if api_key is not None else get_env_var("API_KEY", default=None)
+    if api_key_ is None or not api_key_.strip():
+        return None
+    return api_key_.strip().strip('"').strip("'")
+
+
+def _is_localhost(url: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if the URL is localhost.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    url : str
+        The URL to check.
+
+    Returns:
+    -------
+    bool
+        True if the URL is localhost, False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        netloc = urllib_parse.urlsplit(url).netloc.split(":")[0]
+        ip = socket.gethostbyname(netloc)
+        return ip == "127.0.0.1" or ip.startswith("0.0.0.0") or ip.startswith("::")
+    except socket.gaierror:
+        return False
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=2)
+def get_host_url(web_url: Optional[str], api_url: str):
+    """Get the host URL based on the web URL or API URL."""
+    if web_url:
+        return web_url
+    parsed_url = urllib_parse.urlparse(api_url)
+    if _is_localhost(api_url):
+        link = "http://localhost"
+    elif str(parsed_url.path).endswith("/api"):
+        new_path = str(parsed_url.path).rsplit("/api", 1)[0]
+        link = urllib_parse.urlunparse(parsed_url._replace(path=new_path))
+    elif str(parsed_url.path).endswith("/api/v1"):
+        new_path = str(parsed_url.path).rsplit("/api/v1", 1)[0]
+        link = urllib_parse.urlunparse(parsed_url._replace(path=new_path))
+    elif str(parsed_url.netloc).startswith("eu."):
+        link = "https://eu.smith.langchain.com"
+    elif str(parsed_url.netloc).startswith("dev."):
+        link = "https://dev.smith.langchain.com"
+    elif str(parsed_url.netloc).startswith("beta."):
+        link = "https://beta.smith.langchain.com"
+    else:
+        link = "https://smith.langchain.com"
+    return link
+
+
+def _get_function_name(fn: Callable, depth: int = 0) -> str:
+    if depth > 2 or not callable(fn):
+        return str(fn)
+
+    if hasattr(fn, "__name__"):
+        return fn.__name__
+
+    if isinstance(fn, functools.partial):
+        return _get_function_name(fn.func, depth + 1)
+
+    if hasattr(fn, "__call__"):
+        if hasattr(fn, "__class__") and hasattr(fn.__class__, "__name__"):
+            return fn.__class__.__name__
+        return _get_function_name(fn.__call__, depth + 1)
+
+    return str(fn)
+
+
+def is_truish(val: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check if the value is truish.
+
+    Args:
+        val (Any): The value to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the value is truish, False otherwise.
+    """
+    if isinstance(val, str):
+        return val.lower() == "true" or val == "1"
+    return bool(val)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0450be2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+"""This module provides convenient tracing wrappers for popular libraries."""
+
+from langsmith.wrappers._anthropic import wrap_anthropic
+from langsmith.wrappers._openai import wrap_openai
+from langsmith.wrappers._openai_agents import OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor
+
+__all__ = ["wrap_anthropic", "wrap_openai", "OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_agent_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_agent_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65fe60cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_agent_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+import json
+import logging
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+try:
+    from agents import tracing  # type: ignore[import]
+
+    HAVE_AGENTS = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAVE_AGENTS = False
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+RunTypeT = Literal["tool", "chain", "llm", "retriever", "embedding", "prompt", "parser"]
+
+if HAVE_AGENTS:
+
+    def parse_io(data: Any, default_key: str = "output") -> dict:
+        """Parse inputs or outputs into a dictionary format.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data to parse (can be inputs or outputs)
+            default_key: The default key to use if data is not a dict
+                ("input" or "output")
+
+        Returns:
+            Dict: The parsed data as a dictionary
+        """
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            data_ = data
+        elif isinstance(data, str):
+            try:
+                parsed_json = json.loads(data)
+                if isinstance(parsed_json, dict):
+                    data_ = parsed_json
+                else:
+                    data_ = {default_key: data}
+            except json.JSONDecodeError:
+                data_ = {default_key: data}
+        elif (
+            data is not None
+            and hasattr(data, "model_dump")
+            and callable(data.model_dump)
+            and not isinstance(data, type)
+        ):
+            try:
+                data_ = data.model_dump(exclude_none=True, mode="json")
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.debug(
+                    f"Failed to use model_dump to serialize {type(data)} to JSON: {e}"
+                )
+                data_ = {default_key: data}
+        else:
+            data_ = {default_key: data}
+
+        return data_
+
+    def get_run_type(span: tracing.Span) -> RunTypeT:
+        span_type = getattr(span.span_data, "type", None)
+        if span_type in ["agent", "handoff", "custom"]:
+            return "chain"
+        elif span_type in ["function", "guardrail"]:
+            return "tool"
+        elif span_type in ["generation", "response"]:
+            return "llm"
+        else:
+            return "chain"
+
+    def get_run_name(span: tracing.Span) -> str:
+        if hasattr(span.span_data, "name") and span.span_data.name:
+            return span.span_data.name
+        span_type = getattr(span.span_data, "type", None)
+        if span_type == "generation":
+            return "Generation"
+        elif span_type == "response":
+            return "Response"
+        elif span_type == "handoff":
+            return "Handoff"
+        else:
+            return "Span"
+
+    def _extract_function_span_data(
+        span_data: tracing.FunctionSpanData,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "inputs": parse_io(span_data.input, "input"),
+            "outputs": parse_io(span_data.output, "output"),
+        }
+
+    def _extract_generation_span_data(
+        span_data: tracing.GenerationSpanData,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        data = {
+            "inputs": parse_io(span_data.input, "input"),
+            "outputs": parse_io(span_data.output, "output"),
+            "invocation_params": {
+                "model": span_data.model,
+                "model_config": span_data.model_config,
+            },
+        }
+        if span_data.usage:
+            data["outputs"]["usage_metadata"] = {
+                "total_tokens": span_data.usage.get("total_tokens"),
+                "input_tokens": span_data.usage.get("prompt_tokens"),
+                "output_tokens": span_data.usage.get("completion_tokens"),
+            }
+        return data
+
+    def _extract_response_span_data(
+        span_data: tracing.ResponseSpanData,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        data: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if span_data.input is not None:
+            data["inputs"] = {
+                "input": span_data.input,
+                "instructions": span_data.response.instructions,
+            }
+        if span_data.response is not None:
+            response = span_data.response.model_dump(exclude_none=True, mode="json")
+            data["outputs"] = {"output": response.pop("output", [])}
+            if usage := response.pop("usage", None):
+                # tokens -> token
+                if "output_tokens_details" in usage:
+                    usage["output_token_details"] = usage.pop("output_tokens_details")
+                    usage["output_token_details"]["reasoning"] = usage[
+                        "output_token_details"
+                    ].pop("reasoning_tokens", 0)
+                if "input_tokens_details" in usage:
+                    usage["input_token_details"] = usage.pop("input_tokens_details")
+                    usage["input_token_details"]["cache_read"] = usage[
+                        "input_token_details"
+                    ].pop("cached_tokens", 0)
+                data["outputs"]["usage_metadata"] = usage
+
+            data["invocation_params"] = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in response.items()
+                if k
+                in (
+                    "max_output_tokens",
+                    "model",
+                    "parallel_tool_calls",
+                    "reasoning",
+                    "temperature",
+                    "text",
+                    "tool_choice",
+                    "tools",
+                    "top_p",
+                    "truncation",
+                )
+            }
+            metadata = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in response.items()
+                if k
+                not in (
+                    {"output", "usage", "instructions"}.union(data["invocation_params"])
+                )
+            }
+            metadata.update(
+                {
+                    "ls_model_name": data["invocation_params"].get("model"),
+                    "ls_max_tokens": data["invocation_params"].get("max_output_tokens"),
+                    "ls_temperature": data["invocation_params"].get("temperature"),
+                    "ls_model_type": "chat",
+                    "ls_provider": "openai",
+                }
+            )
+            data["metadata"] = metadata
+
+        return data
+
+    def _extract_agent_span_data(span_data: tracing.AgentSpanData) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "invocation_params": {
+                "tools": span_data.tools,
+                "handoffs": span_data.handoffs,
+            },
+            "metadata": {
+                "output_type": span_data.output_type,
+            },
+        }
+
+    def _extract_handoff_span_data(
+        span_data: tracing.HandoffSpanData,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "inputs": {
+                "from_agent": span_data.from_agent,
+                "to_agent": span_data.to_agent,
+            }
+        }
+
+    def _extract_guardrail_span_data(
+        span_data: tracing.GuardrailSpanData,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"metadata": {"triggered": span_data.triggered}}
+
+    def _extract_custom_span_data(span_data: tracing.CustomSpanData) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"metadata": span_data.data}
+
+    def extract_span_data(span: tracing.Span) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        data: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.FunctionSpanData):
+            data.update(_extract_function_span_data(span.span_data))
+        elif isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.GenerationSpanData):
+            data.update(_extract_generation_span_data(span.span_data))
+        elif isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.ResponseSpanData):
+            data.update(_extract_response_span_data(span.span_data))
+        elif isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.AgentSpanData):
+            data.update(_extract_agent_span_data(span.span_data))
+        elif isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.HandoffSpanData):
+            data.update(_extract_handoff_span_data(span.span_data))
+        elif isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.GuardrailSpanData):
+            data.update(_extract_guardrail_span_data(span.span_data))
+        elif isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.CustomSpanData):
+            data.update(_extract_custom_span_data(span.span_data))
+        else:
+            return {}
+
+        return data
+
+    def ensure_dotted_order(
+        start_time: Optional[datetime],
+        run_id: Optional[str],
+        parent_dotted_order: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Create a dotted order from a start time and run id."""
+        st = start_time or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+        id_ = run_id or str(uuid4())
+        current_dotted_order = st.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H%M%S%fZ") + id_
+        if parent_dotted_order is not None:
+            return parent_dotted_order + "." + current_dotted_order
+        return current_dotted_order
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_anthropic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_anthropic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2188a76f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_anthropic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import logging
+from collections.abc import AsyncIterator, Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pydantic import TypeAdapter
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypedDict
+
+from langsmith import client as ls_client
+from langsmith import run_helpers
+from langsmith.schemas import InputTokenDetails, UsageMetadata
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import httpx
+    from anthropic import Anthropic, AsyncAnthropic
+    from anthropic.types import Completion, Message, MessageStreamEvent
+
+C = TypeVar("C", bound=Union["Anthropic", "AsyncAnthropic", Any])
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _get_not_given() -> Optional[type]:
+    try:
+        from anthropic._types import NotGiven
+
+        return NotGiven
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _strip_not_given(d: dict) -> dict:
+    try:
+        if (not_given := _get_not_given()) is not None:
+            d = {k: v for k, v in d.items() if not isinstance(v, not_given)}
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Error stripping NotGiven: {e}")
+
+    if "system" in d:
+        d["messages"] = [{"role": "system", "content": d["system"]}] + d.get(
+            "messages", []
+        )
+        d.pop("system")
+    return {k: v for k, v in d.items() if v is not None}
+
+
+def _infer_ls_params(kwargs: dict):
+    stripped = _strip_not_given(kwargs)
+
+    stop = stripped.get("stop")
+    if stop and isinstance(stop, str):
+        stop = [stop]
+
+    return {
+        "ls_provider": "anthropic",
+        "ls_model_type": "chat",
+        "ls_model_name": stripped.get("model", None),
+        "ls_temperature": stripped.get("temperature", None),
+        "ls_max_tokens": stripped.get("max_tokens", None),
+        "ls_stop": stop,
+    }
+
+
+def _accumulate_event(
+    *, event: MessageStreamEvent, current_snapshot: Message | None
+) -> Message | None:
+    try:
+        from anthropic.types import ContentBlock
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.debug("Error importing ContentBlock")
+        return current_snapshot
+
+    if current_snapshot is None:
+        if event.type == "message_start":
+            return event.message
+
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f'Unexpected event order, got {event.type} before "message_start"'
+        )
+
+    if event.type == "content_block_start":
+        # TODO: check index <-- from anthropic SDK :)
+        adapter: TypeAdapter = TypeAdapter(ContentBlock)
+        content_block_instance = adapter.validate_python(
+            event.content_block.model_dump()
+        )
+        current_snapshot.content.append(
+            content_block_instance,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        )
+    elif event.type == "content_block_delta":
+        content = current_snapshot.content[event.index]
+        if content.type == "text" and event.delta.type == "text_delta":
+            content.text += event.delta.text
+    elif event.type == "message_delta":
+        current_snapshot.stop_reason = event.delta.stop_reason
+        current_snapshot.stop_sequence = event.delta.stop_sequence
+        current_snapshot.usage.output_tokens = event.usage.output_tokens
+
+    return current_snapshot
+
+
+def _reduce_chat_chunks(all_chunks: Sequence) -> dict:
+    full_message = None
+    for chunk in all_chunks:
+        try:
+            full_message = _accumulate_event(event=chunk, current_snapshot=full_message)
+        except RuntimeError as e:
+            logger.debug(f"Error accumulating event in Anthropic Wrapper: {e}")
+            return {"output": all_chunks}
+    if full_message is None:
+        return {"output": all_chunks}
+    d = full_message.model_dump()
+    d["usage_metadata"] = _create_usage_metadata(d.pop("usage", {}))
+    d.pop("type", None)
+    return {"message": d}
+
+
+def _create_usage_metadata(anthropic_token_usage: dict) -> UsageMetadata:
+    input_tokens = anthropic_token_usage.get("input_tokens") or 0
+    output_tokens = anthropic_token_usage.get("output_tokens") or 0
+    total_tokens = input_tokens + output_tokens
+    input_token_details: dict = {
+        "cache_read": anthropic_token_usage.get("cache_creation_input_tokens", 0)
+        + anthropic_token_usage.get("cache_read_input_tokens", 0)
+    }
+    return UsageMetadata(
+        input_tokens=input_tokens,
+        output_tokens=output_tokens,
+        total_tokens=total_tokens,
+        input_token_details=InputTokenDetails(
+            **{k: v for k, v in input_token_details.items() if v is not None}
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _reduce_completions(all_chunks: list[Completion]) -> dict:
+    all_content = []
+    for chunk in all_chunks:
+        content = chunk.completion
+        if content is not None:
+            all_content.append(content)
+    content = "".join(all_content)
+    if all_chunks:
+        d = all_chunks[-1].model_dump()
+        d["choices"] = [{"text": content}]
+    else:
+        d = {"choices": [{"text": content}]}
+
+    return d
+
+
+def _process_chat_completion(outputs: Any):
+    try:
+        rdict = outputs.model_dump()
+        anthropic_token_usage = rdict.pop("usage", None)
+        rdict["usage_metadata"] = (
+            _create_usage_metadata(anthropic_token_usage)
+            if anthropic_token_usage
+            else None
+        )
+        rdict.pop("type", None)
+        return {"message": rdict}
+    except BaseException as e:
+        logger.debug(f"Error processing chat completion: {e}")
+        return {"output": outputs}
+
+
+def _get_wrapper(
+    original_create: Callable,
+    name: str,
+    reduce_fn: Callable,
+    tracing_extra: TracingExtra,
+) -> Callable:
+    @functools.wraps(original_create)
+    def create(*args, **kwargs):
+        stream = kwargs.get("stream")
+        decorator = run_helpers.traceable(
+            name=name,
+            run_type="llm",
+            reduce_fn=reduce_fn if stream else None,
+            process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+            process_outputs=_process_chat_completion,
+            _invocation_params_fn=_infer_ls_params,
+            **tracing_extra,
+        )
+
+        result = decorator(original_create)(*args, **kwargs)
+        return result
+
+    @functools.wraps(original_create)
+    async def acreate(*args, **kwargs):
+        stream = kwargs.get("stream")
+        decorator = run_helpers.traceable(
+            name=name,
+            run_type="llm",
+            reduce_fn=reduce_fn if stream else None,
+            process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+            process_outputs=_process_chat_completion,
+            _invocation_params_fn=_infer_ls_params,
+            **tracing_extra,
+        )
+        result = await decorator(original_create)(*args, **kwargs)
+        return result
+
+    return acreate if run_helpers.is_async(original_create) else create
+
+
+def _get_stream_wrapper(
+    original_stream: Callable,
+    name: str,
+    tracing_extra: TracingExtra,
+) -> Callable:
+    """Create a wrapper for Anthropic's streaming context manager."""
+    import anthropic
+
+    is_async = "async" in str(original_stream).lower()
+    configured_traceable = run_helpers.traceable(
+        name=name,
+        reduce_fn=_reduce_chat_chunks,
+        run_type="llm",
+        process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+        _invocation_params_fn=_infer_ls_params,
+        **tracing_extra,
+    )
+    configured_traceable_text = run_helpers.traceable(
+        name=name,
+        run_type="llm",
+        process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+        process_outputs=_process_chat_completion,
+        _invocation_params_fn=_infer_ls_params,
+        **tracing_extra,
+    )
+
+    if is_async:
+
+        class AsyncMessageStreamWrapper:
+            def __init__(
+                self,
+                wrapped: anthropic.lib.streaming._messages.AsyncMessageStream,
+                **kwargs,
+            ) -> None:
+                self._wrapped = wrapped
+                self._kwargs = kwargs
+
+            @property
+            def text_stream(self):
+                @configured_traceable_text
+                async def _text_stream(**_):
+                    async for chunk in self._wrapped.text_stream:
+                        yield chunk
+                    run_tree = run_helpers.get_current_run_tree()
+                    final_message = await self._wrapped.get_final_message()
+                    run_tree.outputs = _process_chat_completion(final_message)
+
+                return _text_stream(**self._kwargs)
+
+            @property
+            def response(self) -> httpx.Response:
+                return self._wrapped.response
+
+            @property
+            def request_id(self) -> str | None:
+                return self._wrapped.request_id
+
+            async def __anext__(self) -> MessageStreamEvent:
+                aiter = self.__aiter__()
+                return await aiter.__anext__()
+
+            async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[MessageStreamEvent]:
+                @configured_traceable
+                def traced_iter(**_):
+                    return self._wrapped.__aiter__()
+
+                async for chunk in traced_iter(**self._kwargs):
+                    yield chunk
+
+            async def __aenter__(self) -> Self:
+                await self._wrapped.__aenter__()
+                return self
+
+            async def __aexit__(self, *exc) -> None:
+                await self._wrapped.__aexit__(*exc)
+
+            async def close(self) -> None:
+                await self._wrapped.close()
+
+            async def get_final_message(self) -> Message:
+                return await self._wrapped.get_final_message()
+
+            async def get_final_text(self) -> str:
+                return await self._wrapped.get_final_text()
+
+            async def until_done(self) -> None:
+                await self._wrapped.until_done()
+
+            @property
+            def current_message_snapshot(self) -> Message:
+                return self._wrapped.current_message_snapshot
+
+        class AsyncMessagesStreamManagerWrapper:
+            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+                self._kwargs = kwargs
+
+            async def __aenter__(self):
+                self._manager = original_stream(**self._kwargs)
+                stream = await self._manager.__aenter__()
+                return AsyncMessageStreamWrapper(stream, **self._kwargs)
+
+            async def __aexit__(self, *exc):
+                await self._manager.__aexit__(*exc)
+
+        return AsyncMessagesStreamManagerWrapper
+    else:
+
+        class MessageStreamWrapper:
+            def __init__(
+                self,
+                wrapped: anthropic.lib.streaming._messages.MessageStream,
+                **kwargs,
+            ) -> None:
+                self._wrapped = wrapped
+                self._kwargs = kwargs
+
+            @property
+            def response(self) -> Any:
+                return self._wrapped.response
+
+            @property
+            def request_id(self) -> str | None:
+                return self._wrapped.request_id  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+            @property
+            def text_stream(self):
+                @configured_traceable_text
+                def _text_stream(**_):
+                    yield from self._wrapped.text_stream
+                    run_tree = run_helpers.get_current_run_tree()
+                    final_message = self._wrapped.get_final_message()
+                    run_tree.outputs = _process_chat_completion(final_message)
+
+                return _text_stream(**self._kwargs)
+
+            def __next__(self) -> MessageStreamEvent:
+                return self.__iter__().__next__()
+
+            def __iter__(self):
+                @configured_traceable
+                def traced_iter(**_):
+                    return self._wrapped.__iter__()
+
+                return traced_iter(**self._kwargs)
+
+            def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+                self._wrapped.__enter__()
+                return self
+
+            def __exit__(self, *exc) -> None:
+                self._wrapped.__exit__(*exc)
+
+            def close(self) -> None:
+                self._wrapped.close()
+
+            def get_final_message(self) -> Message:
+                return self._wrapped.get_final_message()
+
+            def get_final_text(self) -> str:
+                return self._wrapped.get_final_text()
+
+            def until_done(self) -> None:
+                return self._wrapped.until_done()
+
+            @property
+            def current_message_snapshot(self) -> Message:
+                return self._wrapped.current_message_snapshot
+
+        class MessagesStreamManagerWrapper:
+            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+                self._kwargs = kwargs
+
+            def __enter__(self):
+                self._manager = original_stream(**self._kwargs)
+                return MessageStreamWrapper(self._manager.__enter__(), **self._kwargs)
+
+            def __exit__(self, *exc):
+                self._manager.__exit__(*exc)
+
+        return MessagesStreamManagerWrapper
+
+
+class TracingExtra(TypedDict, total=False):
+    metadata: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]
+    tags: Optional[list[str]]
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client]
+
+
+def wrap_anthropic(client: C, *, tracing_extra: Optional[TracingExtra] = None) -> C:
+    """Patch the Anthropic client to make it traceable.
+
+    Args:
+        client (Union[Anthropic, AsyncAnthropic]): The client to patch.
+        tracing_extra (Optional[TracingExtra], optional): Extra tracing information.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        Union[Anthropic, AsyncAnthropic]: The patched client.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import anthropic
+            from langsmith import wrappers
+
+            client = wrappers.wrap_anthropic(anthropic.Anthropic())
+
+            # Use Anthropic client same as you normally would:
+            system = "You are a helpful assistant."
+            messages = [
+                {
+                    "role": "user",
+                    "content": "What physics breakthroughs do you predict will happen by 2300?",
+                }
+            ]
+            completion = client.messages.create(
+                model="claude-3-5-sonnet-latest",
+                messages=messages,
+                max_tokens=1000,
+                system=system,
+            )
+            print(completion.content)
+
+            # You can also use the streaming context manager:
+            with client.messages.stream(
+                model="claude-3-5-sonnet-latest",
+                messages=messages,
+                max_tokens=1000,
+                system=system,
+            ) as stream:
+                for text in stream.text_stream:
+                    print(text, end="", flush=True)
+                message = stream.get_final_message()
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    tracing_extra = tracing_extra or {}
+    client.messages.create = _get_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+        client.messages.create,
+        "ChatAnthropic",
+        _reduce_chat_chunks,
+        tracing_extra,
+    )
+    client.messages.stream = _get_stream_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+        client.messages.stream,
+        "ChatAnthropic",
+        tracing_extra,
+    )
+    client.completions.create = _get_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+        client.completions.create,
+        "Anthropic",
+        _reduce_completions,
+        tracing_extra,
+    )
+
+    if (
+        hasattr(client, "beta")
+        and hasattr(client.beta, "messages")
+        and hasattr(client.beta.messages, "create")
+    ):
+        client.beta.messages.create = _get_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+            client.beta.messages.create,  # type: ignore
+            "ChatAnthropic",
+            _reduce_chat_chunks,
+            tracing_extra,
+        )
+    return client
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_openai.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_openai.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5fa0399
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_openai.py
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import logging
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from langsmith import client as ls_client
+from langsmith import run_helpers
+from langsmith.schemas import InputTokenDetails, OutputTokenDetails, UsageMetadata
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from openai import AsyncOpenAI, OpenAI
+    from openai.types.chat.chat_completion_chunk import (
+        ChatCompletionChunk,
+        Choice,
+        ChoiceDeltaToolCall,
+    )
+    from openai.types.completion import Completion
+    from openai.types.responses import ResponseStreamEvent  # type: ignore
+
+# Any is used since it may work with Azure or other providers
+C = TypeVar("C", bound=Union["OpenAI", "AsyncOpenAI", Any])
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _get_not_given() -> Optional[type]:
+    try:
+        from openai._types import NotGiven
+
+        return NotGiven
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _strip_not_given(d: dict) -> dict:
+    try:
+        not_given = _get_not_given()
+        if not_given is None:
+            return d
+        return {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in d.items()
+            if not (isinstance(v, not_given) or (k.startswith("extra_") and v is None))
+        }
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.error(f"Error stripping NotGiven: {e}")
+        return d
+
+
+def _infer_invocation_params(model_type: str, kwargs: dict):
+    stripped = _strip_not_given(kwargs)
+
+    stop = stripped.get("stop")
+    if stop and isinstance(stop, str):
+        stop = [stop]
+
+    return {
+        "ls_provider": "openai",
+        "ls_model_type": model_type,
+        "ls_model_name": stripped.get("model"),
+        "ls_temperature": stripped.get("temperature"),
+        "ls_max_tokens": stripped.get("max_tokens")
+        or stripped.get("max_completion_tokens")
+        or stripped.get("max_output_tokens"),
+        "ls_stop": stop,
+    }
+
+
+def _reduce_choices(choices: list[Choice]) -> dict:
+    reversed_choices = list(reversed(choices))
+    message: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "role": "assistant",
+        "content": "",
+    }
+    for c in reversed_choices:
+        if hasattr(c, "delta") and getattr(c.delta, "role", None):
+            message["role"] = c.delta.role
+            break
+    tool_calls: defaultdict[int, list[ChoiceDeltaToolCall]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for c in choices:
+        if hasattr(c, "delta"):
+            if getattr(c.delta, "content", None):
+                message["content"] += c.delta.content
+            if getattr(c.delta, "function_call", None):
+                if not message.get("function_call"):
+                    message["function_call"] = {"name": "", "arguments": ""}
+                name_ = getattr(c.delta.function_call, "name", None)
+                if name_:
+                    message["function_call"]["name"] += name_
+                arguments_ = getattr(c.delta.function_call, "arguments", None)
+                if arguments_:
+                    message["function_call"]["arguments"] += arguments_
+            if getattr(c.delta, "tool_calls", None):
+                tool_calls_list = c.delta.tool_calls
+                if tool_calls_list is not None:
+                    for tool_call in tool_calls_list:
+                        tool_calls[tool_call.index].append(tool_call)
+    if tool_calls:
+        message["tool_calls"] = [None for _ in range(max(tool_calls.keys()) + 1)]
+        for index, tool_call_chunks in tool_calls.items():
+            message["tool_calls"][index] = {
+                "index": index,
+                "id": next((c.id for c in tool_call_chunks if c.id), None),
+                "type": next((c.type for c in tool_call_chunks if c.type), None),
+                "function": {"name": "", "arguments": ""},
+            }
+            for chunk in tool_call_chunks:
+                if getattr(chunk, "function", None):
+                    name_ = getattr(chunk.function, "name", None)
+                    if name_:
+                        message["tool_calls"][index]["function"]["name"] += name_
+                    arguments_ = getattr(chunk.function, "arguments", None)
+                    if arguments_:
+                        message["tool_calls"][index]["function"][
+                            "arguments"
+                        ] += arguments_
+    return {
+        "index": getattr(choices[0], "index", 0) if choices else 0,
+        "finish_reason": next(
+            (
+                c.finish_reason
+                for c in reversed_choices
+                if getattr(c, "finish_reason", None)
+            ),
+            None,
+        ),
+        "message": message,
+    }
+
+
+def _reduce_chat(all_chunks: list[ChatCompletionChunk]) -> dict:
+    choices_by_index: defaultdict[int, list[Choice]] = defaultdict(list)
+    for chunk in all_chunks:
+        for choice in chunk.choices:
+            choices_by_index[choice.index].append(choice)
+    if all_chunks:
+        d = all_chunks[-1].model_dump()
+        d["choices"] = [
+            _reduce_choices(choices) for choices in choices_by_index.values()
+        ]
+    else:
+        d = {"choices": [{"message": {"role": "assistant", "content": ""}}]}
+    # streamed outputs don't go through `process_outputs`
+    # so we need to flatten metadata here
+    oai_token_usage = d.pop("usage", None)
+    d["usage_metadata"] = (
+        _create_usage_metadata(oai_token_usage) if oai_token_usage else None
+    )
+    return d
+
+
+def _reduce_completions(all_chunks: list[Completion]) -> dict:
+    all_content = []
+    for chunk in all_chunks:
+        content = chunk.choices[0].text
+        if content is not None:
+            all_content.append(content)
+    content = "".join(all_content)
+    if all_chunks:
+        d = all_chunks[-1].model_dump()
+        d["choices"] = [{"text": content}]
+    else:
+        d = {"choices": [{"text": content}]}
+
+    return d
+
+
+def _create_usage_metadata(oai_token_usage: dict) -> UsageMetadata:
+    input_tokens = (
+        oai_token_usage.get("prompt_tokens") or oai_token_usage.get("input_tokens") or 0
+    )
+    output_tokens = (
+        oai_token_usage.get("completion_tokens")
+        or oai_token_usage.get("output_tokens")
+        or 0
+    )
+    total_tokens = oai_token_usage.get("total_tokens") or input_tokens + output_tokens
+    input_token_details: dict = {
+        "audio": (
+            oai_token_usage.get("prompt_tokens_details")
+            or oai_token_usage.get("input_tokens_details")
+            or {}
+        ).get("audio_tokens"),
+        "cache_read": (
+            oai_token_usage.get("prompt_tokens_details")
+            or oai_token_usage.get("input_tokens_details")
+            or {}
+        ).get("cached_tokens"),
+    }
+    output_token_details: dict = {
+        "audio": (
+            oai_token_usage.get("completion_tokens_details")
+            or oai_token_usage.get("output_tokens_details")
+            or {}
+        ).get("audio_tokens"),
+        "reasoning": (
+            oai_token_usage.get("completion_tokens_details")
+            or oai_token_usage.get("output_tokens_details")
+            or {}
+        ).get("reasoning_tokens"),
+    }
+    return UsageMetadata(
+        input_tokens=input_tokens,
+        output_tokens=output_tokens,
+        total_tokens=total_tokens,
+        input_token_details=InputTokenDetails(
+            **{k: v for k, v in input_token_details.items() if v is not None}
+        ),
+        output_token_details=OutputTokenDetails(
+            **{k: v for k, v in output_token_details.items() if v is not None}
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _process_chat_completion(outputs: Any):
+    try:
+        rdict = outputs.model_dump()
+        oai_token_usage = rdict.pop("usage", None)
+        rdict["usage_metadata"] = (
+            _create_usage_metadata(oai_token_usage) if oai_token_usage else None
+        )
+        return rdict
+    except BaseException as e:
+        logger.debug(f"Error processing chat completion: {e}")
+        return {"output": outputs}
+
+
+def _get_wrapper(
+    original_create: Callable,
+    name: str,
+    reduce_fn: Callable,
+    tracing_extra: Optional[TracingExtra] = None,
+    invocation_params_fn: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    process_outputs: Optional[Callable] = None,
+) -> Callable:
+    textra = tracing_extra or {}
+
+    @functools.wraps(original_create)
+    def create(*args, **kwargs):
+        decorator = run_helpers.traceable(
+            name=name,
+            run_type="llm",
+            reduce_fn=reduce_fn if kwargs.get("stream") is True else None,
+            process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+            _invocation_params_fn=invocation_params_fn,
+            process_outputs=process_outputs,
+            **textra,
+        )
+
+        return decorator(original_create)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @functools.wraps(original_create)
+    async def acreate(*args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs = _strip_not_given(kwargs)
+        decorator = run_helpers.traceable(
+            name=name,
+            run_type="llm",
+            reduce_fn=reduce_fn if kwargs.get("stream") is True else None,
+            process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+            _invocation_params_fn=invocation_params_fn,
+            process_outputs=process_outputs,
+            **textra,
+        )
+        return await decorator(original_create)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return acreate if run_helpers.is_async(original_create) else create
+
+
+def _get_parse_wrapper(
+    original_parse: Callable,
+    name: str,
+    process_outputs: Callable,
+    tracing_extra: Optional[TracingExtra] = None,
+    invocation_params_fn: Optional[Callable] = None,
+) -> Callable:
+    textra = tracing_extra or {}
+
+    @functools.wraps(original_parse)
+    def parse(*args, **kwargs):
+        decorator = run_helpers.traceable(
+            name=name,
+            run_type="llm",
+            reduce_fn=None,
+            process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+            _invocation_params_fn=invocation_params_fn,
+            process_outputs=process_outputs,
+            **textra,
+        )
+        return decorator(original_parse)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @functools.wraps(original_parse)
+    async def aparse(*args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs = _strip_not_given(kwargs)
+        decorator = run_helpers.traceable(
+            name=name,
+            run_type="llm",
+            reduce_fn=None,
+            process_inputs=_strip_not_given,
+            _invocation_params_fn=invocation_params_fn,
+            process_outputs=process_outputs,
+            **textra,
+        )
+        return await decorator(original_parse)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return aparse if run_helpers.is_async(original_parse) else parse
+
+
+def _reduce_response_events(events: list[ResponseStreamEvent]) -> dict:
+    for event in events:
+        if event.type == "response.completed":
+            return _process_responses_api_output(event.response)
+    return {}
+
+
+class TracingExtra(TypedDict, total=False):
+    metadata: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]
+    tags: Optional[list[str]]
+    client: Optional[ls_client.Client]
+
+
+def wrap_openai(
+    client: C,
+    *,
+    tracing_extra: Optional[TracingExtra] = None,
+    chat_name: str = "ChatOpenAI",
+    completions_name: str = "OpenAI",
+) -> C:
+    """Patch the OpenAI client to make it traceable.
+
+    Supports:
+        - Chat and Responses API's
+        - Sync and async OpenAI clients
+        - create() and parse() methods
+        - with and without streaming
+
+    Args:
+        client (Union[OpenAI, AsyncOpenAI]): The client to patch.
+        tracing_extra (Optional[TracingExtra], optional): Extra tracing information.
+            Defaults to None.
+        chat_name (str, optional): The run name for the chat completions endpoint.
+            Defaults to "ChatOpenAI".
+        completions_name (str, optional): The run name for the completions endpoint.
+            Defaults to "OpenAI".
+
+    Returns:
+        Union[OpenAI, AsyncOpenAI]: The patched client.
+
+    Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import openai
+            from langsmith import wrappers
+
+            # Use OpenAI client same as you normally would.
+            client = wrappers.wrap_openai(openai.OpenAI())
+
+            # Chat API:
+            messages = [
+                {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
+                {
+                    "role": "user",
+                    "content": "What physics breakthroughs do you predict will happen by 2300?",
+                },
+            ]
+            completion = client.chat.completions.create(
+                model="gpt-4o-mini", messages=messages
+            )
+            print(completion.choices[0].message.content)
+
+            # Responses API:
+            response = client.responses.create(
+                model="gpt-4o-mini",
+                messages=messages,
+            )
+            print(response.output_text)
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.3.16
+
+        Support for Responses API added.
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    tracing_extra = tracing_extra or {}
+
+    # First wrap the create methods - these handle non-streaming cases
+    client.chat.completions.create = _get_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+        client.chat.completions.create,
+        chat_name,
+        _reduce_chat,
+        tracing_extra=tracing_extra,
+        invocation_params_fn=functools.partial(_infer_invocation_params, "chat"),
+        process_outputs=_process_chat_completion,
+    )
+
+    client.completions.create = _get_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+        client.completions.create,
+        completions_name,
+        _reduce_completions,
+        tracing_extra=tracing_extra,
+        invocation_params_fn=functools.partial(_infer_invocation_params, "llm"),
+    )
+
+    # Wrap beta.chat.completions.parse if it exists
+    if (
+        hasattr(client, "beta")
+        and hasattr(client.beta, "chat")
+        and hasattr(client.beta.chat, "completions")
+        and hasattr(client.beta.chat.completions, "parse")
+    ):
+        client.beta.chat.completions.parse = _get_parse_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+            client.beta.chat.completions.parse,  # type: ignore
+            chat_name,
+            _process_chat_completion,
+            tracing_extra=tracing_extra,
+            invocation_params_fn=functools.partial(_infer_invocation_params, "chat"),
+        )
+
+    # For the responses API: "client.responses.create(**kwargs)"
+    if hasattr(client, "responses"):
+        if hasattr(client.responses, "create"):
+            client.responses.create = _get_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+                client.responses.create,
+                chat_name,
+                _reduce_response_events,
+                process_outputs=_process_responses_api_output,
+                tracing_extra=tracing_extra,
+                invocation_params_fn=functools.partial(
+                    _infer_invocation_params, "chat"
+                ),
+            )
+        if hasattr(client.responses, "parse"):
+            client.responses.parse = _get_parse_wrapper(  # type: ignore[method-assign]
+                client.responses.parse,
+                chat_name,
+                _process_responses_api_output,
+                tracing_extra=tracing_extra,
+                invocation_params_fn=functools.partial(
+                    _infer_invocation_params, "chat"
+                ),
+            )
+
+    return client
+
+
+def _process_responses_api_output(response: Any) -> dict:
+    if response:
+        try:
+            output = response.model_dump(exclude_none=True, mode="json")
+            if usage := output.pop("usage", None):
+                output["usage_metadata"] = _create_usage_metadata(usage)
+            return output
+        except Exception:
+            return {"output": response}
+    return {}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_openai_agents.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_openai_agents.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b2dccac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/langsmith/wrappers/_openai_agents.py
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+import logging
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import Optional, TypedDict
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+from langsmith import run_trees as rt
+
+try:
+    from agents import tracing  # type: ignore[import]
+
+    import langsmith.wrappers._agent_utils as agent_utils
+
+    HAVE_AGENTS = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAVE_AGENTS = False
+
+    class OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor:
+        """Tracing processor for the `OpenAI Agents SDK <https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/>`_.
+
+        Traces all intermediate steps of your OpenAI Agent to LangSmith.
+
+        Requirements: Make sure to install ``pip install -U langsmith[openai-agents]``.
+
+        Args:
+            client: An instance of langsmith.client.Client. If not provided,
+                a default client is created.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from agents import (
+                    Agent,
+                    FileSearchTool,
+                    Runner,
+                    WebSearchTool,
+                    function_tool,
+                    set_trace_processors,
+                )
+
+                from langsmith.wrappers import OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor
+
+                set_trace_processors([OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor()])
+
+
+                @function_tool
+                def get_weather(city: str) -> str:
+                    return f"The weather in {city} is sunny"
+
+
+                haiku_agent = Agent(
+                    name="Haiku agent",
+                    instructions="Always respond in haiku form",
+                    model="o3-mini",
+                    tools=[get_weather],
+                )
+                agent = Agent(
+                    name="Assistant",
+                    tools=[WebSearchTool()],
+                    instructions="speak in spanish. use Haiku agent if they ask for a haiku or for the weather",
+                    handoffs=[haiku_agent],
+                )
+
+                result = await Runner.run(
+                    agent,
+                    "write a haiku about the weather today and tell me a recent news story about new york",
+                )
+                print(result.final_output)
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise ImportError(
+                "The `agents` package is not installed. "
+                "Please install it with `pip install langsmith[openai-agents]`."
+            )
+
+
+from langsmith import client as ls_client
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+if HAVE_AGENTS:
+
+    class RunData(TypedDict):
+        id: str
+        trace_id: str
+        start_time: datetime
+        dotted_order: str
+        parent_run_id: Optional[str]
+
+    class OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor(tracing.TracingProcessor):  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        """Tracing processor for the `OpenAI Agents SDK <https://openai.github.io/openai-agents-python/>`_.
+
+        Traces all intermediate steps of your OpenAI Agent to LangSmith.
+
+        Requirements: Make sure to install ``pip install -U langsmith[openai-agents]``.
+
+        Args:
+            client: An instance of langsmith.client.Client. If not provided,
+                a default client is created.
+            metadata: Metadata to associate with all traces.
+            tags: Tags to associate with all traces.
+            project_name: LangSmith project to trace to.
+            name: Name of the root trace.
+
+        Example:
+            .. code-block:: python
+
+                from agents import (
+                    Agent,
+                    FileSearchTool,
+                    Runner,
+                    WebSearchTool,
+                    function_tool,
+                    set_trace_processors,
+                )
+
+                from langsmith.wrappers import OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor
+
+                set_trace_processors([OpenAIAgentsTracingProcessor()])
+
+
+                @function_tool
+                def get_weather(city: str) -> str:
+                    return f"The weather in {city} is sunny"
+
+
+                haiku_agent = Agent(
+                    name="Haiku agent",
+                    instructions="Always respond in haiku form",
+                    model="o3-mini",
+                    tools=[get_weather],
+                )
+                agent = Agent(
+                    name="Assistant",
+                    tools=[WebSearchTool()],
+                    instructions="speak in spanish. use Haiku agent if they ask for a haiku or for the weather",
+                    handoffs=[haiku_agent],
+                )
+
+                result = await Runner.run(
+                    agent,
+                    "write a haiku about the weather today and tell me a recent news story about new york",
+                )
+                print(result.final_output)
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            client: Optional[ls_client.Client] = None,
+            *,
+            metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
+            tags: Optional[list[str]] = None,
+            project_name: Optional[str] = None,
+            name: Optional[str] = None,
+        ):
+            self.client = client or rt.get_cached_client()
+            self._metadata = metadata
+            self._tags = tags
+            self._project_name = project_name
+            self._name = name
+            self._first_response_inputs: dict = {}
+            self._last_response_outputs: dict = {}
+
+            self._runs: dict[str, RunData] = {}
+
+        def on_trace_start(self, trace: tracing.Trace) -> None:
+            if self._name:
+                run_name = self._name
+            elif trace.name:
+                run_name = trace.name
+            else:
+                run_name = "Agent workflow"
+            trace_run_id = str(uuid4())
+
+            start_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+
+            dotted_order = agent_utils.ensure_dotted_order(
+                start_time=start_time,
+                run_id=trace_run_id,
+            )
+            self._runs[trace.trace_id] = RunData(
+                id=trace_run_id,
+                trace_id=trace_run_id,
+                start_time=start_time,
+                dotted_order=dotted_order,
+                parent_run_id=None,
+            )
+
+            run_extra = {"metadata": self._metadata or {}}
+
+            trace_dict = trace.export() or {}
+            if trace_dict.get("group_id") is not None:
+                run_extra["metadata"]["thread_id"] = trace_dict["group_id"]
+
+            try:
+                run_data: dict = dict(
+                    name=run_name,
+                    inputs={},
+                    run_type="chain",
+                    id=trace_run_id,
+                    trace_id=trace_run_id,
+                    dotted_order=dotted_order,
+                    start_time=start_time,
+                    revision_id=None,
+                    extra=run_extra,
+                    tags=self._tags,
+                    project_name=self._project_name,
+                )
+
+                self.client.create_run(**run_data)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.exception(f"Error creating trace run: {e}")
+
+        def on_trace_end(self, trace: tracing.Trace) -> None:
+            run = self._runs.pop(trace.trace_id, None)
+            trace_dict = trace.export() or {}
+            metadata = {**(trace_dict.get("metadata") or {}), **(self._metadata or {})}
+
+            if run:
+                try:
+                    self.client.update_run(
+                        run_id=run["id"],
+                        trace_id=run["trace_id"],
+                        dotted_order=run["dotted_order"],
+                        inputs=self._first_response_inputs.pop(trace.trace_id, {}),
+                        outputs=self._last_response_outputs.pop(trace.trace_id, {}),
+                        extra={"metadata": metadata},
+                    )
+                except Exception as e:
+                    logger.exception(f"Error updating trace run: {e}")
+
+        def on_span_start(self, span: tracing.Span) -> None:
+            parent_run = (
+                self._runs.get(span.parent_id)
+                if span.parent_id
+                else self._runs.get(span.trace_id)
+            )
+
+            if parent_run is None:
+                logger.warning(
+                    f"No trace info found for span, skipping: {span.span_id}"
+                )
+                return
+
+            trace_id = parent_run["trace_id"]
+
+            span_run_id = str(uuid4())
+            span_start_time = (
+                datetime.fromisoformat(span.started_at)
+                if span.started_at
+                else datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+            )
+            dotted_order = agent_utils.ensure_dotted_order(
+                start_time=span_start_time,
+                run_id=span_run_id,
+                parent_dotted_order=parent_run["dotted_order"] if parent_run else None,
+            )
+            self._runs[span.span_id] = RunData(
+                id=span_run_id,
+                trace_id=trace_id,
+                start_time=span_start_time,
+                dotted_order=dotted_order,
+                parent_run_id=parent_run["id"],
+            )
+
+            run_name = agent_utils.get_run_name(span)
+            run_type = agent_utils.get_run_type(span)
+            extracted = agent_utils.extract_span_data(span)
+
+            try:
+                run_data: dict = dict(
+                    name=run_name,
+                    run_type=run_type,
+                    id=span_run_id,
+                    trace_id=trace_id,
+                    parent_run_id=parent_run["id"],
+                    dotted_order=dotted_order,
+                    inputs=extracted.get("inputs", {}),
+                )
+                if span.started_at:
+                    run_data["start_time"] = datetime.fromisoformat(span.started_at)
+                self.client.create_run(**run_data)
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.exception(f"Error creating span run: {e}")
+
+        def on_span_end(self, span: tracing.Span) -> None:
+            run = self._runs.pop(span.span_id, None)
+            if run:
+                extracted = agent_utils.extract_span_data(span)
+                metadata = extracted.get("metadata", {})
+                metadata["openai_parent_id"] = span.parent_id
+                metadata["openai_trace_id"] = span.trace_id
+                metadata["openai_span_id"] = span.span_id
+                extracted["metadata"] = metadata
+                outputs = extracted.pop("outputs", {})
+                inputs = extracted.pop("inputs", {})
+                run_data: dict = dict(
+                    run_id=run["id"],
+                    trace_id=run["trace_id"],
+                    dotted_order=run["dotted_order"],
+                    parent_run_id=run["parent_run_id"],
+                    error=str(span.error) if span.error else None,
+                    outputs=outputs,
+                    inputs=inputs,
+                    extra=extracted,
+                )
+                if span.ended_at:
+                    run_data["end_time"] = datetime.fromisoformat(span.ended_at)
+
+                if isinstance(span.span_data, tracing.ResponseSpanData):
+                    self._first_response_inputs[span.trace_id] = (
+                        self._first_response_inputs.get(span.trace_id) or inputs
+                    )
+                    self._last_response_outputs[span.trace_id] = outputs
+
+                self.client.update_run(**run_data)
+
+        def shutdown(self) -> None:
+            self.client.flush()
+
+        def force_flush(self) -> None:
+            self.client.flush()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..462f6d8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.3
+Name: openai
+Version: 1.78.1
+Summary: The official Python library for the openai API
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/openai/openai-python
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/openai/openai-python
+Author-email: OpenAI <support@openai.com>
+License: Apache-2.0
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Requires-Dist: anyio<5,>=3.5.0
+Requires-Dist: distro<2,>=1.7.0
+Requires-Dist: httpx<1,>=0.23.0
+Requires-Dist: jiter<1,>=0.4.0
+Requires-Dist: pydantic<3,>=1.9.0
+Requires-Dist: sniffio
+Requires-Dist: tqdm>4
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions<5,>=4.11
+Provides-Extra: datalib
+Requires-Dist: numpy>=1; extra == 'datalib'
+Requires-Dist: pandas-stubs>=1.1.0.11; extra == 'datalib'
+Requires-Dist: pandas>=1.2.3; extra == 'datalib'
+Provides-Extra: realtime
+Requires-Dist: websockets<16,>=13; extra == 'realtime'
+Provides-Extra: voice-helpers
+Requires-Dist: numpy>=2.0.2; extra == 'voice-helpers'
+Requires-Dist: sounddevice>=0.5.1; extra == 'voice-helpers'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# OpenAI Python API library
+
+[![PyPI version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/openai.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/openai/)
+
+The OpenAI Python library provides convenient access to the OpenAI REST API from any Python 3.8+
+application. The library includes type definitions for all request params and response fields,
+and offers both synchronous and asynchronous clients powered by [httpx](https://github.com/encode/httpx).
+
+It is generated from our [OpenAPI specification](https://github.com/openai/openai-openapi) with [Stainless](https://stainlessapi.com/).
+
+## Documentation
+
+The REST API documentation can be found on [platform.openai.com](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference). The full API of this library can be found in [api.md](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main/api.md).
+
+## Installation
+
+```sh
+# install from PyPI
+pip install openai
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+The full API of this library can be found in [api.md](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main/api.md).
+
+The primary API for interacting with OpenAI models is the [Responses API](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses). You can generate text from the model with the code below.
+
+```python
+import os
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI(
+    # This is the default and can be omitted
+    api_key=os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"),
+)
+
+response = client.responses.create(
+    model="gpt-4o",
+    instructions="You are a coding assistant that talks like a pirate.",
+    input="How do I check if a Python object is an instance of a class?",
+)
+
+print(response.output_text)
+```
+
+The previous standard (supported indefinitely) for generating text is the [Chat Completions API](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat). You can use that API to generate text from the model with the code below.
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+completion = client.chat.completions.create(
+    model="gpt-4o",
+    messages=[
+        {"role": "developer", "content": "Talk like a pirate."},
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": "How do I check if a Python object is an instance of a class?",
+        },
+    ],
+)
+
+print(completion.choices[0].message.content)
+```
+
+While you can provide an `api_key` keyword argument,
+we recommend using [python-dotenv](https://pypi.org/project/python-dotenv/)
+to add `OPENAI_API_KEY="My API Key"` to your `.env` file
+so that your API key is not stored in source control.
+[Get an API key here](https://platform.openai.com/settings/organization/api-keys).
+
+### Vision
+
+With an image URL:
+
+```python
+prompt = "What is in this image?"
+img_url = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/2023_06_08_Raccoon1.jpg/1599px-2023_06_08_Raccoon1.jpg"
+
+response = client.responses.create(
+    model="gpt-4o-mini",
+    input=[
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": [
+                {"type": "input_text", "text": prompt},
+                {"type": "input_image", "image_url": f"{img_url}"},
+            ],
+        }
+    ],
+)
+```
+
+With the image as a base64 encoded string:
+
+```python
+import base64
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+prompt = "What is in this image?"
+with open("path/to/image.png", "rb") as image_file:
+    b64_image = base64.b64encode(image_file.read()).decode("utf-8")
+
+response = client.responses.create(
+    model="gpt-4o-mini",
+    input=[
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": [
+                {"type": "input_text", "text": prompt},
+                {"type": "input_image", "image_url": f"data:image/png;base64,{b64_image}"},
+            ],
+        }
+    ],
+)
+```
+
+## Async usage
+
+Simply import `AsyncOpenAI` instead of `OpenAI` and use `await` with each API call:
+
+```python
+import os
+import asyncio
+from openai import AsyncOpenAI
+
+client = AsyncOpenAI(
+    # This is the default and can be omitted
+    api_key=os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"),
+)
+
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    response = await client.responses.create(
+        model="gpt-4o", input="Explain disestablishmentarianism to a smart five year old."
+    )
+    print(response.output_text)
+
+
+asyncio.run(main())
+```
+
+Functionality between the synchronous and asynchronous clients is otherwise identical.
+
+## Streaming responses
+
+We provide support for streaming responses using Server Side Events (SSE).
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+stream = client.responses.create(
+    model="gpt-4o",
+    input="Write a one-sentence bedtime story about a unicorn.",
+    stream=True,
+)
+
+for event in stream:
+    print(event)
+```
+
+The async client uses the exact same interface.
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+from openai import AsyncOpenAI
+
+client = AsyncOpenAI()
+
+
+async def main():
+    stream = client.responses.create(
+        model="gpt-4o",
+        input="Write a one-sentence bedtime story about a unicorn.",
+        stream=True,
+    )
+
+    for event in stream:
+        print(event)
+
+
+asyncio.run(main())
+```
+
+## Realtime API beta
+
+The Realtime API enables you to build low-latency, multi-modal conversational experiences. It currently supports text and audio as both input and output, as well as [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) through a WebSocket connection.
+
+Under the hood the SDK uses the [`websockets`](https://websockets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) library to manage connections.
+
+The Realtime API works through a combination of client-sent events and server-sent events. Clients can send events to do things like update session configuration or send text and audio inputs. Server events confirm when audio responses have completed, or when a text response from the model has been received. A full event reference can be found [here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/realtime-client-events) and a guide can be found [here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/realtime).
+
+Basic text based example:
+
+```py
+import asyncio
+from openai import AsyncOpenAI
+
+async def main():
+    client = AsyncOpenAI()
+
+    async with client.beta.realtime.connect(model="gpt-4o-realtime-preview") as connection:
+        await connection.session.update(session={'modalities': ['text']})
+
+        await connection.conversation.item.create(
+            item={
+                "type": "message",
+                "role": "user",
+                "content": [{"type": "input_text", "text": "Say hello!"}],
+            }
+        )
+        await connection.response.create()
+
+        async for event in connection:
+            if event.type == 'response.text.delta':
+                print(event.delta, flush=True, end="")
+
+            elif event.type == 'response.text.done':
+                print()
+
+            elif event.type == "response.done":
+                break
+
+asyncio.run(main())
+```
+
+However the real magic of the Realtime API is handling audio inputs / outputs, see this example [TUI script](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/blob/main/examples/realtime/push_to_talk_app.py) for a fully fledged example.
+
+### Realtime error handling
+
+Whenever an error occurs, the Realtime API will send an [`error` event](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/realtime-model-capabilities#error-handling) and the connection will stay open and remain usable. This means you need to handle it yourself, as _no errors are raised directly_ by the SDK when an `error` event comes in.
+
+```py
+client = AsyncOpenAI()
+
+async with client.beta.realtime.connect(model="gpt-4o-realtime-preview") as connection:
+    ...
+    async for event in connection:
+        if event.type == 'error':
+            print(event.error.type)
+            print(event.error.code)
+            print(event.error.event_id)
+            print(event.error.message)
+```
+
+## Using types
+
+Nested request parameters are [TypedDicts](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.TypedDict). Responses are [Pydantic models](https://docs.pydantic.dev) which also provide helper methods for things like:
+
+- Serializing back into JSON, `model.to_json()`
+- Converting to a dictionary, `model.to_dict()`
+
+Typed requests and responses provide autocomplete and documentation within your editor. If you would like to see type errors in VS Code to help catch bugs earlier, set `python.analysis.typeCheckingMode` to `basic`.
+
+## Pagination
+
+List methods in the OpenAI API are paginated.
+
+This library provides auto-paginating iterators with each list response, so you do not have to request successive pages manually:
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+all_jobs = []
+# Automatically fetches more pages as needed.
+for job in client.fine_tuning.jobs.list(
+    limit=20,
+):
+    # Do something with job here
+    all_jobs.append(job)
+print(all_jobs)
+```
+
+Or, asynchronously:
+
+```python
+import asyncio
+from openai import AsyncOpenAI
+
+client = AsyncOpenAI()
+
+
+async def main() -> None:
+    all_jobs = []
+    # Iterate through items across all pages, issuing requests as needed.
+    async for job in client.fine_tuning.jobs.list(
+        limit=20,
+    ):
+        all_jobs.append(job)
+    print(all_jobs)
+
+
+asyncio.run(main())
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can use the `.has_next_page()`, `.next_page_info()`, or `.get_next_page()` methods for more granular control working with pages:
+
+```python
+first_page = await client.fine_tuning.jobs.list(
+    limit=20,
+)
+if first_page.has_next_page():
+    print(f"will fetch next page using these details: {first_page.next_page_info()}")
+    next_page = await first_page.get_next_page()
+    print(f"number of items we just fetched: {len(next_page.data)}")
+
+# Remove `await` for non-async usage.
+```
+
+Or just work directly with the returned data:
+
+```python
+first_page = await client.fine_tuning.jobs.list(
+    limit=20,
+)
+
+print(f"next page cursor: {first_page.after}")  # => "next page cursor: ..."
+for job in first_page.data:
+    print(job.id)
+
+# Remove `await` for non-async usage.
+```
+
+## Nested params
+
+Nested parameters are dictionaries, typed using `TypedDict`, for example:
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+response = client.chat.responses.create(
+    input=[
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": "How much ?",
+        }
+    ],
+    model="gpt-4o",
+    response_format={"type": "json_object"},
+)
+```
+
+## File uploads
+
+Request parameters that correspond to file uploads can be passed as `bytes`, or a [`PathLike`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.PathLike) instance or a tuple of `(filename, contents, media type)`.
+
+```python
+from pathlib import Path
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+client.files.create(
+    file=Path("input.jsonl"),
+    purpose="fine-tune",
+)
+```
+
+The async client uses the exact same interface. If you pass a [`PathLike`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/os.html#os.PathLike) instance, the file contents will be read asynchronously automatically.
+
+## Handling errors
+
+When the library is unable to connect to the API (for example, due to network connection problems or a timeout), a subclass of `openai.APIConnectionError` is raised.
+
+When the API returns a non-success status code (that is, 4xx or 5xx
+response), a subclass of `openai.APIStatusError` is raised, containing `status_code` and `response` properties.
+
+All errors inherit from `openai.APIError`.
+
+```python
+import openai
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+
+try:
+    client.fine_tuning.jobs.create(
+        model="gpt-4o",
+        training_file="file-abc123",
+    )
+except openai.APIConnectionError as e:
+    print("The server could not be reached")
+    print(e.__cause__)  # an underlying Exception, likely raised within httpx.
+except openai.RateLimitError as e:
+    print("A 429 status code was received; we should back off a bit.")
+except openai.APIStatusError as e:
+    print("Another non-200-range status code was received")
+    print(e.status_code)
+    print(e.response)
+```
+
+Error codes are as follows:
+
+| Status Code | Error Type                 |
+| ----------- | -------------------------- |
+| 400         | `BadRequestError`          |
+| 401         | `AuthenticationError`      |
+| 403         | `PermissionDeniedError`    |
+| 404         | `NotFoundError`            |
+| 422         | `UnprocessableEntityError` |
+| 429         | `RateLimitError`           |
+| >=500       | `InternalServerError`      |
+| N/A         | `APIConnectionError`       |
+
+## Request IDs
+
+> For more information on debugging requests, see [these docs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/debugging-requests)
+
+All object responses in the SDK provide a `_request_id` property which is added from the `x-request-id` response header so that you can quickly log failing requests and report them back to OpenAI.
+
+```python
+response = await client.responses.create(
+    model="gpt-4o-mini",
+    input="Say 'this is a test'.",
+)
+print(response._request_id)  # req_123
+```
+
+Note that unlike other properties that use an `_` prefix, the `_request_id` property
+_is_ public. Unless documented otherwise, _all_ other `_` prefix properties,
+methods and modules are _private_.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]  
+> If you need to access request IDs for failed requests you must catch the `APIStatusError` exception
+
+```python
+import openai
+
+try:
+    completion = await client.chat.completions.create(
+        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Say this is a test"}], model="gpt-4"
+    )
+except openai.APIStatusError as exc:
+    print(exc.request_id)  # req_123
+    raise exc
+```
+
+## Retries
+
+Certain errors are automatically retried 2 times by default, with a short exponential backoff.
+Connection errors (for example, due to a network connectivity problem), 408 Request Timeout, 409 Conflict,
+429 Rate Limit, and >=500 Internal errors are all retried by default.
+
+You can use the `max_retries` option to configure or disable retry settings:
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+# Configure the default for all requests:
+client = OpenAI(
+    # default is 2
+    max_retries=0,
+)
+
+# Or, configure per-request:
+client.with_options(max_retries=5).chat.completions.create(
+    messages=[
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": "How can I get the name of the current day in JavaScript?",
+        }
+    ],
+    model="gpt-4o",
+)
+```
+
+## Timeouts
+
+By default requests time out after 10 minutes. You can configure this with a `timeout` option,
+which accepts a float or an [`httpx.Timeout`](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/timeouts/#fine-tuning-the-configuration) object:
+
+```python
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+# Configure the default for all requests:
+client = OpenAI(
+    # 20 seconds (default is 10 minutes)
+    timeout=20.0,
+)
+
+# More granular control:
+client = OpenAI(
+    timeout=httpx.Timeout(60.0, read=5.0, write=10.0, connect=2.0),
+)
+
+# Override per-request:
+client.with_options(timeout=5.0).chat.completions.create(
+    messages=[
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": "How can I list all files in a directory using Python?",
+        }
+    ],
+    model="gpt-4o",
+)
+```
+
+On timeout, an `APITimeoutError` is thrown.
+
+Note that requests that time out are [retried twice by default](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main/#retries).
+
+## Advanced
+
+### Logging
+
+We use the standard library [`logging`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html) module.
+
+You can enable logging by setting the environment variable `OPENAI_LOG` to `info`.
+
+```shell
+$ export OPENAI_LOG=info
+```
+
+Or to `debug` for more verbose logging.
+
+### How to tell whether `None` means `null` or missing
+
+In an API response, a field may be explicitly `null`, or missing entirely; in either case, its value is `None` in this library. You can differentiate the two cases with `.model_fields_set`:
+
+```py
+if response.my_field is None:
+  if 'my_field' not in response.model_fields_set:
+    print('Got json like {}, without a "my_field" key present at all.')
+  else:
+    print('Got json like {"my_field": null}.')
+```
+
+### Accessing raw response data (e.g. headers)
+
+The "raw" Response object can be accessed by prefixing `.with_raw_response.` to any HTTP method call, e.g.,
+
+```py
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+client = OpenAI()
+response = client.chat.completions.with_raw_response.create(
+    messages=[{
+        "role": "user",
+        "content": "Say this is a test",
+    }],
+    model="gpt-4o",
+)
+print(response.headers.get('X-My-Header'))
+
+completion = response.parse()  # get the object that `chat.completions.create()` would have returned
+print(completion)
+```
+
+These methods return a [`LegacyAPIResponse`](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main/src/openai/_legacy_response.py) object. This is a legacy class as we're changing it slightly in the next major version.
+
+For the sync client this will mostly be the same with the exception
+of `content` & `text` will be methods instead of properties. In the
+async client, all methods will be async.
+
+A migration script will be provided & the migration in general should
+be smooth.
+
+#### `.with_streaming_response`
+
+The above interface eagerly reads the full response body when you make the request, which may not always be what you want.
+
+To stream the response body, use `.with_streaming_response` instead, which requires a context manager and only reads the response body once you call `.read()`, `.text()`, `.json()`, `.iter_bytes()`, `.iter_text()`, `.iter_lines()` or `.parse()`. In the async client, these are async methods.
+
+As such, `.with_streaming_response` methods return a different [`APIResponse`](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main/src/openai/_response.py) object, and the async client returns an [`AsyncAPIResponse`](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main/src/openai/_response.py) object.
+
+```python
+with client.chat.completions.with_streaming_response.create(
+    messages=[
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": "Say this is a test",
+        }
+    ],
+    model="gpt-4o",
+) as response:
+    print(response.headers.get("X-My-Header"))
+
+    for line in response.iter_lines():
+        print(line)
+```
+
+The context manager is required so that the response will reliably be closed.
+
+### Making custom/undocumented requests
+
+This library is typed for convenient access to the documented API.
+
+If you need to access undocumented endpoints, params, or response properties, the library can still be used.
+
+#### Undocumented endpoints
+
+To make requests to undocumented endpoints, you can make requests using `client.get`, `client.post`, and other
+http verbs. Options on the client will be respected (such as retries) when making this request.
+
+```py
+import httpx
+
+response = client.post(
+    "/foo",
+    cast_to=httpx.Response,
+    body={"my_param": True},
+)
+
+print(response.headers.get("x-foo"))
+```
+
+#### Undocumented request params
+
+If you want to explicitly send an extra param, you can do so with the `extra_query`, `extra_body`, and `extra_headers` request
+options.
+
+#### Undocumented response properties
+
+To access undocumented response properties, you can access the extra fields like `response.unknown_prop`. You
+can also get all the extra fields on the Pydantic model as a dict with
+[`response.model_extra`](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/base_model/#pydantic.BaseModel.model_extra).
+
+### Configuring the HTTP client
+
+You can directly override the [httpx client](https://www.python-httpx.org/api/#client) to customize it for your use case, including:
+
+- Support for [proxies](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/proxies/)
+- Custom [transports](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/transports/)
+- Additional [advanced](https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/clients/) functionality
+
+```python
+import httpx
+from openai import OpenAI, DefaultHttpxClient
+
+client = OpenAI(
+    # Or use the `OPENAI_BASE_URL` env var
+    base_url="http://my.test.server.example.com:8083/v1",
+    http_client=DefaultHttpxClient(
+        proxy="http://my.test.proxy.example.com",
+        transport=httpx.HTTPTransport(local_address="0.0.0.0"),
+    ),
+)
+```
+
+You can also customize the client on a per-request basis by using `with_options()`:
+
+```python
+client.with_options(http_client=DefaultHttpxClient(...))
+```
+
+### Managing HTTP resources
+
+By default the library closes underlying HTTP connections whenever the client is [garbage collected](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__del__). You can manually close the client using the `.close()` method if desired, or with a context manager that closes when exiting.
+
+```py
+from openai import OpenAI
+
+with OpenAI() as client:
+  # make requests here
+  ...
+
+# HTTP client is now closed
+```
+
+## Microsoft Azure OpenAI
+
+To use this library with [Azure OpenAI](https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/ai-services/openai/overview), use the `AzureOpenAI`
+class instead of the `OpenAI` class.
+
+> [!IMPORTANT]
+> The Azure API shape differs from the core API shape which means that the static types for responses / params
+> won't always be correct.
+
+```py
+from openai import AzureOpenAI
+
+# gets the API Key from environment variable AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY
+client = AzureOpenAI(
+    # https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/ai-services/openai/reference#rest-api-versioning
+    api_version="2023-07-01-preview",
+    # https://learn.microsoft.com/azure/cognitive-services/openai/how-to/create-resource?pivots=web-portal#create-a-resource
+    azure_endpoint="https://example-endpoint.openai.azure.com",
+)
+
+completion = client.chat.completions.create(
+    model="deployment-name",  # e.g. gpt-35-instant
+    messages=[
+        {
+            "role": "user",
+            "content": "How do I output all files in a directory using Python?",
+        },
+    ],
+)
+print(completion.to_json())
+```
+
+In addition to the options provided in the base `OpenAI` client, the following options are provided:
+
+- `azure_endpoint` (or the `AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT` environment variable)
+- `azure_deployment`
+- `api_version` (or the `OPENAI_API_VERSION` environment variable)
+- `azure_ad_token` (or the `AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN` environment variable)
+- `azure_ad_token_provider`
+
+An example of using the client with Microsoft Entra ID (formerly known as Azure Active Directory) can be found [here](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/blob/main/examples/azure_ad.py).
+
+## Versioning
+
+This package generally follows [SemVer](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html) conventions, though certain backwards-incompatible changes may be released as minor versions:
+
+1. Changes that only affect static types, without breaking runtime behavior.
+2. Changes to library internals which are technically public but not intended or documented for external use. _(Please open a GitHub issue to let us know if you are relying on such internals.)_
+3. Changes that we do not expect to impact the vast majority of users in practice.
+
+We take backwards-compatibility seriously and work hard to ensure you can rely on a smooth upgrade experience.
+
+We are keen for your feedback; please open an [issue](https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python/issues) with questions, bugs, or suggestions.
+
+### Determining the installed version
+
+If you've upgraded to the latest version but aren't seeing any new features you were expecting then your python environment is likely still using an older version.
+
+You can determine the version that is being used at runtime with:
+
+```py
+import openai
+print(openai.__version__)
+```
+
+## Requirements
+
+Python 3.8 or higher.
+
+## Contributing
+
+See [the contributing documentation](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main/./CONTRIBUTING.md).
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+openai/types/websocket_connection_options.py,sha256=4cAWpv1KKp_9pvnez7pGYzO3s8zh1WvX2xpBhpe-96k,1840
+openai/version.py,sha256=cjbXKO8Ut3aiv4YlQnugff7AdC48MpSndcx96q88Yb8,62
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/REQUESTED b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/REQUESTED
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21aaa729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.26.3
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98999396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[console_scripts]
+openai = openai.cli:main
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f011417a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai-1.78.1.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
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+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
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+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
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+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
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+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
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+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
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+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
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+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
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+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
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+   Copyright 2025 OpenAI
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b21a9af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os as _os
+import typing as _t
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from . import types
+from ._types import NOT_GIVEN, Omit, NoneType, NotGiven, Transport, ProxiesTypes
+from ._utils import file_from_path
+from ._client import Client, OpenAI, Stream, Timeout, Transport, AsyncClient, AsyncOpenAI, AsyncStream, RequestOptions
+from ._models import BaseModel
+from ._version import __title__, __version__
+from ._response import APIResponse as APIResponse, AsyncAPIResponse as AsyncAPIResponse
+from ._constants import DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES, DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS
+from ._exceptions import (
+    APIError,
+    OpenAIError,
+    ConflictError,
+    NotFoundError,
+    APIStatusError,
+    RateLimitError,
+    APITimeoutError,
+    BadRequestError,
+    APIConnectionError,
+    AuthenticationError,
+    InternalServerError,
+    PermissionDeniedError,
+    LengthFinishReasonError,
+    UnprocessableEntityError,
+    APIResponseValidationError,
+    ContentFilterFinishReasonError,
+)
+from ._base_client import DefaultHttpxClient, DefaultAsyncHttpxClient
+from ._utils._logs import setup_logging as _setup_logging
+from ._legacy_response import HttpxBinaryResponseContent as HttpxBinaryResponseContent
+
+__all__ = [
+    "types",
+    "__version__",
+    "__title__",
+    "NoneType",
+    "Transport",
+    "ProxiesTypes",
+    "NotGiven",
+    "NOT_GIVEN",
+    "Omit",
+    "OpenAIError",
+    "APIError",
+    "APIStatusError",
+    "APITimeoutError",
+    "APIConnectionError",
+    "APIResponseValidationError",
+    "BadRequestError",
+    "AuthenticationError",
+    "PermissionDeniedError",
+    "NotFoundError",
+    "ConflictError",
+    "UnprocessableEntityError",
+    "RateLimitError",
+    "InternalServerError",
+    "LengthFinishReasonError",
+    "ContentFilterFinishReasonError",
+    "Timeout",
+    "RequestOptions",
+    "Client",
+    "AsyncClient",
+    "Stream",
+    "AsyncStream",
+    "OpenAI",
+    "AsyncOpenAI",
+    "file_from_path",
+    "BaseModel",
+    "DEFAULT_TIMEOUT",
+    "DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES",
+    "DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS",
+    "DefaultHttpxClient",
+    "DefaultAsyncHttpxClient",
+]
+
+if not _t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._utils._resources_proxy import resources as resources
+
+from .lib import azure as _azure, pydantic_function_tool as pydantic_function_tool
+from .version import VERSION as VERSION
+from .lib.azure import AzureOpenAI as AzureOpenAI, AsyncAzureOpenAI as AsyncAzureOpenAI
+from .lib._old_api import *
+from .lib.streaming import (
+    AssistantEventHandler as AssistantEventHandler,
+    AsyncAssistantEventHandler as AsyncAssistantEventHandler,
+)
+
+_setup_logging()
+
+# Update the __module__ attribute for exported symbols so that
+# error messages point to this module instead of the module
+# it was originally defined in, e.g.
+# openai._exceptions.NotFoundError -> openai.NotFoundError
+__locals = locals()
+for __name in __all__:
+    if not __name.startswith("__"):
+        try:
+            __locals[__name].__module__ = "openai"
+        except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+            # Some of our exported symbols are builtins which we can't set attributes for.
+            pass
+
+# ------ Module level client ------
+import typing as _t
+import typing_extensions as _te
+
+import httpx as _httpx
+
+from ._base_client import DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES
+
+api_key: str | None = None
+
+organization: str | None = None
+
+project: str | None = None
+
+base_url: str | _httpx.URL | None = None
+
+timeout: float | Timeout | None = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES
+
+default_headers: _t.Mapping[str, str] | None = None
+
+default_query: _t.Mapping[str, object] | None = None
+
+http_client: _httpx.Client | None = None
+
+_ApiType = _te.Literal["openai", "azure"]
+
+api_type: _ApiType | None = _t.cast(_ApiType, _os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_TYPE"))
+
+api_version: str | None = _os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_VERSION")
+
+azure_endpoint: str | None = _os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT")
+
+azure_ad_token: str | None = _os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN")
+
+azure_ad_token_provider: _azure.AzureADTokenProvider | None = None
+
+
+class _ModuleClient(OpenAI):
+    # Note: we have to use type: ignores here as overriding class members
+    # with properties is technically unsafe but it is fine for our use case
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def api_key(self) -> str | None:
+        return api_key
+
+    @api_key.setter  # type: ignore
+    def api_key(self, value: str | None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global api_key
+
+        api_key = value
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def organization(self) -> str | None:
+        return organization
+
+    @organization.setter  # type: ignore
+    def organization(self, value: str | None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global organization
+
+        organization = value
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def project(self) -> str | None:
+        return project
+
+    @project.setter  # type: ignore
+    def project(self, value: str | None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global project
+
+        project = value
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def base_url(self) -> _httpx.URL:
+        if base_url is not None:
+            return _httpx.URL(base_url)
+
+        return super().base_url
+
+    @base_url.setter
+    def base_url(self, url: _httpx.URL | str) -> None:
+        super().base_url = url  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def timeout(self) -> float | Timeout | None:
+        return timeout
+
+    @timeout.setter  # type: ignore
+    def timeout(self, value: float | Timeout | None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global timeout
+
+        timeout = value
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def max_retries(self) -> int:
+        return max_retries
+
+    @max_retries.setter  # type: ignore
+    def max_retries(self, value: int) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global max_retries
+
+        max_retries = value
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def _custom_headers(self) -> _t.Mapping[str, str] | None:
+        return default_headers
+
+    @_custom_headers.setter  # type: ignore
+    def _custom_headers(self, value: _t.Mapping[str, str] | None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global default_headers
+
+        default_headers = value
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def _custom_query(self) -> _t.Mapping[str, object] | None:
+        return default_query
+
+    @_custom_query.setter  # type: ignore
+    def _custom_query(self, value: _t.Mapping[str, object] | None) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global default_query
+
+        default_query = value
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def _client(self) -> _httpx.Client:
+        return http_client or super()._client
+
+    @_client.setter  # type: ignore
+    def _client(self, value: _httpx.Client) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        global http_client
+
+        http_client = value
+
+
+class _AzureModuleClient(_ModuleClient, AzureOpenAI):  # type: ignore
+    ...
+
+
+class _AmbiguousModuleClientUsageError(OpenAIError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            "Ambiguous use of module client; please set `openai.api_type` or the `OPENAI_API_TYPE` environment variable to `openai` or `azure`"
+        )
+
+
+def _has_openai_credentials() -> bool:
+    return _os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY") is not None
+
+
+def _has_azure_credentials() -> bool:
+    return azure_endpoint is not None or _os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY") is not None
+
+
+def _has_azure_ad_credentials() -> bool:
+    return (
+        _os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN") is not None
+        or azure_ad_token is not None
+        or azure_ad_token_provider is not None
+    )
+
+
+_client: OpenAI | None = None
+
+
+def _load_client() -> OpenAI:  # type: ignore[reportUnusedFunction]
+    global _client
+
+    if _client is None:
+        global api_type, azure_endpoint, azure_ad_token, api_version
+
+        if azure_endpoint is None:
+            azure_endpoint = _os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT")
+
+        if azure_ad_token is None:
+            azure_ad_token = _os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN")
+
+        if api_version is None:
+            api_version = _os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_VERSION")
+
+        if api_type is None:
+            has_openai = _has_openai_credentials()
+            has_azure = _has_azure_credentials()
+            has_azure_ad = _has_azure_ad_credentials()
+
+            if has_openai and (has_azure or has_azure_ad):
+                raise _AmbiguousModuleClientUsageError()
+
+            if (azure_ad_token is not None or azure_ad_token_provider is not None) and _os.environ.get(
+                "AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY"
+            ) is not None:
+                raise _AmbiguousModuleClientUsageError()
+
+            if has_azure or has_azure_ad:
+                api_type = "azure"
+            else:
+                api_type = "openai"
+
+        if api_type == "azure":
+            _client = _AzureModuleClient(  # type: ignore
+                api_version=api_version,
+                azure_endpoint=azure_endpoint,
+                api_key=api_key,
+                azure_ad_token=azure_ad_token,
+                azure_ad_token_provider=azure_ad_token_provider,
+                organization=organization,
+                base_url=base_url,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                max_retries=max_retries,
+                default_headers=default_headers,
+                default_query=default_query,
+                http_client=http_client,
+            )
+            return _client
+
+        _client = _ModuleClient(
+            api_key=api_key,
+            organization=organization,
+            project=project,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            default_headers=default_headers,
+            default_query=default_query,
+            http_client=http_client,
+        )
+        return _client
+
+    return _client
+
+
+def _reset_client() -> None:  # type: ignore[reportUnusedFunction]
+    global _client
+
+    _client = None
+
+
+from ._module_client import (
+    beta as beta,
+    chat as chat,
+    audio as audio,
+    evals as evals,
+    files as files,
+    images as images,
+    models as models,
+    batches as batches,
+    uploads as uploads,
+    responses as responses,
+    embeddings as embeddings,
+    completions as completions,
+    fine_tuning as fine_tuning,
+    moderations as moderations,
+    vector_stores as vector_stores,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e28416e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .cli import main
+
+main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_base_client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_base_client.py
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_base_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1975 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import json
+import time
+import uuid
+import email
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import logging
+import platform
+import email.utils
+from types import TracebackType
+from random import random
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    Generic,
+    Mapping,
+    TypeVar,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Optional,
+    Generator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from typing_extensions import Literal, override, get_origin
+
+import anyio
+import httpx
+import distro
+import pydantic
+from httpx import URL
+from pydantic import PrivateAttr
+
+from . import _exceptions
+from ._qs import Querystring
+from ._files import to_httpx_files, async_to_httpx_files
+from ._types import (
+    NOT_GIVEN,
+    Body,
+    Omit,
+    Query,
+    Headers,
+    Timeout,
+    NotGiven,
+    ResponseT,
+    AnyMapping,
+    PostParser,
+    RequestFiles,
+    HttpxSendArgs,
+    RequestOptions,
+    HttpxRequestFiles,
+    ModelBuilderProtocol,
+)
+from ._utils import SensitiveHeadersFilter, is_dict, is_list, asyncify, is_given, lru_cache, is_mapping
+from ._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, model_copy, model_dump
+from ._models import GenericModel, FinalRequestOptions, validate_type, construct_type
+from ._response import (
+    APIResponse,
+    BaseAPIResponse,
+    AsyncAPIResponse,
+    extract_response_type,
+)
+from ._constants import (
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+    MAX_RETRY_DELAY,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+    INITIAL_RETRY_DELAY,
+    RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER,
+    OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER,
+    DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS,
+)
+from ._streaming import Stream, SSEDecoder, AsyncStream, SSEBytesDecoder
+from ._exceptions import (
+    APIStatusError,
+    APITimeoutError,
+    APIConnectionError,
+    APIResponseValidationError,
+)
+from ._legacy_response import LegacyAPIResponse
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+log.addFilter(SensitiveHeadersFilter())
+
+# TODO: make base page type vars covariant
+SyncPageT = TypeVar("SyncPageT", bound="BaseSyncPage[Any]")
+AsyncPageT = TypeVar("AsyncPageT", bound="BaseAsyncPage[Any]")
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+_StreamT = TypeVar("_StreamT", bound=Stream[Any])
+_AsyncStreamT = TypeVar("_AsyncStreamT", bound=AsyncStream[Any])
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from httpx._config import (
+        DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateImportUsage]
+    )
+
+    HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG
+else:
+    try:
+        from httpx._config import DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG as HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+    except ImportError:
+        # taken from https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/3ba5fe0d7ac70222590e759c31442b1cab263791/httpx/_config.py#L366
+        HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = Timeout(5.0)
+
+
+class PageInfo:
+    """Stores the necessary information to build the request to retrieve the next page.
+
+    Either `url` or `params` must be set.
+    """
+
+    url: URL | NotGiven
+    params: Query | NotGiven
+    json: Body | NotGiven
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        url: URL,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        params: Query,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        json: Body,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        url: URL | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        json: Body | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        params: Query | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.url = url
+        self.json = json
+        self.params = params
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.url:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(url={self.url})"
+        if self.json:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(json={self.json})"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(params={self.params})"
+
+
+class BasePage(GenericModel, Generic[_T]):
+    """
+    Defines the core interface for pagination.
+
+    Type Args:
+        ModelT: The pydantic model that represents an item in the response.
+
+    Methods:
+        has_next_page(): Check if there is another page available
+        next_page_info(): Get the necessary information to make a request for the next page
+    """
+
+    _options: FinalRequestOptions = PrivateAttr()
+    _model: Type[_T] = PrivateAttr()
+
+    def has_next_page(self) -> bool:
+        items = self._get_page_items()
+        if not items:
+            return False
+        return self.next_page_info() is not None
+
+    def next_page_info(self) -> Optional[PageInfo]: ...
+
+    def _get_page_items(self) -> Iterable[_T]:  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+        ...
+
+    def _params_from_url(self, url: URL) -> httpx.QueryParams:
+        # TODO: do we have to preprocess params here?
+        return httpx.QueryParams(cast(Any, self._options.params)).merge(url.params)
+
+    def _info_to_options(self, info: PageInfo) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        options = model_copy(self._options)
+        options._strip_raw_response_header()
+
+        if not isinstance(info.params, NotGiven):
+            options.params = {**options.params, **info.params}
+            return options
+
+        if not isinstance(info.url, NotGiven):
+            params = self._params_from_url(info.url)
+            url = info.url.copy_with(params=params)
+            options.params = dict(url.params)
+            options.url = str(url)
+            return options
+
+        if not isinstance(info.json, NotGiven):
+            if not is_mapping(info.json):
+                raise TypeError("Pagination is only supported with mappings")
+
+            if not options.json_data:
+                options.json_data = {**info.json}
+            else:
+                if not is_mapping(options.json_data):
+                    raise TypeError("Pagination is only supported with mappings")
+
+                options.json_data = {**options.json_data, **info.json}
+            return options
+
+        raise ValueError("Unexpected PageInfo state")
+
+
+class BaseSyncPage(BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    _client: SyncAPIClient = pydantic.PrivateAttr()
+
+    def _set_private_attributes(
+        self,
+        client: SyncAPIClient,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_V2 and getattr(self, "__pydantic_private__", None) is None:
+            self.__pydantic_private__ = {}
+
+        self._model = model
+        self._client = client
+        self._options = options
+
+    # Pydantic uses a custom `__iter__` method to support casting BaseModels
+    # to dictionaries. e.g. dict(model).
+    # As we want to support `for item in page`, this is inherently incompatible
+    # with the default pydantic behaviour. It is not possible to support both
+    # use cases at once. Fortunately, this is not a big deal as all other pydantic
+    # methods should continue to work as expected as there is an alternative method
+    # to cast a model to a dictionary, model.dict(), which is used internally
+    # by pydantic.
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:  # type: ignore
+        for page in self.iter_pages():
+            for item in page._get_page_items():
+                yield item
+
+    def iter_pages(self: SyncPageT) -> Iterator[SyncPageT]:
+        page = self
+        while True:
+            yield page
+            if page.has_next_page():
+                page = page.get_next_page()
+            else:
+                return
+
+    def get_next_page(self: SyncPageT) -> SyncPageT:
+        info = self.next_page_info()
+        if not info:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "No next page expected; please check `.has_next_page()` before calling `.get_next_page()`."
+            )
+
+        options = self._info_to_options(info)
+        return self._client._request_api_list(self._model, page=self.__class__, options=options)
+
+
+class AsyncPaginator(Generic[_T, AsyncPageT]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        client: AsyncAPIClient,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        page_cls: Type[AsyncPageT],
+        model: Type[_T],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._model = model
+        self._client = client
+        self._options = options
+        self._page_cls = page_cls
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, None, AsyncPageT]:
+        return self._get_page().__await__()
+
+    async def _get_page(self) -> AsyncPageT:
+        def _parser(resp: AsyncPageT) -> AsyncPageT:
+            resp._set_private_attributes(
+                model=self._model,
+                options=self._options,
+                client=self._client,
+            )
+            return resp
+
+        self._options.post_parser = _parser
+
+        return await self._client.request(self._page_cls, self._options)
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
+        # https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3464
+        page = cast(
+            AsyncPageT,
+            await self,  # type: ignore
+        )
+        async for item in page:
+            yield item
+
+
+class BaseAsyncPage(BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    _client: AsyncAPIClient = pydantic.PrivateAttr()
+
+    def _set_private_attributes(
+        self,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        client: AsyncAPIClient,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_V2 and getattr(self, "__pydantic_private__", None) is None:
+            self.__pydantic_private__ = {}
+
+        self._model = model
+        self._client = client
+        self._options = options
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
+        async for page in self.iter_pages():
+            for item in page._get_page_items():
+                yield item
+
+    async def iter_pages(self: AsyncPageT) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncPageT]:
+        page = self
+        while True:
+            yield page
+            if page.has_next_page():
+                page = await page.get_next_page()
+            else:
+                return
+
+    async def get_next_page(self: AsyncPageT) -> AsyncPageT:
+        info = self.next_page_info()
+        if not info:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "No next page expected; please check `.has_next_page()` before calling `.get_next_page()`."
+            )
+
+        options = self._info_to_options(info)
+        return await self._client._request_api_list(self._model, page=self.__class__, options=options)
+
+
+_HttpxClientT = TypeVar("_HttpxClientT", bound=Union[httpx.Client, httpx.AsyncClient])
+_DefaultStreamT = TypeVar("_DefaultStreamT", bound=Union[Stream[Any], AsyncStream[Any]])
+
+
+class BaseClient(Generic[_HttpxClientT, _DefaultStreamT]):
+    _client: _HttpxClientT
+    _version: str
+    _base_url: URL
+    max_retries: int
+    timeout: Union[float, Timeout, None]
+    _strict_response_validation: bool
+    _idempotency_header: str | None
+    _default_stream_cls: type[_DefaultStreamT] | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        version: str,
+        base_url: str | URL,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        custom_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        custom_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._version = version
+        self._base_url = self._enforce_trailing_slash(URL(base_url))
+        self.max_retries = max_retries
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self._custom_headers = custom_headers or {}
+        self._custom_query = custom_query or {}
+        self._strict_response_validation = _strict_response_validation
+        self._idempotency_header = None
+        self._platform: Platform | None = None
+
+        if max_retries is None:  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryComparison]
+            raise TypeError(
+                "max_retries cannot be None. If you want to disable retries, pass `0`; if you want unlimited retries, pass `math.inf` or a very high number; if you want the default behavior, pass `openai.DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES`"
+            )
+
+    def _enforce_trailing_slash(self, url: URL) -> URL:
+        if url.raw_path.endswith(b"/"):
+            return url
+        return url.copy_with(raw_path=url.raw_path + b"/")
+
+    def _make_status_error_from_response(
+        self,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> APIStatusError:
+        if response.is_closed and not response.is_stream_consumed:
+            # We can't read the response body as it has been closed
+            # before it was read. This can happen if an event hook
+            # raises a status error.
+            body = None
+            err_msg = f"Error code: {response.status_code}"
+        else:
+            err_text = response.text.strip()
+            body = err_text
+
+            try:
+                body = json.loads(err_text)
+                err_msg = f"Error code: {response.status_code} - {body}"
+            except Exception:
+                err_msg = err_text or f"Error code: {response.status_code}"
+
+        return self._make_status_error(err_msg, body=body, response=response)
+
+    def _make_status_error(
+        self,
+        err_msg: str,
+        *,
+        body: object,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> _exceptions.APIStatusError:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _build_headers(self, options: FinalRequestOptions, *, retries_taken: int = 0) -> httpx.Headers:
+        custom_headers = options.headers or {}
+        headers_dict = _merge_mappings(self.default_headers, custom_headers)
+        self._validate_headers(headers_dict, custom_headers)
+
+        # headers are case-insensitive while dictionaries are not.
+        headers = httpx.Headers(headers_dict)
+
+        idempotency_header = self._idempotency_header
+        if idempotency_header and options.idempotency_key and idempotency_header not in headers:
+            headers[idempotency_header] = options.idempotency_key
+
+        # Don't set these headers if they were already set or removed by the caller. We check
+        # `custom_headers`, which can contain `Omit()`, instead of `headers` to account for the removal case.
+        lower_custom_headers = [header.lower() for header in custom_headers]
+        if "x-stainless-retry-count" not in lower_custom_headers:
+            headers["x-stainless-retry-count"] = str(retries_taken)
+        if "x-stainless-read-timeout" not in lower_custom_headers:
+            timeout = self.timeout if isinstance(options.timeout, NotGiven) else options.timeout
+            if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+                timeout = timeout.read
+            if timeout is not None:
+                headers["x-stainless-read-timeout"] = str(timeout)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def _prepare_url(self, url: str) -> URL:
+        """
+        Merge a URL argument together with any 'base_url' on the client,
+        to create the URL used for the outgoing request.
+        """
+        # Copied from httpx's `_merge_url` method.
+        merge_url = URL(url)
+        if merge_url.is_relative_url:
+            merge_raw_path = self.base_url.raw_path + merge_url.raw_path.lstrip(b"/")
+            return self.base_url.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+
+        return merge_url
+
+    def _make_sse_decoder(self) -> SSEDecoder | SSEBytesDecoder:
+        return SSEDecoder()
+
+    def _build_request(
+        self,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> httpx.Request:
+        if log.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+            log.debug("Request options: %s", model_dump(options, exclude_unset=True))
+
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        json_data = options.json_data
+        if options.extra_json is not None:
+            if json_data is None:
+                json_data = cast(Body, options.extra_json)
+            elif is_mapping(json_data):
+                json_data = _merge_mappings(json_data, options.extra_json)
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Unexpected JSON data type, {type(json_data)}, cannot merge with `extra_body`")
+
+        headers = self._build_headers(options, retries_taken=retries_taken)
+        params = _merge_mappings(self.default_query, options.params)
+        content_type = headers.get("Content-Type")
+        files = options.files
+
+        # If the given Content-Type header is multipart/form-data then it
+        # has to be removed so that httpx can generate the header with
+        # additional information for us as it has to be in this form
+        # for the server to be able to correctly parse the request:
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        if content_type is not None and content_type.startswith("multipart/form-data"):
+            if "boundary" not in content_type:
+                # only remove the header if the boundary hasn't been explicitly set
+                # as the caller doesn't want httpx to come up with their own boundary
+                headers.pop("Content-Type")
+
+            # As we are now sending multipart/form-data instead of application/json
+            # we need to tell httpx to use it, https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/clients/#multipart-file-encoding
+            if json_data:
+                if not is_dict(json_data):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Expected query input to be a dictionary for multipart requests but got {type(json_data)} instead."
+                    )
+                kwargs["data"] = self._serialize_multipartform(json_data)
+
+            # httpx determines whether or not to send a "multipart/form-data"
+            # request based on the truthiness of the "files" argument.
+            # This gets around that issue by generating a dict value that
+            # evaluates to true.
+            #
+            # https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/2399#discussioncomment-3814186
+            if not files:
+                files = cast(HttpxRequestFiles, ForceMultipartDict())
+
+        prepared_url = self._prepare_url(options.url)
+        if "_" in prepared_url.host:
+            # work around https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/2880
+            kwargs["extensions"] = {"sni_hostname": prepared_url.host.replace("_", "-")}
+
+        # TODO: report this error to httpx
+        return self._client.build_request(  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownMemberType]
+            headers=headers,
+            timeout=self.timeout if isinstance(options.timeout, NotGiven) else options.timeout,
+            method=options.method,
+            url=prepared_url,
+            # the `Query` type that we use is incompatible with qs'
+            # `Params` type as it needs to be typed as `Mapping[str, object]`
+            # so that passing a `TypedDict` doesn't cause an error.
+            # https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3526#event-6715453066
+            params=self.qs.stringify(cast(Mapping[str, Any], params)) if params else None,
+            json=json_data if is_given(json_data) else None,
+            files=files,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _serialize_multipartform(self, data: Mapping[object, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
+        items = self.qs.stringify_items(
+            # TODO: type ignore is required as stringify_items is well typed but we can't be
+            # well typed without heavy validation.
+            data,  # type: ignore
+            array_format="brackets",
+        )
+        serialized: dict[str, object] = {}
+        for key, value in items:
+            existing = serialized.get(key)
+
+            if not existing:
+                serialized[key] = value
+                continue
+
+            # If a value has already been set for this key then that
+            # means we're sending data like `array[]=[1, 2, 3]` and we
+            # need to tell httpx that we want to send multiple values with
+            # the same key which is done by using a list or a tuple.
+            #
+            # Note: 2d arrays should never result in the same key at both
+            # levels so it's safe to assume that if the value is a list,
+            # it was because we changed it to be a list.
+            if is_list(existing):
+                existing.append(value)
+            else:
+                serialized[key] = [existing, value]
+
+        return serialized
+
+    def _maybe_override_cast_to(self, cast_to: type[ResponseT], options: FinalRequestOptions) -> type[ResponseT]:
+        if not is_given(options.headers):
+            return cast_to
+
+        # make a copy of the headers so we don't mutate user-input
+        headers = dict(options.headers)
+
+        # we internally support defining a temporary header to override the
+        # default `cast_to` type for use with `.with_raw_response` and `.with_streaming_response`
+        # see _response.py for implementation details
+        override_cast_to = headers.pop(OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER, NOT_GIVEN)
+        if is_given(override_cast_to):
+            options.headers = headers
+            return cast(Type[ResponseT], override_cast_to)
+
+        return cast_to
+
+    def _should_stream_response_body(self, request: httpx.Request) -> bool:
+        return request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER) == "stream"  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def _process_response_data(
+        self,
+        *,
+        data: object,
+        cast_to: type[ResponseT],
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        if data is None:
+            return cast(ResponseT, None)
+
+        if cast_to is object:
+            return cast(ResponseT, data)
+
+        try:
+            if inspect.isclass(cast_to) and issubclass(cast_to, ModelBuilderProtocol):
+                return cast(ResponseT, cast_to.build(response=response, data=data))
+
+            if self._strict_response_validation:
+                return cast(ResponseT, validate_type(type_=cast_to, value=data))
+
+            return cast(ResponseT, construct_type(type_=cast_to, value=data))
+        except pydantic.ValidationError as err:
+            raise APIResponseValidationError(response=response, body=data) from err
+
+    @property
+    def qs(self) -> Querystring:
+        return Querystring()
+
+    @property
+    def custom_auth(self) -> httpx.Auth | None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def auth_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def default_headers(self) -> dict[str, str | Omit]:
+        return {
+            "Accept": "application/json",
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "User-Agent": self.user_agent,
+            **self.platform_headers(),
+            **self.auth_headers,
+            **self._custom_headers,
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def default_query(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return {
+            **self._custom_query,
+        }
+
+    def _validate_headers(
+        self,
+        headers: Headers,  # noqa: ARG002
+        custom_headers: Headers,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Validate the given default headers and custom headers.
+
+        Does nothing by default.
+        """
+        return
+
+    @property
+    def user_agent(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}/Python {self._version}"
+
+    @property
+    def base_url(self) -> URL:
+        return self._base_url
+
+    @base_url.setter
+    def base_url(self, url: URL | str) -> None:
+        self._base_url = self._enforce_trailing_slash(url if isinstance(url, URL) else URL(url))
+
+    def platform_headers(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        # the actual implementation is in a separate `lru_cache` decorated
+        # function because adding `lru_cache` to methods will leak memory
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/88476
+        return platform_headers(self._version, platform=self._platform)
+
+    def _parse_retry_after_header(self, response_headers: Optional[httpx.Headers] = None) -> float | None:
+        """Returns a float of the number of seconds (not milliseconds) to wait after retrying, or None if unspecified.
+
+        About the Retry-After header: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Retry-After
+        See also  https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Retry-After#syntax
+        """
+        if response_headers is None:
+            return None
+
+        # First, try the non-standard `retry-after-ms` header for milliseconds,
+        # which is more precise than integer-seconds `retry-after`
+        try:
+            retry_ms_header = response_headers.get("retry-after-ms", None)
+            return float(retry_ms_header) / 1000
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        # Next, try parsing `retry-after` header as seconds (allowing nonstandard floats).
+        retry_header = response_headers.get("retry-after")
+        try:
+            # note: the spec indicates that this should only ever be an integer
+            # but if someone sends a float there's no reason for us to not respect it
+            return float(retry_header)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        # Last, try parsing `retry-after` as a date.
+        retry_date_tuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(retry_header)
+        if retry_date_tuple is None:
+            return None
+
+        retry_date = email.utils.mktime_tz(retry_date_tuple)
+        return float(retry_date - time.time())
+
+    def _calculate_retry_timeout(
+        self,
+        remaining_retries: int,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        response_headers: Optional[httpx.Headers] = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        max_retries = options.get_max_retries(self.max_retries)
+
+        # If the API asks us to wait a certain amount of time (and it's a reasonable amount), just do what it says.
+        retry_after = self._parse_retry_after_header(response_headers)
+        if retry_after is not None and 0 < retry_after <= 60:
+            return retry_after
+
+        # Also cap retry count to 1000 to avoid any potential overflows with `pow`
+        nb_retries = min(max_retries - remaining_retries, 1000)
+
+        # Apply exponential backoff, but not more than the max.
+        sleep_seconds = min(INITIAL_RETRY_DELAY * pow(2.0, nb_retries), MAX_RETRY_DELAY)
+
+        # Apply some jitter, plus-or-minus half a second.
+        jitter = 1 - 0.25 * random()
+        timeout = sleep_seconds * jitter
+        return timeout if timeout >= 0 else 0
+
+    def _should_retry(self, response: httpx.Response) -> bool:
+        # Note: this is not a standard header
+        should_retry_header = response.headers.get("x-should-retry")
+
+        # If the server explicitly says whether or not to retry, obey.
+        if should_retry_header == "true":
+            log.debug("Retrying as header `x-should-retry` is set to `true`")
+            return True
+        if should_retry_header == "false":
+            log.debug("Not retrying as header `x-should-retry` is set to `false`")
+            return False
+
+        # Retry on request timeouts.
+        if response.status_code == 408:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        # Retry on lock timeouts.
+        if response.status_code == 409:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        # Retry on rate limits.
+        if response.status_code == 429:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        # Retry internal errors.
+        if response.status_code >= 500:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        log.debug("Not retrying")
+        return False
+
+    def _idempotency_key(self) -> str:
+        return f"stainless-python-retry-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+
+
+class _DefaultHttpxClient(httpx.Client):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
+        kwargs.setdefault("limits", DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS)
+        kwargs.setdefault("follow_redirects", True)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    DefaultHttpxClient = httpx.Client
+    """An alias to `httpx.Client` that provides the same defaults that this SDK
+    uses internally.
+
+    This is useful because overriding the `http_client` with your own instance of
+    `httpx.Client` will result in httpx's defaults being used, not ours.
+    """
+else:
+    DefaultHttpxClient = _DefaultHttpxClient
+
+
+class SyncHttpxClientWrapper(DefaultHttpxClient):
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_closed:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+class SyncAPIClient(BaseClient[httpx.Client, Stream[Any]]):
+    _client: httpx.Client
+    _default_stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        version: str,
+        base_url: str | URL,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        custom_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        custom_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not is_given(timeout):
+            # if the user passed in a custom http client with a non-default
+            # timeout set then we use that timeout.
+            #
+            # note: there is an edge case here where the user passes in a client
+            # where they've explicitly set the timeout to match the default timeout
+            # as this check is structural, meaning that we'll think they didn't
+            # pass in a timeout and will ignore it
+            if http_client and http_client.timeout != HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                timeout = http_client.timeout
+            else:
+                timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if http_client is not None and not isinstance(http_client, httpx.Client):  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryIsInstance]
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid `http_client` argument; Expected an instance of `httpx.Client` but got {type(http_client)}"
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            version=version,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+            base_url=base_url,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            custom_query=custom_query,
+            custom_headers=custom_headers,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+        self._client = http_client or SyncHttpxClientWrapper(
+            base_url=base_url,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+        )
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._client.is_closed
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the underlying HTTPX client.
+
+        The client will *not* be usable after this.
+        """
+        # If an error is thrown while constructing a client, self._client
+        # may not be present
+        if hasattr(self, "_client"):
+            self._client.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self: _T) -> _T:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def _prepare_options(
+        self,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        """Hook for mutating the given options"""
+        return options
+
+    def _prepare_request(
+        self,
+        request: httpx.Request,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> None:
+        """This method is used as a callback for mutating the `Request` object
+        after it has been constructed.
+        This is useful for cases where you want to add certain headers based off of
+        the request properties, e.g. `url`, `method` etc.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @overload
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: Type[_StreamT],
+    ) -> _StreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: Type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT: ...
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT:
+        cast_to = self._maybe_override_cast_to(cast_to, options)
+
+        # create a copy of the options we were given so that if the
+        # options are mutated later & we then retry, the retries are
+        # given the original options
+        input_options = model_copy(options)
+        if input_options.idempotency_key is None and input_options.method.lower() != "get":
+            # ensure the idempotency key is reused between requests
+            input_options.idempotency_key = self._idempotency_key()
+
+        response: httpx.Response | None = None
+        max_retries = input_options.get_max_retries(self.max_retries)
+
+        retries_taken = 0
+        for retries_taken in range(max_retries + 1):
+            options = model_copy(input_options)
+            options = self._prepare_options(options)
+
+            remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+            request = self._build_request(options, retries_taken=retries_taken)
+            self._prepare_request(request)
+
+            kwargs: HttpxSendArgs = {}
+            if self.custom_auth is not None:
+                kwargs["auth"] = self.custom_auth
+
+            log.debug("Sending HTTP Request: %s %s", request.method, request.url)
+
+            response = None
+            try:
+                response = self._client.send(
+                    request,
+                    stream=stream or self._should_stream_response_body(request=request),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            except httpx.TimeoutException as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.TimeoutException", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising timeout error")
+                raise APITimeoutError(request=request) from err
+            except Exception as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered Exception", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising connection error")
+                raise APIConnectionError(request=request) from err
+
+            log.debug(
+                'HTTP Response: %s %s "%i %s" %s',
+                request.method,
+                request.url,
+                response.status_code,
+                response.reason_phrase,
+                response.headers,
+            )
+            log.debug("request_id: %s", response.headers.get("x-request-id"))
+
+            try:
+                response.raise_for_status()
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as err:  # thrown on 4xx and 5xx status code
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.HTTPStatusError", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0 and self._should_retry(err.response):
+                    err.response.close()
+                    self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=response,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # If the response is streamed then we need to explicitly read the response
+                # to completion before attempting to access the response text.
+                if not err.response.is_closed:
+                    err.response.read()
+
+                log.debug("Re-raising status error")
+                raise self._make_status_error_from_response(err.response) from None
+
+            break
+
+        assert response is not None, "could not resolve response (should never happen)"
+        return self._process_response(
+            cast_to=cast_to,
+            options=options,
+            response=response,
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+
+    def _sleep_for_retry(
+        self, *, retries_taken: int, max_retries: int, options: FinalRequestOptions, response: httpx.Response | None
+    ) -> None:
+        remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+        if remaining_retries == 1:
+            log.debug("1 retry left")
+        else:
+            log.debug("%i retries left", remaining_retries)
+
+        timeout = self._calculate_retry_timeout(remaining_retries, options, response.headers if response else None)
+        log.info("Retrying request to %s in %f seconds", options.url, timeout)
+
+        time.sleep(timeout)
+
+    def _process_response(
+        self,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        if response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER) == "true":
+            return cast(
+                ResponseT,
+                LegacyAPIResponse(
+                    raw=response,
+                    client=self,
+                    cast_to=cast_to,
+                    stream=stream,
+                    stream_cls=stream_cls,
+                    options=options,
+                    retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        origin = get_origin(cast_to) or cast_to
+
+        if inspect.isclass(origin) and issubclass(origin, BaseAPIResponse):
+            if not issubclass(origin, APIResponse):
+                raise TypeError(f"API Response types must subclass {APIResponse}; Received {origin}")
+
+            response_cls = cast("type[BaseAPIResponse[Any]]", cast_to)
+            return cast(
+                ResponseT,
+                response_cls(
+                    raw=response,
+                    client=self,
+                    cast_to=extract_response_type(response_cls),
+                    stream=stream,
+                    stream_cls=stream_cls,
+                    options=options,
+                    retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if cast_to == httpx.Response:
+            return cast(ResponseT, response)
+
+        api_response = APIResponse(
+            raw=response,
+            client=self,
+            cast_to=cast("type[ResponseT]", cast_to),  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            options=options,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+        if bool(response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER)):
+            return cast(ResponseT, api_response)
+
+        return api_response.parse()
+
+    def _request_api_list(
+        self,
+        model: Type[object],
+        page: Type[SyncPageT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> SyncPageT:
+        def _parser(resp: SyncPageT) -> SyncPageT:
+            resp._set_private_attributes(
+                client=self,
+                model=model,
+                options=options,
+            )
+            return resp
+
+        options.post_parser = _parser
+
+        return self.request(page, options, stream=False)
+
+    @overload
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT],
+    ) -> _StreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="get", url=path, **options)
+        # cast is required because mypy complains about returning Any even though
+        # it understands the type variables
+        return cast(ResponseT, self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls))
+
+    @overload
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT],
+    ) -> _StreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT: ...
+
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="post", url=path, json_data=body, files=to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return cast(ResponseT, self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls))
+
+    def patch(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="patch", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def put(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="put", url=path, json_data=body, files=to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="delete", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def get_api_list(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        model: Type[object],
+        page: Type[SyncPageT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        method: str = "get",
+    ) -> SyncPageT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method=method, url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self._request_api_list(model, page, opts)
+
+
+class _DefaultAsyncHttpxClient(httpx.AsyncClient):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
+        kwargs.setdefault("limits", DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS)
+        kwargs.setdefault("follow_redirects", True)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    DefaultAsyncHttpxClient = httpx.AsyncClient
+    """An alias to `httpx.AsyncClient` that provides the same defaults that this SDK
+    uses internally.
+
+    This is useful because overriding the `http_client` with your own instance of
+    `httpx.AsyncClient` will result in httpx's defaults being used, not ours.
+    """
+else:
+    DefaultAsyncHttpxClient = _DefaultAsyncHttpxClient
+
+
+class AsyncHttpxClientWrapper(DefaultAsyncHttpxClient):
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_closed:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            # TODO(someday): support non asyncio runtimes here
+            asyncio.get_running_loop().create_task(self.aclose())
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+class AsyncAPIClient(BaseClient[httpx.AsyncClient, AsyncStream[Any]]):
+    _client: httpx.AsyncClient
+    _default_stream_cls: type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        version: str,
+        base_url: str | URL,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        custom_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        custom_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not is_given(timeout):
+            # if the user passed in a custom http client with a non-default
+            # timeout set then we use that timeout.
+            #
+            # note: there is an edge case here where the user passes in a client
+            # where they've explicitly set the timeout to match the default timeout
+            # as this check is structural, meaning that we'll think they didn't
+            # pass in a timeout and will ignore it
+            if http_client and http_client.timeout != HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                timeout = http_client.timeout
+            else:
+                timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if http_client is not None and not isinstance(http_client, httpx.AsyncClient):  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryIsInstance]
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid `http_client` argument; Expected an instance of `httpx.AsyncClient` but got {type(http_client)}"
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            version=version,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            custom_query=custom_query,
+            custom_headers=custom_headers,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+        self._client = http_client or AsyncHttpxClientWrapper(
+            base_url=base_url,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+        )
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._client.is_closed
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the underlying HTTPX client.
+
+        The client will *not* be usable after this.
+        """
+        await self._client.aclose()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: _T) -> _T:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def _prepare_options(
+        self,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        """Hook for mutating the given options"""
+        return options
+
+    async def _prepare_request(
+        self,
+        request: httpx.Request,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> None:
+        """This method is used as a callback for mutating the `Request` object
+        after it has been constructed.
+        This is useful for cases where you want to add certain headers based off of
+        the request properties, e.g. `url`, `method` etc.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @overload
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT],
+    ) -> _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT:
+        if self._platform is None:
+            # `get_platform` can make blocking IO calls so we
+            # execute it earlier while we are in an async context
+            self._platform = await asyncify(get_platform)()
+
+        cast_to = self._maybe_override_cast_to(cast_to, options)
+
+        # create a copy of the options we were given so that if the
+        # options are mutated later & we then retry, the retries are
+        # given the original options
+        input_options = model_copy(options)
+        if input_options.idempotency_key is None and input_options.method.lower() != "get":
+            # ensure the idempotency key is reused between requests
+            input_options.idempotency_key = self._idempotency_key()
+
+        response: httpx.Response | None = None
+        max_retries = input_options.get_max_retries(self.max_retries)
+
+        retries_taken = 0
+        for retries_taken in range(max_retries + 1):
+            options = model_copy(input_options)
+            options = await self._prepare_options(options)
+
+            remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+            request = self._build_request(options, retries_taken=retries_taken)
+            await self._prepare_request(request)
+
+            kwargs: HttpxSendArgs = {}
+            if self.custom_auth is not None:
+                kwargs["auth"] = self.custom_auth
+
+            log.debug("Sending HTTP Request: %s %s", request.method, request.url)
+
+            response = None
+            try:
+                response = await self._client.send(
+                    request,
+                    stream=stream or self._should_stream_response_body(request=request),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            except httpx.TimeoutException as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.TimeoutException", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    await self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising timeout error")
+                raise APITimeoutError(request=request) from err
+            except Exception as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered Exception", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    await self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising connection error")
+                raise APIConnectionError(request=request) from err
+
+            log.debug(
+                'HTTP Response: %s %s "%i %s" %s',
+                request.method,
+                request.url,
+                response.status_code,
+                response.reason_phrase,
+                response.headers,
+            )
+            log.debug("request_id: %s", response.headers.get("x-request-id"))
+
+            try:
+                response.raise_for_status()
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as err:  # thrown on 4xx and 5xx status code
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.HTTPStatusError", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0 and self._should_retry(err.response):
+                    await err.response.aclose()
+                    await self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=response,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # If the response is streamed then we need to explicitly read the response
+                # to completion before attempting to access the response text.
+                if not err.response.is_closed:
+                    await err.response.aread()
+
+                log.debug("Re-raising status error")
+                raise self._make_status_error_from_response(err.response) from None
+
+            break
+
+        assert response is not None, "could not resolve response (should never happen)"
+        return await self._process_response(
+            cast_to=cast_to,
+            options=options,
+            response=response,
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+
+    async def _sleep_for_retry(
+        self, *, retries_taken: int, max_retries: int, options: FinalRequestOptions, response: httpx.Response | None
+    ) -> None:
+        remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+        if remaining_retries == 1:
+            log.debug("1 retry left")
+        else:
+            log.debug("%i retries left", remaining_retries)
+
+        timeout = self._calculate_retry_timeout(remaining_retries, options, response.headers if response else None)
+        log.info("Retrying request to %s in %f seconds", options.url, timeout)
+
+        await anyio.sleep(timeout)
+
+    async def _process_response(
+        self,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        if response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER) == "true":
+            return cast(
+                ResponseT,
+                LegacyAPIResponse(
+                    raw=response,
+                    client=self,
+                    cast_to=cast_to,
+                    stream=stream,
+                    stream_cls=stream_cls,
+                    options=options,
+                    retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        origin = get_origin(cast_to) or cast_to
+
+        if inspect.isclass(origin) and issubclass(origin, BaseAPIResponse):
+            if not issubclass(origin, AsyncAPIResponse):
+                raise TypeError(f"API Response types must subclass {AsyncAPIResponse}; Received {origin}")
+
+            response_cls = cast("type[BaseAPIResponse[Any]]", cast_to)
+            return cast(
+                "ResponseT",
+                response_cls(
+                    raw=response,
+                    client=self,
+                    cast_to=extract_response_type(response_cls),
+                    stream=stream,
+                    stream_cls=stream_cls,
+                    options=options,
+                    retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if cast_to == httpx.Response:
+            return cast(ResponseT, response)
+
+        api_response = AsyncAPIResponse(
+            raw=response,
+            client=self,
+            cast_to=cast("type[ResponseT]", cast_to),  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            options=options,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+        if bool(response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER)):
+            return cast(ResponseT, api_response)
+
+        return await api_response.parse()
+
+    def _request_api_list(
+        self,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        page: Type[AsyncPageT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[_T, AsyncPageT]:
+        return AsyncPaginator(client=self, options=options, page_cls=page, model=model)
+
+    @overload
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT],
+    ) -> _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="get", url=path, **options)
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls)
+
+    @overload
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT],
+    ) -> _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="post", url=path, json_data=body, files=await async_to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls)
+
+    async def patch(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="patch", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    async def put(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="put", url=path, json_data=body, files=await async_to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="delete", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def get_api_list(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        page: Type[AsyncPageT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        method: str = "get",
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[_T, AsyncPageT]:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method=method, url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self._request_api_list(model, page, opts)
+
+
+def make_request_options(
+    *,
+    query: Query | None = None,
+    extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+    extra_query: Query | None = None,
+    extra_body: Body | None = None,
+    idempotency_key: str | None = None,
+    timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    post_parser: PostParser | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+) -> RequestOptions:
+    """Create a dict of type RequestOptions without keys of NotGiven values."""
+    options: RequestOptions = {}
+    if extra_headers is not None:
+        options["headers"] = extra_headers
+
+    if extra_body is not None:
+        options["extra_json"] = cast(AnyMapping, extra_body)
+
+    if query is not None:
+        options["params"] = query
+
+    if extra_query is not None:
+        options["params"] = {**options.get("params", {}), **extra_query}
+
+    if not isinstance(timeout, NotGiven):
+        options["timeout"] = timeout
+
+    if idempotency_key is not None:
+        options["idempotency_key"] = idempotency_key
+
+    if is_given(post_parser):
+        # internal
+        options["post_parser"] = post_parser  # type: ignore
+
+    return options
+
+
+class ForceMultipartDict(Dict[str, None]):
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+class OtherPlatform:
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Other:{self.name}"
+
+
+Platform = Union[
+    OtherPlatform,
+    Literal[
+        "MacOS",
+        "Linux",
+        "Windows",
+        "FreeBSD",
+        "OpenBSD",
+        "iOS",
+        "Android",
+        "Unknown",
+    ],
+]
+
+
+def get_platform() -> Platform:
+    try:
+        system = platform.system().lower()
+        platform_name = platform.platform().lower()
+    except Exception:
+        return "Unknown"
+
+    if "iphone" in platform_name or "ipad" in platform_name:
+        # Tested using Python3IDE on an iPhone 11 and Pythonista on an iPad 7
+        # system is Darwin and platform_name is a string like:
+        # - Darwin-21.6.0-iPhone12,1-64bit
+        # - Darwin-21.6.0-iPad7,11-64bit
+        return "iOS"
+
+    if system == "darwin":
+        return "MacOS"
+
+    if system == "windows":
+        return "Windows"
+
+    if "android" in platform_name:
+        # Tested using Pydroid 3
+        # system is Linux and platform_name is a string like 'Linux-5.10.81-android12-9-00001-geba40aecb3b7-ab8534902-aarch64-with-libc'
+        return "Android"
+
+    if system == "linux":
+        # https://distro.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#distro.id
+        distro_id = distro.id()
+        if distro_id == "freebsd":
+            return "FreeBSD"
+
+        if distro_id == "openbsd":
+            return "OpenBSD"
+
+        return "Linux"
+
+    if platform_name:
+        return OtherPlatform(platform_name)
+
+    return "Unknown"
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def platform_headers(version: str, *, platform: Platform | None) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    return {
+        "X-Stainless-Lang": "python",
+        "X-Stainless-Package-Version": version,
+        "X-Stainless-OS": str(platform or get_platform()),
+        "X-Stainless-Arch": str(get_architecture()),
+        "X-Stainless-Runtime": get_python_runtime(),
+        "X-Stainless-Runtime-Version": get_python_version(),
+    }
+
+
+class OtherArch:
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"other:{self.name}"
+
+
+Arch = Union[OtherArch, Literal["x32", "x64", "arm", "arm64", "unknown"]]
+
+
+def get_python_runtime() -> str:
+    try:
+        return platform.python_implementation()
+    except Exception:
+        return "unknown"
+
+
+def get_python_version() -> str:
+    try:
+        return platform.python_version()
+    except Exception:
+        return "unknown"
+
+
+def get_architecture() -> Arch:
+    try:
+        machine = platform.machine().lower()
+    except Exception:
+        return "unknown"
+
+    if machine in ("arm64", "aarch64"):
+        return "arm64"
+
+    # TODO: untested
+    if machine == "arm":
+        return "arm"
+
+    if machine == "x86_64":
+        return "x64"
+
+    # TODO: untested
+    if sys.maxsize <= 2**32:
+        return "x32"
+
+    if machine:
+        return OtherArch(machine)
+
+    return "unknown"
+
+
+def _merge_mappings(
+    obj1: Mapping[_T_co, Union[_T, Omit]],
+    obj2: Mapping[_T_co, Union[_T, Omit]],
+) -> Dict[_T_co, _T]:
+    """Merge two mappings of the same type, removing any values that are instances of `Omit`.
+
+    In cases with duplicate keys the second mapping takes precedence.
+    """
+    merged = {**obj1, **obj2}
+    return {key: value for key, value in merged.items() if not isinstance(value, Omit)}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b251ab09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1054 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union, Mapping
+from typing_extensions import Self, override
+
+import httpx
+
+from . import _exceptions
+from ._qs import Querystring
+from ._types import (
+    NOT_GIVEN,
+    Omit,
+    Timeout,
+    NotGiven,
+    Transport,
+    ProxiesTypes,
+    RequestOptions,
+)
+from ._utils import (
+    is_given,
+    is_mapping,
+    get_async_library,
+)
+from ._compat import cached_property
+from ._version import __version__
+from ._streaming import Stream as Stream, AsyncStream as AsyncStream
+from ._exceptions import OpenAIError, APIStatusError
+from ._base_client import (
+    DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+    SyncAPIClient,
+    AsyncAPIClient,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .resources import (
+        beta,
+        chat,
+        audio,
+        evals,
+        files,
+        images,
+        models,
+        batches,
+        uploads,
+        responses,
+        embeddings,
+        completions,
+        fine_tuning,
+        moderations,
+        vector_stores,
+    )
+    from .resources.files import Files, AsyncFiles
+    from .resources.images import Images, AsyncImages
+    from .resources.models import Models, AsyncModels
+    from .resources.batches import Batches, AsyncBatches
+    from .resources.beta.beta import Beta, AsyncBeta
+    from .resources.chat.chat import Chat, AsyncChat
+    from .resources.embeddings import Embeddings, AsyncEmbeddings
+    from .resources.audio.audio import Audio, AsyncAudio
+    from .resources.completions import Completions, AsyncCompletions
+    from .resources.evals.evals import Evals, AsyncEvals
+    from .resources.moderations import Moderations, AsyncModerations
+    from .resources.uploads.uploads import Uploads, AsyncUploads
+    from .resources.responses.responses import Responses, AsyncResponses
+    from .resources.fine_tuning.fine_tuning import FineTuning, AsyncFineTuning
+    from .resources.vector_stores.vector_stores import VectorStores, AsyncVectorStores
+
+__all__ = ["Timeout", "Transport", "ProxiesTypes", "RequestOptions", "OpenAI", "AsyncOpenAI", "Client", "AsyncClient"]
+
+
+class OpenAI(SyncAPIClient):
+    # client options
+    api_key: str
+    organization: str | None
+    project: str | None
+
+    websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None
+    """Base URL for WebSocket connections.
+
+    If not specified, the default base URL will be used, with 'wss://' replacing the
+    'http://' or 'https://' scheme. For example: 'http://example.com' becomes
+    'wss://example.com'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: Union[float, Timeout, None, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        # Configure a custom httpx client.
+        # We provide a `DefaultHttpxClient` class that you can pass to retain the default values we use for `limits`, `timeout` & `follow_redirects`.
+        # See the [httpx documentation](https://www.python-httpx.org/api/#client) for more details.
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        # Enable or disable schema validation for data returned by the API.
+        # When enabled an error APIResponseValidationError is raised
+        # if the API responds with invalid data for the expected schema.
+        #
+        # This parameter may be removed or changed in the future.
+        # If you rely on this feature, please open a GitHub issue
+        # outlining your use-case to help us decide if it should be
+        # part of our public interface in the future.
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a new synchronous OpenAI client instance.
+
+        This automatically infers the following arguments from their corresponding environment variables if they are not provided:
+        - `api_key` from `OPENAI_API_KEY`
+        - `organization` from `OPENAI_ORG_ID`
+        - `project` from `OPENAI_PROJECT_ID`
+        """
+        if api_key is None:
+            api_key = os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY")
+        if api_key is None:
+            raise OpenAIError(
+                "The api_key client option must be set either by passing api_key to the client or by setting the OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable"
+            )
+        self.api_key = api_key
+
+        if organization is None:
+            organization = os.environ.get("OPENAI_ORG_ID")
+        self.organization = organization
+
+        if project is None:
+            project = os.environ.get("OPENAI_PROJECT_ID")
+        self.project = project
+
+        self.websocket_base_url = websocket_base_url
+
+        if base_url is None:
+            base_url = os.environ.get("OPENAI_BASE_URL")
+        if base_url is None:
+            base_url = f"https://api.openai.com/v1"
+
+        super().__init__(
+            version=__version__,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            custom_headers=default_headers,
+            custom_query=default_query,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+
+        self._default_stream_cls = Stream
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> Completions:
+        from .resources.completions import Completions
+
+        return Completions(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> Chat:
+        from .resources.chat import Chat
+
+        return Chat(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def embeddings(self) -> Embeddings:
+        from .resources.embeddings import Embeddings
+
+        return Embeddings(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> Files:
+        from .resources.files import Files
+
+        return Files(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def images(self) -> Images:
+        from .resources.images import Images
+
+        return Images(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def audio(self) -> Audio:
+        from .resources.audio import Audio
+
+        return Audio(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def moderations(self) -> Moderations:
+        from .resources.moderations import Moderations
+
+        return Moderations(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def models(self) -> Models:
+        from .resources.models import Models
+
+        return Models(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def fine_tuning(self) -> FineTuning:
+        from .resources.fine_tuning import FineTuning
+
+        return FineTuning(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def vector_stores(self) -> VectorStores:
+        from .resources.vector_stores import VectorStores
+
+        return VectorStores(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def beta(self) -> Beta:
+        from .resources.beta import Beta
+
+        return Beta(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def batches(self) -> Batches:
+        from .resources.batches import Batches
+
+        return Batches(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def uploads(self) -> Uploads:
+        from .resources.uploads import Uploads
+
+        return Uploads(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def responses(self) -> Responses:
+        from .resources.responses import Responses
+
+        return Responses(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def evals(self) -> Evals:
+        from .resources.evals import Evals
+
+        return Evals(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> OpenAIWithRawResponse:
+        return OpenAIWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> OpenAIWithStreamedResponse:
+        return OpenAIWithStreamedResponse(self)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def qs(self) -> Querystring:
+        return Querystring(array_format="brackets")
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def auth_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        api_key = self.api_key
+        return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}"}
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def default_headers(self) -> dict[str, str | Omit]:
+        return {
+            **super().default_headers,
+            "X-Stainless-Async": "false",
+            "OpenAI-Organization": self.organization if self.organization is not None else Omit(),
+            "OpenAI-Project": self.project if self.project is not None else Omit(),
+            **self._custom_headers,
+        }
+
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        max_retries: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        set_default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        set_default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        _extra_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = {},
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Create a new client instance re-using the same options given to the current client with optional overriding.
+        """
+        if default_headers is not None and set_default_headers is not None:
+            raise ValueError("The `default_headers` and `set_default_headers` arguments are mutually exclusive")
+
+        if default_query is not None and set_default_query is not None:
+            raise ValueError("The `default_query` and `set_default_query` arguments are mutually exclusive")
+
+        headers = self._custom_headers
+        if default_headers is not None:
+            headers = {**headers, **default_headers}
+        elif set_default_headers is not None:
+            headers = set_default_headers
+
+        params = self._custom_query
+        if default_query is not None:
+            params = {**params, **default_query}
+        elif set_default_query is not None:
+            params = set_default_query
+
+        http_client = http_client or self._client
+        return self.__class__(
+            api_key=api_key or self.api_key,
+            organization=organization or self.organization,
+            project=project or self.project,
+            websocket_base_url=websocket_base_url or self.websocket_base_url,
+            base_url=base_url or self.base_url,
+            timeout=self.timeout if isinstance(timeout, NotGiven) else timeout,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            max_retries=max_retries if is_given(max_retries) else self.max_retries,
+            default_headers=headers,
+            default_query=params,
+            **_extra_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    # Alias for `copy` for nicer inline usage, e.g.
+    # client.with_options(timeout=10).foo.create(...)
+    with_options = copy
+
+    @override
+    def _make_status_error(
+        self,
+        err_msg: str,
+        *,
+        body: object,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> APIStatusError:
+        data = body.get("error", body) if is_mapping(body) else body
+        if response.status_code == 400:
+            return _exceptions.BadRequestError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 401:
+            return _exceptions.AuthenticationError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 403:
+            return _exceptions.PermissionDeniedError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 404:
+            return _exceptions.NotFoundError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 409:
+            return _exceptions.ConflictError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 422:
+            return _exceptions.UnprocessableEntityError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 429:
+            return _exceptions.RateLimitError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code >= 500:
+            return _exceptions.InternalServerError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+        return APIStatusError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+
+class AsyncOpenAI(AsyncAPIClient):
+    # client options
+    api_key: str
+    organization: str | None
+    project: str | None
+
+    websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None
+    """Base URL for WebSocket connections.
+
+    If not specified, the default base URL will be used, with 'wss://' replacing the
+    'http://' or 'https://' scheme. For example: 'http://example.com' becomes
+    'wss://example.com'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: Union[float, Timeout, None, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        # Configure a custom httpx client.
+        # We provide a `DefaultAsyncHttpxClient` class that you can pass to retain the default values we use for `limits`, `timeout` & `follow_redirects`.
+        # See the [httpx documentation](https://www.python-httpx.org/api/#asyncclient) for more details.
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        # Enable or disable schema validation for data returned by the API.
+        # When enabled an error APIResponseValidationError is raised
+        # if the API responds with invalid data for the expected schema.
+        #
+        # This parameter may be removed or changed in the future.
+        # If you rely on this feature, please open a GitHub issue
+        # outlining your use-case to help us decide if it should be
+        # part of our public interface in the future.
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a new async AsyncOpenAI client instance.
+
+        This automatically infers the following arguments from their corresponding environment variables if they are not provided:
+        - `api_key` from `OPENAI_API_KEY`
+        - `organization` from `OPENAI_ORG_ID`
+        - `project` from `OPENAI_PROJECT_ID`
+        """
+        if api_key is None:
+            api_key = os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY")
+        if api_key is None:
+            raise OpenAIError(
+                "The api_key client option must be set either by passing api_key to the client or by setting the OPENAI_API_KEY environment variable"
+            )
+        self.api_key = api_key
+
+        if organization is None:
+            organization = os.environ.get("OPENAI_ORG_ID")
+        self.organization = organization
+
+        if project is None:
+            project = os.environ.get("OPENAI_PROJECT_ID")
+        self.project = project
+
+        self.websocket_base_url = websocket_base_url
+
+        if base_url is None:
+            base_url = os.environ.get("OPENAI_BASE_URL")
+        if base_url is None:
+            base_url = f"https://api.openai.com/v1"
+
+        super().__init__(
+            version=__version__,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            custom_headers=default_headers,
+            custom_query=default_query,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+
+        self._default_stream_cls = AsyncStream
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> AsyncCompletions:
+        from .resources.completions import AsyncCompletions
+
+        return AsyncCompletions(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> AsyncChat:
+        from .resources.chat import AsyncChat
+
+        return AsyncChat(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def embeddings(self) -> AsyncEmbeddings:
+        from .resources.embeddings import AsyncEmbeddings
+
+        return AsyncEmbeddings(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> AsyncFiles:
+        from .resources.files import AsyncFiles
+
+        return AsyncFiles(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def images(self) -> AsyncImages:
+        from .resources.images import AsyncImages
+
+        return AsyncImages(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def audio(self) -> AsyncAudio:
+        from .resources.audio import AsyncAudio
+
+        return AsyncAudio(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def moderations(self) -> AsyncModerations:
+        from .resources.moderations import AsyncModerations
+
+        return AsyncModerations(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def models(self) -> AsyncModels:
+        from .resources.models import AsyncModels
+
+        return AsyncModels(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def fine_tuning(self) -> AsyncFineTuning:
+        from .resources.fine_tuning import AsyncFineTuning
+
+        return AsyncFineTuning(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def vector_stores(self) -> AsyncVectorStores:
+        from .resources.vector_stores import AsyncVectorStores
+
+        return AsyncVectorStores(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def beta(self) -> AsyncBeta:
+        from .resources.beta import AsyncBeta
+
+        return AsyncBeta(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def batches(self) -> AsyncBatches:
+        from .resources.batches import AsyncBatches
+
+        return AsyncBatches(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def uploads(self) -> AsyncUploads:
+        from .resources.uploads import AsyncUploads
+
+        return AsyncUploads(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def responses(self) -> AsyncResponses:
+        from .resources.responses import AsyncResponses
+
+        return AsyncResponses(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def evals(self) -> AsyncEvals:
+        from .resources.evals import AsyncEvals
+
+        return AsyncEvals(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncOpenAIWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncOpenAIWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncOpenAIWithStreamedResponse:
+        return AsyncOpenAIWithStreamedResponse(self)
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def qs(self) -> Querystring:
+        return Querystring(array_format="brackets")
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def auth_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        api_key = self.api_key
+        return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}"}
+
+    @property
+    @override
+    def default_headers(self) -> dict[str, str | Omit]:
+        return {
+            **super().default_headers,
+            "X-Stainless-Async": f"async:{get_async_library()}",
+            "OpenAI-Organization": self.organization if self.organization is not None else Omit(),
+            "OpenAI-Project": self.project if self.project is not None else Omit(),
+            **self._custom_headers,
+        }
+
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        max_retries: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        set_default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        set_default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        _extra_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = {},
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Create a new client instance re-using the same options given to the current client with optional overriding.
+        """
+        if default_headers is not None and set_default_headers is not None:
+            raise ValueError("The `default_headers` and `set_default_headers` arguments are mutually exclusive")
+
+        if default_query is not None and set_default_query is not None:
+            raise ValueError("The `default_query` and `set_default_query` arguments are mutually exclusive")
+
+        headers = self._custom_headers
+        if default_headers is not None:
+            headers = {**headers, **default_headers}
+        elif set_default_headers is not None:
+            headers = set_default_headers
+
+        params = self._custom_query
+        if default_query is not None:
+            params = {**params, **default_query}
+        elif set_default_query is not None:
+            params = set_default_query
+
+        http_client = http_client or self._client
+        return self.__class__(
+            api_key=api_key or self.api_key,
+            organization=organization or self.organization,
+            project=project or self.project,
+            websocket_base_url=websocket_base_url or self.websocket_base_url,
+            base_url=base_url or self.base_url,
+            timeout=self.timeout if isinstance(timeout, NotGiven) else timeout,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            max_retries=max_retries if is_given(max_retries) else self.max_retries,
+            default_headers=headers,
+            default_query=params,
+            **_extra_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    # Alias for `copy` for nicer inline usage, e.g.
+    # client.with_options(timeout=10).foo.create(...)
+    with_options = copy
+
+    @override
+    def _make_status_error(
+        self,
+        err_msg: str,
+        *,
+        body: object,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> APIStatusError:
+        data = body.get("error", body) if is_mapping(body) else body
+        if response.status_code == 400:
+            return _exceptions.BadRequestError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 401:
+            return _exceptions.AuthenticationError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 403:
+            return _exceptions.PermissionDeniedError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 404:
+            return _exceptions.NotFoundError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 409:
+            return _exceptions.ConflictError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 422:
+            return _exceptions.UnprocessableEntityError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code == 429:
+            return _exceptions.RateLimitError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+        if response.status_code >= 500:
+            return _exceptions.InternalServerError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+        return APIStatusError(err_msg, response=response, body=data)
+
+
+class OpenAIWithRawResponse:
+    _client: OpenAI
+
+    def __init__(self, client: OpenAI) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> completions.CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.completions import CompletionsWithRawResponse
+
+        return CompletionsWithRawResponse(self._client.completions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> chat.ChatWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.chat import ChatWithRawResponse
+
+        return ChatWithRawResponse(self._client.chat)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def embeddings(self) -> embeddings.EmbeddingsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.embeddings import EmbeddingsWithRawResponse
+
+        return EmbeddingsWithRawResponse(self._client.embeddings)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> files.FilesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.files import FilesWithRawResponse
+
+        return FilesWithRawResponse(self._client.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def images(self) -> images.ImagesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.images import ImagesWithRawResponse
+
+        return ImagesWithRawResponse(self._client.images)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def audio(self) -> audio.AudioWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.audio import AudioWithRawResponse
+
+        return AudioWithRawResponse(self._client.audio)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def moderations(self) -> moderations.ModerationsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.moderations import ModerationsWithRawResponse
+
+        return ModerationsWithRawResponse(self._client.moderations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def models(self) -> models.ModelsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.models import ModelsWithRawResponse
+
+        return ModelsWithRawResponse(self._client.models)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def fine_tuning(self) -> fine_tuning.FineTuningWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.fine_tuning import FineTuningWithRawResponse
+
+        return FineTuningWithRawResponse(self._client.fine_tuning)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def vector_stores(self) -> vector_stores.VectorStoresWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.vector_stores import VectorStoresWithRawResponse
+
+        return VectorStoresWithRawResponse(self._client.vector_stores)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def beta(self) -> beta.BetaWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.beta import BetaWithRawResponse
+
+        return BetaWithRawResponse(self._client.beta)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def batches(self) -> batches.BatchesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.batches import BatchesWithRawResponse
+
+        return BatchesWithRawResponse(self._client.batches)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def uploads(self) -> uploads.UploadsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.uploads import UploadsWithRawResponse
+
+        return UploadsWithRawResponse(self._client.uploads)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def responses(self) -> responses.ResponsesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.responses import ResponsesWithRawResponse
+
+        return ResponsesWithRawResponse(self._client.responses)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def evals(self) -> evals.EvalsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.evals import EvalsWithRawResponse
+
+        return EvalsWithRawResponse(self._client.evals)
+
+
+class AsyncOpenAIWithRawResponse:
+    _client: AsyncOpenAI
+
+    def __init__(self, client: AsyncOpenAI) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> completions.AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.completions import AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse(self._client.completions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> chat.AsyncChatWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.chat import AsyncChatWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncChatWithRawResponse(self._client.chat)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def embeddings(self) -> embeddings.AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.embeddings import AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse(self._client.embeddings)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> files.AsyncFilesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.files import AsyncFilesWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncFilesWithRawResponse(self._client.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def images(self) -> images.AsyncImagesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.images import AsyncImagesWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncImagesWithRawResponse(self._client.images)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def audio(self) -> audio.AsyncAudioWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.audio import AsyncAudioWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncAudioWithRawResponse(self._client.audio)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def moderations(self) -> moderations.AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.moderations import AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse(self._client.moderations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def models(self) -> models.AsyncModelsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.models import AsyncModelsWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncModelsWithRawResponse(self._client.models)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def fine_tuning(self) -> fine_tuning.AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.fine_tuning import AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse(self._client.fine_tuning)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def vector_stores(self) -> vector_stores.AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.vector_stores import AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse(self._client.vector_stores)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def beta(self) -> beta.AsyncBetaWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.beta import AsyncBetaWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncBetaWithRawResponse(self._client.beta)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def batches(self) -> batches.AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.batches import AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse(self._client.batches)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def uploads(self) -> uploads.AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.uploads import AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse(self._client.uploads)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def responses(self) -> responses.AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.responses import AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse(self._client.responses)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def evals(self) -> evals.AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse:
+        from .resources.evals import AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse
+
+        return AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse(self._client.evals)
+
+
+class OpenAIWithStreamedResponse:
+    _client: OpenAI
+
+    def __init__(self, client: OpenAI) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> completions.CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.completions import CompletionsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return CompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.completions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> chat.ChatWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.chat import ChatWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return ChatWithStreamingResponse(self._client.chat)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def embeddings(self) -> embeddings.EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.embeddings import EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.embeddings)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> files.FilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.files import FilesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return FilesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def images(self) -> images.ImagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.images import ImagesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return ImagesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.images)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def audio(self) -> audio.AudioWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.audio import AudioWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AudioWithStreamingResponse(self._client.audio)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def moderations(self) -> moderations.ModerationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.moderations import ModerationsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return ModerationsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.moderations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def models(self) -> models.ModelsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.models import ModelsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return ModelsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.models)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def fine_tuning(self) -> fine_tuning.FineTuningWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.fine_tuning import FineTuningWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return FineTuningWithStreamingResponse(self._client.fine_tuning)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def vector_stores(self) -> vector_stores.VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.vector_stores import VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse(self._client.vector_stores)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def beta(self) -> beta.BetaWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.beta import BetaWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return BetaWithStreamingResponse(self._client.beta)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def batches(self) -> batches.BatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.batches import BatchesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return BatchesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.batches)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def uploads(self) -> uploads.UploadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.uploads import UploadsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return UploadsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.uploads)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def responses(self) -> responses.ResponsesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.responses import ResponsesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return ResponsesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.responses)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def evals(self) -> evals.EvalsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.evals import EvalsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return EvalsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.evals)
+
+
+class AsyncOpenAIWithStreamedResponse:
+    _client: AsyncOpenAI
+
+    def __init__(self, client: AsyncOpenAI) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> completions.AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.completions import AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.completions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> chat.AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.chat import AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse(self._client.chat)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def embeddings(self) -> embeddings.AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.embeddings import AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.embeddings)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> files.AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.files import AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def images(self) -> images.AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.images import AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.images)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def audio(self) -> audio.AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.audio import AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse(self._client.audio)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def moderations(self) -> moderations.AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.moderations import AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.moderations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def models(self) -> models.AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.models import AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.models)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def fine_tuning(self) -> fine_tuning.AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.fine_tuning import AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse(self._client.fine_tuning)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def vector_stores(self) -> vector_stores.AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.vector_stores import AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse(self._client.vector_stores)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def beta(self) -> beta.AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.beta import AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse(self._client.beta)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def batches(self) -> batches.AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.batches import AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.batches)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def uploads(self) -> uploads.AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.uploads import AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.uploads)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def responses(self) -> responses.AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.responses import AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse(self._client.responses)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def evals(self) -> evals.AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse:
+        from .resources.evals import AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse
+
+        return AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse(self._client.evals)
+
+
+Client = OpenAI
+
+AsyncClient = AsyncOpenAI
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87fc3707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union, Generic, TypeVar, Callable, cast, overload
+from datetime import date, datetime
+from typing_extensions import Self, Literal
+
+import pydantic
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+
+from ._types import IncEx, StrBytesIntFloat
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_ModelT = TypeVar("_ModelT", bound=pydantic.BaseModel)
+
+# --------------- Pydantic v2 compatibility ---------------
+
+# Pyright incorrectly reports some of our functions as overriding a method when they don't
+# pyright: reportIncompatibleMethodOverride=false
+
+PYDANTIC_V2 = pydantic.VERSION.startswith("2.")
+
+# v1 re-exports
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def parse_date(value: date | StrBytesIntFloat) -> date:  # noqa: ARG001
+        ...
+
+    def parse_datetime(value: Union[datetime, StrBytesIntFloat]) -> datetime:  # noqa: ARG001
+        ...
+
+    def get_args(t: type[Any]) -> tuple[Any, ...]:  # noqa: ARG001
+        ...
+
+    def is_union(tp: type[Any] | None) -> bool:  # noqa: ARG001
+        ...
+
+    def get_origin(t: type[Any]) -> type[Any] | None:  # noqa: ARG001
+        ...
+
+    def is_literal_type(type_: type[Any]) -> bool:  # noqa: ARG001
+        ...
+
+    def is_typeddict(type_: type[Any]) -> bool:  # noqa: ARG001
+        ...
+
+else:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic.v1.typing import (
+            get_args as get_args,
+            is_union as is_union,
+            get_origin as get_origin,
+            is_typeddict as is_typeddict,
+            is_literal_type as is_literal_type,
+        )
+        from pydantic.v1.datetime_parse import parse_date as parse_date, parse_datetime as parse_datetime
+    else:
+        from pydantic.typing import (
+            get_args as get_args,
+            is_union as is_union,
+            get_origin as get_origin,
+            is_typeddict as is_typeddict,
+            is_literal_type as is_literal_type,
+        )
+        from pydantic.datetime_parse import parse_date as parse_date, parse_datetime as parse_datetime
+
+
+# refactored config
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic import ConfigDict as ConfigDict
+else:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic import ConfigDict
+    else:
+        # TODO: provide an error message here?
+        ConfigDict = None
+
+
+# renamed methods / properties
+def parse_obj(model: type[_ModelT], value: object) -> _ModelT:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_validate(value)
+    else:
+        return cast(_ModelT, model.parse_obj(value))  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated, reportUnnecessaryCast]
+
+
+def field_is_required(field: FieldInfo) -> bool:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return field.is_required()
+    return field.required  # type: ignore
+
+
+def field_get_default(field: FieldInfo) -> Any:
+    value = field.get_default()
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+
+        if value == PydanticUndefined:
+            return None
+        return value
+    return value
+
+
+def field_outer_type(field: FieldInfo) -> Any:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return field.annotation
+    return field.outer_type_  # type: ignore
+
+
+def get_model_config(model: type[pydantic.BaseModel]) -> Any:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_config
+    return model.__config__  # type: ignore
+
+
+def get_model_fields(model: type[pydantic.BaseModel]) -> dict[str, FieldInfo]:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_fields
+    return model.__fields__  # type: ignore
+
+
+def model_copy(model: _ModelT, *, deep: bool = False) -> _ModelT:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_copy(deep=deep)
+    return model.copy(deep=deep)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def model_json(model: pydantic.BaseModel, *, indent: int | None = None) -> str:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_dump_json(indent=indent)
+    return model.json(indent=indent)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def model_dump(
+    model: pydantic.BaseModel,
+    *,
+    exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+    exclude_unset: bool = False,
+    exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+    warnings: bool = True,
+    mode: Literal["json", "python"] = "python",
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2 or hasattr(model, "model_dump"):
+        return model.model_dump(
+            mode=mode,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            # warnings are not supported in Pydantic v1
+            warnings=warnings if PYDANTIC_V2 else True,
+        )
+    return cast(
+        "dict[str, Any]",
+        model.dict(  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated, reportUnnecessaryCast]
+            exclude=exclude,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def model_parse(model: type[_ModelT], data: Any) -> _ModelT:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_validate(data)
+    return model.parse_obj(data)  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+
+
+def model_parse_json(model: type[_ModelT], data: str | bytes) -> _ModelT:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_validate_json(data)
+    return model.parse_raw(data)  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+
+
+def model_json_schema(model: type[_ModelT]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        return model.model_json_schema()
+    return model.schema()  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+
+
+# generic models
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    class GenericModel(pydantic.BaseModel): ...
+
+else:
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        # there no longer needs to be a distinction in v2 but
+        # we still have to create our own subclass to avoid
+        # inconsistent MRO ordering errors
+        class GenericModel(pydantic.BaseModel): ...
+
+    else:
+        import pydantic.generics
+
+        class GenericModel(pydantic.generics.GenericModel, pydantic.BaseModel): ...
+
+
+# cached properties
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    cached_property = property
+
+    # we define a separate type (copied from typeshed)
+    # that represents that `cached_property` is `set`able
+    # at runtime, which differs from `@property`.
+    #
+    # this is a separate type as editors likely special case
+    # `@property` and we don't want to cause issues just to have
+    # more helpful internal types.
+
+    class typed_cached_property(Generic[_T]):
+        func: Callable[[Any], _T]
+        attrname: str | None
+
+        def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], _T]) -> None: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> Self: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> _T: ...
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> _T | Self:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        def __set_name__(self, owner: type[Any], name: str) -> None: ...
+
+        # __set__ is not defined at runtime, but @cached_property is designed to be settable
+        def __set__(self, instance: object, value: _T) -> None: ...
+else:
+    from functools import cached_property as cached_property
+
+    typed_cached_property = cached_property
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_constants.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7029dc72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+import httpx
+
+RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER = "X-Stainless-Raw-Response"
+OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER = "____stainless_override_cast_to"
+
+# default timeout is 10 minutes
+DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = httpx.Timeout(timeout=600, connect=5.0)
+DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES = 2
+DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS = httpx.Limits(max_connections=1000, max_keepalive_connections=100)
+
+INITIAL_RETRY_DELAY = 0.5
+MAX_RETRY_DELAY = 8.0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e326ed95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, cast
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from ._utils import is_dict
+from ._models import construct_type
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .types.chat import ChatCompletion
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BadRequestError",
+    "AuthenticationError",
+    "PermissionDeniedError",
+    "NotFoundError",
+    "ConflictError",
+    "UnprocessableEntityError",
+    "RateLimitError",
+    "InternalServerError",
+    "LengthFinishReasonError",
+    "ContentFilterFinishReasonError",
+]
+
+
+class OpenAIError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class APIError(OpenAIError):
+    message: str
+    request: httpx.Request
+
+    body: object | None
+    """The API response body.
+
+    If the API responded with a valid JSON structure then this property will be the
+    decoded result.
+
+    If it isn't a valid JSON structure then this will be the raw response.
+
+    If there was no response associated with this error then it will be `None`.
+    """
+
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+    param: Optional[str] = None
+    type: Optional[str]
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, request: httpx.Request, *, body: object | None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.request = request
+        self.message = message
+        self.body = body
+
+        if is_dict(body):
+            self.code = cast(Any, construct_type(type_=Optional[str], value=body.get("code")))
+            self.param = cast(Any, construct_type(type_=Optional[str], value=body.get("param")))
+            self.type = cast(Any, construct_type(type_=str, value=body.get("type")))
+        else:
+            self.code = None
+            self.param = None
+            self.type = None
+
+
+class APIResponseValidationError(APIError):
+    response: httpx.Response
+    status_code: int
+
+    def __init__(self, response: httpx.Response, body: object | None, *, message: str | None = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message or "Data returned by API invalid for expected schema.", response.request, body=body)
+        self.response = response
+        self.status_code = response.status_code
+
+
+class APIStatusError(APIError):
+    """Raised when an API response has a status code of 4xx or 5xx."""
+
+    response: httpx.Response
+    status_code: int
+    request_id: str | None
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *, response: httpx.Response, body: object | None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, response.request, body=body)
+        self.response = response
+        self.status_code = response.status_code
+        self.request_id = response.headers.get("x-request-id")
+
+
+class APIConnectionError(APIError):
+    def __init__(self, *, message: str = "Connection error.", request: httpx.Request) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, request, body=None)
+
+
+class APITimeoutError(APIConnectionError):
+    def __init__(self, request: httpx.Request) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message="Request timed out.", request=request)
+
+
+class BadRequestError(APIStatusError):
+    status_code: Literal[400] = 400  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+
+class AuthenticationError(APIStatusError):
+    status_code: Literal[401] = 401  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+
+class PermissionDeniedError(APIStatusError):
+    status_code: Literal[403] = 403  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+
+class NotFoundError(APIStatusError):
+    status_code: Literal[404] = 404  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+
+class ConflictError(APIStatusError):
+    status_code: Literal[409] = 409  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+
+class UnprocessableEntityError(APIStatusError):
+    status_code: Literal[422] = 422  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+
+class RateLimitError(APIStatusError):
+    status_code: Literal[429] = 429  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleVariableOverride]
+
+
+class InternalServerError(APIStatusError):
+    pass
+
+
+class LengthFinishReasonError(OpenAIError):
+    completion: ChatCompletion
+    """The completion that caused this error.
+
+    Note: this will *not* be a complete `ChatCompletion` object when streaming as `usage`
+          will not be included.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *, completion: ChatCompletion) -> None:
+        msg = "Could not parse response content as the length limit was reached"
+        if completion.usage:
+            msg += f" - {completion.usage}"
+
+        super().__init__(msg)
+        self.completion = completion
+
+
+class ContentFilterFinishReasonError(OpenAIError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            f"Could not parse response content as the request was rejected by the content filter",
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..692de248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .numpy_proxy import numpy as numpy, has_numpy as has_numpy
+from .pandas_proxy import pandas as pandas
+from .sounddevice_proxy import sounddevice as sounddevice
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/__pycache__/sounddevice_proxy.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/__pycache__/sounddevice_proxy.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/_common.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/_common.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e71720e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/_common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from .._exceptions import OpenAIError
+
+INSTRUCTIONS = """
+
+OpenAI error:
+
+    missing `{library}`
+
+This feature requires additional dependencies:
+
+    $ pip install openai[{extra}]
+
+"""
+
+
+def format_instructions(*, library: str, extra: str) -> str:
+    return INSTRUCTIONS.format(library=library, extra=extra)
+
+
+class MissingDependencyError(OpenAIError):
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/numpy_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/numpy_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b066957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/numpy_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from .._utils import LazyProxy
+from ._common import MissingDependencyError, format_instructions
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import numpy as numpy
+
+
+NUMPY_INSTRUCTIONS = format_instructions(library="numpy", extra="voice_helpers")
+
+
+class NumpyProxy(LazyProxy[Any]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import numpy
+        except ImportError as err:
+            raise MissingDependencyError(NUMPY_INSTRUCTIONS) from err
+
+        return numpy
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    numpy = NumpyProxy()
+
+
+def has_numpy() -> bool:
+    try:
+        import numpy  # noqa: F401  # pyright: ignore[reportUnusedImport]
+    except ImportError:
+        return False
+
+    return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/pandas_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/pandas_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..686377ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/pandas_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from .._utils import LazyProxy
+from ._common import MissingDependencyError, format_instructions
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import pandas as pandas
+
+
+PANDAS_INSTRUCTIONS = format_instructions(library="pandas", extra="datalib")
+
+
+class PandasProxy(LazyProxy[Any]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import pandas
+        except ImportError as err:
+            raise MissingDependencyError(PANDAS_INSTRUCTIONS) from err
+
+        return pandas
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    pandas = PandasProxy()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/sounddevice_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/sounddevice_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..482d4c68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_extras/sounddevice_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from .._utils import LazyProxy
+from ._common import MissingDependencyError, format_instructions
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import sounddevice as sounddevice  # type: ignore
+
+
+SOUNDDEVICE_INSTRUCTIONS = format_instructions(library="sounddevice", extra="voice_helpers")
+
+
+class SounddeviceProxy(LazyProxy[Any]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            import sounddevice  # type: ignore
+        except ImportError as err:
+            raise MissingDependencyError(SOUNDDEVICE_INSTRUCTIONS) from err
+
+        return sounddevice
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    sounddevice = SounddeviceProxy()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_files.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_files.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..801a0d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import os
+import pathlib
+from typing import overload
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+import anyio
+
+from ._types import (
+    FileTypes,
+    FileContent,
+    RequestFiles,
+    HttpxFileTypes,
+    Base64FileInput,
+    HttpxFileContent,
+    HttpxRequestFiles,
+)
+from ._utils import is_tuple_t, is_mapping_t, is_sequence_t
+
+
+def is_base64_file_input(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[Base64FileInput]:
+    return isinstance(obj, io.IOBase) or isinstance(obj, os.PathLike)
+
+
+def is_file_content(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[FileContent]:
+    return (
+        isinstance(obj, bytes) or isinstance(obj, tuple) or isinstance(obj, io.IOBase) or isinstance(obj, os.PathLike)
+    )
+
+
+def assert_is_file_content(obj: object, *, key: str | None = None) -> None:
+    if not is_file_content(obj):
+        prefix = f"Expected entry at `{key}`" if key is not None else f"Expected file input `{obj!r}`"
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"{prefix} to be bytes, an io.IOBase instance, PathLike or a tuple but received {type(obj)} instead. See https://github.com/openai/openai-python/tree/main#file-uploads"
+        ) from None
+
+
+@overload
+def to_httpx_files(files: None) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def to_httpx_files(files: RequestFiles) -> HttpxRequestFiles: ...
+
+
+def to_httpx_files(files: RequestFiles | None) -> HttpxRequestFiles | None:
+    if files is None:
+        return None
+
+    if is_mapping_t(files):
+        files = {key: _transform_file(file) for key, file in files.items()}
+    elif is_sequence_t(files):
+        files = [(key, _transform_file(file)) for key, file in files]
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unexpected file type input {type(files)}, expected mapping or sequence")
+
+    return files
+
+
+def _transform_file(file: FileTypes) -> HttpxFileTypes:
+    if is_file_content(file):
+        if isinstance(file, os.PathLike):
+            path = pathlib.Path(file)
+            return (path.name, path.read_bytes())
+
+        return file
+
+    if is_tuple_t(file):
+        return (file[0], _read_file_content(file[1]), *file[2:])
+
+    raise TypeError(f"Expected file types input to be a FileContent type or to be a tuple")
+
+
+def _read_file_content(file: FileContent) -> HttpxFileContent:
+    if isinstance(file, os.PathLike):
+        return pathlib.Path(file).read_bytes()
+    return file
+
+
+@overload
+async def async_to_httpx_files(files: None) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+async def async_to_httpx_files(files: RequestFiles) -> HttpxRequestFiles: ...
+
+
+async def async_to_httpx_files(files: RequestFiles | None) -> HttpxRequestFiles | None:
+    if files is None:
+        return None
+
+    if is_mapping_t(files):
+        files = {key: await _async_transform_file(file) for key, file in files.items()}
+    elif is_sequence_t(files):
+        files = [(key, await _async_transform_file(file)) for key, file in files]
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Unexpected file type input {type(files)}, expected mapping or sequence")
+
+    return files
+
+
+async def _async_transform_file(file: FileTypes) -> HttpxFileTypes:
+    if is_file_content(file):
+        if isinstance(file, os.PathLike):
+            path = anyio.Path(file)
+            return (path.name, await path.read_bytes())
+
+        return file
+
+    if is_tuple_t(file):
+        return (file[0], await _async_read_file_content(file[1]), *file[2:])
+
+    raise TypeError(f"Expected file types input to be a FileContent type or to be a tuple")
+
+
+async def _async_read_file_content(file: FileContent) -> HttpxFileContent:
+    if isinstance(file, os.PathLike):
+        return await anyio.Path(file).read_bytes()
+
+    return file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_legacy_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_legacy_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfabaa2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_legacy_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import inspect
+import logging
+import datetime
+import functools
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Union,
+    Generic,
+    TypeVar,
+    Callable,
+    Iterator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from typing_extensions import Awaitable, ParamSpec, override, deprecated, get_origin
+
+import anyio
+import httpx
+import pydantic
+
+from ._types import NoneType
+from ._utils import is_given, extract_type_arg, is_annotated_type, is_type_alias_type
+from ._models import BaseModel, is_basemodel, add_request_id
+from ._constants import RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER
+from ._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream, is_stream_class_type, extract_stream_chunk_type
+from ._exceptions import APIResponseValidationError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._models import FinalRequestOptions
+    from ._base_client import BaseClient
+
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+R = TypeVar("R")
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class LegacyAPIResponse(Generic[R]):
+    """This is a legacy class as it will be replaced by `APIResponse`
+    and `AsyncAPIResponse` in the `_response.py` file in the next major
+    release.
+
+    For the sync client this will mostly be the same with the exception
+    of `content` & `text` will be methods instead of properties. In the
+    async client, all methods will be async.
+
+    A migration script will be provided & the migration in general should
+    be smooth.
+    """
+
+    _cast_to: type[R]
+    _client: BaseClient[Any, Any]
+    _parsed_by_type: dict[type[Any], Any]
+    _stream: bool
+    _stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None
+    _options: FinalRequestOptions
+
+    http_response: httpx.Response
+
+    retries_taken: int
+    """The number of retries made. If no retries happened this will be `0`"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        raw: httpx.Response,
+        cast_to: type[R],
+        client: BaseClient[Any, Any],
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._cast_to = cast_to
+        self._client = client
+        self._parsed_by_type = {}
+        self._stream = stream
+        self._stream_cls = stream_cls
+        self._options = options
+        self.http_response = raw
+        self.retries_taken = retries_taken
+
+    @property
+    def request_id(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.http_response.headers.get("x-request-id")  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    @overload
+    def parse(self, *, to: type[_T]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def parse(self) -> R: ...
+
+    def parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        """Returns the rich python representation of this response's data.
+
+        NOTE: For the async client: this will become a coroutine in the next major version.
+
+        For lower-level control, see `.read()`, `.json()`, `.iter_bytes()`.
+
+        You can customise the type that the response is parsed into through
+        the `to` argument, e.g.
+
+        ```py
+        from openai import BaseModel
+
+
+        class MyModel(BaseModel):
+            foo: str
+
+
+        obj = response.parse(to=MyModel)
+        print(obj.foo)
+        ```
+
+        We support parsing:
+          - `BaseModel`
+          - `dict`
+          - `list`
+          - `Union`
+          - `str`
+          - `int`
+          - `float`
+          - `httpx.Response`
+        """
+        cache_key = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+        cached = self._parsed_by_type.get(cache_key)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        parsed = self._parse(to=to)
+        if is_given(self._options.post_parser):
+            parsed = self._options.post_parser(parsed)
+
+        if isinstance(parsed, BaseModel):
+            add_request_id(parsed, self.request_id)
+
+        self._parsed_by_type[cache_key] = parsed
+        return cast(R, parsed)
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self) -> httpx.Headers:
+        return self.http_response.headers
+
+    @property
+    def http_request(self) -> httpx.Request:
+        return self.http_response.request
+
+    @property
+    def status_code(self) -> int:
+        return self.http_response.status_code
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> httpx.URL:
+        return self.http_response.url
+
+    @property
+    def method(self) -> str:
+        return self.http_request.method
+
+    @property
+    def content(self) -> bytes:
+        """Return the binary response content.
+
+        NOTE: this will be removed in favour of `.read()` in the
+        next major version.
+        """
+        return self.http_response.content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        """Return the decoded response content.
+
+        NOTE: this will be turned into a method in the next major version.
+        """
+        return self.http_response.text
+
+    @property
+    def http_version(self) -> str:
+        return self.http_response.http_version
+
+    @property
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self.http_response.is_closed
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed(self) -> datetime.timedelta:
+        """The time taken for the complete request/response cycle to complete."""
+        return self.http_response.elapsed
+
+    def _parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        cast_to = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+
+        # unwrap `TypeAlias('Name', T)` -> `T`
+        if is_type_alias_type(cast_to):
+            cast_to = cast_to.__value__  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+
+        # unwrap `Annotated[T, ...]` -> `T`
+        if cast_to and is_annotated_type(cast_to):
+            cast_to = extract_type_arg(cast_to, 0)
+
+        origin = get_origin(cast_to) or cast_to
+
+        if self._stream:
+            if to:
+                if not is_stream_class_type(to):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Expected custom parse type to be a subclass of {Stream} or {AsyncStream}")
+
+                return cast(
+                    _T,
+                    to(
+                        cast_to=extract_stream_chunk_type(
+                            to,
+                            failure_message="Expected custom stream type to be passed with a type argument, e.g. Stream[ChunkType]",
+                        ),
+                        response=self.http_response,
+                        client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            if self._stream_cls:
+                return cast(
+                    R,
+                    self._stream_cls(
+                        cast_to=extract_stream_chunk_type(self._stream_cls),
+                        response=self.http_response,
+                        client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            stream_cls = cast("type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None", self._client._default_stream_cls)
+            if stream_cls is None:
+                raise MissingStreamClassError()
+
+            return cast(
+                R,
+                stream_cls(
+                    cast_to=cast_to,
+                    response=self.http_response,
+                    client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if cast_to is NoneType:
+            return cast(R, None)
+
+        response = self.http_response
+        if cast_to == str:
+            return cast(R, response.text)
+
+        if cast_to == int:
+            return cast(R, int(response.text))
+
+        if cast_to == float:
+            return cast(R, float(response.text))
+
+        if cast_to == bool:
+            return cast(R, response.text.lower() == "true")
+
+        if inspect.isclass(origin) and issubclass(origin, HttpxBinaryResponseContent):
+            return cast(R, cast_to(response))  # type: ignore
+
+        if origin == LegacyAPIResponse:
+            raise RuntimeError("Unexpected state - cast_to is `APIResponse`")
+
+        if inspect.isclass(
+            origin  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownArgumentType]
+        ) and issubclass(origin, httpx.Response):
+            # Because of the invariance of our ResponseT TypeVar, users can subclass httpx.Response
+            # and pass that class to our request functions. We cannot change the variance to be either
+            # covariant or contravariant as that makes our usage of ResponseT illegal. We could construct
+            # the response class ourselves but that is something that should be supported directly in httpx
+            # as it would be easy to incorrectly construct the Response object due to the multitude of arguments.
+            if cast_to != httpx.Response:
+                raise ValueError(f"Subclasses of httpx.Response cannot be passed to `cast_to`")
+            return cast(R, response)
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(
+                origin  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownArgumentType]
+            )
+            and not issubclass(origin, BaseModel)
+            and issubclass(origin, pydantic.BaseModel)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError("Pydantic models must subclass our base model type, e.g. `from openai import BaseModel`")
+
+        if (
+            cast_to is not object
+            and not origin is list
+            and not origin is dict
+            and not origin is Union
+            and not issubclass(origin, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Unsupported type, expected {cast_to} to be a subclass of {BaseModel}, {dict}, {list}, {Union}, {NoneType}, {str} or {httpx.Response}."
+            )
+
+        # split is required to handle cases where additional information is included
+        # in the response, e.g. application/json; charset=utf-8
+        content_type, *_ = response.headers.get("content-type", "*").split(";")
+        if not content_type.endswith("json"):
+            if is_basemodel(cast_to):
+                try:
+                    data = response.json()
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    log.debug("Could not read JSON from response data due to %s - %s", type(exc), exc)
+                else:
+                    return self._client._process_response_data(
+                        data=data,
+                        cast_to=cast_to,  # type: ignore
+                        response=response,
+                    )
+
+            if self._client._strict_response_validation:
+                raise APIResponseValidationError(
+                    response=response,
+                    message=f"Expected Content-Type response header to be `application/json` but received `{content_type}` instead.",
+                    body=response.text,
+                )
+
+            # If the API responds with content that isn't JSON then we just return
+            # the (decoded) text without performing any parsing so that you can still
+            # handle the response however you need to.
+            return response.text  # type: ignore
+
+        data = response.json()
+
+        return self._client._process_response_data(
+            data=data,
+            cast_to=cast_to,  # type: ignore
+            response=response,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<APIResponse [{self.status_code} {self.http_response.reason_phrase}] type={self._cast_to}>"
+
+
+class MissingStreamClassError(TypeError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            "The `stream` argument was set to `True` but the `stream_cls` argument was not given. See `openai._streaming` for reference",
+        )
+
+
+def to_raw_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, LegacyAPIResponse[R]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> LegacyAPIResponse[R]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "true"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(LegacyAPIResponse[R], func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_raw_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[LegacyAPIResponse[R]]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    async def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> LegacyAPIResponse[R]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "true"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(LegacyAPIResponse[R], await func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class HttpxBinaryResponseContent:
+    response: httpx.Response
+
+    def __init__(self, response: httpx.Response) -> None:
+        self.response = response
+
+    @property
+    def content(self) -> bytes:
+        return self.response.content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        return self.response.text
+
+    @property
+    def encoding(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.response.encoding
+
+    @property
+    def charset_encoding(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.response.charset_encoding
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self.response.json(**kwargs)
+
+    def read(self) -> bytes:
+        return self.response.read()
+
+    def iter_bytes(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        return self.response.iter_bytes(chunk_size)
+
+    def iter_text(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return self.response.iter_text(chunk_size)
+
+    def iter_lines(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return self.response.iter_lines()
+
+    def iter_raw(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        return self.response.iter_raw(chunk_size)
+
+    def write_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Write the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+
+        Note: if you want to stream the data to the file instead of writing
+        all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+        the API request, e.g. `client.with_streaming_response.foo().stream_to_file('my_filename.txt')`
+        """
+        with open(file, mode="wb") as f:
+            for data in self.response.iter_bytes():
+                f.write(data)
+
+    @deprecated(
+        "Due to a bug, this method doesn't actually stream the response content, `.with_streaming_response.method()` should be used instead"
+    )
+    def stream_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        *,
+        chunk_size: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        with open(file, mode="wb") as f:
+            for data in self.response.iter_bytes(chunk_size):
+                f.write(data)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        return self.response.close()
+
+    async def aread(self) -> bytes:
+        return await self.response.aread()
+
+    async def aiter_bytes(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        return self.response.aiter_bytes(chunk_size)
+
+    async def aiter_text(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        return self.response.aiter_text(chunk_size)
+
+    async def aiter_lines(self) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        return self.response.aiter_lines()
+
+    async def aiter_raw(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        return self.response.aiter_raw(chunk_size)
+
+    @deprecated(
+        "Due to a bug, this method doesn't actually stream the response content, `.with_streaming_response.method()` should be used instead"
+    )
+    async def astream_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        *,
+        chunk_size: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        path = anyio.Path(file)
+        async with await path.open(mode="wb") as f:
+            async for data in self.response.aiter_bytes(chunk_size):
+                await f.write(data)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        return await self.response.aclose()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2fce492
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import inspect
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Type, Tuple, Union, Generic, TypeVar, Callable, Optional, cast
+from datetime import date, datetime
+from typing_extensions import (
+    Unpack,
+    Literal,
+    ClassVar,
+    Protocol,
+    Required,
+    Sequence,
+    ParamSpec,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeGuard,
+    final,
+    override,
+    runtime_checkable,
+)
+
+import pydantic
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+
+from ._types import (
+    Body,
+    IncEx,
+    Query,
+    ModelT,
+    Headers,
+    Timeout,
+    NotGiven,
+    AnyMapping,
+    HttpxRequestFiles,
+)
+from ._utils import (
+    PropertyInfo,
+    is_list,
+    is_given,
+    json_safe,
+    lru_cache,
+    is_mapping,
+    parse_date,
+    coerce_boolean,
+    parse_datetime,
+    strip_not_given,
+    extract_type_arg,
+    is_annotated_type,
+    is_type_alias_type,
+    strip_annotated_type,
+)
+from ._compat import (
+    PYDANTIC_V2,
+    ConfigDict,
+    GenericModel as BaseGenericModel,
+    get_args,
+    is_union,
+    parse_obj,
+    get_origin,
+    is_literal_type,
+    get_model_config,
+    get_model_fields,
+    field_get_default,
+)
+from ._constants import RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic_core.core_schema import ModelField, ModelSchema, LiteralSchema, ModelFieldsSchema
+
+__all__ = ["BaseModel", "GenericModel"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_BaseModelT = TypeVar("_BaseModelT", bound="BaseModel")
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+ReprArgs = Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Any]]
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class _ConfigProtocol(Protocol):
+    allow_population_by_field_name: bool
+
+
+class BaseModel(pydantic.BaseModel):
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: ClassVar[ConfigDict] = ConfigDict(
+            extra="allow", defer_build=coerce_boolean(os.environ.get("DEFER_PYDANTIC_BUILD", "true"))
+        )
+    else:
+
+        @property
+        @override
+        def model_fields_set(self) -> set[str]:
+            # a forwards-compat shim for pydantic v2
+            return self.__fields_set__  # type: ignore
+
+        class Config(pydantic.BaseConfig):  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+            extra: Any = pydantic.Extra.allow  # type: ignore
+
+        @override
+        def __repr_args__(self) -> ReprArgs:
+            # we don't want these attributes to be included when something like `rich.print` is used
+            return [arg for arg in super().__repr_args__() if arg[0] not in {"_request_id", "__exclude_fields__"}]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        _request_id: Optional[str] = None
+        """The ID of the request, returned via the X-Request-ID header. Useful for debugging requests and reporting issues to OpenAI.
+
+        This will **only** be set for the top-level response object, it will not be defined for nested objects. For example:
+        
+        ```py
+        completion = await client.chat.completions.create(...)
+        completion._request_id  # req_id_xxx
+        completion.usage._request_id  # raises `AttributeError`
+        ```
+
+        Note: unlike other properties that use an `_` prefix, this property
+        *is* public. Unless documented otherwise, all other `_` prefix properties,
+        methods and modules are *private*.
+        """
+
+    def to_dict(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mode: Literal["json", "python"] = "python",
+        use_api_names: bool = True,
+        exclude_unset: bool = True,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool = True,
+    ) -> dict[str, object]:
+        """Recursively generate a dictionary representation of the model, optionally specifying which fields to include or exclude.
+
+        By default, fields that were not set by the API will not be included,
+        and keys will match the API response, *not* the property names from the model.
+
+        For example, if the API responds with `"fooBar": true` but we've defined a `foo_bar: bool` property,
+        the output will use the `"fooBar"` key (unless `use_api_names=False` is passed).
+
+        Args:
+            mode:
+                If mode is 'json', the dictionary will only contain JSON serializable types. e.g. `datetime` will be turned into a string, `"2024-3-22T18:11:19.117000Z"`.
+                If mode is 'python', the dictionary may contain any Python objects. e.g. `datetime(2024, 3, 22)`
+
+            use_api_names: Whether to use the key that the API responded with or the property name. Defaults to `True`.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that have not been explicitly set.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that are set to their default value from the output.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None` from the output.
+            warnings: Whether to log warnings when invalid fields are encountered. This is only supported in Pydantic v2.
+        """
+        return self.model_dump(
+            mode=mode,
+            by_alias=use_api_names,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            warnings=warnings,
+        )
+
+    def to_json(
+        self,
+        *,
+        indent: int | None = 2,
+        use_api_names: bool = True,
+        exclude_unset: bool = True,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool = True,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Generates a JSON string representing this model as it would be received from or sent to the API (but with indentation).
+
+        By default, fields that were not set by the API will not be included,
+        and keys will match the API response, *not* the property names from the model.
+
+        For example, if the API responds with `"fooBar": true` but we've defined a `foo_bar: bool` property,
+        the output will use the `"fooBar"` key (unless `use_api_names=False` is passed).
+
+        Args:
+            indent: Indentation to use in the JSON output. If `None` is passed, the output will be compact. Defaults to `2`
+            use_api_names: Whether to use the key that the API responded with or the property name. Defaults to `True`.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that have not been explicitly set.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that have the default value.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+            warnings: Whether to show any warnings that occurred during serialization. This is only supported in Pydantic v2.
+        """
+        return self.model_dump_json(
+            indent=indent,
+            by_alias=use_api_names,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            warnings=warnings,
+        )
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        # mypy complains about an invalid self arg
+        return f"{self.__repr_name__()}({self.__repr_str__(', ')})"  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    # Override the 'construct' method in a way that supports recursive parsing without validation.
+    # Based on https://github.com/samuelcolvin/pydantic/issues/1168#issuecomment-817742836.
+    @classmethod
+    @override
+    def construct(  # pyright: ignore[reportIncompatibleMethodOverride]
+        __cls: Type[ModelT],
+        _fields_set: set[str] | None = None,
+        **values: object,
+    ) -> ModelT:
+        m = __cls.__new__(__cls)
+        fields_values: dict[str, object] = {}
+
+        config = get_model_config(__cls)
+        populate_by_name = (
+            config.allow_population_by_field_name
+            if isinstance(config, _ConfigProtocol)
+            else config.get("populate_by_name")
+        )
+
+        if _fields_set is None:
+            _fields_set = set()
+
+        model_fields = get_model_fields(__cls)
+        for name, field in model_fields.items():
+            key = field.alias
+            if key is None or (key not in values and populate_by_name):
+                key = name
+
+            if key in values:
+                fields_values[name] = _construct_field(value=values[key], field=field, key=key)
+                _fields_set.add(name)
+            else:
+                fields_values[name] = field_get_default(field)
+
+        _extra = {}
+        for key, value in values.items():
+            if key not in model_fields:
+                if PYDANTIC_V2:
+                    _extra[key] = value
+                else:
+                    _fields_set.add(key)
+                    fields_values[key] = value
+
+        object.__setattr__(m, "__dict__", fields_values)
+
+        if PYDANTIC_V2:
+            # these properties are copied from Pydantic's `model_construct()` method
+            object.__setattr__(m, "__pydantic_private__", None)
+            object.__setattr__(m, "__pydantic_extra__", _extra)
+            object.__setattr__(m, "__pydantic_fields_set__", _fields_set)
+        else:
+            # init_private_attributes() does not exist in v2
+            m._init_private_attributes()  # type: ignore
+
+            # copied from Pydantic v1's `construct()` method
+            object.__setattr__(m, "__fields_set__", _fields_set)
+
+        return m
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # type checkers incorrectly complain about this assignment
+        # because the type signatures are technically different
+        # although not in practice
+        model_construct = construct
+
+    if not PYDANTIC_V2:
+        # we define aliases for some of the new pydantic v2 methods so
+        # that we can just document these methods without having to specify
+        # a specific pydantic version as some users may not know which
+        # pydantic version they are currently using
+
+        @override
+        def model_dump(
+            self,
+            *,
+            mode: Literal["json", "python"] | str = "python",
+            include: IncEx | None = None,
+            exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+            by_alias: bool = False,
+            exclude_unset: bool = False,
+            exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+            exclude_none: bool = False,
+            round_trip: bool = False,
+            warnings: bool | Literal["none", "warn", "error"] = True,
+            context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+            serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+        ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+            """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/serialization/#modelmodel_dump
+
+            Generate a dictionary representation of the model, optionally specifying which fields to include or exclude.
+
+            Args:
+                mode: The mode in which `to_python` should run.
+                    If mode is 'json', the dictionary will only contain JSON serializable types.
+                    If mode is 'python', the dictionary may contain any Python objects.
+                include: A list of fields to include in the output.
+                exclude: A list of fields to exclude from the output.
+                by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias in the dictionary key if defined.
+                exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that are unset or None from the output.
+                exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that are set to their default value from the output.
+                exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None` from the output.
+                round_trip: Whether to enable serialization and deserialization round-trip support.
+                warnings: Whether to log warnings when invalid fields are encountered.
+
+            Returns:
+                A dictionary representation of the model.
+            """
+            if mode not in {"json", "python"}:
+                raise ValueError("mode must be either 'json' or 'python'")
+            if round_trip != False:
+                raise ValueError("round_trip is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            if warnings != True:
+                raise ValueError("warnings is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            if context is not None:
+                raise ValueError("context is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            if serialize_as_any != False:
+                raise ValueError("serialize_as_any is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            dumped = super().dict(  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+
+            return cast(dict[str, Any], json_safe(dumped)) if mode == "json" else dumped
+
+        @override
+        def model_dump_json(
+            self,
+            *,
+            indent: int | None = None,
+            include: IncEx | None = None,
+            exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+            by_alias: bool = False,
+            exclude_unset: bool = False,
+            exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+            exclude_none: bool = False,
+            round_trip: bool = False,
+            warnings: bool | Literal["none", "warn", "error"] = True,
+            context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+            serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+        ) -> str:
+            """Usage docs: https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.4/concepts/serialization/#modelmodel_dump_json
+
+            Generates a JSON representation of the model using Pydantic's `to_json` method.
+
+            Args:
+                indent: Indentation to use in the JSON output. If None is passed, the output will be compact.
+                include: Field(s) to include in the JSON output. Can take either a string or set of strings.
+                exclude: Field(s) to exclude from the JSON output. Can take either a string or set of strings.
+                by_alias: Whether to serialize using field aliases.
+                exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that have not been explicitly set.
+                exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that have the default value.
+                exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+                round_trip: Whether to use serialization/deserialization between JSON and class instance.
+                warnings: Whether to show any warnings that occurred during serialization.
+
+            Returns:
+                A JSON string representation of the model.
+            """
+            if round_trip != False:
+                raise ValueError("round_trip is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            if warnings != True:
+                raise ValueError("warnings is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            if context is not None:
+                raise ValueError("context is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            if serialize_as_any != False:
+                raise ValueError("serialize_as_any is only supported in Pydantic v2")
+            return super().json(  # type: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+                indent=indent,
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+
+
+def _construct_field(value: object, field: FieldInfo, key: str) -> object:
+    if value is None:
+        return field_get_default(field)
+
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        type_ = field.annotation
+    else:
+        type_ = cast(type, field.outer_type_)  # type: ignore
+
+    if type_ is None:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Unexpected field type is None for {key}")
+
+    return construct_type(value=value, type_=type_)
+
+
+def is_basemodel(type_: type) -> bool:
+    """Returns whether or not the given type is either a `BaseModel` or a union of `BaseModel`"""
+    if is_union(type_):
+        for variant in get_args(type_):
+            if is_basemodel(variant):
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    return is_basemodel_type(type_)
+
+
+def is_basemodel_type(type_: type) -> TypeGuard[type[BaseModel] | type[GenericModel]]:
+    origin = get_origin(type_) or type_
+    if not inspect.isclass(origin):
+        return False
+    return issubclass(origin, BaseModel) or issubclass(origin, GenericModel)
+
+
+def build(
+    base_model_cls: Callable[P, _BaseModelT],
+    *args: P.args,
+    **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+) -> _BaseModelT:
+    """Construct a BaseModel class without validation.
+
+    This is useful for cases where you need to instantiate a `BaseModel`
+    from an API response as this provides type-safe params which isn't supported
+    by helpers like `construct_type()`.
+
+    ```py
+    build(MyModel, my_field_a="foo", my_field_b=123)
+    ```
+    """
+    if args:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Received positional arguments which are not supported; Keyword arguments must be used instead",
+        )
+
+    return cast(_BaseModelT, construct_type(type_=base_model_cls, value=kwargs))
+
+
+def construct_type_unchecked(*, value: object, type_: type[_T]) -> _T:
+    """Loose coercion to the expected type with construction of nested values.
+
+    Note: the returned value from this function is not guaranteed to match the
+    given type.
+    """
+    return cast(_T, construct_type(value=value, type_=type_))
+
+
+def construct_type(*, value: object, type_: object) -> object:
+    """Loose coercion to the expected type with construction of nested values.
+
+    If the given value does not match the expected type then it is returned as-is.
+    """
+
+    # store a reference to the original type we were given before we extract any inner
+    # types so that we can properly resolve forward references in `TypeAliasType` annotations
+    original_type = None
+
+    # we allow `object` as the input type because otherwise, passing things like
+    # `Literal['value']` will be reported as a type error by type checkers
+    type_ = cast("type[object]", type_)
+    if is_type_alias_type(type_):
+        original_type = type_  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+        type_ = type_.__value__  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+
+    # unwrap `Annotated[T, ...]` -> `T`
+    if is_annotated_type(type_):
+        meta: tuple[Any, ...] = get_args(type_)[1:]
+        type_ = extract_type_arg(type_, 0)
+    else:
+        meta = tuple()
+
+    # we need to use the origin class for any types that are subscripted generics
+    # e.g. Dict[str, object]
+    origin = get_origin(type_) or type_
+    args = get_args(type_)
+
+    if is_union(origin):
+        try:
+            return validate_type(type_=cast("type[object]", original_type or type_), value=value)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+        # if the type is a discriminated union then we want to construct the right variant
+        # in the union, even if the data doesn't match exactly, otherwise we'd break code
+        # that relies on the constructed class types, e.g.
+        #
+        # class FooType:
+        #   kind: Literal['foo']
+        #   value: str
+        #
+        # class BarType:
+        #   kind: Literal['bar']
+        #   value: int
+        #
+        # without this block, if the data we get is something like `{'kind': 'bar', 'value': 'foo'}` then
+        # we'd end up constructing `FooType` when it should be `BarType`.
+        discriminator = _build_discriminated_union_meta(union=type_, meta_annotations=meta)
+        if discriminator and is_mapping(value):
+            variant_value = value.get(discriminator.field_alias_from or discriminator.field_name)
+            if variant_value and isinstance(variant_value, str):
+                variant_type = discriminator.mapping.get(variant_value)
+                if variant_type:
+                    return construct_type(type_=variant_type, value=value)
+
+        # if the data is not valid, use the first variant that doesn't fail while deserializing
+        for variant in args:
+            try:
+                return construct_type(value=value, type_=variant)
+            except Exception:
+                continue
+
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Could not convert data into a valid instance of {type_}")
+
+    if origin == dict:
+        if not is_mapping(value):
+            return value
+
+        _, items_type = get_args(type_)  # Dict[_, items_type]
+        return {key: construct_type(value=item, type_=items_type) for key, item in value.items()}
+
+    if (
+        not is_literal_type(type_)
+        and inspect.isclass(origin)
+        and (issubclass(origin, BaseModel) or issubclass(origin, GenericModel))
+    ):
+        if is_list(value):
+            return [cast(Any, type_).construct(**entry) if is_mapping(entry) else entry for entry in value]
+
+        if is_mapping(value):
+            if issubclass(type_, BaseModel):
+                return type_.construct(**value)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+            return cast(Any, type_).construct(**value)
+
+    if origin == list:
+        if not is_list(value):
+            return value
+
+        inner_type = args[0]  # List[inner_type]
+        return [construct_type(value=entry, type_=inner_type) for entry in value]
+
+    if origin == float:
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            coerced = float(value)
+            if coerced != value:
+                return value
+            return coerced
+
+        return value
+
+    if type_ == datetime:
+        try:
+            return parse_datetime(value)  # type: ignore
+        except Exception:
+            return value
+
+    if type_ == date:
+        try:
+            return parse_date(value)  # type: ignore
+        except Exception:
+            return value
+
+    return value
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class CachedDiscriminatorType(Protocol):
+    __discriminator__: DiscriminatorDetails
+
+
+class DiscriminatorDetails:
+    field_name: str
+    """The name of the discriminator field in the variant class, e.g.
+
+    ```py
+    class Foo(BaseModel):
+        type: Literal['foo']
+    ```
+
+    Will result in field_name='type'
+    """
+
+    field_alias_from: str | None
+    """The name of the discriminator field in the API response, e.g.
+
+    ```py
+    class Foo(BaseModel):
+        type: Literal['foo'] = Field(alias='type_from_api')
+    ```
+
+    Will result in field_alias_from='type_from_api'
+    """
+
+    mapping: dict[str, type]
+    """Mapping of discriminator value to variant type, e.g.
+
+    {'foo': FooVariant, 'bar': BarVariant}
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mapping: dict[str, type],
+        discriminator_field: str,
+        discriminator_alias: str | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.mapping = mapping
+        self.field_name = discriminator_field
+        self.field_alias_from = discriminator_alias
+
+
+def _build_discriminated_union_meta(*, union: type, meta_annotations: tuple[Any, ...]) -> DiscriminatorDetails | None:
+    if isinstance(union, CachedDiscriminatorType):
+        return union.__discriminator__
+
+    discriminator_field_name: str | None = None
+
+    for annotation in meta_annotations:
+        if isinstance(annotation, PropertyInfo) and annotation.discriminator is not None:
+            discriminator_field_name = annotation.discriminator
+            break
+
+    if not discriminator_field_name:
+        return None
+
+    mapping: dict[str, type] = {}
+    discriminator_alias: str | None = None
+
+    for variant in get_args(union):
+        variant = strip_annotated_type(variant)
+        if is_basemodel_type(variant):
+            if PYDANTIC_V2:
+                field = _extract_field_schema_pv2(variant, discriminator_field_name)
+                if not field:
+                    continue
+
+                # Note: if one variant defines an alias then they all should
+                discriminator_alias = field.get("serialization_alias")
+
+                field_schema = field["schema"]
+
+                if field_schema["type"] == "literal":
+                    for entry in cast("LiteralSchema", field_schema)["expected"]:
+                        if isinstance(entry, str):
+                            mapping[entry] = variant
+            else:
+                field_info = cast("dict[str, FieldInfo]", variant.__fields__).get(discriminator_field_name)  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated, reportUnnecessaryCast]
+                if not field_info:
+                    continue
+
+                # Note: if one variant defines an alias then they all should
+                discriminator_alias = field_info.alias
+
+                if (annotation := getattr(field_info, "annotation", None)) and is_literal_type(annotation):
+                    for entry in get_args(annotation):
+                        if isinstance(entry, str):
+                            mapping[entry] = variant
+
+    if not mapping:
+        return None
+
+    details = DiscriminatorDetails(
+        mapping=mapping,
+        discriminator_field=discriminator_field_name,
+        discriminator_alias=discriminator_alias,
+    )
+    cast(CachedDiscriminatorType, union).__discriminator__ = details
+    return details
+
+
+def _extract_field_schema_pv2(model: type[BaseModel], field_name: str) -> ModelField | None:
+    schema = model.__pydantic_core_schema__
+    if schema["type"] == "definitions":
+        schema = schema["schema"]
+
+    if schema["type"] != "model":
+        return None
+
+    schema = cast("ModelSchema", schema)
+    fields_schema = schema["schema"]
+    if fields_schema["type"] != "model-fields":
+        return None
+
+    fields_schema = cast("ModelFieldsSchema", fields_schema)
+    field = fields_schema["fields"].get(field_name)
+    if not field:
+        return None
+
+    return cast("ModelField", field)  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+
+
+def validate_type(*, type_: type[_T], value: object) -> _T:
+    """Strict validation that the given value matches the expected type"""
+    if inspect.isclass(type_) and issubclass(type_, pydantic.BaseModel):
+        return cast(_T, parse_obj(type_, value))
+
+    return cast(_T, _validate_non_model_type(type_=type_, value=value))
+
+
+def set_pydantic_config(typ: Any, config: pydantic.ConfigDict) -> None:
+    """Add a pydantic config for the given type.
+
+    Note: this is a no-op on Pydantic v1.
+    """
+    setattr(typ, "__pydantic_config__", config)  # noqa: B010
+
+
+def add_request_id(obj: BaseModel, request_id: str | None) -> None:
+    obj._request_id = request_id
+
+    # in Pydantic v1, using setattr like we do above causes the attribute
+    # to be included when serializing the model which we don't want in this
+    # case so we need to explicitly exclude it
+    if not PYDANTIC_V2:
+        try:
+            exclude_fields = obj.__exclude_fields__  # type: ignore
+        except AttributeError:
+            cast(Any, obj).__exclude_fields__ = {"_request_id", "__exclude_fields__"}
+        else:
+            cast(Any, obj).__exclude_fields__ = {*(exclude_fields or {}), "_request_id", "__exclude_fields__"}
+
+
+# our use of subclassing here causes weirdness for type checkers,
+# so we just pretend that we don't subclass
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    GenericModel = BaseModel
+else:
+
+    class GenericModel(BaseGenericModel, BaseModel):
+        pass
+
+
+if PYDANTIC_V2:
+    from pydantic import TypeAdapter as _TypeAdapter
+
+    _CachedTypeAdapter = cast("TypeAdapter[object]", lru_cache(maxsize=None)(_TypeAdapter))
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        from pydantic import TypeAdapter
+    else:
+        TypeAdapter = _CachedTypeAdapter
+
+    def _validate_non_model_type(*, type_: type[_T], value: object) -> _T:
+        return TypeAdapter(type_).validate_python(value)
+
+elif not TYPE_CHECKING:  # TODO: condition is weird
+
+    class RootModel(GenericModel, Generic[_T]):
+        """Used as a placeholder to easily convert runtime types to a Pydantic format
+        to provide validation.
+
+        For example:
+        ```py
+        validated = RootModel[int](__root__="5").__root__
+        # validated: 5
+        ```
+        """
+
+        __root__: _T
+
+    def _validate_non_model_type(*, type_: type[_T], value: object) -> _T:
+        model = _create_pydantic_model(type_).validate(value)
+        return cast(_T, model.__root__)
+
+    def _create_pydantic_model(type_: _T) -> Type[RootModel[_T]]:
+        return RootModel[type_]  # type: ignore
+
+
+class FinalRequestOptionsInput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    method: Required[str]
+    url: Required[str]
+    params: Query
+    headers: Headers
+    max_retries: int
+    timeout: float | Timeout | None
+    files: HttpxRequestFiles | None
+    idempotency_key: str
+    json_data: Body
+    extra_json: AnyMapping
+
+
+@final
+class FinalRequestOptions(pydantic.BaseModel):
+    method: str
+    url: str
+    params: Query = {}
+    headers: Union[Headers, NotGiven] = NotGiven()
+    max_retries: Union[int, NotGiven] = NotGiven()
+    timeout: Union[float, Timeout, None, NotGiven] = NotGiven()
+    files: Union[HttpxRequestFiles, None] = None
+    idempotency_key: Union[str, None] = None
+    post_parser: Union[Callable[[Any], Any], NotGiven] = NotGiven()
+
+    # It should be noted that we cannot use `json` here as that would override
+    # a BaseModel method in an incompatible fashion.
+    json_data: Union[Body, None] = None
+    extra_json: Union[AnyMapping, None] = None
+
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: ClassVar[ConfigDict] = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+    else:
+
+        class Config(pydantic.BaseConfig):  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+            arbitrary_types_allowed: bool = True
+
+    def get_max_retries(self, max_retries: int) -> int:
+        if isinstance(self.max_retries, NotGiven):
+            return max_retries
+        return self.max_retries
+
+    def _strip_raw_response_header(self) -> None:
+        if not is_given(self.headers):
+            return
+
+        if self.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER):
+            self.headers = {**self.headers}
+            self.headers.pop(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER)
+
+    # override the `construct` method so that we can run custom transformations.
+    # this is necessary as we don't want to do any actual runtime type checking
+    # (which means we can't use validators) but we do want to ensure that `NotGiven`
+    # values are not present
+    #
+    # type ignore required because we're adding explicit types to `**values`
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(  # type: ignore
+        cls,
+        _fields_set: set[str] | None = None,
+        **values: Unpack[FinalRequestOptionsInput],
+    ) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
+            # we unconditionally call `strip_not_given` on any value
+            # as it will just ignore any non-mapping types
+            key: strip_not_given(value)
+            for key, value in values.items()
+        }
+        if PYDANTIC_V2:
+            return super().model_construct(_fields_set, **kwargs)
+        return cast(FinalRequestOptions, super().construct(_fields_set, **kwargs))  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # type checkers incorrectly complain about this assignment
+        model_construct = construct
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_module_client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_module_client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd601f9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_module_client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .resources.files import Files
+    from .resources.images import Images
+    from .resources.models import Models
+    from .resources.batches import Batches
+    from .resources.beta.beta import Beta
+    from .resources.chat.chat import Chat
+    from .resources.embeddings import Embeddings
+    from .resources.audio.audio import Audio
+    from .resources.completions import Completions
+    from .resources.evals.evals import Evals
+    from .resources.moderations import Moderations
+    from .resources.uploads.uploads import Uploads
+    from .resources.responses.responses import Responses
+    from .resources.fine_tuning.fine_tuning import FineTuning
+    from .resources.vector_stores.vector_stores import VectorStores
+
+from . import _load_client
+from ._utils import LazyProxy
+
+
+class ChatProxy(LazyProxy["Chat"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Chat:
+        return _load_client().chat
+
+
+class BetaProxy(LazyProxy["Beta"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Beta:
+        return _load_client().beta
+
+
+class FilesProxy(LazyProxy["Files"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Files:
+        return _load_client().files
+
+
+class AudioProxy(LazyProxy["Audio"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Audio:
+        return _load_client().audio
+
+
+class EvalsProxy(LazyProxy["Evals"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Evals:
+        return _load_client().evals
+
+
+class ImagesProxy(LazyProxy["Images"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Images:
+        return _load_client().images
+
+
+class ModelsProxy(LazyProxy["Models"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Models:
+        return _load_client().models
+
+
+class BatchesProxy(LazyProxy["Batches"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Batches:
+        return _load_client().batches
+
+
+class UploadsProxy(LazyProxy["Uploads"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Uploads:
+        return _load_client().uploads
+
+
+class ResponsesProxy(LazyProxy["Responses"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Responses:
+        return _load_client().responses
+
+
+class EmbeddingsProxy(LazyProxy["Embeddings"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Embeddings:
+        return _load_client().embeddings
+
+
+class CompletionsProxy(LazyProxy["Completions"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Completions:
+        return _load_client().completions
+
+
+class ModerationsProxy(LazyProxy["Moderations"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Moderations:
+        return _load_client().moderations
+
+
+class FineTuningProxy(LazyProxy["FineTuning"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> FineTuning:
+        return _load_client().fine_tuning
+
+
+class VectorStoresProxy(LazyProxy["VectorStores"]):
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> VectorStores:
+        return _load_client().vector_stores
+
+
+chat: Chat = ChatProxy().__as_proxied__()
+beta: Beta = BetaProxy().__as_proxied__()
+files: Files = FilesProxy().__as_proxied__()
+audio: Audio = AudioProxy().__as_proxied__()
+evals: Evals = EvalsProxy().__as_proxied__()
+images: Images = ImagesProxy().__as_proxied__()
+models: Models = ModelsProxy().__as_proxied__()
+batches: Batches = BatchesProxy().__as_proxied__()
+uploads: Uploads = UploadsProxy().__as_proxied__()
+responses: Responses = ResponsesProxy().__as_proxied__()
+embeddings: Embeddings = EmbeddingsProxy().__as_proxied__()
+completions: Completions = CompletionsProxy().__as_proxied__()
+moderations: Moderations = ModerationsProxy().__as_proxied__()
+fine_tuning: FineTuning = FineTuningProxy().__as_proxied__()
+vector_stores: VectorStores = VectorStoresProxy().__as_proxied__()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_qs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_qs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..274320ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_qs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, List, Tuple, Union, Mapping, TypeVar
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlencode
+from typing_extensions import Literal, get_args
+
+from ._types import NOT_GIVEN, NotGiven, NotGivenOr
+from ._utils import flatten
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+ArrayFormat = Literal["comma", "repeat", "indices", "brackets"]
+NestedFormat = Literal["dots", "brackets"]
+
+PrimitiveData = Union[str, int, float, bool, None]
+# this should be Data = Union[PrimitiveData, "List[Data]", "Tuple[Data]", "Mapping[str, Data]"]
+# https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3555
+Data = Union[PrimitiveData, List[Any], Tuple[Any], "Mapping[str, Any]"]
+Params = Mapping[str, Data]
+
+
+class Querystring:
+    array_format: ArrayFormat
+    nested_format: NestedFormat
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        array_format: ArrayFormat = "repeat",
+        nested_format: NestedFormat = "brackets",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.array_format = array_format
+        self.nested_format = nested_format
+
+    def parse(self, query: str) -> Mapping[str, object]:
+        # Note: custom format syntax is not supported yet
+        return parse_qs(query)
+
+    def stringify(
+        self,
+        params: Params,
+        *,
+        array_format: NotGivenOr[ArrayFormat] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        nested_format: NotGivenOr[NestedFormat] = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str:
+        return urlencode(
+            self.stringify_items(
+                params,
+                array_format=array_format,
+                nested_format=nested_format,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def stringify_items(
+        self,
+        params: Params,
+        *,
+        array_format: NotGivenOr[ArrayFormat] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        nested_format: NotGivenOr[NestedFormat] = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        opts = Options(
+            qs=self,
+            array_format=array_format,
+            nested_format=nested_format,
+        )
+        return flatten([self._stringify_item(key, value, opts) for key, value in params.items()])
+
+    def _stringify_item(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        value: Data,
+        opts: Options,
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        if isinstance(value, Mapping):
+            items: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+            nested_format = opts.nested_format
+            for subkey, subvalue in value.items():
+                items.extend(
+                    self._stringify_item(
+                        # TODO: error if unknown format
+                        f"{key}.{subkey}" if nested_format == "dots" else f"{key}[{subkey}]",
+                        subvalue,
+                        opts,
+                    )
+                )
+            return items
+
+        if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            array_format = opts.array_format
+            if array_format == "comma":
+                return [
+                    (
+                        key,
+                        ",".join(self._primitive_value_to_str(item) for item in value if item is not None),
+                    ),
+                ]
+            elif array_format == "repeat":
+                items = []
+                for item in value:
+                    items.extend(self._stringify_item(key, item, opts))
+                return items
+            elif array_format == "indices":
+                raise NotImplementedError("The array indices format is not supported yet")
+            elif array_format == "brackets":
+                items = []
+                key = key + "[]"
+                for item in value:
+                    items.extend(self._stringify_item(key, item, opts))
+                return items
+            else:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    f"Unknown array_format value: {array_format}, choose from {', '.join(get_args(ArrayFormat))}"
+                )
+
+        serialised = self._primitive_value_to_str(value)
+        if not serialised:
+            return []
+        return [(key, serialised)]
+
+    def _primitive_value_to_str(self, value: PrimitiveData) -> str:
+        # copied from httpx
+        if value is True:
+            return "true"
+        elif value is False:
+            return "false"
+        elif value is None:
+            return ""
+        return str(value)
+
+
+_qs = Querystring()
+parse = _qs.parse
+stringify = _qs.stringify
+stringify_items = _qs.stringify_items
+
+
+class Options:
+    array_format: ArrayFormat
+    nested_format: NestedFormat
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        qs: Querystring = _qs,
+        *,
+        array_format: NotGivenOr[ArrayFormat] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        nested_format: NotGivenOr[NestedFormat] = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.array_format = qs.array_format if isinstance(array_format, NotGiven) else array_format
+        self.nested_format = qs.nested_format if isinstance(nested_format, NotGiven) else nested_format
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_resource.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_resource.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fff9ba19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_resource.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import anyio
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._client import OpenAI, AsyncOpenAI
+
+
+class SyncAPIResource:
+    _client: OpenAI
+
+    def __init__(self, client: OpenAI) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+        self._get = client.get
+        self._post = client.post
+        self._patch = client.patch
+        self._put = client.put
+        self._delete = client.delete
+        self._get_api_list = client.get_api_list
+
+    def _sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        time.sleep(seconds)
+
+
+class AsyncAPIResource:
+    _client: AsyncOpenAI
+
+    def __init__(self, client: AsyncOpenAI) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+        self._get = client.get
+        self._post = client.post
+        self._patch = client.patch
+        self._put = client.put
+        self._delete = client.delete
+        self._get_api_list = client.get_api_list
+
+    async def _sleep(self, seconds: float) -> None:
+        await anyio.sleep(seconds)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..350da38d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,848 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import inspect
+import logging
+import datetime
+import functools
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Union,
+    Generic,
+    TypeVar,
+    Callable,
+    Iterator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from typing_extensions import Awaitable, ParamSpec, override, get_origin
+
+import anyio
+import httpx
+import pydantic
+
+from ._types import NoneType
+from ._utils import is_given, extract_type_arg, is_annotated_type, is_type_alias_type, extract_type_var_from_base
+from ._models import BaseModel, is_basemodel, add_request_id
+from ._constants import RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER, OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER
+from ._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream, is_stream_class_type, extract_stream_chunk_type
+from ._exceptions import OpenAIError, APIResponseValidationError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._models import FinalRequestOptions
+    from ._base_client import BaseClient
+
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+R = TypeVar("R")
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_APIResponseT = TypeVar("_APIResponseT", bound="APIResponse[Any]")
+_AsyncAPIResponseT = TypeVar("_AsyncAPIResponseT", bound="AsyncAPIResponse[Any]")
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BaseAPIResponse(Generic[R]):
+    _cast_to: type[R]
+    _client: BaseClient[Any, Any]
+    _parsed_by_type: dict[type[Any], Any]
+    _is_sse_stream: bool
+    _stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None
+    _options: FinalRequestOptions
+
+    http_response: httpx.Response
+
+    retries_taken: int
+    """The number of retries made. If no retries happened this will be `0`"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        raw: httpx.Response,
+        cast_to: type[R],
+        client: BaseClient[Any, Any],
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._cast_to = cast_to
+        self._client = client
+        self._parsed_by_type = {}
+        self._is_sse_stream = stream
+        self._stream_cls = stream_cls
+        self._options = options
+        self.http_response = raw
+        self.retries_taken = retries_taken
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self) -> httpx.Headers:
+        return self.http_response.headers
+
+    @property
+    def http_request(self) -> httpx.Request:
+        """Returns the httpx Request instance associated with the current response."""
+        return self.http_response.request
+
+    @property
+    def status_code(self) -> int:
+        return self.http_response.status_code
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> httpx.URL:
+        """Returns the URL for which the request was made."""
+        return self.http_response.url
+
+    @property
+    def method(self) -> str:
+        return self.http_request.method
+
+    @property
+    def http_version(self) -> str:
+        return self.http_response.http_version
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed(self) -> datetime.timedelta:
+        """The time taken for the complete request/response cycle to complete."""
+        return self.http_response.elapsed
+
+    @property
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether or not the response body has been closed.
+
+        If this is False then there is response data that has not been read yet.
+        You must either fully consume the response body or call `.close()`
+        before discarding the response to prevent resource leaks.
+        """
+        return self.http_response.is_closed
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} [{self.status_code} {self.http_response.reason_phrase}] type={self._cast_to}>"
+        )
+
+    def _parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        cast_to = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+
+        # unwrap `TypeAlias('Name', T)` -> `T`
+        if is_type_alias_type(cast_to):
+            cast_to = cast_to.__value__  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+
+        # unwrap `Annotated[T, ...]` -> `T`
+        if cast_to and is_annotated_type(cast_to):
+            cast_to = extract_type_arg(cast_to, 0)
+
+        origin = get_origin(cast_to) or cast_to
+
+        if self._is_sse_stream:
+            if to:
+                if not is_stream_class_type(to):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Expected custom parse type to be a subclass of {Stream} or {AsyncStream}")
+
+                return cast(
+                    _T,
+                    to(
+                        cast_to=extract_stream_chunk_type(
+                            to,
+                            failure_message="Expected custom stream type to be passed with a type argument, e.g. Stream[ChunkType]",
+                        ),
+                        response=self.http_response,
+                        client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            if self._stream_cls:
+                return cast(
+                    R,
+                    self._stream_cls(
+                        cast_to=extract_stream_chunk_type(self._stream_cls),
+                        response=self.http_response,
+                        client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            stream_cls = cast("type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None", self._client._default_stream_cls)
+            if stream_cls is None:
+                raise MissingStreamClassError()
+
+            return cast(
+                R,
+                stream_cls(
+                    cast_to=cast_to,
+                    response=self.http_response,
+                    client=cast(Any, self._client),
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if cast_to is NoneType:
+            return cast(R, None)
+
+        response = self.http_response
+        if cast_to == str:
+            return cast(R, response.text)
+
+        if cast_to == bytes:
+            return cast(R, response.content)
+
+        if cast_to == int:
+            return cast(R, int(response.text))
+
+        if cast_to == float:
+            return cast(R, float(response.text))
+
+        if cast_to == bool:
+            return cast(R, response.text.lower() == "true")
+
+        # handle the legacy binary response case
+        if inspect.isclass(cast_to) and cast_to.__name__ == "HttpxBinaryResponseContent":
+            return cast(R, cast_to(response))  # type: ignore
+
+        if origin == APIResponse:
+            raise RuntimeError("Unexpected state - cast_to is `APIResponse`")
+
+        if inspect.isclass(origin) and issubclass(origin, httpx.Response):
+            # Because of the invariance of our ResponseT TypeVar, users can subclass httpx.Response
+            # and pass that class to our request functions. We cannot change the variance to be either
+            # covariant or contravariant as that makes our usage of ResponseT illegal. We could construct
+            # the response class ourselves but that is something that should be supported directly in httpx
+            # as it would be easy to incorrectly construct the Response object due to the multitude of arguments.
+            if cast_to != httpx.Response:
+                raise ValueError(f"Subclasses of httpx.Response cannot be passed to `cast_to`")
+            return cast(R, response)
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(
+                origin  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownArgumentType]
+            )
+            and not issubclass(origin, BaseModel)
+            and issubclass(origin, pydantic.BaseModel)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError("Pydantic models must subclass our base model type, e.g. `from openai import BaseModel`")
+
+        if (
+            cast_to is not object
+            and not origin is list
+            and not origin is dict
+            and not origin is Union
+            and not issubclass(origin, BaseModel)
+        ):
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Unsupported type, expected {cast_to} to be a subclass of {BaseModel}, {dict}, {list}, {Union}, {NoneType}, {str} or {httpx.Response}."
+            )
+
+        # split is required to handle cases where additional information is included
+        # in the response, e.g. application/json; charset=utf-8
+        content_type, *_ = response.headers.get("content-type", "*").split(";")
+        if not content_type.endswith("json"):
+            if is_basemodel(cast_to):
+                try:
+                    data = response.json()
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    log.debug("Could not read JSON from response data due to %s - %s", type(exc), exc)
+                else:
+                    return self._client._process_response_data(
+                        data=data,
+                        cast_to=cast_to,  # type: ignore
+                        response=response,
+                    )
+
+            if self._client._strict_response_validation:
+                raise APIResponseValidationError(
+                    response=response,
+                    message=f"Expected Content-Type response header to be `application/json` but received `{content_type}` instead.",
+                    body=response.text,
+                )
+
+            # If the API responds with content that isn't JSON then we just return
+            # the (decoded) text without performing any parsing so that you can still
+            # handle the response however you need to.
+            return response.text  # type: ignore
+
+        data = response.json()
+
+        return self._client._process_response_data(
+            data=data,
+            cast_to=cast_to,  # type: ignore
+            response=response,
+        )
+
+
+class APIResponse(BaseAPIResponse[R]):
+    @property
+    def request_id(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.http_response.headers.get("x-request-id")  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    @overload
+    def parse(self, *, to: type[_T]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def parse(self) -> R: ...
+
+    def parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        """Returns the rich python representation of this response's data.
+
+        For lower-level control, see `.read()`, `.json()`, `.iter_bytes()`.
+
+        You can customise the type that the response is parsed into through
+        the `to` argument, e.g.
+
+        ```py
+        from openai import BaseModel
+
+
+        class MyModel(BaseModel):
+            foo: str
+
+
+        obj = response.parse(to=MyModel)
+        print(obj.foo)
+        ```
+
+        We support parsing:
+          - `BaseModel`
+          - `dict`
+          - `list`
+          - `Union`
+          - `str`
+          - `int`
+          - `float`
+          - `httpx.Response`
+        """
+        cache_key = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+        cached = self._parsed_by_type.get(cache_key)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        if not self._is_sse_stream:
+            self.read()
+
+        parsed = self._parse(to=to)
+        if is_given(self._options.post_parser):
+            parsed = self._options.post_parser(parsed)
+
+        if isinstance(parsed, BaseModel):
+            add_request_id(parsed, self.request_id)
+
+        self._parsed_by_type[cache_key] = parsed
+        return cast(R, parsed)
+
+    def read(self) -> bytes:
+        """Read and return the binary response content."""
+        try:
+            return self.http_response.read()
+        except httpx.StreamConsumed as exc:
+            # The default error raised by httpx isn't very
+            # helpful in our case so we re-raise it with
+            # a different error message.
+            raise StreamAlreadyConsumed() from exc
+
+    def text(self) -> str:
+        """Read and decode the response content into a string."""
+        self.read()
+        return self.http_response.text
+
+    def json(self) -> object:
+        """Read and decode the JSON response content."""
+        self.read()
+        return self.http_response.json()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        self.http_response.close()
+
+    def iter_bytes(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the decoded response content.
+
+        This automatically handles gzip, deflate and brotli encoded responses.
+        """
+        for chunk in self.http_response.iter_bytes(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    def iter_text(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """A str-iterator over the decoded response content
+        that handles both gzip, deflate, etc but also detects the content's
+        string encoding.
+        """
+        for chunk in self.http_response.iter_text(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    def iter_lines(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """Like `iter_text()` but will only yield chunks for each line"""
+        for chunk in self.http_response.iter_lines():
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class AsyncAPIResponse(BaseAPIResponse[R]):
+    @property
+    def request_id(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.http_response.headers.get("x-request-id")  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    @overload
+    async def parse(self, *, to: type[_T]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def parse(self) -> R: ...
+
+    async def parse(self, *, to: type[_T] | None = None) -> R | _T:
+        """Returns the rich python representation of this response's data.
+
+        For lower-level control, see `.read()`, `.json()`, `.iter_bytes()`.
+
+        You can customise the type that the response is parsed into through
+        the `to` argument, e.g.
+
+        ```py
+        from openai import BaseModel
+
+
+        class MyModel(BaseModel):
+            foo: str
+
+
+        obj = response.parse(to=MyModel)
+        print(obj.foo)
+        ```
+
+        We support parsing:
+          - `BaseModel`
+          - `dict`
+          - `list`
+          - `Union`
+          - `str`
+          - `httpx.Response`
+        """
+        cache_key = to if to is not None else self._cast_to
+        cached = self._parsed_by_type.get(cache_key)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        if not self._is_sse_stream:
+            await self.read()
+
+        parsed = self._parse(to=to)
+        if is_given(self._options.post_parser):
+            parsed = self._options.post_parser(parsed)
+
+        if isinstance(parsed, BaseModel):
+            add_request_id(parsed, self.request_id)
+
+        self._parsed_by_type[cache_key] = parsed
+        return cast(R, parsed)
+
+    async def read(self) -> bytes:
+        """Read and return the binary response content."""
+        try:
+            return await self.http_response.aread()
+        except httpx.StreamConsumed as exc:
+            # the default error raised by httpx isn't very
+            # helpful in our case so we re-raise it with
+            # a different error message
+            raise StreamAlreadyConsumed() from exc
+
+    async def text(self) -> str:
+        """Read and decode the response content into a string."""
+        await self.read()
+        return self.http_response.text
+
+    async def json(self) -> object:
+        """Read and decode the JSON response content."""
+        await self.read()
+        return self.http_response.json()
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        await self.http_response.aclose()
+
+    async def iter_bytes(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A byte-iterator over the decoded response content.
+
+        This automatically handles gzip, deflate and brotli encoded responses.
+        """
+        async for chunk in self.http_response.aiter_bytes(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def iter_text(self, chunk_size: int | None = None) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        """A str-iterator over the decoded response content
+        that handles both gzip, deflate, etc but also detects the content's
+        string encoding.
+        """
+        async for chunk in self.http_response.aiter_text(chunk_size):
+            yield chunk
+
+    async def iter_lines(self) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        """Like `iter_text()` but will only yield chunks for each line"""
+        async for chunk in self.http_response.aiter_lines():
+            yield chunk
+
+
+class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes]):
+    """Subclass of APIResponse providing helpers for dealing with binary data.
+
+    Note: If you want to stream the response data instead of eagerly reading it
+    all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+    the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+    """
+
+    def write_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Write the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+
+        Note: if you want to stream the data to the file instead of writing
+        all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+        the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+        """
+        with open(file, mode="wb") as f:
+            for data in self.iter_bytes():
+                f.write(data)
+
+
+class AsyncBinaryAPIResponse(AsyncAPIResponse[bytes]):
+    """Subclass of APIResponse providing helpers for dealing with binary data.
+
+    Note: If you want to stream the response data instead of eagerly reading it
+    all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+    the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+    """
+
+    async def write_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Write the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+
+        Note: if you want to stream the data to the file instead of writing
+        all at once then you should use `.with_streaming_response` when making
+        the API request, e.g. `.with_streaming_response.get_binary_response()`
+        """
+        path = anyio.Path(file)
+        async with await path.open(mode="wb") as f:
+            async for data in self.iter_bytes():
+                await f.write(data)
+
+
+class StreamedBinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes]):
+    def stream_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        *,
+        chunk_size: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Streams the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+        """
+        with open(file, mode="wb") as f:
+            for data in self.iter_bytes(chunk_size):
+                f.write(data)
+
+
+class AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse(AsyncAPIResponse[bytes]):
+    async def stream_to_file(
+        self,
+        file: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        *,
+        chunk_size: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Streams the output to the given file.
+
+        Accepts a filename or any path-like object, e.g. pathlib.Path
+        """
+        path = anyio.Path(file)
+        async with await path.open(mode="wb") as f:
+            async for data in self.iter_bytes(chunk_size):
+                await f.write(data)
+
+
+class MissingStreamClassError(TypeError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            "The `stream` argument was set to `True` but the `stream_cls` argument was not given. See `openai._streaming` for reference",
+        )
+
+
+class StreamAlreadyConsumed(OpenAIError):
+    """
+    Attempted to read or stream content, but the content has already
+    been streamed.
+
+    This can happen if you use a method like `.iter_lines()` and then attempt
+    to read th entire response body afterwards, e.g.
+
+    ```py
+    response = await client.post(...)
+    async for line in response.iter_lines():
+        ...  # do something with `line`
+
+    content = await response.read()
+    # ^ error
+    ```
+
+    If you want this behaviour you'll need to either manually accumulate the response
+    content or call `await response.read()` before iterating over the stream.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        message = (
+            "Attempted to read or stream some content, but the content has "
+            "already been streamed. "
+            "This could be due to attempting to stream the response "
+            "content more than once."
+            "\n\n"
+            "You can fix this by manually accumulating the response content while streaming "
+            "or by calling `.read()` before starting to stream."
+        )
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class ResponseContextManager(Generic[_APIResponseT]):
+    """Context manager for ensuring that a request is not made
+    until it is entered and that the response will always be closed
+    when the context manager exits
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request_func: Callable[[], _APIResponseT]) -> None:
+        self._request_func = request_func
+        self.__response: _APIResponseT | None = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> _APIResponseT:
+        self.__response = self._request_func()
+        return self.__response
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__response is not None:
+            self.__response.close()
+
+
+class AsyncResponseContextManager(Generic[_AsyncAPIResponseT]):
+    """Context manager for ensuring that a request is not made
+    until it is entered and that the response will always be closed
+    when the context manager exits
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, api_request: Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT]) -> None:
+        self._api_request = api_request
+        self.__response: _AsyncAPIResponseT | None = None
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> _AsyncAPIResponseT:
+        self.__response = await self._api_request
+        return self.__response
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__response is not None:
+            await self.__response.close()
+
+
+def to_streamed_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, ResponseContextManager[APIResponse[R]]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support streaming and returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> ResponseContextManager[APIResponse[R]]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return ResponseContextManager(cast(Callable[[], APIResponse[R]], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, Awaitable[R]],
+) -> Callable[P, AsyncResponseContextManager[AsyncAPIResponse[R]]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support streaming and returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> AsyncResponseContextManager[AsyncAPIResponse[R]]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return AsyncResponseContextManager(cast(Awaitable[AsyncAPIResponse[R]], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, object],
+    response_cls: type[_APIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, ResponseContextManager[_APIResponseT]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support streaming and returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> ResponseContextManager[_APIResponseT]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return ResponseContextManager(cast(Callable[[], _APIResponseT], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, Awaitable[object]],
+    response_cls: type[_AsyncAPIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, AsyncResponseContextManager[_AsyncAPIResponseT]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support streaming and returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> AsyncResponseContextManager[_AsyncAPIResponseT]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "stream"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        make_request = func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return AsyncResponseContextManager(cast(Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT], make_request))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def to_raw_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, R]) -> Callable[P, APIResponse[R]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> APIResponse[R]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(APIResponse[R], func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_raw_response_wrapper(func: Callable[P, Awaitable[R]]) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[AsyncAPIResponse[R]]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and wraps it
+    to support returning the raw `APIResponse` object directly.
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    async def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> AsyncAPIResponse[R]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, str] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(AsyncAPIResponse[R], await func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def to_custom_raw_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, object],
+    response_cls: type[_APIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, _APIResponseT]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> _APIResponseT:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(_APIResponseT, func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def async_to_custom_raw_response_wrapper(
+    func: Callable[P, Awaitable[object]],
+    response_cls: type[_AsyncAPIResponseT],
+) -> Callable[P, Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT]]:
+    """Higher order function that takes one of our bound API methods and an `APIResponse` class
+    and wraps the method to support returning the given response class directly.
+
+    Note: the given `response_cls` *must* be concrete, e.g. `class BinaryAPIResponse(APIResponse[bytes])`
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def wrapped(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT]:
+        extra_headers: dict[str, Any] = {**(cast(Any, kwargs.get("extra_headers")) or {})}
+        extra_headers[RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER] = "raw"
+        extra_headers[OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER] = response_cls
+
+        kwargs["extra_headers"] = extra_headers
+
+        return cast(Awaitable[_AsyncAPIResponseT], func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def extract_response_type(typ: type[BaseAPIResponse[Any]]) -> type:
+    """Given a type like `APIResponse[T]`, returns the generic type variable `T`.
+
+    This also handles the case where a concrete subclass is given, e.g.
+    ```py
+    class MyResponse(APIResponse[bytes]):
+        ...
+
+    extract_response_type(MyResponse) -> bytes
+    ```
+    """
+    return extract_type_var_from_base(
+        typ,
+        generic_bases=cast("tuple[type, ...]", (BaseAPIResponse, APIResponse, AsyncAPIResponse)),
+        index=0,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_streaming.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_streaming.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..641c3a7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_streaming.py
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# Note: initially copied from https://github.com/florimondmanca/httpx-sse/blob/master/src/httpx_sse/_decoders.py
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import inspect
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic, TypeVar, Iterator, AsyncIterator, cast
+from typing_extensions import Self, Protocol, TypeGuard, override, get_origin, runtime_checkable
+
+import httpx
+
+from ._utils import is_mapping, extract_type_var_from_base
+from ._exceptions import APIError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._client import OpenAI, AsyncOpenAI
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class Stream(Generic[_T]):
+    """Provides the core interface to iterate over a synchronous stream response."""
+
+    response: httpx.Response
+
+    _decoder: SSEBytesDecoder
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        cast_to: type[_T],
+        response: httpx.Response,
+        client: OpenAI,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.response = response
+        self._cast_to = cast_to
+        self._client = client
+        self._decoder = client._make_sse_decoder()
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> _T:
+        return self._iterator.__next__()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    def _iter_events(self) -> Iterator[ServerSentEvent]:
+        yield from self._decoder.iter_bytes(self.response.iter_bytes())
+
+    def __stream__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        cast_to = cast(Any, self._cast_to)
+        response = self.response
+        process_data = self._client._process_response_data
+        iterator = self._iter_events()
+
+        for sse in iterator:
+            if sse.data.startswith("[DONE]"):
+                break
+
+            if sse.event is None or sse.event.startswith("response.") or sse.event.startswith('transcript.'):
+                data = sse.json()
+                if is_mapping(data) and data.get("error"):
+                    message = None
+                    error = data.get("error")
+                    if is_mapping(error):
+                        message = error.get("message")
+                    if not message or not isinstance(message, str):
+                        message = "An error occurred during streaming"
+
+                    raise APIError(
+                        message=message,
+                        request=self.response.request,
+                        body=data["error"],
+                    )
+
+                yield process_data(data=data, cast_to=cast_to, response=response)
+
+            else:
+                data = sse.json()
+
+                if sse.event == "error" and is_mapping(data) and data.get("error"):
+                    message = None
+                    error = data.get("error")
+                    if is_mapping(error):
+                        message = error.get("message")
+                    if not message or not isinstance(message, str):
+                        message = "An error occurred during streaming"
+
+                    raise APIError(
+                        message=message,
+                        request=self.response.request,
+                        body=data["error"],
+                    )
+
+                yield process_data(data={"data": data, "event": sse.event}, cast_to=cast_to, response=response)
+
+        # Ensure the entire stream is consumed
+        for _sse in iterator:
+            ...
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        self.response.close()
+
+
+class AsyncStream(Generic[_T]):
+    """Provides the core interface to iterate over an asynchronous stream response."""
+
+    response: httpx.Response
+
+    _decoder: SSEDecoder | SSEBytesDecoder
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        cast_to: type[_T],
+        response: httpx.Response,
+        client: AsyncOpenAI,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.response = response
+        self._cast_to = cast_to
+        self._client = client
+        self._decoder = client._make_sse_decoder()
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> _T:
+        return await self._iterator.__anext__()
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
+        async for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    async def _iter_events(self) -> AsyncIterator[ServerSentEvent]:
+        async for sse in self._decoder.aiter_bytes(self.response.aiter_bytes()):
+            yield sse
+
+    async def __stream__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
+        cast_to = cast(Any, self._cast_to)
+        response = self.response
+        process_data = self._client._process_response_data
+        iterator = self._iter_events()
+
+        async for sse in iterator:
+            if sse.data.startswith("[DONE]"):
+                break
+
+            if sse.event is None or sse.event.startswith("response.") or sse.event.startswith('transcript.'):
+                data = sse.json()
+                if is_mapping(data) and data.get("error"):
+                    message = None
+                    error = data.get("error")
+                    if is_mapping(error):
+                        message = error.get("message")
+                    if not message or not isinstance(message, str):
+                        message = "An error occurred during streaming"
+
+                    raise APIError(
+                        message=message,
+                        request=self.response.request,
+                        body=data["error"],
+                    )
+
+                yield process_data(data=data, cast_to=cast_to, response=response)
+
+            else:
+                data = sse.json()
+
+                if sse.event == "error" and is_mapping(data) and data.get("error"):
+                    message = None
+                    error = data.get("error")
+                    if is_mapping(error):
+                        message = error.get("message")
+                    if not message or not isinstance(message, str):
+                        message = "An error occurred during streaming"
+
+                    raise APIError(
+                        message=message,
+                        request=self.response.request,
+                        body=data["error"],
+                    )
+
+                yield process_data(data={"data": data, "event": sse.event}, cast_to=cast_to, response=response)
+
+        # Ensure the entire stream is consumed
+        async for _sse in iterator:
+            ...
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        await self.response.aclose()
+
+
+class ServerSentEvent:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        event: str | None = None,
+        data: str | None = None,
+        id: str | None = None,
+        retry: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if data is None:
+            data = ""
+
+        self._id = id
+        self._data = data
+        self._event = event or None
+        self._retry = retry
+
+    @property
+    def event(self) -> str | None:
+        return self._event
+
+    @property
+    def id(self) -> str | None:
+        return self._id
+
+    @property
+    def retry(self) -> int | None:
+        return self._retry
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> str:
+        return self._data
+
+    def json(self) -> Any:
+        return json.loads(self.data)
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ServerSentEvent(event={self.event}, data={self.data}, id={self.id}, retry={self.retry})"
+
+
+class SSEDecoder:
+    _data: list[str]
+    _event: str | None
+    _retry: int | None
+    _last_event_id: str | None
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._event = None
+        self._data = []
+        self._last_event_id = None
+        self._retry = None
+
+    def iter_bytes(self, iterator: Iterator[bytes]) -> Iterator[ServerSentEvent]:
+        """Given an iterator that yields raw binary data, iterate over it & yield every event encountered"""
+        for chunk in self._iter_chunks(iterator):
+            # Split before decoding so splitlines() only uses \r and \n
+            for raw_line in chunk.splitlines():
+                line = raw_line.decode("utf-8")
+                sse = self.decode(line)
+                if sse:
+                    yield sse
+
+    def _iter_chunks(self, iterator: Iterator[bytes]) -> Iterator[bytes]:
+        """Given an iterator that yields raw binary data, iterate over it and yield individual SSE chunks"""
+        data = b""
+        for chunk in iterator:
+            for line in chunk.splitlines(keepends=True):
+                data += line
+                if data.endswith((b"\r\r", b"\n\n", b"\r\n\r\n")):
+                    yield data
+                    data = b""
+        if data:
+            yield data
+
+    async def aiter_bytes(self, iterator: AsyncIterator[bytes]) -> AsyncIterator[ServerSentEvent]:
+        """Given an iterator that yields raw binary data, iterate over it & yield every event encountered"""
+        async for chunk in self._aiter_chunks(iterator):
+            # Split before decoding so splitlines() only uses \r and \n
+            for raw_line in chunk.splitlines():
+                line = raw_line.decode("utf-8")
+                sse = self.decode(line)
+                if sse:
+                    yield sse
+
+    async def _aiter_chunks(self, iterator: AsyncIterator[bytes]) -> AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        """Given an iterator that yields raw binary data, iterate over it and yield individual SSE chunks"""
+        data = b""
+        async for chunk in iterator:
+            for line in chunk.splitlines(keepends=True):
+                data += line
+                if data.endswith((b"\r\r", b"\n\n", b"\r\n\r\n")):
+                    yield data
+                    data = b""
+        if data:
+            yield data
+
+    def decode(self, line: str) -> ServerSentEvent | None:
+        # See: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/server-sent-events.html#event-stream-interpretation  # noqa: E501
+
+        if not line:
+            if not self._event and not self._data and not self._last_event_id and self._retry is None:
+                return None
+
+            sse = ServerSentEvent(
+                event=self._event,
+                data="\n".join(self._data),
+                id=self._last_event_id,
+                retry=self._retry,
+            )
+
+            # NOTE: as per the SSE spec, do not reset last_event_id.
+            self._event = None
+            self._data = []
+            self._retry = None
+
+            return sse
+
+        if line.startswith(":"):
+            return None
+
+        fieldname, _, value = line.partition(":")
+
+        if value.startswith(" "):
+            value = value[1:]
+
+        if fieldname == "event":
+            self._event = value
+        elif fieldname == "data":
+            self._data.append(value)
+        elif fieldname == "id":
+            if "\0" in value:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self._last_event_id = value
+        elif fieldname == "retry":
+            try:
+                self._retry = int(value)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                pass
+        else:
+            pass  # Field is ignored.
+
+        return None
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class SSEBytesDecoder(Protocol):
+    def iter_bytes(self, iterator: Iterator[bytes]) -> Iterator[ServerSentEvent]:
+        """Given an iterator that yields raw binary data, iterate over it & yield every event encountered"""
+        ...
+
+    def aiter_bytes(self, iterator: AsyncIterator[bytes]) -> AsyncIterator[ServerSentEvent]:
+        """Given an async iterator that yields raw binary data, iterate over it & yield every event encountered"""
+        ...
+
+
+def is_stream_class_type(typ: type) -> TypeGuard[type[Stream[object]] | type[AsyncStream[object]]]:
+    """TypeGuard for determining whether or not the given type is a subclass of `Stream` / `AsyncStream`"""
+    origin = get_origin(typ) or typ
+    return inspect.isclass(origin) and issubclass(origin, (Stream, AsyncStream))
+
+
+def extract_stream_chunk_type(
+    stream_cls: type,
+    *,
+    failure_message: str | None = None,
+) -> type:
+    """Given a type like `Stream[T]`, returns the generic type variable `T`.
+
+    This also handles the case where a concrete subclass is given, e.g.
+    ```py
+    class MyStream(Stream[bytes]):
+        ...
+
+    extract_stream_chunk_type(MyStream) -> bytes
+    ```
+    """
+    from ._base_client import Stream, AsyncStream
+
+    return extract_type_var_from_base(
+        stream_cls,
+        index=0,
+        generic_bases=cast("tuple[type, ...]", (Stream, AsyncStream)),
+        failure_message=failure_message,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5cf207a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from os import PathLike
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Type,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    Mapping,
+    TypeVar,
+    Callable,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+)
+from typing_extensions import Set, Literal, Protocol, TypeAlias, TypedDict, override, runtime_checkable
+
+import httpx
+import pydantic
+from httpx import URL, Proxy, Timeout, Response, BaseTransport, AsyncBaseTransport
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._models import BaseModel
+    from ._response import APIResponse, AsyncAPIResponse
+    from ._legacy_response import HttpxBinaryResponseContent
+
+Transport = BaseTransport
+AsyncTransport = AsyncBaseTransport
+Query = Mapping[str, object]
+Body = object
+AnyMapping = Mapping[str, object]
+ModelT = TypeVar("ModelT", bound=pydantic.BaseModel)
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+# Approximates httpx internal ProxiesTypes and RequestFiles types
+# while adding support for `PathLike` instances
+ProxiesDict = Dict["str | URL", Union[None, str, URL, Proxy]]
+ProxiesTypes = Union[str, Proxy, ProxiesDict]
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    Base64FileInput = Union[IO[bytes], PathLike[str]]
+    FileContent = Union[IO[bytes], bytes, PathLike[str]]
+else:
+    Base64FileInput = Union[IO[bytes], PathLike]
+    FileContent = Union[IO[bytes], bytes, PathLike]  # PathLike is not subscriptable in Python 3.8.
+FileTypes = Union[
+    # file (or bytes)
+    FileContent,
+    # (filename, file (or bytes))
+    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent],
+    # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type)
+    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str]],
+    # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type, headers)
+    Tuple[Optional[str], FileContent, Optional[str], Mapping[str, str]],
+]
+RequestFiles = Union[Mapping[str, FileTypes], Sequence[Tuple[str, FileTypes]]]
+
+# duplicate of the above but without our custom file support
+HttpxFileContent = Union[IO[bytes], bytes]
+HttpxFileTypes = Union[
+    # file (or bytes)
+    HttpxFileContent,
+    # (filename, file (or bytes))
+    Tuple[Optional[str], HttpxFileContent],
+    # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type)
+    Tuple[Optional[str], HttpxFileContent, Optional[str]],
+    # (filename, file (or bytes), content_type, headers)
+    Tuple[Optional[str], HttpxFileContent, Optional[str], Mapping[str, str]],
+]
+HttpxRequestFiles = Union[Mapping[str, HttpxFileTypes], Sequence[Tuple[str, HttpxFileTypes]]]
+
+# Workaround to support (cast_to: Type[ResponseT]) -> ResponseT
+# where ResponseT includes `None`. In order to support directly
+# passing `None`, overloads would have to be defined for every
+# method that uses `ResponseT` which would lead to an unacceptable
+# amount of code duplication and make it unreadable. See _base_client.py
+# for example usage.
+#
+# This unfortunately means that you will either have
+# to import this type and pass it explicitly:
+#
+# from openai import NoneType
+# client.get('/foo', cast_to=NoneType)
+#
+# or build it yourself:
+#
+# client.get('/foo', cast_to=type(None))
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    NoneType: Type[None]
+else:
+    NoneType = type(None)
+
+
+class RequestOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    headers: Headers
+    max_retries: int
+    timeout: float | Timeout | None
+    params: Query
+    extra_json: AnyMapping
+    idempotency_key: str
+
+
+# Sentinel class used until PEP 0661 is accepted
+class NotGiven:
+    """
+    A sentinel singleton class used to distinguish omitted keyword arguments
+    from those passed in with the value None (which may have different behavior).
+
+    For example:
+
+    ```py
+    def get(timeout: Union[int, NotGiven, None] = NotGiven()) -> Response: ...
+
+
+    get(timeout=1)  # 1s timeout
+    get(timeout=None)  # No timeout
+    get()  # Default timeout behavior, which may not be statically known at the method definition.
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+        return False
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "NOT_GIVEN"
+
+
+NotGivenOr = Union[_T, NotGiven]
+NOT_GIVEN = NotGiven()
+
+
+class Omit:
+    """In certain situations you need to be able to represent a case where a default value has
+    to be explicitly removed and `None` is not an appropriate substitute, for example:
+
+    ```py
+    # as the default `Content-Type` header is `application/json` that will be sent
+    client.post("/upload/files", files={"file": b"my raw file content"})
+
+    # you can't explicitly override the header as it has to be dynamically generated
+    # to look something like: 'multipart/form-data; boundary=0d8382fcf5f8c3be01ca2e11002d2983'
+    client.post(..., headers={"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data"})
+
+    # instead you can remove the default `application/json` header by passing Omit
+    client.post(..., headers={"Content-Type": Omit()})
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> Literal[False]:
+        return False
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class ModelBuilderProtocol(Protocol):
+    @classmethod
+    def build(
+        cls: type[_T],
+        *,
+        response: Response,
+        data: object,
+    ) -> _T: ...
+
+
+Headers = Mapping[str, Union[str, Omit]]
+
+
+class HeadersLikeProtocol(Protocol):
+    def get(self, __key: str) -> str | None: ...
+
+
+HeadersLike = Union[Headers, HeadersLikeProtocol]
+
+ResponseT = TypeVar(
+    "ResponseT",
+    bound=Union[
+        object,
+        str,
+        None,
+        "BaseModel",
+        List[Any],
+        Dict[str, Any],
+        Response,
+        ModelBuilderProtocol,
+        "APIResponse[Any]",
+        "AsyncAPIResponse[Any]",
+        "HttpxBinaryResponseContent",
+    ],
+)
+
+StrBytesIntFloat = Union[str, bytes, int, float]
+
+# Note: copied from Pydantic
+# https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/blob/6f31f8f68ef011f84357330186f603ff295312fd/pydantic/main.py#L79
+IncEx: TypeAlias = Union[Set[int], Set[str], Mapping[int, Union["IncEx", bool]], Mapping[str, Union["IncEx", bool]]]
+
+PostParser = Callable[[Any], Any]
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class InheritsGeneric(Protocol):
+    """Represents a type that has inherited from `Generic`
+
+    The `__orig_bases__` property can be used to determine the resolved
+    type variable for a given base class.
+    """
+
+    __orig_bases__: tuple[_GenericAlias]
+
+
+class _GenericAlias(Protocol):
+    __origin__: type[object]
+
+
+class HttpxSendArgs(TypedDict, total=False):
+    auth: httpx.Auth
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd01c088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from ._logs import SensitiveHeadersFilter as SensitiveHeadersFilter
+from ._sync import asyncify as asyncify
+from ._proxy import LazyProxy as LazyProxy
+from ._utils import (
+    flatten as flatten,
+    is_dict as is_dict,
+    is_list as is_list,
+    is_given as is_given,
+    is_tuple as is_tuple,
+    json_safe as json_safe,
+    lru_cache as lru_cache,
+    is_mapping as is_mapping,
+    is_tuple_t as is_tuple_t,
+    parse_date as parse_date,
+    is_iterable as is_iterable,
+    is_sequence as is_sequence,
+    coerce_float as coerce_float,
+    is_mapping_t as is_mapping_t,
+    removeprefix as removeprefix,
+    removesuffix as removesuffix,
+    extract_files as extract_files,
+    is_sequence_t as is_sequence_t,
+    required_args as required_args,
+    coerce_boolean as coerce_boolean,
+    coerce_integer as coerce_integer,
+    file_from_path as file_from_path,
+    parse_datetime as parse_datetime,
+    is_azure_client as is_azure_client,
+    strip_not_given as strip_not_given,
+    deepcopy_minimal as deepcopy_minimal,
+    get_async_library as get_async_library,
+    maybe_coerce_float as maybe_coerce_float,
+    get_required_header as get_required_header,
+    maybe_coerce_boolean as maybe_coerce_boolean,
+    maybe_coerce_integer as maybe_coerce_integer,
+    is_async_azure_client as is_async_azure_client,
+)
+from ._typing import (
+    is_list_type as is_list_type,
+    is_union_type as is_union_type,
+    extract_type_arg as extract_type_arg,
+    is_iterable_type as is_iterable_type,
+    is_required_type as is_required_type,
+    is_annotated_type as is_annotated_type,
+    is_type_alias_type as is_type_alias_type,
+    strip_annotated_type as strip_annotated_type,
+    extract_type_var_from_base as extract_type_var_from_base,
+)
+from ._streams import consume_sync_iterator as consume_sync_iterator, consume_async_iterator as consume_async_iterator
+from ._transform import (
+    PropertyInfo as PropertyInfo,
+    transform as transform,
+    async_transform as async_transform,
+    maybe_transform as maybe_transform,
+    async_maybe_transform as async_maybe_transform,
+)
+from ._reflection import (
+    function_has_argument as function_has_argument,
+    assert_signatures_in_sync as assert_signatures_in_sync,
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_logs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_logs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37694693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_logs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import os
+import logging
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from ._utils import is_dict
+
+logger: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger("openai")
+httpx_logger: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger("httpx")
+
+
+SENSITIVE_HEADERS = {"api-key", "authorization"}
+
+
+def _basic_config() -> None:
+    # e.g. [2023-10-05 14:12:26 - openai._base_client:818 - DEBUG] HTTP Request: POST http://127.0.0.1:4010/foo/bar "200 OK"
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        format="[%(asctime)s - %(name)s:%(lineno)d - %(levelname)s] %(message)s",
+        datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+    )
+
+
+def setup_logging() -> None:
+    env = os.environ.get("OPENAI_LOG")
+    if env == "debug":
+        _basic_config()
+        logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        httpx_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+    elif env == "info":
+        _basic_config()
+        logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        httpx_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+
+class SensitiveHeadersFilter(logging.Filter):
+    @override
+    def filter(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> bool:
+        if is_dict(record.args) and "headers" in record.args and is_dict(record.args["headers"]):
+            headers = record.args["headers"] = {**record.args["headers"]}
+            for header in headers:
+                if str(header).lower() in SENSITIVE_HEADERS:
+                    headers[header] = "<redacted>"
+        return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f239a33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Generic, TypeVar, Iterable, cast
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class LazyProxy(Generic[T], ABC):
+    """Implements data methods to pretend that an instance is another instance.
+
+    This includes forwarding attribute access and other methods.
+    """
+
+    # Note: we have to special case proxies that themselves return proxies
+    # to support using a proxy as a catch-all for any random access, e.g. `proxy.foo.bar.baz`
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> object:
+        proxied = self.__get_proxied__()
+        if isinstance(proxied, LazyProxy):
+            return proxied  # pyright: ignore
+        return getattr(proxied, attr)
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        proxied = self.__get_proxied__()
+        if isinstance(proxied, LazyProxy):
+            return proxied.__class__.__name__
+        return repr(self.__get_proxied__())
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        proxied = self.__get_proxied__()
+        if isinstance(proxied, LazyProxy):
+            return proxied.__class__.__name__
+        return str(proxied)
+
+    @override
+    def __dir__(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        proxied = self.__get_proxied__()
+        if isinstance(proxied, LazyProxy):
+            return []
+        return proxied.__dir__()
+
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    @override
+    def __class__(self) -> type:  # pyright: ignore
+        try:
+            proxied = self.__get_proxied__()
+        except Exception:
+            return type(self)
+        if issubclass(type(proxied), LazyProxy):
+            return type(proxied)
+        return proxied.__class__
+
+    def __get_proxied__(self) -> T:
+        return self.__load__()
+
+    def __as_proxied__(self) -> T:
+        """Helper method that returns the current proxy, typed as the loaded object"""
+        return cast(T, self)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __load__(self) -> T: ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_reflection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bdaca29e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+
+def function_has_argument(func: Callable[..., Any], arg_name: str) -> bool:
+    """Returns whether or not the given function has a specific parameter"""
+    sig = inspect.signature(func)
+    return arg_name in sig.parameters
+
+
+def assert_signatures_in_sync(
+    source_func: Callable[..., Any],
+    check_func: Callable[..., Any],
+    *,
+    exclude_params: set[str] = set(),
+    description: str = "",
+) -> None:
+    """Ensure that the signature of the second function matches the first."""
+
+    check_sig = inspect.signature(check_func)
+    source_sig = inspect.signature(source_func)
+
+    errors: list[str] = []
+
+    for name, source_param in source_sig.parameters.items():
+        if name in exclude_params:
+            continue
+
+        custom_param = check_sig.parameters.get(name)
+        if not custom_param:
+            errors.append(f"the `{name}` param is missing")
+            continue
+
+        if custom_param.annotation != source_param.annotation:
+            errors.append(
+                f"types for the `{name}` param are do not match; source={repr(source_param.annotation)} checking={repr(custom_param.annotation)}"
+            )
+            continue
+
+    if errors:
+        raise AssertionError(
+            f"{len(errors)} errors encountered when comparing signatures{description}:\n\n" + "\n\n".join(errors)
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_resources_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_resources_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5b9ec7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_resources_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from ._proxy import LazyProxy
+
+
+class ResourcesProxy(LazyProxy[Any]):
+    """A proxy for the `openai.resources` module.
+
+    This is used so that we can lazily import `openai.resources` only when
+    needed *and* so that users can just import `openai` and reference `openai.resources`
+    """
+
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Any:
+        import importlib
+
+        mod = importlib.import_module("openai.resources")
+        return mod
+
+
+resources = ResourcesProxy().__as_proxied__()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_streams.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_streams.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4a0208f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_streams.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from typing import Any
+from typing_extensions import Iterator, AsyncIterator
+
+
+def consume_sync_iterator(iterator: Iterator[Any]) -> None:
+    for _ in iterator:
+        ...
+
+
+async def consume_async_iterator(iterator: AsyncIterator[Any]) -> None:
+    async for _ in iterator:
+        ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_sync.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad7ec71b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_sync.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import asyncio
+import functools
+import contextvars
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, Callable, Awaitable
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+import anyio
+import sniffio
+import anyio.to_thread
+
+T_Retval = TypeVar("T_Retval")
+T_ParamSpec = ParamSpec("T_ParamSpec")
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    _asyncio_to_thread = asyncio.to_thread
+else:
+    # backport of https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio.to_thread
+    # for Python 3.8 support
+    async def _asyncio_to_thread(
+        func: Callable[T_ParamSpec, T_Retval], /, *args: T_ParamSpec.args, **kwargs: T_ParamSpec.kwargs
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Asynchronously run function *func* in a separate thread.
+
+        Any *args and **kwargs supplied for this function are directly passed
+        to *func*. Also, the current :class:`contextvars.Context` is propagated,
+        allowing context variables from the main thread to be accessed in the
+        separate thread.
+
+        Returns a coroutine that can be awaited to get the eventual result of *func*.
+        """
+        loop = asyncio.events.get_running_loop()
+        ctx = contextvars.copy_context()
+        func_call = functools.partial(ctx.run, func, *args, **kwargs)
+        return await loop.run_in_executor(None, func_call)
+
+
+async def to_thread(
+    func: Callable[T_ParamSpec, T_Retval], /, *args: T_ParamSpec.args, **kwargs: T_ParamSpec.kwargs
+) -> T_Retval:
+    if sniffio.current_async_library() == "asyncio":
+        return await _asyncio_to_thread(func, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(
+        functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs),
+    )
+
+
+# inspired by `asyncer`, https://github.com/tiangolo/asyncer
+def asyncify(function: Callable[T_ParamSpec, T_Retval]) -> Callable[T_ParamSpec, Awaitable[T_Retval]]:
+    """
+    Take a blocking function and create an async one that receives the same
+    positional and keyword arguments. For python version 3.9 and above, it uses
+    asyncio.to_thread to run the function in a separate thread. For python version
+    3.8, it uses locally defined copy of the asyncio.to_thread function which was
+    introduced in python 3.9.
+
+    Usage:
+
+    ```python
+    def blocking_func(arg1, arg2, kwarg1=None):
+        # blocking code
+        return result
+
+
+    result = asyncify(blocking_function)(arg1, arg2, kwarg1=value1)
+    ```
+
+    ## Arguments
+
+    `function`: a blocking regular callable (e.g. a function)
+
+    ## Return
+
+    An async function that takes the same positional and keyword arguments as the
+    original one, that when called runs the same original function in a thread worker
+    and returns the result.
+    """
+
+    async def wrapper(*args: T_ParamSpec.args, **kwargs: T_ParamSpec.kwargs) -> T_Retval:
+        return await to_thread(function, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrapper
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_transform.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_transform.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0cc20a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_transform.py
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import base64
+import pathlib
+from typing import Any, Mapping, TypeVar, cast
+from datetime import date, datetime
+from typing_extensions import Literal, get_args, override, get_type_hints as _get_type_hints
+
+import anyio
+import pydantic
+
+from ._utils import (
+    is_list,
+    is_given,
+    lru_cache,
+    is_mapping,
+    is_iterable,
+)
+from .._files import is_base64_file_input
+from ._typing import (
+    is_list_type,
+    is_union_type,
+    extract_type_arg,
+    is_iterable_type,
+    is_required_type,
+    is_annotated_type,
+    strip_annotated_type,
+)
+from .._compat import get_origin, model_dump, is_typeddict
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+# TODO: support for drilling globals() and locals()
+# TODO: ensure works correctly with forward references in all cases
+
+
+PropertyFormat = Literal["iso8601", "base64", "custom"]
+
+
+class PropertyInfo:
+    """Metadata class to be used in Annotated types to provide information about a given type.
+
+    For example:
+
+    class MyParams(TypedDict):
+        account_holder_name: Annotated[str, PropertyInfo(alias='accountHolderName')]
+
+    This means that {'account_holder_name': 'Robert'} will be transformed to {'accountHolderName': 'Robert'} before being sent to the API.
+    """
+
+    alias: str | None
+    format: PropertyFormat | None
+    format_template: str | None
+    discriminator: str | None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        alias: str | None = None,
+        format: PropertyFormat | None = None,
+        format_template: str | None = None,
+        discriminator: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.alias = alias
+        self.format = format
+        self.format_template = format_template
+        self.discriminator = discriminator
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(alias='{self.alias}', format={self.format}, format_template='{self.format_template}', discriminator='{self.discriminator}')"
+
+
+def maybe_transform(
+    data: object,
+    expected_type: object,
+) -> Any | None:
+    """Wrapper over `transform()` that allows `None` to be passed.
+
+    See `transform()` for more details.
+    """
+    if data is None:
+        return None
+    return transform(data, expected_type)
+
+
+# Wrapper over _transform_recursive providing fake types
+def transform(
+    data: _T,
+    expected_type: object,
+) -> _T:
+    """Transform dictionaries based off of type information from the given type, for example:
+
+    ```py
+    class Params(TypedDict, total=False):
+        card_id: Required[Annotated[str, PropertyInfo(alias="cardID")]]
+
+
+    transformed = transform({"card_id": "<my card ID>"}, Params)
+    # {'cardID': '<my card ID>'}
+    ```
+
+    Any keys / data that does not have type information given will be included as is.
+
+    It should be noted that the transformations that this function does are not represented in the type system.
+    """
+    transformed = _transform_recursive(data, annotation=cast(type, expected_type))
+    return cast(_T, transformed)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=8096)
+def _get_annotated_type(type_: type) -> type | None:
+    """If the given type is an `Annotated` type then it is returned, if not `None` is returned.
+
+    This also unwraps the type when applicable, e.g. `Required[Annotated[T, ...]]`
+    """
+    if is_required_type(type_):
+        # Unwrap `Required[Annotated[T, ...]]` to `Annotated[T, ...]`
+        type_ = get_args(type_)[0]
+
+    if is_annotated_type(type_):
+        return type_
+
+    return None
+
+
+def _maybe_transform_key(key: str, type_: type) -> str:
+    """Transform the given `data` based on the annotations provided in `type_`.
+
+    Note: this function only looks at `Annotated` types that contain `PropertyInfo` metadata.
+    """
+    annotated_type = _get_annotated_type(type_)
+    if annotated_type is None:
+        # no `Annotated` definition for this type, no transformation needed
+        return key
+
+    # ignore the first argument as it is the actual type
+    annotations = get_args(annotated_type)[1:]
+    for annotation in annotations:
+        if isinstance(annotation, PropertyInfo) and annotation.alias is not None:
+            return annotation.alias
+
+    return key
+
+
+def _no_transform_needed(annotation: type) -> bool:
+    return annotation == float or annotation == int
+
+
+def _transform_recursive(
+    data: object,
+    *,
+    annotation: type,
+    inner_type: type | None = None,
+) -> object:
+    """Transform the given data against the expected type.
+
+    Args:
+        annotation: The direct type annotation given to the particular piece of data.
+            This may or may not be wrapped in metadata types, e.g. `Required[T]`, `Annotated[T, ...]` etc
+
+        inner_type: If applicable, this is the "inside" type. This is useful in certain cases where the outside type
+            is a container type such as `List[T]`. In that case `inner_type` should be set to `T` so that each entry in
+            the list can be transformed using the metadata from the container type.
+
+            Defaults to the same value as the `annotation` argument.
+    """
+    if inner_type is None:
+        inner_type = annotation
+
+    stripped_type = strip_annotated_type(inner_type)
+    origin = get_origin(stripped_type) or stripped_type
+    if is_typeddict(stripped_type) and is_mapping(data):
+        return _transform_typeddict(data, stripped_type)
+
+    if origin == dict and is_mapping(data):
+        items_type = get_args(stripped_type)[1]
+        return {key: _transform_recursive(value, annotation=items_type) for key, value in data.items()}
+
+    if (
+        # List[T]
+        (is_list_type(stripped_type) and is_list(data))
+        # Iterable[T]
+        or (is_iterable_type(stripped_type) and is_iterable(data) and not isinstance(data, str))
+    ):
+        # dicts are technically iterable, but it is an iterable on the keys of the dict and is not usually
+        # intended as an iterable, so we don't transform it.
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            return cast(object, data)
+
+        inner_type = extract_type_arg(stripped_type, 0)
+        if _no_transform_needed(inner_type):
+            # for some types there is no need to transform anything, so we can get a small
+            # perf boost from skipping that work.
+            #
+            # but we still need to convert to a list to ensure the data is json-serializable
+            if is_list(data):
+                return data
+            return list(data)
+
+        return [_transform_recursive(d, annotation=annotation, inner_type=inner_type) for d in data]
+
+    if is_union_type(stripped_type):
+        # For union types we run the transformation against all subtypes to ensure that everything is transformed.
+        #
+        # TODO: there may be edge cases where the same normalized field name will transform to two different names
+        # in different subtypes.
+        for subtype in get_args(stripped_type):
+            data = _transform_recursive(data, annotation=annotation, inner_type=subtype)
+        return data
+
+    if isinstance(data, pydantic.BaseModel):
+        return model_dump(data, exclude_unset=True, mode="json")
+
+    annotated_type = _get_annotated_type(annotation)
+    if annotated_type is None:
+        return data
+
+    # ignore the first argument as it is the actual type
+    annotations = get_args(annotated_type)[1:]
+    for annotation in annotations:
+        if isinstance(annotation, PropertyInfo) and annotation.format is not None:
+            return _format_data(data, annotation.format, annotation.format_template)
+
+    return data
+
+
+def _format_data(data: object, format_: PropertyFormat, format_template: str | None) -> object:
+    if isinstance(data, (date, datetime)):
+        if format_ == "iso8601":
+            return data.isoformat()
+
+        if format_ == "custom" and format_template is not None:
+            return data.strftime(format_template)
+
+    if format_ == "base64" and is_base64_file_input(data):
+        binary: str | bytes | None = None
+
+        if isinstance(data, pathlib.Path):
+            binary = data.read_bytes()
+        elif isinstance(data, io.IOBase):
+            binary = data.read()
+
+            if isinstance(binary, str):  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                binary = binary.encode()
+
+        if not isinstance(binary, bytes):
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Could not read bytes from {data}; Received {type(binary)}")
+
+        return base64.b64encode(binary).decode("ascii")
+
+    return data
+
+
+def _transform_typeddict(
+    data: Mapping[str, object],
+    expected_type: type,
+) -> Mapping[str, object]:
+    result: dict[str, object] = {}
+    annotations = get_type_hints(expected_type, include_extras=True)
+    for key, value in data.items():
+        if not is_given(value):
+            # we don't need to include `NotGiven` values here as they'll
+            # be stripped out before the request is sent anyway
+            continue
+
+        type_ = annotations.get(key)
+        if type_ is None:
+            # we do not have a type annotation for this field, leave it as is
+            result[key] = value
+        else:
+            result[_maybe_transform_key(key, type_)] = _transform_recursive(value, annotation=type_)
+    return result
+
+
+async def async_maybe_transform(
+    data: object,
+    expected_type: object,
+) -> Any | None:
+    """Wrapper over `async_transform()` that allows `None` to be passed.
+
+    See `async_transform()` for more details.
+    """
+    if data is None:
+        return None
+    return await async_transform(data, expected_type)
+
+
+async def async_transform(
+    data: _T,
+    expected_type: object,
+) -> _T:
+    """Transform dictionaries based off of type information from the given type, for example:
+
+    ```py
+    class Params(TypedDict, total=False):
+        card_id: Required[Annotated[str, PropertyInfo(alias="cardID")]]
+
+
+    transformed = transform({"card_id": "<my card ID>"}, Params)
+    # {'cardID': '<my card ID>'}
+    ```
+
+    Any keys / data that does not have type information given will be included as is.
+
+    It should be noted that the transformations that this function does are not represented in the type system.
+    """
+    transformed = await _async_transform_recursive(data, annotation=cast(type, expected_type))
+    return cast(_T, transformed)
+
+
+async def _async_transform_recursive(
+    data: object,
+    *,
+    annotation: type,
+    inner_type: type | None = None,
+) -> object:
+    """Transform the given data against the expected type.
+
+    Args:
+        annotation: The direct type annotation given to the particular piece of data.
+            This may or may not be wrapped in metadata types, e.g. `Required[T]`, `Annotated[T, ...]` etc
+
+        inner_type: If applicable, this is the "inside" type. This is useful in certain cases where the outside type
+            is a container type such as `List[T]`. In that case `inner_type` should be set to `T` so that each entry in
+            the list can be transformed using the metadata from the container type.
+
+            Defaults to the same value as the `annotation` argument.
+    """
+    if inner_type is None:
+        inner_type = annotation
+
+    stripped_type = strip_annotated_type(inner_type)
+    origin = get_origin(stripped_type) or stripped_type
+    if is_typeddict(stripped_type) and is_mapping(data):
+        return await _async_transform_typeddict(data, stripped_type)
+
+    if origin == dict and is_mapping(data):
+        items_type = get_args(stripped_type)[1]
+        return {key: _transform_recursive(value, annotation=items_type) for key, value in data.items()}
+
+    if (
+        # List[T]
+        (is_list_type(stripped_type) and is_list(data))
+        # Iterable[T]
+        or (is_iterable_type(stripped_type) and is_iterable(data) and not isinstance(data, str))
+    ):
+        # dicts are technically iterable, but it is an iterable on the keys of the dict and is not usually
+        # intended as an iterable, so we don't transform it.
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            return cast(object, data)
+
+        inner_type = extract_type_arg(stripped_type, 0)
+        if _no_transform_needed(inner_type):
+            # for some types there is no need to transform anything, so we can get a small
+            # perf boost from skipping that work.
+            #
+            # but we still need to convert to a list to ensure the data is json-serializable
+            if is_list(data):
+                return data
+            return list(data)
+
+        return [await _async_transform_recursive(d, annotation=annotation, inner_type=inner_type) for d in data]
+
+    if is_union_type(stripped_type):
+        # For union types we run the transformation against all subtypes to ensure that everything is transformed.
+        #
+        # TODO: there may be edge cases where the same normalized field name will transform to two different names
+        # in different subtypes.
+        for subtype in get_args(stripped_type):
+            data = await _async_transform_recursive(data, annotation=annotation, inner_type=subtype)
+        return data
+
+    if isinstance(data, pydantic.BaseModel):
+        return model_dump(data, exclude_unset=True, mode="json")
+
+    annotated_type = _get_annotated_type(annotation)
+    if annotated_type is None:
+        return data
+
+    # ignore the first argument as it is the actual type
+    annotations = get_args(annotated_type)[1:]
+    for annotation in annotations:
+        if isinstance(annotation, PropertyInfo) and annotation.format is not None:
+            return await _async_format_data(data, annotation.format, annotation.format_template)
+
+    return data
+
+
+async def _async_format_data(data: object, format_: PropertyFormat, format_template: str | None) -> object:
+    if isinstance(data, (date, datetime)):
+        if format_ == "iso8601":
+            return data.isoformat()
+
+        if format_ == "custom" and format_template is not None:
+            return data.strftime(format_template)
+
+    if format_ == "base64" and is_base64_file_input(data):
+        binary: str | bytes | None = None
+
+        if isinstance(data, pathlib.Path):
+            binary = await anyio.Path(data).read_bytes()
+        elif isinstance(data, io.IOBase):
+            binary = data.read()
+
+            if isinstance(binary, str):  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                binary = binary.encode()
+
+        if not isinstance(binary, bytes):
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Could not read bytes from {data}; Received {type(binary)}")
+
+        return base64.b64encode(binary).decode("ascii")
+
+    return data
+
+
+async def _async_transform_typeddict(
+    data: Mapping[str, object],
+    expected_type: type,
+) -> Mapping[str, object]:
+    result: dict[str, object] = {}
+    annotations = get_type_hints(expected_type, include_extras=True)
+    for key, value in data.items():
+        if not is_given(value):
+            # we don't need to include `NotGiven` values here as they'll
+            # be stripped out before the request is sent anyway
+            continue
+
+        type_ = annotations.get(key)
+        if type_ is None:
+            # we do not have a type annotation for this field, leave it as is
+            result[key] = value
+        else:
+            result[_maybe_transform_key(key, type_)] = await _async_transform_recursive(value, annotation=type_)
+    return result
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=8096)
+def get_type_hints(
+    obj: Any,
+    globalns: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    localns: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None,
+    include_extras: bool = False,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    return _get_type_hints(obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns, include_extras=include_extras)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bac9542
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import typing
+import typing_extensions
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, Iterable, cast
+from collections import abc as _c_abc
+from typing_extensions import (
+    TypeIs,
+    Required,
+    Annotated,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+)
+
+from ._utils import lru_cache
+from .._types import InheritsGeneric
+from .._compat import is_union as _is_union
+
+
+def is_annotated_type(typ: type) -> bool:
+    return get_origin(typ) == Annotated
+
+
+def is_list_type(typ: type) -> bool:
+    return (get_origin(typ) or typ) == list
+
+
+def is_iterable_type(typ: type) -> bool:
+    """If the given type is `typing.Iterable[T]`"""
+    origin = get_origin(typ) or typ
+    return origin == Iterable or origin == _c_abc.Iterable
+
+
+def is_union_type(typ: type) -> bool:
+    return _is_union(get_origin(typ))
+
+
+def is_required_type(typ: type) -> bool:
+    return get_origin(typ) == Required
+
+
+def is_typevar(typ: type) -> bool:
+    # type ignore is required because type checkers
+    # think this expression will always return False
+    return type(typ) == TypeVar  # type: ignore
+
+
+_TYPE_ALIAS_TYPES: tuple[type[typing_extensions.TypeAliasType], ...] = (typing_extensions.TypeAliasType,)
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    _TYPE_ALIAS_TYPES = (*_TYPE_ALIAS_TYPES, typing.TypeAliasType)
+
+
+def is_type_alias_type(tp: Any, /) -> TypeIs[typing_extensions.TypeAliasType]:
+    """Return whether the provided argument is an instance of `TypeAliasType`.
+
+    ```python
+    type Int = int
+    is_type_alias_type(Int)
+    # > True
+    Str = TypeAliasType("Str", str)
+    is_type_alias_type(Str)
+    # > True
+    ```
+    """
+    return isinstance(tp, _TYPE_ALIAS_TYPES)
+
+
+# Extracts T from Annotated[T, ...] or from Required[Annotated[T, ...]]
+@lru_cache(maxsize=8096)
+def strip_annotated_type(typ: type) -> type:
+    if is_required_type(typ) or is_annotated_type(typ):
+        return strip_annotated_type(cast(type, get_args(typ)[0]))
+
+    return typ
+
+
+def extract_type_arg(typ: type, index: int) -> type:
+    args = get_args(typ)
+    try:
+        return cast(type, args[index])
+    except IndexError as err:
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Expected type {typ} to have a type argument at index {index} but it did not") from err
+
+
+def extract_type_var_from_base(
+    typ: type,
+    *,
+    generic_bases: tuple[type, ...],
+    index: int,
+    failure_message: str | None = None,
+) -> type:
+    """Given a type like `Foo[T]`, returns the generic type variable `T`.
+
+    This also handles the case where a concrete subclass is given, e.g.
+    ```py
+    class MyResponse(Foo[bytes]):
+        ...
+
+    extract_type_var(MyResponse, bases=(Foo,), index=0) -> bytes
+    ```
+
+    And where a generic subclass is given:
+    ```py
+    _T = TypeVar('_T')
+    class MyResponse(Foo[_T]):
+        ...
+
+    extract_type_var(MyResponse[bytes], bases=(Foo,), index=0) -> bytes
+    ```
+    """
+    cls = cast(object, get_origin(typ) or typ)
+    if cls in generic_bases:  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryContains]
+        # we're given the class directly
+        return extract_type_arg(typ, index)
+
+    # if a subclass is given
+    # ---
+    # this is needed as __orig_bases__ is not present in the typeshed stubs
+    # because it is intended to be for internal use only, however there does
+    # not seem to be a way to resolve generic TypeVars for inherited subclasses
+    # without using it.
+    if isinstance(cls, InheritsGeneric):
+        target_base_class: Any | None = None
+        for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
+            if base.__origin__ in generic_bases:
+                target_base_class = base
+                break
+
+        if target_base_class is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Could not find the generic base class;\n"
+                "This should never happen;\n"
+                f"Does {cls} inherit from one of {generic_bases} ?"
+            )
+
+        extracted = extract_type_arg(target_base_class, index)
+        if is_typevar(extracted):
+            # If the extracted type argument is itself a type variable
+            # then that means the subclass itself is generic, so we have
+            # to resolve the type argument from the class itself, not
+            # the base class.
+            #
+            # Note: if there is more than 1 type argument, the subclass could
+            # change the ordering of the type arguments, this is not currently
+            # supported.
+            return extract_type_arg(typ, index)
+
+        return extracted
+
+    raise RuntimeError(failure_message or f"Could not resolve inner type variable at index {index} for {typ}")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e7d013b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_utils/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import re
+import inspect
+import functools
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Tuple,
+    Mapping,
+    TypeVar,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    Sequence,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from pathlib import Path
+from datetime import date, datetime
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+import sniffio
+
+from .._types import NotGiven, FileTypes, NotGivenOr, HeadersLike
+from .._compat import parse_date as parse_date, parse_datetime as parse_datetime
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_TupleT = TypeVar("_TupleT", bound=Tuple[object, ...])
+_MappingT = TypeVar("_MappingT", bound=Mapping[str, object])
+_SequenceT = TypeVar("_SequenceT", bound=Sequence[object])
+CallableT = TypeVar("CallableT", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..lib.azure import AzureOpenAI, AsyncAzureOpenAI
+
+
+def flatten(t: Iterable[Iterable[_T]]) -> list[_T]:
+    return [item for sublist in t for item in sublist]
+
+
+def extract_files(
+    # TODO: this needs to take Dict but variance issues.....
+    # create protocol type ?
+    query: Mapping[str, object],
+    *,
+    paths: Sequence[Sequence[str]],
+) -> list[tuple[str, FileTypes]]:
+    """Recursively extract files from the given dictionary based on specified paths.
+
+    A path may look like this ['foo', 'files', '<array>', 'data'].
+
+    Note: this mutates the given dictionary.
+    """
+    files: list[tuple[str, FileTypes]] = []
+    for path in paths:
+        files.extend(_extract_items(query, path, index=0, flattened_key=None))
+    return files
+
+
+def _extract_items(
+    obj: object,
+    path: Sequence[str],
+    *,
+    index: int,
+    flattened_key: str | None,
+) -> list[tuple[str, FileTypes]]:
+    try:
+        key = path[index]
+    except IndexError:
+        if isinstance(obj, NotGiven):
+            # no value was provided - we can safely ignore
+            return []
+
+        # cyclical import
+        from .._files import assert_is_file_content
+
+        # We have exhausted the path, return the entry we found.
+        assert flattened_key is not None
+
+        if is_list(obj):
+            files: list[tuple[str, FileTypes]] = []
+            for entry in obj:
+                assert_is_file_content(entry, key=flattened_key + "[]" if flattened_key else "")
+                files.append((flattened_key + "[]", cast(FileTypes, entry)))
+            return files
+
+        assert_is_file_content(obj, key=flattened_key)
+        return [(flattened_key, cast(FileTypes, obj))]
+
+    index += 1
+    if is_dict(obj):
+        try:
+            # We are at the last entry in the path so we must remove the field
+            if (len(path)) == index:
+                item = obj.pop(key)
+            else:
+                item = obj[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            # Key was not present in the dictionary, this is not indicative of an error
+            # as the given path may not point to a required field. We also do not want
+            # to enforce required fields as the API may differ from the spec in some cases.
+            return []
+        if flattened_key is None:
+            flattened_key = key
+        else:
+            flattened_key += f"[{key}]"
+        return _extract_items(
+            item,
+            path,
+            index=index,
+            flattened_key=flattened_key,
+        )
+    elif is_list(obj):
+        if key != "<array>":
+            return []
+
+        return flatten(
+            [
+                _extract_items(
+                    item,
+                    path,
+                    index=index,
+                    flattened_key=flattened_key + "[]" if flattened_key is not None else "[]",
+                )
+                for item in obj
+            ]
+        )
+
+    # Something unexpected was passed, just ignore it.
+    return []
+
+
+def is_given(obj: NotGivenOr[_T]) -> TypeGuard[_T]:
+    return not isinstance(obj, NotGiven)
+
+
+# Type safe methods for narrowing types with TypeVars.
+# The default narrowing for isinstance(obj, dict) is dict[unknown, unknown],
+# however this cause Pyright to rightfully report errors. As we know we don't
+# care about the contained types we can safely use `object` in it's place.
+#
+# There are two separate functions defined, `is_*` and `is_*_t` for different use cases.
+# `is_*` is for when you're dealing with an unknown input
+# `is_*_t` is for when you're narrowing a known union type to a specific subset
+
+
+def is_tuple(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[tuple[object, ...]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, tuple)
+
+
+def is_tuple_t(obj: _TupleT | object) -> TypeGuard[_TupleT]:
+    return isinstance(obj, tuple)
+
+
+def is_sequence(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[Sequence[object]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, Sequence)
+
+
+def is_sequence_t(obj: _SequenceT | object) -> TypeGuard[_SequenceT]:
+    return isinstance(obj, Sequence)
+
+
+def is_mapping(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[Mapping[str, object]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, Mapping)
+
+
+def is_mapping_t(obj: _MappingT | object) -> TypeGuard[_MappingT]:
+    return isinstance(obj, Mapping)
+
+
+def is_dict(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[dict[object, object]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, dict)
+
+
+def is_list(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[list[object]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, list)
+
+
+def is_iterable(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[Iterable[object]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, Iterable)
+
+
+def deepcopy_minimal(item: _T) -> _T:
+    """Minimal reimplementation of copy.deepcopy() that will only copy certain object types:
+
+    - mappings, e.g. `dict`
+    - list
+
+    This is done for performance reasons.
+    """
+    if is_mapping(item):
+        return cast(_T, {k: deepcopy_minimal(v) for k, v in item.items()})
+    if is_list(item):
+        return cast(_T, [deepcopy_minimal(entry) for entry in item])
+    return item
+
+
+# copied from https://github.com/Rapptz/RoboDanny
+def human_join(seq: Sequence[str], *, delim: str = ", ", final: str = "or") -> str:
+    size = len(seq)
+    if size == 0:
+        return ""
+
+    if size == 1:
+        return seq[0]
+
+    if size == 2:
+        return f"{seq[0]} {final} {seq[1]}"
+
+    return delim.join(seq[:-1]) + f" {final} {seq[-1]}"
+
+
+def quote(string: str) -> str:
+    """Add single quotation marks around the given string. Does *not* do any escaping."""
+    return f"'{string}'"
+
+
+def required_args(*variants: Sequence[str]) -> Callable[[CallableT], CallableT]:
+    """Decorator to enforce a given set of arguments or variants of arguments are passed to the decorated function.
+
+    Useful for enforcing runtime validation of overloaded functions.
+
+    Example usage:
+    ```py
+    @overload
+    def foo(*, a: str) -> str: ...
+
+
+    @overload
+    def foo(*, b: bool) -> str: ...
+
+
+    # This enforces the same constraints that a static type checker would
+    # i.e. that either a or b must be passed to the function
+    @required_args(["a"], ["b"])
+    def foo(*, a: str | None = None, b: bool | None = None) -> str: ...
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def inner(func: CallableT) -> CallableT:
+        params = inspect.signature(func).parameters
+        positional = [
+            name
+            for name, param in params.items()
+            if param.kind
+            in {
+                param.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
+                param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
+            }
+        ]
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
+            given_params: set[str] = set()
+            for i, _ in enumerate(args):
+                try:
+                    given_params.add(positional[i])
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"{func.__name__}() takes {len(positional)} argument(s) but {len(args)} were given"
+                    ) from None
+
+            for key in kwargs.keys():
+                given_params.add(key)
+
+            for variant in variants:
+                matches = all((param in given_params for param in variant))
+                if matches:
+                    break
+            else:  # no break
+                if len(variants) > 1:
+                    variations = human_join(
+                        ["(" + human_join([quote(arg) for arg in variant], final="and") + ")" for variant in variants]
+                    )
+                    msg = f"Missing required arguments; Expected either {variations} arguments to be given"
+                else:
+                    assert len(variants) > 0
+
+                    # TODO: this error message is not deterministic
+                    missing = list(set(variants[0]) - given_params)
+                    if len(missing) > 1:
+                        msg = f"Missing required arguments: {human_join([quote(arg) for arg in missing])}"
+                    else:
+                        msg = f"Missing required argument: {quote(missing[0])}"
+                raise TypeError(msg)
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper  # type: ignore
+
+    return inner
+
+
+_K = TypeVar("_K")
+_V = TypeVar("_V")
+
+
+@overload
+def strip_not_given(obj: None) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def strip_not_given(obj: Mapping[_K, _V | NotGiven]) -> dict[_K, _V]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def strip_not_given(obj: object) -> object: ...
+
+
+def strip_not_given(obj: object | None) -> object:
+    """Remove all top-level keys where their values are instances of `NotGiven`"""
+    if obj is None:
+        return None
+
+    if not is_mapping(obj):
+        return obj
+
+    return {key: value for key, value in obj.items() if not isinstance(value, NotGiven)}
+
+
+def coerce_integer(val: str) -> int:
+    return int(val, base=10)
+
+
+def coerce_float(val: str) -> float:
+    return float(val)
+
+
+def coerce_boolean(val: str) -> bool:
+    return val == "true" or val == "1" or val == "on"
+
+
+def maybe_coerce_integer(val: str | None) -> int | None:
+    if val is None:
+        return None
+    return coerce_integer(val)
+
+
+def maybe_coerce_float(val: str | None) -> float | None:
+    if val is None:
+        return None
+    return coerce_float(val)
+
+
+def maybe_coerce_boolean(val: str | None) -> bool | None:
+    if val is None:
+        return None
+    return coerce_boolean(val)
+
+
+def removeprefix(string: str, prefix: str) -> str:
+    """Remove a prefix from a string.
+
+    Backport of `str.removeprefix` for Python < 3.9
+    """
+    if string.startswith(prefix):
+        return string[len(prefix) :]
+    return string
+
+
+def removesuffix(string: str, suffix: str) -> str:
+    """Remove a suffix from a string.
+
+    Backport of `str.removesuffix` for Python < 3.9
+    """
+    if string.endswith(suffix):
+        return string[: -len(suffix)]
+    return string
+
+
+def file_from_path(path: str) -> FileTypes:
+    contents = Path(path).read_bytes()
+    file_name = os.path.basename(path)
+    return (file_name, contents)
+
+
+def get_required_header(headers: HeadersLike, header: str) -> str:
+    lower_header = header.lower()
+    if is_mapping_t(headers):
+        # mypy doesn't understand the type narrowing here
+        for k, v in headers.items():  # type: ignore
+            if k.lower() == lower_header and isinstance(v, str):
+                return v
+
+    # to deal with the case where the header looks like Stainless-Event-Id
+    intercaps_header = re.sub(r"([^\w])(\w)", lambda pat: pat.group(1) + pat.group(2).upper(), header.capitalize())
+
+    for normalized_header in [header, lower_header, header.upper(), intercaps_header]:
+        value = headers.get(normalized_header)
+        if value:
+            return value
+
+    raise ValueError(f"Could not find {header} header")
+
+
+def get_async_library() -> str:
+    try:
+        return sniffio.current_async_library()
+    except Exception:
+        return "false"
+
+
+def lru_cache(*, maxsize: int | None = 128) -> Callable[[CallableT], CallableT]:
+    """A version of functools.lru_cache that retains the type signature
+    for the wrapped function arguments.
+    """
+    wrapper = functools.lru_cache(  # noqa: TID251
+        maxsize=maxsize,
+    )
+    return cast(Any, wrapper)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+def json_safe(data: object) -> object:
+    """Translates a mapping / sequence recursively in the same fashion
+    as `pydantic` v2's `model_dump(mode="json")`.
+    """
+    if is_mapping(data):
+        return {json_safe(key): json_safe(value) for key, value in data.items()}
+
+    if is_iterable(data) and not isinstance(data, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+        return [json_safe(item) for item in data]
+
+    if isinstance(data, (datetime, date)):
+        return data.isoformat()
+
+    return data
+
+
+def is_azure_client(client: object) -> TypeGuard[AzureOpenAI]:
+    from ..lib.azure import AzureOpenAI
+
+    return isinstance(client, AzureOpenAI)
+
+
+def is_async_azure_client(client: object) -> TypeGuard[AsyncAzureOpenAI]:
+    from ..lib.azure import AsyncAzureOpenAI
+
+    return isinstance(client, AsyncAzureOpenAI)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b430dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/_version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+__title__ = "openai"
+__version__ = "1.78.1"  # x-release-please-version
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d453d5e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from ._cli import main as main
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56a0260a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from ._main import register_commands as register_commands
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/__pycache__/models.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/__pycache__/models.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/_main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/_main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe5a5e6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/_main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from . import chat, audio, files, image, models, completions
+
+
+def register_commands(parser: ArgumentParser) -> None:
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help="All API subcommands")
+
+    chat.register(subparsers)
+    image.register(subparsers)
+    audio.register(subparsers)
+    files.register(subparsers)
+    models.register(subparsers)
+    completions.register(subparsers)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/audio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/audio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..269c67df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/audio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, cast
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from .._utils import get_client, print_model
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .._progress import BufferReader
+from ...types.audio import Transcription
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    # transcriptions
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("audio.transcriptions.create")
+
+    # Required
+    sub.add_argument("-m", "--model", type=str, default="whisper-1")
+    sub.add_argument("-f", "--file", type=str, required=True)
+    # Optional
+    sub.add_argument("--response-format", type=str)
+    sub.add_argument("--language", type=str)
+    sub.add_argument("-t", "--temperature", type=float)
+    sub.add_argument("--prompt", type=str)
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIAudio.transcribe, args_model=CLITranscribeArgs)
+
+    # translations
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("audio.translations.create")
+
+    # Required
+    sub.add_argument("-f", "--file", type=str, required=True)
+    # Optional
+    sub.add_argument("-m", "--model", type=str, default="whisper-1")
+    sub.add_argument("--response-format", type=str)
+    # TODO: doesn't seem to be supported by the API
+    # sub.add_argument("--language", type=str)
+    sub.add_argument("-t", "--temperature", type=float)
+    sub.add_argument("--prompt", type=str)
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIAudio.translate, args_model=CLITranslationArgs)
+
+
+class CLITranscribeArgs(BaseModel):
+    model: str
+    file: str
+    response_format: Optional[str] = None
+    language: Optional[str] = None
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    prompt: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class CLITranslationArgs(BaseModel):
+    model: str
+    file: str
+    response_format: Optional[str] = None
+    language: Optional[str] = None
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    prompt: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+class CLIAudio:
+    @staticmethod
+    def transcribe(args: CLITranscribeArgs) -> None:
+        with open(args.file, "rb") as file_reader:
+            buffer_reader = BufferReader(file_reader.read(), desc="Upload progress")
+
+        model = cast(
+            "Transcription | str",
+            get_client().audio.transcriptions.create(
+                file=(args.file, buffer_reader),
+                model=args.model,
+                language=args.language or NOT_GIVEN,
+                temperature=args.temperature or NOT_GIVEN,
+                prompt=args.prompt or NOT_GIVEN,
+                # casts required because the API is typed for enums
+                # but we don't want to validate that here for forwards-compat
+                response_format=cast(Any, args.response_format),
+            ),
+        )
+        if isinstance(model, str):
+            sys.stdout.write(model + "\n")
+        else:
+            print_model(model)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def translate(args: CLITranslationArgs) -> None:
+        with open(args.file, "rb") as file_reader:
+            buffer_reader = BufferReader(file_reader.read(), desc="Upload progress")
+
+        model = cast(
+            "Transcription | str",
+            get_client().audio.translations.create(
+                file=(args.file, buffer_reader),
+                model=args.model,
+                temperature=args.temperature or NOT_GIVEN,
+                prompt=args.prompt or NOT_GIVEN,
+                # casts required because the API is typed for enums
+                # but we don't want to validate that here for forwards-compat
+                response_format=cast(Any, args.response_format),
+            ),
+        )
+        if isinstance(model, str):
+            sys.stdout.write(model + "\n")
+        else:
+            print_model(model)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87d97163
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from . import completions
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    completions.register(subparser)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/__pycache__/completions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/__pycache__/completions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/completions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/completions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..344eeff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/chat/completions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, cast
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing_extensions import Literal, NamedTuple
+
+from ..._utils import get_client
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ...._streaming import Stream
+from ....types.chat import (
+    ChatCompletionRole,
+    ChatCompletionChunk,
+    CompletionCreateParams,
+)
+from ....types.chat.completion_create_params import (
+    CompletionCreateParamsStreaming,
+    CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("chat.completions.create")
+
+    sub._action_groups.pop()
+    req = sub.add_argument_group("required arguments")
+    opt = sub.add_argument_group("optional arguments")
+
+    req.add_argument(
+        "-g",
+        "--message",
+        action="append",
+        nargs=2,
+        metavar=("ROLE", "CONTENT"),
+        help="A message in `{role} {content}` format. Use this argument multiple times to add multiple messages.",
+        required=True,
+    )
+    req.add_argument(
+        "-m",
+        "--model",
+        help="The model to use.",
+        required=True,
+    )
+
+    opt.add_argument(
+        "-n",
+        "--n",
+        help="How many completions to generate for the conversation.",
+        type=int,
+    )
+    opt.add_argument("-M", "--max-tokens", help="The maximum number of tokens to generate.", type=int)
+    opt.add_argument(
+        "-t",
+        "--temperature",
+        help="""What sampling temperature to use. Higher values means the model will take more risks. Try 0.9 for more creative applications, and 0 (argmax sampling) for ones with a well-defined answer.
+
+Mutually exclusive with `top_p`.""",
+        type=float,
+    )
+    opt.add_argument(
+        "-P",
+        "--top_p",
+        help="""An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1 means only the tokens comprising the top 10%% probability mass are considered.
+
+            Mutually exclusive with `temperature`.""",
+        type=float,
+    )
+    opt.add_argument(
+        "--stop",
+        help="A stop sequence at which to stop generating tokens for the message.",
+    )
+    opt.add_argument("--stream", help="Stream messages as they're ready.", action="store_true")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIChatCompletion.create, args_model=CLIChatCompletionCreateArgs)
+
+
+class CLIMessage(NamedTuple):
+    role: ChatCompletionRole
+    content: str
+
+
+class CLIChatCompletionCreateArgs(BaseModel):
+    message: List[CLIMessage]
+    model: str
+    n: Optional[int] = None
+    max_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    stop: Optional[str] = None
+    stream: bool = False
+
+
+class CLIChatCompletion:
+    @staticmethod
+    def create(args: CLIChatCompletionCreateArgs) -> None:
+        params: CompletionCreateParams = {
+            "model": args.model,
+            "messages": [
+                {"role": cast(Literal["user"], message.role), "content": message.content} for message in args.message
+            ],
+            # type checkers are not good at inferring union types so we have to set stream afterwards
+            "stream": False,
+        }
+        if args.temperature is not None:
+            params["temperature"] = args.temperature
+        if args.stop is not None:
+            params["stop"] = args.stop
+        if args.top_p is not None:
+            params["top_p"] = args.top_p
+        if args.n is not None:
+            params["n"] = args.n
+        if args.stream:
+            params["stream"] = args.stream  # type: ignore
+        if args.max_tokens is not None:
+            params["max_tokens"] = args.max_tokens
+
+        if args.stream:
+            return CLIChatCompletion._stream_create(cast(CompletionCreateParamsStreaming, params))
+
+        return CLIChatCompletion._create(cast(CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming, params))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create(params: CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming) -> None:
+        completion = get_client().chat.completions.create(**params)
+        should_print_header = len(completion.choices) > 1
+        for choice in completion.choices:
+            if should_print_header:
+                sys.stdout.write("===== Chat Completion {} =====\n".format(choice.index))
+
+            content = choice.message.content if choice.message.content is not None else "None"
+            sys.stdout.write(content)
+
+            if should_print_header or not content.endswith("\n"):
+                sys.stdout.write("\n")
+
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _stream_create(params: CompletionCreateParamsStreaming) -> None:
+        # cast is required for mypy
+        stream = cast(  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+            Stream[ChatCompletionChunk], get_client().chat.completions.create(**params)
+        )
+        for chunk in stream:
+            should_print_header = len(chunk.choices) > 1
+            for choice in chunk.choices:
+                if should_print_header:
+                    sys.stdout.write("===== Chat Completion {} =====\n".format(choice.index))
+
+                content = choice.delta.content or ""
+                sys.stdout.write(content)
+
+                if should_print_header:
+                    sys.stdout.write("\n")
+
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+
+        sys.stdout.write("\n")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/completions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/completions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbdb35bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/completions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, cast
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from functools import partial
+
+from openai.types.completion import Completion
+
+from .._utils import get_client
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, NotGivenOr
+from ..._utils import is_given
+from .._errors import CLIError
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from ..._streaming import Stream
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("completions.create")
+
+    # Required
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-m",
+        "--model",
+        help="The model to use",
+        required=True,
+    )
+
+    # Optional
+    sub.add_argument("-p", "--prompt", help="An optional prompt to complete from")
+    sub.add_argument("--stream", help="Stream tokens as they're ready.", action="store_true")
+    sub.add_argument("-M", "--max-tokens", help="The maximum number of tokens to generate", type=int)
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-t",
+        "--temperature",
+        help="""What sampling temperature to use. Higher values means the model will take more risks. Try 0.9 for more creative applications, and 0 (argmax sampling) for ones with a well-defined answer.
+
+Mutually exclusive with `top_p`.""",
+        type=float,
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-P",
+        "--top_p",
+        help="""An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1 means only the tokens comprising the top 10%% probability mass are considered.
+
+            Mutually exclusive with `temperature`.""",
+        type=float,
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-n",
+        "--n",
+        help="How many sub-completions to generate for each prompt.",
+        type=int,
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "--logprobs",
+        help="Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely tokens, as well the chosen tokens. So for example, if `logprobs` is 10, the API will return a list of the 10 most likely tokens. If `logprobs` is 0, only the chosen tokens will have logprobs returned.",
+        type=int,
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "--best_of",
+        help="Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the 'best' (the one with the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.",
+        type=int,
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "--echo",
+        help="Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion",
+        action="store_true",
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "--frequency_penalty",
+        help="Positive values penalize new tokens based on their existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to repeat the same line verbatim.",
+        type=float,
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "--presence_penalty",
+        help="Positive values penalize new tokens based on whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to talk about new topics.",
+        type=float,
+    )
+    sub.add_argument("--suffix", help="The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.")
+    sub.add_argument("--stop", help="A stop sequence at which to stop generating tokens.")
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "--user",
+        help="A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor and detect abuse.",
+    )
+    # TODO: add support for logit_bias
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLICompletions.create, args_model=CLICompletionCreateArgs)
+
+
+class CLICompletionCreateArgs(BaseModel):
+    model: str
+    stream: bool = False
+
+    prompt: Optional[str] = None
+    n: NotGivenOr[int] = NOT_GIVEN
+    stop: NotGivenOr[str] = NOT_GIVEN
+    user: NotGivenOr[str] = NOT_GIVEN
+    echo: NotGivenOr[bool] = NOT_GIVEN
+    suffix: NotGivenOr[str] = NOT_GIVEN
+    best_of: NotGivenOr[int] = NOT_GIVEN
+    top_p: NotGivenOr[float] = NOT_GIVEN
+    logprobs: NotGivenOr[int] = NOT_GIVEN
+    max_tokens: NotGivenOr[int] = NOT_GIVEN
+    temperature: NotGivenOr[float] = NOT_GIVEN
+    presence_penalty: NotGivenOr[float] = NOT_GIVEN
+    frequency_penalty: NotGivenOr[float] = NOT_GIVEN
+
+
+class CLICompletions:
+    @staticmethod
+    def create(args: CLICompletionCreateArgs) -> None:
+        if is_given(args.n) and args.n > 1 and args.stream:
+            raise CLIError("Can't stream completions with n>1 with the current CLI")
+
+        make_request = partial(
+            get_client().completions.create,
+            n=args.n,
+            echo=args.echo,
+            stop=args.stop,
+            user=args.user,
+            model=args.model,
+            top_p=args.top_p,
+            prompt=args.prompt,
+            suffix=args.suffix,
+            best_of=args.best_of,
+            logprobs=args.logprobs,
+            max_tokens=args.max_tokens,
+            temperature=args.temperature,
+            presence_penalty=args.presence_penalty,
+            frequency_penalty=args.frequency_penalty,
+        )
+
+        if args.stream:
+            return CLICompletions._stream_create(
+                # mypy doesn't understand the `partial` function but pyright does
+                cast(Stream[Completion], make_request(stream=True))  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+            )
+
+        return CLICompletions._create(make_request())
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create(completion: Completion) -> None:
+        should_print_header = len(completion.choices) > 1
+        for choice in completion.choices:
+            if should_print_header:
+                sys.stdout.write("===== Completion {} =====\n".format(choice.index))
+
+            sys.stdout.write(choice.text)
+
+            if should_print_header or not choice.text.endswith("\n"):
+                sys.stdout.write("\n")
+
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _stream_create(stream: Stream[Completion]) -> None:
+        for completion in stream:
+            should_print_header = len(completion.choices) > 1
+            for choice in sorted(completion.choices, key=lambda c: c.index):
+                if should_print_header:
+                    sys.stdout.write("===== Chat Completion {} =====\n".format(choice.index))
+
+                sys.stdout.write(choice.text)
+
+                if should_print_header:
+                    sys.stdout.write("\n")
+
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+
+        sys.stdout.write("\n")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/files.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/files.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f3631b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from .._utils import get_client, print_model
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .._progress import BufferReader
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("files.create")
+
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-f",
+        "--file",
+        required=True,
+        help="File to upload",
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-p",
+        "--purpose",
+        help="Why are you uploading this file? (see https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/ for purposes)",
+        required=True,
+    )
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIFile.create, args_model=CLIFileCreateArgs)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("files.retrieve")
+    sub.add_argument("-i", "--id", required=True, help="The files ID")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIFile.get, args_model=CLIFileCreateArgs)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("files.delete")
+    sub.add_argument("-i", "--id", required=True, help="The files ID")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIFile.delete, args_model=CLIFileCreateArgs)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("files.list")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIFile.list)
+
+
+class CLIFileIDArgs(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+
+class CLIFileCreateArgs(BaseModel):
+    file: str
+    purpose: str
+
+
+class CLIFile:
+    @staticmethod
+    def create(args: CLIFileCreateArgs) -> None:
+        with open(args.file, "rb") as file_reader:
+            buffer_reader = BufferReader(file_reader.read(), desc="Upload progress")
+
+        file = get_client().files.create(
+            file=(args.file, buffer_reader),
+            # casts required because the API is typed for enums
+            # but we don't want to validate that here for forwards-compat
+            purpose=cast(Any, args.purpose),
+        )
+        print_model(file)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get(args: CLIFileIDArgs) -> None:
+        file = get_client().files.retrieve(file_id=args.id)
+        print_model(file)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def delete(args: CLIFileIDArgs) -> None:
+        file = get_client().files.delete(file_id=args.id)
+        print_model(file)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def list() -> None:
+        files = get_client().files.list()
+        for file in files:
+            print_model(file)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/image.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/image.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e2a0a90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/image.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from .._utils import get_client, print_model
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, NotGiven, NotGivenOr
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .._progress import BufferReader
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("images.generate")
+    sub.add_argument("-m", "--model", type=str)
+    sub.add_argument("-p", "--prompt", type=str, required=True)
+    sub.add_argument("-n", "--num-images", type=int, default=1)
+    sub.add_argument("-s", "--size", type=str, default="1024x1024", help="Size of the output image")
+    sub.add_argument("--response-format", type=str, default="url")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIImage.create, args_model=CLIImageCreateArgs)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("images.edit")
+    sub.add_argument("-m", "--model", type=str)
+    sub.add_argument("-p", "--prompt", type=str, required=True)
+    sub.add_argument("-n", "--num-images", type=int, default=1)
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-I",
+        "--image",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Image to modify. Should be a local path and a PNG encoded image.",
+    )
+    sub.add_argument("-s", "--size", type=str, default="1024x1024", help="Size of the output image")
+    sub.add_argument("--response-format", type=str, default="url")
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-M",
+        "--mask",
+        type=str,
+        required=False,
+        help="Path to a mask image. It should be the same size as the image you're editing and a RGBA PNG image. The Alpha channel acts as the mask.",
+    )
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIImage.edit, args_model=CLIImageEditArgs)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("images.create_variation")
+    sub.add_argument("-m", "--model", type=str)
+    sub.add_argument("-n", "--num-images", type=int, default=1)
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-I",
+        "--image",
+        type=str,
+        required=True,
+        help="Image to modify. Should be a local path and a PNG encoded image.",
+    )
+    sub.add_argument("-s", "--size", type=str, default="1024x1024", help="Size of the output image")
+    sub.add_argument("--response-format", type=str, default="url")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIImage.create_variation, args_model=CLIImageCreateVariationArgs)
+
+
+class CLIImageCreateArgs(BaseModel):
+    prompt: str
+    num_images: int
+    size: str
+    response_format: str
+    model: NotGivenOr[str] = NOT_GIVEN
+
+
+class CLIImageCreateVariationArgs(BaseModel):
+    image: str
+    num_images: int
+    size: str
+    response_format: str
+    model: NotGivenOr[str] = NOT_GIVEN
+
+
+class CLIImageEditArgs(BaseModel):
+    image: str
+    num_images: int
+    size: str
+    response_format: str
+    prompt: str
+    mask: NotGivenOr[str] = NOT_GIVEN
+    model: NotGivenOr[str] = NOT_GIVEN
+
+
+class CLIImage:
+    @staticmethod
+    def create(args: CLIImageCreateArgs) -> None:
+        image = get_client().images.generate(
+            model=args.model,
+            prompt=args.prompt,
+            n=args.num_images,
+            # casts required because the API is typed for enums
+            # but we don't want to validate that here for forwards-compat
+            size=cast(Any, args.size),
+            response_format=cast(Any, args.response_format),
+        )
+        print_model(image)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def create_variation(args: CLIImageCreateVariationArgs) -> None:
+        with open(args.image, "rb") as file_reader:
+            buffer_reader = BufferReader(file_reader.read(), desc="Upload progress")
+
+        image = get_client().images.create_variation(
+            model=args.model,
+            image=("image", buffer_reader),
+            n=args.num_images,
+            # casts required because the API is typed for enums
+            # but we don't want to validate that here for forwards-compat
+            size=cast(Any, args.size),
+            response_format=cast(Any, args.response_format),
+        )
+        print_model(image)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def edit(args: CLIImageEditArgs) -> None:
+        with open(args.image, "rb") as file_reader:
+            buffer_reader = BufferReader(file_reader.read(), desc="Image upload progress")
+
+        if isinstance(args.mask, NotGiven):
+            mask: NotGivenOr[BufferReader] = NOT_GIVEN
+        else:
+            with open(args.mask, "rb") as file_reader:
+                mask = BufferReader(file_reader.read(), desc="Mask progress")
+
+        image = get_client().images.edit(
+            model=args.model,
+            prompt=args.prompt,
+            image=("image", buffer_reader),
+            n=args.num_images,
+            mask=("mask", mask) if not isinstance(mask, NotGiven) else mask,
+            # casts required because the API is typed for enums
+            # but we don't want to validate that here for forwards-compat
+            size=cast(Any, args.size),
+            response_format=cast(Any, args.response_format),
+        )
+        print_model(image)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..017218fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_api/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from .._utils import get_client, print_model
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("models.list")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIModels.list)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("models.retrieve")
+    sub.add_argument("-i", "--id", required=True, help="The model ID")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIModels.get, args_model=CLIModelIDArgs)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("models.delete")
+    sub.add_argument("-i", "--id", required=True, help="The model ID")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=CLIModels.delete, args_model=CLIModelIDArgs)
+
+
+class CLIModelIDArgs(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+
+class CLIModels:
+    @staticmethod
+    def get(args: CLIModelIDArgs) -> None:
+        model = get_client().models.retrieve(model=args.id)
+        print_model(model)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def delete(args: CLIModelIDArgs) -> None:
+        model = get_client().models.delete(model=args.id)
+        print_model(model)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def list() -> None:
+        models = get_client().models.list()
+        for model in models:
+            print_model(model)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_cli.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd165f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import logging
+import argparse
+from typing import Any, List, Type, Optional
+from typing_extensions import ClassVar
+
+import httpx
+import pydantic
+
+import openai
+
+from . import _tools
+from .. import _ApiType, __version__
+from ._api import register_commands
+from ._utils import can_use_http2
+from ._errors import CLIError, display_error
+from .._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, ConfigDict, model_parse
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .._exceptions import APIError
+
+logger = logging.getLogger()
+formatter = logging.Formatter("[%(asctime)s] %(message)s")
+handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stderr)
+handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+class Arguments(BaseModel):
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: ClassVar[ConfigDict] = ConfigDict(
+            extra="ignore",
+        )
+    else:
+
+        class Config(pydantic.BaseConfig):  # type: ignore
+            extra: Any = pydantic.Extra.ignore  # type: ignore
+
+    verbosity: int
+    version: Optional[str] = None
+
+    api_key: Optional[str]
+    api_base: Optional[str]
+    organization: Optional[str]
+    proxy: Optional[List[str]]
+    api_type: Optional[_ApiType] = None
+    api_version: Optional[str] = None
+
+    # azure
+    azure_endpoint: Optional[str] = None
+    azure_ad_token: Optional[str] = None
+
+    # internal, set by subparsers to parse their specific args
+    args_model: Optional[Type[BaseModel]] = None
+
+    # internal, used so that subparsers can forward unknown arguments
+    unknown_args: List[str] = []
+    allow_unknown_args: bool = False
+
+
+def _build_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=None, prog="openai")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-v",
+        "--verbose",
+        action="count",
+        dest="verbosity",
+        default=0,
+        help="Set verbosity.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("-b", "--api-base", help="What API base url to use.")
+    parser.add_argument("-k", "--api-key", help="What API key to use.")
+    parser.add_argument("-p", "--proxy", nargs="+", help="What proxy to use.")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-o",
+        "--organization",
+        help="Which organization to run as (will use your default organization if not specified)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-t",
+        "--api-type",
+        type=str,
+        choices=("openai", "azure"),
+        help="The backend API to call, must be `openai` or `azure`",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--api-version",
+        help="The Azure API version, e.g. 'https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/ai-services/openai/reference#rest-api-versioning'",
+    )
+
+    # azure
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--azure-endpoint",
+        help="The Azure endpoint, e.g. 'https://endpoint.openai.azure.com'",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--azure-ad-token",
+        help="A token from Azure Active Directory, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/identity-access/microsoft-entra-id",
+    )
+
+    # prints the package version
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-V",
+        "--version",
+        action="version",
+        version="%(prog)s " + __version__,
+    )
+
+    def help() -> None:
+        parser.print_help()
+
+    parser.set_defaults(func=help)
+
+    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers()
+    sub_api = subparsers.add_parser("api", help="Direct API calls")
+
+    register_commands(sub_api)
+
+    sub_tools = subparsers.add_parser("tools", help="Client side tools for convenience")
+    _tools.register_commands(sub_tools, subparsers)
+
+    return parser
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    try:
+        _main()
+    except (APIError, CLIError, pydantic.ValidationError) as err:
+        display_error(err)
+        return 1
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        sys.stderr.write("\n")
+        return 1
+    return 0
+
+
+def _parse_args(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser) -> tuple[argparse.Namespace, Arguments, list[str]]:
+    # argparse by default will strip out the `--` but we want to keep it for unknown arguments
+    if "--" in sys.argv:
+        idx = sys.argv.index("--")
+        known_args = sys.argv[1:idx]
+        unknown_args = sys.argv[idx:]
+    else:
+        known_args = sys.argv[1:]
+        unknown_args = []
+
+    parsed, remaining_unknown = parser.parse_known_args(known_args)
+
+    # append any remaining unknown arguments from the initial parsing
+    remaining_unknown.extend(unknown_args)
+
+    args = model_parse(Arguments, vars(parsed))
+    if not args.allow_unknown_args:
+        # we have to parse twice to ensure any unknown arguments
+        # result in an error if that behaviour is desired
+        parser.parse_args()
+
+    return parsed, args, remaining_unknown
+
+
+def _main() -> None:
+    parser = _build_parser()
+    parsed, args, unknown = _parse_args(parser)
+
+    if args.verbosity != 0:
+        sys.stderr.write("Warning: --verbosity isn't supported yet\n")
+
+    proxies: dict[str, httpx.BaseTransport] = {}
+    if args.proxy is not None:
+        for proxy in args.proxy:
+            key = "https://" if proxy.startswith("https") else "http://"
+            if key in proxies:
+                raise CLIError(f"Multiple {key} proxies given - only the last one would be used")
+
+            proxies[key] = httpx.HTTPTransport(proxy=httpx.Proxy(httpx.URL(proxy)))
+
+    http_client = httpx.Client(
+        mounts=proxies or None,
+        http2=can_use_http2(),
+    )
+    openai.http_client = http_client
+
+    if args.organization:
+        openai.organization = args.organization
+
+    if args.api_key:
+        openai.api_key = args.api_key
+
+    if args.api_base:
+        openai.base_url = args.api_base
+
+    # azure
+    if args.api_type is not None:
+        openai.api_type = args.api_type
+
+    if args.azure_endpoint is not None:
+        openai.azure_endpoint = args.azure_endpoint
+
+    if args.api_version is not None:
+        openai.api_version = args.api_version
+
+    if args.azure_ad_token is not None:
+        openai.azure_ad_token = args.azure_ad_token
+
+    try:
+        if args.args_model:
+            parsed.func(
+                model_parse(
+                    args.args_model,
+                    {
+                        **{
+                            # we omit None values so that they can be defaulted to `NotGiven`
+                            # and we'll strip it from the API request
+                            key: value
+                            for key, value in vars(parsed).items()
+                            if value is not None
+                        },
+                        "unknown_args": unknown,
+                    },
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            parsed.func()
+    finally:
+        try:
+            http_client.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_errors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d0292da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+import pydantic
+
+from ._utils import Colors, organization_info
+from .._exceptions import APIError, OpenAIError
+
+
+class CLIError(OpenAIError): ...
+
+
+class SilentCLIError(CLIError): ...
+
+
+def display_error(err: CLIError | APIError | pydantic.ValidationError) -> None:
+    if isinstance(err, SilentCLIError):
+        return
+
+    sys.stderr.write("{}{}Error:{} {}\n".format(organization_info(), Colors.FAIL, Colors.ENDC, err))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5583db26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from typing import Any
+from typing_extensions import ClassVar
+
+import pydantic
+
+from .. import _models
+from .._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, ConfigDict
+
+
+class BaseModel(_models.BaseModel):
+    if PYDANTIC_V2:
+        model_config: ClassVar[ConfigDict] = ConfigDict(extra="ignore", arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+    else:
+
+        class Config(pydantic.BaseConfig):  # type: ignore
+            extra: Any = pydantic.Extra.ignore  # type: ignore
+            arbitrary_types_allowed: bool = True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_progress.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_progress.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a7f2525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_progress.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+from typing import Callable
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+
+class CancelledError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, msg: str) -> None:
+        self.msg = msg
+        super().__init__(msg)
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.msg
+
+    __repr__ = __str__
+
+
+class BufferReader(io.BytesIO):
+    def __init__(self, buf: bytes = b"", desc: str | None = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(buf)
+        self._len = len(buf)
+        self._progress = 0
+        self._callback = progress(len(buf), desc=desc)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self._len
+
+    @override
+    def read(self, n: int | None = -1) -> bytes:
+        chunk = io.BytesIO.read(self, n)
+        self._progress += len(chunk)
+
+        try:
+            self._callback(self._progress)
+        except Exception as e:  # catches exception from the callback
+            raise CancelledError("The upload was cancelled: {}".format(e)) from e
+
+        return chunk
+
+
+def progress(total: float, desc: str | None) -> Callable[[float], None]:
+    import tqdm
+
+    meter = tqdm.tqdm(total=total, unit_scale=True, desc=desc)
+
+    def incr(progress: float) -> None:
+        meter.n = progress
+        if progress == total:
+            meter.close()
+        else:
+            meter.refresh()
+
+    return incr
+
+
+def MB(i: int) -> int:
+    return int(i // 1024**2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56a0260a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+from ._main import register_commands as register_commands
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__pycache__/fine_tunes.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__pycache__/fine_tunes.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6a01693
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__pycache__/migrate.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/__pycache__/migrate.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ca21fb2
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/_main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/_main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd6cda40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/_main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from . import migrate, fine_tunes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register_commands(parser: ArgumentParser, subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    migrate.register(subparser)
+
+    namespaced = parser.add_subparsers(title="Tools", help="Convenience client side tools")
+
+    fine_tunes.register(namespaced)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/fine_tunes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/fine_tunes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2128b889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/fine_tunes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from ...lib._validators import (
+    get_validators,
+    write_out_file,
+    read_any_format,
+    apply_validators,
+    apply_necessary_remediation,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("fine_tunes.prepare_data")
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-f",
+        "--file",
+        required=True,
+        help="JSONL, JSON, CSV, TSV, TXT or XLSX file containing prompt-completion examples to be analyzed."
+        "This should be the local file path.",
+    )
+    sub.add_argument(
+        "-q",
+        "--quiet",
+        required=False,
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Auto accepts all suggestions, without asking for user input. To be used within scripts.",
+    )
+    sub.set_defaults(func=prepare_data, args_model=PrepareDataArgs)
+
+
+class PrepareDataArgs(BaseModel):
+    file: str
+
+    quiet: bool
+
+
+def prepare_data(args: PrepareDataArgs) -> None:
+    sys.stdout.write("Analyzing...\n")
+    fname = args.file
+    auto_accept = args.quiet
+    df, remediation = read_any_format(fname)
+    apply_necessary_remediation(None, remediation)
+
+    validators = get_validators()
+
+    assert df is not None
+
+    apply_validators(
+        df,
+        fname,
+        remediation,
+        validators,
+        auto_accept,
+        write_out_file_func=write_out_file,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/migrate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/migrate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..841b7775
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_tools/migrate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+import shutil
+import tarfile
+import platform
+import subprocess
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List
+from pathlib import Path
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+
+import httpx
+
+from .._errors import CLIError, SilentCLIError
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import _SubParsersAction
+
+
+def register(subparser: _SubParsersAction[ArgumentParser]) -> None:
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("migrate")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=migrate, args_model=MigrateArgs, allow_unknown_args=True)
+
+    sub = subparser.add_parser("grit")
+    sub.set_defaults(func=grit, args_model=GritArgs, allow_unknown_args=True)
+
+
+class GritArgs(BaseModel):
+    # internal
+    unknown_args: List[str] = []
+
+
+def grit(args: GritArgs) -> None:
+    grit_path = install()
+
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call([grit_path, *args.unknown_args])
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        # stdout and stderr are forwarded by subprocess so an error will already
+        # have been displayed
+        raise SilentCLIError() from None
+
+
+class MigrateArgs(BaseModel):
+    # internal
+    unknown_args: List[str] = []
+
+
+def migrate(args: MigrateArgs) -> None:
+    grit_path = install()
+
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_call([grit_path, "apply", "openai", *args.unknown_args])
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        # stdout and stderr are forwarded by subprocess so an error will already
+        # have been displayed
+        raise SilentCLIError() from None
+
+
+# handles downloading the Grit CLI until they provide their own PyPi package
+
+KEYGEN_ACCOUNT = "custodian-dev"
+
+
+def _cache_dir() -> Path:
+    xdg = os.environ.get("XDG_CACHE_HOME")
+    if xdg is not None:
+        return Path(xdg)
+
+    return Path.home() / ".cache"
+
+
+def _debug(message: str) -> None:
+    if not os.environ.get("DEBUG"):
+        return
+
+    sys.stdout.write(f"[DEBUG]: {message}\n")
+
+
+def install() -> Path:
+    """Installs the Grit CLI and returns the location of the binary"""
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        raise CLIError("Windows is not supported yet in the migration CLI")
+
+    _debug("Using Grit installer from GitHub")
+
+    platform = "apple-darwin" if sys.platform == "darwin" else "unknown-linux-gnu"
+
+    dir_name = _cache_dir() / "openai-python"
+    install_dir = dir_name / ".install"
+    target_dir = install_dir / "bin"
+
+    target_path = target_dir / "grit"
+    temp_file = target_dir / "grit.tmp"
+
+    if target_path.exists():
+        _debug(f"{target_path} already exists")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        return target_path
+
+    _debug(f"Using Grit CLI path: {target_path}")
+
+    target_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    if temp_file.exists():
+        temp_file.unlink()
+
+    arch = _get_arch()
+    _debug(f"Using architecture {arch}")
+
+    file_name = f"grit-{arch}-{platform}"
+    download_url = f"https://github.com/getgrit/gritql/releases/latest/download/{file_name}.tar.gz"
+
+    sys.stdout.write(f"Downloading Grit CLI from {download_url}\n")
+    with httpx.Client() as client:
+        download_response = client.get(download_url, follow_redirects=True)
+        if download_response.status_code != 200:
+            raise CLIError(f"Failed to download Grit CLI from {download_url}")
+        with open(temp_file, "wb") as file:
+            for chunk in download_response.iter_bytes():
+                file.write(chunk)
+
+    unpacked_dir = target_dir / "cli-bin"
+    unpacked_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    with tarfile.open(temp_file, "r:gz") as archive:
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+            archive.extractall(unpacked_dir, filter="data")
+        else:
+            archive.extractall(unpacked_dir)
+
+    _move_files_recursively(unpacked_dir, target_dir)
+
+    shutil.rmtree(unpacked_dir)
+    os.remove(temp_file)
+    os.chmod(target_path, 0o755)
+
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    return target_path
+
+
+def _move_files_recursively(source_dir: Path, target_dir: Path) -> None:
+    for item in source_dir.iterdir():
+        if item.is_file():
+            item.rename(target_dir / item.name)
+        elif item.is_dir():
+            _move_files_recursively(item, target_dir)
+
+
+def _get_arch() -> str:
+    architecture = platform.machine().lower()
+
+    # Map the architecture names to Grit equivalents
+    arch_map = {
+        "x86_64": "x86_64",
+        "amd64": "x86_64",
+        "armv7l": "aarch64",
+        "arm64": "aarch64",
+    }
+
+    return arch_map.get(architecture, architecture)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..673eed61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/cli/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+import openai
+
+from .. import OpenAI, _load_client
+from .._compat import model_json
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+
+class Colors:
+    HEADER = "\033[95m"
+    OKBLUE = "\033[94m"
+    OKGREEN = "\033[92m"
+    WARNING = "\033[93m"
+    FAIL = "\033[91m"
+    ENDC = "\033[0m"
+    BOLD = "\033[1m"
+    UNDERLINE = "\033[4m"
+
+
+def get_client() -> OpenAI:
+    return _load_client()
+
+
+def organization_info() -> str:
+    organization = openai.organization
+    if organization is not None:
+        return "[organization={}] ".format(organization)
+
+    return ""
+
+
+def print_model(model: BaseModel) -> None:
+    sys.stdout.write(model_json(model, indent=2) + "\n")
+
+
+def can_use_http2() -> bool:
+    try:
+        import h2  # type: ignore  # noqa
+    except ImportError:
+        return False
+
+    return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab3044da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .microphone import Microphone
+from .local_audio_player import LocalAudioPlayer
+
+__all__ = ["Microphone", "LocalAudioPlayer"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__pycache__/local_audio_player.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__pycache__/local_audio_player.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..6d614d92
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__pycache__/microphone.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/__pycache__/microphone.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bee58ed9
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/local_audio_player.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/local_audio_player.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eed68aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/local_audio_player.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import queue
+import asyncio
+from typing import Any, Union, Callable, AsyncGenerator, cast
+from typing_extensions import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from .._extras import numpy as np, sounddevice as sd
+from .._response import StreamedBinaryAPIResponse, AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import numpy.typing as npt
+
+SAMPLE_RATE = 24000
+
+
+class LocalAudioPlayer:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        should_stop: Union[Callable[[], bool], None] = None,
+    ):
+        self.channels = 1
+        self.dtype = np.float32
+        self.should_stop = should_stop
+
+    async def _tts_response_to_buffer(
+        self,
+        response: Union[
+            _legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent,
+            AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+            StreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+        ],
+    ) -> npt.NDArray[np.float32]:
+        chunks: list[bytes] = []
+        if isinstance(response, _legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent) or isinstance(
+            response, StreamedBinaryAPIResponse
+        ):
+            for chunk in response.iter_bytes(chunk_size=1024):
+                if chunk:
+                    chunks.append(chunk)
+        else:
+            async for chunk in response.iter_bytes(chunk_size=1024):
+                if chunk:
+                    chunks.append(chunk)
+
+        audio_bytes = b"".join(chunks)
+        audio_np = np.frombuffer(audio_bytes, dtype=np.int16).astype(np.float32) / 32767.0
+        audio_np = audio_np.reshape(-1, 1)
+        return audio_np
+
+    async def play(
+        self,
+        input: Union[
+            npt.NDArray[np.int16],
+            npt.NDArray[np.float32],
+            _legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent,
+            AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+            StreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        audio_content: npt.NDArray[np.float32]
+        if isinstance(input, np.ndarray):
+            if input.dtype == np.int16 and self.dtype == np.float32:
+                audio_content = (input.astype(np.float32) / 32767.0).reshape(-1, self.channels)
+            elif input.dtype == np.float32:
+                audio_content = cast('npt.NDArray[np.float32]', input)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(f"Unsupported dtype: {input.dtype}")
+        else:
+            audio_content = await self._tts_response_to_buffer(input)
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        event = asyncio.Event()
+        idx = 0
+
+        def callback(
+            outdata: npt.NDArray[np.float32],
+            frame_count: int,
+            _time_info: Any,
+            _status: Any,
+        ):
+            nonlocal idx
+
+            remainder = len(audio_content) - idx
+            if remainder == 0 or (callable(self.should_stop) and self.should_stop()):
+                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(event.set)
+                raise sd.CallbackStop
+            valid_frames = frame_count if remainder >= frame_count else remainder
+            outdata[:valid_frames] = audio_content[idx : idx + valid_frames]
+            outdata[valid_frames:] = 0
+            idx += valid_frames
+
+        stream = sd.OutputStream(
+            samplerate=SAMPLE_RATE,
+            callback=callback,
+            dtype=audio_content.dtype,
+            channels=audio_content.shape[1],
+        )
+        with stream:
+            await event.wait()
+
+    async def play_stream(
+        self,
+        buffer_stream: AsyncGenerator[Union[npt.NDArray[np.float32], npt.NDArray[np.int16], None], None],
+    ) -> None:
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        event = asyncio.Event()
+        buffer_queue: queue.Queue[Union[npt.NDArray[np.float32], npt.NDArray[np.int16], None]] = queue.Queue(maxsize=50)
+
+        async def buffer_producer():
+            async for buffer in buffer_stream:
+                if buffer is None:
+                    break
+                await loop.run_in_executor(None, buffer_queue.put, buffer)
+            await loop.run_in_executor(None, buffer_queue.put, None)  # Signal completion
+
+        def callback(
+            outdata: npt.NDArray[np.float32],
+            frame_count: int,
+            _time_info: Any,
+            _status: Any,
+        ):
+            nonlocal current_buffer, buffer_pos
+
+            frames_written = 0
+            while frames_written < frame_count:
+                if current_buffer is None or buffer_pos >= len(current_buffer):
+                    try:
+                        current_buffer = buffer_queue.get(timeout=0.1)
+                        if current_buffer is None:
+                            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(event.set)
+                            raise sd.CallbackStop
+                        buffer_pos = 0
+
+                        if current_buffer.dtype == np.int16 and self.dtype == np.float32:
+                            current_buffer = (current_buffer.astype(np.float32) / 32767.0).reshape(-1, self.channels)
+
+                    except queue.Empty:
+                        outdata[frames_written:] = 0
+                        return
+
+                remaining_frames = len(current_buffer) - buffer_pos
+                frames_to_write = min(frame_count - frames_written, remaining_frames)
+                outdata[frames_written : frames_written + frames_to_write] = current_buffer[
+                    buffer_pos : buffer_pos + frames_to_write
+                ]
+                buffer_pos += frames_to_write
+                frames_written += frames_to_write
+
+        current_buffer = None
+        buffer_pos = 0
+
+        producer_task = asyncio.create_task(buffer_producer())
+
+        with sd.OutputStream(
+            samplerate=SAMPLE_RATE,
+            channels=self.channels,
+            dtype=self.dtype,
+            callback=callback,
+        ):
+            await event.wait()
+
+        await producer_task
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/microphone.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/microphone.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62a6d8d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/helpers/microphone.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import time
+import wave
+import asyncio
+from typing import Any, Type, Union, Generic, TypeVar, Callable, overload
+from typing_extensions import TYPE_CHECKING, Literal
+
+from .._types import FileTypes, FileContent
+from .._extras import numpy as np, sounddevice as sd
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import numpy.typing as npt
+
+SAMPLE_RATE = 24000
+
+DType = TypeVar("DType", bound=np.generic)
+
+
+class Microphone(Generic[DType]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        channels: int = 1,
+        dtype: Type[DType] = np.int16,
+        should_record: Union[Callable[[], bool], None] = None,
+        timeout: Union[float, None] = None,
+    ):
+        self.channels = channels
+        self.dtype = dtype
+        self.should_record = should_record
+        self.buffer_chunks = []
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.has_record_function = callable(should_record)
+
+    def _ndarray_to_wav(self, audio_data: npt.NDArray[DType]) -> FileTypes:
+        buffer: FileContent = io.BytesIO()
+        with wave.open(buffer, "w") as wav_file:
+            wav_file.setnchannels(self.channels)
+            wav_file.setsampwidth(np.dtype(self.dtype).itemsize)
+            wav_file.setframerate(SAMPLE_RATE)
+            wav_file.writeframes(audio_data.tobytes())
+        buffer.seek(0)
+        return ("audio.wav", buffer, "audio/wav")
+
+    @overload
+    async def record(self, return_ndarray: Literal[True]) -> npt.NDArray[DType]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def record(self, return_ndarray: Literal[False]) -> FileTypes: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def record(self, return_ndarray: None = ...) -> FileTypes: ...
+
+    async def record(self, return_ndarray: Union[bool, None] = False) -> Union[npt.NDArray[DType], FileTypes]:
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.buffer_chunks: list[npt.NDArray[DType]] = []
+        start_time = time.perf_counter()
+
+        def callback(
+            indata: npt.NDArray[DType],
+            _frame_count: int,
+            _time_info: Any,
+            _status: Any,
+        ):
+            execution_time = time.perf_counter() - start_time
+            reached_recording_timeout = execution_time > self.timeout if self.timeout is not None else False
+            if reached_recording_timeout:
+                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(event.set)
+                raise sd.CallbackStop
+
+            should_be_recording = self.should_record() if callable(self.should_record) else True
+            if not should_be_recording:
+                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(event.set)
+                raise sd.CallbackStop
+
+            self.buffer_chunks.append(indata.copy())
+
+        stream = sd.InputStream(
+            callback=callback,
+            dtype=self.dtype,
+            samplerate=SAMPLE_RATE,
+            channels=self.channels,
+        )
+        with stream:
+            await event.wait()
+
+        # Concatenate all chunks into a single buffer, handle empty case
+        concatenated_chunks: npt.NDArray[DType] = (
+            np.concatenate(self.buffer_chunks, axis=0)
+            if len(self.buffer_chunks) > 0
+            else np.array([], dtype=self.dtype)
+        )
+
+        if return_ndarray:
+            return concatenated_chunks
+        else:
+            return self._ndarray_to_wav(concatenated_chunks)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/.keep b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/.keep
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e2c99fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/.keep
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless.
+
+This directory can be used to store custom files to expand the SDK.
+It is ignored by Stainless code generation and its content (other than this keep file) won't be touched.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c6cb782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+from ._tools import pydantic_function_tool as pydantic_function_tool
+from ._parsing import ResponseFormatT as ResponseFormatT
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/__pycache__/azure.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/__pycache__/azure.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_old_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_old_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..929c87e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_old_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing_extensions import override
+
+from .._utils import LazyProxy
+from .._exceptions import OpenAIError
+
+INSTRUCTIONS = """
+
+You tried to access openai.{symbol}, but this is no longer supported in openai>=1.0.0 - see the README at https://github.com/openai/openai-python for the API.
+
+You can run `openai migrate` to automatically upgrade your codebase to use the 1.0.0 interface. 
+
+Alternatively, you can pin your installation to the old version, e.g. `pip install openai==0.28`
+
+A detailed migration guide is available here: https://github.com/openai/openai-python/discussions/742
+"""
+
+
+class APIRemovedInV1(OpenAIError):
+    def __init__(self, *, symbol: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(INSTRUCTIONS.format(symbol=symbol))
+
+
+class APIRemovedInV1Proxy(LazyProxy[Any]):
+    def __init__(self, *, symbol: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._symbol = symbol
+
+    @override
+    def __load__(self) -> Any:
+        # return the proxy until it is eventually called so that
+        # we don't break people that are just checking the attributes
+        # of a module
+        return self
+
+    def __call__(self, *_args: Any, **_kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        raise APIRemovedInV1(symbol=self._symbol)
+
+
+SYMBOLS = [
+    "Edit",
+    "File",
+    "Audio",
+    "Image",
+    "Model",
+    "Engine",
+    "Customer",
+    "FineTune",
+    "Embedding",
+    "Completion",
+    "Deployment",
+    "Moderation",
+    "ErrorObject",
+    "FineTuningJob",
+    "ChatCompletion",
+]
+
+# we explicitly tell type checkers that nothing is exported
+# from this file so that when we re-export the old symbols
+# in `openai/__init__.py` they aren't added to the auto-complete
+# suggestions given by editors
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    __all__: list[str] = []
+else:
+    __all__ = SYMBOLS
+
+
+__locals = locals()
+for symbol in SYMBOLS:
+    __locals[symbol] = APIRemovedInV1Proxy(symbol=symbol)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d454c3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from ._completions import (
+    ResponseFormatT as ResponseFormatT,
+    has_parseable_input,
+    has_parseable_input as has_parseable_input,
+    maybe_parse_content as maybe_parse_content,
+    validate_input_tools as validate_input_tools,
+    parse_chat_completion as parse_chat_completion,
+    get_input_tool_by_name as get_input_tool_by_name,
+    solve_response_format_t as solve_response_format_t,
+    parse_function_tool_arguments as parse_function_tool_arguments,
+    type_to_response_format_param as type_to_response_format_param,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__pycache__/_completions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__pycache__/_completions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__pycache__/_responses.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/__pycache__/_responses.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/_completions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/_completions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c160070b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/_completions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterable, cast
+from typing_extensions import TypeVar, TypeGuard, assert_never
+
+import pydantic
+
+from .._tools import PydanticFunctionTool
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import is_dict, is_given
+from ..._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, model_parse_json
+from ..._models import construct_type_unchecked
+from .._pydantic import is_basemodel_type, to_strict_json_schema, is_dataclass_like_type
+from ...types.chat import (
+    ParsedChoice,
+    ChatCompletion,
+    ParsedFunction,
+    ParsedChatCompletion,
+    ChatCompletionMessage,
+    ParsedFunctionToolCall,
+    ChatCompletionToolParam,
+    ParsedChatCompletionMessage,
+    completion_create_params,
+)
+from ..._exceptions import LengthFinishReasonError, ContentFilterFinishReasonError
+from ...types.shared_params import FunctionDefinition
+from ...types.chat.completion_create_params import ResponseFormat as ResponseFormatParam
+from ...types.chat.chat_completion_message_tool_call import Function
+
+ResponseFormatT = TypeVar(
+    "ResponseFormatT",
+    # if it isn't given then we don't do any parsing
+    default=None,
+)
+_default_response_format: None = None
+
+
+def validate_input_tools(
+    tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+) -> None:
+    if not is_given(tools):
+        return
+
+    for tool in tools:
+        if tool["type"] != "function":
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Currently only `function` tool types support auto-parsing; Received `{tool['type']}`",
+            )
+
+        strict = tool["function"].get("strict")
+        if strict is not True:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"`{tool['function']['name']}` is not strict. Only `strict` function tools can be auto-parsed"
+            )
+
+
+def parse_chat_completion(
+    *,
+    response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven,
+    input_tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    chat_completion: ChatCompletion | ParsedChatCompletion[object],
+) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+    if is_given(input_tools):
+        input_tools = [t for t in input_tools]
+    else:
+        input_tools = []
+
+    choices: list[ParsedChoice[ResponseFormatT]] = []
+    for choice in chat_completion.choices:
+        if choice.finish_reason == "length":
+            raise LengthFinishReasonError(completion=chat_completion)
+
+        if choice.finish_reason == "content_filter":
+            raise ContentFilterFinishReasonError()
+
+        message = choice.message
+
+        tool_calls: list[ParsedFunctionToolCall] = []
+        if message.tool_calls:
+            for tool_call in message.tool_calls:
+                if tool_call.type == "function":
+                    tool_call_dict = tool_call.to_dict()
+                    tool_calls.append(
+                        construct_type_unchecked(
+                            value={
+                                **tool_call_dict,
+                                "function": {
+                                    **cast(Any, tool_call_dict["function"]),
+                                    "parsed_arguments": parse_function_tool_arguments(
+                                        input_tools=input_tools, function=tool_call.function
+                                    ),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            type_=ParsedFunctionToolCall,
+                        )
+                    )
+                elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                    assert_never(tool_call)
+                else:
+                    tool_calls.append(tool_call)
+
+        choices.append(
+            construct_type_unchecked(
+                type_=cast(Any, ParsedChoice)[solve_response_format_t(response_format)],
+                value={
+                    **choice.to_dict(),
+                    "message": {
+                        **message.to_dict(),
+                        "parsed": maybe_parse_content(
+                            response_format=response_format,
+                            message=message,
+                        ),
+                        "tool_calls": tool_calls if tool_calls else None,
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+        )
+
+    return cast(
+        ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT],
+        construct_type_unchecked(
+            type_=cast(Any, ParsedChatCompletion)[solve_response_format_t(response_format)],
+            value={
+                **chat_completion.to_dict(),
+                "choices": choices,
+            },
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def get_input_tool_by_name(*, input_tools: list[ChatCompletionToolParam], name: str) -> ChatCompletionToolParam | None:
+    return next((t for t in input_tools if t.get("function", {}).get("name") == name), None)
+
+
+def parse_function_tool_arguments(
+    *, input_tools: list[ChatCompletionToolParam], function: Function | ParsedFunction
+) -> object:
+    input_tool = get_input_tool_by_name(input_tools=input_tools, name=function.name)
+    if not input_tool:
+        return None
+
+    input_fn = cast(object, input_tool.get("function"))
+    if isinstance(input_fn, PydanticFunctionTool):
+        return model_parse_json(input_fn.model, function.arguments)
+
+    input_fn = cast(FunctionDefinition, input_fn)
+
+    if not input_fn.get("strict"):
+        return None
+
+    return json.loads(function.arguments)
+
+
+def maybe_parse_content(
+    *,
+    response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+    message: ChatCompletionMessage | ParsedChatCompletionMessage[object],
+) -> ResponseFormatT | None:
+    if has_rich_response_format(response_format) and message.content and not message.refusal:
+        return _parse_content(response_format, message.content)
+
+    return None
+
+
+def solve_response_format_t(
+    response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+) -> type[ResponseFormatT]:
+    """Return the runtime type for the given response format.
+
+    If no response format is given, or if we won't auto-parse the response format
+    then we default to `None`.
+    """
+    if has_rich_response_format(response_format):
+        return response_format
+
+    return cast("type[ResponseFormatT]", _default_response_format)
+
+
+def has_parseable_input(
+    *,
+    response_format: type | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+    input_tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+) -> bool:
+    if has_rich_response_format(response_format):
+        return True
+
+    for input_tool in input_tools or []:
+        if is_parseable_tool(input_tool):
+            return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def has_rich_response_format(
+    response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+) -> TypeGuard[type[ResponseFormatT]]:
+    if not is_given(response_format):
+        return False
+
+    if is_response_format_param(response_format):
+        return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+def is_response_format_param(response_format: object) -> TypeGuard[ResponseFormatParam]:
+    return is_dict(response_format)
+
+
+def is_parseable_tool(input_tool: ChatCompletionToolParam) -> bool:
+    input_fn = cast(object, input_tool.get("function"))
+    if isinstance(input_fn, PydanticFunctionTool):
+        return True
+
+    return cast(FunctionDefinition, input_fn).get("strict") or False
+
+
+def _parse_content(response_format: type[ResponseFormatT], content: str) -> ResponseFormatT:
+    if is_basemodel_type(response_format):
+        return cast(ResponseFormatT, model_parse_json(response_format, content))
+
+    if is_dataclass_like_type(response_format):
+        if not PYDANTIC_V2:
+            raise TypeError(f"Non BaseModel types are only supported with Pydantic v2 - {response_format}")
+
+        return pydantic.TypeAdapter(response_format).validate_json(content)
+
+    raise TypeError(f"Unable to automatically parse response format type {response_format}")
+
+
+def type_to_response_format_param(
+    response_format: type | completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven,
+) -> ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven:
+    if not is_given(response_format):
+        return NOT_GIVEN
+
+    if is_response_format_param(response_format):
+        return response_format
+
+    # type checkers don't narrow the negation of a `TypeGuard` as it isn't
+    # a safe default behaviour but we know that at this point the `response_format`
+    # can only be a `type`
+    response_format = cast(type, response_format)
+
+    json_schema_type: type[pydantic.BaseModel] | pydantic.TypeAdapter[Any] | None = None
+
+    if is_basemodel_type(response_format):
+        name = response_format.__name__
+        json_schema_type = response_format
+    elif is_dataclass_like_type(response_format):
+        name = response_format.__name__
+        json_schema_type = pydantic.TypeAdapter(response_format)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unsupported response_format type - {response_format}")
+
+    return {
+        "type": "json_schema",
+        "json_schema": {
+            "schema": to_strict_json_schema(json_schema_type),
+            "name": name,
+            "strict": True,
+        },
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/_responses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/_responses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a189dcf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_parsing/_responses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List, Iterable, cast
+from typing_extensions import TypeVar, assert_never
+
+import pydantic
+
+from .._tools import ResponsesPydanticFunctionTool
+from ..._types import NotGiven
+from ..._utils import is_given
+from ..._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, model_parse_json
+from ..._models import construct_type_unchecked
+from .._pydantic import is_basemodel_type, is_dataclass_like_type
+from ._completions import solve_response_format_t, type_to_response_format_param
+from ...types.responses import (
+    Response,
+    ToolParam,
+    ParsedContent,
+    ParsedResponse,
+    FunctionToolParam,
+    ParsedResponseOutputItem,
+    ParsedResponseOutputText,
+    ResponseFunctionToolCall,
+    ParsedResponseOutputMessage,
+    ResponseFormatTextConfigParam,
+    ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall,
+)
+from ...types.chat.completion_create_params import ResponseFormat
+
+TextFormatT = TypeVar(
+    "TextFormatT",
+    # if it isn't given then we don't do any parsing
+    default=None,
+)
+
+
+def type_to_text_format_param(type_: type) -> ResponseFormatTextConfigParam:
+    response_format_dict = type_to_response_format_param(type_)
+    assert is_given(response_format_dict)
+    response_format_dict = cast(ResponseFormat, response_format_dict)  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+    assert response_format_dict["type"] == "json_schema"
+    assert "schema" in response_format_dict["json_schema"]
+
+    return {
+        "type": "json_schema",
+        "strict": True,
+        "name": response_format_dict["json_schema"]["name"],
+        "schema": response_format_dict["json_schema"]["schema"],
+    }
+
+
+def parse_response(
+    *,
+    text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven,
+    input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven | None,
+    response: Response | ParsedResponse[object],
+) -> ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]:
+    solved_t = solve_response_format_t(text_format)
+    output_list: List[ParsedResponseOutputItem[TextFormatT]] = []
+
+    for output in response.output:
+        if output.type == "message":
+            content_list: List[ParsedContent[TextFormatT]] = []
+            for item in output.content:
+                if item.type != "output_text":
+                    content_list.append(item)
+                    continue
+
+                content_list.append(
+                    construct_type_unchecked(
+                        type_=cast(Any, ParsedResponseOutputText)[solved_t],
+                        value={
+                            **item.to_dict(),
+                            "parsed": parse_text(item.text, text_format=text_format),
+                        },
+                    )
+                )
+
+            output_list.append(
+                construct_type_unchecked(
+                    type_=cast(Any, ParsedResponseOutputMessage)[solved_t],
+                    value={
+                        **output.to_dict(),
+                        "content": content_list,
+                    },
+                )
+            )
+        elif output.type == "function_call":
+            output_list.append(
+                construct_type_unchecked(
+                    type_=ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall,
+                    value={
+                        **output.to_dict(),
+                        "parsed_arguments": parse_function_tool_arguments(
+                            input_tools=input_tools, function_call=output
+                        ),
+                    },
+                )
+            )
+        elif (
+            output.type == "computer_call"
+            or output.type == "file_search_call"
+            or output.type == "web_search_call"
+            or output.type == "reasoning"
+        ):
+            output_list.append(output)
+        elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore
+            assert_never(output)
+        else:
+            output_list.append(output)
+
+    return cast(
+        ParsedResponse[TextFormatT],
+        construct_type_unchecked(
+            type_=cast(Any, ParsedResponse)[solved_t],
+            value={
+                **response.to_dict(),
+                "output": output_list,
+            },
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def parse_text(text: str, text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven) -> TextFormatT | None:
+    if not is_given(text_format):
+        return None
+
+    if is_basemodel_type(text_format):
+        return cast(TextFormatT, model_parse_json(text_format, text))
+
+    if is_dataclass_like_type(text_format):
+        if not PYDANTIC_V2:
+            raise TypeError(f"Non BaseModel types are only supported with Pydantic v2 - {text_format}")
+
+        return pydantic.TypeAdapter(text_format).validate_json(text)
+
+    raise TypeError(f"Unable to automatically parse response format type {text_format}")
+
+
+def get_input_tool_by_name(*, input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam], name: str) -> FunctionToolParam | None:
+    for tool in input_tools:
+        if tool["type"] == "function" and tool.get("name") == name:
+            return tool
+
+    return None
+
+
+def parse_function_tool_arguments(
+    *,
+    input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven | None,
+    function_call: ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall | ResponseFunctionToolCall,
+) -> object:
+    if input_tools is None or not is_given(input_tools):
+        return None
+
+    input_tool = get_input_tool_by_name(input_tools=input_tools, name=function_call.name)
+    if not input_tool:
+        return None
+
+    tool = cast(object, input_tool)
+    if isinstance(tool, ResponsesPydanticFunctionTool):
+        return model_parse_json(tool.model, function_call.arguments)
+
+    if not input_tool.get("strict"):
+        return None
+
+    return json.loads(function_call.arguments)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_pydantic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_pydantic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2d73e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_pydantic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from typing import Any, TypeVar
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+import pydantic
+
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN
+from .._utils import is_dict as _is_dict, is_list
+from .._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, model_json_schema
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+def to_strict_json_schema(model: type[pydantic.BaseModel] | pydantic.TypeAdapter[Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if inspect.isclass(model) and is_basemodel_type(model):
+        schema = model_json_schema(model)
+    elif PYDANTIC_V2 and isinstance(model, pydantic.TypeAdapter):
+        schema = model.json_schema()
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Non BaseModel types are only supported with Pydantic v2 - {model}")
+
+    return _ensure_strict_json_schema(schema, path=(), root=schema)
+
+
+def _ensure_strict_json_schema(
+    json_schema: object,
+    *,
+    path: tuple[str, ...],
+    root: dict[str, object],
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Mutates the given JSON schema to ensure it conforms to the `strict` standard
+    that the API expects.
+    """
+    if not is_dict(json_schema):
+        raise TypeError(f"Expected {json_schema} to be a dictionary; path={path}")
+
+    defs = json_schema.get("$defs")
+    if is_dict(defs):
+        for def_name, def_schema in defs.items():
+            _ensure_strict_json_schema(def_schema, path=(*path, "$defs", def_name), root=root)
+
+    definitions = json_schema.get("definitions")
+    if is_dict(definitions):
+        for definition_name, definition_schema in definitions.items():
+            _ensure_strict_json_schema(definition_schema, path=(*path, "definitions", definition_name), root=root)
+
+    typ = json_schema.get("type")
+    if typ == "object" and "additionalProperties" not in json_schema:
+        json_schema["additionalProperties"] = False
+
+    # object types
+    # { 'type': 'object', 'properties': { 'a':  {...} } }
+    properties = json_schema.get("properties")
+    if is_dict(properties):
+        json_schema["required"] = [prop for prop in properties.keys()]
+        json_schema["properties"] = {
+            key: _ensure_strict_json_schema(prop_schema, path=(*path, "properties", key), root=root)
+            for key, prop_schema in properties.items()
+        }
+
+    # arrays
+    # { 'type': 'array', 'items': {...} }
+    items = json_schema.get("items")
+    if is_dict(items):
+        json_schema["items"] = _ensure_strict_json_schema(items, path=(*path, "items"), root=root)
+
+    # unions
+    any_of = json_schema.get("anyOf")
+    if is_list(any_of):
+        json_schema["anyOf"] = [
+            _ensure_strict_json_schema(variant, path=(*path, "anyOf", str(i)), root=root)
+            for i, variant in enumerate(any_of)
+        ]
+
+    # intersections
+    all_of = json_schema.get("allOf")
+    if is_list(all_of):
+        if len(all_of) == 1:
+            json_schema.update(_ensure_strict_json_schema(all_of[0], path=(*path, "allOf", "0"), root=root))
+            json_schema.pop("allOf")
+        else:
+            json_schema["allOf"] = [
+                _ensure_strict_json_schema(entry, path=(*path, "allOf", str(i)), root=root)
+                for i, entry in enumerate(all_of)
+            ]
+
+    # strip `None` defaults as there's no meaningful distinction here
+    # the schema will still be `nullable` and the model will default
+    # to using `None` anyway
+    if json_schema.get("default", NOT_GIVEN) is None:
+        json_schema.pop("default")
+
+    # we can't use `$ref`s if there are also other properties defined, e.g.
+    # `{"$ref": "...", "description": "my description"}`
+    #
+    # so we unravel the ref
+    # `{"type": "string", "description": "my description"}`
+    ref = json_schema.get("$ref")
+    if ref and has_more_than_n_keys(json_schema, 1):
+        assert isinstance(ref, str), f"Received non-string $ref - {ref}"
+
+        resolved = resolve_ref(root=root, ref=ref)
+        if not is_dict(resolved):
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected `$ref: {ref}` to resolved to a dictionary but got {resolved}")
+
+        # properties from the json schema take priority over the ones on the `$ref`
+        json_schema.update({**resolved, **json_schema})
+        json_schema.pop("$ref")
+        # Since the schema expanded from `$ref` might not have `additionalProperties: false` applied,
+        # we call `_ensure_strict_json_schema` again to fix the inlined schema and ensure it's valid.
+        return _ensure_strict_json_schema(json_schema, path=path, root=root)
+
+    return json_schema
+
+
+def resolve_ref(*, root: dict[str, object], ref: str) -> object:
+    if not ref.startswith("#/"):
+        raise ValueError(f"Unexpected $ref format {ref!r}; Does not start with #/")
+
+    path = ref[2:].split("/")
+    resolved = root
+    for key in path:
+        value = resolved[key]
+        assert is_dict(value), f"encountered non-dictionary entry while resolving {ref} - {resolved}"
+        resolved = value
+
+    return resolved
+
+
+def is_basemodel_type(typ: type) -> TypeGuard[type[pydantic.BaseModel]]:
+    if not inspect.isclass(typ):
+        return False
+    return issubclass(typ, pydantic.BaseModel)
+
+
+def is_dataclass_like_type(typ: type) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the given type likely used `@pydantic.dataclass`"""
+    return hasattr(typ, "__pydantic_config__")
+
+
+def is_dict(obj: object) -> TypeGuard[dict[str, object]]:
+    # just pretend that we know there are only `str` keys
+    # as that check is not worth the performance cost
+    return _is_dict(obj)
+
+
+def has_more_than_n_keys(obj: dict[str, object], n: int) -> bool:
+    i = 0
+    for _ in obj.keys():
+        i += 1
+        if i > n:
+            return True
+    return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..415d7500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Dict, cast
+
+import pydantic
+
+from ._pydantic import to_strict_json_schema
+from ..types.chat import ChatCompletionToolParam
+from ..types.shared_params import FunctionDefinition
+from ..types.responses.function_tool_param import FunctionToolParam as ResponsesFunctionToolParam
+
+
+class PydanticFunctionTool(Dict[str, Any]):
+    """Dictionary wrapper so we can pass the given base model
+    throughout the entire request stack without having to special
+    case it.
+    """
+
+    model: type[pydantic.BaseModel]
+
+    def __init__(self, defn: FunctionDefinition, model: type[pydantic.BaseModel]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(defn)
+        self.model = model
+
+    def cast(self) -> FunctionDefinition:
+        return cast(FunctionDefinition, self)
+
+
+class ResponsesPydanticFunctionTool(Dict[str, Any]):
+    model: type[pydantic.BaseModel]
+
+    def __init__(self, tool: ResponsesFunctionToolParam, model: type[pydantic.BaseModel]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(tool)
+        self.model = model
+
+    def cast(self) -> ResponsesFunctionToolParam:
+        return cast(ResponsesFunctionToolParam, self)
+
+
+def pydantic_function_tool(
+    model: type[pydantic.BaseModel],
+    *,
+    name: str | None = None,  # inferred from class name by default
+    description: str | None = None,  # inferred from class docstring by default
+) -> ChatCompletionToolParam:
+    if description is None:
+        # note: we intentionally don't use `.getdoc()` to avoid
+        # including pydantic's docstrings
+        description = model.__doc__
+
+    function = PydanticFunctionTool(
+        {
+            "name": name or model.__name__,
+            "strict": True,
+            "parameters": to_strict_json_schema(model),
+        },
+        model,
+    ).cast()
+
+    if description is not None:
+        function["description"] = description
+
+    return {
+        "type": "function",
+        "function": function,
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf24cd22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/_validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,809 @@
+# pyright: basic
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import Any, TypeVar, Callable, Optional, NamedTuple
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .._extras import pandas as pd
+
+
+class Remediation(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    immediate_msg: Optional[str] = None
+    necessary_msg: Optional[str] = None
+    necessary_fn: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
+    optional_msg: Optional[str] = None
+    optional_fn: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
+    error_msg: Optional[str] = None
+
+
+OptionalDataFrameT = TypeVar("OptionalDataFrameT", bound="Optional[pd.DataFrame]")
+
+
+def num_examples_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will only print out the number of examples and recommend to the user to increase the number of examples if less than 100.
+    """
+    MIN_EXAMPLES = 100
+    optional_suggestion = (
+        ""
+        if len(df) >= MIN_EXAMPLES
+        else ". In general, we recommend having at least a few hundred examples. We've found that performance tends to linearly increase for every doubling of the number of examples"
+    )
+    immediate_msg = f"\n- Your file contains {len(df)} prompt-completion pairs{optional_suggestion}"
+    return Remediation(name="num_examples", immediate_msg=immediate_msg)
+
+
+def necessary_column_validator(df: pd.DataFrame, necessary_column: str) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will ensure that the necessary column is present in the dataframe.
+    """
+
+    def lower_case_column(df: pd.DataFrame, column: Any) -> pd.DataFrame:
+        cols = [c for c in df.columns if str(c).lower() == column]
+        df.rename(columns={cols[0]: column.lower()}, inplace=True)
+        return df
+
+    immediate_msg = None
+    necessary_fn = None
+    necessary_msg = None
+    error_msg = None
+
+    if necessary_column not in df.columns:
+        if necessary_column in [str(c).lower() for c in df.columns]:
+
+            def lower_case_column_creator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> pd.DataFrame:
+                return lower_case_column(df, necessary_column)
+
+            necessary_fn = lower_case_column_creator
+            immediate_msg = f"\n- The `{necessary_column}` column/key should be lowercase"
+            necessary_msg = f"Lower case column name to `{necessary_column}`"
+        else:
+            error_msg = f"`{necessary_column}` column/key is missing. Please make sure you name your columns/keys appropriately, then retry"
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="necessary_column",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        necessary_msg=necessary_msg,
+        necessary_fn=necessary_fn,
+        error_msg=error_msg,
+    )
+
+
+def additional_column_validator(df: pd.DataFrame, fields: list[str] = ["prompt", "completion"]) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will remove additional columns from the dataframe.
+    """
+    additional_columns = []
+    necessary_msg = None
+    immediate_msg = None
+    necessary_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    if len(df.columns) > 2:
+        additional_columns = [c for c in df.columns if c not in fields]
+        warn_message = ""
+        for ac in additional_columns:
+            dups = [c for c in additional_columns if ac in c]
+            if len(dups) > 0:
+                warn_message += f"\n  WARNING: Some of the additional columns/keys contain `{ac}` in their name. These will be ignored, and the column/key `{ac}` will be used instead. This could also result from a duplicate column/key in the provided file."
+        immediate_msg = f"\n- The input file should contain exactly two columns/keys per row. Additional columns/keys present are: {additional_columns}{warn_message}"
+        necessary_msg = f"Remove additional columns/keys: {additional_columns}"
+
+        def necessary_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+            return x[fields]
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="additional_column",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        necessary_msg=necessary_msg,
+        necessary_fn=necessary_fn,
+    )
+
+
+def non_empty_field_validator(df: pd.DataFrame, field: str = "completion") -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will ensure that no completion is empty.
+    """
+    necessary_msg = None
+    necessary_fn = None  # type: ignore
+    immediate_msg = None
+
+    if df[field].apply(lambda x: x == "").any() or df[field].isnull().any():
+        empty_rows = (df[field] == "") | (df[field].isnull())
+        empty_indexes = df.reset_index().index[empty_rows].tolist()
+        immediate_msg = f"\n- `{field}` column/key should not contain empty strings. These are rows: {empty_indexes}"
+
+        def necessary_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+            return x[x[field] != ""].dropna(subset=[field])
+
+        necessary_msg = f"Remove {len(empty_indexes)} rows with empty {field}s"
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name=f"empty_{field}",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        necessary_msg=necessary_msg,
+        necessary_fn=necessary_fn,
+    )
+
+
+def duplicated_rows_validator(df: pd.DataFrame, fields: list[str] = ["prompt", "completion"]) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to the user to remove duplicate rows if they exist.
+    """
+    duplicated_rows = df.duplicated(subset=fields)
+    duplicated_indexes = df.reset_index().index[duplicated_rows].tolist()
+    immediate_msg = None
+    optional_msg = None
+    optional_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    if len(duplicated_indexes) > 0:
+        immediate_msg = f"\n- There are {len(duplicated_indexes)} duplicated {'-'.join(fields)} sets. These are rows: {duplicated_indexes}"
+        optional_msg = f"Remove {len(duplicated_indexes)} duplicate rows"
+
+        def optional_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+            return x.drop_duplicates(subset=fields)
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="duplicated_rows",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        optional_msg=optional_msg,
+        optional_fn=optional_fn,
+    )
+
+
+def long_examples_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to the user to remove examples that are too long.
+    """
+    immediate_msg = None
+    optional_msg = None
+    optional_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    ft_type = infer_task_type(df)
+    if ft_type != "open-ended generation":
+
+        def get_long_indexes(d: pd.DataFrame) -> Any:
+            long_examples = d.apply(lambda x: len(x.prompt) + len(x.completion) > 10000, axis=1)
+            return d.reset_index().index[long_examples].tolist()
+
+        long_indexes = get_long_indexes(df)
+
+        if len(long_indexes) > 0:
+            immediate_msg = f"\n- There are {len(long_indexes)} examples that are very long. These are rows: {long_indexes}\nFor conditional generation, and for classification the examples shouldn't be longer than 2048 tokens."
+            optional_msg = f"Remove {len(long_indexes)} long examples"
+
+            def optional_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+                long_indexes_to_drop = get_long_indexes(x)
+                if long_indexes != long_indexes_to_drop:
+                    sys.stdout.write(
+                        f"The indices of the long examples has changed as a result of a previously applied recommendation.\nThe {len(long_indexes_to_drop)} long examples to be dropped are now at the following indices: {long_indexes_to_drop}\n"
+                    )
+                return x.drop(long_indexes_to_drop)
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="long_examples",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        optional_msg=optional_msg,
+        optional_fn=optional_fn,
+    )
+
+
+def common_prompt_suffix_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to add a common suffix to the prompt if one doesn't already exist in case of classification or conditional generation.
+    """
+    error_msg = None
+    immediate_msg = None
+    optional_msg = None
+    optional_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    # Find a suffix which is not contained within the prompt otherwise
+    suggested_suffix = "\n\n### =>\n\n"
+    suffix_options = [
+        " ->",
+        "\n\n###\n\n",
+        "\n\n===\n\n",
+        "\n\n---\n\n",
+        "\n\n===>\n\n",
+        "\n\n--->\n\n",
+    ]
+    for suffix_option in suffix_options:
+        if suffix_option == " ->":
+            if df.prompt.str.contains("\n").any():
+                continue
+        if df.prompt.str.contains(suffix_option, regex=False).any():
+            continue
+        suggested_suffix = suffix_option
+        break
+    display_suggested_suffix = suggested_suffix.replace("\n", "\\n")
+
+    ft_type = infer_task_type(df)
+    if ft_type == "open-ended generation":
+        return Remediation(name="common_suffix")
+
+    def add_suffix(x: Any, suffix: Any) -> Any:
+        x["prompt"] += suffix
+        return x
+
+    common_suffix = get_common_xfix(df.prompt, xfix="suffix")
+    if (df.prompt == common_suffix).all():
+        error_msg = f"All prompts are identical: `{common_suffix}`\nConsider leaving the prompts blank if you want to do open-ended generation, otherwise ensure prompts are different"
+        return Remediation(name="common_suffix", error_msg=error_msg)
+
+    if common_suffix != "":
+        common_suffix_new_line_handled = common_suffix.replace("\n", "\\n")
+        immediate_msg = f"\n- All prompts end with suffix `{common_suffix_new_line_handled}`"
+        if len(common_suffix) > 10:
+            immediate_msg += f". This suffix seems very long. Consider replacing with a shorter suffix, such as `{display_suggested_suffix}`"
+        if df.prompt.str[: -len(common_suffix)].str.contains(common_suffix, regex=False).any():
+            immediate_msg += f"\n  WARNING: Some of your prompts contain the suffix `{common_suffix}` more than once. We strongly suggest that you review your prompts and add a unique suffix"
+
+    else:
+        immediate_msg = "\n- Your data does not contain a common separator at the end of your prompts. Having a separator string appended to the end of the prompt makes it clearer to the fine-tuned model where the completion should begin. See https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning/preparing-your-dataset for more detail and examples. If you intend to do open-ended generation, then you should leave the prompts empty"
+
+    if common_suffix == "":
+        optional_msg = f"Add a suffix separator `{display_suggested_suffix}` to all prompts"
+
+        def optional_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+            return add_suffix(x, suggested_suffix)
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="common_completion_suffix",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        optional_msg=optional_msg,
+        optional_fn=optional_fn,
+        error_msg=error_msg,
+    )
+
+
+def common_prompt_prefix_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to remove a common prefix from the prompt if a long one exist.
+    """
+    MAX_PREFIX_LEN = 12
+
+    immediate_msg = None
+    optional_msg = None
+    optional_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    common_prefix = get_common_xfix(df.prompt, xfix="prefix")
+    if common_prefix == "":
+        return Remediation(name="common_prefix")
+
+    def remove_common_prefix(x: Any, prefix: Any) -> Any:
+        x["prompt"] = x["prompt"].str[len(prefix) :]
+        return x
+
+    if (df.prompt == common_prefix).all():
+        # already handled by common_suffix_validator
+        return Remediation(name="common_prefix")
+
+    if common_prefix != "":
+        immediate_msg = f"\n- All prompts start with prefix `{common_prefix}`"
+        if MAX_PREFIX_LEN < len(common_prefix):
+            immediate_msg += ". Fine-tuning doesn't require the instruction specifying the task, or a few-shot example scenario. Most of the time you should only add the input data into the prompt, and the desired output into the completion"
+            optional_msg = f"Remove prefix `{common_prefix}` from all prompts"
+
+            def optional_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+                return remove_common_prefix(x, common_prefix)
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="common_prompt_prefix",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        optional_msg=optional_msg,
+        optional_fn=optional_fn,
+    )
+
+
+def common_completion_prefix_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to remove a common prefix from the completion if a long one exist.
+    """
+    MAX_PREFIX_LEN = 5
+
+    common_prefix = get_common_xfix(df.completion, xfix="prefix")
+    ws_prefix = len(common_prefix) > 0 and common_prefix[0] == " "
+    if len(common_prefix) < MAX_PREFIX_LEN:
+        return Remediation(name="common_prefix")
+
+    def remove_common_prefix(x: Any, prefix: Any, ws_prefix: Any) -> Any:
+        x["completion"] = x["completion"].str[len(prefix) :]
+        if ws_prefix:
+            # keep the single whitespace as prefix
+            x["completion"] = f" {x['completion']}"
+        return x
+
+    if (df.completion == common_prefix).all():
+        # already handled by common_suffix_validator
+        return Remediation(name="common_prefix")
+
+    immediate_msg = f"\n- All completions start with prefix `{common_prefix}`. Most of the time you should only add the output data into the completion, without any prefix"
+    optional_msg = f"Remove prefix `{common_prefix}` from all completions"
+
+    def optional_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+        return remove_common_prefix(x, common_prefix, ws_prefix)
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="common_completion_prefix",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        optional_msg=optional_msg,
+        optional_fn=optional_fn,
+    )
+
+
+def common_completion_suffix_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to add a common suffix to the completion if one doesn't already exist in case of classification or conditional generation.
+    """
+    error_msg = None
+    immediate_msg = None
+    optional_msg = None
+    optional_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    ft_type = infer_task_type(df)
+    if ft_type == "open-ended generation" or ft_type == "classification":
+        return Remediation(name="common_suffix")
+
+    common_suffix = get_common_xfix(df.completion, xfix="suffix")
+    if (df.completion == common_suffix).all():
+        error_msg = f"All completions are identical: `{common_suffix}`\nEnsure completions are different, otherwise the model will just repeat `{common_suffix}`"
+        return Remediation(name="common_suffix", error_msg=error_msg)
+
+    # Find a suffix which is not contained within the completion otherwise
+    suggested_suffix = " [END]"
+    suffix_options = [
+        "\n",
+        ".",
+        " END",
+        "***",
+        "+++",
+        "&&&",
+        "$$$",
+        "@@@",
+        "%%%",
+    ]
+    for suffix_option in suffix_options:
+        if df.completion.str.contains(suffix_option, regex=False).any():
+            continue
+        suggested_suffix = suffix_option
+        break
+    display_suggested_suffix = suggested_suffix.replace("\n", "\\n")
+
+    def add_suffix(x: Any, suffix: Any) -> Any:
+        x["completion"] += suffix
+        return x
+
+    if common_suffix != "":
+        common_suffix_new_line_handled = common_suffix.replace("\n", "\\n")
+        immediate_msg = f"\n- All completions end with suffix `{common_suffix_new_line_handled}`"
+        if len(common_suffix) > 10:
+            immediate_msg += f". This suffix seems very long. Consider replacing with a shorter suffix, such as `{display_suggested_suffix}`"
+        if df.completion.str[: -len(common_suffix)].str.contains(common_suffix, regex=False).any():
+            immediate_msg += f"\n  WARNING: Some of your completions contain the suffix `{common_suffix}` more than once. We suggest that you review your completions and add a unique ending"
+
+    else:
+        immediate_msg = "\n- Your data does not contain a common ending at the end of your completions. Having a common ending string appended to the end of the completion makes it clearer to the fine-tuned model where the completion should end. See https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning/preparing-your-dataset for more detail and examples."
+
+    if common_suffix == "":
+        optional_msg = f"Add a suffix ending `{display_suggested_suffix}` to all completions"
+
+        def optional_fn(x: Any) -> Any:
+            return add_suffix(x, suggested_suffix)
+
+    return Remediation(
+        name="common_completion_suffix",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        optional_msg=optional_msg,
+        optional_fn=optional_fn,
+        error_msg=error_msg,
+    )
+
+
+def completions_space_start_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to add a space at the start of the completion if it doesn't already exist. This helps with tokenization.
+    """
+
+    def add_space_start(x: Any) -> Any:
+        x["completion"] = x["completion"].apply(lambda s: ("" if s.startswith(" ") else " ") + s)
+        return x
+
+    optional_msg = None
+    optional_fn = None
+    immediate_msg = None
+
+    if df.completion.str[:1].nunique() != 1 or df.completion.values[0][0] != " ":
+        immediate_msg = "\n- The completion should start with a whitespace character (` `). This tends to produce better results due to the tokenization we use. See https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning/preparing-your-dataset for more details"
+        optional_msg = "Add a whitespace character to the beginning of the completion"
+        optional_fn = add_space_start
+    return Remediation(
+        name="completion_space_start",
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        optional_msg=optional_msg,
+        optional_fn=optional_fn,
+    )
+
+
+def lower_case_validator(df: pd.DataFrame, column: Any) -> Remediation | None:
+    """
+    This validator will suggest to lowercase the column values, if more than a third of letters are uppercase.
+    """
+
+    def lower_case(x: Any) -> Any:
+        x[column] = x[column].str.lower()
+        return x
+
+    count_upper = df[column].apply(lambda x: sum(1 for c in x if c.isalpha() and c.isupper())).sum()
+    count_lower = df[column].apply(lambda x: sum(1 for c in x if c.isalpha() and c.islower())).sum()
+
+    if count_upper * 2 > count_lower:
+        return Remediation(
+            name="lower_case",
+            immediate_msg=f"\n- More than a third of your `{column}` column/key is uppercase. Uppercase {column}s tends to perform worse than a mixture of case encountered in normal language. We recommend to lower case the data if that makes sense in your domain. See https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning/preparing-your-dataset for more details",
+            optional_msg=f"Lowercase all your data in column/key `{column}`",
+            optional_fn=lower_case,
+        )
+    return None
+
+
+def read_any_format(
+    fname: str, fields: list[str] = ["prompt", "completion"]
+) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame | None, Remediation]:
+    """
+    This function will read a file saved in .csv, .json, .txt, .xlsx or .tsv format using pandas.
+     - for .xlsx it will read the first sheet
+     - for .txt it will assume completions and split on newline
+    """
+    remediation = None
+    necessary_msg = None
+    immediate_msg = None
+    error_msg = None
+    df = None
+
+    if os.path.isfile(fname):
+        try:
+            if fname.lower().endswith(".csv") or fname.lower().endswith(".tsv"):
+                file_extension_str, separator = ("CSV", ",") if fname.lower().endswith(".csv") else ("TSV", "\t")
+                immediate_msg = (
+                    f"\n- Based on your file extension, your file is formatted as a {file_extension_str} file"
+                )
+                necessary_msg = f"Your format `{file_extension_str}` will be converted to `JSONL`"
+                df = pd.read_csv(fname, sep=separator, dtype=str).fillna("")
+            elif fname.lower().endswith(".xlsx"):
+                immediate_msg = "\n- Based on your file extension, your file is formatted as an Excel file"
+                necessary_msg = "Your format `XLSX` will be converted to `JSONL`"
+                xls = pd.ExcelFile(fname)
+                sheets = xls.sheet_names
+                if len(sheets) > 1:
+                    immediate_msg += "\n- Your Excel file contains more than one sheet. Please either save as csv or ensure all data is present in the first sheet. WARNING: Reading only the first sheet..."
+                df = pd.read_excel(fname, dtype=str).fillna("")
+            elif fname.lower().endswith(".txt"):
+                immediate_msg = "\n- Based on your file extension, you provided a text file"
+                necessary_msg = "Your format `TXT` will be converted to `JSONL`"
+                with open(fname, "r") as f:
+                    content = f.read()
+                    df = pd.DataFrame(
+                        [["", line] for line in content.split("\n")],
+                        columns=fields,
+                        dtype=str,
+                    ).fillna("")
+            elif fname.lower().endswith(".jsonl"):
+                df = pd.read_json(fname, lines=True, dtype=str).fillna("")  # type: ignore
+                if len(df) == 1:  # type: ignore
+                    # this is NOT what we expect for a .jsonl file
+                    immediate_msg = "\n- Your JSONL file appears to be in a JSON format. Your file will be converted to JSONL format"
+                    necessary_msg = "Your format `JSON` will be converted to `JSONL`"
+                    df = pd.read_json(fname, dtype=str).fillna("")  # type: ignore
+                else:
+                    pass  # this is what we expect for a .jsonl file
+            elif fname.lower().endswith(".json"):
+                try:
+                    # to handle case where .json file is actually a .jsonl file
+                    df = pd.read_json(fname, lines=True, dtype=str).fillna("")  # type: ignore
+                    if len(df) == 1:  # type: ignore
+                        # this code path corresponds to a .json file that has one line
+                        df = pd.read_json(fname, dtype=str).fillna("")  # type: ignore
+                    else:
+                        # this is NOT what we expect for a .json file
+                        immediate_msg = "\n- Your JSON file appears to be in a JSONL format. Your file will be converted to JSONL format"
+                        necessary_msg = "Your format `JSON` will be converted to `JSONL`"
+                except ValueError:
+                    # this code path corresponds to a .json file that has multiple lines (i.e. it is indented)
+                    df = pd.read_json(fname, dtype=str).fillna("")  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                error_msg = (
+                    "Your file must have one of the following extensions: .CSV, .TSV, .XLSX, .TXT, .JSON or .JSONL"
+                )
+                if "." in fname:
+                    error_msg += f" Your file `{fname}` ends with the extension `.{fname.split('.')[-1]}` which is not supported."
+                else:
+                    error_msg += f" Your file `{fname}` is missing a file extension."
+
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            file_extension_str = fname.split(".")[-1].upper()
+            error_msg = f"Your file `{fname}` does not appear to be in valid {file_extension_str} format. Please ensure your file is formatted as a valid {file_extension_str} file."
+
+    else:
+        error_msg = f"File {fname} does not exist."
+
+    remediation = Remediation(
+        name="read_any_format",
+        necessary_msg=necessary_msg,
+        immediate_msg=immediate_msg,
+        error_msg=error_msg,
+    )
+    return df, remediation
+
+
+def format_inferrer_validator(df: pd.DataFrame) -> Remediation:
+    """
+    This validator will infer the likely fine-tuning format of the data, and display it to the user if it is classification.
+    It will also suggest to use ada and explain train/validation split benefits.
+    """
+    ft_type = infer_task_type(df)
+    immediate_msg = None
+    if ft_type == "classification":
+        immediate_msg = f"\n- Based on your data it seems like you're trying to fine-tune a model for {ft_type}\n- For classification, we recommend you try one of the faster and cheaper models, such as `ada`\n- For classification, you can estimate the expected model performance by keeping a held out dataset, which is not used for training"
+    return Remediation(name="num_examples", immediate_msg=immediate_msg)
+
+
+def apply_necessary_remediation(df: OptionalDataFrameT, remediation: Remediation) -> OptionalDataFrameT:
+    """
+    This function will apply a necessary remediation to a dataframe, or print an error message if one exists.
+    """
+    if remediation.error_msg is not None:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"\n\nERROR in {remediation.name} validator: {remediation.error_msg}\n\nAborting...")
+        sys.exit(1)
+    if remediation.immediate_msg is not None:
+        sys.stdout.write(remediation.immediate_msg)
+    if remediation.necessary_fn is not None:
+        df = remediation.necessary_fn(df)
+    return df
+
+
+def accept_suggestion(input_text: str, auto_accept: bool) -> bool:
+    sys.stdout.write(input_text)
+    if auto_accept:
+        sys.stdout.write("Y\n")
+        return True
+    return input().lower() != "n"
+
+
+def apply_optional_remediation(
+    df: pd.DataFrame, remediation: Remediation, auto_accept: bool
+) -> tuple[pd.DataFrame, bool]:
+    """
+    This function will apply an optional remediation to a dataframe, based on the user input.
+    """
+    optional_applied = False
+    input_text = f"- [Recommended] {remediation.optional_msg} [Y/n]: "
+    if remediation.optional_msg is not None:
+        if accept_suggestion(input_text, auto_accept):
+            assert remediation.optional_fn is not None
+            df = remediation.optional_fn(df)
+            optional_applied = True
+    if remediation.necessary_msg is not None:
+        sys.stdout.write(f"- [Necessary] {remediation.necessary_msg}\n")
+    return df, optional_applied
+
+
+def estimate_fine_tuning_time(df: pd.DataFrame) -> None:
+    """
+    Estimate the time it'll take to fine-tune the dataset
+    """
+    ft_format = infer_task_type(df)
+    expected_time = 1.0
+    if ft_format == "classification":
+        num_examples = len(df)
+        expected_time = num_examples * 1.44
+    else:
+        size = df.memory_usage(index=True).sum()
+        expected_time = size * 0.0515
+
+    def format_time(time: float) -> str:
+        if time < 60:
+            return f"{round(time, 2)} seconds"
+        elif time < 3600:
+            return f"{round(time / 60, 2)} minutes"
+        elif time < 86400:
+            return f"{round(time / 3600, 2)} hours"
+        else:
+            return f"{round(time / 86400, 2)} days"
+
+    time_string = format_time(expected_time + 140)
+    sys.stdout.write(
+        f"Once your model starts training, it'll approximately take {time_string} to train a `curie` model, and less for `ada` and `babbage`. Queue will approximately take half an hour per job ahead of you.\n"
+    )
+
+
+def get_outfnames(fname: str, split: bool) -> list[str]:
+    suffixes = ["_train", "_valid"] if split else [""]
+    i = 0
+    while True:
+        index_suffix = f" ({i})" if i > 0 else ""
+        candidate_fnames = [f"{os.path.splitext(fname)[0]}_prepared{suffix}{index_suffix}.jsonl" for suffix in suffixes]
+        if not any(os.path.isfile(f) for f in candidate_fnames):
+            return candidate_fnames
+        i += 1
+
+
+def get_classification_hyperparams(df: pd.DataFrame) -> tuple[int, object]:
+    n_classes = df.completion.nunique()
+    pos_class = None
+    if n_classes == 2:
+        pos_class = df.completion.value_counts().index[0]
+    return n_classes, pos_class
+
+
+def write_out_file(df: pd.DataFrame, fname: str, any_remediations: bool, auto_accept: bool) -> None:
+    """
+    This function will write out a dataframe to a file, if the user would like to proceed, and also offer a fine-tuning command with the newly created file.
+    For classification it will optionally ask the user if they would like to split the data into train/valid files, and modify the suggested command to include the valid set.
+    """
+    ft_format = infer_task_type(df)
+    common_prompt_suffix = get_common_xfix(df.prompt, xfix="suffix")
+    common_completion_suffix = get_common_xfix(df.completion, xfix="suffix")
+
+    split = False
+    input_text = "- [Recommended] Would you like to split into training and validation set? [Y/n]: "
+    if ft_format == "classification":
+        if accept_suggestion(input_text, auto_accept):
+            split = True
+
+    additional_params = ""
+    common_prompt_suffix_new_line_handled = common_prompt_suffix.replace("\n", "\\n")
+    common_completion_suffix_new_line_handled = common_completion_suffix.replace("\n", "\\n")
+    optional_ending_string = (
+        f' Make sure to include `stop=["{common_completion_suffix_new_line_handled}"]` so that the generated texts ends at the expected place.'
+        if len(common_completion_suffix_new_line_handled) > 0
+        else ""
+    )
+
+    input_text = "\n\nYour data will be written to a new JSONL file. Proceed [Y/n]: "
+
+    if not any_remediations and not split:
+        sys.stdout.write(
+            f'\nYou can use your file for fine-tuning:\n> openai api fine_tunes.create -t "{fname}"{additional_params}\n\nAfter you’ve fine-tuned a model, remember that your prompt has to end with the indicator string `{common_prompt_suffix_new_line_handled}` for the model to start generating completions, rather than continuing with the prompt.{optional_ending_string}\n'
+        )
+        estimate_fine_tuning_time(df)
+
+    elif accept_suggestion(input_text, auto_accept):
+        fnames = get_outfnames(fname, split)
+        if split:
+            assert len(fnames) == 2 and "train" in fnames[0] and "valid" in fnames[1]
+            MAX_VALID_EXAMPLES = 1000
+            n_train = max(len(df) - MAX_VALID_EXAMPLES, int(len(df) * 0.8))
+            df_train = df.sample(n=n_train, random_state=42)
+            df_valid = df.drop(df_train.index)
+            df_train[["prompt", "completion"]].to_json(  # type: ignore
+                fnames[0], lines=True, orient="records", force_ascii=False, indent=None
+            )
+            df_valid[["prompt", "completion"]].to_json(
+                fnames[1], lines=True, orient="records", force_ascii=False, indent=None
+            )
+
+            n_classes, pos_class = get_classification_hyperparams(df)
+            additional_params += " --compute_classification_metrics"
+            if n_classes == 2:
+                additional_params += f' --classification_positive_class "{pos_class}"'
+            else:
+                additional_params += f" --classification_n_classes {n_classes}"
+        else:
+            assert len(fnames) == 1
+            df[["prompt", "completion"]].to_json(
+                fnames[0], lines=True, orient="records", force_ascii=False, indent=None
+            )
+
+        # Add -v VALID_FILE if we split the file into train / valid
+        files_string = ("s" if split else "") + " to `" + ("` and `".join(fnames))
+        valid_string = f' -v "{fnames[1]}"' if split else ""
+        separator_reminder = (
+            ""
+            if len(common_prompt_suffix_new_line_handled) == 0
+            else f"After you’ve fine-tuned a model, remember that your prompt has to end with the indicator string `{common_prompt_suffix_new_line_handled}` for the model to start generating completions, rather than continuing with the prompt."
+        )
+        sys.stdout.write(
+            f'\nWrote modified file{files_string}`\nFeel free to take a look!\n\nNow use that file when fine-tuning:\n> openai api fine_tunes.create -t "{fnames[0]}"{valid_string}{additional_params}\n\n{separator_reminder}{optional_ending_string}\n'
+        )
+        estimate_fine_tuning_time(df)
+    else:
+        sys.stdout.write("Aborting... did not write the file\n")
+
+
+def infer_task_type(df: pd.DataFrame) -> str:
+    """
+    Infer the likely fine-tuning task type from the data
+    """
+    CLASSIFICATION_THRESHOLD = 3  # min_average instances of each class
+    if sum(df.prompt.str.len()) == 0:
+        return "open-ended generation"
+
+    if len(df.completion.unique()) < len(df) / CLASSIFICATION_THRESHOLD:
+        return "classification"
+
+    return "conditional generation"
+
+
+def get_common_xfix(series: Any, xfix: str = "suffix") -> str:
+    """
+    Finds the longest common suffix or prefix of all the values in a series
+    """
+    common_xfix = ""
+    while True:
+        common_xfixes = (
+            series.str[-(len(common_xfix) + 1) :] if xfix == "suffix" else series.str[: len(common_xfix) + 1]
+        )  # first few or last few characters
+        if common_xfixes.nunique() != 1:  # we found the character at which we don't have a unique xfix anymore
+            break
+        elif common_xfix == common_xfixes.values[0]:  # the entire first row is a prefix of every other row
+            break
+        else:  # the first or last few characters are still common across all rows - let's try to add one more
+            common_xfix = common_xfixes.values[0]
+    return common_xfix
+
+
+Validator: TypeAlias = "Callable[[pd.DataFrame], Remediation | None]"
+
+
+def get_validators() -> list[Validator]:
+    return [
+        num_examples_validator,
+        lambda x: necessary_column_validator(x, "prompt"),
+        lambda x: necessary_column_validator(x, "completion"),
+        additional_column_validator,
+        non_empty_field_validator,
+        format_inferrer_validator,
+        duplicated_rows_validator,
+        long_examples_validator,
+        lambda x: lower_case_validator(x, "prompt"),
+        lambda x: lower_case_validator(x, "completion"),
+        common_prompt_suffix_validator,
+        common_prompt_prefix_validator,
+        common_completion_prefix_validator,
+        common_completion_suffix_validator,
+        completions_space_start_validator,
+    ]
+
+
+def apply_validators(
+    df: pd.DataFrame,
+    fname: str,
+    remediation: Remediation | None,
+    validators: list[Validator],
+    auto_accept: bool,
+    write_out_file_func: Callable[..., Any],
+) -> None:
+    optional_remediations: list[Remediation] = []
+    if remediation is not None:
+        optional_remediations.append(remediation)
+    for validator in validators:
+        remediation = validator(df)
+        if remediation is not None:
+            optional_remediations.append(remediation)
+            df = apply_necessary_remediation(df, remediation)
+
+    any_optional_or_necessary_remediations = any(
+        [
+            remediation
+            for remediation in optional_remediations
+            if remediation.optional_msg is not None or remediation.necessary_msg is not None
+        ]
+    )
+    any_necessary_applied = any(
+        [remediation for remediation in optional_remediations if remediation.necessary_msg is not None]
+    )
+    any_optional_applied = False
+
+    if any_optional_or_necessary_remediations:
+        sys.stdout.write("\n\nBased on the analysis we will perform the following actions:\n")
+        for remediation in optional_remediations:
+            df, optional_applied = apply_optional_remediation(df, remediation, auto_accept)
+            any_optional_applied = any_optional_applied or optional_applied
+    else:
+        sys.stdout.write("\n\nNo remediations found.\n")
+
+    any_optional_or_necessary_applied = any_optional_applied or any_necessary_applied
+
+    write_out_file_func(df, fname, any_optional_or_necessary_applied, auto_accept)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/azure.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/azure.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea7bd20d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/azure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import inspect
+from typing import Any, Union, Mapping, TypeVar, Callable, Awaitable, cast, overload
+from typing_extensions import Self, override
+
+import httpx
+
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Omit, Query, Timeout, NotGiven
+from .._utils import is_given, is_mapping
+from .._client import OpenAI, AsyncOpenAI
+from .._compat import model_copy
+from .._models import FinalRequestOptions
+from .._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from .._exceptions import OpenAIError
+from .._base_client import DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES, BaseClient
+
+_deployments_endpoints = set(
+    [
+        "/completions",
+        "/chat/completions",
+        "/embeddings",
+        "/audio/transcriptions",
+        "/audio/translations",
+        "/audio/speech",
+        "/images/generations",
+    ]
+)
+
+
+AzureADTokenProvider = Callable[[], str]
+AsyncAzureADTokenProvider = Callable[[], "str | Awaitable[str]"]
+_HttpxClientT = TypeVar("_HttpxClientT", bound=Union[httpx.Client, httpx.AsyncClient])
+_DefaultStreamT = TypeVar("_DefaultStreamT", bound=Union[Stream[Any], AsyncStream[Any]])
+
+
+# we need to use a sentinel API key value for Azure AD
+# as we don't want to make the `api_key` in the main client Optional
+# and Azure AD tokens may be retrieved on a per-request basis
+API_KEY_SENTINEL = "".join(["<", "missing API key", ">"])
+
+
+class MutuallyExclusiveAuthError(OpenAIError):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            "The `api_key`, `azure_ad_token` and `azure_ad_token_provider` arguments are mutually exclusive; Only one can be passed at a time"
+        )
+
+
+class BaseAzureClient(BaseClient[_HttpxClientT, _DefaultStreamT]):
+    _azure_endpoint: httpx.URL | None
+    _azure_deployment: str | None
+
+    @override
+    def _build_request(
+        self,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> httpx.Request:
+        if options.url in _deployments_endpoints and is_mapping(options.json_data):
+            model = options.json_data.get("model")
+            if model is not None and "/deployments" not in str(self.base_url.path):
+                options.url = f"/deployments/{model}{options.url}"
+
+        return super()._build_request(options, retries_taken=retries_taken)
+
+    @override
+    def _prepare_url(self, url: str) -> httpx.URL:
+        """Adjust the URL if the client was configured with an Azure endpoint + deployment
+        and the API feature being called is **not** a deployments-based endpoint
+        (i.e. requires /deployments/deployment-name in the URL path).
+        """
+        if self._azure_deployment and self._azure_endpoint and url not in _deployments_endpoints:
+            merge_url = httpx.URL(url)
+            if merge_url.is_relative_url:
+                merge_raw_path = (
+                    self._azure_endpoint.raw_path.rstrip(b"/") + b"/openai/" + merge_url.raw_path.lstrip(b"/")
+                )
+                return self._azure_endpoint.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+
+            return merge_url
+
+        return super()._prepare_url(url)
+
+
+class AzureOpenAI(BaseAzureClient[httpx.Client, Stream[Any]], OpenAI):
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        azure_endpoint: str,
+        azure_deployment: str | None = None,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        azure_deployment: str | None = None,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        base_url: str,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        azure_endpoint: str | None = None,
+        azure_deployment: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        base_url: str | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a new synchronous azure openai client instance.
+
+        This automatically infers the following arguments from their corresponding environment variables if they are not provided:
+        - `api_key` from `AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY`
+        - `organization` from `OPENAI_ORG_ID`
+        - `project` from `OPENAI_PROJECT_ID`
+        - `azure_ad_token` from `AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN`
+        - `api_version` from `OPENAI_API_VERSION`
+        - `azure_endpoint` from `AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT`
+
+        Args:
+            azure_endpoint: Your Azure endpoint, including the resource, e.g. `https://example-resource.azure.openai.com/`
+
+            azure_ad_token: Your Azure Active Directory token, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/identity-access/microsoft-entra-id
+
+            azure_ad_token_provider: A function that returns an Azure Active Directory token, will be invoked on every request.
+
+            azure_deployment: A model deployment, if given with `azure_endpoint`, sets the base client URL to include `/deployments/{azure_deployment}`.
+                Not supported with Assistants APIs.
+        """
+        if api_key is None:
+            api_key = os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY")
+
+        if azure_ad_token is None:
+            azure_ad_token = os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN")
+
+        if api_key is None and azure_ad_token is None and azure_ad_token_provider is None:
+            raise OpenAIError(
+                "Missing credentials. Please pass one of `api_key`, `azure_ad_token`, `azure_ad_token_provider`, or the `AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY` or `AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN` environment variables."
+            )
+
+        if api_version is None:
+            api_version = os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_VERSION")
+
+        if api_version is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Must provide either the `api_version` argument or the `OPENAI_API_VERSION` environment variable"
+            )
+
+        if default_query is None:
+            default_query = {"api-version": api_version}
+        else:
+            default_query = {**default_query, "api-version": api_version}
+
+        if base_url is None:
+            if azure_endpoint is None:
+                azure_endpoint = os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT")
+
+            if azure_endpoint is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Must provide one of the `base_url` or `azure_endpoint` arguments, or the `AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT` environment variable"
+                )
+
+            if azure_deployment is not None:
+                base_url = f"{azure_endpoint.rstrip('/')}/openai/deployments/{azure_deployment}"
+            else:
+                base_url = f"{azure_endpoint.rstrip('/')}/openai"
+        else:
+            if azure_endpoint is not None:
+                raise ValueError("base_url and azure_endpoint are mutually exclusive")
+
+        if api_key is None:
+            # define a sentinel value to avoid any typing issues
+            api_key = API_KEY_SENTINEL
+
+        super().__init__(
+            api_key=api_key,
+            organization=organization,
+            project=project,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            default_headers=default_headers,
+            default_query=default_query,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            websocket_base_url=websocket_base_url,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+        self._api_version = api_version
+        self._azure_ad_token = azure_ad_token
+        self._azure_ad_token_provider = azure_ad_token_provider
+        self._azure_deployment = azure_deployment if azure_endpoint else None
+        self._azure_endpoint = httpx.URL(azure_endpoint) if azure_endpoint else None
+
+    @override
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        max_retries: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        set_default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        set_default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        _extra_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = {},
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Create a new client instance re-using the same options given to the current client with optional overriding.
+        """
+        return super().copy(
+            api_key=api_key,
+            organization=organization,
+            project=project,
+            websocket_base_url=websocket_base_url,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            default_headers=default_headers,
+            set_default_headers=set_default_headers,
+            default_query=default_query,
+            set_default_query=set_default_query,
+            _extra_kwargs={
+                "api_version": api_version or self._api_version,
+                "azure_ad_token": azure_ad_token or self._azure_ad_token,
+                "azure_ad_token_provider": azure_ad_token_provider or self._azure_ad_token_provider,
+                **_extra_kwargs,
+            },
+        )
+
+    with_options = copy
+
+    def _get_azure_ad_token(self) -> str | None:
+        if self._azure_ad_token is not None:
+            return self._azure_ad_token
+
+        provider = self._azure_ad_token_provider
+        if provider is not None:
+            token = provider()
+            if not token or not isinstance(token, str):  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryIsInstance]
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Expected `azure_ad_token_provider` argument to return a string but it returned {token}",
+                )
+            return token
+
+        return None
+
+    @override
+    def _prepare_options(self, options: FinalRequestOptions) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        headers: dict[str, str | Omit] = {**options.headers} if is_given(options.headers) else {}
+
+        options = model_copy(options)
+        options.headers = headers
+
+        azure_ad_token = self._get_azure_ad_token()
+        if azure_ad_token is not None:
+            if headers.get("Authorization") is None:
+                headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {azure_ad_token}"
+        elif self.api_key is not API_KEY_SENTINEL:
+            if headers.get("api-key") is None:
+                headers["api-key"] = self.api_key
+        else:
+            # should never be hit
+            raise ValueError("Unable to handle auth")
+
+        return options
+
+    def _configure_realtime(self, model: str, extra_query: Query) -> tuple[httpx.URL, dict[str, str]]:
+        auth_headers = {}
+        query = {
+            **extra_query,
+            "api-version": self._api_version,
+            "deployment": self._azure_deployment or model,
+        }
+        if self.api_key != "<missing API key>":
+            auth_headers = {"api-key": self.api_key}
+        else:
+            token = self._get_azure_ad_token()
+            if token:
+                auth_headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+
+        if self.websocket_base_url is not None:
+            base_url = httpx.URL(self.websocket_base_url)
+            merge_raw_path = base_url.raw_path.rstrip(b"/") + b"/realtime"
+            realtime_url = base_url.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+        else:
+            base_url = self._prepare_url("/realtime")
+            realtime_url = base_url.copy_with(scheme="wss")
+
+        url = realtime_url.copy_with(params={**query})
+        return url, auth_headers
+
+
+class AsyncAzureOpenAI(BaseAzureClient[httpx.AsyncClient, AsyncStream[Any]], AsyncOpenAI):
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        azure_endpoint: str,
+        azure_deployment: str | None = None,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AsyncAzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        azure_deployment: str | None = None,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AsyncAzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        base_url: str,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AsyncAzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        azure_endpoint: str | None = None,
+        azure_deployment: str | None = None,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AsyncAzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        base_url: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a new asynchronous azure openai client instance.
+
+        This automatically infers the following arguments from their corresponding environment variables if they are not provided:
+        - `api_key` from `AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY`
+        - `organization` from `OPENAI_ORG_ID`
+        - `project` from `OPENAI_PROJECT_ID`
+        - `azure_ad_token` from `AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN`
+        - `api_version` from `OPENAI_API_VERSION`
+        - `azure_endpoint` from `AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT`
+
+        Args:
+            azure_endpoint: Your Azure endpoint, including the resource, e.g. `https://example-resource.azure.openai.com/`
+
+            azure_ad_token: Your Azure Active Directory token, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/identity-access/microsoft-entra-id
+
+            azure_ad_token_provider: A function that returns an Azure Active Directory token, will be invoked on every request.
+
+            azure_deployment: A model deployment, if given with `azure_endpoint`, sets the base client URL to include `/deployments/{azure_deployment}`.
+                Not supported with Assistants APIs.
+        """
+        if api_key is None:
+            api_key = os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY")
+
+        if azure_ad_token is None:
+            azure_ad_token = os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN")
+
+        if api_key is None and azure_ad_token is None and azure_ad_token_provider is None:
+            raise OpenAIError(
+                "Missing credentials. Please pass one of `api_key`, `azure_ad_token`, `azure_ad_token_provider`, or the `AZURE_OPENAI_API_KEY` or `AZURE_OPENAI_AD_TOKEN` environment variables."
+            )
+
+        if api_version is None:
+            api_version = os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_VERSION")
+
+        if api_version is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Must provide either the `api_version` argument or the `OPENAI_API_VERSION` environment variable"
+            )
+
+        if default_query is None:
+            default_query = {"api-version": api_version}
+        else:
+            default_query = {**default_query, "api-version": api_version}
+
+        if base_url is None:
+            if azure_endpoint is None:
+                azure_endpoint = os.environ.get("AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT")
+
+            if azure_endpoint is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Must provide one of the `base_url` or `azure_endpoint` arguments, or the `AZURE_OPENAI_ENDPOINT` environment variable"
+                )
+
+            if azure_deployment is not None:
+                base_url = f"{azure_endpoint.rstrip('/')}/openai/deployments/{azure_deployment}"
+            else:
+                base_url = f"{azure_endpoint.rstrip('/')}/openai"
+        else:
+            if azure_endpoint is not None:
+                raise ValueError("base_url and azure_endpoint are mutually exclusive")
+
+        if api_key is None:
+            # define a sentinel value to avoid any typing issues
+            api_key = API_KEY_SENTINEL
+
+        super().__init__(
+            api_key=api_key,
+            organization=organization,
+            project=project,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            default_headers=default_headers,
+            default_query=default_query,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            websocket_base_url=websocket_base_url,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+        self._api_version = api_version
+        self._azure_ad_token = azure_ad_token
+        self._azure_ad_token_provider = azure_ad_token_provider
+        self._azure_deployment = azure_deployment if azure_endpoint else None
+        self._azure_endpoint = httpx.URL(azure_endpoint) if azure_endpoint else None
+
+    @override
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        api_key: str | None = None,
+        organization: str | None = None,
+        project: str | None = None,
+        websocket_base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        api_version: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token: str | None = None,
+        azure_ad_token_provider: AsyncAzureADTokenProvider | None = None,
+        base_url: str | httpx.URL | None = None,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        max_retries: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        set_default_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        set_default_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        _extra_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = {},
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Create a new client instance re-using the same options given to the current client with optional overriding.
+        """
+        return super().copy(
+            api_key=api_key,
+            organization=organization,
+            project=project,
+            websocket_base_url=websocket_base_url,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            http_client=http_client,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            default_headers=default_headers,
+            set_default_headers=set_default_headers,
+            default_query=default_query,
+            set_default_query=set_default_query,
+            _extra_kwargs={
+                "api_version": api_version or self._api_version,
+                "azure_ad_token": azure_ad_token or self._azure_ad_token,
+                "azure_ad_token_provider": azure_ad_token_provider or self._azure_ad_token_provider,
+                **_extra_kwargs,
+            },
+        )
+
+    with_options = copy
+
+    async def _get_azure_ad_token(self) -> str | None:
+        if self._azure_ad_token is not None:
+            return self._azure_ad_token
+
+        provider = self._azure_ad_token_provider
+        if provider is not None:
+            token = provider()
+            if inspect.isawaitable(token):
+                token = await token
+            if not token or not isinstance(cast(Any, token), str):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Expected `azure_ad_token_provider` argument to return a string but it returned {token}",
+                )
+            return str(token)
+
+        return None
+
+    @override
+    async def _prepare_options(self, options: FinalRequestOptions) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        headers: dict[str, str | Omit] = {**options.headers} if is_given(options.headers) else {}
+
+        options = model_copy(options)
+        options.headers = headers
+
+        azure_ad_token = await self._get_azure_ad_token()
+        if azure_ad_token is not None:
+            if headers.get("Authorization") is None:
+                headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {azure_ad_token}"
+        elif self.api_key is not API_KEY_SENTINEL:
+            if headers.get("api-key") is None:
+                headers["api-key"] = self.api_key
+        else:
+            # should never be hit
+            raise ValueError("Unable to handle auth")
+
+        return options
+
+    async def _configure_realtime(self, model: str, extra_query: Query) -> tuple[httpx.URL, dict[str, str]]:
+        auth_headers = {}
+        query = {
+            **extra_query,
+            "api-version": self._api_version,
+            "deployment": self._azure_deployment or model,
+        }
+        if self.api_key != "<missing API key>":
+            auth_headers = {"api-key": self.api_key}
+        else:
+            token = await self._get_azure_ad_token()
+            if token:
+                auth_headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+
+        if self.websocket_base_url is not None:
+            base_url = httpx.URL(self.websocket_base_url)
+            merge_raw_path = base_url.raw_path.rstrip(b"/") + b"/realtime"
+            realtime_url = base_url.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+        else:
+            base_url = self._prepare_url("/realtime")
+            realtime_url = base_url.copy_with(scheme="wss")
+
+        url = realtime_url.copy_with(params={**query})
+        return url, auth_headers
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb378d25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from ._assistants import (
+    AssistantEventHandler as AssistantEventHandler,
+    AssistantEventHandlerT as AssistantEventHandlerT,
+    AssistantStreamManager as AssistantStreamManager,
+    AsyncAssistantEventHandler as AsyncAssistantEventHandler,
+    AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT as AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+    AsyncAssistantStreamManager as AsyncAssistantStreamManager,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17652f1b
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/_assistants.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/_assistants.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dbc79e7
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/_assistants.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/_deltas.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/__pycache__/_deltas.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19780e0e
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@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic, TypeVar, Callable, Iterable, Iterator, cast
+from typing_extensions import Awaitable, AsyncIterable, AsyncIterator, assert_never
+
+import httpx
+
+from ..._utils import is_dict, is_list, consume_sync_iterator, consume_async_iterator
+from ..._compat import model_dump
+from ..._models import construct_type
+from ..._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from ...types.beta import AssistantStreamEvent
+from ...types.beta.threads import (
+    Run,
+    Text,
+    Message,
+    ImageFile,
+    TextDelta,
+    MessageDelta,
+    MessageContent,
+    MessageContentDelta,
+)
+from ...types.beta.threads.runs import RunStep, ToolCall, RunStepDelta, ToolCallDelta
+
+
+class AssistantEventHandler:
+    text_deltas: Iterable[str]
+    """Iterator over just the text deltas in the stream.
+
+    This corresponds to the `thread.message.delta` event
+    in the API.
+
+    ```py
+    for text in stream.text_deltas:
+        print(text, end="", flush=True)
+    print()
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._current_event: AssistantStreamEvent | None = None
+        self._current_message_content_index: int | None = None
+        self._current_message_content: MessageContent | None = None
+        self._current_tool_call_index: int | None = None
+        self._current_tool_call: ToolCall | None = None
+        self.__current_run_step_id: str | None = None
+        self.__current_run: Run | None = None
+        self.__run_step_snapshots: dict[str, RunStep] = {}
+        self.__message_snapshots: dict[str, Message] = {}
+        self.__current_message_snapshot: Message | None = None
+
+        self.text_deltas = self.__text_deltas__()
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+        self.__stream: Stream[AssistantStreamEvent] | None = None
+
+    def _init(self, stream: Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]) -> None:
+        if self.__stream:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "A single event handler cannot be shared between multiple streams; You will need to construct a new event handler instance"
+            )
+
+        self.__stream = stream
+
+    def __next__(self) -> AssistantStreamEvent:
+        return self._iterator.__next__()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    @property
+    def current_event(self) -> AssistantStreamEvent | None:
+        return self._current_event
+
+    @property
+    def current_run(self) -> Run | None:
+        return self.__current_run
+
+    @property
+    def current_run_step_snapshot(self) -> RunStep | None:
+        if not self.__current_run_step_id:
+            return None
+
+        return self.__run_step_snapshots[self.__current_run_step_id]
+
+    @property
+    def current_message_snapshot(self) -> Message | None:
+        return self.__current_message_snapshot
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called when the context manager exits.
+        """
+        if self.__stream:
+            self.__stream.close()
+
+    def until_done(self) -> None:
+        """Waits until the stream has been consumed"""
+        consume_sync_iterator(self)
+
+    def get_final_run(self) -> Run:
+        """Wait for the stream to finish and returns the completed Run object"""
+        self.until_done()
+
+        if not self.__current_run:
+            raise RuntimeError("No final run object found")
+
+        return self.__current_run
+
+    def get_final_run_steps(self) -> list[RunStep]:
+        """Wait for the stream to finish and returns the steps taken in this run"""
+        self.until_done()
+
+        if not self.__run_step_snapshots:
+            raise RuntimeError("No run steps found")
+
+        return [step for step in self.__run_step_snapshots.values()]
+
+    def get_final_messages(self) -> list[Message]:
+        """Wait for the stream to finish and returns the messages emitted in this run"""
+        self.until_done()
+
+        if not self.__message_snapshots:
+            raise RuntimeError("No messages found")
+
+        return [message for message in self.__message_snapshots.values()]
+
+    def __text_deltas__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        for event in self:
+            if event.event != "thread.message.delta":
+                continue
+
+            for content_delta in event.data.delta.content or []:
+                if content_delta.type == "text" and content_delta.text and content_delta.text.value:
+                    yield content_delta.text.value
+
+    # event handlers
+
+    def on_end(self) -> None:
+        """Fires when the stream has finished.
+
+        This happens if the stream is read to completion
+        or if an exception occurs during iteration.
+        """
+
+    def on_event(self, event: AssistantStreamEvent) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired for every Server-Sent-Event"""
+
+    def on_run_step_created(self, run_step: RunStep) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a run step is created"""
+
+    def on_run_step_delta(self, delta: RunStepDelta, snapshot: RunStep) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired whenever a run step delta is returned from the API
+
+        The first argument is just the delta as sent by the API and the second argument
+        is the accumulated snapshot of the run step. For example, a tool calls event may
+        look like this:
+
+        # delta
+        tool_calls=[
+            RunStepDeltaToolCallsCodeInterpreter(
+                index=0,
+                type='code_interpreter',
+                id=None,
+                code_interpreter=CodeInterpreter(input=' sympy', outputs=None)
+            )
+        ]
+        # snapshot
+        tool_calls=[
+            CodeToolCall(
+                id='call_wKayJlcYV12NiadiZuJXxcfx',
+                code_interpreter=CodeInterpreter(input='from sympy', outputs=[]),
+                type='code_interpreter',
+                index=0
+            )
+        ],
+        """
+
+    def on_run_step_done(self, run_step: RunStep) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a run step is completed"""
+
+    def on_tool_call_created(self, tool_call: ToolCall) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a tool call is created"""
+
+    def on_tool_call_delta(self, delta: ToolCallDelta, snapshot: ToolCall) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a tool call delta is encountered"""
+
+    def on_tool_call_done(self, tool_call: ToolCall) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a tool call delta is encountered"""
+
+    def on_exception(self, exception: Exception) -> None:
+        """Fired whenever an exception happens during streaming"""
+
+    def on_timeout(self) -> None:
+        """Fires if the request times out"""
+
+    def on_message_created(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a message is created"""
+
+    def on_message_delta(self, delta: MessageDelta, snapshot: Message) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired whenever a message delta is returned from the API
+
+        The first argument is just the delta as sent by the API and the second argument
+        is the accumulated snapshot of the message. For example, a text content event may
+        look like this:
+
+        # delta
+        MessageDeltaText(
+            index=0,
+            type='text',
+            text=Text(
+                value=' Jane'
+            ),
+        )
+        # snapshot
+        MessageContentText(
+            index=0,
+            type='text',
+            text=Text(
+                value='Certainly, Jane'
+            ),
+        )
+        """
+
+    def on_message_done(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a message is completed"""
+
+    def on_text_created(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a text content block is created"""
+
+    def on_text_delta(self, delta: TextDelta, snapshot: Text) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired whenever a text content delta is returned
+        by the API.
+
+        The first argument is just the delta as sent by the API and the second argument
+        is the accumulated snapshot of the text. For example:
+
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value="The"), Text(value="The")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" solution"), Text(value="The solution")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" to"), Text(value="The solution to")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" the"), Text(value="The solution to the")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" equation"), Text(value="The solution to the equation")),
+        """
+
+    def on_text_done(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a text content block is finished"""
+
+    def on_image_file_done(self, image_file: ImageFile) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when an image file block is finished"""
+
+    def _emit_sse_event(self, event: AssistantStreamEvent) -> None:
+        self._current_event = event
+        self.on_event(event)
+
+        self.__current_message_snapshot, new_content = accumulate_event(
+            event=event,
+            current_message_snapshot=self.__current_message_snapshot,
+        )
+        if self.__current_message_snapshot is not None:
+            self.__message_snapshots[self.__current_message_snapshot.id] = self.__current_message_snapshot
+
+        accumulate_run_step(
+            event=event,
+            run_step_snapshots=self.__run_step_snapshots,
+        )
+
+        for content_delta in new_content:
+            assert self.__current_message_snapshot is not None
+
+            block = self.__current_message_snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+            if block.type == "text":
+                self.on_text_created(block.text)
+
+        if (
+            event.event == "thread.run.completed"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.cancelled"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.expired"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.failed"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.requires_action"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.incomplete"
+        ):
+            self.__current_run = event.data
+            if self._current_tool_call:
+                self.on_tool_call_done(self._current_tool_call)
+        elif (
+            event.event == "thread.run.created"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.in_progress"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.cancelling"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.queued"
+        ):
+            self.__current_run = event.data
+        elif event.event == "thread.message.created":
+            self.on_message_created(event.data)
+        elif event.event == "thread.message.delta":
+            snapshot = self.__current_message_snapshot
+            assert snapshot is not None
+
+            message_delta = event.data.delta
+            if message_delta.content is not None:
+                for content_delta in message_delta.content:
+                    if content_delta.type == "text" and content_delta.text:
+                        snapshot_content = snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+                        assert snapshot_content.type == "text"
+                        self.on_text_delta(content_delta.text, snapshot_content.text)
+
+                    # If the delta is for a new message content:
+                    # - emit on_text_done/on_image_file_done for the previous message content
+                    # - emit on_text_created/on_image_created for the new message content
+                    if content_delta.index != self._current_message_content_index:
+                        if self._current_message_content is not None:
+                            if self._current_message_content.type == "text":
+                                self.on_text_done(self._current_message_content.text)
+                            elif self._current_message_content.type == "image_file":
+                                self.on_image_file_done(self._current_message_content.image_file)
+
+                        self._current_message_content_index = content_delta.index
+                        self._current_message_content = snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+
+                    # Update the current_message_content (delta event is correctly emitted already)
+                    self._current_message_content = snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+
+            self.on_message_delta(event.data.delta, snapshot)
+        elif event.event == "thread.message.completed" or event.event == "thread.message.incomplete":
+            self.__current_message_snapshot = event.data
+            self.__message_snapshots[event.data.id] = event.data
+
+            if self._current_message_content_index is not None:
+                content = event.data.content[self._current_message_content_index]
+                if content.type == "text":
+                    self.on_text_done(content.text)
+                elif content.type == "image_file":
+                    self.on_image_file_done(content.image_file)
+
+            self.on_message_done(event.data)
+        elif event.event == "thread.run.step.created":
+            self.__current_run_step_id = event.data.id
+            self.on_run_step_created(event.data)
+        elif event.event == "thread.run.step.in_progress":
+            self.__current_run_step_id = event.data.id
+        elif event.event == "thread.run.step.delta":
+            step_snapshot = self.__run_step_snapshots[event.data.id]
+
+            run_step_delta = event.data.delta
+            if (
+                run_step_delta.step_details
+                and run_step_delta.step_details.type == "tool_calls"
+                and run_step_delta.step_details.tool_calls is not None
+            ):
+                assert step_snapshot.step_details.type == "tool_calls"
+                for tool_call_delta in run_step_delta.step_details.tool_calls:
+                    if tool_call_delta.index == self._current_tool_call_index:
+                        self.on_tool_call_delta(
+                            tool_call_delta,
+                            step_snapshot.step_details.tool_calls[tool_call_delta.index],
+                        )
+
+                    # If the delta is for a new tool call:
+                    # - emit on_tool_call_done for the previous tool_call
+                    # - emit on_tool_call_created for the new tool_call
+                    if tool_call_delta.index != self._current_tool_call_index:
+                        if self._current_tool_call is not None:
+                            self.on_tool_call_done(self._current_tool_call)
+
+                        self._current_tool_call_index = tool_call_delta.index
+                        self._current_tool_call = step_snapshot.step_details.tool_calls[tool_call_delta.index]
+                        self.on_tool_call_created(self._current_tool_call)
+
+                    # Update the current_tool_call (delta event is correctly emitted already)
+                    self._current_tool_call = step_snapshot.step_details.tool_calls[tool_call_delta.index]
+
+            self.on_run_step_delta(
+                event.data.delta,
+                step_snapshot,
+            )
+        elif (
+            event.event == "thread.run.step.completed"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.step.cancelled"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.step.expired"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.step.failed"
+        ):
+            if self._current_tool_call:
+                self.on_tool_call_done(self._current_tool_call)
+
+            self.on_run_step_done(event.data)
+            self.__current_run_step_id = None
+        elif event.event == "thread.created" or event.event == "thread.message.in_progress" or event.event == "error":
+            # currently no special handling
+            ...
+        else:
+            # we only want to error at build-time
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                assert_never(event)
+
+        self._current_event = None
+
+    def __stream__(self) -> Iterator[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        stream = self.__stream
+        if not stream:
+            raise RuntimeError("Stream has not been started yet")
+
+        try:
+            for event in stream:
+                self._emit_sse_event(event)
+
+                yield event
+        except (httpx.TimeoutException, asyncio.TimeoutError) as exc:
+            self.on_timeout()
+            self.on_exception(exc)
+            raise
+        except Exception as exc:
+            self.on_exception(exc)
+            raise
+        finally:
+            self.on_end()
+
+
+AssistantEventHandlerT = TypeVar("AssistantEventHandlerT", bound=AssistantEventHandler)
+
+
+class AssistantStreamManager(Generic[AssistantEventHandlerT]):
+    """Wrapper over AssistantStreamEventHandler that is returned by `.stream()`
+    so that a context manager can be used.
+
+    ```py
+    with client.threads.create_and_run_stream(...) as stream:
+        for event in stream:
+            ...
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_request: Callable[[], Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]],
+        *,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__stream: Stream[AssistantStreamEvent] | None = None
+        self.__event_handler = event_handler
+        self.__api_request = api_request
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> AssistantEventHandlerT:
+        self.__stream = self.__api_request()
+        self.__event_handler._init(self.__stream)
+        return self.__event_handler
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__stream is not None:
+            self.__stream.close()
+
+
+class AsyncAssistantEventHandler:
+    text_deltas: AsyncIterable[str]
+    """Iterator over just the text deltas in the stream.
+
+    This corresponds to the `thread.message.delta` event
+    in the API.
+
+    ```py
+    async for text in stream.text_deltas:
+        print(text, end="", flush=True)
+    print()
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._current_event: AssistantStreamEvent | None = None
+        self._current_message_content_index: int | None = None
+        self._current_message_content: MessageContent | None = None
+        self._current_tool_call_index: int | None = None
+        self._current_tool_call: ToolCall | None = None
+        self.__current_run_step_id: str | None = None
+        self.__current_run: Run | None = None
+        self.__run_step_snapshots: dict[str, RunStep] = {}
+        self.__message_snapshots: dict[str, Message] = {}
+        self.__current_message_snapshot: Message | None = None
+
+        self.text_deltas = self.__text_deltas__()
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+        self.__stream: AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent] | None = None
+
+    def _init(self, stream: AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]) -> None:
+        if self.__stream:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "A single event handler cannot be shared between multiple streams; You will need to construct a new event handler instance"
+            )
+
+        self.__stream = stream
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> AssistantStreamEvent:
+        return await self._iterator.__anext__()
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        async for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called when the context manager exits.
+        """
+        if self.__stream:
+            await self.__stream.close()
+
+    @property
+    def current_event(self) -> AssistantStreamEvent | None:
+        return self._current_event
+
+    @property
+    def current_run(self) -> Run | None:
+        return self.__current_run
+
+    @property
+    def current_run_step_snapshot(self) -> RunStep | None:
+        if not self.__current_run_step_id:
+            return None
+
+        return self.__run_step_snapshots[self.__current_run_step_id]
+
+    @property
+    def current_message_snapshot(self) -> Message | None:
+        return self.__current_message_snapshot
+
+    async def until_done(self) -> None:
+        """Waits until the stream has been consumed"""
+        await consume_async_iterator(self)
+
+    async def get_final_run(self) -> Run:
+        """Wait for the stream to finish and returns the completed Run object"""
+        await self.until_done()
+
+        if not self.__current_run:
+            raise RuntimeError("No final run object found")
+
+        return self.__current_run
+
+    async def get_final_run_steps(self) -> list[RunStep]:
+        """Wait for the stream to finish and returns the steps taken in this run"""
+        await self.until_done()
+
+        if not self.__run_step_snapshots:
+            raise RuntimeError("No run steps found")
+
+        return [step for step in self.__run_step_snapshots.values()]
+
+    async def get_final_messages(self) -> list[Message]:
+        """Wait for the stream to finish and returns the messages emitted in this run"""
+        await self.until_done()
+
+        if not self.__message_snapshots:
+            raise RuntimeError("No messages found")
+
+        return [message for message in self.__message_snapshots.values()]
+
+    async def __text_deltas__(self) -> AsyncIterator[str]:
+        async for event in self:
+            if event.event != "thread.message.delta":
+                continue
+
+            for content_delta in event.data.delta.content or []:
+                if content_delta.type == "text" and content_delta.text and content_delta.text.value:
+                    yield content_delta.text.value
+
+    # event handlers
+
+    async def on_end(self) -> None:
+        """Fires when the stream has finished.
+
+        This happens if the stream is read to completion
+        or if an exception occurs during iteration.
+        """
+
+    async def on_event(self, event: AssistantStreamEvent) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired for every Server-Sent-Event"""
+
+    async def on_run_step_created(self, run_step: RunStep) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a run step is created"""
+
+    async def on_run_step_delta(self, delta: RunStepDelta, snapshot: RunStep) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired whenever a run step delta is returned from the API
+
+        The first argument is just the delta as sent by the API and the second argument
+        is the accumulated snapshot of the run step. For example, a tool calls event may
+        look like this:
+
+        # delta
+        tool_calls=[
+            RunStepDeltaToolCallsCodeInterpreter(
+                index=0,
+                type='code_interpreter',
+                id=None,
+                code_interpreter=CodeInterpreter(input=' sympy', outputs=None)
+            )
+        ]
+        # snapshot
+        tool_calls=[
+            CodeToolCall(
+                id='call_wKayJlcYV12NiadiZuJXxcfx',
+                code_interpreter=CodeInterpreter(input='from sympy', outputs=[]),
+                type='code_interpreter',
+                index=0
+            )
+        ],
+        """
+
+    async def on_run_step_done(self, run_step: RunStep) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a run step is completed"""
+
+    async def on_tool_call_created(self, tool_call: ToolCall) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a tool call is created"""
+
+    async def on_tool_call_delta(self, delta: ToolCallDelta, snapshot: ToolCall) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a tool call delta is encountered"""
+
+    async def on_tool_call_done(self, tool_call: ToolCall) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a tool call delta is encountered"""
+
+    async def on_exception(self, exception: Exception) -> None:
+        """Fired whenever an exception happens during streaming"""
+
+    async def on_timeout(self) -> None:
+        """Fires if the request times out"""
+
+    async def on_message_created(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a message is created"""
+
+    async def on_message_delta(self, delta: MessageDelta, snapshot: Message) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired whenever a message delta is returned from the API
+
+        The first argument is just the delta as sent by the API and the second argument
+        is the accumulated snapshot of the message. For example, a text content event may
+        look like this:
+
+        # delta
+        MessageDeltaText(
+            index=0,
+            type='text',
+            text=Text(
+                value=' Jane'
+            ),
+        )
+        # snapshot
+        MessageContentText(
+            index=0,
+            type='text',
+            text=Text(
+                value='Certainly, Jane'
+            ),
+        )
+        """
+
+    async def on_message_done(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a message is completed"""
+
+    async def on_text_created(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a text content block is created"""
+
+    async def on_text_delta(self, delta: TextDelta, snapshot: Text) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired whenever a text content delta is returned
+        by the API.
+
+        The first argument is just the delta as sent by the API and the second argument
+        is the accumulated snapshot of the text. For example:
+
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value="The"), Text(value="The")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" solution"), Text(value="The solution")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" to"), Text(value="The solution to")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" the"), Text(value="The solution to the")),
+        on_text_delta(TextDelta(value=" equation"), Text(value="The solution to the equivalent")),
+        """
+
+    async def on_text_done(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when a text content block is finished"""
+
+    async def on_image_file_done(self, image_file: ImageFile) -> None:
+        """Callback that is fired when an image file block is finished"""
+
+    async def _emit_sse_event(self, event: AssistantStreamEvent) -> None:
+        self._current_event = event
+        await self.on_event(event)
+
+        self.__current_message_snapshot, new_content = accumulate_event(
+            event=event,
+            current_message_snapshot=self.__current_message_snapshot,
+        )
+        if self.__current_message_snapshot is not None:
+            self.__message_snapshots[self.__current_message_snapshot.id] = self.__current_message_snapshot
+
+        accumulate_run_step(
+            event=event,
+            run_step_snapshots=self.__run_step_snapshots,
+        )
+
+        for content_delta in new_content:
+            assert self.__current_message_snapshot is not None
+
+            block = self.__current_message_snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+            if block.type == "text":
+                await self.on_text_created(block.text)
+
+        if (
+            event.event == "thread.run.completed"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.cancelled"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.expired"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.failed"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.requires_action"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.incomplete"
+        ):
+            self.__current_run = event.data
+            if self._current_tool_call:
+                await self.on_tool_call_done(self._current_tool_call)
+        elif (
+            event.event == "thread.run.created"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.in_progress"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.cancelling"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.queued"
+        ):
+            self.__current_run = event.data
+        elif event.event == "thread.message.created":
+            await self.on_message_created(event.data)
+        elif event.event == "thread.message.delta":
+            snapshot = self.__current_message_snapshot
+            assert snapshot is not None
+
+            message_delta = event.data.delta
+            if message_delta.content is not None:
+                for content_delta in message_delta.content:
+                    if content_delta.type == "text" and content_delta.text:
+                        snapshot_content = snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+                        assert snapshot_content.type == "text"
+                        await self.on_text_delta(content_delta.text, snapshot_content.text)
+
+                    # If the delta is for a new message content:
+                    # - emit on_text_done/on_image_file_done for the previous message content
+                    # - emit on_text_created/on_image_created for the new message content
+                    if content_delta.index != self._current_message_content_index:
+                        if self._current_message_content is not None:
+                            if self._current_message_content.type == "text":
+                                await self.on_text_done(self._current_message_content.text)
+                            elif self._current_message_content.type == "image_file":
+                                await self.on_image_file_done(self._current_message_content.image_file)
+
+                        self._current_message_content_index = content_delta.index
+                        self._current_message_content = snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+
+                    # Update the current_message_content (delta event is correctly emitted already)
+                    self._current_message_content = snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+
+            await self.on_message_delta(event.data.delta, snapshot)
+        elif event.event == "thread.message.completed" or event.event == "thread.message.incomplete":
+            self.__current_message_snapshot = event.data
+            self.__message_snapshots[event.data.id] = event.data
+
+            if self._current_message_content_index is not None:
+                content = event.data.content[self._current_message_content_index]
+                if content.type == "text":
+                    await self.on_text_done(content.text)
+                elif content.type == "image_file":
+                    await self.on_image_file_done(content.image_file)
+
+            await self.on_message_done(event.data)
+        elif event.event == "thread.run.step.created":
+            self.__current_run_step_id = event.data.id
+            await self.on_run_step_created(event.data)
+        elif event.event == "thread.run.step.in_progress":
+            self.__current_run_step_id = event.data.id
+        elif event.event == "thread.run.step.delta":
+            step_snapshot = self.__run_step_snapshots[event.data.id]
+
+            run_step_delta = event.data.delta
+            if (
+                run_step_delta.step_details
+                and run_step_delta.step_details.type == "tool_calls"
+                and run_step_delta.step_details.tool_calls is not None
+            ):
+                assert step_snapshot.step_details.type == "tool_calls"
+                for tool_call_delta in run_step_delta.step_details.tool_calls:
+                    if tool_call_delta.index == self._current_tool_call_index:
+                        await self.on_tool_call_delta(
+                            tool_call_delta,
+                            step_snapshot.step_details.tool_calls[tool_call_delta.index],
+                        )
+
+                    # If the delta is for a new tool call:
+                    # - emit on_tool_call_done for the previous tool_call
+                    # - emit on_tool_call_created for the new tool_call
+                    if tool_call_delta.index != self._current_tool_call_index:
+                        if self._current_tool_call is not None:
+                            await self.on_tool_call_done(self._current_tool_call)
+
+                        self._current_tool_call_index = tool_call_delta.index
+                        self._current_tool_call = step_snapshot.step_details.tool_calls[tool_call_delta.index]
+                        await self.on_tool_call_created(self._current_tool_call)
+
+                    # Update the current_tool_call (delta event is correctly emitted already)
+                    self._current_tool_call = step_snapshot.step_details.tool_calls[tool_call_delta.index]
+
+            await self.on_run_step_delta(
+                event.data.delta,
+                step_snapshot,
+            )
+        elif (
+            event.event == "thread.run.step.completed"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.step.cancelled"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.step.expired"
+            or event.event == "thread.run.step.failed"
+        ):
+            if self._current_tool_call:
+                await self.on_tool_call_done(self._current_tool_call)
+
+            await self.on_run_step_done(event.data)
+            self.__current_run_step_id = None
+        elif event.event == "thread.created" or event.event == "thread.message.in_progress" or event.event == "error":
+            # currently no special handling
+            ...
+        else:
+            # we only want to error at build-time
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                assert_never(event)
+
+        self._current_event = None
+
+    async def __stream__(self) -> AsyncIterator[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        stream = self.__stream
+        if not stream:
+            raise RuntimeError("Stream has not been started yet")
+
+        try:
+            async for event in stream:
+                await self._emit_sse_event(event)
+
+                yield event
+        except (httpx.TimeoutException, asyncio.TimeoutError) as exc:
+            await self.on_timeout()
+            await self.on_exception(exc)
+            raise
+        except Exception as exc:
+            await self.on_exception(exc)
+            raise
+        finally:
+            await self.on_end()
+
+
+AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT = TypeVar("AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT", bound=AsyncAssistantEventHandler)
+
+
+class AsyncAssistantStreamManager(Generic[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]):
+    """Wrapper over AsyncAssistantStreamEventHandler that is returned by `.stream()`
+    so that an async context manager can be used without `await`ing the
+    original client call.
+
+    ```py
+    async with client.threads.create_and_run_stream(...) as stream:
+        async for event in stream:
+            ...
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_request: Awaitable[AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]],
+        *,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__stream: AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent] | None = None
+        self.__event_handler = event_handler
+        self.__api_request = api_request
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT:
+        self.__stream = await self.__api_request
+        self.__event_handler._init(self.__stream)
+        return self.__event_handler
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__stream is not None:
+            await self.__stream.close()
+
+
+def accumulate_run_step(
+    *,
+    event: AssistantStreamEvent,
+    run_step_snapshots: dict[str, RunStep],
+) -> None:
+    if event.event == "thread.run.step.created":
+        run_step_snapshots[event.data.id] = event.data
+        return
+
+    if event.event == "thread.run.step.delta":
+        data = event.data
+        snapshot = run_step_snapshots[data.id]
+
+        if data.delta:
+            merged = accumulate_delta(
+                cast(
+                    "dict[object, object]",
+                    model_dump(snapshot, exclude_unset=True, warnings=False),
+                ),
+                cast(
+                    "dict[object, object]",
+                    model_dump(data.delta, exclude_unset=True, warnings=False),
+                ),
+            )
+            run_step_snapshots[snapshot.id] = cast(RunStep, construct_type(type_=RunStep, value=merged))
+
+    return None
+
+
+def accumulate_event(
+    *,
+    event: AssistantStreamEvent,
+    current_message_snapshot: Message | None,
+) -> tuple[Message | None, list[MessageContentDelta]]:
+    """Returns a tuple of message snapshot and newly created text message deltas"""
+    if event.event == "thread.message.created":
+        return event.data, []
+
+    new_content: list[MessageContentDelta] = []
+
+    if event.event != "thread.message.delta":
+        return current_message_snapshot, []
+
+    if not current_message_snapshot:
+        raise RuntimeError("Encountered a message delta with no previous snapshot")
+
+    data = event.data
+    if data.delta.content:
+        for content_delta in data.delta.content:
+            try:
+                block = current_message_snapshot.content[content_delta.index]
+            except IndexError:
+                current_message_snapshot.content.insert(
+                    content_delta.index,
+                    cast(
+                        MessageContent,
+                        construct_type(
+                            # mypy doesn't allow Content for some reason
+                            type_=cast(Any, MessageContent),
+                            value=model_dump(content_delta, exclude_unset=True, warnings=False),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                )
+                new_content.append(content_delta)
+            else:
+                merged = accumulate_delta(
+                    cast(
+                        "dict[object, object]",
+                        model_dump(block, exclude_unset=True, warnings=False),
+                    ),
+                    cast(
+                        "dict[object, object]",
+                        model_dump(content_delta, exclude_unset=True, warnings=False),
+                    ),
+                )
+                current_message_snapshot.content[content_delta.index] = cast(
+                    MessageContent,
+                    construct_type(
+                        # mypy doesn't allow Content for some reason
+                        type_=cast(Any, MessageContent),
+                        value=merged,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    return current_message_snapshot, new_content
+
+
+def accumulate_delta(acc: dict[object, object], delta: dict[object, object]) -> dict[object, object]:
+    for key, delta_value in delta.items():
+        if key not in acc:
+            acc[key] = delta_value
+            continue
+
+        acc_value = acc[key]
+        if acc_value is None:
+            acc[key] = delta_value
+            continue
+
+        # the `index` property is used in arrays of objects so it should
+        # not be accumulated like other values e.g.
+        # [{'foo': 'bar', 'index': 0}]
+        #
+        # the same applies to `type` properties as they're used for
+        # discriminated unions
+        if key == "index" or key == "type":
+            acc[key] = delta_value
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(acc_value, str) and isinstance(delta_value, str):
+            acc_value += delta_value
+        elif isinstance(acc_value, (int, float)) and isinstance(delta_value, (int, float)):
+            acc_value += delta_value
+        elif is_dict(acc_value) and is_dict(delta_value):
+            acc_value = accumulate_delta(acc_value, delta_value)
+        elif is_list(acc_value) and is_list(delta_value):
+            # for lists of non-dictionary items we'll only ever get new entries
+            # in the array, existing entries will never be changed
+            if all(isinstance(x, (str, int, float)) for x in acc_value):
+                acc_value.extend(delta_value)
+                continue
+
+            for delta_entry in delta_value:
+                if not is_dict(delta_entry):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Unexpected list delta entry is not a dictionary: {delta_entry}")
+
+                try:
+                    index = delta_entry["index"]
+                except KeyError as exc:
+                    raise RuntimeError(f"Expected list delta entry to have an `index` key; {delta_entry}") from exc
+
+                if not isinstance(index, int):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Unexpected, list delta entry `index` value is not an integer; {index}")
+
+                try:
+                    acc_entry = acc_value[index]
+                except IndexError:
+                    acc_value.insert(index, delta_entry)
+                else:
+                    if not is_dict(acc_entry):
+                        raise TypeError("not handled yet")
+
+                    acc_value[index] = accumulate_delta(acc_entry, delta_entry)
+
+        acc[key] = acc_value
+
+    return acc
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/_deltas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/_deltas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5e13176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/_deltas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..._utils import is_dict, is_list
+
+
+def accumulate_delta(acc: dict[object, object], delta: dict[object, object]) -> dict[object, object]:
+    for key, delta_value in delta.items():
+        if key not in acc:
+            acc[key] = delta_value
+            continue
+
+        acc_value = acc[key]
+        if acc_value is None:
+            acc[key] = delta_value
+            continue
+
+        # the `index` property is used in arrays of objects so it should
+        # not be accumulated like other values e.g.
+        # [{'foo': 'bar', 'index': 0}]
+        #
+        # the same applies to `type` properties as they're used for
+        # discriminated unions
+        if key == "index" or key == "type":
+            acc[key] = delta_value
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(acc_value, str) and isinstance(delta_value, str):
+            acc_value += delta_value
+        elif isinstance(acc_value, (int, float)) and isinstance(delta_value, (int, float)):
+            acc_value += delta_value
+        elif is_dict(acc_value) and is_dict(delta_value):
+            acc_value = accumulate_delta(acc_value, delta_value)
+        elif is_list(acc_value) and is_list(delta_value):
+            # for lists of non-dictionary items we'll only ever get new entries
+            # in the array, existing entries will never be changed
+            if all(isinstance(x, (str, int, float)) for x in acc_value):
+                acc_value.extend(delta_value)
+                continue
+
+            for delta_entry in delta_value:
+                if not is_dict(delta_entry):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Unexpected list delta entry is not a dictionary: {delta_entry}")
+
+                try:
+                    index = delta_entry["index"]
+                except KeyError as exc:
+                    raise RuntimeError(f"Expected list delta entry to have an `index` key; {delta_entry}") from exc
+
+                if not isinstance(index, int):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Unexpected, list delta entry `index` value is not an integer; {index}")
+
+                try:
+                    acc_entry = acc_value[index]
+                except IndexError:
+                    acc_value.insert(index, delta_entry)
+                else:
+                    if not is_dict(acc_entry):
+                        raise TypeError("not handled yet")
+
+                    acc_value[index] = accumulate_delta(acc_entry, delta_entry)
+
+        acc[key] = acc_value
+
+    return acc
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfa3f3f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from ._types import (
+    ParsedChoiceSnapshot as ParsedChoiceSnapshot,
+    ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot as ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot,
+    ParsedChatCompletionMessageSnapshot as ParsedChatCompletionMessageSnapshot,
+)
+from ._events import (
+    ChunkEvent as ChunkEvent,
+    ContentDoneEvent as ContentDoneEvent,
+    RefusalDoneEvent as RefusalDoneEvent,
+    ContentDeltaEvent as ContentDeltaEvent,
+    RefusalDeltaEvent as RefusalDeltaEvent,
+    LogprobsContentDoneEvent as LogprobsContentDoneEvent,
+    LogprobsRefusalDoneEvent as LogprobsRefusalDoneEvent,
+    ChatCompletionStreamEvent as ChatCompletionStreamEvent,
+    LogprobsContentDeltaEvent as LogprobsContentDeltaEvent,
+    LogprobsRefusalDeltaEvent as LogprobsRefusalDeltaEvent,
+    ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot as ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot,
+    FunctionToolCallArgumentsDoneEvent as FunctionToolCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+    FunctionToolCallArgumentsDeltaEvent as FunctionToolCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+)
+from ._completions import (
+    ChatCompletionStream as ChatCompletionStream,
+    AsyncChatCompletionStream as AsyncChatCompletionStream,
+    ChatCompletionStreamState as ChatCompletionStreamState,
+    ChatCompletionStreamManager as ChatCompletionStreamManager,
+    AsyncChatCompletionStreamManager as AsyncChatCompletionStreamManager,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/__pycache__/_types.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/__pycache__/_types.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_completions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_completions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7b70c32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_completions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,770 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Generic, Callable, Iterable, Awaitable, AsyncIterator, cast
+from typing_extensions import Self, Iterator, assert_never
+
+from jiter import from_json
+
+from ._types import ParsedChoiceSnapshot, ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot, ParsedChatCompletionMessageSnapshot
+from ._events import (
+    ChunkEvent,
+    ContentDoneEvent,
+    RefusalDoneEvent,
+    ContentDeltaEvent,
+    RefusalDeltaEvent,
+    LogprobsContentDoneEvent,
+    LogprobsRefusalDoneEvent,
+    ChatCompletionStreamEvent,
+    LogprobsContentDeltaEvent,
+    LogprobsRefusalDeltaEvent,
+    FunctionToolCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+    FunctionToolCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .._deltas import accumulate_delta
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, IncEx, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import is_given, consume_sync_iterator, consume_async_iterator
+from ...._compat import model_dump
+from ...._models import build, construct_type
+from ..._parsing import (
+    ResponseFormatT,
+    has_parseable_input,
+    maybe_parse_content,
+    parse_chat_completion,
+    get_input_tool_by_name,
+    solve_response_format_t,
+    parse_function_tool_arguments,
+)
+from ...._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from ....types.chat import ChatCompletionChunk, ParsedChatCompletion, ChatCompletionToolParam
+from ...._exceptions import LengthFinishReasonError, ContentFilterFinishReasonError
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion import ChoiceLogprobs
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_chunk import Choice as ChoiceChunk
+from ....types.chat.completion_create_params import ResponseFormat as ResponseFormatParam
+
+
+class ChatCompletionStream(Generic[ResponseFormatT]):
+    """Wrapper over the Chat Completions streaming API that adds helpful
+    events such as `content.done`, supports automatically parsing
+    responses & tool calls and accumulates a `ChatCompletion` object
+    from each individual chunk.
+
+    https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/streaming
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        raw_stream: Stream[ChatCompletionChunk],
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_stream = raw_stream
+        self._response = raw_stream.response
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+        self._state = ChatCompletionStreamState(response_format=response_format, input_tools=input_tools)
+
+    def __next__(self) -> ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]:
+        return self._iterator.__next__()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        self._response.close()
+
+    def get_final_completion(self) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+        """Waits until the stream has been read to completion and returns
+        the accumulated `ParsedChatCompletion` object.
+
+        If you passed a class type to `.stream()`, the `completion.choices[0].message.parsed`
+        property will be the content deserialised into that class, if there was any content returned
+        by the API.
+        """
+        self.until_done()
+        return self._state.get_final_completion()
+
+    def until_done(self) -> Self:
+        """Blocks until the stream has been consumed."""
+        consume_sync_iterator(self)
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def current_completion_snapshot(self) -> ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot:
+        return self._state.current_completion_snapshot
+
+    def __stream__(self) -> Iterator[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        for sse_event in self._raw_stream:
+            if not _is_valid_chat_completion_chunk_weak(sse_event):
+                continue
+            events_to_fire = self._state.handle_chunk(sse_event)
+            for event in events_to_fire:
+                yield event
+
+
+class ChatCompletionStreamManager(Generic[ResponseFormatT]):
+    """Context manager over a `ChatCompletionStream` that is returned by `.stream()`.
+
+    This context manager ensures the response cannot be leaked if you don't read
+    the stream to completion.
+
+    Usage:
+    ```py
+    with client.beta.chat.completions.stream(...) as stream:
+        for event in stream:
+            ...
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_request: Callable[[], Stream[ChatCompletionChunk]],
+        *,
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__stream: ChatCompletionStream[ResponseFormatT] | None = None
+        self.__api_request = api_request
+        self.__response_format = response_format
+        self.__input_tools = input_tools
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> ChatCompletionStream[ResponseFormatT]:
+        raw_stream = self.__api_request()
+
+        self.__stream = ChatCompletionStream(
+            raw_stream=raw_stream,
+            response_format=self.__response_format,
+            input_tools=self.__input_tools,
+        )
+
+        return self.__stream
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__stream is not None:
+            self.__stream.close()
+
+
+class AsyncChatCompletionStream(Generic[ResponseFormatT]):
+    """Wrapper over the Chat Completions streaming API that adds helpful
+    events such as `content.done`, supports automatically parsing
+    responses & tool calls and accumulates a `ChatCompletion` object
+    from each individual chunk.
+
+    https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/streaming
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        raw_stream: AsyncStream[ChatCompletionChunk],
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_stream = raw_stream
+        self._response = raw_stream.response
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+        self._state = ChatCompletionStreamState(response_format=response_format, input_tools=input_tools)
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]:
+        return await self._iterator.__anext__()
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        async for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        await self._response.aclose()
+
+    async def get_final_completion(self) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+        """Waits until the stream has been read to completion and returns
+        the accumulated `ParsedChatCompletion` object.
+
+        If you passed a class type to `.stream()`, the `completion.choices[0].message.parsed`
+        property will be the content deserialised into that class, if there was any content returned
+        by the API.
+        """
+        await self.until_done()
+        return self._state.get_final_completion()
+
+    async def until_done(self) -> Self:
+        """Blocks until the stream has been consumed."""
+        await consume_async_iterator(self)
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def current_completion_snapshot(self) -> ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot:
+        return self._state.current_completion_snapshot
+
+    async def __stream__(self) -> AsyncIterator[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        async for sse_event in self._raw_stream:
+            if not _is_valid_chat_completion_chunk_weak(sse_event):
+                continue
+            events_to_fire = self._state.handle_chunk(sse_event)
+            for event in events_to_fire:
+                yield event
+
+
+class AsyncChatCompletionStreamManager(Generic[ResponseFormatT]):
+    """Context manager over a `AsyncChatCompletionStream` that is returned by `.stream()`.
+
+    This context manager ensures the response cannot be leaked if you don't read
+    the stream to completion.
+
+    Usage:
+    ```py
+    async with client.beta.chat.completions.stream(...) as stream:
+        for event in stream:
+            ...
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_request: Awaitable[AsyncStream[ChatCompletionChunk]],
+        *,
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__stream: AsyncChatCompletionStream[ResponseFormatT] | None = None
+        self.__api_request = api_request
+        self.__response_format = response_format
+        self.__input_tools = input_tools
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncChatCompletionStream[ResponseFormatT]:
+        raw_stream = await self.__api_request
+
+        self.__stream = AsyncChatCompletionStream(
+            raw_stream=raw_stream,
+            response_format=self.__response_format,
+            input_tools=self.__input_tools,
+        )
+
+        return self.__stream
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__stream is not None:
+            await self.__stream.close()
+
+
+class ChatCompletionStreamState(Generic[ResponseFormatT]):
+    """Helper class for manually accumulating `ChatCompletionChunk`s into a final `ChatCompletion` object.
+
+    This is useful in cases where you can't always use the `.stream()` method, e.g.
+
+    ```py
+    from openai.lib.streaming.chat import ChatCompletionStreamState
+
+    state = ChatCompletionStreamState()
+
+    stream = client.chat.completions.create(..., stream=True)
+    for chunk in response:
+        state.handle_chunk(chunk)
+
+        # can also access the accumulated `ChatCompletion` mid-stream
+        state.current_completion_snapshot
+
+    print(state.get_final_completion())
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__current_completion_snapshot: ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot | None = None
+        self.__choice_event_states: list[ChoiceEventState] = []
+
+        self._input_tools = [tool for tool in input_tools] if is_given(input_tools) else []
+        self._response_format = response_format
+        self._rich_response_format: type | NotGiven = response_format if inspect.isclass(response_format) else NOT_GIVEN
+
+    def get_final_completion(self) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+        """Parse the final completion object.
+
+        Note this does not provide any guarantees that the stream has actually finished, you must
+        only call this method when the stream is finished.
+        """
+        return parse_chat_completion(
+            chat_completion=self.current_completion_snapshot,
+            response_format=self._rich_response_format,
+            input_tools=self._input_tools,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def current_completion_snapshot(self) -> ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot:
+        assert self.__current_completion_snapshot is not None
+        return self.__current_completion_snapshot
+
+    def handle_chunk(self, chunk: ChatCompletionChunk) -> Iterable[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        """Accumulate a new chunk into the snapshot and returns an iterable of events to yield."""
+        self.__current_completion_snapshot = self._accumulate_chunk(chunk)
+
+        return self._build_events(
+            chunk=chunk,
+            completion_snapshot=self.__current_completion_snapshot,
+        )
+
+    def _get_choice_state(self, choice: ChoiceChunk) -> ChoiceEventState:
+        try:
+            return self.__choice_event_states[choice.index]
+        except IndexError:
+            choice_state = ChoiceEventState(input_tools=self._input_tools)
+            self.__choice_event_states.append(choice_state)
+            return choice_state
+
+    def _accumulate_chunk(self, chunk: ChatCompletionChunk) -> ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot:
+        completion_snapshot = self.__current_completion_snapshot
+
+        if completion_snapshot is None:
+            return _convert_initial_chunk_into_snapshot(chunk)
+
+        for choice in chunk.choices:
+            try:
+                choice_snapshot = completion_snapshot.choices[choice.index]
+                previous_tool_calls = choice_snapshot.message.tool_calls or []
+
+                choice_snapshot.message = cast(
+                    ParsedChatCompletionMessageSnapshot,
+                    construct_type(
+                        type_=ParsedChatCompletionMessageSnapshot,
+                        value=accumulate_delta(
+                            cast(
+                                "dict[object, object]",
+                                model_dump(
+                                    choice_snapshot.message,
+                                    # we don't want to serialise / deserialise our custom properties
+                                    # as they won't appear in the delta and we don't want to have to
+                                    # continuosly reparse the content
+                                    exclude=cast(
+                                        # cast required as mypy isn't smart enough to infer `True` here to `Literal[True]`
+                                        IncEx,
+                                        {
+                                            "parsed": True,
+                                            "tool_calls": {
+                                                idx: {"function": {"parsed_arguments": True}}
+                                                for idx, _ in enumerate(choice_snapshot.message.tool_calls or [])
+                                            },
+                                        },
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                            ),
+                            cast("dict[object, object]", choice.delta.to_dict()),
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                # ensure tools that have already been parsed are added back into the newly
+                # constructed message snapshot
+                for tool_index, prev_tool in enumerate(previous_tool_calls):
+                    new_tool = (choice_snapshot.message.tool_calls or [])[tool_index]
+
+                    if prev_tool.type == "function":
+                        assert new_tool.type == "function"
+                        new_tool.function.parsed_arguments = prev_tool.function.parsed_arguments
+                    elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                        assert_never(prev_tool)
+            except IndexError:
+                choice_snapshot = cast(
+                    ParsedChoiceSnapshot,
+                    construct_type(
+                        type_=ParsedChoiceSnapshot,
+                        value={
+                            **choice.model_dump(exclude_unset=True, exclude={"delta"}),
+                            "message": choice.delta.to_dict(),
+                        },
+                    ),
+                )
+                completion_snapshot.choices.append(choice_snapshot)
+
+            if choice.finish_reason:
+                choice_snapshot.finish_reason = choice.finish_reason
+
+                if has_parseable_input(response_format=self._response_format, input_tools=self._input_tools):
+                    if choice.finish_reason == "length":
+                        # at the time of writing, `.usage` will always be `None` but
+                        # we include it here in case that is changed in the future
+                        raise LengthFinishReasonError(completion=completion_snapshot)
+
+                    if choice.finish_reason == "content_filter":
+                        raise ContentFilterFinishReasonError()
+
+            if (
+                choice_snapshot.message.content
+                and not choice_snapshot.message.refusal
+                and is_given(self._rich_response_format)
+                # partial parsing fails on white-space
+                and choice_snapshot.message.content.lstrip()
+            ):
+                choice_snapshot.message.parsed = from_json(
+                    bytes(choice_snapshot.message.content, "utf-8"),
+                    partial_mode=True,
+                )
+
+            for tool_call_chunk in choice.delta.tool_calls or []:
+                tool_call_snapshot = (choice_snapshot.message.tool_calls or [])[tool_call_chunk.index]
+
+                if tool_call_snapshot.type == "function":
+                    input_tool = get_input_tool_by_name(
+                        input_tools=self._input_tools, name=tool_call_snapshot.function.name
+                    )
+
+                    if (
+                        input_tool
+                        and input_tool.get("function", {}).get("strict")
+                        and tool_call_snapshot.function.arguments
+                    ):
+                        tool_call_snapshot.function.parsed_arguments = from_json(
+                            bytes(tool_call_snapshot.function.arguments, "utf-8"),
+                            partial_mode=True,
+                        )
+                elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                    assert_never(tool_call_snapshot)
+
+            if choice.logprobs is not None:
+                if choice_snapshot.logprobs is None:
+                    choice_snapshot.logprobs = build(
+                        ChoiceLogprobs,
+                        content=choice.logprobs.content,
+                        refusal=choice.logprobs.refusal,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    if choice.logprobs.content:
+                        if choice_snapshot.logprobs.content is None:
+                            choice_snapshot.logprobs.content = []
+
+                        choice_snapshot.logprobs.content.extend(choice.logprobs.content)
+
+                    if choice.logprobs.refusal:
+                        if choice_snapshot.logprobs.refusal is None:
+                            choice_snapshot.logprobs.refusal = []
+
+                        choice_snapshot.logprobs.refusal.extend(choice.logprobs.refusal)
+
+        completion_snapshot.usage = chunk.usage
+        completion_snapshot.system_fingerprint = chunk.system_fingerprint
+
+        return completion_snapshot
+
+    def _build_events(
+        self,
+        *,
+        chunk: ChatCompletionChunk,
+        completion_snapshot: ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot,
+    ) -> list[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        events_to_fire: list[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]] = []
+
+        events_to_fire.append(
+            build(ChunkEvent, type="chunk", chunk=chunk, snapshot=completion_snapshot),
+        )
+
+        for choice in chunk.choices:
+            choice_state = self._get_choice_state(choice)
+            choice_snapshot = completion_snapshot.choices[choice.index]
+
+            if choice.delta.content is not None and choice_snapshot.message.content is not None:
+                events_to_fire.append(
+                    build(
+                        ContentDeltaEvent,
+                        type="content.delta",
+                        delta=choice.delta.content,
+                        snapshot=choice_snapshot.message.content,
+                        parsed=choice_snapshot.message.parsed,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            if choice.delta.refusal is not None and choice_snapshot.message.refusal is not None:
+                events_to_fire.append(
+                    build(
+                        RefusalDeltaEvent,
+                        type="refusal.delta",
+                        delta=choice.delta.refusal,
+                        snapshot=choice_snapshot.message.refusal,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            if choice.delta.tool_calls:
+                tool_calls = choice_snapshot.message.tool_calls
+                assert tool_calls is not None
+
+                for tool_call_delta in choice.delta.tool_calls:
+                    tool_call = tool_calls[tool_call_delta.index]
+
+                    if tool_call.type == "function":
+                        assert tool_call_delta.function is not None
+                        events_to_fire.append(
+                            build(
+                                FunctionToolCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+                                type="tool_calls.function.arguments.delta",
+                                name=tool_call.function.name,
+                                index=tool_call_delta.index,
+                                arguments=tool_call.function.arguments,
+                                parsed_arguments=tool_call.function.parsed_arguments,
+                                arguments_delta=tool_call_delta.function.arguments or "",
+                            )
+                        )
+                    elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                        assert_never(tool_call)
+
+            if choice.logprobs is not None and choice_snapshot.logprobs is not None:
+                if choice.logprobs.content and choice_snapshot.logprobs.content:
+                    events_to_fire.append(
+                        build(
+                            LogprobsContentDeltaEvent,
+                            type="logprobs.content.delta",
+                            content=choice.logprobs.content,
+                            snapshot=choice_snapshot.logprobs.content,
+                        ),
+                    )
+
+                if choice.logprobs.refusal and choice_snapshot.logprobs.refusal:
+                    events_to_fire.append(
+                        build(
+                            LogprobsRefusalDeltaEvent,
+                            type="logprobs.refusal.delta",
+                            refusal=choice.logprobs.refusal,
+                            snapshot=choice_snapshot.logprobs.refusal,
+                        ),
+                    )
+
+            events_to_fire.extend(
+                choice_state.get_done_events(
+                    choice_chunk=choice,
+                    choice_snapshot=choice_snapshot,
+                    response_format=self._response_format,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return events_to_fire
+
+
+class ChoiceEventState:
+    def __init__(self, *, input_tools: list[ChatCompletionToolParam]) -> None:
+        self._input_tools = input_tools
+
+        self._content_done = False
+        self._refusal_done = False
+        self._logprobs_content_done = False
+        self._logprobs_refusal_done = False
+        self._done_tool_calls: set[int] = set()
+        self.__current_tool_call_index: int | None = None
+
+    def get_done_events(
+        self,
+        *,
+        choice_chunk: ChoiceChunk,
+        choice_snapshot: ParsedChoiceSnapshot,
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+    ) -> list[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        events_to_fire: list[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]] = []
+
+        if choice_snapshot.finish_reason:
+            events_to_fire.extend(
+                self._content_done_events(choice_snapshot=choice_snapshot, response_format=response_format)
+            )
+
+            if (
+                self.__current_tool_call_index is not None
+                and self.__current_tool_call_index not in self._done_tool_calls
+            ):
+                self._add_tool_done_event(
+                    events_to_fire=events_to_fire,
+                    choice_snapshot=choice_snapshot,
+                    tool_index=self.__current_tool_call_index,
+                )
+
+        for tool_call in choice_chunk.delta.tool_calls or []:
+            if self.__current_tool_call_index != tool_call.index:
+                events_to_fire.extend(
+                    self._content_done_events(choice_snapshot=choice_snapshot, response_format=response_format)
+                )
+
+                if self.__current_tool_call_index is not None:
+                    self._add_tool_done_event(
+                        events_to_fire=events_to_fire,
+                        choice_snapshot=choice_snapshot,
+                        tool_index=self.__current_tool_call_index,
+                    )
+
+            self.__current_tool_call_index = tool_call.index
+
+        return events_to_fire
+
+    def _content_done_events(
+        self,
+        *,
+        choice_snapshot: ParsedChoiceSnapshot,
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | ResponseFormatParam | NotGiven,
+    ) -> list[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]]:
+        events_to_fire: list[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]] = []
+
+        if choice_snapshot.message.content and not self._content_done:
+            self._content_done = True
+
+            parsed = maybe_parse_content(
+                response_format=response_format,
+                message=choice_snapshot.message,
+            )
+
+            # update the parsed content to now use the richer `response_format`
+            # as opposed to the raw JSON-parsed object as the content is now
+            # complete and can be fully validated.
+            choice_snapshot.message.parsed = parsed
+
+            events_to_fire.append(
+                build(
+                    # we do this dance so that when the `ContentDoneEvent` instance
+                    # is printed at runtime the class name will include the solved
+                    # type variable, e.g. `ContentDoneEvent[MyModelType]`
+                    cast(  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+                        "type[ContentDoneEvent[ResponseFormatT]]",
+                        cast(Any, ContentDoneEvent)[solve_response_format_t(response_format)],
+                    ),
+                    type="content.done",
+                    content=choice_snapshot.message.content,
+                    parsed=parsed,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if choice_snapshot.message.refusal is not None and not self._refusal_done:
+            self._refusal_done = True
+            events_to_fire.append(
+                build(RefusalDoneEvent, type="refusal.done", refusal=choice_snapshot.message.refusal),
+            )
+
+        if (
+            choice_snapshot.logprobs is not None
+            and choice_snapshot.logprobs.content is not None
+            and not self._logprobs_content_done
+        ):
+            self._logprobs_content_done = True
+            events_to_fire.append(
+                build(LogprobsContentDoneEvent, type="logprobs.content.done", content=choice_snapshot.logprobs.content),
+            )
+
+        if (
+            choice_snapshot.logprobs is not None
+            and choice_snapshot.logprobs.refusal is not None
+            and not self._logprobs_refusal_done
+        ):
+            self._logprobs_refusal_done = True
+            events_to_fire.append(
+                build(LogprobsRefusalDoneEvent, type="logprobs.refusal.done", refusal=choice_snapshot.logprobs.refusal),
+            )
+
+        return events_to_fire
+
+    def _add_tool_done_event(
+        self,
+        *,
+        events_to_fire: list[ChatCompletionStreamEvent[ResponseFormatT]],
+        choice_snapshot: ParsedChoiceSnapshot,
+        tool_index: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        if tool_index in self._done_tool_calls:
+            return
+
+        self._done_tool_calls.add(tool_index)
+
+        assert choice_snapshot.message.tool_calls is not None
+        tool_call_snapshot = choice_snapshot.message.tool_calls[tool_index]
+
+        if tool_call_snapshot.type == "function":
+            parsed_arguments = parse_function_tool_arguments(
+                input_tools=self._input_tools, function=tool_call_snapshot.function
+            )
+
+            # update the parsed content to potentially use a richer type
+            # as opposed to the raw JSON-parsed object as the content is now
+            # complete and can be fully validated.
+            tool_call_snapshot.function.parsed_arguments = parsed_arguments
+
+            events_to_fire.append(
+                build(
+                    FunctionToolCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+                    type="tool_calls.function.arguments.done",
+                    index=tool_index,
+                    name=tool_call_snapshot.function.name,
+                    arguments=tool_call_snapshot.function.arguments,
+                    parsed_arguments=parsed_arguments,
+                )
+            )
+        elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+            assert_never(tool_call_snapshot)
+
+
+def _convert_initial_chunk_into_snapshot(chunk: ChatCompletionChunk) -> ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot:
+    data = chunk.to_dict()
+    choices = cast("list[object]", data["choices"])
+
+    for choice in chunk.choices:
+        choices[choice.index] = {
+            **choice.model_dump(exclude_unset=True, exclude={"delta"}),
+            "message": choice.delta.to_dict(),
+        }
+
+    return cast(
+        ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot,
+        construct_type(
+            type_=ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot,
+            value={
+                "system_fingerprint": None,
+                **data,
+                "object": "chat.completion",
+            },
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _is_valid_chat_completion_chunk_weak(sse_event: ChatCompletionChunk) -> bool:
+    # Although the _raw_stream is always supposed to contain only objects adhering to ChatCompletionChunk schema,
+    # this is broken by the Azure OpenAI in case of Asynchronous Filter enabled.
+    # An easy filter is to check for the "object" property:
+    # - should be "chat.completion.chunk" for a ChatCompletionChunk;
+    # - is an empty string for Asynchronous Filter events.
+    return sse_event.object == "chat.completion.chunk"  # type: ignore # pylance reports this as a useless check
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4c1f283
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+from typing import List, Union, Generic, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ._types import ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot
+from ...._models import BaseModel, GenericModel
+from ..._parsing import ResponseFormatT
+from ....types.chat import ChatCompletionChunk, ChatCompletionTokenLogprob
+
+
+class ChunkEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["chunk"]
+
+    chunk: ChatCompletionChunk
+
+    snapshot: ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot
+
+
+class ContentDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    """This event is yielded for every chunk with `choice.delta.content` data."""
+
+    type: Literal["content.delta"]
+
+    delta: str
+
+    snapshot: str
+
+    parsed: Optional[object] = None
+
+
+class ContentDoneEvent(GenericModel, Generic[ResponseFormatT]):
+    type: Literal["content.done"]
+
+    content: str
+
+    parsed: Optional[ResponseFormatT] = None
+
+
+class RefusalDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["refusal.delta"]
+
+    delta: str
+
+    snapshot: str
+
+
+class RefusalDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["refusal.done"]
+
+    refusal: str
+
+
+class FunctionToolCallArgumentsDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["tool_calls.function.arguments.delta"]
+
+    name: str
+
+    index: int
+
+    arguments: str
+    """Accumulated raw JSON string"""
+
+    parsed_arguments: object
+    """The parsed arguments so far"""
+
+    arguments_delta: str
+    """The JSON string delta"""
+
+
+class FunctionToolCallArgumentsDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["tool_calls.function.arguments.done"]
+
+    name: str
+
+    index: int
+
+    arguments: str
+    """Accumulated raw JSON string"""
+
+    parsed_arguments: object
+    """The parsed arguments"""
+
+
+class LogprobsContentDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["logprobs.content.delta"]
+
+    content: List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]
+
+    snapshot: List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]
+
+
+class LogprobsContentDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["logprobs.content.done"]
+
+    content: List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]
+
+
+class LogprobsRefusalDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["logprobs.refusal.delta"]
+
+    refusal: List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]
+
+    snapshot: List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]
+
+
+class LogprobsRefusalDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["logprobs.refusal.done"]
+
+    refusal: List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]
+
+
+ChatCompletionStreamEvent = Union[
+    ChunkEvent,
+    ContentDeltaEvent,
+    ContentDoneEvent[ResponseFormatT],
+    RefusalDeltaEvent,
+    RefusalDoneEvent,
+    FunctionToolCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+    FunctionToolCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+    LogprobsContentDeltaEvent,
+    LogprobsContentDoneEvent,
+    LogprobsRefusalDeltaEvent,
+    LogprobsRefusalDoneEvent,
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42552893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/chat/_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from ....types.chat import ParsedChoice, ParsedChatCompletion, ParsedChatCompletionMessage
+
+ParsedChatCompletionSnapshot: TypeAlias = ParsedChatCompletion[object]
+"""Snapshot type representing an in-progress accumulation of
+a `ParsedChatCompletion` object.
+"""
+
+ParsedChatCompletionMessageSnapshot: TypeAlias = ParsedChatCompletionMessage[object]
+"""Snapshot type representing an in-progress accumulation of
+a `ParsedChatCompletionMessage` object.
+
+If the content has been fully accumulated, the `.parsed` content will be
+the `response_format` instance, otherwise it'll be the raw JSON parsed version.
+"""
+
+ParsedChoiceSnapshot: TypeAlias = ParsedChoice[object]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff073633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from ._events import (
+    ResponseTextDoneEvent as ResponseTextDoneEvent,
+    ResponseTextDeltaEvent as ResponseTextDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent as ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+)
+from ._responses import (
+    ResponseStream as ResponseStream,
+    AsyncResponseStream as AsyncResponseStream,
+    ResponseStreamEvent as ResponseStreamEvent,
+    ResponseStreamState as ResponseStreamState,
+    ResponseStreamManager as ResponseStreamManager,
+    AsyncResponseStreamManager as AsyncResponseStreamManager,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..5fce081f
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/__pycache__/_types.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/__pycache__/_types.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cdc5992
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Union, Generic, TypeVar, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ...._compat import GenericModel
+from ....types.responses import (
+    ParsedResponse,
+    ResponseErrorEvent,
+    ResponseFailedEvent,
+    ResponseCreatedEvent,
+    ResponseTextDoneEvent as RawResponseTextDoneEvent,
+    ResponseAudioDoneEvent,
+    ResponseCompletedEvent as RawResponseCompletedEvent,
+    ResponseTextDeltaEvent as RawResponseTextDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseAudioDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseIncompleteEvent,
+    ResponseInProgressEvent,
+    ResponseRefusalDoneEvent,
+    ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent,
+    ResponseContentPartDoneEvent,
+    ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent,
+    ResponseContentPartAddedEvent,
+    ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent,
+    ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+    ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+    ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+    ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+    ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+    ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent,
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent,
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent,
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent as RawResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent,
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent,
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent,
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent,
+)
+
+TextFormatT = TypeVar(
+    "TextFormatT",
+    # if it isn't given then we don't do any parsing
+    default=None,
+)
+
+
+class ResponseTextDeltaEvent(RawResponseTextDeltaEvent):
+    snapshot: str
+
+
+class ResponseTextDoneEvent(RawResponseTextDoneEvent, GenericModel, Generic[TextFormatT]):
+    parsed: Optional[TextFormatT] = None
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent(RawResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent):
+    snapshot: str
+
+
+class ResponseCompletedEvent(RawResponseCompletedEvent, GenericModel, Generic[TextFormatT]):
+    response: ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+ResponseStreamEvent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        # wrappers with snapshots added on
+        ResponseTextDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseTextDoneEvent[TextFormatT],
+        ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseCompletedEvent[TextFormatT],
+        # the same as the non-accumulated API
+        ResponseAudioDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseAudioDoneEvent,
+        ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent,
+        ResponseContentPartAddedEvent,
+        ResponseContentPartDoneEvent,
+        ResponseCreatedEvent,
+        ResponseErrorEvent,
+        ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+        ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+        ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+        ResponseInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseFailedEvent,
+        ResponseIncompleteEvent,
+        ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent,
+        ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent,
+        ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseRefusalDoneEvent,
+        ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseTextDoneEvent,
+        ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+        ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_responses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_responses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8f4b641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_responses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import Any, List, Generic, Iterable, Awaitable, cast
+from typing_extensions import Self, Callable, Iterator, AsyncIterator
+
+from ._types import ParsedResponseSnapshot
+from ._events import (
+    ResponseStreamEvent,
+    ResponseTextDoneEvent,
+    ResponseCompletedEvent,
+    ResponseTextDeltaEvent,
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+)
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import is_given, consume_sync_iterator, consume_async_iterator
+from ...._models import build, construct_type_unchecked
+from ...._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from ....types.responses import ParsedResponse, ResponseStreamEvent as RawResponseStreamEvent
+from ..._parsing._responses import TextFormatT, parse_text, parse_response
+from ....types.responses.tool_param import ToolParam
+from ....types.responses.parsed_response import (
+    ParsedContent,
+    ParsedResponseOutputMessage,
+    ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall,
+)
+
+
+class ResponseStream(Generic[TextFormatT]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        raw_stream: Stream[RawResponseStreamEvent],
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_stream = raw_stream
+        self._response = raw_stream.response
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+        self._state = ResponseStreamState(text_format=text_format, input_tools=input_tools)
+
+    def __next__(self) -> ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]:
+        return self._iterator.__next__()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]]:
+        for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __stream__(self) -> Iterator[ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]]:
+        for sse_event in self._raw_stream:
+            events_to_fire = self._state.handle_event(sse_event)
+            for event in events_to_fire:
+                yield event
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        self._response.close()
+
+    def get_final_response(self) -> ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]:
+        """Waits until the stream has been read to completion and returns
+        the accumulated `ParsedResponse` object.
+        """
+        self.until_done()
+        response = self._state._completed_response
+        if not response:
+            raise RuntimeError("Didn't receive a `response.completed` event.")
+
+        return response
+
+    def until_done(self) -> Self:
+        """Blocks until the stream has been consumed."""
+        consume_sync_iterator(self)
+        return self
+
+
+class ResponseStreamManager(Generic[TextFormatT]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_request: Callable[[], Stream[RawResponseStreamEvent]],
+        *,
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__stream: ResponseStream[TextFormatT] | None = None
+        self.__api_request = api_request
+        self.__text_format = text_format
+        self.__input_tools = input_tools
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> ResponseStream[TextFormatT]:
+        raw_stream = self.__api_request()
+
+        self.__stream = ResponseStream(
+            raw_stream=raw_stream,
+            text_format=self.__text_format,
+            input_tools=self.__input_tools,
+        )
+
+        return self.__stream
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__stream is not None:
+            self.__stream.close()
+
+
+class AsyncResponseStream(Generic[TextFormatT]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        raw_stream: AsyncStream[RawResponseStreamEvent],
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_stream = raw_stream
+        self._response = raw_stream.response
+        self._iterator = self.__stream__()
+        self._state = ResponseStreamState(text_format=text_format, input_tools=input_tools)
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]:
+        return await self._iterator.__anext__()
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]]:
+        async for item in self._iterator:
+            yield item
+
+    async def __stream__(self) -> AsyncIterator[ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]]:
+        async for sse_event in self._raw_stream:
+            events_to_fire = self._state.handle_event(sse_event)
+            for event in events_to_fire:
+                yield event
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the response and release the connection.
+
+        Automatically called if the response body is read to completion.
+        """
+        await self._response.aclose()
+
+    async def get_final_response(self) -> ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]:
+        """Waits until the stream has been read to completion and returns
+        the accumulated `ParsedResponse` object.
+        """
+        await self.until_done()
+        response = self._state._completed_response
+        if not response:
+            raise RuntimeError("Didn't receive a `response.completed` event.")
+
+        return response
+
+    async def until_done(self) -> Self:
+        """Blocks until the stream has been consumed."""
+        await consume_async_iterator(self)
+        return self
+
+
+class AsyncResponseStreamManager(Generic[TextFormatT]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        api_request: Awaitable[AsyncStream[RawResponseStreamEvent]],
+        *,
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__stream: AsyncResponseStream[TextFormatT] | None = None
+        self.__api_request = api_request
+        self.__text_format = text_format
+        self.__input_tools = input_tools
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncResponseStream[TextFormatT]:
+        raw_stream = await self.__api_request
+
+        self.__stream = AsyncResponseStream(
+            raw_stream=raw_stream,
+            text_format=self.__text_format,
+            input_tools=self.__input_tools,
+        )
+
+        return self.__stream
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__stream is not None:
+            await self.__stream.close()
+
+
+class ResponseStreamState(Generic[TextFormatT]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input_tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven,
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__current_snapshot: ParsedResponseSnapshot | None = None
+        self._completed_response: ParsedResponse[TextFormatT] | None = None
+        self._input_tools = [tool for tool in input_tools] if is_given(input_tools) else []
+        self._text_format = text_format
+        self._rich_text_format: type | NotGiven = text_format if inspect.isclass(text_format) else NOT_GIVEN
+
+    def handle_event(self, event: RawResponseStreamEvent) -> List[ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]]:
+        self.__current_snapshot = snapshot = self.accumulate_event(event)
+
+        events: List[ResponseStreamEvent[TextFormatT]] = []
+
+        if event.type == "response.output_text.delta":
+            output = snapshot.output[event.output_index]
+            assert output.type == "message"
+
+            content = output.content[event.content_index]
+            assert content.type == "output_text"
+
+            events.append(
+                build(
+                    ResponseTextDeltaEvent,
+                    content_index=event.content_index,
+                    delta=event.delta,
+                    item_id=event.item_id,
+                    output_index=event.output_index,
+                    type="response.output_text.delta",
+                    snapshot=content.text,
+                )
+            )
+        elif event.type == "response.output_text.done":
+            output = snapshot.output[event.output_index]
+            assert output.type == "message"
+
+            content = output.content[event.content_index]
+            assert content.type == "output_text"
+
+            events.append(
+                build(
+                    ResponseTextDoneEvent[TextFormatT],
+                    content_index=event.content_index,
+                    item_id=event.item_id,
+                    output_index=event.output_index,
+                    type="response.output_text.done",
+                    text=event.text,
+                    parsed=parse_text(event.text, text_format=self._text_format),
+                )
+            )
+        elif event.type == "response.function_call_arguments.delta":
+            output = snapshot.output[event.output_index]
+            assert output.type == "function_call"
+
+            events.append(
+                build(
+                    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+                    delta=event.delta,
+                    item_id=event.item_id,
+                    output_index=event.output_index,
+                    type="response.function_call_arguments.delta",
+                    snapshot=output.arguments,
+                )
+            )
+
+        elif event.type == "response.completed":
+            response = self._completed_response
+            assert response is not None
+
+            events.append(
+                build(
+                    ResponseCompletedEvent,
+                    type="response.completed",
+                    response=response,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            events.append(event)
+
+        return events
+
+    def accumulate_event(self, event: RawResponseStreamEvent) -> ParsedResponseSnapshot:
+        snapshot = self.__current_snapshot
+        if snapshot is None:
+            return self._create_initial_response(event)
+
+        if event.type == "response.output_item.added":
+            if event.item.type == "function_call":
+                snapshot.output.append(
+                    construct_type_unchecked(
+                        type_=cast(Any, ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall), value=event.item.to_dict()
+                    )
+                )
+            elif event.item.type == "message":
+                snapshot.output.append(
+                    construct_type_unchecked(type_=cast(Any, ParsedResponseOutputMessage), value=event.item.to_dict())
+                )
+            else:
+                snapshot.output.append(event.item)
+        elif event.type == "response.content_part.added":
+            output = snapshot.output[event.output_index]
+            if output.type == "message":
+                output.content.append(
+                    construct_type_unchecked(type_=cast(Any, ParsedContent), value=event.part.to_dict())
+                )
+        elif event.type == "response.output_text.delta":
+            output = snapshot.output[event.output_index]
+            if output.type == "message":
+                content = output.content[event.content_index]
+                assert content.type == "output_text"
+                content.text += event.delta
+        elif event.type == "response.function_call_arguments.delta":
+            output = snapshot.output[event.output_index]
+            if output.type == "function_call":
+                output.arguments += event.delta
+        elif event.type == "response.completed":
+            self._completed_response = parse_response(
+                text_format=self._text_format,
+                response=event.response,
+                input_tools=self._input_tools,
+            )
+
+        return snapshot
+
+    def _create_initial_response(self, event: RawResponseStreamEvent) -> ParsedResponseSnapshot:
+        if event.type != "response.created":
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Expected to have received `response.created` before `{event.type}`")
+
+        return construct_type_unchecked(type_=ParsedResponseSnapshot, value=event.response.to_dict())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d3fd90e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/lib/streaming/responses/_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from ....types.responses import ParsedResponse
+
+ParsedResponseSnapshot: TypeAlias = ParsedResponse[object]
+"""Snapshot type representing an in-progress accumulation of
+a `ParsedResponse` object.
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/pagination.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/pagination.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a59cced8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/pagination.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Any, List, Generic, TypeVar, Optional, cast
+from typing_extensions import Protocol, override, runtime_checkable
+
+from ._base_client import BasePage, PageInfo, BaseSyncPage, BaseAsyncPage
+
+__all__ = ["SyncPage", "AsyncPage", "SyncCursorPage", "AsyncCursorPage"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class CursorPageItem(Protocol):
+    id: Optional[str]
+
+
+class SyncPage(BaseSyncPage[_T], BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    """Note: no pagination actually occurs yet, this is for forwards-compatibility."""
+
+    data: List[_T]
+    object: str
+
+    @override
+    def _get_page_items(self) -> List[_T]:
+        data = self.data
+        if not data:
+            return []
+        return data
+
+    @override
+    def next_page_info(self) -> None:
+        """
+        This page represents a response that isn't actually paginated at the API level
+        so there will never be a next page.
+        """
+        return None
+
+
+class AsyncPage(BaseAsyncPage[_T], BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    """Note: no pagination actually occurs yet, this is for forwards-compatibility."""
+
+    data: List[_T]
+    object: str
+
+    @override
+    def _get_page_items(self) -> List[_T]:
+        data = self.data
+        if not data:
+            return []
+        return data
+
+    @override
+    def next_page_info(self) -> None:
+        """
+        This page represents a response that isn't actually paginated at the API level
+        so there will never be a next page.
+        """
+        return None
+
+
+class SyncCursorPage(BaseSyncPage[_T], BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    data: List[_T]
+    has_more: Optional[bool] = None
+
+    @override
+    def _get_page_items(self) -> List[_T]:
+        data = self.data
+        if not data:
+            return []
+        return data
+
+    @override
+    def has_next_page(self) -> bool:
+        has_more = self.has_more
+        if has_more is not None and has_more is False:
+            return False
+
+        return super().has_next_page()
+
+    @override
+    def next_page_info(self) -> Optional[PageInfo]:
+        data = self.data
+        if not data:
+            return None
+
+        item = cast(Any, data[-1])
+        if not isinstance(item, CursorPageItem) or item.id is None:
+            # TODO emit warning log
+            return None
+
+        return PageInfo(params={"after": item.id})
+
+
+class AsyncCursorPage(BaseAsyncPage[_T], BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    data: List[_T]
+    has_more: Optional[bool] = None
+
+    @override
+    def _get_page_items(self) -> List[_T]:
+        data = self.data
+        if not data:
+            return []
+        return data
+
+    @override
+    def has_next_page(self) -> bool:
+        has_more = self.has_more
+        if has_more is not None and has_more is False:
+            return False
+
+        return super().has_next_page()
+
+    @override
+    def next_page_info(self) -> Optional[PageInfo]:
+        data = self.data
+        if not data:
+            return None
+
+        item = cast(Any, data[-1])
+        if not isinstance(item, CursorPageItem) or item.id is None:
+            # TODO emit warning log
+            return None
+
+        return PageInfo(params={"after": item.id})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8612dec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .beta import (
+    Beta,
+    AsyncBeta,
+    BetaWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncBetaWithRawResponse,
+    BetaWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .chat import (
+    Chat,
+    AsyncChat,
+    ChatWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncChatWithRawResponse,
+    ChatWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .audio import (
+    Audio,
+    AsyncAudio,
+    AudioWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncAudioWithRawResponse,
+    AudioWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .evals import (
+    Evals,
+    AsyncEvals,
+    EvalsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse,
+    EvalsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .files import (
+    Files,
+    AsyncFiles,
+    FilesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncFilesWithRawResponse,
+    FilesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .images import (
+    Images,
+    AsyncImages,
+    ImagesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncImagesWithRawResponse,
+    ImagesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .models import (
+    Models,
+    AsyncModels,
+    ModelsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncModelsWithRawResponse,
+    ModelsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .batches import (
+    Batches,
+    AsyncBatches,
+    BatchesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse,
+    BatchesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .uploads import (
+    Uploads,
+    AsyncUploads,
+    UploadsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse,
+    UploadsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .embeddings import (
+    Embeddings,
+    AsyncEmbeddings,
+    EmbeddingsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse,
+    EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .completions import (
+    Completions,
+    AsyncCompletions,
+    CompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    CompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .fine_tuning import (
+    FineTuning,
+    AsyncFineTuning,
+    FineTuningWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse,
+    FineTuningWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .moderations import (
+    Moderations,
+    AsyncModerations,
+    ModerationsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse,
+    ModerationsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .vector_stores import (
+    VectorStores,
+    AsyncVectorStores,
+    VectorStoresWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse,
+    VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Completions",
+    "AsyncCompletions",
+    "CompletionsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse",
+    "CompletionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Chat",
+    "AsyncChat",
+    "ChatWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncChatWithRawResponse",
+    "ChatWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Embeddings",
+    "AsyncEmbeddings",
+    "EmbeddingsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse",
+    "EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Files",
+    "AsyncFiles",
+    "FilesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncFilesWithRawResponse",
+    "FilesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Images",
+    "AsyncImages",
+    "ImagesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncImagesWithRawResponse",
+    "ImagesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Audio",
+    "AsyncAudio",
+    "AudioWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncAudioWithRawResponse",
+    "AudioWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Moderations",
+    "AsyncModerations",
+    "ModerationsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse",
+    "ModerationsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Models",
+    "AsyncModels",
+    "ModelsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncModelsWithRawResponse",
+    "ModelsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "FineTuning",
+    "AsyncFineTuning",
+    "FineTuningWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse",
+    "FineTuningWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse",
+    "VectorStores",
+    "AsyncVectorStores",
+    "VectorStoresWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse",
+    "VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Beta",
+    "AsyncBeta",
+    "BetaWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncBetaWithRawResponse",
+    "BetaWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Batches",
+    "AsyncBatches",
+    "BatchesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse",
+    "BatchesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Uploads",
+    "AsyncUploads",
+    "UploadsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse",
+    "UploadsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Evals",
+    "AsyncEvals",
+    "EvalsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse",
+    "EvalsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7da1d2db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .audio import (
+    Audio,
+    AsyncAudio,
+    AudioWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncAudioWithRawResponse,
+    AudioWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .speech import (
+    Speech,
+    AsyncSpeech,
+    SpeechWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse,
+    SpeechWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .translations import (
+    Translations,
+    AsyncTranslations,
+    TranslationsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse,
+    TranslationsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .transcriptions import (
+    Transcriptions,
+    AsyncTranscriptions,
+    TranscriptionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse,
+    TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Transcriptions",
+    "AsyncTranscriptions",
+    "TranscriptionsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse",
+    "TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Translations",
+    "AsyncTranslations",
+    "TranslationsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse",
+    "TranslationsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Speech",
+    "AsyncSpeech",
+    "SpeechWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse",
+    "SpeechWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Audio",
+    "AsyncAudio",
+    "AudioWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncAudioWithRawResponse",
+    "AudioWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/audio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/audio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..383b7073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/audio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .speech import (
+    Speech,
+    AsyncSpeech,
+    SpeechWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse,
+    SpeechWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .translations import (
+    Translations,
+    AsyncTranslations,
+    TranslationsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse,
+    TranslationsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .transcriptions import (
+    Transcriptions,
+    AsyncTranscriptions,
+    TranscriptionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse,
+    TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["Audio", "AsyncAudio"]
+
+
+class Audio(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def transcriptions(self) -> Transcriptions:
+        return Transcriptions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def translations(self) -> Translations:
+        return Translations(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def speech(self) -> Speech:
+        return Speech(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AudioWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AudioWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AudioWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AudioWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AsyncAudio(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def transcriptions(self) -> AsyncTranscriptions:
+        return AsyncTranscriptions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def translations(self) -> AsyncTranslations:
+        return AsyncTranslations(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def speech(self) -> AsyncSpeech:
+        return AsyncSpeech(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncAudioWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncAudioWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AudioWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, audio: Audio) -> None:
+        self._audio = audio
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcriptions(self) -> TranscriptionsWithRawResponse:
+        return TranscriptionsWithRawResponse(self._audio.transcriptions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def translations(self) -> TranslationsWithRawResponse:
+        return TranslationsWithRawResponse(self._audio.translations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def speech(self) -> SpeechWithRawResponse:
+        return SpeechWithRawResponse(self._audio.speech)
+
+
+class AsyncAudioWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, audio: AsyncAudio) -> None:
+        self._audio = audio
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcriptions(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse(self._audio.transcriptions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def translations(self) -> AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse(self._audio.translations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def speech(self) -> AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse(self._audio.speech)
+
+
+class AudioWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, audio: Audio) -> None:
+        self._audio = audio
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcriptions(self) -> TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse(self._audio.transcriptions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def translations(self) -> TranslationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return TranslationsWithStreamingResponse(self._audio.translations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def speech(self) -> SpeechWithStreamingResponse:
+        return SpeechWithStreamingResponse(self._audio.speech)
+
+
+class AsyncAudioWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, audio: AsyncAudio) -> None:
+        self._audio = audio
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcriptions(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse(self._audio.transcriptions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def translations(self) -> AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse(self._audio.translations)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def speech(self) -> AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse(self._audio.speech)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/speech.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/speech.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a195d713
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/speech.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import (
+    StreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+    AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+    to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper,
+    async_to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper,
+)
+from ...types.audio import speech_create_params
+from ..._base_client import make_request_options
+from ...types.audio.speech_model import SpeechModel
+
+__all__ = ["Speech", "AsyncSpeech"]
+
+
+class Speech(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> SpeechWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return SpeechWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> SpeechWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return SpeechWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: str,
+        model: Union[str, SpeechModel],
+        voice: Union[
+            str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+        ],
+        instructions: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Literal["mp3", "opus", "aac", "flac", "wav", "pcm"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        speed: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> _legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent:
+        """
+        Generates audio from the input text.
+
+        Args:
+          input: The text to generate audio for. The maximum length is 4096 characters.
+
+          model:
+              One of the available [TTS models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#tts):
+              `tts-1`, `tts-1-hd` or `gpt-4o-mini-tts`.
+
+          voice: The voice to use when generating the audio. Supported voices are `alloy`, `ash`,
+              `ballad`, `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and
+              `verse`. Previews of the voices are available in the
+              [Text to speech guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-to-speech#voice-options).
+
+          instructions: Control the voice of your generated audio with additional instructions. Does not
+              work with `tts-1` or `tts-1-hd`.
+
+          response_format: The format to audio in. Supported formats are `mp3`, `opus`, `aac`, `flac`,
+              `wav`, and `pcm`.
+
+          speed: The speed of the generated audio. Select a value from `0.25` to `4.0`. `1.0` is
+              the default. Does not work with `gpt-4o-mini-tts`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"Accept": "application/octet-stream", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/audio/speech",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "voice": voice,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "speed": speed,
+                },
+                speech_create_params.SpeechCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSpeech(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: str,
+        model: Union[str, SpeechModel],
+        voice: Union[
+            str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+        ],
+        instructions: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Literal["mp3", "opus", "aac", "flac", "wav", "pcm"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        speed: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> _legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent:
+        """
+        Generates audio from the input text.
+
+        Args:
+          input: The text to generate audio for. The maximum length is 4096 characters.
+
+          model:
+              One of the available [TTS models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#tts):
+              `tts-1`, `tts-1-hd` or `gpt-4o-mini-tts`.
+
+          voice: The voice to use when generating the audio. Supported voices are `alloy`, `ash`,
+              `ballad`, `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and
+              `verse`. Previews of the voices are available in the
+              [Text to speech guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-to-speech#voice-options).
+
+          instructions: Control the voice of your generated audio with additional instructions. Does not
+              work with `tts-1` or `tts-1-hd`.
+
+          response_format: The format to audio in. Supported formats are `mp3`, `opus`, `aac`, `flac`,
+              `wav`, and `pcm`.
+
+          speed: The speed of the generated audio. Select a value from `0.25` to `4.0`. `1.0` is
+              the default. Does not work with `gpt-4o-mini-tts`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"Accept": "application/octet-stream", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/audio/speech",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "voice": voice,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "speed": speed,
+                },
+                speech_create_params.SpeechCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent,
+        )
+
+
+class SpeechWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, speech: Speech) -> None:
+        self._speech = speech
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            speech.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSpeechWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, speech: AsyncSpeech) -> None:
+        self._speech = speech
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            speech.create,
+        )
+
+
+class SpeechWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, speech: Speech) -> None:
+        self._speech = speech
+
+        self.create = to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            speech.create,
+            StreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSpeechWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, speech: AsyncSpeech) -> None:
+        self._speech = speech
+
+        self.create = async_to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            speech.create,
+            AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/transcriptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/transcriptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c7ebca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/transcriptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Union, Mapping, Optional, cast
+from typing_extensions import Literal, overload, assert_never
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ...types import AudioResponseFormat
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven, FileTypes
+from ..._utils import extract_files, required_args, maybe_transform, deepcopy_minimal, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ..._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from ...types.audio import transcription_create_params
+from ..._base_client import make_request_options
+from ...types.audio_model import AudioModel
+from ...types.audio.transcription import Transcription
+from ...types.audio_response_format import AudioResponseFormat
+from ...types.audio.transcription_include import TranscriptionInclude
+from ...types.audio.transcription_verbose import TranscriptionVerbose
+from ...types.audio.transcription_stream_event import TranscriptionStreamEvent
+from ...types.audio.transcription_create_response import TranscriptionCreateResponse
+
+__all__ = ["Transcriptions", "AsyncTranscriptions"]
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger("openai.audio.transcriptions")
+
+
+class Transcriptions(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> TranscriptionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return TranscriptionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[Literal["json"], NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Transcription: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Literal["verbose_json"],
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranscriptionVerbose: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Literal["text", "srt", "vtt"],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[AudioResponseFormat, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Stream[TranscriptionStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Transcribes audio into the input language.
+
+        Args:
+          file:
+              The audio file object (not file name) to transcribe, in one of these formats:
+              flac, mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. The options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1` (which is powered by our open source
+              Whisper V2 model).
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section of the Speech-to-Text guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text?lang=curl#streaming-transcriptions)
+              for more information.
+
+              Note: Streaming is not supported for the `whisper-1` model and will be ignored.
+
+          include: Additional information to include in the transcription response. `logprobs` will
+              return the log probabilities of the tokens in the response to understand the
+              model's confidence in the transcription. `logprobs` only works with
+              response_format set to `json` and only with the models `gpt-4o-transcribe` and
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`.
+
+          language: The language of the input audio. Supplying the input language in
+              [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+              format will improve accuracy and latency.
+
+          prompt: An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+              segment. The
+              [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+              should match the audio language.
+
+          response_format: The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+              `verbose_json`, or `vtt`. For `gpt-4o-transcribe` and `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`,
+              the only supported format is `json`.
+
+          temperature: The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1. Higher values like 0.8 will make the
+              output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more focused and
+              deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+              [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+              automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+
+          timestamp_granularities: The timestamp granularities to populate for this transcription.
+              `response_format` must be set `verbose_json` to use timestamp granularities.
+              Either or both of these options are supported: `word`, or `segment`. Note: There
+              is no additional latency for segment timestamps, but generating word timestamps
+              incurs additional latency.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        stream: bool,
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[AudioResponseFormat, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranscriptionCreateResponse | Stream[TranscriptionStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Transcribes audio into the input language.
+
+        Args:
+          file:
+              The audio file object (not file name) to transcribe, in one of these formats:
+              flac, mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. The options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1` (which is powered by our open source
+              Whisper V2 model).
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section of the Speech-to-Text guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text?lang=curl#streaming-transcriptions)
+              for more information.
+
+              Note: Streaming is not supported for the `whisper-1` model and will be ignored.
+
+          include: Additional information to include in the transcription response. `logprobs` will
+              return the log probabilities of the tokens in the response to understand the
+              model's confidence in the transcription. `logprobs` only works with
+              response_format set to `json` and only with the models `gpt-4o-transcribe` and
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`.
+
+          language: The language of the input audio. Supplying the input language in
+              [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+              format will improve accuracy and latency.
+
+          prompt: An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+              segment. The
+              [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+              should match the audio language.
+
+          response_format: The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+              `verbose_json`, or `vtt`. For `gpt-4o-transcribe` and `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`,
+              the only supported format is `json`.
+
+          temperature: The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1. Higher values like 0.8 will make the
+              output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more focused and
+              deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+              [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+              automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+
+          timestamp_granularities: The timestamp granularities to populate for this transcription.
+              `response_format` must be set `verbose_json` to use timestamp granularities.
+              Either or both of these options are supported: `word`, or `segment`. Note: There
+              is no additional latency for segment timestamps, but generating word timestamps
+              incurs additional latency.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["file", "model"], ["file", "model", "stream"])
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[AudioResponseFormat, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str | Transcription | TranscriptionVerbose | Stream[TranscriptionStreamEvent]:
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "file": file,
+                "model": model,
+                "include": include,
+                "language": language,
+                "prompt": prompt,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "stream": stream,
+                "temperature": temperature,
+                "timestamp_granularities": timestamp_granularities,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["file"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(  # type: ignore[return-value]
+            "/audio/transcriptions",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                body,
+                transcription_create_params.TranscriptionCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else transcription_create_params.TranscriptionCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_get_response_format_type(response_format),
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=Stream[TranscriptionStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranscriptions(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Union[Literal["json"], NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Transcription: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Literal["verbose_json"],
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranscriptionVerbose: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Literal["text", "srt", "vtt"],
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[AudioResponseFormat, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncStream[TranscriptionStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Transcribes audio into the input language.
+
+        Args:
+          file:
+              The audio file object (not file name) to transcribe, in one of these formats:
+              flac, mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. The options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1` (which is powered by our open source
+              Whisper V2 model).
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section of the Speech-to-Text guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text?lang=curl#streaming-transcriptions)
+              for more information.
+
+              Note: Streaming is not supported for the `whisper-1` model and will be ignored.
+
+          include: Additional information to include in the transcription response. `logprobs` will
+              return the log probabilities of the tokens in the response to understand the
+              model's confidence in the transcription. `logprobs` only works with
+              response_format set to `json` and only with the models `gpt-4o-transcribe` and
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`.
+
+          language: The language of the input audio. Supplying the input language in
+              [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+              format will improve accuracy and latency.
+
+          prompt: An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+              segment. The
+              [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+              should match the audio language.
+
+          response_format: The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+              `verbose_json`, or `vtt`. For `gpt-4o-transcribe` and `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`,
+              the only supported format is `json`.
+
+          temperature: The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1. Higher values like 0.8 will make the
+              output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more focused and
+              deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+              [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+              automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+
+          timestamp_granularities: The timestamp granularities to populate for this transcription.
+              `response_format` must be set `verbose_json` to use timestamp granularities.
+              Either or both of these options are supported: `word`, or `segment`. Note: There
+              is no additional latency for segment timestamps, but generating word timestamps
+              incurs additional latency.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        stream: bool,
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[AudioResponseFormat, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranscriptionCreateResponse | AsyncStream[TranscriptionStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Transcribes audio into the input language.
+
+        Args:
+          file:
+              The audio file object (not file name) to transcribe, in one of these formats:
+              flac, mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. The options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1` (which is powered by our open source
+              Whisper V2 model).
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section of the Speech-to-Text guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text?lang=curl#streaming-transcriptions)
+              for more information.
+
+              Note: Streaming is not supported for the `whisper-1` model and will be ignored.
+
+          include: Additional information to include in the transcription response. `logprobs` will
+              return the log probabilities of the tokens in the response to understand the
+              model's confidence in the transcription. `logprobs` only works with
+              response_format set to `json` and only with the models `gpt-4o-transcribe` and
+              `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`.
+
+          language: The language of the input audio. Supplying the input language in
+              [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+              format will improve accuracy and latency.
+
+          prompt: An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+              segment. The
+              [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+              should match the audio language.
+
+          response_format: The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+              `verbose_json`, or `vtt`. For `gpt-4o-transcribe` and `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`,
+              the only supported format is `json`.
+
+          temperature: The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1. Higher values like 0.8 will make the
+              output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more focused and
+              deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+              [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+              automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+
+          timestamp_granularities: The timestamp granularities to populate for this transcription.
+              `response_format` must be set `verbose_json` to use timestamp granularities.
+              Either or both of these options are supported: `word`, or `segment`. Note: There
+              is no additional latency for segment timestamps, but generating word timestamps
+              incurs additional latency.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["file", "model"], ["file", "model", "stream"])
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        include: List[TranscriptionInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        language: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[AudioResponseFormat, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Transcription | TranscriptionVerbose | str | AsyncStream[TranscriptionStreamEvent]:
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "file": file,
+                "model": model,
+                "include": include,
+                "language": language,
+                "prompt": prompt,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "stream": stream,
+                "temperature": temperature,
+                "timestamp_granularities": timestamp_granularities,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["file"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/audio/transcriptions",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                body,
+                transcription_create_params.TranscriptionCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else transcription_create_params.TranscriptionCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_get_response_format_type(response_format),
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[TranscriptionStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+
+class TranscriptionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcriptions: Transcriptions) -> None:
+        self._transcriptions = transcriptions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            transcriptions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranscriptionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcriptions: AsyncTranscriptions) -> None:
+        self._transcriptions = transcriptions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            transcriptions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class TranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcriptions: Transcriptions) -> None:
+        self._transcriptions = transcriptions
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            transcriptions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranscriptionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcriptions: AsyncTranscriptions) -> None:
+        self._transcriptions = transcriptions
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            transcriptions.create,
+        )
+
+
+def _get_response_format_type(
+    response_format: Literal["json", "text", "srt", "verbose_json", "vtt"] | NotGiven,
+) -> type[Transcription | TranscriptionVerbose | str]:
+    if isinstance(response_format, NotGiven) or response_format is None:  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryComparison]
+        return Transcription
+
+    if response_format == "json":
+        return Transcription
+    elif response_format == "verbose_json":
+        return TranscriptionVerbose
+    elif response_format == "srt" or response_format == "text" or response_format == "vtt":
+        return str
+    elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+        assert_never(response_format)
+    else:
+        log.warn("Unexpected audio response format: %s", response_format)
+        return Transcription
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/translations.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/translations.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28b577ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/audio/translations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union, Mapping, cast
+from typing_extensions import Literal, overload, assert_never
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven, FileTypes
+from ..._utils import extract_files, maybe_transform, deepcopy_minimal, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...types.audio import translation_create_params
+from ..._base_client import make_request_options
+from ...types.audio_model import AudioModel
+from ...types.audio.translation import Translation
+from ...types.audio_response_format import AudioResponseFormat
+from ...types.audio.translation_verbose import TranslationVerbose
+
+__all__ = ["Translations", "AsyncTranslations"]
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger("openai.audio.transcriptions")
+
+
+class Translations(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> TranslationsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return TranslationsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> TranslationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return TranslationsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Union[Literal["json"], NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Translation: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Literal["verbose_json"],
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranslationVerbose: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Literal["text", "srt", "vtt"],
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[Literal["json", "text", "srt", "verbose_json", "vtt"], NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Translation | TranslationVerbose | str:
+        """
+        Translates audio into English.
+
+        Args:
+          file: The audio file object (not file name) translate, in one of these formats: flac,
+              mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. Only `whisper-1` (which is powered by our open source
+              Whisper V2 model) is currently available.
+
+          prompt: An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+              segment. The
+              [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+              should be in English.
+
+          response_format: The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+              `verbose_json`, or `vtt`.
+
+          temperature: The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1. Higher values like 0.8 will make the
+              output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more focused and
+              deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+              [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+              automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "file": file,
+                "model": model,
+                "prompt": prompt,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "temperature": temperature,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["file"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(  # type: ignore[return-value]
+            "/audio/translations",
+            body=maybe_transform(body, translation_create_params.TranslationCreateParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_get_response_format_type(response_format),
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranslations(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Union[Literal["json"], NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Translation: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Literal["verbose_json"],
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranslationVerbose: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        response_format: Literal["text", "srt", "vtt"],
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, AudioModel],
+        prompt: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Union[AudioResponseFormat, NotGiven] = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Translation | TranslationVerbose | str:
+        """
+        Translates audio into English.
+
+        Args:
+          file: The audio file object (not file name) translate, in one of these formats: flac,
+              mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. Only `whisper-1` (which is powered by our open source
+              Whisper V2 model) is currently available.
+
+          prompt: An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+              segment. The
+              [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+              should be in English.
+
+          response_format: The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+              `verbose_json`, or `vtt`.
+
+          temperature: The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1. Higher values like 0.8 will make the
+              output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more focused and
+              deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+              [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+              automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "file": file,
+                "model": model,
+                "prompt": prompt,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "temperature": temperature,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["file"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/audio/translations",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(body, translation_create_params.TranslationCreateParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_get_response_format_type(response_format),
+        )
+
+
+class TranslationsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, translations: Translations) -> None:
+        self._translations = translations
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            translations.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranslationsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, translations: AsyncTranslations) -> None:
+        self._translations = translations
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            translations.create,
+        )
+
+
+class TranslationsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, translations: Translations) -> None:
+        self._translations = translations
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            translations.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranslationsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, translations: AsyncTranslations) -> None:
+        self._translations = translations
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            translations.create,
+        )
+
+
+def _get_response_format_type(
+    response_format: Literal["json", "text", "srt", "verbose_json", "vtt"] | NotGiven,
+) -> type[Translation | TranslationVerbose | str]:
+    if isinstance(response_format, NotGiven) or response_format is None:  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryComparison]
+        return Translation
+
+    if response_format == "json":
+        return Translation
+    elif response_format == "verbose_json":
+        return TranslationVerbose
+    elif response_format == "srt" or response_format == "text" or response_format == "vtt":
+        return str
+    elif TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+        assert_never(response_format)
+    else:
+        log.warn("Unexpected audio response format: %s", response_format)
+        return Transcription
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/batches.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/batches.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26ea498b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/batches.py
@@ -0,0 +1,514 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from ..types import batch_list_params, batch_create_params
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from .._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from .._compat import cached_property
+from .._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ..pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ..types.batch import Batch
+from .._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ..types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["Batches", "AsyncBatches"]
+
+
+class Batches(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> BatchesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return BatchesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> BatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return BatchesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        completion_window: Literal["24h"],
+        endpoint: Literal["/v1/responses", "/v1/chat/completions", "/v1/embeddings", "/v1/completions"],
+        input_file_id: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Batch:
+        """
+        Creates and executes a batch from an uploaded file of requests
+
+        Args:
+          completion_window: The time frame within which the batch should be processed. Currently only `24h`
+              is supported.
+
+          endpoint: The endpoint to be used for all requests in the batch. Currently
+              `/v1/responses`, `/v1/chat/completions`, `/v1/embeddings`, and `/v1/completions`
+              are supported. Note that `/v1/embeddings` batches are also restricted to a
+              maximum of 50,000 embedding inputs across all requests in the batch.
+
+          input_file_id: The ID of an uploaded file that contains requests for the new batch.
+
+              See [upload file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create)
+              for how to upload a file.
+
+              Your input file must be formatted as a
+              [JSONL file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/batch/request-input),
+              and must be uploaded with the purpose `batch`. The file can contain up to 50,000
+              requests, and can be up to 200 MB in size.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/batches",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "completion_window": completion_window,
+                    "endpoint": endpoint,
+                    "input_file_id": input_file_id,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                },
+                batch_create_params.BatchCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Batch,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Batch:
+        """
+        Retrieves a batch.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/batches/{batch_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Batch,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[Batch]:
+        """List your organization's batches.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/batches",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[Batch],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                    },
+                    batch_list_params.BatchListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Batch,
+        )
+
+    def cancel(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Batch:
+        """Cancels an in-progress batch.
+
+        The batch will be in status `cancelling` for up to
+        10 minutes, before changing to `cancelled`, where it will have partial results
+        (if any) available in the output file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/batches/{batch_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Batch,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncBatches(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        completion_window: Literal["24h"],
+        endpoint: Literal["/v1/responses", "/v1/chat/completions", "/v1/embeddings", "/v1/completions"],
+        input_file_id: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Batch:
+        """
+        Creates and executes a batch from an uploaded file of requests
+
+        Args:
+          completion_window: The time frame within which the batch should be processed. Currently only `24h`
+              is supported.
+
+          endpoint: The endpoint to be used for all requests in the batch. Currently
+              `/v1/responses`, `/v1/chat/completions`, `/v1/embeddings`, and `/v1/completions`
+              are supported. Note that `/v1/embeddings` batches are also restricted to a
+              maximum of 50,000 embedding inputs across all requests in the batch.
+
+          input_file_id: The ID of an uploaded file that contains requests for the new batch.
+
+              See [upload file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create)
+              for how to upload a file.
+
+              Your input file must be formatted as a
+              [JSONL file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/batch/request-input),
+              and must be uploaded with the purpose `batch`. The file can contain up to 50,000
+              requests, and can be up to 200 MB in size.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/batches",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "completion_window": completion_window,
+                    "endpoint": endpoint,
+                    "input_file_id": input_file_id,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                },
+                batch_create_params.BatchCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Batch,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Batch:
+        """
+        Retrieves a batch.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/batches/{batch_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Batch,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[Batch, AsyncCursorPage[Batch]]:
+        """List your organization's batches.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/batches",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[Batch],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                    },
+                    batch_list_params.BatchListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Batch,
+        )
+
+    async def cancel(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Batch:
+        """Cancels an in-progress batch.
+
+        The batch will be in status `cancelling` for up to
+        10 minutes, before changing to `cancelled`, where it will have partial results
+        (if any) available in the output file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/batches/{batch_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Batch,
+        )
+
+
+class BatchesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, batches: Batches) -> None:
+        self._batches = batches
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.cancel,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncBatchesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, batches: AsyncBatches) -> None:
+        self._batches = batches
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            batches.cancel,
+        )
+
+
+class BatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, batches: Batches) -> None:
+        self._batches = batches
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.cancel,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, batches: AsyncBatches) -> None:
+        self._batches = batches
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            batches.cancel,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87fea252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .beta import (
+    Beta,
+    AsyncBeta,
+    BetaWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncBetaWithRawResponse,
+    BetaWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .threads import (
+    Threads,
+    AsyncThreads,
+    ThreadsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse,
+    ThreadsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .assistants import (
+    Assistants,
+    AsyncAssistants,
+    AssistantsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse,
+    AssistantsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Assistants",
+    "AsyncAssistants",
+    "AssistantsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse",
+    "AssistantsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Threads",
+    "AsyncThreads",
+    "ThreadsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse",
+    "ThreadsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Beta",
+    "AsyncBeta",
+    "BetaWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncBetaWithRawResponse",
+    "BetaWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/assistants.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/assistants.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9059d936
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+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/assistants.py
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+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ...types.beta import (
+    assistant_list_params,
+    assistant_create_params,
+    assistant_update_params,
+)
+from ..._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ...types.beta.assistant import Assistant
+from ...types.shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from ...types.beta.assistant_deleted import AssistantDeleted
+from ...types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ...types.shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from ...types.beta.assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam
+from ...types.beta.assistant_response_format_option_param import AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam
+
+__all__ = ["Assistants", "AsyncAssistants"]
+
+
+class Assistants(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AssistantsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AssistantsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AssistantsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AssistantsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        description: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[assistant_create_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[AssistantToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Assistant:
+        """
+        Create an assistant with a model and instructions.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          description: The description of the assistant. The maximum length is 512 characters.
+
+          instructions: The system instructions that the assistant uses. The maximum length is 256,000
+              characters.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the assistant. The maximum length is 256 characters.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: A list of tool enabled on the assistant. There can be a maximum of 128 tools per
+              assistant. Tools can be of types `code_interpreter`, `file_search`, or
+              `function`.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/assistants",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "model": model,
+                    "description": description,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                assistant_create_params.AssistantCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Assistant:
+        """
+        Retrieves an assistant.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not assistant_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `assistant_id` but received {assistant_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/assistants/{assistant_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[
+            str,
+            Literal[
+                "gpt-4.1",
+                "gpt-4.1-mini",
+                "gpt-4.1-nano",
+                "gpt-4.1-2025-04-14",
+                "gpt-4.1-mini-2025-04-14",
+                "gpt-4.1-nano-2025-04-14",
+                "o3-mini",
+                "o3-mini-2025-01-31",
+                "o1",
+                "o1-2024-12-17",
+                "gpt-4o",
+                "gpt-4o-2024-11-20",
+                "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+                "gpt-4o-2024-05-13",
+                "gpt-4o-mini",
+                "gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18",
+                "gpt-4.5-preview",
+                "gpt-4.5-preview-2025-02-27",
+                "gpt-4-turbo",
+                "gpt-4-turbo-2024-04-09",
+                "gpt-4-0125-preview",
+                "gpt-4-turbo-preview",
+                "gpt-4-1106-preview",
+                "gpt-4-vision-preview",
+                "gpt-4",
+                "gpt-4-0314",
+                "gpt-4-0613",
+                "gpt-4-32k",
+                "gpt-4-32k-0314",
+                "gpt-4-32k-0613",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-0613",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-1106",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-0125",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k-0613",
+            ],
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[assistant_update_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[AssistantToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Assistant:
+        """Modifies an assistant.
+
+        Args:
+          description: The description of the assistant.
+
+        The maximum length is 512 characters.
+
+          instructions: The system instructions that the assistant uses. The maximum length is 256,000
+              characters.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          name: The name of the assistant. The maximum length is 256 characters.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: A list of tool enabled on the assistant. There can be a maximum of 128 tools per
+              assistant. Tools can be of types `code_interpreter`, `file_search`, or
+              `function`.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not assistant_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `assistant_id` but received {assistant_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/assistants/{assistant_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "description": description,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "name": name,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                assistant_update_params.AssistantUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[Assistant]:
+        """Returns a list of assistants.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/assistants",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[Assistant],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    assistant_list_params.AssistantListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete an assistant.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not assistant_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `assistant_id` but received {assistant_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/assistants/{assistant_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=AssistantDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncAssistants(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        description: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[assistant_create_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[AssistantToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Assistant:
+        """
+        Create an assistant with a model and instructions.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          description: The description of the assistant. The maximum length is 512 characters.
+
+          instructions: The system instructions that the assistant uses. The maximum length is 256,000
+              characters.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the assistant. The maximum length is 256 characters.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: A list of tool enabled on the assistant. There can be a maximum of 128 tools per
+              assistant. Tools can be of types `code_interpreter`, `file_search`, or
+              `function`.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/assistants",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "model": model,
+                    "description": description,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                assistant_create_params.AssistantCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Assistant:
+        """
+        Retrieves an assistant.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not assistant_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `assistant_id` but received {assistant_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/assistants/{assistant_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        *,
+        description: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[
+            str,
+            Literal[
+                "gpt-4.1",
+                "gpt-4.1-mini",
+                "gpt-4.1-nano",
+                "gpt-4.1-2025-04-14",
+                "gpt-4.1-mini-2025-04-14",
+                "gpt-4.1-nano-2025-04-14",
+                "o3-mini",
+                "o3-mini-2025-01-31",
+                "o1",
+                "o1-2024-12-17",
+                "gpt-4o",
+                "gpt-4o-2024-11-20",
+                "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+                "gpt-4o-2024-05-13",
+                "gpt-4o-mini",
+                "gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18",
+                "gpt-4.5-preview",
+                "gpt-4.5-preview-2025-02-27",
+                "gpt-4-turbo",
+                "gpt-4-turbo-2024-04-09",
+                "gpt-4-0125-preview",
+                "gpt-4-turbo-preview",
+                "gpt-4-1106-preview",
+                "gpt-4-vision-preview",
+                "gpt-4",
+                "gpt-4-0314",
+                "gpt-4-0613",
+                "gpt-4-32k",
+                "gpt-4-32k-0314",
+                "gpt-4-32k-0613",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-0613",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-1106",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-0125",
+                "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k-0613",
+            ],
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[assistant_update_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[AssistantToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Assistant:
+        """Modifies an assistant.
+
+        Args:
+          description: The description of the assistant.
+
+        The maximum length is 512 characters.
+
+          instructions: The system instructions that the assistant uses. The maximum length is 256,000
+              characters.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          name: The name of the assistant. The maximum length is 256 characters.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: A list of tool enabled on the assistant. There can be a maximum of 128 tools per
+              assistant. Tools can be of types `code_interpreter`, `file_search`, or
+              `function`.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not assistant_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `assistant_id` but received {assistant_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/assistants/{assistant_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "description": description,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "name": name,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                assistant_update_params.AssistantUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[Assistant, AsyncCursorPage[Assistant]]:
+        """Returns a list of assistants.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/assistants",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[Assistant],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    assistant_list_params.AssistantListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Assistant,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete an assistant.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not assistant_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `assistant_id` but received {assistant_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/assistants/{assistant_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=AssistantDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class AssistantsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, assistants: Assistants) -> None:
+        self._assistants = assistants
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, assistants: AsyncAssistants) -> None:
+        self._assistants = assistants
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AssistantsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, assistants: Assistants) -> None:
+        self._assistants = assistants
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.update,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, assistants: AsyncAssistants) -> None:
+        self._assistants = assistants
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.update,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            assistants.delete,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/beta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/beta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62fc8258
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/beta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from .chat.chat import Chat, AsyncChat
+from .assistants import (
+    Assistants,
+    AsyncAssistants,
+    AssistantsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse,
+    AssistantsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .threads.threads import (
+    Threads,
+    AsyncThreads,
+    ThreadsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse,
+    ThreadsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .realtime.realtime import (
+    Realtime,
+    AsyncRealtime,
+    RealtimeWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse,
+    RealtimeWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["Beta", "AsyncBeta"]
+
+
+class Beta(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> Chat:
+        return Chat(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def realtime(self) -> Realtime:
+        return Realtime(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def assistants(self) -> Assistants:
+        return Assistants(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def threads(self) -> Threads:
+        return Threads(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> BetaWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return BetaWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> BetaWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return BetaWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AsyncBeta(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def chat(self) -> AsyncChat:
+        return AsyncChat(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def realtime(self) -> AsyncRealtime:
+        return AsyncRealtime(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def assistants(self) -> AsyncAssistants:
+        return AsyncAssistants(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def threads(self) -> AsyncThreads:
+        return AsyncThreads(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncBetaWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncBetaWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class BetaWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, beta: Beta) -> None:
+        self._beta = beta
+
+    @cached_property
+    def realtime(self) -> RealtimeWithRawResponse:
+        return RealtimeWithRawResponse(self._beta.realtime)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def assistants(self) -> AssistantsWithRawResponse:
+        return AssistantsWithRawResponse(self._beta.assistants)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def threads(self) -> ThreadsWithRawResponse:
+        return ThreadsWithRawResponse(self._beta.threads)
+
+
+class AsyncBetaWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, beta: AsyncBeta) -> None:
+        self._beta = beta
+
+    @cached_property
+    def realtime(self) -> AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse(self._beta.realtime)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def assistants(self) -> AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncAssistantsWithRawResponse(self._beta.assistants)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def threads(self) -> AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse(self._beta.threads)
+
+
+class BetaWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, beta: Beta) -> None:
+        self._beta = beta
+
+    @cached_property
+    def realtime(self) -> RealtimeWithStreamingResponse:
+        return RealtimeWithStreamingResponse(self._beta.realtime)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def assistants(self) -> AssistantsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AssistantsWithStreamingResponse(self._beta.assistants)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def threads(self) -> ThreadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return ThreadsWithStreamingResponse(self._beta.threads)
+
+
+class AsyncBetaWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, beta: AsyncBeta) -> None:
+        self._beta = beta
+
+    @cached_property
+    def realtime(self) -> AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse(self._beta.realtime)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def assistants(self) -> AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncAssistantsWithStreamingResponse(self._beta.assistants)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def threads(self) -> AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse(self._beta.threads)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..072d7867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .chat import Chat, AsyncChat
+from .completions import Completions, AsyncCompletions
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Completions",
+    "AsyncCompletions",
+    "Chat",
+    "AsyncChat",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/__pycache__/completions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/__pycache__/completions.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e02d68fc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6afdcea3
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+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from .completions import Completions, AsyncCompletions
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+
+__all__ = ["Chat", "AsyncChat"]
+
+
+class Chat(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> Completions:
+        return Completions(self._client)
+
+
+class AsyncChat(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> AsyncCompletions:
+        return AsyncCompletions(self._client)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/completions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/completions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80e01561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/chat/completions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,634 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Type, Union, Iterable, Optional, cast
+from functools import partial
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...._streaming import Stream
+from ....types.chat import completion_create_params
+from ...._base_client import make_request_options
+from ....lib._parsing import (
+    ResponseFormatT,
+    validate_input_tools as _validate_input_tools,
+    parse_chat_completion as _parse_chat_completion,
+    type_to_response_format_param as _type_to_response_format,
+)
+from ....types.chat_model import ChatModel
+from ....lib.streaming.chat import ChatCompletionStreamManager, AsyncChatCompletionStreamManager
+from ....types.shared_params import Metadata, ReasoningEffort
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion import ChatCompletion
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_chunk import ChatCompletionChunk
+from ....types.chat.parsed_chat_completion import ParsedChatCompletion
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_tool_param import ChatCompletionToolParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_audio_param import ChatCompletionAudioParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_message_param import ChatCompletionMessageParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_stream_options_param import ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_prediction_content_param import ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_tool_choice_option_param import ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam
+
+__all__ = ["Completions", "AsyncCompletions"]
+
+
+class Completions(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return the
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return CompletionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return CompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def parse(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+        """Wrapper over the `client.chat.completions.create()` method that provides richer integrations with Python specific types
+        & returns a `ParsedChatCompletion` object, which is a subclass of the standard `ChatCompletion` class.
+
+        You can pass a pydantic model to this method and it will automatically convert the model
+        into a JSON schema, send it to the API and parse the response content back into the given model.
+
+        This method will also automatically parse `function` tool calls if:
+        - You use the `openai.pydantic_function_tool()` helper method
+        - You mark your tool schema with `"strict": True`
+
+        Example usage:
+        ```py
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+        from openai import OpenAI
+
+
+        class Step(BaseModel):
+            explanation: str
+            output: str
+
+
+        class MathResponse(BaseModel):
+            steps: List[Step]
+            final_answer: str
+
+
+        client = OpenAI()
+        completion = client.beta.chat.completions.parse(
+            model="gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+            messages=[
+                {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful math tutor."},
+                {"role": "user", "content": "solve 8x + 31 = 2"},
+            ],
+            response_format=MathResponse,
+        )
+
+        message = completion.choices[0].message
+        if message.parsed:
+            print(message.parsed.steps)
+            print("answer: ", message.parsed.final_answer)
+        ```
+        """
+        _validate_input_tools(tools)
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "X-Stainless-Helper-Method": "beta.chat.completions.parse",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+
+        def parser(raw_completion: ChatCompletion) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+            return _parse_chat_completion(
+                response_format=response_format,
+                chat_completion=raw_completion,
+                input_tools=tools,
+            )
+
+        return self._post(
+            "/chat/completions",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "messages": messages,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "audio": audio,
+                    "frequency_penalty": frequency_penalty,
+                    "function_call": function_call,
+                    "functions": functions,
+                    "logit_bias": logit_bias,
+                    "logprobs": logprobs,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_tokens": max_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "prediction": prediction,
+                    "presence_penalty": presence_penalty,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": _type_to_response_format(response_format),
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "service_tier": service_tier,
+                    "stop": stop,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stream": False,
+                    "stream_options": stream_options,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_logprobs": top_logprobs,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "user": user,
+                    "web_search_options": web_search_options,
+                },
+                completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                post_parser=parser,
+            ),
+            # we turn the `ChatCompletion` instance into a `ParsedChatCompletion`
+            # in the `parser` function above
+            cast_to=cast(Type[ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]], ChatCompletion),
+            stream=False,
+        )
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | type[ResponseFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletionStreamManager[ResponseFormatT]:
+        """Wrapper over the `client.chat.completions.create(stream=True)` method that provides a more granular event API
+        and automatic accumulation of each delta.
+
+        This also supports all of the parsing utilities that `.parse()` does.
+
+        Unlike `.create(stream=True)`, the `.stream()` method requires usage within a context manager to prevent accidental leakage of the response:
+
+        ```py
+        with client.beta.chat.completions.stream(
+            model="gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+            messages=[...],
+        ) as stream:
+            for event in stream:
+                if event.type == "content.delta":
+                    print(event.delta, flush=True, end="")
+        ```
+
+        When the context manager is entered, a `ChatCompletionStream` instance is returned which, like `.create(stream=True)` is an iterator. The full list of events that are yielded by the iterator are outlined in [these docs](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/blob/main/helpers.md#chat-completions-events).
+
+        When the context manager exits, the response will be closed, however the `stream` instance is still available outside
+        the context manager.
+        """
+        extra_headers = {
+            "X-Stainless-Helper-Method": "beta.chat.completions.stream",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+
+        api_request: partial[Stream[ChatCompletionChunk]] = partial(
+            self._client.chat.completions.create,
+            messages=messages,
+            model=model,
+            audio=audio,
+            stream=True,
+            response_format=_type_to_response_format(response_format),
+            frequency_penalty=frequency_penalty,
+            function_call=function_call,
+            functions=functions,
+            logit_bias=logit_bias,
+            logprobs=logprobs,
+            max_completion_tokens=max_completion_tokens,
+            max_tokens=max_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            modalities=modalities,
+            n=n,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            prediction=prediction,
+            presence_penalty=presence_penalty,
+            reasoning_effort=reasoning_effort,
+            seed=seed,
+            service_tier=service_tier,
+            store=store,
+            stop=stop,
+            stream_options=stream_options,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            tools=tools,
+            top_logprobs=top_logprobs,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            user=user,
+            web_search_options=web_search_options,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+        return ChatCompletionStreamManager(
+            api_request,
+            response_format=response_format,
+            input_tools=tools,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCompletions(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return the
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def parse(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: type[ResponseFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+        """Wrapper over the `client.chat.completions.create()` method that provides richer integrations with Python specific types
+        & returns a `ParsedChatCompletion` object, which is a subclass of the standard `ChatCompletion` class.
+
+        You can pass a pydantic model to this method and it will automatically convert the model
+        into a JSON schema, send it to the API and parse the response content back into the given model.
+
+        This method will also automatically parse `function` tool calls if:
+        - You use the `openai.pydantic_function_tool()` helper method
+        - You mark your tool schema with `"strict": True`
+
+        Example usage:
+        ```py
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+        from openai import AsyncOpenAI
+
+
+        class Step(BaseModel):
+            explanation: str
+            output: str
+
+
+        class MathResponse(BaseModel):
+            steps: List[Step]
+            final_answer: str
+
+
+        client = AsyncOpenAI()
+        completion = await client.beta.chat.completions.parse(
+            model="gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+            messages=[
+                {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful math tutor."},
+                {"role": "user", "content": "solve 8x + 31 = 2"},
+            ],
+            response_format=MathResponse,
+        )
+
+        message = completion.choices[0].message
+        if message.parsed:
+            print(message.parsed.steps)
+            print("answer: ", message.parsed.final_answer)
+        ```
+        """
+        _validate_input_tools(tools)
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "X-Stainless-Helper-Method": "beta.chat.completions.parse",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+
+        def parser(raw_completion: ChatCompletion) -> ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]:
+            return _parse_chat_completion(
+                response_format=response_format,
+                chat_completion=raw_completion,
+                input_tools=tools,
+            )
+
+        return await self._post(
+            "/chat/completions",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "messages": messages,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "audio": audio,
+                    "frequency_penalty": frequency_penalty,
+                    "function_call": function_call,
+                    "functions": functions,
+                    "logit_bias": logit_bias,
+                    "logprobs": logprobs,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_tokens": max_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "prediction": prediction,
+                    "presence_penalty": presence_penalty,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": _type_to_response_format(response_format),
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "service_tier": service_tier,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stop": stop,
+                    "stream": False,
+                    "stream_options": stream_options,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_logprobs": top_logprobs,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "user": user,
+                    "web_search_options": web_search_options,
+                },
+                completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                post_parser=parser,
+            ),
+            # we turn the `ChatCompletion` instance into a `ParsedChatCompletion`
+            # in the `parser` function above
+            cast_to=cast(Type[ParsedChatCompletion[ResponseFormatT]], ChatCompletion),
+            stream=False,
+        )
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | type[ResponseFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncChatCompletionStreamManager[ResponseFormatT]:
+        """Wrapper over the `client.chat.completions.create(stream=True)` method that provides a more granular event API
+        and automatic accumulation of each delta.
+
+        This also supports all of the parsing utilities that `.parse()` does.
+
+        Unlike `.create(stream=True)`, the `.stream()` method requires usage within a context manager to prevent accidental leakage of the response:
+
+        ```py
+        async with client.beta.chat.completions.stream(
+            model="gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+            messages=[...],
+        ) as stream:
+            async for event in stream:
+                if event.type == "content.delta":
+                    print(event.delta, flush=True, end="")
+        ```
+
+        When the context manager is entered, an `AsyncChatCompletionStream` instance is returned which, like `.create(stream=True)` is an async iterator. The full list of events that are yielded by the iterator are outlined in [these docs](https://github.com/openai/openai-python/blob/main/helpers.md#chat-completions-events).
+
+        When the context manager exits, the response will be closed, however the `stream` instance is still available outside
+        the context manager.
+        """
+        _validate_input_tools(tools)
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "X-Stainless-Helper-Method": "beta.chat.completions.stream",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+
+        api_request = self._client.chat.completions.create(
+            messages=messages,
+            model=model,
+            audio=audio,
+            stream=True,
+            response_format=_type_to_response_format(response_format),
+            frequency_penalty=frequency_penalty,
+            function_call=function_call,
+            functions=functions,
+            logit_bias=logit_bias,
+            logprobs=logprobs,
+            max_completion_tokens=max_completion_tokens,
+            max_tokens=max_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            modalities=modalities,
+            n=n,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            prediction=prediction,
+            presence_penalty=presence_penalty,
+            reasoning_effort=reasoning_effort,
+            seed=seed,
+            service_tier=service_tier,
+            stop=stop,
+            store=store,
+            stream_options=stream_options,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            tools=tools,
+            top_logprobs=top_logprobs,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            user=user,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            web_search_options=web_search_options,
+        )
+        return AsyncChatCompletionStreamManager(
+            api_request,
+            response_format=response_format,
+            input_tools=tools,
+        )
+
+
+class CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: Completions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.parse = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.parse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: AsyncCompletions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.parse = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.parse,
+        )
+
+
+class CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: Completions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.parse = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.parse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: AsyncCompletions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.parse = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.parse,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ab3d993
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .realtime import (
+    Realtime,
+    AsyncRealtime,
+    RealtimeWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse,
+    RealtimeWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .sessions import (
+    Sessions,
+    AsyncSessions,
+    SessionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse,
+    SessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .transcription_sessions import (
+    TranscriptionSessions,
+    AsyncTranscriptionSessions,
+    TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse,
+    TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Sessions",
+    "AsyncSessions",
+    "SessionsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse",
+    "SessionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "TranscriptionSessions",
+    "AsyncTranscriptionSessions",
+    "TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse",
+    "TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Realtime",
+    "AsyncRealtime",
+    "RealtimeWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse",
+    "RealtimeWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/__pycache__/transcription_sessions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/__pycache__/transcription_sessions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/realtime.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/realtime.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d39db48e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/realtime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import logging
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Iterator, cast
+from typing_extensions import AsyncIterator
+
+import httpx
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+from .sessions import (
+    Sessions,
+    AsyncSessions,
+    SessionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse,
+    SessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import (
+    is_azure_client,
+    maybe_transform,
+    strip_not_given,
+    async_maybe_transform,
+    is_async_azure_client,
+)
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._models import construct_type_unchecked
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._exceptions import OpenAIError
+from ...._base_client import _merge_mappings
+from ....types.beta.realtime import (
+    session_update_event_param,
+    response_create_event_param,
+    transcription_session_update_param,
+)
+from .transcription_sessions import (
+    TranscriptionSessions,
+    AsyncTranscriptionSessions,
+    TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse,
+    TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ....types.websocket_connection_options import WebsocketConnectionOptions
+from ....types.beta.realtime.realtime_client_event import RealtimeClientEvent
+from ....types.beta.realtime.realtime_server_event import RealtimeServerEvent
+from ....types.beta.realtime.conversation_item_param import ConversationItemParam
+from ....types.beta.realtime.realtime_client_event_param import RealtimeClientEventParam
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from websockets.sync.client import ClientConnection as WebsocketConnection
+    from websockets.asyncio.client import ClientConnection as AsyncWebsocketConnection
+
+    from ...._client import OpenAI, AsyncOpenAI
+
+__all__ = ["Realtime", "AsyncRealtime"]
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Realtime(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def sessions(self) -> Sessions:
+        return Sessions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcription_sessions(self) -> TranscriptionSessions:
+        return TranscriptionSessions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> RealtimeWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return RealtimeWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> RealtimeWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return RealtimeWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def connect(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: str,
+        extra_query: Query = {},
+        extra_headers: Headers = {},
+        websocket_connection_options: WebsocketConnectionOptions = {},
+    ) -> RealtimeConnectionManager:
+        """
+        The Realtime API enables you to build low-latency, multi-modal conversational experiences. It currently supports text and audio as both input and output, as well as function calling.
+
+        Some notable benefits of the API include:
+
+        - Native speech-to-speech: Skipping an intermediate text format means low latency and nuanced output.
+        - Natural, steerable voices: The models have natural inflection and can laugh, whisper, and adhere to tone direction.
+        - Simultaneous multimodal output: Text is useful for moderation; faster-than-realtime audio ensures stable playback.
+
+        The Realtime API is a stateful, event-based API that communicates over a WebSocket.
+        """
+        return RealtimeConnectionManager(
+            client=self._client,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            websocket_connection_options=websocket_connection_options,
+            model=model,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRealtime(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def sessions(self) -> AsyncSessions:
+        return AsyncSessions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcription_sessions(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionSessions:
+        return AsyncTranscriptionSessions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def connect(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: str,
+        extra_query: Query = {},
+        extra_headers: Headers = {},
+        websocket_connection_options: WebsocketConnectionOptions = {},
+    ) -> AsyncRealtimeConnectionManager:
+        """
+        The Realtime API enables you to build low-latency, multi-modal conversational experiences. It currently supports text and audio as both input and output, as well as function calling.
+
+        Some notable benefits of the API include:
+
+        - Native speech-to-speech: Skipping an intermediate text format means low latency and nuanced output.
+        - Natural, steerable voices: The models have natural inflection and can laugh, whisper, and adhere to tone direction.
+        - Simultaneous multimodal output: Text is useful for moderation; faster-than-realtime audio ensures stable playback.
+
+        The Realtime API is a stateful, event-based API that communicates over a WebSocket.
+        """
+        return AsyncRealtimeConnectionManager(
+            client=self._client,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            websocket_connection_options=websocket_connection_options,
+            model=model,
+        )
+
+
+class RealtimeWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, realtime: Realtime) -> None:
+        self._realtime = realtime
+
+    @cached_property
+    def sessions(self) -> SessionsWithRawResponse:
+        return SessionsWithRawResponse(self._realtime.sessions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcription_sessions(self) -> TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse:
+        return TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse(self._realtime.transcription_sessions)
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, realtime: AsyncRealtime) -> None:
+        self._realtime = realtime
+
+    @cached_property
+    def sessions(self) -> AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse(self._realtime.sessions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcription_sessions(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse(self._realtime.transcription_sessions)
+
+
+class RealtimeWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, realtime: Realtime) -> None:
+        self._realtime = realtime
+
+    @cached_property
+    def sessions(self) -> SessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return SessionsWithStreamingResponse(self._realtime.sessions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcription_sessions(self) -> TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse(self._realtime.transcription_sessions)
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, realtime: AsyncRealtime) -> None:
+        self._realtime = realtime
+
+    @cached_property
+    def sessions(self) -> AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse(self._realtime.sessions)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def transcription_sessions(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse(self._realtime.transcription_sessions)
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeConnection:
+    """Represents a live websocket connection to the Realtime API"""
+
+    session: AsyncRealtimeSessionResource
+    response: AsyncRealtimeResponseResource
+    input_audio_buffer: AsyncRealtimeInputAudioBufferResource
+    conversation: AsyncRealtimeConversationResource
+    output_audio_buffer: AsyncRealtimeOutputAudioBufferResource
+    transcription_session: AsyncRealtimeTranscriptionSessionResource
+
+    _connection: AsyncWebsocketConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: AsyncWebsocketConnection) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+
+        self.session = AsyncRealtimeSessionResource(self)
+        self.response = AsyncRealtimeResponseResource(self)
+        self.input_audio_buffer = AsyncRealtimeInputAudioBufferResource(self)
+        self.conversation = AsyncRealtimeConversationResource(self)
+        self.output_audio_buffer = AsyncRealtimeOutputAudioBufferResource(self)
+        self.transcription_session = AsyncRealtimeTranscriptionSessionResource(self)
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[RealtimeServerEvent]:
+        """
+        An infinite-iterator that will continue to yield events until
+        the connection is closed.
+        """
+        from websockets.exceptions import ConnectionClosedOK
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield await self.recv()
+        except ConnectionClosedOK:
+            return
+
+    async def recv(self) -> RealtimeServerEvent:
+        """
+        Receive the next message from the connection and parses it into a `RealtimeServerEvent` object.
+
+        Canceling this method is safe. There's no risk of losing data.
+        """
+        return self.parse_event(await self.recv_bytes())
+
+    async def recv_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        """Receive the next message from the connection as raw bytes.
+
+        Canceling this method is safe. There's no risk of losing data.
+
+        If you want to parse the message into a `RealtimeServerEvent` object like `.recv()` does,
+        then you can call `.parse_event(data)`.
+        """
+        message = await self._connection.recv(decode=False)
+        log.debug(f"Received websocket message: %s", message)
+        return message
+
+    async def send(self, event: RealtimeClientEvent | RealtimeClientEventParam) -> None:
+        data = (
+            event.to_json(use_api_names=True, exclude_defaults=True, exclude_unset=True)
+            if isinstance(event, BaseModel)
+            else json.dumps(await async_maybe_transform(event, RealtimeClientEventParam))
+        )
+        await self._connection.send(data)
+
+    async def close(self, *, code: int = 1000, reason: str = "") -> None:
+        await self._connection.close(code=code, reason=reason)
+
+    def parse_event(self, data: str | bytes) -> RealtimeServerEvent:
+        """
+        Converts a raw `str` or `bytes` message into a `RealtimeServerEvent` object.
+
+        This is helpful if you're using `.recv_bytes()`.
+        """
+        return cast(
+            RealtimeServerEvent, construct_type_unchecked(value=json.loads(data), type_=cast(Any, RealtimeServerEvent))
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeConnectionManager:
+    """
+    Context manager over a `AsyncRealtimeConnection` that is returned by `beta.realtime.connect()`
+
+    This context manager ensures that the connection will be closed when it exits.
+
+    ---
+
+    Note that if your application doesn't work well with the context manager approach then you
+    can call the `.enter()` method directly to initiate a connection.
+
+    **Warning**: You must remember to close the connection with `.close()`.
+
+    ```py
+    connection = await client.beta.realtime.connect(...).enter()
+    # ...
+    await connection.close()
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        client: AsyncOpenAI,
+        model: str,
+        extra_query: Query,
+        extra_headers: Headers,
+        websocket_connection_options: WebsocketConnectionOptions,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__client = client
+        self.__model = model
+        self.__connection: AsyncRealtimeConnection | None = None
+        self.__extra_query = extra_query
+        self.__extra_headers = extra_headers
+        self.__websocket_connection_options = websocket_connection_options
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> AsyncRealtimeConnection:
+        """
+        👋 If your application doesn't work well with the context manager approach then you
+        can call this method directly to initiate a connection.
+
+        **Warning**: You must remember to close the connection with `.close()`.
+
+        ```py
+        connection = await client.beta.realtime.connect(...).enter()
+        # ...
+        await connection.close()
+        ```
+        """
+        try:
+            from websockets.asyncio.client import connect
+        except ImportError as exc:
+            raise OpenAIError("You need to install `openai[realtime]` to use this method") from exc
+
+        extra_query = self.__extra_query
+        auth_headers = self.__client.auth_headers
+        if is_async_azure_client(self.__client):
+            url, auth_headers = await self.__client._configure_realtime(self.__model, extra_query)
+        else:
+            url = self._prepare_url().copy_with(
+                params={
+                    **self.__client.base_url.params,
+                    "model": self.__model,
+                    **extra_query,
+                },
+            )
+        log.debug("Connecting to %s", url)
+        if self.__websocket_connection_options:
+            log.debug("Connection options: %s", self.__websocket_connection_options)
+
+        self.__connection = AsyncRealtimeConnection(
+            await connect(
+                str(url),
+                user_agent_header=self.__client.user_agent,
+                additional_headers=_merge_mappings(
+                    {
+                        **auth_headers,
+                        "OpenAI-Beta": "realtime=v1",
+                    },
+                    self.__extra_headers,
+                ),
+                **self.__websocket_connection_options,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return self.__connection
+
+    enter = __aenter__
+
+    def _prepare_url(self) -> httpx.URL:
+        if self.__client.websocket_base_url is not None:
+            base_url = httpx.URL(self.__client.websocket_base_url)
+        else:
+            base_url = self.__client._base_url.copy_with(scheme="wss")
+
+        merge_raw_path = base_url.raw_path.rstrip(b"/") + b"/realtime"
+        return base_url.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self, exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, exc: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType | None
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__connection is not None:
+            await self.__connection.close()
+
+
+class RealtimeConnection:
+    """Represents a live websocket connection to the Realtime API"""
+
+    session: RealtimeSessionResource
+    response: RealtimeResponseResource
+    input_audio_buffer: RealtimeInputAudioBufferResource
+    conversation: RealtimeConversationResource
+    output_audio_buffer: RealtimeOutputAudioBufferResource
+    transcription_session: RealtimeTranscriptionSessionResource
+
+    _connection: WebsocketConnection
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: WebsocketConnection) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+
+        self.session = RealtimeSessionResource(self)
+        self.response = RealtimeResponseResource(self)
+        self.input_audio_buffer = RealtimeInputAudioBufferResource(self)
+        self.conversation = RealtimeConversationResource(self)
+        self.output_audio_buffer = RealtimeOutputAudioBufferResource(self)
+        self.transcription_session = RealtimeTranscriptionSessionResource(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[RealtimeServerEvent]:
+        """
+        An infinite-iterator that will continue to yield events until
+        the connection is closed.
+        """
+        from websockets.exceptions import ConnectionClosedOK
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield self.recv()
+        except ConnectionClosedOK:
+            return
+
+    def recv(self) -> RealtimeServerEvent:
+        """
+        Receive the next message from the connection and parses it into a `RealtimeServerEvent` object.
+
+        Canceling this method is safe. There's no risk of losing data.
+        """
+        return self.parse_event(self.recv_bytes())
+
+    def recv_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        """Receive the next message from the connection as raw bytes.
+
+        Canceling this method is safe. There's no risk of losing data.
+
+        If you want to parse the message into a `RealtimeServerEvent` object like `.recv()` does,
+        then you can call `.parse_event(data)`.
+        """
+        message = self._connection.recv(decode=False)
+        log.debug(f"Received websocket message: %s", message)
+        return message
+
+    def send(self, event: RealtimeClientEvent | RealtimeClientEventParam) -> None:
+        data = (
+            event.to_json(use_api_names=True, exclude_defaults=True, exclude_unset=True)
+            if isinstance(event, BaseModel)
+            else json.dumps(maybe_transform(event, RealtimeClientEventParam))
+        )
+        self._connection.send(data)
+
+    def close(self, *, code: int = 1000, reason: str = "") -> None:
+        self._connection.close(code=code, reason=reason)
+
+    def parse_event(self, data: str | bytes) -> RealtimeServerEvent:
+        """
+        Converts a raw `str` or `bytes` message into a `RealtimeServerEvent` object.
+
+        This is helpful if you're using `.recv_bytes()`.
+        """
+        return cast(
+            RealtimeServerEvent, construct_type_unchecked(value=json.loads(data), type_=cast(Any, RealtimeServerEvent))
+        )
+
+
+class RealtimeConnectionManager:
+    """
+    Context manager over a `RealtimeConnection` that is returned by `beta.realtime.connect()`
+
+    This context manager ensures that the connection will be closed when it exits.
+
+    ---
+
+    Note that if your application doesn't work well with the context manager approach then you
+    can call the `.enter()` method directly to initiate a connection.
+
+    **Warning**: You must remember to close the connection with `.close()`.
+
+    ```py
+    connection = client.beta.realtime.connect(...).enter()
+    # ...
+    connection.close()
+    ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        client: OpenAI,
+        model: str,
+        extra_query: Query,
+        extra_headers: Headers,
+        websocket_connection_options: WebsocketConnectionOptions,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__client = client
+        self.__model = model
+        self.__connection: RealtimeConnection | None = None
+        self.__extra_query = extra_query
+        self.__extra_headers = extra_headers
+        self.__websocket_connection_options = websocket_connection_options
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> RealtimeConnection:
+        """
+        👋 If your application doesn't work well with the context manager approach then you
+        can call this method directly to initiate a connection.
+
+        **Warning**: You must remember to close the connection with `.close()`.
+
+        ```py
+        connection = client.beta.realtime.connect(...).enter()
+        # ...
+        connection.close()
+        ```
+        """
+        try:
+            from websockets.sync.client import connect
+        except ImportError as exc:
+            raise OpenAIError("You need to install `openai[realtime]` to use this method") from exc
+
+        extra_query = self.__extra_query
+        auth_headers = self.__client.auth_headers
+        if is_azure_client(self.__client):
+            url, auth_headers = self.__client._configure_realtime(self.__model, extra_query)
+        else:
+            url = self._prepare_url().copy_with(
+                params={
+                    **self.__client.base_url.params,
+                    "model": self.__model,
+                    **extra_query,
+                },
+            )
+        log.debug("Connecting to %s", url)
+        if self.__websocket_connection_options:
+            log.debug("Connection options: %s", self.__websocket_connection_options)
+
+        self.__connection = RealtimeConnection(
+            connect(
+                str(url),
+                user_agent_header=self.__client.user_agent,
+                additional_headers=_merge_mappings(
+                    {
+                        **auth_headers,
+                        "OpenAI-Beta": "realtime=v1",
+                    },
+                    self.__extra_headers,
+                ),
+                **self.__websocket_connection_options,
+            )
+        )
+
+        return self.__connection
+
+    enter = __enter__
+
+    def _prepare_url(self) -> httpx.URL:
+        if self.__client.websocket_base_url is not None:
+            base_url = httpx.URL(self.__client.websocket_base_url)
+        else:
+            base_url = self.__client._base_url.copy_with(scheme="wss")
+
+        merge_raw_path = base_url.raw_path.rstrip(b"/") + b"/realtime"
+        return base_url.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self, exc_type: type[BaseException] | None, exc: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType | None
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.__connection is not None:
+            self.__connection.close()
+
+
+class BaseRealtimeConnectionResource:
+    def __init__(self, connection: RealtimeConnection) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+
+
+class RealtimeSessionResource(BaseRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    def update(self, *, session: session_update_event_param.Session, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """
+        Send this event to update the session’s default configuration.
+        The client may send this event at any time to update any field,
+        except for `voice`. However, note that once a session has been
+        initialized with a particular `model`, it can’t be changed to
+        another model using `session.update`.
+
+        When the server receives a `session.update`, it will respond
+        with a `session.updated` event showing the full, effective configuration.
+        Only the fields that are present are updated. To clear a field like
+        `instructions`, pass an empty string.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "session.update", "session": session, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RealtimeResponseResource(BaseRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response: response_create_event_param.Response | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        This event instructs the server to create a Response, which means triggering
+        model inference. When in Server VAD mode, the server will create Responses
+        automatically.
+
+        A Response will include at least one Item, and may have two, in which case
+        the second will be a function call. These Items will be appended to the
+        conversation history.
+
+        The server will respond with a `response.created` event, events for Items
+        and content created, and finally a `response.done` event to indicate the
+        Response is complete.
+
+        The `response.create` event includes inference configuration like
+        `instructions`, and `temperature`. These fields will override the Session's
+        configuration for this Response only.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "response.create", "event_id": event_id, "response": response}),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def cancel(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN, response_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event to cancel an in-progress response.
+
+        The server will respond
+        with a `response.cancelled` event or an error if there is no response to
+        cancel.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "response.cancel", "event_id": event_id, "response_id": response_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RealtimeInputAudioBufferResource(BaseRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    def clear(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event to clear the audio bytes in the buffer.
+
+        The server will
+        respond with an `input_audio_buffer.cleared` event.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(RealtimeClientEventParam, strip_not_given({"type": "input_audio_buffer.clear", "event_id": event_id}))
+        )
+
+    def commit(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """
+        Send this event to commit the user input audio buffer, which will create a
+        new user message item in the conversation. This event will produce an error
+        if the input audio buffer is empty. When in Server VAD mode, the client does
+        not need to send this event, the server will commit the audio buffer
+        automatically.
+
+        Committing the input audio buffer will trigger input audio transcription
+        (if enabled in session configuration), but it will not create a response
+        from the model. The server will respond with an `input_audio_buffer.committed`
+        event.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(RealtimeClientEventParam, strip_not_given({"type": "input_audio_buffer.commit", "event_id": event_id}))
+        )
+
+    def append(self, *, audio: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event to append audio bytes to the input audio buffer.
+
+        The audio
+        buffer is temporary storage you can write to and later commit. In Server VAD
+        mode, the audio buffer is used to detect speech and the server will decide
+        when to commit. When Server VAD is disabled, you must commit the audio buffer
+        manually.
+
+        The client may choose how much audio to place in each event up to a maximum
+        of 15 MiB, for example streaming smaller chunks from the client may allow the
+        VAD to be more responsive. Unlike made other client events, the server will
+        not send a confirmation response to this event.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "input_audio_buffer.append", "audio": audio, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RealtimeConversationResource(BaseRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def item(self) -> RealtimeConversationItemResource:
+        return RealtimeConversationItemResource(self._connection)
+
+
+class RealtimeConversationItemResource(BaseRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    def delete(self, *, item_id: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event when you want to remove any item from the conversation
+        history.
+
+        The server will respond with a `conversation.item.deleted` event,
+        unless the item does not exist in the conversation history, in which case the
+        server will respond with an error.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "conversation.item.delete", "item_id": item_id, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        item: ConversationItemParam,
+        event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_item_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Add a new Item to the Conversation's context, including messages, function
+        calls, and function call responses. This event can be used both to populate a
+        "history" of the conversation and to add new items mid-stream, but has the
+        current limitation that it cannot populate assistant audio messages.
+
+        If successful, the server will respond with a `conversation.item.created`
+        event, otherwise an `error` event will be sent.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given(
+                    {
+                        "type": "conversation.item.create",
+                        "item": item,
+                        "event_id": event_id,
+                        "previous_item_id": previous_item_id,
+                    }
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def truncate(
+        self, *, audio_end_ms: int, content_index: int, item_id: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN
+    ) -> None:
+        """Send this event to truncate a previous assistant message’s audio.
+
+        The server
+        will produce audio faster than realtime, so this event is useful when the user
+        interrupts to truncate audio that has already been sent to the client but not
+        yet played. This will synchronize the server's understanding of the audio with
+        the client's playback.
+
+        Truncating audio will delete the server-side text transcript to ensure there
+        is not text in the context that hasn't been heard by the user.
+
+        If successful, the server will respond with a `conversation.item.truncated`
+        event.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given(
+                    {
+                        "type": "conversation.item.truncate",
+                        "audio_end_ms": audio_end_ms,
+                        "content_index": content_index,
+                        "item_id": item_id,
+                        "event_id": event_id,
+                    }
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(self, *, item_id: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """
+        Send this event when you want to retrieve the server's representation of a specific item in the conversation history. This is useful, for example, to inspect user audio after noise cancellation and VAD.
+        The server will respond with a `conversation.item.retrieved` event,
+        unless the item does not exist in the conversation history, in which case the
+        server will respond with an error.
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "conversation.item.retrieve", "item_id": item_id, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RealtimeOutputAudioBufferResource(BaseRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    def clear(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """**WebRTC Only:** Emit to cut off the current audio response.
+
+        This will trigger the server to
+        stop generating audio and emit a `output_audio_buffer.cleared` event. This
+        event should be preceded by a `response.cancel` client event to stop the
+        generation of the current response.
+        [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/realtime-model-capabilities#client-and-server-events-for-audio-in-webrtc).
+        """
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(RealtimeClientEventParam, strip_not_given({"type": "output_audio_buffer.clear", "event_id": event_id}))
+        )
+
+
+class RealtimeTranscriptionSessionResource(BaseRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    def update(
+        self, *, session: transcription_session_update_param.Session, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN
+    ) -> None:
+        """Send this event to update a transcription session."""
+        self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "transcription_session.update", "session": session, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource:
+    def __init__(self, connection: AsyncRealtimeConnection) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeSessionResource(BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    async def update(
+        self, *, session: session_update_event_param.Session, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Send this event to update the session’s default configuration.
+        The client may send this event at any time to update any field,
+        except for `voice`. However, note that once a session has been
+        initialized with a particular `model`, it can’t be changed to
+        another model using `session.update`.
+
+        When the server receives a `session.update`, it will respond
+        with a `session.updated` event showing the full, effective configuration.
+        Only the fields that are present are updated. To clear a field like
+        `instructions`, pass an empty string.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "session.update", "session": session, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeResponseResource(BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response: response_create_event_param.Response | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        This event instructs the server to create a Response, which means triggering
+        model inference. When in Server VAD mode, the server will create Responses
+        automatically.
+
+        A Response will include at least one Item, and may have two, in which case
+        the second will be a function call. These Items will be appended to the
+        conversation history.
+
+        The server will respond with a `response.created` event, events for Items
+        and content created, and finally a `response.done` event to indicate the
+        Response is complete.
+
+        The `response.create` event includes inference configuration like
+        `instructions`, and `temperature`. These fields will override the Session's
+        configuration for this Response only.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "response.create", "event_id": event_id, "response": response}),
+            )
+        )
+
+    async def cancel(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN, response_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event to cancel an in-progress response.
+
+        The server will respond
+        with a `response.cancelled` event or an error if there is no response to
+        cancel.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "response.cancel", "event_id": event_id, "response_id": response_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeInputAudioBufferResource(BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    async def clear(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event to clear the audio bytes in the buffer.
+
+        The server will
+        respond with an `input_audio_buffer.cleared` event.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(RealtimeClientEventParam, strip_not_given({"type": "input_audio_buffer.clear", "event_id": event_id}))
+        )
+
+    async def commit(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """
+        Send this event to commit the user input audio buffer, which will create a
+        new user message item in the conversation. This event will produce an error
+        if the input audio buffer is empty. When in Server VAD mode, the client does
+        not need to send this event, the server will commit the audio buffer
+        automatically.
+
+        Committing the input audio buffer will trigger input audio transcription
+        (if enabled in session configuration), but it will not create a response
+        from the model. The server will respond with an `input_audio_buffer.committed`
+        event.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(RealtimeClientEventParam, strip_not_given({"type": "input_audio_buffer.commit", "event_id": event_id}))
+        )
+
+    async def append(self, *, audio: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event to append audio bytes to the input audio buffer.
+
+        The audio
+        buffer is temporary storage you can write to and later commit. In Server VAD
+        mode, the audio buffer is used to detect speech and the server will decide
+        when to commit. When Server VAD is disabled, you must commit the audio buffer
+        manually.
+
+        The client may choose how much audio to place in each event up to a maximum
+        of 15 MiB, for example streaming smaller chunks from the client may allow the
+        VAD to be more responsive. Unlike made other client events, the server will
+        not send a confirmation response to this event.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "input_audio_buffer.append", "audio": audio, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeConversationResource(BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def item(self) -> AsyncRealtimeConversationItemResource:
+        return AsyncRealtimeConversationItemResource(self._connection)
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeConversationItemResource(BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    async def delete(self, *, item_id: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """Send this event when you want to remove any item from the conversation
+        history.
+
+        The server will respond with a `conversation.item.deleted` event,
+        unless the item does not exist in the conversation history, in which case the
+        server will respond with an error.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "conversation.item.delete", "item_id": item_id, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        item: ConversationItemParam,
+        event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_item_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Add a new Item to the Conversation's context, including messages, function
+        calls, and function call responses. This event can be used both to populate a
+        "history" of the conversation and to add new items mid-stream, but has the
+        current limitation that it cannot populate assistant audio messages.
+
+        If successful, the server will respond with a `conversation.item.created`
+        event, otherwise an `error` event will be sent.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given(
+                    {
+                        "type": "conversation.item.create",
+                        "item": item,
+                        "event_id": event_id,
+                        "previous_item_id": previous_item_id,
+                    }
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+    async def truncate(
+        self, *, audio_end_ms: int, content_index: int, item_id: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN
+    ) -> None:
+        """Send this event to truncate a previous assistant message’s audio.
+
+        The server
+        will produce audio faster than realtime, so this event is useful when the user
+        interrupts to truncate audio that has already been sent to the client but not
+        yet played. This will synchronize the server's understanding of the audio with
+        the client's playback.
+
+        Truncating audio will delete the server-side text transcript to ensure there
+        is not text in the context that hasn't been heard by the user.
+
+        If successful, the server will respond with a `conversation.item.truncated`
+        event.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given(
+                    {
+                        "type": "conversation.item.truncate",
+                        "audio_end_ms": audio_end_ms,
+                        "content_index": content_index,
+                        "item_id": item_id,
+                        "event_id": event_id,
+                    }
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(self, *, item_id: str, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """
+        Send this event when you want to retrieve the server's representation of a specific item in the conversation history. This is useful, for example, to inspect user audio after noise cancellation and VAD.
+        The server will respond with a `conversation.item.retrieved` event,
+        unless the item does not exist in the conversation history, in which case the
+        server will respond with an error.
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "conversation.item.retrieve", "item_id": item_id, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeOutputAudioBufferResource(BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    async def clear(self, *, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN) -> None:
+        """**WebRTC Only:** Emit to cut off the current audio response.
+
+        This will trigger the server to
+        stop generating audio and emit a `output_audio_buffer.cleared` event. This
+        event should be preceded by a `response.cancel` client event to stop the
+        generation of the current response.
+        [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/realtime-model-capabilities#client-and-server-events-for-audio-in-webrtc).
+        """
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(RealtimeClientEventParam, strip_not_given({"type": "output_audio_buffer.clear", "event_id": event_id}))
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRealtimeTranscriptionSessionResource(BaseAsyncRealtimeConnectionResource):
+    async def update(
+        self, *, session: transcription_session_update_param.Session, event_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN
+    ) -> None:
+        """Send this event to update a transcription session."""
+        await self._connection.send(
+            cast(
+                RealtimeClientEventParam,
+                strip_not_given({"type": "transcription_session.update", "session": session, "event_id": event_id}),
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/sessions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c0d4d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...._base_client import make_request_options
+from ....types.beta.realtime import session_create_params
+from ....types.beta.realtime.session_create_response import SessionCreateResponse
+
+__all__ = ["Sessions", "AsyncSessions"]
+
+
+class Sessions(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> SessionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return SessionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> SessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return SessionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_noise_reduction: session_create_params.InputAudioNoiseReduction | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_transcription: session_create_params.InputAudioTranscription | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Literal[
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-10-01",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        output_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[session_create_params.Tool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        turn_detection: session_create_params.TurnDetection | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        voice: Union[
+            str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SessionCreateResponse:
+        """
+        Create an ephemeral API token for use in client-side applications with the
+        Realtime API. Can be configured with the same session parameters as the
+        `session.update` client event.
+
+        It responds with a session object, plus a `client_secret` key which contains a
+        usable ephemeral API token that can be used to authenticate browser clients for
+        the Realtime API.
+
+        Args:
+          input_audio_format: The format of input audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For
+              `pcm16`, input audio must be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel
+              (mono), and little-endian byte order.
+
+          input_audio_noise_reduction: Configuration for input audio noise reduction. This can be set to `null` to turn
+              off. Noise reduction filters audio added to the input audio buffer before it is
+              sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the audio can improve VAD and turn
+              detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and model performance by improving
+              perception of the input audio.
+
+          input_audio_transcription: Configuration for input audio transcription, defaults to off and can be set to
+              `null` to turn off once on. Input audio transcription is not native to the
+              model, since the model consumes audio directly. Transcription runs
+              asynchronously through
+              [the /audio/transcriptions endpoint](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/createTranscription)
+              and should be treated as guidance of input audio content rather than precisely
+              what the model heard. The client can optionally set the language and prompt for
+              transcription, these offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+
+          instructions: The default system instructions (i.e. system message) prepended to model calls.
+              This field allows the client to guide the model on desired responses. The model
+              can be instructed on response content and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct",
+              "act friendly", "here are examples of good responses") and on audio behavior
+              (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The
+              instructions are not guaranteed to be followed by the model, but they provide
+              guidance to the model on the desired behavior.
+
+              Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+              is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+              session.
+
+          max_response_output_tokens: Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+              tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+              `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+
+          modalities: The set of modalities the model can respond with. To disable audio, set this to
+              ["text"].
+
+          model: The Realtime model used for this session.
+
+          output_audio_format: The format of output audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`.
+              For `pcm16`, output audio is sampled at a rate of 24kHz.
+
+          temperature: Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2]. For audio models a
+              temperature of 0.8 is highly recommended for best performance.
+
+          tool_choice: How the model chooses tools. Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify
+              a function.
+
+          tools: Tools (functions) available to the model.
+
+          turn_detection: Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD. This can be
+              set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually trigger model
+              response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start and end of
+              speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech. Semantic VAD
+              is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction with VAD) to
+              semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then dynamically
+              sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio trails off
+              with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and wait longer
+              for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more natural
+              conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+
+          voice: The voice the model uses to respond. Voice cannot be changed during the session
+              once the model has responded with audio at least once. Current voice options are
+              `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`, `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`,
+              `shimmer`, and `verse`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/realtime/sessions",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input_audio_format": input_audio_format,
+                    "input_audio_noise_reduction": input_audio_noise_reduction,
+                    "input_audio_transcription": input_audio_transcription,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_response_output_tokens": max_response_output_tokens,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "output_audio_format": output_audio_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "turn_detection": turn_detection,
+                    "voice": voice,
+                },
+                session_create_params.SessionCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=SessionCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSessions(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_noise_reduction: session_create_params.InputAudioNoiseReduction | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_transcription: session_create_params.InputAudioTranscription | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Literal[
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-10-01",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        output_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: float | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[session_create_params.Tool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        turn_detection: session_create_params.TurnDetection | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        voice: Union[
+            str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SessionCreateResponse:
+        """
+        Create an ephemeral API token for use in client-side applications with the
+        Realtime API. Can be configured with the same session parameters as the
+        `session.update` client event.
+
+        It responds with a session object, plus a `client_secret` key which contains a
+        usable ephemeral API token that can be used to authenticate browser clients for
+        the Realtime API.
+
+        Args:
+          input_audio_format: The format of input audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For
+              `pcm16`, input audio must be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel
+              (mono), and little-endian byte order.
+
+          input_audio_noise_reduction: Configuration for input audio noise reduction. This can be set to `null` to turn
+              off. Noise reduction filters audio added to the input audio buffer before it is
+              sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the audio can improve VAD and turn
+              detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and model performance by improving
+              perception of the input audio.
+
+          input_audio_transcription: Configuration for input audio transcription, defaults to off and can be set to
+              `null` to turn off once on. Input audio transcription is not native to the
+              model, since the model consumes audio directly. Transcription runs
+              asynchronously through
+              [the /audio/transcriptions endpoint](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/createTranscription)
+              and should be treated as guidance of input audio content rather than precisely
+              what the model heard. The client can optionally set the language and prompt for
+              transcription, these offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+
+          instructions: The default system instructions (i.e. system message) prepended to model calls.
+              This field allows the client to guide the model on desired responses. The model
+              can be instructed on response content and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct",
+              "act friendly", "here are examples of good responses") and on audio behavior
+              (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The
+              instructions are not guaranteed to be followed by the model, but they provide
+              guidance to the model on the desired behavior.
+
+              Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+              is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+              session.
+
+          max_response_output_tokens: Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+              tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+              `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+
+          modalities: The set of modalities the model can respond with. To disable audio, set this to
+              ["text"].
+
+          model: The Realtime model used for this session.
+
+          output_audio_format: The format of output audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`.
+              For `pcm16`, output audio is sampled at a rate of 24kHz.
+
+          temperature: Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2]. For audio models a
+              temperature of 0.8 is highly recommended for best performance.
+
+          tool_choice: How the model chooses tools. Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify
+              a function.
+
+          tools: Tools (functions) available to the model.
+
+          turn_detection: Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD. This can be
+              set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually trigger model
+              response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start and end of
+              speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech. Semantic VAD
+              is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction with VAD) to
+              semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then dynamically
+              sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio trails off
+              with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and wait longer
+              for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more natural
+              conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+
+          voice: The voice the model uses to respond. Voice cannot be changed during the session
+              once the model has responded with audio at least once. Current voice options are
+              `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`, `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`,
+              `shimmer`, and `verse`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/realtime/sessions",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input_audio_format": input_audio_format,
+                    "input_audio_noise_reduction": input_audio_noise_reduction,
+                    "input_audio_transcription": input_audio_transcription,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_response_output_tokens": max_response_output_tokens,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "output_audio_format": output_audio_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "turn_detection": turn_detection,
+                    "voice": voice,
+                },
+                session_create_params.SessionCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=SessionCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class SessionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, sessions: Sessions) -> None:
+        self._sessions = sessions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            sessions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSessionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, sessions: AsyncSessions) -> None:
+        self._sessions = sessions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            sessions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class SessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, sessions: Sessions) -> None:
+        self._sessions = sessions
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            sessions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, sessions: AsyncSessions) -> None:
+        self._sessions = sessions
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            sessions.create,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/transcription_sessions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/transcription_sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbcb1bb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/realtime/transcription_sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...._base_client import make_request_options
+from ....types.beta.realtime import transcription_session_create_params
+from ....types.beta.realtime.transcription_session import TranscriptionSession
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionSessions", "AsyncTranscriptionSessions"]
+
+
+class TranscriptionSessions(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        include: List[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_noise_reduction: transcription_session_create_params.InputAudioNoiseReduction
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_transcription: transcription_session_create_params.InputAudioTranscription | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        turn_detection: transcription_session_create_params.TurnDetection | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranscriptionSession:
+        """
+        Create an ephemeral API token for use in client-side applications with the
+        Realtime API specifically for realtime transcriptions. Can be configured with
+        the same session parameters as the `transcription_session.update` client event.
+
+        It responds with a session object, plus a `client_secret` key which contains a
+        usable ephemeral API token that can be used to authenticate browser clients for
+        the Realtime API.
+
+        Args:
+          include:
+              The set of items to include in the transcription. Current available items are:
+
+              - `item.input_audio_transcription.logprobs`
+
+          input_audio_format: The format of input audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For
+              `pcm16`, input audio must be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel
+              (mono), and little-endian byte order.
+
+          input_audio_noise_reduction: Configuration for input audio noise reduction. This can be set to `null` to turn
+              off. Noise reduction filters audio added to the input audio buffer before it is
+              sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the audio can improve VAD and turn
+              detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and model performance by improving
+              perception of the input audio.
+
+          input_audio_transcription: Configuration for input audio transcription. The client can optionally set the
+              language and prompt for transcription, these offer additional guidance to the
+              transcription service.
+
+          modalities: The set of modalities the model can respond with. To disable audio, set this to
+              ["text"].
+
+          turn_detection: Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD. This can be
+              set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually trigger model
+              response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start and end of
+              speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech. Semantic VAD
+              is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction with VAD) to
+              semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then dynamically
+              sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio trails off
+              with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and wait longer
+              for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more natural
+              conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/realtime/transcription_sessions",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "include": include,
+                    "input_audio_format": input_audio_format,
+                    "input_audio_noise_reduction": input_audio_noise_reduction,
+                    "input_audio_transcription": input_audio_transcription,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "turn_detection": turn_detection,
+                },
+                transcription_session_create_params.TranscriptionSessionCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=TranscriptionSession,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranscriptionSessions(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        include: List[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_noise_reduction: transcription_session_create_params.InputAudioNoiseReduction
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        input_audio_transcription: transcription_session_create_params.InputAudioTranscription | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        turn_detection: transcription_session_create_params.TurnDetection | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> TranscriptionSession:
+        """
+        Create an ephemeral API token for use in client-side applications with the
+        Realtime API specifically for realtime transcriptions. Can be configured with
+        the same session parameters as the `transcription_session.update` client event.
+
+        It responds with a session object, plus a `client_secret` key which contains a
+        usable ephemeral API token that can be used to authenticate browser clients for
+        the Realtime API.
+
+        Args:
+          include:
+              The set of items to include in the transcription. Current available items are:
+
+              - `item.input_audio_transcription.logprobs`
+
+          input_audio_format: The format of input audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For
+              `pcm16`, input audio must be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel
+              (mono), and little-endian byte order.
+
+          input_audio_noise_reduction: Configuration for input audio noise reduction. This can be set to `null` to turn
+              off. Noise reduction filters audio added to the input audio buffer before it is
+              sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the audio can improve VAD and turn
+              detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and model performance by improving
+              perception of the input audio.
+
+          input_audio_transcription: Configuration for input audio transcription. The client can optionally set the
+              language and prompt for transcription, these offer additional guidance to the
+              transcription service.
+
+          modalities: The set of modalities the model can respond with. To disable audio, set this to
+              ["text"].
+
+          turn_detection: Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD. This can be
+              set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually trigger model
+              response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start and end of
+              speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech. Semantic VAD
+              is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction with VAD) to
+              semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then dynamically
+              sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio trails off
+              with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and wait longer
+              for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more natural
+              conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/realtime/transcription_sessions",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "include": include,
+                    "input_audio_format": input_audio_format,
+                    "input_audio_noise_reduction": input_audio_noise_reduction,
+                    "input_audio_transcription": input_audio_transcription,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "turn_detection": turn_detection,
+                },
+                transcription_session_create_params.TranscriptionSessionCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=TranscriptionSession,
+        )
+
+
+class TranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcription_sessions: TranscriptionSessions) -> None:
+        self._transcription_sessions = transcription_sessions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            transcription_sessions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcription_sessions: AsyncTranscriptionSessions) -> None:
+        self._transcription_sessions = transcription_sessions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            transcription_sessions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class TranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcription_sessions: TranscriptionSessions) -> None:
+        self._transcription_sessions = transcription_sessions
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            transcription_sessions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncTranscriptionSessionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, transcription_sessions: AsyncTranscriptionSessions) -> None:
+        self._transcription_sessions = transcription_sessions
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            transcription_sessions.create,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a66e445b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .runs import (
+    Runs,
+    AsyncRuns,
+    RunsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithRawResponse,
+    RunsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .threads import (
+    Threads,
+    AsyncThreads,
+    ThreadsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse,
+    ThreadsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .messages import (
+    Messages,
+    AsyncMessages,
+    MessagesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse,
+    MessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Runs",
+    "AsyncRuns",
+    "RunsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithRawResponse",
+    "RunsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Messages",
+    "AsyncMessages",
+    "MessagesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse",
+    "MessagesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Threads",
+    "AsyncThreads",
+    "ThreadsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse",
+    "ThreadsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__pycache__/messages.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__pycache__/messages.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__pycache__/threads.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/__pycache__/threads.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/messages.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/messages.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a8913ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/messages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ...._base_client import (
+    AsyncPaginator,
+    make_request_options,
+)
+from ....types.beta.threads import message_list_params, message_create_params, message_update_params
+from ....types.beta.threads.message import Message
+from ....types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ....types.beta.threads.message_deleted import MessageDeleted
+from ....types.beta.threads.message_content_part_param import MessageContentPartParam
+
+__all__ = ["Messages", "AsyncMessages"]
+
+
+class Messages(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> MessagesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return MessagesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> MessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return MessagesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        content: Union[str, Iterable[MessageContentPartParam]],
+        role: Literal["user", "assistant"],
+        attachments: Optional[Iterable[message_create_params.Attachment]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Message:
+        """
+        Create a message.
+
+        Args:
+          content: The text contents of the message.
+
+          role:
+              The role of the entity that is creating the message. Allowed values include:
+
+              - `user`: Indicates the message is sent by an actual user and should be used in
+                most cases to represent user-generated messages.
+              - `assistant`: Indicates the message is generated by the assistant. Use this
+                value to insert messages from the assistant into the conversation.
+
+          attachments: A list of files attached to the message, and the tools they should be added to.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "content": content,
+                    "role": role,
+                    "attachments": attachments,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                },
+                message_create_params.MessageCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Message,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        message_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Message:
+        """
+        Retrieve a message.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not message_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `message_id` but received {message_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages/{message_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Message,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        message_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Message:
+        """
+        Modifies a message.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not message_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `message_id` but received {message_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages/{message_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform({"metadata": metadata}, message_update_params.MessageUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Message,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        run_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[Message]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of messages for a given thread.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          run_id: Filter messages by the run ID that generated them.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[Message],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "run_id": run_id,
+                    },
+                    message_list_params.MessageListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Message,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        message_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> MessageDeleted:
+        """
+        Deletes a message.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not message_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `message_id` but received {message_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages/{message_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=MessageDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncMessages(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        content: Union[str, Iterable[MessageContentPartParam]],
+        role: Literal["user", "assistant"],
+        attachments: Optional[Iterable[message_create_params.Attachment]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Message:
+        """
+        Create a message.
+
+        Args:
+          content: The text contents of the message.
+
+          role:
+              The role of the entity that is creating the message. Allowed values include:
+
+              - `user`: Indicates the message is sent by an actual user and should be used in
+                most cases to represent user-generated messages.
+              - `assistant`: Indicates the message is generated by the assistant. Use this
+                value to insert messages from the assistant into the conversation.
+
+          attachments: A list of files attached to the message, and the tools they should be added to.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "content": content,
+                    "role": role,
+                    "attachments": attachments,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                },
+                message_create_params.MessageCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Message,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        message_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Message:
+        """
+        Retrieve a message.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not message_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `message_id` but received {message_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages/{message_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Message,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        message_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Message:
+        """
+        Modifies a message.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not message_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `message_id` but received {message_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages/{message_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform({"metadata": metadata}, message_update_params.MessageUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Message,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        run_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[Message, AsyncCursorPage[Message]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of messages for a given thread.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          run_id: Filter messages by the run ID that generated them.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[Message],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "run_id": run_id,
+                    },
+                    message_list_params.MessageListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Message,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        message_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> MessageDeleted:
+        """
+        Deletes a message.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not message_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `message_id` but received {message_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/messages/{message_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=MessageDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class MessagesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: Messages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: AsyncMessages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class MessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: Messages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.update,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: AsyncMessages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.update,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.delete,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50aa9fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .runs import (
+    Runs,
+    AsyncRuns,
+    RunsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithRawResponse,
+    RunsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .steps import (
+    Steps,
+    AsyncSteps,
+    StepsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncStepsWithRawResponse,
+    StepsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Steps",
+    "AsyncSteps",
+    "StepsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncStepsWithRawResponse",
+    "StepsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Runs",
+    "AsyncRuns",
+    "RunsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithRawResponse",
+    "RunsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/runs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/runs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d19010f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/runs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2993 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing_extensions
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from functools import partial
+from typing_extensions import Literal, overload
+
+import httpx
+
+from ..... import _legacy_response
+from .steps import (
+    Steps,
+    AsyncSteps,
+    StepsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncStepsWithRawResponse,
+    StepsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ....._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ....._utils import (
+    is_given,
+    required_args,
+    maybe_transform,
+    async_maybe_transform,
+)
+from ....._compat import cached_property
+from ....._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ....._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ....._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from .....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ....._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from .....lib.streaming import (
+    AssistantEventHandler,
+    AssistantEventHandlerT,
+    AssistantStreamManager,
+    AsyncAssistantEventHandler,
+    AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+    AsyncAssistantStreamManager,
+)
+from .....types.beta.threads import (
+    run_list_params,
+    run_create_params,
+    run_update_params,
+    run_submit_tool_outputs_params,
+)
+from .....types.beta.threads.run import Run
+from .....types.shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from .....types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .....types.shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from .....types.beta.assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam
+from .....types.beta.assistant_stream_event import AssistantStreamEvent
+from .....types.beta.threads.runs.run_step_include import RunStepInclude
+from .....types.beta.assistant_tool_choice_option_param import AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam
+from .....types.beta.assistant_response_format_option_param import AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam
+
+__all__ = ["Runs", "AsyncRuns"]
+
+
+class Runs(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def steps(self) -> Steps:
+        return Steps(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> RunsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return RunsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> RunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return RunsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Create a run.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          additional_instructions: Appends additional instructions at the end of the instructions for the run. This
+              is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis without overriding other
+              instructions.
+
+          additional_messages: Adds additional messages to the thread before creating the run.
+
+          instructions: Overrides the
+              [instructions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants/createAssistant)
+              of the assistant. This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a run.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          additional_instructions: Appends additional instructions at the end of the instructions for the run. This
+              is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis without overriding other
+              instructions.
+
+          additional_messages: Adds additional messages to the thread before creating the run.
+
+          instructions: Overrides the
+              [instructions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants/createAssistant)
+              of the assistant. This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: bool,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a run.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          additional_instructions: Appends additional instructions at the end of the instructions for the run. This
+              is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis without overriding other
+              instructions.
+
+          additional_messages: Adds additional messages to the thread before creating the run.
+
+          instructions: Overrides the
+              [instructions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants/createAssistant)
+              of the assistant. This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["assistant_id"], ["assistant_id", "stream"])
+    def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "additional_instructions": additional_instructions,
+                    "additional_messages": additional_messages,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParamsStreaming if stream else run_create_params.RunCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform({"include": include}, run_create_params.RunCreateParams),
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=Stream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Retrieves a run.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Modifies a run.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform({"metadata": metadata}, run_update_params.RunUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[Run]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of runs belonging to a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[Run],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    run_list_params.RunListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Run,
+        )
+
+    def cancel(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Cancels a run that is `in_progress`.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+        )
+
+    def create_and_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to create a run an poll for a terminal state. More information on Run
+        lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        run = self.create(
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            assistant_id=assistant_id,
+            include=include,
+            additional_instructions=additional_instructions,
+            additional_messages=additional_messages,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            max_completion_tokens=max_completion_tokens,
+            max_prompt_tokens=max_prompt_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            model=model,
+            response_format=response_format,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            reasoning_effort=reasoning_effort,
+            # We assume we are not streaming when polling
+            stream=False,
+            tools=tools,
+            truncation_strategy=truncation_strategy,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+        return self.poll(
+            run.id,
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("use `stream` instead")
+    def create_and_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("use `stream` instead")
+    def create_and_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("use `stream` instead")
+    def create_and_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler] | AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.runs.create_and_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        make_request = partial(
+            self._post,
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "additional_instructions": additional_instructions,
+                    "additional_messages": additional_messages,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "stream": True,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=Stream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AssistantStreamManager(make_request, event_handler=event_handler or AssistantEventHandler())
+
+    def poll(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to poll a run status until it reaches a terminal state. More
+        information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"X-Stainless-Poll-Helper": "true", **(extra_headers or {})}
+
+        if is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+            extra_headers["X-Stainless-Custom-Poll-Interval"] = str(poll_interval_ms)
+
+        terminal_states = {"requires_action", "cancelled", "completed", "failed", "expired", "incomplete"}
+        while True:
+            response = self.with_raw_response.retrieve(
+                thread_id=thread_id,
+                run_id=run_id,
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                timeout=timeout,
+            )
+
+            run = response.parse()
+            # Return if we reached a terminal state
+            if run.status in terminal_states:
+                return run
+
+            if not is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+                from_header = response.headers.get("openai-poll-after-ms")
+                if from_header is not None:
+                    poll_interval_ms = int(from_header)
+                else:
+                    poll_interval_ms = 1000
+
+            self._sleep(poll_interval_ms / 1000)
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler] | AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.runs.create_and_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        make_request = partial(
+            self._post,
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "additional_instructions": additional_instructions,
+                    "additional_messages": additional_messages,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "stream": True,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform({"include": include}, run_create_params.RunCreateParams),
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=Stream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AssistantStreamManager(make_request, event_handler=event_handler or AssistantEventHandler())
+
+    @overload
+    def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        When a run has the `status: "requires_action"` and `required_action.type` is
+        `submit_tool_outputs`, this endpoint can be used to submit the outputs from the
+        tool calls once they're all completed. All outputs must be submitted in a single
+        request.
+
+        Args:
+          tool_outputs: A list of tools for which the outputs are being submitted.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        When a run has the `status: "requires_action"` and `required_action.type` is
+        `submit_tool_outputs`, this endpoint can be used to submit the outputs from the
+        tool calls once they're all completed. All outputs must be submitted in a single
+        request.
+
+        Args:
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          tool_outputs: A list of tools for which the outputs are being submitted.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        stream: bool,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        When a run has the `status: "requires_action"` and `required_action.type` is
+        `submit_tool_outputs`, this endpoint can be used to submit the outputs from the
+        tool calls once they're all completed. All outputs must be submitted in a single
+        request.
+
+        Args:
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          tool_outputs: A list of tools for which the outputs are being submitted.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["thread_id", "tool_outputs"], ["thread_id", "stream", "tool_outputs"])
+    def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/submit_tool_outputs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "tool_outputs": tool_outputs,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                },
+                run_submit_tool_outputs_params.RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else run_submit_tool_outputs_params.RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=Stream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    def submit_tool_outputs_and_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to submit a tool output to a run and poll for a terminal run state.
+        More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        run = self.submit_tool_outputs(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            tool_outputs=tool_outputs,
+            stream=False,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+        return self.poll(
+            run_id=run.id,
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def submit_tool_outputs_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler]:
+        """
+        Submit the tool outputs from a previous run and stream the run to a terminal
+        state. More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def submit_tool_outputs_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """
+        Submit the tool outputs from a previous run and stream the run to a terminal
+        state. More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        ...
+
+    def submit_tool_outputs_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler] | AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """
+        Submit the tool outputs from a previous run and stream the run to a terminal
+        state. More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.runs.submit_tool_outputs_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        request = partial(
+            self._post,
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/submit_tool_outputs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "tool_outputs": tool_outputs,
+                    "stream": True,
+                },
+                run_submit_tool_outputs_params.RunSubmitToolOutputsParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=Stream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AssistantStreamManager(request, event_handler=event_handler or AssistantEventHandler())
+
+
+class AsyncRuns(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def steps(self) -> AsyncSteps:
+        return AsyncSteps(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncRunsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncRunsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Create a run.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          additional_instructions: Appends additional instructions at the end of the instructions for the run. This
+              is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis without overriding other
+              instructions.
+
+          additional_messages: Adds additional messages to the thread before creating the run.
+
+          instructions: Overrides the
+              [instructions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants/createAssistant)
+              of the assistant. This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a run.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          additional_instructions: Appends additional instructions at the end of the instructions for the run. This
+              is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis without overriding other
+              instructions.
+
+          additional_messages: Adds additional messages to the thread before creating the run.
+
+          instructions: Overrides the
+              [instructions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants/createAssistant)
+              of the assistant. This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: bool,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a run.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          additional_instructions: Appends additional instructions at the end of the instructions for the run. This
+              is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis without overriding other
+              instructions.
+
+          additional_messages: Adds additional messages to the thread before creating the run.
+
+          instructions: Overrides the
+              [instructions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants/createAssistant)
+              of the assistant. This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["assistant_id"], ["assistant_id", "stream"])
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "additional_instructions": additional_instructions,
+                    "additional_messages": additional_messages,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParamsStreaming if stream else run_create_params.RunCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=await async_maybe_transform({"include": include}, run_create_params.RunCreateParams),
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Retrieves a run.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Modifies a run.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform({"metadata": metadata}, run_update_params.RunUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[Run, AsyncCursorPage[Run]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of runs belonging to a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[Run],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    run_list_params.RunListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=Run,
+        )
+
+    async def cancel(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Cancels a run that is `in_progress`.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+        )
+
+    async def create_and_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to create a run an poll for a terminal state. More information on Run
+        lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        run = await self.create(
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            assistant_id=assistant_id,
+            include=include,
+            additional_instructions=additional_instructions,
+            additional_messages=additional_messages,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            max_completion_tokens=max_completion_tokens,
+            max_prompt_tokens=max_prompt_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            model=model,
+            response_format=response_format,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            reasoning_effort=reasoning_effort,
+            # We assume we are not streaming when polling
+            stream=False,
+            tools=tools,
+            truncation_strategy=truncation_strategy,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+        return await self.poll(
+            run.id,
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("use `stream` instead")
+    def create_and_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("use `stream` instead")
+    def create_and_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("use `stream` instead")
+    def create_and_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> (
+        AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]
+        | AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]
+    ):
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.runs.create_and_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        request = self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "additional_instructions": additional_instructions,
+                    "additional_messages": additional_messages,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "stream": True,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AsyncAssistantStreamManager(request, event_handler=event_handler or AsyncAssistantEventHandler())
+
+    async def poll(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to poll a run status until it reaches a terminal state. More
+        information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"X-Stainless-Poll-Helper": "true", **(extra_headers or {})}
+
+        if is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+            extra_headers["X-Stainless-Custom-Poll-Interval"] = str(poll_interval_ms)
+
+        terminal_states = {"requires_action", "cancelled", "completed", "failed", "expired", "incomplete"}
+        while True:
+            response = await self.with_raw_response.retrieve(
+                thread_id=thread_id,
+                run_id=run_id,
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                timeout=timeout,
+            )
+
+            run = response.parse()
+            # Return if we reached a terminal state
+            if run.status in terminal_states:
+                return run
+
+            if not is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+                from_header = response.headers.get("openai-poll-after-ms")
+                if from_header is not None:
+                    poll_interval_ms = int(from_header)
+                else:
+                    poll_interval_ms = 1000
+
+            await self._sleep(poll_interval_ms / 1000)
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        ...
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[run_create_params.AdditionalMessage]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[run_create_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> (
+        AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]
+        | AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]
+    ):
+        """Create a Run stream"""
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.runs.create_and_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        request = self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "additional_instructions": additional_instructions,
+                    "additional_messages": additional_messages,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "stream": True,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform({"include": include}, run_create_params.RunCreateParams),
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AsyncAssistantStreamManager(request, event_handler=event_handler or AsyncAssistantEventHandler())
+
+    @overload
+    async def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        When a run has the `status: "requires_action"` and `required_action.type` is
+        `submit_tool_outputs`, this endpoint can be used to submit the outputs from the
+        tool calls once they're all completed. All outputs must be submitted in a single
+        request.
+
+        Args:
+          tool_outputs: A list of tools for which the outputs are being submitted.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        When a run has the `status: "requires_action"` and `required_action.type` is
+        `submit_tool_outputs`, this endpoint can be used to submit the outputs from the
+        tool calls once they're all completed. All outputs must be submitted in a single
+        request.
+
+        Args:
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          tool_outputs: A list of tools for which the outputs are being submitted.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        stream: bool,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        When a run has the `status: "requires_action"` and `required_action.type` is
+        `submit_tool_outputs`, this endpoint can be used to submit the outputs from the
+        tool calls once they're all completed. All outputs must be submitted in a single
+        request.
+
+        Args:
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          tool_outputs: A list of tools for which the outputs are being submitted.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["thread_id", "tool_outputs"], ["thread_id", "stream", "tool_outputs"])
+    async def submit_tool_outputs(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/submit_tool_outputs",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "tool_outputs": tool_outputs,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                },
+                run_submit_tool_outputs_params.RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else run_submit_tool_outputs_params.RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    async def submit_tool_outputs_and_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to submit a tool output to a run and poll for a terminal run state.
+        More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        run = await self.submit_tool_outputs(
+            run_id=run_id,
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            tool_outputs=tool_outputs,
+            stream=False,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+        return await self.poll(
+            run_id=run.id,
+            thread_id=thread_id,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def submit_tool_outputs_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]:
+        """
+        Submit the tool outputs from a previous run and stream the run to a terminal
+        state. More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def submit_tool_outputs_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """
+        Submit the tool outputs from a previous run and stream the run to a terminal
+        state. More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        ...
+
+    def submit_tool_outputs_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        tool_outputs: Iterable[run_submit_tool_outputs_params.ToolOutput],
+        run_id: str,
+        thread_id: str,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> (
+        AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]
+        | AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]
+    ):
+        """
+        Submit the tool outputs from a previous run and stream the run to a terminal
+        state. More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.runs.submit_tool_outputs_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        request = self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/submit_tool_outputs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "tool_outputs": tool_outputs,
+                    "stream": True,
+                },
+                run_submit_tool_outputs_params.RunSubmitToolOutputsParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AsyncAssistantStreamManager(request, event_handler=event_handler or AsyncAssistantEventHandler())
+
+
+class RunsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: Runs) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.submit_tool_outputs = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.submit_tool_outputs,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def steps(self) -> StepsWithRawResponse:
+        return StepsWithRawResponse(self._runs.steps)
+
+
+class AsyncRunsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: AsyncRuns) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.submit_tool_outputs = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.submit_tool_outputs,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def steps(self) -> AsyncStepsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncStepsWithRawResponse(self._runs.steps)
+
+
+class RunsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: Runs) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.update,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.submit_tool_outputs = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.submit_tool_outputs,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def steps(self) -> StepsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return StepsWithStreamingResponse(self._runs.steps)
+
+
+class AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: AsyncRuns) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.update,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.submit_tool_outputs = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.submit_tool_outputs,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def steps(self) -> AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse(self._runs.steps)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/steps.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/steps.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d214868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/runs/steps.py
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from ..... import _legacy_response
+from ....._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ....._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ....._compat import cached_property
+from ....._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ....._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from .....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ....._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from .....types.beta.threads.runs import step_list_params, step_retrieve_params
+from .....types.beta.threads.runs.run_step import RunStep
+from .....types.beta.threads.runs.run_step_include import RunStepInclude
+
+__all__ = ["Steps", "AsyncSteps"]
+
+
+class Steps(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> StepsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return StepsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> StepsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return StepsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        step_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        run_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunStep:
+        """
+        Retrieves a run step.
+
+        Args:
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        if not step_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `step_id` but received {step_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/steps/{step_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform({"include": include}, step_retrieve_params.StepRetrieveParams),
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunStep,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[RunStep]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of run steps belonging to a run.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/steps",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[RunStep],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "include": include,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    step_list_params.StepListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=RunStep,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncSteps(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncStepsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncStepsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        step_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        run_id: str,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunStep:
+        """
+        Retrieves a run step.
+
+        Args:
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        if not step_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `step_id` but received {step_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/steps/{step_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=await async_maybe_transform({"include": include}, step_retrieve_params.StepRetrieveParams),
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunStep,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        thread_id: str,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: List[RunStepInclude] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[RunStep, AsyncCursorPage[RunStep]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of run steps belonging to a run.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          include: A list of additional fields to include in the response. Currently the only
+              supported value is `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content`
+              to fetch the file search result content.
+
+              See the
+              [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+              for more information.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}/runs/{run_id}/steps",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[RunStep],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "include": include,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    step_list_params.StepListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=RunStep,
+        )
+
+
+class StepsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, steps: Steps) -> None:
+        self._steps = steps
+
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            steps.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            steps.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncStepsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, steps: AsyncSteps) -> None:
+        self._steps = steps
+
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            steps.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            steps.list,
+        )
+
+
+class StepsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, steps: Steps) -> None:
+        self._steps = steps
+
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            steps.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            steps.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncStepsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, steps: AsyncSteps) -> None:
+        self._steps = steps
+
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            steps.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            steps.list,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/threads.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/threads.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13d8cb64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/beta/threads/threads.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1876 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, Optional
+from functools import partial
+from typing_extensions import Literal, overload
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from .messages import (
+    Messages,
+    AsyncMessages,
+    MessagesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse,
+    MessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import required_args, maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from .runs.runs import (
+    Runs,
+    AsyncRuns,
+    RunsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithRawResponse,
+    RunsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from ....types.beta import (
+    thread_create_params,
+    thread_update_params,
+    thread_create_and_run_params,
+)
+from ...._base_client import make_request_options
+from ....lib.streaming import (
+    AssistantEventHandler,
+    AssistantEventHandlerT,
+    AssistantStreamManager,
+    AsyncAssistantEventHandler,
+    AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+    AsyncAssistantStreamManager,
+)
+from ....types.beta.thread import Thread
+from ....types.beta.threads.run import Run
+from ....types.shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from ....types.beta.thread_deleted import ThreadDeleted
+from ....types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ....types.beta.assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam
+from ....types.beta.assistant_stream_event import AssistantStreamEvent
+from ....types.beta.assistant_tool_choice_option_param import AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam
+from ....types.beta.assistant_response_format_option_param import AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam
+
+__all__ = ["Threads", "AsyncThreads"]
+
+
+class Threads(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> Runs:
+        return Runs(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> Messages:
+        return Messages(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> ThreadsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return ThreadsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> ThreadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return ThreadsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[thread_create_params.Message] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Thread:
+        """
+        Create a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of [messages](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/messages) to
+              start the thread with.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+              thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+              `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+              tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/threads",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "messages": messages,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                },
+                thread_create_params.ThreadCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Thread,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Thread:
+        """
+        Retrieves a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Thread,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_update_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Thread:
+        """
+        Modifies a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+              thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+              `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+              tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                },
+                thread_update_params.ThreadUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Thread,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ThreadDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ThreadDeleted,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Create a thread and run it in one request.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          instructions: Override the default system message of the assistant. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          thread: Options to create a new thread. If no thread is provided when running a request,
+              an empty thread will be created.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a thread and run it in one request.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          instructions: Override the default system message of the assistant. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          thread: Options to create a new thread. If no thread is provided when running a request,
+              an empty thread will be created.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: bool,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a thread and run it in one request.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          instructions: Override the default system message of the assistant. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          thread: Options to create a new thread. If no thread is provided when running a request,
+              an empty thread will be created.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["assistant_id"], ["assistant_id", "stream"])
+    def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | Stream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/threads/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "thread": thread,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                },
+                thread_create_and_run_params.ThreadCreateAndRunParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else thread_create_and_run_params.ThreadCreateAndRunParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=Stream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    def create_and_run_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to create a thread, start a run and then poll for a terminal state.
+        More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        run = self.create_and_run(
+            assistant_id=assistant_id,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            max_completion_tokens=max_completion_tokens,
+            max_prompt_tokens=max_prompt_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            model=model,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            response_format=response_format,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            stream=False,
+            thread=thread,
+            tool_resources=tool_resources,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            truncation_strategy=truncation_strategy,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            tools=tools,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+        return self.runs.poll(run.id, run.thread_id, extra_headers, extra_query, extra_body, timeout, poll_interval_ms)
+
+    @overload
+    def create_and_run_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler]:
+        """Create a thread and stream the run back"""
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create_and_run_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a thread and stream the run back"""
+        ...
+
+    def create_and_run_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        event_handler: AssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandler] | AssistantStreamManager[AssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a thread and stream the run back"""
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.create_and_run_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        make_request = partial(
+            self._post,
+            "/threads/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "stream": True,
+                    "thread": thread,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                thread_create_and_run_params.ThreadCreateAndRunParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=Stream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AssistantStreamManager(make_request, event_handler=event_handler or AssistantEventHandler())
+
+
+class AsyncThreads(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> AsyncRuns:
+        return AsyncRuns(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> AsyncMessages:
+        return AsyncMessages(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[thread_create_params.Message] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Thread:
+        """
+        Create a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of [messages](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/messages) to
+              start the thread with.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+              thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+              `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+              tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/threads",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "messages": messages,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                },
+                thread_create_params.ThreadCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Thread,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Thread:
+        """
+        Retrieves a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Thread,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_update_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Thread:
+        """
+        Modifies a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+              thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+              `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+              tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                },
+                thread_update_params.ThreadUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Thread,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        thread_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ThreadDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete a thread.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not thread_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `thread_id` but received {thread_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/threads/{thread_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ThreadDeleted,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        Create a thread and run it in one request.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          instructions: Override the default system message of the assistant. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          thread: Options to create a new thread. If no thread is provided when running a request,
+              an empty thread will be created.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a thread and run it in one request.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          instructions: Override the default system message of the assistant. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          thread: Options to create a new thread. If no thread is provided when running a request,
+              an empty thread will be created.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        stream: bool,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        """
+        Create a thread and run it in one request.
+
+        Args:
+          assistant_id: The ID of the
+              [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+              execute this run.
+
+          stream: If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+              events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+
+          instructions: Override the default system message of the assistant. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+              run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          max_prompt_tokens: The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+              The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+              specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+              prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+              `incomplete_details` for more info.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          model: The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+              be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+              model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+              assistant will be used.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          response_format: Specifies the format that the model must output. Compatible with
+              [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+              [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+              and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+              message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+              **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+              produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+              generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+              limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+              the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+              indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+              max context length.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+          thread: Options to create a new thread. If no thread is provided when running a request,
+              an empty thread will be created.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+              and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+              tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+              to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+          tool_resources: A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools. The resources are
+              specific to the type of tool. For example, the `code_interpreter` tool requires
+              a list of file IDs, while the `file_search` tool requires a list of vector store
+              IDs.
+
+          tools: Override the tools the assistant can use for this run. This is useful for
+              modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+
+          truncation_strategy: Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run. Use this to
+              control the intial context window of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["assistant_id"], ["assistant_id", "stream"])
+    async def create_and_run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run | AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent]:
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/threads/runs",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "thread": thread,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                },
+                thread_create_and_run_params.ThreadCreateAndRunParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else thread_create_and_run_params.ThreadCreateAndRunParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    async def create_and_run_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Run:
+        """
+        A helper to create a thread, start a run and then poll for a terminal state.
+        More information on Run lifecycles can be found here:
+        https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/how-it-works/runs-and-run-steps
+        """
+        run = await self.create_and_run(
+            assistant_id=assistant_id,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            max_completion_tokens=max_completion_tokens,
+            max_prompt_tokens=max_prompt_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            model=model,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            response_format=response_format,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            stream=False,
+            thread=thread,
+            tool_resources=tool_resources,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            truncation_strategy=truncation_strategy,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            tools=tools,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+        return await self.runs.poll(
+            run.id, run.thread_id, extra_headers, extra_query, extra_body, timeout, poll_interval_ms
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def create_and_run_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]:
+        """Create a thread and stream the run back"""
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create_and_run_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]:
+        """Create a thread and stream the run back"""
+        ...
+
+    def create_and_run_stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        assistant_id: str,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        thread: thread_create_and_run_params.Thread | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_resources: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.ToolResources] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation_strategy: Optional[thread_create_and_run_params.TruncationStrategy] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        event_handler: AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT | None = None,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> (
+        AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandler]
+        | AsyncAssistantStreamManager[AsyncAssistantEventHandlerT]
+    ):
+        """Create a thread and stream the run back"""
+        extra_headers = {
+            "OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2",
+            "X-Stainless-Stream-Helper": "threads.create_and_run_stream",
+            "X-Stainless-Custom-Event-Handler": "true" if event_handler else "false",
+            **(extra_headers or {}),
+        }
+        request = self._post(
+            "/threads/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "assistant_id": assistant_id,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_prompt_tokens": max_prompt_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "stream": True,
+                    "thread": thread,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "tool_resources": tool_resources,
+                    "truncation_strategy": truncation_strategy,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                },
+                thread_create_and_run_params.ThreadCreateAndRunParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Run,
+            stream=True,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[AssistantStreamEvent],
+        )
+        return AsyncAssistantStreamManager(request, event_handler=event_handler or AsyncAssistantEventHandler())
+
+
+class ThreadsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, threads: Threads) -> None:
+        self._threads = threads
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.update,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.delete,
+        )
+        self.create_and_run = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create_and_run,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> RunsWithRawResponse:
+        return RunsWithRawResponse(self._threads.runs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> MessagesWithRawResponse:
+        return MessagesWithRawResponse(self._threads.messages)
+
+
+class AsyncThreadsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, threads: AsyncThreads) -> None:
+        self._threads = threads
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.update,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.delete,
+        )
+        self.create_and_run = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create_and_run,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> AsyncRunsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncRunsWithRawResponse(self._threads.runs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse(self._threads.messages)
+
+
+class ThreadsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, threads: Threads) -> None:
+        self._threads = threads
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.update,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.delete,
+        )
+        self.create_and_run = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create_and_run,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> RunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return RunsWithStreamingResponse(self._threads.runs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> MessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return MessagesWithStreamingResponse(self._threads.messages)
+
+
+class AsyncThreadsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, threads: AsyncThreads) -> None:
+        self._threads = threads
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.update,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.delete,
+        )
+        self.create_and_run = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            threads.create_and_run,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse(self._threads.runs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse(self._threads.messages)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52dfdcea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .chat import (
+    Chat,
+    AsyncChat,
+    ChatWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncChatWithRawResponse,
+    ChatWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .completions import (
+    Completions,
+    AsyncCompletions,
+    CompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    CompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Completions",
+    "AsyncCompletions",
+    "CompletionsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse",
+    "CompletionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Chat",
+    "AsyncChat",
+    "ChatWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncChatWithRawResponse",
+    "ChatWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..251b7712
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/__pycache__/chat.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/__pycache__/chat.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34d4ff2c
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/chat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/chat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14f9224b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/chat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .completions.completions import (
+    Completions,
+    AsyncCompletions,
+    CompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    CompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["Chat", "AsyncChat"]
+
+
+class Chat(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> Completions:
+        return Completions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> ChatWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return ChatWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> ChatWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return ChatWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AsyncChat(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> AsyncCompletions:
+        return AsyncCompletions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncChatWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncChatWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class ChatWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, chat: Chat) -> None:
+        self._chat = chat
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        return CompletionsWithRawResponse(self._chat.completions)
+
+
+class AsyncChatWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, chat: AsyncChat) -> None:
+        self._chat = chat
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse(self._chat.completions)
+
+
+class ChatWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, chat: Chat) -> None:
+        self._chat = chat
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return CompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self._chat.completions)
+
+
+class AsyncChatWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, chat: AsyncChat) -> None:
+        self._chat = chat
+
+    @cached_property
+    def completions(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self._chat.completions)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12d3b3aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .messages import (
+    Messages,
+    AsyncMessages,
+    MessagesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse,
+    MessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .completions import (
+    Completions,
+    AsyncCompletions,
+    CompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse,
+    CompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Messages",
+    "AsyncMessages",
+    "MessagesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse",
+    "MessagesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Completions",
+    "AsyncCompletions",
+    "CompletionsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse",
+    "CompletionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/completions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/completions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ab105a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/completions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2361 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, overload
+
+import httpx
+import pydantic
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from .messages import (
+    Messages,
+    AsyncMessages,
+    MessagesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse,
+    MessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import required_args, maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from ....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ....types.chat import (
+    ChatCompletionAudioParam,
+    completion_list_params,
+    completion_create_params,
+    completion_update_params,
+)
+from ...._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ....types.shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion import ChatCompletion
+from ....types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ....types.shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_chunk import ChatCompletionChunk
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_deleted import ChatCompletionDeleted
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_tool_param import ChatCompletionToolParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_audio_param import ChatCompletionAudioParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_message_param import ChatCompletionMessageParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_stream_options_param import ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_prediction_content_param import ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_tool_choice_option_param import ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam
+
+__all__ = ["Completions", "AsyncCompletions"]
+
+
+class Completions(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> Messages:
+        return Messages(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return CompletionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return CompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion:
+        """
+        **Starting a new project?** We recommend trying
+        [Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses) to take
+        advantage of the latest OpenAI platform features. Compare
+        [Chat Completions with Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/responses-vs-chat-completions?api-mode=responses).
+
+        ---
+
+        Creates a model response for the given chat conversation. Learn more in the
+        [text generation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+        [vision](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+        [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio) guides.
+
+        Parameter support can differ depending on the model used to generate the
+        response, particularly for newer reasoning models. Parameters that are only
+        supported for reasoning models are noted below. For the current state of
+        unsupported parameters in reasoning models,
+        [refer to the reasoning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of messages comprising the conversation so far. Depending on the
+              [model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) you use, different message
+              types (modalities) are supported, like
+              [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+              [images](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+              [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          audio: Parameters for audio output. Required when audio output is requested with
+              `modalities: ["audio"]`.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+          function_call: Deprecated in favor of `tool_choice`.
+
+              Controls which (if any) function is called by the model.
+
+              `none` means the model will not call a function and instead generates a message.
+
+              `auto` means the model can pick between generating a message or calling a
+              function.
+
+              Specifying a particular function via `{"name": "my_function"}` forces the model
+              to call that function.
+
+              `none` is the default when no functions are present. `auto` is the default if
+              functions are present.
+
+          functions: Deprecated in favor of `tools`.
+
+              A list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs for.
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. Mathematically, the
+              bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to sampling. The exact
+              effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1 should decrease or
+              increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100 should result in a ban
+              or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+          logprobs: Whether to return log probabilities of the output tokens or not. If true,
+              returns the log probabilities of each output token returned in the `content` of
+              `message`.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a completion,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the chat
+              completion. This value can be used to control
+              [costs](https://openai.com/api/pricing/) for text generated via API.
+
+              This value is now deprecated in favor of `max_completion_tokens`, and is not
+              compatible with
+              [o-series models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          modalities: Output types that you would like the model to generate. Most models are capable
+              of generating text, which is the default:
+
+              `["text"]`
+
+              The `gpt-4o-audio-preview` model can also be used to
+              [generate audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio). To request that
+              this model generate both text and audio responses, you can use:
+
+              `["text", "audio"]`
+
+          n: How many chat completion choices to generate for each input message. Note that
+              you will be charged based on the number of generated tokens across all of the
+              choices. Keep `n` as `1` to minimize costs.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          prediction: Static predicted output content, such as the content of a text file that is
+              being regenerated.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+              ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+              preferred for models that support it.
+
+          seed: This feature is in Beta. If specified, our system will make a best effort to
+              sample deterministically, such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and
+              parameters should return the same result. Determinism is not guaranteed, and you
+              should refer to the `system_fingerprint` response parameter to monitor changes
+              in the backend.
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          store: Whether or not to store the output of this chat completion request for use in
+              our [model distillation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/distillation)
+              or [evals](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals) products.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+              for more information, along with the
+              [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+              guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tool and instead generates a message. `auto` means the model can
+              pick between generating a message or calling one or more tools. `required` means
+              the model must call one or more tools. Specifying a particular tool via
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+              `none` is the default when no tools are present. `auto` is the default if tools
+              are present.
+
+          tools: A list of tools the model may call. Currently, only functions are supported as a
+              tool. Use this to provide a list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs
+              for. A max of 128 functions are supported.
+
+          top_logprobs: An integer between 0 and 20 specifying the number of most likely tokens to
+              return at each token position, each with an associated log probability.
+              `logprobs` must be set to `true` if this parameter is used.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          web_search_options: This tool searches the web for relevant results to use in a response. Learn more
+              about the
+              [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Stream[ChatCompletionChunk]:
+        """
+        **Starting a new project?** We recommend trying
+        [Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses) to take
+        advantage of the latest OpenAI platform features. Compare
+        [Chat Completions with Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/responses-vs-chat-completions?api-mode=responses).
+
+        ---
+
+        Creates a model response for the given chat conversation. Learn more in the
+        [text generation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+        [vision](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+        [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio) guides.
+
+        Parameter support can differ depending on the model used to generate the
+        response, particularly for newer reasoning models. Parameters that are only
+        supported for reasoning models are noted below. For the current state of
+        unsupported parameters in reasoning models,
+        [refer to the reasoning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of messages comprising the conversation so far. Depending on the
+              [model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) you use, different message
+              types (modalities) are supported, like
+              [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+              [images](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+              [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+              for more information, along with the
+              [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+              guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+
+          audio: Parameters for audio output. Required when audio output is requested with
+              `modalities: ["audio"]`.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+          function_call: Deprecated in favor of `tool_choice`.
+
+              Controls which (if any) function is called by the model.
+
+              `none` means the model will not call a function and instead generates a message.
+
+              `auto` means the model can pick between generating a message or calling a
+              function.
+
+              Specifying a particular function via `{"name": "my_function"}` forces the model
+              to call that function.
+
+              `none` is the default when no functions are present. `auto` is the default if
+              functions are present.
+
+          functions: Deprecated in favor of `tools`.
+
+              A list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs for.
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. Mathematically, the
+              bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to sampling. The exact
+              effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1 should decrease or
+              increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100 should result in a ban
+              or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+          logprobs: Whether to return log probabilities of the output tokens or not. If true,
+              returns the log probabilities of each output token returned in the `content` of
+              `message`.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a completion,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the chat
+              completion. This value can be used to control
+              [costs](https://openai.com/api/pricing/) for text generated via API.
+
+              This value is now deprecated in favor of `max_completion_tokens`, and is not
+              compatible with
+              [o-series models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          modalities: Output types that you would like the model to generate. Most models are capable
+              of generating text, which is the default:
+
+              `["text"]`
+
+              The `gpt-4o-audio-preview` model can also be used to
+              [generate audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio). To request that
+              this model generate both text and audio responses, you can use:
+
+              `["text", "audio"]`
+
+          n: How many chat completion choices to generate for each input message. Note that
+              you will be charged based on the number of generated tokens across all of the
+              choices. Keep `n` as `1` to minimize costs.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          prediction: Static predicted output content, such as the content of a text file that is
+              being regenerated.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+              ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+              preferred for models that support it.
+
+          seed: This feature is in Beta. If specified, our system will make a best effort to
+              sample deterministically, such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and
+              parameters should return the same result. Determinism is not guaranteed, and you
+              should refer to the `system_fingerprint` response parameter to monitor changes
+              in the backend.
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          store: Whether or not to store the output of this chat completion request for use in
+              our [model distillation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/distillation)
+              or [evals](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals) products.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tool and instead generates a message. `auto` means the model can
+              pick between generating a message or calling one or more tools. `required` means
+              the model must call one or more tools. Specifying a particular tool via
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+              `none` is the default when no tools are present. `auto` is the default if tools
+              are present.
+
+          tools: A list of tools the model may call. Currently, only functions are supported as a
+              tool. Use this to provide a list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs
+              for. A max of 128 functions are supported.
+
+          top_logprobs: An integer between 0 and 20 specifying the number of most likely tokens to
+              return at each token position, each with an associated log probability.
+              `logprobs` must be set to `true` if this parameter is used.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          web_search_options: This tool searches the web for relevant results to use in a response. Learn more
+              about the
+              [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        stream: bool,
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion | Stream[ChatCompletionChunk]:
+        """
+        **Starting a new project?** We recommend trying
+        [Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses) to take
+        advantage of the latest OpenAI platform features. Compare
+        [Chat Completions with Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/responses-vs-chat-completions?api-mode=responses).
+
+        ---
+
+        Creates a model response for the given chat conversation. Learn more in the
+        [text generation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+        [vision](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+        [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio) guides.
+
+        Parameter support can differ depending on the model used to generate the
+        response, particularly for newer reasoning models. Parameters that are only
+        supported for reasoning models are noted below. For the current state of
+        unsupported parameters in reasoning models,
+        [refer to the reasoning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of messages comprising the conversation so far. Depending on the
+              [model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) you use, different message
+              types (modalities) are supported, like
+              [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+              [images](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+              [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+              for more information, along with the
+              [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+              guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+
+          audio: Parameters for audio output. Required when audio output is requested with
+              `modalities: ["audio"]`.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+          function_call: Deprecated in favor of `tool_choice`.
+
+              Controls which (if any) function is called by the model.
+
+              `none` means the model will not call a function and instead generates a message.
+
+              `auto` means the model can pick between generating a message or calling a
+              function.
+
+              Specifying a particular function via `{"name": "my_function"}` forces the model
+              to call that function.
+
+              `none` is the default when no functions are present. `auto` is the default if
+              functions are present.
+
+          functions: Deprecated in favor of `tools`.
+
+              A list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs for.
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. Mathematically, the
+              bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to sampling. The exact
+              effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1 should decrease or
+              increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100 should result in a ban
+              or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+          logprobs: Whether to return log probabilities of the output tokens or not. If true,
+              returns the log probabilities of each output token returned in the `content` of
+              `message`.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a completion,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the chat
+              completion. This value can be used to control
+              [costs](https://openai.com/api/pricing/) for text generated via API.
+
+              This value is now deprecated in favor of `max_completion_tokens`, and is not
+              compatible with
+              [o-series models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          modalities: Output types that you would like the model to generate. Most models are capable
+              of generating text, which is the default:
+
+              `["text"]`
+
+              The `gpt-4o-audio-preview` model can also be used to
+              [generate audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio). To request that
+              this model generate both text and audio responses, you can use:
+
+              `["text", "audio"]`
+
+          n: How many chat completion choices to generate for each input message. Note that
+              you will be charged based on the number of generated tokens across all of the
+              choices. Keep `n` as `1` to minimize costs.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          prediction: Static predicted output content, such as the content of a text file that is
+              being regenerated.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+              ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+              preferred for models that support it.
+
+          seed: This feature is in Beta. If specified, our system will make a best effort to
+              sample deterministically, such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and
+              parameters should return the same result. Determinism is not guaranteed, and you
+              should refer to the `system_fingerprint` response parameter to monitor changes
+              in the backend.
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          store: Whether or not to store the output of this chat completion request for use in
+              our [model distillation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/distillation)
+              or [evals](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals) products.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tool and instead generates a message. `auto` means the model can
+              pick between generating a message or calling one or more tools. `required` means
+              the model must call one or more tools. Specifying a particular tool via
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+              `none` is the default when no tools are present. `auto` is the default if tools
+              are present.
+
+          tools: A list of tools the model may call. Currently, only functions are supported as a
+              tool. Use this to provide a list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs
+              for. A max of 128 functions are supported.
+
+          top_logprobs: An integer between 0 and 20 specifying the number of most likely tokens to
+              return at each token position, each with an associated log probability.
+              `logprobs` must be set to `true` if this parameter is used.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          web_search_options: This tool searches the web for relevant results to use in a response. Learn more
+              about the
+              [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["messages", "model"], ["messages", "model", "stream"])
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion | Stream[ChatCompletionChunk]:
+        validate_response_format(response_format)
+        return self._post(
+            "/chat/completions",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "messages": messages,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "audio": audio,
+                    "frequency_penalty": frequency_penalty,
+                    "function_call": function_call,
+                    "functions": functions,
+                    "logit_bias": logit_bias,
+                    "logprobs": logprobs,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_tokens": max_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "prediction": prediction,
+                    "presence_penalty": presence_penalty,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "service_tier": service_tier,
+                    "stop": stop,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "stream_options": stream_options,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_logprobs": top_logprobs,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "user": user,
+                    "web_search_options": web_search_options,
+                },
+                completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletion,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=Stream[ChatCompletionChunk],
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion:
+        """Get a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been created with
+        the `store` parameter set to `true` will be returned.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletion,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion:
+        """Modify a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been created
+        with the `store` parameter set to `true` can be modified. Currently, the only
+        supported modification is to update the `metadata` field.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform({"metadata": metadata}, completion_update_params.CompletionUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletion,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[ChatCompletion]:
+        """List stored Chat Completions.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been stored with
+        the `store` parameter set to `true` will be returned.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last chat completion from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of Chat Completions to retrieve.
+
+          metadata:
+              A list of metadata keys to filter the Chat Completions by. Example:
+
+              `metadata[key1]=value1&metadata[key2]=value2`
+
+          model: The model used to generate the Chat Completions.
+
+          order: Sort order for Chat Completions by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or
+              `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/chat/completions",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[ChatCompletion],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "metadata": metadata,
+                        "model": model,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    completion_list_params.CompletionListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=ChatCompletion,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletionDeleted:
+        """Delete a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been created
+        with the `store` parameter set to `true` can be deleted.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletionDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCompletions(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> AsyncMessages:
+        return AsyncMessages(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion:
+        """
+        **Starting a new project?** We recommend trying
+        [Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses) to take
+        advantage of the latest OpenAI platform features. Compare
+        [Chat Completions with Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/responses-vs-chat-completions?api-mode=responses).
+
+        ---
+
+        Creates a model response for the given chat conversation. Learn more in the
+        [text generation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+        [vision](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+        [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio) guides.
+
+        Parameter support can differ depending on the model used to generate the
+        response, particularly for newer reasoning models. Parameters that are only
+        supported for reasoning models are noted below. For the current state of
+        unsupported parameters in reasoning models,
+        [refer to the reasoning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of messages comprising the conversation so far. Depending on the
+              [model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) you use, different message
+              types (modalities) are supported, like
+              [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+              [images](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+              [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          audio: Parameters for audio output. Required when audio output is requested with
+              `modalities: ["audio"]`.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+          function_call: Deprecated in favor of `tool_choice`.
+
+              Controls which (if any) function is called by the model.
+
+              `none` means the model will not call a function and instead generates a message.
+
+              `auto` means the model can pick between generating a message or calling a
+              function.
+
+              Specifying a particular function via `{"name": "my_function"}` forces the model
+              to call that function.
+
+              `none` is the default when no functions are present. `auto` is the default if
+              functions are present.
+
+          functions: Deprecated in favor of `tools`.
+
+              A list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs for.
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. Mathematically, the
+              bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to sampling. The exact
+              effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1 should decrease or
+              increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100 should result in a ban
+              or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+          logprobs: Whether to return log probabilities of the output tokens or not. If true,
+              returns the log probabilities of each output token returned in the `content` of
+              `message`.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a completion,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the chat
+              completion. This value can be used to control
+              [costs](https://openai.com/api/pricing/) for text generated via API.
+
+              This value is now deprecated in favor of `max_completion_tokens`, and is not
+              compatible with
+              [o-series models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          modalities: Output types that you would like the model to generate. Most models are capable
+              of generating text, which is the default:
+
+              `["text"]`
+
+              The `gpt-4o-audio-preview` model can also be used to
+              [generate audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio). To request that
+              this model generate both text and audio responses, you can use:
+
+              `["text", "audio"]`
+
+          n: How many chat completion choices to generate for each input message. Note that
+              you will be charged based on the number of generated tokens across all of the
+              choices. Keep `n` as `1` to minimize costs.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          prediction: Static predicted output content, such as the content of a text file that is
+              being regenerated.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+              ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+              preferred for models that support it.
+
+          seed: This feature is in Beta. If specified, our system will make a best effort to
+              sample deterministically, such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and
+              parameters should return the same result. Determinism is not guaranteed, and you
+              should refer to the `system_fingerprint` response parameter to monitor changes
+              in the backend.
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          store: Whether or not to store the output of this chat completion request for use in
+              our [model distillation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/distillation)
+              or [evals](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals) products.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+              for more information, along with the
+              [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+              guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tool and instead generates a message. `auto` means the model can
+              pick between generating a message or calling one or more tools. `required` means
+              the model must call one or more tools. Specifying a particular tool via
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+              `none` is the default when no tools are present. `auto` is the default if tools
+              are present.
+
+          tools: A list of tools the model may call. Currently, only functions are supported as a
+              tool. Use this to provide a list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs
+              for. A max of 128 functions are supported.
+
+          top_logprobs: An integer between 0 and 20 specifying the number of most likely tokens to
+              return at each token position, each with an associated log probability.
+              `logprobs` must be set to `true` if this parameter is used.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          web_search_options: This tool searches the web for relevant results to use in a response. Learn more
+              about the
+              [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncStream[ChatCompletionChunk]:
+        """
+        **Starting a new project?** We recommend trying
+        [Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses) to take
+        advantage of the latest OpenAI platform features. Compare
+        [Chat Completions with Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/responses-vs-chat-completions?api-mode=responses).
+
+        ---
+
+        Creates a model response for the given chat conversation. Learn more in the
+        [text generation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+        [vision](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+        [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio) guides.
+
+        Parameter support can differ depending on the model used to generate the
+        response, particularly for newer reasoning models. Parameters that are only
+        supported for reasoning models are noted below. For the current state of
+        unsupported parameters in reasoning models,
+        [refer to the reasoning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of messages comprising the conversation so far. Depending on the
+              [model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) you use, different message
+              types (modalities) are supported, like
+              [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+              [images](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+              [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+              for more information, along with the
+              [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+              guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+
+          audio: Parameters for audio output. Required when audio output is requested with
+              `modalities: ["audio"]`.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+          function_call: Deprecated in favor of `tool_choice`.
+
+              Controls which (if any) function is called by the model.
+
+              `none` means the model will not call a function and instead generates a message.
+
+              `auto` means the model can pick between generating a message or calling a
+              function.
+
+              Specifying a particular function via `{"name": "my_function"}` forces the model
+              to call that function.
+
+              `none` is the default when no functions are present. `auto` is the default if
+              functions are present.
+
+          functions: Deprecated in favor of `tools`.
+
+              A list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs for.
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. Mathematically, the
+              bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to sampling. The exact
+              effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1 should decrease or
+              increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100 should result in a ban
+              or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+          logprobs: Whether to return log probabilities of the output tokens or not. If true,
+              returns the log probabilities of each output token returned in the `content` of
+              `message`.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a completion,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the chat
+              completion. This value can be used to control
+              [costs](https://openai.com/api/pricing/) for text generated via API.
+
+              This value is now deprecated in favor of `max_completion_tokens`, and is not
+              compatible with
+              [o-series models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          modalities: Output types that you would like the model to generate. Most models are capable
+              of generating text, which is the default:
+
+              `["text"]`
+
+              The `gpt-4o-audio-preview` model can also be used to
+              [generate audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio). To request that
+              this model generate both text and audio responses, you can use:
+
+              `["text", "audio"]`
+
+          n: How many chat completion choices to generate for each input message. Note that
+              you will be charged based on the number of generated tokens across all of the
+              choices. Keep `n` as `1` to minimize costs.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          prediction: Static predicted output content, such as the content of a text file that is
+              being regenerated.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+              ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+              preferred for models that support it.
+
+          seed: This feature is in Beta. If specified, our system will make a best effort to
+              sample deterministically, such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and
+              parameters should return the same result. Determinism is not guaranteed, and you
+              should refer to the `system_fingerprint` response parameter to monitor changes
+              in the backend.
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          store: Whether or not to store the output of this chat completion request for use in
+              our [model distillation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/distillation)
+              or [evals](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals) products.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tool and instead generates a message. `auto` means the model can
+              pick between generating a message or calling one or more tools. `required` means
+              the model must call one or more tools. Specifying a particular tool via
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+              `none` is the default when no tools are present. `auto` is the default if tools
+              are present.
+
+          tools: A list of tools the model may call. Currently, only functions are supported as a
+              tool. Use this to provide a list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs
+              for. A max of 128 functions are supported.
+
+          top_logprobs: An integer between 0 and 20 specifying the number of most likely tokens to
+              return at each token position, each with an associated log probability.
+              `logprobs` must be set to `true` if this parameter is used.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          web_search_options: This tool searches the web for relevant results to use in a response. Learn more
+              about the
+              [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        stream: bool,
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion | AsyncStream[ChatCompletionChunk]:
+        """
+        **Starting a new project?** We recommend trying
+        [Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses) to take
+        advantage of the latest OpenAI platform features. Compare
+        [Chat Completions with Responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/responses-vs-chat-completions?api-mode=responses).
+
+        ---
+
+        Creates a model response for the given chat conversation. Learn more in the
+        [text generation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+        [vision](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+        [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio) guides.
+
+        Parameter support can differ depending on the model used to generate the
+        response, particularly for newer reasoning models. Parameters that are only
+        supported for reasoning models are noted below. For the current state of
+        unsupported parameters in reasoning models,
+        [refer to the reasoning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+        Args:
+          messages: A list of messages comprising the conversation so far. Depending on the
+              [model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) you use, different message
+              types (modalities) are supported, like
+              [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+              [images](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+              [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+              for more information, along with the
+              [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+              guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+
+          audio: Parameters for audio output. Required when audio output is requested with
+              `modalities: ["audio"]`.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+          function_call: Deprecated in favor of `tool_choice`.
+
+              Controls which (if any) function is called by the model.
+
+              `none` means the model will not call a function and instead generates a message.
+
+              `auto` means the model can pick between generating a message or calling a
+              function.
+
+              Specifying a particular function via `{"name": "my_function"}` forces the model
+              to call that function.
+
+              `none` is the default when no functions are present. `auto` is the default if
+              functions are present.
+
+          functions: Deprecated in favor of `tools`.
+
+              A list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs for.
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. Mathematically, the
+              bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to sampling. The exact
+              effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1 should decrease or
+              increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100 should result in a ban
+              or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+          logprobs: Whether to return log probabilities of the output tokens or not. If true,
+              returns the log probabilities of each output token returned in the `content` of
+              `message`.
+
+          max_completion_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a completion,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the chat
+              completion. This value can be used to control
+              [costs](https://openai.com/api/pricing/) for text generated via API.
+
+              This value is now deprecated in favor of `max_completion_tokens`, and is not
+              compatible with
+              [o-series models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          modalities: Output types that you would like the model to generate. Most models are capable
+              of generating text, which is the default:
+
+              `["text"]`
+
+              The `gpt-4o-audio-preview` model can also be used to
+              [generate audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio). To request that
+              this model generate both text and audio responses, you can use:
+
+              `["text", "audio"]`
+
+          n: How many chat completion choices to generate for each input message. Note that
+              you will be charged based on the number of generated tokens across all of the
+              choices. Keep `n` as `1` to minimize costs.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to enable
+              [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+              during tool use.
+
+          prediction: Static predicted output content, such as the content of a text file that is
+              being regenerated.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+          reasoning_effort: **o-series models only**
+
+              Constrains effort on reasoning for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+              supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+              result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+
+          response_format: An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+              Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+              in the
+              [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+              Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+              ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+              preferred for models that support it.
+
+          seed: This feature is in Beta. If specified, our system will make a best effort to
+              sample deterministically, such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and
+              parameters should return the same result. Determinism is not guaranteed, and you
+              should refer to the `system_fingerprint` response parameter to monitor changes
+              in the backend.
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          store: Whether or not to store the output of this chat completion request for use in
+              our [model distillation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/distillation)
+              or [evals](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals) products.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          tool_choice: Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+              not call any tool and instead generates a message. `auto` means the model can
+              pick between generating a message or calling one or more tools. `required` means
+              the model must call one or more tools. Specifying a particular tool via
+              `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+              call that tool.
+
+              `none` is the default when no tools are present. `auto` is the default if tools
+              are present.
+
+          tools: A list of tools the model may call. Currently, only functions are supported as a
+              tool. Use this to provide a list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs
+              for. A max of 128 functions are supported.
+
+          top_logprobs: An integer between 0 and 20 specifying the number of most likely tokens to
+              return at each token position, each with an associated log probability.
+              `logprobs` must be set to `true` if this parameter is used.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          web_search_options: This tool searches the web for relevant results to use in a response. Learn more
+              about the
+              [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["messages", "model"], ["messages", "model", "stream"])
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        messages: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        function_call: completion_create_params.FunctionCall | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        functions: Iterable[completion_create_params.Function] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: completion_create_params.ResponseFormat | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        web_search_options: completion_create_params.WebSearchOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion | AsyncStream[ChatCompletionChunk]:
+        validate_response_format(response_format)
+        return await self._post(
+            "/chat/completions",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "messages": messages,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "audio": audio,
+                    "frequency_penalty": frequency_penalty,
+                    "function_call": function_call,
+                    "functions": functions,
+                    "logit_bias": logit_bias,
+                    "logprobs": logprobs,
+                    "max_completion_tokens": max_completion_tokens,
+                    "max_tokens": max_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "modalities": modalities,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "prediction": prediction,
+                    "presence_penalty": presence_penalty,
+                    "reasoning_effort": reasoning_effort,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "service_tier": service_tier,
+                    "stop": stop,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "stream_options": stream_options,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_logprobs": top_logprobs,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "user": user,
+                    "web_search_options": web_search_options,
+                },
+                completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletion,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[ChatCompletionChunk],
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion:
+        """Get a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been created with
+        the `store` parameter set to `true` will be returned.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletion,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletion:
+        """Modify a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been created
+        with the `store` parameter set to `true` can be modified. Currently, the only
+        supported modification is to update the `metadata` field.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform({"metadata": metadata}, completion_update_params.CompletionUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletion,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[ChatCompletion, AsyncCursorPage[ChatCompletion]]:
+        """List stored Chat Completions.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been stored with
+        the `store` parameter set to `true` will be returned.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last chat completion from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of Chat Completions to retrieve.
+
+          metadata:
+              A list of metadata keys to filter the Chat Completions by. Example:
+
+              `metadata[key1]=value1&metadata[key2]=value2`
+
+          model: The model used to generate the Chat Completions.
+
+          order: Sort order for Chat Completions by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or
+              `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/chat/completions",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[ChatCompletion],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "metadata": metadata,
+                        "model": model,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    completion_list_params.CompletionListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=ChatCompletion,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ChatCompletionDeleted:
+        """Delete a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have been created
+        with the `store` parameter set to `true` can be deleted.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ChatCompletionDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: Completions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> MessagesWithRawResponse:
+        return MessagesWithRawResponse(self._completions.messages)
+
+
+class AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: AsyncCompletions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse(self._completions.messages)
+
+
+class CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: Completions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.update,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> MessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return MessagesWithStreamingResponse(self._completions.messages)
+
+
+class AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: AsyncCompletions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.update,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def messages(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse(self._completions.messages)
+
+
+def validate_response_format(response_format: object) -> None:
+    if inspect.isclass(response_format) and issubclass(response_format, pydantic.BaseModel):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "You tried to pass a `BaseModel` class to `chat.completions.create()`; You must use `beta.chat.completions.parse()` instead"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/messages.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/messages.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fac15fba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/chat/completions/messages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ...._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ....types.chat.completions import message_list_params
+from ....types.chat.chat_completion_store_message import ChatCompletionStoreMessage
+
+__all__ = ["Messages", "AsyncMessages"]
+
+
+class Messages(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> MessagesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return MessagesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> MessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return MessagesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[ChatCompletionStoreMessage]:
+        """Get the messages in a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have
+        been created with the `store` parameter set to `true` will be returned.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last message from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of messages to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for messages by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc`
+              for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}/messages",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[ChatCompletionStoreMessage],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    message_list_params.MessageListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=ChatCompletionStoreMessage,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncMessages(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        completion_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[ChatCompletionStoreMessage, AsyncCursorPage[ChatCompletionStoreMessage]]:
+        """Get the messages in a stored chat completion.
+
+        Only Chat Completions that have
+        been created with the `store` parameter set to `true` will be returned.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last message from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of messages to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for messages by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc`
+              for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not completion_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `completion_id` but received {completion_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/chat/completions/{completion_id}/messages",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[ChatCompletionStoreMessage],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    message_list_params.MessageListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=ChatCompletionStoreMessage,
+        )
+
+
+class MessagesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: Messages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncMessagesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: AsyncMessages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
+
+
+class MessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: Messages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncMessagesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, messages: AsyncMessages) -> None:
+        self._messages = messages
+
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            messages.list,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/completions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/completions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43b923b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/completions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1160 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, overload
+
+import httpx
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from ..types import completion_create_params
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from .._utils import required_args, maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from .._compat import cached_property
+from .._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from .._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from .._base_client import (
+    make_request_options,
+)
+from ..types.completion import Completion
+from ..types.chat.chat_completion_stream_options_param import ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam
+
+__all__ = ["Completions", "AsyncCompletions"]
+
+
+class Completions(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return CompletionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return CompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Completion:
+        """
+        Creates a completion for the provided prompt and parameters.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          prompt: The prompt(s) to generate completions for, encoded as a string, array of
+              strings, array of tokens, or array of token arrays.
+
+              Note that <|endoftext|> is the document separator that the model sees during
+              training, so if a prompt is not specified the model will generate as if from the
+              beginning of a new document.
+
+          best_of: Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the "best" (the one with
+              the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.
+
+              When used with `n`, `best_of` controls the number of candidate completions and
+              `n` specifies how many to return – `best_of` must be greater than `n`.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          echo: Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the GPT
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. You can use this
+              [tokenizer tool](/tokenizer?view=bpe) to convert text to token IDs.
+              Mathematically, the bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to
+              sampling. The exact effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1
+              should decrease or increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100
+              should result in a ban or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+              As an example, you can pass `{"50256": -100}` to prevent the <|endoftext|> token
+              from being generated.
+
+          logprobs: Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely output tokens, as
+              well the chosen tokens. For example, if `logprobs` is 5, the API will return a
+              list of the 5 most likely tokens. The API will always return the `logprob` of
+              the sampled token, so there may be up to `logprobs+1` elements in the response.
+
+              The maximum value for `logprobs` is 5.
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the
+              completion.
+
+              The token count of your prompt plus `max_tokens` cannot exceed the model's
+              context length.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens.
+
+          n: How many completions to generate for each prompt.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          seed: If specified, our system will make a best effort to sample deterministically,
+              such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and parameters should return
+              the same result.
+
+              Determinism is not guaranteed, and you should refer to the `system_fingerprint`
+              response parameter to monitor changes in the backend.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          stream: Whether to stream back partial progress. If set, tokens will be sent as
+              data-only
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+              as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          suffix: The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.
+
+              This parameter is only supported for `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but not both.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Stream[Completion]:
+        """
+        Creates a completion for the provided prompt and parameters.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          prompt: The prompt(s) to generate completions for, encoded as a string, array of
+              strings, array of tokens, or array of token arrays.
+
+              Note that <|endoftext|> is the document separator that the model sees during
+              training, so if a prompt is not specified the model will generate as if from the
+              beginning of a new document.
+
+          stream: Whether to stream back partial progress. If set, tokens will be sent as
+              data-only
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+              as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+
+          best_of: Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the "best" (the one with
+              the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.
+
+              When used with `n`, `best_of` controls the number of candidate completions and
+              `n` specifies how many to return – `best_of` must be greater than `n`.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          echo: Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the GPT
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. You can use this
+              [tokenizer tool](/tokenizer?view=bpe) to convert text to token IDs.
+              Mathematically, the bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to
+              sampling. The exact effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1
+              should decrease or increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100
+              should result in a ban or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+              As an example, you can pass `{"50256": -100}` to prevent the <|endoftext|> token
+              from being generated.
+
+          logprobs: Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely output tokens, as
+              well the chosen tokens. For example, if `logprobs` is 5, the API will return a
+              list of the 5 most likely tokens. The API will always return the `logprob` of
+              the sampled token, so there may be up to `logprobs+1` elements in the response.
+
+              The maximum value for `logprobs` is 5.
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the
+              completion.
+
+              The token count of your prompt plus `max_tokens` cannot exceed the model's
+              context length.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens.
+
+          n: How many completions to generate for each prompt.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          seed: If specified, our system will make a best effort to sample deterministically,
+              such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and parameters should return
+              the same result.
+
+              Determinism is not guaranteed, and you should refer to the `system_fingerprint`
+              response parameter to monitor changes in the backend.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          suffix: The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.
+
+              This parameter is only supported for `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but not both.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        stream: bool,
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Completion | Stream[Completion]:
+        """
+        Creates a completion for the provided prompt and parameters.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          prompt: The prompt(s) to generate completions for, encoded as a string, array of
+              strings, array of tokens, or array of token arrays.
+
+              Note that <|endoftext|> is the document separator that the model sees during
+              training, so if a prompt is not specified the model will generate as if from the
+              beginning of a new document.
+
+          stream: Whether to stream back partial progress. If set, tokens will be sent as
+              data-only
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+              as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+
+          best_of: Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the "best" (the one with
+              the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.
+
+              When used with `n`, `best_of` controls the number of candidate completions and
+              `n` specifies how many to return – `best_of` must be greater than `n`.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          echo: Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the GPT
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. You can use this
+              [tokenizer tool](/tokenizer?view=bpe) to convert text to token IDs.
+              Mathematically, the bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to
+              sampling. The exact effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1
+              should decrease or increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100
+              should result in a ban or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+              As an example, you can pass `{"50256": -100}` to prevent the <|endoftext|> token
+              from being generated.
+
+          logprobs: Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely output tokens, as
+              well the chosen tokens. For example, if `logprobs` is 5, the API will return a
+              list of the 5 most likely tokens. The API will always return the `logprob` of
+              the sampled token, so there may be up to `logprobs+1` elements in the response.
+
+              The maximum value for `logprobs` is 5.
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the
+              completion.
+
+              The token count of your prompt plus `max_tokens` cannot exceed the model's
+              context length.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens.
+
+          n: How many completions to generate for each prompt.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          seed: If specified, our system will make a best effort to sample deterministically,
+              such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and parameters should return
+              the same result.
+
+              Determinism is not guaranteed, and you should refer to the `system_fingerprint`
+              response parameter to monitor changes in the backend.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          suffix: The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.
+
+              This parameter is only supported for `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but not both.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["model", "prompt"], ["model", "prompt", "stream"])
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Completion | Stream[Completion]:
+        return self._post(
+            "/completions",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "model": model,
+                    "prompt": prompt,
+                    "best_of": best_of,
+                    "echo": echo,
+                    "frequency_penalty": frequency_penalty,
+                    "logit_bias": logit_bias,
+                    "logprobs": logprobs,
+                    "max_tokens": max_tokens,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "presence_penalty": presence_penalty,
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "stop": stop,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "stream_options": stream_options,
+                    "suffix": suffix,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Completion,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=Stream[Completion],
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCompletions(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Completion:
+        """
+        Creates a completion for the provided prompt and parameters.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          prompt: The prompt(s) to generate completions for, encoded as a string, array of
+              strings, array of tokens, or array of token arrays.
+
+              Note that <|endoftext|> is the document separator that the model sees during
+              training, so if a prompt is not specified the model will generate as if from the
+              beginning of a new document.
+
+          best_of: Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the "best" (the one with
+              the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.
+
+              When used with `n`, `best_of` controls the number of candidate completions and
+              `n` specifies how many to return – `best_of` must be greater than `n`.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          echo: Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the GPT
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. You can use this
+              [tokenizer tool](/tokenizer?view=bpe) to convert text to token IDs.
+              Mathematically, the bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to
+              sampling. The exact effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1
+              should decrease or increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100
+              should result in a ban or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+              As an example, you can pass `{"50256": -100}` to prevent the <|endoftext|> token
+              from being generated.
+
+          logprobs: Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely output tokens, as
+              well the chosen tokens. For example, if `logprobs` is 5, the API will return a
+              list of the 5 most likely tokens. The API will always return the `logprob` of
+              the sampled token, so there may be up to `logprobs+1` elements in the response.
+
+              The maximum value for `logprobs` is 5.
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the
+              completion.
+
+              The token count of your prompt plus `max_tokens` cannot exceed the model's
+              context length.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens.
+
+          n: How many completions to generate for each prompt.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          seed: If specified, our system will make a best effort to sample deterministically,
+              such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and parameters should return
+              the same result.
+
+              Determinism is not guaranteed, and you should refer to the `system_fingerprint`
+              response parameter to monitor changes in the backend.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          stream: Whether to stream back partial progress. If set, tokens will be sent as
+              data-only
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+              as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          suffix: The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.
+
+              This parameter is only supported for `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but not both.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncStream[Completion]:
+        """
+        Creates a completion for the provided prompt and parameters.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          prompt: The prompt(s) to generate completions for, encoded as a string, array of
+              strings, array of tokens, or array of token arrays.
+
+              Note that <|endoftext|> is the document separator that the model sees during
+              training, so if a prompt is not specified the model will generate as if from the
+              beginning of a new document.
+
+          stream: Whether to stream back partial progress. If set, tokens will be sent as
+              data-only
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+              as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+
+          best_of: Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the "best" (the one with
+              the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.
+
+              When used with `n`, `best_of` controls the number of candidate completions and
+              `n` specifies how many to return – `best_of` must be greater than `n`.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          echo: Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the GPT
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. You can use this
+              [tokenizer tool](/tokenizer?view=bpe) to convert text to token IDs.
+              Mathematically, the bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to
+              sampling. The exact effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1
+              should decrease or increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100
+              should result in a ban or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+              As an example, you can pass `{"50256": -100}` to prevent the <|endoftext|> token
+              from being generated.
+
+          logprobs: Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely output tokens, as
+              well the chosen tokens. For example, if `logprobs` is 5, the API will return a
+              list of the 5 most likely tokens. The API will always return the `logprob` of
+              the sampled token, so there may be up to `logprobs+1` elements in the response.
+
+              The maximum value for `logprobs` is 5.
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the
+              completion.
+
+              The token count of your prompt plus `max_tokens` cannot exceed the model's
+              context length.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens.
+
+          n: How many completions to generate for each prompt.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          seed: If specified, our system will make a best effort to sample deterministically,
+              such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and parameters should return
+              the same result.
+
+              Determinism is not guaranteed, and you should refer to the `system_fingerprint`
+              response parameter to monitor changes in the backend.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          suffix: The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.
+
+              This parameter is only supported for `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but not both.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        stream: bool,
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Completion | AsyncStream[Completion]:
+        """
+        Creates a completion for the provided prompt and parameters.
+
+        Args:
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          prompt: The prompt(s) to generate completions for, encoded as a string, array of
+              strings, array of tokens, or array of token arrays.
+
+              Note that <|endoftext|> is the document separator that the model sees during
+              training, so if a prompt is not specified the model will generate as if from the
+              beginning of a new document.
+
+          stream: Whether to stream back partial progress. If set, tokens will be sent as
+              data-only
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+              as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+              message.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+
+          best_of: Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the "best" (the one with
+              the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.
+
+              When used with `n`, `best_of` controls the number of candidate completions and
+              `n` specifies how many to return – `best_of` must be greater than `n`.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          echo: Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion
+
+          frequency_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on their
+              existing frequency in the text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to
+              repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          logit_bias: Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+              Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the GPT
+              tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. You can use this
+              [tokenizer tool](/tokenizer?view=bpe) to convert text to token IDs.
+              Mathematically, the bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to
+              sampling. The exact effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1
+              should decrease or increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100
+              should result in a ban or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+              As an example, you can pass `{"50256": -100}` to prevent the <|endoftext|> token
+              from being generated.
+
+          logprobs: Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely output tokens, as
+              well the chosen tokens. For example, if `logprobs` is 5, the API will return a
+              list of the 5 most likely tokens. The API will always return the `logprob` of
+              the sampled token, so there may be up to `logprobs+1` elements in the response.
+
+              The maximum value for `logprobs` is 5.
+
+          max_tokens: The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the
+              completion.
+
+              The token count of your prompt plus `max_tokens` cannot exceed the model's
+              context length.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens.
+
+          n: How many completions to generate for each prompt.
+
+              **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+              consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+              settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+
+          presence_penalty: Number between -2.0 and 2.0. Positive values penalize new tokens based on
+              whether they appear in the text so far, increasing the model's likelihood to
+              talk about new topics.
+
+              [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+
+          seed: If specified, our system will make a best effort to sample deterministically,
+              such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and parameters should return
+              the same result.
+
+              Determinism is not guaranteed, and you should refer to the `system_fingerprint`
+              response parameter to monitor changes in the backend.
+
+          stop: Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+              Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+              returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+
+          stream_options: Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`.
+
+          suffix: The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.
+
+              This parameter is only supported for `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but not both.
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["model", "prompt"], ["model", "prompt", "stream"])
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]],
+        prompt: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None],
+        best_of: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        echo: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        frequency_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        logprobs: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        presence_penalty: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Completion | AsyncStream[Completion]:
+        return await self._post(
+            "/completions",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "model": model,
+                    "prompt": prompt,
+                    "best_of": best_of,
+                    "echo": echo,
+                    "frequency_penalty": frequency_penalty,
+                    "logit_bias": logit_bias,
+                    "logprobs": logprobs,
+                    "max_tokens": max_tokens,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "presence_penalty": presence_penalty,
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "stop": stop,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "stream_options": stream_options,
+                    "suffix": suffix,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else completion_create_params.CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Completion,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[Completion],
+        )
+
+
+class CompletionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: Completions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCompletionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: AsyncCompletions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class CompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: Completions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCompletionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, completions: AsyncCompletions) -> None:
+        self._completions = completions
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            completions.create,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/embeddings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/embeddings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a392d5eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/embeddings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import array
+import base64
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, cast
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from ..types import embedding_create_params
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from .._utils import is_given, maybe_transform
+from .._compat import cached_property
+from .._extras import numpy as np, has_numpy
+from .._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from .._base_client import make_request_options
+from ..types.embedding_model import EmbeddingModel
+from ..types.create_embedding_response import CreateEmbeddingResponse
+
+__all__ = ["Embeddings", "AsyncEmbeddings"]
+
+
+class Embeddings(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> EmbeddingsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return EmbeddingsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]]],
+        model: Union[str, EmbeddingModel],
+        dimensions: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> CreateEmbeddingResponse:
+        """
+        Creates an embedding vector representing the input text.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Input text to embed, encoded as a string or array of tokens. To embed multiple
+              inputs in a single request, pass an array of strings or array of token arrays.
+              The input must not exceed the max input tokens for the model (8192 tokens for
+              `text-embedding-ada-002`), cannot be an empty string, and any array must be 2048
+              dimensions or less.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens. Some models may also impose a limit on total number of
+              tokens summed across inputs.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          dimensions: The number of dimensions the resulting output embeddings should have. Only
+              supported in `text-embedding-3` and later models.
+
+          encoding_format: The format to return the embeddings in. Can be either `float` or
+              [`base64`](https://pypi.org/project/pybase64/).
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        params = {
+            "input": input,
+            "model": model,
+            "user": user,
+            "dimensions": dimensions,
+            "encoding_format": encoding_format,
+        }
+        if not is_given(encoding_format):
+            params["encoding_format"] = "base64"
+
+        def parser(obj: CreateEmbeddingResponse) -> CreateEmbeddingResponse:
+            if is_given(encoding_format):
+                # don't modify the response object if a user explicitly asked for a format
+                return obj
+
+            for embedding in obj.data:
+                data = cast(object, embedding.embedding)
+                if not isinstance(data, str):
+                    continue
+                if not has_numpy():
+                    # use array for base64 optimisation
+                    embedding.embedding = array.array("f", base64.b64decode(data)).tolist()
+                else:
+                    embedding.embedding = np.frombuffer(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                        base64.b64decode(data), dtype="float32"
+                    ).tolist()
+
+            return obj
+
+        return self._post(
+            "/embeddings",
+            body=maybe_transform(params, embedding_create_params.EmbeddingCreateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                post_parser=parser,
+            ),
+            cast_to=CreateEmbeddingResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncEmbeddings(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]]],
+        model: Union[str, EmbeddingModel],
+        dimensions: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> CreateEmbeddingResponse:
+        """
+        Creates an embedding vector representing the input text.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Input text to embed, encoded as a string or array of tokens. To embed multiple
+              inputs in a single request, pass an array of strings or array of token arrays.
+              The input must not exceed the max input tokens for the model (8192 tokens for
+              `text-embedding-ada-002`), cannot be an empty string, and any array must be 2048
+              dimensions or less.
+              [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+              for counting tokens. Some models may also impose a limit on total number of
+              tokens summed across inputs.
+
+          model: ID of the model to use. You can use the
+              [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+              see all of your available models, or see our
+              [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+              them.
+
+          dimensions: The number of dimensions the resulting output embeddings should have. Only
+              supported in `text-embedding-3` and later models.
+
+          encoding_format: The format to return the embeddings in. Can be either `float` or
+              [`base64`](https://pypi.org/project/pybase64/).
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        params = {
+            "input": input,
+            "model": model,
+            "user": user,
+            "dimensions": dimensions,
+            "encoding_format": encoding_format,
+        }
+        if not is_given(encoding_format):
+            params["encoding_format"] = "base64"
+
+        def parser(obj: CreateEmbeddingResponse) -> CreateEmbeddingResponse:
+            if is_given(encoding_format):
+                # don't modify the response object if a user explicitly asked for a format
+                return obj
+
+            for embedding in obj.data:
+                data = cast(object, embedding.embedding)
+                if not isinstance(data, str):
+                    continue
+                if not has_numpy():
+                    # use array for base64 optimisation
+                    embedding.embedding = array.array("f", base64.b64decode(data)).tolist()
+                else:
+                    embedding.embedding = np.frombuffer(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                        base64.b64decode(data), dtype="float32"
+                    ).tolist()
+
+            return obj
+
+        return await self._post(
+            "/embeddings",
+            body=maybe_transform(params, embedding_create_params.EmbeddingCreateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                post_parser=parser,
+            ),
+            cast_to=CreateEmbeddingResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class EmbeddingsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, embeddings: Embeddings) -> None:
+        self._embeddings = embeddings
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            embeddings.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncEmbeddingsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, embeddings: AsyncEmbeddings) -> None:
+        self._embeddings = embeddings
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            embeddings.create,
+        )
+
+
+class EmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, embeddings: Embeddings) -> None:
+        self._embeddings = embeddings
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            embeddings.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncEmbeddingsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, embeddings: AsyncEmbeddings) -> None:
+        self._embeddings = embeddings
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            embeddings.create,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84f70751
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .runs import (
+    Runs,
+    AsyncRuns,
+    RunsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithRawResponse,
+    RunsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .evals import (
+    Evals,
+    AsyncEvals,
+    EvalsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse,
+    EvalsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Runs",
+    "AsyncRuns",
+    "RunsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithRawResponse",
+    "RunsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Evals",
+    "AsyncEvals",
+    "EvalsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse",
+    "EvalsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95f7f4f9
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/__pycache__/evals.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/__pycache__/evals.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0aab70a9
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/evals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/evals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c12562a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/evals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,652 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ...types import eval_list_params, eval_create_params, eval_update_params
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from .runs.runs import (
+    Runs,
+    AsyncRuns,
+    RunsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithRawResponse,
+    RunsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ..._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ...types.eval_list_response import EvalListResponse
+from ...types.eval_create_response import EvalCreateResponse
+from ...types.eval_delete_response import EvalDeleteResponse
+from ...types.eval_update_response import EvalUpdateResponse
+from ...types.eval_retrieve_response import EvalRetrieveResponse
+from ...types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["Evals", "AsyncEvals"]
+
+
+class Evals(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> Runs:
+        return Runs(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> EvalsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return EvalsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> EvalsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return EvalsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        data_source_config: eval_create_params.DataSourceConfig,
+        testing_criteria: Iterable[eval_create_params.TestingCriterion],
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalCreateResponse:
+        """
+        Create the structure of an evaluation that can be used to test a model's
+        performance. An evaluation is a set of testing criteria and a datasource. After
+        creating an evaluation, you can run it on different models and model parameters.
+        We support several types of graders and datasources. For more information, see
+        the [Evals guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals).
+
+        Args:
+          data_source_config: The configuration for the data source used for the evaluation runs.
+
+          testing_criteria: A list of graders for all eval runs in this group.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the evaluation.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/evals",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "data_source_config": data_source_config,
+                    "testing_criteria": testing_criteria,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                eval_create_params.EvalCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        Get an evaluation by ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalUpdateResponse:
+        """
+        Update certain properties of an evaluation.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: Rename the evaluation.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                eval_update_params.EvalUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalUpdateResponse,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[EvalListResponse]:
+        """
+        List evaluations for a project.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last eval from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of evals to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for evals by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for
+              descending order.
+
+          order_by: Evals can be ordered by creation time or last updated time. Use `created_at` for
+              creation time or `updated_at` for last updated time.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/evals",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[EvalListResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "order_by": order_by,
+                    },
+                    eval_list_params.EvalListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=EvalListResponse,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalDeleteResponse:
+        """
+        Delete an evaluation.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalDeleteResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncEvals(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> AsyncRuns:
+        return AsyncRuns(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        data_source_config: eval_create_params.DataSourceConfig,
+        testing_criteria: Iterable[eval_create_params.TestingCriterion],
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalCreateResponse:
+        """
+        Create the structure of an evaluation that can be used to test a model's
+        performance. An evaluation is a set of testing criteria and a datasource. After
+        creating an evaluation, you can run it on different models and model parameters.
+        We support several types of graders and datasources. For more information, see
+        the [Evals guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals).
+
+        Args:
+          data_source_config: The configuration for the data source used for the evaluation runs.
+
+          testing_criteria: A list of graders for all eval runs in this group.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the evaluation.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/evals",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "data_source_config": data_source_config,
+                    "testing_criteria": testing_criteria,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                eval_create_params.EvalCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        Get an evaluation by ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalUpdateResponse:
+        """
+        Update certain properties of an evaluation.
+
+        Args:
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: Rename the evaluation.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                eval_update_params.EvalUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalUpdateResponse,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[EvalListResponse, AsyncCursorPage[EvalListResponse]]:
+        """
+        List evaluations for a project.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last eval from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of evals to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for evals by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for
+              descending order.
+
+          order_by: Evals can be ordered by creation time or last updated time. Use `created_at` for
+              creation time or `updated_at` for last updated time.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/evals",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[EvalListResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "order_by": order_by,
+                    },
+                    eval_list_params.EvalListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=EvalListResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> EvalDeleteResponse:
+        """
+        Delete an evaluation.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=EvalDeleteResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class EvalsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, evals: Evals) -> None:
+        self._evals = evals
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> RunsWithRawResponse:
+        return RunsWithRawResponse(self._evals.runs)
+
+
+class AsyncEvalsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, evals: AsyncEvals) -> None:
+        self._evals = evals
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            evals.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> AsyncRunsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncRunsWithRawResponse(self._evals.runs)
+
+
+class EvalsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, evals: Evals) -> None:
+        self._evals = evals
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.update,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> RunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return RunsWithStreamingResponse(self._evals.runs)
+
+
+class AsyncEvalsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, evals: AsyncEvals) -> None:
+        self._evals = evals
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.update,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            evals.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def runs(self) -> AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse(self._evals.runs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d189f16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .runs import (
+    Runs,
+    AsyncRuns,
+    RunsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithRawResponse,
+    RunsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .output_items import (
+    OutputItems,
+    AsyncOutputItems,
+    OutputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OutputItems",
+    "AsyncOutputItems",
+    "OutputItemsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse",
+    "OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Runs",
+    "AsyncRuns",
+    "RunsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithRawResponse",
+    "RunsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__pycache__/output_items.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__pycache__/output_items.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__pycache__/runs.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/__pycache__/runs.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/output_items.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/output_items.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fd0fdea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/output_items.py
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ...._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ....types.evals.runs import output_item_list_params
+from ....types.evals.runs.output_item_list_response import OutputItemListResponse
+from ....types.evals.runs.output_item_retrieve_response import OutputItemRetrieveResponse
+
+__all__ = ["OutputItems", "AsyncOutputItems"]
+
+
+class OutputItems(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> OutputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return OutputItemsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        output_item_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        run_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> OutputItemRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        Get an evaluation run output item by ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        if not output_item_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `output_item_id` but received {output_item_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}/output_items/{output_item_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=OutputItemRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        status: Literal["fail", "pass"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[OutputItemListResponse]:
+        """
+        Get a list of output items for an evaluation run.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last output item from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of output items to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for output items by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or
+              `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          status: Filter output items by status. Use `failed` to filter by failed output items or
+              `pass` to filter by passed output items.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}/output_items",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[OutputItemListResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "status": status,
+                    },
+                    output_item_list_params.OutputItemListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=OutputItemListResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncOutputItems(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        output_item_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        run_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> OutputItemRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        Get an evaluation run output item by ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        if not output_item_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `output_item_id` but received {output_item_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}/output_items/{output_item_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=OutputItemRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        status: Literal["fail", "pass"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[OutputItemListResponse, AsyncCursorPage[OutputItemListResponse]]:
+        """
+        Get a list of output items for an evaluation run.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last output item from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of output items to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for output items by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or
+              `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          status: Filter output items by status. Use `failed` to filter by failed output items or
+              `pass` to filter by passed output items.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}/output_items",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[OutputItemListResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "status": status,
+                    },
+                    output_item_list_params.OutputItemListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=OutputItemListResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class OutputItemsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, output_items: OutputItems) -> None:
+        self._output_items = output_items
+
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, output_items: AsyncOutputItems) -> None:
+        self._output_items = output_items
+
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.list,
+        )
+
+
+class OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, output_items: OutputItems) -> None:
+        self._output_items = output_items
+
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, output_items: AsyncOutputItems) -> None:
+        self._output_items = output_items
+
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            output_items.list,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/runs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/runs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d74c91e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/evals/runs/runs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from .output_items import (
+    OutputItems,
+    AsyncOutputItems,
+    OutputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ....types.evals import run_list_params, run_create_params
+from ...._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ....types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ....types.evals.run_list_response import RunListResponse
+from ....types.evals.run_cancel_response import RunCancelResponse
+from ....types.evals.run_create_response import RunCreateResponse
+from ....types.evals.run_delete_response import RunDeleteResponse
+from ....types.evals.run_retrieve_response import RunRetrieveResponse
+
+__all__ = ["Runs", "AsyncRuns"]
+
+
+class Runs(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def output_items(self) -> OutputItems:
+        return OutputItems(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> RunsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return RunsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> RunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return RunsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        data_source: run_create_params.DataSource,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunCreateResponse:
+        """Create a new evaluation run.
+
+        This is the endpoint that will kick off grading.
+
+        Args:
+          data_source: Details about the run's data source.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "data_source": data_source,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        Get an evaluation run by ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        status: Literal["queued", "in_progress", "completed", "canceled", "failed"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[RunListResponse]:
+        """
+        Get a list of runs for an evaluation.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last run from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of runs to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for runs by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for
+              descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          status: Filter runs by status. One of `queued` | `in_progress` | `failed` | `completed`
+              | `canceled`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[RunListResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "status": status,
+                    },
+                    run_list_params.RunListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=RunListResponse,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunDeleteResponse:
+        """
+        Delete an eval run.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunDeleteResponse,
+        )
+
+    def cancel(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunCancelResponse:
+        """
+        Cancel an ongoing evaluation run.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunCancelResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncRuns(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def output_items(self) -> AsyncOutputItems:
+        return AsyncOutputItems(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncRunsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncRunsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        data_source: run_create_params.DataSource,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunCreateResponse:
+        """Create a new evaluation run.
+
+        This is the endpoint that will kick off grading.
+
+        Args:
+          data_source: Details about the run's data source.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the run.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "data_source": data_source,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                run_create_params.RunCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        Get an evaluation run by ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        eval_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        status: Literal["queued", "in_progress", "completed", "canceled", "failed"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[RunListResponse, AsyncCursorPage[RunListResponse]]:
+        """
+        Get a list of runs for an evaluation.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last run from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of runs to retrieve.
+
+          order: Sort order for runs by timestamp. Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for
+              descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+
+          status: Filter runs by status. One of `queued` | `in_progress` | `failed` | `completed`
+              | `canceled`.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[RunListResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "status": status,
+                    },
+                    run_list_params.RunListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=RunListResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunDeleteResponse:
+        """
+        Delete an eval run.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunDeleteResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def cancel(
+        self,
+        run_id: str,
+        *,
+        eval_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> RunCancelResponse:
+        """
+        Cancel an ongoing evaluation run.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not eval_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `eval_id` but received {eval_id!r}")
+        if not run_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `run_id` but received {run_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/evals/{eval_id}/runs/{run_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=RunCancelResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class RunsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: Runs) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.delete,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def output_items(self) -> OutputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        return OutputItemsWithRawResponse(self._runs.output_items)
+
+
+class AsyncRunsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: AsyncRuns) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.delete,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def output_items(self) -> AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncOutputItemsWithRawResponse(self._runs.output_items)
+
+
+class RunsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: Runs) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.delete,
+        )
+        self.cancel = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def output_items(self) -> OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return OutputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self._runs.output_items)
+
+
+class AsyncRunsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, runs: AsyncRuns) -> None:
+        self._runs = runs
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.delete,
+        )
+        self.cancel = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            runs.cancel,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def output_items(self) -> AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncOutputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self._runs.output_items)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/files.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/files.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..179af870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,762 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+import typing_extensions
+from typing import Mapping, cast
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from ..types import FilePurpose, file_list_params, file_create_params
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven, FileTypes
+from .._utils import extract_files, maybe_transform, deepcopy_minimal, async_maybe_transform
+from .._compat import cached_property
+from .._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .._response import (
+    StreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+    AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+    to_streamed_response_wrapper,
+    async_to_streamed_response_wrapper,
+    to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper,
+    async_to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper,
+)
+from ..pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from .._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ..types.file_object import FileObject
+from ..types.file_deleted import FileDeleted
+from ..types.file_purpose import FilePurpose
+
+__all__ = ["Files", "AsyncFiles"]
+
+
+class Files(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> FilesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return FilesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> FilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return FilesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FileObject:
+        """Upload a file that can be used across various endpoints.
+
+        Individual files can be
+        up to 512 MB, and the size of all files uploaded by one organization can be up
+        to 100 GB.
+
+        The Assistants API supports files up to 2 million tokens and of specific file
+        types. See the
+        [Assistants Tools guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools) for
+        details.
+
+        The Fine-tuning API only supports `.jsonl` files. The input also has certain
+        required formats for fine-tuning
+        [chat](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/chat-input) or
+        [completions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/completions-input)
+        models.
+
+        The Batch API only supports `.jsonl` files up to 200 MB in size. The input also
+        has a specific required
+        [format](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/batch/request-input).
+
+        Please [contact us](https://help.openai.com/) if you need to increase these
+        storage limits.
+
+        Args:
+          file: The File object (not file name) to be uploaded.
+
+          purpose: The intended purpose of the uploaded file. One of: - `assistants`: Used in the
+              Assistants API - `batch`: Used in the Batch API - `fine-tune`: Used for
+              fine-tuning - `vision`: Images used for vision fine-tuning - `user_data`:
+              Flexible file type for any purpose - `evals`: Used for eval data sets
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "file": file,
+                "purpose": purpose,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["file"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/files",
+            body=maybe_transform(body, file_create_params.FileCreateParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FileObject,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FileObject:
+        """
+        Returns information about a specific file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FileObject,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        purpose: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[FileObject]:
+        """Returns a list of files.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              10,000, and the default is 10,000.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          purpose: Only return files with the given purpose.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/files",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[FileObject],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "purpose": purpose,
+                    },
+                    file_list_params.FileListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FileObject,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FileDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete a file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FileDeleted,
+        )
+
+    def content(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> _legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent:
+        """
+        Returns the contents of the specified file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"Accept": "application/binary", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/files/{file_id}/content",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent,
+        )
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("The `.content()` method should be used instead")
+    def retrieve_content(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the contents of the specified file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/files/{file_id}/content",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=str,
+        )
+
+    def wait_for_processing(
+        self,
+        id: str,
+        *,
+        poll_interval: float = 5.0,
+        max_wait_seconds: float = 30 * 60,
+    ) -> FileObject:
+        """Waits for the given file to be processed, default timeout is 30 mins."""
+        TERMINAL_STATES = {"processed", "error", "deleted"}
+
+        start = time.time()
+        file = self.retrieve(id)
+        while file.status not in TERMINAL_STATES:
+            self._sleep(poll_interval)
+
+            file = self.retrieve(id)
+            if time.time() - start > max_wait_seconds:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Giving up on waiting for file {id} to finish processing after {max_wait_seconds} seconds."
+                )
+
+        return file
+
+
+class AsyncFiles(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncFilesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncFilesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FileObject:
+        """Upload a file that can be used across various endpoints.
+
+        Individual files can be
+        up to 512 MB, and the size of all files uploaded by one organization can be up
+        to 100 GB.
+
+        The Assistants API supports files up to 2 million tokens and of specific file
+        types. See the
+        [Assistants Tools guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools) for
+        details.
+
+        The Fine-tuning API only supports `.jsonl` files. The input also has certain
+        required formats for fine-tuning
+        [chat](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/chat-input) or
+        [completions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/completions-input)
+        models.
+
+        The Batch API only supports `.jsonl` files up to 200 MB in size. The input also
+        has a specific required
+        [format](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/batch/request-input).
+
+        Please [contact us](https://help.openai.com/) if you need to increase these
+        storage limits.
+
+        Args:
+          file: The File object (not file name) to be uploaded.
+
+          purpose: The intended purpose of the uploaded file. One of: - `assistants`: Used in the
+              Assistants API - `batch`: Used in the Batch API - `fine-tune`: Used for
+              fine-tuning - `vision`: Images used for vision fine-tuning - `user_data`:
+              Flexible file type for any purpose - `evals`: Used for eval data sets
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "file": file,
+                "purpose": purpose,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["file"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/files",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(body, file_create_params.FileCreateParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FileObject,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FileObject:
+        """
+        Returns information about a specific file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FileObject,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        purpose: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[FileObject, AsyncCursorPage[FileObject]]:
+        """Returns a list of files.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              10,000, and the default is 10,000.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          purpose: Only return files with the given purpose.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/files",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[FileObject],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "purpose": purpose,
+                    },
+                    file_list_params.FileListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FileObject,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FileDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete a file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FileDeleted,
+        )
+
+    async def content(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> _legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent:
+        """
+        Returns the contents of the specified file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"Accept": "application/binary", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/files/{file_id}/content",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=_legacy_response.HttpxBinaryResponseContent,
+        )
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated("The `.content()` method should be used instead")
+    async def retrieve_content(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the contents of the specified file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/files/{file_id}/content",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=str,
+        )
+
+    async def wait_for_processing(
+        self,
+        id: str,
+        *,
+        poll_interval: float = 5.0,
+        max_wait_seconds: float = 30 * 60,
+    ) -> FileObject:
+        """Waits for the given file to be processed, default timeout is 30 mins."""
+        TERMINAL_STATES = {"processed", "error", "deleted"}
+
+        start = time.time()
+        file = await self.retrieve(id)
+        while file.status not in TERMINAL_STATES:
+            await self._sleep(poll_interval)
+
+            file = await self.retrieve(id)
+            if time.time() - start > max_wait_seconds:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f"Giving up on waiting for file {id} to finish processing after {max_wait_seconds} seconds."
+                )
+
+        return file
+
+
+class FilesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: Files) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+        )
+        self.retrieve_content = (  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+            _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+                files.retrieve_content  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated],
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncFilesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: AsyncFiles) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+        )
+        self.retrieve_content = (  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+            _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+                files.retrieve_content  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated],
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class FilesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: Files) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+            StreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+        )
+        self.retrieve_content = (  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+            to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+                files.retrieve_content  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated],
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: AsyncFiles) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = async_to_custom_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+            AsyncStreamedBinaryAPIResponse,
+        )
+        self.retrieve_content = (  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated]
+            async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+                files.retrieve_content  # pyright: ignore[reportDeprecated],
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c76af83d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .jobs import (
+    Jobs,
+    AsyncJobs,
+    JobsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncJobsWithRawResponse,
+    JobsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .alpha import (
+    Alpha,
+    AsyncAlpha,
+    AlphaWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse,
+    AlphaWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .checkpoints import (
+    Checkpoints,
+    AsyncCheckpoints,
+    CheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .fine_tuning import (
+    FineTuning,
+    AsyncFineTuning,
+    FineTuningWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse,
+    FineTuningWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Jobs",
+    "AsyncJobs",
+    "JobsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncJobsWithRawResponse",
+    "JobsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Checkpoints",
+    "AsyncCheckpoints",
+    "CheckpointsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse",
+    "CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Alpha",
+    "AsyncAlpha",
+    "AlphaWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse",
+    "AlphaWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse",
+    "FineTuning",
+    "AsyncFineTuning",
+    "FineTuningWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse",
+    "FineTuningWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8bed8af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .alpha import (
+    Alpha,
+    AsyncAlpha,
+    AlphaWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse,
+    AlphaWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .graders import (
+    Graders,
+    AsyncGraders,
+    GradersWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncGradersWithRawResponse,
+    GradersWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Graders",
+    "AsyncGraders",
+    "GradersWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncGradersWithRawResponse",
+    "GradersWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Alpha",
+    "AsyncAlpha",
+    "AlphaWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse",
+    "AlphaWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/graders.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/graders.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/alpha.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/alpha.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54c05fab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/alpha.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .graders import (
+    Graders,
+    AsyncGraders,
+    GradersWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncGradersWithRawResponse,
+    GradersWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+
+__all__ = ["Alpha", "AsyncAlpha"]
+
+
+class Alpha(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def graders(self) -> Graders:
+        return Graders(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AlphaWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AlphaWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AlphaWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AlphaWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AsyncAlpha(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def graders(self) -> AsyncGraders:
+        return AsyncGraders(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AlphaWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, alpha: Alpha) -> None:
+        self._alpha = alpha
+
+    @cached_property
+    def graders(self) -> GradersWithRawResponse:
+        return GradersWithRawResponse(self._alpha.graders)
+
+
+class AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, alpha: AsyncAlpha) -> None:
+        self._alpha = alpha
+
+    @cached_property
+    def graders(self) -> AsyncGradersWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncGradersWithRawResponse(self._alpha.graders)
+
+
+class AlphaWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, alpha: Alpha) -> None:
+        self._alpha = alpha
+
+    @cached_property
+    def graders(self) -> GradersWithStreamingResponse:
+        return GradersWithStreamingResponse(self._alpha.graders)
+
+
+class AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, alpha: AsyncAlpha) -> None:
+        self._alpha = alpha
+
+    @cached_property
+    def graders(self) -> AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse(self._alpha.graders)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/graders.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/graders.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f27acdfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/alpha/graders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...._base_client import make_request_options
+from ....types.fine_tuning.alpha import grader_run_params, grader_validate_params
+from ....types.fine_tuning.alpha.grader_run_response import GraderRunResponse
+from ....types.fine_tuning.alpha.grader_validate_response import GraderValidateResponse
+
+__all__ = ["Graders", "AsyncGraders"]
+
+
+class Graders(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> GradersWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return GradersWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> GradersWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return GradersWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        grader: grader_run_params.Grader,
+        model_sample: str,
+        reference_answer: Union[str, Iterable[object], float, object],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> GraderRunResponse:
+        """
+        Run a grader.
+
+        Args:
+          grader: The grader used for the fine-tuning job.
+
+          model_sample: The model sample to be evaluated.
+
+          reference_answer: The reference answer for the evaluation.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/fine_tuning/alpha/graders/run",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "grader": grader,
+                    "model_sample": model_sample,
+                    "reference_answer": reference_answer,
+                },
+                grader_run_params.GraderRunParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=GraderRunResponse,
+        )
+
+    def validate(
+        self,
+        *,
+        grader: grader_validate_params.Grader,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> GraderValidateResponse:
+        """
+        Validate a grader.
+
+        Args:
+          grader: The grader used for the fine-tuning job.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/fine_tuning/alpha/graders/validate",
+            body=maybe_transform({"grader": grader}, grader_validate_params.GraderValidateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=GraderValidateResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncGraders(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncGradersWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncGradersWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        grader: grader_run_params.Grader,
+        model_sample: str,
+        reference_answer: Union[str, Iterable[object], float, object],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> GraderRunResponse:
+        """
+        Run a grader.
+
+        Args:
+          grader: The grader used for the fine-tuning job.
+
+          model_sample: The model sample to be evaluated.
+
+          reference_answer: The reference answer for the evaluation.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/fine_tuning/alpha/graders/run",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "grader": grader,
+                    "model_sample": model_sample,
+                    "reference_answer": reference_answer,
+                },
+                grader_run_params.GraderRunParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=GraderRunResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def validate(
+        self,
+        *,
+        grader: grader_validate_params.Grader,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> GraderValidateResponse:
+        """
+        Validate a grader.
+
+        Args:
+          grader: The grader used for the fine-tuning job.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/fine_tuning/alpha/graders/validate",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform({"grader": grader}, grader_validate_params.GraderValidateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=GraderValidateResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class GradersWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, graders: Graders) -> None:
+        self._graders = graders
+
+        self.run = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            graders.run,
+        )
+        self.validate = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            graders.validate,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncGradersWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, graders: AsyncGraders) -> None:
+        self._graders = graders
+
+        self.run = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            graders.run,
+        )
+        self.validate = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            graders.validate,
+        )
+
+
+class GradersWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, graders: Graders) -> None:
+        self._graders = graders
+
+        self.run = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            graders.run,
+        )
+        self.validate = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            graders.validate,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncGradersWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, graders: AsyncGraders) -> None:
+        self._graders = graders
+
+        self.run = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            graders.run,
+        )
+        self.validate = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            graders.validate,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fdc37940
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .checkpoints import (
+    Checkpoints,
+    AsyncCheckpoints,
+    CheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .permissions import (
+    Permissions,
+    AsyncPermissions,
+    PermissionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse,
+    PermissionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Permissions",
+    "AsyncPermissions",
+    "PermissionsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse",
+    "PermissionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Checkpoints",
+    "AsyncCheckpoints",
+    "CheckpointsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse",
+    "CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__pycache__/permissions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__pycache__/permissions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/checkpoints.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/checkpoints.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f59976a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/checkpoints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from .permissions import (
+    Permissions,
+    AsyncPermissions,
+    PermissionsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse,
+    PermissionsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+
+__all__ = ["Checkpoints", "AsyncCheckpoints"]
+
+
+class Checkpoints(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def permissions(self) -> Permissions:
+        return Permissions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> CheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return CheckpointsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AsyncCheckpoints(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def permissions(self) -> AsyncPermissions:
+        return AsyncPermissions(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class CheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: Checkpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+    @cached_property
+    def permissions(self) -> PermissionsWithRawResponse:
+        return PermissionsWithRawResponse(self._checkpoints.permissions)
+
+
+class AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: AsyncCheckpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+    @cached_property
+    def permissions(self) -> AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse(self._checkpoints.permissions)
+
+
+class CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: Checkpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+    @cached_property
+    def permissions(self) -> PermissionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return PermissionsWithStreamingResponse(self._checkpoints.permissions)
+
+
+class AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: AsyncCheckpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+    @cached_property
+    def permissions(self) -> AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse(self._checkpoints.permissions)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permissions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permissions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..547e42ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permissions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ....pagination import SyncPage, AsyncPage
+from ...._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ....types.fine_tuning.checkpoints import permission_create_params, permission_retrieve_params
+from ....types.fine_tuning.checkpoints.permission_create_response import PermissionCreateResponse
+from ....types.fine_tuning.checkpoints.permission_delete_response import PermissionDeleteResponse
+from ....types.fine_tuning.checkpoints.permission_retrieve_response import PermissionRetrieveResponse
+
+__all__ = ["Permissions", "AsyncPermissions"]
+
+
+class Permissions(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> PermissionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return PermissionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> PermissionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return PermissionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        fine_tuned_model_checkpoint: str,
+        *,
+        project_ids: List[str],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncPage[PermissionCreateResponse]:
+        """
+        **NOTE:** Calling this endpoint requires an [admin API key](../admin-api-keys).
+
+        This enables organization owners to share fine-tuned models with other projects
+        in their organization.
+
+        Args:
+          project_ids: The project identifiers to grant access to.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuned_model_checkpoint:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuned_model_checkpoint` but received {fine_tuned_model_checkpoint!r}"
+            )
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/fine_tuning/checkpoints/{fine_tuned_model_checkpoint}/permissions",
+            page=SyncPage[PermissionCreateResponse],
+            body=maybe_transform({"project_ids": project_ids}, permission_create_params.PermissionCreateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=PermissionCreateResponse,
+            method="post",
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        fine_tuned_model_checkpoint: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["ascending", "descending"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        project_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> PermissionRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        **NOTE:** This endpoint requires an [admin API key](../admin-api-keys).
+
+        Organization owners can use this endpoint to view all permissions for a
+        fine-tuned model checkpoint.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last permission ID from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of permissions to retrieve.
+
+          order: The order in which to retrieve permissions.
+
+          project_id: The ID of the project to get permissions for.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuned_model_checkpoint:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuned_model_checkpoint` but received {fine_tuned_model_checkpoint!r}"
+            )
+        return self._get(
+            f"/fine_tuning/checkpoints/{fine_tuned_model_checkpoint}/permissions",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "project_id": project_id,
+                    },
+                    permission_retrieve_params.PermissionRetrieveParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            cast_to=PermissionRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        permission_id: str,
+        *,
+        fine_tuned_model_checkpoint: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> PermissionDeleteResponse:
+        """
+        **NOTE:** This endpoint requires an [admin API key](../admin-api-keys).
+
+        Organization owners can use this endpoint to delete a permission for a
+        fine-tuned model checkpoint.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuned_model_checkpoint:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuned_model_checkpoint` but received {fine_tuned_model_checkpoint!r}"
+            )
+        if not permission_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `permission_id` but received {permission_id!r}")
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/fine_tuning/checkpoints/{fine_tuned_model_checkpoint}/permissions/{permission_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=PermissionDeleteResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncPermissions(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        fine_tuned_model_checkpoint: str,
+        *,
+        project_ids: List[str],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[PermissionCreateResponse, AsyncPage[PermissionCreateResponse]]:
+        """
+        **NOTE:** Calling this endpoint requires an [admin API key](../admin-api-keys).
+
+        This enables organization owners to share fine-tuned models with other projects
+        in their organization.
+
+        Args:
+          project_ids: The project identifiers to grant access to.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuned_model_checkpoint:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuned_model_checkpoint` but received {fine_tuned_model_checkpoint!r}"
+            )
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/fine_tuning/checkpoints/{fine_tuned_model_checkpoint}/permissions",
+            page=AsyncPage[PermissionCreateResponse],
+            body=maybe_transform({"project_ids": project_ids}, permission_create_params.PermissionCreateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=PermissionCreateResponse,
+            method="post",
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        fine_tuned_model_checkpoint: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["ascending", "descending"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        project_id: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> PermissionRetrieveResponse:
+        """
+        **NOTE:** This endpoint requires an [admin API key](../admin-api-keys).
+
+        Organization owners can use this endpoint to view all permissions for a
+        fine-tuned model checkpoint.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last permission ID from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of permissions to retrieve.
+
+          order: The order in which to retrieve permissions.
+
+          project_id: The ID of the project to get permissions for.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuned_model_checkpoint:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuned_model_checkpoint` but received {fine_tuned_model_checkpoint!r}"
+            )
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/fine_tuning/checkpoints/{fine_tuned_model_checkpoint}/permissions",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=await async_maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                        "project_id": project_id,
+                    },
+                    permission_retrieve_params.PermissionRetrieveParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            cast_to=PermissionRetrieveResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        permission_id: str,
+        *,
+        fine_tuned_model_checkpoint: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> PermissionDeleteResponse:
+        """
+        **NOTE:** This endpoint requires an [admin API key](../admin-api-keys).
+
+        Organization owners can use this endpoint to delete a permission for a
+        fine-tuned model checkpoint.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuned_model_checkpoint:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuned_model_checkpoint` but received {fine_tuned_model_checkpoint!r}"
+            )
+        if not permission_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `permission_id` but received {permission_id!r}")
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/fine_tuning/checkpoints/{fine_tuned_model_checkpoint}/permissions/{permission_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=PermissionDeleteResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class PermissionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, permissions: Permissions) -> None:
+        self._permissions = permissions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncPermissionsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, permissions: AsyncPermissions) -> None:
+        self._permissions = permissions
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class PermissionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, permissions: Permissions) -> None:
+        self._permissions = permissions
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncPermissionsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, permissions: AsyncPermissions) -> None:
+        self._permissions = permissions
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            permissions.delete,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/fine_tuning.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/fine_tuning.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25ae3e8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/fine_tuning.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from .jobs.jobs import (
+    Jobs,
+    AsyncJobs,
+    JobsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncJobsWithRawResponse,
+    JobsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .alpha.alpha import (
+    Alpha,
+    AsyncAlpha,
+    AlphaWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse,
+    AlphaWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .checkpoints.checkpoints import (
+    Checkpoints,
+    AsyncCheckpoints,
+    CheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["FineTuning", "AsyncFineTuning"]
+
+
+class FineTuning(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def jobs(self) -> Jobs:
+        return Jobs(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> Checkpoints:
+        return Checkpoints(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def alpha(self) -> Alpha:
+        return Alpha(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> FineTuningWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return FineTuningWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> FineTuningWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return FineTuningWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class AsyncFineTuning(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def jobs(self) -> AsyncJobs:
+        return AsyncJobs(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> AsyncCheckpoints:
+        return AsyncCheckpoints(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def alpha(self) -> AsyncAlpha:
+        return AsyncAlpha(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+
+class FineTuningWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, fine_tuning: FineTuning) -> None:
+        self._fine_tuning = fine_tuning
+
+    @cached_property
+    def jobs(self) -> JobsWithRawResponse:
+        return JobsWithRawResponse(self._fine_tuning.jobs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> CheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        return CheckpointsWithRawResponse(self._fine_tuning.checkpoints)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def alpha(self) -> AlphaWithRawResponse:
+        return AlphaWithRawResponse(self._fine_tuning.alpha)
+
+
+class AsyncFineTuningWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, fine_tuning: AsyncFineTuning) -> None:
+        self._fine_tuning = fine_tuning
+
+    @cached_property
+    def jobs(self) -> AsyncJobsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncJobsWithRawResponse(self._fine_tuning.jobs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse(self._fine_tuning.checkpoints)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def alpha(self) -> AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncAlphaWithRawResponse(self._fine_tuning.alpha)
+
+
+class FineTuningWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, fine_tuning: FineTuning) -> None:
+        self._fine_tuning = fine_tuning
+
+    @cached_property
+    def jobs(self) -> JobsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return JobsWithStreamingResponse(self._fine_tuning.jobs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self._fine_tuning.checkpoints)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def alpha(self) -> AlphaWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AlphaWithStreamingResponse(self._fine_tuning.alpha)
+
+
+class AsyncFineTuningWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, fine_tuning: AsyncFineTuning) -> None:
+        self._fine_tuning = fine_tuning
+
+    @cached_property
+    def jobs(self) -> AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse(self._fine_tuning.jobs)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self._fine_tuning.checkpoints)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def alpha(self) -> AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncAlphaWithStreamingResponse(self._fine_tuning.alpha)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94cd1fb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .jobs import (
+    Jobs,
+    AsyncJobs,
+    JobsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncJobsWithRawResponse,
+    JobsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .checkpoints import (
+    Checkpoints,
+    AsyncCheckpoints,
+    CheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Checkpoints",
+    "AsyncCheckpoints",
+    "CheckpointsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse",
+    "CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Jobs",
+    "AsyncJobs",
+    "JobsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncJobsWithRawResponse",
+    "JobsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/checkpoints.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/checkpoints.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f86462e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/checkpoints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ...._base_client import (
+    AsyncPaginator,
+    make_request_options,
+)
+from ....types.fine_tuning.jobs import checkpoint_list_params
+from ....types.fine_tuning.jobs.fine_tuning_job_checkpoint import FineTuningJobCheckpoint
+
+__all__ = ["Checkpoints", "AsyncCheckpoints"]
+
+
+class Checkpoints(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> CheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return CheckpointsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobCheckpoint]:
+        """
+        List checkpoints for a fine-tuning job.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last checkpoint ID from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of checkpoints to retrieve.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/checkpoints",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobCheckpoint],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                    },
+                    checkpoint_list_params.CheckpointListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FineTuningJobCheckpoint,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCheckpoints(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[FineTuningJobCheckpoint, AsyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobCheckpoint]]:
+        """
+        List checkpoints for a fine-tuning job.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last checkpoint ID from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of checkpoints to retrieve.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/checkpoints",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobCheckpoint],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                    },
+                    checkpoint_list_params.CheckpointListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FineTuningJobCheckpoint,
+        )
+
+
+class CheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: Checkpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            checkpoints.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: AsyncCheckpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            checkpoints.list,
+        )
+
+
+class CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: Checkpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            checkpoints.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoints: AsyncCheckpoints) -> None:
+        self._checkpoints = checkpoints
+
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            checkpoints.list,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/jobs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/jobs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cca2191
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/fine_tuning/jobs/jobs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,914 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .... import _legacy_response
+from ...._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ...._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ...._compat import cached_property
+from .checkpoints import (
+    Checkpoints,
+    AsyncCheckpoints,
+    CheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse,
+    CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ...._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ....pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ...._base_client import (
+    AsyncPaginator,
+    make_request_options,
+)
+from ....types.fine_tuning import job_list_params, job_create_params, job_list_events_params
+from ....types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ....types.fine_tuning.fine_tuning_job import FineTuningJob
+from ....types.fine_tuning.fine_tuning_job_event import FineTuningJobEvent
+
+__all__ = ["Jobs", "AsyncJobs"]
+
+
+class Jobs(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> Checkpoints:
+        return Checkpoints(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> JobsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return JobsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> JobsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return JobsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["babbage-002", "davinci-002", "gpt-3.5-turbo", "gpt-4o-mini"]],
+        training_file: str,
+        hyperparameters: job_create_params.Hyperparameters | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        integrations: Optional[Iterable[job_create_params.Integration]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        method: job_create_params.Method | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        validation_file: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Creates a fine-tuning job which begins the process of creating a new model from
+        a given dataset.
+
+        Response includes details of the enqueued job including job status and the name
+        of the fine-tuned models once complete.
+
+        [Learn more about fine-tuning](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+
+        Args:
+          model: The name of the model to fine-tune. You can select one of the
+              [supported models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning#which-models-can-be-fine-tuned).
+
+          training_file: The ID of an uploaded file that contains training data.
+
+              See [upload file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create)
+              for how to upload a file.
+
+              Your dataset must be formatted as a JSONL file. Additionally, you must upload
+              your file with the purpose `fine-tune`.
+
+              The contents of the file should differ depending on if the model uses the
+              [chat](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/chat-input),
+              [completions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/completions-input)
+              format, or if the fine-tuning method uses the
+              [preference](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/preference-input)
+              format.
+
+              See the [fine-tuning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+              for more details.
+
+          hyperparameters: The hyperparameters used for the fine-tuning job. This value is now deprecated
+              in favor of `method`, and should be passed in under the `method` parameter.
+
+          integrations: A list of integrations to enable for your fine-tuning job.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          method: The method used for fine-tuning.
+
+          seed: The seed controls the reproducibility of the job. Passing in the same seed and
+              job parameters should produce the same results, but may differ in rare cases. If
+              a seed is not specified, one will be generated for you.
+
+          suffix: A string of up to 64 characters that will be added to your fine-tuned model
+              name.
+
+              For example, a `suffix` of "custom-model-name" would produce a model name like
+              `ft:gpt-4o-mini:openai:custom-model-name:7p4lURel`.
+
+          validation_file: The ID of an uploaded file that contains validation data.
+
+              If you provide this file, the data is used to generate validation metrics
+              periodically during fine-tuning. These metrics can be viewed in the fine-tuning
+              results file. The same data should not be present in both train and validation
+              files.
+
+              Your dataset must be formatted as a JSONL file. You must upload your file with
+              the purpose `fine-tune`.
+
+              See the [fine-tuning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+              for more details.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/fine_tuning/jobs",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "model": model,
+                    "training_file": training_file,
+                    "hyperparameters": hyperparameters,
+                    "integrations": integrations,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "method": method,
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "suffix": suffix,
+                    "validation_file": validation_file,
+                },
+                job_create_params.JobCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Get info about a fine-tuning job.
+
+        [Learn more about fine-tuning](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Dict[str, str]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[FineTuningJob]:
+        """
+        List your organization's fine-tuning jobs
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last job from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of fine-tuning jobs to retrieve.
+
+          metadata: Optional metadata filter. To filter, use the syntax `metadata[k]=v`.
+              Alternatively, set `metadata=null` to indicate no metadata.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/fine_tuning/jobs",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[FineTuningJob],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "metadata": metadata,
+                    },
+                    job_list_params.JobListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    def cancel(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Immediately cancel a fine-tune job.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    def list_events(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobEvent]:
+        """
+        Get status updates for a fine-tuning job.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last event from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of events to retrieve.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/events",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobEvent],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                    },
+                    job_list_events_params.JobListEventsParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FineTuningJobEvent,
+        )
+
+    def pause(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Pause a fine-tune job.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/pause",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    def resume(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Resume a fine-tune job.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/resume",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncJobs(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> AsyncCheckpoints:
+        return AsyncCheckpoints(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncJobsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncJobsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        model: Union[str, Literal["babbage-002", "davinci-002", "gpt-3.5-turbo", "gpt-4o-mini"]],
+        training_file: str,
+        hyperparameters: job_create_params.Hyperparameters | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        integrations: Optional[Iterable[job_create_params.Integration]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        method: job_create_params.Method | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        seed: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        suffix: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        validation_file: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Creates a fine-tuning job which begins the process of creating a new model from
+        a given dataset.
+
+        Response includes details of the enqueued job including job status and the name
+        of the fine-tuned models once complete.
+
+        [Learn more about fine-tuning](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+
+        Args:
+          model: The name of the model to fine-tune. You can select one of the
+              [supported models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning#which-models-can-be-fine-tuned).
+
+          training_file: The ID of an uploaded file that contains training data.
+
+              See [upload file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create)
+              for how to upload a file.
+
+              Your dataset must be formatted as a JSONL file. Additionally, you must upload
+              your file with the purpose `fine-tune`.
+
+              The contents of the file should differ depending on if the model uses the
+              [chat](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/chat-input),
+              [completions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/completions-input)
+              format, or if the fine-tuning method uses the
+              [preference](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/preference-input)
+              format.
+
+              See the [fine-tuning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+              for more details.
+
+          hyperparameters: The hyperparameters used for the fine-tuning job. This value is now deprecated
+              in favor of `method`, and should be passed in under the `method` parameter.
+
+          integrations: A list of integrations to enable for your fine-tuning job.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          method: The method used for fine-tuning.
+
+          seed: The seed controls the reproducibility of the job. Passing in the same seed and
+              job parameters should produce the same results, but may differ in rare cases. If
+              a seed is not specified, one will be generated for you.
+
+          suffix: A string of up to 64 characters that will be added to your fine-tuned model
+              name.
+
+              For example, a `suffix` of "custom-model-name" would produce a model name like
+              `ft:gpt-4o-mini:openai:custom-model-name:7p4lURel`.
+
+          validation_file: The ID of an uploaded file that contains validation data.
+
+              If you provide this file, the data is used to generate validation metrics
+              periodically during fine-tuning. These metrics can be viewed in the fine-tuning
+              results file. The same data should not be present in both train and validation
+              files.
+
+              Your dataset must be formatted as a JSONL file. You must upload your file with
+              the purpose `fine-tune`.
+
+              See the [fine-tuning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+              for more details.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/fine_tuning/jobs",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "model": model,
+                    "training_file": training_file,
+                    "hyperparameters": hyperparameters,
+                    "integrations": integrations,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "method": method,
+                    "seed": seed,
+                    "suffix": suffix,
+                    "validation_file": validation_file,
+                },
+                job_create_params.JobCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Get info about a fine-tuning job.
+
+        [Learn more about fine-tuning](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Dict[str, str]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[FineTuningJob, AsyncCursorPage[FineTuningJob]]:
+        """
+        List your organization's fine-tuning jobs
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last job from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of fine-tuning jobs to retrieve.
+
+          metadata: Optional metadata filter. To filter, use the syntax `metadata[k]=v`.
+              Alternatively, set `metadata=null` to indicate no metadata.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/fine_tuning/jobs",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[FineTuningJob],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "metadata": metadata,
+                    },
+                    job_list_params.JobListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    async def cancel(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Immediately cancel a fine-tune job.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    def list_events(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[FineTuningJobEvent, AsyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobEvent]]:
+        """
+        Get status updates for a fine-tuning job.
+
+        Args:
+          after: Identifier for the last event from the previous pagination request.
+
+          limit: Number of events to retrieve.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/events",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[FineTuningJobEvent],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                    },
+                    job_list_events_params.JobListEventsParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=FineTuningJobEvent,
+        )
+
+    async def pause(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Pause a fine-tune job.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/pause",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+    async def resume(
+        self,
+        fine_tuning_job_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> FineTuningJob:
+        """
+        Resume a fine-tune job.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not fine_tuning_job_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `fine_tuning_job_id` but received {fine_tuning_job_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/fine_tuning/jobs/{fine_tuning_job_id}/resume",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=FineTuningJob,
+        )
+
+
+class JobsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, jobs: Jobs) -> None:
+        self._jobs = jobs
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_events = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list_events,
+        )
+        self.pause = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.pause,
+        )
+        self.resume = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.resume,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> CheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        return CheckpointsWithRawResponse(self._jobs.checkpoints)
+
+
+class AsyncJobsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, jobs: AsyncJobs) -> None:
+        self._jobs = jobs
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_events = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list_events,
+        )
+        self.pause = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.pause,
+        )
+        self.resume = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.resume,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithRawResponse(self._jobs.checkpoints)
+
+
+class JobsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, jobs: Jobs) -> None:
+        self._jobs = jobs
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_events = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list_events,
+        )
+        self.pause = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.pause,
+        )
+        self.resume = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.resume,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return CheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self._jobs.checkpoints)
+
+
+class AsyncJobsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, jobs: AsyncJobs) -> None:
+        self._jobs = jobs
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list,
+        )
+        self.cancel = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_events = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.list_events,
+        )
+        self.pause = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.pause,
+        )
+        self.resume = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            jobs.resume,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def checkpoints(self) -> AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncCheckpointsWithStreamingResponse(self._jobs.checkpoints)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/images.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/images.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..524bebac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/images.py
@@ -0,0 +1,729 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Mapping, Optional, cast
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from ..types import image_edit_params, image_generate_params, image_create_variation_params
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven, FileTypes
+from .._utils import extract_files, maybe_transform, deepcopy_minimal, async_maybe_transform
+from .._compat import cached_property
+from .._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from .._base_client import make_request_options
+from ..types.image_model import ImageModel
+from ..types.images_response import ImagesResponse
+
+__all__ = ["Images", "AsyncImages"]
+
+
+class Images(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> ImagesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return ImagesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> ImagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return ImagesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create_variation(
+        self,
+        *,
+        image: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, ImageModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        size: Optional[Literal["256x256", "512x512", "1024x1024"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ImagesResponse:
+        """Creates a variation of a given image.
+
+        This endpoint only supports `dall-e-2`.
+
+        Args:
+          image: The image to use as the basis for the variation(s). Must be a valid PNG file,
+              less than 4MB, and square.
+
+          model: The model to use for image generation. Only `dall-e-2` is supported at this
+              time.
+
+          n: The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10.
+
+          response_format: The format in which the generated images are returned. Must be one of `url` or
+              `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes after the image has been
+              generated.
+
+          size: The size of the generated images. Must be one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or
+              `1024x1024`.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "image": image,
+                "model": model,
+                "n": n,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "size": size,
+                "user": user,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["image"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/images/variations",
+            body=maybe_transform(body, image_create_variation_params.ImageCreateVariationParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ImagesResponse,
+        )
+
+    def edit(
+        self,
+        *,
+        image: Union[FileTypes, List[FileTypes]],
+        prompt: str,
+        background: Optional[Literal["transparent", "opaque", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        mask: FileTypes | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ImageModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        quality: Optional[Literal["standard", "low", "medium", "high", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        size: Optional[Literal["256x256", "512x512", "1024x1024", "1536x1024", "1024x1536", "auto"]]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ImagesResponse:
+        """Creates an edited or extended image given one or more source images and a
+        prompt.
+
+        This endpoint only supports `gpt-image-1` and `dall-e-2`.
+
+        Args:
+          image: The image(s) to edit. Must be a supported image file or an array of images.
+
+              For `gpt-image-1`, each image should be a `png`, `webp`, or `jpg` file less than
+              25MB. You can provide up to 16 images.
+
+              For `dall-e-2`, you can only provide one image, and it should be a square `png`
+              file less than 4MB.
+
+          prompt: A text description of the desired image(s). The maximum length is 1000
+              characters for `dall-e-2`, and 32000 characters for `gpt-image-1`.
+
+          background: Allows to set transparency for the background of the generated image(s). This
+              parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of `transparent`,
+              `opaque` or `auto` (default value). When `auto` is used, the model will
+              automatically determine the best background for the image.
+
+              If `transparent`, the output format needs to support transparency, so it should
+              be set to either `png` (default value) or `webp`.
+
+          mask: An additional image whose fully transparent areas (e.g. where alpha is zero)
+              indicate where `image` should be edited. If there are multiple images provided,
+              the mask will be applied on the first image. Must be a valid PNG file, less than
+              4MB, and have the same dimensions as `image`.
+
+          model: The model to use for image generation. Only `dall-e-2` and `gpt-image-1` are
+              supported. Defaults to `dall-e-2` unless a parameter specific to `gpt-image-1`
+              is used.
+
+          n: The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10.
+
+          quality: The quality of the image that will be generated. `high`, `medium` and `low` are
+              only supported for `gpt-image-1`. `dall-e-2` only supports `standard` quality.
+              Defaults to `auto`.
+
+          response_format: The format in which the generated images are returned. Must be one of `url` or
+              `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes after the image has been
+              generated. This parameter is only supported for `dall-e-2`, as `gpt-image-1`
+              will always return base64-encoded images.
+
+          size: The size of the generated images. Must be one of `1024x1024`, `1536x1024`
+              (landscape), `1024x1536` (portrait), or `auto` (default value) for
+              `gpt-image-1`, and one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or `1024x1024` for `dall-e-2`.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "image": image,
+                "prompt": prompt,
+                "background": background,
+                "mask": mask,
+                "model": model,
+                "n": n,
+                "quality": quality,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "size": size,
+                "user": user,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["image"], ["image", "<array>"], ["mask"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/images/edits",
+            body=maybe_transform(body, image_edit_params.ImageEditParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ImagesResponse,
+        )
+
+    def generate(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prompt: str,
+        background: Optional[Literal["transparent", "opaque", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ImageModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        moderation: Optional[Literal["low", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        output_compression: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        output_format: Optional[Literal["png", "jpeg", "webp"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        quality: Optional[Literal["standard", "hd", "low", "medium", "high", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        size: Optional[
+            Literal["auto", "1024x1024", "1536x1024", "1024x1536", "256x256", "512x512", "1792x1024", "1024x1792"]
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        style: Optional[Literal["vivid", "natural"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ImagesResponse:
+        """
+        Creates an image given a prompt.
+        [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images).
+
+        Args:
+          prompt: A text description of the desired image(s). The maximum length is 32000
+              characters for `gpt-image-1`, 1000 characters for `dall-e-2` and 4000 characters
+              for `dall-e-3`.
+
+          background: Allows to set transparency for the background of the generated image(s). This
+              parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of `transparent`,
+              `opaque` or `auto` (default value). When `auto` is used, the model will
+              automatically determine the best background for the image.
+
+              If `transparent`, the output format needs to support transparency, so it should
+              be set to either `png` (default value) or `webp`.
+
+          model: The model to use for image generation. One of `dall-e-2`, `dall-e-3`, or
+              `gpt-image-1`. Defaults to `dall-e-2` unless a parameter specific to
+              `gpt-image-1` is used.
+
+          moderation: Control the content-moderation level for images generated by `gpt-image-1`. Must
+              be either `low` for less restrictive filtering or `auto` (default value).
+
+          n: The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10. For `dall-e-3`, only
+              `n=1` is supported.
+
+          output_compression: The compression level (0-100%) for the generated images. This parameter is only
+              supported for `gpt-image-1` with the `webp` or `jpeg` output formats, and
+              defaults to 100.
+
+          output_format: The format in which the generated images are returned. This parameter is only
+              supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`.
+
+          quality: The quality of the image that will be generated.
+
+              - `auto` (default value) will automatically select the best quality for the
+                given model.
+              - `high`, `medium` and `low` are supported for `gpt-image-1`.
+              - `hd` and `standard` are supported for `dall-e-3`.
+              - `standard` is the only option for `dall-e-2`.
+
+          response_format: The format in which generated images with `dall-e-2` and `dall-e-3` are
+              returned. Must be one of `url` or `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes
+              after the image has been generated. This parameter isn't supported for
+              `gpt-image-1` which will always return base64-encoded images.
+
+          size: The size of the generated images. Must be one of `1024x1024`, `1536x1024`
+              (landscape), `1024x1536` (portrait), or `auto` (default value) for
+              `gpt-image-1`, one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or `1024x1024` for `dall-e-2`, and
+              one of `1024x1024`, `1792x1024`, or `1024x1792` for `dall-e-3`.
+
+          style: The style of the generated images. This parameter is only supported for
+              `dall-e-3`. Must be one of `vivid` or `natural`. Vivid causes the model to lean
+              towards generating hyper-real and dramatic images. Natural causes the model to
+              produce more natural, less hyper-real looking images.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/images/generations",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "prompt": prompt,
+                    "background": background,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "moderation": moderation,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "output_compression": output_compression,
+                    "output_format": output_format,
+                    "quality": quality,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "size": size,
+                    "style": style,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                image_generate_params.ImageGenerateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ImagesResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncImages(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncImagesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncImagesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create_variation(
+        self,
+        *,
+        image: FileTypes,
+        model: Union[str, ImageModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        size: Optional[Literal["256x256", "512x512", "1024x1024"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ImagesResponse:
+        """Creates a variation of a given image.
+
+        This endpoint only supports `dall-e-2`.
+
+        Args:
+          image: The image to use as the basis for the variation(s). Must be a valid PNG file,
+              less than 4MB, and square.
+
+          model: The model to use for image generation. Only `dall-e-2` is supported at this
+              time.
+
+          n: The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10.
+
+          response_format: The format in which the generated images are returned. Must be one of `url` or
+              `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes after the image has been
+              generated.
+
+          size: The size of the generated images. Must be one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or
+              `1024x1024`.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "image": image,
+                "model": model,
+                "n": n,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "size": size,
+                "user": user,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["image"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/images/variations",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(body, image_create_variation_params.ImageCreateVariationParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ImagesResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def edit(
+        self,
+        *,
+        image: Union[FileTypes, List[FileTypes]],
+        prompt: str,
+        background: Optional[Literal["transparent", "opaque", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        mask: FileTypes | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ImageModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        quality: Optional[Literal["standard", "low", "medium", "high", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        size: Optional[Literal["256x256", "512x512", "1024x1024", "1536x1024", "1024x1536", "auto"]]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ImagesResponse:
+        """Creates an edited or extended image given one or more source images and a
+        prompt.
+
+        This endpoint only supports `gpt-image-1` and `dall-e-2`.
+
+        Args:
+          image: The image(s) to edit. Must be a supported image file or an array of images.
+
+              For `gpt-image-1`, each image should be a `png`, `webp`, or `jpg` file less than
+              25MB. You can provide up to 16 images.
+
+              For `dall-e-2`, you can only provide one image, and it should be a square `png`
+              file less than 4MB.
+
+          prompt: A text description of the desired image(s). The maximum length is 1000
+              characters for `dall-e-2`, and 32000 characters for `gpt-image-1`.
+
+          background: Allows to set transparency for the background of the generated image(s). This
+              parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of `transparent`,
+              `opaque` or `auto` (default value). When `auto` is used, the model will
+              automatically determine the best background for the image.
+
+              If `transparent`, the output format needs to support transparency, so it should
+              be set to either `png` (default value) or `webp`.
+
+          mask: An additional image whose fully transparent areas (e.g. where alpha is zero)
+              indicate where `image` should be edited. If there are multiple images provided,
+              the mask will be applied on the first image. Must be a valid PNG file, less than
+              4MB, and have the same dimensions as `image`.
+
+          model: The model to use for image generation. Only `dall-e-2` and `gpt-image-1` are
+              supported. Defaults to `dall-e-2` unless a parameter specific to `gpt-image-1`
+              is used.
+
+          n: The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10.
+
+          quality: The quality of the image that will be generated. `high`, `medium` and `low` are
+              only supported for `gpt-image-1`. `dall-e-2` only supports `standard` quality.
+              Defaults to `auto`.
+
+          response_format: The format in which the generated images are returned. Must be one of `url` or
+              `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes after the image has been
+              generated. This parameter is only supported for `dall-e-2`, as `gpt-image-1`
+              will always return base64-encoded images.
+
+          size: The size of the generated images. Must be one of `1024x1024`, `1536x1024`
+              (landscape), `1024x1536` (portrait), or `auto` (default value) for
+              `gpt-image-1`, and one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or `1024x1024` for `dall-e-2`.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        body = deepcopy_minimal(
+            {
+                "image": image,
+                "prompt": prompt,
+                "background": background,
+                "mask": mask,
+                "model": model,
+                "n": n,
+                "quality": quality,
+                "response_format": response_format,
+                "size": size,
+                "user": user,
+            }
+        )
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["image"], ["image", "<array>"], ["mask"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/images/edits",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(body, image_edit_params.ImageEditParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ImagesResponse,
+        )
+
+    async def generate(
+        self,
+        *,
+        prompt: str,
+        background: Optional[Literal["transparent", "opaque", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        model: Union[str, ImageModel, None] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        moderation: Optional[Literal["low", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        n: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        output_compression: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        output_format: Optional[Literal["png", "jpeg", "webp"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        quality: Optional[Literal["standard", "hd", "low", "medium", "high", "auto"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        size: Optional[
+            Literal["auto", "1024x1024", "1536x1024", "1024x1536", "256x256", "512x512", "1792x1024", "1024x1792"]
+        ]
+        | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        style: Optional[Literal["vivid", "natural"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ImagesResponse:
+        """
+        Creates an image given a prompt.
+        [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images).
+
+        Args:
+          prompt: A text description of the desired image(s). The maximum length is 32000
+              characters for `gpt-image-1`, 1000 characters for `dall-e-2` and 4000 characters
+              for `dall-e-3`.
+
+          background: Allows to set transparency for the background of the generated image(s). This
+              parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of `transparent`,
+              `opaque` or `auto` (default value). When `auto` is used, the model will
+              automatically determine the best background for the image.
+
+              If `transparent`, the output format needs to support transparency, so it should
+              be set to either `png` (default value) or `webp`.
+
+          model: The model to use for image generation. One of `dall-e-2`, `dall-e-3`, or
+              `gpt-image-1`. Defaults to `dall-e-2` unless a parameter specific to
+              `gpt-image-1` is used.
+
+          moderation: Control the content-moderation level for images generated by `gpt-image-1`. Must
+              be either `low` for less restrictive filtering or `auto` (default value).
+
+          n: The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10. For `dall-e-3`, only
+              `n=1` is supported.
+
+          output_compression: The compression level (0-100%) for the generated images. This parameter is only
+              supported for `gpt-image-1` with the `webp` or `jpeg` output formats, and
+              defaults to 100.
+
+          output_format: The format in which the generated images are returned. This parameter is only
+              supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of `png`, `jpeg`, or `webp`.
+
+          quality: The quality of the image that will be generated.
+
+              - `auto` (default value) will automatically select the best quality for the
+                given model.
+              - `high`, `medium` and `low` are supported for `gpt-image-1`.
+              - `hd` and `standard` are supported for `dall-e-3`.
+              - `standard` is the only option for `dall-e-2`.
+
+          response_format: The format in which generated images with `dall-e-2` and `dall-e-3` are
+              returned. Must be one of `url` or `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes
+              after the image has been generated. This parameter isn't supported for
+              `gpt-image-1` which will always return base64-encoded images.
+
+          size: The size of the generated images. Must be one of `1024x1024`, `1536x1024`
+              (landscape), `1024x1536` (portrait), or `auto` (default value) for
+              `gpt-image-1`, one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or `1024x1024` for `dall-e-2`, and
+              one of `1024x1024`, `1792x1024`, or `1024x1792` for `dall-e-3`.
+
+          style: The style of the generated images. This parameter is only supported for
+              `dall-e-3`. Must be one of `vivid` or `natural`. Vivid causes the model to lean
+              towards generating hyper-real and dramatic images. Natural causes the model to
+              produce more natural, less hyper-real looking images.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/images/generations",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "prompt": prompt,
+                    "background": background,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "moderation": moderation,
+                    "n": n,
+                    "output_compression": output_compression,
+                    "output_format": output_format,
+                    "quality": quality,
+                    "response_format": response_format,
+                    "size": size,
+                    "style": style,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                image_generate_params.ImageGenerateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ImagesResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class ImagesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, images: Images) -> None:
+        self._images = images
+
+        self.create_variation = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            images.create_variation,
+        )
+        self.edit = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            images.edit,
+        )
+        self.generate = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            images.generate,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncImagesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, images: AsyncImages) -> None:
+        self._images = images
+
+        self.create_variation = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            images.create_variation,
+        )
+        self.edit = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            images.edit,
+        )
+        self.generate = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            images.generate,
+        )
+
+
+class ImagesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, images: Images) -> None:
+        self._images = images
+
+        self.create_variation = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            images.create_variation,
+        )
+        self.edit = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            images.edit,
+        )
+        self.generate = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            images.generate,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncImagesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, images: AsyncImages) -> None:
+        self._images = images
+
+        self.create_variation = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            images.create_variation,
+        )
+        self.edit = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            images.edit,
+        )
+        self.generate = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            images.generate,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9693a6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import httpx
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from .._compat import cached_property
+from .._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ..pagination import SyncPage, AsyncPage
+from ..types.model import Model
+from .._base_client import (
+    AsyncPaginator,
+    make_request_options,
+)
+from ..types.model_deleted import ModelDeleted
+
+__all__ = ["Models", "AsyncModels"]
+
+
+class Models(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> ModelsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return ModelsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> ModelsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return ModelsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        model: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Model:
+        """
+        Retrieves a model instance, providing basic information about the model such as
+        the owner and permissioning.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not model:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `model` but received {model!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/models/{model}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Model,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncPage[Model]:
+        """
+        Lists the currently available models, and provides basic information about each
+        one such as the owner and availability.
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/models",
+            page=SyncPage[Model],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=Model,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        model: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ModelDeleted:
+        """Delete a fine-tuned model.
+
+        You must have the Owner role in your organization to
+        delete a model.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not model:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `model` but received {model!r}")
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/models/{model}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ModelDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncModels(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncModelsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncModelsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        model: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Model:
+        """
+        Retrieves a model instance, providing basic information about the model such as
+        the owner and permissioning.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not model:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `model` but received {model!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/models/{model}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Model,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[Model, AsyncPage[Model]]:
+        """
+        Lists the currently available models, and provides basic information about each
+        one such as the owner and availability.
+        """
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/models",
+            page=AsyncPage[Model],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=Model,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        model: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ModelDeleted:
+        """Delete a fine-tuned model.
+
+        You must have the Owner role in your organization to
+        delete a model.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not model:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `model` but received {model!r}")
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/models/{model}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ModelDeleted,
+        )
+
+
+class ModelsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, models: Models) -> None:
+        self._models = models
+
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            models.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            models.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            models.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncModelsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, models: AsyncModels) -> None:
+        self._models = models
+
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            models.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            models.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            models.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class ModelsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, models: Models) -> None:
+        self._models = models
+
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            models.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            models.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            models.delete,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncModelsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, models: AsyncModels) -> None:
+        self._models = models
+
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            models.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            models.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            models.delete,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/moderations.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/moderations.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7a8b52c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/moderations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+
+import httpx
+
+from .. import _legacy_response
+from ..types import moderation_create_params
+from .._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from .._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from .._compat import cached_property
+from .._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from .._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from .._base_client import make_request_options
+from ..types.moderation_model import ModerationModel
+from ..types.moderation_create_response import ModerationCreateResponse
+from ..types.moderation_multi_modal_input_param import ModerationMultiModalInputParam
+
+__all__ = ["Moderations", "AsyncModerations"]
+
+
+class Moderations(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> ModerationsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return ModerationsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> ModerationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return ModerationsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[ModerationMultiModalInputParam]],
+        model: Union[str, ModerationModel] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ModerationCreateResponse:
+        """Classifies if text and/or image inputs are potentially harmful.
+
+        Learn more in
+        the [moderation guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/moderation).
+
+        Args:
+          input: Input (or inputs) to classify. Can be a single string, an array of strings, or
+              an array of multi-modal input objects similar to other models.
+
+          model: The content moderation model you would like to use. Learn more in
+              [the moderation guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/moderation), and
+              learn about available models
+              [here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#moderation).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/moderations",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                },
+                moderation_create_params.ModerationCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ModerationCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncModerations(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, List[str], Iterable[ModerationMultiModalInputParam]],
+        model: Union[str, ModerationModel] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ModerationCreateResponse:
+        """Classifies if text and/or image inputs are potentially harmful.
+
+        Learn more in
+        the [moderation guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/moderation).
+
+        Args:
+          input: Input (or inputs) to classify. Can be a single string, an array of strings, or
+              an array of multi-modal input objects similar to other models.
+
+          model: The content moderation model you would like to use. Learn more in
+              [the moderation guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/moderation), and
+              learn about available models
+              [here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#moderation).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/moderations",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                },
+                moderation_create_params.ModerationCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=ModerationCreateResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class ModerationsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, moderations: Moderations) -> None:
+        self._moderations = moderations
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            moderations.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncModerationsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, moderations: AsyncModerations) -> None:
+        self._moderations = moderations
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            moderations.create,
+        )
+
+
+class ModerationsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, moderations: Moderations) -> None:
+        self._moderations = moderations
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            moderations.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncModerationsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, moderations: AsyncModerations) -> None:
+        self._moderations = moderations
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            moderations.create,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad19218b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .responses import (
+    Responses,
+    AsyncResponses,
+    ResponsesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse,
+    ResponsesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .input_items import (
+    InputItems,
+    AsyncInputItems,
+    InputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    InputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InputItems",
+    "AsyncInputItems",
+    "InputItemsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse",
+    "InputItemsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Responses",
+    "AsyncResponses",
+    "ResponsesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse",
+    "ResponsesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/input_items.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/input_items.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee0e6281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/input_items.py
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, List, cast
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ..._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ...types.responses import input_item_list_params
+from ...types.responses.response_item import ResponseItem
+from ...types.responses.response_includable import ResponseIncludable
+
+__all__ = ["InputItems", "AsyncInputItems"]
+
+
+class InputItems(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> InputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return InputItemsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> InputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return InputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        response_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: List[ResponseIncludable] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[ResponseItem]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of input items for a given response.
+
+        Args:
+          after: An item ID to list items after, used in pagination.
+
+          before: An item ID to list items before, used in pagination.
+
+          include: Additional fields to include in the response. See the `include` parameter for
+              Response creation above for more information.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: The order to return the input items in. Default is `asc`.
+
+              - `asc`: Return the input items in ascending order.
+              - `desc`: Return the input items in descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not response_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `response_id` but received {response_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/responses/{response_id}/input_items",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[ResponseItem],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "include": include,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    input_item_list_params.InputItemListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=cast(Any, ResponseItem),  # Union types cannot be passed in as arguments in the type system
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncInputItems(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        response_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: List[ResponseIncludable] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[ResponseItem, AsyncCursorPage[ResponseItem]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of input items for a given response.
+
+        Args:
+          after: An item ID to list items after, used in pagination.
+
+          before: An item ID to list items before, used in pagination.
+
+          include: Additional fields to include in the response. See the `include` parameter for
+              Response creation above for more information.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: The order to return the input items in. Default is `asc`.
+
+              - `asc`: Return the input items in ascending order.
+              - `desc`: Return the input items in descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not response_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `response_id` but received {response_id!r}")
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/responses/{response_id}/input_items",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[ResponseItem],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "include": include,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    input_item_list_params.InputItemListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=cast(Any, ResponseItem),  # Union types cannot be passed in as arguments in the type system
+        )
+
+
+class InputItemsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, input_items: InputItems) -> None:
+        self._input_items = input_items
+
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            input_items.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, input_items: AsyncInputItems) -> None:
+        self._input_items = input_items
+
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            input_items.list,
+        )
+
+
+class InputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, input_items: InputItems) -> None:
+        self._input_items = input_items
+
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            input_items.list,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, input_items: AsyncInputItems) -> None:
+        self._input_items = input_items
+
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            input_items.list,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/responses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/responses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a905bc34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/responses/responses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1938 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, List, Type, Union, Iterable, Optional, cast
+from functools import partial
+from typing_extensions import Literal, overload
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NoneType, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import is_given, required_args, maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from .input_items import (
+    InputItems,
+    AsyncInputItems,
+    InputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse,
+    InputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ..._streaming import Stream, AsyncStream
+from ...lib._tools import PydanticFunctionTool, ResponsesPydanticFunctionTool
+from ..._base_client import make_request_options
+from ...types.responses import response_create_params, response_retrieve_params
+from ...lib._parsing._responses import (
+    TextFormatT,
+    parse_response,
+    type_to_text_format_param as _type_to_text_format_param,
+)
+from ...types.shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from ...types.responses.response import Response
+from ...types.responses.tool_param import ToolParam, ParseableToolParam
+from ...types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ...types.shared_params.reasoning import Reasoning
+from ...types.responses.parsed_response import ParsedResponse
+from ...lib.streaming.responses._responses import ResponseStreamManager, AsyncResponseStreamManager
+from ...types.responses.response_includable import ResponseIncludable
+from ...types.shared_params.responses_model import ResponsesModel
+from ...types.responses.response_input_param import ResponseInputParam
+from ...types.responses.response_stream_event import ResponseStreamEvent
+from ...types.responses.response_text_config_param import ResponseTextConfigParam
+
+__all__ = ["Responses", "AsyncResponses"]
+
+
+class Responses(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def input_items(self) -> InputItems:
+        return InputItems(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> ResponsesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return ResponsesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> ResponsesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return ResponsesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """Creates a model response.
+
+        Provide
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [image](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images) inputs to generate
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [JSON](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs) outputs. Have
+        the model call your own
+        [custom code](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) or use
+        built-in [tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools) like
+        [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+        [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search) to use
+        your own data as input for the model's response.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Text, image, or file inputs to the model, used to generate a response.
+
+              Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Image inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images)
+              - [File inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/pdf-files)
+              - [Conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state)
+              - [Function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling)
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          include: Specify additional output data to include in the model response. Currently
+              supported values are:
+
+              - `file_search_call.results`: Include the search results of the file search tool
+                call.
+              - `message.input_image.image_url`: Include image urls from the input message.
+              - `computer_call_output.output.image_url`: Include image urls from the computer
+                call output.
+              - `reasoning.encrypted_content`: Includes an encrypted version of reasoning
+                tokens in reasoning item outputs. This enables reasoning items to be used in
+                multi-turn conversations when using the Responses API statelessly (like when
+                the `store` parameter is set to `false`, or when an organization is enrolled
+                in the zero data retention program).
+
+          instructions: Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+              context.
+
+              When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+              response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+              swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+
+          max_output_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel.
+
+          previous_response_id: The unique ID of the previous response to the model. Use this to create
+              multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+              [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+
+          reasoning: **o-series models only**
+
+              Configuration options for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          store: Whether to store the generated model response for later retrieval via API.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+              for more information.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          text: Configuration options for a text response from the model. Can be plain text or
+              structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+
+          tool_choice: How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+              response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+              can call.
+
+          tools: An array of tools the model may call while generating a response. You can
+              specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+              The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+              - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+                capabilities, like
+                [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+                [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+                Learn more about
+                [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+              - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+                the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+                [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          truncation: The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+              - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+                context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+                window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+              - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+                for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Stream[ResponseStreamEvent]:
+        """Creates a model response.
+
+        Provide
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [image](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images) inputs to generate
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [JSON](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs) outputs. Have
+        the model call your own
+        [custom code](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) or use
+        built-in [tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools) like
+        [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+        [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search) to use
+        your own data as input for the model's response.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Text, image, or file inputs to the model, used to generate a response.
+
+              Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Image inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images)
+              - [File inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/pdf-files)
+              - [Conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state)
+              - [Function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling)
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+              for more information.
+
+          include: Specify additional output data to include in the model response. Currently
+              supported values are:
+
+              - `file_search_call.results`: Include the search results of the file search tool
+                call.
+              - `message.input_image.image_url`: Include image urls from the input message.
+              - `computer_call_output.output.image_url`: Include image urls from the computer
+                call output.
+              - `reasoning.encrypted_content`: Includes an encrypted version of reasoning
+                tokens in reasoning item outputs. This enables reasoning items to be used in
+                multi-turn conversations when using the Responses API statelessly (like when
+                the `store` parameter is set to `false`, or when an organization is enrolled
+                in the zero data retention program).
+
+          instructions: Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+              context.
+
+              When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+              response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+              swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+
+          max_output_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel.
+
+          previous_response_id: The unique ID of the previous response to the model. Use this to create
+              multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+              [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+
+          reasoning: **o-series models only**
+
+              Configuration options for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          store: Whether to store the generated model response for later retrieval via API.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          text: Configuration options for a text response from the model. Can be plain text or
+              structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+
+          tool_choice: How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+              response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+              can call.
+
+          tools: An array of tools the model may call while generating a response. You can
+              specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+              The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+              - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+                capabilities, like
+                [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+                [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+                Learn more about
+                [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+              - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+                the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+                [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          truncation: The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+              - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+                context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+                window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+              - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+                for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        stream: bool,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response | Stream[ResponseStreamEvent]:
+        """Creates a model response.
+
+        Provide
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [image](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images) inputs to generate
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [JSON](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs) outputs. Have
+        the model call your own
+        [custom code](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) or use
+        built-in [tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools) like
+        [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+        [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search) to use
+        your own data as input for the model's response.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Text, image, or file inputs to the model, used to generate a response.
+
+              Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Image inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images)
+              - [File inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/pdf-files)
+              - [Conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state)
+              - [Function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling)
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+              for more information.
+
+          include: Specify additional output data to include in the model response. Currently
+              supported values are:
+
+              - `file_search_call.results`: Include the search results of the file search tool
+                call.
+              - `message.input_image.image_url`: Include image urls from the input message.
+              - `computer_call_output.output.image_url`: Include image urls from the computer
+                call output.
+              - `reasoning.encrypted_content`: Includes an encrypted version of reasoning
+                tokens in reasoning item outputs. This enables reasoning items to be used in
+                multi-turn conversations when using the Responses API statelessly (like when
+                the `store` parameter is set to `false`, or when an organization is enrolled
+                in the zero data retention program).
+
+          instructions: Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+              context.
+
+              When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+              response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+              swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+
+          max_output_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel.
+
+          previous_response_id: The unique ID of the previous response to the model. Use this to create
+              multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+              [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+
+          reasoning: **o-series models only**
+
+              Configuration options for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          store: Whether to store the generated model response for later retrieval via API.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          text: Configuration options for a text response from the model. Can be plain text or
+              structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+
+          tool_choice: How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+              response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+              can call.
+
+          tools: An array of tools the model may call while generating a response. You can
+              specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+              The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+              - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+                capabilities, like
+                [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+                [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+                Learn more about
+                [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+              - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+                the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+                [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          truncation: The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+              - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+                context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+                window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+              - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+                for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["input", "model"], ["input", "model", "stream"])
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response | Stream[ResponseStreamEvent]:
+        return self._post(
+            "/responses",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "include": include,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_output_tokens": max_output_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "previous_response_id": previous_response_id,
+                    "reasoning": reasoning,
+                    "service_tier": service_tier,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "text": text,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation": truncation,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                response_create_params.ResponseCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else response_create_params.ResponseCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Response,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=Stream[ResponseStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ParseableToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ResponseStreamManager[TextFormatT]:
+        if is_given(text_format):
+            if not text:
+                text = {}
+
+            if "format" in text:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot mix and match text.format with text_format")
+
+            text["format"] = _type_to_text_format_param(text_format)
+
+        tools = _make_tools(tools)
+
+        api_request: partial[Stream[ResponseStreamEvent]] = partial(
+            self.create,
+            input=input,
+            model=model,
+            tools=tools,
+            include=include,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            max_output_tokens=max_output_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            previous_response_id=previous_response_id,
+            store=store,
+            stream=True,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            text=text,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            reasoning=reasoning,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            truncation=truncation,
+            user=user,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+
+        return ResponseStreamManager(
+            api_request,
+            text_format=text_format,
+            input_tools=tools,
+        )
+
+    def parse(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ParseableToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]:
+        if is_given(text_format):
+            if not text:
+                text = {}
+
+            if "format" in text:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot mix and match text.format with text_format")
+
+            text["format"] = _type_to_text_format_param(text_format)
+
+        tools = _make_tools(tools)
+
+        def parser(raw_response: Response) -> ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]:
+            return parse_response(
+                input_tools=tools,
+                text_format=text_format,
+                response=raw_response,
+            )
+
+        return self._post(
+            "/responses",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "include": include,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_output_tokens": max_output_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "previous_response_id": previous_response_id,
+                    "reasoning": reasoning,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "text": text,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation": truncation,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                response_create_params.ResponseCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                post_parser=parser,
+            ),
+            # we turn the `Response` instance into a `ParsedResponse`
+            # in the `parser` function above
+            cast_to=cast(Type[ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]], Response),
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        response_id: str,
+        *,
+        include: List[ResponseIncludable] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Retrieves a model response with the given ID.
+
+        Args:
+          include: Additional fields to include in the response. See the `include` parameter for
+              Response creation above for more information.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not response_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `response_id` but received {response_id!r}")
+        return self._get(
+            f"/responses/{response_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform({"include": include}, response_retrieve_params.ResponseRetrieveParams),
+            ),
+            cast_to=Response,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        response_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Deletes a model response with the given ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not response_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `response_id` but received {response_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"Accept": "*/*", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/responses/{response_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=NoneType,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncResponses(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def input_items(self) -> AsyncInputItems:
+        return AsyncInputItems(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """Creates a model response.
+
+        Provide
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [image](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images) inputs to generate
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [JSON](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs) outputs. Have
+        the model call your own
+        [custom code](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) or use
+        built-in [tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools) like
+        [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+        [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search) to use
+        your own data as input for the model's response.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Text, image, or file inputs to the model, used to generate a response.
+
+              Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Image inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images)
+              - [File inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/pdf-files)
+              - [Conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state)
+              - [Function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling)
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          include: Specify additional output data to include in the model response. Currently
+              supported values are:
+
+              - `file_search_call.results`: Include the search results of the file search tool
+                call.
+              - `message.input_image.image_url`: Include image urls from the input message.
+              - `computer_call_output.output.image_url`: Include image urls from the computer
+                call output.
+              - `reasoning.encrypted_content`: Includes an encrypted version of reasoning
+                tokens in reasoning item outputs. This enables reasoning items to be used in
+                multi-turn conversations when using the Responses API statelessly (like when
+                the `store` parameter is set to `false`, or when an organization is enrolled
+                in the zero data retention program).
+
+          instructions: Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+              context.
+
+              When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+              response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+              swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+
+          max_output_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel.
+
+          previous_response_id: The unique ID of the previous response to the model. Use this to create
+              multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+              [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+
+          reasoning: **o-series models only**
+
+              Configuration options for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          store: Whether to store the generated model response for later retrieval via API.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+              for more information.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          text: Configuration options for a text response from the model. Can be plain text or
+              structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+
+          tool_choice: How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+              response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+              can call.
+
+          tools: An array of tools the model may call while generating a response. You can
+              specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+              The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+              - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+                capabilities, like
+                [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+                [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+                Learn more about
+                [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+              - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+                the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+                [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          truncation: The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+              - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+                context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+                window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+              - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+                for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncStream[ResponseStreamEvent]:
+        """Creates a model response.
+
+        Provide
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [image](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images) inputs to generate
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [JSON](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs) outputs. Have
+        the model call your own
+        [custom code](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) or use
+        built-in [tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools) like
+        [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+        [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search) to use
+        your own data as input for the model's response.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Text, image, or file inputs to the model, used to generate a response.
+
+              Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Image inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images)
+              - [File inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/pdf-files)
+              - [Conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state)
+              - [Function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling)
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+              for more information.
+
+          include: Specify additional output data to include in the model response. Currently
+              supported values are:
+
+              - `file_search_call.results`: Include the search results of the file search tool
+                call.
+              - `message.input_image.image_url`: Include image urls from the input message.
+              - `computer_call_output.output.image_url`: Include image urls from the computer
+                call output.
+              - `reasoning.encrypted_content`: Includes an encrypted version of reasoning
+                tokens in reasoning item outputs. This enables reasoning items to be used in
+                multi-turn conversations when using the Responses API statelessly (like when
+                the `store` parameter is set to `false`, or when an organization is enrolled
+                in the zero data retention program).
+
+          instructions: Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+              context.
+
+              When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+              response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+              swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+
+          max_output_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel.
+
+          previous_response_id: The unique ID of the previous response to the model. Use this to create
+              multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+              [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+
+          reasoning: **o-series models only**
+
+              Configuration options for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          store: Whether to store the generated model response for later retrieval via API.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          text: Configuration options for a text response from the model. Can be plain text or
+              structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+
+          tool_choice: How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+              response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+              can call.
+
+          tools: An array of tools the model may call while generating a response. You can
+              specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+              The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+              - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+                capabilities, like
+                [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+                [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+                Learn more about
+                [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+              - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+                the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+                [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          truncation: The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+              - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+                context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+                window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+              - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+                for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        stream: bool,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response | AsyncStream[ResponseStreamEvent]:
+        """Creates a model response.
+
+        Provide
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [image](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images) inputs to generate
+        [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text) or
+        [JSON](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs) outputs. Have
+        the model call your own
+        [custom code](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) or use
+        built-in [tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools) like
+        [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+        [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search) to use
+        your own data as input for the model's response.
+
+        Args:
+          input: Text, image, or file inputs to the model, used to generate a response.
+
+              Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Image inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images)
+              - [File inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/pdf-files)
+              - [Conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state)
+              - [Function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling)
+
+          model: Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`. OpenAI offers a
+              wide range of models with different capabilities, performance characteristics,
+              and price points. Refer to the
+              [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+              available models.
+
+          stream: If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+              generated using
+              [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+              See the
+              [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+              for more information.
+
+          include: Specify additional output data to include in the model response. Currently
+              supported values are:
+
+              - `file_search_call.results`: Include the search results of the file search tool
+                call.
+              - `message.input_image.image_url`: Include image urls from the input message.
+              - `computer_call_output.output.image_url`: Include image urls from the computer
+                call output.
+              - `reasoning.encrypted_content`: Includes an encrypted version of reasoning
+                tokens in reasoning item outputs. This enables reasoning items to be used in
+                multi-turn conversations when using the Responses API statelessly (like when
+                the `store` parameter is set to `false`, or when an organization is enrolled
+                in the zero data retention program).
+
+          instructions: Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+              context.
+
+              When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+              response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+              swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+
+          max_output_tokens: An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+              including visible output tokens and
+              [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          parallel_tool_calls: Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel.
+
+          previous_response_id: The unique ID of the previous response to the model. Use this to create
+              multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+              [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+
+          reasoning: **o-series models only**
+
+              Configuration options for
+              [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+
+          service_tier: Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request. This parameter is
+              relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+                utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+              - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+                be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+                latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+                tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+              - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+                service tier.
+                [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+              - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+              When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+              utilized.
+
+          store: Whether to store the generated model response for later retrieval via API.
+
+          temperature: What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2. Higher values like 0.8 will
+              make the output more random, while lower values like 0.2 will make it more
+              focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but
+              not both.
+
+          text: Configuration options for a text response from the model. Can be plain text or
+              structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+              - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+              - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+
+          tool_choice: How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+              response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+              can call.
+
+          tools: An array of tools the model may call while generating a response. You can
+              specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+              The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+              - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+                capabilities, like
+                [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+                [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+                Learn more about
+                [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+              - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+                the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+                [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+
+          top_p: An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+              model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+              means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+              We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+
+          truncation: The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+              - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+                context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+                window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+              - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+                for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+
+          user: A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+              and detect abuse.
+              [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @required_args(["input", "model"], ["input", "model", "stream"])
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: ResponsesModel,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response | AsyncStream[ResponseStreamEvent]:
+        return await self._post(
+            "/responses",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "include": include,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_output_tokens": max_output_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "previous_response_id": previous_response_id,
+                    "reasoning": reasoning,
+                    "service_tier": service_tier,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "text": text,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation": truncation,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                response_create_params.ResponseCreateParamsStreaming
+                if stream
+                else response_create_params.ResponseCreateParamsNonStreaming,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Response,
+            stream=stream or False,
+            stream_cls=AsyncStream[ResponseStreamEvent],
+        )
+
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ParseableToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncResponseStreamManager[TextFormatT]:
+        if is_given(text_format):
+            if not text:
+                text = {}
+
+            if "format" in text:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot mix and match text.format with text_format")
+
+            text["format"] = _type_to_text_format_param(text_format)
+
+        tools = _make_tools(tools)
+
+        api_request = self.create(
+            input=input,
+            model=model,
+            tools=tools,
+            include=include,
+            instructions=instructions,
+            max_output_tokens=max_output_tokens,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            parallel_tool_calls=parallel_tool_calls,
+            previous_response_id=previous_response_id,
+            store=store,
+            stream=True,
+            temperature=temperature,
+            text=text,
+            tool_choice=tool_choice,
+            reasoning=reasoning,
+            top_p=top_p,
+            truncation=truncation,
+            user=user,
+            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+            extra_query=extra_query,
+            extra_body=extra_body,
+            timeout=timeout,
+        )
+
+        return AsyncResponseStreamManager(
+            api_request,
+            text_format=text_format,
+            input_tools=tools,
+        )
+
+    async def parse(
+        self,
+        *,
+        input: Union[str, ResponseInputParam],
+        model: Union[str, ChatModel],
+        text_format: type[TextFormatT] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tools: Iterable[ParseableToolParam] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        instructions: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_output_tokens: Optional[int] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        previous_response_id: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        store: Optional[bool] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        stream: Optional[Literal[False]] | Literal[True] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        temperature: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        text: ResponseTextConfigParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        tool_choice: response_create_params.ToolChoice | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        top_p: Optional[float] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        user: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]:
+        if is_given(text_format):
+            if not text:
+                text = {}
+
+            if "format" in text:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot mix and match text.format with text_format")
+
+            text["format"] = _type_to_text_format_param(text_format)
+
+        tools = _make_tools(tools)
+
+        def parser(raw_response: Response) -> ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]:
+            return parse_response(
+                input_tools=tools,
+                text_format=text_format,
+                response=raw_response,
+            )
+
+        return await self._post(
+            "/responses",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "input": input,
+                    "model": model,
+                    "include": include,
+                    "instructions": instructions,
+                    "max_output_tokens": max_output_tokens,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "parallel_tool_calls": parallel_tool_calls,
+                    "previous_response_id": previous_response_id,
+                    "reasoning": reasoning,
+                    "store": store,
+                    "stream": stream,
+                    "temperature": temperature,
+                    "text": text,
+                    "tool_choice": tool_choice,
+                    "tools": tools,
+                    "top_p": top_p,
+                    "truncation": truncation,
+                    "user": user,
+                },
+                response_create_params.ResponseCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                post_parser=parser,
+            ),
+            # we turn the `Response` instance into a `ParsedResponse`
+            # in the `parser` function above
+            cast_to=cast(Type[ParsedResponse[TextFormatT]], Response),
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        response_id: str,
+        *,
+        include: List[ResponseIncludable] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Retrieves a model response with the given ID.
+
+        Args:
+          include: Additional fields to include in the response. See the `include` parameter for
+              Response creation above for more information.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not response_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `response_id` but received {response_id!r}")
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/responses/{response_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=await async_maybe_transform(
+                    {"include": include}, response_retrieve_params.ResponseRetrieveParams
+                ),
+            ),
+            cast_to=Response,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        response_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Deletes a model response with the given ID.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not response_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `response_id` but received {response_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"Accept": "*/*", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/responses/{response_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=NoneType,
+        )
+
+
+class ResponsesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, responses: Responses) -> None:
+        self._responses = responses
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            responses.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            responses.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            responses.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def input_items(self) -> InputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        return InputItemsWithRawResponse(self._responses.input_items)
+
+
+class AsyncResponsesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, responses: AsyncResponses) -> None:
+        self._responses = responses
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            responses.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            responses.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            responses.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def input_items(self) -> AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncInputItemsWithRawResponse(self._responses.input_items)
+
+
+class ResponsesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, responses: Responses) -> None:
+        self._responses = responses
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            responses.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            responses.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            responses.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def input_items(self) -> InputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return InputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self._responses.input_items)
+
+
+class AsyncResponsesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, responses: AsyncResponses) -> None:
+        self._responses = responses
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            responses.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            responses.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            responses.delete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def input_items(self) -> AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncInputItemsWithStreamingResponse(self._responses.input_items)
+
+
+def _make_tools(tools: Iterable[ParseableToolParam] | NotGiven) -> List[ToolParam] | NotGiven:
+    if not is_given(tools):
+        return NOT_GIVEN
+
+    converted_tools: List[ToolParam] = []
+    for tool in tools:
+        if tool["type"] != "function":
+            converted_tools.append(tool)
+            continue
+
+        if "function" not in tool:
+            # standard Responses API case
+            converted_tools.append(tool)
+            continue
+
+        function = cast(Any, tool)["function"]  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+        if not isinstance(function, PydanticFunctionTool):
+            raise Exception(
+                "Expected Chat Completions function tool shape to be created using `openai.pydantic_function_tool()`"
+            )
+
+        assert "parameters" in function
+        new_tool = ResponsesPydanticFunctionTool(
+            {
+                "type": "function",
+                "name": function["name"],
+                "description": function.get("description"),
+                "parameters": function["parameters"],
+                "strict": function.get("strict") or False,
+            },
+            function.model,
+        )
+
+        converted_tools.append(new_tool.cast())
+
+    return converted_tools
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12d1056f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .parts import (
+    Parts,
+    AsyncParts,
+    PartsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncPartsWithRawResponse,
+    PartsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .uploads import (
+    Uploads,
+    AsyncUploads,
+    UploadsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse,
+    UploadsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Parts",
+    "AsyncParts",
+    "PartsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncPartsWithRawResponse",
+    "PartsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "Uploads",
+    "AsyncUploads",
+    "UploadsWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse",
+    "UploadsWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/parts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/parts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a32f4eb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/parts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Mapping, cast
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven, FileTypes
+from ..._utils import extract_files, maybe_transform, deepcopy_minimal, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ..._base_client import make_request_options
+from ...types.uploads import part_create_params
+from ...types.uploads.upload_part import UploadPart
+
+__all__ = ["Parts", "AsyncParts"]
+
+
+class Parts(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> PartsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return PartsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> PartsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return PartsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        upload_id: str,
+        *,
+        data: FileTypes,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> UploadPart:
+        """
+        Adds a
+        [Part](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/part-object) to an
+        [Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/object) object.
+        A Part represents a chunk of bytes from the file you are trying to upload.
+
+        Each Part can be at most 64 MB, and you can add Parts until you hit the Upload
+        maximum of 8 GB.
+
+        It is possible to add multiple Parts in parallel. You can decide the intended
+        order of the Parts when you
+        [complete the Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/complete).
+
+        Args:
+          data: The chunk of bytes for this Part.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not upload_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `upload_id` but received {upload_id!r}")
+        body = deepcopy_minimal({"data": data})
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["data"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/uploads/{upload_id}/parts",
+            body=maybe_transform(body, part_create_params.PartCreateParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=UploadPart,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncParts(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncPartsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncPartsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        upload_id: str,
+        *,
+        data: FileTypes,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> UploadPart:
+        """
+        Adds a
+        [Part](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/part-object) to an
+        [Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/object) object.
+        A Part represents a chunk of bytes from the file you are trying to upload.
+
+        Each Part can be at most 64 MB, and you can add Parts until you hit the Upload
+        maximum of 8 GB.
+
+        It is possible to add multiple Parts in parallel. You can decide the intended
+        order of the Parts when you
+        [complete the Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/complete).
+
+        Args:
+          data: The chunk of bytes for this Part.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not upload_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `upload_id` but received {upload_id!r}")
+        body = deepcopy_minimal({"data": data})
+        files = extract_files(cast(Mapping[str, object], body), paths=[["data"]])
+        # It should be noted that the actual Content-Type header that will be
+        # sent to the server will contain a `boundary` parameter, e.g.
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        extra_headers = {"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/uploads/{upload_id}/parts",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(body, part_create_params.PartCreateParams),
+            files=files,
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=UploadPart,
+        )
+
+
+class PartsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, parts: Parts) -> None:
+        self._parts = parts
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            parts.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncPartsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, parts: AsyncParts) -> None:
+        self._parts = parts
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            parts.create,
+        )
+
+
+class PartsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, parts: Parts) -> None:
+        self._parts = parts
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            parts.create,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, parts: AsyncParts) -> None:
+        self._parts = parts
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            parts.create,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/uploads.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/uploads.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecfcee48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/uploads/uploads.py
@@ -0,0 +1,711 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import os
+import logging
+import builtins
+from typing import List, overload
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import anyio
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from .parts import (
+    Parts,
+    AsyncParts,
+    PartsWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncPartsWithRawResponse,
+    PartsWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...types import FilePurpose, upload_create_params, upload_complete_params
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ..._base_client import make_request_options
+from ...types.upload import Upload
+from ...types.file_purpose import FilePurpose
+
+__all__ = ["Uploads", "AsyncUploads"]
+
+
+# 64MB
+DEFAULT_PART_SIZE = 64 * 1024 * 1024
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Uploads(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def parts(self) -> Parts:
+        return Parts(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> UploadsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return UploadsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> UploadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return UploadsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def upload_file_chunked(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: os.PathLike[str],
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        bytes: int | None = None,
+        part_size: int | None = None,
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Splits a file into multiple 64MB parts and uploads them sequentially."""
+
+    @overload
+    def upload_file_chunked(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: bytes,
+        filename: str,
+        bytes: int,
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        part_size: int | None = None,
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Splits an in-memory file into multiple 64MB parts and uploads them sequentially."""
+
+    def upload_file_chunked(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: os.PathLike[str] | bytes,
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        bytes: int | None = None,
+        part_size: int | None = None,
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Splits the given file into multiple parts and uploads them sequentially.
+
+        ```py
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        client.uploads.upload_file(
+            file=Path("my-paper.pdf"),
+            mime_type="pdf",
+            purpose="assistants",
+        )
+        ```
+        """
+        if isinstance(file, builtins.bytes):
+            if filename is None:
+                raise TypeError("The `filename` argument must be given for in-memory files")
+
+            if bytes is None:
+                raise TypeError("The `bytes` argument must be given for in-memory files")
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(file, Path):
+                file = Path(file)
+
+            if not filename:
+                filename = file.name
+
+            if bytes is None:
+                bytes = file.stat().st_size
+
+        upload = self.create(
+            bytes=bytes,
+            filename=filename,
+            mime_type=mime_type,
+            purpose=purpose,
+        )
+
+        part_ids: list[str] = []
+
+        if part_size is None:
+            part_size = DEFAULT_PART_SIZE
+
+        if isinstance(file, builtins.bytes):
+            buf: io.FileIO | io.BytesIO = io.BytesIO(file)
+        else:
+            buf = io.FileIO(file)
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                data = buf.read(part_size)
+                if not data:
+                    # EOF
+                    break
+
+                part = self.parts.create(upload_id=upload.id, data=data)
+                log.info("Uploaded part %s for upload %s", part.id, upload.id)
+                part_ids.append(part.id)
+        except Exception:
+            buf.close()
+            raise
+
+        return self.complete(upload_id=upload.id, part_ids=part_ids, md5=md5)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        bytes: int,
+        filename: str,
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """
+        Creates an intermediate
+        [Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/object) object
+        that you can add
+        [Parts](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/part-object) to.
+        Currently, an Upload can accept at most 8 GB in total and expires after an hour
+        after you create it.
+
+        Once you complete the Upload, we will create a
+        [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/object) object that
+        contains all the parts you uploaded. This File is usable in the rest of our
+        platform as a regular File object.
+
+        For certain `purpose` values, the correct `mime_type` must be specified. Please
+        refer to documentation for the
+        [supported MIME types for your use case](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#supported-files).
+
+        For guidance on the proper filename extensions for each purpose, please follow
+        the documentation on
+        [creating a File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create).
+
+        Args:
+          bytes: The number of bytes in the file you are uploading.
+
+          filename: The name of the file to upload.
+
+          mime_type: The MIME type of the file.
+
+              This must fall within the supported MIME types for your file purpose. See the
+              supported MIME types for assistants and vision.
+
+          purpose: The intended purpose of the uploaded file.
+
+              See the
+              [documentation on File purposes](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create#files-create-purpose).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return self._post(
+            "/uploads",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "bytes": bytes,
+                    "filename": filename,
+                    "mime_type": mime_type,
+                    "purpose": purpose,
+                },
+                upload_create_params.UploadCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Upload,
+        )
+
+    def cancel(
+        self,
+        upload_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Cancels the Upload.
+
+        No Parts may be added after an Upload is cancelled.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not upload_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `upload_id` but received {upload_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/uploads/{upload_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Upload,
+        )
+
+    def complete(
+        self,
+        upload_id: str,
+        *,
+        part_ids: List[str],
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """
+        Completes the
+        [Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/object).
+
+        Within the returned Upload object, there is a nested
+        [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/object) object that
+        is ready to use in the rest of the platform.
+
+        You can specify the order of the Parts by passing in an ordered list of the Part
+        IDs.
+
+        The number of bytes uploaded upon completion must match the number of bytes
+        initially specified when creating the Upload object. No Parts may be added after
+        an Upload is completed.
+
+        Args:
+          part_ids: The ordered list of Part IDs.
+
+          md5: The optional md5 checksum for the file contents to verify if the bytes uploaded
+              matches what you expect.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not upload_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `upload_id` but received {upload_id!r}")
+        return self._post(
+            f"/uploads/{upload_id}/complete",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "part_ids": part_ids,
+                    "md5": md5,
+                },
+                upload_complete_params.UploadCompleteParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Upload,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncUploads(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def parts(self) -> AsyncParts:
+        return AsyncParts(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    @overload
+    async def upload_file_chunked(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: os.PathLike[str],
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        bytes: int | None = None,
+        part_size: int | None = None,
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Splits a file into multiple 64MB parts and uploads them sequentially."""
+
+    @overload
+    async def upload_file_chunked(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: bytes,
+        filename: str,
+        bytes: int,
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        part_size: int | None = None,
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Splits an in-memory file into multiple 64MB parts and uploads them sequentially."""
+
+    async def upload_file_chunked(
+        self,
+        *,
+        file: os.PathLike[str] | bytes,
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        bytes: int | None = None,
+        part_size: int | None = None,
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Splits the given file into multiple parts and uploads them sequentially.
+
+        ```py
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        client.uploads.upload_file(
+            file=Path("my-paper.pdf"),
+            mime_type="pdf",
+            purpose="assistants",
+        )
+        ```
+        """
+        if isinstance(file, builtins.bytes):
+            if filename is None:
+                raise TypeError("The `filename` argument must be given for in-memory files")
+
+            if bytes is None:
+                raise TypeError("The `bytes` argument must be given for in-memory files")
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(file, anyio.Path):
+                file = anyio.Path(file)
+
+            if not filename:
+                filename = file.name
+
+            if bytes is None:
+                stat = await file.stat()
+                bytes = stat.st_size
+
+        upload = await self.create(
+            bytes=bytes,
+            filename=filename,
+            mime_type=mime_type,
+            purpose=purpose,
+        )
+
+        part_ids: list[str] = []
+
+        if part_size is None:
+            part_size = DEFAULT_PART_SIZE
+
+        if isinstance(file, anyio.Path):
+            fd = await file.open("rb")
+            async with fd:
+                while True:
+                    data = await fd.read(part_size)
+                    if not data:
+                        # EOF
+                        break
+
+                    part = await self.parts.create(upload_id=upload.id, data=data)
+                    log.info("Uploaded part %s for upload %s", part.id, upload.id)
+                    part_ids.append(part.id)
+        else:
+            buf = io.BytesIO(file)
+
+            try:
+                while True:
+                    data = buf.read(part_size)
+                    if not data:
+                        # EOF
+                        break
+
+                    part = await self.parts.create(upload_id=upload.id, data=data)
+                    log.info("Uploaded part %s for upload %s", part.id, upload.id)
+                    part_ids.append(part.id)
+            except Exception:
+                buf.close()
+                raise
+
+        return await self.complete(upload_id=upload.id, part_ids=part_ids, md5=md5)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        bytes: int,
+        filename: str,
+        mime_type: str,
+        purpose: FilePurpose,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """
+        Creates an intermediate
+        [Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/object) object
+        that you can add
+        [Parts](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/part-object) to.
+        Currently, an Upload can accept at most 8 GB in total and expires after an hour
+        after you create it.
+
+        Once you complete the Upload, we will create a
+        [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/object) object that
+        contains all the parts you uploaded. This File is usable in the rest of our
+        platform as a regular File object.
+
+        For certain `purpose` values, the correct `mime_type` must be specified. Please
+        refer to documentation for the
+        [supported MIME types for your use case](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#supported-files).
+
+        For guidance on the proper filename extensions for each purpose, please follow
+        the documentation on
+        [creating a File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create).
+
+        Args:
+          bytes: The number of bytes in the file you are uploading.
+
+          filename: The name of the file to upload.
+
+          mime_type: The MIME type of the file.
+
+              This must fall within the supported MIME types for your file purpose. See the
+              supported MIME types for assistants and vision.
+
+          purpose: The intended purpose of the uploaded file.
+
+              See the
+              [documentation on File purposes](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create#files-create-purpose).
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        return await self._post(
+            "/uploads",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "bytes": bytes,
+                    "filename": filename,
+                    "mime_type": mime_type,
+                    "purpose": purpose,
+                },
+                upload_create_params.UploadCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Upload,
+        )
+
+    async def cancel(
+        self,
+        upload_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """Cancels the Upload.
+
+        No Parts may be added after an Upload is cancelled.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not upload_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `upload_id` but received {upload_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/uploads/{upload_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Upload,
+        )
+
+    async def complete(
+        self,
+        upload_id: str,
+        *,
+        part_ids: List[str],
+        md5: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> Upload:
+        """
+        Completes the
+        [Upload](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/uploads/object).
+
+        Within the returned Upload object, there is a nested
+        [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/object) object that
+        is ready to use in the rest of the platform.
+
+        You can specify the order of the Parts by passing in an ordered list of the Part
+        IDs.
+
+        The number of bytes uploaded upon completion must match the number of bytes
+        initially specified when creating the Upload object. No Parts may be added after
+        an Upload is completed.
+
+        Args:
+          part_ids: The ordered list of Part IDs.
+
+          md5: The optional md5 checksum for the file contents to verify if the bytes uploaded
+              matches what you expect.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not upload_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `upload_id` but received {upload_id!r}")
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/uploads/{upload_id}/complete",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "part_ids": part_ids,
+                    "md5": md5,
+                },
+                upload_complete_params.UploadCompleteParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=Upload,
+        )
+
+
+class UploadsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, uploads: Uploads) -> None:
+        self._uploads = uploads
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.create,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.cancel,
+        )
+        self.complete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.complete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def parts(self) -> PartsWithRawResponse:
+        return PartsWithRawResponse(self._uploads.parts)
+
+
+class AsyncUploadsWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, uploads: AsyncUploads) -> None:
+        self._uploads = uploads
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.create,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.cancel,
+        )
+        self.complete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.complete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def parts(self) -> AsyncPartsWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncPartsWithRawResponse(self._uploads.parts)
+
+
+class UploadsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, uploads: Uploads) -> None:
+        self._uploads = uploads
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.create,
+        )
+        self.cancel = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.cancel,
+        )
+        self.complete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.complete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def parts(self) -> PartsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return PartsWithStreamingResponse(self._uploads.parts)
+
+
+class AsyncUploadsWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, uploads: AsyncUploads) -> None:
+        self._uploads = uploads
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.create,
+        )
+        self.cancel = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.cancel,
+        )
+        self.complete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            uploads.complete,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def parts(self) -> AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncPartsWithStreamingResponse(self._uploads.parts)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96ae16c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .files import (
+    Files,
+    AsyncFiles,
+    FilesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncFilesWithRawResponse,
+    FilesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .file_batches import (
+    FileBatches,
+    AsyncFileBatches,
+    FileBatchesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse,
+    FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from .vector_stores import (
+    VectorStores,
+    AsyncVectorStores,
+    VectorStoresWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse,
+    VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Files",
+    "AsyncFiles",
+    "FilesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncFilesWithRawResponse",
+    "FilesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "FileBatches",
+    "AsyncFileBatches",
+    "FileBatchesWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse",
+    "FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse",
+    "VectorStores",
+    "AsyncVectorStores",
+    "VectorStoresWithRawResponse",
+    "AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse",
+    "VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse",
+    "AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/file_batches.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/file_batches.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4dd4430b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/file_batches.py
@@ -0,0 +1,797 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from typing import Dict, List, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Union, Literal
+from concurrent.futures import Future, ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
+
+import httpx
+import sniffio
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ...types import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven, FileTypes
+from ..._utils import is_given, maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...pagination import SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ..._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ...types.file_object import FileObject
+from ...types.vector_stores import file_batch_create_params, file_batch_list_files_params
+from ...types.file_chunking_strategy_param import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+from ...types.vector_stores.vector_store_file import VectorStoreFile
+from ...types.vector_stores.vector_store_file_batch import VectorStoreFileBatch
+
+__all__ = ["FileBatches", "AsyncFileBatches"]
+
+
+class FileBatches(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> FileBatchesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return FileBatchesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        file_ids: List[str],
+        attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """
+        Create a vector store file batch.
+
+        Args:
+          file_ids: A list of [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs that
+              the vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+              files.
+
+          attributes: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are strings with a maximum
+              length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a maximum length of 512
+              characters, booleans, or numbers.
+
+          chunking_strategy: The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s). If not set, will use the `auto`
+              strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is non-empty.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "file_ids": file_ids,
+                    "attributes": attributes,
+                    "chunking_strategy": chunking_strategy,
+                },
+                file_batch_create_params.FileBatchCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileBatch,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """
+        Retrieves a vector store file batch.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches/{batch_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileBatch,
+        )
+
+    def cancel(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Cancel a vector store file batch.
+
+        This attempts to cancel the processing of
+        files in this batch as soon as possible.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches/{batch_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileBatch,
+        )
+
+    def create_and_poll(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        file_ids: List[str],
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Create a vector store batch and poll until all files have been processed."""
+        batch = self.create(
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            file_ids=file_ids,
+            chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy,
+        )
+        # TODO: don't poll unless necessary??
+        return self.poll(
+            batch.id,
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+        )
+
+    def list_files(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        filter: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "failed", "cancelled"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of vector store files in a batch.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          filter: Filter by file status. One of `in_progress`, `completed`, `failed`, `cancelled`.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches/{batch_id}/files",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "filter": filter,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    file_batch_list_files_params.FileBatchListFilesParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    def poll(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Wait for the given file batch to be processed.
+
+        Note: this will return even if one of the files failed to process, you need to
+        check batch.file_counts.failed_count to handle this case.
+        """
+        headers: dict[str, str] = {"X-Stainless-Poll-Helper": "true"}
+        if is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+            headers["X-Stainless-Custom-Poll-Interval"] = str(poll_interval_ms)
+
+        while True:
+            response = self.with_raw_response.retrieve(
+                batch_id,
+                vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+                extra_headers=headers,
+            )
+
+            batch = response.parse()
+            if batch.file_counts.in_progress > 0:
+                if not is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+                    from_header = response.headers.get("openai-poll-after-ms")
+                    if from_header is not None:
+                        poll_interval_ms = int(from_header)
+                    else:
+                        poll_interval_ms = 1000
+
+                self._sleep(poll_interval_ms / 1000)
+                continue
+
+            return batch
+
+    def upload_and_poll(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        files: Iterable[FileTypes],
+        max_concurrency: int = 5,
+        file_ids: List[str] = [],
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Uploads the given files concurrently and then creates a vector store file batch.
+
+        If you've already uploaded certain files that you want to include in this batch
+        then you can pass their IDs through the `file_ids` argument.
+
+        By default, if any file upload fails then an exception will be eagerly raised.
+
+        The number of concurrency uploads is configurable using the `max_concurrency`
+        parameter.
+
+        Note: this method only supports `asyncio` or `trio` as the backing async
+        runtime.
+        """
+        results: list[FileObject] = []
+
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_concurrency) as executor:
+            futures: list[Future[FileObject]] = [
+                executor.submit(
+                    self._client.files.create,
+                    file=file,
+                    purpose="assistants",
+                )
+                for file in files
+            ]
+
+        for future in as_completed(futures):
+            exc = future.exception()
+            if exc:
+                raise exc
+
+            results.append(future.result())
+
+        batch = self.create_and_poll(
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            file_ids=[*file_ids, *(f.id for f in results)],
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+            chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy,
+        )
+        return batch
+
+
+class AsyncFileBatches(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        file_ids: List[str],
+        attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """
+        Create a vector store file batch.
+
+        Args:
+          file_ids: A list of [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs that
+              the vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+              files.
+
+          attributes: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are strings with a maximum
+              length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a maximum length of 512
+              characters, booleans, or numbers.
+
+          chunking_strategy: The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s). If not set, will use the `auto`
+              strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is non-empty.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "file_ids": file_ids,
+                    "attributes": attributes,
+                    "chunking_strategy": chunking_strategy,
+                },
+                file_batch_create_params.FileBatchCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileBatch,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """
+        Retrieves a vector store file batch.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches/{batch_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileBatch,
+        )
+
+    async def cancel(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Cancel a vector store file batch.
+
+        This attempts to cancel the processing of
+        files in this batch as soon as possible.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches/{batch_id}/cancel",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileBatch,
+        )
+
+    async def create_and_poll(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        file_ids: List[str],
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Create a vector store batch and poll until all files have been processed."""
+        batch = await self.create(
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            file_ids=file_ids,
+            chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy,
+        )
+        # TODO: don't poll unless necessary??
+        return await self.poll(
+            batch.id,
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+        )
+
+    def list_files(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        filter: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "failed", "cancelled"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[VectorStoreFile, AsyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of vector store files in a batch.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          filter: Filter by file status. One of `in_progress`, `completed`, `failed`, `cancelled`.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not batch_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `batch_id` but received {batch_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/file_batches/{batch_id}/files",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "filter": filter,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    file_batch_list_files_params.FileBatchListFilesParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    async def poll(
+        self,
+        batch_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Wait for the given file batch to be processed.
+
+        Note: this will return even if one of the files failed to process, you need to
+        check batch.file_counts.failed_count to handle this case.
+        """
+        headers: dict[str, str] = {"X-Stainless-Poll-Helper": "true"}
+        if is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+            headers["X-Stainless-Custom-Poll-Interval"] = str(poll_interval_ms)
+
+        while True:
+            response = await self.with_raw_response.retrieve(
+                batch_id,
+                vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+                extra_headers=headers,
+            )
+
+            batch = response.parse()
+            if batch.file_counts.in_progress > 0:
+                if not is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+                    from_header = response.headers.get("openai-poll-after-ms")
+                    if from_header is not None:
+                        poll_interval_ms = int(from_header)
+                    else:
+                        poll_interval_ms = 1000
+
+                await self._sleep(poll_interval_ms / 1000)
+                continue
+
+            return batch
+
+    async def upload_and_poll(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        files: Iterable[FileTypes],
+        max_concurrency: int = 5,
+        file_ids: List[str] = [],
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileBatch:
+        """Uploads the given files concurrently and then creates a vector store file batch.
+
+        If you've already uploaded certain files that you want to include in this batch
+        then you can pass their IDs through the `file_ids` argument.
+
+        By default, if any file upload fails then an exception will be eagerly raised.
+
+        The number of concurrency uploads is configurable using the `max_concurrency`
+        parameter.
+
+        Note: this method only supports `asyncio` or `trio` as the backing async
+        runtime.
+        """
+        uploaded_files: list[FileObject] = []
+
+        async_library = sniffio.current_async_library()
+
+        if async_library == "asyncio":
+
+            async def asyncio_upload_file(semaphore: asyncio.Semaphore, file: FileTypes) -> None:
+                async with semaphore:
+                    file_obj = await self._client.files.create(
+                        file=file,
+                        purpose="assistants",
+                    )
+                    uploaded_files.append(file_obj)
+
+            semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(max_concurrency)
+
+            tasks = [asyncio_upload_file(semaphore, file) for file in files]
+
+            await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+        elif async_library == "trio":
+            # We only import if the library is being used.
+            # We support Python 3.7 so are using an older version of trio that does not have type information
+            import trio  # type: ignore # pyright: ignore[reportMissingTypeStubs]
+
+            async def trio_upload_file(limiter: trio.CapacityLimiter, file: FileTypes) -> None:
+                async with limiter:
+                    file_obj = await self._client.files.create(
+                        file=file,
+                        purpose="assistants",
+                    )
+                    uploaded_files.append(file_obj)
+
+            limiter = trio.CapacityLimiter(max_concurrency)
+
+            async with trio.open_nursery() as nursery:
+                for file in files:
+                    nursery.start_soon(trio_upload_file, limiter, file)  # pyright: ignore [reportUnknownMemberType]
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Async runtime {async_library} is not supported yet. Only asyncio or trio is supported",
+            )
+
+        batch = await self.create_and_poll(
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            file_ids=[*file_ids, *(f.id for f in uploaded_files)],
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+            chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy,
+        )
+        return batch
+
+
+class FileBatchesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, file_batches: FileBatches) -> None:
+        self._file_batches = file_batches
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_files = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.list_files,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, file_batches: AsyncFileBatches) -> None:
+        self._file_batches = file_batches
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.cancel = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_files = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.list_files,
+        )
+
+
+class FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, file_batches: FileBatches) -> None:
+        self._file_batches = file_batches
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.cancel = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_files = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.list_files,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, file_batches: AsyncFileBatches) -> None:
+        self._file_batches = file_batches
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.cancel = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.cancel,
+        )
+        self.list_files = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            file_batches.list_files,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/files.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/files.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8603846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/files.py
@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, assert_never
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from ...types import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven, FileTypes
+from ..._utils import is_given, maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...pagination import SyncPage, AsyncPage, SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from ..._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ...types.vector_stores import file_list_params, file_create_params, file_update_params
+from ...types.file_chunking_strategy_param import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+from ...types.vector_stores.vector_store_file import VectorStoreFile
+from ...types.vector_stores.file_content_response import FileContentResponse
+from ...types.vector_stores.vector_store_file_deleted import VectorStoreFileDeleted
+
+__all__ = ["Files", "AsyncFiles"]
+
+
+class Files(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> FilesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return FilesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> FilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return FilesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        file_id: str,
+        attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """
+        Create a vector store file by attaching a
+        [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) to a
+        [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object).
+
+        Args:
+          file_id: A [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID that the
+              vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+              files.
+
+          attributes: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are strings with a maximum
+              length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a maximum length of 512
+              characters, booleans, or numbers.
+
+          chunking_strategy: The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s). If not set, will use the `auto`
+              strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is non-empty.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "file_id": file_id,
+                    "attributes": attributes,
+                    "chunking_strategy": chunking_strategy,
+                },
+                file_create_params.FileCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """
+        Retrieves a vector store file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """
+        Update attributes on a vector store file.
+
+        Args:
+          attributes: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are strings with a maximum
+              length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a maximum length of 512
+              characters, booleans, or numbers.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform({"attributes": attributes}, file_update_params.FileUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        filter: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "failed", "cancelled"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of vector store files.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          filter: Filter by file status. One of `in_progress`, `completed`, `failed`, `cancelled`.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "filter": filter,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    file_list_params.FileListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileDeleted:
+        """Delete a vector store file.
+
+        This will remove the file from the vector store but
+        the file itself will not be deleted. To delete the file, use the
+        [delete file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/delete)
+        endpoint.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileDeleted,
+        )
+
+    def create_and_poll(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Attach a file to the given vector store and wait for it to be processed."""
+        self.create(vector_store_id=vector_store_id, file_id=file_id, chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy)
+
+        return self.poll(
+            file_id,
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+        )
+
+    def poll(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Wait for the vector store file to finish processing.
+
+        Note: this will return even if the file failed to process, you need to check
+        file.last_error and file.status to handle these cases
+        """
+        headers: dict[str, str] = {"X-Stainless-Poll-Helper": "true"}
+        if is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+            headers["X-Stainless-Custom-Poll-Interval"] = str(poll_interval_ms)
+
+        while True:
+            response = self.with_raw_response.retrieve(
+                file_id,
+                vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+                extra_headers=headers,
+            )
+
+            file = response.parse()
+            if file.status == "in_progress":
+                if not is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+                    from_header = response.headers.get("openai-poll-after-ms")
+                    if from_header is not None:
+                        poll_interval_ms = int(from_header)
+                    else:
+                        poll_interval_ms = 1000
+
+                self._sleep(poll_interval_ms / 1000)
+            elif file.status == "cancelled" or file.status == "completed" or file.status == "failed":
+                return file
+            else:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                    assert_never(file.status)
+                else:
+                    return file
+
+    def upload(
+        self,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Upload a file to the `files` API and then attach it to the given vector store.
+
+        Note the file will be asynchronously processed (you can use the alternative
+        polling helper method to wait for processing to complete).
+        """
+        file_obj = self._client.files.create(file=file, purpose="assistants")
+        return self.create(vector_store_id=vector_store_id, file_id=file_obj.id, chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy)
+
+    def upload_and_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Add a file to a vector store and poll until processing is complete."""
+        file_obj = self._client.files.create(file=file, purpose="assistants")
+        return self.create_and_poll(
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            file_id=file_obj.id,
+            chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+        )
+
+    def content(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncPage[FileContentResponse]:
+        """
+        Retrieve the parsed contents of a vector store file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}/content",
+            page=SyncPage[FileContentResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=FileContentResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncFiles(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncFilesWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncFilesWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        file_id: str,
+        attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """
+        Create a vector store file by attaching a
+        [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) to a
+        [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object).
+
+        Args:
+          file_id: A [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID that the
+              vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+              files.
+
+          attributes: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are strings with a maximum
+              length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a maximum length of 512
+              characters, booleans, or numbers.
+
+          chunking_strategy: The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s). If not set, will use the `auto`
+              strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is non-empty.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "file_id": file_id,
+                    "attributes": attributes,
+                    "chunking_strategy": chunking_strategy,
+                },
+                file_create_params.FileCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """
+        Retrieves a vector store file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]],
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """
+        Update attributes on a vector store file.
+
+        Args:
+          attributes: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are strings with a maximum
+              length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a maximum length of 512
+              characters, booleans, or numbers.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform({"attributes": attributes}, file_update_params.FileUpdateParams),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        filter: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "failed", "cancelled"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[VectorStoreFile, AsyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of vector store files.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination. `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          filter: Filter by file status. One of `in_progress`, `completed`, `failed`, `cancelled`.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[VectorStoreFile],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "filter": filter,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    file_list_params.FileListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=VectorStoreFile,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFileDeleted:
+        """Delete a vector store file.
+
+        This will remove the file from the vector store but
+        the file itself will not be deleted. To delete the file, use the
+        [delete file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/delete)
+        endpoint.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreFileDeleted,
+        )
+
+    async def create_and_poll(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Attach a file to the given vector store and wait for it to be processed."""
+        await self.create(vector_store_id=vector_store_id, file_id=file_id, chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy)
+
+        return await self.poll(
+            file_id,
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+        )
+
+    async def poll(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Wait for the vector store file to finish processing.
+
+        Note: this will return even if the file failed to process, you need to check
+        file.last_error and file.status to handle these cases
+        """
+        headers: dict[str, str] = {"X-Stainless-Poll-Helper": "true"}
+        if is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+            headers["X-Stainless-Custom-Poll-Interval"] = str(poll_interval_ms)
+
+        while True:
+            response = await self.with_raw_response.retrieve(
+                file_id,
+                vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+                extra_headers=headers,
+            )
+
+            file = response.parse()
+            if file.status == "in_progress":
+                if not is_given(poll_interval_ms):
+                    from_header = response.headers.get("openai-poll-after-ms")
+                    if from_header is not None:
+                        poll_interval_ms = int(from_header)
+                    else:
+                        poll_interval_ms = 1000
+
+                await self._sleep(poll_interval_ms / 1000)
+            elif file.status == "cancelled" or file.status == "completed" or file.status == "failed":
+                return file
+            else:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:  # type: ignore[unreachable]
+                    assert_never(file.status)
+                else:
+                    return file
+
+    async def upload(
+        self,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Upload a file to the `files` API and then attach it to the given vector store.
+
+        Note the file will be asynchronously processed (you can use the alternative
+        polling helper method to wait for processing to complete).
+        """
+        file_obj = await self._client.files.create(file=file, purpose="assistants")
+        return await self.create(
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id, file_id=file_obj.id, chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy
+        )
+
+    async def upload_and_poll(
+        self,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        file: FileTypes,
+        poll_interval_ms: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreFile:
+        """Add a file to a vector store and poll until processing is complete."""
+        file_obj = await self._client.files.create(file=file, purpose="assistants")
+        return await self.create_and_poll(
+            vector_store_id=vector_store_id,
+            file_id=file_obj.id,
+            poll_interval_ms=poll_interval_ms,
+            chunking_strategy=chunking_strategy,
+        )
+
+    def content(
+        self,
+        file_id: str,
+        *,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[FileContentResponse, AsyncPage[FileContentResponse]]:
+        """
+        Retrieve the parsed contents of a vector store file.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        if not file_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `file_id` but received {file_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/files/{file_id}/content",
+            page=AsyncPage[FileContentResponse],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=FileContentResponse,
+        )
+
+
+class FilesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: Files) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncFilesWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: AsyncFiles) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+        )
+
+
+class FilesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: Files) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.update,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, files: AsyncFiles) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.update,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.delete,
+        )
+        self.content = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            files.content,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/vector_stores.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/vector_stores.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fc17b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/resources/vector_stores/vector_stores.py
@@ -0,0 +1,865 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+import httpx
+
+from ... import _legacy_response
+from .files import (
+    Files,
+    AsyncFiles,
+    FilesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncFilesWithRawResponse,
+    FilesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ...types import (
+    FileChunkingStrategyParam,
+    vector_store_list_params,
+    vector_store_create_params,
+    vector_store_search_params,
+    vector_store_update_params,
+)
+from ..._types import NOT_GIVEN, Body, Query, Headers, NotGiven
+from ..._utils import maybe_transform, async_maybe_transform
+from ..._compat import cached_property
+from ..._resource import SyncAPIResource, AsyncAPIResource
+from ..._response import to_streamed_response_wrapper, async_to_streamed_response_wrapper
+from ...pagination import SyncPage, AsyncPage, SyncCursorPage, AsyncCursorPage
+from .file_batches import (
+    FileBatches,
+    AsyncFileBatches,
+    FileBatchesWithRawResponse,
+    AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse,
+    FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse,
+    AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse,
+)
+from ..._base_client import AsyncPaginator, make_request_options
+from ...types.vector_store import VectorStore
+from ...types.vector_store_deleted import VectorStoreDeleted
+from ...types.shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ...types.file_chunking_strategy_param import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+from ...types.vector_store_search_response import VectorStoreSearchResponse
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStores", "AsyncVectorStores"]
+
+
+class VectorStores(SyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> Files:
+        return Files(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_batches(self) -> FileBatches:
+        return FileBatches(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> VectorStoresWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return VectorStoresWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        expires_after: vector_store_create_params.ExpiresAfter | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        file_ids: List[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStore:
+        """
+        Create a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          chunking_strategy: The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s). If not set, will use the `auto`
+              strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is non-empty.
+
+          expires_after: The expiration policy for a vector store.
+
+          file_ids: A list of [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs that
+              the vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+              files.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the vector store.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            "/vector_stores",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "chunking_strategy": chunking_strategy,
+                    "expires_after": expires_after,
+                    "file_ids": file_ids,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                vector_store_create_params.VectorStoreCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    def retrieve(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStore:
+        """
+        Retrieves a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        expires_after: Optional[vector_store_update_params.ExpiresAfter] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStore:
+        """
+        Modifies a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          expires_after: The expiration policy for a vector store.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the vector store.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}",
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "expires_after": expires_after,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                vector_store_update_params.VectorStoreUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncCursorPage[VectorStore]:
+        """Returns a list of vector stores.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/vector_stores",
+            page=SyncCursorPage[VectorStore],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    vector_store_list_params.VectorStoreListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._delete(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreDeleted,
+        )
+
+    def search(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        query: Union[str, List[str]],
+        filters: vector_store_search_params.Filters | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_num_results: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        ranking_options: vector_store_search_params.RankingOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        rewrite_query: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> SyncPage[VectorStoreSearchResponse]:
+        """
+        Search a vector store for relevant chunks based on a query and file attributes
+        filter.
+
+        Args:
+          query: A query string for a search
+
+          filters: A filter to apply based on file attributes.
+
+          max_num_results: The maximum number of results to return. This number should be between 1 and 50
+              inclusive.
+
+          ranking_options: Ranking options for search.
+
+          rewrite_query: Whether to rewrite the natural language query for vector search.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/search",
+            page=SyncPage[VectorStoreSearchResponse],
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "query": query,
+                    "filters": filters,
+                    "max_num_results": max_num_results,
+                    "ranking_options": ranking_options,
+                    "rewrite_query": rewrite_query,
+                },
+                vector_store_search_params.VectorStoreSearchParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=VectorStoreSearchResponse,
+            method="post",
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncVectorStores(AsyncAPIResource):
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> AsyncFiles:
+        return AsyncFiles(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_batches(self) -> AsyncFileBatches:
+        return AsyncFileBatches(self._client)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_raw_response(self) -> AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse:
+        """
+        This property can be used as a prefix for any HTTP method call to return
+        the raw response object instead of the parsed content.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#accessing-raw-response-data-eg-headers
+        """
+        return AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def with_streaming_response(self) -> AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse:
+        """
+        An alternative to `.with_raw_response` that doesn't eagerly read the response body.
+
+        For more information, see https://www.github.com/openai/openai-python#with_streaming_response
+        """
+        return AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse(self)
+
+    async def create(
+        self,
+        *,
+        chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        expires_after: vector_store_create_params.ExpiresAfter | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        file_ids: List[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStore:
+        """
+        Create a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          chunking_strategy: The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s). If not set, will use the `auto`
+              strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is non-empty.
+
+          expires_after: The expiration policy for a vector store.
+
+          file_ids: A list of [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs that
+              the vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+              files.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the vector store.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            "/vector_stores",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "chunking_strategy": chunking_strategy,
+                    "expires_after": expires_after,
+                    "file_ids": file_ids,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                vector_store_create_params.VectorStoreCreateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    async def retrieve(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStore:
+        """
+        Retrieves a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._get(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    async def update(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        expires_after: Optional[vector_store_update_params.ExpiresAfter] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        metadata: Optional[Metadata] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        name: Optional[str] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStore:
+        """
+        Modifies a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          expires_after: The expiration policy for a vector store.
+
+          metadata: Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object. This can be useful
+              for storing additional information about the object in a structured format, and
+              querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+              Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+              a maximum length of 512 characters.
+
+          name: The name of the vector store.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._post(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}",
+            body=await async_maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "expires_after": expires_after,
+                    "metadata": metadata,
+                    "name": name,
+                },
+                vector_store_update_params.VectorStoreUpdateParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    def list(
+        self,
+        *,
+        after: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        before: str | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        limit: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        order: Literal["asc", "desc"] | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[VectorStore, AsyncCursorPage[VectorStore]]:
+        """Returns a list of vector stores.
+
+        Args:
+          after: A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+        `after` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              ending with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to
+              fetch the next page of the list.
+
+          before: A cursor for use in pagination. `before` is an object ID that defines your place
+              in the list. For instance, if you make a list request and receive 100 objects,
+              starting with obj_foo, your subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order
+              to fetch the previous page of the list.
+
+          limit: A limit on the number of objects to be returned. Limit can range between 1 and
+              100, and the default is 20.
+
+          order: Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects. `asc` for ascending
+              order and `desc` for descending order.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            "/vector_stores",
+            page=AsyncCursorPage[VectorStore],
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                extra_query=extra_query,
+                extra_body=extra_body,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                query=maybe_transform(
+                    {
+                        "after": after,
+                        "before": before,
+                        "limit": limit,
+                        "order": order,
+                    },
+                    vector_store_list_params.VectorStoreListParams,
+                ),
+            ),
+            model=VectorStore,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> VectorStoreDeleted:
+        """
+        Delete a vector store.
+
+        Args:
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return await self._delete(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}",
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            cast_to=VectorStoreDeleted,
+        )
+
+    def search(
+        self,
+        vector_store_id: str,
+        *,
+        query: Union[str, List[str]],
+        filters: vector_store_search_params.Filters | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        max_num_results: int | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        ranking_options: vector_store_search_params.RankingOptions | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        rewrite_query: bool | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        # Use the following arguments if you need to pass additional parameters to the API that aren't available via kwargs.
+        # The extra values given here take precedence over values defined on the client or passed to this method.
+        extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+        extra_query: Query | None = None,
+        extra_body: Body | None = None,
+        timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[VectorStoreSearchResponse, AsyncPage[VectorStoreSearchResponse]]:
+        """
+        Search a vector store for relevant chunks based on a query and file attributes
+        filter.
+
+        Args:
+          query: A query string for a search
+
+          filters: A filter to apply based on file attributes.
+
+          max_num_results: The maximum number of results to return. This number should be between 1 and 50
+              inclusive.
+
+          ranking_options: Ranking options for search.
+
+          rewrite_query: Whether to rewrite the natural language query for vector search.
+
+          extra_headers: Send extra headers
+
+          extra_query: Add additional query parameters to the request
+
+          extra_body: Add additional JSON properties to the request
+
+          timeout: Override the client-level default timeout for this request, in seconds
+        """
+        if not vector_store_id:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected a non-empty value for `vector_store_id` but received {vector_store_id!r}")
+        extra_headers = {"OpenAI-Beta": "assistants=v2", **(extra_headers or {})}
+        return self._get_api_list(
+            f"/vector_stores/{vector_store_id}/search",
+            page=AsyncPage[VectorStoreSearchResponse],
+            body=maybe_transform(
+                {
+                    "query": query,
+                    "filters": filters,
+                    "max_num_results": max_num_results,
+                    "ranking_options": ranking_options,
+                    "rewrite_query": rewrite_query,
+                },
+                vector_store_search_params.VectorStoreSearchParams,
+            ),
+            options=make_request_options(
+                extra_headers=extra_headers, extra_query=extra_query, extra_body=extra_body, timeout=timeout
+            ),
+            model=VectorStoreSearchResponse,
+            method="post",
+        )
+
+
+class VectorStoresWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, vector_stores: VectorStores) -> None:
+        self._vector_stores = vector_stores
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.delete,
+        )
+        self.search = _legacy_response.to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.search,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> FilesWithRawResponse:
+        return FilesWithRawResponse(self._vector_stores.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_batches(self) -> FileBatchesWithRawResponse:
+        return FileBatchesWithRawResponse(self._vector_stores.file_batches)
+
+
+class AsyncVectorStoresWithRawResponse:
+    def __init__(self, vector_stores: AsyncVectorStores) -> None:
+        self._vector_stores = vector_stores
+
+        self.create = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.update,
+        )
+        self.list = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.delete,
+        )
+        self.search = _legacy_response.async_to_raw_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.search,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> AsyncFilesWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncFilesWithRawResponse(self._vector_stores.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_batches(self) -> AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse:
+        return AsyncFileBatchesWithRawResponse(self._vector_stores.file_batches)
+
+
+class VectorStoresWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, vector_stores: VectorStores) -> None:
+        self._vector_stores = vector_stores
+
+        self.create = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.update,
+        )
+        self.list = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.delete,
+        )
+        self.search = to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.search,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> FilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return FilesWithStreamingResponse(self._vector_stores.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_batches(self) -> FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return FileBatchesWithStreamingResponse(self._vector_stores.file_batches)
+
+
+class AsyncVectorStoresWithStreamingResponse:
+    def __init__(self, vector_stores: AsyncVectorStores) -> None:
+        self._vector_stores = vector_stores
+
+        self.create = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.create,
+        )
+        self.retrieve = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.retrieve,
+        )
+        self.update = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.update,
+        )
+        self.list = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.list,
+        )
+        self.delete = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.delete,
+        )
+        self.search = async_to_streamed_response_wrapper(
+            vector_stores.search,
+        )
+
+    @cached_property
+    def files(self) -> AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncFilesWithStreamingResponse(self._vector_stores.files)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_batches(self) -> AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse:
+        return AsyncFileBatchesWithStreamingResponse(self._vector_stores.file_batches)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf5493fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .batch import Batch as Batch
+from .image import Image as Image
+from .model import Model as Model
+from .shared import (
+    Metadata as Metadata,
+    AllModels as AllModels,
+    ChatModel as ChatModel,
+    Reasoning as Reasoning,
+    ErrorObject as ErrorObject,
+    CompoundFilter as CompoundFilter,
+    ResponsesModel as ResponsesModel,
+    ReasoningEffort as ReasoningEffort,
+    ComparisonFilter as ComparisonFilter,
+    FunctionDefinition as FunctionDefinition,
+    FunctionParameters as FunctionParameters,
+    ResponseFormatText as ResponseFormatText,
+    ResponseFormatJSONObject as ResponseFormatJSONObject,
+    ResponseFormatJSONSchema as ResponseFormatJSONSchema,
+)
+from .upload import Upload as Upload
+from .embedding import Embedding as Embedding
+from .chat_model import ChatModel as ChatModel
+from .completion import Completion as Completion
+from .moderation import Moderation as Moderation
+from .audio_model import AudioModel as AudioModel
+from .batch_error import BatchError as BatchError
+from .file_object import FileObject as FileObject
+from .image_model import ImageModel as ImageModel
+from .file_content import FileContent as FileContent
+from .file_deleted import FileDeleted as FileDeleted
+from .file_purpose import FilePurpose as FilePurpose
+from .vector_store import VectorStore as VectorStore
+from .model_deleted import ModelDeleted as ModelDeleted
+from .embedding_model import EmbeddingModel as EmbeddingModel
+from .images_response import ImagesResponse as ImagesResponse
+from .completion_usage import CompletionUsage as CompletionUsage
+from .eval_list_params import EvalListParams as EvalListParams
+from .file_list_params import FileListParams as FileListParams
+from .moderation_model import ModerationModel as ModerationModel
+from .batch_list_params import BatchListParams as BatchListParams
+from .completion_choice import CompletionChoice as CompletionChoice
+from .image_edit_params import ImageEditParams as ImageEditParams
+from .eval_create_params import EvalCreateParams as EvalCreateParams
+from .eval_list_response import EvalListResponse as EvalListResponse
+from .eval_update_params import EvalUpdateParams as EvalUpdateParams
+from .file_create_params import FileCreateParams as FileCreateParams
+from .batch_create_params import BatchCreateParams as BatchCreateParams
+from .batch_request_counts import BatchRequestCounts as BatchRequestCounts
+from .eval_create_response import EvalCreateResponse as EvalCreateResponse
+from .eval_delete_response import EvalDeleteResponse as EvalDeleteResponse
+from .eval_update_response import EvalUpdateResponse as EvalUpdateResponse
+from .upload_create_params import UploadCreateParams as UploadCreateParams
+from .vector_store_deleted import VectorStoreDeleted as VectorStoreDeleted
+from .audio_response_format import AudioResponseFormat as AudioResponseFormat
+from .image_generate_params import ImageGenerateParams as ImageGenerateParams
+from .eval_retrieve_response import EvalRetrieveResponse as EvalRetrieveResponse
+from .file_chunking_strategy import FileChunkingStrategy as FileChunkingStrategy
+from .upload_complete_params import UploadCompleteParams as UploadCompleteParams
+from .embedding_create_params import EmbeddingCreateParams as EmbeddingCreateParams
+from .completion_create_params import CompletionCreateParams as CompletionCreateParams
+from .moderation_create_params import ModerationCreateParams as ModerationCreateParams
+from .vector_store_list_params import VectorStoreListParams as VectorStoreListParams
+from .create_embedding_response import CreateEmbeddingResponse as CreateEmbeddingResponse
+from .moderation_create_response import ModerationCreateResponse as ModerationCreateResponse
+from .vector_store_create_params import VectorStoreCreateParams as VectorStoreCreateParams
+from .vector_store_search_params import VectorStoreSearchParams as VectorStoreSearchParams
+from .vector_store_update_params import VectorStoreUpdateParams as VectorStoreUpdateParams
+from .moderation_text_input_param import ModerationTextInputParam as ModerationTextInputParam
+from .file_chunking_strategy_param import FileChunkingStrategyParam as FileChunkingStrategyParam
+from .vector_store_search_response import VectorStoreSearchResponse as VectorStoreSearchResponse
+from .websocket_connection_options import WebsocketConnectionOptions as WebsocketConnectionOptions
+from .image_create_variation_params import ImageCreateVariationParams as ImageCreateVariationParams
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy import StaticFileChunkingStrategy as StaticFileChunkingStrategy
+from .eval_custom_data_source_config import EvalCustomDataSourceConfig as EvalCustomDataSourceConfig
+from .moderation_image_url_input_param import ModerationImageURLInputParam as ModerationImageURLInputParam
+from .auto_file_chunking_strategy_param import AutoFileChunkingStrategyParam as AutoFileChunkingStrategyParam
+from .moderation_multi_modal_input_param import ModerationMultiModalInputParam as ModerationMultiModalInputParam
+from .other_file_chunking_strategy_object import OtherFileChunkingStrategyObject as OtherFileChunkingStrategyObject
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy_param import StaticFileChunkingStrategyParam as StaticFileChunkingStrategyParam
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy_object import StaticFileChunkingStrategyObject as StaticFileChunkingStrategyObject
+from .eval_stored_completions_data_source_config import (
+    EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig as EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig,
+)
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy_object_param import (
+    StaticFileChunkingStrategyObjectParam as StaticFileChunkingStrategyObjectParam,
+)
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .translation import Translation as Translation
+from .speech_model import SpeechModel as SpeechModel
+from .transcription import Transcription as Transcription
+from .transcription_word import TranscriptionWord as TranscriptionWord
+from .translation_verbose import TranslationVerbose as TranslationVerbose
+from .speech_create_params import SpeechCreateParams as SpeechCreateParams
+from .transcription_include import TranscriptionInclude as TranscriptionInclude
+from .transcription_segment import TranscriptionSegment as TranscriptionSegment
+from .transcription_verbose import TranscriptionVerbose as TranscriptionVerbose
+from .translation_create_params import TranslationCreateParams as TranslationCreateParams
+from .transcription_stream_event import TranscriptionStreamEvent as TranscriptionStreamEvent
+from .transcription_create_params import TranscriptionCreateParams as TranscriptionCreateParams
+from .translation_create_response import TranslationCreateResponse as TranslationCreateResponse
+from .transcription_create_response import TranscriptionCreateResponse as TranscriptionCreateResponse
+from .transcription_text_done_event import TranscriptionTextDoneEvent as TranscriptionTextDoneEvent
+from .transcription_text_delta_event import TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent as TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/speech_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/speech_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..905ca5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/speech_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .speech_model import SpeechModel
+
+__all__ = ["SpeechCreateParams"]
+
+
+class SpeechCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[str]
+    """The text to generate audio for. The maximum length is 4096 characters."""
+
+    model: Required[Union[str, SpeechModel]]
+    """
+    One of the available [TTS models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#tts):
+    `tts-1`, `tts-1-hd` or `gpt-4o-mini-tts`.
+    """
+
+    voice: Required[
+        Union[
+            str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+        ]
+    ]
+    """The voice to use when generating the audio.
+
+    Supported voices are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`, `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`,
+    `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and `verse`. Previews of the voices are available in
+    the
+    [Text to speech guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-to-speech#voice-options).
+    """
+
+    instructions: str
+    """Control the voice of your generated audio with additional instructions.
+
+    Does not work with `tts-1` or `tts-1-hd`.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Literal["mp3", "opus", "aac", "flac", "wav", "pcm"]
+    """The format to audio in.
+
+    Supported formats are `mp3`, `opus`, `aac`, `flac`, `wav`, and `pcm`.
+    """
+
+    speed: float
+    """The speed of the generated audio.
+
+    Select a value from `0.25` to `4.0`. `1.0` is the default. Does not work with
+    `gpt-4o-mini-tts`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/speech_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/speech_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f004f805
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/speech_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["SpeechModel"]
+
+SpeechModel: TypeAlias = Literal["tts-1", "tts-1-hd", "gpt-4o-mini-tts"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15763854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["Transcription", "Logprob"]
+
+
+class Logprob(BaseModel):
+    token: Optional[str] = None
+    """The token in the transcription."""
+
+    bytes: Optional[List[float]] = None
+    """The bytes of the token."""
+
+    logprob: Optional[float] = None
+    """The log probability of the token."""
+
+
+class Transcription(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The transcribed text."""
+
+    logprobs: Optional[List[Logprob]] = None
+    """The log probabilities of the tokens in the transcription.
+
+    Only returned with the models `gpt-4o-transcribe` and `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`
+    if `logprobs` is added to the `include` array.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cda4c79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..._types import FileTypes
+from ..audio_model import AudioModel
+from .transcription_include import TranscriptionInclude
+from ..audio_response_format import AudioResponseFormat
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TranscriptionCreateParamsBase",
+    "TranscriptionCreateParamsNonStreaming",
+    "TranscriptionCreateParamsStreaming",
+]
+
+
+class TranscriptionCreateParamsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file: Required[FileTypes]
+    """
+    The audio file object (not file name) to transcribe, in one of these formats:
+    flac, mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+    """
+
+    model: Required[Union[str, AudioModel]]
+    """ID of the model to use.
+
+    The options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`, `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`
+    (which is powered by our open source Whisper V2 model).
+    """
+
+    include: List[TranscriptionInclude]
+    """Additional information to include in the transcription response.
+
+    `logprobs` will return the log probabilities of the tokens in the response to
+    understand the model's confidence in the transcription. `logprobs` only works
+    with response_format set to `json` and only with the models `gpt-4o-transcribe`
+    and `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`.
+    """
+
+    language: str
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    prompt: str
+    """An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment.
+
+    The [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+    should match the audio language.
+    """
+
+    response_format: AudioResponseFormat
+    """
+    The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+    `verbose_json`, or `vtt`. For `gpt-4o-transcribe` and `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`,
+    the only supported format is `json`.
+    """
+
+    temperature: float
+    """The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+    [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+    automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+    """
+
+    timestamp_granularities: List[Literal["word", "segment"]]
+    """The timestamp granularities to populate for this transcription.
+
+    `response_format` must be set `verbose_json` to use timestamp granularities.
+    Either or both of these options are supported: `word`, or `segment`. Note: There
+    is no additional latency for segment timestamps, but generating word timestamps
+    incurs additional latency.
+    """
+
+
+class TranscriptionCreateParamsNonStreaming(TranscriptionCreateParamsBase, total=False):
+    stream: Optional[Literal[False]]
+    """
+    If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+    generated using
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+    See the
+    [Streaming section of the Speech-to-Text guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text?lang=curl#streaming-transcriptions)
+    for more information.
+
+    Note: Streaming is not supported for the `whisper-1` model and will be ignored.
+    """
+
+
+class TranscriptionCreateParamsStreaming(TranscriptionCreateParamsBase):
+    stream: Required[Literal[True]]
+    """
+    If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+    generated using
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+    See the
+    [Streaming section of the Speech-to-Text guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text?lang=curl#streaming-transcriptions)
+    for more information.
+
+    Note: Streaming is not supported for the `whisper-1` model and will be ignored.
+    """
+
+
+TranscriptionCreateParams = Union[TranscriptionCreateParamsNonStreaming, TranscriptionCreateParamsStreaming]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_create_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_create_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f7bed81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_create_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .transcription import Transcription
+from .transcription_verbose import TranscriptionVerbose
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionCreateResponse"]
+
+TranscriptionCreateResponse: TypeAlias = Union[Transcription, TranscriptionVerbose]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_include.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_include.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e464ac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_include.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionInclude"]
+
+TranscriptionInclude: TypeAlias = Literal["logprobs"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_segment.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_segment.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..522c401e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_segment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionSegment"]
+
+
+class TranscriptionSegment(BaseModel):
+    id: int
+    """Unique identifier of the segment."""
+
+    avg_logprob: float
+    """Average logprob of the segment.
+
+    If the value is lower than -1, consider the logprobs failed.
+    """
+
+    compression_ratio: float
+    """Compression ratio of the segment.
+
+    If the value is greater than 2.4, consider the compression failed.
+    """
+
+    end: float
+    """End time of the segment in seconds."""
+
+    no_speech_prob: float
+    """Probability of no speech in the segment.
+
+    If the value is higher than 1.0 and the `avg_logprob` is below -1, consider this
+    segment silent.
+    """
+
+    seek: int
+    """Seek offset of the segment."""
+
+    start: float
+    """Start time of the segment in seconds."""
+
+    temperature: float
+    """Temperature parameter used for generating the segment."""
+
+    text: str
+    """Text content of the segment."""
+
+    tokens: List[int]
+    """Array of token IDs for the text content."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_stream_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_stream_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..757077a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_stream_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .transcription_text_done_event import TranscriptionTextDoneEvent
+from .transcription_text_delta_event import TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionStreamEvent"]
+
+TranscriptionStreamEvent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent, TranscriptionTextDoneEvent], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_text_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_text_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8d53554
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_text_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent", "Logprob"]
+
+
+class Logprob(BaseModel):
+    token: Optional[str] = None
+    """The token that was used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    bytes: Optional[List[object]] = None
+    """The bytes that were used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    logprob: Optional[float] = None
+    """The log probability of the token."""
+
+
+class TranscriptionTextDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    delta: str
+    """The text delta that was additionally transcribed."""
+
+    type: Literal["transcript.text.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `transcript.text.delta`."""
+
+    logprobs: Optional[List[Logprob]] = None
+    """The log probabilities of the delta.
+
+    Only included if you
+    [create a transcription](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/create-transcription)
+    with the `include[]` parameter set to `logprobs`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_text_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_text_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f1a713a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_text_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionTextDoneEvent", "Logprob"]
+
+
+class Logprob(BaseModel):
+    token: Optional[str] = None
+    """The token that was used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    bytes: Optional[List[object]] = None
+    """The bytes that were used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    logprob: Optional[float] = None
+    """The log probability of the token."""
+
+
+class TranscriptionTextDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text that was transcribed."""
+
+    type: Literal["transcript.text.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `transcript.text.done`."""
+
+    logprobs: Optional[List[Logprob]] = None
+    """The log probabilities of the individual tokens in the transcription.
+
+    Only included if you
+    [create a transcription](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/create-transcription)
+    with the `include[]` parameter set to `logprobs`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_verbose.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_verbose.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a670189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_verbose.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .transcription_word import TranscriptionWord
+from .transcription_segment import TranscriptionSegment
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionVerbose"]
+
+
+class TranscriptionVerbose(BaseModel):
+    duration: float
+    """The duration of the input audio."""
+
+    language: str
+    """The language of the input audio."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The transcribed text."""
+
+    segments: Optional[List[TranscriptionSegment]] = None
+    """Segments of the transcribed text and their corresponding details."""
+
+    words: Optional[List[TranscriptionWord]] = None
+    """Extracted words and their corresponding timestamps."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_word.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_word.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ce682f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/transcription_word.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionWord"]
+
+
+class TranscriptionWord(BaseModel):
+    end: float
+    """End time of the word in seconds."""
+
+    start: float
+    """Start time of the word in seconds."""
+
+    word: str
+    """The text content of the word."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efc56f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["Translation"]
+
+
+class Translation(BaseModel):
+    text: str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b23a1853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..._types import FileTypes
+from ..audio_model import AudioModel
+
+__all__ = ["TranslationCreateParams"]
+
+
+class TranslationCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file: Required[FileTypes]
+    """
+    The audio file object (not file name) translate, in one of these formats: flac,
+    mp3, mp4, mpeg, mpga, m4a, ogg, wav, or webm.
+    """
+
+    model: Required[Union[str, AudioModel]]
+    """ID of the model to use.
+
+    Only `whisper-1` (which is powered by our open source Whisper V2 model) is
+    currently available.
+    """
+
+    prompt: str
+    """An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment.
+
+    The [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+    should be in English.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Literal["json", "text", "srt", "verbose_json", "vtt"]
+    """
+    The format of the output, in one of these options: `json`, `text`, `srt`,
+    `verbose_json`, or `vtt`.
+    """
+
+    temperature: float
+    """The sampling temperature, between 0 and 1.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic. If set to 0, the model will use
+    [log probability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_probability) to
+    automatically increase the temperature until certain thresholds are hit.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_create_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_create_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9953813c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_create_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .translation import Translation
+from .translation_verbose import TranslationVerbose
+
+__all__ = ["TranslationCreateResponse"]
+
+TranslationCreateResponse: TypeAlias = Union[Translation, TranslationVerbose]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_verbose.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_verbose.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27cb02d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio/translation_verbose.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .transcription_segment import TranscriptionSegment
+
+__all__ = ["TranslationVerbose"]
+
+
+class TranslationVerbose(BaseModel):
+    duration: float
+    """The duration of the input audio."""
+
+    language: str
+    """The language of the output translation (always `english`)."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The translated text."""
+
+    segments: Optional[List[TranscriptionSegment]] = None
+    """Segments of the translated text and their corresponding details."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d14d601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["AudioModel"]
+
+AudioModel: TypeAlias = Literal["whisper-1", "gpt-4o-transcribe", "gpt-4o-mini-transcribe"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio_response_format.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio_response_format.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8c8d459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/audio_response_format.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["AudioResponseFormat"]
+
+AudioResponseFormat: TypeAlias = Literal["json", "text", "srt", "verbose_json", "vtt"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/auto_file_chunking_strategy_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/auto_file_chunking_strategy_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f17836b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/auto_file_chunking_strategy_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["AutoFileChunkingStrategyParam"]
+
+
+class AutoFileChunkingStrategyParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["auto"]]
+    """Always `auto`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35de90ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .batch_error import BatchError
+from .shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .batch_request_counts import BatchRequestCounts
+
+__all__ = ["Batch", "Errors"]
+
+
+class Errors(BaseModel):
+    data: Optional[List[BatchError]] = None
+
+    object: Optional[str] = None
+    """The object type, which is always `list`."""
+
+
+class Batch(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    completion_window: str
+    """The time frame within which the batch should be processed."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch was created."""
+
+    endpoint: str
+    """The OpenAI API endpoint used by the batch."""
+
+    input_file_id: str
+    """The ID of the input file for the batch."""
+
+    object: Literal["batch"]
+    """The object type, which is always `batch`."""
+
+    status: Literal[
+        "validating", "failed", "in_progress", "finalizing", "completed", "expired", "cancelling", "cancelled"
+    ]
+    """The current status of the batch."""
+
+    cancelled_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch was cancelled."""
+
+    cancelling_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch started cancelling."""
+
+    completed_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch was completed."""
+
+    error_file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the file containing the outputs of requests with errors."""
+
+    errors: Optional[Errors] = None
+
+    expired_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch expired."""
+
+    expires_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch will expire."""
+
+    failed_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch failed."""
+
+    finalizing_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch started finalizing."""
+
+    in_progress_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the batch started processing."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    output_file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the file containing the outputs of successfully executed requests."""
+
+    request_counts: Optional[BatchRequestCounts] = None
+    """The request counts for different statuses within the batch."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc95afd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["BatchCreateParams"]
+
+
+class BatchCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    completion_window: Required[Literal["24h"]]
+    """The time frame within which the batch should be processed.
+
+    Currently only `24h` is supported.
+    """
+
+    endpoint: Required[Literal["/v1/responses", "/v1/chat/completions", "/v1/embeddings", "/v1/completions"]]
+    """The endpoint to be used for all requests in the batch.
+
+    Currently `/v1/responses`, `/v1/chat/completions`, `/v1/embeddings`, and
+    `/v1/completions` are supported. Note that `/v1/embeddings` batches are also
+    restricted to a maximum of 50,000 embedding inputs across all requests in the
+    batch.
+    """
+
+    input_file_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of an uploaded file that contains requests for the new batch.
+
+    See [upload file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create)
+    for how to upload a file.
+
+    Your input file must be formatted as a
+    [JSONL file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/batch/request-input),
+    and must be uploaded with the purpose `batch`. The file can contain up to 50,000
+    requests, and can be up to 200 MB in size.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_error.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_error.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cdd808d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["BatchError"]
+
+
+class BatchError(BaseModel):
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+    """An error code identifying the error type."""
+
+    line: Optional[int] = None
+    """The line number of the input file where the error occurred, if applicable."""
+
+    message: Optional[str] = None
+    """A human-readable message providing more details about the error."""
+
+    param: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the parameter that caused the error, if applicable."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef5e966b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["BatchListParams"]
+
+
+class BatchListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_request_counts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_request_counts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..068b071a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/batch_request_counts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["BatchRequestCounts"]
+
+
+class BatchRequestCounts(BaseModel):
+    completed: int
+    """Number of requests that have been completed successfully."""
+
+    failed: int
+    """Number of requests that have failed."""
+
+    total: int
+    """Total number of requests in the batch."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ba3eadf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .thread import Thread as Thread
+from .assistant import Assistant as Assistant
+from .function_tool import FunctionTool as FunctionTool
+from .assistant_tool import AssistantTool as AssistantTool
+from .thread_deleted import ThreadDeleted as ThreadDeleted
+from .file_search_tool import FileSearchTool as FileSearchTool
+from .assistant_deleted import AssistantDeleted as AssistantDeleted
+from .function_tool_param import FunctionToolParam as FunctionToolParam
+from .assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam as AssistantToolParam
+from .thread_create_params import ThreadCreateParams as ThreadCreateParams
+from .thread_update_params import ThreadUpdateParams as ThreadUpdateParams
+from .assistant_list_params import AssistantListParams as AssistantListParams
+from .assistant_tool_choice import AssistantToolChoice as AssistantToolChoice
+from .code_interpreter_tool import CodeInterpreterTool as CodeInterpreterTool
+from .assistant_stream_event import AssistantStreamEvent as AssistantStreamEvent
+from .file_search_tool_param import FileSearchToolParam as FileSearchToolParam
+from .assistant_create_params import AssistantCreateParams as AssistantCreateParams
+from .assistant_update_params import AssistantUpdateParams as AssistantUpdateParams
+from .assistant_tool_choice_param import AssistantToolChoiceParam as AssistantToolChoiceParam
+from .code_interpreter_tool_param import CodeInterpreterToolParam as CodeInterpreterToolParam
+from .assistant_tool_choice_option import AssistantToolChoiceOption as AssistantToolChoiceOption
+from .thread_create_and_run_params import ThreadCreateAndRunParams as ThreadCreateAndRunParams
+from .assistant_tool_choice_function import AssistantToolChoiceFunction as AssistantToolChoiceFunction
+from .assistant_response_format_option import AssistantResponseFormatOption as AssistantResponseFormatOption
+from .assistant_tool_choice_option_param import AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam as AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam
+from .assistant_tool_choice_function_param import AssistantToolChoiceFunctionParam as AssistantToolChoiceFunctionParam
+from .assistant_response_format_option_param import (
+    AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam as AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam,
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58421e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .assistant_tool import AssistantTool
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .assistant_response_format_option import AssistantResponseFormatOption
+
+__all__ = ["Assistant", "ToolResources", "ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter", "ToolResourcesFileSearch"]
+
+
+class ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(BaseModel):
+    file_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made
+    available to the `code_interpreter`` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files
+    associated with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearch(BaseModel):
+    vector_store_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this assistant. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the assistant.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResources(BaseModel):
+    code_interpreter: Optional[ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter] = None
+
+    file_search: Optional[ToolResourcesFileSearch] = None
+
+
+class Assistant(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the assistant was created."""
+
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """The description of the assistant. The maximum length is 512 characters."""
+
+    instructions: Optional[str] = None
+    """The system instructions that the assistant uses.
+
+    The maximum length is 256,000 characters.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """ID of the model to use.
+
+    You can use the
+    [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+    see all of your available models, or see our
+    [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+    them.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the assistant. The maximum length is 256 characters."""
+
+    object: Literal["assistant"]
+    """The object type, which is always `assistant`."""
+
+    tools: List[AssistantTool]
+    """A list of tool enabled on the assistant.
+
+    There can be a maximum of 128 tools per assistant. Tools can be of types
+    `code_interpreter`, `file_search`, or `function`.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOption] = None
+    """Specifies the format that the model must output.
+
+    Compatible with [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+    [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+    and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+    Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+    in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+    message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+    **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+    produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+    generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+    limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+    the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+    indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+    max context length.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic.
+    """
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ToolResources] = None
+    """A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools.
+
+    The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b3c3318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from .assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from .assistant_response_format_option_param import AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AssistantCreateParams",
+    "ToolResources",
+    "ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearch",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic",
+]
+
+
+class AssistantCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    model: Required[Union[str, ChatModel]]
+    """ID of the model to use.
+
+    You can use the
+    [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+    see all of your available models, or see our
+    [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+    them.
+    """
+
+    description: Optional[str]
+    """The description of the assistant. The maximum length is 512 characters."""
+
+    instructions: Optional[str]
+    """The system instructions that the assistant uses.
+
+    The maximum length is 256,000 characters.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """The name of the assistant. The maximum length is 256 characters."""
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort]
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Constrains effort on reasoning for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+    supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+    result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam]
+    """Specifies the format that the model must output.
+
+    Compatible with [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+    [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+    and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+    Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+    in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+    message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+    **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+    produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+    generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+    limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+    the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+    indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+    max context length.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic.
+    """
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ToolResources]
+    """A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools.
+
+    The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
+
+    tools: Iterable[AssistantToolParam]
+    """A list of tool enabled on the assistant.
+
+    There can be a maximum of 128 tools per assistant. Tools can be of types
+    `code_interpreter`, `file_search`, or `function`.
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made
+    available to the `code_interpreter` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files
+    associated with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["auto"]]
+    """Always `auto`."""
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunk_overlap_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The number of tokens that overlap between chunks. The default value is `400`.
+
+    Note that the overlap must not exceed half of `max_chunk_size_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    max_chunk_size_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The maximum number of tokens in each chunk.
+
+    The default value is `800`. The minimum value is `100` and the maximum value is
+    `4096`.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic(TypedDict, total=False):
+    static: Required[ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["static"]]
+    """Always `static`."""
+
+
+ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto, ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic
+]
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunking_strategy: ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy
+    """The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s).
+
+    If not set, will use the `auto` strategy.
+    """
+
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs to
+    add to the vector store. There can be a maximum of 10000 files in a vector
+    store.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    The
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this assistant. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the assistant.
+    """
+
+    vector_stores: Iterable[ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore]
+    """
+    A helper to create a
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    with file_ids and attach it to this assistant. There can be a maximum of 1
+    vector store attached to the assistant.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResources(TypedDict, total=False):
+    code_interpreter: ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter
+
+    file_search: ToolResourcesFileSearch
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3be40cd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantDeleted"]
+
+
+class AssistantDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    deleted: bool
+
+    object: Literal["assistant.deleted"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..834ffbca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantListParams"]
+
+
+class AssistantListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    before: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `before` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, starting with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order to fetch the previous page
+    of the list.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_response_format_option.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_response_format_option.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f06a344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_response_format_option.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..shared.response_format_text import ResponseFormatText
+from ..shared.response_format_json_object import ResponseFormatJSONObject
+from ..shared.response_format_json_schema import ResponseFormatJSONSchema
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantResponseFormatOption"]
+
+AssistantResponseFormatOption: TypeAlias = Union[
+    Literal["auto"], ResponseFormatText, ResponseFormatJSONObject, ResponseFormatJSONSchema
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_response_format_option_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_response_format_option_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e724a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_response_format_option_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..shared_params.response_format_text import ResponseFormatText
+from ..shared_params.response_format_json_object import ResponseFormatJSONObject
+from ..shared_params.response_format_json_schema import ResponseFormatJSONSchema
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam"]
+
+AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    Literal["auto"], ResponseFormatText, ResponseFormatJSONObject, ResponseFormatJSONSchema
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_stream_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_stream_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41d3a0c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_stream_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from .thread import Thread
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .threads.run import Run
+from .threads.message import Message
+from ..shared.error_object import ErrorObject
+from .threads.runs.run_step import RunStep
+from .threads.message_delta_event import MessageDeltaEvent
+from .threads.runs.run_step_delta_event import RunStepDeltaEvent
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AssistantStreamEvent",
+    "ThreadCreated",
+    "ThreadRunCreated",
+    "ThreadRunQueued",
+    "ThreadRunInProgress",
+    "ThreadRunRequiresAction",
+    "ThreadRunCompleted",
+    "ThreadRunIncomplete",
+    "ThreadRunFailed",
+    "ThreadRunCancelling",
+    "ThreadRunCancelled",
+    "ThreadRunExpired",
+    "ThreadRunStepCreated",
+    "ThreadRunStepInProgress",
+    "ThreadRunStepDelta",
+    "ThreadRunStepCompleted",
+    "ThreadRunStepFailed",
+    "ThreadRunStepCancelled",
+    "ThreadRunStepExpired",
+    "ThreadMessageCreated",
+    "ThreadMessageInProgress",
+    "ThreadMessageDelta",
+    "ThreadMessageCompleted",
+    "ThreadMessageIncomplete",
+    "ErrorEvent",
+]
+
+
+class ThreadCreated(BaseModel):
+    data: Thread
+    """
+    Represents a thread that contains
+    [messages](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/messages).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.created"]
+
+    enabled: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether to enable input audio transcription."""
+
+
+class ThreadRunCreated(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.created"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunQueued(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.queued"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunInProgress(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.in_progress"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunRequiresAction(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.requires_action"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunCompleted(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.completed"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunIncomplete(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.incomplete"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunFailed(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.failed"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunCancelling(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.cancelling"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunCancelled(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.cancelled"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunExpired(BaseModel):
+    data: Run
+    """
+    Represents an execution run on a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.expired"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunStepCreated(BaseModel):
+    data: RunStep
+    """Represents a step in execution of a run."""
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.step.created"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunStepInProgress(BaseModel):
+    data: RunStep
+    """Represents a step in execution of a run."""
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.step.in_progress"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunStepDelta(BaseModel):
+    data: RunStepDeltaEvent
+    """Represents a run step delta i.e.
+
+    any changed fields on a run step during streaming.
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.step.delta"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunStepCompleted(BaseModel):
+    data: RunStep
+    """Represents a step in execution of a run."""
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.step.completed"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunStepFailed(BaseModel):
+    data: RunStep
+    """Represents a step in execution of a run."""
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.step.failed"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunStepCancelled(BaseModel):
+    data: RunStep
+    """Represents a step in execution of a run."""
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.step.cancelled"]
+
+
+class ThreadRunStepExpired(BaseModel):
+    data: RunStep
+    """Represents a step in execution of a run."""
+
+    event: Literal["thread.run.step.expired"]
+
+
+class ThreadMessageCreated(BaseModel):
+    data: Message
+    """
+    Represents a message within a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.message.created"]
+
+
+class ThreadMessageInProgress(BaseModel):
+    data: Message
+    """
+    Represents a message within a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.message.in_progress"]
+
+
+class ThreadMessageDelta(BaseModel):
+    data: MessageDeltaEvent
+    """Represents a message delta i.e.
+
+    any changed fields on a message during streaming.
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.message.delta"]
+
+
+class ThreadMessageCompleted(BaseModel):
+    data: Message
+    """
+    Represents a message within a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.message.completed"]
+
+
+class ThreadMessageIncomplete(BaseModel):
+    data: Message
+    """
+    Represents a message within a
+    [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads).
+    """
+
+    event: Literal["thread.message.incomplete"]
+
+
+class ErrorEvent(BaseModel):
+    data: ErrorObject
+
+    event: Literal["error"]
+
+
+AssistantStreamEvent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ThreadCreated,
+        ThreadRunCreated,
+        ThreadRunQueued,
+        ThreadRunInProgress,
+        ThreadRunRequiresAction,
+        ThreadRunCompleted,
+        ThreadRunIncomplete,
+        ThreadRunFailed,
+        ThreadRunCancelling,
+        ThreadRunCancelled,
+        ThreadRunExpired,
+        ThreadRunStepCreated,
+        ThreadRunStepInProgress,
+        ThreadRunStepDelta,
+        ThreadRunStepCompleted,
+        ThreadRunStepFailed,
+        ThreadRunStepCancelled,
+        ThreadRunStepExpired,
+        ThreadMessageCreated,
+        ThreadMessageInProgress,
+        ThreadMessageDelta,
+        ThreadMessageCompleted,
+        ThreadMessageIncomplete,
+        ErrorEvent,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="event"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bde6858
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .function_tool import FunctionTool
+from .file_search_tool import FileSearchTool
+from .code_interpreter_tool import CodeInterpreterTool
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantTool"]
+
+AssistantTool: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CodeInterpreterTool, FileSearchTool, FunctionTool], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d73439f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .assistant_tool_choice_function import AssistantToolChoiceFunction
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantToolChoice"]
+
+
+class AssistantToolChoice(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["function", "code_interpreter", "file_search"]
+    """The type of the tool. If type is `function`, the function name must be set"""
+
+    function: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceFunction] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_function.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_function.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87f38310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_function.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantToolChoiceFunction"]
+
+
+class AssistantToolChoiceFunction(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function to call."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_function_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_function_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..428857de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_function_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantToolChoiceFunctionParam"]
+
+
+class AssistantToolChoiceFunctionParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_option.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_option.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e57c3278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_option.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from .assistant_tool_choice import AssistantToolChoice
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantToolChoiceOption"]
+
+AssistantToolChoiceOption: TypeAlias = Union[Literal["none", "auto", "required"], AssistantToolChoice]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_option_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_option_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc0053d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_option_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from .assistant_tool_choice_param import AssistantToolChoiceParam
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam"]
+
+AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam: TypeAlias = Union[Literal["none", "auto", "required"], AssistantToolChoiceParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..904f489e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_choice_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .assistant_tool_choice_function_param import AssistantToolChoiceFunctionParam
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantToolChoiceParam"]
+
+
+class AssistantToolChoiceParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["function", "code_interpreter", "file_search"]]
+    """The type of the tool. If type is `function`, the function name must be set"""
+
+    function: AssistantToolChoiceFunctionParam
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..321c4b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .function_tool_param import FunctionToolParam
+from .file_search_tool_param import FileSearchToolParam
+from .code_interpreter_tool_param import CodeInterpreterToolParam
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantToolParam"]
+
+AssistantToolParam: TypeAlias = Union[CodeInterpreterToolParam, FileSearchToolParam, FunctionToolParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b28094a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/assistant_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+from .assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from .assistant_response_format_option_param import AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam
+
+__all__ = ["AssistantUpdateParams", "ToolResources", "ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter", "ToolResourcesFileSearch"]
+
+
+class AssistantUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    description: Optional[str]
+    """The description of the assistant. The maximum length is 512 characters."""
+
+    instructions: Optional[str]
+    """The system instructions that the assistant uses.
+
+    The maximum length is 256,000 characters.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: Union[
+        str,
+        Literal[
+            "gpt-4.1",
+            "gpt-4.1-mini",
+            "gpt-4.1-nano",
+            "gpt-4.1-2025-04-14",
+            "gpt-4.1-mini-2025-04-14",
+            "gpt-4.1-nano-2025-04-14",
+            "o3-mini",
+            "o3-mini-2025-01-31",
+            "o1",
+            "o1-2024-12-17",
+            "gpt-4o",
+            "gpt-4o-2024-11-20",
+            "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+            "gpt-4o-2024-05-13",
+            "gpt-4o-mini",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18",
+            "gpt-4.5-preview",
+            "gpt-4.5-preview-2025-02-27",
+            "gpt-4-turbo",
+            "gpt-4-turbo-2024-04-09",
+            "gpt-4-0125-preview",
+            "gpt-4-turbo-preview",
+            "gpt-4-1106-preview",
+            "gpt-4-vision-preview",
+            "gpt-4",
+            "gpt-4-0314",
+            "gpt-4-0613",
+            "gpt-4-32k",
+            "gpt-4-32k-0314",
+            "gpt-4-32k-0613",
+            "gpt-3.5-turbo",
+            "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
+            "gpt-3.5-turbo-0613",
+            "gpt-3.5-turbo-1106",
+            "gpt-3.5-turbo-0125",
+            "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k-0613",
+        ],
+    ]
+    """ID of the model to use.
+
+    You can use the
+    [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+    see all of your available models, or see our
+    [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+    them.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """The name of the assistant. The maximum length is 256 characters."""
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort]
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Constrains effort on reasoning for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+    supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+    result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam]
+    """Specifies the format that the model must output.
+
+    Compatible with [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+    [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+    and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+    Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+    in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+    message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+    **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+    produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+    generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+    limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+    the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+    indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+    max context length.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic.
+    """
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ToolResources]
+    """A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools.
+
+    The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
+
+    tools: Iterable[AssistantToolParam]
+    """A list of tool enabled on the assistant.
+
+    There can be a maximum of 128 tools per assistant. Tools can be of types
+    `code_interpreter`, `file_search`, or `function`.
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    Overrides the list of
+    [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made available
+    to the `code_interpreter` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files associated
+    with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    Overrides the
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this assistant. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the assistant.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResources(TypedDict, total=False):
+    code_interpreter: ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter
+
+    file_search: ToolResourcesFileSearch
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8ee8b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/chat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0ecbc69
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/chat/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/code_interpreter_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/code_interpreter_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17ab3de6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/code_interpreter_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["CodeInterpreterTool"]
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterTool(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["code_interpreter"]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `code_interpreter`"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/code_interpreter_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/code_interpreter_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f6916d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/code_interpreter_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["CodeInterpreterToolParam"]
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["code_interpreter"]]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `code_interpreter`"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/file_search_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/file_search_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89fc16c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/file_search_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FileSearchTool", "FileSearch", "FileSearchRankingOptions"]
+
+
+class FileSearchRankingOptions(BaseModel):
+    score_threshold: float
+    """The score threshold for the file search.
+
+    All values must be a floating point number between 0 and 1.
+    """
+
+    ranker: Optional[Literal["auto", "default_2024_08_21"]] = None
+    """The ranker to use for the file search.
+
+    If not specified will use the `auto` ranker.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearch(BaseModel):
+    max_num_results: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of results the file search tool should output.
+
+    The default is 20 for `gpt-4*` models and 5 for `gpt-3.5-turbo`. This number
+    should be between 1 and 50 inclusive.
+
+    Note that the file search tool may output fewer than `max_num_results` results.
+    See the
+    [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+    ranking_options: Optional[FileSearchRankingOptions] = None
+    """The ranking options for the file search.
+
+    If not specified, the file search tool will use the `auto` ranker and a
+    score_threshold of 0.
+
+    See the
+    [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearchTool(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["file_search"]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `file_search`"""
+
+    file_search: Optional[FileSearch] = None
+    """Overrides for the file search tool."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/file_search_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/file_search_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c73d0af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/file_search_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["FileSearchToolParam", "FileSearch", "FileSearchRankingOptions"]
+
+
+class FileSearchRankingOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    score_threshold: Required[float]
+    """The score threshold for the file search.
+
+    All values must be a floating point number between 0 and 1.
+    """
+
+    ranker: Literal["auto", "default_2024_08_21"]
+    """The ranker to use for the file search.
+
+    If not specified will use the `auto` ranker.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    max_num_results: int
+    """The maximum number of results the file search tool should output.
+
+    The default is 20 for `gpt-4*` models and 5 for `gpt-3.5-turbo`. This number
+    should be between 1 and 50 inclusive.
+
+    Note that the file search tool may output fewer than `max_num_results` results.
+    See the
+    [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+    ranking_options: FileSearchRankingOptions
+    """The ranking options for the file search.
+
+    If not specified, the file search tool will use the `auto` ranker and a
+    score_threshold of 0.
+
+    See the
+    [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearchToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["file_search"]]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `file_search`"""
+
+    file_search: FileSearch
+    """Overrides for the file search tool."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/function_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/function_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9227678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/function_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..shared.function_definition import FunctionDefinition
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionTool"]
+
+
+class FunctionTool(BaseModel):
+    function: FunctionDefinition
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `function`"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/function_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/function_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d906e02b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/function_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.function_definition import FunctionDefinition
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionToolParam"]
+
+
+class FunctionToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    function: Required[FunctionDefinition]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function"]]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `function`"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0374b9b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .session import Session as Session
+from .error_event import ErrorEvent as ErrorEvent
+from .conversation_item import ConversationItem as ConversationItem
+from .realtime_response import RealtimeResponse as RealtimeResponse
+from .response_done_event import ResponseDoneEvent as ResponseDoneEvent
+from .session_update_event import SessionUpdateEvent as SessionUpdateEvent
+from .realtime_client_event import RealtimeClientEvent as RealtimeClientEvent
+from .realtime_server_event import RealtimeServerEvent as RealtimeServerEvent
+from .response_cancel_event import ResponseCancelEvent as ResponseCancelEvent
+from .response_create_event import ResponseCreateEvent as ResponseCreateEvent
+from .session_create_params import SessionCreateParams as SessionCreateParams
+from .session_created_event import SessionCreatedEvent as SessionCreatedEvent
+from .session_updated_event import SessionUpdatedEvent as SessionUpdatedEvent
+from .transcription_session import TranscriptionSession as TranscriptionSession
+from .response_created_event import ResponseCreatedEvent as ResponseCreatedEvent
+from .conversation_item_param import ConversationItemParam as ConversationItemParam
+from .realtime_connect_params import RealtimeConnectParams as RealtimeConnectParams
+from .realtime_response_usage import RealtimeResponseUsage as RealtimeResponseUsage
+from .session_create_response import SessionCreateResponse as SessionCreateResponse
+from .realtime_response_status import RealtimeResponseStatus as RealtimeResponseStatus
+from .response_text_done_event import ResponseTextDoneEvent as ResponseTextDoneEvent
+from .conversation_item_content import ConversationItemContent as ConversationItemContent
+from .rate_limits_updated_event import RateLimitsUpdatedEvent as RateLimitsUpdatedEvent
+from .response_audio_done_event import ResponseAudioDoneEvent as ResponseAudioDoneEvent
+from .response_text_delta_event import ResponseTextDeltaEvent as ResponseTextDeltaEvent
+from .conversation_created_event import ConversationCreatedEvent as ConversationCreatedEvent
+from .response_audio_delta_event import ResponseAudioDeltaEvent as ResponseAudioDeltaEvent
+from .session_update_event_param import SessionUpdateEventParam as SessionUpdateEventParam
+from .realtime_client_event_param import RealtimeClientEventParam as RealtimeClientEventParam
+from .response_cancel_event_param import ResponseCancelEventParam as ResponseCancelEventParam
+from .response_create_event_param import ResponseCreateEventParam as ResponseCreateEventParam
+from .transcription_session_update import TranscriptionSessionUpdate as TranscriptionSessionUpdate
+from .conversation_item_create_event import ConversationItemCreateEvent as ConversationItemCreateEvent
+from .conversation_item_delete_event import ConversationItemDeleteEvent as ConversationItemDeleteEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_clear_event import InputAudioBufferClearEvent as InputAudioBufferClearEvent
+from .conversation_item_content_param import ConversationItemContentParam as ConversationItemContentParam
+from .conversation_item_created_event import ConversationItemCreatedEvent as ConversationItemCreatedEvent
+from .conversation_item_deleted_event import ConversationItemDeletedEvent as ConversationItemDeletedEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_append_event import InputAudioBufferAppendEvent as InputAudioBufferAppendEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_commit_event import InputAudioBufferCommitEvent as InputAudioBufferCommitEvent
+from .response_output_item_done_event import ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent as ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent
+from .conversation_item_retrieve_event import ConversationItemRetrieveEvent as ConversationItemRetrieveEvent
+from .conversation_item_truncate_event import ConversationItemTruncateEvent as ConversationItemTruncateEvent
+from .conversation_item_with_reference import ConversationItemWithReference as ConversationItemWithReference
+from .input_audio_buffer_cleared_event import InputAudioBufferClearedEvent as InputAudioBufferClearedEvent
+from .response_content_part_done_event import ResponseContentPartDoneEvent as ResponseContentPartDoneEvent
+from .response_output_item_added_event import ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent as ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent
+from .conversation_item_truncated_event import ConversationItemTruncatedEvent as ConversationItemTruncatedEvent
+from .response_content_part_added_event import ResponseContentPartAddedEvent as ResponseContentPartAddedEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_committed_event import InputAudioBufferCommittedEvent as InputAudioBufferCommittedEvent
+from .transcription_session_update_param import TranscriptionSessionUpdateParam as TranscriptionSessionUpdateParam
+from .transcription_session_create_params import TranscriptionSessionCreateParams as TranscriptionSessionCreateParams
+from .transcription_session_updated_event import TranscriptionSessionUpdatedEvent as TranscriptionSessionUpdatedEvent
+from .conversation_item_create_event_param import ConversationItemCreateEventParam as ConversationItemCreateEventParam
+from .conversation_item_delete_event_param import ConversationItemDeleteEventParam as ConversationItemDeleteEventParam
+from .input_audio_buffer_clear_event_param import InputAudioBufferClearEventParam as InputAudioBufferClearEventParam
+from .response_audio_transcript_done_event import ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent as ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_append_event_param import InputAudioBufferAppendEventParam as InputAudioBufferAppendEventParam
+from .input_audio_buffer_commit_event_param import InputAudioBufferCommitEventParam as InputAudioBufferCommitEventParam
+from .response_audio_transcript_delta_event import (
+    ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent as ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .conversation_item_retrieve_event_param import (
+    ConversationItemRetrieveEventParam as ConversationItemRetrieveEventParam,
+)
+from .conversation_item_truncate_event_param import (
+    ConversationItemTruncateEventParam as ConversationItemTruncateEventParam,
+)
+from .conversation_item_with_reference_param import (
+    ConversationItemWithReferenceParam as ConversationItemWithReferenceParam,
+)
+from .input_audio_buffer_speech_started_event import (
+    InputAudioBufferSpeechStartedEvent as InputAudioBufferSpeechStartedEvent,
+)
+from .input_audio_buffer_speech_stopped_event import (
+    InputAudioBufferSpeechStoppedEvent as InputAudioBufferSpeechStoppedEvent,
+)
+from .response_function_call_arguments_done_event import (
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent as ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+)
+from .response_function_call_arguments_delta_event import (
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent as ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_delta_event import (
+    ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionDeltaEvent as ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_failed_event import (
+    ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionFailedEvent as ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionFailedEvent,
+)
+from .conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_completed_event import (
+    ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionCompletedEvent as ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionCompletedEvent,
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_created_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_created_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ba05408
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_created_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationCreatedEvent", "Conversation"]
+
+
+class Conversation(BaseModel):
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The unique ID of the conversation."""
+
+    object: Optional[Literal["realtime.conversation"]] = None
+    """The object type, must be `realtime.conversation`."""
+
+
+class ConversationCreatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    conversation: Conversation
+    """The conversation resource."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.created"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.created`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4edf6c4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .conversation_item_content import ConversationItemContent
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItem"]
+
+
+class ConversationItem(BaseModel):
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The unique ID of the item, this can be generated by the client to help manage
+    server-side context, but is not required because the server will generate one if
+    not provided.
+    """
+
+    arguments: Optional[str] = None
+    """The arguments of the function call (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    call_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The ID of the function call (for `function_call` and `function_call_output`
+    items). If passed on a `function_call_output` item, the server will check that a
+    `function_call` item with the same ID exists in the conversation history.
+    """
+
+    content: Optional[List[ConversationItemContent]] = None
+    """The content of the message, applicable for `message` items.
+
+    - Message items of role `system` support only `input_text` content
+    - Message items of role `user` support `input_text` and `input_audio` content
+    - Message items of role `assistant` support `text` content.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function being called (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    object: Optional[Literal["realtime.item"]] = None
+    """Identifier for the API object being returned - always `realtime.item`."""
+
+    output: Optional[str] = None
+    """The output of the function call (for `function_call_output` items)."""
+
+    role: Optional[Literal["user", "assistant", "system"]] = None
+    """
+    The role of the message sender (`user`, `assistant`, `system`), only applicable
+    for `message` items.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["completed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """The status of the item (`completed`, `incomplete`).
+
+    These have no effect on the conversation, but are accepted for consistency with
+    the `conversation.item.created` event.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message", "function_call", "function_call_output"]] = None
+    """The type of the item (`message`, `function_call`, `function_call_output`)."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_content.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_content.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab40a4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_content.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemContent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemContent(BaseModel):
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    ID of a previous conversation item to reference (for `item_reference` content
+    types in `response.create` events). These can reference both client and server
+    created items.
+    """
+
+    audio: Optional[str] = None
+    """Base64-encoded audio bytes, used for `input_audio` content type."""
+
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text content, used for `input_text` and `text` content types."""
+
+    transcript: Optional[str] = None
+    """The transcript of the audio, used for `input_audio` content type."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["input_text", "input_audio", "item_reference", "text"]] = None
+    """The content type (`input_text`, `input_audio`, `item_reference`, `text`)."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_content_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_content_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a3a92a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_content_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemContentParam"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemContentParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: str
+    """
+    ID of a previous conversation item to reference (for `item_reference` content
+    types in `response.create` events). These can reference both client and server
+    created items.
+    """
+
+    audio: str
+    """Base64-encoded audio bytes, used for `input_audio` content type."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The text content, used for `input_text` and `text` content types."""
+
+    transcript: str
+    """The transcript of the audio, used for `input_audio` content type."""
+
+    type: Literal["input_text", "input_audio", "item_reference", "text"]
+    """The content type (`input_text`, `input_audio`, `item_reference`, `text`)."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_create_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_create_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f19d552a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_create_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .conversation_item import ConversationItem
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemCreateEvent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemCreateEvent(BaseModel):
+    item: ConversationItem
+    """The item to add to the conversation."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.create"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.create`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
+
+    previous_item_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the preceding item after which the new item will be inserted.
+
+    If not set, the new item will be appended to the end of the conversation. If set
+    to `root`, the new item will be added to the beginning of the conversation. If
+    set to an existing ID, it allows an item to be inserted mid-conversation. If the
+    ID cannot be found, an error will be returned and the item will not be added.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_create_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_create_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..693d0fd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_create_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .conversation_item_param import ConversationItemParam
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemCreateEventParam"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemCreateEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item: Required[ConversationItemParam]
+    """The item to add to the conversation."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["conversation.item.create"]]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.create`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
+
+    previous_item_id: str
+    """The ID of the preceding item after which the new item will be inserted.
+
+    If not set, the new item will be appended to the end of the conversation. If set
+    to `root`, the new item will be added to the beginning of the conversation. If
+    set to an existing ID, it allows an item to be inserted mid-conversation. If the
+    ID cannot be found, an error will be returned and the item will not be added.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_created_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_created_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f203882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_created_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .conversation_item import ConversationItem
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemCreatedEvent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemCreatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item: ConversationItem
+    """The item to add to the conversation."""
+
+    previous_item_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the preceding item in the Conversation context, allows the client to
+    understand the order of the conversation.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.created"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.created`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_delete_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_delete_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02ca8250
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_delete_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemDeleteEvent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemDeleteEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item to delete."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.delete"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.delete`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_delete_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_delete_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3f88d66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_delete_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemDeleteEventParam"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemDeleteEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the item to delete."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["conversation.item.delete"]]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.delete`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_deleted_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_deleted_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a35a9781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_deleted_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemDeletedEvent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemDeletedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item that was deleted."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.deleted"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.deleted`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_completed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_completed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46981169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_completed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionCompletedEvent", "Logprob"]
+
+
+class Logprob(BaseModel):
+    token: str
+    """The token that was used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    bytes: List[int]
+    """The bytes that were used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    logprob: float
+    """The log probability of the token."""
+
+
+class ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionCompletedEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part containing the audio."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the user message item containing the audio."""
+
+    transcript: str
+    """The transcribed text."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.completed"]
+    """
+    The event type, must be `conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.completed`.
+    """
+
+    logprobs: Optional[List[Logprob]] = None
+    """The log probabilities of the transcription."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..924d06d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionDeltaEvent", "Logprob"]
+
+
+class Logprob(BaseModel):
+    token: str
+    """The token that was used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    bytes: List[int]
+    """The bytes that were used to generate the log probability."""
+
+    logprob: float
+    """The log probability of the token."""
+
+
+class ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.delta"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.delta`."""
+
+    content_index: Optional[int] = None
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    delta: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text delta."""
+
+    logprobs: Optional[List[Logprob]] = None
+    """The log probabilities of the transcription."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_failed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_failed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cecac93e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_failed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionFailedEvent", "Error"]
+
+
+class Error(BaseModel):
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+    """Error code, if any."""
+
+    message: Optional[str] = None
+    """A human-readable error message."""
+
+    param: Optional[str] = None
+    """Parameter related to the error, if any."""
+
+    type: Optional[str] = None
+    """The type of error."""
+
+
+class ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionFailedEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part containing the audio."""
+
+    error: Error
+    """Details of the transcription error."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the user message item."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.failed"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.input_audio_transcription.failed`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac0f8431
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+from .conversation_item_content_param import ConversationItemContentParam
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemParam"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: str
+    """
+    The unique ID of the item, this can be generated by the client to help manage
+    server-side context, but is not required because the server will generate one if
+    not provided.
+    """
+
+    arguments: str
+    """The arguments of the function call (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    call_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the function call (for `function_call` and `function_call_output`
+    items). If passed on a `function_call_output` item, the server will check that a
+    `function_call` item with the same ID exists in the conversation history.
+    """
+
+    content: Iterable[ConversationItemContentParam]
+    """The content of the message, applicable for `message` items.
+
+    - Message items of role `system` support only `input_text` content
+    - Message items of role `user` support `input_text` and `input_audio` content
+    - Message items of role `assistant` support `text` content.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function being called (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    object: Literal["realtime.item"]
+    """Identifier for the API object being returned - always `realtime.item`."""
+
+    output: str
+    """The output of the function call (for `function_call_output` items)."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system"]
+    """
+    The role of the message sender (`user`, `assistant`, `system`), only applicable
+    for `message` items.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of the item (`completed`, `incomplete`).
+
+    These have no effect on the conversation, but are accepted for consistency with
+    the `conversation.item.created` event.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message", "function_call", "function_call_output"]
+    """The type of the item (`message`, `function_call`, `function_call_output`)."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_retrieve_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_retrieve_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82238605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_retrieve_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemRetrieveEvent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemRetrieveEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item to retrieve."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.retrieve"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.retrieve`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_retrieve_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_retrieve_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71b3ffa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_retrieve_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemRetrieveEventParam"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemRetrieveEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the item to retrieve."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["conversation.item.retrieve"]]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.retrieve`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncate_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncate_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb336bba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncate_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemTruncateEvent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemTruncateEvent(BaseModel):
+    audio_end_ms: int
+    """Inclusive duration up to which audio is truncated, in milliseconds.
+
+    If the audio_end_ms is greater than the actual audio duration, the server will
+    respond with an error.
+    """
+
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part to truncate. Set this to 0."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the assistant message item to truncate.
+
+    Only assistant message items can be truncated.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.truncate"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.truncate`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncate_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncate_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3ad1e1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncate_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemTruncateEventParam"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemTruncateEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    audio_end_ms: Required[int]
+    """Inclusive duration up to which audio is truncated, in milliseconds.
+
+    If the audio_end_ms is greater than the actual audio duration, the server will
+    respond with an error.
+    """
+
+    content_index: Required[int]
+    """The index of the content part to truncate. Set this to 0."""
+
+    item_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the assistant message item to truncate.
+
+    Only assistant message items can be truncated.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["conversation.item.truncate"]]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.truncate`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncated_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncated_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36368fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_truncated_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemTruncatedEvent"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemTruncatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    audio_end_ms: int
+    """The duration up to which the audio was truncated, in milliseconds."""
+
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that was truncated."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the assistant message item that was truncated."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.truncated"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.truncated`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_with_reference.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_with_reference.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31806afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_with_reference.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .conversation_item_content import ConversationItemContent
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemWithReference"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemWithReference(BaseModel):
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    For an item of type (`message` | `function_call` | `function_call_output`) this
+    field allows the client to assign the unique ID of the item. It is not required
+    because the server will generate one if not provided.
+
+    For an item of type `item_reference`, this field is required and is a reference
+    to any item that has previously existed in the conversation.
+    """
+
+    arguments: Optional[str] = None
+    """The arguments of the function call (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    call_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The ID of the function call (for `function_call` and `function_call_output`
+    items). If passed on a `function_call_output` item, the server will check that a
+    `function_call` item with the same ID exists in the conversation history.
+    """
+
+    content: Optional[List[ConversationItemContent]] = None
+    """The content of the message, applicable for `message` items.
+
+    - Message items of role `system` support only `input_text` content
+    - Message items of role `user` support `input_text` and `input_audio` content
+    - Message items of role `assistant` support `text` content.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function being called (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    object: Optional[Literal["realtime.item"]] = None
+    """Identifier for the API object being returned - always `realtime.item`."""
+
+    output: Optional[str] = None
+    """The output of the function call (for `function_call_output` items)."""
+
+    role: Optional[Literal["user", "assistant", "system"]] = None
+    """
+    The role of the message sender (`user`, `assistant`, `system`), only applicable
+    for `message` items.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["completed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """The status of the item (`completed`, `incomplete`).
+
+    These have no effect on the conversation, but are accepted for consistency with
+    the `conversation.item.created` event.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message", "function_call", "function_call_output", "item_reference"]] = None
+    """
+    The type of the item (`message`, `function_call`, `function_call_output`,
+    `item_reference`).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_with_reference_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_with_reference_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e266cdce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/conversation_item_with_reference_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+from .conversation_item_content_param import ConversationItemContentParam
+
+__all__ = ["ConversationItemWithReferenceParam"]
+
+
+class ConversationItemWithReferenceParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: str
+    """
+    For an item of type (`message` | `function_call` | `function_call_output`) this
+    field allows the client to assign the unique ID of the item. It is not required
+    because the server will generate one if not provided.
+
+    For an item of type `item_reference`, this field is required and is a reference
+    to any item that has previously existed in the conversation.
+    """
+
+    arguments: str
+    """The arguments of the function call (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    call_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the function call (for `function_call` and `function_call_output`
+    items). If passed on a `function_call_output` item, the server will check that a
+    `function_call` item with the same ID exists in the conversation history.
+    """
+
+    content: Iterable[ConversationItemContentParam]
+    """The content of the message, applicable for `message` items.
+
+    - Message items of role `system` support only `input_text` content
+    - Message items of role `user` support `input_text` and `input_audio` content
+    - Message items of role `assistant` support `text` content.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function being called (for `function_call` items)."""
+
+    object: Literal["realtime.item"]
+    """Identifier for the API object being returned - always `realtime.item`."""
+
+    output: str
+    """The output of the function call (for `function_call_output` items)."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system"]
+    """
+    The role of the message sender (`user`, `assistant`, `system`), only applicable
+    for `message` items.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of the item (`completed`, `incomplete`).
+
+    These have no effect on the conversation, but are accepted for consistency with
+    the `conversation.item.created` event.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message", "function_call", "function_call_output", "item_reference"]
+    """
+    The type of the item (`message`, `function_call`, `function_call_output`,
+    `item_reference`).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/error_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/error_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e020fc38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/error_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ErrorEvent", "Error"]
+
+
+class Error(BaseModel):
+    message: str
+    """A human-readable error message."""
+
+    type: str
+    """The type of error (e.g., "invalid_request_error", "server_error")."""
+
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+    """Error code, if any."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The event_id of the client event that caused the error, if applicable."""
+
+    param: Optional[str] = None
+    """Parameter related to the error, if any."""
+
+
+class ErrorEvent(BaseModel):
+    error: Error
+    """Details of the error."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    type: Literal["error"]
+    """The event type, must be `error`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_append_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_append_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a253a648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_append_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferAppendEvent"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferAppendEvent(BaseModel):
+    audio: str
+    """Base64-encoded audio bytes.
+
+    This must be in the format specified by the `input_audio_format` field in the
+    session configuration.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["input_audio_buffer.append"]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.append`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_append_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_append_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ad0bc73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_append_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferAppendEventParam"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferAppendEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    audio: Required[str]
+    """Base64-encoded audio bytes.
+
+    This must be in the format specified by the `input_audio_format` field in the
+    session configuration.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["input_audio_buffer.append"]]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.append`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_clear_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_clear_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0624d34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_clear_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferClearEvent"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferClearEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["input_audio_buffer.clear"]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.clear`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_clear_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_clear_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bd6bc5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_clear_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferClearEventParam"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferClearEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["input_audio_buffer.clear"]]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.clear`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_cleared_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_cleared_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..632e1b94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_cleared_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferClearedEvent"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferClearedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    type: Literal["input_audio_buffer.cleared"]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.cleared`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_commit_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_commit_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b6f5e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_commit_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferCommitEvent"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferCommitEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["input_audio_buffer.commit"]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.commit`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_commit_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_commit_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9c927ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_commit_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferCommitEventParam"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferCommitEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["input_audio_buffer.commit"]]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.commit`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_committed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_committed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3071eff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_committed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferCommittedEvent"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferCommittedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the user message item that will be created."""
+
+    previous_item_id: str
+    """The ID of the preceding item after which the new item will be inserted."""
+
+    type: Literal["input_audio_buffer.committed"]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.committed`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_speech_started_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_speech_started_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f3ab082
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_speech_started_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferSpeechStartedEvent"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferSpeechStartedEvent(BaseModel):
+    audio_start_ms: int
+    """
+    Milliseconds from the start of all audio written to the buffer during the
+    session when speech was first detected. This will correspond to the beginning of
+    audio sent to the model, and thus includes the `prefix_padding_ms` configured in
+    the Session.
+    """
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the user message item that will be created when speech stops."""
+
+    type: Literal["input_audio_buffer.speech_started"]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.speech_started`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_speech_stopped_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_speech_stopped_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40568170
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/input_audio_buffer_speech_stopped_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["InputAudioBufferSpeechStoppedEvent"]
+
+
+class InputAudioBufferSpeechStoppedEvent(BaseModel):
+    audio_end_ms: int
+    """Milliseconds since the session started when speech stopped.
+
+    This will correspond to the end of audio sent to the model, and thus includes
+    the `min_silence_duration_ms` configured in the Session.
+    """
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the user message item that will be created."""
+
+    type: Literal["input_audio_buffer.speech_stopped"]
+    """The event type, must be `input_audio_buffer.speech_stopped`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/rate_limits_updated_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/rate_limits_updated_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e12283c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/rate_limits_updated_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RateLimitsUpdatedEvent", "RateLimit"]
+
+
+class RateLimit(BaseModel):
+    limit: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum allowed value for the rate limit."""
+
+    name: Optional[Literal["requests", "tokens"]] = None
+    """The name of the rate limit (`requests`, `tokens`)."""
+
+    remaining: Optional[int] = None
+    """The remaining value before the limit is reached."""
+
+    reset_seconds: Optional[float] = None
+    """Seconds until the rate limit resets."""
+
+
+class RateLimitsUpdatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    rate_limits: List[RateLimit]
+    """List of rate limit information."""
+
+    type: Literal["rate_limits.updated"]
+    """The event type, must be `rate_limits.updated`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_client_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_client_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f4858d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_client_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .session_update_event import SessionUpdateEvent
+from .response_cancel_event import ResponseCancelEvent
+from .response_create_event import ResponseCreateEvent
+from .transcription_session_update import TranscriptionSessionUpdate
+from .conversation_item_create_event import ConversationItemCreateEvent
+from .conversation_item_delete_event import ConversationItemDeleteEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_clear_event import InputAudioBufferClearEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_append_event import InputAudioBufferAppendEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_commit_event import InputAudioBufferCommitEvent
+from .conversation_item_retrieve_event import ConversationItemRetrieveEvent
+from .conversation_item_truncate_event import ConversationItemTruncateEvent
+
+__all__ = ["RealtimeClientEvent", "OutputAudioBufferClear"]
+
+
+class OutputAudioBufferClear(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["output_audio_buffer.clear"]
+    """The event type, must be `output_audio_buffer.clear`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The unique ID of the client event used for error handling."""
+
+
+RealtimeClientEvent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ConversationItemCreateEvent,
+        ConversationItemDeleteEvent,
+        ConversationItemRetrieveEvent,
+        ConversationItemTruncateEvent,
+        InputAudioBufferAppendEvent,
+        InputAudioBufferClearEvent,
+        OutputAudioBufferClear,
+        InputAudioBufferCommitEvent,
+        ResponseCancelEvent,
+        ResponseCreateEvent,
+        SessionUpdateEvent,
+        TranscriptionSessionUpdate,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_client_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_client_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7dfba24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_client_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .session_update_event_param import SessionUpdateEventParam
+from .response_cancel_event_param import ResponseCancelEventParam
+from .response_create_event_param import ResponseCreateEventParam
+from .transcription_session_update_param import TranscriptionSessionUpdateParam
+from .conversation_item_create_event_param import ConversationItemCreateEventParam
+from .conversation_item_delete_event_param import ConversationItemDeleteEventParam
+from .input_audio_buffer_clear_event_param import InputAudioBufferClearEventParam
+from .input_audio_buffer_append_event_param import InputAudioBufferAppendEventParam
+from .input_audio_buffer_commit_event_param import InputAudioBufferCommitEventParam
+from .conversation_item_retrieve_event_param import ConversationItemRetrieveEventParam
+from .conversation_item_truncate_event_param import ConversationItemTruncateEventParam
+
+__all__ = ["RealtimeClientEventParam", "OutputAudioBufferClear"]
+
+
+class OutputAudioBufferClear(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["output_audio_buffer.clear"]]
+    """The event type, must be `output_audio_buffer.clear`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the client event used for error handling."""
+
+
+RealtimeClientEventParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ConversationItemCreateEventParam,
+    ConversationItemDeleteEventParam,
+    ConversationItemRetrieveEventParam,
+    ConversationItemTruncateEventParam,
+    InputAudioBufferAppendEventParam,
+    InputAudioBufferClearEventParam,
+    OutputAudioBufferClear,
+    InputAudioBufferCommitEventParam,
+    ResponseCancelEventParam,
+    ResponseCreateEventParam,
+    SessionUpdateEventParam,
+    TranscriptionSessionUpdateParam,
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_connect_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_connect_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76474f3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_connect_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["RealtimeConnectParams"]
+
+
+class RealtimeConnectParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    model: Required[str]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ecfb91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from ...shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .conversation_item import ConversationItem
+from .realtime_response_usage import RealtimeResponseUsage
+from .realtime_response_status import RealtimeResponseStatus
+
+__all__ = ["RealtimeResponse"]
+
+
+class RealtimeResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The unique ID of the response."""
+
+    conversation_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    Which conversation the response is added to, determined by the `conversation`
+    field in the `response.create` event. If `auto`, the response will be added to
+    the default conversation and the value of `conversation_id` will be an id like
+    `conv_1234`. If `none`, the response will not be added to any conversation and
+    the value of `conversation_id` will be `null`. If responses are being triggered
+    by server VAD, the response will be added to the default conversation, thus the
+    `conversation_id` will be an id like `conv_1234`.
+    """
+
+    max_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"], None] = None
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls, that was used in this response.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] = None
+    """The set of modalities the model used to respond.
+
+    If there are multiple modalities, the model will pick one, for example if
+    `modalities` is `["text", "audio"]`, the model could be responding in either
+    text or audio.
+    """
+
+    object: Optional[Literal["realtime.response"]] = None
+    """The object type, must be `realtime.response`."""
+
+    output: Optional[List[ConversationItem]] = None
+    """The list of output items generated by the response."""
+
+    output_audio_format: Optional[Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]] = None
+    """The format of output audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`."""
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["completed", "cancelled", "failed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """
+    The final status of the response (`completed`, `cancelled`, `failed`, or
+    `incomplete`).
+    """
+
+    status_details: Optional[RealtimeResponseStatus] = None
+    """Additional details about the status."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2]. Defaults to 0.8."""
+
+    usage: Optional[RealtimeResponseUsage] = None
+    """Usage statistics for the Response, this will correspond to billing.
+
+    A Realtime API session will maintain a conversation context and append new Items
+    to the Conversation, thus output from previous turns (text and audio tokens)
+    will become the input for later turns.
+    """
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str,
+        Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"],
+        None,
+    ] = None
+    """
+    The voice the model used to respond. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`,
+    `ballad`, `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and
+    `verse`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response_status.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response_status.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7189cd58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response_status.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RealtimeResponseStatus", "Error"]
+
+
+class Error(BaseModel):
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+    """Error code, if any."""
+
+    type: Optional[str] = None
+    """The type of error."""
+
+
+class RealtimeResponseStatus(BaseModel):
+    error: Optional[Error] = None
+    """
+    A description of the error that caused the response to fail, populated when the
+    `status` is `failed`.
+    """
+
+    reason: Optional[Literal["turn_detected", "client_cancelled", "max_output_tokens", "content_filter"]] = None
+    """The reason the Response did not complete.
+
+    For a `cancelled` Response, one of `turn_detected` (the server VAD detected a
+    new start of speech) or `client_cancelled` (the client sent a cancel event). For
+    an `incomplete` Response, one of `max_output_tokens` or `content_filter` (the
+    server-side safety filter activated and cut off the response).
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["completed", "cancelled", "incomplete", "failed"]] = None
+    """
+    The type of error that caused the response to fail, corresponding with the
+    `status` field (`completed`, `cancelled`, `incomplete`, `failed`).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response_usage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response_usage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ca822e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_response_usage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RealtimeResponseUsage", "InputTokenDetails", "OutputTokenDetails"]
+
+
+class InputTokenDetails(BaseModel):
+    audio_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The number of audio tokens used in the Response."""
+
+    cached_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The number of cached tokens used in the Response."""
+
+    text_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The number of text tokens used in the Response."""
+
+
+class OutputTokenDetails(BaseModel):
+    audio_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The number of audio tokens used in the Response."""
+
+    text_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The number of text tokens used in the Response."""
+
+
+class RealtimeResponseUsage(BaseModel):
+    input_token_details: Optional[InputTokenDetails] = None
+    """Details about the input tokens used in the Response."""
+
+    input_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    The number of input tokens used in the Response, including text and audio
+    tokens.
+    """
+
+    output_token_details: Optional[OutputTokenDetails] = None
+    """Details about the output tokens used in the Response."""
+
+    output_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    The number of output tokens sent in the Response, including text and audio
+    tokens.
+    """
+
+    total_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    The total number of tokens in the Response including input and output text and
+    audio tokens.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_server_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_server_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c12f5df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/realtime_server_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .error_event import ErrorEvent
+from .conversation_item import ConversationItem
+from .response_done_event import ResponseDoneEvent
+from .session_created_event import SessionCreatedEvent
+from .session_updated_event import SessionUpdatedEvent
+from .response_created_event import ResponseCreatedEvent
+from .response_text_done_event import ResponseTextDoneEvent
+from .rate_limits_updated_event import RateLimitsUpdatedEvent
+from .response_audio_done_event import ResponseAudioDoneEvent
+from .response_text_delta_event import ResponseTextDeltaEvent
+from .conversation_created_event import ConversationCreatedEvent
+from .response_audio_delta_event import ResponseAudioDeltaEvent
+from .conversation_item_created_event import ConversationItemCreatedEvent
+from .conversation_item_deleted_event import ConversationItemDeletedEvent
+from .response_output_item_done_event import ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_cleared_event import InputAudioBufferClearedEvent
+from .response_content_part_done_event import ResponseContentPartDoneEvent
+from .response_output_item_added_event import ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent
+from .conversation_item_truncated_event import ConversationItemTruncatedEvent
+from .response_content_part_added_event import ResponseContentPartAddedEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_committed_event import InputAudioBufferCommittedEvent
+from .transcription_session_updated_event import TranscriptionSessionUpdatedEvent
+from .response_audio_transcript_done_event import ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent
+from .response_audio_transcript_delta_event import ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_speech_started_event import InputAudioBufferSpeechStartedEvent
+from .input_audio_buffer_speech_stopped_event import InputAudioBufferSpeechStoppedEvent
+from .response_function_call_arguments_done_event import ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent
+from .response_function_call_arguments_delta_event import ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent
+from .conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_delta_event import ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionDeltaEvent
+from .conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_failed_event import ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionFailedEvent
+from .conversation_item_input_audio_transcription_completed_event import (
+    ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionCompletedEvent,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RealtimeServerEvent",
+    "ConversationItemRetrieved",
+    "OutputAudioBufferStarted",
+    "OutputAudioBufferStopped",
+    "OutputAudioBufferCleared",
+]
+
+
+class ConversationItemRetrieved(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item: ConversationItem
+    """The item to add to the conversation."""
+
+    type: Literal["conversation.item.retrieved"]
+    """The event type, must be `conversation.item.retrieved`."""
+
+
+class OutputAudioBufferStarted(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the response that produced the audio."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_audio_buffer.started"]
+    """The event type, must be `output_audio_buffer.started`."""
+
+
+class OutputAudioBufferStopped(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the response that produced the audio."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_audio_buffer.stopped"]
+    """The event type, must be `output_audio_buffer.stopped`."""
+
+
+class OutputAudioBufferCleared(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the response that produced the audio."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_audio_buffer.cleared"]
+    """The event type, must be `output_audio_buffer.cleared`."""
+
+
+RealtimeServerEvent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ConversationCreatedEvent,
+        ConversationItemCreatedEvent,
+        ConversationItemDeletedEvent,
+        ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionCompletedEvent,
+        ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionDeltaEvent,
+        ConversationItemInputAudioTranscriptionFailedEvent,
+        ConversationItemRetrieved,
+        ConversationItemTruncatedEvent,
+        ErrorEvent,
+        InputAudioBufferClearedEvent,
+        InputAudioBufferCommittedEvent,
+        InputAudioBufferSpeechStartedEvent,
+        InputAudioBufferSpeechStoppedEvent,
+        RateLimitsUpdatedEvent,
+        ResponseAudioDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseAudioDoneEvent,
+        ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent,
+        ResponseContentPartAddedEvent,
+        ResponseContentPartDoneEvent,
+        ResponseCreatedEvent,
+        ResponseDoneEvent,
+        ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+        ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent,
+        ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent,
+        ResponseTextDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseTextDoneEvent,
+        SessionCreatedEvent,
+        SessionUpdatedEvent,
+        TranscriptionSessionUpdatedEvent,
+        OutputAudioBufferStarted,
+        OutputAudioBufferStopped,
+        OutputAudioBufferCleared,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e0128d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    delta: str
+    """Base64-encoded audio data delta."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.audio.delta"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.audio.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68e78bc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.audio.done"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.audio.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_transcript_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_transcript_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3609948d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_transcript_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    delta: str
+    """The transcript delta."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.audio_transcript.delta"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.audio_transcript.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_transcript_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_transcript_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e4436a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_audio_transcript_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    transcript: str
+    """The final transcript of the audio."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.audio_transcript.done"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.audio_transcript.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_cancel_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_cancel_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5ff991e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_cancel_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCancelEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCancelEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["response.cancel"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.cancel`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
+
+    response_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    A specific response ID to cancel - if not provided, will cancel an in-progress
+    response in the default conversation.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_cancel_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_cancel_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3374073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_cancel_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCancelEventParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseCancelEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["response.cancel"]]
+    """The event type, must be `response.cancel`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """
+    A specific response ID to cancel - if not provided, will cancel an in-progress
+    response in the default conversation.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_content_part_added_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_content_part_added_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45c8f20f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_content_part_added_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseContentPartAddedEvent", "Part"]
+
+
+class Part(BaseModel):
+    audio: Optional[str] = None
+    """Base64-encoded audio data (if type is "audio")."""
+
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text content (if type is "text")."""
+
+    transcript: Optional[str] = None
+    """The transcript of the audio (if type is "audio")."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["text", "audio"]] = None
+    """The content type ("text", "audio")."""
+
+
+class ResponseContentPartAddedEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item to which the content part was added."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    part: Part
+    """The content part that was added."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.content_part.added"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.content_part.added`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_content_part_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_content_part_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d161161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_content_part_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseContentPartDoneEvent", "Part"]
+
+
+class Part(BaseModel):
+    audio: Optional[str] = None
+    """Base64-encoded audio data (if type is "audio")."""
+
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text content (if type is "text")."""
+
+    transcript: Optional[str] = None
+    """The transcript of the audio (if type is "audio")."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["text", "audio"]] = None
+    """The content type ("text", "audio")."""
+
+
+class ResponseContentPartDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    part: Part
+    """The content part that is done."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.content_part.done"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.content_part.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_create_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_create_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b8a6de8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_create_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from ...shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .conversation_item_with_reference import ConversationItemWithReference
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCreateEvent", "Response", "ResponseTool"]
+
+
+class ResponseTool(BaseModel):
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The description of the function, including guidance on when and how to call it,
+    and guidance about what to tell the user when calling (if anything).
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    parameters: Optional[object] = None
+    """Parameters of the function in JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["function"]] = None
+    """The type of the tool, i.e. `function`."""
+
+
+class Response(BaseModel):
+    conversation: Union[str, Literal["auto", "none"], None] = None
+    """Controls which conversation the response is added to.
+
+    Currently supports `auto` and `none`, with `auto` as the default value. The
+    `auto` value means that the contents of the response will be added to the
+    default conversation. Set this to `none` to create an out-of-band response which
+    will not add items to default conversation.
+    """
+
+    input: Optional[List[ConversationItemWithReference]] = None
+    """Input items to include in the prompt for the model.
+
+    Using this field creates a new context for this Response instead of using the
+    default conversation. An empty array `[]` will clear the context for this
+    Response. Note that this can include references to items from the default
+    conversation.
+    """
+
+    instructions: Optional[str] = None
+    """The default system instructions (i.e.
+
+    system message) prepended to model calls. This field allows the client to guide
+    the model on desired responses. The model can be instructed on response content
+    and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct", "act friendly", "here are examples of
+    good responses") and on audio behavior (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion
+    into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The instructions are not guaranteed to be
+    followed by the model, but they provide guidance to the model on the desired
+    behavior.
+
+    Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+    is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+    session.
+    """
+
+    max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"], None] = None
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+    `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] = None
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    output_audio_format: Optional[Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]] = None
+    """The format of output audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2]. Defaults to 0.8."""
+
+    tool_choice: Optional[str] = None
+    """How the model chooses tools.
+
+    Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify a function, like
+    `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}`.
+    """
+
+    tools: Optional[List[ResponseTool]] = None
+    """Tools (functions) available to the model."""
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str,
+        Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"],
+        None,
+    ] = None
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Voice cannot be changed during the session once the model has responded with
+    audio at least once. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`,
+    `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and `verse`.
+    """
+
+
+class ResponseCreateEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["response.create"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.create`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
+
+    response: Optional[Response] = None
+    """Create a new Realtime response with these parameters"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_create_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_create_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c569d507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_create_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from ...shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .conversation_item_with_reference_param import ConversationItemWithReferenceParam
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCreateEventParam", "Response", "ResponseTool"]
+
+
+class ResponseTool(TypedDict, total=False):
+    description: str
+    """
+    The description of the function, including guidance on when and how to call it,
+    and guidance about what to tell the user when calling (if anything).
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    parameters: object
+    """Parameters of the function in JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of the tool, i.e. `function`."""
+
+
+class Response(TypedDict, total=False):
+    conversation: Union[str, Literal["auto", "none"]]
+    """Controls which conversation the response is added to.
+
+    Currently supports `auto` and `none`, with `auto` as the default value. The
+    `auto` value means that the contents of the response will be added to the
+    default conversation. Set this to `none` to create an out-of-band response which
+    will not add items to default conversation.
+    """
+
+    input: Iterable[ConversationItemWithReferenceParam]
+    """Input items to include in the prompt for the model.
+
+    Using this field creates a new context for this Response instead of using the
+    default conversation. An empty array `[]` will clear the context for this
+    Response. Note that this can include references to items from the default
+    conversation.
+    """
+
+    instructions: str
+    """The default system instructions (i.e.
+
+    system message) prepended to model calls. This field allows the client to guide
+    the model on desired responses. The model can be instructed on response content
+    and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct", "act friendly", "here are examples of
+    good responses") and on audio behavior (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion
+    into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The instructions are not guaranteed to be
+    followed by the model, but they provide guidance to the model on the desired
+    behavior.
+
+    Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+    is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+    session.
+    """
+
+    max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"]]
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+    `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]]
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    output_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]
+    """The format of output audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`."""
+
+    temperature: float
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2]. Defaults to 0.8."""
+
+    tool_choice: str
+    """How the model chooses tools.
+
+    Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify a function, like
+    `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}`.
+    """
+
+    tools: Iterable[ResponseTool]
+    """Tools (functions) available to the model."""
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+    ]
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Voice cannot be changed during the session once the model has responded with
+    audio at least once. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`,
+    `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and `verse`.
+    """
+
+
+class ResponseCreateEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["response.create"]]
+    """The event type, must be `response.create`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
+
+    response: Response
+    """Create a new Realtime response with these parameters"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_created_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_created_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4990cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_created_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .realtime_response import RealtimeResponse
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCreatedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCreatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    response: RealtimeResponse
+    """The response resource."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.created"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.created`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e655184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .realtime_response import RealtimeResponse
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    response: RealtimeResponse
+    """The response resource."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.done"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_function_call_arguments_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_function_call_arguments_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdbb64e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_function_call_arguments_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    call_id: str
+    """The ID of the function call."""
+
+    delta: str
+    """The arguments delta as a JSON string."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the function call item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.function_call_arguments.delta"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.function_call_arguments.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_function_call_arguments_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_function_call_arguments_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a5db533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_function_call_arguments_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    arguments: str
+    """The final arguments as a JSON string."""
+
+    call_id: str
+    """The ID of the function call."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the function call item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.function_call_arguments.done"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.function_call_arguments.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_output_item_added_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_output_item_added_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c89bfdc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_output_item_added_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .conversation_item import ConversationItem
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item: ConversationItem
+    """The item to add to the conversation."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the Response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the Response to which the item belongs."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.output_item.added"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.output_item.added`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_output_item_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_output_item_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5910e22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_output_item_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .conversation_item import ConversationItem
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item: ConversationItem
+    """The item to add to the conversation."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the Response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the Response to which the item belongs."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.output_item.done"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.output_item.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_text_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_text_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c463b3c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_text_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseTextDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseTextDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    delta: str
+    """The text delta."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.text.delta"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.text.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_text_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_text_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..020ff41d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/response_text_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseTextDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseTextDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the item's content array."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item in the response."""
+
+    response_id: str
+    """The ID of the response."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The final text content."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.text.done"]
+    """The event type, must be `response.text.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6acde57f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["Session", "InputAudioNoiseReduction", "InputAudioTranscription", "Tool", "TurnDetection"]
+
+
+class InputAudioNoiseReduction(BaseModel):
+    type: Optional[Literal["near_field", "far_field"]] = None
+    """Type of noise reduction.
+
+    `near_field` is for close-talking microphones such as headphones, `far_field` is
+    for far-field microphones such as laptop or conference room microphones.
+    """
+
+
+class InputAudioTranscription(BaseModel):
+    language: Optional[str] = None
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, current options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+    `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment. For `whisper-1`, the
+    [prompt is a list of keywords](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting).
+    For `gpt-4o-transcribe` models, the prompt is a free text string, for example
+    "expect words related to technology".
+    """
+
+
+class Tool(BaseModel):
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The description of the function, including guidance on when and how to call it,
+    and guidance about what to tell the user when calling (if anything).
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    parameters: Optional[object] = None
+    """Parameters of the function in JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["function"]] = None
+    """The type of the tool, i.e. `function`."""
+
+
+class TurnDetection(BaseModel):
+    create_response: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically generate a response when a VAD stop event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    eagerness: Optional[Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]] = None
+    """Used only for `semantic_vad` mode.
+
+    The eagerness of the model to respond. `low` will wait longer for the user to
+    continue speaking, `high` will respond more quickly. `auto` is the default and
+    is equivalent to `medium`.
+    """
+
+    interrupt_response: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically interrupt any ongoing response with output to
+    the default conversation (i.e. `conversation` of `auto`) when a VAD start event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    prefix_padding_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds). Defaults to 500ms.
+    With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but may jump in on
+    short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5. A higher
+    threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus might
+    perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["server_vad", "semantic_vad"]] = None
+    """Type of turn detection."""
+
+
+class Session(BaseModel):
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Unique identifier for the session that looks like `sess_1234567890abcdef`."""
+
+    input_audio_format: Optional[Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]] = None
+    """The format of input audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, input audio must
+    be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel (mono), and little-endian
+    byte order.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_noise_reduction: Optional[InputAudioNoiseReduction] = None
+    """Configuration for input audio noise reduction.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off. Noise reduction filters audio added to
+    the input audio buffer before it is sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the
+    audio can improve VAD and turn detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and
+    model performance by improving perception of the input audio.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_transcription: Optional[InputAudioTranscription] = None
+    """
+    Configuration for input audio transcription, defaults to off and can be set to
+    `null` to turn off once on. Input audio transcription is not native to the
+    model, since the model consumes audio directly. Transcription runs
+    asynchronously through
+    [the /audio/transcriptions endpoint](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/createTranscription)
+    and should be treated as guidance of input audio content rather than precisely
+    what the model heard. The client can optionally set the language and prompt for
+    transcription, these offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+    """
+
+    instructions: Optional[str] = None
+    """The default system instructions (i.e.
+
+    system message) prepended to model calls. This field allows the client to guide
+    the model on desired responses. The model can be instructed on response content
+    and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct", "act friendly", "here are examples of
+    good responses") and on audio behavior (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion
+    into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The instructions are not guaranteed to be
+    followed by the model, but they provide guidance to the model on the desired
+    behavior.
+
+    Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+    is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+    session.
+    """
+
+    max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"], None] = None
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+    `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+    """
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] = None
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[
+        Literal[
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-10-01",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+        ]
+    ] = None
+    """The Realtime model used for this session."""
+
+    output_audio_format: Optional[Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]] = None
+    """The format of output audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, output audio is
+    sampled at a rate of 24kHz.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2].
+
+    For audio models a temperature of 0.8 is highly recommended for best
+    performance.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: Optional[str] = None
+    """How the model chooses tools.
+
+    Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify a function.
+    """
+
+    tools: Optional[List[Tool]] = None
+    """Tools (functions) available to the model."""
+
+    turn_detection: Optional[TurnDetection] = None
+    """Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually
+    trigger model response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start
+    and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech.
+    Semantic VAD is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction
+    with VAD) to semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then
+    dynamically sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio
+    trails off with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and
+    wait longer for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more
+    natural conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+    """
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str,
+        Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"],
+        None,
+    ] = None
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Voice cannot be changed during the session once the model has responded with
+    audio at least once. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`,
+    `coral`, `echo` `sage`, `shimmer` and `verse`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eadee29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["SessionCreateParams", "InputAudioNoiseReduction", "InputAudioTranscription", "Tool", "TurnDetection"]
+
+
+class SessionCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]
+    """The format of input audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, input audio must
+    be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel (mono), and little-endian
+    byte order.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_noise_reduction: InputAudioNoiseReduction
+    """Configuration for input audio noise reduction.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off. Noise reduction filters audio added to
+    the input audio buffer before it is sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the
+    audio can improve VAD and turn detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and
+    model performance by improving perception of the input audio.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_transcription: InputAudioTranscription
+    """
+    Configuration for input audio transcription, defaults to off and can be set to
+    `null` to turn off once on. Input audio transcription is not native to the
+    model, since the model consumes audio directly. Transcription runs
+    asynchronously through
+    [the /audio/transcriptions endpoint](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/createTranscription)
+    and should be treated as guidance of input audio content rather than precisely
+    what the model heard. The client can optionally set the language and prompt for
+    transcription, these offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+    """
+
+    instructions: str
+    """The default system instructions (i.e.
+
+    system message) prepended to model calls. This field allows the client to guide
+    the model on desired responses. The model can be instructed on response content
+    and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct", "act friendly", "here are examples of
+    good responses") and on audio behavior (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion
+    into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The instructions are not guaranteed to be
+    followed by the model, but they provide guidance to the model on the desired
+    behavior.
+
+    Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+    is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+    session.
+    """
+
+    max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"]]
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+    `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+    """
+
+    modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]]
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    model: Literal[
+        "gpt-4o-realtime-preview",
+        "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-10-01",
+        "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+        "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview",
+        "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+    ]
+    """The Realtime model used for this session."""
+
+    output_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]
+    """The format of output audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, output audio is
+    sampled at a rate of 24kHz.
+    """
+
+    temperature: float
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2].
+
+    For audio models a temperature of 0.8 is highly recommended for best
+    performance.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: str
+    """How the model chooses tools.
+
+    Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify a function.
+    """
+
+    tools: Iterable[Tool]
+    """Tools (functions) available to the model."""
+
+    turn_detection: TurnDetection
+    """Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually
+    trigger model response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start
+    and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech.
+    Semantic VAD is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction
+    with VAD) to semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then
+    dynamically sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio
+    trails off with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and
+    wait longer for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more
+    natural conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+    """
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+    ]
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Voice cannot be changed during the session once the model has responded with
+    audio at least once. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`,
+    `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and `verse`.
+    """
+
+
+class InputAudioNoiseReduction(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Literal["near_field", "far_field"]
+    """Type of noise reduction.
+
+    `near_field` is for close-talking microphones such as headphones, `far_field` is
+    for far-field microphones such as laptop or conference room microphones.
+    """
+
+
+class InputAudioTranscription(TypedDict, total=False):
+    language: str
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, current options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+    `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: str
+    """
+    An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment. For `whisper-1`, the
+    [prompt is a list of keywords](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting).
+    For `gpt-4o-transcribe` models, the prompt is a free text string, for example
+    "expect words related to technology".
+    """
+
+
+class Tool(TypedDict, total=False):
+    description: str
+    """
+    The description of the function, including guidance on when and how to call it,
+    and guidance about what to tell the user when calling (if anything).
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    parameters: object
+    """Parameters of the function in JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of the tool, i.e. `function`."""
+
+
+class TurnDetection(TypedDict, total=False):
+    create_response: bool
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically generate a response when a VAD stop event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    eagerness: Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]
+    """Used only for `semantic_vad` mode.
+
+    The eagerness of the model to respond. `low` will wait longer for the user to
+    continue speaking, `high` will respond more quickly. `auto` is the default and
+    is equivalent to `medium`.
+    """
+
+    interrupt_response: bool
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically interrupt any ongoing response with output to
+    the default conversation (i.e. `conversation` of `auto`) when a VAD start event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    prefix_padding_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds). Defaults to 500ms.
+    With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but may jump in on
+    short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: float
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5. A higher
+    threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus might
+    perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["server_vad", "semantic_vad"]
+    """Type of turn detection."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_create_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_create_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cc8ca15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_create_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["SessionCreateResponse", "ClientSecret", "InputAudioTranscription", "Tool", "TurnDetection"]
+
+
+class ClientSecret(BaseModel):
+    expires_at: int
+    """Timestamp for when the token expires.
+
+    Currently, all tokens expire after one minute.
+    """
+
+    value: str
+    """
+    Ephemeral key usable in client environments to authenticate connections to the
+    Realtime API. Use this in client-side environments rather than a standard API
+    token, which should only be used server-side.
+    """
+
+
+class InputAudioTranscription(BaseModel):
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, `whisper-1` is the only currently supported
+    model.
+    """
+
+
+class Tool(BaseModel):
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The description of the function, including guidance on when and how to call it,
+    and guidance about what to tell the user when calling (if anything).
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    parameters: Optional[object] = None
+    """Parameters of the function in JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["function"]] = None
+    """The type of the tool, i.e. `function`."""
+
+
+class TurnDetection(BaseModel):
+    prefix_padding_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds).
+
+    Defaults to 500ms. With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but
+    may jump in on short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5.
+
+    A higher threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus
+    might perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[str] = None
+    """Type of turn detection, only `server_vad` is currently supported."""
+
+
+class SessionCreateResponse(BaseModel):
+    client_secret: ClientSecret
+    """Ephemeral key returned by the API."""
+
+    input_audio_format: Optional[str] = None
+    """The format of input audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`."""
+
+    input_audio_transcription: Optional[InputAudioTranscription] = None
+    """
+    Configuration for input audio transcription, defaults to off and can be set to
+    `null` to turn off once on. Input audio transcription is not native to the
+    model, since the model consumes audio directly. Transcription runs
+    asynchronously through Whisper and should be treated as rough guidance rather
+    than the representation understood by the model.
+    """
+
+    instructions: Optional[str] = None
+    """The default system instructions (i.e.
+
+    system message) prepended to model calls. This field allows the client to guide
+    the model on desired responses. The model can be instructed on response content
+    and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct", "act friendly", "here are examples of
+    good responses") and on audio behavior (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion
+    into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The instructions are not guaranteed to be
+    followed by the model, but they provide guidance to the model on the desired
+    behavior.
+
+    Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+    is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+    session.
+    """
+
+    max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"], None] = None
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+    `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+    """
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] = None
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    output_audio_format: Optional[str] = None
+    """The format of output audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2]. Defaults to 0.8."""
+
+    tool_choice: Optional[str] = None
+    """How the model chooses tools.
+
+    Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify a function.
+    """
+
+    tools: Optional[List[Tool]] = None
+    """Tools (functions) available to the model."""
+
+    turn_detection: Optional[TurnDetection] = None
+    """Configuration for turn detection.
+
+    Can be set to `null` to turn off. Server VAD means that the model will detect
+    the start and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user
+    speech.
+    """
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str,
+        Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"],
+        None,
+    ] = None
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Voice cannot be changed during the session once the model has responded with
+    audio at least once. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`,
+    `coral`, `echo` `sage`, `shimmer` and `verse`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_created_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_created_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..baf6af38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_created_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .session import Session
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["SessionCreatedEvent"]
+
+
+class SessionCreatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    session: Session
+    """Realtime session object configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["session.created"]
+    """The event type, must be `session.created`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_update_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_update_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba34b026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_update_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SessionUpdateEvent",
+    "Session",
+    "SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction",
+    "SessionInputAudioTranscription",
+    "SessionTool",
+    "SessionTurnDetection",
+]
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction(BaseModel):
+    type: Optional[Literal["near_field", "far_field"]] = None
+    """Type of noise reduction.
+
+    `near_field` is for close-talking microphones such as headphones, `far_field` is
+    for far-field microphones such as laptop or conference room microphones.
+    """
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioTranscription(BaseModel):
+    language: Optional[str] = None
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, current options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+    `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment. For `whisper-1`, the
+    [prompt is a list of keywords](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting).
+    For `gpt-4o-transcribe` models, the prompt is a free text string, for example
+    "expect words related to technology".
+    """
+
+
+class SessionTool(BaseModel):
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The description of the function, including guidance on when and how to call it,
+    and guidance about what to tell the user when calling (if anything).
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    parameters: Optional[object] = None
+    """Parameters of the function in JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["function"]] = None
+    """The type of the tool, i.e. `function`."""
+
+
+class SessionTurnDetection(BaseModel):
+    create_response: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically generate a response when a VAD stop event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    eagerness: Optional[Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]] = None
+    """Used only for `semantic_vad` mode.
+
+    The eagerness of the model to respond. `low` will wait longer for the user to
+    continue speaking, `high` will respond more quickly. `auto` is the default and
+    is equivalent to `medium`.
+    """
+
+    interrupt_response: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically interrupt any ongoing response with output to
+    the default conversation (i.e. `conversation` of `auto`) when a VAD start event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    prefix_padding_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds). Defaults to 500ms.
+    With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but may jump in on
+    short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5. A higher
+    threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus might
+    perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["server_vad", "semantic_vad"]] = None
+    """Type of turn detection."""
+
+
+class Session(BaseModel):
+    input_audio_format: Optional[Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]] = None
+    """The format of input audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, input audio must
+    be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel (mono), and little-endian
+    byte order.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_noise_reduction: Optional[SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction] = None
+    """Configuration for input audio noise reduction.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off. Noise reduction filters audio added to
+    the input audio buffer before it is sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the
+    audio can improve VAD and turn detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and
+    model performance by improving perception of the input audio.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_transcription: Optional[SessionInputAudioTranscription] = None
+    """
+    Configuration for input audio transcription, defaults to off and can be set to
+    `null` to turn off once on. Input audio transcription is not native to the
+    model, since the model consumes audio directly. Transcription runs
+    asynchronously through
+    [the /audio/transcriptions endpoint](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/createTranscription)
+    and should be treated as guidance of input audio content rather than precisely
+    what the model heard. The client can optionally set the language and prompt for
+    transcription, these offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+    """
+
+    instructions: Optional[str] = None
+    """The default system instructions (i.e.
+
+    system message) prepended to model calls. This field allows the client to guide
+    the model on desired responses. The model can be instructed on response content
+    and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct", "act friendly", "here are examples of
+    good responses") and on audio behavior (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion
+    into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The instructions are not guaranteed to be
+    followed by the model, but they provide guidance to the model on the desired
+    behavior.
+
+    Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+    is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+    session.
+    """
+
+    max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"], None] = None
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+    `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+    """
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] = None
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[
+        Literal[
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-10-01",
+            "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview",
+            "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+        ]
+    ] = None
+    """The Realtime model used for this session."""
+
+    output_audio_format: Optional[Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]] = None
+    """The format of output audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, output audio is
+    sampled at a rate of 24kHz.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2].
+
+    For audio models a temperature of 0.8 is highly recommended for best
+    performance.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: Optional[str] = None
+    """How the model chooses tools.
+
+    Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify a function.
+    """
+
+    tools: Optional[List[SessionTool]] = None
+    """Tools (functions) available to the model."""
+
+    turn_detection: Optional[SessionTurnDetection] = None
+    """Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually
+    trigger model response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start
+    and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech.
+    Semantic VAD is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction
+    with VAD) to semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then
+    dynamically sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio
+    trails off with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and
+    wait longer for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more
+    natural conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+    """
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str,
+        Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"],
+        None,
+    ] = None
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Voice cannot be changed during the session once the model has responded with
+    audio at least once. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`,
+    `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and `verse`.
+    """
+
+
+class SessionUpdateEvent(BaseModel):
+    session: Session
+    """Realtime session object configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["session.update"]
+    """The event type, must be `session.update`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_update_event_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_update_event_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0984d39e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_update_event_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SessionUpdateEventParam",
+    "Session",
+    "SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction",
+    "SessionInputAudioTranscription",
+    "SessionTool",
+    "SessionTurnDetection",
+]
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Literal["near_field", "far_field"]
+    """Type of noise reduction.
+
+    `near_field` is for close-talking microphones such as headphones, `far_field` is
+    for far-field microphones such as laptop or conference room microphones.
+    """
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioTranscription(TypedDict, total=False):
+    language: str
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, current options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+    `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: str
+    """
+    An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment. For `whisper-1`, the
+    [prompt is a list of keywords](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting).
+    For `gpt-4o-transcribe` models, the prompt is a free text string, for example
+    "expect words related to technology".
+    """
+
+
+class SessionTool(TypedDict, total=False):
+    description: str
+    """
+    The description of the function, including guidance on when and how to call it,
+    and guidance about what to tell the user when calling (if anything).
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    parameters: object
+    """Parameters of the function in JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of the tool, i.e. `function`."""
+
+
+class SessionTurnDetection(TypedDict, total=False):
+    create_response: bool
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically generate a response when a VAD stop event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    eagerness: Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]
+    """Used only for `semantic_vad` mode.
+
+    The eagerness of the model to respond. `low` will wait longer for the user to
+    continue speaking, `high` will respond more quickly. `auto` is the default and
+    is equivalent to `medium`.
+    """
+
+    interrupt_response: bool
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically interrupt any ongoing response with output to
+    the default conversation (i.e. `conversation` of `auto`) when a VAD start event
+    occurs.
+    """
+
+    prefix_padding_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds). Defaults to 500ms.
+    With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but may jump in on
+    short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: float
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5. A higher
+    threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus might
+    perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["server_vad", "semantic_vad"]
+    """Type of turn detection."""
+
+
+class Session(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]
+    """The format of input audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, input audio must
+    be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel (mono), and little-endian
+    byte order.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_noise_reduction: SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction
+    """Configuration for input audio noise reduction.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off. Noise reduction filters audio added to
+    the input audio buffer before it is sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the
+    audio can improve VAD and turn detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and
+    model performance by improving perception of the input audio.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_transcription: SessionInputAudioTranscription
+    """
+    Configuration for input audio transcription, defaults to off and can be set to
+    `null` to turn off once on. Input audio transcription is not native to the
+    model, since the model consumes audio directly. Transcription runs
+    asynchronously through
+    [the /audio/transcriptions endpoint](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/audio/createTranscription)
+    and should be treated as guidance of input audio content rather than precisely
+    what the model heard. The client can optionally set the language and prompt for
+    transcription, these offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+    """
+
+    instructions: str
+    """The default system instructions (i.e.
+
+    system message) prepended to model calls. This field allows the client to guide
+    the model on desired responses. The model can be instructed on response content
+    and format, (e.g. "be extremely succinct", "act friendly", "here are examples of
+    good responses") and on audio behavior (e.g. "talk quickly", "inject emotion
+    into your voice", "laugh frequently"). The instructions are not guaranteed to be
+    followed by the model, but they provide guidance to the model on the desired
+    behavior.
+
+    Note that the server sets default instructions which will be used if this field
+    is not set and are visible in the `session.created` event at the start of the
+    session.
+    """
+
+    max_response_output_tokens: Union[int, Literal["inf"]]
+    """
+    Maximum number of output tokens for a single assistant response, inclusive of
+    tool calls. Provide an integer between 1 and 4096 to limit output tokens, or
+    `inf` for the maximum available tokens for a given model. Defaults to `inf`.
+    """
+
+    modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]]
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    model: Literal[
+        "gpt-4o-realtime-preview",
+        "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-10-01",
+        "gpt-4o-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+        "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview",
+        "gpt-4o-mini-realtime-preview-2024-12-17",
+    ]
+    """The Realtime model used for this session."""
+
+    output_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]
+    """The format of output audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, output audio is
+    sampled at a rate of 24kHz.
+    """
+
+    temperature: float
+    """Sampling temperature for the model, limited to [0.6, 1.2].
+
+    For audio models a temperature of 0.8 is highly recommended for best
+    performance.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: str
+    """How the model chooses tools.
+
+    Options are `auto`, `none`, `required`, or specify a function.
+    """
+
+    tools: Iterable[SessionTool]
+    """Tools (functions) available to the model."""
+
+    turn_detection: SessionTurnDetection
+    """Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually
+    trigger model response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start
+    and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech.
+    Semantic VAD is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction
+    with VAD) to semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then
+    dynamically sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio
+    trails off with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and
+    wait longer for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more
+    natural conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+    """
+
+    voice: Union[
+        str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+    ]
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Voice cannot be changed during the session once the model has responded with
+    audio at least once. Current voice options are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`,
+    `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `onyx`, `nova`, `sage`, `shimmer`, and `verse`.
+    """
+
+
+class SessionUpdateEventParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    session: Required[Session]
+    """Realtime session object configuration."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["session.update"]]
+    """The event type, must be `session.update`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_updated_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_updated_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9b6488e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/session_updated_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .session import Session
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["SessionUpdatedEvent"]
+
+
+class SessionUpdatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    session: Session
+    """Realtime session object configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["session.updated"]
+    """The event type, must be `session.updated`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c7abf37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionSession", "ClientSecret", "InputAudioTranscription", "TurnDetection"]
+
+
+class ClientSecret(BaseModel):
+    expires_at: int
+    """Timestamp for when the token expires.
+
+    Currently, all tokens expire after one minute.
+    """
+
+    value: str
+    """
+    Ephemeral key usable in client environments to authenticate connections to the
+    Realtime API. Use this in client-side environments rather than a standard API
+    token, which should only be used server-side.
+    """
+
+
+class InputAudioTranscription(BaseModel):
+    language: Optional[str] = None
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[Literal["gpt-4o-transcribe", "gpt-4o-mini-transcribe", "whisper-1"]] = None
+    """The model to use for transcription.
+
+    Can be `gpt-4o-transcribe`, `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, or `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: Optional[str] = None
+    """An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment.
+
+    The [prompt](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting)
+    should match the audio language.
+    """
+
+
+class TurnDetection(BaseModel):
+    prefix_padding_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds).
+
+    Defaults to 500ms. With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but
+    may jump in on short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5.
+
+    A higher threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus
+    might perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[str] = None
+    """Type of turn detection, only `server_vad` is currently supported."""
+
+
+class TranscriptionSession(BaseModel):
+    client_secret: ClientSecret
+    """Ephemeral key returned by the API.
+
+    Only present when the session is created on the server via REST API.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_format: Optional[str] = None
+    """The format of input audio. Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`."""
+
+    input_audio_transcription: Optional[InputAudioTranscription] = None
+    """Configuration of the transcription model."""
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] = None
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    turn_detection: Optional[TurnDetection] = None
+    """Configuration for turn detection.
+
+    Can be set to `null` to turn off. Server VAD means that the model will detect
+    the start and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user
+    speech.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cf511f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionSessionCreateParams", "InputAudioNoiseReduction", "InputAudioTranscription", "TurnDetection"]
+
+
+class TranscriptionSessionCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    include: List[str]
+    """The set of items to include in the transcription. Current available items are:
+
+    - `item.input_audio_transcription.logprobs`
+    """
+
+    input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]
+    """The format of input audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, input audio must
+    be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel (mono), and little-endian
+    byte order.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_noise_reduction: InputAudioNoiseReduction
+    """Configuration for input audio noise reduction.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off. Noise reduction filters audio added to
+    the input audio buffer before it is sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the
+    audio can improve VAD and turn detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and
+    model performance by improving perception of the input audio.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_transcription: InputAudioTranscription
+    """Configuration for input audio transcription.
+
+    The client can optionally set the language and prompt for transcription, these
+    offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+    """
+
+    modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]]
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    turn_detection: TurnDetection
+    """Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually
+    trigger model response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start
+    and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech.
+    Semantic VAD is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction
+    with VAD) to semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then
+    dynamically sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio
+    trails off with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and
+    wait longer for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more
+    natural conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+    """
+
+
+class InputAudioNoiseReduction(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Literal["near_field", "far_field"]
+    """Type of noise reduction.
+
+    `near_field` is for close-talking microphones such as headphones, `far_field` is
+    for far-field microphones such as laptop or conference room microphones.
+    """
+
+
+class InputAudioTranscription(TypedDict, total=False):
+    language: str
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: Literal["gpt-4o-transcribe", "gpt-4o-mini-transcribe", "whisper-1"]
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, current options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+    `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: str
+    """
+    An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment. For `whisper-1`, the
+    [prompt is a list of keywords](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting).
+    For `gpt-4o-transcribe` models, the prompt is a free text string, for example
+    "expect words related to technology".
+    """
+
+
+class TurnDetection(TypedDict, total=False):
+    create_response: bool
+    """Whether or not to automatically generate a response when a VAD stop event
+    occurs.
+
+    Not available for transcription sessions.
+    """
+
+    eagerness: Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]
+    """Used only for `semantic_vad` mode.
+
+    The eagerness of the model to respond. `low` will wait longer for the user to
+    continue speaking, `high` will respond more quickly. `auto` is the default and
+    is equivalent to `medium`.
+    """
+
+    interrupt_response: bool
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically interrupt any ongoing response with output to
+    the default conversation (i.e. `conversation` of `auto`) when a VAD start event
+    occurs. Not available for transcription sessions.
+    """
+
+    prefix_padding_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds). Defaults to 500ms.
+    With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but may jump in on
+    short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: float
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5. A higher
+    threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus might
+    perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["server_vad", "semantic_vad"]
+    """Type of turn detection."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_update.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_update.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3e8f011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_update.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TranscriptionSessionUpdate",
+    "Session",
+    "SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction",
+    "SessionInputAudioTranscription",
+    "SessionTurnDetection",
+]
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction(BaseModel):
+    type: Optional[Literal["near_field", "far_field"]] = None
+    """Type of noise reduction.
+
+    `near_field` is for close-talking microphones such as headphones, `far_field` is
+    for far-field microphones such as laptop or conference room microphones.
+    """
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioTranscription(BaseModel):
+    language: Optional[str] = None
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[Literal["gpt-4o-transcribe", "gpt-4o-mini-transcribe", "whisper-1"]] = None
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, current options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+    `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment. For `whisper-1`, the
+    [prompt is a list of keywords](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting).
+    For `gpt-4o-transcribe` models, the prompt is a free text string, for example
+    "expect words related to technology".
+    """
+
+
+class SessionTurnDetection(BaseModel):
+    create_response: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether or not to automatically generate a response when a VAD stop event
+    occurs.
+
+    Not available for transcription sessions.
+    """
+
+    eagerness: Optional[Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]] = None
+    """Used only for `semantic_vad` mode.
+
+    The eagerness of the model to respond. `low` will wait longer for the user to
+    continue speaking, `high` will respond more quickly. `auto` is the default and
+    is equivalent to `medium`.
+    """
+
+    interrupt_response: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically interrupt any ongoing response with output to
+    the default conversation (i.e. `conversation` of `auto`) when a VAD start event
+    occurs. Not available for transcription sessions.
+    """
+
+    prefix_padding_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: Optional[int] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds). Defaults to 500ms.
+    With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but may jump in on
+    short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5. A higher
+    threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus might
+    perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["server_vad", "semantic_vad"]] = None
+    """Type of turn detection."""
+
+
+class Session(BaseModel):
+    include: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """The set of items to include in the transcription. Current available items are:
+
+    - `item.input_audio_transcription.logprobs`
+    """
+
+    input_audio_format: Optional[Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]] = None
+    """The format of input audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, input audio must
+    be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel (mono), and little-endian
+    byte order.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_noise_reduction: Optional[SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction] = None
+    """Configuration for input audio noise reduction.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off. Noise reduction filters audio added to
+    the input audio buffer before it is sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the
+    audio can improve VAD and turn detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and
+    model performance by improving perception of the input audio.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_transcription: Optional[SessionInputAudioTranscription] = None
+    """Configuration for input audio transcription.
+
+    The client can optionally set the language and prompt for transcription, these
+    offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+    """
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]] = None
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    turn_detection: Optional[SessionTurnDetection] = None
+    """Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually
+    trigger model response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start
+    and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech.
+    Semantic VAD is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction
+    with VAD) to semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then
+    dynamically sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio
+    trails off with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and
+    wait longer for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more
+    natural conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+    """
+
+
+class TranscriptionSessionUpdate(BaseModel):
+    session: Session
+    """Realtime transcription session object configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["transcription_session.update"]
+    """The event type, must be `transcription_session.update`."""
+
+    event_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_update_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_update_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..549c4901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_update_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "TranscriptionSessionUpdateParam",
+    "Session",
+    "SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction",
+    "SessionInputAudioTranscription",
+    "SessionTurnDetection",
+]
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Literal["near_field", "far_field"]
+    """Type of noise reduction.
+
+    `near_field` is for close-talking microphones such as headphones, `far_field` is
+    for far-field microphones such as laptop or conference room microphones.
+    """
+
+
+class SessionInputAudioTranscription(TypedDict, total=False):
+    language: str
+    """The language of the input audio.
+
+    Supplying the input language in
+    [ISO-639-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes) (e.g. `en`)
+    format will improve accuracy and latency.
+    """
+
+    model: Literal["gpt-4o-transcribe", "gpt-4o-mini-transcribe", "whisper-1"]
+    """
+    The model to use for transcription, current options are `gpt-4o-transcribe`,
+    `gpt-4o-mini-transcribe`, and `whisper-1`.
+    """
+
+    prompt: str
+    """
+    An optional text to guide the model's style or continue a previous audio
+    segment. For `whisper-1`, the
+    [prompt is a list of keywords](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/speech-to-text#prompting).
+    For `gpt-4o-transcribe` models, the prompt is a free text string, for example
+    "expect words related to technology".
+    """
+
+
+class SessionTurnDetection(TypedDict, total=False):
+    create_response: bool
+    """Whether or not to automatically generate a response when a VAD stop event
+    occurs.
+
+    Not available for transcription sessions.
+    """
+
+    eagerness: Literal["low", "medium", "high", "auto"]
+    """Used only for `semantic_vad` mode.
+
+    The eagerness of the model to respond. `low` will wait longer for the user to
+    continue speaking, `high` will respond more quickly. `auto` is the default and
+    is equivalent to `medium`.
+    """
+
+    interrupt_response: bool
+    """
+    Whether or not to automatically interrupt any ongoing response with output to
+    the default conversation (i.e. `conversation` of `auto`) when a VAD start event
+    occurs. Not available for transcription sessions.
+    """
+
+    prefix_padding_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Amount of audio to include before the VAD detected speech (in milliseconds).
+    Defaults to 300ms.
+    """
+
+    silence_duration_ms: int
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Duration of silence to detect speech stop (in milliseconds). Defaults to 500ms.
+    With shorter values the model will respond more quickly, but may jump in on
+    short pauses from the user.
+    """
+
+    threshold: float
+    """Used only for `server_vad` mode.
+
+    Activation threshold for VAD (0.0 to 1.0), this defaults to 0.5. A higher
+    threshold will require louder audio to activate the model, and thus might
+    perform better in noisy environments.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["server_vad", "semantic_vad"]
+    """Type of turn detection."""
+
+
+class Session(TypedDict, total=False):
+    include: List[str]
+    """The set of items to include in the transcription. Current available items are:
+
+    - `item.input_audio_transcription.logprobs`
+    """
+
+    input_audio_format: Literal["pcm16", "g711_ulaw", "g711_alaw"]
+    """The format of input audio.
+
+    Options are `pcm16`, `g711_ulaw`, or `g711_alaw`. For `pcm16`, input audio must
+    be 16-bit PCM at a 24kHz sample rate, single channel (mono), and little-endian
+    byte order.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_noise_reduction: SessionInputAudioNoiseReduction
+    """Configuration for input audio noise reduction.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off. Noise reduction filters audio added to
+    the input audio buffer before it is sent to VAD and the model. Filtering the
+    audio can improve VAD and turn detection accuracy (reducing false positives) and
+    model performance by improving perception of the input audio.
+    """
+
+    input_audio_transcription: SessionInputAudioTranscription
+    """Configuration for input audio transcription.
+
+    The client can optionally set the language and prompt for transcription, these
+    offer additional guidance to the transcription service.
+    """
+
+    modalities: List[Literal["text", "audio"]]
+    """The set of modalities the model can respond with.
+
+    To disable audio, set this to ["text"].
+    """
+
+    turn_detection: SessionTurnDetection
+    """Configuration for turn detection, ether Server VAD or Semantic VAD.
+
+    This can be set to `null` to turn off, in which case the client must manually
+    trigger model response. Server VAD means that the model will detect the start
+    and end of speech based on audio volume and respond at the end of user speech.
+    Semantic VAD is more advanced and uses a turn detection model (in conjuction
+    with VAD) to semantically estimate whether the user has finished speaking, then
+    dynamically sets a timeout based on this probability. For example, if user audio
+    trails off with "uhhm", the model will score a low probability of turn end and
+    wait longer for the user to continue speaking. This can be useful for more
+    natural conversations, but may have a higher latency.
+    """
+
+
+class TranscriptionSessionUpdateParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    session: Required[Session]
+    """Realtime transcription session object configuration."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["transcription_session.update"]]
+    """The event type, must be `transcription_session.update`."""
+
+    event_id: str
+    """Optional client-generated ID used to identify this event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_updated_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_updated_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffc100bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/realtime/transcription_session_updated_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .transcription_session import TranscriptionSession
+
+__all__ = ["TranscriptionSessionUpdatedEvent"]
+
+
+class TranscriptionSessionUpdatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    event_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the server event."""
+
+    session: TranscriptionSession
+    """A new Realtime transcription session configuration.
+
+    When a session is created on the server via REST API, the session object also
+    contains an ephemeral key. Default TTL for keys is one minute. This property is
+    not present when a session is updated via the WebSocket API.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["transcription_session.updated"]
+    """The event type, must be `transcription_session.updated`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..789f66e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["Thread", "ToolResources", "ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter", "ToolResourcesFileSearch"]
+
+
+class ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(BaseModel):
+    file_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made
+    available to the `code_interpreter` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files
+    associated with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearch(BaseModel):
+    vector_store_ids: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """
+    The
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this thread. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the thread.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResources(BaseModel):
+    code_interpreter: Optional[ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter] = None
+
+    file_search: Optional[ToolResourcesFileSearch] = None
+
+
+class Thread(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the thread was created."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    object: Literal["thread"]
+    """The object type, which is always `thread`."""
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ToolResources] = None
+    """
+    A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+    thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_create_and_run_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_create_and_run_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8137105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_create_and_run_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from .assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .code_interpreter_tool_param import CodeInterpreterToolParam
+from .assistant_tool_choice_option_param import AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam
+from .threads.message_content_part_param import MessageContentPartParam
+from .assistant_response_format_option_param import AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ThreadCreateAndRunParamsBase",
+    "Thread",
+    "ThreadMessage",
+    "ThreadMessageAttachment",
+    "ThreadMessageAttachmentTool",
+    "ThreadMessageAttachmentToolFileSearch",
+    "ThreadToolResources",
+    "ThreadToolResourcesCodeInterpreter",
+    "ThreadToolResourcesFileSearch",
+    "ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore",
+    "ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy",
+    "ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto",
+    "ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic",
+    "ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic",
+    "ToolResources",
+    "ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearch",
+    "TruncationStrategy",
+    "ThreadCreateAndRunParamsNonStreaming",
+    "ThreadCreateAndRunParamsStreaming",
+]
+
+
+class ThreadCreateAndRunParamsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    assistant_id: Required[str]
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+    execute this run.
+    """
+
+    instructions: Optional[str]
+    """Override the default system message of the assistant.
+
+    This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+    """
+
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """
+    The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+    run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+    specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+    completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+    `incomplete_details` for more info.
+    """
+
+    max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+
+    The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+    specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+    prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+    `incomplete_details` for more info.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: Union[str, ChatModel, None]
+    """
+    The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+    be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+    model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+    assistant will be used.
+    """
+
+    parallel_tool_calls: bool
+    """
+    Whether to enable
+    [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+    during tool use.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam]
+    """Specifies the format that the model must output.
+
+    Compatible with [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+    [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+    and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+    Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+    in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+    message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+    **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+    produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+    generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+    limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+    the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+    indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+    max context length.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic.
+    """
+
+    thread: Thread
+    """Options to create a new thread.
+
+    If no thread is provided when running a request, an empty thread will be
+    created.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam]
+    """
+    Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+    not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+    and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+    tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+    to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+    `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+    call that tool.
+    """
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ToolResources]
+    """A set of resources that are used by the assistant's tools.
+
+    The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
+
+    tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]]
+    """Override the tools the assistant can use for this run.
+
+    This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+    """
+
+    truncation_strategy: Optional[TruncationStrategy]
+    """Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run.
+
+    Use this to control the intial context window of the run.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadMessageAttachmentToolFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["file_search"]]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `file_search`"""
+
+
+ThreadMessageAttachmentTool: TypeAlias = Union[CodeInterpreterToolParam, ThreadMessageAttachmentToolFileSearch]
+
+
+class ThreadMessageAttachment(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file to attach to the message."""
+
+    tools: Iterable[ThreadMessageAttachmentTool]
+    """The tools to add this file to."""
+
+
+class ThreadMessage(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[MessageContentPartParam]]]
+    """The text contents of the message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant"]]
+    """The role of the entity that is creating the message. Allowed values include:
+
+    - `user`: Indicates the message is sent by an actual user and should be used in
+      most cases to represent user-generated messages.
+    - `assistant`: Indicates the message is generated by the assistant. Use this
+      value to insert messages from the assistant into the conversation.
+    """
+
+    attachments: Optional[Iterable[ThreadMessageAttachment]]
+    """A list of files attached to the message, and the tools they should be added to."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made
+    available to the `code_interpreter` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files
+    associated with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["auto"]]
+    """Always `auto`."""
+
+
+class ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunk_overlap_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The number of tokens that overlap between chunks. The default value is `400`.
+
+    Note that the overlap must not exceed half of `max_chunk_size_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    max_chunk_size_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The maximum number of tokens in each chunk.
+
+    The default value is `800`. The minimum value is `100` and the maximum value is
+    `4096`.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic(TypedDict, total=False):
+    static: Required[ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["static"]]
+    """Always `static`."""
+
+
+ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto,
+    ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic,
+]
+
+
+class ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunking_strategy: ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy
+    """The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s).
+
+    If not set, will use the `auto` strategy.
+    """
+
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs to
+    add to the vector store. There can be a maximum of 10000 files in a vector
+    store.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadToolResourcesFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    The
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this thread. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the thread.
+    """
+
+    vector_stores: Iterable[ThreadToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore]
+    """
+    A helper to create a
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    with file_ids and attach it to this thread. There can be a maximum of 1 vector
+    store attached to the thread.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadToolResources(TypedDict, total=False):
+    code_interpreter: ThreadToolResourcesCodeInterpreter
+
+    file_search: ThreadToolResourcesFileSearch
+
+
+class Thread(TypedDict, total=False):
+    messages: Iterable[ThreadMessage]
+    """
+    A list of [messages](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/messages) to
+    start the thread with.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ThreadToolResources]
+    """
+    A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+    thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made
+    available to the `code_interpreter` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files
+    associated with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this assistant. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the assistant.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResources(TypedDict, total=False):
+    code_interpreter: ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter
+
+    file_search: ToolResourcesFileSearch
+
+
+class TruncationStrategy(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["auto", "last_messages"]]
+    """The truncation strategy to use for the thread.
+
+    The default is `auto`. If set to `last_messages`, the thread will be truncated
+    to the n most recent messages in the thread. When set to `auto`, messages in the
+    middle of the thread will be dropped to fit the context length of the model,
+    `max_prompt_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    last_messages: Optional[int]
+    """
+    The number of most recent messages from the thread when constructing the context
+    for the run.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadCreateAndRunParamsNonStreaming(ThreadCreateAndRunParamsBase, total=False):
+    stream: Optional[Literal[False]]
+    """
+    If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+    events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    """
+
+
+class ThreadCreateAndRunParamsStreaming(ThreadCreateAndRunParamsBase):
+    stream: Required[Literal[True]]
+    """
+    If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+    events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    """
+
+
+ThreadCreateAndRunParams = Union[ThreadCreateAndRunParamsNonStreaming, ThreadCreateAndRunParamsStreaming]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec1ccf19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .code_interpreter_tool_param import CodeInterpreterToolParam
+from .threads.message_content_part_param import MessageContentPartParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ThreadCreateParams",
+    "Message",
+    "MessageAttachment",
+    "MessageAttachmentTool",
+    "MessageAttachmentToolFileSearch",
+    "ToolResources",
+    "ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearch",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic",
+    "ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic",
+]
+
+
+class ThreadCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    messages: Iterable[Message]
+    """
+    A list of [messages](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/messages) to
+    start the thread with.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ToolResources]
+    """
+    A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+    thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
+
+
+class MessageAttachmentToolFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["file_search"]]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `file_search`"""
+
+
+MessageAttachmentTool: TypeAlias = Union[CodeInterpreterToolParam, MessageAttachmentToolFileSearch]
+
+
+class MessageAttachment(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file to attach to the message."""
+
+    tools: Iterable[MessageAttachmentTool]
+    """The tools to add this file to."""
+
+
+class Message(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[MessageContentPartParam]]]
+    """The text contents of the message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant"]]
+    """The role of the entity that is creating the message. Allowed values include:
+
+    - `user`: Indicates the message is sent by an actual user and should be used in
+      most cases to represent user-generated messages.
+    - `assistant`: Indicates the message is generated by the assistant. Use this
+      value to insert messages from the assistant into the conversation.
+    """
+
+    attachments: Optional[Iterable[MessageAttachment]]
+    """A list of files attached to the message, and the tools they should be added to."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made
+    available to the `code_interpreter` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files
+    associated with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["auto"]]
+    """Always `auto`."""
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunk_overlap_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The number of tokens that overlap between chunks. The default value is `400`.
+
+    Note that the overlap must not exceed half of `max_chunk_size_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    max_chunk_size_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The maximum number of tokens in each chunk.
+
+    The default value is `800`. The minimum value is `100` and the maximum value is
+    `4096`.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic(TypedDict, total=False):
+    static: Required[ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStaticStatic]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["static"]]
+    """Always `static`."""
+
+
+ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyAuto, ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategyStatic
+]
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunking_strategy: ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStoreChunkingStrategy
+    """The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s).
+
+    If not set, will use the `auto` strategy.
+    """
+
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs to
+    add to the vector store. There can be a maximum of 10000 files in a vector
+    store.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    The
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this thread. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the thread.
+    """
+
+    vector_stores: Iterable[ToolResourcesFileSearchVectorStore]
+    """
+    A helper to create a
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    with file_ids and attach it to this thread. There can be a maximum of 1 vector
+    store attached to the thread.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResources(TypedDict, total=False):
+    code_interpreter: ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter
+
+    file_search: ToolResourcesFileSearch
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3856263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ThreadDeleted"]
+
+
+class ThreadDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    deleted: bool
+
+    object: Literal["thread.deleted"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b47ea8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/thread_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["ThreadUpdateParams", "ToolResources", "ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter", "ToolResourcesFileSearch"]
+
+
+class ThreadUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    tool_resources: Optional[ToolResources]
+    """
+    A set of resources that are made available to the assistant's tools in this
+    thread. The resources are specific to the type of tool. For example, the
+    `code_interpreter` tool requires a list of file IDs, while the `file_search`
+    tool requires a list of vector store IDs.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs made
+    available to the `code_interpreter` tool. There can be a maximum of 20 files
+    associated with the tool.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResourcesFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    The
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    attached to this thread. There can be a maximum of 1 vector store attached to
+    the thread.
+    """
+
+
+class ToolResources(TypedDict, total=False):
+    code_interpreter: ToolResourcesCodeInterpreter
+
+    file_search: ToolResourcesFileSearch
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70853177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .run import Run as Run
+from .text import Text as Text
+from .message import Message as Message
+from .image_url import ImageURL as ImageURL
+from .annotation import Annotation as Annotation
+from .image_file import ImageFile as ImageFile
+from .run_status import RunStatus as RunStatus
+from .text_delta import TextDelta as TextDelta
+from .message_delta import MessageDelta as MessageDelta
+from .image_url_delta import ImageURLDelta as ImageURLDelta
+from .image_url_param import ImageURLParam as ImageURLParam
+from .message_content import MessageContent as MessageContent
+from .message_deleted import MessageDeleted as MessageDeleted
+from .run_list_params import RunListParams as RunListParams
+from .annotation_delta import AnnotationDelta as AnnotationDelta
+from .image_file_delta import ImageFileDelta as ImageFileDelta
+from .image_file_param import ImageFileParam as ImageFileParam
+from .text_delta_block import TextDeltaBlock as TextDeltaBlock
+from .run_create_params import RunCreateParams as RunCreateParams
+from .run_update_params import RunUpdateParams as RunUpdateParams
+from .text_content_block import TextContentBlock as TextContentBlock
+from .message_delta_event import MessageDeltaEvent as MessageDeltaEvent
+from .message_list_params import MessageListParams as MessageListParams
+from .refusal_delta_block import RefusalDeltaBlock as RefusalDeltaBlock
+from .file_path_annotation import FilePathAnnotation as FilePathAnnotation
+from .image_url_delta_block import ImageURLDeltaBlock as ImageURLDeltaBlock
+from .message_content_delta import MessageContentDelta as MessageContentDelta
+from .message_create_params import MessageCreateParams as MessageCreateParams
+from .message_update_params import MessageUpdateParams as MessageUpdateParams
+from .refusal_content_block import RefusalContentBlock as RefusalContentBlock
+from .image_file_delta_block import ImageFileDeltaBlock as ImageFileDeltaBlock
+from .image_url_content_block import ImageURLContentBlock as ImageURLContentBlock
+from .file_citation_annotation import FileCitationAnnotation as FileCitationAnnotation
+from .image_file_content_block import ImageFileContentBlock as ImageFileContentBlock
+from .text_content_block_param import TextContentBlockParam as TextContentBlockParam
+from .file_path_delta_annotation import FilePathDeltaAnnotation as FilePathDeltaAnnotation
+from .message_content_part_param import MessageContentPartParam as MessageContentPartParam
+from .image_url_content_block_param import ImageURLContentBlockParam as ImageURLContentBlockParam
+from .file_citation_delta_annotation import FileCitationDeltaAnnotation as FileCitationDeltaAnnotation
+from .image_file_content_block_param import ImageFileContentBlockParam as ImageFileContentBlockParam
+from .run_submit_tool_outputs_params import RunSubmitToolOutputsParams as RunSubmitToolOutputsParams
+from .required_action_function_tool_call import RequiredActionFunctionToolCall as RequiredActionFunctionToolCall
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/annotation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13c10abf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .file_path_annotation import FilePathAnnotation
+from .file_citation_annotation import FileCitationAnnotation
+
+__all__ = ["Annotation"]
+
+Annotation: TypeAlias = Annotated[Union[FileCitationAnnotation, FilePathAnnotation], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/annotation_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/annotation_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7c6c898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/annotation_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .file_path_delta_annotation import FilePathDeltaAnnotation
+from .file_citation_delta_annotation import FileCitationDeltaAnnotation
+
+__all__ = ["AnnotationDelta"]
+
+AnnotationDelta: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[FileCitationDeltaAnnotation, FilePathDeltaAnnotation], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_citation_annotation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_citation_annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3085aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_citation_annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FileCitationAnnotation", "FileCitation"]
+
+
+class FileCitation(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the specific File the citation is from."""
+
+
+class FileCitationAnnotation(BaseModel):
+    end_index: int
+
+    file_citation: FileCitation
+
+    start_index: int
+
+    text: str
+    """The text in the message content that needs to be replaced."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_citation"]
+    """Always `file_citation`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_citation_delta_annotation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_citation_delta_annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b40c0d12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_citation_delta_annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FileCitationDeltaAnnotation", "FileCitation"]
+
+
+class FileCitation(BaseModel):
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the specific File the citation is from."""
+
+    quote: Optional[str] = None
+    """The specific quote in the file."""
+
+
+class FileCitationDeltaAnnotation(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the annotation in the text content part."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_citation"]
+    """Always `file_citation`."""
+
+    end_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+    file_citation: Optional[FileCitation] = None
+
+    start_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text in the message content that needs to be replaced."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_path_annotation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_path_annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9812737e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_path_annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FilePathAnnotation", "FilePath"]
+
+
+class FilePath(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file that was generated."""
+
+
+class FilePathAnnotation(BaseModel):
+    end_index: int
+
+    file_path: FilePath
+
+    start_index: int
+
+    text: str
+    """The text in the message content that needs to be replaced."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_path"]
+    """Always `file_path`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_path_delta_annotation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_path_delta_annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cbb445e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/file_path_delta_annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FilePathDeltaAnnotation", "FilePath"]
+
+
+class FilePath(BaseModel):
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the file that was generated."""
+
+
+class FilePathDeltaAnnotation(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the annotation in the text content part."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_path"]
+    """Always `file_path`."""
+
+    end_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+    file_path: Optional[FilePath] = None
+
+    start_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text in the message content that needs to be replaced."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6000d975
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageFile"]
+
+
+class ImageFile(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """
+    The [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID of the image
+    in the message content. Set `purpose="vision"` when uploading the File if you
+    need to later display the file content.
+    """
+
+    detail: Optional[Literal["auto", "low", "high"]] = None
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image if specified by the user.
+
+    `low` uses fewer tokens, you can opt in to high resolution using `high`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_content_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_content_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9099990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_content_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .image_file import ImageFile
+
+__all__ = ["ImageFileContentBlock"]
+
+
+class ImageFileContentBlock(BaseModel):
+    image_file: ImageFile
+
+    type: Literal["image_file"]
+    """Always `image_file`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_content_block_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_content_block_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48d94bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_content_block_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .image_file_param import ImageFileParam
+
+__all__ = ["ImageFileContentBlockParam"]
+
+
+class ImageFileContentBlockParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    image_file: Required[ImageFileParam]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["image_file"]]
+    """Always `image_file`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4581184c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageFileDelta"]
+
+
+class ImageFileDelta(BaseModel):
+    detail: Optional[Literal["auto", "low", "high"]] = None
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image if specified by the user.
+
+    `low` uses fewer tokens, you can opt in to high resolution using `high`.
+    """
+
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID of the image
+    in the message content. Set `purpose="vision"` when uploading the File if you
+    need to later display the file content.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_delta_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_delta_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a5a2e8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_delta_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .image_file_delta import ImageFileDelta
+
+__all__ = ["ImageFileDeltaBlock"]
+
+
+class ImageFileDeltaBlock(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the message."""
+
+    type: Literal["image_file"]
+    """Always `image_file`."""
+
+    image_file: Optional[ImageFileDelta] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4a85358
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_file_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ImageFileParam"]
+
+
+class ImageFileParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: Required[str]
+    """
+    The [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID of the image
+    in the message content. Set `purpose="vision"` when uploading the File if you
+    need to later display the file content.
+    """
+
+    detail: Literal["auto", "low", "high"]
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image if specified by the user.
+
+    `low` uses fewer tokens, you can opt in to high resolution using `high`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1fac147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageURL"]
+
+
+class ImageURL(BaseModel):
+    url: str
+    """
+    The external URL of the image, must be a supported image types: jpeg, jpg, png,
+    gif, webp.
+    """
+
+    detail: Optional[Literal["auto", "low", "high"]] = None
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image.
+
+    `low` uses fewer tokens, you can opt in to high resolution using `high`. Default
+    value is `auto`
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_content_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_content_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40a16c1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_content_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .image_url import ImageURL
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageURLContentBlock"]
+
+
+class ImageURLContentBlock(BaseModel):
+    image_url: ImageURL
+
+    type: Literal["image_url"]
+    """The type of the content part."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_content_block_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_content_block_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..585b926c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_content_block_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .image_url_param import ImageURLParam
+
+__all__ = ["ImageURLContentBlockParam"]
+
+
+class ImageURLContentBlockParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    image_url: Required[ImageURLParam]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["image_url"]]
+    """The type of the content part."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4026719
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageURLDelta"]
+
+
+class ImageURLDelta(BaseModel):
+    detail: Optional[Literal["auto", "low", "high"]] = None
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image.
+
+    `low` uses fewer tokens, you can opt in to high resolution using `high`.
+    """
+
+    url: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The URL of the image, must be a supported image types: jpeg, jpg, png, gif,
+    webp.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_delta_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_delta_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5252da12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_delta_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .image_url_delta import ImageURLDelta
+
+__all__ = ["ImageURLDeltaBlock"]
+
+
+class ImageURLDeltaBlock(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the message."""
+
+    type: Literal["image_url"]
+    """Always `image_url`."""
+
+    image_url: Optional[ImageURLDelta] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b7e427e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/image_url_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ImageURLParam"]
+
+
+class ImageURLParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    url: Required[str]
+    """
+    The external URL of the image, must be a supported image types: jpeg, jpg, png,
+    gif, webp.
+    """
+
+    detail: Literal["auto", "low", "high"]
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image.
+
+    `low` uses fewer tokens, you can opt in to high resolution using `high`. Default
+    value is `auto`
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a05a128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .message_content import MessageContent
+from ...shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..code_interpreter_tool import CodeInterpreterTool
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Message",
+    "Attachment",
+    "AttachmentTool",
+    "AttachmentToolAssistantToolsFileSearchTypeOnly",
+    "IncompleteDetails",
+]
+
+
+class AttachmentToolAssistantToolsFileSearchTypeOnly(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["file_search"]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `file_search`"""
+
+
+AttachmentTool: TypeAlias = Union[CodeInterpreterTool, AttachmentToolAssistantToolsFileSearchTypeOnly]
+
+
+class Attachment(BaseModel):
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the file to attach to the message."""
+
+    tools: Optional[List[AttachmentTool]] = None
+    """The tools to add this file to."""
+
+
+class IncompleteDetails(BaseModel):
+    reason: Literal["content_filter", "max_tokens", "run_cancelled", "run_expired", "run_failed"]
+    """The reason the message is incomplete."""
+
+
+class Message(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    assistant_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    If applicable, the ID of the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) that
+    authored this message.
+    """
+
+    attachments: Optional[List[Attachment]] = None
+    """A list of files attached to the message, and the tools they were added to."""
+
+    completed_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the message was completed."""
+
+    content: List[MessageContent]
+    """The content of the message in array of text and/or images."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the message was created."""
+
+    incomplete_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the message was marked as incomplete."""
+
+    incomplete_details: Optional[IncompleteDetails] = None
+    """On an incomplete message, details about why the message is incomplete."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    object: Literal["thread.message"]
+    """The object type, which is always `thread.message`."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant"]
+    """The entity that produced the message. One of `user` or `assistant`."""
+
+    run_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The ID of the [run](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/runs)
+    associated with the creation of this message. Value is `null` when messages are
+    created manually using the create message or create thread endpoints.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "incomplete", "completed"]
+    """
+    The status of the message, which can be either `in_progress`, `incomplete`, or
+    `completed`.
+    """
+
+    thread_id: str
+    """
+    The [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads) ID that
+    this message belongs to.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9523c1e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .text_content_block import TextContentBlock
+from .refusal_content_block import RefusalContentBlock
+from .image_url_content_block import ImageURLContentBlock
+from .image_file_content_block import ImageFileContentBlock
+
+__all__ = ["MessageContent"]
+
+
+MessageContent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[ImageFileContentBlock, ImageURLContentBlock, TextContentBlock, RefusalContentBlock],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6e7dfa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ...._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .text_delta_block import TextDeltaBlock
+from .refusal_delta_block import RefusalDeltaBlock
+from .image_url_delta_block import ImageURLDeltaBlock
+from .image_file_delta_block import ImageFileDeltaBlock
+
+__all__ = ["MessageContentDelta"]
+
+MessageContentDelta: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[ImageFileDeltaBlock, TextDeltaBlock, RefusalDeltaBlock, ImageURLDeltaBlock],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content_part_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content_part_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc09a01c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_content_part_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .text_content_block_param import TextContentBlockParam
+from .image_url_content_block_param import ImageURLContentBlockParam
+from .image_file_content_block_param import ImageFileContentBlockParam
+
+__all__ = ["MessageContentPartParam"]
+
+MessageContentPartParam: TypeAlias = Union[ImageFileContentBlockParam, ImageURLContentBlockParam, TextContentBlockParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5238682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ...shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .message_content_part_param import MessageContentPartParam
+from ..code_interpreter_tool_param import CodeInterpreterToolParam
+
+__all__ = ["MessageCreateParams", "Attachment", "AttachmentTool", "AttachmentToolFileSearch"]
+
+
+class MessageCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[MessageContentPartParam]]]
+    """The text contents of the message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant"]]
+    """The role of the entity that is creating the message. Allowed values include:
+
+    - `user`: Indicates the message is sent by an actual user and should be used in
+      most cases to represent user-generated messages.
+    - `assistant`: Indicates the message is generated by the assistant. Use this
+      value to insert messages from the assistant into the conversation.
+    """
+
+    attachments: Optional[Iterable[Attachment]]
+    """A list of files attached to the message, and the tools they should be added to."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+
+class AttachmentToolFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["file_search"]]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `file_search`"""
+
+
+AttachmentTool: TypeAlias = Union[CodeInterpreterToolParam, AttachmentToolFileSearch]
+
+
+class Attachment(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file to attach to the message."""
+
+    tools: Iterable[AttachmentTool]
+    """The tools to add this file to."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48210777
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["MessageDeleted"]
+
+
+class MessageDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    deleted: bool
+
+    object: Literal["thread.message.deleted"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecd0dfe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .message_content_delta import MessageContentDelta
+
+__all__ = ["MessageDelta"]
+
+
+class MessageDelta(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[List[MessageContentDelta]] = None
+    """The content of the message in array of text and/or images."""
+
+    role: Optional[Literal["user", "assistant"]] = None
+    """The entity that produced the message. One of `user` or `assistant`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3811cef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .message_delta import MessageDelta
+
+__all__ = ["MessageDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class MessageDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the message, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    delta: MessageDelta
+    """The delta containing the fields that have changed on the Message."""
+
+    object: Literal["thread.message.delta"]
+    """The object type, which is always `thread.message.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7c22a66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["MessageListParams"]
+
+
+class MessageListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    before: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `before` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, starting with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order to fetch the previous page
+    of the list.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
+
+    run_id: str
+    """Filter messages by the run ID that generated them."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb078281
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/message_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from ...shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["MessageUpdateParams"]
+
+
+class MessageUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    thread_id: Required[str]
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/refusal_content_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/refusal_content_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d54f9485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/refusal_content_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RefusalContentBlock"]
+
+
+class RefusalContentBlock(BaseModel):
+    refusal: str
+
+    type: Literal["refusal"]
+    """Always `refusal`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/refusal_delta_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/refusal_delta_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbd8e626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/refusal_delta_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RefusalDeltaBlock"]
+
+
+class RefusalDeltaBlock(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the refusal part in the message."""
+
+    type: Literal["refusal"]
+    """Always `refusal`."""
+
+    refusal: Optional[str] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/required_action_function_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/required_action_function_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a24dfd06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/required_action_function_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RequiredActionFunctionToolCall", "Function"]
+
+
+class Function(BaseModel):
+    arguments: str
+    """The arguments that the model expects you to pass to the function."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+
+class RequiredActionFunctionToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the tool call.
+
+    This ID must be referenced when you submit the tool outputs in using the
+    [Submit tool outputs to run](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/runs/submitToolOutputs)
+    endpoint.
+    """
+
+    function: Function
+    """The function definition."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of tool call the output is required for.
+
+    For now, this is always `function`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da9418d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .run_status import RunStatus
+from ..assistant_tool import AssistantTool
+from ...shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..assistant_tool_choice_option import AssistantToolChoiceOption
+from ..assistant_response_format_option import AssistantResponseFormatOption
+from .required_action_function_tool_call import RequiredActionFunctionToolCall
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Run",
+    "IncompleteDetails",
+    "LastError",
+    "RequiredAction",
+    "RequiredActionSubmitToolOutputs",
+    "TruncationStrategy",
+    "Usage",
+]
+
+
+class IncompleteDetails(BaseModel):
+    reason: Optional[Literal["max_completion_tokens", "max_prompt_tokens"]] = None
+    """The reason why the run is incomplete.
+
+    This will point to which specific token limit was reached over the course of the
+    run.
+    """
+
+
+class LastError(BaseModel):
+    code: Literal["server_error", "rate_limit_exceeded", "invalid_prompt"]
+    """One of `server_error`, `rate_limit_exceeded`, or `invalid_prompt`."""
+
+    message: str
+    """A human-readable description of the error."""
+
+
+class RequiredActionSubmitToolOutputs(BaseModel):
+    tool_calls: List[RequiredActionFunctionToolCall]
+    """A list of the relevant tool calls."""
+
+
+class RequiredAction(BaseModel):
+    submit_tool_outputs: RequiredActionSubmitToolOutputs
+    """Details on the tool outputs needed for this run to continue."""
+
+    type: Literal["submit_tool_outputs"]
+    """For now, this is always `submit_tool_outputs`."""
+
+
+class TruncationStrategy(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["auto", "last_messages"]
+    """The truncation strategy to use for the thread.
+
+    The default is `auto`. If set to `last_messages`, the thread will be truncated
+    to the n most recent messages in the thread. When set to `auto`, messages in the
+    middle of the thread will be dropped to fit the context length of the model,
+    `max_prompt_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    last_messages: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    The number of most recent messages from the thread when constructing the context
+    for the run.
+    """
+
+
+class Usage(BaseModel):
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """Number of completion tokens used over the course of the run."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """Number of prompt tokens used over the course of the run."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """Total number of tokens used (prompt + completion)."""
+
+
+class Run(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    assistant_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) used for
+    execution of this run.
+    """
+
+    cancelled_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run was cancelled."""
+
+    completed_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run was completed."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run was created."""
+
+    expires_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run will expire."""
+
+    failed_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run failed."""
+
+    incomplete_details: Optional[IncompleteDetails] = None
+    """Details on why the run is incomplete.
+
+    Will be `null` if the run is not incomplete.
+    """
+
+    instructions: str
+    """
+    The instructions that the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) used for
+    this run.
+    """
+
+    last_error: Optional[LastError] = None
+    """The last error associated with this run. Will be `null` if there are no errors."""
+
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    The maximum number of completion tokens specified to have been used over the
+    course of the run.
+    """
+
+    max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    The maximum number of prompt tokens specified to have been used over the course
+    of the run.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """
+    The model that the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) used for
+    this run.
+    """
+
+    object: Literal["thread.run"]
+    """The object type, which is always `thread.run`."""
+
+    parallel_tool_calls: bool
+    """
+    Whether to enable
+    [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+    during tool use.
+    """
+
+    required_action: Optional[RequiredAction] = None
+    """Details on the action required to continue the run.
+
+    Will be `null` if no action is required.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOption] = None
+    """Specifies the format that the model must output.
+
+    Compatible with [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+    [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+    and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+    Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+    in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+    message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+    **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+    produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+    generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+    limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+    the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+    indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+    max context length.
+    """
+
+    started_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run was started."""
+
+    status: RunStatus
+    """
+    The status of the run, which can be either `queued`, `in_progress`,
+    `requires_action`, `cancelling`, `cancelled`, `failed`, `completed`,
+    `incomplete`, or `expired`.
+    """
+
+    thread_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads)
+    that was executed on as a part of this run.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOption] = None
+    """
+    Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+    not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+    and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+    tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+    to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+    `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+    call that tool.
+    """
+
+    tools: List[AssistantTool]
+    """
+    The list of tools that the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) used for
+    this run.
+    """
+
+    truncation_strategy: Optional[TruncationStrategy] = None
+    """Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run.
+
+    Use this to control the intial context window of the run.
+    """
+
+    usage: Optional[Usage] = None
+    """Usage statistics related to the run.
+
+    This value will be `null` if the run is not in a terminal state (i.e.
+    `in_progress`, `queued`, etc.).
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """The sampling temperature used for this run. If not set, defaults to 1."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """The nucleus sampling value used for this run. If not set, defaults to 1."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc702278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ...shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from ..assistant_tool_param import AssistantToolParam
+from .runs.run_step_include import RunStepInclude
+from ...shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ...shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from .message_content_part_param import MessageContentPartParam
+from ..code_interpreter_tool_param import CodeInterpreterToolParam
+from ..assistant_tool_choice_option_param import AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam
+from ..assistant_response_format_option_param import AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunCreateParamsBase",
+    "AdditionalMessage",
+    "AdditionalMessageAttachment",
+    "AdditionalMessageAttachmentTool",
+    "AdditionalMessageAttachmentToolFileSearch",
+    "TruncationStrategy",
+    "RunCreateParamsNonStreaming",
+    "RunCreateParamsStreaming",
+]
+
+
+class RunCreateParamsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    assistant_id: Required[str]
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants) to use to
+    execute this run.
+    """
+
+    include: List[RunStepInclude]
+    """A list of additional fields to include in the response.
+
+    Currently the only supported value is
+    `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content` to fetch the file
+    search result content.
+
+    See the
+    [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+    additional_instructions: Optional[str]
+    """Appends additional instructions at the end of the instructions for the run.
+
+    This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis without overriding
+    other instructions.
+    """
+
+    additional_messages: Optional[Iterable[AdditionalMessage]]
+    """Adds additional messages to the thread before creating the run."""
+
+    instructions: Optional[str]
+    """
+    Overrides the
+    [instructions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants/createAssistant)
+    of the assistant. This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+    """
+
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """
+    The maximum number of completion tokens that may be used over the course of the
+    run. The run will make a best effort to use only the number of completion tokens
+    specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+    completion tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+    `incomplete_details` for more info.
+    """
+
+    max_prompt_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """The maximum number of prompt tokens that may be used over the course of the run.
+
+    The run will make a best effort to use only the number of prompt tokens
+    specified, across multiple turns of the run. If the run exceeds the number of
+    prompt tokens specified, the run will end with status `incomplete`. See
+    `incomplete_details` for more info.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: Union[str, ChatModel, None]
+    """
+    The ID of the [Model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models) to
+    be used to execute this run. If a value is provided here, it will override the
+    model associated with the assistant. If not, the model associated with the
+    assistant will be used.
+    """
+
+    parallel_tool_calls: bool
+    """
+    Whether to enable
+    [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+    during tool use.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort]
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Constrains effort on reasoning for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+    supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+    result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[AssistantResponseFormatOptionParam]
+    """Specifies the format that the model must output.
+
+    Compatible with [GPT-4o](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4o),
+    [GPT-4 Turbo](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#gpt-4-turbo-and-gpt-4),
+    and all GPT-3.5 Turbo models since `gpt-3.5-turbo-1106`.
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+    Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+    in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables JSON mode, which ensures the
+    message the model generates is valid JSON.
+
+    **Important:** when using JSON mode, you **must** also instruct the model to
+    produce JSON yourself via a system or user message. Without this, the model may
+    generate an unending stream of whitespace until the generation reaches the token
+    limit, resulting in a long-running and seemingly "stuck" request. Also note that
+    the message content may be partially cut off if `finish_reason="length"`, which
+    indicates the generation exceeded `max_tokens` or the conversation exceeded the
+    max context length.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: Optional[AssistantToolChoiceOptionParam]
+    """
+    Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+    not call any tools and instead generates a message. `auto` is the default value
+    and means the model can pick between generating a message or calling one or more
+    tools. `required` means the model must call one or more tools before responding
+    to the user. Specifying a particular tool like `{"type": "file_search"}` or
+    `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+    call that tool.
+    """
+
+    tools: Optional[Iterable[AssistantToolParam]]
+    """Override the tools the assistant can use for this run.
+
+    This is useful for modifying the behavior on a per-run basis.
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or temperature but not both.
+    """
+
+    truncation_strategy: Optional[TruncationStrategy]
+    """Controls for how a thread will be truncated prior to the run.
+
+    Use this to control the intial context window of the run.
+    """
+
+
+class AdditionalMessageAttachmentToolFileSearch(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["file_search"]]
+    """The type of tool being defined: `file_search`"""
+
+
+AdditionalMessageAttachmentTool: TypeAlias = Union[CodeInterpreterToolParam, AdditionalMessageAttachmentToolFileSearch]
+
+
+class AdditionalMessageAttachment(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file to attach to the message."""
+
+    tools: Iterable[AdditionalMessageAttachmentTool]
+    """The tools to add this file to."""
+
+
+class AdditionalMessage(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[MessageContentPartParam]]]
+    """The text contents of the message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant"]]
+    """The role of the entity that is creating the message. Allowed values include:
+
+    - `user`: Indicates the message is sent by an actual user and should be used in
+      most cases to represent user-generated messages.
+    - `assistant`: Indicates the message is generated by the assistant. Use this
+      value to insert messages from the assistant into the conversation.
+    """
+
+    attachments: Optional[Iterable[AdditionalMessageAttachment]]
+    """A list of files attached to the message, and the tools they should be added to."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+
+class TruncationStrategy(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["auto", "last_messages"]]
+    """The truncation strategy to use for the thread.
+
+    The default is `auto`. If set to `last_messages`, the thread will be truncated
+    to the n most recent messages in the thread. When set to `auto`, messages in the
+    middle of the thread will be dropped to fit the context length of the model,
+    `max_prompt_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    last_messages: Optional[int]
+    """
+    The number of most recent messages from the thread when constructing the context
+    for the run.
+    """
+
+
+class RunCreateParamsNonStreaming(RunCreateParamsBase, total=False):
+    stream: Optional[Literal[False]]
+    """
+    If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+    events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    """
+
+
+class RunCreateParamsStreaming(RunCreateParamsBase):
+    stream: Required[Literal[True]]
+    """
+    If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+    events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    """
+
+
+RunCreateParams = Union[RunCreateParamsNonStreaming, RunCreateParamsStreaming]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbea54f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["RunListParams"]
+
+
+class RunListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    before: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `before` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, starting with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order to fetch the previous page
+    of the list.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_status.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_status.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47c7cbd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_status.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["RunStatus"]
+
+RunStatus: TypeAlias = Literal[
+    "queued",
+    "in_progress",
+    "requires_action",
+    "cancelling",
+    "cancelled",
+    "failed",
+    "completed",
+    "incomplete",
+    "expired",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_submit_tool_outputs_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_submit_tool_outputs_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14772860
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_submit_tool_outputs_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsBase",
+    "ToolOutput",
+    "RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsNonStreaming",
+    "RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsStreaming",
+]
+
+
+class RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    thread_id: Required[str]
+
+    tool_outputs: Required[Iterable[ToolOutput]]
+    """A list of tools for which the outputs are being submitted."""
+
+
+class ToolOutput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    output: str
+    """The output of the tool call to be submitted to continue the run."""
+
+    tool_call_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the tool call in the `required_action` object within the run object
+    the output is being submitted for.
+    """
+
+
+class RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsNonStreaming(RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsBase, total=False):
+    stream: Optional[Literal[False]]
+    """
+    If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+    events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    """
+
+
+class RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsStreaming(RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsBase):
+    stream: Required[Literal[True]]
+    """
+    If `true`, returns a stream of events that happen during the Run as server-sent
+    events, terminating when the Run enters a terminal state with a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    """
+
+
+RunSubmitToolOutputsParams = Union[RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsNonStreaming, RunSubmitToolOutputsParamsStreaming]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbcbd3fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/run_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from ...shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["RunUpdateParams"]
+
+
+class RunUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    thread_id: Required[str]
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..467d5d79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .run_step import RunStep as RunStep
+from .tool_call import ToolCall as ToolCall
+from .run_step_delta import RunStepDelta as RunStepDelta
+from .tool_call_delta import ToolCallDelta as ToolCallDelta
+from .run_step_include import RunStepInclude as RunStepInclude
+from .step_list_params import StepListParams as StepListParams
+from .function_tool_call import FunctionToolCall as FunctionToolCall
+from .run_step_delta_event import RunStepDeltaEvent as RunStepDeltaEvent
+from .step_retrieve_params import StepRetrieveParams as StepRetrieveParams
+from .code_interpreter_logs import CodeInterpreterLogs as CodeInterpreterLogs
+from .file_search_tool_call import FileSearchToolCall as FileSearchToolCall
+from .tool_call_delta_object import ToolCallDeltaObject as ToolCallDeltaObject
+from .tool_calls_step_details import ToolCallsStepDetails as ToolCallsStepDetails
+from .function_tool_call_delta import FunctionToolCallDelta as FunctionToolCallDelta
+from .code_interpreter_tool_call import CodeInterpreterToolCall as CodeInterpreterToolCall
+from .file_search_tool_call_delta import FileSearchToolCallDelta as FileSearchToolCallDelta
+from .run_step_delta_message_delta import RunStepDeltaMessageDelta as RunStepDeltaMessageDelta
+from .code_interpreter_output_image import CodeInterpreterOutputImage as CodeInterpreterOutputImage
+from .message_creation_step_details import MessageCreationStepDetails as MessageCreationStepDetails
+from .code_interpreter_tool_call_delta import CodeInterpreterToolCallDelta as CodeInterpreterToolCallDelta
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/__pycache__/tool_calls_step_details.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/__pycache__/tool_calls_step_details.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_logs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_logs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bf8c1da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_logs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["CodeInterpreterLogs"]
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterLogs(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the output in the outputs array."""
+
+    type: Literal["logs"]
+    """Always `logs`."""
+
+    logs: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text output from the Code Interpreter tool call."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_output_image.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_output_image.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2257f37e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_output_image.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["CodeInterpreterOutputImage", "Image"]
+
+
+class Image(BaseModel):
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID of the
+    image.
+    """
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterOutputImage(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the output in the outputs array."""
+
+    type: Literal["image"]
+    """Always `image`."""
+
+    image: Optional[Image] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7df4e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ....._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CodeInterpreterToolCall",
+    "CodeInterpreter",
+    "CodeInterpreterOutput",
+    "CodeInterpreterOutputLogs",
+    "CodeInterpreterOutputImage",
+    "CodeInterpreterOutputImageImage",
+]
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterOutputLogs(BaseModel):
+    logs: str
+    """The text output from the Code Interpreter tool call."""
+
+    type: Literal["logs"]
+    """Always `logs`."""
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterOutputImageImage(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """
+    The [file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID of the
+    image.
+    """
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterOutputImage(BaseModel):
+    image: CodeInterpreterOutputImageImage
+
+    type: Literal["image"]
+    """Always `image`."""
+
+
+CodeInterpreterOutput: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CodeInterpreterOutputLogs, CodeInterpreterOutputImage], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class CodeInterpreter(BaseModel):
+    input: str
+    """The input to the Code Interpreter tool call."""
+
+    outputs: List[CodeInterpreterOutput]
+    """The outputs from the Code Interpreter tool call.
+
+    Code Interpreter can output one or more items, including text (`logs`) or images
+    (`image`). Each of these are represented by a different object type.
+    """
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the tool call."""
+
+    code_interpreter: CodeInterpreter
+    """The Code Interpreter tool call definition."""
+
+    type: Literal["code_interpreter"]
+    """The type of tool call.
+
+    This is always going to be `code_interpreter` for this type of tool call.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_tool_call_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_tool_call_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d7a1563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/code_interpreter_tool_call_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ....._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+from .code_interpreter_logs import CodeInterpreterLogs
+from .code_interpreter_output_image import CodeInterpreterOutputImage
+
+__all__ = ["CodeInterpreterToolCallDelta", "CodeInterpreter", "CodeInterpreterOutput"]
+
+CodeInterpreterOutput: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CodeInterpreterLogs, CodeInterpreterOutputImage], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class CodeInterpreter(BaseModel):
+    input: Optional[str] = None
+    """The input to the Code Interpreter tool call."""
+
+    outputs: Optional[List[CodeInterpreterOutput]] = None
+    """The outputs from the Code Interpreter tool call.
+
+    Code Interpreter can output one or more items, including text (`logs`) or images
+    (`image`). Each of these are represented by a different object type.
+    """
+
+
+class CodeInterpreterToolCallDelta(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the tool call in the tool calls array."""
+
+    type: Literal["code_interpreter"]
+    """The type of tool call.
+
+    This is always going to be `code_interpreter` for this type of tool call.
+    """
+
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the tool call."""
+
+    code_interpreter: Optional[CodeInterpreter] = None
+    """The Code Interpreter tool call definition."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/file_search_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/file_search_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2068daa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/file_search_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "FileSearchToolCall",
+    "FileSearch",
+    "FileSearchRankingOptions",
+    "FileSearchResult",
+    "FileSearchResultContent",
+]
+
+
+class FileSearchRankingOptions(BaseModel):
+    ranker: Literal["auto", "default_2024_08_21"]
+    """The ranker to use for the file search.
+
+    If not specified will use the `auto` ranker.
+    """
+
+    score_threshold: float
+    """The score threshold for the file search.
+
+    All values must be a floating point number between 0 and 1.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearchResultContent(BaseModel):
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text content of the file."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["text"]] = None
+    """The type of the content."""
+
+
+class FileSearchResult(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file that result was found in."""
+
+    file_name: str
+    """The name of the file that result was found in."""
+
+    score: float
+    """The score of the result.
+
+    All values must be a floating point number between 0 and 1.
+    """
+
+    content: Optional[List[FileSearchResultContent]] = None
+    """The content of the result that was found.
+
+    The content is only included if requested via the include query parameter.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearch(BaseModel):
+    ranking_options: Optional[FileSearchRankingOptions] = None
+    """The ranking options for the file search."""
+
+    results: Optional[List[FileSearchResult]] = None
+    """The results of the file search."""
+
+
+class FileSearchToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the tool call object."""
+
+    file_search: FileSearch
+    """For now, this is always going to be an empty object."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_search"]
+    """The type of tool call.
+
+    This is always going to be `file_search` for this type of tool call.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/file_search_tool_call_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/file_search_tool_call_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df5ac217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/file_search_tool_call_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FileSearchToolCallDelta"]
+
+
+class FileSearchToolCallDelta(BaseModel):
+    file_search: object
+    """For now, this is always going to be an empty object."""
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the tool call in the tool calls array."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_search"]
+    """The type of tool call.
+
+    This is always going to be `file_search` for this type of tool call.
+    """
+
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the tool call object."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/function_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/function_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1d354f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/function_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionToolCall", "Function"]
+
+
+class Function(BaseModel):
+    arguments: str
+    """The arguments passed to the function."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    output: Optional[str] = None
+    """The output of the function.
+
+    This will be `null` if the outputs have not been
+    [submitted](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/runs/submitToolOutputs)
+    yet.
+    """
+
+
+class FunctionToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the tool call object."""
+
+    function: Function
+    """The definition of the function that was called."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of tool call.
+
+    This is always going to be `function` for this type of tool call.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/function_tool_call_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/function_tool_call_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faaf026f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/function_tool_call_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionToolCallDelta", "Function"]
+
+
+class Function(BaseModel):
+    arguments: Optional[str] = None
+    """The arguments passed to the function."""
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function."""
+
+    output: Optional[str] = None
+    """The output of the function.
+
+    This will be `null` if the outputs have not been
+    [submitted](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/runs/submitToolOutputs)
+    yet.
+    """
+
+
+class FunctionToolCallDelta(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the tool call in the tool calls array."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of tool call.
+
+    This is always going to be `function` for this type of tool call.
+    """
+
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the tool call object."""
+
+    function: Optional[Function] = None
+    """The definition of the function that was called."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/message_creation_step_details.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/message_creation_step_details.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73439079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/message_creation_step_details.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["MessageCreationStepDetails", "MessageCreation"]
+
+
+class MessageCreation(BaseModel):
+    message_id: str
+    """The ID of the message that was created by this run step."""
+
+
+class MessageCreationStepDetails(BaseModel):
+    message_creation: MessageCreation
+
+    type: Literal["message_creation"]
+    """Always `message_creation`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5f380c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ....._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+from ....shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .tool_calls_step_details import ToolCallsStepDetails
+from .message_creation_step_details import MessageCreationStepDetails
+
+__all__ = ["RunStep", "LastError", "StepDetails", "Usage"]
+
+
+class LastError(BaseModel):
+    code: Literal["server_error", "rate_limit_exceeded"]
+    """One of `server_error` or `rate_limit_exceeded`."""
+
+    message: str
+    """A human-readable description of the error."""
+
+
+StepDetails: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[MessageCreationStepDetails, ToolCallsStepDetails], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class Usage(BaseModel):
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """Number of completion tokens used over the course of the run step."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """Number of prompt tokens used over the course of the run step."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """Total number of tokens used (prompt + completion)."""
+
+
+class RunStep(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the run step, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    assistant_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [assistant](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/assistants)
+    associated with the run step.
+    """
+
+    cancelled_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run step was cancelled."""
+
+    completed_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run step completed."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run step was created."""
+
+    expired_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run step expired.
+
+    A step is considered expired if the parent run is expired.
+    """
+
+    failed_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the run step failed."""
+
+    last_error: Optional[LastError] = None
+    """The last error associated with this run step.
+
+    Will be `null` if there are no errors.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    object: Literal["thread.run.step"]
+    """The object type, which is always `thread.run.step`."""
+
+    run_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the [run](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/runs) that
+    this run step is a part of.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "cancelled", "failed", "completed", "expired"]
+    """
+    The status of the run step, which can be either `in_progress`, `cancelled`,
+    `failed`, `completed`, or `expired`.
+    """
+
+    step_details: StepDetails
+    """The details of the run step."""
+
+    thread_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the [thread](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/threads)
+    that was run.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message_creation", "tool_calls"]
+    """The type of run step, which can be either `message_creation` or `tool_calls`."""
+
+    usage: Optional[Usage] = None
+    """Usage statistics related to the run step.
+
+    This value will be `null` while the run step's status is `in_progress`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1139088f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ....._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+from .tool_call_delta_object import ToolCallDeltaObject
+from .run_step_delta_message_delta import RunStepDeltaMessageDelta
+
+__all__ = ["RunStepDelta", "StepDetails"]
+
+StepDetails: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[RunStepDeltaMessageDelta, ToolCallDeltaObject], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class RunStepDelta(BaseModel):
+    step_details: Optional[StepDetails] = None
+    """The details of the run step."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f3f92aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+from .run_step_delta import RunStepDelta
+
+__all__ = ["RunStepDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class RunStepDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the run step, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    delta: RunStepDelta
+    """The delta containing the fields that have changed on the run step."""
+
+    object: Literal["thread.run.step.delta"]
+    """The object type, which is always `thread.run.step.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta_message_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta_message_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f58ed3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_delta_message_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RunStepDeltaMessageDelta", "MessageCreation"]
+
+
+class MessageCreation(BaseModel):
+    message_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the message that was created by this run step."""
+
+
+class RunStepDeltaMessageDelta(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["message_creation"]
+    """Always `message_creation`."""
+
+    message_creation: Optional[MessageCreation] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_include.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_include.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e76c1b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/run_step_include.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["RunStepInclude"]
+
+RunStepInclude: TypeAlias = Literal["step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/step_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/step_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6be771d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/step_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .run_step_include import RunStepInclude
+
+__all__ = ["StepListParams"]
+
+
+class StepListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    thread_id: Required[str]
+
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    before: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `before` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, starting with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order to fetch the previous page
+    of the list.
+    """
+
+    include: List[RunStepInclude]
+    """A list of additional fields to include in the response.
+
+    Currently the only supported value is
+    `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content` to fetch the file
+    search result content.
+
+    See the
+    [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/step_retrieve_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/step_retrieve_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecbb72ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/step_retrieve_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from .run_step_include import RunStepInclude
+
+__all__ = ["StepRetrieveParams"]
+
+
+class StepRetrieveParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    thread_id: Required[str]
+
+    run_id: Required[str]
+
+    include: List[RunStepInclude]
+    """A list of additional fields to include in the response.
+
+    Currently the only supported value is
+    `step_details.tool_calls[*].file_search.results[*].content` to fetch the file
+    search result content.
+
+    See the
+    [file search tool documentation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/assistants/tools/file-search#customizing-file-search-settings)
+    for more information.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..565e3109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ....._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .function_tool_call import FunctionToolCall
+from .file_search_tool_call import FileSearchToolCall
+from .code_interpreter_tool_call import CodeInterpreterToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ToolCall"]
+
+ToolCall: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CodeInterpreterToolCall, FileSearchToolCall, FunctionToolCall], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0b8070c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ....._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .function_tool_call_delta import FunctionToolCallDelta
+from .file_search_tool_call_delta import FileSearchToolCallDelta
+from .code_interpreter_tool_call_delta import CodeInterpreterToolCallDelta
+
+__all__ = ["ToolCallDelta"]
+
+ToolCallDelta: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CodeInterpreterToolCallDelta, FileSearchToolCallDelta, FunctionToolCallDelta],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call_delta_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call_delta_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..189dce77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_call_delta_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+from .tool_call_delta import ToolCallDelta
+
+__all__ = ["ToolCallDeltaObject"]
+
+
+class ToolCallDeltaObject(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["tool_calls"]
+    """Always `tool_calls`."""
+
+    tool_calls: Optional[List[ToolCallDelta]] = None
+    """An array of tool calls the run step was involved in.
+
+    These can be associated with one of three types of tools: `code_interpreter`,
+    `file_search`, or `function`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_calls_step_details.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_calls_step_details.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a084d387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/runs/tool_calls_step_details.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .tool_call import ToolCall
+from ....._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ToolCallsStepDetails"]
+
+
+class ToolCallsStepDetails(BaseModel):
+    tool_calls: List[ToolCall]
+    """An array of tool calls the run step was involved in.
+
+    These can be associated with one of three types of tools: `code_interpreter`,
+    `file_search`, or `function`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["tool_calls"]
+    """Always `tool_calls`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..853bec29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .annotation import Annotation
+
+__all__ = ["Text"]
+
+
+class Text(BaseModel):
+    annotations: List[Annotation]
+
+    value: str
+    """The data that makes up the text."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_content_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_content_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3706d6b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_content_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .text import Text
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["TextContentBlock"]
+
+
+class TextContentBlock(BaseModel):
+    text: Text
+
+    type: Literal["text"]
+    """Always `text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_content_block_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_content_block_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6313de32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_content_block_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["TextContentBlockParam"]
+
+
+class TextContentBlockParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """Text content to be sent to the model"""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["text"]]
+    """Always `text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_delta.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_delta.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09cd3570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_delta.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .annotation_delta import AnnotationDelta
+
+__all__ = ["TextDelta"]
+
+
+class TextDelta(BaseModel):
+    annotations: Optional[List[AnnotationDelta]] = None
+
+    value: Optional[str] = None
+    """The data that makes up the text."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_delta_block.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_delta_block.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..586116e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/beta/threads/text_delta_block.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from .text_delta import TextDelta
+
+__all__ = ["TextDeltaBlock"]
+
+
+class TextDeltaBlock(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+    """The index of the content part in the message."""
+
+    type: Literal["text"]
+    """Always `text`."""
+
+    text: Optional[TextDelta] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4f43b29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .chat_completion import ChatCompletion as ChatCompletion
+from .chat_completion_role import ChatCompletionRole as ChatCompletionRole
+from .chat_completion_audio import ChatCompletionAudio as ChatCompletionAudio
+from .chat_completion_chunk import ChatCompletionChunk as ChatCompletionChunk
+from .completion_list_params import CompletionListParams as CompletionListParams
+from .parsed_chat_completion import (
+    ParsedChoice as ParsedChoice,
+    ParsedChatCompletion as ParsedChatCompletion,
+    ParsedChatCompletionMessage as ParsedChatCompletionMessage,
+)
+from .chat_completion_deleted import ChatCompletionDeleted as ChatCompletionDeleted
+from .chat_completion_message import ChatCompletionMessage as ChatCompletionMessage
+from .chat_completion_modality import ChatCompletionModality as ChatCompletionModality
+from .completion_create_params import CompletionCreateParams as CompletionCreateParams
+from .completion_update_params import CompletionUpdateParams as CompletionUpdateParams
+from .parsed_function_tool_call import (
+    ParsedFunction as ParsedFunction,
+    ParsedFunctionToolCall as ParsedFunctionToolCall,
+)
+from .chat_completion_tool_param import ChatCompletionToolParam as ChatCompletionToolParam
+from .chat_completion_audio_param import ChatCompletionAudioParam as ChatCompletionAudioParam
+from .chat_completion_message_param import ChatCompletionMessageParam as ChatCompletionMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_store_message import ChatCompletionStoreMessage as ChatCompletionStoreMessage
+from .chat_completion_token_logprob import ChatCompletionTokenLogprob as ChatCompletionTokenLogprob
+from .chat_completion_reasoning_effort import ChatCompletionReasoningEffort as ChatCompletionReasoningEffort
+from .chat_completion_message_tool_call import ChatCompletionMessageToolCall as ChatCompletionMessageToolCall
+from .chat_completion_content_part_param import ChatCompletionContentPartParam as ChatCompletionContentPartParam
+from .chat_completion_tool_message_param import ChatCompletionToolMessageParam as ChatCompletionToolMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_user_message_param import ChatCompletionUserMessageParam as ChatCompletionUserMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_stream_options_param import ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam as ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam
+from .chat_completion_system_message_param import ChatCompletionSystemMessageParam as ChatCompletionSystemMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_function_message_param import (
+    ChatCompletionFunctionMessageParam as ChatCompletionFunctionMessageParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_assistant_message_param import (
+    ChatCompletionAssistantMessageParam as ChatCompletionAssistantMessageParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_content_part_text_param import (
+    ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam as ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_developer_message_param import (
+    ChatCompletionDeveloperMessageParam as ChatCompletionDeveloperMessageParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_message_tool_call_param import (
+    ChatCompletionMessageToolCallParam as ChatCompletionMessageToolCallParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_named_tool_choice_param import (
+    ChatCompletionNamedToolChoiceParam as ChatCompletionNamedToolChoiceParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_content_part_image_param import (
+    ChatCompletionContentPartImageParam as ChatCompletionContentPartImageParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_prediction_content_param import (
+    ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam as ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_tool_choice_option_param import (
+    ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam as ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_content_part_refusal_param import (
+    ChatCompletionContentPartRefusalParam as ChatCompletionContentPartRefusalParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_function_call_option_param import (
+    ChatCompletionFunctionCallOptionParam as ChatCompletionFunctionCallOptionParam,
+)
+from .chat_completion_content_part_input_audio_param import (
+    ChatCompletionContentPartInputAudioParam as ChatCompletionContentPartInputAudioParam,
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a235f89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..completion_usage import CompletionUsage
+from .chat_completion_message import ChatCompletionMessage
+from .chat_completion_token_logprob import ChatCompletionTokenLogprob
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletion", "Choice", "ChoiceLogprobs"]
+
+
+class ChoiceLogprobs(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]] = None
+    """A list of message content tokens with log probability information."""
+
+    refusal: Optional[List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]] = None
+    """A list of message refusal tokens with log probability information."""
+
+
+class Choice(BaseModel):
+    finish_reason: Literal["stop", "length", "tool_calls", "content_filter", "function_call"]
+    """The reason the model stopped generating tokens.
+
+    This will be `stop` if the model hit a natural stop point or a provided stop
+    sequence, `length` if the maximum number of tokens specified in the request was
+    reached, `content_filter` if content was omitted due to a flag from our content
+    filters, `tool_calls` if the model called a tool, or `function_call`
+    (deprecated) if the model called a function.
+    """
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the choice in the list of choices."""
+
+    logprobs: Optional[ChoiceLogprobs] = None
+    """Log probability information for the choice."""
+
+    message: ChatCompletionMessage
+    """A chat completion message generated by the model."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletion(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """A unique identifier for the chat completion."""
+
+    choices: List[Choice]
+    """A list of chat completion choices.
+
+    Can be more than one if `n` is greater than 1.
+    """
+
+    created: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) of when the chat completion was created."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The model used for the chat completion."""
+
+    object: Literal["chat.completion"]
+    """The object type, which is always `chat.completion`."""
+
+    service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] = None
+    """Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request.
+
+    This parameter is relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+      utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+      be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+      latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+      tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+      service tier.
+      [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+    - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+    When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+    utilized.
+    """
+
+    system_fingerprint: Optional[str] = None
+    """This fingerprint represents the backend configuration that the model runs with.
+
+    Can be used in conjunction with the `seed` request parameter to understand when
+    backend changes have been made that might impact determinism.
+    """
+
+    usage: Optional[CompletionUsage] = None
+    """Usage statistics for the completion request."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_assistant_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_assistant_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35e3a3d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_assistant_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .chat_completion_content_part_text_param import ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam
+from .chat_completion_message_tool_call_param import ChatCompletionMessageToolCallParam
+from .chat_completion_content_part_refusal_param import ChatCompletionContentPartRefusalParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionAssistantMessageParam", "Audio", "ContentArrayOfContentPart", "FunctionCall"]
+
+
+class Audio(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """Unique identifier for a previous audio response from the model."""
+
+
+ContentArrayOfContentPart: TypeAlias = Union[ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam, ChatCompletionContentPartRefusalParam]
+
+
+class FunctionCall(TypedDict, total=False):
+    arguments: Required[str]
+    """
+    The arguments to call the function with, as generated by the model in JSON
+    format. Note that the model does not always generate valid JSON, and may
+    hallucinate parameters not defined by your function schema. Validate the
+    arguments in your code before calling your function.
+    """
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletionAssistantMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    role: Required[Literal["assistant"]]
+    """The role of the messages author, in this case `assistant`."""
+
+    audio: Optional[Audio]
+    """Data about a previous audio response from the model.
+
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+    """
+
+    content: Union[str, Iterable[ContentArrayOfContentPart], None]
+    """The contents of the assistant message.
+
+    Required unless `tool_calls` or `function_call` is specified.
+    """
+
+    function_call: Optional[FunctionCall]
+    """Deprecated and replaced by `tool_calls`.
+
+    The name and arguments of a function that should be called, as generated by the
+    model.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """An optional name for the participant.
+
+    Provides the model information to differentiate between participants of the same
+    role.
+    """
+
+    refusal: Optional[str]
+    """The refusal message by the assistant."""
+
+    tool_calls: Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageToolCallParam]
+    """The tool calls generated by the model, such as function calls."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_audio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_audio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..232d6056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_audio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionAudio"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionAudio(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for this audio response."""
+
+    data: str
+    """
+    Base64 encoded audio bytes generated by the model, in the format specified in
+    the request.
+    """
+
+    expires_at: int
+    """
+    The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when this audio response will no longer be
+    accessible on the server for use in multi-turn conversations.
+    """
+
+    transcript: str
+    """Transcript of the audio generated by the model."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_audio_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_audio_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25caada1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_audio_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionAudioParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionAudioParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    format: Required[Literal["wav", "aac", "mp3", "flac", "opus", "pcm16"]]
+    """Specifies the output audio format.
+
+    Must be one of `wav`, `mp3`, `flac`, `opus`, or `pcm16`.
+    """
+
+    voice: Required[
+        Union[
+            str, Literal["alloy", "ash", "ballad", "coral", "echo", "fable", "onyx", "nova", "sage", "shimmer", "verse"]
+        ]
+    ]
+    """The voice the model uses to respond.
+
+    Supported voices are `alloy`, `ash`, `ballad`, `coral`, `echo`, `fable`, `nova`,
+    `onyx`, `sage`, and `shimmer`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_chunk.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_chunk.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fe996dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_chunk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..completion_usage import CompletionUsage
+from .chat_completion_token_logprob import ChatCompletionTokenLogprob
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ChatCompletionChunk",
+    "Choice",
+    "ChoiceDelta",
+    "ChoiceDeltaFunctionCall",
+    "ChoiceDeltaToolCall",
+    "ChoiceDeltaToolCallFunction",
+    "ChoiceLogprobs",
+]
+
+
+class ChoiceDeltaFunctionCall(BaseModel):
+    arguments: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The arguments to call the function with, as generated by the model in JSON
+    format. Note that the model does not always generate valid JSON, and may
+    hallucinate parameters not defined by your function schema. Validate the
+    arguments in your code before calling your function.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+
+class ChoiceDeltaToolCallFunction(BaseModel):
+    arguments: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The arguments to call the function with, as generated by the model in JSON
+    format. Note that the model does not always generate valid JSON, and may
+    hallucinate parameters not defined by your function schema. Validate the
+    arguments in your code before calling your function.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+
+class ChoiceDeltaToolCall(BaseModel):
+    index: int
+
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the tool call."""
+
+    function: Optional[ChoiceDeltaToolCallFunction] = None
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["function"]] = None
+    """The type of the tool. Currently, only `function` is supported."""
+
+
+class ChoiceDelta(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[str] = None
+    """The contents of the chunk message."""
+
+    function_call: Optional[ChoiceDeltaFunctionCall] = None
+    """Deprecated and replaced by `tool_calls`.
+
+    The name and arguments of a function that should be called, as generated by the
+    model.
+    """
+
+    refusal: Optional[str] = None
+    """The refusal message generated by the model."""
+
+    role: Optional[Literal["developer", "system", "user", "assistant", "tool"]] = None
+    """The role of the author of this message."""
+
+    tool_calls: Optional[List[ChoiceDeltaToolCall]] = None
+
+
+class ChoiceLogprobs(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]] = None
+    """A list of message content tokens with log probability information."""
+
+    refusal: Optional[List[ChatCompletionTokenLogprob]] = None
+    """A list of message refusal tokens with log probability information."""
+
+
+class Choice(BaseModel):
+    delta: ChoiceDelta
+    """A chat completion delta generated by streamed model responses."""
+
+    finish_reason: Optional[Literal["stop", "length", "tool_calls", "content_filter", "function_call"]] = None
+    """The reason the model stopped generating tokens.
+
+    This will be `stop` if the model hit a natural stop point or a provided stop
+    sequence, `length` if the maximum number of tokens specified in the request was
+    reached, `content_filter` if content was omitted due to a flag from our content
+    filters, `tool_calls` if the model called a tool, or `function_call`
+    (deprecated) if the model called a function.
+    """
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the choice in the list of choices."""
+
+    logprobs: Optional[ChoiceLogprobs] = None
+    """Log probability information for the choice."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletionChunk(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """A unique identifier for the chat completion. Each chunk has the same ID."""
+
+    choices: List[Choice]
+    """A list of chat completion choices.
+
+    Can contain more than one elements if `n` is greater than 1. Can also be empty
+    for the last chunk if you set `stream_options: {"include_usage": true}`.
+    """
+
+    created: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) of when the chat completion was created.
+
+    Each chunk has the same timestamp.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """The model to generate the completion."""
+
+    object: Literal["chat.completion.chunk"]
+    """The object type, which is always `chat.completion.chunk`."""
+
+    service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] = None
+    """Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request.
+
+    This parameter is relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+      utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+      be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+      latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+      tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+      service tier.
+      [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+    - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+    When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+    utilized.
+    """
+
+    system_fingerprint: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    This fingerprint represents the backend configuration that the model runs with.
+    Can be used in conjunction with the `seed` request parameter to understand when
+    backend changes have been made that might impact determinism.
+    """
+
+    usage: Optional[CompletionUsage] = None
+    """
+    An optional field that will only be present when you set
+    `stream_options: {"include_usage": true}` in your request. When present, it
+    contains a null value **except for the last chunk** which contains the token
+    usage statistics for the entire request.
+
+    **NOTE:** If the stream is interrupted or cancelled, you may not receive the
+    final usage chunk which contains the total token usage for the request.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_image_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_image_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d407324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_image_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionContentPartImageParam", "ImageURL"]
+
+
+class ImageURL(TypedDict, total=False):
+    url: Required[str]
+    """Either a URL of the image or the base64 encoded image data."""
+
+    detail: Literal["auto", "low", "high"]
+    """Specifies the detail level of the image.
+
+    Learn more in the
+    [Vision guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision#low-or-high-fidelity-image-understanding).
+    """
+
+
+class ChatCompletionContentPartImageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    image_url: Required[ImageURL]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["image_url"]]
+    """The type of the content part."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_input_audio_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_input_audio_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b1b1a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_input_audio_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionContentPartInputAudioParam", "InputAudio"]
+
+
+class InputAudio(TypedDict, total=False):
+    data: Required[str]
+    """Base64 encoded audio data."""
+
+    format: Required[Literal["wav", "mp3"]]
+    """The format of the encoded audio data. Currently supports "wav" and "mp3"."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletionContentPartInputAudioParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input_audio: Required[InputAudio]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["input_audio"]]
+    """The type of the content part. Always `input_audio`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbedc853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .chat_completion_content_part_text_param import ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam
+from .chat_completion_content_part_image_param import ChatCompletionContentPartImageParam
+from .chat_completion_content_part_input_audio_param import ChatCompletionContentPartInputAudioParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionContentPartParam", "File", "FileFile"]
+
+
+class FileFile(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_data: str
+    """
+    The base64 encoded file data, used when passing the file to the model as a
+    string.
+    """
+
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of an uploaded file to use as input."""
+
+    filename: str
+    """The name of the file, used when passing the file to the model as a string."""
+
+
+class File(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file: Required[FileFile]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file"]]
+    """The type of the content part. Always `file`."""
+
+
+ChatCompletionContentPartParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam,
+    ChatCompletionContentPartImageParam,
+    ChatCompletionContentPartInputAudioParam,
+    File,
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_refusal_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_refusal_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c18c7db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_refusal_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionContentPartRefusalParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionContentPartRefusalParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    refusal: Required[str]
+    """The refusal message generated by the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["refusal"]]
+    """The type of the content part."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_text_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_text_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2707444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_content_part_text_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text content."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["text"]]
+    """The type of the content part."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a541cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionDeleted"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the chat completion that was deleted."""
+
+    deleted: bool
+    """Whether the chat completion was deleted."""
+
+    object: Literal["chat.completion.deleted"]
+    """The type of object being deleted."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_developer_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_developer_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01e4fdb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_developer_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .chat_completion_content_part_text_param import ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionDeveloperMessageParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionDeveloperMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam]]]
+    """The contents of the developer message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["developer"]]
+    """The role of the messages author, in this case `developer`."""
+
+    name: str
+    """An optional name for the participant.
+
+    Provides the model information to differentiate between participants of the same
+    role.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_function_call_option_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_function_call_option_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bc014af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_function_call_option_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionFunctionCallOptionParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionFunctionCallOptionParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_function_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_function_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5af12bf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_function_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionFunctionMessageParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionFunctionMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Optional[str]]
+    """The contents of the function message."""
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["function"]]
+    """The role of the messages author, in this case `function`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c659ac3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .chat_completion_audio import ChatCompletionAudio
+from .chat_completion_message_tool_call import ChatCompletionMessageToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionMessage", "Annotation", "AnnotationURLCitation", "FunctionCall"]
+
+
+class AnnotationURLCitation(BaseModel):
+    end_index: int
+    """The index of the last character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    start_index: int
+    """The index of the first character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    title: str
+    """The title of the web resource."""
+
+    url: str
+    """The URL of the web resource."""
+
+
+class Annotation(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["url_citation"]
+    """The type of the URL citation. Always `url_citation`."""
+
+    url_citation: AnnotationURLCitation
+    """A URL citation when using web search."""
+
+
+class FunctionCall(BaseModel):
+    arguments: str
+    """
+    The arguments to call the function with, as generated by the model in JSON
+    format. Note that the model does not always generate valid JSON, and may
+    hallucinate parameters not defined by your function schema. Validate the
+    arguments in your code before calling your function.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletionMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[str] = None
+    """The contents of the message."""
+
+    refusal: Optional[str] = None
+    """The refusal message generated by the model."""
+
+    role: Literal["assistant"]
+    """The role of the author of this message."""
+
+    annotations: Optional[List[Annotation]] = None
+    """
+    Annotations for the message, when applicable, as when using the
+    [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+    """
+
+    audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudio] = None
+    """
+    If the audio output modality is requested, this object contains data about the
+    audio response from the model.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+    """
+
+    function_call: Optional[FunctionCall] = None
+    """Deprecated and replaced by `tool_calls`.
+
+    The name and arguments of a function that should be called, as generated by the
+    model.
+    """
+
+    tool_calls: Optional[List[ChatCompletionMessageToolCall]] = None
+    """The tool calls generated by the model, such as function calls."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..942da243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .chat_completion_tool_message_param import ChatCompletionToolMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_user_message_param import ChatCompletionUserMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_system_message_param import ChatCompletionSystemMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_function_message_param import ChatCompletionFunctionMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_assistant_message_param import ChatCompletionAssistantMessageParam
+from .chat_completion_developer_message_param import ChatCompletionDeveloperMessageParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionMessageParam"]
+
+ChatCompletionMessageParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ChatCompletionDeveloperMessageParam,
+    ChatCompletionSystemMessageParam,
+    ChatCompletionUserMessageParam,
+    ChatCompletionAssistantMessageParam,
+    ChatCompletionToolMessageParam,
+    ChatCompletionFunctionMessageParam,
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fec6670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionMessageToolCall", "Function"]
+
+
+class Function(BaseModel):
+    arguments: str
+    """
+    The arguments to call the function with, as generated by the model in JSON
+    format. Note that the model does not always generate valid JSON, and may
+    hallucinate parameters not defined by your function schema. Validate the
+    arguments in your code before calling your function.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletionMessageToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the tool call."""
+
+    function: Function
+    """The function that the model called."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of the tool. Currently, only `function` is supported."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_tool_call_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_tool_call_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f616c363
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_message_tool_call_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionMessageToolCallParam", "Function"]
+
+
+class Function(TypedDict, total=False):
+    arguments: Required[str]
+    """
+    The arguments to call the function with, as generated by the model in JSON
+    format. Note that the model does not always generate valid JSON, and may
+    hallucinate parameters not defined by your function schema. Validate the
+    arguments in your code before calling your function.
+    """
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletionMessageToolCallParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the tool call."""
+
+    function: Required[Function]
+    """The function that the model called."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function"]]
+    """The type of the tool. Currently, only `function` is supported."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_modality.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_modality.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e3c1459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_modality.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionModality"]
+
+ChatCompletionModality: TypeAlias = Literal["text", "audio"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_named_tool_choice_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_named_tool_choice_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..369f8b42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_named_tool_choice_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionNamedToolChoiceParam", "Function"]
+
+
+class Function(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+
+class ChatCompletionNamedToolChoiceParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    function: Required[Function]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function"]]
+    """The type of the tool. Currently, only `function` is supported."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_prediction_content_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_prediction_content_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c44e6e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_prediction_content_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .chat_completion_content_part_text_param import ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam]]]
+    """
+    The content that should be matched when generating a model response. If
+    generated tokens would match this content, the entire model response can be
+    returned much more quickly.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["content"]]
+    """The type of the predicted content you want to provide.
+
+    This type is currently always `content`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_reasoning_effort.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_reasoning_effort.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42a980c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_reasoning_effort.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionReasoningEffort"]
+
+ChatCompletionReasoningEffort = ReasoningEffort
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_role.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_role.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ec5e9ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_role.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionRole"]
+
+ChatCompletionRole: TypeAlias = Literal["developer", "system", "user", "assistant", "tool", "function"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_store_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_store_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8dc093f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_store_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .chat_completion_message import ChatCompletionMessage
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionStoreMessage"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionStoreMessage(ChatCompletionMessage):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the chat message."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_stream_options_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_stream_options_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..471e0eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_stream_options_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    include_usage: bool
+    """If set, an additional chunk will be streamed before the `data: [DONE]` message.
+
+    The `usage` field on this chunk shows the token usage statistics for the entire
+    request, and the `choices` field will always be an empty array.
+
+    All other chunks will also include a `usage` field, but with a null value.
+    **NOTE:** If the stream is interrupted, you may not receive the final usage
+    chunk which contains the total token usage for the request.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_system_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_system_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..172ccea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_system_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .chat_completion_content_part_text_param import ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionSystemMessageParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionSystemMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam]]]
+    """The contents of the system message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["system"]]
+    """The role of the messages author, in this case `system`."""
+
+    name: str
+    """An optional name for the participant.
+
+    Provides the model information to differentiate between participants of the same
+    role.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_token_logprob.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_token_logprob.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c69e2589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_token_logprob.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionTokenLogprob", "TopLogprob"]
+
+
+class TopLogprob(BaseModel):
+    token: str
+    """The token."""
+
+    bytes: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    """A list of integers representing the UTF-8 bytes representation of the token.
+
+    Useful in instances where characters are represented by multiple tokens and
+    their byte representations must be combined to generate the correct text
+    representation. Can be `null` if there is no bytes representation for the token.
+    """
+
+    logprob: float
+    """The log probability of this token, if it is within the top 20 most likely
+    tokens.
+
+    Otherwise, the value `-9999.0` is used to signify that the token is very
+    unlikely.
+    """
+
+
+class ChatCompletionTokenLogprob(BaseModel):
+    token: str
+    """The token."""
+
+    bytes: Optional[List[int]] = None
+    """A list of integers representing the UTF-8 bytes representation of the token.
+
+    Useful in instances where characters are represented by multiple tokens and
+    their byte representations must be combined to generate the correct text
+    representation. Can be `null` if there is no bytes representation for the token.
+    """
+
+    logprob: float
+    """The log probability of this token, if it is within the top 20 most likely
+    tokens.
+
+    Otherwise, the value `-9999.0` is used to signify that the token is very
+    unlikely.
+    """
+
+    top_logprobs: List[TopLogprob]
+    """List of the most likely tokens and their log probability, at this token
+    position.
+
+    In rare cases, there may be fewer than the number of requested `top_logprobs`
+    returned.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_choice_option_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_choice_option_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7dedf041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_choice_option_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from .chat_completion_named_tool_choice_param import ChatCompletionNamedToolChoiceParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam"]
+
+ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    Literal["none", "auto", "required"], ChatCompletionNamedToolChoiceParam
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb5e270e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .chat_completion_content_part_text_param import ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionToolMessageParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionToolMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[ChatCompletionContentPartTextParam]]]
+    """The contents of the tool message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["tool"]]
+    """The role of the messages author, in this case `tool`."""
+
+    tool_call_id: Required[str]
+    """Tool call that this message is responding to."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c2b1a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.function_definition import FunctionDefinition
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionToolParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    function: Required[FunctionDefinition]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function"]]
+    """The type of the tool. Currently, only `function` is supported."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_user_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_user_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c15322a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/chat_completion_user_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .chat_completion_content_part_param import ChatCompletionContentPartParam
+
+__all__ = ["ChatCompletionUserMessageParam"]
+
+
+class ChatCompletionUserMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, Iterable[ChatCompletionContentPartParam]]]
+    """The contents of the user message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user"]]
+    """The role of the messages author, in this case `user`."""
+
+    name: str
+    """An optional name for the participant.
+
+    Provides the model information to differentiate between participants of the same
+    role.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60d5f53c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,408 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from .chat_completion_tool_param import ChatCompletionToolParam
+from .chat_completion_audio_param import ChatCompletionAudioParam
+from .chat_completion_message_param import ChatCompletionMessageParam
+from ..shared_params.function_parameters import FunctionParameters
+from ..shared_params.response_format_text import ResponseFormatText
+from .chat_completion_stream_options_param import ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam
+from .chat_completion_prediction_content_param import ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam
+from .chat_completion_tool_choice_option_param import ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam
+from ..shared_params.response_format_json_object import ResponseFormatJSONObject
+from ..shared_params.response_format_json_schema import ResponseFormatJSONSchema
+from .chat_completion_function_call_option_param import ChatCompletionFunctionCallOptionParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CompletionCreateParamsBase",
+    "FunctionCall",
+    "Function",
+    "ResponseFormat",
+    "WebSearchOptions",
+    "WebSearchOptionsUserLocation",
+    "WebSearchOptionsUserLocationApproximate",
+    "CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming",
+    "CompletionCreateParamsStreaming",
+]
+
+
+class CompletionCreateParamsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    messages: Required[Iterable[ChatCompletionMessageParam]]
+    """A list of messages comprising the conversation so far.
+
+    Depending on the [model](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) you use,
+    different message types (modalities) are supported, like
+    [text](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation),
+    [images](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/vision), and
+    [audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+    """
+
+    model: Required[Union[str, ChatModel]]
+    """Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`.
+
+    OpenAI offers a wide range of models with different capabilities, performance
+    characteristics, and price points. Refer to the
+    [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+    available models.
+    """
+
+    audio: Optional[ChatCompletionAudioParam]
+    """Parameters for audio output.
+
+    Required when audio output is requested with `modalities: ["audio"]`.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio).
+    """
+
+    frequency_penalty: Optional[float]
+    """Number between -2.0 and 2.0.
+
+    Positive values penalize new tokens based on their existing frequency in the
+    text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to repeat the same line verbatim.
+    """
+
+    function_call: FunctionCall
+    """Deprecated in favor of `tool_choice`.
+
+    Controls which (if any) function is called by the model.
+
+    `none` means the model will not call a function and instead generates a message.
+
+    `auto` means the model can pick between generating a message or calling a
+    function.
+
+    Specifying a particular function via `{"name": "my_function"}` forces the model
+    to call that function.
+
+    `none` is the default when no functions are present. `auto` is the default if
+    functions are present.
+    """
+
+    functions: Iterable[Function]
+    """Deprecated in favor of `tools`.
+
+    A list of functions the model may generate JSON inputs for.
+    """
+
+    logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]]
+    """Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+    Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the
+    tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. Mathematically, the
+    bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to sampling. The exact
+    effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1 should decrease or
+    increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100 should result in a ban
+    or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+    """
+
+    logprobs: Optional[bool]
+    """Whether to return log probabilities of the output tokens or not.
+
+    If true, returns the log probabilities of each output token returned in the
+    `content` of `message`.
+    """
+
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """
+    An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a completion,
+    including visible output tokens and
+    [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+    """
+
+    max_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """
+    The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the chat
+    completion. This value can be used to control
+    [costs](https://openai.com/api/pricing/) for text generated via API.
+
+    This value is now deprecated in favor of `max_completion_tokens`, and is not
+    compatible with
+    [o-series models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    modalities: Optional[List[Literal["text", "audio"]]]
+    """
+    Output types that you would like the model to generate. Most models are capable
+    of generating text, which is the default:
+
+    `["text"]`
+
+    The `gpt-4o-audio-preview` model can also be used to
+    [generate audio](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/audio). To request that
+    this model generate both text and audio responses, you can use:
+
+    `["text", "audio"]`
+    """
+
+    n: Optional[int]
+    """How many chat completion choices to generate for each input message.
+
+    Note that you will be charged based on the number of generated tokens across all
+    of the choices. Keep `n` as `1` to minimize costs.
+    """
+
+    parallel_tool_calls: bool
+    """
+    Whether to enable
+    [parallel function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling#configuring-parallel-function-calling)
+    during tool use.
+    """
+
+    prediction: Optional[ChatCompletionPredictionContentParam]
+    """
+    Static predicted output content, such as the content of a text file that is
+    being regenerated.
+    """
+
+    presence_penalty: Optional[float]
+    """Number between -2.0 and 2.0.
+
+    Positive values penalize new tokens based on whether they appear in the text so
+    far, increasing the model's likelihood to talk about new topics.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort]
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Constrains effort on reasoning for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+    supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+    result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+    """
+
+    response_format: ResponseFormat
+    """An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_schema", "json_schema": {...} }` enables Structured
+    Outputs which ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more
+    in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+    ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+    preferred for models that support it.
+    """
+
+    seed: Optional[int]
+    """
+    This feature is in Beta. If specified, our system will make a best effort to
+    sample deterministically, such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and
+    parameters should return the same result. Determinism is not guaranteed, and you
+    should refer to the `system_fingerprint` response parameter to monitor changes
+    in the backend.
+    """
+
+    service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]]
+    """Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request.
+
+    This parameter is relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+      utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+      be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+      latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+      tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+      service tier.
+      [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+    - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+    When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+    utilized.
+    """
+
+    stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None]
+    """Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+    Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+    returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+    """
+
+    store: Optional[bool]
+    """
+    Whether or not to store the output of this chat completion request for use in
+    our [model distillation](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/distillation)
+    or [evals](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/evals) products.
+    """
+
+    stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam]
+    """Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering
+    this or `top_p` but not both.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: ChatCompletionToolChoiceOptionParam
+    """
+    Controls which (if any) tool is called by the model. `none` means the model will
+    not call any tool and instead generates a message. `auto` means the model can
+    pick between generating a message or calling one or more tools. `required` means
+    the model must call one or more tools. Specifying a particular tool via
+    `{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "my_function"}}` forces the model to
+    call that tool.
+
+    `none` is the default when no tools are present. `auto` is the default if tools
+    are present.
+    """
+
+    tools: Iterable[ChatCompletionToolParam]
+    """A list of tools the model may call.
+
+    Currently, only functions are supported as a tool. Use this to provide a list of
+    functions the model may generate JSON inputs for. A max of 128 functions are
+    supported.
+    """
+
+    top_logprobs: Optional[int]
+    """
+    An integer between 0 and 20 specifying the number of most likely tokens to
+    return at each token position, each with an associated log probability.
+    `logprobs` must be set to `true` if this parameter is used.
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+    """
+
+    user: str
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
+
+    web_search_options: WebSearchOptions
+    """
+    This tool searches the web for relevant results to use in a response. Learn more
+    about the
+    [web search tool](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search?api-mode=chat).
+    """
+
+
+FunctionCall: TypeAlias = Union[Literal["none", "auto"], ChatCompletionFunctionCallOptionParam]
+
+
+class Function(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to be called.
+
+    Must be a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or contain underscores and dashes, with a maximum length
+    of 64.
+    """
+
+    description: str
+    """
+    A description of what the function does, used by the model to choose when and
+    how to call the function.
+    """
+
+    parameters: FunctionParameters
+    """The parameters the functions accepts, described as a JSON Schema object.
+
+    See the [guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) for
+    examples, and the
+    [JSON Schema reference](https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/) for
+    documentation about the format.
+
+    Omitting `parameters` defines a function with an empty parameter list.
+    """
+
+
+ResponseFormat: TypeAlias = Union[ResponseFormatText, ResponseFormatJSONSchema, ResponseFormatJSONObject]
+
+
+class WebSearchOptionsUserLocationApproximate(TypedDict, total=False):
+    city: str
+    """Free text input for the city of the user, e.g. `San Francisco`."""
+
+    country: str
+    """
+    The two-letter [ISO country code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1) of
+    the user, e.g. `US`.
+    """
+
+    region: str
+    """Free text input for the region of the user, e.g. `California`."""
+
+    timezone: str
+    """
+    The [IANA timezone](https://timeapi.io/documentation/iana-timezones) of the
+    user, e.g. `America/Los_Angeles`.
+    """
+
+
+class WebSearchOptionsUserLocation(TypedDict, total=False):
+    approximate: Required[WebSearchOptionsUserLocationApproximate]
+    """Approximate location parameters for the search."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["approximate"]]
+    """The type of location approximation. Always `approximate`."""
+
+
+class WebSearchOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    search_context_size: Literal["low", "medium", "high"]
+    """
+    High level guidance for the amount of context window space to use for the
+    search. One of `low`, `medium`, or `high`. `medium` is the default.
+    """
+
+    user_location: Optional[WebSearchOptionsUserLocation]
+    """Approximate location parameters for the search."""
+
+
+class CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming(CompletionCreateParamsBase, total=False):
+    stream: Optional[Literal[False]]
+    """
+    If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+    generated using
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+    See the
+    [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+    for more information, along with the
+    [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+    guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+    """
+
+
+class CompletionCreateParamsStreaming(CompletionCreateParamsBase):
+    stream: Required[Literal[True]]
+    """
+    If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+    generated using
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+    See the
+    [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/chat/streaming)
+    for more information, along with the
+    [streaming responses](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/streaming-responses)
+    guide for more information on how to handle the streaming events.
+    """
+
+
+CompletionCreateParams = Union[CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming, CompletionCreateParamsStreaming]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d93da834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["CompletionListParams"]
+
+
+class CompletionListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last chat completion from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of Chat Completions to retrieve."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """A list of metadata keys to filter the Chat Completions by. Example:
+
+    `metadata[key1]=value1&metadata[key2]=value2`
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """The model used to generate the Chat Completions."""
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order for Chat Completions by timestamp.
+
+    Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc71733f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completion_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["CompletionUpdateParams"]
+
+
+class CompletionUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    metadata: Required[Optional[Metadata]]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8e62d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .message_list_params import MessageListParams as MessageListParams
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/message_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/message_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e694e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/completions/message_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["MessageListParams"]
+
+
+class MessageListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last message from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of messages to retrieve."""
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order for messages by timestamp.
+
+    Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/parsed_chat_completion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/parsed_chat_completion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b11dac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/parsed_chat_completion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Generic, TypeVar, Optional
+
+from ..._models import GenericModel
+from .chat_completion import Choice, ChatCompletion
+from .chat_completion_message import ChatCompletionMessage
+from .parsed_function_tool_call import ParsedFunctionToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ParsedChatCompletion", "ParsedChoice"]
+
+
+ContentType = TypeVar("ContentType")
+
+
+# we need to disable this check because we're overriding properties
+# with subclasses of their types which is technically unsound as
+# properties can be mutated.
+# pyright: reportIncompatibleVariableOverride=false
+
+
+class ParsedChatCompletionMessage(ChatCompletionMessage, GenericModel, Generic[ContentType]):
+    parsed: Optional[ContentType] = None
+    """The auto-parsed message contents"""
+
+    tool_calls: Optional[List[ParsedFunctionToolCall]] = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """The tool calls generated by the model, such as function calls."""
+
+
+class ParsedChoice(Choice, GenericModel, Generic[ContentType]):
+    message: ParsedChatCompletionMessage[ContentType]
+    """A chat completion message generated by the model."""
+
+
+class ParsedChatCompletion(ChatCompletion, GenericModel, Generic[ContentType]):
+    choices: List[ParsedChoice[ContentType]]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    """A list of chat completion choices.
+
+    Can be more than one if `n` is greater than 1.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/parsed_function_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/parsed_function_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e90789f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat/parsed_function_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .chat_completion_message_tool_call import Function, ChatCompletionMessageToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ParsedFunctionToolCall", "ParsedFunction"]
+
+# we need to disable this check because we're overriding properties
+# with subclasses of their types which is technically unsound as
+# properties can be mutated.
+# pyright: reportIncompatibleVariableOverride=false
+
+
+class ParsedFunction(Function):
+    parsed_arguments: Optional[object] = None
+    """
+    The arguments to call the function with.
+
+    If you used `openai.pydantic_function_tool()` then this will be an
+    instance of the given `BaseModel`.
+
+    Otherwise, this will be the parsed JSON arguments.
+    """
+
+
+class ParsedFunctionToolCall(ChatCompletionMessageToolCall):
+    function: ParsedFunction
+    """The function that the model called."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3b0e310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/chat_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .shared import chat_model
+
+__all__ = ["ChatModel"]
+
+ChatModel = chat_model.ChatModel
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3b3102a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .completion_usage import CompletionUsage
+from .completion_choice import CompletionChoice
+
+__all__ = ["Completion"]
+
+
+class Completion(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """A unique identifier for the completion."""
+
+    choices: List[CompletionChoice]
+    """The list of completion choices the model generated for the input prompt."""
+
+    created: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) of when the completion was created."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The model used for completion."""
+
+    object: Literal["text_completion"]
+    """The object type, which is always "text_completion" """
+
+    system_fingerprint: Optional[str] = None
+    """This fingerprint represents the backend configuration that the model runs with.
+
+    Can be used in conjunction with the `seed` request parameter to understand when
+    backend changes have been made that might impact determinism.
+    """
+
+    usage: Optional[CompletionUsage] = None
+    """Usage statistics for the completion request."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_choice.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_choice.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d948ebc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_choice.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["CompletionChoice", "Logprobs"]
+
+
+class Logprobs(BaseModel):
+    text_offset: Optional[List[int]] = None
+
+    token_logprobs: Optional[List[float]] = None
+
+    tokens: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    top_logprobs: Optional[List[Dict[str, float]]] = None
+
+
+class CompletionChoice(BaseModel):
+    finish_reason: Literal["stop", "length", "content_filter"]
+    """The reason the model stopped generating tokens.
+
+    This will be `stop` if the model hit a natural stop point or a provided stop
+    sequence, `length` if the maximum number of tokens specified in the request was
+    reached, or `content_filter` if content was omitted due to a flag from our
+    content filters.
+    """
+
+    index: int
+
+    logprobs: Optional[Logprobs] = None
+
+    text: str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ae20cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .chat.chat_completion_stream_options_param import ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam
+
+__all__ = ["CompletionCreateParamsBase", "CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming", "CompletionCreateParamsStreaming"]
+
+
+class CompletionCreateParamsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    model: Required[Union[str, Literal["gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct", "davinci-002", "babbage-002"]]]
+    """ID of the model to use.
+
+    You can use the
+    [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+    see all of your available models, or see our
+    [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+    them.
+    """
+
+    prompt: Required[Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]], None]]
+    """
+    The prompt(s) to generate completions for, encoded as a string, array of
+    strings, array of tokens, or array of token arrays.
+
+    Note that <|endoftext|> is the document separator that the model sees during
+    training, so if a prompt is not specified the model will generate as if from the
+    beginning of a new document.
+    """
+
+    best_of: Optional[int]
+    """
+    Generates `best_of` completions server-side and returns the "best" (the one with
+    the highest log probability per token). Results cannot be streamed.
+
+    When used with `n`, `best_of` controls the number of candidate completions and
+    `n` specifies how many to return – `best_of` must be greater than `n`.
+
+    **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+    consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+    settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+    """
+
+    echo: Optional[bool]
+    """Echo back the prompt in addition to the completion"""
+
+    frequency_penalty: Optional[float]
+    """Number between -2.0 and 2.0.
+
+    Positive values penalize new tokens based on their existing frequency in the
+    text so far, decreasing the model's likelihood to repeat the same line verbatim.
+
+    [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+    """
+
+    logit_bias: Optional[Dict[str, int]]
+    """Modify the likelihood of specified tokens appearing in the completion.
+
+    Accepts a JSON object that maps tokens (specified by their token ID in the GPT
+    tokenizer) to an associated bias value from -100 to 100. You can use this
+    [tokenizer tool](/tokenizer?view=bpe) to convert text to token IDs.
+    Mathematically, the bias is added to the logits generated by the model prior to
+    sampling. The exact effect will vary per model, but values between -1 and 1
+    should decrease or increase likelihood of selection; values like -100 or 100
+    should result in a ban or exclusive selection of the relevant token.
+
+    As an example, you can pass `{"50256": -100}` to prevent the <|endoftext|> token
+    from being generated.
+    """
+
+    logprobs: Optional[int]
+    """
+    Include the log probabilities on the `logprobs` most likely output tokens, as
+    well the chosen tokens. For example, if `logprobs` is 5, the API will return a
+    list of the 5 most likely tokens. The API will always return the `logprob` of
+    the sampled token, so there may be up to `logprobs+1` elements in the response.
+
+    The maximum value for `logprobs` is 5.
+    """
+
+    max_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """
+    The maximum number of [tokens](/tokenizer) that can be generated in the
+    completion.
+
+    The token count of your prompt plus `max_tokens` cannot exceed the model's
+    context length.
+    [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+    for counting tokens.
+    """
+
+    n: Optional[int]
+    """How many completions to generate for each prompt.
+
+    **Note:** Because this parameter generates many completions, it can quickly
+    consume your token quota. Use carefully and ensure that you have reasonable
+    settings for `max_tokens` and `stop`.
+    """
+
+    presence_penalty: Optional[float]
+    """Number between -2.0 and 2.0.
+
+    Positive values penalize new tokens based on whether they appear in the text so
+    far, increasing the model's likelihood to talk about new topics.
+
+    [See more information about frequency and presence penalties.](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text-generation)
+    """
+
+    seed: Optional[int]
+    """
+    If specified, our system will make a best effort to sample deterministically,
+    such that repeated requests with the same `seed` and parameters should return
+    the same result.
+
+    Determinism is not guaranteed, and you should refer to the `system_fingerprint`
+    response parameter to monitor changes in the backend.
+    """
+
+    stop: Union[Optional[str], List[str], None]
+    """Not supported with latest reasoning models `o3` and `o4-mini`.
+
+    Up to 4 sequences where the API will stop generating further tokens. The
+    returned text will not contain the stop sequence.
+    """
+
+    stream_options: Optional[ChatCompletionStreamOptionsParam]
+    """Options for streaming response. Only set this when you set `stream: true`."""
+
+    suffix: Optional[str]
+    """The suffix that comes after a completion of inserted text.
+
+    This parameter is only supported for `gpt-3.5-turbo-instruct`.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or `top_p` but not both.
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+    """
+
+    user: str
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
+
+
+class CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming(CompletionCreateParamsBase, total=False):
+    stream: Optional[Literal[False]]
+    """Whether to stream back partial progress.
+
+    If set, tokens will be sent as data-only
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+    as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+    """
+
+
+class CompletionCreateParamsStreaming(CompletionCreateParamsBase):
+    stream: Required[Literal[True]]
+    """Whether to stream back partial progress.
+
+    If set, tokens will be sent as data-only
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format)
+    as they become available, with the stream terminated by a `data: [DONE]`
+    message.
+    [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_stream_completions).
+    """
+
+
+CompletionCreateParams = Union[CompletionCreateParamsNonStreaming, CompletionCreateParamsStreaming]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_usage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_usage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8c4e84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/completion_usage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["CompletionUsage", "CompletionTokensDetails", "PromptTokensDetails"]
+
+
+class CompletionTokensDetails(BaseModel):
+    accepted_prediction_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    When using Predicted Outputs, the number of tokens in the prediction that
+    appeared in the completion.
+    """
+
+    audio_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """Audio input tokens generated by the model."""
+
+    reasoning_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """Tokens generated by the model for reasoning."""
+
+    rejected_prediction_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    When using Predicted Outputs, the number of tokens in the prediction that did
+    not appear in the completion. However, like reasoning tokens, these tokens are
+    still counted in the total completion tokens for purposes of billing, output,
+    and context window limits.
+    """
+
+
+class PromptTokensDetails(BaseModel):
+    audio_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """Audio input tokens present in the prompt."""
+
+    cached_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """Cached tokens present in the prompt."""
+
+
+class CompletionUsage(BaseModel):
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """Number of tokens in the generated completion."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """Number of tokens in the prompt."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """Total number of tokens used in the request (prompt + completion)."""
+
+    completion_tokens_details: Optional[CompletionTokensDetails] = None
+    """Breakdown of tokens used in a completion."""
+
+    prompt_tokens_details: Optional[PromptTokensDetails] = None
+    """Breakdown of tokens used in the prompt."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/create_embedding_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/create_embedding_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eff247a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/create_embedding_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .embedding import Embedding
+
+__all__ = ["CreateEmbeddingResponse", "Usage"]
+
+
+class Usage(BaseModel):
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens used by the prompt."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used by the request."""
+
+
+class CreateEmbeddingResponse(BaseModel):
+    data: List[Embedding]
+    """The list of embeddings generated by the model."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The name of the model used to generate the embedding."""
+
+    object: Literal["list"]
+    """The object type, which is always "list"."""
+
+    usage: Usage
+    """The usage information for the request."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..769b1d16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["Embedding"]
+
+
+class Embedding(BaseModel):
+    embedding: List[float]
+    """The embedding vector, which is a list of floats.
+
+    The length of vector depends on the model as listed in the
+    [embedding guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/embeddings).
+    """
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the embedding in the list of embeddings."""
+
+    object: Literal["embedding"]
+    """The object type, which is always "embedding"."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9056644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .embedding_model import EmbeddingModel
+
+__all__ = ["EmbeddingCreateParams"]
+
+
+class EmbeddingCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[Union[str, List[str], Iterable[int], Iterable[Iterable[int]]]]
+    """Input text to embed, encoded as a string or array of tokens.
+
+    To embed multiple inputs in a single request, pass an array of strings or array
+    of token arrays. The input must not exceed the max input tokens for the model
+    (8192 tokens for `text-embedding-ada-002`), cannot be an empty string, and any
+    array must be 2048 dimensions or less.
+    [Example Python code](https://cookbook.openai.com/examples/how_to_count_tokens_with_tiktoken)
+    for counting tokens. Some models may also impose a limit on total number of
+    tokens summed across inputs.
+    """
+
+    model: Required[Union[str, EmbeddingModel]]
+    """ID of the model to use.
+
+    You can use the
+    [List models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/models/list) API to
+    see all of your available models, or see our
+    [Model overview](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) for descriptions of
+    them.
+    """
+
+    dimensions: int
+    """The number of dimensions the resulting output embeddings should have.
+
+    Only supported in `text-embedding-3` and later models.
+    """
+
+    encoding_format: Literal["float", "base64"]
+    """The format to return the embeddings in.
+
+    Can be either `float` or [`base64`](https://pypi.org/project/pybase64/).
+    """
+
+    user: str
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..075ff976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/embedding_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["EmbeddingModel"]
+
+EmbeddingModel: TypeAlias = Literal["text-embedding-ada-002", "text-embedding-3-small", "text-embedding-3-large"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b712580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .graders.python_grader_param import PythonGraderParam
+from .graders.score_model_grader_param import ScoreModelGraderParam
+from .graders.string_check_grader_param import StringCheckGraderParam
+from .responses.response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam
+from .graders.text_similarity_grader_param import TextSimilarityGraderParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EvalCreateParams",
+    "DataSourceConfig",
+    "DataSourceConfigCustom",
+    "DataSourceConfigStoredCompletions",
+    "TestingCriterion",
+    "TestingCriterionLabelModel",
+    "TestingCriterionLabelModelInput",
+    "TestingCriterionLabelModelInputSimpleInputMessage",
+    "TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItem",
+    "TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItemContent",
+    "TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItemContentOutputText",
+    "TestingCriterionTextSimilarity",
+    "TestingCriterionPython",
+    "TestingCriterionScoreModel",
+]
+
+
+class EvalCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    data_source_config: Required[DataSourceConfig]
+    """The configuration for the data source used for the evaluation runs."""
+
+    testing_criteria: Required[Iterable[TestingCriterion]]
+    """A list of graders for all eval runs in this group."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation."""
+
+
+class DataSourceConfigCustom(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item_schema: Required[Dict[str, object]]
+    """The json schema for each row in the data source."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["custom"]]
+    """The type of data source. Always `custom`."""
+
+    include_sample_schema: bool
+    """
+    Whether the eval should expect you to populate the sample namespace (ie, by
+    generating responses off of your data source)
+    """
+
+
+class DataSourceConfigStoredCompletions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["stored_completions"]]
+    """The type of data source. Always `stored_completions`."""
+
+    metadata: Dict[str, object]
+    """Metadata filters for the stored completions data source."""
+
+
+DataSourceConfig: TypeAlias = Union[DataSourceConfigCustom, DataSourceConfigStoredCompletions]
+
+
+class TestingCriterionLabelModelInputSimpleInputMessage(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[str]
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: Required[str]
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItemContentOutputText(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["output_text"]]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItemContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ResponseInputTextParam, TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItemContentOutputText
+]
+
+
+class TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItem(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItemContent]
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+TestingCriterionLabelModelInput: TypeAlias = Union[
+    TestingCriterionLabelModelInputSimpleInputMessage, TestingCriterionLabelModelInputEvalItem
+]
+
+
+class TestingCriterionLabelModel(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[Iterable[TestingCriterionLabelModelInput]]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    labels: Required[List[str]]
+    """The labels to classify to each item in the evaluation."""
+
+    model: Required[str]
+    """The model to use for the evaluation. Must support structured outputs."""
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    passing_labels: Required[List[str]]
+    """The labels that indicate a passing result. Must be a subset of labels."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["label_model"]]
+    """The object type, which is always `label_model`."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionTextSimilarity(TextSimilarityGraderParam, total=False):
+    pass_threshold: Required[float]
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionPython(PythonGraderParam, total=False):
+    pass_threshold: float
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionScoreModel(ScoreModelGraderParam, total=False):
+    pass_threshold: float
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+TestingCriterion: TypeAlias = Union[
+    TestingCriterionLabelModel,
+    StringCheckGraderParam,
+    TestingCriterionTextSimilarity,
+    TestingCriterionPython,
+    TestingCriterionScoreModel,
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_create_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_create_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5f158ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_create_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from .._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .graders.python_grader import PythonGrader
+from .graders.label_model_grader import LabelModelGrader
+from .graders.score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader
+from .graders.string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader
+from .eval_custom_data_source_config import EvalCustomDataSourceConfig
+from .graders.text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader
+from .eval_stored_completions_data_source_config import EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EvalCreateResponse",
+    "DataSourceConfig",
+    "TestingCriterion",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel",
+]
+
+DataSourceConfig: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[EvalCustomDataSourceConfig, EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity(TextSimilarityGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: float
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython(PythonGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel(ScoreModelGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+TestingCriterion: TypeAlias = Union[
+    LabelModelGrader,
+    StringCheckGrader,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel,
+]
+
+
+class EvalCreateResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the eval was created."""
+
+    data_source_config: DataSourceConfig
+    """Configuration of data sources used in runs of the evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval"]
+    """The object type."""
+
+    testing_criteria: List[TestingCriterion]
+    """A list of testing criteria."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_custom_data_source_config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_custom_data_source_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d99701cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_custom_data_source_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["EvalCustomDataSourceConfig"]
+
+
+class EvalCustomDataSourceConfig(BaseModel):
+    schema_: Dict[str, object] = FieldInfo(alias="schema")
+    """
+    The json schema for the run data source items. Learn how to build JSON schemas
+    [here](https://json-schema.org/).
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["custom"]
+    """The type of data source. Always `custom`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_delete_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_delete_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a27261e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_delete_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["EvalDeleteResponse"]
+
+
+class EvalDeleteResponse(BaseModel):
+    deleted: bool
+
+    eval_id: str
+
+    object: str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9a12d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["EvalListParams"]
+
+
+class EvalListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last eval from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of evals to retrieve."""
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order for evals by timestamp.
+
+    Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for descending order.
+    """
+
+    order_by: Literal["created_at", "updated_at"]
+    """Evals can be ordered by creation time or last updated time.
+
+    Use `created_at` for creation time or `updated_at` for last updated time.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_list_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_list_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b743f57f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_list_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from .._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .graders.python_grader import PythonGrader
+from .graders.label_model_grader import LabelModelGrader
+from .graders.score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader
+from .graders.string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader
+from .eval_custom_data_source_config import EvalCustomDataSourceConfig
+from .graders.text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader
+from .eval_stored_completions_data_source_config import EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EvalListResponse",
+    "DataSourceConfig",
+    "TestingCriterion",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel",
+]
+
+DataSourceConfig: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[EvalCustomDataSourceConfig, EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity(TextSimilarityGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: float
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython(PythonGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel(ScoreModelGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+TestingCriterion: TypeAlias = Union[
+    LabelModelGrader,
+    StringCheckGrader,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel,
+]
+
+
+class EvalListResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the eval was created."""
+
+    data_source_config: DataSourceConfig
+    """Configuration of data sources used in runs of the evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval"]
+    """The object type."""
+
+    testing_criteria: List[TestingCriterion]
+    """A list of testing criteria."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_retrieve_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_retrieve_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dabb2067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_retrieve_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from .._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .graders.python_grader import PythonGrader
+from .graders.label_model_grader import LabelModelGrader
+from .graders.score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader
+from .graders.string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader
+from .eval_custom_data_source_config import EvalCustomDataSourceConfig
+from .graders.text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader
+from .eval_stored_completions_data_source_config import EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EvalRetrieveResponse",
+    "DataSourceConfig",
+    "TestingCriterion",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel",
+]
+
+DataSourceConfig: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[EvalCustomDataSourceConfig, EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity(TextSimilarityGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: float
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython(PythonGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel(ScoreModelGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+TestingCriterion: TypeAlias = Union[
+    LabelModelGrader,
+    StringCheckGrader,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel,
+]
+
+
+class EvalRetrieveResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the eval was created."""
+
+    data_source_config: DataSourceConfig
+    """Configuration of data sources used in runs of the evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval"]
+    """The object type."""
+
+    testing_criteria: List[TestingCriterion]
+    """A list of testing criteria."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_stored_completions_data_source_config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_stored_completions_data_source_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98f86a47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_stored_completions_data_source_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .shared.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig"]
+
+
+class EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig(BaseModel):
+    schema_: Dict[str, object] = FieldInfo(alias="schema")
+    """
+    The json schema for the run data source items. Learn how to build JSON schemas
+    [here](https://json-schema.org/).
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["stored_completions"]
+    """The type of data source. Always `stored_completions`."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..042db29a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from .shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["EvalUpdateParams"]
+
+
+class EvalUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """Rename the evaluation."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_update_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_update_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5cb2622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/eval_update_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from .._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .graders.python_grader import PythonGrader
+from .graders.label_model_grader import LabelModelGrader
+from .graders.score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader
+from .graders.string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader
+from .eval_custom_data_source_config import EvalCustomDataSourceConfig
+from .graders.text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader
+from .eval_stored_completions_data_source_config import EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig
+
+__all__ = [
+    "EvalUpdateResponse",
+    "DataSourceConfig",
+    "TestingCriterion",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython",
+    "TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel",
+]
+
+DataSourceConfig: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[EvalCustomDataSourceConfig, EvalStoredCompletionsDataSourceConfig], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity(TextSimilarityGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: float
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython(PythonGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+class TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel(ScoreModelGrader):
+    __test__ = False
+    pass_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The threshold for the score."""
+
+
+TestingCriterion: TypeAlias = Union[
+    LabelModelGrader,
+    StringCheckGrader,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderTextSimilarity,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderPython,
+    TestingCriterionEvalGraderScoreModel,
+]
+
+
+class EvalUpdateResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the eval was created."""
+
+    data_source_config: DataSourceConfig
+    """Configuration of data sources used in runs of the evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval"]
+    """The object type."""
+
+    testing_criteria: List[TestingCriterion]
+    """A list of testing criteria."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebf84c6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .eval_api_error import EvalAPIError as EvalAPIError
+from .run_list_params import RunListParams as RunListParams
+from .run_create_params import RunCreateParams as RunCreateParams
+from .run_list_response import RunListResponse as RunListResponse
+from .run_cancel_response import RunCancelResponse as RunCancelResponse
+from .run_create_response import RunCreateResponse as RunCreateResponse
+from .run_delete_response import RunDeleteResponse as RunDeleteResponse
+from .run_retrieve_response import RunRetrieveResponse as RunRetrieveResponse
+from .create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source import CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource as CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource
+from .create_eval_completions_run_data_source import (
+    CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource as CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource,
+)
+from .create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source_param import (
+    CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSourceParam as CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSourceParam,
+)
+from .create_eval_completions_run_data_source_param import (
+    CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSourceParam as CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSourceParam,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_completions_run_data_source.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_completions_run_data_source.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29c687b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_completions_run_data_source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..responses.easy_input_message import EasyInputMessage
+from ..responses.response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource",
+    "Source",
+    "SourceFileContent",
+    "SourceFileContentContent",
+    "SourceFileID",
+    "SourceStoredCompletions",
+    "InputMessages",
+    "InputMessagesTemplate",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplate",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessage",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContent",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContentOutputText",
+    "InputMessagesItemReference",
+    "SamplingParams",
+]
+
+
+class SourceFileContentContent(BaseModel):
+    item: Dict[str, object]
+
+    sample: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None
+
+
+class SourceFileContent(BaseModel):
+    content: List[SourceFileContentContent]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_content"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class SourceFileID(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_id"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+class SourceStoredCompletions(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["stored_completions"]
+    """The type of source. Always `stored_completions`."""
+
+    created_after: Optional[int] = None
+    """An optional Unix timestamp to filter items created after this time."""
+
+    created_before: Optional[int] = None
+    """An optional Unix timestamp to filter items created before this time."""
+
+    limit: Optional[int] = None
+    """An optional maximum number of items to return."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """An optional model to filter by (e.g., 'gpt-4o')."""
+
+
+Source: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[SourceFileContent, SourceFileID, SourceStoredCompletions], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContentOutputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ResponseInputText, InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContentOutputText
+]
+
+
+class InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContent
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+InputMessagesTemplateTemplate: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[EasyInputMessage, InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessage], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class InputMessagesTemplate(BaseModel):
+    template: List[InputMessagesTemplateTemplate]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["template"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `template`."""
+
+
+class InputMessagesItemReference(BaseModel):
+    item_reference: str
+    """A reference to a variable in the "item" namespace. Ie, "item.name" """
+
+    type: Literal["item_reference"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+InputMessages: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[InputMessagesTemplate, InputMessagesItemReference], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class SamplingParams(BaseModel):
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of tokens in the generated output."""
+
+    seed: Optional[int] = None
+    """A seed value to initialize the randomness, during sampling."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """A higher temperature increases randomness in the outputs."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """An alternative to temperature for nucleus sampling; 1.0 includes all tokens."""
+
+
+class CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource(BaseModel):
+    source: Source
+    """A StoredCompletionsRunDataSource configuration describing a set of filters"""
+
+    type: Literal["completions"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `completions`."""
+
+    input_messages: Optional[InputMessages] = None
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to use for generating completions (e.g. "o3-mini")."""
+
+    sampling_params: Optional[SamplingParams] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_completions_run_data_source_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_completions_run_data_source_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c53064ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_completions_run_data_source_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ..responses.easy_input_message_param import EasyInputMessageParam
+from ..responses.response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSourceParam",
+    "Source",
+    "SourceFileContent",
+    "SourceFileContentContent",
+    "SourceFileID",
+    "SourceStoredCompletions",
+    "InputMessages",
+    "InputMessagesTemplate",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplate",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessage",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContent",
+    "InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContentOutputText",
+    "InputMessagesItemReference",
+    "SamplingParams",
+]
+
+
+class SourceFileContentContent(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item: Required[Dict[str, object]]
+
+    sample: Dict[str, object]
+
+
+class SourceFileContent(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Iterable[SourceFileContentContent]]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_content"]]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class SourceFileID(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_id"]]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+class SourceStoredCompletions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["stored_completions"]]
+    """The type of source. Always `stored_completions`."""
+
+    created_after: Optional[int]
+    """An optional Unix timestamp to filter items created after this time."""
+
+    created_before: Optional[int]
+    """An optional Unix timestamp to filter items created before this time."""
+
+    limit: Optional[int]
+    """An optional maximum number of items to return."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str]
+    """An optional model to filter by (e.g., 'gpt-4o')."""
+
+
+Source: TypeAlias = Union[SourceFileContent, SourceFileID, SourceStoredCompletions]
+
+
+class InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContentOutputText(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["output_text"]]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ResponseInputTextParam, InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContentOutputText
+]
+
+
+class InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessage(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessageContent]
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+InputMessagesTemplateTemplate: TypeAlias = Union[EasyInputMessageParam, InputMessagesTemplateTemplateMessage]
+
+
+class InputMessagesTemplate(TypedDict, total=False):
+    template: Required[Iterable[InputMessagesTemplateTemplate]]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["template"]]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `template`."""
+
+
+class InputMessagesItemReference(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item_reference: Required[str]
+    """A reference to a variable in the "item" namespace. Ie, "item.name" """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["item_reference"]]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+InputMessages: TypeAlias = Union[InputMessagesTemplate, InputMessagesItemReference]
+
+
+class SamplingParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    max_completion_tokens: int
+    """The maximum number of tokens in the generated output."""
+
+    seed: int
+    """A seed value to initialize the randomness, during sampling."""
+
+    temperature: float
+    """A higher temperature increases randomness in the outputs."""
+
+    top_p: float
+    """An alternative to temperature for nucleus sampling; 1.0 includes all tokens."""
+
+
+class CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSourceParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    source: Required[Source]
+    """A StoredCompletionsRunDataSource configuration describing a set of filters"""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["completions"]]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `completions`."""
+
+    input_messages: InputMessages
+
+    model: str
+    """The name of the model to use for generating completions (e.g. "o3-mini")."""
+
+    sampling_params: SamplingParams
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2be5624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource", "Source", "SourceFileContent", "SourceFileContentContent", "SourceFileID"]
+
+
+class SourceFileContentContent(BaseModel):
+    item: Dict[str, object]
+
+    sample: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None
+
+
+class SourceFileContent(BaseModel):
+    content: List[SourceFileContentContent]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_content"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class SourceFileID(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_id"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+Source: TypeAlias = Annotated[Union[SourceFileContent, SourceFileID], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")]
+
+
+class CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource(BaseModel):
+    source: Source
+
+    type: Literal["jsonl"]
+    """The type of data source. Always `jsonl`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8ba48a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSourceParam",
+    "Source",
+    "SourceFileContent",
+    "SourceFileContentContent",
+    "SourceFileID",
+]
+
+
+class SourceFileContentContent(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item: Required[Dict[str, object]]
+
+    sample: Dict[str, object]
+
+
+class SourceFileContent(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Iterable[SourceFileContentContent]]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_content"]]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class SourceFileID(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_id"]]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+Source: TypeAlias = Union[SourceFileContent, SourceFileID]
+
+
+class CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSourceParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    source: Required[Source]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["jsonl"]]
+    """The type of data source. Always `jsonl`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/eval_api_error.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/eval_api_error.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe768710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/eval_api_error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["EvalAPIError"]
+
+
+class EvalAPIError(BaseModel):
+    code: str
+    """The error code."""
+
+    message: str
+    """The error message."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_cancel_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_cancel_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb6d689f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_cancel_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .eval_api_error import EvalAPIError
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from ..responses.response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+from .create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source import CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource
+from .create_eval_completions_run_data_source import CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunCancelResponse",
+    "DataSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletions",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams",
+    "PerModelUsage",
+    "PerTestingCriteriaResult",
+    "ResultCounts",
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent(BaseModel):
+    item: Dict[str, object]
+
+    sample: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent(BaseModel):
+    content: List[DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_content"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_id"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["responses"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `responses`."""
+
+    allow_parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether to allow parallel tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_after: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created after this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_before: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created before this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    has_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether the response has tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    instructions_search: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional search string for instructions.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[object] = None
+    """Metadata filter for the responses.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to find responses for.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] = None
+    """Optional reasoning effort parameter.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """Nucleus sampling parameter. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    users: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """List of user identifiers. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent, DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID, DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: str
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: str
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ResponseInputText, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem(BaseModel):
+    content: DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate: TypeAlias = Union[
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage,
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate(BaseModel):
+    template: List[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["template"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `template`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference(BaseModel):
+    item_reference: str
+    """A reference to a variable in the "item" namespace. Ie, "item.name" """
+
+    type: Literal["item_reference"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams(BaseModel):
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of tokens in the generated output."""
+
+    seed: Optional[int] = None
+    """A seed value to initialize the randomness, during sampling."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """A higher temperature increases randomness in the outputs."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """An alternative to temperature for nucleus sampling; 1.0 includes all tokens."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletions(BaseModel):
+    source: DataSourceCompletionsSource
+    """A EvalResponsesSource object describing a run data source configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["completions"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `completions`."""
+
+    input_messages: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages] = None
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to use for generating completions (e.g. "o3-mini")."""
+
+    sampling_params: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams] = None
+
+
+DataSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource, CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource, DataSourceCompletions],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class PerModelUsage(BaseModel):
+    cached_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens retrieved from cache."""
+
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """The number of completion tokens generated."""
+
+    invocation_count: int
+    """The number of invocations."""
+
+    run_model_name: str = FieldInfo(alias="model_name")
+    """The name of the model."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """The number of prompt tokens used."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used."""
+
+
+class PerTestingCriteriaResult(BaseModel):
+    failed: int
+    """Number of tests failed for this criteria."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of tests passed for this criteria."""
+
+    testing_criteria: str
+    """A description of the testing criteria."""
+
+
+class ResultCounts(BaseModel):
+    errored: int
+    """Number of output items that resulted in an error."""
+
+    failed: int
+    """Number of output items that failed to pass the evaluation."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of output items that passed the evaluation."""
+
+    total: int
+    """Total number of executed output items."""
+
+
+class RunCancelResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation run."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """Unix timestamp (in seconds) when the evaluation run was created."""
+
+    data_source: DataSource
+    """Information about the run's data source."""
+
+    error: EvalAPIError
+    """An object representing an error response from the Eval API."""
+
+    eval_id: str
+    """The identifier of the associated evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """The model that is evaluated, if applicable."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation run."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval.run"]
+    """The type of the object. Always "eval.run"."""
+
+    per_model_usage: List[PerModelUsage]
+    """Usage statistics for each model during the evaluation run."""
+
+    per_testing_criteria_results: List[PerTestingCriteriaResult]
+    """Results per testing criteria applied during the evaluation run."""
+
+    report_url: str
+    """The URL to the rendered evaluation run report on the UI dashboard."""
+
+    result_counts: ResultCounts
+    """Counters summarizing the outcomes of the evaluation run."""
+
+    status: str
+    """The status of the evaluation run."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c9720ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from ..responses.response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam
+from .create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source_param import CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSourceParam
+from .create_eval_completions_run_data_source_param import CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSourceParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunCreateParams",
+    "DataSource",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSource",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSource",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileContent",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileContentContent",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileID",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceResponses",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessages",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesItemReference",
+    "DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSamplingParams",
+]
+
+
+class RunCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    data_source: Required[DataSource]
+    """Details about the run's data source."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the run."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileContentContent(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item: Required[Dict[str, object]]
+
+    sample: Dict[str, object]
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileContent(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Iterable[DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileContentContent]]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_content"]]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileID(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_id"]]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceResponses(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["responses"]]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `responses`."""
+
+    allow_parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool]
+    """Whether to allow parallel tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_after: Optional[int]
+    """Only include items created after this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_before: Optional[int]
+    """Only include items created before this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    has_tool_calls: Optional[bool]
+    """Whether the response has tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    instructions_search: Optional[str]
+    """Optional search string for instructions.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[object]
+    """Metadata filter for the responses.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str]
+    """The name of the model to find responses for.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort]
+    """Optional reasoning effort parameter.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """Sampling temperature. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """Nucleus sampling parameter. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    users: Optional[List[str]]
+    """List of user identifiers. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+
+DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSource: TypeAlias = Union[
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileContent,
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceFileID,
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSourceResponses,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[str]
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: Required[str]
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText(
+    TypedDict, total=False
+):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["output_text"]]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str,
+    ResponseInputTextParam,
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent]
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplate: TypeAlias = Union[
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage,
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplate(TypedDict, total=False):
+    template: Required[Iterable[DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplateTemplate]]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["template"]]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `template`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesItemReference(TypedDict, total=False):
+    item_reference: Required[str]
+    """A reference to a variable in the "item" namespace. Ie, "item.name" """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["item_reference"]]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessages: TypeAlias = Union[
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesTemplate,
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessagesItemReference,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSamplingParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    max_completion_tokens: int
+    """The maximum number of tokens in the generated output."""
+
+    seed: int
+    """A seed value to initialize the randomness, during sampling."""
+
+    temperature: float
+    """A higher temperature increases randomness in the outputs."""
+
+    top_p: float
+    """An alternative to temperature for nucleus sampling; 1.0 includes all tokens."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSource(TypedDict, total=False):
+    source: Required[DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSource]
+    """A EvalResponsesSource object describing a run data source configuration."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["completions"]]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `completions`."""
+
+    input_messages: DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceInputMessages
+
+    model: str
+    """The name of the model to use for generating completions (e.g. "o3-mini")."""
+
+    sampling_params: DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSourceSamplingParams
+
+
+DataSource: TypeAlias = Union[
+    CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSourceParam,
+    CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSourceParam,
+    DataSourceCreateEvalResponsesRunDataSource,
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_create_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_create_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45939951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_create_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .eval_api_error import EvalAPIError
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from ..responses.response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+from .create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source import CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource
+from .create_eval_completions_run_data_source import CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunCreateResponse",
+    "DataSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletions",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams",
+    "PerModelUsage",
+    "PerTestingCriteriaResult",
+    "ResultCounts",
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent(BaseModel):
+    item: Dict[str, object]
+
+    sample: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent(BaseModel):
+    content: List[DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_content"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_id"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["responses"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `responses`."""
+
+    allow_parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether to allow parallel tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_after: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created after this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_before: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created before this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    has_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether the response has tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    instructions_search: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional search string for instructions.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[object] = None
+    """Metadata filter for the responses.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to find responses for.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] = None
+    """Optional reasoning effort parameter.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """Nucleus sampling parameter. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    users: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """List of user identifiers. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent, DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID, DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: str
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: str
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ResponseInputText, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem(BaseModel):
+    content: DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate: TypeAlias = Union[
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage,
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate(BaseModel):
+    template: List[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["template"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `template`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference(BaseModel):
+    item_reference: str
+    """A reference to a variable in the "item" namespace. Ie, "item.name" """
+
+    type: Literal["item_reference"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams(BaseModel):
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of tokens in the generated output."""
+
+    seed: Optional[int] = None
+    """A seed value to initialize the randomness, during sampling."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """A higher temperature increases randomness in the outputs."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """An alternative to temperature for nucleus sampling; 1.0 includes all tokens."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletions(BaseModel):
+    source: DataSourceCompletionsSource
+    """A EvalResponsesSource object describing a run data source configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["completions"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `completions`."""
+
+    input_messages: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages] = None
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to use for generating completions (e.g. "o3-mini")."""
+
+    sampling_params: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams] = None
+
+
+DataSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource, CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource, DataSourceCompletions],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class PerModelUsage(BaseModel):
+    cached_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens retrieved from cache."""
+
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """The number of completion tokens generated."""
+
+    invocation_count: int
+    """The number of invocations."""
+
+    run_model_name: str = FieldInfo(alias="model_name")
+    """The name of the model."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """The number of prompt tokens used."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used."""
+
+
+class PerTestingCriteriaResult(BaseModel):
+    failed: int
+    """Number of tests failed for this criteria."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of tests passed for this criteria."""
+
+    testing_criteria: str
+    """A description of the testing criteria."""
+
+
+class ResultCounts(BaseModel):
+    errored: int
+    """Number of output items that resulted in an error."""
+
+    failed: int
+    """Number of output items that failed to pass the evaluation."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of output items that passed the evaluation."""
+
+    total: int
+    """Total number of executed output items."""
+
+
+class RunCreateResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation run."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """Unix timestamp (in seconds) when the evaluation run was created."""
+
+    data_source: DataSource
+    """Information about the run's data source."""
+
+    error: EvalAPIError
+    """An object representing an error response from the Eval API."""
+
+    eval_id: str
+    """The identifier of the associated evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """The model that is evaluated, if applicable."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation run."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval.run"]
+    """The type of the object. Always "eval.run"."""
+
+    per_model_usage: List[PerModelUsage]
+    """Usage statistics for each model during the evaluation run."""
+
+    per_testing_criteria_results: List[PerTestingCriteriaResult]
+    """Results per testing criteria applied during the evaluation run."""
+
+    report_url: str
+    """The URL to the rendered evaluation run report on the UI dashboard."""
+
+    result_counts: ResultCounts
+    """Counters summarizing the outcomes of the evaluation run."""
+
+    status: str
+    """The status of the evaluation run."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_delete_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_delete_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d48d01f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_delete_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["RunDeleteResponse"]
+
+
+class RunDeleteResponse(BaseModel):
+    deleted: Optional[bool] = None
+
+    object: Optional[str] = None
+
+    run_id: Optional[str] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..383b89d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["RunListParams"]
+
+
+class RunListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last run from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of runs to retrieve."""
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order for runs by timestamp.
+
+    Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["queued", "in_progress", "completed", "canceled", "failed"]
+    """Filter runs by status.
+
+    One of `queued` | `in_progress` | `failed` | `completed` | `canceled`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_list_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_list_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..278ceeab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_list_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .eval_api_error import EvalAPIError
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from ..responses.response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+from .create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source import CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource
+from .create_eval_completions_run_data_source import CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunListResponse",
+    "DataSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletions",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams",
+    "PerModelUsage",
+    "PerTestingCriteriaResult",
+    "ResultCounts",
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent(BaseModel):
+    item: Dict[str, object]
+
+    sample: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent(BaseModel):
+    content: List[DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_content"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_id"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["responses"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `responses`."""
+
+    allow_parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether to allow parallel tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_after: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created after this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_before: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created before this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    has_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether the response has tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    instructions_search: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional search string for instructions.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[object] = None
+    """Metadata filter for the responses.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to find responses for.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] = None
+    """Optional reasoning effort parameter.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """Nucleus sampling parameter. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    users: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """List of user identifiers. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent, DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID, DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: str
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: str
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ResponseInputText, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem(BaseModel):
+    content: DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate: TypeAlias = Union[
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage,
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate(BaseModel):
+    template: List[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["template"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `template`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference(BaseModel):
+    item_reference: str
+    """A reference to a variable in the "item" namespace. Ie, "item.name" """
+
+    type: Literal["item_reference"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams(BaseModel):
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of tokens in the generated output."""
+
+    seed: Optional[int] = None
+    """A seed value to initialize the randomness, during sampling."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """A higher temperature increases randomness in the outputs."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """An alternative to temperature for nucleus sampling; 1.0 includes all tokens."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletions(BaseModel):
+    source: DataSourceCompletionsSource
+    """A EvalResponsesSource object describing a run data source configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["completions"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `completions`."""
+
+    input_messages: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages] = None
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to use for generating completions (e.g. "o3-mini")."""
+
+    sampling_params: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams] = None
+
+
+DataSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource, CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource, DataSourceCompletions],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class PerModelUsage(BaseModel):
+    cached_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens retrieved from cache."""
+
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """The number of completion tokens generated."""
+
+    invocation_count: int
+    """The number of invocations."""
+
+    run_model_name: str = FieldInfo(alias="model_name")
+    """The name of the model."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """The number of prompt tokens used."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used."""
+
+
+class PerTestingCriteriaResult(BaseModel):
+    failed: int
+    """Number of tests failed for this criteria."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of tests passed for this criteria."""
+
+    testing_criteria: str
+    """A description of the testing criteria."""
+
+
+class ResultCounts(BaseModel):
+    errored: int
+    """Number of output items that resulted in an error."""
+
+    failed: int
+    """Number of output items that failed to pass the evaluation."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of output items that passed the evaluation."""
+
+    total: int
+    """Total number of executed output items."""
+
+
+class RunListResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation run."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """Unix timestamp (in seconds) when the evaluation run was created."""
+
+    data_source: DataSource
+    """Information about the run's data source."""
+
+    error: EvalAPIError
+    """An object representing an error response from the Eval API."""
+
+    eval_id: str
+    """The identifier of the associated evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """The model that is evaluated, if applicable."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation run."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval.run"]
+    """The type of the object. Always "eval.run"."""
+
+    per_model_usage: List[PerModelUsage]
+    """Usage statistics for each model during the evaluation run."""
+
+    per_testing_criteria_results: List[PerTestingCriteriaResult]
+    """Results per testing criteria applied during the evaluation run."""
+
+    report_url: str
+    """The URL to the rendered evaluation run report on the UI dashboard."""
+
+    result_counts: ResultCounts
+    """Counters summarizing the outcomes of the evaluation run."""
+
+    status: str
+    """The status of the evaluation run."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_retrieve_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_retrieve_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e142f31b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/run_retrieve_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .eval_api_error import EvalAPIError
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+from ..responses.response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+from .create_eval_jsonl_run_data_source import CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource
+from .create_eval_completions_run_data_source import CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RunRetrieveResponse",
+    "DataSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletions",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSource",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference",
+    "DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams",
+    "PerModelUsage",
+    "PerTestingCriteriaResult",
+    "ResultCounts",
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent(BaseModel):
+    item: Dict[str, object]
+
+    sample: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent(BaseModel):
+    content: List[DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContentContent]
+    """The content of the jsonl file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_content"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_content`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier of the file."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_id"]
+    """The type of jsonl source. Always `file_id`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["responses"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `responses`."""
+
+    allow_parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether to allow parallel tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_after: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created after this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    created_before: Optional[int] = None
+    """Only include items created before this timestamp (inclusive).
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    has_tool_calls: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether the response has tool calls.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    instructions_search: Optional[str] = None
+    """Optional search string for instructions.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[object] = None
+    """Metadata filter for the responses.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to find responses for.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] = None
+    """Optional reasoning effort parameter.
+
+    This is a query parameter used to select responses.
+    """
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """Sampling temperature. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """Nucleus sampling parameter. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+    users: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """List of user identifiers. This is a query parameter used to select responses."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileContent, DataSourceCompletionsSourceFileID, DataSourceCompletionsSourceResponses
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: str
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: str
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ResponseInputText, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContentOutputText
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem(BaseModel):
+    content: DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItemContent
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate: TypeAlias = Union[
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateChatMessage,
+    DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplateEvalItem,
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate(BaseModel):
+    template: List[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplateTemplate]
+    """A list of chat messages forming the prompt or context.
+
+    May include variable references to the "item" namespace, ie {{item.name}}.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["template"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `template`."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference(BaseModel):
+    item_reference: str
+    """A reference to a variable in the "item" namespace. Ie, "item.name" """
+
+    type: Literal["item_reference"]
+    """The type of input messages. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesTemplate, DataSourceCompletionsInputMessagesItemReference],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams(BaseModel):
+    max_completion_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of tokens in the generated output."""
+
+    seed: Optional[int] = None
+    """A seed value to initialize the randomness, during sampling."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """A higher temperature increases randomness in the outputs."""
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """An alternative to temperature for nucleus sampling; 1.0 includes all tokens."""
+
+
+class DataSourceCompletions(BaseModel):
+    source: DataSourceCompletionsSource
+    """A EvalResponsesSource object describing a run data source configuration."""
+
+    type: Literal["completions"]
+    """The type of run data source. Always `completions`."""
+
+    input_messages: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsInputMessages] = None
+
+    model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the model to use for generating completions (e.g. "o3-mini")."""
+
+    sampling_params: Optional[DataSourceCompletionsSamplingParams] = None
+
+
+DataSource: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[CreateEvalJSONLRunDataSource, CreateEvalCompletionsRunDataSource, DataSourceCompletions],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class PerModelUsage(BaseModel):
+    cached_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens retrieved from cache."""
+
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """The number of completion tokens generated."""
+
+    invocation_count: int
+    """The number of invocations."""
+
+    run_model_name: str = FieldInfo(alias="model_name")
+    """The name of the model."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """The number of prompt tokens used."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used."""
+
+
+class PerTestingCriteriaResult(BaseModel):
+    failed: int
+    """Number of tests failed for this criteria."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of tests passed for this criteria."""
+
+    testing_criteria: str
+    """A description of the testing criteria."""
+
+
+class ResultCounts(BaseModel):
+    errored: int
+    """Number of output items that resulted in an error."""
+
+    failed: int
+    """Number of output items that failed to pass the evaluation."""
+
+    passed: int
+    """Number of output items that passed the evaluation."""
+
+    total: int
+    """Total number of executed output items."""
+
+
+class RunRetrieveResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation run."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """Unix timestamp (in seconds) when the evaluation run was created."""
+
+    data_source: DataSource
+    """Information about the run's data source."""
+
+    error: EvalAPIError
+    """An object representing an error response from the Eval API."""
+
+    eval_id: str
+    """The identifier of the associated evaluation."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """The model that is evaluated, if applicable."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the evaluation run."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval.run"]
+    """The type of the object. Always "eval.run"."""
+
+    per_model_usage: List[PerModelUsage]
+    """Usage statistics for each model during the evaluation run."""
+
+    per_testing_criteria_results: List[PerTestingCriteriaResult]
+    """Results per testing criteria applied during the evaluation run."""
+
+    report_url: str
+    """The URL to the rendered evaluation run report on the UI dashboard."""
+
+    result_counts: ResultCounts
+    """Counters summarizing the outcomes of the evaluation run."""
+
+    status: str
+    """The status of the evaluation run."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b77cbb6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .output_item_list_params import OutputItemListParams as OutputItemListParams
+from .output_item_list_response import OutputItemListResponse as OutputItemListResponse
+from .output_item_retrieve_response import OutputItemRetrieveResponse as OutputItemRetrieveResponse
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..073bfc69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["OutputItemListParams"]
+
+
+class OutputItemListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    eval_id: Required[str]
+
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last output item from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of output items to retrieve."""
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order for output items by timestamp.
+
+    Use `asc` for ascending order or `desc` for descending order. Defaults to `asc`.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["fail", "pass"]
+    """Filter output items by status.
+
+    Use `failed` to filter by failed output items or `pass` to filter by passed
+    output items.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_list_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_list_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72b1049f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_list_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+import builtins
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from ..eval_api_error import EvalAPIError
+
+__all__ = ["OutputItemListResponse", "Sample", "SampleInput", "SampleOutput", "SampleUsage"]
+
+
+class SampleInput(BaseModel):
+    content: str
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: str
+    """The role of the message sender (e.g., system, user, developer)."""
+
+
+class SampleOutput(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[str] = None
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: Optional[str] = None
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class SampleUsage(BaseModel):
+    cached_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens retrieved from cache."""
+
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """The number of completion tokens generated."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """The number of prompt tokens used."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used."""
+
+
+class Sample(BaseModel):
+    error: EvalAPIError
+    """An object representing an error response from the Eval API."""
+
+    finish_reason: str
+    """The reason why the sample generation was finished."""
+
+    input: List[SampleInput]
+    """An array of input messages."""
+
+    max_completion_tokens: int
+    """The maximum number of tokens allowed for completion."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The model used for generating the sample."""
+
+    output: List[SampleOutput]
+    """An array of output messages."""
+
+    seed: int
+    """The seed used for generating the sample."""
+
+    temperature: float
+    """The sampling temperature used."""
+
+    top_p: float
+    """The top_p value used for sampling."""
+
+    usage: SampleUsage
+    """Token usage details for the sample."""
+
+
+class OutputItemListResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation run output item."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """Unix timestamp (in seconds) when the evaluation run was created."""
+
+    datasource_item: Dict[str, object]
+    """Details of the input data source item."""
+
+    datasource_item_id: int
+    """The identifier for the data source item."""
+
+    eval_id: str
+    """The identifier of the evaluation group."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval.run.output_item"]
+    """The type of the object. Always "eval.run.output_item"."""
+
+    results: List[Dict[str, builtins.object]]
+    """A list of results from the evaluation run."""
+
+    run_id: str
+    """The identifier of the evaluation run associated with this output item."""
+
+    sample: Sample
+    """A sample containing the input and output of the evaluation run."""
+
+    status: str
+    """The status of the evaluation run."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_retrieve_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_retrieve_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63aab556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/evals/runs/output_item_retrieve_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+import builtins
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from ..eval_api_error import EvalAPIError
+
+__all__ = ["OutputItemRetrieveResponse", "Sample", "SampleInput", "SampleOutput", "SampleUsage"]
+
+
+class SampleInput(BaseModel):
+    content: str
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: str
+    """The role of the message sender (e.g., system, user, developer)."""
+
+
+class SampleOutput(BaseModel):
+    content: Optional[str] = None
+    """The content of the message."""
+
+    role: Optional[str] = None
+    """The role of the message (e.g. "system", "assistant", "user")."""
+
+
+class SampleUsage(BaseModel):
+    cached_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens retrieved from cache."""
+
+    completion_tokens: int
+    """The number of completion tokens generated."""
+
+    prompt_tokens: int
+    """The number of prompt tokens used."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used."""
+
+
+class Sample(BaseModel):
+    error: EvalAPIError
+    """An object representing an error response from the Eval API."""
+
+    finish_reason: str
+    """The reason why the sample generation was finished."""
+
+    input: List[SampleInput]
+    """An array of input messages."""
+
+    max_completion_tokens: int
+    """The maximum number of tokens allowed for completion."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The model used for generating the sample."""
+
+    output: List[SampleOutput]
+    """An array of output messages."""
+
+    seed: int
+    """The seed used for generating the sample."""
+
+    temperature: float
+    """The sampling temperature used."""
+
+    top_p: float
+    """The top_p value used for sampling."""
+
+    usage: SampleUsage
+    """Token usage details for the sample."""
+
+
+class OutputItemRetrieveResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for the evaluation run output item."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """Unix timestamp (in seconds) when the evaluation run was created."""
+
+    datasource_item: Dict[str, object]
+    """Details of the input data source item."""
+
+    datasource_item_id: int
+    """The identifier for the data source item."""
+
+    eval_id: str
+    """The identifier of the evaluation group."""
+
+    object: Literal["eval.run.output_item"]
+    """The type of the object. Always "eval.run.output_item"."""
+
+    results: List[Dict[str, builtins.object]]
+    """A list of results from the evaluation run."""
+
+    run_id: str
+    """The identifier of the evaluation run associated with this output item."""
+
+    sample: Sample
+    """A sample containing the input and output of the evaluation run."""
+
+    status: str
+    """The status of the evaluation run."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_chunking_strategy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_chunking_strategy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee96bd78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_chunking_strategy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from .._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .other_file_chunking_strategy_object import OtherFileChunkingStrategyObject
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy_object import StaticFileChunkingStrategyObject
+
+__all__ = ["FileChunkingStrategy"]
+
+FileChunkingStrategy: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[StaticFileChunkingStrategyObject, OtherFileChunkingStrategyObject], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_chunking_strategy_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_chunking_strategy_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25d94286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_chunking_strategy_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .auto_file_chunking_strategy_param import AutoFileChunkingStrategyParam
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy_object_param import StaticFileChunkingStrategyObjectParam
+
+__all__ = ["FileChunkingStrategyParam"]
+
+FileChunkingStrategyParam: TypeAlias = Union[AutoFileChunkingStrategyParam, StaticFileChunkingStrategyObjectParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_content.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_content.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d89eee62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_content.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["FileContent"]
+
+FileContent: TypeAlias = str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..728dfd35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from .._types import FileTypes
+from .file_purpose import FilePurpose
+
+__all__ = ["FileCreateParams"]
+
+
+class FileCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file: Required[FileTypes]
+    """The File object (not file name) to be uploaded."""
+
+    purpose: Required[FilePurpose]
+    """The intended purpose of the uploaded file.
+
+    One of: - `assistants`: Used in the Assistants API - `batch`: Used in the Batch
+    API - `fine-tune`: Used for fine-tuning - `vision`: Images used for vision
+    fine-tuning - `user_data`: Flexible file type for any purpose - `evals`: Used
+    for eval data sets
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f25fa87a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FileDeleted"]
+
+
+class FileDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    deleted: bool
+
+    object: Literal["file"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..058d874c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["FileListParams"]
+
+
+class FileListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 10,000, and the default is 10,000.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
+
+    purpose: str
+    """Only return files with the given purpose."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d65e698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FileObject"]
+
+
+class FileObject(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The file identifier, which can be referenced in the API endpoints."""
+
+    bytes: int
+    """The size of the file, in bytes."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the file was created."""
+
+    filename: str
+    """The name of the file."""
+
+    object: Literal["file"]
+    """The object type, which is always `file`."""
+
+    purpose: Literal[
+        "assistants", "assistants_output", "batch", "batch_output", "fine-tune", "fine-tune-results", "vision"
+    ]
+    """The intended purpose of the file.
+
+    Supported values are `assistants`, `assistants_output`, `batch`, `batch_output`,
+    `fine-tune`, `fine-tune-results` and `vision`.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["uploaded", "processed", "error"]
+    """Deprecated.
+
+    The current status of the file, which can be either `uploaded`, `processed`, or
+    `error`.
+    """
+
+    expires_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the file will expire."""
+
+    status_details: Optional[str] = None
+    """Deprecated.
+
+    For details on why a fine-tuning training file failed validation, see the
+    `error` field on `fine_tuning.job`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_purpose.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_purpose.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2c2d5f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/file_purpose.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["FilePurpose"]
+
+FilePurpose: TypeAlias = Literal["assistants", "batch", "fine-tune", "vision", "user_data", "evals"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc664eac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .dpo_method import DpoMethod as DpoMethod
+from .fine_tuning_job import FineTuningJob as FineTuningJob
+from .job_list_params import JobListParams as JobListParams
+from .dpo_method_param import DpoMethodParam as DpoMethodParam
+from .job_create_params import JobCreateParams as JobCreateParams
+from .supervised_method import SupervisedMethod as SupervisedMethod
+from .dpo_hyperparameters import DpoHyperparameters as DpoHyperparameters
+from .reinforcement_method import ReinforcementMethod as ReinforcementMethod
+from .fine_tuning_job_event import FineTuningJobEvent as FineTuningJobEvent
+from .job_list_events_params import JobListEventsParams as JobListEventsParams
+from .supervised_method_param import SupervisedMethodParam as SupervisedMethodParam
+from .dpo_hyperparameters_param import DpoHyperparametersParam as DpoHyperparametersParam
+from .reinforcement_method_param import ReinforcementMethodParam as ReinforcementMethodParam
+from .supervised_hyperparameters import SupervisedHyperparameters as SupervisedHyperparameters
+from .fine_tuning_job_integration import FineTuningJobIntegration as FineTuningJobIntegration
+from .reinforcement_hyperparameters import ReinforcementHyperparameters as ReinforcementHyperparameters
+from .supervised_hyperparameters_param import SupervisedHyperparametersParam as SupervisedHyperparametersParam
+from .fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration import FineTuningJobWandbIntegration as FineTuningJobWandbIntegration
+from .reinforcement_hyperparameters_param import ReinforcementHyperparametersParam as ReinforcementHyperparametersParam
+from .fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration_object import (
+    FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject as FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject,
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6394961b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .grader_run_params import GraderRunParams as GraderRunParams
+from .grader_run_response import GraderRunResponse as GraderRunResponse
+from .grader_validate_params import GraderValidateParams as GraderValidateParams
+from .grader_validate_response import GraderValidateResponse as GraderValidateResponse
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/grader_validate_response.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/__pycache__/grader_validate_response.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_run_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_run_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa729f55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_run_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ...graders.multi_grader_param import MultiGraderParam
+from ...graders.python_grader_param import PythonGraderParam
+from ...graders.score_model_grader_param import ScoreModelGraderParam
+from ...graders.string_check_grader_param import StringCheckGraderParam
+from ...graders.text_similarity_grader_param import TextSimilarityGraderParam
+
+__all__ = ["GraderRunParams", "Grader"]
+
+
+class GraderRunParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    grader: Required[Grader]
+    """The grader used for the fine-tuning job."""
+
+    model_sample: Required[str]
+    """The model sample to be evaluated."""
+
+    reference_answer: Required[Union[str, Iterable[object], float, object]]
+    """The reference answer for the evaluation."""
+
+
+Grader: TypeAlias = Union[
+    StringCheckGraderParam, TextSimilarityGraderParam, PythonGraderParam, ScoreModelGraderParam, MultiGraderParam
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_run_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_run_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ef046d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_run_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["GraderRunResponse", "Metadata", "MetadataErrors"]
+
+
+class MetadataErrors(BaseModel):
+    formula_parse_error: bool
+
+    invalid_variable_error: bool
+
+    api_model_grader_parse_error: bool = FieldInfo(alias="model_grader_parse_error")
+
+    api_model_grader_refusal_error: bool = FieldInfo(alias="model_grader_refusal_error")
+
+    api_model_grader_server_error: bool = FieldInfo(alias="model_grader_server_error")
+
+    api_model_grader_server_error_details: Optional[str] = FieldInfo(
+        alias="model_grader_server_error_details", default=None
+    )
+
+    other_error: bool
+
+    python_grader_runtime_error: bool
+
+    python_grader_runtime_error_details: Optional[str] = None
+
+    python_grader_server_error: bool
+
+    python_grader_server_error_type: Optional[str] = None
+
+    sample_parse_error: bool
+
+    truncated_observation_error: bool
+
+    unresponsive_reward_error: bool
+
+
+class Metadata(BaseModel):
+    errors: MetadataErrors
+
+    execution_time: float
+
+    name: str
+
+    sampled_model_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    scores: Dict[str, object]
+
+    token_usage: Optional[int] = None
+
+    type: str
+
+
+class GraderRunResponse(BaseModel):
+    metadata: Metadata
+
+    api_model_grader_token_usage_per_model: Dict[str, object] = FieldInfo(alias="model_grader_token_usage_per_model")
+
+    reward: float
+
+    sub_rewards: Dict[str, object]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_validate_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_validate_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe9eb44e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_validate_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ...graders.multi_grader_param import MultiGraderParam
+from ...graders.python_grader_param import PythonGraderParam
+from ...graders.score_model_grader_param import ScoreModelGraderParam
+from ...graders.string_check_grader_param import StringCheckGraderParam
+from ...graders.text_similarity_grader_param import TextSimilarityGraderParam
+
+__all__ = ["GraderValidateParams", "Grader"]
+
+
+class GraderValidateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    grader: Required[Grader]
+    """The grader used for the fine-tuning job."""
+
+
+Grader: TypeAlias = Union[
+    StringCheckGraderParam, TextSimilarityGraderParam, PythonGraderParam, ScoreModelGraderParam, MultiGraderParam
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_validate_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_validate_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b373292d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/alpha/grader_validate_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+from ...graders.multi_grader import MultiGrader
+from ...graders.python_grader import PythonGrader
+from ...graders.score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader
+from ...graders.string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader
+from ...graders.text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader
+
+__all__ = ["GraderValidateResponse", "Grader"]
+
+Grader: TypeAlias = Union[StringCheckGrader, TextSimilarityGrader, PythonGrader, ScoreModelGrader, MultiGrader]
+
+
+class GraderValidateResponse(BaseModel):
+    grader: Optional[Grader] = None
+    """The grader used for the fine-tuning job."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2947b331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .permission_create_params import PermissionCreateParams as PermissionCreateParams
+from .permission_create_response import PermissionCreateResponse as PermissionCreateResponse
+from .permission_delete_response import PermissionDeleteResponse as PermissionDeleteResponse
+from .permission_retrieve_params import PermissionRetrieveParams as PermissionRetrieveParams
+from .permission_retrieve_response import PermissionRetrieveResponse as PermissionRetrieveResponse
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__pycache__/permission_retrieve_response.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/__pycache__/permission_retrieve_response.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92f98f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["PermissionCreateParams"]
+
+
+class PermissionCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    project_ids: Required[List[str]]
+    """The project identifiers to grant access to."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_create_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_create_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9bc14c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_create_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["PermissionCreateResponse"]
+
+
+class PermissionCreateResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The permission identifier, which can be referenced in the API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the permission was created."""
+
+    object: Literal["checkpoint.permission"]
+    """The object type, which is always "checkpoint.permission"."""
+
+    project_id: str
+    """The project identifier that the permission is for."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_delete_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_delete_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a92d912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_delete_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["PermissionDeleteResponse"]
+
+
+class PermissionDeleteResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the fine-tuned model checkpoint permission that was deleted."""
+
+    deleted: bool
+    """Whether the fine-tuned model checkpoint permission was successfully deleted."""
+
+    object: Literal["checkpoint.permission"]
+    """The object type, which is always "checkpoint.permission"."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_retrieve_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_retrieve_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e66a867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_retrieve_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["PermissionRetrieveParams"]
+
+
+class PermissionRetrieveParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last permission ID from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of permissions to retrieve."""
+
+    order: Literal["ascending", "descending"]
+    """The order in which to retrieve permissions."""
+
+    project_id: str
+    """The ID of the project to get permissions for."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_retrieve_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_retrieve_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14c73b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/checkpoints/permission_retrieve_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["PermissionRetrieveResponse", "Data"]
+
+
+class Data(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The permission identifier, which can be referenced in the API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the permission was created."""
+
+    object: Literal["checkpoint.permission"]
+    """The object type, which is always "checkpoint.permission"."""
+
+    project_id: str
+    """The project identifier that the permission is for."""
+
+
+class PermissionRetrieveResponse(BaseModel):
+    data: List[Data]
+
+    has_more: bool
+
+    object: Literal["list"]
+
+    first_id: Optional[str] = None
+
+    last_id: Optional[str] = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_hyperparameters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_hyperparameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0b3f058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_hyperparameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["DpoHyperparameters"]
+
+
+class DpoHyperparameters(BaseModel):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    beta: Union[Literal["auto"], float, None] = None
+    """The beta value for the DPO method.
+
+    A higher beta value will increase the weight of the penalty between the policy
+    and reference model.
+    """
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float, None] = None
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_hyperparameters_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_hyperparameters_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87c6ee80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_hyperparameters_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["DpoHyperparametersParam"]
+
+
+class DpoHyperparametersParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    beta: Union[Literal["auto"], float]
+    """The beta value for the DPO method.
+
+    A higher beta value will increase the weight of the penalty between the policy
+    and reference model.
+    """
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float]
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_method.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_method.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e20f360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_method.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .dpo_hyperparameters import DpoHyperparameters
+
+__all__ = ["DpoMethod"]
+
+
+class DpoMethod(BaseModel):
+    hyperparameters: Optional[DpoHyperparameters] = None
+    """The hyperparameters used for the DPO fine-tuning job."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_method_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_method_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce6b6510
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/dpo_method_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from .dpo_hyperparameters_param import DpoHyperparametersParam
+
+__all__ = ["DpoMethodParam"]
+
+
+class DpoMethodParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    hyperparameters: DpoHyperparametersParam
+    """The hyperparameters used for the DPO fine-tuning job."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f626fbba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .dpo_method import DpoMethod
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from .supervised_method import SupervisedMethod
+from .reinforcement_method import ReinforcementMethod
+from .fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration_object import FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject
+
+__all__ = ["FineTuningJob", "Error", "Hyperparameters", "Method"]
+
+
+class Error(BaseModel):
+    code: str
+    """A machine-readable error code."""
+
+    message: str
+    """A human-readable error message."""
+
+    param: Optional[str] = None
+    """The parameter that was invalid, usually `training_file` or `validation_file`.
+
+    This field will be null if the failure was not parameter-specific.
+    """
+
+
+class Hyperparameters(BaseModel):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float, None] = None
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
+
+
+class Method(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["supervised", "dpo", "reinforcement"]
+    """The type of method. Is either `supervised`, `dpo`, or `reinforcement`."""
+
+    dpo: Optional[DpoMethod] = None
+    """Configuration for the DPO fine-tuning method."""
+
+    reinforcement: Optional[ReinforcementMethod] = None
+    """Configuration for the reinforcement fine-tuning method."""
+
+    supervised: Optional[SupervisedMethod] = None
+    """Configuration for the supervised fine-tuning method."""
+
+
+class FineTuningJob(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The object identifier, which can be referenced in the API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the fine-tuning job was created."""
+
+    error: Optional[Error] = None
+    """
+    For fine-tuning jobs that have `failed`, this will contain more information on
+    the cause of the failure.
+    """
+
+    fine_tuned_model: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the fine-tuned model that is being created.
+
+    The value will be null if the fine-tuning job is still running.
+    """
+
+    finished_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the fine-tuning job was finished.
+
+    The value will be null if the fine-tuning job is still running.
+    """
+
+    hyperparameters: Hyperparameters
+    """The hyperparameters used for the fine-tuning job.
+
+    This value will only be returned when running `supervised` jobs.
+    """
+
+    model: str
+    """The base model that is being fine-tuned."""
+
+    object: Literal["fine_tuning.job"]
+    """The object type, which is always "fine_tuning.job"."""
+
+    organization_id: str
+    """The organization that owns the fine-tuning job."""
+
+    result_files: List[str]
+    """The compiled results file ID(s) for the fine-tuning job.
+
+    You can retrieve the results with the
+    [Files API](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/retrieve-contents).
+    """
+
+    seed: int
+    """The seed used for the fine-tuning job."""
+
+    status: Literal["validating_files", "queued", "running", "succeeded", "failed", "cancelled"]
+    """
+    The current status of the fine-tuning job, which can be either
+    `validating_files`, `queued`, `running`, `succeeded`, `failed`, or `cancelled`.
+    """
+
+    trained_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """The total number of billable tokens processed by this fine-tuning job.
+
+    The value will be null if the fine-tuning job is still running.
+    """
+
+    training_file: str
+    """The file ID used for training.
+
+    You can retrieve the training data with the
+    [Files API](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/retrieve-contents).
+    """
+
+    validation_file: Optional[str] = None
+    """The file ID used for validation.
+
+    You can retrieve the validation results with the
+    [Files API](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/retrieve-contents).
+    """
+
+    estimated_finish: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the fine-tuning job is estimated to
+    finish. The value will be null if the fine-tuning job is not running.
+    """
+
+    integrations: Optional[List[FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject]] = None
+    """A list of integrations to enable for this fine-tuning job."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    method: Optional[Method] = None
+    """The method used for fine-tuning."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d728bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+import builtins
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FineTuningJobEvent"]
+
+
+class FineTuningJobEvent(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The object identifier."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the fine-tuning job was created."""
+
+    level: Literal["info", "warn", "error"]
+    """The log level of the event."""
+
+    message: str
+    """The message of the event."""
+
+    object: Literal["fine_tuning.job.event"]
+    """The object type, which is always "fine_tuning.job.event"."""
+
+    data: Optional[builtins.object] = None
+    """The data associated with the event."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message", "metrics"]] = None
+    """The type of event."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_integration.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_integration.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2af73fbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_integration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration_object import FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject
+
+FineTuningJobIntegration = FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ac282eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FineTuningJobWandbIntegration"]
+
+
+class FineTuningJobWandbIntegration(BaseModel):
+    project: str
+    """The name of the project that the new run will be created under."""
+
+    entity: Optional[str] = None
+    """The entity to use for the run.
+
+    This allows you to set the team or username of the WandB user that you would
+    like associated with the run. If not set, the default entity for the registered
+    WandB API key is used.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str] = None
+    """A display name to set for the run.
+
+    If not set, we will use the Job ID as the name.
+    """
+
+    tags: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """A list of tags to be attached to the newly created run.
+
+    These tags are passed through directly to WandB. Some default tags are generated
+    by OpenAI: "openai/finetune", "openai/{base-model}", "openai/{ftjob-abcdef}".
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b94354d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .fine_tuning_job_wandb_integration import FineTuningJobWandbIntegration
+
+__all__ = ["FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject"]
+
+
+class FineTuningJobWandbIntegrationObject(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["wandb"]
+    """The type of the integration being enabled for the fine-tuning job"""
+
+    wandb: FineTuningJobWandbIntegration
+    """The settings for your integration with Weights and Biases.
+
+    This payload specifies the project that metrics will be sent to. Optionally, you
+    can set an explicit display name for your run, add tags to your run, and set a
+    default entity (team, username, etc) to be associated with your run.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b2f41cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .dpo_method_param import DpoMethodParam
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .supervised_method_param import SupervisedMethodParam
+from .reinforcement_method_param import ReinforcementMethodParam
+
+__all__ = ["JobCreateParams", "Hyperparameters", "Integration", "IntegrationWandb", "Method"]
+
+
+class JobCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    model: Required[Union[str, Literal["babbage-002", "davinci-002", "gpt-3.5-turbo", "gpt-4o-mini"]]]
+    """The name of the model to fine-tune.
+
+    You can select one of the
+    [supported models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning#which-models-can-be-fine-tuned).
+    """
+
+    training_file: Required[str]
+    """The ID of an uploaded file that contains training data.
+
+    See [upload file](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create)
+    for how to upload a file.
+
+    Your dataset must be formatted as a JSONL file. Additionally, you must upload
+    your file with the purpose `fine-tune`.
+
+    The contents of the file should differ depending on if the model uses the
+    [chat](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/chat-input),
+    [completions](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/completions-input)
+    format, or if the fine-tuning method uses the
+    [preference](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/fine-tuning/preference-input)
+    format.
+
+    See the [fine-tuning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+    for more details.
+    """
+
+    hyperparameters: Hyperparameters
+    """
+    The hyperparameters used for the fine-tuning job. This value is now deprecated
+    in favor of `method`, and should be passed in under the `method` parameter.
+    """
+
+    integrations: Optional[Iterable[Integration]]
+    """A list of integrations to enable for your fine-tuning job."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    method: Method
+    """The method used for fine-tuning."""
+
+    seed: Optional[int]
+    """The seed controls the reproducibility of the job.
+
+    Passing in the same seed and job parameters should produce the same results, but
+    may differ in rare cases. If a seed is not specified, one will be generated for
+    you.
+    """
+
+    suffix: Optional[str]
+    """
+    A string of up to 64 characters that will be added to your fine-tuned model
+    name.
+
+    For example, a `suffix` of "custom-model-name" would produce a model name like
+    `ft:gpt-4o-mini:openai:custom-model-name:7p4lURel`.
+    """
+
+    validation_file: Optional[str]
+    """The ID of an uploaded file that contains validation data.
+
+    If you provide this file, the data is used to generate validation metrics
+    periodically during fine-tuning. These metrics can be viewed in the fine-tuning
+    results file. The same data should not be present in both train and validation
+    files.
+
+    Your dataset must be formatted as a JSONL file. You must upload your file with
+    the purpose `fine-tune`.
+
+    See the [fine-tuning guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/fine-tuning)
+    for more details.
+    """
+
+
+class Hyperparameters(TypedDict, total=False):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float]
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
+
+
+class IntegrationWandb(TypedDict, total=False):
+    project: Required[str]
+    """The name of the project that the new run will be created under."""
+
+    entity: Optional[str]
+    """The entity to use for the run.
+
+    This allows you to set the team or username of the WandB user that you would
+    like associated with the run. If not set, the default entity for the registered
+    WandB API key is used.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """A display name to set for the run.
+
+    If not set, we will use the Job ID as the name.
+    """
+
+    tags: List[str]
+    """A list of tags to be attached to the newly created run.
+
+    These tags are passed through directly to WandB. Some default tags are generated
+    by OpenAI: "openai/finetune", "openai/{base-model}", "openai/{ftjob-abcdef}".
+    """
+
+
+class Integration(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["wandb"]]
+    """The type of integration to enable.
+
+    Currently, only "wandb" (Weights and Biases) is supported.
+    """
+
+    wandb: Required[IntegrationWandb]
+    """The settings for your integration with Weights and Biases.
+
+    This payload specifies the project that metrics will be sent to. Optionally, you
+    can set an explicit display name for your run, add tags to your run, and set a
+    default entity (team, username, etc) to be associated with your run.
+    """
+
+
+class Method(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["supervised", "dpo", "reinforcement"]]
+    """The type of method. Is either `supervised`, `dpo`, or `reinforcement`."""
+
+    dpo: DpoMethodParam
+    """Configuration for the DPO fine-tuning method."""
+
+    reinforcement: ReinforcementMethodParam
+    """Configuration for the reinforcement fine-tuning method."""
+
+    supervised: SupervisedMethodParam
+    """Configuration for the supervised fine-tuning method."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_list_events_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_list_events_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1c9a64d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_list_events_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["JobListEventsParams"]
+
+
+class JobListEventsParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last event from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of events to retrieve."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b79f3ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/job_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["JobListParams"]
+
+
+class JobListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last job from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of fine-tuning jobs to retrieve."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
+    """Optional metadata filter.
+
+    To filter, use the syntax `metadata[k]=v`. Alternatively, set `metadata=null` to
+    indicate no metadata.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6c93da1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .checkpoint_list_params import CheckpointListParams as CheckpointListParams
+from .fine_tuning_job_checkpoint import FineTuningJobCheckpoint as FineTuningJobCheckpoint
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/__pycache__/fine_tuning_job_checkpoint.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/__pycache__/fine_tuning_job_checkpoint.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/checkpoint_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/checkpoint_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adceb3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/checkpoint_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["CheckpointListParams"]
+
+
+class CheckpointListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """Identifier for the last checkpoint ID from the previous pagination request."""
+
+    limit: int
+    """Number of checkpoints to retrieve."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/fine_tuning_job_checkpoint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/fine_tuning_job_checkpoint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd07317a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/jobs/fine_tuning_job_checkpoint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ...._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FineTuningJobCheckpoint", "Metrics"]
+
+
+class Metrics(BaseModel):
+    full_valid_loss: Optional[float] = None
+
+    full_valid_mean_token_accuracy: Optional[float] = None
+
+    step: Optional[float] = None
+
+    train_loss: Optional[float] = None
+
+    train_mean_token_accuracy: Optional[float] = None
+
+    valid_loss: Optional[float] = None
+
+    valid_mean_token_accuracy: Optional[float] = None
+
+
+class FineTuningJobCheckpoint(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The checkpoint identifier, which can be referenced in the API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the checkpoint was created."""
+
+    fine_tuned_model_checkpoint: str
+    """The name of the fine-tuned checkpoint model that is created."""
+
+    fine_tuning_job_id: str
+    """The name of the fine-tuning job that this checkpoint was created from."""
+
+    metrics: Metrics
+    """Metrics at the step number during the fine-tuning job."""
+
+    object: Literal["fine_tuning.job.checkpoint"]
+    """The object type, which is always "fine_tuning.job.checkpoint"."""
+
+    step_number: int
+    """The step number that the checkpoint was created at."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_hyperparameters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_hyperparameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c1762d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_hyperparameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ReinforcementHyperparameters"]
+
+
+class ReinforcementHyperparameters(BaseModel):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    compute_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float, None] = None
+    """
+    Multiplier on amount of compute used for exploring search space during training.
+    """
+
+    eval_interval: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """The number of training steps between evaluation runs."""
+
+    eval_samples: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """Number of evaluation samples to generate per training step."""
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float, None] = None
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Optional[Literal["default", "low", "medium", "high"]] = None
+    """Level of reasoning effort."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_hyperparameters_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_hyperparameters_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cc12fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_hyperparameters_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ReinforcementHyperparametersParam"]
+
+
+class ReinforcementHyperparametersParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    compute_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float]
+    """
+    Multiplier on amount of compute used for exploring search space during training.
+    """
+
+    eval_interval: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """The number of training steps between evaluation runs."""
+
+    eval_samples: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """Number of evaluation samples to generate per training step."""
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float]
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
+
+    reasoning_effort: Literal["default", "low", "medium", "high"]
+    """Level of reasoning effort."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_method.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_method.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b65c410
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_method.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..graders.multi_grader import MultiGrader
+from ..graders.python_grader import PythonGrader
+from ..graders.score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader
+from ..graders.string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader
+from .reinforcement_hyperparameters import ReinforcementHyperparameters
+from ..graders.text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader
+
+__all__ = ["ReinforcementMethod", "Grader"]
+
+Grader: TypeAlias = Union[StringCheckGrader, TextSimilarityGrader, PythonGrader, ScoreModelGrader, MultiGrader]
+
+
+class ReinforcementMethod(BaseModel):
+    grader: Grader
+    """The grader used for the fine-tuning job."""
+
+    hyperparameters: Optional[ReinforcementHyperparameters] = None
+    """The hyperparameters used for the reinforcement fine-tuning job."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_method_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_method_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00d50605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/reinforcement_method_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..graders.multi_grader_param import MultiGraderParam
+from ..graders.python_grader_param import PythonGraderParam
+from ..graders.score_model_grader_param import ScoreModelGraderParam
+from ..graders.string_check_grader_param import StringCheckGraderParam
+from .reinforcement_hyperparameters_param import ReinforcementHyperparametersParam
+from ..graders.text_similarity_grader_param import TextSimilarityGraderParam
+
+__all__ = ["ReinforcementMethodParam", "Grader"]
+
+Grader: TypeAlias = Union[
+    StringCheckGraderParam, TextSimilarityGraderParam, PythonGraderParam, ScoreModelGraderParam, MultiGraderParam
+]
+
+
+class ReinforcementMethodParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    grader: Required[Grader]
+    """The grader used for the fine-tuning job."""
+
+    hyperparameters: ReinforcementHyperparametersParam
+    """The hyperparameters used for the reinforcement fine-tuning job."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_hyperparameters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_hyperparameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3955ecf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_hyperparameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["SupervisedHyperparameters"]
+
+
+class SupervisedHyperparameters(BaseModel):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float, None] = None
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int, None] = None
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_hyperparameters_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_hyperparameters_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd37d9b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_hyperparameters_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["SupervisedHyperparametersParam"]
+
+
+class SupervisedHyperparametersParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    batch_size: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """Number of examples in each batch.
+
+    A larger batch size means that model parameters are updated less frequently, but
+    with lower variance.
+    """
+
+    learning_rate_multiplier: Union[Literal["auto"], float]
+    """Scaling factor for the learning rate.
+
+    A smaller learning rate may be useful to avoid overfitting.
+    """
+
+    n_epochs: Union[Literal["auto"], int]
+    """The number of epochs to train the model for.
+
+    An epoch refers to one full cycle through the training dataset.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_method.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_method.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a32bf27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_method.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .supervised_hyperparameters import SupervisedHyperparameters
+
+__all__ = ["SupervisedMethod"]
+
+
+class SupervisedMethod(BaseModel):
+    hyperparameters: Optional[SupervisedHyperparameters] = None
+    """The hyperparameters used for the fine-tuning job."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_method_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_method_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba277853
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/fine_tuning/supervised_method_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from .supervised_hyperparameters_param import SupervisedHyperparametersParam
+
+__all__ = ["SupervisedMethodParam"]
+
+
+class SupervisedMethodParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    hyperparameters: SupervisedHyperparametersParam
+    """The hyperparameters used for the fine-tuning job."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0a90912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .multi_grader import MultiGrader as MultiGrader
+from .python_grader import PythonGrader as PythonGrader
+from .label_model_grader import LabelModelGrader as LabelModelGrader
+from .multi_grader_param import MultiGraderParam as MultiGraderParam
+from .score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader as ScoreModelGrader
+from .python_grader_param import PythonGraderParam as PythonGraderParam
+from .string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader as StringCheckGrader
+from .text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader as TextSimilarityGrader
+from .label_model_grader_param import LabelModelGraderParam as LabelModelGraderParam
+from .score_model_grader_param import ScoreModelGraderParam as ScoreModelGraderParam
+from .string_check_grader_param import StringCheckGraderParam as StringCheckGraderParam
+from .text_similarity_grader_param import TextSimilarityGraderParam as TextSimilarityGraderParam
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/label_model_grader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/label_model_grader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d95ccc6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/label_model_grader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..responses.response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+
+__all__ = ["LabelModelGrader", "Input", "InputContent", "InputContentOutputText"]
+
+
+class InputContentOutputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+InputContent: TypeAlias = Union[str, ResponseInputText, InputContentOutputText]
+
+
+class Input(BaseModel):
+    content: InputContent
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+class LabelModelGrader(BaseModel):
+    input: List[Input]
+
+    labels: List[str]
+    """The labels to assign to each item in the evaluation."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The model to use for the evaluation. Must support structured outputs."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    passing_labels: List[str]
+    """The labels that indicate a passing result. Must be a subset of labels."""
+
+    type: Literal["label_model"]
+    """The object type, which is always `label_model`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/label_model_grader_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/label_model_grader_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76d01421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/label_model_grader_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..responses.response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam
+
+__all__ = ["LabelModelGraderParam", "Input", "InputContent", "InputContentOutputText"]
+
+
+class InputContentOutputText(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["output_text"]]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+InputContent: TypeAlias = Union[str, ResponseInputTextParam, InputContentOutputText]
+
+
+class Input(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[InputContent]
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+class LabelModelGraderParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[Iterable[Input]]
+
+    labels: Required[List[str]]
+    """The labels to assign to each item in the evaluation."""
+
+    model: Required[str]
+    """The model to use for the evaluation. Must support structured outputs."""
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    passing_labels: Required[List[str]]
+    """The labels that indicate a passing result. Must be a subset of labels."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["label_model"]]
+    """The object type, which is always `label_model`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/multi_grader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/multi_grader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee9b31d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/multi_grader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .python_grader import PythonGrader
+from .label_model_grader import LabelModelGrader
+from .score_model_grader import ScoreModelGrader
+from .string_check_grader import StringCheckGrader
+from .text_similarity_grader import TextSimilarityGrader
+
+__all__ = ["MultiGrader", "Graders"]
+
+Graders: TypeAlias = Union[StringCheckGrader, TextSimilarityGrader, PythonGrader, ScoreModelGrader, LabelModelGrader]
+
+
+class MultiGrader(BaseModel):
+    calculate_output: str
+    """A formula to calculate the output based on grader results."""
+
+    graders: Dict[str, Graders]
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    type: Literal["multi"]
+    """The type of grader."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/multi_grader_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/multi_grader_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4dd1a485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/multi_grader_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .python_grader_param import PythonGraderParam
+from .label_model_grader_param import LabelModelGraderParam
+from .score_model_grader_param import ScoreModelGraderParam
+from .string_check_grader_param import StringCheckGraderParam
+from .text_similarity_grader_param import TextSimilarityGraderParam
+
+__all__ = ["MultiGraderParam", "Graders"]
+
+Graders: TypeAlias = Union[
+    StringCheckGraderParam, TextSimilarityGraderParam, PythonGraderParam, ScoreModelGraderParam, LabelModelGraderParam
+]
+
+
+class MultiGraderParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    calculate_output: Required[str]
+    """A formula to calculate the output based on grader results."""
+
+    graders: Required[Dict[str, Graders]]
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["multi"]]
+    """The type of grader."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/python_grader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/python_grader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faa10b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/python_grader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["PythonGrader"]
+
+
+class PythonGrader(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    source: str
+    """The source code of the python script."""
+
+    type: Literal["python"]
+    """The object type, which is always `python`."""
+
+    image_tag: Optional[str] = None
+    """The image tag to use for the python script."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/python_grader_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/python_grader_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efb92375
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/python_grader_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["PythonGraderParam"]
+
+
+class PythonGraderParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    source: Required[str]
+    """The source code of the python script."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["python"]]
+    """The object type, which is always `python`."""
+
+    image_tag: str
+    """The image tag to use for the python script."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/score_model_grader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/score_model_grader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1349f75a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/score_model_grader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..responses.response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+
+__all__ = ["ScoreModelGrader", "Input", "InputContent", "InputContentOutputText"]
+
+
+class InputContentOutputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+InputContent: TypeAlias = Union[str, ResponseInputText, InputContentOutputText]
+
+
+class Input(BaseModel):
+    content: InputContent
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+class ScoreModelGrader(BaseModel):
+    input: List[Input]
+    """The input text. This may include template strings."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The model to use for the evaluation."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    type: Literal["score_model"]
+    """The object type, which is always `score_model`."""
+
+    range: Optional[List[float]] = None
+    """The range of the score. Defaults to `[0, 1]`."""
+
+    sampling_params: Optional[object] = None
+    """The sampling parameters for the model."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/score_model_grader_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/score_model_grader_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..673f14e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/score_model_grader_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..responses.response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam
+
+__all__ = ["ScoreModelGraderParam", "Input", "InputContent", "InputContentOutputText"]
+
+
+class InputContentOutputText(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["output_text"]]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
+
+
+InputContent: TypeAlias = Union[str, ResponseInputTextParam, InputContentOutputText]
+
+
+class Input(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[InputContent]
+    """Text inputs to the model - can contain template strings."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
+
+
+class ScoreModelGraderParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[Iterable[Input]]
+    """The input text. This may include template strings."""
+
+    model: Required[str]
+    """The model to use for the evaluation."""
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["score_model"]]
+    """The object type, which is always `score_model`."""
+
+    range: Iterable[float]
+    """The range of the score. Defaults to `[0, 1]`."""
+
+    sampling_params: object
+    """The sampling parameters for the model."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/string_check_grader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/string_check_grader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bf0b8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/string_check_grader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["StringCheckGrader"]
+
+
+class StringCheckGrader(BaseModel):
+    input: str
+    """The input text. This may include template strings."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    operation: Literal["eq", "ne", "like", "ilike"]
+    """The string check operation to perform. One of `eq`, `ne`, `like`, or `ilike`."""
+
+    reference: str
+    """The reference text. This may include template strings."""
+
+    type: Literal["string_check"]
+    """The object type, which is always `string_check`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/string_check_grader_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/string_check_grader_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27b204ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/string_check_grader_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["StringCheckGraderParam"]
+
+
+class StringCheckGraderParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[str]
+    """The input text. This may include template strings."""
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    operation: Required[Literal["eq", "ne", "like", "ilike"]]
+    """The string check operation to perform. One of `eq`, `ne`, `like`, or `ilike`."""
+
+    reference: Required[str]
+    """The reference text. This may include template strings."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["string_check"]]
+    """The object type, which is always `string_check`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/text_similarity_grader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/text_similarity_grader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..738d3177
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/text_similarity_grader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["TextSimilarityGrader"]
+
+
+class TextSimilarityGrader(BaseModel):
+    evaluation_metric: Literal[
+        "fuzzy_match", "bleu", "gleu", "meteor", "rouge_1", "rouge_2", "rouge_3", "rouge_4", "rouge_5", "rouge_l"
+    ]
+    """The evaluation metric to use.
+
+    One of `fuzzy_match`, `bleu`, `gleu`, `meteor`, `rouge_1`, `rouge_2`, `rouge_3`,
+    `rouge_4`, `rouge_5`, or `rouge_l`.
+    """
+
+    input: str
+    """The text being graded."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    reference: str
+    """The text being graded against."""
+
+    type: Literal["text_similarity"]
+    """The type of grader."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/text_similarity_grader_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/text_similarity_grader_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db145532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/graders/text_similarity_grader_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["TextSimilarityGraderParam"]
+
+
+class TextSimilarityGraderParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    evaluation_metric: Required[
+        Literal[
+            "fuzzy_match", "bleu", "gleu", "meteor", "rouge_1", "rouge_2", "rouge_3", "rouge_4", "rouge_5", "rouge_l"
+        ]
+    ]
+    """The evaluation metric to use.
+
+    One of `fuzzy_match`, `bleu`, `gleu`, `meteor`, `rouge_1`, `rouge_2`, `rouge_3`,
+    `rouge_4`, `rouge_5`, or `rouge_l`.
+    """
+
+    input: Required[str]
+    """The text being graded."""
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the grader."""
+
+    reference: Required[str]
+    """The text being graded against."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["text_similarity"]]
+    """The type of grader."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecaef3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["Image"]
+
+
+class Image(BaseModel):
+    b64_json: Optional[str] = None
+    """The base64-encoded JSON of the generated image.
+
+    Default value for `gpt-image-1`, and only present if `response_format` is set to
+    `b64_json` for `dall-e-2` and `dall-e-3`.
+    """
+
+    revised_prompt: Optional[str] = None
+    """For `dall-e-3` only, the revised prompt that was used to generate the image."""
+
+    url: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    When using `dall-e-2` or `dall-e-3`, the URL of the generated image if
+    `response_format` is set to `url` (default value). Unsupported for
+    `gpt-image-1`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_create_variation_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_create_variation_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d10b74b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_create_variation_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .._types import FileTypes
+from .image_model import ImageModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageCreateVariationParams"]
+
+
+class ImageCreateVariationParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    image: Required[FileTypes]
+    """The image to use as the basis for the variation(s).
+
+    Must be a valid PNG file, less than 4MB, and square.
+    """
+
+    model: Union[str, ImageModel, None]
+    """The model to use for image generation.
+
+    Only `dall-e-2` is supported at this time.
+    """
+
+    n: Optional[int]
+    """The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10."""
+
+    response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]]
+    """The format in which the generated images are returned.
+
+    Must be one of `url` or `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes after the
+    image has been generated.
+    """
+
+    size: Optional[Literal["256x256", "512x512", "1024x1024"]]
+    """The size of the generated images.
+
+    Must be one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or `1024x1024`.
+    """
+
+    user: str
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_edit_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_edit_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6294e8ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_edit_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .._types import FileTypes
+from .image_model import ImageModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageEditParams"]
+
+
+class ImageEditParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    image: Required[Union[FileTypes, List[FileTypes]]]
+    """The image(s) to edit. Must be a supported image file or an array of images.
+
+    For `gpt-image-1`, each image should be a `png`, `webp`, or `jpg` file less than
+    25MB. You can provide up to 16 images.
+
+    For `dall-e-2`, you can only provide one image, and it should be a square `png`
+    file less than 4MB.
+    """
+
+    prompt: Required[str]
+    """A text description of the desired image(s).
+
+    The maximum length is 1000 characters for `dall-e-2`, and 32000 characters for
+    `gpt-image-1`.
+    """
+
+    background: Optional[Literal["transparent", "opaque", "auto"]]
+    """Allows to set transparency for the background of the generated image(s).
+
+    This parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of
+    `transparent`, `opaque` or `auto` (default value). When `auto` is used, the
+    model will automatically determine the best background for the image.
+
+    If `transparent`, the output format needs to support transparency, so it should
+    be set to either `png` (default value) or `webp`.
+    """
+
+    mask: FileTypes
+    """An additional image whose fully transparent areas (e.g.
+
+    where alpha is zero) indicate where `image` should be edited. If there are
+    multiple images provided, the mask will be applied on the first image. Must be a
+    valid PNG file, less than 4MB, and have the same dimensions as `image`.
+    """
+
+    model: Union[str, ImageModel, None]
+    """The model to use for image generation.
+
+    Only `dall-e-2` and `gpt-image-1` are supported. Defaults to `dall-e-2` unless a
+    parameter specific to `gpt-image-1` is used.
+    """
+
+    n: Optional[int]
+    """The number of images to generate. Must be between 1 and 10."""
+
+    quality: Optional[Literal["standard", "low", "medium", "high", "auto"]]
+    """The quality of the image that will be generated.
+
+    `high`, `medium` and `low` are only supported for `gpt-image-1`. `dall-e-2` only
+    supports `standard` quality. Defaults to `auto`.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]]
+    """The format in which the generated images are returned.
+
+    Must be one of `url` or `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes after the
+    image has been generated. This parameter is only supported for `dall-e-2`, as
+    `gpt-image-1` will always return base64-encoded images.
+    """
+
+    size: Optional[Literal["256x256", "512x512", "1024x1024", "1536x1024", "1024x1536", "auto"]]
+    """The size of the generated images.
+
+    Must be one of `1024x1024`, `1536x1024` (landscape), `1024x1536` (portrait), or
+    `auto` (default value) for `gpt-image-1`, and one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or
+    `1024x1024` for `dall-e-2`.
+    """
+
+    user: str
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_generate_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_generate_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fc10220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_generate_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .image_model import ImageModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImageGenerateParams"]
+
+
+class ImageGenerateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    prompt: Required[str]
+    """A text description of the desired image(s).
+
+    The maximum length is 32000 characters for `gpt-image-1`, 1000 characters for
+    `dall-e-2` and 4000 characters for `dall-e-3`.
+    """
+
+    background: Optional[Literal["transparent", "opaque", "auto"]]
+    """Allows to set transparency for the background of the generated image(s).
+
+    This parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of
+    `transparent`, `opaque` or `auto` (default value). When `auto` is used, the
+    model will automatically determine the best background for the image.
+
+    If `transparent`, the output format needs to support transparency, so it should
+    be set to either `png` (default value) or `webp`.
+    """
+
+    model: Union[str, ImageModel, None]
+    """The model to use for image generation.
+
+    One of `dall-e-2`, `dall-e-3`, or `gpt-image-1`. Defaults to `dall-e-2` unless a
+    parameter specific to `gpt-image-1` is used.
+    """
+
+    moderation: Optional[Literal["low", "auto"]]
+    """Control the content-moderation level for images generated by `gpt-image-1`.
+
+    Must be either `low` for less restrictive filtering or `auto` (default value).
+    """
+
+    n: Optional[int]
+    """The number of images to generate.
+
+    Must be between 1 and 10. For `dall-e-3`, only `n=1` is supported.
+    """
+
+    output_compression: Optional[int]
+    """The compression level (0-100%) for the generated images.
+
+    This parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1` with the `webp` or `jpeg`
+    output formats, and defaults to 100.
+    """
+
+    output_format: Optional[Literal["png", "jpeg", "webp"]]
+    """The format in which the generated images are returned.
+
+    This parameter is only supported for `gpt-image-1`. Must be one of `png`,
+    `jpeg`, or `webp`.
+    """
+
+    quality: Optional[Literal["standard", "hd", "low", "medium", "high", "auto"]]
+    """The quality of the image that will be generated.
+
+    - `auto` (default value) will automatically select the best quality for the
+      given model.
+    - `high`, `medium` and `low` are supported for `gpt-image-1`.
+    - `hd` and `standard` are supported for `dall-e-3`.
+    - `standard` is the only option for `dall-e-2`.
+    """
+
+    response_format: Optional[Literal["url", "b64_json"]]
+    """The format in which generated images with `dall-e-2` and `dall-e-3` are
+    returned.
+
+    Must be one of `url` or `b64_json`. URLs are only valid for 60 minutes after the
+    image has been generated. This parameter isn't supported for `gpt-image-1` which
+    will always return base64-encoded images.
+    """
+
+    size: Optional[
+        Literal["auto", "1024x1024", "1536x1024", "1024x1536", "256x256", "512x512", "1792x1024", "1024x1792"]
+    ]
+    """The size of the generated images.
+
+    Must be one of `1024x1024`, `1536x1024` (landscape), `1024x1536` (portrait), or
+    `auto` (default value) for `gpt-image-1`, one of `256x256`, `512x512`, or
+    `1024x1024` for `dall-e-2`, and one of `1024x1024`, `1792x1024`, or `1024x1792`
+    for `dall-e-3`.
+    """
+
+    style: Optional[Literal["vivid", "natural"]]
+    """The style of the generated images.
+
+    This parameter is only supported for `dall-e-3`. Must be one of `vivid` or
+    `natural`. Vivid causes the model to lean towards generating hyper-real and
+    dramatic images. Natural causes the model to produce more natural, less
+    hyper-real looking images.
+    """
+
+    user: str
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fed69ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/image_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ImageModel"]
+
+ImageModel: TypeAlias = Literal["dall-e-2", "dall-e-3", "gpt-image-1"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/images_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/images_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df454afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/images_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from .image import Image
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ImagesResponse", "Usage", "UsageInputTokensDetails"]
+
+
+class UsageInputTokensDetails(BaseModel):
+    image_tokens: int
+    """The number of image tokens in the input prompt."""
+
+    text_tokens: int
+    """The number of text tokens in the input prompt."""
+
+
+class Usage(BaseModel):
+    input_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens (images and text) in the input prompt."""
+
+    input_tokens_details: UsageInputTokensDetails
+    """The input tokens detailed information for the image generation."""
+
+    output_tokens: int
+    """The number of image tokens in the output image."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens (images and text) used for the image generation."""
+
+
+class ImagesResponse(BaseModel):
+    created: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) of when the image was created."""
+
+    data: Optional[List[Image]] = None
+    """The list of generated images."""
+
+    usage: Optional[Usage] = None
+    """For `gpt-image-1` only, the token usage information for the image generation."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2631ee8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["Model"]
+
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The model identifier, which can be referenced in the API endpoints."""
+
+    created: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) when the model was created."""
+
+    object: Literal["model"]
+    """The object type, which is always "model"."""
+
+    owned_by: str
+    """The organization that owns the model."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/model_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/model_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7601f74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/model_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ModelDeleted"]
+
+
+class ModelDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    deleted: bool
+
+    object: str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..608f5622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["Moderation", "Categories", "CategoryAppliedInputTypes", "CategoryScores"]
+
+
+class Categories(BaseModel):
+    harassment: bool
+    """
+    Content that expresses, incites, or promotes harassing language towards any
+    target.
+    """
+
+    harassment_threatening: bool = FieldInfo(alias="harassment/threatening")
+    """
+    Harassment content that also includes violence or serious harm towards any
+    target.
+    """
+
+    hate: bool
+    """
+    Content that expresses, incites, or promotes hate based on race, gender,
+    ethnicity, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, disability status, or
+    caste. Hateful content aimed at non-protected groups (e.g., chess players) is
+    harassment.
+    """
+
+    hate_threatening: bool = FieldInfo(alias="hate/threatening")
+    """
+    Hateful content that also includes violence or serious harm towards the targeted
+    group based on race, gender, ethnicity, religion, nationality, sexual
+    orientation, disability status, or caste.
+    """
+
+    illicit: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Content that includes instructions or advice that facilitate the planning or
+    execution of wrongdoing, or that gives advice or instruction on how to commit
+    illicit acts. For example, "how to shoplift" would fit this category.
+    """
+
+    illicit_violent: Optional[bool] = FieldInfo(alias="illicit/violent", default=None)
+    """
+    Content that includes instructions or advice that facilitate the planning or
+    execution of wrongdoing that also includes violence, or that gives advice or
+    instruction on the procurement of any weapon.
+    """
+
+    self_harm: bool = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm")
+    """
+    Content that promotes, encourages, or depicts acts of self-harm, such as
+    suicide, cutting, and eating disorders.
+    """
+
+    self_harm_instructions: bool = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm/instructions")
+    """
+    Content that encourages performing acts of self-harm, such as suicide, cutting,
+    and eating disorders, or that gives instructions or advice on how to commit such
+    acts.
+    """
+
+    self_harm_intent: bool = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm/intent")
+    """
+    Content where the speaker expresses that they are engaging or intend to engage
+    in acts of self-harm, such as suicide, cutting, and eating disorders.
+    """
+
+    sexual: bool
+    """
+    Content meant to arouse sexual excitement, such as the description of sexual
+    activity, or that promotes sexual services (excluding sex education and
+    wellness).
+    """
+
+    sexual_minors: bool = FieldInfo(alias="sexual/minors")
+    """Sexual content that includes an individual who is under 18 years old."""
+
+    violence: bool
+    """Content that depicts death, violence, or physical injury."""
+
+    violence_graphic: bool = FieldInfo(alias="violence/graphic")
+    """Content that depicts death, violence, or physical injury in graphic detail."""
+
+
+class CategoryAppliedInputTypes(BaseModel):
+    harassment: List[Literal["text"]]
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'harassment'."""
+
+    harassment_threatening: List[Literal["text"]] = FieldInfo(alias="harassment/threatening")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'harassment/threatening'."""
+
+    hate: List[Literal["text"]]
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'hate'."""
+
+    hate_threatening: List[Literal["text"]] = FieldInfo(alias="hate/threatening")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'hate/threatening'."""
+
+    illicit: List[Literal["text"]]
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'illicit'."""
+
+    illicit_violent: List[Literal["text"]] = FieldInfo(alias="illicit/violent")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'illicit/violent'."""
+
+    self_harm: List[Literal["text", "image"]] = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'self-harm'."""
+
+    self_harm_instructions: List[Literal["text", "image"]] = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm/instructions")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'self-harm/instructions'."""
+
+    self_harm_intent: List[Literal["text", "image"]] = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm/intent")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'self-harm/intent'."""
+
+    sexual: List[Literal["text", "image"]]
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'sexual'."""
+
+    sexual_minors: List[Literal["text"]] = FieldInfo(alias="sexual/minors")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'sexual/minors'."""
+
+    violence: List[Literal["text", "image"]]
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'violence'."""
+
+    violence_graphic: List[Literal["text", "image"]] = FieldInfo(alias="violence/graphic")
+    """The applied input type(s) for the category 'violence/graphic'."""
+
+
+class CategoryScores(BaseModel):
+    harassment: float
+    """The score for the category 'harassment'."""
+
+    harassment_threatening: float = FieldInfo(alias="harassment/threatening")
+    """The score for the category 'harassment/threatening'."""
+
+    hate: float
+    """The score for the category 'hate'."""
+
+    hate_threatening: float = FieldInfo(alias="hate/threatening")
+    """The score for the category 'hate/threatening'."""
+
+    illicit: float
+    """The score for the category 'illicit'."""
+
+    illicit_violent: float = FieldInfo(alias="illicit/violent")
+    """The score for the category 'illicit/violent'."""
+
+    self_harm: float = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm")
+    """The score for the category 'self-harm'."""
+
+    self_harm_instructions: float = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm/instructions")
+    """The score for the category 'self-harm/instructions'."""
+
+    self_harm_intent: float = FieldInfo(alias="self-harm/intent")
+    """The score for the category 'self-harm/intent'."""
+
+    sexual: float
+    """The score for the category 'sexual'."""
+
+    sexual_minors: float = FieldInfo(alias="sexual/minors")
+    """The score for the category 'sexual/minors'."""
+
+    violence: float
+    """The score for the category 'violence'."""
+
+    violence_graphic: float = FieldInfo(alias="violence/graphic")
+    """The score for the category 'violence/graphic'."""
+
+
+class Moderation(BaseModel):
+    categories: Categories
+    """A list of the categories, and whether they are flagged or not."""
+
+    category_applied_input_types: CategoryAppliedInputTypes
+    """
+    A list of the categories along with the input type(s) that the score applies to.
+    """
+
+    category_scores: CategoryScores
+    """A list of the categories along with their scores as predicted by model."""
+
+    flagged: bool
+    """Whether any of the below categories are flagged."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ea2f3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from .moderation_model import ModerationModel
+from .moderation_multi_modal_input_param import ModerationMultiModalInputParam
+
+__all__ = ["ModerationCreateParams"]
+
+
+class ModerationCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[Union[str, List[str], Iterable[ModerationMultiModalInputParam]]]
+    """Input (or inputs) to classify.
+
+    Can be a single string, an array of strings, or an array of multi-modal input
+    objects similar to other models.
+    """
+
+    model: Union[str, ModerationModel]
+    """The content moderation model you would like to use.
+
+    Learn more in
+    [the moderation guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/moderation), and
+    learn about available models
+    [here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models#moderation).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_create_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_create_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79684f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_create_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .moderation import Moderation
+
+__all__ = ["ModerationCreateResponse"]
+
+
+class ModerationCreateResponse(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique identifier for the moderation request."""
+
+    model: str
+    """The model used to generate the moderation results."""
+
+    results: List[Moderation]
+    """A list of moderation objects."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_image_url_input_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_image_url_input_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a69a6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_image_url_input_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ModerationImageURLInputParam", "ImageURL"]
+
+
+class ImageURL(TypedDict, total=False):
+    url: Required[str]
+    """Either a URL of the image or the base64 encoded image data."""
+
+
+class ModerationImageURLInputParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    image_url: Required[ImageURL]
+    """Contains either an image URL or a data URL for a base64 encoded image."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["image_url"]]
+    """Always `image_url`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64954c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ModerationModel"]
+
+ModerationModel: TypeAlias = Literal[
+    "omni-moderation-latest", "omni-moderation-2024-09-26", "text-moderation-latest", "text-moderation-stable"
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_multi_modal_input_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_multi_modal_input_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4314e7b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_multi_modal_input_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .moderation_text_input_param import ModerationTextInputParam
+from .moderation_image_url_input_param import ModerationImageURLInputParam
+
+__all__ = ["ModerationMultiModalInputParam"]
+
+ModerationMultiModalInputParam: TypeAlias = Union[ModerationImageURLInputParam, ModerationTextInputParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_text_input_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_text_input_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5da5333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/moderation_text_input_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ModerationTextInputParam"]
+
+
+class ModerationTextInputParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """A string of text to classify."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["text"]]
+    """Always `text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/other_file_chunking_strategy_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/other_file_chunking_strategy_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4cd61a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/other_file_chunking_strategy_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["OtherFileChunkingStrategyObject"]
+
+
+class OtherFileChunkingStrategyObject(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["other"]
+    """Always `other`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22fd2a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .tool import Tool as Tool
+from .response import Response as Response
+from .tool_param import ToolParam as ToolParam
+from .computer_tool import ComputerTool as ComputerTool
+from .function_tool import FunctionTool as FunctionTool
+from .response_item import ResponseItem as ResponseItem
+from .response_error import ResponseError as ResponseError
+from .response_usage import ResponseUsage as ResponseUsage
+from .parsed_response import (
+    ParsedContent as ParsedContent,
+    ParsedResponse as ParsedResponse,
+    ParsedResponseOutputItem as ParsedResponseOutputItem,
+    ParsedResponseOutputText as ParsedResponseOutputText,
+    ParsedResponseOutputMessage as ParsedResponseOutputMessage,
+    ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall as ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall,
+)
+from .response_status import ResponseStatus as ResponseStatus
+from .web_search_tool import WebSearchTool as WebSearchTool
+from .file_search_tool import FileSearchTool as FileSearchTool
+from .tool_choice_types import ToolChoiceTypes as ToolChoiceTypes
+from .easy_input_message import EasyInputMessage as EasyInputMessage
+from .response_item_list import ResponseItemList as ResponseItemList
+from .computer_tool_param import ComputerToolParam as ComputerToolParam
+from .function_tool_param import FunctionToolParam as FunctionToolParam
+from .response_includable import ResponseIncludable as ResponseIncludable
+from .response_input_file import ResponseInputFile as ResponseInputFile
+from .response_input_text import ResponseInputText as ResponseInputText
+from .tool_choice_options import ToolChoiceOptions as ToolChoiceOptions
+from .response_error_event import ResponseErrorEvent as ResponseErrorEvent
+from .response_input_image import ResponseInputImage as ResponseInputImage
+from .response_input_param import ResponseInputParam as ResponseInputParam
+from .response_output_item import ResponseOutputItem as ResponseOutputItem
+from .response_output_text import ResponseOutputText as ResponseOutputText
+from .response_text_config import ResponseTextConfig as ResponseTextConfig
+from .tool_choice_function import ToolChoiceFunction as ToolChoiceFunction
+from .response_failed_event import ResponseFailedEvent as ResponseFailedEvent
+from .response_stream_event import ResponseStreamEvent as ResponseStreamEvent
+from .web_search_tool_param import WebSearchToolParam as WebSearchToolParam
+from .file_search_tool_param import FileSearchToolParam as FileSearchToolParam
+from .input_item_list_params import InputItemListParams as InputItemListParams
+from .response_create_params import ResponseCreateParams as ResponseCreateParams
+from .response_created_event import ResponseCreatedEvent as ResponseCreatedEvent
+from .response_input_content import ResponseInputContent as ResponseInputContent
+from .response_output_message import ResponseOutputMessage as ResponseOutputMessage
+from .response_output_refusal import ResponseOutputRefusal as ResponseOutputRefusal
+from .response_reasoning_item import ResponseReasoningItem as ResponseReasoningItem
+from .tool_choice_types_param import ToolChoiceTypesParam as ToolChoiceTypesParam
+from .easy_input_message_param import EasyInputMessageParam as EasyInputMessageParam
+from .response_completed_event import ResponseCompletedEvent as ResponseCompletedEvent
+from .response_retrieve_params import ResponseRetrieveParams as ResponseRetrieveParams
+from .response_text_done_event import ResponseTextDoneEvent as ResponseTextDoneEvent
+from .response_audio_done_event import ResponseAudioDoneEvent as ResponseAudioDoneEvent
+from .response_incomplete_event import ResponseIncompleteEvent as ResponseIncompleteEvent
+from .response_input_file_param import ResponseInputFileParam as ResponseInputFileParam
+from .response_input_item_param import ResponseInputItemParam as ResponseInputItemParam
+from .response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam as ResponseInputTextParam
+from .response_text_delta_event import ResponseTextDeltaEvent as ResponseTextDeltaEvent
+from .response_audio_delta_event import ResponseAudioDeltaEvent as ResponseAudioDeltaEvent
+from .response_in_progress_event import ResponseInProgressEvent as ResponseInProgressEvent
+from .response_input_image_param import ResponseInputImageParam as ResponseInputImageParam
+from .response_output_text_param import ResponseOutputTextParam as ResponseOutputTextParam
+from .response_text_config_param import ResponseTextConfigParam as ResponseTextConfigParam
+from .tool_choice_function_param import ToolChoiceFunctionParam as ToolChoiceFunctionParam
+from .response_computer_tool_call import ResponseComputerToolCall as ResponseComputerToolCall
+from .response_format_text_config import ResponseFormatTextConfig as ResponseFormatTextConfig
+from .response_function_tool_call import ResponseFunctionToolCall as ResponseFunctionToolCall
+from .response_input_message_item import ResponseInputMessageItem as ResponseInputMessageItem
+from .response_refusal_done_event import ResponseRefusalDoneEvent as ResponseRefusalDoneEvent
+from .response_function_web_search import ResponseFunctionWebSearch as ResponseFunctionWebSearch
+from .response_input_content_param import ResponseInputContentParam as ResponseInputContentParam
+from .response_refusal_delta_event import ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent as ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent
+from .response_output_message_param import ResponseOutputMessageParam as ResponseOutputMessageParam
+from .response_output_refusal_param import ResponseOutputRefusalParam as ResponseOutputRefusalParam
+from .response_reasoning_item_param import ResponseReasoningItemParam as ResponseReasoningItemParam
+from .response_file_search_tool_call import ResponseFileSearchToolCall as ResponseFileSearchToolCall
+from .response_output_item_done_event import ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent as ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent
+from .response_content_part_done_event import ResponseContentPartDoneEvent as ResponseContentPartDoneEvent
+from .response_function_tool_call_item import ResponseFunctionToolCallItem as ResponseFunctionToolCallItem
+from .response_output_item_added_event import ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent as ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent
+from .response_computer_tool_call_param import ResponseComputerToolCallParam as ResponseComputerToolCallParam
+from .response_content_part_added_event import ResponseContentPartAddedEvent as ResponseContentPartAddedEvent
+from .response_format_text_config_param import ResponseFormatTextConfigParam as ResponseFormatTextConfigParam
+from .response_function_tool_call_param import ResponseFunctionToolCallParam as ResponseFunctionToolCallParam
+from .response_function_web_search_param import ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam as ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam
+from .response_code_interpreter_tool_call import ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall as ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall
+from .response_input_message_content_list import ResponseInputMessageContentList as ResponseInputMessageContentList
+from .response_audio_transcript_done_event import ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent as ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent
+from .response_file_search_tool_call_param import ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam as ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam
+from .response_text_annotation_delta_event import ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent as ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent
+from .response_audio_transcript_delta_event import (
+    ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent as ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .response_computer_tool_call_output_item import (
+    ResponseComputerToolCallOutputItem as ResponseComputerToolCallOutputItem,
+)
+from .response_format_text_json_schema_config import (
+    ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfig as ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfig,
+)
+from .response_function_tool_call_output_item import (
+    ResponseFunctionToolCallOutputItem as ResponseFunctionToolCallOutputItem,
+)
+from .response_web_search_call_completed_event import (
+    ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent as ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+)
+from .response_web_search_call_searching_event import (
+    ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent as ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+)
+from .response_file_search_call_completed_event import (
+    ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent as ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+)
+from .response_file_search_call_searching_event import (
+    ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent as ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+)
+from .response_input_message_content_list_param import (
+    ResponseInputMessageContentListParam as ResponseInputMessageContentListParam,
+)
+from .response_reasoning_summary_part_done_event import (
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent as ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent,
+)
+from .response_reasoning_summary_text_done_event import (
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent as ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent,
+)
+from .response_web_search_call_in_progress_event import (
+    ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent as ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+)
+from .response_file_search_call_in_progress_event import (
+    ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent as ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+)
+from .response_function_call_arguments_done_event import (
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent as ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+)
+from .response_reasoning_summary_part_added_event import (
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent as ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent,
+)
+from .response_reasoning_summary_text_delta_event import (
+    ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent as ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .response_function_call_arguments_delta_event import (
+    ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent as ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot import (
+    ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshot as ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshot,
+)
+from .response_format_text_json_schema_config_param import (
+    ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfigParam as ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfigParam,
+)
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_code_done_event import (
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent as ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent,
+)
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_completed_event import (
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent as ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent,
+)
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_code_delta_event import (
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent as ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent,
+)
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_in_progress_event import (
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent as ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent,
+)
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_interpreting_event import (
+    ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent as ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent,
+)
+from .response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot_param import (
+    ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam as ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam,
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/computer_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/computer_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b844f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/computer_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ComputerTool"]
+
+
+class ComputerTool(BaseModel):
+    display_height: int
+    """The height of the computer display."""
+
+    display_width: int
+    """The width of the computer display."""
+
+    environment: Literal["windows", "mac", "linux", "ubuntu", "browser"]
+    """The type of computer environment to control."""
+
+    type: Literal["computer_use_preview"]
+    """The type of the computer use tool. Always `computer_use_preview`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/computer_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/computer_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06a5c132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/computer_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ComputerToolParam"]
+
+
+class ComputerToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    display_height: Required[int]
+    """The height of the computer display."""
+
+    display_width: Required[int]
+    """The width of the computer display."""
+
+    environment: Required[Literal["windows", "mac", "linux", "ubuntu", "browser"]]
+    """The type of computer environment to control."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["computer_use_preview"]]
+    """The type of the computer use tool. Always `computer_use_preview`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/easy_input_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/easy_input_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ed0194f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/easy_input_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_input_message_content_list import ResponseInputMessageContentList
+
+__all__ = ["EasyInputMessage"]
+
+
+class EasyInputMessage(BaseModel):
+    content: Union[str, ResponseInputMessageContentList]
+    """
+    Text, image, or audio input to the model, used to generate a response. Can also
+    contain previous assistant responses.
+    """
+
+    role: Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/easy_input_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/easy_input_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef2f1c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/easy_input_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .response_input_message_content_list_param import ResponseInputMessageContentListParam
+
+__all__ = ["EasyInputMessageParam"]
+
+
+class EasyInputMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[Union[str, ResponseInputMessageContentListParam]]
+    """
+    Text, image, or audio input to the model, used to generate a response. Can also
+    contain previous assistant responses.
+    """
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "assistant", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input.
+
+    One of `user`, `assistant`, `system`, or `developer`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always `message`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/file_search_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/file_search_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbdd8cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/file_search_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..shared.compound_filter import CompoundFilter
+from ..shared.comparison_filter import ComparisonFilter
+
+__all__ = ["FileSearchTool", "Filters", "RankingOptions"]
+
+Filters: TypeAlias = Union[ComparisonFilter, CompoundFilter, None]
+
+
+class RankingOptions(BaseModel):
+    ranker: Optional[Literal["auto", "default-2024-11-15"]] = None
+    """The ranker to use for the file search."""
+
+    score_threshold: Optional[float] = None
+    """The score threshold for the file search, a number between 0 and 1.
+
+    Numbers closer to 1 will attempt to return only the most relevant results, but
+    may return fewer results.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearchTool(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["file_search"]
+    """The type of the file search tool. Always `file_search`."""
+
+    vector_store_ids: List[str]
+    """The IDs of the vector stores to search."""
+
+    filters: Optional[Filters] = None
+    """A filter to apply."""
+
+    max_num_results: Optional[int] = None
+    """The maximum number of results to return.
+
+    This number should be between 1 and 50 inclusive.
+    """
+
+    ranking_options: Optional[RankingOptions] = None
+    """Ranking options for search."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/file_search_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/file_search_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2851fae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/file_search_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared_params.compound_filter import CompoundFilter
+from ..shared_params.comparison_filter import ComparisonFilter
+
+__all__ = ["FileSearchToolParam", "Filters", "RankingOptions"]
+
+Filters: TypeAlias = Union[ComparisonFilter, CompoundFilter]
+
+
+class RankingOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    ranker: Literal["auto", "default-2024-11-15"]
+    """The ranker to use for the file search."""
+
+    score_threshold: float
+    """The score threshold for the file search, a number between 0 and 1.
+
+    Numbers closer to 1 will attempt to return only the most relevant results, but
+    may return fewer results.
+    """
+
+
+class FileSearchToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["file_search"]]
+    """The type of the file search tool. Always `file_search`."""
+
+    vector_store_ids: Required[List[str]]
+    """The IDs of the vector stores to search."""
+
+    filters: Optional[Filters]
+    """A filter to apply."""
+
+    max_num_results: int
+    """The maximum number of results to return.
+
+    This number should be between 1 and 50 inclusive.
+    """
+
+    ranking_options: RankingOptions
+    """Ranking options for search."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/function_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/function_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8815653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/function_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionTool"]
+
+
+class FunctionTool(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+    parameters: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = None
+    """A JSON schema object describing the parameters of the function."""
+
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether to enforce strict parameter validation. Default `true`."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """The type of the function tool. Always `function`."""
+
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """A description of the function.
+
+    Used by the model to determine whether or not to call the function.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/function_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/function_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56bab36f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/function_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionToolParam"]
+
+
+class FunctionToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+    parameters: Required[Optional[Dict[str, object]]]
+    """A JSON schema object describing the parameters of the function."""
+
+    strict: Required[Optional[bool]]
+    """Whether to enforce strict parameter validation. Default `true`."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function"]]
+    """The type of the function tool. Always `function`."""
+
+    description: Optional[str]
+    """A description of the function.
+
+    Used by the model to determine whether or not to call the function.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/input_item_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/input_item_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6555d267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/input_item_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+from .response_includable import ResponseIncludable
+
+__all__ = ["InputItemListParams"]
+
+
+class InputItemListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """An item ID to list items after, used in pagination."""
+
+    before: str
+    """An item ID to list items before, used in pagination."""
+
+    include: List[ResponseIncludable]
+    """Additional fields to include in the response.
+
+    See the `include` parameter for Response creation above for more information.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """The order to return the input items in. Default is `asc`.
+
+    - `asc`: Return the input items in ascending order.
+    - `desc`: Return the input items in descending order.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/parsed_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/parsed_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1263dfd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/parsed_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Union, Generic, TypeVar, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .response import Response
+from ..._models import GenericModel
+from ..._utils._transform import PropertyInfo
+from .response_output_text import ResponseOutputText
+from .response_output_message import ResponseOutputMessage
+from .response_output_refusal import ResponseOutputRefusal
+from .response_reasoning_item import ResponseReasoningItem
+from .response_computer_tool_call import ResponseComputerToolCall
+from .response_function_tool_call import ResponseFunctionToolCall
+from .response_function_web_search import ResponseFunctionWebSearch
+from .response_file_search_tool_call import ResponseFileSearchToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ParsedResponse", "ParsedResponseOutputMessage", "ParsedResponseOutputText"]
+
+ContentType = TypeVar("ContentType")
+
+# we need to disable this check because we're overriding properties
+# with subclasses of their types which is technically unsound as
+# properties can be mutated.
+# pyright: reportIncompatibleVariableOverride=false
+
+
+class ParsedResponseOutputText(ResponseOutputText, GenericModel, Generic[ContentType]):
+    parsed: Optional[ContentType] = None
+
+
+ParsedContent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[ParsedResponseOutputText[ContentType], ResponseOutputRefusal],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class ParsedResponseOutputMessage(ResponseOutputMessage, GenericModel, Generic[ContentType]):
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        content: List[ParsedContent[ContentType]]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    else:
+        content: List[ParsedContent]
+
+
+class ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall(ResponseFunctionToolCall):
+    parsed_arguments: object = None
+
+
+ParsedResponseOutputItem: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ParsedResponseOutputMessage[ContentType],
+        ParsedResponseFunctionToolCall,
+        ResponseFileSearchToolCall,
+        ResponseFunctionWebSearch,
+        ResponseComputerToolCall,
+        ResponseReasoningItem,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class ParsedResponse(Response, GenericModel, Generic[ContentType]):
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        output: List[ParsedResponseOutputItem[ContentType]]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    else:
+        output: List[ParsedResponseOutputItem]
+
+    @property
+    def output_parsed(self) -> Optional[ContentType]:
+        for output in self.output:
+            if output.type == "message":
+                for content in output.content:
+                    if content.type == "output_text" and content.parsed:
+                        return content.parsed
+
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..254f7e20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from .tool import Tool
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_error import ResponseError
+from .response_usage import ResponseUsage
+from .response_status import ResponseStatus
+from ..shared.metadata import Metadata
+from ..shared.reasoning import Reasoning
+from .tool_choice_types import ToolChoiceTypes
+from .tool_choice_options import ToolChoiceOptions
+from .response_output_item import ResponseOutputItem
+from .response_text_config import ResponseTextConfig
+from .tool_choice_function import ToolChoiceFunction
+from ..shared.responses_model import ResponsesModel
+
+__all__ = ["Response", "IncompleteDetails", "ToolChoice"]
+
+
+class IncompleteDetails(BaseModel):
+    reason: Optional[Literal["max_output_tokens", "content_filter"]] = None
+    """The reason why the response is incomplete."""
+
+
+ToolChoice: TypeAlias = Union[ToolChoiceOptions, ToolChoiceTypes, ToolChoiceFunction]
+
+
+class Response(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """Unique identifier for this Response."""
+
+    created_at: float
+    """Unix timestamp (in seconds) of when this Response was created."""
+
+    error: Optional[ResponseError] = None
+    """An error object returned when the model fails to generate a Response."""
+
+    incomplete_details: Optional[IncompleteDetails] = None
+    """Details about why the response is incomplete."""
+
+    instructions: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+    context.
+
+    When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+    response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+    swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    model: ResponsesModel
+    """Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`.
+
+    OpenAI offers a wide range of models with different capabilities, performance
+    characteristics, and price points. Refer to the
+    [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+    available models.
+    """
+
+    object: Literal["response"]
+    """The object type of this resource - always set to `response`."""
+
+    output: List[ResponseOutputItem]
+    """An array of content items generated by the model.
+
+    - The length and order of items in the `output` array is dependent on the
+      model's response.
+    - Rather than accessing the first item in the `output` array and assuming it's
+      an `assistant` message with the content generated by the model, you might
+      consider using the `output_text` property where supported in SDKs.
+    """
+
+    parallel_tool_calls: bool
+    """Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float] = None
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering
+    this or `top_p` but not both.
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: ToolChoice
+    """
+    How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+    response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+    can call.
+    """
+
+    tools: List[Tool]
+    """An array of tools the model may call while generating a response.
+
+    You can specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+    The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+    - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+      capabilities, like
+      [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+      [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+      Learn more about
+      [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+    - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+      the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+      [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float] = None
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+    """
+
+    max_output_tokens: Optional[int] = None
+    """
+    An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+    including visible output tokens and
+    [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+    """
+
+    previous_response_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The unique ID of the previous response to the model.
+
+    Use this to create multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+    [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+    """
+
+    reasoning: Optional[Reasoning] = None
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Configuration options for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+    """
+
+    service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]] = None
+    """Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request.
+
+    This parameter is relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+      utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+      be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+      latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+      tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+      service tier.
+      [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+    - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+    When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+    utilized.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[ResponseStatus] = None
+    """The status of the response generation.
+
+    One of `completed`, `failed`, `in_progress`, or `incomplete`.
+    """
+
+    text: Optional[ResponseTextConfig] = None
+    """Configuration options for a text response from the model.
+
+    Can be plain text or structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+    - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+    - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+    """
+
+    truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]] = None
+    """The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+    - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+      context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+      window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+    - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+      for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+    """
+
+    usage: Optional[ResponseUsage] = None
+    """
+    Represents token usage details including input tokens, output tokens, a
+    breakdown of output tokens, and the total tokens used.
+    """
+
+    user: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def output_text(self) -> str:
+        """Convenience property that aggregates all `output_text` items from the `output`
+        list.
+
+        If no `output_text` content blocks exist, then an empty string is returned.
+        """
+        texts: List[str] = []
+        for output in self.output:
+            if output.type == "message":
+                for content in output.content:
+                    if content.type == "output_text":
+                        texts.append(content.text)
+
+        return "".join(texts)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3d77fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    delta: str
+    """A chunk of Base64 encoded response audio bytes."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.audio.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.audio.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5654f8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["response.audio.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.audio.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_transcript_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_transcript_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69b6660f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_transcript_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    delta: str
+    """The partial transcript of the audio response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.audio.transcript.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.audio.transcript.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_transcript_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_transcript_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a20319f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_audio_transcript_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["response.audio.transcript.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.audio.transcript.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_code_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_code_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7527238d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_code_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    delta: str
+    """The partial code snippet added by the code interpreter."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the code interpreter call is in progress."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.code_interpreter_call.code.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.code_interpreter_call.code.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_code_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_code_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f84d4cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_code_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    code: str
+    """The final code snippet output by the code interpreter."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the code interpreter call is in progress."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.code_interpreter_call.code.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.code_interpreter_call.code.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_completed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_completed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0cb73fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_completed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_code_interpreter_tool_call import ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent(BaseModel):
+    code_interpreter_call: ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall
+    """A tool call to run code."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the code interpreter call is in progress."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.code_interpreter_call.completed"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.code_interpreter_call.completed`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_in_progress_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_in_progress_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64b739f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_in_progress_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_code_interpreter_tool_call import ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent(BaseModel):
+    code_interpreter_call: ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall
+    """A tool call to run code."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the code interpreter call is in progress."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.code_interpreter_call.in_progress"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.code_interpreter_call.in_progress`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_interpreting_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_interpreting_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3100eac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_call_interpreting_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_code_interpreter_tool_call import ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent(BaseModel):
+    code_interpreter_call: ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall
+    """A tool call to run code."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the code interpreter call is in progress."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.code_interpreter_call.interpreting"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.code_interpreter_call.interpreting`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5a50570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_code_interpreter_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall", "Result", "ResultLogs", "ResultFiles", "ResultFilesFile"]
+
+
+class ResultLogs(BaseModel):
+    logs: str
+    """The logs of the code interpreter tool call."""
+
+    type: Literal["logs"]
+    """The type of the code interpreter text output. Always `logs`."""
+
+
+class ResultFilesFile(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file."""
+
+    mime_type: str
+    """The MIME type of the file."""
+
+
+class ResultFiles(BaseModel):
+    files: List[ResultFilesFile]
+
+    type: Literal["files"]
+    """The type of the code interpreter file output. Always `files`."""
+
+
+Result: TypeAlias = Annotated[Union[ResultLogs, ResultFiles], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")]
+
+
+class ResponseCodeInterpreterToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the code interpreter tool call."""
+
+    code: str
+    """The code to run."""
+
+    results: List[Result]
+    """The results of the code interpreter tool call."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "interpreting", "completed"]
+    """The status of the code interpreter tool call."""
+
+    type: Literal["code_interpreter_call"]
+    """The type of the code interpreter tool call. Always `code_interpreter_call`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_completed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_completed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a944f248
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_completed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .response import Response
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCompletedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCompletedEvent(BaseModel):
+    response: Response
+    """Properties of the completed response."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.completed"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.completed`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99483756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ResponseComputerToolCall",
+    "Action",
+    "ActionClick",
+    "ActionDoubleClick",
+    "ActionDrag",
+    "ActionDragPath",
+    "ActionKeypress",
+    "ActionMove",
+    "ActionScreenshot",
+    "ActionScroll",
+    "ActionType",
+    "ActionWait",
+    "PendingSafetyCheck",
+]
+
+
+class ActionClick(BaseModel):
+    button: Literal["left", "right", "wheel", "back", "forward"]
+    """Indicates which mouse button was pressed during the click.
+
+    One of `left`, `right`, `wheel`, `back`, or `forward`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["click"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a click action, this property is always set to `click`.
+    """
+
+    x: int
+    """The x-coordinate where the click occurred."""
+
+    y: int
+    """The y-coordinate where the click occurred."""
+
+
+class ActionDoubleClick(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["double_click"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a double click action, this property is always set to `double_click`.
+    """
+
+    x: int
+    """The x-coordinate where the double click occurred."""
+
+    y: int
+    """The y-coordinate where the double click occurred."""
+
+
+class ActionDragPath(BaseModel):
+    x: int
+    """The x-coordinate."""
+
+    y: int
+    """The y-coordinate."""
+
+
+class ActionDrag(BaseModel):
+    path: List[ActionDragPath]
+    """An array of coordinates representing the path of the drag action.
+
+    Coordinates will appear as an array of objects, eg
+
+    ```
+    [
+      { x: 100, y: 200 },
+      { x: 200, y: 300 }
+    ]
+    ```
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["drag"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a drag action, this property is always set to `drag`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionKeypress(BaseModel):
+    keys: List[str]
+    """The combination of keys the model is requesting to be pressed.
+
+    This is an array of strings, each representing a key.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["keypress"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a keypress action, this property is always set to `keypress`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionMove(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["move"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a move action, this property is always set to `move`.
+    """
+
+    x: int
+    """The x-coordinate to move to."""
+
+    y: int
+    """The y-coordinate to move to."""
+
+
+class ActionScreenshot(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["screenshot"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a screenshot action, this property is always set to `screenshot`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionScroll(BaseModel):
+    scroll_x: int
+    """The horizontal scroll distance."""
+
+    scroll_y: int
+    """The vertical scroll distance."""
+
+    type: Literal["scroll"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a scroll action, this property is always set to `scroll`.
+    """
+
+    x: int
+    """The x-coordinate where the scroll occurred."""
+
+    y: int
+    """The y-coordinate where the scroll occurred."""
+
+
+class ActionType(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text to type."""
+
+    type: Literal["type"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a type action, this property is always set to `type`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionWait(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["wait"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a wait action, this property is always set to `wait`.
+    """
+
+
+Action: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ActionClick,
+        ActionDoubleClick,
+        ActionDrag,
+        ActionKeypress,
+        ActionMove,
+        ActionScreenshot,
+        ActionScroll,
+        ActionType,
+        ActionWait,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
+
+
+class PendingSafetyCheck(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the pending safety check."""
+
+    code: str
+    """The type of the pending safety check."""
+
+    message: str
+    """Details about the pending safety check."""
+
+
+class ResponseComputerToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the computer call."""
+
+    action: Action
+    """A click action."""
+
+    call_id: str
+    """An identifier used when responding to the tool call with output."""
+
+    pending_safety_checks: List[PendingSafetyCheck]
+    """The pending safety checks for the computer call."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["computer_call"]
+    """The type of the computer call. Always `computer_call`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2dd68f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot import ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshot
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseComputerToolCallOutputItem", "AcknowledgedSafetyCheck"]
+
+
+class AcknowledgedSafetyCheck(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The ID of the pending safety check."""
+
+    code: str
+    """The type of the pending safety check."""
+
+    message: str
+    """Details about the pending safety check."""
+
+
+class ResponseComputerToolCallOutputItem(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the computer call tool output."""
+
+    call_id: str
+    """The ID of the computer tool call that produced the output."""
+
+    output: ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshot
+    """A computer screenshot image used with the computer use tool."""
+
+    type: Literal["computer_call_output"]
+    """The type of the computer tool call output. Always `computer_call_output`."""
+
+    acknowledged_safety_checks: Optional[List[AcknowledgedSafetyCheck]] = None
+    """
+    The safety checks reported by the API that have been acknowledged by the
+    developer.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """The status of the message input.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when input items
+    are returned via API.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a500da85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshot"]
+
+
+class ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshot(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["computer_screenshot"]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a computer screenshot, this property is always set to `computer_screenshot`.
+    """
+
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The identifier of an uploaded file that contains the screenshot."""
+
+    image_url: Optional[str] = None
+    """The URL of the screenshot image."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..efc2028a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["computer_screenshot"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a computer screenshot, this property is always set to `computer_screenshot`.
+    """
+
+    file_id: str
+    """The identifier of an uploaded file that contains the screenshot."""
+
+    image_url: str
+    """The URL of the screenshot image."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4ef56ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_computer_tool_call_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ResponseComputerToolCallParam",
+    "Action",
+    "ActionClick",
+    "ActionDoubleClick",
+    "ActionDrag",
+    "ActionDragPath",
+    "ActionKeypress",
+    "ActionMove",
+    "ActionScreenshot",
+    "ActionScroll",
+    "ActionType",
+    "ActionWait",
+    "PendingSafetyCheck",
+]
+
+
+class ActionClick(TypedDict, total=False):
+    button: Required[Literal["left", "right", "wheel", "back", "forward"]]
+    """Indicates which mouse button was pressed during the click.
+
+    One of `left`, `right`, `wheel`, `back`, or `forward`.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["click"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a click action, this property is always set to `click`.
+    """
+
+    x: Required[int]
+    """The x-coordinate where the click occurred."""
+
+    y: Required[int]
+    """The y-coordinate where the click occurred."""
+
+
+class ActionDoubleClick(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["double_click"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a double click action, this property is always set to `double_click`.
+    """
+
+    x: Required[int]
+    """The x-coordinate where the double click occurred."""
+
+    y: Required[int]
+    """The y-coordinate where the double click occurred."""
+
+
+class ActionDragPath(TypedDict, total=False):
+    x: Required[int]
+    """The x-coordinate."""
+
+    y: Required[int]
+    """The y-coordinate."""
+
+
+class ActionDrag(TypedDict, total=False):
+    path: Required[Iterable[ActionDragPath]]
+    """An array of coordinates representing the path of the drag action.
+
+    Coordinates will appear as an array of objects, eg
+
+    ```
+    [
+      { x: 100, y: 200 },
+      { x: 200, y: 300 }
+    ]
+    ```
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["drag"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a drag action, this property is always set to `drag`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionKeypress(TypedDict, total=False):
+    keys: Required[List[str]]
+    """The combination of keys the model is requesting to be pressed.
+
+    This is an array of strings, each representing a key.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["keypress"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a keypress action, this property is always set to `keypress`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionMove(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["move"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a move action, this property is always set to `move`.
+    """
+
+    x: Required[int]
+    """The x-coordinate to move to."""
+
+    y: Required[int]
+    """The y-coordinate to move to."""
+
+
+class ActionScreenshot(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["screenshot"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a screenshot action, this property is always set to `screenshot`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionScroll(TypedDict, total=False):
+    scroll_x: Required[int]
+    """The horizontal scroll distance."""
+
+    scroll_y: Required[int]
+    """The vertical scroll distance."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["scroll"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a scroll action, this property is always set to `scroll`.
+    """
+
+    x: Required[int]
+    """The x-coordinate where the scroll occurred."""
+
+    y: Required[int]
+    """The y-coordinate where the scroll occurred."""
+
+
+class ActionType(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text to type."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["type"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a type action, this property is always set to `type`.
+    """
+
+
+class ActionWait(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["wait"]]
+    """Specifies the event type.
+
+    For a wait action, this property is always set to `wait`.
+    """
+
+
+Action: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ActionClick,
+    ActionDoubleClick,
+    ActionDrag,
+    ActionKeypress,
+    ActionMove,
+    ActionScreenshot,
+    ActionScroll,
+    ActionType,
+    ActionWait,
+]
+
+
+class PendingSafetyCheck(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the pending safety check."""
+
+    code: Required[str]
+    """The type of the pending safety check."""
+
+    message: Required[str]
+    """Details about the pending safety check."""
+
+
+class ResponseComputerToolCallParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The unique ID of the computer call."""
+
+    action: Required[Action]
+    """A click action."""
+
+    call_id: Required[str]
+    """An identifier used when responding to the tool call with output."""
+
+    pending_safety_checks: Required[Iterable[PendingSafetyCheck]]
+    """The pending safety checks for the computer call."""
+
+    status: Required[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]]
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["computer_call"]]
+    """The type of the computer call. Always `computer_call`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_content_part_added_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_content_part_added_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93f5ec4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_content_part_added_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_output_text import ResponseOutputText
+from .response_output_refusal import ResponseOutputRefusal
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseContentPartAddedEvent", "Part"]
+
+Part: TypeAlias = Annotated[Union[ResponseOutputText, ResponseOutputRefusal], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")]
+
+
+class ResponseContentPartAddedEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that was added."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the content part was added to."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the content part was added to."""
+
+    part: Part
+    """The content part that was added."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.content_part.added"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.content_part.added`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_content_part_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_content_part_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ec07398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_content_part_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_output_text import ResponseOutputText
+from .response_output_refusal import ResponseOutputRefusal
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseContentPartDoneEvent", "Part"]
+
+Part: TypeAlias = Annotated[Union[ResponseOutputText, ResponseOutputRefusal], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")]
+
+
+class ResponseContentPartDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that is done."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the content part was added to."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the content part was added to."""
+
+    part: Part
+    """The content part that is done."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.content_part.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.content_part.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..972d4139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .tool_param import ToolParam
+from .response_includable import ResponseIncludable
+from .tool_choice_options import ToolChoiceOptions
+from .response_input_param import ResponseInputParam
+from ..shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .tool_choice_types_param import ToolChoiceTypesParam
+from ..shared_params.reasoning import Reasoning
+from .response_text_config_param import ResponseTextConfigParam
+from .tool_choice_function_param import ToolChoiceFunctionParam
+from ..shared_params.responses_model import ResponsesModel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ResponseCreateParamsBase",
+    "ToolChoice",
+    "ResponseCreateParamsNonStreaming",
+    "ResponseCreateParamsStreaming",
+]
+
+
+class ResponseCreateParamsBase(TypedDict, total=False):
+    input: Required[Union[str, ResponseInputParam]]
+    """Text, image, or file inputs to the model, used to generate a response.
+
+    Learn more:
+
+    - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+    - [Image inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/images)
+    - [File inputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/pdf-files)
+    - [Conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state)
+    - [Function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling)
+    """
+
+    model: Required[ResponsesModel]
+    """Model ID used to generate the response, like `gpt-4o` or `o3`.
+
+    OpenAI offers a wide range of models with different capabilities, performance
+    characteristics, and price points. Refer to the
+    [model guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/models) to browse and compare
+    available models.
+    """
+
+    include: Optional[List[ResponseIncludable]]
+    """Specify additional output data to include in the model response.
+
+    Currently supported values are:
+
+    - `file_search_call.results`: Include the search results of the file search tool
+      call.
+    - `message.input_image.image_url`: Include image urls from the input message.
+    - `computer_call_output.output.image_url`: Include image urls from the computer
+      call output.
+    - `reasoning.encrypted_content`: Includes an encrypted version of reasoning
+      tokens in reasoning item outputs. This enables reasoning items to be used in
+      multi-turn conversations when using the Responses API statelessly (like when
+      the `store` parameter is set to `false`, or when an organization is enrolled
+      in the zero data retention program).
+    """
+
+    instructions: Optional[str]
+    """
+    Inserts a system (or developer) message as the first item in the model's
+    context.
+
+    When using along with `previous_response_id`, the instructions from a previous
+    response will not be carried over to the next response. This makes it simple to
+    swap out system (or developer) messages in new responses.
+    """
+
+    max_output_tokens: Optional[int]
+    """
+    An upper bound for the number of tokens that can be generated for a response,
+    including visible output tokens and
+    [reasoning tokens](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    parallel_tool_calls: Optional[bool]
+    """Whether to allow the model to run tool calls in parallel."""
+
+    previous_response_id: Optional[str]
+    """The unique ID of the previous response to the model.
+
+    Use this to create multi-turn conversations. Learn more about
+    [conversation state](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/conversation-state).
+    """
+
+    reasoning: Optional[Reasoning]
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Configuration options for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning).
+    """
+
+    service_tier: Optional[Literal["auto", "default", "flex"]]
+    """Specifies the latency tier to use for processing the request.
+
+    This parameter is relevant for customers subscribed to the scale tier service:
+
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is Scale tier enabled, the system will
+      utilize scale tier credits until they are exhausted.
+    - If set to 'auto', and the Project is not Scale tier enabled, the request will
+      be processed using the default service tier with a lower uptime SLA and no
+      latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'default', the request will be processed using the default service
+      tier with a lower uptime SLA and no latency guarentee.
+    - If set to 'flex', the request will be processed with the Flex Processing
+      service tier.
+      [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/flex-processing).
+    - When not set, the default behavior is 'auto'.
+
+    When this parameter is set, the response body will include the `service_tier`
+    utilized.
+    """
+
+    store: Optional[bool]
+    """Whether to store the generated model response for later retrieval via API."""
+
+    temperature: Optional[float]
+    """What sampling temperature to use, between 0 and 2.
+
+    Higher values like 0.8 will make the output more random, while lower values like
+    0.2 will make it more focused and deterministic. We generally recommend altering
+    this or `top_p` but not both.
+    """
+
+    text: ResponseTextConfigParam
+    """Configuration options for a text response from the model.
+
+    Can be plain text or structured JSON data. Learn more:
+
+    - [Text inputs and outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/text)
+    - [Structured Outputs](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs)
+    """
+
+    tool_choice: ToolChoice
+    """
+    How the model should select which tool (or tools) to use when generating a
+    response. See the `tools` parameter to see how to specify which tools the model
+    can call.
+    """
+
+    tools: Iterable[ToolParam]
+    """An array of tools the model may call while generating a response.
+
+    You can specify which tool to use by setting the `tool_choice` parameter.
+
+    The two categories of tools you can provide the model are:
+
+    - **Built-in tools**: Tools that are provided by OpenAI that extend the model's
+      capabilities, like
+      [web search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-web-search) or
+      [file search](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools-file-search).
+      Learn more about
+      [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+    - **Function calls (custom tools)**: Functions that are defined by you, enabling
+      the model to call your own code. Learn more about
+      [function calling](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling).
+    """
+
+    top_p: Optional[float]
+    """
+    An alternative to sampling with temperature, called nucleus sampling, where the
+    model considers the results of the tokens with top_p probability mass. So 0.1
+    means only the tokens comprising the top 10% probability mass are considered.
+
+    We generally recommend altering this or `temperature` but not both.
+    """
+
+    truncation: Optional[Literal["auto", "disabled"]]
+    """The truncation strategy to use for the model response.
+
+    - `auto`: If the context of this response and previous ones exceeds the model's
+      context window size, the model will truncate the response to fit the context
+      window by dropping input items in the middle of the conversation.
+    - `disabled` (default): If a model response will exceed the context window size
+      for a model, the request will fail with a 400 error.
+    """
+
+    user: str
+    """
+    A unique identifier representing your end-user, which can help OpenAI to monitor
+    and detect abuse.
+    [Learn more](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/safety-best-practices#end-user-ids).
+    """
+
+
+ToolChoice: TypeAlias = Union[ToolChoiceOptions, ToolChoiceTypesParam, ToolChoiceFunctionParam]
+
+
+class ResponseCreateParamsNonStreaming(ResponseCreateParamsBase, total=False):
+    stream: Optional[Literal[False]]
+    """
+    If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+    generated using
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+    See the
+    [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+
+class ResponseCreateParamsStreaming(ResponseCreateParamsBase):
+    stream: Required[Literal[True]]
+    """
+    If set to true, the model response data will be streamed to the client as it is
+    generated using
+    [server-sent events](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Server-sent_events/Using_server-sent_events#Event_stream_format).
+    See the
+    [Streaming section below](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/responses-streaming)
+    for more information.
+    """
+
+
+ResponseCreateParams = Union[ResponseCreateParamsNonStreaming, ResponseCreateParamsStreaming]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_created_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_created_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a524cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_created_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .response import Response
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseCreatedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseCreatedEvent(BaseModel):
+    response: Response
+    """The response that was created."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.created"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.created`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_error.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_error.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90f1fcf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseError"]
+
+
+class ResponseError(BaseModel):
+    code: Literal[
+        "server_error",
+        "rate_limit_exceeded",
+        "invalid_prompt",
+        "vector_store_timeout",
+        "invalid_image",
+        "invalid_image_format",
+        "invalid_base64_image",
+        "invalid_image_url",
+        "image_too_large",
+        "image_too_small",
+        "image_parse_error",
+        "image_content_policy_violation",
+        "invalid_image_mode",
+        "image_file_too_large",
+        "unsupported_image_media_type",
+        "empty_image_file",
+        "failed_to_download_image",
+        "image_file_not_found",
+    ]
+    """The error code for the response."""
+
+    message: str
+    """A human-readable description of the error."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_error_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_error_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b7e605d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_error_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseErrorEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseErrorEvent(BaseModel):
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+    """The error code."""
+
+    message: str
+    """The error message."""
+
+    param: Optional[str] = None
+    """The error parameter."""
+
+    type: Literal["error"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `error`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_failed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_failed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e8f75d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_failed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .response import Response
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFailedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFailedEvent(BaseModel):
+    response: Response
+    """The response that failed."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.failed"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.failed`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_completed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_completed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b860833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_completed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the file search call is initiated."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the file search call is initiated."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.file_search_call.completed"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.file_search_call.completed`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_in_progress_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_in_progress_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb42e3da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_in_progress_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the file search call is initiated."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the file search call is initiated."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.file_search_call.in_progress"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.file_search_call.in_progress`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_searching_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_searching_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cd8905d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_call_searching_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the file search call is initiated."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the file search call is searching."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.file_search_call.searching"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.file_search_call.searching`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef1c6a56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFileSearchToolCall", "Result"]
+
+
+class Result(BaseModel):
+    attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are
+    strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a
+    maximum length of 512 characters, booleans, or numbers.
+    """
+
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The unique ID of the file."""
+
+    filename: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the file."""
+
+    score: Optional[float] = None
+    """The relevance score of the file - a value between 0 and 1."""
+
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text that was retrieved from the file."""
+
+
+class ResponseFileSearchToolCall(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the file search tool call."""
+
+    queries: List[str]
+    """The queries used to search for files."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "searching", "completed", "incomplete", "failed"]
+    """The status of the file search tool call.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `searching`, `incomplete` or `failed`,
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["file_search_call"]
+    """The type of the file search tool call. Always `file_search_call`."""
+
+    results: Optional[List[Result]] = None
+    """The results of the file search tool call."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_tool_call_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_tool_call_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a4177cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_file_search_tool_call_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam", "Result"]
+
+
+class Result(TypedDict, total=False):
+    attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are
+    strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a
+    maximum length of 512 characters, booleans, or numbers.
+    """
+
+    file_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the file."""
+
+    filename: str
+    """The name of the file."""
+
+    score: float
+    """The relevance score of the file - a value between 0 and 1."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The text that was retrieved from the file."""
+
+
+class ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The unique ID of the file search tool call."""
+
+    queries: Required[List[str]]
+    """The queries used to search for files."""
+
+    status: Required[Literal["in_progress", "searching", "completed", "incomplete", "failed"]]
+    """The status of the file search tool call.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `searching`, `incomplete` or `failed`,
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_search_call"]]
+    """The type of the file search tool call. Always `file_search_call`."""
+
+    results: Optional[Iterable[Result]]
+    """The results of the file search tool call."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a4896bf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..shared.response_format_text import ResponseFormatText
+from ..shared.response_format_json_object import ResponseFormatJSONObject
+from .response_format_text_json_schema_config import ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfig
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatTextConfig"]
+
+ResponseFormatTextConfig: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[ResponseFormatText, ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfig, ResponseFormatJSONObject],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_config_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_config_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcaf8f3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_config_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from ..shared_params.response_format_text import ResponseFormatText
+from ..shared_params.response_format_json_object import ResponseFormatJSONObject
+from .response_format_text_json_schema_config_param import ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfigParam
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatTextConfigParam"]
+
+ResponseFormatTextConfigParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    ResponseFormatText, ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfigParam, ResponseFormatJSONObject
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_json_schema_config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_json_schema_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..001fcf5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_json_schema_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfig"]
+
+
+class ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfig(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    """The name of the response format.
+
+    Must be a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or contain underscores and dashes, with a maximum length
+    of 64.
+    """
+
+    schema_: Dict[str, object] = FieldInfo(alias="schema")
+    """
+    The schema for the response format, described as a JSON Schema object. Learn how
+    to build JSON schemas [here](https://json-schema.org/).
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["json_schema"]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `json_schema`."""
+
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    A description of what the response format is for, used by the model to determine
+    how to respond in the format.
+    """
+
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Whether to enable strict schema adherence when generating the output. If set to
+    true, the model will always follow the exact schema defined in the `schema`
+    field. Only a subset of JSON Schema is supported when `strict` is `true`. To
+    learn more, read the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_json_schema_config_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_json_schema_config_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f293a80c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_format_text_json_schema_config_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfigParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseFormatTextJSONSchemaConfigParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the response format.
+
+    Must be a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or contain underscores and dashes, with a maximum length
+    of 64.
+    """
+
+    schema: Required[Dict[str, object]]
+    """
+    The schema for the response format, described as a JSON Schema object. Learn how
+    to build JSON schemas [here](https://json-schema.org/).
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["json_schema"]]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `json_schema`."""
+
+    description: str
+    """
+    A description of what the response format is for, used by the model to determine
+    how to respond in the format.
+    """
+
+    strict: Optional[bool]
+    """
+    Whether to enable strict schema adherence when generating the output. If set to
+    true, the model will always follow the exact schema defined in the `schema`
+    field. Only a subset of JSON Schema is supported when `strict` is `true`. To
+    learn more, read the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_call_arguments_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_call_arguments_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0989b7ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_call_arguments_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    delta: str
+    """The function-call arguments delta that is added."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the function-call arguments delta is added to."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """
+    The index of the output item that the function-call arguments delta is added to.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["response.function_call_arguments.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.function_call_arguments.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_call_arguments_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_call_arguments_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d805a57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_call_arguments_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    arguments: str
+    """The function-call arguments."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.function_call_arguments.done"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a848220
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionToolCall"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionToolCall(BaseModel):
+    arguments: str
+    """A JSON string of the arguments to pass to the function."""
+
+    call_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call generated by the model."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function to run."""
+
+    type: Literal["function_call"]
+    """The type of the function tool call. Always `function_call`."""
+
+    id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call."""
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..762015a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .response_function_tool_call import ResponseFunctionToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionToolCallItem"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionToolCallItem(ResponseFunctionToolCall):
+    id: str  # type: ignore
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_output_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_output_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c8c41a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_output_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionToolCallOutputItem"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionToolCallOutputItem(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the function call tool output."""
+
+    call_id: str
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call generated by the model."""
+
+    output: str
+    """A JSON string of the output of the function tool call."""
+
+    type: Literal["function_call_output"]
+    """The type of the function tool call output. Always `function_call_output`."""
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eaa263cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_tool_call_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionToolCallParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionToolCallParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    arguments: Required[str]
+    """A JSON string of the arguments to pass to the function."""
+
+    call_id: Required[str]
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call generated by the model."""
+
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to run."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function_call"]]
+    """The type of the function tool call. Always `function_call`."""
+
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_web_search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_web_search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44734b68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_web_search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionWebSearch"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionWebSearch(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the web search tool call."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "searching", "completed", "failed"]
+    """The status of the web search tool call."""
+
+    type: Literal["web_search_call"]
+    """The type of the web search tool call. Always `web_search_call`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_web_search_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_web_search_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d413e60b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_function_web_search_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The unique ID of the web search tool call."""
+
+    status: Required[Literal["in_progress", "searching", "completed", "failed"]]
+    """The status of the web search tool call."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["web_search_call"]]
+    """The type of the web search tool call. Always `web_search_call`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_in_progress_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_in_progress_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d96cbb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_in_progress_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .response import Response
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInProgressEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseInProgressEvent(BaseModel):
+    response: Response
+    """The response that is in progress."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.in_progress"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.in_progress`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_includable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_includable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a01dddd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_includable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseIncludable"]
+
+ResponseIncludable: TypeAlias = Literal[
+    "file_search_call.results",
+    "message.input_image.image_url",
+    "computer_call_output.output.image_url",
+    "reasoning.encrypted_content",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_incomplete_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_incomplete_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..742b789c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_incomplete_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .response import Response
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseIncompleteEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseIncompleteEvent(BaseModel):
+    response: Response
+    """The response that was incomplete."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.incomplete"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.incomplete`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_content.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_content.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1726909a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_content.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .response_input_file import ResponseInputFile
+from .response_input_text import ResponseInputText
+from .response_input_image import ResponseInputImage
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputContent"]
+
+ResponseInputContent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[ResponseInputText, ResponseInputImage, ResponseInputFile], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_content_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_content_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7791cdfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_content_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .response_input_file_param import ResponseInputFileParam
+from .response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam
+from .response_input_image_param import ResponseInputImageParam
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputContentParam"]
+
+ResponseInputContentParam: TypeAlias = Union[ResponseInputTextParam, ResponseInputImageParam, ResponseInputFileParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00b35dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputFile"]
+
+
+class ResponseInputFile(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["input_file"]
+    """The type of the input item. Always `input_file`."""
+
+    file_data: Optional[str] = None
+    """The content of the file to be sent to the model."""
+
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the file to be sent to the model."""
+
+    filename: Optional[str] = None
+    """The name of the file to be sent to the model."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_file_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_file_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61ae46f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_file_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputFileParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseInputFileParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["input_file"]]
+    """The type of the input item. Always `input_file`."""
+
+    file_data: str
+    """The content of the file to be sent to the model."""
+
+    file_id: Optional[str]
+    """The ID of the file to be sent to the model."""
+
+    filename: str
+    """The name of the file to be sent to the model."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_image.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_image.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2d760b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_image.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputImage"]
+
+
+class ResponseInputImage(BaseModel):
+    detail: Literal["low", "high", "auto"]
+    """The detail level of the image to be sent to the model.
+
+    One of `high`, `low`, or `auto`. Defaults to `auto`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["input_image"]
+    """The type of the input item. Always `input_image`."""
+
+    file_id: Optional[str] = None
+    """The ID of the file to be sent to the model."""
+
+    image_url: Optional[str] = None
+    """The URL of the image to be sent to the model.
+
+    A fully qualified URL or base64 encoded image in a data URL.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_image_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_image_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc17e4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_image_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputImageParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseInputImageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    detail: Required[Literal["low", "high", "auto"]]
+    """The detail level of the image to be sent to the model.
+
+    One of `high`, `low`, or `auto`. Defaults to `auto`.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["input_image"]]
+    """The type of the input item. Always `input_image`."""
+
+    file_id: Optional[str]
+    """The ID of the file to be sent to the model."""
+
+    image_url: Optional[str]
+    """The URL of the image to be sent to the model.
+
+    A fully qualified URL or base64 encoded image in a data URL.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_item_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_item_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..290953a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_item_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .easy_input_message_param import EasyInputMessageParam
+from .response_output_message_param import ResponseOutputMessageParam
+from .response_reasoning_item_param import ResponseReasoningItemParam
+from .response_computer_tool_call_param import ResponseComputerToolCallParam
+from .response_function_tool_call_param import ResponseFunctionToolCallParam
+from .response_function_web_search_param import ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam
+from .response_file_search_tool_call_param import ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam
+from .response_input_message_content_list_param import ResponseInputMessageContentListParam
+from .response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot_param import ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ResponseInputItemParam",
+    "Message",
+    "ComputerCallOutput",
+    "ComputerCallOutputAcknowledgedSafetyCheck",
+    "FunctionCallOutput",
+    "ItemReference",
+]
+
+
+class Message(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[ResponseInputMessageContentListParam]
+    """
+    A list of one or many input items to the model, containing different content
+    types.
+    """
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input. One of `user`, `system`, or `developer`."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always set to `message`."""
+
+
+class ComputerCallOutputAcknowledgedSafetyCheck(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the pending safety check."""
+
+    code: Optional[str]
+    """The type of the pending safety check."""
+
+    message: Optional[str]
+    """Details about the pending safety check."""
+
+
+class ComputerCallOutput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    call_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the computer tool call that produced the output."""
+
+    output: Required[ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam]
+    """A computer screenshot image used with the computer use tool."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["computer_call_output"]]
+    """The type of the computer tool call output. Always `computer_call_output`."""
+
+    id: Optional[str]
+    """The ID of the computer tool call output."""
+
+    acknowledged_safety_checks: Optional[Iterable[ComputerCallOutputAcknowledgedSafetyCheck]]
+    """
+    The safety checks reported by the API that have been acknowledged by the
+    developer.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]]
+    """The status of the message input.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when input items
+    are returned via API.
+    """
+
+
+class FunctionCallOutput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    call_id: Required[str]
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call generated by the model."""
+
+    output: Required[str]
+    """A JSON string of the output of the function tool call."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function_call_output"]]
+    """The type of the function tool call output. Always `function_call_output`."""
+
+    id: Optional[str]
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call output.
+
+    Populated when this item is returned via API.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]]
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
+
+
+class ItemReference(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the item to reference."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["item_reference"]]
+    """The type of item to reference. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+ResponseInputItemParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    EasyInputMessageParam,
+    Message,
+    ResponseOutputMessageParam,
+    ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam,
+    ResponseComputerToolCallParam,
+    ComputerCallOutput,
+    ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam,
+    ResponseFunctionToolCallParam,
+    FunctionCallOutput,
+    ResponseReasoningItemParam,
+    ItemReference,
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_content_list.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_content_list.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99b7c10f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_content_list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .response_input_content import ResponseInputContent
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputMessageContentList"]
+
+ResponseInputMessageContentList: TypeAlias = List[ResponseInputContent]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_content_list_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_content_list_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..080613df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_content_list_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .response_input_file_param import ResponseInputFileParam
+from .response_input_text_param import ResponseInputTextParam
+from .response_input_image_param import ResponseInputImageParam
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputMessageContentListParam", "ResponseInputContentParam"]
+
+ResponseInputContentParam: TypeAlias = Union[ResponseInputTextParam, ResponseInputImageParam, ResponseInputFileParam]
+
+ResponseInputMessageContentListParam: TypeAlias = List[ResponseInputContentParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a788e7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_message_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_input_message_content_list import ResponseInputMessageContentList
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputMessageItem"]
+
+
+class ResponseInputMessageItem(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the message input."""
+
+    content: ResponseInputMessageContentList
+    """
+    A list of one or many input items to the model, containing different content
+    types.
+    """
+
+    role: Literal["user", "system", "developer"]
+    """The role of the message input. One of `user`, `system`, or `developer`."""
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """The status of item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["message"]] = None
+    """The type of the message input. Always set to `message`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2418269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union, Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .easy_input_message_param import EasyInputMessageParam
+from .response_output_message_param import ResponseOutputMessageParam
+from .response_reasoning_item_param import ResponseReasoningItemParam
+from .response_computer_tool_call_param import ResponseComputerToolCallParam
+from .response_function_tool_call_param import ResponseFunctionToolCallParam
+from .response_function_web_search_param import ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam
+from .response_file_search_tool_call_param import ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam
+from .response_input_message_content_list_param import ResponseInputMessageContentListParam
+from .response_computer_tool_call_output_screenshot_param import ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ResponseInputParam",
+    "ResponseInputItemParam",
+    "Message",
+    "ComputerCallOutput",
+    "ComputerCallOutputAcknowledgedSafetyCheck",
+    "FunctionCallOutput",
+    "ItemReference",
+]
+
+
+class Message(TypedDict, total=False):
+    content: Required[ResponseInputMessageContentListParam]
+    """
+    A list of one or many input items to the model, containing different content
+    types.
+    """
+
+    role: Required[Literal["user", "system", "developer"]]
+    """The role of the message input. One of `user`, `system`, or `developer`."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the message input. Always set to `message`."""
+
+
+class ComputerCallOutputAcknowledgedSafetyCheck(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the pending safety check."""
+
+    code: Optional[str]
+    """The type of the pending safety check."""
+
+    message: Optional[str]
+    """Details about the pending safety check."""
+
+
+class ComputerCallOutput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    call_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the computer tool call that produced the output."""
+
+    output: Required[ResponseComputerToolCallOutputScreenshotParam]
+    """A computer screenshot image used with the computer use tool."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["computer_call_output"]]
+    """The type of the computer tool call output. Always `computer_call_output`."""
+
+    id: Optional[str]
+    """The ID of the computer tool call output."""
+
+    acknowledged_safety_checks: Optional[Iterable[ComputerCallOutputAcknowledgedSafetyCheck]]
+    """
+    The safety checks reported by the API that have been acknowledged by the
+    developer.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]]
+    """The status of the message input.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when input items
+    are returned via API.
+    """
+
+
+class FunctionCallOutput(TypedDict, total=False):
+    call_id: Required[str]
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call generated by the model."""
+
+    output: Required[str]
+    """A JSON string of the output of the function tool call."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function_call_output"]]
+    """The type of the function tool call output. Always `function_call_output`."""
+
+    id: Optional[str]
+    """The unique ID of the function tool call output.
+
+    Populated when this item is returned via API.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]]
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
+
+
+class ItemReference(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the item to reference."""
+
+    type: Optional[Literal["item_reference"]]
+    """The type of item to reference. Always `item_reference`."""
+
+
+ResponseInputItemParam: TypeAlias = Union[
+    EasyInputMessageParam,
+    Message,
+    ResponseOutputMessageParam,
+    ResponseFileSearchToolCallParam,
+    ResponseComputerToolCallParam,
+    ComputerCallOutput,
+    ResponseFunctionWebSearchParam,
+    ResponseFunctionToolCallParam,
+    FunctionCallOutput,
+    ResponseReasoningItemParam,
+    ItemReference,
+]
+
+ResponseInputParam: TypeAlias = List[ResponseInputItemParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba8d1ea1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputText"]
+
+
+class ResponseInputText(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text input to the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["input_text"]
+    """The type of the input item. Always `input_text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_text_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_text_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2ba8340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_input_text_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseInputTextParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseInputTextParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text input to the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["input_text"]]
+    """The type of the input item. Always `input_text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc8d67d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .response_output_message import ResponseOutputMessage
+from .response_computer_tool_call import ResponseComputerToolCall
+from .response_input_message_item import ResponseInputMessageItem
+from .response_function_web_search import ResponseFunctionWebSearch
+from .response_file_search_tool_call import ResponseFileSearchToolCall
+from .response_function_tool_call_item import ResponseFunctionToolCallItem
+from .response_computer_tool_call_output_item import ResponseComputerToolCallOutputItem
+from .response_function_tool_call_output_item import ResponseFunctionToolCallOutputItem
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseItem"]
+
+ResponseItem: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ResponseInputMessageItem,
+        ResponseOutputMessage,
+        ResponseFileSearchToolCall,
+        ResponseComputerToolCall,
+        ResponseComputerToolCallOutputItem,
+        ResponseFunctionWebSearch,
+        ResponseFunctionToolCallItem,
+        ResponseFunctionToolCallOutputItem,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_item_list.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_item_list.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b43eacdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_item_list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_item import ResponseItem
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseItemList"]
+
+
+class ResponseItemList(BaseModel):
+    data: List[ResponseItem]
+    """A list of items used to generate this response."""
+
+    first_id: str
+    """The ID of the first item in the list."""
+
+    has_more: bool
+    """Whether there are more items available."""
+
+    last_id: str
+    """The ID of the last item in the list."""
+
+    object: Literal["list"]
+    """The type of object returned, must be `list`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1e96931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .response_output_message import ResponseOutputMessage
+from .response_reasoning_item import ResponseReasoningItem
+from .response_computer_tool_call import ResponseComputerToolCall
+from .response_function_tool_call import ResponseFunctionToolCall
+from .response_function_web_search import ResponseFunctionWebSearch
+from .response_file_search_tool_call import ResponseFileSearchToolCall
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputItem"]
+
+ResponseOutputItem: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ResponseOutputMessage,
+        ResponseFileSearchToolCall,
+        ResponseFunctionToolCall,
+        ResponseFunctionWebSearch,
+        ResponseComputerToolCall,
+        ResponseReasoningItem,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item_added_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item_added_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7344fb9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item_added_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_output_item import ResponseOutputItem
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent(BaseModel):
+    item: ResponseOutputItem
+    """The output item that was added."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that was added."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.output_item.added"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.output_item.added`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0a871a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_item_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_output_item import ResponseOutputItem
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    item: ResponseOutputItem
+    """The output item that was marked done."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that was marked done."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.output_item.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.output_item.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_message.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_message.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3864aa21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_message.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_output_text import ResponseOutputText
+from .response_output_refusal import ResponseOutputRefusal
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputMessage", "Content"]
+
+Content: TypeAlias = Annotated[Union[ResponseOutputText, ResponseOutputRefusal], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputMessage(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique ID of the output message."""
+
+    content: List[Content]
+    """The content of the output message."""
+
+    role: Literal["assistant"]
+    """The role of the output message. Always `assistant`."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of the message input.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when input items
+    are returned via API.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["message"]
+    """The type of the output message. Always `message`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_message_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_message_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46cbbd20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_message_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .response_output_text_param import ResponseOutputTextParam
+from .response_output_refusal_param import ResponseOutputRefusalParam
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputMessageParam", "Content"]
+
+Content: TypeAlias = Union[ResponseOutputTextParam, ResponseOutputRefusalParam]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputMessageParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The unique ID of the output message."""
+
+    content: Required[Iterable[Content]]
+    """The content of the output message."""
+
+    role: Required[Literal["assistant"]]
+    """The role of the output message. Always `assistant`."""
+
+    status: Required[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]]
+    """The status of the message input.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when input items
+    are returned via API.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["message"]]
+    """The type of the output message. Always `message`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_refusal.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_refusal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eba58107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_refusal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputRefusal"]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputRefusal(BaseModel):
+    refusal: str
+    """The refusal explanationfrom the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["refusal"]
+    """The type of the refusal. Always `refusal`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_refusal_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_refusal_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53140a60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_refusal_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputRefusalParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputRefusalParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    refusal: Required[str]
+    """The refusal explanationfrom the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["refusal"]]
+    """The type of the refusal. Always `refusal`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa653cd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseOutputText", "Annotation", "AnnotationFileCitation", "AnnotationURLCitation", "AnnotationFilePath"]
+
+
+class AnnotationFileCitation(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file."""
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the file in the list of files."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_citation"]
+    """The type of the file citation. Always `file_citation`."""
+
+
+class AnnotationURLCitation(BaseModel):
+    end_index: int
+    """The index of the last character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    start_index: int
+    """The index of the first character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    title: str
+    """The title of the web resource."""
+
+    type: Literal["url_citation"]
+    """The type of the URL citation. Always `url_citation`."""
+
+    url: str
+    """The URL of the web resource."""
+
+
+class AnnotationFilePath(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file."""
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the file in the list of files."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_path"]
+    """The type of the file path. Always `file_path`."""
+
+
+Annotation: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[AnnotationFileCitation, AnnotationURLCitation, AnnotationFilePath], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputText(BaseModel):
+    annotations: List[Annotation]
+    """The annotations of the text output."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Literal["output_text"]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_text_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_text_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f096728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_output_text_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ResponseOutputTextParam",
+    "Annotation",
+    "AnnotationFileCitation",
+    "AnnotationURLCitation",
+    "AnnotationFilePath",
+]
+
+
+class AnnotationFileCitation(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the file."""
+
+    index: Required[int]
+    """The index of the file in the list of files."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_citation"]]
+    """The type of the file citation. Always `file_citation`."""
+
+
+class AnnotationURLCitation(TypedDict, total=False):
+    end_index: Required[int]
+    """The index of the last character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    start_index: Required[int]
+    """The index of the first character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    title: Required[str]
+    """The title of the web resource."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["url_citation"]]
+    """The type of the URL citation. Always `url_citation`."""
+
+    url: Required[str]
+    """The URL of the web resource."""
+
+
+class AnnotationFilePath(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: Required[str]
+    """The ID of the file."""
+
+    index: Required[int]
+    """The index of the file in the list of files."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["file_path"]]
+    """The type of the file path. Always `file_path`."""
+
+
+Annotation: TypeAlias = Union[AnnotationFileCitation, AnnotationURLCitation, AnnotationFilePath]
+
+
+class ResponseOutputTextParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    annotations: Required[Iterable[Annotation]]
+    """The annotations of the text output."""
+
+    text: Required[str]
+    """The text output from the model."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["output_text"]]
+    """The type of the output text. Always `output_text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_item.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_item.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5da7802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_item.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseReasoningItem", "Summary"]
+
+
+class Summary(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """
+    A short summary of the reasoning used by the model when generating the response.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["summary_text"]
+    """The type of the object. Always `summary_text`."""
+
+
+class ResponseReasoningItem(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The unique identifier of the reasoning content."""
+
+    summary: List[Summary]
+    """Reasoning text contents."""
+
+    type: Literal["reasoning"]
+    """The type of the object. Always `reasoning`."""
+
+    encrypted_content: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The encrypted content of the reasoning item - populated when a response is
+    generated with `reasoning.encrypted_content` in the `include` parameter.
+    """
+
+    status: Optional[Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]] = None
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_item_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_item_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2cfa5312
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_item_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Iterable, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseReasoningItemParam", "Summary"]
+
+
+class Summary(TypedDict, total=False):
+    text: Required[str]
+    """
+    A short summary of the reasoning used by the model when generating the response.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["summary_text"]]
+    """The type of the object. Always `summary_text`."""
+
+
+class ResponseReasoningItemParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    id: Required[str]
+    """The unique identifier of the reasoning content."""
+
+    summary: Required[Iterable[Summary]]
+    """Reasoning text contents."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["reasoning"]]
+    """The type of the object. Always `reasoning`."""
+
+    encrypted_content: Optional[str]
+    """
+    The encrypted content of the reasoning item - populated when a response is
+    generated with `reasoning.encrypted_content` in the `include` parameter.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "incomplete"]
+    """The status of the item.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, or `incomplete`. Populated when items are
+    returned via API.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_part_added_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_part_added_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd115201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_part_added_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent", "Part"]
+
+
+class Part(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text of the summary part."""
+
+    type: Literal["summary_text"]
+    """The type of the summary part. Always `summary_text`."""
+
+
+class ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item this summary part is associated with."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item this summary part is associated with."""
+
+    part: Part
+    """The summary part that was added."""
+
+    summary_index: int
+    """The index of the summary part within the reasoning summary."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.reasoning_summary_part.added"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.reasoning_summary_part.added`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_part_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_part_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f30189a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_part_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent", "Part"]
+
+
+class Part(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text of the summary part."""
+
+    type: Literal["summary_text"]
+    """The type of the summary part. Always `summary_text`."""
+
+
+class ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item this summary part is associated with."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item this summary part is associated with."""
+
+    part: Part
+    """The completed summary part."""
+
+    summary_index: int
+    """The index of the summary part within the reasoning summary."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.reasoning_summary_part.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.reasoning_summary_part.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_text_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_text_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d0cbd82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_text_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    delta: str
+    """The text delta that was added to the summary."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item this summary text delta is associated with."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item this summary text delta is associated with."""
+
+    summary_index: int
+    """The index of the summary part within the reasoning summary."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.reasoning_summary_text.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.reasoning_summary_text.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_text_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_text_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15b894c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_reasoning_summary_text_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the item this summary text is associated with."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item this summary text is associated with."""
+
+    summary_index: int
+    """The index of the summary part within the reasoning summary."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The full text of the completed reasoning summary."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.reasoning_summary_text.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.reasoning_summary_text.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_refusal_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_refusal_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04dcdf1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_refusal_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that the refusal text is added to."""
+
+    delta: str
+    """The refusal text that is added."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the refusal text is added to."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the refusal text is added to."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.refusal.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.refusal.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_refusal_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_refusal_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9b6f4b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_refusal_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseRefusalDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseRefusalDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that the refusal text is finalized."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the refusal text is finalized."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the refusal text is finalized."""
+
+    refusal: str
+    """The refusal text that is finalized."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.refusal.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.refusal.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_retrieve_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_retrieve_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..137bf4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_retrieve_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from .response_includable import ResponseIncludable
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseRetrieveParams"]
+
+
+class ResponseRetrieveParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    include: List[ResponseIncludable]
+    """Additional fields to include in the response.
+
+    See the `include` parameter for Response creation above for more information.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_status.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_status.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..934d17cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_status.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseStatus"]
+
+ResponseStatus: TypeAlias = Literal["completed", "failed", "in_progress", "incomplete"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_stream_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_stream_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..07c18bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_stream_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .response_error_event import ResponseErrorEvent
+from .response_failed_event import ResponseFailedEvent
+from .response_created_event import ResponseCreatedEvent
+from .response_completed_event import ResponseCompletedEvent
+from .response_text_done_event import ResponseTextDoneEvent
+from .response_audio_done_event import ResponseAudioDoneEvent
+from .response_incomplete_event import ResponseIncompleteEvent
+from .response_text_delta_event import ResponseTextDeltaEvent
+from .response_audio_delta_event import ResponseAudioDeltaEvent
+from .response_in_progress_event import ResponseInProgressEvent
+from .response_refusal_done_event import ResponseRefusalDoneEvent
+from .response_refusal_delta_event import ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent
+from .response_output_item_done_event import ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent
+from .response_content_part_done_event import ResponseContentPartDoneEvent
+from .response_output_item_added_event import ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent
+from .response_content_part_added_event import ResponseContentPartAddedEvent
+from .response_audio_transcript_done_event import ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent
+from .response_text_annotation_delta_event import ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent
+from .response_audio_transcript_delta_event import ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent
+from .response_web_search_call_completed_event import ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent
+from .response_web_search_call_searching_event import ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent
+from .response_file_search_call_completed_event import ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent
+from .response_file_search_call_searching_event import ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent
+from .response_reasoning_summary_part_done_event import ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent
+from .response_reasoning_summary_text_done_event import ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent
+from .response_web_search_call_in_progress_event import ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent
+from .response_file_search_call_in_progress_event import ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent
+from .response_function_call_arguments_done_event import ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent
+from .response_reasoning_summary_part_added_event import ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent
+from .response_reasoning_summary_text_delta_event import ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent
+from .response_function_call_arguments_delta_event import ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_code_done_event import ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_completed_event import ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_code_delta_event import ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_in_progress_event import ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent
+from .response_code_interpreter_call_interpreting_event import ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseStreamEvent"]
+
+ResponseStreamEvent: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[
+        ResponseAudioDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseAudioDoneEvent,
+        ResponseAudioTranscriptDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseAudioTranscriptDoneEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCodeDoneEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallCompletedEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseCodeInterpreterCallInterpretingEvent,
+        ResponseCompletedEvent,
+        ResponseContentPartAddedEvent,
+        ResponseContentPartDoneEvent,
+        ResponseCreatedEvent,
+        ResponseErrorEvent,
+        ResponseFileSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+        ResponseFileSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseFileSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+        ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseFunctionCallArgumentsDoneEvent,
+        ResponseInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseFailedEvent,
+        ResponseIncompleteEvent,
+        ResponseOutputItemAddedEvent,
+        ResponseOutputItemDoneEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryPartAddedEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryPartDoneEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseReasoningSummaryTextDoneEvent,
+        ResponseRefusalDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseRefusalDoneEvent,
+        ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseTextDeltaEvent,
+        ResponseTextDoneEvent,
+        ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent,
+        ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent,
+        ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent,
+    ],
+    PropertyInfo(discriminator="type"),
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_annotation_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_annotation_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f258228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_annotation_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent",
+    "Annotation",
+    "AnnotationFileCitation",
+    "AnnotationURLCitation",
+    "AnnotationFilePath",
+]
+
+
+class AnnotationFileCitation(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file."""
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the file in the list of files."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_citation"]
+    """The type of the file citation. Always `file_citation`."""
+
+
+class AnnotationURLCitation(BaseModel):
+    end_index: int
+    """The index of the last character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    start_index: int
+    """The index of the first character of the URL citation in the message."""
+
+    title: str
+    """The title of the web resource."""
+
+    type: Literal["url_citation"]
+    """The type of the URL citation. Always `url_citation`."""
+
+    url: str
+    """The URL of the web resource."""
+
+
+class AnnotationFilePath(BaseModel):
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the file."""
+
+    index: int
+    """The index of the file in the list of files."""
+
+    type: Literal["file_path"]
+    """The type of the file path. Always `file_path`."""
+
+
+Annotation: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[AnnotationFileCitation, AnnotationURLCitation, AnnotationFilePath], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
+
+
+class ResponseTextAnnotationDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    annotation: Annotation
+    """A citation to a file."""
+
+    annotation_index: int
+    """The index of the annotation that was added."""
+
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that the text annotation was added to."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the text annotation was added to."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the text annotation was added to."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.output_text.annotation.added"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.output_text.annotation.added`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1894a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .response_format_text_config import ResponseFormatTextConfig
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseTextConfig"]
+
+
+class ResponseTextConfig(BaseModel):
+    format: Optional[ResponseFormatTextConfig] = None
+    """An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+    Configuring `{ "type": "json_schema" }` enables Structured Outputs, which
+    ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    The default format is `{ "type": "text" }` with no additional options.
+
+    **Not recommended for gpt-4o and newer models:**
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+    ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+    preferred for models that support it.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_config_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_config_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aec064bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_config_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+from .response_format_text_config_param import ResponseFormatTextConfigParam
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseTextConfigParam"]
+
+
+class ResponseTextConfigParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    format: ResponseFormatTextConfigParam
+    """An object specifying the format that the model must output.
+
+    Configuring `{ "type": "json_schema" }` enables Structured Outputs, which
+    ensures the model will match your supplied JSON schema. Learn more in the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+
+    The default format is `{ "type": "text" }` with no additional options.
+
+    **Not recommended for gpt-4o and newer models:**
+
+    Setting to `{ "type": "json_object" }` enables the older JSON mode, which
+    ensures the message the model generates is valid JSON. Using `json_schema` is
+    preferred for models that support it.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_delta_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_delta_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..751a5e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_delta_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseTextDeltaEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseTextDeltaEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that the text delta was added to."""
+
+    delta: str
+    """The text delta that was added."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the text delta was added to."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the text delta was added to."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.output_text.delta"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.output_text.delta`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_done_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_done_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b5c5e02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_text_done_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseTextDoneEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseTextDoneEvent(BaseModel):
+    content_index: int
+    """The index of the content part that the text content is finalized."""
+
+    item_id: str
+    """The ID of the output item that the text content is finalized."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the text content is finalized."""
+
+    text: str
+    """The text content that is finalized."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.output_text.done"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.output_text.done`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_usage.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_usage.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..52b93ac5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_usage.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseUsage", "InputTokensDetails", "OutputTokensDetails"]
+
+
+class InputTokensDetails(BaseModel):
+    cached_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens that were retrieved from the cache.
+
+    [More on prompt caching](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-caching).
+    """
+
+
+class OutputTokensDetails(BaseModel):
+    reasoning_tokens: int
+    """The number of reasoning tokens."""
+
+
+class ResponseUsage(BaseModel):
+    input_tokens: int
+    """The number of input tokens."""
+
+    input_tokens_details: InputTokensDetails
+    """A detailed breakdown of the input tokens."""
+
+    output_tokens: int
+    """The number of output tokens."""
+
+    output_tokens_details: OutputTokensDetails
+    """A detailed breakdown of the output tokens."""
+
+    total_tokens: int
+    """The total number of tokens used."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_completed_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_completed_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76f26766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_completed_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseWebSearchCallCompletedEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """Unique ID for the output item associated with the web search call."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the web search call is associated with."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.web_search_call.completed"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.web_search_call.completed`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_in_progress_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_in_progress_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..681ce6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_in_progress_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseWebSearchCallInProgressEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """Unique ID for the output item associated with the web search call."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the web search call is associated with."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.web_search_call.in_progress"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.web_search_call.in_progress`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_searching_event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_searching_event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c885d989
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/response_web_search_call_searching_event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent"]
+
+
+class ResponseWebSearchCallSearchingEvent(BaseModel):
+    item_id: str
+    """Unique ID for the output item associated with the web search call."""
+
+    output_index: int
+    """The index of the output item that the web search call is associated with."""
+
+    type: Literal["response.web_search_call.searching"]
+    """The type of the event. Always `response.web_search_call.searching`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d96abdbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._utils import PropertyInfo
+from .computer_tool import ComputerTool
+from .function_tool import FunctionTool
+from .web_search_tool import WebSearchTool
+from .file_search_tool import FileSearchTool
+
+__all__ = ["Tool"]
+
+Tool: TypeAlias = Annotated[
+    Union[FileSearchTool, FunctionTool, WebSearchTool, ComputerTool], PropertyInfo(discriminator="type")
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_function.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_function.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d2a4f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_function.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ToolChoiceFunction"]
+
+
+class ToolChoiceFunction(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+    type: Literal["function"]
+    """For function calling, the type is always `function`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_function_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_function_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..910537fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_function_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ToolChoiceFunctionParam"]
+
+
+class ToolChoiceFunctionParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to call."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["function"]]
+    """For function calling, the type is always `function`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_options.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c200db54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ToolChoiceOptions"]
+
+ToolChoiceOptions: TypeAlias = Literal["none", "auto", "required"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4942808f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ToolChoiceTypes"]
+
+
+class ToolChoiceTypes(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["file_search", "web_search_preview", "computer_use_preview", "web_search_preview_2025_03_11"]
+    """The type of hosted tool the model should to use.
+
+    Learn more about
+    [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+
+    Allowed values are:
+
+    - `file_search`
+    - `web_search_preview`
+    - `computer_use_preview`
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_types_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_types_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b14f2a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_choice_types_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ToolChoiceTypesParam"]
+
+
+class ToolChoiceTypesParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[
+        Literal["file_search", "web_search_preview", "computer_use_preview", "web_search_preview_2025_03_11"]
+    ]
+    """The type of hosted tool the model should to use.
+
+    Learn more about
+    [built-in tools](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/tools).
+
+    Allowed values are:
+
+    - `file_search`
+    - `web_search_preview`
+    - `computer_use_preview`
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..200c3470
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from .computer_tool_param import ComputerToolParam
+from .function_tool_param import FunctionToolParam
+from .web_search_tool_param import WebSearchToolParam
+from .file_search_tool_param import FileSearchToolParam
+from ..chat.chat_completion_tool_param import ChatCompletionToolParam
+
+__all__ = ["ToolParam"]
+
+ToolParam: TypeAlias = Union[FileSearchToolParam, FunctionToolParam, WebSearchToolParam, ComputerToolParam]
+
+ParseableToolParam: TypeAlias = Union[ToolParam, ChatCompletionToolParam]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/web_search_tool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/web_search_tool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6bf9511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/web_search_tool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["WebSearchTool", "UserLocation"]
+
+
+class UserLocation(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["approximate"]
+    """The type of location approximation. Always `approximate`."""
+
+    city: Optional[str] = None
+    """Free text input for the city of the user, e.g. `San Francisco`."""
+
+    country: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The two-letter [ISO country code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1) of
+    the user, e.g. `US`.
+    """
+
+    region: Optional[str] = None
+    """Free text input for the region of the user, e.g. `California`."""
+
+    timezone: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    The [IANA timezone](https://timeapi.io/documentation/iana-timezones) of the
+    user, e.g. `America/Los_Angeles`.
+    """
+
+
+class WebSearchTool(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["web_search_preview", "web_search_preview_2025_03_11"]
+    """The type of the web search tool.
+
+    One of `web_search_preview` or `web_search_preview_2025_03_11`.
+    """
+
+    search_context_size: Optional[Literal["low", "medium", "high"]] = None
+    """High level guidance for the amount of context window space to use for the
+    search.
+
+    One of `low`, `medium`, or `high`. `medium` is the default.
+    """
+
+    user_location: Optional[UserLocation] = None
+    """The user's location."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/web_search_tool_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/web_search_tool_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0335c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/responses/web_search_tool_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["WebSearchToolParam", "UserLocation"]
+
+
+class UserLocation(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["approximate"]]
+    """The type of location approximation. Always `approximate`."""
+
+    city: Optional[str]
+    """Free text input for the city of the user, e.g. `San Francisco`."""
+
+    country: Optional[str]
+    """
+    The two-letter [ISO country code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1) of
+    the user, e.g. `US`.
+    """
+
+    region: Optional[str]
+    """Free text input for the region of the user, e.g. `California`."""
+
+    timezone: Optional[str]
+    """
+    The [IANA timezone](https://timeapi.io/documentation/iana-timezones) of the
+    user, e.g. `America/Los_Angeles`.
+    """
+
+
+class WebSearchToolParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["web_search_preview", "web_search_preview_2025_03_11"]]
+    """The type of the web search tool.
+
+    One of `web_search_preview` or `web_search_preview_2025_03_11`.
+    """
+
+    search_context_size: Literal["low", "medium", "high"]
+    """High level guidance for the amount of context window space to use for the
+    search.
+
+    One of `low`, `medium`, or `high`. `medium` is the default.
+    """
+
+    user_location: Optional[UserLocation]
+    """The user's location."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ad0ed5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .metadata import Metadata as Metadata
+from .reasoning import Reasoning as Reasoning
+from .all_models import AllModels as AllModels
+from .chat_model import ChatModel as ChatModel
+from .error_object import ErrorObject as ErrorObject
+from .compound_filter import CompoundFilter as CompoundFilter
+from .responses_model import ResponsesModel as ResponsesModel
+from .reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort as ReasoningEffort
+from .comparison_filter import ComparisonFilter as ComparisonFilter
+from .function_definition import FunctionDefinition as FunctionDefinition
+from .function_parameters import FunctionParameters as FunctionParameters
+from .response_format_text import ResponseFormatText as ResponseFormatText
+from .response_format_json_object import ResponseFormatJSONObject as ResponseFormatJSONObject
+from .response_format_json_schema import ResponseFormatJSONSchema as ResponseFormatJSONSchema
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/__pycache__/responses_model.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/__pycache__/responses_model.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/all_models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/all_models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db841077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/all_models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from .chat_model import ChatModel
+
+__all__ = ["AllModels"]
+
+AllModels: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ChatModel, Literal["o1-pro", "o1-pro-2025-03-19", "computer-use-preview", "computer-use-preview-2025-03-11"]
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/chat_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/chat_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4869cd32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/chat_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ChatModel"]
+
+ChatModel: TypeAlias = Literal[
+    "gpt-4.1",
+    "gpt-4.1-mini",
+    "gpt-4.1-nano",
+    "gpt-4.1-2025-04-14",
+    "gpt-4.1-mini-2025-04-14",
+    "gpt-4.1-nano-2025-04-14",
+    "o4-mini",
+    "o4-mini-2025-04-16",
+    "o3",
+    "o3-2025-04-16",
+    "o3-mini",
+    "o3-mini-2025-01-31",
+    "o1",
+    "o1-2024-12-17",
+    "o1-preview",
+    "o1-preview-2024-09-12",
+    "o1-mini",
+    "o1-mini-2024-09-12",
+    "gpt-4o",
+    "gpt-4o-2024-11-20",
+    "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+    "gpt-4o-2024-05-13",
+    "gpt-4o-audio-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-audio-preview-2024-10-01",
+    "gpt-4o-audio-preview-2024-12-17",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-audio-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-audio-preview-2024-12-17",
+    "gpt-4o-search-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-search-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-search-preview-2025-03-11",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-search-preview-2025-03-11",
+    "chatgpt-4o-latest",
+    "gpt-4o-mini",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18",
+    "gpt-4-turbo",
+    "gpt-4-turbo-2024-04-09",
+    "gpt-4-0125-preview",
+    "gpt-4-turbo-preview",
+    "gpt-4-1106-preview",
+    "gpt-4-vision-preview",
+    "gpt-4",
+    "gpt-4-0314",
+    "gpt-4-0613",
+    "gpt-4-32k",
+    "gpt-4-32k-0314",
+    "gpt-4-32k-0613",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-0301",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-0613",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-1106",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-0125",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k-0613",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/comparison_filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/comparison_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ec2651f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/comparison_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ComparisonFilter"]
+
+
+class ComparisonFilter(BaseModel):
+    key: str
+    """The key to compare against the value."""
+
+    type: Literal["eq", "ne", "gt", "gte", "lt", "lte"]
+    """Specifies the comparison operator: `eq`, `ne`, `gt`, `gte`, `lt`, `lte`.
+
+    - `eq`: equals
+    - `ne`: not equal
+    - `gt`: greater than
+    - `gte`: greater than or equal
+    - `lt`: less than
+    - `lte`: less than or equal
+    """
+
+    value: Union[str, float, bool]
+    """
+    The value to compare against the attribute key; supports string, number, or
+    boolean types.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/compound_filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/compound_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3aefa436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/compound_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .comparison_filter import ComparisonFilter
+
+__all__ = ["CompoundFilter", "Filter"]
+
+Filter: TypeAlias = Union[ComparisonFilter, object]
+
+
+class CompoundFilter(BaseModel):
+    filters: List[Filter]
+    """Array of filters to combine.
+
+    Items can be `ComparisonFilter` or `CompoundFilter`.
+    """
+
+    type: Literal["and", "or"]
+    """Type of operation: `and` or `or`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/error_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/error_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32d7045e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/error_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ErrorObject"]
+
+
+class ErrorObject(BaseModel):
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+
+    message: str
+
+    param: Optional[str] = None
+
+    type: str
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/function_definition.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/function_definition.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06baa231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/function_definition.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .function_parameters import FunctionParameters
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionDefinition"]
+
+
+class FunctionDefinition(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    """The name of the function to be called.
+
+    Must be a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or contain underscores and dashes, with a maximum length
+    of 64.
+    """
+
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    A description of what the function does, used by the model to choose when and
+    how to call the function.
+    """
+
+    parameters: Optional[FunctionParameters] = None
+    """The parameters the functions accepts, described as a JSON Schema object.
+
+    See the [guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) for
+    examples, and the
+    [JSON Schema reference](https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/) for
+    documentation about the format.
+
+    Omitting `parameters` defines a function with an empty parameter list.
+    """
+
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Whether to enable strict schema adherence when generating the function call.
+
+    If set to true, the model will follow the exact schema defined in the
+    `parameters` field. Only a subset of JSON Schema is supported when `strict` is
+    `true`. Learn more about Structured Outputs in the
+    [function calling guide](docs/guides/function-calling).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/function_parameters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/function_parameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3d83e34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/function_parameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionParameters"]
+
+FunctionParameters: TypeAlias = Dict[str, object]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/metadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0da88c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["Metadata"]
+
+Metadata: TypeAlias = Dict[str, str]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/reasoning.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/reasoning.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..107aab2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/reasoning.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from .reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+
+__all__ = ["Reasoning"]
+
+
+class Reasoning(BaseModel):
+    effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort] = None
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Constrains effort on reasoning for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+    supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+    result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+    """
+
+    generate_summary: Optional[Literal["auto", "concise", "detailed"]] = None
+    """**Deprecated:** use `summary` instead.
+
+    A summary of the reasoning performed by the model. This can be useful for
+    debugging and understanding the model's reasoning process. One of `auto`,
+    `concise`, or `detailed`.
+    """
+
+    summary: Optional[Literal["auto", "concise", "detailed"]] = None
+    """A summary of the reasoning performed by the model.
+
+    This can be useful for debugging and understanding the model's reasoning
+    process. One of `auto`, `concise`, or `detailed`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/reasoning_effort.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/reasoning_effort.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ace21b67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/reasoning_effort.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ReasoningEffort"]
+
+ReasoningEffort: TypeAlias = Optional[Literal["low", "medium", "high"]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_json_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_json_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2aaa5dbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_json_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatJSONObject"]
+
+
+class ResponseFormatJSONObject(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["json_object"]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `json_object`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_json_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_json_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7924446
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_json_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from pydantic import Field as FieldInfo
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatJSONSchema", "JSONSchema"]
+
+
+class JSONSchema(BaseModel):
+    name: str
+    """The name of the response format.
+
+    Must be a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or contain underscores and dashes, with a maximum length
+    of 64.
+    """
+
+    description: Optional[str] = None
+    """
+    A description of what the response format is for, used by the model to determine
+    how to respond in the format.
+    """
+
+    schema_: Optional[Dict[str, object]] = FieldInfo(alias="schema", default=None)
+    """
+    The schema for the response format, described as a JSON Schema object. Learn how
+    to build JSON schemas [here](https://json-schema.org/).
+    """
+
+    strict: Optional[bool] = None
+    """
+    Whether to enable strict schema adherence when generating the output. If set to
+    true, the model will always follow the exact schema defined in the `schema`
+    field. Only a subset of JSON Schema is supported when `strict` is `true`. To
+    learn more, read the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+    """
+
+
+class ResponseFormatJSONSchema(BaseModel):
+    json_schema: JSONSchema
+    """Structured Outputs configuration options, including a JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Literal["json_schema"]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `json_schema`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0c8cfb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/response_format_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatText"]
+
+
+class ResponseFormatText(BaseModel):
+    type: Literal["text"]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/responses_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/responses_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85f154fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared/responses_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from .chat_model import ChatModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponsesModel"]
+
+ResponsesModel: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ChatModel, Literal["o1-pro", "o1-pro-2025-03-19", "computer-use-preview", "computer-use-preview-2025-03-11"]
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88947108
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .metadata import Metadata as Metadata
+from .reasoning import Reasoning as Reasoning
+from .chat_model import ChatModel as ChatModel
+from .compound_filter import CompoundFilter as CompoundFilter
+from .responses_model import ResponsesModel as ResponsesModel
+from .reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort as ReasoningEffort
+from .comparison_filter import ComparisonFilter as ComparisonFilter
+from .function_definition import FunctionDefinition as FunctionDefinition
+from .function_parameters import FunctionParameters as FunctionParameters
+from .response_format_text import ResponseFormatText as ResponseFormatText
+from .response_format_json_object import ResponseFormatJSONObject as ResponseFormatJSONObject
+from .response_format_json_schema import ResponseFormatJSONSchema as ResponseFormatJSONSchema
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/__pycache__/responses_model.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/__pycache__/responses_model.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/chat_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/chat_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99e082fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/chat_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ChatModel"]
+
+ChatModel: TypeAlias = Literal[
+    "gpt-4.1",
+    "gpt-4.1-mini",
+    "gpt-4.1-nano",
+    "gpt-4.1-2025-04-14",
+    "gpt-4.1-mini-2025-04-14",
+    "gpt-4.1-nano-2025-04-14",
+    "o4-mini",
+    "o4-mini-2025-04-16",
+    "o3",
+    "o3-2025-04-16",
+    "o3-mini",
+    "o3-mini-2025-01-31",
+    "o1",
+    "o1-2024-12-17",
+    "o1-preview",
+    "o1-preview-2024-09-12",
+    "o1-mini",
+    "o1-mini-2024-09-12",
+    "gpt-4o",
+    "gpt-4o-2024-11-20",
+    "gpt-4o-2024-08-06",
+    "gpt-4o-2024-05-13",
+    "gpt-4o-audio-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-audio-preview-2024-10-01",
+    "gpt-4o-audio-preview-2024-12-17",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-audio-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-audio-preview-2024-12-17",
+    "gpt-4o-search-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-search-preview",
+    "gpt-4o-search-preview-2025-03-11",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-search-preview-2025-03-11",
+    "chatgpt-4o-latest",
+    "gpt-4o-mini",
+    "gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18",
+    "gpt-4-turbo",
+    "gpt-4-turbo-2024-04-09",
+    "gpt-4-0125-preview",
+    "gpt-4-turbo-preview",
+    "gpt-4-1106-preview",
+    "gpt-4-vision-preview",
+    "gpt-4",
+    "gpt-4-0314",
+    "gpt-4-0613",
+    "gpt-4-32k",
+    "gpt-4-32k-0314",
+    "gpt-4-32k-0613",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-0301",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-0613",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-1106",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-0125",
+    "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k-0613",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/comparison_filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/comparison_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38edd315
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/comparison_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ComparisonFilter"]
+
+
+class ComparisonFilter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    key: Required[str]
+    """The key to compare against the value."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["eq", "ne", "gt", "gte", "lt", "lte"]]
+    """Specifies the comparison operator: `eq`, `ne`, `gt`, `gte`, `lt`, `lte`.
+
+    - `eq`: equals
+    - `ne`: not equal
+    - `gt`: greater than
+    - `gte`: greater than or equal
+    - `lt`: less than
+    - `lte`: less than or equal
+    """
+
+    value: Required[Union[str, float, bool]]
+    """
+    The value to compare against the attribute key; supports string, number, or
+    boolean types.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/compound_filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/compound_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d12e9b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/compound_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union, Iterable
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .comparison_filter import ComparisonFilter
+
+__all__ = ["CompoundFilter", "Filter"]
+
+Filter: TypeAlias = Union[ComparisonFilter, object]
+
+
+class CompoundFilter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    filters: Required[Iterable[Filter]]
+    """Array of filters to combine.
+
+    Items can be `ComparisonFilter` or `CompoundFilter`.
+    """
+
+    type: Required[Literal["and", "or"]]
+    """Type of operation: `and` or `or`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/function_definition.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/function_definition.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d45ec13f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/function_definition.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from .function_parameters import FunctionParameters
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionDefinition"]
+
+
+class FunctionDefinition(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the function to be called.
+
+    Must be a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or contain underscores and dashes, with a maximum length
+    of 64.
+    """
+
+    description: str
+    """
+    A description of what the function does, used by the model to choose when and
+    how to call the function.
+    """
+
+    parameters: FunctionParameters
+    """The parameters the functions accepts, described as a JSON Schema object.
+
+    See the [guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/function-calling) for
+    examples, and the
+    [JSON Schema reference](https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/) for
+    documentation about the format.
+
+    Omitting `parameters` defines a function with an empty parameter list.
+    """
+
+    strict: Optional[bool]
+    """Whether to enable strict schema adherence when generating the function call.
+
+    If set to true, the model will follow the exact schema defined in the
+    `parameters` field. Only a subset of JSON Schema is supported when `strict` is
+    `true`. Learn more about Structured Outputs in the
+    [function calling guide](docs/guides/function-calling).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/function_parameters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/function_parameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45fc742d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/function_parameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["FunctionParameters"]
+
+FunctionParameters: TypeAlias = Dict[str, object]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/metadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..821650b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["Metadata"]
+
+Metadata: TypeAlias = Dict[str, str]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/reasoning.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/reasoning.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73e1a008
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/reasoning.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+from ..shared.reasoning_effort import ReasoningEffort
+
+__all__ = ["Reasoning"]
+
+
+class Reasoning(TypedDict, total=False):
+    effort: Optional[ReasoningEffort]
+    """**o-series models only**
+
+    Constrains effort on reasoning for
+    [reasoning models](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning). Currently
+    supported values are `low`, `medium`, and `high`. Reducing reasoning effort can
+    result in faster responses and fewer tokens used on reasoning in a response.
+    """
+
+    generate_summary: Optional[Literal["auto", "concise", "detailed"]]
+    """**Deprecated:** use `summary` instead.
+
+    A summary of the reasoning performed by the model. This can be useful for
+    debugging and understanding the model's reasoning process. One of `auto`,
+    `concise`, or `detailed`.
+    """
+
+    summary: Optional[Literal["auto", "concise", "detailed"]]
+    """A summary of the reasoning performed by the model.
+
+    This can be useful for debugging and understanding the model's reasoning
+    process. One of `auto`, `concise`, or `detailed`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/reasoning_effort.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/reasoning_effort.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6052c5ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/reasoning_effort.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = ["ReasoningEffort"]
+
+ReasoningEffort: TypeAlias = Optional[Literal["low", "medium", "high"]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_json_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_json_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4d1deaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_json_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatJSONObject"]
+
+
+class ResponseFormatJSONObject(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["json_object"]]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `json_object`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_json_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_json_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b0a13ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_json_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatJSONSchema", "JSONSchema"]
+
+
+class JSONSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    """The name of the response format.
+
+    Must be a-z, A-Z, 0-9, or contain underscores and dashes, with a maximum length
+    of 64.
+    """
+
+    description: str
+    """
+    A description of what the response format is for, used by the model to determine
+    how to respond in the format.
+    """
+
+    schema: Dict[str, object]
+    """
+    The schema for the response format, described as a JSON Schema object. Learn how
+    to build JSON schemas [here](https://json-schema.org/).
+    """
+
+    strict: Optional[bool]
+    """
+    Whether to enable strict schema adherence when generating the output. If set to
+    true, the model will always follow the exact schema defined in the `schema`
+    field. Only a subset of JSON Schema is supported when `strict` is `true`. To
+    learn more, read the
+    [Structured Outputs guide](https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/structured-outputs).
+    """
+
+
+class ResponseFormatJSONSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    json_schema: Required[JSONSchema]
+    """Structured Outputs configuration options, including a JSON Schema."""
+
+    type: Required[Literal["json_schema"]]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `json_schema`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3ef2b08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/response_format_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["ResponseFormatText"]
+
+
+class ResponseFormatText(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal["text"]]
+    """The type of response format being defined. Always `text`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/responses_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/responses_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bf0e137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/shared_params/responses_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypeAlias
+
+from ..shared.chat_model import ChatModel
+
+__all__ = ["ResponsesModel"]
+
+ResponsesModel: TypeAlias = Union[
+    str, ChatModel, Literal["o1-pro", "o1-pro-2025-03-19", "computer-use-preview", "computer-use-preview-2025-03-11"]
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb842442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["StaticFileChunkingStrategy"]
+
+
+class StaticFileChunkingStrategy(BaseModel):
+    chunk_overlap_tokens: int
+    """The number of tokens that overlap between chunks. The default value is `400`.
+
+    Note that the overlap must not exceed half of `max_chunk_size_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    max_chunk_size_tokens: int
+    """The maximum number of tokens in each chunk.
+
+    The default value is `800`. The minimum value is `100` and the maximum value is
+    `4096`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_object.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_object.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a95dce5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_object.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy import StaticFileChunkingStrategy
+
+__all__ = ["StaticFileChunkingStrategyObject"]
+
+
+class StaticFileChunkingStrategyObject(BaseModel):
+    static: StaticFileChunkingStrategy
+
+    type: Literal["static"]
+    """Always `static`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_object_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_object_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cdf35c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_object_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .static_file_chunking_strategy_param import StaticFileChunkingStrategyParam
+
+__all__ = ["StaticFileChunkingStrategyObjectParam"]
+
+
+class StaticFileChunkingStrategyObjectParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    static: Required[StaticFileChunkingStrategyParam]
+
+    type: Required[Literal["static"]]
+    """Always `static`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_param.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_param.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f917ac56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/static_file_chunking_strategy_param.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["StaticFileChunkingStrategyParam"]
+
+
+class StaticFileChunkingStrategyParam(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunk_overlap_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The number of tokens that overlap between chunks. The default value is `400`.
+
+    Note that the overlap must not exceed half of `max_chunk_size_tokens`.
+    """
+
+    max_chunk_size_tokens: Required[int]
+    """The maximum number of tokens in each chunk.
+
+    The default value is `800`. The minimum value is `100` and the maximum value is
+    `4096`.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..914b69a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .file_object import FileObject
+
+__all__ = ["Upload"]
+
+
+class Upload(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The Upload unique identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    bytes: int
+    """The intended number of bytes to be uploaded."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the Upload was created."""
+
+    expires_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the Upload will expire."""
+
+    filename: str
+    """The name of the file to be uploaded."""
+
+    object: Literal["upload"]
+    """The object type, which is always "upload"."""
+
+    purpose: str
+    """The intended purpose of the file.
+
+    [Please refer here](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/object#files/object-purpose)
+    for acceptable values.
+    """
+
+    status: Literal["pending", "completed", "cancelled", "expired"]
+    """The status of the Upload."""
+
+    file: Optional[FileObject] = None
+    """The `File` object represents a document that has been uploaded to OpenAI."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload_complete_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload_complete_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cce568d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload_complete_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["UploadCompleteParams"]
+
+
+class UploadCompleteParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    part_ids: Required[List[str]]
+    """The ordered list of Part IDs."""
+
+    md5: str
+    """
+    The optional md5 checksum for the file contents to verify if the bytes uploaded
+    matches what you expect.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ebabe6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/upload_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from .file_purpose import FilePurpose
+
+__all__ = ["UploadCreateParams"]
+
+
+class UploadCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    bytes: Required[int]
+    """The number of bytes in the file you are uploading."""
+
+    filename: Required[str]
+    """The name of the file to upload."""
+
+    mime_type: Required[str]
+    """The MIME type of the file.
+
+    This must fall within the supported MIME types for your file purpose. See the
+    supported MIME types for assistants and vision.
+    """
+
+    purpose: Required[FilePurpose]
+    """The intended purpose of the uploaded file.
+
+    See the
+    [documentation on File purposes](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files/create#files-create-purpose).
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41deb0ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .upload_part import UploadPart as UploadPart
+from .part_create_params import PartCreateParams as PartCreateParams
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__pycache__/part_create_params.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__pycache__/part_create_params.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__pycache__/upload_part.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/__pycache__/upload_part.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/part_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/part_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9851ca41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/part_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..._types import FileTypes
+
+__all__ = ["PartCreateParams"]
+
+
+class PartCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    data: Required[FileTypes]
+    """The chunk of bytes for this Part."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/upload_part.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/upload_part.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e09621d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/uploads/upload_part.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["UploadPart"]
+
+
+class UploadPart(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The upload Part unique identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the Part was created."""
+
+    object: Literal["upload.part"]
+    """The object type, which is always `upload.part`."""
+
+    upload_id: str
+    """The ID of the Upload object that this Part was added to."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2473a442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+from .shared.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStore", "FileCounts", "ExpiresAfter"]
+
+
+class FileCounts(BaseModel):
+    cancelled: int
+    """The number of files that were cancelled."""
+
+    completed: int
+    """The number of files that have been successfully processed."""
+
+    failed: int
+    """The number of files that have failed to process."""
+
+    in_progress: int
+    """The number of files that are currently being processed."""
+
+    total: int
+    """The total number of files."""
+
+
+class ExpiresAfter(BaseModel):
+    anchor: Literal["last_active_at"]
+    """Anchor timestamp after which the expiration policy applies.
+
+    Supported anchors: `last_active_at`.
+    """
+
+    days: int
+    """The number of days after the anchor time that the vector store will expire."""
+
+
+class VectorStore(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the vector store was created."""
+
+    file_counts: FileCounts
+
+    last_active_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the vector store was last active."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the vector store."""
+
+    object: Literal["vector_store"]
+    """The object type, which is always `vector_store`."""
+
+    status: Literal["expired", "in_progress", "completed"]
+    """
+    The status of the vector store, which can be either `expired`, `in_progress`, or
+    `completed`. A status of `completed` indicates that the vector store is ready
+    for use.
+    """
+
+    usage_bytes: int
+    """The total number of bytes used by the files in the vector store."""
+
+    expires_after: Optional[ExpiresAfter] = None
+    """The expiration policy for a vector store."""
+
+    expires_at: Optional[int] = None
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the vector store will expire."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..365d0936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+from .file_chunking_strategy_param import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreCreateParams", "ExpiresAfter"]
+
+
+class VectorStoreCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam
+    """The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s).
+
+    If not set, will use the `auto` strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is
+    non-empty.
+    """
+
+    expires_after: ExpiresAfter
+    """The expiration policy for a vector store."""
+
+    file_ids: List[str]
+    """
+    A list of [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs that
+    the vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+    files.
+    """
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the vector store."""
+
+
+class ExpiresAfter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    anchor: Required[Literal["last_active_at"]]
+    """Anchor timestamp after which the expiration policy applies.
+
+    Supported anchors: `last_active_at`.
+    """
+
+    days: Required[int]
+    """The number of days after the anchor time that the vector store will expire."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfac9ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreDeleted"]
+
+
+class VectorStoreDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    deleted: bool
+
+    object: Literal["vector_store.deleted"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e26ff90a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreListParams"]
+
+
+class VectorStoreListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    before: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `before` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, starting with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order to fetch the previous page
+    of the list.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_search_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_search_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17573d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_search_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List, Union
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypeAlias, TypedDict
+
+from .shared_params.compound_filter import CompoundFilter
+from .shared_params.comparison_filter import ComparisonFilter
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreSearchParams", "Filters", "RankingOptions"]
+
+
+class VectorStoreSearchParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    query: Required[Union[str, List[str]]]
+    """A query string for a search"""
+
+    filters: Filters
+    """A filter to apply based on file attributes."""
+
+    max_num_results: int
+    """The maximum number of results to return.
+
+    This number should be between 1 and 50 inclusive.
+    """
+
+    ranking_options: RankingOptions
+    """Ranking options for search."""
+
+    rewrite_query: bool
+    """Whether to rewrite the natural language query for vector search."""
+
+
+Filters: TypeAlias = Union[ComparisonFilter, CompoundFilter]
+
+
+class RankingOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    ranker: Literal["auto", "default-2024-11-15"]
+
+    score_threshold: float
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_search_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_search_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d78b71bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_search_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from .._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreSearchResponse", "Content"]
+
+
+class Content(BaseModel):
+    text: str
+    """The text content returned from search."""
+
+    type: Literal["text"]
+    """The type of content."""
+
+
+class VectorStoreSearchResponse(BaseModel):
+    attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are
+    strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a
+    maximum length of 512 characters, booleans, or numbers.
+    """
+
+    content: List[Content]
+    """Content chunks from the file."""
+
+    file_id: str
+    """The ID of the vector store file."""
+
+    filename: str
+    """The name of the vector store file."""
+
+    score: float
+    """The similarity score for the result."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f6ac639
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_store_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+from .shared_params.metadata import Metadata
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreUpdateParams", "ExpiresAfter"]
+
+
+class VectorStoreUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    expires_after: Optional[ExpiresAfter]
+    """The expiration policy for a vector store."""
+
+    metadata: Optional[Metadata]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard.
+
+    Keys are strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with
+    a maximum length of 512 characters.
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """The name of the vector store."""
+
+
+class ExpiresAfter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    anchor: Required[Literal["last_active_at"]]
+    """Anchor timestamp after which the expiration policy applies.
+
+    Supported anchors: `last_active_at`.
+    """
+
+    days: Required[int]
+    """The number of days after the anchor time that the vector store will expire."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96ce3014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .file_list_params import FileListParams as FileListParams
+from .vector_store_file import VectorStoreFile as VectorStoreFile
+from .file_create_params import FileCreateParams as FileCreateParams
+from .file_update_params import FileUpdateParams as FileUpdateParams
+from .file_content_response import FileContentResponse as FileContentResponse
+from .vector_store_file_batch import VectorStoreFileBatch as VectorStoreFileBatch
+from .file_batch_create_params import FileBatchCreateParams as FileBatchCreateParams
+from .vector_store_file_deleted import VectorStoreFileDeleted as VectorStoreFileDeleted
+from .file_batch_list_files_params import FileBatchListFilesParams as FileBatchListFilesParams
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_batch_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_batch_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a470f75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_batch_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..file_chunking_strategy_param import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+
+__all__ = ["FileBatchCreateParams"]
+
+
+class FileBatchCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_ids: Required[List[str]]
+    """
+    A list of [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) IDs that
+    the vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+    files.
+    """
+
+    attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are
+    strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a
+    maximum length of 512 characters, booleans, or numbers.
+    """
+
+    chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam
+    """The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s).
+
+    If not set, will use the `auto` strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is
+    non-empty.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_batch_list_files_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_batch_list_files_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a0a6c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_batch_list_files_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["FileBatchListFilesParams"]
+
+
+class FileBatchListFilesParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_id: Required[str]
+
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    before: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `before` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, starting with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order to fetch the previous page
+    of the list.
+    """
+
+    filter: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "failed", "cancelled"]
+    """Filter by file status.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, `failed`, `cancelled`.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_content_response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_content_response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32db2f2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_content_response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["FileContentResponse"]
+
+
+class FileContentResponse(BaseModel):
+    text: Optional[str] = None
+    """The text content"""
+
+    type: Optional[str] = None
+    """The content type (currently only `"text"`)"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_create_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_create_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b898925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_create_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+from ..file_chunking_strategy_param import FileChunkingStrategyParam
+
+__all__ = ["FileCreateParams"]
+
+
+class FileCreateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    file_id: Required[str]
+    """
+    A [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) ID that the
+    vector store should use. Useful for tools like `file_search` that can access
+    files.
+    """
+
+    attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are
+    strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a
+    maximum length of 512 characters, booleans, or numbers.
+    """
+
+    chunking_strategy: FileChunkingStrategyParam
+    """The chunking strategy used to chunk the file(s).
+
+    If not set, will use the `auto` strategy. Only applicable if `file_ids` is
+    non-empty.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_list_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_list_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..867b5fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_list_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["FileListParams"]
+
+
+class FileListParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    after: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `after` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, ending with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include after=obj_foo in order to fetch the next page of the
+    list.
+    """
+
+    before: str
+    """A cursor for use in pagination.
+
+    `before` is an object ID that defines your place in the list. For instance, if
+    you make a list request and receive 100 objects, starting with obj_foo, your
+    subsequent call can include before=obj_foo in order to fetch the previous page
+    of the list.
+    """
+
+    filter: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "failed", "cancelled"]
+    """Filter by file status.
+
+    One of `in_progress`, `completed`, `failed`, `cancelled`.
+    """
+
+    limit: int
+    """A limit on the number of objects to be returned.
+
+    Limit can range between 1 and 100, and the default is 20.
+    """
+
+    order: Literal["asc", "desc"]
+    """Sort order by the `created_at` timestamp of the objects.
+
+    `asc` for ascending order and `desc` for descending order.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_update_params.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_update_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebf540d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/file_update_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Required, TypedDict
+
+__all__ = ["FileUpdateParams"]
+
+
+class FileUpdateParams(TypedDict, total=False):
+    vector_store_id: Required[str]
+
+    attributes: Required[Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]]]
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are
+    strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a
+    maximum length of 512 characters, booleans, or numbers.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b59a61df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing import Dict, Union, Optional
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+from ..file_chunking_strategy import FileChunkingStrategy
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreFile", "LastError"]
+
+
+class LastError(BaseModel):
+    code: Literal["server_error", "unsupported_file", "invalid_file"]
+    """One of `server_error` or `rate_limit_exceeded`."""
+
+    message: str
+    """A human-readable description of the error."""
+
+
+class VectorStoreFile(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the vector store file was created."""
+
+    last_error: Optional[LastError] = None
+    """The last error associated with this vector store file.
+
+    Will be `null` if there are no errors.
+    """
+
+    object: Literal["vector_store.file"]
+    """The object type, which is always `vector_store.file`."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "cancelled", "failed"]
+    """
+    The status of the vector store file, which can be either `in_progress`,
+    `completed`, `cancelled`, or `failed`. The status `completed` indicates that the
+    vector store file is ready for use.
+    """
+
+    usage_bytes: int
+    """The total vector store usage in bytes.
+
+    Note that this may be different from the original file size.
+    """
+
+    vector_store_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    that the [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) is
+    attached to.
+    """
+
+    attributes: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, float, bool]]] = None
+    """Set of 16 key-value pairs that can be attached to an object.
+
+    This can be useful for storing additional information about the object in a
+    structured format, and querying for objects via API or the dashboard. Keys are
+    strings with a maximum length of 64 characters. Values are strings with a
+    maximum length of 512 characters, booleans, or numbers.
+    """
+
+    chunking_strategy: Optional[FileChunkingStrategy] = None
+    """The strategy used to chunk the file."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file_batch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file_batch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57dbfbd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file_batch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreFileBatch", "FileCounts"]
+
+
+class FileCounts(BaseModel):
+    cancelled: int
+    """The number of files that where cancelled."""
+
+    completed: int
+    """The number of files that have been processed."""
+
+    failed: int
+    """The number of files that have failed to process."""
+
+    in_progress: int
+    """The number of files that are currently being processed."""
+
+    total: int
+    """The total number of files."""
+
+
+class VectorStoreFileBatch(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+    """The identifier, which can be referenced in API endpoints."""
+
+    created_at: int
+    """
+    The Unix timestamp (in seconds) for when the vector store files batch was
+    created.
+    """
+
+    file_counts: FileCounts
+
+    object: Literal["vector_store.files_batch"]
+    """The object type, which is always `vector_store.file_batch`."""
+
+    status: Literal["in_progress", "completed", "cancelled", "failed"]
+    """
+    The status of the vector store files batch, which can be either `in_progress`,
+    `completed`, `cancelled` or `failed`.
+    """
+
+    vector_store_id: str
+    """
+    The ID of the
+    [vector store](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/vector-stores/object)
+    that the [File](https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference/files) is
+    attached to.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file_deleted.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file_deleted.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c856f26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/vector_stores/vector_store_file_deleted.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal
+
+from ..._models import BaseModel
+
+__all__ = ["VectorStoreFileDeleted"]
+
+
+class VectorStoreFileDeleted(BaseModel):
+    id: str
+
+    deleted: bool
+
+    object: Literal["vector_store.file.deleted"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/websocket_connection_options.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/websocket_connection_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40fd24ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/types/websocket_connection_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# File generated from our OpenAPI spec by Stainless. See CONTRIBUTING.md for details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing_extensions import Sequence, TypedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from websockets import Subprotocol
+    from websockets.extensions import ClientExtensionFactory
+
+
+class WebsocketConnectionOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Websocket connection options copied from `websockets`.
+
+    For example: https://websockets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/asyncio/client.html#websockets.asyncio.client.connect
+    """
+
+    extensions: Sequence[ClientExtensionFactory] | None
+    """List of supported extensions, in order in which they should be negotiated and run."""
+
+    subprotocols: Sequence[Subprotocol] | None
+    """List of supported subprotocols, in order of decreasing preference."""
+
+    compression: str | None
+    """The “permessage-deflate” extension is enabled by default. Set compression to None to disable it. See the [compression guide](https://websockets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/topics/compression.html) for details."""
+
+    # limits
+    max_size: int | None
+    """Maximum size of incoming messages in bytes. None disables the limit."""
+
+    max_queue: int | None | tuple[int | None, int | None]
+    """High-water mark of the buffer where frames are received. It defaults to 16 frames. The low-water mark defaults to max_queue // 4. You may pass a (high, low) tuple to set the high-water and low-water marks. If you want to disable flow control entirely, you may set it to None, although that’s a bad idea."""
+
+    write_limit: int | tuple[int, int | None]
+    """High-water mark of write buffer in bytes. It is passed to set_write_buffer_limits(). It defaults to 32 KiB. You may pass a (high, low) tuple to set the high-water and low-water marks."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01a08ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/openai/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from ._version import __version__
+
+VERSION: str = __version__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f13acded
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,1143 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: orjson
+Version: 3.10.18
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Rust
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+License-File: LICENSE-APACHE
+License-File: LICENSE-MIT
+Summary: Fast, correct Python JSON library supporting dataclasses, datetimes, and numpy
+Keywords: fast,json,dataclass,dataclasses,datetime,rfc,8259,3339
+Author: ijl <ijl@mailbox.org>
+Author-email: ijl <ijl@mailbox.org>
+License: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown; charset=UTF-8; variant=GFM
+Project-URL: source, https://github.com/ijl/orjson
+Project-URL: documentation, https://github.com/ijl/orjson
+Project-URL: changelog, https://github.com/ijl/orjson/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md
+
+# orjson
+
+orjson is a fast, correct JSON library for Python. It
+[benchmarks](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#performance) as the fastest Python
+library for JSON and is more correct than the standard json library or other
+third-party libraries. It serializes
+[dataclass](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#dataclass),
+[datetime](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#datetime),
+[numpy](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#numpy), and
+[UUID](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#uuid) instances natively.
+
+[orjson.dumps()](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#serialize) is
+something like 10x as fast as `json`, serializes
+common types and subtypes, has a `default` parameter for the caller to specify
+how to serialize arbitrary types, and has a number of flags controlling output.
+
+[orjson.loads()](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#deserialize)
+is something like 2x as fast as `json`, and is strictly compliant with UTF-8 and
+RFC 8259 ("The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format").
+
+Reading from and writing to files, line-delimited JSON files, and so on is
+not provided by the library.
+
+orjson supports CPython 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, and 3.14.
+
+It distributes amd64/x86_64/x64, i686/x86, aarch64/arm64/armv8, arm7,
+ppc64le/POWER8, and s390x wheels for Linux, amd64 and aarch64 wheels
+for macOS, and amd64, i686, and aarch64 wheels for Windows.
+
+orjson does not and will not support PyPy, embedded Python builds for
+Android/iOS, or PEP 554 subinterpreters.
+
+orjson may support PEP 703 free-threading when it is stable.
+
+Releases follow semantic versioning and serializing a new object type
+without an opt-in flag is considered a breaking change.
+
+orjson is licensed under both the Apache 2.0 and MIT licenses. The
+repository and issue tracker is
+[github.com/ijl/orjson](https://github.com/ijl/orjson), and patches may be
+submitted there. There is a
+[CHANGELOG](https://github.com/ijl/orjson/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)
+available in the repository.
+
+1. [Usage](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#usage)
+    1. [Install](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#install)
+    2. [Quickstart](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#quickstart)
+    3. [Migrating](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#migrating)
+    4. [Serialize](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#serialize)
+        1. [default](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#default)
+        2. [option](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#option)
+        3. [Fragment](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#fragment)
+    5. [Deserialize](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#deserialize)
+2. [Types](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#types)
+    1. [dataclass](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#dataclass)
+    2. [datetime](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#datetime)
+    3. [enum](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#enum)
+    4. [float](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#float)
+    5. [int](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#int)
+    6. [numpy](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#numpy)
+    7. [str](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#str)
+    8. [uuid](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#uuid)
+3. [Testing](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#testing)
+4. [Performance](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#performance)
+    1. [Latency](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#latency)
+    2. [Reproducing](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#reproducing)
+5. [Questions](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#questions)
+6. [Packaging](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#packaging)
+7. [License](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#license)
+
+## Usage
+
+### Install
+
+To install a wheel from PyPI, install the `orjson` package.
+
+In `requirements.in` or `requirements.txt` format, specify:
+
+```txt
+orjson >= 3.10,<4
+```
+
+In `pyproject.toml` format, specify:
+
+```toml
+orjson = "^3.10"
+```
+
+To build a wheel, see [packaging](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#packaging).
+
+### Quickstart
+
+This is an example of serializing, with options specified, and deserializing:
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime, numpy
+>>> data = {
+    "type": "job",
+    "created_at": datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1),
+    "status": "🆗",
+    "payload": numpy.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]),
+}
+>>> orjson.dumps(data, option=orjson.OPT_NAIVE_UTC | orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY)
+b'{"type":"job","created_at":"1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00","status":"\xf0\x9f\x86\x97","payload":[[1,2],[3,4]]}'
+>>> orjson.loads(_)
+{'type': 'job', 'created_at': '1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00', 'status': '🆗', 'payload': [[1, 2], [3, 4]]}
+```
+
+### Migrating
+
+orjson version 3 serializes more types than version 2. Subclasses of `str`,
+`int`, `dict`, and `list` are now serialized. This is faster and more similar
+to the standard library. It can be disabled with
+`orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_SUBCLASS`.`dataclasses.dataclass` instances
+are now serialized by default and cannot be customized in a
+`default` function unless `option=orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATACLASS` is
+specified. `uuid.UUID` instances are serialized by default.
+For any type that is now serialized,
+implementations in a `default` function and options enabling them can be
+removed but do not need to be. There was no change in deserialization.
+
+To migrate from the standard library, the largest difference is that
+`orjson.dumps` returns `bytes` and `json.dumps` returns a `str`.
+
+Users with `dict` objects using non-`str` keys should specify `option=orjson.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS`.
+
+`sort_keys` is replaced by `option=orjson.OPT_SORT_KEYS`.
+
+`indent` is replaced by `option=orjson.OPT_INDENT_2` and other levels of indentation are not
+supported.
+
+`ensure_ascii` is probably not relevant today and UTF-8 characters cannot be
+escaped to ASCII.
+
+### Serialize
+
+```python
+def dumps(
+    __obj: Any,
+    default: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = ...,
+    option: Optional[int] = ...,
+) -> bytes: ...
+```
+
+`dumps()` serializes Python objects to JSON.
+
+It natively serializes
+`str`, `dict`, `list`, `tuple`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `None`,
+`dataclasses.dataclass`, `typing.TypedDict`, `datetime.datetime`,
+`datetime.date`, `datetime.time`, `uuid.UUID`, `numpy.ndarray`, and
+`orjson.Fragment` instances. It supports arbitrary types through `default`. It
+serializes subclasses of `str`, `int`, `dict`, `list`,
+`dataclasses.dataclass`, and `enum.Enum`. It does not serialize subclasses
+of `tuple` to avoid serializing `namedtuple` objects as arrays. To avoid
+serializing subclasses, specify the option `orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_SUBCLASS`.
+
+The output is a `bytes` object containing UTF-8.
+
+The global interpreter lock (GIL) is held for the duration of the call.
+
+It raises `JSONEncodeError` on an unsupported type. This exception message
+describes the invalid object with the error message
+`Type is not JSON serializable: ...`. To fix this, specify
+[default](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#default).
+
+It raises `JSONEncodeError` on a `str` that contains invalid UTF-8.
+
+It raises `JSONEncodeError` on an integer that exceeds 64 bits by default or,
+with `OPT_STRICT_INTEGER`, 53 bits.
+
+It raises `JSONEncodeError` if a `dict` has a key of a type other than `str`,
+unless `OPT_NON_STR_KEYS` is specified.
+
+It raises `JSONEncodeError` if the output of `default` recurses to handling by
+`default` more than 254 levels deep.
+
+It raises `JSONEncodeError` on circular references.
+
+It raises `JSONEncodeError`  if a `tzinfo` on a datetime object is
+unsupported.
+
+`JSONEncodeError` is a subclass of `TypeError`. This is for compatibility
+with the standard library.
+
+If the failure was caused by an exception in `default` then
+`JSONEncodeError` chains the original exception as `__cause__`.
+
+#### default
+
+To serialize a subclass or arbitrary types, specify `default` as a
+callable that returns a supported type. `default` may be a function,
+lambda, or callable class instance. To specify that a type was not
+handled by `default`, raise an exception such as `TypeError`.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, decimal
+>>>
+def default(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, decimal.Decimal):
+        return str(obj)
+    raise TypeError
+
+>>> orjson.dumps(decimal.Decimal("0.0842389659712649442845"))
+JSONEncodeError: Type is not JSON serializable: decimal.Decimal
+>>> orjson.dumps(decimal.Decimal("0.0842389659712649442845"), default=default)
+b'"0.0842389659712649442845"'
+>>> orjson.dumps({1, 2}, default=default)
+orjson.JSONEncodeError: Type is not JSON serializable: set
+```
+
+The `default` callable may return an object that itself
+must be handled by `default` up to 254 times before an exception
+is raised.
+
+It is important that `default` raise an exception if a type cannot be handled.
+Python otherwise implicitly returns `None`, which appears to the caller
+like a legitimate value and is serialized:
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, json
+>>>
+def default(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, decimal.Decimal):
+        return str(obj)
+
+>>> orjson.dumps({"set":{1, 2}}, default=default)
+b'{"set":null}'
+>>> json.dumps({"set":{1, 2}}, default=default)
+'{"set":null}'
+```
+
+#### option
+
+To modify how data is serialized, specify `option`. Each `option` is an integer
+constant in `orjson`. To specify multiple options, mask them together, e.g.,
+`option=orjson.OPT_STRICT_INTEGER | orjson.OPT_NAIVE_UTC`.
+
+##### OPT_APPEND_NEWLINE
+
+Append `\n` to the output. This is a convenience and optimization for the
+pattern of `dumps(...) + "\n"`. `bytes` objects are immutable and this
+pattern copies the original contents.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>> orjson.dumps([])
+b"[]"
+>>> orjson.dumps([], option=orjson.OPT_APPEND_NEWLINE)
+b"[]\n"
+```
+
+##### OPT_INDENT_2
+
+Pretty-print output with an indent of two spaces. This is equivalent to
+`indent=2` in the standard library. Pretty printing is slower and the output
+larger. orjson is the fastest compared library at pretty printing and has
+much less of a slowdown to pretty print than the standard library does. This
+option is compatible with all other options.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>> orjson.dumps({"a": "b", "c": {"d": True}, "e": [1, 2]})
+b'{"a":"b","c":{"d":true},"e":[1,2]}'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+    {"a": "b", "c": {"d": True}, "e": [1, 2]},
+    option=orjson.OPT_INDENT_2
+)
+b'{\n  "a": "b",\n  "c": {\n    "d": true\n  },\n  "e": [\n    1,\n    2\n  ]\n}'
+```
+
+If displayed, the indentation and linebreaks appear like this:
+
+```json
+{
+  "a": "b",
+  "c": {
+    "d": true
+  },
+  "e": [
+    1,
+    2
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+This measures serializing the github.json fixture as compact (52KiB) or
+pretty (64KiB):
+
+| Library   |   compact (ms) |   pretty (ms) |   vs. orjson |
+|-----------|----------------|---------------|--------------|
+| orjson    |           0.01 |          0.02 |            1 |
+| json      |           0.13 |          0.54 |           34 |
+
+This measures serializing the citm_catalog.json fixture, more of a worst
+case due to the amount of nesting and newlines, as compact (489KiB) or
+pretty (1.1MiB):
+
+| Library   |   compact (ms) |   pretty (ms) |   vs. orjson |
+|-----------|----------------|---------------|--------------|
+| orjson    |           0.25 |          0.45 |          1   |
+| json      |           3.01 |         24.42 |         54.4 |
+
+This can be reproduced using the `pyindent` script.
+
+##### OPT_NAIVE_UTC
+
+Serialize `datetime.datetime` objects without a `tzinfo` as UTC. This
+has no effect on `datetime.datetime` objects that have `tzinfo` set.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0),
+    )
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0),
+        option=orjson.OPT_NAIVE_UTC,
+    )
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00"'
+```
+
+##### OPT_NON_STR_KEYS
+
+Serialize `dict` keys of type other than `str`. This allows `dict` keys
+to be one of `str`, `int`, `float`, `bool`, `None`, `datetime.datetime`,
+`datetime.date`, `datetime.time`, `enum.Enum`, and `uuid.UUID`. For comparison,
+the standard library serializes `str`, `int`, `float`, `bool` or `None` by
+default. orjson benchmarks as being faster at serializing non-`str` keys
+than other libraries. This option is slower for `str` keys than the default.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime, uuid
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        {uuid.UUID("7202d115-7ff3-4c81-a7c1-2a1f067b1ece"): [1, 2, 3]},
+        option=orjson.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS,
+    )
+b'{"7202d115-7ff3-4c81-a7c1-2a1f067b1ece":[1,2,3]}'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        {datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0): [1, 2, 3]},
+        option=orjson.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS | orjson.OPT_NAIVE_UTC,
+    )
+b'{"1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00":[1,2,3]}'
+```
+
+These types are generally serialized how they would be as
+values, e.g., `datetime.datetime` is still an RFC 3339 string and respects
+options affecting it. The exception is that `int` serialization does not
+respect `OPT_STRICT_INTEGER`.
+
+This option has the risk of creating duplicate keys. This is because non-`str`
+objects may serialize to the same `str` as an existing key, e.g.,
+`{"1": true, 1: false}`. The last key to be inserted to the `dict` will be
+serialized last and a JSON deserializer will presumably take the last
+occurrence of a key (in the above, `false`). The first value will be lost.
+
+This option is compatible with `orjson.OPT_SORT_KEYS`. If sorting is used,
+note the sort is unstable and will be unpredictable for duplicate keys.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+    {"other": 1, datetime.date(1970, 1, 5): 2, datetime.date(1970, 1, 3): 3},
+    option=orjson.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS | orjson.OPT_SORT_KEYS
+)
+b'{"1970-01-03":3,"1970-01-05":2,"other":1}'
+```
+
+This measures serializing 589KiB of JSON comprising a `list` of 100 `dict`
+in which each `dict` has both 365 randomly-sorted `int` keys representing epoch
+timestamps as well as one `str` key and the value for each key is a
+single integer. In "str keys", the keys were converted to `str` before
+serialization, and orjson still specifes `option=orjson.OPT_NON_STR_KEYS`
+(which is always somewhat slower).
+
+| Library   |   str keys (ms) |   int keys (ms) | int keys sorted (ms)   |
+|-----------|-----------------|-----------------|------------------------|
+| orjson    |            0.5  |            0.93 | 2.08                   |
+| json      |            2.72 |            3.59 |                        |
+
+json is blank because it
+raises `TypeError` on attempting to sort before converting all keys to `str`.
+This can be reproduced using the `pynonstr` script.
+
+##### OPT_OMIT_MICROSECONDS
+
+Do not serialize the `microsecond` field on `datetime.datetime` and
+`datetime.time` instances.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+    )
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00.000001"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+        option=orjson.OPT_OMIT_MICROSECONDS,
+    )
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00"'
+```
+
+##### OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATACLASS
+
+Passthrough `dataclasses.dataclass` instances to `default`. This allows
+customizing their output but is much slower.
+
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, dataclasses
+>>>
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class User:
+    id: str
+    name: str
+    password: str
+
+def default(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, User):
+        return {"id": obj.id, "name": obj.name}
+    raise TypeError
+
+>>> orjson.dumps(User("3b1", "asd", "zxc"))
+b'{"id":"3b1","name":"asd","password":"zxc"}'
+>>> orjson.dumps(User("3b1", "asd", "zxc"), option=orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATACLASS)
+TypeError: Type is not JSON serializable: User
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        User("3b1", "asd", "zxc"),
+        option=orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATACLASS,
+        default=default,
+    )
+b'{"id":"3b1","name":"asd"}'
+```
+
+##### OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATETIME
+
+Passthrough `datetime.datetime`, `datetime.date`, and `datetime.time` instances
+to `default`. This allows serializing datetimes to a custom format, e.g.,
+HTTP dates:
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime
+>>>
+def default(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, datetime.datetime):
+        return obj.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT")
+    raise TypeError
+
+>>> orjson.dumps({"created_at": datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1)})
+b'{"created_at":"1970-01-01T00:00:00"}'
+>>> orjson.dumps({"created_at": datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1)}, option=orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATETIME)
+TypeError: Type is not JSON serializable: datetime.datetime
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        {"created_at": datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1)},
+        option=orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATETIME,
+        default=default,
+    )
+b'{"created_at":"Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"}'
+```
+
+This does not affect datetimes in `dict` keys if using OPT_NON_STR_KEYS.
+
+##### OPT_PASSTHROUGH_SUBCLASS
+
+Passthrough subclasses of builtin types to `default`.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>>
+class Secret(str):
+    pass
+
+def default(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, Secret):
+        return "******"
+    raise TypeError
+
+>>> orjson.dumps(Secret("zxc"))
+b'"zxc"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(Secret("zxc"), option=orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_SUBCLASS)
+TypeError: Type is not JSON serializable: Secret
+>>> orjson.dumps(Secret("zxc"), option=orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_SUBCLASS, default=default)
+b'"******"'
+```
+
+This does not affect serializing subclasses as `dict` keys if using
+OPT_NON_STR_KEYS.
+
+##### OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS
+
+This is deprecated and has no effect in version 3. In version 2 this was
+required to serialize  `dataclasses.dataclass` instances. For more, see
+[dataclass](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#dataclass).
+
+##### OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY
+
+Serialize `numpy.ndarray` instances. For more, see
+[numpy](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#numpy).
+
+##### OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID
+
+This is deprecated and has no effect in version 3. In version 2 this was
+required to serialize `uuid.UUID` instances. For more, see
+[UUID](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#UUID).
+
+##### OPT_SORT_KEYS
+
+Serialize `dict` keys in sorted order. The default is to serialize in an
+unspecified order. This is equivalent to `sort_keys=True` in the standard
+library.
+
+This can be used to ensure the order is deterministic for hashing or tests.
+It has a substantial performance penalty and is not recommended in general.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>> orjson.dumps({"b": 1, "c": 2, "a": 3})
+b'{"b":1,"c":2,"a":3}'
+>>> orjson.dumps({"b": 1, "c": 2, "a": 3}, option=orjson.OPT_SORT_KEYS)
+b'{"a":3,"b":1,"c":2}'
+```
+
+This measures serializing the twitter.json fixture unsorted and sorted:
+
+| Library   |   unsorted (ms) |   sorted (ms) |   vs. orjson |
+|-----------|-----------------|---------------|--------------|
+| orjson    |            0.11 |          0.3  |          1   |
+| json      |            1.36 |          1.93 |          6.4 |
+
+The benchmark can be reproduced using the `pysort` script.
+
+The sorting is not collation/locale-aware:
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>> orjson.dumps({"a": 1, "ä": 2, "A": 3}, option=orjson.OPT_SORT_KEYS)
+b'{"A":3,"a":1,"\xc3\xa4":2}'
+```
+
+This is the same sorting behavior as the standard library.
+
+`dataclass` also serialize as maps but this has no effect on them.
+
+##### OPT_STRICT_INTEGER
+
+Enforce 53-bit limit on integers. The limit is otherwise 64 bits, the same as
+the Python standard library. For more, see [int](https://github.com/ijl/orjson?tab=readme-ov-file#int).
+
+##### OPT_UTC_Z
+
+Serialize a UTC timezone on `datetime.datetime` instances as `Z` instead
+of `+00:00`.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime, zoneinfo
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("UTC")),
+    )
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("UTC")),
+        option=orjson.OPT_UTC_Z
+    )
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00Z"'
+```
+
+#### Fragment
+
+`orjson.Fragment` includes already-serialized JSON in a document. This is an
+efficient way to include JSON blobs from a cache, JSONB field, or separately
+serialized object without first deserializing to Python objects via `loads()`.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>> orjson.dumps({"key": "zxc", "data": orjson.Fragment(b'{"a": "b", "c": 1}')})
+b'{"key":"zxc","data":{"a": "b", "c": 1}}'
+```
+
+It does no reformatting: `orjson.OPT_INDENT_2` will not affect a
+compact blob nor will a pretty-printed JSON blob be rewritten as compact.
+
+The input must be `bytes` or `str` and given as a positional argument.
+
+This raises `orjson.JSONEncodeError` if a `str` is given and the input is
+not valid UTF-8. It otherwise does no validation and it is possible to
+write invalid JSON. This does not escape characters. The implementation is
+tested to not crash if given invalid strings or invalid JSON.
+
+### Deserialize
+
+```python
+def loads(__obj: Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview, str]) -> Any: ...
+```
+
+`loads()` deserializes JSON to Python objects. It deserializes to `dict`,
+`list`, `int`, `float`, `str`, `bool`, and `None` objects.
+
+`bytes`, `bytearray`, `memoryview`, and `str` input are accepted. If the input
+exists as a `memoryview`, `bytearray`, or `bytes` object, it is recommended to
+pass these directly rather than creating an unnecessary `str` object. That is,
+`orjson.loads(b"{}")` instead of `orjson.loads(b"{}".decode("utf-8"))`. This
+has lower memory usage and lower latency.
+
+The input must be valid UTF-8.
+
+orjson maintains a cache of map keys for the duration of the process. This
+causes a net reduction in memory usage by avoiding duplicate strings. The
+keys must be at most 64 bytes to be cached and 2048 entries are stored.
+
+The global interpreter lock (GIL) is held for the duration of the call.
+
+It raises `JSONDecodeError` if given an invalid type or invalid
+JSON. This includes if the input contains `NaN`, `Infinity`, or `-Infinity`,
+which the standard library allows, but is not valid JSON.
+
+It raises `JSONDecodeError` if a combination of array or object recurses
+1024 levels deep.
+
+`JSONDecodeError` is a subclass of `json.JSONDecodeError` and `ValueError`.
+This is for compatibility with the standard library.
+
+## Types
+
+### dataclass
+
+orjson serializes instances of `dataclasses.dataclass` natively. It serializes
+instances 40-50x as fast as other libraries and avoids a severe slowdown seen
+in other libraries compared to serializing `dict`.
+
+It is supported to pass all variants of dataclasses, including dataclasses
+using `__slots__`, frozen dataclasses, those with optional or default
+attributes, and subclasses. There is a performance benefit to not
+using `__slots__`.
+
+| Library   |   dict (ms) |   dataclass (ms) |   vs. orjson |
+|-----------|-------------|------------------|--------------|
+| orjson    |        0.43 |             0.95 |            1 |
+| json      |        5.81 |            38.32 |           40 |
+
+This measures serializing 555KiB of JSON, orjson natively and other libraries
+using `default` to serialize the output of `dataclasses.asdict()`. This can be
+reproduced using the `pydataclass` script.
+
+Dataclasses are serialized as maps, with every attribute serialized and in
+the order given on class definition:
+
+```python
+>>> import dataclasses, orjson, typing
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class Member:
+    id: int
+    active: bool = dataclasses.field(default=False)
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class Object:
+    id: int
+    name: str
+    members: typing.List[Member]
+
+>>> orjson.dumps(Object(1, "a", [Member(1, True), Member(2)]))
+b'{"id":1,"name":"a","members":[{"id":1,"active":true},{"id":2,"active":false}]}'
+```
+
+### datetime
+
+orjson serializes `datetime.datetime` objects to
+[RFC 3339](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3339) format,
+e.g., "1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00". This is a subset of ISO 8601 and is
+compatible with `isoformat()` in the standard library.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime, zoneinfo
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+    datetime.datetime(2018, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("Australia/Adelaide"))
+)
+b'"2018-12-01T02:03:04.000009+10:30"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+    datetime.datetime(2100, 9, 1, 21, 55, 2).replace(tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo("UTC"))
+)
+b'"2100-09-01T21:55:02+00:00"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+    datetime.datetime(2100, 9, 1, 21, 55, 2)
+)
+b'"2100-09-01T21:55:02"'
+```
+
+`datetime.datetime` supports instances with a `tzinfo` that is `None`,
+`datetime.timezone.utc`, a timezone instance from the python3.9+ `zoneinfo`
+module, or a timezone instance from the third-party `pendulum`, `pytz`, or
+`dateutil`/`arrow` libraries.
+
+It is fastest to use the standard library's `zoneinfo.ZoneInfo` for timezones.
+
+`datetime.time` objects must not have a `tzinfo`.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime
+>>> orjson.dumps(datetime.time(12, 0, 15, 290))
+b'"12:00:15.000290"'
+```
+
+`datetime.date` objects will always serialize.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, datetime
+>>> orjson.dumps(datetime.date(1900, 1, 2))
+b'"1900-01-02"'
+```
+
+Errors with `tzinfo` result in `JSONEncodeError` being raised.
+
+To disable serialization of `datetime` objects specify the option
+`orjson.OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATETIME`.
+
+To use "Z" suffix instead of "+00:00" to indicate UTC ("Zulu") time, use the option
+`orjson.OPT_UTC_Z`.
+
+To assume datetimes without timezone are UTC, use the option `orjson.OPT_NAIVE_UTC`.
+
+### enum
+
+orjson serializes enums natively. Options apply to their values.
+
+```python
+>>> import enum, datetime, orjson
+>>>
+class DatetimeEnum(enum.Enum):
+    EPOCH = datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
+>>> orjson.dumps(DatetimeEnum.EPOCH)
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(DatetimeEnum.EPOCH, option=orjson.OPT_NAIVE_UTC)
+b'"1970-01-01T00:00:00+00:00"'
+```
+
+Enums with members that are not supported types can be serialized using
+`default`:
+
+```python
+>>> import enum, orjson
+>>>
+class Custom:
+    def __init__(self, val):
+        self.val = val
+
+def default(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, Custom):
+        return obj.val
+    raise TypeError
+
+class CustomEnum(enum.Enum):
+    ONE = Custom(1)
+
+>>> orjson.dumps(CustomEnum.ONE, default=default)
+b'1'
+```
+
+### float
+
+orjson serializes and deserializes double precision floats with no loss of
+precision and consistent rounding.
+
+`orjson.dumps()` serializes Nan, Infinity, and -Infinity, which are not
+compliant JSON, as `null`:
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, json
+>>> orjson.dumps([float("NaN"), float("Infinity"), float("-Infinity")])
+b'[null,null,null]'
+>>> json.dumps([float("NaN"), float("Infinity"), float("-Infinity")])
+'[NaN, Infinity, -Infinity]'
+```
+
+### int
+
+orjson serializes and deserializes 64-bit integers by default. The range
+supported is a signed 64-bit integer's minimum (-9223372036854775807) to
+an unsigned 64-bit integer's maximum (18446744073709551615). This
+is widely compatible, but there are implementations
+that only support 53-bits for integers, e.g.,
+web browsers. For those implementations, `dumps()` can be configured to
+raise a `JSONEncodeError` on values exceeding the 53-bit range.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>> orjson.dumps(9007199254740992)
+b'9007199254740992'
+>>> orjson.dumps(9007199254740992, option=orjson.OPT_STRICT_INTEGER)
+JSONEncodeError: Integer exceeds 53-bit range
+>>> orjson.dumps(-9007199254740992, option=orjson.OPT_STRICT_INTEGER)
+JSONEncodeError: Integer exceeds 53-bit range
+```
+
+### numpy
+
+orjson natively serializes `numpy.ndarray` and individual
+`numpy.float64`, `numpy.float32`, `numpy.float16` (`numpy.half`),
+`numpy.int64`, `numpy.int32`, `numpy.int16`, `numpy.int8`,
+`numpy.uint64`, `numpy.uint32`, `numpy.uint16`, `numpy.uint8`,
+`numpy.uintp`, `numpy.intp`, `numpy.datetime64`, and `numpy.bool`
+instances.
+
+orjson is compatible with both numpy v1 and v2.
+
+orjson is faster than all compared libraries at serializing
+numpy instances. Serializing numpy data requires specifying
+`option=orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY`.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, numpy
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        numpy.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]),
+        option=orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY,
+)
+b'[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]'
+```
+
+The array must be a contiguous C array (`C_CONTIGUOUS`) and one of the
+supported datatypes.
+
+Note a difference between serializing `numpy.float32` using `ndarray.tolist()`
+or `orjson.dumps(..., option=orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY)`: `tolist()` converts
+to a `double` before serializing and orjson's native path does not. This
+can result in different rounding.
+
+`numpy.datetime64` instances are serialized as RFC 3339 strings and
+datetime options affect them.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, numpy
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        numpy.datetime64("2021-01-01T00:00:00.172"),
+        option=orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY,
+)
+b'"2021-01-01T00:00:00.172000"'
+>>> orjson.dumps(
+        numpy.datetime64("2021-01-01T00:00:00.172"),
+        option=(
+            orjson.OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY |
+            orjson.OPT_NAIVE_UTC |
+            orjson.OPT_OMIT_MICROSECONDS
+        ),
+)
+b'"2021-01-01T00:00:00+00:00"'
+```
+
+If an array is not a contiguous C array, contains an unsupported datatype,
+or contains a `numpy.datetime64` using an unsupported representation
+(e.g., picoseconds), orjson falls through to `default`. In `default`,
+`obj.tolist()` can be specified.
+
+If an array is not in the native endianness, e.g., an array of big-endian values
+on a little-endian system, `orjson.JSONEncodeError`  is raised.
+
+If an array is malformed, `orjson.JSONEncodeError` is raised.
+
+This measures serializing 92MiB of JSON from an `numpy.ndarray` with
+dimensions of `(50000, 100)` and `numpy.float64` values:
+
+| Library   | Latency (ms)   |   RSS diff (MiB) |   vs. orjson |
+|-----------|----------------|------------------|--------------|
+| orjson    | 105            |              105 |          1   |
+| json      | 1,481          |              295 |         14.2 |
+
+This measures serializing 100MiB of JSON from an `numpy.ndarray` with
+dimensions of `(100000, 100)` and `numpy.int32` values:
+
+| Library   |   Latency (ms) |   RSS diff (MiB) |   vs. orjson |
+|-----------|----------------|------------------|--------------|
+| orjson    |             68 |              119 |          1   |
+| json      |            684 |              501 |         10.1 |
+
+This measures serializing 105MiB of JSON from an `numpy.ndarray` with
+dimensions of `(100000, 200)` and `numpy.bool` values:
+
+| Library   |   Latency (ms) |   RSS diff (MiB) |   vs. orjson |
+|-----------|----------------|------------------|--------------|
+| orjson    |             50 |              125 |          1   |
+| json      |            573 |              398 |         11.5 |
+
+In these benchmarks, orjson serializes natively and `json` serializes
+`ndarray.tolist()` via `default`. The RSS column measures peak memory
+usage during serialization. This can be reproduced using the `pynumpy` script.
+
+orjson does not have an installation or compilation dependency on numpy. The
+implementation is independent, reading `numpy.ndarray` using
+`PyArrayInterface`.
+
+### str
+
+orjson is strict about UTF-8 conformance. This is stricter than the standard
+library's json module, which will serialize and deserialize UTF-16 surrogates,
+e.g., "\ud800", that are invalid UTF-8.
+
+If `orjson.dumps()` is given a `str` that does not contain valid UTF-8,
+`orjson.JSONEncodeError` is raised. If `loads()` receives invalid UTF-8,
+`orjson.JSONDecodeError` is raised.
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson, json
+>>> orjson.dumps('\ud800')
+JSONEncodeError: str is not valid UTF-8: surrogates not allowed
+>>> json.dumps('\ud800')
+'"\\ud800"'
+>>> orjson.loads('"\\ud800"')
+JSONDecodeError: unexpected end of hex escape at line 1 column 8: line 1 column 1 (char 0)
+>>> json.loads('"\\ud800"')
+'\ud800'
+```
+
+To make a best effort at deserializing bad input, first decode `bytes` using
+the `replace` or `lossy` argument for `errors`:
+
+```python
+>>> import orjson
+>>> orjson.loads(b'"\xed\xa0\x80"')
+JSONDecodeError: str is not valid UTF-8: surrogates not allowed
+>>> orjson.loads(b'"\xed\xa0\x80"'.decode("utf-8", "replace"))
+'���'
+```
+
+### uuid
+
+orjson serializes `uuid.UUID` instances to
+[RFC 4122](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4122) format, e.g.,
+"f81d4fae-7dec-11d0-a765-00a0c91e6bf6".
+
+``` python
+>>> import orjson, uuid
+>>> orjson.dumps(uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, "python.org"))
+b'"886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d"'
+```
+
+## Testing
+
+The library has comprehensive tests. There are tests against fixtures in the
+[JSONTestSuite](https://github.com/nst/JSONTestSuite) and
+[nativejson-benchmark](https://github.com/miloyip/nativejson-benchmark)
+repositories. It is tested to not crash against the
+[Big List of Naughty Strings](https://github.com/minimaxir/big-list-of-naughty-strings).
+It is tested to not leak memory. It is tested to not crash
+against and not accept invalid UTF-8. There are integration tests
+exercising the library's use in web servers (gunicorn using multiprocess/forked
+workers) and when
+multithreaded. It also uses some tests from the ultrajson library.
+
+orjson is the most correct of the compared libraries. This graph shows how each
+library handles a combined 342 JSON fixtures from the
+[JSONTestSuite](https://github.com/nst/JSONTestSuite) and
+[nativejson-benchmark](https://github.com/miloyip/nativejson-benchmark) tests:
+
+| Library    |   Invalid JSON documents not rejected |   Valid JSON documents not deserialized |
+|------------|---------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------|
+| orjson     |                                     0 |                                       0 |
+| json       |                                    17 |                                       0 |
+
+This shows that all libraries deserialize valid JSON but only orjson
+correctly rejects the given invalid JSON fixtures. Errors are largely due to
+accepting invalid strings and numbers.
+
+The graph above can be reproduced using the `pycorrectness` script.
+
+## Performance
+
+Serialization and deserialization performance of orjson is consistently better
+than the standard library's `json`. The graphs below illustrate a few commonly
+used documents.
+
+### Latency
+
+![Serialization](doc/serialization.png)
+
+![Deserialization](doc/deserialization.png)
+
+#### twitter.json serialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                             0.1 |                    8453 |                  1   |
+| json      |                             1.3 |                     765 |                 11.1 |
+
+#### twitter.json deserialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                             0.5 |                    1889 |                  1   |
+| json      |                             2.2 |                     453 |                  4.2 |
+
+#### github.json serialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                            0.01 |                  103693 |                  1   |
+| json      |                            0.13 |                    7648 |                 13.6 |
+
+#### github.json deserialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                            0.04 |                   23264 |                  1   |
+| json      |                            0.1  |                   10430 |                  2.2 |
+
+#### citm_catalog.json serialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                             0.3 |                    3975 |                  1   |
+| json      |                             3   |                     338 |                 11.8 |
+
+#### citm_catalog.json deserialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                             1.3 |                     781 |                  1   |
+| json      |                             4   |                     250 |                  3.1 |
+
+#### canada.json serialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                             2.5 |                     399 |                  1   |
+| json      |                            29.8 |                      33 |                 11.9 |
+
+#### canada.json deserialization
+
+| Library   |   Median latency (milliseconds) |   Operations per second |   Relative (latency) |
+|-----------|---------------------------------|-------------------------|----------------------|
+| orjson    |                               3 |                     333 |                    1 |
+| json      |                              18 |                      55 |                    6 |
+
+### Reproducing
+
+The above was measured using Python 3.11.10 in a Fedora 42 container on an
+x86-64-v4 machine using the
+`orjson-3.10.11-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux2014_x86_64.whl`
+artifact on PyPI. The latency results can be reproduced using the `pybench` script.
+
+## Questions
+
+### Why can't I install it from PyPI?
+
+Probably `pip` needs to be upgraded to version 20.3 or later to support
+the latest manylinux_x_y or universal2 wheel formats.
+
+### "Cargo, the Rust package manager, is not installed or is not on PATH."
+
+This happens when there are no binary wheels (like manylinux) for your
+platform on PyPI. You can install [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) through
+`rustup` or a package manager and then it will compile.
+
+### Will it deserialize to dataclasses, UUIDs, decimals, etc or support object_hook?
+
+No. This requires a schema specifying what types are expected and how to
+handle errors etc. This is addressed by data validation libraries a
+level above this.
+
+### Will it serialize to `str`?
+
+No. `bytes` is the correct type for a serialized blob.
+
+### Will it support NDJSON or JSONL?
+
+No. [orjsonl](https://github.com/umarbutler/orjsonl) may be appropriate.
+
+### Will it support JSON5 or RJSON?
+
+No, it supports RFC 8259.
+
+## Packaging
+
+To package orjson requires at least [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) 1.82
+and the [maturin](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin) build tool. The recommended
+build command is:
+
+```sh
+maturin build --release --strip
+```
+
+It benefits from also having a C build environment to compile a faster
+deserialization backend. See this project's `manylinux_2_28` builds for an
+example using clang and LTO.
+
+The project's own CI tests against `nightly-2025-04-15` and stable 1.82. It
+is prudent to pin the nightly version because that channel can introduce
+breaking changes. There is a significant performance benefit to using
+nightly.
+
+orjson is tested for amd64, aarch64, and i686 on Linux and cross-compiles for
+arm7, ppc64le, and s390x. It is tested for either aarch64 or amd64 on macOS and
+cross-compiles for the other, depending on version. For Windows it is
+tested on amd64 and i686.
+
+There are no runtime dependencies other than libc.
+
+The source distribution on PyPI contains all dependencies' source and can be
+built without network access. The file can be downloaded from
+`https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/source/o/orjson/orjson-${version}.tar.gz`.
+
+orjson's tests are included in the source distribution on PyPI. The tests
+require only `pytest`. There are optional packages such as `pytz` and `numpy`
+listed in `test/requirements.txt` and used in ~10% of tests. Not having these
+dependencies causes the tests needing them to skip. Tests can be run
+with `pytest -q test`.
+
+## License
+
+orjson was written by ijl <<ijl@mailbox.org>>, copyright 2018 - 2025, available
+to you under either the Apache 2 license or MIT license at your choice.
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dcbcafad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=WJ5WKf3OwCF8D8OoezoTSvbtM-1vc1N5Wm-NzDDiFmU,43033
+orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/RECORD,,
+orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=jABKVkLC9kJr8mi_er5jOqpiQUjARSLXDUIIxDqsS50,96
+orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-APACHE,sha256=fP1zjFPWHHnwfjSPYiv3cHyQhCNwVNN_vgd4inX1iBw,11048
+orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-MIT,sha256=NlFq79yExdWh50hUJZE6ItvaaesZMMXoTWrklytRlLk,1046
+orjson/__init__.py,sha256=GY7U7qpt-AHEk7MnQD3HtPtYgsWKUdeUJQC__oTqHjc,616
+orjson/__init__.pyi,sha256=3r1kX_zbF63Z2znbRa0GZAjB0WwQ7vhDVAP29ZUG5VY,793
+orjson/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+orjson/orjson.cp312-win_amd64.pyd,sha256=1W8k1M6Z6VigAs1Lmat4rYtUcOq3uo_WffzAciVcy34,238080
+orjson/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26e0cfad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: maturin (1.8.3)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-APACHE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16fe87b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                              Apache License
+                        Version 2.0, January 2004
+                     http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
+   "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+   and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+   "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+   the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+   "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+   other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+   control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+   "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+   direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+   otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+   outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+   "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+   exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+   "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+   including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+   source, and configuration files.
+
+   "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+   transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+   not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+   and conversions to other media types.
+
+   "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+   Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+   copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+   (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+   "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+   form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+   editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+   represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+   of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+   separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+   the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+   "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+   the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+   to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+   submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+   or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+   the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+   means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+   to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+   communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+   and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+   Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+   excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+   designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+   "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+   on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+   subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+   publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+   Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+   use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+   where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+   by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+   Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+   with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+   institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+   cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+   or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+   or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+   granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+   as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+   Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+   modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+   meet the following conditions:
+
+   (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+       Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+   (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+       stating that You changed the files; and
+
+   (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+       that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+       attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+       excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+       the Derivative Works; and
+
+   (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+       distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+       include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+       within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+       pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+       of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+       as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+       documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+       within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+       wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+       of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+       do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+       notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+       or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+       that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+       as modifying the License.
+
+   You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+   may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+   for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+   for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+   reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+   the conditions stated in this License.
+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+   by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+   this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+   Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+   the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+   with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+   names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+   except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+   origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+   agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+   Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+   implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+   of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+   appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+   risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+   whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+   unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+   negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+   liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+   incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+   result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+   Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+   work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+   other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+   has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+   the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+   and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+   or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+   License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+   on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+   of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+   defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+   incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+   of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+   To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+   boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+   replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+   the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+   comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+   file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+   same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+   identification within third-party archives.
+
+Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-MIT b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31aa7938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson-3.10.18.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..892fd682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: (Apache-2.0 OR MIT)
+
+from .orjson import *
+from .orjson import __version__
+
+__all__ = (
+    "__version__",
+    "dumps",
+    "Fragment",
+    "JSONDecodeError",
+    "JSONEncodeError",
+    "loads",
+    "OPT_APPEND_NEWLINE",
+    "OPT_INDENT_2",
+    "OPT_NAIVE_UTC",
+    "OPT_NON_STR_KEYS",
+    "OPT_OMIT_MICROSECONDS",
+    "OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATACLASS",
+    "OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATETIME",
+    "OPT_PASSTHROUGH_SUBCLASS",
+    "OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS",
+    "OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY",
+    "OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID",
+    "OPT_SORT_KEYS",
+    "OPT_STRICT_INTEGER",
+    "OPT_UTC_Z",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__init__.pyi b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__init__.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2b84db7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__init__.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import json
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+__version__: str
+
+def dumps(
+    __obj: Any,
+    default: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = ...,
+    option: Optional[int] = ...,
+) -> bytes: ...
+def loads(__obj: Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview, str]) -> Any: ...
+
+class JSONDecodeError(json.JSONDecodeError): ...
+class JSONEncodeError(TypeError): ...
+
+class Fragment(tuple):
+    contents: Union[bytes, str]
+
+OPT_APPEND_NEWLINE: int
+OPT_INDENT_2: int
+OPT_NAIVE_UTC: int
+OPT_NON_STR_KEYS: int
+OPT_OMIT_MICROSECONDS: int
+OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATACLASS: int
+OPT_PASSTHROUGH_DATETIME: int
+OPT_PASSTHROUGH_SUBCLASS: int
+OPT_SERIALIZE_DATACLASS: int
+OPT_SERIALIZE_NUMPY: int
+OPT_SERIALIZE_UUID: int
+OPT_SORT_KEYS: int
+OPT_STRICT_INTEGER: int
+OPT_UTC_Z: int
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62e4def3
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/orjson.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/orjson.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37736cec
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/orjson.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/orjson/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f62d44e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+This software is made available under the terms of *either* of the licenses
+found in LICENSE.APACHE or LICENSE.BSD. Contributions to this software is made
+under the terms of *both* these licenses.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f433b1a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.BSD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.BSD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42ce7b75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.BSD
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Copyright (c) Donald Stufft and individual contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1479c869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.3
+Name: packaging
+Version: 24.2
+Summary: Core utilities for Python packages
+Author-email: Donald Stufft <donald@stufft.io>
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://packaging.pypa.io/
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/pypa/packaging
+
+packaging
+=========
+
+.. start-intro
+
+Reusable core utilities for various Python Packaging
+`interoperability specifications <https://packaging.python.org/specifications/>`_.
+
+This library provides utilities that implement the interoperability
+specifications which have clearly one correct behaviour (eg: :pep:`440`)
+or benefit greatly from having a single shared implementation (eg: :pep:`425`).
+
+.. end-intro
+
+The ``packaging`` project includes the following: version handling, specifiers,
+markers, requirements, tags, utilities.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+The `documentation`_ provides information and the API for the following:
+
+- Version Handling
+- Specifiers
+- Markers
+- Requirements
+- Tags
+- Utilities
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+Use ``pip`` to install these utilities::
+
+    pip install packaging
+
+The ``packaging`` library uses calendar-based versioning (``YY.N``).
+
+Discussion
+----------
+
+If you run into bugs, you can file them in our `issue tracker`_.
+
+You can also join ``#pypa`` on Freenode to ask questions or get involved.
+
+
+.. _`documentation`: https://packaging.pypa.io/
+.. _`issue tracker`: https://github.com/pypa/packaging/issues
+
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the packaging project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PSF Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _PSF Code of Conduct: https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
+
+Contributing
+------------
+
+The ``CONTRIBUTING.rst`` file outlines how to contribute to this project as
+well as how to report a potential security issue. The documentation for this
+project also covers information about `project development`_ and `security`_.
+
+.. _`project development`: https://packaging.pypa.io/en/latest/development/
+.. _`security`: https://packaging.pypa.io/en/latest/security/
+
+Project History
+---------------
+
+Please review the ``CHANGELOG.rst`` file or the `Changelog documentation`_ for
+recent changes and project history.
+
+.. _`Changelog documentation`: https://packaging.pypa.io/en/latest/changelog/
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e01c1a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+packaging-24.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=ytHvW9NA1z4HS6YU0m996spceUDD2MNIUuZcSQlobEg,197
+packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE,sha256=DVQuDIgE45qn836wDaWnYhSdxoLXgpRRKH4RuTjpRZQ,10174
+packaging-24.2.dist-info/LICENSE.BSD,sha256=tw5-m3QvHMb5SLNMFqo5_-zpQZY2S8iP8NIYDwAo-sU,1344
+packaging-24.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=ohH86s6k5mIfQxY2TS0LcSfADeOFa4BiCC-bxZV-pNs,3204
+packaging-24.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
+packaging-24.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=CpUCUxeHQbRN5UGRQHYRJorO5Af-Qy_fHMctcQ8DSGI,82
+packaging/__init__.py,sha256=dk4Ta_vmdVJxYHDcfyhvQNw8V3PgSBomKNXqg-D2JDY,494
+packaging/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+packaging/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+packaging/requirements.py,sha256=gYyRSAdbrIyKDY66ugIDUQjRMvxkH2ALioTmX3tnL6o,2947
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+packaging/tags.py,sha256=CFqrJzAzc2XNGexerH__T-Y5Iwq7WbsYXsiLERLWxY0,21014
+packaging/utils.py,sha256=0F3Hh9OFuRgrhTgGZUl5K22Fv1YP2tZl1z_2gO6kJiA,5050
+packaging/version.py,sha256=olfyuk_DPbflNkJ4wBWetXQ17c74x3DB501degUv7DY,16676
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3c6feef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging-24.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: flit 3.10.1
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d79f73c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+__title__ = "packaging"
+__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging"
+
+__version__ = "24.2"
+
+__author__ = "Donald Stufft and individual contributors"
+__email__ = "donald@stufft.io"
+
+__license__ = "BSD-2-Clause or Apache-2.0"
+__copyright__ = f"2014 {__author__}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/__pycache__/version.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/__pycache__/version.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_elffile.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_elffile.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25f4282c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_elffile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+"""
+ELF file parser.
+
+This provides a class ``ELFFile`` that parses an ELF executable in a similar
+interface to ``ZipFile``. Only the read interface is implemented.
+
+Based on: https://gist.github.com/lyssdod/f51579ae8d93c8657a5564aefc2ffbca
+ELF header: https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/gabi4+/ch4.eheader.html
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import os
+import struct
+from typing import IO
+
+
+class ELFInvalid(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class EIClass(enum.IntEnum):
+    C32 = 1
+    C64 = 2
+
+
+class EIData(enum.IntEnum):
+    Lsb = 1
+    Msb = 2
+
+
+class EMachine(enum.IntEnum):
+    I386 = 3
+    S390 = 22
+    Arm = 40
+    X8664 = 62
+    AArc64 = 183
+
+
+class ELFFile:
+    """
+    Representation of an ELF executable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, f: IO[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._f = f
+
+        try:
+            ident = self._read("16B")
+        except struct.error as e:
+            raise ELFInvalid("unable to parse identification") from e
+        magic = bytes(ident[:4])
+        if magic != b"\x7fELF":
+            raise ELFInvalid(f"invalid magic: {magic!r}")
+
+        self.capacity = ident[4]  # Format for program header (bitness).
+        self.encoding = ident[5]  # Data structure encoding (endianness).
+
+        try:
+            # e_fmt: Format for program header.
+            # p_fmt: Format for section header.
+            # p_idx: Indexes to find p_type, p_offset, and p_filesz.
+            e_fmt, self._p_fmt, self._p_idx = {
+                (1, 1): ("<HHIIIIIHHH", "<IIIIIIII", (0, 1, 4)),  # 32-bit LSB.
+                (1, 2): (">HHIIIIIHHH", ">IIIIIIII", (0, 1, 4)),  # 32-bit MSB.
+                (2, 1): ("<HHIQQQIHHH", "<IIQQQQQQ", (0, 2, 5)),  # 64-bit LSB.
+                (2, 2): (">HHIQQQIHHH", ">IIQQQQQQ", (0, 2, 5)),  # 64-bit MSB.
+            }[(self.capacity, self.encoding)]
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise ELFInvalid(
+                f"unrecognized capacity ({self.capacity}) or "
+                f"encoding ({self.encoding})"
+            ) from e
+
+        try:
+            (
+                _,
+                self.machine,  # Architecture type.
+                _,
+                _,
+                self._e_phoff,  # Offset of program header.
+                _,
+                self.flags,  # Processor-specific flags.
+                _,
+                self._e_phentsize,  # Size of section.
+                self._e_phnum,  # Number of sections.
+            ) = self._read(e_fmt)
+        except struct.error as e:
+            raise ELFInvalid("unable to parse machine and section information") from e
+
+    def _read(self, fmt: str) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+        return struct.unpack(fmt, self._f.read(struct.calcsize(fmt)))
+
+    @property
+    def interpreter(self) -> str | None:
+        """
+        The path recorded in the ``PT_INTERP`` section header.
+        """
+        for index in range(self._e_phnum):
+            self._f.seek(self._e_phoff + self._e_phentsize * index)
+            try:
+                data = self._read(self._p_fmt)
+            except struct.error:
+                continue
+            if data[self._p_idx[0]] != 3:  # Not PT_INTERP.
+                continue
+            self._f.seek(data[self._p_idx[1]])
+            return os.fsdecode(self._f.read(data[self._p_idx[2]])).strip("\0")
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_manylinux.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_manylinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61339a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_manylinux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+from typing import Generator, Iterator, NamedTuple, Sequence
+
+from ._elffile import EIClass, EIData, ELFFile, EMachine
+
+EF_ARM_ABIMASK = 0xFF000000
+EF_ARM_ABI_VER5 = 0x05000000
+EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD = 0x00000400
+
+
+# `os.PathLike` not a generic type until Python 3.9, so sticking with `str`
+# as the type for `path` until then.
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _parse_elf(path: str) -> Generator[ELFFile | None, None, None]:
+    try:
+        with open(path, "rb") as f:
+            yield ELFFile(f)
+    except (OSError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        yield None
+
+
+def _is_linux_armhf(executable: str) -> bool:
+    # hard-float ABI can be detected from the ELF header of the running
+    # process
+    # https://static.docs.arm.com/ihi0044/g/aaelf32.pdf
+    with _parse_elf(executable) as f:
+        return (
+            f is not None
+            and f.capacity == EIClass.C32
+            and f.encoding == EIData.Lsb
+            and f.machine == EMachine.Arm
+            and f.flags & EF_ARM_ABIMASK == EF_ARM_ABI_VER5
+            and f.flags & EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD == EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD
+        )
+
+
+def _is_linux_i686(executable: str) -> bool:
+    with _parse_elf(executable) as f:
+        return (
+            f is not None
+            and f.capacity == EIClass.C32
+            and f.encoding == EIData.Lsb
+            and f.machine == EMachine.I386
+        )
+
+
+def _have_compatible_abi(executable: str, archs: Sequence[str]) -> bool:
+    if "armv7l" in archs:
+        return _is_linux_armhf(executable)
+    if "i686" in archs:
+        return _is_linux_i686(executable)
+    allowed_archs = {
+        "x86_64",
+        "aarch64",
+        "ppc64",
+        "ppc64le",
+        "s390x",
+        "loongarch64",
+        "riscv64",
+    }
+    return any(arch in allowed_archs for arch in archs)
+
+
+# If glibc ever changes its major version, we need to know what the last
+# minor version was, so we can build the complete list of all versions.
+# For now, guess what the highest minor version might be, assume it will
+# be 50 for testing. Once this actually happens, update the dictionary
+# with the actual value.
+_LAST_GLIBC_MINOR: dict[int, int] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 50)
+
+
+class _GLibCVersion(NamedTuple):
+    major: int
+    minor: int
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string_confstr() -> str | None:
+    """
+    Primary implementation of glibc_version_string using os.confstr.
+    """
+    # os.confstr is quite a bit faster than ctypes.DLL. It's also less likely
+    # to be broken or missing. This strategy is used in the standard library
+    # platform module.
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/fcf1d003bf4f0100c/Lib/platform.py#L175-L183
+    try:
+        # Should be a string like "glibc 2.17".
+        version_string: str | None = os.confstr("CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION")
+        assert version_string is not None
+        _, version = version_string.rsplit()
+    except (AssertionError, AttributeError, OSError, ValueError):
+        # os.confstr() or CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION not available (or a bad value)...
+        return None
+    return version
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string_ctypes() -> str | None:
+    """
+    Fallback implementation of glibc_version_string using ctypes.
+    """
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    # ctypes.CDLL(None) internally calls dlopen(NULL), and as the dlopen
+    # manpage says, "If filename is NULL, then the returned handle is for the
+    # main program". This way we can let the linker do the work to figure out
+    # which libc our process is actually using.
+    #
+    # We must also handle the special case where the executable is not a
+    # dynamically linked executable. This can occur when using musl libc,
+    # for example. In this situation, dlopen() will error, leading to an
+    # OSError. Interestingly, at least in the case of musl, there is no
+    # errno set on the OSError. The single string argument used to construct
+    # OSError comes from libc itself and is therefore not portable to
+    # hard code here. In any case, failure to call dlopen() means we
+    # can proceed, so we bail on our attempt.
+    try:
+        process_namespace = ctypes.CDLL(None)
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        gnu_get_libc_version = process_namespace.gnu_get_libc_version
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Symbol doesn't exist -> therefore, we are not linked to
+        # glibc.
+        return None
+
+    # Call gnu_get_libc_version, which returns a string like "2.5"
+    gnu_get_libc_version.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    version_str: str = gnu_get_libc_version()
+    # py2 / py3 compatibility:
+    if not isinstance(version_str, str):
+        version_str = version_str.decode("ascii")
+
+    return version_str
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string() -> str | None:
+    """Returns glibc version string, or None if not using glibc."""
+    return _glibc_version_string_confstr() or _glibc_version_string_ctypes()
+
+
+def _parse_glibc_version(version_str: str) -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """Parse glibc version.
+
+    We use a regexp instead of str.split because we want to discard any
+    random junk that might come after the minor version -- this might happen
+    in patched/forked versions of glibc (e.g. Linaro's version of glibc
+    uses version strings like "2.20-2014.11"). See gh-3588.
+    """
+    m = re.match(r"(?P<major>[0-9]+)\.(?P<minor>[0-9]+)", version_str)
+    if not m:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"Expected glibc version with 2 components major.minor,"
+            f" got: {version_str}",
+            RuntimeWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return -1, -1
+    return int(m.group("major")), int(m.group("minor"))
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _get_glibc_version() -> tuple[int, int]:
+    version_str = _glibc_version_string()
+    if version_str is None:
+        return (-1, -1)
+    return _parse_glibc_version(version_str)
+
+
+# From PEP 513, PEP 600
+def _is_compatible(arch: str, version: _GLibCVersion) -> bool:
+    sys_glibc = _get_glibc_version()
+    if sys_glibc < version:
+        return False
+    # Check for presence of _manylinux module.
+    try:
+        import _manylinux
+    except ImportError:
+        return True
+    if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux_compatible"):
+        result = _manylinux.manylinux_compatible(version[0], version[1], arch)
+        if result is not None:
+            return bool(result)
+        return True
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 5):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux1_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux1_compatible)
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 12):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux2010_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux2010_compatible)
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 17):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux2014_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux2014_compatible)
+    return True
+
+
+_LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP = {
+    # CentOS 7 w/ glibc 2.17 (PEP 599)
+    (2, 17): "manylinux2014",
+    # CentOS 6 w/ glibc 2.12 (PEP 571)
+    (2, 12): "manylinux2010",
+    # CentOS 5 w/ glibc 2.5 (PEP 513)
+    (2, 5): "manylinux1",
+}
+
+
+def platform_tags(archs: Sequence[str]) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """Generate manylinux tags compatible to the current platform.
+
+    :param archs: Sequence of compatible architectures.
+        The first one shall be the closest to the actual architecture and be the part of
+        platform tag after the ``linux_`` prefix, e.g. ``x86_64``.
+        The ``linux_`` prefix is assumed as a prerequisite for the current platform to
+        be manylinux-compatible.
+
+    :returns: An iterator of compatible manylinux tags.
+    """
+    if not _have_compatible_abi(sys.executable, archs):
+        return
+    # Oldest glibc to be supported regardless of architecture is (2, 17).
+    too_old_glibc2 = _GLibCVersion(2, 16)
+    if set(archs) & {"x86_64", "i686"}:
+        # On x86/i686 also oldest glibc to be supported is (2, 5).
+        too_old_glibc2 = _GLibCVersion(2, 4)
+    current_glibc = _GLibCVersion(*_get_glibc_version())
+    glibc_max_list = [current_glibc]
+    # We can assume compatibility across glibc major versions.
+    # https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=24636
+    #
+    # Build a list of maximum glibc versions so that we can
+    # output the canonical list of all glibc from current_glibc
+    # down to too_old_glibc2, including all intermediary versions.
+    for glibc_major in range(current_glibc.major - 1, 1, -1):
+        glibc_minor = _LAST_GLIBC_MINOR[glibc_major]
+        glibc_max_list.append(_GLibCVersion(glibc_major, glibc_minor))
+    for arch in archs:
+        for glibc_max in glibc_max_list:
+            if glibc_max.major == too_old_glibc2.major:
+                min_minor = too_old_glibc2.minor
+            else:
+                # For other glibc major versions oldest supported is (x, 0).
+                min_minor = -1
+            for glibc_minor in range(glibc_max.minor, min_minor, -1):
+                glibc_version = _GLibCVersion(glibc_max.major, glibc_minor)
+                tag = "manylinux_{}_{}".format(*glibc_version)
+                if _is_compatible(arch, glibc_version):
+                    yield f"{tag}_{arch}"
+                # Handle the legacy manylinux1, manylinux2010, manylinux2014 tags.
+                if glibc_version in _LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP:
+                    legacy_tag = _LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP[glibc_version]
+                    if _is_compatible(arch, glibc_version):
+                        yield f"{legacy_tag}_{arch}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_musllinux.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_musllinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d2bf30b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_musllinux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""PEP 656 support.
+
+This module implements logic to detect if the currently running Python is
+linked against musl, and what musl version is used.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import Iterator, NamedTuple, Sequence
+
+from ._elffile import ELFFile
+
+
+class _MuslVersion(NamedTuple):
+    major: int
+    minor: int
+
+
+def _parse_musl_version(output: str) -> _MuslVersion | None:
+    lines = [n for n in (n.strip() for n in output.splitlines()) if n]
+    if len(lines) < 2 or lines[0][:4] != "musl":
+        return None
+    m = re.match(r"Version (\d+)\.(\d+)", lines[1])
+    if not m:
+        return None
+    return _MuslVersion(major=int(m.group(1)), minor=int(m.group(2)))
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _get_musl_version(executable: str) -> _MuslVersion | None:
+    """Detect currently-running musl runtime version.
+
+    This is done by checking the specified executable's dynamic linking
+    information, and invoking the loader to parse its output for a version
+    string. If the loader is musl, the output would be something like::
+
+        musl libc (x86_64)
+        Version 1.2.2
+        Dynamic Program Loader
+    """
+    try:
+        with open(executable, "rb") as f:
+            ld = ELFFile(f).interpreter
+    except (OSError, TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+    if ld is None or "musl" not in ld:
+        return None
+    proc = subprocess.run([ld], stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)
+    return _parse_musl_version(proc.stderr)
+
+
+def platform_tags(archs: Sequence[str]) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """Generate musllinux tags compatible to the current platform.
+
+    :param archs: Sequence of compatible architectures.
+        The first one shall be the closest to the actual architecture and be the part of
+        platform tag after the ``linux_`` prefix, e.g. ``x86_64``.
+        The ``linux_`` prefix is assumed as a prerequisite for the current platform to
+        be musllinux-compatible.
+
+    :returns: An iterator of compatible musllinux tags.
+    """
+    sys_musl = _get_musl_version(sys.executable)
+    if sys_musl is None:  # Python not dynamically linked against musl.
+        return
+    for arch in archs:
+        for minor in range(sys_musl.minor, -1, -1):
+            yield f"musllinux_{sys_musl.major}_{minor}_{arch}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import sysconfig
+
+    plat = sysconfig.get_platform()
+    assert plat.startswith("linux-"), "not linux"
+
+    print("plat:", plat)
+    print("musl:", _get_musl_version(sys.executable))
+    print("tags:", end=" ")
+    for t in platform_tags(re.sub(r"[.-]", "_", plat.split("-", 1)[-1])):
+        print(t, end="\n      ")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1238c06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+"""Handwritten parser of dependency specifiers.
+
+The docstring for each __parse_* function contains EBNF-inspired grammar representing
+the implementation.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+from typing import NamedTuple, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._tokenizer import DEFAULT_RULES, Tokenizer
+
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, value: str) -> None:
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}('{self}')>"
+
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class Variable(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+class Value(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return f'"{self}"'
+
+
+class Op(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+MarkerVar = Union[Variable, Value]
+MarkerItem = Tuple[MarkerVar, Op, MarkerVar]
+MarkerAtom = Union[MarkerItem, Sequence["MarkerAtom"]]
+MarkerList = Sequence[Union["MarkerList", MarkerAtom, str]]
+
+
+class ParsedRequirement(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    url: str
+    extras: list[str]
+    specifier: str
+    marker: MarkerList | None
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Recursive descent parser for dependency specifier
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def parse_requirement(source: str) -> ParsedRequirement:
+    return _parse_requirement(Tokenizer(source, rules=DEFAULT_RULES))
+
+
+def _parse_requirement(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> ParsedRequirement:
+    """
+    requirement = WS? IDENTIFIER WS? extras WS? requirement_details
+    """
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    name_token = tokenizer.expect(
+        "IDENTIFIER", expected="package name at the start of dependency specifier"
+    )
+    name = name_token.text
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    extras = _parse_extras(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    url, specifier, marker = _parse_requirement_details(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.expect("END", expected="end of dependency specifier")
+
+    return ParsedRequirement(name, url, extras, specifier, marker)
+
+
+def _parse_requirement_details(
+    tokenizer: Tokenizer,
+) -> tuple[str, str, MarkerList | None]:
+    """
+    requirement_details = AT URL (WS requirement_marker?)?
+                        | specifier WS? (requirement_marker)?
+    """
+
+    specifier = ""
+    url = ""
+    marker = None
+
+    if tokenizer.check("AT"):
+        tokenizer.read()
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+        url_start = tokenizer.position
+        url = tokenizer.expect("URL", expected="URL after @").text
+        if tokenizer.check("END", peek=True):
+            return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+        tokenizer.expect("WS", expected="whitespace after URL")
+
+        # The input might end after whitespace.
+        if tokenizer.check("END", peek=True):
+            return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+        marker = _parse_requirement_marker(
+            tokenizer, span_start=url_start, after="URL and whitespace"
+        )
+    else:
+        specifier_start = tokenizer.position
+        specifier = _parse_specifier(tokenizer)
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+        if tokenizer.check("END", peek=True):
+            return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+        marker = _parse_requirement_marker(
+            tokenizer,
+            span_start=specifier_start,
+            after=(
+                "version specifier"
+                if specifier
+                else "name and no valid version specifier"
+            ),
+        )
+
+    return (url, specifier, marker)
+
+
+def _parse_requirement_marker(
+    tokenizer: Tokenizer, *, span_start: int, after: str
+) -> MarkerList:
+    """
+    requirement_marker = SEMICOLON marker WS?
+    """
+
+    if not tokenizer.check("SEMICOLON"):
+        tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+            f"Expected end or semicolon (after {after})",
+            span_start=span_start,
+        )
+    tokenizer.read()
+
+    marker = _parse_marker(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return marker
+
+
+def _parse_extras(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    extras = (LEFT_BRACKET wsp* extras_list? wsp* RIGHT_BRACKET)?
+    """
+    if not tokenizer.check("LEFT_BRACKET", peek=True):
+        return []
+
+    with tokenizer.enclosing_tokens(
+        "LEFT_BRACKET",
+        "RIGHT_BRACKET",
+        around="extras",
+    ):
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        extras = _parse_extras_list(tokenizer)
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return extras
+
+
+def _parse_extras_list(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> list[str]:
+    """
+    extras_list = identifier (wsp* ',' wsp* identifier)*
+    """
+    extras: list[str] = []
+
+    if not tokenizer.check("IDENTIFIER"):
+        return extras
+
+    extras.append(tokenizer.read().text)
+
+    while True:
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        if tokenizer.check("IDENTIFIER", peek=True):
+            tokenizer.raise_syntax_error("Expected comma between extra names")
+        elif not tokenizer.check("COMMA"):
+            break
+
+        tokenizer.read()
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+        extra_token = tokenizer.expect("IDENTIFIER", expected="extra name after comma")
+        extras.append(extra_token.text)
+
+    return extras
+
+
+def _parse_specifier(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> str:
+    """
+    specifier = LEFT_PARENTHESIS WS? version_many WS? RIGHT_PARENTHESIS
+              | WS? version_many WS?
+    """
+    with tokenizer.enclosing_tokens(
+        "LEFT_PARENTHESIS",
+        "RIGHT_PARENTHESIS",
+        around="version specifier",
+    ):
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        parsed_specifiers = _parse_version_many(tokenizer)
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return parsed_specifiers
+
+
+def _parse_version_many(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> str:
+    """
+    version_many = (SPECIFIER (WS? COMMA WS? SPECIFIER)*)?
+    """
+    parsed_specifiers = ""
+    while tokenizer.check("SPECIFIER"):
+        span_start = tokenizer.position
+        parsed_specifiers += tokenizer.read().text
+        if tokenizer.check("VERSION_PREFIX_TRAIL", peek=True):
+            tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+                ".* suffix can only be used with `==` or `!=` operators",
+                span_start=span_start,
+                span_end=tokenizer.position + 1,
+            )
+        if tokenizer.check("VERSION_LOCAL_LABEL_TRAIL", peek=True):
+            tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+                "Local version label can only be used with `==` or `!=` operators",
+                span_start=span_start,
+                span_end=tokenizer.position,
+            )
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+        if not tokenizer.check("COMMA"):
+            break
+        parsed_specifiers += tokenizer.read().text
+        tokenizer.consume("WS")
+
+    return parsed_specifiers
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Recursive descent parser for marker expression
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def parse_marker(source: str) -> MarkerList:
+    return _parse_full_marker(Tokenizer(source, rules=DEFAULT_RULES))
+
+
+def _parse_full_marker(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerList:
+    retval = _parse_marker(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.expect("END", expected="end of marker expression")
+    return retval
+
+
+def _parse_marker(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerList:
+    """
+    marker = marker_atom (BOOLOP marker_atom)+
+    """
+    expression = [_parse_marker_atom(tokenizer)]
+    while tokenizer.check("BOOLOP"):
+        token = tokenizer.read()
+        expr_right = _parse_marker_atom(tokenizer)
+        expression.extend((token.text, expr_right))
+    return expression
+
+
+def _parse_marker_atom(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerAtom:
+    """
+    marker_atom = WS? LEFT_PARENTHESIS WS? marker WS? RIGHT_PARENTHESIS WS?
+                | WS? marker_item WS?
+    """
+
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    if tokenizer.check("LEFT_PARENTHESIS", peek=True):
+        with tokenizer.enclosing_tokens(
+            "LEFT_PARENTHESIS",
+            "RIGHT_PARENTHESIS",
+            around="marker expression",
+        ):
+            tokenizer.consume("WS")
+            marker: MarkerAtom = _parse_marker(tokenizer)
+            tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    else:
+        marker = _parse_marker_item(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    return marker
+
+
+def _parse_marker_item(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerItem:
+    """
+    marker_item = WS? marker_var WS? marker_op WS? marker_var WS?
+    """
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    marker_var_left = _parse_marker_var(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    marker_op = _parse_marker_op(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    marker_var_right = _parse_marker_var(tokenizer)
+    tokenizer.consume("WS")
+    return (marker_var_left, marker_op, marker_var_right)
+
+
+def _parse_marker_var(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> MarkerVar:
+    """
+    marker_var = VARIABLE | QUOTED_STRING
+    """
+    if tokenizer.check("VARIABLE"):
+        return process_env_var(tokenizer.read().text.replace(".", "_"))
+    elif tokenizer.check("QUOTED_STRING"):
+        return process_python_str(tokenizer.read().text)
+    else:
+        tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+            message="Expected a marker variable or quoted string"
+        )
+
+
+def process_env_var(env_var: str) -> Variable:
+    if env_var in ("platform_python_implementation", "python_implementation"):
+        return Variable("platform_python_implementation")
+    else:
+        return Variable(env_var)
+
+
+def process_python_str(python_str: str) -> Value:
+    value = ast.literal_eval(python_str)
+    return Value(str(value))
+
+
+def _parse_marker_op(tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> Op:
+    """
+    marker_op = IN | NOT IN | OP
+    """
+    if tokenizer.check("IN"):
+        tokenizer.read()
+        return Op("in")
+    elif tokenizer.check("NOT"):
+        tokenizer.read()
+        tokenizer.expect("WS", expected="whitespace after 'not'")
+        tokenizer.expect("IN", expected="'in' after 'not'")
+        return Op("not in")
+    elif tokenizer.check("OP"):
+        return Op(tokenizer.read().text)
+    else:
+        return tokenizer.raise_syntax_error(
+            "Expected marker operator, one of "
+            "<=, <, !=, ==, >=, >, ~=, ===, in, not in"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_structures.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90a6465f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+
+class InfinityType:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __neg__(self: object) -> "NegativeInfinityType":
+        return NegativeInfinity
+
+
+Infinity = InfinityType()
+
+
+class NegativeInfinityType:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "-Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self: object) -> InfinityType:
+        return Infinity
+
+
+NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinityType()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_tokenizer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_tokenizer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89d04160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/_tokenizer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import re
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Iterator, NoReturn
+
+from .specifiers import Specifier
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Token:
+    name: str
+    text: str
+    position: int
+
+
+class ParserSyntaxError(Exception):
+    """The provided source text could not be parsed correctly."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        *,
+        source: str,
+        span: tuple[int, int],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.span = span
+        self.message = message
+        self.source = source
+
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        marker = " " * self.span[0] + "~" * (self.span[1] - self.span[0]) + "^"
+        return "\n    ".join([self.message, self.source, marker])
+
+
+DEFAULT_RULES: dict[str, str | re.Pattern[str]] = {
+    "LEFT_PARENTHESIS": r"\(",
+    "RIGHT_PARENTHESIS": r"\)",
+    "LEFT_BRACKET": r"\[",
+    "RIGHT_BRACKET": r"\]",
+    "SEMICOLON": r";",
+    "COMMA": r",",
+    "QUOTED_STRING": re.compile(
+        r"""
+            (
+                ('[^']*')
+                |
+                ("[^"]*")
+            )
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE,
+    ),
+    "OP": r"(===|==|~=|!=|<=|>=|<|>)",
+    "BOOLOP": r"\b(or|and)\b",
+    "IN": r"\bin\b",
+    "NOT": r"\bnot\b",
+    "VARIABLE": re.compile(
+        r"""
+            \b(
+                python_version
+                |python_full_version
+                |os[._]name
+                |sys[._]platform
+                |platform_(release|system)
+                |platform[._](version|machine|python_implementation)
+                |python_implementation
+                |implementation_(name|version)
+                |extra
+            )\b
+        """,
+        re.VERBOSE,
+    ),
+    "SPECIFIER": re.compile(
+        Specifier._operator_regex_str + Specifier._version_regex_str,
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    ),
+    "AT": r"\@",
+    "URL": r"[^ \t]+",
+    "IDENTIFIER": r"\b[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9._-]*\b",
+    "VERSION_PREFIX_TRAIL": r"\.\*",
+    "VERSION_LOCAL_LABEL_TRAIL": r"\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*",
+    "WS": r"[ \t]+",
+    "END": r"$",
+}
+
+
+class Tokenizer:
+    """Context-sensitive token parsing.
+
+    Provides methods to examine the input stream to check whether the next token
+    matches.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        source: str,
+        *,
+        rules: dict[str, str | re.Pattern[str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.source = source
+        self.rules: dict[str, re.Pattern[str]] = {
+            name: re.compile(pattern) for name, pattern in rules.items()
+        }
+        self.next_token: Token | None = None
+        self.position = 0
+
+    def consume(self, name: str) -> None:
+        """Move beyond provided token name, if at current position."""
+        if self.check(name):
+            self.read()
+
+    def check(self, name: str, *, peek: bool = False) -> bool:
+        """Check whether the next token has the provided name.
+
+        By default, if the check succeeds, the token *must* be read before
+        another check. If `peek` is set to `True`, the token is not loaded and
+        would need to be checked again.
+        """
+        assert (
+            self.next_token is None
+        ), f"Cannot check for {name!r}, already have {self.next_token!r}"
+        assert name in self.rules, f"Unknown token name: {name!r}"
+
+        expression = self.rules[name]
+
+        match = expression.match(self.source, self.position)
+        if match is None:
+            return False
+        if not peek:
+            self.next_token = Token(name, match[0], self.position)
+        return True
+
+    def expect(self, name: str, *, expected: str) -> Token:
+        """Expect a certain token name next, failing with a syntax error otherwise.
+
+        The token is *not* read.
+        """
+        if not self.check(name):
+            raise self.raise_syntax_error(f"Expected {expected}")
+        return self.read()
+
+    def read(self) -> Token:
+        """Consume the next token and return it."""
+        token = self.next_token
+        assert token is not None
+
+        self.position += len(token.text)
+        self.next_token = None
+
+        return token
+
+    def raise_syntax_error(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        *,
+        span_start: int | None = None,
+        span_end: int | None = None,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        """Raise ParserSyntaxError at the given position."""
+        span = (
+            self.position if span_start is None else span_start,
+            self.position if span_end is None else span_end,
+        )
+        raise ParserSyntaxError(
+            message,
+            source=self.source,
+            span=span,
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def enclosing_tokens(
+        self, open_token: str, close_token: str, *, around: str
+    ) -> Iterator[None]:
+        if self.check(open_token):
+            open_position = self.position
+            self.read()
+        else:
+            open_position = None
+
+        yield
+
+        if open_position is None:
+            return
+
+        if not self.check(close_token):
+            self.raise_syntax_error(
+                f"Expected matching {close_token} for {open_token}, after {around}",
+                span_start=open_position,
+            )
+
+        self.read()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..569156d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#######################################################################################
+#
+# Adapted from:
+#  https://github.com/pypa/hatch/blob/5352e44/backend/src/hatchling/licenses/parse.py
+#
+# MIT License
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2017-present Ofek Lev <oss@ofek.dev>
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
+# software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
+# without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify,
+# merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+# conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies
+# or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+# INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+# PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+# HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE
+# OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+#
+# With additional allowance of arbitrary `LicenseRef-` identifiers, not just
+# `LicenseRef-Public-Domain` and `LicenseRef-Proprietary`.
+#
+#######################################################################################
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import NewType, cast
+
+from packaging.licenses._spdx import EXCEPTIONS, LICENSES
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NormalizedLicenseExpression",
+    "InvalidLicenseExpression",
+    "canonicalize_license_expression",
+]
+
+license_ref_allowed = re.compile("^[A-Za-z0-9.-]*$")
+
+NormalizedLicenseExpression = NewType("NormalizedLicenseExpression", str)
+
+
+class InvalidLicenseExpression(ValueError):
+    """Raised when a license-expression string is invalid
+
+    >>> canonicalize_license_expression("invalid")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    packaging.licenses.InvalidLicenseExpression: Invalid license expression: 'invalid'
+    """
+
+
+def canonicalize_license_expression(
+    raw_license_expression: str,
+) -> NormalizedLicenseExpression:
+    if not raw_license_expression:
+        message = f"Invalid license expression: {raw_license_expression!r}"
+        raise InvalidLicenseExpression(message)
+
+    # Pad any parentheses so tokenization can be achieved by merely splitting on
+    # whitespace.
+    license_expression = raw_license_expression.replace("(", " ( ").replace(")", " ) ")
+    licenseref_prefix = "LicenseRef-"
+    license_refs = {
+        ref.lower(): "LicenseRef-" + ref[len(licenseref_prefix) :]
+        for ref in license_expression.split()
+        if ref.lower().startswith(licenseref_prefix.lower())
+    }
+
+    # Normalize to lower case so we can look up licenses/exceptions
+    # and so boolean operators are Python-compatible.
+    license_expression = license_expression.lower()
+
+    tokens = license_expression.split()
+
+    # Rather than implementing boolean logic, we create an expression that Python can
+    # parse. Everything that is not involved with the grammar itself is treated as
+    # `False` and the expression should evaluate as such.
+    python_tokens = []
+    for token in tokens:
+        if token not in {"or", "and", "with", "(", ")"}:
+            python_tokens.append("False")
+        elif token == "with":
+            python_tokens.append("or")
+        elif token == "(" and python_tokens and python_tokens[-1] not in {"or", "and"}:
+            message = f"Invalid license expression: {raw_license_expression!r}"
+            raise InvalidLicenseExpression(message)
+        else:
+            python_tokens.append(token)
+
+    python_expression = " ".join(python_tokens)
+    try:
+        invalid = eval(python_expression, globals(), locals())
+    except Exception:
+        invalid = True
+
+    if invalid is not False:
+        message = f"Invalid license expression: {raw_license_expression!r}"
+        raise InvalidLicenseExpression(message) from None
+
+    # Take a final pass to check for unknown licenses/exceptions.
+    normalized_tokens = []
+    for token in tokens:
+        if token in {"or", "and", "with", "(", ")"}:
+            normalized_tokens.append(token.upper())
+            continue
+
+        if normalized_tokens and normalized_tokens[-1] == "WITH":
+            if token not in EXCEPTIONS:
+                message = f"Unknown license exception: {token!r}"
+                raise InvalidLicenseExpression(message)
+
+            normalized_tokens.append(EXCEPTIONS[token]["id"])
+        else:
+            if token.endswith("+"):
+                final_token = token[:-1]
+                suffix = "+"
+            else:
+                final_token = token
+                suffix = ""
+
+            if final_token.startswith("licenseref-"):
+                if not license_ref_allowed.match(final_token):
+                    message = f"Invalid licenseref: {final_token!r}"
+                    raise InvalidLicenseExpression(message)
+                normalized_tokens.append(license_refs[final_token] + suffix)
+            else:
+                if final_token not in LICENSES:
+                    message = f"Unknown license: {final_token!r}"
+                    raise InvalidLicenseExpression(message)
+                normalized_tokens.append(LICENSES[final_token]["id"] + suffix)
+
+    normalized_expression = " ".join(normalized_tokens)
+
+    return cast(
+        NormalizedLicenseExpression,
+        normalized_expression.replace("( ", "(").replace(" )", ")"),
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc7f7f17
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__pycache__/_spdx.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__pycache__/_spdx.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d295a1a
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/__pycache__/_spdx.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/_spdx.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/_spdx.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eac22276
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/licenses/_spdx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,759 @@
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TypedDict
+
+class SPDXLicense(TypedDict):
+    id: str
+    deprecated: bool
+
+class SPDXException(TypedDict):
+    id: str
+    deprecated: bool
+
+
+VERSION = '3.25.0'
+
+LICENSES: dict[str, SPDXLicense] = {
+    '0bsd': {'id': '0BSD', 'deprecated': False},
+    '3d-slicer-1.0': {'id': '3D-Slicer-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'aal': {'id': 'AAL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'abstyles': {'id': 'Abstyles', 'deprecated': False},
+    'adacore-doc': {'id': 'AdaCore-doc', 'deprecated': False},
+    'adobe-2006': {'id': 'Adobe-2006', 'deprecated': False},
+    'adobe-display-postscript': {'id': 'Adobe-Display-PostScript', 'deprecated': False},
+    'adobe-glyph': {'id': 'Adobe-Glyph', 'deprecated': False},
+    'adobe-utopia': {'id': 'Adobe-Utopia', 'deprecated': False},
+    'adsl': {'id': 'ADSL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'afl-1.1': {'id': 'AFL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'afl-1.2': {'id': 'AFL-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'afl-2.0': {'id': 'AFL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'afl-2.1': {'id': 'AFL-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'afl-3.0': {'id': 'AFL-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'afmparse': {'id': 'Afmparse', 'deprecated': False},
+    'agpl-1.0': {'id': 'AGPL-1.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'agpl-1.0-only': {'id': 'AGPL-1.0-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'agpl-1.0-or-later': {'id': 'AGPL-1.0-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'agpl-3.0': {'id': 'AGPL-3.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'agpl-3.0-only': {'id': 'AGPL-3.0-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'agpl-3.0-or-later': {'id': 'AGPL-3.0-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'aladdin': {'id': 'Aladdin', 'deprecated': False},
+    'amd-newlib': {'id': 'AMD-newlib', 'deprecated': False},
+    'amdplpa': {'id': 'AMDPLPA', 'deprecated': False},
+    'aml': {'id': 'AML', 'deprecated': False},
+    'aml-glslang': {'id': 'AML-glslang', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ampas': {'id': 'AMPAS', 'deprecated': False},
+    'antlr-pd': {'id': 'ANTLR-PD', 'deprecated': False},
+    'antlr-pd-fallback': {'id': 'ANTLR-PD-fallback', 'deprecated': False},
+    'any-osi': {'id': 'any-OSI', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apache-1.0': {'id': 'Apache-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apache-1.1': {'id': 'Apache-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apache-2.0': {'id': 'Apache-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apafml': {'id': 'APAFML', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apl-1.0': {'id': 'APL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'app-s2p': {'id': 'App-s2p', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apsl-1.0': {'id': 'APSL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apsl-1.1': {'id': 'APSL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apsl-1.2': {'id': 'APSL-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'apsl-2.0': {'id': 'APSL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'arphic-1999': {'id': 'Arphic-1999', 'deprecated': False},
+    'artistic-1.0': {'id': 'Artistic-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'artistic-1.0-cl8': {'id': 'Artistic-1.0-cl8', 'deprecated': False},
+    'artistic-1.0-perl': {'id': 'Artistic-1.0-Perl', 'deprecated': False},
+    'artistic-2.0': {'id': 'Artistic-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'aswf-digital-assets-1.0': {'id': 'ASWF-Digital-Assets-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'aswf-digital-assets-1.1': {'id': 'ASWF-Digital-Assets-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'baekmuk': {'id': 'Baekmuk', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bahyph': {'id': 'Bahyph', 'deprecated': False},
+    'barr': {'id': 'Barr', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bcrypt-solar-designer': {'id': 'bcrypt-Solar-Designer', 'deprecated': False},
+    'beerware': {'id': 'Beerware', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bitstream-charter': {'id': 'Bitstream-Charter', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bitstream-vera': {'id': 'Bitstream-Vera', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bittorrent-1.0': {'id': 'BitTorrent-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bittorrent-1.1': {'id': 'BitTorrent-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'blessing': {'id': 'blessing', 'deprecated': False},
+    'blueoak-1.0.0': {'id': 'BlueOak-1.0.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'boehm-gc': {'id': 'Boehm-GC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'borceux': {'id': 'Borceux', 'deprecated': False},
+    'brian-gladman-2-clause': {'id': 'Brian-Gladman-2-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'brian-gladman-3-clause': {'id': 'Brian-Gladman-3-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-1-clause': {'id': 'BSD-1-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-2-clause': {'id': 'BSD-2-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-2-clause-darwin': {'id': 'BSD-2-Clause-Darwin', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-2-clause-first-lines': {'id': 'BSD-2-Clause-first-lines', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-2-clause-freebsd': {'id': 'BSD-2-Clause-FreeBSD', 'deprecated': True},
+    'bsd-2-clause-netbsd': {'id': 'BSD-2-Clause-NetBSD', 'deprecated': True},
+    'bsd-2-clause-patent': {'id': 'BSD-2-Clause-Patent', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-2-clause-views': {'id': 'BSD-2-Clause-Views', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-acpica': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-acpica', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-attribution': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-Attribution', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-clear': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-Clear', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-flex': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-flex', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-hp': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-HP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-lbnl': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-LBNL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-modification': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-Modification', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-no-military-license': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-No-Military-License', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-no-nuclear-license': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-no-nuclear-license-2014': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-License-2014', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-no-nuclear-warranty': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-No-Nuclear-Warranty', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-open-mpi': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-Open-MPI', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-3-clause-sun': {'id': 'BSD-3-Clause-Sun', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-4-clause': {'id': 'BSD-4-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-4-clause-shortened': {'id': 'BSD-4-Clause-Shortened', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-4-clause-uc': {'id': 'BSD-4-Clause-UC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-4.3reno': {'id': 'BSD-4.3RENO', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-4.3tahoe': {'id': 'BSD-4.3TAHOE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-advertising-acknowledgement': {'id': 'BSD-Advertising-Acknowledgement', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-attribution-hpnd-disclaimer': {'id': 'BSD-Attribution-HPND-disclaimer', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-inferno-nettverk': {'id': 'BSD-Inferno-Nettverk', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-protection': {'id': 'BSD-Protection', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-source-beginning-file': {'id': 'BSD-Source-beginning-file', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-source-code': {'id': 'BSD-Source-Code', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-systemics': {'id': 'BSD-Systemics', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsd-systemics-w3works': {'id': 'BSD-Systemics-W3Works', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bsl-1.0': {'id': 'BSL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'busl-1.1': {'id': 'BUSL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bzip2-1.0.5': {'id': 'bzip2-1.0.5', 'deprecated': True},
+    'bzip2-1.0.6': {'id': 'bzip2-1.0.6', 'deprecated': False},
+    'c-uda-1.0': {'id': 'C-UDA-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cal-1.0': {'id': 'CAL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cal-1.0-combined-work-exception': {'id': 'CAL-1.0-Combined-Work-Exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'caldera': {'id': 'Caldera', 'deprecated': False},
+    'caldera-no-preamble': {'id': 'Caldera-no-preamble', 'deprecated': False},
+    'catharon': {'id': 'Catharon', 'deprecated': False},
+    'catosl-1.1': {'id': 'CATOSL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-1.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-2.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-2.5': {'id': 'CC-BY-2.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-2.5-au': {'id': 'CC-BY-2.5-AU', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-3.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-3.0-at': {'id': 'CC-BY-3.0-AT', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-3.0-au': {'id': 'CC-BY-3.0-AU', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-3.0-de': {'id': 'CC-BY-3.0-DE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-3.0-igo': {'id': 'CC-BY-3.0-IGO', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-3.0-nl': {'id': 'CC-BY-3.0-NL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-3.0-us': {'id': 'CC-BY-3.0-US', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-4.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-4.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-1.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-2.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-2.5': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-2.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-3.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-3.0-de': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-3.0-DE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-4.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-4.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-nd-1.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-ND-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-nd-2.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-ND-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-nd-2.5': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-ND-2.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-nd-3.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-nd-3.0-de': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0-DE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-nd-3.0-igo': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0-IGO', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-nd-4.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-1.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-2.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-2.0-de': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0-DE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-2.0-fr': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0-FR', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-2.0-uk': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0-UK', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-2.5': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-2.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-3.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-3.0-de': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0-DE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-3.0-igo': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-3.0-IGO', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nc-sa-4.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nd-1.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-ND-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nd-2.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-ND-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nd-2.5': {'id': 'CC-BY-ND-2.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nd-3.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-ND-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nd-3.0-de': {'id': 'CC-BY-ND-3.0-DE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-nd-4.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-ND-4.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-1.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-2.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-2.0-uk': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-2.0-UK', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-2.1-jp': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-2.1-JP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-2.5': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-2.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-3.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-3.0-at': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-3.0-AT', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-3.0-de': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-3.0-DE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-3.0-igo': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-3.0-IGO', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-by-sa-4.0': {'id': 'CC-BY-SA-4.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc-pddc': {'id': 'CC-PDDC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cc0-1.0': {'id': 'CC0-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cddl-1.0': {'id': 'CDDL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cddl-1.1': {'id': 'CDDL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cdl-1.0': {'id': 'CDL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cdla-permissive-1.0': {'id': 'CDLA-Permissive-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cdla-permissive-2.0': {'id': 'CDLA-Permissive-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cdla-sharing-1.0': {'id': 'CDLA-Sharing-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cecill-1.0': {'id': 'CECILL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cecill-1.1': {'id': 'CECILL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cecill-2.0': {'id': 'CECILL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cecill-2.1': {'id': 'CECILL-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cecill-b': {'id': 'CECILL-B', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cecill-c': {'id': 'CECILL-C', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cern-ohl-1.1': {'id': 'CERN-OHL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cern-ohl-1.2': {'id': 'CERN-OHL-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cern-ohl-p-2.0': {'id': 'CERN-OHL-P-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cern-ohl-s-2.0': {'id': 'CERN-OHL-S-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cern-ohl-w-2.0': {'id': 'CERN-OHL-W-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cfitsio': {'id': 'CFITSIO', 'deprecated': False},
+    'check-cvs': {'id': 'check-cvs', 'deprecated': False},
+    'checkmk': {'id': 'checkmk', 'deprecated': False},
+    'clartistic': {'id': 'ClArtistic', 'deprecated': False},
+    'clips': {'id': 'Clips', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cmu-mach': {'id': 'CMU-Mach', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cmu-mach-nodoc': {'id': 'CMU-Mach-nodoc', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cnri-jython': {'id': 'CNRI-Jython', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cnri-python': {'id': 'CNRI-Python', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cnri-python-gpl-compatible': {'id': 'CNRI-Python-GPL-Compatible', 'deprecated': False},
+    'coil-1.0': {'id': 'COIL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'community-spec-1.0': {'id': 'Community-Spec-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'condor-1.1': {'id': 'Condor-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'copyleft-next-0.3.0': {'id': 'copyleft-next-0.3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'copyleft-next-0.3.1': {'id': 'copyleft-next-0.3.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cornell-lossless-jpeg': {'id': 'Cornell-Lossless-JPEG', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cpal-1.0': {'id': 'CPAL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cpl-1.0': {'id': 'CPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cpol-1.02': {'id': 'CPOL-1.02', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cronyx': {'id': 'Cronyx', 'deprecated': False},
+    'crossword': {'id': 'Crossword', 'deprecated': False},
+    'crystalstacker': {'id': 'CrystalStacker', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cua-opl-1.0': {'id': 'CUA-OPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cube': {'id': 'Cube', 'deprecated': False},
+    'curl': {'id': 'curl', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cve-tou': {'id': 'cve-tou', 'deprecated': False},
+    'd-fsl-1.0': {'id': 'D-FSL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'dec-3-clause': {'id': 'DEC-3-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'diffmark': {'id': 'diffmark', 'deprecated': False},
+    'dl-de-by-2.0': {'id': 'DL-DE-BY-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'dl-de-zero-2.0': {'id': 'DL-DE-ZERO-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'doc': {'id': 'DOC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'docbook-schema': {'id': 'DocBook-Schema', 'deprecated': False},
+    'docbook-xml': {'id': 'DocBook-XML', 'deprecated': False},
+    'dotseqn': {'id': 'Dotseqn', 'deprecated': False},
+    'drl-1.0': {'id': 'DRL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'drl-1.1': {'id': 'DRL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'dsdp': {'id': 'DSDP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'dtoa': {'id': 'dtoa', 'deprecated': False},
+    'dvipdfm': {'id': 'dvipdfm', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ecl-1.0': {'id': 'ECL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ecl-2.0': {'id': 'ECL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ecos-2.0': {'id': 'eCos-2.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'efl-1.0': {'id': 'EFL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'efl-2.0': {'id': 'EFL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'egenix': {'id': 'eGenix', 'deprecated': False},
+    'elastic-2.0': {'id': 'Elastic-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'entessa': {'id': 'Entessa', 'deprecated': False},
+    'epics': {'id': 'EPICS', 'deprecated': False},
+    'epl-1.0': {'id': 'EPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'epl-2.0': {'id': 'EPL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'erlpl-1.1': {'id': 'ErlPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'etalab-2.0': {'id': 'etalab-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'eudatagrid': {'id': 'EUDatagrid', 'deprecated': False},
+    'eupl-1.0': {'id': 'EUPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'eupl-1.1': {'id': 'EUPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'eupl-1.2': {'id': 'EUPL-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'eurosym': {'id': 'Eurosym', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fair': {'id': 'Fair', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fbm': {'id': 'FBM', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fdk-aac': {'id': 'FDK-AAC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ferguson-twofish': {'id': 'Ferguson-Twofish', 'deprecated': False},
+    'frameworx-1.0': {'id': 'Frameworx-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'freebsd-doc': {'id': 'FreeBSD-DOC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'freeimage': {'id': 'FreeImage', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fsfap': {'id': 'FSFAP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fsfap-no-warranty-disclaimer': {'id': 'FSFAP-no-warranty-disclaimer', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fsful': {'id': 'FSFUL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fsfullr': {'id': 'FSFULLR', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fsfullrwd': {'id': 'FSFULLRWD', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ftl': {'id': 'FTL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'furuseth': {'id': 'Furuseth', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fwlw': {'id': 'fwlw', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gcr-docs': {'id': 'GCR-docs', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gd': {'id': 'GD', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.1': {'id': 'GFDL-1.1', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gfdl-1.1-invariants-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.1-invariants-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.1-invariants-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.1-invariants-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.1-no-invariants-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.1-no-invariants-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.1-no-invariants-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.1-no-invariants-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.1-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.1-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.1-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.1-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.2': {'id': 'GFDL-1.2', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gfdl-1.2-invariants-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.2-invariants-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.2-invariants-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.2-invariants-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.2-no-invariants-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.2-no-invariants-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.2-no-invariants-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.2-no-invariants-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.2-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.2-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.2-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.2-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.3': {'id': 'GFDL-1.3', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gfdl-1.3-invariants-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.3-invariants-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.3-invariants-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.3-invariants-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.3-no-invariants-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.3-no-invariants-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.3-only': {'id': 'GFDL-1.3-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gfdl-1.3-or-later': {'id': 'GFDL-1.3-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'giftware': {'id': 'Giftware', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gl2ps': {'id': 'GL2PS', 'deprecated': False},
+    'glide': {'id': 'Glide', 'deprecated': False},
+    'glulxe': {'id': 'Glulxe', 'deprecated': False},
+    'glwtpl': {'id': 'GLWTPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gnuplot': {'id': 'gnuplot', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-1.0': {'id': 'GPL-1.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-1.0+': {'id': 'GPL-1.0+', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-1.0-only': {'id': 'GPL-1.0-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-1.0-or-later': {'id': 'GPL-1.0-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-2.0': {'id': 'GPL-2.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-2.0+': {'id': 'GPL-2.0+', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-2.0-only': {'id': 'GPL-2.0-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-2.0-or-later': {'id': 'GPL-2.0-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-2.0-with-autoconf-exception': {'id': 'GPL-2.0-with-autoconf-exception', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-2.0-with-bison-exception': {'id': 'GPL-2.0-with-bison-exception', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-2.0-with-classpath-exception': {'id': 'GPL-2.0-with-classpath-exception', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-2.0-with-font-exception': {'id': 'GPL-2.0-with-font-exception', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-2.0-with-gcc-exception': {'id': 'GPL-2.0-with-GCC-exception', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-3.0': {'id': 'GPL-3.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-3.0+': {'id': 'GPL-3.0+', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-3.0-only': {'id': 'GPL-3.0-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-3.0-or-later': {'id': 'GPL-3.0-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-3.0-with-autoconf-exception': {'id': 'GPL-3.0-with-autoconf-exception', 'deprecated': True},
+    'gpl-3.0-with-gcc-exception': {'id': 'GPL-3.0-with-GCC-exception', 'deprecated': True},
+    'graphics-gems': {'id': 'Graphics-Gems', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gsoap-1.3b': {'id': 'gSOAP-1.3b', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gtkbook': {'id': 'gtkbook', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gutmann': {'id': 'Gutmann', 'deprecated': False},
+    'haskellreport': {'id': 'HaskellReport', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hdparm': {'id': 'hdparm', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hidapi': {'id': 'HIDAPI', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hippocratic-2.1': {'id': 'Hippocratic-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hp-1986': {'id': 'HP-1986', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hp-1989': {'id': 'HP-1989', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd': {'id': 'HPND', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-dec': {'id': 'HPND-DEC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-doc': {'id': 'HPND-doc', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-doc-sell': {'id': 'HPND-doc-sell', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-export-us': {'id': 'HPND-export-US', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-export-us-acknowledgement': {'id': 'HPND-export-US-acknowledgement', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-export-us-modify': {'id': 'HPND-export-US-modify', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-export2-us': {'id': 'HPND-export2-US', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-fenneberg-livingston': {'id': 'HPND-Fenneberg-Livingston', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-inria-imag': {'id': 'HPND-INRIA-IMAG', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-intel': {'id': 'HPND-Intel', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-kevlin-henney': {'id': 'HPND-Kevlin-Henney', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-markus-kuhn': {'id': 'HPND-Markus-Kuhn', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-merchantability-variant': {'id': 'HPND-merchantability-variant', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-mit-disclaimer': {'id': 'HPND-MIT-disclaimer', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-netrek': {'id': 'HPND-Netrek', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-pbmplus': {'id': 'HPND-Pbmplus', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-sell-mit-disclaimer-xserver': {'id': 'HPND-sell-MIT-disclaimer-xserver', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-sell-regexpr': {'id': 'HPND-sell-regexpr', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-sell-variant': {'id': 'HPND-sell-variant', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-sell-variant-mit-disclaimer': {'id': 'HPND-sell-variant-MIT-disclaimer', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-sell-variant-mit-disclaimer-rev': {'id': 'HPND-sell-variant-MIT-disclaimer-rev', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-uc': {'id': 'HPND-UC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'hpnd-uc-export-us': {'id': 'HPND-UC-export-US', 'deprecated': False},
+    'htmltidy': {'id': 'HTMLTIDY', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ibm-pibs': {'id': 'IBM-pibs', 'deprecated': False},
+    'icu': {'id': 'ICU', 'deprecated': False},
+    'iec-code-components-eula': {'id': 'IEC-Code-Components-EULA', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ijg': {'id': 'IJG', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ijg-short': {'id': 'IJG-short', 'deprecated': False},
+    'imagemagick': {'id': 'ImageMagick', 'deprecated': False},
+    'imatix': {'id': 'iMatix', 'deprecated': False},
+    'imlib2': {'id': 'Imlib2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'info-zip': {'id': 'Info-ZIP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'inner-net-2.0': {'id': 'Inner-Net-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'intel': {'id': 'Intel', 'deprecated': False},
+    'intel-acpi': {'id': 'Intel-ACPI', 'deprecated': False},
+    'interbase-1.0': {'id': 'Interbase-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ipa': {'id': 'IPA', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ipl-1.0': {'id': 'IPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'isc': {'id': 'ISC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'isc-veillard': {'id': 'ISC-Veillard', 'deprecated': False},
+    'jam': {'id': 'Jam', 'deprecated': False},
+    'jasper-2.0': {'id': 'JasPer-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'jpl-image': {'id': 'JPL-image', 'deprecated': False},
+    'jpnic': {'id': 'JPNIC', 'deprecated': False},
+    'json': {'id': 'JSON', 'deprecated': False},
+    'kastrup': {'id': 'Kastrup', 'deprecated': False},
+    'kazlib': {'id': 'Kazlib', 'deprecated': False},
+    'knuth-ctan': {'id': 'Knuth-CTAN', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lal-1.2': {'id': 'LAL-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lal-1.3': {'id': 'LAL-1.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'latex2e': {'id': 'Latex2e', 'deprecated': False},
+    'latex2e-translated-notice': {'id': 'Latex2e-translated-notice', 'deprecated': False},
+    'leptonica': {'id': 'Leptonica', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpl-2.0': {'id': 'LGPL-2.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'lgpl-2.0+': {'id': 'LGPL-2.0+', 'deprecated': True},
+    'lgpl-2.0-only': {'id': 'LGPL-2.0-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpl-2.0-or-later': {'id': 'LGPL-2.0-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpl-2.1': {'id': 'LGPL-2.1', 'deprecated': True},
+    'lgpl-2.1+': {'id': 'LGPL-2.1+', 'deprecated': True},
+    'lgpl-2.1-only': {'id': 'LGPL-2.1-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpl-2.1-or-later': {'id': 'LGPL-2.1-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpl-3.0': {'id': 'LGPL-3.0', 'deprecated': True},
+    'lgpl-3.0+': {'id': 'LGPL-3.0+', 'deprecated': True},
+    'lgpl-3.0-only': {'id': 'LGPL-3.0-only', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpl-3.0-or-later': {'id': 'LGPL-3.0-or-later', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpllr': {'id': 'LGPLLR', 'deprecated': False},
+    'libpng': {'id': 'Libpng', 'deprecated': False},
+    'libpng-2.0': {'id': 'libpng-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'libselinux-1.0': {'id': 'libselinux-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'libtiff': {'id': 'libtiff', 'deprecated': False},
+    'libutil-david-nugent': {'id': 'libutil-David-Nugent', 'deprecated': False},
+    'liliq-p-1.1': {'id': 'LiLiQ-P-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'liliq-r-1.1': {'id': 'LiLiQ-R-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'liliq-rplus-1.1': {'id': 'LiLiQ-Rplus-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'linux-man-pages-1-para': {'id': 'Linux-man-pages-1-para', 'deprecated': False},
+    'linux-man-pages-copyleft': {'id': 'Linux-man-pages-copyleft', 'deprecated': False},
+    'linux-man-pages-copyleft-2-para': {'id': 'Linux-man-pages-copyleft-2-para', 'deprecated': False},
+    'linux-man-pages-copyleft-var': {'id': 'Linux-man-pages-copyleft-var', 'deprecated': False},
+    'linux-openib': {'id': 'Linux-OpenIB', 'deprecated': False},
+    'loop': {'id': 'LOOP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lpd-document': {'id': 'LPD-document', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lpl-1.0': {'id': 'LPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lpl-1.02': {'id': 'LPL-1.02', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lppl-1.0': {'id': 'LPPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lppl-1.1': {'id': 'LPPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lppl-1.2': {'id': 'LPPL-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lppl-1.3a': {'id': 'LPPL-1.3a', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lppl-1.3c': {'id': 'LPPL-1.3c', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lsof': {'id': 'lsof', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lucida-bitmap-fonts': {'id': 'Lucida-Bitmap-Fonts', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lzma-sdk-9.11-to-9.20': {'id': 'LZMA-SDK-9.11-to-9.20', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lzma-sdk-9.22': {'id': 'LZMA-SDK-9.22', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mackerras-3-clause': {'id': 'Mackerras-3-Clause', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mackerras-3-clause-acknowledgment': {'id': 'Mackerras-3-Clause-acknowledgment', 'deprecated': False},
+    'magaz': {'id': 'magaz', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mailprio': {'id': 'mailprio', 'deprecated': False},
+    'makeindex': {'id': 'MakeIndex', 'deprecated': False},
+    'martin-birgmeier': {'id': 'Martin-Birgmeier', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mcphee-slideshow': {'id': 'McPhee-slideshow', 'deprecated': False},
+    'metamail': {'id': 'metamail', 'deprecated': False},
+    'minpack': {'id': 'Minpack', 'deprecated': False},
+    'miros': {'id': 'MirOS', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit': {'id': 'MIT', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-0': {'id': 'MIT-0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-advertising': {'id': 'MIT-advertising', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-cmu': {'id': 'MIT-CMU', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-enna': {'id': 'MIT-enna', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-feh': {'id': 'MIT-feh', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-festival': {'id': 'MIT-Festival', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-khronos-old': {'id': 'MIT-Khronos-old', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-modern-variant': {'id': 'MIT-Modern-Variant', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-open-group': {'id': 'MIT-open-group', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-testregex': {'id': 'MIT-testregex', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mit-wu': {'id': 'MIT-Wu', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mitnfa': {'id': 'MITNFA', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mmixware': {'id': 'MMIXware', 'deprecated': False},
+    'motosoto': {'id': 'Motosoto', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mpeg-ssg': {'id': 'MPEG-SSG', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mpi-permissive': {'id': 'mpi-permissive', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mpich2': {'id': 'mpich2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mpl-1.0': {'id': 'MPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mpl-1.1': {'id': 'MPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mpl-2.0': {'id': 'MPL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mpl-2.0-no-copyleft-exception': {'id': 'MPL-2.0-no-copyleft-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mplus': {'id': 'mplus', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ms-lpl': {'id': 'MS-LPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ms-pl': {'id': 'MS-PL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ms-rl': {'id': 'MS-RL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mtll': {'id': 'MTLL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mulanpsl-1.0': {'id': 'MulanPSL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mulanpsl-2.0': {'id': 'MulanPSL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'multics': {'id': 'Multics', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mup': {'id': 'Mup', 'deprecated': False},
+    'naist-2003': {'id': 'NAIST-2003', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nasa-1.3': {'id': 'NASA-1.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'naumen': {'id': 'Naumen', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nbpl-1.0': {'id': 'NBPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ncbi-pd': {'id': 'NCBI-PD', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ncgl-uk-2.0': {'id': 'NCGL-UK-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ncl': {'id': 'NCL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ncsa': {'id': 'NCSA', 'deprecated': False},
+    'net-snmp': {'id': 'Net-SNMP', 'deprecated': True},
+    'netcdf': {'id': 'NetCDF', 'deprecated': False},
+    'newsletr': {'id': 'Newsletr', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ngpl': {'id': 'NGPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nicta-1.0': {'id': 'NICTA-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nist-pd': {'id': 'NIST-PD', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nist-pd-fallback': {'id': 'NIST-PD-fallback', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nist-software': {'id': 'NIST-Software', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nlod-1.0': {'id': 'NLOD-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nlod-2.0': {'id': 'NLOD-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nlpl': {'id': 'NLPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nokia': {'id': 'Nokia', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nosl': {'id': 'NOSL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'noweb': {'id': 'Noweb', 'deprecated': False},
+    'npl-1.0': {'id': 'NPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'npl-1.1': {'id': 'NPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nposl-3.0': {'id': 'NPOSL-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nrl': {'id': 'NRL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ntp': {'id': 'NTP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ntp-0': {'id': 'NTP-0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nunit': {'id': 'Nunit', 'deprecated': True},
+    'o-uda-1.0': {'id': 'O-UDA-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oar': {'id': 'OAR', 'deprecated': False},
+    'occt-pl': {'id': 'OCCT-PL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oclc-2.0': {'id': 'OCLC-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'odbl-1.0': {'id': 'ODbL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'odc-by-1.0': {'id': 'ODC-By-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'offis': {'id': 'OFFIS', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ofl-1.0': {'id': 'OFL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ofl-1.0-no-rfn': {'id': 'OFL-1.0-no-RFN', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ofl-1.0-rfn': {'id': 'OFL-1.0-RFN', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ofl-1.1': {'id': 'OFL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ofl-1.1-no-rfn': {'id': 'OFL-1.1-no-RFN', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ofl-1.1-rfn': {'id': 'OFL-1.1-RFN', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ogc-1.0': {'id': 'OGC-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ogdl-taiwan-1.0': {'id': 'OGDL-Taiwan-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ogl-canada-2.0': {'id': 'OGL-Canada-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ogl-uk-1.0': {'id': 'OGL-UK-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ogl-uk-2.0': {'id': 'OGL-UK-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ogl-uk-3.0': {'id': 'OGL-UK-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ogtsl': {'id': 'OGTSL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-1.1': {'id': 'OLDAP-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-1.2': {'id': 'OLDAP-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-1.3': {'id': 'OLDAP-1.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-1.4': {'id': 'OLDAP-1.4', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.0': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.0.1': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.0.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.1': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.2': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.2.1': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.2.2': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.2.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.3': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.4': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.4', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.5': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.6': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.6', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.7': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.7', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oldap-2.8': {'id': 'OLDAP-2.8', 'deprecated': False},
+    'olfl-1.3': {'id': 'OLFL-1.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oml': {'id': 'OML', 'deprecated': False},
+    'openpbs-2.3': {'id': 'OpenPBS-2.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'openssl': {'id': 'OpenSSL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'openssl-standalone': {'id': 'OpenSSL-standalone', 'deprecated': False},
+    'openvision': {'id': 'OpenVision', 'deprecated': False},
+    'opl-1.0': {'id': 'OPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'opl-uk-3.0': {'id': 'OPL-UK-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'opubl-1.0': {'id': 'OPUBL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'oset-pl-2.1': {'id': 'OSET-PL-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'osl-1.0': {'id': 'OSL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'osl-1.1': {'id': 'OSL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'osl-2.0': {'id': 'OSL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'osl-2.1': {'id': 'OSL-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'osl-3.0': {'id': 'OSL-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'padl': {'id': 'PADL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'parity-6.0.0': {'id': 'Parity-6.0.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'parity-7.0.0': {'id': 'Parity-7.0.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'pddl-1.0': {'id': 'PDDL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'php-3.0': {'id': 'PHP-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'php-3.01': {'id': 'PHP-3.01', 'deprecated': False},
+    'pixar': {'id': 'Pixar', 'deprecated': False},
+    'pkgconf': {'id': 'pkgconf', 'deprecated': False},
+    'plexus': {'id': 'Plexus', 'deprecated': False},
+    'pnmstitch': {'id': 'pnmstitch', 'deprecated': False},
+    'polyform-noncommercial-1.0.0': {'id': 'PolyForm-Noncommercial-1.0.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'polyform-small-business-1.0.0': {'id': 'PolyForm-Small-Business-1.0.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'postgresql': {'id': 'PostgreSQL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ppl': {'id': 'PPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'psf-2.0': {'id': 'PSF-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'psfrag': {'id': 'psfrag', 'deprecated': False},
+    'psutils': {'id': 'psutils', 'deprecated': False},
+    'python-2.0': {'id': 'Python-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'python-2.0.1': {'id': 'Python-2.0.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'python-ldap': {'id': 'python-ldap', 'deprecated': False},
+    'qhull': {'id': 'Qhull', 'deprecated': False},
+    'qpl-1.0': {'id': 'QPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'qpl-1.0-inria-2004': {'id': 'QPL-1.0-INRIA-2004', 'deprecated': False},
+    'radvd': {'id': 'radvd', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rdisc': {'id': 'Rdisc', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rhecos-1.1': {'id': 'RHeCos-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rpl-1.1': {'id': 'RPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rpl-1.5': {'id': 'RPL-1.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rpsl-1.0': {'id': 'RPSL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rsa-md': {'id': 'RSA-MD', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rscpl': {'id': 'RSCPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ruby': {'id': 'Ruby', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ruby-pty': {'id': 'Ruby-pty', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sax-pd': {'id': 'SAX-PD', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sax-pd-2.0': {'id': 'SAX-PD-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'saxpath': {'id': 'Saxpath', 'deprecated': False},
+    'scea': {'id': 'SCEA', 'deprecated': False},
+    'schemereport': {'id': 'SchemeReport', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sendmail': {'id': 'Sendmail', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sendmail-8.23': {'id': 'Sendmail-8.23', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sgi-b-1.0': {'id': 'SGI-B-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sgi-b-1.1': {'id': 'SGI-B-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sgi-b-2.0': {'id': 'SGI-B-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sgi-opengl': {'id': 'SGI-OpenGL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sgp4': {'id': 'SGP4', 'deprecated': False},
+    'shl-0.5': {'id': 'SHL-0.5', 'deprecated': False},
+    'shl-0.51': {'id': 'SHL-0.51', 'deprecated': False},
+    'simpl-2.0': {'id': 'SimPL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sissl': {'id': 'SISSL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sissl-1.2': {'id': 'SISSL-1.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sl': {'id': 'SL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sleepycat': {'id': 'Sleepycat', 'deprecated': False},
+    'smlnj': {'id': 'SMLNJ', 'deprecated': False},
+    'smppl': {'id': 'SMPPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'snia': {'id': 'SNIA', 'deprecated': False},
+    'snprintf': {'id': 'snprintf', 'deprecated': False},
+    'softsurfer': {'id': 'softSurfer', 'deprecated': False},
+    'soundex': {'id': 'Soundex', 'deprecated': False},
+    'spencer-86': {'id': 'Spencer-86', 'deprecated': False},
+    'spencer-94': {'id': 'Spencer-94', 'deprecated': False},
+    'spencer-99': {'id': 'Spencer-99', 'deprecated': False},
+    'spl-1.0': {'id': 'SPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ssh-keyscan': {'id': 'ssh-keyscan', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ssh-openssh': {'id': 'SSH-OpenSSH', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ssh-short': {'id': 'SSH-short', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ssleay-standalone': {'id': 'SSLeay-standalone', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sspl-1.0': {'id': 'SSPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'standardml-nj': {'id': 'StandardML-NJ', 'deprecated': True},
+    'sugarcrm-1.1.3': {'id': 'SugarCRM-1.1.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sun-ppp': {'id': 'Sun-PPP', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sun-ppp-2000': {'id': 'Sun-PPP-2000', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sunpro': {'id': 'SunPro', 'deprecated': False},
+    'swl': {'id': 'SWL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'swrule': {'id': 'swrule', 'deprecated': False},
+    'symlinks': {'id': 'Symlinks', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tapr-ohl-1.0': {'id': 'TAPR-OHL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tcl': {'id': 'TCL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tcp-wrappers': {'id': 'TCP-wrappers', 'deprecated': False},
+    'termreadkey': {'id': 'TermReadKey', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tgppl-1.0': {'id': 'TGPPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'threeparttable': {'id': 'threeparttable', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tmate': {'id': 'TMate', 'deprecated': False},
+    'torque-1.1': {'id': 'TORQUE-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tosl': {'id': 'TOSL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tpdl': {'id': 'TPDL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tpl-1.0': {'id': 'TPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ttwl': {'id': 'TTWL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ttyp0': {'id': 'TTYP0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tu-berlin-1.0': {'id': 'TU-Berlin-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'tu-berlin-2.0': {'id': 'TU-Berlin-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ubuntu-font-1.0': {'id': 'Ubuntu-font-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ucar': {'id': 'UCAR', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ucl-1.0': {'id': 'UCL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ulem': {'id': 'ulem', 'deprecated': False},
+    'umich-merit': {'id': 'UMich-Merit', 'deprecated': False},
+    'unicode-3.0': {'id': 'Unicode-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'unicode-dfs-2015': {'id': 'Unicode-DFS-2015', 'deprecated': False},
+    'unicode-dfs-2016': {'id': 'Unicode-DFS-2016', 'deprecated': False},
+    'unicode-tou': {'id': 'Unicode-TOU', 'deprecated': False},
+    'unixcrypt': {'id': 'UnixCrypt', 'deprecated': False},
+    'unlicense': {'id': 'Unlicense', 'deprecated': False},
+    'upl-1.0': {'id': 'UPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'urt-rle': {'id': 'URT-RLE', 'deprecated': False},
+    'vim': {'id': 'Vim', 'deprecated': False},
+    'vostrom': {'id': 'VOSTROM', 'deprecated': False},
+    'vsl-1.0': {'id': 'VSL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'w3c': {'id': 'W3C', 'deprecated': False},
+    'w3c-19980720': {'id': 'W3C-19980720', 'deprecated': False},
+    'w3c-20150513': {'id': 'W3C-20150513', 'deprecated': False},
+    'w3m': {'id': 'w3m', 'deprecated': False},
+    'watcom-1.0': {'id': 'Watcom-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'widget-workshop': {'id': 'Widget-Workshop', 'deprecated': False},
+    'wsuipa': {'id': 'Wsuipa', 'deprecated': False},
+    'wtfpl': {'id': 'WTFPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'wxwindows': {'id': 'wxWindows', 'deprecated': True},
+    'x11': {'id': 'X11', 'deprecated': False},
+    'x11-distribute-modifications-variant': {'id': 'X11-distribute-modifications-variant', 'deprecated': False},
+    'x11-swapped': {'id': 'X11-swapped', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xdebug-1.03': {'id': 'Xdebug-1.03', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xerox': {'id': 'Xerox', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xfig': {'id': 'Xfig', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xfree86-1.1': {'id': 'XFree86-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xinetd': {'id': 'xinetd', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xkeyboard-config-zinoviev': {'id': 'xkeyboard-config-Zinoviev', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xlock': {'id': 'xlock', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xnet': {'id': 'Xnet', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xpp': {'id': 'xpp', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xskat': {'id': 'XSkat', 'deprecated': False},
+    'xzoom': {'id': 'xzoom', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ypl-1.0': {'id': 'YPL-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ypl-1.1': {'id': 'YPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zed': {'id': 'Zed', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zeeff': {'id': 'Zeeff', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zend-2.0': {'id': 'Zend-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zimbra-1.3': {'id': 'Zimbra-1.3', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zimbra-1.4': {'id': 'Zimbra-1.4', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zlib': {'id': 'Zlib', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zlib-acknowledgement': {'id': 'zlib-acknowledgement', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zpl-1.1': {'id': 'ZPL-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zpl-2.0': {'id': 'ZPL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'zpl-2.1': {'id': 'ZPL-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+}
+
+EXCEPTIONS: dict[str, SPDXException] = {
+    '389-exception': {'id': '389-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'asterisk-exception': {'id': 'Asterisk-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'asterisk-linking-protocols-exception': {'id': 'Asterisk-linking-protocols-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'autoconf-exception-2.0': {'id': 'Autoconf-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'autoconf-exception-3.0': {'id': 'Autoconf-exception-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'autoconf-exception-generic': {'id': 'Autoconf-exception-generic', 'deprecated': False},
+    'autoconf-exception-generic-3.0': {'id': 'Autoconf-exception-generic-3.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'autoconf-exception-macro': {'id': 'Autoconf-exception-macro', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bison-exception-1.24': {'id': 'Bison-exception-1.24', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bison-exception-2.2': {'id': 'Bison-exception-2.2', 'deprecated': False},
+    'bootloader-exception': {'id': 'Bootloader-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'classpath-exception-2.0': {'id': 'Classpath-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'clisp-exception-2.0': {'id': 'CLISP-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'cryptsetup-openssl-exception': {'id': 'cryptsetup-OpenSSL-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'digirule-foss-exception': {'id': 'DigiRule-FOSS-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ecos-exception-2.0': {'id': 'eCos-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'erlang-otp-linking-exception': {'id': 'erlang-otp-linking-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fawkes-runtime-exception': {'id': 'Fawkes-Runtime-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fltk-exception': {'id': 'FLTK-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'fmt-exception': {'id': 'fmt-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'font-exception-2.0': {'id': 'Font-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'freertos-exception-2.0': {'id': 'freertos-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gcc-exception-2.0': {'id': 'GCC-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gcc-exception-2.0-note': {'id': 'GCC-exception-2.0-note', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gcc-exception-3.1': {'id': 'GCC-exception-3.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gmsh-exception': {'id': 'Gmsh-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gnat-exception': {'id': 'GNAT-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gnome-examples-exception': {'id': 'GNOME-examples-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gnu-compiler-exception': {'id': 'GNU-compiler-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gnu-javamail-exception': {'id': 'gnu-javamail-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-3.0-interface-exception': {'id': 'GPL-3.0-interface-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-3.0-linking-exception': {'id': 'GPL-3.0-linking-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-3.0-linking-source-exception': {'id': 'GPL-3.0-linking-source-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gpl-cc-1.0': {'id': 'GPL-CC-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gstreamer-exception-2005': {'id': 'GStreamer-exception-2005', 'deprecated': False},
+    'gstreamer-exception-2008': {'id': 'GStreamer-exception-2008', 'deprecated': False},
+    'i2p-gpl-java-exception': {'id': 'i2p-gpl-java-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'kicad-libraries-exception': {'id': 'KiCad-libraries-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lgpl-3.0-linking-exception': {'id': 'LGPL-3.0-linking-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'libpri-openh323-exception': {'id': 'libpri-OpenH323-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'libtool-exception': {'id': 'Libtool-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'linux-syscall-note': {'id': 'Linux-syscall-note', 'deprecated': False},
+    'llgpl': {'id': 'LLGPL', 'deprecated': False},
+    'llvm-exception': {'id': 'LLVM-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'lzma-exception': {'id': 'LZMA-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'mif-exception': {'id': 'mif-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'nokia-qt-exception-1.1': {'id': 'Nokia-Qt-exception-1.1', 'deprecated': True},
+    'ocaml-lgpl-linking-exception': {'id': 'OCaml-LGPL-linking-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'occt-exception-1.0': {'id': 'OCCT-exception-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'openjdk-assembly-exception-1.0': {'id': 'OpenJDK-assembly-exception-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'openvpn-openssl-exception': {'id': 'openvpn-openssl-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'pcre2-exception': {'id': 'PCRE2-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ps-or-pdf-font-exception-20170817': {'id': 'PS-or-PDF-font-exception-20170817', 'deprecated': False},
+    'qpl-1.0-inria-2004-exception': {'id': 'QPL-1.0-INRIA-2004-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'qt-gpl-exception-1.0': {'id': 'Qt-GPL-exception-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'qt-lgpl-exception-1.1': {'id': 'Qt-LGPL-exception-1.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'qwt-exception-1.0': {'id': 'Qwt-exception-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'romic-exception': {'id': 'romic-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'rrdtool-floss-exception-2.0': {'id': 'RRDtool-FLOSS-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'sane-exception': {'id': 'SANE-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'shl-2.0': {'id': 'SHL-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'shl-2.1': {'id': 'SHL-2.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'stunnel-exception': {'id': 'stunnel-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'swi-exception': {'id': 'SWI-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'swift-exception': {'id': 'Swift-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'texinfo-exception': {'id': 'Texinfo-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'u-boot-exception-2.0': {'id': 'u-boot-exception-2.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'ubdl-exception': {'id': 'UBDL-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'universal-foss-exception-1.0': {'id': 'Universal-FOSS-exception-1.0', 'deprecated': False},
+    'vsftpd-openssl-exception': {'id': 'vsftpd-openssl-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+    'wxwindows-exception-3.1': {'id': 'WxWindows-exception-3.1', 'deprecated': False},
+    'x11vnc-openssl-exception': {'id': 'x11vnc-openssl-exception', 'deprecated': False},
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/markers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fb7f49cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Callable, TypedDict, cast
+
+from ._parser import MarkerAtom, MarkerList, Op, Value, Variable
+from ._parser import parse_marker as _parse_marker
+from ._tokenizer import ParserSyntaxError
+from .specifiers import InvalidSpecifier, Specifier
+from .utils import canonicalize_name
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvalidMarker",
+    "Marker",
+    "UndefinedComparison",
+    "UndefinedEnvironmentName",
+    "default_environment",
+]
+
+Operator = Callable[[str, str], bool]
+
+
+class InvalidMarker(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid marker was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedComparison(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid operation was attempted on a value that doesn't support it.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedEnvironmentName(ValueError):
+    """
+    A name was attempted to be used that does not exist inside of the
+    environment.
+    """
+
+
+class Environment(TypedDict):
+    implementation_name: str
+    """The implementation's identifier, e.g. ``'cpython'``."""
+
+    implementation_version: str
+    """
+    The implementation's version, e.g. ``'3.13.0a2'`` for CPython 3.13.0a2, or
+    ``'7.3.13'`` for PyPy3.10 v7.3.13.
+    """
+
+    os_name: str
+    """
+    The value of :py:data:`os.name`. The name of the operating system dependent module
+    imported, e.g. ``'posix'``.
+    """
+
+    platform_machine: str
+    """
+    Returns the machine type, e.g. ``'i386'``.
+
+    An empty string if the value cannot be determined.
+    """
+
+    platform_release: str
+    """
+    The system's release, e.g. ``'2.2.0'`` or ``'NT'``.
+
+    An empty string if the value cannot be determined.
+    """
+
+    platform_system: str
+    """
+    The system/OS name, e.g. ``'Linux'``, ``'Windows'`` or ``'Java'``.
+
+    An empty string if the value cannot be determined.
+    """
+
+    platform_version: str
+    """
+    The system's release version, e.g. ``'#3 on degas'``.
+
+    An empty string if the value cannot be determined.
+    """
+
+    python_full_version: str
+    """
+    The Python version as string ``'major.minor.patchlevel'``.
+
+    Note that unlike the Python :py:data:`sys.version`, this value will always include
+    the patchlevel (it defaults to 0).
+    """
+
+    platform_python_implementation: str
+    """
+    A string identifying the Python implementation, e.g. ``'CPython'``.
+    """
+
+    python_version: str
+    """The Python version as string ``'major.minor'``."""
+
+    sys_platform: str
+    """
+    This string contains a platform identifier that can be used to append
+    platform-specific components to :py:data:`sys.path`, for instance.
+
+    For Unix systems, except on Linux and AIX, this is the lowercased OS name as
+    returned by ``uname -s`` with the first part of the version as returned by
+    ``uname -r`` appended, e.g. ``'sunos5'`` or ``'freebsd8'``, at the time when Python
+    was built.
+    """
+
+
+def _normalize_extra_values(results: Any) -> Any:
+    """
+    Normalize extra values.
+    """
+    if isinstance(results[0], tuple):
+        lhs, op, rhs = results[0]
+        if isinstance(lhs, Variable) and lhs.value == "extra":
+            normalized_extra = canonicalize_name(rhs.value)
+            rhs = Value(normalized_extra)
+        elif isinstance(rhs, Variable) and rhs.value == "extra":
+            normalized_extra = canonicalize_name(lhs.value)
+            lhs = Value(normalized_extra)
+        results[0] = lhs, op, rhs
+    return results
+
+
+def _format_marker(
+    marker: list[str] | MarkerAtom | str, first: bool | None = True
+) -> str:
+    assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, str))
+
+    # Sometimes we have a structure like [[...]] which is a single item list
+    # where the single item is itself it's own list. In that case we want skip
+    # the rest of this function so that we don't get extraneous () on the
+    # outside.
+    if (
+        isinstance(marker, list)
+        and len(marker) == 1
+        and isinstance(marker[0], (list, tuple))
+    ):
+        return _format_marker(marker[0])
+
+    if isinstance(marker, list):
+        inner = (_format_marker(m, first=False) for m in marker)
+        if first:
+            return " ".join(inner)
+        else:
+            return "(" + " ".join(inner) + ")"
+    elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+        return " ".join([m.serialize() for m in marker])
+    else:
+        return marker
+
+
+_operators: dict[str, Operator] = {
+    "in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs in rhs,
+    "not in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs not in rhs,
+    "<": operator.lt,
+    "<=": operator.le,
+    "==": operator.eq,
+    "!=": operator.ne,
+    ">=": operator.ge,
+    ">": operator.gt,
+}
+
+
+def _eval_op(lhs: str, op: Op, rhs: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        spec = Specifier("".join([op.serialize(), rhs]))
+    except InvalidSpecifier:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return spec.contains(lhs, prereleases=True)
+
+    oper: Operator | None = _operators.get(op.serialize())
+    if oper is None:
+        raise UndefinedComparison(f"Undefined {op!r} on {lhs!r} and {rhs!r}.")
+
+    return oper(lhs, rhs)
+
+
+def _normalize(*values: str, key: str) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    # PEP 685 – Comparison of extra names for optional distribution dependencies
+    # https://peps.python.org/pep-0685/
+    # > When comparing extra names, tools MUST normalize the names being
+    # > compared using the semantics outlined in PEP 503 for names
+    if key == "extra":
+        return tuple(canonicalize_name(v) for v in values)
+
+    # other environment markers don't have such standards
+    return values
+
+
+def _evaluate_markers(markers: MarkerList, environment: dict[str, str]) -> bool:
+    groups: list[list[bool]] = [[]]
+
+    for marker in markers:
+        assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, str))
+
+        if isinstance(marker, list):
+            groups[-1].append(_evaluate_markers(marker, environment))
+        elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+            lhs, op, rhs = marker
+
+            if isinstance(lhs, Variable):
+                environment_key = lhs.value
+                lhs_value = environment[environment_key]
+                rhs_value = rhs.value
+            else:
+                lhs_value = lhs.value
+                environment_key = rhs.value
+                rhs_value = environment[environment_key]
+
+            lhs_value, rhs_value = _normalize(lhs_value, rhs_value, key=environment_key)
+            groups[-1].append(_eval_op(lhs_value, op, rhs_value))
+        else:
+            assert marker in ["and", "or"]
+            if marker == "or":
+                groups.append([])
+
+    return any(all(item) for item in groups)
+
+
+def format_full_version(info: sys._version_info) -> str:
+    version = f"{info.major}.{info.minor}.{info.micro}"
+    kind = info.releaselevel
+    if kind != "final":
+        version += kind[0] + str(info.serial)
+    return version
+
+
+def default_environment() -> Environment:
+    iver = format_full_version(sys.implementation.version)
+    implementation_name = sys.implementation.name
+    return {
+        "implementation_name": implementation_name,
+        "implementation_version": iver,
+        "os_name": os.name,
+        "platform_machine": platform.machine(),
+        "platform_release": platform.release(),
+        "platform_system": platform.system(),
+        "platform_version": platform.version(),
+        "python_full_version": platform.python_version(),
+        "platform_python_implementation": platform.python_implementation(),
+        "python_version": ".".join(platform.python_version_tuple()[:2]),
+        "sys_platform": sys.platform,
+    }
+
+
+class Marker:
+    def __init__(self, marker: str) -> None:
+        # Note: We create a Marker object without calling this constructor in
+        #       packaging.requirements.Requirement. If any additional logic is
+        #       added here, make sure to mirror/adapt Requirement.
+        try:
+            self._markers = _normalize_extra_values(_parse_marker(marker))
+            # The attribute `_markers` can be described in terms of a recursive type:
+            # MarkerList = List[Union[Tuple[Node, ...], str, MarkerList]]
+            #
+            # For example, the following expression:
+            # python_version > "3.6" or (python_version == "3.6" and os_name == "unix")
+            #
+            # is parsed into:
+            # [
+            #     (<Variable('python_version')>, <Op('>')>, <Value('3.6')>),
+            #     'and',
+            #     [
+            #         (<Variable('python_version')>, <Op('==')>, <Value('3.6')>),
+            #         'or',
+            #         (<Variable('os_name')>, <Op('==')>, <Value('unix')>)
+            #     ]
+            # ]
+        except ParserSyntaxError as e:
+            raise InvalidMarker(str(e)) from e
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return _format_marker(self._markers)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Marker('{self}')>"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.__class__.__name__, str(self)))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Marker):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return str(self) == str(other)
+
+    def evaluate(self, environment: dict[str, str] | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Evaluate a marker.
+
+        Return the boolean from evaluating the given marker against the
+        environment. environment is an optional argument to override all or
+        part of the determined environment.
+
+        The environment is determined from the current Python process.
+        """
+        current_environment = cast("dict[str, str]", default_environment())
+        current_environment["extra"] = ""
+        if environment is not None:
+            current_environment.update(environment)
+            # The API used to allow setting extra to None. We need to handle this
+            # case for backwards compatibility.
+            if current_environment["extra"] is None:
+                current_environment["extra"] = ""
+
+        return _evaluate_markers(
+            self._markers, _repair_python_full_version(current_environment)
+        )
+
+
+def _repair_python_full_version(env: dict[str, str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Work around platform.python_version() returning something that is not PEP 440
+    compliant for non-tagged Python builds.
+    """
+    if env["python_full_version"].endswith("+"):
+        env["python_full_version"] += "local"
+    return env
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/metadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..721f411c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,863 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import email.feedparser
+import email.header
+import email.message
+import email.parser
+import email.policy
+import pathlib
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generic,
+    Literal,
+    TypedDict,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from . import licenses, requirements, specifiers, utils
+from . import version as version_module
+from .licenses import NormalizedLicenseExpression
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):  # pragma: no cover
+    ExceptionGroup = ExceptionGroup
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    class ExceptionGroup(Exception):
+        """A minimal implementation of :external:exc:`ExceptionGroup` from Python 3.11.
+
+        If :external:exc:`ExceptionGroup` is already defined by Python itself,
+        that version is used instead.
+        """
+
+        message: str
+        exceptions: list[Exception]
+
+        def __init__(self, message: str, exceptions: list[Exception]) -> None:
+            self.message = message
+            self.exceptions = exceptions
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.message!r}, {self.exceptions!r})"
+
+
+class InvalidMetadata(ValueError):
+    """A metadata field contains invalid data."""
+
+    field: str
+    """The name of the field that contains invalid data."""
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str, message: str) -> None:
+        self.field = field
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+# The RawMetadata class attempts to make as few assumptions about the underlying
+# serialization formats as possible. The idea is that as long as a serialization
+# formats offer some very basic primitives in *some* way then we can support
+# serializing to and from that format.
+class RawMetadata(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """A dictionary of raw core metadata.
+
+    Each field in core metadata maps to a key of this dictionary (when data is
+    provided). The key is lower-case and underscores are used instead of dashes
+    compared to the equivalent core metadata field. Any core metadata field that
+    can be specified multiple times or can hold multiple values in a single
+    field have a key with a plural name. See :class:`Metadata` whose attributes
+    match the keys of this dictionary.
+
+    Core metadata fields that can be specified multiple times are stored as a
+    list or dict depending on which is appropriate for the field. Any fields
+    which hold multiple values in a single field are stored as a list.
+
+    """
+
+    # Metadata 1.0 - PEP 241
+    metadata_version: str
+    name: str
+    version: str
+    platforms: list[str]
+    summary: str
+    description: str
+    keywords: list[str]
+    home_page: str
+    author: str
+    author_email: str
+    license: str
+
+    # Metadata 1.1 - PEP 314
+    supported_platforms: list[str]
+    download_url: str
+    classifiers: list[str]
+    requires: list[str]
+    provides: list[str]
+    obsoletes: list[str]
+
+    # Metadata 1.2 - PEP 345
+    maintainer: str
+    maintainer_email: str
+    requires_dist: list[str]
+    provides_dist: list[str]
+    obsoletes_dist: list[str]
+    requires_python: str
+    requires_external: list[str]
+    project_urls: dict[str, str]
+
+    # Metadata 2.0
+    # PEP 426 attempted to completely revamp the metadata format
+    # but got stuck without ever being able to build consensus on
+    # it and ultimately ended up withdrawn.
+    #
+    # However, a number of tools had started emitting METADATA with
+    # `2.0` Metadata-Version, so for historical reasons, this version
+    # was skipped.
+
+    # Metadata 2.1 - PEP 566
+    description_content_type: str
+    provides_extra: list[str]
+
+    # Metadata 2.2 - PEP 643
+    dynamic: list[str]
+
+    # Metadata 2.3 - PEP 685
+    # No new fields were added in PEP 685, just some edge case were
+    # tightened up to provide better interoptability.
+
+    # Metadata 2.4 - PEP 639
+    license_expression: str
+    license_files: list[str]
+
+
+_STRING_FIELDS = {
+    "author",
+    "author_email",
+    "description",
+    "description_content_type",
+    "download_url",
+    "home_page",
+    "license",
+    "license_expression",
+    "maintainer",
+    "maintainer_email",
+    "metadata_version",
+    "name",
+    "requires_python",
+    "summary",
+    "version",
+}
+
+_LIST_FIELDS = {
+    "classifiers",
+    "dynamic",
+    "license_files",
+    "obsoletes",
+    "obsoletes_dist",
+    "platforms",
+    "provides",
+    "provides_dist",
+    "provides_extra",
+    "requires",
+    "requires_dist",
+    "requires_external",
+    "supported_platforms",
+}
+
+_DICT_FIELDS = {
+    "project_urls",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_keywords(data: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Split a string of comma-separated keywords into a list of keywords."""
+    return [k.strip() for k in data.split(",")]
+
+
+def _parse_project_urls(data: list[str]) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Parse a list of label/URL string pairings separated by a comma."""
+    urls = {}
+    for pair in data:
+        # Our logic is slightly tricky here as we want to try and do
+        # *something* reasonable with malformed data.
+        #
+        # The main thing that we have to worry about, is data that does
+        # not have a ',' at all to split the label from the Value. There
+        # isn't a singular right answer here, and we will fail validation
+        # later on (if the caller is validating) so it doesn't *really*
+        # matter, but since the missing value has to be an empty str
+        # and our return value is dict[str, str], if we let the key
+        # be the missing value, then they'd have multiple '' values that
+        # overwrite each other in a accumulating dict.
+        #
+        # The other potentional issue is that it's possible to have the
+        # same label multiple times in the metadata, with no solid "right"
+        # answer with what to do in that case. As such, we'll do the only
+        # thing we can, which is treat the field as unparseable and add it
+        # to our list of unparsed fields.
+        parts = [p.strip() for p in pair.split(",", 1)]
+        parts.extend([""] * (max(0, 2 - len(parts))))  # Ensure 2 items
+
+        # TODO: The spec doesn't say anything about if the keys should be
+        #       considered case sensitive or not... logically they should
+        #       be case-preserving and case-insensitive, but doing that
+        #       would open up more cases where we might have duplicate
+        #       entries.
+        label, url = parts
+        if label in urls:
+            # The label already exists in our set of urls, so this field
+            # is unparseable, and we can just add the whole thing to our
+            # unparseable data and stop processing it.
+            raise KeyError("duplicate labels in project urls")
+        urls[label] = url
+
+    return urls
+
+
+def _get_payload(msg: email.message.Message, source: bytes | str) -> str:
+    """Get the body of the message."""
+    # If our source is a str, then our caller has managed encodings for us,
+    # and we don't need to deal with it.
+    if isinstance(source, str):
+        payload = msg.get_payload()
+        assert isinstance(payload, str)
+        return payload
+    # If our source is a bytes, then we're managing the encoding and we need
+    # to deal with it.
+    else:
+        bpayload = msg.get_payload(decode=True)
+        assert isinstance(bpayload, bytes)
+        try:
+            return bpayload.decode("utf8", "strict")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+            raise ValueError("payload in an invalid encoding") from exc
+
+
+# The various parse_FORMAT functions here are intended to be as lenient as
+# possible in their parsing, while still returning a correctly typed
+# RawMetadata.
+#
+# To aid in this, we also generally want to do as little touching of the
+# data as possible, except where there are possibly some historic holdovers
+# that make valid data awkward to work with.
+#
+# While this is a lower level, intermediate format than our ``Metadata``
+# class, some light touch ups can make a massive difference in usability.
+
+# Map METADATA fields to RawMetadata.
+_EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING = {
+    "author": "author",
+    "author-email": "author_email",
+    "classifier": "classifiers",
+    "description": "description",
+    "description-content-type": "description_content_type",
+    "download-url": "download_url",
+    "dynamic": "dynamic",
+    "home-page": "home_page",
+    "keywords": "keywords",
+    "license": "license",
+    "license-expression": "license_expression",
+    "license-file": "license_files",
+    "maintainer": "maintainer",
+    "maintainer-email": "maintainer_email",
+    "metadata-version": "metadata_version",
+    "name": "name",
+    "obsoletes": "obsoletes",
+    "obsoletes-dist": "obsoletes_dist",
+    "platform": "platforms",
+    "project-url": "project_urls",
+    "provides": "provides",
+    "provides-dist": "provides_dist",
+    "provides-extra": "provides_extra",
+    "requires": "requires",
+    "requires-dist": "requires_dist",
+    "requires-external": "requires_external",
+    "requires-python": "requires_python",
+    "summary": "summary",
+    "supported-platform": "supported_platforms",
+    "version": "version",
+}
+_RAW_TO_EMAIL_MAPPING = {raw: email for email, raw in _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING.items()}
+
+
+def parse_email(data: bytes | str) -> tuple[RawMetadata, dict[str, list[str]]]:
+    """Parse a distribution's metadata stored as email headers (e.g. from ``METADATA``).
+
+    This function returns a two-item tuple of dicts. The first dict is of
+    recognized fields from the core metadata specification. Fields that can be
+    parsed and translated into Python's built-in types are converted
+    appropriately. All other fields are left as-is. Fields that are allowed to
+    appear multiple times are stored as lists.
+
+    The second dict contains all other fields from the metadata. This includes
+    any unrecognized fields. It also includes any fields which are expected to
+    be parsed into a built-in type but were not formatted appropriately. Finally,
+    any fields that are expected to appear only once but are repeated are
+    included in this dict.
+
+    """
+    raw: dict[str, str | list[str] | dict[str, str]] = {}
+    unparsed: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+
+    if isinstance(data, str):
+        parsed = email.parser.Parser(policy=email.policy.compat32).parsestr(data)
+    else:
+        parsed = email.parser.BytesParser(policy=email.policy.compat32).parsebytes(data)
+
+    # We have to wrap parsed.keys() in a set, because in the case of multiple
+    # values for a key (a list), the key will appear multiple times in the
+    # list of keys, but we're avoiding that by using get_all().
+    for name in frozenset(parsed.keys()):
+        # Header names in RFC are case insensitive, so we'll normalize to all
+        # lower case to make comparisons easier.
+        name = name.lower()
+
+        # We use get_all() here, even for fields that aren't multiple use,
+        # because otherwise someone could have e.g. two Name fields, and we
+        # would just silently ignore it rather than doing something about it.
+        headers = parsed.get_all(name) or []
+
+        # The way the email module works when parsing bytes is that it
+        # unconditionally decodes the bytes as ascii using the surrogateescape
+        # handler. When you pull that data back out (such as with get_all() ),
+        # it looks to see if the str has any surrogate escapes, and if it does
+        # it wraps it in a Header object instead of returning the string.
+        #
+        # As such, we'll look for those Header objects, and fix up the encoding.
+        value = []
+        # Flag if we have run into any issues processing the headers, thus
+        # signalling that the data belongs in 'unparsed'.
+        valid_encoding = True
+        for h in headers:
+            # It's unclear if this can return more types than just a Header or
+            # a str, so we'll just assert here to make sure.
+            assert isinstance(h, (email.header.Header, str))
+
+            # If it's a header object, we need to do our little dance to get
+            # the real data out of it. In cases where there is invalid data
+            # we're going to end up with mojibake, but there's no obvious, good
+            # way around that without reimplementing parts of the Header object
+            # ourselves.
+            #
+            # That should be fine since, if mojibacked happens, this key is
+            # going into the unparsed dict anyways.
+            if isinstance(h, email.header.Header):
+                # The Header object stores it's data as chunks, and each chunk
+                # can be independently encoded, so we'll need to check each
+                # of them.
+                chunks: list[tuple[bytes, str | None]] = []
+                for bin, encoding in email.header.decode_header(h):
+                    try:
+                        bin.decode("utf8", "strict")
+                    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                        # Enable mojibake.
+                        encoding = "latin1"
+                        valid_encoding = False
+                    else:
+                        encoding = "utf8"
+                    chunks.append((bin, encoding))
+
+                # Turn our chunks back into a Header object, then let that
+                # Header object do the right thing to turn them into a
+                # string for us.
+                value.append(str(email.header.make_header(chunks)))
+            # This is already a string, so just add it.
+            else:
+                value.append(h)
+
+        # We've processed all of our values to get them into a list of str,
+        # but we may have mojibake data, in which case this is an unparsed
+        # field.
+        if not valid_encoding:
+            unparsed[name] = value
+            continue
+
+        raw_name = _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING.get(name)
+        if raw_name is None:
+            # This is a bit of a weird situation, we've encountered a key that
+            # we don't know what it means, so we don't know whether it's meant
+            # to be a list or not.
+            #
+            # Since we can't really tell one way or another, we'll just leave it
+            # as a list, even though it may be a single item list, because that's
+            # what makes the most sense for email headers.
+            unparsed[name] = value
+            continue
+
+        # If this is one of our string fields, then we'll check to see if our
+        # value is a list of a single item. If it is then we'll assume that
+        # it was emitted as a single string, and unwrap the str from inside
+        # the list.
+        #
+        # If it's any other kind of data, then we haven't the faintest clue
+        # what we should parse it as, and we have to just add it to our list
+        # of unparsed stuff.
+        if raw_name in _STRING_FIELDS and len(value) == 1:
+            raw[raw_name] = value[0]
+        # If this is one of our list of string fields, then we can just assign
+        # the value, since email *only* has strings, and our get_all() call
+        # above ensures that this is a list.
+        elif raw_name in _LIST_FIELDS:
+            raw[raw_name] = value
+        # Special Case: Keywords
+        # The keywords field is implemented in the metadata spec as a str,
+        # but it conceptually is a list of strings, and is serialized using
+        # ", ".join(keywords), so we'll do some light data massaging to turn
+        # this into what it logically is.
+        elif raw_name == "keywords" and len(value) == 1:
+            raw[raw_name] = _parse_keywords(value[0])
+        # Special Case: Project-URL
+        # The project urls is implemented in the metadata spec as a list of
+        # specially-formatted strings that represent a key and a value, which
+        # is fundamentally a mapping, however the email format doesn't support
+        # mappings in a sane way, so it was crammed into a list of strings
+        # instead.
+        #
+        # We will do a little light data massaging to turn this into a map as
+        # it logically should be.
+        elif raw_name == "project_urls":
+            try:
+                raw[raw_name] = _parse_project_urls(value)
+            except KeyError:
+                unparsed[name] = value
+        # Nothing that we've done has managed to parse this, so it'll just
+        # throw it in our unparseable data and move on.
+        else:
+            unparsed[name] = value
+
+    # We need to support getting the Description from the message payload in
+    # addition to getting it from the the headers. This does mean, though, there
+    # is the possibility of it being set both ways, in which case we put both
+    # in 'unparsed' since we don't know which is right.
+    try:
+        payload = _get_payload(parsed, data)
+    except ValueError:
+        unparsed.setdefault("description", []).append(
+            parsed.get_payload(decode=isinstance(data, bytes))  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        )
+    else:
+        if payload:
+            # Check to see if we've already got a description, if so then both
+            # it, and this body move to unparseable.
+            if "description" in raw:
+                description_header = cast(str, raw.pop("description"))
+                unparsed.setdefault("description", []).extend(
+                    [description_header, payload]
+                )
+            elif "description" in unparsed:
+                unparsed["description"].append(payload)
+            else:
+                raw["description"] = payload
+
+    # We need to cast our `raw` to a metadata, because a TypedDict only support
+    # literal key names, but we're computing our key names on purpose, but the
+    # way this function is implemented, our `TypedDict` can only have valid key
+    # names.
+    return cast(RawMetadata, raw), unparsed
+
+
+_NOT_FOUND = object()
+
+
+# Keep the two values in sync.
+_VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS = ["1.0", "1.1", "1.2", "2.1", "2.2", "2.3", "2.4"]
+_MetadataVersion = Literal["1.0", "1.1", "1.2", "2.1", "2.2", "2.3", "2.4"]
+
+_REQUIRED_ATTRS = frozenset(["metadata_version", "name", "version"])
+
+
+class _Validator(Generic[T]):
+    """Validate a metadata field.
+
+    All _process_*() methods correspond to a core metadata field. The method is
+    called with the field's raw value. If the raw value is valid it is returned
+    in its "enriched" form (e.g. ``version.Version`` for the ``Version`` field).
+    If the raw value is invalid, :exc:`InvalidMetadata` is raised (with a cause
+    as appropriate).
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    raw_name: str
+    added: _MetadataVersion
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        added: _MetadataVersion = "1.0",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.added = added
+
+    def __set_name__(self, _owner: Metadata, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.raw_name = _RAW_TO_EMAIL_MAPPING[name]
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Metadata, _owner: type[Metadata]) -> T:
+        # With Python 3.8, the caching can be replaced with functools.cached_property().
+        # No need to check the cache as attribute lookup will resolve into the
+        # instance's __dict__ before __get__ is called.
+        cache = instance.__dict__
+        value = instance._raw.get(self.name)
+
+        # To make the _process_* methods easier, we'll check if the value is None
+        # and if this field is NOT a required attribute, and if both of those
+        # things are true, we'll skip the the converter. This will mean that the
+        # converters never have to deal with the None union.
+        if self.name in _REQUIRED_ATTRS or value is not None:
+            try:
+                converter: Callable[[Any], T] = getattr(self, f"_process_{self.name}")
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                value = converter(value)
+
+        cache[self.name] = value
+        try:
+            del instance._raw[self.name]  # type: ignore[misc]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        return cast(T, value)
+
+    def _invalid_metadata(
+        self, msg: str, cause: Exception | None = None
+    ) -> InvalidMetadata:
+        exc = InvalidMetadata(
+            self.raw_name, msg.format_map({"field": repr(self.raw_name)})
+        )
+        exc.__cause__ = cause
+        return exc
+
+    def _process_metadata_version(self, value: str) -> _MetadataVersion:
+        # Implicitly makes Metadata-Version required.
+        if value not in _VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(f"{value!r} is not a valid metadata version")
+        return cast(_MetadataVersion, value)
+
+    def _process_name(self, value: str) -> str:
+        if not value:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata("{field} is a required field")
+        # Validate the name as a side-effect.
+        try:
+            utils.canonicalize_name(value, validate=True)
+        except utils.InvalidName as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{value!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            ) from exc
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def _process_version(self, value: str) -> version_module.Version:
+        if not value:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata("{field} is a required field")
+        try:
+            return version_module.parse(value)
+        except version_module.InvalidVersion as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{value!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            ) from exc
+
+    def _process_summary(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Check the field contains no newlines."""
+        if "\n" in value:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata("{field} must be a single line")
+        return value
+
+    def _process_description_content_type(self, value: str) -> str:
+        content_types = {"text/plain", "text/x-rst", "text/markdown"}
+        message = email.message.EmailMessage()
+        message["content-type"] = value
+
+        content_type, parameters = (
+            # Defaults to `text/plain` if parsing failed.
+            message.get_content_type().lower(),
+            message["content-type"].params,
+        )
+        # Check if content-type is valid or defaulted to `text/plain` and thus was
+        # not parseable.
+        if content_type not in content_types or content_type not in value.lower():
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{{field}} must be one of {list(content_types)}, not {value!r}"
+            )
+
+        charset = parameters.get("charset", "UTF-8")
+        if charset != "UTF-8":
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{{field}} can only specify the UTF-8 charset, not {list(charset)}"
+            )
+
+        markdown_variants = {"GFM", "CommonMark"}
+        variant = parameters.get("variant", "GFM")  # Use an acceptable default.
+        if content_type == "text/markdown" and variant not in markdown_variants:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"valid Markdown variants for {{field}} are {list(markdown_variants)}, "
+                f"not {variant!r}",
+            )
+        return value
+
+    def _process_dynamic(self, value: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+        for dynamic_field in map(str.lower, value):
+            if dynamic_field in {"name", "version", "metadata-version"}:
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                    f"{dynamic_field!r} is not allowed as a dynamic field"
+                )
+            elif dynamic_field not in _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING:
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                    f"{dynamic_field!r} is not a valid dynamic field"
+                )
+        return list(map(str.lower, value))
+
+    def _process_provides_extra(
+        self,
+        value: list[str],
+    ) -> list[utils.NormalizedName]:
+        normalized_names = []
+        try:
+            for name in value:
+                normalized_names.append(utils.canonicalize_name(name, validate=True))
+        except utils.InvalidName as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{name!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            ) from exc
+        else:
+            return normalized_names
+
+    def _process_requires_python(self, value: str) -> specifiers.SpecifierSet:
+        try:
+            return specifiers.SpecifierSet(value)
+        except specifiers.InvalidSpecifier as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{value!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            ) from exc
+
+    def _process_requires_dist(
+        self,
+        value: list[str],
+    ) -> list[requirements.Requirement]:
+        reqs = []
+        try:
+            for req in value:
+                reqs.append(requirements.Requirement(req))
+        except requirements.InvalidRequirement as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{req!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            ) from exc
+        else:
+            return reqs
+
+    def _process_license_expression(
+        self, value: str
+    ) -> NormalizedLicenseExpression | None:
+        try:
+            return licenses.canonicalize_license_expression(value)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                f"{value!r} is invalid for {{field}}", cause=exc
+            ) from exc
+
+    def _process_license_files(self, value: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+        paths = []
+        for path in value:
+            if ".." in path:
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                    f"{path!r} is invalid for {{field}}, "
+                    "parent directory indicators are not allowed"
+                )
+            if "*" in path:
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                    f"{path!r} is invalid for {{field}}, paths must be resolved"
+                )
+            if (
+                pathlib.PurePosixPath(path).is_absolute()
+                or pathlib.PureWindowsPath(path).is_absolute()
+            ):
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                    f"{path!r} is invalid for {{field}}, paths must be relative"
+                )
+            if pathlib.PureWindowsPath(path).as_posix() != path:
+                raise self._invalid_metadata(
+                    f"{path!r} is invalid for {{field}}, "
+                    "paths must use '/' delimiter"
+                )
+            paths.append(path)
+        return paths
+
+
+class Metadata:
+    """Representation of distribution metadata.
+
+    Compared to :class:`RawMetadata`, this class provides objects representing
+    metadata fields instead of only using built-in types. Any invalid metadata
+    will cause :exc:`InvalidMetadata` to be raised (with a
+    :py:attr:`~BaseException.__cause__` attribute as appropriate).
+    """
+
+    _raw: RawMetadata
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_raw(cls, data: RawMetadata, *, validate: bool = True) -> Metadata:
+        """Create an instance from :class:`RawMetadata`.
+
+        If *validate* is true, all metadata will be validated. All exceptions
+        related to validation will be gathered and raised as an :class:`ExceptionGroup`.
+        """
+        ins = cls()
+        ins._raw = data.copy()  # Mutations occur due to caching enriched values.
+
+        if validate:
+            exceptions: list[Exception] = []
+            try:
+                metadata_version = ins.metadata_version
+                metadata_age = _VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS.index(metadata_version)
+            except InvalidMetadata as metadata_version_exc:
+                exceptions.append(metadata_version_exc)
+                metadata_version = None
+
+            # Make sure to check for the fields that are present, the required
+            # fields (so their absence can be reported).
+            fields_to_check = frozenset(ins._raw) | _REQUIRED_ATTRS
+            # Remove fields that have already been checked.
+            fields_to_check -= {"metadata_version"}
+
+            for key in fields_to_check:
+                try:
+                    if metadata_version:
+                        # Can't use getattr() as that triggers descriptor protocol which
+                        # will fail due to no value for the instance argument.
+                        try:
+                            field_metadata_version = cls.__dict__[key].added
+                        except KeyError:
+                            exc = InvalidMetadata(key, f"unrecognized field: {key!r}")
+                            exceptions.append(exc)
+                            continue
+                        field_age = _VALID_METADATA_VERSIONS.index(
+                            field_metadata_version
+                        )
+                        if field_age > metadata_age:
+                            field = _RAW_TO_EMAIL_MAPPING[key]
+                            exc = InvalidMetadata(
+                                field,
+                                f"{field} introduced in metadata version "
+                                f"{field_metadata_version}, not {metadata_version}",
+                            )
+                            exceptions.append(exc)
+                            continue
+                    getattr(ins, key)
+                except InvalidMetadata as exc:
+                    exceptions.append(exc)
+
+            if exceptions:
+                raise ExceptionGroup("invalid metadata", exceptions)
+
+        return ins
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_email(cls, data: bytes | str, *, validate: bool = True) -> Metadata:
+        """Parse metadata from email headers.
+
+        If *validate* is true, the metadata will be validated. All exceptions
+        related to validation will be gathered and raised as an :class:`ExceptionGroup`.
+        """
+        raw, unparsed = parse_email(data)
+
+        if validate:
+            exceptions: list[Exception] = []
+            for unparsed_key in unparsed:
+                if unparsed_key in _EMAIL_TO_RAW_MAPPING:
+                    message = f"{unparsed_key!r} has invalid data"
+                else:
+                    message = f"unrecognized field: {unparsed_key!r}"
+                exceptions.append(InvalidMetadata(unparsed_key, message))
+
+            if exceptions:
+                raise ExceptionGroup("unparsed", exceptions)
+
+        try:
+            return cls.from_raw(raw, validate=validate)
+        except ExceptionGroup as exc_group:
+            raise ExceptionGroup(
+                "invalid or unparsed metadata", exc_group.exceptions
+            ) from None
+
+    metadata_version: _Validator[_MetadataVersion] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-metadata-version`
+    (required; validated to be a valid metadata version)"""
+    # `name` is not normalized/typed to NormalizedName so as to provide access to
+    # the original/raw name.
+    name: _Validator[str] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-name`
+    (required; validated using :func:`~packaging.utils.canonicalize_name` and its
+    *validate* parameter)"""
+    version: _Validator[version_module.Version] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-version` (required)"""
+    dynamic: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(
+        added="2.2",
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-dynamic`
+    (validated against core metadata field names and lowercased)"""
+    platforms: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-platform`"""
+    supported_platforms: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-supported-platform`"""
+    summary: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-summary` (validated to contain no newlines)"""
+    description: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator()  # TODO 2.1: can be in body
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-description`"""
+    description_content_type: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator(added="2.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-description-content-type` (validated)"""
+    keywords: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-keywords`"""
+    home_page: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-home-page`"""
+    download_url: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-download-url`"""
+    author: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-author`"""
+    author_email: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-author-email`"""
+    maintainer: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-maintainer`"""
+    maintainer_email: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-maintainer-email`"""
+    license: _Validator[str | None] = _Validator()
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-license`"""
+    license_expression: _Validator[NormalizedLicenseExpression | None] = _Validator(
+        added="2.4"
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-license-expression`"""
+    license_files: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="2.4")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-license-file`"""
+    classifiers: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-classifier`"""
+    requires_dist: _Validator[list[requirements.Requirement] | None] = _Validator(
+        added="1.2"
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-requires-dist`"""
+    requires_python: _Validator[specifiers.SpecifierSet | None] = _Validator(
+        added="1.2"
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-requires-python`"""
+    # Because `Requires-External` allows for non-PEP 440 version specifiers, we
+    # don't do any processing on the values.
+    requires_external: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-requires-external`"""
+    project_urls: _Validator[dict[str, str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-project-url`"""
+    # PEP 685 lets us raise an error if an extra doesn't pass `Name` validation
+    # regardless of metadata version.
+    provides_extra: _Validator[list[utils.NormalizedName] | None] = _Validator(
+        added="2.1",
+    )
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-provides-extra`"""
+    provides_dist: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-provides-dist`"""
+    obsoletes_dist: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.2")
+    """:external:ref:`core-metadata-obsoletes-dist`"""
+    requires: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """``Requires`` (deprecated)"""
+    provides: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """``Provides`` (deprecated)"""
+    obsoletes: _Validator[list[str] | None] = _Validator(added="1.1")
+    """``Obsoletes`` (deprecated)"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/requirements.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e068c95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/requirements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Iterator
+
+from ._parser import parse_requirement as _parse_requirement
+from ._tokenizer import ParserSyntaxError
+from .markers import Marker, _normalize_extra_values
+from .specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from .utils import canonicalize_name
+
+
+class InvalidRequirement(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid requirement was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    """Parse a requirement.
+
+    Parse a given requirement string into its parts, such as name, specifier,
+    URL, and extras. Raises InvalidRequirement on a badly-formed requirement
+    string.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: Can we test whether something is contained within a requirement?
+    #       If so how do we do that? Do we need to test against the _name_ of
+    #       the thing as well as the version? What about the markers?
+    # TODO: Can we normalize the name and extra name?
+
+    def __init__(self, requirement_string: str) -> None:
+        try:
+            parsed = _parse_requirement(requirement_string)
+        except ParserSyntaxError as e:
+            raise InvalidRequirement(str(e)) from e
+
+        self.name: str = parsed.name
+        self.url: str | None = parsed.url or None
+        self.extras: set[str] = set(parsed.extras or [])
+        self.specifier: SpecifierSet = SpecifierSet(parsed.specifier)
+        self.marker: Marker | None = None
+        if parsed.marker is not None:
+            self.marker = Marker.__new__(Marker)
+            self.marker._markers = _normalize_extra_values(parsed.marker)
+
+    def _iter_parts(self, name: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+        yield name
+
+        if self.extras:
+            formatted_extras = ",".join(sorted(self.extras))
+            yield f"[{formatted_extras}]"
+
+        if self.specifier:
+            yield str(self.specifier)
+
+        if self.url:
+            yield f"@ {self.url}"
+            if self.marker:
+                yield " "
+
+        if self.marker:
+            yield f"; {self.marker}"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "".join(self._iter_parts(self.name))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Requirement('{self}')>"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(
+            (
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                *self._iter_parts(canonicalize_name(self.name)),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Requirement):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (
+            canonicalize_name(self.name) == canonicalize_name(other.name)
+            and self.extras == other.extras
+            and self.specifier == other.specifier
+            and self.url == other.url
+            and self.marker == other.marker
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/specifiers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/specifiers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b30926af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/specifiers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1020 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+"""
+.. testsetup::
+
+    from packaging.specifiers import Specifier, SpecifierSet, InvalidSpecifier
+    from packaging.version import Version
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import itertools
+import re
+from typing import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, TypeVar, Union
+
+from .utils import canonicalize_version
+from .version import Version
+
+UnparsedVersion = Union[Version, str]
+UnparsedVersionVar = TypeVar("UnparsedVersionVar", bound=UnparsedVersion)
+CallableOperator = Callable[[Version, str], bool]
+
+
+def _coerce_version(version: UnparsedVersion) -> Version:
+    if not isinstance(version, Version):
+        version = Version(version)
+    return version
+
+
+class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
+    """
+    Raised when attempting to create a :class:`Specifier` with a specifier
+    string that is invalid.
+
+    >>> Specifier("lolwat")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    packaging.specifiers.InvalidSpecifier: Invalid specifier: 'lolwat'
+    """
+
+
+class BaseSpecifier(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the str representation of this Specifier-like object. This
+        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns a hash value for this Specifier-like object.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier-like
+        objects are equal.
+
+        :param other: The other object to check against.
+        """
+
+    @property
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def prereleases(self) -> bool | None:
+        """Whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed.
+
+        This can be set to either ``True`` or ``False`` to explicitly enable or disable
+        prereleases or it can be set to ``None`` (the default) to use default semantics.
+        """
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        """Setter for :attr:`prereleases`.
+
+        :param value: The value to set.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item: str, prereleases: bool | None = None) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: bool | None = None
+    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
+        """
+        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
+        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
+        """
+
+
+class Specifier(BaseSpecifier):
+    """This class abstracts handling of version specifiers.
+
+    .. tip::
+
+        It is generally not required to instantiate this manually. You should instead
+        prefer to work with :class:`SpecifierSet` instead, which can parse
+        comma-separated version specifiers (which is what package metadata contains).
+    """
+
+    _operator_regex_str = r"""
+        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
+        """
+    _version_regex_str = r"""
+        (?P<version>
+            (?:
+                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
+                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
+                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
+                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
+                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
+                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
+                \s*
+                [^\s;)]*  # The arbitrary version can be just about anything,
+                          # we match everything except for whitespace, a
+                          # semi-colon for marker support, and a closing paren
+                          # since versions can be enclosed in them.
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
+                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
+                # operators separately to enable that.
+                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+
+                # You cannot use a wild card and a pre-release, post-release, a dev or
+                # local version together so group them with a | and make them optional.
+                (?:
+                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
+                    |
+                    (?:                                  # pre release
+                        [-_\.]?
+                        (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
+                        [-_\.]?
+                        [0-9]*
+                    )?
+                    (?:                                  # post release
+                        (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                    )?
+                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
+                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
+                )?
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
+                # release segment.
+                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
+                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
+                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
+                # matching wild cards.
+                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
+                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
+                                      # don't match here.
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (alpha|beta|preview|pre|a|b|c|rc)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+        )
+        """
+
+    _regex = re.compile(
+        r"^\s*" + _operator_regex_str + _version_regex_str + r"\s*$",
+        re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+    )
+
+    _operators = {
+        "~=": "compatible",
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+        "===": "arbitrary",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, spec: str = "", prereleases: bool | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Specifier instance.
+
+        :param spec:
+            The string representation of a specifier which will be parsed and
+            normalized before use.
+        :param prereleases:
+            This tells the specifier if it should accept prerelease versions if
+            applicable or not. The default of ``None`` will autodetect it from the
+            given specifiers.
+        :raises InvalidSpecifier:
+            If the given specifier is invalid (i.e. bad syntax).
+        """
+        match = self._regex.search(spec)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidSpecifier(f"Invalid specifier: {spec!r}")
+
+        self._spec: tuple[str, str] = (
+            match.group("operator").strip(),
+            match.group("version").strip(),
+        )
+
+        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/pull/13475#pullrequestreview-1079784515
+    @property  # type: ignore[override]
+    def prereleases(self) -> bool:
+        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
+        # blindly use that.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
+        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
+        # prerelease.
+        operator, version = self._spec
+        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "===", ">", "<"]:
+            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
+            # want to remove before parsing.
+            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
+                version = version[:-2]
+
+            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
+            # specifier allows pre-releases.
+            if Version(version).is_prerelease:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    @property
+    def operator(self) -> str:
+        """The operator of this specifier.
+
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3").operator
+        '=='
+        """
+        return self._spec[0]
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> str:
+        """The version of this specifier.
+
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3").version
+        '1.2.3'
+        """
+        return self._spec[1]
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """A representation of the Specifier that shows all internal state.
+
+        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0')
+        <Specifier('>=1.0.0')>
+        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)
+        <Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)>
+        >>> Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)
+        <Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)>
+        """
+        pre = (
+            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self)!r}{pre})>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """A string representation of the Specifier that can be round-tripped.
+
+        >>> str(Specifier('>=1.0.0'))
+        '>=1.0.0'
+        >>> str(Specifier('>=1.0.0', prereleases=False))
+        '>=1.0.0'
+        """
+        return "{}{}".format(*self._spec)
+
+    @property
+    def _canonical_spec(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        canonical_version = canonicalize_version(
+            self._spec[1],
+            strip_trailing_zero=(self._spec[0] != "~="),
+        )
+        return self._spec[0], canonical_version
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._canonical_spec)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """Whether or not the two Specifier-like objects are equal.
+
+        :param other: The other object to check against.
+
+        The value of :attr:`prereleases` is ignored.
+
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("== 1.2.3.0")
+        True
+        >>> (Specifier("==1.2.3", prereleases=False) ==
+        ...  Specifier("==1.2.3", prereleases=True))
+        True
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == "==1.2.3"
+        True
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("==1.2.4")
+        False
+        >>> Specifier("==1.2.3") == Specifier("~=1.2.3")
+        False
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(str(other))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._canonical_spec == other._canonical_spec
+
+    def _get_operator(self, op: str) -> CallableOperator:
+        operator_callable: CallableOperator = getattr(
+            self, f"_compare_{self._operators[op]}"
+        )
+        return operator_callable
+
+    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
+        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
+        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
+        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
+        # the other specifiers.
+
+        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
+        # ignore suffix segments.
+        prefix = _version_join(
+            list(itertools.takewhile(_is_not_suffix, _version_split(spec)))[:-1]
+        )
+
+        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
+        prefix += ".*"
+
+        return self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec) and self._get_operator("==")(
+            prospective, prefix
+        )
+
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
+        if spec.endswith(".*"):
+            # In the case of prefix matching we want to ignore local segment.
+            normalized_prospective = canonicalize_version(
+                prospective.public, strip_trailing_zero=False
+            )
+            # Get the normalized version string ignoring the trailing .*
+            normalized_spec = canonicalize_version(spec[:-2], strip_trailing_zero=False)
+            # Split the spec out by bangs and dots, and pretend that there is
+            # an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
+            split_spec = _version_split(normalized_spec)
+
+            # Split the prospective version out by bangs and dots, and pretend
+            # that there is an implicit dot in between a release segment and
+            # a pre-release segment.
+            split_prospective = _version_split(normalized_prospective)
+
+            # 0-pad the prospective version before shortening it to get the correct
+            # shortened version.
+            padded_prospective, _ = _pad_version(split_prospective, split_spec)
+
+            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
+            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
+            # prospective version or not.
+            shortened_prospective = padded_prospective[: len(split_spec)]
+
+            return shortened_prospective == split_spec
+        else:
+            # Convert our spec string into a Version
+            spec_version = Version(spec)
+
+            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
+            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
+            # segment.
+            if not spec_version.local:
+                prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+
+            return prospective == spec_version
+
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
+        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
+        # the prospective version.
+        return Version(prospective.public) <= Version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
+        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
+        # the prospective version.
+        return Version(prospective.public) >= Version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective: Version, spec_str: str) -> bool:
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec_str)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective < spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
+        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
+        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
+        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
+        # version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective: Version, spec_str: str) -> bool:
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec_str)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective > spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
+        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
+        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
+        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
+        # in the specifier, which is technically greater than, to match.
+        if prospective.local is not None:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
+        # same version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: str | Version) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.
+
+        :param item: The item to check for.
+
+        This is used for the ``in`` operator and behaves the same as
+        :meth:`contains` with no ``prereleases`` argument passed.
+
+        >>> "1.2.3" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3") in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> "1.0.0" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in Specifier(">=1.2.3")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(self, item: UnparsedVersion, prereleases: bool | None = None) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.
+
+        :param item:
+            The item to check for, which can be a version string or a
+            :class:`Version` instance.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to match prereleases with this Specifier. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it uses :attr:`prereleases` to determine
+            whether or not prereleases are allowed.
+
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains(Version("1.2.3"))
+        True
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.0.0")
+        False
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.3.0a1")
+        False
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).contains("1.3.0a1")
+        True
+        >>> Specifier(">=1.2.3").contains("1.3.0a1", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+
+        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # Normalize item to a Version, this allows us to have a shortcut for
+        # "2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
+        normalized_item = _coerce_version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
+        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
+        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
+        if normalized_item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+            return False
+
+        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
+        # within this Specifier or not.
+        operator_callable: CallableOperator = self._get_operator(self.operator)
+        return operator_callable(normalized_item, self.version)
+
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: bool | None = None
+    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
+        """Filter items in the given iterable, that match the specifier.
+
+        :param iterable:
+            An iterable that can contain version strings and :class:`Version` instances.
+            The items in the iterable will be filtered according to the specifier.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to allow prereleases in the returned iterator. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it will be intelligently decide whether to allow
+            prereleases or not (based on the :attr:`prereleases` attribute, and
+            whether the only versions matching are prereleases).
+
+        This method is smarter than just ``filter(Specifier().contains, [...])``
+        because it implements the rule from :pep:`440` that a prerelease item
+        SHOULD be accepted if no other versions match the given specifier.
+
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3']
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.2.3", "1.3", Version("1.4")]))
+        ['1.2.3', '1.3', <Version('1.4')>]
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.5a1']
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        >>> list(Specifier(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        """
+
+        yielded = False
+        found_prereleases = []
+
+        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}
+
+        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
+        # them match, yield them.
+        for version in iterable:
+            parsed_version = _coerce_version(version)
+
+            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
+                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
+                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later in case nothing
+                # else matches this specifier.
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not (
+                    prereleases or self.prereleases
+                ):
+                    found_prereleases.append(version)
+                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
+                # accepting prereleases from the beginning.
+                else:
+                    yielded = True
+                    yield version
+
+        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
+        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
+        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
+        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
+            for version in found_prereleases:
+                yield version
+
+
+_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")
+
+
+def _version_split(version: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Split version into components.
+
+    The split components are intended for version comparison. The logic does
+    not attempt to retain the original version string, so joining the
+    components back with :func:`_version_join` may not produce the original
+    version string.
+    """
+    result: list[str] = []
+
+    epoch, _, rest = version.rpartition("!")
+    result.append(epoch or "0")
+
+    for item in rest.split("."):
+        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
+        if match:
+            result.extend(match.groups())
+        else:
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def _version_join(components: list[str]) -> str:
+    """Join split version components into a version string.
+
+    This function assumes the input came from :func:`_version_split`, where the
+    first component must be the epoch (either empty or numeric), and all other
+    components numeric.
+    """
+    epoch, *rest = components
+    return f"{epoch}!{'.'.join(rest)}"
+
+
+def _is_not_suffix(segment: str) -> bool:
+    return not any(
+        segment.startswith(prefix) for prefix in ("dev", "a", "b", "rc", "post")
+    )
+
+
+def _pad_version(left: list[str], right: list[str]) -> tuple[list[str], list[str]]:
+    left_split, right_split = [], []
+
+    # Get the release segment of our versions
+    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
+    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))
+
+    # Get the rest of our versions
+    left_split.append(left[len(left_split[0]) :])
+    right_split.append(right[len(right_split[0]) :])
+
+    # Insert our padding
+    left_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])))
+    right_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])))
+
+    return (
+        list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(left_split)),
+        list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(right_split)),
+    )
+
+
+class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
+    """This class abstracts handling of a set of version specifiers.
+
+    It can be passed a single specifier (``>=3.0``), a comma-separated list of
+    specifiers (``>=3.0,!=3.1``), or no specifier at all.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        specifiers: str | Iterable[Specifier] = "",
+        prereleases: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a SpecifierSet instance.
+
+        :param specifiers:
+            The string representation of a specifier or a comma-separated list of
+            specifiers which will be parsed and normalized before use.
+            May also be an iterable of ``Specifier`` instances, which will be used
+            as is.
+        :param prereleases:
+            This tells the SpecifierSet if it should accept prerelease versions if
+            applicable or not. The default of ``None`` will autodetect it from the
+            given specifiers.
+
+        :raises InvalidSpecifier:
+            If the given ``specifiers`` are not parseable than this exception will be
+            raised.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(specifiers, str):
+            # Split on `,` to break each individual specifier into its own item, and
+            # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
+            split_specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+            # Make each individual specifier a Specifier and save in a frozen set
+            # for later.
+            self._specs = frozenset(map(Specifier, split_specifiers))
+        else:
+            # Save the supplied specifiers in a frozen set.
+            self._specs = frozenset(specifiers)
+
+        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
+        # we accept prereleases or not.
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self) -> bool | None:
+        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
+        # pass that through here.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
+        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
+        # pre-releases or not.
+        if not self._specs:
+            return None
+
+        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
+        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
+        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """A representation of the specifier set that shows all internal state.
+
+        Note that the ordering of the individual specifiers within the set may not
+        match the input string.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0')
+        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
+        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0', prereleases=False)
+        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0', prereleases=False)>
+        >>> SpecifierSet('>=1.0.0,!=2.0.0', prereleases=True)
+        <SpecifierSet('!=2.0.0,>=1.0.0', prereleases=True)>
+        """
+        pre = (
+            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return f"<SpecifierSet({str(self)!r}{pre})>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """A string representation of the specifier set that can be round-tripped.
+
+        Note that the ordering of the individual specifiers within the set may not
+        match the input string.
+
+        >>> str(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"))
+        '!=1.0.1,>=1.0.0'
+        >>> str(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=False))
+        '!=1.0.1,>=1.0.0'
+        """
+        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._specs)
+
+    def __and__(self, other: SpecifierSet | str) -> SpecifierSet:
+        """Return a SpecifierSet which is a combination of the two sets.
+
+        :param other: The other object to combine with.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") & '<=2.0.0,!=2.0.1'
+        <SpecifierSet('!=1.0.1,!=2.0.1,<=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") & SpecifierSet('<=2.0.0,!=2.0.1')
+        <SpecifierSet('!=1.0.1,!=2.0.1,<=2.0.0,>=1.0.0')>
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        specifier = SpecifierSet()
+        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)
+
+        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
+            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
+                "overrides."
+            )
+
+        return specifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """Whether or not the two SpecifierSet-like objects are equal.
+
+        :param other: The other object to check against.
+
+        The value of :attr:`prereleases` is ignored.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        True
+        >>> (SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=False) ==
+        ...  SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True))
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == ">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0")
+        False
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1") == SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.2")
+        False
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, (str, Specifier)):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs == other._specs
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        """Returns the number of specifiers in this specifier set."""
+        return len(self._specs)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Specifier]:
+        """
+        Returns an iterator over all the underlying :class:`Specifier` instances
+        in this specifier set.
+
+        >>> sorted(SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1"), key=str)
+        [<Specifier('!=1.0.1')>, <Specifier('>=1.0.0')>]
+        """
+        return iter(self._specs)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: UnparsedVersion) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this specifier.
+
+        :param item: The item to check for.
+
+        This is used for the ``in`` operator and behaves the same as
+        :meth:`contains` with no ``prereleases`` argument passed.
+
+        >>> "1.2.3" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3") in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        True
+        >>> "1.0.1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1")
+        False
+        >>> "1.3.0a1" in SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(
+        self,
+        item: UnparsedVersion,
+        prereleases: bool | None = None,
+        installed: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return whether or not the item is contained in this SpecifierSet.
+
+        :param item:
+            The item to check for, which can be a version string or a
+            :class:`Version` instance.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to match prereleases with this SpecifierSet. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it uses :attr:`prereleases` to determine
+            whether or not prereleases are allowed.
+
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.2.3")
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains(Version("1.2.3"))
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.0.1")
+        False
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.3.0a1")
+        False
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1", prereleases=True).contains("1.3.0a1")
+        True
+        >>> SpecifierSet(">=1.0.0,!=1.0.1").contains("1.3.0a1", prereleases=True)
+        True
+        """
+        # Ensure that our item is a Version instance.
+        if not isinstance(item, Version):
+            item = Version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
+        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
+        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
+        # short circuit that here.
+        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
+        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
+        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
+            return False
+
+        if installed and item.is_prerelease:
+            item = Version(item.base_version)
+
+        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
+        # given version is contained within all of them.
+        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
+        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
+        return all(s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases) for s in self._specs)
+
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[UnparsedVersionVar], prereleases: bool | None = None
+    ) -> Iterator[UnparsedVersionVar]:
+        """Filter items in the given iterable, that match the specifiers in this set.
+
+        :param iterable:
+            An iterable that can contain version strings and :class:`Version` instances.
+            The items in the iterable will be filtered according to the specifier.
+        :param prereleases:
+            Whether or not to allow prereleases in the returned iterator. If set to
+            ``None`` (the default), it will be intelligently decide whether to allow
+            prereleases or not (based on the :attr:`prereleases` attribute, and
+            whether the only versions matching are prereleases).
+
+        This method is smarter than just ``filter(SpecifierSet(...).contains, [...])``
+        because it implements the rule from :pep:`440` that a prerelease item
+        SHOULD be accepted if no other versions match the given specifier.
+
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.3", Version("1.4")]))
+        ['1.3', <Version('1.4')>]
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.2", "1.5a1"]))
+        []
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet(">=1.2.3", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+
+        An "empty" SpecifierSet will filter items based on the presence of prerelease
+        versions in the set.
+
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.5a1']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("", prereleases=True).filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"]))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        >>> list(SpecifierSet("").filter(["1.3", "1.5a1"], prereleases=True))
+        ['1.3', '1.5a1']
+        """
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
+        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
+        # each specifier.
+        if self._specs:
+            for spec in self._specs:
+                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
+            return iter(iterable)
+        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
+        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
+        # releases.
+        else:
+            filtered: list[UnparsedVersionVar] = []
+            found_prereleases: list[UnparsedVersionVar] = []
+
+            for item in iterable:
+                parsed_version = _coerce_version(item)
+
+                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
+                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+                    if not filtered:
+                        found_prereleases.append(item)
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(item)
+
+            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
+            # ahead and use the pre-releases
+            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
+                return iter(found_prereleases)
+
+            return iter(filtered)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/tags.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5903402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import platform
+import re
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from importlib.machinery import EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+from typing import (
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from . import _manylinux, _musllinux
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+PythonVersion = Sequence[int]
+AppleVersion = Tuple[int, int]
+
+INTERPRETER_SHORT_NAMES: dict[str, str] = {
+    "python": "py",  # Generic.
+    "cpython": "cp",
+    "pypy": "pp",
+    "ironpython": "ip",
+    "jython": "jy",
+}
+
+
+_32_BIT_INTERPRETER = struct.calcsize("P") == 4
+
+
+class Tag:
+    """
+    A representation of the tag triple for a wheel.
+
+    Instances are considered immutable and thus are hashable. Equality checking
+    is also supported.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ["_abi", "_hash", "_interpreter", "_platform"]
+
+    def __init__(self, interpreter: str, abi: str, platform: str) -> None:
+        self._interpreter = interpreter.lower()
+        self._abi = abi.lower()
+        self._platform = platform.lower()
+        # The __hash__ of every single element in a Set[Tag] will be evaluated each time
+        # that a set calls its `.disjoint()` method, which may be called hundreds of
+        # times when scanning a page of links for packages with tags matching that
+        # Set[Tag]. Pre-computing the value here produces significant speedups for
+        # downstream consumers.
+        self._hash = hash((self._interpreter, self._abi, self._platform))
+
+    @property
+    def interpreter(self) -> str:
+        return self._interpreter
+
+    @property
+    def abi(self) -> str:
+        return self._abi
+
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        return self._platform
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Tag):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (
+            (self._hash == other._hash)  # Short-circuit ASAP for perf reasons.
+            and (self._platform == other._platform)
+            and (self._abi == other._abi)
+            and (self._interpreter == other._interpreter)
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self._interpreter}-{self._abi}-{self._platform}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self} @ {id(self)}>"
+
+
+def parse_tag(tag: str) -> frozenset[Tag]:
+    """
+    Parses the provided tag (e.g. `py3-none-any`) into a frozenset of Tag instances.
+
+    Returning a set is required due to the possibility that the tag is a
+    compressed tag set.
+    """
+    tags = set()
+    interpreters, abis, platforms = tag.split("-")
+    for interpreter in interpreters.split("."):
+        for abi in abis.split("."):
+            for platform_ in platforms.split("."):
+                tags.add(Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_))
+    return frozenset(tags)
+
+
+def _get_config_var(name: str, warn: bool = False) -> int | str | None:
+    value: int | str | None = sysconfig.get_config_var(name)
+    if value is None and warn:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Config variable '%s' is unset, Python ABI tag may be incorrect", name
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _normalize_string(string: str) -> str:
+    return string.replace(".", "_").replace("-", "_").replace(" ", "_")
+
+
+def _is_threaded_cpython(abis: list[str]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determine if the ABI corresponds to a threaded (`--disable-gil`) build.
+
+    The threaded builds are indicated by a "t" in the abiflags.
+    """
+    if len(abis) == 0:
+        return False
+    # expect e.g., cp313
+    m = re.match(r"cp\d+(.*)", abis[0])
+    if not m:
+        return False
+    abiflags = m.group(1)
+    return "t" in abiflags
+
+
+def _abi3_applies(python_version: PythonVersion, threading: bool) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determine if the Python version supports abi3.
+
+    PEP 384 was first implemented in Python 3.2. The threaded (`--disable-gil`)
+    builds do not support abi3.
+    """
+    return len(python_version) > 1 and tuple(python_version) >= (3, 2) and not threading
+
+
+def _cpython_abis(py_version: PythonVersion, warn: bool = False) -> list[str]:
+    py_version = tuple(py_version)  # To allow for version comparison.
+    abis = []
+    version = _version_nodot(py_version[:2])
+    threading = debug = pymalloc = ucs4 = ""
+    with_debug = _get_config_var("Py_DEBUG", warn)
+    has_refcount = hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount")
+    # Windows doesn't set Py_DEBUG, so checking for support of debug-compiled
+    # extension modules is the best option.
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/3383#issuecomment-173267692
+    has_ext = "_d.pyd" in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+    if with_debug or (with_debug is None and (has_refcount or has_ext)):
+        debug = "d"
+    if py_version >= (3, 13) and _get_config_var("Py_GIL_DISABLED", warn):
+        threading = "t"
+    if py_version < (3, 8):
+        with_pymalloc = _get_config_var("WITH_PYMALLOC", warn)
+        if with_pymalloc or with_pymalloc is None:
+            pymalloc = "m"
+        if py_version < (3, 3):
+            unicode_size = _get_config_var("Py_UNICODE_SIZE", warn)
+            if unicode_size == 4 or (
+                unicode_size is None and sys.maxunicode == 0x10FFFF
+            ):
+                ucs4 = "u"
+    elif debug:
+        # Debug builds can also load "normal" extension modules.
+        # We can also assume no UCS-4 or pymalloc requirement.
+        abis.append(f"cp{version}{threading}")
+    abis.insert(0, f"cp{version}{threading}{debug}{pymalloc}{ucs4}")
+    return abis
+
+
+def cpython_tags(
+    python_version: PythonVersion | None = None,
+    abis: Iterable[str] | None = None,
+    platforms: Iterable[str] | None = None,
+    *,
+    warn: bool = False,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the tags for a CPython interpreter.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - cp<python_version>-<abi>-<platform>
+    - cp<python_version>-abi3-<platform>
+    - cp<python_version>-none-<platform>
+    - cp<less than python_version>-abi3-<platform>  # Older Python versions down to 3.2.
+
+    If python_version only specifies a major version then user-provided ABIs and
+    the 'none' ABItag will be used.
+
+    If 'abi3' or 'none' are specified in 'abis' then they will be yielded at
+    their normal position and not at the beginning.
+    """
+    if not python_version:
+        python_version = sys.version_info[:2]
+
+    interpreter = f"cp{_version_nodot(python_version[:2])}"
+
+    if abis is None:
+        if len(python_version) > 1:
+            abis = _cpython_abis(python_version, warn)
+        else:
+            abis = []
+    abis = list(abis)
+    # 'abi3' and 'none' are explicitly handled later.
+    for explicit_abi in ("abi3", "none"):
+        try:
+            abis.remove(explicit_abi)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    for abi in abis:
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_)
+
+    threading = _is_threaded_cpython(abis)
+    use_abi3 = _abi3_applies(python_version, threading)
+    if use_abi3:
+        yield from (Tag(interpreter, "abi3", platform_) for platform_ in platforms)
+    yield from (Tag(interpreter, "none", platform_) for platform_ in platforms)
+
+    if use_abi3:
+        for minor_version in range(python_version[1] - 1, 1, -1):
+            for platform_ in platforms:
+                version = _version_nodot((python_version[0], minor_version))
+                interpreter = f"cp{version}"
+                yield Tag(interpreter, "abi3", platform_)
+
+
+def _generic_abi() -> list[str]:
+    """
+    Return the ABI tag based on EXT_SUFFIX.
+    """
+    # The following are examples of `EXT_SUFFIX`.
+    # We want to keep the parts which are related to the ABI and remove the
+    # parts which are related to the platform:
+    # - linux:   '.cpython-310-x86_64-linux-gnu.so' => cp310
+    # - mac:     '.cpython-310-darwin.so'           => cp310
+    # - win:     '.cp310-win_amd64.pyd'             => cp310
+    # - win:     '.pyd'                             => cp37 (uses _cpython_abis())
+    # - pypy:    '.pypy38-pp73-x86_64-linux-gnu.so' => pypy38_pp73
+    # - graalpy: '.graalpy-38-native-x86_64-darwin.dylib'
+    #                                               => graalpy_38_native
+
+    ext_suffix = _get_config_var("EXT_SUFFIX", warn=True)
+    if not isinstance(ext_suffix, str) or ext_suffix[0] != ".":
+        raise SystemError("invalid sysconfig.get_config_var('EXT_SUFFIX')")
+    parts = ext_suffix.split(".")
+    if len(parts) < 3:
+        # CPython3.7 and earlier uses ".pyd" on Windows.
+        return _cpython_abis(sys.version_info[:2])
+    soabi = parts[1]
+    if soabi.startswith("cpython"):
+        # non-windows
+        abi = "cp" + soabi.split("-")[1]
+    elif soabi.startswith("cp"):
+        # windows
+        abi = soabi.split("-")[0]
+    elif soabi.startswith("pypy"):
+        abi = "-".join(soabi.split("-")[:2])
+    elif soabi.startswith("graalpy"):
+        abi = "-".join(soabi.split("-")[:3])
+    elif soabi:
+        # pyston, ironpython, others?
+        abi = soabi
+    else:
+        return []
+    return [_normalize_string(abi)]
+
+
+def generic_tags(
+    interpreter: str | None = None,
+    abis: Iterable[str] | None = None,
+    platforms: Iterable[str] | None = None,
+    *,
+    warn: bool = False,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the tags for a generic interpreter.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - <interpreter>-<abi>-<platform>
+
+    The "none" ABI will be added if it was not explicitly provided.
+    """
+    if not interpreter:
+        interp_name = interpreter_name()
+        interp_version = interpreter_version(warn=warn)
+        interpreter = "".join([interp_name, interp_version])
+    if abis is None:
+        abis = _generic_abi()
+    else:
+        abis = list(abis)
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    if "none" not in abis:
+        abis.append("none")
+    for abi in abis:
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_)
+
+
+def _py_interpreter_range(py_version: PythonVersion) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Yields Python versions in descending order.
+
+    After the latest version, the major-only version will be yielded, and then
+    all previous versions of that major version.
+    """
+    if len(py_version) > 1:
+        yield f"py{_version_nodot(py_version[:2])}"
+    yield f"py{py_version[0]}"
+    if len(py_version) > 1:
+        for minor in range(py_version[1] - 1, -1, -1):
+            yield f"py{_version_nodot((py_version[0], minor))}"
+
+
+def compatible_tags(
+    python_version: PythonVersion | None = None,
+    interpreter: str | None = None,
+    platforms: Iterable[str] | None = None,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the sequence of tags that are compatible with a specific version of Python.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - py*-none-<platform>
+    - <interpreter>-none-any  # ... if `interpreter` is provided.
+    - py*-none-any
+    """
+    if not python_version:
+        python_version = sys.version_info[:2]
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    for version in _py_interpreter_range(python_version):
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(version, "none", platform_)
+    if interpreter:
+        yield Tag(interpreter, "none", "any")
+    for version in _py_interpreter_range(python_version):
+        yield Tag(version, "none", "any")
+
+
+def _mac_arch(arch: str, is_32bit: bool = _32_BIT_INTERPRETER) -> str:
+    if not is_32bit:
+        return arch
+
+    if arch.startswith("ppc"):
+        return "ppc"
+
+    return "i386"
+
+
+def _mac_binary_formats(version: AppleVersion, cpu_arch: str) -> list[str]:
+    formats = [cpu_arch]
+    if cpu_arch == "x86_64":
+        if version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["intel", "fat64", "fat32"])
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "i386":
+        if version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["intel", "fat32", "fat"])
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "ppc64":
+        # TODO: Need to care about 32-bit PPC for ppc64 through 10.2?
+        if version > (10, 5) or version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.append("fat64")
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "ppc":
+        if version > (10, 6):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["fat32", "fat"])
+
+    if cpu_arch in {"arm64", "x86_64"}:
+        formats.append("universal2")
+
+    if cpu_arch in {"x86_64", "i386", "ppc64", "ppc", "intel"}:
+        formats.append("universal")
+
+    return formats
+
+
+def mac_platforms(
+    version: AppleVersion | None = None, arch: str | None = None
+) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Yields the platform tags for a macOS system.
+
+    The `version` parameter is a two-item tuple specifying the macOS version to
+    generate platform tags for. The `arch` parameter is the CPU architecture to
+    generate platform tags for. Both parameters default to the appropriate value
+    for the current system.
+    """
+    version_str, _, cpu_arch = platform.mac_ver()
+    if version is None:
+        version = cast("AppleVersion", tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2])))
+        if version == (10, 16):
+            # When built against an older macOS SDK, Python will report macOS 10.16
+            # instead of the real version.
+            version_str = subprocess.run(
+                [
+                    sys.executable,
+                    "-sS",
+                    "-c",
+                    "import platform; print(platform.mac_ver()[0])",
+                ],
+                check=True,
+                env={"SYSTEM_VERSION_COMPAT": "0"},
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                text=True,
+            ).stdout
+            version = cast("AppleVersion", tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2])))
+    else:
+        version = version
+    if arch is None:
+        arch = _mac_arch(cpu_arch)
+    else:
+        arch = arch
+
+    if (10, 0) <= version and version < (11, 0):
+        # Prior to Mac OS 11, each yearly release of Mac OS bumped the
+        # "minor" version number.  The major version was always 10.
+        major_version = 10
+        for minor_version in range(version[1], -1, -1):
+            compat_version = major_version, minor_version
+            binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+            for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                yield f"macosx_{major_version}_{minor_version}_{binary_format}"
+
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        # Starting with Mac OS 11, each yearly release bumps the major version
+        # number.   The minor versions are now the midyear updates.
+        minor_version = 0
+        for major_version in range(version[0], 10, -1):
+            compat_version = major_version, minor_version
+            binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+            for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                yield f"macosx_{major_version}_{minor_version}_{binary_format}"
+
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        # Mac OS 11 on x86_64 is compatible with binaries from previous releases.
+        # Arm64 support was introduced in 11.0, so no Arm binaries from previous
+        # releases exist.
+        #
+        # However, the "universal2" binary format can have a
+        # macOS version earlier than 11.0 when the x86_64 part of the binary supports
+        # that version of macOS.
+        major_version = 10
+        if arch == "x86_64":
+            for minor_version in range(16, 3, -1):
+                compat_version = major_version, minor_version
+                binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+                for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                    yield f"macosx_{major_version}_{minor_version}_{binary_format}"
+        else:
+            for minor_version in range(16, 3, -1):
+                compat_version = major_version, minor_version
+                binary_format = "universal2"
+                yield f"macosx_{major_version}_{minor_version}_{binary_format}"
+
+
+def ios_platforms(
+    version: AppleVersion | None = None, multiarch: str | None = None
+) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Yields the platform tags for an iOS system.
+
+    :param version: A two-item tuple specifying the iOS version to generate
+        platform tags for. Defaults to the current iOS version.
+    :param multiarch: The CPU architecture+ABI to generate platform tags for -
+        (the value used by `sys.implementation._multiarch` e.g.,
+        `arm64_iphoneos` or `x84_64_iphonesimulator`). Defaults to the current
+        multiarch value.
+    """
+    if version is None:
+        # if iOS is the current platform, ios_ver *must* be defined. However,
+        # it won't exist for CPython versions before 3.13, which causes a mypy
+        # error.
+        _, release, _, _ = platform.ios_ver()  # type: ignore[attr-defined, unused-ignore]
+        version = cast("AppleVersion", tuple(map(int, release.split(".")[:2])))
+
+    if multiarch is None:
+        multiarch = sys.implementation._multiarch
+    multiarch = multiarch.replace("-", "_")
+
+    ios_platform_template = "ios_{major}_{minor}_{multiarch}"
+
+    # Consider any iOS major.minor version from the version requested, down to
+    # 12.0. 12.0 is the first iOS version that is known to have enough features
+    # to support CPython. Consider every possible minor release up to X.9. There
+    # highest the minor has ever gone is 8 (14.8 and 15.8) but having some extra
+    # candidates that won't ever match doesn't really hurt, and it saves us from
+    # having to keep an explicit list of known iOS versions in the code. Return
+    # the results descending order of version number.
+
+    # If the requested major version is less than 12, there won't be any matches.
+    if version[0] < 12:
+        return
+
+    # Consider the actual X.Y version that was requested.
+    yield ios_platform_template.format(
+        major=version[0], minor=version[1], multiarch=multiarch
+    )
+
+    # Consider every minor version from X.0 to the minor version prior to the
+    # version requested by the platform.
+    for minor in range(version[1] - 1, -1, -1):
+        yield ios_platform_template.format(
+            major=version[0], minor=minor, multiarch=multiarch
+        )
+
+    for major in range(version[0] - 1, 11, -1):
+        for minor in range(9, -1, -1):
+            yield ios_platform_template.format(
+                major=major, minor=minor, multiarch=multiarch
+            )
+
+
+def _linux_platforms(is_32bit: bool = _32_BIT_INTERPRETER) -> Iterator[str]:
+    linux = _normalize_string(sysconfig.get_platform())
+    if not linux.startswith("linux_"):
+        # we should never be here, just yield the sysconfig one and return
+        yield linux
+        return
+    if is_32bit:
+        if linux == "linux_x86_64":
+            linux = "linux_i686"
+        elif linux == "linux_aarch64":
+            linux = "linux_armv8l"
+    _, arch = linux.split("_", 1)
+    archs = {"armv8l": ["armv8l", "armv7l"]}.get(arch, [arch])
+    yield from _manylinux.platform_tags(archs)
+    yield from _musllinux.platform_tags(archs)
+    for arch in archs:
+        yield f"linux_{arch}"
+
+
+def _generic_platforms() -> Iterator[str]:
+    yield _normalize_string(sysconfig.get_platform())
+
+
+def platform_tags() -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Provides the platform tags for this installation.
+    """
+    if platform.system() == "Darwin":
+        return mac_platforms()
+    elif platform.system() == "iOS":
+        return ios_platforms()
+    elif platform.system() == "Linux":
+        return _linux_platforms()
+    else:
+        return _generic_platforms()
+
+
+def interpreter_name() -> str:
+    """
+    Returns the name of the running interpreter.
+
+    Some implementations have a reserved, two-letter abbreviation which will
+    be returned when appropriate.
+    """
+    name = sys.implementation.name
+    return INTERPRETER_SHORT_NAMES.get(name) or name
+
+
+def interpreter_version(*, warn: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Returns the version of the running interpreter.
+    """
+    version = _get_config_var("py_version_nodot", warn=warn)
+    if version:
+        version = str(version)
+    else:
+        version = _version_nodot(sys.version_info[:2])
+    return version
+
+
+def _version_nodot(version: PythonVersion) -> str:
+    return "".join(map(str, version))
+
+
+def sys_tags(*, warn: bool = False) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Returns the sequence of tag triples for the running interpreter.
+
+    The order of the sequence corresponds to priority order for the
+    interpreter, from most to least important.
+    """
+
+    interp_name = interpreter_name()
+    if interp_name == "cp":
+        yield from cpython_tags(warn=warn)
+    else:
+        yield from generic_tags()
+
+    if interp_name == "pp":
+        interp = "pp3"
+    elif interp_name == "cp":
+        interp = "cp" + interpreter_version(warn=warn)
+    else:
+        interp = None
+    yield from compatible_tags(interpreter=interp)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23450953
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import re
+from typing import NewType, Tuple, Union, cast
+
+from .tags import Tag, parse_tag
+from .version import InvalidVersion, Version, _TrimmedRelease
+
+BuildTag = Union[Tuple[()], Tuple[int, str]]
+NormalizedName = NewType("NormalizedName", str)
+
+
+class InvalidName(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid distribution name; users should refer to the packaging user guide.
+    """
+
+
+class InvalidWheelFilename(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid wheel filename was found, users should refer to PEP 427.
+    """
+
+
+class InvalidSdistFilename(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid sdist filename was found, users should refer to the packaging user guide.
+    """
+
+
+# Core metadata spec for `Name`
+_validate_regex = re.compile(
+    r"^([A-Z0-9]|[A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9._-]*[A-Z0-9])$", re.IGNORECASE
+)
+_canonicalize_regex = re.compile(r"[-_.]+")
+_normalized_regex = re.compile(r"^([a-z0-9]|[a-z0-9]([a-z0-9-](?!--))*[a-z0-9])$")
+# PEP 427: The build number must start with a digit.
+_build_tag_regex = re.compile(r"(\d+)(.*)")
+
+
+def canonicalize_name(name: str, *, validate: bool = False) -> NormalizedName:
+    if validate and not _validate_regex.match(name):
+        raise InvalidName(f"name is invalid: {name!r}")
+    # This is taken from PEP 503.
+    value = _canonicalize_regex.sub("-", name).lower()
+    return cast(NormalizedName, value)
+
+
+def is_normalized_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    return _normalized_regex.match(name) is not None
+
+
+@functools.singledispatch
+def canonicalize_version(
+    version: Version | str, *, strip_trailing_zero: bool = True
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a canonical form of a version as a string.
+
+    >>> canonicalize_version('1.0.1')
+    '1.0.1'
+
+    Per PEP 625, versions may have multiple canonical forms, differing
+    only by trailing zeros.
+
+    >>> canonicalize_version('1.0.0')
+    '1'
+    >>> canonicalize_version('1.0.0', strip_trailing_zero=False)
+    '1.0.0'
+
+    Invalid versions are returned unaltered.
+
+    >>> canonicalize_version('foo bar baz')
+    'foo bar baz'
+    """
+    return str(_TrimmedRelease(str(version)) if strip_trailing_zero else version)
+
+
+@canonicalize_version.register
+def _(version: str, *, strip_trailing_zero: bool = True) -> str:
+    try:
+        parsed = Version(version)
+    except InvalidVersion:
+        # Legacy versions cannot be normalized
+        return version
+    return canonicalize_version(parsed, strip_trailing_zero=strip_trailing_zero)
+
+
+def parse_wheel_filename(
+    filename: str,
+) -> tuple[NormalizedName, Version, BuildTag, frozenset[Tag]]:
+    if not filename.endswith(".whl"):
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (extension must be '.whl'): {filename!r}"
+        )
+
+    filename = filename[:-4]
+    dashes = filename.count("-")
+    if dashes not in (4, 5):
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (wrong number of parts): {filename!r}"
+        )
+
+    parts = filename.split("-", dashes - 2)
+    name_part = parts[0]
+    # See PEP 427 for the rules on escaping the project name.
+    if "__" in name_part or re.match(r"^[\w\d._]*$", name_part, re.UNICODE) is None:
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(f"Invalid project name: {filename!r}")
+    name = canonicalize_name(name_part)
+
+    try:
+        version = Version(parts[1])
+    except InvalidVersion as e:
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (invalid version): {filename!r}"
+        ) from e
+
+    if dashes == 5:
+        build_part = parts[2]
+        build_match = _build_tag_regex.match(build_part)
+        if build_match is None:
+            raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+                f"Invalid build number: {build_part} in {filename!r}"
+            )
+        build = cast(BuildTag, (int(build_match.group(1)), build_match.group(2)))
+    else:
+        build = ()
+    tags = parse_tag(parts[-1])
+    return (name, version, build, tags)
+
+
+def parse_sdist_filename(filename: str) -> tuple[NormalizedName, Version]:
+    if filename.endswith(".tar.gz"):
+        file_stem = filename[: -len(".tar.gz")]
+    elif filename.endswith(".zip"):
+        file_stem = filename[: -len(".zip")]
+    else:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(
+            f"Invalid sdist filename (extension must be '.tar.gz' or '.zip'):"
+            f" {filename!r}"
+        )
+
+    # We are requiring a PEP 440 version, which cannot contain dashes,
+    # so we split on the last dash.
+    name_part, sep, version_part = file_stem.rpartition("-")
+    if not sep:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(f"Invalid sdist filename: {filename!r}")
+
+    name = canonicalize_name(name_part)
+
+    try:
+        version = Version(version_part)
+    except InvalidVersion as e:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(
+            f"Invalid sdist filename (invalid version): {filename!r}"
+        ) from e
+
+    return (name, version)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9bbda20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/packaging/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+"""
+.. testsetup::
+
+    from packaging.version import parse, Version
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import re
+from typing import Any, Callable, NamedTuple, SupportsInt, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._structures import Infinity, InfinityType, NegativeInfinity, NegativeInfinityType
+
+__all__ = ["VERSION_PATTERN", "InvalidVersion", "Version", "parse"]
+
+LocalType = Tuple[Union[int, str], ...]
+
+CmpPrePostDevType = Union[InfinityType, NegativeInfinityType, Tuple[str, int]]
+CmpLocalType = Union[
+    NegativeInfinityType,
+    Tuple[Union[Tuple[int, str], Tuple[NegativeInfinityType, Union[int, str]]], ...],
+]
+CmpKey = Tuple[
+    int,
+    Tuple[int, ...],
+    CmpPrePostDevType,
+    CmpPrePostDevType,
+    CmpPrePostDevType,
+    CmpLocalType,
+]
+VersionComparisonMethod = Callable[[CmpKey, CmpKey], bool]
+
+
+class _Version(NamedTuple):
+    epoch: int
+    release: tuple[int, ...]
+    dev: tuple[str, int] | None
+    pre: tuple[str, int] | None
+    post: tuple[str, int] | None
+    local: LocalType | None
+
+
+def parse(version: str) -> Version:
+    """Parse the given version string.
+
+    >>> parse('1.0.dev1')
+    <Version('1.0.dev1')>
+
+    :param version: The version string to parse.
+    :raises InvalidVersion: When the version string is not a valid version.
+    """
+    return Version(version)
+
+
+class InvalidVersion(ValueError):
+    """Raised when a version string is not a valid version.
+
+    >>> Version("invalid")
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+    packaging.version.InvalidVersion: Invalid version: 'invalid'
+    """
+
+
+class _BaseVersion:
+    _key: tuple[Any, ...]
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    # Please keep the duplicated `isinstance` check
+    # in the six comparisons hereunder
+    # unless you find a way to avoid adding overhead function calls.
+    def __lt__(self, other: _BaseVersion) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key < other._key
+
+    def __le__(self, other: _BaseVersion) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key <= other._key
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key == other._key
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: _BaseVersion) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key >= other._key
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: _BaseVersion) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key > other._key
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key != other._key
+
+
+# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it
+# easier for 3rd party code to reuse
+_VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>alpha|a|beta|b|preview|pre|c|rc)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+VERSION_PATTERN = _VERSION_PATTERN
+"""
+A string containing the regular expression used to match a valid version.
+
+The pattern is not anchored at either end, and is intended for embedding in larger
+expressions (for example, matching a version number as part of a file name). The
+regular expression should be compiled with the ``re.VERBOSE`` and ``re.IGNORECASE``
+flags set.
+
+:meta hide-value:
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+    """This class abstracts handling of a project's versions.
+
+    A :class:`Version` instance is comparison aware and can be compared and
+    sorted using the standard Python interfaces.
+
+    >>> v1 = Version("1.0a5")
+    >>> v2 = Version("1.0")
+    >>> v1
+    <Version('1.0a5')>
+    >>> v2
+    <Version('1.0')>
+    >>> v1 < v2
+    True
+    >>> v1 == v2
+    False
+    >>> v1 > v2
+    False
+    >>> v1 >= v2
+    False
+    >>> v1 <= v2
+    True
+    """
+
+    _regex = re.compile(r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+    _key: CmpKey
+
+    def __init__(self, version: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize a Version object.
+
+        :param version:
+            The string representation of a version which will be parsed and normalized
+            before use.
+        :raises InvalidVersion:
+            If the ``version`` does not conform to PEP 440 in any way then this
+            exception will be raised.
+        """
+
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion(f"Invalid version: {version!r}")
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(match.group("pre_l"), match.group("pre_n")),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"), match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2")
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(match.group("dev_l"), match.group("dev_n")),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """A representation of the Version that shows all internal state.
+
+        >>> Version('1.0.0')
+        <Version('1.0.0')>
+        """
+        return f"<Version('{self}')>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """A string representation of the version that can be round-tripped.
+
+        >>> str(Version("1.0a5"))
+        '1.0a5'
+        """
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append(f"{self.epoch}!")
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self.post is not None:
+            parts.append(f".post{self.post}")
+
+        # Development release
+        if self.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(f".dev{self.dev}")
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self.local is not None:
+            parts.append(f"+{self.local}")
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def epoch(self) -> int:
+        """The epoch of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("2.0.0").epoch
+        0
+        >>> Version("1!2.0.0").epoch
+        1
+        """
+        return self._version.epoch
+
+    @property
+    def release(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+        """The components of the "release" segment of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").release
+        (1, 2, 3)
+        >>> Version("2.0.0").release
+        (2, 0, 0)
+        >>> Version("1!2.0.0.post0").release
+        (2, 0, 0)
+
+        Includes trailing zeroes but not the epoch or any pre-release / development /
+        post-release suffixes.
+        """
+        return self._version.release
+
+    @property
+    def pre(self) -> tuple[str, int] | None:
+        """The pre-release segment of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").pre)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3a1").pre
+        ('a', 1)
+        >>> Version("1.2.3b1").pre
+        ('b', 1)
+        >>> Version("1.2.3rc1").pre
+        ('rc', 1)
+        """
+        return self._version.pre
+
+    @property
+    def post(self) -> int | None:
+        """The post-release number of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").post)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.post1").post
+        1
+        """
+        return self._version.post[1] if self._version.post else None
+
+    @property
+    def dev(self) -> int | None:
+        """The development number of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").dev)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.dev1").dev
+        1
+        """
+        return self._version.dev[1] if self._version.dev else None
+
+    @property
+    def local(self) -> str | None:
+        """The local version segment of the version.
+
+        >>> print(Version("1.2.3").local)
+        None
+        >>> Version("1.2.3+abc").local
+        'abc'
+        """
+        if self._version.local:
+            return ".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def public(self) -> str:
+        """The public portion of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").public
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1.2.3+abc").public
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1!1.2.3dev1+abc").public
+        '1!1.2.3.dev1'
+        """
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self) -> str:
+        """The "base version" of the version.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").base_version
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1.2.3+abc").base_version
+        '1.2.3'
+        >>> Version("1!1.2.3dev1+abc").base_version
+        '1!1.2.3'
+
+        The "base version" is the public version of the project without any pre or post
+        release markers.
+        """
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append(f"{self.epoch}!")
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this version is a pre-release.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").is_prerelease
+        False
+        >>> Version("1.2.3a1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3b1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3rc1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        >>> Version("1.2.3dev1").is_prerelease
+        True
+        """
+        return self.dev is not None or self.pre is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this version is a post-release.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").is_postrelease
+        False
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.post1").is_postrelease
+        True
+        """
+        return self.post is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_devrelease(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this version is a development release.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").is_devrelease
+        False
+        >>> Version("1.2.3.dev1").is_devrelease
+        True
+        """
+        return self.dev is not None
+
+    @property
+    def major(self) -> int:
+        """The first item of :attr:`release` or ``0`` if unavailable.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").major
+        1
+        """
+        return self.release[0] if len(self.release) >= 1 else 0
+
+    @property
+    def minor(self) -> int:
+        """The second item of :attr:`release` or ``0`` if unavailable.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").minor
+        2
+        >>> Version("1").minor
+        0
+        """
+        return self.release[1] if len(self.release) >= 2 else 0
+
+    @property
+    def micro(self) -> int:
+        """The third item of :attr:`release` or ``0`` if unavailable.
+
+        >>> Version("1.2.3").micro
+        3
+        >>> Version("1").micro
+        0
+        """
+        return self.release[2] if len(self.release) >= 3 else 0
+
+
+class _TrimmedRelease(Version):
+    @property
+    def release(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
+        """
+        Release segment without any trailing zeros.
+
+        >>> _TrimmedRelease('1.0.0').release
+        (1,)
+        >>> _TrimmedRelease('0.0').release
+        (0,)
+        """
+        rel = super().release
+        nonzeros = (index for index, val in enumerate(rel) if val)
+        last_nonzero = max(nonzeros, default=0)
+        return rel[: last_nonzero + 1]
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(
+    letter: str | None, number: str | bytes | SupportsInt | None
+) -> tuple[str, int] | None:
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+    assert not letter
+    if number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+    return None
+
+
+_local_version_separators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local: str | None) -> LocalType | None:
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_separators.split(local)
+        )
+    return None
+
+
+def _cmpkey(
+    epoch: int,
+    release: tuple[int, ...],
+    pre: tuple[str, int] | None,
+    post: tuple[str, int] | None,
+    dev: tuple[str, int] | None,
+    local: LocalType | None,
+) -> CmpKey:
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    _release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(itertools.dropwhile(lambda x: x == 0, reversed(release))))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        _pre: CmpPrePostDevType = NegativeInfinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        _pre = Infinity
+    else:
+        _pre = pre
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        _post: CmpPrePostDevType = NegativeInfinity
+
+    else:
+        _post = post
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        _dev: CmpPrePostDevType = Infinity
+
+    else:
+        _dev = dev
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        _local: CmpLocalType = NegativeInfinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        _local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (NegativeInfinity, i) for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, _release, _pre, _post, _dev, _local
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/AUTHORS.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/AUTHORS.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e635489
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/AUTHORS.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,760 @@
+@Switch01
+A_Rog
+Aakanksha Agrawal
+Abhinav Sagar
+ABHYUDAY PRATAP SINGH
+abs51295
+AceGentile
+Adam Chainz
+Adam Tse
+Adam Wentz
+admin
+Adrien Morison
+ahayrapetyan
+Ahilya
+AinsworthK
+Akash Srivastava
+Alan Yee
+Albert Tugushev
+Albert-Guan
+albertg
+Alberto Sottile
+Aleks Bunin
+Ales Erjavec
+Alethea Flowers
+Alex Gaynor
+Alex Grönholm
+Alex Hedges
+Alex Loosley
+Alex Morega
+Alex Stachowiak
+Alexander Shtyrov
+Alexandre Conrad
+Alexey Popravka
+Aleš Erjavec
+Alli
+Ami Fischman
+Ananya Maiti
+Anatoly Techtonik
+Anders Kaseorg
+Andre Aguiar
+Andreas Lutro
+Andrei Geacar
+Andrew Gaul
+Andrew Shymanel
+Andrey Bienkowski
+Andrey Bulgakov
+Andrés Delfino
+Andy Freeland
+Andy Kluger
+Ani Hayrapetyan
+Aniruddha Basak
+Anish Tambe
+Anrs Hu
+Anthony Sottile
+Antoine Musso
+Anton Ovchinnikov
+Anton Patrushev
+Antonio Alvarado Hernandez
+Antony Lee
+Antti Kaihola
+Anubhav Patel
+Anudit Nagar
+Anuj Godase
+AQNOUCH Mohammed
+AraHaan
+Arindam Choudhury
+Armin Ronacher
+Artem
+Arun Babu Neelicattu
+Ashley Manton
+Ashwin Ramaswami
+atse
+Atsushi Odagiri
+Avinash Karhana
+Avner Cohen
+Awit (Ah-Wit) Ghirmai
+Baptiste Mispelon
+Barney Gale
+barneygale
+Bartek Ogryczak
+Bastian Venthur
+Ben Bodenmiller
+Ben Darnell
+Ben Hoyt
+Ben Mares
+Ben Rosser
+Bence Nagy
+Benjamin Peterson
+Benjamin VanEvery
+Benoit Pierre
+Berker Peksag
+Bernard
+Bernard Tyers
+Bernardo B. Marques
+Bernhard M. Wiedemann
+Bertil Hatt
+Bhavam Vidyarthi
+Blazej Michalik
+Bogdan Opanchuk
+BorisZZZ
+Brad Erickson
+Bradley Ayers
+Brandon L. Reiss
+Brandt Bucher
+Brett Randall
+Brett Rosen
+Brian Cristante
+Brian Rosner
+briantracy
+BrownTruck
+Bruno Oliveira
+Bruno Renié
+Bruno S
+Bstrdsmkr
+Buck Golemon
+burrows
+Bussonnier Matthias
+bwoodsend
+c22
+Caleb Martinez
+Calvin Smith
+Carl Meyer
+Carlos Liam
+Carol Willing
+Carter Thayer
+Cass
+Chandrasekhar Atina
+Chih-Hsuan Yen
+Chris Brinker
+Chris Hunt
+Chris Jerdonek
+Chris Kuehl
+Chris McDonough
+Chris Pawley
+Chris Pryer
+Chris Wolfe
+Christian Clauss
+Christian Heimes
+Christian Oudard
+Christoph Reiter
+Christopher Hunt
+Christopher Snyder
+cjc7373
+Clark Boylan
+Claudio Jolowicz
+Clay McClure
+Cody
+Cody Soyland
+Colin Watson
+Collin Anderson
+Connor Osborn
+Cooper Lees
+Cooper Ry Lees
+Cory Benfield
+Cory Wright
+Craig Kerstiens
+Cristian Sorinel
+Cristina
+Cristina Muñoz
+Curtis Doty
+cytolentino
+Daan De Meyer
+Dale
+Damian
+Damian Quiroga
+Damian Shaw
+Dan Black
+Dan Savilonis
+Dan Sully
+Dane Hillard
+daniel
+Daniel Collins
+Daniel Hahler
+Daniel Holth
+Daniel Jost
+Daniel Katz
+Daniel Shaulov
+Daniele Esposti
+Daniele Nicolodi
+Daniele Procida
+Daniil Konovalenko
+Danny Hermes
+Danny McClanahan
+Darren Kavanagh
+Dav Clark
+Dave Abrahams
+Dave Jones
+David Aguilar
+David Black
+David Bordeynik
+David Caro
+David D Lowe
+David Evans
+David Hewitt
+David Linke
+David Poggi
+David Pursehouse
+David Runge
+David Tucker
+David Wales
+Davidovich
+ddelange
+Deepak Sharma
+Deepyaman Datta
+Denise Yu
+dependabot[bot]
+derwolfe
+Desetude
+Devesh Kumar Singh
+Diego Caraballo
+Diego Ramirez
+DiegoCaraballo
+Dimitri Merejkowsky
+Dimitri Papadopoulos
+Dirk Stolle
+Dmitry Gladkov
+Dmitry Volodin
+Domen Kožar
+Dominic Davis-Foster
+Donald Stufft
+Dongweiming
+doron zarhi
+Dos Moonen
+Douglas Thor
+DrFeathers
+Dustin Ingram
+Dwayne Bailey
+Ed Morley
+Edgar Ramírez
+Edgar Ramírez Mondragón
+Ee Durbin
+Efflam Lemaillet
+efflamlemaillet
+Eitan Adler
+ekristina
+elainechan
+Eli Schwartz
+Elisha Hollander
+Ellen Marie Dash
+Emil Burzo
+Emil Styrke
+Emmanuel Arias
+Endoh Takanao
+enoch
+Erdinc Mutlu
+Eric Cousineau
+Eric Gillingham
+Eric Hanchrow
+Eric Hopper
+Erik M. Bray
+Erik Rose
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e7b65ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Copyright (c) 2008-present The pip developers (see AUTHORS.txt file)
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5b45bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/METADATA
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+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: pip
+Version: 24.0
+Summary: The PyPA recommended tool for installing Python packages.
+Author-email: The pip developers <distutils-sig@python.org>
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://pip.pypa.io/
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://pip.pypa.io
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/pypa/pip
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news/
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Requires-Python: >=3.7
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+License-File: LICENSE.txt
+License-File: AUTHORS.txt
+
+pip - The Python Package Installer
+==================================
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pip.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/pip/
+   :alt: PyPI
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pip
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/pip
+   :alt: PyPI - Python Version
+
+.. image:: https://readthedocs.org/projects/pip/badge/?version=latest
+   :target: https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest
+   :alt: Documentation
+
+pip is the `package installer`_ for Python. You can use pip to install packages from the `Python Package Index`_ and other indexes.
+
+Please take a look at our documentation for how to install and use pip:
+
+* `Installation`_
+* `Usage`_
+
+We release updates regularly, with a new version every 3 months. Find more details in our documentation:
+
+* `Release notes`_
+* `Release process`_
+
+If you find bugs, need help, or want to talk to the developers, please use our mailing lists or chat rooms:
+
+* `Issue tracking`_
+* `Discourse channel`_
+* `User IRC`_
+
+If you want to get involved head over to GitHub to get the source code, look at our development documentation and feel free to jump on the developer mailing lists and chat rooms:
+
+* `GitHub page`_
+* `Development documentation`_
+* `Development IRC`_
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Everyone interacting in the pip project's codebases, issue trackers, chat
+rooms, and mailing lists is expected to follow the `PSF Code of Conduct`_.
+
+.. _package installer: https://packaging.python.org/guides/tool-recommendations/
+.. _Python Package Index: https://pypi.org
+.. _Installation: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installation/
+.. _Usage: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/
+.. _Release notes: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/news.html
+.. _Release process: https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/development/release-process/
+.. _GitHub page: https://github.com/pypa/pip
+.. _Development documentation: https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/development
+.. _Issue tracking: https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues
+.. _Discourse channel: https://discuss.python.org/c/packaging
+.. _User IRC: https://kiwiirc.com/nextclient/#ircs://irc.libera.chat:+6697/pypa
+.. _Development IRC: https://kiwiirc.com/nextclient/#ircs://irc.libera.chat:+6697/pypa-dev
+.. _PSF Code of Conduct: https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/REQUESTED b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/REQUESTED
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98c0d20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.42.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5367846d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[console_scripts]
+pip = pip._internal.cli.main:main
+pip3 = pip._internal.cli.main:main
+pip3.10 = pip._internal.cli.main:main
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip-24.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be0e3edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+__version__ = "24.0"
+
+
+def main(args: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> int:
+    """This is an internal API only meant for use by pip's own console scripts.
+
+    For additional details, see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/7498.
+    """
+    from pip._internal.utils.entrypoints import _wrapper
+
+    return _wrapper(args)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59913261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import os
+import sys
+
+# Remove '' and current working directory from the first entry
+# of sys.path, if present to avoid using current directory
+# in pip commands check, freeze, install, list and show,
+# when invoked as python -m pip <command>
+if sys.path[0] in ("", os.getcwd()):
+    sys.path.pop(0)
+
+# If we are running from a wheel, add the wheel to sys.path
+# This allows the usage python pip-*.whl/pip install pip-*.whl
+if __package__ == "":
+    # __file__ is pip-*.whl/pip/__main__.py
+    # first dirname call strips of '/__main__.py', second strips off '/pip'
+    # Resulting path is the name of the wheel itself
+    # Add that to sys.path so we can import pip
+    path = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    sys.path.insert(0, path)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from pip._internal.cli.main import main as _main
+
+    sys.exit(_main())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__pip-runner__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__pip-runner__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49a148a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__pip-runner__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""Execute exactly this copy of pip, within a different environment.
+
+This file is named as it is, to ensure that this module can't be imported via
+an import statement.
+"""
+
+# /!\ This version compatibility check section must be Python 2 compatible. /!\
+
+import sys
+
+# Copied from setup.py
+PYTHON_REQUIRES = (3, 7)
+
+
+def version_str(version):  # type: ignore
+    return ".".join(str(v) for v in version)
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] < PYTHON_REQUIRES:
+    raise SystemExit(
+        "This version of pip does not support python {} (requires >={}).".format(
+            version_str(sys.version_info[:2]), version_str(PYTHON_REQUIRES)
+        )
+    )
+
+# From here on, we can use Python 3 features, but the syntax must remain
+# Python 2 compatible.
+
+import runpy  # noqa: E402
+from importlib.machinery import PathFinder  # noqa: E402
+from os.path import dirname  # noqa: E402
+
+PIP_SOURCES_ROOT = dirname(dirname(__file__))
+
+
+class PipImportRedirectingFinder:
+    @classmethod
+    def find_spec(self, fullname, path=None, target=None):  # type: ignore
+        if fullname != "pip":
+            return None
+
+        spec = PathFinder.find_spec(fullname, [PIP_SOURCES_ROOT], target)
+        assert spec, (PIP_SOURCES_ROOT, fullname)
+        return spec
+
+
+sys.meta_path.insert(0, PipImportRedirectingFinder())
+
+assert __name__ == "__main__", "Cannot run __pip-runner__.py as a non-main module"
+runpy.run_module("pip", run_name="__main__", alter_sys=True)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96c6b88c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.utils import _log
+
+# init_logging() must be called before any call to logging.getLogger()
+# which happens at import of most modules.
+_log.init_logging()
+
+
+def main(args: (Optional[List[str]]) = None) -> int:
+    """This is preserved for old console scripts that may still be referencing
+    it.
+
+    For additional details, see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/7498.
+    """
+    from pip._internal.utils.entrypoints import _wrapper
+
+    return _wrapper(args)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/build_env.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/build_env.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f704a35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/build_env.py
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+"""Build Environment used for isolation during sdist building
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import pathlib
+import site
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.certifi import where
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import Version
+
+from pip import __file__ as pip_location
+from pip._internal.cli.spinners import open_spinner
+from pip._internal.locations import get_platlib, get_purelib, get_scheme
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_default_environment, get_environment
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import call_subprocess
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory, tempdir_kinds
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _dedup(a: str, b: str) -> Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, str]]:
+    return (a, b) if a != b else (a,)
+
+
+class _Prefix:
+    def __init__(self, path: str) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        self.setup = False
+        scheme = get_scheme("", prefix=path)
+        self.bin_dir = scheme.scripts
+        self.lib_dirs = _dedup(scheme.purelib, scheme.platlib)
+
+
+def get_runnable_pip() -> str:
+    """Get a file to pass to a Python executable, to run the currently-running pip.
+
+    This is used to run a pip subprocess, for installing requirements into the build
+    environment.
+    """
+    source = pathlib.Path(pip_location).resolve().parent
+
+    if not source.is_dir():
+        # This would happen if someone is using pip from inside a zip file. In that
+        # case, we can use that directly.
+        return str(source)
+
+    return os.fsdecode(source / "__pip-runner__.py")
+
+
+def _get_system_sitepackages() -> Set[str]:
+    """Get system site packages
+
+    Usually from site.getsitepackages,
+    but fallback on `get_purelib()/get_platlib()` if unavailable
+    (e.g. in a virtualenv created by virtualenv<20)
+
+    Returns normalized set of strings.
+    """
+    if hasattr(site, "getsitepackages"):
+        system_sites = site.getsitepackages()
+    else:
+        # virtualenv < 20 overwrites site.py without getsitepackages
+        # fallback on get_purelib/get_platlib.
+        # this is known to miss things, but shouldn't in the cases
+        # where getsitepackages() has been removed (inside a virtualenv)
+        system_sites = [get_purelib(), get_platlib()]
+    return {os.path.normcase(path) for path in system_sites}
+
+
+class BuildEnvironment:
+    """Creates and manages an isolated environment to install build deps"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        temp_dir = TempDirectory(kind=tempdir_kinds.BUILD_ENV, globally_managed=True)
+
+        self._prefixes = OrderedDict(
+            (name, _Prefix(os.path.join(temp_dir.path, name)))
+            for name in ("normal", "overlay")
+        )
+
+        self._bin_dirs: List[str] = []
+        self._lib_dirs: List[str] = []
+        for prefix in reversed(list(self._prefixes.values())):
+            self._bin_dirs.append(prefix.bin_dir)
+            self._lib_dirs.extend(prefix.lib_dirs)
+
+        # Customize site to:
+        # - ensure .pth files are honored
+        # - prevent access to system site packages
+        system_sites = _get_system_sitepackages()
+
+        self._site_dir = os.path.join(temp_dir.path, "site")
+        if not os.path.exists(self._site_dir):
+            os.mkdir(self._site_dir)
+        with open(
+            os.path.join(self._site_dir, "sitecustomize.py"), "w", encoding="utf-8"
+        ) as fp:
+            fp.write(
+                textwrap.dedent(
+                    """
+                import os, site, sys
+
+                # First, drop system-sites related paths.
+                original_sys_path = sys.path[:]
+                known_paths = set()
+                for path in {system_sites!r}:
+                    site.addsitedir(path, known_paths=known_paths)
+                system_paths = set(
+                    os.path.normcase(path)
+                    for path in sys.path[len(original_sys_path):]
+                )
+                original_sys_path = [
+                    path for path in original_sys_path
+                    if os.path.normcase(path) not in system_paths
+                ]
+                sys.path = original_sys_path
+
+                # Second, add lib directories.
+                # ensuring .pth file are processed.
+                for path in {lib_dirs!r}:
+                    assert not path in sys.path
+                    site.addsitedir(path)
+                """
+                ).format(system_sites=system_sites, lib_dirs=self._lib_dirs)
+            )
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        self._save_env = {
+            name: os.environ.get(name, None)
+            for name in ("PATH", "PYTHONNOUSERSITE", "PYTHONPATH")
+        }
+
+        path = self._bin_dirs[:]
+        old_path = self._save_env["PATH"]
+        if old_path:
+            path.extend(old_path.split(os.pathsep))
+
+        pythonpath = [self._site_dir]
+
+        os.environ.update(
+            {
+                "PATH": os.pathsep.join(path),
+                "PYTHONNOUSERSITE": "1",
+                "PYTHONPATH": os.pathsep.join(pythonpath),
+            }
+        )
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        for varname, old_value in self._save_env.items():
+            if old_value is None:
+                os.environ.pop(varname, None)
+            else:
+                os.environ[varname] = old_value
+
+    def check_requirements(
+        self, reqs: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> Tuple[Set[Tuple[str, str]], Set[str]]:
+        """Return 2 sets:
+        - conflicting requirements: set of (installed, wanted) reqs tuples
+        - missing requirements: set of reqs
+        """
+        missing = set()
+        conflicting = set()
+        if reqs:
+            env = (
+                get_environment(self._lib_dirs)
+                if hasattr(self, "_lib_dirs")
+                else get_default_environment()
+            )
+            for req_str in reqs:
+                req = Requirement(req_str)
+                # We're explicitly evaluating with an empty extra value, since build
+                # environments are not provided any mechanism to select specific extras.
+                if req.marker is not None and not req.marker.evaluate({"extra": ""}):
+                    continue
+                dist = env.get_distribution(req.name)
+                if not dist:
+                    missing.add(req_str)
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(dist.version, Version):
+                    installed_req_str = f"{req.name}=={dist.version}"
+                else:
+                    installed_req_str = f"{req.name}==={dist.version}"
+                if not req.specifier.contains(dist.version, prereleases=True):
+                    conflicting.add((installed_req_str, req_str))
+                # FIXME: Consider direct URL?
+        return conflicting, missing
+
+    def install_requirements(
+        self,
+        finder: "PackageFinder",
+        requirements: Iterable[str],
+        prefix_as_string: str,
+        *,
+        kind: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        prefix = self._prefixes[prefix_as_string]
+        assert not prefix.setup
+        prefix.setup = True
+        if not requirements:
+            return
+        self._install_requirements(
+            get_runnable_pip(),
+            finder,
+            requirements,
+            prefix,
+            kind=kind,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _install_requirements(
+        pip_runnable: str,
+        finder: "PackageFinder",
+        requirements: Iterable[str],
+        prefix: _Prefix,
+        *,
+        kind: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        args: List[str] = [
+            sys.executable,
+            pip_runnable,
+            "install",
+            "--ignore-installed",
+            "--no-user",
+            "--prefix",
+            prefix.path,
+            "--no-warn-script-location",
+        ]
+        if logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.DEBUG:
+            args.append("-v")
+        for format_control in ("no_binary", "only_binary"):
+            formats = getattr(finder.format_control, format_control)
+            args.extend(
+                (
+                    "--" + format_control.replace("_", "-"),
+                    ",".join(sorted(formats or {":none:"})),
+                )
+            )
+
+        index_urls = finder.index_urls
+        if index_urls:
+            args.extend(["-i", index_urls[0]])
+            for extra_index in index_urls[1:]:
+                args.extend(["--extra-index-url", extra_index])
+        else:
+            args.append("--no-index")
+        for link in finder.find_links:
+            args.extend(["--find-links", link])
+
+        for host in finder.trusted_hosts:
+            args.extend(["--trusted-host", host])
+        if finder.allow_all_prereleases:
+            args.append("--pre")
+        if finder.prefer_binary:
+            args.append("--prefer-binary")
+        args.append("--")
+        args.extend(requirements)
+        extra_environ = {"_PIP_STANDALONE_CERT": where()}
+        with open_spinner(f"Installing {kind}") as spinner:
+            call_subprocess(
+                args,
+                command_desc=f"pip subprocess to install {kind}",
+                spinner=spinner,
+                extra_environ=extra_environ,
+            )
+
+
+class NoOpBuildEnvironment(BuildEnvironment):
+    """A no-op drop-in replacement for BuildEnvironment"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def cleanup(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def install_requirements(
+        self,
+        finder: "PackageFinder",
+        requirements: Iterable[str],
+        prefix_as_string: str,
+        *,
+        kind: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f45ac23e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+"""Cache Management
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.tags import Tag, interpreter_name, interpreter_version
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InvalidWheelFilename
+from pip._internal.models.direct_url import DirectUrl
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory, tempdir_kinds
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+ORIGIN_JSON_NAME = "origin.json"
+
+
+def _hash_dict(d: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    """Return a stable sha224 of a dictionary."""
+    s = json.dumps(d, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=True)
+    return hashlib.sha224(s.encode("ascii")).hexdigest()
+
+
+class Cache:
+    """An abstract class - provides cache directories for data from links
+
+    :param cache_dir: The root of the cache.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        assert not cache_dir or os.path.isabs(cache_dir)
+        self.cache_dir = cache_dir or None
+
+    def _get_cache_path_parts(self, link: Link) -> List[str]:
+        """Get parts of part that must be os.path.joined with cache_dir"""
+
+        # We want to generate an url to use as our cache key, we don't want to
+        # just re-use the URL because it might have other items in the fragment
+        # and we don't care about those.
+        key_parts = {"url": link.url_without_fragment}
+        if link.hash_name is not None and link.hash is not None:
+            key_parts[link.hash_name] = link.hash
+        if link.subdirectory_fragment:
+            key_parts["subdirectory"] = link.subdirectory_fragment
+
+        # Include interpreter name, major and minor version in cache key
+        # to cope with ill-behaved sdists that build a different wheel
+        # depending on the python version their setup.py is being run on,
+        # and don't encode the difference in compatibility tags.
+        # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/7296
+        key_parts["interpreter_name"] = interpreter_name()
+        key_parts["interpreter_version"] = interpreter_version()
+
+        # Encode our key url with sha224, we'll use this because it has similar
+        # security properties to sha256, but with a shorter total output (and
+        # thus less secure). However the differences don't make a lot of
+        # difference for our use case here.
+        hashed = _hash_dict(key_parts)
+
+        # We want to nest the directories some to prevent having a ton of top
+        # level directories where we might run out of sub directories on some
+        # FS.
+        parts = [hashed[:2], hashed[2:4], hashed[4:6], hashed[6:]]
+
+        return parts
+
+    def _get_candidates(self, link: Link, canonical_package_name: str) -> List[Any]:
+        can_not_cache = not self.cache_dir or not canonical_package_name or not link
+        if can_not_cache:
+            return []
+
+        path = self.get_path_for_link(link)
+        if os.path.isdir(path):
+            return [(candidate, path) for candidate in os.listdir(path)]
+        return []
+
+    def get_path_for_link(self, link: Link) -> str:
+        """Return a directory to store cached items in for link."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        package_name: Optional[str],
+        supported_tags: List[Tag],
+    ) -> Link:
+        """Returns a link to a cached item if it exists, otherwise returns the
+        passed link.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class SimpleWheelCache(Cache):
+    """A cache of wheels for future installs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(cache_dir)
+
+    def get_path_for_link(self, link: Link) -> str:
+        """Return a directory to store cached wheels for link
+
+        Because there are M wheels for any one sdist, we provide a directory
+        to cache them in, and then consult that directory when looking up
+        cache hits.
+
+        We only insert things into the cache if they have plausible version
+        numbers, so that we don't contaminate the cache with things that were
+        not unique. E.g. ./package might have dozens of installs done for it
+        and build a version of 0.0...and if we built and cached a wheel, we'd
+        end up using the same wheel even if the source has been edited.
+
+        :param link: The link of the sdist for which this will cache wheels.
+        """
+        parts = self._get_cache_path_parts(link)
+        assert self.cache_dir
+        # Store wheels within the root cache_dir
+        return os.path.join(self.cache_dir, "wheels", *parts)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        package_name: Optional[str],
+        supported_tags: List[Tag],
+    ) -> Link:
+        candidates = []
+
+        if not package_name:
+            return link
+
+        canonical_package_name = canonicalize_name(package_name)
+        for wheel_name, wheel_dir in self._get_candidates(link, canonical_package_name):
+            try:
+                wheel = Wheel(wheel_name)
+            except InvalidWheelFilename:
+                continue
+            if canonicalize_name(wheel.name) != canonical_package_name:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Ignoring cached wheel %s for %s as it "
+                    "does not match the expected distribution name %s.",
+                    wheel_name,
+                    link,
+                    package_name,
+                )
+                continue
+            if not wheel.supported(supported_tags):
+                # Built for a different python/arch/etc
+                continue
+            candidates.append(
+                (
+                    wheel.support_index_min(supported_tags),
+                    wheel_name,
+                    wheel_dir,
+                )
+            )
+
+        if not candidates:
+            return link
+
+        _, wheel_name, wheel_dir = min(candidates)
+        return Link(path_to_url(os.path.join(wheel_dir, wheel_name)))
+
+
+class EphemWheelCache(SimpleWheelCache):
+    """A SimpleWheelCache that creates it's own temporary cache directory"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._temp_dir = TempDirectory(
+            kind=tempdir_kinds.EPHEM_WHEEL_CACHE,
+            globally_managed=True,
+        )
+
+        super().__init__(self._temp_dir.path)
+
+
+class CacheEntry:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        persistent: bool,
+    ):
+        self.link = link
+        self.persistent = persistent
+        self.origin: Optional[DirectUrl] = None
+        origin_direct_url_path = Path(self.link.file_path).parent / ORIGIN_JSON_NAME
+        if origin_direct_url_path.exists():
+            try:
+                self.origin = DirectUrl.from_json(
+                    origin_direct_url_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Ignoring invalid cache entry origin file %s for %s (%s)",
+                    origin_direct_url_path,
+                    link.filename,
+                    e,
+                )
+
+
+class WheelCache(Cache):
+    """Wraps EphemWheelCache and SimpleWheelCache into a single Cache
+
+    This Cache allows for gracefully degradation, using the ephem wheel cache
+    when a certain link is not found in the simple wheel cache first.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(cache_dir)
+        self._wheel_cache = SimpleWheelCache(cache_dir)
+        self._ephem_cache = EphemWheelCache()
+
+    def get_path_for_link(self, link: Link) -> str:
+        return self._wheel_cache.get_path_for_link(link)
+
+    def get_ephem_path_for_link(self, link: Link) -> str:
+        return self._ephem_cache.get_path_for_link(link)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        package_name: Optional[str],
+        supported_tags: List[Tag],
+    ) -> Link:
+        cache_entry = self.get_cache_entry(link, package_name, supported_tags)
+        if cache_entry is None:
+            return link
+        return cache_entry.link
+
+    def get_cache_entry(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        package_name: Optional[str],
+        supported_tags: List[Tag],
+    ) -> Optional[CacheEntry]:
+        """Returns a CacheEntry with a link to a cached item if it exists or
+        None. The cache entry indicates if the item was found in the persistent
+        or ephemeral cache.
+        """
+        retval = self._wheel_cache.get(
+            link=link,
+            package_name=package_name,
+            supported_tags=supported_tags,
+        )
+        if retval is not link:
+            return CacheEntry(retval, persistent=True)
+
+        retval = self._ephem_cache.get(
+            link=link,
+            package_name=package_name,
+            supported_tags=supported_tags,
+        )
+        if retval is not link:
+            return CacheEntry(retval, persistent=False)
+
+        return None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def record_download_origin(cache_dir: str, download_info: DirectUrl) -> None:
+        origin_path = Path(cache_dir) / ORIGIN_JSON_NAME
+        if origin_path.exists():
+            try:
+                origin = DirectUrl.from_json(origin_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Could not read origin file %s in cache entry (%s). "
+                    "Will attempt to overwrite it.",
+                    origin_path,
+                    e,
+                )
+            else:
+                # TODO: use DirectUrl.equivalent when
+                # https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/10564 is merged.
+                if origin.url != download_info.url:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Origin URL %s in cache entry %s does not match download URL "
+                        "%s. This is likely a pip bug or a cache corruption issue. "
+                        "Will overwrite it with the new value.",
+                        origin.url,
+                        cache_dir,
+                        download_info.url,
+                    )
+        origin_path.write_text(download_info.to_json(), encoding="utf-8")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e589bb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+"""Subpackage containing all of pip's command line interface related code
+"""
+
+# This file intentionally does not import submodules
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/__pycache__/status_codes.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/__pycache__/status_codes.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/autocompletion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/autocompletion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5950b90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/autocompletion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+"""Logic that powers autocompletion installed by ``pip completion``.
+"""
+
+import optparse
+import os
+import sys
+from itertools import chain
+from typing import Any, Iterable, List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.cli.main_parser import create_main_parser
+from pip._internal.commands import commands_dict, create_command
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_default_environment
+
+
+def autocomplete() -> None:
+    """Entry Point for completion of main and subcommand options."""
+    # Don't complete if user hasn't sourced bash_completion file.
+    if "PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE" not in os.environ:
+        return
+    cwords = os.environ["COMP_WORDS"].split()[1:]
+    cword = int(os.environ["COMP_CWORD"])
+    try:
+        current = cwords[cword - 1]
+    except IndexError:
+        current = ""
+
+    parser = create_main_parser()
+    subcommands = list(commands_dict)
+    options = []
+
+    # subcommand
+    subcommand_name: Optional[str] = None
+    for word in cwords:
+        if word in subcommands:
+            subcommand_name = word
+            break
+    # subcommand options
+    if subcommand_name is not None:
+        # special case: 'help' subcommand has no options
+        if subcommand_name == "help":
+            sys.exit(1)
+        # special case: list locally installed dists for show and uninstall
+        should_list_installed = not current.startswith("-") and subcommand_name in [
+            "show",
+            "uninstall",
+        ]
+        if should_list_installed:
+            env = get_default_environment()
+            lc = current.lower()
+            installed = [
+                dist.canonical_name
+                for dist in env.iter_installed_distributions(local_only=True)
+                if dist.canonical_name.startswith(lc)
+                and dist.canonical_name not in cwords[1:]
+            ]
+            # if there are no dists installed, fall back to option completion
+            if installed:
+                for dist in installed:
+                    print(dist)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+        should_list_installables = (
+            not current.startswith("-") and subcommand_name == "install"
+        )
+        if should_list_installables:
+            for path in auto_complete_paths(current, "path"):
+                print(path)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        subcommand = create_command(subcommand_name)
+
+        for opt in subcommand.parser.option_list_all:
+            if opt.help != optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP:
+                options += [
+                    (opt_str, opt.nargs) for opt_str in opt._long_opts + opt._short_opts
+                ]
+
+        # filter out previously specified options from available options
+        prev_opts = [x.split("=")[0] for x in cwords[1 : cword - 1]]
+        options = [(x, v) for (x, v) in options if x not in prev_opts]
+        # filter options by current input
+        options = [(k, v) for k, v in options if k.startswith(current)]
+        # get completion type given cwords and available subcommand options
+        completion_type = get_path_completion_type(
+            cwords,
+            cword,
+            subcommand.parser.option_list_all,
+        )
+        # get completion files and directories if ``completion_type`` is
+        # ``<file>``, ``<dir>`` or ``<path>``
+        if completion_type:
+            paths = auto_complete_paths(current, completion_type)
+            options = [(path, 0) for path in paths]
+        for option in options:
+            opt_label = option[0]
+            # append '=' to options which require args
+            if option[1] and option[0][:2] == "--":
+                opt_label += "="
+            print(opt_label)
+    else:
+        # show main parser options only when necessary
+
+        opts = [i.option_list for i in parser.option_groups]
+        opts.append(parser.option_list)
+        flattened_opts = chain.from_iterable(opts)
+        if current.startswith("-"):
+            for opt in flattened_opts:
+                if opt.help != optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP:
+                    subcommands += opt._long_opts + opt._short_opts
+        else:
+            # get completion type given cwords and all available options
+            completion_type = get_path_completion_type(cwords, cword, flattened_opts)
+            if completion_type:
+                subcommands = list(auto_complete_paths(current, completion_type))
+
+        print(" ".join([x for x in subcommands if x.startswith(current)]))
+    sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def get_path_completion_type(
+    cwords: List[str], cword: int, opts: Iterable[Any]
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Get the type of path completion (``file``, ``dir``, ``path`` or None)
+
+    :param cwords: same as the environmental variable ``COMP_WORDS``
+    :param cword: same as the environmental variable ``COMP_CWORD``
+    :param opts: The available options to check
+    :return: path completion type (``file``, ``dir``, ``path`` or None)
+    """
+    if cword < 2 or not cwords[cword - 2].startswith("-"):
+        return None
+    for opt in opts:
+        if opt.help == optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP:
+            continue
+        for o in str(opt).split("/"):
+            if cwords[cword - 2].split("=")[0] == o:
+                if not opt.metavar or any(
+                    x in ("path", "file", "dir") for x in opt.metavar.split("/")
+                ):
+                    return opt.metavar
+    return None
+
+
+def auto_complete_paths(current: str, completion_type: str) -> Iterable[str]:
+    """If ``completion_type`` is ``file`` or ``path``, list all regular files
+    and directories starting with ``current``; otherwise only list directories
+    starting with ``current``.
+
+    :param current: The word to be completed
+    :param completion_type: path completion type(``file``, ``path`` or ``dir``)
+    :return: A generator of regular files and/or directories
+    """
+    directory, filename = os.path.split(current)
+    current_path = os.path.abspath(directory)
+    # Don't complete paths if they can't be accessed
+    if not os.access(current_path, os.R_OK):
+        return
+    filename = os.path.normcase(filename)
+    # list all files that start with ``filename``
+    file_list = (
+        x for x in os.listdir(current_path) if os.path.normcase(x).startswith(filename)
+    )
+    for f in file_list:
+        opt = os.path.join(current_path, f)
+        comp_file = os.path.normcase(os.path.join(directory, f))
+        # complete regular files when there is not ``<dir>`` after option
+        # complete directories when there is ``<file>``, ``<path>`` or
+        # ``<dir>``after option
+        if completion_type != "dir" and os.path.isfile(opt):
+            yield comp_file
+        elif os.path.isdir(opt):
+            yield os.path.join(comp_file, "")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db9d5cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+"""Base Command class, and related routines"""
+
+import functools
+import logging
+import logging.config
+import optparse
+import os
+import sys
+import traceback
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.rich import traceback as rich_traceback
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.command_context import CommandContextMixIn
+from pip._internal.cli.parser import ConfigOptionParser, UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import (
+    ERROR,
+    PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR,
+    UNKNOWN_ERROR,
+    VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND,
+)
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    BadCommand,
+    CommandError,
+    DiagnosticPipError,
+    InstallationError,
+    NetworkConnectionError,
+    PreviousBuildDirError,
+    UninstallationError,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.filesystem import check_path_owner
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import BrokenStdoutLoggingError, setup_logging
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import get_prog, normalize_path
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectoryTypeRegistry as TempDirRegistry
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import global_tempdir_manager, tempdir_registry
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+__all__ = ["Command"]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Command(CommandContextMixIn):
+    usage: str = ""
+    ignore_require_venv: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, summary: str, isolated: bool = False) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.summary = summary
+        self.parser = ConfigOptionParser(
+            usage=self.usage,
+            prog=f"{get_prog()} {name}",
+            formatter=UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(),
+            add_help_option=False,
+            name=name,
+            description=self.__doc__,
+            isolated=isolated,
+        )
+
+        self.tempdir_registry: Optional[TempDirRegistry] = None
+
+        # Commands should add options to this option group
+        optgroup_name = f"{self.name.capitalize()} Options"
+        self.cmd_opts = optparse.OptionGroup(self.parser, optgroup_name)
+
+        # Add the general options
+        gen_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.general_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+        self.parser.add_option_group(gen_opts)
+
+        self.add_options()
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def handle_pip_version_check(self, options: Values) -> None:
+        """
+        This is a no-op so that commands by default do not do the pip version
+        check.
+        """
+        # Make sure we do the pip version check if the index_group options
+        # are present.
+        assert not hasattr(options, "no_index")
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def parse_args(self, args: List[str]) -> Tuple[Values, List[str]]:
+        # factored out for testability
+        return self.parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    def main(self, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        try:
+            with self.main_context():
+                return self._main(args)
+        finally:
+            logging.shutdown()
+
+    def _main(self, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        # We must initialize this before the tempdir manager, otherwise the
+        # configuration would not be accessible by the time we clean up the
+        # tempdir manager.
+        self.tempdir_registry = self.enter_context(tempdir_registry())
+        # Intentionally set as early as possible so globally-managed temporary
+        # directories are available to the rest of the code.
+        self.enter_context(global_tempdir_manager())
+
+        options, args = self.parse_args(args)
+
+        # Set verbosity so that it can be used elsewhere.
+        self.verbosity = options.verbose - options.quiet
+
+        level_number = setup_logging(
+            verbosity=self.verbosity,
+            no_color=options.no_color,
+            user_log_file=options.log,
+        )
+
+        always_enabled_features = set(options.features_enabled) & set(
+            cmdoptions.ALWAYS_ENABLED_FEATURES
+        )
+        if always_enabled_features:
+            logger.warning(
+                "The following features are always enabled: %s. ",
+                ", ".join(sorted(always_enabled_features)),
+            )
+
+        # Make sure that the --python argument isn't specified after the
+        # subcommand. We can tell, because if --python was specified,
+        # we should only reach this point if we're running in the created
+        # subprocess, which has the _PIP_RUNNING_IN_SUBPROCESS environment
+        # variable set.
+        if options.python and "_PIP_RUNNING_IN_SUBPROCESS" not in os.environ:
+            logger.critical(
+                "The --python option must be placed before the pip subcommand name"
+            )
+            sys.exit(ERROR)
+
+        # TODO: Try to get these passing down from the command?
+        #       without resorting to os.environ to hold these.
+        #       This also affects isolated builds and it should.
+
+        if options.no_input:
+            os.environ["PIP_NO_INPUT"] = "1"
+
+        if options.exists_action:
+            os.environ["PIP_EXISTS_ACTION"] = " ".join(options.exists_action)
+
+        if options.require_venv and not self.ignore_require_venv:
+            # If a venv is required check if it can really be found
+            if not running_under_virtualenv():
+                logger.critical("Could not find an activated virtualenv (required).")
+                sys.exit(VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND)
+
+        if options.cache_dir:
+            options.cache_dir = normalize_path(options.cache_dir)
+            if not check_path_owner(options.cache_dir):
+                logger.warning(
+                    "The directory '%s' or its parent directory is not owned "
+                    "or is not writable by the current user. The cache "
+                    "has been disabled. Check the permissions and owner of "
+                    "that directory. If executing pip with sudo, you should "
+                    "use sudo's -H flag.",
+                    options.cache_dir,
+                )
+                options.cache_dir = None
+
+        def intercepts_unhandled_exc(
+            run_func: Callable[..., int]
+        ) -> Callable[..., int]:
+            @functools.wraps(run_func)
+            def exc_logging_wrapper(*args: Any) -> int:
+                try:
+                    status = run_func(*args)
+                    assert isinstance(status, int)
+                    return status
+                except DiagnosticPipError as exc:
+                    logger.error("%s", exc, extra={"rich": True})
+                    logger.debug("Exception information:", exc_info=True)
+
+                    return ERROR
+                except PreviousBuildDirError as exc:
+                    logger.critical(str(exc))
+                    logger.debug("Exception information:", exc_info=True)
+
+                    return PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR
+                except (
+                    InstallationError,
+                    UninstallationError,
+                    BadCommand,
+                    NetworkConnectionError,
+                ) as exc:
+                    logger.critical(str(exc))
+                    logger.debug("Exception information:", exc_info=True)
+
+                    return ERROR
+                except CommandError as exc:
+                    logger.critical("%s", exc)
+                    logger.debug("Exception information:", exc_info=True)
+
+                    return ERROR
+                except BrokenStdoutLoggingError:
+                    # Bypass our logger and write any remaining messages to
+                    # stderr because stdout no longer works.
+                    print("ERROR: Pipe to stdout was broken", file=sys.stderr)
+                    if level_number <= logging.DEBUG:
+                        traceback.print_exc(file=sys.stderr)
+
+                    return ERROR
+                except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                    logger.critical("Operation cancelled by user")
+                    logger.debug("Exception information:", exc_info=True)
+
+                    return ERROR
+                except BaseException:
+                    logger.critical("Exception:", exc_info=True)
+
+                    return UNKNOWN_ERROR
+
+            return exc_logging_wrapper
+
+        try:
+            if not options.debug_mode:
+                run = intercepts_unhandled_exc(self.run)
+            else:
+                run = self.run
+                rich_traceback.install(show_locals=True)
+            return run(options, args)
+        finally:
+            self.handle_pip_version_check(options)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/cmdoptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/cmdoptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d05e502f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/cmdoptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1074 @@
+"""
+shared options and groups
+
+The principle here is to define options once, but *not* instantiate them
+globally. One reason being that options with action='append' can carry state
+between parses. pip parses general options twice internally, and shouldn't
+pass on state. To be consistent, all options will follow this design.
+"""
+
+# The following comment should be removed at some point in the future.
+# mypy: strict-optional=False
+
+import importlib.util
+import logging
+import os
+import textwrap
+from functools import partial
+from optparse import SUPPRESS_HELP, Option, OptionGroup, OptionParser, Values
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.cli.parser import ConfigOptionParser
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip._internal.locations import USER_CACHE_DIR, get_src_prefix
+from pip._internal.models.format_control import FormatControl
+from pip._internal.models.index import PyPI
+from pip._internal.models.target_python import TargetPython
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import STRONG_HASHES
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import strtobool
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def raise_option_error(parser: OptionParser, option: Option, msg: str) -> None:
+    """
+    Raise an option parsing error using parser.error().
+
+    Args:
+      parser: an OptionParser instance.
+      option: an Option instance.
+      msg: the error text.
+    """
+    msg = f"{option} error: {msg}"
+    msg = textwrap.fill(" ".join(msg.split()))
+    parser.error(msg)
+
+
+def make_option_group(group: Dict[str, Any], parser: ConfigOptionParser) -> OptionGroup:
+    """
+    Return an OptionGroup object
+    group  -- assumed to be dict with 'name' and 'options' keys
+    parser -- an optparse Parser
+    """
+    option_group = OptionGroup(parser, group["name"])
+    for option in group["options"]:
+        option_group.add_option(option())
+    return option_group
+
+
+def check_dist_restriction(options: Values, check_target: bool = False) -> None:
+    """Function for determining if custom platform options are allowed.
+
+    :param options: The OptionParser options.
+    :param check_target: Whether or not to check if --target is being used.
+    """
+    dist_restriction_set = any(
+        [
+            options.python_version,
+            options.platforms,
+            options.abis,
+            options.implementation,
+        ]
+    )
+
+    binary_only = FormatControl(set(), {":all:"})
+    sdist_dependencies_allowed = (
+        options.format_control != binary_only and not options.ignore_dependencies
+    )
+
+    # Installations or downloads using dist restrictions must not combine
+    # source distributions and dist-specific wheels, as they are not
+    # guaranteed to be locally compatible.
+    if dist_restriction_set and sdist_dependencies_allowed:
+        raise CommandError(
+            "When restricting platform and interpreter constraints using "
+            "--python-version, --platform, --abi, or --implementation, "
+            "either --no-deps must be set, or --only-binary=:all: must be "
+            "set and --no-binary must not be set (or must be set to "
+            ":none:)."
+        )
+
+    if check_target:
+        if not options.dry_run and dist_restriction_set and not options.target_dir:
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Can not use any platform or abi specific options unless "
+                "installing via '--target' or using '--dry-run'"
+            )
+
+
+def _path_option_check(option: Option, opt: str, value: str) -> str:
+    return os.path.expanduser(value)
+
+
+def _package_name_option_check(option: Option, opt: str, value: str) -> str:
+    return canonicalize_name(value)
+
+
+class PipOption(Option):
+    TYPES = Option.TYPES + ("path", "package_name")
+    TYPE_CHECKER = Option.TYPE_CHECKER.copy()
+    TYPE_CHECKER["package_name"] = _package_name_option_check
+    TYPE_CHECKER["path"] = _path_option_check
+
+
+###########
+# options #
+###########
+
+help_: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "-h",
+    "--help",
+    dest="help",
+    action="help",
+    help="Show help.",
+)
+
+debug_mode: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--debug",
+    dest="debug_mode",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help=(
+        "Let unhandled exceptions propagate outside the main subroutine, "
+        "instead of logging them to stderr."
+    ),
+)
+
+isolated_mode: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--isolated",
+    dest="isolated_mode",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help=(
+        "Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user "
+        "configuration."
+    ),
+)
+
+require_virtualenv: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--require-virtualenv",
+    "--require-venv",
+    dest="require_venv",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help=(
+        "Allow pip to only run in a virtual environment; "
+        "exit with an error otherwise."
+    ),
+)
+
+override_externally_managed: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--break-system-packages",
+    dest="override_externally_managed",
+    action="store_true",
+    help="Allow pip to modify an EXTERNALLY-MANAGED Python installation",
+)
+
+python: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--python",
+    dest="python",
+    help="Run pip with the specified Python interpreter.",
+)
+
+verbose: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "-v",
+    "--verbose",
+    dest="verbose",
+    action="count",
+    default=0,
+    help="Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.",
+)
+
+no_color: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-color",
+    dest="no_color",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Suppress colored output.",
+)
+
+version: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "-V",
+    "--version",
+    dest="version",
+    action="store_true",
+    help="Show version and exit.",
+)
+
+quiet: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "-q",
+    "--quiet",
+    dest="quiet",
+    action="count",
+    default=0,
+    help=(
+        "Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3"
+        " times (corresponding to WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging"
+        " levels)."
+    ),
+)
+
+progress_bar: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--progress-bar",
+    dest="progress_bar",
+    type="choice",
+    choices=["on", "off"],
+    default="on",
+    help="Specify whether the progress bar should be used [on, off] (default: on)",
+)
+
+log: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    PipOption,
+    "--log",
+    "--log-file",
+    "--local-log",
+    dest="log",
+    metavar="path",
+    type="path",
+    help="Path to a verbose appending log.",
+)
+
+no_input: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    # Don't ask for input
+    "--no-input",
+    dest="no_input",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Disable prompting for input.",
+)
+
+keyring_provider: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--keyring-provider",
+    dest="keyring_provider",
+    choices=["auto", "disabled", "import", "subprocess"],
+    default="auto",
+    help=(
+        "Enable the credential lookup via the keyring library if user input is allowed."
+        " Specify which mechanism to use [disabled, import, subprocess]."
+        " (default: disabled)"
+    ),
+)
+
+proxy: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--proxy",
+    dest="proxy",
+    type="str",
+    default="",
+    help="Specify a proxy in the form scheme://[user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.",
+)
+
+retries: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--retries",
+    dest="retries",
+    type="int",
+    default=5,
+    help="Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt "
+    "(default %default times).",
+)
+
+timeout: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--timeout",
+    "--default-timeout",
+    metavar="sec",
+    dest="timeout",
+    type="float",
+    default=15,
+    help="Set the socket timeout (default %default seconds).",
+)
+
+
+def exists_action() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        # Option when path already exist
+        "--exists-action",
+        dest="exists_action",
+        type="choice",
+        choices=["s", "i", "w", "b", "a"],
+        default=[],
+        action="append",
+        metavar="action",
+        help="Default action when a path already exists: "
+        "(s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup, (a)bort.",
+    )
+
+
+cert: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    PipOption,
+    "--cert",
+    dest="cert",
+    type="path",
+    metavar="path",
+    help=(
+        "Path to PEM-encoded CA certificate bundle. "
+        "If provided, overrides the default. "
+        "See 'SSL Certificate Verification' in pip documentation "
+        "for more information."
+    ),
+)
+
+client_cert: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    PipOption,
+    "--client-cert",
+    dest="client_cert",
+    type="path",
+    default=None,
+    metavar="path",
+    help="Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the "
+    "private key and the certificate in PEM format.",
+)
+
+index_url: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "-i",
+    "--index-url",
+    "--pypi-url",
+    dest="index_url",
+    metavar="URL",
+    default=PyPI.simple_url,
+    help="Base URL of the Python Package Index (default %default). "
+    "This should point to a repository compliant with PEP 503 "
+    "(the simple repository API) or a local directory laid out "
+    "in the same format.",
+)
+
+
+def extra_index_url() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        "--extra-index-url",
+        dest="extra_index_urls",
+        metavar="URL",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        help="Extra URLs of package indexes to use in addition to "
+        "--index-url. Should follow the same rules as "
+        "--index-url.",
+    )
+
+
+no_index: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-index",
+    dest="no_index",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Ignore package index (only looking at --find-links URLs instead).",
+)
+
+
+def find_links() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        "-f",
+        "--find-links",
+        dest="find_links",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="url",
+        help="If a URL or path to an html file, then parse for links to "
+        "archives such as sdist (.tar.gz) or wheel (.whl) files. "
+        "If a local path or file:// URL that's a directory, "
+        "then look for archives in the directory listing. "
+        "Links to VCS project URLs are not supported.",
+    )
+
+
+def trusted_host() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        "--trusted-host",
+        dest="trusted_hosts",
+        action="append",
+        metavar="HOSTNAME",
+        default=[],
+        help="Mark this host or host:port pair as trusted, even though it "
+        "does not have valid or any HTTPS.",
+    )
+
+
+def constraints() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        "-c",
+        "--constraint",
+        dest="constraints",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="file",
+        help="Constrain versions using the given constraints file. "
+        "This option can be used multiple times.",
+    )
+
+
+def requirements() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        "-r",
+        "--requirement",
+        dest="requirements",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="file",
+        help="Install from the given requirements file. "
+        "This option can be used multiple times.",
+    )
+
+
+def editable() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        "-e",
+        "--editable",
+        dest="editables",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="path/url",
+        help=(
+            "Install a project in editable mode (i.e. setuptools "
+            '"develop mode") from a local project path or a VCS url.'
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _handle_src(option: Option, opt_str: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser) -> None:
+    value = os.path.abspath(value)
+    setattr(parser.values, option.dest, value)
+
+
+src: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    PipOption,
+    "--src",
+    "--source",
+    "--source-dir",
+    "--source-directory",
+    dest="src_dir",
+    type="path",
+    metavar="dir",
+    default=get_src_prefix(),
+    action="callback",
+    callback=_handle_src,
+    help="Directory to check out editable projects into. "
+    'The default in a virtualenv is "<venv path>/src". '
+    'The default for global installs is "<current dir>/src".',
+)
+
+
+def _get_format_control(values: Values, option: Option) -> Any:
+    """Get a format_control object."""
+    return getattr(values, option.dest)
+
+
+def _handle_no_binary(
+    option: Option, opt_str: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser
+) -> None:
+    existing = _get_format_control(parser.values, option)
+    FormatControl.handle_mutual_excludes(
+        value,
+        existing.no_binary,
+        existing.only_binary,
+    )
+
+
+def _handle_only_binary(
+    option: Option, opt_str: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser
+) -> None:
+    existing = _get_format_control(parser.values, option)
+    FormatControl.handle_mutual_excludes(
+        value,
+        existing.only_binary,
+        existing.no_binary,
+    )
+
+
+def no_binary() -> Option:
+    format_control = FormatControl(set(), set())
+    return Option(
+        "--no-binary",
+        dest="format_control",
+        action="callback",
+        callback=_handle_no_binary,
+        type="str",
+        default=format_control,
+        help="Do not use binary packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and "
+        'each time adds to the existing value. Accepts either ":all:" to '
+        'disable all binary packages, ":none:" to empty the set (notice '
+        "the colons), or one or more package names with commas between "
+        "them (no colons). Note that some packages are tricky to compile "
+        "and may fail to install when this option is used on them.",
+    )
+
+
+def only_binary() -> Option:
+    format_control = FormatControl(set(), set())
+    return Option(
+        "--only-binary",
+        dest="format_control",
+        action="callback",
+        callback=_handle_only_binary,
+        type="str",
+        default=format_control,
+        help="Do not use source packages. Can be supplied multiple times, and "
+        'each time adds to the existing value. Accepts either ":all:" to '
+        'disable all source packages, ":none:" to empty the set, or one '
+        "or more package names with commas between them. Packages "
+        "without binary distributions will fail to install when this "
+        "option is used on them.",
+    )
+
+
+platforms: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--platform",
+    dest="platforms",
+    metavar="platform",
+    action="append",
+    default=None,
+    help=(
+        "Only use wheels compatible with <platform>. Defaults to the "
+        "platform of the running system. Use this option multiple times to "
+        "specify multiple platforms supported by the target interpreter."
+    ),
+)
+
+
+# This was made a separate function for unit-testing purposes.
+def _convert_python_version(value: str) -> Tuple[Tuple[int, ...], Optional[str]]:
+    """
+    Convert a version string like "3", "37", or "3.7.3" into a tuple of ints.
+
+    :return: A 2-tuple (version_info, error_msg), where `error_msg` is
+        non-None if and only if there was a parsing error.
+    """
+    if not value:
+        # The empty string is the same as not providing a value.
+        return (None, None)
+
+    parts = value.split(".")
+    if len(parts) > 3:
+        return ((), "at most three version parts are allowed")
+
+    if len(parts) == 1:
+        # Then we are in the case of "3" or "37".
+        value = parts[0]
+        if len(value) > 1:
+            parts = [value[0], value[1:]]
+
+    try:
+        version_info = tuple(int(part) for part in parts)
+    except ValueError:
+        return ((), "each version part must be an integer")
+
+    return (version_info, None)
+
+
+def _handle_python_version(
+    option: Option, opt_str: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Handle a provided --python-version value.
+    """
+    version_info, error_msg = _convert_python_version(value)
+    if error_msg is not None:
+        msg = f"invalid --python-version value: {value!r}: {error_msg}"
+        raise_option_error(parser, option=option, msg=msg)
+
+    parser.values.python_version = version_info
+
+
+python_version: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--python-version",
+    dest="python_version",
+    metavar="python_version",
+    action="callback",
+    callback=_handle_python_version,
+    type="str",
+    default=None,
+    help=dedent(
+        """\
+    The Python interpreter version to use for wheel and "Requires-Python"
+    compatibility checks. Defaults to a version derived from the running
+    interpreter. The version can be specified using up to three dot-separated
+    integers (e.g. "3" for 3.0.0, "3.7" for 3.7.0, or "3.7.3"). A major-minor
+    version can also be given as a string without dots (e.g. "37" for 3.7.0).
+    """
+    ),
+)
+
+
+implementation: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--implementation",
+    dest="implementation",
+    metavar="implementation",
+    default=None,
+    help=(
+        "Only use wheels compatible with Python "
+        "implementation <implementation>, e.g. 'pp', 'jy', 'cp', "
+        " or 'ip'. If not specified, then the current "
+        "interpreter implementation is used.  Use 'py' to force "
+        "implementation-agnostic wheels."
+    ),
+)
+
+
+abis: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--abi",
+    dest="abis",
+    metavar="abi",
+    action="append",
+    default=None,
+    help=(
+        "Only use wheels compatible with Python abi <abi>, e.g. 'pypy_41'. "
+        "If not specified, then the current interpreter abi tag is used. "
+        "Use this option multiple times to specify multiple abis supported "
+        "by the target interpreter. Generally you will need to specify "
+        "--implementation, --platform, and --python-version when using this "
+        "option."
+    ),
+)
+
+
+def add_target_python_options(cmd_opts: OptionGroup) -> None:
+    cmd_opts.add_option(platforms())
+    cmd_opts.add_option(python_version())
+    cmd_opts.add_option(implementation())
+    cmd_opts.add_option(abis())
+
+
+def make_target_python(options: Values) -> TargetPython:
+    target_python = TargetPython(
+        platforms=options.platforms,
+        py_version_info=options.python_version,
+        abis=options.abis,
+        implementation=options.implementation,
+    )
+
+    return target_python
+
+
+def prefer_binary() -> Option:
+    return Option(
+        "--prefer-binary",
+        dest="prefer_binary",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help=(
+            "Prefer binary packages over source packages, even if the "
+            "source packages are newer."
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+cache_dir: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    PipOption,
+    "--cache-dir",
+    dest="cache_dir",
+    default=USER_CACHE_DIR,
+    metavar="dir",
+    type="path",
+    help="Store the cache data in <dir>.",
+)
+
+
+def _handle_no_cache_dir(
+    option: Option, opt: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Process a value provided for the --no-cache-dir option.
+
+    This is an optparse.Option callback for the --no-cache-dir option.
+    """
+    # The value argument will be None if --no-cache-dir is passed via the
+    # command-line, since the option doesn't accept arguments.  However,
+    # the value can be non-None if the option is triggered e.g. by an
+    # environment variable, like PIP_NO_CACHE_DIR=true.
+    if value is not None:
+        # Then parse the string value to get argument error-checking.
+        try:
+            strtobool(value)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise_option_error(parser, option=option, msg=str(exc))
+
+    # Originally, setting PIP_NO_CACHE_DIR to a value that strtobool()
+    # converted to 0 (like "false" or "no") caused cache_dir to be disabled
+    # rather than enabled (logic would say the latter).  Thus, we disable
+    # the cache directory not just on values that parse to True, but (for
+    # backwards compatibility reasons) also on values that parse to False.
+    # In other words, always set it to False if the option is provided in
+    # some (valid) form.
+    parser.values.cache_dir = False
+
+
+no_cache: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-cache-dir",
+    dest="cache_dir",
+    action="callback",
+    callback=_handle_no_cache_dir,
+    help="Disable the cache.",
+)
+
+no_deps: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-deps",
+    "--no-dependencies",
+    dest="ignore_dependencies",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't install package dependencies.",
+)
+
+ignore_requires_python: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--ignore-requires-python",
+    dest="ignore_requires_python",
+    action="store_true",
+    help="Ignore the Requires-Python information.",
+)
+
+no_build_isolation: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-build-isolation",
+    dest="build_isolation",
+    action="store_false",
+    default=True,
+    help="Disable isolation when building a modern source distribution. "
+    "Build dependencies specified by PEP 518 must be already installed "
+    "if this option is used.",
+)
+
+check_build_deps: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--check-build-dependencies",
+    dest="check_build_deps",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Check the build dependencies when PEP517 is used.",
+)
+
+
+def _handle_no_use_pep517(
+    option: Option, opt: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Process a value provided for the --no-use-pep517 option.
+
+    This is an optparse.Option callback for the no_use_pep517 option.
+    """
+    # Since --no-use-pep517 doesn't accept arguments, the value argument
+    # will be None if --no-use-pep517 is passed via the command-line.
+    # However, the value can be non-None if the option is triggered e.g.
+    # by an environment variable, for example "PIP_NO_USE_PEP517=true".
+    if value is not None:
+        msg = """A value was passed for --no-use-pep517,
+        probably using either the PIP_NO_USE_PEP517 environment variable
+        or the "no-use-pep517" config file option. Use an appropriate value
+        of the PIP_USE_PEP517 environment variable or the "use-pep517"
+        config file option instead.
+        """
+        raise_option_error(parser, option=option, msg=msg)
+
+    # If user doesn't wish to use pep517, we check if setuptools and wheel are installed
+    # and raise error if it is not.
+    packages = ("setuptools", "wheel")
+    if not all(importlib.util.find_spec(package) for package in packages):
+        msg = (
+            f"It is not possible to use --no-use-pep517 "
+            f"without {' and '.join(packages)} installed."
+        )
+        raise_option_error(parser, option=option, msg=msg)
+
+    # Otherwise, --no-use-pep517 was passed via the command-line.
+    parser.values.use_pep517 = False
+
+
+use_pep517: Any = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--use-pep517",
+    dest="use_pep517",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=None,
+    help="Use PEP 517 for building source distributions "
+    "(use --no-use-pep517 to force legacy behaviour).",
+)
+
+no_use_pep517: Any = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-use-pep517",
+    dest="use_pep517",
+    action="callback",
+    callback=_handle_no_use_pep517,
+    default=None,
+    help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+)
+
+
+def _handle_config_settings(
+    option: Option, opt_str: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser
+) -> None:
+    key, sep, val = value.partition("=")
+    if sep != "=":
+        parser.error(f"Arguments to {opt_str} must be of the form KEY=VAL")
+    dest = getattr(parser.values, option.dest)
+    if dest is None:
+        dest = {}
+        setattr(parser.values, option.dest, dest)
+    if key in dest:
+        if isinstance(dest[key], list):
+            dest[key].append(val)
+        else:
+            dest[key] = [dest[key], val]
+    else:
+        dest[key] = val
+
+
+config_settings: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "-C",
+    "--config-settings",
+    dest="config_settings",
+    type=str,
+    action="callback",
+    callback=_handle_config_settings,
+    metavar="settings",
+    help="Configuration settings to be passed to the PEP 517 build backend. "
+    "Settings take the form KEY=VALUE. Use multiple --config-settings options "
+    "to pass multiple keys to the backend.",
+)
+
+build_options: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--build-option",
+    dest="build_options",
+    metavar="options",
+    action="append",
+    help="Extra arguments to be supplied to 'setup.py bdist_wheel'.",
+)
+
+global_options: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--global-option",
+    dest="global_options",
+    action="append",
+    metavar="options",
+    help="Extra global options to be supplied to the setup.py "
+    "call before the install or bdist_wheel command.",
+)
+
+no_clean: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-clean",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't clean up build directories.",
+)
+
+pre: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--pre",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+    "pip only finds stable versions.",
+)
+
+disable_pip_version_check: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--disable-pip-version-check",
+    dest="disable_pip_version_check",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version "
+    "of pip is available for download. Implied with --no-index.",
+)
+
+root_user_action: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--root-user-action",
+    dest="root_user_action",
+    default="warn",
+    choices=["warn", "ignore"],
+    help="Action if pip is run as a root user. By default, a warning message is shown.",
+)
+
+
+def _handle_merge_hash(
+    option: Option, opt_str: str, value: str, parser: OptionParser
+) -> None:
+    """Given a value spelled "algo:digest", append the digest to a list
+    pointed to in a dict by the algo name."""
+    if not parser.values.hashes:
+        parser.values.hashes = {}
+    try:
+        algo, digest = value.split(":", 1)
+    except ValueError:
+        parser.error(
+            f"Arguments to {opt_str} must be a hash name "
+            "followed by a value, like --hash=sha256:"
+            "abcde..."
+        )
+    if algo not in STRONG_HASHES:
+        parser.error(
+            "Allowed hash algorithms for {} are {}.".format(
+                opt_str, ", ".join(STRONG_HASHES)
+            )
+        )
+    parser.values.hashes.setdefault(algo, []).append(digest)
+
+
+hash: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--hash",
+    # Hash values eventually end up in InstallRequirement.hashes due to
+    # __dict__ copying in process_line().
+    dest="hashes",
+    action="callback",
+    callback=_handle_merge_hash,
+    type="string",
+    help="Verify that the package's archive matches this "
+    "hash before installing. Example: --hash=sha256:abcdef...",
+)
+
+
+require_hashes: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--require-hashes",
+    dest="require_hashes",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Require a hash to check each requirement against, for "
+    "repeatable installs. This option is implied when any package in a "
+    "requirements file has a --hash option.",
+)
+
+
+list_path: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    PipOption,
+    "--path",
+    dest="path",
+    type="path",
+    action="append",
+    help="Restrict to the specified installation path for listing "
+    "packages (can be used multiple times).",
+)
+
+
+def check_list_path_option(options: Values) -> None:
+    if options.path and (options.user or options.local):
+        raise CommandError("Cannot combine '--path' with '--user' or '--local'")
+
+
+list_exclude: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    PipOption,
+    "--exclude",
+    dest="excludes",
+    action="append",
+    metavar="package",
+    type="package_name",
+    help="Exclude specified package from the output",
+)
+
+
+no_python_version_warning: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--no-python-version-warning",
+    dest="no_python_version_warning",
+    action="store_true",
+    default=False,
+    help="Silence deprecation warnings for upcoming unsupported Pythons.",
+)
+
+
+# Features that are now always on. A warning is printed if they are used.
+ALWAYS_ENABLED_FEATURES = [
+    "no-binary-enable-wheel-cache",  # always on since 23.1
+]
+
+use_new_feature: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--use-feature",
+    dest="features_enabled",
+    metavar="feature",
+    action="append",
+    default=[],
+    choices=[
+        "fast-deps",
+        "truststore",
+    ]
+    + ALWAYS_ENABLED_FEATURES,
+    help="Enable new functionality, that may be backward incompatible.",
+)
+
+use_deprecated_feature: Callable[..., Option] = partial(
+    Option,
+    "--use-deprecated",
+    dest="deprecated_features_enabled",
+    metavar="feature",
+    action="append",
+    default=[],
+    choices=[
+        "legacy-resolver",
+    ],
+    help=("Enable deprecated functionality, that will be removed in the future."),
+)
+
+
+##########
+# groups #
+##########
+
+general_group: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "name": "General Options",
+    "options": [
+        help_,
+        debug_mode,
+        isolated_mode,
+        require_virtualenv,
+        python,
+        verbose,
+        version,
+        quiet,
+        log,
+        no_input,
+        keyring_provider,
+        proxy,
+        retries,
+        timeout,
+        exists_action,
+        trusted_host,
+        cert,
+        client_cert,
+        cache_dir,
+        no_cache,
+        disable_pip_version_check,
+        no_color,
+        no_python_version_warning,
+        use_new_feature,
+        use_deprecated_feature,
+    ],
+}
+
+index_group: Dict[str, Any] = {
+    "name": "Package Index Options",
+    "options": [
+        index_url,
+        extra_index_url,
+        no_index,
+        find_links,
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/command_context.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/command_context.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..139995ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/command_context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager
+from typing import ContextManager, Generator, TypeVar
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", covariant=True)
+
+
+class CommandContextMixIn:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._in_main_context = False
+        self._main_context = ExitStack()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def main_context(self) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        assert not self._in_main_context
+
+        self._in_main_context = True
+        try:
+            with self._main_context:
+                yield
+        finally:
+            self._in_main_context = False
+
+    def enter_context(self, context_provider: ContextManager[_T]) -> _T:
+        assert self._in_main_context
+
+        return self._main_context.enter_context(context_provider)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e061f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+"""Primary application entrypoint.
+"""
+import locale
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.cli.autocompletion import autocomplete
+from pip._internal.cli.main_parser import parse_command
+from pip._internal.commands import create_command
+from pip._internal.exceptions import PipError
+from pip._internal.utils import deprecation
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# Do not import and use main() directly! Using it directly is actively
+# discouraged by pip's maintainers. The name, location and behavior of
+# this function is subject to change, so calling it directly is not
+# portable across different pip versions.
+
+# In addition, running pip in-process is unsupported and unsafe. This is
+# elaborated in detail at
+# https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/user_guide/#using-pip-from-your-program.
+# That document also provides suggestions that should work for nearly
+# all users that are considering importing and using main() directly.
+
+# However, we know that certain users will still want to invoke pip
+# in-process. If you understand and accept the implications of using pip
+# in an unsupported manner, the best approach is to use runpy to avoid
+# depending on the exact location of this entry point.
+
+# The following example shows how to use runpy to invoke pip in that
+# case:
+#
+#     sys.argv = ["pip", your, args, here]
+#     runpy.run_module("pip", run_name="__main__")
+#
+# Note that this will exit the process after running, unlike a direct
+# call to main. As it is not safe to do any processing after calling
+# main, this should not be an issue in practice.
+
+
+def main(args: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> int:
+    if args is None:
+        args = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    # Suppress the pkg_resources deprecation warning
+    # Note - we use a module of .*pkg_resources to cover
+    # the normal case (pip._vendor.pkg_resources) and the
+    # devendored case (a bare pkg_resources)
+    warnings.filterwarnings(
+        action="ignore", category=DeprecationWarning, module=".*pkg_resources"
+    )
+
+    # Configure our deprecation warnings to be sent through loggers
+    deprecation.install_warning_logger()
+
+    autocomplete()
+
+    try:
+        cmd_name, cmd_args = parse_command(args)
+    except PipError as exc:
+        sys.stderr.write(f"ERROR: {exc}")
+        sys.stderr.write(os.linesep)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    # Needed for locale.getpreferredencoding(False) to work
+    # in pip._internal.utils.encoding.auto_decode
+    try:
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "")
+    except locale.Error as e:
+        # setlocale can apparently crash if locale are uninitialized
+        logger.debug("Ignoring error %s when setting locale", e)
+    command = create_command(cmd_name, isolated=("--isolated" in cmd_args))
+
+    return command.main(cmd_args)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ade356b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""A single place for constructing and exposing the main parser
+"""
+
+import os
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.build_env import get_runnable_pip
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.parser import ConfigOptionParser, UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter
+from pip._internal.commands import commands_dict, get_similar_commands
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import get_pip_version, get_prog
+
+__all__ = ["create_main_parser", "parse_command"]
+
+
+def create_main_parser() -> ConfigOptionParser:
+    """Creates and returns the main parser for pip's CLI"""
+
+    parser = ConfigOptionParser(
+        usage="\n%prog <command> [options]",
+        add_help_option=False,
+        formatter=UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(),
+        name="global",
+        prog=get_prog(),
+    )
+    parser.disable_interspersed_args()
+
+    parser.version = get_pip_version()
+
+    # add the general options
+    gen_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(cmdoptions.general_group, parser)
+    parser.add_option_group(gen_opts)
+
+    # so the help formatter knows
+    parser.main = True  # type: ignore
+
+    # create command listing for description
+    description = [""] + [
+        f"{name:27} {command_info.summary}"
+        for name, command_info in commands_dict.items()
+    ]
+    parser.description = "\n".join(description)
+
+    return parser
+
+
+def identify_python_interpreter(python: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    # If the named file exists, use it.
+    # If it's a directory, assume it's a virtual environment and
+    # look for the environment's Python executable.
+    if os.path.exists(python):
+        if os.path.isdir(python):
+            # bin/python for Unix, Scripts/python.exe for Windows
+            # Try both in case of odd cases like cygwin.
+            for exe in ("bin/python", "Scripts/python.exe"):
+                py = os.path.join(python, exe)
+                if os.path.exists(py):
+                    return py
+        else:
+            return python
+
+    # Could not find the interpreter specified
+    return None
+
+
+def parse_command(args: List[str]) -> Tuple[str, List[str]]:
+    parser = create_main_parser()
+
+    # Note: parser calls disable_interspersed_args(), so the result of this
+    # call is to split the initial args into the general options before the
+    # subcommand and everything else.
+    # For example:
+    #  args: ['--timeout=5', 'install', '--user', 'INITools']
+    #  general_options: ['--timeout==5']
+    #  args_else: ['install', '--user', 'INITools']
+    general_options, args_else = parser.parse_args(args)
+
+    # --python
+    if general_options.python and "_PIP_RUNNING_IN_SUBPROCESS" not in os.environ:
+        # Re-invoke pip using the specified Python interpreter
+        interpreter = identify_python_interpreter(general_options.python)
+        if interpreter is None:
+            raise CommandError(
+                f"Could not locate Python interpreter {general_options.python}"
+            )
+
+        pip_cmd = [
+            interpreter,
+            get_runnable_pip(),
+        ]
+        pip_cmd.extend(args)
+
+        # Set a flag so the child doesn't re-invoke itself, causing
+        # an infinite loop.
+        os.environ["_PIP_RUNNING_IN_SUBPROCESS"] = "1"
+        returncode = 0
+        try:
+            proc = subprocess.run(pip_cmd)
+            returncode = proc.returncode
+        except (subprocess.SubprocessError, OSError) as exc:
+            raise CommandError(f"Failed to run pip under {interpreter}: {exc}")
+        sys.exit(returncode)
+
+    # --version
+    if general_options.version:
+        sys.stdout.write(parser.version)
+        sys.stdout.write(os.linesep)
+        sys.exit()
+
+    # pip || pip help -> print_help()
+    if not args_else or (args_else[0] == "help" and len(args_else) == 1):
+        parser.print_help()
+        sys.exit()
+
+    # the subcommand name
+    cmd_name = args_else[0]
+
+    if cmd_name not in commands_dict:
+        guess = get_similar_commands(cmd_name)
+
+        msg = [f'unknown command "{cmd_name}"']
+        if guess:
+            msg.append(f'maybe you meant "{guess}"')
+
+        raise CommandError(" - ".join(msg))
+
+    # all the args without the subcommand
+    cmd_args = args[:]
+    cmd_args.remove(cmd_name)
+
+    return cmd_name, cmd_args
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae554b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+"""Base option parser setup"""
+
+import logging
+import optparse
+import shutil
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from contextlib import suppress
+from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, List, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import UNKNOWN_ERROR
+from pip._internal.configuration import Configuration, ConfigurationError
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import redact_auth_from_url, strtobool
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class PrettyHelpFormatter(optparse.IndentedHelpFormatter):
+    """A prettier/less verbose help formatter for optparse."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        # help position must be aligned with __init__.parseopts.description
+        kwargs["max_help_position"] = 30
+        kwargs["indent_increment"] = 1
+        kwargs["width"] = shutil.get_terminal_size()[0] - 2
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def format_option_strings(self, option: optparse.Option) -> str:
+        return self._format_option_strings(option)
+
+    def _format_option_strings(
+        self, option: optparse.Option, mvarfmt: str = " <{}>", optsep: str = ", "
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a comma-separated list of option strings and metavars.
+
+        :param option:  tuple of (short opt, long opt), e.g: ('-f', '--format')
+        :param mvarfmt: metavar format string
+        :param optsep:  separator
+        """
+        opts = []
+
+        if option._short_opts:
+            opts.append(option._short_opts[0])
+        if option._long_opts:
+            opts.append(option._long_opts[0])
+        if len(opts) > 1:
+            opts.insert(1, optsep)
+
+        if option.takes_value():
+            assert option.dest is not None
+            metavar = option.metavar or option.dest.lower()
+            opts.append(mvarfmt.format(metavar.lower()))
+
+        return "".join(opts)
+
+    def format_heading(self, heading: str) -> str:
+        if heading == "Options":
+            return ""
+        return heading + ":\n"
+
+    def format_usage(self, usage: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Ensure there is only one newline between usage and the first heading
+        if there is no description.
+        """
+        msg = "\nUsage: {}\n".format(self.indent_lines(textwrap.dedent(usage), "  "))
+        return msg
+
+    def format_description(self, description: str) -> str:
+        # leave full control over description to us
+        if description:
+            if hasattr(self.parser, "main"):
+                label = "Commands"
+            else:
+                label = "Description"
+            # some doc strings have initial newlines, some don't
+            description = description.lstrip("\n")
+            # some doc strings have final newlines and spaces, some don't
+            description = description.rstrip()
+            # dedent, then reindent
+            description = self.indent_lines(textwrap.dedent(description), "  ")
+            description = f"{label}:\n{description}\n"
+            return description
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def format_epilog(self, epilog: str) -> str:
+        # leave full control over epilog to us
+        if epilog:
+            return epilog
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def indent_lines(self, text: str, indent: str) -> str:
+        new_lines = [indent + line for line in text.split("\n")]
+        return "\n".join(new_lines)
+
+
+class UpdatingDefaultsHelpFormatter(PrettyHelpFormatter):
+    """Custom help formatter for use in ConfigOptionParser.
+
+    This is updates the defaults before expanding them, allowing
+    them to show up correctly in the help listing.
+
+    Also redact auth from url type options
+    """
+
+    def expand_default(self, option: optparse.Option) -> str:
+        default_values = None
+        if self.parser is not None:
+            assert isinstance(self.parser, ConfigOptionParser)
+            self.parser._update_defaults(self.parser.defaults)
+            assert option.dest is not None
+            default_values = self.parser.defaults.get(option.dest)
+        help_text = super().expand_default(option)
+
+        if default_values and option.metavar == "URL":
+            if isinstance(default_values, str):
+                default_values = [default_values]
+
+            # If its not a list, we should abort and just return the help text
+            if not isinstance(default_values, list):
+                default_values = []
+
+            for val in default_values:
+                help_text = help_text.replace(val, redact_auth_from_url(val))
+
+        return help_text
+
+
+class CustomOptionParser(optparse.OptionParser):
+    def insert_option_group(
+        self, idx: int, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> optparse.OptionGroup:
+        """Insert an OptionGroup at a given position."""
+        group = self.add_option_group(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.option_groups.pop()
+        self.option_groups.insert(idx, group)
+
+        return group
+
+    @property
+    def option_list_all(self) -> List[optparse.Option]:
+        """Get a list of all options, including those in option groups."""
+        res = self.option_list[:]
+        for i in self.option_groups:
+            res.extend(i.option_list)
+
+        return res
+
+
+class ConfigOptionParser(CustomOptionParser):
+    """Custom option parser which updates its defaults by checking the
+    configuration files and environmental variables"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        name: str,
+        isolated: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.config = Configuration(isolated)
+
+        assert self.name
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def check_default(self, option: optparse.Option, key: str, val: Any) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return option.check_value(key, val)
+        except optparse.OptionValueError as exc:
+            print(f"An error occurred during configuration: {exc}")
+            sys.exit(3)
+
+    def _get_ordered_configuration_items(
+        self,
+    ) -> Generator[Tuple[str, Any], None, None]:
+        # Configuration gives keys in an unordered manner. Order them.
+        override_order = ["global", self.name, ":env:"]
+
+        # Pool the options into different groups
+        section_items: Dict[str, List[Tuple[str, Any]]] = {
+            name: [] for name in override_order
+        }
+        for section_key, val in self.config.items():
+            # ignore empty values
+            if not val:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Ignoring configuration key '%s' as it's value is empty.",
+                    section_key,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            section, key = section_key.split(".", 1)
+            if section in override_order:
+                section_items[section].append((key, val))
+
+        # Yield each group in their override order
+        for section in override_order:
+            for key, val in section_items[section]:
+                yield key, val
+
+    def _update_defaults(self, defaults: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Updates the given defaults with values from the config files and
+        the environ. Does a little special handling for certain types of
+        options (lists)."""
+
+        # Accumulate complex default state.
+        self.values = optparse.Values(self.defaults)
+        late_eval = set()
+        # Then set the options with those values
+        for key, val in self._get_ordered_configuration_items():
+            # '--' because configuration supports only long names
+            option = self.get_option("--" + key)
+
+            # Ignore options not present in this parser. E.g. non-globals put
+            # in [global] by users that want them to apply to all applicable
+            # commands.
+            if option is None:
+                continue
+
+            assert option.dest is not None
+
+            if option.action in ("store_true", "store_false"):
+                try:
+                    val = strtobool(val)
+                except ValueError:
+                    self.error(
+                        f"{val} is not a valid value for {key} option, "
+                        "please specify a boolean value like yes/no, "
+                        "true/false or 1/0 instead."
+                    )
+            elif option.action == "count":
+                with suppress(ValueError):
+                    val = strtobool(val)
+                with suppress(ValueError):
+                    val = int(val)
+                if not isinstance(val, int) or val < 0:
+                    self.error(
+                        f"{val} is not a valid value for {key} option, "
+                        "please instead specify either a non-negative integer "
+                        "or a boolean value like yes/no or false/true "
+                        "which is equivalent to 1/0."
+                    )
+            elif option.action == "append":
+                val = val.split()
+                val = [self.check_default(option, key, v) for v in val]
+            elif option.action == "callback":
+                assert option.callback is not None
+                late_eval.add(option.dest)
+                opt_str = option.get_opt_string()
+                val = option.convert_value(opt_str, val)
+                # From take_action
+                args = option.callback_args or ()
+                kwargs = option.callback_kwargs or {}
+                option.callback(option, opt_str, val, self, *args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                val = self.check_default(option, key, val)
+
+            defaults[option.dest] = val
+
+        for key in late_eval:
+            defaults[key] = getattr(self.values, key)
+        self.values = None
+        return defaults
+
+    def get_default_values(self) -> optparse.Values:
+        """Overriding to make updating the defaults after instantiation of
+        the option parser possible, _update_defaults() does the dirty work."""
+        if not self.process_default_values:
+            # Old, pre-Optik 1.5 behaviour.
+            return optparse.Values(self.defaults)
+
+        # Load the configuration, or error out in case of an error
+        try:
+            self.config.load()
+        except ConfigurationError as err:
+            self.exit(UNKNOWN_ERROR, str(err))
+
+        defaults = self._update_defaults(self.defaults.copy())  # ours
+        for option in self._get_all_options():
+            assert option.dest is not None
+            default = defaults.get(option.dest)
+            if isinstance(default, str):
+                opt_str = option.get_opt_string()
+                defaults[option.dest] = option.check_value(opt_str, default)
+        return optparse.Values(defaults)
+
+    def error(self, msg: str) -> None:
+        self.print_usage(sys.stderr)
+        self.exit(UNKNOWN_ERROR, f"{msg}\n")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/progress_bars.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/progress_bars.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ad14031
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/progress_bars.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+import functools
+from typing import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.rich.progress import (
+    BarColumn,
+    DownloadColumn,
+    FileSizeColumn,
+    Progress,
+    ProgressColumn,
+    SpinnerColumn,
+    TextColumn,
+    TimeElapsedColumn,
+    TimeRemainingColumn,
+    TransferSpeedColumn,
+)
+
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import get_indentation
+
+DownloadProgressRenderer = Callable[[Iterable[bytes]], Iterator[bytes]]
+
+
+def _rich_progress_bar(
+    iterable: Iterable[bytes],
+    *,
+    bar_type: str,
+    size: int,
+) -> Generator[bytes, None, None]:
+    assert bar_type == "on", "This should only be used in the default mode."
+
+    if not size:
+        total = float("inf")
+        columns: Tuple[ProgressColumn, ...] = (
+            TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}"),
+            SpinnerColumn("line", speed=1.5),
+            FileSizeColumn(),
+            TransferSpeedColumn(),
+            TimeElapsedColumn(),
+        )
+    else:
+        total = size
+        columns = (
+            TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}"),
+            BarColumn(),
+            DownloadColumn(),
+            TransferSpeedColumn(),
+            TextColumn("eta"),
+            TimeRemainingColumn(),
+        )
+
+    progress = Progress(*columns, refresh_per_second=30)
+    task_id = progress.add_task(" " * (get_indentation() + 2), total=total)
+    with progress:
+        for chunk in iterable:
+            yield chunk
+            progress.update(task_id, advance=len(chunk))
+
+
+def get_download_progress_renderer(
+    *, bar_type: str, size: Optional[int] = None
+) -> DownloadProgressRenderer:
+    """Get an object that can be used to render the download progress.
+
+    Returns a callable, that takes an iterable to "wrap".
+    """
+    if bar_type == "on":
+        return functools.partial(_rich_progress_bar, bar_type=bar_type, size=size)
+    else:
+        return iter  # no-op, when passed an iterator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f2f79c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/req_command.py
@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+"""Contains the Command base classes that depend on PipSession.
+
+The classes in this module are in a separate module so the commands not
+needing download / PackageFinder capability don't unnecessarily import the
+PackageFinder machinery and all its vendored dependencies, etc.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+from functools import partial
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.cache import WheelCache
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.command_context import CommandContextMixIn
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError, PreviousBuildDirError
+from pip._internal.index.collector import LinkCollector
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.models.selection_prefs import SelectionPreferences
+from pip._internal.models.target_python import TargetPython
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.operations.build.build_tracker import BuildTracker
+from pip._internal.operations.prepare import RequirementPreparer
+from pip._internal.req.constructors import (
+    install_req_from_editable,
+    install_req_from_line,
+    install_req_from_parsed_requirement,
+    install_req_from_req_string,
+)
+from pip._internal.req.req_file import parse_requirements
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.resolution.base import BaseResolver
+from pip._internal.self_outdated_check import pip_self_version_check
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import (
+    TempDirectory,
+    TempDirectoryTypeRegistry,
+    tempdir_kinds,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ssl import SSLContext
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _create_truststore_ssl_context() -> Optional["SSLContext"]:
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+        raise CommandError("The truststore feature is only available for Python 3.10+")
+
+    try:
+        import ssl
+    except ImportError:
+        logger.warning("Disabling truststore since ssl support is missing")
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        from pip._vendor import truststore
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise CommandError(f"The truststore feature is unavailable: {e}")
+
+    return truststore.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+
+
+class SessionCommandMixin(CommandContextMixIn):
+
+    """
+    A class mixin for command classes needing _build_session().
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._session: Optional[PipSession] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_index_urls(cls, options: Values) -> Optional[List[str]]:
+        """Return a list of index urls from user-provided options."""
+        index_urls = []
+        if not getattr(options, "no_index", False):
+            url = getattr(options, "index_url", None)
+            if url:
+                index_urls.append(url)
+        urls = getattr(options, "extra_index_urls", None)
+        if urls:
+            index_urls.extend(urls)
+        # Return None rather than an empty list
+        return index_urls or None
+
+    def get_default_session(self, options: Values) -> PipSession:
+        """Get a default-managed session."""
+        if self._session is None:
+            self._session = self.enter_context(self._build_session(options))
+            # there's no type annotation on requests.Session, so it's
+            # automatically ContextManager[Any] and self._session becomes Any,
+            # then https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/7696 kicks in
+            assert self._session is not None
+        return self._session
+
+    def _build_session(
+        self,
+        options: Values,
+        retries: Optional[int] = None,
+        timeout: Optional[int] = None,
+        fallback_to_certifi: bool = False,
+    ) -> PipSession:
+        cache_dir = options.cache_dir
+        assert not cache_dir or os.path.isabs(cache_dir)
+
+        if "truststore" in options.features_enabled:
+            try:
+                ssl_context = _create_truststore_ssl_context()
+            except Exception:
+                if not fallback_to_certifi:
+                    raise
+                ssl_context = None
+        else:
+            ssl_context = None
+
+        session = PipSession(
+            cache=os.path.join(cache_dir, "http-v2") if cache_dir else None,
+            retries=retries if retries is not None else options.retries,
+            trusted_hosts=options.trusted_hosts,
+            index_urls=self._get_index_urls(options),
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+        )
+
+        # Handle custom ca-bundles from the user
+        if options.cert:
+            session.verify = options.cert
+
+        # Handle SSL client certificate
+        if options.client_cert:
+            session.cert = options.client_cert
+
+        # Handle timeouts
+        if options.timeout or timeout:
+            session.timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else options.timeout
+
+        # Handle configured proxies
+        if options.proxy:
+            session.proxies = {
+                "http": options.proxy,
+                "https": options.proxy,
+            }
+
+        # Determine if we can prompt the user for authentication or not
+        session.auth.prompting = not options.no_input
+        session.auth.keyring_provider = options.keyring_provider
+
+        return session
+
+
+class IndexGroupCommand(Command, SessionCommandMixin):
+
+    """
+    Abstract base class for commands with the index_group options.
+
+    This also corresponds to the commands that permit the pip version check.
+    """
+
+    def handle_pip_version_check(self, options: Values) -> None:
+        """
+        Do the pip version check if not disabled.
+
+        This overrides the default behavior of not doing the check.
+        """
+        # Make sure the index_group options are present.
+        assert hasattr(options, "no_index")
+
+        if options.disable_pip_version_check or options.no_index:
+            return
+
+        # Otherwise, check if we're using the latest version of pip available.
+        session = self._build_session(
+            options,
+            retries=0,
+            timeout=min(5, options.timeout),
+            # This is set to ensure the function does not fail when truststore is
+            # specified in use-feature but cannot be loaded. This usually raises a
+            # CommandError and shows a nice user-facing error, but this function is not
+            # called in that try-except block.
+            fallback_to_certifi=True,
+        )
+        with session:
+            pip_self_version_check(session, options)
+
+
+KEEPABLE_TEMPDIR_TYPES = [
+    tempdir_kinds.BUILD_ENV,
+    tempdir_kinds.EPHEM_WHEEL_CACHE,
+    tempdir_kinds.REQ_BUILD,
+]
+
+
+def warn_if_run_as_root() -> None:
+    """Output a warning for sudo users on Unix.
+
+    In a virtual environment, sudo pip still writes to virtualenv.
+    On Windows, users may run pip as Administrator without issues.
+    This warning only applies to Unix root users outside of virtualenv.
+    """
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        return
+    if not hasattr(os, "getuid"):
+        return
+    # On Windows, there are no "system managed" Python packages. Installing as
+    # Administrator via pip is the correct way of updating system environments.
+    #
+    # We choose sys.platform over utils.compat.WINDOWS here to enable Mypy platform
+    # checks: https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/common_issues.html
+    if sys.platform == "win32" or sys.platform == "cygwin":
+        return
+
+    if os.getuid() != 0:
+        return
+
+    logger.warning(
+        "Running pip as the 'root' user can result in broken permissions and "
+        "conflicting behaviour with the system package manager. "
+        "It is recommended to use a virtual environment instead: "
+        "https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/venv"
+    )
+
+
+def with_cleanup(func: Any) -> Any:
+    """Decorator for common logic related to managing temporary
+    directories.
+    """
+
+    def configure_tempdir_registry(registry: TempDirectoryTypeRegistry) -> None:
+        for t in KEEPABLE_TEMPDIR_TYPES:
+            registry.set_delete(t, False)
+
+    def wrapper(
+        self: RequirementCommand, options: Values, args: List[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[int]:
+        assert self.tempdir_registry is not None
+        if options.no_clean:
+            configure_tempdir_registry(self.tempdir_registry)
+
+        try:
+            return func(self, options, args)
+        except PreviousBuildDirError:
+            # This kind of conflict can occur when the user passes an explicit
+            # build directory with a pre-existing folder. In that case we do
+            # not want to accidentally remove it.
+            configure_tempdir_registry(self.tempdir_registry)
+            raise
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class RequirementCommand(IndexGroupCommand):
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_clean())
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def determine_resolver_variant(options: Values) -> str:
+        """Determines which resolver should be used, based on the given options."""
+        if "legacy-resolver" in options.deprecated_features_enabled:
+            return "legacy"
+
+        return "resolvelib"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make_requirement_preparer(
+        cls,
+        temp_build_dir: TempDirectory,
+        options: Values,
+        build_tracker: BuildTracker,
+        session: PipSession,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        use_user_site: bool,
+        download_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+        verbosity: int = 0,
+    ) -> RequirementPreparer:
+        """
+        Create a RequirementPreparer instance for the given parameters.
+        """
+        temp_build_dir_path = temp_build_dir.path
+        assert temp_build_dir_path is not None
+        legacy_resolver = False
+
+        resolver_variant = cls.determine_resolver_variant(options)
+        if resolver_variant == "resolvelib":
+            lazy_wheel = "fast-deps" in options.features_enabled
+            if lazy_wheel:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "pip is using lazily downloaded wheels using HTTP "
+                    "range requests to obtain dependency information. "
+                    "This experimental feature is enabled through "
+                    "--use-feature=fast-deps and it is not ready for "
+                    "production."
+                )
+        else:
+            legacy_resolver = True
+            lazy_wheel = False
+            if "fast-deps" in options.features_enabled:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "fast-deps has no effect when used with the legacy resolver."
+                )
+
+        return RequirementPreparer(
+            build_dir=temp_build_dir_path,
+            src_dir=options.src_dir,
+            download_dir=download_dir,
+            build_isolation=options.build_isolation,
+            check_build_deps=options.check_build_deps,
+            build_tracker=build_tracker,
+            session=session,
+            progress_bar=options.progress_bar,
+            finder=finder,
+            require_hashes=options.require_hashes,
+            use_user_site=use_user_site,
+            lazy_wheel=lazy_wheel,
+            verbosity=verbosity,
+            legacy_resolver=legacy_resolver,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make_resolver(
+        cls,
+        preparer: RequirementPreparer,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        options: Values,
+        wheel_cache: Optional[WheelCache] = None,
+        use_user_site: bool = False,
+        ignore_installed: bool = True,
+        ignore_requires_python: bool = False,
+        force_reinstall: bool = False,
+        upgrade_strategy: str = "to-satisfy-only",
+        use_pep517: Optional[bool] = None,
+        py_version_info: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> BaseResolver:
+        """
+        Create a Resolver instance for the given parameters.
+        """
+        make_install_req = partial(
+            install_req_from_req_string,
+            isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+            use_pep517=use_pep517,
+        )
+        resolver_variant = cls.determine_resolver_variant(options)
+        # The long import name and duplicated invocation is needed to convince
+        # Mypy into correctly typechecking. Otherwise it would complain the
+        # "Resolver" class being redefined.
+        if resolver_variant == "resolvelib":
+            import pip._internal.resolution.resolvelib.resolver
+
+            return pip._internal.resolution.resolvelib.resolver.Resolver(
+                preparer=preparer,
+                finder=finder,
+                wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                make_install_req=make_install_req,
+                use_user_site=use_user_site,
+                ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+                ignore_installed=ignore_installed,
+                ignore_requires_python=ignore_requires_python,
+                force_reinstall=force_reinstall,
+                upgrade_strategy=upgrade_strategy,
+                py_version_info=py_version_info,
+            )
+        import pip._internal.resolution.legacy.resolver
+
+        return pip._internal.resolution.legacy.resolver.Resolver(
+            preparer=preparer,
+            finder=finder,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+            make_install_req=make_install_req,
+            use_user_site=use_user_site,
+            ignore_dependencies=options.ignore_dependencies,
+            ignore_installed=ignore_installed,
+            ignore_requires_python=ignore_requires_python,
+            force_reinstall=force_reinstall,
+            upgrade_strategy=upgrade_strategy,
+            py_version_info=py_version_info,
+        )
+
+    def get_requirements(
+        self,
+        args: List[str],
+        options: Values,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        session: PipSession,
+    ) -> List[InstallRequirement]:
+        """
+        Parse command-line arguments into the corresponding requirements.
+        """
+        requirements: List[InstallRequirement] = []
+        for filename in options.constraints:
+            for parsed_req in parse_requirements(
+                filename,
+                constraint=True,
+                finder=finder,
+                options=options,
+                session=session,
+            ):
+                req_to_add = install_req_from_parsed_requirement(
+                    parsed_req,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    user_supplied=False,
+                )
+                requirements.append(req_to_add)
+
+        for req in args:
+            req_to_add = install_req_from_line(
+                req,
+                comes_from=None,
+                isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                use_pep517=options.use_pep517,
+                user_supplied=True,
+                config_settings=getattr(options, "config_settings", None),
+            )
+            requirements.append(req_to_add)
+
+        for req in options.editables:
+            req_to_add = install_req_from_editable(
+                req,
+                user_supplied=True,
+                isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                use_pep517=options.use_pep517,
+                config_settings=getattr(options, "config_settings", None),
+            )
+            requirements.append(req_to_add)
+
+        # NOTE: options.require_hashes may be set if --require-hashes is True
+        for filename in options.requirements:
+            for parsed_req in parse_requirements(
+                filename, finder=finder, options=options, session=session
+            ):
+                req_to_add = install_req_from_parsed_requirement(
+                    parsed_req,
+                    isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+                    use_pep517=options.use_pep517,
+                    user_supplied=True,
+                    config_settings=parsed_req.options.get("config_settings")
+                    if parsed_req.options
+                    else None,
+                )
+                requirements.append(req_to_add)
+
+        # If any requirement has hash options, enable hash checking.
+        if any(req.has_hash_options for req in requirements):
+            options.require_hashes = True
+
+        if not (args or options.editables or options.requirements):
+            opts = {"name": self.name}
+            if options.find_links:
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "You must give at least one requirement to {name} "
+                    '(maybe you meant "pip {name} {links}"?)'.format(
+                        **dict(opts, links=" ".join(options.find_links))
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "You must give at least one requirement to {name} "
+                    '(see "pip help {name}")'.format(**opts)
+                )
+
+        return requirements
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def trace_basic_info(finder: PackageFinder) -> None:
+        """
+        Trace basic information about the provided objects.
+        """
+        # Display where finder is looking for packages
+        search_scope = finder.search_scope
+        locations = search_scope.get_formatted_locations()
+        if locations:
+            logger.info(locations)
+
+    def _build_package_finder(
+        self,
+        options: Values,
+        session: PipSession,
+        target_python: Optional[TargetPython] = None,
+        ignore_requires_python: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> PackageFinder:
+        """
+        Create a package finder appropriate to this requirement command.
+
+        :param ignore_requires_python: Whether to ignore incompatible
+            "Requires-Python" values in links. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        link_collector = LinkCollector.create(session, options=options)
+        selection_prefs = SelectionPreferences(
+            allow_yanked=True,
+            format_control=options.format_control,
+            allow_all_prereleases=options.pre,
+            prefer_binary=options.prefer_binary,
+            ignore_requires_python=ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+
+        return PackageFinder.create(
+            link_collector=link_collector,
+            selection_prefs=selection_prefs,
+            target_python=target_python,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/spinners.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/spinners.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf2b976f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/spinners.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import contextlib
+import itertools
+import logging
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import IO, Generator, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import get_indentation
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SpinnerInterface:
+    def spin(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def finish(self, final_status: str) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class InteractiveSpinner(SpinnerInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        file: Optional[IO[str]] = None,
+        spin_chars: str = "-\\|/",
+        # Empirically, 8 updates/second looks nice
+        min_update_interval_seconds: float = 0.125,
+    ):
+        self._message = message
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+        self._file = file
+        self._rate_limiter = RateLimiter(min_update_interval_seconds)
+        self._finished = False
+
+        self._spin_cycle = itertools.cycle(spin_chars)
+
+        self._file.write(" " * get_indentation() + self._message + " ... ")
+        self._width = 0
+
+    def _write(self, status: str) -> None:
+        assert not self._finished
+        # Erase what we wrote before by backspacing to the beginning, writing
+        # spaces to overwrite the old text, and then backspacing again
+        backup = "\b" * self._width
+        self._file.write(backup + " " * self._width + backup)
+        # Now we have a blank slate to add our status
+        self._file.write(status)
+        self._width = len(status)
+        self._file.flush()
+        self._rate_limiter.reset()
+
+    def spin(self) -> None:
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        if not self._rate_limiter.ready():
+            return
+        self._write(next(self._spin_cycle))
+
+    def finish(self, final_status: str) -> None:
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        self._write(final_status)
+        self._file.write("\n")
+        self._file.flush()
+        self._finished = True
+
+
+# Used for dumb terminals, non-interactive installs (no tty), etc.
+# We still print updates occasionally (once every 60 seconds by default) to
+# act as a keep-alive for systems like Travis-CI that take lack-of-output as
+# an indication that a task has frozen.
+class NonInteractiveSpinner(SpinnerInterface):
+    def __init__(self, message: str, min_update_interval_seconds: float = 60.0) -> None:
+        self._message = message
+        self._finished = False
+        self._rate_limiter = RateLimiter(min_update_interval_seconds)
+        self._update("started")
+
+    def _update(self, status: str) -> None:
+        assert not self._finished
+        self._rate_limiter.reset()
+        logger.info("%s: %s", self._message, status)
+
+    def spin(self) -> None:
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        if not self._rate_limiter.ready():
+            return
+        self._update("still running...")
+
+    def finish(self, final_status: str) -> None:
+        if self._finished:
+            return
+        self._update(f"finished with status '{final_status}'")
+        self._finished = True
+
+
+class RateLimiter:
+    def __init__(self, min_update_interval_seconds: float) -> None:
+        self._min_update_interval_seconds = min_update_interval_seconds
+        self._last_update: float = 0
+
+    def ready(self) -> bool:
+        now = time.time()
+        delta = now - self._last_update
+        return delta >= self._min_update_interval_seconds
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._last_update = time.time()
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def open_spinner(message: str) -> Generator[SpinnerInterface, None, None]:
+    # Interactive spinner goes directly to sys.stdout rather than being routed
+    # through the logging system, but it acts like it has level INFO,
+    # i.e. it's only displayed if we're at level INFO or better.
+    # Non-interactive spinner goes through the logging system, so it is always
+    # in sync with logging configuration.
+    if sys.stdout.isatty() and logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.INFO:
+        spinner: SpinnerInterface = InteractiveSpinner(message)
+    else:
+        spinner = NonInteractiveSpinner(message)
+    try:
+        with hidden_cursor(sys.stdout):
+            yield spinner
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        spinner.finish("canceled")
+        raise
+    except Exception:
+        spinner.finish("error")
+        raise
+    else:
+        spinner.finish("done")
+
+
+HIDE_CURSOR = "\x1b[?25l"
+SHOW_CURSOR = "\x1b[?25h"
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def hidden_cursor(file: IO[str]) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    # The Windows terminal does not support the hide/show cursor ANSI codes,
+    # even via colorama. So don't even try.
+    if WINDOWS:
+        yield
+    # We don't want to clutter the output with control characters if we're
+    # writing to a file, or if the user is running with --quiet.
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/3418
+    elif not file.isatty() or logger.getEffectiveLevel() > logging.INFO:
+        yield
+    else:
+        file.write(HIDE_CURSOR)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            file.write(SHOW_CURSOR)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/status_codes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e29502c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+SUCCESS = 0
+ERROR = 1
+UNKNOWN_ERROR = 2
+VIRTUALENV_NOT_FOUND = 3
+PREVIOUS_BUILD_DIR_ERROR = 4
+NO_MATCHES_FOUND = 23
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..858a4101
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+"""
+Package containing all pip commands
+"""
+
+import importlib
+from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+
+CommandInfo = namedtuple("CommandInfo", "module_path, class_name, summary")
+
+# This dictionary does a bunch of heavy lifting for help output:
+# - Enables avoiding additional (costly) imports for presenting `--help`.
+# - The ordering matters for help display.
+#
+# Even though the module path starts with the same "pip._internal.commands"
+# prefix, the full path makes testing easier (specifically when modifying
+# `commands_dict` in test setup / teardown).
+commands_dict: Dict[str, CommandInfo] = {
+    "install": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.install",
+        "InstallCommand",
+        "Install packages.",
+    ),
+    "download": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.download",
+        "DownloadCommand",
+        "Download packages.",
+    ),
+    "uninstall": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.uninstall",
+        "UninstallCommand",
+        "Uninstall packages.",
+    ),
+    "freeze": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.freeze",
+        "FreezeCommand",
+        "Output installed packages in requirements format.",
+    ),
+    "inspect": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.inspect",
+        "InspectCommand",
+        "Inspect the python environment.",
+    ),
+    "list": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.list",
+        "ListCommand",
+        "List installed packages.",
+    ),
+    "show": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.show",
+        "ShowCommand",
+        "Show information about installed packages.",
+    ),
+    "check": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.check",
+        "CheckCommand",
+        "Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.",
+    ),
+    "config": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.configuration",
+        "ConfigurationCommand",
+        "Manage local and global configuration.",
+    ),
+    "search": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.search",
+        "SearchCommand",
+        "Search PyPI for packages.",
+    ),
+    "cache": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.cache",
+        "CacheCommand",
+        "Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.",
+    ),
+    "index": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.index",
+        "IndexCommand",
+        "Inspect information available from package indexes.",
+    ),
+    "wheel": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.wheel",
+        "WheelCommand",
+        "Build wheels from your requirements.",
+    ),
+    "hash": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.hash",
+        "HashCommand",
+        "Compute hashes of package archives.",
+    ),
+    "completion": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.completion",
+        "CompletionCommand",
+        "A helper command used for command completion.",
+    ),
+    "debug": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.debug",
+        "DebugCommand",
+        "Show information useful for debugging.",
+    ),
+    "help": CommandInfo(
+        "pip._internal.commands.help",
+        "HelpCommand",
+        "Show help for commands.",
+    ),
+}
+
+
+def create_command(name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Command:
+    """
+    Create an instance of the Command class with the given name.
+    """
+    module_path, class_name, summary = commands_dict[name]
+    module = importlib.import_module(module_path)
+    command_class = getattr(module, class_name)
+    command = command_class(name=name, summary=summary, **kwargs)
+
+    return command
+
+
+def get_similar_commands(name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Command name auto-correct."""
+    from difflib import get_close_matches
+
+    name = name.lower()
+
+    close_commands = get_close_matches(name, commands_dict.keys())
+
+    if close_commands:
+        return close_commands[0]
+    else:
+        return None
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32833615
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+import os
+import textwrap
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import Any, List
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError, PipError
+from pip._internal.utils import filesystem
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import getLogger
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class CacheCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.
+
+    Subcommands:
+
+    - dir: Show the cache directory.
+    - info: Show information about the cache.
+    - list: List filenames of packages stored in the cache.
+    - remove: Remove one or more package from the cache.
+    - purge: Remove all items from the cache.
+
+    ``<pattern>`` can be a glob expression or a package name.
+    """
+
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+    usage = """
+        %prog dir
+        %prog info
+        %prog list [<pattern>] [--format=[human, abspath]]
+        %prog remove <pattern>
+        %prog purge
+    """
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--format",
+            action="store",
+            dest="list_format",
+            default="human",
+            choices=("human", "abspath"),
+            help="Select the output format among: human (default) or abspath",
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        handlers = {
+            "dir": self.get_cache_dir,
+            "info": self.get_cache_info,
+            "list": self.list_cache_items,
+            "remove": self.remove_cache_items,
+            "purge": self.purge_cache,
+        }
+
+        if not options.cache_dir:
+            logger.error("pip cache commands can not function since cache is disabled.")
+            return ERROR
+
+        # Determine action
+        if not args or args[0] not in handlers:
+            logger.error(
+                "Need an action (%s) to perform.",
+                ", ".join(sorted(handlers)),
+            )
+            return ERROR
+
+        action = args[0]
+
+        # Error handling happens here, not in the action-handlers.
+        try:
+            handlers[action](options, args[1:])
+        except PipError as e:
+            logger.error(e.args[0])
+            return ERROR
+
+        return SUCCESS
+
+    def get_cache_dir(self, options: Values, args: List[Any]) -> None:
+        if args:
+            raise CommandError("Too many arguments")
+
+        logger.info(options.cache_dir)
+
+    def get_cache_info(self, options: Values, args: List[Any]) -> None:
+        if args:
+            raise CommandError("Too many arguments")
+
+        num_http_files = len(self._find_http_files(options))
+        num_packages = len(self._find_wheels(options, "*"))
+
+        http_cache_location = self._cache_dir(options, "http-v2")
+        old_http_cache_location = self._cache_dir(options, "http")
+        wheels_cache_location = self._cache_dir(options, "wheels")
+        http_cache_size = filesystem.format_size(
+            filesystem.directory_size(http_cache_location)
+            + filesystem.directory_size(old_http_cache_location)
+        )
+        wheels_cache_size = filesystem.format_directory_size(wheels_cache_location)
+
+        message = (
+            textwrap.dedent(
+                """
+                    Package index page cache location (pip v23.3+): {http_cache_location}
+                    Package index page cache location (older pips): {old_http_cache_location}
+                    Package index page cache size: {http_cache_size}
+                    Number of HTTP files: {num_http_files}
+                    Locally built wheels location: {wheels_cache_location}
+                    Locally built wheels size: {wheels_cache_size}
+                    Number of locally built wheels: {package_count}
+                """  # noqa: E501
+            )
+            .format(
+                http_cache_location=http_cache_location,
+                old_http_cache_location=old_http_cache_location,
+                http_cache_size=http_cache_size,
+                num_http_files=num_http_files,
+                wheels_cache_location=wheels_cache_location,
+                package_count=num_packages,
+                wheels_cache_size=wheels_cache_size,
+            )
+            .strip()
+        )
+
+        logger.info(message)
+
+    def list_cache_items(self, options: Values, args: List[Any]) -> None:
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise CommandError("Too many arguments")
+
+        if args:
+            pattern = args[0]
+        else:
+            pattern = "*"
+
+        files = self._find_wheels(options, pattern)
+        if options.list_format == "human":
+            self.format_for_human(files)
+        else:
+            self.format_for_abspath(files)
+
+    def format_for_human(self, files: List[str]) -> None:
+        if not files:
+            logger.info("No locally built wheels cached.")
+            return
+
+        results = []
+        for filename in files:
+            wheel = os.path.basename(filename)
+            size = filesystem.format_file_size(filename)
+            results.append(f" - {wheel} ({size})")
+        logger.info("Cache contents:\n")
+        logger.info("\n".join(sorted(results)))
+
+    def format_for_abspath(self, files: List[str]) -> None:
+        if files:
+            logger.info("\n".join(sorted(files)))
+
+    def remove_cache_items(self, options: Values, args: List[Any]) -> None:
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise CommandError("Too many arguments")
+
+        if not args:
+            raise CommandError("Please provide a pattern")
+
+        files = self._find_wheels(options, args[0])
+
+        no_matching_msg = "No matching packages"
+        if args[0] == "*":
+            # Only fetch http files if no specific pattern given
+            files += self._find_http_files(options)
+        else:
+            # Add the pattern to the log message
+            no_matching_msg += f' for pattern "{args[0]}"'
+
+        if not files:
+            logger.warning(no_matching_msg)
+
+        for filename in files:
+            os.unlink(filename)
+            logger.verbose("Removed %s", filename)
+        logger.info("Files removed: %s", len(files))
+
+    def purge_cache(self, options: Values, args: List[Any]) -> None:
+        if args:
+            raise CommandError("Too many arguments")
+
+        return self.remove_cache_items(options, ["*"])
+
+    def _cache_dir(self, options: Values, subdir: str) -> str:
+        return os.path.join(options.cache_dir, subdir)
+
+    def _find_http_files(self, options: Values) -> List[str]:
+        old_http_dir = self._cache_dir(options, "http")
+        new_http_dir = self._cache_dir(options, "http-v2")
+        return filesystem.find_files(old_http_dir, "*") + filesystem.find_files(
+            new_http_dir, "*"
+        )
+
+    def _find_wheels(self, options: Values, pattern: str) -> List[str]:
+        wheel_dir = self._cache_dir(options, "wheels")
+
+        # The wheel filename format, as specified in PEP 427, is:
+        #     {distribution}-{version}(-{build})?-{python}-{abi}-{platform}.whl
+        #
+        # Additionally, non-alphanumeric values in the distribution are
+        # normalized to underscores (_), meaning hyphens can never occur
+        # before `-{version}`.
+        #
+        # Given that information:
+        # - If the pattern we're given contains a hyphen (-), the user is
+        #   providing at least the version. Thus, we can just append `*.whl`
+        #   to match the rest of it.
+        # - If the pattern we're given doesn't contain a hyphen (-), the
+        #   user is only providing the name. Thus, we append `-*.whl` to
+        #   match the hyphen before the version, followed by anything else.
+        #
+        # PEP 427: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0427/
+        pattern = pattern + ("*.whl" if "-" in pattern else "-*.whl")
+
+        return filesystem.find_files(wheel_dir, pattern)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/check.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/check.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5efd0a34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import logging
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.operations.check import (
+    check_package_set,
+    create_package_set_from_installed,
+    warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import write_output
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class CheckCommand(Command):
+    """Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies."""
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        package_set, parsing_probs = create_package_set_from_installed()
+        warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers(package_set)
+        missing, conflicting = check_package_set(package_set)
+
+        for project_name in missing:
+            version = package_set[project_name].version
+            for dependency in missing[project_name]:
+                write_output(
+                    "%s %s requires %s, which is not installed.",
+                    project_name,
+                    version,
+                    dependency[0],
+                )
+
+        for project_name in conflicting:
+            version = package_set[project_name].version
+            for dep_name, dep_version, req in conflicting[project_name]:
+                write_output(
+                    "%s %s has requirement %s, but you have %s %s.",
+                    project_name,
+                    version,
+                    req,
+                    dep_name,
+                    dep_version,
+                )
+
+        if missing or conflicting or parsing_probs:
+            return ERROR
+        else:
+            write_output("No broken requirements found.")
+            return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/completion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/completion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e89e279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/completion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import get_prog
+
+BASE_COMPLETION = """
+# pip {shell} completion start{script}# pip {shell} completion end
+"""
+
+COMPLETION_SCRIPTS = {
+    "bash": """
+        _pip_completion()
+        {{
+            COMPREPLY=( $( COMP_WORDS="${{COMP_WORDS[*]}}" \\
+                           COMP_CWORD=$COMP_CWORD \\
+                           PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE=1 $1 2>/dev/null ) )
+        }}
+        complete -o default -F _pip_completion {prog}
+    """,
+    "zsh": """
+        #compdef -P pip[0-9.]#
+        __pip() {{
+          compadd $( COMP_WORDS="$words[*]" \\
+                     COMP_CWORD=$((CURRENT-1)) \\
+                     PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE=1 $words[1] 2>/dev/null )
+        }}
+        if [[ $zsh_eval_context[-1] == loadautofunc ]]; then
+          # autoload from fpath, call function directly
+          __pip "$@"
+        else
+          # eval/source/. command, register function for later
+          compdef __pip -P 'pip[0-9.]#'
+        fi
+    """,
+    "fish": """
+        function __fish_complete_pip
+            set -lx COMP_WORDS (commandline -o) ""
+            set -lx COMP_CWORD ( \\
+                math (contains -i -- (commandline -t) $COMP_WORDS)-1 \\
+            )
+            set -lx PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE 1
+            string split \\  -- (eval $COMP_WORDS[1])
+        end
+        complete -fa "(__fish_complete_pip)" -c {prog}
+    """,
+    "powershell": """
+        if ((Test-Path Function:\\TabExpansion) -and -not `
+            (Test-Path Function:\\_pip_completeBackup)) {{
+            Rename-Item Function:\\TabExpansion _pip_completeBackup
+        }}
+        function TabExpansion($line, $lastWord) {{
+            $lastBlock = [regex]::Split($line, '[|;]')[-1].TrimStart()
+            if ($lastBlock.StartsWith("{prog} ")) {{
+                $Env:COMP_WORDS=$lastBlock
+                $Env:COMP_CWORD=$lastBlock.Split().Length - 1
+                $Env:PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE=1
+                (& {prog}).Split()
+                Remove-Item Env:COMP_WORDS
+                Remove-Item Env:COMP_CWORD
+                Remove-Item Env:PIP_AUTO_COMPLETE
+            }}
+            elseif (Test-Path Function:\\_pip_completeBackup) {{
+                # Fall back on existing tab expansion
+                _pip_completeBackup $line $lastWord
+            }}
+        }}
+    """,
+}
+
+
+class CompletionCommand(Command):
+    """A helper command to be used for command completion."""
+
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--bash",
+            "-b",
+            action="store_const",
+            const="bash",
+            dest="shell",
+            help="Emit completion code for bash",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--zsh",
+            "-z",
+            action="store_const",
+            const="zsh",
+            dest="shell",
+            help="Emit completion code for zsh",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--fish",
+            "-f",
+            action="store_const",
+            const="fish",
+            dest="shell",
+            help="Emit completion code for fish",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--powershell",
+            "-p",
+            action="store_const",
+            const="powershell",
+            dest="shell",
+            help="Emit completion code for powershell",
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        """Prints the completion code of the given shell"""
+        shells = COMPLETION_SCRIPTS.keys()
+        shell_options = ["--" + shell for shell in sorted(shells)]
+        if options.shell in shells:
+            script = textwrap.dedent(
+                COMPLETION_SCRIPTS.get(options.shell, "").format(prog=get_prog())
+            )
+            print(BASE_COMPLETION.format(script=script, shell=options.shell))
+            return SUCCESS
+        else:
+            sys.stderr.write(
+                "ERROR: You must pass {}\n".format(" or ".join(shell_options))
+            )
+            return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/configuration.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/configuration.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a1dc6b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/configuration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import subprocess
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import Any, List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.configuration import (
+    Configuration,
+    Kind,
+    get_configuration_files,
+    kinds,
+)
+from pip._internal.exceptions import PipError
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import get_prog, write_output
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ConfigurationCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Manage local and global configuration.
+
+    Subcommands:
+
+    - list: List the active configuration (or from the file specified)
+    - edit: Edit the configuration file in an editor
+    - get: Get the value associated with command.option
+    - set: Set the command.option=value
+    - unset: Unset the value associated with command.option
+    - debug: List the configuration files and values defined under them
+
+    Configuration keys should be dot separated command and option name,
+    with the special prefix "global" affecting any command. For example,
+    "pip config set global.index-url https://example.org/" would configure
+    the index url for all commands, but "pip config set download.timeout 10"
+    would configure a 10 second timeout only for "pip download" commands.
+
+    If none of --user, --global and --site are passed, a virtual
+    environment configuration file is used if one is active and the file
+    exists. Otherwise, all modifications happen to the user file by
+    default.
+    """
+
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+    usage = """
+        %prog [<file-option>] list
+        %prog [<file-option>] [--editor <editor-path>] edit
+
+        %prog [<file-option>] get command.option
+        %prog [<file-option>] set command.option value
+        %prog [<file-option>] unset command.option
+        %prog [<file-option>] debug
+    """
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--editor",
+            dest="editor",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help=(
+                "Editor to use to edit the file. Uses VISUAL or EDITOR "
+                "environment variables if not provided."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--global",
+            dest="global_file",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Use the system-wide configuration file only",
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--user",
+            dest="user_file",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Use the user configuration file only",
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--site",
+            dest="site_file",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Use the current environment configuration file only",
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        handlers = {
+            "list": self.list_values,
+            "edit": self.open_in_editor,
+            "get": self.get_name,
+            "set": self.set_name_value,
+            "unset": self.unset_name,
+            "debug": self.list_config_values,
+        }
+
+        # Determine action
+        if not args or args[0] not in handlers:
+            logger.error(
+                "Need an action (%s) to perform.",
+                ", ".join(sorted(handlers)),
+            )
+            return ERROR
+
+        action = args[0]
+
+        # Determine which configuration files are to be loaded
+        #    Depends on whether the command is modifying.
+        try:
+            load_only = self._determine_file(
+                options, need_value=(action in ["get", "set", "unset", "edit"])
+            )
+        except PipError as e:
+            logger.error(e.args[0])
+            return ERROR
+
+        # Load a new configuration
+        self.configuration = Configuration(
+            isolated=options.isolated_mode, load_only=load_only
+        )
+        self.configuration.load()
+
+        # Error handling happens here, not in the action-handlers.
+        try:
+            handlers[action](options, args[1:])
+        except PipError as e:
+            logger.error(e.args[0])
+            return ERROR
+
+        return SUCCESS
+
+    def _determine_file(self, options: Values, need_value: bool) -> Optional[Kind]:
+        file_options = [
+            key
+            for key, value in (
+                (kinds.USER, options.user_file),
+                (kinds.GLOBAL, options.global_file),
+                (kinds.SITE, options.site_file),
+            )
+            if value
+        ]
+
+        if not file_options:
+            if not need_value:
+                return None
+            # Default to user, unless there's a site file.
+            elif any(
+                os.path.exists(site_config_file)
+                for site_config_file in get_configuration_files()[kinds.SITE]
+            ):
+                return kinds.SITE
+            else:
+                return kinds.USER
+        elif len(file_options) == 1:
+            return file_options[0]
+
+        raise PipError(
+            "Need exactly one file to operate upon "
+            "(--user, --site, --global) to perform."
+        )
+
+    def list_values(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> None:
+        self._get_n_args(args, "list", n=0)
+
+        for key, value in sorted(self.configuration.items()):
+            write_output("%s=%r", key, value)
+
+    def get_name(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> None:
+        key = self._get_n_args(args, "get [name]", n=1)
+        value = self.configuration.get_value(key)
+
+        write_output("%s", value)
+
+    def set_name_value(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> None:
+        key, value = self._get_n_args(args, "set [name] [value]", n=2)
+        self.configuration.set_value(key, value)
+
+        self._save_configuration()
+
+    def unset_name(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> None:
+        key = self._get_n_args(args, "unset [name]", n=1)
+        self.configuration.unset_value(key)
+
+        self._save_configuration()
+
+    def list_config_values(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> None:
+        """List config key-value pairs across different config files"""
+        self._get_n_args(args, "debug", n=0)
+
+        self.print_env_var_values()
+        # Iterate over config files and print if they exist, and the
+        # key-value pairs present in them if they do
+        for variant, files in sorted(self.configuration.iter_config_files()):
+            write_output("%s:", variant)
+            for fname in files:
+                with indent_log():
+                    file_exists = os.path.exists(fname)
+                    write_output("%s, exists: %r", fname, file_exists)
+                    if file_exists:
+                        self.print_config_file_values(variant)
+
+    def print_config_file_values(self, variant: Kind) -> None:
+        """Get key-value pairs from the file of a variant"""
+        for name, value in self.configuration.get_values_in_config(variant).items():
+            with indent_log():
+                write_output("%s: %s", name, value)
+
+    def print_env_var_values(self) -> None:
+        """Get key-values pairs present as environment variables"""
+        write_output("%s:", "env_var")
+        with indent_log():
+            for key, value in sorted(self.configuration.get_environ_vars()):
+                env_var = f"PIP_{key.upper()}"
+                write_output("%s=%r", env_var, value)
+
+    def open_in_editor(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> None:
+        editor = self._determine_editor(options)
+
+        fname = self.configuration.get_file_to_edit()
+        if fname is None:
+            raise PipError("Could not determine appropriate file.")
+        elif '"' in fname:
+            # This shouldn't happen, unless we see a username like that.
+            # If that happens, we'd appreciate a pull request fixing this.
+            raise PipError(
+                f'Can not open an editor for a file name containing "\n{fname}'
+            )
+
+        try:
+            subprocess.check_call(f'{editor} "{fname}"', shell=True)
+        except FileNotFoundError as e:
+            if not e.filename:
+                e.filename = editor
+            raise
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
+            raise PipError(f"Editor Subprocess exited with exit code {e.returncode}")
+
+    def _get_n_args(self, args: List[str], example: str, n: int) -> Any:
+        """Helper to make sure the command got the right number of arguments"""
+        if len(args) != n:
+            msg = (
+                f"Got unexpected number of arguments, expected {n}. "
+                f'(example: "{get_prog()} config {example}")'
+            )
+            raise PipError(msg)
+
+        if n == 1:
+            return args[0]
+        else:
+            return args
+
+    def _save_configuration(self) -> None:
+        # We successfully ran a modifying command. Need to save the
+        # configuration.
+        try:
+            self.configuration.save()
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(
+                "Unable to save configuration. Please report this as a bug."
+            )
+            raise PipError("Internal Error.")
+
+    def _determine_editor(self, options: Values) -> str:
+        if options.editor is not None:
+            return options.editor
+        elif "VISUAL" in os.environ:
+            return os.environ["VISUAL"]
+        elif "EDITOR" in os.environ:
+            return os.environ["EDITOR"]
+        else:
+            raise PipError("Could not determine editor to use.")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/debug.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/debug.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e5271c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/debug.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+import importlib.resources
+import locale
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+from optparse import Values
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
+
+import pip._vendor
+from pip._vendor.certifi import where
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.cmdoptions import make_target_python
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.configuration import Configuration
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_environment
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import get_pip_version
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def show_value(name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+    logger.info("%s: %s", name, value)
+
+
+def show_sys_implementation() -> None:
+    logger.info("sys.implementation:")
+    implementation_name = sys.implementation.name
+    with indent_log():
+        show_value("name", implementation_name)
+
+
+def create_vendor_txt_map() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    with importlib.resources.open_text("pip._vendor", "vendor.txt") as f:
+        # Purge non version specifying lines.
+        # Also, remove any space prefix or suffixes (including comments).
+        lines = [
+            line.strip().split(" ", 1)[0] for line in f.readlines() if "==" in line
+        ]
+
+    # Transform into "module" -> version dict.
+    return dict(line.split("==", 1) for line in lines)
+
+
+def get_module_from_module_name(module_name: str) -> Optional[ModuleType]:
+    # Module name can be uppercase in vendor.txt for some reason...
+    module_name = module_name.lower().replace("-", "_")
+    # PATCH: setuptools is actually only pkg_resources.
+    if module_name == "setuptools":
+        module_name = "pkg_resources"
+
+    try:
+        __import__(f"pip._vendor.{module_name}", globals(), locals(), level=0)
+        return getattr(pip._vendor, module_name)
+    except ImportError:
+        # We allow 'truststore' to fail to import due
+        # to being unavailable on Python 3.9 and earlier.
+        if module_name == "truststore" and sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+            return None
+        raise
+
+
+def get_vendor_version_from_module(module_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    module = get_module_from_module_name(module_name)
+    version = getattr(module, "__version__", None)
+
+    if module and not version:
+        # Try to find version in debundled module info.
+        assert module.__file__ is not None
+        env = get_environment([os.path.dirname(module.__file__)])
+        dist = env.get_distribution(module_name)
+        if dist:
+            version = str(dist.version)
+
+    return version
+
+
+def show_actual_vendor_versions(vendor_txt_versions: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
+    """Log the actual version and print extra info if there is
+    a conflict or if the actual version could not be imported.
+    """
+    for module_name, expected_version in vendor_txt_versions.items():
+        extra_message = ""
+        actual_version = get_vendor_version_from_module(module_name)
+        if not actual_version:
+            extra_message = (
+                " (Unable to locate actual module version, using"
+                " vendor.txt specified version)"
+            )
+            actual_version = expected_version
+        elif parse_version(actual_version) != parse_version(expected_version):
+            extra_message = (
+                " (CONFLICT: vendor.txt suggests version should"
+                f" be {expected_version})"
+            )
+        logger.info("%s==%s%s", module_name, actual_version, extra_message)
+
+
+def show_vendor_versions() -> None:
+    logger.info("vendored library versions:")
+
+    vendor_txt_versions = create_vendor_txt_map()
+    with indent_log():
+        show_actual_vendor_versions(vendor_txt_versions)
+
+
+def show_tags(options: Values) -> None:
+    tag_limit = 10
+
+    target_python = make_target_python(options)
+    tags = target_python.get_sorted_tags()
+
+    # Display the target options that were explicitly provided.
+    formatted_target = target_python.format_given()
+    suffix = ""
+    if formatted_target:
+        suffix = f" (target: {formatted_target})"
+
+    msg = f"Compatible tags: {len(tags)}{suffix}"
+    logger.info(msg)
+
+    if options.verbose < 1 and len(tags) > tag_limit:
+        tags_limited = True
+        tags = tags[:tag_limit]
+    else:
+        tags_limited = False
+
+    with indent_log():
+        for tag in tags:
+            logger.info(str(tag))
+
+        if tags_limited:
+            msg = f"...\n[First {tag_limit} tags shown. Pass --verbose to show all.]"
+            logger.info(msg)
+
+
+def ca_bundle_info(config: Configuration) -> str:
+    levels = {key.split(".", 1)[0] for key, _ in config.items()}
+    if not levels:
+        return "Not specified"
+
+    levels_that_override_global = ["install", "wheel", "download"]
+    global_overriding_level = [
+        level for level in levels if level in levels_that_override_global
+    ]
+    if not global_overriding_level:
+        return "global"
+
+    if "global" in levels:
+        levels.remove("global")
+    return ", ".join(levels)
+
+
+class DebugCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Display debug information.
+    """
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog <options>"""
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        cmdoptions.add_target_python_options(self.cmd_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+        self.parser.config.load()
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        logger.warning(
+            "This command is only meant for debugging. "
+            "Do not use this with automation for parsing and getting these "
+            "details, since the output and options of this command may "
+            "change without notice."
+        )
+        show_value("pip version", get_pip_version())
+        show_value("sys.version", sys.version)
+        show_value("sys.executable", sys.executable)
+        show_value("sys.getdefaultencoding", sys.getdefaultencoding())
+        show_value("sys.getfilesystemencoding", sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        show_value(
+            "locale.getpreferredencoding",
+            locale.getpreferredencoding(),
+        )
+        show_value("sys.platform", sys.platform)
+        show_sys_implementation()
+
+        show_value("'cert' config value", ca_bundle_info(self.parser.config))
+        show_value("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE", os.environ.get("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE"))
+        show_value("CURL_CA_BUNDLE", os.environ.get("CURL_CA_BUNDLE"))
+        show_value("pip._vendor.certifi.where()", where())
+        show_value("pip._vendor.DEBUNDLED", pip._vendor.DEBUNDLED)
+
+        show_vendor_versions()
+
+        show_tags(options)
+
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/download.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/download.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54247a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/download.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+import logging
+import os
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.cmdoptions import make_target_python
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import RequirementCommand, with_cleanup
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.operations.build.build_tracker import get_build_tracker
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import check_legacy_setup_py_options
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir, normalize_path, write_output
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class DownloadCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Download packages from:
+
+    - PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
+    - VCS project urls.
+    - Local project directories.
+    - Local or remote source archives.
+
+    pip also supports downloading from "requirements files", which provide
+    an easy way to specify a whole environment to be downloaded.
+    """
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.prefer_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.progress_bar())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_build_isolation())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_pep517())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_pep517())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.check_build_deps())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.ignore_requires_python())
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-d",
+            "--dest",
+            "--destination-dir",
+            "--destination-directory",
+            dest="download_dir",
+            metavar="dir",
+            default=os.curdir,
+            help="Download packages into <dir>.",
+        )
+
+        cmdoptions.add_target_python_options(self.cmd_opts)
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    @with_cleanup
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        options.ignore_installed = True
+        # editable doesn't really make sense for `pip download`, but the bowels
+        # of the RequirementSet code require that property.
+        options.editables = []
+
+        cmdoptions.check_dist_restriction(options)
+
+        options.download_dir = normalize_path(options.download_dir)
+        ensure_dir(options.download_dir)
+
+        session = self.get_default_session(options)
+
+        target_python = make_target_python(options)
+        finder = self._build_package_finder(
+            options=options,
+            session=session,
+            target_python=target_python,
+            ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+
+        build_tracker = self.enter_context(get_build_tracker())
+
+        directory = TempDirectory(
+            delete=not options.no_clean,
+            kind="download",
+            globally_managed=True,
+        )
+
+        reqs = self.get_requirements(args, options, finder, session)
+        check_legacy_setup_py_options(options, reqs)
+
+        preparer = self.make_requirement_preparer(
+            temp_build_dir=directory,
+            options=options,
+            build_tracker=build_tracker,
+            session=session,
+            finder=finder,
+            download_dir=options.download_dir,
+            use_user_site=False,
+            verbosity=self.verbosity,
+        )
+
+        resolver = self.make_resolver(
+            preparer=preparer,
+            finder=finder,
+            options=options,
+            ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
+            use_pep517=options.use_pep517,
+            py_version_info=options.python_version,
+        )
+
+        self.trace_basic_info(finder)
+
+        requirement_set = resolver.resolve(reqs, check_supported_wheels=True)
+
+        downloaded: List[str] = []
+        for req in requirement_set.requirements.values():
+            if req.satisfied_by is None:
+                assert req.name is not None
+                preparer.save_linked_requirement(req)
+                downloaded.append(req.name)
+
+        preparer.prepare_linked_requirements_more(requirement_set.requirements.values())
+        requirement_set.warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers()
+
+        if downloaded:
+            write_output("Successfully downloaded %s", " ".join(downloaded))
+
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/freeze.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/freeze.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd9d88a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/freeze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import sys
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import AbstractSet, List
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.operations.freeze import freeze
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import stdlib_pkgs
+
+
+def _should_suppress_build_backends() -> bool:
+    return sys.version_info < (3, 12)
+
+
+def _dev_pkgs() -> AbstractSet[str]:
+    pkgs = {"pip"}
+
+    if _should_suppress_build_backends():
+        pkgs |= {"setuptools", "distribute", "wheel"}
+
+    return pkgs
+
+
+class FreezeCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Output installed packages in requirements format.
+
+    packages are listed in a case-insensitive sorted order.
+    """
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+    log_streams = ("ext://sys.stderr", "ext://sys.stderr")
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-r",
+            "--requirement",
+            dest="requirements",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            metavar="file",
+            help=(
+                "Use the order in the given requirements file and its "
+                "comments when generating output. This option can be "
+                "used multiple times."
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-l",
+            "--local",
+            dest="local",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help=(
+                "If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not output "
+                "globally-installed packages."
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--user",
+            dest="user",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Only output packages installed in user-site.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.list_path())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--all",
+            dest="freeze_all",
+            action="store_true",
+            help=(
+                "Do not skip these packages in the output:"
+                " {}".format(", ".join(_dev_pkgs()))
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--exclude-editable",
+            dest="exclude_editable",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Exclude editable package from output.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.list_exclude())
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        skip = set(stdlib_pkgs)
+        if not options.freeze_all:
+            skip.update(_dev_pkgs())
+
+        if options.excludes:
+            skip.update(options.excludes)
+
+        cmdoptions.check_list_path_option(options)
+
+        for line in freeze(
+            requirement=options.requirements,
+            local_only=options.local,
+            user_only=options.user,
+            paths=options.path,
+            isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+            skip=skip,
+            exclude_editable=options.exclude_editable,
+        ):
+            sys.stdout.write(line + "\n")
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/hash.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/hash.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..042dac81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/hash.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import sys
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import FAVORITE_HASH, STRONG_HASHES
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import read_chunks, write_output
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class HashCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Compute a hash of a local package archive.
+
+    These can be used with --hash in a requirements file to do repeatable
+    installs.
+    """
+
+    usage = "%prog [options] <file> ..."
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-a",
+            "--algorithm",
+            dest="algorithm",
+            choices=STRONG_HASHES,
+            action="store",
+            default=FAVORITE_HASH,
+            help="The hash algorithm to use: one of {}".format(
+                ", ".join(STRONG_HASHES)
+            ),
+        )
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        if not args:
+            self.parser.print_usage(sys.stderr)
+            return ERROR
+
+        algorithm = options.algorithm
+        for path in args:
+            write_output(
+                "%s:\n--hash=%s:%s", path, algorithm, _hash_of_file(path, algorithm)
+            )
+        return SUCCESS
+
+
+def _hash_of_file(path: str, algorithm: str) -> str:
+    """Return the hash digest of a file."""
+    with open(path, "rb") as archive:
+        hash = hashlib.new(algorithm)
+        for chunk in read_chunks(archive):
+            hash.update(chunk)
+    return hash.hexdigest()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/help.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/help.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62066318
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/help.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError
+
+
+class HelpCommand(Command):
+    """Show help for commands"""
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog <command>"""
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        from pip._internal.commands import (
+            commands_dict,
+            create_command,
+            get_similar_commands,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            # 'pip help' with no args is handled by pip.__init__.parseopt()
+            cmd_name = args[0]  # the command we need help for
+        except IndexError:
+            return SUCCESS
+
+        if cmd_name not in commands_dict:
+            guess = get_similar_commands(cmd_name)
+
+            msg = [f'unknown command "{cmd_name}"']
+            if guess:
+                msg.append(f'maybe you meant "{guess}"')
+
+            raise CommandError(" - ".join(msg))
+
+        command = create_command(cmd_name)
+        command.parser.print_help()
+
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/index.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f55e9e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import logging
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import Any, Iterable, List, Optional, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import LegacyVersion, Version
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import IndexGroupCommand
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.commands.search import print_dist_installation_info
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError, DistributionNotFound, PipError
+from pip._internal.index.collector import LinkCollector
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.models.selection_prefs import SelectionPreferences
+from pip._internal.models.target_python import TargetPython
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import write_output
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class IndexCommand(IndexGroupCommand):
+    """
+    Inspect information available from package indexes.
+    """
+
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+    usage = """
+        %prog versions <package>
+    """
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        cmdoptions.add_target_python_options(self.cmd_opts)
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.ignore_requires_python())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        handlers = {
+            "versions": self.get_available_package_versions,
+        }
+
+        logger.warning(
+            "pip index is currently an experimental command. "
+            "It may be removed/changed in a future release "
+            "without prior warning."
+        )
+
+        # Determine action
+        if not args or args[0] not in handlers:
+            logger.error(
+                "Need an action (%s) to perform.",
+                ", ".join(sorted(handlers)),
+            )
+            return ERROR
+
+        action = args[0]
+
+        # Error handling happens here, not in the action-handlers.
+        try:
+            handlers[action](options, args[1:])
+        except PipError as e:
+            logger.error(e.args[0])
+            return ERROR
+
+        return SUCCESS
+
+    def _build_package_finder(
+        self,
+        options: Values,
+        session: PipSession,
+        target_python: Optional[TargetPython] = None,
+        ignore_requires_python: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> PackageFinder:
+        """
+        Create a package finder appropriate to the index command.
+        """
+        link_collector = LinkCollector.create(session, options=options)
+
+        # Pass allow_yanked=False to ignore yanked versions.
+        selection_prefs = SelectionPreferences(
+            allow_yanked=False,
+            allow_all_prereleases=options.pre,
+            ignore_requires_python=ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+
+        return PackageFinder.create(
+            link_collector=link_collector,
+            selection_prefs=selection_prefs,
+            target_python=target_python,
+        )
+
+    def get_available_package_versions(self, options: Values, args: List[Any]) -> None:
+        if len(args) != 1:
+            raise CommandError("You need to specify exactly one argument")
+
+        target_python = cmdoptions.make_target_python(options)
+        query = args[0]
+
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(
+                options=options,
+                session=session,
+                target_python=target_python,
+                ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
+            )
+
+            versions: Iterable[Union[LegacyVersion, Version]] = (
+                candidate.version for candidate in finder.find_all_candidates(query)
+            )
+
+            if not options.pre:
+                # Remove prereleases
+                versions = (
+                    version for version in versions if not version.is_prerelease
+                )
+            versions = set(versions)
+
+            if not versions:
+                raise DistributionNotFound(
+                    f"No matching distribution found for {query}"
+                )
+
+            formatted_versions = [str(ver) for ver in sorted(versions, reverse=True)]
+            latest = formatted_versions[0]
+
+        write_output(f"{query} ({latest})")
+        write_output("Available versions: {}".format(", ".join(formatted_versions)))
+        print_dist_installation_info(query, latest)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/inspect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/inspect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27c8fa3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/inspect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import logging
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import Any, Dict, List
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.markers import default_environment
+from pip._vendor.rich import print_json
+
+from pip import __version__
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution, get_environment
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import stdlib_pkgs
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InspectCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Inspect the content of a Python environment and produce a report in JSON format.
+    """
+
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--local",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help=(
+                "If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not list "
+                "globally-installed packages."
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--user",
+            dest="user",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Only output packages installed in user-site.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.list_path())
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        cmdoptions.check_list_path_option(options)
+        dists = get_environment(options.path).iter_installed_distributions(
+            local_only=options.local,
+            user_only=options.user,
+            skip=set(stdlib_pkgs),
+        )
+        output = {
+            "version": "1",
+            "pip_version": __version__,
+            "installed": [self._dist_to_dict(dist) for dist in dists],
+            "environment": default_environment(),
+            # TODO tags? scheme?
+        }
+        print_json(data=output)
+        return SUCCESS
+
+    def _dist_to_dict(self, dist: BaseDistribution) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        res: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "metadata": dist.metadata_dict,
+            "metadata_location": dist.info_location,
+        }
+        # direct_url. Note that we don't have download_info (as in the installation
+        # report) since it is not recorded in installed metadata.
+        direct_url = dist.direct_url
+        if direct_url is not None:
+            res["direct_url"] = direct_url.to_dict()
+        else:
+            # Emulate direct_url for legacy editable installs.
+            editable_project_location = dist.editable_project_location
+            if editable_project_location is not None:
+                res["direct_url"] = {
+                    "url": path_to_url(editable_project_location),
+                    "dir_info": {
+                        "editable": True,
+                    },
+                }
+        # installer
+        installer = dist.installer
+        if dist.installer:
+            res["installer"] = installer
+        # requested
+        if dist.installed_with_dist_info:
+            res["requested"] = dist.requested
+        return res
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e944bb95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+import errno
+import json
+import operator
+import os
+import shutil
+import site
+from optparse import SUPPRESS_HELP, Values
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.rich import print_json
+
+from pip._internal.cache import WheelCache
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.cmdoptions import make_target_python
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import (
+    RequirementCommand,
+    warn_if_run_as_root,
+    with_cleanup,
+)
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError, InstallationError
+from pip._internal.locations import get_scheme
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_environment
+from pip._internal.models.installation_report import InstallationReport
+from pip._internal.operations.build.build_tracker import get_build_tracker
+from pip._internal.operations.check import ConflictDetails, check_install_conflicts
+from pip._internal.req import install_given_reqs
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import (
+    InstallRequirement,
+    check_legacy_setup_py_options,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.filesystem import test_writable_dir
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import getLogger
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    check_externally_managed,
+    ensure_dir,
+    get_pip_version,
+    protect_pip_from_modification_on_windows,
+    write_output,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import (
+    running_under_virtualenv,
+    virtualenv_no_global,
+)
+from pip._internal.wheel_builder import build, should_build_for_install_command
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstallCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Install packages from:
+
+    - PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
+    - VCS project urls.
+    - Local project directories.
+    - Local or remote source archives.
+
+    pip also supports installing from "requirements files", which provide
+    an easy way to specify a whole environment to be installed.
+    """
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.pre())
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--dry-run",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="dry_run",
+            default=False,
+            help=(
+                "Don't actually install anything, just print what would be. "
+                "Can be used in combination with --ignore-installed "
+                "to 'resolve' the requirements."
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-t",
+            "--target",
+            dest="target_dir",
+            metavar="dir",
+            default=None,
+            help=(
+                "Install packages into <dir>. "
+                "By default this will not replace existing files/folders in "
+                "<dir>. Use --upgrade to replace existing packages in <dir> "
+                "with new versions."
+            ),
+        )
+        cmdoptions.add_target_python_options(self.cmd_opts)
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--user",
+            dest="use_user_site",
+            action="store_true",
+            help=(
+                "Install to the Python user install directory for your "
+                "platform. Typically ~/.local/, or %APPDATA%\\Python on "
+                "Windows. (See the Python documentation for site.USER_BASE "
+                "for full details.)"
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--no-user",
+            dest="use_user_site",
+            action="store_false",
+            help=SUPPRESS_HELP,
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--root",
+            dest="root_path",
+            metavar="dir",
+            default=None,
+            help="Install everything relative to this alternate root directory.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--prefix",
+            dest="prefix_path",
+            metavar="dir",
+            default=None,
+            help=(
+                "Installation prefix where lib, bin and other top-level "
+                "folders are placed. Note that the resulting installation may "
+                "contain scripts and other resources which reference the "
+                "Python interpreter of pip, and not that of ``--prefix``. "
+                "See also the ``--python`` option if the intention is to "
+                "install packages into another (possibly pip-free) "
+                "environment."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-U",
+            "--upgrade",
+            dest="upgrade",
+            action="store_true",
+            help=(
+                "Upgrade all specified packages to the newest available "
+                "version. The handling of dependencies depends on the "
+                "upgrade-strategy used."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--upgrade-strategy",
+            dest="upgrade_strategy",
+            default="only-if-needed",
+            choices=["only-if-needed", "eager"],
+            help=(
+                "Determines how dependency upgrading should be handled "
+                "[default: %default]. "
+                '"eager" - dependencies are upgraded regardless of '
+                "whether the currently installed version satisfies the "
+                "requirements of the upgraded package(s). "
+                '"only-if-needed" -  are upgraded only when they do not '
+                "satisfy the requirements of the upgraded package(s)."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--force-reinstall",
+            dest="force_reinstall",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Reinstall all packages even if they are already up-to-date.",
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-I",
+            "--ignore-installed",
+            dest="ignore_installed",
+            action="store_true",
+            help=(
+                "Ignore the installed packages, overwriting them. "
+                "This can break your system if the existing package "
+                "is of a different version or was installed "
+                "with a different package manager!"
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.ignore_requires_python())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_build_isolation())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_pep517())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_pep517())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.check_build_deps())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.override_externally_managed())
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.config_settings())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--compile",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="compile",
+            default=True,
+            help="Compile Python source files to bytecode",
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--no-compile",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="compile",
+            help="Do not compile Python source files to bytecode",
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--no-warn-script-location",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="warn_script_location",
+            default=True,
+            help="Do not warn when installing scripts outside PATH",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--no-warn-conflicts",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="warn_about_conflicts",
+            default=True,
+            help="Do not warn about broken dependencies",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.prefer_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.progress_bar())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.root_user_action())
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--report",
+            dest="json_report_file",
+            metavar="file",
+            default=None,
+            help=(
+                "Generate a JSON file describing what pip did to install "
+                "the provided requirements. "
+                "Can be used in combination with --dry-run and --ignore-installed "
+                "to 'resolve' the requirements. "
+                "When - is used as file name it writes to stdout. "
+                "When writing to stdout, please combine with the --quiet option "
+                "to avoid mixing pip logging output with JSON output."
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @with_cleanup
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        if options.use_user_site and options.target_dir is not None:
+            raise CommandError("Can not combine '--user' and '--target'")
+
+        # Check whether the environment we're installing into is externally
+        # managed, as specified in PEP 668. Specifying --root, --target, or
+        # --prefix disables the check, since there's no reliable way to locate
+        # the EXTERNALLY-MANAGED file for those cases. An exception is also
+        # made specifically for "--dry-run --report" for convenience.
+        installing_into_current_environment = (
+            not (options.dry_run and options.json_report_file)
+            and options.root_path is None
+            and options.target_dir is None
+            and options.prefix_path is None
+        )
+        if (
+            installing_into_current_environment
+            and not options.override_externally_managed
+        ):
+            check_externally_managed()
+
+        upgrade_strategy = "to-satisfy-only"
+        if options.upgrade:
+            upgrade_strategy = options.upgrade_strategy
+
+        cmdoptions.check_dist_restriction(options, check_target=True)
+
+        logger.verbose("Using %s", get_pip_version())
+        options.use_user_site = decide_user_install(
+            options.use_user_site,
+            prefix_path=options.prefix_path,
+            target_dir=options.target_dir,
+            root_path=options.root_path,
+            isolated_mode=options.isolated_mode,
+        )
+
+        target_temp_dir: Optional[TempDirectory] = None
+        target_temp_dir_path: Optional[str] = None
+        if options.target_dir:
+            options.ignore_installed = True
+            options.target_dir = os.path.abspath(options.target_dir)
+            if (
+                # fmt: off
+                os.path.exists(options.target_dir) and
+                not os.path.isdir(options.target_dir)
+                # fmt: on
+            ):
+                raise CommandError(
+                    "Target path exists but is not a directory, will not continue."
+                )
+
+            # Create a target directory for using with the target option
+            target_temp_dir = TempDirectory(kind="target")
+            target_temp_dir_path = target_temp_dir.path
+            self.enter_context(target_temp_dir)
+
+        global_options = options.global_options or []
+
+        session = self.get_default_session(options)
+
+        target_python = make_target_python(options)
+        finder = self._build_package_finder(
+            options=options,
+            session=session,
+            target_python=target_python,
+            ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+        build_tracker = self.enter_context(get_build_tracker())
+
+        directory = TempDirectory(
+            delete=not options.no_clean,
+            kind="install",
+            globally_managed=True,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            reqs = self.get_requirements(args, options, finder, session)
+            check_legacy_setup_py_options(options, reqs)
+
+            wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir)
+
+            # Only when installing is it permitted to use PEP 660.
+            # In other circumstances (pip wheel, pip download) we generate
+            # regular (i.e. non editable) metadata and wheels.
+            for req in reqs:
+                req.permit_editable_wheels = True
+
+            preparer = self.make_requirement_preparer(
+                temp_build_dir=directory,
+                options=options,
+                build_tracker=build_tracker,
+                session=session,
+                finder=finder,
+                use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
+                verbosity=self.verbosity,
+            )
+            resolver = self.make_resolver(
+                preparer=preparer,
+                finder=finder,
+                options=options,
+                wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
+                ignore_installed=options.ignore_installed,
+                ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
+                force_reinstall=options.force_reinstall,
+                upgrade_strategy=upgrade_strategy,
+                use_pep517=options.use_pep517,
+            )
+
+            self.trace_basic_info(finder)
+
+            requirement_set = resolver.resolve(
+                reqs, check_supported_wheels=not options.target_dir
+            )
+
+            if options.json_report_file:
+                report = InstallationReport(requirement_set.requirements_to_install)
+                if options.json_report_file == "-":
+                    print_json(data=report.to_dict())
+                else:
+                    with open(options.json_report_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                        json.dump(report.to_dict(), f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+            if options.dry_run:
+                # In non dry-run mode, the legacy versions and specifiers check
+                # will be done as part of conflict detection.
+                requirement_set.warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers()
+                would_install_items = sorted(
+                    (r.metadata["name"], r.metadata["version"])
+                    for r in requirement_set.requirements_to_install
+                )
+                if would_install_items:
+                    write_output(
+                        "Would install %s",
+                        " ".join("-".join(item) for item in would_install_items),
+                    )
+                return SUCCESS
+
+            try:
+                pip_req = requirement_set.get_requirement("pip")
+            except KeyError:
+                modifying_pip = False
+            else:
+                # If we're not replacing an already installed pip,
+                # we're not modifying it.
+                modifying_pip = pip_req.satisfied_by is None
+            protect_pip_from_modification_on_windows(modifying_pip=modifying_pip)
+
+            reqs_to_build = [
+                r
+                for r in requirement_set.requirements.values()
+                if should_build_for_install_command(r)
+            ]
+
+            _, build_failures = build(
+                reqs_to_build,
+                wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+                verify=True,
+                build_options=[],
+                global_options=global_options,
+            )
+
+            if build_failures:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    "Could not build wheels for {}, which is required to "
+                    "install pyproject.toml-based projects".format(
+                        ", ".join(r.name for r in build_failures)  # type: ignore
+                    )
+                )
+
+            to_install = resolver.get_installation_order(requirement_set)
+
+            # Check for conflicts in the package set we're installing.
+            conflicts: Optional[ConflictDetails] = None
+            should_warn_about_conflicts = (
+                not options.ignore_dependencies and options.warn_about_conflicts
+            )
+            if should_warn_about_conflicts:
+                conflicts = self._determine_conflicts(to_install)
+
+            # Don't warn about script install locations if
+            # --target or --prefix has been specified
+            warn_script_location = options.warn_script_location
+            if options.target_dir or options.prefix_path:
+                warn_script_location = False
+
+            installed = install_given_reqs(
+                to_install,
+                global_options,
+                root=options.root_path,
+                home=target_temp_dir_path,
+                prefix=options.prefix_path,
+                warn_script_location=warn_script_location,
+                use_user_site=options.use_user_site,
+                pycompile=options.compile,
+            )
+
+            lib_locations = get_lib_location_guesses(
+                user=options.use_user_site,
+                home=target_temp_dir_path,
+                root=options.root_path,
+                prefix=options.prefix_path,
+                isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+            )
+            env = get_environment(lib_locations)
+
+            installed.sort(key=operator.attrgetter("name"))
+            items = []
+            for result in installed:
+                item = result.name
+                try:
+                    installed_dist = env.get_distribution(item)
+                    if installed_dist is not None:
+                        item = f"{item}-{installed_dist.version}"
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+                items.append(item)
+
+            if conflicts is not None:
+                self._warn_about_conflicts(
+                    conflicts,
+                    resolver_variant=self.determine_resolver_variant(options),
+                )
+
+            installed_desc = " ".join(items)
+            if installed_desc:
+                write_output(
+                    "Successfully installed %s",
+                    installed_desc,
+                )
+        except OSError as error:
+            show_traceback = self.verbosity >= 1
+
+            message = create_os_error_message(
+                error,
+                show_traceback,
+                options.use_user_site,
+            )
+            logger.error(message, exc_info=show_traceback)
+
+            return ERROR
+
+        if options.target_dir:
+            assert target_temp_dir
+            self._handle_target_dir(
+                options.target_dir, target_temp_dir, options.upgrade
+            )
+        if options.root_user_action == "warn":
+            warn_if_run_as_root()
+        return SUCCESS
+
+    def _handle_target_dir(
+        self, target_dir: str, target_temp_dir: TempDirectory, upgrade: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        ensure_dir(target_dir)
+
+        # Checking both purelib and platlib directories for installed
+        # packages to be moved to target directory
+        lib_dir_list = []
+
+        # Checking both purelib and platlib directories for installed
+        # packages to be moved to target directory
+        scheme = get_scheme("", home=target_temp_dir.path)
+        purelib_dir = scheme.purelib
+        platlib_dir = scheme.platlib
+        data_dir = scheme.data
+
+        if os.path.exists(purelib_dir):
+            lib_dir_list.append(purelib_dir)
+        if os.path.exists(platlib_dir) and platlib_dir != purelib_dir:
+            lib_dir_list.append(platlib_dir)
+        if os.path.exists(data_dir):
+            lib_dir_list.append(data_dir)
+
+        for lib_dir in lib_dir_list:
+            for item in os.listdir(lib_dir):
+                if lib_dir == data_dir:
+                    ddir = os.path.join(data_dir, item)
+                    if any(s.startswith(ddir) for s in lib_dir_list[:-1]):
+                        continue
+                target_item_dir = os.path.join(target_dir, item)
+                if os.path.exists(target_item_dir):
+                    if not upgrade:
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Target directory %s already exists. Specify "
+                            "--upgrade to force replacement.",
+                            target_item_dir,
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    if os.path.islink(target_item_dir):
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Target directory %s already exists and is "
+                            "a link. pip will not automatically replace "
+                            "links, please remove if replacement is "
+                            "desired.",
+                            target_item_dir,
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    if os.path.isdir(target_item_dir):
+                        shutil.rmtree(target_item_dir)
+                    else:
+                        os.remove(target_item_dir)
+
+                shutil.move(os.path.join(lib_dir, item), target_item_dir)
+
+    def _determine_conflicts(
+        self, to_install: List[InstallRequirement]
+    ) -> Optional[ConflictDetails]:
+        try:
+            return check_install_conflicts(to_install)
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception(
+                "Error while checking for conflicts. Please file an issue on "
+                "pip's issue tracker: https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/new"
+            )
+            return None
+
+    def _warn_about_conflicts(
+        self, conflict_details: ConflictDetails, resolver_variant: str
+    ) -> None:
+        package_set, (missing, conflicting) = conflict_details
+        if not missing and not conflicting:
+            return
+
+        parts: List[str] = []
+        if resolver_variant == "legacy":
+            parts.append(
+                "pip's legacy dependency resolver does not consider dependency "
+                "conflicts when selecting packages. This behaviour is the "
+                "source of the following dependency conflicts."
+            )
+        else:
+            assert resolver_variant == "resolvelib"
+            parts.append(
+                "pip's dependency resolver does not currently take into account "
+                "all the packages that are installed. This behaviour is the "
+                "source of the following dependency conflicts."
+            )
+
+        # NOTE: There is some duplication here, with commands/check.py
+        for project_name in missing:
+            version = package_set[project_name][0]
+            for dependency in missing[project_name]:
+                message = (
+                    f"{project_name} {version} requires {dependency[1]}, "
+                    "which is not installed."
+                )
+                parts.append(message)
+
+        for project_name in conflicting:
+            version = package_set[project_name][0]
+            for dep_name, dep_version, req in conflicting[project_name]:
+                message = (
+                    "{name} {version} requires {requirement}, but {you} have "
+                    "{dep_name} {dep_version} which is incompatible."
+                ).format(
+                    name=project_name,
+                    version=version,
+                    requirement=req,
+                    dep_name=dep_name,
+                    dep_version=dep_version,
+                    you=("you" if resolver_variant == "resolvelib" else "you'll"),
+                )
+                parts.append(message)
+
+        logger.critical("\n".join(parts))
+
+
+def get_lib_location_guesses(
+    user: bool = False,
+    home: Optional[str] = None,
+    root: Optional[str] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> List[str]:
+    scheme = get_scheme(
+        "",
+        user=user,
+        home=home,
+        root=root,
+        isolated=isolated,
+        prefix=prefix,
+    )
+    return [scheme.purelib, scheme.platlib]
+
+
+def site_packages_writable(root: Optional[str], isolated: bool) -> bool:
+    return all(
+        test_writable_dir(d)
+        for d in set(get_lib_location_guesses(root=root, isolated=isolated))
+    )
+
+
+def decide_user_install(
+    use_user_site: Optional[bool],
+    prefix_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    target_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+    root_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    isolated_mode: bool = False,
+) -> bool:
+    """Determine whether to do a user install based on the input options.
+
+    If use_user_site is False, no additional checks are done.
+    If use_user_site is True, it is checked for compatibility with other
+    options.
+    If use_user_site is None, the default behaviour depends on the environment,
+    which is provided by the other arguments.
+    """
+    # In some cases (config from tox), use_user_site can be set to an integer
+    # rather than a bool, which 'use_user_site is False' wouldn't catch.
+    if (use_user_site is not None) and (not use_user_site):
+        logger.debug("Non-user install by explicit request")
+        return False
+
+    if use_user_site:
+        if prefix_path:
+            raise CommandError(
+                "Can not combine '--user' and '--prefix' as they imply "
+                "different installation locations"
+            )
+        if virtualenv_no_global():
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Can not perform a '--user' install. User site-packages "
+                "are not visible in this virtualenv."
+            )
+        logger.debug("User install by explicit request")
+        return True
+
+    # If we are here, user installs have not been explicitly requested/avoided
+    assert use_user_site is None
+
+    # user install incompatible with --prefix/--target
+    if prefix_path or target_dir:
+        logger.debug("Non-user install due to --prefix or --target option")
+        return False
+
+    # If user installs are not enabled, choose a non-user install
+    if not site.ENABLE_USER_SITE:
+        logger.debug("Non-user install because user site-packages disabled")
+        return False
+
+    # If we have permission for a non-user install, do that,
+    # otherwise do a user install.
+    if site_packages_writable(root=root_path, isolated=isolated_mode):
+        logger.debug("Non-user install because site-packages writeable")
+        return False
+
+    logger.info(
+        "Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages "
+        "is not writeable"
+    )
+    return True
+
+
+def create_os_error_message(
+    error: OSError, show_traceback: bool, using_user_site: bool
+) -> str:
+    """Format an error message for an OSError
+
+    It may occur anytime during the execution of the install command.
+    """
+    parts = []
+
+    # Mention the error if we are not going to show a traceback
+    parts.append("Could not install packages due to an OSError")
+    if not show_traceback:
+        parts.append(": ")
+        parts.append(str(error))
+    else:
+        parts.append(".")
+
+    # Spilt the error indication from a helper message (if any)
+    parts[-1] += "\n"
+
+    # Suggest useful actions to the user:
+    #  (1) using user site-packages or (2) verifying the permissions
+    if error.errno == errno.EACCES:
+        user_option_part = "Consider using the `--user` option"
+        permissions_part = "Check the permissions"
+
+        if not running_under_virtualenv() and not using_user_site:
+            parts.extend(
+                [
+                    user_option_part,
+                    " or ",
+                    permissions_part.lower(),
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            parts.append(permissions_part)
+        parts.append(".\n")
+
+    # Suggest the user to enable Long Paths if path length is
+    # more than 260
+    if (
+        WINDOWS
+        and error.errno == errno.ENOENT
+        and error.filename
+        and len(error.filename) > 260
+    ):
+        parts.append(
+            "HINT: This error might have occurred since "
+            "this system does not have Windows Long Path "
+            "support enabled. You can find information on "
+            "how to enable this at "
+            "https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/enable-long-paths\n"
+        )
+
+    return "".join(parts).strip() + "\n"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/list.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/list.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e551dda9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/list.py
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+import json
+import logging
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Generator, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, cast
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import IndexGroupCommand
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip._internal.index.collector import LinkCollector
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution, get_environment
+from pip._internal.models.selection_prefs import SelectionPreferences
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import stdlib_pkgs
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import tabulate, write_output
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._internal.metadata.base import DistributionVersion
+
+    class _DistWithLatestInfo(BaseDistribution):
+        """Give the distribution object a couple of extra fields.
+
+        These will be populated during ``get_outdated()``. This is dirty but
+        makes the rest of the code much cleaner.
+        """
+
+        latest_version: DistributionVersion
+        latest_filetype: str
+
+    _ProcessedDists = Sequence[_DistWithLatestInfo]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ListCommand(IndexGroupCommand):
+    """
+    List installed packages, including editables.
+
+    Packages are listed in a case-insensitive sorted order.
+    """
+
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options]"""
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-o",
+            "--outdated",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="List outdated packages",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-u",
+            "--uptodate",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="List uptodate packages",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-e",
+            "--editable",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="List editable projects.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-l",
+            "--local",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help=(
+                "If in a virtualenv that has global access, do not list "
+                "globally-installed packages."
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--user",
+            dest="user",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Only output packages installed in user-site.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.list_path())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--pre",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help=(
+                "Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+                "pip only finds stable versions."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--format",
+            action="store",
+            dest="list_format",
+            default="columns",
+            choices=("columns", "freeze", "json"),
+            help=(
+                "Select the output format among: columns (default), freeze, or json. "
+                "The 'freeze' format cannot be used with the --outdated option."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--not-required",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="not_required",
+            help="List packages that are not dependencies of installed packages.",
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--exclude-editable",
+            action="store_false",
+            dest="include_editable",
+            help="Exclude editable package from output.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--include-editable",
+            action="store_true",
+            dest="include_editable",
+            help="Include editable package from output.",
+            default=True,
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.list_exclude())
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(cmdoptions.index_group, self.parser)
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def _build_package_finder(
+        self, options: Values, session: PipSession
+    ) -> PackageFinder:
+        """
+        Create a package finder appropriate to this list command.
+        """
+        link_collector = LinkCollector.create(session, options=options)
+
+        # Pass allow_yanked=False to ignore yanked versions.
+        selection_prefs = SelectionPreferences(
+            allow_yanked=False,
+            allow_all_prereleases=options.pre,
+        )
+
+        return PackageFinder.create(
+            link_collector=link_collector,
+            selection_prefs=selection_prefs,
+        )
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        if options.outdated and options.uptodate:
+            raise CommandError("Options --outdated and --uptodate cannot be combined.")
+
+        if options.outdated and options.list_format == "freeze":
+            raise CommandError(
+                "List format 'freeze' cannot be used with the --outdated option."
+            )
+
+        cmdoptions.check_list_path_option(options)
+
+        skip = set(stdlib_pkgs)
+        if options.excludes:
+            skip.update(canonicalize_name(n) for n in options.excludes)
+
+        packages: "_ProcessedDists" = [
+            cast("_DistWithLatestInfo", d)
+            for d in get_environment(options.path).iter_installed_distributions(
+                local_only=options.local,
+                user_only=options.user,
+                editables_only=options.editable,
+                include_editables=options.include_editable,
+                skip=skip,
+            )
+        ]
+
+        # get_not_required must be called firstly in order to find and
+        # filter out all dependencies correctly. Otherwise a package
+        # can't be identified as requirement because some parent packages
+        # could be filtered out before.
+        if options.not_required:
+            packages = self.get_not_required(packages, options)
+
+        if options.outdated:
+            packages = self.get_outdated(packages, options)
+        elif options.uptodate:
+            packages = self.get_uptodate(packages, options)
+
+        self.output_package_listing(packages, options)
+        return SUCCESS
+
+    def get_outdated(
+        self, packages: "_ProcessedDists", options: Values
+    ) -> "_ProcessedDists":
+        return [
+            dist
+            for dist in self.iter_packages_latest_infos(packages, options)
+            if dist.latest_version > dist.version
+        ]
+
+    def get_uptodate(
+        self, packages: "_ProcessedDists", options: Values
+    ) -> "_ProcessedDists":
+        return [
+            dist
+            for dist in self.iter_packages_latest_infos(packages, options)
+            if dist.latest_version == dist.version
+        ]
+
+    def get_not_required(
+        self, packages: "_ProcessedDists", options: Values
+    ) -> "_ProcessedDists":
+        dep_keys = {
+            canonicalize_name(dep.name)
+            for dist in packages
+            for dep in (dist.iter_dependencies() or ())
+        }
+
+        # Create a set to remove duplicate packages, and cast it to a list
+        # to keep the return type consistent with get_outdated and
+        # get_uptodate
+        return list({pkg for pkg in packages if pkg.canonical_name not in dep_keys})
+
+    def iter_packages_latest_infos(
+        self, packages: "_ProcessedDists", options: Values
+    ) -> Generator["_DistWithLatestInfo", None, None]:
+        with self._build_session(options) as session:
+            finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+
+            def latest_info(
+                dist: "_DistWithLatestInfo",
+            ) -> Optional["_DistWithLatestInfo"]:
+                all_candidates = finder.find_all_candidates(dist.canonical_name)
+                if not options.pre:
+                    # Remove prereleases
+                    all_candidates = [
+                        candidate
+                        for candidate in all_candidates
+                        if not candidate.version.is_prerelease
+                    ]
+
+                evaluator = finder.make_candidate_evaluator(
+                    project_name=dist.canonical_name,
+                )
+                best_candidate = evaluator.sort_best_candidate(all_candidates)
+                if best_candidate is None:
+                    return None
+
+                remote_version = best_candidate.version
+                if best_candidate.link.is_wheel:
+                    typ = "wheel"
+                else:
+                    typ = "sdist"
+                dist.latest_version = remote_version
+                dist.latest_filetype = typ
+                return dist
+
+            for dist in map(latest_info, packages):
+                if dist is not None:
+                    yield dist
+
+    def output_package_listing(
+        self, packages: "_ProcessedDists", options: Values
+    ) -> None:
+        packages = sorted(
+            packages,
+            key=lambda dist: dist.canonical_name,
+        )
+        if options.list_format == "columns" and packages:
+            data, header = format_for_columns(packages, options)
+            self.output_package_listing_columns(data, header)
+        elif options.list_format == "freeze":
+            for dist in packages:
+                if options.verbose >= 1:
+                    write_output(
+                        "%s==%s (%s)", dist.raw_name, dist.version, dist.location
+                    )
+                else:
+                    write_output("%s==%s", dist.raw_name, dist.version)
+        elif options.list_format == "json":
+            write_output(format_for_json(packages, options))
+
+    def output_package_listing_columns(
+        self, data: List[List[str]], header: List[str]
+    ) -> None:
+        # insert the header first: we need to know the size of column names
+        if len(data) > 0:
+            data.insert(0, header)
+
+        pkg_strings, sizes = tabulate(data)
+
+        # Create and add a separator.
+        if len(data) > 0:
+            pkg_strings.insert(1, " ".join("-" * x for x in sizes))
+
+        for val in pkg_strings:
+            write_output(val)
+
+
+def format_for_columns(
+    pkgs: "_ProcessedDists", options: Values
+) -> Tuple[List[List[str]], List[str]]:
+    """
+    Convert the package data into something usable
+    by output_package_listing_columns.
+    """
+    header = ["Package", "Version"]
+
+    running_outdated = options.outdated
+    if running_outdated:
+        header.extend(["Latest", "Type"])
+
+    has_editables = any(x.editable for x in pkgs)
+    if has_editables:
+        header.append("Editable project location")
+
+    if options.verbose >= 1:
+        header.append("Location")
+    if options.verbose >= 1:
+        header.append("Installer")
+
+    data = []
+    for proj in pkgs:
+        # if we're working on the 'outdated' list, separate out the
+        # latest_version and type
+        row = [proj.raw_name, str(proj.version)]
+
+        if running_outdated:
+            row.append(str(proj.latest_version))
+            row.append(proj.latest_filetype)
+
+        if has_editables:
+            row.append(proj.editable_project_location or "")
+
+        if options.verbose >= 1:
+            row.append(proj.location or "")
+        if options.verbose >= 1:
+            row.append(proj.installer)
+
+        data.append(row)
+
+    return data, header
+
+
+def format_for_json(packages: "_ProcessedDists", options: Values) -> str:
+    data = []
+    for dist in packages:
+        info = {
+            "name": dist.raw_name,
+            "version": str(dist.version),
+        }
+        if options.verbose >= 1:
+            info["location"] = dist.location or ""
+            info["installer"] = dist.installer
+        if options.outdated:
+            info["latest_version"] = str(dist.latest_version)
+            info["latest_filetype"] = dist.latest_filetype
+        editable_project_location = dist.editable_project_location
+        if editable_project_location:
+            info["editable_project_location"] = editable_project_location
+        data.append(info)
+    return json.dumps(data)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/search.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/search.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03ed925b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/search.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+import logging
+import shutil
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import xmlrpc.client
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, List, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import SessionCommandMixin
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import NO_MATCHES_FOUND, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_default_environment
+from pip._internal.models.index import PyPI
+from pip._internal.network.xmlrpc import PipXmlrpcTransport
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import write_output
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import TypedDict
+
+    class TransformedHit(TypedDict):
+        name: str
+        summary: str
+        versions: List[str]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SearchCommand(Command, SessionCommandMixin):
+    """Search for PyPI packages whose name or summary contains <query>."""
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <query>"""
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-i",
+            "--index",
+            dest="index",
+            metavar="URL",
+            default=PyPI.pypi_url,
+            help="Base URL of Python Package Index (default %default)",
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        if not args:
+            raise CommandError("Missing required argument (search query).")
+        query = args
+        pypi_hits = self.search(query, options)
+        hits = transform_hits(pypi_hits)
+
+        terminal_width = None
+        if sys.stdout.isatty():
+            terminal_width = shutil.get_terminal_size()[0]
+
+        print_results(hits, terminal_width=terminal_width)
+        if pypi_hits:
+            return SUCCESS
+        return NO_MATCHES_FOUND
+
+    def search(self, query: List[str], options: Values) -> List[Dict[str, str]]:
+        index_url = options.index
+
+        session = self.get_default_session(options)
+
+        transport = PipXmlrpcTransport(index_url, session)
+        pypi = xmlrpc.client.ServerProxy(index_url, transport)
+        try:
+            hits = pypi.search({"name": query, "summary": query}, "or")
+        except xmlrpc.client.Fault as fault:
+            message = "XMLRPC request failed [code: {code}]\n{string}".format(
+                code=fault.faultCode,
+                string=fault.faultString,
+            )
+            raise CommandError(message)
+        assert isinstance(hits, list)
+        return hits
+
+
+def transform_hits(hits: List[Dict[str, str]]) -> List["TransformedHit"]:
+    """
+    The list from pypi is really a list of versions. We want a list of
+    packages with the list of versions stored inline. This converts the
+    list from pypi into one we can use.
+    """
+    packages: Dict[str, "TransformedHit"] = OrderedDict()
+    for hit in hits:
+        name = hit["name"]
+        summary = hit["summary"]
+        version = hit["version"]
+
+        if name not in packages.keys():
+            packages[name] = {
+                "name": name,
+                "summary": summary,
+                "versions": [version],
+            }
+        else:
+            packages[name]["versions"].append(version)
+
+            # if this is the highest version, replace summary and score
+            if version == highest_version(packages[name]["versions"]):
+                packages[name]["summary"] = summary
+
+    return list(packages.values())
+
+
+def print_dist_installation_info(name: str, latest: str) -> None:
+    env = get_default_environment()
+    dist = env.get_distribution(name)
+    if dist is not None:
+        with indent_log():
+            if dist.version == latest:
+                write_output("INSTALLED: %s (latest)", dist.version)
+            else:
+                write_output("INSTALLED: %s", dist.version)
+                if parse_version(latest).pre:
+                    write_output(
+                        "LATEST:    %s (pre-release; install"
+                        " with `pip install --pre`)",
+                        latest,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    write_output("LATEST:    %s", latest)
+
+
+def print_results(
+    hits: List["TransformedHit"],
+    name_column_width: Optional[int] = None,
+    terminal_width: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> None:
+    if not hits:
+        return
+    if name_column_width is None:
+        name_column_width = (
+            max(
+                [
+                    len(hit["name"]) + len(highest_version(hit.get("versions", ["-"])))
+                    for hit in hits
+                ]
+            )
+            + 4
+        )
+
+    for hit in hits:
+        name = hit["name"]
+        summary = hit["summary"] or ""
+        latest = highest_version(hit.get("versions", ["-"]))
+        if terminal_width is not None:
+            target_width = terminal_width - name_column_width - 5
+            if target_width > 10:
+                # wrap and indent summary to fit terminal
+                summary_lines = textwrap.wrap(summary, target_width)
+                summary = ("\n" + " " * (name_column_width + 3)).join(summary_lines)
+
+        name_latest = f"{name} ({latest})"
+        line = f"{name_latest:{name_column_width}} - {summary}"
+        try:
+            write_output(line)
+            print_dist_installation_info(name, latest)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+
+
+def highest_version(versions: List[str]) -> str:
+    return max(versions, key=parse_version)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/show.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/show.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f10701f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/show.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+import logging
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import Generator, Iterable, Iterator, List, NamedTuple, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import ERROR, SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution, get_default_environment
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import write_output
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ShowCommand(Command):
+    """
+    Show information about one or more installed packages.
+
+    The output is in RFC-compliant mail header format.
+    """
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <package> ..."""
+    ignore_require_venv = True
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-f",
+            "--files",
+            dest="files",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Show the full list of installed files for each package.",
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        if not args:
+            logger.warning("ERROR: Please provide a package name or names.")
+            return ERROR
+        query = args
+
+        results = search_packages_info(query)
+        if not print_results(
+            results, list_files=options.files, verbose=options.verbose
+        ):
+            return ERROR
+        return SUCCESS
+
+
+class _PackageInfo(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    version: str
+    location: str
+    editable_project_location: Optional[str]
+    requires: List[str]
+    required_by: List[str]
+    installer: str
+    metadata_version: str
+    classifiers: List[str]
+    summary: str
+    homepage: str
+    project_urls: List[str]
+    author: str
+    author_email: str
+    license: str
+    entry_points: List[str]
+    files: Optional[List[str]]
+
+
+def search_packages_info(query: List[str]) -> Generator[_PackageInfo, None, None]:
+    """
+    Gather details from installed distributions. Print distribution name,
+    version, location, and installed files. Installed files requires a
+    pip generated 'installed-files.txt' in the distributions '.egg-info'
+    directory.
+    """
+    env = get_default_environment()
+
+    installed = {dist.canonical_name: dist for dist in env.iter_all_distributions()}
+    query_names = [canonicalize_name(name) for name in query]
+    missing = sorted(
+        [name for name, pkg in zip(query, query_names) if pkg not in installed]
+    )
+    if missing:
+        logger.warning("Package(s) not found: %s", ", ".join(missing))
+
+    def _get_requiring_packages(current_dist: BaseDistribution) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return (
+            dist.metadata["Name"] or "UNKNOWN"
+            for dist in installed.values()
+            if current_dist.canonical_name
+            in {canonicalize_name(d.name) for d in dist.iter_dependencies()}
+        )
+
+    for query_name in query_names:
+        try:
+            dist = installed[query_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+
+        requires = sorted((req.name for req in dist.iter_dependencies()), key=str.lower)
+        required_by = sorted(_get_requiring_packages(dist), key=str.lower)
+
+        try:
+            entry_points_text = dist.read_text("entry_points.txt")
+            entry_points = entry_points_text.splitlines(keepends=False)
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            entry_points = []
+
+        files_iter = dist.iter_declared_entries()
+        if files_iter is None:
+            files: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        else:
+            files = sorted(files_iter)
+
+        metadata = dist.metadata
+
+        yield _PackageInfo(
+            name=dist.raw_name,
+            version=str(dist.version),
+            location=dist.location or "",
+            editable_project_location=dist.editable_project_location,
+            requires=requires,
+            required_by=required_by,
+            installer=dist.installer,
+            metadata_version=dist.metadata_version or "",
+            classifiers=metadata.get_all("Classifier", []),
+            summary=metadata.get("Summary", ""),
+            homepage=metadata.get("Home-page", ""),
+            project_urls=metadata.get_all("Project-URL", []),
+            author=metadata.get("Author", ""),
+            author_email=metadata.get("Author-email", ""),
+            license=metadata.get("License", ""),
+            entry_points=entry_points,
+            files=files,
+        )
+
+
+def print_results(
+    distributions: Iterable[_PackageInfo],
+    list_files: bool,
+    verbose: bool,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Print the information from installed distributions found.
+    """
+    results_printed = False
+    for i, dist in enumerate(distributions):
+        results_printed = True
+        if i > 0:
+            write_output("---")
+
+        write_output("Name: %s", dist.name)
+        write_output("Version: %s", dist.version)
+        write_output("Summary: %s", dist.summary)
+        write_output("Home-page: %s", dist.homepage)
+        write_output("Author: %s", dist.author)
+        write_output("Author-email: %s", dist.author_email)
+        write_output("License: %s", dist.license)
+        write_output("Location: %s", dist.location)
+        if dist.editable_project_location is not None:
+            write_output(
+                "Editable project location: %s", dist.editable_project_location
+            )
+        write_output("Requires: %s", ", ".join(dist.requires))
+        write_output("Required-by: %s", ", ".join(dist.required_by))
+
+        if verbose:
+            write_output("Metadata-Version: %s", dist.metadata_version)
+            write_output("Installer: %s", dist.installer)
+            write_output("Classifiers:")
+            for classifier in dist.classifiers:
+                write_output("  %s", classifier)
+            write_output("Entry-points:")
+            for entry in dist.entry_points:
+                write_output("  %s", entry.strip())
+            write_output("Project-URLs:")
+            for project_url in dist.project_urls:
+                write_output("  %s", project_url)
+        if list_files:
+            write_output("Files:")
+            if dist.files is None:
+                write_output("Cannot locate RECORD or installed-files.txt")
+            else:
+                for line in dist.files:
+                    write_output("  %s", line.strip())
+    return results_printed
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/uninstall.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/uninstall.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f198fc31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/uninstall.py
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import logging
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.base_command import Command
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import SessionCommandMixin, warn_if_run_as_root
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip._internal.req import parse_requirements
+from pip._internal.req.constructors import (
+    install_req_from_line,
+    install_req_from_parsed_requirement,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    check_externally_managed,
+    protect_pip_from_modification_on_windows,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UninstallCommand(Command, SessionCommandMixin):
+    """
+    Uninstall packages.
+
+    pip is able to uninstall most installed packages. Known exceptions are:
+
+    - Pure distutils packages installed with ``python setup.py install``, which
+      leave behind no metadata to determine what files were installed.
+    - Script wrappers installed by ``python setup.py develop``.
+    """
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <package> ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> ..."""
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-r",
+            "--requirement",
+            dest="requirements",
+            action="append",
+            default=[],
+            metavar="file",
+            help=(
+                "Uninstall all the packages listed in the given requirements "
+                "file.  This option can be used multiple times."
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-y",
+            "--yes",
+            dest="yes",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Don't ask for confirmation of uninstall deletions.",
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.root_user_action())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.override_externally_managed())
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        session = self.get_default_session(options)
+
+        reqs_to_uninstall = {}
+        for name in args:
+            req = install_req_from_line(
+                name,
+                isolated=options.isolated_mode,
+            )
+            if req.name:
+                reqs_to_uninstall[canonicalize_name(req.name)] = req
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Invalid requirement: %r ignored -"
+                    " the uninstall command expects named"
+                    " requirements.",
+                    name,
+                )
+        for filename in options.requirements:
+            for parsed_req in parse_requirements(
+                filename, options=options, session=session
+            ):
+                req = install_req_from_parsed_requirement(
+                    parsed_req, isolated=options.isolated_mode
+                )
+                if req.name:
+                    reqs_to_uninstall[canonicalize_name(req.name)] = req
+        if not reqs_to_uninstall:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                f"You must give at least one requirement to {self.name} (see "
+                f'"pip help {self.name}")'
+            )
+
+        if not options.override_externally_managed:
+            check_externally_managed()
+
+        protect_pip_from_modification_on_windows(
+            modifying_pip="pip" in reqs_to_uninstall
+        )
+
+        for req in reqs_to_uninstall.values():
+            uninstall_pathset = req.uninstall(
+                auto_confirm=options.yes,
+                verbose=self.verbosity > 0,
+            )
+            if uninstall_pathset:
+                uninstall_pathset.commit()
+        if options.root_user_action == "warn":
+            warn_if_run_as_root()
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed578aa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._internal.cache import WheelCache
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.cli.req_command import RequirementCommand, with_cleanup
+from pip._internal.cli.status_codes import SUCCESS
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError
+from pip._internal.operations.build.build_tracker import get_build_tracker
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import (
+    InstallRequirement,
+    check_legacy_setup_py_options,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir, normalize_path
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+from pip._internal.wheel_builder import build, should_build_for_wheel_command
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class WheelCommand(RequirementCommand):
+    """
+    Build Wheel archives for your requirements and dependencies.
+
+    Wheel is a built-package format, and offers the advantage of not
+    recompiling your software during every install. For more details, see the
+    wheel docs: https://wheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+
+    'pip wheel' uses the build system interface as described here:
+    https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/reference/build-system/
+
+    """
+
+    usage = """
+      %prog [options] <requirement specifier> ...
+      %prog [options] -r <requirements file> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
+      %prog [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
+      %prog [options] <archive url/path> ..."""
+
+    def add_options(self) -> None:
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "-w",
+            "--wheel-dir",
+            dest="wheel_dir",
+            metavar="dir",
+            default=os.curdir,
+            help=(
+                "Build wheels into <dir>, where the default is the "
+                "current working directory."
+            ),
+        )
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.only_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.prefer_binary())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_build_isolation())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.use_pep517())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_use_pep517())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.check_build_deps())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.constraints())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.editable())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.requirements())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.src())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.ignore_requires_python())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.no_deps())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.progress_bar())
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--no-verify",
+            dest="no_verify",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help="Don't verify if built wheel is valid.",
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.config_settings())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.build_options())
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.global_options())
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(
+            "--pre",
+            action="store_true",
+            default=False,
+            help=(
+                "Include pre-release and development versions. By default, "
+                "pip only finds stable versions."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.cmd_opts.add_option(cmdoptions.require_hashes())
+
+        index_opts = cmdoptions.make_option_group(
+            cmdoptions.index_group,
+            self.parser,
+        )
+
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, index_opts)
+        self.parser.insert_option_group(0, self.cmd_opts)
+
+    @with_cleanup
+    def run(self, options: Values, args: List[str]) -> int:
+        session = self.get_default_session(options)
+
+        finder = self._build_package_finder(options, session)
+
+        options.wheel_dir = normalize_path(options.wheel_dir)
+        ensure_dir(options.wheel_dir)
+
+        build_tracker = self.enter_context(get_build_tracker())
+
+        directory = TempDirectory(
+            delete=not options.no_clean,
+            kind="wheel",
+            globally_managed=True,
+        )
+
+        reqs = self.get_requirements(args, options, finder, session)
+        check_legacy_setup_py_options(options, reqs)
+
+        wheel_cache = WheelCache(options.cache_dir)
+
+        preparer = self.make_requirement_preparer(
+            temp_build_dir=directory,
+            options=options,
+            build_tracker=build_tracker,
+            session=session,
+            finder=finder,
+            download_dir=options.wheel_dir,
+            use_user_site=False,
+            verbosity=self.verbosity,
+        )
+
+        resolver = self.make_resolver(
+            preparer=preparer,
+            finder=finder,
+            options=options,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+            ignore_requires_python=options.ignore_requires_python,
+            use_pep517=options.use_pep517,
+        )
+
+        self.trace_basic_info(finder)
+
+        requirement_set = resolver.resolve(reqs, check_supported_wheels=True)
+
+        reqs_to_build: List[InstallRequirement] = []
+        for req in requirement_set.requirements.values():
+            if req.is_wheel:
+                preparer.save_linked_requirement(req)
+            elif should_build_for_wheel_command(req):
+                reqs_to_build.append(req)
+
+        preparer.prepare_linked_requirements_more(requirement_set.requirements.values())
+        requirement_set.warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers()
+
+        # build wheels
+        build_successes, build_failures = build(
+            reqs_to_build,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+            verify=(not options.no_verify),
+            build_options=options.build_options or [],
+            global_options=options.global_options or [],
+        )
+        for req in build_successes:
+            assert req.link and req.link.is_wheel
+            assert req.local_file_path
+            # copy from cache to target directory
+            try:
+                shutil.copy(req.local_file_path, options.wheel_dir)
+            except OSError as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Building wheel for %s failed: %s",
+                    req.name,
+                    e,
+                )
+                build_failures.append(req)
+        if len(build_failures) != 0:
+            raise CommandError("Failed to build one or more wheels")
+
+        return SUCCESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/configuration.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/configuration.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c25273d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/configuration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+"""Configuration management setup
+
+Some terminology:
+- name
+  As written in config files.
+- value
+  Value associated with a name
+- key
+  Name combined with it's section (section.name)
+- variant
+  A single word describing where the configuration key-value pair came from
+"""
+
+import configparser
+import locale
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, NewType, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    ConfigurationError,
+    ConfigurationFileCouldNotBeLoaded,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils import appdirs
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import getLogger
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir, enum
+
+RawConfigParser = configparser.RawConfigParser  # Shorthand
+Kind = NewType("Kind", str)
+
+CONFIG_BASENAME = "pip.ini" if WINDOWS else "pip.conf"
+ENV_NAMES_IGNORED = "version", "help"
+
+# The kinds of configurations there are.
+kinds = enum(
+    USER="user",  # User Specific
+    GLOBAL="global",  # System Wide
+    SITE="site",  # [Virtual] Environment Specific
+    ENV="env",  # from PIP_CONFIG_FILE
+    ENV_VAR="env-var",  # from Environment Variables
+)
+OVERRIDE_ORDER = kinds.GLOBAL, kinds.USER, kinds.SITE, kinds.ENV, kinds.ENV_VAR
+VALID_LOAD_ONLY = kinds.USER, kinds.GLOBAL, kinds.SITE
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# NOTE: Maybe use the optionx attribute to normalize keynames.
+def _normalize_name(name: str) -> str:
+    """Make a name consistent regardless of source (environment or file)"""
+    name = name.lower().replace("_", "-")
+    if name.startswith("--"):
+        name = name[2:]  # only prefer long opts
+    return name
+
+
+def _disassemble_key(name: str) -> List[str]:
+    if "." not in name:
+        error_message = (
+            "Key does not contain dot separated section and key. "
+            f"Perhaps you wanted to use 'global.{name}' instead?"
+        )
+        raise ConfigurationError(error_message)
+    return name.split(".", 1)
+
+
+def get_configuration_files() -> Dict[Kind, List[str]]:
+    global_config_files = [
+        os.path.join(path, CONFIG_BASENAME) for path in appdirs.site_config_dirs("pip")
+    ]
+
+    site_config_file = os.path.join(sys.prefix, CONFIG_BASENAME)
+    legacy_config_file = os.path.join(
+        os.path.expanduser("~"),
+        "pip" if WINDOWS else ".pip",
+        CONFIG_BASENAME,
+    )
+    new_config_file = os.path.join(appdirs.user_config_dir("pip"), CONFIG_BASENAME)
+    return {
+        kinds.GLOBAL: global_config_files,
+        kinds.SITE: [site_config_file],
+        kinds.USER: [legacy_config_file, new_config_file],
+    }
+
+
+class Configuration:
+    """Handles management of configuration.
+
+    Provides an interface to accessing and managing configuration files.
+
+    This class converts provides an API that takes "section.key-name" style
+    keys and stores the value associated with it as "key-name" under the
+    section "section".
+
+    This allows for a clean interface wherein the both the section and the
+    key-name are preserved in an easy to manage form in the configuration files
+    and the data stored is also nice.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, isolated: bool, load_only: Optional[Kind] = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+        if load_only is not None and load_only not in VALID_LOAD_ONLY:
+            raise ConfigurationError(
+                "Got invalid value for load_only - should be one of {}".format(
+                    ", ".join(map(repr, VALID_LOAD_ONLY))
+                )
+            )
+        self.isolated = isolated
+        self.load_only = load_only
+
+        # Because we keep track of where we got the data from
+        self._parsers: Dict[Kind, List[Tuple[str, RawConfigParser]]] = {
+            variant: [] for variant in OVERRIDE_ORDER
+        }
+        self._config: Dict[Kind, Dict[str, Any]] = {
+            variant: {} for variant in OVERRIDE_ORDER
+        }
+        self._modified_parsers: List[Tuple[str, RawConfigParser]] = []
+
+    def load(self) -> None:
+        """Loads configuration from configuration files and environment"""
+        self._load_config_files()
+        if not self.isolated:
+            self._load_environment_vars()
+
+    def get_file_to_edit(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Returns the file with highest priority in configuration"""
+        assert self.load_only is not None, "Need to be specified a file to be editing"
+
+        try:
+            return self._get_parser_to_modify()[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            return None
+
+    def items(self) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Any]]:
+        """Returns key-value pairs like dict.items() representing the loaded
+        configuration
+        """
+        return self._dictionary.items()
+
+    def get_value(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        """Get a value from the configuration."""
+        orig_key = key
+        key = _normalize_name(key)
+        try:
+            return self._dictionary[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            # disassembling triggers a more useful error message than simply
+            # "No such key" in the case that the key isn't in the form command.option
+            _disassemble_key(key)
+            raise ConfigurationError(f"No such key - {orig_key}")
+
+    def set_value(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Modify a value in the configuration."""
+        key = _normalize_name(key)
+        self._ensure_have_load_only()
+
+        assert self.load_only
+        fname, parser = self._get_parser_to_modify()
+
+        if parser is not None:
+            section, name = _disassemble_key(key)
+
+            # Modify the parser and the configuration
+            if not parser.has_section(section):
+                parser.add_section(section)
+            parser.set(section, name, value)
+
+        self._config[self.load_only][key] = value
+        self._mark_as_modified(fname, parser)
+
+    def unset_value(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """Unset a value in the configuration."""
+        orig_key = key
+        key = _normalize_name(key)
+        self._ensure_have_load_only()
+
+        assert self.load_only
+        if key not in self._config[self.load_only]:
+            raise ConfigurationError(f"No such key - {orig_key}")
+
+        fname, parser = self._get_parser_to_modify()
+
+        if parser is not None:
+            section, name = _disassemble_key(key)
+            if not (
+                parser.has_section(section) and parser.remove_option(section, name)
+            ):
+                # The option was not removed.
+                raise ConfigurationError(
+                    "Fatal Internal error [id=1]. Please report as a bug."
+                )
+
+            # The section may be empty after the option was removed.
+            if not parser.items(section):
+                parser.remove_section(section)
+            self._mark_as_modified(fname, parser)
+
+        del self._config[self.load_only][key]
+
+    def save(self) -> None:
+        """Save the current in-memory state."""
+        self._ensure_have_load_only()
+
+        for fname, parser in self._modified_parsers:
+            logger.info("Writing to %s", fname)
+
+            # Ensure directory exists.
+            ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(fname))
+
+            # Ensure directory's permission(need to be writeable)
+            try:
+                with open(fname, "w") as f:
+                    parser.write(f)
+            except OSError as error:
+                raise ConfigurationError(
+                    f"An error occurred while writing to the configuration file "
+                    f"{fname}: {error}"
+                )
+
+    #
+    # Private routines
+    #
+
+    def _ensure_have_load_only(self) -> None:
+        if self.load_only is None:
+            raise ConfigurationError("Needed a specific file to be modifying.")
+        logger.debug("Will be working with %s variant only", self.load_only)
+
+    @property
+    def _dictionary(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """A dictionary representing the loaded configuration."""
+        # NOTE: Dictionaries are not populated if not loaded. So, conditionals
+        #       are not needed here.
+        retval = {}
+
+        for variant in OVERRIDE_ORDER:
+            retval.update(self._config[variant])
+
+        return retval
+
+    def _load_config_files(self) -> None:
+        """Loads configuration from configuration files"""
+        config_files = dict(self.iter_config_files())
+        if config_files[kinds.ENV][0:1] == [os.devnull]:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Skipping loading configuration files due to "
+                "environment's PIP_CONFIG_FILE being os.devnull"
+            )
+            return
+
+        for variant, files in config_files.items():
+            for fname in files:
+                # If there's specific variant set in `load_only`, load only
+                # that variant, not the others.
+                if self.load_only is not None and variant != self.load_only:
+                    logger.debug("Skipping file '%s' (variant: %s)", fname, variant)
+                    continue
+
+                parser = self._load_file(variant, fname)
+
+                # Keeping track of the parsers used
+                self._parsers[variant].append((fname, parser))
+
+    def _load_file(self, variant: Kind, fname: str) -> RawConfigParser:
+        logger.verbose("For variant '%s', will try loading '%s'", variant, fname)
+        parser = self._construct_parser(fname)
+
+        for section in parser.sections():
+            items = parser.items(section)
+            self._config[variant].update(self._normalized_keys(section, items))
+
+        return parser
+
+    def _construct_parser(self, fname: str) -> RawConfigParser:
+        parser = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+        # If there is no such file, don't bother reading it but create the
+        # parser anyway, to hold the data.
+        # Doing this is useful when modifying and saving files, where we don't
+        # need to construct a parser.
+        if os.path.exists(fname):
+            locale_encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding(False)
+            try:
+                parser.read(fname, encoding=locale_encoding)
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/4963
+                raise ConfigurationFileCouldNotBeLoaded(
+                    reason=f"contains invalid {locale_encoding} characters",
+                    fname=fname,
+                )
+            except configparser.Error as error:
+                # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/4893
+                raise ConfigurationFileCouldNotBeLoaded(error=error)
+        return parser
+
+    def _load_environment_vars(self) -> None:
+        """Loads configuration from environment variables"""
+        self._config[kinds.ENV_VAR].update(
+            self._normalized_keys(":env:", self.get_environ_vars())
+        )
+
+    def _normalized_keys(
+        self, section: str, items: Iterable[Tuple[str, Any]]
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Normalizes items to construct a dictionary with normalized keys.
+
+        This routine is where the names become keys and are made the same
+        regardless of source - configuration files or environment.
+        """
+        normalized = {}
+        for name, val in items:
+            key = section + "." + _normalize_name(name)
+            normalized[key] = val
+        return normalized
+
+    def get_environ_vars(self) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Returns a generator with all environmental vars with prefix PIP_"""
+        for key, val in os.environ.items():
+            if key.startswith("PIP_"):
+                name = key[4:].lower()
+                if name not in ENV_NAMES_IGNORED:
+                    yield name, val
+
+    # XXX: This is patched in the tests.
+    def iter_config_files(self) -> Iterable[Tuple[Kind, List[str]]]:
+        """Yields variant and configuration files associated with it.
+
+        This should be treated like items of a dictionary. The order
+        here doesn't affect what gets overridden. That is controlled
+        by OVERRIDE_ORDER. However this does control the order they are
+        displayed to the user. It's probably most ergononmic to display
+        things in the same order as OVERRIDE_ORDER
+        """
+        # SMELL: Move the conditions out of this function
+
+        env_config_file = os.environ.get("PIP_CONFIG_FILE", None)
+        config_files = get_configuration_files()
+
+        yield kinds.GLOBAL, config_files[kinds.GLOBAL]
+
+        # per-user config is not loaded when env_config_file exists
+        should_load_user_config = not self.isolated and not (
+            env_config_file and os.path.exists(env_config_file)
+        )
+        if should_load_user_config:
+            # The legacy config file is overridden by the new config file
+            yield kinds.USER, config_files[kinds.USER]
+
+        # virtualenv config
+        yield kinds.SITE, config_files[kinds.SITE]
+
+        if env_config_file is not None:
+            yield kinds.ENV, [env_config_file]
+        else:
+            yield kinds.ENV, []
+
+    def get_values_in_config(self, variant: Kind) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get values present in a config file"""
+        return self._config[variant]
+
+    def _get_parser_to_modify(self) -> Tuple[str, RawConfigParser]:
+        # Determine which parser to modify
+        assert self.load_only
+        parsers = self._parsers[self.load_only]
+        if not parsers:
+            # This should not happen if everything works correctly.
+            raise ConfigurationError(
+                "Fatal Internal error [id=2]. Please report as a bug."
+            )
+
+        # Use the highest priority parser.
+        return parsers[-1]
+
+    # XXX: This is patched in the tests.
+    def _mark_as_modified(self, fname: str, parser: RawConfigParser) -> None:
+        file_parser_tuple = (fname, parser)
+        if file_parser_tuple not in self._modified_parsers:
+            self._modified_parsers.append(file_parser_tuple)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self._dictionary!r})"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a89a838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from pip._internal.distributions.base import AbstractDistribution
+from pip._internal.distributions.sdist import SourceDistribution
+from pip._internal.distributions.wheel import WheelDistribution
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+
+
+def make_distribution_for_install_requirement(
+    install_req: InstallRequirement,
+) -> AbstractDistribution:
+    """Returns a Distribution for the given InstallRequirement"""
+    # Editable requirements will always be source distributions. They use the
+    # legacy logic until we create a modern standard for them.
+    if install_req.editable:
+        return SourceDistribution(install_req)
+
+    # If it's a wheel, it's a WheelDistribution
+    if install_req.is_wheel:
+        return WheelDistribution(install_req)
+
+    # Otherwise, a SourceDistribution
+    return SourceDistribution(install_req)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fb0d7b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import abc
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata.base import BaseDistribution
+from pip._internal.req import InstallRequirement
+
+
+class AbstractDistribution(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    """A base class for handling installable artifacts.
+
+    The requirements for anything installable are as follows:
+
+     - we must be able to determine the requirement name
+       (or we can't correctly handle the non-upgrade case).
+
+     - for packages with setup requirements, we must also be able
+       to determine their requirements without installing additional
+       packages (for the same reason as run-time dependencies)
+
+     - we must be able to create a Distribution object exposing the
+       above metadata.
+
+     - if we need to do work in the build tracker, we must be able to generate a unique
+       string to identify the requirement in the build tracker.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.req = req
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def build_tracker_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """A string that uniquely identifies this requirement to the build tracker.
+
+        If None, then this dist has no work to do in the build tracker, and
+        ``.prepare_distribution_metadata()`` will not be called."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get_metadata_distribution(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def prepare_distribution_metadata(
+        self,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        build_isolation: bool,
+        check_build_deps: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/installed.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/installed.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab8d53be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/installed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pip._internal.distributions.base import AbstractDistribution
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution
+
+
+class InstalledDistribution(AbstractDistribution):
+    """Represents an installed package.
+
+    This does not need any preparation as the required information has already
+    been computed.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def build_tracker_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    def get_metadata_distribution(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        assert self.req.satisfied_by is not None, "not actually installed"
+        return self.req.satisfied_by
+
+    def prepare_distribution_metadata(
+        self,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        build_isolation: bool,
+        check_build_deps: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/sdist.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/sdist.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15ff42b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/sdist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+import logging
+from typing import Iterable, Optional, Set, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.build_env import BuildEnvironment
+from pip._internal.distributions.base import AbstractDistribution
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import runner_with_spinner_message
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SourceDistribution(AbstractDistribution):
+    """Represents a source distribution.
+
+    The preparation step for these needs metadata for the packages to be
+    generated, either using PEP 517 or using the legacy `setup.py egg_info`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def build_tracker_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Identify this requirement uniquely by its link."""
+        assert self.req.link
+        return self.req.link.url_without_fragment
+
+    def get_metadata_distribution(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        return self.req.get_dist()
+
+    def prepare_distribution_metadata(
+        self,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        build_isolation: bool,
+        check_build_deps: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Load pyproject.toml, to determine whether PEP 517 is to be used
+        self.req.load_pyproject_toml()
+
+        # Set up the build isolation, if this requirement should be isolated
+        should_isolate = self.req.use_pep517 and build_isolation
+        if should_isolate:
+            # Setup an isolated environment and install the build backend static
+            # requirements in it.
+            self._prepare_build_backend(finder)
+            # Check that if the requirement is editable, it either supports PEP 660 or
+            # has a setup.py or a setup.cfg. This cannot be done earlier because we need
+            # to setup the build backend to verify it supports build_editable, nor can
+            # it be done later, because we want to avoid installing build requirements
+            # needlessly. Doing it here also works around setuptools generating
+            # UNKNOWN.egg-info when running get_requires_for_build_wheel on a directory
+            # without setup.py nor setup.cfg.
+            self.req.isolated_editable_sanity_check()
+            # Install the dynamic build requirements.
+            self._install_build_reqs(finder)
+        # Check if the current environment provides build dependencies
+        should_check_deps = self.req.use_pep517 and check_build_deps
+        if should_check_deps:
+            pyproject_requires = self.req.pyproject_requires
+            assert pyproject_requires is not None
+            conflicting, missing = self.req.build_env.check_requirements(
+                pyproject_requires
+            )
+            if conflicting:
+                self._raise_conflicts("the backend dependencies", conflicting)
+            if missing:
+                self._raise_missing_reqs(missing)
+        self.req.prepare_metadata()
+
+    def _prepare_build_backend(self, finder: PackageFinder) -> None:
+        # Isolate in a BuildEnvironment and install the build-time
+        # requirements.
+        pyproject_requires = self.req.pyproject_requires
+        assert pyproject_requires is not None
+
+        self.req.build_env = BuildEnvironment()
+        self.req.build_env.install_requirements(
+            finder, pyproject_requires, "overlay", kind="build dependencies"
+        )
+        conflicting, missing = self.req.build_env.check_requirements(
+            self.req.requirements_to_check
+        )
+        if conflicting:
+            self._raise_conflicts("PEP 517/518 supported requirements", conflicting)
+        if missing:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Missing build requirements in pyproject.toml for %s.",
+                self.req,
+            )
+            logger.warning(
+                "The project does not specify a build backend, and "
+                "pip cannot fall back to setuptools without %s.",
+                " and ".join(map(repr, sorted(missing))),
+            )
+
+    def _get_build_requires_wheel(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        with self.req.build_env:
+            runner = runner_with_spinner_message("Getting requirements to build wheel")
+            backend = self.req.pep517_backend
+            assert backend is not None
+            with backend.subprocess_runner(runner):
+                return backend.get_requires_for_build_wheel()
+
+    def _get_build_requires_editable(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        with self.req.build_env:
+            runner = runner_with_spinner_message(
+                "Getting requirements to build editable"
+            )
+            backend = self.req.pep517_backend
+            assert backend is not None
+            with backend.subprocess_runner(runner):
+                return backend.get_requires_for_build_editable()
+
+    def _install_build_reqs(self, finder: PackageFinder) -> None:
+        # Install any extra build dependencies that the backend requests.
+        # This must be done in a second pass, as the pyproject.toml
+        # dependencies must be installed before we can call the backend.
+        if (
+            self.req.editable
+            and self.req.permit_editable_wheels
+            and self.req.supports_pyproject_editable()
+        ):
+            build_reqs = self._get_build_requires_editable()
+        else:
+            build_reqs = self._get_build_requires_wheel()
+        conflicting, missing = self.req.build_env.check_requirements(build_reqs)
+        if conflicting:
+            self._raise_conflicts("the backend dependencies", conflicting)
+        self.req.build_env.install_requirements(
+            finder, missing, "normal", kind="backend dependencies"
+        )
+
+    def _raise_conflicts(
+        self, conflicting_with: str, conflicting_reqs: Set[Tuple[str, str]]
+    ) -> None:
+        format_string = (
+            "Some build dependencies for {requirement} "
+            "conflict with {conflicting_with}: {description}."
+        )
+        error_message = format_string.format(
+            requirement=self.req,
+            conflicting_with=conflicting_with,
+            description=", ".join(
+                f"{installed} is incompatible with {wanted}"
+                for installed, wanted in sorted(conflicting_reqs)
+            ),
+        )
+        raise InstallationError(error_message)
+
+    def _raise_missing_reqs(self, missing: Set[str]) -> None:
+        format_string = (
+            "Some build dependencies for {requirement} are missing: {missing}."
+        )
+        error_message = format_string.format(
+            requirement=self.req, missing=", ".join(map(repr, sorted(missing)))
+        )
+        raise InstallationError(error_message)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb16e25c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.distributions.base import AbstractDistribution
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import (
+    BaseDistribution,
+    FilesystemWheel,
+    get_wheel_distribution,
+)
+
+
+class WheelDistribution(AbstractDistribution):
+    """Represents a wheel distribution.
+
+    This does not need any preparation as wheels can be directly unpacked.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def build_tracker_id(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    def get_metadata_distribution(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        """Loads the metadata from the wheel file into memory and returns a
+        Distribution that uses it, not relying on the wheel file or
+        requirement.
+        """
+        assert self.req.local_file_path, "Set as part of preparation during download"
+        assert self.req.name, "Wheels are never unnamed"
+        wheel = FilesystemWheel(self.req.local_file_path)
+        return get_wheel_distribution(wheel, canonicalize_name(self.req.name))
+
+    def prepare_distribution_metadata(
+        self,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        build_isolation: bool,
+        check_build_deps: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5007a622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,728 @@
+"""Exceptions used throughout package.
+
+This module MUST NOT try to import from anything within `pip._internal` to
+operate. This is expected to be importable from any/all files within the
+subpackage and, thus, should not depend on them.
+"""
+
+import configparser
+import contextlib
+import locale
+import logging
+import pathlib
+import re
+import sys
+from itertools import chain, groupby, repeat
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, Iterator, List, Optional, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import Request, Response
+from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult
+from pip._vendor.rich.markup import escape
+from pip._vendor.rich.text import Text
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from hashlib import _Hash
+    from typing import Literal
+
+    from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution
+    from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+#
+# Scaffolding
+#
+def _is_kebab_case(s: str) -> bool:
+    return re.match(r"^[a-z]+(-[a-z]+)*$", s) is not None
+
+
+def _prefix_with_indent(
+    s: Union[Text, str],
+    console: Console,
+    *,
+    prefix: str,
+    indent: str,
+) -> Text:
+    if isinstance(s, Text):
+        text = s
+    else:
+        text = console.render_str(s)
+
+    return console.render_str(prefix, overflow="ignore") + console.render_str(
+        f"\n{indent}", overflow="ignore"
+    ).join(text.split(allow_blank=True))
+
+
+class PipError(Exception):
+    """The base pip error."""
+
+
+class DiagnosticPipError(PipError):
+    """An error, that presents diagnostic information to the user.
+
+    This contains a bunch of logic, to enable pretty presentation of our error
+    messages. Each error gets a unique reference. Each error can also include
+    additional context, a hint and/or a note -- which are presented with the
+    main error message in a consistent style.
+
+    This is adapted from the error output styling in `sphinx-theme-builder`.
+    """
+
+    reference: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        kind: 'Literal["error", "warning"]' = "error",
+        reference: Optional[str] = None,
+        message: Union[str, Text],
+        context: Optional[Union[str, Text]],
+        hint_stmt: Optional[Union[str, Text]],
+        note_stmt: Optional[Union[str, Text]] = None,
+        link: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Ensure a proper reference is provided.
+        if reference is None:
+            assert hasattr(self, "reference"), "error reference not provided!"
+            reference = self.reference
+        assert _is_kebab_case(reference), "error reference must be kebab-case!"
+
+        self.kind = kind
+        self.reference = reference
+
+        self.message = message
+        self.context = context
+
+        self.note_stmt = note_stmt
+        self.hint_stmt = hint_stmt
+
+        self.link = link
+
+        super().__init__(f"<{self.__class__.__name__}: {self.reference}>")
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__}("
+            f"reference={self.reference!r}, "
+            f"message={self.message!r}, "
+            f"context={self.context!r}, "
+            f"note_stmt={self.note_stmt!r}, "
+            f"hint_stmt={self.hint_stmt!r}"
+            ")>"
+        )
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self,
+        console: Console,
+        options: ConsoleOptions,
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        colour = "red" if self.kind == "error" else "yellow"
+
+        yield f"[{colour} bold]{self.kind}[/]: [bold]{self.reference}[/]"
+        yield ""
+
+        if not options.ascii_only:
+            # Present the main message, with relevant context indented.
+            if self.context is not None:
+                yield _prefix_with_indent(
+                    self.message,
+                    console,
+                    prefix=f"[{colour}]×[/] ",
+                    indent=f"[{colour}]│[/] ",
+                )
+                yield _prefix_with_indent(
+                    self.context,
+                    console,
+                    prefix=f"[{colour}]╰─>[/] ",
+                    indent=f"[{colour}]   [/] ",
+                )
+            else:
+                yield _prefix_with_indent(
+                    self.message,
+                    console,
+                    prefix="[red]×[/] ",
+                    indent="  ",
+                )
+        else:
+            yield self.message
+            if self.context is not None:
+                yield ""
+                yield self.context
+
+        if self.note_stmt is not None or self.hint_stmt is not None:
+            yield ""
+
+        if self.note_stmt is not None:
+            yield _prefix_with_indent(
+                self.note_stmt,
+                console,
+                prefix="[magenta bold]note[/]: ",
+                indent="      ",
+            )
+        if self.hint_stmt is not None:
+            yield _prefix_with_indent(
+                self.hint_stmt,
+                console,
+                prefix="[cyan bold]hint[/]: ",
+                indent="      ",
+            )
+
+        if self.link is not None:
+            yield ""
+            yield f"Link: {self.link}"
+
+
+#
+# Actual Errors
+#
+class ConfigurationError(PipError):
+    """General exception in configuration"""
+
+
+class InstallationError(PipError):
+    """General exception during installation"""
+
+
+class UninstallationError(PipError):
+    """General exception during uninstallation"""
+
+
+class MissingPyProjectBuildRequires(DiagnosticPipError):
+    """Raised when pyproject.toml has `build-system`, but no `build-system.requires`."""
+
+    reference = "missing-pyproject-build-system-requires"
+
+    def __init__(self, *, package: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            message=f"Can not process {escape(package)}",
+            context=Text(
+                "This package has an invalid pyproject.toml file.\n"
+                "The [build-system] table is missing the mandatory `requires` key."
+            ),
+            note_stmt="This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.",
+            hint_stmt=Text("See PEP 518 for the detailed specification."),
+        )
+
+
+class InvalidPyProjectBuildRequires(DiagnosticPipError):
+    """Raised when pyproject.toml an invalid `build-system.requires`."""
+
+    reference = "invalid-pyproject-build-system-requires"
+
+    def __init__(self, *, package: str, reason: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            message=f"Can not process {escape(package)}",
+            context=Text(
+                "This package has an invalid `build-system.requires` key in "
+                f"pyproject.toml.\n{reason}"
+            ),
+            note_stmt="This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.",
+            hint_stmt=Text("See PEP 518 for the detailed specification."),
+        )
+
+
+class NoneMetadataError(PipError):
+    """Raised when accessing a Distribution's "METADATA" or "PKG-INFO".
+
+    This signifies an inconsistency, when the Distribution claims to have
+    the metadata file (if not, raise ``FileNotFoundError`` instead), but is
+    not actually able to produce its content. This may be due to permission
+    errors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dist: "BaseDistribution",
+        metadata_name: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param dist: A Distribution object.
+        :param metadata_name: The name of the metadata being accessed
+            (can be "METADATA" or "PKG-INFO").
+        """
+        self.dist = dist
+        self.metadata_name = metadata_name
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        # Use `dist` in the error message because its stringification
+        # includes more information, like the version and location.
+        return f"None {self.metadata_name} metadata found for distribution: {self.dist}"
+
+
+class UserInstallationInvalid(InstallationError):
+    """A --user install is requested on an environment without user site."""
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "User base directory is not specified"
+
+
+class InvalidSchemeCombination(InstallationError):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        before = ", ".join(str(a) for a in self.args[:-1])
+        return f"Cannot set {before} and {self.args[-1]} together"
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(InstallationError):
+    """Raised when a distribution cannot be found to satisfy a requirement"""
+
+
+class RequirementsFileParseError(InstallationError):
+    """Raised when a general error occurs parsing a requirements file line."""
+
+
+class BestVersionAlreadyInstalled(PipError):
+    """Raised when the most up-to-date version of a package is already
+    installed."""
+
+
+class BadCommand(PipError):
+    """Raised when virtualenv or a command is not found"""
+
+
+class CommandError(PipError):
+    """Raised when there is an error in command-line arguments"""
+
+
+class PreviousBuildDirError(PipError):
+    """Raised when there's a previous conflicting build directory"""
+
+
+class NetworkConnectionError(PipError):
+    """HTTP connection error"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        error_msg: str,
+        response: Optional[Response] = None,
+        request: Optional[Request] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize NetworkConnectionError with  `request` and `response`
+        objects.
+        """
+        self.response = response
+        self.request = request
+        self.error_msg = error_msg
+        if (
+            self.response is not None
+            and not self.request
+            and hasattr(response, "request")
+        ):
+            self.request = self.response.request
+        super().__init__(error_msg, response, request)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.error_msg)
+
+
+class InvalidWheelFilename(InstallationError):
+    """Invalid wheel filename."""
+
+
+class UnsupportedWheel(InstallationError):
+    """Unsupported wheel."""
+
+
+class InvalidWheel(InstallationError):
+    """Invalid (e.g. corrupt) wheel."""
+
+    def __init__(self, location: str, name: str):
+        self.location = location
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Wheel '{self.name}' located at {self.location} is invalid."
+
+
+class MetadataInconsistent(InstallationError):
+    """Built metadata contains inconsistent information.
+
+    This is raised when the metadata contains values (e.g. name and version)
+    that do not match the information previously obtained from sdist filename,
+    user-supplied ``#egg=`` value, or an install requirement name.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, ireq: "InstallRequirement", field: str, f_val: str, m_val: str
+    ) -> None:
+        self.ireq = ireq
+        self.field = field
+        self.f_val = f_val
+        self.m_val = m_val
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"Requested {self.ireq} has inconsistent {self.field}: "
+            f"expected {self.f_val!r}, but metadata has {self.m_val!r}"
+        )
+
+
+class InstallationSubprocessError(DiagnosticPipError, InstallationError):
+    """A subprocess call failed."""
+
+    reference = "subprocess-exited-with-error"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        command_description: str,
+        exit_code: int,
+        output_lines: Optional[List[str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        if output_lines is None:
+            output_prompt = Text("See above for output.")
+        else:
+            output_prompt = (
+                Text.from_markup(f"[red][{len(output_lines)} lines of output][/]\n")
+                + Text("".join(output_lines))
+                + Text.from_markup(R"[red]\[end of output][/]")
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            message=(
+                f"[green]{escape(command_description)}[/] did not run successfully.\n"
+                f"exit code: {exit_code}"
+            ),
+            context=output_prompt,
+            hint_stmt=None,
+            note_stmt=(
+                "This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a "
+                "problem with pip."
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.command_description = command_description
+        self.exit_code = exit_code
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.command_description} exited with {self.exit_code}"
+
+
+class MetadataGenerationFailed(InstallationSubprocessError, InstallationError):
+    reference = "metadata-generation-failed"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        package_details: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        super(InstallationSubprocessError, self).__init__(
+            message="Encountered error while generating package metadata.",
+            context=escape(package_details),
+            hint_stmt="See above for details.",
+            note_stmt="This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.",
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "metadata generation failed"
+
+
+class HashErrors(InstallationError):
+    """Multiple HashError instances rolled into one for reporting"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.errors: List["HashError"] = []
+
+    def append(self, error: "HashError") -> None:
+        self.errors.append(error)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        lines = []
+        self.errors.sort(key=lambda e: e.order)
+        for cls, errors_of_cls in groupby(self.errors, lambda e: e.__class__):
+            lines.append(cls.head)
+            lines.extend(e.body() for e in errors_of_cls)
+        if lines:
+            return "\n".join(lines)
+        return ""
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.errors)
+
+
+class HashError(InstallationError):
+    """
+    A failure to verify a package against known-good hashes
+
+    :cvar order: An int sorting hash exception classes by difficulty of
+        recovery (lower being harder), so the user doesn't bother fretting
+        about unpinned packages when he has deeper issues, like VCS
+        dependencies, to deal with. Also keeps error reports in a
+        deterministic order.
+    :cvar head: A section heading for display above potentially many
+        exceptions of this kind
+    :ivar req: The InstallRequirement that triggered this error. This is
+        pasted on after the exception is instantiated, because it's not
+        typically available earlier.
+
+    """
+
+    req: Optional["InstallRequirement"] = None
+    head = ""
+    order: int = -1
+
+    def body(self) -> str:
+        """Return a summary of me for display under the heading.
+
+        This default implementation simply prints a description of the
+        triggering requirement.
+
+        :param req: The InstallRequirement that provoked this error, with
+            its link already populated by the resolver's _populate_link().
+
+        """
+        return f"    {self._requirement_name()}"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.head}\n{self.body()}"
+
+    def _requirement_name(self) -> str:
+        """Return a description of the requirement that triggered me.
+
+        This default implementation returns long description of the req, with
+        line numbers
+
+        """
+        return str(self.req) if self.req else "unknown package"
+
+
+class VcsHashUnsupported(HashError):
+    """A hash was provided for a version-control-system-based requirement, but
+    we don't have a method for hashing those."""
+
+    order = 0
+    head = (
+        "Can't verify hashes for these requirements because we don't "
+        "have a way to hash version control repositories:"
+    )
+
+
+class DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported(HashError):
+    """A hash was provided for a version-control-system-based requirement, but
+    we don't have a method for hashing those."""
+
+    order = 1
+    head = (
+        "Can't verify hashes for these file:// requirements because they "
+        "point to directories:"
+    )
+
+
+class HashMissing(HashError):
+    """A hash was needed for a requirement but is absent."""
+
+    order = 2
+    head = (
+        "Hashes are required in --require-hashes mode, but they are "
+        "missing from some requirements. Here is a list of those "
+        "requirements along with the hashes their downloaded archives "
+        "actually had. Add lines like these to your requirements files to "
+        "prevent tampering. (If you did not enable --require-hashes "
+        "manually, note that it turns on automatically when any package "
+        "has a hash.)"
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, gotten_hash: str) -> None:
+        """
+        :param gotten_hash: The hash of the (possibly malicious) archive we
+            just downloaded
+        """
+        self.gotten_hash = gotten_hash
+
+    def body(self) -> str:
+        # Dodge circular import.
+        from pip._internal.utils.hashes import FAVORITE_HASH
+
+        package = None
+        if self.req:
+            # In the case of URL-based requirements, display the original URL
+            # seen in the requirements file rather than the package name,
+            # so the output can be directly copied into the requirements file.
+            package = (
+                self.req.original_link
+                if self.req.is_direct
+                # In case someone feeds something downright stupid
+                # to InstallRequirement's constructor.
+                else getattr(self.req, "req", None)
+            )
+        return "    {} --hash={}:{}".format(
+            package or "unknown package", FAVORITE_HASH, self.gotten_hash
+        )
+
+
+class HashUnpinned(HashError):
+    """A requirement had a hash specified but was not pinned to a specific
+    version."""
+
+    order = 3
+    head = (
+        "In --require-hashes mode, all requirements must have their "
+        "versions pinned with ==. These do not:"
+    )
+
+
+class HashMismatch(HashError):
+    """
+    Distribution file hash values don't match.
+
+    :ivar package_name: The name of the package that triggered the hash
+        mismatch. Feel free to write to this after the exception is raise to
+        improve its error message.
+
+    """
+
+    order = 4
+    head = (
+        "THESE PACKAGES DO NOT MATCH THE HASHES FROM THE REQUIREMENTS "
+        "FILE. If you have updated the package versions, please update "
+        "the hashes. Otherwise, examine the package contents carefully; "
+        "someone may have tampered with them."
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, allowed: Dict[str, List[str]], gots: Dict[str, "_Hash"]) -> None:
+        """
+        :param allowed: A dict of algorithm names pointing to lists of allowed
+            hex digests
+        :param gots: A dict of algorithm names pointing to hashes we
+            actually got from the files under suspicion
+        """
+        self.allowed = allowed
+        self.gots = gots
+
+    def body(self) -> str:
+        return f"    {self._requirement_name()}:\n{self._hash_comparison()}"
+
+    def _hash_comparison(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a comparison of actual and expected hash values.
+
+        Example::
+
+               Expected sha256 abcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcdeabcde
+                            or 123451234512345123451234512345123451234512345
+                    Got        bcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdefbcdef
+
+        """
+
+        def hash_then_or(hash_name: str) -> "chain[str]":
+            # For now, all the decent hashes have 6-char names, so we can get
+            # away with hard-coding space literals.
+            return chain([hash_name], repeat("    or"))
+
+        lines: List[str] = []
+        for hash_name, expecteds in self.allowed.items():
+            prefix = hash_then_or(hash_name)
+            lines.extend((f"        Expected {next(prefix)} {e}") for e in expecteds)
+            lines.append(
+                f"             Got        {self.gots[hash_name].hexdigest()}\n"
+            )
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+class UnsupportedPythonVersion(InstallationError):
+    """Unsupported python version according to Requires-Python package
+    metadata."""
+
+
+class ConfigurationFileCouldNotBeLoaded(ConfigurationError):
+    """When there are errors while loading a configuration file"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        reason: str = "could not be loaded",
+        fname: Optional[str] = None,
+        error: Optional[configparser.Error] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(error)
+        self.reason = reason
+        self.fname = fname
+        self.error = error
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.fname is not None:
+            message_part = f" in {self.fname}."
+        else:
+            assert self.error is not None
+            message_part = f".\n{self.error}\n"
+        return f"Configuration file {self.reason}{message_part}"
+
+
+_DEFAULT_EXTERNALLY_MANAGED_ERROR = f"""\
+The Python environment under {sys.prefix} is managed externally, and may not be
+manipulated by the user. Please use specific tooling from the distributor of
+the Python installation to interact with this environment instead.
+"""
+
+
+class ExternallyManagedEnvironment(DiagnosticPipError):
+    """The current environment is externally managed.
+
+    This is raised when the current environment is externally managed, as
+    defined by `PEP 668`_. The ``EXTERNALLY-MANAGED`` configuration is checked
+    and displayed when the error is bubbled up to the user.
+
+    :param error: The error message read from ``EXTERNALLY-MANAGED``.
+    """
+
+    reference = "externally-managed-environment"
+
+    def __init__(self, error: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        if error is None:
+            context = Text(_DEFAULT_EXTERNALLY_MANAGED_ERROR)
+        else:
+            context = Text(error)
+        super().__init__(
+            message="This environment is externally managed",
+            context=context,
+            note_stmt=(
+                "If you believe this is a mistake, please contact your "
+                "Python installation or OS distribution provider. "
+                "You can override this, at the risk of breaking your Python "
+                "installation or OS, by passing --break-system-packages."
+            ),
+            hint_stmt=Text("See PEP 668 for the detailed specification."),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _iter_externally_managed_error_keys() -> Iterator[str]:
+        # LC_MESSAGES is in POSIX, but not the C standard. The most common
+        # platform that does not implement this category is Windows, where
+        # using other categories for console message localization is equally
+        # unreliable, so we fall back to the locale-less vendor message. This
+        # can always be re-evaluated when a vendor proposes a new alternative.
+        try:
+            category = locale.LC_MESSAGES
+        except AttributeError:
+            lang: Optional[str] = None
+        else:
+            lang, _ = locale.getlocale(category)
+        if lang is not None:
+            yield f"Error-{lang}"
+            for sep in ("-", "_"):
+                before, found, _ = lang.partition(sep)
+                if not found:
+                    continue
+                yield f"Error-{before}"
+        yield "Error"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_config(
+        cls,
+        config: Union[pathlib.Path, str],
+    ) -> "ExternallyManagedEnvironment":
+        parser = configparser.ConfigParser(interpolation=None)
+        try:
+            parser.read(config, encoding="utf-8")
+            section = parser["externally-managed"]
+            for key in cls._iter_externally_managed_error_keys():
+                with contextlib.suppress(KeyError):
+                    return cls(section[key])
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        except (OSError, UnicodeDecodeError, configparser.ParsingError):
+            from pip._internal.utils._log import VERBOSE
+
+            exc_info = logger.isEnabledFor(VERBOSE)
+            logger.warning("Failed to read %s", config, exc_info=exc_info)
+        return cls(None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a17b7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""Index interaction code
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/__pycache__/sources.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/__pycache__/sources.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/collector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/collector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08c8bddc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/collector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+"""
+The main purpose of this module is to expose LinkCollector.collect_sources().
+"""
+
+import collections
+import email.message
+import functools
+import itertools
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+from html.parser import HTMLParser
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    MutableMapping,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor import requests
+from pip._vendor.requests import Response
+from pip._vendor.requests.exceptions import RetryError, SSLError
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import NetworkConnectionError
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.search_scope import SearchScope
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.network.utils import raise_for_status
+from pip._internal.utils.filetypes import is_archive_file
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import redact_auth_from_url
+from pip._internal.vcs import vcs
+
+from .sources import CandidatesFromPage, LinkSource, build_source
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Protocol
+else:
+    Protocol = object
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+ResponseHeaders = MutableMapping[str, str]
+
+
+def _match_vcs_scheme(url: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Look for VCS schemes in the URL.
+
+    Returns the matched VCS scheme, or None if there's no match.
+    """
+    for scheme in vcs.schemes:
+        if url.lower().startswith(scheme) and url[len(scheme)] in "+:":
+            return scheme
+    return None
+
+
+class _NotAPIContent(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, content_type: str, request_desc: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(content_type, request_desc)
+        self.content_type = content_type
+        self.request_desc = request_desc
+
+
+def _ensure_api_header(response: Response) -> None:
+    """
+    Check the Content-Type header to ensure the response contains a Simple
+    API Response.
+
+    Raises `_NotAPIContent` if the content type is not a valid content-type.
+    """
+    content_type = response.headers.get("Content-Type", "Unknown")
+
+    content_type_l = content_type.lower()
+    if content_type_l.startswith(
+        (
+            "text/html",
+            "application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+html",
+            "application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+json",
+        )
+    ):
+        return
+
+    raise _NotAPIContent(content_type, response.request.method)
+
+
+class _NotHTTP(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _ensure_api_response(url: str, session: PipSession) -> None:
+    """
+    Send a HEAD request to the URL, and ensure the response contains a simple
+    API Response.
+
+    Raises `_NotHTTP` if the URL is not available for a HEAD request, or
+    `_NotAPIContent` if the content type is not a valid content type.
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+    if scheme not in {"http", "https"}:
+        raise _NotHTTP()
+
+    resp = session.head(url, allow_redirects=True)
+    raise_for_status(resp)
+
+    _ensure_api_header(resp)
+
+
+def _get_simple_response(url: str, session: PipSession) -> Response:
+    """Access an Simple API response with GET, and return the response.
+
+    This consists of three parts:
+
+    1. If the URL looks suspiciously like an archive, send a HEAD first to
+       check the Content-Type is HTML or Simple API, to avoid downloading a
+       large file. Raise `_NotHTTP` if the content type cannot be determined, or
+       `_NotAPIContent` if it is not HTML or a Simple API.
+    2. Actually perform the request. Raise HTTP exceptions on network failures.
+    3. Check the Content-Type header to make sure we got a Simple API response,
+       and raise `_NotAPIContent` otherwise.
+    """
+    if is_archive_file(Link(url).filename):
+        _ensure_api_response(url, session=session)
+
+    logger.debug("Getting page %s", redact_auth_from_url(url))
+
+    resp = session.get(
+        url,
+        headers={
+            "Accept": ", ".join(
+                [
+                    "application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+json",
+                    "application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+html; q=0.1",
+                    "text/html; q=0.01",
+                ]
+            ),
+            # We don't want to blindly returned cached data for
+            # /simple/, because authors generally expecting that
+            # twine upload && pip install will function, but if
+            # they've done a pip install in the last ~10 minutes
+            # it won't. Thus by setting this to zero we will not
+            # blindly use any cached data, however the benefit of
+            # using max-age=0 instead of no-cache, is that we will
+            # still support conditional requests, so we will still
+            # minimize traffic sent in cases where the page hasn't
+            # changed at all, we will just always incur the round
+            # trip for the conditional GET now instead of only
+            # once per 10 minutes.
+            # For more information, please see pypa/pip#5670.
+            "Cache-Control": "max-age=0",
+        },
+    )
+    raise_for_status(resp)
+
+    # The check for archives above only works if the url ends with
+    # something that looks like an archive. However that is not a
+    # requirement of an url. Unless we issue a HEAD request on every
+    # url we cannot know ahead of time for sure if something is a
+    # Simple API response or not. However we can check after we've
+    # downloaded it.
+    _ensure_api_header(resp)
+
+    logger.debug(
+        "Fetched page %s as %s",
+        redact_auth_from_url(url),
+        resp.headers.get("Content-Type", "Unknown"),
+    )
+
+    return resp
+
+
+def _get_encoding_from_headers(headers: ResponseHeaders) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Determine if we have any encoding information in our headers."""
+    if headers and "Content-Type" in headers:
+        m = email.message.Message()
+        m["content-type"] = headers["Content-Type"]
+        charset = m.get_param("charset")
+        if charset:
+            return str(charset)
+    return None
+
+
+class CacheablePageContent:
+    def __init__(self, page: "IndexContent") -> None:
+        assert page.cache_link_parsing
+        self.page = page
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, type(self)) and self.page.url == other.page.url
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.page.url)
+
+
+class ParseLinks(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, page: "IndexContent") -> Iterable[Link]:
+        ...
+
+
+def with_cached_index_content(fn: ParseLinks) -> ParseLinks:
+    """
+    Given a function that parses an Iterable[Link] from an IndexContent, cache the
+    function's result (keyed by CacheablePageContent), unless the IndexContent
+    `page` has `page.cache_link_parsing == False`.
+    """
+
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+    def wrapper(cacheable_page: CacheablePageContent) -> List[Link]:
+        return list(fn(cacheable_page.page))
+
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapper_wrapper(page: "IndexContent") -> List[Link]:
+        if page.cache_link_parsing:
+            return wrapper(CacheablePageContent(page))
+        return list(fn(page))
+
+    return wrapper_wrapper
+
+
+@with_cached_index_content
+def parse_links(page: "IndexContent") -> Iterable[Link]:
+    """
+    Parse a Simple API's Index Content, and yield its anchor elements as Link objects.
+    """
+
+    content_type_l = page.content_type.lower()
+    if content_type_l.startswith("application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+json"):
+        data = json.loads(page.content)
+        for file in data.get("files", []):
+            link = Link.from_json(file, page.url)
+            if link is None:
+                continue
+            yield link
+        return
+
+    parser = HTMLLinkParser(page.url)
+    encoding = page.encoding or "utf-8"
+    parser.feed(page.content.decode(encoding))
+
+    url = page.url
+    base_url = parser.base_url or url
+    for anchor in parser.anchors:
+        link = Link.from_element(anchor, page_url=url, base_url=base_url)
+        if link is None:
+            continue
+        yield link
+
+
+class IndexContent:
+    """Represents one response (or page), along with its URL"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        content: bytes,
+        content_type: str,
+        encoding: Optional[str],
+        url: str,
+        cache_link_parsing: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param encoding: the encoding to decode the given content.
+        :param url: the URL from which the HTML was downloaded.
+        :param cache_link_parsing: whether links parsed from this page's url
+                                   should be cached. PyPI index urls should
+                                   have this set to False, for example.
+        """
+        self.content = content
+        self.content_type = content_type
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.url = url
+        self.cache_link_parsing = cache_link_parsing
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return redact_auth_from_url(self.url)
+
+
+class HTMLLinkParser(HTMLParser):
+    """
+    HTMLParser that keeps the first base HREF and a list of all anchor
+    elements' attributes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, url: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(convert_charrefs=True)
+
+        self.url: str = url
+        self.base_url: Optional[str] = None
+        self.anchors: List[Dict[str, Optional[str]]] = []
+
+    def handle_starttag(self, tag: str, attrs: List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]) -> None:
+        if tag == "base" and self.base_url is None:
+            href = self.get_href(attrs)
+            if href is not None:
+                self.base_url = href
+        elif tag == "a":
+            self.anchors.append(dict(attrs))
+
+    def get_href(self, attrs: List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]) -> Optional[str]:
+        for name, value in attrs:
+            if name == "href":
+                return value
+        return None
+
+
+def _handle_get_simple_fail(
+    link: Link,
+    reason: Union[str, Exception],
+    meth: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+) -> None:
+    if meth is None:
+        meth = logger.debug
+    meth("Could not fetch URL %s: %s - skipping", link, reason)
+
+
+def _make_index_content(
+    response: Response, cache_link_parsing: bool = True
+) -> IndexContent:
+    encoding = _get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+    return IndexContent(
+        response.content,
+        response.headers["Content-Type"],
+        encoding=encoding,
+        url=response.url,
+        cache_link_parsing=cache_link_parsing,
+    )
+
+
+def _get_index_content(link: Link, *, session: PipSession) -> Optional["IndexContent"]:
+    url = link.url.split("#", 1)[0]
+
+    # Check for VCS schemes that do not support lookup as web pages.
+    vcs_scheme = _match_vcs_scheme(url)
+    if vcs_scheme:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Cannot look at %s URL %s because it does not support lookup as web pages.",
+            vcs_scheme,
+            link,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    # Tack index.html onto file:// URLs that point to directories
+    scheme, _, path, _, _, _ = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    if scheme == "file" and os.path.isdir(urllib.request.url2pathname(path)):
+        # add trailing slash if not present so urljoin doesn't trim
+        # final segment
+        if not url.endswith("/"):
+            url += "/"
+        # TODO: In the future, it would be nice if pip supported PEP 691
+        #       style responses in the file:// URLs, however there's no
+        #       standard file extension for application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+json
+        #       so we'll need to come up with something on our own.
+        url = urllib.parse.urljoin(url, "index.html")
+        logger.debug(" file: URL is directory, getting %s", url)
+
+    try:
+        resp = _get_simple_response(url, session=session)
+    except _NotHTTP:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Skipping page %s because it looks like an archive, and cannot "
+            "be checked by a HTTP HEAD request.",
+            link,
+        )
+    except _NotAPIContent as exc:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Skipping page %s because the %s request got Content-Type: %s. "
+            "The only supported Content-Types are application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+json, "
+            "application/vnd.pypi.simple.v1+html, and text/html",
+            link,
+            exc.request_desc,
+            exc.content_type,
+        )
+    except NetworkConnectionError as exc:
+        _handle_get_simple_fail(link, exc)
+    except RetryError as exc:
+        _handle_get_simple_fail(link, exc)
+    except SSLError as exc:
+        reason = "There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: "
+        reason += str(exc)
+        _handle_get_simple_fail(link, reason, meth=logger.info)
+    except requests.ConnectionError as exc:
+        _handle_get_simple_fail(link, f"connection error: {exc}")
+    except requests.Timeout:
+        _handle_get_simple_fail(link, "timed out")
+    else:
+        return _make_index_content(resp, cache_link_parsing=link.cache_link_parsing)
+    return None
+
+
+class CollectedSources(NamedTuple):
+    find_links: Sequence[Optional[LinkSource]]
+    index_urls: Sequence[Optional[LinkSource]]
+
+
+class LinkCollector:
+
+    """
+    Responsible for collecting Link objects from all configured locations,
+    making network requests as needed.
+
+    The class's main method is its collect_sources() method.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: PipSession,
+        search_scope: SearchScope,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.search_scope = search_scope
+        self.session = session
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        session: PipSession,
+        options: Values,
+        suppress_no_index: bool = False,
+    ) -> "LinkCollector":
+        """
+        :param session: The Session to use to make requests.
+        :param suppress_no_index: Whether to ignore the --no-index option
+            when constructing the SearchScope object.
+        """
+        index_urls = [options.index_url] + options.extra_index_urls
+        if options.no_index and not suppress_no_index:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Ignoring indexes: %s",
+                ",".join(redact_auth_from_url(url) for url in index_urls),
+            )
+            index_urls = []
+
+        # Make sure find_links is a list before passing to create().
+        find_links = options.find_links or []
+
+        search_scope = SearchScope.create(
+            find_links=find_links,
+            index_urls=index_urls,
+            no_index=options.no_index,
+        )
+        link_collector = LinkCollector(
+            session=session,
+            search_scope=search_scope,
+        )
+        return link_collector
+
+    @property
+    def find_links(self) -> List[str]:
+        return self.search_scope.find_links
+
+    def fetch_response(self, location: Link) -> Optional[IndexContent]:
+        """
+        Fetch an HTML page containing package links.
+        """
+        return _get_index_content(location, session=self.session)
+
+    def collect_sources(
+        self,
+        project_name: str,
+        candidates_from_page: CandidatesFromPage,
+    ) -> CollectedSources:
+        # The OrderedDict calls deduplicate sources by URL.
+        index_url_sources = collections.OrderedDict(
+            build_source(
+                loc,
+                candidates_from_page=candidates_from_page,
+                page_validator=self.session.is_secure_origin,
+                expand_dir=False,
+                cache_link_parsing=False,
+                project_name=project_name,
+            )
+            for loc in self.search_scope.get_index_urls_locations(project_name)
+        ).values()
+        find_links_sources = collections.OrderedDict(
+            build_source(
+                loc,
+                candidates_from_page=candidates_from_page,
+                page_validator=self.session.is_secure_origin,
+                expand_dir=True,
+                cache_link_parsing=True,
+                project_name=project_name,
+            )
+            for loc in self.find_links
+        ).values()
+
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+            lines = [
+                f"* {s.link}"
+                for s in itertools.chain(find_links_sources, index_url_sources)
+                if s is not None and s.link is not None
+            ]
+            lines = [
+                f"{len(lines)} location(s) to search "
+                f"for versions of {project_name}:"
+            ] + lines
+            logger.debug("\n".join(lines))
+
+        return CollectedSources(
+            find_links=list(find_links_sources),
+            index_urls=list(index_url_sources),
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/package_finder.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/package_finder.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec9ebc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/package_finder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+"""Routines related to PyPI, indexes"""
+
+import enum
+import functools
+import itertools
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, FrozenSet, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging import specifiers
+from pip._vendor.packaging.tags import Tag
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import _BaseVersion
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    BestVersionAlreadyInstalled,
+    DistributionNotFound,
+    InvalidWheelFilename,
+    UnsupportedWheel,
+)
+from pip._internal.index.collector import LinkCollector, parse_links
+from pip._internal.models.candidate import InstallationCandidate
+from pip._internal.models.format_control import FormatControl
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.search_scope import SearchScope
+from pip._internal.models.selection_prefs import SelectionPreferences
+from pip._internal.models.target_python import TargetPython
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.req import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils._log import getLogger
+from pip._internal.utils.filetypes import WHEEL_EXTENSION
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import Hashes
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import build_netloc
+from pip._internal.utils.packaging import check_requires_python
+from pip._internal.utils.unpacking import SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+__all__ = ["FormatControl", "BestCandidateResult", "PackageFinder"]
+
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+BuildTag = Union[Tuple[()], Tuple[int, str]]
+CandidateSortingKey = Tuple[int, int, int, _BaseVersion, Optional[int], BuildTag]
+
+
+def _check_link_requires_python(
+    link: Link,
+    version_info: Tuple[int, int, int],
+    ignore_requires_python: bool = False,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the given Python version is compatible with a link's
+    "Requires-Python" value.
+
+    :param version_info: A 3-tuple of ints representing the Python
+        major-minor-micro version to check.
+    :param ignore_requires_python: Whether to ignore the "Requires-Python"
+        value if the given Python version isn't compatible.
+    """
+    try:
+        is_compatible = check_requires_python(
+            link.requires_python,
+            version_info=version_info,
+        )
+    except specifiers.InvalidSpecifier:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Ignoring invalid Requires-Python (%r) for link: %s",
+            link.requires_python,
+            link,
+        )
+    else:
+        if not is_compatible:
+            version = ".".join(map(str, version_info))
+            if not ignore_requires_python:
+                logger.verbose(
+                    "Link requires a different Python (%s not in: %r): %s",
+                    version,
+                    link.requires_python,
+                    link,
+                )
+                return False
+
+            logger.debug(
+                "Ignoring failed Requires-Python check (%s not in: %r) for link: %s",
+                version,
+                link.requires_python,
+                link,
+            )
+
+    return True
+
+
+class LinkType(enum.Enum):
+    candidate = enum.auto()
+    different_project = enum.auto()
+    yanked = enum.auto()
+    format_unsupported = enum.auto()
+    format_invalid = enum.auto()
+    platform_mismatch = enum.auto()
+    requires_python_mismatch = enum.auto()
+
+
+class LinkEvaluator:
+
+    """
+    Responsible for evaluating links for a particular project.
+    """
+
+    _py_version_re = re.compile(r"-py([123]\.?[0-9]?)$")
+
+    # Don't include an allow_yanked default value to make sure each call
+    # site considers whether yanked releases are allowed. This also causes
+    # that decision to be made explicit in the calling code, which helps
+    # people when reading the code.
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        project_name: str,
+        canonical_name: str,
+        formats: FrozenSet[str],
+        target_python: TargetPython,
+        allow_yanked: bool,
+        ignore_requires_python: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param project_name: The user supplied package name.
+        :param canonical_name: The canonical package name.
+        :param formats: The formats allowed for this package. Should be a set
+            with 'binary' or 'source' or both in it.
+        :param target_python: The target Python interpreter to use when
+            evaluating link compatibility. This is used, for example, to
+            check wheel compatibility, as well as when checking the Python
+            version, e.g. the Python version embedded in a link filename
+            (or egg fragment) and against an HTML link's optional PEP 503
+            "data-requires-python" attribute.
+        :param allow_yanked: Whether files marked as yanked (in the sense
+            of PEP 592) are permitted to be candidates for install.
+        :param ignore_requires_python: Whether to ignore incompatible
+            PEP 503 "data-requires-python" values in HTML links. Defaults
+            to False.
+        """
+        if ignore_requires_python is None:
+            ignore_requires_python = False
+
+        self._allow_yanked = allow_yanked
+        self._canonical_name = canonical_name
+        self._ignore_requires_python = ignore_requires_python
+        self._formats = formats
+        self._target_python = target_python
+
+        self.project_name = project_name
+
+    def evaluate_link(self, link: Link) -> Tuple[LinkType, str]:
+        """
+        Determine whether a link is a candidate for installation.
+
+        :return: A tuple (result, detail), where *result* is an enum
+            representing whether the evaluation found a candidate, or the reason
+            why one is not found. If a candidate is found, *detail* will be the
+            candidate's version string; if one is not found, it contains the
+            reason the link fails to qualify.
+        """
+        version = None
+        if link.is_yanked and not self._allow_yanked:
+            reason = link.yanked_reason or "<none given>"
+            return (LinkType.yanked, f"yanked for reason: {reason}")
+
+        if link.egg_fragment:
+            egg_info = link.egg_fragment
+            ext = link.ext
+        else:
+            egg_info, ext = link.splitext()
+            if not ext:
+                return (LinkType.format_unsupported, "not a file")
+            if ext not in SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS:
+                return (
+                    LinkType.format_unsupported,
+                    f"unsupported archive format: {ext}",
+                )
+            if "binary" not in self._formats and ext == WHEEL_EXTENSION:
+                reason = f"No binaries permitted for {self.project_name}"
+                return (LinkType.format_unsupported, reason)
+            if "macosx10" in link.path and ext == ".zip":
+                return (LinkType.format_unsupported, "macosx10 one")
+            if ext == WHEEL_EXTENSION:
+                try:
+                    wheel = Wheel(link.filename)
+                except InvalidWheelFilename:
+                    return (
+                        LinkType.format_invalid,
+                        "invalid wheel filename",
+                    )
+                if canonicalize_name(wheel.name) != self._canonical_name:
+                    reason = f"wrong project name (not {self.project_name})"
+                    return (LinkType.different_project, reason)
+
+                supported_tags = self._target_python.get_unsorted_tags()
+                if not wheel.supported(supported_tags):
+                    # Include the wheel's tags in the reason string to
+                    # simplify troubleshooting compatibility issues.
+                    file_tags = ", ".join(wheel.get_formatted_file_tags())
+                    reason = (
+                        f"none of the wheel's tags ({file_tags}) are compatible "
+                        f"(run pip debug --verbose to show compatible tags)"
+                    )
+                    return (LinkType.platform_mismatch, reason)
+
+                version = wheel.version
+
+        # This should be up by the self.ok_binary check, but see issue 2700.
+        if "source" not in self._formats and ext != WHEEL_EXTENSION:
+            reason = f"No sources permitted for {self.project_name}"
+            return (LinkType.format_unsupported, reason)
+
+        if not version:
+            version = _extract_version_from_fragment(
+                egg_info,
+                self._canonical_name,
+            )
+        if not version:
+            reason = f"Missing project version for {self.project_name}"
+            return (LinkType.format_invalid, reason)
+
+        match = self._py_version_re.search(version)
+        if match:
+            version = version[: match.start()]
+            py_version = match.group(1)
+            if py_version != self._target_python.py_version:
+                return (
+                    LinkType.platform_mismatch,
+                    "Python version is incorrect",
+                )
+
+        supports_python = _check_link_requires_python(
+            link,
+            version_info=self._target_python.py_version_info,
+            ignore_requires_python=self._ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+        if not supports_python:
+            reason = f"{version} Requires-Python {link.requires_python}"
+            return (LinkType.requires_python_mismatch, reason)
+
+        logger.debug("Found link %s, version: %s", link, version)
+
+        return (LinkType.candidate, version)
+
+
+def filter_unallowed_hashes(
+    candidates: List[InstallationCandidate],
+    hashes: Optional[Hashes],
+    project_name: str,
+) -> List[InstallationCandidate]:
+    """
+    Filter out candidates whose hashes aren't allowed, and return a new
+    list of candidates.
+
+    If at least one candidate has an allowed hash, then all candidates with
+    either an allowed hash or no hash specified are returned.  Otherwise,
+    the given candidates are returned.
+
+    Including the candidates with no hash specified when there is a match
+    allows a warning to be logged if there is a more preferred candidate
+    with no hash specified.  Returning all candidates in the case of no
+    matches lets pip report the hash of the candidate that would otherwise
+    have been installed (e.g. permitting the user to more easily update
+    their requirements file with the desired hash).
+    """
+    if not hashes:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Given no hashes to check %s links for project %r: "
+            "discarding no candidates",
+            len(candidates),
+            project_name,
+        )
+        # Make sure we're not returning back the given value.
+        return list(candidates)
+
+    matches_or_no_digest = []
+    # Collect the non-matches for logging purposes.
+    non_matches = []
+    match_count = 0
+    for candidate in candidates:
+        link = candidate.link
+        if not link.has_hash:
+            pass
+        elif link.is_hash_allowed(hashes=hashes):
+            match_count += 1
+        else:
+            non_matches.append(candidate)
+            continue
+
+        matches_or_no_digest.append(candidate)
+
+    if match_count:
+        filtered = matches_or_no_digest
+    else:
+        # Make sure we're not returning back the given value.
+        filtered = list(candidates)
+
+    if len(filtered) == len(candidates):
+        discard_message = "discarding no candidates"
+    else:
+        discard_message = "discarding {} non-matches:\n  {}".format(
+            len(non_matches),
+            "\n  ".join(str(candidate.link) for candidate in non_matches),
+        )
+
+    logger.debug(
+        "Checked %s links for project %r against %s hashes "
+        "(%s matches, %s no digest): %s",
+        len(candidates),
+        project_name,
+        hashes.digest_count,
+        match_count,
+        len(matches_or_no_digest) - match_count,
+        discard_message,
+    )
+
+    return filtered
+
+
+class CandidatePreferences:
+
+    """
+    Encapsulates some of the preferences for filtering and sorting
+    InstallationCandidate objects.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prefer_binary: bool = False,
+        allow_all_prereleases: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param allow_all_prereleases: Whether to allow all pre-releases.
+        """
+        self.allow_all_prereleases = allow_all_prereleases
+        self.prefer_binary = prefer_binary
+
+
+class BestCandidateResult:
+    """A collection of candidates, returned by `PackageFinder.find_best_candidate`.
+
+    This class is only intended to be instantiated by CandidateEvaluator's
+    `compute_best_candidate()` method.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        candidates: List[InstallationCandidate],
+        applicable_candidates: List[InstallationCandidate],
+        best_candidate: Optional[InstallationCandidate],
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param candidates: A sequence of all available candidates found.
+        :param applicable_candidates: The applicable candidates.
+        :param best_candidate: The most preferred candidate found, or None
+            if no applicable candidates were found.
+        """
+        assert set(applicable_candidates) <= set(candidates)
+
+        if best_candidate is None:
+            assert not applicable_candidates
+        else:
+            assert best_candidate in applicable_candidates
+
+        self._applicable_candidates = applicable_candidates
+        self._candidates = candidates
+
+        self.best_candidate = best_candidate
+
+    def iter_all(self) -> Iterable[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """Iterate through all candidates."""
+        return iter(self._candidates)
+
+    def iter_applicable(self) -> Iterable[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """Iterate through the applicable candidates."""
+        return iter(self._applicable_candidates)
+
+
+class CandidateEvaluator:
+
+    """
+    Responsible for filtering and sorting candidates for installation based
+    on what tags are valid.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        project_name: str,
+        target_python: Optional[TargetPython] = None,
+        prefer_binary: bool = False,
+        allow_all_prereleases: bool = False,
+        specifier: Optional[specifiers.BaseSpecifier] = None,
+        hashes: Optional[Hashes] = None,
+    ) -> "CandidateEvaluator":
+        """Create a CandidateEvaluator object.
+
+        :param target_python: The target Python interpreter to use when
+            checking compatibility. If None (the default), a TargetPython
+            object will be constructed from the running Python.
+        :param specifier: An optional object implementing `filter`
+            (e.g. `packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet`) to filter applicable
+            versions.
+        :param hashes: An optional collection of allowed hashes.
+        """
+        if target_python is None:
+            target_python = TargetPython()
+        if specifier is None:
+            specifier = specifiers.SpecifierSet()
+
+        supported_tags = target_python.get_sorted_tags()
+
+        return cls(
+            project_name=project_name,
+            supported_tags=supported_tags,
+            specifier=specifier,
+            prefer_binary=prefer_binary,
+            allow_all_prereleases=allow_all_prereleases,
+            hashes=hashes,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        project_name: str,
+        supported_tags: List[Tag],
+        specifier: specifiers.BaseSpecifier,
+        prefer_binary: bool = False,
+        allow_all_prereleases: bool = False,
+        hashes: Optional[Hashes] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param supported_tags: The PEP 425 tags supported by the target
+            Python in order of preference (most preferred first).
+        """
+        self._allow_all_prereleases = allow_all_prereleases
+        self._hashes = hashes
+        self._prefer_binary = prefer_binary
+        self._project_name = project_name
+        self._specifier = specifier
+        self._supported_tags = supported_tags
+        # Since the index of the tag in the _supported_tags list is used
+        # as a priority, precompute a map from tag to index/priority to be
+        # used in wheel.find_most_preferred_tag.
+        self._wheel_tag_preferences = {
+            tag: idx for idx, tag in enumerate(supported_tags)
+        }
+
+    def get_applicable_candidates(
+        self,
+        candidates: List[InstallationCandidate],
+    ) -> List[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """
+        Return the applicable candidates from a list of candidates.
+        """
+        # Using None infers from the specifier instead.
+        allow_prereleases = self._allow_all_prereleases or None
+        specifier = self._specifier
+        versions = {
+            str(v)
+            for v in specifier.filter(
+                # We turn the version object into a str here because otherwise
+                # when we're debundled but setuptools isn't, Python will see
+                # packaging.version.Version and
+                # pkg_resources._vendor.packaging.version.Version as different
+                # types. This way we'll use a str as a common data interchange
+                # format. If we stop using the pkg_resources provided specifier
+                # and start using our own, we can drop the cast to str().
+                (str(c.version) for c in candidates),
+                prereleases=allow_prereleases,
+            )
+        }
+
+        # Again, converting version to str to deal with debundling.
+        applicable_candidates = [c for c in candidates if str(c.version) in versions]
+
+        filtered_applicable_candidates = filter_unallowed_hashes(
+            candidates=applicable_candidates,
+            hashes=self._hashes,
+            project_name=self._project_name,
+        )
+
+        return sorted(filtered_applicable_candidates, key=self._sort_key)
+
+    def _sort_key(self, candidate: InstallationCandidate) -> CandidateSortingKey:
+        """
+        Function to pass as the `key` argument to a call to sorted() to sort
+        InstallationCandidates by preference.
+
+        Returns a tuple such that tuples sorting as greater using Python's
+        default comparison operator are more preferred.
+
+        The preference is as follows:
+
+        First and foremost, candidates with allowed (matching) hashes are
+        always preferred over candidates without matching hashes. This is
+        because e.g. if the only candidate with an allowed hash is yanked,
+        we still want to use that candidate.
+
+        Second, excepting hash considerations, candidates that have been
+        yanked (in the sense of PEP 592) are always less preferred than
+        candidates that haven't been yanked. Then:
+
+        If not finding wheels, they are sorted by version only.
+        If finding wheels, then the sort order is by version, then:
+          1. existing installs
+          2. wheels ordered via Wheel.support_index_min(self._supported_tags)
+          3. source archives
+        If prefer_binary was set, then all wheels are sorted above sources.
+
+        Note: it was considered to embed this logic into the Link
+              comparison operators, but then different sdist links
+              with the same version, would have to be considered equal
+        """
+        valid_tags = self._supported_tags
+        support_num = len(valid_tags)
+        build_tag: BuildTag = ()
+        binary_preference = 0
+        link = candidate.link
+        if link.is_wheel:
+            # can raise InvalidWheelFilename
+            wheel = Wheel(link.filename)
+            try:
+                pri = -(
+                    wheel.find_most_preferred_tag(
+                        valid_tags, self._wheel_tag_preferences
+                    )
+                )
+            except ValueError:
+                raise UnsupportedWheel(
+                    f"{wheel.filename} is not a supported wheel for this platform. It "
+                    "can't be sorted."
+                )
+            if self._prefer_binary:
+                binary_preference = 1
+            if wheel.build_tag is not None:
+                match = re.match(r"^(\d+)(.*)$", wheel.build_tag)
+                assert match is not None, "guaranteed by filename validation"
+                build_tag_groups = match.groups()
+                build_tag = (int(build_tag_groups[0]), build_tag_groups[1])
+        else:  # sdist
+            pri = -(support_num)
+        has_allowed_hash = int(link.is_hash_allowed(self._hashes))
+        yank_value = -1 * int(link.is_yanked)  # -1 for yanked.
+        return (
+            has_allowed_hash,
+            yank_value,
+            binary_preference,
+            candidate.version,
+            pri,
+            build_tag,
+        )
+
+    def sort_best_candidate(
+        self,
+        candidates: List[InstallationCandidate],
+    ) -> Optional[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """
+        Return the best candidate per the instance's sort order, or None if
+        no candidate is acceptable.
+        """
+        if not candidates:
+            return None
+        best_candidate = max(candidates, key=self._sort_key)
+        return best_candidate
+
+    def compute_best_candidate(
+        self,
+        candidates: List[InstallationCandidate],
+    ) -> BestCandidateResult:
+        """
+        Compute and return a `BestCandidateResult` instance.
+        """
+        applicable_candidates = self.get_applicable_candidates(candidates)
+
+        best_candidate = self.sort_best_candidate(applicable_candidates)
+
+        return BestCandidateResult(
+            candidates,
+            applicable_candidates=applicable_candidates,
+            best_candidate=best_candidate,
+        )
+
+
+class PackageFinder:
+    """This finds packages.
+
+    This is meant to match easy_install's technique for looking for
+    packages, by reading pages and looking for appropriate links.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        link_collector: LinkCollector,
+        target_python: TargetPython,
+        allow_yanked: bool,
+        format_control: Optional[FormatControl] = None,
+        candidate_prefs: Optional[CandidatePreferences] = None,
+        ignore_requires_python: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        This constructor is primarily meant to be used by the create() class
+        method and from tests.
+
+        :param format_control: A FormatControl object, used to control
+            the selection of source packages / binary packages when consulting
+            the index and links.
+        :param candidate_prefs: Options to use when creating a
+            CandidateEvaluator object.
+        """
+        if candidate_prefs is None:
+            candidate_prefs = CandidatePreferences()
+
+        format_control = format_control or FormatControl(set(), set())
+
+        self._allow_yanked = allow_yanked
+        self._candidate_prefs = candidate_prefs
+        self._ignore_requires_python = ignore_requires_python
+        self._link_collector = link_collector
+        self._target_python = target_python
+
+        self.format_control = format_control
+
+        # These are boring links that have already been logged somehow.
+        self._logged_links: Set[Tuple[Link, LinkType, str]] = set()
+
+    # Don't include an allow_yanked default value to make sure each call
+    # site considers whether yanked releases are allowed. This also causes
+    # that decision to be made explicit in the calling code, which helps
+    # people when reading the code.
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        link_collector: LinkCollector,
+        selection_prefs: SelectionPreferences,
+        target_python: Optional[TargetPython] = None,
+    ) -> "PackageFinder":
+        """Create a PackageFinder.
+
+        :param selection_prefs: The candidate selection preferences, as a
+            SelectionPreferences object.
+        :param target_python: The target Python interpreter to use when
+            checking compatibility. If None (the default), a TargetPython
+            object will be constructed from the running Python.
+        """
+        if target_python is None:
+            target_python = TargetPython()
+
+        candidate_prefs = CandidatePreferences(
+            prefer_binary=selection_prefs.prefer_binary,
+            allow_all_prereleases=selection_prefs.allow_all_prereleases,
+        )
+
+        return cls(
+            candidate_prefs=candidate_prefs,
+            link_collector=link_collector,
+            target_python=target_python,
+            allow_yanked=selection_prefs.allow_yanked,
+            format_control=selection_prefs.format_control,
+            ignore_requires_python=selection_prefs.ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def target_python(self) -> TargetPython:
+        return self._target_python
+
+    @property
+    def search_scope(self) -> SearchScope:
+        return self._link_collector.search_scope
+
+    @search_scope.setter
+    def search_scope(self, search_scope: SearchScope) -> None:
+        self._link_collector.search_scope = search_scope
+
+    @property
+    def find_links(self) -> List[str]:
+        return self._link_collector.find_links
+
+    @property
+    def index_urls(self) -> List[str]:
+        return self.search_scope.index_urls
+
+    @property
+    def trusted_hosts(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        for host_port in self._link_collector.session.pip_trusted_origins:
+            yield build_netloc(*host_port)
+
+    @property
+    def allow_all_prereleases(self) -> bool:
+        return self._candidate_prefs.allow_all_prereleases
+
+    def set_allow_all_prereleases(self) -> None:
+        self._candidate_prefs.allow_all_prereleases = True
+
+    @property
+    def prefer_binary(self) -> bool:
+        return self._candidate_prefs.prefer_binary
+
+    def set_prefer_binary(self) -> None:
+        self._candidate_prefs.prefer_binary = True
+
+    def requires_python_skipped_reasons(self) -> List[str]:
+        reasons = {
+            detail
+            for _, result, detail in self._logged_links
+            if result == LinkType.requires_python_mismatch
+        }
+        return sorted(reasons)
+
+    def make_link_evaluator(self, project_name: str) -> LinkEvaluator:
+        canonical_name = canonicalize_name(project_name)
+        formats = self.format_control.get_allowed_formats(canonical_name)
+
+        return LinkEvaluator(
+            project_name=project_name,
+            canonical_name=canonical_name,
+            formats=formats,
+            target_python=self._target_python,
+            allow_yanked=self._allow_yanked,
+            ignore_requires_python=self._ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+
+    def _sort_links(self, links: Iterable[Link]) -> List[Link]:
+        """
+        Returns elements of links in order, non-egg links first, egg links
+        second, while eliminating duplicates
+        """
+        eggs, no_eggs = [], []
+        seen: Set[Link] = set()
+        for link in links:
+            if link not in seen:
+                seen.add(link)
+                if link.egg_fragment:
+                    eggs.append(link)
+                else:
+                    no_eggs.append(link)
+        return no_eggs + eggs
+
+    def _log_skipped_link(self, link: Link, result: LinkType, detail: str) -> None:
+        entry = (link, result, detail)
+        if entry not in self._logged_links:
+            # Put the link at the end so the reason is more visible and because
+            # the link string is usually very long.
+            logger.debug("Skipping link: %s: %s", detail, link)
+            self._logged_links.add(entry)
+
+    def get_install_candidate(
+        self, link_evaluator: LinkEvaluator, link: Link
+    ) -> Optional[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """
+        If the link is a candidate for install, convert it to an
+        InstallationCandidate and return it. Otherwise, return None.
+        """
+        result, detail = link_evaluator.evaluate_link(link)
+        if result != LinkType.candidate:
+            self._log_skipped_link(link, result, detail)
+            return None
+
+        return InstallationCandidate(
+            name=link_evaluator.project_name,
+            link=link,
+            version=detail,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_links(
+        self, link_evaluator: LinkEvaluator, links: Iterable[Link]
+    ) -> List[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """
+        Convert links that are candidates to InstallationCandidate objects.
+        """
+        candidates = []
+        for link in self._sort_links(links):
+            candidate = self.get_install_candidate(link_evaluator, link)
+            if candidate is not None:
+                candidates.append(candidate)
+
+        return candidates
+
+    def process_project_url(
+        self, project_url: Link, link_evaluator: LinkEvaluator
+    ) -> List[InstallationCandidate]:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Fetching project page and analyzing links: %s",
+            project_url,
+        )
+        index_response = self._link_collector.fetch_response(project_url)
+        if index_response is None:
+            return []
+
+        page_links = list(parse_links(index_response))
+
+        with indent_log():
+            package_links = self.evaluate_links(
+                link_evaluator,
+                links=page_links,
+            )
+
+        return package_links
+
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+    def find_all_candidates(self, project_name: str) -> List[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """Find all available InstallationCandidate for project_name
+
+        This checks index_urls and find_links.
+        All versions found are returned as an InstallationCandidate list.
+
+        See LinkEvaluator.evaluate_link() for details on which files
+        are accepted.
+        """
+        link_evaluator = self.make_link_evaluator(project_name)
+
+        collected_sources = self._link_collector.collect_sources(
+            project_name=project_name,
+            candidates_from_page=functools.partial(
+                self.process_project_url,
+                link_evaluator=link_evaluator,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        page_candidates_it = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            source.page_candidates()
+            for sources in collected_sources
+            for source in sources
+            if source is not None
+        )
+        page_candidates = list(page_candidates_it)
+
+        file_links_it = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            source.file_links()
+            for sources in collected_sources
+            for source in sources
+            if source is not None
+        )
+        file_candidates = self.evaluate_links(
+            link_evaluator,
+            sorted(file_links_it, reverse=True),
+        )
+
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) and file_candidates:
+            paths = []
+            for candidate in file_candidates:
+                assert candidate.link.url  # we need to have a URL
+                try:
+                    paths.append(candidate.link.file_path)
+                except Exception:
+                    paths.append(candidate.link.url)  # it's not a local file
+
+            logger.debug("Local files found: %s", ", ".join(paths))
+
+        # This is an intentional priority ordering
+        return file_candidates + page_candidates
+
+    def make_candidate_evaluator(
+        self,
+        project_name: str,
+        specifier: Optional[specifiers.BaseSpecifier] = None,
+        hashes: Optional[Hashes] = None,
+    ) -> CandidateEvaluator:
+        """Create a CandidateEvaluator object to use."""
+        candidate_prefs = self._candidate_prefs
+        return CandidateEvaluator.create(
+            project_name=project_name,
+            target_python=self._target_python,
+            prefer_binary=candidate_prefs.prefer_binary,
+            allow_all_prereleases=candidate_prefs.allow_all_prereleases,
+            specifier=specifier,
+            hashes=hashes,
+        )
+
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+    def find_best_candidate(
+        self,
+        project_name: str,
+        specifier: Optional[specifiers.BaseSpecifier] = None,
+        hashes: Optional[Hashes] = None,
+    ) -> BestCandidateResult:
+        """Find matches for the given project and specifier.
+
+        :param specifier: An optional object implementing `filter`
+            (e.g. `packaging.specifiers.SpecifierSet`) to filter applicable
+            versions.
+
+        :return: A `BestCandidateResult` instance.
+        """
+        candidates = self.find_all_candidates(project_name)
+        candidate_evaluator = self.make_candidate_evaluator(
+            project_name=project_name,
+            specifier=specifier,
+            hashes=hashes,
+        )
+        return candidate_evaluator.compute_best_candidate(candidates)
+
+    def find_requirement(
+        self, req: InstallRequirement, upgrade: bool
+    ) -> Optional[InstallationCandidate]:
+        """Try to find a Link matching req
+
+        Expects req, an InstallRequirement and upgrade, a boolean
+        Returns a InstallationCandidate if found,
+        Raises DistributionNotFound or BestVersionAlreadyInstalled otherwise
+        """
+        hashes = req.hashes(trust_internet=False)
+        best_candidate_result = self.find_best_candidate(
+            req.name,
+            specifier=req.specifier,
+            hashes=hashes,
+        )
+        best_candidate = best_candidate_result.best_candidate
+
+        installed_version: Optional[_BaseVersion] = None
+        if req.satisfied_by is not None:
+            installed_version = req.satisfied_by.version
+
+        def _format_versions(cand_iter: Iterable[InstallationCandidate]) -> str:
+            # This repeated parse_version and str() conversion is needed to
+            # handle different vendoring sources from pip and pkg_resources.
+            # If we stop using the pkg_resources provided specifier and start
+            # using our own, we can drop the cast to str().
+            return (
+                ", ".join(
+                    sorted(
+                        {str(c.version) for c in cand_iter},
+                        key=parse_version,
+                    )
+                )
+                or "none"
+            )
+
+        if installed_version is None and best_candidate is None:
+            logger.critical(
+                "Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement %s "
+                "(from versions: %s)",
+                req,
+                _format_versions(best_candidate_result.iter_all()),
+            )
+
+            raise DistributionNotFound(f"No matching distribution found for {req}")
+
+        def _should_install_candidate(
+            candidate: Optional[InstallationCandidate],
+        ) -> "TypeGuard[InstallationCandidate]":
+            if installed_version is None:
+                return True
+            if best_candidate is None:
+                return False
+            return best_candidate.version > installed_version
+
+        if not upgrade and installed_version is not None:
+            if _should_install_candidate(best_candidate):
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Existing installed version (%s) satisfies requirement "
+                    "(most up-to-date version is %s)",
+                    installed_version,
+                    best_candidate.version,
+                )
+            else:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Existing installed version (%s) is most up-to-date and "
+                    "satisfies requirement",
+                    installed_version,
+                )
+            return None
+
+        if _should_install_candidate(best_candidate):
+            logger.debug(
+                "Using version %s (newest of versions: %s)",
+                best_candidate.version,
+                _format_versions(best_candidate_result.iter_applicable()),
+            )
+            return best_candidate
+
+        # We have an existing version, and its the best version
+        logger.debug(
+            "Installed version (%s) is most up-to-date (past versions: %s)",
+            installed_version,
+            _format_versions(best_candidate_result.iter_applicable()),
+        )
+        raise BestVersionAlreadyInstalled
+
+
+def _find_name_version_sep(fragment: str, canonical_name: str) -> int:
+    """Find the separator's index based on the package's canonical name.
+
+    :param fragment: A <package>+<version> filename "fragment" (stem) or
+        egg fragment.
+    :param canonical_name: The package's canonical name.
+
+    This function is needed since the canonicalized name does not necessarily
+    have the same length as the egg info's name part. An example::
+
+    >>> fragment = 'foo__bar-1.0'
+    >>> canonical_name = 'foo-bar'
+    >>> _find_name_version_sep(fragment, canonical_name)
+    8
+    """
+    # Project name and version must be separated by one single dash. Find all
+    # occurrences of dashes; if the string in front of it matches the canonical
+    # name, this is the one separating the name and version parts.
+    for i, c in enumerate(fragment):
+        if c != "-":
+            continue
+        if canonicalize_name(fragment[:i]) == canonical_name:
+            return i
+    raise ValueError(f"{fragment} does not match {canonical_name}")
+
+
+def _extract_version_from_fragment(fragment: str, canonical_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Parse the version string from a <package>+<version> filename
+    "fragment" (stem) or egg fragment.
+
+    :param fragment: The string to parse. E.g. foo-2.1
+    :param canonical_name: The canonicalized name of the package this
+        belongs to.
+    """
+    try:
+        version_start = _find_name_version_sep(fragment, canonical_name) + 1
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+    version = fragment[version_start:]
+    if not version:
+        return None
+    return version
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/sources.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/sources.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4626d71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/sources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+import logging
+import mimetypes
+import os
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import (
+    InvalidSdistFilename,
+    InvalidVersion,
+    InvalidWheelFilename,
+    canonicalize_name,
+    parse_sdist_filename,
+    parse_wheel_filename,
+)
+
+from pip._internal.models.candidate import InstallationCandidate
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url, url_to_path
+from pip._internal.vcs import is_url
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+FoundCandidates = Iterable[InstallationCandidate]
+FoundLinks = Iterable[Link]
+CandidatesFromPage = Callable[[Link], Iterable[InstallationCandidate]]
+PageValidator = Callable[[Link], bool]
+
+
+class LinkSource:
+    @property
+    def link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        """Returns the underlying link, if there's one."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def page_candidates(self) -> FoundCandidates:
+        """Candidates found by parsing an archive listing HTML file."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def file_links(self) -> FoundLinks:
+        """Links found by specifying archives directly."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def _is_html_file(file_url: str) -> bool:
+    return mimetypes.guess_type(file_url, strict=False)[0] == "text/html"
+
+
+class _FlatDirectoryToUrls:
+    """Scans directory and caches results"""
+
+    def __init__(self, path: str) -> None:
+        self._path = path
+        self._page_candidates: List[str] = []
+        self._project_name_to_urls: Dict[str, List[str]] = defaultdict(list)
+        self._scanned_directory = False
+
+    def _scan_directory(self) -> None:
+        """Scans directory once and populates both page_candidates
+        and project_name_to_urls at the same time
+        """
+        for entry in os.scandir(self._path):
+            url = path_to_url(entry.path)
+            if _is_html_file(url):
+                self._page_candidates.append(url)
+                continue
+
+            # File must have a valid wheel or sdist name,
+            # otherwise not worth considering as a package
+            try:
+                project_filename = parse_wheel_filename(entry.name)[0]
+            except (InvalidWheelFilename, InvalidVersion):
+                try:
+                    project_filename = parse_sdist_filename(entry.name)[0]
+                except (InvalidSdistFilename, InvalidVersion):
+                    continue
+
+            self._project_name_to_urls[project_filename].append(url)
+        self._scanned_directory = True
+
+    @property
+    def page_candidates(self) -> List[str]:
+        if not self._scanned_directory:
+            self._scan_directory()
+
+        return self._page_candidates
+
+    @property
+    def project_name_to_urls(self) -> Dict[str, List[str]]:
+        if not self._scanned_directory:
+            self._scan_directory()
+
+        return self._project_name_to_urls
+
+
+class _FlatDirectorySource(LinkSource):
+    """Link source specified by ``--find-links=<path-to-dir>``.
+
+    This looks the content of the directory, and returns:
+
+    * ``page_candidates``: Links listed on each HTML file in the directory.
+    * ``file_candidates``: Archives in the directory.
+    """
+
+    _paths_to_urls: Dict[str, _FlatDirectoryToUrls] = {}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        candidates_from_page: CandidatesFromPage,
+        path: str,
+        project_name: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._candidates_from_page = candidates_from_page
+        self._project_name = canonicalize_name(project_name)
+
+        # Get existing instance of _FlatDirectoryToUrls if it exists
+        if path in self._paths_to_urls:
+            self._path_to_urls = self._paths_to_urls[path]
+        else:
+            self._path_to_urls = _FlatDirectoryToUrls(path=path)
+            self._paths_to_urls[path] = self._path_to_urls
+
+    @property
+    def link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        return None
+
+    def page_candidates(self) -> FoundCandidates:
+        for url in self._path_to_urls.page_candidates:
+            yield from self._candidates_from_page(Link(url))
+
+    def file_links(self) -> FoundLinks:
+        for url in self._path_to_urls.project_name_to_urls[self._project_name]:
+            yield Link(url)
+
+
+class _LocalFileSource(LinkSource):
+    """``--find-links=<path-or-url>`` or ``--[extra-]index-url=<path-or-url>``.
+
+    If a URL is supplied, it must be a ``file:`` URL. If a path is supplied to
+    the option, it is converted to a URL first. This returns:
+
+    * ``page_candidates``: Links listed on an HTML file.
+    * ``file_candidates``: The non-HTML file.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        candidates_from_page: CandidatesFromPage,
+        link: Link,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._candidates_from_page = candidates_from_page
+        self._link = link
+
+    @property
+    def link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        return self._link
+
+    def page_candidates(self) -> FoundCandidates:
+        if not _is_html_file(self._link.url):
+            return
+        yield from self._candidates_from_page(self._link)
+
+    def file_links(self) -> FoundLinks:
+        if _is_html_file(self._link.url):
+            return
+        yield self._link
+
+
+class _RemoteFileSource(LinkSource):
+    """``--find-links=<url>`` or ``--[extra-]index-url=<url>``.
+
+    This returns:
+
+    * ``page_candidates``: Links listed on an HTML file.
+    * ``file_candidates``: The non-HTML file.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        candidates_from_page: CandidatesFromPage,
+        page_validator: PageValidator,
+        link: Link,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._candidates_from_page = candidates_from_page
+        self._page_validator = page_validator
+        self._link = link
+
+    @property
+    def link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        return self._link
+
+    def page_candidates(self) -> FoundCandidates:
+        if not self._page_validator(self._link):
+            return
+        yield from self._candidates_from_page(self._link)
+
+    def file_links(self) -> FoundLinks:
+        yield self._link
+
+
+class _IndexDirectorySource(LinkSource):
+    """``--[extra-]index-url=<path-to-directory>``.
+
+    This is treated like a remote URL; ``candidates_from_page`` contains logic
+    for this by appending ``index.html`` to the link.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        candidates_from_page: CandidatesFromPage,
+        link: Link,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._candidates_from_page = candidates_from_page
+        self._link = link
+
+    @property
+    def link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        return self._link
+
+    def page_candidates(self) -> FoundCandidates:
+        yield from self._candidates_from_page(self._link)
+
+    def file_links(self) -> FoundLinks:
+        return ()
+
+
+def build_source(
+    location: str,
+    *,
+    candidates_from_page: CandidatesFromPage,
+    page_validator: PageValidator,
+    expand_dir: bool,
+    cache_link_parsing: bool,
+    project_name: str,
+) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[LinkSource]]:
+    path: Optional[str] = None
+    url: Optional[str] = None
+    if os.path.exists(location):  # Is a local path.
+        url = path_to_url(location)
+        path = location
+    elif location.startswith("file:"):  # A file: URL.
+        url = location
+        path = url_to_path(location)
+    elif is_url(location):
+        url = location
+
+    if url is None:
+        msg = (
+            "Location '%s' is ignored: "
+            "it is either a non-existing path or lacks a specific scheme."
+        )
+        logger.warning(msg, location)
+        return (None, None)
+
+    if path is None:
+        source: LinkSource = _RemoteFileSource(
+            candidates_from_page=candidates_from_page,
+            page_validator=page_validator,
+            link=Link(url, cache_link_parsing=cache_link_parsing),
+        )
+        return (url, source)
+
+    if os.path.isdir(path):
+        if expand_dir:
+            source = _FlatDirectorySource(
+                candidates_from_page=candidates_from_page,
+                path=path,
+                project_name=project_name,
+            )
+        else:
+            source = _IndexDirectorySource(
+                candidates_from_page=candidates_from_page,
+                link=Link(url, cache_link_parsing=cache_link_parsing),
+            )
+        return (url, source)
+    elif os.path.isfile(path):
+        source = _LocalFileSource(
+            candidates_from_page=candidates_from_page,
+            link=Link(url, cache_link_parsing=cache_link_parsing),
+        )
+        return (url, source)
+    logger.warning(
+        "Location '%s' is ignored: it is neither a file nor a directory.",
+        location,
+    )
+    return (url, None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d54bc63e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,467 @@
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+import pathlib
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.models.scheme import SCHEME_KEYS, Scheme
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import deprecated
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+from . import _sysconfig
+from .base import (
+    USER_CACHE_DIR,
+    get_major_minor_version,
+    get_src_prefix,
+    is_osx_framework,
+    site_packages,
+    user_site,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "USER_CACHE_DIR",
+    "get_bin_prefix",
+    "get_bin_user",
+    "get_major_minor_version",
+    "get_platlib",
+    "get_purelib",
+    "get_scheme",
+    "get_src_prefix",
+    "site_packages",
+    "user_site",
+]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+_PLATLIBDIR: str = getattr(sys, "platlibdir", "lib")
+
+_USE_SYSCONFIG_DEFAULT = sys.version_info >= (3, 10)
+
+
+def _should_use_sysconfig() -> bool:
+    """This function determines the value of _USE_SYSCONFIG.
+
+    By default, pip uses sysconfig on Python 3.10+.
+    But Python distributors can override this decision by setting:
+        sysconfig._PIP_USE_SYSCONFIG = True / False
+    Rationale in https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/10647
+
+    This is a function for testability, but should be constant during any one
+    run.
+    """
+    return bool(getattr(sysconfig, "_PIP_USE_SYSCONFIG", _USE_SYSCONFIG_DEFAULT))
+
+
+_USE_SYSCONFIG = _should_use_sysconfig()
+
+if not _USE_SYSCONFIG:
+    # Import distutils lazily to avoid deprecation warnings,
+    # but import it soon enough that it is in memory and available during
+    # a pip reinstall.
+    from . import _distutils
+
+# Be noisy about incompatibilities if this platforms "should" be using
+# sysconfig, but is explicitly opting out and using distutils instead.
+if _USE_SYSCONFIG_DEFAULT and not _USE_SYSCONFIG:
+    _MISMATCH_LEVEL = logging.WARNING
+else:
+    _MISMATCH_LEVEL = logging.DEBUG
+
+
+def _looks_like_bpo_44860() -> bool:
+    """The resolution to bpo-44860 will change this incorrect platlib.
+
+    See <https://bugs.python.org/issue44860>.
+    """
+    from distutils.command.install import INSTALL_SCHEMES
+
+    try:
+        unix_user_platlib = INSTALL_SCHEMES["unix_user"]["platlib"]
+    except KeyError:
+        return False
+    return unix_user_platlib == "$usersite"
+
+
+def _looks_like_red_hat_patched_platlib_purelib(scheme: Dict[str, str]) -> bool:
+    platlib = scheme["platlib"]
+    if "/$platlibdir/" in platlib:
+        platlib = platlib.replace("/$platlibdir/", f"/{_PLATLIBDIR}/")
+    if "/lib64/" not in platlib:
+        return False
+    unpatched = platlib.replace("/lib64/", "/lib/")
+    return unpatched.replace("$platbase/", "$base/") == scheme["purelib"]
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _looks_like_red_hat_lib() -> bool:
+    """Red Hat patches platlib in unix_prefix and unix_home, but not purelib.
+
+    This is the only way I can see to tell a Red Hat-patched Python.
+    """
+    from distutils.command.install import INSTALL_SCHEMES
+
+    return all(
+        k in INSTALL_SCHEMES
+        and _looks_like_red_hat_patched_platlib_purelib(INSTALL_SCHEMES[k])
+        for k in ("unix_prefix", "unix_home")
+    )
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _looks_like_debian_scheme() -> bool:
+    """Debian adds two additional schemes."""
+    from distutils.command.install import INSTALL_SCHEMES
+
+    return "deb_system" in INSTALL_SCHEMES and "unix_local" in INSTALL_SCHEMES
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _looks_like_red_hat_scheme() -> bool:
+    """Red Hat patches ``sys.prefix`` and ``sys.exec_prefix``.
+
+    Red Hat's ``00251-change-user-install-location.patch`` changes the install
+    command's ``prefix`` and ``exec_prefix`` to append ``"/local"``. This is
+    (fortunately?) done quite unconditionally, so we create a default command
+    object without any configuration to detect this.
+    """
+    from distutils.command.install import install
+    from distutils.dist import Distribution
+
+    cmd: Any = install(Distribution())
+    cmd.finalize_options()
+    return (
+        cmd.exec_prefix == f"{os.path.normpath(sys.exec_prefix)}/local"
+        and cmd.prefix == f"{os.path.normpath(sys.prefix)}/local"
+    )
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _looks_like_slackware_scheme() -> bool:
+    """Slackware patches sysconfig but fails to patch distutils and site.
+
+    Slackware changes sysconfig's user scheme to use ``"lib64"`` for the lib
+    path, but does not do the same to the site module.
+    """
+    if user_site is None:  # User-site not available.
+        return False
+    try:
+        paths = sysconfig.get_paths(scheme="posix_user", expand=False)
+    except KeyError:  # User-site not available.
+        return False
+    return "/lib64/" in paths["purelib"] and "/lib64/" not in user_site
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _looks_like_msys2_mingw_scheme() -> bool:
+    """MSYS2 patches distutils and sysconfig to use a UNIX-like scheme.
+
+    However, MSYS2 incorrectly patches sysconfig ``nt`` scheme. The fix is
+    likely going to be included in their 3.10 release, so we ignore the warning.
+    See msys2/MINGW-packages#9319.
+
+    MSYS2 MINGW's patch uses lowercase ``"lib"`` instead of the usual uppercase,
+    and is missing the final ``"site-packages"``.
+    """
+    paths = sysconfig.get_paths("nt", expand=False)
+    return all(
+        "Lib" not in p and "lib" in p and not p.endswith("site-packages")
+        for p in (paths[key] for key in ("platlib", "purelib"))
+    )
+
+
+def _fix_abiflags(parts: Tuple[str]) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    ldversion = sysconfig.get_config_var("LDVERSION")
+    abiflags = getattr(sys, "abiflags", None)
+
+    # LDVERSION does not end with sys.abiflags. Just return the path unchanged.
+    if not ldversion or not abiflags or not ldversion.endswith(abiflags):
+        yield from parts
+        return
+
+    # Strip sys.abiflags from LDVERSION-based path components.
+    for part in parts:
+        if part.endswith(ldversion):
+            part = part[: (0 - len(abiflags))]
+        yield part
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _warn_mismatched(old: pathlib.Path, new: pathlib.Path, *, key: str) -> None:
+    issue_url = "https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/10151"
+    message = (
+        "Value for %s does not match. Please report this to <%s>"
+        "\ndistutils: %s"
+        "\nsysconfig: %s"
+    )
+    logger.log(_MISMATCH_LEVEL, message, key, issue_url, old, new)
+
+
+def _warn_if_mismatch(old: pathlib.Path, new: pathlib.Path, *, key: str) -> bool:
+    if old == new:
+        return False
+    _warn_mismatched(old, new, key=key)
+    return True
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def _log_context(
+    *,
+    user: bool = False,
+    home: Optional[str] = None,
+    root: Optional[str] = None,
+    prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    parts = [
+        "Additional context:",
+        "user = %r",
+        "home = %r",
+        "root = %r",
+        "prefix = %r",
+    ]
+
+    logger.log(_MISMATCH_LEVEL, "\n".join(parts), user, home, root, prefix)
+
+
+def get_scheme(
+    dist_name: str,
+    user: bool = False,
+    home: Optional[str] = None,
+    root: Optional[str] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Scheme:
+    new = _sysconfig.get_scheme(
+        dist_name,
+        user=user,
+        home=home,
+        root=root,
+        isolated=isolated,
+        prefix=prefix,
+    )
+    if _USE_SYSCONFIG:
+        return new
+
+    old = _distutils.get_scheme(
+        dist_name,
+        user=user,
+        home=home,
+        root=root,
+        isolated=isolated,
+        prefix=prefix,
+    )
+
+    warning_contexts = []
+    for k in SCHEME_KEYS:
+        old_v = pathlib.Path(getattr(old, k))
+        new_v = pathlib.Path(getattr(new, k))
+
+        if old_v == new_v:
+            continue
+
+        # distutils incorrectly put PyPy packages under ``site-packages/python``
+        # in the ``posix_home`` scheme, but PyPy devs said they expect the
+        # directory name to be ``pypy`` instead. So we treat this as a bug fix
+        # and not warn about it. See bpo-43307 and python/cpython#24628.
+        skip_pypy_special_case = (
+            sys.implementation.name == "pypy"
+            and home is not None
+            and k in ("platlib", "purelib")
+            and old_v.parent == new_v.parent
+            and old_v.name.startswith("python")
+            and new_v.name.startswith("pypy")
+        )
+        if skip_pypy_special_case:
+            continue
+
+        # sysconfig's ``osx_framework_user`` does not include ``pythonX.Y`` in
+        # the ``include`` value, but distutils's ``headers`` does. We'll let
+        # CPython decide whether this is a bug or feature. See bpo-43948.
+        skip_osx_framework_user_special_case = (
+            user
+            and is_osx_framework()
+            and k == "headers"
+            and old_v.parent.parent == new_v.parent
+            and old_v.parent.name.startswith("python")
+        )
+        if skip_osx_framework_user_special_case:
+            continue
+
+        # On Red Hat and derived Linux distributions, distutils is patched to
+        # use "lib64" instead of "lib" for platlib.
+        if k == "platlib" and _looks_like_red_hat_lib():
+            continue
+
+        # On Python 3.9+, sysconfig's posix_user scheme sets platlib against
+        # sys.platlibdir, but distutils's unix_user incorrectly coninutes
+        # using the same $usersite for both platlib and purelib. This creates a
+        # mismatch when sys.platlibdir is not "lib".
+        skip_bpo_44860 = (
+            user
+            and k == "platlib"
+            and not WINDOWS
+            and sys.version_info >= (3, 9)
+            and _PLATLIBDIR != "lib"
+            and _looks_like_bpo_44860()
+        )
+        if skip_bpo_44860:
+            continue
+
+        # Slackware incorrectly patches posix_user to use lib64 instead of lib,
+        # but not usersite to match the location.
+        skip_slackware_user_scheme = (
+            user
+            and k in ("platlib", "purelib")
+            and not WINDOWS
+            and _looks_like_slackware_scheme()
+        )
+        if skip_slackware_user_scheme:
+            continue
+
+        # Both Debian and Red Hat patch Python to place the system site under
+        # /usr/local instead of /usr. Debian also places lib in dist-packages
+        # instead of site-packages, but the /usr/local check should cover it.
+        skip_linux_system_special_case = (
+            not (user or home or prefix or running_under_virtualenv())
+            and old_v.parts[1:3] == ("usr", "local")
+            and len(new_v.parts) > 1
+            and new_v.parts[1] == "usr"
+            and (len(new_v.parts) < 3 or new_v.parts[2] != "local")
+            and (_looks_like_red_hat_scheme() or _looks_like_debian_scheme())
+        )
+        if skip_linux_system_special_case:
+            continue
+
+        # On Python 3.7 and earlier, sysconfig does not include sys.abiflags in
+        # the "pythonX.Y" part of the path, but distutils does.
+        skip_sysconfig_abiflag_bug = (
+            sys.version_info < (3, 8)
+            and not WINDOWS
+            and k in ("headers", "platlib", "purelib")
+            and tuple(_fix_abiflags(old_v.parts)) == new_v.parts
+        )
+        if skip_sysconfig_abiflag_bug:
+            continue
+
+        # MSYS2 MINGW's sysconfig patch does not include the "site-packages"
+        # part of the path. This is incorrect and will be fixed in MSYS.
+        skip_msys2_mingw_bug = (
+            WINDOWS and k in ("platlib", "purelib") and _looks_like_msys2_mingw_scheme()
+        )
+        if skip_msys2_mingw_bug:
+            continue
+
+        # CPython's POSIX install script invokes pip (via ensurepip) against the
+        # interpreter located in the source tree, not the install site. This
+        # triggers special logic in sysconfig that's not present in distutils.
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/8c21941ddaf/Lib/sysconfig.py#L178-L194
+        skip_cpython_build = (
+            sysconfig.is_python_build(check_home=True)
+            and not WINDOWS
+            and k in ("headers", "include", "platinclude")
+        )
+        if skip_cpython_build:
+            continue
+
+        warning_contexts.append((old_v, new_v, f"scheme.{k}"))
+
+    if not warning_contexts:
+        return old
+
+    # Check if this path mismatch is caused by distutils config files. Those
+    # files will no longer work once we switch to sysconfig, so this raises a
+    # deprecation message for them.
+    default_old = _distutils.distutils_scheme(
+        dist_name,
+        user,
+        home,
+        root,
+        isolated,
+        prefix,
+        ignore_config_files=True,
+    )
+    if any(default_old[k] != getattr(old, k) for k in SCHEME_KEYS):
+        deprecated(
+            reason=(
+                "Configuring installation scheme with distutils config files "
+                "is deprecated and will no longer work in the near future. If you "
+                "are using a Homebrew or Linuxbrew Python, please see discussion "
+                "at https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/issues/76621"
+            ),
+            replacement=None,
+            gone_in=None,
+        )
+        return old
+
+    # Post warnings about this mismatch so user can report them back.
+    for old_v, new_v, key in warning_contexts:
+        _warn_mismatched(old_v, new_v, key=key)
+    _log_context(user=user, home=home, root=root, prefix=prefix)
+
+    return old
+
+
+def get_bin_prefix() -> str:
+    new = _sysconfig.get_bin_prefix()
+    if _USE_SYSCONFIG:
+        return new
+
+    old = _distutils.get_bin_prefix()
+    if _warn_if_mismatch(pathlib.Path(old), pathlib.Path(new), key="bin_prefix"):
+        _log_context()
+    return old
+
+
+def get_bin_user() -> str:
+    return _sysconfig.get_scheme("", user=True).scripts
+
+
+def _looks_like_deb_system_dist_packages(value: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if the value is Debian's APT-controlled dist-packages.
+
+    Debian's ``distutils.sysconfig.get_python_lib()`` implementation returns the
+    default package path controlled by APT, but does not patch ``sysconfig`` to
+    do the same. This is similar to the bug worked around in ``get_scheme()``,
+    but here the default is ``deb_system`` instead of ``unix_local``. Ultimately
+    we can't do anything about this Debian bug, and this detection allows us to
+    skip the warning when needed.
+    """
+    if not _looks_like_debian_scheme():
+        return False
+    if value == "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages":
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def get_purelib() -> str:
+    """Return the default pure-Python lib location."""
+    new = _sysconfig.get_purelib()
+    if _USE_SYSCONFIG:
+        return new
+
+    old = _distutils.get_purelib()
+    if _looks_like_deb_system_dist_packages(old):
+        return old
+    if _warn_if_mismatch(pathlib.Path(old), pathlib.Path(new), key="purelib"):
+        _log_context()
+    return old
+
+
+def get_platlib() -> str:
+    """Return the default platform-shared lib location."""
+    new = _sysconfig.get_platlib()
+    if _USE_SYSCONFIG:
+        return new
+
+    from . import _distutils
+
+    old = _distutils.get_platlib()
+    if _looks_like_deb_system_dist_packages(old):
+        return old
+    if _warn_if_mismatch(pathlib.Path(old), pathlib.Path(new), key="platlib"):
+        _log_context()
+    return old
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/_distutils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/_distutils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e18c6e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/_distutils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+"""Locations where we look for configs, install stuff, etc"""
+
+# The following comment should be removed at some point in the future.
+# mypy: strict-optional=False
+
+# If pip's going to use distutils, it should not be using the copy that setuptools
+# might have injected into the environment. This is done by removing the injected
+# shim, if it's injected.
+#
+# See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8761 for the original discussion and
+# rationale for why this is done within pip.
+try:
+    __import__("_distutils_hack").remove_shim()
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+    pass
+
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+from distutils.cmd import Command as DistutilsCommand
+from distutils.command.install import SCHEME_KEYS
+from distutils.command.install import install as distutils_install_command
+from distutils.sysconfig import get_python_lib
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from pip._internal.models.scheme import Scheme
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+from .base import get_major_minor_version
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def distutils_scheme(
+    dist_name: str,
+    user: bool = False,
+    home: Optional[str] = None,
+    root: Optional[str] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    ignore_config_files: bool = False,
+) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a distutils install scheme
+    """
+    from distutils.dist import Distribution
+
+    dist_args: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]] = {"name": dist_name}
+    if isolated:
+        dist_args["script_args"] = ["--no-user-cfg"]
+
+    d = Distribution(dist_args)
+    if not ignore_config_files:
+        try:
+            d.parse_config_files()
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            paths = d.find_config_files()
+            logger.warning(
+                "Ignore distutils configs in %s due to encoding errors.",
+                ", ".join(os.path.basename(p) for p in paths),
+            )
+    obj: Optional[DistutilsCommand] = None
+    obj = d.get_command_obj("install", create=True)
+    assert obj is not None
+    i = cast(distutils_install_command, obj)
+    # NOTE: setting user or home has the side-effect of creating the home dir
+    # or user base for installations during finalize_options()
+    # ideally, we'd prefer a scheme class that has no side-effects.
+    assert not (user and prefix), f"user={user} prefix={prefix}"
+    assert not (home and prefix), f"home={home} prefix={prefix}"
+    i.user = user or i.user
+    if user or home:
+        i.prefix = ""
+    i.prefix = prefix or i.prefix
+    i.home = home or i.home
+    i.root = root or i.root
+    i.finalize_options()
+
+    scheme = {}
+    for key in SCHEME_KEYS:
+        scheme[key] = getattr(i, "install_" + key)
+
+    # install_lib specified in setup.cfg should install *everything*
+    # into there (i.e. it takes precedence over both purelib and
+    # platlib).  Note, i.install_lib is *always* set after
+    # finalize_options(); we only want to override here if the user
+    # has explicitly requested it hence going back to the config
+    if "install_lib" in d.get_option_dict("install"):
+        scheme.update({"purelib": i.install_lib, "platlib": i.install_lib})
+
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        if home:
+            prefix = home
+        elif user:
+            prefix = i.install_userbase
+        else:
+            prefix = i.prefix
+        scheme["headers"] = os.path.join(
+            prefix,
+            "include",
+            "site",
+            f"python{get_major_minor_version()}",
+            dist_name,
+        )
+
+        if root is not None:
+            path_no_drive = os.path.splitdrive(os.path.abspath(scheme["headers"]))[1]
+            scheme["headers"] = os.path.join(root, path_no_drive[1:])
+
+    return scheme
+
+
+def get_scheme(
+    dist_name: str,
+    user: bool = False,
+    home: Optional[str] = None,
+    root: Optional[str] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Scheme:
+    """
+    Get the "scheme" corresponding to the input parameters. The distutils
+    documentation provides the context for the available schemes:
+    https://docs.python.org/3/install/index.html#alternate-installation
+
+    :param dist_name: the name of the package to retrieve the scheme for, used
+        in the headers scheme path
+    :param user: indicates to use the "user" scheme
+    :param home: indicates to use the "home" scheme and provides the base
+        directory for the same
+    :param root: root under which other directories are re-based
+    :param isolated: equivalent to --no-user-cfg, i.e. do not consider
+        ~/.pydistutils.cfg (posix) or ~/pydistutils.cfg (non-posix) for
+        scheme paths
+    :param prefix: indicates to use the "prefix" scheme and provides the
+        base directory for the same
+    """
+    scheme = distutils_scheme(dist_name, user, home, root, isolated, prefix)
+    return Scheme(
+        platlib=scheme["platlib"],
+        purelib=scheme["purelib"],
+        headers=scheme["headers"],
+        scripts=scheme["scripts"],
+        data=scheme["data"],
+    )
+
+
+def get_bin_prefix() -> str:
+    # XXX: In old virtualenv versions, sys.prefix can contain '..' components,
+    # so we need to call normpath to eliminate them.
+    prefix = os.path.normpath(sys.prefix)
+    if WINDOWS:
+        bin_py = os.path.join(prefix, "Scripts")
+        # buildout uses 'bin' on Windows too?
+        if not os.path.exists(bin_py):
+            bin_py = os.path.join(prefix, "bin")
+        return bin_py
+    # Forcing to use /usr/local/bin for standard macOS framework installs
+    # Also log to ~/Library/Logs/ for use with the Console.app log viewer
+    if sys.platform[:6] == "darwin" and prefix[:16] == "/System/Library/":
+        return "/usr/local/bin"
+    return os.path.join(prefix, "bin")
+
+
+def get_purelib() -> str:
+    return get_python_lib(plat_specific=False)
+
+
+def get_platlib() -> str:
+    return get_python_lib(plat_specific=True)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/_sysconfig.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/_sysconfig.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97aef1f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/_sysconfig.py
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+import typing
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InvalidSchemeCombination, UserInstallationInvalid
+from pip._internal.models.scheme import SCHEME_KEYS, Scheme
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+from .base import change_root, get_major_minor_version, is_osx_framework
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# Notes on _infer_* functions.
+# Unfortunately ``get_default_scheme()`` didn't exist before 3.10, so there's no
+# way to ask things like "what is the '_prefix' scheme on this platform". These
+# functions try to answer that with some heuristics while accounting for ad-hoc
+# platforms not covered by CPython's default sysconfig implementation. If the
+# ad-hoc implementation does not fully implement sysconfig, we'll fall back to
+# a POSIX scheme.
+
+_AVAILABLE_SCHEMES = set(sysconfig.get_scheme_names())
+
+_PREFERRED_SCHEME_API = getattr(sysconfig, "get_preferred_scheme", None)
+
+
+def _should_use_osx_framework_prefix() -> bool:
+    """Check for Apple's ``osx_framework_library`` scheme.
+
+    Python distributed by Apple's Command Line Tools has this special scheme
+    that's used when:
+
+    * This is a framework build.
+    * We are installing into the system prefix.
+
+    This does not account for ``pip install --prefix`` (also means we're not
+    installing to the system prefix), which should use ``posix_prefix``, but
+    logic here means ``_infer_prefix()`` outputs ``osx_framework_library``. But
+    since ``prefix`` is not available for ``sysconfig.get_default_scheme()``,
+    which is the stdlib replacement for ``_infer_prefix()``, presumably Apple
+    wouldn't be able to magically switch between ``osx_framework_library`` and
+    ``posix_prefix``. ``_infer_prefix()`` returning ``osx_framework_library``
+    means its behavior is consistent whether we use the stdlib implementation
+    or our own, and we deal with this special case in ``get_scheme()`` instead.
+    """
+    return (
+        "osx_framework_library" in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES
+        and not running_under_virtualenv()
+        and is_osx_framework()
+    )
+
+
+def _infer_prefix() -> str:
+    """Try to find a prefix scheme for the current platform.
+
+    This tries:
+
+    * A special ``osx_framework_library`` for Python distributed by Apple's
+      Command Line Tools, when not running in a virtual environment.
+    * Implementation + OS, used by PyPy on Windows (``pypy_nt``).
+    * Implementation without OS, used by PyPy on POSIX (``pypy``).
+    * OS + "prefix", used by CPython on POSIX (``posix_prefix``).
+    * Just the OS name, used by CPython on Windows (``nt``).
+
+    If none of the above works, fall back to ``posix_prefix``.
+    """
+    if _PREFERRED_SCHEME_API:
+        return _PREFERRED_SCHEME_API("prefix")
+    if _should_use_osx_framework_prefix():
+        return "osx_framework_library"
+    implementation_suffixed = f"{sys.implementation.name}_{os.name}"
+    if implementation_suffixed in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES:
+        return implementation_suffixed
+    if sys.implementation.name in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES:
+        return sys.implementation.name
+    suffixed = f"{os.name}_prefix"
+    if suffixed in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES:
+        return suffixed
+    if os.name in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES:  # On Windows, prefx is just called "nt".
+        return os.name
+    return "posix_prefix"
+
+
+def _infer_user() -> str:
+    """Try to find a user scheme for the current platform."""
+    if _PREFERRED_SCHEME_API:
+        return _PREFERRED_SCHEME_API("user")
+    if is_osx_framework() and not running_under_virtualenv():
+        suffixed = "osx_framework_user"
+    else:
+        suffixed = f"{os.name}_user"
+    if suffixed in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES:
+        return suffixed
+    if "posix_user" not in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES:  # User scheme unavailable.
+        raise UserInstallationInvalid()
+    return "posix_user"
+
+
+def _infer_home() -> str:
+    """Try to find a home for the current platform."""
+    if _PREFERRED_SCHEME_API:
+        return _PREFERRED_SCHEME_API("home")
+    suffixed = f"{os.name}_home"
+    if suffixed in _AVAILABLE_SCHEMES:
+        return suffixed
+    return "posix_home"
+
+
+# Update these keys if the user sets a custom home.
+_HOME_KEYS = [
+    "installed_base",
+    "base",
+    "installed_platbase",
+    "platbase",
+    "prefix",
+    "exec_prefix",
+]
+if sysconfig.get_config_var("userbase") is not None:
+    _HOME_KEYS.append("userbase")
+
+
+def get_scheme(
+    dist_name: str,
+    user: bool = False,
+    home: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    root: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    prefix: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Scheme:
+    """
+    Get the "scheme" corresponding to the input parameters.
+
+    :param dist_name: the name of the package to retrieve the scheme for, used
+        in the headers scheme path
+    :param user: indicates to use the "user" scheme
+    :param home: indicates to use the "home" scheme
+    :param root: root under which other directories are re-based
+    :param isolated: ignored, but kept for distutils compatibility (where
+        this controls whether the user-site pydistutils.cfg is honored)
+    :param prefix: indicates to use the "prefix" scheme and provides the
+        base directory for the same
+    """
+    if user and prefix:
+        raise InvalidSchemeCombination("--user", "--prefix")
+    if home and prefix:
+        raise InvalidSchemeCombination("--home", "--prefix")
+
+    if home is not None:
+        scheme_name = _infer_home()
+    elif user:
+        scheme_name = _infer_user()
+    else:
+        scheme_name = _infer_prefix()
+
+    # Special case: When installing into a custom prefix, use posix_prefix
+    # instead of osx_framework_library. See _should_use_osx_framework_prefix()
+    # docstring for details.
+    if prefix is not None and scheme_name == "osx_framework_library":
+        scheme_name = "posix_prefix"
+
+    if home is not None:
+        variables = {k: home for k in _HOME_KEYS}
+    elif prefix is not None:
+        variables = {k: prefix for k in _HOME_KEYS}
+    else:
+        variables = {}
+
+    paths = sysconfig.get_paths(scheme=scheme_name, vars=variables)
+
+    # Logic here is very arbitrary, we're doing it for compatibility, don't ask.
+    # 1. Pip historically uses a special header path in virtual environments.
+    # 2. If the distribution name is not known, distutils uses 'UNKNOWN'. We
+    #    only do the same when not running in a virtual environment because
+    #    pip's historical header path logic (see point 1) did not do this.
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        if user:
+            base = variables.get("userbase", sys.prefix)
+        else:
+            base = variables.get("base", sys.prefix)
+        python_xy = f"python{get_major_minor_version()}"
+        paths["include"] = os.path.join(base, "include", "site", python_xy)
+    elif not dist_name:
+        dist_name = "UNKNOWN"
+
+    scheme = Scheme(
+        platlib=paths["platlib"],
+        purelib=paths["purelib"],
+        headers=os.path.join(paths["include"], dist_name),
+        scripts=paths["scripts"],
+        data=paths["data"],
+    )
+    if root is not None:
+        for key in SCHEME_KEYS:
+            value = change_root(root, getattr(scheme, key))
+            setattr(scheme, key, value)
+    return scheme
+
+
+def get_bin_prefix() -> str:
+    # Forcing to use /usr/local/bin for standard macOS framework installs.
+    if sys.platform[:6] == "darwin" and sys.prefix[:16] == "/System/Library/":
+        return "/usr/local/bin"
+    return sysconfig.get_paths()["scripts"]
+
+
+def get_purelib() -> str:
+    return sysconfig.get_paths()["purelib"]
+
+
+def get_platlib() -> str:
+    return sysconfig.get_paths()["platlib"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f9f896e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/locations/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+import functools
+import os
+import site
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+import typing
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip._internal.utils import appdirs
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+# Application Directories
+USER_CACHE_DIR = appdirs.user_cache_dir("pip")
+
+# FIXME doesn't account for venv linked to global site-packages
+site_packages: str = sysconfig.get_path("purelib")
+
+
+def get_major_minor_version() -> str:
+    """
+    Return the major-minor version of the current Python as a string, e.g.
+    "3.7" or "3.10".
+    """
+    return "{}.{}".format(*sys.version_info)
+
+
+def change_root(new_root: str, pathname: str) -> str:
+    """Return 'pathname' with 'new_root' prepended.
+
+    If 'pathname' is relative, this is equivalent to os.path.join(new_root, pathname).
+    Otherwise, it requires making 'pathname' relative and then joining the
+    two, which is tricky on DOS/Windows and Mac OS.
+
+    This is borrowed from Python's standard library's distutils module.
+    """
+    if os.name == "posix":
+        if not os.path.isabs(pathname):
+            return os.path.join(new_root, pathname)
+        else:
+            return os.path.join(new_root, pathname[1:])
+
+    elif os.name == "nt":
+        (drive, path) = os.path.splitdrive(pathname)
+        if path[0] == "\\":
+            path = path[1:]
+        return os.path.join(new_root, path)
+
+    else:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            f"Unknown platform: {os.name}\n"
+            "Can not change root path prefix on unknown platform."
+        )
+
+
+def get_src_prefix() -> str:
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        src_prefix = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "src")
+    else:
+        # FIXME: keep src in cwd for now (it is not a temporary folder)
+        try:
+            src_prefix = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "src")
+        except OSError:
+            # In case the current working directory has been renamed or deleted
+            sys.exit("The folder you are executing pip from can no longer be found.")
+
+    # under macOS + virtualenv sys.prefix is not properly resolved
+    # it is something like /path/to/python/bin/..
+    return os.path.abspath(src_prefix)
+
+
+try:
+    # Use getusersitepackages if this is present, as it ensures that the
+    # value is initialised properly.
+    user_site: typing.Optional[str] = site.getusersitepackages()
+except AttributeError:
+    user_site = site.USER_SITE
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def is_osx_framework() -> bool:
+    return bool(sysconfig.get_config_var("PYTHONFRAMEWORK"))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33c6d24c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+
+def main(args: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> int:
+    """This is preserved for old console scripts that may still be referencing
+    it.
+
+    For additional details, see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/7498.
+    """
+    from pip._internal.utils.entrypoints import _wrapper
+
+    return _wrapper(args)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa232b6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Type, cast
+
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import strtobool
+
+from .base import BaseDistribution, BaseEnvironment, FilesystemWheel, MemoryWheel, Wheel
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Literal, Protocol
+else:
+    Protocol = object
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BaseDistribution",
+    "BaseEnvironment",
+    "FilesystemWheel",
+    "MemoryWheel",
+    "Wheel",
+    "get_default_environment",
+    "get_environment",
+    "get_wheel_distribution",
+    "select_backend",
+]
+
+
+def _should_use_importlib_metadata() -> bool:
+    """Whether to use the ``importlib.metadata`` or ``pkg_resources`` backend.
+
+    By default, pip uses ``importlib.metadata`` on Python 3.11+, and
+    ``pkg_resourcess`` otherwise. This can be overridden by a couple of ways:
+
+    * If environment variable ``_PIP_USE_IMPORTLIB_METADATA`` is set, it
+      dictates whether ``importlib.metadata`` is used, regardless of Python
+      version.
+    * On Python 3.11+, Python distributors can patch ``importlib.metadata``
+      to add a global constant ``_PIP_USE_IMPORTLIB_METADATA = False``. This
+      makes pip use ``pkg_resources`` (unless the user set the aforementioned
+      environment variable to *True*).
+    """
+    with contextlib.suppress(KeyError, ValueError):
+        return bool(strtobool(os.environ["_PIP_USE_IMPORTLIB_METADATA"]))
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+        return False
+    import importlib.metadata
+
+    return bool(getattr(importlib.metadata, "_PIP_USE_IMPORTLIB_METADATA", True))
+
+
+class Backend(Protocol):
+    NAME: 'Literal["importlib", "pkg_resources"]'
+    Distribution: Type[BaseDistribution]
+    Environment: Type[BaseEnvironment]
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def select_backend() -> Backend:
+    if _should_use_importlib_metadata():
+        from . import importlib
+
+        return cast(Backend, importlib)
+    from . import pkg_resources
+
+    return cast(Backend, pkg_resources)
+
+
+def get_default_environment() -> BaseEnvironment:
+    """Get the default representation for the current environment.
+
+    This returns an Environment instance from the chosen backend. The default
+    Environment instance should be built from ``sys.path`` and may use caching
+    to share instance state accorss calls.
+    """
+    return select_backend().Environment.default()
+
+
+def get_environment(paths: Optional[List[str]]) -> BaseEnvironment:
+    """Get a representation of the environment specified by ``paths``.
+
+    This returns an Environment instance from the chosen backend based on the
+    given import paths. The backend must build a fresh instance representing
+    the state of installed distributions when this function is called.
+    """
+    return select_backend().Environment.from_paths(paths)
+
+
+def get_directory_distribution(directory: str) -> BaseDistribution:
+    """Get the distribution metadata representation in the specified directory.
+
+    This returns a Distribution instance from the chosen backend based on
+    the given on-disk ``.dist-info`` directory.
+    """
+    return select_backend().Distribution.from_directory(directory)
+
+
+def get_wheel_distribution(wheel: Wheel, canonical_name: str) -> BaseDistribution:
+    """Get the representation of the specified wheel's distribution metadata.
+
+    This returns a Distribution instance from the chosen backend based on
+    the given wheel's ``.dist-info`` directory.
+
+    :param canonical_name: Normalized project name of the given wheel.
+    """
+    return select_backend().Distribution.from_wheel(wheel, canonical_name)
+
+
+def get_metadata_distribution(
+    metadata_contents: bytes,
+    filename: str,
+    canonical_name: str,
+) -> BaseDistribution:
+    """Get the dist representation of the specified METADATA file contents.
+
+    This returns a Distribution instance from the chosen backend sourced from the data
+    in `metadata_contents`.
+
+    :param metadata_contents: Contents of a METADATA file within a dist, or one served
+                              via PEP 658.
+    :param filename: Filename for the dist this metadata represents.
+    :param canonical_name: Normalized project name of the given dist.
+    """
+    return select_backend().Distribution.from_metadata_file_contents(
+        metadata_contents,
+        filename,
+        canonical_name,
+    )
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/__pycache__/pkg_resources.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/__pycache__/pkg_resources.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/_json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/_json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27362fc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/_json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# Extracted from https://github.com/pfmoore/pkg_metadata
+
+from email.header import Header, decode_header, make_header
+from email.message import Message
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
+
+METADATA_FIELDS = [
+    # Name, Multiple-Use
+    ("Metadata-Version", False),
+    ("Name", False),
+    ("Version", False),
+    ("Dynamic", True),
+    ("Platform", True),
+    ("Supported-Platform", True),
+    ("Summary", False),
+    ("Description", False),
+    ("Description-Content-Type", False),
+    ("Keywords", False),
+    ("Home-page", False),
+    ("Download-URL", False),
+    ("Author", False),
+    ("Author-email", False),
+    ("Maintainer", False),
+    ("Maintainer-email", False),
+    ("License", False),
+    ("Classifier", True),
+    ("Requires-Dist", True),
+    ("Requires-Python", False),
+    ("Requires-External", True),
+    ("Project-URL", True),
+    ("Provides-Extra", True),
+    ("Provides-Dist", True),
+    ("Obsoletes-Dist", True),
+]
+
+
+def json_name(field: str) -> str:
+    return field.lower().replace("-", "_")
+
+
+def msg_to_json(msg: Message) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Convert a Message object into a JSON-compatible dictionary."""
+
+    def sanitise_header(h: Union[Header, str]) -> str:
+        if isinstance(h, Header):
+            chunks = []
+            for bytes, encoding in decode_header(h):
+                if encoding == "unknown-8bit":
+                    try:
+                        # See if UTF-8 works
+                        bytes.decode("utf-8")
+                        encoding = "utf-8"
+                    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                        # If not, latin1 at least won't fail
+                        encoding = "latin1"
+                chunks.append((bytes, encoding))
+            return str(make_header(chunks))
+        return str(h)
+
+    result = {}
+    for field, multi in METADATA_FIELDS:
+        if field not in msg:
+            continue
+        key = json_name(field)
+        if multi:
+            value: Union[str, List[str]] = [
+                sanitise_header(v) for v in msg.get_all(field)  # type: ignore
+            ]
+        else:
+            value = sanitise_header(msg.get(field))  # type: ignore
+            if key == "keywords":
+                # Accept both comma-separated and space-separated
+                # forms, for better compatibility with old data.
+                if "," in value:
+                    value = [v.strip() for v in value.split(",")]
+                else:
+                    value = value.split()
+        result[key] = value
+
+    payload = msg.get_payload()
+    if payload:
+        result["description"] = payload
+
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92491244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,702 @@
+import csv
+import email.message
+import functools
+import json
+import logging
+import pathlib
+import re
+import zipfile
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Collection,
+    Container,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import InvalidSpecifier, SpecifierSet
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import LegacyVersion, Version
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import NoneMetadataError
+from pip._internal.locations import site_packages, user_site
+from pip._internal.models.direct_url import (
+    DIRECT_URL_METADATA_NAME,
+    DirectUrl,
+    DirectUrlValidationError,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import stdlib_pkgs  # TODO: Move definition here.
+from pip._internal.utils.egg_link import egg_link_path_from_sys_path
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import is_local, normalize_path
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import url_to_path
+
+from ._json import msg_to_json
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Protocol
+else:
+    Protocol = object
+
+DistributionVersion = Union[LegacyVersion, Version]
+
+InfoPath = Union[str, pathlib.PurePath]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class BaseEntryPoint(Protocol):
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def group(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def _convert_installed_files_path(
+    entry: Tuple[str, ...],
+    info: Tuple[str, ...],
+) -> str:
+    """Convert a legacy installed-files.txt path into modern RECORD path.
+
+    The legacy format stores paths relative to the info directory, while the
+    modern format stores paths relative to the package root, e.g. the
+    site-packages directory.
+
+    :param entry: Path parts of the installed-files.txt entry.
+    :param info: Path parts of the egg-info directory relative to package root.
+    :returns: The converted entry.
+
+    For best compatibility with symlinks, this does not use ``abspath()`` or
+    ``Path.resolve()``, but tries to work with path parts:
+
+    1. While ``entry`` starts with ``..``, remove the equal amounts of parts
+       from ``info``; if ``info`` is empty, start appending ``..`` instead.
+    2. Join the two directly.
+    """
+    while entry and entry[0] == "..":
+        if not info or info[-1] == "..":
+            info += ("..",)
+        else:
+            info = info[:-1]
+        entry = entry[1:]
+    return str(pathlib.Path(*info, *entry))
+
+
+class RequiresEntry(NamedTuple):
+    requirement: str
+    extra: str
+    marker: str
+
+
+class BaseDistribution(Protocol):
+    @classmethod
+    def from_directory(cls, directory: str) -> "BaseDistribution":
+        """Load the distribution from a metadata directory.
+
+        :param directory: Path to a metadata directory, e.g. ``.dist-info``.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_metadata_file_contents(
+        cls,
+        metadata_contents: bytes,
+        filename: str,
+        project_name: str,
+    ) -> "BaseDistribution":
+        """Load the distribution from the contents of a METADATA file.
+
+        This is used to implement PEP 658 by generating a "shallow" dist object that can
+        be used for resolution without downloading or building the actual dist yet.
+
+        :param metadata_contents: The contents of a METADATA file.
+        :param filename: File name for the dist with this metadata.
+        :param project_name: Name of the project this dist represents.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_wheel(cls, wheel: "Wheel", name: str) -> "BaseDistribution":
+        """Load the distribution from a given wheel.
+
+        :param wheel: A concrete wheel definition.
+        :param name: File name of the wheel.
+
+        :raises InvalidWheel: Whenever loading of the wheel causes a
+            :py:exc:`zipfile.BadZipFile` exception to be thrown.
+        :raises UnsupportedWheel: If the wheel is a valid zip, but malformed
+            internally.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.raw_name} {self.version} ({self.location})"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.raw_name} {self.version}"
+
+    @property
+    def location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Where the distribution is loaded from.
+
+        A string value is not necessarily a filesystem path, since distributions
+        can be loaded from other sources, e.g. arbitrary zip archives. ``None``
+        means the distribution is created in-memory.
+
+        Do not canonicalize this value with e.g. ``pathlib.Path.resolve()``. If
+        this is a symbolic link, we want to preserve the relative path between
+        it and files in the distribution.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def editable_project_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The project location for editable distributions.
+
+        This is the directory where pyproject.toml or setup.py is located.
+        None if the distribution is not installed in editable mode.
+        """
+        # TODO: this property is relatively costly to compute, memoize it ?
+        direct_url = self.direct_url
+        if direct_url:
+            if direct_url.is_local_editable():
+                return url_to_path(direct_url.url)
+        else:
+            # Search for an .egg-link file by walking sys.path, as it was
+            # done before by dist_is_editable().
+            egg_link_path = egg_link_path_from_sys_path(self.raw_name)
+            if egg_link_path:
+                # TODO: get project location from second line of egg_link file
+                #       (https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/10243)
+                return self.location
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def installed_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The distribution's "installed" location.
+
+        This should generally be a ``site-packages`` directory. This is
+        usually ``dist.location``, except for legacy develop-installed packages,
+        where ``dist.location`` is the source code location, and this is where
+        the ``.egg-link`` file is.
+
+        The returned location is normalized (in particular, with symlinks removed).
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def info_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Location of the .[egg|dist]-info directory or file.
+
+        Similarly to ``location``, a string value is not necessarily a
+        filesystem path. ``None`` means the distribution is created in-memory.
+
+        For a modern .dist-info installation on disk, this should be something
+        like ``{location}/{raw_name}-{version}.dist-info``.
+
+        Do not canonicalize this value with e.g. ``pathlib.Path.resolve()``. If
+        this is a symbolic link, we want to preserve the relative path between
+        it and other files in the distribution.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def installed_by_distutils(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this distribution is installed with legacy distutils format.
+
+        A distribution installed with "raw" distutils not patched by setuptools
+        uses one single file at ``info_location`` to store metadata. We need to
+        treat this specially on uninstallation.
+        """
+        info_location = self.info_location
+        if not info_location:
+            return False
+        return pathlib.Path(info_location).is_file()
+
+    @property
+    def installed_as_egg(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this distribution is installed as an egg.
+
+        This usually indicates the distribution was installed by (older versions
+        of) easy_install.
+        """
+        location = self.location
+        if not location:
+            return False
+        return location.endswith(".egg")
+
+    @property
+    def installed_with_setuptools_egg_info(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this distribution is installed with the ``.egg-info`` format.
+
+        This usually indicates the distribution was installed with setuptools
+        with an old pip version or with ``single-version-externally-managed``.
+
+        Note that this ensure the metadata store is a directory. distutils can
+        also installs an ``.egg-info``, but as a file, not a directory. This
+        property is *False* for that case. Also see ``installed_by_distutils``.
+        """
+        info_location = self.info_location
+        if not info_location:
+            return False
+        if not info_location.endswith(".egg-info"):
+            return False
+        return pathlib.Path(info_location).is_dir()
+
+    @property
+    def installed_with_dist_info(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this distribution is installed with the "modern format".
+
+        This indicates a "modern" installation, e.g. storing metadata in the
+        ``.dist-info`` directory. This applies to installations made by
+        setuptools (but through pip, not directly), or anything using the
+        standardized build backend interface (PEP 517).
+        """
+        info_location = self.info_location
+        if not info_location:
+            return False
+        if not info_location.endswith(".dist-info"):
+            return False
+        return pathlib.Path(info_location).is_dir()
+
+    @property
+    def canonical_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> DistributionVersion:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def setuptools_filename(self) -> str:
+        """Convert a project name to its setuptools-compatible filename.
+
+        This is a copy of ``pkg_resources.to_filename()`` for compatibility.
+        """
+        return self.raw_name.replace("-", "_")
+
+    @property
+    def direct_url(self) -> Optional[DirectUrl]:
+        """Obtain a DirectUrl from this distribution.
+
+        Returns None if the distribution has no `direct_url.json` metadata,
+        or if `direct_url.json` is invalid.
+        """
+        try:
+            content = self.read_text(DIRECT_URL_METADATA_NAME)
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return None
+        try:
+            return DirectUrl.from_json(content)
+        except (
+            UnicodeDecodeError,
+            json.JSONDecodeError,
+            DirectUrlValidationError,
+        ) as e:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Error parsing %s for %s: %s",
+                DIRECT_URL_METADATA_NAME,
+                self.canonical_name,
+                e,
+            )
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def installer(self) -> str:
+        try:
+            installer_text = self.read_text("INSTALLER")
+        except (OSError, ValueError, NoneMetadataError):
+            return ""  # Fail silently if the installer file cannot be read.
+        for line in installer_text.splitlines():
+            cleaned_line = line.strip()
+            if cleaned_line:
+                return cleaned_line
+        return ""
+
+    @property
+    def requested(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_file("REQUESTED")
+
+    @property
+    def editable(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.editable_project_location)
+
+    @property
+    def local(self) -> bool:
+        """If distribution is installed in the current virtual environment.
+
+        Always True if we're not in a virtualenv.
+        """
+        if self.installed_location is None:
+            return False
+        return is_local(self.installed_location)
+
+    @property
+    def in_usersite(self) -> bool:
+        if self.installed_location is None or user_site is None:
+            return False
+        return self.installed_location.startswith(normalize_path(user_site))
+
+    @property
+    def in_site_packages(self) -> bool:
+        if self.installed_location is None or site_packages is None:
+            return False
+        return self.installed_location.startswith(normalize_path(site_packages))
+
+    def is_file(self, path: InfoPath) -> bool:
+        """Check whether an entry in the info directory is a file."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def iter_distutils_script_names(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        """Find distutils 'scripts' entries metadata.
+
+        If 'scripts' is supplied in ``setup.py``, distutils records those in the
+        installed distribution's ``scripts`` directory, a file for each script.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def read_text(self, path: InfoPath) -> str:
+        """Read a file in the info directory.
+
+        :raise FileNotFoundError: If ``path`` does not exist in the directory.
+        :raise NoneMetadataError: If ``path`` exists in the info directory, but
+            cannot be read.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self) -> Iterable[BaseEntryPoint]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _metadata_impl(self) -> email.message.Message:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+    def _metadata_cached(self) -> email.message.Message:
+        # When we drop python 3.7 support, move this to the metadata property and use
+        # functools.cached_property instead of lru_cache.
+        metadata = self._metadata_impl()
+        self._add_egg_info_requires(metadata)
+        return metadata
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self) -> email.message.Message:
+        """Metadata of distribution parsed from e.g. METADATA or PKG-INFO.
+
+        This should return an empty message if the metadata file is unavailable.
+
+        :raises NoneMetadataError: If the metadata file is available, but does
+            not contain valid metadata.
+        """
+        return self._metadata_cached()
+
+    @property
+    def metadata_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """PEP 566 compliant JSON-serializable representation of METADATA or PKG-INFO.
+
+        This should return an empty dict if the metadata file is unavailable.
+
+        :raises NoneMetadataError: If the metadata file is available, but does
+            not contain valid metadata.
+        """
+        return msg_to_json(self.metadata)
+
+    @property
+    def metadata_version(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Value of "Metadata-Version:" in distribution metadata, if available."""
+        return self.metadata.get("Metadata-Version")
+
+    @property
+    def raw_name(self) -> str:
+        """Value of "Name:" in distribution metadata."""
+        # The metadata should NEVER be missing the Name: key, but if it somehow
+        # does, fall back to the known canonical name.
+        return self.metadata.get("Name", self.canonical_name)
+
+    @property
+    def requires_python(self) -> SpecifierSet:
+        """Value of "Requires-Python:" in distribution metadata.
+
+        If the key does not exist or contains an invalid value, an empty
+        SpecifierSet should be returned.
+        """
+        value = self.metadata.get("Requires-Python")
+        if value is None:
+            return SpecifierSet()
+        try:
+            # Convert to str to satisfy the type checker; this can be a Header object.
+            spec = SpecifierSet(str(value))
+        except InvalidSpecifier as e:
+            message = "Package %r has an invalid Requires-Python: %s"
+            logger.warning(message, self.raw_name, e)
+            return SpecifierSet()
+        return spec
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, extras: Collection[str] = ()) -> Iterable[Requirement]:
+        """Dependencies of this distribution.
+
+        For modern .dist-info distributions, this is the collection of
+        "Requires-Dist:" entries in distribution metadata.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def iter_provided_extras(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """Extras provided by this distribution.
+
+        For modern .dist-info distributions, this is the collection of
+        "Provides-Extra:" entries in distribution metadata.
+
+        The return value of this function is not particularly useful other than
+        display purposes due to backward compatibility issues and the extra
+        names being poorly normalized prior to PEP 685. If you want to perform
+        logic operations on extras, use :func:`is_extra_provided` instead.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def is_extra_provided(self, extra: str) -> bool:
+        """Check whether an extra is provided by this distribution.
+
+        This is needed mostly for compatibility issues with pkg_resources not
+        following the extra normalization rules defined in PEP 685.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _iter_declared_entries_from_record(self) -> Optional[Iterator[str]]:
+        try:
+            text = self.read_text("RECORD")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return None
+        # This extra Path-str cast normalizes entries.
+        return (str(pathlib.Path(row[0])) for row in csv.reader(text.splitlines()))
+
+    def _iter_declared_entries_from_legacy(self) -> Optional[Iterator[str]]:
+        try:
+            text = self.read_text("installed-files.txt")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return None
+        paths = (p for p in text.splitlines(keepends=False) if p)
+        root = self.location
+        info = self.info_location
+        if root is None or info is None:
+            return paths
+        try:
+            info_rel = pathlib.Path(info).relative_to(root)
+        except ValueError:  # info is not relative to root.
+            return paths
+        if not info_rel.parts:  # info *is* root.
+            return paths
+        return (
+            _convert_installed_files_path(pathlib.Path(p).parts, info_rel.parts)
+            for p in paths
+        )
+
+    def iter_declared_entries(self) -> Optional[Iterator[str]]:
+        """Iterate through file entries declared in this distribution.
+
+        For modern .dist-info distributions, this is the files listed in the
+        ``RECORD`` metadata file. For legacy setuptools distributions, this
+        comes from ``installed-files.txt``, with entries normalized to be
+        compatible with the format used by ``RECORD``.
+
+        :return: An iterator for listed entries, or None if the distribution
+            contains neither ``RECORD`` nor ``installed-files.txt``.
+        """
+        return (
+            self._iter_declared_entries_from_record()
+            or self._iter_declared_entries_from_legacy()
+        )
+
+    def _iter_requires_txt_entries(self) -> Iterator[RequiresEntry]:
+        """Parse a ``requires.txt`` in an egg-info directory.
+
+        This is an INI-ish format where an egg-info stores dependencies. A
+        section name describes extra other environment markers, while each entry
+        is an arbitrary string (not a key-value pair) representing a dependency
+        as a requirement string (no markers).
+
+        There is a construct in ``importlib.metadata`` called ``Sectioned`` that
+        does mostly the same, but the format is currently considered private.
+        """
+        try:
+            content = self.read_text("requires.txt")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return
+        extra = marker = ""  # Section-less entries don't have markers.
+        for line in content.splitlines():
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith("#"):  # Comment; ignored.
+                continue
+            if line.startswith("[") and line.endswith("]"):  # A section header.
+                extra, _, marker = line.strip("[]").partition(":")
+                continue
+            yield RequiresEntry(requirement=line, extra=extra, marker=marker)
+
+    def _iter_egg_info_extras(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """Get extras from the egg-info directory."""
+        known_extras = {""}
+        for entry in self._iter_requires_txt_entries():
+            extra = canonicalize_name(entry.extra)
+            if extra in known_extras:
+                continue
+            known_extras.add(extra)
+            yield extra
+
+    def _iter_egg_info_dependencies(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """Get distribution dependencies from the egg-info directory.
+
+        To ease parsing, this converts a legacy dependency entry into a PEP 508
+        requirement string. Like ``_iter_requires_txt_entries()``, there is code
+        in ``importlib.metadata`` that does mostly the same, but not do exactly
+        what we need.
+
+        Namely, ``importlib.metadata`` does not normalize the extra name before
+        putting it into the requirement string, which causes marker comparison
+        to fail because the dist-info format do normalize. This is consistent in
+        all currently available PEP 517 backends, although not standardized.
+        """
+        for entry in self._iter_requires_txt_entries():
+            extra = canonicalize_name(entry.extra)
+            if extra and entry.marker:
+                marker = f'({entry.marker}) and extra == "{extra}"'
+            elif extra:
+                marker = f'extra == "{extra}"'
+            elif entry.marker:
+                marker = entry.marker
+            else:
+                marker = ""
+            if marker:
+                yield f"{entry.requirement} ; {marker}"
+            else:
+                yield entry.requirement
+
+    def _add_egg_info_requires(self, metadata: email.message.Message) -> None:
+        """Add egg-info requires.txt information to the metadata."""
+        if not metadata.get_all("Requires-Dist"):
+            for dep in self._iter_egg_info_dependencies():
+                metadata["Requires-Dist"] = dep
+        if not metadata.get_all("Provides-Extra"):
+            for extra in self._iter_egg_info_extras():
+                metadata["Provides-Extra"] = extra
+
+
+class BaseEnvironment:
+    """An environment containing distributions to introspect."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def default(cls) -> "BaseEnvironment":
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_paths(cls, paths: Optional[List[str]]) -> "BaseEnvironment":
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_distribution(self, name: str) -> Optional["BaseDistribution"]:
+        """Given a requirement name, return the installed distributions.
+
+        The name may not be normalized. The implementation must canonicalize
+        it for lookup.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _iter_distributions(self) -> Iterator["BaseDistribution"]:
+        """Iterate through installed distributions.
+
+        This function should be implemented by subclass, but never called
+        directly. Use the public ``iter_distribution()`` instead, which
+        implements additional logic to make sure the distributions are valid.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def iter_all_distributions(self) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Iterate through all installed distributions without any filtering."""
+        for dist in self._iter_distributions():
+            # Make sure the distribution actually comes from a valid Python
+            # packaging distribution. Pip's AdjacentTempDirectory leaves folders
+            # e.g. ``~atplotlib.dist-info`` if cleanup was interrupted. The
+            # valid project name pattern is taken from PEP 508.
+            project_name_valid = re.match(
+                r"^([A-Z0-9]|[A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9._-]*[A-Z0-9])$",
+                dist.canonical_name,
+                flags=re.IGNORECASE,
+            )
+            if not project_name_valid:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Ignoring invalid distribution %s (%s)",
+                    dist.canonical_name,
+                    dist.location,
+                )
+                continue
+            yield dist
+
+    def iter_installed_distributions(
+        self,
+        local_only: bool = True,
+        skip: Container[str] = stdlib_pkgs,
+        include_editables: bool = True,
+        editables_only: bool = False,
+        user_only: bool = False,
+    ) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Return a list of installed distributions.
+
+        This is based on ``iter_all_distributions()`` with additional filtering
+        options. Note that ``iter_installed_distributions()`` without arguments
+        is *not* equal to ``iter_all_distributions()``, since some of the
+        configurations exclude packages by default.
+
+        :param local_only: If True (default), only return installations
+        local to the current virtualenv, if in a virtualenv.
+        :param skip: An iterable of canonicalized project names to ignore;
+            defaults to ``stdlib_pkgs``.
+        :param include_editables: If False, don't report editables.
+        :param editables_only: If True, only report editables.
+        :param user_only: If True, only report installations in the user
+        site directory.
+        """
+        it = self.iter_all_distributions()
+        if local_only:
+            it = (d for d in it if d.local)
+        if not include_editables:
+            it = (d for d in it if not d.editable)
+        if editables_only:
+            it = (d for d in it if d.editable)
+        if user_only:
+            it = (d for d in it if d.in_usersite)
+        return (d for d in it if d.canonical_name not in skip)
+
+
+class Wheel(Protocol):
+    location: str
+
+    def as_zipfile(self) -> zipfile.ZipFile:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class FilesystemWheel(Wheel):
+    def __init__(self, location: str) -> None:
+        self.location = location
+
+    def as_zipfile(self) -> zipfile.ZipFile:
+        return zipfile.ZipFile(self.location, allowZip64=True)
+
+
+class MemoryWheel(Wheel):
+    def __init__(self, location: str, stream: IO[bytes]) -> None:
+        self.location = location
+        self.stream = stream
+
+    def as_zipfile(self) -> zipfile.ZipFile:
+        return zipfile.ZipFile(self.stream, allowZip64=True)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a779138d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from ._dists import Distribution
+from ._envs import Environment
+
+__all__ = ["NAME", "Distribution", "Environment"]
+
+NAME = "importlib"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/__pycache__/_envs.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/__pycache__/_envs.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..593bff23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import importlib.metadata
+from typing import Any, Optional, Protocol, cast
+
+
+class BadMetadata(ValueError):
+    def __init__(self, dist: importlib.metadata.Distribution, *, reason: str) -> None:
+        self.dist = dist
+        self.reason = reason
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Bad metadata in {self.dist} ({self.reason})"
+
+
+class BasePath(Protocol):
+    """A protocol that various path objects conform.
+
+    This exists because importlib.metadata uses both ``pathlib.Path`` and
+    ``zipfile.Path``, and we need a common base for type hints (Union does not
+    work well since ``zipfile.Path`` is too new for our linter setup).
+
+    This does not mean to be exhaustive, but only contains things that present
+    in both classes *that we need*.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self) -> "BasePath":
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def get_info_location(d: importlib.metadata.Distribution) -> Optional[BasePath]:
+    """Find the path to the distribution's metadata directory.
+
+    HACK: This relies on importlib.metadata's private ``_path`` attribute. Not
+    all distributions exist on disk, so importlib.metadata is correct to not
+    expose the attribute as public. But pip's code base is old and not as clean,
+    so we do this to avoid having to rewrite too many things. Hopefully we can
+    eliminate this some day.
+    """
+    return getattr(d, "_path", None)
+
+
+def get_dist_name(dist: importlib.metadata.Distribution) -> str:
+    """Get the distribution's project name.
+
+    The ``name`` attribute is only available in Python 3.10 or later. We are
+    targeting exactly that, but Mypy does not know this.
+    """
+    name = cast(Any, dist).name
+    if not isinstance(name, str):
+        raise BadMetadata(dist, reason="invalid metadata entry 'name'")
+    return name
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_dists.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_dists.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26370fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_dists.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+import email.message
+import importlib.metadata
+import os
+import pathlib
+import zipfile
+from typing import (
+    Collection,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InvalidWheel, UnsupportedWheel
+from pip._internal.metadata.base import (
+    BaseDistribution,
+    BaseEntryPoint,
+    DistributionVersion,
+    InfoPath,
+    Wheel,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import normalize_path
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+from pip._internal.utils.wheel import parse_wheel, read_wheel_metadata_file
+
+from ._compat import BasePath, get_dist_name
+
+
+class WheelDistribution(importlib.metadata.Distribution):
+    """An ``importlib.metadata.Distribution`` read from a wheel.
+
+    Although ``importlib.metadata.PathDistribution`` accepts ``zipfile.Path``,
+    its implementation is too "lazy" for pip's needs (we can't keep the ZipFile
+    handle open for the entire lifetime of the distribution object).
+
+    This implementation eagerly reads the entire metadata directory into the
+    memory instead, and operates from that.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        files: Mapping[pathlib.PurePosixPath, bytes],
+        info_location: pathlib.PurePosixPath,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._files = files
+        self.info_location = info_location
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_zipfile(
+        cls,
+        zf: zipfile.ZipFile,
+        name: str,
+        location: str,
+    ) -> "WheelDistribution":
+        info_dir, _ = parse_wheel(zf, name)
+        paths = (
+            (name, pathlib.PurePosixPath(name.split("/", 1)[-1]))
+            for name in zf.namelist()
+            if name.startswith(f"{info_dir}/")
+        )
+        files = {
+            relpath: read_wheel_metadata_file(zf, fullpath)
+            for fullpath, relpath in paths
+        }
+        info_location = pathlib.PurePosixPath(location, info_dir)
+        return cls(files, info_location)
+
+    def iterdir(self, path: InfoPath) -> Iterator[pathlib.PurePosixPath]:
+        # Only allow iterating through the metadata directory.
+        if pathlib.PurePosixPath(str(path)) in self._files:
+            return iter(self._files)
+        raise FileNotFoundError(path)
+
+    def read_text(self, filename: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        try:
+            data = self._files[pathlib.PurePosixPath(filename)]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+        try:
+            text = data.decode("utf-8")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+            wheel = self.info_location.parent
+            error = f"Error decoding metadata for {wheel}: {e} in {filename} file"
+            raise UnsupportedWheel(error)
+        return text
+
+
+class Distribution(BaseDistribution):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dist: importlib.metadata.Distribution,
+        info_location: Optional[BasePath],
+        installed_location: Optional[BasePath],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._dist = dist
+        self._info_location = info_location
+        self._installed_location = installed_location
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_directory(cls, directory: str) -> BaseDistribution:
+        info_location = pathlib.Path(directory)
+        dist = importlib.metadata.Distribution.at(info_location)
+        return cls(dist, info_location, info_location.parent)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_metadata_file_contents(
+        cls,
+        metadata_contents: bytes,
+        filename: str,
+        project_name: str,
+    ) -> BaseDistribution:
+        # Generate temp dir to contain the metadata file, and write the file contents.
+        temp_dir = pathlib.Path(
+            TempDirectory(kind="metadata", globally_managed=True).path
+        )
+        metadata_path = temp_dir / "METADATA"
+        metadata_path.write_bytes(metadata_contents)
+        # Construct dist pointing to the newly created directory.
+        dist = importlib.metadata.Distribution.at(metadata_path.parent)
+        return cls(dist, metadata_path.parent, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_wheel(cls, wheel: Wheel, name: str) -> BaseDistribution:
+        try:
+            with wheel.as_zipfile() as zf:
+                dist = WheelDistribution.from_zipfile(zf, name, wheel.location)
+        except zipfile.BadZipFile as e:
+            raise InvalidWheel(wheel.location, name) from e
+        except UnsupportedWheel as e:
+            raise UnsupportedWheel(f"{name} has an invalid wheel, {e}")
+        return cls(dist, dist.info_location, pathlib.PurePosixPath(wheel.location))
+
+    @property
+    def location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._info_location is None:
+            return None
+        return str(self._info_location.parent)
+
+    @property
+    def info_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._info_location is None:
+            return None
+        return str(self._info_location)
+
+    @property
+    def installed_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._installed_location is None:
+            return None
+        return normalize_path(str(self._installed_location))
+
+    def _get_dist_name_from_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Try to get the name from the metadata directory name.
+
+        This is much faster than reading metadata.
+        """
+        if self._info_location is None:
+            return None
+        stem, suffix = os.path.splitext(self._info_location.name)
+        if suffix not in (".dist-info", ".egg-info"):
+            return None
+        return stem.split("-", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def canonical_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        name = self._get_dist_name_from_location() or get_dist_name(self._dist)
+        return canonicalize_name(name)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> DistributionVersion:
+        return parse_version(self._dist.version)
+
+    def is_file(self, path: InfoPath) -> bool:
+        return self._dist.read_text(str(path)) is not None
+
+    def iter_distutils_script_names(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        # A distutils installation is always "flat" (not in e.g. egg form), so
+        # if this distribution's info location is NOT a pathlib.Path (but e.g.
+        # zipfile.Path), it can never contain any distutils scripts.
+        if not isinstance(self._info_location, pathlib.Path):
+            return
+        for child in self._info_location.joinpath("scripts").iterdir():
+            yield child.name
+
+    def read_text(self, path: InfoPath) -> str:
+        content = self._dist.read_text(str(path))
+        if content is None:
+            raise FileNotFoundError(path)
+        return content
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self) -> Iterable[BaseEntryPoint]:
+        # importlib.metadata's EntryPoint structure sasitfies BaseEntryPoint.
+        return self._dist.entry_points
+
+    def _metadata_impl(self) -> email.message.Message:
+        # From Python 3.10+, importlib.metadata declares PackageMetadata as the
+        # return type. This protocol is unfortunately a disaster now and misses
+        # a ton of fields that we need, including get() and get_payload(). We
+        # rely on the implementation that the object is actually a Message now,
+        # until upstream can improve the protocol. (python/cpython#94952)
+        return cast(email.message.Message, self._dist.metadata)
+
+    def iter_provided_extras(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return self.metadata.get_all("Provides-Extra", [])
+
+    def is_extra_provided(self, extra: str) -> bool:
+        return any(
+            canonicalize_name(provided_extra) == canonicalize_name(extra)
+            for provided_extra in self.metadata.get_all("Provides-Extra", [])
+        )
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, extras: Collection[str] = ()) -> Iterable[Requirement]:
+        contexts: Sequence[Dict[str, str]] = [{"extra": e} for e in extras]
+        for req_string in self.metadata.get_all("Requires-Dist", []):
+            req = Requirement(req_string)
+            if not req.marker:
+                yield req
+            elif not extras and req.marker.evaluate({"extra": ""}):
+                yield req
+            elif any(req.marker.evaluate(context) for context in contexts):
+                yield req
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_envs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_envs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..048dc55d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/importlib/_envs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+import functools
+import importlib.metadata
+import logging
+import os
+import pathlib
+import sys
+import zipfile
+import zipimport
+from typing import Iterator, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.metadata.base import BaseDistribution, BaseEnvironment
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import deprecated
+from pip._internal.utils.filetypes import WHEEL_EXTENSION
+
+from ._compat import BadMetadata, BasePath, get_dist_name, get_info_location
+from ._dists import Distribution
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _looks_like_wheel(location: str) -> bool:
+    if not location.endswith(WHEEL_EXTENSION):
+        return False
+    if not os.path.isfile(location):
+        return False
+    if not Wheel.wheel_file_re.match(os.path.basename(location)):
+        return False
+    return zipfile.is_zipfile(location)
+
+
+class _DistributionFinder:
+    """Finder to locate distributions.
+
+    The main purpose of this class is to memoize found distributions' names, so
+    only one distribution is returned for each package name. At lot of pip code
+    assumes this (because it is setuptools's behavior), and not doing the same
+    can potentially cause a distribution in lower precedence path to override a
+    higher precedence one if the caller is not careful.
+
+    Eventually we probably want to make it possible to see lower precedence
+    installations as well. It's useful feature, after all.
+    """
+
+    FoundResult = Tuple[importlib.metadata.Distribution, Optional[BasePath]]
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._found_names: Set[NormalizedName] = set()
+
+    def _find_impl(self, location: str) -> Iterator[FoundResult]:
+        """Find distributions in a location."""
+        # Skip looking inside a wheel. Since a package inside a wheel is not
+        # always valid (due to .data directories etc.), its .dist-info entry
+        # should not be considered an installed distribution.
+        if _looks_like_wheel(location):
+            return
+        # To know exactly where we find a distribution, we have to feed in the
+        # paths one by one, instead of dumping the list to importlib.metadata.
+        for dist in importlib.metadata.distributions(path=[location]):
+            info_location = get_info_location(dist)
+            try:
+                raw_name = get_dist_name(dist)
+            except BadMetadata as e:
+                logger.warning("Skipping %s due to %s", info_location, e.reason)
+                continue
+            normalized_name = canonicalize_name(raw_name)
+            if normalized_name in self._found_names:
+                continue
+            self._found_names.add(normalized_name)
+            yield dist, info_location
+
+    def find(self, location: str) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Find distributions in a location.
+
+        The path can be either a directory, or a ZIP archive.
+        """
+        for dist, info_location in self._find_impl(location):
+            if info_location is None:
+                installed_location: Optional[BasePath] = None
+            else:
+                installed_location = info_location.parent
+            yield Distribution(dist, info_location, installed_location)
+
+    def find_linked(self, location: str) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Read location in egg-link files and return distributions in there.
+
+        The path should be a directory; otherwise this returns nothing. This
+        follows how setuptools does this for compatibility. The first non-empty
+        line in the egg-link is read as a path (resolved against the egg-link's
+        containing directory if relative). Distributions found at that linked
+        location are returned.
+        """
+        path = pathlib.Path(location)
+        if not path.is_dir():
+            return
+        for child in path.iterdir():
+            if child.suffix != ".egg-link":
+                continue
+            with child.open() as f:
+                lines = (line.strip() for line in f)
+                target_rel = next((line for line in lines if line), "")
+            if not target_rel:
+                continue
+            target_location = str(path.joinpath(target_rel))
+            for dist, info_location in self._find_impl(target_location):
+                yield Distribution(dist, info_location, path)
+
+    def _find_eggs_in_dir(self, location: str) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        from pip._vendor.pkg_resources import find_distributions
+
+        from pip._internal.metadata import pkg_resources as legacy
+
+        with os.scandir(location) as it:
+            for entry in it:
+                if not entry.name.endswith(".egg"):
+                    continue
+                for dist in find_distributions(entry.path):
+                    yield legacy.Distribution(dist)
+
+    def _find_eggs_in_zip(self, location: str) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        from pip._vendor.pkg_resources import find_eggs_in_zip
+
+        from pip._internal.metadata import pkg_resources as legacy
+
+        try:
+            importer = zipimport.zipimporter(location)
+        except zipimport.ZipImportError:
+            return
+        for dist in find_eggs_in_zip(importer, location):
+            yield legacy.Distribution(dist)
+
+    def find_eggs(self, location: str) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Find eggs in a location.
+
+        This actually uses the old *pkg_resources* backend. We likely want to
+        deprecate this so we can eventually remove the *pkg_resources*
+        dependency entirely. Before that, this should first emit a deprecation
+        warning for some versions when using the fallback since importing
+        *pkg_resources* is slow for those who don't need it.
+        """
+        if os.path.isdir(location):
+            yield from self._find_eggs_in_dir(location)
+        if zipfile.is_zipfile(location):
+            yield from self._find_eggs_in_zip(location)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)  # Warn a distribution exactly once.
+def _emit_egg_deprecation(location: Optional[str]) -> None:
+    deprecated(
+        reason=f"Loading egg at {location} is deprecated.",
+        replacement="to use pip for package installation.",
+        gone_in="24.3",
+        issue=12330,
+    )
+
+
+class Environment(BaseEnvironment):
+    def __init__(self, paths: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+        self._paths = paths
+
+    @classmethod
+    def default(cls) -> BaseEnvironment:
+        return cls(sys.path)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_paths(cls, paths: Optional[List[str]]) -> BaseEnvironment:
+        if paths is None:
+            return cls(sys.path)
+        return cls(paths)
+
+    def _iter_distributions(self) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        finder = _DistributionFinder()
+        for location in self._paths:
+            yield from finder.find(location)
+            for dist in finder.find_eggs(location):
+                _emit_egg_deprecation(dist.location)
+                yield dist
+            # This must go last because that's how pkg_resources tie-breaks.
+            yield from finder.find_linked(location)
+
+    def get_distribution(self, name: str) -> Optional[BaseDistribution]:
+        matches = (
+            distribution
+            for distribution in self.iter_all_distributions()
+            if distribution.canonical_name == canonicalize_name(name)
+        )
+        return next(matches, None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/pkg_resources.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/pkg_resources.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb11e5bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/metadata/pkg_resources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+import email.message
+import email.parser
+import logging
+import os
+import zipfile
+from typing import Collection, Iterable, Iterator, List, Mapping, NamedTuple, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor import pkg_resources
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InvalidWheel, NoneMetadataError, UnsupportedWheel
+from pip._internal.utils.egg_link import egg_link_path_from_location
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import display_path, normalize_path
+from pip._internal.utils.wheel import parse_wheel, read_wheel_metadata_file
+
+from .base import (
+    BaseDistribution,
+    BaseEntryPoint,
+    BaseEnvironment,
+    DistributionVersion,
+    InfoPath,
+    Wheel,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["NAME", "Distribution", "Environment"]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+NAME = "pkg_resources"
+
+
+class EntryPoint(NamedTuple):
+    name: str
+    value: str
+    group: str
+
+
+class InMemoryMetadata:
+    """IMetadataProvider that reads metadata files from a dictionary.
+
+    This also maps metadata decoding exceptions to our internal exception type.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, metadata: Mapping[str, bytes], wheel_name: str) -> None:
+        self._metadata = metadata
+        self._wheel_name = wheel_name
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        return name in self._metadata
+
+    def get_metadata(self, name: str) -> str:
+        try:
+            return self._metadata[name].decode()
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+            # Augment the default error with the origin of the file.
+            raise UnsupportedWheel(
+                f"Error decoding metadata for {self._wheel_name}: {e} in {name} file"
+            )
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name: str) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return pkg_resources.yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+    def metadata_isdir(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def metadata_listdir(self, name: str) -> List[str]:
+        return []
+
+    def run_script(self, script_name: str, namespace: str) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class Distribution(BaseDistribution):
+    def __init__(self, dist: pkg_resources.Distribution) -> None:
+        self._dist = dist
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_directory(cls, directory: str) -> BaseDistribution:
+        dist_dir = directory.rstrip(os.sep)
+
+        # Build a PathMetadata object, from path to metadata. :wink:
+        base_dir, dist_dir_name = os.path.split(dist_dir)
+        metadata = pkg_resources.PathMetadata(base_dir, dist_dir)
+
+        # Determine the correct Distribution object type.
+        if dist_dir.endswith(".egg-info"):
+            dist_cls = pkg_resources.Distribution
+            dist_name = os.path.splitext(dist_dir_name)[0]
+        else:
+            assert dist_dir.endswith(".dist-info")
+            dist_cls = pkg_resources.DistInfoDistribution
+            dist_name = os.path.splitext(dist_dir_name)[0].split("-")[0]
+
+        dist = dist_cls(base_dir, project_name=dist_name, metadata=metadata)
+        return cls(dist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_metadata_file_contents(
+        cls,
+        metadata_contents: bytes,
+        filename: str,
+        project_name: str,
+    ) -> BaseDistribution:
+        metadata_dict = {
+            "METADATA": metadata_contents,
+        }
+        dist = pkg_resources.DistInfoDistribution(
+            location=filename,
+            metadata=InMemoryMetadata(metadata_dict, filename),
+            project_name=project_name,
+        )
+        return cls(dist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_wheel(cls, wheel: Wheel, name: str) -> BaseDistribution:
+        try:
+            with wheel.as_zipfile() as zf:
+                info_dir, _ = parse_wheel(zf, name)
+                metadata_dict = {
+                    path.split("/", 1)[-1]: read_wheel_metadata_file(zf, path)
+                    for path in zf.namelist()
+                    if path.startswith(f"{info_dir}/")
+                }
+        except zipfile.BadZipFile as e:
+            raise InvalidWheel(wheel.location, name) from e
+        except UnsupportedWheel as e:
+            raise UnsupportedWheel(f"{name} has an invalid wheel, {e}")
+        dist = pkg_resources.DistInfoDistribution(
+            location=wheel.location,
+            metadata=InMemoryMetadata(metadata_dict, wheel.location),
+            project_name=name,
+        )
+        return cls(dist)
+
+    @property
+    def location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._dist.location
+
+    @property
+    def installed_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        egg_link = egg_link_path_from_location(self.raw_name)
+        if egg_link:
+            location = egg_link
+        elif self.location:
+            location = self.location
+        else:
+            return None
+        return normalize_path(location)
+
+    @property
+    def info_location(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._dist.egg_info
+
+    @property
+    def installed_by_distutils(self) -> bool:
+        # A distutils-installed distribution is provided by FileMetadata. This
+        # provider has a "path" attribute not present anywhere else. Not the
+        # best introspection logic, but pip has been doing this for a long time.
+        try:
+            return bool(self._dist._provider.path)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def canonical_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        return canonicalize_name(self._dist.project_name)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> DistributionVersion:
+        return parse_version(self._dist.version)
+
+    def is_file(self, path: InfoPath) -> bool:
+        return self._dist.has_metadata(str(path))
+
+    def iter_distutils_script_names(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        yield from self._dist.metadata_listdir("scripts")
+
+    def read_text(self, path: InfoPath) -> str:
+        name = str(path)
+        if not self._dist.has_metadata(name):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(name)
+        content = self._dist.get_metadata(name)
+        if content is None:
+            raise NoneMetadataError(self, name)
+        return content
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self) -> Iterable[BaseEntryPoint]:
+        for group, entries in self._dist.get_entry_map().items():
+            for name, entry_point in entries.items():
+                name, _, value = str(entry_point).partition("=")
+                yield EntryPoint(name=name.strip(), value=value.strip(), group=group)
+
+    def _metadata_impl(self) -> email.message.Message:
+        """
+        :raises NoneMetadataError: if the distribution reports `has_metadata()`
+            True but `get_metadata()` returns None.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self._dist, pkg_resources.DistInfoDistribution):
+            metadata_name = "METADATA"
+        else:
+            metadata_name = "PKG-INFO"
+        try:
+            metadata = self.read_text(metadata_name)
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            if self.location:
+                displaying_path = display_path(self.location)
+            else:
+                displaying_path = repr(self.location)
+            logger.warning("No metadata found in %s", displaying_path)
+            metadata = ""
+        feed_parser = email.parser.FeedParser()
+        feed_parser.feed(metadata)
+        return feed_parser.close()
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, extras: Collection[str] = ()) -> Iterable[Requirement]:
+        if extras:  # pkg_resources raises on invalid extras, so we sanitize.
+            extras = frozenset(pkg_resources.safe_extra(e) for e in extras)
+            extras = extras.intersection(self._dist.extras)
+        return self._dist.requires(extras)
+
+    def iter_provided_extras(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        return self._dist.extras
+
+    def is_extra_provided(self, extra: str) -> bool:
+        return pkg_resources.safe_extra(extra) in self._dist.extras
+
+
+class Environment(BaseEnvironment):
+    def __init__(self, ws: pkg_resources.WorkingSet) -> None:
+        self._ws = ws
+
+    @classmethod
+    def default(cls) -> BaseEnvironment:
+        return cls(pkg_resources.working_set)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_paths(cls, paths: Optional[List[str]]) -> BaseEnvironment:
+        return cls(pkg_resources.WorkingSet(paths))
+
+    def _iter_distributions(self) -> Iterator[BaseDistribution]:
+        for dist in self._ws:
+            yield Distribution(dist)
+
+    def _search_distribution(self, name: str) -> Optional[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Find a distribution matching the ``name`` in the environment.
+
+        This searches from *all* distributions available in the environment, to
+        match the behavior of ``pkg_resources.get_distribution()``.
+        """
+        canonical_name = canonicalize_name(name)
+        for dist in self.iter_all_distributions():
+            if dist.canonical_name == canonical_name:
+                return dist
+        return None
+
+    def get_distribution(self, name: str) -> Optional[BaseDistribution]:
+        # Search the distribution by looking through the working set.
+        dist = self._search_distribution(name)
+        if dist:
+            return dist
+
+        # If distribution could not be found, call working_set.require to
+        # update the working set, and try to find the distribution again.
+        # This might happen for e.g. when you install a package twice, once
+        # using setup.py develop and again using setup.py install. Now when
+        # running pip uninstall twice, the package gets removed from the
+        # working set in the first uninstall, so we have to populate the
+        # working set again so that pip knows about it and the packages gets
+        # picked up and is successfully uninstalled the second time too.
+        try:
+            # We didn't pass in any version specifiers, so this can never
+            # raise pkg_resources.VersionConflict.
+            self._ws.require(name)
+        except pkg_resources.DistributionNotFound:
+            return None
+        return self._search_distribution(name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7855226e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""A package that contains models that represent entities.
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/candidate.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/candidate.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9184a902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/candidate.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.utils.models import KeyBasedCompareMixin
+
+
+class InstallationCandidate(KeyBasedCompareMixin):
+    """Represents a potential "candidate" for installation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["name", "version", "link"]
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, version: str, link: Link) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.version = parse_version(version)
+        self.link = link
+
+        super().__init__(
+            key=(self.name, self.version, self.link),
+            defining_class=InstallationCandidate,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<InstallationCandidate({!r}, {!r}, {!r})>".format(
+            self.name,
+            self.version,
+            self.link,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.name!r} candidate (version {self.version} at {self.link})"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/direct_url.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/direct_url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0af884bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/direct_url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+""" PEP 610 """
+import json
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
+
+__all__ = [
+    "DirectUrl",
+    "DirectUrlValidationError",
+    "DirInfo",
+    "ArchiveInfo",
+    "VcsInfo",
+]
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+DIRECT_URL_METADATA_NAME = "direct_url.json"
+ENV_VAR_RE = re.compile(r"^\$\{[A-Za-z0-9-_]+\}(:\$\{[A-Za-z0-9-_]+\})?$")
+
+
+class DirectUrlValidationError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _get(
+    d: Dict[str, Any], expected_type: Type[T], key: str, default: Optional[T] = None
+) -> Optional[T]:
+    """Get value from dictionary and verify expected type."""
+    if key not in d:
+        return default
+    value = d[key]
+    if not isinstance(value, expected_type):
+        raise DirectUrlValidationError(
+            f"{value!r} has unexpected type for {key} (expected {expected_type})"
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _get_required(
+    d: Dict[str, Any], expected_type: Type[T], key: str, default: Optional[T] = None
+) -> T:
+    value = _get(d, expected_type, key, default)
+    if value is None:
+        raise DirectUrlValidationError(f"{key} must have a value")
+    return value
+
+
+def _exactly_one_of(infos: Iterable[Optional["InfoType"]]) -> "InfoType":
+    infos = [info for info in infos if info is not None]
+    if not infos:
+        raise DirectUrlValidationError(
+            "missing one of archive_info, dir_info, vcs_info"
+        )
+    if len(infos) > 1:
+        raise DirectUrlValidationError(
+            "more than one of archive_info, dir_info, vcs_info"
+        )
+    assert infos[0] is not None
+    return infos[0]
+
+
+def _filter_none(**kwargs: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Make dict excluding None values."""
+    return {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not None}
+
+
+class VcsInfo:
+    name = "vcs_info"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vcs: str,
+        commit_id: str,
+        requested_revision: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.vcs = vcs
+        self.requested_revision = requested_revision
+        self.commit_id = commit_id
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_dict(cls, d: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Optional["VcsInfo"]:
+        if d is None:
+            return None
+        return cls(
+            vcs=_get_required(d, str, "vcs"),
+            commit_id=_get_required(d, str, "commit_id"),
+            requested_revision=_get(d, str, "requested_revision"),
+        )
+
+    def _to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return _filter_none(
+            vcs=self.vcs,
+            requested_revision=self.requested_revision,
+            commit_id=self.commit_id,
+        )
+
+
+class ArchiveInfo:
+    name = "archive_info"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        hash: Optional[str] = None,
+        hashes: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # set hashes before hash, since the hash setter will further populate hashes
+        self.hashes = hashes
+        self.hash = hash
+
+    @property
+    def hash(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._hash
+
+    @hash.setter
+    def hash(self, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        if value is not None:
+            # Auto-populate the hashes key to upgrade to the new format automatically.
+            # We don't back-populate the legacy hash key from hashes.
+            try:
+                hash_name, hash_value = value.split("=", 1)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DirectUrlValidationError(
+                    f"invalid archive_info.hash format: {value!r}"
+                )
+            if self.hashes is None:
+                self.hashes = {hash_name: hash_value}
+            elif hash_name not in self.hashes:
+                self.hashes = self.hashes.copy()
+                self.hashes[hash_name] = hash_value
+        self._hash = value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_dict(cls, d: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Optional["ArchiveInfo"]:
+        if d is None:
+            return None
+        return cls(hash=_get(d, str, "hash"), hashes=_get(d, dict, "hashes"))
+
+    def _to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return _filter_none(hash=self.hash, hashes=self.hashes)
+
+
+class DirInfo:
+    name = "dir_info"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        editable: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.editable = editable
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_dict(cls, d: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Optional["DirInfo"]:
+        if d is None:
+            return None
+        return cls(editable=_get_required(d, bool, "editable", default=False))
+
+    def _to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return _filter_none(editable=self.editable or None)
+
+
+InfoType = Union[ArchiveInfo, DirInfo, VcsInfo]
+
+
+class DirectUrl:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: str,
+        info: InfoType,
+        subdirectory: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.url = url
+        self.info = info
+        self.subdirectory = subdirectory
+
+    def _remove_auth_from_netloc(self, netloc: str) -> str:
+        if "@" not in netloc:
+            return netloc
+        user_pass, netloc_no_user_pass = netloc.split("@", 1)
+        if (
+            isinstance(self.info, VcsInfo)
+            and self.info.vcs == "git"
+            and user_pass == "git"
+        ):
+            return netloc
+        if ENV_VAR_RE.match(user_pass):
+            return netloc
+        return netloc_no_user_pass
+
+    @property
+    def redacted_url(self) -> str:
+        """url with user:password part removed unless it is formed with
+        environment variables as specified in PEP 610, or it is ``git``
+        in the case of a git URL.
+        """
+        purl = urllib.parse.urlsplit(self.url)
+        netloc = self._remove_auth_from_netloc(purl.netloc)
+        surl = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(
+            (purl.scheme, netloc, purl.path, purl.query, purl.fragment)
+        )
+        return surl
+
+    def validate(self) -> None:
+        self.from_dict(self.to_dict())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, d: Dict[str, Any]) -> "DirectUrl":
+        return DirectUrl(
+            url=_get_required(d, str, "url"),
+            subdirectory=_get(d, str, "subdirectory"),
+            info=_exactly_one_of(
+                [
+                    ArchiveInfo._from_dict(_get(d, dict, "archive_info")),
+                    DirInfo._from_dict(_get(d, dict, "dir_info")),
+                    VcsInfo._from_dict(_get(d, dict, "vcs_info")),
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        res = _filter_none(
+            url=self.redacted_url,
+            subdirectory=self.subdirectory,
+        )
+        res[self.info.name] = self.info._to_dict()
+        return res
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_json(cls, s: str) -> "DirectUrl":
+        return cls.from_dict(json.loads(s))
+
+    def to_json(self) -> str:
+        return json.dumps(self.to_dict(), sort_keys=True)
+
+    def is_local_editable(self) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(self.info, DirInfo) and self.info.editable
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/format_control.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/format_control.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccd11272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/format_control.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from typing import FrozenSet, Optional, Set
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError
+
+
+class FormatControl:
+    """Helper for managing formats from which a package can be installed."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["no_binary", "only_binary"]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        no_binary: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+        only_binary: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if no_binary is None:
+            no_binary = set()
+        if only_binary is None:
+            only_binary = set()
+
+        self.no_binary = no_binary
+        self.only_binary = only_binary
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        if self.__slots__ != other.__slots__:
+            return False
+
+        return all(getattr(self, k) == getattr(other, k) for k in self.__slots__)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.no_binary}, {self.only_binary})"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def handle_mutual_excludes(value: str, target: Set[str], other: Set[str]) -> None:
+        if value.startswith("-"):
+            raise CommandError(
+                "--no-binary / --only-binary option requires 1 argument."
+            )
+        new = value.split(",")
+        while ":all:" in new:
+            other.clear()
+            target.clear()
+            target.add(":all:")
+            del new[: new.index(":all:") + 1]
+            # Without a none, we want to discard everything as :all: covers it
+            if ":none:" not in new:
+                return
+        for name in new:
+            if name == ":none:":
+                target.clear()
+                continue
+            name = canonicalize_name(name)
+            other.discard(name)
+            target.add(name)
+
+    def get_allowed_formats(self, canonical_name: str) -> FrozenSet[str]:
+        result = {"binary", "source"}
+        if canonical_name in self.only_binary:
+            result.discard("source")
+        elif canonical_name in self.no_binary:
+            result.discard("binary")
+        elif ":all:" in self.only_binary:
+            result.discard("source")
+        elif ":all:" in self.no_binary:
+            result.discard("binary")
+        return frozenset(result)
+
+    def disallow_binaries(self) -> None:
+        self.handle_mutual_excludes(
+            ":all:",
+            self.no_binary,
+            self.only_binary,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/index.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b94c3251
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import urllib.parse
+
+
+class PackageIndex:
+    """Represents a Package Index and provides easier access to endpoints"""
+
+    __slots__ = ["url", "netloc", "simple_url", "pypi_url", "file_storage_domain"]
+
+    def __init__(self, url: str, file_storage_domain: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.url = url
+        self.netloc = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url).netloc
+        self.simple_url = self._url_for_path("simple")
+        self.pypi_url = self._url_for_path("pypi")
+
+        # This is part of a temporary hack used to block installs of PyPI
+        # packages which depend on external urls only necessary until PyPI can
+        # block such packages themselves
+        self.file_storage_domain = file_storage_domain
+
+    def _url_for_path(self, path: str) -> str:
+        return urllib.parse.urljoin(self.url, path)
+
+
+PyPI = PackageIndex("https://pypi.org/", file_storage_domain="files.pythonhosted.org")
+TestPyPI = PackageIndex(
+    "https://test.pypi.org/", file_storage_domain="test-files.pythonhosted.org"
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/installation_report.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/installation_report.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9c6330d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/installation_report.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, Sequence
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.markers import default_environment
+
+from pip import __version__
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+
+
+class InstallationReport:
+    def __init__(self, install_requirements: Sequence[InstallRequirement]):
+        self._install_requirements = install_requirements
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _install_req_to_dict(cls, ireq: InstallRequirement) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        assert ireq.download_info, f"No download_info for {ireq}"
+        res = {
+            # PEP 610 json for the download URL. download_info.archive_info.hashes may
+            # be absent when the requirement was installed from the wheel cache
+            # and the cache entry was populated by an older pip version that did not
+            # record origin.json.
+            "download_info": ireq.download_info.to_dict(),
+            # is_direct is true if the requirement was a direct URL reference (which
+            # includes editable requirements), and false if the requirement was
+            # downloaded from a PEP 503 index or --find-links.
+            "is_direct": ireq.is_direct,
+            # is_yanked is true if the requirement was yanked from the index, but
+            # was still selected by pip to conform to PEP 592.
+            "is_yanked": ireq.link.is_yanked if ireq.link else False,
+            # requested is true if the requirement was specified by the user (aka
+            # top level requirement), and false if it was installed as a dependency of a
+            # requirement. https://peps.python.org/pep-0376/#requested
+            "requested": ireq.user_supplied,
+            # PEP 566 json encoding for metadata
+            # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0566/#json-compatible-metadata
+            "metadata": ireq.get_dist().metadata_dict,
+        }
+        if ireq.user_supplied and ireq.extras:
+            # For top level requirements, the list of requested extras, if any.
+            res["requested_extras"] = sorted(ireq.extras)
+        return res
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "version": "1",
+            "pip_version": __version__,
+            "install": [
+                self._install_req_to_dict(ireq) for ireq in self._install_requirements
+            ],
+            # https://peps.python.org/pep-0508/#environment-markers
+            # TODO: currently, the resolver uses the default environment to evaluate
+            # environment markers, so that is what we report here. In the future, it
+            # should also take into account options such as --python-version or
+            # --platform, perhaps under the form of an environment_override field?
+            # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/11198
+            "environment": default_environment(),
+        }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/link.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/link.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73041b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/link.py
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+import functools
+import itertools
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import deprecated
+from pip._internal.utils.filetypes import WHEEL_EXTENSION
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import Hashes
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    pairwise,
+    redact_auth_from_url,
+    split_auth_from_netloc,
+    splitext,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.models import KeyBasedCompareMixin
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url, url_to_path
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._internal.index.collector import IndexContent
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# Order matters, earlier hashes have a precedence over later hashes for what
+# we will pick to use.
+_SUPPORTED_HASHES = ("sha512", "sha384", "sha256", "sha224", "sha1", "md5")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class LinkHash:
+    """Links to content may have embedded hash values. This class parses those.
+
+    `name` must be any member of `_SUPPORTED_HASHES`.
+
+    This class can be converted to and from `ArchiveInfo`. While ArchiveInfo intends to
+    be JSON-serializable to conform to PEP 610, this class contains the logic for
+    parsing a hash name and value for correctness, and then checking whether that hash
+    conforms to a schema with `.is_hash_allowed()`."""
+
+    name: str
+    value: str
+
+    _hash_url_fragment_re = re.compile(
+        # NB: we do not validate that the second group (.*) is a valid hex
+        # digest. Instead, we simply keep that string in this class, and then check it
+        # against Hashes when hash-checking is needed. This is easier to debug than
+        # proactively discarding an invalid hex digest, as we handle incorrect hashes
+        # and malformed hashes in the same place.
+        r"[#&]({choices})=([^&]*)".format(
+            choices="|".join(re.escape(hash_name) for hash_name in _SUPPORTED_HASHES)
+        ),
+    )
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        assert self.name in _SUPPORTED_HASHES
+
+    @classmethod
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+    def find_hash_url_fragment(cls, url: str) -> Optional["LinkHash"]:
+        """Search a string for a checksum algorithm name and encoded output value."""
+        match = cls._hash_url_fragment_re.search(url)
+        if match is None:
+            return None
+        name, value = match.groups()
+        return cls(name=name, value=value)
+
+    def as_dict(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        return {self.name: self.value}
+
+    def as_hashes(self) -> Hashes:
+        """Return a Hashes instance which checks only for the current hash."""
+        return Hashes({self.name: [self.value]})
+
+    def is_hash_allowed(self, hashes: Optional[Hashes]) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return True if the current hash is allowed by `hashes`.
+        """
+        if hashes is None:
+            return False
+        return hashes.is_hash_allowed(self.name, hex_digest=self.value)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class MetadataFile:
+    """Information about a core metadata file associated with a distribution."""
+
+    hashes: Optional[Dict[str, str]]
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if self.hashes is not None:
+            assert all(name in _SUPPORTED_HASHES for name in self.hashes)
+
+
+def supported_hashes(hashes: Optional[Dict[str, str]]) -> Optional[Dict[str, str]]:
+    # Remove any unsupported hash types from the mapping. If this leaves no
+    # supported hashes, return None
+    if hashes is None:
+        return None
+    hashes = {n: v for n, v in hashes.items() if n in _SUPPORTED_HASHES}
+    if not hashes:
+        return None
+    return hashes
+
+
+def _clean_url_path_part(part: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Clean a "part" of a URL path (i.e. after splitting on "@" characters).
+    """
+    # We unquote prior to quoting to make sure nothing is double quoted.
+    return urllib.parse.quote(urllib.parse.unquote(part))
+
+
+def _clean_file_url_path(part: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Clean the first part of a URL path that corresponds to a local
+    filesystem path (i.e. the first part after splitting on "@" characters).
+    """
+    # We unquote prior to quoting to make sure nothing is double quoted.
+    # Also, on Windows the path part might contain a drive letter which
+    # should not be quoted. On Linux where drive letters do not
+    # exist, the colon should be quoted. We rely on urllib.request
+    # to do the right thing here.
+    return urllib.request.pathname2url(urllib.request.url2pathname(part))
+
+
+# percent-encoded:                   /
+_reserved_chars_re = re.compile("(@|%2F)", re.IGNORECASE)
+
+
+def _clean_url_path(path: str, is_local_path: bool) -> str:
+    """
+    Clean the path portion of a URL.
+    """
+    if is_local_path:
+        clean_func = _clean_file_url_path
+    else:
+        clean_func = _clean_url_path_part
+
+    # Split on the reserved characters prior to cleaning so that
+    # revision strings in VCS URLs are properly preserved.
+    parts = _reserved_chars_re.split(path)
+
+    cleaned_parts = []
+    for to_clean, reserved in pairwise(itertools.chain(parts, [""])):
+        cleaned_parts.append(clean_func(to_clean))
+        # Normalize %xx escapes (e.g. %2f -> %2F)
+        cleaned_parts.append(reserved.upper())
+
+    return "".join(cleaned_parts)
+
+
+def _ensure_quoted_url(url: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Make sure a link is fully quoted.
+    For example, if ' ' occurs in the URL, it will be replaced with "%20",
+    and without double-quoting other characters.
+    """
+    # Split the URL into parts according to the general structure
+    # `scheme://netloc/path;parameters?query#fragment`.
+    result = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    # If the netloc is empty, then the URL refers to a local filesystem path.
+    is_local_path = not result.netloc
+    path = _clean_url_path(result.path, is_local_path=is_local_path)
+    return urllib.parse.urlunparse(result._replace(path=path))
+
+
+class Link(KeyBasedCompareMixin):
+    """Represents a parsed link from a Package Index's simple URL"""
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        "_parsed_url",
+        "_url",
+        "_hashes",
+        "comes_from",
+        "requires_python",
+        "yanked_reason",
+        "metadata_file_data",
+        "cache_link_parsing",
+        "egg_fragment",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: str,
+        comes_from: Optional[Union[str, "IndexContent"]] = None,
+        requires_python: Optional[str] = None,
+        yanked_reason: Optional[str] = None,
+        metadata_file_data: Optional[MetadataFile] = None,
+        cache_link_parsing: bool = True,
+        hashes: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param url: url of the resource pointed to (href of the link)
+        :param comes_from: instance of IndexContent where the link was found,
+            or string.
+        :param requires_python: String containing the `Requires-Python`
+            metadata field, specified in PEP 345. This may be specified by
+            a data-requires-python attribute in the HTML link tag, as
+            described in PEP 503.
+        :param yanked_reason: the reason the file has been yanked, if the
+            file has been yanked, or None if the file hasn't been yanked.
+            This is the value of the "data-yanked" attribute, if present, in
+            a simple repository HTML link. If the file has been yanked but
+            no reason was provided, this should be the empty string. See
+            PEP 592 for more information and the specification.
+        :param metadata_file_data: the metadata attached to the file, or None if
+            no such metadata is provided. This argument, if not None, indicates
+            that a separate metadata file exists, and also optionally supplies
+            hashes for that file.
+        :param cache_link_parsing: A flag that is used elsewhere to determine
+            whether resources retrieved from this link should be cached. PyPI
+            URLs should generally have this set to False, for example.
+        :param hashes: A mapping of hash names to digests to allow us to
+            determine the validity of a download.
+        """
+
+        # The comes_from, requires_python, and metadata_file_data arguments are
+        # only used by classmethods of this class, and are not used in client
+        # code directly.
+
+        # url can be a UNC windows share
+        if url.startswith("\\\\"):
+            url = path_to_url(url)
+
+        self._parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+        # Store the url as a private attribute to prevent accidentally
+        # trying to set a new value.
+        self._url = url
+
+        link_hash = LinkHash.find_hash_url_fragment(url)
+        hashes_from_link = {} if link_hash is None else link_hash.as_dict()
+        if hashes is None:
+            self._hashes = hashes_from_link
+        else:
+            self._hashes = {**hashes, **hashes_from_link}
+
+        self.comes_from = comes_from
+        self.requires_python = requires_python if requires_python else None
+        self.yanked_reason = yanked_reason
+        self.metadata_file_data = metadata_file_data
+
+        super().__init__(key=url, defining_class=Link)
+
+        self.cache_link_parsing = cache_link_parsing
+        self.egg_fragment = self._egg_fragment()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_json(
+        cls,
+        file_data: Dict[str, Any],
+        page_url: str,
+    ) -> Optional["Link"]:
+        """
+        Convert an pypi json document from a simple repository page into a Link.
+        """
+        file_url = file_data.get("url")
+        if file_url is None:
+            return None
+
+        url = _ensure_quoted_url(urllib.parse.urljoin(page_url, file_url))
+        pyrequire = file_data.get("requires-python")
+        yanked_reason = file_data.get("yanked")
+        hashes = file_data.get("hashes", {})
+
+        # PEP 714: Indexes must use the name core-metadata, but
+        # clients should support the old name as a fallback for compatibility.
+        metadata_info = file_data.get("core-metadata")
+        if metadata_info is None:
+            metadata_info = file_data.get("dist-info-metadata")
+
+        # The metadata info value may be a boolean, or a dict of hashes.
+        if isinstance(metadata_info, dict):
+            # The file exists, and hashes have been supplied
+            metadata_file_data = MetadataFile(supported_hashes(metadata_info))
+        elif metadata_info:
+            # The file exists, but there are no hashes
+            metadata_file_data = MetadataFile(None)
+        else:
+            # False or not present: the file does not exist
+            metadata_file_data = None
+
+        # The Link.yanked_reason expects an empty string instead of a boolean.
+        if yanked_reason and not isinstance(yanked_reason, str):
+            yanked_reason = ""
+        # The Link.yanked_reason expects None instead of False.
+        elif not yanked_reason:
+            yanked_reason = None
+
+        return cls(
+            url,
+            comes_from=page_url,
+            requires_python=pyrequire,
+            yanked_reason=yanked_reason,
+            hashes=hashes,
+            metadata_file_data=metadata_file_data,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_element(
+        cls,
+        anchor_attribs: Dict[str, Optional[str]],
+        page_url: str,
+        base_url: str,
+    ) -> Optional["Link"]:
+        """
+        Convert an anchor element's attributes in a simple repository page to a Link.
+        """
+        href = anchor_attribs.get("href")
+        if not href:
+            return None
+
+        url = _ensure_quoted_url(urllib.parse.urljoin(base_url, href))
+        pyrequire = anchor_attribs.get("data-requires-python")
+        yanked_reason = anchor_attribs.get("data-yanked")
+
+        # PEP 714: Indexes must use the name data-core-metadata, but
+        # clients should support the old name as a fallback for compatibility.
+        metadata_info = anchor_attribs.get("data-core-metadata")
+        if metadata_info is None:
+            metadata_info = anchor_attribs.get("data-dist-info-metadata")
+        # The metadata info value may be the string "true", or a string of
+        # the form "hashname=hashval"
+        if metadata_info == "true":
+            # The file exists, but there are no hashes
+            metadata_file_data = MetadataFile(None)
+        elif metadata_info is None:
+            # The file does not exist
+            metadata_file_data = None
+        else:
+            # The file exists, and hashes have been supplied
+            hashname, sep, hashval = metadata_info.partition("=")
+            if sep == "=":
+                metadata_file_data = MetadataFile(supported_hashes({hashname: hashval}))
+            else:
+                # Error - data is wrong. Treat as no hashes supplied.
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Index returned invalid data-dist-info-metadata value: %s",
+                    metadata_info,
+                )
+                metadata_file_data = MetadataFile(None)
+
+        return cls(
+            url,
+            comes_from=page_url,
+            requires_python=pyrequire,
+            yanked_reason=yanked_reason,
+            metadata_file_data=metadata_file_data,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.requires_python:
+            rp = f" (requires-python:{self.requires_python})"
+        else:
+            rp = ""
+        if self.comes_from:
+            return f"{redact_auth_from_url(self._url)} (from {self.comes_from}){rp}"
+        else:
+            return redact_auth_from_url(str(self._url))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Link {self}>"
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        return self._url
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self) -> str:
+        path = self.path.rstrip("/")
+        name = posixpath.basename(path)
+        if not name:
+            # Make sure we don't leak auth information if the netloc
+            # includes a username and password.
+            netloc, user_pass = split_auth_from_netloc(self.netloc)
+            return netloc
+
+        name = urllib.parse.unquote(name)
+        assert name, f"URL {self._url!r} produced no filename"
+        return name
+
+    @property
+    def file_path(self) -> str:
+        return url_to_path(self.url)
+
+    @property
+    def scheme(self) -> str:
+        return self._parsed_url.scheme
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self) -> str:
+        """
+        This can contain auth information.
+        """
+        return self._parsed_url.netloc
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str:
+        return urllib.parse.unquote(self._parsed_url.path)
+
+    def splitext(self) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+        return splitext(posixpath.basename(self.path.rstrip("/")))
+
+    @property
+    def ext(self) -> str:
+        return self.splitext()[1]
+
+    @property
+    def url_without_fragment(self) -> str:
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = self._parsed_url
+        return urllib.parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, ""))
+
+    _egg_fragment_re = re.compile(r"[#&]egg=([^&]*)")
+
+    # Per PEP 508.
+    _project_name_re = re.compile(
+        r"^([A-Z0-9]|[A-Z0-9][A-Z0-9._-]*[A-Z0-9])$", re.IGNORECASE
+    )
+
+    def _egg_fragment(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        match = self._egg_fragment_re.search(self._url)
+        if not match:
+            return None
+
+        # An egg fragment looks like a PEP 508 project name, along with
+        # an optional extras specifier. Anything else is invalid.
+        project_name = match.group(1)
+        if not self._project_name_re.match(project_name):
+            deprecated(
+                reason=f"{self} contains an egg fragment with a non-PEP 508 name",
+                replacement="to use the req @ url syntax, and remove the egg fragment",
+                gone_in="25.0",
+                issue=11617,
+            )
+
+        return project_name
+
+    _subdirectory_fragment_re = re.compile(r"[#&]subdirectory=([^&]*)")
+
+    @property
+    def subdirectory_fragment(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        match = self._subdirectory_fragment_re.search(self._url)
+        if not match:
+            return None
+        return match.group(1)
+
+    def metadata_link(self) -> Optional["Link"]:
+        """Return a link to the associated core metadata file (if any)."""
+        if self.metadata_file_data is None:
+            return None
+        metadata_url = f"{self.url_without_fragment}.metadata"
+        if self.metadata_file_data.hashes is None:
+            return Link(metadata_url)
+        return Link(metadata_url, hashes=self.metadata_file_data.hashes)
+
+    def as_hashes(self) -> Hashes:
+        return Hashes({k: [v] for k, v in self._hashes.items()})
+
+    @property
+    def hash(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return next(iter(self._hashes.values()), None)
+
+    @property
+    def hash_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return next(iter(self._hashes), None)
+
+    @property
+    def show_url(self) -> str:
+        return posixpath.basename(self._url.split("#", 1)[0].split("?", 1)[0])
+
+    @property
+    def is_file(self) -> bool:
+        return self.scheme == "file"
+
+    def is_existing_dir(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_file and os.path.isdir(self.file_path)
+
+    @property
+    def is_wheel(self) -> bool:
+        return self.ext == WHEEL_EXTENSION
+
+    @property
+    def is_vcs(self) -> bool:
+        from pip._internal.vcs import vcs
+
+        return self.scheme in vcs.all_schemes
+
+    @property
+    def is_yanked(self) -> bool:
+        return self.yanked_reason is not None
+
+    @property
+    def has_hash(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._hashes)
+
+    def is_hash_allowed(self, hashes: Optional[Hashes]) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return True if the link has a hash and it is allowed by `hashes`.
+        """
+        if hashes is None:
+            return False
+        return any(hashes.is_hash_allowed(k, v) for k, v in self._hashes.items())
+
+
+class _CleanResult(NamedTuple):
+    """Convert link for equivalency check.
+
+    This is used in the resolver to check whether two URL-specified requirements
+    likely point to the same distribution and can be considered equivalent. This
+    equivalency logic avoids comparing URLs literally, which can be too strict
+    (e.g. "a=1&b=2" vs "b=2&a=1") and produce conflicts unexpecting to users.
+
+    Currently this does three things:
+
+    1. Drop the basic auth part. This is technically wrong since a server can
+       serve different content based on auth, but if it does that, it is even
+       impossible to guarantee two URLs without auth are equivalent, since
+       the user can input different auth information when prompted. So the
+       practical solution is to assume the auth doesn't affect the response.
+    2. Parse the query to avoid the ordering issue. Note that ordering under the
+       same key in the query are NOT cleaned; i.e. "a=1&a=2" and "a=2&a=1" are
+       still considered different.
+    3. Explicitly drop most of the fragment part, except ``subdirectory=`` and
+       hash values, since it should have no impact the downloaded content. Note
+       that this drops the "egg=" part historically used to denote the requested
+       project (and extras), which is wrong in the strictest sense, but too many
+       people are supplying it inconsistently to cause superfluous resolution
+       conflicts, so we choose to also ignore them.
+    """
+
+    parsed: urllib.parse.SplitResult
+    query: Dict[str, List[str]]
+    subdirectory: str
+    hashes: Dict[str, str]
+
+
+def _clean_link(link: Link) -> _CleanResult:
+    parsed = link._parsed_url
+    netloc = parsed.netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[-1]
+    # According to RFC 8089, an empty host in file: means localhost.
+    if parsed.scheme == "file" and not netloc:
+        netloc = "localhost"
+    fragment = urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed.fragment)
+    if "egg" in fragment:
+        logger.debug("Ignoring egg= fragment in %s", link)
+    try:
+        # If there are multiple subdirectory values, use the first one.
+        # This matches the behavior of Link.subdirectory_fragment.
+        subdirectory = fragment["subdirectory"][0]
+    except (IndexError, KeyError):
+        subdirectory = ""
+    # If there are multiple hash values under the same algorithm, use the
+    # first one. This matches the behavior of Link.hash_value.
+    hashes = {k: fragment[k][0] for k in _SUPPORTED_HASHES if k in fragment}
+    return _CleanResult(
+        parsed=parsed._replace(netloc=netloc, query="", fragment=""),
+        query=urllib.parse.parse_qs(parsed.query),
+        subdirectory=subdirectory,
+        hashes=hashes,
+    )
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def links_equivalent(link1: Link, link2: Link) -> bool:
+    return _clean_link(link1) == _clean_link(link2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/scheme.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/scheme.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f51190ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/scheme.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""
+For types associated with installation schemes.
+
+For a general overview of available schemes and their context, see
+https://docs.python.org/3/install/index.html#alternate-installation.
+"""
+
+
+SCHEME_KEYS = ["platlib", "purelib", "headers", "scripts", "data"]
+
+
+class Scheme:
+    """A Scheme holds paths which are used as the base directories for
+    artifacts associated with a Python package.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = SCHEME_KEYS
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        platlib: str,
+        purelib: str,
+        headers: str,
+        scripts: str,
+        data: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.platlib = platlib
+        self.purelib = purelib
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.scripts = scripts
+        self.data = data
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/search_scope.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/search_scope.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe61e811
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/search_scope.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+import itertools
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import urllib.parse
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.models.index import PyPI
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import has_tls
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import normalize_path, redact_auth_from_url
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class SearchScope:
+
+    """
+    Encapsulates the locations that pip is configured to search.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ["find_links", "index_urls", "no_index"]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        find_links: List[str],
+        index_urls: List[str],
+        no_index: bool,
+    ) -> "SearchScope":
+        """
+        Create a SearchScope object after normalizing the `find_links`.
+        """
+        # Build find_links. If an argument starts with ~, it may be
+        # a local file relative to a home directory. So try normalizing
+        # it and if it exists, use the normalized version.
+        # This is deliberately conservative - it might be fine just to
+        # blindly normalize anything starting with a ~...
+        built_find_links: List[str] = []
+        for link in find_links:
+            if link.startswith("~"):
+                new_link = normalize_path(link)
+                if os.path.exists(new_link):
+                    link = new_link
+            built_find_links.append(link)
+
+        # If we don't have TLS enabled, then WARN if anyplace we're looking
+        # relies on TLS.
+        if not has_tls():
+            for link in itertools.chain(index_urls, built_find_links):
+                parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(link)
+                if parsed.scheme == "https":
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "pip is configured with locations that require "
+                        "TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not "
+                        "available."
+                    )
+                    break
+
+        return cls(
+            find_links=built_find_links,
+            index_urls=index_urls,
+            no_index=no_index,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        find_links: List[str],
+        index_urls: List[str],
+        no_index: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.find_links = find_links
+        self.index_urls = index_urls
+        self.no_index = no_index
+
+    def get_formatted_locations(self) -> str:
+        lines = []
+        redacted_index_urls = []
+        if self.index_urls and self.index_urls != [PyPI.simple_url]:
+            for url in self.index_urls:
+                redacted_index_url = redact_auth_from_url(url)
+
+                # Parse the URL
+                purl = urllib.parse.urlsplit(redacted_index_url)
+
+                # URL is generally invalid if scheme and netloc is missing
+                # there are issues with Python and URL parsing, so this test
+                # is a bit crude. See bpo-20271, bpo-23505. Python doesn't
+                # always parse invalid URLs correctly - it should raise
+                # exceptions for malformed URLs
+                if not purl.scheme and not purl.netloc:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'The index url "%s" seems invalid, please provide a scheme.',
+                        redacted_index_url,
+                    )
+
+                redacted_index_urls.append(redacted_index_url)
+
+            lines.append(
+                "Looking in indexes: {}".format(", ".join(redacted_index_urls))
+            )
+
+        if self.find_links:
+            lines.append(
+                "Looking in links: {}".format(
+                    ", ".join(redact_auth_from_url(url) for url in self.find_links)
+                )
+            )
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
+    def get_index_urls_locations(self, project_name: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Returns the locations found via self.index_urls
+
+        Checks the url_name on the main (first in the list) index and
+        use this url_name to produce all locations
+        """
+
+        def mkurl_pypi_url(url: str) -> str:
+            loc = posixpath.join(
+                url, urllib.parse.quote(canonicalize_name(project_name))
+            )
+            # For maximum compatibility with easy_install, ensure the path
+            # ends in a trailing slash.  Although this isn't in the spec
+            # (and PyPI can handle it without the slash) some other index
+            # implementations might break if they relied on easy_install's
+            # behavior.
+            if not loc.endswith("/"):
+                loc = loc + "/"
+            return loc
+
+        return [mkurl_pypi_url(url) for url in self.index_urls]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/selection_prefs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/selection_prefs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..977bc4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/selection_prefs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pip._internal.models.format_control import FormatControl
+
+
+class SelectionPreferences:
+    """
+    Encapsulates the candidate selection preferences for downloading
+    and installing files.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        "allow_yanked",
+        "allow_all_prereleases",
+        "format_control",
+        "prefer_binary",
+        "ignore_requires_python",
+    ]
+
+    # Don't include an allow_yanked default value to make sure each call
+    # site considers whether yanked releases are allowed. This also causes
+    # that decision to be made explicit in the calling code, which helps
+    # people when reading the code.
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        allow_yanked: bool,
+        allow_all_prereleases: bool = False,
+        format_control: Optional[FormatControl] = None,
+        prefer_binary: bool = False,
+        ignore_requires_python: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a SelectionPreferences object.
+
+        :param allow_yanked: Whether files marked as yanked (in the sense
+            of PEP 592) are permitted to be candidates for install.
+        :param format_control: A FormatControl object or None. Used to control
+            the selection of source packages / binary packages when consulting
+            the index and links.
+        :param prefer_binary: Whether to prefer an old, but valid, binary
+            dist over a new source dist.
+        :param ignore_requires_python: Whether to ignore incompatible
+            "Requires-Python" values in links. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        if ignore_requires_python is None:
+            ignore_requires_python = False
+
+        self.allow_yanked = allow_yanked
+        self.allow_all_prereleases = allow_all_prereleases
+        self.format_control = format_control
+        self.prefer_binary = prefer_binary
+        self.ignore_requires_python = ignore_requires_python
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/target_python.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/target_python.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67ea5da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/target_python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import sys
+from typing import List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.tags import Tag
+
+from pip._internal.utils.compatibility_tags import get_supported, version_info_to_nodot
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import normalize_version_info
+
+
+class TargetPython:
+
+    """
+    Encapsulates the properties of a Python interpreter one is targeting
+    for a package install, download, etc.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        "_given_py_version_info",
+        "abis",
+        "implementation",
+        "platforms",
+        "py_version",
+        "py_version_info",
+        "_valid_tags",
+        "_valid_tags_set",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        platforms: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        py_version_info: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+        abis: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        implementation: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param platforms: A list of strings or None. If None, searches for
+            packages that are supported by the current system. Otherwise, will
+            find packages that can be built on the platforms passed in. These
+            packages will only be downloaded for distribution: they will
+            not be built locally.
+        :param py_version_info: An optional tuple of ints representing the
+            Python version information to use (e.g. `sys.version_info[:3]`).
+            This can have length 1, 2, or 3 when provided.
+        :param abis: A list of strings or None. This is passed to
+            compatibility_tags.py's get_supported() function as is.
+        :param implementation: A string or None. This is passed to
+            compatibility_tags.py's get_supported() function as is.
+        """
+        # Store the given py_version_info for when we call get_supported().
+        self._given_py_version_info = py_version_info
+
+        if py_version_info is None:
+            py_version_info = sys.version_info[:3]
+        else:
+            py_version_info = normalize_version_info(py_version_info)
+
+        py_version = ".".join(map(str, py_version_info[:2]))
+
+        self.abis = abis
+        self.implementation = implementation
+        self.platforms = platforms
+        self.py_version = py_version
+        self.py_version_info = py_version_info
+
+        # This is used to cache the return value of get_(un)sorted_tags.
+        self._valid_tags: Optional[List[Tag]] = None
+        self._valid_tags_set: Optional[Set[Tag]] = None
+
+    def format_given(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Format the given, non-None attributes for display.
+        """
+        display_version = None
+        if self._given_py_version_info is not None:
+            display_version = ".".join(
+                str(part) for part in self._given_py_version_info
+            )
+
+        key_values = [
+            ("platforms", self.platforms),
+            ("version_info", display_version),
+            ("abis", self.abis),
+            ("implementation", self.implementation),
+        ]
+        return " ".join(
+            f"{key}={value!r}" for key, value in key_values if value is not None
+        )
+
+    def get_sorted_tags(self) -> List[Tag]:
+        """
+        Return the supported PEP 425 tags to check wheel candidates against.
+
+        The tags are returned in order of preference (most preferred first).
+        """
+        if self._valid_tags is None:
+            # Pass versions=None if no py_version_info was given since
+            # versions=None uses special default logic.
+            py_version_info = self._given_py_version_info
+            if py_version_info is None:
+                version = None
+            else:
+                version = version_info_to_nodot(py_version_info)
+
+            tags = get_supported(
+                version=version,
+                platforms=self.platforms,
+                abis=self.abis,
+                impl=self.implementation,
+            )
+            self._valid_tags = tags
+
+        return self._valid_tags
+
+    def get_unsorted_tags(self) -> Set[Tag]:
+        """Exactly the same as get_sorted_tags, but returns a set.
+
+        This is important for performance.
+        """
+        if self._valid_tags_set is None:
+            self._valid_tags_set = set(self.get_sorted_tags())
+
+        return self._valid_tags_set
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5dc12bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/models/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""Represents a wheel file and provides access to the various parts of the
+name that have meaning.
+"""
+import re
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.tags import Tag
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InvalidWheelFilename
+
+
+class Wheel:
+    """A wheel file"""
+
+    wheel_file_re = re.compile(
+        r"""^(?P<namever>(?P<name>[^\s-]+?)-(?P<ver>[^\s-]*?))
+        ((-(?P<build>\d[^-]*?))?-(?P<pyver>[^\s-]+?)-(?P<abi>[^\s-]+?)-(?P<plat>[^\s-]+?)
+        \.whl|\.dist-info)$""",
+        re.VERBOSE,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, filename: str) -> None:
+        """
+        :raises InvalidWheelFilename: when the filename is invalid for a wheel
+        """
+        wheel_info = self.wheel_file_re.match(filename)
+        if not wheel_info:
+            raise InvalidWheelFilename(f"{filename} is not a valid wheel filename.")
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.name = wheel_info.group("name").replace("_", "-")
+        # we'll assume "_" means "-" due to wheel naming scheme
+        # (https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1150)
+        self.version = wheel_info.group("ver").replace("_", "-")
+        self.build_tag = wheel_info.group("build")
+        self.pyversions = wheel_info.group("pyver").split(".")
+        self.abis = wheel_info.group("abi").split(".")
+        self.plats = wheel_info.group("plat").split(".")
+
+        # All the tag combinations from this file
+        self.file_tags = {
+            Tag(x, y, z) for x in self.pyversions for y in self.abis for z in self.plats
+        }
+
+    def get_formatted_file_tags(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Return the wheel's tags as a sorted list of strings."""
+        return sorted(str(tag) for tag in self.file_tags)
+
+    def support_index_min(self, tags: List[Tag]) -> int:
+        """Return the lowest index that one of the wheel's file_tag combinations
+        achieves in the given list of supported tags.
+
+        For example, if there are 8 supported tags and one of the file tags
+        is first in the list, then return 0.
+
+        :param tags: the PEP 425 tags to check the wheel against, in order
+            with most preferred first.
+
+        :raises ValueError: If none of the wheel's file tags match one of
+            the supported tags.
+        """
+        try:
+            return next(i for i, t in enumerate(tags) if t in self.file_tags)
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise ValueError()
+
+    def find_most_preferred_tag(
+        self, tags: List[Tag], tag_to_priority: Dict[Tag, int]
+    ) -> int:
+        """Return the priority of the most preferred tag that one of the wheel's file
+        tag combinations achieves in the given list of supported tags using the given
+        tag_to_priority mapping, where lower priorities are more-preferred.
+
+        This is used in place of support_index_min in some cases in order to avoid
+        an expensive linear scan of a large list of tags.
+
+        :param tags: the PEP 425 tags to check the wheel against.
+        :param tag_to_priority: a mapping from tag to priority of that tag, where
+            lower is more preferred.
+
+        :raises ValueError: If none of the wheel's file tags match one of
+            the supported tags.
+        """
+        return min(
+            tag_to_priority[tag] for tag in self.file_tags if tag in tag_to_priority
+        )
+
+    def supported(self, tags: Iterable[Tag]) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the wheel is compatible with one of the given tags.
+
+        :param tags: the PEP 425 tags to check the wheel against.
+        """
+        return not self.file_tags.isdisjoint(tags)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b51bde91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""Contains purely network-related utilities.
+"""
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/auth.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94a82fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+"""Network Authentication Helpers
+
+Contains interface (MultiDomainBasicAuth) and associated glue code for
+providing credentials in the context of network requests.
+"""
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sysconfig
+import typing
+import urllib.parse
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from functools import lru_cache
+from os.path import commonprefix
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.auth import AuthBase, HTTPBasicAuth
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import Request, Response
+from pip._vendor.requests.utils import get_netrc_auth
+
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import getLogger
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    ask,
+    ask_input,
+    ask_password,
+    remove_auth_from_url,
+    split_auth_netloc_from_url,
+)
+from pip._internal.vcs.versioncontrol import AuthInfo
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+KEYRING_DISABLED = False
+
+
+class Credentials(NamedTuple):
+    url: str
+    username: str
+    password: str
+
+
+class KeyRingBaseProvider(ABC):
+    """Keyring base provider interface"""
+
+    has_keyring: bool
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_auth_info(self, url: str, username: Optional[str]) -> Optional[AuthInfo]:
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def save_auth_info(self, url: str, username: str, password: str) -> None:
+        ...
+
+
+class KeyRingNullProvider(KeyRingBaseProvider):
+    """Keyring null provider"""
+
+    has_keyring = False
+
+    def get_auth_info(self, url: str, username: Optional[str]) -> Optional[AuthInfo]:
+        return None
+
+    def save_auth_info(self, url: str, username: str, password: str) -> None:
+        return None
+
+
+class KeyRingPythonProvider(KeyRingBaseProvider):
+    """Keyring interface which uses locally imported `keyring`"""
+
+    has_keyring = True
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        import keyring
+
+        self.keyring = keyring
+
+    def get_auth_info(self, url: str, username: Optional[str]) -> Optional[AuthInfo]:
+        # Support keyring's get_credential interface which supports getting
+        # credentials without a username. This is only available for
+        # keyring>=15.2.0.
+        if hasattr(self.keyring, "get_credential"):
+            logger.debug("Getting credentials from keyring for %s", url)
+            cred = self.keyring.get_credential(url, username)
+            if cred is not None:
+                return cred.username, cred.password
+            return None
+
+        if username is not None:
+            logger.debug("Getting password from keyring for %s", url)
+            password = self.keyring.get_password(url, username)
+            if password:
+                return username, password
+        return None
+
+    def save_auth_info(self, url: str, username: str, password: str) -> None:
+        self.keyring.set_password(url, username, password)
+
+
+class KeyRingCliProvider(KeyRingBaseProvider):
+    """Provider which uses `keyring` cli
+
+    Instead of calling the keyring package installed alongside pip
+    we call keyring on the command line which will enable pip to
+    use which ever installation of keyring is available first in
+    PATH.
+    """
+
+    has_keyring = True
+
+    def __init__(self, cmd: str) -> None:
+        self.keyring = cmd
+
+    def get_auth_info(self, url: str, username: Optional[str]) -> Optional[AuthInfo]:
+        # This is the default implementation of keyring.get_credential
+        # https://github.com/jaraco/keyring/blob/97689324abcf01bd1793d49063e7ca01e03d7d07/keyring/backend.py#L134-L139
+        if username is not None:
+            password = self._get_password(url, username)
+            if password is not None:
+                return username, password
+        return None
+
+    def save_auth_info(self, url: str, username: str, password: str) -> None:
+        return self._set_password(url, username, password)
+
+    def _get_password(self, service_name: str, username: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Mirror the implementation of keyring.get_password using cli"""
+        if self.keyring is None:
+            return None
+
+        cmd = [self.keyring, "get", service_name, username]
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env["PYTHONIOENCODING"] = "utf-8"
+        res = subprocess.run(
+            cmd,
+            stdin=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            env=env,
+        )
+        if res.returncode:
+            return None
+        return res.stdout.decode("utf-8").strip(os.linesep)
+
+    def _set_password(self, service_name: str, username: str, password: str) -> None:
+        """Mirror the implementation of keyring.set_password using cli"""
+        if self.keyring is None:
+            return None
+        env = os.environ.copy()
+        env["PYTHONIOENCODING"] = "utf-8"
+        subprocess.run(
+            [self.keyring, "set", service_name, username],
+            input=f"{password}{os.linesep}".encode("utf-8"),
+            env=env,
+            check=True,
+        )
+        return None
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def get_keyring_provider(provider: str) -> KeyRingBaseProvider:
+    logger.verbose("Keyring provider requested: %s", provider)
+
+    # keyring has previously failed and been disabled
+    if KEYRING_DISABLED:
+        provider = "disabled"
+    if provider in ["import", "auto"]:
+        try:
+            impl = KeyRingPythonProvider()
+            logger.verbose("Keyring provider set: import")
+            return impl
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        except Exception as exc:
+            # In the event of an unexpected exception
+            # we should warn the user
+            msg = "Installed copy of keyring fails with exception %s"
+            if provider == "auto":
+                msg = msg + ", trying to find a keyring executable as a fallback"
+            logger.warning(msg, exc, exc_info=logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG))
+    if provider in ["subprocess", "auto"]:
+        cli = shutil.which("keyring")
+        if cli and cli.startswith(sysconfig.get_path("scripts")):
+            # all code within this function is stolen from shutil.which implementation
+            @typing.no_type_check
+            def PATH_as_shutil_which_determines_it() -> str:
+                path = os.environ.get("PATH", None)
+                if path is None:
+                    try:
+                        path = os.confstr("CS_PATH")
+                    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                        # os.confstr() or CS_PATH is not available
+                        path = os.defpath
+                # bpo-35755: Don't use os.defpath if the PATH environment variable is
+                # set to an empty string
+
+                return path
+
+            scripts = Path(sysconfig.get_path("scripts"))
+
+            paths = []
+            for path in PATH_as_shutil_which_determines_it().split(os.pathsep):
+                p = Path(path)
+                try:
+                    if not p.samefile(scripts):
+                        paths.append(path)
+                except FileNotFoundError:
+                    pass
+
+            path = os.pathsep.join(paths)
+
+            cli = shutil.which("keyring", path=path)
+
+        if cli:
+            logger.verbose("Keyring provider set: subprocess with executable %s", cli)
+            return KeyRingCliProvider(cli)
+
+    logger.verbose("Keyring provider set: disabled")
+    return KeyRingNullProvider()
+
+
+class MultiDomainBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prompting: bool = True,
+        index_urls: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        keyring_provider: str = "auto",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.prompting = prompting
+        self.index_urls = index_urls
+        self.keyring_provider = keyring_provider  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.passwords: Dict[str, AuthInfo] = {}
+        # When the user is prompted to enter credentials and keyring is
+        # available, we will offer to save them. If the user accepts,
+        # this value is set to the credentials they entered. After the
+        # request authenticates, the caller should call
+        # ``save_credentials`` to save these.
+        self._credentials_to_save: Optional[Credentials] = None
+
+    @property
+    def keyring_provider(self) -> KeyRingBaseProvider:
+        return get_keyring_provider(self._keyring_provider)
+
+    @keyring_provider.setter
+    def keyring_provider(self, provider: str) -> None:
+        # The free function get_keyring_provider has been decorated with
+        # functools.cache. If an exception occurs in get_keyring_auth that
+        # cache will be cleared and keyring disabled, take that into account
+        # if you want to remove this indirection.
+        self._keyring_provider = provider
+
+    @property
+    def use_keyring(self) -> bool:
+        # We won't use keyring when --no-input is passed unless
+        # a specific provider is requested because it might require
+        # user interaction
+        return self.prompting or self._keyring_provider not in ["auto", "disabled"]
+
+    def _get_keyring_auth(
+        self,
+        url: Optional[str],
+        username: Optional[str],
+    ) -> Optional[AuthInfo]:
+        """Return the tuple auth for a given url from keyring."""
+        # Do nothing if no url was provided
+        if not url:
+            return None
+
+        try:
+            return self.keyring_provider.get_auth_info(url, username)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Keyring is skipped due to an exception: %s",
+                str(exc),
+            )
+            global KEYRING_DISABLED
+            KEYRING_DISABLED = True
+            get_keyring_provider.cache_clear()
+            return None
+
+    def _get_index_url(self, url: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Return the original index URL matching the requested URL.
+
+        Cached or dynamically generated credentials may work against
+        the original index URL rather than just the netloc.
+
+        The provided url should have had its username and password
+        removed already. If the original index url had credentials then
+        they will be included in the return value.
+
+        Returns None if no matching index was found, or if --no-index
+        was specified by the user.
+        """
+        if not url or not self.index_urls:
+            return None
+
+        url = remove_auth_from_url(url).rstrip("/") + "/"
+        parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+
+        candidates = []
+
+        for index in self.index_urls:
+            index = index.rstrip("/") + "/"
+            parsed_index = urllib.parse.urlsplit(remove_auth_from_url(index))
+            if parsed_url == parsed_index:
+                return index
+
+            if parsed_url.netloc != parsed_index.netloc:
+                continue
+
+            candidate = urllib.parse.urlsplit(index)
+            candidates.append(candidate)
+
+        if not candidates:
+            return None
+
+        candidates.sort(
+            reverse=True,
+            key=lambda candidate: commonprefix(
+                [
+                    parsed_url.path,
+                    candidate.path,
+                ]
+            ).rfind("/"),
+        )
+
+        return urllib.parse.urlunsplit(candidates[0])
+
+    def _get_new_credentials(
+        self,
+        original_url: str,
+        *,
+        allow_netrc: bool = True,
+        allow_keyring: bool = False,
+    ) -> AuthInfo:
+        """Find and return credentials for the specified URL."""
+        # Split the credentials and netloc from the url.
+        url, netloc, url_user_password = split_auth_netloc_from_url(
+            original_url,
+        )
+
+        # Start with the credentials embedded in the url
+        username, password = url_user_password
+        if username is not None and password is not None:
+            logger.debug("Found credentials in url for %s", netloc)
+            return url_user_password
+
+        # Find a matching index url for this request
+        index_url = self._get_index_url(url)
+        if index_url:
+            # Split the credentials from the url.
+            index_info = split_auth_netloc_from_url(index_url)
+            if index_info:
+                index_url, _, index_url_user_password = index_info
+                logger.debug("Found index url %s", index_url)
+
+        # If an index URL was found, try its embedded credentials
+        if index_url and index_url_user_password[0] is not None:
+            username, password = index_url_user_password
+            if username is not None and password is not None:
+                logger.debug("Found credentials in index url for %s", netloc)
+                return index_url_user_password
+
+        # Get creds from netrc if we still don't have them
+        if allow_netrc:
+            netrc_auth = get_netrc_auth(original_url)
+            if netrc_auth:
+                logger.debug("Found credentials in netrc for %s", netloc)
+                return netrc_auth
+
+        # If we don't have a password and keyring is available, use it.
+        if allow_keyring:
+            # The index url is more specific than the netloc, so try it first
+            # fmt: off
+            kr_auth = (
+                self._get_keyring_auth(index_url, username) or
+                self._get_keyring_auth(netloc, username)
+            )
+            # fmt: on
+            if kr_auth:
+                logger.debug("Found credentials in keyring for %s", netloc)
+                return kr_auth
+
+        return username, password
+
+    def _get_url_and_credentials(
+        self, original_url: str
+    ) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
+        """Return the credentials to use for the provided URL.
+
+        If allowed, netrc and keyring may be used to obtain the
+        correct credentials.
+
+        Returns (url_without_credentials, username, password). Note
+        that even if the original URL contains credentials, this
+        function may return a different username and password.
+        """
+        url, netloc, _ = split_auth_netloc_from_url(original_url)
+
+        # Try to get credentials from original url
+        username, password = self._get_new_credentials(original_url)
+
+        # If credentials not found, use any stored credentials for this netloc.
+        # Do this if either the username or the password is missing.
+        # This accounts for the situation in which the user has specified
+        # the username in the index url, but the password comes from keyring.
+        if (username is None or password is None) and netloc in self.passwords:
+            un, pw = self.passwords[netloc]
+            # It is possible that the cached credentials are for a different username,
+            # in which case the cache should be ignored.
+            if username is None or username == un:
+                username, password = un, pw
+
+        if username is not None or password is not None:
+            # Convert the username and password if they're None, so that
+            # this netloc will show up as "cached" in the conditional above.
+            # Further, HTTPBasicAuth doesn't accept None, so it makes sense to
+            # cache the value that is going to be used.
+            username = username or ""
+            password = password or ""
+
+            # Store any acquired credentials.
+            self.passwords[netloc] = (username, password)
+
+        assert (
+            # Credentials were found
+            (username is not None and password is not None)
+            # Credentials were not found
+            or (username is None and password is None)
+        ), f"Could not load credentials from url: {original_url}"
+
+        return url, username, password
+
+    def __call__(self, req: Request) -> Request:
+        # Get credentials for this request
+        url, username, password = self._get_url_and_credentials(req.url)
+
+        # Set the url of the request to the url without any credentials
+        req.url = url
+
+        if username is not None and password is not None:
+            # Send the basic auth with this request
+            req = HTTPBasicAuth(username, password)(req)
+
+        # Attach a hook to handle 401 responses
+        req.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
+
+        return req
+
+    # Factored out to allow for easy patching in tests
+    def _prompt_for_password(
+        self, netloc: str
+    ) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str], bool]:
+        username = ask_input(f"User for {netloc}: ") if self.prompting else None
+        if not username:
+            return None, None, False
+        if self.use_keyring:
+            auth = self._get_keyring_auth(netloc, username)
+            if auth and auth[0] is not None and auth[1] is not None:
+                return auth[0], auth[1], False
+        password = ask_password("Password: ")
+        return username, password, True
+
+    # Factored out to allow for easy patching in tests
+    def _should_save_password_to_keyring(self) -> bool:
+        if (
+            not self.prompting
+            or not self.use_keyring
+            or not self.keyring_provider.has_keyring
+        ):
+            return False
+        return ask("Save credentials to keyring [y/N]: ", ["y", "n"]) == "y"
+
+    def handle_401(self, resp: Response, **kwargs: Any) -> Response:
+        # We only care about 401 responses, anything else we want to just
+        #   pass through the actual response
+        if resp.status_code != 401:
+            return resp
+
+        username, password = None, None
+
+        # Query the keyring for credentials:
+        if self.use_keyring:
+            username, password = self._get_new_credentials(
+                resp.url,
+                allow_netrc=False,
+                allow_keyring=True,
+            )
+
+        # We are not able to prompt the user so simply return the response
+        if not self.prompting and not username and not password:
+            return resp
+
+        parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(resp.url)
+
+        # Prompt the user for a new username and password
+        save = False
+        if not username and not password:
+            username, password, save = self._prompt_for_password(parsed.netloc)
+
+        # Store the new username and password to use for future requests
+        self._credentials_to_save = None
+        if username is not None and password is not None:
+            self.passwords[parsed.netloc] = (username, password)
+
+            # Prompt to save the password to keyring
+            if save and self._should_save_password_to_keyring():
+                self._credentials_to_save = Credentials(
+                    url=parsed.netloc,
+                    username=username,
+                    password=password,
+                )
+
+        # Consume content and release the original connection to allow our new
+        #   request to reuse the same one.
+        # The result of the assignment isn't used, it's just needed to consume
+        # the content.
+        _ = resp.content
+        resp.raw.release_conn()
+
+        # Add our new username and password to the request
+        req = HTTPBasicAuth(username or "", password or "")(resp.request)
+        req.register_hook("response", self.warn_on_401)
+
+        # On successful request, save the credentials that were used to
+        # keyring. (Note that if the user responded "no" above, this member
+        # is not set and nothing will be saved.)
+        if self._credentials_to_save:
+            req.register_hook("response", self.save_credentials)
+
+        # Send our new request
+        new_resp = resp.connection.send(req, **kwargs)
+        new_resp.history.append(resp)
+
+        return new_resp
+
+    def warn_on_401(self, resp: Response, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Response callback to warn about incorrect credentials."""
+        if resp.status_code == 401:
+            logger.warning(
+                "401 Error, Credentials not correct for %s",
+                resp.request.url,
+            )
+
+    def save_credentials(self, resp: Response, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Response callback to save credentials on success."""
+        assert (
+            self.keyring_provider.has_keyring
+        ), "should never reach here without keyring"
+
+        creds = self._credentials_to_save
+        self._credentials_to_save = None
+        if creds and resp.status_code < 400:
+            try:
+                logger.info("Saving credentials to keyring")
+                self.keyring_provider.save_auth_info(
+                    creds.url, creds.username, creds.password
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception("Failed to save credentials")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d0fb545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+"""HTTP cache implementation.
+"""
+
+import os
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import BinaryIO, Generator, Optional, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import SeparateBodyBaseCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.caches import SeparateBodyFileCache
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import Response
+
+from pip._internal.utils.filesystem import adjacent_tmp_file, replace
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir
+
+
+def is_from_cache(response: Response) -> bool:
+    return getattr(response, "from_cache", False)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def suppressed_cache_errors() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """If we can't access the cache then we can just skip caching and process
+    requests as if caching wasn't enabled.
+    """
+    try:
+        yield
+    except OSError:
+        pass
+
+
+class SafeFileCache(SeparateBodyBaseCache):
+    """
+    A file based cache which is safe to use even when the target directory may
+    not be accessible or writable.
+
+    There is a race condition when two processes try to write and/or read the
+    same entry at the same time, since each entry consists of two separate
+    files (https://github.com/psf/cachecontrol/issues/324).  We therefore have
+    additional logic that makes sure that both files to be present before
+    returning an entry; this fixes the read side of the race condition.
+
+    For the write side, we assume that the server will only ever return the
+    same data for the same URL, which ought to be the case for files pip is
+    downloading.  PyPI does not have a mechanism to swap out a wheel for
+    another wheel, for example.  If this assumption is not true, the
+    CacheControl issue will need to be fixed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, directory: str) -> None:
+        assert directory is not None, "Cache directory must not be None."
+        super().__init__()
+        self.directory = directory
+
+    def _get_cache_path(self, name: str) -> str:
+        # From cachecontrol.caches.file_cache.FileCache._fn, brought into our
+        # class for backwards-compatibility and to avoid using a non-public
+        # method.
+        hashed = SeparateBodyFileCache.encode(name)
+        parts = list(hashed[:5]) + [hashed]
+        return os.path.join(self.directory, *parts)
+
+    def get(self, key: str) -> Optional[bytes]:
+        # The cache entry is only valid if both metadata and body exist.
+        metadata_path = self._get_cache_path(key)
+        body_path = metadata_path + ".body"
+        if not (os.path.exists(metadata_path) and os.path.exists(body_path)):
+            return None
+        with suppressed_cache_errors():
+            with open(metadata_path, "rb") as f:
+                return f.read()
+
+    def _write(self, path: str, data: bytes) -> None:
+        with suppressed_cache_errors():
+            ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+
+            with adjacent_tmp_file(path) as f:
+                f.write(data)
+
+            replace(f.name, path)
+
+    def set(
+        self, key: str, value: bytes, expires: Union[int, datetime, None] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        path = self._get_cache_path(key)
+        self._write(path, value)
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        path = self._get_cache_path(key)
+        with suppressed_cache_errors():
+            os.remove(path)
+        with suppressed_cache_errors():
+            os.remove(path + ".body")
+
+    def get_body(self, key: str) -> Optional[BinaryIO]:
+        # The cache entry is only valid if both metadata and body exist.
+        metadata_path = self._get_cache_path(key)
+        body_path = metadata_path + ".body"
+        if not (os.path.exists(metadata_path) and os.path.exists(body_path)):
+            return None
+        with suppressed_cache_errors():
+            return open(body_path, "rb")
+
+    def set_body(self, key: str, body: bytes) -> None:
+        path = self._get_cache_path(key) + ".body"
+        self._write(path, body)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/download.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/download.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1d43541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/download.py
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+"""Download files with progress indicators.
+"""
+import email.message
+import logging
+import mimetypes
+import os
+from typing import Iterable, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE, Response
+
+from pip._internal.cli.progress_bars import get_download_progress_renderer
+from pip._internal.exceptions import NetworkConnectionError
+from pip._internal.models.index import PyPI
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.network.cache import is_from_cache
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.network.utils import HEADERS, raise_for_status, response_chunks
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import format_size, redact_auth_from_url, splitext
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _get_http_response_size(resp: Response) -> Optional[int]:
+    try:
+        return int(resp.headers["content-length"])
+    except (ValueError, KeyError, TypeError):
+        return None
+
+
+def _prepare_download(
+    resp: Response,
+    link: Link,
+    progress_bar: str,
+) -> Iterable[bytes]:
+    total_length = _get_http_response_size(resp)
+
+    if link.netloc == PyPI.file_storage_domain:
+        url = link.show_url
+    else:
+        url = link.url_without_fragment
+
+    logged_url = redact_auth_from_url(url)
+
+    if total_length:
+        logged_url = f"{logged_url} ({format_size(total_length)})"
+
+    if is_from_cache(resp):
+        logger.info("Using cached %s", logged_url)
+    else:
+        logger.info("Downloading %s", logged_url)
+
+    if logger.getEffectiveLevel() > logging.INFO:
+        show_progress = False
+    elif is_from_cache(resp):
+        show_progress = False
+    elif not total_length:
+        show_progress = True
+    elif total_length > (40 * 1000):
+        show_progress = True
+    else:
+        show_progress = False
+
+    chunks = response_chunks(resp, CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)
+
+    if not show_progress:
+        return chunks
+
+    renderer = get_download_progress_renderer(bar_type=progress_bar, size=total_length)
+    return renderer(chunks)
+
+
+def sanitize_content_filename(filename: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Sanitize the "filename" value from a Content-Disposition header.
+    """
+    return os.path.basename(filename)
+
+
+def parse_content_disposition(content_disposition: str, default_filename: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Parse the "filename" value from a Content-Disposition header, and
+    return the default filename if the result is empty.
+    """
+    m = email.message.Message()
+    m["content-type"] = content_disposition
+    filename = m.get_param("filename")
+    if filename:
+        # We need to sanitize the filename to prevent directory traversal
+        # in case the filename contains ".." path parts.
+        filename = sanitize_content_filename(str(filename))
+    return filename or default_filename
+
+
+def _get_http_response_filename(resp: Response, link: Link) -> str:
+    """Get an ideal filename from the given HTTP response, falling back to
+    the link filename if not provided.
+    """
+    filename = link.filename  # fallback
+    # Have a look at the Content-Disposition header for a better guess
+    content_disposition = resp.headers.get("content-disposition")
+    if content_disposition:
+        filename = parse_content_disposition(content_disposition, filename)
+    ext: Optional[str] = splitext(filename)[1]
+    if not ext:
+        ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(resp.headers.get("content-type", ""))
+        if ext:
+            filename += ext
+    if not ext and link.url != resp.url:
+        ext = os.path.splitext(resp.url)[1]
+        if ext:
+            filename += ext
+    return filename
+
+
+def _http_get_download(session: PipSession, link: Link) -> Response:
+    target_url = link.url.split("#", 1)[0]
+    resp = session.get(target_url, headers=HEADERS, stream=True)
+    raise_for_status(resp)
+    return resp
+
+
+class Downloader:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: PipSession,
+        progress_bar: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._session = session
+        self._progress_bar = progress_bar
+
+    def __call__(self, link: Link, location: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+        """Download the file given by link into location."""
+        try:
+            resp = _http_get_download(self._session, link)
+        except NetworkConnectionError as e:
+            assert e.response is not None
+            logger.critical(
+                "HTTP error %s while getting %s", e.response.status_code, link
+            )
+            raise
+
+        filename = _get_http_response_filename(resp, link)
+        filepath = os.path.join(location, filename)
+
+        chunks = _prepare_download(resp, link, self._progress_bar)
+        with open(filepath, "wb") as content_file:
+            for chunk in chunks:
+                content_file.write(chunk)
+        content_type = resp.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+        return filepath, content_type
+
+
+class BatchDownloader:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: PipSession,
+        progress_bar: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._session = session
+        self._progress_bar = progress_bar
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, links: Iterable[Link], location: str
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[Link, Tuple[str, str]]]:
+        """Download the files given by links into location."""
+        for link in links:
+            try:
+                resp = _http_get_download(self._session, link)
+            except NetworkConnectionError as e:
+                assert e.response is not None
+                logger.critical(
+                    "HTTP error %s while getting %s",
+                    e.response.status_code,
+                    link,
+                )
+                raise
+
+            filename = _get_http_response_filename(resp, link)
+            filepath = os.path.join(location, filename)
+
+            chunks = _prepare_download(resp, link, self._progress_bar)
+            with open(filepath, "wb") as content_file:
+                for chunk in chunks:
+                    content_file.write(chunk)
+            content_type = resp.headers.get("Content-Type", "")
+            yield link, (filepath, content_type)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/lazy_wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/lazy_wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82ec50d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/lazy_wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+"""Lazy ZIP over HTTP"""
+
+__all__ = ["HTTPRangeRequestUnsupported", "dist_from_wheel_url"]
+
+from bisect import bisect_left, bisect_right
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from typing import Any, Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Tuple
+from zipfile import BadZipFile, ZipFile
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE, Response
+
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution, MemoryWheel, get_wheel_distribution
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.network.utils import HEADERS, raise_for_status, response_chunks
+
+
+class HTTPRangeRequestUnsupported(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def dist_from_wheel_url(name: str, url: str, session: PipSession) -> BaseDistribution:
+    """Return a distribution object from the given wheel URL.
+
+    This uses HTTP range requests to only fetch the portion of the wheel
+    containing metadata, just enough for the object to be constructed.
+    If such requests are not supported, HTTPRangeRequestUnsupported
+    is raised.
+    """
+    with LazyZipOverHTTP(url, session) as zf:
+        # For read-only ZIP files, ZipFile only needs methods read,
+        # seek, seekable and tell, not the whole IO protocol.
+        wheel = MemoryWheel(zf.name, zf)  # type: ignore
+        # After context manager exit, wheel.name
+        # is an invalid file by intention.
+        return get_wheel_distribution(wheel, canonicalize_name(name))
+
+
+class LazyZipOverHTTP:
+    """File-like object mapped to a ZIP file over HTTP.
+
+    This uses HTTP range requests to lazily fetch the file's content,
+    which is supposed to be fed to ZipFile.  If such requests are not
+    supported by the server, raise HTTPRangeRequestUnsupported
+    during initialization.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, url: str, session: PipSession, chunk_size: int = CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE
+    ) -> None:
+        head = session.head(url, headers=HEADERS)
+        raise_for_status(head)
+        assert head.status_code == 200
+        self._session, self._url, self._chunk_size = session, url, chunk_size
+        self._length = int(head.headers["Content-Length"])
+        self._file = NamedTemporaryFile()
+        self.truncate(self._length)
+        self._left: List[int] = []
+        self._right: List[int] = []
+        if "bytes" not in head.headers.get("Accept-Ranges", "none"):
+            raise HTTPRangeRequestUnsupported("range request is not supported")
+        self._check_zip()
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self) -> str:
+        """Opening mode, which is always rb."""
+        return "rb"
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """Path to the underlying file."""
+        return self._file.name
+
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether random access is supported, which is True."""
+        return True
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the file."""
+        self._file.close()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the file is closed."""
+        return self._file.closed
+
+    def read(self, size: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        """Read up to size bytes from the object and return them.
+
+        As a convenience, if size is unspecified or -1,
+        all bytes until EOF are returned.  Fewer than
+        size bytes may be returned if EOF is reached.
+        """
+        download_size = max(size, self._chunk_size)
+        start, length = self.tell(), self._length
+        stop = length if size < 0 else min(start + download_size, length)
+        start = max(0, stop - download_size)
+        self._download(start, stop - 1)
+        return self._file.read(size)
+
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the file is readable, which is True."""
+        return True
+
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = 0) -> int:
+        """Change stream position and return the new absolute position.
+
+        Seek to offset relative position indicated by whence:
+        * 0: Start of stream (the default).  pos should be >= 0;
+        * 1: Current position - pos may be negative;
+        * 2: End of stream - pos usually negative.
+        """
+        return self._file.seek(offset, whence)
+
+    def tell(self) -> int:
+        """Return the current position."""
+        return self._file.tell()
+
+    def truncate(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> int:
+        """Resize the stream to the given size in bytes.
+
+        If size is unspecified resize to the current position.
+        The current stream position isn't changed.
+
+        Return the new file size.
+        """
+        return self._file.truncate(size)
+
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        """Return False."""
+        return False
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "LazyZipOverHTTP":
+        self._file.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc: Any) -> None:
+        self._file.__exit__(*exc)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _stay(self) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        """Return a context manager keeping the position.
+
+        At the end of the block, seek back to original position.
+        """
+        pos = self.tell()
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.seek(pos)
+
+    def _check_zip(self) -> None:
+        """Check and download until the file is a valid ZIP."""
+        end = self._length - 1
+        for start in reversed(range(0, end, self._chunk_size)):
+            self._download(start, end)
+            with self._stay():
+                try:
+                    # For read-only ZIP files, ZipFile only needs
+                    # methods read, seek, seekable and tell.
+                    ZipFile(self)  # type: ignore
+                except BadZipFile:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    break
+
+    def _stream_response(
+        self, start: int, end: int, base_headers: Dict[str, str] = HEADERS
+    ) -> Response:
+        """Return HTTP response to a range request from start to end."""
+        headers = base_headers.copy()
+        headers["Range"] = f"bytes={start}-{end}"
+        # TODO: Get range requests to be correctly cached
+        headers["Cache-Control"] = "no-cache"
+        return self._session.get(self._url, headers=headers, stream=True)
+
+    def _merge(
+        self, start: int, end: int, left: int, right: int
+    ) -> Generator[Tuple[int, int], None, None]:
+        """Return a generator of intervals to be fetched.
+
+        Args:
+            start (int): Start of needed interval
+            end (int): End of needed interval
+            left (int): Index of first overlapping downloaded data
+            right (int): Index after last overlapping downloaded data
+        """
+        lslice, rslice = self._left[left:right], self._right[left:right]
+        i = start = min([start] + lslice[:1])
+        end = max([end] + rslice[-1:])
+        for j, k in zip(lslice, rslice):
+            if j > i:
+                yield i, j - 1
+            i = k + 1
+        if i <= end:
+            yield i, end
+        self._left[left:right], self._right[left:right] = [start], [end]
+
+    def _download(self, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        """Download bytes from start to end inclusively."""
+        with self._stay():
+            left = bisect_left(self._right, start)
+            right = bisect_right(self._left, end)
+            for start, end in self._merge(start, end, left, right):
+                response = self._stream_response(start, end)
+                response.raise_for_status()
+                self.seek(start)
+                for chunk in response_chunks(response, self._chunk_size):
+                    self._file.write(chunk)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f17efc52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+"""PipSession and supporting code, containing all pip-specific
+network request configuration and behavior.
+"""
+
+import email.utils
+import io
+import ipaddress
+import json
+import logging
+import mimetypes
+import os
+import platform
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import urllib.parse
+import warnings
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor import requests, urllib3
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol import CacheControlAdapter as _BaseCacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.requests.adapters import DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, BaseAdapter
+from pip._vendor.requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter as _BaseHTTPAdapter
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import PreparedRequest, Response
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.connectionpool import ConnectionPool
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
+
+from pip import __version__
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_default_environment
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.network.auth import MultiDomainBasicAuth
+from pip._internal.network.cache import SafeFileCache
+
+# Import ssl from compat so the initial import occurs in only one place.
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import has_tls
+from pip._internal.utils.glibc import libc_ver
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import build_url_from_netloc, parse_netloc
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import url_to_path
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ssl import SSLContext
+
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+SecureOrigin = Tuple[str, str, Optional[Union[int, str]]]
+
+
+# Ignore warning raised when using --trusted-host.
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=InsecureRequestWarning)
+
+
+SECURE_ORIGINS: List[SecureOrigin] = [
+    # protocol, hostname, port
+    # Taken from Chrome's list of secure origins (See: http://bit.ly/1qrySKC)
+    ("https", "*", "*"),
+    ("*", "localhost", "*"),
+    ("*", "127.0.0.0/8", "*"),
+    ("*", "::1/128", "*"),
+    ("file", "*", None),
+    # ssh is always secure.
+    ("ssh", "*", "*"),
+]
+
+
+# These are environment variables present when running under various
+# CI systems.  For each variable, some CI systems that use the variable
+# are indicated.  The collection was chosen so that for each of a number
+# of popular systems, at least one of the environment variables is used.
+# This list is used to provide some indication of and lower bound for
+# CI traffic to PyPI.  Thus, it is okay if the list is not comprehensive.
+# For more background, see: https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/5499
+CI_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES = (
+    # Azure Pipelines
+    "BUILD_BUILDID",
+    # Jenkins
+    "BUILD_ID",
+    # AppVeyor, CircleCI, Codeship, Gitlab CI, Shippable, Travis CI
+    "CI",
+    # Explicit environment variable.
+    "PIP_IS_CI",
+)
+
+
+def looks_like_ci() -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether it looks like pip is running under CI.
+    """
+    # We don't use the method of checking for a tty (e.g. using isatty())
+    # because some CI systems mimic a tty (e.g. Travis CI).  Thus that
+    # method doesn't provide definitive information in either direction.
+    return any(name in os.environ for name in CI_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES)
+
+
+def user_agent() -> str:
+    """
+    Return a string representing the user agent.
+    """
+    data: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        "installer": {"name": "pip", "version": __version__},
+        "python": platform.python_version(),
+        "implementation": {
+            "name": platform.python_implementation(),
+        },
+    }
+
+    if data["implementation"]["name"] == "CPython":
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == "PyPy":
+        pypy_version_info = sys.pypy_version_info  # type: ignore
+        if pypy_version_info.releaselevel == "final":
+            pypy_version_info = pypy_version_info[:3]
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = ".".join(
+            [str(x) for x in pypy_version_info]
+        )
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == "Jython":
+        # Complete Guess
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+    elif data["implementation"]["name"] == "IronPython":
+        # Complete Guess
+        data["implementation"]["version"] = platform.python_version()
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+        from pip._vendor import distro
+
+        linux_distribution = distro.name(), distro.version(), distro.codename()
+        distro_infos: Dict[str, Any] = dict(
+            filter(
+                lambda x: x[1],
+                zip(["name", "version", "id"], linux_distribution),
+            )
+        )
+        libc = dict(
+            filter(
+                lambda x: x[1],
+                zip(["lib", "version"], libc_ver()),
+            )
+        )
+        if libc:
+            distro_infos["libc"] = libc
+        if distro_infos:
+            data["distro"] = distro_infos
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("darwin") and platform.mac_ver()[0]:
+        data["distro"] = {"name": "macOS", "version": platform.mac_ver()[0]}
+
+    if platform.system():
+        data.setdefault("system", {})["name"] = platform.system()
+
+    if platform.release():
+        data.setdefault("system", {})["release"] = platform.release()
+
+    if platform.machine():
+        data["cpu"] = platform.machine()
+
+    if has_tls():
+        import _ssl as ssl
+
+        data["openssl_version"] = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION
+
+    setuptools_dist = get_default_environment().get_distribution("setuptools")
+    if setuptools_dist is not None:
+        data["setuptools_version"] = str(setuptools_dist.version)
+
+    if shutil.which("rustc") is not None:
+        # If for any reason `rustc --version` fails, silently ignore it
+        try:
+            rustc_output = subprocess.check_output(
+                ["rustc", "--version"], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, timeout=0.5
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if rustc_output.startswith(b"rustc "):
+                # The format of `rustc --version` is:
+                # `b'rustc 1.52.1 (9bc8c42bb 2021-05-09)\n'`
+                # We extract just the middle (1.52.1) part
+                data["rustc_version"] = rustc_output.split(b" ")[1].decode()
+
+    # Use None rather than False so as not to give the impression that
+    # pip knows it is not being run under CI.  Rather, it is a null or
+    # inconclusive result.  Also, we include some value rather than no
+    # value to make it easier to know that the check has been run.
+    data["ci"] = True if looks_like_ci() else None
+
+    user_data = os.environ.get("PIP_USER_AGENT_USER_DATA")
+    if user_data is not None:
+        data["user_data"] = user_data
+
+    return "{data[installer][name]}/{data[installer][version]} {json}".format(
+        data=data,
+        json=json.dumps(data, separators=(",", ":"), sort_keys=True),
+    )
+
+
+class LocalFSAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    def send(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        timeout: Optional[Union[float, Tuple[float, float]]] = None,
+        verify: Union[bool, str] = True,
+        cert: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]] = None,
+        proxies: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        pathname = url_to_path(request.url)
+
+        resp = Response()
+        resp.status_code = 200
+        resp.url = request.url
+
+        try:
+            stats = os.stat(pathname)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            # format the exception raised as a io.BytesIO object,
+            # to return a better error message:
+            resp.status_code = 404
+            resp.reason = type(exc).__name__
+            resp.raw = io.BytesIO(f"{resp.reason}: {exc}".encode("utf8"))
+        else:
+            modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
+            content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(pathname)[0] or "text/plain"
+            resp.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(
+                {
+                    "Content-Type": content_type,
+                    "Content-Length": stats.st_size,
+                    "Last-Modified": modified,
+                }
+            )
+
+            resp.raw = open(pathname, "rb")
+            resp.close = resp.raw.close
+
+        return resp
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class _SSLContextAdapterMixin:
+    """Mixin to add the ``ssl_context`` constructor argument to HTTP adapters.
+
+    The additional argument is forwarded directly to the pool manager. This allows us
+    to dynamically decide what SSL store to use at runtime, which is used to implement
+    the optional ``truststore`` backend.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        ssl_context: Optional["SSLContext"] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(
+        self,
+        connections: int,
+        maxsize: int,
+        block: bool = DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK,
+        **pool_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> "PoolManager":
+        if self._ssl_context is not None:
+            pool_kwargs.setdefault("ssl_context", self._ssl_context)
+        return super().init_poolmanager(  # type: ignore[misc]
+            connections=connections,
+            maxsize=maxsize,
+            block=block,
+            **pool_kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+class HTTPAdapter(_SSLContextAdapterMixin, _BaseHTTPAdapter):
+    pass
+
+
+class CacheControlAdapter(_SSLContextAdapterMixin, _BaseCacheControlAdapter):
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecureHTTPAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    def cert_verify(
+        self,
+        conn: ConnectionPool,
+        url: str,
+        verify: Union[bool, str],
+        cert: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]],
+    ) -> None:
+        super().cert_verify(conn=conn, url=url, verify=False, cert=cert)
+
+
+class InsecureCacheControlAdapter(CacheControlAdapter):
+    def cert_verify(
+        self,
+        conn: ConnectionPool,
+        url: str,
+        verify: Union[bool, str],
+        cert: Optional[Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]],
+    ) -> None:
+        super().cert_verify(conn=conn, url=url, verify=False, cert=cert)
+
+
+class PipSession(requests.Session):
+    timeout: Optional[int] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        retries: int = 0,
+        cache: Optional[str] = None,
+        trusted_hosts: Sequence[str] = (),
+        index_urls: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        ssl_context: Optional["SSLContext"] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param trusted_hosts: Domains not to emit warnings for when not using
+            HTTPS.
+        """
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Namespace the attribute with "pip_" just in case to prevent
+        # possible conflicts with the base class.
+        self.pip_trusted_origins: List[Tuple[str, Optional[int]]] = []
+
+        # Attach our User Agent to the request
+        self.headers["User-Agent"] = user_agent()
+
+        # Attach our Authentication handler to the session
+        self.auth = MultiDomainBasicAuth(index_urls=index_urls)
+
+        # Create our urllib3.Retry instance which will allow us to customize
+        # how we handle retries.
+        retries = urllib3.Retry(
+            # Set the total number of retries that a particular request can
+            # have.
+            total=retries,
+            # A 503 error from PyPI typically means that the Fastly -> Origin
+            # connection got interrupted in some way. A 503 error in general
+            # is typically considered a transient error so we'll go ahead and
+            # retry it.
+            # A 500 may indicate transient error in Amazon S3
+            # A 502 may be a transient error from a CDN like CloudFlare or CloudFront
+            # A 520 or 527 - may indicate transient error in CloudFlare
+            status_forcelist=[500, 502, 503, 520, 527],
+            # Add a small amount of back off between failed requests in
+            # order to prevent hammering the service.
+            backoff_factor=0.25,
+        )  # type: ignore
+
+        # Our Insecure HTTPAdapter disables HTTPS validation. It does not
+        # support caching so we'll use it for all http:// URLs.
+        # If caching is disabled, we will also use it for
+        # https:// hosts that we've marked as ignoring
+        # TLS errors for (trusted-hosts).
+        insecure_adapter = InsecureHTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries)
+
+        # We want to _only_ cache responses on securely fetched origins or when
+        # the host is specified as trusted. We do this because
+        # we can't validate the response of an insecurely/untrusted fetched
+        # origin, and we don't want someone to be able to poison the cache and
+        # require manual eviction from the cache to fix it.
+        if cache:
+            secure_adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+                cache=SafeFileCache(cache),
+                max_retries=retries,
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            )
+            self._trusted_host_adapter = InsecureCacheControlAdapter(
+                cache=SafeFileCache(cache),
+                max_retries=retries,
+            )
+        else:
+            secure_adapter = HTTPAdapter(max_retries=retries, ssl_context=ssl_context)
+            self._trusted_host_adapter = insecure_adapter
+
+        self.mount("https://", secure_adapter)
+        self.mount("http://", insecure_adapter)
+
+        # Enable file:// urls
+        self.mount("file://", LocalFSAdapter())
+
+        for host in trusted_hosts:
+            self.add_trusted_host(host, suppress_logging=True)
+
+    def update_index_urls(self, new_index_urls: List[str]) -> None:
+        """
+        :param new_index_urls: New index urls to update the authentication
+            handler with.
+        """
+        self.auth.index_urls = new_index_urls
+
+    def add_trusted_host(
+        self, host: str, source: Optional[str] = None, suppress_logging: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param host: It is okay to provide a host that has previously been
+            added.
+        :param source: An optional source string, for logging where the host
+            string came from.
+        """
+        if not suppress_logging:
+            msg = f"adding trusted host: {host!r}"
+            if source is not None:
+                msg += f" (from {source})"
+            logger.info(msg)
+
+        parsed_host, parsed_port = parse_netloc(host)
+        if parsed_host is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Trusted host URL must include a host part: {host!r}")
+        if (parsed_host, parsed_port) not in self.pip_trusted_origins:
+            self.pip_trusted_origins.append((parsed_host, parsed_port))
+
+        self.mount(
+            build_url_from_netloc(host, scheme="http") + "/", self._trusted_host_adapter
+        )
+        self.mount(build_url_from_netloc(host) + "/", self._trusted_host_adapter)
+        if not parsed_port:
+            self.mount(
+                build_url_from_netloc(host, scheme="http") + ":",
+                self._trusted_host_adapter,
+            )
+            # Mount wildcard ports for the same host.
+            self.mount(build_url_from_netloc(host) + ":", self._trusted_host_adapter)
+
+    def iter_secure_origins(self) -> Generator[SecureOrigin, None, None]:
+        yield from SECURE_ORIGINS
+        for host, port in self.pip_trusted_origins:
+            yield ("*", host, "*" if port is None else port)
+
+    def is_secure_origin(self, location: Link) -> bool:
+        # Determine if this url used a secure transport mechanism
+        parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(str(location))
+        origin_protocol, origin_host, origin_port = (
+            parsed.scheme,
+            parsed.hostname,
+            parsed.port,
+        )
+
+        # The protocol to use to see if the protocol matches.
+        # Don't count the repository type as part of the protocol: in
+        # cases such as "git+ssh", only use "ssh". (I.e., Only verify against
+        # the last scheme.)
+        origin_protocol = origin_protocol.rsplit("+", 1)[-1]
+
+        # Determine if our origin is a secure origin by looking through our
+        # hardcoded list of secure origins, as well as any additional ones
+        # configured on this PackageFinder instance.
+        for secure_origin in self.iter_secure_origins():
+            secure_protocol, secure_host, secure_port = secure_origin
+            if origin_protocol != secure_protocol and secure_protocol != "*":
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                addr = ipaddress.ip_address(origin_host or "")
+                network = ipaddress.ip_network(secure_host)
+            except ValueError:
+                # We don't have both a valid address or a valid network, so
+                # we'll check this origin against hostnames.
+                if (
+                    origin_host
+                    and origin_host.lower() != secure_host.lower()
+                    and secure_host != "*"
+                ):
+                    continue
+            else:
+                # We have a valid address and network, so see if the address
+                # is contained within the network.
+                if addr not in network:
+                    continue
+
+            # Check to see if the port matches.
+            if (
+                origin_port != secure_port
+                and secure_port != "*"
+                and secure_port is not None
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            # If we've gotten here, then this origin matches the current
+            # secure origin and we should return True
+            return True
+
+        # If we've gotten to this point, then the origin isn't secure and we
+        # will not accept it as a valid location to search. We will however
+        # log a warning that we are ignoring it.
+        logger.warning(
+            "The repository located at %s is not a trusted or secure host and "
+            "is being ignored. If this repository is available via HTTPS we "
+            "recommend you use HTTPS instead, otherwise you may silence "
+            "this warning and allow it anyway with '--trusted-host %s'.",
+            origin_host,
+            origin_host,
+        )
+
+        return False
+
+    def request(self, method: str, url: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Response:
+        # Allow setting a default timeout on a session
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", self.timeout)
+        # Allow setting a default proxies on a session
+        kwargs.setdefault("proxies", self.proxies)
+
+        # Dispatch the actual request
+        return super().request(method, url, *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..134848ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+from typing import Dict, Generator
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.models import CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE, Response
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import NetworkConnectionError
+
+# The following comments and HTTP headers were originally added by
+# Donald Stufft in git commit 22c562429a61bb77172039e480873fb239dd8c03.
+#
+# We use Accept-Encoding: identity here because requests defaults to
+# accepting compressed responses. This breaks in a variety of ways
+# depending on how the server is configured.
+# - Some servers will notice that the file isn't a compressible file
+#   and will leave the file alone and with an empty Content-Encoding
+# - Some servers will notice that the file is already compressed and
+#   will leave the file alone, adding a Content-Encoding: gzip header
+# - Some servers won't notice anything at all and will take a file
+#   that's already been compressed and compress it again, and set
+#   the Content-Encoding: gzip header
+# By setting this to request only the identity encoding we're hoping
+# to eliminate the third case.  Hopefully there does not exist a server
+# which when given a file will notice it is already compressed and that
+# you're not asking for a compressed file and will then decompress it
+# before sending because if that's the case I don't think it'll ever be
+# possible to make this work.
+HEADERS: Dict[str, str] = {"Accept-Encoding": "identity"}
+
+
+def raise_for_status(resp: Response) -> None:
+    http_error_msg = ""
+    if isinstance(resp.reason, bytes):
+        # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
+        # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
+        # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
+        # encodings.
+        try:
+            reason = resp.reason.decode("utf-8")
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            reason = resp.reason.decode("iso-8859-1")
+    else:
+        reason = resp.reason
+
+    if 400 <= resp.status_code < 500:
+        http_error_msg = (
+            f"{resp.status_code} Client Error: {reason} for url: {resp.url}"
+        )
+
+    elif 500 <= resp.status_code < 600:
+        http_error_msg = (
+            f"{resp.status_code} Server Error: {reason} for url: {resp.url}"
+        )
+
+    if http_error_msg:
+        raise NetworkConnectionError(http_error_msg, response=resp)
+
+
+def response_chunks(
+    response: Response, chunk_size: int = CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE
+) -> Generator[bytes, None, None]:
+    """Given a requests Response, provide the data chunks."""
+    try:
+        # Special case for urllib3.
+        for chunk in response.raw.stream(
+            chunk_size,
+            # We use decode_content=False here because we don't
+            # want urllib3 to mess with the raw bytes we get
+            # from the server. If we decompress inside of
+            # urllib3 then we cannot verify the checksum
+            # because the checksum will be of the compressed
+            # file. This breakage will only occur if the
+            # server adds a Content-Encoding header, which
+            # depends on how the server was configured:
+            # - Some servers will notice that the file isn't a
+            #   compressible file and will leave the file alone
+            #   and with an empty Content-Encoding
+            # - Some servers will notice that the file is
+            #   already compressed and will leave the file
+            #   alone and will add a Content-Encoding: gzip
+            #   header
+            # - Some servers won't notice anything at all and
+            #   will take a file that's already been compressed
+            #   and compress it again and set the
+            #   Content-Encoding: gzip header
+            #
+            # By setting this not to decode automatically we
+            # hope to eliminate problems with the second case.
+            decode_content=False,
+        ):
+            yield chunk
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Standard file-like object.
+        while True:
+            chunk = response.raw.read(chunk_size)
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+            yield chunk
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/xmlrpc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/xmlrpc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22ec8d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/xmlrpc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""xmlrpclib.Transport implementation
+"""
+
+import logging
+import urllib.parse
+import xmlrpc.client
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import NetworkConnectionError
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.network.utils import raise_for_status
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from xmlrpc.client import _HostType, _Marshallable
+
+    from _typeshed import SizedBuffer
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class PipXmlrpcTransport(xmlrpc.client.Transport):
+    """Provide a `xmlrpclib.Transport` implementation via a `PipSession`
+    object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, index_url: str, session: PipSession, use_datetime: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(use_datetime)
+        index_parts = urllib.parse.urlparse(index_url)
+        self._scheme = index_parts.scheme
+        self._session = session
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        host: "_HostType",
+        handler: str,
+        request_body: "SizedBuffer",
+        verbose: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple["_Marshallable", ...]:
+        assert isinstance(host, str)
+        parts = (self._scheme, host, handler, None, None, None)
+        url = urllib.parse.urlunparse(parts)
+        try:
+            headers = {"Content-Type": "text/xml"}
+            response = self._session.post(
+                url,
+                data=request_body,
+                headers=headers,
+                stream=True,
+            )
+            raise_for_status(response)
+            self.verbose = verbose
+            return self.parse_response(response.raw)
+        except NetworkConnectionError as exc:
+            assert exc.response
+            logger.critical(
+                "HTTP error %s while getting %s",
+                exc.response.status_code,
+                url,
+            )
+            raise
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/build_tracker.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/build_tracker.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37919322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/build_tracker.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+import contextlib
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import Dict, Generator, Optional, Set, Type, Union
+
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def update_env_context_manager(**changes: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    target = os.environ
+
+    # Save values from the target and change them.
+    non_existent_marker = object()
+    saved_values: Dict[str, Union[object, str]] = {}
+    for name, new_value in changes.items():
+        try:
+            saved_values[name] = target[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            saved_values[name] = non_existent_marker
+        target[name] = new_value
+
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        # Restore original values in the target.
+        for name, original_value in saved_values.items():
+            if original_value is non_existent_marker:
+                del target[name]
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(original_value, str)  # for mypy
+                target[name] = original_value
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def get_build_tracker() -> Generator["BuildTracker", None, None]:
+    root = os.environ.get("PIP_BUILD_TRACKER")
+    with contextlib.ExitStack() as ctx:
+        if root is None:
+            root = ctx.enter_context(TempDirectory(kind="build-tracker")).path
+            ctx.enter_context(update_env_context_manager(PIP_BUILD_TRACKER=root))
+            logger.debug("Initialized build tracking at %s", root)
+
+        with BuildTracker(root) as tracker:
+            yield tracker
+
+
+class TrackerId(str):
+    """Uniquely identifying string provided to the build tracker."""
+
+
+class BuildTracker:
+    """Ensure that an sdist cannot request itself as a setup requirement.
+
+    When an sdist is prepared, it identifies its setup requirements in the
+    context of ``BuildTracker.track()``. If a requirement shows up recursively, this
+    raises an exception.
+
+    This stops fork bombs embedded in malicious packages."""
+
+    def __init__(self, root: str) -> None:
+        self._root = root
+        self._entries: Dict[TrackerId, InstallRequirement] = {}
+        logger.debug("Created build tracker: %s", self._root)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "BuildTracker":
+        logger.debug("Entered build tracker: %s", self._root)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.cleanup()
+
+    def _entry_path(self, key: TrackerId) -> str:
+        hashed = hashlib.sha224(key.encode()).hexdigest()
+        return os.path.join(self._root, hashed)
+
+    def add(self, req: InstallRequirement, key: TrackerId) -> None:
+        """Add an InstallRequirement to build tracking."""
+
+        # Get the file to write information about this requirement.
+        entry_path = self._entry_path(key)
+
+        # Try reading from the file. If it exists and can be read from, a build
+        # is already in progress, so a LookupError is raised.
+        try:
+            with open(entry_path) as fp:
+                contents = fp.read()
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            message = "{} is already being built: {}".format(req.link, contents)
+            raise LookupError(message)
+
+        # If we're here, req should really not be building already.
+        assert key not in self._entries
+
+        # Start tracking this requirement.
+        with open(entry_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+            fp.write(str(req))
+        self._entries[key] = req
+
+        logger.debug("Added %s to build tracker %r", req, self._root)
+
+    def remove(self, req: InstallRequirement, key: TrackerId) -> None:
+        """Remove an InstallRequirement from build tracking."""
+
+        # Delete the created file and the corresponding entry.
+        os.unlink(self._entry_path(key))
+        del self._entries[key]
+
+        logger.debug("Removed %s from build tracker %r", req, self._root)
+
+    def cleanup(self) -> None:
+        for key, req in list(self._entries.items()):
+            self.remove(req, key)
+
+        logger.debug("Removed build tracker: %r", self._root)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def track(self, req: InstallRequirement, key: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        """Ensure that `key` cannot install itself as a setup requirement.
+
+        :raises LookupError: If `key` was already provided in a parent invocation of
+                             the context introduced by this method."""
+        tracker_id = TrackerId(key)
+        self.add(req, tracker_id)
+        yield
+        self.remove(req, tracker_id)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c66ac354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Metadata generation logic for source distributions.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks import BuildBackendHookCaller
+
+from pip._internal.build_env import BuildEnvironment
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    InstallationSubprocessError,
+    MetadataGenerationFailed,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import runner_with_spinner_message
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+
+
+def generate_metadata(
+    build_env: BuildEnvironment, backend: BuildBackendHookCaller, details: str
+) -> str:
+    """Generate metadata using mechanisms described in PEP 517.
+
+    Returns the generated metadata directory.
+    """
+    metadata_tmpdir = TempDirectory(kind="modern-metadata", globally_managed=True)
+
+    metadata_dir = metadata_tmpdir.path
+
+    with build_env:
+        # Note that BuildBackendHookCaller implements a fallback for
+        # prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel, so we don't have to
+        # consider the possibility that this hook doesn't exist.
+        runner = runner_with_spinner_message("Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml)")
+        with backend.subprocess_runner(runner):
+            try:
+                distinfo_dir = backend.prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel(metadata_dir)
+            except InstallationSubprocessError as error:
+                raise MetadataGenerationFailed(package_details=details) from error
+
+    return os.path.join(metadata_dir, distinfo_dir)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata_editable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata_editable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27c69f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata_editable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+"""Metadata generation logic for source distributions.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+from pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks import BuildBackendHookCaller
+
+from pip._internal.build_env import BuildEnvironment
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    InstallationSubprocessError,
+    MetadataGenerationFailed,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import runner_with_spinner_message
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+
+
+def generate_editable_metadata(
+    build_env: BuildEnvironment, backend: BuildBackendHookCaller, details: str
+) -> str:
+    """Generate metadata using mechanisms described in PEP 660.
+
+    Returns the generated metadata directory.
+    """
+    metadata_tmpdir = TempDirectory(kind="modern-metadata", globally_managed=True)
+
+    metadata_dir = metadata_tmpdir.path
+
+    with build_env:
+        # Note that BuildBackendHookCaller implements a fallback for
+        # prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel/editable, so we don't have to
+        # consider the possibility that this hook doesn't exist.
+        runner = runner_with_spinner_message(
+            "Preparing editable metadata (pyproject.toml)"
+        )
+        with backend.subprocess_runner(runner):
+            try:
+                distinfo_dir = backend.prepare_metadata_for_build_editable(metadata_dir)
+            except InstallationSubprocessError as error:
+                raise MetadataGenerationFailed(package_details=details) from error
+
+    return os.path.join(metadata_dir, distinfo_dir)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata_legacy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata_legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e60988d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/metadata_legacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+"""Metadata generation logic for legacy source distributions.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+
+from pip._internal.build_env import BuildEnvironment
+from pip._internal.cli.spinners import open_spinner
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError,
+    InstallationSubprocessError,
+    MetadataGenerationFailed,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.setuptools_build import make_setuptools_egg_info_args
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import call_subprocess
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _find_egg_info(directory: str) -> str:
+    """Find an .egg-info subdirectory in `directory`."""
+    filenames = [f for f in os.listdir(directory) if f.endswith(".egg-info")]
+
+    if not filenames:
+        raise InstallationError(f"No .egg-info directory found in {directory}")
+
+    if len(filenames) > 1:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            "More than one .egg-info directory found in {}".format(directory)
+        )
+
+    return os.path.join(directory, filenames[0])
+
+
+def generate_metadata(
+    build_env: BuildEnvironment,
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    source_dir: str,
+    isolated: bool,
+    details: str,
+) -> str:
+    """Generate metadata using setup.py-based defacto mechanisms.
+
+    Returns the generated metadata directory.
+    """
+    logger.debug(
+        "Running setup.py (path:%s) egg_info for package %s",
+        setup_py_path,
+        details,
+    )
+
+    egg_info_dir = TempDirectory(kind="pip-egg-info", globally_managed=True).path
+
+    args = make_setuptools_egg_info_args(
+        setup_py_path,
+        egg_info_dir=egg_info_dir,
+        no_user_config=isolated,
+    )
+
+    with build_env:
+        with open_spinner("Preparing metadata (setup.py)") as spinner:
+            try:
+                call_subprocess(
+                    args,
+                    cwd=source_dir,
+                    command_desc="python setup.py egg_info",
+                    spinner=spinner,
+                )
+            except InstallationSubprocessError as error:
+                raise MetadataGenerationFailed(package_details=details) from error
+
+    # Return the .egg-info directory.
+    return _find_egg_info(egg_info_dir)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..064811ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks import BuildBackendHookCaller
+
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import runner_with_spinner_message
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def build_wheel_pep517(
+    name: str,
+    backend: BuildBackendHookCaller,
+    metadata_directory: str,
+    tempd: str,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Build one InstallRequirement using the PEP 517 build process.
+
+    Returns path to wheel if successfully built. Otherwise, returns None.
+    """
+    assert metadata_directory is not None
+    try:
+        logger.debug("Destination directory: %s", tempd)
+
+        runner = runner_with_spinner_message(
+            f"Building wheel for {name} (pyproject.toml)"
+        )
+        with backend.subprocess_runner(runner):
+            wheel_name = backend.build_wheel(
+                tempd,
+                metadata_directory=metadata_directory,
+            )
+    except Exception:
+        logger.error("Failed building wheel for %s", name)
+        return None
+    return os.path.join(tempd, wheel_name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel_editable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel_editable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..719d69dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel_editable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks import BuildBackendHookCaller, HookMissing
+
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import runner_with_spinner_message
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def build_wheel_editable(
+    name: str,
+    backend: BuildBackendHookCaller,
+    metadata_directory: str,
+    tempd: str,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Build one InstallRequirement using the PEP 660 build process.
+
+    Returns path to wheel if successfully built. Otherwise, returns None.
+    """
+    assert metadata_directory is not None
+    try:
+        logger.debug("Destination directory: %s", tempd)
+
+        runner = runner_with_spinner_message(
+            f"Building editable for {name} (pyproject.toml)"
+        )
+        with backend.subprocess_runner(runner):
+            try:
+                wheel_name = backend.build_editable(
+                    tempd,
+                    metadata_directory=metadata_directory,
+                )
+            except HookMissing as e:
+                logger.error(
+                    "Cannot build editable %s because the build "
+                    "backend does not have the %s hook",
+                    name,
+                    e,
+                )
+                return None
+    except Exception:
+        logger.error("Failed building editable for %s", name)
+        return None
+    return os.path.join(tempd, wheel_name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel_legacy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel_legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5f0492c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/build/wheel_legacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+import logging
+import os.path
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.cli.spinners import open_spinner
+from pip._internal.utils.setuptools_build import make_setuptools_bdist_wheel_args
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import call_subprocess, format_command_args
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def format_command_result(
+    command_args: List[str],
+    command_output: str,
+) -> str:
+    """Format command information for logging."""
+    command_desc = format_command_args(command_args)
+    text = f"Command arguments: {command_desc}\n"
+
+    if not command_output:
+        text += "Command output: None"
+    elif logger.getEffectiveLevel() > logging.DEBUG:
+        text += "Command output: [use --verbose to show]"
+    else:
+        if not command_output.endswith("\n"):
+            command_output += "\n"
+        text += f"Command output:\n{command_output}"
+
+    return text
+
+
+def get_legacy_build_wheel_path(
+    names: List[str],
+    temp_dir: str,
+    name: str,
+    command_args: List[str],
+    command_output: str,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Return the path to the wheel in the temporary build directory."""
+    # Sort for determinism.
+    names = sorted(names)
+    if not names:
+        msg = ("Legacy build of wheel for {!r} created no files.\n").format(name)
+        msg += format_command_result(command_args, command_output)
+        logger.warning(msg)
+        return None
+
+    if len(names) > 1:
+        msg = (
+            "Legacy build of wheel for {!r} created more than one file.\n"
+            "Filenames (choosing first): {}\n"
+        ).format(name, names)
+        msg += format_command_result(command_args, command_output)
+        logger.warning(msg)
+
+    return os.path.join(temp_dir, names[0])
+
+
+def build_wheel_legacy(
+    name: str,
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    source_dir: str,
+    global_options: List[str],
+    build_options: List[str],
+    tempd: str,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Build one unpacked package using the "legacy" build process.
+
+    Returns path to wheel if successfully built. Otherwise, returns None.
+    """
+    wheel_args = make_setuptools_bdist_wheel_args(
+        setup_py_path,
+        global_options=global_options,
+        build_options=build_options,
+        destination_dir=tempd,
+    )
+
+    spin_message = f"Building wheel for {name} (setup.py)"
+    with open_spinner(spin_message) as spinner:
+        logger.debug("Destination directory: %s", tempd)
+
+        try:
+            output = call_subprocess(
+                wheel_args,
+                command_desc="python setup.py bdist_wheel",
+                cwd=source_dir,
+                spinner=spinner,
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            spinner.finish("error")
+            logger.error("Failed building wheel for %s", name)
+            return None
+
+        names = os.listdir(tempd)
+        wheel_path = get_legacy_build_wheel_path(
+            names=names,
+            temp_dir=tempd,
+            name=name,
+            command_args=wheel_args,
+            command_output=output,
+        )
+        return wheel_path
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/check.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/check.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90c6a58a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+"""Validation of dependencies of packages
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import LegacySpecifier
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import LegacyVersion
+
+from pip._internal.distributions import make_distribution_for_install_requirement
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_default_environment
+from pip._internal.metadata.base import DistributionVersion
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import deprecated
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class PackageDetails(NamedTuple):
+    version: DistributionVersion
+    dependencies: List[Requirement]
+
+
+# Shorthands
+PackageSet = Dict[NormalizedName, PackageDetails]
+Missing = Tuple[NormalizedName, Requirement]
+Conflicting = Tuple[NormalizedName, DistributionVersion, Requirement]
+
+MissingDict = Dict[NormalizedName, List[Missing]]
+ConflictingDict = Dict[NormalizedName, List[Conflicting]]
+CheckResult = Tuple[MissingDict, ConflictingDict]
+ConflictDetails = Tuple[PackageSet, CheckResult]
+
+
+def create_package_set_from_installed() -> Tuple[PackageSet, bool]:
+    """Converts a list of distributions into a PackageSet."""
+    package_set = {}
+    problems = False
+    env = get_default_environment()
+    for dist in env.iter_installed_distributions(local_only=False, skip=()):
+        name = dist.canonical_name
+        try:
+            dependencies = list(dist.iter_dependencies())
+            package_set[name] = PackageDetails(dist.version, dependencies)
+        except (OSError, ValueError) as e:
+            # Don't crash on unreadable or broken metadata.
+            logger.warning("Error parsing requirements for %s: %s", name, e)
+            problems = True
+    return package_set, problems
+
+
+def check_package_set(
+    package_set: PackageSet, should_ignore: Optional[Callable[[str], bool]] = None
+) -> CheckResult:
+    """Check if a package set is consistent
+
+    If should_ignore is passed, it should be a callable that takes a
+    package name and returns a boolean.
+    """
+
+    warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers(package_set)
+
+    missing = {}
+    conflicting = {}
+
+    for package_name, package_detail in package_set.items():
+        # Info about dependencies of package_name
+        missing_deps: Set[Missing] = set()
+        conflicting_deps: Set[Conflicting] = set()
+
+        if should_ignore and should_ignore(package_name):
+            continue
+
+        for req in package_detail.dependencies:
+            name = canonicalize_name(req.name)
+
+            # Check if it's missing
+            if name not in package_set:
+                missed = True
+                if req.marker is not None:
+                    missed = req.marker.evaluate({"extra": ""})
+                if missed:
+                    missing_deps.add((name, req))
+                continue
+
+            # Check if there's a conflict
+            version = package_set[name].version
+            if not req.specifier.contains(version, prereleases=True):
+                conflicting_deps.add((name, version, req))
+
+        if missing_deps:
+            missing[package_name] = sorted(missing_deps, key=str)
+        if conflicting_deps:
+            conflicting[package_name] = sorted(conflicting_deps, key=str)
+
+    return missing, conflicting
+
+
+def check_install_conflicts(to_install: List[InstallRequirement]) -> ConflictDetails:
+    """For checking if the dependency graph would be consistent after \
+    installing given requirements
+    """
+    # Start from the current state
+    package_set, _ = create_package_set_from_installed()
+    # Install packages
+    would_be_installed = _simulate_installation_of(to_install, package_set)
+
+    # Only warn about directly-dependent packages; create a whitelist of them
+    whitelist = _create_whitelist(would_be_installed, package_set)
+
+    return (
+        package_set,
+        check_package_set(
+            package_set, should_ignore=lambda name: name not in whitelist
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _simulate_installation_of(
+    to_install: List[InstallRequirement], package_set: PackageSet
+) -> Set[NormalizedName]:
+    """Computes the version of packages after installing to_install."""
+    # Keep track of packages that were installed
+    installed = set()
+
+    # Modify it as installing requirement_set would (assuming no errors)
+    for inst_req in to_install:
+        abstract_dist = make_distribution_for_install_requirement(inst_req)
+        dist = abstract_dist.get_metadata_distribution()
+        name = dist.canonical_name
+        package_set[name] = PackageDetails(dist.version, list(dist.iter_dependencies()))
+
+        installed.add(name)
+
+    return installed
+
+
+def _create_whitelist(
+    would_be_installed: Set[NormalizedName], package_set: PackageSet
+) -> Set[NormalizedName]:
+    packages_affected = set(would_be_installed)
+
+    for package_name in package_set:
+        if package_name in packages_affected:
+            continue
+
+        for req in package_set[package_name].dependencies:
+            if canonicalize_name(req.name) in packages_affected:
+                packages_affected.add(package_name)
+                break
+
+    return packages_affected
+
+
+def warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers(package_set: PackageSet) -> None:
+    for project_name, package_details in package_set.items():
+        if isinstance(package_details.version, LegacyVersion):
+            deprecated(
+                reason=(
+                    f"{project_name} {package_details.version} "
+                    f"has a non-standard version number."
+                ),
+                replacement=(
+                    f"to upgrade to a newer version of {project_name} "
+                    f"or contact the author to suggest that they "
+                    f"release a version with a conforming version number"
+                ),
+                issue=12063,
+                gone_in="24.1",
+            )
+        for dep in package_details.dependencies:
+            if any(isinstance(spec, LegacySpecifier) for spec in dep.specifier):
+                deprecated(
+                    reason=(
+                        f"{project_name} {package_details.version} "
+                        f"has a non-standard dependency specifier {dep}."
+                    ),
+                    replacement=(
+                        f"to upgrade to a newer version of {project_name} "
+                        f"or contact the author to suggest that they "
+                        f"release a version with a conforming dependency specifiers"
+                    ),
+                    issue=12063,
+                    gone_in="24.1",
+                )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/freeze.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/freeze.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35445684
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/freeze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+import collections
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import Container, Dict, Generator, Iterable, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Set
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import Version
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import BadCommand, InstallationError
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution, get_environment
+from pip._internal.req.constructors import (
+    install_req_from_editable,
+    install_req_from_line,
+)
+from pip._internal.req.req_file import COMMENT_RE
+from pip._internal.utils.direct_url_helpers import direct_url_as_pep440_direct_reference
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class _EditableInfo(NamedTuple):
+    requirement: str
+    comments: List[str]
+
+
+def freeze(
+    requirement: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    local_only: bool = False,
+    user_only: bool = False,
+    paths: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    exclude_editable: bool = False,
+    skip: Container[str] = (),
+) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    installations: Dict[str, FrozenRequirement] = {}
+
+    dists = get_environment(paths).iter_installed_distributions(
+        local_only=local_only,
+        skip=(),
+        user_only=user_only,
+    )
+    for dist in dists:
+        req = FrozenRequirement.from_dist(dist)
+        if exclude_editable and req.editable:
+            continue
+        installations[req.canonical_name] = req
+
+    if requirement:
+        # the options that don't get turned into an InstallRequirement
+        # should only be emitted once, even if the same option is in multiple
+        # requirements files, so we need to keep track of what has been emitted
+        # so that we don't emit it again if it's seen again
+        emitted_options: Set[str] = set()
+        # keep track of which files a requirement is in so that we can
+        # give an accurate warning if a requirement appears multiple times.
+        req_files: Dict[str, List[str]] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+        for req_file_path in requirement:
+            with open(req_file_path) as req_file:
+                for line in req_file:
+                    if (
+                        not line.strip()
+                        or line.strip().startswith("#")
+                        or line.startswith(
+                            (
+                                "-r",
+                                "--requirement",
+                                "-f",
+                                "--find-links",
+                                "-i",
+                                "--index-url",
+                                "--pre",
+                                "--trusted-host",
+                                "--process-dependency-links",
+                                "--extra-index-url",
+                                "--use-feature",
+                            )
+                        )
+                    ):
+                        line = line.rstrip()
+                        if line not in emitted_options:
+                            emitted_options.add(line)
+                            yield line
+                        continue
+
+                    if line.startswith("-e") or line.startswith("--editable"):
+                        if line.startswith("-e"):
+                            line = line[2:].strip()
+                        else:
+                            line = line[len("--editable") :].strip().lstrip("=")
+                        line_req = install_req_from_editable(
+                            line,
+                            isolated=isolated,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        line_req = install_req_from_line(
+                            COMMENT_RE.sub("", line).strip(),
+                            isolated=isolated,
+                        )
+
+                    if not line_req.name:
+                        logger.info(
+                            "Skipping line in requirement file [%s] because "
+                            "it's not clear what it would install: %s",
+                            req_file_path,
+                            line.strip(),
+                        )
+                        logger.info(
+                            "  (add #egg=PackageName to the URL to avoid"
+                            " this warning)"
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        line_req_canonical_name = canonicalize_name(line_req.name)
+                        if line_req_canonical_name not in installations:
+                            # either it's not installed, or it is installed
+                            # but has been processed already
+                            if not req_files[line_req.name]:
+                                logger.warning(
+                                    "Requirement file [%s] contains %s, but "
+                                    "package %r is not installed",
+                                    req_file_path,
+                                    COMMENT_RE.sub("", line).strip(),
+                                    line_req.name,
+                                )
+                            else:
+                                req_files[line_req.name].append(req_file_path)
+                        else:
+                            yield str(installations[line_req_canonical_name]).rstrip()
+                            del installations[line_req_canonical_name]
+                            req_files[line_req.name].append(req_file_path)
+
+        # Warn about requirements that were included multiple times (in a
+        # single requirements file or in different requirements files).
+        for name, files in req_files.items():
+            if len(files) > 1:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Requirement %s included multiple times [%s]",
+                    name,
+                    ", ".join(sorted(set(files))),
+                )
+
+        yield ("## The following requirements were added by pip freeze:")
+    for installation in sorted(installations.values(), key=lambda x: x.name.lower()):
+        if installation.canonical_name not in skip:
+            yield str(installation).rstrip()
+
+
+def _format_as_name_version(dist: BaseDistribution) -> str:
+    dist_version = dist.version
+    if isinstance(dist_version, Version):
+        return f"{dist.raw_name}=={dist_version}"
+    return f"{dist.raw_name}==={dist_version}"
+
+
+def _get_editable_info(dist: BaseDistribution) -> _EditableInfo:
+    """
+    Compute and return values (req, comments) for use in
+    FrozenRequirement.from_dist().
+    """
+    editable_project_location = dist.editable_project_location
+    assert editable_project_location
+    location = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(editable_project_location))
+
+    from pip._internal.vcs import RemoteNotFoundError, RemoteNotValidError, vcs
+
+    vcs_backend = vcs.get_backend_for_dir(location)
+
+    if vcs_backend is None:
+        display = _format_as_name_version(dist)
+        logger.debug(
+            'No VCS found for editable requirement "%s" in: %r',
+            display,
+            location,
+        )
+        return _EditableInfo(
+            requirement=location,
+            comments=[f"# Editable install with no version control ({display})"],
+        )
+
+    vcs_name = type(vcs_backend).__name__
+
+    try:
+        req = vcs_backend.get_src_requirement(location, dist.raw_name)
+    except RemoteNotFoundError:
+        display = _format_as_name_version(dist)
+        return _EditableInfo(
+            requirement=location,
+            comments=[f"# Editable {vcs_name} install with no remote ({display})"],
+        )
+    except RemoteNotValidError as ex:
+        display = _format_as_name_version(dist)
+        return _EditableInfo(
+            requirement=location,
+            comments=[
+                f"# Editable {vcs_name} install ({display}) with either a deleted "
+                f"local remote or invalid URI:",
+                f"# '{ex.url}'",
+            ],
+        )
+    except BadCommand:
+        logger.warning(
+            "cannot determine version of editable source in %s "
+            "(%s command not found in path)",
+            location,
+            vcs_backend.name,
+        )
+        return _EditableInfo(requirement=location, comments=[])
+    except InstallationError as exc:
+        logger.warning("Error when trying to get requirement for VCS system %s", exc)
+    else:
+        return _EditableInfo(requirement=req, comments=[])
+
+    logger.warning("Could not determine repository location of %s", location)
+
+    return _EditableInfo(
+        requirement=location,
+        comments=["## !! Could not determine repository location"],
+    )
+
+
+class FrozenRequirement:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        req: str,
+        editable: bool,
+        comments: Iterable[str] = (),
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.canonical_name = canonicalize_name(name)
+        self.req = req
+        self.editable = editable
+        self.comments = comments
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dist(cls, dist: BaseDistribution) -> "FrozenRequirement":
+        editable = dist.editable
+        if editable:
+            req, comments = _get_editable_info(dist)
+        else:
+            comments = []
+            direct_url = dist.direct_url
+            if direct_url:
+                # if PEP 610 metadata is present, use it
+                req = direct_url_as_pep440_direct_reference(direct_url, dist.raw_name)
+            else:
+                # name==version requirement
+                req = _format_as_name_version(dist)
+
+        return cls(dist.raw_name, req, editable, comments=comments)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        req = self.req
+        if self.editable:
+            req = f"-e {req}"
+        return "\n".join(list(self.comments) + [str(req)]) + "\n"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24d6a5dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""For modules related to installing packages.
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62e92a1d
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/editable_legacy.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/editable_legacy.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7dff28ac
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/editable_legacy.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c08ff03
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/editable_legacy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/editable_legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bebe24e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/editable_legacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+"""Legacy editable installation process, i.e. `setup.py develop`.
+"""
+import logging
+from typing import Optional, Sequence
+
+from pip._internal.build_env import BuildEnvironment
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.setuptools_build import make_setuptools_develop_args
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import call_subprocess
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def install_editable(
+    *,
+    global_options: Sequence[str],
+    prefix: Optional[str],
+    home: Optional[str],
+    use_user_site: bool,
+    name: str,
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    isolated: bool,
+    build_env: BuildEnvironment,
+    unpacked_source_directory: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Install a package in editable mode. Most arguments are pass-through
+    to setuptools.
+    """
+    logger.info("Running setup.py develop for %s", name)
+
+    args = make_setuptools_develop_args(
+        setup_py_path,
+        global_options=global_options,
+        no_user_config=isolated,
+        prefix=prefix,
+        home=home,
+        use_user_site=use_user_site,
+    )
+
+    with indent_log():
+        with build_env:
+            call_subprocess(
+                args,
+                command_desc="python setup.py develop",
+                cwd=unpacked_source_directory,
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f67180c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/install/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,734 @@
+"""Support for installing and building the "wheel" binary package format.
+"""
+
+import collections
+import compileall
+import contextlib
+import csv
+import importlib
+import logging
+import os.path
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import warnings
+from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
+from email.message import Message
+from itertools import chain, filterfalse, starmap
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    BinaryIO,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    NewType,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from zipfile import ZipFile, ZipInfo
+
+from pip._vendor.distlib.scripts import ScriptMaker
+from pip._vendor.distlib.util import get_export_entry
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip._internal.locations import get_major_minor_version
+from pip._internal.metadata import (
+    BaseDistribution,
+    FilesystemWheel,
+    get_wheel_distribution,
+)
+from pip._internal.models.direct_url import DIRECT_URL_METADATA_NAME, DirectUrl
+from pip._internal.models.scheme import SCHEME_KEYS, Scheme
+from pip._internal.utils.filesystem import adjacent_tmp_file, replace
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import captured_stdout, ensure_dir, hash_file, partition
+from pip._internal.utils.unpacking import (
+    current_umask,
+    is_within_directory,
+    set_extracted_file_to_default_mode_plus_executable,
+    zip_item_is_executable,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.wheel import parse_wheel
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Protocol
+
+    class File(Protocol):
+        src_record_path: "RecordPath"
+        dest_path: str
+        changed: bool
+
+        def save(self) -> None:
+            pass
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+RecordPath = NewType("RecordPath", str)
+InstalledCSVRow = Tuple[RecordPath, str, Union[int, str]]
+
+
+def rehash(path: str, blocksize: int = 1 << 20) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    """Return (encoded_digest, length) for path using hashlib.sha256()"""
+    h, length = hash_file(path, blocksize)
+    digest = "sha256=" + urlsafe_b64encode(h.digest()).decode("latin1").rstrip("=")
+    return (digest, str(length))
+
+
+def csv_io_kwargs(mode: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Return keyword arguments to properly open a CSV file
+    in the given mode.
+    """
+    return {"mode": mode, "newline": "", "encoding": "utf-8"}
+
+
+def fix_script(path: str) -> bool:
+    """Replace #!python with #!/path/to/python
+    Return True if file was changed.
+    """
+    # XXX RECORD hashes will need to be updated
+    assert os.path.isfile(path)
+
+    with open(path, "rb") as script:
+        firstline = script.readline()
+        if not firstline.startswith(b"#!python"):
+            return False
+        exename = sys.executable.encode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
+        firstline = b"#!" + exename + os.linesep.encode("ascii")
+        rest = script.read()
+    with open(path, "wb") as script:
+        script.write(firstline)
+        script.write(rest)
+    return True
+
+
+def wheel_root_is_purelib(metadata: Message) -> bool:
+    return metadata.get("Root-Is-Purelib", "").lower() == "true"
+
+
+def get_entrypoints(dist: BaseDistribution) -> Tuple[Dict[str, str], Dict[str, str]]:
+    console_scripts = {}
+    gui_scripts = {}
+    for entry_point in dist.iter_entry_points():
+        if entry_point.group == "console_scripts":
+            console_scripts[entry_point.name] = entry_point.value
+        elif entry_point.group == "gui_scripts":
+            gui_scripts[entry_point.name] = entry_point.value
+    return console_scripts, gui_scripts
+
+
+def message_about_scripts_not_on_PATH(scripts: Sequence[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Determine if any scripts are not on PATH and format a warning.
+    Returns a warning message if one or more scripts are not on PATH,
+    otherwise None.
+    """
+    if not scripts:
+        return None
+
+    # Group scripts by the path they were installed in
+    grouped_by_dir: Dict[str, Set[str]] = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    for destfile in scripts:
+        parent_dir = os.path.dirname(destfile)
+        script_name = os.path.basename(destfile)
+        grouped_by_dir[parent_dir].add(script_name)
+
+    # We don't want to warn for directories that are on PATH.
+    not_warn_dirs = [
+        os.path.normcase(os.path.normpath(i)).rstrip(os.sep)
+        for i in os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep)
+    ]
+    # If an executable sits with sys.executable, we don't warn for it.
+    #     This covers the case of venv invocations without activating the venv.
+    not_warn_dirs.append(
+        os.path.normcase(os.path.normpath(os.path.dirname(sys.executable)))
+    )
+    warn_for: Dict[str, Set[str]] = {
+        parent_dir: scripts
+        for parent_dir, scripts in grouped_by_dir.items()
+        if os.path.normcase(os.path.normpath(parent_dir)) not in not_warn_dirs
+    }
+    if not warn_for:
+        return None
+
+    # Format a message
+    msg_lines = []
+    for parent_dir, dir_scripts in warn_for.items():
+        sorted_scripts: List[str] = sorted(dir_scripts)
+        if len(sorted_scripts) == 1:
+            start_text = f"script {sorted_scripts[0]} is"
+        else:
+            start_text = "scripts {} are".format(
+                ", ".join(sorted_scripts[:-1]) + " and " + sorted_scripts[-1]
+            )
+
+        msg_lines.append(
+            f"The {start_text} installed in '{parent_dir}' which is not on PATH."
+        )
+
+    last_line_fmt = (
+        "Consider adding {} to PATH or, if you prefer "
+        "to suppress this warning, use --no-warn-script-location."
+    )
+    if len(msg_lines) == 1:
+        msg_lines.append(last_line_fmt.format("this directory"))
+    else:
+        msg_lines.append(last_line_fmt.format("these directories"))
+
+    # Add a note if any directory starts with ~
+    warn_for_tilde = any(
+        i[0] == "~" for i in os.environ.get("PATH", "").split(os.pathsep) if i
+    )
+    if warn_for_tilde:
+        tilde_warning_msg = (
+            "NOTE: The current PATH contains path(s) starting with `~`, "
+            "which may not be expanded by all applications."
+        )
+        msg_lines.append(tilde_warning_msg)
+
+    # Returns the formatted multiline message
+    return "\n".join(msg_lines)
+
+
+def _normalized_outrows(
+    outrows: Iterable[InstalledCSVRow],
+) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str]]:
+    """Normalize the given rows of a RECORD file.
+
+    Items in each row are converted into str. Rows are then sorted to make
+    the value more predictable for tests.
+
+    Each row is a 3-tuple (path, hash, size) and corresponds to a record of
+    a RECORD file (see PEP 376 and PEP 427 for details).  For the rows
+    passed to this function, the size can be an integer as an int or string,
+    or the empty string.
+    """
+    # Normally, there should only be one row per path, in which case the
+    # second and third elements don't come into play when sorting.
+    # However, in cases in the wild where a path might happen to occur twice,
+    # we don't want the sort operation to trigger an error (but still want
+    # determinism).  Since the third element can be an int or string, we
+    # coerce each element to a string to avoid a TypeError in this case.
+    # For additional background, see--
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/5868
+    return sorted(
+        (record_path, hash_, str(size)) for record_path, hash_, size in outrows
+    )
+
+
+def _record_to_fs_path(record_path: RecordPath, lib_dir: str) -> str:
+    return os.path.join(lib_dir, record_path)
+
+
+def _fs_to_record_path(path: str, lib_dir: str) -> RecordPath:
+    # On Windows, do not handle relative paths if they belong to different
+    # logical disks
+    if os.path.splitdrive(path)[0].lower() == os.path.splitdrive(lib_dir)[0].lower():
+        path = os.path.relpath(path, lib_dir)
+
+    path = path.replace(os.path.sep, "/")
+    return cast("RecordPath", path)
+
+
+def get_csv_rows_for_installed(
+    old_csv_rows: List[List[str]],
+    installed: Dict[RecordPath, RecordPath],
+    changed: Set[RecordPath],
+    generated: List[str],
+    lib_dir: str,
+) -> List[InstalledCSVRow]:
+    """
+    :param installed: A map from archive RECORD path to installation RECORD
+        path.
+    """
+    installed_rows: List[InstalledCSVRow] = []
+    for row in old_csv_rows:
+        if len(row) > 3:
+            logger.warning("RECORD line has more than three elements: %s", row)
+        old_record_path = cast("RecordPath", row[0])
+        new_record_path = installed.pop(old_record_path, old_record_path)
+        if new_record_path in changed:
+            digest, length = rehash(_record_to_fs_path(new_record_path, lib_dir))
+        else:
+            digest = row[1] if len(row) > 1 else ""
+            length = row[2] if len(row) > 2 else ""
+        installed_rows.append((new_record_path, digest, length))
+    for f in generated:
+        path = _fs_to_record_path(f, lib_dir)
+        digest, length = rehash(f)
+        installed_rows.append((path, digest, length))
+    return installed_rows + [
+        (installed_record_path, "", "") for installed_record_path in installed.values()
+    ]
+
+
+def get_console_script_specs(console: Dict[str, str]) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Given the mapping from entrypoint name to callable, return the relevant
+    console script specs.
+    """
+    # Don't mutate caller's version
+    console = console.copy()
+
+    scripts_to_generate = []
+
+    # Special case pip and setuptools to generate versioned wrappers
+    #
+    # The issue is that some projects (specifically, pip and setuptools) use
+    # code in setup.py to create "versioned" entry points - pip2.7 on Python
+    # 2.7, pip3.3 on Python 3.3, etc. But these entry points are baked into
+    # the wheel metadata at build time, and so if the wheel is installed with
+    # a *different* version of Python the entry points will be wrong. The
+    # correct fix for this is to enhance the metadata to be able to describe
+    # such versioned entry points, but that won't happen till Metadata 2.0 is
+    # available.
+    # In the meantime, projects using versioned entry points will either have
+    # incorrect versioned entry points, or they will not be able to distribute
+    # "universal" wheels (i.e., they will need a wheel per Python version).
+    #
+    # Because setuptools and pip are bundled with _ensurepip and virtualenv,
+    # we need to use universal wheels. So, as a stopgap until Metadata 2.0, we
+    # override the versioned entry points in the wheel and generate the
+    # correct ones. This code is purely a short-term measure until Metadata 2.0
+    # is available.
+    #
+    # To add the level of hack in this section of code, in order to support
+    # ensurepip this code will look for an ``ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS`` environment
+    # variable which will control which version scripts get installed.
+    #
+    # ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS=altinstall
+    #   - Only pipX.Y and easy_install-X.Y will be generated and installed
+    # ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS=install
+    #   - pipX.Y, pipX, easy_install-X.Y will be generated and installed. Note
+    #     that this option is technically if ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS is set and is
+    #     not altinstall
+    # DEFAULT
+    #   - The default behavior is to install pip, pipX, pipX.Y, easy_install
+    #     and easy_install-X.Y.
+    pip_script = console.pop("pip", None)
+    if pip_script:
+        if "ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS" not in os.environ:
+            scripts_to_generate.append("pip = " + pip_script)
+
+        if os.environ.get("ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS", "") != "altinstall":
+            scripts_to_generate.append(f"pip{sys.version_info[0]} = {pip_script}")
+
+        scripts_to_generate.append(f"pip{get_major_minor_version()} = {pip_script}")
+        # Delete any other versioned pip entry points
+        pip_ep = [k for k in console if re.match(r"pip(\d+(\.\d+)?)?$", k)]
+        for k in pip_ep:
+            del console[k]
+    easy_install_script = console.pop("easy_install", None)
+    if easy_install_script:
+        if "ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS" not in os.environ:
+            scripts_to_generate.append("easy_install = " + easy_install_script)
+
+        scripts_to_generate.append(
+            f"easy_install-{get_major_minor_version()} = {easy_install_script}"
+        )
+        # Delete any other versioned easy_install entry points
+        easy_install_ep = [
+            k for k in console if re.match(r"easy_install(-\d+\.\d+)?$", k)
+        ]
+        for k in easy_install_ep:
+            del console[k]
+
+    # Generate the console entry points specified in the wheel
+    scripts_to_generate.extend(starmap("{} = {}".format, console.items()))
+
+    return scripts_to_generate
+
+
+class ZipBackedFile:
+    def __init__(
+        self, src_record_path: RecordPath, dest_path: str, zip_file: ZipFile
+    ) -> None:
+        self.src_record_path = src_record_path
+        self.dest_path = dest_path
+        self._zip_file = zip_file
+        self.changed = False
+
+    def _getinfo(self) -> ZipInfo:
+        return self._zip_file.getinfo(self.src_record_path)
+
+    def save(self) -> None:
+        # directory creation is lazy and after file filtering
+        # to ensure we don't install empty dirs; empty dirs can't be
+        # uninstalled.
+        parent_dir = os.path.dirname(self.dest_path)
+        ensure_dir(parent_dir)
+
+        # When we open the output file below, any existing file is truncated
+        # before we start writing the new contents. This is fine in most
+        # cases, but can cause a segfault if pip has loaded a shared
+        # object (e.g. from pyopenssl through its vendored urllib3)
+        # Since the shared object is mmap'd an attempt to call a
+        # symbol in it will then cause a segfault. Unlinking the file
+        # allows writing of new contents while allowing the process to
+        # continue to use the old copy.
+        if os.path.exists(self.dest_path):
+            os.unlink(self.dest_path)
+
+        zipinfo = self._getinfo()
+
+        with self._zip_file.open(zipinfo) as f:
+            with open(self.dest_path, "wb") as dest:
+                shutil.copyfileobj(f, dest)
+
+        if zip_item_is_executable(zipinfo):
+            set_extracted_file_to_default_mode_plus_executable(self.dest_path)
+
+
+class ScriptFile:
+    def __init__(self, file: "File") -> None:
+        self._file = file
+        self.src_record_path = self._file.src_record_path
+        self.dest_path = self._file.dest_path
+        self.changed = False
+
+    def save(self) -> None:
+        self._file.save()
+        self.changed = fix_script(self.dest_path)
+
+
+class MissingCallableSuffix(InstallationError):
+    def __init__(self, entry_point: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            f"Invalid script entry point: {entry_point} - A callable "
+            "suffix is required. Cf https://packaging.python.org/"
+            "specifications/entry-points/#use-for-scripts for more "
+            "information."
+        )
+
+
+def _raise_for_invalid_entrypoint(specification: str) -> None:
+    entry = get_export_entry(specification)
+    if entry is not None and entry.suffix is None:
+        raise MissingCallableSuffix(str(entry))
+
+
+class PipScriptMaker(ScriptMaker):
+    def make(
+        self, specification: str, options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        _raise_for_invalid_entrypoint(specification)
+        return super().make(specification, options)
+
+
+def _install_wheel(
+    name: str,
+    wheel_zip: ZipFile,
+    wheel_path: str,
+    scheme: Scheme,
+    pycompile: bool = True,
+    warn_script_location: bool = True,
+    direct_url: Optional[DirectUrl] = None,
+    requested: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Install a wheel.
+
+    :param name: Name of the project to install
+    :param wheel_zip: open ZipFile for wheel being installed
+    :param scheme: Distutils scheme dictating the install directories
+    :param req_description: String used in place of the requirement, for
+        logging
+    :param pycompile: Whether to byte-compile installed Python files
+    :param warn_script_location: Whether to check that scripts are installed
+        into a directory on PATH
+    :raises UnsupportedWheel:
+        * when the directory holds an unpacked wheel with incompatible
+          Wheel-Version
+        * when the .dist-info dir does not match the wheel
+    """
+    info_dir, metadata = parse_wheel(wheel_zip, name)
+
+    if wheel_root_is_purelib(metadata):
+        lib_dir = scheme.purelib
+    else:
+        lib_dir = scheme.platlib
+
+    # Record details of the files moved
+    #   installed = files copied from the wheel to the destination
+    #   changed = files changed while installing (scripts #! line typically)
+    #   generated = files newly generated during the install (script wrappers)
+    installed: Dict[RecordPath, RecordPath] = {}
+    changed: Set[RecordPath] = set()
+    generated: List[str] = []
+
+    def record_installed(
+        srcfile: RecordPath, destfile: str, modified: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Map archive RECORD paths to installation RECORD paths."""
+        newpath = _fs_to_record_path(destfile, lib_dir)
+        installed[srcfile] = newpath
+        if modified:
+            changed.add(newpath)
+
+    def is_dir_path(path: RecordPath) -> bool:
+        return path.endswith("/")
+
+    def assert_no_path_traversal(dest_dir_path: str, target_path: str) -> None:
+        if not is_within_directory(dest_dir_path, target_path):
+            message = (
+                "The wheel {!r} has a file {!r} trying to install"
+                " outside the target directory {!r}"
+            )
+            raise InstallationError(
+                message.format(wheel_path, target_path, dest_dir_path)
+            )
+
+    def root_scheme_file_maker(
+        zip_file: ZipFile, dest: str
+    ) -> Callable[[RecordPath], "File"]:
+        def make_root_scheme_file(record_path: RecordPath) -> "File":
+            normed_path = os.path.normpath(record_path)
+            dest_path = os.path.join(dest, normed_path)
+            assert_no_path_traversal(dest, dest_path)
+            return ZipBackedFile(record_path, dest_path, zip_file)
+
+        return make_root_scheme_file
+
+    def data_scheme_file_maker(
+        zip_file: ZipFile, scheme: Scheme
+    ) -> Callable[[RecordPath], "File"]:
+        scheme_paths = {key: getattr(scheme, key) for key in SCHEME_KEYS}
+
+        def make_data_scheme_file(record_path: RecordPath) -> "File":
+            normed_path = os.path.normpath(record_path)
+            try:
+                _, scheme_key, dest_subpath = normed_path.split(os.path.sep, 2)
+            except ValueError:
+                message = (
+                    "Unexpected file in {}: {!r}. .data directory contents"
+                    " should be named like: '<scheme key>/<path>'."
+                ).format(wheel_path, record_path)
+                raise InstallationError(message)
+
+            try:
+                scheme_path = scheme_paths[scheme_key]
+            except KeyError:
+                valid_scheme_keys = ", ".join(sorted(scheme_paths))
+                message = (
+                    "Unknown scheme key used in {}: {} (for file {!r}). .data"
+                    " directory contents should be in subdirectories named"
+                    " with a valid scheme key ({})"
+                ).format(wheel_path, scheme_key, record_path, valid_scheme_keys)
+                raise InstallationError(message)
+
+            dest_path = os.path.join(scheme_path, dest_subpath)
+            assert_no_path_traversal(scheme_path, dest_path)
+            return ZipBackedFile(record_path, dest_path, zip_file)
+
+        return make_data_scheme_file
+
+    def is_data_scheme_path(path: RecordPath) -> bool:
+        return path.split("/", 1)[0].endswith(".data")
+
+    paths = cast(List[RecordPath], wheel_zip.namelist())
+    file_paths = filterfalse(is_dir_path, paths)
+    root_scheme_paths, data_scheme_paths = partition(is_data_scheme_path, file_paths)
+
+    make_root_scheme_file = root_scheme_file_maker(wheel_zip, lib_dir)
+    files: Iterator[File] = map(make_root_scheme_file, root_scheme_paths)
+
+    def is_script_scheme_path(path: RecordPath) -> bool:
+        parts = path.split("/", 2)
+        return len(parts) > 2 and parts[0].endswith(".data") and parts[1] == "scripts"
+
+    other_scheme_paths, script_scheme_paths = partition(
+        is_script_scheme_path, data_scheme_paths
+    )
+
+    make_data_scheme_file = data_scheme_file_maker(wheel_zip, scheme)
+    other_scheme_files = map(make_data_scheme_file, other_scheme_paths)
+    files = chain(files, other_scheme_files)
+
+    # Get the defined entry points
+    distribution = get_wheel_distribution(
+        FilesystemWheel(wheel_path),
+        canonicalize_name(name),
+    )
+    console, gui = get_entrypoints(distribution)
+
+    def is_entrypoint_wrapper(file: "File") -> bool:
+        # EP, EP.exe and EP-script.py are scripts generated for
+        # entry point EP by setuptools
+        path = file.dest_path
+        name = os.path.basename(path)
+        if name.lower().endswith(".exe"):
+            matchname = name[:-4]
+        elif name.lower().endswith("-script.py"):
+            matchname = name[:-10]
+        elif name.lower().endswith(".pya"):
+            matchname = name[:-4]
+        else:
+            matchname = name
+        # Ignore setuptools-generated scripts
+        return matchname in console or matchname in gui
+
+    script_scheme_files: Iterator[File] = map(
+        make_data_scheme_file, script_scheme_paths
+    )
+    script_scheme_files = filterfalse(is_entrypoint_wrapper, script_scheme_files)
+    script_scheme_files = map(ScriptFile, script_scheme_files)
+    files = chain(files, script_scheme_files)
+
+    for file in files:
+        file.save()
+        record_installed(file.src_record_path, file.dest_path, file.changed)
+
+    def pyc_source_file_paths() -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+        # We de-duplicate installation paths, since there can be overlap (e.g.
+        # file in .data maps to same location as file in wheel root).
+        # Sorting installation paths makes it easier to reproduce and debug
+        # issues related to permissions on existing files.
+        for installed_path in sorted(set(installed.values())):
+            full_installed_path = os.path.join(lib_dir, installed_path)
+            if not os.path.isfile(full_installed_path):
+                continue
+            if not full_installed_path.endswith(".py"):
+                continue
+            yield full_installed_path
+
+    def pyc_output_path(path: str) -> str:
+        """Return the path the pyc file would have been written to."""
+        return importlib.util.cache_from_source(path)
+
+    # Compile all of the pyc files for the installed files
+    if pycompile:
+        with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+            with warnings.catch_warnings():
+                warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
+                for path in pyc_source_file_paths():
+                    success = compileall.compile_file(path, force=True, quiet=True)
+                    if success:
+                        pyc_path = pyc_output_path(path)
+                        assert os.path.exists(pyc_path)
+                        pyc_record_path = cast(
+                            "RecordPath", pyc_path.replace(os.path.sep, "/")
+                        )
+                        record_installed(pyc_record_path, pyc_path)
+        logger.debug(stdout.getvalue())
+
+    maker = PipScriptMaker(None, scheme.scripts)
+
+    # Ensure old scripts are overwritten.
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1800
+    maker.clobber = True
+
+    # Ensure we don't generate any variants for scripts because this is almost
+    # never what somebody wants.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/35/
+    maker.variants = {""}
+
+    # This is required because otherwise distlib creates scripts that are not
+    # executable.
+    # See https://bitbucket.org/pypa/distlib/issue/32/
+    maker.set_mode = True
+
+    # Generate the console and GUI entry points specified in the wheel
+    scripts_to_generate = get_console_script_specs(console)
+
+    gui_scripts_to_generate = list(starmap("{} = {}".format, gui.items()))
+
+    generated_console_scripts = maker.make_multiple(scripts_to_generate)
+    generated.extend(generated_console_scripts)
+
+    generated.extend(maker.make_multiple(gui_scripts_to_generate, {"gui": True}))
+
+    if warn_script_location:
+        msg = message_about_scripts_not_on_PATH(generated_console_scripts)
+        if msg is not None:
+            logger.warning(msg)
+
+    generated_file_mode = 0o666 & ~current_umask()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _generate_file(path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Generator[BinaryIO, None, None]:
+        with adjacent_tmp_file(path, **kwargs) as f:
+            yield f
+        os.chmod(f.name, generated_file_mode)
+        replace(f.name, path)
+
+    dest_info_dir = os.path.join(lib_dir, info_dir)
+
+    # Record pip as the installer
+    installer_path = os.path.join(dest_info_dir, "INSTALLER")
+    with _generate_file(installer_path) as installer_file:
+        installer_file.write(b"pip\n")
+    generated.append(installer_path)
+
+    # Record the PEP 610 direct URL reference
+    if direct_url is not None:
+        direct_url_path = os.path.join(dest_info_dir, DIRECT_URL_METADATA_NAME)
+        with _generate_file(direct_url_path) as direct_url_file:
+            direct_url_file.write(direct_url.to_json().encode("utf-8"))
+        generated.append(direct_url_path)
+
+    # Record the REQUESTED file
+    if requested:
+        requested_path = os.path.join(dest_info_dir, "REQUESTED")
+        with open(requested_path, "wb"):
+            pass
+        generated.append(requested_path)
+
+    record_text = distribution.read_text("RECORD")
+    record_rows = list(csv.reader(record_text.splitlines()))
+
+    rows = get_csv_rows_for_installed(
+        record_rows,
+        installed=installed,
+        changed=changed,
+        generated=generated,
+        lib_dir=lib_dir,
+    )
+
+    # Record details of all files installed
+    record_path = os.path.join(dest_info_dir, "RECORD")
+
+    with _generate_file(record_path, **csv_io_kwargs("w")) as record_file:
+        # Explicitly cast to typing.IO[str] as a workaround for the mypy error:
+        # "writer" has incompatible type "BinaryIO"; expected "_Writer"
+        writer = csv.writer(cast("IO[str]", record_file))
+        writer.writerows(_normalized_outrows(rows))
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def req_error_context(req_description: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    try:
+        yield
+    except InstallationError as e:
+        message = f"For req: {req_description}. {e.args[0]}"
+        raise InstallationError(message) from e
+
+
+def install_wheel(
+    name: str,
+    wheel_path: str,
+    scheme: Scheme,
+    req_description: str,
+    pycompile: bool = True,
+    warn_script_location: bool = True,
+    direct_url: Optional[DirectUrl] = None,
+    requested: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    with ZipFile(wheel_path, allowZip64=True) as z:
+        with req_error_context(req_description):
+            _install_wheel(
+                name=name,
+                wheel_zip=z,
+                wheel_path=wheel_path,
+                scheme=scheme,
+                pycompile=pycompile,
+                warn_script_location=warn_script_location,
+                direct_url=direct_url,
+                requested=requested,
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..956717d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+"""Prepares a distribution for installation
+"""
+
+# The following comment should be removed at some point in the future.
+# mypy: strict-optional=False
+
+import mimetypes
+import os
+import shutil
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.distributions import make_distribution_for_install_requirement
+from pip._internal.distributions.installed import InstalledDistribution
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported,
+    HashMismatch,
+    HashUnpinned,
+    InstallationError,
+    MetadataInconsistent,
+    NetworkConnectionError,
+    VcsHashUnsupported,
+)
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution, get_metadata_distribution
+from pip._internal.models.direct_url import ArchiveInfo
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.network.download import BatchDownloader, Downloader
+from pip._internal.network.lazy_wheel import (
+    HTTPRangeRequestUnsupported,
+    dist_from_wheel_url,
+)
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.operations.build.build_tracker import BuildTracker
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils._log import getLogger
+from pip._internal.utils.direct_url_helpers import (
+    direct_url_for_editable,
+    direct_url_from_link,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import Hashes, MissingHashes
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    display_path,
+    hash_file,
+    hide_url,
+    redact_auth_from_requirement,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+from pip._internal.utils.unpacking import unpack_file
+from pip._internal.vcs import vcs
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _get_prepared_distribution(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+    build_tracker: BuildTracker,
+    finder: PackageFinder,
+    build_isolation: bool,
+    check_build_deps: bool,
+) -> BaseDistribution:
+    """Prepare a distribution for installation."""
+    abstract_dist = make_distribution_for_install_requirement(req)
+    tracker_id = abstract_dist.build_tracker_id
+    if tracker_id is not None:
+        with build_tracker.track(req, tracker_id):
+            abstract_dist.prepare_distribution_metadata(
+                finder, build_isolation, check_build_deps
+            )
+    return abstract_dist.get_metadata_distribution()
+
+
+def unpack_vcs_link(link: Link, location: str, verbosity: int) -> None:
+    vcs_backend = vcs.get_backend_for_scheme(link.scheme)
+    assert vcs_backend is not None
+    vcs_backend.unpack(location, url=hide_url(link.url), verbosity=verbosity)
+
+
+class File:
+    def __init__(self, path: str, content_type: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        if content_type is None:
+            self.content_type = mimetypes.guess_type(path)[0]
+        else:
+            self.content_type = content_type
+
+
+def get_http_url(
+    link: Link,
+    download: Downloader,
+    download_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+    hashes: Optional[Hashes] = None,
+) -> File:
+    temp_dir = TempDirectory(kind="unpack", globally_managed=True)
+    # If a download dir is specified, is the file already downloaded there?
+    already_downloaded_path = None
+    if download_dir:
+        already_downloaded_path = _check_download_dir(link, download_dir, hashes)
+
+    if already_downloaded_path:
+        from_path = already_downloaded_path
+        content_type = None
+    else:
+        # let's download to a tmp dir
+        from_path, content_type = download(link, temp_dir.path)
+        if hashes:
+            hashes.check_against_path(from_path)
+
+    return File(from_path, content_type)
+
+
+def get_file_url(
+    link: Link, download_dir: Optional[str] = None, hashes: Optional[Hashes] = None
+) -> File:
+    """Get file and optionally check its hash."""
+    # If a download dir is specified, is the file already there and valid?
+    already_downloaded_path = None
+    if download_dir:
+        already_downloaded_path = _check_download_dir(link, download_dir, hashes)
+
+    if already_downloaded_path:
+        from_path = already_downloaded_path
+    else:
+        from_path = link.file_path
+
+    # If --require-hashes is off, `hashes` is either empty, the
+    # link's embedded hash, or MissingHashes; it is required to
+    # match. If --require-hashes is on, we are satisfied by any
+    # hash in `hashes` matching: a URL-based or an option-based
+    # one; no internet-sourced hash will be in `hashes`.
+    if hashes:
+        hashes.check_against_path(from_path)
+    return File(from_path, None)
+
+
+def unpack_url(
+    link: Link,
+    location: str,
+    download: Downloader,
+    verbosity: int,
+    download_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+    hashes: Optional[Hashes] = None,
+) -> Optional[File]:
+    """Unpack link into location, downloading if required.
+
+    :param hashes: A Hashes object, one of whose embedded hashes must match,
+        or HashMismatch will be raised. If the Hashes is empty, no matches are
+        required, and unhashable types of requirements (like VCS ones, which
+        would ordinarily raise HashUnsupported) are allowed.
+    """
+    # non-editable vcs urls
+    if link.is_vcs:
+        unpack_vcs_link(link, location, verbosity=verbosity)
+        return None
+
+    assert not link.is_existing_dir()
+
+    # file urls
+    if link.is_file:
+        file = get_file_url(link, download_dir, hashes=hashes)
+
+    # http urls
+    else:
+        file = get_http_url(
+            link,
+            download,
+            download_dir,
+            hashes=hashes,
+        )
+
+    # unpack the archive to the build dir location. even when only downloading
+    # archives, they have to be unpacked to parse dependencies, except wheels
+    if not link.is_wheel:
+        unpack_file(file.path, location, file.content_type)
+
+    return file
+
+
+def _check_download_dir(
+    link: Link,
+    download_dir: str,
+    hashes: Optional[Hashes],
+    warn_on_hash_mismatch: bool = True,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Check download_dir for previously downloaded file with correct hash
+    If a correct file is found return its path else None
+    """
+    download_path = os.path.join(download_dir, link.filename)
+
+    if not os.path.exists(download_path):
+        return None
+
+    # If already downloaded, does its hash match?
+    logger.info("File was already downloaded %s", download_path)
+    if hashes:
+        try:
+            hashes.check_against_path(download_path)
+        except HashMismatch:
+            if warn_on_hash_mismatch:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Previously-downloaded file %s has bad hash. Re-downloading.",
+                    download_path,
+                )
+            os.unlink(download_path)
+            return None
+    return download_path
+
+
+class RequirementPreparer:
+    """Prepares a Requirement"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        build_dir: str,
+        download_dir: Optional[str],
+        src_dir: str,
+        build_isolation: bool,
+        check_build_deps: bool,
+        build_tracker: BuildTracker,
+        session: PipSession,
+        progress_bar: str,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        require_hashes: bool,
+        use_user_site: bool,
+        lazy_wheel: bool,
+        verbosity: int,
+        legacy_resolver: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.src_dir = src_dir
+        self.build_dir = build_dir
+        self.build_tracker = build_tracker
+        self._session = session
+        self._download = Downloader(session, progress_bar)
+        self._batch_download = BatchDownloader(session, progress_bar)
+        self.finder = finder
+
+        # Where still-packed archives should be written to. If None, they are
+        # not saved, and are deleted immediately after unpacking.
+        self.download_dir = download_dir
+
+        # Is build isolation allowed?
+        self.build_isolation = build_isolation
+
+        # Should check build dependencies?
+        self.check_build_deps = check_build_deps
+
+        # Should hash-checking be required?
+        self.require_hashes = require_hashes
+
+        # Should install in user site-packages?
+        self.use_user_site = use_user_site
+
+        # Should wheels be downloaded lazily?
+        self.use_lazy_wheel = lazy_wheel
+
+        # How verbose should underlying tooling be?
+        self.verbosity = verbosity
+
+        # Are we using the legacy resolver?
+        self.legacy_resolver = legacy_resolver
+
+        # Memoized downloaded files, as mapping of url: path.
+        self._downloaded: Dict[str, str] = {}
+
+        # Previous "header" printed for a link-based InstallRequirement
+        self._previous_requirement_header = ("", "")
+
+    def _log_preparing_link(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        """Provide context for the requirement being prepared."""
+        if req.link.is_file and not req.is_wheel_from_cache:
+            message = "Processing %s"
+            information = str(display_path(req.link.file_path))
+        else:
+            message = "Collecting %s"
+            information = redact_auth_from_requirement(req.req) if req.req else str(req)
+
+        # If we used req.req, inject requirement source if available (this
+        # would already be included if we used req directly)
+        if req.req and req.comes_from:
+            if isinstance(req.comes_from, str):
+                comes_from: Optional[str] = req.comes_from
+            else:
+                comes_from = req.comes_from.from_path()
+            if comes_from:
+                information += f" (from {comes_from})"
+
+        if (message, information) != self._previous_requirement_header:
+            self._previous_requirement_header = (message, information)
+            logger.info(message, information)
+
+        if req.is_wheel_from_cache:
+            with indent_log():
+                logger.info("Using cached %s", req.link.filename)
+
+    def _ensure_link_req_src_dir(
+        self, req: InstallRequirement, parallel_builds: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Ensure source_dir of a linked InstallRequirement."""
+        # Since source_dir is only set for editable requirements.
+        if req.link.is_wheel:
+            # We don't need to unpack wheels, so no need for a source
+            # directory.
+            return
+        assert req.source_dir is None
+        if req.link.is_existing_dir():
+            # build local directories in-tree
+            req.source_dir = req.link.file_path
+            return
+
+        # We always delete unpacked sdists after pip runs.
+        req.ensure_has_source_dir(
+            self.build_dir,
+            autodelete=True,
+            parallel_builds=parallel_builds,
+        )
+        req.ensure_pristine_source_checkout()
+
+    def _get_linked_req_hashes(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> Hashes:
+        # By the time this is called, the requirement's link should have
+        # been checked so we can tell what kind of requirements req is
+        # and raise some more informative errors than otherwise.
+        # (For example, we can raise VcsHashUnsupported for a VCS URL
+        # rather than HashMissing.)
+        if not self.require_hashes:
+            return req.hashes(trust_internet=True)
+
+        # We could check these first 2 conditions inside unpack_url
+        # and save repetition of conditions, but then we would
+        # report less-useful error messages for unhashable
+        # requirements, complaining that there's no hash provided.
+        if req.link.is_vcs:
+            raise VcsHashUnsupported()
+        if req.link.is_existing_dir():
+            raise DirectoryUrlHashUnsupported()
+
+        # Unpinned packages are asking for trouble when a new version
+        # is uploaded.  This isn't a security check, but it saves users
+        # a surprising hash mismatch in the future.
+        # file:/// URLs aren't pinnable, so don't complain about them
+        # not being pinned.
+        if not req.is_direct and not req.is_pinned:
+            raise HashUnpinned()
+
+        # If known-good hashes are missing for this requirement,
+        # shim it with a facade object that will provoke hash
+        # computation and then raise a HashMissing exception
+        # showing the user what the hash should be.
+        return req.hashes(trust_internet=False) or MissingHashes()
+
+    def _fetch_metadata_only(
+        self,
+        req: InstallRequirement,
+    ) -> Optional[BaseDistribution]:
+        if self.legacy_resolver:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Metadata-only fetching is not used in the legacy resolver",
+            )
+            return None
+        if self.require_hashes:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Metadata-only fetching is not used as hash checking is required",
+            )
+            return None
+        # Try PEP 658 metadata first, then fall back to lazy wheel if unavailable.
+        return self._fetch_metadata_using_link_data_attr(
+            req
+        ) or self._fetch_metadata_using_lazy_wheel(req.link)
+
+    def _fetch_metadata_using_link_data_attr(
+        self,
+        req: InstallRequirement,
+    ) -> Optional[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Fetch metadata from the data-dist-info-metadata attribute, if possible."""
+        # (1) Get the link to the metadata file, if provided by the backend.
+        metadata_link = req.link.metadata_link()
+        if metadata_link is None:
+            return None
+        assert req.req is not None
+        logger.verbose(
+            "Obtaining dependency information for %s from %s",
+            req.req,
+            metadata_link,
+        )
+        # (2) Download the contents of the METADATA file, separate from the dist itself.
+        metadata_file = get_http_url(
+            metadata_link,
+            self._download,
+            hashes=metadata_link.as_hashes(),
+        )
+        with open(metadata_file.path, "rb") as f:
+            metadata_contents = f.read()
+        # (3) Generate a dist just from those file contents.
+        metadata_dist = get_metadata_distribution(
+            metadata_contents,
+            req.link.filename,
+            req.req.name,
+        )
+        # (4) Ensure the Name: field from the METADATA file matches the name from the
+        #     install requirement.
+        #
+        #     NB: raw_name will fall back to the name from the install requirement if
+        #     the Name: field is not present, but it's noted in the raw_name docstring
+        #     that that should NEVER happen anyway.
+        if canonicalize_name(metadata_dist.raw_name) != canonicalize_name(req.req.name):
+            raise MetadataInconsistent(
+                req, "Name", req.req.name, metadata_dist.raw_name
+            )
+        return metadata_dist
+
+    def _fetch_metadata_using_lazy_wheel(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+    ) -> Optional[BaseDistribution]:
+        """Fetch metadata using lazy wheel, if possible."""
+        # --use-feature=fast-deps must be provided.
+        if not self.use_lazy_wheel:
+            return None
+        if link.is_file or not link.is_wheel:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Lazy wheel is not used as %r does not point to a remote wheel",
+                link,
+            )
+            return None
+
+        wheel = Wheel(link.filename)
+        name = canonicalize_name(wheel.name)
+        logger.info(
+            "Obtaining dependency information from %s %s",
+            name,
+            wheel.version,
+        )
+        url = link.url.split("#", 1)[0]
+        try:
+            return dist_from_wheel_url(name, url, self._session)
+        except HTTPRangeRequestUnsupported:
+            logger.debug("%s does not support range requests", url)
+            return None
+
+    def _complete_partial_requirements(
+        self,
+        partially_downloaded_reqs: Iterable[InstallRequirement],
+        parallel_builds: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Download any requirements which were only fetched by metadata."""
+        # Download to a temporary directory. These will be copied over as
+        # needed for downstream 'download', 'wheel', and 'install' commands.
+        temp_dir = TempDirectory(kind="unpack", globally_managed=True).path
+
+        # Map each link to the requirement that owns it. This allows us to set
+        # `req.local_file_path` on the appropriate requirement after passing
+        # all the links at once into BatchDownloader.
+        links_to_fully_download: Dict[Link, InstallRequirement] = {}
+        for req in partially_downloaded_reqs:
+            assert req.link
+            links_to_fully_download[req.link] = req
+
+        batch_download = self._batch_download(
+            links_to_fully_download.keys(),
+            temp_dir,
+        )
+        for link, (filepath, _) in batch_download:
+            logger.debug("Downloading link %s to %s", link, filepath)
+            req = links_to_fully_download[link]
+            # Record the downloaded file path so wheel reqs can extract a Distribution
+            # in .get_dist().
+            req.local_file_path = filepath
+            # Record that the file is downloaded so we don't do it again in
+            # _prepare_linked_requirement().
+            self._downloaded[req.link.url] = filepath
+
+            # If this is an sdist, we need to unpack it after downloading, but the
+            # .source_dir won't be set up until we are in _prepare_linked_requirement().
+            # Add the downloaded archive to the install requirement to unpack after
+            # preparing the source dir.
+            if not req.is_wheel:
+                req.needs_unpacked_archive(Path(filepath))
+
+        # This step is necessary to ensure all lazy wheels are processed
+        # successfully by the 'download', 'wheel', and 'install' commands.
+        for req in partially_downloaded_reqs:
+            self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
+
+    def prepare_linked_requirement(
+        self, req: InstallRequirement, parallel_builds: bool = False
+    ) -> BaseDistribution:
+        """Prepare a requirement to be obtained from req.link."""
+        assert req.link
+        self._log_preparing_link(req)
+        with indent_log():
+            # Check if the relevant file is already available
+            # in the download directory
+            file_path = None
+            if self.download_dir is not None and req.link.is_wheel:
+                hashes = self._get_linked_req_hashes(req)
+                file_path = _check_download_dir(
+                    req.link,
+                    self.download_dir,
+                    hashes,
+                    # When a locally built wheel has been found in cache, we don't warn
+                    # about re-downloading when the already downloaded wheel hash does
+                    # not match. This is because the hash must be checked against the
+                    # original link, not the cached link. It that case the already
+                    # downloaded file will be removed and re-fetched from cache (which
+                    # implies a hash check against the cache entry's origin.json).
+                    warn_on_hash_mismatch=not req.is_wheel_from_cache,
+                )
+
+            if file_path is not None:
+                # The file is already available, so mark it as downloaded
+                self._downloaded[req.link.url] = file_path
+            else:
+                # The file is not available, attempt to fetch only metadata
+                metadata_dist = self._fetch_metadata_only(req)
+                if metadata_dist is not None:
+                    req.needs_more_preparation = True
+                    return metadata_dist
+
+            # None of the optimizations worked, fully prepare the requirement
+            return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
+
+    def prepare_linked_requirements_more(
+        self, reqs: Iterable[InstallRequirement], parallel_builds: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Prepare linked requirements more, if needed."""
+        reqs = [req for req in reqs if req.needs_more_preparation]
+        for req in reqs:
+            # Determine if any of these requirements were already downloaded.
+            if self.download_dir is not None and req.link.is_wheel:
+                hashes = self._get_linked_req_hashes(req)
+                file_path = _check_download_dir(req.link, self.download_dir, hashes)
+                if file_path is not None:
+                    self._downloaded[req.link.url] = file_path
+                    req.needs_more_preparation = False
+
+        # Prepare requirements we found were already downloaded for some
+        # reason. The other downloads will be completed separately.
+        partially_downloaded_reqs: List[InstallRequirement] = []
+        for req in reqs:
+            if req.needs_more_preparation:
+                partially_downloaded_reqs.append(req)
+            else:
+                self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
+
+        # TODO: separate this part out from RequirementPreparer when the v1
+        # resolver can be removed!
+        self._complete_partial_requirements(
+            partially_downloaded_reqs,
+            parallel_builds=parallel_builds,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_linked_requirement(
+        self, req: InstallRequirement, parallel_builds: bool
+    ) -> BaseDistribution:
+        assert req.link
+        link = req.link
+
+        hashes = self._get_linked_req_hashes(req)
+
+        if hashes and req.is_wheel_from_cache:
+            assert req.download_info is not None
+            assert link.is_wheel
+            assert link.is_file
+            # We need to verify hashes, and we have found the requirement in the cache
+            # of locally built wheels.
+            if (
+                isinstance(req.download_info.info, ArchiveInfo)
+                and req.download_info.info.hashes
+                and hashes.has_one_of(req.download_info.info.hashes)
+            ):
+                # At this point we know the requirement was built from a hashable source
+                # artifact, and we verified that the cache entry's hash of the original
+                # artifact matches one of the hashes we expect. We don't verify hashes
+                # against the cached wheel, because the wheel is not the original.
+                hashes = None
+            else:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "The hashes of the source archive found in cache entry "
+                    "don't match, ignoring cached built wheel "
+                    "and re-downloading source."
+                )
+                req.link = req.cached_wheel_source_link
+                link = req.link
+
+        self._ensure_link_req_src_dir(req, parallel_builds)
+
+        if link.is_existing_dir():
+            local_file = None
+        elif link.url not in self._downloaded:
+            try:
+                local_file = unpack_url(
+                    link,
+                    req.source_dir,
+                    self._download,
+                    self.verbosity,
+                    self.download_dir,
+                    hashes,
+                )
+            except NetworkConnectionError as exc:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    f"Could not install requirement {req} because of HTTP "
+                    f"error {exc} for URL {link}"
+                )
+        else:
+            file_path = self._downloaded[link.url]
+            if hashes:
+                hashes.check_against_path(file_path)
+            local_file = File(file_path, content_type=None)
+
+        # If download_info is set, we got it from the wheel cache.
+        if req.download_info is None:
+            # Editables don't go through this function (see
+            # prepare_editable_requirement).
+            assert not req.editable
+            req.download_info = direct_url_from_link(link, req.source_dir)
+            # Make sure we have a hash in download_info. If we got it as part of the
+            # URL, it will have been verified and we can rely on it. Otherwise we
+            # compute it from the downloaded file.
+            # FIXME: https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/11943
+            if (
+                isinstance(req.download_info.info, ArchiveInfo)
+                and not req.download_info.info.hashes
+                and local_file
+            ):
+                hash = hash_file(local_file.path)[0].hexdigest()
+                # We populate info.hash for backward compatibility.
+                # This will automatically populate info.hashes.
+                req.download_info.info.hash = f"sha256={hash}"
+
+        # For use in later processing,
+        # preserve the file path on the requirement.
+        if local_file:
+            req.local_file_path = local_file.path
+
+        dist = _get_prepared_distribution(
+            req,
+            self.build_tracker,
+            self.finder,
+            self.build_isolation,
+            self.check_build_deps,
+        )
+        return dist
+
+    def save_linked_requirement(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        assert self.download_dir is not None
+        assert req.link is not None
+        link = req.link
+        if link.is_vcs or (link.is_existing_dir() and req.editable):
+            # Make a .zip of the source_dir we already created.
+            req.archive(self.download_dir)
+            return
+
+        if link.is_existing_dir():
+            logger.debug(
+                "Not copying link to destination directory "
+                "since it is a directory: %s",
+                link,
+            )
+            return
+        if req.local_file_path is None:
+            # No distribution was downloaded for this requirement.
+            return
+
+        download_location = os.path.join(self.download_dir, link.filename)
+        if not os.path.exists(download_location):
+            shutil.copy(req.local_file_path, download_location)
+            download_path = display_path(download_location)
+            logger.info("Saved %s", download_path)
+
+    def prepare_editable_requirement(
+        self,
+        req: InstallRequirement,
+    ) -> BaseDistribution:
+        """Prepare an editable requirement."""
+        assert req.editable, "cannot prepare a non-editable req as editable"
+
+        logger.info("Obtaining %s", req)
+
+        with indent_log():
+            if self.require_hashes:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    f"The editable requirement {req} cannot be installed when "
+                    "requiring hashes, because there is no single file to "
+                    "hash."
+                )
+            req.ensure_has_source_dir(self.src_dir)
+            req.update_editable()
+            assert req.source_dir
+            req.download_info = direct_url_for_editable(req.unpacked_source_directory)
+
+            dist = _get_prepared_distribution(
+                req,
+                self.build_tracker,
+                self.finder,
+                self.build_isolation,
+                self.check_build_deps,
+            )
+
+            req.check_if_exists(self.use_user_site)
+
+        return dist
+
+    def prepare_installed_requirement(
+        self,
+        req: InstallRequirement,
+        skip_reason: str,
+    ) -> BaseDistribution:
+        """Prepare an already-installed requirement."""
+        assert req.satisfied_by, "req should have been satisfied but isn't"
+        assert skip_reason is not None, (
+            "did not get skip reason skipped but req.satisfied_by "
+            f"is set to {req.satisfied_by}"
+        )
+        logger.info(
+            "Requirement %s: %s (%s)", skip_reason, req, req.satisfied_by.version
+        )
+        with indent_log():
+            if self.require_hashes:
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Since it is already installed, we are trusting this "
+                    "package without checking its hash. To ensure a "
+                    "completely repeatable environment, install into an "
+                    "empty virtualenv."
+                )
+            return InstalledDistribution(req).get_metadata_distribution()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/pyproject.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/pyproject.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8de36b87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/pyproject.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+import importlib.util
+import os
+from collections import namedtuple
+from typing import Any, List, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor import tomli
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    InstallationError,
+    InvalidPyProjectBuildRequires,
+    MissingPyProjectBuildRequires,
+)
+
+
+def _is_list_of_str(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(obj, list) and all(isinstance(item, str) for item in obj)
+
+
+def make_pyproject_path(unpacked_source_directory: str) -> str:
+    return os.path.join(unpacked_source_directory, "pyproject.toml")
+
+
+BuildSystemDetails = namedtuple(
+    "BuildSystemDetails", ["requires", "backend", "check", "backend_path"]
+)
+
+
+def load_pyproject_toml(
+    use_pep517: Optional[bool], pyproject_toml: str, setup_py: str, req_name: str
+) -> Optional[BuildSystemDetails]:
+    """Load the pyproject.toml file.
+
+    Parameters:
+        use_pep517 - Has the user requested PEP 517 processing? None
+                     means the user hasn't explicitly specified.
+        pyproject_toml - Location of the project's pyproject.toml file
+        setup_py - Location of the project's setup.py file
+        req_name - The name of the requirement we're processing (for
+                   error reporting)
+
+    Returns:
+        None if we should use the legacy code path, otherwise a tuple
+        (
+            requirements from pyproject.toml,
+            name of PEP 517 backend,
+            requirements we should check are installed after setting
+                up the build environment
+            directory paths to import the backend from (backend-path),
+                relative to the project root.
+        )
+    """
+    has_pyproject = os.path.isfile(pyproject_toml)
+    has_setup = os.path.isfile(setup_py)
+
+    if not has_pyproject and not has_setup:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            f"{req_name} does not appear to be a Python project: "
+            f"neither 'setup.py' nor 'pyproject.toml' found."
+        )
+
+    if has_pyproject:
+        with open(pyproject_toml, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            pp_toml = tomli.loads(f.read())
+        build_system = pp_toml.get("build-system")
+    else:
+        build_system = None
+
+    # The following cases must use PEP 517
+    # We check for use_pep517 being non-None and falsey because that means
+    # the user explicitly requested --no-use-pep517.  The value 0 as
+    # opposed to False can occur when the value is provided via an
+    # environment variable or config file option (due to the quirk of
+    # strtobool() returning an integer in pip's configuration code).
+    if has_pyproject and not has_setup:
+        if use_pep517 is not None and not use_pep517:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Disabling PEP 517 processing is invalid: "
+                "project does not have a setup.py"
+            )
+        use_pep517 = True
+    elif build_system and "build-backend" in build_system:
+        if use_pep517 is not None and not use_pep517:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Disabling PEP 517 processing is invalid: "
+                "project specifies a build backend of {} "
+                "in pyproject.toml".format(build_system["build-backend"])
+            )
+        use_pep517 = True
+
+    # If we haven't worked out whether to use PEP 517 yet,
+    # and the user hasn't explicitly stated a preference,
+    # we do so if the project has a pyproject.toml file
+    # or if we cannot import setuptools or wheels.
+
+    # We fallback to PEP 517 when without setuptools or without the wheel package,
+    # so setuptools can be installed as a default build backend.
+    # For more info see:
+    # https://discuss.python.org/t/pip-without-setuptools-could-the-experience-be-improved/11810/9
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/8559
+    elif use_pep517 is None:
+        use_pep517 = (
+            has_pyproject
+            or not importlib.util.find_spec("setuptools")
+            or not importlib.util.find_spec("wheel")
+        )
+
+    # At this point, we know whether we're going to use PEP 517.
+    assert use_pep517 is not None
+
+    # If we're using the legacy code path, there is nothing further
+    # for us to do here.
+    if not use_pep517:
+        return None
+
+    if build_system is None:
+        # Either the user has a pyproject.toml with no build-system
+        # section, or the user has no pyproject.toml, but has opted in
+        # explicitly via --use-pep517.
+        # In the absence of any explicit backend specification, we
+        # assume the setuptools backend that most closely emulates the
+        # traditional direct setup.py execution, and require wheel and
+        # a version of setuptools that supports that backend.
+
+        build_system = {
+            "requires": ["setuptools>=40.8.0"],
+            "build-backend": "setuptools.build_meta:__legacy__",
+        }
+
+    # If we're using PEP 517, we have build system information (either
+    # from pyproject.toml, or defaulted by the code above).
+    # Note that at this point, we do not know if the user has actually
+    # specified a backend, though.
+    assert build_system is not None
+
+    # Ensure that the build-system section in pyproject.toml conforms
+    # to PEP 518.
+
+    # Specifying the build-system table but not the requires key is invalid
+    if "requires" not in build_system:
+        raise MissingPyProjectBuildRequires(package=req_name)
+
+    # Error out if requires is not a list of strings
+    requires = build_system["requires"]
+    if not _is_list_of_str(requires):
+        raise InvalidPyProjectBuildRequires(
+            package=req_name,
+            reason="It is not a list of strings.",
+        )
+
+    # Each requirement must be valid as per PEP 508
+    for requirement in requires:
+        try:
+            Requirement(requirement)
+        except InvalidRequirement as error:
+            raise InvalidPyProjectBuildRequires(
+                package=req_name,
+                reason=f"It contains an invalid requirement: {requirement!r}",
+            ) from error
+
+    backend = build_system.get("build-backend")
+    backend_path = build_system.get("backend-path", [])
+    check: List[str] = []
+    if backend is None:
+        # If the user didn't specify a backend, we assume they want to use
+        # the setuptools backend. But we can't be sure they have included
+        # a version of setuptools which supplies the backend. So we
+        # make a note to check that this requirement is present once
+        # we have set up the environment.
+        # This is quite a lot of work to check for a very specific case. But
+        # the problem is, that case is potentially quite common - projects that
+        # adopted PEP 518 early for the ability to specify requirements to
+        # execute setup.py, but never considered needing to mention the build
+        # tools themselves. The original PEP 518 code had a similar check (but
+        # implemented in a different way).
+        backend = "setuptools.build_meta:__legacy__"
+        check = ["setuptools>=40.8.0"]
+
+    return BuildSystemDetails(requires, backend, check, backend_path)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16de903a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import collections
+import logging
+from typing import Generator, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+
+from .req_file import parse_requirements
+from .req_install import InstallRequirement
+from .req_set import RequirementSet
+
+__all__ = [
+    "RequirementSet",
+    "InstallRequirement",
+    "parse_requirements",
+    "install_given_reqs",
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstallationResult:
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"InstallationResult(name={self.name!r})"
+
+
+def _validate_requirements(
+    requirements: List[InstallRequirement],
+) -> Generator[Tuple[str, InstallRequirement], None, None]:
+    for req in requirements:
+        assert req.name, f"invalid to-be-installed requirement: {req}"
+        yield req.name, req
+
+
+def install_given_reqs(
+    requirements: List[InstallRequirement],
+    global_options: Sequence[str],
+    root: Optional[str],
+    home: Optional[str],
+    prefix: Optional[str],
+    warn_script_location: bool,
+    use_user_site: bool,
+    pycompile: bool,
+) -> List[InstallationResult]:
+    """
+    Install everything in the given list.
+
+    (to be called after having downloaded and unpacked the packages)
+    """
+    to_install = collections.OrderedDict(_validate_requirements(requirements))
+
+    if to_install:
+        logger.info(
+            "Installing collected packages: %s",
+            ", ".join(to_install.keys()),
+        )
+
+    installed = []
+
+    with indent_log():
+        for req_name, requirement in to_install.items():
+            if requirement.should_reinstall:
+                logger.info("Attempting uninstall: %s", req_name)
+                with indent_log():
+                    uninstalled_pathset = requirement.uninstall(auto_confirm=True)
+            else:
+                uninstalled_pathset = None
+
+            try:
+                requirement.install(
+                    global_options,
+                    root=root,
+                    home=home,
+                    prefix=prefix,
+                    warn_script_location=warn_script_location,
+                    use_user_site=use_user_site,
+                    pycompile=pycompile,
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                # if install did not succeed, rollback previous uninstall
+                if uninstalled_pathset and not requirement.install_succeeded:
+                    uninstalled_pathset.rollback()
+                raise
+            else:
+                if uninstalled_pathset and requirement.install_succeeded:
+                    uninstalled_pathset.commit()
+
+            installed.append(InstallationResult(req_name))
+
+    return installed
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/constructors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e2d0e5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/constructors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+"""Backing implementation for InstallRequirement's various constructors
+
+The idea here is that these formed a major chunk of InstallRequirement's size
+so, moving them and support code dedicated to them outside of that class
+helps creates for better understandability for the rest of the code.
+
+These are meant to be used elsewhere within pip to create instances of
+InstallRequirement.
+"""
+
+import copy
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+from typing import Collection, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.markers import Marker
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement, Requirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import Specifier
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip._internal.models.index import PyPI, TestPyPI
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.req.req_file import ParsedRequirement
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils.filetypes import is_archive_file
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import is_installable_dir
+from pip._internal.utils.packaging import get_requirement
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url
+from pip._internal.vcs import is_url, vcs
+
+__all__ = [
+    "install_req_from_editable",
+    "install_req_from_line",
+    "parse_editable",
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+operators = Specifier._operators.keys()
+
+
+def _strip_extras(path: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
+    m = re.match(r"^(.+)(\[[^\]]+\])$", path)
+    extras = None
+    if m:
+        path_no_extras = m.group(1)
+        extras = m.group(2)
+    else:
+        path_no_extras = path
+
+    return path_no_extras, extras
+
+
+def convert_extras(extras: Optional[str]) -> Set[str]:
+    if not extras:
+        return set()
+    return get_requirement("placeholder" + extras.lower()).extras
+
+
+def _set_requirement_extras(req: Requirement, new_extras: Set[str]) -> Requirement:
+    """
+    Returns a new requirement based on the given one, with the supplied extras. If the
+    given requirement already has extras those are replaced (or dropped if no new extras
+    are given).
+    """
+    match: Optional[re.Match[str]] = re.fullmatch(
+        # see https://peps.python.org/pep-0508/#complete-grammar
+        r"([\w\t .-]+)(\[[^\]]*\])?(.*)",
+        str(req),
+        flags=re.ASCII,
+    )
+    # ireq.req is a valid requirement so the regex should always match
+    assert (
+        match is not None
+    ), f"regex match on requirement {req} failed, this should never happen"
+    pre: Optional[str] = match.group(1)
+    post: Optional[str] = match.group(3)
+    assert (
+        pre is not None and post is not None
+    ), f"regex group selection for requirement {req} failed, this should never happen"
+    extras: str = "[%s]" % ",".join(sorted(new_extras)) if new_extras else ""
+    return Requirement(f"{pre}{extras}{post}")
+
+
+def parse_editable(editable_req: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], str, Set[str]]:
+    """Parses an editable requirement into:
+        - a requirement name
+        - an URL
+        - extras
+        - editable options
+    Accepted requirements:
+        svn+http://blahblah@rev#egg=Foobar[baz]&subdirectory=version_subdir
+        .[some_extra]
+    """
+
+    url = editable_req
+
+    # If a file path is specified with extras, strip off the extras.
+    url_no_extras, extras = _strip_extras(url)
+
+    if os.path.isdir(url_no_extras):
+        # Treating it as code that has already been checked out
+        url_no_extras = path_to_url(url_no_extras)
+
+    if url_no_extras.lower().startswith("file:"):
+        package_name = Link(url_no_extras).egg_fragment
+        if extras:
+            return (
+                package_name,
+                url_no_extras,
+                get_requirement("placeholder" + extras.lower()).extras,
+            )
+        else:
+            return package_name, url_no_extras, set()
+
+    for version_control in vcs:
+        if url.lower().startswith(f"{version_control}:"):
+            url = f"{version_control}+{url}"
+            break
+
+    link = Link(url)
+
+    if not link.is_vcs:
+        backends = ", ".join(vcs.all_schemes)
+        raise InstallationError(
+            f"{editable_req} is not a valid editable requirement. "
+            f"It should either be a path to a local project or a VCS URL "
+            f"(beginning with {backends})."
+        )
+
+    package_name = link.egg_fragment
+    if not package_name:
+        raise InstallationError(
+            "Could not detect requirement name for '{}', please specify one "
+            "with #egg=your_package_name".format(editable_req)
+        )
+    return package_name, url, set()
+
+
+def check_first_requirement_in_file(filename: str) -> None:
+    """Check if file is parsable as a requirements file.
+
+    This is heavily based on ``pkg_resources.parse_requirements``, but
+    simplified to just check the first meaningful line.
+
+    :raises InvalidRequirement: If the first meaningful line cannot be parsed
+        as an requirement.
+    """
+    with open(filename, encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore") as f:
+        # Create a steppable iterator, so we can handle \-continuations.
+        lines = (
+            line
+            for line in (line.strip() for line in f)
+            if line and not line.startswith("#")  # Skip blank lines/comments.
+        )
+
+        for line in lines:
+            # Drop comments -- a hash without a space may be in a URL.
+            if " #" in line:
+                line = line[: line.find(" #")]
+            # If there is a line continuation, drop it, and append the next line.
+            if line.endswith("\\"):
+                line = line[:-2].strip() + next(lines, "")
+            Requirement(line)
+            return
+
+
+def deduce_helpful_msg(req: str) -> str:
+    """Returns helpful msg in case requirements file does not exist,
+    or cannot be parsed.
+
+    :params req: Requirements file path
+    """
+    if not os.path.exists(req):
+        return f" File '{req}' does not exist."
+    msg = " The path does exist. "
+    # Try to parse and check if it is a requirements file.
+    try:
+        check_first_requirement_in_file(req)
+    except InvalidRequirement:
+        logger.debug("Cannot parse '%s' as requirements file", req)
+    else:
+        msg += (
+            f"The argument you provided "
+            f"({req}) appears to be a"
+            f" requirements file. If that is the"
+            f" case, use the '-r' flag to install"
+            f" the packages specified within it."
+        )
+    return msg
+
+
+class RequirementParts:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        requirement: Optional[Requirement],
+        link: Optional[Link],
+        markers: Optional[Marker],
+        extras: Set[str],
+    ):
+        self.requirement = requirement
+        self.link = link
+        self.markers = markers
+        self.extras = extras
+
+
+def parse_req_from_editable(editable_req: str) -> RequirementParts:
+    name, url, extras_override = parse_editable(editable_req)
+
+    if name is not None:
+        try:
+            req: Optional[Requirement] = Requirement(name)
+        except InvalidRequirement:
+            raise InstallationError(f"Invalid requirement: '{name}'")
+    else:
+        req = None
+
+    link = Link(url)
+
+    return RequirementParts(req, link, None, extras_override)
+
+
+# ---- The actual constructors follow ----
+
+
+def install_req_from_editable(
+    editable_req: str,
+    comes_from: Optional[Union[InstallRequirement, str]] = None,
+    *,
+    use_pep517: Optional[bool] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    global_options: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    hash_options: Optional[Dict[str, List[str]]] = None,
+    constraint: bool = False,
+    user_supplied: bool = False,
+    permit_editable_wheels: bool = False,
+    config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    parts = parse_req_from_editable(editable_req)
+
+    return InstallRequirement(
+        parts.requirement,
+        comes_from=comes_from,
+        user_supplied=user_supplied,
+        editable=True,
+        permit_editable_wheels=permit_editable_wheels,
+        link=parts.link,
+        constraint=constraint,
+        use_pep517=use_pep517,
+        isolated=isolated,
+        global_options=global_options,
+        hash_options=hash_options,
+        config_settings=config_settings,
+        extras=parts.extras,
+    )
+
+
+def _looks_like_path(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Checks whether the string "looks like" a path on the filesystem.
+
+    This does not check whether the target actually exists, only judge from the
+    appearance.
+
+    Returns true if any of the following conditions is true:
+    * a path separator is found (either os.path.sep or os.path.altsep);
+    * a dot is found (which represents the current directory).
+    """
+    if os.path.sep in name:
+        return True
+    if os.path.altsep is not None and os.path.altsep in name:
+        return True
+    if name.startswith("."):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _get_url_from_path(path: str, name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    First, it checks whether a provided path is an installable directory. If it
+    is, returns the path.
+
+    If false, check if the path is an archive file (such as a .whl).
+    The function checks if the path is a file. If false, if the path has
+    an @, it will treat it as a PEP 440 URL requirement and return the path.
+    """
+    if _looks_like_path(name) and os.path.isdir(path):
+        if is_installable_dir(path):
+            return path_to_url(path)
+        # TODO: The is_installable_dir test here might not be necessary
+        #       now that it is done in load_pyproject_toml too.
+        raise InstallationError(
+            f"Directory {name!r} is not installable. Neither 'setup.py' "
+            "nor 'pyproject.toml' found."
+        )
+    if not is_archive_file(path):
+        return None
+    if os.path.isfile(path):
+        return path_to_url(path)
+    urlreq_parts = name.split("@", 1)
+    if len(urlreq_parts) >= 2 and not _looks_like_path(urlreq_parts[0]):
+        # If the path contains '@' and the part before it does not look
+        # like a path, try to treat it as a PEP 440 URL req instead.
+        return None
+    logger.warning(
+        "Requirement %r looks like a filename, but the file does not exist",
+        name,
+    )
+    return path_to_url(path)
+
+
+def parse_req_from_line(name: str, line_source: Optional[str]) -> RequirementParts:
+    if is_url(name):
+        marker_sep = "; "
+    else:
+        marker_sep = ";"
+    if marker_sep in name:
+        name, markers_as_string = name.split(marker_sep, 1)
+        markers_as_string = markers_as_string.strip()
+        if not markers_as_string:
+            markers = None
+        else:
+            markers = Marker(markers_as_string)
+    else:
+        markers = None
+    name = name.strip()
+    req_as_string = None
+    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(name))
+    link = None
+    extras_as_string = None
+
+    if is_url(name):
+        link = Link(name)
+    else:
+        p, extras_as_string = _strip_extras(path)
+        url = _get_url_from_path(p, name)
+        if url is not None:
+            link = Link(url)
+
+    # it's a local file, dir, or url
+    if link:
+        # Handle relative file URLs
+        if link.scheme == "file" and re.search(r"\.\./", link.url):
+            link = Link(path_to_url(os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(link.path))))
+        # wheel file
+        if link.is_wheel:
+            wheel = Wheel(link.filename)  # can raise InvalidWheelFilename
+            req_as_string = f"{wheel.name}=={wheel.version}"
+        else:
+            # set the req to the egg fragment.  when it's not there, this
+            # will become an 'unnamed' requirement
+            req_as_string = link.egg_fragment
+
+    # a requirement specifier
+    else:
+        req_as_string = name
+
+    extras = convert_extras(extras_as_string)
+
+    def with_source(text: str) -> str:
+        if not line_source:
+            return text
+        return f"{text} (from {line_source})"
+
+    def _parse_req_string(req_as_string: str) -> Requirement:
+        try:
+            req = get_requirement(req_as_string)
+        except InvalidRequirement:
+            if os.path.sep in req_as_string:
+                add_msg = "It looks like a path."
+                add_msg += deduce_helpful_msg(req_as_string)
+            elif "=" in req_as_string and not any(
+                op in req_as_string for op in operators
+            ):
+                add_msg = "= is not a valid operator. Did you mean == ?"
+            else:
+                add_msg = ""
+            msg = with_source(f"Invalid requirement: {req_as_string!r}")
+            if add_msg:
+                msg += f"\nHint: {add_msg}"
+            raise InstallationError(msg)
+        else:
+            # Deprecate extras after specifiers: "name>=1.0[extras]"
+            # This currently works by accident because _strip_extras() parses
+            # any extras in the end of the string and those are saved in
+            # RequirementParts
+            for spec in req.specifier:
+                spec_str = str(spec)
+                if spec_str.endswith("]"):
+                    msg = f"Extras after version '{spec_str}'."
+                    raise InstallationError(msg)
+        return req
+
+    if req_as_string is not None:
+        req: Optional[Requirement] = _parse_req_string(req_as_string)
+    else:
+        req = None
+
+    return RequirementParts(req, link, markers, extras)
+
+
+def install_req_from_line(
+    name: str,
+    comes_from: Optional[Union[str, InstallRequirement]] = None,
+    *,
+    use_pep517: Optional[bool] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    global_options: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    hash_options: Optional[Dict[str, List[str]]] = None,
+    constraint: bool = False,
+    line_source: Optional[str] = None,
+    user_supplied: bool = False,
+    config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    """Creates an InstallRequirement from a name, which might be a
+    requirement, directory containing 'setup.py', filename, or URL.
+
+    :param line_source: An optional string describing where the line is from,
+        for logging purposes in case of an error.
+    """
+    parts = parse_req_from_line(name, line_source)
+
+    return InstallRequirement(
+        parts.requirement,
+        comes_from,
+        link=parts.link,
+        markers=parts.markers,
+        use_pep517=use_pep517,
+        isolated=isolated,
+        global_options=global_options,
+        hash_options=hash_options,
+        config_settings=config_settings,
+        constraint=constraint,
+        extras=parts.extras,
+        user_supplied=user_supplied,
+    )
+
+
+def install_req_from_req_string(
+    req_string: str,
+    comes_from: Optional[InstallRequirement] = None,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    use_pep517: Optional[bool] = None,
+    user_supplied: bool = False,
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    try:
+        req = get_requirement(req_string)
+    except InvalidRequirement:
+        raise InstallationError(f"Invalid requirement: '{req_string}'")
+
+    domains_not_allowed = [
+        PyPI.file_storage_domain,
+        TestPyPI.file_storage_domain,
+    ]
+    if (
+        req.url
+        and comes_from
+        and comes_from.link
+        and comes_from.link.netloc in domains_not_allowed
+    ):
+        # Explicitly disallow pypi packages that depend on external urls
+        raise InstallationError(
+            "Packages installed from PyPI cannot depend on packages "
+            "which are not also hosted on PyPI.\n"
+            f"{comes_from.name} depends on {req} "
+        )
+
+    return InstallRequirement(
+        req,
+        comes_from,
+        isolated=isolated,
+        use_pep517=use_pep517,
+        user_supplied=user_supplied,
+    )
+
+
+def install_req_from_parsed_requirement(
+    parsed_req: ParsedRequirement,
+    isolated: bool = False,
+    use_pep517: Optional[bool] = None,
+    user_supplied: bool = False,
+    config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    if parsed_req.is_editable:
+        req = install_req_from_editable(
+            parsed_req.requirement,
+            comes_from=parsed_req.comes_from,
+            use_pep517=use_pep517,
+            constraint=parsed_req.constraint,
+            isolated=isolated,
+            user_supplied=user_supplied,
+            config_settings=config_settings,
+        )
+
+    else:
+        req = install_req_from_line(
+            parsed_req.requirement,
+            comes_from=parsed_req.comes_from,
+            use_pep517=use_pep517,
+            isolated=isolated,
+            global_options=(
+                parsed_req.options.get("global_options", [])
+                if parsed_req.options
+                else []
+            ),
+            hash_options=(
+                parsed_req.options.get("hashes", {}) if parsed_req.options else {}
+            ),
+            constraint=parsed_req.constraint,
+            line_source=parsed_req.line_source,
+            user_supplied=user_supplied,
+            config_settings=config_settings,
+        )
+    return req
+
+
+def install_req_from_link_and_ireq(
+    link: Link, ireq: InstallRequirement
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    return InstallRequirement(
+        req=ireq.req,
+        comes_from=ireq.comes_from,
+        editable=ireq.editable,
+        link=link,
+        markers=ireq.markers,
+        use_pep517=ireq.use_pep517,
+        isolated=ireq.isolated,
+        global_options=ireq.global_options,
+        hash_options=ireq.hash_options,
+        config_settings=ireq.config_settings,
+        user_supplied=ireq.user_supplied,
+    )
+
+
+def install_req_drop_extras(ireq: InstallRequirement) -> InstallRequirement:
+    """
+    Creates a new InstallationRequirement using the given template but without
+    any extras. Sets the original requirement as the new one's parent
+    (comes_from).
+    """
+    return InstallRequirement(
+        req=(
+            _set_requirement_extras(ireq.req, set()) if ireq.req is not None else None
+        ),
+        comes_from=ireq,
+        editable=ireq.editable,
+        link=ireq.link,
+        markers=ireq.markers,
+        use_pep517=ireq.use_pep517,
+        isolated=ireq.isolated,
+        global_options=ireq.global_options,
+        hash_options=ireq.hash_options,
+        constraint=ireq.constraint,
+        extras=[],
+        config_settings=ireq.config_settings,
+        user_supplied=ireq.user_supplied,
+        permit_editable_wheels=ireq.permit_editable_wheels,
+    )
+
+
+def install_req_extend_extras(
+    ireq: InstallRequirement,
+    extras: Collection[str],
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    """
+    Returns a copy of an installation requirement with some additional extras.
+    Makes a shallow copy of the ireq object.
+    """
+    result = copy.copy(ireq)
+    result.extras = {*ireq.extras, *extras}
+    result.req = (
+        _set_requirement_extras(ireq.req, result.extras)
+        if ireq.req is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ef3d5ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+"""
+Requirements file parsing
+"""
+
+import logging
+import optparse
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import urllib.parse
+from optparse import Values
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+)
+
+from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError, RequirementsFileParseError
+from pip._internal.models.search_scope import SearchScope
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.network.utils import raise_for_status
+from pip._internal.utils.encoding import auto_decode
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import get_url_scheme
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # NoReturn introduced in 3.6.2; imported only for type checking to maintain
+    # pip compatibility with older patch versions of Python 3.6
+    from typing import NoReturn
+
+    from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+
+__all__ = ["parse_requirements"]
+
+ReqFileLines = Iterable[Tuple[int, str]]
+
+LineParser = Callable[[str], Tuple[str, Values]]
+
+SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r"^(http|https|file):", re.I)
+COMMENT_RE = re.compile(r"(^|\s+)#.*$")
+
+# Matches environment variable-style values in '${MY_VARIABLE_1}' with the
+# variable name consisting of only uppercase letters, digits or the '_'
+# (underscore). This follows the POSIX standard defined in IEEE Std 1003.1,
+# 2013 Edition.
+ENV_VAR_RE = re.compile(r"(?P<var>\$\{(?P<name>[A-Z0-9_]+)\})")
+
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS: List[Callable[..., optparse.Option]] = [
+    cmdoptions.index_url,
+    cmdoptions.extra_index_url,
+    cmdoptions.no_index,
+    cmdoptions.constraints,
+    cmdoptions.requirements,
+    cmdoptions.editable,
+    cmdoptions.find_links,
+    cmdoptions.no_binary,
+    cmdoptions.only_binary,
+    cmdoptions.prefer_binary,
+    cmdoptions.require_hashes,
+    cmdoptions.pre,
+    cmdoptions.trusted_host,
+    cmdoptions.use_new_feature,
+]
+
+# options to be passed to requirements
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ: List[Callable[..., optparse.Option]] = [
+    cmdoptions.global_options,
+    cmdoptions.hash,
+    cmdoptions.config_settings,
+]
+
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_EDITABLE_REQ: List[Callable[..., optparse.Option]] = [
+    cmdoptions.config_settings,
+]
+
+
+# the 'dest' string values
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ_DEST = [str(o().dest) for o in SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ]
+SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_EDITABLE_REQ_DEST = [
+    str(o().dest) for o in SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_EDITABLE_REQ
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ParsedRequirement:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        requirement: str,
+        is_editable: bool,
+        comes_from: str,
+        constraint: bool,
+        options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        line_source: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.requirement = requirement
+        self.is_editable = is_editable
+        self.comes_from = comes_from
+        self.options = options
+        self.constraint = constraint
+        self.line_source = line_source
+
+
+class ParsedLine:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        filename: str,
+        lineno: int,
+        args: str,
+        opts: Values,
+        constraint: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.lineno = lineno
+        self.opts = opts
+        self.constraint = constraint
+
+        if args:
+            self.is_requirement = True
+            self.is_editable = False
+            self.requirement = args
+        elif opts.editables:
+            self.is_requirement = True
+            self.is_editable = True
+            # We don't support multiple -e on one line
+            self.requirement = opts.editables[0]
+        else:
+            self.is_requirement = False
+
+
+def parse_requirements(
+    filename: str,
+    session: PipSession,
+    finder: Optional["PackageFinder"] = None,
+    options: Optional[optparse.Values] = None,
+    constraint: bool = False,
+) -> Generator[ParsedRequirement, None, None]:
+    """Parse a requirements file and yield ParsedRequirement instances.
+
+    :param filename:    Path or url of requirements file.
+    :param session:     PipSession instance.
+    :param finder:      Instance of pip.index.PackageFinder.
+    :param options:     cli options.
+    :param constraint:  If true, parsing a constraint file rather than
+        requirements file.
+    """
+    line_parser = get_line_parser(finder)
+    parser = RequirementsFileParser(session, line_parser)
+
+    for parsed_line in parser.parse(filename, constraint):
+        parsed_req = handle_line(
+            parsed_line, options=options, finder=finder, session=session
+        )
+        if parsed_req is not None:
+            yield parsed_req
+
+
+def preprocess(content: str) -> ReqFileLines:
+    """Split, filter, and join lines, and return a line iterator
+
+    :param content: the content of the requirements file
+    """
+    lines_enum: ReqFileLines = enumerate(content.splitlines(), start=1)
+    lines_enum = join_lines(lines_enum)
+    lines_enum = ignore_comments(lines_enum)
+    lines_enum = expand_env_variables(lines_enum)
+    return lines_enum
+
+
+def handle_requirement_line(
+    line: ParsedLine,
+    options: Optional[optparse.Values] = None,
+) -> ParsedRequirement:
+    # preserve for the nested code path
+    line_comes_from = "{} {} (line {})".format(
+        "-c" if line.constraint else "-r",
+        line.filename,
+        line.lineno,
+    )
+
+    assert line.is_requirement
+
+    # get the options that apply to requirements
+    if line.is_editable:
+        supported_dest = SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_EDITABLE_REQ_DEST
+    else:
+        supported_dest = SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ_DEST
+    req_options = {}
+    for dest in supported_dest:
+        if dest in line.opts.__dict__ and line.opts.__dict__[dest]:
+            req_options[dest] = line.opts.__dict__[dest]
+
+    line_source = f"line {line.lineno} of {line.filename}"
+    return ParsedRequirement(
+        requirement=line.requirement,
+        is_editable=line.is_editable,
+        comes_from=line_comes_from,
+        constraint=line.constraint,
+        options=req_options,
+        line_source=line_source,
+    )
+
+
+def handle_option_line(
+    opts: Values,
+    filename: str,
+    lineno: int,
+    finder: Optional["PackageFinder"] = None,
+    options: Optional[optparse.Values] = None,
+    session: Optional[PipSession] = None,
+) -> None:
+    if opts.hashes:
+        logger.warning(
+            "%s line %s has --hash but no requirement, and will be ignored.",
+            filename,
+            lineno,
+        )
+
+    if options:
+        # percolate options upward
+        if opts.require_hashes:
+            options.require_hashes = opts.require_hashes
+        if opts.features_enabled:
+            options.features_enabled.extend(
+                f for f in opts.features_enabled if f not in options.features_enabled
+            )
+
+    # set finder options
+    if finder:
+        find_links = finder.find_links
+        index_urls = finder.index_urls
+        no_index = finder.search_scope.no_index
+        if opts.no_index is True:
+            no_index = True
+            index_urls = []
+        if opts.index_url and not no_index:
+            index_urls = [opts.index_url]
+        if opts.extra_index_urls and not no_index:
+            index_urls.extend(opts.extra_index_urls)
+        if opts.find_links:
+            # FIXME: it would be nice to keep track of the source
+            # of the find_links: support a find-links local path
+            # relative to a requirements file.
+            value = opts.find_links[0]
+            req_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename))
+            relative_to_reqs_file = os.path.join(req_dir, value)
+            if os.path.exists(relative_to_reqs_file):
+                value = relative_to_reqs_file
+            find_links.append(value)
+
+        if session:
+            # We need to update the auth urls in session
+            session.update_index_urls(index_urls)
+
+        search_scope = SearchScope(
+            find_links=find_links,
+            index_urls=index_urls,
+            no_index=no_index,
+        )
+        finder.search_scope = search_scope
+
+        if opts.pre:
+            finder.set_allow_all_prereleases()
+
+        if opts.prefer_binary:
+            finder.set_prefer_binary()
+
+        if session:
+            for host in opts.trusted_hosts or []:
+                source = f"line {lineno} of {filename}"
+                session.add_trusted_host(host, source=source)
+
+
+def handle_line(
+    line: ParsedLine,
+    options: Optional[optparse.Values] = None,
+    finder: Optional["PackageFinder"] = None,
+    session: Optional[PipSession] = None,
+) -> Optional[ParsedRequirement]:
+    """Handle a single parsed requirements line; This can result in
+    creating/yielding requirements, or updating the finder.
+
+    :param line:        The parsed line to be processed.
+    :param options:     CLI options.
+    :param finder:      The finder - updated by non-requirement lines.
+    :param session:     The session - updated by non-requirement lines.
+
+    Returns a ParsedRequirement object if the line is a requirement line,
+    otherwise returns None.
+
+    For lines that contain requirements, the only options that have an effect
+    are from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ, and they are scoped to the
+    requirement. Other options from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS may be present, but are
+    ignored.
+
+    For lines that do not contain requirements, the only options that have an
+    effect are from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS. Options from SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ may
+    be present, but are ignored. These lines may contain multiple options
+    (although our docs imply only one is supported), and all our parsed and
+    affect the finder.
+    """
+
+    if line.is_requirement:
+        parsed_req = handle_requirement_line(line, options)
+        return parsed_req
+    else:
+        handle_option_line(
+            line.opts,
+            line.filename,
+            line.lineno,
+            finder,
+            options,
+            session,
+        )
+        return None
+
+
+class RequirementsFileParser:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: PipSession,
+        line_parser: LineParser,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._session = session
+        self._line_parser = line_parser
+
+    def parse(
+        self, filename: str, constraint: bool
+    ) -> Generator[ParsedLine, None, None]:
+        """Parse a given file, yielding parsed lines."""
+        yield from self._parse_and_recurse(filename, constraint)
+
+    def _parse_and_recurse(
+        self, filename: str, constraint: bool
+    ) -> Generator[ParsedLine, None, None]:
+        for line in self._parse_file(filename, constraint):
+            if not line.is_requirement and (
+                line.opts.requirements or line.opts.constraints
+            ):
+                # parse a nested requirements file
+                if line.opts.requirements:
+                    req_path = line.opts.requirements[0]
+                    nested_constraint = False
+                else:
+                    req_path = line.opts.constraints[0]
+                    nested_constraint = True
+
+                # original file is over http
+                if SCHEME_RE.search(filename):
+                    # do a url join so relative paths work
+                    req_path = urllib.parse.urljoin(filename, req_path)
+                # original file and nested file are paths
+                elif not SCHEME_RE.search(req_path):
+                    # do a join so relative paths work
+                    req_path = os.path.join(
+                        os.path.dirname(filename),
+                        req_path,
+                    )
+
+                yield from self._parse_and_recurse(req_path, nested_constraint)
+            else:
+                yield line
+
+    def _parse_file(
+        self, filename: str, constraint: bool
+    ) -> Generator[ParsedLine, None, None]:
+        _, content = get_file_content(filename, self._session)
+
+        lines_enum = preprocess(content)
+
+        for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+            try:
+                args_str, opts = self._line_parser(line)
+            except OptionParsingError as e:
+                # add offending line
+                msg = f"Invalid requirement: {line}\n{e.msg}"
+                raise RequirementsFileParseError(msg)
+
+            yield ParsedLine(
+                filename,
+                line_number,
+                args_str,
+                opts,
+                constraint,
+            )
+
+
+def get_line_parser(finder: Optional["PackageFinder"]) -> LineParser:
+    def parse_line(line: str) -> Tuple[str, Values]:
+        # Build new parser for each line since it accumulates appendable
+        # options.
+        parser = build_parser()
+        defaults = parser.get_default_values()
+        defaults.index_url = None
+        if finder:
+            defaults.format_control = finder.format_control
+
+        args_str, options_str = break_args_options(line)
+
+        try:
+            options = shlex.split(options_str)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise OptionParsingError(f"Could not split options: {options_str}") from e
+
+        opts, _ = parser.parse_args(options, defaults)
+
+        return args_str, opts
+
+    return parse_line
+
+
+def break_args_options(line: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    """Break up the line into an args and options string.  We only want to shlex
+    (and then optparse) the options, not the args.  args can contain markers
+    which are corrupted by shlex.
+    """
+    tokens = line.split(" ")
+    args = []
+    options = tokens[:]
+    for token in tokens:
+        if token.startswith("-") or token.startswith("--"):
+            break
+        else:
+            args.append(token)
+            options.pop(0)
+    return " ".join(args), " ".join(options)
+
+
+class OptionParsingError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, msg: str) -> None:
+        self.msg = msg
+
+
+def build_parser() -> optparse.OptionParser:
+    """
+    Return a parser for parsing requirement lines
+    """
+    parser = optparse.OptionParser(add_help_option=False)
+
+    option_factories = SUPPORTED_OPTIONS + SUPPORTED_OPTIONS_REQ
+    for option_factory in option_factories:
+        option = option_factory()
+        parser.add_option(option)
+
+    # By default optparse sys.exits on parsing errors. We want to wrap
+    # that in our own exception.
+    def parser_exit(self: Any, msg: str) -> "NoReturn":
+        raise OptionParsingError(msg)
+
+    # NOTE: mypy disallows assigning to a method
+    #       https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/2427
+    parser.exit = parser_exit  # type: ignore
+
+    return parser
+
+
+def join_lines(lines_enum: ReqFileLines) -> ReqFileLines:
+    """Joins a line ending in '\' with the previous line (except when following
+    comments).  The joined line takes on the index of the first line.
+    """
+    primary_line_number = None
+    new_line: List[str] = []
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        if not line.endswith("\\") or COMMENT_RE.match(line):
+            if COMMENT_RE.match(line):
+                # this ensures comments are always matched later
+                line = " " + line
+            if new_line:
+                new_line.append(line)
+                assert primary_line_number is not None
+                yield primary_line_number, "".join(new_line)
+                new_line = []
+            else:
+                yield line_number, line
+        else:
+            if not new_line:
+                primary_line_number = line_number
+            new_line.append(line.strip("\\"))
+
+    # last line contains \
+    if new_line:
+        assert primary_line_number is not None
+        yield primary_line_number, "".join(new_line)
+
+    # TODO: handle space after '\'.
+
+
+def ignore_comments(lines_enum: ReqFileLines) -> ReqFileLines:
+    """
+    Strips comments and filter empty lines.
+    """
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        line = COMMENT_RE.sub("", line)
+        line = line.strip()
+        if line:
+            yield line_number, line
+
+
+def expand_env_variables(lines_enum: ReqFileLines) -> ReqFileLines:
+    """Replace all environment variables that can be retrieved via `os.getenv`.
+
+    The only allowed format for environment variables defined in the
+    requirement file is `${MY_VARIABLE_1}` to ensure two things:
+
+    1. Strings that contain a `$` aren't accidentally (partially) expanded.
+    2. Ensure consistency across platforms for requirement files.
+
+    These points are the result of a discussion on the `github pull
+    request #3514 <https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/3514>`_.
+
+    Valid characters in variable names follow the `POSIX standard
+    <http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/>`_ and are limited
+    to uppercase letter, digits and the `_` (underscore).
+    """
+    for line_number, line in lines_enum:
+        for env_var, var_name in ENV_VAR_RE.findall(line):
+            value = os.getenv(var_name)
+            if not value:
+                continue
+
+            line = line.replace(env_var, value)
+
+        yield line_number, line
+
+
+def get_file_content(url: str, session: PipSession) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    """Gets the content of a file; it may be a filename, file: URL, or
+    http: URL.  Returns (location, content).  Content is unicode.
+    Respects # -*- coding: declarations on the retrieved files.
+
+    :param url:         File path or url.
+    :param session:     PipSession instance.
+    """
+    scheme = get_url_scheme(url)
+
+    # Pip has special support for file:// URLs (LocalFSAdapter).
+    if scheme in ["http", "https", "file"]:
+        resp = session.get(url)
+        raise_for_status(resp)
+        return resp.url, resp.text
+
+    # Assume this is a bare path.
+    try:
+        with open(url, "rb") as f:
+            content = auto_decode(f.read())
+    except OSError as exc:
+        raise InstallationError(f"Could not open requirements file: {exc}")
+    return url, content
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a65611c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import uuid
+import zipfile
+from optparse import Values
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Collection, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.markers import Marker
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import Version
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+from pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks import BuildBackendHookCaller
+
+from pip._internal.build_env import BuildEnvironment, NoOpBuildEnvironment
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError, PreviousBuildDirError
+from pip._internal.locations import get_scheme
+from pip._internal.metadata import (
+    BaseDistribution,
+    get_default_environment,
+    get_directory_distribution,
+    get_wheel_distribution,
+)
+from pip._internal.metadata.base import FilesystemWheel
+from pip._internal.models.direct_url import DirectUrl
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.operations.build.metadata import generate_metadata
+from pip._internal.operations.build.metadata_editable import generate_editable_metadata
+from pip._internal.operations.build.metadata_legacy import (
+    generate_metadata as generate_metadata_legacy,
+)
+from pip._internal.operations.install.editable_legacy import (
+    install_editable as install_editable_legacy,
+)
+from pip._internal.operations.install.wheel import install_wheel
+from pip._internal.pyproject import load_pyproject_toml, make_pyproject_path
+from pip._internal.req.req_uninstall import UninstallPathSet
+from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import deprecated
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import Hashes
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    ConfiguredBuildBackendHookCaller,
+    ask_path_exists,
+    backup_dir,
+    display_path,
+    hide_url,
+    is_installable_dir,
+    redact_auth_from_requirement,
+    redact_auth_from_url,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.packaging import safe_extra
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import runner_with_spinner_message
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory, tempdir_kinds
+from pip._internal.utils.unpacking import unpack_file
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+from pip._internal.vcs import vcs
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class InstallRequirement:
+    """
+    Represents something that may be installed later on, may have information
+    about where to fetch the relevant requirement and also contains logic for
+    installing the said requirement.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        req: Optional[Requirement],
+        comes_from: Optional[Union[str, "InstallRequirement"]],
+        editable: bool = False,
+        link: Optional[Link] = None,
+        markers: Optional[Marker] = None,
+        use_pep517: Optional[bool] = None,
+        isolated: bool = False,
+        *,
+        global_options: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        hash_options: Optional[Dict[str, List[str]]] = None,
+        config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+        constraint: bool = False,
+        extras: Collection[str] = (),
+        user_supplied: bool = False,
+        permit_editable_wheels: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert req is None or isinstance(req, Requirement), req
+        self.req = req
+        self.comes_from = comes_from
+        self.constraint = constraint
+        self.editable = editable
+        self.permit_editable_wheels = permit_editable_wheels
+
+        # source_dir is the local directory where the linked requirement is
+        # located, or unpacked. In case unpacking is needed, creating and
+        # populating source_dir is done by the RequirementPreparer. Note this
+        # is not necessarily the directory where pyproject.toml or setup.py is
+        # located - that one is obtained via unpacked_source_directory.
+        self.source_dir: Optional[str] = None
+        if self.editable:
+            assert link
+            if link.is_file:
+                self.source_dir = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(link.file_path))
+
+        # original_link is the direct URL that was provided by the user for the
+        # requirement, either directly or via a constraints file.
+        if link is None and req and req.url:
+            # PEP 508 URL requirement
+            link = Link(req.url)
+        self.link = self.original_link = link
+
+        # When this InstallRequirement is a wheel obtained from the cache of locally
+        # built wheels, this is the source link corresponding to the cache entry, which
+        # was used to download and build the cached wheel.
+        self.cached_wheel_source_link: Optional[Link] = None
+
+        # Information about the location of the artifact that was downloaded . This
+        # property is guaranteed to be set in resolver results.
+        self.download_info: Optional[DirectUrl] = None
+
+        # Path to any downloaded or already-existing package.
+        self.local_file_path: Optional[str] = None
+        if self.link and self.link.is_file:
+            self.local_file_path = self.link.file_path
+
+        if extras:
+            self.extras = extras
+        elif req:
+            self.extras = req.extras
+        else:
+            self.extras = set()
+        if markers is None and req:
+            markers = req.marker
+        self.markers = markers
+
+        # This holds the Distribution object if this requirement is already installed.
+        self.satisfied_by: Optional[BaseDistribution] = None
+        # Whether the installation process should try to uninstall an existing
+        # distribution before installing this requirement.
+        self.should_reinstall = False
+        # Temporary build location
+        self._temp_build_dir: Optional[TempDirectory] = None
+        # Set to True after successful installation
+        self.install_succeeded: Optional[bool] = None
+        # Supplied options
+        self.global_options = global_options if global_options else []
+        self.hash_options = hash_options if hash_options else {}
+        self.config_settings = config_settings
+        # Set to True after successful preparation of this requirement
+        self.prepared = False
+        # User supplied requirement are explicitly requested for installation
+        # by the user via CLI arguments or requirements files, as opposed to,
+        # e.g. dependencies, extras or constraints.
+        self.user_supplied = user_supplied
+
+        self.isolated = isolated
+        self.build_env: BuildEnvironment = NoOpBuildEnvironment()
+
+        # For PEP 517, the directory where we request the project metadata
+        # gets stored. We need this to pass to build_wheel, so the backend
+        # can ensure that the wheel matches the metadata (see the PEP for
+        # details).
+        self.metadata_directory: Optional[str] = None
+
+        # The static build requirements (from pyproject.toml)
+        self.pyproject_requires: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+        # Build requirements that we will check are available
+        self.requirements_to_check: List[str] = []
+
+        # The PEP 517 backend we should use to build the project
+        self.pep517_backend: Optional[BuildBackendHookCaller] = None
+
+        # Are we using PEP 517 for this requirement?
+        # After pyproject.toml has been loaded, the only valid values are True
+        # and False. Before loading, None is valid (meaning "use the default").
+        # Setting an explicit value before loading pyproject.toml is supported,
+        # but after loading this flag should be treated as read only.
+        self.use_pep517 = use_pep517
+
+        # If config settings are provided, enforce PEP 517.
+        if self.config_settings:
+            if self.use_pep517 is False:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "--no-use-pep517 ignored for %s "
+                    "because --config-settings are specified.",
+                    self,
+                )
+            self.use_pep517 = True
+
+        # This requirement needs more preparation before it can be built
+        self.needs_more_preparation = False
+
+        # This requirement needs to be unpacked before it can be installed.
+        self._archive_source: Optional[Path] = None
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.req:
+            s = redact_auth_from_requirement(self.req)
+            if self.link:
+                s += f" from {redact_auth_from_url(self.link.url)}"
+        elif self.link:
+            s = redact_auth_from_url(self.link.url)
+        else:
+            s = "<InstallRequirement>"
+        if self.satisfied_by is not None:
+            if self.satisfied_by.location is not None:
+                location = display_path(self.satisfied_by.location)
+            else:
+                location = "<memory>"
+            s += f" in {location}"
+        if self.comes_from:
+            if isinstance(self.comes_from, str):
+                comes_from: Optional[str] = self.comes_from
+            else:
+                comes_from = self.comes_from.from_path()
+            if comes_from:
+                s += f" (from {comes_from})"
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<{} object: {} editable={!r}>".format(
+            self.__class__.__name__, str(self), self.editable
+        )
+
+    def format_debug(self) -> str:
+        """An un-tested helper for getting state, for debugging."""
+        attributes = vars(self)
+        names = sorted(attributes)
+
+        state = (f"{attr}={attributes[attr]!r}" for attr in sorted(names))
+        return "<{name} object: {{{state}}}>".format(
+            name=self.__class__.__name__,
+            state=", ".join(state),
+        )
+
+    # Things that are valid for all kinds of requirements?
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self.req is None:
+            return None
+        return self.req.name
+
+    @functools.lru_cache()  # use cached_property in python 3.8+
+    def supports_pyproject_editable(self) -> bool:
+        if not self.use_pep517:
+            return False
+        assert self.pep517_backend
+        with self.build_env:
+            runner = runner_with_spinner_message(
+                "Checking if build backend supports build_editable"
+            )
+            with self.pep517_backend.subprocess_runner(runner):
+                return "build_editable" in self.pep517_backend._supported_features()
+
+    @property
+    def specifier(self) -> SpecifierSet:
+        assert self.req is not None
+        return self.req.specifier
+
+    @property
+    def is_direct(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether this requirement was specified as a direct URL."""
+        return self.original_link is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_pinned(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether I am pinned to an exact version.
+
+        For example, some-package==1.2 is pinned; some-package>1.2 is not.
+        """
+        assert self.req is not None
+        specifiers = self.req.specifier
+        return len(specifiers) == 1 and next(iter(specifiers)).operator in {"==", "==="}
+
+    def match_markers(self, extras_requested: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None) -> bool:
+        if not extras_requested:
+            # Provide an extra to safely evaluate the markers
+            # without matching any extra
+            extras_requested = ("",)
+        if self.markers is not None:
+            return any(
+                self.markers.evaluate({"extra": extra})
+                # TODO: Remove these two variants when packaging is upgraded to
+                # support the marker comparison logic specified in PEP 685.
+                or self.markers.evaluate({"extra": safe_extra(extra)})
+                or self.markers.evaluate({"extra": canonicalize_name(extra)})
+                for extra in extras_requested
+            )
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    @property
+    def has_hash_options(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether any known-good hashes are specified as options.
+
+        These activate --require-hashes mode; hashes specified as part of a
+        URL do not.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self.hash_options)
+
+    def hashes(self, trust_internet: bool = True) -> Hashes:
+        """Return a hash-comparer that considers my option- and URL-based
+        hashes to be known-good.
+
+        Hashes in URLs--ones embedded in the requirements file, not ones
+        downloaded from an index server--are almost peers with ones from
+        flags. They satisfy --require-hashes (whether it was implicitly or
+        explicitly activated) but do not activate it. md5 and sha224 are not
+        allowed in flags, which should nudge people toward good algos. We
+        always OR all hashes together, even ones from URLs.
+
+        :param trust_internet: Whether to trust URL-based (#md5=...) hashes
+            downloaded from the internet, as by populate_link()
+
+        """
+        good_hashes = self.hash_options.copy()
+        if trust_internet:
+            link = self.link
+        elif self.is_direct and self.user_supplied:
+            link = self.original_link
+        else:
+            link = None
+        if link and link.hash:
+            assert link.hash_name is not None
+            good_hashes.setdefault(link.hash_name, []).append(link.hash)
+        return Hashes(good_hashes)
+
+    def from_path(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Format a nice indicator to show where this "comes from" """
+        if self.req is None:
+            return None
+        s = str(self.req)
+        if self.comes_from:
+            comes_from: Optional[str]
+            if isinstance(self.comes_from, str):
+                comes_from = self.comes_from
+            else:
+                comes_from = self.comes_from.from_path()
+            if comes_from:
+                s += "->" + comes_from
+        return s
+
+    def ensure_build_location(
+        self, build_dir: str, autodelete: bool, parallel_builds: bool
+    ) -> str:
+        assert build_dir is not None
+        if self._temp_build_dir is not None:
+            assert self._temp_build_dir.path
+            return self._temp_build_dir.path
+        if self.req is None:
+            # Some systems have /tmp as a symlink which confuses custom
+            # builds (such as numpy). Thus, we ensure that the real path
+            # is returned.
+            self._temp_build_dir = TempDirectory(
+                kind=tempdir_kinds.REQ_BUILD, globally_managed=True
+            )
+
+            return self._temp_build_dir.path
+
+        # This is the only remaining place where we manually determine the path
+        # for the temporary directory. It is only needed for editables where
+        # it is the value of the --src option.
+
+        # When parallel builds are enabled, add a UUID to the build directory
+        # name so multiple builds do not interfere with each other.
+        dir_name: str = canonicalize_name(self.req.name)
+        if parallel_builds:
+            dir_name = f"{dir_name}_{uuid.uuid4().hex}"
+
+        # FIXME: Is there a better place to create the build_dir? (hg and bzr
+        # need this)
+        if not os.path.exists(build_dir):
+            logger.debug("Creating directory %s", build_dir)
+            os.makedirs(build_dir)
+        actual_build_dir = os.path.join(build_dir, dir_name)
+        # `None` indicates that we respect the globally-configured deletion
+        # settings, which is what we actually want when auto-deleting.
+        delete_arg = None if autodelete else False
+        return TempDirectory(
+            path=actual_build_dir,
+            delete=delete_arg,
+            kind=tempdir_kinds.REQ_BUILD,
+            globally_managed=True,
+        ).path
+
+    def _set_requirement(self) -> None:
+        """Set requirement after generating metadata."""
+        assert self.req is None
+        assert self.metadata is not None
+        assert self.source_dir is not None
+
+        # Construct a Requirement object from the generated metadata
+        if isinstance(parse_version(self.metadata["Version"]), Version):
+            op = "=="
+        else:
+            op = "==="
+
+        self.req = Requirement(
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    self.metadata["Name"],
+                    op,
+                    self.metadata["Version"],
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+    def warn_on_mismatching_name(self) -> None:
+        assert self.req is not None
+        metadata_name = canonicalize_name(self.metadata["Name"])
+        if canonicalize_name(self.req.name) == metadata_name:
+            # Everything is fine.
+            return
+
+        # If we're here, there's a mismatch. Log a warning about it.
+        logger.warning(
+            "Generating metadata for package %s "
+            "produced metadata for project name %s. Fix your "
+            "#egg=%s fragments.",
+            self.name,
+            metadata_name,
+            self.name,
+        )
+        self.req = Requirement(metadata_name)
+
+    def check_if_exists(self, use_user_site: bool) -> None:
+        """Find an installed distribution that satisfies or conflicts
+        with this requirement, and set self.satisfied_by or
+        self.should_reinstall appropriately.
+        """
+        if self.req is None:
+            return
+        existing_dist = get_default_environment().get_distribution(self.req.name)
+        if not existing_dist:
+            return
+
+        version_compatible = self.req.specifier.contains(
+            existing_dist.version,
+            prereleases=True,
+        )
+        if not version_compatible:
+            self.satisfied_by = None
+            if use_user_site:
+                if existing_dist.in_usersite:
+                    self.should_reinstall = True
+                elif running_under_virtualenv() and existing_dist.in_site_packages:
+                    raise InstallationError(
+                        f"Will not install to the user site because it will "
+                        f"lack sys.path precedence to {existing_dist.raw_name} "
+                        f"in {existing_dist.location}"
+                    )
+            else:
+                self.should_reinstall = True
+        else:
+            if self.editable:
+                self.should_reinstall = True
+                # when installing editables, nothing pre-existing should ever
+                # satisfy
+                self.satisfied_by = None
+            else:
+                self.satisfied_by = existing_dist
+
+    # Things valid for wheels
+    @property
+    def is_wheel(self) -> bool:
+        if not self.link:
+            return False
+        return self.link.is_wheel
+
+    @property
+    def is_wheel_from_cache(self) -> bool:
+        # When True, it means that this InstallRequirement is a local wheel file in the
+        # cache of locally built wheels.
+        return self.cached_wheel_source_link is not None
+
+    # Things valid for sdists
+    @property
+    def unpacked_source_directory(self) -> str:
+        assert self.source_dir, f"No source dir for {self}"
+        return os.path.join(
+            self.source_dir, self.link and self.link.subdirectory_fragment or ""
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def setup_py_path(self) -> str:
+        assert self.source_dir, f"No source dir for {self}"
+        setup_py = os.path.join(self.unpacked_source_directory, "setup.py")
+
+        return setup_py
+
+    @property
+    def setup_cfg_path(self) -> str:
+        assert self.source_dir, f"No source dir for {self}"
+        setup_cfg = os.path.join(self.unpacked_source_directory, "setup.cfg")
+
+        return setup_cfg
+
+    @property
+    def pyproject_toml_path(self) -> str:
+        assert self.source_dir, f"No source dir for {self}"
+        return make_pyproject_path(self.unpacked_source_directory)
+
+    def load_pyproject_toml(self) -> None:
+        """Load the pyproject.toml file.
+
+        After calling this routine, all of the attributes related to PEP 517
+        processing for this requirement have been set. In particular, the
+        use_pep517 attribute can be used to determine whether we should
+        follow the PEP 517 or legacy (setup.py) code path.
+        """
+        pyproject_toml_data = load_pyproject_toml(
+            self.use_pep517, self.pyproject_toml_path, self.setup_py_path, str(self)
+        )
+
+        if pyproject_toml_data is None:
+            assert not self.config_settings
+            self.use_pep517 = False
+            return
+
+        self.use_pep517 = True
+        requires, backend, check, backend_path = pyproject_toml_data
+        self.requirements_to_check = check
+        self.pyproject_requires = requires
+        self.pep517_backend = ConfiguredBuildBackendHookCaller(
+            self,
+            self.unpacked_source_directory,
+            backend,
+            backend_path=backend_path,
+        )
+
+    def isolated_editable_sanity_check(self) -> None:
+        """Check that an editable requirement if valid for use with PEP 517/518.
+
+        This verifies that an editable that has a pyproject.toml either supports PEP 660
+        or as a setup.py or a setup.cfg
+        """
+        if (
+            self.editable
+            and self.use_pep517
+            and not self.supports_pyproject_editable()
+            and not os.path.isfile(self.setup_py_path)
+            and not os.path.isfile(self.setup_cfg_path)
+        ):
+            raise InstallationError(
+                f"Project {self} has a 'pyproject.toml' and its build "
+                f"backend is missing the 'build_editable' hook. Since it does not "
+                f"have a 'setup.py' nor a 'setup.cfg', "
+                f"it cannot be installed in editable mode. "
+                f"Consider using a build backend that supports PEP 660."
+            )
+
+    def prepare_metadata(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure that project metadata is available.
+
+        Under PEP 517 and PEP 660, call the backend hook to prepare the metadata.
+        Under legacy processing, call setup.py egg-info.
+        """
+        assert self.source_dir, f"No source dir for {self}"
+        details = self.name or f"from {self.link}"
+
+        if self.use_pep517:
+            assert self.pep517_backend is not None
+            if (
+                self.editable
+                and self.permit_editable_wheels
+                and self.supports_pyproject_editable()
+            ):
+                self.metadata_directory = generate_editable_metadata(
+                    build_env=self.build_env,
+                    backend=self.pep517_backend,
+                    details=details,
+                )
+            else:
+                self.metadata_directory = generate_metadata(
+                    build_env=self.build_env,
+                    backend=self.pep517_backend,
+                    details=details,
+                )
+        else:
+            self.metadata_directory = generate_metadata_legacy(
+                build_env=self.build_env,
+                setup_py_path=self.setup_py_path,
+                source_dir=self.unpacked_source_directory,
+                isolated=self.isolated,
+                details=details,
+            )
+
+        # Act on the newly generated metadata, based on the name and version.
+        if not self.name:
+            self._set_requirement()
+        else:
+            self.warn_on_mismatching_name()
+
+        self.assert_source_matches_version()
+
+    @property
+    def metadata(self) -> Any:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_metadata"):
+            self._metadata = self.get_dist().metadata
+
+        return self._metadata
+
+    def get_dist(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        if self.metadata_directory:
+            return get_directory_distribution(self.metadata_directory)
+        elif self.local_file_path and self.is_wheel:
+            assert self.req is not None
+            return get_wheel_distribution(
+                FilesystemWheel(self.local_file_path),
+                canonicalize_name(self.req.name),
+            )
+        raise AssertionError(
+            f"InstallRequirement {self} has no metadata directory and no wheel: "
+            f"can't make a distribution."
+        )
+
+    def assert_source_matches_version(self) -> None:
+        assert self.source_dir, f"No source dir for {self}"
+        version = self.metadata["version"]
+        if self.req and self.req.specifier and version not in self.req.specifier:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Requested %s, but installing version %s",
+                self,
+                version,
+            )
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Source in %s has version %s, which satisfies requirement %s",
+                display_path(self.source_dir),
+                version,
+                self,
+            )
+
+    # For both source distributions and editables
+    def ensure_has_source_dir(
+        self,
+        parent_dir: str,
+        autodelete: bool = False,
+        parallel_builds: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Ensure that a source_dir is set.
+
+        This will create a temporary build dir if the name of the requirement
+        isn't known yet.
+
+        :param parent_dir: The ideal pip parent_dir for the source_dir.
+            Generally src_dir for editables and build_dir for sdists.
+        :return: self.source_dir
+        """
+        if self.source_dir is None:
+            self.source_dir = self.ensure_build_location(
+                parent_dir,
+                autodelete=autodelete,
+                parallel_builds=parallel_builds,
+            )
+
+    def needs_unpacked_archive(self, archive_source: Path) -> None:
+        assert self._archive_source is None
+        self._archive_source = archive_source
+
+    def ensure_pristine_source_checkout(self) -> None:
+        """Ensure the source directory has not yet been built in."""
+        assert self.source_dir is not None
+        if self._archive_source is not None:
+            unpack_file(str(self._archive_source), self.source_dir)
+        elif is_installable_dir(self.source_dir):
+            # If a checkout exists, it's unwise to keep going.
+            # version inconsistencies are logged later, but do not fail
+            # the installation.
+            raise PreviousBuildDirError(
+                f"pip can't proceed with requirements '{self}' due to a "
+                f"pre-existing build directory ({self.source_dir}). This is likely "
+                "due to a previous installation that failed . pip is "
+                "being responsible and not assuming it can delete this. "
+                "Please delete it and try again."
+            )
+
+    # For editable installations
+    def update_editable(self) -> None:
+        if not self.link:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Cannot update repository at %s; repository location is unknown",
+                self.source_dir,
+            )
+            return
+        assert self.editable
+        assert self.source_dir
+        if self.link.scheme == "file":
+            # Static paths don't get updated
+            return
+        vcs_backend = vcs.get_backend_for_scheme(self.link.scheme)
+        # Editable requirements are validated in Requirement constructors.
+        # So here, if it's neither a path nor a valid VCS URL, it's a bug.
+        assert vcs_backend, f"Unsupported VCS URL {self.link.url}"
+        hidden_url = hide_url(self.link.url)
+        vcs_backend.obtain(self.source_dir, url=hidden_url, verbosity=0)
+
+    # Top-level Actions
+    def uninstall(
+        self, auto_confirm: bool = False, verbose: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[UninstallPathSet]:
+        """
+        Uninstall the distribution currently satisfying this requirement.
+
+        Prompts before removing or modifying files unless
+        ``auto_confirm`` is True.
+
+        Refuses to delete or modify files outside of ``sys.prefix`` -
+        thus uninstallation within a virtual environment can only
+        modify that virtual environment, even if the virtualenv is
+        linked to global site-packages.
+
+        """
+        assert self.req
+        dist = get_default_environment().get_distribution(self.req.name)
+        if not dist:
+            logger.warning("Skipping %s as it is not installed.", self.name)
+            return None
+        logger.info("Found existing installation: %s", dist)
+
+        uninstalled_pathset = UninstallPathSet.from_dist(dist)
+        uninstalled_pathset.remove(auto_confirm, verbose)
+        return uninstalled_pathset
+
+    def _get_archive_name(self, path: str, parentdir: str, rootdir: str) -> str:
+        def _clean_zip_name(name: str, prefix: str) -> str:
+            assert name.startswith(
+                prefix + os.path.sep
+            ), f"name {name!r} doesn't start with prefix {prefix!r}"
+            name = name[len(prefix) + 1 :]
+            name = name.replace(os.path.sep, "/")
+            return name
+
+        assert self.req is not None
+        path = os.path.join(parentdir, path)
+        name = _clean_zip_name(path, rootdir)
+        return self.req.name + "/" + name
+
+    def archive(self, build_dir: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        """Saves archive to provided build_dir.
+
+        Used for saving downloaded VCS requirements as part of `pip download`.
+        """
+        assert self.source_dir
+        if build_dir is None:
+            return
+
+        create_archive = True
+        archive_name = "{}-{}.zip".format(self.name, self.metadata["version"])
+        archive_path = os.path.join(build_dir, archive_name)
+
+        if os.path.exists(archive_path):
+            response = ask_path_exists(
+                f"The file {display_path(archive_path)} exists. (i)gnore, (w)ipe, "
+                "(b)ackup, (a)bort ",
+                ("i", "w", "b", "a"),
+            )
+            if response == "i":
+                create_archive = False
+            elif response == "w":
+                logger.warning("Deleting %s", display_path(archive_path))
+                os.remove(archive_path)
+            elif response == "b":
+                dest_file = backup_dir(archive_path)
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Backing up %s to %s",
+                    display_path(archive_path),
+                    display_path(dest_file),
+                )
+                shutil.move(archive_path, dest_file)
+            elif response == "a":
+                sys.exit(-1)
+
+        if not create_archive:
+            return
+
+        zip_output = zipfile.ZipFile(
+            archive_path,
+            "w",
+            zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED,
+            allowZip64=True,
+        )
+        with zip_output:
+            dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(self.unpacked_source_directory))
+            for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(dir):
+                for dirname in dirnames:
+                    dir_arcname = self._get_archive_name(
+                        dirname,
+                        parentdir=dirpath,
+                        rootdir=dir,
+                    )
+                    zipdir = zipfile.ZipInfo(dir_arcname + "/")
+                    zipdir.external_attr = 0x1ED << 16  # 0o755
+                    zip_output.writestr(zipdir, "")
+                for filename in filenames:
+                    file_arcname = self._get_archive_name(
+                        filename,
+                        parentdir=dirpath,
+                        rootdir=dir,
+                    )
+                    filename = os.path.join(dirpath, filename)
+                    zip_output.write(filename, file_arcname)
+
+        logger.info("Saved %s", display_path(archive_path))
+
+    def install(
+        self,
+        global_options: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        root: Optional[str] = None,
+        home: Optional[str] = None,
+        prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        warn_script_location: bool = True,
+        use_user_site: bool = False,
+        pycompile: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert self.req is not None
+        scheme = get_scheme(
+            self.req.name,
+            user=use_user_site,
+            home=home,
+            root=root,
+            isolated=self.isolated,
+            prefix=prefix,
+        )
+
+        if self.editable and not self.is_wheel:
+            if self.config_settings:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "--config-settings ignored for legacy editable install of %s. "
+                    "Consider upgrading to a version of setuptools "
+                    "that supports PEP 660 (>= 64).",
+                    self,
+                )
+            install_editable_legacy(
+                global_options=global_options if global_options is not None else [],
+                prefix=prefix,
+                home=home,
+                use_user_site=use_user_site,
+                name=self.req.name,
+                setup_py_path=self.setup_py_path,
+                isolated=self.isolated,
+                build_env=self.build_env,
+                unpacked_source_directory=self.unpacked_source_directory,
+            )
+            self.install_succeeded = True
+            return
+
+        assert self.is_wheel
+        assert self.local_file_path
+
+        install_wheel(
+            self.req.name,
+            self.local_file_path,
+            scheme=scheme,
+            req_description=str(self.req),
+            pycompile=pycompile,
+            warn_script_location=warn_script_location,
+            direct_url=self.download_info if self.is_direct else None,
+            requested=self.user_supplied,
+        )
+        self.install_succeeded = True
+
+
+def check_invalid_constraint_type(req: InstallRequirement) -> str:
+    # Check for unsupported forms
+    problem = ""
+    if not req.name:
+        problem = "Unnamed requirements are not allowed as constraints"
+    elif req.editable:
+        problem = "Editable requirements are not allowed as constraints"
+    elif req.extras:
+        problem = "Constraints cannot have extras"
+
+    if problem:
+        deprecated(
+            reason=(
+                "Constraints are only allowed to take the form of a package "
+                "name and a version specifier. Other forms were originally "
+                "permitted as an accident of the implementation, but were "
+                "undocumented. The new implementation of the resolver no "
+                "longer supports these forms."
+            ),
+            replacement="replacing the constraint with a requirement",
+            # No plan yet for when the new resolver becomes default
+            gone_in=None,
+            issue=8210,
+        )
+
+    return problem
+
+
+def _has_option(options: Values, reqs: List[InstallRequirement], option: str) -> bool:
+    if getattr(options, option, None):
+        return True
+    for req in reqs:
+        if getattr(req, option, None):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def check_legacy_setup_py_options(
+    options: Values,
+    reqs: List[InstallRequirement],
+) -> None:
+    has_build_options = _has_option(options, reqs, "build_options")
+    has_global_options = _has_option(options, reqs, "global_options")
+    if has_build_options or has_global_options:
+        deprecated(
+            reason="--build-option and --global-option are deprecated.",
+            issue=11859,
+            replacement="to use --config-settings",
+            gone_in="24.2",
+        )
+        logger.warning(
+            "Implying --no-binary=:all: due to the presence of "
+            "--build-option / --global-option. "
+        )
+        options.format_control.disallow_binaries()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_set.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_set.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf36114e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_set.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+import logging
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from typing import Dict, List
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import LegacySpecifier
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import LegacyVersion
+
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import deprecated
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class RequirementSet:
+    def __init__(self, check_supported_wheels: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Create a RequirementSet."""
+
+        self.requirements: Dict[str, InstallRequirement] = OrderedDict()
+        self.check_supported_wheels = check_supported_wheels
+
+        self.unnamed_requirements: List[InstallRequirement] = []
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        requirements = sorted(
+            (req for req in self.requirements.values() if not req.comes_from),
+            key=lambda req: canonicalize_name(req.name or ""),
+        )
+        return " ".join(str(req.req) for req in requirements)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        requirements = sorted(
+            self.requirements.values(),
+            key=lambda req: canonicalize_name(req.name or ""),
+        )
+
+        format_string = "<{classname} object; {count} requirement(s): {reqs}>"
+        return format_string.format(
+            classname=self.__class__.__name__,
+            count=len(requirements),
+            reqs=", ".join(str(req.req) for req in requirements),
+        )
+
+    def add_unnamed_requirement(self, install_req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        assert not install_req.name
+        self.unnamed_requirements.append(install_req)
+
+    def add_named_requirement(self, install_req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        assert install_req.name
+
+        project_name = canonicalize_name(install_req.name)
+        self.requirements[project_name] = install_req
+
+    def has_requirement(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        project_name = canonicalize_name(name)
+
+        return (
+            project_name in self.requirements
+            and not self.requirements[project_name].constraint
+        )
+
+    def get_requirement(self, name: str) -> InstallRequirement:
+        project_name = canonicalize_name(name)
+
+        if project_name in self.requirements:
+            return self.requirements[project_name]
+
+        raise KeyError(f"No project with the name {name!r}")
+
+    @property
+    def all_requirements(self) -> List[InstallRequirement]:
+        return self.unnamed_requirements + list(self.requirements.values())
+
+    @property
+    def requirements_to_install(self) -> List[InstallRequirement]:
+        """Return the list of requirements that need to be installed.
+
+        TODO remove this property together with the legacy resolver, since the new
+             resolver only returns requirements that need to be installed.
+        """
+        return [
+            install_req
+            for install_req in self.all_requirements
+            if not install_req.constraint and not install_req.satisfied_by
+        ]
+
+    def warn_legacy_versions_and_specifiers(self) -> None:
+        for req in self.requirements_to_install:
+            version = req.get_dist().version
+            if isinstance(version, LegacyVersion):
+                deprecated(
+                    reason=(
+                        f"pip has selected the non standard version {version} "
+                        f"of {req}. In the future this version will be "
+                        f"ignored as it isn't standard compliant."
+                    ),
+                    replacement=(
+                        "set or update constraints to select another version "
+                        "or contact the package author to fix the version number"
+                    ),
+                    issue=12063,
+                    gone_in="24.1",
+                )
+            for dep in req.get_dist().iter_dependencies():
+                if any(isinstance(spec, LegacySpecifier) for spec in dep.specifier):
+                    deprecated(
+                        reason=(
+                            f"pip has selected {req} {version} which has non "
+                            f"standard dependency specifier {dep}. "
+                            f"In the future this version of {req} will be "
+                            f"ignored as it isn't standard compliant."
+                        ),
+                        replacement=(
+                            "set or update constraints to select another version "
+                            "or contact the package author to fix the version number"
+                        ),
+                        issue=12063,
+                        gone_in="24.1",
+                    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_uninstall.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_uninstall.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..707fde1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_uninstall.py
@@ -0,0 +1,649 @@
+import functools
+import os
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from importlib.util import cache_from_source
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Generator, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import UninstallationError
+from pip._internal.locations import get_bin_prefix, get_bin_user
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.egg_link import egg_link_path_from_location
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import getLogger, indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ask, normalize_path, renames, rmtree
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import AdjacentTempDirectory, TempDirectory
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _script_names(
+    bin_dir: str, script_name: str, is_gui: bool
+) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    """Create the fully qualified name of the files created by
+    {console,gui}_scripts for the given ``dist``.
+    Returns the list of file names
+    """
+    exe_name = os.path.join(bin_dir, script_name)
+    yield exe_name
+    if not WINDOWS:
+        return
+    yield f"{exe_name}.exe"
+    yield f"{exe_name}.exe.manifest"
+    if is_gui:
+        yield f"{exe_name}-script.pyw"
+    else:
+        yield f"{exe_name}-script.py"
+
+
+def _unique(
+    fn: Callable[..., Generator[Any, None, None]]
+) -> Callable[..., Generator[Any, None, None]]:
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def unique(*args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Generator[Any, None, None]:
+        seen: Set[Any] = set()
+        for item in fn(*args, **kw):
+            if item not in seen:
+                seen.add(item)
+                yield item
+
+    return unique
+
+
+@_unique
+def uninstallation_paths(dist: BaseDistribution) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+    """
+    Yield all the uninstallation paths for dist based on RECORD-without-.py[co]
+
+    Yield paths to all the files in RECORD. For each .py file in RECORD, add
+    the .pyc and .pyo in the same directory.
+
+    UninstallPathSet.add() takes care of the __pycache__ .py[co].
+
+    If RECORD is not found, raises UninstallationError,
+    with possible information from the INSTALLER file.
+
+    https://packaging.python.org/specifications/recording-installed-packages/
+    """
+    location = dist.location
+    assert location is not None, "not installed"
+
+    entries = dist.iter_declared_entries()
+    if entries is None:
+        msg = f"Cannot uninstall {dist}, RECORD file not found."
+        installer = dist.installer
+        if not installer or installer == "pip":
+            dep = f"{dist.raw_name}=={dist.version}"
+            msg += (
+                " You might be able to recover from this via: "
+                f"'pip install --force-reinstall --no-deps {dep}'."
+            )
+        else:
+            msg += f" Hint: The package was installed by {installer}."
+        raise UninstallationError(msg)
+
+    for entry in entries:
+        path = os.path.join(location, entry)
+        yield path
+        if path.endswith(".py"):
+            dn, fn = os.path.split(path)
+            base = fn[:-3]
+            path = os.path.join(dn, base + ".pyc")
+            yield path
+            path = os.path.join(dn, base + ".pyo")
+            yield path
+
+
+def compact(paths: Iterable[str]) -> Set[str]:
+    """Compact a path set to contain the minimal number of paths
+    necessary to contain all paths in the set. If /a/path/ and
+    /a/path/to/a/file.txt are both in the set, leave only the
+    shorter path."""
+
+    sep = os.path.sep
+    short_paths: Set[str] = set()
+    for path in sorted(paths, key=len):
+        should_skip = any(
+            path.startswith(shortpath.rstrip("*"))
+            and path[len(shortpath.rstrip("*").rstrip(sep))] == sep
+            for shortpath in short_paths
+        )
+        if not should_skip:
+            short_paths.add(path)
+    return short_paths
+
+
+def compress_for_rename(paths: Iterable[str]) -> Set[str]:
+    """Returns a set containing the paths that need to be renamed.
+
+    This set may include directories when the original sequence of paths
+    included every file on disk.
+    """
+    case_map = {os.path.normcase(p): p for p in paths}
+    remaining = set(case_map)
+    unchecked = sorted({os.path.split(p)[0] for p in case_map.values()}, key=len)
+    wildcards: Set[str] = set()
+
+    def norm_join(*a: str) -> str:
+        return os.path.normcase(os.path.join(*a))
+
+    for root in unchecked:
+        if any(os.path.normcase(root).startswith(w) for w in wildcards):
+            # This directory has already been handled.
+            continue
+
+        all_files: Set[str] = set()
+        all_subdirs: Set[str] = set()
+        for dirname, subdirs, files in os.walk(root):
+            all_subdirs.update(norm_join(root, dirname, d) for d in subdirs)
+            all_files.update(norm_join(root, dirname, f) for f in files)
+        # If all the files we found are in our remaining set of files to
+        # remove, then remove them from the latter set and add a wildcard
+        # for the directory.
+        if not (all_files - remaining):
+            remaining.difference_update(all_files)
+            wildcards.add(root + os.sep)
+
+    return set(map(case_map.__getitem__, remaining)) | wildcards
+
+
+def compress_for_output_listing(paths: Iterable[str]) -> Tuple[Set[str], Set[str]]:
+    """Returns a tuple of 2 sets of which paths to display to user
+
+    The first set contains paths that would be deleted. Files of a package
+    are not added and the top-level directory of the package has a '*' added
+    at the end - to signify that all it's contents are removed.
+
+    The second set contains files that would have been skipped in the above
+    folders.
+    """
+
+    will_remove = set(paths)
+    will_skip = set()
+
+    # Determine folders and files
+    folders = set()
+    files = set()
+    for path in will_remove:
+        if path.endswith(".pyc"):
+            continue
+        if path.endswith("__init__.py") or ".dist-info" in path:
+            folders.add(os.path.dirname(path))
+        files.add(path)
+
+    _normcased_files = set(map(os.path.normcase, files))
+
+    folders = compact(folders)
+
+    # This walks the tree using os.walk to not miss extra folders
+    # that might get added.
+    for folder in folders:
+        for dirpath, _, dirfiles in os.walk(folder):
+            for fname in dirfiles:
+                if fname.endswith(".pyc"):
+                    continue
+
+                file_ = os.path.join(dirpath, fname)
+                if (
+                    os.path.isfile(file_)
+                    and os.path.normcase(file_) not in _normcased_files
+                ):
+                    # We are skipping this file. Add it to the set.
+                    will_skip.add(file_)
+
+    will_remove = files | {os.path.join(folder, "*") for folder in folders}
+
+    return will_remove, will_skip
+
+
+class StashedUninstallPathSet:
+    """A set of file rename operations to stash files while
+    tentatively uninstalling them."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # Mapping from source file root to [Adjacent]TempDirectory
+        # for files under that directory.
+        self._save_dirs: Dict[str, TempDirectory] = {}
+        # (old path, new path) tuples for each move that may need
+        # to be undone.
+        self._moves: List[Tuple[str, str]] = []
+
+    def _get_directory_stash(self, path: str) -> str:
+        """Stashes a directory.
+
+        Directories are stashed adjacent to their original location if
+        possible, or else moved/copied into the user's temp dir."""
+
+        try:
+            save_dir: TempDirectory = AdjacentTempDirectory(path)
+        except OSError:
+            save_dir = TempDirectory(kind="uninstall")
+        self._save_dirs[os.path.normcase(path)] = save_dir
+
+        return save_dir.path
+
+    def _get_file_stash(self, path: str) -> str:
+        """Stashes a file.
+
+        If no root has been provided, one will be created for the directory
+        in the user's temp directory."""
+        path = os.path.normcase(path)
+        head, old_head = os.path.dirname(path), None
+        save_dir = None
+
+        while head != old_head:
+            try:
+                save_dir = self._save_dirs[head]
+                break
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            head, old_head = os.path.dirname(head), head
+        else:
+            # Did not find any suitable root
+            head = os.path.dirname(path)
+            save_dir = TempDirectory(kind="uninstall")
+            self._save_dirs[head] = save_dir
+
+        relpath = os.path.relpath(path, head)
+        if relpath and relpath != os.path.curdir:
+            return os.path.join(save_dir.path, relpath)
+        return save_dir.path
+
+    def stash(self, path: str) -> str:
+        """Stashes the directory or file and returns its new location.
+        Handle symlinks as files to avoid modifying the symlink targets.
+        """
+        path_is_dir = os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path)
+        if path_is_dir:
+            new_path = self._get_directory_stash(path)
+        else:
+            new_path = self._get_file_stash(path)
+
+        self._moves.append((path, new_path))
+        if path_is_dir and os.path.isdir(new_path):
+            # If we're moving a directory, we need to
+            # remove the destination first or else it will be
+            # moved to inside the existing directory.
+            # We just created new_path ourselves, so it will
+            # be removable.
+            os.rmdir(new_path)
+        renames(path, new_path)
+        return new_path
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commits the uninstall by removing stashed files."""
+        for save_dir in self._save_dirs.values():
+            save_dir.cleanup()
+        self._moves = []
+        self._save_dirs = {}
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Undoes the uninstall by moving stashed files back."""
+        for p in self._moves:
+            logger.info("Moving to %s\n from %s", *p)
+
+        for new_path, path in self._moves:
+            try:
+                logger.debug("Replacing %s from %s", new_path, path)
+                if os.path.isfile(new_path) or os.path.islink(new_path):
+                    os.unlink(new_path)
+                elif os.path.isdir(new_path):
+                    rmtree(new_path)
+                renames(path, new_path)
+            except OSError as ex:
+                logger.error("Failed to restore %s", new_path)
+                logger.debug("Exception: %s", ex)
+
+        self.commit()
+
+    @property
+    def can_rollback(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._moves)
+
+
+class UninstallPathSet:
+    """A set of file paths to be removed in the uninstallation of a
+    requirement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dist: BaseDistribution) -> None:
+        self._paths: Set[str] = set()
+        self._refuse: Set[str] = set()
+        self._pth: Dict[str, UninstallPthEntries] = {}
+        self._dist = dist
+        self._moved_paths = StashedUninstallPathSet()
+        # Create local cache of normalize_path results. Creating an UninstallPathSet
+        # can result in hundreds/thousands of redundant calls to normalize_path with
+        # the same args, which hurts performance.
+        self._normalize_path_cached = functools.lru_cache()(normalize_path)
+
+    def _permitted(self, path: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return True if the given path is one we are permitted to
+        remove/modify, False otherwise.
+
+        """
+        # aka is_local, but caching normalized sys.prefix
+        if not running_under_virtualenv():
+            return True
+        return path.startswith(self._normalize_path_cached(sys.prefix))
+
+    def add(self, path: str) -> None:
+        head, tail = os.path.split(path)
+
+        # we normalize the head to resolve parent directory symlinks, but not
+        # the tail, since we only want to uninstall symlinks, not their targets
+        path = os.path.join(self._normalize_path_cached(head), os.path.normcase(tail))
+
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            return
+        if self._permitted(path):
+            self._paths.add(path)
+        else:
+            self._refuse.add(path)
+
+        # __pycache__ files can show up after 'installed-files.txt' is created,
+        # due to imports
+        if os.path.splitext(path)[1] == ".py":
+            self.add(cache_from_source(path))
+
+    def add_pth(self, pth_file: str, entry: str) -> None:
+        pth_file = self._normalize_path_cached(pth_file)
+        if self._permitted(pth_file):
+            if pth_file not in self._pth:
+                self._pth[pth_file] = UninstallPthEntries(pth_file)
+            self._pth[pth_file].add(entry)
+        else:
+            self._refuse.add(pth_file)
+
+    def remove(self, auto_confirm: bool = False, verbose: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Remove paths in ``self._paths`` with confirmation (unless
+        ``auto_confirm`` is True)."""
+
+        if not self._paths:
+            logger.info(
+                "Can't uninstall '%s'. No files were found to uninstall.",
+                self._dist.raw_name,
+            )
+            return
+
+        dist_name_version = f"{self._dist.raw_name}-{self._dist.version}"
+        logger.info("Uninstalling %s:", dist_name_version)
+
+        with indent_log():
+            if auto_confirm or self._allowed_to_proceed(verbose):
+                moved = self._moved_paths
+
+                for_rename = compress_for_rename(self._paths)
+
+                for path in sorted(compact(for_rename)):
+                    moved.stash(path)
+                    logger.verbose("Removing file or directory %s", path)
+
+                for pth in self._pth.values():
+                    pth.remove()
+
+                logger.info("Successfully uninstalled %s", dist_name_version)
+
+    def _allowed_to_proceed(self, verbose: bool) -> bool:
+        """Display which files would be deleted and prompt for confirmation"""
+
+        def _display(msg: str, paths: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+            if not paths:
+                return
+
+            logger.info(msg)
+            with indent_log():
+                for path in sorted(compact(paths)):
+                    logger.info(path)
+
+        if not verbose:
+            will_remove, will_skip = compress_for_output_listing(self._paths)
+        else:
+            # In verbose mode, display all the files that are going to be
+            # deleted.
+            will_remove = set(self._paths)
+            will_skip = set()
+
+        _display("Would remove:", will_remove)
+        _display("Would not remove (might be manually added):", will_skip)
+        _display("Would not remove (outside of prefix):", self._refuse)
+        if verbose:
+            _display("Will actually move:", compress_for_rename(self._paths))
+
+        return ask("Proceed (Y/n)? ", ("y", "n", "")) != "n"
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Rollback the changes previously made by remove()."""
+        if not self._moved_paths.can_rollback:
+            logger.error(
+                "Can't roll back %s; was not uninstalled",
+                self._dist.raw_name,
+            )
+            return
+        logger.info("Rolling back uninstall of %s", self._dist.raw_name)
+        self._moved_paths.rollback()
+        for pth in self._pth.values():
+            pth.rollback()
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Remove temporary save dir: rollback will no longer be possible."""
+        self._moved_paths.commit()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dist(cls, dist: BaseDistribution) -> "UninstallPathSet":
+        dist_location = dist.location
+        info_location = dist.info_location
+        if dist_location is None:
+            logger.info(
+                "Not uninstalling %s since it is not installed",
+                dist.canonical_name,
+            )
+            return cls(dist)
+
+        normalized_dist_location = normalize_path(dist_location)
+        if not dist.local:
+            logger.info(
+                "Not uninstalling %s at %s, outside environment %s",
+                dist.canonical_name,
+                normalized_dist_location,
+                sys.prefix,
+            )
+            return cls(dist)
+
+        if normalized_dist_location in {
+            p
+            for p in {sysconfig.get_path("stdlib"), sysconfig.get_path("platstdlib")}
+            if p
+        }:
+            logger.info(
+                "Not uninstalling %s at %s, as it is in the standard library.",
+                dist.canonical_name,
+                normalized_dist_location,
+            )
+            return cls(dist)
+
+        paths_to_remove = cls(dist)
+        develop_egg_link = egg_link_path_from_location(dist.raw_name)
+
+        # Distribution is installed with metadata in a "flat" .egg-info
+        # directory. This means it is not a modern .dist-info installation, an
+        # egg, or legacy editable.
+        setuptools_flat_installation = (
+            dist.installed_with_setuptools_egg_info
+            and info_location is not None
+            and os.path.exists(info_location)
+            # If dist is editable and the location points to a ``.egg-info``,
+            # we are in fact in the legacy editable case.
+            and not info_location.endswith(f"{dist.setuptools_filename}.egg-info")
+        )
+
+        # Uninstall cases order do matter as in the case of 2 installs of the
+        # same package, pip needs to uninstall the currently detected version
+        if setuptools_flat_installation:
+            if info_location is not None:
+                paths_to_remove.add(info_location)
+            installed_files = dist.iter_declared_entries()
+            if installed_files is not None:
+                for installed_file in installed_files:
+                    paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(dist_location, installed_file))
+            # FIXME: need a test for this elif block
+            # occurs with --single-version-externally-managed/--record outside
+            # of pip
+            elif dist.is_file("top_level.txt"):
+                try:
+                    namespace_packages = dist.read_text("namespace_packages.txt")
+                except FileNotFoundError:
+                    namespaces = []
+                else:
+                    namespaces = namespace_packages.splitlines(keepends=False)
+                for top_level_pkg in [
+                    p
+                    for p in dist.read_text("top_level.txt").splitlines()
+                    if p and p not in namespaces
+                ]:
+                    path = os.path.join(dist_location, top_level_pkg)
+                    paths_to_remove.add(path)
+                    paths_to_remove.add(f"{path}.py")
+                    paths_to_remove.add(f"{path}.pyc")
+                    paths_to_remove.add(f"{path}.pyo")
+
+        elif dist.installed_by_distutils:
+            raise UninstallationError(
+                "Cannot uninstall {!r}. It is a distutils installed project "
+                "and thus we cannot accurately determine which files belong "
+                "to it which would lead to only a partial uninstall.".format(
+                    dist.raw_name,
+                )
+            )
+
+        elif dist.installed_as_egg:
+            # package installed by easy_install
+            # We cannot match on dist.egg_name because it can slightly vary
+            # i.e. setuptools-0.6c11-py2.6.egg vs setuptools-0.6rc11-py2.6.egg
+            paths_to_remove.add(dist_location)
+            easy_install_egg = os.path.split(dist_location)[1]
+            easy_install_pth = os.path.join(
+                os.path.dirname(dist_location),
+                "easy-install.pth",
+            )
+            paths_to_remove.add_pth(easy_install_pth, "./" + easy_install_egg)
+
+        elif dist.installed_with_dist_info:
+            for path in uninstallation_paths(dist):
+                paths_to_remove.add(path)
+
+        elif develop_egg_link:
+            # PEP 660 modern editable is handled in the ``.dist-info`` case
+            # above, so this only covers the setuptools-style editable.
+            with open(develop_egg_link) as fh:
+                link_pointer = os.path.normcase(fh.readline().strip())
+                normalized_link_pointer = paths_to_remove._normalize_path_cached(
+                    link_pointer
+                )
+            assert os.path.samefile(
+                normalized_link_pointer, normalized_dist_location
+            ), (
+                f"Egg-link {develop_egg_link} (to {link_pointer}) does not match "
+                f"installed location of {dist.raw_name} (at {dist_location})"
+            )
+            paths_to_remove.add(develop_egg_link)
+            easy_install_pth = os.path.join(
+                os.path.dirname(develop_egg_link), "easy-install.pth"
+            )
+            paths_to_remove.add_pth(easy_install_pth, dist_location)
+
+        else:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Not sure how to uninstall: %s - Check: %s",
+                dist,
+                dist_location,
+            )
+
+        if dist.in_usersite:
+            bin_dir = get_bin_user()
+        else:
+            bin_dir = get_bin_prefix()
+
+        # find distutils scripts= scripts
+        try:
+            for script in dist.iter_distutils_script_names():
+                paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, script))
+                if WINDOWS:
+                    paths_to_remove.add(os.path.join(bin_dir, f"{script}.bat"))
+        except (FileNotFoundError, NotADirectoryError):
+            pass
+
+        # find console_scripts and gui_scripts
+        def iter_scripts_to_remove(
+            dist: BaseDistribution,
+            bin_dir: str,
+        ) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+            for entry_point in dist.iter_entry_points():
+                if entry_point.group == "console_scripts":
+                    yield from _script_names(bin_dir, entry_point.name, False)
+                elif entry_point.group == "gui_scripts":
+                    yield from _script_names(bin_dir, entry_point.name, True)
+
+        for s in iter_scripts_to_remove(dist, bin_dir):
+            paths_to_remove.add(s)
+
+        return paths_to_remove
+
+
+class UninstallPthEntries:
+    def __init__(self, pth_file: str) -> None:
+        self.file = pth_file
+        self.entries: Set[str] = set()
+        self._saved_lines: Optional[List[bytes]] = None
+
+    def add(self, entry: str) -> None:
+        entry = os.path.normcase(entry)
+        # On Windows, os.path.normcase converts the entry to use
+        # backslashes.  This is correct for entries that describe absolute
+        # paths outside of site-packages, but all the others use forward
+        # slashes.
+        # os.path.splitdrive is used instead of os.path.isabs because isabs
+        # treats non-absolute paths with drive letter markings like c:foo\bar
+        # as absolute paths. It also does not recognize UNC paths if they don't
+        # have more than "\\sever\share". Valid examples: "\\server\share\" or
+        # "\\server\share\folder".
+        if WINDOWS and not os.path.splitdrive(entry)[0]:
+            entry = entry.replace("\\", "/")
+        self.entries.add(entry)
+
+    def remove(self) -> None:
+        logger.verbose("Removing pth entries from %s:", self.file)
+
+        # If the file doesn't exist, log a warning and return
+        if not os.path.isfile(self.file):
+            logger.warning("Cannot remove entries from nonexistent file %s", self.file)
+            return
+        with open(self.file, "rb") as fh:
+            # windows uses '\r\n' with py3k, but uses '\n' with py2.x
+            lines = fh.readlines()
+            self._saved_lines = lines
+        if any(b"\r\n" in line for line in lines):
+            endline = "\r\n"
+        else:
+            endline = "\n"
+        # handle missing trailing newline
+        if lines and not lines[-1].endswith(endline.encode("utf-8")):
+            lines[-1] = lines[-1] + endline.encode("utf-8")
+        for entry in self.entries:
+            try:
+                logger.verbose("Removing entry: %s", entry)
+                lines.remove((entry + endline).encode("utf-8"))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        with open(self.file, "wb") as fh:
+            fh.writelines(lines)
+
+    def rollback(self) -> bool:
+        if self._saved_lines is None:
+            logger.error("Cannot roll back changes to %s, none were made", self.file)
+            return False
+        logger.debug("Rolling %s back to previous state", self.file)
+        with open(self.file, "wb") as fh:
+            fh.writelines(self._saved_lines)
+        return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/__pycache__/base.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42dade18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from typing import Callable, List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.req.req_set import RequirementSet
+
+InstallRequirementProvider = Callable[
+    [str, Optional[InstallRequirement]], InstallRequirement
+]
+
+
+class BaseResolver:
+    def resolve(
+        self, root_reqs: List[InstallRequirement], check_supported_wheels: bool
+    ) -> RequirementSet:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_installation_order(
+        self, req_set: RequirementSet
+    ) -> List[InstallRequirement]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/__pycache__/resolver.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/__pycache__/resolver.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/resolver.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/resolver.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ddb848a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/legacy/resolver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+"""Dependency Resolution
+
+The dependency resolution in pip is performed as follows:
+
+for top-level requirements:
+    a. only one spec allowed per project, regardless of conflicts or not.
+       otherwise a "double requirement" exception is raised
+    b. they override sub-dependency requirements.
+for sub-dependencies
+    a. "first found, wins" (where the order is breadth first)
+"""
+
+# The following comment should be removed at some point in the future.
+# mypy: strict-optional=False
+
+import logging
+import sys
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import chain
+from typing import DefaultDict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging import specifiers
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+
+from pip._internal.cache import WheelCache
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    BestVersionAlreadyInstalled,
+    DistributionNotFound,
+    HashError,
+    HashErrors,
+    InstallationError,
+    NoneMetadataError,
+    UnsupportedPythonVersion,
+)
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.operations.prepare import RequirementPreparer
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import (
+    InstallRequirement,
+    check_invalid_constraint_type,
+)
+from pip._internal.req.req_set import RequirementSet
+from pip._internal.resolution.base import BaseResolver, InstallRequirementProvider
+from pip._internal.utils import compatibility_tags
+from pip._internal.utils.compatibility_tags import get_supported
+from pip._internal.utils.direct_url_helpers import direct_url_from_link
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import normalize_version_info
+from pip._internal.utils.packaging import check_requires_python
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+DiscoveredDependencies = DefaultDict[str, List[InstallRequirement]]
+
+
+def _check_dist_requires_python(
+    dist: BaseDistribution,
+    version_info: Tuple[int, int, int],
+    ignore_requires_python: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Check whether the given Python version is compatible with a distribution's
+    "Requires-Python" value.
+
+    :param version_info: A 3-tuple of ints representing the Python
+        major-minor-micro version to check.
+    :param ignore_requires_python: Whether to ignore the "Requires-Python"
+        value if the given Python version isn't compatible.
+
+    :raises UnsupportedPythonVersion: When the given Python version isn't
+        compatible.
+    """
+    # This idiosyncratically converts the SpecifierSet to str and let
+    # check_requires_python then parse it again into SpecifierSet. But this
+    # is the legacy resolver so I'm just not going to bother refactoring.
+    try:
+        requires_python = str(dist.requires_python)
+    except FileNotFoundError as e:
+        raise NoneMetadataError(dist, str(e))
+    try:
+        is_compatible = check_requires_python(
+            requires_python,
+            version_info=version_info,
+        )
+    except specifiers.InvalidSpecifier as exc:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Package %r has an invalid Requires-Python: %s", dist.raw_name, exc
+        )
+        return
+
+    if is_compatible:
+        return
+
+    version = ".".join(map(str, version_info))
+    if ignore_requires_python:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Ignoring failed Requires-Python check for package %r: %s not in %r",
+            dist.raw_name,
+            version,
+            requires_python,
+        )
+        return
+
+    raise UnsupportedPythonVersion(
+        "Package {!r} requires a different Python: {} not in {!r}".format(
+            dist.raw_name, version, requires_python
+        )
+    )
+
+
+class Resolver(BaseResolver):
+    """Resolves which packages need to be installed/uninstalled to perform \
+    the requested operation without breaking the requirements of any package.
+    """
+
+    _allowed_strategies = {"eager", "only-if-needed", "to-satisfy-only"}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        preparer: RequirementPreparer,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        wheel_cache: Optional[WheelCache],
+        make_install_req: InstallRequirementProvider,
+        use_user_site: bool,
+        ignore_dependencies: bool,
+        ignore_installed: bool,
+        ignore_requires_python: bool,
+        force_reinstall: bool,
+        upgrade_strategy: str,
+        py_version_info: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        assert upgrade_strategy in self._allowed_strategies
+
+        if py_version_info is None:
+            py_version_info = sys.version_info[:3]
+        else:
+            py_version_info = normalize_version_info(py_version_info)
+
+        self._py_version_info = py_version_info
+
+        self.preparer = preparer
+        self.finder = finder
+        self.wheel_cache = wheel_cache
+
+        self.upgrade_strategy = upgrade_strategy
+        self.force_reinstall = force_reinstall
+        self.ignore_dependencies = ignore_dependencies
+        self.ignore_installed = ignore_installed
+        self.ignore_requires_python = ignore_requires_python
+        self.use_user_site = use_user_site
+        self._make_install_req = make_install_req
+
+        self._discovered_dependencies: DiscoveredDependencies = defaultdict(list)
+
+    def resolve(
+        self, root_reqs: List[InstallRequirement], check_supported_wheels: bool
+    ) -> RequirementSet:
+        """Resolve what operations need to be done
+
+        As a side-effect of this method, the packages (and their dependencies)
+        are downloaded, unpacked and prepared for installation. This
+        preparation is done by ``pip.operations.prepare``.
+
+        Once PyPI has static dependency metadata available, it would be
+        possible to move the preparation to become a step separated from
+        dependency resolution.
+        """
+        requirement_set = RequirementSet(check_supported_wheels=check_supported_wheels)
+        for req in root_reqs:
+            if req.constraint:
+                check_invalid_constraint_type(req)
+            self._add_requirement_to_set(requirement_set, req)
+
+        # Actually prepare the files, and collect any exceptions. Most hash
+        # exceptions cannot be checked ahead of time, because
+        # _populate_link() needs to be called before we can make decisions
+        # based on link type.
+        discovered_reqs: List[InstallRequirement] = []
+        hash_errors = HashErrors()
+        for req in chain(requirement_set.all_requirements, discovered_reqs):
+            try:
+                discovered_reqs.extend(self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req))
+            except HashError as exc:
+                exc.req = req
+                hash_errors.append(exc)
+
+        if hash_errors:
+            raise hash_errors
+
+        return requirement_set
+
+    def _add_requirement_to_set(
+        self,
+        requirement_set: RequirementSet,
+        install_req: InstallRequirement,
+        parent_req_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        extras_requested: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[List[InstallRequirement], Optional[InstallRequirement]]:
+        """Add install_req as a requirement to install.
+
+        :param parent_req_name: The name of the requirement that needed this
+            added. The name is used because when multiple unnamed requirements
+            resolve to the same name, we could otherwise end up with dependency
+            links that point outside the Requirements set. parent_req must
+            already be added. Note that None implies that this is a user
+            supplied requirement, vs an inferred one.
+        :param extras_requested: an iterable of extras used to evaluate the
+            environment markers.
+        :return: Additional requirements to scan. That is either [] if
+            the requirement is not applicable, or [install_req] if the
+            requirement is applicable and has just been added.
+        """
+        # If the markers do not match, ignore this requirement.
+        if not install_req.match_markers(extras_requested):
+            logger.info(
+                "Ignoring %s: markers '%s' don't match your environment",
+                install_req.name,
+                install_req.markers,
+            )
+            return [], None
+
+        # If the wheel is not supported, raise an error.
+        # Should check this after filtering out based on environment markers to
+        # allow specifying different wheels based on the environment/OS, in a
+        # single requirements file.
+        if install_req.link and install_req.link.is_wheel:
+            wheel = Wheel(install_req.link.filename)
+            tags = compatibility_tags.get_supported()
+            if requirement_set.check_supported_wheels and not wheel.supported(tags):
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    f"{wheel.filename} is not a supported wheel on this platform."
+                )
+
+        # This next bit is really a sanity check.
+        assert (
+            not install_req.user_supplied or parent_req_name is None
+        ), "a user supplied req shouldn't have a parent"
+
+        # Unnamed requirements are scanned again and the requirement won't be
+        # added as a dependency until after scanning.
+        if not install_req.name:
+            requirement_set.add_unnamed_requirement(install_req)
+            return [install_req], None
+
+        try:
+            existing_req: Optional[
+                InstallRequirement
+            ] = requirement_set.get_requirement(install_req.name)
+        except KeyError:
+            existing_req = None
+
+        has_conflicting_requirement = (
+            parent_req_name is None
+            and existing_req
+            and not existing_req.constraint
+            and existing_req.extras == install_req.extras
+            and existing_req.req
+            and install_req.req
+            and existing_req.req.specifier != install_req.req.specifier
+        )
+        if has_conflicting_requirement:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                "Double requirement given: {} (already in {}, name={!r})".format(
+                    install_req, existing_req, install_req.name
+                )
+            )
+
+        # When no existing requirement exists, add the requirement as a
+        # dependency and it will be scanned again after.
+        if not existing_req:
+            requirement_set.add_named_requirement(install_req)
+            # We'd want to rescan this requirement later
+            return [install_req], install_req
+
+        # Assume there's no need to scan, and that we've already
+        # encountered this for scanning.
+        if install_req.constraint or not existing_req.constraint:
+            return [], existing_req
+
+        does_not_satisfy_constraint = install_req.link and not (
+            existing_req.link and install_req.link.path == existing_req.link.path
+        )
+        if does_not_satisfy_constraint:
+            raise InstallationError(
+                f"Could not satisfy constraints for '{install_req.name}': "
+                "installation from path or url cannot be "
+                "constrained to a version"
+            )
+        # If we're now installing a constraint, mark the existing
+        # object for real installation.
+        existing_req.constraint = False
+        # If we're now installing a user supplied requirement,
+        # mark the existing object as such.
+        if install_req.user_supplied:
+            existing_req.user_supplied = True
+        existing_req.extras = tuple(
+            sorted(set(existing_req.extras) | set(install_req.extras))
+        )
+        logger.debug(
+            "Setting %s extras to: %s",
+            existing_req,
+            existing_req.extras,
+        )
+        # Return the existing requirement for addition to the parent and
+        # scanning again.
+        return [existing_req], existing_req
+
+    def _is_upgrade_allowed(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> bool:
+        if self.upgrade_strategy == "to-satisfy-only":
+            return False
+        elif self.upgrade_strategy == "eager":
+            return True
+        else:
+            assert self.upgrade_strategy == "only-if-needed"
+            return req.user_supplied or req.constraint
+
+    def _set_req_to_reinstall(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        """
+        Set a requirement to be installed.
+        """
+        # Don't uninstall the conflict if doing a user install and the
+        # conflict is not a user install.
+        if not self.use_user_site or req.satisfied_by.in_usersite:
+            req.should_reinstall = True
+        req.satisfied_by = None
+
+    def _check_skip_installed(
+        self, req_to_install: InstallRequirement
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Check if req_to_install should be skipped.
+
+        This will check if the req is installed, and whether we should upgrade
+        or reinstall it, taking into account all the relevant user options.
+
+        After calling this req_to_install will only have satisfied_by set to
+        None if the req_to_install is to be upgraded/reinstalled etc. Any
+        other value will be a dist recording the current thing installed that
+        satisfies the requirement.
+
+        Note that for vcs urls and the like we can't assess skipping in this
+        routine - we simply identify that we need to pull the thing down,
+        then later on it is pulled down and introspected to assess upgrade/
+        reinstalls etc.
+
+        :return: A text reason for why it was skipped, or None.
+        """
+        if self.ignore_installed:
+            return None
+
+        req_to_install.check_if_exists(self.use_user_site)
+        if not req_to_install.satisfied_by:
+            return None
+
+        if self.force_reinstall:
+            self._set_req_to_reinstall(req_to_install)
+            return None
+
+        if not self._is_upgrade_allowed(req_to_install):
+            if self.upgrade_strategy == "only-if-needed":
+                return "already satisfied, skipping upgrade"
+            return "already satisfied"
+
+        # Check for the possibility of an upgrade.  For link-based
+        # requirements we have to pull the tree down and inspect to assess
+        # the version #, so it's handled way down.
+        if not req_to_install.link:
+            try:
+                self.finder.find_requirement(req_to_install, upgrade=True)
+            except BestVersionAlreadyInstalled:
+                # Then the best version is installed.
+                return "already up-to-date"
+            except DistributionNotFound:
+                # No distribution found, so we squash the error.  It will
+                # be raised later when we re-try later to do the install.
+                # Why don't we just raise here?
+                pass
+
+        self._set_req_to_reinstall(req_to_install)
+        return None
+
+    def _find_requirement_link(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> Optional[Link]:
+        upgrade = self._is_upgrade_allowed(req)
+        best_candidate = self.finder.find_requirement(req, upgrade)
+        if not best_candidate:
+            return None
+
+        # Log a warning per PEP 592 if necessary before returning.
+        link = best_candidate.link
+        if link.is_yanked:
+            reason = link.yanked_reason or "<none given>"
+            msg = (
+                # Mark this as a unicode string to prevent
+                # "UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character"
+                # in Python 2 when the reason contains non-ascii characters.
+                "The candidate selected for download or install is a "
+                f"yanked version: {best_candidate}\n"
+                f"Reason for being yanked: {reason}"
+            )
+            logger.warning(msg)
+
+        return link
+
+    def _populate_link(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        """Ensure that if a link can be found for this, that it is found.
+
+        Note that req.link may still be None - if the requirement is already
+        installed and not needed to be upgraded based on the return value of
+        _is_upgrade_allowed().
+
+        If preparer.require_hashes is True, don't use the wheel cache, because
+        cached wheels, always built locally, have different hashes than the
+        files downloaded from the index server and thus throw false hash
+        mismatches. Furthermore, cached wheels at present have undeterministic
+        contents due to file modification times.
+        """
+        if req.link is None:
+            req.link = self._find_requirement_link(req)
+
+        if self.wheel_cache is None or self.preparer.require_hashes:
+            return
+        cache_entry = self.wheel_cache.get_cache_entry(
+            link=req.link,
+            package_name=req.name,
+            supported_tags=get_supported(),
+        )
+        if cache_entry is not None:
+            logger.debug("Using cached wheel link: %s", cache_entry.link)
+            if req.link is req.original_link and cache_entry.persistent:
+                req.cached_wheel_source_link = req.link
+            if cache_entry.origin is not None:
+                req.download_info = cache_entry.origin
+            else:
+                # Legacy cache entry that does not have origin.json.
+                # download_info may miss the archive_info.hashes field.
+                req.download_info = direct_url_from_link(
+                    req.link, link_is_in_wheel_cache=cache_entry.persistent
+                )
+            req.link = cache_entry.link
+
+    def _get_dist_for(self, req: InstallRequirement) -> BaseDistribution:
+        """Takes a InstallRequirement and returns a single AbstractDist \
+        representing a prepared variant of the same.
+        """
+        if req.editable:
+            return self.preparer.prepare_editable_requirement(req)
+
+        # satisfied_by is only evaluated by calling _check_skip_installed,
+        # so it must be None here.
+        assert req.satisfied_by is None
+        skip_reason = self._check_skip_installed(req)
+
+        if req.satisfied_by:
+            return self.preparer.prepare_installed_requirement(req, skip_reason)
+
+        # We eagerly populate the link, since that's our "legacy" behavior.
+        self._populate_link(req)
+        dist = self.preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(req)
+
+        # NOTE
+        # The following portion is for determining if a certain package is
+        # going to be re-installed/upgraded or not and reporting to the user.
+        # This should probably get cleaned up in a future refactor.
+
+        # req.req is only avail after unpack for URL
+        # pkgs repeat check_if_exists to uninstall-on-upgrade
+        # (#14)
+        if not self.ignore_installed:
+            req.check_if_exists(self.use_user_site)
+
+        if req.satisfied_by:
+            should_modify = (
+                self.upgrade_strategy != "to-satisfy-only"
+                or self.force_reinstall
+                or self.ignore_installed
+                or req.link.scheme == "file"
+            )
+            if should_modify:
+                self._set_req_to_reinstall(req)
+            else:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Requirement already satisfied (use --upgrade to upgrade): %s",
+                    req,
+                )
+        return dist
+
+    def _resolve_one(
+        self,
+        requirement_set: RequirementSet,
+        req_to_install: InstallRequirement,
+    ) -> List[InstallRequirement]:
+        """Prepare a single requirements file.
+
+        :return: A list of additional InstallRequirements to also install.
+        """
+        # Tell user what we are doing for this requirement:
+        # obtain (editable), skipping, processing (local url), collecting
+        # (remote url or package name)
+        if req_to_install.constraint or req_to_install.prepared:
+            return []
+
+        req_to_install.prepared = True
+
+        # Parse and return dependencies
+        dist = self._get_dist_for(req_to_install)
+        # This will raise UnsupportedPythonVersion if the given Python
+        # version isn't compatible with the distribution's Requires-Python.
+        _check_dist_requires_python(
+            dist,
+            version_info=self._py_version_info,
+            ignore_requires_python=self.ignore_requires_python,
+        )
+
+        more_reqs: List[InstallRequirement] = []
+
+        def add_req(subreq: Requirement, extras_requested: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+            # This idiosyncratically converts the Requirement to str and let
+            # make_install_req then parse it again into Requirement. But this is
+            # the legacy resolver so I'm just not going to bother refactoring.
+            sub_install_req = self._make_install_req(str(subreq), req_to_install)
+            parent_req_name = req_to_install.name
+            to_scan_again, add_to_parent = self._add_requirement_to_set(
+                requirement_set,
+                sub_install_req,
+                parent_req_name=parent_req_name,
+                extras_requested=extras_requested,
+            )
+            if parent_req_name and add_to_parent:
+                self._discovered_dependencies[parent_req_name].append(add_to_parent)
+            more_reqs.extend(to_scan_again)
+
+        with indent_log():
+            # We add req_to_install before its dependencies, so that we
+            # can refer to it when adding dependencies.
+            if not requirement_set.has_requirement(req_to_install.name):
+                # 'unnamed' requirements will get added here
+                # 'unnamed' requirements can only come from being directly
+                # provided by the user.
+                assert req_to_install.user_supplied
+                self._add_requirement_to_set(
+                    requirement_set, req_to_install, parent_req_name=None
+                )
+
+            if not self.ignore_dependencies:
+                if req_to_install.extras:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Installing extra requirements: %r",
+                        ",".join(req_to_install.extras),
+                    )
+                missing_requested = sorted(
+                    set(req_to_install.extras) - set(dist.iter_provided_extras())
+                )
+                for missing in missing_requested:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "%s %s does not provide the extra '%s'",
+                        dist.raw_name,
+                        dist.version,
+                        missing,
+                    )
+
+                available_requested = sorted(
+                    set(dist.iter_provided_extras()) & set(req_to_install.extras)
+                )
+                for subreq in dist.iter_dependencies(available_requested):
+                    add_req(subreq, extras_requested=available_requested)
+
+        return more_reqs
+
+    def get_installation_order(
+        self, req_set: RequirementSet
+    ) -> List[InstallRequirement]:
+        """Create the installation order.
+
+        The installation order is topological - requirements are installed
+        before the requiring thing. We break cycles at an arbitrary point,
+        and make no other guarantees.
+        """
+        # The current implementation, which we may change at any point
+        # installs the user specified things in the order given, except when
+        # dependencies must come earlier to achieve topological order.
+        order = []
+        ordered_reqs: Set[InstallRequirement] = set()
+
+        def schedule(req: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+            if req.satisfied_by or req in ordered_reqs:
+                return
+            if req.constraint:
+                return
+            ordered_reqs.add(req)
+            for dep in self._discovered_dependencies[req.name]:
+                schedule(dep)
+            order.append(req)
+
+        for install_req in req_set.requirements.values():
+            schedule(install_req)
+        return order
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c0ef5ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+from typing import FrozenSet, Iterable, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import LegacyVersion, Version
+
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link, links_equivalent
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import Hashes
+
+CandidateLookup = Tuple[Optional["Candidate"], Optional[InstallRequirement]]
+CandidateVersion = Union[LegacyVersion, Version]
+
+
+def format_name(project: NormalizedName, extras: FrozenSet[NormalizedName]) -> str:
+    if not extras:
+        return project
+    extras_expr = ",".join(sorted(extras))
+    return f"{project}[{extras_expr}]"
+
+
+class Constraint:
+    def __init__(
+        self, specifier: SpecifierSet, hashes: Hashes, links: FrozenSet[Link]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.specifier = specifier
+        self.hashes = hashes
+        self.links = links
+
+    @classmethod
+    def empty(cls) -> "Constraint":
+        return Constraint(SpecifierSet(), Hashes(), frozenset())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_ireq(cls, ireq: InstallRequirement) -> "Constraint":
+        links = frozenset([ireq.link]) if ireq.link else frozenset()
+        return Constraint(ireq.specifier, ireq.hashes(trust_internet=False), links)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.specifier) or bool(self.hashes) or bool(self.links)
+
+    def __and__(self, other: InstallRequirement) -> "Constraint":
+        if not isinstance(other, InstallRequirement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        specifier = self.specifier & other.specifier
+        hashes = self.hashes & other.hashes(trust_internet=False)
+        links = self.links
+        if other.link:
+            links = links.union([other.link])
+        return Constraint(specifier, hashes, links)
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: "Candidate") -> bool:
+        # Reject if there are any mismatched URL constraints on this package.
+        if self.links and not all(_match_link(link, candidate) for link in self.links):
+            return False
+        # We can safely always allow prereleases here since PackageFinder
+        # already implements the prerelease logic, and would have filtered out
+        # prerelease candidates if the user does not expect them.
+        return self.specifier.contains(candidate.version, prereleases=True)
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        """The "project name" of a requirement.
+
+        This is different from ``name`` if this requirement contains extras,
+        in which case ``name`` would contain the ``[...]`` part, while this
+        refers to the name of the project.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass should override")
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """The name identifying this requirement in the resolver.
+
+        This is different from ``project_name`` if this requirement contains
+        extras, where ``project_name`` would not contain the ``[...]`` part.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass should override")
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: "Candidate") -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def get_candidate_lookup(self) -> CandidateLookup:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass should override")
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass should override")
+
+
+def _match_link(link: Link, candidate: "Candidate") -> bool:
+    if candidate.source_link:
+        return links_equivalent(link, candidate.source_link)
+    return False
+
+
+class Candidate:
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        """The "project name" of the candidate.
+
+        This is different from ``name`` if this candidate contains extras,
+        in which case ``name`` would contain the ``[...]`` part, while this
+        refers to the name of the project.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """The name identifying this candidate in the resolver.
+
+        This is different from ``project_name`` if this candidate contains
+        extras, where ``project_name`` would not contain the ``[...]`` part.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> CandidateVersion:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    @property
+    def is_installed(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    @property
+    def is_editable(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    @property
+    def source_link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, with_requires: bool) -> Iterable[Optional[Requirement]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    def get_install_requirement(self) -> Optional[InstallRequirement]:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Subclass should override")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4125cda2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/candidates.py
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+import logging
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, FrozenSet, Iterable, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import Version
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    HashError,
+    InstallationSubprocessError,
+    MetadataInconsistent,
+)
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link, links_equivalent
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.req.constructors import (
+    install_req_from_editable,
+    install_req_from_line,
+)
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils.direct_url_helpers import direct_url_from_link
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import normalize_version_info
+
+from .base import Candidate, CandidateVersion, Requirement, format_name
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .factory import Factory
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+BaseCandidate = Union[
+    "AlreadyInstalledCandidate",
+    "EditableCandidate",
+    "LinkCandidate",
+]
+
+# Avoid conflicting with the PyPI package "Python".
+REQUIRES_PYTHON_IDENTIFIER = cast(NormalizedName, "<Python from Requires-Python>")
+
+
+def as_base_candidate(candidate: Candidate) -> Optional[BaseCandidate]:
+    """The runtime version of BaseCandidate."""
+    base_candidate_classes = (
+        AlreadyInstalledCandidate,
+        EditableCandidate,
+        LinkCandidate,
+    )
+    if isinstance(candidate, base_candidate_classes):
+        return candidate
+    return None
+
+
+def make_install_req_from_link(
+    link: Link, template: InstallRequirement
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    assert not template.editable, "template is editable"
+    if template.req:
+        line = str(template.req)
+    else:
+        line = link.url
+    ireq = install_req_from_line(
+        line,
+        user_supplied=template.user_supplied,
+        comes_from=template.comes_from,
+        use_pep517=template.use_pep517,
+        isolated=template.isolated,
+        constraint=template.constraint,
+        global_options=template.global_options,
+        hash_options=template.hash_options,
+        config_settings=template.config_settings,
+    )
+    ireq.original_link = template.original_link
+    ireq.link = link
+    ireq.extras = template.extras
+    return ireq
+
+
+def make_install_req_from_editable(
+    link: Link, template: InstallRequirement
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    assert template.editable, "template not editable"
+    ireq = install_req_from_editable(
+        link.url,
+        user_supplied=template.user_supplied,
+        comes_from=template.comes_from,
+        use_pep517=template.use_pep517,
+        isolated=template.isolated,
+        constraint=template.constraint,
+        permit_editable_wheels=template.permit_editable_wheels,
+        global_options=template.global_options,
+        hash_options=template.hash_options,
+        config_settings=template.config_settings,
+    )
+    ireq.extras = template.extras
+    return ireq
+
+
+def _make_install_req_from_dist(
+    dist: BaseDistribution, template: InstallRequirement
+) -> InstallRequirement:
+    if template.req:
+        line = str(template.req)
+    elif template.link:
+        line = f"{dist.canonical_name} @ {template.link.url}"
+    else:
+        line = f"{dist.canonical_name}=={dist.version}"
+    ireq = install_req_from_line(
+        line,
+        user_supplied=template.user_supplied,
+        comes_from=template.comes_from,
+        use_pep517=template.use_pep517,
+        isolated=template.isolated,
+        constraint=template.constraint,
+        global_options=template.global_options,
+        hash_options=template.hash_options,
+        config_settings=template.config_settings,
+    )
+    ireq.satisfied_by = dist
+    return ireq
+
+
+class _InstallRequirementBackedCandidate(Candidate):
+    """A candidate backed by an ``InstallRequirement``.
+
+    This represents a package request with the target not being already
+    in the environment, and needs to be fetched and installed. The backing
+    ``InstallRequirement`` is responsible for most of the leg work; this
+    class exposes appropriate information to the resolver.
+
+    :param link: The link passed to the ``InstallRequirement``. The backing
+        ``InstallRequirement`` will use this link to fetch the distribution.
+    :param source_link: The link this candidate "originates" from. This is
+        different from ``link`` when the link is found in the wheel cache.
+        ``link`` would point to the wheel cache, while this points to the
+        found remote link (e.g. from pypi.org).
+    """
+
+    dist: BaseDistribution
+    is_installed = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        source_link: Link,
+        ireq: InstallRequirement,
+        factory: "Factory",
+        name: Optional[NormalizedName] = None,
+        version: Optional[CandidateVersion] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._link = link
+        self._source_link = source_link
+        self._factory = factory
+        self._ireq = ireq
+        self._name = name
+        self._version = version
+        self.dist = self._prepare()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.name} {self.version}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self._link)!r})"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.__class__, self._link))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return links_equivalent(self._link, other._link)
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def source_link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        return self._source_link
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        """The normalised name of the project the candidate refers to"""
+        if self._name is None:
+            self._name = self.dist.canonical_name
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self.project_name
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> CandidateVersion:
+        if self._version is None:
+            self._version = self.dist.version
+        return self._version
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        return "{} {} (from {})".format(
+            self.name,
+            self.version,
+            self._link.file_path if self._link.is_file else self._link,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_distribution(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclass")
+
+    def _check_metadata_consistency(self, dist: BaseDistribution) -> None:
+        """Check for consistency of project name and version of dist."""
+        if self._name is not None and self._name != dist.canonical_name:
+            raise MetadataInconsistent(
+                self._ireq,
+                "name",
+                self._name,
+                dist.canonical_name,
+            )
+        if self._version is not None and self._version != dist.version:
+            raise MetadataInconsistent(
+                self._ireq,
+                "version",
+                str(self._version),
+                str(dist.version),
+            )
+
+    def _prepare(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        try:
+            dist = self._prepare_distribution()
+        except HashError as e:
+            # Provide HashError the underlying ireq that caused it. This
+            # provides context for the resulting error message to show the
+            # offending line to the user.
+            e.req = self._ireq
+            raise
+        except InstallationSubprocessError as exc:
+            # The output has been presented already, so don't duplicate it.
+            exc.context = "See above for output."
+            raise
+
+        self._check_metadata_consistency(dist)
+        return dist
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, with_requires: bool) -> Iterable[Optional[Requirement]]:
+        requires = self.dist.iter_dependencies() if with_requires else ()
+        for r in requires:
+            yield from self._factory.make_requirements_from_spec(str(r), self._ireq)
+        yield self._factory.make_requires_python_requirement(self.dist.requires_python)
+
+    def get_install_requirement(self) -> Optional[InstallRequirement]:
+        return self._ireq
+
+
+class LinkCandidate(_InstallRequirementBackedCandidate):
+    is_editable = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        template: InstallRequirement,
+        factory: "Factory",
+        name: Optional[NormalizedName] = None,
+        version: Optional[CandidateVersion] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        source_link = link
+        cache_entry = factory.get_wheel_cache_entry(source_link, name)
+        if cache_entry is not None:
+            logger.debug("Using cached wheel link: %s", cache_entry.link)
+            link = cache_entry.link
+        ireq = make_install_req_from_link(link, template)
+        assert ireq.link == link
+        if ireq.link.is_wheel and not ireq.link.is_file:
+            wheel = Wheel(ireq.link.filename)
+            wheel_name = canonicalize_name(wheel.name)
+            assert name == wheel_name, f"{name!r} != {wheel_name!r} for wheel"
+            # Version may not be present for PEP 508 direct URLs
+            if version is not None:
+                wheel_version = Version(wheel.version)
+                assert version == wheel_version, "{!r} != {!r} for wheel {}".format(
+                    version, wheel_version, name
+                )
+
+        if cache_entry is not None:
+            assert ireq.link.is_wheel
+            assert ireq.link.is_file
+            if cache_entry.persistent and template.link is template.original_link:
+                ireq.cached_wheel_source_link = source_link
+            if cache_entry.origin is not None:
+                ireq.download_info = cache_entry.origin
+            else:
+                # Legacy cache entry that does not have origin.json.
+                # download_info may miss the archive_info.hashes field.
+                ireq.download_info = direct_url_from_link(
+                    source_link, link_is_in_wheel_cache=cache_entry.persistent
+                )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            link=link,
+            source_link=source_link,
+            ireq=ireq,
+            factory=factory,
+            name=name,
+            version=version,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_distribution(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        preparer = self._factory.preparer
+        return preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(self._ireq, parallel_builds=True)
+
+
+class EditableCandidate(_InstallRequirementBackedCandidate):
+    is_editable = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        template: InstallRequirement,
+        factory: "Factory",
+        name: Optional[NormalizedName] = None,
+        version: Optional[CandidateVersion] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            link=link,
+            source_link=link,
+            ireq=make_install_req_from_editable(link, template),
+            factory=factory,
+            name=name,
+            version=version,
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_distribution(self) -> BaseDistribution:
+        return self._factory.preparer.prepare_editable_requirement(self._ireq)
+
+
+class AlreadyInstalledCandidate(Candidate):
+    is_installed = True
+    source_link = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dist: BaseDistribution,
+        template: InstallRequirement,
+        factory: "Factory",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.dist = dist
+        self._ireq = _make_install_req_from_dist(dist, template)
+        self._factory = factory
+        self._version = None
+
+        # This is just logging some messages, so we can do it eagerly.
+        # The returned dist would be exactly the same as self.dist because we
+        # set satisfied_by in _make_install_req_from_dist.
+        # TODO: Supply reason based on force_reinstall and upgrade_strategy.
+        skip_reason = "already satisfied"
+        factory.preparer.prepare_installed_requirement(self._ireq, skip_reason)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.dist)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.dist!r})"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.__class__, self.name, self.version))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return self.name == other.name and self.version == other.version
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        return self.dist.canonical_name
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self.project_name
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> CandidateVersion:
+        if self._version is None:
+            self._version = self.dist.version
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def is_editable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.dist.editable
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.name} {self.version} (Installed)"
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, with_requires: bool) -> Iterable[Optional[Requirement]]:
+        if not with_requires:
+            return
+        for r in self.dist.iter_dependencies():
+            yield from self._factory.make_requirements_from_spec(str(r), self._ireq)
+
+    def get_install_requirement(self) -> Optional[InstallRequirement]:
+        return None
+
+
+class ExtrasCandidate(Candidate):
+    """A candidate that has 'extras', indicating additional dependencies.
+
+    Requirements can be for a project with dependencies, something like
+    foo[extra].  The extras don't affect the project/version being installed
+    directly, but indicate that we need additional dependencies. We model that
+    by having an artificial ExtrasCandidate that wraps the "base" candidate.
+
+    The ExtrasCandidate differs from the base in the following ways:
+
+    1. It has a unique name, of the form foo[extra]. This causes the resolver
+       to treat it as a separate node in the dependency graph.
+    2. When we're getting the candidate's dependencies,
+       a) We specify that we want the extra dependencies as well.
+       b) We add a dependency on the base candidate.
+          See below for why this is needed.
+    3. We return None for the underlying InstallRequirement, as the base
+       candidate will provide it, and we don't want to end up with duplicates.
+
+    The dependency on the base candidate is needed so that the resolver can't
+    decide that it should recommend foo[extra1] version 1.0 and foo[extra2]
+    version 2.0. Having those candidates depend on foo=1.0 and foo=2.0
+    respectively forces the resolver to recognise that this is a conflict.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        base: BaseCandidate,
+        extras: FrozenSet[str],
+        *,
+        comes_from: Optional[InstallRequirement] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        :param comes_from: the InstallRequirement that led to this candidate if it
+            differs from the base's InstallRequirement. This will often be the
+            case in the sense that this candidate's requirement has the extras
+            while the base's does not. Unlike the InstallRequirement backed
+            candidates, this requirement is used solely for reporting purposes,
+            it does not do any leg work.
+        """
+        self.base = base
+        self.extras = frozenset(canonicalize_name(e) for e in extras)
+        # If any extras are requested in their non-normalized forms, keep track
+        # of their raw values. This is needed when we look up dependencies
+        # since PEP 685 has not been implemented for marker-matching, and using
+        # the non-normalized extra for lookup ensures the user can select a
+        # non-normalized extra in a package with its non-normalized form.
+        # TODO: Remove this attribute when packaging is upgraded to support the
+        # marker comparison logic specified in PEP 685.
+        self._unnormalized_extras = extras.difference(self.extras)
+        self._comes_from = comes_from if comes_from is not None else self.base._ireq
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        name, rest = str(self.base).split(" ", 1)
+        return "{}[{}] {}".format(name, ",".join(self.extras), rest)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(base={self.base!r}, extras={self.extras!r})"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash((self.base, self.extras))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return self.base == other.base and self.extras == other.extras
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        return self.base.project_name
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """The normalised name of the project the candidate refers to"""
+        return format_name(self.base.project_name, self.extras)
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> CandidateVersion:
+        return self.base.version
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        return "{} [{}]".format(
+            self.base.format_for_error(), ", ".join(sorted(self.extras))
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def is_installed(self) -> bool:
+        return self.base.is_installed
+
+    @property
+    def is_editable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.base.is_editable
+
+    @property
+    def source_link(self) -> Optional[Link]:
+        return self.base.source_link
+
+    def _warn_invalid_extras(
+        self,
+        requested: FrozenSet[str],
+        valid: FrozenSet[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Emit warnings for invalid extras being requested.
+
+        This emits a warning for each requested extra that is not in the
+        candidate's ``Provides-Extra`` list.
+        """
+        invalid_extras_to_warn = frozenset(
+            extra
+            for extra in requested
+            if extra not in valid
+            # If an extra is requested in an unnormalized form, skip warning
+            # about the normalized form being missing.
+            and extra in self.extras
+        )
+        if not invalid_extras_to_warn:
+            return
+        for extra in sorted(invalid_extras_to_warn):
+            logger.warning(
+                "%s %s does not provide the extra '%s'",
+                self.base.name,
+                self.version,
+                extra,
+            )
+
+    def _calculate_valid_requested_extras(self) -> FrozenSet[str]:
+        """Get a list of valid extras requested by this candidate.
+
+        The user (or upstream dependant) may have specified extras that the
+        candidate doesn't support. Any unsupported extras are dropped, and each
+        cause a warning to be logged here.
+        """
+        requested_extras = self.extras.union(self._unnormalized_extras)
+        valid_extras = frozenset(
+            extra
+            for extra in requested_extras
+            if self.base.dist.is_extra_provided(extra)
+        )
+        self._warn_invalid_extras(requested_extras, valid_extras)
+        return valid_extras
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, with_requires: bool) -> Iterable[Optional[Requirement]]:
+        factory = self.base._factory
+
+        # Add a dependency on the exact base
+        # (See note 2b in the class docstring)
+        yield factory.make_requirement_from_candidate(self.base)
+        if not with_requires:
+            return
+
+        valid_extras = self._calculate_valid_requested_extras()
+        for r in self.base.dist.iter_dependencies(valid_extras):
+            yield from factory.make_requirements_from_spec(
+                str(r),
+                self._comes_from,
+                valid_extras,
+            )
+
+    def get_install_requirement(self) -> Optional[InstallRequirement]:
+        # We don't return anything here, because we always
+        # depend on the base candidate, and we'll get the
+        # install requirement from that.
+        return None
+
+
+class RequiresPythonCandidate(Candidate):
+    is_installed = False
+    source_link = None
+
+    def __init__(self, py_version_info: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]]) -> None:
+        if py_version_info is not None:
+            version_info = normalize_version_info(py_version_info)
+        else:
+            version_info = sys.version_info[:3]
+        self._version = Version(".".join(str(c) for c in version_info))
+
+    # We don't need to implement __eq__() and __ne__() since there is always
+    # only one RequiresPythonCandidate in a resolution, i.e. the host Python.
+    # The built-in object.__eq__() and object.__ne__() do exactly what we want.
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Python {self._version}"
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        return REQUIRES_PYTHON_IDENTIFIER
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return REQUIRES_PYTHON_IDENTIFIER
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> CandidateVersion:
+        return self._version
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        return f"Python {self.version}"
+
+    def iter_dependencies(self, with_requires: bool) -> Iterable[Optional[Requirement]]:
+        return ()
+
+    def get_install_requirement(self) -> Optional[InstallRequirement]:
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4adeb430
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/factory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,812 @@
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import logging
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    FrozenSet,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import InvalidRequirement
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.resolvelib import ResolutionImpossible
+
+from pip._internal.cache import CacheEntry, WheelCache
+from pip._internal.exceptions import (
+    DistributionNotFound,
+    InstallationError,
+    MetadataInconsistent,
+    UnsupportedPythonVersion,
+    UnsupportedWheel,
+)
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import BaseDistribution, get_default_environment
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.operations.prepare import RequirementPreparer
+from pip._internal.req.constructors import (
+    install_req_drop_extras,
+    install_req_from_link_and_ireq,
+)
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import (
+    InstallRequirement,
+    check_invalid_constraint_type,
+)
+from pip._internal.resolution.base import InstallRequirementProvider
+from pip._internal.utils.compatibility_tags import get_supported
+from pip._internal.utils.hashes import Hashes
+from pip._internal.utils.packaging import get_requirement
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+from .base import Candidate, CandidateVersion, Constraint, Requirement
+from .candidates import (
+    AlreadyInstalledCandidate,
+    BaseCandidate,
+    EditableCandidate,
+    ExtrasCandidate,
+    LinkCandidate,
+    RequiresPythonCandidate,
+    as_base_candidate,
+)
+from .found_candidates import FoundCandidates, IndexCandidateInfo
+from .requirements import (
+    ExplicitRequirement,
+    RequiresPythonRequirement,
+    SpecifierRequirement,
+    SpecifierWithoutExtrasRequirement,
+    UnsatisfiableRequirement,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Protocol
+
+    class ConflictCause(Protocol):
+        requirement: RequiresPythonRequirement
+        parent: Candidate
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+C = TypeVar("C")
+Cache = Dict[Link, C]
+
+
+class CollectedRootRequirements(NamedTuple):
+    requirements: List[Requirement]
+    constraints: Dict[str, Constraint]
+    user_requested: Dict[str, int]
+
+
+class Factory:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        preparer: RequirementPreparer,
+        make_install_req: InstallRequirementProvider,
+        wheel_cache: Optional[WheelCache],
+        use_user_site: bool,
+        force_reinstall: bool,
+        ignore_installed: bool,
+        ignore_requires_python: bool,
+        py_version_info: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._finder = finder
+        self.preparer = preparer
+        self._wheel_cache = wheel_cache
+        self._python_candidate = RequiresPythonCandidate(py_version_info)
+        self._make_install_req_from_spec = make_install_req
+        self._use_user_site = use_user_site
+        self._force_reinstall = force_reinstall
+        self._ignore_requires_python = ignore_requires_python
+
+        self._build_failures: Cache[InstallationError] = {}
+        self._link_candidate_cache: Cache[LinkCandidate] = {}
+        self._editable_candidate_cache: Cache[EditableCandidate] = {}
+        self._installed_candidate_cache: Dict[str, AlreadyInstalledCandidate] = {}
+        self._extras_candidate_cache: Dict[
+            Tuple[int, FrozenSet[NormalizedName]], ExtrasCandidate
+        ] = {}
+
+        if not ignore_installed:
+            env = get_default_environment()
+            self._installed_dists = {
+                dist.canonical_name: dist
+                for dist in env.iter_installed_distributions(local_only=False)
+            }
+        else:
+            self._installed_dists = {}
+
+    @property
+    def force_reinstall(self) -> bool:
+        return self._force_reinstall
+
+    def _fail_if_link_is_unsupported_wheel(self, link: Link) -> None:
+        if not link.is_wheel:
+            return
+        wheel = Wheel(link.filename)
+        if wheel.supported(self._finder.target_python.get_unsorted_tags()):
+            return
+        msg = f"{link.filename} is not a supported wheel on this platform."
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(msg)
+
+    def _make_extras_candidate(
+        self,
+        base: BaseCandidate,
+        extras: FrozenSet[str],
+        *,
+        comes_from: Optional[InstallRequirement] = None,
+    ) -> ExtrasCandidate:
+        cache_key = (id(base), frozenset(canonicalize_name(e) for e in extras))
+        try:
+            candidate = self._extras_candidate_cache[cache_key]
+        except KeyError:
+            candidate = ExtrasCandidate(base, extras, comes_from=comes_from)
+            self._extras_candidate_cache[cache_key] = candidate
+        return candidate
+
+    def _make_candidate_from_dist(
+        self,
+        dist: BaseDistribution,
+        extras: FrozenSet[str],
+        template: InstallRequirement,
+    ) -> Candidate:
+        try:
+            base = self._installed_candidate_cache[dist.canonical_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            base = AlreadyInstalledCandidate(dist, template, factory=self)
+            self._installed_candidate_cache[dist.canonical_name] = base
+        if not extras:
+            return base
+        return self._make_extras_candidate(base, extras, comes_from=template)
+
+    def _make_candidate_from_link(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        extras: FrozenSet[str],
+        template: InstallRequirement,
+        name: Optional[NormalizedName],
+        version: Optional[CandidateVersion],
+    ) -> Optional[Candidate]:
+        base: Optional[BaseCandidate] = self._make_base_candidate_from_link(
+            link, template, name, version
+        )
+        if not extras or base is None:
+            return base
+        return self._make_extras_candidate(base, extras, comes_from=template)
+
+    def _make_base_candidate_from_link(
+        self,
+        link: Link,
+        template: InstallRequirement,
+        name: Optional[NormalizedName],
+        version: Optional[CandidateVersion],
+    ) -> Optional[BaseCandidate]:
+        # TODO: Check already installed candidate, and use it if the link and
+        # editable flag match.
+
+        if link in self._build_failures:
+            # We already tried this candidate before, and it does not build.
+            # Don't bother trying again.
+            return None
+
+        if template.editable:
+            if link not in self._editable_candidate_cache:
+                try:
+                    self._editable_candidate_cache[link] = EditableCandidate(
+                        link,
+                        template,
+                        factory=self,
+                        name=name,
+                        version=version,
+                    )
+                except MetadataInconsistent as e:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Discarding [blue underline]%s[/]: [yellow]%s[reset]",
+                        link,
+                        e,
+                        extra={"markup": True},
+                    )
+                    self._build_failures[link] = e
+                    return None
+
+            return self._editable_candidate_cache[link]
+        else:
+            if link not in self._link_candidate_cache:
+                try:
+                    self._link_candidate_cache[link] = LinkCandidate(
+                        link,
+                        template,
+                        factory=self,
+                        name=name,
+                        version=version,
+                    )
+                except MetadataInconsistent as e:
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Discarding [blue underline]%s[/]: [yellow]%s[reset]",
+                        link,
+                        e,
+                        extra={"markup": True},
+                    )
+                    self._build_failures[link] = e
+                    return None
+            return self._link_candidate_cache[link]
+
+    def _iter_found_candidates(
+        self,
+        ireqs: Sequence[InstallRequirement],
+        specifier: SpecifierSet,
+        hashes: Hashes,
+        prefers_installed: bool,
+        incompatible_ids: Set[int],
+    ) -> Iterable[Candidate]:
+        if not ireqs:
+            return ()
+
+        # The InstallRequirement implementation requires us to give it a
+        # "template". Here we just choose the first requirement to represent
+        # all of them.
+        # Hopefully the Project model can correct this mismatch in the future.
+        template = ireqs[0]
+        assert template.req, "Candidates found on index must be PEP 508"
+        name = canonicalize_name(template.req.name)
+
+        extras: FrozenSet[str] = frozenset()
+        for ireq in ireqs:
+            assert ireq.req, "Candidates found on index must be PEP 508"
+            specifier &= ireq.req.specifier
+            hashes &= ireq.hashes(trust_internet=False)
+            extras |= frozenset(ireq.extras)
+
+        def _get_installed_candidate() -> Optional[Candidate]:
+            """Get the candidate for the currently-installed version."""
+            # If --force-reinstall is set, we want the version from the index
+            # instead, so we "pretend" there is nothing installed.
+            if self._force_reinstall:
+                return None
+            try:
+                installed_dist = self._installed_dists[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                return None
+            # Don't use the installed distribution if its version does not fit
+            # the current dependency graph.
+            if not specifier.contains(installed_dist.version, prereleases=True):
+                return None
+            candidate = self._make_candidate_from_dist(
+                dist=installed_dist,
+                extras=extras,
+                template=template,
+            )
+            # The candidate is a known incompatibility. Don't use it.
+            if id(candidate) in incompatible_ids:
+                return None
+            return candidate
+
+        def iter_index_candidate_infos() -> Iterator[IndexCandidateInfo]:
+            result = self._finder.find_best_candidate(
+                project_name=name,
+                specifier=specifier,
+                hashes=hashes,
+            )
+            icans = list(result.iter_applicable())
+
+            # PEP 592: Yanked releases are ignored unless the specifier
+            # explicitly pins a version (via '==' or '===') that can be
+            # solely satisfied by a yanked release.
+            all_yanked = all(ican.link.is_yanked for ican in icans)
+
+            def is_pinned(specifier: SpecifierSet) -> bool:
+                for sp in specifier:
+                    if sp.operator == "===":
+                        return True
+                    if sp.operator != "==":
+                        continue
+                    if sp.version.endswith(".*"):
+                        continue
+                    return True
+                return False
+
+            pinned = is_pinned(specifier)
+
+            # PackageFinder returns earlier versions first, so we reverse.
+            for ican in reversed(icans):
+                if not (all_yanked and pinned) and ican.link.is_yanked:
+                    continue
+                func = functools.partial(
+                    self._make_candidate_from_link,
+                    link=ican.link,
+                    extras=extras,
+                    template=template,
+                    name=name,
+                    version=ican.version,
+                )
+                yield ican.version, func
+
+        return FoundCandidates(
+            iter_index_candidate_infos,
+            _get_installed_candidate(),
+            prefers_installed,
+            incompatible_ids,
+        )
+
+    def _iter_explicit_candidates_from_base(
+        self,
+        base_requirements: Iterable[Requirement],
+        extras: FrozenSet[str],
+    ) -> Iterator[Candidate]:
+        """Produce explicit candidates from the base given an extra-ed package.
+
+        :param base_requirements: Requirements known to the resolver. The
+            requirements are guaranteed to not have extras.
+        :param extras: The extras to inject into the explicit requirements'
+            candidates.
+        """
+        for req in base_requirements:
+            lookup_cand, _ = req.get_candidate_lookup()
+            if lookup_cand is None:  # Not explicit.
+                continue
+            # We've stripped extras from the identifier, and should always
+            # get a BaseCandidate here, unless there's a bug elsewhere.
+            base_cand = as_base_candidate(lookup_cand)
+            assert base_cand is not None, "no extras here"
+            yield self._make_extras_candidate(base_cand, extras)
+
+    def _iter_candidates_from_constraints(
+        self,
+        identifier: str,
+        constraint: Constraint,
+        template: InstallRequirement,
+    ) -> Iterator[Candidate]:
+        """Produce explicit candidates from constraints.
+
+        This creates "fake" InstallRequirement objects that are basically clones
+        of what "should" be the template, but with original_link set to link.
+        """
+        for link in constraint.links:
+            self._fail_if_link_is_unsupported_wheel(link)
+            candidate = self._make_base_candidate_from_link(
+                link,
+                template=install_req_from_link_and_ireq(link, template),
+                name=canonicalize_name(identifier),
+                version=None,
+            )
+            if candidate:
+                yield candidate
+
+    def find_candidates(
+        self,
+        identifier: str,
+        requirements: Mapping[str, Iterable[Requirement]],
+        incompatibilities: Mapping[str, Iterator[Candidate]],
+        constraint: Constraint,
+        prefers_installed: bool,
+    ) -> Iterable[Candidate]:
+        # Collect basic lookup information from the requirements.
+        explicit_candidates: Set[Candidate] = set()
+        ireqs: List[InstallRequirement] = []
+        for req in requirements[identifier]:
+            cand, ireq = req.get_candidate_lookup()
+            if cand is not None:
+                explicit_candidates.add(cand)
+            if ireq is not None:
+                ireqs.append(ireq)
+
+        # If the current identifier contains extras, add requires and explicit
+        # candidates from entries from extra-less identifier.
+        with contextlib.suppress(InvalidRequirement):
+            parsed_requirement = get_requirement(identifier)
+            if parsed_requirement.name != identifier:
+                explicit_candidates.update(
+                    self._iter_explicit_candidates_from_base(
+                        requirements.get(parsed_requirement.name, ()),
+                        frozenset(parsed_requirement.extras),
+                    ),
+                )
+                for req in requirements.get(parsed_requirement.name, []):
+                    _, ireq = req.get_candidate_lookup()
+                    if ireq is not None:
+                        ireqs.append(ireq)
+
+        # Add explicit candidates from constraints. We only do this if there are
+        # known ireqs, which represent requirements not already explicit. If
+        # there are no ireqs, we're constraining already-explicit requirements,
+        # which is handled later when we return the explicit candidates.
+        if ireqs:
+            try:
+                explicit_candidates.update(
+                    self._iter_candidates_from_constraints(
+                        identifier,
+                        constraint,
+                        template=ireqs[0],
+                    ),
+                )
+            except UnsupportedWheel:
+                # If we're constrained to install a wheel incompatible with the
+                # target architecture, no candidates will ever be valid.
+                return ()
+
+        # Since we cache all the candidates, incompatibility identification
+        # can be made quicker by comparing only the id() values.
+        incompat_ids = {id(c) for c in incompatibilities.get(identifier, ())}
+
+        # If none of the requirements want an explicit candidate, we can ask
+        # the finder for candidates.
+        if not explicit_candidates:
+            return self._iter_found_candidates(
+                ireqs,
+                constraint.specifier,
+                constraint.hashes,
+                prefers_installed,
+                incompat_ids,
+            )
+
+        return (
+            c
+            for c in explicit_candidates
+            if id(c) not in incompat_ids
+            and constraint.is_satisfied_by(c)
+            and all(req.is_satisfied_by(c) for req in requirements[identifier])
+        )
+
+    def _make_requirements_from_install_req(
+        self, ireq: InstallRequirement, requested_extras: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> Iterator[Requirement]:
+        """
+        Returns requirement objects associated with the given InstallRequirement. In
+        most cases this will be a single object but the following special cases exist:
+            - the InstallRequirement has markers that do not apply -> result is empty
+            - the InstallRequirement has both a constraint (or link) and extras
+                -> result is split in two requirement objects: one with the constraint
+                (or link) and one with the extra. This allows centralized constraint
+                handling for the base, resulting in fewer candidate rejections.
+        """
+        if not ireq.match_markers(requested_extras):
+            logger.info(
+                "Ignoring %s: markers '%s' don't match your environment",
+                ireq.name,
+                ireq.markers,
+            )
+        elif not ireq.link:
+            if ireq.extras and ireq.req is not None and ireq.req.specifier:
+                yield SpecifierWithoutExtrasRequirement(ireq)
+            yield SpecifierRequirement(ireq)
+        else:
+            self._fail_if_link_is_unsupported_wheel(ireq.link)
+            # Always make the link candidate for the base requirement to make it
+            # available to `find_candidates` for explicit candidate lookup for any
+            # set of extras.
+            # The extras are required separately via a second requirement.
+            cand = self._make_base_candidate_from_link(
+                ireq.link,
+                template=install_req_drop_extras(ireq) if ireq.extras else ireq,
+                name=canonicalize_name(ireq.name) if ireq.name else None,
+                version=None,
+            )
+            if cand is None:
+                # There's no way we can satisfy a URL requirement if the underlying
+                # candidate fails to build. An unnamed URL must be user-supplied, so
+                # we fail eagerly. If the URL is named, an unsatisfiable requirement
+                # can make the resolver do the right thing, either backtrack (and
+                # maybe find some other requirement that's buildable) or raise a
+                # ResolutionImpossible eventually.
+                if not ireq.name:
+                    raise self._build_failures[ireq.link]
+                yield UnsatisfiableRequirement(canonicalize_name(ireq.name))
+            else:
+                # require the base from the link
+                yield self.make_requirement_from_candidate(cand)
+                if ireq.extras:
+                    # require the extras on top of the base candidate
+                    yield self.make_requirement_from_candidate(
+                        self._make_extras_candidate(cand, frozenset(ireq.extras))
+                    )
+
+    def collect_root_requirements(
+        self, root_ireqs: List[InstallRequirement]
+    ) -> CollectedRootRequirements:
+        collected = CollectedRootRequirements([], {}, {})
+        for i, ireq in enumerate(root_ireqs):
+            if ireq.constraint:
+                # Ensure we only accept valid constraints
+                problem = check_invalid_constraint_type(ireq)
+                if problem:
+                    raise InstallationError(problem)
+                if not ireq.match_markers():
+                    continue
+                assert ireq.name, "Constraint must be named"
+                name = canonicalize_name(ireq.name)
+                if name in collected.constraints:
+                    collected.constraints[name] &= ireq
+                else:
+                    collected.constraints[name] = Constraint.from_ireq(ireq)
+            else:
+                reqs = list(
+                    self._make_requirements_from_install_req(
+                        ireq,
+                        requested_extras=(),
+                    )
+                )
+                if not reqs:
+                    continue
+                template = reqs[0]
+                if ireq.user_supplied and template.name not in collected.user_requested:
+                    collected.user_requested[template.name] = i
+                collected.requirements.extend(reqs)
+        # Put requirements with extras at the end of the root requires. This does not
+        # affect resolvelib's picking preference but it does affect its initial criteria
+        # population: by putting extras at the end we enable the candidate finder to
+        # present resolvelib with a smaller set of candidates to resolvelib, already
+        # taking into account any non-transient constraints on the associated base. This
+        # means resolvelib will have fewer candidates to visit and reject.
+        # Python's list sort is stable, meaning relative order is kept for objects with
+        # the same key.
+        collected.requirements.sort(key=lambda r: r.name != r.project_name)
+        return collected
+
+    def make_requirement_from_candidate(
+        self, candidate: Candidate
+    ) -> ExplicitRequirement:
+        return ExplicitRequirement(candidate)
+
+    def make_requirements_from_spec(
+        self,
+        specifier: str,
+        comes_from: Optional[InstallRequirement],
+        requested_extras: Iterable[str] = (),
+    ) -> Iterator[Requirement]:
+        """
+        Returns requirement objects associated with the given specifier. In most cases
+        this will be a single object but the following special cases exist:
+            - the specifier has markers that do not apply -> result is empty
+            - the specifier has both a constraint and extras -> result is split
+                in two requirement objects: one with the constraint and one with the
+                extra. This allows centralized constraint handling for the base,
+                resulting in fewer candidate rejections.
+        """
+        ireq = self._make_install_req_from_spec(specifier, comes_from)
+        return self._make_requirements_from_install_req(ireq, requested_extras)
+
+    def make_requires_python_requirement(
+        self,
+        specifier: SpecifierSet,
+    ) -> Optional[Requirement]:
+        if self._ignore_requires_python:
+            return None
+        # Don't bother creating a dependency for an empty Requires-Python.
+        if not str(specifier):
+            return None
+        return RequiresPythonRequirement(specifier, self._python_candidate)
+
+    def get_wheel_cache_entry(
+        self, link: Link, name: Optional[str]
+    ) -> Optional[CacheEntry]:
+        """Look up the link in the wheel cache.
+
+        If ``preparer.require_hashes`` is True, don't use the wheel cache,
+        because cached wheels, always built locally, have different hashes
+        than the files downloaded from the index server and thus throw false
+        hash mismatches. Furthermore, cached wheels at present have
+        nondeterministic contents due to file modification times.
+        """
+        if self._wheel_cache is None:
+            return None
+        return self._wheel_cache.get_cache_entry(
+            link=link,
+            package_name=name,
+            supported_tags=get_supported(),
+        )
+
+    def get_dist_to_uninstall(self, candidate: Candidate) -> Optional[BaseDistribution]:
+        # TODO: Are there more cases this needs to return True? Editable?
+        dist = self._installed_dists.get(candidate.project_name)
+        if dist is None:  # Not installed, no uninstallation required.
+            return None
+
+        # We're installing into global site. The current installation must
+        # be uninstalled, no matter it's in global or user site, because the
+        # user site installation has precedence over global.
+        if not self._use_user_site:
+            return dist
+
+        # We're installing into user site. Remove the user site installation.
+        if dist.in_usersite:
+            return dist
+
+        # We're installing into user site, but the installed incompatible
+        # package is in global site. We can't uninstall that, and would let
+        # the new user installation to "shadow" it. But shadowing won't work
+        # in virtual environments, so we error out.
+        if running_under_virtualenv() and dist.in_site_packages:
+            message = (
+                f"Will not install to the user site because it will lack "
+                f"sys.path precedence to {dist.raw_name} in {dist.location}"
+            )
+            raise InstallationError(message)
+        return None
+
+    def _report_requires_python_error(
+        self, causes: Sequence["ConflictCause"]
+    ) -> UnsupportedPythonVersion:
+        assert causes, "Requires-Python error reported with no cause"
+
+        version = self._python_candidate.version
+
+        if len(causes) == 1:
+            specifier = str(causes[0].requirement.specifier)
+            message = (
+                f"Package {causes[0].parent.name!r} requires a different "
+                f"Python: {version} not in {specifier!r}"
+            )
+            return UnsupportedPythonVersion(message)
+
+        message = f"Packages require a different Python. {version} not in:"
+        for cause in causes:
+            package = cause.parent.format_for_error()
+            specifier = str(cause.requirement.specifier)
+            message += f"\n{specifier!r} (required by {package})"
+        return UnsupportedPythonVersion(message)
+
+    def _report_single_requirement_conflict(
+        self, req: Requirement, parent: Optional[Candidate]
+    ) -> DistributionNotFound:
+        if parent is None:
+            req_disp = str(req)
+        else:
+            req_disp = f"{req} (from {parent.name})"
+
+        cands = self._finder.find_all_candidates(req.project_name)
+        skipped_by_requires_python = self._finder.requires_python_skipped_reasons()
+
+        versions_set: Set[CandidateVersion] = set()
+        yanked_versions_set: Set[CandidateVersion] = set()
+        for c in cands:
+            is_yanked = c.link.is_yanked if c.link else False
+            if is_yanked:
+                yanked_versions_set.add(c.version)
+            else:
+                versions_set.add(c.version)
+
+        versions = [str(v) for v in sorted(versions_set)]
+        yanked_versions = [str(v) for v in sorted(yanked_versions_set)]
+
+        if yanked_versions:
+            # Saying "version X is yanked" isn't entirely accurate.
+            # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/11745#issuecomment-1402805842
+            logger.critical(
+                "Ignored the following yanked versions: %s",
+                ", ".join(yanked_versions) or "none",
+            )
+        if skipped_by_requires_python:
+            logger.critical(
+                "Ignored the following versions that require a different python "
+                "version: %s",
+                "; ".join(skipped_by_requires_python) or "none",
+            )
+        logger.critical(
+            "Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement %s "
+            "(from versions: %s)",
+            req_disp,
+            ", ".join(versions) or "none",
+        )
+        if str(req) == "requirements.txt":
+            logger.info(
+                "HINT: You are attempting to install a package literally "
+                'named "requirements.txt" (which cannot exist). Consider '
+                "using the '-r' flag to install the packages listed in "
+                "requirements.txt"
+            )
+
+        return DistributionNotFound(f"No matching distribution found for {req}")
+
+    def get_installation_error(
+        self,
+        e: "ResolutionImpossible[Requirement, Candidate]",
+        constraints: Dict[str, Constraint],
+    ) -> InstallationError:
+        assert e.causes, "Installation error reported with no cause"
+
+        # If one of the things we can't solve is "we need Python X.Y",
+        # that is what we report.
+        requires_python_causes = [
+            cause
+            for cause in e.causes
+            if isinstance(cause.requirement, RequiresPythonRequirement)
+            and not cause.requirement.is_satisfied_by(self._python_candidate)
+        ]
+        if requires_python_causes:
+            # The comprehension above makes sure all Requirement instances are
+            # RequiresPythonRequirement, so let's cast for convenience.
+            return self._report_requires_python_error(
+                cast("Sequence[ConflictCause]", requires_python_causes),
+            )
+
+        # Otherwise, we have a set of causes which can't all be satisfied
+        # at once.
+
+        # The simplest case is when we have *one* cause that can't be
+        # satisfied. We just report that case.
+        if len(e.causes) == 1:
+            req, parent = e.causes[0]
+            if req.name not in constraints:
+                return self._report_single_requirement_conflict(req, parent)
+
+        # OK, we now have a list of requirements that can't all be
+        # satisfied at once.
+
+        # A couple of formatting helpers
+        def text_join(parts: List[str]) -> str:
+            if len(parts) == 1:
+                return parts[0]
+
+            return ", ".join(parts[:-1]) + " and " + parts[-1]
+
+        def describe_trigger(parent: Candidate) -> str:
+            ireq = parent.get_install_requirement()
+            if not ireq or not ireq.comes_from:
+                return f"{parent.name}=={parent.version}"
+            if isinstance(ireq.comes_from, InstallRequirement):
+                return str(ireq.comes_from.name)
+            return str(ireq.comes_from)
+
+        triggers = set()
+        for req, parent in e.causes:
+            if parent is None:
+                # This is a root requirement, so we can report it directly
+                trigger = req.format_for_error()
+            else:
+                trigger = describe_trigger(parent)
+            triggers.add(trigger)
+
+        if triggers:
+            info = text_join(sorted(triggers))
+        else:
+            info = "the requested packages"
+
+        msg = (
+            f"Cannot install {info} because these package versions "
+            "have conflicting dependencies."
+        )
+        logger.critical(msg)
+        msg = "\nThe conflict is caused by:"
+
+        relevant_constraints = set()
+        for req, parent in e.causes:
+            if req.name in constraints:
+                relevant_constraints.add(req.name)
+            msg = msg + "\n    "
+            if parent:
+                msg = msg + f"{parent.name} {parent.version} depends on "
+            else:
+                msg = msg + "The user requested "
+            msg = msg + req.format_for_error()
+        for key in relevant_constraints:
+            spec = constraints[key].specifier
+            msg += f"\n    The user requested (constraint) {key}{spec}"
+
+        msg = (
+            msg
+            + "\n\n"
+            + "To fix this you could try to:\n"
+            + "1. loosen the range of package versions you've specified\n"
+            + "2. remove package versions to allow pip attempt to solve "
+            + "the dependency conflict\n"
+        )
+
+        logger.info(msg)
+
+        return DistributionNotFound(
+            "ResolutionImpossible: for help visit "
+            "https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/topics/dependency-resolution/"
+            "#dealing-with-dependency-conflicts"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8663097b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/found_candidates.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+"""Utilities to lazily create and visit candidates found.
+
+Creating and visiting a candidate is a *very* costly operation. It involves
+fetching, extracting, potentially building modules from source, and verifying
+distribution metadata. It is therefore crucial for performance to keep
+everything here lazy all the way down, so we only touch candidates that we
+absolutely need, and not "download the world" when we only need one version of
+something.
+"""
+
+import functools
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Iterator, Optional, Set, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import _BaseVersion
+
+from .base import Candidate
+
+IndexCandidateInfo = Tuple[_BaseVersion, Callable[[], Optional[Candidate]]]
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    SequenceCandidate = Sequence[Candidate]
+else:
+    # For compatibility: Python before 3.9 does not support using [] on the
+    # Sequence class.
+    #
+    # >>> from collections.abc import Sequence
+    # >>> Sequence[str]
+    # Traceback (most recent call last):
+    #   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+    # TypeError: 'ABCMeta' object is not subscriptable
+    #
+    # TODO: Remove this block after dropping Python 3.8 support.
+    SequenceCandidate = Sequence
+
+
+def _iter_built(infos: Iterator[IndexCandidateInfo]) -> Iterator[Candidate]:
+    """Iterator for ``FoundCandidates``.
+
+    This iterator is used when the package is not already installed. Candidates
+    from index come later in their normal ordering.
+    """
+    versions_found: Set[_BaseVersion] = set()
+    for version, func in infos:
+        if version in versions_found:
+            continue
+        candidate = func()
+        if candidate is None:
+            continue
+        yield candidate
+        versions_found.add(version)
+
+
+def _iter_built_with_prepended(
+    installed: Candidate, infos: Iterator[IndexCandidateInfo]
+) -> Iterator[Candidate]:
+    """Iterator for ``FoundCandidates``.
+
+    This iterator is used when the resolver prefers the already-installed
+    candidate and NOT to upgrade. The installed candidate is therefore
+    always yielded first, and candidates from index come later in their
+    normal ordering, except skipped when the version is already installed.
+    """
+    yield installed
+    versions_found: Set[_BaseVersion] = {installed.version}
+    for version, func in infos:
+        if version in versions_found:
+            continue
+        candidate = func()
+        if candidate is None:
+            continue
+        yield candidate
+        versions_found.add(version)
+
+
+def _iter_built_with_inserted(
+    installed: Candidate, infos: Iterator[IndexCandidateInfo]
+) -> Iterator[Candidate]:
+    """Iterator for ``FoundCandidates``.
+
+    This iterator is used when the resolver prefers to upgrade an
+    already-installed package. Candidates from index are returned in their
+    normal ordering, except replaced when the version is already installed.
+
+    The implementation iterates through and yields other candidates, inserting
+    the installed candidate exactly once before we start yielding older or
+    equivalent candidates, or after all other candidates if they are all newer.
+    """
+    versions_found: Set[_BaseVersion] = set()
+    for version, func in infos:
+        if version in versions_found:
+            continue
+        # If the installed candidate is better, yield it first.
+        if installed.version >= version:
+            yield installed
+            versions_found.add(installed.version)
+        candidate = func()
+        if candidate is None:
+            continue
+        yield candidate
+        versions_found.add(version)
+
+    # If the installed candidate is older than all other candidates.
+    if installed.version not in versions_found:
+        yield installed
+
+
+class FoundCandidates(SequenceCandidate):
+    """A lazy sequence to provide candidates to the resolver.
+
+    The intended usage is to return this from `find_matches()` so the resolver
+    can iterate through the sequence multiple times, but only access the index
+    page when remote packages are actually needed. This improve performances
+    when suitable candidates are already installed on disk.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        get_infos: Callable[[], Iterator[IndexCandidateInfo]],
+        installed: Optional[Candidate],
+        prefers_installed: bool,
+        incompatible_ids: Set[int],
+    ):
+        self._get_infos = get_infos
+        self._installed = installed
+        self._prefers_installed = prefers_installed
+        self._incompatible_ids = incompatible_ids
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: Any) -> Any:
+        # Implemented to satisfy the ABC check. This is not needed by the
+        # resolver, and should not be used by the provider either (for
+        # performance reasons).
+        raise NotImplementedError("don't do this")
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Candidate]:
+        infos = self._get_infos()
+        if not self._installed:
+            iterator = _iter_built(infos)
+        elif self._prefers_installed:
+            iterator = _iter_built_with_prepended(self._installed, infos)
+        else:
+            iterator = _iter_built_with_inserted(self._installed, infos)
+        return (c for c in iterator if id(c) not in self._incompatible_ids)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        # Implemented to satisfy the ABC check. This is not needed by the
+        # resolver, and should not be used by the provider either (for
+        # performance reasons).
+        raise NotImplementedError("don't do this")
+
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        if self._prefers_installed and self._installed:
+            return True
+        return any(self)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/provider.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/provider.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..315fb9c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/provider.py
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+import collections
+import math
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Mapping,
+    Sequence,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.resolvelib.providers import AbstractProvider
+
+from .base import Candidate, Constraint, Requirement
+from .candidates import REQUIRES_PYTHON_IDENTIFIER
+from .factory import Factory
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.resolvelib.providers import Preference
+    from pip._vendor.resolvelib.resolvers import RequirementInformation
+
+    PreferenceInformation = RequirementInformation[Requirement, Candidate]
+
+    _ProviderBase = AbstractProvider[Requirement, Candidate, str]
+else:
+    _ProviderBase = AbstractProvider
+
+# Notes on the relationship between the provider, the factory, and the
+# candidate and requirement classes.
+#
+# The provider is a direct implementation of the resolvelib class. Its role
+# is to deliver the API that resolvelib expects.
+#
+# Rather than work with completely abstract "requirement" and "candidate"
+# concepts as resolvelib does, pip has concrete classes implementing these two
+# ideas. The API of Requirement and Candidate objects are defined in the base
+# classes, but essentially map fairly directly to the equivalent provider
+# methods. In particular, `find_matches` and `is_satisfied_by` are
+# requirement methods, and `get_dependencies` is a candidate method.
+#
+# The factory is the interface to pip's internal mechanisms. It is stateless,
+# and is created by the resolver and held as a property of the provider. It is
+# responsible for creating Requirement and Candidate objects, and provides
+# services to those objects (access to pip's finder and preparer).
+
+
+D = TypeVar("D")
+V = TypeVar("V")
+
+
+def _get_with_identifier(
+    mapping: Mapping[str, V],
+    identifier: str,
+    default: D,
+) -> Union[D, V]:
+    """Get item from a package name lookup mapping with a resolver identifier.
+
+    This extra logic is needed when the target mapping is keyed by package
+    name, which cannot be directly looked up with an identifier (which may
+    contain requested extras). Additional logic is added to also look up a value
+    by "cleaning up" the extras from the identifier.
+    """
+    if identifier in mapping:
+        return mapping[identifier]
+    # HACK: Theoretically we should check whether this identifier is a valid
+    # "NAME[EXTRAS]" format, and parse out the name part with packaging or
+    # some regular expression. But since pip's resolver only spits out three
+    # kinds of identifiers: normalized PEP 503 names, normalized names plus
+    # extras, and Requires-Python, we can cheat a bit here.
+    name, open_bracket, _ = identifier.partition("[")
+    if open_bracket and name in mapping:
+        return mapping[name]
+    return default
+
+
+class PipProvider(_ProviderBase):
+    """Pip's provider implementation for resolvelib.
+
+    :params constraints: A mapping of constraints specified by the user. Keys
+        are canonicalized project names.
+    :params ignore_dependencies: Whether the user specified ``--no-deps``.
+    :params upgrade_strategy: The user-specified upgrade strategy.
+    :params user_requested: A set of canonicalized package names that the user
+        supplied for pip to install/upgrade.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        factory: Factory,
+        constraints: Dict[str, Constraint],
+        ignore_dependencies: bool,
+        upgrade_strategy: str,
+        user_requested: Dict[str, int],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._factory = factory
+        self._constraints = constraints
+        self._ignore_dependencies = ignore_dependencies
+        self._upgrade_strategy = upgrade_strategy
+        self._user_requested = user_requested
+        self._known_depths: Dict[str, float] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: math.inf)
+
+    def identify(self, requirement_or_candidate: Union[Requirement, Candidate]) -> str:
+        return requirement_or_candidate.name
+
+    def get_preference(
+        self,
+        identifier: str,
+        resolutions: Mapping[str, Candidate],
+        candidates: Mapping[str, Iterator[Candidate]],
+        information: Mapping[str, Iterable["PreferenceInformation"]],
+        backtrack_causes: Sequence["PreferenceInformation"],
+    ) -> "Preference":
+        """Produce a sort key for given requirement based on preference.
+
+        The lower the return value is, the more preferred this group of
+        arguments is.
+
+        Currently pip considers the following in order:
+
+        * Prefer if any of the known requirements is "direct", e.g. points to an
+          explicit URL.
+        * If equal, prefer if any requirement is "pinned", i.e. contains
+          operator ``===`` or ``==``.
+        * If equal, calculate an approximate "depth" and resolve requirements
+          closer to the user-specified requirements first. If the depth cannot
+          by determined (eg: due to no matching parents), it is considered
+          infinite.
+        * Order user-specified requirements by the order they are specified.
+        * If equal, prefers "non-free" requirements, i.e. contains at least one
+          operator, such as ``>=`` or ``<``.
+        * If equal, order alphabetically for consistency (helps debuggability).
+        """
+        try:
+            next(iter(information[identifier]))
+        except StopIteration:
+            # There is no information for this identifier, so there's no known
+            # candidates.
+            has_information = False
+        else:
+            has_information = True
+
+        if has_information:
+            lookups = (r.get_candidate_lookup() for r, _ in information[identifier])
+            candidate, ireqs = zip(*lookups)
+        else:
+            candidate, ireqs = None, ()
+
+        operators = [
+            specifier.operator
+            for specifier_set in (ireq.specifier for ireq in ireqs if ireq)
+            for specifier in specifier_set
+        ]
+
+        direct = candidate is not None
+        pinned = any(op[:2] == "==" for op in operators)
+        unfree = bool(operators)
+
+        try:
+            requested_order: Union[int, float] = self._user_requested[identifier]
+        except KeyError:
+            requested_order = math.inf
+            if has_information:
+                parent_depths = (
+                    self._known_depths[parent.name] if parent is not None else 0.0
+                    for _, parent in information[identifier]
+                )
+                inferred_depth = min(d for d in parent_depths) + 1.0
+            else:
+                inferred_depth = math.inf
+        else:
+            inferred_depth = 1.0
+        self._known_depths[identifier] = inferred_depth
+
+        requested_order = self._user_requested.get(identifier, math.inf)
+
+        # Requires-Python has only one candidate and the check is basically
+        # free, so we always do it first to avoid needless work if it fails.
+        requires_python = identifier == REQUIRES_PYTHON_IDENTIFIER
+
+        # Prefer the causes of backtracking on the assumption that the problem
+        # resolving the dependency tree is related to the failures that caused
+        # the backtracking
+        backtrack_cause = self.is_backtrack_cause(identifier, backtrack_causes)
+
+        return (
+            not requires_python,
+            not direct,
+            not pinned,
+            not backtrack_cause,
+            inferred_depth,
+            requested_order,
+            not unfree,
+            identifier,
+        )
+
+    def find_matches(
+        self,
+        identifier: str,
+        requirements: Mapping[str, Iterator[Requirement]],
+        incompatibilities: Mapping[str, Iterator[Candidate]],
+    ) -> Iterable[Candidate]:
+        def _eligible_for_upgrade(identifier: str) -> bool:
+            """Are upgrades allowed for this project?
+
+            This checks the upgrade strategy, and whether the project was one
+            that the user specified in the command line, in order to decide
+            whether we should upgrade if there's a newer version available.
+
+            (Note that we don't need access to the `--upgrade` flag, because
+            an upgrade strategy of "to-satisfy-only" means that `--upgrade`
+            was not specified).
+            """
+            if self._upgrade_strategy == "eager":
+                return True
+            elif self._upgrade_strategy == "only-if-needed":
+                user_order = _get_with_identifier(
+                    self._user_requested,
+                    identifier,
+                    default=None,
+                )
+                return user_order is not None
+            return False
+
+        constraint = _get_with_identifier(
+            self._constraints,
+            identifier,
+            default=Constraint.empty(),
+        )
+        return self._factory.find_candidates(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            requirements=requirements,
+            constraint=constraint,
+            prefers_installed=(not _eligible_for_upgrade(identifier)),
+            incompatibilities=incompatibilities,
+        )
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, requirement: Requirement, candidate: Candidate) -> bool:
+        return requirement.is_satisfied_by(candidate)
+
+    def get_dependencies(self, candidate: Candidate) -> Sequence[Requirement]:
+        with_requires = not self._ignore_dependencies
+        return [r for r in candidate.iter_dependencies(with_requires) if r is not None]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_backtrack_cause(
+        identifier: str, backtrack_causes: Sequence["PreferenceInformation"]
+    ) -> bool:
+        for backtrack_cause in backtrack_causes:
+            if identifier == backtrack_cause.requirement.name:
+                return True
+            if backtrack_cause.parent and identifier == backtrack_cause.parent.name:
+                return True
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/reporter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/reporter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12adeff7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/reporter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from collections import defaultdict
+from logging import getLogger
+from typing import Any, DefaultDict
+
+from pip._vendor.resolvelib.reporters import BaseReporter
+
+from .base import Candidate, Requirement
+
+logger = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class PipReporter(BaseReporter):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.reject_count_by_package: DefaultDict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
+
+        self._messages_at_reject_count = {
+            1: (
+                "pip is looking at multiple versions of {package_name} to "
+                "determine which version is compatible with other "
+                "requirements. This could take a while."
+            ),
+            8: (
+                "pip is still looking at multiple versions of {package_name} to "
+                "determine which version is compatible with other "
+                "requirements. This could take a while."
+            ),
+            13: (
+                "This is taking longer than usual. You might need to provide "
+                "the dependency resolver with stricter constraints to reduce "
+                "runtime. See https://pip.pypa.io/warnings/backtracking for "
+                "guidance. If you want to abort this run, press Ctrl + C."
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def rejecting_candidate(self, criterion: Any, candidate: Candidate) -> None:
+        self.reject_count_by_package[candidate.name] += 1
+
+        count = self.reject_count_by_package[candidate.name]
+        if count not in self._messages_at_reject_count:
+            return
+
+        message = self._messages_at_reject_count[count]
+        logger.info("INFO: %s", message.format(package_name=candidate.name))
+
+        msg = "Will try a different candidate, due to conflict:"
+        for req_info in criterion.information:
+            req, parent = req_info.requirement, req_info.parent
+            # Inspired by Factory.get_installation_error
+            msg += "\n    "
+            if parent:
+                msg += f"{parent.name} {parent.version} depends on "
+            else:
+                msg += "The user requested "
+            msg += req.format_for_error()
+        logger.debug(msg)
+
+
+class PipDebuggingReporter(BaseReporter):
+    """A reporter that does an info log for every event it sees."""
+
+    def starting(self) -> None:
+        logger.info("Reporter.starting()")
+
+    def starting_round(self, index: int) -> None:
+        logger.info("Reporter.starting_round(%r)", index)
+
+    def ending_round(self, index: int, state: Any) -> None:
+        logger.info("Reporter.ending_round(%r, state)", index)
+
+    def ending(self, state: Any) -> None:
+        logger.info("Reporter.ending(%r)", state)
+
+    def adding_requirement(self, requirement: Requirement, parent: Candidate) -> None:
+        logger.info("Reporter.adding_requirement(%r, %r)", requirement, parent)
+
+    def rejecting_candidate(self, criterion: Any, candidate: Candidate) -> None:
+        logger.info("Reporter.rejecting_candidate(%r, %r)", criterion, candidate)
+
+    def pinning(self, candidate: Candidate) -> None:
+        logger.info("Reporter.pinning(%r)", candidate)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/requirements.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4af4a9f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/requirements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+from pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import NormalizedName, canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.req.constructors import install_req_drop_extras
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+
+from .base import Candidate, CandidateLookup, Requirement, format_name
+
+
+class ExplicitRequirement(Requirement):
+    def __init__(self, candidate: Candidate) -> None:
+        self.candidate = candidate
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.candidate)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.candidate!r})"
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        # No need to canonicalize - the candidate did this
+        return self.candidate.project_name
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        # No need to canonicalize - the candidate did this
+        return self.candidate.name
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        return self.candidate.format_for_error()
+
+    def get_candidate_lookup(self) -> CandidateLookup:
+        return self.candidate, None
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Candidate) -> bool:
+        return candidate == self.candidate
+
+
+class SpecifierRequirement(Requirement):
+    def __init__(self, ireq: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        assert ireq.link is None, "This is a link, not a specifier"
+        self._ireq = ireq
+        self._extras = frozenset(canonicalize_name(e) for e in self._ireq.extras)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self._ireq.req)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self._ireq.req)!r})"
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        assert self._ireq.req, "Specifier-backed ireq is always PEP 508"
+        return canonicalize_name(self._ireq.req.name)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return format_name(self.project_name, self._extras)
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        # Convert comma-separated specifiers into "A, B, ..., F and G"
+        # This makes the specifier a bit more "human readable", without
+        # risking a change in meaning. (Hopefully! Not all edge cases have
+        # been checked)
+        parts = [s.strip() for s in str(self).split(",")]
+        if len(parts) == 0:
+            return ""
+        elif len(parts) == 1:
+            return parts[0]
+
+        return ", ".join(parts[:-1]) + " and " + parts[-1]
+
+    def get_candidate_lookup(self) -> CandidateLookup:
+        return None, self._ireq
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Candidate) -> bool:
+        assert candidate.name == self.name, (
+            f"Internal issue: Candidate is not for this requirement "
+            f"{candidate.name} vs {self.name}"
+        )
+        # We can safely always allow prereleases here since PackageFinder
+        # already implements the prerelease logic, and would have filtered out
+        # prerelease candidates if the user does not expect them.
+        assert self._ireq.req, "Specifier-backed ireq is always PEP 508"
+        spec = self._ireq.req.specifier
+        return spec.contains(candidate.version, prereleases=True)
+
+
+class SpecifierWithoutExtrasRequirement(SpecifierRequirement):
+    """
+    Requirement backed by an install requirement on a base package.
+    Trims extras from its install requirement if there are any.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ireq: InstallRequirement) -> None:
+        assert ireq.link is None, "This is a link, not a specifier"
+        self._ireq = install_req_drop_extras(ireq)
+        self._extras = frozenset(canonicalize_name(e) for e in self._ireq.extras)
+
+
+class RequiresPythonRequirement(Requirement):
+    """A requirement representing Requires-Python metadata."""
+
+    def __init__(self, specifier: SpecifierSet, match: Candidate) -> None:
+        self.specifier = specifier
+        self._candidate = match
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Python {self.specifier}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self.specifier)!r})"
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        return self._candidate.project_name
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self._candidate.name
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+    def get_candidate_lookup(self) -> CandidateLookup:
+        if self.specifier.contains(self._candidate.version, prereleases=True):
+            return self._candidate, None
+        return None, None
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Candidate) -> bool:
+        assert candidate.name == self._candidate.name, "Not Python candidate"
+        # We can safely always allow prereleases here since PackageFinder
+        # already implements the prerelease logic, and would have filtered out
+        # prerelease candidates if the user does not expect them.
+        return self.specifier.contains(candidate.version, prereleases=True)
+
+
+class UnsatisfiableRequirement(Requirement):
+    """A requirement that cannot be satisfied."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: NormalizedName) -> None:
+        self._name = name
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self._name} (unavailable)"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self._name)!r})"
+
+    @property
+    def project_name(self) -> NormalizedName:
+        return self._name
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self._name
+
+    def format_for_error(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+    def get_candidate_lookup(self) -> CandidateLookup:
+        return None, None
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Candidate) -> bool:
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c12beef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/resolution/resolvelib/resolver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, cast
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+from pip._vendor.resolvelib import BaseReporter, ResolutionImpossible
+from pip._vendor.resolvelib import Resolver as RLResolver
+from pip._vendor.resolvelib.structs import DirectedGraph
+
+from pip._internal.cache import WheelCache
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.operations.prepare import RequirementPreparer
+from pip._internal.req.constructors import install_req_extend_extras
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.req.req_set import RequirementSet
+from pip._internal.resolution.base import BaseResolver, InstallRequirementProvider
+from pip._internal.resolution.resolvelib.provider import PipProvider
+from pip._internal.resolution.resolvelib.reporter import (
+    PipDebuggingReporter,
+    PipReporter,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.packaging import get_requirement
+
+from .base import Candidate, Requirement
+from .factory import Factory
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.resolvelib.resolvers import Result as RLResult
+
+    Result = RLResult[Requirement, Candidate, str]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Resolver(BaseResolver):
+    _allowed_strategies = {"eager", "only-if-needed", "to-satisfy-only"}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        preparer: RequirementPreparer,
+        finder: PackageFinder,
+        wheel_cache: Optional[WheelCache],
+        make_install_req: InstallRequirementProvider,
+        use_user_site: bool,
+        ignore_dependencies: bool,
+        ignore_installed: bool,
+        ignore_requires_python: bool,
+        force_reinstall: bool,
+        upgrade_strategy: str,
+        py_version_info: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        assert upgrade_strategy in self._allowed_strategies
+
+        self.factory = Factory(
+            finder=finder,
+            preparer=preparer,
+            make_install_req=make_install_req,
+            wheel_cache=wheel_cache,
+            use_user_site=use_user_site,
+            force_reinstall=force_reinstall,
+            ignore_installed=ignore_installed,
+            ignore_requires_python=ignore_requires_python,
+            py_version_info=py_version_info,
+        )
+        self.ignore_dependencies = ignore_dependencies
+        self.upgrade_strategy = upgrade_strategy
+        self._result: Optional[Result] = None
+
+    def resolve(
+        self, root_reqs: List[InstallRequirement], check_supported_wheels: bool
+    ) -> RequirementSet:
+        collected = self.factory.collect_root_requirements(root_reqs)
+        provider = PipProvider(
+            factory=self.factory,
+            constraints=collected.constraints,
+            ignore_dependencies=self.ignore_dependencies,
+            upgrade_strategy=self.upgrade_strategy,
+            user_requested=collected.user_requested,
+        )
+        if "PIP_RESOLVER_DEBUG" in os.environ:
+            reporter: BaseReporter = PipDebuggingReporter()
+        else:
+            reporter = PipReporter()
+        resolver: RLResolver[Requirement, Candidate, str] = RLResolver(
+            provider,
+            reporter,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            limit_how_complex_resolution_can_be = 200000
+            result = self._result = resolver.resolve(
+                collected.requirements, max_rounds=limit_how_complex_resolution_can_be
+            )
+
+        except ResolutionImpossible as e:
+            error = self.factory.get_installation_error(
+                cast("ResolutionImpossible[Requirement, Candidate]", e),
+                collected.constraints,
+            )
+            raise error from e
+
+        req_set = RequirementSet(check_supported_wheels=check_supported_wheels)
+        # process candidates with extras last to ensure their base equivalent is
+        # already in the req_set if appropriate.
+        # Python's sort is stable so using a binary key function keeps relative order
+        # within both subsets.
+        for candidate in sorted(
+            result.mapping.values(), key=lambda c: c.name != c.project_name
+        ):
+            ireq = candidate.get_install_requirement()
+            if ireq is None:
+                if candidate.name != candidate.project_name:
+                    # extend existing req's extras
+                    with contextlib.suppress(KeyError):
+                        req = req_set.get_requirement(candidate.project_name)
+                        req_set.add_named_requirement(
+                            install_req_extend_extras(
+                                req, get_requirement(candidate.name).extras
+                            )
+                        )
+                continue
+
+            # Check if there is already an installation under the same name,
+            # and set a flag for later stages to uninstall it, if needed.
+            installed_dist = self.factory.get_dist_to_uninstall(candidate)
+            if installed_dist is None:
+                # There is no existing installation -- nothing to uninstall.
+                ireq.should_reinstall = False
+            elif self.factory.force_reinstall:
+                # The --force-reinstall flag is set -- reinstall.
+                ireq.should_reinstall = True
+            elif installed_dist.version != candidate.version:
+                # The installation is different in version -- reinstall.
+                ireq.should_reinstall = True
+            elif candidate.is_editable or installed_dist.editable:
+                # The incoming distribution is editable, or different in
+                # editable-ness to installation -- reinstall.
+                ireq.should_reinstall = True
+            elif candidate.source_link and candidate.source_link.is_file:
+                # The incoming distribution is under file://
+                if candidate.source_link.is_wheel:
+                    # is a local wheel -- do nothing.
+                    logger.info(
+                        "%s is already installed with the same version as the "
+                        "provided wheel. Use --force-reinstall to force an "
+                        "installation of the wheel.",
+                        ireq.name,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # is a local sdist or path -- reinstall
+                ireq.should_reinstall = True
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            link = candidate.source_link
+            if link and link.is_yanked:
+                # The reason can contain non-ASCII characters, Unicode
+                # is required for Python 2.
+                msg = (
+                    "The candidate selected for download or install is a "
+                    "yanked version: {name!r} candidate (version {version} "
+                    "at {link})\nReason for being yanked: {reason}"
+                ).format(
+                    name=candidate.name,
+                    version=candidate.version,
+                    link=link,
+                    reason=link.yanked_reason or "<none given>",
+                )
+                logger.warning(msg)
+
+            req_set.add_named_requirement(ireq)
+
+        reqs = req_set.all_requirements
+        self.factory.preparer.prepare_linked_requirements_more(reqs)
+        for req in reqs:
+            req.prepared = True
+            req.needs_more_preparation = False
+        return req_set
+
+    def get_installation_order(
+        self, req_set: RequirementSet
+    ) -> List[InstallRequirement]:
+        """Get order for installation of requirements in RequirementSet.
+
+        The returned list contains a requirement before another that depends on
+        it. This helps ensure that the environment is kept consistent as they
+        get installed one-by-one.
+
+        The current implementation creates a topological ordering of the
+        dependency graph, giving more weight to packages with less
+        or no dependencies, while breaking any cycles in the graph at
+        arbitrary points. We make no guarantees about where the cycle
+        would be broken, other than it *would* be broken.
+        """
+        assert self._result is not None, "must call resolve() first"
+
+        if not req_set.requirements:
+            # Nothing is left to install, so we do not need an order.
+            return []
+
+        graph = self._result.graph
+        weights = get_topological_weights(graph, set(req_set.requirements.keys()))
+
+        sorted_items = sorted(
+            req_set.requirements.items(),
+            key=functools.partial(_req_set_item_sorter, weights=weights),
+            reverse=True,
+        )
+        return [ireq for _, ireq in sorted_items]
+
+
+def get_topological_weights(
+    graph: "DirectedGraph[Optional[str]]", requirement_keys: Set[str]
+) -> Dict[Optional[str], int]:
+    """Assign weights to each node based on how "deep" they are.
+
+    This implementation may change at any point in the future without prior
+    notice.
+
+    We first simplify the dependency graph by pruning any leaves and giving them
+    the highest weight: a package without any dependencies should be installed
+    first. This is done again and again in the same way, giving ever less weight
+    to the newly found leaves. The loop stops when no leaves are left: all
+    remaining packages have at least one dependency left in the graph.
+
+    Then we continue with the remaining graph, by taking the length for the
+    longest path to any node from root, ignoring any paths that contain a single
+    node twice (i.e. cycles). This is done through a depth-first search through
+    the graph, while keeping track of the path to the node.
+
+    Cycles in the graph result would result in node being revisited while also
+    being on its own path. In this case, take no action. This helps ensure we
+    don't get stuck in a cycle.
+
+    When assigning weight, the longer path (i.e. larger length) is preferred.
+
+    We are only interested in the weights of packages that are in the
+    requirement_keys.
+    """
+    path: Set[Optional[str]] = set()
+    weights: Dict[Optional[str], int] = {}
+
+    def visit(node: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        if node in path:
+            # We hit a cycle, so we'll break it here.
+            return
+
+        # Time to visit the children!
+        path.add(node)
+        for child in graph.iter_children(node):
+            visit(child)
+        path.remove(node)
+
+        if node not in requirement_keys:
+            return
+
+        last_known_parent_count = weights.get(node, 0)
+        weights[node] = max(last_known_parent_count, len(path))
+
+    # Simplify the graph, pruning leaves that have no dependencies.
+    # This is needed for large graphs (say over 200 packages) because the
+    # `visit` function is exponentially slower then, taking minutes.
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/10557
+    # We will loop until we explicitly break the loop.
+    while True:
+        leaves = set()
+        for key in graph:
+            if key is None:
+                continue
+            for _child in graph.iter_children(key):
+                # This means we have at least one child
+                break
+            else:
+                # No child.
+                leaves.add(key)
+        if not leaves:
+            # We are done simplifying.
+            break
+        # Calculate the weight for the leaves.
+        weight = len(graph) - 1
+        for leaf in leaves:
+            if leaf not in requirement_keys:
+                continue
+            weights[leaf] = weight
+        # Remove the leaves from the graph, making it simpler.
+        for leaf in leaves:
+            graph.remove(leaf)
+
+    # Visit the remaining graph.
+    # `None` is guaranteed to be the root node by resolvelib.
+    visit(None)
+
+    # Sanity check: all requirement keys should be in the weights,
+    # and no other keys should be in the weights.
+    difference = set(weights.keys()).difference(requirement_keys)
+    assert not difference, difference
+
+    return weights
+
+
+def _req_set_item_sorter(
+    item: Tuple[str, InstallRequirement],
+    weights: Dict[Optional[str], int],
+) -> Tuple[int, str]:
+    """Key function used to sort install requirements for installation.
+
+    Based on the "weight" mapping calculated in ``get_installation_order()``.
+    The canonical package name is returned as the second member as a tie-
+    breaker to ensure the result is predictable, which is useful in tests.
+    """
+    name = canonicalize_name(item[0])
+    return weights[name], name
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/self_outdated_check.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/self_outdated_check.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f64ae0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/self_outdated_check.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+import datetime
+import functools
+import hashlib
+import json
+import logging
+import optparse
+import os.path
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse as parse_version
+from pip._vendor.rich.console import Group
+from pip._vendor.rich.markup import escape
+from pip._vendor.rich.text import Text
+
+from pip._internal.index.collector import LinkCollector
+from pip._internal.index.package_finder import PackageFinder
+from pip._internal.metadata import get_default_environment
+from pip._internal.metadata.base import DistributionVersion
+from pip._internal.models.selection_prefs import SelectionPreferences
+from pip._internal.network.session import PipSession
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.entrypoints import (
+    get_best_invocation_for_this_pip,
+    get_best_invocation_for_this_python,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.filesystem import adjacent_tmp_file, check_path_owner, replace
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir
+
+_WEEK = datetime.timedelta(days=7)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _get_statefile_name(key: str) -> str:
+    key_bytes = key.encode()
+    name = hashlib.sha224(key_bytes).hexdigest()
+    return name
+
+
+def _convert_date(isodate: str) -> datetime.datetime:
+    """Convert an ISO format string to a date.
+
+    Handles the format 2020-01-22T14:24:01Z (trailing Z)
+    which is not supported by older versions of fromisoformat.
+    """
+    return datetime.datetime.fromisoformat(isodate.replace("Z", "+00:00"))
+
+
+class SelfCheckState:
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir: str) -> None:
+        self._state: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self._statefile_path = None
+
+        # Try to load the existing state
+        if cache_dir:
+            self._statefile_path = os.path.join(
+                cache_dir, "selfcheck", _get_statefile_name(self.key)
+            )
+            try:
+                with open(self._statefile_path, encoding="utf-8") as statefile:
+                    self._state = json.load(statefile)
+            except (OSError, ValueError, KeyError):
+                # Explicitly suppressing exceptions, since we don't want to
+                # error out if the cache file is invalid.
+                pass
+
+    @property
+    def key(self) -> str:
+        return sys.prefix
+
+    def get(self, current_time: datetime.datetime) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Check if we have a not-outdated version loaded already."""
+        if not self._state:
+            return None
+
+        if "last_check" not in self._state:
+            return None
+
+        if "pypi_version" not in self._state:
+            return None
+
+        # Determine if we need to refresh the state
+        last_check = _convert_date(self._state["last_check"])
+        time_since_last_check = current_time - last_check
+        if time_since_last_check > _WEEK:
+            return None
+
+        return self._state["pypi_version"]
+
+    def set(self, pypi_version: str, current_time: datetime.datetime) -> None:
+        # If we do not have a path to cache in, don't bother saving.
+        if not self._statefile_path:
+            return
+
+        # Check to make sure that we own the directory
+        if not check_path_owner(os.path.dirname(self._statefile_path)):
+            return
+
+        # Now that we've ensured the directory is owned by this user, we'll go
+        # ahead and make sure that all our directories are created.
+        ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(self._statefile_path))
+
+        state = {
+            # Include the key so it's easy to tell which pip wrote the
+            # file.
+            "key": self.key,
+            "last_check": current_time.isoformat(),
+            "pypi_version": pypi_version,
+        }
+
+        text = json.dumps(state, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ":"))
+
+        with adjacent_tmp_file(self._statefile_path) as f:
+            f.write(text.encode())
+
+        try:
+            # Since we have a prefix-specific state file, we can just
+            # overwrite whatever is there, no need to check.
+            replace(f.name, self._statefile_path)
+        except OSError:
+            # Best effort.
+            pass
+
+
+@dataclass
+class UpgradePrompt:
+    old: str
+    new: str
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> Group:
+        if WINDOWS:
+            pip_cmd = f"{get_best_invocation_for_this_python()} -m pip"
+        else:
+            pip_cmd = get_best_invocation_for_this_pip()
+
+        notice = "[bold][[reset][blue]notice[reset][bold]][reset]"
+        return Group(
+            Text(),
+            Text.from_markup(
+                f"{notice} A new release of pip is available: "
+                f"[red]{self.old}[reset] -> [green]{self.new}[reset]"
+            ),
+            Text.from_markup(
+                f"{notice} To update, run: "
+                f"[green]{escape(pip_cmd)} install --upgrade pip"
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+def was_installed_by_pip(pkg: str) -> bool:
+    """Checks whether pkg was installed by pip
+
+    This is used not to display the upgrade message when pip is in fact
+    installed by system package manager, such as dnf on Fedora.
+    """
+    dist = get_default_environment().get_distribution(pkg)
+    return dist is not None and "pip" == dist.installer
+
+
+def _get_current_remote_pip_version(
+    session: PipSession, options: optparse.Values
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    # Lets use PackageFinder to see what the latest pip version is
+    link_collector = LinkCollector.create(
+        session,
+        options=options,
+        suppress_no_index=True,
+    )
+
+    # Pass allow_yanked=False so we don't suggest upgrading to a
+    # yanked version.
+    selection_prefs = SelectionPreferences(
+        allow_yanked=False,
+        allow_all_prereleases=False,  # Explicitly set to False
+    )
+
+    finder = PackageFinder.create(
+        link_collector=link_collector,
+        selection_prefs=selection_prefs,
+    )
+    best_candidate = finder.find_best_candidate("pip").best_candidate
+    if best_candidate is None:
+        return None
+
+    return str(best_candidate.version)
+
+
+def _self_version_check_logic(
+    *,
+    state: SelfCheckState,
+    current_time: datetime.datetime,
+    local_version: DistributionVersion,
+    get_remote_version: Callable[[], Optional[str]],
+) -> Optional[UpgradePrompt]:
+    remote_version_str = state.get(current_time)
+    if remote_version_str is None:
+        remote_version_str = get_remote_version()
+        if remote_version_str is None:
+            logger.debug("No remote pip version found")
+            return None
+        state.set(remote_version_str, current_time)
+
+    remote_version = parse_version(remote_version_str)
+    logger.debug("Remote version of pip: %s", remote_version)
+    logger.debug("Local version of pip:  %s", local_version)
+
+    pip_installed_by_pip = was_installed_by_pip("pip")
+    logger.debug("Was pip installed by pip? %s", pip_installed_by_pip)
+    if not pip_installed_by_pip:
+        return None  # Only suggest upgrade if pip is installed by pip.
+
+    local_version_is_older = (
+        local_version < remote_version
+        and local_version.base_version != remote_version.base_version
+    )
+    if local_version_is_older:
+        return UpgradePrompt(old=str(local_version), new=remote_version_str)
+
+    return None
+
+
+def pip_self_version_check(session: PipSession, options: optparse.Values) -> None:
+    """Check for an update for pip.
+
+    Limit the frequency of checks to once per week. State is stored either in
+    the active virtualenv or in the user's USER_CACHE_DIR keyed off the prefix
+    of the pip script path.
+    """
+    installed_dist = get_default_environment().get_distribution("pip")
+    if not installed_dist:
+        return
+
+    try:
+        upgrade_prompt = _self_version_check_logic(
+            state=SelfCheckState(cache_dir=options.cache_dir),
+            current_time=datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc),
+            local_version=installed_dist.version,
+            get_remote_version=functools.partial(
+                _get_current_remote_pip_version, session, options
+            ),
+        )
+        if upgrade_prompt is not None:
+            logger.warning("%s", upgrade_prompt, extra={"rich": True})
+    except Exception:
+        logger.warning("There was an error checking the latest version of pip.")
+        logger.debug("See below for error", exc_info=True)
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Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/_jaraco_text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/_jaraco_text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e06947c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/_jaraco_text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+"""Functions brought over from jaraco.text.
+
+These functions are not supposed to be used within `pip._internal`. These are
+helper functions brought over from `jaraco.text` to enable vendoring newer
+copies of `pkg_resources` without having to vendor `jaraco.text` and its entire
+dependency cone; something that our vendoring setup is not currently capable of
+handling.
+
+License reproduced from original source below:
+
+Copyright Jason R. Coombs
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+IN THE SOFTWARE.
+"""
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+
+
+def _nonblank(str):
+    return str and not str.startswith("#")
+
+
+@functools.singledispatch
+def yield_lines(iterable):
+    r"""
+    Yield valid lines of a string or iterable.
+
+    >>> list(yield_lines(''))
+    []
+    >>> list(yield_lines(['foo', 'bar']))
+    ['foo', 'bar']
+    >>> list(yield_lines('foo\nbar'))
+    ['foo', 'bar']
+    >>> list(yield_lines('\nfoo\n#bar\nbaz #comment'))
+    ['foo', 'baz #comment']
+    >>> list(yield_lines(['foo\nbar', 'baz', 'bing\n\n\n']))
+    ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'bing']
+    """
+    return itertools.chain.from_iterable(map(yield_lines, iterable))
+
+
+@yield_lines.register(str)
+def _(text):
+    return filter(_nonblank, map(str.strip, text.splitlines()))
+
+
+def drop_comment(line):
+    """
+    Drop comments.
+
+    >>> drop_comment('foo # bar')
+    'foo'
+
+    A hash without a space may be in a URL.
+
+    >>> drop_comment('http://example.com/foo#bar')
+    'http://example.com/foo#bar'
+    """
+    return line.partition(" #")[0]
+
+
+def join_continuation(lines):
+    r"""
+    Join lines continued by a trailing backslash.
+
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar', 'baz']))
+    ['foobar', 'baz']
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar', 'baz']))
+    ['foobar', 'baz']
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo \\', 'bar \\', 'baz']))
+    ['foobarbaz']
+
+    Not sure why, but...
+    The character preceeding the backslash is also elided.
+
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['goo\\', 'dly']))
+    ['godly']
+
+    A terrible idea, but...
+    If no line is available to continue, suppress the lines.
+
+    >>> list(join_continuation(['foo', 'bar\\', 'baz\\']))
+    ['foo']
+    """
+    lines = iter(lines)
+    for item in lines:
+        while item.endswith("\\"):
+            try:
+                item = item[:-2].strip() + next(lines)
+            except StopIteration:
+                return
+        yield item
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/_log.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/_log.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92c4c6a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/_log.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""Customize logging
+
+Defines custom logger class for the `logger.verbose(...)` method.
+
+init_logging() must be called before any other modules that call logging.getLogger.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any, cast
+
+# custom log level for `--verbose` output
+# between DEBUG and INFO
+VERBOSE = 15
+
+
+class VerboseLogger(logging.Logger):
+    """Custom Logger, defining a verbose log-level
+
+    VERBOSE is between INFO and DEBUG.
+    """
+
+    def verbose(self, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        return self.log(VERBOSE, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def getLogger(name: str) -> VerboseLogger:
+    """logging.getLogger, but ensures our VerboseLogger class is returned"""
+    return cast(VerboseLogger, logging.getLogger(name))
+
+
+def init_logging() -> None:
+    """Register our VerboseLogger and VERBOSE log level.
+
+    Should be called before any calls to getLogger(),
+    i.e. in pip._internal.__init__
+    """
+    logging.setLoggerClass(VerboseLogger)
+    logging.addLevelName(VERBOSE, "VERBOSE")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/appdirs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/appdirs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16933bf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/appdirs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+"""
+This code wraps the vendored appdirs module to so the return values are
+compatible for the current pip code base.
+
+The intention is to rewrite current usages gradually, keeping the tests pass,
+and eventually drop this after all usages are changed.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import List
+
+from pip._vendor import platformdirs as _appdirs
+
+
+def user_cache_dir(appname: str) -> str:
+    return _appdirs.user_cache_dir(appname, appauthor=False)
+
+
+def _macos_user_config_dir(appname: str, roaming: bool = True) -> str:
+    # Use ~/Application Support/pip, if the directory exists.
+    path = _appdirs.user_data_dir(appname, appauthor=False, roaming=roaming)
+    if os.path.isdir(path):
+        return path
+
+    # Use a Linux-like ~/.config/pip, by default.
+    linux_like_path = "~/.config/"
+    if appname:
+        linux_like_path = os.path.join(linux_like_path, appname)
+
+    return os.path.expanduser(linux_like_path)
+
+
+def user_config_dir(appname: str, roaming: bool = True) -> str:
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return _macos_user_config_dir(appname, roaming)
+
+    return _appdirs.user_config_dir(appname, appauthor=False, roaming=roaming)
+
+
+# for the discussion regarding site_config_dir locations
+# see <https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1733>
+def site_config_dirs(appname: str) -> List[str]:
+    if sys.platform == "darwin":
+        return [_appdirs.site_data_dir(appname, appauthor=False, multipath=True)]
+
+    dirval = _appdirs.site_config_dir(appname, appauthor=False, multipath=True)
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        return [dirval]
+
+    # Unix-y system. Look in /etc as well.
+    return dirval.split(os.pathsep) + ["/etc"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f4d300c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+"""Stuff that differs in different Python versions and platform
+distributions."""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import sys
+
+__all__ = ["get_path_uid", "stdlib_pkgs", "WINDOWS"]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def has_tls() -> bool:
+    try:
+        import _ssl  # noqa: F401  # ignore unused
+
+        return True
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3.util import IS_PYOPENSSL
+
+    return IS_PYOPENSSL
+
+
+def get_path_uid(path: str) -> int:
+    """
+    Return path's uid.
+
+    Does not follow symlinks:
+        https://github.com/pypa/pip/pull/935#discussion_r5307003
+
+    Placed this function in compat due to differences on AIX and
+    Jython, that should eventually go away.
+
+    :raises OSError: When path is a symlink or can't be read.
+    """
+    if hasattr(os, "O_NOFOLLOW"):
+        fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NOFOLLOW)
+        file_uid = os.fstat(fd).st_uid
+        os.close(fd)
+    else:  # AIX and Jython
+        # WARNING: time of check vulnerability, but best we can do w/o NOFOLLOW
+        if not os.path.islink(path):
+            # older versions of Jython don't have `os.fstat`
+            file_uid = os.stat(path).st_uid
+        else:
+            # raise OSError for parity with os.O_NOFOLLOW above
+            raise OSError(f"{path} is a symlink; Will not return uid for symlinks")
+    return file_uid
+
+
+# packages in the stdlib that may have installation metadata, but should not be
+# considered 'installed'.  this theoretically could be determined based on
+# dist.location (py27:`sysconfig.get_paths()['stdlib']`,
+# py26:sysconfig.get_config_vars('LIBDEST')), but fear platform variation may
+# make this ineffective, so hard-coding
+stdlib_pkgs = {"python", "wsgiref", "argparse"}
+
+
+# windows detection, covers cpython and ironpython
+WINDOWS = sys.platform.startswith("win") or (sys.platform == "cli" and os.name == "nt")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/compatibility_tags.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/compatibility_tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6ed9a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/compatibility_tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+"""Generate and work with PEP 425 Compatibility Tags.
+"""
+
+import re
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.tags import (
+    PythonVersion,
+    Tag,
+    compatible_tags,
+    cpython_tags,
+    generic_tags,
+    interpreter_name,
+    interpreter_version,
+    mac_platforms,
+)
+
+_osx_arch_pat = re.compile(r"(.+)_(\d+)_(\d+)_(.+)")
+
+
+def version_info_to_nodot(version_info: Tuple[int, ...]) -> str:
+    # Only use up to the first two numbers.
+    return "".join(map(str, version_info[:2]))
+
+
+def _mac_platforms(arch: str) -> List[str]:
+    match = _osx_arch_pat.match(arch)
+    if match:
+        name, major, minor, actual_arch = match.groups()
+        mac_version = (int(major), int(minor))
+        arches = [
+            # Since we have always only checked that the platform starts
+            # with "macosx", for backwards-compatibility we extract the
+            # actual prefix provided by the user in case they provided
+            # something like "macosxcustom_". It may be good to remove
+            # this as undocumented or deprecate it in the future.
+            "{}_{}".format(name, arch[len("macosx_") :])
+            for arch in mac_platforms(mac_version, actual_arch)
+        ]
+    else:
+        # arch pattern didn't match (?!)
+        arches = [arch]
+    return arches
+
+
+def _custom_manylinux_platforms(arch: str) -> List[str]:
+    arches = [arch]
+    arch_prefix, arch_sep, arch_suffix = arch.partition("_")
+    if arch_prefix == "manylinux2014":
+        # manylinux1/manylinux2010 wheels run on most manylinux2014 systems
+        # with the exception of wheels depending on ncurses. PEP 599 states
+        # manylinux1/manylinux2010 wheels should be considered
+        # manylinux2014 wheels:
+        # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0599/#backwards-compatibility-with-manylinux2010-wheels
+        if arch_suffix in {"i686", "x86_64"}:
+            arches.append("manylinux2010" + arch_sep + arch_suffix)
+            arches.append("manylinux1" + arch_sep + arch_suffix)
+    elif arch_prefix == "manylinux2010":
+        # manylinux1 wheels run on most manylinux2010 systems with the
+        # exception of wheels depending on ncurses. PEP 571 states
+        # manylinux1 wheels should be considered manylinux2010 wheels:
+        # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0571/#backwards-compatibility-with-manylinux1-wheels
+        arches.append("manylinux1" + arch_sep + arch_suffix)
+    return arches
+
+
+def _get_custom_platforms(arch: str) -> List[str]:
+    arch_prefix, arch_sep, arch_suffix = arch.partition("_")
+    if arch.startswith("macosx"):
+        arches = _mac_platforms(arch)
+    elif arch_prefix in ["manylinux2014", "manylinux2010"]:
+        arches = _custom_manylinux_platforms(arch)
+    else:
+        arches = [arch]
+    return arches
+
+
+def _expand_allowed_platforms(platforms: Optional[List[str]]) -> Optional[List[str]]:
+    if not platforms:
+        return None
+
+    seen = set()
+    result = []
+
+    for p in platforms:
+        if p in seen:
+            continue
+        additions = [c for c in _get_custom_platforms(p) if c not in seen]
+        seen.update(additions)
+        result.extend(additions)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _get_python_version(version: str) -> PythonVersion:
+    if len(version) > 1:
+        return int(version[0]), int(version[1:])
+    else:
+        return (int(version[0]),)
+
+
+def _get_custom_interpreter(
+    implementation: Optional[str] = None, version: Optional[str] = None
+) -> str:
+    if implementation is None:
+        implementation = interpreter_name()
+    if version is None:
+        version = interpreter_version()
+    return f"{implementation}{version}"
+
+
+def get_supported(
+    version: Optional[str] = None,
+    platforms: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    impl: Optional[str] = None,
+    abis: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+) -> List[Tag]:
+    """Return a list of supported tags for each version specified in
+    `versions`.
+
+    :param version: a string version, of the form "33" or "32",
+        or None. The version will be assumed to support our ABI.
+    :param platform: specify a list of platforms you want valid
+        tags for, or None. If None, use the local system platform.
+    :param impl: specify the exact implementation you want valid
+        tags for, or None. If None, use the local interpreter impl.
+    :param abis: specify a list of abis you want valid
+        tags for, or None. If None, use the local interpreter abi.
+    """
+    supported: List[Tag] = []
+
+    python_version: Optional[PythonVersion] = None
+    if version is not None:
+        python_version = _get_python_version(version)
+
+    interpreter = _get_custom_interpreter(impl, version)
+
+    platforms = _expand_allowed_platforms(platforms)
+
+    is_cpython = (impl or interpreter_name()) == "cp"
+    if is_cpython:
+        supported.extend(
+            cpython_tags(
+                python_version=python_version,
+                abis=abis,
+                platforms=platforms,
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        supported.extend(
+            generic_tags(
+                interpreter=interpreter,
+                abis=abis,
+                platforms=platforms,
+            )
+        )
+    supported.extend(
+        compatible_tags(
+            python_version=python_version,
+            interpreter=interpreter,
+            platforms=platforms,
+        )
+    )
+
+    return supported
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/datetime.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/datetime.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8668b3b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/datetime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+"""For when pip wants to check the date or time.
+"""
+
+import datetime
+
+
+def today_is_later_than(year: int, month: int, day: int) -> bool:
+    today = datetime.date.today()
+    given = datetime.date(year, month, day)
+
+    return today > given
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/deprecation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/deprecation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72bd6f25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/deprecation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+"""
+A module that implements tooling to enable easy warnings about deprecations.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import warnings
+from typing import Any, Optional, TextIO, Type, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import parse
+
+from pip import __version__ as current_version  # NOTE: tests patch this name.
+
+DEPRECATION_MSG_PREFIX = "DEPRECATION: "
+
+
+class PipDeprecationWarning(Warning):
+    pass
+
+
+_original_showwarning: Any = None
+
+
+# Warnings <-> Logging Integration
+def _showwarning(
+    message: Union[Warning, str],
+    category: Type[Warning],
+    filename: str,
+    lineno: int,
+    file: Optional[TextIO] = None,
+    line: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    if file is not None:
+        if _original_showwarning is not None:
+            _original_showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file, line)
+    elif issubclass(category, PipDeprecationWarning):
+        # We use a specially named logger which will handle all of the
+        # deprecation messages for pip.
+        logger = logging.getLogger("pip._internal.deprecations")
+        logger.warning(message)
+    else:
+        _original_showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file, line)
+
+
+def install_warning_logger() -> None:
+    # Enable our Deprecation Warnings
+    warnings.simplefilter("default", PipDeprecationWarning, append=True)
+
+    global _original_showwarning
+
+    if _original_showwarning is None:
+        _original_showwarning = warnings.showwarning
+        warnings.showwarning = _showwarning
+
+
+def deprecated(
+    *,
+    reason: str,
+    replacement: Optional[str],
+    gone_in: Optional[str],
+    feature_flag: Optional[str] = None,
+    issue: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Helper to deprecate existing functionality.
+
+    reason:
+        Textual reason shown to the user about why this functionality has
+        been deprecated. Should be a complete sentence.
+    replacement:
+        Textual suggestion shown to the user about what alternative
+        functionality they can use.
+    gone_in:
+        The version of pip does this functionality should get removed in.
+        Raises an error if pip's current version is greater than or equal to
+        this.
+    feature_flag:
+        Command-line flag of the form --use-feature={feature_flag} for testing
+        upcoming functionality.
+    issue:
+        Issue number on the tracker that would serve as a useful place for
+        users to find related discussion and provide feedback.
+    """
+
+    # Determine whether or not the feature is already gone in this version.
+    is_gone = gone_in is not None and parse(current_version) >= parse(gone_in)
+
+    message_parts = [
+        (reason, f"{DEPRECATION_MSG_PREFIX}{{}}"),
+        (
+            gone_in,
+            "pip {} will enforce this behaviour change."
+            if not is_gone
+            else "Since pip {}, this is no longer supported.",
+        ),
+        (
+            replacement,
+            "A possible replacement is {}.",
+        ),
+        (
+            feature_flag,
+            "You can use the flag --use-feature={} to test the upcoming behaviour."
+            if not is_gone
+            else None,
+        ),
+        (
+            issue,
+            "Discussion can be found at https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/{}",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    message = " ".join(
+        format_str.format(value)
+        for value, format_str in message_parts
+        if format_str is not None and value is not None
+    )
+
+    # Raise as an error if this behaviour is deprecated.
+    if is_gone:
+        raise PipDeprecationWarning(message)
+
+    warnings.warn(message, category=PipDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/direct_url_helpers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/direct_url_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e8e5e16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/direct_url_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from pip._internal.models.direct_url import ArchiveInfo, DirectUrl, DirInfo, VcsInfo
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url
+from pip._internal.vcs import vcs
+
+
+def direct_url_as_pep440_direct_reference(direct_url: DirectUrl, name: str) -> str:
+    """Convert a DirectUrl to a pip requirement string."""
+    direct_url.validate()  # if invalid, this is a pip bug
+    requirement = name + " @ "
+    fragments = []
+    if isinstance(direct_url.info, VcsInfo):
+        requirement += "{}+{}@{}".format(
+            direct_url.info.vcs, direct_url.url, direct_url.info.commit_id
+        )
+    elif isinstance(direct_url.info, ArchiveInfo):
+        requirement += direct_url.url
+        if direct_url.info.hash:
+            fragments.append(direct_url.info.hash)
+    else:
+        assert isinstance(direct_url.info, DirInfo)
+        requirement += direct_url.url
+    if direct_url.subdirectory:
+        fragments.append("subdirectory=" + direct_url.subdirectory)
+    if fragments:
+        requirement += "#" + "&".join(fragments)
+    return requirement
+
+
+def direct_url_for_editable(source_dir: str) -> DirectUrl:
+    return DirectUrl(
+        url=path_to_url(source_dir),
+        info=DirInfo(editable=True),
+    )
+
+
+def direct_url_from_link(
+    link: Link, source_dir: Optional[str] = None, link_is_in_wheel_cache: bool = False
+) -> DirectUrl:
+    if link.is_vcs:
+        vcs_backend = vcs.get_backend_for_scheme(link.scheme)
+        assert vcs_backend
+        url, requested_revision, _ = vcs_backend.get_url_rev_and_auth(
+            link.url_without_fragment
+        )
+        # For VCS links, we need to find out and add commit_id.
+        if link_is_in_wheel_cache:
+            # If the requested VCS link corresponds to a cached
+            # wheel, it means the requested revision was an
+            # immutable commit hash, otherwise it would not have
+            # been cached. In that case we don't have a source_dir
+            # with the VCS checkout.
+            assert requested_revision
+            commit_id = requested_revision
+        else:
+            # If the wheel was not in cache, it means we have
+            # had to checkout from VCS to build and we have a source_dir
+            # which we can inspect to find out the commit id.
+            assert source_dir
+            commit_id = vcs_backend.get_revision(source_dir)
+        return DirectUrl(
+            url=url,
+            info=VcsInfo(
+                vcs=vcs_backend.name,
+                commit_id=commit_id,
+                requested_revision=requested_revision,
+            ),
+            subdirectory=link.subdirectory_fragment,
+        )
+    elif link.is_existing_dir():
+        return DirectUrl(
+            url=link.url_without_fragment,
+            info=DirInfo(),
+            subdirectory=link.subdirectory_fragment,
+        )
+    else:
+        hash = None
+        hash_name = link.hash_name
+        if hash_name:
+            hash = f"{hash_name}={link.hash}"
+        return DirectUrl(
+            url=link.url_without_fragment,
+            info=ArchiveInfo(hash=hash),
+            subdirectory=link.subdirectory_fragment,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/egg_link.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/egg_link.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a384a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/egg_link.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.locations import site_packages, user_site
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import (
+    running_under_virtualenv,
+    virtualenv_no_global,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "egg_link_path_from_sys_path",
+    "egg_link_path_from_location",
+]
+
+
+def _egg_link_names(raw_name: str) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Convert a Name metadata value to a .egg-link name, by applying
+    the same substitution as pkg_resources's safe_name function.
+    Note: we cannot use canonicalize_name because it has a different logic.
+
+    We also look for the raw name (without normalization) as setuptools 69 changed
+    the way it names .egg-link files (https://github.com/pypa/setuptools/issues/4167).
+    """
+    return [
+        re.sub("[^A-Za-z0-9.]+", "-", raw_name) + ".egg-link",
+        f"{raw_name}.egg-link",
+    ]
+
+
+def egg_link_path_from_sys_path(raw_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Look for a .egg-link file for project name, by walking sys.path.
+    """
+    egg_link_names = _egg_link_names(raw_name)
+    for path_item in sys.path:
+        for egg_link_name in egg_link_names:
+            egg_link = os.path.join(path_item, egg_link_name)
+            if os.path.isfile(egg_link):
+                return egg_link
+    return None
+
+
+def egg_link_path_from_location(raw_name: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Return the path for the .egg-link file if it exists, otherwise, None.
+
+    There's 3 scenarios:
+    1) not in a virtualenv
+       try to find in site.USER_SITE, then site_packages
+    2) in a no-global virtualenv
+       try to find in site_packages
+    3) in a yes-global virtualenv
+       try to find in site_packages, then site.USER_SITE
+       (don't look in global location)
+
+    For #1 and #3, there could be odd cases, where there's an egg-link in 2
+    locations.
+
+    This method will just return the first one found.
+    """
+    sites: List[str] = []
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        sites.append(site_packages)
+        if not virtualenv_no_global() and user_site:
+            sites.append(user_site)
+    else:
+        if user_site:
+            sites.append(user_site)
+        sites.append(site_packages)
+
+    egg_link_names = _egg_link_names(raw_name)
+    for site in sites:
+        for egg_link_name in egg_link_names:
+            egglink = os.path.join(site, egg_link_name)
+            if os.path.isfile(egglink):
+                return egglink
+    return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/encoding.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/encoding.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..008f06a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/encoding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+import codecs
+import locale
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import List, Tuple
+
+BOMS: List[Tuple[bytes, str]] = [
+    (codecs.BOM_UTF8, "utf-8"),
+    (codecs.BOM_UTF16, "utf-16"),
+    (codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE, "utf-16-be"),
+    (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, "utf-16-le"),
+    (codecs.BOM_UTF32, "utf-32"),
+    (codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE, "utf-32-be"),
+    (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, "utf-32-le"),
+]
+
+ENCODING_RE = re.compile(rb"coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)")
+
+
+def auto_decode(data: bytes) -> str:
+    """Check a bytes string for a BOM to correctly detect the encoding
+
+    Fallback to locale.getpreferredencoding(False) like open() on Python3"""
+    for bom, encoding in BOMS:
+        if data.startswith(bom):
+            return data[len(bom) :].decode(encoding)
+    # Lets check the first two lines as in PEP263
+    for line in data.split(b"\n")[:2]:
+        if line[0:1] == b"#" and ENCODING_RE.search(line):
+            result = ENCODING_RE.search(line)
+            assert result is not None
+            encoding = result.groups()[0].decode("ascii")
+            return data.decode(encoding)
+    return data.decode(
+        locale.getpreferredencoding(False) or sys.getdefaultencoding(),
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/entrypoints.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/entrypoints.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15013693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/entrypoints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import itertools
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.cli.main import main
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+
+_EXECUTABLE_NAMES = [
+    "pip",
+    f"pip{sys.version_info.major}",
+    f"pip{sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}",
+]
+if WINDOWS:
+    _allowed_extensions = {"", ".exe"}
+    _EXECUTABLE_NAMES = [
+        "".join(parts)
+        for parts in itertools.product(_EXECUTABLE_NAMES, _allowed_extensions)
+    ]
+
+
+def _wrapper(args: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> int:
+    """Central wrapper for all old entrypoints.
+
+    Historically pip has had several entrypoints defined. Because of issues
+    arising from PATH, sys.path, multiple Pythons, their interactions, and most
+    of them having a pip installed, users suffer every time an entrypoint gets
+    moved.
+
+    To alleviate this pain, and provide a mechanism for warning users and
+    directing them to an appropriate place for help, we now define all of
+    our old entrypoints as wrappers for the current one.
+    """
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        "WARNING: pip is being invoked by an old script wrapper. This will "
+        "fail in a future version of pip.\n"
+        "Please see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/5599 for advice on "
+        "fixing the underlying issue.\n"
+        "To avoid this problem you can invoke Python with '-m pip' instead of "
+        "running pip directly.\n"
+    )
+    return main(args)
+
+
+def get_best_invocation_for_this_pip() -> str:
+    """Try to figure out the best way to invoke pip in the current environment."""
+    binary_directory = "Scripts" if WINDOWS else "bin"
+    binary_prefix = os.path.join(sys.prefix, binary_directory)
+
+    # Try to use pip[X[.Y]] names, if those executables for this environment are
+    # the first on PATH with that name.
+    path_parts = os.path.normcase(os.environ.get("PATH", "")).split(os.pathsep)
+    exe_are_in_PATH = os.path.normcase(binary_prefix) in path_parts
+    if exe_are_in_PATH:
+        for exe_name in _EXECUTABLE_NAMES:
+            found_executable = shutil.which(exe_name)
+            binary_executable = os.path.join(binary_prefix, exe_name)
+            if (
+                found_executable
+                and os.path.exists(binary_executable)
+                and os.path.samefile(
+                    found_executable,
+                    binary_executable,
+                )
+            ):
+                return exe_name
+
+    # Use the `-m` invocation, if there's no "nice" invocation.
+    return f"{get_best_invocation_for_this_python()} -m pip"
+
+
+def get_best_invocation_for_this_python() -> str:
+    """Try to figure out the best way to invoke the current Python."""
+    exe = sys.executable
+    exe_name = os.path.basename(exe)
+
+    # Try to use the basename, if it's the first executable.
+    found_executable = shutil.which(exe_name)
+    if found_executable and os.path.samefile(found_executable, exe):
+        return exe_name
+
+    # Use the full executable name, because we couldn't find something simpler.
+    return exe
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/filesystem.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/filesystem.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83c2df75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/filesystem.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+import fnmatch
+import os
+import os.path
+import random
+import sys
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, Generator, List, Union, cast
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import retry, stop_after_delay, wait_fixed
+
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import get_path_uid
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import format_size
+
+
+def check_path_owner(path: str) -> bool:
+    # If we don't have a way to check the effective uid of this process, then
+    # we'll just assume that we own the directory.
+    if sys.platform == "win32" or not hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+        return True
+
+    assert os.path.isabs(path)
+
+    previous = None
+    while path != previous:
+        if os.path.lexists(path):
+            # Check if path is writable by current user.
+            if os.geteuid() == 0:
+                # Special handling for root user in order to handle properly
+                # cases where users use sudo without -H flag.
+                try:
+                    path_uid = get_path_uid(path)
+                except OSError:
+                    return False
+                return path_uid == 0
+            else:
+                return os.access(path, os.W_OK)
+        else:
+            previous, path = path, os.path.dirname(path)
+    return False  # assume we don't own the path
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def adjacent_tmp_file(path: str, **kwargs: Any) -> Generator[BinaryIO, None, None]:
+    """Return a file-like object pointing to a tmp file next to path.
+
+    The file is created securely and is ensured to be written to disk
+    after the context reaches its end.
+
+    kwargs will be passed to tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile to control
+    the way the temporary file will be opened.
+    """
+    with NamedTemporaryFile(
+        delete=False,
+        dir=os.path.dirname(path),
+        prefix=os.path.basename(path),
+        suffix=".tmp",
+        **kwargs,
+    ) as f:
+        result = cast(BinaryIO, f)
+        try:
+            yield result
+        finally:
+            result.flush()
+            os.fsync(result.fileno())
+
+
+# Tenacity raises RetryError by default, explicitly raise the original exception
+_replace_retry = retry(reraise=True, stop=stop_after_delay(1), wait=wait_fixed(0.25))
+
+replace = _replace_retry(os.replace)
+
+
+# test_writable_dir and _test_writable_dir_win are copied from Flit,
+# with the author's agreement to also place them under pip's license.
+def test_writable_dir(path: str) -> bool:
+    """Check if a directory is writable.
+
+    Uses os.access() on POSIX, tries creating files on Windows.
+    """
+    # If the directory doesn't exist, find the closest parent that does.
+    while not os.path.isdir(path):
+        parent = os.path.dirname(path)
+        if parent == path:
+            break  # Should never get here, but infinite loops are bad
+        path = parent
+
+    if os.name == "posix":
+        return os.access(path, os.W_OK)
+
+    return _test_writable_dir_win(path)
+
+
+def _test_writable_dir_win(path: str) -> bool:
+    # os.access doesn't work on Windows: http://bugs.python.org/issue2528
+    # and we can't use tempfile: http://bugs.python.org/issue22107
+    basename = "accesstest_deleteme_fishfingers_custard_"
+    alphabet = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"
+    for _ in range(10):
+        name = basename + "".join(random.choice(alphabet) for _ in range(6))
+        file = os.path.join(path, name)
+        try:
+            fd = os.open(file, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL)
+        except FileExistsError:
+            pass
+        except PermissionError:
+            # This could be because there's a directory with the same name.
+            # But it's highly unlikely there's a directory called that,
+            # so we'll assume it's because the parent dir is not writable.
+            # This could as well be because the parent dir is not readable,
+            # due to non-privileged user access.
+            return False
+        else:
+            os.close(fd)
+            os.unlink(file)
+            return True
+
+    # This should never be reached
+    raise OSError("Unexpected condition testing for writable directory")
+
+
+def find_files(path: str, pattern: str) -> List[str]:
+    """Returns a list of absolute paths of files beneath path, recursively,
+    with filenames which match the UNIX-style shell glob pattern."""
+    result: List[str] = []
+    for root, _, files in os.walk(path):
+        matches = fnmatch.filter(files, pattern)
+        result.extend(os.path.join(root, f) for f in matches)
+    return result
+
+
+def file_size(path: str) -> Union[int, float]:
+    # If it's a symlink, return 0.
+    if os.path.islink(path):
+        return 0
+    return os.path.getsize(path)
+
+
+def format_file_size(path: str) -> str:
+    return format_size(file_size(path))
+
+
+def directory_size(path: str) -> Union[int, float]:
+    size = 0.0
+    for root, _dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+        for filename in files:
+            file_path = os.path.join(root, filename)
+            size += file_size(file_path)
+    return size
+
+
+def format_directory_size(path: str) -> str:
+    return format_size(directory_size(path))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/filetypes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/filetypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59485701
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/filetypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""Filetype information.
+"""
+
+from typing import Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import splitext
+
+WHEEL_EXTENSION = ".whl"
+BZ2_EXTENSIONS: Tuple[str, ...] = (".tar.bz2", ".tbz")
+XZ_EXTENSIONS: Tuple[str, ...] = (
+    ".tar.xz",
+    ".txz",
+    ".tlz",
+    ".tar.lz",
+    ".tar.lzma",
+)
+ZIP_EXTENSIONS: Tuple[str, ...] = (".zip", WHEEL_EXTENSION)
+TAR_EXTENSIONS: Tuple[str, ...] = (".tar.gz", ".tgz", ".tar")
+ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS = ZIP_EXTENSIONS + BZ2_EXTENSIONS + TAR_EXTENSIONS + XZ_EXTENSIONS
+
+
+def is_archive_file(name: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True if `name` is a considered as an archive file."""
+    ext = splitext(name)[1].lower()
+    if ext in ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS:
+        return True
+    return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/glibc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/glibc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81342afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/glibc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import Optional, Tuple
+
+
+def glibc_version_string() -> Optional[str]:
+    "Returns glibc version string, or None if not using glibc."
+    return glibc_version_string_confstr() or glibc_version_string_ctypes()
+
+
+def glibc_version_string_confstr() -> Optional[str]:
+    "Primary implementation of glibc_version_string using os.confstr."
+    # os.confstr is quite a bit faster than ctypes.DLL. It's also less likely
+    # to be broken or missing. This strategy is used in the standard library
+    # platform module:
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/fcf1d003bf4f0100c9d0921ff3d70e1127ca1b71/Lib/platform.py#L175-L183
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        return None
+    try:
+        gnu_libc_version = os.confstr("CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION")
+        if gnu_libc_version is None:
+            return None
+        # os.confstr("CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION") returns a string like "glibc 2.17":
+        _, version = gnu_libc_version.split()
+    except (AttributeError, OSError, ValueError):
+        # os.confstr() or CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION not available (or a bad value)...
+        return None
+    return version
+
+
+def glibc_version_string_ctypes() -> Optional[str]:
+    "Fallback implementation of glibc_version_string using ctypes."
+
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    # ctypes.CDLL(None) internally calls dlopen(NULL), and as the dlopen
+    # manpage says, "If filename is NULL, then the returned handle is for the
+    # main program". This way we can let the linker do the work to figure out
+    # which libc our process is actually using.
+    process_namespace = ctypes.CDLL(None)
+    try:
+        gnu_get_libc_version = process_namespace.gnu_get_libc_version
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Symbol doesn't exist -> therefore, we are not linked to
+        # glibc.
+        return None
+
+    # Call gnu_get_libc_version, which returns a string like "2.5"
+    gnu_get_libc_version.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    version_str = gnu_get_libc_version()
+    # py2 / py3 compatibility:
+    if not isinstance(version_str, str):
+        version_str = version_str.decode("ascii")
+
+    return version_str
+
+
+# platform.libc_ver regularly returns completely nonsensical glibc
+# versions. E.g. on my computer, platform says:
+#
+#   ~$ python2.7 -c 'import platform; print(platform.libc_ver())'
+#   ('glibc', '2.7')
+#   ~$ python3.5 -c 'import platform; print(platform.libc_ver())'
+#   ('glibc', '2.9')
+#
+# But the truth is:
+#
+#   ~$ ldd --version
+#   ldd (Debian GLIBC 2.22-11) 2.22
+#
+# This is unfortunate, because it means that the linehaul data on libc
+# versions that was generated by pip 8.1.2 and earlier is useless and
+# misleading. Solution: instead of using platform, use our code that actually
+# works.
+def libc_ver() -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    """Try to determine the glibc version
+
+    Returns a tuple of strings (lib, version) which default to empty strings
+    in case the lookup fails.
+    """
+    glibc_version = glibc_version_string()
+    if glibc_version is None:
+        return ("", "")
+    else:
+        return ("glibc", glibc_version)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/hashes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/hashes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..843cffc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/hashes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import hashlib
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, BinaryIO, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import HashMismatch, HashMissing, InstallationError
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import read_chunks
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from hashlib import _Hash
+
+    # NoReturn introduced in 3.6.2; imported only for type checking to maintain
+    # pip compatibility with older patch versions of Python 3.6
+    from typing import NoReturn
+
+
+# The recommended hash algo of the moment. Change this whenever the state of
+# the art changes; it won't hurt backward compatibility.
+FAVORITE_HASH = "sha256"
+
+
+# Names of hashlib algorithms allowed by the --hash option and ``pip hash``
+# Currently, those are the ones at least as collision-resistant as sha256.
+STRONG_HASHES = ["sha256", "sha384", "sha512"]
+
+
+class Hashes:
+    """A wrapper that builds multiple hashes at once and checks them against
+    known-good values
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, hashes: Optional[Dict[str, List[str]]] = None) -> None:
+        """
+        :param hashes: A dict of algorithm names pointing to lists of allowed
+            hex digests
+        """
+        allowed = {}
+        if hashes is not None:
+            for alg, keys in hashes.items():
+                # Make sure values are always sorted (to ease equality checks)
+                allowed[alg] = sorted(keys)
+        self._allowed = allowed
+
+    def __and__(self, other: "Hashes") -> "Hashes":
+        if not isinstance(other, Hashes):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        # If either of the Hashes object is entirely empty (i.e. no hash
+        # specified at all), all hashes from the other object are allowed.
+        if not other:
+            return self
+        if not self:
+            return other
+
+        # Otherwise only hashes that present in both objects are allowed.
+        new = {}
+        for alg, values in other._allowed.items():
+            if alg not in self._allowed:
+                continue
+            new[alg] = [v for v in values if v in self._allowed[alg]]
+        return Hashes(new)
+
+    @property
+    def digest_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(len(digests) for digests in self._allowed.values())
+
+    def is_hash_allowed(self, hash_name: str, hex_digest: str) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the given hex digest is allowed."""
+        return hex_digest in self._allowed.get(hash_name, [])
+
+    def check_against_chunks(self, chunks: Iterable[bytes]) -> None:
+        """Check good hashes against ones built from iterable of chunks of
+        data.
+
+        Raise HashMismatch if none match.
+
+        """
+        gots = {}
+        for hash_name in self._allowed.keys():
+            try:
+                gots[hash_name] = hashlib.new(hash_name)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                raise InstallationError(f"Unknown hash name: {hash_name}")
+
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            for hash in gots.values():
+                hash.update(chunk)
+
+        for hash_name, got in gots.items():
+            if got.hexdigest() in self._allowed[hash_name]:
+                return
+        self._raise(gots)
+
+    def _raise(self, gots: Dict[str, "_Hash"]) -> "NoReturn":
+        raise HashMismatch(self._allowed, gots)
+
+    def check_against_file(self, file: BinaryIO) -> None:
+        """Check good hashes against a file-like object
+
+        Raise HashMismatch if none match.
+
+        """
+        return self.check_against_chunks(read_chunks(file))
+
+    def check_against_path(self, path: str) -> None:
+        with open(path, "rb") as file:
+            return self.check_against_file(file)
+
+    def has_one_of(self, hashes: Dict[str, str]) -> bool:
+        """Return whether any of the given hashes are allowed."""
+        for hash_name, hex_digest in hashes.items():
+            if self.is_hash_allowed(hash_name, hex_digest):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether I know any known-good hashes."""
+        return bool(self._allowed)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Hashes):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self._allowed == other._allowed
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(
+            ",".join(
+                sorted(
+                    ":".join((alg, digest))
+                    for alg, digest_list in self._allowed.items()
+                    for digest in digest_list
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class MissingHashes(Hashes):
+    """A workalike for Hashes used when we're missing a hash for a requirement
+
+    It computes the actual hash of the requirement and raises a HashMissing
+    exception showing it to the user.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Don't offer the ``hashes`` kwarg."""
+        # Pass our favorite hash in to generate a "gotten hash". With the
+        # empty list, it will never match, so an error will always raise.
+        super().__init__(hashes={FAVORITE_HASH: []})
+
+    def _raise(self, gots: Dict[str, "_Hash"]) -> "NoReturn":
+        raise HashMissing(gots[FAVORITE_HASH].hexdigest())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/logging.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95982dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+import contextlib
+import errno
+import logging
+import logging.handlers
+import os
+import sys
+import threading
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from io import TextIOWrapper
+from logging import Filter
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generator, List, Optional, TextIO, Type
+
+from pip._vendor.rich.console import (
+    Console,
+    ConsoleOptions,
+    ConsoleRenderable,
+    RenderableType,
+    RenderResult,
+    RichCast,
+)
+from pip._vendor.rich.highlighter import NullHighlighter
+from pip._vendor.rich.logging import RichHandler
+from pip._vendor.rich.segment import Segment
+from pip._vendor.rich.style import Style
+
+from pip._internal.utils._log import VERBOSE, getLogger
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.deprecation import DEPRECATION_MSG_PREFIX
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir
+
+_log_state = threading.local()
+subprocess_logger = getLogger("pip.subprocessor")
+
+
+class BrokenStdoutLoggingError(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised if BrokenPipeError occurs for the stdout stream while logging.
+    """
+
+
+def _is_broken_pipe_error(exc_class: Type[BaseException], exc: BaseException) -> bool:
+    if exc_class is BrokenPipeError:
+        return True
+
+    # On Windows, a broken pipe can show up as EINVAL rather than EPIPE:
+    # https://bugs.python.org/issue19612
+    # https://bugs.python.org/issue30418
+    if not WINDOWS:
+        return False
+
+    return isinstance(exc, OSError) and exc.errno in (errno.EINVAL, errno.EPIPE)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def indent_log(num: int = 2) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """
+    A context manager which will cause the log output to be indented for any
+    log messages emitted inside it.
+    """
+    # For thread-safety
+    _log_state.indentation = get_indentation()
+    _log_state.indentation += num
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        _log_state.indentation -= num
+
+
+def get_indentation() -> int:
+    return getattr(_log_state, "indentation", 0)
+
+
+class IndentingFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+    default_time_format = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: Any,
+        add_timestamp: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        A logging.Formatter that obeys the indent_log() context manager.
+
+        :param add_timestamp: A bool indicating output lines should be prefixed
+            with their record's timestamp.
+        """
+        self.add_timestamp = add_timestamp
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_message_start(self, formatted: str, levelno: int) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the start of the formatted log message (not counting the
+        prefix to add to each line).
+        """
+        if levelno < logging.WARNING:
+            return ""
+        if formatted.startswith(DEPRECATION_MSG_PREFIX):
+            # Then the message already has a prefix.  We don't want it to
+            # look like "WARNING: DEPRECATION: ...."
+            return ""
+        if levelno < logging.ERROR:
+            return "WARNING: "
+
+        return "ERROR: "
+
+    def format(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
+        """
+        Calls the standard formatter, but will indent all of the log message
+        lines by our current indentation level.
+        """
+        formatted = super().format(record)
+        message_start = self.get_message_start(formatted, record.levelno)
+        formatted = message_start + formatted
+
+        prefix = ""
+        if self.add_timestamp:
+            prefix = f"{self.formatTime(record)} "
+        prefix += " " * get_indentation()
+        formatted = "".join([prefix + line for line in formatted.splitlines(True)])
+        return formatted
+
+
+@dataclass
+class IndentedRenderable:
+    renderable: RenderableType
+    indent: int
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        segments = console.render(self.renderable, options)
+        lines = Segment.split_lines(segments)
+        for line in lines:
+            yield Segment(" " * self.indent)
+            yield from line
+            yield Segment("\n")
+
+
+class RichPipStreamHandler(RichHandler):
+    KEYWORDS: ClassVar[Optional[List[str]]] = []
+
+    def __init__(self, stream: Optional[TextIO], no_color: bool) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            console=Console(file=stream, no_color=no_color, soft_wrap=True),
+            show_time=False,
+            show_level=False,
+            show_path=False,
+            highlighter=NullHighlighter(),
+        )
+
+    # Our custom override on Rich's logger, to make things work as we need them to.
+    def emit(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> None:
+        style: Optional[Style] = None
+
+        # If we are given a diagnostic error to present, present it with indentation.
+        assert isinstance(record.args, tuple)
+        if getattr(record, "rich", False):
+            (rich_renderable,) = record.args
+            assert isinstance(
+                rich_renderable, (ConsoleRenderable, RichCast, str)
+            ), f"{rich_renderable} is not rich-console-renderable"
+
+            renderable: RenderableType = IndentedRenderable(
+                rich_renderable, indent=get_indentation()
+            )
+        else:
+            message = self.format(record)
+            renderable = self.render_message(record, message)
+            if record.levelno is not None:
+                if record.levelno >= logging.ERROR:
+                    style = Style(color="red")
+                elif record.levelno >= logging.WARNING:
+                    style = Style(color="yellow")
+
+        try:
+            self.console.print(renderable, overflow="ignore", crop=False, style=style)
+        except Exception:
+            self.handleError(record)
+
+    def handleError(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> None:
+        """Called when logging is unable to log some output."""
+
+        exc_class, exc = sys.exc_info()[:2]
+        # If a broken pipe occurred while calling write() or flush() on the
+        # stdout stream in logging's Handler.emit(), then raise our special
+        # exception so we can handle it in main() instead of logging the
+        # broken pipe error and continuing.
+        if (
+            exc_class
+            and exc
+            and self.console.file is sys.stdout
+            and _is_broken_pipe_error(exc_class, exc)
+        ):
+            raise BrokenStdoutLoggingError()
+
+        return super().handleError(record)
+
+
+class BetterRotatingFileHandler(logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler):
+    def _open(self) -> TextIOWrapper:
+        ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(self.baseFilename))
+        return super()._open()
+
+
+class MaxLevelFilter(Filter):
+    def __init__(self, level: int) -> None:
+        self.level = level
+
+    def filter(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> bool:
+        return record.levelno < self.level
+
+
+class ExcludeLoggerFilter(Filter):
+
+    """
+    A logging Filter that excludes records from a logger (or its children).
+    """
+
+    def filter(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> bool:
+        # The base Filter class allows only records from a logger (or its
+        # children).
+        return not super().filter(record)
+
+
+def setup_logging(verbosity: int, no_color: bool, user_log_file: Optional[str]) -> int:
+    """Configures and sets up all of the logging
+
+    Returns the requested logging level, as its integer value.
+    """
+
+    # Determine the level to be logging at.
+    if verbosity >= 2:
+        level_number = logging.DEBUG
+    elif verbosity == 1:
+        level_number = VERBOSE
+    elif verbosity == -1:
+        level_number = logging.WARNING
+    elif verbosity == -2:
+        level_number = logging.ERROR
+    elif verbosity <= -3:
+        level_number = logging.CRITICAL
+    else:
+        level_number = logging.INFO
+
+    level = logging.getLevelName(level_number)
+
+    # The "root" logger should match the "console" level *unless* we also need
+    # to log to a user log file.
+    include_user_log = user_log_file is not None
+    if include_user_log:
+        additional_log_file = user_log_file
+        root_level = "DEBUG"
+    else:
+        additional_log_file = "/dev/null"
+        root_level = level
+
+    # Disable any logging besides WARNING unless we have DEBUG level logging
+    # enabled for vendored libraries.
+    vendored_log_level = "WARNING" if level in ["INFO", "ERROR"] else "DEBUG"
+
+    # Shorthands for clarity
+    log_streams = {
+        "stdout": "ext://sys.stdout",
+        "stderr": "ext://sys.stderr",
+    }
+    handler_classes = {
+        "stream": "pip._internal.utils.logging.RichPipStreamHandler",
+        "file": "pip._internal.utils.logging.BetterRotatingFileHandler",
+    }
+    handlers = ["console", "console_errors", "console_subprocess"] + (
+        ["user_log"] if include_user_log else []
+    )
+
+    logging.config.dictConfig(
+        {
+            "version": 1,
+            "disable_existing_loggers": False,
+            "filters": {
+                "exclude_warnings": {
+                    "()": "pip._internal.utils.logging.MaxLevelFilter",
+                    "level": logging.WARNING,
+                },
+                "restrict_to_subprocess": {
+                    "()": "logging.Filter",
+                    "name": subprocess_logger.name,
+                },
+                "exclude_subprocess": {
+                    "()": "pip._internal.utils.logging.ExcludeLoggerFilter",
+                    "name": subprocess_logger.name,
+                },
+            },
+            "formatters": {
+                "indent": {
+                    "()": IndentingFormatter,
+                    "format": "%(message)s",
+                },
+                "indent_with_timestamp": {
+                    "()": IndentingFormatter,
+                    "format": "%(message)s",
+                    "add_timestamp": True,
+                },
+            },
+            "handlers": {
+                "console": {
+                    "level": level,
+                    "class": handler_classes["stream"],
+                    "no_color": no_color,
+                    "stream": log_streams["stdout"],
+                    "filters": ["exclude_subprocess", "exclude_warnings"],
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+                "console_errors": {
+                    "level": "WARNING",
+                    "class": handler_classes["stream"],
+                    "no_color": no_color,
+                    "stream": log_streams["stderr"],
+                    "filters": ["exclude_subprocess"],
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+                # A handler responsible for logging to the console messages
+                # from the "subprocessor" logger.
+                "console_subprocess": {
+                    "level": level,
+                    "class": handler_classes["stream"],
+                    "stream": log_streams["stderr"],
+                    "no_color": no_color,
+                    "filters": ["restrict_to_subprocess"],
+                    "formatter": "indent",
+                },
+                "user_log": {
+                    "level": "DEBUG",
+                    "class": handler_classes["file"],
+                    "filename": additional_log_file,
+                    "encoding": "utf-8",
+                    "delay": True,
+                    "formatter": "indent_with_timestamp",
+                },
+            },
+            "root": {
+                "level": root_level,
+                "handlers": handlers,
+            },
+            "loggers": {"pip._vendor": {"level": vendored_log_level}},
+        }
+    )
+
+    return level_number
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/misc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ad3f616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,783 @@
+import contextlib
+import errno
+import getpass
+import hashlib
+import io
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import shutil
+import stat
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+import urllib.parse
+from functools import partial
+from io import StringIO
+from itertools import filterfalse, tee, zip_longest
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import FunctionType, TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    BinaryIO,
+    Callable,
+    ContextManager,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+from pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks import BuildBackendHookCaller
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import retry, stop_after_delay, wait_fixed
+
+from pip import __version__
+from pip._internal.exceptions import CommandError, ExternallyManagedEnvironment
+from pip._internal.locations import get_major_minor_version
+from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+from pip._internal.utils.virtualenv import running_under_virtualenv
+
+__all__ = [
+    "rmtree",
+    "display_path",
+    "backup_dir",
+    "ask",
+    "splitext",
+    "format_size",
+    "is_installable_dir",
+    "normalize_path",
+    "renames",
+    "get_prog",
+    "captured_stdout",
+    "ensure_dir",
+    "remove_auth_from_url",
+    "check_externally_managed",
+    "ConfiguredBuildBackendHookCaller",
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+ExcInfo = Tuple[Type[BaseException], BaseException, TracebackType]
+VersionInfo = Tuple[int, int, int]
+NetlocTuple = Tuple[str, Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]
+OnExc = Callable[[FunctionType, Path, BaseException], Any]
+OnErr = Callable[[FunctionType, Path, ExcInfo], Any]
+
+
+def get_pip_version() -> str:
+    pip_pkg_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "..")
+    pip_pkg_dir = os.path.abspath(pip_pkg_dir)
+
+    return f"pip {__version__} from {pip_pkg_dir} (python {get_major_minor_version()})"
+
+
+def normalize_version_info(py_version_info: Tuple[int, ...]) -> Tuple[int, int, int]:
+    """
+    Convert a tuple of ints representing a Python version to one of length
+    three.
+
+    :param py_version_info: a tuple of ints representing a Python version,
+        or None to specify no version. The tuple can have any length.
+
+    :return: a tuple of length three if `py_version_info` is non-None.
+        Otherwise, return `py_version_info` unchanged (i.e. None).
+    """
+    if len(py_version_info) < 3:
+        py_version_info += (3 - len(py_version_info)) * (0,)
+    elif len(py_version_info) > 3:
+        py_version_info = py_version_info[:3]
+
+    return cast("VersionInfo", py_version_info)
+
+
+def ensure_dir(path: str) -> None:
+    """os.path.makedirs without EEXIST."""
+    try:
+        os.makedirs(path)
+    except OSError as e:
+        # Windows can raise spurious ENOTEMPTY errors. See #6426.
+        if e.errno != errno.EEXIST and e.errno != errno.ENOTEMPTY:
+            raise
+
+
+def get_prog() -> str:
+    try:
+        prog = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
+        if prog in ("__main__.py", "-c"):
+            return f"{sys.executable} -m pip"
+        else:
+            return prog
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError, IndexError):
+        pass
+    return "pip"
+
+
+# Retry every half second for up to 3 seconds
+# Tenacity raises RetryError by default, explicitly raise the original exception
+@retry(reraise=True, stop=stop_after_delay(3), wait=wait_fixed(0.5))
+def rmtree(
+    dir: str,
+    ignore_errors: bool = False,
+    onexc: Optional[OnExc] = None,
+) -> None:
+    if ignore_errors:
+        onexc = _onerror_ignore
+    if onexc is None:
+        onexc = _onerror_reraise
+    handler: OnErr = partial(
+        # `[func, path, Union[ExcInfo, BaseException]] -> Any` is equivalent to
+        # `Union[([func, path, ExcInfo] -> Any), ([func, path, BaseException] -> Any)]`.
+        cast(Union[OnExc, OnErr], rmtree_errorhandler),
+        onexc=onexc,
+    )
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        # See https://docs.python.org/3.12/whatsnew/3.12.html#shutil.
+        shutil.rmtree(dir, onexc=handler)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        shutil.rmtree(dir, onerror=handler)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _onerror_ignore(*_args: Any) -> None:
+    pass
+
+
+def _onerror_reraise(*_args: Any) -> None:
+    raise
+
+
+def rmtree_errorhandler(
+    func: FunctionType,
+    path: Path,
+    exc_info: Union[ExcInfo, BaseException],
+    *,
+    onexc: OnExc = _onerror_reraise,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    `rmtree` error handler to 'force' a file remove (i.e. like `rm -f`).
+
+    * If a file is readonly then it's write flag is set and operation is
+      retried.
+
+    * `onerror` is the original callback from `rmtree(... onerror=onerror)`
+      that is chained at the end if the "rm -f" still fails.
+    """
+    try:
+        st_mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+    except OSError:
+        # it's equivalent to os.path.exists
+        return
+
+    if not st_mode & stat.S_IWRITE:
+        # convert to read/write
+        try:
+            os.chmod(path, st_mode | stat.S_IWRITE)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            # use the original function to repeat the operation
+            try:
+                func(path)
+                return
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+    if not isinstance(exc_info, BaseException):
+        _, exc_info, _ = exc_info
+    onexc(func, path, exc_info)
+
+
+def display_path(path: str) -> str:
+    """Gives the display value for a given path, making it relative to cwd
+    if possible."""
+    path = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(path))
+    if path.startswith(os.getcwd() + os.path.sep):
+        path = "." + path[len(os.getcwd()) :]
+    return path
+
+
+def backup_dir(dir: str, ext: str = ".bak") -> str:
+    """Figure out the name of a directory to back up the given dir to
+    (adding .bak, .bak2, etc)"""
+    n = 1
+    extension = ext
+    while os.path.exists(dir + extension):
+        n += 1
+        extension = ext + str(n)
+    return dir + extension
+
+
+def ask_path_exists(message: str, options: Iterable[str]) -> str:
+    for action in os.environ.get("PIP_EXISTS_ACTION", "").split():
+        if action in options:
+            return action
+    return ask(message, options)
+
+
+def _check_no_input(message: str) -> None:
+    """Raise an error if no input is allowed."""
+    if os.environ.get("PIP_NO_INPUT"):
+        raise Exception(
+            f"No input was expected ($PIP_NO_INPUT set); question: {message}"
+        )
+
+
+def ask(message: str, options: Iterable[str]) -> str:
+    """Ask the message interactively, with the given possible responses"""
+    while 1:
+        _check_no_input(message)
+        response = input(message)
+        response = response.strip().lower()
+        if response not in options:
+            print(
+                "Your response ({!r}) was not one of the expected responses: "
+                "{}".format(response, ", ".join(options))
+            )
+        else:
+            return response
+
+
+def ask_input(message: str) -> str:
+    """Ask for input interactively."""
+    _check_no_input(message)
+    return input(message)
+
+
+def ask_password(message: str) -> str:
+    """Ask for a password interactively."""
+    _check_no_input(message)
+    return getpass.getpass(message)
+
+
+def strtobool(val: str) -> int:
+    """Convert a string representation of truth to true (1) or false (0).
+
+    True values are 'y', 'yes', 't', 'true', 'on', and '1'; false values
+    are 'n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', and '0'.  Raises ValueError if
+    'val' is anything else.
+    """
+    val = val.lower()
+    if val in ("y", "yes", "t", "true", "on", "1"):
+        return 1
+    elif val in ("n", "no", "f", "false", "off", "0"):
+        return 0
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(f"invalid truth value {val!r}")
+
+
+def format_size(bytes: float) -> str:
+    if bytes > 1000 * 1000:
+        return f"{bytes / 1000.0 / 1000:.1f} MB"
+    elif bytes > 10 * 1000:
+        return f"{int(bytes / 1000)} kB"
+    elif bytes > 1000:
+        return f"{bytes / 1000.0:.1f} kB"
+    else:
+        return f"{int(bytes)} bytes"
+
+
+def tabulate(rows: Iterable[Iterable[Any]]) -> Tuple[List[str], List[int]]:
+    """Return a list of formatted rows and a list of column sizes.
+
+    For example::
+
+    >>> tabulate([['foobar', 2000], [0xdeadbeef]])
+    (['foobar     2000', '3735928559'], [10, 4])
+    """
+    rows = [tuple(map(str, row)) for row in rows]
+    sizes = [max(map(len, col)) for col in zip_longest(*rows, fillvalue="")]
+    table = [" ".join(map(str.ljust, row, sizes)).rstrip() for row in rows]
+    return table, sizes
+
+
+def is_installable_dir(path: str) -> bool:
+    """Is path is a directory containing pyproject.toml or setup.py?
+
+    If pyproject.toml exists, this is a PEP 517 project. Otherwise we look for
+    a legacy setuptools layout by identifying setup.py. We don't check for the
+    setup.cfg because using it without setup.py is only available for PEP 517
+    projects, which are already covered by the pyproject.toml check.
+    """
+    if not os.path.isdir(path):
+        return False
+    if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, "pyproject.toml")):
+        return True
+    if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, "setup.py")):
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def read_chunks(
+    file: BinaryIO, size: int = io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+) -> Generator[bytes, None, None]:
+    """Yield pieces of data from a file-like object until EOF."""
+    while True:
+        chunk = file.read(size)
+        if not chunk:
+            break
+        yield chunk
+
+
+def normalize_path(path: str, resolve_symlinks: bool = True) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert a path to its canonical, case-normalized, absolute version.
+
+    """
+    path = os.path.expanduser(path)
+    if resolve_symlinks:
+        path = os.path.realpath(path)
+    else:
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+    return os.path.normcase(path)
+
+
+def splitext(path: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    """Like os.path.splitext, but take off .tar too"""
+    base, ext = posixpath.splitext(path)
+    if base.lower().endswith(".tar"):
+        ext = base[-4:] + ext
+        base = base[:-4]
+    return base, ext
+
+
+def renames(old: str, new: str) -> None:
+    """Like os.renames(), but handles renaming across devices."""
+    # Implementation borrowed from os.renames().
+    head, tail = os.path.split(new)
+    if head and tail and not os.path.exists(head):
+        os.makedirs(head)
+
+    shutil.move(old, new)
+
+    head, tail = os.path.split(old)
+    if head and tail:
+        try:
+            os.removedirs(head)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+
+def is_local(path: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return True if path is within sys.prefix, if we're running in a virtualenv.
+
+    If we're not in a virtualenv, all paths are considered "local."
+
+    Caution: this function assumes the head of path has been normalized
+    with normalize_path.
+    """
+    if not running_under_virtualenv():
+        return True
+    return path.startswith(normalize_path(sys.prefix))
+
+
+def write_output(msg: Any, *args: Any) -> None:
+    logger.info(msg, *args)
+
+
+class StreamWrapper(StringIO):
+    orig_stream: TextIO
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_stream(cls, orig_stream: TextIO) -> "StreamWrapper":
+        ret = cls()
+        ret.orig_stream = orig_stream
+        return ret
+
+    # compileall.compile_dir() needs stdout.encoding to print to stdout
+    # type ignore is because TextIOBase.encoding is writeable
+    @property
+    def encoding(self) -> str:  # type: ignore
+        return self.orig_stream.encoding
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def captured_output(stream_name: str) -> Generator[StreamWrapper, None, None]:
+    """Return a context manager used by captured_stdout/stdin/stderr
+    that temporarily replaces the sys stream *stream_name* with a StringIO.
+
+    Taken from Lib/support/__init__.py in the CPython repo.
+    """
+    orig_stdout = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    setattr(sys, stream_name, StreamWrapper.from_stream(orig_stdout))
+    try:
+        yield getattr(sys, stream_name)
+    finally:
+        setattr(sys, stream_name, orig_stdout)
+
+
+def captured_stdout() -> ContextManager[StreamWrapper]:
+    """Capture the output of sys.stdout:
+
+       with captured_stdout() as stdout:
+           print('hello')
+       self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), 'hello\n')
+
+    Taken from Lib/support/__init__.py in the CPython repo.
+    """
+    return captured_output("stdout")
+
+
+def captured_stderr() -> ContextManager[StreamWrapper]:
+    """
+    See captured_stdout().
+    """
+    return captured_output("stderr")
+
+
+# Simulates an enum
+def enum(*sequential: Any, **named: Any) -> Type[Any]:
+    enums = dict(zip(sequential, range(len(sequential))), **named)
+    reverse = {value: key for key, value in enums.items()}
+    enums["reverse_mapping"] = reverse
+    return type("Enum", (), enums)
+
+
+def build_netloc(host: str, port: Optional[int]) -> str:
+    """
+    Build a netloc from a host-port pair
+    """
+    if port is None:
+        return host
+    if ":" in host:
+        # Only wrap host with square brackets when it is IPv6
+        host = f"[{host}]"
+    return f"{host}:{port}"
+
+
+def build_url_from_netloc(netloc: str, scheme: str = "https") -> str:
+    """
+    Build a full URL from a netloc.
+    """
+    if netloc.count(":") >= 2 and "@" not in netloc and "[" not in netloc:
+        # It must be a bare IPv6 address, so wrap it with brackets.
+        netloc = f"[{netloc}]"
+    return f"{scheme}://{netloc}"
+
+
+def parse_netloc(netloc: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int]]:
+    """
+    Return the host-port pair from a netloc.
+    """
+    url = build_url_from_netloc(netloc)
+    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)
+    return parsed.hostname, parsed.port
+
+
+def split_auth_from_netloc(netloc: str) -> NetlocTuple:
+    """
+    Parse out and remove the auth information from a netloc.
+
+    Returns: (netloc, (username, password)).
+    """
+    if "@" not in netloc:
+        return netloc, (None, None)
+
+    # Split from the right because that's how urllib.parse.urlsplit()
+    # behaves if more than one @ is present (which can be checked using
+    # the password attribute of urlsplit()'s return value).
+    auth, netloc = netloc.rsplit("@", 1)
+    pw: Optional[str] = None
+    if ":" in auth:
+        # Split from the left because that's how urllib.parse.urlsplit()
+        # behaves if more than one : is present (which again can be checked
+        # using the password attribute of the return value)
+        user, pw = auth.split(":", 1)
+    else:
+        user, pw = auth, None
+
+    user = urllib.parse.unquote(user)
+    if pw is not None:
+        pw = urllib.parse.unquote(pw)
+
+    return netloc, (user, pw)
+
+
+def redact_netloc(netloc: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Replace the sensitive data in a netloc with "****", if it exists.
+
+    For example:
+        - "user:pass@example.com" returns "user:****@example.com"
+        - "accesstoken@example.com" returns "****@example.com"
+    """
+    netloc, (user, password) = split_auth_from_netloc(netloc)
+    if user is None:
+        return netloc
+    if password is None:
+        user = "****"
+        password = ""
+    else:
+        user = urllib.parse.quote(user)
+        password = ":****"
+    return f"{user}{password}@{netloc}"
+
+
+def _transform_url(
+    url: str, transform_netloc: Callable[[str], Tuple[Any, ...]]
+) -> Tuple[str, NetlocTuple]:
+    """Transform and replace netloc in a url.
+
+    transform_netloc is a function taking the netloc and returning a
+    tuple. The first element of this tuple is the new netloc. The
+    entire tuple is returned.
+
+    Returns a tuple containing the transformed url as item 0 and the
+    original tuple returned by transform_netloc as item 1.
+    """
+    purl = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+    netloc_tuple = transform_netloc(purl.netloc)
+    # stripped url
+    url_pieces = (purl.scheme, netloc_tuple[0], purl.path, purl.query, purl.fragment)
+    surl = urllib.parse.urlunsplit(url_pieces)
+    return surl, cast("NetlocTuple", netloc_tuple)
+
+
+def _get_netloc(netloc: str) -> NetlocTuple:
+    return split_auth_from_netloc(netloc)
+
+
+def _redact_netloc(netloc: str) -> Tuple[str]:
+    return (redact_netloc(netloc),)
+
+
+def split_auth_netloc_from_url(
+    url: str,
+) -> Tuple[str, str, Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]:
+    """
+    Parse a url into separate netloc, auth, and url with no auth.
+
+    Returns: (url_without_auth, netloc, (username, password))
+    """
+    url_without_auth, (netloc, auth) = _transform_url(url, _get_netloc)
+    return url_without_auth, netloc, auth
+
+
+def remove_auth_from_url(url: str) -> str:
+    """Return a copy of url with 'username:password@' removed."""
+    # username/pass params are passed to subversion through flags
+    # and are not recognized in the url.
+    return _transform_url(url, _get_netloc)[0]
+
+
+def redact_auth_from_url(url: str) -> str:
+    """Replace the password in a given url with ****."""
+    return _transform_url(url, _redact_netloc)[0]
+
+
+def redact_auth_from_requirement(req: Requirement) -> str:
+    """Replace the password in a given requirement url with ****."""
+    if not req.url:
+        return str(req)
+    return str(req).replace(req.url, redact_auth_from_url(req.url))
+
+
+class HiddenText:
+    def __init__(self, secret: str, redacted: str) -> None:
+        self.secret = secret
+        self.redacted = redacted
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<HiddenText {str(self)!r}>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.redacted
+
+    # This is useful for testing.
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if type(self) != type(other):
+            return False
+
+        # The string being used for redaction doesn't also have to match,
+        # just the raw, original string.
+        return self.secret == other.secret
+
+
+def hide_value(value: str) -> HiddenText:
+    return HiddenText(value, redacted="****")
+
+
+def hide_url(url: str) -> HiddenText:
+    redacted = redact_auth_from_url(url)
+    return HiddenText(url, redacted=redacted)
+
+
+def protect_pip_from_modification_on_windows(modifying_pip: bool) -> None:
+    """Protection of pip.exe from modification on Windows
+
+    On Windows, any operation modifying pip should be run as:
+        python -m pip ...
+    """
+    pip_names = [
+        "pip",
+        f"pip{sys.version_info.major}",
+        f"pip{sys.version_info.major}.{sys.version_info.minor}",
+    ]
+
+    # See https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1299 for more discussion
+    should_show_use_python_msg = (
+        modifying_pip and WINDOWS and os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]) in pip_names
+    )
+
+    if should_show_use_python_msg:
+        new_command = [sys.executable, "-m", "pip"] + sys.argv[1:]
+        raise CommandError(
+            "To modify pip, please run the following command:\n{}".format(
+                " ".join(new_command)
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def check_externally_managed() -> None:
+    """Check whether the current environment is externally managed.
+
+    If the ``EXTERNALLY-MANAGED`` config file is found, the current environment
+    is considered externally managed, and an ExternallyManagedEnvironment is
+    raised.
+    """
+    if running_under_virtualenv():
+        return
+    marker = os.path.join(sysconfig.get_path("stdlib"), "EXTERNALLY-MANAGED")
+    if not os.path.isfile(marker):
+        return
+    raise ExternallyManagedEnvironment.from_config(marker)
+
+
+def is_console_interactive() -> bool:
+    """Is this console interactive?"""
+    return sys.stdin is not None and sys.stdin.isatty()
+
+
+def hash_file(path: str, blocksize: int = 1 << 20) -> Tuple[Any, int]:
+    """Return (hash, length) for path using hashlib.sha256()"""
+
+    h = hashlib.sha256()
+    length = 0
+    with open(path, "rb") as f:
+        for block in read_chunks(f, size=blocksize):
+            length += len(block)
+            h.update(block)
+    return h, length
+
+
+def pairwise(iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any, Any]]:
+    """
+    Return paired elements.
+
+    For example:
+        s -> (s0, s1), (s2, s3), (s4, s5), ...
+    """
+    iterable = iter(iterable)
+    return zip_longest(iterable, iterable)
+
+
+def partition(
+    pred: Callable[[T], bool],
+    iterable: Iterable[T],
+) -> Tuple[Iterable[T], Iterable[T]]:
+    """
+    Use a predicate to partition entries into false entries and true entries,
+    like
+
+        partition(is_odd, range(10)) --> 0 2 4 6 8   and  1 3 5 7 9
+    """
+    t1, t2 = tee(iterable)
+    return filterfalse(pred, t1), filter(pred, t2)
+
+
+class ConfiguredBuildBackendHookCaller(BuildBackendHookCaller):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config_holder: Any,
+        source_dir: str,
+        build_backend: str,
+        backend_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        runner: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+        python_executable: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            source_dir, build_backend, backend_path, runner, python_executable
+        )
+        self.config_holder = config_holder
+
+    def build_wheel(
+        self,
+        wheel_directory: str,
+        config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+        metadata_directory: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().build_wheel(
+            wheel_directory, config_settings=cs, metadata_directory=metadata_directory
+        )
+
+    def build_sdist(
+        self,
+        sdist_directory: str,
+        config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().build_sdist(sdist_directory, config_settings=cs)
+
+    def build_editable(
+        self,
+        wheel_directory: str,
+        config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+        metadata_directory: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().build_editable(
+            wheel_directory, config_settings=cs, metadata_directory=metadata_directory
+        )
+
+    def get_requires_for_build_wheel(
+        self, config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().get_requires_for_build_wheel(config_settings=cs)
+
+    def get_requires_for_build_sdist(
+        self, config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().get_requires_for_build_sdist(config_settings=cs)
+
+    def get_requires_for_build_editable(
+        self, config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().get_requires_for_build_editable(config_settings=cs)
+
+    def prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel(
+        self,
+        metadata_directory: str,
+        config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+        _allow_fallback: bool = True,
+    ) -> str:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel(
+            metadata_directory=metadata_directory,
+            config_settings=cs,
+            _allow_fallback=_allow_fallback,
+        )
+
+    def prepare_metadata_for_build_editable(
+        self,
+        metadata_directory: str,
+        config_settings: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]] = None,
+        _allow_fallback: bool = True,
+    ) -> str:
+        cs = self.config_holder.config_settings
+        return super().prepare_metadata_for_build_editable(
+            metadata_directory=metadata_directory,
+            config_settings=cs,
+            _allow_fallback=_allow_fallback,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6bb21a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Utilities for defining models
+"""
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any, Callable, Type
+
+
+class KeyBasedCompareMixin:
+    """Provides comparison capabilities that is based on a key"""
+
+    __slots__ = ["_compare_key", "_defining_class"]
+
+    def __init__(self, key: Any, defining_class: Type["KeyBasedCompareMixin"]) -> None:
+        self._compare_key = key
+        self._defining_class = defining_class
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._compare_key)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._compare(other, operator.__lt__)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._compare(other, operator.__le__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._compare(other, operator.__gt__)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._compare(other, operator.__ge__)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._compare(other, operator.__eq__)
+
+    def _compare(self, other: Any, method: Callable[[Any, Any], bool]) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, self._defining_class):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return method(self._compare_key, other._compare_key)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/packaging.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/packaging.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9f6af4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/packaging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import functools
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import NewType, Optional, Tuple, cast
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging import specifiers, version
+from pip._vendor.packaging.requirements import Requirement
+
+NormalizedExtra = NewType("NormalizedExtra", str)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def check_requires_python(
+    requires_python: Optional[str], version_info: Tuple[int, ...]
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if the given Python version matches a "Requires-Python" specifier.
+
+    :param version_info: A 3-tuple of ints representing a Python
+        major-minor-micro version to check (e.g. `sys.version_info[:3]`).
+
+    :return: `True` if the given Python version satisfies the requirement.
+        Otherwise, return `False`.
+
+    :raises InvalidSpecifier: If `requires_python` has an invalid format.
+    """
+    if requires_python is None:
+        # The package provides no information
+        return True
+    requires_python_specifier = specifiers.SpecifierSet(requires_python)
+
+    python_version = version.parse(".".join(map(str, version_info)))
+    return python_version in requires_python_specifier
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=512)
+def get_requirement(req_string: str) -> Requirement:
+    """Construct a packaging.Requirement object with caching"""
+    # Parsing requirement strings is expensive, and is also expected to happen
+    # with a low diversity of different arguments (at least relative the number
+    # constructed). This method adds a cache to requirement object creation to
+    # minimize repeated parsing of the same string to construct equivalent
+    # Requirement objects.
+    return Requirement(req_string)
+
+
+def safe_extra(extra: str) -> NormalizedExtra:
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard 'extra' name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with a single '_',
+    and the result is always lowercased.
+
+    This function is duplicated from ``pkg_resources``. Note that this is not
+    the same to either ``canonicalize_name`` or ``_egg_link_name``.
+    """
+    return cast(NormalizedExtra, re.sub("[^A-Za-z0-9.-]+", "_", extra).lower())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/setuptools_build.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/setuptools_build.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96d1b246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/setuptools_build.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from typing import List, Optional, Sequence
+
+# Shim to wrap setup.py invocation with setuptools
+# Note that __file__ is handled via two {!r} *and* %r, to ensure that paths on
+# Windows are correctly handled (it should be "C:\\Users" not "C:\Users").
+_SETUPTOOLS_SHIM = textwrap.dedent(
+    """
+    exec(compile('''
+    # This is <pip-setuptools-caller> -- a caller that pip uses to run setup.py
+    #
+    # - It imports setuptools before invoking setup.py, to enable projects that directly
+    #   import from `distutils.core` to work with newer packaging standards.
+    # - It provides a clear error message when setuptools is not installed.
+    # - It sets `sys.argv[0]` to the underlying `setup.py`, when invoking `setup.py` so
+    #   setuptools doesn't think the script is `-c`. This avoids the following warning:
+    #     manifest_maker: standard file '-c' not found".
+    # - It generates a shim setup.py, for handling setup.cfg-only projects.
+    import os, sys, tokenize
+
+    try:
+        import setuptools
+    except ImportError as error:
+        print(
+            "ERROR: Can not execute `setup.py` since setuptools is not available in "
+            "the build environment.",
+            file=sys.stderr,
+        )
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    __file__ = %r
+    sys.argv[0] = __file__
+
+    if os.path.exists(__file__):
+        filename = __file__
+        with tokenize.open(__file__) as f:
+            setup_py_code = f.read()
+    else:
+        filename = "<auto-generated setuptools caller>"
+        setup_py_code = "from setuptools import setup; setup()"
+
+    exec(compile(setup_py_code, filename, "exec"))
+    ''' % ({!r},), "<pip-setuptools-caller>", "exec"))
+    """
+).rstrip()
+
+
+def make_setuptools_shim_args(
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    global_options: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+    no_user_config: bool = False,
+    unbuffered_output: bool = False,
+) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Get setuptools command arguments with shim wrapped setup file invocation.
+
+    :param setup_py_path: The path to setup.py to be wrapped.
+    :param global_options: Additional global options.
+    :param no_user_config: If True, disables personal user configuration.
+    :param unbuffered_output: If True, adds the unbuffered switch to the
+     argument list.
+    """
+    args = [sys.executable]
+    if unbuffered_output:
+        args += ["-u"]
+    args += ["-c", _SETUPTOOLS_SHIM.format(setup_py_path)]
+    if global_options:
+        args += global_options
+    if no_user_config:
+        args += ["--no-user-cfg"]
+    return args
+
+
+def make_setuptools_bdist_wheel_args(
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    global_options: Sequence[str],
+    build_options: Sequence[str],
+    destination_dir: str,
+) -> List[str]:
+    # NOTE: Eventually, we'd want to also -S to the flags here, when we're
+    # isolating. Currently, it breaks Python in virtualenvs, because it
+    # relies on site.py to find parts of the standard library outside the
+    # virtualenv.
+    args = make_setuptools_shim_args(
+        setup_py_path, global_options=global_options, unbuffered_output=True
+    )
+    args += ["bdist_wheel", "-d", destination_dir]
+    args += build_options
+    return args
+
+
+def make_setuptools_clean_args(
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    global_options: Sequence[str],
+) -> List[str]:
+    args = make_setuptools_shim_args(
+        setup_py_path, global_options=global_options, unbuffered_output=True
+    )
+    args += ["clean", "--all"]
+    return args
+
+
+def make_setuptools_develop_args(
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    *,
+    global_options: Sequence[str],
+    no_user_config: bool,
+    prefix: Optional[str],
+    home: Optional[str],
+    use_user_site: bool,
+) -> List[str]:
+    assert not (use_user_site and prefix)
+
+    args = make_setuptools_shim_args(
+        setup_py_path,
+        global_options=global_options,
+        no_user_config=no_user_config,
+    )
+
+    args += ["develop", "--no-deps"]
+
+    if prefix:
+        args += ["--prefix", prefix]
+    if home is not None:
+        args += ["--install-dir", home]
+
+    if use_user_site:
+        args += ["--user", "--prefix="]
+
+    return args
+
+
+def make_setuptools_egg_info_args(
+    setup_py_path: str,
+    egg_info_dir: Optional[str],
+    no_user_config: bool,
+) -> List[str]:
+    args = make_setuptools_shim_args(setup_py_path, no_user_config=no_user_config)
+
+    args += ["egg_info"]
+
+    if egg_info_dir:
+        args += ["--egg-base", egg_info_dir]
+
+    return args
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/subprocess.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/subprocess.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..79580b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/subprocess.py
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.rich.markup import escape
+
+from pip._internal.cli.spinners import SpinnerInterface, open_spinner
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationSubprocessError
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import VERBOSE, subprocess_logger
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import HiddenText
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # Literal was introduced in Python 3.8.
+    #
+    # TODO: Remove `if TYPE_CHECKING` when dropping support for Python 3.7.
+    from typing import Literal
+
+CommandArgs = List[Union[str, HiddenText]]
+
+
+def make_command(*args: Union[str, HiddenText, CommandArgs]) -> CommandArgs:
+    """
+    Create a CommandArgs object.
+    """
+    command_args: CommandArgs = []
+    for arg in args:
+        # Check for list instead of CommandArgs since CommandArgs is
+        # only known during type-checking.
+        if isinstance(arg, list):
+            command_args.extend(arg)
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, arg is str or HiddenText.
+            command_args.append(arg)
+
+    return command_args
+
+
+def format_command_args(args: Union[List[str], CommandArgs]) -> str:
+    """
+    Format command arguments for display.
+    """
+    # For HiddenText arguments, display the redacted form by calling str().
+    # Also, we don't apply str() to arguments that aren't HiddenText since
+    # this can trigger a UnicodeDecodeError in Python 2 if the argument
+    # has type unicode and includes a non-ascii character.  (The type
+    # checker doesn't ensure the annotations are correct in all cases.)
+    return " ".join(
+        shlex.quote(str(arg)) if isinstance(arg, HiddenText) else shlex.quote(arg)
+        for arg in args
+    )
+
+
+def reveal_command_args(args: Union[List[str], CommandArgs]) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Return the arguments in their raw, unredacted form.
+    """
+    return [arg.secret if isinstance(arg, HiddenText) else arg for arg in args]
+
+
+def call_subprocess(
+    cmd: Union[List[str], CommandArgs],
+    show_stdout: bool = False,
+    cwd: Optional[str] = None,
+    on_returncode: 'Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore"]' = "raise",
+    extra_ok_returncodes: Optional[Iterable[int]] = None,
+    extra_environ: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    unset_environ: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    spinner: Optional[SpinnerInterface] = None,
+    log_failed_cmd: Optional[bool] = True,
+    stdout_only: Optional[bool] = False,
+    *,
+    command_desc: str,
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Args:
+      show_stdout: if true, use INFO to log the subprocess's stderr and
+        stdout streams.  Otherwise, use DEBUG.  Defaults to False.
+      extra_ok_returncodes: an iterable of integer return codes that are
+        acceptable, in addition to 0. Defaults to None, which means [].
+      unset_environ: an iterable of environment variable names to unset
+        prior to calling subprocess.Popen().
+      log_failed_cmd: if false, failed commands are not logged, only raised.
+      stdout_only: if true, return only stdout, else return both. When true,
+        logging of both stdout and stderr occurs when the subprocess has
+        terminated, else logging occurs as subprocess output is produced.
+    """
+    if extra_ok_returncodes is None:
+        extra_ok_returncodes = []
+    if unset_environ is None:
+        unset_environ = []
+    # Most places in pip use show_stdout=False. What this means is--
+    #
+    # - We connect the child's output (combined stderr and stdout) to a
+    #   single pipe, which we read.
+    # - We log this output to stderr at DEBUG level as it is received.
+    # - If DEBUG logging isn't enabled (e.g. if --verbose logging wasn't
+    #   requested), then we show a spinner so the user can still see the
+    #   subprocess is in progress.
+    # - If the subprocess exits with an error, we log the output to stderr
+    #   at ERROR level if it hasn't already been displayed to the console
+    #   (e.g. if --verbose logging wasn't enabled).  This way we don't log
+    #   the output to the console twice.
+    #
+    # If show_stdout=True, then the above is still done, but with DEBUG
+    # replaced by INFO.
+    if show_stdout:
+        # Then log the subprocess output at INFO level.
+        log_subprocess: Callable[..., None] = subprocess_logger.info
+        used_level = logging.INFO
+    else:
+        # Then log the subprocess output using VERBOSE.  This also ensures
+        # it will be logged to the log file (aka user_log), if enabled.
+        log_subprocess = subprocess_logger.verbose
+        used_level = VERBOSE
+
+    # Whether the subprocess will be visible in the console.
+    showing_subprocess = subprocess_logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= used_level
+
+    # Only use the spinner if we're not showing the subprocess output
+    # and we have a spinner.
+    use_spinner = not showing_subprocess and spinner is not None
+
+    log_subprocess("Running command %s", command_desc)
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    if extra_environ:
+        env.update(extra_environ)
+    for name in unset_environ:
+        env.pop(name, None)
+    try:
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(
+            # Convert HiddenText objects to the underlying str.
+            reveal_command_args(cmd),
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT if not stdout_only else subprocess.PIPE,
+            cwd=cwd,
+            env=env,
+            errors="backslashreplace",
+        )
+    except Exception as exc:
+        if log_failed_cmd:
+            subprocess_logger.critical(
+                "Error %s while executing command %s",
+                exc,
+                command_desc,
+            )
+        raise
+    all_output = []
+    if not stdout_only:
+        assert proc.stdout
+        assert proc.stdin
+        proc.stdin.close()
+        # In this mode, stdout and stderr are in the same pipe.
+        while True:
+            line: str = proc.stdout.readline()
+            if not line:
+                break
+            line = line.rstrip()
+            all_output.append(line + "\n")
+
+            # Show the line immediately.
+            log_subprocess(line)
+            # Update the spinner.
+            if use_spinner:
+                assert spinner
+                spinner.spin()
+        try:
+            proc.wait()
+        finally:
+            if proc.stdout:
+                proc.stdout.close()
+        output = "".join(all_output)
+    else:
+        # In this mode, stdout and stderr are in different pipes.
+        # We must use communicate() which is the only safe way to read both.
+        out, err = proc.communicate()
+        # log line by line to preserve pip log indenting
+        for out_line in out.splitlines():
+            log_subprocess(out_line)
+        all_output.append(out)
+        for err_line in err.splitlines():
+            log_subprocess(err_line)
+        all_output.append(err)
+        output = out
+
+    proc_had_error = proc.returncode and proc.returncode not in extra_ok_returncodes
+    if use_spinner:
+        assert spinner
+        if proc_had_error:
+            spinner.finish("error")
+        else:
+            spinner.finish("done")
+    if proc_had_error:
+        if on_returncode == "raise":
+            error = InstallationSubprocessError(
+                command_description=command_desc,
+                exit_code=proc.returncode,
+                output_lines=all_output if not showing_subprocess else None,
+            )
+            if log_failed_cmd:
+                subprocess_logger.error("%s", error, extra={"rich": True})
+                subprocess_logger.verbose(
+                    "[bold magenta]full command[/]: [blue]%s[/]",
+                    escape(format_command_args(cmd)),
+                    extra={"markup": True},
+                )
+                subprocess_logger.verbose(
+                    "[bold magenta]cwd[/]: %s",
+                    escape(cwd or "[inherit]"),
+                    extra={"markup": True},
+                )
+
+            raise error
+        elif on_returncode == "warn":
+            subprocess_logger.warning(
+                'Command "%s" had error code %s in %s',
+                command_desc,
+                proc.returncode,
+                cwd,
+            )
+        elif on_returncode == "ignore":
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid value: on_returncode={on_returncode!r}")
+    return output
+
+
+def runner_with_spinner_message(message: str) -> Callable[..., None]:
+    """Provide a subprocess_runner that shows a spinner message.
+
+    Intended for use with for BuildBackendHookCaller. Thus, the runner has
+    an API that matches what's expected by BuildBackendHookCaller.subprocess_runner.
+    """
+
+    def runner(
+        cmd: List[str],
+        cwd: Optional[str] = None,
+        extra_environ: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        with open_spinner(message) as spinner:
+            call_subprocess(
+                cmd,
+                command_desc=message,
+                cwd=cwd,
+                extra_environ=extra_environ,
+                spinner=spinner,
+            )
+
+    return runner
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/temp_dir.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/temp_dir.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4eec5f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/temp_dir.py
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+import errno
+import itertools
+import logging
+import os.path
+import tempfile
+import traceback
+from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import enum, rmtree
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="TempDirectory")
+
+
+# Kinds of temporary directories. Only needed for ones that are
+# globally-managed.
+tempdir_kinds = enum(
+    BUILD_ENV="build-env",
+    EPHEM_WHEEL_CACHE="ephem-wheel-cache",
+    REQ_BUILD="req-build",
+)
+
+
+_tempdir_manager: Optional[ExitStack] = None
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def global_tempdir_manager() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    global _tempdir_manager
+    with ExitStack() as stack:
+        old_tempdir_manager, _tempdir_manager = _tempdir_manager, stack
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            _tempdir_manager = old_tempdir_manager
+
+
+class TempDirectoryTypeRegistry:
+    """Manages temp directory behavior"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._should_delete: Dict[str, bool] = {}
+
+    def set_delete(self, kind: str, value: bool) -> None:
+        """Indicate whether a TempDirectory of the given kind should be
+        auto-deleted.
+        """
+        self._should_delete[kind] = value
+
+    def get_delete(self, kind: str) -> bool:
+        """Get configured auto-delete flag for a given TempDirectory type,
+        default True.
+        """
+        return self._should_delete.get(kind, True)
+
+
+_tempdir_registry: Optional[TempDirectoryTypeRegistry] = None
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def tempdir_registry() -> Generator[TempDirectoryTypeRegistry, None, None]:
+    """Provides a scoped global tempdir registry that can be used to dictate
+    whether directories should be deleted.
+    """
+    global _tempdir_registry
+    old_tempdir_registry = _tempdir_registry
+    _tempdir_registry = TempDirectoryTypeRegistry()
+    try:
+        yield _tempdir_registry
+    finally:
+        _tempdir_registry = old_tempdir_registry
+
+
+class _Default:
+    pass
+
+
+_default = _Default()
+
+
+class TempDirectory:
+    """Helper class that owns and cleans up a temporary directory.
+
+    This class can be used as a context manager or as an OO representation of a
+    temporary directory.
+
+    Attributes:
+        path
+            Location to the created temporary directory
+        delete
+            Whether the directory should be deleted when exiting
+            (when used as a contextmanager)
+
+    Methods:
+        cleanup()
+            Deletes the temporary directory
+
+    When used as a context manager, if the delete attribute is True, on
+    exiting the context the temporary directory is deleted.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: Optional[str] = None,
+        delete: Union[bool, None, _Default] = _default,
+        kind: str = "temp",
+        globally_managed: bool = False,
+        ignore_cleanup_errors: bool = True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        if delete is _default:
+            if path is not None:
+                # If we were given an explicit directory, resolve delete option
+                # now.
+                delete = False
+            else:
+                # Otherwise, we wait until cleanup and see what
+                # tempdir_registry says.
+                delete = None
+
+        # The only time we specify path is in for editables where it
+        # is the value of the --src option.
+        if path is None:
+            path = self._create(kind)
+
+        self._path = path
+        self._deleted = False
+        self.delete = delete
+        self.kind = kind
+        self.ignore_cleanup_errors = ignore_cleanup_errors
+
+        if globally_managed:
+            assert _tempdir_manager is not None
+            _tempdir_manager.enter_context(self)
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str:
+        assert not self._deleted, f"Attempted to access deleted path: {self._path}"
+        return self._path
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {self.path!r}>"
+
+    def __enter__(self: _T) -> _T:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc: Any, value: Any, tb: Any) -> None:
+        if self.delete is not None:
+            delete = self.delete
+        elif _tempdir_registry:
+            delete = _tempdir_registry.get_delete(self.kind)
+        else:
+            delete = True
+
+        if delete:
+            self.cleanup()
+
+    def _create(self, kind: str) -> str:
+        """Create a temporary directory and store its path in self.path"""
+        # We realpath here because some systems have their default tmpdir
+        # symlinked to another directory.  This tends to confuse build
+        # scripts, so we canonicalize the path by traversing potential
+        # symlinks here.
+        path = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=f"pip-{kind}-"))
+        logger.debug("Created temporary directory: %s", path)
+        return path
+
+    def cleanup(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the temporary directory created and reset state"""
+        self._deleted = True
+        if not os.path.exists(self._path):
+            return
+
+        errors: List[BaseException] = []
+
+        def onerror(
+            func: Callable[..., Any],
+            path: Path,
+            exc_val: BaseException,
+        ) -> None:
+            """Log a warning for a `rmtree` error and continue"""
+            formatted_exc = "\n".join(
+                traceback.format_exception_only(type(exc_val), exc_val)
+            )
+            formatted_exc = formatted_exc.rstrip()  # remove trailing new line
+            if func in (os.unlink, os.remove, os.rmdir):
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Failed to remove a temporary file '%s' due to %s.\n",
+                    path,
+                    formatted_exc,
+                )
+            else:
+                logger.debug("%s failed with %s.", func.__qualname__, formatted_exc)
+            errors.append(exc_val)
+
+        if self.ignore_cleanup_errors:
+            try:
+                # first try with tenacity; retrying to handle ephemeral errors
+                rmtree(self._path, ignore_errors=False)
+            except OSError:
+                # last pass ignore/log all errors
+                rmtree(self._path, onexc=onerror)
+            if errors:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Failed to remove contents in a temporary directory '%s'.\n"
+                    "You can safely remove it manually.",
+                    self._path,
+                )
+        else:
+            rmtree(self._path)
+
+
+class AdjacentTempDirectory(TempDirectory):
+    """Helper class that creates a temporary directory adjacent to a real one.
+
+    Attributes:
+        original
+            The original directory to create a temp directory for.
+        path
+            After calling create() or entering, contains the full
+            path to the temporary directory.
+        delete
+            Whether the directory should be deleted when exiting
+            (when used as a contextmanager)
+
+    """
+
+    # The characters that may be used to name the temp directory
+    # We always prepend a ~ and then rotate through these until
+    # a usable name is found.
+    # pkg_resources raises a different error for .dist-info folder
+    # with leading '-' and invalid metadata
+    LEADING_CHARS = "-~.=%0123456789"
+
+    def __init__(self, original: str, delete: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+        self.original = original.rstrip("/\\")
+        super().__init__(delete=delete)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_names(cls, name: str) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+        """Generates a series of temporary names.
+
+        The algorithm replaces the leading characters in the name
+        with ones that are valid filesystem characters, but are not
+        valid package names (for both Python and pip definitions of
+        package).
+        """
+        for i in range(1, len(name)):
+            for candidate in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(
+                cls.LEADING_CHARS, i - 1
+            ):
+                new_name = "~" + "".join(candidate) + name[i:]
+                if new_name != name:
+                    yield new_name
+
+        # If we make it this far, we will have to make a longer name
+        for i in range(len(cls.LEADING_CHARS)):
+            for candidate in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(
+                cls.LEADING_CHARS, i
+            ):
+                new_name = "~" + "".join(candidate) + name
+                if new_name != name:
+                    yield new_name
+
+    def _create(self, kind: str) -> str:
+        root, name = os.path.split(self.original)
+        for candidate in self._generate_names(name):
+            path = os.path.join(root, candidate)
+            try:
+                os.mkdir(path)
+            except OSError as ex:
+                # Continue if the name exists already
+                if ex.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                path = os.path.realpath(path)
+                break
+        else:
+            # Final fallback on the default behavior.
+            path = os.path.realpath(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=f"pip-{kind}-"))
+
+        logger.debug("Created temporary directory: %s", path)
+        return path
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/unpacking.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/unpacking.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78b5c13c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/unpacking.py
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+"""Utilities related archives.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import stat
+import tarfile
+import zipfile
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional
+from zipfile import ZipInfo
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError
+from pip._internal.utils.filetypes import (
+    BZ2_EXTENSIONS,
+    TAR_EXTENSIONS,
+    XZ_EXTENSIONS,
+    ZIP_EXTENSIONS,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS = ZIP_EXTENSIONS + TAR_EXTENSIONS
+
+try:
+    import bz2  # noqa
+
+    SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS += BZ2_EXTENSIONS
+except ImportError:
+    logger.debug("bz2 module is not available")
+
+try:
+    # Only for Python 3.3+
+    import lzma  # noqa
+
+    SUPPORTED_EXTENSIONS += XZ_EXTENSIONS
+except ImportError:
+    logger.debug("lzma module is not available")
+
+
+def current_umask() -> int:
+    """Get the current umask which involves having to set it temporarily."""
+    mask = os.umask(0)
+    os.umask(mask)
+    return mask
+
+
+def split_leading_dir(path: str) -> List[str]:
+    path = path.lstrip("/").lstrip("\\")
+    if "/" in path and (
+        ("\\" in path and path.find("/") < path.find("\\")) or "\\" not in path
+    ):
+        return path.split("/", 1)
+    elif "\\" in path:
+        return path.split("\\", 1)
+    else:
+        return [path, ""]
+
+
+def has_leading_dir(paths: Iterable[str]) -> bool:
+    """Returns true if all the paths have the same leading path name
+    (i.e., everything is in one subdirectory in an archive)"""
+    common_prefix = None
+    for path in paths:
+        prefix, rest = split_leading_dir(path)
+        if not prefix:
+            return False
+        elif common_prefix is None:
+            common_prefix = prefix
+        elif prefix != common_prefix:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def is_within_directory(directory: str, target: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return true if the absolute path of target is within the directory
+    """
+    abs_directory = os.path.abspath(directory)
+    abs_target = os.path.abspath(target)
+
+    prefix = os.path.commonprefix([abs_directory, abs_target])
+    return prefix == abs_directory
+
+
+def set_extracted_file_to_default_mode_plus_executable(path: str) -> None:
+    """
+    Make file present at path have execute for user/group/world
+    (chmod +x) is no-op on windows per python docs
+    """
+    os.chmod(path, (0o777 & ~current_umask() | 0o111))
+
+
+def zip_item_is_executable(info: ZipInfo) -> bool:
+    mode = info.external_attr >> 16
+    # if mode and regular file and any execute permissions for
+    # user/group/world?
+    return bool(mode and stat.S_ISREG(mode) and mode & 0o111)
+
+
+def unzip_file(filename: str, location: str, flatten: bool = True) -> None:
+    """
+    Unzip the file (with path `filename`) to the destination `location`.  All
+    files are written based on system defaults and umask (i.e. permissions are
+    not preserved), except that regular file members with any execute
+    permissions (user, group, or world) have "chmod +x" applied after being
+    written. Note that for windows, any execute changes using os.chmod are
+    no-ops per the python docs.
+    """
+    ensure_dir(location)
+    zipfp = open(filename, "rb")
+    try:
+        zip = zipfile.ZipFile(zipfp, allowZip64=True)
+        leading = has_leading_dir(zip.namelist()) and flatten
+        for info in zip.infolist():
+            name = info.filename
+            fn = name
+            if leading:
+                fn = split_leading_dir(name)[1]
+            fn = os.path.join(location, fn)
+            dir = os.path.dirname(fn)
+            if not is_within_directory(location, fn):
+                message = (
+                    "The zip file ({}) has a file ({}) trying to install "
+                    "outside target directory ({})"
+                )
+                raise InstallationError(message.format(filename, fn, location))
+            if fn.endswith("/") or fn.endswith("\\"):
+                # A directory
+                ensure_dir(fn)
+            else:
+                ensure_dir(dir)
+                # Don't use read() to avoid allocating an arbitrarily large
+                # chunk of memory for the file's content
+                fp = zip.open(name)
+                try:
+                    with open(fn, "wb") as destfp:
+                        shutil.copyfileobj(fp, destfp)
+                finally:
+                    fp.close()
+                    if zip_item_is_executable(info):
+                        set_extracted_file_to_default_mode_plus_executable(fn)
+    finally:
+        zipfp.close()
+
+
+def untar_file(filename: str, location: str) -> None:
+    """
+    Untar the file (with path `filename`) to the destination `location`.
+    All files are written based on system defaults and umask (i.e. permissions
+    are not preserved), except that regular file members with any execute
+    permissions (user, group, or world) have "chmod +x" applied after being
+    written.  Note that for windows, any execute changes using os.chmod are
+    no-ops per the python docs.
+    """
+    ensure_dir(location)
+    if filename.lower().endswith(".gz") or filename.lower().endswith(".tgz"):
+        mode = "r:gz"
+    elif filename.lower().endswith(BZ2_EXTENSIONS):
+        mode = "r:bz2"
+    elif filename.lower().endswith(XZ_EXTENSIONS):
+        mode = "r:xz"
+    elif filename.lower().endswith(".tar"):
+        mode = "r"
+    else:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Cannot determine compression type for file %s",
+            filename,
+        )
+        mode = "r:*"
+    tar = tarfile.open(filename, mode, encoding="utf-8")
+    try:
+        leading = has_leading_dir([member.name for member in tar.getmembers()])
+        for member in tar.getmembers():
+            fn = member.name
+            if leading:
+                fn = split_leading_dir(fn)[1]
+            path = os.path.join(location, fn)
+            if not is_within_directory(location, path):
+                message = (
+                    "The tar file ({}) has a file ({}) trying to install "
+                    "outside target directory ({})"
+                )
+                raise InstallationError(message.format(filename, path, location))
+            if member.isdir():
+                ensure_dir(path)
+            elif member.issym():
+                try:
+                    tar._extract_member(member, path)
+                except Exception as exc:
+                    # Some corrupt tar files seem to produce this
+                    # (specifically bad symlinks)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s",
+                        filename,
+                        member.name,
+                        exc,
+                    )
+                    continue
+            else:
+                try:
+                    fp = tar.extractfile(member)
+                except (KeyError, AttributeError) as exc:
+                    # Some corrupt tar files seem to produce this
+                    # (specifically bad symlinks)
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "In the tar file %s the member %s is invalid: %s",
+                        filename,
+                        member.name,
+                        exc,
+                    )
+                    continue
+                ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+                assert fp is not None
+                with open(path, "wb") as destfp:
+                    shutil.copyfileobj(fp, destfp)
+                fp.close()
+                # Update the timestamp (useful for cython compiled files)
+                tar.utime(member, path)
+                # member have any execute permissions for user/group/world?
+                if member.mode & 0o111:
+                    set_extracted_file_to_default_mode_plus_executable(path)
+    finally:
+        tar.close()
+
+
+def unpack_file(
+    filename: str,
+    location: str,
+    content_type: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    filename = os.path.realpath(filename)
+    if (
+        content_type == "application/zip"
+        or filename.lower().endswith(ZIP_EXTENSIONS)
+        or zipfile.is_zipfile(filename)
+    ):
+        unzip_file(filename, location, flatten=not filename.endswith(".whl"))
+    elif (
+        content_type == "application/x-gzip"
+        or tarfile.is_tarfile(filename)
+        or filename.lower().endswith(TAR_EXTENSIONS + BZ2_EXTENSIONS + XZ_EXTENSIONS)
+    ):
+        untar_file(filename, location)
+    else:
+        # FIXME: handle?
+        # FIXME: magic signatures?
+        logger.critical(
+            "Cannot unpack file %s (downloaded from %s, content-type: %s); "
+            "cannot detect archive format",
+            filename,
+            location,
+            content_type,
+        )
+        raise InstallationError(f"Cannot determine archive format of {location}")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/urls.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/urls.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ba2e04f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/urls.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import os
+import string
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .compat import WINDOWS
+
+
+def get_url_scheme(url: str) -> Optional[str]:
+    if ":" not in url:
+        return None
+    return url.split(":", 1)[0].lower()
+
+
+def path_to_url(path: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert a path to a file: URL.  The path will be made absolute and have
+    quoted path parts.
+    """
+    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(path))
+    url = urllib.parse.urljoin("file:", urllib.request.pathname2url(path))
+    return url
+
+
+def url_to_path(url: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Convert a file: URL to a path.
+    """
+    assert url.startswith(
+        "file:"
+    ), f"You can only turn file: urls into filenames (not {url!r})"
+
+    _, netloc, path, _, _ = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+
+    if not netloc or netloc == "localhost":
+        # According to RFC 8089, same as empty authority.
+        netloc = ""
+    elif WINDOWS:
+        # If we have a UNC path, prepend UNC share notation.
+        netloc = "\\\\" + netloc
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"non-local file URIs are not supported on this platform: {url!r}"
+        )
+
+    path = urllib.request.url2pathname(netloc + path)
+
+    # On Windows, urlsplit parses the path as something like "/C:/Users/foo".
+    # This creates issues for path-related functions like io.open(), so we try
+    # to detect and strip the leading slash.
+    if (
+        WINDOWS
+        and not netloc  # Not UNC.
+        and len(path) >= 3
+        and path[0] == "/"  # Leading slash to strip.
+        and path[1] in string.ascii_letters  # Drive letter.
+        and path[2:4] in (":", ":/")  # Colon + end of string, or colon + absolute path.
+    ):
+        path = path[1:]
+
+    return path
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/virtualenv.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/virtualenv.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..882e36f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/virtualenv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import site
+import sys
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+_INCLUDE_SYSTEM_SITE_PACKAGES_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"include-system-site-packages\s*=\s*(?P<value>true|false)"
+)
+
+
+def _running_under_venv() -> bool:
+    """Checks if sys.base_prefix and sys.prefix match.
+
+    This handles PEP 405 compliant virtual environments.
+    """
+    return sys.prefix != getattr(sys, "base_prefix", sys.prefix)
+
+
+def _running_under_legacy_virtualenv() -> bool:
+    """Checks if sys.real_prefix is set.
+
+    This handles virtual environments created with pypa's virtualenv.
+    """
+    # pypa/virtualenv case
+    return hasattr(sys, "real_prefix")
+
+
+def running_under_virtualenv() -> bool:
+    """True if we're running inside a virtual environment, False otherwise."""
+    return _running_under_venv() or _running_under_legacy_virtualenv()
+
+
+def _get_pyvenv_cfg_lines() -> Optional[List[str]]:
+    """Reads {sys.prefix}/pyvenv.cfg and returns its contents as list of lines
+
+    Returns None, if it could not read/access the file.
+    """
+    pyvenv_cfg_file = os.path.join(sys.prefix, "pyvenv.cfg")
+    try:
+        # Although PEP 405 does not specify, the built-in venv module always
+        # writes with UTF-8. (pypa/pip#8717)
+        with open(pyvenv_cfg_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            return f.read().splitlines()  # avoids trailing newlines
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _no_global_under_venv() -> bool:
+    """Check `{sys.prefix}/pyvenv.cfg` for system site-packages inclusion
+
+    PEP 405 specifies that when system site-packages are not supposed to be
+    visible from a virtual environment, `pyvenv.cfg` must contain the following
+    line:
+
+        include-system-site-packages = false
+
+    Additionally, log a warning if accessing the file fails.
+    """
+    cfg_lines = _get_pyvenv_cfg_lines()
+    if cfg_lines is None:
+        # We're not in a "sane" venv, so assume there is no system
+        # site-packages access (since that's PEP 405's default state).
+        logger.warning(
+            "Could not access 'pyvenv.cfg' despite a virtual environment "
+            "being active. Assuming global site-packages is not accessible "
+            "in this environment."
+        )
+        return True
+
+    for line in cfg_lines:
+        match = _INCLUDE_SYSTEM_SITE_PACKAGES_REGEX.match(line)
+        if match is not None and match.group("value") == "false":
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _no_global_under_legacy_virtualenv() -> bool:
+    """Check if "no-global-site-packages.txt" exists beside site.py
+
+    This mirrors logic in pypa/virtualenv for determining whether system
+    site-packages are visible in the virtual environment.
+    """
+    site_mod_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(site.__file__))
+    no_global_site_packages_file = os.path.join(
+        site_mod_dir,
+        "no-global-site-packages.txt",
+    )
+    return os.path.exists(no_global_site_packages_file)
+
+
+def virtualenv_no_global() -> bool:
+    """Returns a boolean, whether running in venv with no system site-packages."""
+    # PEP 405 compliance needs to be checked first since virtualenv >=20 would
+    # return True for both checks, but is only able to use the PEP 405 config.
+    if _running_under_venv():
+        return _no_global_under_venv()
+
+    if _running_under_legacy_virtualenv():
+        return _no_global_under_legacy_virtualenv()
+
+    return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3551f8f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/utils/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""Support functions for working with wheel files.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from email.message import Message
+from email.parser import Parser
+from typing import Tuple
+from zipfile import BadZipFile, ZipFile
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import UnsupportedWheel
+
+VERSION_COMPATIBLE = (1, 0)
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def parse_wheel(wheel_zip: ZipFile, name: str) -> Tuple[str, Message]:
+    """Extract information from the provided wheel, ensuring it meets basic
+    standards.
+
+    Returns the name of the .dist-info directory and the parsed WHEEL metadata.
+    """
+    try:
+        info_dir = wheel_dist_info_dir(wheel_zip, name)
+        metadata = wheel_metadata(wheel_zip, info_dir)
+        version = wheel_version(metadata)
+    except UnsupportedWheel as e:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(f"{name} has an invalid wheel, {str(e)}")
+
+    check_compatibility(version, name)
+
+    return info_dir, metadata
+
+
+def wheel_dist_info_dir(source: ZipFile, name: str) -> str:
+    """Returns the name of the contained .dist-info directory.
+
+    Raises AssertionError or UnsupportedWheel if not found, >1 found, or
+    it doesn't match the provided name.
+    """
+    # Zip file path separators must be /
+    subdirs = {p.split("/", 1)[0] for p in source.namelist()}
+
+    info_dirs = [s for s in subdirs if s.endswith(".dist-info")]
+
+    if not info_dirs:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(".dist-info directory not found")
+
+    if len(info_dirs) > 1:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            "multiple .dist-info directories found: {}".format(", ".join(info_dirs))
+        )
+
+    info_dir = info_dirs[0]
+
+    info_dir_name = canonicalize_name(info_dir)
+    canonical_name = canonicalize_name(name)
+    if not info_dir_name.startswith(canonical_name):
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            f".dist-info directory {info_dir!r} does not start with {canonical_name!r}"
+        )
+
+    return info_dir
+
+
+def read_wheel_metadata_file(source: ZipFile, path: str) -> bytes:
+    try:
+        return source.read(path)
+        # BadZipFile for general corruption, KeyError for missing entry,
+        # and RuntimeError for password-protected files
+    except (BadZipFile, KeyError, RuntimeError) as e:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(f"could not read {path!r} file: {e!r}")
+
+
+def wheel_metadata(source: ZipFile, dist_info_dir: str) -> Message:
+    """Return the WHEEL metadata of an extracted wheel, if possible.
+    Otherwise, raise UnsupportedWheel.
+    """
+    path = f"{dist_info_dir}/WHEEL"
+    # Zip file path separators must be /
+    wheel_contents = read_wheel_metadata_file(source, path)
+
+    try:
+        wheel_text = wheel_contents.decode()
+    except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(f"error decoding {path!r}: {e!r}")
+
+    # FeedParser (used by Parser) does not raise any exceptions. The returned
+    # message may have .defects populated, but for backwards-compatibility we
+    # currently ignore them.
+    return Parser().parsestr(wheel_text)
+
+
+def wheel_version(wheel_data: Message) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+    """Given WHEEL metadata, return the parsed Wheel-Version.
+    Otherwise, raise UnsupportedWheel.
+    """
+    version_text = wheel_data["Wheel-Version"]
+    if version_text is None:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel("WHEEL is missing Wheel-Version")
+
+    version = version_text.strip()
+
+    try:
+        return tuple(map(int, version.split(".")))
+    except ValueError:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(f"invalid Wheel-Version: {version!r}")
+
+
+def check_compatibility(version: Tuple[int, ...], name: str) -> None:
+    """Raises errors or warns if called with an incompatible Wheel-Version.
+
+    pip should refuse to install a Wheel-Version that's a major series
+    ahead of what it's compatible with (e.g 2.0 > 1.1); and warn when
+    installing a version only minor version ahead (e.g 1.2 > 1.1).
+
+    version: a 2-tuple representing a Wheel-Version (Major, Minor)
+    name: name of wheel or package to raise exception about
+
+    :raises UnsupportedWheel: when an incompatible Wheel-Version is given
+    """
+    if version[0] > VERSION_COMPATIBLE[0]:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            "{}'s Wheel-Version ({}) is not compatible with this version "
+            "of pip".format(name, ".".join(map(str, version)))
+        )
+    elif version > VERSION_COMPATIBLE:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Installing from a newer Wheel-Version (%s)",
+            ".".join(map(str, version)),
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6beddbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# Expose a limited set of classes and functions so callers outside of
+# the vcs package don't need to import deeper than `pip._internal.vcs`.
+# (The test directory may still need to import from a vcs sub-package.)
+# Import all vcs modules to register each VCS in the VcsSupport object.
+import pip._internal.vcs.bazaar
+import pip._internal.vcs.git
+import pip._internal.vcs.mercurial
+import pip._internal.vcs.subversion  # noqa: F401
+from pip._internal.vcs.versioncontrol import (  # noqa: F401
+    RemoteNotFoundError,
+    RemoteNotValidError,
+    is_url,
+    make_vcs_requirement_url,
+    vcs,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/__pycache__/versioncontrol.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/__pycache__/versioncontrol.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/bazaar.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/bazaar.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20a17ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/bazaar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import logging
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import HiddenText, display_path
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import make_command
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url
+from pip._internal.vcs.versioncontrol import (
+    AuthInfo,
+    RemoteNotFoundError,
+    RevOptions,
+    VersionControl,
+    vcs,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Bazaar(VersionControl):
+    name = "bzr"
+    dirname = ".bzr"
+    repo_name = "branch"
+    schemes = (
+        "bzr+http",
+        "bzr+https",
+        "bzr+ssh",
+        "bzr+sftp",
+        "bzr+ftp",
+        "bzr+lp",
+        "bzr+file",
+    )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_base_rev_args(rev: str) -> List[str]:
+        return ["-r", rev]
+
+    def fetch_new(
+        self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions, verbosity: int
+    ) -> None:
+        rev_display = rev_options.to_display()
+        logger.info(
+            "Checking out %s%s to %s",
+            url,
+            rev_display,
+            display_path(dest),
+        )
+        if verbosity <= 0:
+            flag = "--quiet"
+        elif verbosity == 1:
+            flag = ""
+        else:
+            flag = f"-{'v'*verbosity}"
+        cmd_args = make_command(
+            "checkout", "--lightweight", flag, rev_options.to_args(), url, dest
+        )
+        self.run_command(cmd_args)
+
+    def switch(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        self.run_command(make_command("switch", url), cwd=dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        output = self.run_command(
+            make_command("info"), show_stdout=False, stdout_only=True, cwd=dest
+        )
+        if output.startswith("Standalone "):
+            # Older versions of pip used to create standalone branches.
+            # Convert the standalone branch to a checkout by calling "bzr bind".
+            cmd_args = make_command("bind", "-q", url)
+            self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+
+        cmd_args = make_command("update", "-q", rev_options.to_args())
+        self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_url_rev_and_auth(cls, url: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str], AuthInfo]:
+        # hotfix the URL scheme after removing bzr+ from bzr+ssh:// re-add it
+        url, rev, user_pass = super().get_url_rev_and_auth(url)
+        if url.startswith("ssh://"):
+            url = "bzr+" + url
+        return url, rev, user_pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_remote_url(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        urls = cls.run_command(
+            ["info"], show_stdout=False, stdout_only=True, cwd=location
+        )
+        for line in urls.splitlines():
+            line = line.strip()
+            for x in ("checkout of branch: ", "parent branch: "):
+                if line.startswith(x):
+                    repo = line.split(x)[1]
+                    if cls._is_local_repository(repo):
+                        return path_to_url(repo)
+                    return repo
+        raise RemoteNotFoundError
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_revision(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        revision = cls.run_command(
+            ["revno"],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        )
+        return revision.splitlines()[-1]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_commit_id_equal(cls, dest: str, name: Optional[str]) -> bool:
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+
+vcs.register(Bazaar)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/git.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/git.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c242cf8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/git.py
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+import logging
+import os.path
+import pathlib
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+import urllib.request
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import BadCommand, InstallationError
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import HiddenText, display_path, hide_url
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import make_command
+from pip._internal.vcs.versioncontrol import (
+    AuthInfo,
+    RemoteNotFoundError,
+    RemoteNotValidError,
+    RevOptions,
+    VersionControl,
+    find_path_to_project_root_from_repo_root,
+    vcs,
+)
+
+urlsplit = urllib.parse.urlsplit
+urlunsplit = urllib.parse.urlunsplit
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+GIT_VERSION_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"^git version "  # Prefix.
+    r"(\d+)"  # Major.
+    r"\.(\d+)"  # Dot, minor.
+    r"(?:\.(\d+))?"  # Optional dot, patch.
+    r".*$"  # Suffix, including any pre- and post-release segments we don't care about.
+)
+
+HASH_REGEX = re.compile("^[a-fA-F0-9]{40}$")
+
+# SCP (Secure copy protocol) shorthand. e.g. 'git@example.com:foo/bar.git'
+SCP_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"""^
+    # Optional user, e.g. 'git@'
+    (\w+@)?
+    # Server, e.g. 'github.com'.
+    ([^/:]+):
+    # The server-side path. e.g. 'user/project.git'. Must start with an
+    # alphanumeric character so as not to be confusable with a Windows paths
+    # like 'C:/foo/bar' or 'C:\foo\bar'.
+    (\w[^:]*)
+    $""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+def looks_like_hash(sha: str) -> bool:
+    return bool(HASH_REGEX.match(sha))
+
+
+class Git(VersionControl):
+    name = "git"
+    dirname = ".git"
+    repo_name = "clone"
+    schemes = (
+        "git+http",
+        "git+https",
+        "git+ssh",
+        "git+git",
+        "git+file",
+    )
+    # Prevent the user's environment variables from interfering with pip:
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/1130
+    unset_environ = ("GIT_DIR", "GIT_WORK_TREE")
+    default_arg_rev = "HEAD"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_base_rev_args(rev: str) -> List[str]:
+        return [rev]
+
+    def is_immutable_rev_checkout(self, url: str, dest: str) -> bool:
+        _, rev_options = self.get_url_rev_options(hide_url(url))
+        if not rev_options.rev:
+            return False
+        if not self.is_commit_id_equal(dest, rev_options.rev):
+            # the current commit is different from rev,
+            # which means rev was something else than a commit hash
+            return False
+        # return False in the rare case rev is both a commit hash
+        # and a tag or a branch; we don't want to cache in that case
+        # because that branch/tag could point to something else in the future
+        is_tag_or_branch = bool(self.get_revision_sha(dest, rev_options.rev)[0])
+        return not is_tag_or_branch
+
+    def get_git_version(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+        version = self.run_command(
+            ["version"],
+            command_desc="git version",
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+        )
+        match = GIT_VERSION_REGEX.match(version)
+        if not match:
+            logger.warning("Can't parse git version: %s", version)
+            return ()
+        return (int(match.group(1)), int(match.group(2)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_current_branch(cls, location: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Return the current branch, or None if HEAD isn't at a branch
+        (e.g. detached HEAD).
+        """
+        # git-symbolic-ref exits with empty stdout if "HEAD" is a detached
+        # HEAD rather than a symbolic ref.  In addition, the -q causes the
+        # command to exit with status code 1 instead of 128 in this case
+        # and to suppress the message to stderr.
+        args = ["symbolic-ref", "-q", "HEAD"]
+        output = cls.run_command(
+            args,
+            extra_ok_returncodes=(1,),
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        )
+        ref = output.strip()
+
+        if ref.startswith("refs/heads/"):
+            return ref[len("refs/heads/") :]
+
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_revision_sha(cls, dest: str, rev: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], bool]:
+        """
+        Return (sha_or_none, is_branch), where sha_or_none is a commit hash
+        if the revision names a remote branch or tag, otherwise None.
+
+        Args:
+          dest: the repository directory.
+          rev: the revision name.
+        """
+        # Pass rev to pre-filter the list.
+        output = cls.run_command(
+            ["show-ref", rev],
+            cwd=dest,
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            on_returncode="ignore",
+        )
+        refs = {}
+        # NOTE: We do not use splitlines here since that would split on other
+        #       unicode separators, which can be maliciously used to install a
+        #       different revision.
+        for line in output.strip().split("\n"):
+            line = line.rstrip("\r")
+            if not line:
+                continue
+            try:
+                ref_sha, ref_name = line.split(" ", maxsplit=2)
+            except ValueError:
+                # Include the offending line to simplify troubleshooting if
+                # this error ever occurs.
+                raise ValueError(f"unexpected show-ref line: {line!r}")
+
+            refs[ref_name] = ref_sha
+
+        branch_ref = f"refs/remotes/origin/{rev}"
+        tag_ref = f"refs/tags/{rev}"
+
+        sha = refs.get(branch_ref)
+        if sha is not None:
+            return (sha, True)
+
+        sha = refs.get(tag_ref)
+
+        return (sha, False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _should_fetch(cls, dest: str, rev: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return true if rev is a ref or is a commit that we don't have locally.
+
+        Branches and tags are not considered in this method because they are
+        assumed to be always available locally (which is a normal outcome of
+        ``git clone`` and ``git fetch --tags``).
+        """
+        if rev.startswith("refs/"):
+            # Always fetch remote refs.
+            return True
+
+        if not looks_like_hash(rev):
+            # Git fetch would fail with abbreviated commits.
+            return False
+
+        if cls.has_commit(dest, rev):
+            # Don't fetch if we have the commit locally.
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def resolve_revision(
+        cls, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions
+    ) -> RevOptions:
+        """
+        Resolve a revision to a new RevOptions object with the SHA1 of the
+        branch, tag, or ref if found.
+
+        Args:
+          rev_options: a RevOptions object.
+        """
+        rev = rev_options.arg_rev
+        # The arg_rev property's implementation for Git ensures that the
+        # rev return value is always non-None.
+        assert rev is not None
+
+        sha, is_branch = cls.get_revision_sha(dest, rev)
+
+        if sha is not None:
+            rev_options = rev_options.make_new(sha)
+            rev_options.branch_name = rev if is_branch else None
+
+            return rev_options
+
+        # Do not show a warning for the common case of something that has
+        # the form of a Git commit hash.
+        if not looks_like_hash(rev):
+            logger.warning(
+                "Did not find branch or tag '%s', assuming revision or ref.",
+                rev,
+            )
+
+        if not cls._should_fetch(dest, rev):
+            return rev_options
+
+        # fetch the requested revision
+        cls.run_command(
+            make_command("fetch", "-q", url, rev_options.to_args()),
+            cwd=dest,
+        )
+        # Change the revision to the SHA of the ref we fetched
+        sha = cls.get_revision(dest, rev="FETCH_HEAD")
+        rev_options = rev_options.make_new(sha)
+
+        return rev_options
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_commit_id_equal(cls, dest: str, name: Optional[str]) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return whether the current commit hash equals the given name.
+
+        Args:
+          dest: the repository directory.
+          name: a string name.
+        """
+        if not name:
+            # Then avoid an unnecessary subprocess call.
+            return False
+
+        return cls.get_revision(dest) == name
+
+    def fetch_new(
+        self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions, verbosity: int
+    ) -> None:
+        rev_display = rev_options.to_display()
+        logger.info("Cloning %s%s to %s", url, rev_display, display_path(dest))
+        if verbosity <= 0:
+            flags: Tuple[str, ...] = ("--quiet",)
+        elif verbosity == 1:
+            flags = ()
+        else:
+            flags = ("--verbose", "--progress")
+        if self.get_git_version() >= (2, 17):
+            # Git added support for partial clone in 2.17
+            # https://git-scm.com/docs/partial-clone
+            # Speeds up cloning by functioning without a complete copy of repository
+            self.run_command(
+                make_command(
+                    "clone",
+                    "--filter=blob:none",
+                    *flags,
+                    url,
+                    dest,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            self.run_command(make_command("clone", *flags, url, dest))
+
+        if rev_options.rev:
+            # Then a specific revision was requested.
+            rev_options = self.resolve_revision(dest, url, rev_options)
+            branch_name = getattr(rev_options, "branch_name", None)
+            logger.debug("Rev options %s, branch_name %s", rev_options, branch_name)
+            if branch_name is None:
+                # Only do a checkout if the current commit id doesn't match
+                # the requested revision.
+                if not self.is_commit_id_equal(dest, rev_options.rev):
+                    cmd_args = make_command(
+                        "checkout",
+                        "-q",
+                        rev_options.to_args(),
+                    )
+                    self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+            elif self.get_current_branch(dest) != branch_name:
+                # Then a specific branch was requested, and that branch
+                # is not yet checked out.
+                track_branch = f"origin/{branch_name}"
+                cmd_args = [
+                    "checkout",
+                    "-b",
+                    branch_name,
+                    "--track",
+                    track_branch,
+                ]
+                self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+        else:
+            sha = self.get_revision(dest)
+            rev_options = rev_options.make_new(sha)
+
+        logger.info("Resolved %s to commit %s", url, rev_options.rev)
+
+        #: repo may contain submodules
+        self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def switch(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        self.run_command(
+            make_command("config", "remote.origin.url", url),
+            cwd=dest,
+        )
+        cmd_args = make_command("checkout", "-q", rev_options.to_args())
+        self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+
+        self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        # First fetch changes from the default remote
+        if self.get_git_version() >= (1, 9):
+            # fetch tags in addition to everything else
+            self.run_command(["fetch", "-q", "--tags"], cwd=dest)
+        else:
+            self.run_command(["fetch", "-q"], cwd=dest)
+        # Then reset to wanted revision (maybe even origin/master)
+        rev_options = self.resolve_revision(dest, url, rev_options)
+        cmd_args = make_command("reset", "--hard", "-q", rev_options.to_args())
+        self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+        #: update submodules
+        self.update_submodules(dest)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_remote_url(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return URL of the first remote encountered.
+
+        Raises RemoteNotFoundError if the repository does not have a remote
+        url configured.
+        """
+        # We need to pass 1 for extra_ok_returncodes since the command
+        # exits with return code 1 if there are no matching lines.
+        stdout = cls.run_command(
+            ["config", "--get-regexp", r"remote\..*\.url"],
+            extra_ok_returncodes=(1,),
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        )
+        remotes = stdout.splitlines()
+        try:
+            found_remote = remotes[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise RemoteNotFoundError
+
+        for remote in remotes:
+            if remote.startswith("remote.origin.url "):
+                found_remote = remote
+                break
+        url = found_remote.split(" ")[1]
+        return cls._git_remote_to_pip_url(url.strip())
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _git_remote_to_pip_url(url: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Convert a remote url from what git uses to what pip accepts.
+
+        There are 3 legal forms **url** may take:
+
+            1. A fully qualified url: ssh://git@example.com/foo/bar.git
+            2. A local project.git folder: /path/to/bare/repository.git
+            3. SCP shorthand for form 1: git@example.com:foo/bar.git
+
+        Form 1 is output as-is. Form 2 must be converted to URI and form 3 must
+        be converted to form 1.
+
+        See the corresponding test test_git_remote_url_to_pip() for examples of
+        sample inputs/outputs.
+        """
+        if re.match(r"\w+://", url):
+            # This is already valid. Pass it though as-is.
+            return url
+        if os.path.exists(url):
+            # A local bare remote (git clone --mirror).
+            # Needs a file:// prefix.
+            return pathlib.PurePath(url).as_uri()
+        scp_match = SCP_REGEX.match(url)
+        if scp_match:
+            # Add an ssh:// prefix and replace the ':' with a '/'.
+            return scp_match.expand(r"ssh://\1\2/\3")
+        # Otherwise, bail out.
+        raise RemoteNotValidError(url)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_commit(cls, location: str, rev: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if rev is a commit that is available in the local repository.
+        """
+        try:
+            cls.run_command(
+                ["rev-parse", "-q", "--verify", "sha^" + rev],
+                cwd=location,
+                log_failed_cmd=False,
+            )
+        except InstallationError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_revision(cls, location: str, rev: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        if rev is None:
+            rev = "HEAD"
+        current_rev = cls.run_command(
+            ["rev-parse", rev],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        )
+        return current_rev.strip()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_subdirectory(cls, location: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Return the path to Python project root, relative to the repo root.
+        Return None if the project root is in the repo root.
+        """
+        # find the repo root
+        git_dir = cls.run_command(
+            ["rev-parse", "--git-dir"],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        ).strip()
+        if not os.path.isabs(git_dir):
+            git_dir = os.path.join(location, git_dir)
+        repo_root = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(git_dir, ".."))
+        return find_path_to_project_root_from_repo_root(location, repo_root)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_url_rev_and_auth(cls, url: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str], AuthInfo]:
+        """
+        Prefixes stub URLs like 'user@hostname:user/repo.git' with 'ssh://'.
+        That's required because although they use SSH they sometimes don't
+        work with a ssh:// scheme (e.g. GitHub). But we need a scheme for
+        parsing. Hence we remove it again afterwards and return it as a stub.
+        """
+        # Works around an apparent Git bug
+        # (see https://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/146500)
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, fragment = urlsplit(url)
+        if scheme.endswith("file"):
+            initial_slashes = path[: -len(path.lstrip("/"))]
+            newpath = initial_slashes + urllib.request.url2pathname(path).replace(
+                "\\", "/"
+            ).lstrip("/")
+            after_plus = scheme.find("+") + 1
+            url = scheme[:after_plus] + urlunsplit(
+                (scheme[after_plus:], netloc, newpath, query, fragment),
+            )
+
+        if "://" not in url:
+            assert "file:" not in url
+            url = url.replace("git+", "git+ssh://")
+            url, rev, user_pass = super().get_url_rev_and_auth(url)
+            url = url.replace("ssh://", "")
+        else:
+            url, rev, user_pass = super().get_url_rev_and_auth(url)
+
+        return url, rev, user_pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def update_submodules(cls, location: str) -> None:
+        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(location, ".gitmodules")):
+            return
+        cls.run_command(
+            ["submodule", "update", "--init", "--recursive", "-q"],
+            cwd=location,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_repository_root(cls, location: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        loc = super().get_repository_root(location)
+        if loc:
+            return loc
+        try:
+            r = cls.run_command(
+                ["rev-parse", "--show-toplevel"],
+                cwd=location,
+                show_stdout=False,
+                stdout_only=True,
+                on_returncode="raise",
+                log_failed_cmd=False,
+            )
+        except BadCommand:
+            logger.debug(
+                "could not determine if %s is under git control "
+                "because git is not available",
+                location,
+            )
+            return None
+        except InstallationError:
+            return None
+        return os.path.normpath(r.rstrip("\r\n"))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def should_add_vcs_url_prefix(repo_url: str) -> bool:
+        """In either https or ssh form, requirements must be prefixed with git+."""
+        return True
+
+
+vcs.register(Git)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/mercurial.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/mercurial.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c183d41d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/mercurial.py
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import configparser
+import logging
+import os
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.exceptions import BadCommand, InstallationError
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import HiddenText, display_path
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import make_command
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url
+from pip._internal.vcs.versioncontrol import (
+    RevOptions,
+    VersionControl,
+    find_path_to_project_root_from_repo_root,
+    vcs,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Mercurial(VersionControl):
+    name = "hg"
+    dirname = ".hg"
+    repo_name = "clone"
+    schemes = (
+        "hg+file",
+        "hg+http",
+        "hg+https",
+        "hg+ssh",
+        "hg+static-http",
+    )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_base_rev_args(rev: str) -> List[str]:
+        return [f"--rev={rev}"]
+
+    def fetch_new(
+        self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions, verbosity: int
+    ) -> None:
+        rev_display = rev_options.to_display()
+        logger.info(
+            "Cloning hg %s%s to %s",
+            url,
+            rev_display,
+            display_path(dest),
+        )
+        if verbosity <= 0:
+            flags: Tuple[str, ...] = ("--quiet",)
+        elif verbosity == 1:
+            flags = ()
+        elif verbosity == 2:
+            flags = ("--verbose",)
+        else:
+            flags = ("--verbose", "--debug")
+        self.run_command(make_command("clone", "--noupdate", *flags, url, dest))
+        self.run_command(
+            make_command("update", *flags, rev_options.to_args()),
+            cwd=dest,
+        )
+
+    def switch(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        repo_config = os.path.join(dest, self.dirname, "hgrc")
+        config = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+        try:
+            config.read(repo_config)
+            config.set("paths", "default", url.secret)
+            with open(repo_config, "w") as config_file:
+                config.write(config_file)
+        except (OSError, configparser.NoSectionError) as exc:
+            logger.warning("Could not switch Mercurial repository to %s: %s", url, exc)
+        else:
+            cmd_args = make_command("update", "-q", rev_options.to_args())
+            self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+
+    def update(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        self.run_command(["pull", "-q"], cwd=dest)
+        cmd_args = make_command("update", "-q", rev_options.to_args())
+        self.run_command(cmd_args, cwd=dest)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_remote_url(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        url = cls.run_command(
+            ["showconfig", "paths.default"],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        ).strip()
+        if cls._is_local_repository(url):
+            url = path_to_url(url)
+        return url.strip()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_revision(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the repository-local changeset revision number, as an integer.
+        """
+        current_revision = cls.run_command(
+            ["parents", "--template={rev}"],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        ).strip()
+        return current_revision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_requirement_revision(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the changeset identification hash, as a 40-character
+        hexadecimal string
+        """
+        current_rev_hash = cls.run_command(
+            ["parents", "--template={node}"],
+            show_stdout=False,
+            stdout_only=True,
+            cwd=location,
+        ).strip()
+        return current_rev_hash
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_commit_id_equal(cls, dest: str, name: Optional[str]) -> bool:
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_subdirectory(cls, location: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Return the path to Python project root, relative to the repo root.
+        Return None if the project root is in the repo root.
+        """
+        # find the repo root
+        repo_root = cls.run_command(
+            ["root"], show_stdout=False, stdout_only=True, cwd=location
+        ).strip()
+        if not os.path.isabs(repo_root):
+            repo_root = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(location, repo_root))
+        return find_path_to_project_root_from_repo_root(location, repo_root)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_repository_root(cls, location: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        loc = super().get_repository_root(location)
+        if loc:
+            return loc
+        try:
+            r = cls.run_command(
+                ["root"],
+                cwd=location,
+                show_stdout=False,
+                stdout_only=True,
+                on_returncode="raise",
+                log_failed_cmd=False,
+            )
+        except BadCommand:
+            logger.debug(
+                "could not determine if %s is under hg control "
+                "because hg is not available",
+                location,
+            )
+            return None
+        except InstallationError:
+            return None
+        return os.path.normpath(r.rstrip("\r\n"))
+
+
+vcs.register(Mercurial)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/subversion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/subversion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16d93a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/subversion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    HiddenText,
+    display_path,
+    is_console_interactive,
+    is_installable_dir,
+    split_auth_from_netloc,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import CommandArgs, make_command
+from pip._internal.vcs.versioncontrol import (
+    AuthInfo,
+    RemoteNotFoundError,
+    RevOptions,
+    VersionControl,
+    vcs,
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_svn_xml_url_re = re.compile('url="([^"]+)"')
+_svn_rev_re = re.compile(r'committed-rev="(\d+)"')
+_svn_info_xml_rev_re = re.compile(r'\s*revision="(\d+)"')
+_svn_info_xml_url_re = re.compile(r"<url>(.*)</url>")
+
+
+class Subversion(VersionControl):
+    name = "svn"
+    dirname = ".svn"
+    repo_name = "checkout"
+    schemes = ("svn+ssh", "svn+http", "svn+https", "svn+svn", "svn+file")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def should_add_vcs_url_prefix(cls, remote_url: str) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_base_rev_args(rev: str) -> List[str]:
+        return ["-r", rev]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_revision(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the maximum revision for all files under a given location
+        """
+        # Note: taken from setuptools.command.egg_info
+        revision = 0
+
+        for base, dirs, _ in os.walk(location):
+            if cls.dirname not in dirs:
+                dirs[:] = []
+                continue  # no sense walking uncontrolled subdirs
+            dirs.remove(cls.dirname)
+            entries_fn = os.path.join(base, cls.dirname, "entries")
+            if not os.path.exists(entries_fn):
+                # FIXME: should we warn?
+                continue
+
+            dirurl, localrev = cls._get_svn_url_rev(base)
+
+            if base == location:
+                assert dirurl is not None
+                base = dirurl + "/"  # save the root url
+            elif not dirurl or not dirurl.startswith(base):
+                dirs[:] = []
+                continue  # not part of the same svn tree, skip it
+            revision = max(revision, localrev)
+        return str(revision)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_netloc_and_auth(
+        cls, netloc: str, scheme: str
+    ) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]:
+        """
+        This override allows the auth information to be passed to svn via the
+        --username and --password options instead of via the URL.
+        """
+        if scheme == "ssh":
+            # The --username and --password options can't be used for
+            # svn+ssh URLs, so keep the auth information in the URL.
+            return super().get_netloc_and_auth(netloc, scheme)
+
+        return split_auth_from_netloc(netloc)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_url_rev_and_auth(cls, url: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str], AuthInfo]:
+        # hotfix the URL scheme after removing svn+ from svn+ssh:// re-add it
+        url, rev, user_pass = super().get_url_rev_and_auth(url)
+        if url.startswith("ssh://"):
+            url = "svn+" + url
+        return url, rev, user_pass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def make_rev_args(
+        username: Optional[str], password: Optional[HiddenText]
+    ) -> CommandArgs:
+        extra_args: CommandArgs = []
+        if username:
+            extra_args += ["--username", username]
+        if password:
+            extra_args += ["--password", password]
+
+        return extra_args
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_remote_url(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        # In cases where the source is in a subdirectory, we have to look up in
+        # the location until we find a valid project root.
+        orig_location = location
+        while not is_installable_dir(location):
+            last_location = location
+            location = os.path.dirname(location)
+            if location == last_location:
+                # We've traversed up to the root of the filesystem without
+                # finding a Python project.
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Could not find Python project for directory %s (tried all "
+                    "parent directories)",
+                    orig_location,
+                )
+                raise RemoteNotFoundError
+
+        url, _rev = cls._get_svn_url_rev(location)
+        if url is None:
+            raise RemoteNotFoundError
+
+        return url
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_svn_url_rev(cls, location: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], int]:
+        from pip._internal.exceptions import InstallationError
+
+        entries_path = os.path.join(location, cls.dirname, "entries")
+        if os.path.exists(entries_path):
+            with open(entries_path) as f:
+                data = f.read()
+        else:  # subversion >= 1.7 does not have the 'entries' file
+            data = ""
+
+        url = None
+        if data.startswith("8") or data.startswith("9") or data.startswith("10"):
+            entries = list(map(str.splitlines, data.split("\n\x0c\n")))
+            del entries[0][0]  # get rid of the '8'
+            url = entries[0][3]
+            revs = [int(d[9]) for d in entries if len(d) > 9 and d[9]] + [0]
+        elif data.startswith("<?xml"):
+            match = _svn_xml_url_re.search(data)
+            if not match:
+                raise ValueError(f"Badly formatted data: {data!r}")
+            url = match.group(1)  # get repository URL
+            revs = [int(m.group(1)) for m in _svn_rev_re.finditer(data)] + [0]
+        else:
+            try:
+                # subversion >= 1.7
+                # Note that using get_remote_call_options is not necessary here
+                # because `svn info` is being run against a local directory.
+                # We don't need to worry about making sure interactive mode
+                # is being used to prompt for passwords, because passwords
+                # are only potentially needed for remote server requests.
+                xml = cls.run_command(
+                    ["info", "--xml", location],
+                    show_stdout=False,
+                    stdout_only=True,
+                )
+                match = _svn_info_xml_url_re.search(xml)
+                assert match is not None
+                url = match.group(1)
+                revs = [int(m.group(1)) for m in _svn_info_xml_rev_re.finditer(xml)]
+            except InstallationError:
+                url, revs = None, []
+
+        if revs:
+            rev = max(revs)
+        else:
+            rev = 0
+
+        return url, rev
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_commit_id_equal(cls, dest: str, name: Optional[str]) -> bool:
+        """Always assume the versions don't match"""
+        return False
+
+    def __init__(self, use_interactive: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+        if use_interactive is None:
+            use_interactive = is_console_interactive()
+        self.use_interactive = use_interactive
+
+        # This member is used to cache the fetched version of the current
+        # ``svn`` client.
+        # Special value definitions:
+        #   None: Not evaluated yet.
+        #   Empty tuple: Could not parse version.
+        self._vcs_version: Optional[Tuple[int, ...]] = None
+
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def call_vcs_version(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+        """Query the version of the currently installed Subversion client.
+
+        :return: A tuple containing the parts of the version information or
+            ``()`` if the version returned from ``svn`` could not be parsed.
+        :raises: BadCommand: If ``svn`` is not installed.
+        """
+        # Example versions:
+        #   svn, version 1.10.3 (r1842928)
+        #      compiled Feb 25 2019, 14:20:39 on x86_64-apple-darwin17.0.0
+        #   svn, version 1.7.14 (r1542130)
+        #      compiled Mar 28 2018, 08:49:13 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
+        #   svn, version 1.12.0-SlikSvn (SlikSvn/1.12.0)
+        #      compiled May 28 2019, 13:44:56 on x86_64-microsoft-windows6.2
+        version_prefix = "svn, version "
+        version = self.run_command(["--version"], show_stdout=False, stdout_only=True)
+        if not version.startswith(version_prefix):
+            return ()
+
+        version = version[len(version_prefix) :].split()[0]
+        version_list = version.partition("-")[0].split(".")
+        try:
+            parsed_version = tuple(map(int, version_list))
+        except ValueError:
+            return ()
+
+        return parsed_version
+
+    def get_vcs_version(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+        """Return the version of the currently installed Subversion client.
+
+        If the version of the Subversion client has already been queried,
+        a cached value will be used.
+
+        :return: A tuple containing the parts of the version information or
+            ``()`` if the version returned from ``svn`` could not be parsed.
+        :raises: BadCommand: If ``svn`` is not installed.
+        """
+        if self._vcs_version is not None:
+            # Use cached version, if available.
+            # If parsing the version failed previously (empty tuple),
+            # do not attempt to parse it again.
+            return self._vcs_version
+
+        vcs_version = self.call_vcs_version()
+        self._vcs_version = vcs_version
+        return vcs_version
+
+    def get_remote_call_options(self) -> CommandArgs:
+        """Return options to be used on calls to Subversion that contact the server.
+
+        These options are applicable for the following ``svn`` subcommands used
+        in this class.
+
+            - checkout
+            - switch
+            - update
+
+        :return: A list of command line arguments to pass to ``svn``.
+        """
+        if not self.use_interactive:
+            # --non-interactive switch is available since Subversion 0.14.4.
+            # Subversion < 1.8 runs in interactive mode by default.
+            return ["--non-interactive"]
+
+        svn_version = self.get_vcs_version()
+        # By default, Subversion >= 1.8 runs in non-interactive mode if
+        # stdin is not a TTY. Since that is how pip invokes SVN, in
+        # call_subprocess(), pip must pass --force-interactive to ensure
+        # the user can be prompted for a password, if required.
+        #   SVN added the --force-interactive option in SVN 1.8. Since
+        # e.g. RHEL/CentOS 7, which is supported until 2024, ships with
+        # SVN 1.7, pip should continue to support SVN 1.7. Therefore, pip
+        # can't safely add the option if the SVN version is < 1.8 (or unknown).
+        if svn_version >= (1, 8):
+            return ["--force-interactive"]
+
+        return []
+
+    def fetch_new(
+        self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions, verbosity: int
+    ) -> None:
+        rev_display = rev_options.to_display()
+        logger.info(
+            "Checking out %s%s to %s",
+            url,
+            rev_display,
+            display_path(dest),
+        )
+        if verbosity <= 0:
+            flag = "--quiet"
+        else:
+            flag = ""
+        cmd_args = make_command(
+            "checkout",
+            flag,
+            self.get_remote_call_options(),
+            rev_options.to_args(),
+            url,
+            dest,
+        )
+        self.run_command(cmd_args)
+
+    def switch(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        cmd_args = make_command(
+            "switch",
+            self.get_remote_call_options(),
+            rev_options.to_args(),
+            url,
+            dest,
+        )
+        self.run_command(cmd_args)
+
+    def update(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        cmd_args = make_command(
+            "update",
+            self.get_remote_call_options(),
+            rev_options.to_args(),
+            dest,
+        )
+        self.run_command(cmd_args)
+
+
+vcs.register(Subversion)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/versioncontrol.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/versioncontrol.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46ca2799
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/vcs/versioncontrol.py
@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+"""Handles all VCS (version control) support"""
+
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import sys
+import urllib.parse
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._internal.cli.spinners import SpinnerInterface
+from pip._internal.exceptions import BadCommand, InstallationError
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import (
+    HiddenText,
+    ask_path_exists,
+    backup_dir,
+    display_path,
+    hide_url,
+    hide_value,
+    is_installable_dir,
+    rmtree,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import (
+    CommandArgs,
+    call_subprocess,
+    format_command_args,
+    make_command,
+)
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import get_url_scheme
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # Literal was introduced in Python 3.8.
+    #
+    # TODO: Remove `if TYPE_CHECKING` when dropping support for Python 3.7.
+    from typing import Literal
+
+
+__all__ = ["vcs"]
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+AuthInfo = Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]
+
+
+def is_url(name: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return true if the name looks like a URL.
+    """
+    scheme = get_url_scheme(name)
+    if scheme is None:
+        return False
+    return scheme in ["http", "https", "file", "ftp"] + vcs.all_schemes
+
+
+def make_vcs_requirement_url(
+    repo_url: str, rev: str, project_name: str, subdir: Optional[str] = None
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the URL for a VCS requirement.
+
+    Args:
+      repo_url: the remote VCS url, with any needed VCS prefix (e.g. "git+").
+      project_name: the (unescaped) project name.
+    """
+    egg_project_name = project_name.replace("-", "_")
+    req = f"{repo_url}@{rev}#egg={egg_project_name}"
+    if subdir:
+        req += f"&subdirectory={subdir}"
+
+    return req
+
+
+def find_path_to_project_root_from_repo_root(
+    location: str, repo_root: str
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Find the the Python project's root by searching up the filesystem from
+    `location`. Return the path to project root relative to `repo_root`.
+    Return None if the project root is `repo_root`, or cannot be found.
+    """
+    # find project root.
+    orig_location = location
+    while not is_installable_dir(location):
+        last_location = location
+        location = os.path.dirname(location)
+        if location == last_location:
+            # We've traversed up to the root of the filesystem without
+            # finding a Python project.
+            logger.warning(
+                "Could not find a Python project for directory %s (tried all "
+                "parent directories)",
+                orig_location,
+            )
+            return None
+
+    if os.path.samefile(repo_root, location):
+        return None
+
+    return os.path.relpath(location, repo_root)
+
+
+class RemoteNotFoundError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class RemoteNotValidError(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, url: str):
+        super().__init__(url)
+        self.url = url
+
+
+class RevOptions:
+
+    """
+    Encapsulates a VCS-specific revision to install, along with any VCS
+    install options.
+
+    Instances of this class should be treated as if immutable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        vc_class: Type["VersionControl"],
+        rev: Optional[str] = None,
+        extra_args: Optional[CommandArgs] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Args:
+          vc_class: a VersionControl subclass.
+          rev: the name of the revision to install.
+          extra_args: a list of extra options.
+        """
+        if extra_args is None:
+            extra_args = []
+
+        self.extra_args = extra_args
+        self.rev = rev
+        self.vc_class = vc_class
+        self.branch_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<RevOptions {self.vc_class.name}: rev={self.rev!r}>"
+
+    @property
+    def arg_rev(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self.rev is None:
+            return self.vc_class.default_arg_rev
+
+        return self.rev
+
+    def to_args(self) -> CommandArgs:
+        """
+        Return the VCS-specific command arguments.
+        """
+        args: CommandArgs = []
+        rev = self.arg_rev
+        if rev is not None:
+            args += self.vc_class.get_base_rev_args(rev)
+        args += self.extra_args
+
+        return args
+
+    def to_display(self) -> str:
+        if not self.rev:
+            return ""
+
+        return f" (to revision {self.rev})"
+
+    def make_new(self, rev: str) -> "RevOptions":
+        """
+        Make a copy of the current instance, but with a new rev.
+
+        Args:
+          rev: the name of the revision for the new object.
+        """
+        return self.vc_class.make_rev_options(rev, extra_args=self.extra_args)
+
+
+class VcsSupport:
+    _registry: Dict[str, "VersionControl"] = {}
+    schemes = ["ssh", "git", "hg", "bzr", "sftp", "svn"]
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # Register more schemes with urlparse for various version control
+        # systems
+        urllib.parse.uses_netloc.extend(self.schemes)
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return self._registry.__iter__()
+
+    @property
+    def backends(self) -> List["VersionControl"]:
+        return list(self._registry.values())
+
+    @property
+    def dirnames(self) -> List[str]:
+        return [backend.dirname for backend in self.backends]
+
+    @property
+    def all_schemes(self) -> List[str]:
+        schemes: List[str] = []
+        for backend in self.backends:
+            schemes.extend(backend.schemes)
+        return schemes
+
+    def register(self, cls: Type["VersionControl"]) -> None:
+        if not hasattr(cls, "name"):
+            logger.warning("Cannot register VCS %s", cls.__name__)
+            return
+        if cls.name not in self._registry:
+            self._registry[cls.name] = cls()
+            logger.debug("Registered VCS backend: %s", cls.name)
+
+    def unregister(self, name: str) -> None:
+        if name in self._registry:
+            del self._registry[name]
+
+    def get_backend_for_dir(self, location: str) -> Optional["VersionControl"]:
+        """
+        Return a VersionControl object if a repository of that type is found
+        at the given directory.
+        """
+        vcs_backends = {}
+        for vcs_backend in self._registry.values():
+            repo_path = vcs_backend.get_repository_root(location)
+            if not repo_path:
+                continue
+            logger.debug("Determine that %s uses VCS: %s", location, vcs_backend.name)
+            vcs_backends[repo_path] = vcs_backend
+
+        if not vcs_backends:
+            return None
+
+        # Choose the VCS in the inner-most directory. Since all repository
+        # roots found here would be either `location` or one of its
+        # parents, the longest path should have the most path components,
+        # i.e. the backend representing the inner-most repository.
+        inner_most_repo_path = max(vcs_backends, key=len)
+        return vcs_backends[inner_most_repo_path]
+
+    def get_backend_for_scheme(self, scheme: str) -> Optional["VersionControl"]:
+        """
+        Return a VersionControl object or None.
+        """
+        for vcs_backend in self._registry.values():
+            if scheme in vcs_backend.schemes:
+                return vcs_backend
+        return None
+
+    def get_backend(self, name: str) -> Optional["VersionControl"]:
+        """
+        Return a VersionControl object or None.
+        """
+        name = name.lower()
+        return self._registry.get(name)
+
+
+vcs = VcsSupport()
+
+
+class VersionControl:
+    name = ""
+    dirname = ""
+    repo_name = ""
+    # List of supported schemes for this Version Control
+    schemes: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+    # Iterable of environment variable names to pass to call_subprocess().
+    unset_environ: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+    default_arg_rev: Optional[str] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def should_add_vcs_url_prefix(cls, remote_url: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return whether the vcs prefix (e.g. "git+") should be added to a
+        repository's remote url when used in a requirement.
+        """
+        return not remote_url.lower().startswith(f"{cls.name}:")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_subdirectory(cls, location: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Return the path to Python project root, relative to the repo root.
+        Return None if the project root is in the repo root.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_requirement_revision(cls, repo_dir: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the revision string that should be used in a requirement.
+        """
+        return cls.get_revision(repo_dir)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_src_requirement(cls, repo_dir: str, project_name: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the requirement string to use to redownload the files
+        currently at the given repository directory.
+
+        Args:
+          project_name: the (unescaped) project name.
+
+        The return value has a form similar to the following:
+
+            {repository_url}@{revision}#egg={project_name}
+        """
+        repo_url = cls.get_remote_url(repo_dir)
+
+        if cls.should_add_vcs_url_prefix(repo_url):
+            repo_url = f"{cls.name}+{repo_url}"
+
+        revision = cls.get_requirement_revision(repo_dir)
+        subdir = cls.get_subdirectory(repo_dir)
+        req = make_vcs_requirement_url(repo_url, revision, project_name, subdir=subdir)
+
+        return req
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_base_rev_args(rev: str) -> List[str]:
+        """
+        Return the base revision arguments for a vcs command.
+
+        Args:
+          rev: the name of a revision to install.  Cannot be None.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def is_immutable_rev_checkout(self, url: str, dest: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return true if the commit hash checked out at dest matches
+        the revision in url.
+
+        Always return False, if the VCS does not support immutable commit
+        hashes.
+
+        This method does not check if there are local uncommitted changes
+        in dest after checkout, as pip currently has no use case for that.
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def make_rev_options(
+        cls, rev: Optional[str] = None, extra_args: Optional[CommandArgs] = None
+    ) -> RevOptions:
+        """
+        Return a RevOptions object.
+
+        Args:
+          rev: the name of a revision to install.
+          extra_args: a list of extra options.
+        """
+        return RevOptions(cls, rev, extra_args=extra_args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _is_local_repository(cls, repo: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        posix absolute paths start with os.path.sep,
+        win32 ones start with drive (like c:\\folder)
+        """
+        drive, tail = os.path.splitdrive(repo)
+        return repo.startswith(os.path.sep) or bool(drive)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_netloc_and_auth(
+        cls, netloc: str, scheme: str
+    ) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]:
+        """
+        Parse the repository URL's netloc, and return the new netloc to use
+        along with auth information.
+
+        Args:
+          netloc: the original repository URL netloc.
+          scheme: the repository URL's scheme without the vcs prefix.
+
+        This is mainly for the Subversion class to override, so that auth
+        information can be provided via the --username and --password options
+        instead of through the URL.  For other subclasses like Git without
+        such an option, auth information must stay in the URL.
+
+        Returns: (netloc, (username, password)).
+        """
+        return netloc, (None, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_url_rev_and_auth(cls, url: str) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str], AuthInfo]:
+        """
+        Parse the repository URL to use, and return the URL, revision,
+        and auth info to use.
+
+        Returns: (url, rev, (username, password)).
+        """
+        scheme, netloc, path, query, frag = urllib.parse.urlsplit(url)
+        if "+" not in scheme:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Sorry, {url!r} is a malformed VCS url. "
+                "The format is <vcs>+<protocol>://<url>, "
+                "e.g. svn+http://myrepo/svn/MyApp#egg=MyApp"
+            )
+        # Remove the vcs prefix.
+        scheme = scheme.split("+", 1)[1]
+        netloc, user_pass = cls.get_netloc_and_auth(netloc, scheme)
+        rev = None
+        if "@" in path:
+            path, rev = path.rsplit("@", 1)
+            if not rev:
+                raise InstallationError(
+                    f"The URL {url!r} has an empty revision (after @) "
+                    "which is not supported. Include a revision after @ "
+                    "or remove @ from the URL."
+                )
+        url = urllib.parse.urlunsplit((scheme, netloc, path, query, ""))
+        return url, rev, user_pass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def make_rev_args(
+        username: Optional[str], password: Optional[HiddenText]
+    ) -> CommandArgs:
+        """
+        Return the RevOptions "extra arguments" to use in obtain().
+        """
+        return []
+
+    def get_url_rev_options(self, url: HiddenText) -> Tuple[HiddenText, RevOptions]:
+        """
+        Return the URL and RevOptions object to use in obtain(),
+        as a tuple (url, rev_options).
+        """
+        secret_url, rev, user_pass = self.get_url_rev_and_auth(url.secret)
+        username, secret_password = user_pass
+        password: Optional[HiddenText] = None
+        if secret_password is not None:
+            password = hide_value(secret_password)
+        extra_args = self.make_rev_args(username, password)
+        rev_options = self.make_rev_options(rev, extra_args=extra_args)
+
+        return hide_url(secret_url), rev_options
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def normalize_url(url: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Normalize a URL for comparison by unquoting it and removing any
+        trailing slash.
+        """
+        return urllib.parse.unquote(url).rstrip("/")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def compare_urls(cls, url1: str, url2: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Compare two repo URLs for identity, ignoring incidental differences.
+        """
+        return cls.normalize_url(url1) == cls.normalize_url(url2)
+
+    def fetch_new(
+        self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions, verbosity: int
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Fetch a revision from a repository, in the case that this is the
+        first fetch from the repository.
+
+        Args:
+          dest: the directory to fetch the repository to.
+          rev_options: a RevOptions object.
+          verbosity: verbosity level.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def switch(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        """
+        Switch the repo at ``dest`` to point to ``URL``.
+
+        Args:
+          rev_options: a RevOptions object.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def update(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, rev_options: RevOptions) -> None:
+        """
+        Update an already-existing repo to the given ``rev_options``.
+
+        Args:
+          rev_options: a RevOptions object.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_commit_id_equal(cls, dest: str, name: Optional[str]) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return whether the id of the current commit equals the given name.
+
+        Args:
+          dest: the repository directory.
+          name: a string name.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def obtain(self, dest: str, url: HiddenText, verbosity: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Install or update in editable mode the package represented by this
+        VersionControl object.
+
+        :param dest: the repository directory in which to install or update.
+        :param url: the repository URL starting with a vcs prefix.
+        :param verbosity: verbosity level.
+        """
+        url, rev_options = self.get_url_rev_options(url)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(dest):
+            self.fetch_new(dest, url, rev_options, verbosity=verbosity)
+            return
+
+        rev_display = rev_options.to_display()
+        if self.is_repository_directory(dest):
+            existing_url = self.get_remote_url(dest)
+            if self.compare_urls(existing_url, url.secret):
+                logger.debug(
+                    "%s in %s exists, and has correct URL (%s)",
+                    self.repo_name.title(),
+                    display_path(dest),
+                    url,
+                )
+                if not self.is_commit_id_equal(dest, rev_options.rev):
+                    logger.info(
+                        "Updating %s %s%s",
+                        display_path(dest),
+                        self.repo_name,
+                        rev_display,
+                    )
+                    self.update(dest, url, rev_options)
+                else:
+                    logger.info("Skipping because already up-to-date.")
+                return
+
+            logger.warning(
+                "%s %s in %s exists with URL %s",
+                self.name,
+                self.repo_name,
+                display_path(dest),
+                existing_url,
+            )
+            prompt = ("(s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ", ("s", "i", "w", "b"))
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Directory %s already exists, and is not a %s %s.",
+                dest,
+                self.name,
+                self.repo_name,
+            )
+            # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/1174
+            prompt = ("(i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup ", ("i", "w", "b"))  # type: ignore
+
+        logger.warning(
+            "The plan is to install the %s repository %s",
+            self.name,
+            url,
+        )
+        response = ask_path_exists(f"What to do?  {prompt[0]}", prompt[1])
+
+        if response == "a":
+            sys.exit(-1)
+
+        if response == "w":
+            logger.warning("Deleting %s", display_path(dest))
+            rmtree(dest)
+            self.fetch_new(dest, url, rev_options, verbosity=verbosity)
+            return
+
+        if response == "b":
+            dest_dir = backup_dir(dest)
+            logger.warning("Backing up %s to %s", display_path(dest), dest_dir)
+            shutil.move(dest, dest_dir)
+            self.fetch_new(dest, url, rev_options, verbosity=verbosity)
+            return
+
+        # Do nothing if the response is "i".
+        if response == "s":
+            logger.info(
+                "Switching %s %s to %s%s",
+                self.repo_name,
+                display_path(dest),
+                url,
+                rev_display,
+            )
+            self.switch(dest, url, rev_options)
+
+    def unpack(self, location: str, url: HiddenText, verbosity: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Clean up current location and download the url repository
+        (and vcs infos) into location
+
+        :param url: the repository URL starting with a vcs prefix.
+        :param verbosity: verbosity level.
+        """
+        if os.path.exists(location):
+            rmtree(location)
+        self.obtain(location, url=url, verbosity=verbosity)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_remote_url(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the url used at location
+
+        Raises RemoteNotFoundError if the repository does not have a remote
+        url configured.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_revision(cls, location: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the current commit id of the files at the given location.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run_command(
+        cls,
+        cmd: Union[List[str], CommandArgs],
+        show_stdout: bool = True,
+        cwd: Optional[str] = None,
+        on_returncode: 'Literal["raise", "warn", "ignore"]' = "raise",
+        extra_ok_returncodes: Optional[Iterable[int]] = None,
+        command_desc: Optional[str] = None,
+        extra_environ: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        spinner: Optional[SpinnerInterface] = None,
+        log_failed_cmd: bool = True,
+        stdout_only: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Run a VCS subcommand
+        This is simply a wrapper around call_subprocess that adds the VCS
+        command name, and checks that the VCS is available
+        """
+        cmd = make_command(cls.name, *cmd)
+        if command_desc is None:
+            command_desc = format_command_args(cmd)
+        try:
+            return call_subprocess(
+                cmd,
+                show_stdout,
+                cwd,
+                on_returncode=on_returncode,
+                extra_ok_returncodes=extra_ok_returncodes,
+                command_desc=command_desc,
+                extra_environ=extra_environ,
+                unset_environ=cls.unset_environ,
+                spinner=spinner,
+                log_failed_cmd=log_failed_cmd,
+                stdout_only=stdout_only,
+            )
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            # errno.ENOENT = no such file or directory
+            # In other words, the VCS executable isn't available
+            raise BadCommand(
+                f"Cannot find command {cls.name!r} - do you have "
+                f"{cls.name!r} installed and in your PATH?"
+            )
+        except PermissionError:
+            # errno.EACCES = Permission denied
+            # This error occurs, for instance, when the command is installed
+            # only for another user. So, the current user don't have
+            # permission to call the other user command.
+            raise BadCommand(
+                f"No permission to execute {cls.name!r} - install it "
+                f"locally, globally (ask admin), or check your PATH. "
+                f"See possible solutions at "
+                f"https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/reference/pip_freeze/"
+                f"#fixing-permission-denied."
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_repository_directory(cls, path: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return whether a directory path is a repository directory.
+        """
+        logger.debug("Checking in %s for %s (%s)...", path, cls.dirname, cls.name)
+        return os.path.exists(os.path.join(path, cls.dirname))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_repository_root(cls, location: str) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Return the "root" (top-level) directory controlled by the vcs,
+        or `None` if the directory is not in any.
+
+        It is meant to be overridden to implement smarter detection
+        mechanisms for specific vcs.
+
+        This can do more than is_repository_directory() alone. For
+        example, the Git override checks that Git is actually available.
+        """
+        if cls.is_repository_directory(location):
+            return location
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/wheel_builder.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/wheel_builder.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1debe34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_internal/wheel_builder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+"""Orchestrator for building wheels from InstallRequirements.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import os.path
+import re
+import shutil
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from pip._vendor.packaging.utils import canonicalize_name, canonicalize_version
+from pip._vendor.packaging.version import InvalidVersion, Version
+
+from pip._internal.cache import WheelCache
+from pip._internal.exceptions import InvalidWheelFilename, UnsupportedWheel
+from pip._internal.metadata import FilesystemWheel, get_wheel_distribution
+from pip._internal.models.link import Link
+from pip._internal.models.wheel import Wheel
+from pip._internal.operations.build.wheel import build_wheel_pep517
+from pip._internal.operations.build.wheel_editable import build_wheel_editable
+from pip._internal.operations.build.wheel_legacy import build_wheel_legacy
+from pip._internal.req.req_install import InstallRequirement
+from pip._internal.utils.logging import indent_log
+from pip._internal.utils.misc import ensure_dir, hash_file
+from pip._internal.utils.setuptools_build import make_setuptools_clean_args
+from pip._internal.utils.subprocess import call_subprocess
+from pip._internal.utils.temp_dir import TempDirectory
+from pip._internal.utils.urls import path_to_url
+from pip._internal.vcs import vcs
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_egg_info_re = re.compile(r"([a-z0-9_.]+)-([a-z0-9_.!+-]+)", re.IGNORECASE)
+
+BuildResult = Tuple[List[InstallRequirement], List[InstallRequirement]]
+
+
+def _contains_egg_info(s: str) -> bool:
+    """Determine whether the string looks like an egg_info.
+
+    :param s: The string to parse. E.g. foo-2.1
+    """
+    return bool(_egg_info_re.search(s))
+
+
+def _should_build(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+    need_wheel: bool,
+) -> bool:
+    """Return whether an InstallRequirement should be built into a wheel."""
+    if req.constraint:
+        # never build requirements that are merely constraints
+        return False
+    if req.is_wheel:
+        if need_wheel:
+            logger.info(
+                "Skipping %s, due to already being wheel.",
+                req.name,
+            )
+        return False
+
+    if need_wheel:
+        # i.e. pip wheel, not pip install
+        return True
+
+    # From this point, this concerns the pip install command only
+    # (need_wheel=False).
+
+    if not req.source_dir:
+        return False
+
+    if req.editable:
+        # we only build PEP 660 editable requirements
+        return req.supports_pyproject_editable()
+
+    return True
+
+
+def should_build_for_wheel_command(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+) -> bool:
+    return _should_build(req, need_wheel=True)
+
+
+def should_build_for_install_command(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+) -> bool:
+    return _should_build(req, need_wheel=False)
+
+
+def _should_cache(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+) -> Optional[bool]:
+    """
+    Return whether a built InstallRequirement can be stored in the persistent
+    wheel cache, assuming the wheel cache is available, and _should_build()
+    has determined a wheel needs to be built.
+    """
+    if req.editable or not req.source_dir:
+        # never cache editable requirements
+        return False
+
+    if req.link and req.link.is_vcs:
+        # VCS checkout. Do not cache
+        # unless it points to an immutable commit hash.
+        assert not req.editable
+        assert req.source_dir
+        vcs_backend = vcs.get_backend_for_scheme(req.link.scheme)
+        assert vcs_backend
+        if vcs_backend.is_immutable_rev_checkout(req.link.url, req.source_dir):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    assert req.link
+    base, ext = req.link.splitext()
+    if _contains_egg_info(base):
+        return True
+
+    # Otherwise, do not cache.
+    return False
+
+
+def _get_cache_dir(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+    wheel_cache: WheelCache,
+) -> str:
+    """Return the persistent or temporary cache directory where the built
+    wheel need to be stored.
+    """
+    cache_available = bool(wheel_cache.cache_dir)
+    assert req.link
+    if cache_available and _should_cache(req):
+        cache_dir = wheel_cache.get_path_for_link(req.link)
+    else:
+        cache_dir = wheel_cache.get_ephem_path_for_link(req.link)
+    return cache_dir
+
+
+def _verify_one(req: InstallRequirement, wheel_path: str) -> None:
+    canonical_name = canonicalize_name(req.name or "")
+    w = Wheel(os.path.basename(wheel_path))
+    if canonicalize_name(w.name) != canonical_name:
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Wheel has unexpected file name: expected {canonical_name!r}, "
+            f"got {w.name!r}",
+        )
+    dist = get_wheel_distribution(FilesystemWheel(wheel_path), canonical_name)
+    dist_verstr = str(dist.version)
+    if canonicalize_version(dist_verstr) != canonicalize_version(w.version):
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Wheel has unexpected file name: expected {dist_verstr!r}, "
+            f"got {w.version!r}",
+        )
+    metadata_version_value = dist.metadata_version
+    if metadata_version_value is None:
+        raise UnsupportedWheel("Missing Metadata-Version")
+    try:
+        metadata_version = Version(metadata_version_value)
+    except InvalidVersion:
+        msg = f"Invalid Metadata-Version: {metadata_version_value}"
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(msg)
+    if metadata_version >= Version("1.2") and not isinstance(dist.version, Version):
+        raise UnsupportedWheel(
+            f"Metadata 1.2 mandates PEP 440 version, but {dist_verstr!r} is not"
+        )
+
+
+def _build_one(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+    output_dir: str,
+    verify: bool,
+    build_options: List[str],
+    global_options: List[str],
+    editable: bool,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Build one wheel.
+
+    :return: The filename of the built wheel, or None if the build failed.
+    """
+    artifact = "editable" if editable else "wheel"
+    try:
+        ensure_dir(output_dir)
+    except OSError as e:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Building %s for %s failed: %s",
+            artifact,
+            req.name,
+            e,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    # Install build deps into temporary directory (PEP 518)
+    with req.build_env:
+        wheel_path = _build_one_inside_env(
+            req, output_dir, build_options, global_options, editable
+        )
+    if wheel_path and verify:
+        try:
+            _verify_one(req, wheel_path)
+        except (InvalidWheelFilename, UnsupportedWheel) as e:
+            logger.warning("Built %s for %s is invalid: %s", artifact, req.name, e)
+            return None
+    return wheel_path
+
+
+def _build_one_inside_env(
+    req: InstallRequirement,
+    output_dir: str,
+    build_options: List[str],
+    global_options: List[str],
+    editable: bool,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    with TempDirectory(kind="wheel") as temp_dir:
+        assert req.name
+        if req.use_pep517:
+            assert req.metadata_directory
+            assert req.pep517_backend
+            if global_options:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Ignoring --global-option when building %s using PEP 517", req.name
+                )
+            if build_options:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Ignoring --build-option when building %s using PEP 517", req.name
+                )
+            if editable:
+                wheel_path = build_wheel_editable(
+                    name=req.name,
+                    backend=req.pep517_backend,
+                    metadata_directory=req.metadata_directory,
+                    tempd=temp_dir.path,
+                )
+            else:
+                wheel_path = build_wheel_pep517(
+                    name=req.name,
+                    backend=req.pep517_backend,
+                    metadata_directory=req.metadata_directory,
+                    tempd=temp_dir.path,
+                )
+        else:
+            wheel_path = build_wheel_legacy(
+                name=req.name,
+                setup_py_path=req.setup_py_path,
+                source_dir=req.unpacked_source_directory,
+                global_options=global_options,
+                build_options=build_options,
+                tempd=temp_dir.path,
+            )
+
+        if wheel_path is not None:
+            wheel_name = os.path.basename(wheel_path)
+            dest_path = os.path.join(output_dir, wheel_name)
+            try:
+                wheel_hash, length = hash_file(wheel_path)
+                shutil.move(wheel_path, dest_path)
+                logger.info(
+                    "Created wheel for %s: filename=%s size=%d sha256=%s",
+                    req.name,
+                    wheel_name,
+                    length,
+                    wheel_hash.hexdigest(),
+                )
+                logger.info("Stored in directory: %s", output_dir)
+                return dest_path
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Building wheel for %s failed: %s",
+                    req.name,
+                    e,
+                )
+        # Ignore return, we can't do anything else useful.
+        if not req.use_pep517:
+            _clean_one_legacy(req, global_options)
+        return None
+
+
+def _clean_one_legacy(req: InstallRequirement, global_options: List[str]) -> bool:
+    clean_args = make_setuptools_clean_args(
+        req.setup_py_path,
+        global_options=global_options,
+    )
+
+    logger.info("Running setup.py clean for %s", req.name)
+    try:
+        call_subprocess(
+            clean_args, command_desc="python setup.py clean", cwd=req.source_dir
+        )
+        return True
+    except Exception:
+        logger.error("Failed cleaning build dir for %s", req.name)
+        return False
+
+
+def build(
+    requirements: Iterable[InstallRequirement],
+    wheel_cache: WheelCache,
+    verify: bool,
+    build_options: List[str],
+    global_options: List[str],
+) -> BuildResult:
+    """Build wheels.
+
+    :return: The list of InstallRequirement that succeeded to build and
+        the list of InstallRequirement that failed to build.
+    """
+    if not requirements:
+        return [], []
+
+    # Build the wheels.
+    logger.info(
+        "Building wheels for collected packages: %s",
+        ", ".join(req.name for req in requirements),  # type: ignore
+    )
+
+    with indent_log():
+        build_successes, build_failures = [], []
+        for req in requirements:
+            assert req.name
+            cache_dir = _get_cache_dir(req, wheel_cache)
+            wheel_file = _build_one(
+                req,
+                cache_dir,
+                verify,
+                build_options,
+                global_options,
+                req.editable and req.permit_editable_wheels,
+            )
+            if wheel_file:
+                # Record the download origin in the cache
+                if req.download_info is not None:
+                    # download_info is guaranteed to be set because when we build an
+                    # InstallRequirement it has been through the preparer before, but
+                    # let's be cautious.
+                    wheel_cache.record_download_origin(cache_dir, req.download_info)
+                # Update the link for this.
+                req.link = Link(path_to_url(wheel_file))
+                req.local_file_path = req.link.file_path
+                assert req.link.is_wheel
+                build_successes.append(req)
+            else:
+                build_failures.append(req)
+
+    # notify success/failure
+    if build_successes:
+        logger.info(
+            "Successfully built %s",
+            " ".join([req.name for req in build_successes]),  # type: ignore
+        )
+    if build_failures:
+        logger.info(
+            "Failed to build %s",
+            " ".join([req.name for req in build_failures]),  # type: ignore
+        )
+    # Return a list of requirements that failed to build
+    return build_successes, build_failures
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1884baf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+"""
+pip._vendor is for vendoring dependencies of pip to prevent needing pip to
+depend on something external.
+
+Files inside of pip._vendor should be considered immutable and should only be
+updated to versions from upstream.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import glob
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+# Downstream redistributors which have debundled our dependencies should also
+# patch this value to be true. This will trigger the additional patching
+# to cause things like "six" to be available as pip.
+DEBUNDLED = False
+
+# By default, look in this directory for a bunch of .whl files which we will
+# add to the beginning of sys.path before attempting to import anything. This
+# is done to support downstream re-distributors like Debian and Fedora who
+# wish to create their own Wheels for our dependencies to aid in debundling.
+WHEEL_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+# Define a small helper function to alias our vendored modules to the real ones
+# if the vendored ones do not exist. This idea of this was taken from
+# https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/pull/2567.
+def vendored(modulename):
+    vendored_name = "{0}.{1}".format(__name__, modulename)
+
+    try:
+        __import__(modulename, globals(), locals(), level=0)
+    except ImportError:
+        # We can just silently allow import failures to pass here. If we
+        # got to this point it means that ``import pip._vendor.whatever``
+        # failed and so did ``import whatever``. Since we're importing this
+        # upfront in an attempt to alias imports, not erroring here will
+        # just mean we get a regular import error whenever pip *actually*
+        # tries to import one of these modules to use it, which actually
+        # gives us a better error message than we would have otherwise
+        # gotten.
+        pass
+    else:
+        sys.modules[vendored_name] = sys.modules[modulename]
+        base, head = vendored_name.rsplit(".", 1)
+        setattr(sys.modules[base], head, sys.modules[modulename])
+
+
+# If we're operating in a debundled setup, then we want to go ahead and trigger
+# the aliasing of our vendored libraries as well as looking for wheels to add
+# to our sys.path. This will cause all of this code to be a no-op typically
+# however downstream redistributors can enable it in a consistent way across
+# all platforms.
+if DEBUNDLED:
+    # Actually look inside of WHEEL_DIR to find .whl files and add them to the
+    # front of our sys.path.
+    sys.path[:] = glob.glob(os.path.join(WHEEL_DIR, "*.whl")) + sys.path
+
+    # Actually alias all of our vendored dependencies.
+    vendored("cachecontrol")
+    vendored("certifi")
+    vendored("colorama")
+    vendored("distlib")
+    vendored("distro")
+    vendored("six")
+    vendored("six.moves")
+    vendored("six.moves.urllib")
+    vendored("six.moves.urllib.parse")
+    vendored("packaging")
+    vendored("packaging.version")
+    vendored("packaging.specifiers")
+    vendored("pep517")
+    vendored("pkg_resources")
+    vendored("platformdirs")
+    vendored("progress")
+    vendored("requests")
+    vendored("requests.exceptions")
+    vendored("requests.packages")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3._collections")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.connection")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.connectionpool")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.ntlmpool")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.fields")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.filepost")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ordered_dict")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.six")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ssl_match_hostname")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.packages.ssl_match_hostname."
+             "_implementation")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.poolmanager")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.request")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.response")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.connection")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.request")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.response")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.retry")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.ssl_")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.timeout")
+    vendored("requests.packages.urllib3.util.url")
+    vendored("resolvelib")
+    vendored("rich")
+    vendored("rich.console")
+    vendored("rich.highlighter")
+    vendored("rich.logging")
+    vendored("rich.markup")
+    vendored("rich.progress")
+    vendored("rich.segment")
+    vendored("rich.style")
+    vendored("rich.text")
+    vendored("rich.traceback")
+    vendored("tenacity")
+    vendored("tomli")
+    vendored("truststore")
+    vendored("urllib3")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__pycache__/typing_extensions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/__pycache__/typing_extensions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d20bc9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""CacheControl import Interface.
+
+Make it easy to import from cachecontrol without long namespaces.
+"""
+__author__ = "Eric Larson"
+__email__ = "eric@ionrock.org"
+__version__ = "0.13.1"
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import CacheController
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.wrapper import CacheControl
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__author__",
+    "__email__",
+    "__version__",
+    "CacheControlAdapter",
+    "CacheController",
+    "CacheControl",
+]
+
+import logging
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(logging.NullHandler())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/controller.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/controller.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/serialize.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/serialize.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/wrapper.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/__pycache__/wrapper.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c84208a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/_cmd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pip._vendor import requests
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import DictCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import logger
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from argparse import Namespace
+
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import CacheController
+
+
+def setup_logging() -> None:
+    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+def get_session() -> requests.Session:
+    adapter = CacheControlAdapter(
+        DictCache(), cache_etags=True, serializer=None, heuristic=None
+    )
+    sess = requests.Session()
+    sess.mount("http://", adapter)
+    sess.mount("https://", adapter)
+
+    sess.cache_controller = adapter.controller  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    return sess
+
+
+def get_args() -> Namespace:
+    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("url", help="The URL to try and cache")
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    args = get_args()
+    sess = get_session()
+
+    # Make a request to get a response
+    resp = sess.get(args.url)
+
+    # Turn on logging
+    setup_logging()
+
+    # try setting the cache
+    cache_controller: CacheController = (
+        sess.cache_controller  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    )
+    cache_controller.cache_response(resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+    # Now try to get it
+    if cache_controller.cached_request(resp.request):
+        print("Cached!")
+    else:
+        print("Not cached :(")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e83e308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import types
+import zlib
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Collection, Mapping
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import DictCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import PERMANENT_REDIRECT_STATUSES, CacheController
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.filewrapper import CallbackFileWrapper
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.requests import PreparedRequest, Response
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3 import HTTPResponse
+
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import BaseCache
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.heuristics import BaseHeuristic
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.serialize import Serializer
+
+
+class CacheControlAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    invalidating_methods = {"PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE"}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cache: BaseCache | None = None,
+        cache_etags: bool = True,
+        controller_class: type[CacheController] | None = None,
+        serializer: Serializer | None = None,
+        heuristic: BaseHeuristic | None = None,
+        cacheable_methods: Collection[str] | None = None,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self.cache = DictCache() if cache is None else cache
+        self.heuristic = heuristic
+        self.cacheable_methods = cacheable_methods or ("GET",)
+
+        controller_factory = controller_class or CacheController
+        self.controller = controller_factory(
+            self.cache, cache_etags=cache_etags, serializer=serializer
+        )
+
+    def send(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        timeout: None | float | tuple[float, float] | tuple[float, None] = None,
+        verify: bool | str = True,
+        cert: (None | bytes | str | tuple[bytes | str, bytes | str]) = None,
+        proxies: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        cacheable_methods: Collection[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Send a request. Use the request information to see if it
+        exists in the cache and cache the response if we need to and can.
+        """
+        cacheable = cacheable_methods or self.cacheable_methods
+        if request.method in cacheable:
+            try:
+                cached_response = self.controller.cached_request(request)
+            except zlib.error:
+                cached_response = None
+            if cached_response:
+                return self.build_response(request, cached_response, from_cache=True)
+
+            # check for etags and add headers if appropriate
+            request.headers.update(self.controller.conditional_headers(request))
+
+        resp = super().send(request, stream, timeout, verify, cert, proxies)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def build_response(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        response: HTTPResponse,
+        from_cache: bool = False,
+        cacheable_methods: Collection[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> Response:
+        """
+        Build a response by making a request or using the cache.
+
+        This will end up calling send and returning a potentially
+        cached response
+        """
+        cacheable = cacheable_methods or self.cacheable_methods
+        if not from_cache and request.method in cacheable:
+            # Check for any heuristics that might update headers
+            # before trying to cache.
+            if self.heuristic:
+                response = self.heuristic.apply(response)
+
+            # apply any expiration heuristics
+            if response.status == 304:
+                # We must have sent an ETag request. This could mean
+                # that we've been expired already or that we simply
+                # have an etag. In either case, we want to try and
+                # update the cache if that is the case.
+                cached_response = self.controller.update_cached_response(
+                    request, response
+                )
+
+                if cached_response is not response:
+                    from_cache = True
+
+                # We are done with the server response, read a
+                # possible response body (compliant servers will
+                # not return one, but we cannot be 100% sure) and
+                # release the connection back to the pool.
+                response.read(decode_content=False)
+                response.release_conn()
+
+                response = cached_response
+
+            # We always cache the 301 responses
+            elif int(response.status) in PERMANENT_REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+                self.controller.cache_response(request, response)
+            else:
+                # Wrap the response file with a wrapper that will cache the
+                #   response when the stream has been consumed.
+                response._fp = CallbackFileWrapper(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    response._fp,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                    functools.partial(
+                        self.controller.cache_response, request, response
+                    ),
+                )
+                if response.chunked:
+                    super_update_chunk_length = response._update_chunk_length  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+                    def _update_chunk_length(self: HTTPResponse) -> None:
+                        super_update_chunk_length()
+                        if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                            self._fp._close()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+                    response._update_chunk_length = types.MethodType(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                        _update_chunk_length, response
+                    )
+
+        resp: Response = super().build_response(request, response)  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+
+        # See if we should invalidate the cache.
+        if request.method in self.invalidating_methods and resp.ok:
+            assert request.url is not None
+            cache_url = self.controller.cache_url(request.url)
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # Give the request a from_cache attr to let people use it
+        resp.from_cache = from_cache  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        return resp
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.cache.close()
+        super().close()  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3293b005
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""
+The cache object API for implementing caches. The default is a thread
+safe in-memory dictionary.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from threading import Lock
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, MutableMapping
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from datetime import datetime
+
+
+class BaseCache:
+    def get(self, key: str) -> bytes | None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set(
+        self, key: str, value: bytes, expires: int | datetime | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class DictCache(BaseCache):
+    def __init__(self, init_dict: MutableMapping[str, bytes] | None = None) -> None:
+        self.lock = Lock()
+        self.data = init_dict or {}
+
+    def get(self, key: str) -> bytes | None:
+        return self.data.get(key, None)
+
+    def set(
+        self, key: str, value: bytes, expires: int | datetime | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        with self.lock:
+            self.data.update({key: value})
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        with self.lock:
+            if key in self.data:
+                self.data.pop(key)
+
+
+class SeparateBodyBaseCache(BaseCache):
+    """
+    In this variant, the body is not stored mixed in with the metadata, but is
+    passed in (as a bytes-like object) in a separate call to ``set_body()``.
+
+    That is, the expected interaction pattern is::
+
+        cache.set(key, serialized_metadata)
+        cache.set_body(key)
+
+    Similarly, the body should be loaded separately via ``get_body()``.
+    """
+
+    def set_body(self, key: str, body: bytes) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_body(self, key: str) -> IO[bytes] | None:
+        """
+        Return the body as file-like object.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24ff469f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.caches.file_cache import FileCache, SeparateBodyFileCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.caches.redis_cache import RedisCache
+
+__all__ = ["FileCache", "SeparateBodyFileCache", "RedisCache"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__pycache__/redis_cache.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/__pycache__/redis_cache.cpython-312.pyc
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index 00000000..18e1a865
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fd28013
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/file_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+from textwrap import dedent
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import BaseCache, SeparateBodyBaseCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import CacheController
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from datetime import datetime
+
+    from filelock import BaseFileLock
+
+
+def _secure_open_write(filename: str, fmode: int) -> IO[bytes]:
+    # We only want to write to this file, so open it in write only mode
+    flags = os.O_WRONLY
+
+    # os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL will fail if the file already exists, so we only
+    #  will open *new* files.
+    # We specify this because we want to ensure that the mode we pass is the
+    # mode of the file.
+    flags |= os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL
+
+    # Do not follow symlinks to prevent someone from making a symlink that
+    # we follow and insecurely open a cache file.
+    if hasattr(os, "O_NOFOLLOW"):
+        flags |= os.O_NOFOLLOW
+
+    # On Windows we'll mark this file as binary
+    if hasattr(os, "O_BINARY"):
+        flags |= os.O_BINARY
+
+    # Before we open our file, we want to delete any existing file that is
+    # there
+    try:
+        os.remove(filename)
+    except OSError:
+        # The file must not exist already, so we can just skip ahead to opening
+        pass
+
+    # Open our file, the use of os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL will ensure that if a
+    # race condition happens between the os.remove and this line, that an
+    # error will be raised. Because we utilize a lockfile this should only
+    # happen if someone is attempting to attack us.
+    fd = os.open(filename, flags, fmode)
+    try:
+        return os.fdopen(fd, "wb")
+
+    except:
+        # An error occurred wrapping our FD in a file object
+        os.close(fd)
+        raise
+
+
+class _FileCacheMixin:
+    """Shared implementation for both FileCache variants."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        directory: str,
+        forever: bool = False,
+        filemode: int = 0o0600,
+        dirmode: int = 0o0700,
+        lock_class: type[BaseFileLock] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            if lock_class is None:
+                from filelock import FileLock
+
+                lock_class = FileLock
+        except ImportError:
+            notice = dedent(
+                """
+            NOTE: In order to use the FileCache you must have
+            filelock installed. You can install it via pip:
+              pip install filelock
+            """
+            )
+            raise ImportError(notice)
+
+        self.directory = directory
+        self.forever = forever
+        self.filemode = filemode
+        self.dirmode = dirmode
+        self.lock_class = lock_class
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def encode(x: str) -> str:
+        return hashlib.sha224(x.encode()).hexdigest()
+
+    def _fn(self, name: str) -> str:
+        # NOTE: This method should not change as some may depend on it.
+        #       See: https://github.com/ionrock/cachecontrol/issues/63
+        hashed = self.encode(name)
+        parts = list(hashed[:5]) + [hashed]
+        return os.path.join(self.directory, *parts)
+
+    def get(self, key: str) -> bytes | None:
+        name = self._fn(key)
+        try:
+            with open(name, "rb") as fh:
+                return fh.read()
+
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return None
+
+    def set(
+        self, key: str, value: bytes, expires: int | datetime | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        name = self._fn(key)
+        self._write(name, value)
+
+    def _write(self, path: str, data: bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        Safely write the data to the given path.
+        """
+        # Make sure the directory exists
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(path), self.dirmode)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+        with self.lock_class(path + ".lock"):
+            # Write our actual file
+            with _secure_open_write(path, self.filemode) as fh:
+                fh.write(data)
+
+    def _delete(self, key: str, suffix: str) -> None:
+        name = self._fn(key) + suffix
+        if not self.forever:
+            try:
+                os.remove(name)
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                pass
+
+
+class FileCache(_FileCacheMixin, BaseCache):
+    """
+    Traditional FileCache: body is stored in memory, so not suitable for large
+    downloads.
+    """
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        self._delete(key, "")
+
+
+class SeparateBodyFileCache(_FileCacheMixin, SeparateBodyBaseCache):
+    """
+    Memory-efficient FileCache: body is stored in a separate file, reducing
+    peak memory usage.
+    """
+
+    def get_body(self, key: str) -> IO[bytes] | None:
+        name = self._fn(key) + ".body"
+        try:
+            return open(name, "rb")
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return None
+
+    def set_body(self, key: str, body: bytes) -> None:
+        name = self._fn(key) + ".body"
+        self._write(name, body)
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        self._delete(key, "")
+        self._delete(key, ".body")
+
+
+def url_to_file_path(url: str, filecache: FileCache) -> str:
+    """Return the file cache path based on the URL.
+
+    This does not ensure the file exists!
+    """
+    key = CacheController.cache_url(url)
+    return filecache._fn(key)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4f68c47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/caches/redis_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import BaseCache
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis import Redis
+
+
+class RedisCache(BaseCache):
+    def __init__(self, conn: Redis[bytes]) -> None:
+        self.conn = conn
+
+    def get(self, key: str) -> bytes | None:
+        return self.conn.get(key)
+
+    def set(
+        self, key: str, value: bytes, expires: int | datetime | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if not expires:
+            self.conn.set(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(expires, datetime):
+            now_utc = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+            if expires.tzinfo is None:
+                now_utc = now_utc.replace(tzinfo=None)
+            delta = expires - now_utc
+            self.conn.setex(key, int(delta.total_seconds()), value)
+        else:
+            self.conn.setex(key, expires, value)
+
+    def delete(self, key: str) -> None:
+        self.conn.delete(key)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Helper for clearing all the keys in a database. Use with
+        caution!"""
+        for key in self.conn.keys():
+            self.conn.delete(key)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Redis uses connection pooling, no need to close the connection."""
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..586b9f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/controller.py
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+"""
+The httplib2 algorithms ported for use with requests.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import calendar
+import logging
+import re
+import time
+from email.utils import parsedate_tz
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Collection, Mapping
+
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import DictCache, SeparateBodyBaseCache
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.serialize import Serializer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Literal
+
+    from pip._vendor.requests import PreparedRequest
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3 import HTTPResponse
+
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import BaseCache
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+URI = re.compile(r"^(([^:/?#]+):)?(//([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(\?([^#]*))?(#(.*))?")
+
+PERMANENT_REDIRECT_STATUSES = (301, 308)
+
+
+def parse_uri(uri: str) -> tuple[str, str, str, str, str]:
+    """Parses a URI using the regex given in Appendix B of RFC 3986.
+
+    (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
+    """
+    match = URI.match(uri)
+    assert match is not None
+    groups = match.groups()
+    return (groups[1], groups[3], groups[4], groups[6], groups[8])
+
+
+class CacheController:
+    """An interface to see if request should cached or not."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cache: BaseCache | None = None,
+        cache_etags: bool = True,
+        serializer: Serializer | None = None,
+        status_codes: Collection[int] | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.cache = DictCache() if cache is None else cache
+        self.cache_etags = cache_etags
+        self.serializer = serializer or Serializer()
+        self.cacheable_status_codes = status_codes or (200, 203, 300, 301, 308)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _urlnorm(cls, uri: str) -> str:
+        """Normalize the URL to create a safe key for the cache"""
+        (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
+        if not scheme or not authority:
+            raise Exception("Only absolute URIs are allowed. uri = %s" % uri)
+
+        scheme = scheme.lower()
+        authority = authority.lower()
+
+        if not path:
+            path = "/"
+
+        # Could do syntax based normalization of the URI before
+        # computing the digest. See Section 6.2.2 of Std 66.
+        request_uri = query and "?".join([path, query]) or path
+        defrag_uri = scheme + "://" + authority + request_uri
+
+        return defrag_uri
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cache_url(cls, uri: str) -> str:
+        return cls._urlnorm(uri)
+
+    def parse_cache_control(self, headers: Mapping[str, str]) -> dict[str, int | None]:
+        known_directives = {
+            # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-5.2
+            "max-age": (int, True),
+            "max-stale": (int, False),
+            "min-fresh": (int, True),
+            "no-cache": (None, False),
+            "no-store": (None, False),
+            "no-transform": (None, False),
+            "only-if-cached": (None, False),
+            "must-revalidate": (None, False),
+            "public": (None, False),
+            "private": (None, False),
+            "proxy-revalidate": (None, False),
+            "s-maxage": (int, True),
+        }
+
+        cc_headers = headers.get("cache-control", headers.get("Cache-Control", ""))
+
+        retval: dict[str, int | None] = {}
+
+        for cc_directive in cc_headers.split(","):
+            if not cc_directive.strip():
+                continue
+
+            parts = cc_directive.split("=", 1)
+            directive = parts[0].strip()
+
+            try:
+                typ, required = known_directives[directive]
+            except KeyError:
+                logger.debug("Ignoring unknown cache-control directive: %s", directive)
+                continue
+
+            if not typ or not required:
+                retval[directive] = None
+            if typ:
+                try:
+                    retval[directive] = typ(parts[1].strip())
+                except IndexError:
+                    if required:
+                        logger.debug(
+                            "Missing value for cache-control " "directive: %s",
+                            directive,
+                        )
+                except ValueError:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Invalid value for cache-control directive " "%s, must be %s",
+                        directive,
+                        typ.__name__,
+                    )
+
+        return retval
+
+    def _load_from_cache(self, request: PreparedRequest) -> HTTPResponse | None:
+        """
+        Load a cached response, or return None if it's not available.
+        """
+        cache_url = request.url
+        assert cache_url is not None
+        cache_data = self.cache.get(cache_url)
+        if cache_data is None:
+            logger.debug("No cache entry available")
+            return None
+
+        if isinstance(self.cache, SeparateBodyBaseCache):
+            body_file = self.cache.get_body(cache_url)
+        else:
+            body_file = None
+
+        result = self.serializer.loads(request, cache_data, body_file)
+        if result is None:
+            logger.warning("Cache entry deserialization failed, entry ignored")
+        return result
+
+    def cached_request(self, request: PreparedRequest) -> HTTPResponse | Literal[False]:
+        """
+        Return a cached response if it exists in the cache, otherwise
+        return False.
+        """
+        assert request.url is not None
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        logger.debug('Looking up "%s" in the cache', cache_url)
+        cc = self.parse_cache_control(request.headers)
+
+        # Bail out if the request insists on fresh data
+        if "no-cache" in cc:
+            logger.debug('Request header has "no-cache", cache bypassed')
+            return False
+
+        if "max-age" in cc and cc["max-age"] == 0:
+            logger.debug('Request header has "max_age" as 0, cache bypassed')
+            return False
+
+        # Check whether we can load the response from the cache:
+        resp = self._load_from_cache(request)
+        if not resp:
+            return False
+
+        # If we have a cached permanent redirect, return it immediately. We
+        # don't need to test our response for other headers b/c it is
+        # intrinsically "cacheable" as it is Permanent.
+        #
+        # See:
+        #   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.2
+        #
+        # Client can try to refresh the value by repeating the request
+        # with cache busting headers as usual (ie no-cache).
+        if int(resp.status) in PERMANENT_REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+            msg = (
+                "Returning cached permanent redirect response "
+                "(ignoring date and etag information)"
+            )
+            logger.debug(msg)
+            return resp
+
+        headers: CaseInsensitiveDict[str] = CaseInsensitiveDict(resp.headers)
+        if not headers or "date" not in headers:
+            if "etag" not in headers:
+                # Without date or etag, the cached response can never be used
+                # and should be deleted.
+                logger.debug("Purging cached response: no date or etag")
+                self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+            logger.debug("Ignoring cached response: no date")
+            return False
+
+        now = time.time()
+        time_tuple = parsedate_tz(headers["date"])
+        assert time_tuple is not None
+        date = calendar.timegm(time_tuple[:6])
+        current_age = max(0, now - date)
+        logger.debug("Current age based on date: %i", current_age)
+
+        # TODO: There is an assumption that the result will be a
+        #       urllib3 response object. This may not be best since we
+        #       could probably avoid instantiating or constructing the
+        #       response until we know we need it.
+        resp_cc = self.parse_cache_control(headers)
+
+        # determine freshness
+        freshness_lifetime = 0
+
+        # Check the max-age pragma in the cache control header
+        max_age = resp_cc.get("max-age")
+        if max_age is not None:
+            freshness_lifetime = max_age
+            logger.debug("Freshness lifetime from max-age: %i", freshness_lifetime)
+
+        # If there isn't a max-age, check for an expires header
+        elif "expires" in headers:
+            expires = parsedate_tz(headers["expires"])
+            if expires is not None:
+                expire_time = calendar.timegm(expires[:6]) - date
+                freshness_lifetime = max(0, expire_time)
+                logger.debug("Freshness lifetime from expires: %i", freshness_lifetime)
+
+        # Determine if we are setting freshness limit in the
+        # request. Note, this overrides what was in the response.
+        max_age = cc.get("max-age")
+        if max_age is not None:
+            freshness_lifetime = max_age
+            logger.debug(
+                "Freshness lifetime from request max-age: %i", freshness_lifetime
+            )
+
+        min_fresh = cc.get("min-fresh")
+        if min_fresh is not None:
+            # adjust our current age by our min fresh
+            current_age += min_fresh
+            logger.debug("Adjusted current age from min-fresh: %i", current_age)
+
+        # Return entry if it is fresh enough
+        if freshness_lifetime > current_age:
+            logger.debug('The response is "fresh", returning cached response')
+            logger.debug("%i > %i", freshness_lifetime, current_age)
+            return resp
+
+        # we're not fresh. If we don't have an Etag, clear it out
+        if "etag" not in headers:
+            logger.debug('The cached response is "stale" with no etag, purging')
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+
+        # return the original handler
+        return False
+
+    def conditional_headers(self, request: PreparedRequest) -> dict[str, str]:
+        resp = self._load_from_cache(request)
+        new_headers = {}
+
+        if resp:
+            headers: CaseInsensitiveDict[str] = CaseInsensitiveDict(resp.headers)
+
+            if "etag" in headers:
+                new_headers["If-None-Match"] = headers["ETag"]
+
+            if "last-modified" in headers:
+                new_headers["If-Modified-Since"] = headers["Last-Modified"]
+
+        return new_headers
+
+    def _cache_set(
+        self,
+        cache_url: str,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        response: HTTPResponse,
+        body: bytes | None = None,
+        expires_time: int | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Store the data in the cache.
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.cache, SeparateBodyBaseCache):
+            # We pass in the body separately; just put a placeholder empty
+            # string in the metadata.
+            self.cache.set(
+                cache_url,
+                self.serializer.dumps(request, response, b""),
+                expires=expires_time,
+            )
+            # body is None can happen when, for example, we're only updating
+            # headers, as is the case in update_cached_response().
+            if body is not None:
+                self.cache.set_body(cache_url, body)
+        else:
+            self.cache.set(
+                cache_url,
+                self.serializer.dumps(request, response, body),
+                expires=expires_time,
+            )
+
+    def cache_response(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        response: HTTPResponse,
+        body: bytes | None = None,
+        status_codes: Collection[int] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Algorithm for caching requests.
+
+        This assumes a requests Response object.
+        """
+        # From httplib2: Don't cache 206's since we aren't going to
+        #                handle byte range requests
+        cacheable_status_codes = status_codes or self.cacheable_status_codes
+        if response.status not in cacheable_status_codes:
+            logger.debug(
+                "Status code %s not in %s", response.status, cacheable_status_codes
+            )
+            return
+
+        response_headers: CaseInsensitiveDict[str] = CaseInsensitiveDict(
+            response.headers
+        )
+
+        if "date" in response_headers:
+            time_tuple = parsedate_tz(response_headers["date"])
+            assert time_tuple is not None
+            date = calendar.timegm(time_tuple[:6])
+        else:
+            date = 0
+
+        # If we've been given a body, our response has a Content-Length, that
+        # Content-Length is valid then we can check to see if the body we've
+        # been given matches the expected size, and if it doesn't we'll just
+        # skip trying to cache it.
+        if (
+            body is not None
+            and "content-length" in response_headers
+            and response_headers["content-length"].isdigit()
+            and int(response_headers["content-length"]) != len(body)
+        ):
+            return
+
+        cc_req = self.parse_cache_control(request.headers)
+        cc = self.parse_cache_control(response_headers)
+
+        assert request.url is not None
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        logger.debug('Updating cache with response from "%s"', cache_url)
+
+        # Delete it from the cache if we happen to have it stored there
+        no_store = False
+        if "no-store" in cc:
+            no_store = True
+            logger.debug('Response header has "no-store"')
+        if "no-store" in cc_req:
+            no_store = True
+            logger.debug('Request header has "no-store"')
+        if no_store and self.cache.get(cache_url):
+            logger.debug('Purging existing cache entry to honor "no-store"')
+            self.cache.delete(cache_url)
+        if no_store:
+            return
+
+        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-4.1:
+        # A Vary header field-value of "*" always fails to match.
+        # Storing such a response leads to a deserialization warning
+        # during cache lookup and is not allowed to ever be served,
+        # so storing it can be avoided.
+        if "*" in response_headers.get("vary", ""):
+            logger.debug('Response header has "Vary: *"')
+            return
+
+        # If we've been given an etag, then keep the response
+        if self.cache_etags and "etag" in response_headers:
+            expires_time = 0
+            if response_headers.get("expires"):
+                expires = parsedate_tz(response_headers["expires"])
+                if expires is not None:
+                    expires_time = calendar.timegm(expires[:6]) - date
+
+            expires_time = max(expires_time, 14 * 86400)
+
+            logger.debug(f"etag object cached for {expires_time} seconds")
+            logger.debug("Caching due to etag")
+            self._cache_set(cache_url, request, response, body, expires_time)
+
+        # Add to the cache any permanent redirects. We do this before looking
+        # that the Date headers.
+        elif int(response.status) in PERMANENT_REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+            logger.debug("Caching permanent redirect")
+            self._cache_set(cache_url, request, response, b"")
+
+        # Add to the cache if the response headers demand it. If there
+        # is no date header then we can't do anything about expiring
+        # the cache.
+        elif "date" in response_headers:
+            time_tuple = parsedate_tz(response_headers["date"])
+            assert time_tuple is not None
+            date = calendar.timegm(time_tuple[:6])
+            # cache when there is a max-age > 0
+            max_age = cc.get("max-age")
+            if max_age is not None and max_age > 0:
+                logger.debug("Caching b/c date exists and max-age > 0")
+                expires_time = max_age
+                self._cache_set(
+                    cache_url,
+                    request,
+                    response,
+                    body,
+                    expires_time,
+                )
+
+            # If the request can expire, it means we should cache it
+            # in the meantime.
+            elif "expires" in response_headers:
+                if response_headers["expires"]:
+                    expires = parsedate_tz(response_headers["expires"])
+                    if expires is not None:
+                        expires_time = calendar.timegm(expires[:6]) - date
+                    else:
+                        expires_time = None
+
+                    logger.debug(
+                        "Caching b/c of expires header. expires in {} seconds".format(
+                            expires_time
+                        )
+                    )
+                    self._cache_set(
+                        cache_url,
+                        request,
+                        response,
+                        body,
+                        expires_time,
+                    )
+
+    def update_cached_response(
+        self, request: PreparedRequest, response: HTTPResponse
+    ) -> HTTPResponse:
+        """On a 304 we will get a new set of headers that we want to
+        update our cached value with, assuming we have one.
+
+        This should only ever be called when we've sent an ETag and
+        gotten a 304 as the response.
+        """
+        assert request.url is not None
+        cache_url = self.cache_url(request.url)
+        cached_response = self._load_from_cache(request)
+
+        if not cached_response:
+            # we didn't have a cached response
+            return response
+
+        # Lets update our headers with the headers from the new request:
+        # http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-p4-conditional-26#section-4.1
+        #
+        # The server isn't supposed to send headers that would make
+        # the cached body invalid. But... just in case, we'll be sure
+        # to strip out ones we know that might be problmatic due to
+        # typical assumptions.
+        excluded_headers = ["content-length"]
+
+        cached_response.headers.update(
+            {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in response.headers.items()  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                if k.lower() not in excluded_headers
+            }
+        )
+
+        # we want a 200 b/c we have content via the cache
+        cached_response.status = 200
+
+        # update our cache
+        self._cache_set(cache_url, request, cached_response)
+
+        return cached_response
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25143902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/filewrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import mmap
+from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from http.client import HTTPResponse
+
+
+class CallbackFileWrapper:
+    """
+    Small wrapper around a fp object which will tee everything read into a
+    buffer, and when that file is closed it will execute a callback with the
+    contents of that buffer.
+
+    All attributes are proxied to the underlying file object.
+
+    This class uses members with a double underscore (__) leading prefix so as
+    not to accidentally shadow an attribute.
+
+    The data is stored in a temporary file until it is all available.  As long
+    as the temporary files directory is disk-based (sometimes it's a
+    memory-backed-``tmpfs`` on Linux), data will be unloaded to disk if memory
+    pressure is high.  For small files the disk usually won't be used at all,
+    it'll all be in the filesystem memory cache, so there should be no
+    performance impact.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, fp: HTTPResponse, callback: Callable[[bytes], None] | None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__buf = NamedTemporaryFile("rb+", delete=True)
+        self.__fp = fp
+        self.__callback = callback
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        # The vaguaries of garbage collection means that self.__fp is
+        # not always set.  By using __getattribute__ and the private
+        # name[0] allows looking up the attribute value and raising an
+        # AttributeError when it doesn't exist. This stop thigns from
+        # infinitely recursing calls to getattr in the case where
+        # self.__fp hasn't been set.
+        #
+        # [0] https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#atom-identifiers
+        fp = self.__getattribute__("_CallbackFileWrapper__fp")
+        return getattr(fp, name)
+
+    def __is_fp_closed(self) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return self.__fp.fp is None
+
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            closed: bool = self.__fp.closed
+            return closed
+
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        # We just don't cache it then.
+        # TODO: Add some logging here...
+        return False
+
+    def _close(self) -> None:
+        if self.__callback:
+            if self.__buf.tell() == 0:
+                # Empty file:
+                result = b""
+            else:
+                # Return the data without actually loading it into memory,
+                # relying on Python's buffer API and mmap(). mmap() just gives
+                # a view directly into the filesystem's memory cache, so it
+                # doesn't result in duplicate memory use.
+                self.__buf.seek(0, 0)
+                result = memoryview(
+                    mmap.mmap(self.__buf.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
+                )
+            self.__callback(result)
+
+        # We assign this to None here, because otherwise we can get into
+        # really tricky problems where the CPython interpreter dead locks
+        # because the callback is holding a reference to something which
+        # has a __del__ method. Setting this to None breaks the cycle
+        # and allows the garbage collector to do it's thing normally.
+        self.__callback = None
+
+        # Closing the temporary file releases memory and frees disk space.
+        # Important when caching big files.
+        self.__buf.close()
+
+    def read(self, amt: int | None = None) -> bytes:
+        data: bytes = self.__fp.read(amt)
+        if data:
+            # We may be dealing with b'', a sign that things are over:
+            # it's passed e.g. after we've already closed self.__buf.
+            self.__buf.write(data)
+        if self.__is_fp_closed():
+            self._close()
+
+        return data
+
+    def _safe_read(self, amt: int) -> bytes:
+        data: bytes = self.__fp._safe_read(amt)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        if amt == 2 and data == b"\r\n":
+            # urllib executes this read to toss the CRLF at the end
+            # of the chunk.
+            return data
+
+        self.__buf.write(data)
+        if self.__is_fp_closed():
+            self._close()
+
+        return data
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9d72ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/heuristics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import calendar
+import time
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from email.utils import formatdate, parsedate, parsedate_tz
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Mapping
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3 import HTTPResponse
+
+TIME_FMT = "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+
+
+def expire_after(delta: timedelta, date: datetime | None = None) -> datetime:
+    date = date or datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+    return date + delta
+
+
+def datetime_to_header(dt: datetime) -> str:
+    return formatdate(calendar.timegm(dt.timetuple()))
+
+
+class BaseHeuristic:
+    def warning(self, response: HTTPResponse) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Return a valid 1xx warning header value describing the cache
+        adjustments.
+
+        The response is provided too allow warnings like 113
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-5.5.4 where we need
+        to explicitly say response is over 24 hours old.
+        """
+        return '110 - "Response is Stale"'
+
+    def update_headers(self, response: HTTPResponse) -> dict[str, str]:
+        """Update the response headers with any new headers.
+
+        NOTE: This SHOULD always include some Warning header to
+              signify that the response was cached by the client, not
+              by way of the provided headers.
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def apply(self, response: HTTPResponse) -> HTTPResponse:
+        updated_headers = self.update_headers(response)
+
+        if updated_headers:
+            response.headers.update(updated_headers)
+            warning_header_value = self.warning(response)
+            if warning_header_value is not None:
+                response.headers.update({"Warning": warning_header_value})
+
+        return response
+
+
+class OneDayCache(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    Cache the response by providing an expires 1 day in the
+    future.
+    """
+
+    def update_headers(self, response: HTTPResponse) -> dict[str, str]:
+        headers = {}
+
+        if "expires" not in response.headers:
+            date = parsedate(response.headers["date"])
+            expires = expire_after(timedelta(days=1), date=datetime(*date[:6], tzinfo=timezone.utc))  # type: ignore[misc]
+            headers["expires"] = datetime_to_header(expires)
+            headers["cache-control"] = "public"
+        return headers
+
+
+class ExpiresAfter(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    Cache **all** requests for a defined time period.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        self.delta = timedelta(**kw)
+
+    def update_headers(self, response: HTTPResponse) -> dict[str, str]:
+        expires = expire_after(self.delta)
+        return {"expires": datetime_to_header(expires), "cache-control": "public"}
+
+    def warning(self, response: HTTPResponse) -> str | None:
+        tmpl = "110 - Automatically cached for %s. Response might be stale"
+        return tmpl % self.delta
+
+
+class LastModified(BaseHeuristic):
+    """
+    If there is no Expires header already, fall back on Last-Modified
+    using the heuristic from
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7234#section-4.2.2
+    to calculate a reasonable value.
+
+    Firefox also does something like this per
+    https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Caching_FAQ
+    http://lxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-release/source/netwerk/protocol/http/nsHttpResponseHead.cpp#397
+    Unlike mozilla we limit this to 24-hr.
+    """
+
+    cacheable_by_default_statuses = {
+        200,
+        203,
+        204,
+        206,
+        300,
+        301,
+        404,
+        405,
+        410,
+        414,
+        501,
+    }
+
+    def update_headers(self, resp: HTTPResponse) -> dict[str, str]:
+        headers: Mapping[str, str] = resp.headers
+
+        if "expires" in headers:
+            return {}
+
+        if "cache-control" in headers and headers["cache-control"] != "public":
+            return {}
+
+        if resp.status not in self.cacheable_by_default_statuses:
+            return {}
+
+        if "date" not in headers or "last-modified" not in headers:
+            return {}
+
+        time_tuple = parsedate_tz(headers["date"])
+        assert time_tuple is not None
+        date = calendar.timegm(time_tuple[:6])
+        last_modified = parsedate(headers["last-modified"])
+        if last_modified is None:
+            return {}
+
+        now = time.time()
+        current_age = max(0, now - date)
+        delta = date - calendar.timegm(last_modified)
+        freshness_lifetime = max(0, min(delta / 10, 24 * 3600))
+        if freshness_lifetime <= current_age:
+            return {}
+
+        expires = date + freshness_lifetime
+        return {"expires": time.strftime(TIME_FMT, time.gmtime(expires))}
+
+    def warning(self, resp: HTTPResponse) -> str | None:
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9e967c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/serialize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Mapping, cast
+
+from pip._vendor import msgpack
+from pip._vendor.requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from pip._vendor.urllib3 import HTTPResponse
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.requests import PreparedRequest
+
+
+class Serializer:
+    serde_version = "4"
+
+    def dumps(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        response: HTTPResponse,
+        body: bytes | None = None,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        response_headers: CaseInsensitiveDict[str] = CaseInsensitiveDict(
+            response.headers
+        )
+
+        if body is None:
+            # When a body isn't passed in, we'll read the response. We
+            # also update the response with a new file handler to be
+            # sure it acts as though it was never read.
+            body = response.read(decode_content=False)
+            response._fp = io.BytesIO(body)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            response.length_remaining = len(body)
+
+        data = {
+            "response": {
+                "body": body,  # Empty bytestring if body is stored separately
+                "headers": {str(k): str(v) for k, v in response.headers.items()},  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+                "status": response.status,
+                "version": response.version,
+                "reason": str(response.reason),
+                "decode_content": response.decode_content,
+            }
+        }
+
+        # Construct our vary headers
+        data["vary"] = {}
+        if "vary" in response_headers:
+            varied_headers = response_headers["vary"].split(",")
+            for header in varied_headers:
+                header = str(header).strip()
+                header_value = request.headers.get(header, None)
+                if header_value is not None:
+                    header_value = str(header_value)
+                data["vary"][header] = header_value
+
+        return b",".join([f"cc={self.serde_version}".encode(), self.serialize(data)])
+
+    def serialize(self, data: dict[str, Any]) -> bytes:
+        return cast(bytes, msgpack.dumps(data, use_bin_type=True))
+
+    def loads(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        data: bytes,
+        body_file: IO[bytes] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPResponse | None:
+        # Short circuit if we've been given an empty set of data
+        if not data:
+            return None
+
+        # Determine what version of the serializer the data was serialized
+        # with
+        try:
+            ver, data = data.split(b",", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            ver = b"cc=0"
+
+        # Make sure that our "ver" is actually a version and isn't a false
+        # positive from a , being in the data stream.
+        if ver[:3] != b"cc=":
+            data = ver + data
+            ver = b"cc=0"
+
+        # Get the version number out of the cc=N
+        verstr = ver.split(b"=", 1)[-1].decode("ascii")
+
+        # Dispatch to the actual load method for the given version
+        try:
+            return getattr(self, f"_loads_v{verstr}")(request, data, body_file)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        except AttributeError:
+            # This is a version we don't have a loads function for, so we'll
+            # just treat it as a miss and return None
+            return None
+
+    def prepare_response(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        cached: Mapping[str, Any],
+        body_file: IO[bytes] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPResponse | None:
+        """Verify our vary headers match and construct a real urllib3
+        HTTPResponse object.
+        """
+        # Special case the '*' Vary value as it means we cannot actually
+        # determine if the cached response is suitable for this request.
+        # This case is also handled in the controller code when creating
+        # a cache entry, but is left here for backwards compatibility.
+        if "*" in cached.get("vary", {}):
+            return None
+
+        # Ensure that the Vary headers for the cached response match our
+        # request
+        for header, value in cached.get("vary", {}).items():
+            if request.headers.get(header, None) != value:
+                return None
+
+        body_raw = cached["response"].pop("body")
+
+        headers: CaseInsensitiveDict[str] = CaseInsensitiveDict(
+            data=cached["response"]["headers"]
+        )
+        if headers.get("transfer-encoding", "") == "chunked":
+            headers.pop("transfer-encoding")
+
+        cached["response"]["headers"] = headers
+
+        try:
+            body: IO[bytes]
+            if body_file is None:
+                body = io.BytesIO(body_raw)
+            else:
+                body = body_file
+        except TypeError:
+            # This can happen if cachecontrol serialized to v1 format (pickle)
+            # using Python 2. A Python 2 str(byte string) will be unpickled as
+            # a Python 3 str (unicode string), which will cause the above to
+            # fail with:
+            #
+            #     TypeError: 'str' does not support the buffer interface
+            body = io.BytesIO(body_raw.encode("utf8"))
+
+        # Discard any `strict` parameter serialized by older version of cachecontrol.
+        cached["response"].pop("strict", None)
+
+        return HTTPResponse(body=body, preload_content=False, **cached["response"])
+
+    def _loads_v0(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        data: bytes,
+        body_file: IO[bytes] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # The original legacy cache data. This doesn't contain enough
+        # information to construct everything we need, so we'll treat this as
+        # a miss.
+        return None
+
+    def _loads_v1(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        data: bytes,
+        body_file: IO[bytes] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPResponse | None:
+        # The "v1" pickled cache format. This is no longer supported
+        # for security reasons, so we treat it as a miss.
+        return None
+
+    def _loads_v2(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        data: bytes,
+        body_file: IO[bytes] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPResponse | None:
+        # The "v2" compressed base64 cache format.
+        # This has been removed due to age and poor size/performance
+        # characteristics, so we treat it as a miss.
+        return None
+
+    def _loads_v3(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        data: bytes,
+        body_file: IO[bytes] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Due to Python 2 encoding issues, it's impossible to know for sure
+        # exactly how to load v3 entries, thus we'll treat these as a miss so
+        # that they get rewritten out as v4 entries.
+        return None
+
+    def _loads_v4(
+        self,
+        request: PreparedRequest,
+        data: bytes,
+        body_file: IO[bytes] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPResponse | None:
+        try:
+            cached = msgpack.loads(data, raw=False)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+
+        return self.prepare_response(request, cached, body_file)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f618bc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/cachecontrol/wrapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Eric Larson
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Collection
+
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.adapter import CacheControlAdapter
+from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import DictCache
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor import requests
+
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.cache import BaseCache
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.controller import CacheController
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.heuristics import BaseHeuristic
+    from pip._vendor.cachecontrol.serialize import Serializer
+
+
+def CacheControl(
+    sess: requests.Session,
+    cache: BaseCache | None = None,
+    cache_etags: bool = True,
+    serializer: Serializer | None = None,
+    heuristic: BaseHeuristic | None = None,
+    controller_class: type[CacheController] | None = None,
+    adapter_class: type[CacheControlAdapter] | None = None,
+    cacheable_methods: Collection[str] | None = None,
+) -> requests.Session:
+    cache = DictCache() if cache is None else cache
+    adapter_class = adapter_class or CacheControlAdapter
+    adapter = adapter_class(
+        cache,
+        cache_etags=cache_etags,
+        serializer=serializer,
+        heuristic=heuristic,
+        controller_class=controller_class,
+        cacheable_methods=cacheable_methods,
+    )
+    sess.mount("http://", adapter)
+    sess.mount("https://", adapter)
+
+    return sess
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ce89cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .core import contents, where
+
+__all__ = ["contents", "where"]
+__version__ = "2023.07.22"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00376349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import argparse
+
+from pip._vendor.certifi import contents, where
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+parser.add_argument("-c", "--contents", action="store_true")
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+if args.contents:
+    print(contents())
+else:
+    print(where())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..004427a7
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..484ab1fb
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e52f84b9
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/__pycache__/core.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/cacert.pem b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/cacert.pem
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02123695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/cacert.pem
@@ -0,0 +1,4635 @@
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root CA O=GlobalSign nv-sa OU=Root CA
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA"
+# Serial: 4835703278459707669005204
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 3e:45:52:15:09:51:92:e1:b7:5d:37:9f:b1:87:29:8a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b1:bc:96:8b:d4:f4:9d:62:2a:a8:9a:81:f2:15:01:52:a4:1d:82:9c
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: eb:d4:10:40:e4:bb:3e:c7:42:c9:e3:81:d3:1e:f2:a4:1a:48:b6:68:5c:96:e7:ce:f3:c1:df:6c:d4:33:1c:99
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Subject: CN=Entrust.net Certification Authority (2048) O=Entrust.net OU=www.entrust.net/CPS_2048 incorp. by ref. (limits liab.)/(c) 1999 Entrust.net Limited
+# Label: "Entrust.net Premium 2048 Secure Server CA"
+# Serial: 946069240
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Subject: CN=Baltimore CyberTrust Root O=Baltimore OU=CyberTrust
+# Label: "Baltimore CyberTrust Root"
+# Serial: 33554617
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority O=Entrust, Inc. OU=www.entrust.net/CPS is incorporated by reference/(c) 2006 Entrust, Inc.
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1164660820
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=AAA Certificate Services O=Comodo CA Limited
+# Label: "Comodo AAA Services root"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 1289
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5e:39:7b:dd:f8:ba:ec:82:e9:ac:62:ba:0c:54:00:2b
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ca:3a:fb:cf:12:40:36:4b:44:b2:16:20:88:80:48:39:19:93:7c:f7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3"
+# Serial: 1478
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust.net OU=Security Communication RootCA1
+# Label: "Security Communication Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=XRamp Global Certification Authority O=XRamp Security Services Inc OU=www.xrampsecurity.com
+# Label: "XRamp Global CA Root"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=The Go Daddy Group, Inc. OU=Go Daddy Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Go Daddy Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Starfield Technologies, Inc. OU=Starfield Class 2 Certification Authority
+# Label: "Starfield Class 2 CA"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root CA"
+# Serial: 17154717934120587862167794914071425081
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 87:ce:0b:7b:2a:0e:49:00:e1:58:71:9b:37:a8:93:72
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 10944719598952040374951832963794454346
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 79:e4:a9:84:0d:7d:3a:96:d7:c0:4f:e2:43:4c:89:2e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert High Assurance EV Root CA"
+# Serial: 3553400076410547919724730734378100087
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Gold CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Gold CA - G2"
+# Serial: 13492815561806991280
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 24:77:d9:a8:91:d1:3b:fa:88:2d:c2:ff:f8:cd:33:93
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d8:c5:38:8a:b7:30:1b:1b:6e:d4:7a:e6:45:25:3a:6f:9f:1a:27:61
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Subject: CN=SwissSign Silver CA - G2 O=SwissSign AG
+# Label: "SwissSign Silver CA - G2"
+# Serial: 5700383053117599563
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e0:06:a1:c9:7d:cf:c9:fc:0d:c0:56:75:96:d8:62:13
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 9b:aa:e5:9f:56:ee:21:cb:43:5a:be:25:93:df:a7:f0:40:d1:1d:cb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SecureTrust CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "SecureTrust CA"
+# Serial: 17199774589125277788362757014266862032
+# MD5 Fingerprint: dc:32:c3:a7:6d:25:57:c7:68:09:9d:ea:2d:a9:a2:d1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Secure Global CA O=SecureTrust Corporation
+# Label: "Secure Global CA"
+# Serial: 9751836167731051554232119481456978597
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cf:f4:27:0d:d4:ed:dc:65:16:49:6d:3d:da:bf:6e:de
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 104350513648249232941998508985834464573
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5c:48:dc:f7:42:72:ec:56:94:6d:1c:cc:71:35:80:75
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO ECC Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 41578283867086692638256921589707938090
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7c:62:ff:74:9d:31:53:5e:68:4a:d5:78:aa:1e:bf:23
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Subject: CN=Certigna O=Dhimyotis
+# Label: "Certigna"
+# Serial: 18364802974209362175
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Subject: O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. OU=ePKI Root Certification Authority
+# Label: "ePKI Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 28956088682735189655030529057352760477
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:2e:00:ca:26:06:90:3d:ad:fe:6f:15:68:d3:6b:b3
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 67:65:0d:f1:7e:8e:7e:5b:82:40:a4:f4:56:4b:cf:e2:3d:69:c6:f0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Subject: O=certSIGN OU=certSIGN ROOT CA
+# Label: "certSIGN ROOT CA"
+# Serial: 35210227249154
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 18:98:c0:d6:e9:3a:fc:f9:b0:f5:0c:f7:4b:01:44:17
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: fa:b7:ee:36:97:26:62:fb:2d:b0:2a:f6:bf:03:fd:e8:7c:4b:2f:9b
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: ea:a9:62:c4:fa:4a:6b:af:eb:e4:15:19:6d:35:1c:cd:88:8d:4f:53:f3:fa:8a:e6:d7:c4:66:a9:4e:60:42:bb
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) F\u0151tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1ny O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1nykiad\xf3k (Certification Services)
+# Subject: CN=NetLock Arany (Class Gold) F\u0151tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1ny O=NetLock Kft. OU=Tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1nykiad\xf3k (Certification Services)
+# Label: "NetLock Arany (Class Gold) F\u0151tan\xfas\xedtv\xe1ny"
+# Serial: 80544274841616
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c5:a1:b7:ff:73:dd:d6:d7:34:32:18:df:fc:3c:ad:88
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 06:08:3f:59:3f:15:a1:04:a0:69:a4:6b:a9:03:d0:06:b7:97:09:91
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 6c:61:da:c3:a2:de:f0:31:50:6b:e0:36:d2:a6:fe:40:19:94:fb:d1:3d:f9:c8:d4:66:59:92:74:c4:46:ec:98
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=SecureSign RootCA11 O=Japan Certification Services, Inc.
+# Label: "SecureSign RootCA11"
+# Serial: 1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Label: "Microsec e-Szigno Root CA 2009"
+# Serial: 14014712776195784473
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R3
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R3"
+# Serial: 4835703278459759426209954
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Subject: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
+# Label: "Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068"
+# Serial: 6047274297262753887
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Izenpe.com O=IZENPE S.A.
+# Subject: CN=Izenpe.com O=IZENPE S.A.
+# Label: "Izenpe.com"
+# Serial: 917563065490389241595536686991402621
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Go Daddy Root Certificate Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2 O=Starfield Technologies, Inc.
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+# Label: "Starfield Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2 O=Starfield Technologies, Inc.
+# Label: "Starfield Services Root Certificate Authority - G2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Commercial O=AffirmTrust
+# Subject: CN=AffirmTrust Commercial O=AffirmTrust
+# Label: "AffirmTrust Commercial"
+# Serial: 8608355977964138876
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Networking O=AffirmTrust
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+# Label: "AffirmTrust Networking"
+# Serial: 8957382827206547757
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=AffirmTrust Premium O=AffirmTrust
+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium"
+# Serial: 7893706540734352110
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Subject: CN=AffirmTrust Premium ECC O=AffirmTrust
+# Label: "AffirmTrust Premium ECC"
+# Serial: 8401224907861490260
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 64:b0:09:55:cf:b1:d5:99:e2:be:13:ab:a6:5d:ea:4d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b8:23:6b:00:2f:1d:16:86:53:01:55:6c:11:a4:37:ca:eb:ff:c3:bb
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=Certum Trusted Network CA O=Unizeto Technologies S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum Trusted Network CA"
+# Serial: 279744
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d5:e9:81:40:c5:18:69:fc:46:2c:89:75:62:0f:aa:78
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Root Certification Authority O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: aa:08:8f:f6:f9:7b:b7:f2:b1:a7:1e:9b:ea:ea:bd:79
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: cf:9e:87:6d:d3:eb:fc:42:26:97:a3:b5:a3:7a:a0:76:a9:06:23:48
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication RootCA2
+# Subject: O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD. OU=Security Communication RootCA2
+# Label: "Security Communication RootCA2"
+# Serial: 0
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 6c:39:7d:a4:0e:55:59:b2:3f:d6:41:b1:12:50:de:43
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Actalis Authentication Root CA O=Actalis S.p.A./03358520967
+# Subject: CN=Actalis Authentication Root CA O=Actalis S.p.A./03358520967
+# Label: "Actalis Authentication Root CA"
+# Serial: 6271844772424770508
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 69:c1:0d:4f:07:a3:1b:c3:fe:56:3d:04:bc:11:f6:a6
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f3:73:b3:87:06:5a:28:84:8a:f2:f3:4a:ce:19:2b:dd:c7:8e:9c:ac
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 2 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 2 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 46:a7:d2:fe:45:fb:64:5a:a8:59:90:9b:78:44:9b:29
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 49:0a:75:74:de:87:0a:47:fe:58:ee:f6:c7:6b:eb:c6:0b:12:40:99
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Subject: CN=Buypass Class 3 Root CA O=Buypass AS-983163327
+# Label: "Buypass Class 3 Root CA"
+# Serial: 2
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 3d:3b:18:9e:2c:64:5a:e8:d5:88:ce:0e:f9:37:c2:ec
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 3"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ca:fb:40:a8:4e:39:92:8a:1d:fe:8e:2f:c4:27:ea:ef
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 2009"
+# Serial: 623603
+# MD5 Fingerprint: cd:e0:25:69:8d:47:ac:9c:89:35:90:f7:fd:51:3d:2f
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 58:e8:ab:b0:36:15:33:fb:80:f7:9b:1b:6d:29:d3:ff:8d:5f:00:f0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST Root Class 3 CA 2 EV 2009"
+# Serial: 623604
+# MD5 Fingerprint: aa:c6:43:2c:5e:2d:cd:c4:34:c0:50:4f:11:02:4f:b6
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Subject: CN=CA Disig Root R2 O=Disig a.s.
+# Label: "CA Disig Root R2"
+# Serial: 10572350602393338211
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 26:01:fb:d8:27:a7:17:9a:45:54:38:1a:43:01:3b:03
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b5:61:eb:ea:a4:de:e4:25:4b:69:1a:98:a5:57:47:c2:34:c7:d9:71
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=ACCVRAIZ1 O=ACCV OU=PKIACCV
+# Subject: CN=ACCVRAIZ1 O=ACCV OU=PKIACCV
+# Label: "ACCVRAIZ1"
+# Serial: 6828503384748696800
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d0:a0:5a:ee:05:b6:09:94:21:a1:7d:f1:b2:29:82:02
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 93:05:7a:88:15:c6:4f:ce:88:2f:fa:91:16:52:28:78:bc:53:64:17
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Subject: CN=TWCA Global Root CA O=TAIWAN-CA OU=Root CA
+# Label: "TWCA Global Root CA"
+# Serial: 3262
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Subject: CN=TeliaSonera Root CA v1 O=TeliaSonera
+# Label: "TeliaSonera Root CA v1"
+# Serial: 199041966741090107964904287217786801558
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Subject: CN=T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2 O=T-Systems Enterprise Services GmbH OU=T-Systems Trust Center
+# Label: "T-TeleSec GlobalRoot Class 2"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2b:9b:9e:e4:7b:6c:1f:00:72:1a:cc:c1:77:79:df:6a
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 59:0d:2d:7d:88:4f:40:2e:61:7e:a5:62:32:17:65:cf:17:d8:94:e9
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot 2011 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot 2011"
+# Serial: 6643877497813316402
+# MD5 Fingerprint: ae:b9:c4:32:4b:ac:7f:5d:66:cc:77:94:bb:2a:77:56
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 2b:b1:f5:3e:55:0c:1d:c5:f1:d4:e6:b7:6a:46:4b:55:06:02:ac:21
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 1 G3"
+# Serial: 687049649626669250736271037606554624078720034195
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a4:bc:5b:3f:fe:37:9a:fa:64:f0:e2:fa:05:3d:0b:ab
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 1b:8e:ea:57:96:29:1a:c9:39:ea:b8:0a:81:1a:73:73:c0:93:79:67
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 2 G3"
+# Serial: 390156079458959257446133169266079962026824725800
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Subject: CN=QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3 O=QuoVadis Limited
+# Label: "QuoVadis Root CA 3 G3"
+# Serial: 268090761170461462463995952157327242137089239581
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G2"
+# Serial: 15385348160840213938643033620894905419
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 92:38:b9:f8:63:24:82:65:2c:57:33:e6:fe:81:8f:9d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: a1:4b:48:d9:43:ee:0a:0e:40:90:4f:3c:e0:a4:c0:91:93:51:5d:3f
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Assured ID Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Assured ID Root G3"
+# Serial: 15459312981008553731928384953135426796
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 7c:7f:65:31:0c:81:df:8d:ba:3e:99:e2:5c:ad:6e:fb
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f5:17:a2:4f:9a:48:c6:c9:f8:a2:00:26:9f:dc:0f:48:2c:ab:30:89
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G2 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G2"
+# Serial: 4293743540046975378534879503202253541
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e4:a6:8a:c8:54:ac:52:42:46:0a:fd:72:48:1b:2a:44
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Global Root G3 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Global Root G3"
+# Serial: 7089244469030293291760083333884364146
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert Trusted Root G4 O=DigiCert Inc OU=www.digicert.com
+# Label: "DigiCert Trusted Root G4"
+# Serial: 7451500558977370777930084869016614236
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Subject: CN=COMODO RSA Certification Authority O=COMODO CA Limited
+# Label: "COMODO RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 101909084537582093308941363524873193117
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:31:b0:71:40:36:cc:14:36:91:ad:c4:3e:fd:ec:18
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: af:e5:d2:44:a8:d1:19:42:30:ff:47:9f:e2:f8:97:bb:cd:7a:8c:b4
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 52:f0:e1:c4:e5:8e:c6:29:29:1b:60:31:7f:07:46:71:b8:5d:7e:a8:0d:5b:07:27:34:63:53:4b:32:b4:02:34
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust RSA Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 2645093764781058787591871645665788717
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1b:fe:69:d1:91:b7:19:33:a3:72:a8:0f:e1:55:e5:b5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 2b:8f:1b:57:33:0d:bb:a2:d0:7a:6c:51:f7:0e:e9:0d:da:b9:ad:8e
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Subject: CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority O=The USERTRUST Network
+# Label: "USERTrust ECC Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 123013823720199481456569720443997572134
+# MD5 Fingerprint: fa:68:bc:d9:b5:7f:ad:fd:c9:1d:06:83:28:cc:24:c1
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: d1:cb:ca:5d:b2:d5:2a:7f:69:3b:67:4d:e5:f0:5a:1d:0c:95:7d:f0
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R5"
+# Serial: 32785792099990507226680698011560947931244
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 9f:ad:3b:1c:02:1e:8a:ba:17:74:38:81:0c:a2:bc:08
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 1f:24:c6:30:cd:a4:18:ef:20:69:ff:ad:4f:dd:5f:46:3a:1b:69:aa
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 17:9f:bc:14:8a:3d:d0:0f:d2:4e:a1:34:58:cc:43:bf:a7:f5:9c:81:82:d7:83:a5:13:f6:eb:ec:10:0c:89:24
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1 O=IdenTrust
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+# Label: "IdenTrust Public Sector Root CA 1"
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2009 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - G2"
+# Serial: 1246989352
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2012 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - EC1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=CFCA EV ROOT O=China Financial Certification Authority
+# Label: "CFCA EV ROOT"
+# Serial: 407555286
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions ECC RootCA 2015"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Label: "ISRG Root X1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: O=FNMT-RCM OU=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM
+# Subject: O=FNMT-RCM OU=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM
+# Label: "AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM"
+# Serial: 485876308206448804701554682760554759
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e2:09:04:b4:d3:bd:d1:a0:14:fd:1a:d2:47:c4:57:1d
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ec:50:35:07:b2:15:c4:95:62:19:e2:a8:9a:5b:42:99:2c:4c:2c:20
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 1 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 1 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 1"
+# Serial: 143266978916655856878034712317230054538369994
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 43:c6:bf:ae:ec:fe:ad:2f:18:c6:88:68:30:fc:c8:e6
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 8d:a7:f9:65:ec:5e:fc:37:91:0f:1c:6e:59:fd:c1:cc:6a:6e:de:16
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 8e:cd:e6:88:4f:3d:87:b1:12:5b:a3:1a:c3:fc:b1:3d:70:16:de:7f:57:cc:90:4f:e1:cb:97:c6:ae:98:19:6e
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 2 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 2 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 2"
+# Serial: 143266982885963551818349160658925006970653239
+# MD5 Fingerprint: c8:e5:8d:ce:a8:42:e2:7a:c0:2a:5c:7c:9e:26:bf:66
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 5a:8c:ef:45:d7:a6:98:59:76:7a:8c:8b:44:96:b5:78:cf:47:4b:1a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 3 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 3 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 3"
+# Serial: 143266986699090766294700635381230934788665930
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a0:d4:ef:0b:f7:b5:d8:49:95:2a:ec:f5:c4:fc:81:87
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 0d:44:dd:8c:3c:8c:1a:1a:58:75:64:81:e9:0f:2e:2a:ff:b3:d2:6e
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 18:ce:6c:fe:7b:f1:4e:60:b2:e3:47:b8:df:e8:68:cb:31:d0:2e:bb:3a:da:27:15:69:f5:03:43:b4:6d:b3:a4
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Amazon Root CA 4 O=Amazon
+# Subject: CN=Amazon Root CA 4 O=Amazon
+# Label: "Amazon Root CA 4"
+# Serial: 143266989758080763974105200630763877849284878
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 89:bc:27:d5:eb:17:8d:06:6a:69:d5:fd:89:47:b4:cd
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: f6:10:84:07:d6:f8:bb:67:98:0c:c2:e2:44:c2:eb:ae:1c:ef:63:be
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: e3:5d:28:41:9e:d0:20:25:cf:a6:90:38:cd:62:39:62:45:8d:a5:c6:95:fb:de:a3:c2:2b:0b:fb:25:89:70:92
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=TUBITAK Kamu SM SSL Kok Sertifikasi - Surum 1 O=Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu - TUBITAK OU=Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi - Kamu SM
+# Subject: CN=TUBITAK Kamu SM SSL Kok Sertifikasi - Surum 1 O=Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu - TUBITAK OU=Kamu Sertifikasyon Merkezi - Kamu SM
+# Label: "TUBITAK Kamu SM SSL Kok Sertifikasi - Surum 1"
+# Serial: 1
+# MD5 Fingerprint: dc:00:81:dc:69:2f:3e:2f:b0:3b:f6:3d:5a:91:8e:49
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 31:43:64:9b:ec:ce:27:ec:ed:3a:3f:0b:8f:0d:e4:e8:91:dd:ee:ca
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 46:ed:c3:68:90:46:d5:3a:45:3f:b3:10:4a:b8:0d:ca:ec:65:8b:26:60:ea:16:29:dd:7e:86:79:90:64:87:16
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GDCA TrustAUTH R5 ROOT O=GUANG DONG CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY CO.,LTD.
+# Subject: CN=GDCA TrustAUTH R5 ROOT O=GUANG DONG CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY CO.,LTD.
+# Label: "GDCA TrustAUTH R5 ROOT"
+# Serial: 9009899650740120186
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority RSA O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority RSA O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com Root Certification Authority RSA"
+# Serial: 8875640296558310041
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 86:69:12:c0:70:f1:ec:ac:ac:c2:d5:bc:a5:5b:a1:29
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com Root Certification Authority ECC"
+# Serial: 8495723813297216424
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 2e:da:e4:39:7f:9c:8f:37:d1:70:9f:26:17:51:3a:8e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: c3:19:7c:39:24:e6:54:af:1b:c4:ab:20:95:7a:e2:c3:0e:13:02:6a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority RSA R2 O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority RSA R2 O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority RSA R2"
+# Serial: 6248227494352943350
+# MD5 Fingerprint: e1:1e:31:58:1a:ae:54:53:02:f6:17:6a:11:7b:4d:95
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 74:3a:f0:52:9b:d0:32:a0:f4:4a:83:cd:d4:ba:a9:7b:7c:2e:c4:9a
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC"
+# Serial: 3182246526754555285
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 59:53:22:65:83:42:01:54:c0:ce:42:b9:5a:7c:f2:90
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 4c:dd:51:a3:d1:f5:20:32:14:b0:c6:c5:32:23:03:91:c7:46:42:6d
+# SHA256 Fingerprint: 22:a2:c1:f7:bd:ed:70:4c:c1:e7:01:b5:f4:08:c3:10:88:0f:e9:56:b5:de:2a:4a:44:f9:9c:87:3a:25:a7:c8
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R6
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign Root CA - R6
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root CA - R6"
+# Serial: 1417766617973444989252670301619537
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GC CA O=WISeKey OU=OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Subject: CN=OISTE WISeKey Global Root GC CA O=WISeKey OU=OISTE Foundation Endorsed
+# Label: "OISTE WISeKey Global Root GC CA"
+# Serial: 44084345621038548146064804565436152554
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=UCA Global G2 Root O=UniTrust
+# Subject: CN=UCA Global G2 Root O=UniTrust
+# Label: "UCA Global G2 Root"
+# Serial: 124779693093741543919145257850076631279
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 80:fe:f0:c4:4a:f0:5c:62:32:9f:1c:ba:78:a9:50:f8
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=UCA Extended Validation Root O=UniTrust
+# Subject: CN=UCA Extended Validation Root O=UniTrust
+# Label: "UCA Extended Validation Root"
+# Serial: 106100277556486529736699587978573607008
+# MD5 Fingerprint: a1:f3:5f:43:c6:34:9b:da:bf:8c:7e:05:53:ad:96:e2
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Certigna Root CA O=Dhimyotis OU=0002 48146308100036
+# Subject: CN=Certigna Root CA O=Dhimyotis OU=0002 48146308100036
+# Label: "Certigna Root CA"
+# Serial: 269714418870597844693661054334862075617
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=emSign Root CA - G1 O=eMudhra Technologies Limited OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign Root CA - G1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - G3 O=eMudhra Technologies Limited OU=emSign PKI
+# Subject: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - G3 O=eMudhra Technologies Limited OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign ECC Root CA - G3"
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+# Issuer: CN=emSign Root CA - C1 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Subject: CN=emSign Root CA - C1 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign Root CA - C1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - C3 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Subject: CN=emSign ECC Root CA - C3 O=eMudhra Inc OU=emSign PKI
+# Label: "emSign ECC Root CA - C3"
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+# Issuer: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G4 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2015 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Subject: CN=Entrust Root Certification Authority - G4 O=Entrust, Inc. OU=See www.entrust.net/legal-terms/(c) 2015 Entrust, Inc. - for authorized use only
+# Label: "Entrust Root Certification Authority - G4"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsoft ECC Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Microsoft ECC Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Label: "Microsoft ECC Root Certificate Authority 2017"
+# Serial: 136839042543790627607696632466672567020
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Microsoft RSA Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Subject: CN=Microsoft RSA Root Certificate Authority 2017 O=Microsoft Corporation
+# Label: "Microsoft RSA Root Certificate Authority 2017"
+# Serial: 40975477897264996090493496164228220339
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=e-Szigno Root CA 2017 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=e-Szigno Root CA 2017 O=Microsec Ltd.
+# Label: "e-Szigno Root CA 2017"
+# Serial: 411379200276854331539784714
+# MD5 Fingerprint: de:1f:f6:9e:84:ae:a7:b4:21:ce:1e:58:7d:d1:84:98
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 89:d4:83:03:4f:9e:9a:48:80:5f:72:37:d4:a9:a6:ef:cb:7c:1f:d1
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: O=CERTSIGN SA OU=certSIGN ROOT CA G2
+# Subject: O=CERTSIGN SA OU=certSIGN ROOT CA G2
+# Label: "certSIGN Root CA G2"
+# Serial: 313609486401300475190
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 8c:f1:75:8a:c6:19:cf:94:b7:f7:65:20:87:c3:97:c7
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Trustwave Global Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Trustwave Global Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Label: "Trustwave Global Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 1846098327275375458322922162
+# MD5 Fingerprint: f8:1c:18:2d:2f:ba:5f:6d:a1:6c:bc:c7:ab:91:c7:0e
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 2f:8f:36:4f:e1:58:97:44:21:59:87:a5:2a:9a:d0:69:95:26:7f:b5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P256 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P256 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Label: "Trustwave Global ECC P256 Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 4151900041497450638097112925
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5b:44:e3:8d:5d:36:86:26:e8:0d:05:d2:59:a7:83:54
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: b4:90:82:dd:45:0c:be:8b:5b:b1:66:d3:e2:a4:08:26:cd:ed:42:cf
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P384 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=Trustwave Global ECC P384 Certification Authority O=Trustwave Holdings, Inc.
+# Label: "Trustwave Global ECC P384 Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 2704997926503831671788816187
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=NAVER Global Root Certification Authority O=NAVER BUSINESS PLATFORM Corp.
+# Subject: CN=NAVER Global Root Certification Authority O=NAVER BUSINESS PLATFORM Corp.
+# Label: "NAVER Global Root Certification Authority"
+# Serial: 9013692873798656336226253319739695165984492813
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM SERVIDORES SEGUROS O=FNMT-RCM OU=Ceres
+# Subject: CN=AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM SERVIDORES SEGUROS O=FNMT-RCM OU=Ceres
+# Label: "AC RAIZ FNMT-RCM SERVIDORES SEGUROS"
+# Serial: 131542671362353147877283741781055151509
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root R46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root R46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root R46"
+# Serial: 1552617688466950547958867513931858518042577
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign Root E46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign Root E46 O=GlobalSign nv-sa
+# Label: "GlobalSign Root E46"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GLOBALTRUST 2020 O=e-commerce monitoring GmbH
+# Subject: CN=GLOBALTRUST 2020 O=e-commerce monitoring GmbH
+# Label: "GLOBALTRUST 2020"
+# Serial: 109160994242082918454945253
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=ANF Secure Server Root CA O=ANF Autoridad de Certificacion OU=ANF CA Raiz
+# Subject: CN=ANF Secure Server Root CA O=ANF Autoridad de Certificacion OU=ANF CA Raiz
+# Label: "ANF Secure Server Root CA"
+# Serial: 996390341000653745
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum EC-384 CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=Certum EC-384 CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum EC-384 CA"
+# Serial: 160250656287871593594747141429395092468
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certum Trusted Root CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Subject: CN=Certum Trusted Root CA O=Asseco Data Systems S.A. OU=Certum Certification Authority
+# Label: "Certum Trusted Root CA"
+# Serial: 40870380103424195783807378461123655149
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=TunTrust Root CA O=Agence Nationale de Certification Electronique
+# Subject: CN=TunTrust Root CA O=Agence Nationale de Certification Electronique
+# Label: "TunTrust Root CA"
+# Serial: 108534058042236574382096126452369648152337120275
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 85:13:b9:90:5b:36:5c:b6:5e:b8:5a:f8:e0:31:57:b4
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=HARICA TLS RSA Root CA 2021 O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions CA
+# Subject: CN=HARICA TLS RSA Root CA 2021 O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions CA
+# Label: "HARICA TLS RSA Root CA 2021"
+# Serial: 76817823531813593706434026085292783742
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=HARICA TLS ECC Root CA 2021 O=Hellenic Academic and Research Institutions CA
+# Label: "HARICA TLS ECC Root CA 2021"
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+# Subject: CN=Autoridad de Certificacion Firmaprofesional CIF A62634068
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+# Subject: CN=vTrus ECC Root CA O=iTrusChina Co.,Ltd.
+# Label: "vTrus ECC Root CA"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=vTrus Root CA O=iTrusChina Co.,Ltd.
+# Subject: CN=vTrus Root CA O=iTrusChina Co.,Ltd.
+# Label: "vTrus Root CA"
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+# Label: "ISRG Root X2"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Subject: CN=HiPKI Root CA - G1 O=Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd.
+# Label: "HiPKI Root CA - G1"
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Subject: CN=GlobalSign O=GlobalSign OU=GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4
+# Label: "GlobalSign ECC Root CA - R4"
+# Serial: 159662223612894884239637590694
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 26:29:f8:6d:e1:88:bf:a2:65:7f:aa:c4:cd:0f:7f:fc
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 6b:a0:b0:98:e1:71:ef:5a:ad:fe:48:15:80:77:10:f4:bd:6f:0b:28
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R1 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R1 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R1"
+# Serial: 159662320309726417404178440727
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 05:fe:d0:bf:71:a8:a3:76:63:da:01:e0:d8:52:dc:40
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R2 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R2 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R2"
+# Serial: 159662449406622349769042896298
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 1e:39:c0:53:e6:1e:29:82:0b:ca:52:55:36:5d:57:dc
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 9a:44:49:76:32:db:de:fa:d0:bc:fb:5a:7b:17:bd:9e:56:09:24:94
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R3 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R3 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R3"
+# Serial: 159662495401136852707857743206
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 3e:e7:9d:58:02:94:46:51:94:e5:e0:22:4a:8b:e7:73
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=GTS Root R4 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Subject: CN=GTS Root R4 O=Google Trust Services LLC
+# Label: "GTS Root R4"
+# Serial: 159662532700760215368942768210
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Telia Root CA v2 O=Telia Finland Oyj
+# Subject: CN=Telia Root CA v2 O=Telia Finland Oyj
+# Label: "Telia Root CA v2"
+# Serial: 7288924052977061235122729490515358
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 0e:8f:ac:aa:82:df:85:b1:f4:dc:10:1c:fc:99:d9:48
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST BR Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST BR Root CA 1 2020"
+# Serial: 165870826978392376648679885835942448534
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Subject: CN=D-TRUST EV Root CA 1 2020 O=D-Trust GmbH
+# Label: "D-TRUST EV Root CA 1 2020"
+# Serial: 126288379621884218666039612629459926992
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert TLS ECC P384 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert TLS ECC P384 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Label: "DigiCert TLS ECC P384 Root G5"
+# Serial: 13129116028163249804115411775095713523
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Subject: CN=DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5 O=DigiCert, Inc.
+# Label: "DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5"
+# Serial: 11930366277458970227240571539258396554
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Certainly Root R1 O=Certainly
+# Subject: CN=Certainly Root R1 O=Certainly
+# Label: "Certainly Root R1"
+# Serial: 188833316161142517227353805653483829216
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Certainly Root E1 O=Certainly
+# Subject: CN=Certainly Root E1 O=Certainly
+# Label: "Certainly Root E1"
+# Serial: 8168531406727139161245376702891150584
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=Security Communication RootCA3 O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD.
+# Subject: CN=Security Communication RootCA3 O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD.
+# Label: "Security Communication RootCA3"
+# Serial: 16247922307909811815
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Security Communication ECC RootCA1 O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD.
+# Subject: CN=Security Communication ECC RootCA1 O=SECOM Trust Systems CO.,LTD.
+# Label: "Security Communication ECC RootCA1"
+# Serial: 15446673492073852651
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+# Issuer: CN=BJCA Global Root CA1 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Subject: CN=BJCA Global Root CA1 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Label: "BJCA Global Root CA1"
+# Serial: 113562791157148395269083148143378328608
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=BJCA Global Root CA2 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Subject: CN=BJCA Global Root CA2 O=BEIJING CERTIFICATE AUTHORITY
+# Label: "BJCA Global Root CA2"
+# Serial: 58605626836079930195615843123109055211
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 5e:0a:f6:47:5f:a6:14:e8:11:01:95:3f:4d:01:eb:3c
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Subject: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Label: "Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root E46"
+# Serial: 88989738453351742415770396670917916916
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+
+# Issuer: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root R46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Subject: CN=Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root R46 O=Sectigo Limited
+# Label: "Sectigo Public Server Authentication Root R46"
+# Serial: 156256931880233212765902055439220583700
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 32:10:09:52:00:d5:7e:6c:43:df:15:c0:b1:16:93:e5
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com TLS RSA Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com TLS RSA Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com TLS RSA Root CA 2022"
+# Serial: 148535279242832292258835760425842727825
+# MD5 Fingerprint: d8:4e:c6:59:30:d8:fe:a0:d6:7a:5a:2c:2c:69:78:da
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: ec:2c:83:40:72:af:26:95:10:ff:0e:f2:03:ee:31:70:f6:78:9d:ca
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=SSL.com TLS ECC Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Subject: CN=SSL.com TLS ECC Root CA 2022 O=SSL Corporation
+# Label: "SSL.com TLS ECC Root CA 2022"
+# Serial: 26605119622390491762507526719404364228
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 99:d7:5c:f1:51:36:cc:e9:ce:d9:19:2e:77:71:56:c5
+# SHA1 Fingerprint: 9f:5f:d9:1a:54:6d:f5:0c:71:f0:ee:7a:bd:17:49:98:84:73:e2:39
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA ECC TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA ECC TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot Root CA ECC TLS 2021"
+# Serial: 81873346711060652204712539181482831616
+# MD5 Fingerprint: 16:9f:ad:f1:70:ad:79:d6:ed:29:b4:d1:c5:79:70:a8
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+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# Issuer: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA RSA TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Subject: CN=Atos TrustedRoot Root CA RSA TLS 2021 O=Atos
+# Label: "Atos TrustedRoot Root CA RSA TLS 2021"
+# Serial: 111436099570196163832749341232207667876
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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3e54660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+"""
+certifi.py
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module returns the installation location of cacert.pem or its contents.
+"""
+import sys
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+
+    from importlib.resources import as_file, files
+
+    _CACERT_CTX = None
+    _CACERT_PATH = None
+
+    def where() -> str:
+        # This is slightly terrible, but we want to delay extracting the file
+        # in cases where we're inside of a zipimport situation until someone
+        # actually calls where(), but we don't want to re-extract the file
+        # on every call of where(), so we'll do it once then store it in a
+        # global variable.
+        global _CACERT_CTX
+        global _CACERT_PATH
+        if _CACERT_PATH is None:
+            # This is slightly janky, the importlib.resources API wants you to
+            # manage the cleanup of this file, so it doesn't actually return a
+            # path, it returns a context manager that will give you the path
+            # when you enter it and will do any cleanup when you leave it. In
+            # the common case of not needing a temporary file, it will just
+            # return the file system location and the __exit__() is a no-op.
+            #
+            # We also have to hold onto the actual context manager, because
+            # it will do the cleanup whenever it gets garbage collected, so
+            # we will also store that at the global level as well.
+            _CACERT_CTX = as_file(files("pip._vendor.certifi").joinpath("cacert.pem"))
+            _CACERT_PATH = str(_CACERT_CTX.__enter__())
+
+        return _CACERT_PATH
+
+    def contents() -> str:
+        return files("pip._vendor.certifi").joinpath("cacert.pem").read_text(encoding="ascii")
+
+elif sys.version_info >= (3, 7):
+
+    from importlib.resources import path as get_path, read_text
+
+    _CACERT_CTX = None
+    _CACERT_PATH = None
+
+    def where() -> str:
+        # This is slightly terrible, but we want to delay extracting the
+        # file in cases where we're inside of a zipimport situation until
+        # someone actually calls where(), but we don't want to re-extract
+        # the file on every call of where(), so we'll do it once then store
+        # it in a global variable.
+        global _CACERT_CTX
+        global _CACERT_PATH
+        if _CACERT_PATH is None:
+            # This is slightly janky, the importlib.resources API wants you
+            # to manage the cleanup of this file, so it doesn't actually
+            # return a path, it returns a context manager that will give
+            # you the path when you enter it and will do any cleanup when
+            # you leave it. In the common case of not needing a temporary
+            # file, it will just return the file system location and the
+            # __exit__() is a no-op.
+            #
+            # We also have to hold onto the actual context manager, because
+            # it will do the cleanup whenever it gets garbage collected, so
+            # we will also store that at the global level as well.
+            _CACERT_CTX = get_path("pip._vendor.certifi", "cacert.pem")
+            _CACERT_PATH = str(_CACERT_CTX.__enter__())
+
+        return _CACERT_PATH
+
+    def contents() -> str:
+        return read_text("pip._vendor.certifi", "cacert.pem", encoding="ascii")
+
+else:
+    import os
+    import types
+    from typing import Union
+
+    Package = Union[types.ModuleType, str]
+    Resource = Union[str, "os.PathLike"]
+
+    # This fallback will work for Python versions prior to 3.7 that lack the
+    # importlib.resources module but relies on the existing `where` function
+    # so won't address issues with environments like PyOxidizer that don't set
+    # __file__ on modules.
+    def read_text(
+        package: Package,
+        resource: Resource,
+        encoding: str = 'utf-8',
+        errors: str = 'strict'
+    ) -> str:
+        with open(where(), encoding=encoding) as data:
+            return data.read()
+
+    # If we don't have importlib.resources, then we will just do the old logic
+    # of assuming we're on the filesystem and munge the path directly.
+    def where() -> str:
+        f = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+
+        return os.path.join(f, "cacert.pem")
+
+    def contents() -> str:
+        return read_text("pip._vendor.certifi", "cacert.pem", encoding="ascii")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/certifi/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe581623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import List, Union
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import InputState
+from .resultdict import ResultDict
+from .universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+from .version import VERSION, __version__
+
+__all__ = ["UniversalDetector", "detect", "detect_all", "__version__", "VERSION"]
+
+
+def detect(
+    byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray], should_rename_legacy: bool = False
+) -> ResultDict:
+    """
+    Detect the encoding of the given byte string.
+
+    :param byte_str:     The byte sequence to examine.
+    :type byte_str:      ``bytes`` or ``bytearray``
+    :param should_rename_legacy:  Should we rename legacy encodings
+                                  to their more modern equivalents?
+    :type should_rename_legacy:   ``bool``
+    """
+    if not isinstance(byte_str, bytearray):
+        if not isinstance(byte_str, bytes):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected object of type bytes or bytearray, got: {type(byte_str)}"
+            )
+        byte_str = bytearray(byte_str)
+    detector = UniversalDetector(should_rename_legacy=should_rename_legacy)
+    detector.feed(byte_str)
+    return detector.close()
+
+
+def detect_all(
+    byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray],
+    ignore_threshold: bool = False,
+    should_rename_legacy: bool = False,
+) -> List[ResultDict]:
+    """
+    Detect all the possible encodings of the given byte string.
+
+    :param byte_str:          The byte sequence to examine.
+    :type byte_str:           ``bytes`` or ``bytearray``
+    :param ignore_threshold:  Include encodings that are below
+                              ``UniversalDetector.MINIMUM_THRESHOLD``
+                              in results.
+    :type ignore_threshold:   ``bool``
+    :param should_rename_legacy:  Should we rename legacy encodings
+                                  to their more modern equivalents?
+    :type should_rename_legacy:   ``bool``
+    """
+    if not isinstance(byte_str, bytearray):
+        if not isinstance(byte_str, bytes):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected object of type bytes or bytearray, got: {type(byte_str)}"
+            )
+        byte_str = bytearray(byte_str)
+
+    detector = UniversalDetector(should_rename_legacy=should_rename_legacy)
+    detector.feed(byte_str)
+    detector.close()
+
+    if detector.input_state == InputState.HIGH_BYTE:
+        results: List[ResultDict] = []
+        probers: List[CharSetProber] = []
+        for prober in detector.charset_probers:
+            if isinstance(prober, CharSetGroupProber):
+                probers.extend(p for p in prober.probers)
+            else:
+                probers.append(prober)
+        for prober in probers:
+            if ignore_threshold or prober.get_confidence() > detector.MINIMUM_THRESHOLD:
+                charset_name = prober.charset_name or ""
+                lower_charset_name = charset_name.lower()
+                # Use Windows encoding name instead of ISO-8859 if we saw any
+                # extra Windows-specific bytes
+                if lower_charset_name.startswith("iso-8859") and detector.has_win_bytes:
+                    charset_name = detector.ISO_WIN_MAP.get(
+                        lower_charset_name, charset_name
+                    )
+                # Rename legacy encodings with superset encodings if asked
+                if should_rename_legacy:
+                    charset_name = detector.LEGACY_MAP.get(
+                        charset_name.lower(), charset_name
+                    )
+                results.append(
+                    {
+                        "encoding": charset_name,
+                        "confidence": prober.get_confidence(),
+                        "language": prober.language,
+                    }
+                )
+        if len(results) > 0:
+            return sorted(results, key=lambda result: -result["confidence"])
+
+    return [detector.result]
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@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Big5 frequency table
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http://www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+#
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table
+BIG5_TABLE_SIZE = 5376
+# fmt: off
+BIG5_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER = (
+   1,1801,1506, 255,1431, 198,   9,  82,   6,5008, 177, 202,3681,1256,2821, 110, #   16
+3814,  33,3274, 261,  76,  44,2114,  16,2946,2187,1176, 659,3971,  26,3451,2653, #   32
+1198,3972,3350,4202, 410,2215, 302, 590, 361,1964,   8, 204,  58,4510,5009,1932, #   48
+  63,5010,5011, 317,1614,  75, 222, 159,4203,2417,1480,5012,3555,3091, 224,2822, #   64
+3682,   3,  10,3973,1471,  29,2787,1135,2866,1940, 873, 130,3275,1123, 312,5013, #   80
+4511,2052, 507, 252, 682,5014, 142,1915, 124, 206,2947,  34,3556,3204,  64, 604, #   96
+5015,2501,1977,1978, 155,1991, 645, 641,1606,5016,3452, 337,  72, 406,5017,  80, #  112
+ 630, 238,3205,1509, 263, 939,1092,2654, 756,1440,1094,3453, 449,  69,2987, 591, #  128
+ 179,2096, 471, 115,2035,1844,  60,  50,2988, 134, 806,1869, 734,2036,3454, 180, #  144
+ 995,1607, 156, 537,2907, 688,5018, 319,1305, 779,2145, 514,2379, 298,4512, 359, #  160
+2502,  90,2716,1338, 663,  11, 906,1099,2553,  20,2441, 182, 532,1716,5019, 732, #  176
+1376,4204,1311,1420,3206,  25,2317,1056, 113, 399, 382,1950, 242,3455,2474, 529, #  192
+3276, 475,1447,3683,5020, 117,  21, 656, 810,1297,2300,2334,3557,5021, 126,4205, #  208
+ 706, 456, 150, 613,4513,  71,1118,2037,4206, 145,3092,  85, 835, 486,2115,1246, #  224
+1426, 428, 727,1285,1015, 800, 106, 623, 303,1281,5022,2128,2359, 347,3815, 221, #  240
+3558,3135,5023,1956,1153,4207,  83, 296,1199,3093, 192, 624,  93,5024, 822,1898, #  256
+2823,3136, 795,2065, 991,1554,1542,1592,  27,  43,2867, 859, 139,1456, 860,4514, #  272
+ 437, 712,3974, 164,2397,3137, 695, 211,3037,2097, 195,3975,1608,3559,3560,3684, #  288
+3976, 234, 811,2989,2098,3977,2233,1441,3561,1615,2380, 668,2077,1638, 305, 228, #  304
+1664,4515, 467, 415,5025, 262,2099,1593, 239, 108, 300, 200,1033, 512,1247,2078, #  320
+5026,5027,2176,3207,3685,2682, 593, 845,1062,3277,  88,1723,2038,3978,1951, 212, #  336
+ 266, 152, 149, 468,1899,4208,4516,  77, 187,5028,3038,  37,   5,2990,5029,3979, #  352
+5030,5031,  39,2524,4517,2908,3208,2079,  55, 148,  74,4518, 545, 483,1474,1029, #  368
+1665, 217,1870,1531,3138,1104,2655,4209,  24, 172,3562, 900,3980,3563,3564,4519, #  384
+  32,1408,2824,1312, 329, 487,2360,2251,2717, 784,2683,   4,3039,3351,1427,1789, #  400
+ 188, 109, 499,5032,3686,1717,1790, 888,1217,3040,4520,5033,3565,5034,3352,1520, #  416
+3687,3981, 196,1034, 775,5035,5036, 929,1816, 249, 439,  38,5037,1063,5038, 794, #  432
+3982,1435,2301,  46, 178,3278,2066,5039,2381,5040, 214,1709,4521, 804,  35, 707, #  448
+ 324,3688,1601,2554, 140, 459,4210,5041,5042,1365, 839, 272, 978,2262,2580,3456, #  464
+2129,1363,3689,1423, 697, 100,3094,  48,  70,1231, 495,3139,2196,5043,1294,5044, #  480
+2080, 462, 586,1042,3279, 853, 256, 988, 185,2382,3457,1698, 434,1084,5045,3458, #  496
+ 314,2625,2788,4522,2335,2336, 569,2285, 637,1817,2525, 757,1162,1879,1616,3459, #  512
+ 287,1577,2116, 768,4523,1671,2868,3566,2526,1321,3816, 909,2418,5046,4211, 933, #  528
+3817,4212,2053,2361,1222,4524, 765,2419,1322, 786,4525,5047,1920,1462,1677,2909, #  544
+1699,5048,4526,1424,2442,3140,3690,2600,3353,1775,1941,3460,3983,4213, 309,1369, #  560
+1130,2825, 364,2234,1653,1299,3984,3567,3985,3986,2656, 525,1085,3041, 902,2001, #  576
+1475, 964,4527, 421,1845,1415,1057,2286, 940,1364,3141, 376,4528,4529,1381,   7, #  592
+2527, 983,2383, 336,1710,2684,1846, 321,3461, 559,1131,3042,2752,1809,1132,1313, #  608
+ 265,1481,1858,5049, 352,1203,2826,3280, 167,1089, 420,2827, 776, 792,1724,3568, #  624
+4214,2443,3281,5050,4215,5051, 446, 229, 333,2753, 901,3818,1200,1557,4530,2657, #  640
+1921, 395,2754,2685,3819,4216,1836, 125, 916,3209,2626,4531,5052,5053,3820,5054, #  656
+5055,5056,4532,3142,3691,1133,2555,1757,3462,1510,2318,1409,3569,5057,2146, 438, #  672
+2601,2910,2384,3354,1068, 958,3043, 461, 311,2869,2686,4217,1916,3210,4218,1979, #  688
+ 383, 750,2755,2627,4219, 274, 539, 385,1278,1442,5058,1154,1965, 384, 561, 210, #  704
+  98,1295,2556,3570,5059,1711,2420,1482,3463,3987,2911,1257, 129,5060,3821, 642, #  720
+ 523,2789,2790,2658,5061, 141,2235,1333,  68, 176, 441, 876, 907,4220, 603,2602, #  736
+ 710, 171,3464, 404, 549,  18,3143,2398,1410,3692,1666,5062,3571,4533,2912,4534, #  752
+5063,2991, 368,5064, 146, 366,  99, 871,3693,1543, 748, 807,1586,1185,  22,2263, #  768
+ 379,3822,3211,5065,3212, 505,1942,2628,1992,1382,2319,5066, 380,2362, 218, 702, #  784
+1818,1248,3465,3044,3572,3355,3282,5067,2992,3694, 930,3283,3823,5068,  59,5069, #  800
+ 585, 601,4221, 497,3466,1112,1314,4535,1802,5070,1223,1472,2177,5071, 749,1837, #  816
+ 690,1900,3824,1773,3988,1476, 429,1043,1791,2236,2117, 917,4222, 447,1086,1629, #  832
+5072, 556,5073,5074,2021,1654, 844,1090, 105, 550, 966,1758,2828,1008,1783, 686, #  848
+1095,5075,2287, 793,1602,5076,3573,2603,4536,4223,2948,2302,4537,3825, 980,2503, #  864
+ 544, 353, 527,4538, 908,2687,2913,5077, 381,2629,1943,1348,5078,1341,1252, 560, #  880
+3095,5079,3467,2870,5080,2054, 973, 886,2081, 143,4539,5081,5082, 157,3989, 496, #  896
+4224,  57, 840, 540,2039,4540,4541,3468,2118,1445, 970,2264,1748,1966,2082,4225, #  912
+3144,1234,1776,3284,2829,3695, 773,1206,2130,1066,2040,1326,3990,1738,1725,4226, #  928
+ 279,3145,  51,1544,2604, 423,1578,2131,2067, 173,4542,1880,5083,5084,1583, 264, #  944
+ 610,3696,4543,2444, 280, 154,5085,5086,5087,1739, 338,1282,3096, 693,2871,1411, #  960
+1074,3826,2445,5088,4544,5089,5090,1240, 952,2399,5091,2914,1538,2688, 685,1483, #  976
+4227,2475,1436, 953,4228,2055,4545, 671,2400,  79,4229,2446,3285, 608, 567,2689, #  992
+3469,4230,4231,1691, 393,1261,1792,2401,5092,4546,5093,5094,5095,5096,1383,1672, # 1008
+3827,3213,1464, 522,1119, 661,1150, 216, 675,4547,3991,1432,3574, 609,4548,2690, # 1024
+2402,5097,5098,5099,4232,3045,   0,5100,2476, 315, 231,2447, 301,3356,4549,2385, # 1040
+5101, 233,4233,3697,1819,4550,4551,5102,  96,1777,1315,2083,5103, 257,5104,1810, # 1056
+3698,2718,1139,1820,4234,2022,1124,2164,2791,1778,2659,5105,3097, 363,1655,3214, # 1072
+5106,2993,5107,5108,5109,3992,1567,3993, 718, 103,3215, 849,1443, 341,3357,2949, # 1088
+1484,5110,1712, 127,  67, 339,4235,2403, 679,1412, 821,5111,5112, 834, 738, 351, # 1104
+2994,2147, 846, 235,1497,1881, 418,1993,3828,2719, 186,1100,2148,2756,3575,1545, # 1120
+1355,2950,2872,1377, 583,3994,4236,2581,2995,5113,1298,3699,1078,2557,3700,2363, # 1136
+  78,3829,3830, 267,1289,2100,2002,1594,4237, 348, 369,1274,2197,2178,1838,4552, # 1152
+1821,2830,3701,2757,2288,2003,4553,2951,2758, 144,3358, 882,4554,3995,2759,3470, # 1168
+4555,2915,5114,4238,1726, 320,5115,3996,3046, 788,2996,5116,2831,1774,1327,2873, # 1184
+3997,2832,5117,1306,4556,2004,1700,3831,3576,2364,2660, 787,2023, 506, 824,3702, # 1200
+ 534, 323,4557,1044,3359,2024,1901, 946,3471,5118,1779,1500,1678,5119,1882,4558, # 1216
+ 165, 243,4559,3703,2528, 123, 683,4239, 764,4560,  36,3998,1793, 589,2916, 816, # 1232
+ 626,1667,3047,2237,1639,1555,1622,3832,3999,5120,4000,2874,1370,1228,1933, 891, # 1248
+2084,2917, 304,4240,5121, 292,2997,2720,3577, 691,2101,4241,1115,4561, 118, 662, # 1264
+5122, 611,1156, 854,2386,1316,2875,   2, 386, 515,2918,5123,5124,3286, 868,2238, # 1280
+1486, 855,2661, 785,2216,3048,5125,1040,3216,3578,5126,3146, 448,5127,1525,5128, # 1296
+2165,4562,5129,3833,5130,4242,2833,3579,3147, 503, 818,4001,3148,1568, 814, 676, # 1312
+1444, 306,1749,5131,3834,1416,1030, 197,1428, 805,2834,1501,4563,5132,5133,5134, # 1328
+1994,5135,4564,5136,5137,2198,  13,2792,3704,2998,3149,1229,1917,5138,3835,2132, # 1344
+5139,4243,4565,2404,3580,5140,2217,1511,1727,1120,5141,5142, 646,3836,2448, 307, # 1360
+5143,5144,1595,3217,5145,5146,5147,3705,1113,1356,4002,1465,2529,2530,5148, 519, # 1376
+5149, 128,2133,  92,2289,1980,5150,4003,1512, 342,3150,2199,5151,2793,2218,1981, # 1392
+3360,4244, 290,1656,1317, 789, 827,2365,5152,3837,4566, 562, 581,4004,5153, 401, # 1408
+4567,2252,  94,4568,5154,1399,2794,5155,1463,2025,4569,3218,1944,5156, 828,1105, # 1424
+4245,1262,1394,5157,4246, 605,4570,5158,1784,2876,5159,2835, 819,2102, 578,2200, # 1440
+2952,5160,1502, 436,3287,4247,3288,2836,4005,2919,3472,3473,5161,2721,2320,5162, # 1456
+5163,2337,2068,  23,4571, 193, 826,3838,2103, 699,1630,4248,3098, 390,1794,1064, # 1472
+3581,5164,1579,3099,3100,1400,5165,4249,1839,1640,2877,5166,4572,4573, 137,4250, # 1488
+ 598,3101,1967, 780, 104, 974,2953,5167, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493,1339, # 1504
+5168,4006,1275,4574,2582,2558,5169,3706,3049,3102,2253, 565,1334,2722, 863,  41, # 1520
+5170,5171,4575,5172,1657,2338,  19, 463,2760,4251, 606,5173,2999,3289,1087,2085, # 1536
+1323,2662,3000,5174,1631,1623,1750,4252,2691,5175,2878, 791,2723,2663,2339, 232, # 1552
+2421,5176,3001,1498,5177,2664,2630, 755,1366,3707,3290,3151,2026,1609, 119,1918, # 1568
+3474, 862,1026,4253,5178,4007,3839,4576,4008,4577,2265,1952,2477,5179,1125, 817, # 1584
+4254,4255,4009,1513,1766,2041,1487,4256,3050,3291,2837,3840,3152,5180,5181,1507, # 1600
+5182,2692, 733,  40,1632,1106,2879, 345,4257, 841,2531, 230,4578,3002,1847,3292, # 1616
+3475,5183,1263, 986,3476,5184, 735, 879, 254,1137, 857, 622,1300,1180,1388,1562, # 1632
+4010,4011,2954, 967,2761,2665,1349, 592,2134,1692,3361,3003,1995,4258,1679,4012, # 1648
+1902,2188,5185, 739,3708,2724,1296,1290,5186,4259,2201,2202,1922,1563,2605,2559, # 1664
+1871,2762,3004,5187, 435,5188, 343,1108, 596,  17,1751,4579,2239,3477,3709,5189, # 1680
+4580, 294,3582,2955,1693, 477, 979, 281,2042,3583, 643,2043,3710,2631,2795,2266, # 1696
+1031,2340,2135,2303,3584,4581, 367,1249,2560,5190,3585,5191,4582,1283,3362,2005, # 1712
+ 240,1762,3363,4583,4584, 836,1069,3153, 474,5192,2149,2532, 268,3586,5193,3219, # 1728
+1521,1284,5194,1658,1546,4260,5195,3587,3588,5196,4261,3364,2693,1685,4262, 961, # 1744
+1673,2632, 190,2006,2203,3841,4585,4586,5197, 570,2504,3711,1490,5198,4587,2633, # 1760
+3293,1957,4588, 584,1514, 396,1045,1945,5199,4589,1968,2449,5200,5201,4590,4013, # 1776
+ 619,5202,3154,3294, 215,2007,2796,2561,3220,4591,3221,4592, 763,4263,3842,4593, # 1792
+5203,5204,1958,1767,2956,3365,3712,1174, 452,1477,4594,3366,3155,5205,2838,1253, # 1808
+2387,2189,1091,2290,4264, 492,5206, 638,1169,1825,2136,1752,4014, 648, 926,1021, # 1824
+1324,4595, 520,4596, 997, 847,1007, 892,4597,3843,2267,1872,3713,2405,1785,4598, # 1840
+1953,2957,3103,3222,1728,4265,2044,3714,4599,2008,1701,3156,1551,  30,2268,4266, # 1856
+5207,2027,4600,3589,5208, 501,5209,4267, 594,3478,2166,1822,3590,3479,3591,3223, # 1872
+ 829,2839,4268,5210,1680,3157,1225,4269,5211,3295,4601,4270,3158,2341,5212,4602, # 1888
+4271,5213,4015,4016,5214,1848,2388,2606,3367,5215,4603, 374,4017, 652,4272,4273, # 1904
+ 375,1140, 798,5216,5217,5218,2366,4604,2269, 546,1659, 138,3051,2450,4605,5219, # 1920
+2254, 612,1849, 910, 796,3844,1740,1371, 825,3845,3846,5220,2920,2562,5221, 692, # 1936
+ 444,3052,2634, 801,4606,4274,5222,1491, 244,1053,3053,4275,4276, 340,5223,4018, # 1952
+1041,3005, 293,1168,  87,1357,5224,1539, 959,5225,2240, 721, 694,4277,3847, 219, # 1968
+1478, 644,1417,3368,2666,1413,1401,1335,1389,4019,5226,5227,3006,2367,3159,1826, # 1984
+ 730,1515, 184,2840,  66,4607,5228,1660,2958, 246,3369, 378,1457, 226,3480, 975, # 2000
+4020,2959,1264,3592, 674, 696,5229, 163,5230,1141,2422,2167, 713,3593,3370,4608, # 2016
+4021,5231,5232,1186,  15,5233,1079,1070,5234,1522,3224,3594, 276,1050,2725, 758, # 2032
+1126, 653,2960,3296,5235,2342, 889,3595,4022,3104,3007, 903,1250,4609,4023,3481, # 2048
+3596,1342,1681,1718, 766,3297, 286,  89,2961,3715,5236,1713,5237,2607,3371,3008, # 2064
+5238,2962,2219,3225,2880,5239,4610,2505,2533, 181, 387,1075,4024, 731,2190,3372, # 2080
+5240,3298, 310, 313,3482,2304, 770,4278,  54,3054, 189,4611,3105,3848,4025,5241, # 2096
+1230,1617,1850, 355,3597,4279,4612,3373, 111,4280,3716,1350,3160,3483,3055,4281, # 2112
+2150,3299,3598,5242,2797,4026,4027,3009, 722,2009,5243,1071, 247,1207,2343,2478, # 2128
+1378,4613,2010, 864,1437,1214,4614, 373,3849,1142,2220, 667,4615, 442,2763,2563, # 2144
+3850,4028,1969,4282,3300,1840, 837, 170,1107, 934,1336,1883,5244,5245,2119,4283, # 2160
+2841, 743,1569,5246,4616,4284, 582,2389,1418,3484,5247,1803,5248, 357,1395,1729, # 2176
+3717,3301,2423,1564,2241,5249,3106,3851,1633,4617,1114,2086,4285,1532,5250, 482, # 2192
+2451,4618,5251,5252,1492, 833,1466,5253,2726,3599,1641,2842,5254,1526,1272,3718, # 2208
+4286,1686,1795, 416,2564,1903,1954,1804,5255,3852,2798,3853,1159,2321,5256,2881, # 2224
+4619,1610,1584,3056,2424,2764, 443,3302,1163,3161,5257,5258,4029,5259,4287,2506, # 2240
+3057,4620,4030,3162,2104,1647,3600,2011,1873,4288,5260,4289, 431,3485,5261, 250, # 2256
+  97,  81,4290,5262,1648,1851,1558, 160, 848,5263, 866, 740,1694,5264,2204,2843, # 2272
+3226,4291,4621,3719,1687, 950,2479, 426, 469,3227,3720,3721,4031,5265,5266,1188, # 2288
+ 424,1996, 861,3601,4292,3854,2205,2694, 168,1235,3602,4293,5267,2087,1674,4622, # 2304
+3374,3303, 220,2565,1009,5268,3855, 670,3010, 332,1208, 717,5269,5270,3603,2452, # 2320
+4032,3375,5271, 513,5272,1209,2882,3376,3163,4623,1080,5273,5274,5275,5276,2534, # 2336
+3722,3604, 815,1587,4033,4034,5277,3605,3486,3856,1254,4624,1328,3058,1390,4035, # 2352
+1741,4036,3857,4037,5278, 236,3858,2453,3304,5279,5280,3723,3859,1273,3860,4625, # 2368
+5281, 308,5282,4626, 245,4627,1852,2480,1307,2583, 430, 715,2137,2454,5283, 270, # 2384
+ 199,2883,4038,5284,3606,2727,1753, 761,1754, 725,1661,1841,4628,3487,3724,5285, # 2400
+5286, 587,  14,3305, 227,2608, 326, 480,2270, 943,2765,3607, 291, 650,1884,5287, # 2416
+1702,1226, 102,1547,  62,3488, 904,4629,3489,1164,4294,5288,5289,1224,1548,2766, # 2432
+ 391, 498,1493,5290,1386,1419,5291,2056,1177,4630, 813, 880,1081,2368, 566,1145, # 2448
+4631,2291,1001,1035,2566,2609,2242, 394,1286,5292,5293,2069,5294,  86,1494,1730, # 2464
+4039, 491,1588, 745, 897,2963, 843,3377,4040,2767,2884,3306,1768, 998,2221,2070, # 2480
+ 397,1827,1195,1970,3725,3011,3378, 284,5295,3861,2507,2138,2120,1904,5296,4041, # 2496
+2151,4042,4295,1036,3490,1905, 114,2567,4296, 209,1527,5297,5298,2964,2844,2635, # 2512
+2390,2728,3164, 812,2568,5299,3307,5300,1559, 737,1885,3726,1210, 885,  28,2695, # 2528
+3608,3862,5301,4297,1004,1780,4632,5302, 346,1982,2222,2696,4633,3863,1742, 797, # 2544
+1642,4043,1934,1072,1384,2152, 896,4044,3308,3727,3228,2885,3609,5303,2569,1959, # 2560
+4634,2455,1786,5304,5305,5306,4045,4298,1005,1308,3728,4299,2729,4635,4636,1528, # 2576
+2610, 161,1178,4300,1983, 987,4637,1101,4301, 631,4046,1157,3229,2425,1343,1241, # 2592
+1016,2243,2570, 372, 877,2344,2508,1160, 555,1935, 911,4047,5307, 466,1170, 169, # 2608
+1051,2921,2697,3729,2481,3012,1182,2012,2571,1251,2636,5308, 992,2345,3491,1540, # 2624
+2730,1201,2071,2406,1997,2482,5309,4638, 528,1923,2191,1503,1874,1570,2369,3379, # 2640
+3309,5310, 557,1073,5311,1828,3492,2088,2271,3165,3059,3107, 767,3108,2799,4639, # 2656
+1006,4302,4640,2346,1267,2179,3730,3230, 778,4048,3231,2731,1597,2667,5312,4641, # 2672
+5313,3493,5314,5315,5316,3310,2698,1433,3311, 131,  95,1504,4049, 723,4303,3166, # 2688
+1842,3610,2768,2192,4050,2028,2105,3731,5317,3013,4051,1218,5318,3380,3232,4052, # 2704
+4304,2584, 248,1634,3864, 912,5319,2845,3732,3060,3865, 654,  53,5320,3014,5321, # 2720
+1688,4642, 777,3494,1032,4053,1425,5322, 191, 820,2121,2846, 971,4643, 931,3233, # 2736
+ 135, 664, 783,3866,1998, 772,2922,1936,4054,3867,4644,2923,3234, 282,2732, 640, # 2752
+1372,3495,1127, 922, 325,3381,5323,5324, 711,2045,5325,5326,4055,2223,2800,1937, # 2768
+4056,3382,2224,2255,3868,2305,5327,4645,3869,1258,3312,4057,3235,2139,2965,4058, # 2784
+4059,5328,2225, 258,3236,4646, 101,1227,5329,3313,1755,5330,1391,3314,5331,2924, # 2800
+2057, 893,5332,5333,5334,1402,4305,2347,5335,5336,3237,3611,5337,5338, 878,1325, # 2816
+1781,2801,4647, 259,1385,2585, 744,1183,2272,4648,5339,4060,2509,5340, 684,1024, # 2832
+4306,5341, 472,3612,3496,1165,3315,4061,4062, 322,2153, 881, 455,1695,1152,1340, # 2848
+ 660, 554,2154,4649,1058,4650,4307, 830,1065,3383,4063,4651,1924,5342,1703,1919, # 2864
+5343, 932,2273, 122,5344,4652, 947, 677,5345,3870,2637, 297,1906,1925,2274,4653, # 2880
+2322,3316,5346,5347,4308,5348,4309,  84,4310, 112, 989,5349, 547,1059,4064, 701, # 2896
+3613,1019,5350,4311,5351,3497, 942, 639, 457,2306,2456, 993,2966, 407, 851, 494, # 2912
+4654,3384, 927,5352,1237,5353,2426,3385, 573,4312, 680, 921,2925,1279,1875, 285, # 2928
+ 790,1448,1984, 719,2168,5354,5355,4655,4065,4066,1649,5356,1541, 563,5357,1077, # 2944
+5358,3386,3061,3498, 511,3015,4067,4068,3733,4069,1268,2572,3387,3238,4656,4657, # 2960
+5359, 535,1048,1276,1189,2926,2029,3167,1438,1373,2847,2967,1134,2013,5360,4313, # 2976
+1238,2586,3109,1259,5361, 700,5362,2968,3168,3734,4314,5363,4315,1146,1876,1907, # 2992
+4658,2611,4070, 781,2427, 132,1589, 203, 147, 273,2802,2407, 898,1787,2155,4071, # 3008
+4072,5364,3871,2803,5365,5366,4659,4660,5367,3239,5368,1635,3872, 965,5369,1805, # 3024
+2699,1516,3614,1121,1082,1329,3317,4073,1449,3873,  65,1128,2848,2927,2769,1590, # 3040
+3874,5370,5371,  12,2668,  45, 976,2587,3169,4661, 517,2535,1013,1037,3240,5372, # 3056
+3875,2849,5373,3876,5374,3499,5375,2612, 614,1999,2323,3877,3110,2733,2638,5376, # 3072
+2588,4316, 599,1269,5377,1811,3735,5378,2700,3111, 759,1060, 489,1806,3388,3318, # 3088
+1358,5379,5380,2391,1387,1215,2639,2256, 490,5381,5382,4317,1759,2392,2348,5383, # 3104
+4662,3878,1908,4074,2640,1807,3241,4663,3500,3319,2770,2349, 874,5384,5385,3501, # 3120
+3736,1859,  91,2928,3737,3062,3879,4664,5386,3170,4075,2669,5387,3502,1202,1403, # 3136
+3880,2969,2536,1517,2510,4665,3503,2511,5388,4666,5389,2701,1886,1495,1731,4076, # 3152
+2370,4667,5390,2030,5391,5392,4077,2702,1216, 237,2589,4318,2324,4078,3881,4668, # 3168
+4669,2703,3615,3504, 445,4670,5393,5394,5395,5396,2771,  61,4079,3738,1823,4080, # 3184
+5397, 687,2046, 935, 925, 405,2670, 703,1096,1860,2734,4671,4081,1877,1367,2704, # 3200
+3389, 918,2106,1782,2483, 334,3320,1611,1093,4672, 564,3171,3505,3739,3390, 945, # 3216
+2641,2058,4673,5398,1926, 872,4319,5399,3506,2705,3112, 349,4320,3740,4082,4674, # 3232
+3882,4321,3741,2156,4083,4675,4676,4322,4677,2408,2047, 782,4084, 400, 251,4323, # 3248
+1624,5400,5401, 277,3742, 299,1265, 476,1191,3883,2122,4324,4325,1109, 205,5402, # 3264
+2590,1000,2157,3616,1861,5403,5404,5405,4678,5406,4679,2573, 107,2484,2158,4085, # 3280
+3507,3172,5407,1533, 541,1301, 158, 753,4326,2886,3617,5408,1696, 370,1088,4327, # 3296
+4680,3618, 579, 327, 440, 162,2244, 269,1938,1374,3508, 968,3063,  56,1396,3113, # 3312
+2107,3321,3391,5409,1927,2159,4681,3016,5410,3619,5411,5412,3743,4682,2485,5413, # 3328
+2804,5414,1650,4683,5415,2613,5416,5417,4086,2671,3392,1149,3393,4087,3884,4088, # 3344
+5418,1076,  49,5419, 951,3242,3322,3323, 450,2850, 920,5420,1812,2805,2371,4328, # 3360
+1909,1138,2372,3885,3509,5421,3243,4684,1910,1147,1518,2428,4685,3886,5422,4686, # 3376
+2393,2614, 260,1796,3244,5423,5424,3887,3324, 708,5425,3620,1704,5426,3621,1351, # 3392
+1618,3394,3017,1887, 944,4329,3395,4330,3064,3396,4331,5427,3744, 422, 413,1714, # 3408
+3325, 500,2059,2350,4332,2486,5428,1344,1911, 954,5429,1668,5430,5431,4089,2409, # 3424
+4333,3622,3888,4334,5432,2307,1318,2512,3114, 133,3115,2887,4687, 629,  31,2851, # 3440
+2706,3889,4688, 850, 949,4689,4090,2970,1732,2089,4335,1496,1853,5433,4091, 620, # 3456
+3245, 981,1242,3745,3397,1619,3746,1643,3326,2140,2457,1971,1719,3510,2169,5434, # 3472
+3246,5435,5436,3398,1829,5437,1277,4690,1565,2048,5438,1636,3623,3116,5439, 869, # 3488
+2852, 655,3890,3891,3117,4092,3018,3892,1310,3624,4691,5440,5441,5442,1733, 558, # 3504
+4692,3747, 335,1549,3065,1756,4336,3748,1946,3511,1830,1291,1192, 470,2735,2108, # 3520
+2806, 913,1054,4093,5443,1027,5444,3066,4094,4693, 982,2672,3399,3173,3512,3247, # 3536
+3248,1947,2807,5445, 571,4694,5446,1831,5447,3625,2591,1523,2429,5448,2090, 984, # 3552
+4695,3749,1960,5449,3750, 852, 923,2808,3513,3751, 969,1519, 999,2049,2325,1705, # 3568
+5450,3118, 615,1662, 151, 597,4095,2410,2326,1049, 275,4696,3752,4337, 568,3753, # 3584
+3626,2487,4338,3754,5451,2430,2275, 409,3249,5452,1566,2888,3514,1002, 769,2853, # 3600
+ 194,2091,3174,3755,2226,3327,4339, 628,1505,5453,5454,1763,2180,3019,4096, 521, # 3616
+1161,2592,1788,2206,2411,4697,4097,1625,4340,4341, 412,  42,3119, 464,5455,2642, # 3632
+4698,3400,1760,1571,2889,3515,2537,1219,2207,3893,2643,2141,2373,4699,4700,3328, # 3648
+1651,3401,3627,5456,5457,3628,2488,3516,5458,3756,5459,5460,2276,2092, 460,5461, # 3664
+4701,5462,3020, 962, 588,3629, 289,3250,2644,1116,  52,5463,3067,1797,5464,5465, # 3680
+5466,1467,5467,1598,1143,3757,4342,1985,1734,1067,4702,1280,3402, 465,4703,1572, # 3696
+ 510,5468,1928,2245,1813,1644,3630,5469,4704,3758,5470,5471,2673,1573,1534,5472, # 3712
+5473, 536,1808,1761,3517,3894,3175,2645,5474,5475,5476,4705,3518,2929,1912,2809, # 3728
+5477,3329,1122, 377,3251,5478, 360,5479,5480,4343,1529, 551,5481,2060,3759,1769, # 3744
+2431,5482,2930,4344,3330,3120,2327,2109,2031,4706,1404, 136,1468,1479, 672,1171, # 3760
+3252,2308, 271,3176,5483,2772,5484,2050, 678,2736, 865,1948,4707,5485,2014,4098, # 3776
+2971,5486,2737,2227,1397,3068,3760,4708,4709,1735,2931,3403,3631,5487,3895, 509, # 3792
+2854,2458,2890,3896,5488,5489,3177,3178,4710,4345,2538,4711,2309,1166,1010, 552, # 3808
+ 681,1888,5490,5491,2972,2973,4099,1287,1596,1862,3179, 358, 453, 736, 175, 478, # 3824
+1117, 905,1167,1097,5492,1854,1530,5493,1706,5494,2181,3519,2292,3761,3520,3632, # 3840
+4346,2093,4347,5495,3404,1193,2489,4348,1458,2193,2208,1863,1889,1421,3331,2932, # 3856
+3069,2182,3521, 595,2123,5496,4100,5497,5498,4349,1707,2646, 223,3762,1359, 751, # 3872
+3121, 183,3522,5499,2810,3021, 419,2374, 633, 704,3897,2394, 241,5500,5501,5502, # 3888
+ 838,3022,3763,2277,2773,2459,3898,1939,2051,4101,1309,3122,2246,1181,5503,1136, # 3904
+2209,3899,2375,1446,4350,2310,4712,5504,5505,4351,1055,2615, 484,3764,5506,4102, # 3920
+ 625,4352,2278,3405,1499,4353,4103,5507,4104,4354,3253,2279,2280,3523,5508,5509, # 3936
+2774, 808,2616,3765,3406,4105,4355,3123,2539, 526,3407,3900,4356, 955,5510,1620, # 3952
+4357,2647,2432,5511,1429,3766,1669,1832, 994, 928,5512,3633,1260,5513,5514,5515, # 3968
+1949,2293, 741,2933,1626,4358,2738,2460, 867,1184, 362,3408,1392,5516,5517,4106, # 3984
+4359,1770,1736,3254,2934,4713,4714,1929,2707,1459,1158,5518,3070,3409,2891,1292, # 4000
+1930,2513,2855,3767,1986,1187,2072,2015,2617,4360,5519,2574,2514,2170,3768,2490, # 4016
+3332,5520,3769,4715,5521,5522, 666,1003,3023,1022,3634,4361,5523,4716,1814,2257, # 4032
+ 574,3901,1603, 295,1535, 705,3902,4362, 283, 858, 417,5524,5525,3255,4717,4718, # 4048
+3071,1220,1890,1046,2281,2461,4107,1393,1599, 689,2575, 388,4363,5526,2491, 802, # 4064
+5527,2811,3903,2061,1405,2258,5528,4719,3904,2110,1052,1345,3256,1585,5529, 809, # 4080
+5530,5531,5532, 575,2739,3524, 956,1552,1469,1144,2328,5533,2329,1560,2462,3635, # 4096
+3257,4108, 616,2210,4364,3180,2183,2294,5534,1833,5535,3525,4720,5536,1319,3770, # 4112
+3771,1211,3636,1023,3258,1293,2812,5537,5538,5539,3905, 607,2311,3906, 762,2892, # 4128
+1439,4365,1360,4721,1485,3072,5540,4722,1038,4366,1450,2062,2648,4367,1379,4723, # 4144
+2593,5541,5542,4368,1352,1414,2330,2935,1172,5543,5544,3907,3908,4724,1798,1451, # 4160
+5545,5546,5547,5548,2936,4109,4110,2492,2351, 411,4111,4112,3637,3333,3124,4725, # 4176
+1561,2674,1452,4113,1375,5549,5550,  47,2974, 316,5551,1406,1591,2937,3181,5552, # 4192
+1025,2142,3125,3182, 354,2740, 884,2228,4369,2412, 508,3772, 726,3638, 996,2433, # 4208
+3639, 729,5553, 392,2194,1453,4114,4726,3773,5554,5555,2463,3640,2618,1675,2813, # 4224
+ 919,2352,2975,2353,1270,4727,4115,  73,5556,5557, 647,5558,3259,2856,2259,1550, # 4240
+1346,3024,5559,1332, 883,3526,5560,5561,5562,5563,3334,2775,5564,1212, 831,1347, # 4256
+4370,4728,2331,3909,1864,3073, 720,3910,4729,4730,3911,5565,4371,5566,5567,4731, # 4272
+5568,5569,1799,4732,3774,2619,4733,3641,1645,2376,4734,5570,2938, 669,2211,2675, # 4288
+2434,5571,2893,5572,5573,1028,3260,5574,4372,2413,5575,2260,1353,5576,5577,4735, # 4304
+3183, 518,5578,4116,5579,4373,1961,5580,2143,4374,5581,5582,3025,2354,2355,3912, # 4320
+ 516,1834,1454,4117,2708,4375,4736,2229,2620,1972,1129,3642,5583,2776,5584,2976, # 4336
+1422, 577,1470,3026,1524,3410,5585,5586, 432,4376,3074,3527,5587,2594,1455,2515, # 4352
+2230,1973,1175,5588,1020,2741,4118,3528,4737,5589,2742,5590,1743,1361,3075,3529, # 4368
+2649,4119,4377,4738,2295, 895, 924,4378,2171, 331,2247,3076, 166,1627,3077,1098, # 4384
+5591,1232,2894,2231,3411,4739, 657, 403,1196,2377, 542,3775,3412,1600,4379,3530, # 4400
+5592,4740,2777,3261, 576, 530,1362,4741,4742,2540,2676,3776,4120,5593, 842,3913, # 4416
+5594,2814,2032,1014,4121, 213,2709,3413, 665, 621,4380,5595,3777,2939,2435,5596, # 4432
+2436,3335,3643,3414,4743,4381,2541,4382,4744,3644,1682,4383,3531,1380,5597, 724, # 4448
+2282, 600,1670,5598,1337,1233,4745,3126,2248,5599,1621,4746,5600, 651,4384,5601, # 4464
+1612,4385,2621,5602,2857,5603,2743,2312,3078,5604, 716,2464,3079, 174,1255,2710, # 4480
+4122,3645, 548,1320,1398, 728,4123,1574,5605,1891,1197,3080,4124,5606,3081,3082, # 4496
+3778,3646,3779, 747,5607, 635,4386,4747,5608,5609,5610,4387,5611,5612,4748,5613, # 4512
+3415,4749,2437, 451,5614,3780,2542,2073,4388,2744,4389,4125,5615,1764,4750,5616, # 4528
+4390, 350,4751,2283,2395,2493,5617,4391,4126,2249,1434,4127, 488,4752, 458,4392, # 4544
+4128,3781, 771,1330,2396,3914,2576,3184,2160,2414,1553,2677,3185,4393,5618,2494, # 4560
+2895,2622,1720,2711,4394,3416,4753,5619,2543,4395,5620,3262,4396,2778,5621,2016, # 4576
+2745,5622,1155,1017,3782,3915,5623,3336,2313, 201,1865,4397,1430,5624,4129,5625, # 4592
+5626,5627,5628,5629,4398,1604,5630, 414,1866, 371,2595,4754,4755,3532,2017,3127, # 4608
+4756,1708, 960,4399, 887, 389,2172,1536,1663,1721,5631,2232,4130,2356,2940,1580, # 4624
+5632,5633,1744,4757,2544,4758,4759,5634,4760,5635,2074,5636,4761,3647,3417,2896, # 4640
+4400,5637,4401,2650,3418,2815, 673,2712,2465, 709,3533,4131,3648,4402,5638,1148, # 4656
+ 502, 634,5639,5640,1204,4762,3649,1575,4763,2623,3783,5641,3784,3128, 948,3263, # 4672
+ 121,1745,3916,1110,5642,4403,3083,2516,3027,4132,3785,1151,1771,3917,1488,4133, # 4688
+1987,5643,2438,3534,5644,5645,2094,5646,4404,3918,1213,1407,2816, 531,2746,2545, # 4704
+3264,1011,1537,4764,2779,4405,3129,1061,5647,3786,3787,1867,2897,5648,2018, 120, # 4720
+4406,4407,2063,3650,3265,2314,3919,2678,3419,1955,4765,4134,5649,3535,1047,2713, # 4736
+1266,5650,1368,4766,2858, 649,3420,3920,2546,2747,1102,2859,2679,5651,5652,2000, # 4752
+5653,1111,3651,2977,5654,2495,3921,3652,2817,1855,3421,3788,5655,5656,3422,2415, # 4768
+2898,3337,3266,3653,5657,2577,5658,3654,2818,4135,1460, 856,5659,3655,5660,2899, # 4784
+2978,5661,2900,3922,5662,4408, 632,2517, 875,3923,1697,3924,2296,5663,5664,4767, # 4800
+3028,1239, 580,4768,4409,5665, 914, 936,2075,1190,4136,1039,2124,5666,5667,5668, # 4816
+5669,3423,1473,5670,1354,4410,3925,4769,2173,3084,4137, 915,3338,4411,4412,3339, # 4832
+1605,1835,5671,2748, 398,3656,4413,3926,4138, 328,1913,2860,4139,3927,1331,4414, # 4848
+3029, 937,4415,5672,3657,4140,4141,3424,2161,4770,3425, 524, 742, 538,3085,1012, # 4864
+5673,5674,3928,2466,5675, 658,1103, 225,3929,5676,5677,4771,5678,4772,5679,3267, # 4880
+1243,5680,4142, 963,2250,4773,5681,2714,3658,3186,5682,5683,2596,2332,5684,4774, # 4896
+5685,5686,5687,3536, 957,3426,2547,2033,1931,2941,2467, 870,2019,3659,1746,2780, # 4912
+2781,2439,2468,5688,3930,5689,3789,3130,3790,3537,3427,3791,5690,1179,3086,5691, # 4928
+3187,2378,4416,3792,2548,3188,3131,2749,4143,5692,3428,1556,2549,2297, 977,2901, # 4944
+2034,4144,1205,3429,5693,1765,3430,3189,2125,1271, 714,1689,4775,3538,5694,2333, # 4960
+3931, 533,4417,3660,2184, 617,5695,2469,3340,3539,2315,5696,5697,3190,5698,5699, # 4976
+3932,1988, 618, 427,2651,3540,3431,5700,5701,1244,1690,5702,2819,4418,4776,5703, # 4992
+3541,4777,5704,2284,1576, 473,3661,4419,3432, 972,5705,3662,5706,3087,5707,5708, # 5008
+4778,4779,5709,3793,4145,4146,5710, 153,4780, 356,5711,1892,2902,4420,2144, 408, # 5024
+ 803,2357,5712,3933,5713,4421,1646,2578,2518,4781,4782,3934,5714,3935,4422,5715, # 5040
+2416,3433, 752,5716,5717,1962,3341,2979,5718, 746,3030,2470,4783,4423,3794, 698, # 5056
+4784,1893,4424,3663,2550,4785,3664,3936,5719,3191,3434,5720,1824,1302,4147,2715, # 5072
+3937,1974,4425,5721,4426,3192, 823,1303,1288,1236,2861,3542,4148,3435, 774,3938, # 5088
+5722,1581,4786,1304,2862,3939,4787,5723,2440,2162,1083,3268,4427,4149,4428, 344, # 5104
+1173, 288,2316, 454,1683,5724,5725,1461,4788,4150,2597,5726,5727,4789, 985, 894, # 5120
+5728,3436,3193,5729,1914,2942,3795,1989,5730,2111,1975,5731,4151,5732,2579,1194, # 5136
+ 425,5733,4790,3194,1245,3796,4429,5734,5735,2863,5736, 636,4791,1856,3940, 760, # 5152
+1800,5737,4430,2212,1508,4792,4152,1894,1684,2298,5738,5739,4793,4431,4432,2213, # 5168
+ 479,5740,5741, 832,5742,4153,2496,5743,2980,2497,3797, 990,3132, 627,1815,2652, # 5184
+4433,1582,4434,2126,2112,3543,4794,5744, 799,4435,3195,5745,4795,2113,1737,3031, # 5200
+1018, 543, 754,4436,3342,1676,4796,4797,4154,4798,1489,5746,3544,5747,2624,2903, # 5216
+4155,5748,5749,2981,5750,5751,5752,5753,3196,4799,4800,2185,1722,5754,3269,3270, # 5232
+1843,3665,1715, 481, 365,1976,1857,5755,5756,1963,2498,4801,5757,2127,3666,3271, # 5248
+ 433,1895,2064,2076,5758, 602,2750,5759,5760,5761,5762,5763,3032,1628,3437,5764, # 5264
+3197,4802,4156,2904,4803,2519,5765,2551,2782,5766,5767,5768,3343,4804,2905,5769, # 5280
+4805,5770,2864,4806,4807,1221,2982,4157,2520,5771,5772,5773,1868,1990,5774,5775, # 5296
+5776,1896,5777,5778,4808,1897,4158, 318,5779,2095,4159,4437,5780,5781, 485,5782, # 5312
+ 938,3941, 553,2680, 116,5783,3942,3667,5784,3545,2681,2783,3438,3344,2820,5785, # 5328
+3668,2943,4160,1747,2944,2983,5786,5787, 207,5788,4809,5789,4810,2521,5790,3033, # 5344
+ 890,3669,3943,5791,1878,3798,3439,5792,2186,2358,3440,1652,5793,5794,5795, 941, # 5360
+2299, 208,3546,4161,2020, 330,4438,3944,2906,2499,3799,4439,4811,5796,5797,5798, # 5376
+)
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/big5prober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/big5prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef09c60e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/big5prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .chardistribution import Big5DistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import BIG5_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class Big5Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(BIG5_SM_MODEL)
+        self.distribution_analyzer = Big5DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "Big5"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Chinese"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/chardistribution.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/chardistribution.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..176cb996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/chardistribution.py
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Tuple, Union
+
+from .big5freq import (
+    BIG5_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER,
+    BIG5_TABLE_SIZE,
+    BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO,
+)
+from .euckrfreq import (
+    EUCKR_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER,
+    EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE,
+    EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO,
+)
+from .euctwfreq import (
+    EUCTW_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER,
+    EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE,
+    EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO,
+)
+from .gb2312freq import (
+    GB2312_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER,
+    GB2312_TABLE_SIZE,
+    GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO,
+)
+from .jisfreq import (
+    JIS_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER,
+    JIS_TABLE_SIZE,
+    JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO,
+)
+from .johabfreq import JOHAB_TO_EUCKR_ORDER_TABLE
+
+
+class CharDistributionAnalysis:
+    ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD = 1024
+    SURE_YES = 0.99
+    SURE_NO = 0.01
+    MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 3
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # Mapping table to get frequency order from char order (get from
+        # GetOrder())
+        self._char_to_freq_order: Tuple[int, ...] = tuple()
+        self._table_size = 0  # Size of above table
+        # This is a constant value which varies from language to language,
+        # used in calculating confidence.  See
+        # http://www.mozilla.org/projects/intl/UniversalCharsetDetection.html
+        # for further detail.
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = 0.0
+        self._done = False
+        self._total_chars = 0
+        self._freq_chars = 0
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """reset analyser, clear any state"""
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._done = False
+        self._total_chars = 0  # Total characters encountered
+        # The number of characters whose frequency order is less than 512
+        self._freq_chars = 0
+
+    def feed(self, char: Union[bytes, bytearray], char_len: int) -> None:
+        """feed a character with known length"""
+        if char_len == 2:
+            # we only care about 2-bytes character in our distribution analysis
+            order = self.get_order(char)
+        else:
+            order = -1
+        if order >= 0:
+            self._total_chars += 1
+            # order is valid
+            if order < self._table_size:
+                if 512 > self._char_to_freq_order[order]:
+                    self._freq_chars += 1
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        """return confidence based on existing data"""
+        # if we didn't receive any character in our consideration range,
+        # return negative answer
+        if self._total_chars <= 0 or self._freq_chars <= self.MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return self.SURE_NO
+
+        if self._total_chars != self._freq_chars:
+            r = self._freq_chars / (
+                (self._total_chars - self._freq_chars) * self.typical_distribution_ratio
+            )
+            if r < self.SURE_YES:
+                return r
+
+        # normalize confidence (we don't want to be 100% sure)
+        return self.SURE_YES
+
+    def got_enough_data(self) -> bool:
+        # It is not necessary to receive all data to draw conclusion.
+        # For charset detection, certain amount of data is enough
+        return self._total_chars > self.ENOUGH_DATA_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_order(self, _: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        # We do not handle characters based on the original encoding string,
+        # but convert this encoding string to a number, here called order.
+        # This allows multiple encodings of a language to share one frequency
+        # table.
+        return -1
+
+
+class EUCTWDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._char_to_freq_order = EUCTW_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER
+        self._table_size = EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        # for euc-TW encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xc4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = byte_str[0]
+        if first_char >= 0xC4:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xC4) + byte_str[1] - 0xA1
+        return -1
+
+
+class EUCKRDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._char_to_freq_order = EUCKR_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER
+        self._table_size = EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        # for euc-KR encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char = byte_str[0]
+        if first_char >= 0xB0:
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + byte_str[1] - 0xA1
+        return -1
+
+
+class JOHABDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._char_to_freq_order = EUCKR_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER
+        self._table_size = EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        first_char = byte_str[0]
+        if 0x88 <= first_char < 0xD4:
+            code = first_char * 256 + byte_str[1]
+            return JOHAB_TO_EUCKR_ORDER_TABLE.get(code, -1)
+        return -1
+
+
+class GB2312DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._char_to_freq_order = GB2312_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER
+        self._table_size = GB2312_TABLE_SIZE
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        # for GB2312 encoding, we are interested
+        #  first  byte range: 0xb0 -- 0xfe
+        #  second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = byte_str[0], byte_str[1]
+        if (first_char >= 0xB0) and (second_char >= 0xA1):
+            return 94 * (first_char - 0xB0) + second_char - 0xA1
+        return -1
+
+
+class Big5DistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._char_to_freq_order = BIG5_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER
+        self._table_size = BIG5_TABLE_SIZE
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = BIG5_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        # for big5 encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa4 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e , 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = byte_str[0], byte_str[1]
+        if first_char >= 0xA4:
+            if second_char >= 0xA1:
+                return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0xA1 + 63
+            return 157 * (first_char - 0xA4) + second_char - 0x40
+        return -1
+
+
+class SJISDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._char_to_freq_order = JIS_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER
+        self._table_size = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        # for sjis encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0x81 -- 0x9f , 0xe0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0x40 -- 0x7e,  0x81 -- oxfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        first_char, second_char = byte_str[0], byte_str[1]
+        if 0x81 <= first_char <= 0x9F:
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0x81)
+        elif 0xE0 <= first_char <= 0xEF:
+            order = 188 * (first_char - 0xE0 + 31)
+        else:
+            return -1
+        order = order + second_char - 0x40
+        if second_char > 0x7F:
+            order = -1
+        return order
+
+
+class EUCJPDistributionAnalysis(CharDistributionAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._char_to_freq_order = JIS_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER
+        self._table_size = JIS_TABLE_SIZE
+        self.typical_distribution_ratio = JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> int:
+        # for euc-JP encoding, we are interested
+        #   first  byte range: 0xa0 -- 0xfe
+        #   second byte range: 0xa1 -- 0xfe
+        # no validation needed here. State machine has done that
+        char = byte_str[0]
+        if char >= 0xA0:
+            return 94 * (char - 0xA1) + byte_str[1] - 0xA1
+        return -1
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6def56b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/charsetgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import LanguageFilter, ProbingState
+
+
+class CharSetGroupProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self, lang_filter: LanguageFilter = LanguageFilter.NONE) -> None:
+        super().__init__(lang_filter=lang_filter)
+        self._active_num = 0
+        self.probers: List[CharSetProber] = []
+        self._best_guess_prober: Optional[CharSetProber] = None
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        self._active_num = 0
+        for prober in self.probers:
+            prober.reset()
+            prober.active = True
+            self._active_num += 1
+        self._best_guess_prober = None
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if not self._best_guess_prober:
+            self.get_confidence()
+            if not self._best_guess_prober:
+                return None
+        return self._best_guess_prober.charset_name
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if not self._best_guess_prober:
+            self.get_confidence()
+            if not self._best_guess_prober:
+                return None
+        return self._best_guess_prober.language
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        for prober in self.probers:
+            if not prober.active:
+                continue
+            state = prober.feed(byte_str)
+            if not state:
+                continue
+            if state == ProbingState.FOUND_IT:
+                self._best_guess_prober = prober
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+                return self.state
+            if state == ProbingState.NOT_ME:
+                prober.active = False
+                self._active_num -= 1
+                if self._active_num <= 0:
+                    self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                    return self.state
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        state = self.state
+        if state == ProbingState.FOUND_IT:
+            return 0.99
+        if state == ProbingState.NOT_ME:
+            return 0.01
+        best_conf = 0.0
+        self._best_guess_prober = None
+        for prober in self.probers:
+            if not prober.active:
+                self.logger.debug("%s not active", prober.charset_name)
+                continue
+            conf = prober.get_confidence()
+            self.logger.debug(
+                "%s %s confidence = %s", prober.charset_name, prober.language, conf
+            )
+            if best_conf < conf:
+                best_conf = conf
+                self._best_guess_prober = prober
+        if not self._best_guess_prober:
+            return 0.0
+        return best_conf
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/charsetprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/charsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a103ca11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/charsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from .enums import LanguageFilter, ProbingState
+
+INTERNATIONAL_WORDS_PATTERN = re.compile(
+    b"[a-zA-Z]*[\x80-\xFF]+[a-zA-Z]*[^a-zA-Z\x80-\xFF]?"
+)
+
+
+class CharSetProber:
+
+    SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
+
+    def __init__(self, lang_filter: LanguageFilter = LanguageFilter.NONE) -> None:
+        self._state = ProbingState.DETECTING
+        self.active = True
+        self.lang_filter = lang_filter
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._state = ProbingState.DETECTING
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def state(self) -> ProbingState:
+        return self._state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        return 0.0
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def filter_high_byte_only(buf: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> bytes:
+        buf = re.sub(b"([\x00-\x7F])+", b" ", buf)
+        return buf
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def filter_international_words(buf: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> bytearray:
+        """
+        We define three types of bytes:
+        alphabet: english alphabets [a-zA-Z]
+        international: international characters [\x80-\xFF]
+        marker: everything else [^a-zA-Z\x80-\xFF]
+        The input buffer can be thought to contain a series of words delimited
+        by markers. This function works to filter all words that contain at
+        least one international character. All contiguous sequences of markers
+        are replaced by a single space ascii character.
+        This filter applies to all scripts which do not use English characters.
+        """
+        filtered = bytearray()
+
+        # This regex expression filters out only words that have at-least one
+        # international character. The word may include one marker character at
+        # the end.
+        words = INTERNATIONAL_WORDS_PATTERN.findall(buf)
+
+        for word in words:
+            filtered.extend(word[:-1])
+
+            # If the last character in the word is a marker, replace it with a
+            # space as markers shouldn't affect our analysis (they are used
+            # similarly across all languages and may thus have similar
+            # frequencies).
+            last_char = word[-1:]
+            if not last_char.isalpha() and last_char < b"\x80":
+                last_char = b" "
+            filtered.extend(last_char)
+
+        return filtered
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def remove_xml_tags(buf: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Returns a copy of ``buf`` that retains only the sequences of English
+        alphabet and high byte characters that are not between <> characters.
+        This filter can be applied to all scripts which contain both English
+        characters and extended ASCII characters, but is currently only used by
+        ``Latin1Prober``.
+        """
+        filtered = bytearray()
+        in_tag = False
+        prev = 0
+        buf = memoryview(buf).cast("c")
+
+        for curr, buf_char in enumerate(buf):
+            # Check if we're coming out of or entering an XML tag
+
+            # https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/8182
+            if buf_char == b">":  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+                prev = curr + 1
+                in_tag = False
+            # https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/8182
+            elif buf_char == b"<":  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+                if curr > prev and not in_tag:
+                    # Keep everything after last non-extended-ASCII,
+                    # non-alphabetic character
+                    filtered.extend(buf[prev:curr])
+                    # Output a space to delimit stretch we kept
+                    filtered.extend(b" ")
+                in_tag = True
+
+        # If we're not in a tag...
+        if not in_tag:
+            # Keep everything after last non-extended-ASCII, non-alphabetic
+            # character
+            filtered.extend(buf[prev:])
+
+        return filtered
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/__pycache__/chardetect.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/__pycache__/chardetect.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/chardetect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/chardetect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43f6e144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cli/chardetect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+"""
+Script which takes one or more file paths and reports on their detected
+encodings
+
+Example::
+
+    % chardetect somefile someotherfile
+    somefile: windows-1252 with confidence 0.5
+    someotherfile: ascii with confidence 1.0
+
+If no paths are provided, it takes its input from stdin.
+
+"""
+
+
+import argparse
+import sys
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional
+
+from .. import __version__
+from ..universaldetector import UniversalDetector
+
+
+def description_of(
+    lines: Iterable[bytes],
+    name: str = "stdin",
+    minimal: bool = False,
+    should_rename_legacy: bool = False,
+) -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Return a string describing the probable encoding of a file or
+    list of strings.
+
+    :param lines: The lines to get the encoding of.
+    :type lines: Iterable of bytes
+    :param name: Name of file or collection of lines
+    :type name: str
+    :param should_rename_legacy:  Should we rename legacy encodings to
+                                  their more modern equivalents?
+    :type should_rename_legacy:   ``bool``
+    """
+    u = UniversalDetector(should_rename_legacy=should_rename_legacy)
+    for line in lines:
+        line = bytearray(line)
+        u.feed(line)
+        # shortcut out of the loop to save reading further - particularly useful if we read a BOM.
+        if u.done:
+            break
+    u.close()
+    result = u.result
+    if minimal:
+        return result["encoding"]
+    if result["encoding"]:
+        return f'{name}: {result["encoding"]} with confidence {result["confidence"]}'
+    return f"{name}: no result"
+
+
+def main(argv: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> None:
+    """
+    Handles command line arguments and gets things started.
+
+    :param argv: List of arguments, as if specified on the command-line.
+                 If None, ``sys.argv[1:]`` is used instead.
+    :type argv: list of str
+    """
+    # Get command line arguments
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description=(
+            "Takes one or more file paths and reports their detected encodings"
+        )
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "input",
+        help="File whose encoding we would like to determine. (default: stdin)",
+        type=argparse.FileType("rb"),
+        nargs="*",
+        default=[sys.stdin.buffer],
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--minimal",
+        help="Print only the encoding to standard output",
+        action="store_true",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-l",
+        "--legacy",
+        help="Rename legacy encodings to more modern ones.",
+        action="store_true",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--version", action="version", version=f"%(prog)s {__version__}"
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args(argv)
+
+    for f in args.input:
+        if f.isatty():
+            print(
+                "You are running chardetect interactively. Press "
+                "CTRL-D twice at the start of a blank line to signal the "
+                "end of your input. If you want help, run chardetect "
+                "--help\n",
+                file=sys.stderr,
+            )
+        print(
+            description_of(
+                f, f.name, minimal=args.minimal, should_rename_legacy=args.legacy
+            )
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/codingstatemachine.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ed4a877
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/codingstatemachine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+import logging
+
+from .codingstatemachinedict import CodingStateMachineDict
+from .enums import MachineState
+
+
+class CodingStateMachine:
+    """
+    A state machine to verify a byte sequence for a particular encoding. For
+    each byte the detector receives, it will feed that byte to every active
+    state machine available, one byte at a time. The state machine changes its
+    state based on its previous state and the byte it receives. There are 3
+    states in a state machine that are of interest to an auto-detector:
+
+    START state: This is the state to start with, or a legal byte sequence
+                 (i.e. a valid code point) for character has been identified.
+
+    ME state:  This indicates that the state machine identified a byte sequence
+               that is specific to the charset it is designed for and that
+               there is no other possible encoding which can contain this byte
+               sequence. This will to lead to an immediate positive answer for
+               the detector.
+
+    ERROR state: This indicates the state machine identified an illegal byte
+                 sequence for that encoding. This will lead to an immediate
+                 negative answer for this encoding. Detector will exclude this
+                 encoding from consideration from here on.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sm: CodingStateMachineDict) -> None:
+        self._model = sm
+        self._curr_byte_pos = 0
+        self._curr_char_len = 0
+        self._curr_state = MachineState.START
+        self.active = True
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._curr_state = MachineState.START
+
+    def next_state(self, c: int) -> int:
+        # for each byte we get its class
+        # if it is first byte, we also get byte length
+        byte_class = self._model["class_table"][c]
+        if self._curr_state == MachineState.START:
+            self._curr_byte_pos = 0
+            self._curr_char_len = self._model["char_len_table"][byte_class]
+        # from byte's class and state_table, we get its next state
+        curr_state = self._curr_state * self._model["class_factor"] + byte_class
+        self._curr_state = self._model["state_table"][curr_state]
+        self._curr_byte_pos += 1
+        return self._curr_state
+
+    def get_current_charlen(self) -> int:
+        return self._curr_char_len
+
+    def get_coding_state_machine(self) -> str:
+        return self._model["name"]
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return self._model["language"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/codingstatemachinedict.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/codingstatemachinedict.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a3c4c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/codingstatemachinedict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Tuple
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # TypedDict was introduced in Python 3.8.
+    #
+    # TODO: Remove the else block and TYPE_CHECKING check when dropping support
+    # for Python 3.7.
+    from typing import TypedDict
+
+    class CodingStateMachineDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+        class_table: Tuple[int, ...]
+        class_factor: int
+        state_table: Tuple[int, ...]
+        char_len_table: Tuple[int, ...]
+        name: str
+        language: str  # Optional key
+
+else:
+    CodingStateMachineDict = dict
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cp949prober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cp949prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa7307ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/cp949prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import CP949_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class CP949Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(CP949_SM_MODEL)
+        # NOTE: CP949 is a superset of EUC-KR, so the distribution should be
+        #       not different.
+        self.distribution_analyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "CP949"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Korean"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/enums.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/enums.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e3e1982
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/enums.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+"""
+All of the Enums that are used throughout the chardet package.
+
+:author: Dan Blanchard (dan.blanchard@gmail.com)
+"""
+
+from enum import Enum, Flag
+
+
+class InputState:
+    """
+    This enum represents the different states a universal detector can be in.
+    """
+
+    PURE_ASCII = 0
+    ESC_ASCII = 1
+    HIGH_BYTE = 2
+
+
+class LanguageFilter(Flag):
+    """
+    This enum represents the different language filters we can apply to a
+    ``UniversalDetector``.
+    """
+
+    NONE = 0x00
+    CHINESE_SIMPLIFIED = 0x01
+    CHINESE_TRADITIONAL = 0x02
+    JAPANESE = 0x04
+    KOREAN = 0x08
+    NON_CJK = 0x10
+    ALL = 0x1F
+    CHINESE = CHINESE_SIMPLIFIED | CHINESE_TRADITIONAL
+    CJK = CHINESE | JAPANESE | KOREAN
+
+
+class ProbingState(Enum):
+    """
+    This enum represents the different states a prober can be in.
+    """
+
+    DETECTING = 0
+    FOUND_IT = 1
+    NOT_ME = 2
+
+
+class MachineState:
+    """
+    This enum represents the different states a state machine can be in.
+    """
+
+    START = 0
+    ERROR = 1
+    ITS_ME = 2
+
+
+class SequenceLikelihood:
+    """
+    This enum represents the likelihood of a character following the previous one.
+    """
+
+    NEGATIVE = 0
+    UNLIKELY = 1
+    LIKELY = 2
+    POSITIVE = 3
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_num_categories(cls) -> int:
+        """:returns: The number of likelihood categories in the enum."""
+        return 4
+
+
+class CharacterCategory:
+    """
+    This enum represents the different categories language models for
+    ``SingleByteCharsetProber`` put characters into.
+
+    Anything less than CONTROL is considered a letter.
+    """
+
+    UNDEFINED = 255
+    LINE_BREAK = 254
+    SYMBOL = 253
+    DIGIT = 252
+    CONTROL = 251
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/escprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/escprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd713830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/escprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .enums import LanguageFilter, MachineState, ProbingState
+from .escsm import (
+    HZ_SM_MODEL,
+    ISO2022CN_SM_MODEL,
+    ISO2022JP_SM_MODEL,
+    ISO2022KR_SM_MODEL,
+)
+
+
+class EscCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    """
+    This CharSetProber uses a "code scheme" approach for detecting encodings,
+    whereby easily recognizable escape or shift sequences are relied on to
+    identify these encodings.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, lang_filter: LanguageFilter = LanguageFilter.NONE) -> None:
+        super().__init__(lang_filter=lang_filter)
+        self.coding_sm = []
+        if self.lang_filter & LanguageFilter.CHINESE_SIMPLIFIED:
+            self.coding_sm.append(CodingStateMachine(HZ_SM_MODEL))
+            self.coding_sm.append(CodingStateMachine(ISO2022CN_SM_MODEL))
+        if self.lang_filter & LanguageFilter.JAPANESE:
+            self.coding_sm.append(CodingStateMachine(ISO2022JP_SM_MODEL))
+        if self.lang_filter & LanguageFilter.KOREAN:
+            self.coding_sm.append(CodingStateMachine(ISO2022KR_SM_MODEL))
+        self.active_sm_count = 0
+        self._detected_charset: Optional[str] = None
+        self._detected_language: Optional[str] = None
+        self._state = ProbingState.DETECTING
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        for coding_sm in self.coding_sm:
+            coding_sm.active = True
+            coding_sm.reset()
+        self.active_sm_count = len(self.coding_sm)
+        self._detected_charset = None
+        self._detected_language = None
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._detected_charset
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._detected_language
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        return 0.99 if self._detected_charset else 0.00
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        for c in byte_str:
+            for coding_sm in self.coding_sm:
+                if not coding_sm.active:
+                    continue
+                coding_state = coding_sm.next_state(c)
+                if coding_state == MachineState.ERROR:
+                    coding_sm.active = False
+                    self.active_sm_count -= 1
+                    if self.active_sm_count <= 0:
+                        self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                        return self.state
+                elif coding_state == MachineState.ITS_ME:
+                    self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+                    self._detected_charset = coding_sm.get_coding_state_machine()
+                    self._detected_language = coding_sm.language
+                    return self.state
+
+        return self.state
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/escsm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/escsm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11d4adf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/escsm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License,  or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not,  write to the Free Software
+# Foundation,  Inc.,  51 Franklin St,  Fifth Floor,  Boston,  MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .codingstatemachinedict import CodingStateMachineDict
+from .enums import MachineState
+
+# fmt: off
+HZ_CLS = (
+    1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 00 - 07
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 10 - 17
+    0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 20 - 27
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 30 - 37
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 40 - 47
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 50 - 57
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 60 - 67
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 70 - 77
+    0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 5, 2, 0,  # 78 - 7f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 80 - 87
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 88 - 8f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 90 - 97
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 98 - 9f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # a0 - a7
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # a8 - af
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # b0 - b7
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # b8 - bf
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # c0 - c7
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # c8 - cf
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # d0 - d7
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # d8 - df
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # e0 - e7
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # e8 - ef
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # f0 - f7
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+HZ_ST = (
+MachineState.START, MachineState.ERROR,      3, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 00-07
+MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, # 08-0f
+MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.START, MachineState.START,      4, MachineState.ERROR, # 10-17
+     5, MachineState.ERROR,      6, MachineState.ERROR,      5,      5,      4, MachineState.ERROR, # 18-1f
+     4, MachineState.ERROR,      4,      4,      4, MachineState.ERROR,      4, MachineState.ERROR, # 20-27
+     4, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, # 28-2f
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+HZ_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+HZ_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": HZ_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 6,
+    "state_table": HZ_ST,
+    "char_len_table": HZ_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "HZ-GB-2312",
+    "language": "Chinese",
+}
+
+# fmt: off
+ISO2022CN_CLS = (
+    2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 00 - 07
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 10 - 17
+    0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 20 - 27
+    0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 30 - 37
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 40 - 47
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 50 - 57
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 60 - 67
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 70 - 77
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 78 - 7f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 80 - 87
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 88 - 8f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 90 - 97
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 98 - 9f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a0 - a7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a8 - af
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b0 - b7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b8 - bf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c0 - c7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c8 - cf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d0 - d7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d8 - df
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e0 - e7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e8 - ef
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # f0 - f7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022CN_ST = (
+    MachineState.START,      3, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, # 00-07
+    MachineState.START, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 08-0f
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, # 10-17
+    MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR,      4, MachineState.ERROR, # 18-1f
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 20-27
+        5,      6, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 28-2f
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 30-37
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.START, # 38-3f
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+ISO2022CN_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022CN_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": ISO2022CN_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 9,
+    "state_table": ISO2022CN_ST,
+    "char_len_table": ISO2022CN_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "ISO-2022-CN",
+    "language": "Chinese",
+}
+
+# fmt: off
+ISO2022JP_CLS = (
+    2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 00 - 07
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2,  # 08 - 0f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 10 - 17
+    0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0,  # 20 - 27
+    3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 30 - 37
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 38 - 3f
+    6, 0, 4, 0, 8, 0, 0, 0,  # 40 - 47
+    0, 9, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 50 - 57
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 60 - 67
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 70 - 77
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 78 - 7f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 80 - 87
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 88 - 8f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 90 - 97
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 98 - 9f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a0 - a7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a8 - af
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b0 - b7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b8 - bf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c0 - c7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c8 - cf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d0 - d7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d8 - df
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e0 - e7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e8 - ef
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # f0 - f7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022JP_ST = (
+    MachineState.START,      3, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, # 00-07
+    MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 08-0f
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, # 10-17
+    MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 18-1f
+    MachineState.ERROR,      5, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR,      4, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 20-27
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR,      6, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, # 28-2f
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, # 30-37
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 38-3f
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, # 40-47
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+ISO2022JP_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022JP_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": ISO2022JP_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 10,
+    "state_table": ISO2022JP_ST,
+    "char_len_table": ISO2022JP_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "ISO-2022-JP",
+    "language": "Japanese",
+}
+
+# fmt: off
+ISO2022KR_CLS = (
+    2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 00 - 07
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 10 - 17
+    0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0,  # 20 - 27
+    0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 30 - 37
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 40 - 47
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 50 - 57
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 60 - 67
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 70 - 77
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 78 - 7f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 80 - 87
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 88 - 8f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 90 - 97
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 98 - 9f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a0 - a7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a8 - af
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b0 - b7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b8 - bf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c0 - c7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c8 - cf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d0 - d7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d8 - df
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e0 - e7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e8 - ef
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # f0 - f7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+ISO2022KR_ST = (
+    MachineState.START,      3, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 00-07
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, # 08-0f
+    MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR,      4, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 10-17
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR,      5, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, # 18-1f
+    MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ERROR, MachineState.ITS_ME, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, MachineState.START, # 20-27
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+ISO2022KR_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+ISO2022KR_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": ISO2022KR_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 6,
+    "state_table": ISO2022KR_ST,
+    "char_len_table": ISO2022KR_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "ISO-2022-KR",
+    "language": "Korean",
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/eucjpprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/eucjpprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39487f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/eucjpprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Union
+
+from .chardistribution import EUCJPDistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .enums import MachineState, ProbingState
+from .jpcntx import EUCJPContextAnalysis
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import EUCJP_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class EUCJPProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(EUCJP_SM_MODEL)
+        self.distribution_analyzer = EUCJPDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.context_analyzer = EUCJPContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        self.context_analyzer.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "EUC-JP"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Japanese"
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        assert self.coding_sm is not None
+        assert self.distribution_analyzer is not None
+
+        for i, byte in enumerate(byte_str):
+            # PY3K: byte_str is a byte array, so byte is an int, not a byte
+            coding_state = self.coding_sm.next_state(byte)
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ERROR:
+                self.logger.debug(
+                    "%s %s prober hit error at byte %s",
+                    self.charset_name,
+                    self.language,
+                    i,
+                )
+                self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ITS_ME:
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.START:
+                char_len = self.coding_sm.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._last_char[1] = byte
+                    self.context_analyzer.feed(self._last_char, char_len)
+                    self.distribution_analyzer.feed(self._last_char, char_len)
+                else:
+                    self.context_analyzer.feed(byte_str[i - 1 : i + 1], char_len)
+                    self.distribution_analyzer.feed(byte_str[i - 1 : i + 1], char_len)
+
+        self._last_char[0] = byte_str[-1]
+
+        if self.state == ProbingState.DETECTING:
+            if self.context_analyzer.got_enough_data() and (
+                self.get_confidence() > self.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD
+            ):
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        assert self.distribution_analyzer is not None
+
+        context_conf = self.context_analyzer.get_confidence()
+        distrib_conf = self.distribution_analyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(context_conf, distrib_conf)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euckrfreq.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euckrfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7dc3b103
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euckrfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+
+# 128  --> 0.79
+# 256  --> 0.92
+# 512  --> 0.986
+# 1024 --> 0.99944
+# 2048 --> 0.99999
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.98653 / (1-0.98653) = 73.24
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2350-512) = 0.279.
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio
+
+EUCKR_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 6.0
+
+EUCKR_TABLE_SIZE = 2352
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+# fmt: off
+EUCKR_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER = (
+  13, 130, 120,1396, 481,1719,1720, 328, 609, 212,1721, 707, 400, 299,1722,  87,
+1397,1723, 104, 536,1117,1203,1724,1267, 685,1268, 508,1725,1726,1727,1728,1398,
+1399,1729,1730,1731, 141, 621, 326,1057, 368,1732, 267, 488,  20,1733,1269,1734,
+ 945,1400,1735,  47, 904,1270,1736,1737, 773, 248,1738, 409, 313, 786, 429,1739,
+ 116, 987, 813,1401, 683,  75,1204, 145,1740,1741,1742,1743,  16, 847, 667, 622,
+ 708,1744,1745,1746, 966, 787, 304, 129,1747,  60, 820, 123, 676,1748,1749,1750,
+1751, 617,1752, 626,1753,1754,1755,1756, 653,1757,1758,1759,1760,1761,1762, 856,
+ 344,1763,1764,1765,1766,  89, 401, 418, 806, 905, 848,1767,1768,1769, 946,1205,
+ 709,1770,1118,1771, 241,1772,1773,1774,1271,1775, 569,1776, 999,1777,1778,1779,
+1780, 337, 751,1058,  28, 628, 254,1781, 177, 906, 270, 349, 891,1079,1782,  19,
+1783, 379,1784, 315,1785, 629, 754,1402, 559,1786, 636, 203,1206,1787, 710, 567,
+1788, 935, 814,1789,1790,1207, 766, 528,1791,1792,1208,1793,1794,1795,1796,1797,
+1403,1798,1799, 533,1059,1404,1405,1156,1406, 936, 884,1080,1800, 351,1801,1802,
+1803,1804,1805, 801,1806,1807,1808,1119,1809,1157, 714, 474,1407,1810, 298, 899,
+ 885,1811,1120, 802,1158,1812, 892,1813,1814,1408, 659,1815,1816,1121,1817,1818,
+1819,1820,1821,1822, 319,1823, 594, 545,1824, 815, 937,1209,1825,1826, 573,1409,
+1022,1827,1210,1828,1829,1830,1831,1832,1833, 556, 722, 807,1122,1060,1834, 697,
+1835, 900, 557, 715,1836,1410, 540,1411, 752,1159, 294, 597,1211, 976, 803, 770,
+1412,1837,1838,  39, 794,1413, 358,1839, 371, 925,1840, 453, 661, 788, 531, 723,
+ 544,1023,1081, 869,  91,1841, 392, 430, 790, 602,1414, 677,1082, 457,1415,1416,
+1842,1843, 475, 327,1024,1417, 795, 121,1844, 733, 403,1418,1845,1846,1847, 300,
+ 119, 711,1212, 627,1848,1272, 207,1849,1850, 796,1213, 382,1851, 519,1852,1083,
+ 893,1853,1854,1855, 367, 809, 487, 671,1856, 663,1857,1858, 956, 471, 306, 857,
+1859,1860,1160,1084,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1061,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,
+ 282,  96, 574,1872, 502,1085,1873,1214,1874, 907,1875,1876, 827, 977,1419,1420,
+1421, 268,1877,1422,1878,1879,1880, 308,1881,   2, 537,1882,1883,1215,1884,1885,
+ 127, 791,1886,1273,1423,1887,  34, 336, 404, 643,1888, 571, 654, 894, 840,1889,
+   0, 886,1274, 122, 575, 260, 908, 938,1890,1275, 410, 316,1891,1892, 100,1893,
+1894,1123,  48,1161,1124,1025,1895, 633, 901,1276,1896,1897, 115, 816,1898, 317,
+1899, 694,1900, 909, 734,1424, 572, 866,1425, 691,  85, 524,1010, 543, 394, 841,
+1901,1902,1903,1026,1904,1905,1906,1907,1908,1909,  30, 451, 651, 988, 310,1910,
+1911,1426, 810,1216,  93,1912,1913,1277,1217,1914, 858, 759,  45,  58, 181, 610,
+ 269,1915,1916, 131,1062, 551, 443,1000, 821,1427, 957, 895,1086,1917,1918, 375,
+1919, 359,1920, 687,1921, 822,1922, 293,1923,1924,  40, 662, 118, 692,  29, 939,
+ 887, 640, 482, 174,1925,  69,1162, 728,1428, 910,1926,1278,1218,1279, 386, 870,
+ 217, 854,1163, 823,1927,1928,1929,1930, 834,1931,  78,1932, 859,1933,1063,1934,
+1935,1936,1937, 438,1164, 208, 595,1938,1939,1940,1941,1219,1125,1942, 280, 888,
+1429,1430,1220,1431,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1280, 150, 510,1432,1948,1949,1950,
+1951,1952,1953,1954,1011,1087,1955,1433,1043,1956, 881,1957, 614, 958,1064,1065,
+1221,1958, 638,1001, 860, 967, 896,1434, 989, 492, 553,1281,1165,1959,1282,1002,
+1283,1222,1960,1961,1962,1963,  36, 383, 228, 753, 247, 454,1964, 876, 678,1965,
+1966,1284, 126, 464, 490, 835, 136, 672, 529, 940,1088,1435, 473,1967,1968, 467,
+  50, 390, 227, 587, 279, 378, 598, 792, 968, 240, 151, 160, 849, 882,1126,1285,
+ 639,1044, 133, 140, 288, 360, 811, 563,1027, 561, 142, 523,1969,1970,1971,   7,
+ 103, 296, 439, 407, 506, 634, 990,1972,1973,1974,1975, 645,1976,1977,1978,1979,
+1980,1981, 236,1982,1436,1983,1984,1089, 192, 828, 618, 518,1166, 333,1127,1985,
+ 818,1223,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993, 342,1128,1286, 746, 842,1994,
+1995, 560, 223,1287,  98,   8, 189, 650, 978,1288,1996,1437,1997,  17, 345, 250,
+ 423, 277, 234, 512, 226,  97, 289,  42, 167,1998, 201,1999,2000, 843, 836, 824,
+ 532, 338, 783,1090, 182, 576, 436,1438,1439, 527, 500,2001, 947, 889,2002,2003,
+2004,2005, 262, 600, 314, 447,2006, 547,2007, 693, 738,1129,2008,  71,1440, 745,
+ 619, 688,2009, 829,2010,2011, 147,2012,  33, 948,2013,2014,  74, 224,2015,  61,
+ 191, 918, 399, 637,2016,1028,1130, 257, 902,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,
+2024,2025,2026, 837,2027,2028,2029,2030, 179, 874, 591,  52, 724, 246,2031,2032,
+2033,2034,1167, 969,2035,1289, 630, 605, 911,1091,1168,2036,2037,2038,1441, 912,
+2039, 623,2040,2041, 253,1169,1290,2042,1442, 146, 620, 611, 577, 433,2043,1224,
+ 719,1170, 959, 440, 437, 534,  84, 388, 480,1131, 159, 220, 198, 679,2044,1012,
+ 819,1066,1443, 113,1225, 194, 318,1003,1029,2045,2046,2047,2048,1067,2049,2050,
+2051,2052,2053,  59, 913, 112,2054, 632,2055, 455, 144, 739,1291,2056, 273, 681,
+ 499,2057, 448,2058,2059, 760,2060,2061, 970, 384, 169, 245,1132,2062,2063, 414,
+1444,2064,2065,  41, 235,2066, 157, 252, 877, 568, 919, 789, 580,2067, 725,2068,
+2069,1292,2070,2071,1445,2072,1446,2073,2074,  55, 588,  66,1447, 271,1092,2075,
+1226,2076, 960,1013, 372,2077,2078,2079,2080,2081,1293,2082,2083,2084,2085, 850,
+2086,2087,2088,2089,2090, 186,2091,1068, 180,2092,2093,2094, 109,1227, 522, 606,
+2095, 867,1448,1093, 991,1171, 926, 353,1133,2096, 581,2097,2098,2099,1294,1449,
+1450,2100, 596,1172,1014,1228,2101,1451,1295,1173,1229,2102,2103,1296,1134,1452,
+ 949,1135,2104,2105,1094,1453,1454,1455,2106,1095,2107,2108,2109,2110,2111,2112,
+2113,2114,2115,2116,2117, 804,2118,2119,1230,1231, 805,1456, 405,1136,2120,2121,
+2122,2123,2124, 720, 701,1297, 992,1457, 927,1004,2125,2126,2127,2128,2129,2130,
+  22, 417,2131, 303,2132, 385,2133, 971, 520, 513,2134,1174,  73,1096, 231, 274,
+ 962,1458, 673,2135,1459,2136, 152,1137,2137,2138,2139,2140,1005,1138,1460,1139,
+2141,2142,2143,2144,  11, 374, 844,2145, 154,1232,  46,1461,2146, 838, 830, 721,
+1233, 106,2147,  90, 428, 462, 578, 566,1175, 352,2148,2149, 538,1234, 124,1298,
+2150,1462, 761, 565,2151, 686,2152, 649,2153,  72, 173,2154, 460, 415,2155,1463,
+2156,1235, 305,2157,2158,2159,2160,2161,2162, 579,2163,2164,2165,2166,2167, 747,
+2168,2169,2170,2171,1464, 669,2172,2173,2174,2175,2176,1465,2177,  23, 530, 285,
+2178, 335, 729,2179, 397,2180,2181,2182,1030,2183,2184, 698,2185,2186, 325,2187,
+2188, 369,2189, 799,1097,1015, 348,2190,1069, 680,2191, 851,1466,2192,2193,  10,
+2194, 613, 424,2195, 979, 108, 449, 589,  27, 172,  81,1031,  80, 774, 281, 350,
+1032, 525, 301, 582,1176,2196, 674,1045,2197,2198,1467, 730, 762,2199,2200,2201,
+2202,1468,2203, 993,2204,2205, 266,1070, 963,1140,2206,2207,2208, 664,1098, 972,
+2209,2210,2211,1177,1469,1470, 871,2212,2213,2214,2215,2216,1471,2217,2218,2219,
+2220,2221,2222,2223,2224,2225,2226,2227,1472,1236,2228,2229,2230,2231,2232,2233,
+2234,2235,1299,2236,2237, 200,2238, 477, 373,2239,2240, 731, 825, 777,2241,2242,
+2243, 521, 486, 548,2244,2245,2246,1473,1300,  53, 549, 137, 875,  76, 158,2247,
+1301,1474, 469, 396,1016, 278, 712,2248, 321, 442, 503, 767, 744, 941,1237,1178,
+1475,2249,  82, 178,1141,1179, 973,2250,1302,2251, 297,2252,2253, 570,2254,2255,
+2256,  18, 450, 206,2257, 290, 292,1142,2258, 511, 162,  99, 346, 164, 735,2259,
+1476,1477,   4, 554, 343, 798,1099,2260,1100,2261,  43, 171,1303, 139, 215,2262,
+2263, 717, 775,2264,1033, 322, 216,2265, 831,2266, 149,2267,1304,2268,2269, 702,
+1238, 135, 845, 347, 309,2270, 484,2271, 878, 655, 238,1006,1478,2272,  67,2273,
+ 295,2274,2275, 461,2276, 478, 942, 412,2277,1034,2278,2279,2280, 265,2281, 541,
+2282,2283,2284,2285,2286,  70, 852,1071,2287,2288,2289,2290,  21,  56, 509, 117,
+ 432,2291,2292, 331, 980, 552,1101, 148, 284, 105, 393,1180,1239, 755,2293, 187,
+2294,1046,1479,2295, 340,2296,  63,1047, 230,2297,2298,1305, 763,1306, 101, 800,
+ 808, 494,2299,2300,2301, 903,2302,  37,1072,  14,   5,2303,  79, 675,2304, 312,
+2305,2306,2307,2308,2309,1480,   6,1307,2310,2311,2312,   1, 470,  35,  24, 229,
+2313, 695, 210,  86, 778,  15, 784, 592, 779,  32,  77, 855, 964,2314, 259,2315,
+ 501, 380,2316,2317,  83, 981, 153, 689,1308,1481,1482,1483,2318,2319, 716,1484,
+2320,2321,2322,2323,2324,2325,1485,2326,2327, 128,  57,  68, 261,1048, 211, 170,
+1240,  31,2328,  51, 435, 742,2329,2330,2331, 635,2332, 264, 456,2333,2334,2335,
+ 425,2336,1486, 143, 507, 263, 943,2337, 363, 920,1487, 256,1488,1102, 243, 601,
+1489,2338,2339,2340,2341,2342,2343,2344, 861,2345,2346,2347,2348,2349,2350, 395,
+2351,1490,1491,  62, 535, 166, 225,2352,2353, 668, 419,1241, 138, 604, 928,2354,
+1181,2355,1492,1493,2356,2357,2358,1143,2359, 696,2360, 387, 307,1309, 682, 476,
+2361,2362, 332,  12, 222, 156,2363, 232,2364, 641, 276, 656, 517,1494,1495,1035,
+ 416, 736,1496,2365,1017, 586,2366,2367,2368,1497,2369, 242,2370,2371,2372,1498,
+2373, 965, 713,2374,2375,2376,2377, 740, 982,1499, 944,1500,1007,2378,2379,1310,
+1501,2380,2381,2382, 785, 329,2383,2384,1502,2385,2386,2387, 932,2388,1503,2389,
+2390,2391,2392,1242,2393,2394,2395,2396,2397, 994, 950,2398,2399,2400,2401,1504,
+1311,2402,2403,2404,2405,1049, 749,2406,2407, 853, 718,1144,1312,2408,1182,1505,
+2409,2410, 255, 516, 479, 564, 550, 214,1506,1507,1313, 413, 239, 444, 339,1145,
+1036,1508,1509,1314,1037,1510,1315,2411,1511,2412,2413,2414, 176, 703, 497, 624,
+ 593, 921, 302,2415, 341, 165,1103,1512,2416,1513,2417,2418,2419, 376,2420, 700,
+2421,2422,2423, 258, 768,1316,2424,1183,2425, 995, 608,2426,2427,2428,2429, 221,
+2430,2431,2432,2433,2434,2435,2436,2437, 195, 323, 726, 188, 897, 983,1317, 377,
+ 644,1050, 879,2438, 452,2439,2440,2441,2442,2443,2444, 914,2445,2446,2447,2448,
+ 915, 489,2449,1514,1184,2450,2451, 515,  64, 427, 495,2452, 583,2453, 483, 485,
+1038, 562, 213,1515, 748, 666,2454,2455,2456,2457, 334,2458, 780, 996,1008, 705,
+1243,2459,2460,2461,2462,2463, 114,2464, 493,1146, 366, 163,1516, 961,1104,2465,
+ 291,2466,1318,1105,2467,1517, 365,2468, 355, 951,1244,2469,1319,2470, 631,2471,
+2472, 218,1320, 364, 320, 756,1518,1519,1321,1520,1322,2473,2474,2475,2476, 997,
+2477,2478,2479,2480, 665,1185,2481, 916,1521,2482,2483,2484, 584, 684,2485,2486,
+ 797,2487,1051,1186,2488,2489,2490,1522,2491,2492, 370,2493,1039,1187,  65,2494,
+ 434, 205, 463,1188,2495, 125, 812, 391, 402, 826, 699, 286, 398, 155, 781, 771,
+ 585,2496, 590, 505,1073,2497, 599, 244, 219, 917,1018, 952, 646,1523,2498,1323,
+2499,2500,  49, 984, 354, 741,2501, 625,2502,1324,2503,1019, 190, 357, 757, 491,
+  95, 782, 868,2504,2505,2506,2507,2508,2509, 134,1524,1074, 422,1525, 898,2510,
+ 161,2511,2512,2513,2514, 769,2515,1526,2516,2517, 411,1325,2518, 472,1527,2519,
+2520,2521,2522,2523,2524, 985,2525,2526,2527,2528,2529,2530, 764,2531,1245,2532,
+2533,  25, 204, 311,2534, 496,2535,1052,2536,2537,2538,2539,2540,2541,2542, 199,
+ 704, 504, 468, 758, 657,1528, 196,  44, 839,1246, 272, 750,2543, 765, 862,2544,
+2545,1326,2546, 132, 615, 933,2547, 732,2548,2549,2550,1189,1529,2551, 283,1247,
+1053, 607, 929,2552,2553,2554, 930, 183, 872, 616,1040,1147,2555,1148,1020, 441,
+ 249,1075,2556,2557,2558, 466, 743,2559,2560,2561,  92, 514, 426, 420, 526,2562,
+2563,2564,2565,2566,2567,2568, 185,2569,2570,2571,2572, 776,1530, 658,2573, 362,
+2574, 361, 922,1076, 793,2575,2576,2577,2578,2579,2580,1531, 251,2581,2582,2583,
+2584,1532,  54, 612, 237,1327,2585,2586, 275, 408, 647, 111,2587,1533,1106, 465,
+   3, 458,   9,  38,2588, 107, 110, 890, 209,  26, 737, 498,2589,1534,2590, 431,
+ 202,  88,1535, 356, 287,1107, 660,1149,2591, 381,1536, 986,1150, 445,1248,1151,
+ 974,2592,2593, 846,2594, 446, 953, 184,1249,1250, 727,2595, 923, 193, 883,2596,
+2597,2598, 102, 324, 539, 817,2599, 421,1041,2600, 832,2601,  94, 175, 197, 406,
+2602, 459,2603,2604,2605,2606,2607, 330, 555,2608,2609,2610, 706,1108, 389,2611,
+2612,2613,2614, 233,2615, 833, 558, 931, 954,1251,2616,2617,1537, 546,2618,2619,
+1009,2620,2621,2622,1538, 690,1328,2623, 955,2624,1539,2625,2626, 772,2627,2628,
+2629,2630,2631, 924, 648, 863, 603,2632,2633, 934,1540, 864, 865,2634, 642,1042,
+ 670,1190,2635,2636,2637,2638, 168,2639, 652, 873, 542,1054,1541,2640,2641,2642,  # 512, 256
+)
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euckrprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euckrprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fc5de04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euckrprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .chardistribution import EUCKRDistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import EUCKR_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class EUCKRProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(EUCKR_SM_MODEL)
+        self.distribution_analyzer = EUCKRDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "EUC-KR"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Korean"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euctwfreq.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euctwfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4900ccc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euctwfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# EUCTW frequency table
+# Converted from big5 work
+# by Taiwan's Mandarin Promotion Council
+# <http:#www.edu.tw:81/mandr/>
+
+# 128  --> 0.42261
+# 256  --> 0.57851
+# 512  --> 0.74851
+# 1024 --> 0.89384
+# 2048 --> 0.97583
+#
+# Idea Distribution Ratio = 0.74851/(1-0.74851) =2.98
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512/(5401-512)=0.105
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher than RDR
+
+EUCTW_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.75
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table
+EUCTW_TABLE_SIZE = 5376
+
+# fmt: off
+EUCTW_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER = (
+    1, 1800, 1506, 255, 1431, 198, 9, 82, 6, 7310, 177, 202, 3615, 1256, 2808, 110,  # 2742
+    3735, 33, 3241, 261, 76, 44, 2113, 16, 2931, 2184, 1176, 659, 3868, 26, 3404, 2643,  # 2758
+    1198, 3869, 3313, 4060, 410, 2211, 302, 590, 361, 1963, 8, 204, 58, 4296, 7311, 1931,  # 2774
+    63, 7312, 7313, 317, 1614, 75, 222, 159, 4061, 2412, 1480, 7314, 3500, 3068, 224, 2809,  # 2790
+    3616, 3, 10, 3870, 1471, 29, 2774, 1135, 2852, 1939, 873, 130, 3242, 1123, 312, 7315,  # 2806
+    4297, 2051, 507, 252, 682, 7316, 142, 1914, 124, 206, 2932, 34, 3501, 3173, 64, 604,  # 2822
+    7317, 2494, 1976, 1977, 155, 1990, 645, 641, 1606, 7318, 3405, 337, 72, 406, 7319, 80,  # 2838
+    630, 238, 3174, 1509, 263, 939, 1092, 2644, 756, 1440, 1094, 3406, 449, 69, 2969, 591,  # 2854
+    179, 2095, 471, 115, 2034, 1843, 60, 50, 2970, 134, 806, 1868, 734, 2035, 3407, 180,  # 2870
+    995, 1607, 156, 537, 2893, 688, 7320, 319, 1305, 779, 2144, 514, 2374, 298, 4298, 359,  # 2886
+    2495, 90, 2707, 1338, 663, 11, 906, 1099, 2545, 20, 2436, 182, 532, 1716, 7321, 732,  # 2902
+    1376, 4062, 1311, 1420, 3175, 25, 2312, 1056, 113, 399, 382, 1949, 242, 3408, 2467, 529,  # 2918
+    3243, 475, 1447, 3617, 7322, 117, 21, 656, 810, 1297, 2295, 2329, 3502, 7323, 126, 4063,  # 2934
+    706, 456, 150, 613, 4299, 71, 1118, 2036, 4064, 145, 3069, 85, 835, 486, 2114, 1246,  # 2950
+    1426, 428, 727, 1285, 1015, 800, 106, 623, 303, 1281, 7324, 2127, 2354, 347, 3736, 221,  # 2966
+    3503, 3110, 7325, 1955, 1153, 4065, 83, 296, 1199, 3070, 192, 624, 93, 7326, 822, 1897,  # 2982
+    2810, 3111, 795, 2064, 991, 1554, 1542, 1592, 27, 43, 2853, 859, 139, 1456, 860, 4300,  # 2998
+    437, 712, 3871, 164, 2392, 3112, 695, 211, 3017, 2096, 195, 3872, 1608, 3504, 3505, 3618,  # 3014
+    3873, 234, 811, 2971, 2097, 3874, 2229, 1441, 3506, 1615, 2375, 668, 2076, 1638, 305, 228,  # 3030
+    1664, 4301, 467, 415, 7327, 262, 2098, 1593, 239, 108, 300, 200, 1033, 512, 1247, 2077,  # 3046
+    7328, 7329, 2173, 3176, 3619, 2673, 593, 845, 1062, 3244, 88, 1723, 2037, 3875, 1950, 212,  # 3062
+    266, 152, 149, 468, 1898, 4066, 4302, 77, 187, 7330, 3018, 37, 5, 2972, 7331, 3876,  # 3078
+    7332, 7333, 39, 2517, 4303, 2894, 3177, 2078, 55, 148, 74, 4304, 545, 483, 1474, 1029,  # 3094
+    1665, 217, 1869, 1531, 3113, 1104, 2645, 4067, 24, 172, 3507, 900, 3877, 3508, 3509, 4305,  # 3110
+    32, 1408, 2811, 1312, 329, 487, 2355, 2247, 2708, 784, 2674, 4, 3019, 3314, 1427, 1788,  # 3126
+    188, 109, 499, 7334, 3620, 1717, 1789, 888, 1217, 3020, 4306, 7335, 3510, 7336, 3315, 1520,  # 3142
+    3621, 3878, 196, 1034, 775, 7337, 7338, 929, 1815, 249, 439, 38, 7339, 1063, 7340, 794,  # 3158
+    3879, 1435, 2296, 46, 178, 3245, 2065, 7341, 2376, 7342, 214, 1709, 4307, 804, 35, 707,  # 3174
+    324, 3622, 1601, 2546, 140, 459, 4068, 7343, 7344, 1365, 839, 272, 978, 2257, 2572, 3409,  # 3190
+    2128, 1363, 3623, 1423, 697, 100, 3071, 48, 70, 1231, 495, 3114, 2193, 7345, 1294, 7346,  # 3206
+    2079, 462, 586, 1042, 3246, 853, 256, 988, 185, 2377, 3410, 1698, 434, 1084, 7347, 3411,  # 3222
+    314, 2615, 2775, 4308, 2330, 2331, 569, 2280, 637, 1816, 2518, 757, 1162, 1878, 1616, 3412,  # 3238
+    287, 1577, 2115, 768, 4309, 1671, 2854, 3511, 2519, 1321, 3737, 909, 2413, 7348, 4069, 933,  # 3254
+    3738, 7349, 2052, 2356, 1222, 4310, 765, 2414, 1322, 786, 4311, 7350, 1919, 1462, 1677, 2895,  # 3270
+    1699, 7351, 4312, 1424, 2437, 3115, 3624, 2590, 3316, 1774, 1940, 3413, 3880, 4070, 309, 1369,  # 3286
+    1130, 2812, 364, 2230, 1653, 1299, 3881, 3512, 3882, 3883, 2646, 525, 1085, 3021, 902, 2000,  # 3302
+    1475, 964, 4313, 421, 1844, 1415, 1057, 2281, 940, 1364, 3116, 376, 4314, 4315, 1381, 7,  # 3318
+    2520, 983, 2378, 336, 1710, 2675, 1845, 321, 3414, 559, 1131, 3022, 2742, 1808, 1132, 1313,  # 3334
+    265, 1481, 1857, 7352, 352, 1203, 2813, 3247, 167, 1089, 420, 2814, 776, 792, 1724, 3513,  # 3350
+    4071, 2438, 3248, 7353, 4072, 7354, 446, 229, 333, 2743, 901, 3739, 1200, 1557, 4316, 2647,  # 3366
+    1920, 395, 2744, 2676, 3740, 4073, 1835, 125, 916, 3178, 2616, 4317, 7355, 7356, 3741, 7357,  # 3382
+    7358, 7359, 4318, 3117, 3625, 1133, 2547, 1757, 3415, 1510, 2313, 1409, 3514, 7360, 2145, 438,  # 3398
+    2591, 2896, 2379, 3317, 1068, 958, 3023, 461, 311, 2855, 2677, 4074, 1915, 3179, 4075, 1978,  # 3414
+    383, 750, 2745, 2617, 4076, 274, 539, 385, 1278, 1442, 7361, 1154, 1964, 384, 561, 210,  # 3430
+    98, 1295, 2548, 3515, 7362, 1711, 2415, 1482, 3416, 3884, 2897, 1257, 129, 7363, 3742, 642,  # 3446
+    523, 2776, 2777, 2648, 7364, 141, 2231, 1333, 68, 176, 441, 876, 907, 4077, 603, 2592,  # 3462
+    710, 171, 3417, 404, 549, 18, 3118, 2393, 1410, 3626, 1666, 7365, 3516, 4319, 2898, 4320,  # 3478
+    7366, 2973, 368, 7367, 146, 366, 99, 871, 3627, 1543, 748, 807, 1586, 1185, 22, 2258,  # 3494
+    379, 3743, 3180, 7368, 3181, 505, 1941, 2618, 1991, 1382, 2314, 7369, 380, 2357, 218, 702,  # 3510
+    1817, 1248, 3418, 3024, 3517, 3318, 3249, 7370, 2974, 3628, 930, 3250, 3744, 7371, 59, 7372,  # 3526
+    585, 601, 4078, 497, 3419, 1112, 1314, 4321, 1801, 7373, 1223, 1472, 2174, 7374, 749, 1836,  # 3542
+    690, 1899, 3745, 1772, 3885, 1476, 429, 1043, 1790, 2232, 2116, 917, 4079, 447, 1086, 1629,  # 3558
+    7375, 556, 7376, 7377, 2020, 1654, 844, 1090, 105, 550, 966, 1758, 2815, 1008, 1782, 686,  # 3574
+    1095, 7378, 2282, 793, 1602, 7379, 3518, 2593, 4322, 4080, 2933, 2297, 4323, 3746, 980, 2496,  # 3590
+    544, 353, 527, 4324, 908, 2678, 2899, 7380, 381, 2619, 1942, 1348, 7381, 1341, 1252, 560,  # 3606
+    3072, 7382, 3420, 2856, 7383, 2053, 973, 886, 2080, 143, 4325, 7384, 7385, 157, 3886, 496,  # 3622
+    4081, 57, 840, 540, 2038, 4326, 4327, 3421, 2117, 1445, 970, 2259, 1748, 1965, 2081, 4082,  # 3638
+    3119, 1234, 1775, 3251, 2816, 3629, 773, 1206, 2129, 1066, 2039, 1326, 3887, 1738, 1725, 4083,  # 3654
+    279, 3120, 51, 1544, 2594, 423, 1578, 2130, 2066, 173, 4328, 1879, 7386, 7387, 1583, 264,  # 3670
+    610, 3630, 4329, 2439, 280, 154, 7388, 7389, 7390, 1739, 338, 1282, 3073, 693, 2857, 1411,  # 3686
+    1074, 3747, 2440, 7391, 4330, 7392, 7393, 1240, 952, 2394, 7394, 2900, 1538, 2679, 685, 1483,  # 3702
+    4084, 2468, 1436, 953, 4085, 2054, 4331, 671, 2395, 79, 4086, 2441, 3252, 608, 567, 2680,  # 3718
+    3422, 4087, 4088, 1691, 393, 1261, 1791, 2396, 7395, 4332, 7396, 7397, 7398, 7399, 1383, 1672,  # 3734
+    3748, 3182, 1464, 522, 1119, 661, 1150, 216, 675, 4333, 3888, 1432, 3519, 609, 4334, 2681,  # 3750
+    2397, 7400, 7401, 7402, 4089, 3025, 0, 7403, 2469, 315, 231, 2442, 301, 3319, 4335, 2380,  # 3766
+    7404, 233, 4090, 3631, 1818, 4336, 4337, 7405, 96, 1776, 1315, 2082, 7406, 257, 7407, 1809,  # 3782
+    3632, 2709, 1139, 1819, 4091, 2021, 1124, 2163, 2778, 1777, 2649, 7408, 3074, 363, 1655, 3183,  # 3798
+    7409, 2975, 7410, 7411, 7412, 3889, 1567, 3890, 718, 103, 3184, 849, 1443, 341, 3320, 2934,  # 3814
+    1484, 7413, 1712, 127, 67, 339, 4092, 2398, 679, 1412, 821, 7414, 7415, 834, 738, 351,  # 3830
+    2976, 2146, 846, 235, 1497, 1880, 418, 1992, 3749, 2710, 186, 1100, 2147, 2746, 3520, 1545,  # 3846
+    1355, 2935, 2858, 1377, 583, 3891, 4093, 2573, 2977, 7416, 1298, 3633, 1078, 2549, 3634, 2358,  # 3862
+    78, 3750, 3751, 267, 1289, 2099, 2001, 1594, 4094, 348, 369, 1274, 2194, 2175, 1837, 4338,  # 3878
+    1820, 2817, 3635, 2747, 2283, 2002, 4339, 2936, 2748, 144, 3321, 882, 4340, 3892, 2749, 3423,  # 3894
+    4341, 2901, 7417, 4095, 1726, 320, 7418, 3893, 3026, 788, 2978, 7419, 2818, 1773, 1327, 2859,  # 3910
+    3894, 2819, 7420, 1306, 4342, 2003, 1700, 3752, 3521, 2359, 2650, 787, 2022, 506, 824, 3636,  # 3926
+    534, 323, 4343, 1044, 3322, 2023, 1900, 946, 3424, 7421, 1778, 1500, 1678, 7422, 1881, 4344,  # 3942
+    165, 243, 4345, 3637, 2521, 123, 683, 4096, 764, 4346, 36, 3895, 1792, 589, 2902, 816,  # 3958
+    626, 1667, 3027, 2233, 1639, 1555, 1622, 3753, 3896, 7423, 3897, 2860, 1370, 1228, 1932, 891,  # 3974
+    2083, 2903, 304, 4097, 7424, 292, 2979, 2711, 3522, 691, 2100, 4098, 1115, 4347, 118, 662,  # 3990
+    7425, 611, 1156, 854, 2381, 1316, 2861, 2, 386, 515, 2904, 7426, 7427, 3253, 868, 2234,  # 4006
+    1486, 855, 2651, 785, 2212, 3028, 7428, 1040, 3185, 3523, 7429, 3121, 448, 7430, 1525, 7431,  # 4022
+    2164, 4348, 7432, 3754, 7433, 4099, 2820, 3524, 3122, 503, 818, 3898, 3123, 1568, 814, 676,  # 4038
+    1444, 306, 1749, 7434, 3755, 1416, 1030, 197, 1428, 805, 2821, 1501, 4349, 7435, 7436, 7437,  # 4054
+    1993, 7438, 4350, 7439, 7440, 2195, 13, 2779, 3638, 2980, 3124, 1229, 1916, 7441, 3756, 2131,  # 4070
+    7442, 4100, 4351, 2399, 3525, 7443, 2213, 1511, 1727, 1120, 7444, 7445, 646, 3757, 2443, 307,  # 4086
+    7446, 7447, 1595, 3186, 7448, 7449, 7450, 3639, 1113, 1356, 3899, 1465, 2522, 2523, 7451, 519,  # 4102
+    7452, 128, 2132, 92, 2284, 1979, 7453, 3900, 1512, 342, 3125, 2196, 7454, 2780, 2214, 1980,  # 4118
+    3323, 7455, 290, 1656, 1317, 789, 827, 2360, 7456, 3758, 4352, 562, 581, 3901, 7457, 401,  # 4134
+    4353, 2248, 94, 4354, 1399, 2781, 7458, 1463, 2024, 4355, 3187, 1943, 7459, 828, 1105, 4101,  # 4150
+    1262, 1394, 7460, 4102, 605, 4356, 7461, 1783, 2862, 7462, 2822, 819, 2101, 578, 2197, 2937,  # 4166
+    7463, 1502, 436, 3254, 4103, 3255, 2823, 3902, 2905, 3425, 3426, 7464, 2712, 2315, 7465, 7466,  # 4182
+    2332, 2067, 23, 4357, 193, 826, 3759, 2102, 699, 1630, 4104, 3075, 390, 1793, 1064, 3526,  # 4198
+    7467, 1579, 3076, 3077, 1400, 7468, 4105, 1838, 1640, 2863, 7469, 4358, 4359, 137, 4106, 598,  # 4214
+    3078, 1966, 780, 104, 974, 2938, 7470, 278, 899, 253, 402, 572, 504, 493, 1339, 7471,  # 4230
+    3903, 1275, 4360, 2574, 2550, 7472, 3640, 3029, 3079, 2249, 565, 1334, 2713, 863, 41, 7473,  # 4246
+    7474, 4361, 7475, 1657, 2333, 19, 463, 2750, 4107, 606, 7476, 2981, 3256, 1087, 2084, 1323,  # 4262
+    2652, 2982, 7477, 1631, 1623, 1750, 4108, 2682, 7478, 2864, 791, 2714, 2653, 2334, 232, 2416,  # 4278
+    7479, 2983, 1498, 7480, 2654, 2620, 755, 1366, 3641, 3257, 3126, 2025, 1609, 119, 1917, 3427,  # 4294
+    862, 1026, 4109, 7481, 3904, 3760, 4362, 3905, 4363, 2260, 1951, 2470, 7482, 1125, 817, 4110,  # 4310
+    4111, 3906, 1513, 1766, 2040, 1487, 4112, 3030, 3258, 2824, 3761, 3127, 7483, 7484, 1507, 7485,  # 4326
+    2683, 733, 40, 1632, 1106, 2865, 345, 4113, 841, 2524, 230, 4364, 2984, 1846, 3259, 3428,  # 4342
+    7486, 1263, 986, 3429, 7487, 735, 879, 254, 1137, 857, 622, 1300, 1180, 1388, 1562, 3907,  # 4358
+    3908, 2939, 967, 2751, 2655, 1349, 592, 2133, 1692, 3324, 2985, 1994, 4114, 1679, 3909, 1901,  # 4374
+    2185, 7488, 739, 3642, 2715, 1296, 1290, 7489, 4115, 2198, 2199, 1921, 1563, 2595, 2551, 1870,  # 4390
+    2752, 2986, 7490, 435, 7491, 343, 1108, 596, 17, 1751, 4365, 2235, 3430, 3643, 7492, 4366,  # 4406
+    294, 3527, 2940, 1693, 477, 979, 281, 2041, 3528, 643, 2042, 3644, 2621, 2782, 2261, 1031,  # 4422
+    2335, 2134, 2298, 3529, 4367, 367, 1249, 2552, 7493, 3530, 7494, 4368, 1283, 3325, 2004, 240,  # 4438
+    1762, 3326, 4369, 4370, 836, 1069, 3128, 474, 7495, 2148, 2525, 268, 3531, 7496, 3188, 1521,  # 4454
+    1284, 7497, 1658, 1546, 4116, 7498, 3532, 3533, 7499, 4117, 3327, 2684, 1685, 4118, 961, 1673,  # 4470
+    2622, 190, 2005, 2200, 3762, 4371, 4372, 7500, 570, 2497, 3645, 1490, 7501, 4373, 2623, 3260,  # 4486
+    1956, 4374, 584, 1514, 396, 1045, 1944, 7502, 4375, 1967, 2444, 7503, 7504, 4376, 3910, 619,  # 4502
+    7505, 3129, 3261, 215, 2006, 2783, 2553, 3189, 4377, 3190, 4378, 763, 4119, 3763, 4379, 7506,  # 4518
+    7507, 1957, 1767, 2941, 3328, 3646, 1174, 452, 1477, 4380, 3329, 3130, 7508, 2825, 1253, 2382,  # 4534
+    2186, 1091, 2285, 4120, 492, 7509, 638, 1169, 1824, 2135, 1752, 3911, 648, 926, 1021, 1324,  # 4550
+    4381, 520, 4382, 997, 847, 1007, 892, 4383, 3764, 2262, 1871, 3647, 7510, 2400, 1784, 4384,  # 4566
+    1952, 2942, 3080, 3191, 1728, 4121, 2043, 3648, 4385, 2007, 1701, 3131, 1551, 30, 2263, 4122,  # 4582
+    7511, 2026, 4386, 3534, 7512, 501, 7513, 4123, 594, 3431, 2165, 1821, 3535, 3432, 3536, 3192,  # 4598
+    829, 2826, 4124, 7514, 1680, 3132, 1225, 4125, 7515, 3262, 4387, 4126, 3133, 2336, 7516, 4388,  # 4614
+    4127, 7517, 3912, 3913, 7518, 1847, 2383, 2596, 3330, 7519, 4389, 374, 3914, 652, 4128, 4129,  # 4630
+    375, 1140, 798, 7520, 7521, 7522, 2361, 4390, 2264, 546, 1659, 138, 3031, 2445, 4391, 7523,  # 4646
+    2250, 612, 1848, 910, 796, 3765, 1740, 1371, 825, 3766, 3767, 7524, 2906, 2554, 7525, 692,  # 4662
+    444, 3032, 2624, 801, 4392, 4130, 7526, 1491, 244, 1053, 3033, 4131, 4132, 340, 7527, 3915,  # 4678
+    1041, 2987, 293, 1168, 87, 1357, 7528, 1539, 959, 7529, 2236, 721, 694, 4133, 3768, 219,  # 4694
+    1478, 644, 1417, 3331, 2656, 1413, 1401, 1335, 1389, 3916, 7530, 7531, 2988, 2362, 3134, 1825,  # 4710
+    730, 1515, 184, 2827, 66, 4393, 7532, 1660, 2943, 246, 3332, 378, 1457, 226, 3433, 975,  # 4726
+    3917, 2944, 1264, 3537, 674, 696, 7533, 163, 7534, 1141, 2417, 2166, 713, 3538, 3333, 4394,  # 4742
+    3918, 7535, 7536, 1186, 15, 7537, 1079, 1070, 7538, 1522, 3193, 3539, 276, 1050, 2716, 758,  # 4758
+    1126, 653, 2945, 3263, 7539, 2337, 889, 3540, 3919, 3081, 2989, 903, 1250, 4395, 3920, 3434,  # 4774
+    3541, 1342, 1681, 1718, 766, 3264, 286, 89, 2946, 3649, 7540, 1713, 7541, 2597, 3334, 2990,  # 4790
+    7542, 2947, 2215, 3194, 2866, 7543, 4396, 2498, 2526, 181, 387, 1075, 3921, 731, 2187, 3335,  # 4806
+    7544, 3265, 310, 313, 3435, 2299, 770, 4134, 54, 3034, 189, 4397, 3082, 3769, 3922, 7545,  # 4822
+    1230, 1617, 1849, 355, 3542, 4135, 4398, 3336, 111, 4136, 3650, 1350, 3135, 3436, 3035, 4137,  # 4838
+    2149, 3266, 3543, 7546, 2784, 3923, 3924, 2991, 722, 2008, 7547, 1071, 247, 1207, 2338, 2471,  # 4854
+    1378, 4399, 2009, 864, 1437, 1214, 4400, 373, 3770, 1142, 2216, 667, 4401, 442, 2753, 2555,  # 4870
+    3771, 3925, 1968, 4138, 3267, 1839, 837, 170, 1107, 934, 1336, 1882, 7548, 7549, 2118, 4139,  # 4886
+    2828, 743, 1569, 7550, 4402, 4140, 582, 2384, 1418, 3437, 7551, 1802, 7552, 357, 1395, 1729,  # 4902
+    3651, 3268, 2418, 1564, 2237, 7553, 3083, 3772, 1633, 4403, 1114, 2085, 4141, 1532, 7554, 482,  # 4918
+    2446, 4404, 7555, 7556, 1492, 833, 1466, 7557, 2717, 3544, 1641, 2829, 7558, 1526, 1272, 3652,  # 4934
+    4142, 1686, 1794, 416, 2556, 1902, 1953, 1803, 7559, 3773, 2785, 3774, 1159, 2316, 7560, 2867,  # 4950
+    4405, 1610, 1584, 3036, 2419, 2754, 443, 3269, 1163, 3136, 7561, 7562, 3926, 7563, 4143, 2499,  # 4966
+    3037, 4406, 3927, 3137, 2103, 1647, 3545, 2010, 1872, 4144, 7564, 4145, 431, 3438, 7565, 250,  # 4982
+    97, 81, 4146, 7566, 1648, 1850, 1558, 160, 848, 7567, 866, 740, 1694, 7568, 2201, 2830,  # 4998
+    3195, 4147, 4407, 3653, 1687, 950, 2472, 426, 469, 3196, 3654, 3655, 3928, 7569, 7570, 1188,  # 5014
+    424, 1995, 861, 3546, 4148, 3775, 2202, 2685, 168, 1235, 3547, 4149, 7571, 2086, 1674, 4408,  # 5030
+    3337, 3270, 220, 2557, 1009, 7572, 3776, 670, 2992, 332, 1208, 717, 7573, 7574, 3548, 2447,  # 5046
+    3929, 3338, 7575, 513, 7576, 1209, 2868, 3339, 3138, 4409, 1080, 7577, 7578, 7579, 7580, 2527,  # 5062
+    3656, 3549, 815, 1587, 3930, 3931, 7581, 3550, 3439, 3777, 1254, 4410, 1328, 3038, 1390, 3932,  # 5078
+    1741, 3933, 3778, 3934, 7582, 236, 3779, 2448, 3271, 7583, 7584, 3657, 3780, 1273, 3781, 4411,  # 5094
+    7585, 308, 7586, 4412, 245, 4413, 1851, 2473, 1307, 2575, 430, 715, 2136, 2449, 7587, 270,  # 5110
+    199, 2869, 3935, 7588, 3551, 2718, 1753, 761, 1754, 725, 1661, 1840, 4414, 3440, 3658, 7589,  # 5126
+    7590, 587, 14, 3272, 227, 2598, 326, 480, 2265, 943, 2755, 3552, 291, 650, 1883, 7591,  # 5142
+    1702, 1226, 102, 1547, 62, 3441, 904, 4415, 3442, 1164, 4150, 7592, 7593, 1224, 1548, 2756,  # 5158
+    391, 498, 1493, 7594, 1386, 1419, 7595, 2055, 1177, 4416, 813, 880, 1081, 2363, 566, 1145,  # 5174
+    4417, 2286, 1001, 1035, 2558, 2599, 2238, 394, 1286, 7596, 7597, 2068, 7598, 86, 1494, 1730,  # 5190
+    3936, 491, 1588, 745, 897, 2948, 843, 3340, 3937, 2757, 2870, 3273, 1768, 998, 2217, 2069,  # 5206
+    397, 1826, 1195, 1969, 3659, 2993, 3341, 284, 7599, 3782, 2500, 2137, 2119, 1903, 7600, 3938,  # 5222
+    2150, 3939, 4151, 1036, 3443, 1904, 114, 2559, 4152, 209, 1527, 7601, 7602, 2949, 2831, 2625,  # 5238
+    2385, 2719, 3139, 812, 2560, 7603, 3274, 7604, 1559, 737, 1884, 3660, 1210, 885, 28, 2686,  # 5254
+    3553, 3783, 7605, 4153, 1004, 1779, 4418, 7606, 346, 1981, 2218, 2687, 4419, 3784, 1742, 797,  # 5270
+    1642, 3940, 1933, 1072, 1384, 2151, 896, 3941, 3275, 3661, 3197, 2871, 3554, 7607, 2561, 1958,  # 5286
+    4420, 2450, 1785, 7608, 7609, 7610, 3942, 4154, 1005, 1308, 3662, 4155, 2720, 4421, 4422, 1528,  # 5302
+    2600, 161, 1178, 4156, 1982, 987, 4423, 1101, 4157, 631, 3943, 1157, 3198, 2420, 1343, 1241,  # 5318
+    1016, 2239, 2562, 372, 877, 2339, 2501, 1160, 555, 1934, 911, 3944, 7611, 466, 1170, 169,  # 5334
+    1051, 2907, 2688, 3663, 2474, 2994, 1182, 2011, 2563, 1251, 2626, 7612, 992, 2340, 3444, 1540,  # 5350
+    2721, 1201, 2070, 2401, 1996, 2475, 7613, 4424, 528, 1922, 2188, 1503, 1873, 1570, 2364, 3342,  # 5366
+    3276, 7614, 557, 1073, 7615, 1827, 3445, 2087, 2266, 3140, 3039, 3084, 767, 3085, 2786, 4425,  # 5382
+    1006, 4158, 4426, 2341, 1267, 2176, 3664, 3199, 778, 3945, 3200, 2722, 1597, 2657, 7616, 4427,  # 5398
+    7617, 3446, 7618, 7619, 7620, 3277, 2689, 1433, 3278, 131, 95, 1504, 3946, 723, 4159, 3141,  # 5414
+    1841, 3555, 2758, 2189, 3947, 2027, 2104, 3665, 7621, 2995, 3948, 1218, 7622, 3343, 3201, 3949,  # 5430
+    4160, 2576, 248, 1634, 3785, 912, 7623, 2832, 3666, 3040, 3786, 654, 53, 7624, 2996, 7625,  # 5446
+    1688, 4428, 777, 3447, 1032, 3950, 1425, 7626, 191, 820, 2120, 2833, 971, 4429, 931, 3202,  # 5462
+    135, 664, 783, 3787, 1997, 772, 2908, 1935, 3951, 3788, 4430, 2909, 3203, 282, 2723, 640,  # 5478
+    1372, 3448, 1127, 922, 325, 3344, 7627, 7628, 711, 2044, 7629, 7630, 3952, 2219, 2787, 1936,  # 5494
+    3953, 3345, 2220, 2251, 3789, 2300, 7631, 4431, 3790, 1258, 3279, 3954, 3204, 2138, 2950, 3955,  # 5510
+    3956, 7632, 2221, 258, 3205, 4432, 101, 1227, 7633, 3280, 1755, 7634, 1391, 3281, 7635, 2910,  # 5526
+    2056, 893, 7636, 7637, 7638, 1402, 4161, 2342, 7639, 7640, 3206, 3556, 7641, 7642, 878, 1325,  # 5542
+    1780, 2788, 4433, 259, 1385, 2577, 744, 1183, 2267, 4434, 7643, 3957, 2502, 7644, 684, 1024,  # 5558
+    4162, 7645, 472, 3557, 3449, 1165, 3282, 3958, 3959, 322, 2152, 881, 455, 1695, 1152, 1340,  # 5574
+    660, 554, 2153, 4435, 1058, 4436, 4163, 830, 1065, 3346, 3960, 4437, 1923, 7646, 1703, 1918,  # 5590
+    7647, 932, 2268, 122, 7648, 4438, 947, 677, 7649, 3791, 2627, 297, 1905, 1924, 2269, 4439,  # 5606
+    2317, 3283, 7650, 7651, 4164, 7652, 4165, 84, 4166, 112, 989, 7653, 547, 1059, 3961, 701,  # 5622
+    3558, 1019, 7654, 4167, 7655, 3450, 942, 639, 457, 2301, 2451, 993, 2951, 407, 851, 494,  # 5638
+    4440, 3347, 927, 7656, 1237, 7657, 2421, 3348, 573, 4168, 680, 921, 2911, 1279, 1874, 285,  # 5654
+    790, 1448, 1983, 719, 2167, 7658, 7659, 4441, 3962, 3963, 1649, 7660, 1541, 563, 7661, 1077,  # 5670
+    7662, 3349, 3041, 3451, 511, 2997, 3964, 3965, 3667, 3966, 1268, 2564, 3350, 3207, 4442, 4443,  # 5686
+    7663, 535, 1048, 1276, 1189, 2912, 2028, 3142, 1438, 1373, 2834, 2952, 1134, 2012, 7664, 4169,  # 5702
+    1238, 2578, 3086, 1259, 7665, 700, 7666, 2953, 3143, 3668, 4170, 7667, 4171, 1146, 1875, 1906,  # 5718
+    4444, 2601, 3967, 781, 2422, 132, 1589, 203, 147, 273, 2789, 2402, 898, 1786, 2154, 3968,  # 5734
+    3969, 7668, 3792, 2790, 7669, 7670, 4445, 4446, 7671, 3208, 7672, 1635, 3793, 965, 7673, 1804,  # 5750
+    2690, 1516, 3559, 1121, 1082, 1329, 3284, 3970, 1449, 3794, 65, 1128, 2835, 2913, 2759, 1590,  # 5766
+    3795, 7674, 7675, 12, 2658, 45, 976, 2579, 3144, 4447, 517, 2528, 1013, 1037, 3209, 7676,  # 5782
+    3796, 2836, 7677, 3797, 7678, 3452, 7679, 2602, 614, 1998, 2318, 3798, 3087, 2724, 2628, 7680,  # 5798
+    2580, 4172, 599, 1269, 7681, 1810, 3669, 7682, 2691, 3088, 759, 1060, 489, 1805, 3351, 3285,  # 5814
+    1358, 7683, 7684, 2386, 1387, 1215, 2629, 2252, 490, 7685, 7686, 4173, 1759, 2387, 2343, 7687,  # 5830
+    4448, 3799, 1907, 3971, 2630, 1806, 3210, 4449, 3453, 3286, 2760, 2344, 874, 7688, 7689, 3454,  # 5846
+    3670, 1858, 91, 2914, 3671, 3042, 3800, 4450, 7690, 3145, 3972, 2659, 7691, 3455, 1202, 1403,  # 5862
+    3801, 2954, 2529, 1517, 2503, 4451, 3456, 2504, 7692, 4452, 7693, 2692, 1885, 1495, 1731, 3973,  # 5878
+    2365, 4453, 7694, 2029, 7695, 7696, 3974, 2693, 1216, 237, 2581, 4174, 2319, 3975, 3802, 4454,  # 5894
+    4455, 2694, 3560, 3457, 445, 4456, 7697, 7698, 7699, 7700, 2761, 61, 3976, 3672, 1822, 3977,  # 5910
+    7701, 687, 2045, 935, 925, 405, 2660, 703, 1096, 1859, 2725, 4457, 3978, 1876, 1367, 2695,  # 5926
+    3352, 918, 2105, 1781, 2476, 334, 3287, 1611, 1093, 4458, 564, 3146, 3458, 3673, 3353, 945,  # 5942
+    2631, 2057, 4459, 7702, 1925, 872, 4175, 7703, 3459, 2696, 3089, 349, 4176, 3674, 3979, 4460,  # 5958
+    3803, 4177, 3675, 2155, 3980, 4461, 4462, 4178, 4463, 2403, 2046, 782, 3981, 400, 251, 4179,  # 5974
+    1624, 7704, 7705, 277, 3676, 299, 1265, 476, 1191, 3804, 2121, 4180, 4181, 1109, 205, 7706,  # 5990
+    2582, 1000, 2156, 3561, 1860, 7707, 7708, 7709, 4464, 7710, 4465, 2565, 107, 2477, 2157, 3982,  # 6006
+    3460, 3147, 7711, 1533, 541, 1301, 158, 753, 4182, 2872, 3562, 7712, 1696, 370, 1088, 4183,  # 6022
+    4466, 3563, 579, 327, 440, 162, 2240, 269, 1937, 1374, 3461, 968, 3043, 56, 1396, 3090,  # 6038
+    2106, 3288, 3354, 7713, 1926, 2158, 4467, 2998, 7714, 3564, 7715, 7716, 3677, 4468, 2478, 7717,  # 6054
+    2791, 7718, 1650, 4469, 7719, 2603, 7720, 7721, 3983, 2661, 3355, 1149, 3356, 3984, 3805, 3985,  # 6070
+    7722, 1076, 49, 7723, 951, 3211, 3289, 3290, 450, 2837, 920, 7724, 1811, 2792, 2366, 4184,  # 6086
+    1908, 1138, 2367, 3806, 3462, 7725, 3212, 4470, 1909, 1147, 1518, 2423, 4471, 3807, 7726, 4472,  # 6102
+    2388, 2604, 260, 1795, 3213, 7727, 7728, 3808, 3291, 708, 7729, 3565, 1704, 7730, 3566, 1351,  # 6118
+    1618, 3357, 2999, 1886, 944, 4185, 3358, 4186, 3044, 3359, 4187, 7731, 3678, 422, 413, 1714,  # 6134
+    3292, 500, 2058, 2345, 4188, 2479, 7732, 1344, 1910, 954, 7733, 1668, 7734, 7735, 3986, 2404,  # 6150
+    4189, 3567, 3809, 4190, 7736, 2302, 1318, 2505, 3091, 133, 3092, 2873, 4473, 629, 31, 2838,  # 6166
+    2697, 3810, 4474, 850, 949, 4475, 3987, 2955, 1732, 2088, 4191, 1496, 1852, 7737, 3988, 620,  # 6182
+    3214, 981, 1242, 3679, 3360, 1619, 3680, 1643, 3293, 2139, 2452, 1970, 1719, 3463, 2168, 7738,  # 6198
+    3215, 7739, 7740, 3361, 1828, 7741, 1277, 4476, 1565, 2047, 7742, 1636, 3568, 3093, 7743, 869,  # 6214
+    2839, 655, 3811, 3812, 3094, 3989, 3000, 3813, 1310, 3569, 4477, 7744, 7745, 7746, 1733, 558,  # 6230
+    4478, 3681, 335, 1549, 3045, 1756, 4192, 3682, 1945, 3464, 1829, 1291, 1192, 470, 2726, 2107,  # 6246
+    2793, 913, 1054, 3990, 7747, 1027, 7748, 3046, 3991, 4479, 982, 2662, 3362, 3148, 3465, 3216,  # 6262
+    3217, 1946, 2794, 7749, 571, 4480, 7750, 1830, 7751, 3570, 2583, 1523, 2424, 7752, 2089, 984,  # 6278
+    4481, 3683, 1959, 7753, 3684, 852, 923, 2795, 3466, 3685, 969, 1519, 999, 2048, 2320, 1705,  # 6294
+    7754, 3095, 615, 1662, 151, 597, 3992, 2405, 2321, 1049, 275, 4482, 3686, 4193, 568, 3687,  # 6310
+    3571, 2480, 4194, 3688, 7755, 2425, 2270, 409, 3218, 7756, 1566, 2874, 3467, 1002, 769, 2840,  # 6326
+    194, 2090, 3149, 3689, 2222, 3294, 4195, 628, 1505, 7757, 7758, 1763, 2177, 3001, 3993, 521,  # 6342
+    1161, 2584, 1787, 2203, 2406, 4483, 3994, 1625, 4196, 4197, 412, 42, 3096, 464, 7759, 2632,  # 6358
+    4484, 3363, 1760, 1571, 2875, 3468, 2530, 1219, 2204, 3814, 2633, 2140, 2368, 4485, 4486, 3295,  # 6374
+    1651, 3364, 3572, 7760, 7761, 3573, 2481, 3469, 7762, 3690, 7763, 7764, 2271, 2091, 460, 7765,  # 6390
+    4487, 7766, 3002, 962, 588, 3574, 289, 3219, 2634, 1116, 52, 7767, 3047, 1796, 7768, 7769,  # 6406
+    7770, 1467, 7771, 1598, 1143, 3691, 4198, 1984, 1734, 1067, 4488, 1280, 3365, 465, 4489, 1572,  # 6422
+    510, 7772, 1927, 2241, 1812, 1644, 3575, 7773, 4490, 3692, 7774, 7775, 2663, 1573, 1534, 7776,  # 6438
+    7777, 4199, 536, 1807, 1761, 3470, 3815, 3150, 2635, 7778, 7779, 7780, 4491, 3471, 2915, 1911,  # 6454
+    2796, 7781, 3296, 1122, 377, 3220, 7782, 360, 7783, 7784, 4200, 1529, 551, 7785, 2059, 3693,  # 6470
+    1769, 2426, 7786, 2916, 4201, 3297, 3097, 2322, 2108, 2030, 4492, 1404, 136, 1468, 1479, 672,  # 6486
+    1171, 3221, 2303, 271, 3151, 7787, 2762, 7788, 2049, 678, 2727, 865, 1947, 4493, 7789, 2013,  # 6502
+    3995, 2956, 7790, 2728, 2223, 1397, 3048, 3694, 4494, 4495, 1735, 2917, 3366, 3576, 7791, 3816,  # 6518
+    509, 2841, 2453, 2876, 3817, 7792, 7793, 3152, 3153, 4496, 4202, 2531, 4497, 2304, 1166, 1010,  # 6534
+    552, 681, 1887, 7794, 7795, 2957, 2958, 3996, 1287, 1596, 1861, 3154, 358, 453, 736, 175,  # 6550
+    478, 1117, 905, 1167, 1097, 7796, 1853, 1530, 7797, 1706, 7798, 2178, 3472, 2287, 3695, 3473,  # 6566
+    3577, 4203, 2092, 4204, 7799, 3367, 1193, 2482, 4205, 1458, 2190, 2205, 1862, 1888, 1421, 3298,  # 6582
+    2918, 3049, 2179, 3474, 595, 2122, 7800, 3997, 7801, 7802, 4206, 1707, 2636, 223, 3696, 1359,  # 6598
+    751, 3098, 183, 3475, 7803, 2797, 3003, 419, 2369, 633, 704, 3818, 2389, 241, 7804, 7805,  # 6614
+    7806, 838, 3004, 3697, 2272, 2763, 2454, 3819, 1938, 2050, 3998, 1309, 3099, 2242, 1181, 7807,  # 6630
+    1136, 2206, 3820, 2370, 1446, 4207, 2305, 4498, 7808, 7809, 4208, 1055, 2605, 484, 3698, 7810,  # 6646
+    3999, 625, 4209, 2273, 3368, 1499, 4210, 4000, 7811, 4001, 4211, 3222, 2274, 2275, 3476, 7812,  # 6662
+    7813, 2764, 808, 2606, 3699, 3369, 4002, 4212, 3100, 2532, 526, 3370, 3821, 4213, 955, 7814,  # 6678
+    1620, 4214, 2637, 2427, 7815, 1429, 3700, 1669, 1831, 994, 928, 7816, 3578, 1260, 7817, 7818,  # 6694
+    7819, 1948, 2288, 741, 2919, 1626, 4215, 2729, 2455, 867, 1184, 362, 3371, 1392, 7820, 7821,  # 6710
+    4003, 4216, 1770, 1736, 3223, 2920, 4499, 4500, 1928, 2698, 1459, 1158, 7822, 3050, 3372, 2877,  # 6726
+    1292, 1929, 2506, 2842, 3701, 1985, 1187, 2071, 2014, 2607, 4217, 7823, 2566, 2507, 2169, 3702,  # 6742
+    2483, 3299, 7824, 3703, 4501, 7825, 7826, 666, 1003, 3005, 1022, 3579, 4218, 7827, 4502, 1813,  # 6758
+    2253, 574, 3822, 1603, 295, 1535, 705, 3823, 4219, 283, 858, 417, 7828, 7829, 3224, 4503,  # 6774
+    4504, 3051, 1220, 1889, 1046, 2276, 2456, 4004, 1393, 1599, 689, 2567, 388, 4220, 7830, 2484,  # 6790
+    802, 7831, 2798, 3824, 2060, 1405, 2254, 7832, 4505, 3825, 2109, 1052, 1345, 3225, 1585, 7833,  # 6806
+    809, 7834, 7835, 7836, 575, 2730, 3477, 956, 1552, 1469, 1144, 2323, 7837, 2324, 1560, 2457,  # 6822
+    3580, 3226, 4005, 616, 2207, 3155, 2180, 2289, 7838, 1832, 7839, 3478, 4506, 7840, 1319, 3704,  # 6838
+    3705, 1211, 3581, 1023, 3227, 1293, 2799, 7841, 7842, 7843, 3826, 607, 2306, 3827, 762, 2878,  # 6854
+    1439, 4221, 1360, 7844, 1485, 3052, 7845, 4507, 1038, 4222, 1450, 2061, 2638, 4223, 1379, 4508,  # 6870
+    2585, 7846, 7847, 4224, 1352, 1414, 2325, 2921, 1172, 7848, 7849, 3828, 3829, 7850, 1797, 1451,  # 6886
+    7851, 7852, 7853, 7854, 2922, 4006, 4007, 2485, 2346, 411, 4008, 4009, 3582, 3300, 3101, 4509,  # 6902
+    1561, 2664, 1452, 4010, 1375, 7855, 7856, 47, 2959, 316, 7857, 1406, 1591, 2923, 3156, 7858,  # 6918
+    1025, 2141, 3102, 3157, 354, 2731, 884, 2224, 4225, 2407, 508, 3706, 726, 3583, 996, 2428,  # 6934
+    3584, 729, 7859, 392, 2191, 1453, 4011, 4510, 3707, 7860, 7861, 2458, 3585, 2608, 1675, 2800,  # 6950
+    919, 2347, 2960, 2348, 1270, 4511, 4012, 73, 7862, 7863, 647, 7864, 3228, 2843, 2255, 1550,  # 6966
+    1346, 3006, 7865, 1332, 883, 3479, 7866, 7867, 7868, 7869, 3301, 2765, 7870, 1212, 831, 1347,  # 6982
+    4226, 4512, 2326, 3830, 1863, 3053, 720, 3831, 4513, 4514, 3832, 7871, 4227, 7872, 7873, 4515,  # 6998
+    7874, 7875, 1798, 4516, 3708, 2609, 4517, 3586, 1645, 2371, 7876, 7877, 2924, 669, 2208, 2665,  # 7014
+    2429, 7878, 2879, 7879, 7880, 1028, 3229, 7881, 4228, 2408, 7882, 2256, 1353, 7883, 7884, 4518,  # 7030
+    3158, 518, 7885, 4013, 7886, 4229, 1960, 7887, 2142, 4230, 7888, 7889, 3007, 2349, 2350, 3833,  # 7046
+    516, 1833, 1454, 4014, 2699, 4231, 4519, 2225, 2610, 1971, 1129, 3587, 7890, 2766, 7891, 2961,  # 7062
+    1422, 577, 1470, 3008, 1524, 3373, 7892, 7893, 432, 4232, 3054, 3480, 7894, 2586, 1455, 2508,  # 7078
+    2226, 1972, 1175, 7895, 1020, 2732, 4015, 3481, 4520, 7896, 2733, 7897, 1743, 1361, 3055, 3482,  # 7094
+    2639, 4016, 4233, 4521, 2290, 895, 924, 4234, 2170, 331, 2243, 3056, 166, 1627, 3057, 1098,  # 7110
+    7898, 1232, 2880, 2227, 3374, 4522, 657, 403, 1196, 2372, 542, 3709, 3375, 1600, 4235, 3483,  # 7126
+    7899, 4523, 2767, 3230, 576, 530, 1362, 7900, 4524, 2533, 2666, 3710, 4017, 7901, 842, 3834,  # 7142
+    7902, 2801, 2031, 1014, 4018, 213, 2700, 3376, 665, 621, 4236, 7903, 3711, 2925, 2430, 7904,  # 7158
+    2431, 3302, 3588, 3377, 7905, 4237, 2534, 4238, 4525, 3589, 1682, 4239, 3484, 1380, 7906, 724,  # 7174
+    2277, 600, 1670, 7907, 1337, 1233, 4526, 3103, 2244, 7908, 1621, 4527, 7909, 651, 4240, 7910,  # 7190
+    1612, 4241, 2611, 7911, 2844, 7912, 2734, 2307, 3058, 7913, 716, 2459, 3059, 174, 1255, 2701,  # 7206
+    4019, 3590, 548, 1320, 1398, 728, 4020, 1574, 7914, 1890, 1197, 3060, 4021, 7915, 3061, 3062,  # 7222
+    3712, 3591, 3713, 747, 7916, 635, 4242, 4528, 7917, 7918, 7919, 4243, 7920, 7921, 4529, 7922,  # 7238
+    3378, 4530, 2432, 451, 7923, 3714, 2535, 2072, 4244, 2735, 4245, 4022, 7924, 1764, 4531, 7925,  # 7254
+    4246, 350, 7926, 2278, 2390, 2486, 7927, 4247, 4023, 2245, 1434, 4024, 488, 4532, 458, 4248,  # 7270
+    4025, 3715, 771, 1330, 2391, 3835, 2568, 3159, 2159, 2409, 1553, 2667, 3160, 4249, 7928, 2487,  # 7286
+    2881, 2612, 1720, 2702, 4250, 3379, 4533, 7929, 2536, 4251, 7930, 3231, 4252, 2768, 7931, 2015,  # 7302
+    2736, 7932, 1155, 1017, 3716, 3836, 7933, 3303, 2308, 201, 1864, 4253, 1430, 7934, 4026, 7935,  # 7318
+    7936, 7937, 7938, 7939, 4254, 1604, 7940, 414, 1865, 371, 2587, 4534, 4535, 3485, 2016, 3104,  # 7334
+    4536, 1708, 960, 4255, 887, 389, 2171, 1536, 1663, 1721, 7941, 2228, 4027, 2351, 2926, 1580,  # 7350
+    7942, 7943, 7944, 1744, 7945, 2537, 4537, 4538, 7946, 4539, 7947, 2073, 7948, 7949, 3592, 3380,  # 7366
+    2882, 4256, 7950, 4257, 2640, 3381, 2802, 673, 2703, 2460, 709, 3486, 4028, 3593, 4258, 7951,  # 7382
+    1148, 502, 634, 7952, 7953, 1204, 4540, 3594, 1575, 4541, 2613, 3717, 7954, 3718, 3105, 948,  # 7398
+    3232, 121, 1745, 3837, 1110, 7955, 4259, 3063, 2509, 3009, 4029, 3719, 1151, 1771, 3838, 1488,  # 7414
+    4030, 1986, 7956, 2433, 3487, 7957, 7958, 2093, 7959, 4260, 3839, 1213, 1407, 2803, 531, 2737,  # 7430
+    2538, 3233, 1011, 1537, 7960, 2769, 4261, 3106, 1061, 7961, 3720, 3721, 1866, 2883, 7962, 2017,  # 7446
+    120, 4262, 4263, 2062, 3595, 3234, 2309, 3840, 2668, 3382, 1954, 4542, 7963, 7964, 3488, 1047,  # 7462
+    2704, 1266, 7965, 1368, 4543, 2845, 649, 3383, 3841, 2539, 2738, 1102, 2846, 2669, 7966, 7967,  # 7478
+    1999, 7968, 1111, 3596, 2962, 7969, 2488, 3842, 3597, 2804, 1854, 3384, 3722, 7970, 7971, 3385,  # 7494
+    2410, 2884, 3304, 3235, 3598, 7972, 2569, 7973, 3599, 2805, 4031, 1460, 856, 7974, 3600, 7975,  # 7510
+    2885, 2963, 7976, 2886, 3843, 7977, 4264, 632, 2510, 875, 3844, 1697, 3845, 2291, 7978, 7979,  # 7526
+    4544, 3010, 1239, 580, 4545, 4265, 7980, 914, 936, 2074, 1190, 4032, 1039, 2123, 7981, 7982,  # 7542
+    7983, 3386, 1473, 7984, 1354, 4266, 3846, 7985, 2172, 3064, 4033, 915, 3305, 4267, 4268, 3306,  # 7558
+    1605, 1834, 7986, 2739, 398, 3601, 4269, 3847, 4034, 328, 1912, 2847, 4035, 3848, 1331, 4270,  # 7574
+    3011, 937, 4271, 7987, 3602, 4036, 4037, 3387, 2160, 4546, 3388, 524, 742, 538, 3065, 1012,  # 7590
+    7988, 7989, 3849, 2461, 7990, 658, 1103, 225, 3850, 7991, 7992, 4547, 7993, 4548, 7994, 3236,  # 7606
+    1243, 7995, 4038, 963, 2246, 4549, 7996, 2705, 3603, 3161, 7997, 7998, 2588, 2327, 7999, 4550,  # 7622
+    8000, 8001, 8002, 3489, 3307, 957, 3389, 2540, 2032, 1930, 2927, 2462, 870, 2018, 3604, 1746,  # 7638
+    2770, 2771, 2434, 2463, 8003, 3851, 8004, 3723, 3107, 3724, 3490, 3390, 3725, 8005, 1179, 3066,  # 7654
+    8006, 3162, 2373, 4272, 3726, 2541, 3163, 3108, 2740, 4039, 8007, 3391, 1556, 2542, 2292, 977,  # 7670
+    2887, 2033, 4040, 1205, 3392, 8008, 1765, 3393, 3164, 2124, 1271, 1689, 714, 4551, 3491, 8009,  # 7686
+    2328, 3852, 533, 4273, 3605, 2181, 617, 8010, 2464, 3308, 3492, 2310, 8011, 8012, 3165, 8013,  # 7702
+    8014, 3853, 1987, 618, 427, 2641, 3493, 3394, 8015, 8016, 1244, 1690, 8017, 2806, 4274, 4552,  # 7718
+    8018, 3494, 8019, 8020, 2279, 1576, 473, 3606, 4275, 3395, 972, 8021, 3607, 8022, 3067, 8023,  # 7734
+    8024, 4553, 4554, 8025, 3727, 4041, 4042, 8026, 153, 4555, 356, 8027, 1891, 2888, 4276, 2143,  # 7750
+    408, 803, 2352, 8028, 3854, 8029, 4277, 1646, 2570, 2511, 4556, 4557, 3855, 8030, 3856, 4278,  # 7766
+    8031, 2411, 3396, 752, 8032, 8033, 1961, 2964, 8034, 746, 3012, 2465, 8035, 4279, 3728, 698,  # 7782
+    4558, 1892, 4280, 3608, 2543, 4559, 3609, 3857, 8036, 3166, 3397, 8037, 1823, 1302, 4043, 2706,  # 7798
+    3858, 1973, 4281, 8038, 4282, 3167, 823, 1303, 1288, 1236, 2848, 3495, 4044, 3398, 774, 3859,  # 7814
+    8039, 1581, 4560, 1304, 2849, 3860, 4561, 8040, 2435, 2161, 1083, 3237, 4283, 4045, 4284, 344,  # 7830
+    1173, 288, 2311, 454, 1683, 8041, 8042, 1461, 4562, 4046, 2589, 8043, 8044, 4563, 985, 894,  # 7846
+    8045, 3399, 3168, 8046, 1913, 2928, 3729, 1988, 8047, 2110, 1974, 8048, 4047, 8049, 2571, 1194,  # 7862
+    425, 8050, 4564, 3169, 1245, 3730, 4285, 8051, 8052, 2850, 8053, 636, 4565, 1855, 3861, 760,  # 7878
+    1799, 8054, 4286, 2209, 1508, 4566, 4048, 1893, 1684, 2293, 8055, 8056, 8057, 4287, 4288, 2210,  # 7894
+    479, 8058, 8059, 832, 8060, 4049, 2489, 8061, 2965, 2490, 3731, 990, 3109, 627, 1814, 2642,  # 7910
+    4289, 1582, 4290, 2125, 2111, 3496, 4567, 8062, 799, 4291, 3170, 8063, 4568, 2112, 1737, 3013,  # 7926
+    1018, 543, 754, 4292, 3309, 1676, 4569, 4570, 4050, 8064, 1489, 8065, 3497, 8066, 2614, 2889,  # 7942
+    4051, 8067, 8068, 2966, 8069, 8070, 8071, 8072, 3171, 4571, 4572, 2182, 1722, 8073, 3238, 3239,  # 7958
+    1842, 3610, 1715, 481, 365, 1975, 1856, 8074, 8075, 1962, 2491, 4573, 8076, 2126, 3611, 3240,  # 7974
+    433, 1894, 2063, 2075, 8077, 602, 2741, 8078, 8079, 8080, 8081, 8082, 3014, 1628, 3400, 8083,  # 7990
+    3172, 4574, 4052, 2890, 4575, 2512, 8084, 2544, 2772, 8085, 8086, 8087, 3310, 4576, 2891, 8088,  # 8006
+    4577, 8089, 2851, 4578, 4579, 1221, 2967, 4053, 2513, 8090, 8091, 8092, 1867, 1989, 8093, 8094,  # 8022
+    8095, 1895, 8096, 8097, 4580, 1896, 4054, 318, 8098, 2094, 4055, 4293, 8099, 8100, 485, 8101,  # 8038
+    938, 3862, 553, 2670, 116, 8102, 3863, 3612, 8103, 3498, 2671, 2773, 3401, 3311, 2807, 8104,  # 8054
+    3613, 2929, 4056, 1747, 2930, 2968, 8105, 8106, 207, 8107, 8108, 2672, 4581, 2514, 8109, 3015,  # 8070
+    890, 3614, 3864, 8110, 1877, 3732, 3402, 8111, 2183, 2353, 3403, 1652, 8112, 8113, 8114, 941,  # 8086
+    2294, 208, 3499, 4057, 2019, 330, 4294, 3865, 2892, 2492, 3733, 4295, 8115, 8116, 8117, 8118,  # 8102
+)
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euctwprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euctwprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a37ab189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/euctwprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .chardistribution import EUCTWDistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import EUCTW_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class EUCTWProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(EUCTW_SM_MODEL)
+        self.distribution_analyzer = EUCTWDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "EUC-TW"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Taiwan"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/gb2312freq.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/gb2312freq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b32bfc74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/gb2312freq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# GB2312 most frequently used character table
+#
+# Char to FreqOrder table , from hz6763
+
+# 512  --> 0.79  -- 0.79
+# 1024 --> 0.92  -- 0.13
+# 2048 --> 0.98  -- 0.06
+# 6768 --> 1.00  -- 0.02
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.79135/(1-0.79135) = 3.79
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (3755 - 512) = 0.157
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio about 25% of Ideal one, still much higher that RDR
+
+GB2312_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 0.9
+
+GB2312_TABLE_SIZE = 3760
+
+# fmt: off
+GB2312_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER = (
+1671, 749,1443,2364,3924,3807,2330,3921,1704,3463,2691,1511,1515, 572,3191,2205,
+2361, 224,2558, 479,1711, 963,3162, 440,4060,1905,2966,2947,3580,2647,3961,3842,
+2204, 869,4207, 970,2678,5626,2944,2956,1479,4048, 514,3595, 588,1346,2820,3409,
+ 249,4088,1746,1873,2047,1774, 581,1813, 358,1174,3590,1014,1561,4844,2245, 670,
+1636,3112, 889,1286, 953, 556,2327,3060,1290,3141, 613, 185,3477,1367, 850,3820,
+1715,2428,2642,2303,2732,3041,2562,2648,3566,3946,1349, 388,3098,2091,1360,3585,
+ 152,1687,1539, 738,1559,  59,1232,2925,2267,1388,1249,1741,1679,2960, 151,1566,
+1125,1352,4271, 924,4296, 385,3166,4459, 310,1245,2850,  70,3285,2729,3534,3575,
+2398,3298,3466,1960,2265, 217,3647, 864,1909,2084,4401,2773,1010,3269,5152, 853,
+3051,3121,1244,4251,1895, 364,1499,1540,2313,1180,3655,2268, 562, 715,2417,3061,
+ 544, 336,3768,2380,1752,4075, 950, 280,2425,4382, 183,2759,3272, 333,4297,2155,
+1688,2356,1444,1039,4540, 736,1177,3349,2443,2368,2144,2225, 565, 196,1482,3406,
+ 927,1335,4147, 692, 878,1311,1653,3911,3622,1378,4200,1840,2969,3149,2126,1816,
+2534,1546,2393,2760, 737,2494,  13, 447, 245,2747,  38,2765,2129,2589,1079, 606,
+ 360, 471,3755,2890, 404, 848, 699,1785,1236, 370,2221,1023,3746,2074,2026,2023,
+2388,1581,2119, 812,1141,3091,2536,1519, 804,2053, 406,1596,1090, 784, 548,4414,
+1806,2264,2936,1100, 343,4114,5096, 622,3358, 743,3668,1510,1626,5020,3567,2513,
+3195,4115,5627,2489,2991,  24,2065,2697,1087,2719,  48,1634, 315,  68, 985,2052,
+ 198,2239,1347,1107,1439, 597,2366,2172, 871,3307, 919,2487,2790,1867, 236,2570,
+1413,3794, 906,3365,3381,1701,1982,1818,1524,2924,1205, 616,2586,2072,2004, 575,
+ 253,3099,  32,1365,1182, 197,1714,2454,1201, 554,3388,3224,2748, 756,2587, 250,
+2567,1507,1517,3529,1922,2761,2337,3416,1961,1677,2452,2238,3153, 615, 911,1506,
+1474,2495,1265,1906,2749,3756,3280,2161, 898,2714,1759,3450,2243,2444, 563,  26,
+3286,2266,3769,3344,2707,3677, 611,1402, 531,1028,2871,4548,1375, 261,2948, 835,
+1190,4134, 353, 840,2684,1900,3082,1435,2109,1207,1674, 329,1872,2781,4055,2686,
+2104, 608,3318,2423,2957,2768,1108,3739,3512,3271,3985,2203,1771,3520,1418,2054,
+1681,1153, 225,1627,2929, 162,2050,2511,3687,1954, 124,1859,2431,1684,3032,2894,
+ 585,4805,3969,2869,2704,2088,2032,2095,3656,2635,4362,2209, 256, 518,2042,2105,
+3777,3657, 643,2298,1148,1779, 190, 989,3544, 414,  11,2135,2063,2979,1471, 403,
+3678, 126, 770,1563, 671,2499,3216,2877, 600,1179, 307,2805,4937,1268,1297,2694,
+ 252,4032,1448,1494,1331,1394, 127,2256, 222,1647,1035,1481,3056,1915,1048, 873,
+3651, 210,  33,1608,2516, 200,1520, 415, 102,   0,3389,1287, 817,  91,3299,2940,
+ 836,1814, 549,2197,1396,1669,2987,3582,2297,2848,4528,1070, 687,  20,1819, 121,
+1552,1364,1461,1968,2617,3540,2824,2083, 177, 948,4938,2291, 110,4549,2066, 648,
+3359,1755,2110,2114,4642,4845,1693,3937,3308,1257,1869,2123, 208,1804,3159,2992,
+2531,2549,3361,2418,1350,2347,2800,2568,1291,2036,2680,  72, 842,1990, 212,1233,
+1154,1586,  75,2027,3410,4900,1823,1337,2710,2676, 728,2810,1522,3026,4995, 157,
+ 755,1050,4022, 710, 785,1936,2194,2085,1406,2777,2400, 150,1250,4049,1206, 807,
+1910, 534, 529,3309,1721,1660, 274,  39,2827, 661,2670,1578, 925,3248,3815,1094,
+4278,4901,4252,  41,1150,3747,2572,2227,4501,3658,4902,3813,3357,3617,2884,2258,
+ 887, 538,4187,3199,1294,2439,3042,2329,2343,2497,1255, 107, 543,1527, 521,3478,
+3568, 194,5062,  15, 961,3870,1241,1192,2664,  66,5215,3260,2111,1295,1127,2152,
+3805,4135, 901,1164,1976, 398,1278, 530,1460, 748, 904,1054,1966,1426,  53,2909,
+ 509, 523,2279,1534, 536,1019, 239,1685, 460,2353, 673,1065,2401,3600,4298,2272,
+1272,2363, 284,1753,3679,4064,1695,  81, 815,2677,2757,2731,1386, 859, 500,4221,
+2190,2566, 757,1006,2519,2068,1166,1455, 337,2654,3203,1863,1682,1914,3025,1252,
+1409,1366, 847, 714,2834,2038,3209, 964,2970,1901, 885,2553,1078,1756,3049, 301,
+1572,3326, 688,2130,1996,2429,1805,1648,2930,3421,2750,3652,3088, 262,1158,1254,
+ 389,1641,1812, 526,1719, 923,2073,1073,1902, 468, 489,4625,1140, 857,2375,3070,
+3319,2863, 380, 116,1328,2693,1161,2244, 273,1212,1884,2769,3011,1775,1142, 461,
+3066,1200,2147,2212, 790, 702,2695,4222,1601,1058, 434,2338,5153,3640,  67,2360,
+4099,2502, 618,3472,1329, 416,1132, 830,2782,1807,2653,3211,3510,1662, 192,2124,
+ 296,3979,1739,1611,3684,  23, 118, 324, 446,1239,1225, 293,2520,3814,3795,2535,
+3116,  17,1074, 467,2692,2201, 387,2922,  45,1326,3055,1645,3659,2817, 958, 243,
+1903,2320,1339,2825,1784,3289, 356, 576, 865,2315,2381,3377,3916,1088,3122,1713,
+1655, 935, 628,4689,1034,1327, 441, 800, 720, 894,1979,2183,1528,5289,2702,1071,
+4046,3572,2399,1571,3281,  79, 761,1103, 327, 134, 758,1899,1371,1615, 879, 442,
+ 215,2605,2579, 173,2048,2485,1057,2975,3317,1097,2253,3801,4263,1403,1650,2946,
+ 814,4968,3487,1548,2644,1567,1285,   2, 295,2636,  97, 946,3576, 832, 141,4257,
+3273, 760,3821,3521,3156,2607, 949,1024,1733,1516,1803,1920,2125,2283,2665,3180,
+1501,2064,3560,2171,1592, 803,3518,1416, 732,3897,4258,1363,1362,2458, 119,1427,
+ 602,1525,2608,1605,1639,3175, 694,3064,  10, 465,  76,2000,4846,4208, 444,3781,
+1619,3353,2206,1273,3796, 740,2483, 320,1723,2377,3660,2619,1359,1137,1762,1724,
+2345,2842,1850,1862, 912, 821,1866, 612,2625,1735,2573,3369,1093, 844,  89, 937,
+ 930,1424,3564,2413,2972,1004,3046,3019,2011, 711,3171,1452,4178, 428, 801,1943,
+ 432, 445,2811, 206,4136,1472, 730, 349,  73, 397,2802,2547, 998,1637,1167, 789,
+ 396,3217, 154,1218, 716,1120,1780,2819,4826,1931,3334,3762,2139,1215,2627, 552,
+3664,3628,3232,1405,2383,3111,1356,2652,3577,3320,3101,1703, 640,1045,1370,1246,
+4996, 371,1575,2436,1621,2210, 984,4033,1734,2638,  16,4529, 663,2755,3255,1451,
+3917,2257,1253,1955,2234,1263,2951, 214,1229, 617, 485, 359,1831,1969, 473,2310,
+ 750,2058, 165,  80,2864,2419, 361,4344,2416,2479,1134, 796,3726,1266,2943, 860,
+2715, 938, 390,2734,1313,1384, 248, 202, 877,1064,2854, 522,3907, 279,1602, 297,
+2357, 395,3740, 137,2075, 944,4089,2584,1267,3802,  62,1533,2285, 178, 176, 780,
+2440, 201,3707, 590, 478,1560,4354,2117,1075,  30,  74,4643,4004,1635,1441,2745,
+ 776,2596, 238,1077,1692,1912,2844, 605, 499,1742,3947, 241,3053, 980,1749, 936,
+2640,4511,2582, 515,1543,2162,5322,2892,2993, 890,2148,1924, 665,1827,3581,1032,
+ 968,3163, 339,1044,1896, 270, 583,1791,1720,4367,1194,3488,3669,  43,2523,1657,
+ 163,2167, 290,1209,1622,3378, 550, 634,2508,2510, 695,2634,2384,2512,1476,1414,
+ 220,1469,2341,2138,2852,3183,2900,4939,2865,3502,1211,3680, 854,3227,1299,2976,
+3172, 186,2998,1459, 443,1067,3251,1495, 321,1932,3054, 909, 753,1410,1828, 436,
+2441,1119,1587,3164,2186,1258, 227, 231,1425,1890,3200,3942, 247, 959, 725,5254,
+2741, 577,2158,2079, 929, 120, 174, 838,2813, 591,1115, 417,2024,  40,3240,1536,
+1037, 291,4151,2354, 632,1298,2406,2500,3535,1825,1846,3451, 205,1171, 345,4238,
+  18,1163, 811, 685,2208,1217, 425,1312,1508,1175,4308,2552,1033, 587,1381,3059,
+2984,3482, 340,1316,4023,3972, 792,3176, 519, 777,4690, 918, 933,4130,2981,3741,
+  90,3360,2911,2200,5184,4550, 609,3079,2030, 272,3379,2736, 363,3881,1130,1447,
+ 286, 779, 357,1169,3350,3137,1630,1220,2687,2391, 747,1277,3688,2618,2682,2601,
+1156,3196,5290,4034,3102,1689,3596,3128, 874, 219,2783, 798, 508,1843,2461, 269,
+1658,1776,1392,1913,2983,3287,2866,2159,2372, 829,4076,  46,4253,2873,1889,1894,
+ 915,1834,1631,2181,2318, 298, 664,2818,3555,2735, 954,3228,3117, 527,3511,2173,
+ 681,2712,3033,2247,2346,3467,1652, 155,2164,3382, 113,1994, 450, 899, 494, 994,
+1237,2958,1875,2336,1926,3727, 545,1577,1550, 633,3473, 204,1305,3072,2410,1956,
+2471, 707,2134, 841,2195,2196,2663,3843,1026,4940, 990,3252,4997, 368,1092, 437,
+3212,3258,1933,1829, 675,2977,2893, 412, 943,3723,4644,3294,3283,2230,2373,5154,
+2389,2241,2661,2323,1404,2524, 593, 787, 677,3008,1275,2059, 438,2709,2609,2240,
+2269,2246,1446,  36,1568,1373,3892,1574,2301,1456,3962, 693,2276,5216,2035,1143,
+2720,1919,1797,1811,2763,4137,2597,1830,1699,1488,1198,2090, 424,1694, 312,3634,
+3390,4179,3335,2252,1214, 561,1059,3243,2295,2561, 975,5155,2321,2751,3772, 472,
+1537,3282,3398,1047,2077,2348,2878,1323,3340,3076, 690,2906,  51, 369, 170,3541,
+1060,2187,2688,3670,2541,1083,1683, 928,3918, 459, 109,4427, 599,3744,4286, 143,
+2101,2730,2490,  82,1588,3036,2121, 281,1860, 477,4035,1238,2812,3020,2716,3312,
+1530,2188,2055,1317, 843, 636,1808,1173,3495, 649, 181,1002, 147,3641,1159,2414,
+3750,2289,2795, 813,3123,2610,1136,4368,   5,3391,4541,2174, 420, 429,1728, 754,
+1228,2115,2219, 347,2223,2733, 735,1518,3003,2355,3134,1764,3948,3329,1888,2424,
+1001,1234,1972,3321,3363,1672,1021,1450,1584, 226, 765, 655,2526,3404,3244,2302,
+3665, 731, 594,2184, 319,1576, 621, 658,2656,4299,2099,3864,1279,2071,2598,2739,
+ 795,3086,3699,3908,1707,2352,2402,1382,3136,2475,1465,4847,3496,3865,1085,3004,
+2591,1084, 213,2287,1963,3565,2250, 822, 793,4574,3187,1772,1789,3050, 595,1484,
+1959,2770,1080,2650, 456, 422,2996, 940,3322,4328,4345,3092,2742, 965,2784, 739,
+4124, 952,1358,2498,2949,2565, 332,2698,2378, 660,2260,2473,4194,3856,2919, 535,
+1260,2651,1208,1428,1300,1949,1303,2942, 433,2455,2450,1251,1946, 614,1269, 641,
+1306,1810,2737,3078,2912, 564,2365,1419,1415,1497,4460,2367,2185,1379,3005,1307,
+3218,2175,1897,3063, 682,1157,4040,4005,1712,1160,1941,1399, 394, 402,2952,1573,
+1151,2986,2404, 862, 299,2033,1489,3006, 346, 171,2886,3401,1726,2932, 168,2533,
+  47,2507,1030,3735,1145,3370,1395,1318,1579,3609,4560,2857,4116,1457,2529,1965,
+ 504,1036,2690,2988,2405, 745,5871, 849,2397,2056,3081, 863,2359,3857,2096,  99,
+1397,1769,2300,4428,1643,3455,1978,1757,3718,1440,  35,4879,3742,1296,4228,2280,
+ 160,5063,1599,2013, 166, 520,3479,1646,3345,3012, 490,1937,1545,1264,2182,2505,
+1096,1188,1369,1436,2421,1667,2792,2460,1270,2122, 727,3167,2143, 806,1706,1012,
+1800,3037, 960,2218,1882, 805, 139,2456,1139,1521, 851,1052,3093,3089, 342,2039,
+ 744,5097,1468,1502,1585,2087, 223, 939, 326,2140,2577, 892,2481,1623,4077, 982,
+3708, 135,2131,  87,2503,3114,2326,1106, 876,1616, 547,2997,2831,2093,3441,4530,
+4314,   9,3256,4229,4148, 659,1462,1986,1710,2046,2913,2231,4090,4880,5255,3392,
+3274,1368,3689,4645,1477, 705,3384,3635,1068,1529,2941,1458,3782,1509, 100,1656,
+2548, 718,2339, 408,1590,2780,3548,1838,4117,3719,1345,3530, 717,3442,2778,3220,
+2898,1892,4590,3614,3371,2043,1998,1224,3483, 891, 635, 584,2559,3355, 733,1766,
+1729,1172,3789,1891,2307, 781,2982,2271,1957,1580,5773,2633,2005,4195,3097,1535,
+3213,1189,1934,5693,3262, 586,3118,1324,1598, 517,1564,2217,1868,1893,4445,3728,
+2703,3139,1526,1787,1992,3882,2875,1549,1199,1056,2224,1904,2711,5098,4287, 338,
+1993,3129,3489,2689,1809,2815,1997, 957,1855,3898,2550,3275,3057,1105,1319, 627,
+1505,1911,1883,3526, 698,3629,3456,1833,1431, 746,  77,1261,2017,2296,1977,1885,
+ 125,1334,1600, 525,1798,1109,2222,1470,1945, 559,2236,1186,3443,2476,1929,1411,
+2411,3135,1777,3372,2621,1841,1613,3229, 668,1430,1839,2643,2916, 195,1989,2671,
+2358,1387, 629,3205,2293,5256,4439, 123,1310, 888,1879,4300,3021,3605,1003,1162,
+3192,2910,2010, 140,2395,2859,  55,1082,2012,2901, 662, 419,2081,1438, 680,2774,
+4654,3912,1620,1731,1625,5035,4065,2328, 512,1344, 802,5443,2163,2311,2537, 524,
+3399,  98,1155,2103,1918,2606,3925,2816,1393,2465,1504,3773,2177,3963,1478,4346,
+ 180,1113,4655,3461,2028,1698, 833,2696,1235,1322,1594,4408,3623,3013,3225,2040,
+3022, 541,2881, 607,3632,2029,1665,1219, 639,1385,1686,1099,2803,3231,1938,3188,
+2858, 427, 676,2772,1168,2025, 454,3253,2486,3556, 230,1950, 580, 791,1991,1280,
+1086,1974,2034, 630, 257,3338,2788,4903,1017,  86,4790, 966,2789,1995,1696,1131,
+ 259,3095,4188,1308, 179,1463,5257, 289,4107,1248,  42,3413,1725,2288, 896,1947,
+ 774,4474,4254, 604,3430,4264, 392,2514,2588, 452, 237,1408,3018, 988,4531,1970,
+3034,3310, 540,2370,1562,1288,2990, 502,4765,1147,   4,1853,2708, 207, 294,2814,
+4078,2902,2509, 684,  34,3105,3532,2551, 644, 709,2801,2344, 573,1727,3573,3557,
+2021,1081,3100,4315,2100,3681, 199,2263,1837,2385, 146,3484,1195,2776,3949, 997,
+1939,3973,1008,1091,1202,1962,1847,1149,4209,5444,1076, 493, 117,5400,2521, 972,
+1490,2934,1796,4542,2374,1512,2933,2657, 413,2888,1135,2762,2314,2156,1355,2369,
+ 766,2007,2527,2170,3124,2491,2593,2632,4757,2437, 234,3125,3591,1898,1750,1376,
+1942,3468,3138, 570,2127,2145,3276,4131, 962, 132,1445,4196,  19, 941,3624,3480,
+3366,1973,1374,4461,3431,2629, 283,2415,2275, 808,2887,3620,2112,2563,1353,3610,
+ 955,1089,3103,1053,  96,  88,4097, 823,3808,1583, 399, 292,4091,3313, 421,1128,
+ 642,4006, 903,2539,1877,2082, 596,  29,4066,1790, 722,2157, 130, 995,1569, 769,
+1485, 464, 513,2213, 288,1923,1101,2453,4316, 133, 486,2445,  50, 625, 487,2207,
+  57, 423, 481,2962, 159,3729,1558, 491, 303, 482, 501, 240,2837, 112,3648,2392,
+1783, 362,   8,3433,3422, 610,2793,3277,1390,1284,1654,  21,3823, 734, 367, 623,
+ 193, 287, 374,1009,1483, 816, 476, 313,2255,2340,1262,2150,2899,1146,2581, 782,
+2116,1659,2018,1880, 255,3586,3314,1110,2867,2137,2564, 986,2767,5185,2006, 650,
+ 158, 926, 762, 881,3157,2717,2362,3587, 306,3690,3245,1542,3077,2427,1691,2478,
+2118,2985,3490,2438, 539,2305, 983, 129,1754, 355,4201,2386, 827,2923, 104,1773,
+2838,2771, 411,2905,3919, 376, 767, 122,1114, 828,2422,1817,3506, 266,3460,1007,
+1609,4998, 945,2612,4429,2274, 726,1247,1964,2914,2199,2070,4002,4108, 657,3323,
+1422, 579, 455,2764,4737,1222,2895,1670, 824,1223,1487,2525, 558, 861,3080, 598,
+2659,2515,1967, 752,2583,2376,2214,4180, 977, 704,2464,4999,2622,4109,1210,2961,
+ 819,1541, 142,2284,  44, 418, 457,1126,3730,4347,4626,1644,1876,3671,1864, 302,
+1063,5694, 624, 723,1984,3745,1314,1676,2488,1610,1449,3558,3569,2166,2098, 409,
+1011,2325,3704,2306, 818,1732,1383,1824,1844,3757, 999,2705,3497,1216,1423,2683,
+2426,2954,2501,2726,2229,1475,2554,5064,1971,1794,1666,2014,1343, 783, 724, 191,
+2434,1354,2220,5065,1763,2752,2472,4152, 131, 175,2885,3434,  92,1466,4920,2616,
+3871,3872,3866, 128,1551,1632, 669,1854,3682,4691,4125,1230, 188,2973,3290,1302,
+1213, 560,3266, 917, 763,3909,3249,1760, 868,1958, 764,1782,2097, 145,2277,3774,
+4462,  64,1491,3062, 971,2132,3606,2442, 221,1226,1617, 218, 323,1185,3207,3147,
+ 571, 619,1473,1005,1744,2281, 449,1887,2396,3685, 275, 375,3816,1743,3844,3731,
+ 845,1983,2350,4210,1377, 773, 967,3499,3052,3743,2725,4007,1697,1022,3943,1464,
+3264,2855,2722,1952,1029,2839,2467,  84,4383,2215, 820,1391,2015,2448,3672, 377,
+1948,2168, 797,2545,3536,2578,2645,  94,2874,1678, 405,1259,3071, 771, 546,1315,
+ 470,1243,3083, 895,2468, 981, 969,2037, 846,4181, 653,1276,2928,  14,2594, 557,
+3007,2474, 156, 902,1338,1740,2574, 537,2518, 973,2282,2216,2433,1928, 138,2903,
+1293,2631,1612, 646,3457, 839,2935, 111, 496,2191,2847, 589,3186, 149,3994,2060,
+4031,2641,4067,3145,1870,  37,3597,2136,1025,2051,3009,3383,3549,1121,1016,3261,
+1301, 251,2446,2599,2153, 872,3246, 637, 334,3705, 831, 884, 921,3065,3140,4092,
+2198,1944, 246,2964, 108,2045,1152,1921,2308,1031, 203,3173,4170,1907,3890, 810,
+1401,2003,1690, 506, 647,1242,2828,1761,1649,3208,2249,1589,3709,2931,5156,1708,
+ 498, 666,2613, 834,3817,1231, 184,2851,1124, 883,3197,2261,3710,1765,1553,2658,
+1178,2639,2351,  93,1193, 942,2538,2141,4402, 235,1821, 870,1591,2192,1709,1871,
+3341,1618,4126,2595,2334, 603, 651,  69, 701, 268,2662,3411,2555,1380,1606, 503,
+ 448, 254,2371,2646, 574,1187,2309,1770, 322,2235,1292,1801, 305, 566,1133, 229,
+2067,2057, 706, 167, 483,2002,2672,3295,1820,3561,3067, 316, 378,2746,3452,1112,
+ 136,1981, 507,1651,2917,1117, 285,4591, 182,2580,3522,1304, 335,3303,1835,2504,
+1795,1792,2248, 674,1018,2106,2449,1857,2292,2845, 976,3047,1781,2600,2727,1389,
+1281,  52,3152, 153, 265,3950, 672,3485,3951,4463, 430,1183, 365, 278,2169,  27,
+1407,1336,2304, 209,1340,1730,2202,1852,2403,2883, 979,1737,1062, 631,2829,2542,
+3876,2592, 825,2086,2226,3048,3625, 352,1417,3724, 542, 991, 431,1351,3938,1861,
+2294, 826,1361,2927,3142,3503,1738, 463,2462,2723, 582,1916,1595,2808, 400,3845,
+3891,2868,3621,2254,  58,2492,1123, 910,2160,2614,1372,1603,1196,1072,3385,1700,
+3267,1980, 696, 480,2430, 920, 799,1570,2920,1951,2041,4047,2540,1321,4223,2469,
+3562,2228,1271,2602, 401,2833,3351,2575,5157, 907,2312,1256, 410, 263,3507,1582,
+ 996, 678,1849,2316,1480, 908,3545,2237, 703,2322, 667,1826,2849,1531,2604,2999,
+2407,3146,2151,2630,1786,3711, 469,3542, 497,3899,2409, 858, 837,4446,3393,1274,
+ 786, 620,1845,2001,3311, 484, 308,3367,1204,1815,3691,2332,1532,2557,1842,2020,
+2724,1927,2333,4440, 567,  22,1673,2728,4475,1987,1858,1144,1597, 101,1832,3601,
+  12, 974,3783,4391, 951,1412,   1,3720, 453,4608,4041, 528,1041,1027,3230,2628,
+1129, 875,1051,3291,1203,2262,1069,2860,2799,2149,2615,3278, 144,1758,3040,  31,
+ 475,1680, 366,2685,3184, 311,1642,4008,2466,5036,1593,1493,2809, 216,1420,1668,
+ 233, 304,2128,3284, 232,1429,1768,1040,2008,3407,2740,2967,2543, 242,2133, 778,
+1565,2022,2620, 505,2189,2756,1098,2273, 372,1614, 708, 553,2846,2094,2278, 169,
+3626,2835,4161, 228,2674,3165, 809,1454,1309, 466,1705,1095, 900,3423, 880,2667,
+3751,5258,2317,3109,2571,4317,2766,1503,1342, 866,4447,1118,  63,2076, 314,1881,
+1348,1061, 172, 978,3515,1747, 532, 511,3970,   6, 601, 905,2699,3300,1751, 276,
+1467,3725,2668,  65,4239,2544,2779,2556,1604, 578,2451,1802, 992,2331,2624,1320,
+3446, 713,1513,1013, 103,2786,2447,1661, 886,1702, 916, 654,3574,2031,1556, 751,
+2178,2821,2179,1498,1538,2176, 271, 914,2251,2080,1325, 638,1953,2937,3877,2432,
+2754,  95,3265,1716, 260,1227,4083, 775, 106,1357,3254, 426,1607, 555,2480, 772,
+1985, 244,2546, 474, 495,1046,2611,1851,2061,  71,2089,1675,2590, 742,3758,2843,
+3222,1433, 267,2180,2576,2826,2233,2092,3913,2435, 956,1745,3075, 856,2113,1116,
+ 451,   3,1988,2896,1398, 993,2463,1878,2049,1341,2718,2721,2870,2108, 712,2904,
+4363,2753,2324, 277,2872,2349,2649, 384, 987, 435, 691,3000, 922, 164,3939, 652,
+1500,1184,4153,2482,3373,2165,4848,2335,3775,3508,3154,2806,2830,1554,2102,1664,
+2530,1434,2408, 893,1547,2623,3447,2832,2242,2532,3169,2856,3223,2078,  49,3770,
+3469, 462, 318, 656,2259,3250,3069, 679,1629,2758, 344,1138,1104,3120,1836,1283,
+3115,2154,1437,4448, 934, 759,1999, 794,2862,1038, 533,2560,1722,2342, 855,2626,
+1197,1663,4476,3127,  85,4240,2528,  25,1111,1181,3673, 407,3470,4561,2679,2713,
+ 768,1925,2841,3986,1544,1165, 932, 373,1240,2146,1930,2673, 721,4766, 354,4333,
+ 391,2963, 187,  61,3364,1442,1102, 330,1940,1767, 341,3809,4118, 393,2496,2062,
+2211, 105, 331, 300, 439, 913,1332, 626, 379,3304,1557, 328, 689,3952, 309,1555,
+ 931, 317,2517,3027, 325, 569, 686,2107,3084,  60,1042,1333,2794, 264,3177,4014,
+1628, 258,3712,   7,4464,1176,1043,1778, 683, 114,1975,  78,1492, 383,1886, 510,
+ 386, 645,5291,2891,2069,3305,4138,3867,2939,2603,2493,1935,1066,1848,3588,1015,
+1282,1289,4609, 697,1453,3044,2666,3611,1856,2412,  54, 719,1330, 568,3778,2459,
+1748, 788, 492, 551,1191,1000, 488,3394,3763, 282,1799, 348,2016,1523,3155,2390,
+1049, 382,2019,1788,1170, 729,2968,3523, 897,3926,2785,2938,3292, 350,2319,3238,
+1718,1717,2655,3453,3143,4465, 161,2889,2980,2009,1421,  56,1908,1640,2387,2232,
+1917,1874,2477,4921, 148,  83,3438, 592,4245,2882,1822,1055, 741, 115,1496,1624,
+ 381,1638,4592,1020, 516,3214, 458, 947,4575,1432, 211,1514,2926,1865,2142, 189,
+ 852,1221,1400,1486, 882,2299,4036, 351,  28,1122, 700,6479,6480,6481,6482,6483,  #last 512
+)
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/gb2312prober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/gb2312prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d423e731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/gb2312prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .chardistribution import GB2312DistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import GB2312_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class GB2312Prober(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(GB2312_SM_MODEL)
+        self.distribution_analyzer = GB2312DistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "GB2312"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Chinese"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/hebrewprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/hebrewprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..785d0057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/hebrewprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+#          Shy Shalom
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2005
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import ProbingState
+from .sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetProber
+
+# This prober doesn't actually recognize a language or a charset.
+# It is a helper prober for the use of the Hebrew model probers
+
+### General ideas of the Hebrew charset recognition ###
+#
+# Four main charsets exist in Hebrew:
+# "ISO-8859-8" - Visual Hebrew
+# "windows-1255" - Logical Hebrew
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" - Logical Hebrew
+# "x-mac-hebrew" - ?? Logical Hebrew ??
+#
+# Both "ISO" charsets use a completely identical set of code points, whereas
+# "windows-1255" and "x-mac-hebrew" are two different proper supersets of
+# these code points. windows-1255 defines additional characters in the range
+# 0x80-0x9F as some misc punctuation marks as well as some Hebrew-specific
+# diacritics and additional 'Yiddish' ligature letters in the range 0xc0-0xd6.
+# x-mac-hebrew defines similar additional code points but with a different
+# mapping.
+#
+# As far as an average Hebrew text with no diacritics is concerned, all four
+# charsets are identical with respect to code points. Meaning that for the
+# main Hebrew alphabet, all four map the same values to all 27 Hebrew letters
+# (including final letters).
+#
+# The dominant difference between these charsets is their directionality.
+# "Visual" directionality means that the text is ordered as if the renderer is
+# not aware of a BIDI rendering algorithm. The renderer sees the text and
+# draws it from left to right. The text itself when ordered naturally is read
+# backwards. A buffer of Visual Hebrew generally looks like so:
+# "[last word of first line spelled backwards] [whole line ordered backwards
+# and spelled backwards] [first word of first line spelled backwards]
+# [end of line] [last word of second line] ... etc' "
+# adding punctuation marks, numbers and English text to visual text is
+# naturally also "visual" and from left to right.
+#
+# "Logical" directionality means the text is ordered "naturally" according to
+# the order it is read. It is the responsibility of the renderer to display
+# the text from right to left. A BIDI algorithm is used to place general
+# punctuation marks, numbers and English text in the text.
+#
+# Texts in x-mac-hebrew are almost impossible to find on the Internet. From
+# what little evidence I could find, it seems that its general directionality
+# is Logical.
+#
+# To sum up all of the above, the Hebrew probing mechanism knows about two
+# charsets:
+# Visual Hebrew - "ISO-8859-8" - backwards text - Words and sentences are
+#    backwards while line order is natural. For charset recognition purposes
+#    the line order is unimportant (In fact, for this implementation, even
+#    word order is unimportant).
+# Logical Hebrew - "windows-1255" - normal, naturally ordered text.
+#
+# "ISO-8859-8-I" is a subset of windows-1255 and doesn't need to be
+#    specifically identified.
+# "x-mac-hebrew" is also identified as windows-1255. A text in x-mac-hebrew
+#    that contain special punctuation marks or diacritics is displayed with
+#    some unconverted characters showing as question marks. This problem might
+#    be corrected using another model prober for x-mac-hebrew. Due to the fact
+#    that x-mac-hebrew texts are so rare, writing another model prober isn't
+#    worth the effort and performance hit.
+#
+#### The Prober ####
+#
+# The prober is divided between two SBCharSetProbers and a HebrewProber,
+# all of which are managed, created, fed data, inquired and deleted by the
+# SBCSGroupProber. The two SBCharSetProbers identify that the text is in
+# fact some kind of Hebrew, Logical or Visual. The final decision about which
+# one is it is made by the HebrewProber by combining final-letter scores
+# with the scores of the two SBCharSetProbers to produce a final answer.
+#
+# The SBCSGroupProber is responsible for stripping the original text of HTML
+# tags, English characters, numbers, low-ASCII punctuation characters, spaces
+# and new lines. It reduces any sequence of such characters to a single space.
+# The buffer fed to each prober in the SBCS group prober is pure text in
+# high-ASCII.
+# The two SBCharSetProbers (model probers) share the same language model:
+# Win1255Model.
+# The first SBCharSetProber uses the model normally as any other
+# SBCharSetProber does, to recognize windows-1255, upon which this model was
+# built. The second SBCharSetProber is told to make the pair-of-letter
+# lookup in the language model backwards. This in practice exactly simulates
+# a visual Hebrew model using the windows-1255 logical Hebrew model.
+#
+# The HebrewProber is not using any language model. All it does is look for
+# final-letter evidence suggesting the text is either logical Hebrew or visual
+# Hebrew. Disjointed from the model probers, the results of the HebrewProber
+# alone are meaningless. HebrewProber always returns 0.00 as confidence
+# since it never identifies a charset by itself. Instead, the pointer to the
+# HebrewProber is passed to the model probers as a helper "Name Prober".
+# When the Group prober receives a positive identification from any prober,
+# it asks for the name of the charset identified. If the prober queried is a
+# Hebrew model prober, the model prober forwards the call to the
+# HebrewProber to make the final decision. In the HebrewProber, the
+# decision is made according to the final-letters scores maintained and Both
+# model probers scores. The answer is returned in the form of the name of the
+# charset identified, either "windows-1255" or "ISO-8859-8".
+
+
+class HebrewProber(CharSetProber):
+    SPACE = 0x20
+    # windows-1255 / ISO-8859-8 code points of interest
+    FINAL_KAF = 0xEA
+    NORMAL_KAF = 0xEB
+    FINAL_MEM = 0xED
+    NORMAL_MEM = 0xEE
+    FINAL_NUN = 0xEF
+    NORMAL_NUN = 0xF0
+    FINAL_PE = 0xF3
+    NORMAL_PE = 0xF4
+    FINAL_TSADI = 0xF5
+    NORMAL_TSADI = 0xF6
+
+    # Minimum Visual vs Logical final letter score difference.
+    # If the difference is below this, don't rely solely on the final letter score
+    # distance.
+    MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE = 5
+
+    # Minimum Visual vs Logical model score difference.
+    # If the difference is below this, don't rely at all on the model score
+    # distance.
+    MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE = 0.01
+
+    VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME = "ISO-8859-8"
+    LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME = "windows-1255"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._final_char_logical_score = 0
+        self._final_char_visual_score = 0
+        self._prev = self.SPACE
+        self._before_prev = self.SPACE
+        self._logical_prober: Optional[SingleByteCharSetProber] = None
+        self._visual_prober: Optional[SingleByteCharSetProber] = None
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._final_char_logical_score = 0
+        self._final_char_visual_score = 0
+        # The two last characters seen in the previous buffer,
+        # mPrev and mBeforePrev are initialized to space in order to simulate
+        # a word delimiter at the beginning of the data
+        self._prev = self.SPACE
+        self._before_prev = self.SPACE
+        # These probers are owned by the group prober.
+
+    def set_model_probers(
+        self,
+        logical_prober: SingleByteCharSetProber,
+        visual_prober: SingleByteCharSetProber,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._logical_prober = logical_prober
+        self._visual_prober = visual_prober
+
+    def is_final(self, c: int) -> bool:
+        return c in [
+            self.FINAL_KAF,
+            self.FINAL_MEM,
+            self.FINAL_NUN,
+            self.FINAL_PE,
+            self.FINAL_TSADI,
+        ]
+
+    def is_non_final(self, c: int) -> bool:
+        # The normal Tsadi is not a good Non-Final letter due to words like
+        # 'lechotet' (to chat) containing an apostrophe after the tsadi. This
+        # apostrophe is converted to a space in FilterWithoutEnglishLetters
+        # causing the Non-Final tsadi to appear at an end of a word even
+        # though this is not the case in the original text.
+        # The letters Pe and Kaf rarely display a related behavior of not being
+        # a good Non-Final letter. Words like 'Pop', 'Winamp' and 'Mubarak'
+        # for example legally end with a Non-Final Pe or Kaf. However, the
+        # benefit of these letters as Non-Final letters outweighs the damage
+        # since these words are quite rare.
+        return c in [self.NORMAL_KAF, self.NORMAL_MEM, self.NORMAL_NUN, self.NORMAL_PE]
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        # Final letter analysis for logical-visual decision.
+        # Look for evidence that the received buffer is either logical Hebrew
+        # or visual Hebrew.
+        # The following cases are checked:
+        # 1) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a final letter. This is
+        #    an indication that the text is laid out "naturally" since the
+        #    final letter really appears at the end. +1 for logical score.
+        # 2) A word longer than 1 letter, ending with a Non-Final letter. In
+        #    normal Hebrew, words ending with Kaf, Mem, Nun, Pe or Tsadi,
+        #    should not end with the Non-Final form of that letter. Exceptions
+        #    to this rule are mentioned above in isNonFinal(). This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score
+        # 3) A word longer than 1 letter, starting with a final letter. Final
+        #    letters should not appear at the beginning of a word. This is an
+        #    indication that the text is laid out backwards. +1 for visual
+        #    score.
+        #
+        # The visual score and logical score are accumulated throughout the
+        # text and are finally checked against each other in GetCharSetName().
+        # No checking for final letters in the middle of words is done since
+        # that case is not an indication for either Logical or Visual text.
+        #
+        # We automatically filter out all 7-bit characters (replace them with
+        # spaces) so the word boundary detection works properly. [MAP]
+
+        if self.state == ProbingState.NOT_ME:
+            # Both model probers say it's not them. No reason to continue.
+            return ProbingState.NOT_ME
+
+        byte_str = self.filter_high_byte_only(byte_str)
+
+        for cur in byte_str:
+            if cur == self.SPACE:
+                # We stand on a space - a word just ended
+                if self._before_prev != self.SPACE:
+                    # next-to-last char was not a space so self._prev is not a
+                    # 1 letter word
+                    if self.is_final(self._prev):
+                        # case (1) [-2:not space][-1:final letter][cur:space]
+                        self._final_char_logical_score += 1
+                    elif self.is_non_final(self._prev):
+                        # case (2) [-2:not space][-1:Non-Final letter][
+                        #  cur:space]
+                        self._final_char_visual_score += 1
+            else:
+                # Not standing on a space
+                if (
+                    (self._before_prev == self.SPACE)
+                    and (self.is_final(self._prev))
+                    and (cur != self.SPACE)
+                ):
+                    # case (3) [-2:space][-1:final letter][cur:not space]
+                    self._final_char_visual_score += 1
+            self._before_prev = self._prev
+            self._prev = cur
+
+        # Forever detecting, till the end or until both model probers return
+        # ProbingState.NOT_ME (handled above)
+        return ProbingState.DETECTING
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        assert self._logical_prober is not None
+        assert self._visual_prober is not None
+
+        # Make the decision: is it Logical or Visual?
+        # If the final letter score distance is dominant enough, rely on it.
+        finalsub = self._final_char_logical_score - self._final_char_visual_score
+        if finalsub >= self.MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return self.LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if finalsub <= -self.MIN_FINAL_CHAR_DISTANCE:
+            return self.VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # It's not dominant enough, try to rely on the model scores instead.
+        modelsub = (
+            self._logical_prober.get_confidence() - self._visual_prober.get_confidence()
+        )
+        if modelsub > self.MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return self.LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+        if modelsub < -self.MIN_MODEL_DISTANCE:
+            return self.VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # Still no good, back to final letter distance, maybe it'll save the
+        # day.
+        if finalsub < 0.0:
+            return self.VISUAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+        # (finalsub > 0 - Logical) or (don't know what to do) default to
+        # Logical.
+        return self.LOGICAL_HEBREW_NAME
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Hebrew"
+
+    @property
+    def state(self) -> ProbingState:
+        assert self._logical_prober is not None
+        assert self._visual_prober is not None
+
+        # Remain active as long as any of the model probers are active.
+        if (self._logical_prober.state == ProbingState.NOT_ME) and (
+            self._visual_prober.state == ProbingState.NOT_ME
+        ):
+            return ProbingState.NOT_ME
+        return ProbingState.DETECTING
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/jisfreq.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/jisfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3293576e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/jisfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# Sampling from about 20M text materials include literature and computer technology
+#
+# Japanese frequency table, applied to both S-JIS and EUC-JP
+# They are sorted in order.
+
+# 128  --> 0.77094
+# 256  --> 0.85710
+# 512  --> 0.92635
+# 1024 --> 0.97130
+# 2048 --> 0.99431
+#
+# Ideal Distribution Ratio = 0.92635 / (1-0.92635) = 12.58
+# Random Distribution Ration = 512 / (2965+62+83+86-512) = 0.191
+#
+# Typical Distribution Ratio, 25% of IDR
+
+JIS_TYPICAL_DISTRIBUTION_RATIO = 3.0
+
+# Char to FreqOrder table ,
+JIS_TABLE_SIZE = 4368
+
+# fmt: off
+JIS_CHAR_TO_FREQ_ORDER = (
+  40,   1,   6, 182, 152, 180, 295,2127, 285, 381,3295,4304,3068,4606,3165,3510, #   16
+3511,1822,2785,4607,1193,2226,5070,4608, 171,2996,1247,  18, 179,5071, 856,1661, #   32
+1262,5072, 619, 127,3431,3512,3230,1899,1700, 232, 228,1294,1298, 284, 283,2041, #   48
+2042,1061,1062,  48,  49,  44,  45, 433, 434,1040,1041, 996, 787,2997,1255,4305, #   64
+2108,4609,1684,1648,5073,5074,5075,5076,5077,5078,3687,5079,4610,5080,3927,3928, #   80
+5081,3296,3432, 290,2285,1471,2187,5082,2580,2825,1303,2140,1739,1445,2691,3375, #   96
+1691,3297,4306,4307,4611, 452,3376,1182,2713,3688,3069,4308,5083,5084,5085,5086, #  112
+5087,5088,5089,5090,5091,5092,5093,5094,5095,5096,5097,5098,5099,5100,5101,5102, #  128
+5103,5104,5105,5106,5107,5108,5109,5110,5111,5112,4097,5113,5114,5115,5116,5117, #  144
+5118,5119,5120,5121,5122,5123,5124,5125,5126,5127,5128,5129,5130,5131,5132,5133, #  160
+5134,5135,5136,5137,5138,5139,5140,5141,5142,5143,5144,5145,5146,5147,5148,5149, #  176
+5150,5151,5152,4612,5153,5154,5155,5156,5157,5158,5159,5160,5161,5162,5163,5164, #  192
+5165,5166,5167,5168,5169,5170,5171,5172,5173,5174,5175,1472, 598, 618, 820,1205, #  208
+1309,1412,1858,1307,1692,5176,5177,5178,5179,5180,5181,5182,1142,1452,1234,1172, #  224
+1875,2043,2149,1793,1382,2973, 925,2404,1067,1241, 960,1377,2935,1491, 919,1217, #  240
+1865,2030,1406,1499,2749,4098,5183,5184,5185,5186,5187,5188,2561,4099,3117,1804, #  256
+2049,3689,4309,3513,1663,5189,3166,3118,3298,1587,1561,3433,5190,3119,1625,2998, #  272
+3299,4613,1766,3690,2786,4614,5191,5192,5193,5194,2161,  26,3377,   2,3929,  20, #  288
+3691,  47,4100,  50,  17,  16,  35, 268,  27, 243,  42, 155,  24, 154,  29, 184, #  304
+   4,  91,  14,  92,  53, 396,  33, 289,   9,  37,  64, 620,  21,  39, 321,   5, #  320
+  12,  11,  52,  13,   3, 208, 138,   0,   7,  60, 526, 141, 151,1069, 181, 275, #  336
+1591,  83, 132,1475, 126, 331, 829,  15,  69, 160,  59,  22, 157,  55,1079, 312, #  352
+ 109,  38,  23,  25,  10,  19,  79,5195,  61, 382,1124,   8,  30,5196,5197,5198, #  368
+5199,5200,5201,5202,5203,5204,5205,5206,  89,  62,  74,  34,2416, 112, 139, 196, #  384
+ 271, 149,  84, 607, 131, 765,  46,  88, 153, 683,  76, 874, 101, 258,  57,  80, #  400
+  32, 364, 121,1508, 169,1547,  68, 235, 145,2999,  41, 360,3027,  70,  63,  31, #  416
+  43, 259, 262,1383,  99, 533, 194,  66,  93, 846, 217, 192,  56, 106,  58, 565, #  432
+ 280, 272, 311, 256, 146,  82, 308,  71, 100, 128, 214, 655, 110, 261, 104,1140, #  448
+  54,  51,  36,  87,  67,3070, 185,2618,2936,2020,  28,1066,2390,2059,5207,5208, #  464
+5209,5210,5211,5212,5213,5214,5215,5216,4615,5217,5218,5219,5220,5221,5222,5223, #  480
+5224,5225,5226,5227,5228,5229,5230,5231,5232,5233,5234,5235,5236,3514,5237,5238, #  496
+5239,5240,5241,5242,5243,5244,2297,2031,4616,4310,3692,5245,3071,5246,3598,5247, #  512
+4617,3231,3515,5248,4101,4311,4618,3808,4312,4102,5249,4103,4104,3599,5250,5251, #  528
+5252,5253,5254,5255,5256,5257,5258,5259,5260,5261,5262,5263,5264,5265,5266,5267, #  544
+5268,5269,5270,5271,5272,5273,5274,5275,5276,5277,5278,5279,5280,5281,5282,5283, #  560
+5284,5285,5286,5287,5288,5289,5290,5291,5292,5293,5294,5295,5296,5297,5298,5299, #  576
+5300,5301,5302,5303,5304,5305,5306,5307,5308,5309,5310,5311,5312,5313,5314,5315, #  592
+5316,5317,5318,5319,5320,5321,5322,5323,5324,5325,5326,5327,5328,5329,5330,5331, #  608
+5332,5333,5334,5335,5336,5337,5338,5339,5340,5341,5342,5343,5344,5345,5346,5347, #  624
+5348,5349,5350,5351,5352,5353,5354,5355,5356,5357,5358,5359,5360,5361,5362,5363, #  640
+5364,5365,5366,5367,5368,5369,5370,5371,5372,5373,5374,5375,5376,5377,5378,5379, #  656
+5380,5381, 363, 642,2787,2878,2788,2789,2316,3232,2317,3434,2011, 165,1942,3930, #  672
+3931,3932,3933,5382,4619,5383,4620,5384,5385,5386,5387,5388,5389,5390,5391,5392, #  688
+5393,5394,5395,5396,5397,5398,5399,5400,5401,5402,5403,5404,5405,5406,5407,5408, #  704
+5409,5410,5411,5412,5413,5414,5415,5416,5417,5418,5419,5420,5421,5422,5423,5424, #  720
+5425,5426,5427,5428,5429,5430,5431,5432,5433,5434,5435,5436,5437,5438,5439,5440, #  736
+5441,5442,5443,5444,5445,5446,5447,5448,5449,5450,5451,5452,5453,5454,5455,5456, #  752
+5457,5458,5459,5460,5461,5462,5463,5464,5465,5466,5467,5468,5469,5470,5471,5472, #  768
+5473,5474,5475,5476,5477,5478,5479,5480,5481,5482,5483,5484,5485,5486,5487,5488, #  784
+5489,5490,5491,5492,5493,5494,5495,5496,5497,5498,5499,5500,5501,5502,5503,5504, #  800
+5505,5506,5507,5508,5509,5510,5511,5512,5513,5514,5515,5516,5517,5518,5519,5520, #  816
+5521,5522,5523,5524,5525,5526,5527,5528,5529,5530,5531,5532,5533,5534,5535,5536, #  832
+5537,5538,5539,5540,5541,5542,5543,5544,5545,5546,5547,5548,5549,5550,5551,5552, #  848
+5553,5554,5555,5556,5557,5558,5559,5560,5561,5562,5563,5564,5565,5566,5567,5568, #  864
+5569,5570,5571,5572,5573,5574,5575,5576,5577,5578,5579,5580,5581,5582,5583,5584, #  880
+5585,5586,5587,5588,5589,5590,5591,5592,5593,5594,5595,5596,5597,5598,5599,5600, #  896
+5601,5602,5603,5604,5605,5606,5607,5608,5609,5610,5611,5612,5613,5614,5615,5616, #  912
+5617,5618,5619,5620,5621,5622,5623,5624,5625,5626,5627,5628,5629,5630,5631,5632, #  928
+5633,5634,5635,5636,5637,5638,5639,5640,5641,5642,5643,5644,5645,5646,5647,5648, #  944
+5649,5650,5651,5652,5653,5654,5655,5656,5657,5658,5659,5660,5661,5662,5663,5664, #  960
+5665,5666,5667,5668,5669,5670,5671,5672,5673,5674,5675,5676,5677,5678,5679,5680, #  976
+5681,5682,5683,5684,5685,5686,5687,5688,5689,5690,5691,5692,5693,5694,5695,5696, #  992
+5697,5698,5699,5700,5701,5702,5703,5704,5705,5706,5707,5708,5709,5710,5711,5712, # 1008
+5713,5714,5715,5716,5717,5718,5719,5720,5721,5722,5723,5724,5725,5726,5727,5728, # 1024
+5729,5730,5731,5732,5733,5734,5735,5736,5737,5738,5739,5740,5741,5742,5743,5744, # 1040
+5745,5746,5747,5748,5749,5750,5751,5752,5753,5754,5755,5756,5757,5758,5759,5760, # 1056
+5761,5762,5763,5764,5765,5766,5767,5768,5769,5770,5771,5772,5773,5774,5775,5776, # 1072
+5777,5778,5779,5780,5781,5782,5783,5784,5785,5786,5787,5788,5789,5790,5791,5792, # 1088
+5793,5794,5795,5796,5797,5798,5799,5800,5801,5802,5803,5804,5805,5806,5807,5808, # 1104
+5809,5810,5811,5812,5813,5814,5815,5816,5817,5818,5819,5820,5821,5822,5823,5824, # 1120
+5825,5826,5827,5828,5829,5830,5831,5832,5833,5834,5835,5836,5837,5838,5839,5840, # 1136
+5841,5842,5843,5844,5845,5846,5847,5848,5849,5850,5851,5852,5853,5854,5855,5856, # 1152
+5857,5858,5859,5860,5861,5862,5863,5864,5865,5866,5867,5868,5869,5870,5871,5872, # 1168
+5873,5874,5875,5876,5877,5878,5879,5880,5881,5882,5883,5884,5885,5886,5887,5888, # 1184
+5889,5890,5891,5892,5893,5894,5895,5896,5897,5898,5899,5900,5901,5902,5903,5904, # 1200
+5905,5906,5907,5908,5909,5910,5911,5912,5913,5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920, # 1216
+5921,5922,5923,5924,5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,5931,5932,5933,5934,5935,5936, # 1232
+5937,5938,5939,5940,5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,5946,5947,5948,5949,5950,5951,5952, # 1248
+5953,5954,5955,5956,5957,5958,5959,5960,5961,5962,5963,5964,5965,5966,5967,5968, # 1264
+5969,5970,5971,5972,5973,5974,5975,5976,5977,5978,5979,5980,5981,5982,5983,5984, # 1280
+5985,5986,5987,5988,5989,5990,5991,5992,5993,5994,5995,5996,5997,5998,5999,6000, # 1296
+6001,6002,6003,6004,6005,6006,6007,6008,6009,6010,6011,6012,6013,6014,6015,6016, # 1312
+6017,6018,6019,6020,6021,6022,6023,6024,6025,6026,6027,6028,6029,6030,6031,6032, # 1328
+6033,6034,6035,6036,6037,6038,6039,6040,6041,6042,6043,6044,6045,6046,6047,6048, # 1344
+6049,6050,6051,6052,6053,6054,6055,6056,6057,6058,6059,6060,6061,6062,6063,6064, # 1360
+6065,6066,6067,6068,6069,6070,6071,6072,6073,6074,6075,6076,6077,6078,6079,6080, # 1376
+6081,6082,6083,6084,6085,6086,6087,6088,6089,6090,6091,6092,6093,6094,6095,6096, # 1392
+6097,6098,6099,6100,6101,6102,6103,6104,6105,6106,6107,6108,6109,6110,6111,6112, # 1408
+6113,6114,2044,2060,4621, 997,1235, 473,1186,4622, 920,3378,6115,6116, 379,1108, # 1424
+4313,2657,2735,3934,6117,3809, 636,3233, 573,1026,3693,3435,2974,3300,2298,4105, # 1440
+ 854,2937,2463, 393,2581,2417, 539, 752,1280,2750,2480, 140,1161, 440, 708,1569, # 1456
+ 665,2497,1746,1291,1523,3000, 164,1603, 847,1331, 537,1997, 486, 508,1693,2418, # 1472
+1970,2227, 878,1220, 299,1030, 969, 652,2751, 624,1137,3301,2619,  65,3302,2045, # 1488
+1761,1859,3120,1930,3694,3516, 663,1767, 852, 835,3695, 269, 767,2826,2339,1305, # 1504
+ 896,1150, 770,1616,6118, 506,1502,2075,1012,2519, 775,2520,2975,2340,2938,4314, # 1520
+3028,2086,1224,1943,2286,6119,3072,4315,2240,1273,1987,3935,1557, 175, 597, 985, # 1536
+3517,2419,2521,1416,3029, 585, 938,1931,1007,1052,1932,1685,6120,3379,4316,4623, # 1552
+ 804, 599,3121,1333,2128,2539,1159,1554,2032,3810, 687,2033,2904, 952, 675,1467, # 1568
+3436,6121,2241,1096,1786,2440,1543,1924, 980,1813,2228, 781,2692,1879, 728,1918, # 1584
+3696,4624, 548,1950,4625,1809,1088,1356,3303,2522,1944, 502, 972, 373, 513,2827, # 1600
+ 586,2377,2391,1003,1976,1631,6122,2464,1084, 648,1776,4626,2141, 324, 962,2012, # 1616
+2177,2076,1384, 742,2178,1448,1173,1810, 222, 102, 301, 445, 125,2420, 662,2498, # 1632
+ 277, 200,1476,1165,1068, 224,2562,1378,1446, 450,1880, 659, 791, 582,4627,2939, # 1648
+3936,1516,1274, 555,2099,3697,1020,1389,1526,3380,1762,1723,1787,2229, 412,2114, # 1664
+1900,2392,3518, 512,2597, 427,1925,2341,3122,1653,1686,2465,2499, 697, 330, 273, # 1680
+ 380,2162, 951, 832, 780, 991,1301,3073, 965,2270,3519, 668,2523,2636,1286, 535, # 1696
+1407, 518, 671, 957,2658,2378, 267, 611,2197,3030,6123, 248,2299, 967,1799,2356, # 1712
+ 850,1418,3437,1876,1256,1480,2828,1718,6124,6125,1755,1664,2405,6126,4628,2879, # 1728
+2829, 499,2179, 676,4629, 557,2329,2214,2090, 325,3234, 464, 811,3001, 992,2342, # 1744
+2481,1232,1469, 303,2242, 466,1070,2163, 603,1777,2091,4630,2752,4631,2714, 322, # 1760
+2659,1964,1768, 481,2188,1463,2330,2857,3600,2092,3031,2421,4632,2318,2070,1849, # 1776
+2598,4633,1302,2254,1668,1701,2422,3811,2905,3032,3123,2046,4106,1763,1694,4634, # 1792
+1604, 943,1724,1454, 917, 868,2215,1169,2940, 552,1145,1800,1228,1823,1955, 316, # 1808
+1080,2510, 361,1807,2830,4107,2660,3381,1346,1423,1134,4108,6127, 541,1263,1229, # 1824
+1148,2540, 545, 465,1833,2880,3438,1901,3074,2482, 816,3937, 713,1788,2500, 122, # 1840
+1575, 195,1451,2501,1111,6128, 859, 374,1225,2243,2483,4317, 390,1033,3439,3075, # 1856
+2524,1687, 266, 793,1440,2599, 946, 779, 802, 507, 897,1081, 528,2189,1292, 711, # 1872
+1866,1725,1167,1640, 753, 398,2661,1053, 246, 348,4318, 137,1024,3440,1600,2077, # 1888
+2129, 825,4319, 698, 238, 521, 187,2300,1157,2423,1641,1605,1464,1610,1097,2541, # 1904
+1260,1436, 759,2255,1814,2150, 705,3235, 409,2563,3304, 561,3033,2005,2564, 726, # 1920
+1956,2343,3698,4109, 949,3812,3813,3520,1669, 653,1379,2525, 881,2198, 632,2256, # 1936
+1027, 778,1074, 733,1957, 514,1481,2466, 554,2180, 702,3938,1606,1017,1398,6129, # 1952
+1380,3521, 921, 993,1313, 594, 449,1489,1617,1166, 768,1426,1360, 495,1794,3601, # 1968
+1177,3602,1170,4320,2344, 476, 425,3167,4635,3168,1424, 401,2662,1171,3382,1998, # 1984
+1089,4110, 477,3169, 474,6130,1909, 596,2831,1842, 494, 693,1051,1028,1207,3076, # 2000
+ 606,2115, 727,2790,1473,1115, 743,3522, 630, 805,1532,4321,2021, 366,1057, 838, # 2016
+ 684,1114,2142,4322,2050,1492,1892,1808,2271,3814,2424,1971,1447,1373,3305,1090, # 2032
+1536,3939,3523,3306,1455,2199, 336, 369,2331,1035, 584,2393, 902, 718,2600,6131, # 2048
+2753, 463,2151,1149,1611,2467, 715,1308,3124,1268, 343,1413,3236,1517,1347,2663, # 2064
+2093,3940,2022,1131,1553,2100,2941,1427,3441,2942,1323,2484,6132,1980, 872,2368, # 2080
+2441,2943, 320,2369,2116,1082, 679,1933,3941,2791,3815, 625,1143,2023, 422,2200, # 2096
+3816,6133, 730,1695, 356,2257,1626,2301,2858,2637,1627,1778, 937, 883,2906,2693, # 2112
+3002,1769,1086, 400,1063,1325,3307,2792,4111,3077, 456,2345,1046, 747,6134,1524, # 2128
+ 884,1094,3383,1474,2164,1059, 974,1688,2181,2258,1047, 345,1665,1187, 358, 875, # 2144
+3170, 305, 660,3524,2190,1334,1135,3171,1540,1649,2542,1527, 927, 968,2793, 885, # 2160
+1972,1850, 482, 500,2638,1218,1109,1085,2543,1654,2034, 876,  78,2287,1482,1277, # 2176
+ 861,1675,1083,1779, 724,2754, 454, 397,1132,1612,2332, 893, 672,1237, 257,2259, # 2192
+2370, 135,3384, 337,2244, 547, 352, 340, 709,2485,1400, 788,1138,2511, 540, 772, # 2208
+1682,2260,2272,2544,2013,1843,1902,4636,1999,1562,2288,4637,2201,1403,1533, 407, # 2224
+ 576,3308,1254,2071, 978,3385, 170, 136,1201,3125,2664,3172,2394, 213, 912, 873, # 2240
+3603,1713,2202, 699,3604,3699, 813,3442, 493, 531,1054, 468,2907,1483, 304, 281, # 2256
+4112,1726,1252,2094, 339,2319,2130,2639, 756,1563,2944, 748, 571,2976,1588,2425, # 2272
+2715,1851,1460,2426,1528,1392,1973,3237, 288,3309, 685,3386, 296, 892,2716,2216, # 2288
+1570,2245, 722,1747,2217, 905,3238,1103,6135,1893,1441,1965, 251,1805,2371,3700, # 2304
+2601,1919,1078,  75,2182,1509,1592,1270,2640,4638,2152,6136,3310,3817, 524, 706, # 2320
+1075, 292,3818,1756,2602, 317,  98,3173,3605,3525,1844,2218,3819,2502, 814, 567, # 2336
+ 385,2908,1534,6137, 534,1642,3239, 797,6138,1670,1529, 953,4323, 188,1071, 538, # 2352
+ 178, 729,3240,2109,1226,1374,2000,2357,2977, 731,2468,1116,2014,2051,6139,1261, # 2368
+1593, 803,2859,2736,3443, 556, 682, 823,1541,6140,1369,2289,1706,2794, 845, 462, # 2384
+2603,2665,1361, 387, 162,2358,1740, 739,1770,1720,1304,1401,3241,1049, 627,1571, # 2400
+2427,3526,1877,3942,1852,1500, 431,1910,1503, 677, 297,2795, 286,1433,1038,1198, # 2416
+2290,1133,1596,4113,4639,2469,1510,1484,3943,6141,2442, 108, 712,4640,2372, 866, # 2432
+3701,2755,3242,1348, 834,1945,1408,3527,2395,3243,1811, 824, 994,1179,2110,1548, # 2448
+1453, 790,3003, 690,4324,4325,2832,2909,3820,1860,3821, 225,1748, 310, 346,1780, # 2464
+2470, 821,1993,2717,2796, 828, 877,3528,2860,2471,1702,2165,2910,2486,1789, 453, # 2480
+ 359,2291,1676,  73,1164,1461,1127,3311, 421, 604, 314,1037, 589, 116,2487, 737, # 2496
+ 837,1180, 111, 244, 735,6142,2261,1861,1362, 986, 523, 418, 581,2666,3822, 103, # 2512
+ 855, 503,1414,1867,2488,1091, 657,1597, 979, 605,1316,4641,1021,2443,2078,2001, # 2528
+1209,  96, 587,2166,1032, 260,1072,2153, 173,  94, 226,3244, 819,2006,4642,4114, # 2544
+2203, 231,1744, 782,  97,2667, 786,3387, 887, 391, 442,2219,4326,1425,6143,2694, # 2560
+ 633,1544,1202, 483,2015, 592,2052,1958,2472,1655, 419, 129,4327,3444,3312,1714, # 2576
+1257,3078,4328,1518,1098, 865,1310,1019,1885,1512,1734, 469,2444, 148, 773, 436, # 2592
+1815,1868,1128,1055,4329,1245,2756,3445,2154,1934,1039,4643, 579,1238, 932,2320, # 2608
+ 353, 205, 801, 115,2428, 944,2321,1881, 399,2565,1211, 678, 766,3944, 335,2101, # 2624
+1459,1781,1402,3945,2737,2131,1010, 844, 981,1326,1013, 550,1816,1545,2620,1335, # 2640
+1008, 371,2881, 936,1419,1613,3529,1456,1395,2273,1834,2604,1317,2738,2503, 416, # 2656
+1643,4330, 806,1126, 229, 591,3946,1314,1981,1576,1837,1666, 347,1790, 977,3313, # 2672
+ 764,2861,1853, 688,2429,1920,1462,  77, 595, 415,2002,3034, 798,1192,4115,6144, # 2688
+2978,4331,3035,2695,2582,2072,2566, 430,2430,1727, 842,1396,3947,3702, 613, 377, # 2704
+ 278, 236,1417,3388,3314,3174, 757,1869, 107,3530,6145,1194, 623,2262, 207,1253, # 2720
+2167,3446,3948, 492,1117,1935, 536,1838,2757,1246,4332, 696,2095,2406,1393,1572, # 2736
+3175,1782, 583, 190, 253,1390,2230, 830,3126,3389, 934,3245,1703,1749,2979,1870, # 2752
+2545,1656,2204, 869,2346,4116,3176,1817, 496,1764,4644, 942,1504, 404,1903,1122, # 2768
+1580,3606,2945,1022, 515, 372,1735, 955,2431,3036,6146,2797,1110,2302,2798, 617, # 2784
+6147, 441, 762,1771,3447,3607,3608,1904, 840,3037,  86, 939,1385, 572,1370,2445, # 2800
+1336, 114,3703, 898, 294, 203,3315, 703,1583,2274, 429, 961,4333,1854,1951,3390, # 2816
+2373,3704,4334,1318,1381, 966,1911,2322,1006,1155, 309, 989, 458,2718,1795,1372, # 2832
+1203, 252,1689,1363,3177, 517,1936, 168,1490, 562, 193,3823,1042,4117,1835, 551, # 2848
+ 470,4645, 395, 489,3448,1871,1465,2583,2641, 417,1493, 279,1295, 511,1236,1119, # 2864
+  72,1231,1982,1812,3004, 871,1564, 984,3449,1667,2696,2096,4646,2347,2833,1673, # 2880
+3609, 695,3246,2668, 807,1183,4647, 890, 388,2333,1801,1457,2911,1765,1477,1031, # 2896
+3316,3317,1278,3391,2799,2292,2526, 163,3450,4335,2669,1404,1802,6148,2323,2407, # 2912
+1584,1728,1494,1824,1269, 298, 909,3318,1034,1632, 375, 776,1683,2061, 291, 210, # 2928
+1123, 809,1249,1002,2642,3038, 206,1011,2132, 144, 975, 882,1565, 342, 667, 754, # 2944
+1442,2143,1299,2303,2062, 447, 626,2205,1221,2739,2912,1144,1214,2206,2584, 760, # 2960
+1715, 614, 950,1281,2670,2621, 810, 577,1287,2546,4648, 242,2168, 250,2643, 691, # 2976
+ 123,2644, 647, 313,1029, 689,1357,2946,1650, 216, 771,1339,1306, 808,2063, 549, # 2992
+ 913,1371,2913,2914,6149,1466,1092,1174,1196,1311,2605,2396,1783,1796,3079, 406, # 3008
+2671,2117,3949,4649, 487,1825,2220,6150,2915, 448,2348,1073,6151,2397,1707, 130, # 3024
+ 900,1598, 329, 176,1959,2527,1620,6152,2275,4336,3319,1983,2191,3705,3610,2155, # 3040
+3706,1912,1513,1614,6153,1988, 646, 392,2304,1589,3320,3039,1826,1239,1352,1340, # 3056
+2916, 505,2567,1709,1437,2408,2547, 906,6154,2672, 384,1458,1594,1100,1329, 710, # 3072
+ 423,3531,2064,2231,2622,1989,2673,1087,1882, 333, 841,3005,1296,2882,2379, 580, # 3088
+1937,1827,1293,2585, 601, 574, 249,1772,4118,2079,1120, 645, 901,1176,1690, 795, # 3104
+2207, 478,1434, 516,1190,1530, 761,2080, 930,1264, 355, 435,1552, 644,1791, 987, # 3120
+ 220,1364,1163,1121,1538, 306,2169,1327,1222, 546,2645, 218, 241, 610,1704,3321, # 3136
+1984,1839,1966,2528, 451,6155,2586,3707,2568, 907,3178, 254,2947, 186,1845,4650, # 3152
+ 745, 432,1757, 428,1633, 888,2246,2221,2489,3611,2118,1258,1265, 956,3127,1784, # 3168
+4337,2490, 319, 510, 119, 457,3612, 274,2035,2007,4651,1409,3128, 970,2758, 590, # 3184
+2800, 661,2247,4652,2008,3950,1420,1549,3080,3322,3951,1651,1375,2111, 485,2491, # 3200
+1429,1156,6156,2548,2183,1495, 831,1840,2529,2446, 501,1657, 307,1894,3247,1341, # 3216
+ 666, 899,2156,1539,2549,1559, 886, 349,2208,3081,2305,1736,3824,2170,2759,1014, # 3232
+1913,1386, 542,1397,2948, 490, 368, 716, 362, 159, 282,2569,1129,1658,1288,1750, # 3248
+2674, 276, 649,2016, 751,1496, 658,1818,1284,1862,2209,2087,2512,3451, 622,2834, # 3264
+ 376, 117,1060,2053,1208,1721,1101,1443, 247,1250,3179,1792,3952,2760,2398,3953, # 3280
+6157,2144,3708, 446,2432,1151,2570,3452,2447,2761,2835,1210,2448,3082, 424,2222, # 3296
+1251,2449,2119,2836, 504,1581,4338, 602, 817, 857,3825,2349,2306, 357,3826,1470, # 3312
+1883,2883, 255, 958, 929,2917,3248, 302,4653,1050,1271,1751,2307,1952,1430,2697, # 3328
+2719,2359, 354,3180, 777, 158,2036,4339,1659,4340,4654,2308,2949,2248,1146,2232, # 3344
+3532,2720,1696,2623,3827,6158,3129,1550,2698,1485,1297,1428, 637, 931,2721,2145, # 3360
+ 914,2550,2587,  81,2450, 612, 827,2646,1242,4655,1118,2884, 472,1855,3181,3533, # 3376
+3534, 569,1353,2699,1244,1758,2588,4119,2009,2762,2171,3709,1312,1531,6159,1152, # 3392
+1938, 134,1830, 471,3710,2276,1112,1535,3323,3453,3535, 982,1337,2950, 488, 826, # 3408
+ 674,1058,1628,4120,2017, 522,2399, 211, 568,1367,3454, 350, 293,1872,1139,3249, # 3424
+1399,1946,3006,1300,2360,3324, 588, 736,6160,2606, 744, 669,3536,3828,6161,1358, # 3440
+ 199, 723, 848, 933, 851,1939,1505,1514,1338,1618,1831,4656,1634,3613, 443,2740, # 3456
+3829, 717,1947, 491,1914,6162,2551,1542,4121,1025,6163,1099,1223, 198,3040,2722, # 3472
+ 370, 410,1905,2589, 998,1248,3182,2380, 519,1449,4122,1710, 947, 928,1153,4341, # 3488
+2277, 344,2624,1511, 615, 105, 161,1212,1076,1960,3130,2054,1926,1175,1906,2473, # 3504
+ 414,1873,2801,6164,2309, 315,1319,3325, 318,2018,2146,2157, 963, 631, 223,4342, # 3520
+4343,2675, 479,3711,1197,2625,3712,2676,2361,6165,4344,4123,6166,2451,3183,1886, # 3536
+2184,1674,1330,1711,1635,1506, 799, 219,3250,3083,3954,1677,3713,3326,2081,3614, # 3552
+1652,2073,4657,1147,3041,1752, 643,1961, 147,1974,3955,6167,1716,2037, 918,3007, # 3568
+1994, 120,1537, 118, 609,3184,4345, 740,3455,1219, 332,1615,3830,6168,1621,2980, # 3584
+1582, 783, 212, 553,2350,3714,1349,2433,2082,4124, 889,6169,2310,1275,1410, 973, # 3600
+ 166,1320,3456,1797,1215,3185,2885,1846,2590,2763,4658, 629, 822,3008, 763, 940, # 3616
+1990,2862, 439,2409,1566,1240,1622, 926,1282,1907,2764, 654,2210,1607, 327,1130, # 3632
+3956,1678,1623,6170,2434,2192, 686, 608,3831,3715, 903,3957,3042,6171,2741,1522, # 3648
+1915,1105,1555,2552,1359, 323,3251,4346,3457, 738,1354,2553,2311,2334,1828,2003, # 3664
+3832,1753,2351,1227,6172,1887,4125,1478,6173,2410,1874,1712,1847, 520,1204,2607, # 3680
+ 264,4659, 836,2677,2102, 600,4660,3833,2278,3084,6174,4347,3615,1342, 640, 532, # 3696
+ 543,2608,1888,2400,2591,1009,4348,1497, 341,1737,3616,2723,1394, 529,3252,1321, # 3712
+ 983,4661,1515,2120, 971,2592, 924, 287,1662,3186,4349,2700,4350,1519, 908,1948, # 3728
+2452, 156, 796,1629,1486,2223,2055, 694,4126,1259,1036,3392,1213,2249,2742,1889, # 3744
+1230,3958,1015, 910, 408, 559,3617,4662, 746, 725, 935,4663,3959,3009,1289, 563, # 3760
+ 867,4664,3960,1567,2981,2038,2626, 988,2263,2381,4351, 143,2374, 704,1895,6175, # 3776
+1188,3716,2088, 673,3085,2362,4352, 484,1608,1921,2765,2918, 215, 904,3618,3537, # 3792
+ 894, 509, 976,3043,2701,3961,4353,2837,2982, 498,6176,6177,1102,3538,1332,3393, # 3808
+1487,1636,1637, 233, 245,3962, 383, 650, 995,3044, 460,1520,1206,2352, 749,3327, # 3824
+ 530, 700, 389,1438,1560,1773,3963,2264, 719,2951,2724,3834, 870,1832,1644,1000, # 3840
+ 839,2474,3717, 197,1630,3394, 365,2886,3964,1285,2133, 734, 922, 818,1106, 732, # 3856
+ 480,2083,1774,3458, 923,2279,1350, 221,3086,  85,2233,2234,3835,1585,3010,2147, # 3872
+1387,1705,2382,1619,2475, 133, 239,2802,1991,1016,2084,2383, 411,2838,1113, 651, # 3888
+1985,1160,3328, 990,1863,3087,1048,1276,2647, 265,2627,1599,3253,2056, 150, 638, # 3904
+2019, 656, 853, 326,1479, 680,1439,4354,1001,1759, 413,3459,3395,2492,1431, 459, # 3920
+4355,1125,3329,2265,1953,1450,2065,2863, 849, 351,2678,3131,3254,3255,1104,1577, # 3936
+ 227,1351,1645,2453,2193,1421,2887, 812,2121, 634,  95,2435, 201,2312,4665,1646, # 3952
+1671,2743,1601,2554,2702,2648,2280,1315,1366,2089,3132,1573,3718,3965,1729,1189, # 3968
+ 328,2679,1077,1940,1136, 558,1283, 964,1195, 621,2074,1199,1743,3460,3619,1896, # 3984
+1916,1890,3836,2952,1154,2112,1064, 862, 378,3011,2066,2113,2803,1568,2839,6178, # 4000
+3088,2919,1941,1660,2004,1992,2194, 142, 707,1590,1708,1624,1922,1023,1836,1233, # 4016
+1004,2313, 789, 741,3620,6179,1609,2411,1200,4127,3719,3720,4666,2057,3721, 593, # 4032
+2840, 367,2920,1878,6180,3461,1521, 628,1168, 692,2211,2649, 300, 720,2067,2571, # 4048
+2953,3396, 959,2504,3966,3539,3462,1977, 701,6181, 954,1043, 800, 681, 183,3722, # 4064
+1803,1730,3540,4128,2103, 815,2314, 174, 467, 230,2454,1093,2134, 755,3541,3397, # 4080
+1141,1162,6182,1738,2039, 270,3256,2513,1005,1647,2185,3837, 858,1679,1897,1719, # 4096
+2954,2324,1806, 402, 670, 167,4129,1498,2158,2104, 750,6183, 915, 189,1680,1551, # 4112
+ 455,4356,1501,2455, 405,1095,2955, 338,1586,1266,1819, 570, 641,1324, 237,1556, # 4128
+2650,1388,3723,6184,1368,2384,1343,1978,3089,2436, 879,3724, 792,1191, 758,3012, # 4144
+1411,2135,1322,4357, 240,4667,1848,3725,1574,6185, 420,3045,1546,1391, 714,4358, # 4160
+1967, 941,1864, 863, 664, 426, 560,1731,2680,1785,2864,1949,2363, 403,3330,1415, # 4176
+1279,2136,1697,2335, 204, 721,2097,3838,  90,6186,2085,2505, 191,3967, 124,2148, # 4192
+1376,1798,1178,1107,1898,1405, 860,4359,1243,1272,2375,2983,1558,2456,1638, 113, # 4208
+3621, 578,1923,2609, 880, 386,4130, 784,2186,2266,1422,2956,2172,1722, 497, 263, # 4224
+2514,1267,2412,2610, 177,2703,3542, 774,1927,1344, 616,1432,1595,1018, 172,4360, # 4240
+2325, 911,4361, 438,1468,3622, 794,3968,2024,2173,1681,1829,2957, 945, 895,3090, # 4256
+ 575,2212,2476, 475,2401,2681, 785,2744,1745,2293,2555,1975,3133,2865, 394,4668, # 4272
+3839, 635,4131, 639, 202,1507,2195,2766,1345,1435,2572,3726,1908,1184,1181,2457, # 4288
+3727,3134,4362, 843,2611, 437, 916,4669, 234, 769,1884,3046,3047,3623, 833,6187, # 4304
+1639,2250,2402,1355,1185,2010,2047, 999, 525,1732,1290,1488,2612, 948,1578,3728, # 4320
+2413,2477,1216,2725,2159, 334,3840,1328,3624,2921,1525,4132, 564,1056, 891,4363, # 4336
+1444,1698,2385,2251,3729,1365,2281,2235,1717,6188, 864,3841,2515, 444, 527,2767, # 4352
+2922,3625, 544, 461,6189, 566, 209,2437,3398,2098,1065,2068,3331,3626,3257,2137, # 4368  #last 512
+)
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/johabfreq.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/johabfreq.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1296999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/johabfreq.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2382 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+# The frequency data itself is the same as euc-kr.
+# This is just a mapping table to euc-kr.
+
+JOHAB_TO_EUCKR_ORDER_TABLE = {
+    0x8861: 0,
+    0x8862: 1,
+    0x8865: 2,
+    0x8868: 3,
+    0x8869: 4,
+    0x886A: 5,
+    0x886B: 6,
+    0x8871: 7,
+    0x8873: 8,
+    0x8874: 9,
+    0x8875: 10,
+    0x8876: 11,
+    0x8877: 12,
+    0x8878: 13,
+    0x8879: 14,
+    0x887B: 15,
+    0x887C: 16,
+    0x887D: 17,
+    0x8881: 18,
+    0x8882: 19,
+    0x8885: 20,
+    0x8889: 21,
+    0x8891: 22,
+    0x8893: 23,
+    0x8895: 24,
+    0x8896: 25,
+    0x8897: 26,
+    0x88A1: 27,
+    0x88A2: 28,
+    0x88A5: 29,
+    0x88A9: 30,
+    0x88B5: 31,
+    0x88B7: 32,
+    0x88C1: 33,
+    0x88C5: 34,
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+    0xCB85: 2091,
+    0xCB89: 2092,
+    0xCB91: 2093,
+    0xCB93: 2094,
+    0xCBA1: 2095,
+    0xCBA2: 2096,
+    0xCBA5: 2097,
+    0xCBA9: 2098,
+    0xCBB1: 2099,
+    0xCBB3: 2100,
+    0xCBB5: 2101,
+    0xCBB7: 2102,
+    0xCC61: 2103,
+    0xCC62: 2104,
+    0xCC63: 2105,
+    0xCC65: 2106,
+    0xCC69: 2107,
+    0xCC6B: 2108,
+    0xCC71: 2109,
+    0xCC73: 2110,
+    0xCC75: 2111,
+    0xCC76: 2112,
+    0xCC77: 2113,
+    0xCC7B: 2114,
+    0xCC81: 2115,
+    0xCC82: 2116,
+    0xCC85: 2117,
+    0xCC89: 2118,
+    0xCC91: 2119,
+    0xCC93: 2120,
+    0xCC95: 2121,
+    0xCC96: 2122,
+    0xCC97: 2123,
+    0xCCA1: 2124,
+    0xCCA2: 2125,
+    0xCCE1: 2126,
+    0xCCE2: 2127,
+    0xCCE5: 2128,
+    0xCCE9: 2129,
+    0xCCF1: 2130,
+    0xCCF3: 2131,
+    0xCCF5: 2132,
+    0xCCF6: 2133,
+    0xCCF7: 2134,
+    0xCD41: 2135,
+    0xCD42: 2136,
+    0xCD45: 2137,
+    0xCD49: 2138,
+    0xCD51: 2139,
+    0xCD53: 2140,
+    0xCD55: 2141,
+    0xCD57: 2142,
+    0xCD61: 2143,
+    0xCD65: 2144,
+    0xCD69: 2145,
+    0xCD71: 2146,
+    0xCD73: 2147,
+    0xCD76: 2148,
+    0xCD77: 2149,
+    0xCD81: 2150,
+    0xCD89: 2151,
+    0xCD93: 2152,
+    0xCD95: 2153,
+    0xCDA1: 2154,
+    0xCDA2: 2155,
+    0xCDA5: 2156,
+    0xCDA9: 2157,
+    0xCDB1: 2158,
+    0xCDB3: 2159,
+    0xCDB5: 2160,
+    0xCDB7: 2161,
+    0xCDC1: 2162,
+    0xCDD7: 2163,
+    0xCE41: 2164,
+    0xCE45: 2165,
+    0xCE61: 2166,
+    0xCE65: 2167,
+    0xCE69: 2168,
+    0xCE73: 2169,
+    0xCE75: 2170,
+    0xCE81: 2171,
+    0xCE82: 2172,
+    0xCE85: 2173,
+    0xCE88: 2174,
+    0xCE89: 2175,
+    0xCE8B: 2176,
+    0xCE91: 2177,
+    0xCE93: 2178,
+    0xCE95: 2179,
+    0xCE97: 2180,
+    0xCEA1: 2181,
+    0xCEB7: 2182,
+    0xCEE1: 2183,
+    0xCEE5: 2184,
+    0xCEE9: 2185,
+    0xCEF1: 2186,
+    0xCEF5: 2187,
+    0xCF41: 2188,
+    0xCF45: 2189,
+    0xCF49: 2190,
+    0xCF51: 2191,
+    0xCF55: 2192,
+    0xCF57: 2193,
+    0xCF61: 2194,
+    0xCF65: 2195,
+    0xCF69: 2196,
+    0xCF71: 2197,
+    0xCF73: 2198,
+    0xCF75: 2199,
+    0xCFA1: 2200,
+    0xCFA2: 2201,
+    0xCFA5: 2202,
+    0xCFA9: 2203,
+    0xCFB1: 2204,
+    0xCFB3: 2205,
+    0xCFB5: 2206,
+    0xCFB7: 2207,
+    0xD061: 2208,
+    0xD062: 2209,
+    0xD065: 2210,
+    0xD069: 2211,
+    0xD06E: 2212,
+    0xD071: 2213,
+    0xD073: 2214,
+    0xD075: 2215,
+    0xD077: 2216,
+    0xD081: 2217,
+    0xD082: 2218,
+    0xD085: 2219,
+    0xD089: 2220,
+    0xD091: 2221,
+    0xD093: 2222,
+    0xD095: 2223,
+    0xD096: 2224,
+    0xD097: 2225,
+    0xD0A1: 2226,
+    0xD0B7: 2227,
+    0xD0E1: 2228,
+    0xD0E2: 2229,
+    0xD0E5: 2230,
+    0xD0E9: 2231,
+    0xD0EB: 2232,
+    0xD0F1: 2233,
+    0xD0F3: 2234,
+    0xD0F5: 2235,
+    0xD0F7: 2236,
+    0xD141: 2237,
+    0xD142: 2238,
+    0xD145: 2239,
+    0xD149: 2240,
+    0xD151: 2241,
+    0xD153: 2242,
+    0xD155: 2243,
+    0xD157: 2244,
+    0xD161: 2245,
+    0xD162: 2246,
+    0xD165: 2247,
+    0xD169: 2248,
+    0xD171: 2249,
+    0xD173: 2250,
+    0xD175: 2251,
+    0xD176: 2252,
+    0xD177: 2253,
+    0xD181: 2254,
+    0xD185: 2255,
+    0xD189: 2256,
+    0xD193: 2257,
+    0xD1A1: 2258,
+    0xD1A2: 2259,
+    0xD1A5: 2260,
+    0xD1A9: 2261,
+    0xD1AE: 2262,
+    0xD1B1: 2263,
+    0xD1B3: 2264,
+    0xD1B5: 2265,
+    0xD1B7: 2266,
+    0xD1BB: 2267,
+    0xD1C1: 2268,
+    0xD1C2: 2269,
+    0xD1C5: 2270,
+    0xD1C9: 2271,
+    0xD1D5: 2272,
+    0xD1D7: 2273,
+    0xD1E1: 2274,
+    0xD1E2: 2275,
+    0xD1E5: 2276,
+    0xD1F5: 2277,
+    0xD1F7: 2278,
+    0xD241: 2279,
+    0xD242: 2280,
+    0xD245: 2281,
+    0xD249: 2282,
+    0xD253: 2283,
+    0xD255: 2284,
+    0xD257: 2285,
+    0xD261: 2286,
+    0xD265: 2287,
+    0xD269: 2288,
+    0xD273: 2289,
+    0xD275: 2290,
+    0xD281: 2291,
+    0xD282: 2292,
+    0xD285: 2293,
+    0xD289: 2294,
+    0xD28E: 2295,
+    0xD291: 2296,
+    0xD295: 2297,
+    0xD297: 2298,
+    0xD2A1: 2299,
+    0xD2A5: 2300,
+    0xD2A9: 2301,
+    0xD2B1: 2302,
+    0xD2B7: 2303,
+    0xD2C1: 2304,
+    0xD2C2: 2305,
+    0xD2C5: 2306,
+    0xD2C9: 2307,
+    0xD2D7: 2308,
+    0xD2E1: 2309,
+    0xD2E2: 2310,
+    0xD2E5: 2311,
+    0xD2E9: 2312,
+    0xD2F1: 2313,
+    0xD2F3: 2314,
+    0xD2F5: 2315,
+    0xD2F7: 2316,
+    0xD341: 2317,
+    0xD342: 2318,
+    0xD345: 2319,
+    0xD349: 2320,
+    0xD351: 2321,
+    0xD355: 2322,
+    0xD357: 2323,
+    0xD361: 2324,
+    0xD362: 2325,
+    0xD365: 2326,
+    0xD367: 2327,
+    0xD368: 2328,
+    0xD369: 2329,
+    0xD36A: 2330,
+    0xD371: 2331,
+    0xD373: 2332,
+    0xD375: 2333,
+    0xD377: 2334,
+    0xD37B: 2335,
+    0xD381: 2336,
+    0xD385: 2337,
+    0xD389: 2338,
+    0xD391: 2339,
+    0xD393: 2340,
+    0xD397: 2341,
+    0xD3A1: 2342,
+    0xD3A2: 2343,
+    0xD3A5: 2344,
+    0xD3A9: 2345,
+    0xD3B1: 2346,
+    0xD3B3: 2347,
+    0xD3B5: 2348,
+    0xD3B7: 2349,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/johabprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/johabprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7364ba6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/johabprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .chardistribution import JOHABDistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import JOHAB_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class JOHABProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(JOHAB_SM_MODEL)
+        self.distribution_analyzer = JOHABDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "Johab"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Korean"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/jpcntx.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/jpcntx.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f53bdda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/jpcntx.py
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Communicator client code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
+
+# This is hiragana 2-char sequence table, the number in each cell represents its frequency category
+# fmt: off
+jp2_char_context = (
+    (0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+    (2, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 1, 4, 3, 3, 1, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 0, 3, 5, 4, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 4, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 0, 4, 1, 0, 3, 4),
+    (0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2),
+    (0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 1, 5, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 1, 3, 2, 0, 3, 4, 0, 4, 2, 0, 4, 2, 1, 5, 3, 2, 3, 5, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 0, 4, 0, 0, 4, 4),
+    (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+    (0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 1, 4, 5, 4, 3, 0, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 0, 4, 4, 0, 3, 3, 1, 5, 3, 3, 3, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 4, 1, 1, 3, 4),
+    (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+    (0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 0, 5, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 5, 2, 2, 1, 4, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 0, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3),
+    (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+    (0, 3, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 2, 1, 4, 4, 2, 4, 1, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 4, 1, 1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 2, 0, 2, 4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3, 0, 3, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 0, 4, 2, 2, 3, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4),
+    (1, 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3, 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 0, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 5, 4),
+    (0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 0, 5, 4, 1, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 0, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 0, 4, 1, 0, 1, 3),
+    (0, 3, 1, 4, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 3, 4, 4, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 3, 1, 5, 4, 4, 1, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 2, 0, 3, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 5, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 2, 0, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 4, 2, 1, 1, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 1, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 0, 3, 5, 5, 3, 1, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 0, 3, 4, 1, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 0, 4, 1, 0, 3, 4),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 0, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0, 1, 3, 1, 3, 4, 0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 3, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 3),
+    (2, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 4, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 1, 5, 4, 3, 1, 4, 3, 2, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 0, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 4, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 4),
+    (0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 4, 2, 1, 0, 2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 2, 0, 4, 4, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 2, 3, 0, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2, 0, 3, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 4, 2, 0, 1, 3, 1, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 0, 3, 0, 1, 4, 5),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1, 1, 3, 0, 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 1, 0, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 2, 3, 0, 2, 1, 4, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 3, 2, 1, 3, 3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3, 3, 1, 2, 4, 0, 3, 0, 2, 2, 3),
+    (2, 4, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 0, 4, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 1, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0, 4, 2, 0, 4, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 3, 5, 3, 4, 5, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 5),
+    (0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 3, 1, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 4, 4, 3, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 1, 4),
+    (1, 4, 1, 5, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 4, 1, 5, 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 0, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 0, 3, 2, 0, 4, 4),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 4, 3, 1, 0, 4, 3, 0, 4, 4, 4, 1, 4, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 5, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1, 4, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 0, 3, 4, 3, 0, 3, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 0, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 5, 0, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 0, 0, 3, 0, 2, 3, 3),
+    (0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 4, 3, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 4, 4, 0, 1, 5, 4, 3, 3, 5, 0, 3, 3, 4, 3, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 3, 0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3),
+    (0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2, 4, 2, 0, 1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 0, 4, 3, 0, 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3, 0, 3, 5),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 2, 3, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 3, 2, 0, 4, 2, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 4),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 5, 0, 1, 0, 2, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 2, 1, 1, 5, 2, 1, 0, 5, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 0, 2, 5, 3, 4, 0, 3, 3, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 4, 4, 2, 5, 4, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 5),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 3, 2, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 2, 3, 4, 2, 3, 4, 0, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 0, 4, 0, 1, 4, 4),
+    (0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 5, 4, 4, 2, 3, 2, 5, 1, 3, 2, 5, 1, 4, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 5, 4, 1, 3, 3, 5, 3, 4, 4, 0, 4, 4, 3, 1, 1, 3, 1, 0, 2, 3, 0, 2, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 3, 1, 3, 4, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 0, 4, 0, 0, 3, 4),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 1, 2, 0, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 0, 2, 2, 4, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 0, 4, 1, 0, 2, 2, 1, 4, 3, 2, 3, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 2, 2, 4, 4),
+    (0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1),
+    (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 4, 1, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 4, 1, 5, 1, 4, 0, 0, 3, 0, 5, 0, 5, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 4, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 4, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+    (1, 4, 0, 5, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 1, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 4, 5, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 4, 3),
+    (0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 0, 4, 1, 4, 2, 4, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0),
+    (0, 5, 1, 5, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 5, 4, 4, 5, 1, 5, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 1, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 2, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 3, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 3, 0, 3, 4, 0, 4, 3),
+    (0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 4, 4, 3, 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 3, 1, 4, 0, 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 2, 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 3, 1, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 4, 0, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 0, 3, 5, 5, 4, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 0, 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 0, 4, 0, 0, 5, 5),
+    (0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 1, 3, 0, 5, 1, 3, 0, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 3, 4, 0, 4, 3, 0, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 0, 3, 5, 4, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 3, 5, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 0, 2, 2, 0, 4, 4),
+    (2, 4, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 5, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 4, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 3, 0, 4, 1, 0, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 0, 4, 2, 0, 3, 5),
+    (0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 5, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 0, 3, 5, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 1, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 2, 2, 0, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 5, 3, 4, 1, 3, 3, 5, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3),
+    (0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2, 3, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 1, 2, 4, 1, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 2, 1, 4, 0, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 3, 2, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3),
+    (0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 2, 0, 4, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 1, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 1, 3, 4, 5, 3, 1, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 1, 4, 5, 3, 3, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 5, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1, 5, 3),
+    (0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 3, 5, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 1, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 1, 0, 4, 2, 0, 2, 4),
+    (0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 5, 2, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 1, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 4),
+    (0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2),
+    (0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4, 0, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 4, 2, 0, 2, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 1, 4, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 1, 2, 0, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 0, 4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 0, 2, 3, 1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 2, 4, 1, 3, 3, 0, 1, 4, 2, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3, 3, 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 1, 3, 0, 3, 2, 3, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 2, 4),
+    (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 0, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 2, 2, 0, 2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 5, 4, 4, 0, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 4, 4, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 4),
+    (0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 4, 2, 5, 1, 4, 0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 4, 1, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 5, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 0, 3, 2, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3),
+    (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3),
+    (0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 2, 4, 3, 1, 0, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 3, 2, 1, 3, 0, 5, 5, 1, 0, 0, 1, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 0, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 4),
+    (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 2, 1, 0, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4),
+    (0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 2, 3, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3),
+    (2, 4, 0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 2, 3, 0, 5, 5, 4, 1, 5, 4, 3, 1, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3, 0, 5, 3, 2, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 3, 0, 4, 3, 0, 3, 4),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 0, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 1, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 4, 4, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 5, 3, 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 2, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 2, 0, 4, 4),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 3, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 3, 0, 3, 4, 1, 3, 3, 0, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 1, 2, 1, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 3, 1, 5, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 2, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2, 5, 3, 4, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 4, 2, 2, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 4),
+    (0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 2, 0, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 1, 5, 3, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 1, 5, 4, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2, 1, 4, 1, 1, 3, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 0, 4, 2, 0, 3, 4),
+    (1, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 3, 3, 1, 1, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 1, 0, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 3, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0, 3, 2, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 0, 3, 3, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 3, 1, 2, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 4),
+    (0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 4, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 4, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 3, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 0, 4, 0, 1, 0, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 0, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2),
+    (0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0, 4, 0, 2, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 0, 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 3, 3, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 2, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 3, 4, 3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 2),
+    (0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 0, 1, 4, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3),
+    (0, 2, 0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 1, 0, 2, 4, 3, 3, 2, 5, 1, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 0, 4, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 2, 2, 1, 1, 5, 3, 0, 0, 1, 4, 2, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3, 3, 2, 0, 2, 4, 1, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 0, 3, 0, 0, 1, 3),
+    (0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 1, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 2, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 1, 3, 3, 0, 3, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 0, 0, 4, 3, 0, 4, 5),
+    (0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 4, 2, 4, 4, 3, 1, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 1, 5, 4, 3, 0, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3, 1, 0, 3, 3, 3, 5, 3, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3, 2, 1, 4, 3),
+    (0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 0, 5, 4, 4, 1, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 2, 3, 5, 5, 4, 0, 3, 2, 0, 3, 3, 1, 1, 5, 1, 4, 1, 0, 4, 3, 2, 3, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 4, 4),
+    (1, 3, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0, 2, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 4, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 0, 0, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 3, 2, 0, 4, 2, 0, 5, 2, 3, 2, 4, 1, 3, 0, 3, 0, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 0, 4, 2, 0, 5, 4),
+    (0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 5, 0, 3, 0, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 1, 1, 4, 4, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 4, 1, 0, 2, 3, 1, 3, 3, 1, 3, 4, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 3, 1, 3, 0, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 0, 4, 4),
+    (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
+    (0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0, 1, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 5, 0, 3, 1, 4, 3, 4, 0, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 0, 0, 3, 0, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 0, 2, 0, 4, 0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 3),
+    (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 4, 2, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3, 2, 0, 0, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 4, 0, 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
+    (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2),
+    (0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 3, 2, 0, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 1, 4, 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 1, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 5, 0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 4, 3, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3, 3),
+    (0, 4, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 3, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0, 4, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 1),
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+
+class JapaneseContextAnalysis:
+    NUM_OF_CATEGORY = 6
+    DONT_KNOW = -1
+    ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 100
+    MAX_REL_THRESHOLD = 1000
+    MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD = 4
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._total_rel = 0
+        self._rel_sample: List[int] = []
+        self._need_to_skip_char_num = 0
+        self._last_char_order = -1
+        self._done = False
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._total_rel = 0  # total sequence received
+        # category counters, each integer counts sequence in its category
+        self._rel_sample = [0] * self.NUM_OF_CATEGORY
+        # if last byte in current buffer is not the last byte of a character,
+        # we need to know how many bytes to skip in next buffer
+        self._need_to_skip_char_num = 0
+        self._last_char_order = -1  # The order of previous char
+        # If this flag is set to True, detection is done and conclusion has
+        # been made
+        self._done = False
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray], num_bytes: int) -> None:
+        if self._done:
+            return
+
+        # The buffer we got is byte oriented, and a character may span in more than one
+        # buffers. In case the last one or two byte in last buffer is not
+        # complete, we record how many byte needed to complete that character
+        # and skip these bytes here.  We can choose to record those bytes as
+        # well and analyse the character once it is complete, but since a
+        # character will not make much difference, by simply skipping
+        # this character will simply our logic and improve performance.
+        i = self._need_to_skip_char_num
+        while i < num_bytes:
+            order, char_len = self.get_order(byte_str[i : i + 2])
+            i += char_len
+            if i > num_bytes:
+                self._need_to_skip_char_num = i - num_bytes
+                self._last_char_order = -1
+            else:
+                if (order != -1) and (self._last_char_order != -1):
+                    self._total_rel += 1
+                    if self._total_rel > self.MAX_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                        self._done = True
+                        break
+                    self._rel_sample[
+                        jp2_char_context[self._last_char_order][order]
+                    ] += 1
+                self._last_char_order = order
+
+    def got_enough_data(self) -> bool:
+        return self._total_rel > self.ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        # This is just one way to calculate confidence. It works well for me.
+        if self._total_rel > self.MINIMUM_DATA_THRESHOLD:
+            return (self._total_rel - self._rel_sample[0]) / self._total_rel
+        return self.DONT_KNOW
+
+    def get_order(self, _: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        return -1, 1
+
+
+class SJISContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._charset_name = "SHIFT_JIS"
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return self._charset_name
+
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        if not byte_str:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = byte_str[0]
+        if (0x81 <= first_char <= 0x9F) or (0xE0 <= first_char <= 0xFC):
+            char_len = 2
+            if (first_char == 0x87) or (0xFA <= first_char <= 0xFC):
+                self._charset_name = "CP932"
+        else:
+            char_len = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(byte_str) > 1:
+            second_char = byte_str[1]
+            if (first_char == 202) and (0x9F <= second_char <= 0xF1):
+                return second_char - 0x9F, char_len
+
+        return -1, char_len
+
+
+class EUCJPContextAnalysis(JapaneseContextAnalysis):
+    def get_order(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        if not byte_str:
+            return -1, 1
+        # find out current char's byte length
+        first_char = byte_str[0]
+        if (first_char == 0x8E) or (0xA1 <= first_char <= 0xFE):
+            char_len = 2
+        elif first_char == 0x8F:
+            char_len = 3
+        else:
+            char_len = 1
+
+        # return its order if it is hiragana
+        if len(byte_str) > 1:
+            second_char = byte_str[1]
+            if (first_char == 0xA4) and (0xA1 <= second_char <= 0xF3):
+                return second_char - 0xA1, char_len
+
+        return -1, char_len
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99466821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langbulgarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4649 @@
+from pip._vendor.chardet.sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetModel
+
+# 3: Positive
+# 2: Likely
+# 1: Unlikely
+# 0: Negative
+
+BULGARIAN_LANG_MODEL = {
+    63: {  # 'e'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 1,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 1,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    45: {  # '\xad'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 0,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    31: {  # 'А'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 2,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 2,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 2,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 1,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 2,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 2,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 2,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 2,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 2,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 1,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 2,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    32: {  # 'Б'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 2,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 2,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 2,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 2,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 2,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    35: {  # 'В'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 2,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    43: {  # 'Г'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    37: {  # 'Д'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 2,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 2,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 2,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 2,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    44: {  # 'Е'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 2,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 1,  # 'Й'
+        33: 2,  # 'К'
+        46: 2,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 2,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 2,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 0,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    55: {  # 'Ж'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    47: {  # 'З'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 2,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 1,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    40: {  # 'И'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 2,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 1,  # 'Й'
+        33: 2,  # 'К'
+        46: 2,  # 'Л'
+        38: 2,  # 'М'
+        36: 2,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 2,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 1,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    59: {  # 'Й'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 1,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    33: {  # 'К'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 2,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 2,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    46: {  # 'Л'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 2,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    38: {  # 'М'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 2,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    36: {  # 'Н'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 2,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 2,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 1,  # 'Й'
+        33: 2,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    41: {  # 'О'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 2,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 2,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 1,  # 'Й'
+        33: 2,  # 'К'
+        46: 2,  # 'Л'
+        38: 2,  # 'М'
+        36: 2,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 2,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 1,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 2,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    30: {  # 'П'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 2,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 2,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    39: {  # 'Р'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 2,  # 'Г'
+        37: 2,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 2,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    28: {  # 'С'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 3,  # 'А'
+        32: 2,  # 'Б'
+        35: 2,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 2,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 2,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 2,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    34: {  # 'Т'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 2,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 2,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 2,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 1,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    51: {  # 'У'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 2,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    48: {  # 'Ф'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 2,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    49: {  # 'Х'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    53: {  # 'Ц'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 2,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 2,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 2,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 1,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    50: {  # 'Ч'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 2,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    54: {  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 1,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    57: {  # 'Щ'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 1,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 1,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    61: {  # 'Ъ'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 1,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 2,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 2,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 1,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 1,  # 'Х'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 0,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    60: {  # 'Ю'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 0,  # 'е'
+        23: 2,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    56: {  # 'Я'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        36: 1,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 2,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 0,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    1: {  # 'а'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 1,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 3,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 3,  # 'ф'
+        25: 3,  # 'х'
+        22: 3,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 3,  # 'ш'
+        24: 3,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    18: {  # 'б'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 3,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    9: {  # 'в'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 1,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 2,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    20: {  # 'г'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    11: {  # 'д'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 2,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    3: {  # 'е'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 3,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 3,  # 'ф'
+        25: 3,  # 'х'
+        22: 3,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 3,  # 'ш'
+        24: 3,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    23: {  # 'ж'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    15: {  # 'з'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 2,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    2: {  # 'и'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 1,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 1,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 1,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 3,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 3,  # 'ф'
+        25: 3,  # 'х'
+        22: 3,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 3,  # 'ш'
+        24: 3,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    26: {  # 'й'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 2,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    12: {  # 'к'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 1,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 1,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 3,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    10: {  # 'л'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 1,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 2,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 2,  # 'ь'
+        42: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    14: {  # 'м'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 1,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 2,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    6: {  # 'н'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 1,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 2,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 2,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 3,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 3,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 2,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 2,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    4: {  # 'о'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 2,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 3,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 3,  # 'ф'
+        25: 3,  # 'х'
+        22: 3,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 3,  # 'ш'
+        24: 3,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    13: {  # 'п'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    7: {  # 'р'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 3,  # 'х'
+        22: 3,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 3,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    8: {  # 'с'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 2,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 2,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 2,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    5: {  # 'т'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 2,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 2,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    19: {  # 'у'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 2,  # 'и'
+        26: 2,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 2,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 3,  # 'ш'
+        24: 2,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    29: {  # 'ф'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 2,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    25: {  # 'х'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    22: {  # 'ц'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 1,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 1,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 1,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    21: {  # 'ч'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 1,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 1,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    27: {  # 'ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 2,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 1,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 1,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 2,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 2,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    24: {  # 'щ'
+        63: 1,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 3,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 3,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 3,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 1,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 3,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    17: {  # 'ъ'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 3,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 3,  # 'ж'
+        15: 3,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 2,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 3,  # 'п'
+        7: 3,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 2,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 2,  # 'ш'
+        24: 3,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    52: {  # 'ь'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 1,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 1,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 1,  # 'н'
+        4: 3,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 1,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 1,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    42: {  # 'ю'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 1,  # 'а'
+        18: 2,  # 'б'
+        9: 1,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 2,  # 'д'
+        3: 1,  # 'е'
+        23: 2,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 1,  # 'й'
+        12: 2,  # 'к'
+        10: 2,  # 'л'
+        14: 2,  # 'м'
+        6: 2,  # 'н'
+        4: 1,  # 'о'
+        13: 1,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 2,  # 'с'
+        5: 2,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 1,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 3,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 1,  # 'щ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    16: {  # 'я'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 1,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 3,  # 'б'
+        9: 3,  # 'в'
+        20: 2,  # 'г'
+        11: 3,  # 'д'
+        3: 2,  # 'е'
+        23: 1,  # 'ж'
+        15: 2,  # 'з'
+        2: 1,  # 'и'
+        26: 2,  # 'й'
+        12: 3,  # 'к'
+        10: 3,  # 'л'
+        14: 3,  # 'м'
+        6: 3,  # 'н'
+        4: 1,  # 'о'
+        13: 2,  # 'п'
+        7: 2,  # 'р'
+        8: 3,  # 'с'
+        5: 3,  # 'т'
+        19: 1,  # 'у'
+        29: 1,  # 'ф'
+        25: 3,  # 'х'
+        22: 2,  # 'ц'
+        21: 1,  # 'ч'
+        27: 1,  # 'ш'
+        24: 2,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    58: {  # 'є'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 0,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+    62: {  # '№'
+        63: 0,  # 'e'
+        45: 0,  # '\xad'
+        31: 0,  # 'А'
+        32: 0,  # 'Б'
+        35: 0,  # 'В'
+        43: 0,  # 'Г'
+        37: 0,  # 'Д'
+        44: 0,  # 'Е'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        47: 0,  # 'З'
+        40: 0,  # 'И'
+        59: 0,  # 'Й'
+        33: 0,  # 'К'
+        46: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        36: 0,  # 'Н'
+        41: 0,  # 'О'
+        30: 0,  # 'П'
+        39: 0,  # 'Р'
+        28: 0,  # 'С'
+        34: 0,  # 'Т'
+        51: 0,  # 'У'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        49: 0,  # 'Х'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        57: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ъ'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        56: 0,  # 'Я'
+        1: 0,  # 'а'
+        18: 0,  # 'б'
+        9: 0,  # 'в'
+        20: 0,  # 'г'
+        11: 0,  # 'д'
+        3: 0,  # 'е'
+        23: 0,  # 'ж'
+        15: 0,  # 'з'
+        2: 0,  # 'и'
+        26: 0,  # 'й'
+        12: 0,  # 'к'
+        10: 0,  # 'л'
+        14: 0,  # 'м'
+        6: 0,  # 'н'
+        4: 0,  # 'о'
+        13: 0,  # 'п'
+        7: 0,  # 'р'
+        8: 0,  # 'с'
+        5: 0,  # 'т'
+        19: 0,  # 'у'
+        29: 0,  # 'ф'
+        25: 0,  # 'х'
+        22: 0,  # 'ц'
+        21: 0,  # 'ч'
+        27: 0,  # 'ш'
+        24: 0,  # 'щ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ь'
+        42: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+        58: 0,  # 'є'
+        62: 0,  # '№'
+    },
+}
+
+# 255: Undefined characters that did not exist in training text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+# 251: Control characters
+
+# Character Mapping Table(s):
+ISO_8859_5_BULGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 77,  # 'A'
+    66: 90,  # 'B'
+    67: 99,  # 'C'
+    68: 100,  # 'D'
+    69: 72,  # 'E'
+    70: 109,  # 'F'
+    71: 107,  # 'G'
+    72: 101,  # 'H'
+    73: 79,  # 'I'
+    74: 185,  # 'J'
+    75: 81,  # 'K'
+    76: 102,  # 'L'
+    77: 76,  # 'M'
+    78: 94,  # 'N'
+    79: 82,  # 'O'
+    80: 110,  # 'P'
+    81: 186,  # 'Q'
+    82: 108,  # 'R'
+    83: 91,  # 'S'
+    84: 74,  # 'T'
+    85: 119,  # 'U'
+    86: 84,  # 'V'
+    87: 96,  # 'W'
+    88: 111,  # 'X'
+    89: 187,  # 'Y'
+    90: 115,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 65,  # 'a'
+    98: 69,  # 'b'
+    99: 70,  # 'c'
+    100: 66,  # 'd'
+    101: 63,  # 'e'
+    102: 68,  # 'f'
+    103: 112,  # 'g'
+    104: 103,  # 'h'
+    105: 92,  # 'i'
+    106: 194,  # 'j'
+    107: 104,  # 'k'
+    108: 95,  # 'l'
+    109: 86,  # 'm'
+    110: 87,  # 'n'
+    111: 71,  # 'o'
+    112: 116,  # 'p'
+    113: 195,  # 'q'
+    114: 85,  # 'r'
+    115: 93,  # 's'
+    116: 97,  # 't'
+    117: 113,  # 'u'
+    118: 196,  # 'v'
+    119: 197,  # 'w'
+    120: 198,  # 'x'
+    121: 199,  # 'y'
+    122: 200,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 194,  # '\x80'
+    129: 195,  # '\x81'
+    130: 196,  # '\x82'
+    131: 197,  # '\x83'
+    132: 198,  # '\x84'
+    133: 199,  # '\x85'
+    134: 200,  # '\x86'
+    135: 201,  # '\x87'
+    136: 202,  # '\x88'
+    137: 203,  # '\x89'
+    138: 204,  # '\x8a'
+    139: 205,  # '\x8b'
+    140: 206,  # '\x8c'
+    141: 207,  # '\x8d'
+    142: 208,  # '\x8e'
+    143: 209,  # '\x8f'
+    144: 210,  # '\x90'
+    145: 211,  # '\x91'
+    146: 212,  # '\x92'
+    147: 213,  # '\x93'
+    148: 214,  # '\x94'
+    149: 215,  # '\x95'
+    150: 216,  # '\x96'
+    151: 217,  # '\x97'
+    152: 218,  # '\x98'
+    153: 219,  # '\x99'
+    154: 220,  # '\x9a'
+    155: 221,  # '\x9b'
+    156: 222,  # '\x9c'
+    157: 223,  # '\x9d'
+    158: 224,  # '\x9e'
+    159: 225,  # '\x9f'
+    160: 81,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 226,  # 'Ё'
+    162: 227,  # 'Ђ'
+    163: 228,  # 'Ѓ'
+    164: 229,  # 'Є'
+    165: 230,  # 'Ѕ'
+    166: 105,  # 'І'
+    167: 231,  # 'Ї'
+    168: 232,  # 'Ј'
+    169: 233,  # 'Љ'
+    170: 234,  # 'Њ'
+    171: 235,  # 'Ћ'
+    172: 236,  # 'Ќ'
+    173: 45,  # '\xad'
+    174: 237,  # 'Ў'
+    175: 238,  # 'Џ'
+    176: 31,  # 'А'
+    177: 32,  # 'Б'
+    178: 35,  # 'В'
+    179: 43,  # 'Г'
+    180: 37,  # 'Д'
+    181: 44,  # 'Е'
+    182: 55,  # 'Ж'
+    183: 47,  # 'З'
+    184: 40,  # 'И'
+    185: 59,  # 'Й'
+    186: 33,  # 'К'
+    187: 46,  # 'Л'
+    188: 38,  # 'М'
+    189: 36,  # 'Н'
+    190: 41,  # 'О'
+    191: 30,  # 'П'
+    192: 39,  # 'Р'
+    193: 28,  # 'С'
+    194: 34,  # 'Т'
+    195: 51,  # 'У'
+    196: 48,  # 'Ф'
+    197: 49,  # 'Х'
+    198: 53,  # 'Ц'
+    199: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    200: 54,  # 'Ш'
+    201: 57,  # 'Щ'
+    202: 61,  # 'Ъ'
+    203: 239,  # 'Ы'
+    204: 67,  # 'Ь'
+    205: 240,  # 'Э'
+    206: 60,  # 'Ю'
+    207: 56,  # 'Я'
+    208: 1,  # 'а'
+    209: 18,  # 'б'
+    210: 9,  # 'в'
+    211: 20,  # 'г'
+    212: 11,  # 'д'
+    213: 3,  # 'е'
+    214: 23,  # 'ж'
+    215: 15,  # 'з'
+    216: 2,  # 'и'
+    217: 26,  # 'й'
+    218: 12,  # 'к'
+    219: 10,  # 'л'
+    220: 14,  # 'м'
+    221: 6,  # 'н'
+    222: 4,  # 'о'
+    223: 13,  # 'п'
+    224: 7,  # 'р'
+    225: 8,  # 'с'
+    226: 5,  # 'т'
+    227: 19,  # 'у'
+    228: 29,  # 'ф'
+    229: 25,  # 'х'
+    230: 22,  # 'ц'
+    231: 21,  # 'ч'
+    232: 27,  # 'ш'
+    233: 24,  # 'щ'
+    234: 17,  # 'ъ'
+    235: 75,  # 'ы'
+    236: 52,  # 'ь'
+    237: 241,  # 'э'
+    238: 42,  # 'ю'
+    239: 16,  # 'я'
+    240: 62,  # '№'
+    241: 242,  # 'ё'
+    242: 243,  # 'ђ'
+    243: 244,  # 'ѓ'
+    244: 58,  # 'є'
+    245: 245,  # 'ѕ'
+    246: 98,  # 'і'
+    247: 246,  # 'ї'
+    248: 247,  # 'ј'
+    249: 248,  # 'љ'
+    250: 249,  # 'њ'
+    251: 250,  # 'ћ'
+    252: 251,  # 'ќ'
+    253: 91,  # '§'
+    254: 252,  # 'ў'
+    255: 253,  # 'џ'
+}
+
+ISO_8859_5_BULGARIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="ISO-8859-5",
+    language="Bulgarian",
+    char_to_order_map=ISO_8859_5_BULGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=BULGARIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.969392,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="АБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЬЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъьюя",
+)
+
+WINDOWS_1251_BULGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 77,  # 'A'
+    66: 90,  # 'B'
+    67: 99,  # 'C'
+    68: 100,  # 'D'
+    69: 72,  # 'E'
+    70: 109,  # 'F'
+    71: 107,  # 'G'
+    72: 101,  # 'H'
+    73: 79,  # 'I'
+    74: 185,  # 'J'
+    75: 81,  # 'K'
+    76: 102,  # 'L'
+    77: 76,  # 'M'
+    78: 94,  # 'N'
+    79: 82,  # 'O'
+    80: 110,  # 'P'
+    81: 186,  # 'Q'
+    82: 108,  # 'R'
+    83: 91,  # 'S'
+    84: 74,  # 'T'
+    85: 119,  # 'U'
+    86: 84,  # 'V'
+    87: 96,  # 'W'
+    88: 111,  # 'X'
+    89: 187,  # 'Y'
+    90: 115,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 65,  # 'a'
+    98: 69,  # 'b'
+    99: 70,  # 'c'
+    100: 66,  # 'd'
+    101: 63,  # 'e'
+    102: 68,  # 'f'
+    103: 112,  # 'g'
+    104: 103,  # 'h'
+    105: 92,  # 'i'
+    106: 194,  # 'j'
+    107: 104,  # 'k'
+    108: 95,  # 'l'
+    109: 86,  # 'm'
+    110: 87,  # 'n'
+    111: 71,  # 'o'
+    112: 116,  # 'p'
+    113: 195,  # 'q'
+    114: 85,  # 'r'
+    115: 93,  # 's'
+    116: 97,  # 't'
+    117: 113,  # 'u'
+    118: 196,  # 'v'
+    119: 197,  # 'w'
+    120: 198,  # 'x'
+    121: 199,  # 'y'
+    122: 200,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 206,  # 'Ђ'
+    129: 207,  # 'Ѓ'
+    130: 208,  # '‚'
+    131: 209,  # 'ѓ'
+    132: 210,  # '„'
+    133: 211,  # '…'
+    134: 212,  # '†'
+    135: 213,  # '‡'
+    136: 120,  # '€'
+    137: 214,  # '‰'
+    138: 215,  # 'Љ'
+    139: 216,  # '‹'
+    140: 217,  # 'Њ'
+    141: 218,  # 'Ќ'
+    142: 219,  # 'Ћ'
+    143: 220,  # 'Џ'
+    144: 221,  # 'ђ'
+    145: 78,  # '‘'
+    146: 64,  # '’'
+    147: 83,  # '“'
+    148: 121,  # '”'
+    149: 98,  # '•'
+    150: 117,  # '–'
+    151: 105,  # '—'
+    152: 222,  # None
+    153: 223,  # '™'
+    154: 224,  # 'љ'
+    155: 225,  # '›'
+    156: 226,  # 'њ'
+    157: 227,  # 'ќ'
+    158: 228,  # 'ћ'
+    159: 229,  # 'џ'
+    160: 88,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 230,  # 'Ў'
+    162: 231,  # 'ў'
+    163: 232,  # 'Ј'
+    164: 233,  # '¤'
+    165: 122,  # 'Ґ'
+    166: 89,  # '¦'
+    167: 106,  # '§'
+    168: 234,  # 'Ё'
+    169: 235,  # '©'
+    170: 236,  # 'Є'
+    171: 237,  # '«'
+    172: 238,  # '¬'
+    173: 45,  # '\xad'
+    174: 239,  # '®'
+    175: 240,  # 'Ї'
+    176: 73,  # '°'
+    177: 80,  # '±'
+    178: 118,  # 'І'
+    179: 114,  # 'і'
+    180: 241,  # 'ґ'
+    181: 242,  # 'µ'
+    182: 243,  # '¶'
+    183: 244,  # '·'
+    184: 245,  # 'ё'
+    185: 62,  # '№'
+    186: 58,  # 'є'
+    187: 246,  # '»'
+    188: 247,  # 'ј'
+    189: 248,  # 'Ѕ'
+    190: 249,  # 'ѕ'
+    191: 250,  # 'ї'
+    192: 31,  # 'А'
+    193: 32,  # 'Б'
+    194: 35,  # 'В'
+    195: 43,  # 'Г'
+    196: 37,  # 'Д'
+    197: 44,  # 'Е'
+    198: 55,  # 'Ж'
+    199: 47,  # 'З'
+    200: 40,  # 'И'
+    201: 59,  # 'Й'
+    202: 33,  # 'К'
+    203: 46,  # 'Л'
+    204: 38,  # 'М'
+    205: 36,  # 'Н'
+    206: 41,  # 'О'
+    207: 30,  # 'П'
+    208: 39,  # 'Р'
+    209: 28,  # 'С'
+    210: 34,  # 'Т'
+    211: 51,  # 'У'
+    212: 48,  # 'Ф'
+    213: 49,  # 'Х'
+    214: 53,  # 'Ц'
+    215: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    216: 54,  # 'Ш'
+    217: 57,  # 'Щ'
+    218: 61,  # 'Ъ'
+    219: 251,  # 'Ы'
+    220: 67,  # 'Ь'
+    221: 252,  # 'Э'
+    222: 60,  # 'Ю'
+    223: 56,  # 'Я'
+    224: 1,  # 'а'
+    225: 18,  # 'б'
+    226: 9,  # 'в'
+    227: 20,  # 'г'
+    228: 11,  # 'д'
+    229: 3,  # 'е'
+    230: 23,  # 'ж'
+    231: 15,  # 'з'
+    232: 2,  # 'и'
+    233: 26,  # 'й'
+    234: 12,  # 'к'
+    235: 10,  # 'л'
+    236: 14,  # 'м'
+    237: 6,  # 'н'
+    238: 4,  # 'о'
+    239: 13,  # 'п'
+    240: 7,  # 'р'
+    241: 8,  # 'с'
+    242: 5,  # 'т'
+    243: 19,  # 'у'
+    244: 29,  # 'ф'
+    245: 25,  # 'х'
+    246: 22,  # 'ц'
+    247: 21,  # 'ч'
+    248: 27,  # 'ш'
+    249: 24,  # 'щ'
+    250: 17,  # 'ъ'
+    251: 75,  # 'ы'
+    252: 52,  # 'ь'
+    253: 253,  # 'э'
+    254: 42,  # 'ю'
+    255: 16,  # 'я'
+}
+
+WINDOWS_1251_BULGARIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="windows-1251",
+    language="Bulgarian",
+    char_to_order_map=WINDOWS_1251_BULGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=BULGARIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.969392,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="АБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЬЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъьюя",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langgreekmodel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfb8639e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langgreekmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4397 @@
+from pip._vendor.chardet.sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetModel
+
+# 3: Positive
+# 2: Likely
+# 1: Unlikely
+# 0: Negative
+
+GREEK_LANG_MODEL = {
+    60: {  # 'e'
+        60: 2,  # 'e'
+        55: 1,  # 'o'
+        58: 2,  # 't'
+        36: 1,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 1,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    55: {  # 'o'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 2,  # 'o'
+        58: 2,  # 't'
+        36: 1,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 1,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    58: {  # 't'
+        60: 2,  # 'e'
+        55: 1,  # 'o'
+        58: 1,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    36: {  # '·'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    61: {  # 'Ά'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 1,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 1,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    46: {  # 'Έ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 2,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 2,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 1,  # 'σ'
+        2: 2,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    54: {  # 'Ό'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 2,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 2,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    31: {  # 'Α'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 2,  # 'Β'
+        43: 2,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 1,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 2,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 2,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 2,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 2,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 2,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 2,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 2,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 1,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 2,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 2,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ς'
+        7: 2,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    51: {  # 'Β'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 1,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 1,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 1,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 1,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    43: {  # 'Γ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 1,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 2,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 1,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 1,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 1,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 1,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 2,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 1,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    41: {  # 'Δ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 1,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    34: {  # 'Ε'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 2,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 2,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 2,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 2,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 2,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 2,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 2,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 1,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 1,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 2,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 2,  # 'σ'
+        2: 2,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 1,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    40: {  # 'Η'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 1,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 2,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 2,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 2,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 1,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 1,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    52: {  # 'Θ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 1,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    47: {  # 'Ι'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 1,  # 'Β'
+        43: 1,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 2,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 2,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 2,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 2,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 2,  # 'σ'
+        2: 1,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 1,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    44: {  # 'Κ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 1,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 1,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 1,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 2,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    53: {  # 'Λ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 2,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 2,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    38: {  # 'Μ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 2,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 2,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    49: {  # 'Ν'
+        60: 2,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 1,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 1,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    59: {  # 'Ξ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 1,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 1,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 1,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    39: {  # 'Ο'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 1,  # 'Β'
+        43: 2,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 2,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 1,  # 'Η'
+        52: 2,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 2,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 2,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 2,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 2,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 2,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 2,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 2,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 2,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 2,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 1,  # 'φ'
+        23: 1,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    35: {  # 'Π'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 2,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 1,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 1,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 1,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 1,  # 'έ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    48: {  # 'Ρ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 1,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 1,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 1,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 1,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 1,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    37: {  # 'Σ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 1,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 2,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 2,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 2,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 2,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    33: {  # 'Τ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 1,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 2,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 2,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 1,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 1,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 2,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 2,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 2,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    45: {  # 'Υ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 2,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 1,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 2,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 1,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 2,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 2,  # 'Π'
+        48: 1,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 1,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    56: {  # 'Φ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 1,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 1,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 2,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 2,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 1,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    50: {  # 'Χ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 1,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 2,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 2,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 2,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 1,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 1,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 1,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 2,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    57: {  # 'Ω'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 1,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 1,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 2,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 2,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 2,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 2,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ς'
+        7: 2,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 1,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    17: {  # 'ά'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 3,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 3,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    18: {  # 'έ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 2,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 3,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    22: {  # 'ή'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 1,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    15: {  # 'ί'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 3,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 1,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    1: {  # 'α'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 3,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 1,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    29: {  # 'β'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 2,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    20: {  # 'γ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    21: {  # 'δ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    3: {  # 'ε'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 2,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    32: {  # 'ζ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 1,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    13: {  # 'η'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    25: {  # 'θ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 1,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    5: {  # 'ι'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 1,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 1,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 2,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    11: {  # 'κ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 2,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    16: {  # 'λ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 1,  # 'β'
+        20: 2,  # 'γ'
+        21: 1,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 2,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 2,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 2,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    10: {  # 'μ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 1,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    6: {  # 'ν'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 2,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 1,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    30: {  # 'ξ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 2,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    4: {  # 'ο'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 1,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    9: {  # 'π'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    8: {  # 'ρ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 1,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 2,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 2,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    14: {  # 'ς'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 2,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 0,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    7: {  # 'σ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 3,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    2: {  # 'τ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 2,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 2,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 2,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    12: {  # 'υ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 2,  # 'ε'
+        32: 2,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 3,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 2,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    28: {  # 'φ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 3,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 2,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 1,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 2,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    23: {  # 'χ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 3,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ή'
+        15: 3,  # 'ί'
+        1: 3,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 2,  # 'θ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 2,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 3,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 3,  # 'ω'
+        19: 3,  # 'ό'
+        26: 3,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    42: {  # 'ψ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 2,  # 'ά'
+        18: 2,  # 'έ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ή'
+        15: 2,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 0,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 0,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 3,  # 'η'
+        25: 0,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 0,  # 'λ'
+        10: 0,  # 'μ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 0,  # 'π'
+        8: 0,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ς'
+        7: 0,  # 'σ'
+        2: 2,  # 'τ'
+        12: 1,  # 'υ'
+        28: 0,  # 'φ'
+        23: 0,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    24: {  # 'ω'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 1,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 2,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 0,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 0,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    19: {  # 'ό'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 3,  # 'β'
+        20: 3,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 1,  # 'ε'
+        32: 2,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 2,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 1,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 3,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    26: {  # 'ύ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 2,  # 'α'
+        29: 2,  # 'β'
+        20: 2,  # 'γ'
+        21: 1,  # 'δ'
+        3: 3,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 2,  # 'η'
+        25: 3,  # 'θ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ι'
+        11: 3,  # 'κ'
+        16: 3,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 2,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ο'
+        9: 3,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 2,  # 'φ'
+        23: 2,  # 'χ'
+        42: 2,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 2,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+    27: {  # 'ώ'
+        60: 0,  # 'e'
+        55: 0,  # 'o'
+        58: 0,  # 't'
+        36: 0,  # '·'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ά'
+        46: 0,  # 'Έ'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ό'
+        31: 0,  # 'Α'
+        51: 0,  # 'Β'
+        43: 0,  # 'Γ'
+        41: 0,  # 'Δ'
+        34: 0,  # 'Ε'
+        40: 0,  # 'Η'
+        52: 0,  # 'Θ'
+        47: 0,  # 'Ι'
+        44: 0,  # 'Κ'
+        53: 0,  # 'Λ'
+        38: 0,  # 'Μ'
+        49: 0,  # 'Ν'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ξ'
+        39: 0,  # 'Ο'
+        35: 0,  # 'Π'
+        48: 0,  # 'Ρ'
+        37: 0,  # 'Σ'
+        33: 0,  # 'Τ'
+        45: 0,  # 'Υ'
+        56: 0,  # 'Φ'
+        50: 0,  # 'Χ'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ω'
+        17: 0,  # 'ά'
+        18: 0,  # 'έ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ή'
+        15: 0,  # 'ί'
+        1: 0,  # 'α'
+        29: 1,  # 'β'
+        20: 0,  # 'γ'
+        21: 3,  # 'δ'
+        3: 0,  # 'ε'
+        32: 0,  # 'ζ'
+        13: 1,  # 'η'
+        25: 2,  # 'θ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ι'
+        11: 0,  # 'κ'
+        16: 2,  # 'λ'
+        10: 3,  # 'μ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ν'
+        30: 1,  # 'ξ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ο'
+        9: 2,  # 'π'
+        8: 3,  # 'ρ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ς'
+        7: 3,  # 'σ'
+        2: 3,  # 'τ'
+        12: 0,  # 'υ'
+        28: 1,  # 'φ'
+        23: 1,  # 'χ'
+        42: 0,  # 'ψ'
+        24: 0,  # 'ω'
+        19: 0,  # 'ό'
+        26: 0,  # 'ύ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ώ'
+    },
+}
+
+# 255: Undefined characters that did not exist in training text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+# 251: Control characters
+
+# Character Mapping Table(s):
+WINDOWS_1253_GREEK_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 82,  # 'A'
+    66: 100,  # 'B'
+    67: 104,  # 'C'
+    68: 94,  # 'D'
+    69: 98,  # 'E'
+    70: 101,  # 'F'
+    71: 116,  # 'G'
+    72: 102,  # 'H'
+    73: 111,  # 'I'
+    74: 187,  # 'J'
+    75: 117,  # 'K'
+    76: 92,  # 'L'
+    77: 88,  # 'M'
+    78: 113,  # 'N'
+    79: 85,  # 'O'
+    80: 79,  # 'P'
+    81: 118,  # 'Q'
+    82: 105,  # 'R'
+    83: 83,  # 'S'
+    84: 67,  # 'T'
+    85: 114,  # 'U'
+    86: 119,  # 'V'
+    87: 95,  # 'W'
+    88: 99,  # 'X'
+    89: 109,  # 'Y'
+    90: 188,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 72,  # 'a'
+    98: 70,  # 'b'
+    99: 80,  # 'c'
+    100: 81,  # 'd'
+    101: 60,  # 'e'
+    102: 96,  # 'f'
+    103: 93,  # 'g'
+    104: 89,  # 'h'
+    105: 68,  # 'i'
+    106: 120,  # 'j'
+    107: 97,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 86,  # 'm'
+    110: 69,  # 'n'
+    111: 55,  # 'o'
+    112: 78,  # 'p'
+    113: 115,  # 'q'
+    114: 65,  # 'r'
+    115: 66,  # 's'
+    116: 58,  # 't'
+    117: 76,  # 'u'
+    118: 106,  # 'v'
+    119: 103,  # 'w'
+    120: 87,  # 'x'
+    121: 107,  # 'y'
+    122: 112,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 255,  # '€'
+    129: 255,  # None
+    130: 255,  # '‚'
+    131: 255,  # 'ƒ'
+    132: 255,  # '„'
+    133: 255,  # '…'
+    134: 255,  # '†'
+    135: 255,  # '‡'
+    136: 255,  # None
+    137: 255,  # '‰'
+    138: 255,  # None
+    139: 255,  # '‹'
+    140: 255,  # None
+    141: 255,  # None
+    142: 255,  # None
+    143: 255,  # None
+    144: 255,  # None
+    145: 255,  # '‘'
+    146: 255,  # '’'
+    147: 255,  # '“'
+    148: 255,  # '”'
+    149: 255,  # '•'
+    150: 255,  # '–'
+    151: 255,  # '—'
+    152: 255,  # None
+    153: 255,  # '™'
+    154: 255,  # None
+    155: 255,  # '›'
+    156: 255,  # None
+    157: 255,  # None
+    158: 255,  # None
+    159: 255,  # None
+    160: 253,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 233,  # '΅'
+    162: 61,  # 'Ά'
+    163: 253,  # '£'
+    164: 253,  # '¤'
+    165: 253,  # '¥'
+    166: 253,  # '¦'
+    167: 253,  # '§'
+    168: 253,  # '¨'
+    169: 253,  # '©'
+    170: 253,  # None
+    171: 253,  # '«'
+    172: 253,  # '¬'
+    173: 74,  # '\xad'
+    174: 253,  # '®'
+    175: 253,  # '―'
+    176: 253,  # '°'
+    177: 253,  # '±'
+    178: 253,  # '²'
+    179: 253,  # '³'
+    180: 247,  # '΄'
+    181: 253,  # 'µ'
+    182: 253,  # '¶'
+    183: 36,  # '·'
+    184: 46,  # 'Έ'
+    185: 71,  # 'Ή'
+    186: 73,  # 'Ί'
+    187: 253,  # '»'
+    188: 54,  # 'Ό'
+    189: 253,  # '½'
+    190: 108,  # 'Ύ'
+    191: 123,  # 'Ώ'
+    192: 110,  # 'ΐ'
+    193: 31,  # 'Α'
+    194: 51,  # 'Β'
+    195: 43,  # 'Γ'
+    196: 41,  # 'Δ'
+    197: 34,  # 'Ε'
+    198: 91,  # 'Ζ'
+    199: 40,  # 'Η'
+    200: 52,  # 'Θ'
+    201: 47,  # 'Ι'
+    202: 44,  # 'Κ'
+    203: 53,  # 'Λ'
+    204: 38,  # 'Μ'
+    205: 49,  # 'Ν'
+    206: 59,  # 'Ξ'
+    207: 39,  # 'Ο'
+    208: 35,  # 'Π'
+    209: 48,  # 'Ρ'
+    210: 250,  # None
+    211: 37,  # 'Σ'
+    212: 33,  # 'Τ'
+    213: 45,  # 'Υ'
+    214: 56,  # 'Φ'
+    215: 50,  # 'Χ'
+    216: 84,  # 'Ψ'
+    217: 57,  # 'Ω'
+    218: 120,  # 'Ϊ'
+    219: 121,  # 'Ϋ'
+    220: 17,  # 'ά'
+    221: 18,  # 'έ'
+    222: 22,  # 'ή'
+    223: 15,  # 'ί'
+    224: 124,  # 'ΰ'
+    225: 1,  # 'α'
+    226: 29,  # 'β'
+    227: 20,  # 'γ'
+    228: 21,  # 'δ'
+    229: 3,  # 'ε'
+    230: 32,  # 'ζ'
+    231: 13,  # 'η'
+    232: 25,  # 'θ'
+    233: 5,  # 'ι'
+    234: 11,  # 'κ'
+    235: 16,  # 'λ'
+    236: 10,  # 'μ'
+    237: 6,  # 'ν'
+    238: 30,  # 'ξ'
+    239: 4,  # 'ο'
+    240: 9,  # 'π'
+    241: 8,  # 'ρ'
+    242: 14,  # 'ς'
+    243: 7,  # 'σ'
+    244: 2,  # 'τ'
+    245: 12,  # 'υ'
+    246: 28,  # 'φ'
+    247: 23,  # 'χ'
+    248: 42,  # 'ψ'
+    249: 24,  # 'ω'
+    250: 64,  # 'ϊ'
+    251: 75,  # 'ϋ'
+    252: 19,  # 'ό'
+    253: 26,  # 'ύ'
+    254: 27,  # 'ώ'
+    255: 253,  # None
+}
+
+WINDOWS_1253_GREEK_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="windows-1253",
+    language="Greek",
+    char_to_order_map=WINDOWS_1253_GREEK_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=GREEK_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.982851,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩάέήίαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωόύώ",
+)
+
+ISO_8859_7_GREEK_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 82,  # 'A'
+    66: 100,  # 'B'
+    67: 104,  # 'C'
+    68: 94,  # 'D'
+    69: 98,  # 'E'
+    70: 101,  # 'F'
+    71: 116,  # 'G'
+    72: 102,  # 'H'
+    73: 111,  # 'I'
+    74: 187,  # 'J'
+    75: 117,  # 'K'
+    76: 92,  # 'L'
+    77: 88,  # 'M'
+    78: 113,  # 'N'
+    79: 85,  # 'O'
+    80: 79,  # 'P'
+    81: 118,  # 'Q'
+    82: 105,  # 'R'
+    83: 83,  # 'S'
+    84: 67,  # 'T'
+    85: 114,  # 'U'
+    86: 119,  # 'V'
+    87: 95,  # 'W'
+    88: 99,  # 'X'
+    89: 109,  # 'Y'
+    90: 188,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 72,  # 'a'
+    98: 70,  # 'b'
+    99: 80,  # 'c'
+    100: 81,  # 'd'
+    101: 60,  # 'e'
+    102: 96,  # 'f'
+    103: 93,  # 'g'
+    104: 89,  # 'h'
+    105: 68,  # 'i'
+    106: 120,  # 'j'
+    107: 97,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 86,  # 'm'
+    110: 69,  # 'n'
+    111: 55,  # 'o'
+    112: 78,  # 'p'
+    113: 115,  # 'q'
+    114: 65,  # 'r'
+    115: 66,  # 's'
+    116: 58,  # 't'
+    117: 76,  # 'u'
+    118: 106,  # 'v'
+    119: 103,  # 'w'
+    120: 87,  # 'x'
+    121: 107,  # 'y'
+    122: 112,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 255,  # '\x80'
+    129: 255,  # '\x81'
+    130: 255,  # '\x82'
+    131: 255,  # '\x83'
+    132: 255,  # '\x84'
+    133: 255,  # '\x85'
+    134: 255,  # '\x86'
+    135: 255,  # '\x87'
+    136: 255,  # '\x88'
+    137: 255,  # '\x89'
+    138: 255,  # '\x8a'
+    139: 255,  # '\x8b'
+    140: 255,  # '\x8c'
+    141: 255,  # '\x8d'
+    142: 255,  # '\x8e'
+    143: 255,  # '\x8f'
+    144: 255,  # '\x90'
+    145: 255,  # '\x91'
+    146: 255,  # '\x92'
+    147: 255,  # '\x93'
+    148: 255,  # '\x94'
+    149: 255,  # '\x95'
+    150: 255,  # '\x96'
+    151: 255,  # '\x97'
+    152: 255,  # '\x98'
+    153: 255,  # '\x99'
+    154: 255,  # '\x9a'
+    155: 255,  # '\x9b'
+    156: 255,  # '\x9c'
+    157: 255,  # '\x9d'
+    158: 255,  # '\x9e'
+    159: 255,  # '\x9f'
+    160: 253,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 233,  # '‘'
+    162: 90,  # '’'
+    163: 253,  # '£'
+    164: 253,  # '€'
+    165: 253,  # '₯'
+    166: 253,  # '¦'
+    167: 253,  # '§'
+    168: 253,  # '¨'
+    169: 253,  # '©'
+    170: 253,  # 'ͺ'
+    171: 253,  # '«'
+    172: 253,  # '¬'
+    173: 74,  # '\xad'
+    174: 253,  # None
+    175: 253,  # '―'
+    176: 253,  # '°'
+    177: 253,  # '±'
+    178: 253,  # '²'
+    179: 253,  # '³'
+    180: 247,  # '΄'
+    181: 248,  # '΅'
+    182: 61,  # 'Ά'
+    183: 36,  # '·'
+    184: 46,  # 'Έ'
+    185: 71,  # 'Ή'
+    186: 73,  # 'Ί'
+    187: 253,  # '»'
+    188: 54,  # 'Ό'
+    189: 253,  # '½'
+    190: 108,  # 'Ύ'
+    191: 123,  # 'Ώ'
+    192: 110,  # 'ΐ'
+    193: 31,  # 'Α'
+    194: 51,  # 'Β'
+    195: 43,  # 'Γ'
+    196: 41,  # 'Δ'
+    197: 34,  # 'Ε'
+    198: 91,  # 'Ζ'
+    199: 40,  # 'Η'
+    200: 52,  # 'Θ'
+    201: 47,  # 'Ι'
+    202: 44,  # 'Κ'
+    203: 53,  # 'Λ'
+    204: 38,  # 'Μ'
+    205: 49,  # 'Ν'
+    206: 59,  # 'Ξ'
+    207: 39,  # 'Ο'
+    208: 35,  # 'Π'
+    209: 48,  # 'Ρ'
+    210: 250,  # None
+    211: 37,  # 'Σ'
+    212: 33,  # 'Τ'
+    213: 45,  # 'Υ'
+    214: 56,  # 'Φ'
+    215: 50,  # 'Χ'
+    216: 84,  # 'Ψ'
+    217: 57,  # 'Ω'
+    218: 120,  # 'Ϊ'
+    219: 121,  # 'Ϋ'
+    220: 17,  # 'ά'
+    221: 18,  # 'έ'
+    222: 22,  # 'ή'
+    223: 15,  # 'ί'
+    224: 124,  # 'ΰ'
+    225: 1,  # 'α'
+    226: 29,  # 'β'
+    227: 20,  # 'γ'
+    228: 21,  # 'δ'
+    229: 3,  # 'ε'
+    230: 32,  # 'ζ'
+    231: 13,  # 'η'
+    232: 25,  # 'θ'
+    233: 5,  # 'ι'
+    234: 11,  # 'κ'
+    235: 16,  # 'λ'
+    236: 10,  # 'μ'
+    237: 6,  # 'ν'
+    238: 30,  # 'ξ'
+    239: 4,  # 'ο'
+    240: 9,  # 'π'
+    241: 8,  # 'ρ'
+    242: 14,  # 'ς'
+    243: 7,  # 'σ'
+    244: 2,  # 'τ'
+    245: 12,  # 'υ'
+    246: 28,  # 'φ'
+    247: 23,  # 'χ'
+    248: 42,  # 'ψ'
+    249: 24,  # 'ω'
+    250: 64,  # 'ϊ'
+    251: 75,  # 'ϋ'
+    252: 19,  # 'ό'
+    253: 26,  # 'ύ'
+    254: 27,  # 'ώ'
+    255: 253,  # None
+}
+
+ISO_8859_7_GREEK_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="ISO-8859-7",
+    language="Greek",
+    char_to_order_map=ISO_8859_7_GREEK_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=GREEK_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.982851,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩάέήίαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψωόύώ",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56d29758
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langhebrewmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4380 @@
+from pip._vendor.chardet.sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetModel
+
+# 3: Positive
+# 2: Likely
+# 1: Unlikely
+# 0: Negative
+
+HEBREW_LANG_MODEL = {
+    50: {  # 'a'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 2,  # 'l'
+        54: 2,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 2,  # 'r'
+        43: 1,  # 's'
+        44: 2,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    60: {  # 'c'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 1,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 1,  # 'o'
+        51: 1,  # 'r'
+        43: 1,  # 's'
+        44: 2,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    61: {  # 'd'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 1,  # 'l'
+        54: 1,  # 'n'
+        49: 2,  # 'o'
+        51: 1,  # 'r'
+        43: 1,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    42: {  # 'e'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 2,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 2,  # 'l'
+        54: 2,  # 'n'
+        49: 1,  # 'o'
+        51: 2,  # 'r'
+        43: 2,  # 's'
+        44: 2,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 2,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    53: {  # 'i'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 2,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 1,  # 'l'
+        54: 2,  # 'n'
+        49: 2,  # 'o'
+        51: 1,  # 'r'
+        43: 2,  # 's'
+        44: 2,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    56: {  # 'l'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 2,  # 'e'
+        53: 2,  # 'i'
+        56: 2,  # 'l'
+        54: 1,  # 'n'
+        49: 1,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 1,  # 's'
+        44: 1,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    54: {  # 'n'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 1,  # 'l'
+        54: 1,  # 'n'
+        49: 1,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 1,  # 's'
+        44: 2,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 2,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    49: {  # 'o'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
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+        46: 1,  # '”'
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+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
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+        46: 1,  # '”'
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+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
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+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
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+        1: 0,  # 'י'
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+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
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+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
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+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
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+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
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+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
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+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    30: {  # 'ְ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
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+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 2,  # 'ה'
+        2: 2,  # 'ו'
+        24: 2,  # 'ז'
+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 2,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 2,  # 'כ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ל'
+        11: 1,  # 'ם'
+        6: 2,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 2,  # 'נ'
+        19: 2,  # 'ס'
+        13: 2,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 2,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ק'
+        7: 2,  # 'ר'
+        10: 2,  # 'ש'
+        5: 2,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    59: {  # 'ֱ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
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+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 1,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
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+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 1,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
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+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ל'
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+        6: 2,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
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+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
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+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
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+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    41: {  # 'ֲ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
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+        61: 0,  # 'd'
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+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
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+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ל'
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+        6: 2,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 2,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
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+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
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+        10: 2,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    33: {  # 'ִ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
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+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 1,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
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+        33: 1,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ָ'
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+        28: 1,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
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+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
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+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 2,  # 'כ'
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+        12: 2,  # 'נ'
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+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
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+        18: 2,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ק'
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+        5: 2,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    37: {  # 'ֵ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
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+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
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+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 1,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
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+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
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+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 2,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
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+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
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+        12: 2,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 2,  # 'ע'
+        26: 1,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
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+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    36: {  # 'ֶ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
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+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
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+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 1,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ָ'
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+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
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+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 2,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
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+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 2,  # 'י'
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+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
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+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
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+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    31: {  # 'ַ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
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+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 1,  # 'ְ'
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+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
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+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
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+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
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+        9: 2,  # 'א'
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+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 2,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
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+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
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+        1: 3,  # 'י'
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+        18: 2,  # 'פ'
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+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
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+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
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+        40: 0,  # '…'
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+        46: 0,  # '”'
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+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    62: {  # 'ֻ'
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+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
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+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 1,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 1,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ל'
+        11: 1,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    28: {  # 'ּ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 3,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 1,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 3,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 3,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 3,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 2,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 2,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 2,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 2,  # 'כ'
+        4: 2,  # 'ל'
+        11: 1,  # 'ם'
+        6: 2,  # 'מ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ן'
+        12: 2,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 2,  # 'ע'
+        26: 1,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 2,  # 'ר'
+        10: 2,  # 'ש'
+        5: 2,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    38: {  # 'ׁ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 2,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    45: {  # 'ׂ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 1,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 1,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 2,  # 'ו'
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+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 1,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    9: {  # 'א'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 2,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 2,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 3,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 2,  # 'ע'
+        26: 3,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    8: {  # 'ב'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 3,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 1,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    20: {  # 'ג'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 2,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 1,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 2,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 2,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    16: {  # 'ד'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 2,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 2,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    3: {  # 'ה'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 1,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 1,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 2,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 3,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
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+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
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+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+    2: {  # 'ו'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 1,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 1,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 3,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 3,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 3,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+    24: {  # 'ז'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 1,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 2,  # 'ז'
+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 2,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 2,  # 'ע'
+        26: 1,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 2,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    14: {  # 'ח'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 1,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 2,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 2,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 2,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 2,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    22: {  # 'ט'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 1,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 1,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 1,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 2,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 2,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 2,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 2,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 2,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    1: {  # 'י'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 3,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 3,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+    25: {  # 'ך'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 1,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    15: {  # 'כ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 3,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 3,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 2,  # 'ע'
+        26: 3,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    4: {  # 'ל'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 3,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 3,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    11: {  # 'ם'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 1,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 1,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+    6: {  # 'מ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    23: {  # 'ן'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 1,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 1,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 1,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 1,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+    12: {  # 'נ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    19: {  # 'ס'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 1,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 2,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 2,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 3,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    13: {  # 'ע'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 1,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 1,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 2,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 2,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 2,  # 'ע'
+        26: 1,  # 'ף'
+        18: 2,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    26: {  # 'ף'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 1,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    18: {  # 'פ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 1,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 1,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 2,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 2,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 2,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 2,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    27: {  # 'ץ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
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+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    21: {  # 'צ'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
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+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    17: {  # 'ק'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
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+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 1,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 2,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 2,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 1,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 2,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 2,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    7: {  # 'ר'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 2,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 1,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 3,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 3,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 3,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 3,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+    10: {  # 'ש'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 1,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 1,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 1,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 1,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 3,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 2,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 3,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 2,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 3,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 3,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 2,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 1,  # '…'
+    },
+    5: {  # 'ת'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 1,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 1,  # '¼'
+        39: 1,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 2,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 2,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 2,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 2,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 2,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 3,  # 'א'
+        8: 3,  # 'ב'
+        20: 3,  # 'ג'
+        16: 2,  # 'ד'
+        3: 3,  # 'ה'
+        2: 3,  # 'ו'
+        24: 2,  # 'ז'
+        14: 3,  # 'ח'
+        22: 2,  # 'ט'
+        1: 3,  # 'י'
+        25: 2,  # 'ך'
+        15: 3,  # 'כ'
+        4: 3,  # 'ל'
+        11: 3,  # 'ם'
+        6: 3,  # 'מ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ן'
+        12: 3,  # 'נ'
+        19: 2,  # 'ס'
+        13: 3,  # 'ע'
+        26: 2,  # 'ף'
+        18: 3,  # 'פ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 2,  # 'צ'
+        17: 3,  # 'ק'
+        7: 3,  # 'ר'
+        10: 3,  # 'ש'
+        5: 3,  # 'ת'
+        32: 1,  # '–'
+        52: 1,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+    32: {  # '–'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 1,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 1,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 1,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    52: {  # '’'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 1,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 1,  # 'r'
+        43: 2,  # 's'
+        44: 2,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    47: {  # '“'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 1,  # 'l'
+        54: 1,  # 'n'
+        49: 1,  # 'o'
+        51: 1,  # 'r'
+        43: 1,  # 's'
+        44: 1,  # 't'
+        63: 1,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 2,  # 'א'
+        8: 1,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 1,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 1,  # 'ח'
+        22: 1,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
+        19: 1,  # 'ס'
+        13: 1,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
+        17: 1,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    46: {  # '”'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 1,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 1,  # 'ב'
+        20: 1,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 1,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    58: {  # '†'
+        50: 0,  # 'a'
+        60: 0,  # 'c'
+        61: 0,  # 'd'
+        42: 0,  # 'e'
+        53: 0,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 0,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 0,  # 'r'
+        43: 0,  # 's'
+        44: 0,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 0,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 0,  # 'ה'
+        2: 0,  # 'ו'
+        24: 0,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 0,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 0,  # 'כ'
+        4: 0,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 0,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 0,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 0,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 0,  # 'ר'
+        10: 0,  # 'ש'
+        5: 0,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 0,  # '”'
+        58: 2,  # '†'
+        40: 0,  # '…'
+    },
+    40: {  # '…'
+        50: 1,  # 'a'
+        60: 1,  # 'c'
+        61: 1,  # 'd'
+        42: 1,  # 'e'
+        53: 1,  # 'i'
+        56: 0,  # 'l'
+        54: 1,  # 'n'
+        49: 0,  # 'o'
+        51: 1,  # 'r'
+        43: 1,  # 's'
+        44: 1,  # 't'
+        63: 0,  # 'u'
+        34: 0,  # '\xa0'
+        55: 0,  # '´'
+        48: 0,  # '¼'
+        39: 0,  # '½'
+        57: 0,  # '¾'
+        30: 0,  # 'ְ'
+        59: 0,  # 'ֱ'
+        41: 0,  # 'ֲ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ִ'
+        37: 0,  # 'ֵ'
+        36: 0,  # 'ֶ'
+        31: 0,  # 'ַ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ָ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ֹ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ֻ'
+        28: 0,  # 'ּ'
+        38: 0,  # 'ׁ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ׂ'
+        9: 1,  # 'א'
+        8: 0,  # 'ב'
+        20: 0,  # 'ג'
+        16: 0,  # 'ד'
+        3: 1,  # 'ה'
+        2: 1,  # 'ו'
+        24: 1,  # 'ז'
+        14: 0,  # 'ח'
+        22: 0,  # 'ט'
+        1: 1,  # 'י'
+        25: 0,  # 'ך'
+        15: 1,  # 'כ'
+        4: 1,  # 'ל'
+        11: 0,  # 'ם'
+        6: 1,  # 'מ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ן'
+        12: 1,  # 'נ'
+        19: 0,  # 'ס'
+        13: 0,  # 'ע'
+        26: 0,  # 'ף'
+        18: 1,  # 'פ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ץ'
+        21: 0,  # 'צ'
+        17: 0,  # 'ק'
+        7: 1,  # 'ר'
+        10: 1,  # 'ש'
+        5: 1,  # 'ת'
+        32: 0,  # '–'
+        52: 0,  # '’'
+        47: 0,  # '“'
+        46: 1,  # '”'
+        58: 0,  # '†'
+        40: 2,  # '…'
+    },
+}
+
+# 255: Undefined characters that did not exist in training text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+# 251: Control characters
+
+# Character Mapping Table(s):
+WINDOWS_1255_HEBREW_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 69,  # 'A'
+    66: 91,  # 'B'
+    67: 79,  # 'C'
+    68: 80,  # 'D'
+    69: 92,  # 'E'
+    70: 89,  # 'F'
+    71: 97,  # 'G'
+    72: 90,  # 'H'
+    73: 68,  # 'I'
+    74: 111,  # 'J'
+    75: 112,  # 'K'
+    76: 82,  # 'L'
+    77: 73,  # 'M'
+    78: 95,  # 'N'
+    79: 85,  # 'O'
+    80: 78,  # 'P'
+    81: 121,  # 'Q'
+    82: 86,  # 'R'
+    83: 71,  # 'S'
+    84: 67,  # 'T'
+    85: 102,  # 'U'
+    86: 107,  # 'V'
+    87: 84,  # 'W'
+    88: 114,  # 'X'
+    89: 103,  # 'Y'
+    90: 115,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 50,  # 'a'
+    98: 74,  # 'b'
+    99: 60,  # 'c'
+    100: 61,  # 'd'
+    101: 42,  # 'e'
+    102: 76,  # 'f'
+    103: 70,  # 'g'
+    104: 64,  # 'h'
+    105: 53,  # 'i'
+    106: 105,  # 'j'
+    107: 93,  # 'k'
+    108: 56,  # 'l'
+    109: 65,  # 'm'
+    110: 54,  # 'n'
+    111: 49,  # 'o'
+    112: 66,  # 'p'
+    113: 110,  # 'q'
+    114: 51,  # 'r'
+    115: 43,  # 's'
+    116: 44,  # 't'
+    117: 63,  # 'u'
+    118: 81,  # 'v'
+    119: 77,  # 'w'
+    120: 98,  # 'x'
+    121: 75,  # 'y'
+    122: 108,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 124,  # '€'
+    129: 202,  # None
+    130: 203,  # '‚'
+    131: 204,  # 'ƒ'
+    132: 205,  # '„'
+    133: 40,  # '…'
+    134: 58,  # '†'
+    135: 206,  # '‡'
+    136: 207,  # 'ˆ'
+    137: 208,  # '‰'
+    138: 209,  # None
+    139: 210,  # '‹'
+    140: 211,  # None
+    141: 212,  # None
+    142: 213,  # None
+    143: 214,  # None
+    144: 215,  # None
+    145: 83,  # '‘'
+    146: 52,  # '’'
+    147: 47,  # '“'
+    148: 46,  # '”'
+    149: 72,  # '•'
+    150: 32,  # '–'
+    151: 94,  # '—'
+    152: 216,  # '˜'
+    153: 113,  # '™'
+    154: 217,  # None
+    155: 109,  # '›'
+    156: 218,  # None
+    157: 219,  # None
+    158: 220,  # None
+    159: 221,  # None
+    160: 34,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 116,  # '¡'
+    162: 222,  # '¢'
+    163: 118,  # '£'
+    164: 100,  # '₪'
+    165: 223,  # '¥'
+    166: 224,  # '¦'
+    167: 117,  # '§'
+    168: 119,  # '¨'
+    169: 104,  # '©'
+    170: 125,  # '×'
+    171: 225,  # '«'
+    172: 226,  # '¬'
+    173: 87,  # '\xad'
+    174: 99,  # '®'
+    175: 227,  # '¯'
+    176: 106,  # '°'
+    177: 122,  # '±'
+    178: 123,  # '²'
+    179: 228,  # '³'
+    180: 55,  # '´'
+    181: 229,  # 'µ'
+    182: 230,  # '¶'
+    183: 101,  # '·'
+    184: 231,  # '¸'
+    185: 232,  # '¹'
+    186: 120,  # '÷'
+    187: 233,  # '»'
+    188: 48,  # '¼'
+    189: 39,  # '½'
+    190: 57,  # '¾'
+    191: 234,  # '¿'
+    192: 30,  # 'ְ'
+    193: 59,  # 'ֱ'
+    194: 41,  # 'ֲ'
+    195: 88,  # 'ֳ'
+    196: 33,  # 'ִ'
+    197: 37,  # 'ֵ'
+    198: 36,  # 'ֶ'
+    199: 31,  # 'ַ'
+    200: 29,  # 'ָ'
+    201: 35,  # 'ֹ'
+    202: 235,  # None
+    203: 62,  # 'ֻ'
+    204: 28,  # 'ּ'
+    205: 236,  # 'ֽ'
+    206: 126,  # '־'
+    207: 237,  # 'ֿ'
+    208: 238,  # '׀'
+    209: 38,  # 'ׁ'
+    210: 45,  # 'ׂ'
+    211: 239,  # '׃'
+    212: 240,  # 'װ'
+    213: 241,  # 'ױ'
+    214: 242,  # 'ײ'
+    215: 243,  # '׳'
+    216: 127,  # '״'
+    217: 244,  # None
+    218: 245,  # None
+    219: 246,  # None
+    220: 247,  # None
+    221: 248,  # None
+    222: 249,  # None
+    223: 250,  # None
+    224: 9,  # 'א'
+    225: 8,  # 'ב'
+    226: 20,  # 'ג'
+    227: 16,  # 'ד'
+    228: 3,  # 'ה'
+    229: 2,  # 'ו'
+    230: 24,  # 'ז'
+    231: 14,  # 'ח'
+    232: 22,  # 'ט'
+    233: 1,  # 'י'
+    234: 25,  # 'ך'
+    235: 15,  # 'כ'
+    236: 4,  # 'ל'
+    237: 11,  # 'ם'
+    238: 6,  # 'מ'
+    239: 23,  # 'ן'
+    240: 12,  # 'נ'
+    241: 19,  # 'ס'
+    242: 13,  # 'ע'
+    243: 26,  # 'ף'
+    244: 18,  # 'פ'
+    245: 27,  # 'ץ'
+    246: 21,  # 'צ'
+    247: 17,  # 'ק'
+    248: 7,  # 'ר'
+    249: 10,  # 'ש'
+    250: 5,  # 'ת'
+    251: 251,  # None
+    252: 252,  # None
+    253: 128,  # '\u200e'
+    254: 96,  # '\u200f'
+    255: 253,  # None
+}
+
+WINDOWS_1255_HEBREW_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="windows-1255",
+    language="Hebrew",
+    char_to_order_map=WINDOWS_1255_HEBREW_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=HEBREW_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.984004,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="אבגדהוזחטיךכלםמןנסעףפץצקרשתװױײ",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09a0d326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langhungarianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4649 @@
+from pip._vendor.chardet.sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetModel
+
+# 3: Positive
+# 2: Likely
+# 1: Unlikely
+# 0: Negative
+
+HUNGARIAN_LANG_MODEL = {
+    28: {  # 'A'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 2,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 2,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 2,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 2,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 2,  # 'P'
+        43: 2,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 2,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    40: {  # 'B'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    54: {  # 'C'
+        28: 1,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    45: {  # 'D'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    32: {  # 'E'
+        28: 1,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 2,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 2,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 2,  # 'M'
+        35: 2,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 2,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    50: {  # 'F'
+        28: 1,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    49: {  # 'G'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 2,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    38: {  # 'H'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 2,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    39: {  # 'I'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 2,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 2,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 2,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    53: {  # 'J'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 0,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    36: {  # 'K'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 2,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    41: {  # 'L'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 0,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    34: {  # 'M'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    35: {  # 'N'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 2,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 2,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 0,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    47: {  # 'O'
+        28: 1,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 2,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 2,  # 'M'
+        35: 2,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 2,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    46: {  # 'P'
+        28: 1,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 2,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    43: {  # 'R'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 0,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 2,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    33: {  # 'S'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 3,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 0,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    37: {  # 'T'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 2,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 2,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    57: {  # 'U'
+        28: 1,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    48: {  # 'V'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 0,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 2,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    55: {  # 'Y'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 2,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 0,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 1,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    52: {  # 'Z'
+        28: 2,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 2,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 2,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 2,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 1,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 1,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 2,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 1,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    2: {  # 'a'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 3,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    18: {  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 2,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    26: {  # 'c'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    17: {  # 'd'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 3,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 2,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    1: {  # 'e'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 3,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 3,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 2,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    27: {  # 'f'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    12: {  # 'g'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 3,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 2,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    20: {  # 'h'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 3,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    9: {  # 'i'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 3,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 2,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    22: {  # 'j'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 3,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    7: {  # 'k'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 3,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 3,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    6: {  # 'l'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 3,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 3,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 3,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 3,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    13: {  # 'm'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 3,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 2,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    4: {  # 'n'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 3,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 3,  # 'ü'
+        42: 2,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    8: {  # 'o'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 1,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 3,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    23: {  # 'p'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 3,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    10: {  # 'r'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 2,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 3,  # 'ú'
+        29: 3,  # 'ü'
+        42: 2,  # 'ő'
+        56: 2,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    5: {  # 's'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 3,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 3,  # 'ú'
+        29: 3,  # 'ü'
+        42: 2,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    3: {  # 't'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 3,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 3,  # 'ú'
+        29: 3,  # 'ü'
+        42: 3,  # 'ő'
+        56: 2,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    21: {  # 'u'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 2,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 1,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 2,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    19: {  # 'v'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 2,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    62: {  # 'x'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 1,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    16: {  # 'y'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 2,  # 'í'
+        25: 2,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 2,  # 'ü'
+        42: 1,  # 'ő'
+        56: 2,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    11: {  # 'z'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 3,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 3,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 3,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 3,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 3,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 3,  # 'á'
+        15: 3,  # 'é'
+        30: 3,  # 'í'
+        25: 3,  # 'ó'
+        24: 3,  # 'ö'
+        31: 2,  # 'ú'
+        29: 3,  # 'ü'
+        42: 2,  # 'ő'
+        56: 1,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    51: {  # 'Á'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 2,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 2,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 2,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 1,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    44: {  # 'É'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 1,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 2,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 2,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 2,  # 'R'
+        33: 2,  # 'S'
+        37: 2,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    61: {  # 'Í'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 0,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    58: {  # 'Ó'
+        28: 1,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 1,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 2,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 0,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 1,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    59: {  # 'Ö'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 1,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 0,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    60: {  # 'Ú'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 1,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 1,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 0,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 0,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 0,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 0,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    63: {  # 'Ü'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 1,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 1,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 1,  # 'G'
+        38: 1,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 1,  # 'J'
+        36: 1,  # 'K'
+        41: 1,  # 'L'
+        34: 1,  # 'M'
+        35: 1,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 1,  # 'R'
+        33: 1,  # 'S'
+        37: 1,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 1,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 1,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 0,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 0,  # 'j'
+        7: 0,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 1,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    14: {  # 'á'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 3,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 2,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 1,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 2,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    15: {  # 'é'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 3,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 3,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    30: {  # 'í'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 0,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    25: {  # 'ó'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 2,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 3,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 2,  # 'i'
+        22: 2,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 1,  # 'ö'
+        31: 1,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    24: {  # 'ö'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 0,  # 'a'
+        18: 3,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 0,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 2,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 0,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 2,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 3,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 3,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 3,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    31: {  # 'ú'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 2,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 2,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 3,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 3,  # 'r'
+        5: 3,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 1,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    29: {  # 'ü'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 3,  # 'g'
+        20: 2,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 3,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 2,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    42: {  # 'ő'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 2,  # 'b'
+        26: 1,  # 'c'
+        17: 2,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 2,  # 'k'
+        6: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 1,  # 'o'
+        23: 1,  # 'p'
+        10: 2,  # 'r'
+        5: 2,  # 's'
+        3: 2,  # 't'
+        21: 1,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 1,  # 'é'
+        30: 1,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 1,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+    56: {  # 'ű'
+        28: 0,  # 'A'
+        40: 0,  # 'B'
+        54: 0,  # 'C'
+        45: 0,  # 'D'
+        32: 0,  # 'E'
+        50: 0,  # 'F'
+        49: 0,  # 'G'
+        38: 0,  # 'H'
+        39: 0,  # 'I'
+        53: 0,  # 'J'
+        36: 0,  # 'K'
+        41: 0,  # 'L'
+        34: 0,  # 'M'
+        35: 0,  # 'N'
+        47: 0,  # 'O'
+        46: 0,  # 'P'
+        43: 0,  # 'R'
+        33: 0,  # 'S'
+        37: 0,  # 'T'
+        57: 0,  # 'U'
+        48: 0,  # 'V'
+        55: 0,  # 'Y'
+        52: 0,  # 'Z'
+        2: 1,  # 'a'
+        18: 1,  # 'b'
+        26: 0,  # 'c'
+        17: 1,  # 'd'
+        1: 1,  # 'e'
+        27: 1,  # 'f'
+        12: 1,  # 'g'
+        20: 1,  # 'h'
+        9: 1,  # 'i'
+        22: 1,  # 'j'
+        7: 1,  # 'k'
+        6: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        8: 0,  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'p'
+        10: 1,  # 'r'
+        5: 1,  # 's'
+        3: 1,  # 't'
+        21: 0,  # 'u'
+        19: 1,  # 'v'
+        62: 0,  # 'x'
+        16: 0,  # 'y'
+        11: 2,  # 'z'
+        51: 0,  # 'Á'
+        44: 0,  # 'É'
+        61: 0,  # 'Í'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ó'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        60: 0,  # 'Ú'
+        63: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        14: 0,  # 'á'
+        15: 0,  # 'é'
+        30: 0,  # 'í'
+        25: 0,  # 'ó'
+        24: 0,  # 'ö'
+        31: 0,  # 'ú'
+        29: 0,  # 'ü'
+        42: 0,  # 'ő'
+        56: 0,  # 'ű'
+    },
+}
+
+# 255: Undefined characters that did not exist in training text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+# 251: Control characters
+
+# Character Mapping Table(s):
+WINDOWS_1250_HUNGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 28,  # 'A'
+    66: 40,  # 'B'
+    67: 54,  # 'C'
+    68: 45,  # 'D'
+    69: 32,  # 'E'
+    70: 50,  # 'F'
+    71: 49,  # 'G'
+    72: 38,  # 'H'
+    73: 39,  # 'I'
+    74: 53,  # 'J'
+    75: 36,  # 'K'
+    76: 41,  # 'L'
+    77: 34,  # 'M'
+    78: 35,  # 'N'
+    79: 47,  # 'O'
+    80: 46,  # 'P'
+    81: 72,  # 'Q'
+    82: 43,  # 'R'
+    83: 33,  # 'S'
+    84: 37,  # 'T'
+    85: 57,  # 'U'
+    86: 48,  # 'V'
+    87: 64,  # 'W'
+    88: 68,  # 'X'
+    89: 55,  # 'Y'
+    90: 52,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 2,  # 'a'
+    98: 18,  # 'b'
+    99: 26,  # 'c'
+    100: 17,  # 'd'
+    101: 1,  # 'e'
+    102: 27,  # 'f'
+    103: 12,  # 'g'
+    104: 20,  # 'h'
+    105: 9,  # 'i'
+    106: 22,  # 'j'
+    107: 7,  # 'k'
+    108: 6,  # 'l'
+    109: 13,  # 'm'
+    110: 4,  # 'n'
+    111: 8,  # 'o'
+    112: 23,  # 'p'
+    113: 67,  # 'q'
+    114: 10,  # 'r'
+    115: 5,  # 's'
+    116: 3,  # 't'
+    117: 21,  # 'u'
+    118: 19,  # 'v'
+    119: 65,  # 'w'
+    120: 62,  # 'x'
+    121: 16,  # 'y'
+    122: 11,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 161,  # '€'
+    129: 162,  # None
+    130: 163,  # '‚'
+    131: 164,  # None
+    132: 165,  # '„'
+    133: 166,  # '…'
+    134: 167,  # '†'
+    135: 168,  # '‡'
+    136: 169,  # None
+    137: 170,  # '‰'
+    138: 171,  # 'Š'
+    139: 172,  # '‹'
+    140: 173,  # 'Ś'
+    141: 174,  # 'Ť'
+    142: 175,  # 'Ž'
+    143: 176,  # 'Ź'
+    144: 177,  # None
+    145: 178,  # '‘'
+    146: 179,  # '’'
+    147: 180,  # '“'
+    148: 78,  # '”'
+    149: 181,  # '•'
+    150: 69,  # '–'
+    151: 182,  # '—'
+    152: 183,  # None
+    153: 184,  # '™'
+    154: 185,  # 'š'
+    155: 186,  # '›'
+    156: 187,  # 'ś'
+    157: 188,  # 'ť'
+    158: 189,  # 'ž'
+    159: 190,  # 'ź'
+    160: 191,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 192,  # 'ˇ'
+    162: 193,  # '˘'
+    163: 194,  # 'Ł'
+    164: 195,  # '¤'
+    165: 196,  # 'Ą'
+    166: 197,  # '¦'
+    167: 76,  # '§'
+    168: 198,  # '¨'
+    169: 199,  # '©'
+    170: 200,  # 'Ş'
+    171: 201,  # '«'
+    172: 202,  # '¬'
+    173: 203,  # '\xad'
+    174: 204,  # '®'
+    175: 205,  # 'Ż'
+    176: 81,  # '°'
+    177: 206,  # '±'
+    178: 207,  # '˛'
+    179: 208,  # 'ł'
+    180: 209,  # '´'
+    181: 210,  # 'µ'
+    182: 211,  # '¶'
+    183: 212,  # '·'
+    184: 213,  # '¸'
+    185: 214,  # 'ą'
+    186: 215,  # 'ş'
+    187: 216,  # '»'
+    188: 217,  # 'Ľ'
+    189: 218,  # '˝'
+    190: 219,  # 'ľ'
+    191: 220,  # 'ż'
+    192: 221,  # 'Ŕ'
+    193: 51,  # 'Á'
+    194: 83,  # 'Â'
+    195: 222,  # 'Ă'
+    196: 80,  # 'Ä'
+    197: 223,  # 'Ĺ'
+    198: 224,  # 'Ć'
+    199: 225,  # 'Ç'
+    200: 226,  # 'Č'
+    201: 44,  # 'É'
+    202: 227,  # 'Ę'
+    203: 228,  # 'Ë'
+    204: 229,  # 'Ě'
+    205: 61,  # 'Í'
+    206: 230,  # 'Î'
+    207: 231,  # 'Ď'
+    208: 232,  # 'Đ'
+    209: 233,  # 'Ń'
+    210: 234,  # 'Ň'
+    211: 58,  # 'Ó'
+    212: 235,  # 'Ô'
+    213: 66,  # 'Ő'
+    214: 59,  # 'Ö'
+    215: 236,  # '×'
+    216: 237,  # 'Ř'
+    217: 238,  # 'Ů'
+    218: 60,  # 'Ú'
+    219: 70,  # 'Ű'
+    220: 63,  # 'Ü'
+    221: 239,  # 'Ý'
+    222: 240,  # 'Ţ'
+    223: 241,  # 'ß'
+    224: 84,  # 'ŕ'
+    225: 14,  # 'á'
+    226: 75,  # 'â'
+    227: 242,  # 'ă'
+    228: 71,  # 'ä'
+    229: 82,  # 'ĺ'
+    230: 243,  # 'ć'
+    231: 73,  # 'ç'
+    232: 244,  # 'č'
+    233: 15,  # 'é'
+    234: 85,  # 'ę'
+    235: 79,  # 'ë'
+    236: 86,  # 'ě'
+    237: 30,  # 'í'
+    238: 77,  # 'î'
+    239: 87,  # 'ď'
+    240: 245,  # 'đ'
+    241: 246,  # 'ń'
+    242: 247,  # 'ň'
+    243: 25,  # 'ó'
+    244: 74,  # 'ô'
+    245: 42,  # 'ő'
+    246: 24,  # 'ö'
+    247: 248,  # '÷'
+    248: 249,  # 'ř'
+    249: 250,  # 'ů'
+    250: 31,  # 'ú'
+    251: 56,  # 'ű'
+    252: 29,  # 'ü'
+    253: 251,  # 'ý'
+    254: 252,  # 'ţ'
+    255: 253,  # '˙'
+}
+
+WINDOWS_1250_HUNGARIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="windows-1250",
+    language="Hungarian",
+    char_to_order_map=WINDOWS_1250_HUNGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=HUNGARIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.947368,
+    keep_ascii_letters=True,
+    alphabet="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVZabcdefghijklmnoprstuvzÁÉÍÓÖÚÜáéíóöúüŐőŰű",
+)
+
+ISO_8859_2_HUNGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 28,  # 'A'
+    66: 40,  # 'B'
+    67: 54,  # 'C'
+    68: 45,  # 'D'
+    69: 32,  # 'E'
+    70: 50,  # 'F'
+    71: 49,  # 'G'
+    72: 38,  # 'H'
+    73: 39,  # 'I'
+    74: 53,  # 'J'
+    75: 36,  # 'K'
+    76: 41,  # 'L'
+    77: 34,  # 'M'
+    78: 35,  # 'N'
+    79: 47,  # 'O'
+    80: 46,  # 'P'
+    81: 71,  # 'Q'
+    82: 43,  # 'R'
+    83: 33,  # 'S'
+    84: 37,  # 'T'
+    85: 57,  # 'U'
+    86: 48,  # 'V'
+    87: 64,  # 'W'
+    88: 68,  # 'X'
+    89: 55,  # 'Y'
+    90: 52,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 2,  # 'a'
+    98: 18,  # 'b'
+    99: 26,  # 'c'
+    100: 17,  # 'd'
+    101: 1,  # 'e'
+    102: 27,  # 'f'
+    103: 12,  # 'g'
+    104: 20,  # 'h'
+    105: 9,  # 'i'
+    106: 22,  # 'j'
+    107: 7,  # 'k'
+    108: 6,  # 'l'
+    109: 13,  # 'm'
+    110: 4,  # 'n'
+    111: 8,  # 'o'
+    112: 23,  # 'p'
+    113: 67,  # 'q'
+    114: 10,  # 'r'
+    115: 5,  # 's'
+    116: 3,  # 't'
+    117: 21,  # 'u'
+    118: 19,  # 'v'
+    119: 65,  # 'w'
+    120: 62,  # 'x'
+    121: 16,  # 'y'
+    122: 11,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 159,  # '\x80'
+    129: 160,  # '\x81'
+    130: 161,  # '\x82'
+    131: 162,  # '\x83'
+    132: 163,  # '\x84'
+    133: 164,  # '\x85'
+    134: 165,  # '\x86'
+    135: 166,  # '\x87'
+    136: 167,  # '\x88'
+    137: 168,  # '\x89'
+    138: 169,  # '\x8a'
+    139: 170,  # '\x8b'
+    140: 171,  # '\x8c'
+    141: 172,  # '\x8d'
+    142: 173,  # '\x8e'
+    143: 174,  # '\x8f'
+    144: 175,  # '\x90'
+    145: 176,  # '\x91'
+    146: 177,  # '\x92'
+    147: 178,  # '\x93'
+    148: 179,  # '\x94'
+    149: 180,  # '\x95'
+    150: 181,  # '\x96'
+    151: 182,  # '\x97'
+    152: 183,  # '\x98'
+    153: 184,  # '\x99'
+    154: 185,  # '\x9a'
+    155: 186,  # '\x9b'
+    156: 187,  # '\x9c'
+    157: 188,  # '\x9d'
+    158: 189,  # '\x9e'
+    159: 190,  # '\x9f'
+    160: 191,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 192,  # 'Ą'
+    162: 193,  # '˘'
+    163: 194,  # 'Ł'
+    164: 195,  # '¤'
+    165: 196,  # 'Ľ'
+    166: 197,  # 'Ś'
+    167: 75,  # '§'
+    168: 198,  # '¨'
+    169: 199,  # 'Š'
+    170: 200,  # 'Ş'
+    171: 201,  # 'Ť'
+    172: 202,  # 'Ź'
+    173: 203,  # '\xad'
+    174: 204,  # 'Ž'
+    175: 205,  # 'Ż'
+    176: 79,  # '°'
+    177: 206,  # 'ą'
+    178: 207,  # '˛'
+    179: 208,  # 'ł'
+    180: 209,  # '´'
+    181: 210,  # 'ľ'
+    182: 211,  # 'ś'
+    183: 212,  # 'ˇ'
+    184: 213,  # '¸'
+    185: 214,  # 'š'
+    186: 215,  # 'ş'
+    187: 216,  # 'ť'
+    188: 217,  # 'ź'
+    189: 218,  # '˝'
+    190: 219,  # 'ž'
+    191: 220,  # 'ż'
+    192: 221,  # 'Ŕ'
+    193: 51,  # 'Á'
+    194: 81,  # 'Â'
+    195: 222,  # 'Ă'
+    196: 78,  # 'Ä'
+    197: 223,  # 'Ĺ'
+    198: 224,  # 'Ć'
+    199: 225,  # 'Ç'
+    200: 226,  # 'Č'
+    201: 44,  # 'É'
+    202: 227,  # 'Ę'
+    203: 228,  # 'Ë'
+    204: 229,  # 'Ě'
+    205: 61,  # 'Í'
+    206: 230,  # 'Î'
+    207: 231,  # 'Ď'
+    208: 232,  # 'Đ'
+    209: 233,  # 'Ń'
+    210: 234,  # 'Ň'
+    211: 58,  # 'Ó'
+    212: 235,  # 'Ô'
+    213: 66,  # 'Ő'
+    214: 59,  # 'Ö'
+    215: 236,  # '×'
+    216: 237,  # 'Ř'
+    217: 238,  # 'Ů'
+    218: 60,  # 'Ú'
+    219: 69,  # 'Ű'
+    220: 63,  # 'Ü'
+    221: 239,  # 'Ý'
+    222: 240,  # 'Ţ'
+    223: 241,  # 'ß'
+    224: 82,  # 'ŕ'
+    225: 14,  # 'á'
+    226: 74,  # 'â'
+    227: 242,  # 'ă'
+    228: 70,  # 'ä'
+    229: 80,  # 'ĺ'
+    230: 243,  # 'ć'
+    231: 72,  # 'ç'
+    232: 244,  # 'č'
+    233: 15,  # 'é'
+    234: 83,  # 'ę'
+    235: 77,  # 'ë'
+    236: 84,  # 'ě'
+    237: 30,  # 'í'
+    238: 76,  # 'î'
+    239: 85,  # 'ď'
+    240: 245,  # 'đ'
+    241: 246,  # 'ń'
+    242: 247,  # 'ň'
+    243: 25,  # 'ó'
+    244: 73,  # 'ô'
+    245: 42,  # 'ő'
+    246: 24,  # 'ö'
+    247: 248,  # '÷'
+    248: 249,  # 'ř'
+    249: 250,  # 'ů'
+    250: 31,  # 'ú'
+    251: 56,  # 'ű'
+    252: 29,  # 'ü'
+    253: 251,  # 'ý'
+    254: 252,  # 'ţ'
+    255: 253,  # '˙'
+}
+
+ISO_8859_2_HUNGARIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="ISO-8859-2",
+    language="Hungarian",
+    char_to_order_map=ISO_8859_2_HUNGARIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=HUNGARIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.947368,
+    keep_ascii_letters=True,
+    alphabet="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVZabcdefghijklmnoprstuvzÁÉÍÓÖÚÜáéíóöúüŐőŰű",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langrussianmodel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langrussianmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39a53889
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langrussianmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5725 @@
+from pip._vendor.chardet.sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetModel
+
+# 3: Positive
+# 2: Likely
+# 1: Unlikely
+# 0: Negative
+
+RUSSIAN_LANG_MODEL = {
+    37: {  # 'А'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 1,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 2,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 0,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 1,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    44: {  # 'Б'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    33: {  # 'В'
+        37: 2,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    46: {  # 'Г'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    41: {  # 'Д'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 2,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    48: {  # 'Е'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 1,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 2,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 2,  # 'Р'
+        32: 2,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 2,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 2,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    56: {  # 'Ж'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    51: {  # 'З'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 1,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    42: {  # 'И'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 2,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 1,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 2,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 1,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 1,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    60: {  # 'Й'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 1,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 0,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    36: {  # 'К'
+        37: 2,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 2,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    49: {  # 'Л'
+        37: 2,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 1,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 0,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    38: {  # 'М'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 1,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 1,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    31: {  # 'Н'
+        37: 2,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 2,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 1,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    34: {  # 'О'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 2,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 1,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 2,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 2,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 2,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 0,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 1,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    35: {  # 'П'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 2,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 1,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+    },
+    45: {  # 'Р'
+        37: 2,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 2,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 2,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 2,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 1,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+    },
+    32: {  # 'С'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 2,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 1,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    40: {  # 'Т'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 2,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 1,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 1,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    52: {  # 'У'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 1,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 1,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 1,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 1,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    53: {  # 'Ф'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 1,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    55: {  # 'Х'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    58: {  # 'Ц'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 1,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 0,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    50: {  # 'Ч'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 1,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 1,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    57: {  # 'Ш'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 1,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 1,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    63: {  # 'Щ'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 1,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 1,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 1,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 1,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 0,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    62: {  # 'Ы'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 1,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 1,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 0,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 0,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    61: {  # 'Ь'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 1,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 1,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 0,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 0,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    47: {  # 'Э'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 1,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 1,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 1,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 0,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 2,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    59: {  # 'Ю'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 1,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 1,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 0,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    43: {  # 'Я'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 1,  # 'В'
+        46: 1,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 1,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 1,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 1,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 1,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 1,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 1,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 0,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 1,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 1,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    3: {  # 'а'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 1,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 3,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 3,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    21: {  # 'б'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 1,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    10: {  # 'в'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 2,  # 'щ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    19: {  # 'г'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    13: {  # 'д'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 3,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    2: {  # 'е'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 3,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 3,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    24: {  # 'ж'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 1,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    20: {  # 'з'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    4: {  # 'и'
+        37: 1,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 3,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 3,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    23: {  # 'й'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 1,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 1,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+    },
+    11: {  # 'к'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    8: {  # 'л'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    12: {  # 'м'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    5: {  # 'н'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 3,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 2,  # 'щ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    1: {  # 'о'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 3,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    15: {  # 'п'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    9: {  # 'р'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 2,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    7: {  # 'с'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 1,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 1,  # 'щ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    6: {  # 'т'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 2,  # 'щ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    14: {  # 'у'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 3,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 2,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+    },
+    39: {  # 'ф'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 2,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    26: {  # 'х'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 1,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 1,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    28: {  # 'ц'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 1,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 1,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 1,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 1,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ы'
+        17: 1,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    22: {  # 'ч'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    25: {  # 'ш'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 3,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 1,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 3,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 1,  # 'ц'
+        22: 1,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 3,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    29: {  # 'щ'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 3,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 3,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 1,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 1,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 2,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 2,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 0,  # 'я'
+    },
+    54: {  # 'ъ'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 0,  # 'б'
+        10: 0,  # 'в'
+        19: 0,  # 'г'
+        13: 0,  # 'д'
+        2: 2,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 0,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 0,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 0,  # 'м'
+        5: 0,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 0,  # 'п'
+        9: 0,  # 'р'
+        7: 0,  # 'с'
+        6: 0,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 0,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 0,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+    },
+    18: {  # 'ы'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 3,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 1,  # 'о'
+        15: 3,  # 'п'
+        9: 3,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 0,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 3,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 2,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 0,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+    },
+    17: {  # 'ь'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 2,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 1,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 0,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 0,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 2,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 1,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 2,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 3,  # 'ш'
+        29: 2,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 3,  # 'ю'
+        16: 3,  # 'я'
+    },
+    30: {  # 'э'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 1,  # 'М'
+        31: 1,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 1,  # 'Р'
+        32: 1,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 1,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 1,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 1,  # 'г'
+        13: 2,  # 'д'
+        2: 1,  # 'е'
+        24: 0,  # 'ж'
+        20: 1,  # 'з'
+        4: 0,  # 'и'
+        23: 2,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 2,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 2,  # 'ф'
+        26: 1,  # 'х'
+        28: 0,  # 'ц'
+        22: 0,  # 'ч'
+        25: 1,  # 'ш'
+        29: 0,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 1,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    27: {  # 'ю'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 2,  # 'а'
+        21: 3,  # 'б'
+        10: 1,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 1,  # 'е'
+        24: 2,  # 'ж'
+        20: 2,  # 'з'
+        4: 1,  # 'и'
+        23: 1,  # 'й'
+        11: 2,  # 'к'
+        8: 2,  # 'л'
+        12: 2,  # 'м'
+        5: 2,  # 'н'
+        1: 1,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 0,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 2,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 1,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 1,  # 'я'
+    },
+    16: {  # 'я'
+        37: 0,  # 'А'
+        44: 0,  # 'Б'
+        33: 0,  # 'В'
+        46: 0,  # 'Г'
+        41: 0,  # 'Д'
+        48: 0,  # 'Е'
+        56: 0,  # 'Ж'
+        51: 0,  # 'З'
+        42: 0,  # 'И'
+        60: 0,  # 'Й'
+        36: 0,  # 'К'
+        49: 0,  # 'Л'
+        38: 0,  # 'М'
+        31: 0,  # 'Н'
+        34: 0,  # 'О'
+        35: 0,  # 'П'
+        45: 0,  # 'Р'
+        32: 0,  # 'С'
+        40: 0,  # 'Т'
+        52: 0,  # 'У'
+        53: 0,  # 'Ф'
+        55: 0,  # 'Х'
+        58: 0,  # 'Ц'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ч'
+        57: 0,  # 'Ш'
+        63: 0,  # 'Щ'
+        62: 0,  # 'Ы'
+        61: 0,  # 'Ь'
+        47: 0,  # 'Э'
+        59: 0,  # 'Ю'
+        43: 0,  # 'Я'
+        3: 0,  # 'а'
+        21: 2,  # 'б'
+        10: 3,  # 'в'
+        19: 2,  # 'г'
+        13: 3,  # 'д'
+        2: 3,  # 'е'
+        24: 3,  # 'ж'
+        20: 3,  # 'з'
+        4: 2,  # 'и'
+        23: 2,  # 'й'
+        11: 3,  # 'к'
+        8: 3,  # 'л'
+        12: 3,  # 'м'
+        5: 3,  # 'н'
+        1: 0,  # 'о'
+        15: 2,  # 'п'
+        9: 2,  # 'р'
+        7: 3,  # 'с'
+        6: 3,  # 'т'
+        14: 1,  # 'у'
+        39: 1,  # 'ф'
+        26: 3,  # 'х'
+        28: 2,  # 'ц'
+        22: 2,  # 'ч'
+        25: 2,  # 'ш'
+        29: 3,  # 'щ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ъ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ы'
+        17: 0,  # 'ь'
+        30: 0,  # 'э'
+        27: 2,  # 'ю'
+        16: 2,  # 'я'
+    },
+}
+
+# 255: Undefined characters that did not exist in training text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+# 251: Control characters
+
+# Character Mapping Table(s):
+IBM866_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 142,  # 'A'
+    66: 143,  # 'B'
+    67: 144,  # 'C'
+    68: 145,  # 'D'
+    69: 146,  # 'E'
+    70: 147,  # 'F'
+    71: 148,  # 'G'
+    72: 149,  # 'H'
+    73: 150,  # 'I'
+    74: 151,  # 'J'
+    75: 152,  # 'K'
+    76: 74,  # 'L'
+    77: 153,  # 'M'
+    78: 75,  # 'N'
+    79: 154,  # 'O'
+    80: 155,  # 'P'
+    81: 156,  # 'Q'
+    82: 157,  # 'R'
+    83: 158,  # 'S'
+    84: 159,  # 'T'
+    85: 160,  # 'U'
+    86: 161,  # 'V'
+    87: 162,  # 'W'
+    88: 163,  # 'X'
+    89: 164,  # 'Y'
+    90: 165,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 71,  # 'a'
+    98: 172,  # 'b'
+    99: 66,  # 'c'
+    100: 173,  # 'd'
+    101: 65,  # 'e'
+    102: 174,  # 'f'
+    103: 76,  # 'g'
+    104: 175,  # 'h'
+    105: 64,  # 'i'
+    106: 176,  # 'j'
+    107: 177,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 72,  # 'm'
+    110: 178,  # 'n'
+    111: 69,  # 'o'
+    112: 67,  # 'p'
+    113: 179,  # 'q'
+    114: 78,  # 'r'
+    115: 73,  # 's'
+    116: 180,  # 't'
+    117: 181,  # 'u'
+    118: 79,  # 'v'
+    119: 182,  # 'w'
+    120: 183,  # 'x'
+    121: 184,  # 'y'
+    122: 185,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 37,  # 'А'
+    129: 44,  # 'Б'
+    130: 33,  # 'В'
+    131: 46,  # 'Г'
+    132: 41,  # 'Д'
+    133: 48,  # 'Е'
+    134: 56,  # 'Ж'
+    135: 51,  # 'З'
+    136: 42,  # 'И'
+    137: 60,  # 'Й'
+    138: 36,  # 'К'
+    139: 49,  # 'Л'
+    140: 38,  # 'М'
+    141: 31,  # 'Н'
+    142: 34,  # 'О'
+    143: 35,  # 'П'
+    144: 45,  # 'Р'
+    145: 32,  # 'С'
+    146: 40,  # 'Т'
+    147: 52,  # 'У'
+    148: 53,  # 'Ф'
+    149: 55,  # 'Х'
+    150: 58,  # 'Ц'
+    151: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    152: 57,  # 'Ш'
+    153: 63,  # 'Щ'
+    154: 70,  # 'Ъ'
+    155: 62,  # 'Ы'
+    156: 61,  # 'Ь'
+    157: 47,  # 'Э'
+    158: 59,  # 'Ю'
+    159: 43,  # 'Я'
+    160: 3,  # 'а'
+    161: 21,  # 'б'
+    162: 10,  # 'в'
+    163: 19,  # 'г'
+    164: 13,  # 'д'
+    165: 2,  # 'е'
+    166: 24,  # 'ж'
+    167: 20,  # 'з'
+    168: 4,  # 'и'
+    169: 23,  # 'й'
+    170: 11,  # 'к'
+    171: 8,  # 'л'
+    172: 12,  # 'м'
+    173: 5,  # 'н'
+    174: 1,  # 'о'
+    175: 15,  # 'п'
+    176: 191,  # '░'
+    177: 192,  # '▒'
+    178: 193,  # '▓'
+    179: 194,  # '│'
+    180: 195,  # '┤'
+    181: 196,  # '╡'
+    182: 197,  # '╢'
+    183: 198,  # '╖'
+    184: 199,  # '╕'
+    185: 200,  # '╣'
+    186: 201,  # '║'
+    187: 202,  # '╗'
+    188: 203,  # '╝'
+    189: 204,  # '╜'
+    190: 205,  # '╛'
+    191: 206,  # '┐'
+    192: 207,  # '└'
+    193: 208,  # '┴'
+    194: 209,  # '┬'
+    195: 210,  # '├'
+    196: 211,  # '─'
+    197: 212,  # '┼'
+    198: 213,  # '╞'
+    199: 214,  # '╟'
+    200: 215,  # '╚'
+    201: 216,  # '╔'
+    202: 217,  # '╩'
+    203: 218,  # '╦'
+    204: 219,  # '╠'
+    205: 220,  # '═'
+    206: 221,  # '╬'
+    207: 222,  # '╧'
+    208: 223,  # '╨'
+    209: 224,  # '╤'
+    210: 225,  # '╥'
+    211: 226,  # '╙'
+    212: 227,  # '╘'
+    213: 228,  # '╒'
+    214: 229,  # '╓'
+    215: 230,  # '╫'
+    216: 231,  # '╪'
+    217: 232,  # '┘'
+    218: 233,  # '┌'
+    219: 234,  # '█'
+    220: 235,  # '▄'
+    221: 236,  # '▌'
+    222: 237,  # '▐'
+    223: 238,  # '▀'
+    224: 9,  # 'р'
+    225: 7,  # 'с'
+    226: 6,  # 'т'
+    227: 14,  # 'у'
+    228: 39,  # 'ф'
+    229: 26,  # 'х'
+    230: 28,  # 'ц'
+    231: 22,  # 'ч'
+    232: 25,  # 'ш'
+    233: 29,  # 'щ'
+    234: 54,  # 'ъ'
+    235: 18,  # 'ы'
+    236: 17,  # 'ь'
+    237: 30,  # 'э'
+    238: 27,  # 'ю'
+    239: 16,  # 'я'
+    240: 239,  # 'Ё'
+    241: 68,  # 'ё'
+    242: 240,  # 'Є'
+    243: 241,  # 'є'
+    244: 242,  # 'Ї'
+    245: 243,  # 'ї'
+    246: 244,  # 'Ў'
+    247: 245,  # 'ў'
+    248: 246,  # '°'
+    249: 247,  # '∙'
+    250: 248,  # '·'
+    251: 249,  # '√'
+    252: 250,  # '№'
+    253: 251,  # '¤'
+    254: 252,  # '■'
+    255: 255,  # '\xa0'
+}
+
+IBM866_RUSSIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="IBM866",
+    language="Russian",
+    char_to_order_map=IBM866_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=RUSSIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.976601,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ЁАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяё",
+)
+
+WINDOWS_1251_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 142,  # 'A'
+    66: 143,  # 'B'
+    67: 144,  # 'C'
+    68: 145,  # 'D'
+    69: 146,  # 'E'
+    70: 147,  # 'F'
+    71: 148,  # 'G'
+    72: 149,  # 'H'
+    73: 150,  # 'I'
+    74: 151,  # 'J'
+    75: 152,  # 'K'
+    76: 74,  # 'L'
+    77: 153,  # 'M'
+    78: 75,  # 'N'
+    79: 154,  # 'O'
+    80: 155,  # 'P'
+    81: 156,  # 'Q'
+    82: 157,  # 'R'
+    83: 158,  # 'S'
+    84: 159,  # 'T'
+    85: 160,  # 'U'
+    86: 161,  # 'V'
+    87: 162,  # 'W'
+    88: 163,  # 'X'
+    89: 164,  # 'Y'
+    90: 165,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 71,  # 'a'
+    98: 172,  # 'b'
+    99: 66,  # 'c'
+    100: 173,  # 'd'
+    101: 65,  # 'e'
+    102: 174,  # 'f'
+    103: 76,  # 'g'
+    104: 175,  # 'h'
+    105: 64,  # 'i'
+    106: 176,  # 'j'
+    107: 177,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 72,  # 'm'
+    110: 178,  # 'n'
+    111: 69,  # 'o'
+    112: 67,  # 'p'
+    113: 179,  # 'q'
+    114: 78,  # 'r'
+    115: 73,  # 's'
+    116: 180,  # 't'
+    117: 181,  # 'u'
+    118: 79,  # 'v'
+    119: 182,  # 'w'
+    120: 183,  # 'x'
+    121: 184,  # 'y'
+    122: 185,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 191,  # 'Ђ'
+    129: 192,  # 'Ѓ'
+    130: 193,  # '‚'
+    131: 194,  # 'ѓ'
+    132: 195,  # '„'
+    133: 196,  # '…'
+    134: 197,  # '†'
+    135: 198,  # '‡'
+    136: 199,  # '€'
+    137: 200,  # '‰'
+    138: 201,  # 'Љ'
+    139: 202,  # '‹'
+    140: 203,  # 'Њ'
+    141: 204,  # 'Ќ'
+    142: 205,  # 'Ћ'
+    143: 206,  # 'Џ'
+    144: 207,  # 'ђ'
+    145: 208,  # '‘'
+    146: 209,  # '’'
+    147: 210,  # '“'
+    148: 211,  # '”'
+    149: 212,  # '•'
+    150: 213,  # '–'
+    151: 214,  # '—'
+    152: 215,  # None
+    153: 216,  # '™'
+    154: 217,  # 'љ'
+    155: 218,  # '›'
+    156: 219,  # 'њ'
+    157: 220,  # 'ќ'
+    158: 221,  # 'ћ'
+    159: 222,  # 'џ'
+    160: 223,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 224,  # 'Ў'
+    162: 225,  # 'ў'
+    163: 226,  # 'Ј'
+    164: 227,  # '¤'
+    165: 228,  # 'Ґ'
+    166: 229,  # '¦'
+    167: 230,  # '§'
+    168: 231,  # 'Ё'
+    169: 232,  # '©'
+    170: 233,  # 'Є'
+    171: 234,  # '«'
+    172: 235,  # '¬'
+    173: 236,  # '\xad'
+    174: 237,  # '®'
+    175: 238,  # 'Ї'
+    176: 239,  # '°'
+    177: 240,  # '±'
+    178: 241,  # 'І'
+    179: 242,  # 'і'
+    180: 243,  # 'ґ'
+    181: 244,  # 'µ'
+    182: 245,  # '¶'
+    183: 246,  # '·'
+    184: 68,  # 'ё'
+    185: 247,  # '№'
+    186: 248,  # 'є'
+    187: 249,  # '»'
+    188: 250,  # 'ј'
+    189: 251,  # 'Ѕ'
+    190: 252,  # 'ѕ'
+    191: 253,  # 'ї'
+    192: 37,  # 'А'
+    193: 44,  # 'Б'
+    194: 33,  # 'В'
+    195: 46,  # 'Г'
+    196: 41,  # 'Д'
+    197: 48,  # 'Е'
+    198: 56,  # 'Ж'
+    199: 51,  # 'З'
+    200: 42,  # 'И'
+    201: 60,  # 'Й'
+    202: 36,  # 'К'
+    203: 49,  # 'Л'
+    204: 38,  # 'М'
+    205: 31,  # 'Н'
+    206: 34,  # 'О'
+    207: 35,  # 'П'
+    208: 45,  # 'Р'
+    209: 32,  # 'С'
+    210: 40,  # 'Т'
+    211: 52,  # 'У'
+    212: 53,  # 'Ф'
+    213: 55,  # 'Х'
+    214: 58,  # 'Ц'
+    215: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    216: 57,  # 'Ш'
+    217: 63,  # 'Щ'
+    218: 70,  # 'Ъ'
+    219: 62,  # 'Ы'
+    220: 61,  # 'Ь'
+    221: 47,  # 'Э'
+    222: 59,  # 'Ю'
+    223: 43,  # 'Я'
+    224: 3,  # 'а'
+    225: 21,  # 'б'
+    226: 10,  # 'в'
+    227: 19,  # 'г'
+    228: 13,  # 'д'
+    229: 2,  # 'е'
+    230: 24,  # 'ж'
+    231: 20,  # 'з'
+    232: 4,  # 'и'
+    233: 23,  # 'й'
+    234: 11,  # 'к'
+    235: 8,  # 'л'
+    236: 12,  # 'м'
+    237: 5,  # 'н'
+    238: 1,  # 'о'
+    239: 15,  # 'п'
+    240: 9,  # 'р'
+    241: 7,  # 'с'
+    242: 6,  # 'т'
+    243: 14,  # 'у'
+    244: 39,  # 'ф'
+    245: 26,  # 'х'
+    246: 28,  # 'ц'
+    247: 22,  # 'ч'
+    248: 25,  # 'ш'
+    249: 29,  # 'щ'
+    250: 54,  # 'ъ'
+    251: 18,  # 'ы'
+    252: 17,  # 'ь'
+    253: 30,  # 'э'
+    254: 27,  # 'ю'
+    255: 16,  # 'я'
+}
+
+WINDOWS_1251_RUSSIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="windows-1251",
+    language="Russian",
+    char_to_order_map=WINDOWS_1251_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=RUSSIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.976601,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ЁАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяё",
+)
+
+IBM855_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 142,  # 'A'
+    66: 143,  # 'B'
+    67: 144,  # 'C'
+    68: 145,  # 'D'
+    69: 146,  # 'E'
+    70: 147,  # 'F'
+    71: 148,  # 'G'
+    72: 149,  # 'H'
+    73: 150,  # 'I'
+    74: 151,  # 'J'
+    75: 152,  # 'K'
+    76: 74,  # 'L'
+    77: 153,  # 'M'
+    78: 75,  # 'N'
+    79: 154,  # 'O'
+    80: 155,  # 'P'
+    81: 156,  # 'Q'
+    82: 157,  # 'R'
+    83: 158,  # 'S'
+    84: 159,  # 'T'
+    85: 160,  # 'U'
+    86: 161,  # 'V'
+    87: 162,  # 'W'
+    88: 163,  # 'X'
+    89: 164,  # 'Y'
+    90: 165,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 71,  # 'a'
+    98: 172,  # 'b'
+    99: 66,  # 'c'
+    100: 173,  # 'd'
+    101: 65,  # 'e'
+    102: 174,  # 'f'
+    103: 76,  # 'g'
+    104: 175,  # 'h'
+    105: 64,  # 'i'
+    106: 176,  # 'j'
+    107: 177,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 72,  # 'm'
+    110: 178,  # 'n'
+    111: 69,  # 'o'
+    112: 67,  # 'p'
+    113: 179,  # 'q'
+    114: 78,  # 'r'
+    115: 73,  # 's'
+    116: 180,  # 't'
+    117: 181,  # 'u'
+    118: 79,  # 'v'
+    119: 182,  # 'w'
+    120: 183,  # 'x'
+    121: 184,  # 'y'
+    122: 185,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 191,  # 'ђ'
+    129: 192,  # 'Ђ'
+    130: 193,  # 'ѓ'
+    131: 194,  # 'Ѓ'
+    132: 68,  # 'ё'
+    133: 195,  # 'Ё'
+    134: 196,  # 'є'
+    135: 197,  # 'Є'
+    136: 198,  # 'ѕ'
+    137: 199,  # 'Ѕ'
+    138: 200,  # 'і'
+    139: 201,  # 'І'
+    140: 202,  # 'ї'
+    141: 203,  # 'Ї'
+    142: 204,  # 'ј'
+    143: 205,  # 'Ј'
+    144: 206,  # 'љ'
+    145: 207,  # 'Љ'
+    146: 208,  # 'њ'
+    147: 209,  # 'Њ'
+    148: 210,  # 'ћ'
+    149: 211,  # 'Ћ'
+    150: 212,  # 'ќ'
+    151: 213,  # 'Ќ'
+    152: 214,  # 'ў'
+    153: 215,  # 'Ў'
+    154: 216,  # 'џ'
+    155: 217,  # 'Џ'
+    156: 27,  # 'ю'
+    157: 59,  # 'Ю'
+    158: 54,  # 'ъ'
+    159: 70,  # 'Ъ'
+    160: 3,  # 'а'
+    161: 37,  # 'А'
+    162: 21,  # 'б'
+    163: 44,  # 'Б'
+    164: 28,  # 'ц'
+    165: 58,  # 'Ц'
+    166: 13,  # 'д'
+    167: 41,  # 'Д'
+    168: 2,  # 'е'
+    169: 48,  # 'Е'
+    170: 39,  # 'ф'
+    171: 53,  # 'Ф'
+    172: 19,  # 'г'
+    173: 46,  # 'Г'
+    174: 218,  # '«'
+    175: 219,  # '»'
+    176: 220,  # '░'
+    177: 221,  # '▒'
+    178: 222,  # '▓'
+    179: 223,  # '│'
+    180: 224,  # '┤'
+    181: 26,  # 'х'
+    182: 55,  # 'Х'
+    183: 4,  # 'и'
+    184: 42,  # 'И'
+    185: 225,  # '╣'
+    186: 226,  # '║'
+    187: 227,  # '╗'
+    188: 228,  # '╝'
+    189: 23,  # 'й'
+    190: 60,  # 'Й'
+    191: 229,  # '┐'
+    192: 230,  # '└'
+    193: 231,  # '┴'
+    194: 232,  # '┬'
+    195: 233,  # '├'
+    196: 234,  # '─'
+    197: 235,  # '┼'
+    198: 11,  # 'к'
+    199: 36,  # 'К'
+    200: 236,  # '╚'
+    201: 237,  # '╔'
+    202: 238,  # '╩'
+    203: 239,  # '╦'
+    204: 240,  # '╠'
+    205: 241,  # '═'
+    206: 242,  # '╬'
+    207: 243,  # '¤'
+    208: 8,  # 'л'
+    209: 49,  # 'Л'
+    210: 12,  # 'м'
+    211: 38,  # 'М'
+    212: 5,  # 'н'
+    213: 31,  # 'Н'
+    214: 1,  # 'о'
+    215: 34,  # 'О'
+    216: 15,  # 'п'
+    217: 244,  # '┘'
+    218: 245,  # '┌'
+    219: 246,  # '█'
+    220: 247,  # '▄'
+    221: 35,  # 'П'
+    222: 16,  # 'я'
+    223: 248,  # '▀'
+    224: 43,  # 'Я'
+    225: 9,  # 'р'
+    226: 45,  # 'Р'
+    227: 7,  # 'с'
+    228: 32,  # 'С'
+    229: 6,  # 'т'
+    230: 40,  # 'Т'
+    231: 14,  # 'у'
+    232: 52,  # 'У'
+    233: 24,  # 'ж'
+    234: 56,  # 'Ж'
+    235: 10,  # 'в'
+    236: 33,  # 'В'
+    237: 17,  # 'ь'
+    238: 61,  # 'Ь'
+    239: 249,  # '№'
+    240: 250,  # '\xad'
+    241: 18,  # 'ы'
+    242: 62,  # 'Ы'
+    243: 20,  # 'з'
+    244: 51,  # 'З'
+    245: 25,  # 'ш'
+    246: 57,  # 'Ш'
+    247: 30,  # 'э'
+    248: 47,  # 'Э'
+    249: 29,  # 'щ'
+    250: 63,  # 'Щ'
+    251: 22,  # 'ч'
+    252: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    253: 251,  # '§'
+    254: 252,  # '■'
+    255: 255,  # '\xa0'
+}
+
+IBM855_RUSSIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="IBM855",
+    language="Russian",
+    char_to_order_map=IBM855_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=RUSSIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.976601,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ЁАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяё",
+)
+
+KOI8_R_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 142,  # 'A'
+    66: 143,  # 'B'
+    67: 144,  # 'C'
+    68: 145,  # 'D'
+    69: 146,  # 'E'
+    70: 147,  # 'F'
+    71: 148,  # 'G'
+    72: 149,  # 'H'
+    73: 150,  # 'I'
+    74: 151,  # 'J'
+    75: 152,  # 'K'
+    76: 74,  # 'L'
+    77: 153,  # 'M'
+    78: 75,  # 'N'
+    79: 154,  # 'O'
+    80: 155,  # 'P'
+    81: 156,  # 'Q'
+    82: 157,  # 'R'
+    83: 158,  # 'S'
+    84: 159,  # 'T'
+    85: 160,  # 'U'
+    86: 161,  # 'V'
+    87: 162,  # 'W'
+    88: 163,  # 'X'
+    89: 164,  # 'Y'
+    90: 165,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 71,  # 'a'
+    98: 172,  # 'b'
+    99: 66,  # 'c'
+    100: 173,  # 'd'
+    101: 65,  # 'e'
+    102: 174,  # 'f'
+    103: 76,  # 'g'
+    104: 175,  # 'h'
+    105: 64,  # 'i'
+    106: 176,  # 'j'
+    107: 177,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 72,  # 'm'
+    110: 178,  # 'n'
+    111: 69,  # 'o'
+    112: 67,  # 'p'
+    113: 179,  # 'q'
+    114: 78,  # 'r'
+    115: 73,  # 's'
+    116: 180,  # 't'
+    117: 181,  # 'u'
+    118: 79,  # 'v'
+    119: 182,  # 'w'
+    120: 183,  # 'x'
+    121: 184,  # 'y'
+    122: 185,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 191,  # '─'
+    129: 192,  # '│'
+    130: 193,  # '┌'
+    131: 194,  # '┐'
+    132: 195,  # '└'
+    133: 196,  # '┘'
+    134: 197,  # '├'
+    135: 198,  # '┤'
+    136: 199,  # '┬'
+    137: 200,  # '┴'
+    138: 201,  # '┼'
+    139: 202,  # '▀'
+    140: 203,  # '▄'
+    141: 204,  # '█'
+    142: 205,  # '▌'
+    143: 206,  # '▐'
+    144: 207,  # '░'
+    145: 208,  # '▒'
+    146: 209,  # '▓'
+    147: 210,  # '⌠'
+    148: 211,  # '■'
+    149: 212,  # '∙'
+    150: 213,  # '√'
+    151: 214,  # '≈'
+    152: 215,  # '≤'
+    153: 216,  # '≥'
+    154: 217,  # '\xa0'
+    155: 218,  # '⌡'
+    156: 219,  # '°'
+    157: 220,  # '²'
+    158: 221,  # '·'
+    159: 222,  # '÷'
+    160: 223,  # '═'
+    161: 224,  # '║'
+    162: 225,  # '╒'
+    163: 68,  # 'ё'
+    164: 226,  # '╓'
+    165: 227,  # '╔'
+    166: 228,  # '╕'
+    167: 229,  # '╖'
+    168: 230,  # '╗'
+    169: 231,  # '╘'
+    170: 232,  # '╙'
+    171: 233,  # '╚'
+    172: 234,  # '╛'
+    173: 235,  # '╜'
+    174: 236,  # '╝'
+    175: 237,  # '╞'
+    176: 238,  # '╟'
+    177: 239,  # '╠'
+    178: 240,  # '╡'
+    179: 241,  # 'Ё'
+    180: 242,  # '╢'
+    181: 243,  # '╣'
+    182: 244,  # '╤'
+    183: 245,  # '╥'
+    184: 246,  # '╦'
+    185: 247,  # '╧'
+    186: 248,  # '╨'
+    187: 249,  # '╩'
+    188: 250,  # '╪'
+    189: 251,  # '╫'
+    190: 252,  # '╬'
+    191: 253,  # '©'
+    192: 27,  # 'ю'
+    193: 3,  # 'а'
+    194: 21,  # 'б'
+    195: 28,  # 'ц'
+    196: 13,  # 'д'
+    197: 2,  # 'е'
+    198: 39,  # 'ф'
+    199: 19,  # 'г'
+    200: 26,  # 'х'
+    201: 4,  # 'и'
+    202: 23,  # 'й'
+    203: 11,  # 'к'
+    204: 8,  # 'л'
+    205: 12,  # 'м'
+    206: 5,  # 'н'
+    207: 1,  # 'о'
+    208: 15,  # 'п'
+    209: 16,  # 'я'
+    210: 9,  # 'р'
+    211: 7,  # 'с'
+    212: 6,  # 'т'
+    213: 14,  # 'у'
+    214: 24,  # 'ж'
+    215: 10,  # 'в'
+    216: 17,  # 'ь'
+    217: 18,  # 'ы'
+    218: 20,  # 'з'
+    219: 25,  # 'ш'
+    220: 30,  # 'э'
+    221: 29,  # 'щ'
+    222: 22,  # 'ч'
+    223: 54,  # 'ъ'
+    224: 59,  # 'Ю'
+    225: 37,  # 'А'
+    226: 44,  # 'Б'
+    227: 58,  # 'Ц'
+    228: 41,  # 'Д'
+    229: 48,  # 'Е'
+    230: 53,  # 'Ф'
+    231: 46,  # 'Г'
+    232: 55,  # 'Х'
+    233: 42,  # 'И'
+    234: 60,  # 'Й'
+    235: 36,  # 'К'
+    236: 49,  # 'Л'
+    237: 38,  # 'М'
+    238: 31,  # 'Н'
+    239: 34,  # 'О'
+    240: 35,  # 'П'
+    241: 43,  # 'Я'
+    242: 45,  # 'Р'
+    243: 32,  # 'С'
+    244: 40,  # 'Т'
+    245: 52,  # 'У'
+    246: 56,  # 'Ж'
+    247: 33,  # 'В'
+    248: 61,  # 'Ь'
+    249: 62,  # 'Ы'
+    250: 51,  # 'З'
+    251: 57,  # 'Ш'
+    252: 47,  # 'Э'
+    253: 63,  # 'Щ'
+    254: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    255: 70,  # 'Ъ'
+}
+
+KOI8_R_RUSSIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="KOI8-R",
+    language="Russian",
+    char_to_order_map=KOI8_R_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=RUSSIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.976601,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ЁАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяё",
+)
+
+MACCYRILLIC_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 142,  # 'A'
+    66: 143,  # 'B'
+    67: 144,  # 'C'
+    68: 145,  # 'D'
+    69: 146,  # 'E'
+    70: 147,  # 'F'
+    71: 148,  # 'G'
+    72: 149,  # 'H'
+    73: 150,  # 'I'
+    74: 151,  # 'J'
+    75: 152,  # 'K'
+    76: 74,  # 'L'
+    77: 153,  # 'M'
+    78: 75,  # 'N'
+    79: 154,  # 'O'
+    80: 155,  # 'P'
+    81: 156,  # 'Q'
+    82: 157,  # 'R'
+    83: 158,  # 'S'
+    84: 159,  # 'T'
+    85: 160,  # 'U'
+    86: 161,  # 'V'
+    87: 162,  # 'W'
+    88: 163,  # 'X'
+    89: 164,  # 'Y'
+    90: 165,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 71,  # 'a'
+    98: 172,  # 'b'
+    99: 66,  # 'c'
+    100: 173,  # 'd'
+    101: 65,  # 'e'
+    102: 174,  # 'f'
+    103: 76,  # 'g'
+    104: 175,  # 'h'
+    105: 64,  # 'i'
+    106: 176,  # 'j'
+    107: 177,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 72,  # 'm'
+    110: 178,  # 'n'
+    111: 69,  # 'o'
+    112: 67,  # 'p'
+    113: 179,  # 'q'
+    114: 78,  # 'r'
+    115: 73,  # 's'
+    116: 180,  # 't'
+    117: 181,  # 'u'
+    118: 79,  # 'v'
+    119: 182,  # 'w'
+    120: 183,  # 'x'
+    121: 184,  # 'y'
+    122: 185,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 37,  # 'А'
+    129: 44,  # 'Б'
+    130: 33,  # 'В'
+    131: 46,  # 'Г'
+    132: 41,  # 'Д'
+    133: 48,  # 'Е'
+    134: 56,  # 'Ж'
+    135: 51,  # 'З'
+    136: 42,  # 'И'
+    137: 60,  # 'Й'
+    138: 36,  # 'К'
+    139: 49,  # 'Л'
+    140: 38,  # 'М'
+    141: 31,  # 'Н'
+    142: 34,  # 'О'
+    143: 35,  # 'П'
+    144: 45,  # 'Р'
+    145: 32,  # 'С'
+    146: 40,  # 'Т'
+    147: 52,  # 'У'
+    148: 53,  # 'Ф'
+    149: 55,  # 'Х'
+    150: 58,  # 'Ц'
+    151: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    152: 57,  # 'Ш'
+    153: 63,  # 'Щ'
+    154: 70,  # 'Ъ'
+    155: 62,  # 'Ы'
+    156: 61,  # 'Ь'
+    157: 47,  # 'Э'
+    158: 59,  # 'Ю'
+    159: 43,  # 'Я'
+    160: 191,  # '†'
+    161: 192,  # '°'
+    162: 193,  # 'Ґ'
+    163: 194,  # '£'
+    164: 195,  # '§'
+    165: 196,  # '•'
+    166: 197,  # '¶'
+    167: 198,  # 'І'
+    168: 199,  # '®'
+    169: 200,  # '©'
+    170: 201,  # '™'
+    171: 202,  # 'Ђ'
+    172: 203,  # 'ђ'
+    173: 204,  # '≠'
+    174: 205,  # 'Ѓ'
+    175: 206,  # 'ѓ'
+    176: 207,  # '∞'
+    177: 208,  # '±'
+    178: 209,  # '≤'
+    179: 210,  # '≥'
+    180: 211,  # 'і'
+    181: 212,  # 'µ'
+    182: 213,  # 'ґ'
+    183: 214,  # 'Ј'
+    184: 215,  # 'Є'
+    185: 216,  # 'є'
+    186: 217,  # 'Ї'
+    187: 218,  # 'ї'
+    188: 219,  # 'Љ'
+    189: 220,  # 'љ'
+    190: 221,  # 'Њ'
+    191: 222,  # 'њ'
+    192: 223,  # 'ј'
+    193: 224,  # 'Ѕ'
+    194: 225,  # '¬'
+    195: 226,  # '√'
+    196: 227,  # 'ƒ'
+    197: 228,  # '≈'
+    198: 229,  # '∆'
+    199: 230,  # '«'
+    200: 231,  # '»'
+    201: 232,  # '…'
+    202: 233,  # '\xa0'
+    203: 234,  # 'Ћ'
+    204: 235,  # 'ћ'
+    205: 236,  # 'Ќ'
+    206: 237,  # 'ќ'
+    207: 238,  # 'ѕ'
+    208: 239,  # '–'
+    209: 240,  # '—'
+    210: 241,  # '“'
+    211: 242,  # '”'
+    212: 243,  # '‘'
+    213: 244,  # '’'
+    214: 245,  # '÷'
+    215: 246,  # '„'
+    216: 247,  # 'Ў'
+    217: 248,  # 'ў'
+    218: 249,  # 'Џ'
+    219: 250,  # 'џ'
+    220: 251,  # '№'
+    221: 252,  # 'Ё'
+    222: 68,  # 'ё'
+    223: 16,  # 'я'
+    224: 3,  # 'а'
+    225: 21,  # 'б'
+    226: 10,  # 'в'
+    227: 19,  # 'г'
+    228: 13,  # 'д'
+    229: 2,  # 'е'
+    230: 24,  # 'ж'
+    231: 20,  # 'з'
+    232: 4,  # 'и'
+    233: 23,  # 'й'
+    234: 11,  # 'к'
+    235: 8,  # 'л'
+    236: 12,  # 'м'
+    237: 5,  # 'н'
+    238: 1,  # 'о'
+    239: 15,  # 'п'
+    240: 9,  # 'р'
+    241: 7,  # 'с'
+    242: 6,  # 'т'
+    243: 14,  # 'у'
+    244: 39,  # 'ф'
+    245: 26,  # 'х'
+    246: 28,  # 'ц'
+    247: 22,  # 'ч'
+    248: 25,  # 'ш'
+    249: 29,  # 'щ'
+    250: 54,  # 'ъ'
+    251: 18,  # 'ы'
+    252: 17,  # 'ь'
+    253: 30,  # 'э'
+    254: 27,  # 'ю'
+    255: 255,  # '€'
+}
+
+MACCYRILLIC_RUSSIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="MacCyrillic",
+    language="Russian",
+    char_to_order_map=MACCYRILLIC_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=RUSSIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.976601,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ЁАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяё",
+)
+
+ISO_8859_5_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 142,  # 'A'
+    66: 143,  # 'B'
+    67: 144,  # 'C'
+    68: 145,  # 'D'
+    69: 146,  # 'E'
+    70: 147,  # 'F'
+    71: 148,  # 'G'
+    72: 149,  # 'H'
+    73: 150,  # 'I'
+    74: 151,  # 'J'
+    75: 152,  # 'K'
+    76: 74,  # 'L'
+    77: 153,  # 'M'
+    78: 75,  # 'N'
+    79: 154,  # 'O'
+    80: 155,  # 'P'
+    81: 156,  # 'Q'
+    82: 157,  # 'R'
+    83: 158,  # 'S'
+    84: 159,  # 'T'
+    85: 160,  # 'U'
+    86: 161,  # 'V'
+    87: 162,  # 'W'
+    88: 163,  # 'X'
+    89: 164,  # 'Y'
+    90: 165,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 71,  # 'a'
+    98: 172,  # 'b'
+    99: 66,  # 'c'
+    100: 173,  # 'd'
+    101: 65,  # 'e'
+    102: 174,  # 'f'
+    103: 76,  # 'g'
+    104: 175,  # 'h'
+    105: 64,  # 'i'
+    106: 176,  # 'j'
+    107: 177,  # 'k'
+    108: 77,  # 'l'
+    109: 72,  # 'm'
+    110: 178,  # 'n'
+    111: 69,  # 'o'
+    112: 67,  # 'p'
+    113: 179,  # 'q'
+    114: 78,  # 'r'
+    115: 73,  # 's'
+    116: 180,  # 't'
+    117: 181,  # 'u'
+    118: 79,  # 'v'
+    119: 182,  # 'w'
+    120: 183,  # 'x'
+    121: 184,  # 'y'
+    122: 185,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 191,  # '\x80'
+    129: 192,  # '\x81'
+    130: 193,  # '\x82'
+    131: 194,  # '\x83'
+    132: 195,  # '\x84'
+    133: 196,  # '\x85'
+    134: 197,  # '\x86'
+    135: 198,  # '\x87'
+    136: 199,  # '\x88'
+    137: 200,  # '\x89'
+    138: 201,  # '\x8a'
+    139: 202,  # '\x8b'
+    140: 203,  # '\x8c'
+    141: 204,  # '\x8d'
+    142: 205,  # '\x8e'
+    143: 206,  # '\x8f'
+    144: 207,  # '\x90'
+    145: 208,  # '\x91'
+    146: 209,  # '\x92'
+    147: 210,  # '\x93'
+    148: 211,  # '\x94'
+    149: 212,  # '\x95'
+    150: 213,  # '\x96'
+    151: 214,  # '\x97'
+    152: 215,  # '\x98'
+    153: 216,  # '\x99'
+    154: 217,  # '\x9a'
+    155: 218,  # '\x9b'
+    156: 219,  # '\x9c'
+    157: 220,  # '\x9d'
+    158: 221,  # '\x9e'
+    159: 222,  # '\x9f'
+    160: 223,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 224,  # 'Ё'
+    162: 225,  # 'Ђ'
+    163: 226,  # 'Ѓ'
+    164: 227,  # 'Є'
+    165: 228,  # 'Ѕ'
+    166: 229,  # 'І'
+    167: 230,  # 'Ї'
+    168: 231,  # 'Ј'
+    169: 232,  # 'Љ'
+    170: 233,  # 'Њ'
+    171: 234,  # 'Ћ'
+    172: 235,  # 'Ќ'
+    173: 236,  # '\xad'
+    174: 237,  # 'Ў'
+    175: 238,  # 'Џ'
+    176: 37,  # 'А'
+    177: 44,  # 'Б'
+    178: 33,  # 'В'
+    179: 46,  # 'Г'
+    180: 41,  # 'Д'
+    181: 48,  # 'Е'
+    182: 56,  # 'Ж'
+    183: 51,  # 'З'
+    184: 42,  # 'И'
+    185: 60,  # 'Й'
+    186: 36,  # 'К'
+    187: 49,  # 'Л'
+    188: 38,  # 'М'
+    189: 31,  # 'Н'
+    190: 34,  # 'О'
+    191: 35,  # 'П'
+    192: 45,  # 'Р'
+    193: 32,  # 'С'
+    194: 40,  # 'Т'
+    195: 52,  # 'У'
+    196: 53,  # 'Ф'
+    197: 55,  # 'Х'
+    198: 58,  # 'Ц'
+    199: 50,  # 'Ч'
+    200: 57,  # 'Ш'
+    201: 63,  # 'Щ'
+    202: 70,  # 'Ъ'
+    203: 62,  # 'Ы'
+    204: 61,  # 'Ь'
+    205: 47,  # 'Э'
+    206: 59,  # 'Ю'
+    207: 43,  # 'Я'
+    208: 3,  # 'а'
+    209: 21,  # 'б'
+    210: 10,  # 'в'
+    211: 19,  # 'г'
+    212: 13,  # 'д'
+    213: 2,  # 'е'
+    214: 24,  # 'ж'
+    215: 20,  # 'з'
+    216: 4,  # 'и'
+    217: 23,  # 'й'
+    218: 11,  # 'к'
+    219: 8,  # 'л'
+    220: 12,  # 'м'
+    221: 5,  # 'н'
+    222: 1,  # 'о'
+    223: 15,  # 'п'
+    224: 9,  # 'р'
+    225: 7,  # 'с'
+    226: 6,  # 'т'
+    227: 14,  # 'у'
+    228: 39,  # 'ф'
+    229: 26,  # 'х'
+    230: 28,  # 'ц'
+    231: 22,  # 'ч'
+    232: 25,  # 'ш'
+    233: 29,  # 'щ'
+    234: 54,  # 'ъ'
+    235: 18,  # 'ы'
+    236: 17,  # 'ь'
+    237: 30,  # 'э'
+    238: 27,  # 'ю'
+    239: 16,  # 'я'
+    240: 239,  # '№'
+    241: 68,  # 'ё'
+    242: 240,  # 'ђ'
+    243: 241,  # 'ѓ'
+    244: 242,  # 'є'
+    245: 243,  # 'ѕ'
+    246: 244,  # 'і'
+    247: 245,  # 'ї'
+    248: 246,  # 'ј'
+    249: 247,  # 'љ'
+    250: 248,  # 'њ'
+    251: 249,  # 'ћ'
+    252: 250,  # 'ќ'
+    253: 251,  # '§'
+    254: 252,  # 'ў'
+    255: 255,  # 'џ'
+}
+
+ISO_8859_5_RUSSIAN_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="ISO-8859-5",
+    language="Russian",
+    char_to_order_map=ISO_8859_5_RUSSIAN_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=RUSSIAN_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.976601,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="ЁАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяё",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langthaimodel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langthaimodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..489cad93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langthaimodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4380 @@
+from pip._vendor.chardet.sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetModel
+
+# 3: Positive
+# 2: Likely
+# 1: Unlikely
+# 0: Negative
+
+THAI_LANG_MODEL = {
+    5: {  # 'ก'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 3,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 2,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 2,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 2,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 2,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 3,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 3,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ื'
+        32: 2,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 3,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    30: {  # 'ข'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 2,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 3,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    24: {  # 'ค'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 2,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 2,  # 'า'
+        36: 3,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 3,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 3,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    8: {  # 'ง'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 3,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 2,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 2,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 1,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 1,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 3,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    26: {  # 'จ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 3,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 3,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 3,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    52: {  # 'ฉ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 3,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 1,  # 'ั'
+        1: 1,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    34: {  # 'ช'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 1,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 2,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 1,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    51: {  # 'ซ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 1,  # 'ั'
+        1: 1,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 3,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 1,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    47: {  # 'ญ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 3,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 2,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    58: {  # 'ฎ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    57: {  # 'ฏ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    49: {  # 'ฐ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    53: {  # 'ฑ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 3,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    55: {  # 'ฒ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    43: {  # 'ณ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 3,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 3,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 3,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    20: {  # 'ด'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 2,  # 'า'
+        36: 2,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 1,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 2,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 2,  # '็'
+        6: 1,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    19: {  # 'ต'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 2,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 2,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 2,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 1,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 2,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    44: {  # 'ถ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 2,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 3,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ื'
+        32: 2,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    14: {  # 'ท'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 3,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 3,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 1,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 3,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 1,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 3,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 2,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    48: {  # 'ธ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 2,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 2,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 3,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    3: {  # 'น'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 3,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 1,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 2,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 3,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 1,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 3,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 3,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 3,  # 'โ'
+        29: 3,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 3,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 2,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    17: {  # 'บ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 2,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    25: {  # 'ป'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 1,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 3,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 1,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 1,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 1,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 3,  # '็'
+        6: 1,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    39: {  # 'ผ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 1,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 1,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    62: {  # 'ฝ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 1,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 2,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 1,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    31: {  # 'พ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 1,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 2,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 1,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 1,  # '้'
+        38: 3,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    54: {  # 'ฟ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 2,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 1,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    45: {  # 'ภ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    9: {  # 'ม'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 1,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 3,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 2,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 1,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 2,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    16: {  # 'ย'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 2,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 2,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 1,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 2,  # 'ื'
+        32: 2,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 2,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 3,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    2: {  # 'ร'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 2,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 3,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 3,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 3,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 3,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 2,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 2,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 2,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 3,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 3,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 3,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    61: {  # 'ฤ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 2,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    15: {  # 'ล'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 3,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 2,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 2,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 2,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 2,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 2,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    12: {  # 'ว'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 1,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 2,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 2,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    42: {  # 'ศ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 1,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 2,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 2,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 3,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 2,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    46: {  # 'ษ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 2,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 1,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 2,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 3,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 2,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    18: {  # 'ส'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 3,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 2,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 3,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 3,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 2,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 3,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 1,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    21: {  # 'ห'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 2,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 1,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 1,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 1,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 1,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 3,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    4: {  # 'อ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 2,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 3,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 2,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 2,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 3,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 3,  # 'ื'
+        32: 3,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 1,  # '็'
+        6: 2,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    63: {  # 'ฯ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    22: {  # 'ะ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 3,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    10: {  # 'ั'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 3,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 3,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 2,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 3,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 3,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 2,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    1: {  # 'า'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 3,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 3,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 3,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 2,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 3,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 2,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 3,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 2,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 3,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 3,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    36: {  # 'ำ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 3,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 1,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    23: {  # 'ิ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 3,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 3,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 2,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 3,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 3,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 2,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 3,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 2,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 2,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    13: {  # 'ี'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 1,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    40: {  # 'ึ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    27: {  # 'ื'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    32: {  # 'ุ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 3,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 2,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 1,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 3,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 2,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 2,  # '้'
+        38: 1,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    35: {  # 'ู'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 2,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 1,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 2,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 3,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 1,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 3,  # '่'
+        7: 3,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    11: {  # 'เ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 3,  # 'ข'
+        24: 3,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 3,  # 'จ'
+        52: 3,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 3,  # 'ช'
+        51: 2,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 1,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 3,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 3,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 3,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 2,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    28: {  # 'แ'
+        5: 3,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 1,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 3,  # 'ต'
+        44: 2,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 3,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 2,  # 'พ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    41: {  # 'โ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 1,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 3,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 1,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 1,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 3,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    29: {  # 'ใ'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 3,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 3,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 3,  # 'ส'
+        21: 3,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    33: {  # 'ไ'
+        5: 1,  # 'ก'
+        30: 2,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 3,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 3,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 3,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 2,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 3,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    50: {  # 'ๆ'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    37: {  # '็'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 2,  # 'ง'
+        26: 3,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 1,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 3,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 1,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 2,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 1,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 1,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    6: {  # '่'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 1,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 1,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 1,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 3,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 2,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 1,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 2,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 3,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 1,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    7: {  # '้'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 2,  # 'ค'
+        8: 3,  # 'ง'
+        26: 2,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 1,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 1,  # 'ด'
+        19: 2,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 2,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 3,  # 'น'
+        17: 2,  # 'บ'
+        25: 2,  # 'ป'
+        39: 2,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 3,  # 'ม'
+        16: 2,  # 'ย'
+        2: 2,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 3,  # 'ว'
+        42: 1,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 2,  # 'ส'
+        21: 2,  # 'ห'
+        4: 3,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 3,  # 'า'
+        36: 2,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 2,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 2,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    38: {  # '์'
+        5: 2,  # 'ก'
+        30: 1,  # 'ข'
+        24: 1,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 1,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 1,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 2,  # 'ด'
+        19: 1,  # 'ต'
+        44: 1,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 1,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 1,  # 'น'
+        17: 1,  # 'บ'
+        25: 1,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 1,  # 'พ'
+        54: 1,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 2,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 1,  # 'ร'
+        61: 1,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 1,  # 'ล'
+        12: 1,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 1,  # 'ส'
+        21: 1,  # 'ห'
+        4: 2,  # 'อ'
+        63: 1,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 2,  # 'เ'
+        28: 2,  # 'แ'
+        41: 1,  # 'โ'
+        29: 1,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 1,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 0,  # '๑'
+        59: 0,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+    56: {  # '๑'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 2,  # '๑'
+        59: 1,  # '๒'
+        60: 1,  # '๕'
+    },
+    59: {  # '๒'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 1,  # '๑'
+        59: 1,  # '๒'
+        60: 3,  # '๕'
+    },
+    60: {  # '๕'
+        5: 0,  # 'ก'
+        30: 0,  # 'ข'
+        24: 0,  # 'ค'
+        8: 0,  # 'ง'
+        26: 0,  # 'จ'
+        52: 0,  # 'ฉ'
+        34: 0,  # 'ช'
+        51: 0,  # 'ซ'
+        47: 0,  # 'ญ'
+        58: 0,  # 'ฎ'
+        57: 0,  # 'ฏ'
+        49: 0,  # 'ฐ'
+        53: 0,  # 'ฑ'
+        55: 0,  # 'ฒ'
+        43: 0,  # 'ณ'
+        20: 0,  # 'ด'
+        19: 0,  # 'ต'
+        44: 0,  # 'ถ'
+        14: 0,  # 'ท'
+        48: 0,  # 'ธ'
+        3: 0,  # 'น'
+        17: 0,  # 'บ'
+        25: 0,  # 'ป'
+        39: 0,  # 'ผ'
+        62: 0,  # 'ฝ'
+        31: 0,  # 'พ'
+        54: 0,  # 'ฟ'
+        45: 0,  # 'ภ'
+        9: 0,  # 'ม'
+        16: 0,  # 'ย'
+        2: 0,  # 'ร'
+        61: 0,  # 'ฤ'
+        15: 0,  # 'ล'
+        12: 0,  # 'ว'
+        42: 0,  # 'ศ'
+        46: 0,  # 'ษ'
+        18: 0,  # 'ส'
+        21: 0,  # 'ห'
+        4: 0,  # 'อ'
+        63: 0,  # 'ฯ'
+        22: 0,  # 'ะ'
+        10: 0,  # 'ั'
+        1: 0,  # 'า'
+        36: 0,  # 'ำ'
+        23: 0,  # 'ิ'
+        13: 0,  # 'ี'
+        40: 0,  # 'ึ'
+        27: 0,  # 'ื'
+        32: 0,  # 'ุ'
+        35: 0,  # 'ู'
+        11: 0,  # 'เ'
+        28: 0,  # 'แ'
+        41: 0,  # 'โ'
+        29: 0,  # 'ใ'
+        33: 0,  # 'ไ'
+        50: 0,  # 'ๆ'
+        37: 0,  # '็'
+        6: 0,  # '่'
+        7: 0,  # '้'
+        38: 0,  # '์'
+        56: 2,  # '๑'
+        59: 1,  # '๒'
+        60: 0,  # '๕'
+    },
+}
+
+# 255: Undefined characters that did not exist in training text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+# 251: Control characters
+
+# Character Mapping Table(s):
+TIS_620_THAI_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 254,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 254,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 253,  # ' '
+    33: 253,  # '!'
+    34: 253,  # '"'
+    35: 253,  # '#'
+    36: 253,  # '$'
+    37: 253,  # '%'
+    38: 253,  # '&'
+    39: 253,  # "'"
+    40: 253,  # '('
+    41: 253,  # ')'
+    42: 253,  # '*'
+    43: 253,  # '+'
+    44: 253,  # ','
+    45: 253,  # '-'
+    46: 253,  # '.'
+    47: 253,  # '/'
+    48: 252,  # '0'
+    49: 252,  # '1'
+    50: 252,  # '2'
+    51: 252,  # '3'
+    52: 252,  # '4'
+    53: 252,  # '5'
+    54: 252,  # '6'
+    55: 252,  # '7'
+    56: 252,  # '8'
+    57: 252,  # '9'
+    58: 253,  # ':'
+    59: 253,  # ';'
+    60: 253,  # '<'
+    61: 253,  # '='
+    62: 253,  # '>'
+    63: 253,  # '?'
+    64: 253,  # '@'
+    65: 182,  # 'A'
+    66: 106,  # 'B'
+    67: 107,  # 'C'
+    68: 100,  # 'D'
+    69: 183,  # 'E'
+    70: 184,  # 'F'
+    71: 185,  # 'G'
+    72: 101,  # 'H'
+    73: 94,  # 'I'
+    74: 186,  # 'J'
+    75: 187,  # 'K'
+    76: 108,  # 'L'
+    77: 109,  # 'M'
+    78: 110,  # 'N'
+    79: 111,  # 'O'
+    80: 188,  # 'P'
+    81: 189,  # 'Q'
+    82: 190,  # 'R'
+    83: 89,  # 'S'
+    84: 95,  # 'T'
+    85: 112,  # 'U'
+    86: 113,  # 'V'
+    87: 191,  # 'W'
+    88: 192,  # 'X'
+    89: 193,  # 'Y'
+    90: 194,  # 'Z'
+    91: 253,  # '['
+    92: 253,  # '\\'
+    93: 253,  # ']'
+    94: 253,  # '^'
+    95: 253,  # '_'
+    96: 253,  # '`'
+    97: 64,  # 'a'
+    98: 72,  # 'b'
+    99: 73,  # 'c'
+    100: 114,  # 'd'
+    101: 74,  # 'e'
+    102: 115,  # 'f'
+    103: 116,  # 'g'
+    104: 102,  # 'h'
+    105: 81,  # 'i'
+    106: 201,  # 'j'
+    107: 117,  # 'k'
+    108: 90,  # 'l'
+    109: 103,  # 'm'
+    110: 78,  # 'n'
+    111: 82,  # 'o'
+    112: 96,  # 'p'
+    113: 202,  # 'q'
+    114: 91,  # 'r'
+    115: 79,  # 's'
+    116: 84,  # 't'
+    117: 104,  # 'u'
+    118: 105,  # 'v'
+    119: 97,  # 'w'
+    120: 98,  # 'x'
+    121: 92,  # 'y'
+    122: 203,  # 'z'
+    123: 253,  # '{'
+    124: 253,  # '|'
+    125: 253,  # '}'
+    126: 253,  # '~'
+    127: 253,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 209,  # '\x80'
+    129: 210,  # '\x81'
+    130: 211,  # '\x82'
+    131: 212,  # '\x83'
+    132: 213,  # '\x84'
+    133: 88,  # '\x85'
+    134: 214,  # '\x86'
+    135: 215,  # '\x87'
+    136: 216,  # '\x88'
+    137: 217,  # '\x89'
+    138: 218,  # '\x8a'
+    139: 219,  # '\x8b'
+    140: 220,  # '\x8c'
+    141: 118,  # '\x8d'
+    142: 221,  # '\x8e'
+    143: 222,  # '\x8f'
+    144: 223,  # '\x90'
+    145: 224,  # '\x91'
+    146: 99,  # '\x92'
+    147: 85,  # '\x93'
+    148: 83,  # '\x94'
+    149: 225,  # '\x95'
+    150: 226,  # '\x96'
+    151: 227,  # '\x97'
+    152: 228,  # '\x98'
+    153: 229,  # '\x99'
+    154: 230,  # '\x9a'
+    155: 231,  # '\x9b'
+    156: 232,  # '\x9c'
+    157: 233,  # '\x9d'
+    158: 234,  # '\x9e'
+    159: 235,  # '\x9f'
+    160: 236,  # None
+    161: 5,  # 'ก'
+    162: 30,  # 'ข'
+    163: 237,  # 'ฃ'
+    164: 24,  # 'ค'
+    165: 238,  # 'ฅ'
+    166: 75,  # 'ฆ'
+    167: 8,  # 'ง'
+    168: 26,  # 'จ'
+    169: 52,  # 'ฉ'
+    170: 34,  # 'ช'
+    171: 51,  # 'ซ'
+    172: 119,  # 'ฌ'
+    173: 47,  # 'ญ'
+    174: 58,  # 'ฎ'
+    175: 57,  # 'ฏ'
+    176: 49,  # 'ฐ'
+    177: 53,  # 'ฑ'
+    178: 55,  # 'ฒ'
+    179: 43,  # 'ณ'
+    180: 20,  # 'ด'
+    181: 19,  # 'ต'
+    182: 44,  # 'ถ'
+    183: 14,  # 'ท'
+    184: 48,  # 'ธ'
+    185: 3,  # 'น'
+    186: 17,  # 'บ'
+    187: 25,  # 'ป'
+    188: 39,  # 'ผ'
+    189: 62,  # 'ฝ'
+    190: 31,  # 'พ'
+    191: 54,  # 'ฟ'
+    192: 45,  # 'ภ'
+    193: 9,  # 'ม'
+    194: 16,  # 'ย'
+    195: 2,  # 'ร'
+    196: 61,  # 'ฤ'
+    197: 15,  # 'ล'
+    198: 239,  # 'ฦ'
+    199: 12,  # 'ว'
+    200: 42,  # 'ศ'
+    201: 46,  # 'ษ'
+    202: 18,  # 'ส'
+    203: 21,  # 'ห'
+    204: 76,  # 'ฬ'
+    205: 4,  # 'อ'
+    206: 66,  # 'ฮ'
+    207: 63,  # 'ฯ'
+    208: 22,  # 'ะ'
+    209: 10,  # 'ั'
+    210: 1,  # 'า'
+    211: 36,  # 'ำ'
+    212: 23,  # 'ิ'
+    213: 13,  # 'ี'
+    214: 40,  # 'ึ'
+    215: 27,  # 'ื'
+    216: 32,  # 'ุ'
+    217: 35,  # 'ู'
+    218: 86,  # 'ฺ'
+    219: 240,  # None
+    220: 241,  # None
+    221: 242,  # None
+    222: 243,  # None
+    223: 244,  # '฿'
+    224: 11,  # 'เ'
+    225: 28,  # 'แ'
+    226: 41,  # 'โ'
+    227: 29,  # 'ใ'
+    228: 33,  # 'ไ'
+    229: 245,  # 'ๅ'
+    230: 50,  # 'ๆ'
+    231: 37,  # '็'
+    232: 6,  # '่'
+    233: 7,  # '้'
+    234: 67,  # '๊'
+    235: 77,  # '๋'
+    236: 38,  # '์'
+    237: 93,  # 'ํ'
+    238: 246,  # '๎'
+    239: 247,  # '๏'
+    240: 68,  # '๐'
+    241: 56,  # '๑'
+    242: 59,  # '๒'
+    243: 65,  # '๓'
+    244: 69,  # '๔'
+    245: 60,  # '๕'
+    246: 70,  # '๖'
+    247: 80,  # '๗'
+    248: 71,  # '๘'
+    249: 87,  # '๙'
+    250: 248,  # '๚'
+    251: 249,  # '๛'
+    252: 250,  # None
+    253: 251,  # None
+    254: 252,  # None
+    255: 253,  # None
+}
+
+TIS_620_THAI_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="TIS-620",
+    language="Thai",
+    char_to_order_map=TIS_620_THAI_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=THAI_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.926386,
+    keep_ascii_letters=False,
+    alphabet="กขฃคฅฆงจฉชซฌญฎฏฐฑฒณดตถทธนบปผฝพฟภมยรฤลฦวศษสหฬอฮฯะัาำิีึืฺุู฿เแโใไๅๆ็่้๊๋์ํ๎๏๐๑๒๓๔๕๖๗๘๙๚๛",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langturkishmodel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langturkishmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..291857c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/langturkishmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4380 @@
+from pip._vendor.chardet.sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetModel
+
+# 3: Positive
+# 2: Likely
+# 1: Unlikely
+# 0: Negative
+
+TURKISH_LANG_MODEL = {
+    23: {  # 'A'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 1,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    37: {  # 'B'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 2,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 1,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    47: {  # 'C'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 1,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    39: {  # 'D'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 1,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    29: {  # 'E'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 1,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 1,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    52: {  # 'F'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 1,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 1,  # 'D'
+        29: 1,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 2,  # 'H'
+        53: 1,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 1,  # 'd'
+        2: 0,  # 'e'
+        18: 1,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 2,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 2,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    36: {  # 'G'
+        23: 1,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 2,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 2,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 2,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 2,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 1,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    45: {  # 'H'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 1,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 2,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 1,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 1,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 2,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 2,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 1,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 2,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    53: {  # 'I'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    60: {  # 'J'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 1,  # 'd'
+        2: 0,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    16: {  # 'K'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 3,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 3,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 1,  # 'e'
+        18: 3,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 3,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    49: {  # 'L'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 2,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 2,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 3,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 0,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 1,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 2,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    20: {  # 'M'
+        23: 1,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 3,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    46: {  # 'N'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 1,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 2,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 1,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    42: {  # 'O'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 1,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 2,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 2,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    48: {  # 'P'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 2,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 2,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 2,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 2,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    44: {  # 'R'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
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+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        52: 1,  # 'F'
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+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        23: 0,  # 'A'
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+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
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+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    1: {  # 'a'
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+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    21: {  # 'b'
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+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
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+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 1,  # 'e'
+        18: 1,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 2,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 1,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 1,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 2,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 2,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    12: {  # 'd'
+        23: 1,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 2,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 1,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 2,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 1,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    2: {  # 'e'
+        23: 2,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 2,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 3,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 1,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 3,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 3,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 3,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 3,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 3,  # 'v'
+        57: 2,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 3,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    18: {  # 'f'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 2,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 1,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    27: {  # 'g'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 2,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 1,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 2,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 1,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    25: {  # 'h'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 1,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    3: {  # 'i'
+        23: 2,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 2,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 3,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 1,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 3,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    24: {  # 'j'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 2,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 2,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 2,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    10: {  # 'k'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 3,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 1,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 3,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
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+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
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+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
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+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 3,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 3,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    5: {  # 'l'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 3,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 3,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 1,  # 'e'
+        18: 3,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    13: {  # 'm'
+        23: 1,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 3,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
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+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 3,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 3,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 3,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 1,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 3,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    4: {  # 'n'
+        23: 1,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 2,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 1,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 3,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 2,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    15: {  # 'o'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 1,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 2,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 2,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 2,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
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+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 2,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 2,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 3,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 2,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 2,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 2,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    26: {  # 'p'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
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+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
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+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
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+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
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+        12: 1,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
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+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
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+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 3,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    7: {  # 'r'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 2,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
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+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
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+        1: 3,  # 'a'
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+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
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+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
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+        14: 3,  # 'u'
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+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
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+        22: 0,  # 'z'
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+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 3,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    8: {  # 's'
+        23: 1,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
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+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
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+        38: 0,  # 'V'
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+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
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+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
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+        14: 3,  # 'u'
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+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
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+        22: 1,  # 'z'
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+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    9: {  # 't'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
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+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
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+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
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+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 2,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
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+        14: 3,  # 'u'
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+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 2,  # 'x'
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+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 3,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    14: {  # 'u'
+        23: 3,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 3,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 2,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 3,  # 'T'
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+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
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+        1: 2,  # 'a'
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+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
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+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
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+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
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+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 3,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    32: {  # 'v'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
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+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
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+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
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+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
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+        4: 3,  # 'n'
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+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    57: {  # 'w'
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+        45: 0,  # 'H'
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+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    58: {  # 'x'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 1,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 1,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 1,  # 'r'
+        8: 2,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    11: {  # 'y'
+        23: 1,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 3,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    22: {  # 'z'
+        23: 2,  # 'A'
+        37: 2,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 2,  # 'D'
+        29: 3,  # 'E'
+        52: 1,  # 'F'
+        36: 2,  # 'G'
+        45: 2,  # 'H'
+        53: 1,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 2,  # 'N'
+        42: 2,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 3,  # 'T'
+        51: 2,  # 'U'
+        38: 2,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 1,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 3,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 2,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 2,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 1,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 2,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 2,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    63: {  # '·'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 1,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    54: {  # 'Ç'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 1,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 1,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 1,  # 'd'
+        2: 0,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 2,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    50: {  # 'Ö'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 1,  # 'D'
+        29: 2,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 2,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 2,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 0,  # 'e'
+        18: 1,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 2,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 1,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 1,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    55: {  # 'Ü'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 1,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 1,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 1,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 0,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    59: {  # 'â'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 1,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 2,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    33: {  # 'ç'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 3,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 3,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 0,  # 'e'
+        18: 2,  # 'f'
+        27: 1,  # 'g'
+        25: 3,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 0,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 2,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 2,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    61: {  # 'î'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 2,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 0,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 1,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 1,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 1,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    34: {  # 'ö'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 1,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 1,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 1,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 1,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 2,  # 'n'
+        15: 2,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 0,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 1,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 1,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 2,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 2,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    17: {  # 'ü'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 0,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 1,  # 'J'
+        16: 1,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 0,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 0,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 1,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 1,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 1,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 2,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 2,  # 'p'
+        7: 2,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 1,  # 'v'
+        57: 1,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 2,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    30: {  # 'ğ'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 2,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 1,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 1,  # 'M'
+        46: 2,  # 'N'
+        42: 2,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 2,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 0,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 2,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 0,  # 'h'
+        3: 0,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 1,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 2,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 2,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 2,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 2,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    41: {  # 'İ'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 1,  # 'D'
+        29: 1,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 2,  # 'G'
+        45: 2,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 1,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 1,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 2,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 1,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 0,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 1,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 1,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 1,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 2,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    6: {  # 'ı'
+        23: 2,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 0,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 2,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 3,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 0,  # 'O'
+        48: 0,  # 'P'
+        44: 0,  # 'R'
+        35: 0,  # 'S'
+        31: 2,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 0,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 1,  # 'c'
+        12: 3,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 3,  # 'f'
+        27: 3,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 3,  # 'j'
+        10: 3,  # 'k'
+        5: 3,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 3,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 3,  # 's'
+        9: 3,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 3,  # 'v'
+        57: 1,  # 'w'
+        58: 1,  # 'x'
+        11: 3,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 1,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 2,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 0,  # 'ö'
+        17: 3,  # 'ü'
+        30: 0,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 3,  # 'ı'
+        40: 0,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 0,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    40: {  # 'Ş'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 1,  # 'D'
+        29: 1,  # 'E'
+        52: 0,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 2,  # 'H'
+        53: 1,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 0,  # 'K'
+        49: 0,  # 'L'
+        20: 2,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 2,  # 'P'
+        44: 2,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 1,  # 'T'
+        51: 0,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 2,  # 'Y'
+        56: 1,  # 'Z'
+        1: 0,  # 'a'
+        21: 2,  # 'b'
+        28: 0,  # 'c'
+        12: 2,  # 'd'
+        2: 0,  # 'e'
+        18: 3,  # 'f'
+        27: 0,  # 'g'
+        25: 2,  # 'h'
+        3: 3,  # 'i'
+        24: 2,  # 'j'
+        10: 1,  # 'k'
+        5: 0,  # 'l'
+        13: 1,  # 'm'
+        4: 3,  # 'n'
+        15: 2,  # 'o'
+        26: 0,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 2,  # 's'
+        9: 2,  # 't'
+        14: 1,  # 'u'
+        32: 3,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 2,  # 'y'
+        22: 0,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 0,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 0,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 1,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 0,  # 'ç'
+        61: 0,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 1,  # 'ü'
+        30: 2,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 0,  # 'İ'
+        6: 2,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 2,  # 'ş'
+    },
+    19: {  # 'ş'
+        23: 0,  # 'A'
+        37: 0,  # 'B'
+        47: 1,  # 'C'
+        39: 0,  # 'D'
+        29: 0,  # 'E'
+        52: 2,  # 'F'
+        36: 1,  # 'G'
+        45: 0,  # 'H'
+        53: 0,  # 'I'
+        60: 0,  # 'J'
+        16: 3,  # 'K'
+        49: 2,  # 'L'
+        20: 0,  # 'M'
+        46: 1,  # 'N'
+        42: 1,  # 'O'
+        48: 1,  # 'P'
+        44: 1,  # 'R'
+        35: 1,  # 'S'
+        31: 0,  # 'T'
+        51: 1,  # 'U'
+        38: 1,  # 'V'
+        62: 0,  # 'W'
+        43: 1,  # 'Y'
+        56: 0,  # 'Z'
+        1: 3,  # 'a'
+        21: 1,  # 'b'
+        28: 2,  # 'c'
+        12: 0,  # 'd'
+        2: 3,  # 'e'
+        18: 0,  # 'f'
+        27: 2,  # 'g'
+        25: 1,  # 'h'
+        3: 1,  # 'i'
+        24: 0,  # 'j'
+        10: 2,  # 'k'
+        5: 2,  # 'l'
+        13: 3,  # 'm'
+        4: 0,  # 'n'
+        15: 0,  # 'o'
+        26: 1,  # 'p'
+        7: 3,  # 'r'
+        8: 0,  # 's'
+        9: 0,  # 't'
+        14: 3,  # 'u'
+        32: 0,  # 'v'
+        57: 0,  # 'w'
+        58: 0,  # 'x'
+        11: 0,  # 'y'
+        22: 2,  # 'z'
+        63: 0,  # '·'
+        54: 1,  # 'Ç'
+        50: 2,  # 'Ö'
+        55: 0,  # 'Ü'
+        59: 0,  # 'â'
+        33: 1,  # 'ç'
+        61: 1,  # 'î'
+        34: 2,  # 'ö'
+        17: 0,  # 'ü'
+        30: 1,  # 'ğ'
+        41: 1,  # 'İ'
+        6: 1,  # 'ı'
+        40: 1,  # 'Ş'
+        19: 1,  # 'ş'
+    },
+}
+
+# 255: Undefined characters that did not exist in training text
+# 254: Carriage/Return
+# 253: symbol (punctuation) that does not belong to word
+# 252: 0 - 9
+# 251: Control characters
+
+# Character Mapping Table(s):
+ISO_8859_9_TURKISH_CHAR_TO_ORDER = {
+    0: 255,  # '\x00'
+    1: 255,  # '\x01'
+    2: 255,  # '\x02'
+    3: 255,  # '\x03'
+    4: 255,  # '\x04'
+    5: 255,  # '\x05'
+    6: 255,  # '\x06'
+    7: 255,  # '\x07'
+    8: 255,  # '\x08'
+    9: 255,  # '\t'
+    10: 255,  # '\n'
+    11: 255,  # '\x0b'
+    12: 255,  # '\x0c'
+    13: 255,  # '\r'
+    14: 255,  # '\x0e'
+    15: 255,  # '\x0f'
+    16: 255,  # '\x10'
+    17: 255,  # '\x11'
+    18: 255,  # '\x12'
+    19: 255,  # '\x13'
+    20: 255,  # '\x14'
+    21: 255,  # '\x15'
+    22: 255,  # '\x16'
+    23: 255,  # '\x17'
+    24: 255,  # '\x18'
+    25: 255,  # '\x19'
+    26: 255,  # '\x1a'
+    27: 255,  # '\x1b'
+    28: 255,  # '\x1c'
+    29: 255,  # '\x1d'
+    30: 255,  # '\x1e'
+    31: 255,  # '\x1f'
+    32: 255,  # ' '
+    33: 255,  # '!'
+    34: 255,  # '"'
+    35: 255,  # '#'
+    36: 255,  # '$'
+    37: 255,  # '%'
+    38: 255,  # '&'
+    39: 255,  # "'"
+    40: 255,  # '('
+    41: 255,  # ')'
+    42: 255,  # '*'
+    43: 255,  # '+'
+    44: 255,  # ','
+    45: 255,  # '-'
+    46: 255,  # '.'
+    47: 255,  # '/'
+    48: 255,  # '0'
+    49: 255,  # '1'
+    50: 255,  # '2'
+    51: 255,  # '3'
+    52: 255,  # '4'
+    53: 255,  # '5'
+    54: 255,  # '6'
+    55: 255,  # '7'
+    56: 255,  # '8'
+    57: 255,  # '9'
+    58: 255,  # ':'
+    59: 255,  # ';'
+    60: 255,  # '<'
+    61: 255,  # '='
+    62: 255,  # '>'
+    63: 255,  # '?'
+    64: 255,  # '@'
+    65: 23,  # 'A'
+    66: 37,  # 'B'
+    67: 47,  # 'C'
+    68: 39,  # 'D'
+    69: 29,  # 'E'
+    70: 52,  # 'F'
+    71: 36,  # 'G'
+    72: 45,  # 'H'
+    73: 53,  # 'I'
+    74: 60,  # 'J'
+    75: 16,  # 'K'
+    76: 49,  # 'L'
+    77: 20,  # 'M'
+    78: 46,  # 'N'
+    79: 42,  # 'O'
+    80: 48,  # 'P'
+    81: 69,  # 'Q'
+    82: 44,  # 'R'
+    83: 35,  # 'S'
+    84: 31,  # 'T'
+    85: 51,  # 'U'
+    86: 38,  # 'V'
+    87: 62,  # 'W'
+    88: 65,  # 'X'
+    89: 43,  # 'Y'
+    90: 56,  # 'Z'
+    91: 255,  # '['
+    92: 255,  # '\\'
+    93: 255,  # ']'
+    94: 255,  # '^'
+    95: 255,  # '_'
+    96: 255,  # '`'
+    97: 1,  # 'a'
+    98: 21,  # 'b'
+    99: 28,  # 'c'
+    100: 12,  # 'd'
+    101: 2,  # 'e'
+    102: 18,  # 'f'
+    103: 27,  # 'g'
+    104: 25,  # 'h'
+    105: 3,  # 'i'
+    106: 24,  # 'j'
+    107: 10,  # 'k'
+    108: 5,  # 'l'
+    109: 13,  # 'm'
+    110: 4,  # 'n'
+    111: 15,  # 'o'
+    112: 26,  # 'p'
+    113: 64,  # 'q'
+    114: 7,  # 'r'
+    115: 8,  # 's'
+    116: 9,  # 't'
+    117: 14,  # 'u'
+    118: 32,  # 'v'
+    119: 57,  # 'w'
+    120: 58,  # 'x'
+    121: 11,  # 'y'
+    122: 22,  # 'z'
+    123: 255,  # '{'
+    124: 255,  # '|'
+    125: 255,  # '}'
+    126: 255,  # '~'
+    127: 255,  # '\x7f'
+    128: 180,  # '\x80'
+    129: 179,  # '\x81'
+    130: 178,  # '\x82'
+    131: 177,  # '\x83'
+    132: 176,  # '\x84'
+    133: 175,  # '\x85'
+    134: 174,  # '\x86'
+    135: 173,  # '\x87'
+    136: 172,  # '\x88'
+    137: 171,  # '\x89'
+    138: 170,  # '\x8a'
+    139: 169,  # '\x8b'
+    140: 168,  # '\x8c'
+    141: 167,  # '\x8d'
+    142: 166,  # '\x8e'
+    143: 165,  # '\x8f'
+    144: 164,  # '\x90'
+    145: 163,  # '\x91'
+    146: 162,  # '\x92'
+    147: 161,  # '\x93'
+    148: 160,  # '\x94'
+    149: 159,  # '\x95'
+    150: 101,  # '\x96'
+    151: 158,  # '\x97'
+    152: 157,  # '\x98'
+    153: 156,  # '\x99'
+    154: 155,  # '\x9a'
+    155: 154,  # '\x9b'
+    156: 153,  # '\x9c'
+    157: 152,  # '\x9d'
+    158: 151,  # '\x9e'
+    159: 106,  # '\x9f'
+    160: 150,  # '\xa0'
+    161: 149,  # '¡'
+    162: 148,  # '¢'
+    163: 147,  # '£'
+    164: 146,  # '¤'
+    165: 145,  # '¥'
+    166: 144,  # '¦'
+    167: 100,  # '§'
+    168: 143,  # '¨'
+    169: 142,  # '©'
+    170: 141,  # 'ª'
+    171: 140,  # '«'
+    172: 139,  # '¬'
+    173: 138,  # '\xad'
+    174: 137,  # '®'
+    175: 136,  # '¯'
+    176: 94,  # '°'
+    177: 80,  # '±'
+    178: 93,  # '²'
+    179: 135,  # '³'
+    180: 105,  # '´'
+    181: 134,  # 'µ'
+    182: 133,  # '¶'
+    183: 63,  # '·'
+    184: 132,  # '¸'
+    185: 131,  # '¹'
+    186: 130,  # 'º'
+    187: 129,  # '»'
+    188: 128,  # '¼'
+    189: 127,  # '½'
+    190: 126,  # '¾'
+    191: 125,  # '¿'
+    192: 124,  # 'À'
+    193: 104,  # 'Á'
+    194: 73,  # 'Â'
+    195: 99,  # 'Ã'
+    196: 79,  # 'Ä'
+    197: 85,  # 'Å'
+    198: 123,  # 'Æ'
+    199: 54,  # 'Ç'
+    200: 122,  # 'È'
+    201: 98,  # 'É'
+    202: 92,  # 'Ê'
+    203: 121,  # 'Ë'
+    204: 120,  # 'Ì'
+    205: 91,  # 'Í'
+    206: 103,  # 'Î'
+    207: 119,  # 'Ï'
+    208: 68,  # 'Ğ'
+    209: 118,  # 'Ñ'
+    210: 117,  # 'Ò'
+    211: 97,  # 'Ó'
+    212: 116,  # 'Ô'
+    213: 115,  # 'Õ'
+    214: 50,  # 'Ö'
+    215: 90,  # '×'
+    216: 114,  # 'Ø'
+    217: 113,  # 'Ù'
+    218: 112,  # 'Ú'
+    219: 111,  # 'Û'
+    220: 55,  # 'Ü'
+    221: 41,  # 'İ'
+    222: 40,  # 'Ş'
+    223: 86,  # 'ß'
+    224: 89,  # 'à'
+    225: 70,  # 'á'
+    226: 59,  # 'â'
+    227: 78,  # 'ã'
+    228: 71,  # 'ä'
+    229: 82,  # 'å'
+    230: 88,  # 'æ'
+    231: 33,  # 'ç'
+    232: 77,  # 'è'
+    233: 66,  # 'é'
+    234: 84,  # 'ê'
+    235: 83,  # 'ë'
+    236: 110,  # 'ì'
+    237: 75,  # 'í'
+    238: 61,  # 'î'
+    239: 96,  # 'ï'
+    240: 30,  # 'ğ'
+    241: 67,  # 'ñ'
+    242: 109,  # 'ò'
+    243: 74,  # 'ó'
+    244: 87,  # 'ô'
+    245: 102,  # 'õ'
+    246: 34,  # 'ö'
+    247: 95,  # '÷'
+    248: 81,  # 'ø'
+    249: 108,  # 'ù'
+    250: 76,  # 'ú'
+    251: 72,  # 'û'
+    252: 17,  # 'ü'
+    253: 6,  # 'ı'
+    254: 19,  # 'ş'
+    255: 107,  # 'ÿ'
+}
+
+ISO_8859_9_TURKISH_MODEL = SingleByteCharSetModel(
+    charset_name="ISO-8859-9",
+    language="Turkish",
+    char_to_order_map=ISO_8859_9_TURKISH_CHAR_TO_ORDER,
+    language_model=TURKISH_LANG_MODEL,
+    typical_positive_ratio=0.97029,
+    keep_ascii_letters=True,
+    alphabet="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVYZabcdefghijklmnoprstuvyzÂÇÎÖÛÜâçîöûüĞğİıŞş",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/latin1prober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/latin1prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59a01d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/latin1prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import List, Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import ProbingState
+
+FREQ_CAT_NUM = 4
+
+UDF = 0  # undefined
+OTH = 1  # other
+ASC = 2  # ascii capital letter
+ASS = 3  # ascii small letter
+ACV = 4  # accent capital vowel
+ACO = 5  # accent capital other
+ASV = 6  # accent small vowel
+ASO = 7  # accent small other
+CLASS_NUM = 8  # total classes
+
+# fmt: off
+Latin1_CharToClass = (
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 00 - 07
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 08 - 0F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 10 - 17
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 18 - 1F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 20 - 27
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 28 - 2F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 30 - 37
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 38 - 3F
+    OTH, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 40 - 47
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 48 - 4F
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,   # 50 - 57
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 58 - 5F
+    OTH, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 60 - 67
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 68 - 6F
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,   # 70 - 77
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 78 - 7F
+    OTH, UDF, OTH, ASO, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 80 - 87
+    OTH, OTH, ACO, OTH, ACO, UDF, ACO, UDF,   # 88 - 8F
+    UDF, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # 90 - 97
+    OTH, OTH, ASO, OTH, ASO, UDF, ASO, ACO,   # 98 - 9F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A0 - A7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # A8 - AF
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B0 - B7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,   # B8 - BF
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO,   # C0 - C7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV,   # C8 - CF
+    ACO, ACO, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, OTH,   # D0 - D7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACO, ACO, ACO,   # D8 - DF
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO,   # E0 - E7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV,   # E8 - EF
+    ASO, ASO, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, OTH,   # F0 - F7
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASO, ASO,   # F8 - FF
+)
+
+# 0 : illegal
+# 1 : very unlikely
+# 2 : normal
+# 3 : very likely
+Latin1ClassModel = (
+# UDF OTH ASC ASS ACV ACO ASV ASO
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  # UDF
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # OTH
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ASC
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASS
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  2,  1,  2,  # ACV
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  # ACO
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  1,  3,  # ASV
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  # ASO
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+
+class Latin1Prober(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._last_char_class = OTH
+        self._freq_counter: List[int] = []
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._last_char_class = OTH
+        self._freq_counter = [0] * FREQ_CAT_NUM
+        super().reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "ISO-8859-1"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        byte_str = self.remove_xml_tags(byte_str)
+        for c in byte_str:
+            char_class = Latin1_CharToClass[c]
+            freq = Latin1ClassModel[(self._last_char_class * CLASS_NUM) + char_class]
+            if freq == 0:
+                self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                break
+            self._freq_counter[freq] += 1
+            self._last_char_class = char_class
+
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        if self.state == ProbingState.NOT_ME:
+            return 0.01
+
+        total = sum(self._freq_counter)
+        confidence = (
+            0.0
+            if total < 0.01
+            else (self._freq_counter[3] - self._freq_counter[1] * 20.0) / total
+        )
+        confidence = max(confidence, 0.0)
+        # lower the confidence of latin1 so that other more accurate
+        # detector can take priority.
+        confidence *= 0.73
+        return confidence
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/macromanprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/macromanprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1425d10e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/macromanprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# This code was modified from latin1prober.py by Rob Speer <rob@lumino.so>.
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Rob Speer - adapt to MacRoman encoding
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import List, Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import ProbingState
+
+FREQ_CAT_NUM = 4
+
+UDF = 0  # undefined
+OTH = 1  # other
+ASC = 2  # ascii capital letter
+ASS = 3  # ascii small letter
+ACV = 4  # accent capital vowel
+ACO = 5  # accent capital other
+ASV = 6  # accent small vowel
+ASO = 7  # accent small other
+ODD = 8  # character that is unlikely to appear
+CLASS_NUM = 9  # total classes
+
+# The change from Latin1 is that we explicitly look for extended characters
+# that are infrequently-occurring symbols, and consider them to always be
+# improbable. This should let MacRoman get out of the way of more likely
+# encodings in most situations.
+
+# fmt: off
+MacRoman_CharToClass = (
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 00 - 07
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 08 - 0F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 10 - 17
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 18 - 1F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 20 - 27
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 28 - 2F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 30 - 37
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 38 - 3F
+    OTH, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,  # 40 - 47
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,  # 48 - 4F
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC, ASC,  # 50 - 57
+    ASC, ASC, ASC, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 58 - 5F
+    OTH, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,  # 60 - 67
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,  # 68 - 6F
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS, ASS,  # 70 - 77
+    ASS, ASS, ASS, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # 78 - 7F
+    ACV, ACV, ACO, ACV, ACO, ACV, ACV, ASV,  # 80 - 87
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASV, ASV,  # 88 - 8F
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASO, ASV,  # 90 - 97
+    ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV, ASV,  # 98 - 9F
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, ASO,  # A0 - A7
+    OTH, OTH, ODD, ODD, OTH, OTH, ACV, ACV,  # A8 - AF
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # B0 - B7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, ASV, ASV,  # B8 - BF
+    OTH, OTH, ODD, OTH, ODD, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # C0 - C7
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ASV,  # C8 - CF
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, ODD,  # D0 - D7
+    ASV, ACV, ODD, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH,  # D8 - DF
+    OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, OTH, ACV, ACV, ACV,  # E0 - E7
+    ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV,  # E8 - EF
+    ODD, ACV, ACV, ACV, ACV, ASV, ODD, ODD,  # F0 - F7
+    ODD, ODD, ODD, ODD, ODD, ODD, ODD, ODD,  # F8 - FF
+)
+
+# 0 : illegal
+# 1 : very unlikely
+# 2 : normal
+# 3 : very likely
+MacRomanClassModel = (
+# UDF OTH ASC ASS ACV ACO ASV ASO ODD
+    0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  0,  # UDF
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  1,  # OTH
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  1,  # ASC
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  1,  # ASS
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  1,  2,  1,  2,  1,  # ACV
+    0,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  3,  1,  # ACO
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  1,  3,  1,  # ASV
+    0,  3,  1,  3,  1,  1,  3,  3,  1,  # ASO
+    0,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  # ODD
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+
+class MacRomanProber(CharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._last_char_class = OTH
+        self._freq_counter: List[int] = []
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._last_char_class = OTH
+        self._freq_counter = [0] * FREQ_CAT_NUM
+
+        # express the prior that MacRoman is a somewhat rare encoding;
+        # this can be done by starting out in a slightly improbable state
+        # that must be overcome
+        self._freq_counter[2] = 10
+
+        super().reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "MacRoman"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        byte_str = self.remove_xml_tags(byte_str)
+        for c in byte_str:
+            char_class = MacRoman_CharToClass[c]
+            freq = MacRomanClassModel[(self._last_char_class * CLASS_NUM) + char_class]
+            if freq == 0:
+                self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                break
+            self._freq_counter[freq] += 1
+            self._last_char_class = char_class
+
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        if self.state == ProbingState.NOT_ME:
+            return 0.01
+
+        total = sum(self._freq_counter)
+        confidence = (
+            0.0
+            if total < 0.01
+            else (self._freq_counter[3] - self._freq_counter[1] * 20.0) / total
+        )
+        confidence = max(confidence, 0.0)
+        # lower the confidence of MacRoman so that other more accurate
+        # detector can take priority.
+        confidence *= 0.73
+        return confidence
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..666307e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from .chardistribution import CharDistributionAnalysis
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .enums import LanguageFilter, MachineState, ProbingState
+
+
+class MultiByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    """
+    MultiByteCharSetProber
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, lang_filter: LanguageFilter = LanguageFilter.NONE) -> None:
+        super().__init__(lang_filter=lang_filter)
+        self.distribution_analyzer: Optional[CharDistributionAnalysis] = None
+        self.coding_sm: Optional[CodingStateMachine] = None
+        self._last_char = bytearray(b"\0\0")
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        if self.coding_sm:
+            self.coding_sm.reset()
+        if self.distribution_analyzer:
+            self.distribution_analyzer.reset()
+        self._last_char = bytearray(b"\0\0")
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        assert self.coding_sm is not None
+        assert self.distribution_analyzer is not None
+
+        for i, byte in enumerate(byte_str):
+            coding_state = self.coding_sm.next_state(byte)
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ERROR:
+                self.logger.debug(
+                    "%s %s prober hit error at byte %s",
+                    self.charset_name,
+                    self.language,
+                    i,
+                )
+                self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ITS_ME:
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.START:
+                char_len = self.coding_sm.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._last_char[1] = byte
+                    self.distribution_analyzer.feed(self._last_char, char_len)
+                else:
+                    self.distribution_analyzer.feed(byte_str[i - 1 : i + 1], char_len)
+
+        self._last_char[0] = byte_str[-1]
+
+        if self.state == ProbingState.DETECTING:
+            if self.distribution_analyzer.got_enough_data() and (
+                self.get_confidence() > self.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD
+            ):
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        assert self.distribution_analyzer is not None
+        return self.distribution_analyzer.get_confidence()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cb9cc7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#   Proofpoint, Inc.
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .big5prober import Big5Prober
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .cp949prober import CP949Prober
+from .enums import LanguageFilter
+from .eucjpprober import EUCJPProber
+from .euckrprober import EUCKRProber
+from .euctwprober import EUCTWProber
+from .gb2312prober import GB2312Prober
+from .johabprober import JOHABProber
+from .sjisprober import SJISProber
+from .utf8prober import UTF8Prober
+
+
+class MBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self, lang_filter: LanguageFilter = LanguageFilter.NONE) -> None:
+        super().__init__(lang_filter=lang_filter)
+        self.probers = [
+            UTF8Prober(),
+            SJISProber(),
+            EUCJPProber(),
+            GB2312Prober(),
+            EUCKRProber(),
+            CP949Prober(),
+            Big5Prober(),
+            EUCTWProber(),
+            JOHABProber(),
+        ]
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcssm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcssm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7bbe97e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/mbcssm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .codingstatemachinedict import CodingStateMachineDict
+from .enums import MachineState
+
+# BIG5
+
+# fmt: off
+BIG5_CLS = (
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 00 - 07    #allow 0x00 as legal value
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 10 - 17
+    1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 20 - 27
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 30 - 37
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 40 - 47
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 50 - 57
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 60 - 67
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 70 - 77
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1,  # 78 - 7f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 80 - 87
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 90 - 97
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 98 - 9f
+    4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # a0 - a7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # a8 - af
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # b0 - b7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # b8 - bf
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # c0 - c7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # c8 - cf
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # d0 - d7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # d8 - df
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # e0 - e7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # e8 - ef
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # f0 - f7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+BIG5_ST = (
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,     3,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ERROR,#08-0f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START#10-17
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+BIG5_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0)
+
+BIG5_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": BIG5_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 5,
+    "state_table": BIG5_ST,
+    "char_len_table": BIG5_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "Big5",
+}
+
+# CP949
+# fmt: off
+CP949_CLS  = (
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,  # 00 - 0f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 10 - 1f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 20 - 2f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 30 - 3f
+    1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 40 - 4f
+    4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 50 - 5f
+    1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # 60 - 6f
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 70 - 7f
+    0, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # 80 - 8f
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # 90 - 9f
+    6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8,  # a0 - af
+    7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,  # b0 - bf
+    7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c0 - cf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d0 - df
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e0 - ef
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0,  # f0 - ff
+)
+
+CP949_ST = (
+#cls=    0      1      2      3      4      5      6      7      8      9  # previous state =
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,     3,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,     4,     5,MachineState.ERROR,     6, # MachineState.START
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR, # MachineState.ERROR
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME, # MachineState.ITS_ME
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START, # 3
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START, # 4
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START, # 5
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START, # 6
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+CP949_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 0, 2)
+
+CP949_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": CP949_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 10,
+    "state_table": CP949_ST,
+    "char_len_table": CP949_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "CP949",
+}
+
+# EUC-JP
+# fmt: off
+EUCJP_CLS = (
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 00 - 07
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5,  # 08 - 0f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 10 - 17
+    4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 18 - 1f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 20 - 27
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 28 - 2f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 30 - 37
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 38 - 3f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 40 - 47
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 48 - 4f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 50 - 57
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 58 - 5f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 60 - 67
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 68 - 6f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 70 - 77
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # 80 - 87
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1, 3,  # 88 - 8f
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # 90 - 97
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # 98 - 9f
+    5, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a0 - a7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a8 - af
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b0 - b7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b8 - bf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c0 - c7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c8 - cf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d0 - d7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d8 - df
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # e0 - e7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # e8 - ef
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # f0 - f7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCJP_ST = (
+          3,     4,     3,     5,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+     MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#08-0f
+     MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#10-17
+     MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     3,MachineState.ERROR,#18-1f
+          3,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START#20-27
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+EUCJP_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (2, 2, 2, 3, 1, 0)
+
+EUCJP_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": EUCJP_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 6,
+    "state_table": EUCJP_ST,
+    "char_len_table": EUCJP_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "EUC-JP",
+}
+
+# EUC-KR
+# fmt: off
+EUCKR_CLS  = (
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 00 - 07
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 10 - 17
+    1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 20 - 27
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 30 - 37
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 40 - 47
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 50 - 57
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 60 - 67
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 70 - 77
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 78 - 7f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 80 - 87
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 90 - 97
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a0 - a7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3,  # a8 - af
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b0 - b7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b8 - bf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c0 - c7
+    2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c8 - cf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d0 - d7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d8 - df
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e0 - e7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # e8 - ef
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # f0 - f7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCKR_ST = (
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,     3,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START #08-0f
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+EUCKR_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 1, 2, 0)
+
+EUCKR_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": EUCKR_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 4,
+    "state_table": EUCKR_ST,
+    "char_len_table": EUCKR_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "EUC-KR",
+}
+
+# JOHAB
+# fmt: off
+JOHAB_CLS = (
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 00 - 07
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,0,0,  # 08 - 0f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 10 - 17
+    4,4,4,0,4,4,4,4,  # 18 - 1f
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 20 - 27
+    4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,  # 28 - 2f
+    4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 30 - 37
+    3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,  # 38 - 3f
+    3,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 40 - 47
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 50 - 57
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 60 - 67
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,  # 70 - 77
+    1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,  # 78 - 7f
+    6,6,6,6,8,8,8,8,  # 80 - 87
+    8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,  # 88 - 8f
+    8,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # 90 - 97
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # 98 - 9f
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # a0 - a7
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # a8 - af
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # b0 - b7
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # b8 - bf
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # c0 - c7
+    7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,  # c8 - cf
+    7,7,7,7,5,5,5,5,  # d0 - d7
+    5,9,9,9,9,9,9,5,  # d8 - df
+    9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,  # e0 - e7
+    9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,  # e8 - ef
+    9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,  # f0 - f7
+    9,9,5,5,5,5,5,0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+JOHAB_ST = (
+# cls = 0                   1                   2                   3                   4                   5                   6                   7                   8                   9
+    MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,3                  ,3                  ,4                  ,  # MachineState.START
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,  # MachineState.ITS_ME
+    MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,  # MachineState.ERROR
+    MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.START ,  # 3
+    MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,MachineState.ERROR ,MachineState.START ,  # 4
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+JOHAB_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 2)
+
+JOHAB_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": JOHAB_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 10,
+    "state_table": JOHAB_ST,
+    "char_len_table": JOHAB_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "Johab",
+}
+
+# EUC-TW
+# fmt: off
+EUCTW_CLS = (
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 00 - 07
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 10 - 17
+    2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 18 - 1f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 20 - 27
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 28 - 2f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 30 - 37
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 38 - 3f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 40 - 47
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 50 - 57
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 60 - 67
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 70 - 77
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 78 - 7f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 80 - 87
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 90 - 97
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # a0 - a7
+    5, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # a8 - af
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # b0 - b7
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # b8 - bf
+    1, 1, 3, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # c0 - c7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # c8 - cf
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # d0 - d7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # d8 - df
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # e0 - e7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # e8 - ef
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # f0 - f7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+EUCTW_ST = (
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,     3,     3,     3,     4,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#08-0f
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,#10-17
+    MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#18-1f
+         5,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,#20-27
+    MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START #28-2f
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+EUCTW_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3)
+
+EUCTW_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": EUCTW_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 7,
+    "state_table": EUCTW_ST,
+    "char_len_table": EUCTW_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "x-euc-tw",
+}
+
+# GB2312
+# fmt: off
+GB2312_CLS = (
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 00 - 07
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 10 - 17
+    1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 20 - 27
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 28 - 2f
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # 30 - 37
+    3, 3, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 40 - 47
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 50 - 57
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 60 - 67
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 70 - 77
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4,  # 78 - 7f
+    5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # 80 - 87
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # 88 - 8f
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # 90 - 97
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # 98 - 9f
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # a0 - a7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # a8 - af
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # b0 - b7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # b8 - bf
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # c0 - c7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # c8 - cf
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # d0 - d7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # d8 - df
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # e0 - e7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # e8 - ef
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # f0 - f7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 0   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+GB2312_ST = (
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,     3,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#08-0f
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,#10-17
+         4,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#18-1f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     5,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ERROR,#20-27
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START #28-2f
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+# To be accurate, the length of class 6 can be either 2 or 4.
+# But it is not necessary to discriminate between the two since
+# it is used for frequency analysis only, and we are validating
+# each code range there as well. So it is safe to set it to be
+# 2 here.
+GB2312_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2)
+
+GB2312_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": GB2312_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 7,
+    "state_table": GB2312_ST,
+    "char_len_table": GB2312_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "GB2312",
+}
+
+# Shift_JIS
+# fmt: off
+SJIS_CLS = (
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 00 - 07
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 10 - 17
+    1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 20 - 27
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 30 - 37
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 38 - 3f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 40 - 47
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 48 - 4f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 50 - 57
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 58 - 5f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 60 - 67
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 68 - 6f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # 70 - 77
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1,  # 78 - 7f
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3,  # 80 - 87
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # 88 - 8f
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # 90 - 97
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # 98 - 9f
+    #0xa0 is illegal in sjis encoding, but some pages does
+    #contain such byte. We need to be more error forgiven.
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a0 - a7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # a8 - af
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b0 - b7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # b8 - bf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c0 - c7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # c8 - cf
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d0 - d7
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,  # d8 - df
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # e0 - e7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4,  # e8 - ef
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # f0 - f7
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0, 0,  # f8 - ff
+)
+
+SJIS_ST = (
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,     3,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#08-0f
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START #10-17
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+SJIS_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 0)
+
+SJIS_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": SJIS_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 6,
+    "state_table": SJIS_ST,
+    "char_len_table": SJIS_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "Shift_JIS",
+}
+
+# UCS2-BE
+# fmt: off
+UCS2BE_CLS = (
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 00 - 07
+    0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 10 - 17
+    0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 20 - 27
+    0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 30 - 37
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 40 - 47
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 50 - 57
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 60 - 67
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 70 - 77
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 80 - 87
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 90 - 97
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # a0 - a7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # a8 - af
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # b0 - b7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # b8 - bf
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # c0 - c7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # c8 - cf
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # d0 - d7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # d8 - df
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # e0 - e7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # e8 - ef
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # f0 - f7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2BE_ST  = (
+          5,     7,     7,MachineState.ERROR,     4,     3,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+     MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#08-0f
+     MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,     6,     6,     6,     6,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#10-17
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     6,MachineState.ITS_ME,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,     5,     7,     7,MachineState.ERROR,#20-27
+          5,     8,     6,     6,MachineState.ERROR,     6,     6,     6,#28-2f
+          6,     6,     6,     6,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START #30-37
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+UCS2BE_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (2, 2, 2, 0, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2BE_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": UCS2BE_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 6,
+    "state_table": UCS2BE_ST,
+    "char_len_table": UCS2BE_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "UTF-16BE",
+}
+
+# UCS2-LE
+# fmt: off
+UCS2LE_CLS = (
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 00 - 07
+    0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 10 - 17
+    0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 18 - 1f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 20 - 27
+    0, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 0, 0,  # 28 - 2f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 30 - 37
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 38 - 3f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 40 - 47
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 48 - 4f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 50 - 57
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 58 - 5f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 60 - 67
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 68 - 6f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 70 - 77
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 78 - 7f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 80 - 87
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 88 - 8f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 90 - 97
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # 98 - 9f
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # a0 - a7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # a8 - af
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # b0 - b7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # b8 - bf
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # c0 - c7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # c8 - cf
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # d0 - d7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # d8 - df
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # e0 - e7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # e8 - ef
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,  # f0 - f7
+    0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 5   # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UCS2LE_ST = (
+          6,     6,     7,     6,     4,     3,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#00-07
+     MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#08-0f
+     MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,     5,     5,     5,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ERROR,#10-17
+          5,     5,     5,MachineState.ERROR,     5,MachineState.ERROR,     6,     6,#18-1f
+          7,     6,     8,     8,     5,     5,     5,MachineState.ERROR,#20-27
+          5,     5,     5,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     5,     5,#28-2f
+          5,     5,     5,MachineState.ERROR,     5,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START #30-37
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+UCS2LE_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2)
+
+UCS2LE_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": UCS2LE_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 6,
+    "state_table": UCS2LE_ST,
+    "char_len_table": UCS2LE_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "UTF-16LE",
+}
+
+# UTF-8
+# fmt: off
+UTF8_CLS = (
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 00 - 07  #allow 0x00 as a legal value
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0,  # 08 - 0f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 10 - 17
+    1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 18 - 1f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 20 - 27
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 28 - 2f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 30 - 37
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 38 - 3f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 40 - 47
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 48 - 4f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 50 - 57
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 58 - 5f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 60 - 67
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 68 - 6f
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 70 - 77
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  # 78 - 7f
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3,  # 80 - 87
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 88 - 8f
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 90 - 97
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,  # 98 - 9f
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # a0 - a7
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # a8 - af
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # b0 - b7
+    5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,  # b8 - bf
+    0, 0, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # c0 - c7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # c8 - cf
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # d0 - d7
+    6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,  # d8 - df
+    7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,  # e0 - e7
+    8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 8, 8,  # e8 - ef
+    10, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11,  # f0 - f7
+    12, 13, 13, 13, 14, 15, 0, 0    # f8 - ff
+)
+
+UTF8_ST = (
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     12,   10,#00-07
+         9,     11,     8,     7,     6,     5,     4,    3,#08-0f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#10-17
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#18-1f
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#20-27
+    MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,MachineState.ITS_ME,#28-2f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     5,     5,     5,     5,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#30-37
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#38-3f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     5,     5,     5,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#40-47
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#48-4f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     7,     7,     7,     7,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#50-57
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#58-5f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     7,     7,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#60-67
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#68-6f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     9,     9,     9,     9,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#70-77
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#78-7f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,     9,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#80-87
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#88-8f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,    12,    12,    12,    12,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#90-97
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#98-9f
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,    12,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#a0-a7
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#a8-af
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,    12,    12,    12,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#b0-b7
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#b8-bf
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.START,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,#c0-c7
+    MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR,MachineState.ERROR #c8-cf
+)
+# fmt: on
+
+UTF8_CHAR_LEN_TABLE = (0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6)
+
+UTF8_SM_MODEL: CodingStateMachineDict = {
+    "class_table": UTF8_CLS,
+    "class_factor": 16,
+    "state_table": UTF8_ST,
+    "char_len_table": UTF8_CHAR_LEN_TABLE,
+    "name": "UTF-8",
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b82fe27
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__pycache__/languages.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__pycache__/languages.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b3856e1
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/__pycache__/languages.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/languages.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/languages.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb40c5f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/metadata/languages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+"""
+Metadata about languages used by our model training code for our
+SingleByteCharSetProbers.  Could be used for other things in the future.
+
+This code is based on the language metadata from the uchardet project.
+"""
+
+from string import ascii_letters
+from typing import List, Optional
+
+# TODO: Add Ukrainian (KOI8-U)
+
+
+class Language:
+    """Metadata about a language useful for training models
+
+    :ivar name: The human name for the language, in English.
+    :type name: str
+    :ivar iso_code: 2-letter ISO 639-1 if possible, 3-letter ISO code otherwise,
+                    or use another catalog as a last resort.
+    :type iso_code: str
+    :ivar use_ascii: Whether or not ASCII letters should be included in trained
+                     models.
+    :type use_ascii: bool
+    :ivar charsets: The charsets we want to support and create data for.
+    :type charsets: list of str
+    :ivar alphabet: The characters in the language's alphabet. If `use_ascii` is
+                    `True`, you only need to add those not in the ASCII set.
+    :type alphabet: str
+    :ivar wiki_start_pages: The Wikipedia pages to start from if we're crawling
+                            Wikipedia for training data.
+    :type wiki_start_pages: list of str
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        iso_code: Optional[str] = None,
+        use_ascii: bool = True,
+        charsets: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        alphabet: Optional[str] = None,
+        wiki_start_pages: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.name = name
+        self.iso_code = iso_code
+        self.use_ascii = use_ascii
+        self.charsets = charsets
+        if self.use_ascii:
+            if alphabet:
+                alphabet += ascii_letters
+            else:
+                alphabet = ascii_letters
+        elif not alphabet:
+            raise ValueError("Must supply alphabet if use_ascii is False")
+        self.alphabet = "".join(sorted(set(alphabet))) if alphabet else None
+        self.wiki_start_pages = wiki_start_pages
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        param_str = ", ".join(
+            f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if not k.startswith("_")
+        )
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({param_str})"
+
+
+LANGUAGES = {
+    "Arabic": Language(
+        name="Arabic",
+        iso_code="ar",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        # We only support encodings that use isolated
+        # forms, because the current recommendation is
+        # that the rendering system handles presentation
+        # forms. This means we purposefully skip IBM864.
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-6", "WINDOWS-1256", "CP720", "CP864"],
+        alphabet="ءآأؤإئابةتثجحخدذرزسشصضطظعغػؼؽؾؿـفقكلمنهوىيًٌٍَُِّ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["الصفحة_الرئيسية"],
+    ),
+    "Belarusian": Language(
+        name="Belarusian",
+        iso_code="be",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-5", "WINDOWS-1251", "IBM866", "MacCyrillic"],
+        alphabet="АБВГДЕЁЖЗІЙКЛМНОПРСТУЎФХЦЧШЫЬЭЮЯабвгдеёжзійклмнопрстуўфхцчшыьэюяʼ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Галоўная_старонка"],
+    ),
+    "Bulgarian": Language(
+        name="Bulgarian",
+        iso_code="bg",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-5", "WINDOWS-1251", "IBM855"],
+        alphabet="АБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЬЮЯабвгдежзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъьюя",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Начална_страница"],
+    ),
+    "Czech": Language(
+        name="Czech",
+        iso_code="cz",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-2", "WINDOWS-1250"],
+        alphabet="áčďéěíňóřšťúůýžÁČĎÉĚÍŇÓŘŠŤÚŮÝŽ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Hlavní_strana"],
+    ),
+    "Danish": Language(
+        name="Danish",
+        iso_code="da",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "ISO-8859-15", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        alphabet="æøåÆØÅ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Forside"],
+    ),
+    "German": Language(
+        name="German",
+        iso_code="de",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "ISO-8859-15", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        alphabet="äöüßẞÄÖÜ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Wikipedia:Hauptseite"],
+    ),
+    "Greek": Language(
+        name="Greek",
+        iso_code="el",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-7", "WINDOWS-1253"],
+        alphabet="αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρσςτυφχψωάέήίόύώΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΆΈΉΊΌΎΏ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Πύλη:Κύρια"],
+    ),
+    "English": Language(
+        name="English",
+        iso_code="en",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        wiki_start_pages=["Main_Page"],
+    ),
+    "Esperanto": Language(
+        name="Esperanto",
+        iso_code="eo",
+        # Q, W, X, and Y not used at all
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-3"],
+        alphabet="abcĉdefgĝhĥijĵklmnoprsŝtuŭvzABCĈDEFGĜHĤIJĴKLMNOPRSŜTUŬVZ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Vikipedio:Ĉefpaĝo"],
+    ),
+    "Spanish": Language(
+        name="Spanish",
+        iso_code="es",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "ISO-8859-15", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        alphabet="ñáéíóúüÑÁÉÍÓÚÜ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Wikipedia:Portada"],
+    ),
+    "Estonian": Language(
+        name="Estonian",
+        iso_code="et",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-4", "ISO-8859-13", "WINDOWS-1257"],
+        # C, F, Š, Q, W, X, Y, Z, Ž are only for
+        # loanwords
+        alphabet="ABDEGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVÕÄÖÜabdeghijklmnoprstuvõäöü",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Esileht"],
+    ),
+    "Finnish": Language(
+        name="Finnish",
+        iso_code="fi",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "ISO-8859-15", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        alphabet="ÅÄÖŠŽåäöšž",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Wikipedia:Etusivu"],
+    ),
+    "French": Language(
+        name="French",
+        iso_code="fr",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "ISO-8859-15", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        alphabet="œàâçèéîïùûêŒÀÂÇÈÉÎÏÙÛÊ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Wikipédia:Accueil_principal", "Bœuf (animal)"],
+    ),
+    "Hebrew": Language(
+        name="Hebrew",
+        iso_code="he",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-8", "WINDOWS-1255"],
+        alphabet="אבגדהוזחטיךכלםמןנסעףפץצקרשתװױײ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["עמוד_ראשי"],
+    ),
+    "Croatian": Language(
+        name="Croatian",
+        iso_code="hr",
+        # Q, W, X, Y are only used for foreign words.
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-2", "WINDOWS-1250"],
+        alphabet="abcčćdđefghijklmnoprsštuvzžABCČĆDĐEFGHIJKLMNOPRSŠTUVZŽ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Glavna_stranica"],
+    ),
+    "Hungarian": Language(
+        name="Hungarian",
+        iso_code="hu",
+        # Q, W, X, Y are only used for foreign words.
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-2", "WINDOWS-1250"],
+        alphabet="abcdefghijklmnoprstuvzáéíóöőúüűABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVZÁÉÍÓÖŐÚÜŰ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Kezdőlap"],
+    ),
+    "Italian": Language(
+        name="Italian",
+        iso_code="it",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "ISO-8859-15", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        alphabet="ÀÈÉÌÒÓÙàèéìòóù",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Pagina_principale"],
+    ),
+    "Lithuanian": Language(
+        name="Lithuanian",
+        iso_code="lt",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-13", "WINDOWS-1257", "ISO-8859-4"],
+        # Q, W, and X not used at all
+        alphabet="AĄBCČDEĘĖFGHIĮYJKLMNOPRSŠTUŲŪVZŽaąbcčdeęėfghiįyjklmnoprsštuųūvzž",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Pagrindinis_puslapis"],
+    ),
+    "Latvian": Language(
+        name="Latvian",
+        iso_code="lv",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-13", "WINDOWS-1257", "ISO-8859-4"],
+        # Q, W, X, Y are only for loanwords
+        alphabet="AĀBCČDEĒFGĢHIĪJKĶLĻMNŅOPRSŠTUŪVZŽaābcčdeēfgģhiījkķlļmnņoprsštuūvzž",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Sākumlapa"],
+    ),
+    "Macedonian": Language(
+        name="Macedonian",
+        iso_code="mk",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-5", "WINDOWS-1251", "MacCyrillic", "IBM855"],
+        alphabet="АБВГДЃЕЖЗЅИЈКЛЉМНЊОПРСТЌУФХЦЧЏШабвгдѓежзѕијклљмнњопрстќуфхцчџш",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Главна_страница"],
+    ),
+    "Dutch": Language(
+        name="Dutch",
+        iso_code="nl",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        wiki_start_pages=["Hoofdpagina"],
+    ),
+    "Polish": Language(
+        name="Polish",
+        iso_code="pl",
+        # Q and X are only used for foreign words.
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-2", "WINDOWS-1250"],
+        alphabet="AĄBCĆDEĘFGHIJKLŁMNŃOÓPRSŚTUWYZŹŻaąbcćdeęfghijklłmnńoóprsśtuwyzźż",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Wikipedia:Strona_główna"],
+    ),
+    "Portuguese": Language(
+        name="Portuguese",
+        iso_code="pt",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-1", "ISO-8859-15", "WINDOWS-1252", "MacRoman"],
+        alphabet="ÁÂÃÀÇÉÊÍÓÔÕÚáâãàçéêíóôõú",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Wikipédia:Página_principal"],
+    ),
+    "Romanian": Language(
+        name="Romanian",
+        iso_code="ro",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-2", "WINDOWS-1250"],
+        alphabet="ăâîșțĂÂÎȘȚ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Pagina_principală"],
+    ),
+    "Russian": Language(
+        name="Russian",
+        iso_code="ru",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=[
+            "ISO-8859-5",
+            "WINDOWS-1251",
+            "KOI8-R",
+            "MacCyrillic",
+            "IBM866",
+            "IBM855",
+        ],
+        alphabet="абвгдеёжзийклмнопрстуфхцчшщъыьэюяАБВГДЕЁЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Заглавная_страница"],
+    ),
+    "Slovak": Language(
+        name="Slovak",
+        iso_code="sk",
+        use_ascii=True,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-2", "WINDOWS-1250"],
+        alphabet="áäčďéíĺľňóôŕšťúýžÁÄČĎÉÍĹĽŇÓÔŔŠŤÚÝŽ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Hlavná_stránka"],
+    ),
+    "Slovene": Language(
+        name="Slovene",
+        iso_code="sl",
+        # Q, W, X, Y are only used for foreign words.
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-2", "WINDOWS-1250"],
+        alphabet="abcčdefghijklmnoprsštuvzžABCČDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSŠTUVZŽ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Glavna_stran"],
+    ),
+    # Serbian can be written in both Latin and Cyrillic, but there's no
+    # simple way to get the Latin alphabet pages from Wikipedia through
+    # the API, so for now we just support Cyrillic.
+    "Serbian": Language(
+        name="Serbian",
+        iso_code="sr",
+        alphabet="АБВГДЂЕЖЗИЈКЛЉМНЊОПРСТЋУФХЦЧЏШабвгдђежзијклљмнњопрстћуфхцчџш",
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-5", "WINDOWS-1251", "MacCyrillic", "IBM855"],
+        wiki_start_pages=["Главна_страна"],
+    ),
+    "Thai": Language(
+        name="Thai",
+        iso_code="th",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-11", "TIS-620", "CP874"],
+        alphabet="กขฃคฅฆงจฉชซฌญฎฏฐฑฒณดตถทธนบปผฝพฟภมยรฤลฦวศษสหฬอฮฯะัาำิีึืฺุู฿เแโใไๅๆ็่้๊๋์ํ๎๏๐๑๒๓๔๕๖๗๘๙๚๛",
+        wiki_start_pages=["หน้าหลัก"],
+    ),
+    "Turkish": Language(
+        name="Turkish",
+        iso_code="tr",
+        # Q, W, and X are not used by Turkish
+        use_ascii=False,
+        charsets=["ISO-8859-3", "ISO-8859-9", "WINDOWS-1254"],
+        alphabet="abcçdefgğhıijklmnoöprsştuüvyzâîûABCÇDEFGĞHIİJKLMNOÖPRSŞTUÜVYZÂÎÛ",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Ana_Sayfa"],
+    ),
+    "Vietnamese": Language(
+        name="Vietnamese",
+        iso_code="vi",
+        use_ascii=False,
+        # Windows-1258 is the only common 8-bit
+        # Vietnamese encoding supported by Python.
+        # From Wikipedia:
+        # For systems that lack support for Unicode,
+        # dozens of 8-bit Vietnamese code pages are
+        # available.[1] The most common are VISCII
+        # (TCVN 5712:1993), VPS, and Windows-1258.[3]
+        # Where ASCII is required, such as when
+        # ensuring readability in plain text e-mail,
+        # Vietnamese letters are often encoded
+        # according to Vietnamese Quoted-Readable
+        # (VIQR) or VSCII Mnemonic (VSCII-MNEM),[4]
+        # though usage of either variable-width
+        # scheme has declined dramatically following
+        # the adoption of Unicode on the World Wide
+        # Web.
+        charsets=["WINDOWS-1258"],
+        alphabet="aăâbcdđeêghiklmnoôơpqrstuưvxyAĂÂBCDĐEÊGHIKLMNOÔƠPQRSTUƯVXY",
+        wiki_start_pages=["Chữ_Quốc_ngữ"],
+    ),
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/resultdict.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/resultdict.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d36e64c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/resultdict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # TypedDict was introduced in Python 3.8.
+    #
+    # TODO: Remove the else block and TYPE_CHECKING check when dropping support
+    # for Python 3.7.
+    from typing import TypedDict
+
+    class ResultDict(TypedDict):
+        encoding: Optional[str]
+        confidence: float
+        language: Optional[str]
+
+else:
+    ResultDict = dict
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ffbcdd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sbcharsetprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Dict, List, NamedTuple, Optional, Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import CharacterCategory, ProbingState, SequenceLikelihood
+
+
+class SingleByteCharSetModel(NamedTuple):
+    charset_name: str
+    language: str
+    char_to_order_map: Dict[int, int]
+    language_model: Dict[int, Dict[int, int]]
+    typical_positive_ratio: float
+    keep_ascii_letters: bool
+    alphabet: str
+
+
+class SingleByteCharSetProber(CharSetProber):
+    SAMPLE_SIZE = 64
+    SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD = 1024  # 0.25 * SAMPLE_SIZE^2
+    POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.95
+    NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD = 0.05
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        model: SingleByteCharSetModel,
+        is_reversed: bool = False,
+        name_prober: Optional[CharSetProber] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._model = model
+        # TRUE if we need to reverse every pair in the model lookup
+        self._reversed = is_reversed
+        # Optional auxiliary prober for name decision
+        self._name_prober = name_prober
+        self._last_order = 255
+        self._seq_counters: List[int] = []
+        self._total_seqs = 0
+        self._total_char = 0
+        self._control_char = 0
+        self._freq_char = 0
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        # char order of last character
+        self._last_order = 255
+        self._seq_counters = [0] * SequenceLikelihood.get_num_categories()
+        self._total_seqs = 0
+        self._total_char = 0
+        self._control_char = 0
+        # characters that fall in our sampling range
+        self._freq_char = 0
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._name_prober:
+            return self._name_prober.charset_name
+        return self._model.charset_name
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._name_prober:
+            return self._name_prober.language
+        return self._model.language
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        # TODO: Make filter_international_words keep things in self.alphabet
+        if not self._model.keep_ascii_letters:
+            byte_str = self.filter_international_words(byte_str)
+        else:
+            byte_str = self.remove_xml_tags(byte_str)
+        if not byte_str:
+            return self.state
+        char_to_order_map = self._model.char_to_order_map
+        language_model = self._model.language_model
+        for char in byte_str:
+            order = char_to_order_map.get(char, CharacterCategory.UNDEFINED)
+            # XXX: This was SYMBOL_CAT_ORDER before, with a value of 250, but
+            #      CharacterCategory.SYMBOL is actually 253, so we use CONTROL
+            #      to make it closer to the original intent. The only difference
+            #      is whether or not we count digits and control characters for
+            #      _total_char purposes.
+            if order < CharacterCategory.CONTROL:
+                self._total_char += 1
+            if order < self.SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                self._freq_char += 1
+                if self._last_order < self.SAMPLE_SIZE:
+                    self._total_seqs += 1
+                    if not self._reversed:
+                        lm_cat = language_model[self._last_order][order]
+                    else:
+                        lm_cat = language_model[order][self._last_order]
+                    self._seq_counters[lm_cat] += 1
+            self._last_order = order
+
+        charset_name = self._model.charset_name
+        if self.state == ProbingState.DETECTING:
+            if self._total_seqs > self.SB_ENOUGH_REL_THRESHOLD:
+                confidence = self.get_confidence()
+                if confidence > self.POSITIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    self.logger.debug(
+                        "%s confidence = %s, we have a winner", charset_name, confidence
+                    )
+                    self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+                elif confidence < self.NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                    self.logger.debug(
+                        "%s confidence = %s, below negative shortcut threshold %s",
+                        charset_name,
+                        confidence,
+                        self.NEGATIVE_SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD,
+                    )
+                    self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        r = 0.01
+        if self._total_seqs > 0:
+            r = (
+                (
+                    self._seq_counters[SequenceLikelihood.POSITIVE]
+                    + 0.25 * self._seq_counters[SequenceLikelihood.LIKELY]
+                )
+                / self._total_seqs
+                / self._model.typical_positive_ratio
+            )
+            # The more control characters (proportionnaly to the size
+            # of the text), the less confident we become in the current
+            # charset.
+            r = r * (self._total_char - self._control_char) / self._total_char
+            r = r * self._freq_char / self._total_char
+            if r >= 1.0:
+                r = 0.99
+        return r
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..890ae846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sbcsgroupprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .hebrewprober import HebrewProber
+from .langbulgarianmodel import ISO_8859_5_BULGARIAN_MODEL, WINDOWS_1251_BULGARIAN_MODEL
+from .langgreekmodel import ISO_8859_7_GREEK_MODEL, WINDOWS_1253_GREEK_MODEL
+from .langhebrewmodel import WINDOWS_1255_HEBREW_MODEL
+
+# from .langhungarianmodel import (ISO_8859_2_HUNGARIAN_MODEL,
+#                                  WINDOWS_1250_HUNGARIAN_MODEL)
+from .langrussianmodel import (
+    IBM855_RUSSIAN_MODEL,
+    IBM866_RUSSIAN_MODEL,
+    ISO_8859_5_RUSSIAN_MODEL,
+    KOI8_R_RUSSIAN_MODEL,
+    MACCYRILLIC_RUSSIAN_MODEL,
+    WINDOWS_1251_RUSSIAN_MODEL,
+)
+from .langthaimodel import TIS_620_THAI_MODEL
+from .langturkishmodel import ISO_8859_9_TURKISH_MODEL
+from .sbcharsetprober import SingleByteCharSetProber
+
+
+class SBCSGroupProber(CharSetGroupProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        hebrew_prober = HebrewProber()
+        logical_hebrew_prober = SingleByteCharSetProber(
+            WINDOWS_1255_HEBREW_MODEL, is_reversed=False, name_prober=hebrew_prober
+        )
+        # TODO: See if using ISO-8859-8 Hebrew model works better here, since
+        #       it's actually the visual one
+        visual_hebrew_prober = SingleByteCharSetProber(
+            WINDOWS_1255_HEBREW_MODEL, is_reversed=True, name_prober=hebrew_prober
+        )
+        hebrew_prober.set_model_probers(logical_hebrew_prober, visual_hebrew_prober)
+        # TODO: ORDER MATTERS HERE. I changed the order vs what was in master
+        #       and several tests failed that did not before. Some thought
+        #       should be put into the ordering, and we should consider making
+        #       order not matter here, because that is very counter-intuitive.
+        self.probers = [
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(WINDOWS_1251_RUSSIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(KOI8_R_RUSSIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(ISO_8859_5_RUSSIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(MACCYRILLIC_RUSSIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(IBM866_RUSSIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(IBM855_RUSSIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(ISO_8859_7_GREEK_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(WINDOWS_1253_GREEK_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(ISO_8859_5_BULGARIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(WINDOWS_1251_BULGARIAN_MODEL),
+            # TODO: Restore Hungarian encodings (iso-8859-2 and windows-1250)
+            #       after we retrain model.
+            # SingleByteCharSetProber(ISO_8859_2_HUNGARIAN_MODEL),
+            # SingleByteCharSetProber(WINDOWS_1250_HUNGARIAN_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(TIS_620_THAI_MODEL),
+            SingleByteCharSetProber(ISO_8859_9_TURKISH_MODEL),
+            hebrew_prober,
+            logical_hebrew_prober,
+            visual_hebrew_prober,
+        ]
+        self.reset()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sjisprober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sjisprober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91df0779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/sjisprober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Union
+
+from .chardistribution import SJISDistributionAnalysis
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .enums import MachineState, ProbingState
+from .jpcntx import SJISContextAnalysis
+from .mbcharsetprober import MultiByteCharSetProber
+from .mbcssm import SJIS_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class SJISProber(MultiByteCharSetProber):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(SJIS_SM_MODEL)
+        self.distribution_analyzer = SJISDistributionAnalysis()
+        self.context_analyzer = SJISContextAnalysis()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        self.context_analyzer.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return self.context_analyzer.charset_name
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return "Japanese"
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        assert self.coding_sm is not None
+        assert self.distribution_analyzer is not None
+
+        for i, byte in enumerate(byte_str):
+            coding_state = self.coding_sm.next_state(byte)
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ERROR:
+                self.logger.debug(
+                    "%s %s prober hit error at byte %s",
+                    self.charset_name,
+                    self.language,
+                    i,
+                )
+                self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ITS_ME:
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.START:
+                char_len = self.coding_sm.get_current_charlen()
+                if i == 0:
+                    self._last_char[1] = byte
+                    self.context_analyzer.feed(
+                        self._last_char[2 - char_len :], char_len
+                    )
+                    self.distribution_analyzer.feed(self._last_char, char_len)
+                else:
+                    self.context_analyzer.feed(
+                        byte_str[i + 1 - char_len : i + 3 - char_len], char_len
+                    )
+                    self.distribution_analyzer.feed(byte_str[i - 1 : i + 1], char_len)
+
+        self._last_char[0] = byte_str[-1]
+
+        if self.state == ProbingState.DETECTING:
+            if self.context_analyzer.got_enough_data() and (
+                self.get_confidence() > self.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD
+            ):
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        assert self.distribution_analyzer is not None
+
+        context_conf = self.context_analyzer.get_confidence()
+        distrib_conf = self.distribution_analyzer.get_confidence()
+        return max(context_conf, distrib_conf)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/universaldetector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/universaldetector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30c441dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/universaldetector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is Mozilla Universal charset detector code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 2001
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#   Shy Shalom - original C code
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+"""
+Module containing the UniversalDetector detector class, which is the primary
+class a user of ``chardet`` should use.
+
+:author: Mark Pilgrim (initial port to Python)
+:author: Shy Shalom (original C code)
+:author: Dan Blanchard (major refactoring for 3.0)
+:author: Ian Cordasco
+"""
+
+
+import codecs
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
+
+from .charsetgroupprober import CharSetGroupProber
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import InputState, LanguageFilter, ProbingState
+from .escprober import EscCharSetProber
+from .latin1prober import Latin1Prober
+from .macromanprober import MacRomanProber
+from .mbcsgroupprober import MBCSGroupProber
+from .resultdict import ResultDict
+from .sbcsgroupprober import SBCSGroupProber
+from .utf1632prober import UTF1632Prober
+
+
+class UniversalDetector:
+    """
+    The ``UniversalDetector`` class underlies the ``chardet.detect`` function
+    and coordinates all of the different charset probers.
+
+    To get a ``dict`` containing an encoding and its confidence, you can simply
+    run:
+
+    .. code::
+
+            u = UniversalDetector()
+            u.feed(some_bytes)
+            u.close()
+            detected = u.result
+
+    """
+
+    MINIMUM_THRESHOLD = 0.20
+    HIGH_BYTE_DETECTOR = re.compile(b"[\x80-\xFF]")
+    ESC_DETECTOR = re.compile(b"(\033|~{)")
+    WIN_BYTE_DETECTOR = re.compile(b"[\x80-\x9F]")
+    ISO_WIN_MAP = {
+        "iso-8859-1": "Windows-1252",
+        "iso-8859-2": "Windows-1250",
+        "iso-8859-5": "Windows-1251",
+        "iso-8859-6": "Windows-1256",
+        "iso-8859-7": "Windows-1253",
+        "iso-8859-8": "Windows-1255",
+        "iso-8859-9": "Windows-1254",
+        "iso-8859-13": "Windows-1257",
+    }
+    # Based on https://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#names-and-labels
+    # but altered to match Python names for encodings and remove mappings
+    # that break tests.
+    LEGACY_MAP = {
+        "ascii": "Windows-1252",
+        "iso-8859-1": "Windows-1252",
+        "tis-620": "ISO-8859-11",
+        "iso-8859-9": "Windows-1254",
+        "gb2312": "GB18030",
+        "euc-kr": "CP949",
+        "utf-16le": "UTF-16",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        lang_filter: LanguageFilter = LanguageFilter.ALL,
+        should_rename_legacy: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._esc_charset_prober: Optional[EscCharSetProber] = None
+        self._utf1632_prober: Optional[UTF1632Prober] = None
+        self._charset_probers: List[CharSetProber] = []
+        self.result: ResultDict = {
+            "encoding": None,
+            "confidence": 0.0,
+            "language": None,
+        }
+        self.done = False
+        self._got_data = False
+        self._input_state = InputState.PURE_ASCII
+        self._last_char = b""
+        self.lang_filter = lang_filter
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+        self._has_win_bytes = False
+        self.should_rename_legacy = should_rename_legacy
+        self.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def input_state(self) -> int:
+        return self._input_state
+
+    @property
+    def has_win_bytes(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_win_bytes
+
+    @property
+    def charset_probers(self) -> List[CharSetProber]:
+        return self._charset_probers
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Reset the UniversalDetector and all of its probers back to their
+        initial states.  This is called by ``__init__``, so you only need to
+        call this directly in between analyses of different documents.
+        """
+        self.result = {"encoding": None, "confidence": 0.0, "language": None}
+        self.done = False
+        self._got_data = False
+        self._has_win_bytes = False
+        self._input_state = InputState.PURE_ASCII
+        self._last_char = b""
+        if self._esc_charset_prober:
+            self._esc_charset_prober.reset()
+        if self._utf1632_prober:
+            self._utf1632_prober.reset()
+        for prober in self._charset_probers:
+            prober.reset()
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> None:
+        """
+        Takes a chunk of a document and feeds it through all of the relevant
+        charset probers.
+
+        After calling ``feed``, you can check the value of the ``done``
+        attribute to see if you need to continue feeding the
+        ``UniversalDetector`` more data, or if it has made a prediction
+        (in the ``result`` attribute).
+
+        .. note::
+           You should always call ``close`` when you're done feeding in your
+           document if ``done`` is not already ``True``.
+        """
+        if self.done:
+            return
+
+        if not byte_str:
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(byte_str, bytearray):
+            byte_str = bytearray(byte_str)
+
+        # First check for known BOMs, since these are guaranteed to be correct
+        if not self._got_data:
+            # If the data starts with BOM, we know it is UTF
+            if byte_str.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF8):
+                # EF BB BF  UTF-8 with BOM
+                self.result = {
+                    "encoding": "UTF-8-SIG",
+                    "confidence": 1.0,
+                    "language": "",
+                }
+            elif byte_str.startswith((codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE)):
+                # FF FE 00 00  UTF-32, little-endian BOM
+                # 00 00 FE FF  UTF-32, big-endian BOM
+                self.result = {"encoding": "UTF-32", "confidence": 1.0, "language": ""}
+            elif byte_str.startswith(b"\xFE\xFF\x00\x00"):
+                # FE FF 00 00  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (3412)
+                self.result = {
+                    # TODO: This encoding is not supported by Python. Should remove?
+                    "encoding": "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-3412",
+                    "confidence": 1.0,
+                    "language": "",
+                }
+            elif byte_str.startswith(b"\x00\x00\xFF\xFE"):
+                # 00 00 FF FE  UCS-4, unusual octet order BOM (2143)
+                self.result = {
+                    # TODO: This encoding is not supported by Python. Should remove?
+                    "encoding": "X-ISO-10646-UCS-4-2143",
+                    "confidence": 1.0,
+                    "language": "",
+                }
+            elif byte_str.startswith((codecs.BOM_LE, codecs.BOM_BE)):
+                # FF FE  UTF-16, little endian BOM
+                # FE FF  UTF-16, big endian BOM
+                self.result = {"encoding": "UTF-16", "confidence": 1.0, "language": ""}
+
+            self._got_data = True
+            if self.result["encoding"] is not None:
+                self.done = True
+                return
+
+        # If none of those matched and we've only see ASCII so far, check
+        # for high bytes and escape sequences
+        if self._input_state == InputState.PURE_ASCII:
+            if self.HIGH_BYTE_DETECTOR.search(byte_str):
+                self._input_state = InputState.HIGH_BYTE
+            elif (
+                self._input_state == InputState.PURE_ASCII
+                and self.ESC_DETECTOR.search(self._last_char + byte_str)
+            ):
+                self._input_state = InputState.ESC_ASCII
+
+        self._last_char = byte_str[-1:]
+
+        # next we will look to see if it is appears to be either a UTF-16 or
+        # UTF-32 encoding
+        if not self._utf1632_prober:
+            self._utf1632_prober = UTF1632Prober()
+
+        if self._utf1632_prober.state == ProbingState.DETECTING:
+            if self._utf1632_prober.feed(byte_str) == ProbingState.FOUND_IT:
+                self.result = {
+                    "encoding": self._utf1632_prober.charset_name,
+                    "confidence": self._utf1632_prober.get_confidence(),
+                    "language": "",
+                }
+                self.done = True
+                return
+
+        # If we've seen escape sequences, use the EscCharSetProber, which
+        # uses a simple state machine to check for known escape sequences in
+        # HZ and ISO-2022 encodings, since those are the only encodings that
+        # use such sequences.
+        if self._input_state == InputState.ESC_ASCII:
+            if not self._esc_charset_prober:
+                self._esc_charset_prober = EscCharSetProber(self.lang_filter)
+            if self._esc_charset_prober.feed(byte_str) == ProbingState.FOUND_IT:
+                self.result = {
+                    "encoding": self._esc_charset_prober.charset_name,
+                    "confidence": self._esc_charset_prober.get_confidence(),
+                    "language": self._esc_charset_prober.language,
+                }
+                self.done = True
+        # If we've seen high bytes (i.e., those with values greater than 127),
+        # we need to do more complicated checks using all our multi-byte and
+        # single-byte probers that are left.  The single-byte probers
+        # use character bigram distributions to determine the encoding, whereas
+        # the multi-byte probers use a combination of character unigram and
+        # bigram distributions.
+        elif self._input_state == InputState.HIGH_BYTE:
+            if not self._charset_probers:
+                self._charset_probers = [MBCSGroupProber(self.lang_filter)]
+                # If we're checking non-CJK encodings, use single-byte prober
+                if self.lang_filter & LanguageFilter.NON_CJK:
+                    self._charset_probers.append(SBCSGroupProber())
+                self._charset_probers.append(Latin1Prober())
+                self._charset_probers.append(MacRomanProber())
+            for prober in self._charset_probers:
+                if prober.feed(byte_str) == ProbingState.FOUND_IT:
+                    self.result = {
+                        "encoding": prober.charset_name,
+                        "confidence": prober.get_confidence(),
+                        "language": prober.language,
+                    }
+                    self.done = True
+                    break
+            if self.WIN_BYTE_DETECTOR.search(byte_str):
+                self._has_win_bytes = True
+
+    def close(self) -> ResultDict:
+        """
+        Stop analyzing the current document and come up with a final
+        prediction.
+
+        :returns:  The ``result`` attribute, a ``dict`` with the keys
+                   `encoding`, `confidence`, and `language`.
+        """
+        # Don't bother with checks if we're already done
+        if self.done:
+            return self.result
+        self.done = True
+
+        if not self._got_data:
+            self.logger.debug("no data received!")
+
+        # Default to ASCII if it is all we've seen so far
+        elif self._input_state == InputState.PURE_ASCII:
+            self.result = {"encoding": "ascii", "confidence": 1.0, "language": ""}
+
+        # If we have seen non-ASCII, return the best that met MINIMUM_THRESHOLD
+        elif self._input_state == InputState.HIGH_BYTE:
+            prober_confidence = None
+            max_prober_confidence = 0.0
+            max_prober = None
+            for prober in self._charset_probers:
+                if not prober:
+                    continue
+                prober_confidence = prober.get_confidence()
+                if prober_confidence > max_prober_confidence:
+                    max_prober_confidence = prober_confidence
+                    max_prober = prober
+            if max_prober and (max_prober_confidence > self.MINIMUM_THRESHOLD):
+                charset_name = max_prober.charset_name
+                assert charset_name is not None
+                lower_charset_name = charset_name.lower()
+                confidence = max_prober.get_confidence()
+                # Use Windows encoding name instead of ISO-8859 if we saw any
+                # extra Windows-specific bytes
+                if lower_charset_name.startswith("iso-8859"):
+                    if self._has_win_bytes:
+                        charset_name = self.ISO_WIN_MAP.get(
+                            lower_charset_name, charset_name
+                        )
+                # Rename legacy encodings with superset encodings if asked
+                if self.should_rename_legacy:
+                    charset_name = self.LEGACY_MAP.get(
+                        (charset_name or "").lower(), charset_name
+                    )
+                self.result = {
+                    "encoding": charset_name,
+                    "confidence": confidence,
+                    "language": max_prober.language,
+                }
+
+        # Log all prober confidences if none met MINIMUM_THRESHOLD
+        if self.logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.DEBUG:
+            if self.result["encoding"] is None:
+                self.logger.debug("no probers hit minimum threshold")
+                for group_prober in self._charset_probers:
+                    if not group_prober:
+                        continue
+                    if isinstance(group_prober, CharSetGroupProber):
+                        for prober in group_prober.probers:
+                            self.logger.debug(
+                                "%s %s confidence = %s",
+                                prober.charset_name,
+                                prober.language,
+                                prober.get_confidence(),
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        self.logger.debug(
+                            "%s %s confidence = %s",
+                            group_prober.charset_name,
+                            group_prober.language,
+                            group_prober.get_confidence(),
+                        )
+        return self.result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/utf1632prober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/utf1632prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bdec63d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/utf1632prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Jason Zavaglia
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+from typing import List, Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .enums import ProbingState
+
+
+class UTF1632Prober(CharSetProber):
+    """
+    This class simply looks for occurrences of zero bytes, and infers
+    whether the file is UTF16 or UTF32 (low-endian or big-endian)
+    For instance, files looking like ( \0 \0 \0 [nonzero] )+
+    have a good probability to be UTF32BE.  Files looking like ( \0 [nonzero] )+
+    may be guessed to be UTF16BE, and inversely for little-endian varieties.
+    """
+
+    # how many logical characters to scan before feeling confident of prediction
+    MIN_CHARS_FOR_DETECTION = 20
+    # a fixed constant ratio of expected zeros or non-zeros in modulo-position.
+    EXPECTED_RATIO = 0.94
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.position = 0
+        self.zeros_at_mod = [0] * 4
+        self.nonzeros_at_mod = [0] * 4
+        self._state = ProbingState.DETECTING
+        self.quad = [0, 0, 0, 0]
+        self.invalid_utf16be = False
+        self.invalid_utf16le = False
+        self.invalid_utf32be = False
+        self.invalid_utf32le = False
+        self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be = False
+        self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le = False
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        self.position = 0
+        self.zeros_at_mod = [0] * 4
+        self.nonzeros_at_mod = [0] * 4
+        self._state = ProbingState.DETECTING
+        self.invalid_utf16be = False
+        self.invalid_utf16le = False
+        self.invalid_utf32be = False
+        self.invalid_utf32le = False
+        self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be = False
+        self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le = False
+        self.quad = [0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        if self.is_likely_utf32be():
+            return "utf-32be"
+        if self.is_likely_utf32le():
+            return "utf-32le"
+        if self.is_likely_utf16be():
+            return "utf-16be"
+        if self.is_likely_utf16le():
+            return "utf-16le"
+        # default to something valid
+        return "utf-16"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def approx_32bit_chars(self) -> float:
+        return max(1.0, self.position / 4.0)
+
+    def approx_16bit_chars(self) -> float:
+        return max(1.0, self.position / 2.0)
+
+    def is_likely_utf32be(self) -> bool:
+        approx_chars = self.approx_32bit_chars()
+        return approx_chars >= self.MIN_CHARS_FOR_DETECTION and (
+            self.zeros_at_mod[0] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and self.zeros_at_mod[1] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and self.zeros_at_mod[2] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and self.nonzeros_at_mod[3] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and not self.invalid_utf32be
+        )
+
+    def is_likely_utf32le(self) -> bool:
+        approx_chars = self.approx_32bit_chars()
+        return approx_chars >= self.MIN_CHARS_FOR_DETECTION and (
+            self.nonzeros_at_mod[0] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and self.zeros_at_mod[1] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and self.zeros_at_mod[2] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and self.zeros_at_mod[3] / approx_chars > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and not self.invalid_utf32le
+        )
+
+    def is_likely_utf16be(self) -> bool:
+        approx_chars = self.approx_16bit_chars()
+        return approx_chars >= self.MIN_CHARS_FOR_DETECTION and (
+            (self.nonzeros_at_mod[1] + self.nonzeros_at_mod[3]) / approx_chars
+            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and (self.zeros_at_mod[0] + self.zeros_at_mod[2]) / approx_chars
+            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and not self.invalid_utf16be
+        )
+
+    def is_likely_utf16le(self) -> bool:
+        approx_chars = self.approx_16bit_chars()
+        return approx_chars >= self.MIN_CHARS_FOR_DETECTION and (
+            (self.nonzeros_at_mod[0] + self.nonzeros_at_mod[2]) / approx_chars
+            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and (self.zeros_at_mod[1] + self.zeros_at_mod[3]) / approx_chars
+            > self.EXPECTED_RATIO
+            and not self.invalid_utf16le
+        )
+
+    def validate_utf32_characters(self, quad: List[int]) -> None:
+        """
+        Validate if the quad of bytes is valid UTF-32.
+
+        UTF-32 is valid in the range 0x00000000 - 0x0010FFFF
+        excluding 0x0000D800 - 0x0000DFFF
+
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32
+        """
+        if (
+            quad[0] != 0
+            or quad[1] > 0x10
+            or (quad[0] == 0 and quad[1] == 0 and 0xD8 <= quad[2] <= 0xDF)
+        ):
+            self.invalid_utf32be = True
+        if (
+            quad[3] != 0
+            or quad[2] > 0x10
+            or (quad[3] == 0 and quad[2] == 0 and 0xD8 <= quad[1] <= 0xDF)
+        ):
+            self.invalid_utf32le = True
+
+    def validate_utf16_characters(self, pair: List[int]) -> None:
+        """
+        Validate if the pair of bytes is  valid UTF-16.
+
+        UTF-16 is valid in the range 0x0000 - 0xFFFF excluding 0xD800 - 0xFFFF
+        with an exception for surrogate pairs, which must be in the range
+        0xD800-0xDBFF followed by 0xDC00-0xDFFF
+
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16
+        """
+        if not self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be:
+            if 0xD8 <= pair[0] <= 0xDB:
+                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be = True
+            elif 0xDC <= pair[0] <= 0xDF:
+                self.invalid_utf16be = True
+        else:
+            if 0xDC <= pair[0] <= 0xDF:
+                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16be = False
+            else:
+                self.invalid_utf16be = True
+
+        if not self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le:
+            if 0xD8 <= pair[1] <= 0xDB:
+                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le = True
+            elif 0xDC <= pair[1] <= 0xDF:
+                self.invalid_utf16le = True
+        else:
+            if 0xDC <= pair[1] <= 0xDF:
+                self.first_half_surrogate_pair_detected_16le = False
+            else:
+                self.invalid_utf16le = True
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        for c in byte_str:
+            mod4 = self.position % 4
+            self.quad[mod4] = c
+            if mod4 == 3:
+                self.validate_utf32_characters(self.quad)
+                self.validate_utf16_characters(self.quad[0:2])
+                self.validate_utf16_characters(self.quad[2:4])
+            if c == 0:
+                self.zeros_at_mod[mod4] += 1
+            else:
+                self.nonzeros_at_mod[mod4] += 1
+            self.position += 1
+        return self.state
+
+    @property
+    def state(self) -> ProbingState:
+        if self._state in {ProbingState.NOT_ME, ProbingState.FOUND_IT}:
+            # terminal, decided states
+            return self._state
+        if self.get_confidence() > 0.80:
+            self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+        elif self.position > 4 * 1024:
+            # if we get to 4kb into the file, and we can't conclude it's UTF,
+            # let's give up
+            self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+        return self._state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            0.85
+            if (
+                self.is_likely_utf16le()
+                or self.is_likely_utf16be()
+                or self.is_likely_utf32le()
+                or self.is_likely_utf32be()
+            )
+            else 0.00
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/utf8prober.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/utf8prober.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d96354d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/utf8prober.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+######################## BEGIN LICENSE BLOCK ########################
+# The Original Code is mozilla.org code.
+#
+# The Initial Developer of the Original Code is
+# Netscape Communications Corporation.
+# Portions created by the Initial Developer are Copyright (C) 1998
+# the Initial Developer. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Contributor(s):
+#   Mark Pilgrim - port to Python
+#
+# This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+# version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+# Lesser General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+# License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
+# Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+# 02110-1301  USA
+######################### END LICENSE BLOCK #########################
+
+from typing import Union
+
+from .charsetprober import CharSetProber
+from .codingstatemachine import CodingStateMachine
+from .enums import MachineState, ProbingState
+from .mbcssm import UTF8_SM_MODEL
+
+
+class UTF8Prober(CharSetProber):
+    ONE_CHAR_PROB = 0.5
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.coding_sm = CodingStateMachine(UTF8_SM_MODEL)
+        self._num_mb_chars = 0
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        super().reset()
+        self.coding_sm.reset()
+        self._num_mb_chars = 0
+
+    @property
+    def charset_name(self) -> str:
+        return "utf-8"
+
+    @property
+    def language(self) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def feed(self, byte_str: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> ProbingState:
+        for c in byte_str:
+            coding_state = self.coding_sm.next_state(c)
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ERROR:
+                self._state = ProbingState.NOT_ME
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.ITS_ME:
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+                break
+            if coding_state == MachineState.START:
+                if self.coding_sm.get_current_charlen() >= 2:
+                    self._num_mb_chars += 1
+
+        if self.state == ProbingState.DETECTING:
+            if self.get_confidence() > self.SHORTCUT_THRESHOLD:
+                self._state = ProbingState.FOUND_IT
+
+        return self.state
+
+    def get_confidence(self) -> float:
+        unlike = 0.99
+        if self._num_mb_chars < 6:
+            unlike *= self.ONE_CHAR_PROB**self._num_mb_chars
+            return 1.0 - unlike
+        return unlike
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5e9d85c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/chardet/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+"""
+This module exists only to simplify retrieving the version number of chardet
+from within setuptools and from chardet subpackages.
+
+:author: Dan Blanchard (dan.blanchard@gmail.com)
+"""
+
+__version__ = "5.1.0"
+VERSION = __version__.split(".")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..383101cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from .initialise import init, deinit, reinit, colorama_text, just_fix_windows_console
+from .ansi import Fore, Back, Style, Cursor
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+__version__ = '0.4.6'
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__pycache__/winterm.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/__pycache__/winterm.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11ec695f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+'''
+This module generates ANSI character codes to printing colors to terminals.
+See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
+'''
+
+CSI = '\033['
+OSC = '\033]'
+BEL = '\a'
+
+
+def code_to_chars(code):
+    return CSI + str(code) + 'm'
+
+def set_title(title):
+    return OSC + '2;' + title + BEL
+
+def clear_screen(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'J'
+
+def clear_line(mode=2):
+    return CSI + str(mode) + 'K'
+
+
+class AnsiCodes(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        # the subclasses declare class attributes which are numbers.
+        # Upon instantiation we define instance attributes, which are the same
+        # as the class attributes but wrapped with the ANSI escape sequence
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if not name.startswith('_'):
+                value = getattr(self, name)
+                setattr(self, name, code_to_chars(value))
+
+
+class AnsiCursor(object):
+    def UP(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'A'
+    def DOWN(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'B'
+    def FORWARD(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'C'
+    def BACK(self, n=1):
+        return CSI + str(n) + 'D'
+    def POS(self, x=1, y=1):
+        return CSI + str(y) + ';' + str(x) + 'H'
+
+
+class AnsiFore(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 30
+    RED             = 31
+    GREEN           = 32
+    YELLOW          = 33
+    BLUE            = 34
+    MAGENTA         = 35
+    CYAN            = 36
+    WHITE           = 37
+    RESET           = 39
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 90
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 91
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 92
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 93
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 94
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 95
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 96
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 97
+
+
+class AnsiBack(AnsiCodes):
+    BLACK           = 40
+    RED             = 41
+    GREEN           = 42
+    YELLOW          = 43
+    BLUE            = 44
+    MAGENTA         = 45
+    CYAN            = 46
+    WHITE           = 47
+    RESET           = 49
+
+    # These are fairly well supported, but not part of the standard.
+    LIGHTBLACK_EX   = 100
+    LIGHTRED_EX     = 101
+    LIGHTGREEN_EX   = 102
+    LIGHTYELLOW_EX  = 103
+    LIGHTBLUE_EX    = 104
+    LIGHTMAGENTA_EX = 105
+    LIGHTCYAN_EX    = 106
+    LIGHTWHITE_EX   = 107
+
+
+class AnsiStyle(AnsiCodes):
+    BRIGHT    = 1
+    DIM       = 2
+    NORMAL    = 22
+    RESET_ALL = 0
+
+Fore   = AnsiFore()
+Back   = AnsiBack()
+Style  = AnsiStyle()
+Cursor = AnsiCursor()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abf209e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/ansitowin32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import re
+import sys
+import os
+
+from .ansi import AnsiFore, AnsiBack, AnsiStyle, Style, BEL
+from .winterm import enable_vt_processing, WinTerm, WinColor, WinStyle
+from .win32 import windll, winapi_test
+
+
+winterm = None
+if windll is not None:
+    winterm = WinTerm()
+
+
+class StreamWrapper(object):
+    '''
+    Wraps a stream (such as stdout), acting as a transparent proxy for all
+    attribute access apart from method 'write()', which is delegated to our
+    Converter instance.
+    '''
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, converter):
+        # double-underscore everything to prevent clashes with names of
+        # attributes on the wrapped stream object.
+        self.__wrapped = wrapped
+        self.__convertor = converter
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self.__wrapped, name)
+
+    def __enter__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        # special method lookup bypasses __getattr__/__getattribute__, see
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12632894/why-doesnt-getattr-work-with-exit
+        # thus, contextlib magic methods are not proxied via __getattr__
+        return self.__wrapped.__enter__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.__wrapped.__exit__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__ = state
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return self.__dict__
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        self.__convertor.write(text)
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        stream = self.__wrapped
+        if 'PYCHARM_HOSTED' in os.environ:
+            if stream is not None and (stream is sys.__stdout__ or stream is sys.__stderr__):
+                return True
+        try:
+            stream_isatty = stream.isatty
+        except AttributeError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return stream_isatty()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        stream = self.__wrapped
+        try:
+            return stream.closed
+        # AttributeError in the case that the stream doesn't support being closed
+        # ValueError for the case that the stream has already been detached when atexit runs
+        except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+            return True
+
+
+class AnsiToWin32(object):
+    '''
+    Implements a 'write()' method which, on Windows, will strip ANSI character
+    sequences from the text, and if outputting to a tty, will convert them into
+    win32 function calls.
+    '''
+    ANSI_CSI_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\\[((?:\\d|;)*)([a-zA-Z])\002?')   # Control Sequence Introducer
+    ANSI_OSC_RE = re.compile('\001?\033\\]([^\a]*)(\a)\002?')             # Operating System Command
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False):
+        # The wrapped stream (normally sys.stdout or sys.stderr)
+        self.wrapped = wrapped
+
+        # should we reset colors to defaults after every .write()
+        self.autoreset = autoreset
+
+        # create the proxy wrapping our output stream
+        self.stream = StreamWrapper(wrapped, self)
+
+        on_windows = os.name == 'nt'
+        # We test if the WinAPI works, because even if we are on Windows
+        # we may be using a terminal that doesn't support the WinAPI
+        # (e.g. Cygwin Terminal). In this case it's up to the terminal
+        # to support the ANSI codes.
+        conversion_supported = on_windows and winapi_test()
+        try:
+            fd = wrapped.fileno()
+        except Exception:
+            fd = -1
+        system_has_native_ansi = not on_windows or enable_vt_processing(fd)
+        have_tty = not self.stream.closed and self.stream.isatty()
+        need_conversion = conversion_supported and not system_has_native_ansi
+
+        # should we strip ANSI sequences from our output?
+        if strip is None:
+            strip = need_conversion or not have_tty
+        self.strip = strip
+
+        # should we should convert ANSI sequences into win32 calls?
+        if convert is None:
+            convert = need_conversion and have_tty
+        self.convert = convert
+
+        # dict of ansi codes to win32 functions and parameters
+        self.win32_calls = self.get_win32_calls()
+
+        # are we wrapping stderr?
+        self.on_stderr = self.wrapped is sys.stderr
+
+    def should_wrap(self):
+        '''
+        True if this class is actually needed. If false, then the output
+        stream will not be affected, nor will win32 calls be issued, so
+        wrapping stdout is not actually required. This will generally be
+        False on non-Windows platforms, unless optional functionality like
+        autoreset has been requested using kwargs to init()
+        '''
+        return self.convert or self.strip or self.autoreset
+
+    def get_win32_calls(self):
+        if self.convert and winterm:
+            return {
+                AnsiStyle.RESET_ALL: (winterm.reset_all, ),
+                AnsiStyle.BRIGHT: (winterm.style, WinStyle.BRIGHT),
+                AnsiStyle.DIM: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiStyle.NORMAL: (winterm.style, WinStyle.NORMAL),
+                AnsiFore.BLACK: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiFore.RED: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiFore.GREEN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiFore.YELLOW: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiFore.BLUE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiFore.MAGENTA: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiFore.CYAN: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiFore.WHITE: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiFore.RESET: (winterm.fore, ),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiFore.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.fore, WinColor.GREY, True),
+                AnsiBack.BLACK: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK),
+                AnsiBack.RED: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED),
+                AnsiBack.GREEN: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN),
+                AnsiBack.YELLOW: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW),
+                AnsiBack.BLUE: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE),
+                AnsiBack.MAGENTA: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA),
+                AnsiBack.CYAN: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN),
+                AnsiBack.WHITE: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY),
+                AnsiBack.RESET: (winterm.back, ),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLACK_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLACK, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTRED_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.RED, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTGREEN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREEN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTYELLOW_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.YELLOW, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTBLUE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.BLUE, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.MAGENTA, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTCYAN_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.CYAN, True),
+                AnsiBack.LIGHTWHITE_EX: (winterm.back, WinColor.GREY, True),
+            }
+        return dict()
+
+    def write(self, text):
+        if self.strip or self.convert:
+            self.write_and_convert(text)
+        else:
+            self.wrapped.write(text)
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+        if self.autoreset:
+            self.reset_all()
+
+
+    def reset_all(self):
+        if self.convert:
+            self.call_win32('m', (0,))
+        elif not self.strip and not self.stream.closed:
+            self.wrapped.write(Style.RESET_ALL)
+
+
+    def write_and_convert(self, text):
+        '''
+        Write the given text to our wrapped stream, stripping any ANSI
+        sequences from the text, and optionally converting them into win32
+        calls.
+        '''
+        cursor = 0
+        text = self.convert_osc(text)
+        for match in self.ANSI_CSI_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, start)
+            self.convert_ansi(*match.groups())
+            cursor = end
+        self.write_plain_text(text, cursor, len(text))
+
+
+    def write_plain_text(self, text, start, end):
+        if start < end:
+            self.wrapped.write(text[start:end])
+            self.wrapped.flush()
+
+
+    def convert_ansi(self, paramstring, command):
+        if self.convert:
+            params = self.extract_params(command, paramstring)
+            self.call_win32(command, params)
+
+
+    def extract_params(self, command, paramstring):
+        if command in 'Hf':
+            params = tuple(int(p) if len(p) != 0 else 1 for p in paramstring.split(';'))
+            while len(params) < 2:
+                # defaults:
+                params = params + (1,)
+        else:
+            params = tuple(int(p) for p in paramstring.split(';') if len(p) != 0)
+            if len(params) == 0:
+                # defaults:
+                if command in 'JKm':
+                    params = (0,)
+                elif command in 'ABCD':
+                    params = (1,)
+
+        return params
+
+
+    def call_win32(self, command, params):
+        if command == 'm':
+            for param in params:
+                if param in self.win32_calls:
+                    func_args = self.win32_calls[param]
+                    func = func_args[0]
+                    args = func_args[1:]
+                    kwargs = dict(on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+                    func(*args, **kwargs)
+        elif command in 'J':
+            winterm.erase_screen(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'K':
+            winterm.erase_line(params[0], on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'Hf':     # cursor position - absolute
+            winterm.set_cursor_position(params, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+        elif command in 'ABCD':   # cursor position - relative
+            n = params[0]
+            # A - up, B - down, C - forward, D - back
+            x, y = {'A': (0, -n), 'B': (0, n), 'C': (n, 0), 'D': (-n, 0)}[command]
+            winterm.cursor_adjust(x, y, on_stderr=self.on_stderr)
+
+
+    def convert_osc(self, text):
+        for match in self.ANSI_OSC_RE.finditer(text):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            text = text[:start] + text[end:]
+            paramstring, command = match.groups()
+            if command == BEL:
+                if paramstring.count(";") == 1:
+                    params = paramstring.split(";")
+                    # 0 - change title and icon (we will only change title)
+                    # 1 - change icon (we don't support this)
+                    # 2 - change title
+                    if params[0] in '02':
+                        winterm.set_title(params[1])
+        return text
+
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self.wrapped.flush()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5fd4b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/initialise.py
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import atexit
+import contextlib
+import sys
+
+from .ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+
+def _wipe_internal_state_for_tests():
+    global orig_stdout, orig_stderr
+    orig_stdout = None
+    orig_stderr = None
+
+    global wrapped_stdout, wrapped_stderr
+    wrapped_stdout = None
+    wrapped_stderr = None
+
+    global atexit_done
+    atexit_done = False
+
+    global fixed_windows_console
+    fixed_windows_console = False
+
+    try:
+        # no-op if it wasn't registered
+        atexit.unregister(reset_all)
+    except AttributeError:
+        # python 2: no atexit.unregister. Oh well, we did our best.
+        pass
+
+
+def reset_all():
+    if AnsiToWin32 is not None:    # Issue #74: objects might become None at exit
+        AnsiToWin32(orig_stdout).reset_all()
+
+
+def init(autoreset=False, convert=None, strip=None, wrap=True):
+
+    if not wrap and any([autoreset, convert, strip]):
+        raise ValueError('wrap=False conflicts with any other arg=True')
+
+    global wrapped_stdout, wrapped_stderr
+    global orig_stdout, orig_stderr
+
+    orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+    orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+
+    if sys.stdout is None:
+        wrapped_stdout = None
+    else:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stdout, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+    if sys.stderr is None:
+        wrapped_stderr = None
+    else:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr = \
+            wrap_stream(orig_stderr, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap)
+
+    global atexit_done
+    if not atexit_done:
+        atexit.register(reset_all)
+        atexit_done = True
+
+
+def deinit():
+    if orig_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+    if orig_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+
+def just_fix_windows_console():
+    global fixed_windows_console
+
+    if sys.platform != "win32":
+        return
+    if fixed_windows_console:
+        return
+    if wrapped_stdout is not None or wrapped_stderr is not None:
+        # Someone already ran init() and it did stuff, so we won't second-guess them
+        return
+
+    # On newer versions of Windows, AnsiToWin32.__init__ will implicitly enable the
+    # native ANSI support in the console as a side-effect. We only need to actually
+    # replace sys.stdout/stderr if we're in the old-style conversion mode.
+    new_stdout = AnsiToWin32(sys.stdout, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False)
+    if new_stdout.convert:
+        sys.stdout = new_stdout
+    new_stderr = AnsiToWin32(sys.stderr, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False)
+    if new_stderr.convert:
+        sys.stderr = new_stderr
+
+    fixed_windows_console = True
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def colorama_text(*args, **kwargs):
+    init(*args, **kwargs)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        deinit()
+
+
+def reinit():
+    if wrapped_stdout is not None:
+        sys.stdout = wrapped_stdout
+    if wrapped_stderr is not None:
+        sys.stderr = wrapped_stderr
+
+
+def wrap_stream(stream, convert, strip, autoreset, wrap):
+    if wrap:
+        wrapper = AnsiToWin32(stream,
+            convert=convert, strip=strip, autoreset=autoreset)
+        if wrapper.should_wrap():
+            stream = wrapper.stream
+    return stream
+
+
+# Use this for initial setup as well, to reduce code duplication
+_wipe_internal_state_for_tests()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c5661e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/__pycache__/winterm_test.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/__pycache__/winterm_test.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/ansi_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/ansi_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a20c80f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/ansi_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main
+
+from ..ansi import Back, Fore, Style
+from ..ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32
+
+stdout_orig = sys.stdout
+stderr_orig = sys.stderr
+
+
+class AnsiTest(TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # sanity check: stdout should be a file or StringIO object.
+        # It will only be AnsiToWin32 if init() has previously wrapped it
+        self.assertNotEqual(type(sys.stdout), AnsiToWin32)
+        self.assertNotEqual(type(sys.stderr), AnsiToWin32)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        sys.stdout = stdout_orig
+        sys.stderr = stderr_orig
+
+
+    def testForeAttributes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.BLACK, '\033[30m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.RED, '\033[31m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.GREEN, '\033[32m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.YELLOW, '\033[33m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.BLUE, '\033[34m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.MAGENTA, '\033[35m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.CYAN, '\033[36m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.WHITE, '\033[37m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.RESET, '\033[39m')
+
+        # Check the light, extended versions.
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTBLACK_EX, '\033[90m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTRED_EX, '\033[91m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX, '\033[92m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX, '\033[93m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX, '\033[94m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX, '\033[95m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX, '\033[96m')
+        self.assertEqual(Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX, '\033[97m')
+
+
+    def testBackAttributes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Back.BLACK, '\033[40m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.RED, '\033[41m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.GREEN, '\033[42m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.YELLOW, '\033[43m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.BLUE, '\033[44m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.MAGENTA, '\033[45m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.CYAN, '\033[46m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.WHITE, '\033[47m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.RESET, '\033[49m')
+
+        # Check the light, extended versions.
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTBLACK_EX, '\033[100m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTRED_EX, '\033[101m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTGREEN_EX, '\033[102m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTYELLOW_EX, '\033[103m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTBLUE_EX, '\033[104m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTMAGENTA_EX, '\033[105m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTCYAN_EX, '\033[106m')
+        self.assertEqual(Back.LIGHTWHITE_EX, '\033[107m')
+
+
+    def testStyleAttributes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Style.DIM, '\033[2m')
+        self.assertEqual(Style.NORMAL, '\033[22m')
+        self.assertEqual(Style.BRIGHT, '\033[1m')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/ansitowin32_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/ansitowin32_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91ca551f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/ansitowin32_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from io import StringIO, TextIOWrapper
+from unittest import TestCase, main
+try:
+    from contextlib import ExitStack
+except ImportError:
+    # python 2
+    from contextlib2 import ExitStack
+
+try:
+    from unittest.mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
+except ImportError:
+    from mock import MagicMock, Mock, patch
+
+from ..ansitowin32 import AnsiToWin32, StreamWrapper
+from ..win32 import ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING
+from .utils import osname
+
+
+class StreamWrapperTest(TestCase):
+
+    def testIsAProxy(self):
+        mockStream = Mock()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(mockStream, None)
+        self.assertTrue( wrapper.random_attr is mockStream.random_attr )
+
+    def testDelegatesWrite(self):
+        mockStream = Mock()
+        mockConverter = Mock()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(mockStream, mockConverter)
+        wrapper.write('hello')
+        self.assertTrue(mockConverter.write.call_args, (('hello',), {}))
+
+    def testDelegatesContext(self):
+        mockConverter = Mock()
+        s = StringIO()
+        with StreamWrapper(s, mockConverter) as fp:
+            fp.write(u'hello')
+        self.assertTrue(s.closed)
+
+    def testProxyNoContextManager(self):
+        mockStream = MagicMock()
+        mockStream.__enter__.side_effect = AttributeError()
+        mockConverter = Mock()
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError) as excinfo:
+            with StreamWrapper(mockStream, mockConverter) as wrapper:
+                wrapper.write('hello')
+
+    def test_closed_shouldnt_raise_on_closed_stream(self):
+        stream = StringIO()
+        stream.close()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(stream, None)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapper.closed, True)
+
+    def test_closed_shouldnt_raise_on_detached_stream(self):
+        stream = TextIOWrapper(StringIO())
+        stream.detach()
+        wrapper = StreamWrapper(stream, None)
+        self.assertEqual(wrapper.closed, True)
+
+class AnsiToWin32Test(TestCase):
+
+    def testInit(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        auto = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout, autoreset=auto)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.wrapped, mockStdout)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.autoreset, auto)
+
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winterm', None)
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test', lambda *_: True)
+    def testStripIsTrueOnWindows(self):
+        with osname('nt'):
+            mockStdout = Mock()
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.strip)
+
+    def testStripIsFalseOffWindows(self):
+        with osname('posix'):
+            mockStdout = Mock(closed=False)
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.strip)
+
+    def testWriteStripsAnsi(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+        stream.wrapped = Mock()
+        stream.write_and_convert = Mock()
+        stream.strip = True
+
+        stream.write('abc')
+
+        self.assertFalse(stream.wrapped.write.called)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.write_and_convert.call_args, (('abc',), {}))
+
+    def testWriteDoesNotStripAnsi(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout)
+        stream.wrapped = Mock()
+        stream.write_and_convert = Mock()
+        stream.strip = False
+        stream.convert = False
+
+        stream.write('abc')
+
+        self.assertFalse(stream.write_and_convert.called)
+        self.assertEqual(stream.wrapped.write.call_args, (('abc',), {}))
+
+    def assert_autoresets(self, convert, autoreset=True):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.convert = convert
+        stream.reset_all = Mock()
+        stream.autoreset = autoreset
+        stream.winterm = Mock()
+
+        stream.write('abc')
+
+        self.assertEqual(stream.reset_all.called, autoreset)
+
+    def testWriteAutoresets(self):
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=True)
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=False)
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=True, autoreset=False)
+        self.assert_autoresets(convert=False, autoreset=False)
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertWritesPlainText(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.write_and_convert( 'abc' )
+        self.assertEqual( stream.wrapped.write.call_args, (('abc',), {}) )
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertStripsAllValidAnsi(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.call_win32 = Mock()
+        data = [
+            'abc\033[mdef',
+            'abc\033[0mdef',
+            'abc\033[2mdef',
+            'abc\033[02mdef',
+            'abc\033[002mdef',
+            'abc\033[40mdef',
+            'abc\033[040mdef',
+            'abc\033[0;1mdef',
+            'abc\033[40;50mdef',
+            'abc\033[50;30;40mdef',
+            'abc\033[Adef',
+            'abc\033[0Gdef',
+            'abc\033[1;20;128Hdef',
+        ]
+        for datum in data:
+            stream.wrapped.write.reset_mock()
+            stream.write_and_convert( datum )
+            self.assertEqual(
+               [args[0] for args in stream.wrapped.write.call_args_list],
+               [ ('abc',), ('def',) ]
+            )
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertSkipsEmptySnippets(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.call_win32 = Mock()
+        stream.write_and_convert( '\033[40m\033[41m' )
+        self.assertFalse( stream.wrapped.write.called )
+
+    def testWriteAndConvertCallsWin32WithParamsAndCommand(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        stream.convert = True
+        stream.call_win32 = Mock()
+        stream.extract_params = Mock(return_value='params')
+        data = {
+            'abc\033[adef':         ('a', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[;;bdef':       ('b', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[0cdef':        ('c', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[;;0;;Gdef':    ('G', 'params'),
+            'abc\033[1;20;128Hdef': ('H', 'params'),
+        }
+        for datum, expected in data.items():
+            stream.call_win32.reset_mock()
+            stream.write_and_convert( datum )
+            self.assertEqual( stream.call_win32.call_args[0], expected )
+
+    def test_reset_all_shouldnt_raise_on_closed_orig_stdout(self):
+        stream = StringIO()
+        converter = AnsiToWin32(stream)
+        stream.close()
+
+        converter.reset_all()
+
+    def test_wrap_shouldnt_raise_on_closed_orig_stdout(self):
+        stream = StringIO()
+        stream.close()
+        with \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.os.name", "nt"), \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True):
+                converter = AnsiToWin32(stream)
+        self.assertTrue(converter.strip)
+        self.assertFalse(converter.convert)
+
+    def test_wrap_shouldnt_raise_on_missing_closed_attr(self):
+        with \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.os.name", "nt"), \
+            patch("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True):
+                converter = AnsiToWin32(object())
+        self.assertTrue(converter.strip)
+        self.assertFalse(converter.convert)
+
+    def testExtractParams(self):
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(Mock())
+        data = {
+            '':               (0,),
+            ';;':             (0,),
+            '2':              (2,),
+            ';;002;;':        (2,),
+            '0;1':            (0, 1),
+            ';;003;;456;;':   (3, 456),
+            '11;22;33;44;55': (11, 22, 33, 44, 55),
+        }
+        for datum, expected in data.items():
+            self.assertEqual(stream.extract_params('m', datum), expected)
+
+    def testCallWin32UsesLookup(self):
+        listener = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(listener)
+        stream.win32_calls = {
+            1: (lambda *_, **__: listener(11),),
+            2: (lambda *_, **__: listener(22),),
+            3: (lambda *_, **__: listener(33),),
+        }
+        stream.call_win32('m', (3, 1, 99, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [a[0][0] for a in listener.call_args_list],
+            [33, 11, 22] )
+
+    def test_osc_codes(self):
+        mockStdout = Mock()
+        stream = AnsiToWin32(mockStdout, convert=True)
+        with patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winterm') as winterm:
+            data = [
+                '\033]0\x07',                      # missing arguments
+                '\033]0;foo\x08',                  # wrong OSC command
+                '\033]0;colorama_test_title\x07',  # should work
+                '\033]1;colorama_test_title\x07',  # wrong set command
+                '\033]2;colorama_test_title\x07',  # should work
+                '\033]' + ';' * 64 + '\x08',       # see issue #247
+            ]
+            for code in data:
+                stream.write(code)
+            self.assertEqual(winterm.set_title.call_count, 2)
+
+    def test_native_windows_ansi(self):
+        with ExitStack() as stack:
+            def p(a, b):
+                stack.enter_context(patch(a, b, create=True))
+            # Pretend to be on Windows
+            p("colorama.ansitowin32.os.name", "nt")
+            p("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True)
+            p("colorama.win32.winapi_test", lambda: True)
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.windll", "non-None")
+            p("colorama.winterm.get_osfhandle", lambda _: 1234)
+
+            # Pretend that our mock stream has native ANSI support
+            p(
+                "colorama.winterm.win32.GetConsoleMode",
+                lambda _: ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING,
+            )
+            SetConsoleMode = Mock()
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.SetConsoleMode", SetConsoleMode)
+
+            stdout = Mock()
+            stdout.closed = False
+            stdout.isatty.return_value = True
+            stdout.fileno.return_value = 1
+
+            # Our fake console says it has native vt support, so AnsiToWin32 should
+            # enable that support and do nothing else.
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(stdout)
+            SetConsoleMode.assert_called_with(1234, ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.strip)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.convert)
+            self.assertFalse(stream.should_wrap())
+
+            # Now let's pretend we're on an old Windows console, that doesn't have
+            # native ANSI support.
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.GetConsoleMode", lambda _: 0)
+            SetConsoleMode = Mock()
+            p("colorama.winterm.win32.SetConsoleMode", SetConsoleMode)
+
+            stream = AnsiToWin32(stdout)
+            SetConsoleMode.assert_called_with(1234, ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.strip)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.convert)
+            self.assertTrue(stream.should_wrap())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/initialise_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/initialise_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89f9b075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/initialise_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main, skipUnless
+
+try:
+    from unittest.mock import patch, Mock
+except ImportError:
+    from mock import patch, Mock
+
+from ..ansitowin32 import StreamWrapper
+from ..initialise import init, just_fix_windows_console, _wipe_internal_state_for_tests
+from .utils import osname, replace_by
+
+orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+
+
+class InitTest(TestCase):
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.stdout.isatty(), "sys.stdout is not a tty")
+    def setUp(self):
+        # sanity check
+        self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        _wipe_internal_state_for_tests()
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+    def assertWrapped(self):
+        self.assertIsNot(sys.stdout, orig_stdout, 'stdout should be wrapped')
+        self.assertIsNot(sys.stderr, orig_stderr, 'stderr should be wrapped')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(sys.stdout, StreamWrapper),
+            'bad stdout wrapper')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(sys.stderr, StreamWrapper),
+            'bad stderr wrapper')
+
+    def assertNotWrapped(self):
+        self.assertIs(sys.stdout, orig_stdout, 'stdout should not be wrapped')
+        self.assertIs(sys.stderr, orig_stderr, 'stderr should not be wrapped')
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.reset_all')
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test', lambda *_: True)
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.enable_vt_processing', lambda *_: False)
+    def testInitWrapsOnWindows(self, _):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init()
+            self.assertWrapped()
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.reset_all')
+    @patch('colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test', lambda *_: False)
+    def testInitDoesntWrapOnEmulatedWindows(self, _):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init()
+            self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def testInitDoesntWrapOnNonWindows(self):
+        with osname("posix"):
+            init()
+            self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def testInitDoesntWrapIfNone(self):
+        with replace_by(None):
+            init()
+            # We can't use assertNotWrapped here because replace_by(None)
+            # changes stdout/stderr already.
+            self.assertIsNone(sys.stdout)
+            self.assertIsNone(sys.stderr)
+
+    def testInitAutoresetOnWrapsOnAllPlatforms(self):
+        with osname("posix"):
+            init(autoreset=True)
+            self.assertWrapped()
+
+    def testInitWrapOffDoesntWrapOnWindows(self):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init(wrap=False)
+            self.assertNotWrapped()
+
+    def testInitWrapOffIncompatibleWithAutoresetOn(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: init(autoreset=True, wrap=False))
+
+    @patch('colorama.win32.SetConsoleTextAttribute')
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.AnsiToWin32')
+    def testAutoResetPassedOn(self, mockATW32, _):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init(autoreset=True)
+            self.assertEqual(len(mockATW32.call_args_list), 2)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[1][1]['autoreset'], True)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[0][1]['autoreset'], True)
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.AnsiToWin32')
+    def testAutoResetChangeable(self, mockATW32):
+        with osname("nt"):
+            init()
+
+            init(autoreset=True)
+            self.assertEqual(len(mockATW32.call_args_list), 4)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[2][1]['autoreset'], True)
+            self.assertEqual(mockATW32.call_args_list[3][1]['autoreset'], True)
+
+            init()
+            self.assertEqual(len(mockATW32.call_args_list), 6)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mockATW32.call_args_list[4][1]['autoreset'], False)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                mockATW32.call_args_list[5][1]['autoreset'], False)
+
+
+    @patch('colorama.initialise.atexit.register')
+    def testAtexitRegisteredOnlyOnce(self, mockRegister):
+        init()
+        self.assertTrue(mockRegister.called)
+        mockRegister.reset_mock()
+        init()
+        self.assertFalse(mockRegister.called)
+
+
+class JustFixWindowsConsoleTest(TestCase):
+    def _reset(self):
+        _wipe_internal_state_for_tests()
+        sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+        sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self._reset()
+
+    @patch("colorama.ansitowin32.winapi_test", lambda: True)
+    def testJustFixWindowsConsole(self):
+        if sys.platform != "win32":
+            # just_fix_windows_console should be a no-op
+            just_fix_windows_console()
+            self.assertIs(sys.stdout, orig_stdout)
+            self.assertIs(sys.stderr, orig_stderr)
+        else:
+            def fake_std():
+                # Emulate stdout=not a tty, stderr=tty
+                # to check that we handle both cases correctly
+                stdout = Mock()
+                stdout.closed = False
+                stdout.isatty.return_value = False
+                stdout.fileno.return_value = 1
+                sys.stdout = stdout
+
+                stderr = Mock()
+                stderr.closed = False
+                stderr.isatty.return_value = True
+                stderr.fileno.return_value = 2
+                sys.stderr = stderr
+
+            for native_ansi in [False, True]:
+                with patch(
+                    'colorama.ansitowin32.enable_vt_processing',
+                    lambda *_: native_ansi
+                ):
+                    self._reset()
+                    fake_std()
+
+                    # Regular single-call test
+                    prev_stdout = sys.stdout
+                    prev_stderr = sys.stderr
+                    just_fix_windows_console()
+                    self.assertIs(sys.stdout, prev_stdout)
+                    if native_ansi:
+                        self.assertIs(sys.stderr, prev_stderr)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertIsNot(sys.stderr, prev_stderr)
+
+                    # second call without resetting is always a no-op
+                    prev_stdout = sys.stdout
+                    prev_stderr = sys.stderr
+                    just_fix_windows_console()
+                    self.assertIs(sys.stdout, prev_stdout)
+                    self.assertIs(sys.stderr, prev_stderr)
+
+                    self._reset()
+                    fake_std()
+
+                    # If init() runs first, just_fix_windows_console should be a no-op
+                    init()
+                    prev_stdout = sys.stdout
+                    prev_stderr = sys.stderr
+                    just_fix_windows_console()
+                    self.assertIs(prev_stdout, sys.stdout)
+                    self.assertIs(prev_stderr, sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/isatty_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/isatty_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f84e4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/isatty_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main
+
+from ..ansitowin32 import StreamWrapper, AnsiToWin32
+from .utils import pycharm, replace_by, replace_original_by, StreamTTY, StreamNonTTY
+
+
+def is_a_tty(stream):
+    return StreamWrapper(stream, None).isatty()
+
+class IsattyTest(TestCase):
+
+    def test_TTY(self):
+        tty = StreamTTY()
+        self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(tty))
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(tty))
+
+    def test_nonTTY(self):
+        non_tty = StreamNonTTY()
+        self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(non_tty))
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(non_tty))
+
+    def test_withPycharm(self):
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(sys.stderr))
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(sys.stdout))
+
+    def test_withPycharmTTYOverride(self):
+        tty = StreamTTY()
+        with pycharm(), replace_by(tty):
+            self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(tty))
+
+    def test_withPycharmNonTTYOverride(self):
+        non_tty = StreamNonTTY()
+        with pycharm(), replace_by(non_tty):
+            self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(non_tty))
+
+    def test_withPycharmNoneOverride(self):
+        with pycharm():
+            with replace_by(None), replace_original_by(None):
+                self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(None))
+                self.assertFalse(is_a_tty(StreamNonTTY()))
+                self.assertTrue(is_a_tty(StreamTTY()))
+
+    def test_withPycharmStreamWrapped(self):
+        with pycharm():
+            self.assertTrue(AnsiToWin32(StreamTTY()).stream.isatty())
+            self.assertFalse(AnsiToWin32(StreamNonTTY()).stream.isatty())
+            self.assertTrue(AnsiToWin32(sys.stdout).stream.isatty())
+            self.assertTrue(AnsiToWin32(sys.stderr).stream.isatty())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..472fafb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from io import StringIO
+import sys
+import os
+
+
+class StreamTTY(StringIO):
+    def isatty(self):
+        return True
+
+class StreamNonTTY(StringIO):
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+@contextmanager
+def osname(name):
+    orig = os.name
+    os.name = name
+    yield
+    os.name = orig
+
+@contextmanager
+def replace_by(stream):
+    orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+    orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+    sys.stdout = stream
+    sys.stderr = stream
+    yield
+    sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+    sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+@contextmanager
+def replace_original_by(stream):
+    orig_stdout = sys.__stdout__
+    orig_stderr = sys.__stderr__
+    sys.__stdout__ = stream
+    sys.__stderr__ = stream
+    yield
+    sys.__stdout__ = orig_stdout
+    sys.__stderr__ = orig_stderr
+
+@contextmanager
+def pycharm():
+    os.environ["PYCHARM_HOSTED"] = "1"
+    non_tty = StreamNonTTY()
+    with replace_by(non_tty), replace_original_by(non_tty):
+        yield
+    del os.environ["PYCHARM_HOSTED"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/winterm_test.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/winterm_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0955f9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/tests/winterm_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+import sys
+from unittest import TestCase, main, skipUnless
+
+try:
+    from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+except ImportError:
+    from mock import Mock, patch
+
+from ..winterm import WinColor, WinStyle, WinTerm
+
+
+class WinTermTest(TestCase):
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testInit(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 7 + 6 * 16 + 8
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+        self.assertEqual(term._fore, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(term._back, 6)
+        self.assertEqual(term._style, 8)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testGetAttrs(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+
+        term._fore = 0
+        term._back = 0
+        term._style = 0
+        self.assertEqual(term.get_attrs(), 0)
+
+        term._fore = WinColor.YELLOW
+        self.assertEqual(term.get_attrs(), WinColor.YELLOW)
+
+        term._back = WinColor.MAGENTA
+        self.assertEqual(
+            term.get_attrs(),
+            WinColor.YELLOW + WinColor.MAGENTA * 16)
+
+        term._style = WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        self.assertEqual(
+            term.get_attrs(),
+            WinColor.YELLOW + WinColor.MAGENTA * 16 + WinStyle.BRIGHT)
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testResetAll(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 1 + 2 * 16 + 8
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._fore = -1
+        term._back = -1
+        term._style = -1
+
+        term.reset_all()
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._fore, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(term._back, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(term._style, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testFore(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._fore = 0
+
+        term.fore(5)
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._fore, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testBack(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._back = 0
+
+        term.back(5)
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._back, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
+    def testStyle(self):
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.set_console = Mock()
+        term._style = 0
+
+        term.style(22)
+
+        self.assertEqual(term._style, 22)
+        self.assertEqual(term.set_console.called, True)
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testSetConsole(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 0
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.windll = Mock()
+
+        term.set_console()
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mockWin32.SetConsoleTextAttribute.call_args,
+            ((mockWin32.STDOUT, term.get_attrs()), {})
+        )
+
+    @patch('colorama.winterm.win32')
+    def testSetConsoleOnStderr(self, mockWin32):
+        mockAttr = Mock()
+        mockAttr.wAttributes = 0
+        mockWin32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.return_value = mockAttr
+        term = WinTerm()
+        term.windll = Mock()
+
+        term.set_console(on_stderr=True)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            mockWin32.SetConsoleTextAttribute.call_args,
+            ((mockWin32.STDERR, term.get_attrs()), {})
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..841b0e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/win32.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+
+# from winbase.h
+STDOUT = -11
+STDERR = -12
+
+ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 0x0004
+
+try:
+    import ctypes
+    from ctypes import LibraryLoader
+    windll = LibraryLoader(ctypes.WinDLL)
+    from ctypes import wintypes
+except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+    windll = None
+    SetConsoleTextAttribute = lambda *_: None
+    winapi_test = lambda *_: None
+else:
+    from ctypes import byref, Structure, c_char, POINTER
+
+    COORD = wintypes._COORD
+
+    class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
+        """struct in wincon.h."""
+        _fields_ = [
+            ("dwSize", COORD),
+            ("dwCursorPosition", COORD),
+            ("wAttributes", wintypes.WORD),
+            ("srWindow", wintypes.SMALL_RECT),
+            ("dwMaximumWindowSize", COORD),
+        ]
+        def __str__(self):
+            return '(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)' % (
+                self.dwSize.Y, self.dwSize.X
+                , self.dwCursorPosition.Y, self.dwCursorPosition.X
+                , self.wAttributes
+                , self.srWindow.Top, self.srWindow.Left, self.srWindow.Bottom, self.srWindow.Right
+                , self.dwMaximumWindowSize.Y, self.dwMaximumWindowSize.X
+            )
+
+    _GetStdHandle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle
+    _GetStdHandle.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+    ]
+    _GetStdHandle.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        POINTER(CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO),
+    ]
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTextAttribute
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTextAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorPosition
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        COORD,
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleCursorPosition.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputCharacterA
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        c_char,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.WORD,
+        wintypes.DWORD,
+        COORD,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+    ]
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleTitleW = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleW
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.LPCWSTR
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleTitleW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _GetConsoleMode = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleMode
+    _GetConsoleMode.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        POINTER(wintypes.DWORD)
+    ]
+    _GetConsoleMode.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    _SetConsoleMode = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleMode
+    _SetConsoleMode.argtypes = [
+        wintypes.HANDLE,
+        wintypes.DWORD
+    ]
+    _SetConsoleMode.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+    def _winapi_test(handle):
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return bool(success)
+
+    def winapi_test():
+        return any(_winapi_test(h) for h in
+                   (_GetStdHandle(STDOUT), _GetStdHandle(STDERR)))
+
+    def GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(stream_id=STDOUT):
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        csbi = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        success = _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+            handle, byref(csbi))
+        return csbi
+
+    def SetConsoleTextAttribute(stream_id, attrs):
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        return _SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def SetConsoleCursorPosition(stream_id, position, adjust=True):
+        position = COORD(*position)
+        # If the position is out of range, do nothing.
+        if position.Y <= 0 or position.X <= 0:
+            return
+        # Adjust for Windows' SetConsoleCursorPosition:
+        #    1. being 0-based, while ANSI is 1-based.
+        #    2. expecting (x,y), while ANSI uses (y,x).
+        adjusted_position = COORD(position.Y - 1, position.X - 1)
+        if adjust:
+            # Adjust for viewport's scroll position
+            sr = GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(STDOUT).srWindow
+            adjusted_position.Y += sr.Top
+            adjusted_position.X += sr.Left
+        # Resume normal processing
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        return _SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position)
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputCharacter(stream_id, char, length, start):
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        char = c_char(char.encode())
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        success = _FillConsoleOutputCharacterA(
+            handle, char, length, start, byref(num_written))
+        return num_written.value
+
+    def FillConsoleOutputAttribute(stream_id, attr, length, start):
+        ''' FillConsoleOutputAttribute( hConsole, csbi.wAttributes, dwConSize, coordScreen, &cCharsWritten )'''
+        handle = _GetStdHandle(stream_id)
+        attribute = wintypes.WORD(attr)
+        length = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+        num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+        # Note that this is hard-coded for ANSI (vs wide) bytes.
+        return _FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+            handle, attribute, length, start, byref(num_written))
+
+    def SetConsoleTitle(title):
+        return _SetConsoleTitleW(title)
+
+    def GetConsoleMode(handle):
+        mode = wintypes.DWORD()
+        success = _GetConsoleMode(handle, byref(mode))
+        if not success:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
+        return mode.value
+
+    def SetConsoleMode(handle, mode):
+        success = _SetConsoleMode(handle, mode)
+        if not success:
+            raise ctypes.WinError()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aad867e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/colorama/winterm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# Copyright Jonathan Hartley 2013. BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE file.
+try:
+    from msvcrt import get_osfhandle
+except ImportError:
+    def get_osfhandle(_):
+        raise OSError("This isn't windows!")
+
+
+from . import win32
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinColor(object):
+    BLACK   = 0
+    BLUE    = 1
+    GREEN   = 2
+    CYAN    = 3
+    RED     = 4
+    MAGENTA = 5
+    YELLOW  = 6
+    GREY    = 7
+
+# from wincon.h
+class WinStyle(object):
+    NORMAL              = 0x00 # dim text, dim background
+    BRIGHT              = 0x08 # bright text, dim background
+    BRIGHT_BACKGROUND   = 0x80 # dim text, bright background
+
+class WinTerm(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._default = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(win32.STDOUT).wAttributes
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self._default_fore = self._fore
+        self._default_back = self._back
+        self._default_style = self._style
+        # In order to emulate LIGHT_EX in windows, we borrow the BRIGHT style.
+        # So that LIGHT_EX colors and BRIGHT style do not clobber each other,
+        # we track them separately, since LIGHT_EX is overwritten by Fore/Back
+        # and BRIGHT is overwritten by Style codes.
+        self._light = 0
+
+    def get_attrs(self):
+        return self._fore + self._back * 16 + (self._style | self._light)
+
+    def set_attrs(self, value):
+        self._fore = value & 7
+        self._back = (value >> 4) & 7
+        self._style = value & (WinStyle.BRIGHT | WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND)
+
+    def reset_all(self, on_stderr=None):
+        self.set_attrs(self._default)
+        self.set_console(attrs=self._default)
+        self._light = 0
+
+    def fore(self, fore=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if fore is None:
+            fore = self._default_fore
+        self._fore = fore
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def back(self, back=None, light=False, on_stderr=False):
+        if back is None:
+            back = self._default_back
+        self._back = back
+        # Emulate LIGHT_EX with BRIGHT_BACKGROUND Style
+        if light:
+            self._light |= WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        else:
+            self._light &= ~WinStyle.BRIGHT_BACKGROUND
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def style(self, style=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if style is None:
+            style = self._default_style
+        self._style = style
+        self.set_console(on_stderr=on_stderr)
+
+    def set_console(self, attrs=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if attrs is None:
+            attrs = self.get_attrs()
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleTextAttribute(handle, attrs)
+
+    def get_position(self, handle):
+        position = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle).dwCursorPosition
+        # Because Windows coordinates are 0-based,
+        # and win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition expects 1-based.
+        position.X += 1
+        position.Y += 1
+        return position
+
+    def set_cursor_position(self, position=None, on_stderr=False):
+        if position is None:
+            # I'm not currently tracking the position, so there is no default.
+            # position = self.get_position()
+            return
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, position)
+
+    def cursor_adjust(self, x, y, on_stderr=False):
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        position = self.get_position(handle)
+        adjusted_position = (position.Y + y, position.X + x)
+        win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, adjusted_position, adjust=False)
+
+    def erase_screen(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the screen.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the screen.
+        # 2 should clear the entire screen, and move cursor to (1,1)
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        # get the number of character cells in the current buffer
+        cells_in_screen = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwSize.Y
+        # get number of character cells before current cursor position
+        cells_before_cursor = csbi.dwSize.X * csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y + csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen - cells_before_cursor
+        elif mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_before_cursor
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, 0)
+            cells_to_erase = cells_in_screen
+        else:
+            # invalid mode
+            return
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        if mode == 2:
+            # put the cursor where needed
+            win32.SetConsoleCursorPosition(handle, (1, 1))
+
+    def erase_line(self, mode=0, on_stderr=False):
+        # 0 should clear from the cursor to the end of the line.
+        # 1 should clear from the cursor to the beginning of the line.
+        # 2 should clear the entire line.
+        handle = win32.STDOUT
+        if on_stderr:
+            handle = win32.STDERR
+        csbi = win32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle)
+        if mode == 0:
+            from_coord = csbi.dwCursorPosition
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X - csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        elif mode == 1:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwCursorPosition.X
+        elif mode == 2:
+            from_coord = win32.COORD(0, csbi.dwCursorPosition.Y)
+            cells_to_erase = csbi.dwSize.X
+        else:
+            # invalid mode
+            return
+        # fill the entire screen with blanks
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputCharacter(handle, ' ', cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+        # now set the buffer's attributes accordingly
+        win32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute(handle, self.get_attrs(), cells_to_erase, from_coord)
+
+    def set_title(self, title):
+        win32.SetConsoleTitle(title)
+
+
+def enable_vt_processing(fd):
+    if win32.windll is None or not win32.winapi_test():
+        return False
+
+    try:
+        handle = get_osfhandle(fd)
+        mode = win32.GetConsoleMode(handle)
+        win32.SetConsoleMode(
+            handle,
+            mode | win32.ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING,
+        )
+
+        mode = win32.GetConsoleMode(handle)
+        if mode & win32.ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING:
+            return True
+    # Can get TypeError in testsuite where 'fd' is a Mock()
+    except (OSError, TypeError):
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e999438f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2023 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import logging
+
+__version__ = '0.3.8'
+
+
+class DistlibException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+try:
+    from logging import NullHandler
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    class NullHandler(logging.Handler):
+
+        def handle(self, record):
+            pass
+
+        def emit(self, record):
+            pass
+
+        def createLock(self):
+            self.lock = None
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger.addHandler(NullHandler())
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/__pycache__/wheel.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e93dc27a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1138 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2017 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import os
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    ssl = None
+
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:  # pragma: no cover
+    from StringIO import StringIO
+    string_types = basestring,
+    text_type = unicode
+    from types import FileType as file_type
+    import __builtin__ as builtins
+    import ConfigParser as configparser
+    from urlparse import urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, urlsplit, urlunsplit
+    from urllib import (urlretrieve, quote as _quote, unquote, url2pathname,
+                        pathname2url, ContentTooShortError, splittype)
+
+    def quote(s):
+        if isinstance(s, unicode):
+            s = s.encode('utf-8')
+        return _quote(s)
+
+    import urllib2
+    from urllib2 import (Request, urlopen, URLError, HTTPError,
+                         HTTPBasicAuthHandler, HTTPPasswordMgr, HTTPHandler,
+                         HTTPRedirectHandler, build_opener)
+    if ssl:
+        from urllib2 import HTTPSHandler
+    import httplib
+    import xmlrpclib
+    import Queue as queue
+    from HTMLParser import HTMLParser
+    import htmlentitydefs
+    raw_input = raw_input
+    from itertools import ifilter as filter
+    from itertools import ifilterfalse as filterfalse
+
+    # Leaving this around for now, in case it needs resurrecting in some way
+    # _userprog = None
+    # def splituser(host):
+    # """splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'."""
+    # global _userprog
+    # if _userprog is None:
+    # import re
+    # _userprog = re.compile('^(.*)@(.*)$')
+
+    # match = _userprog.match(host)
+    # if match: return match.group(1, 2)
+    # return None, host
+
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from io import StringIO
+    string_types = str,
+    text_type = str
+    from io import TextIOWrapper as file_type
+    import builtins
+    import configparser
+    from urllib.parse import (urlparse, urlunparse, urljoin, quote, unquote,
+                              urlsplit, urlunsplit, splittype)
+    from urllib.request import (urlopen, urlretrieve, Request, url2pathname,
+                                pathname2url, HTTPBasicAuthHandler,
+                                HTTPPasswordMgr, HTTPHandler,
+                                HTTPRedirectHandler, build_opener)
+    if ssl:
+        from urllib.request import HTTPSHandler
+    from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError, ContentTooShortError
+    import http.client as httplib
+    import urllib.request as urllib2
+    import xmlrpc.client as xmlrpclib
+    import queue
+    from html.parser import HTMLParser
+    import html.entities as htmlentitydefs
+    raw_input = input
+    from itertools import filterfalse
+    filter = filter
+
+try:
+    from ssl import match_hostname, CertificateError
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    class CertificateError(ValueError):
+        pass
+
+    def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+        """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+        http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+        """
+        pats = []
+        if not dn:
+            return False
+
+        parts = dn.split('.')
+        leftmost, remainder = parts[0], parts[1:]
+
+        wildcards = leftmost.count('*')
+        if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+            # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+            # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+            # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+            # reasonable choice.
+            raise CertificateError(
+                "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn))
+
+        # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+        if not wildcards:
+            return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+        # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+        if leftmost == '*':
+            # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+            # fragment.
+            pats.append('[^.]+')
+        elif leftmost.startswith('xn--') or hostname.startswith('xn--'):
+            # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+            # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+            # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+            # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+        else:
+            # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+            pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r'\*', '[^.]*'))
+
+        # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+        for frag in remainder:
+            pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+        pat = re.compile(r'\A' + r'\.'.join(pats) + r'\Z', re.IGNORECASE)
+        return pat.match(hostname)
+
+    def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+        """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+        SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+        rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+        CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+        returns nothing.
+        """
+        if not cert:
+            raise ValueError("empty or no certificate, match_hostname needs a "
+                             "SSL socket or SSL context with either "
+                             "CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED")
+        dnsnames = []
+        san = cert.get('subjectAltName', ())
+        for key, value in san:
+            if key == 'DNS':
+                if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                    return
+                dnsnames.append(value)
+        if not dnsnames:
+            # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+            # in subjectAltName
+            for sub in cert.get('subject', ()):
+                for key, value in sub:
+                    # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                    # must be used.
+                    if key == 'commonName':
+                        if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                            return
+                        dnsnames.append(value)
+        if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                                   "doesn't match either of %s" %
+                                   (hostname, ', '.join(map(repr, dnsnames))))
+        elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+            raise CertificateError("hostname %r "
+                                   "doesn't match %r" %
+                                   (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+        else:
+            raise CertificateError("no appropriate commonName or "
+                                   "subjectAltName fields were found")
+
+
+try:
+    from types import SimpleNamespace as Container
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    class Container(object):
+        """
+        A generic container for when multiple values need to be returned
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+            self.__dict__.update(kwargs)
+
+
+try:
+    from shutil import which
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Implementation from Python 3.3
+    def which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None):
+        """Given a command, mode, and a PATH string, return the path which
+        conforms to the given mode on the PATH, or None if there is no such
+        file.
+
+        `mode` defaults to os.F_OK | os.X_OK. `path` defaults to the result
+        of os.environ.get("PATH"), or can be overridden with a custom search
+        path.
+
+        """
+
+        # Check that a given file can be accessed with the correct mode.
+        # Additionally check that `file` is not a directory, as on Windows
+        # directories pass the os.access check.
+        def _access_check(fn, mode):
+            return (os.path.exists(fn) and os.access(fn, mode)
+                    and not os.path.isdir(fn))
+
+        # If we're given a path with a directory part, look it up directly rather
+        # than referring to PATH directories. This includes checking relative to the
+        # current directory, e.g. ./script
+        if os.path.dirname(cmd):
+            if _access_check(cmd, mode):
+                return cmd
+            return None
+
+        if path is None:
+            path = os.environ.get("PATH", os.defpath)
+        if not path:
+            return None
+        path = path.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            # The current directory takes precedence on Windows.
+            if os.curdir not in path:
+                path.insert(0, os.curdir)
+
+            # PATHEXT is necessary to check on Windows.
+            pathext = os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep)
+            # See if the given file matches any of the expected path extensions.
+            # This will allow us to short circuit when given "python.exe".
+            # If it does match, only test that one, otherwise we have to try
+            # others.
+            if any(cmd.lower().endswith(ext.lower()) for ext in pathext):
+                files = [cmd]
+            else:
+                files = [cmd + ext for ext in pathext]
+        else:
+            # On other platforms you don't have things like PATHEXT to tell you
+            # what file suffixes are executable, so just pass on cmd as-is.
+            files = [cmd]
+
+        seen = set()
+        for dir in path:
+            normdir = os.path.normcase(dir)
+            if normdir not in seen:
+                seen.add(normdir)
+                for thefile in files:
+                    name = os.path.join(dir, thefile)
+                    if _access_check(name, mode):
+                        return name
+        return None
+
+
+# ZipFile is a context manager in 2.7, but not in 2.6
+
+from zipfile import ZipFile as BaseZipFile
+
+if hasattr(BaseZipFile, '__enter__'):  # pragma: no cover
+    ZipFile = BaseZipFile
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from zipfile import ZipExtFile as BaseZipExtFile
+
+    class ZipExtFile(BaseZipExtFile):
+
+        def __init__(self, base):
+            self.__dict__.update(base.__dict__)
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+            self.close()
+            # return None, so if an exception occurred, it will propagate
+
+    class ZipFile(BaseZipFile):
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+            self.close()
+            # return None, so if an exception occurred, it will propagate
+
+        def open(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            base = BaseZipFile.open(self, *args, **kwargs)
+            return ZipExtFile(base)
+
+
+try:
+    from platform import python_implementation
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def python_implementation():
+        """Return a string identifying the Python implementation."""
+        if 'PyPy' in sys.version:
+            return 'PyPy'
+        if os.name == 'java':
+            return 'Jython'
+        if sys.version.startswith('IronPython'):
+            return 'IronPython'
+        return 'CPython'
+
+
+import sysconfig
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:  # pragma: no cover
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, Callable)
+
+
+try:
+    fsencode = os.fsencode
+    fsdecode = os.fsdecode
+except AttributeError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Issue #99: on some systems (e.g. containerised),
+    # sys.getfilesystemencoding() returns None, and we need a real value,
+    # so fall back to utf-8. From the CPython 2.7 docs relating to Unix and
+    # sys.getfilesystemencoding(): the return value is "the user’s preference
+    # according to the result of nl_langinfo(CODESET), or None if the
+    # nl_langinfo(CODESET) failed."
+    _fsencoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or 'utf-8'
+    if _fsencoding == 'mbcs':
+        _fserrors = 'strict'
+    else:
+        _fserrors = 'surrogateescape'
+
+    def fsencode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, text_type):
+            return filename.encode(_fsencoding, _fserrors)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
+
+    def fsdecode(filename):
+        if isinstance(filename, text_type):
+            return filename
+        elif isinstance(filename, bytes):
+            return filename.decode(_fsencoding, _fserrors)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("expect bytes or str, not %s" %
+                            type(filename).__name__)
+
+
+try:
+    from tokenize import detect_encoding
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    from codecs import BOM_UTF8, lookup
+
+    cookie_re = re.compile(r"coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)")
+
+    def _get_normal_name(orig_enc):
+        """Imitates get_normal_name in tokenizer.c."""
+        # Only care about the first 12 characters.
+        enc = orig_enc[:12].lower().replace("_", "-")
+        if enc == "utf-8" or enc.startswith("utf-8-"):
+            return "utf-8"
+        if enc in ("latin-1", "iso-8859-1", "iso-latin-1") or \
+           enc.startswith(("latin-1-", "iso-8859-1-", "iso-latin-1-")):
+            return "iso-8859-1"
+        return orig_enc
+
+    def detect_encoding(readline):
+        """
+        The detect_encoding() function is used to detect the encoding that should
+        be used to decode a Python source file.  It requires one argument, readline,
+        in the same way as the tokenize() generator.
+
+        It will call readline a maximum of twice, and return the encoding used
+        (as a string) and a list of any lines (left as bytes) it has read in.
+
+        It detects the encoding from the presence of a utf-8 bom or an encoding
+        cookie as specified in pep-0263.  If both a bom and a cookie are present,
+        but disagree, a SyntaxError will be raised.  If the encoding cookie is an
+        invalid charset, raise a SyntaxError.  Note that if a utf-8 bom is found,
+        'utf-8-sig' is returned.
+
+        If no encoding is specified, then the default of 'utf-8' will be returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            filename = readline.__self__.name
+        except AttributeError:
+            filename = None
+        bom_found = False
+        encoding = None
+        default = 'utf-8'
+
+        def read_or_stop():
+            try:
+                return readline()
+            except StopIteration:
+                return b''
+
+        def find_cookie(line):
+            try:
+                # Decode as UTF-8. Either the line is an encoding declaration,
+                # in which case it should be pure ASCII, or it must be UTF-8
+                # per default encoding.
+                line_string = line.decode('utf-8')
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                msg = "invalid or missing encoding declaration"
+                if filename is not None:
+                    msg = '{} for {!r}'.format(msg, filename)
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+            matches = cookie_re.findall(line_string)
+            if not matches:
+                return None
+            encoding = _get_normal_name(matches[0])
+            try:
+                codec = lookup(encoding)
+            except LookupError:
+                # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+                if filename is None:
+                    msg = "unknown encoding: " + encoding
+                else:
+                    msg = "unknown encoding for {!r}: {}".format(
+                        filename, encoding)
+                raise SyntaxError(msg)
+
+            if bom_found:
+                if codec.name != 'utf-8':
+                    # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+                    if filename is None:
+                        msg = 'encoding problem: utf-8'
+                    else:
+                        msg = 'encoding problem for {!r}: utf-8'.format(
+                            filename)
+                    raise SyntaxError(msg)
+                encoding += '-sig'
+            return encoding
+
+        first = read_or_stop()
+        if first.startswith(BOM_UTF8):
+            bom_found = True
+            first = first[3:]
+            default = 'utf-8-sig'
+        if not first:
+            return default, []
+
+        encoding = find_cookie(first)
+        if encoding:
+            return encoding, [first]
+
+        second = read_or_stop()
+        if not second:
+            return default, [first]
+
+        encoding = find_cookie(second)
+        if encoding:
+            return encoding, [first, second]
+
+        return default, [first, second]
+
+
+# For converting & <-> &amp; etc.
+try:
+    from html import escape
+except ImportError:
+    from cgi import escape
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 4):
+    unescape = HTMLParser().unescape
+else:
+    from html import unescape
+
+try:
+    from collections import ChainMap
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    from collections import MutableMapping
+
+    try:
+        from reprlib import recursive_repr as _recursive_repr
+    except ImportError:
+
+        def _recursive_repr(fillvalue='...'):
+            '''
+            Decorator to make a repr function return fillvalue for a recursive
+            call
+            '''
+
+            def decorating_function(user_function):
+                repr_running = set()
+
+                def wrapper(self):
+                    key = id(self), get_ident()
+                    if key in repr_running:
+                        return fillvalue
+                    repr_running.add(key)
+                    try:
+                        result = user_function(self)
+                    finally:
+                        repr_running.discard(key)
+                    return result
+
+                # Can't use functools.wraps() here because of bootstrap issues
+                wrapper.__module__ = getattr(user_function, '__module__')
+                wrapper.__doc__ = getattr(user_function, '__doc__')
+                wrapper.__name__ = getattr(user_function, '__name__')
+                wrapper.__annotations__ = getattr(user_function,
+                                                  '__annotations__', {})
+                return wrapper
+
+            return decorating_function
+
+    class ChainMap(MutableMapping):
+        '''
+        A ChainMap groups multiple dicts (or other mappings) together
+        to create a single, updateable view.
+
+        The underlying mappings are stored in a list.  That list is public and can
+        accessed or updated using the *maps* attribute.  There is no other state.
+
+        Lookups search the underlying mappings successively until a key is found.
+        In contrast, writes, updates, and deletions only operate on the first
+        mapping.
+        '''
+
+        def __init__(self, *maps):
+            '''Initialize a ChainMap by setting *maps* to the given mappings.
+            If no mappings are provided, a single empty dictionary is used.
+
+            '''
+            self.maps = list(maps) or [{}]  # always at least one map
+
+        def __missing__(self, key):
+            raise KeyError(key)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            for mapping in self.maps:
+                try:
+                    return mapping[
+                        key]  # can't use 'key in mapping' with defaultdict
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+            return self.__missing__(
+                key)  # support subclasses that define __missing__
+
+        def get(self, key, default=None):
+            return self[key] if key in self else default
+
+        def __len__(self):
+            return len(set().union(
+                *self.maps))  # reuses stored hash values if possible
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            return iter(set().union(*self.maps))
+
+        def __contains__(self, key):
+            return any(key in m for m in self.maps)
+
+        def __bool__(self):
+            return any(self.maps)
+
+        @_recursive_repr()
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return '{0.__class__.__name__}({1})'.format(
+                self, ', '.join(map(repr, self.maps)))
+
+        @classmethod
+        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, *args):
+            'Create a ChainMap with a single dict created from the iterable.'
+            return cls(dict.fromkeys(iterable, *args))
+
+        def copy(self):
+            'New ChainMap or subclass with a new copy of maps[0] and refs to maps[1:]'
+            return self.__class__(self.maps[0].copy(), *self.maps[1:])
+
+        __copy__ = copy
+
+        def new_child(self):  # like Django's Context.push()
+            'New ChainMap with a new dict followed by all previous maps.'
+            return self.__class__({}, *self.maps)
+
+        @property
+        def parents(self):  # like Django's Context.pop()
+            'New ChainMap from maps[1:].'
+            return self.__class__(*self.maps[1:])
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+            self.maps[0][key] = value
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key):
+            try:
+                del self.maps[0][key]
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError(
+                    'Key not found in the first mapping: {!r}'.format(key))
+
+        def popitem(self):
+            'Remove and return an item pair from maps[0]. Raise KeyError is maps[0] is empty.'
+            try:
+                return self.maps[0].popitem()
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError('No keys found in the first mapping.')
+
+        def pop(self, key, *args):
+            'Remove *key* from maps[0] and return its value. Raise KeyError if *key* not in maps[0].'
+            try:
+                return self.maps[0].pop(key, *args)
+            except KeyError:
+                raise KeyError(
+                    'Key not found in the first mapping: {!r}'.format(key))
+
+        def clear(self):
+            'Clear maps[0], leaving maps[1:] intact.'
+            self.maps[0].clear()
+
+
+try:
+    from importlib.util import cache_from_source  # Python >= 3.4
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None):
+        assert path.endswith('.py')
+        if debug_override is None:
+            debug_override = __debug__
+        if debug_override:
+            suffix = 'c'
+        else:
+            suffix = 'o'
+        return path + suffix
+
+
+try:
+    from collections import OrderedDict
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # {{{ http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576693/ (r9)
+    # Backport of OrderedDict() class that runs on Python 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and pypy.
+    # Passes Python2.7's test suite and incorporates all the latest updates.
+    try:
+        from thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+    except ImportError:
+        from dummy_thread import get_ident as _get_ident
+
+    try:
+        from _abcoll import KeysView, ValuesView, ItemsView
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    class OrderedDict(dict):
+        'Dictionary that remembers insertion order'
+
+        # An inherited dict maps keys to values.
+        # The inherited dict provides __getitem__, __len__, __contains__, and get.
+        # The remaining methods are order-aware.
+        # Big-O running times for all methods are the same as for regular dictionaries.
+
+        # The internal self.__map dictionary maps keys to links in a doubly linked list.
+        # The circular doubly linked list starts and ends with a sentinel element.
+        # The sentinel element never gets deleted (this simplifies the algorithm).
+        # Each link is stored as a list of length three:  [PREV, NEXT, KEY].
+
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            '''Initialize an ordered dictionary.  Signature is the same as for
+            regular dictionaries, but keyword arguments are not recommended
+            because their insertion order is arbitrary.
+
+            '''
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' %
+                                len(args))
+            try:
+                self.__root
+            except AttributeError:
+                self.__root = root = []  # sentinel node
+                root[:] = [root, root, None]
+                self.__map = {}
+            self.__update(*args, **kwds)
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value, dict_setitem=dict.__setitem__):
+            'od.__setitem__(i, y) <==> od[i]=y'
+            # Setting a new item creates a new link which goes at the end of the linked
+            # list, and the inherited dictionary is updated with the new key/value pair.
+            if key not in self:
+                root = self.__root
+                last = root[0]
+                last[1] = root[0] = self.__map[key] = [last, root, key]
+            dict_setitem(self, key, value)
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key, dict_delitem=dict.__delitem__):
+            'od.__delitem__(y) <==> del od[y]'
+            # Deleting an existing item uses self.__map to find the link which is
+            # then removed by updating the links in the predecessor and successor nodes.
+            dict_delitem(self, key)
+            link_prev, link_next, key = self.__map.pop(key)
+            link_prev[1] = link_next
+            link_next[0] = link_prev
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            'od.__iter__() <==> iter(od)'
+            root = self.__root
+            curr = root[1]
+            while curr is not root:
+                yield curr[2]
+                curr = curr[1]
+
+        def __reversed__(self):
+            'od.__reversed__() <==> reversed(od)'
+            root = self.__root
+            curr = root[0]
+            while curr is not root:
+                yield curr[2]
+                curr = curr[0]
+
+        def clear(self):
+            'od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od.'
+            try:
+                for node in self.__map.itervalues():
+                    del node[:]
+                root = self.__root
+                root[:] = [root, root, None]
+                self.__map.clear()
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            dict.clear(self)
+
+        def popitem(self, last=True):
+            '''od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
+            Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
+
+            '''
+            if not self:
+                raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
+            root = self.__root
+            if last:
+                link = root[0]
+                link_prev = link[0]
+                link_prev[1] = root
+                root[0] = link_prev
+            else:
+                link = root[1]
+                link_next = link[1]
+                root[1] = link_next
+                link_next[0] = root
+            key = link[2]
+            del self.__map[key]
+            value = dict.pop(self, key)
+            return key, value
+
+        # -- the following methods do not depend on the internal structure --
+
+        def keys(self):
+            'od.keys() -> list of keys in od'
+            return list(self)
+
+        def values(self):
+            'od.values() -> list of values in od'
+            return [self[key] for key in self]
+
+        def items(self):
+            'od.items() -> list of (key, value) pairs in od'
+            return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]
+
+        def iterkeys(self):
+            'od.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys in od'
+            return iter(self)
+
+        def itervalues(self):
+            'od.itervalues -> an iterator over the values in od'
+            for k in self:
+                yield self[k]
+
+        def iteritems(self):
+            'od.iteritems -> an iterator over the (key, value) items in od'
+            for k in self:
+                yield (k, self[k])
+
+        def update(*args, **kwds):
+            '''od.update(E, **F) -> None.  Update od from dict/iterable E and F.
+
+            If E is a dict instance, does:           for k in E: od[k] = E[k]
+            If E has a .keys() method, does:         for k in E.keys(): od[k] = E[k]
+            Or if E is an iterable of items, does:   for k, v in E: od[k] = v
+            In either case, this is followed by:     for k, v in F.items(): od[k] = v
+
+            '''
+            if len(args) > 2:
+                raise TypeError('update() takes at most 2 positional '
+                                'arguments (%d given)' % (len(args), ))
+            elif not args:
+                raise TypeError('update() takes at least 1 argument (0 given)')
+            self = args[0]
+            # Make progressively weaker assumptions about "other"
+            other = ()
+            if len(args) == 2:
+                other = args[1]
+            if isinstance(other, dict):
+                for key in other:
+                    self[key] = other[key]
+            elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+                for key in other.keys():
+                    self[key] = other[key]
+            else:
+                for key, value in other:
+                    self[key] = value
+            for key, value in kwds.items():
+                self[key] = value
+
+        __update = update  # let subclasses override update without breaking __init__
+
+        __marker = object()
+
+        def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+            '''od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+            If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+
+            '''
+            if key in self:
+                result = self[key]
+                del self[key]
+                return result
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise KeyError(key)
+            return default
+
+        def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+            'od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od'
+            if key in self:
+                return self[key]
+            self[key] = default
+            return default
+
+        def __repr__(self, _repr_running=None):
+            'od.__repr__() <==> repr(od)'
+            if not _repr_running:
+                _repr_running = {}
+            call_key = id(self), _get_ident()
+            if call_key in _repr_running:
+                return '...'
+            _repr_running[call_key] = 1
+            try:
+                if not self:
+                    return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__, )
+                return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
+            finally:
+                del _repr_running[call_key]
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            'Return state information for pickling'
+            items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
+            inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
+            for k in vars(OrderedDict()):
+                inst_dict.pop(k, None)
+            if inst_dict:
+                return (self.__class__, (items, ), inst_dict)
+            return self.__class__, (items, )
+
+        def copy(self):
+            'od.copy() -> a shallow copy of od'
+            return self.__class__(self)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
+            '''OD.fromkeys(S[, v]) -> New ordered dictionary with keys from S
+            and values equal to v (which defaults to None).
+
+            '''
+            d = cls()
+            for key in iterable:
+                d[key] = value
+            return d
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            '''od.__eq__(y) <==> od==y.  Comparison to another OD is order-sensitive
+            while comparison to a regular mapping is order-insensitive.
+
+            '''
+            if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
+                return len(self) == len(
+                    other) and self.items() == other.items()
+            return dict.__eq__(self, other)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other):
+            return not self == other
+
+        # -- the following methods are only used in Python 2.7 --
+
+        def viewkeys(self):
+            "od.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's keys"
+            return KeysView(self)
+
+        def viewvalues(self):
+            "od.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on od's values"
+            return ValuesView(self)
+
+        def viewitems(self):
+            "od.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on od's items"
+            return ItemsView(self)
+
+
+try:
+    from logging.config import BaseConfigurator, valid_ident
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    IDENTIFIER = re.compile('^[a-z_][a-z0-9_]*$', re.I)
+
+    def valid_ident(s):
+        m = IDENTIFIER.match(s)
+        if not m:
+            raise ValueError('Not a valid Python identifier: %r' % s)
+        return True
+
+    # The ConvertingXXX classes are wrappers around standard Python containers,
+    # and they serve to convert any suitable values in the container. The
+    # conversion converts base dicts, lists and tuples to their wrapped
+    # equivalents, whereas strings which match a conversion format are converted
+    # appropriately.
+    #
+    # Each wrapper should have a configurator attribute holding the actual
+    # configurator to use for conversion.
+
+    class ConvertingDict(dict):
+        """A converting dictionary wrapper."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = dict.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+        def get(self, key, default=None):
+            value = dict.get(self, key, default)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=None):
+        value = dict.pop(self, key, default)
+        result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+        if value is not result:
+            if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                ConvertingTuple):
+                result.parent = self
+                result.key = key
+        return result
+
+    class ConvertingList(list):
+        """A converting list wrapper."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = list.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            # If the converted value is different, save for next time
+            if value is not result:
+                self[key] = result
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+        def pop(self, idx=-1):
+            value = list.pop(self, idx)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            if value is not result:
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+            return result
+
+    class ConvertingTuple(tuple):
+        """A converting tuple wrapper."""
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            value = tuple.__getitem__(self, key)
+            result = self.configurator.convert(value)
+            if value is not result:
+                if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
+                                    ConvertingTuple):
+                    result.parent = self
+                    result.key = key
+            return result
+
+    class BaseConfigurator(object):
+        """
+        The configurator base class which defines some useful defaults.
+        """
+
+        CONVERT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^(?P<prefix>[a-z]+)://(?P<suffix>.*)$')
+
+        WORD_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\s*(\w+)\s*')
+        DOT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\.\s*(\w+)\s*')
+        INDEX_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\[\s*(\w+)\s*\]\s*')
+        DIGIT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'^\d+$')
+
+        value_converters = {
+            'ext': 'ext_convert',
+            'cfg': 'cfg_convert',
+        }
+
+        # We might want to use a different one, e.g. importlib
+        importer = staticmethod(__import__)
+
+        def __init__(self, config):
+            self.config = ConvertingDict(config)
+            self.config.configurator = self
+
+        def resolve(self, s):
+            """
+            Resolve strings to objects using standard import and attribute
+            syntax.
+            """
+            name = s.split('.')
+            used = name.pop(0)
+            try:
+                found = self.importer(used)
+                for frag in name:
+                    used += '.' + frag
+                    try:
+                        found = getattr(found, frag)
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        self.importer(used)
+                        found = getattr(found, frag)
+                return found
+            except ImportError:
+                e, tb = sys.exc_info()[1:]
+                v = ValueError('Cannot resolve %r: %s' % (s, e))
+                v.__cause__, v.__traceback__ = e, tb
+                raise v
+
+        def ext_convert(self, value):
+            """Default converter for the ext:// protocol."""
+            return self.resolve(value)
+
+        def cfg_convert(self, value):
+            """Default converter for the cfg:// protocol."""
+            rest = value
+            m = self.WORD_PATTERN.match(rest)
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError("Unable to convert %r" % value)
+            else:
+                rest = rest[m.end():]
+                d = self.config[m.groups()[0]]
+                while rest:
+                    m = self.DOT_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                    if m:
+                        d = d[m.groups()[0]]
+                    else:
+                        m = self.INDEX_PATTERN.match(rest)
+                        if m:
+                            idx = m.groups()[0]
+                            if not self.DIGIT_PATTERN.match(idx):
+                                d = d[idx]
+                            else:
+                                try:
+                                    n = int(
+                                        idx
+                                    )  # try as number first (most likely)
+                                    d = d[n]
+                                except TypeError:
+                                    d = d[idx]
+                    if m:
+                        rest = rest[m.end():]
+                    else:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to convert '
+                                         '%r at %r' % (value, rest))
+            # rest should be empty
+            return d
+
+        def convert(self, value):
+            """
+            Convert values to an appropriate type. dicts, lists and tuples are
+            replaced by their converting alternatives. Strings are checked to
+            see if they have a conversion format and are converted if they do.
+            """
+            if not isinstance(value, ConvertingDict) and isinstance(
+                    value, dict):
+                value = ConvertingDict(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingList) and isinstance(
+                    value, list):
+                value = ConvertingList(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingTuple) and isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = ConvertingTuple(value)
+                value.configurator = self
+            elif isinstance(value, string_types):
+                m = self.CONVERT_PATTERN.match(value)
+                if m:
+                    d = m.groupdict()
+                    prefix = d['prefix']
+                    converter = self.value_converters.get(prefix, None)
+                    if converter:
+                        suffix = d['suffix']
+                        converter = getattr(self, converter)
+                        value = converter(suffix)
+            return value
+
+        def configure_custom(self, config):
+            """Configure an object with a user-supplied factory."""
+            c = config.pop('()')
+            if not callable(c):
+                c = self.resolve(c)
+            props = config.pop('.', None)
+            # Check for valid identifiers
+            kwargs = dict([(k, config[k]) for k in config if valid_ident(k)])
+            result = c(**kwargs)
+            if props:
+                for name, value in props.items():
+                    setattr(result, name, value)
+            return result
+
+        def as_tuple(self, value):
+            """Utility function which converts lists to tuples."""
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                value = tuple(value)
+            return value
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb3765f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/database.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1359 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2023 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""PEP 376 implementation."""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import base64
+import codecs
+import contextlib
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import sys
+import zipimport
+
+from . import DistlibException, resources
+from .compat import StringIO
+from .version import get_scheme, UnsupportedVersionError
+from .metadata import (Metadata, METADATA_FILENAME, WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME,
+                       LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME)
+from .util import (parse_requirement, cached_property, parse_name_and_version,
+                   read_exports, write_exports, CSVReader, CSVWriter)
+
+__all__ = [
+    'Distribution', 'BaseInstalledDistribution', 'InstalledDistribution',
+    'EggInfoDistribution', 'DistributionPath'
+]
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+EXPORTS_FILENAME = 'pydist-exports.json'
+COMMANDS_FILENAME = 'pydist-commands.json'
+
+DIST_FILES = ('INSTALLER', METADATA_FILENAME, 'RECORD', 'REQUESTED',
+              'RESOURCES', EXPORTS_FILENAME, 'SHARED')
+
+DISTINFO_EXT = '.dist-info'
+
+
+class _Cache(object):
+    """
+    A simple cache mapping names and .dist-info paths to distributions
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance. There is normally one for each DistributionPath.
+        """
+        self.name = {}
+        self.path = {}
+        self.generated = False
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear the cache, setting it to its initial state.
+        """
+        self.name.clear()
+        self.path.clear()
+        self.generated = False
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """
+        Add a distribution to the cache.
+        :param dist: The distribution to add.
+        """
+        if dist.path not in self.path:
+            self.path[dist.path] = dist
+            self.name.setdefault(dist.key, []).append(dist)
+
+
+class DistributionPath(object):
+    """
+    Represents a set of distributions installed on a path (typically sys.path).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, include_egg=False):
+        """
+        Create an instance from a path, optionally including legacy (distutils/
+        setuptools/distribute) distributions.
+        :param path: The path to use, as a list of directories. If not specified,
+                     sys.path is used.
+        :param include_egg: If True, this instance will look for and return legacy
+                            distributions as well as those based on PEP 376.
+        """
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.path = path
+        self._include_dist = True
+        self._include_egg = include_egg
+
+        self._cache = _Cache()
+        self._cache_egg = _Cache()
+        self._cache_enabled = True
+        self._scheme = get_scheme('default')
+
+    def _get_cache_enabled(self):
+        return self._cache_enabled
+
+    def _set_cache_enabled(self, value):
+        self._cache_enabled = value
+
+    cache_enabled = property(_get_cache_enabled, _set_cache_enabled)
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        """
+        Clears the internal cache.
+        """
+        self._cache.clear()
+        self._cache_egg.clear()
+
+    def _yield_distributions(self):
+        """
+        Yield .dist-info and/or .egg(-info) distributions.
+        """
+        # We need to check if we've seen some resources already, because on
+        # some Linux systems (e.g. some Debian/Ubuntu variants) there are
+        # symlinks which alias other files in the environment.
+        seen = set()
+        for path in self.path:
+            finder = resources.finder_for_path(path)
+            if finder is None:
+                continue
+            r = finder.find('')
+            if not r or not r.is_container:
+                continue
+            rset = sorted(r.resources)
+            for entry in rset:
+                r = finder.find(entry)
+                if not r or r.path in seen:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    if self._include_dist and entry.endswith(DISTINFO_EXT):
+                        possible_filenames = [
+                            METADATA_FILENAME, WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME,
+                            LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME
+                        ]
+                        for metadata_filename in possible_filenames:
+                            metadata_path = posixpath.join(
+                                entry, metadata_filename)
+                            pydist = finder.find(metadata_path)
+                            if pydist:
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            continue
+
+                        with contextlib.closing(pydist.as_stream()) as stream:
+                            metadata = Metadata(fileobj=stream,
+                                                scheme='legacy')
+                        logger.debug('Found %s', r.path)
+                        seen.add(r.path)
+                        yield new_dist_class(r.path,
+                                             metadata=metadata,
+                                             env=self)
+                    elif self._include_egg and entry.endswith(
+                            ('.egg-info', '.egg')):
+                        logger.debug('Found %s', r.path)
+                        seen.add(r.path)
+                        yield old_dist_class(r.path, self)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    msg = 'Unable to read distribution at %s, perhaps due to bad metadata: %s'
+                    logger.warning(msg, r.path, e)
+                    import warnings
+                    warnings.warn(msg % (r.path, e), stacklevel=2)
+
+    def _generate_cache(self):
+        """
+        Scan the path for distributions and populate the cache with
+        those that are found.
+        """
+        gen_dist = not self._cache.generated
+        gen_egg = self._include_egg and not self._cache_egg.generated
+        if gen_dist or gen_egg:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                if isinstance(dist, InstalledDistribution):
+                    self._cache.add(dist)
+                else:
+                    self._cache_egg.add(dist)
+
+            if gen_dist:
+                self._cache.generated = True
+            if gen_egg:
+                self._cache_egg.generated = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def distinfo_dirname(cls, name, version):
+        """
+        The *name* and *version* parameters are converted into their
+        filename-escaped form, i.e. any ``'-'`` characters are replaced
+        with ``'_'`` other than the one in ``'dist-info'`` and the one
+        separating the name from the version number.
+
+        :parameter name: is converted to a standard distribution name by replacing
+                         any runs of non- alphanumeric characters with a single
+                         ``'-'``.
+        :type name: string
+        :parameter version: is converted to a standard version string. Spaces
+                            become dots, and all other non-alphanumeric characters
+                            (except dots) become dashes, with runs of multiple
+                            dashes condensed to a single dash.
+        :type version: string
+        :returns: directory name
+        :rtype: string"""
+        name = name.replace('-', '_')
+        return '-'.join([name, version]) + DISTINFO_EXT
+
+    def get_distributions(self):
+        """
+        Provides an iterator that looks for distributions and returns
+        :class:`InstalledDistribution` or
+        :class:`EggInfoDistribution` instances for each one of them.
+
+        :rtype: iterator of :class:`InstalledDistribution` and
+                :class:`EggInfoDistribution` instances
+        """
+        if not self._cache_enabled:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                yield dist
+        else:
+            self._generate_cache()
+
+            for dist in self._cache.path.values():
+                yield dist
+
+            if self._include_egg:
+                for dist in self._cache_egg.path.values():
+                    yield dist
+
+    def get_distribution(self, name):
+        """
+        Looks for a named distribution on the path.
+
+        This function only returns the first result found, as no more than one
+        value is expected. If nothing is found, ``None`` is returned.
+
+        :rtype: :class:`InstalledDistribution`, :class:`EggInfoDistribution`
+                or ``None``
+        """
+        result = None
+        name = name.lower()
+        if not self._cache_enabled:
+            for dist in self._yield_distributions():
+                if dist.key == name:
+                    result = dist
+                    break
+        else:
+            self._generate_cache()
+
+            if name in self._cache.name:
+                result = self._cache.name[name][0]
+            elif self._include_egg and name in self._cache_egg.name:
+                result = self._cache_egg.name[name][0]
+        return result
+
+    def provides_distribution(self, name, version=None):
+        """
+        Iterates over all distributions to find which distributions provide *name*.
+        If a *version* is provided, it will be used to filter the results.
+
+        This function only returns the first result found, since no more than
+        one values are expected. If the directory is not found, returns ``None``.
+
+        :parameter version: a version specifier that indicates the version
+                            required, conforming to the format in ``PEP-345``
+
+        :type name: string
+        :type version: string
+        """
+        matcher = None
+        if version is not None:
+            try:
+                matcher = self._scheme.matcher('%s (%s)' % (name, version))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DistlibException('invalid name or version: %r, %r' %
+                                       (name, version))
+
+        for dist in self.get_distributions():
+            # We hit a problem on Travis where enum34 was installed and doesn't
+            # have a provides attribute ...
+            if not hasattr(dist, 'provides'):
+                logger.debug('No "provides": %s', dist)
+            else:
+                provided = dist.provides
+
+                for p in provided:
+                    p_name, p_ver = parse_name_and_version(p)
+                    if matcher is None:
+                        if p_name == name:
+                            yield dist
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        if p_name == name and matcher.match(p_ver):
+                            yield dist
+                            break
+
+    def get_file_path(self, name, relative_path):
+        """
+        Return the path to a resource file.
+        """
+        dist = self.get_distribution(name)
+        if dist is None:
+            raise LookupError('no distribution named %r found' % name)
+        return dist.get_resource_path(relative_path)
+
+    def get_exported_entries(self, category, name=None):
+        """
+        Return all of the exported entries in a particular category.
+
+        :param category: The category to search for entries.
+        :param name: If specified, only entries with that name are returned.
+        """
+        for dist in self.get_distributions():
+            r = dist.exports
+            if category in r:
+                d = r[category]
+                if name is not None:
+                    if name in d:
+                        yield d[name]
+                else:
+                    for v in d.values():
+                        yield v
+
+
+class Distribution(object):
+    """
+    A base class for distributions, whether installed or from indexes.
+    Either way, it must have some metadata, so that's all that's needed
+    for construction.
+    """
+
+    build_time_dependency = False
+    """
+    Set to True if it's known to be only a build-time dependency (i.e.
+    not needed after installation).
+    """
+
+    requested = False
+    """A boolean that indicates whether the ``REQUESTED`` metadata file is
+    present (in other words, whether the package was installed by user
+    request or it was installed as a dependency)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, metadata):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param metadata: The instance of :class:`Metadata` describing this
+        distribution.
+        """
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.name = metadata.name
+        self.key = self.name.lower()  # for case-insensitive comparisons
+        self.version = metadata.version
+        self.locator = None
+        self.digest = None
+        self.extras = None  # additional features requested
+        self.context = None  # environment marker overrides
+        self.download_urls = set()
+        self.digests = {}
+
+    @property
+    def source_url(self):
+        """
+        The source archive download URL for this distribution.
+        """
+        return self.metadata.source_url
+
+    download_url = source_url  # Backward compatibility
+
+    @property
+    def name_and_version(self):
+        """
+        A utility property which displays the name and version in parentheses.
+        """
+        return '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    @property
+    def provides(self):
+        """
+        A set of distribution names and versions provided by this distribution.
+        :return: A set of "name (version)" strings.
+        """
+        plist = self.metadata.provides
+        s = '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+        if s not in plist:
+            plist.append(s)
+        return plist
+
+    def _get_requirements(self, req_attr):
+        md = self.metadata
+        reqts = getattr(md, req_attr)
+        logger.debug('%s: got requirements %r from metadata: %r', self.name,
+                     req_attr, reqts)
+        return set(
+            md.get_requirements(reqts, extras=self.extras, env=self.context))
+
+    @property
+    def run_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('run_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def meta_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('meta_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def build_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('build_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def test_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('test_requires')
+
+    @property
+    def dev_requires(self):
+        return self._get_requirements('dev_requires')
+
+    def matches_requirement(self, req):
+        """
+        Say if this instance matches (fulfills) a requirement.
+        :param req: The requirement to match.
+        :rtype req: str
+        :return: True if it matches, else False.
+        """
+        # Requirement may contain extras - parse to lose those
+        # from what's passed to the matcher
+        r = parse_requirement(req)
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.metadata.scheme)
+        try:
+            matcher = scheme.matcher(r.requirement)
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+            logger.warning('could not read version %r - using name only', req)
+            name = req.split()[0]
+            matcher = scheme.matcher(name)
+
+        name = matcher.key  # case-insensitive
+
+        result = False
+        for p in self.provides:
+            p_name, p_ver = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            if p_name != name:
+                continue
+            try:
+                result = matcher.match(p_ver)
+                break
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """
+        Return a textual representation of this instance,
+        """
+        if self.source_url:
+            suffix = ' [%s]' % self.source_url
+        else:
+            suffix = ''
+        return '<Distribution %s (%s)%s>' % (self.name, self.version, suffix)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        See if this distribution is the same as another.
+        :param other: The distribution to compare with. To be equal to one
+                      another. distributions must have the same type, name,
+                      version and source_url.
+        :return: True if it is the same, else False.
+        """
+        if type(other) is not type(self):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            result = (self.name == other.name and self.version == other.version
+                      and self.source_url == other.source_url)
+        return result
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """
+        Compute hash in a way which matches the equality test.
+        """
+        return hash(self.name) + hash(self.version) + hash(self.source_url)
+
+
+class BaseInstalledDistribution(Distribution):
+    """
+    This is the base class for installed distributions (whether PEP 376 or
+    legacy).
+    """
+
+    hasher = None
+
+    def __init__(self, metadata, path, env=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param metadata: An instance of :class:`Metadata` which describes the
+                         distribution. This will normally have been initialised
+                         from a metadata file in the ``path``.
+        :param path:     The path of the ``.dist-info`` or ``.egg-info``
+                         directory for the distribution.
+        :param env:      This is normally the :class:`DistributionPath`
+                         instance where this distribution was found.
+        """
+        super(BaseInstalledDistribution, self).__init__(metadata)
+        self.path = path
+        self.dist_path = env
+
+    def get_hash(self, data, hasher=None):
+        """
+        Get the hash of some data, using a particular hash algorithm, if
+        specified.
+
+        :param data: The data to be hashed.
+        :type data: bytes
+        :param hasher: The name of a hash implementation, supported by hashlib,
+                       or ``None``. Examples of valid values are ``'sha1'``,
+                       ``'sha224'``, ``'sha384'``, '``sha256'``, ``'md5'`` and
+                       ``'sha512'``. If no hasher is specified, the ``hasher``
+                       attribute of the :class:`InstalledDistribution` instance
+                       is used. If the hasher is determined to be ``None``, MD5
+                       is used as the hashing algorithm.
+        :returns: The hash of the data. If a hasher was explicitly specified,
+                  the returned hash will be prefixed with the specified hasher
+                  followed by '='.
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        if hasher is None:
+            hasher = self.hasher
+        if hasher is None:
+            hasher = hashlib.md5
+            prefix = ''
+        else:
+            hasher = getattr(hashlib, hasher)
+            prefix = '%s=' % self.hasher
+        digest = hasher(data).digest()
+        digest = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(digest).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii')
+        return '%s%s' % (prefix, digest)
+
+
+class InstalledDistribution(BaseInstalledDistribution):
+    """
+    Created with the *path* of the ``.dist-info`` directory provided to the
+    constructor. It reads the metadata contained in ``pydist.json`` when it is
+    instantiated., or uses a passed in Metadata instance (useful for when
+    dry-run mode is being used).
+    """
+
+    hasher = 'sha256'
+
+    def __init__(self, path, metadata=None, env=None):
+        self.modules = []
+        self.finder = finder = resources.finder_for_path(path)
+        if finder is None:
+            raise ValueError('finder unavailable for %s' % path)
+        if env and env._cache_enabled and path in env._cache.path:
+            metadata = env._cache.path[path].metadata
+        elif metadata is None:
+            r = finder.find(METADATA_FILENAME)
+            # Temporary - for Wheel 0.23 support
+            if r is None:
+                r = finder.find(WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME)
+            # Temporary - for legacy support
+            if r is None:
+                r = finder.find(LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME)
+            if r is None:
+                raise ValueError('no %s found in %s' %
+                                 (METADATA_FILENAME, path))
+            with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+                metadata = Metadata(fileobj=stream, scheme='legacy')
+
+        super(InstalledDistribution, self).__init__(metadata, path, env)
+
+        if env and env._cache_enabled:
+            env._cache.add(self)
+
+        r = finder.find('REQUESTED')
+        self.requested = r is not None
+        p = os.path.join(path, 'top_level.txt')
+        if os.path.exists(p):
+            with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+                data = f.read().decode('utf-8')
+            self.modules = data.splitlines()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<InstalledDistribution %r %s at %r>' % (
+            self.name, self.version, self.path)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s %s" % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    def _get_records(self):
+        """
+        Get the list of installed files for the distribution
+        :return: A list of tuples of path, hash and size. Note that hash and
+                 size might be ``None`` for some entries. The path is exactly
+                 as stored in the file (which is as in PEP 376).
+        """
+        results = []
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource('RECORD')
+        with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+            with CSVReader(stream=stream) as record_reader:
+                # Base location is parent dir of .dist-info dir
+                # base_location = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+                # base_location = os.path.abspath(base_location)
+                for row in record_reader:
+                    missing = [None for i in range(len(row), 3)]
+                    path, checksum, size = row + missing
+                    # if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                    #     path = path.replace('/', os.sep)
+                    #     path = os.path.join(base_location, path)
+                    results.append((path, checksum, size))
+        return results
+
+    @cached_property
+    def exports(self):
+        """
+        Return the information exported by this distribution.
+        :return: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to a dict
+                 of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the individual
+                 export entries, and keyed by name.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        if r:
+            result = self.read_exports()
+        return result
+
+    def read_exports(self):
+        """
+        Read exports data from a file in .ini format.
+
+        :return: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to a list
+                 of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the individual
+                 export entries.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        if r:
+            with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+                result = read_exports(stream)
+        return result
+
+    def write_exports(self, exports):
+        """
+        Write a dictionary of exports to a file in .ini format.
+        :param exports: A dictionary of exports, mapping an export category to
+                        a list of :class:`ExportEntry` instances describing the
+                        individual export entries.
+        """
+        rf = self.get_distinfo_file(EXPORTS_FILENAME)
+        with open(rf, 'w') as f:
+            write_exports(exports, f)
+
+    def get_resource_path(self, relative_path):
+        """
+        NOTE: This API may change in the future.
+
+        Return the absolute path to a resource file with the given relative
+        path.
+
+        :param relative_path: The path, relative to .dist-info, of the resource
+                              of interest.
+        :return: The absolute path where the resource is to be found.
+        """
+        r = self.get_distinfo_resource('RESOURCES')
+        with contextlib.closing(r.as_stream()) as stream:
+            with CSVReader(stream=stream) as resources_reader:
+                for relative, destination in resources_reader:
+                    if relative == relative_path:
+                        return destination
+        raise KeyError('no resource file with relative path %r '
+                       'is installed' % relative_path)
+
+    def list_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``RECORD`` entries and returns a tuple
+        ``(path, hash, size)`` for each line.
+
+        :returns: iterator of (path, hash, size)
+        """
+        for result in self._get_records():
+            yield result
+
+    def write_installed_files(self, paths, prefix, dry_run=False):
+        """
+        Writes the ``RECORD`` file, using the ``paths`` iterable passed in. Any
+        existing ``RECORD`` file is silently overwritten.
+
+        prefix is used to determine when to write absolute paths.
+        """
+        prefix = os.path.join(prefix, '')
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        base_under_prefix = base.startswith(prefix)
+        base = os.path.join(base, '')
+        record_path = self.get_distinfo_file('RECORD')
+        logger.info('creating %s', record_path)
+        if dry_run:
+            return None
+        with CSVWriter(record_path) as writer:
+            for path in paths:
+                if os.path.isdir(path) or path.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                    # do not put size and hash, as in PEP-376
+                    hash_value = size = ''
+                else:
+                    size = '%d' % os.path.getsize(path)
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
+                        hash_value = self.get_hash(fp.read())
+                if path.startswith(base) or (base_under_prefix
+                                             and path.startswith(prefix)):
+                    path = os.path.relpath(path, base)
+                writer.writerow((path, hash_value, size))
+
+            # add the RECORD file itself
+            if record_path.startswith(base):
+                record_path = os.path.relpath(record_path, base)
+            writer.writerow((record_path, '', ''))
+        return record_path
+
+    def check_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Checks that the hashes and sizes of the files in ``RECORD`` are
+        matched by the files themselves. Returns a (possibly empty) list of
+        mismatches. Each entry in the mismatch list will be a tuple consisting
+        of the path, 'exists', 'size' or 'hash' according to what didn't match
+        (existence is checked first, then size, then hash), the expected
+        value and the actual value.
+        """
+        mismatches = []
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        record_path = self.get_distinfo_file('RECORD')
+        for path, hash_value, size in self.list_installed_files():
+            if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                path = os.path.join(base, path)
+            if path == record_path:
+                continue
+            if not os.path.exists(path):
+                mismatches.append((path, 'exists', True, False))
+            elif os.path.isfile(path):
+                actual_size = str(os.path.getsize(path))
+                if size and actual_size != size:
+                    mismatches.append((path, 'size', size, actual_size))
+                elif hash_value:
+                    if '=' in hash_value:
+                        hasher = hash_value.split('=', 1)[0]
+                    else:
+                        hasher = None
+
+                    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                        actual_hash = self.get_hash(f.read(), hasher)
+                        if actual_hash != hash_value:
+                            mismatches.append(
+                                (path, 'hash', hash_value, actual_hash))
+        return mismatches
+
+    @cached_property
+    def shared_locations(self):
+        """
+        A dictionary of shared locations whose keys are in the set 'prefix',
+        'purelib', 'platlib', 'scripts', 'headers', 'data' and 'namespace'.
+        The corresponding value is the absolute path of that category for
+        this distribution, and takes into account any paths selected by the
+        user at installation time (e.g. via command-line arguments). In the
+        case of the 'namespace' key, this would be a list of absolute paths
+        for the roots of namespace packages in this distribution.
+
+        The first time this property is accessed, the relevant information is
+        read from the SHARED file in the .dist-info directory.
+        """
+        result = {}
+        shared_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'SHARED')
+        if os.path.isfile(shared_path):
+            with codecs.open(shared_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                lines = f.read().splitlines()
+            for line in lines:
+                key, value = line.split('=', 1)
+                if key == 'namespace':
+                    result.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
+                else:
+                    result[key] = value
+        return result
+
+    def write_shared_locations(self, paths, dry_run=False):
+        """
+        Write shared location information to the SHARED file in .dist-info.
+        :param paths: A dictionary as described in the documentation for
+        :meth:`shared_locations`.
+        :param dry_run: If True, the action is logged but no file is actually
+                        written.
+        :return: The path of the file written to.
+        """
+        shared_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'SHARED')
+        logger.info('creating %s', shared_path)
+        if dry_run:
+            return None
+        lines = []
+        for key in ('prefix', 'lib', 'headers', 'scripts', 'data'):
+            path = paths[key]
+            if os.path.isdir(paths[key]):
+                lines.append('%s=%s' % (key, path))
+        for ns in paths.get('namespace', ()):
+            lines.append('namespace=%s' % ns)
+
+        with codecs.open(shared_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(lines))
+        return shared_path
+
+    def get_distinfo_resource(self, path):
+        if path not in DIST_FILES:
+            raise DistlibException('invalid path for a dist-info file: '
+                                   '%r at %r' % (path, self.path))
+        finder = resources.finder_for_path(self.path)
+        if finder is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to get a finder for %s' % self.path)
+        return finder.find(path)
+
+    def get_distinfo_file(self, path):
+        """
+        Returns a path located under the ``.dist-info`` directory. Returns a
+        string representing the path.
+
+        :parameter path: a ``'/'``-separated path relative to the
+                         ``.dist-info`` directory or an absolute path;
+                         If *path* is an absolute path and doesn't start
+                         with the ``.dist-info`` directory path,
+                         a :class:`DistlibException` is raised
+        :type path: str
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        # Check if it is an absolute path  # XXX use relpath, add tests
+        if path.find(os.sep) >= 0:
+            # it's an absolute path?
+            distinfo_dirname, path = path.split(os.sep)[-2:]
+            if distinfo_dirname != self.path.split(os.sep)[-1]:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    'dist-info file %r does not belong to the %r %s '
+                    'distribution' % (path, self.name, self.version))
+
+        # The file must be relative
+        if path not in DIST_FILES:
+            raise DistlibException('invalid path for a dist-info file: '
+                                   '%r at %r' % (path, self.path))
+
+        return os.path.join(self.path, path)
+
+    def list_distinfo_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``RECORD`` entries and returns paths for each line if
+        the path is pointing to a file located in the ``.dist-info`` directory
+        or one of its subdirectories.
+
+        :returns: iterator of paths
+        """
+        base = os.path.dirname(self.path)
+        for path, checksum, size in self._get_records():
+            # XXX add separator or use real relpath algo
+            if not os.path.isabs(path):
+                path = os.path.join(base, path)
+            if path.startswith(self.path):
+                yield path
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, InstalledDistribution)
+                and self.path == other.path)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(BaseInstalledDistribution):
+    """Created with the *path* of the ``.egg-info`` directory or file provided
+    to the constructor. It reads the metadata contained in the file itself, or
+    if the given path happens to be a directory, the metadata is read from the
+    file ``PKG-INFO`` under that directory."""
+
+    requested = True  # as we have no way of knowing, assume it was
+    shared_locations = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, path, env=None):
+
+        def set_name_and_version(s, n, v):
+            s.name = n
+            s.key = n.lower()  # for case-insensitive comparisons
+            s.version = v
+
+        self.path = path
+        self.dist_path = env
+        if env and env._cache_enabled and path in env._cache_egg.path:
+            metadata = env._cache_egg.path[path].metadata
+            set_name_and_version(self, metadata.name, metadata.version)
+        else:
+            metadata = self._get_metadata(path)
+
+            # Need to be set before caching
+            set_name_and_version(self, metadata.name, metadata.version)
+
+            if env and env._cache_enabled:
+                env._cache_egg.add(self)
+        super(EggInfoDistribution, self).__init__(metadata, path, env)
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, path):
+        requires = None
+
+        def parse_requires_data(data):
+            """Create a list of dependencies from a requires.txt file.
+
+            *data*: the contents of a setuptools-produced requires.txt file.
+            """
+            reqs = []
+            lines = data.splitlines()
+            for line in lines:
+                line = line.strip()
+                # sectioned files have bare newlines (separating sections)
+                if not line:  # pragma: no cover
+                    continue
+                if line.startswith('['):  # pragma: no cover
+                    logger.warning(
+                        'Unexpected line: quitting requirement scan: %r', line)
+                    break
+                r = parse_requirement(line)
+                if not r:  # pragma: no cover
+                    logger.warning('Not recognised as a requirement: %r', line)
+                    continue
+                if r.extras:  # pragma: no cover
+                    logger.warning('extra requirements in requires.txt are '
+                                   'not supported')
+                if not r.constraints:
+                    reqs.append(r.name)
+                else:
+                    cons = ', '.join('%s%s' % c for c in r.constraints)
+                    reqs.append('%s (%s)' % (r.name, cons))
+            return reqs
+
+        def parse_requires_path(req_path):
+            """Create a list of dependencies from a requires.txt file.
+
+            *req_path*: the path to a setuptools-produced requires.txt file.
+            """
+
+            reqs = []
+            try:
+                with codecs.open(req_path, 'r', 'utf-8') as fp:
+                    reqs = parse_requires_data(fp.read())
+            except IOError:
+                pass
+            return reqs
+
+        tl_path = tl_data = None
+        if path.endswith('.egg'):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                p = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO')
+                meta_path = os.path.join(p, 'PKG-INFO')
+                metadata = Metadata(path=meta_path, scheme='legacy')
+                req_path = os.path.join(p, 'requires.txt')
+                tl_path = os.path.join(p, 'top_level.txt')
+                requires = parse_requires_path(req_path)
+            else:
+                # FIXME handle the case where zipfile is not available
+                zipf = zipimport.zipimporter(path)
+                fileobj = StringIO(
+                    zipf.get_data('EGG-INFO/PKG-INFO').decode('utf8'))
+                metadata = Metadata(fileobj=fileobj, scheme='legacy')
+                try:
+                    data = zipf.get_data('EGG-INFO/requires.txt')
+                    tl_data = zipf.get_data('EGG-INFO/top_level.txt').decode(
+                        'utf-8')
+                    requires = parse_requires_data(data.decode('utf-8'))
+                except IOError:
+                    requires = None
+        elif path.endswith('.egg-info'):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                req_path = os.path.join(path, 'requires.txt')
+                requires = parse_requires_path(req_path)
+                path = os.path.join(path, 'PKG-INFO')
+                tl_path = os.path.join(path, 'top_level.txt')
+            metadata = Metadata(path=path, scheme='legacy')
+        else:
+            raise DistlibException('path must end with .egg-info or .egg, '
+                                   'got %r' % path)
+
+        if requires:
+            metadata.add_requirements(requires)
+        # look for top-level modules in top_level.txt, if present
+        if tl_data is None:
+            if tl_path is not None and os.path.exists(tl_path):
+                with open(tl_path, 'rb') as f:
+                    tl_data = f.read().decode('utf-8')
+        if not tl_data:
+            tl_data = []
+        else:
+            tl_data = tl_data.splitlines()
+        self.modules = tl_data
+        return metadata
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<EggInfoDistribution %r %s at %r>' % (self.name, self.version,
+                                                      self.path)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s %s" % (self.name, self.version)
+
+    def check_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Checks that the hashes and sizes of the files in ``RECORD`` are
+        matched by the files themselves. Returns a (possibly empty) list of
+        mismatches. Each entry in the mismatch list will be a tuple consisting
+        of the path, 'exists', 'size' or 'hash' according to what didn't match
+        (existence is checked first, then size, then hash), the expected
+        value and the actual value.
+        """
+        mismatches = []
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        if os.path.exists(record_path):
+            for path, _, _ in self.list_installed_files():
+                if path == record_path:
+                    continue
+                if not os.path.exists(path):
+                    mismatches.append((path, 'exists', True, False))
+        return mismatches
+
+    def list_installed_files(self):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``installed-files.txt`` entries and returns a tuple
+        ``(path, hash, size)`` for each line.
+
+        :returns: a list of (path, hash, size)
+        """
+
+        def _md5(path):
+            f = open(path, 'rb')
+            try:
+                content = f.read()
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+            return hashlib.md5(content).hexdigest()
+
+        def _size(path):
+            return os.stat(path).st_size
+
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        result = []
+        if os.path.exists(record_path):
+            with codecs.open(record_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    line = line.strip()
+                    p = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.path, line))
+                    # "./" is present as a marker between installed files
+                    # and installation metadata files
+                    if not os.path.exists(p):
+                        logger.warning('Non-existent file: %s', p)
+                        if p.endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                            continue
+                        # otherwise fall through and fail
+                    if not os.path.isdir(p):
+                        result.append((p, _md5(p), _size(p)))
+            result.append((record_path, None, None))
+        return result
+
+    def list_distinfo_files(self, absolute=False):
+        """
+        Iterates over the ``installed-files.txt`` entries and returns paths for
+        each line if the path is pointing to a file located in the
+        ``.egg-info`` directory or one of its subdirectories.
+
+        :parameter absolute: If *absolute* is ``True``, each returned path is
+                          transformed into a local absolute path. Otherwise the
+                          raw value from ``installed-files.txt`` is returned.
+        :type absolute: boolean
+        :returns: iterator of paths
+        """
+        record_path = os.path.join(self.path, 'installed-files.txt')
+        if os.path.exists(record_path):
+            skip = True
+            with codecs.open(record_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                for line in f:
+                    line = line.strip()
+                    if line == './':
+                        skip = False
+                        continue
+                    if not skip:
+                        p = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.path, line))
+                        if p.startswith(self.path):
+                            if absolute:
+                                yield p
+                            else:
+                                yield line
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (isinstance(other, EggInfoDistribution)
+                and self.path == other.path)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+new_dist_class = InstalledDistribution
+old_dist_class = EggInfoDistribution
+
+
+class DependencyGraph(object):
+    """
+    Represents a dependency graph between distributions.
+
+    The dependency relationships are stored in an ``adjacency_list`` that maps
+    distributions to a list of ``(other, label)`` tuples where  ``other``
+    is a distribution and the edge is labeled with ``label`` (i.e. the version
+    specifier, if such was provided). Also, for more efficient traversal, for
+    every distribution ``x``, a list of predecessors is kept in
+    ``reverse_list[x]``. An edge from distribution ``a`` to
+    distribution ``b`` means that ``a`` depends on ``b``. If any missing
+    dependencies are found, they are stored in ``missing``, which is a
+    dictionary that maps distributions to a list of requirements that were not
+    provided by any other distributions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.adjacency_list = {}
+        self.reverse_list = {}
+        self.missing = {}
+
+    def add_distribution(self, distribution):
+        """Add the *distribution* to the graph.
+
+        :type distribution: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution`
+                            or :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        """
+        self.adjacency_list[distribution] = []
+        self.reverse_list[distribution] = []
+        # self.missing[distribution] = []
+
+    def add_edge(self, x, y, label=None):
+        """Add an edge from distribution *x* to distribution *y* with the given
+        *label*.
+
+        :type x: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` or
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type y: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` or
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type label: ``str`` or ``None``
+        """
+        self.adjacency_list[x].append((y, label))
+        # multiple edges are allowed, so be careful
+        if x not in self.reverse_list[y]:
+            self.reverse_list[y].append(x)
+
+    def add_missing(self, distribution, requirement):
+        """
+        Add a missing *requirement* for the given *distribution*.
+
+        :type distribution: :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution`
+                            or :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution`
+        :type requirement: ``str``
+        """
+        logger.debug('%s missing %r', distribution, requirement)
+        self.missing.setdefault(distribution, []).append(requirement)
+
+    def _repr_dist(self, dist):
+        return '%s %s' % (dist.name, dist.version)
+
+    def repr_node(self, dist, level=1):
+        """Prints only a subgraph"""
+        output = [self._repr_dist(dist)]
+        for other, label in self.adjacency_list[dist]:
+            dist = self._repr_dist(other)
+            if label is not None:
+                dist = '%s [%s]' % (dist, label)
+            output.append('    ' * level + str(dist))
+            suboutput = self.repr_node(other, level + 1)
+            subs = suboutput.split('\n')
+            output.extend(subs[1:])
+        return '\n'.join(output)
+
+    def to_dot(self, f, skip_disconnected=True):
+        """Writes a DOT output for the graph to the provided file *f*.
+
+        If *skip_disconnected* is set to ``True``, then all distributions
+        that are not dependent on any other distribution are skipped.
+
+        :type f: has to support ``file``-like operations
+        :type skip_disconnected: ``bool``
+        """
+        disconnected = []
+
+        f.write("digraph dependencies {\n")
+        for dist, adjs in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            if len(adjs) == 0 and not skip_disconnected:
+                disconnected.append(dist)
+            for other, label in adjs:
+                if label is not None:
+                    f.write('"%s" -> "%s" [label="%s"]\n' %
+                            (dist.name, other.name, label))
+                else:
+                    f.write('"%s" -> "%s"\n' % (dist.name, other.name))
+        if not skip_disconnected and len(disconnected) > 0:
+            f.write('subgraph disconnected {\n')
+            f.write('label = "Disconnected"\n')
+            f.write('bgcolor = red\n')
+
+            for dist in disconnected:
+                f.write('"%s"' % dist.name)
+                f.write('\n')
+            f.write('}\n')
+        f.write('}\n')
+
+    def topological_sort(self):
+        """
+        Perform a topological sort of the graph.
+        :return: A tuple, the first element of which is a topologically sorted
+                 list of distributions, and the second element of which is a
+                 list of distributions that cannot be sorted because they have
+                 circular dependencies and so form a cycle.
+        """
+        result = []
+        # Make a shallow copy of the adjacency list
+        alist = {}
+        for k, v in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            alist[k] = v[:]
+        while True:
+            # See what we can remove in this run
+            to_remove = []
+            for k, v in list(alist.items())[:]:
+                if not v:
+                    to_remove.append(k)
+                    del alist[k]
+            if not to_remove:
+                # What's left in alist (if anything) is a cycle.
+                break
+            # Remove from the adjacency list of others
+            for k, v in alist.items():
+                alist[k] = [(d, r) for d, r in v if d not in to_remove]
+            logger.debug('Moving to result: %s',
+                         ['%s (%s)' % (d.name, d.version) for d in to_remove])
+            result.extend(to_remove)
+        return result, list(alist.keys())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Representation of the graph"""
+        output = []
+        for dist, adjs in self.adjacency_list.items():
+            output.append(self.repr_node(dist))
+        return '\n'.join(output)
+
+
+def make_graph(dists, scheme='default'):
+    """Makes a dependency graph from the given distributions.
+
+    :parameter dists: a list of distributions
+    :type dists: list of :class:`distutils2.database.InstalledDistribution` and
+                 :class:`distutils2.database.EggInfoDistribution` instances
+    :rtype: a :class:`DependencyGraph` instance
+    """
+    scheme = get_scheme(scheme)
+    graph = DependencyGraph()
+    provided = {}  # maps names to lists of (version, dist) tuples
+
+    # first, build the graph and find out what's provided
+    for dist in dists:
+        graph.add_distribution(dist)
+
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Add to provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            provided.setdefault(name, []).append((version, dist))
+
+    # now make the edges
+    for dist in dists:
+        requires = (dist.run_requires | dist.meta_requires
+                    | dist.build_requires | dist.dev_requires)
+        for req in requires:
+            try:
+                matcher = scheme.matcher(req)
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+                logger.warning('could not read version %r - using name only',
+                               req)
+                name = req.split()[0]
+                matcher = scheme.matcher(name)
+
+            name = matcher.key  # case-insensitive
+
+            matched = False
+            if name in provided:
+                for version, provider in provided[name]:
+                    try:
+                        match = matcher.match(version)
+                    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                        match = False
+
+                    if match:
+                        graph.add_edge(dist, provider, req)
+                        matched = True
+                        break
+            if not matched:
+                graph.add_missing(dist, req)
+    return graph
+
+
+def get_dependent_dists(dists, dist):
+    """Recursively generate a list of distributions from *dists* that are
+    dependent on *dist*.
+
+    :param dists: a list of distributions
+    :param dist: a distribution, member of *dists* for which we are interested
+    """
+    if dist not in dists:
+        raise DistlibException('given distribution %r is not a member '
+                               'of the list' % dist.name)
+    graph = make_graph(dists)
+
+    dep = [dist]  # dependent distributions
+    todo = graph.reverse_list[dist]  # list of nodes we should inspect
+
+    while todo:
+        d = todo.pop()
+        dep.append(d)
+        for succ in graph.reverse_list[d]:
+            if succ not in dep:
+                todo.append(succ)
+
+    dep.pop(0)  # remove dist from dep, was there to prevent infinite loops
+    return dep
+
+
+def get_required_dists(dists, dist):
+    """Recursively generate a list of distributions from *dists* that are
+    required by *dist*.
+
+    :param dists: a list of distributions
+    :param dist: a distribution, member of *dists* for which we are interested
+                 in finding the dependencies.
+    """
+    if dist not in dists:
+        raise DistlibException('given distribution %r is not a member '
+                               'of the list' % dist.name)
+    graph = make_graph(dists)
+
+    req = set()  # required distributions
+    todo = graph.adjacency_list[dist]  # list of nodes we should inspect
+    seen = set(t[0] for t in todo)  # already added to todo
+
+    while todo:
+        d = todo.pop()[0]
+        req.add(d)
+        pred_list = graph.adjacency_list[d]
+        for pred in pred_list:
+            d = pred[0]
+            if d not in req and d not in seen:
+                seen.add(d)
+                todo.append(pred)
+    return req
+
+
+def make_dist(name, version, **kwargs):
+    """
+    A convenience method for making a dist given just a name and version.
+    """
+    summary = kwargs.pop('summary', 'Placeholder for summary')
+    md = Metadata(**kwargs)
+    md.name = name
+    md.version = version
+    md.summary = summary or 'Placeholder for summary'
+    return Distribution(md)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56cd2867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/index.py
@@ -0,0 +1,508 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2023 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+try:
+    from threading import Thread
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    from dummy_threading import Thread
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (HTTPBasicAuthHandler, Request, HTTPPasswordMgr,
+                     urlparse, build_opener, string_types)
+from .util import zip_dir, ServerProxy
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+DEFAULT_INDEX = 'https://pypi.org/pypi'
+DEFAULT_REALM = 'pypi'
+
+
+class PackageIndex(object):
+    """
+    This class represents a package index compatible with PyPI, the Python
+    Package Index.
+    """
+
+    boundary = b'----------ThIs_Is_tHe_distlib_index_bouNdaRY_$'
+
+    def __init__(self, url=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param url: The URL of the index. If not specified, the URL for PyPI is
+                    used.
+        """
+        self.url = url or DEFAULT_INDEX
+        self.read_configuration()
+        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(self.url)
+        if params or query or frag or scheme not in ('http', 'https'):
+            raise DistlibException('invalid repository: %s' % self.url)
+        self.password_handler = None
+        self.ssl_verifier = None
+        self.gpg = None
+        self.gpg_home = None
+        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as sink:
+            # Use gpg by default rather than gpg2, as gpg2 insists on
+            # prompting for passwords
+            for s in ('gpg', 'gpg2'):
+                try:
+                    rc = subprocess.check_call([s, '--version'], stdout=sink,
+                                               stderr=sink)
+                    if rc == 0:
+                        self.gpg = s
+                        break
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+
+    def _get_pypirc_command(self):
+        """
+        Get the distutils command for interacting with PyPI configurations.
+        :return: the command.
+        """
+        from .util import _get_pypirc_command as cmd
+        return cmd()
+
+    def read_configuration(self):
+        """
+        Read the PyPI access configuration as supported by distutils. This populates
+        ``username``, ``password``, ``realm`` and ``url`` attributes from the
+        configuration.
+        """
+        from .util import _load_pypirc
+        cfg = _load_pypirc(self)
+        self.username = cfg.get('username')
+        self.password = cfg.get('password')
+        self.realm = cfg.get('realm', 'pypi')
+        self.url = cfg.get('repository', self.url)
+
+    def save_configuration(self):
+        """
+        Save the PyPI access configuration. You must have set ``username`` and
+        ``password`` attributes before calling this method.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        from .util import _store_pypirc
+        _store_pypirc(self)
+
+    def check_credentials(self):
+        """
+        Check that ``username`` and ``password`` have been set, and raise an
+        exception if not.
+        """
+        if self.username is None or self.password is None:
+            raise DistlibException('username and password must be set')
+        pm = HTTPPasswordMgr()
+        _, netloc, _, _, _, _ = urlparse(self.url)
+        pm.add_password(self.realm, netloc, self.username, self.password)
+        self.password_handler = HTTPBasicAuthHandler(pm)
+
+    def register(self, metadata):  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        Register a distribution on PyPI, using the provided metadata.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the distribution to be
+                         registered.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        metadata.validate()
+        d = metadata.todict()
+        d[':action'] = 'verify'
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), [])
+        self.send_request(request)
+        d[':action'] = 'submit'
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), [])
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def _reader(self, name, stream, outbuf):
+        """
+        Thread runner for reading lines of from a subprocess into a buffer.
+
+        :param name: The logical name of the stream (used for logging only).
+        :param stream: The stream to read from. This will typically a pipe
+                       connected to the output stream of a subprocess.
+        :param outbuf: The list to append the read lines to.
+        """
+        while True:
+            s = stream.readline()
+            if not s:
+                break
+            s = s.decode('utf-8').rstrip()
+            outbuf.append(s)
+            logger.debug('%s: %s' % (name, s))
+        stream.close()
+
+    def get_sign_command(self, filename, signer, sign_password, keystore=None):  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        Return a suitable command for signing a file.
+
+        :param filename: The pathname to the file to be signed.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The signing command as a list suitable to be
+                 passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`.
+        """
+        cmd = [self.gpg, '--status-fd', '2', '--no-tty']
+        if keystore is None:
+            keystore = self.gpg_home
+        if keystore:
+            cmd.extend(['--homedir', keystore])
+        if sign_password is not None:
+            cmd.extend(['--batch', '--passphrase-fd', '0'])
+        td = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        sf = os.path.join(td, os.path.basename(filename) + '.asc')
+        cmd.extend(['--detach-sign', '--armor', '--local-user',
+                    signer, '--output', sf, filename])
+        logger.debug('invoking: %s', ' '.join(cmd))
+        return cmd, sf
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, input_data=None):
+        """
+        Run a command in a child process , passing it any input data specified.
+
+        :param cmd: The command to run.
+        :param input_data: If specified, this must be a byte string containing
+                           data to be sent to the child process.
+        :return: A tuple consisting of the subprocess' exit code, a list of
+                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stdout``, and a list of
+                 lines read from the subprocess' ``stderr``.
+        """
+        kwargs = {
+            'stdout': subprocess.PIPE,
+            'stderr': subprocess.PIPE,
+        }
+        if input_data is not None:
+            kwargs['stdin'] = subprocess.PIPE
+        stdout = []
+        stderr = []
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, **kwargs)
+        # We don't use communicate() here because we may need to
+        # get clever with interacting with the command
+        t1 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stdout', p.stdout, stdout))
+        t1.start()
+        t2 = Thread(target=self._reader, args=('stderr', p.stderr, stderr))
+        t2.start()
+        if input_data is not None:
+            p.stdin.write(input_data)
+            p.stdin.close()
+
+        p.wait()
+        t1.join()
+        t2.join()
+        return p.returncode, stdout, stderr
+
+    def sign_file(self, filename, signer, sign_password, keystore=None):  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        Sign a file.
+
+        :param filename: The pathname to the file to be signed.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in signing. If not specified, the instance's
+                         ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The absolute pathname of the file where the signature is
+                 stored.
+        """
+        cmd, sig_file = self.get_sign_command(filename, signer, sign_password,
+                                              keystore)
+        rc, stdout, stderr = self.run_command(cmd,
+                                              sign_password.encode('utf-8'))
+        if rc != 0:
+            raise DistlibException('sign command failed with error '
+                                   'code %s' % rc)
+        return sig_file
+
+    def upload_file(self, metadata, filename, signer=None, sign_password=None,
+                    filetype='sdist', pyversion='source', keystore=None):
+        """
+        Upload a release file to the index.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the file to be uploaded.
+        :param filename: The pathname of the file to be uploaded.
+        :param signer: The identifier of the signer of the file.
+        :param sign_password: The passphrase for the signer's
+                              private key used for signing.
+        :param filetype: The type of the file being uploaded. This is the
+                        distutils command which produced that file, e.g.
+                        ``sdist`` or ``bdist_wheel``.
+        :param pyversion: The version of Python which the release relates
+                          to. For code compatible with any Python, this would
+                          be ``source``, otherwise it would be e.g. ``3.2``.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in signing. If not specified, the instance's
+                         ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        if not os.path.exists(filename):
+            raise DistlibException('not found: %s' % filename)
+        metadata.validate()
+        d = metadata.todict()
+        sig_file = None
+        if signer:
+            if not self.gpg:
+                logger.warning('no signing program available - not signed')
+            else:
+                sig_file = self.sign_file(filename, signer, sign_password,
+                                          keystore)
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            file_data = f.read()
+        md5_digest = hashlib.md5(file_data).hexdigest()
+        sha256_digest = hashlib.sha256(file_data).hexdigest()
+        d.update({
+            ':action': 'file_upload',
+            'protocol_version': '1',
+            'filetype': filetype,
+            'pyversion': pyversion,
+            'md5_digest': md5_digest,
+            'sha256_digest': sha256_digest,
+        })
+        files = [('content', os.path.basename(filename), file_data)]
+        if sig_file:
+            with open(sig_file, 'rb') as f:
+                sig_data = f.read()
+            files.append(('gpg_signature', os.path.basename(sig_file),
+                         sig_data))
+            shutil.rmtree(os.path.dirname(sig_file))
+        request = self.encode_request(d.items(), files)
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def upload_documentation(self, metadata, doc_dir):  # pragma: no cover
+        """
+        Upload documentation to the index.
+
+        :param metadata: A :class:`Metadata` instance defining at least a name
+                         and version number for the documentation to be
+                         uploaded.
+        :param doc_dir: The pathname of the directory which contains the
+                        documentation. This should be the directory that
+                        contains the ``index.html`` for the documentation.
+        :return: The HTTP response received from PyPI upon submission of the
+                request.
+        """
+        self.check_credentials()
+        if not os.path.isdir(doc_dir):
+            raise DistlibException('not a directory: %r' % doc_dir)
+        fn = os.path.join(doc_dir, 'index.html')
+        if not os.path.exists(fn):
+            raise DistlibException('not found: %r' % fn)
+        metadata.validate()
+        name, version = metadata.name, metadata.version
+        zip_data = zip_dir(doc_dir).getvalue()
+        fields = [(':action', 'doc_upload'),
+                  ('name', name), ('version', version)]
+        files = [('content', name, zip_data)]
+        request = self.encode_request(fields, files)
+        return self.send_request(request)
+
+    def get_verify_command(self, signature_filename, data_filename,
+                           keystore=None):
+        """
+        Return a suitable command for verifying a file.
+
+        :param signature_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                                   signature.
+        :param data_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                              signed data.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: The verifying command as a list suitable to be
+                 passed to :class:`subprocess.Popen`.
+        """
+        cmd = [self.gpg, '--status-fd', '2', '--no-tty']
+        if keystore is None:
+            keystore = self.gpg_home
+        if keystore:
+            cmd.extend(['--homedir', keystore])
+        cmd.extend(['--verify', signature_filename, data_filename])
+        logger.debug('invoking: %s', ' '.join(cmd))
+        return cmd
+
+    def verify_signature(self, signature_filename, data_filename,
+                         keystore=None):
+        """
+        Verify a signature for a file.
+
+        :param signature_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                                   signature.
+        :param data_filename: The pathname to the file containing the
+                              signed data.
+        :param keystore: The path to a directory which contains the keys
+                         used in verification. If not specified, the
+                         instance's ``gpg_home`` attribute is used instead.
+        :return: True if the signature was verified, else False.
+        """
+        if not self.gpg:
+            raise DistlibException('verification unavailable because gpg '
+                                   'unavailable')
+        cmd = self.get_verify_command(signature_filename, data_filename,
+                                      keystore)
+        rc, stdout, stderr = self.run_command(cmd)
+        if rc not in (0, 1):
+            raise DistlibException('verify command failed with error code %s' % rc)
+        return rc == 0
+
+    def download_file(self, url, destfile, digest=None, reporthook=None):
+        """
+        This is a convenience method for downloading a file from an URL.
+        Normally, this will be a file from the index, though currently
+        no check is made for this (i.e. a file can be downloaded from
+        anywhere).
+
+        The method is just like the :func:`urlretrieve` function in the
+        standard library, except that it allows digest computation to be
+        done during download and checking that the downloaded data
+        matched any expected value.
+
+        :param url: The URL of the file to be downloaded (assumed to be
+                    available via an HTTP GET request).
+        :param destfile: The pathname where the downloaded file is to be
+                         saved.
+        :param digest: If specified, this must be a (hasher, value)
+                       tuple, where hasher is the algorithm used (e.g.
+                       ``'md5'``) and ``value`` is the expected value.
+        :param reporthook: The same as for :func:`urlretrieve` in the
+                           standard library.
+        """
+        if digest is None:
+            digester = None
+            logger.debug('No digest specified')
+        else:
+            if isinstance(digest, (list, tuple)):
+                hasher, digest = digest
+            else:
+                hasher = 'md5'
+            digester = getattr(hashlib, hasher)()
+            logger.debug('Digest specified: %s' % digest)
+        # The following code is equivalent to urlretrieve.
+        # We need to do it this way so that we can compute the
+        # digest of the file as we go.
+        with open(destfile, 'wb') as dfp:
+            # addinfourl is not a context manager on 2.x
+            # so we have to use try/finally
+            sfp = self.send_request(Request(url))
+            try:
+                headers = sfp.info()
+                blocksize = 8192
+                size = -1
+                read = 0
+                blocknum = 0
+                if "content-length" in headers:
+                    size = int(headers["Content-Length"])
+                if reporthook:
+                    reporthook(blocknum, blocksize, size)
+                while True:
+                    block = sfp.read(blocksize)
+                    if not block:
+                        break
+                    read += len(block)
+                    dfp.write(block)
+                    if digester:
+                        digester.update(block)
+                    blocknum += 1
+                    if reporthook:
+                        reporthook(blocknum, blocksize, size)
+            finally:
+                sfp.close()
+
+        # check that we got the whole file, if we can
+        if size >= 0 and read < size:
+            raise DistlibException(
+                'retrieval incomplete: got only %d out of %d bytes'
+                % (read, size))
+        # if we have a digest, it must match.
+        if digester:
+            actual = digester.hexdigest()
+            if digest != actual:
+                raise DistlibException('%s digest mismatch for %s: expected '
+                                       '%s, got %s' % (hasher, destfile,
+                                                       digest, actual))
+            logger.debug('Digest verified: %s', digest)
+
+    def send_request(self, req):
+        """
+        Send a standard library :class:`Request` to PyPI and return its
+        response.
+
+        :param req: The request to send.
+        :return: The HTTP response from PyPI (a standard library HTTPResponse).
+        """
+        handlers = []
+        if self.password_handler:
+            handlers.append(self.password_handler)
+        if self.ssl_verifier:
+            handlers.append(self.ssl_verifier)
+        opener = build_opener(*handlers)
+        return opener.open(req)
+
+    def encode_request(self, fields, files):
+        """
+        Encode fields and files for posting to an HTTP server.
+
+        :param fields: The fields to send as a list of (fieldname, value)
+                       tuples.
+        :param files: The files to send as a list of (fieldname, filename,
+                      file_bytes) tuple.
+        """
+        # Adapted from packaging, which in turn was adapted from
+        # http://code.activestate.com/recipes/146306
+
+        parts = []
+        boundary = self.boundary
+        for k, values in fields:
+            if not isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
+                values = [values]
+
+            for v in values:
+                parts.extend((
+                    b'--' + boundary,
+                    ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' %
+                     k).encode('utf-8'),
+                    b'',
+                    v.encode('utf-8')))
+        for key, filename, value in files:
+            parts.extend((
+                b'--' + boundary,
+                ('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' %
+                 (key, filename)).encode('utf-8'),
+                b'',
+                value))
+
+        parts.extend((b'--' + boundary + b'--', b''))
+
+        body = b'\r\n'.join(parts)
+        ct = b'multipart/form-data; boundary=' + boundary
+        headers = {
+            'Content-type': ct,
+            'Content-length': str(len(body))
+        }
+        return Request(self.url, body, headers)
+
+    def search(self, terms, operator=None):  # pragma: no cover
+        if isinstance(terms, string_types):
+            terms = {'name': terms}
+        rpc_proxy = ServerProxy(self.url, timeout=3.0)
+        try:
+            return rpc_proxy.search(terms, operator or 'and')
+        finally:
+            rpc_proxy('close')()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9f0788f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/locators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1303 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2023 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+
+import gzip
+from io import BytesIO
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import re
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+import zlib
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (urljoin, urlparse, urlunparse, url2pathname, pathname2url,
+                     queue, quote, unescape, build_opener,
+                     HTTPRedirectHandler as BaseRedirectHandler, text_type,
+                     Request, HTTPError, URLError)
+from .database import Distribution, DistributionPath, make_dist
+from .metadata import Metadata, MetadataInvalidError
+from .util import (cached_property, ensure_slash, split_filename, get_project_data,
+                   parse_requirement, parse_name_and_version, ServerProxy,
+                   normalize_name)
+from .version import get_scheme, UnsupportedVersionError
+from .wheel import Wheel, is_compatible
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+HASHER_HASH = re.compile(r'^(\w+)=([a-f0-9]+)')
+CHARSET = re.compile(r';\s*charset\s*=\s*(.*)\s*$', re.I)
+HTML_CONTENT_TYPE = re.compile('text/html|application/x(ht)?ml')
+DEFAULT_INDEX = 'https://pypi.org/pypi'
+
+
+def get_all_distribution_names(url=None):
+    """
+    Return all distribution names known by an index.
+    :param url: The URL of the index.
+    :return: A list of all known distribution names.
+    """
+    if url is None:
+        url = DEFAULT_INDEX
+    client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)
+    try:
+        return client.list_packages()
+    finally:
+        client('close')()
+
+
+class RedirectHandler(BaseRedirectHandler):
+    """
+    A class to work around a bug in some Python 3.2.x releases.
+    """
+    # There's a bug in the base version for some 3.2.x
+    # (e.g. 3.2.2 on Ubuntu Oneiric). If a Location header
+    # returns e.g. /abc, it bails because it says the scheme ''
+    # is bogus, when actually it should use the request's
+    # URL for the scheme. See Python issue #13696.
+    def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
+        # Some servers (incorrectly) return multiple Location headers
+        # (so probably same goes for URI).  Use first header.
+        newurl = None
+        for key in ('location', 'uri'):
+            if key in headers:
+                newurl = headers[key]
+                break
+        if newurl is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            return
+        urlparts = urlparse(newurl)
+        if urlparts.scheme == '':
+            newurl = urljoin(req.get_full_url(), newurl)
+            if hasattr(headers, 'replace_header'):
+                headers.replace_header(key, newurl)
+            else:
+                headers[key] = newurl
+        return BaseRedirectHandler.http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg,
+                                                  headers)
+
+    http_error_301 = http_error_303 = http_error_307 = http_error_302
+
+
+class Locator(object):
+    """
+    A base class for locators - things that locate distributions.
+    """
+    source_extensions = ('.tar.gz', '.tar.bz2', '.tar', '.zip', '.tgz', '.tbz')
+    binary_extensions = ('.egg', '.exe', '.whl')
+    excluded_extensions = ('.pdf',)
+
+    # A list of tags indicating which wheels you want to match. The default
+    # value of None matches against the tags compatible with the running
+    # Python. If you want to match other values, set wheel_tags on a locator
+    # instance to a list of tuples (pyver, abi, arch) which you want to match.
+    wheel_tags = None
+
+    downloadable_extensions = source_extensions + ('.whl',)
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme='default'):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param scheme: Because locators look for most recent versions, they
+                       need to know the version scheme to use. This specifies
+                       the current PEP-recommended scheme - use ``'legacy'``
+                       if you need to support existing distributions on PyPI.
+        """
+        self._cache = {}
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        # Because of bugs in some of the handlers on some of the platforms,
+        # we use our own opener rather than just using urlopen.
+        self.opener = build_opener(RedirectHandler())
+        # If get_project() is called from locate(), the matcher instance
+        # is set from the requirement passed to locate(). See issue #18 for
+        # why this can be useful to know.
+        self.matcher = None
+        self.errors = queue.Queue()
+
+    def get_errors(self):
+        """
+        Return any errors which have occurred.
+        """
+        result = []
+        while not self.errors.empty():  # pragma: no cover
+            try:
+                e = self.errors.get(False)
+                result.append(e)
+            except self.errors.Empty:
+                continue
+            self.errors.task_done()
+        return result
+
+    def clear_errors(self):
+        """
+        Clear any errors which may have been logged.
+        """
+        # Just get the errors and throw them away
+        self.get_errors()
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        self._cache.clear()
+
+    def _get_scheme(self):
+        return self._scheme
+
+    def _set_scheme(self, value):
+        self._scheme = value
+
+    scheme = property(_get_scheme, _set_scheme)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        """
+        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
+        instances.
+
+        This should be implemented in subclasses.
+
+        If called from a locate() request, self.matcher will be set to a
+        matcher for the requirement to satisfy, otherwise it will be None.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in the subclass')
+
+    def get_project(self, name):
+        """
+        For a given project, get a dictionary mapping available versions to Distribution
+        instances.
+
+        This calls _get_project to do all the work, and just implements a caching layer on top.
+        """
+        if self._cache is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            result = self._get_project(name)
+        elif name in self._cache:
+            result = self._cache[name]
+        else:
+            self.clear_errors()
+            result = self._get_project(name)
+            self._cache[name] = result
+        return result
+
+    def score_url(self, url):
+        """
+        Give an url a score which can be used to choose preferred URLs
+        for a given project release.
+        """
+        t = urlparse(url)
+        basename = posixpath.basename(t.path)
+        compatible = True
+        is_wheel = basename.endswith('.whl')
+        is_downloadable = basename.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions)
+        if is_wheel:
+            compatible = is_compatible(Wheel(basename), self.wheel_tags)
+        return (t.scheme == 'https', 'pypi.org' in t.netloc,
+                is_downloadable, is_wheel, compatible, basename)
+
+    def prefer_url(self, url1, url2):
+        """
+        Choose one of two URLs where both are candidates for distribution
+        archives for the same version of a distribution (for example,
+        .tar.gz vs. zip).
+
+        The current implementation favours https:// URLs over http://, archives
+        from PyPI over those from other locations, wheel compatibility (if a
+        wheel) and then the archive name.
+        """
+        result = url2
+        if url1:
+            s1 = self.score_url(url1)
+            s2 = self.score_url(url2)
+            if s1 > s2:
+                result = url1
+            if result != url2:
+                logger.debug('Not replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
+            else:
+                logger.debug('Replacing %r with %r', url1, url2)
+        return result
+
+    def split_filename(self, filename, project_name):
+        """
+        Attempt to split a filename in project name, version and Python version.
+        """
+        return split_filename(filename, project_name)
+
+    def convert_url_to_download_info(self, url, project_name):
+        """
+        See if a URL is a candidate for a download URL for a project (the URL
+        has typically been scraped from an HTML page).
+
+        If it is, a dictionary is returned with keys "name", "version",
+        "filename" and "url"; otherwise, None is returned.
+        """
+        def same_project(name1, name2):
+            return normalize_name(name1) == normalize_name(name2)
+
+        result = None
+        scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+        if frag.lower().startswith('egg='):  # pragma: no cover
+            logger.debug('%s: version hint in fragment: %r',
+                         project_name, frag)
+        m = HASHER_HASH.match(frag)
+        if m:
+            algo, digest = m.groups()
+        else:
+            algo, digest = None, None
+        origpath = path
+        if path and path[-1] == '/':  # pragma: no cover
+            path = path[:-1]
+        if path.endswith('.whl'):
+            try:
+                wheel = Wheel(path)
+                if not is_compatible(wheel, self.wheel_tags):
+                    logger.debug('Wheel not compatible: %s', path)
+                else:
+                    if project_name is None:
+                        include = True
+                    else:
+                        include = same_project(wheel.name, project_name)
+                    if include:
+                        result = {
+                            'name': wheel.name,
+                            'version': wheel.version,
+                            'filename': wheel.filename,
+                            'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
+                                               params, query, '')),
+                            'python-version': ', '.join(
+                                ['.'.join(list(v[2:])) for v in wheel.pyver]),
+                        }
+            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.warning('invalid path for wheel: %s', path)
+        elif not path.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions):  # pragma: no cover
+            logger.debug('Not downloadable: %s', path)
+        else:  # downloadable extension
+            path = filename = posixpath.basename(path)
+            for ext in self.downloadable_extensions:
+                if path.endswith(ext):
+                    path = path[:-len(ext)]
+                    t = self.split_filename(path, project_name)
+                    if not t:  # pragma: no cover
+                        logger.debug('No match for project/version: %s', path)
+                    else:
+                        name, version, pyver = t
+                        if not project_name or same_project(project_name, name):
+                            result = {
+                                'name': name,
+                                'version': version,
+                                'filename': filename,
+                                'url': urlunparse((scheme, netloc, origpath,
+                                                   params, query, '')),
+                            }
+                            if pyver:  # pragma: no cover
+                                result['python-version'] = pyver
+                    break
+        if result and algo:
+            result['%s_digest' % algo] = digest
+        return result
+
+    def _get_digest(self, info):
+        """
+        Get a digest from a dictionary by looking at a "digests" dictionary
+        or keys of the form 'algo_digest'.
+
+        Returns a 2-tuple (algo, digest) if found, else None. Currently
+        looks only for SHA256, then MD5.
+        """
+        result = None
+        if 'digests' in info:
+            digests = info['digests']
+            for algo in ('sha256', 'md5'):
+                if algo in digests:
+                    result = (algo, digests[algo])
+                    break
+        if not result:
+            for algo in ('sha256', 'md5'):
+                key = '%s_digest' % algo
+                if key in info:
+                    result = (algo, info[key])
+                    break
+        return result
+
+    def _update_version_data(self, result, info):
+        """
+        Update a result dictionary (the final result from _get_project) with a
+        dictionary for a specific version, which typically holds information
+        gleaned from a filename or URL for an archive for the distribution.
+        """
+        name = info.pop('name')
+        version = info.pop('version')
+        if version in result:
+            dist = result[version]
+            md = dist.metadata
+        else:
+            dist = make_dist(name, version, scheme=self.scheme)
+            md = dist.metadata
+        dist.digest = digest = self._get_digest(info)
+        url = info['url']
+        result['digests'][url] = digest
+        if md.source_url != info['url']:
+            md.source_url = self.prefer_url(md.source_url, url)
+            result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
+        dist.locator = self
+        result[version] = dist
+
+    def locate(self, requirement, prereleases=False):
+        """
+        Find the most recent distribution which matches the given
+        requirement.
+
+        :param requirement: A requirement of the form 'foo (1.0)' or perhaps
+                            'foo (>= 1.0, < 2.0, != 1.3)'
+        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions
+                            to be located. Otherwise, pre-release versions
+                            are not returned.
+        :return: A :class:`Distribution` instance, or ``None`` if no such
+                 distribution could be located.
+        """
+        result = None
+        r = parse_requirement(requirement)
+        if r is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise DistlibException('Not a valid requirement: %r' % requirement)
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+        self.matcher = matcher = scheme.matcher(r.requirement)
+        logger.debug('matcher: %s (%s)', matcher, type(matcher).__name__)
+        versions = self.get_project(r.name)
+        if len(versions) > 2:   # urls and digests keys are present
+            # sometimes, versions are invalid
+            slist = []
+            vcls = matcher.version_class
+            for k in versions:
+                if k in ('urls', 'digests'):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    if not matcher.match(k):
+                        pass  # logger.debug('%s did not match %r', matcher, k)
+                    else:
+                        if prereleases or not vcls(k).is_prerelease:
+                            slist.append(k)
+                except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                    logger.warning('error matching %s with %r', matcher, k)
+                    pass  # slist.append(k)
+            if len(slist) > 1:
+                slist = sorted(slist, key=scheme.key)
+            if slist:
+                logger.debug('sorted list: %s', slist)
+                version = slist[-1]
+                result = versions[version]
+        if result:
+            if r.extras:
+                result.extras = r.extras
+            result.download_urls = versions.get('urls', {}).get(version, set())
+            d = {}
+            sd = versions.get('digests', {})
+            for url in result.download_urls:
+                if url in sd:  # pragma: no cover
+                    d[url] = sd[url]
+            result.digests = d
+        self.matcher = None
+        return result
+
+
+class PyPIRPCLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses XML-RPC to locate distributions. It therefore
+    cannot be used with simple mirrors (that only mirror file content).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param url: The URL to use for XML-RPC.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor.
+        """
+        super(PyPIRPCLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = url
+        self.client = ServerProxy(url, timeout=3.0)
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        return set(self.client.list_packages())
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        versions = self.client.package_releases(name, True)
+        for v in versions:
+            urls = self.client.release_urls(name, v)
+            data = self.client.release_data(name, v)
+            metadata = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+            metadata.name = data['name']
+            metadata.version = data['version']
+            metadata.license = data.get('license')
+            metadata.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
+            metadata.summary = data.get('summary')
+            dist = Distribution(metadata)
+            if urls:
+                info = urls[0]
+                metadata.source_url = info['url']
+                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
+                dist.locator = self
+                result[v] = dist
+                for info in urls:
+                    url = info['url']
+                    digest = self._get_digest(info)
+                    result['urls'].setdefault(v, set()).add(url)
+                    result['digests'][url] = digest
+        return result
+
+
+class PyPIJSONLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses PyPI's JSON interface. It's very limited in functionality
+    and probably not worth using.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, url, **kwargs):
+        super(PyPIJSONLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/json' % quote(name))
+        try:
+            resp = self.opener.open(url)
+            data = resp.read().decode()  # for now
+            d = json.loads(data)
+            md = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+            data = d['info']
+            md.name = data['name']
+            md.version = data['version']
+            md.license = data.get('license')
+            md.keywords = data.get('keywords', [])
+            md.summary = data.get('summary')
+            dist = Distribution(md)
+            dist.locator = self
+            # urls = d['urls']
+            result[md.version] = dist
+            for info in d['urls']:
+                url = info['url']
+                dist.download_urls.add(url)
+                dist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
+                result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
+                result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+            # Now get other releases
+            for version, infos in d['releases'].items():
+                if version == md.version:
+                    continue    # already done
+                omd = Metadata(scheme=self.scheme)
+                omd.name = md.name
+                omd.version = version
+                odist = Distribution(omd)
+                odist.locator = self
+                result[version] = odist
+                for info in infos:
+                    url = info['url']
+                    odist.download_urls.add(url)
+                    odist.digests[url] = self._get_digest(info)
+                    result['urls'].setdefault(version, set()).add(url)
+                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+#            for info in urls:
+#                md.source_url = info['url']
+#                dist.digest = self._get_digest(info)
+#                dist.locator = self
+#                for info in urls:
+#                    url = info['url']
+#                    result['urls'].setdefault(md.version, set()).add(url)
+#                    result['digests'][url] = self._get_digest(info)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.errors.put(text_type(e))
+            logger.exception('JSON fetch failed: %s', e)
+        return result
+
+
+class Page(object):
+    """
+    This class represents a scraped HTML page.
+    """
+    # The following slightly hairy-looking regex just looks for the contents of
+    # an anchor link, which has an attribute "href" either immediately preceded
+    # or immediately followed by a "rel" attribute. The attribute values can be
+    # declared with double quotes, single quotes or no quotes - which leads to
+    # the length of the expression.
+    _href = re.compile("""
+(rel\\s*=\\s*(?:"(?P<rel1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel2>[^']*)'|(?P<rel3>[^>\\s\n]*))\\s+)?
+href\\s*=\\s*(?:"(?P<url1>[^"]*)"|'(?P<url2>[^']*)'|(?P<url3>[^>\\s\n]*))
+(\\s+rel\\s*=\\s*(?:"(?P<rel4>[^"]*)"|'(?P<rel5>[^']*)'|(?P<rel6>[^>\\s\n]*)))?
+""", re.I | re.S | re.X)
+    _base = re.compile(r"""<base\s+href\s*=\s*['"]?([^'">]+)""", re.I | re.S)
+
+    def __init__(self, data, url):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance with the Unicode page contents and the URL they
+        came from.
+        """
+        self.data = data
+        self.base_url = self.url = url
+        m = self._base.search(self.data)
+        if m:
+            self.base_url = m.group(1)
+
+    _clean_re = re.compile(r'[^a-z0-9$&+,/:;=?@.#%_\\|-]', re.I)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def links(self):
+        """
+        Return the URLs of all the links on a page together with information
+        about their "rel" attribute, for determining which ones to treat as
+        downloads and which ones to queue for further scraping.
+        """
+        def clean(url):
+            "Tidy up an URL."
+            scheme, netloc, path, params, query, frag = urlparse(url)
+            return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, quote(path),
+                               params, query, frag))
+
+        result = set()
+        for match in self._href.finditer(self.data):
+            d = match.groupdict('')
+            rel = (d['rel1'] or d['rel2'] or d['rel3'] or
+                   d['rel4'] or d['rel5'] or d['rel6'])
+            url = d['url1'] or d['url2'] or d['url3']
+            url = urljoin(self.base_url, url)
+            url = unescape(url)
+            url = self._clean_re.sub(lambda m: '%%%2x' % ord(m.group(0)), url)
+            result.add((url, rel))
+        # We sort the result, hoping to bring the most recent versions
+        # to the front
+        result = sorted(result, key=lambda t: t[0], reverse=True)
+        return result
+
+
+class SimpleScrapingLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    A locator which scrapes HTML pages to locate downloads for a distribution.
+    This runs multiple threads to do the I/O; performance is at least as good
+    as pip's PackageFinder, which works in an analogous fashion.
+    """
+
+    # These are used to deal with various Content-Encoding schemes.
+    decoders = {
+        'deflate': zlib.decompress,
+        'gzip': lambda b: gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=BytesIO(b)).read(),
+        'none': lambda b: b,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, url, timeout=None, num_workers=10, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param url: The root URL to use for scraping.
+        :param timeout: The timeout, in seconds, to be applied to requests.
+                        This defaults to ``None`` (no timeout specified).
+        :param num_workers: The number of worker threads you want to do I/O,
+                            This defaults to 10.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass.
+        """
+        super(SimpleScrapingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.base_url = ensure_slash(url)
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self._page_cache = {}
+        self._seen = set()
+        self._to_fetch = queue.Queue()
+        self._bad_hosts = set()
+        self.skip_externals = False
+        self.num_workers = num_workers
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+        # See issue #45: we need to be resilient when the locator is used
+        # in a thread, e.g. with concurrent.futures. We can't use self._lock
+        # as it is for coordinating our internal threads - the ones created
+        # in _prepare_threads.
+        self._gplock = threading.RLock()
+        self.platform_check = False  # See issue #112
+
+    def _prepare_threads(self):
+        """
+        Threads are created only when get_project is called, and terminate
+        before it returns. They are there primarily to parallelise I/O (i.e.
+        fetching web pages).
+        """
+        self._threads = []
+        for i in range(self.num_workers):
+            t = threading.Thread(target=self._fetch)
+            t.daemon = True
+            t.start()
+            self._threads.append(t)
+
+    def _wait_threads(self):
+        """
+        Tell all the threads to terminate (by sending a sentinel value) and
+        wait for them to do so.
+        """
+        # Note that you need two loops, since you can't say which
+        # thread will get each sentinel
+        for t in self._threads:
+            self._to_fetch.put(None)    # sentinel
+        for t in self._threads:
+            t.join()
+        self._threads = []
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        with self._gplock:
+            self.result = result
+            self.project_name = name
+            url = urljoin(self.base_url, '%s/' % quote(name))
+            self._seen.clear()
+            self._page_cache.clear()
+            self._prepare_threads()
+            try:
+                logger.debug('Queueing %s', url)
+                self._to_fetch.put(url)
+                self._to_fetch.join()
+            finally:
+                self._wait_threads()
+            del self.result
+        return result
+
+    platform_dependent = re.compile(r'\b(linux_(i\d86|x86_64|arm\w+)|'
+                                    r'win(32|_amd64)|macosx_?\d+)\b', re.I)
+
+    def _is_platform_dependent(self, url):
+        """
+        Does an URL refer to a platform-specific download?
+        """
+        return self.platform_dependent.search(url)
+
+    def _process_download(self, url):
+        """
+        See if an URL is a suitable download for a project.
+
+        If it is, register information in the result dictionary (for
+        _get_project) about the specific version it's for.
+
+        Note that the return value isn't actually used other than as a boolean
+        value.
+        """
+        if self.platform_check and self._is_platform_dependent(url):
+            info = None
+        else:
+            info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, self.project_name)
+        logger.debug('process_download: %s -> %s', url, info)
+        if info:
+            with self._lock:    # needed because self.result is shared
+                self._update_version_data(self.result, info)
+        return info
+
+    def _should_queue(self, link, referrer, rel):
+        """
+        Determine whether a link URL from a referring page and with a
+        particular "rel" attribute should be queued for scraping.
+        """
+        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(link)
+        if path.endswith(self.source_extensions + self.binary_extensions +
+                         self.excluded_extensions):
+            result = False
+        elif self.skip_externals and not link.startswith(self.base_url):
+            result = False
+        elif not referrer.startswith(self.base_url):
+            result = False
+        elif rel not in ('homepage', 'download'):
+            result = False
+        elif scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp'):
+            result = False
+        elif self._is_platform_dependent(link):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
+            if host.lower() == 'localhost':
+                result = False
+            else:
+                result = True
+        logger.debug('should_queue: %s (%s) from %s -> %s', link, rel,
+                     referrer, result)
+        return result
+
+    def _fetch(self):
+        """
+        Get a URL to fetch from the work queue, get the HTML page, examine its
+        links for download candidates and candidates for further scraping.
+
+        This is a handy method to run in a thread.
+        """
+        while True:
+            url = self._to_fetch.get()
+            try:
+                if url:
+                    page = self.get_page(url)
+                    if page is None:    # e.g. after an error
+                        continue
+                    for link, rel in page.links:
+                        if link not in self._seen:
+                            try:
+                                self._seen.add(link)
+                                if (not self._process_download(link) and
+                                        self._should_queue(link, url, rel)):
+                                    logger.debug('Queueing %s from %s', link, url)
+                                    self._to_fetch.put(link)
+                            except MetadataInvalidError:  # e.g. invalid versions
+                                pass
+            except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
+                self.errors.put(text_type(e))
+            finally:
+                # always do this, to avoid hangs :-)
+                self._to_fetch.task_done()
+            if not url:
+                # logger.debug('Sentinel seen, quitting.')
+                break
+
+    def get_page(self, url):
+        """
+        Get the HTML for an URL, possibly from an in-memory cache.
+
+        XXX TODO Note: this cache is never actually cleared. It's assumed that
+        the data won't get stale over the lifetime of a locator instance (not
+        necessarily true for the default_locator).
+        """
+        # http://peak.telecommunity.com/DevCenter/EasyInstall#package-index-api
+        scheme, netloc, path, _, _, _ = urlparse(url)
+        if scheme == 'file' and os.path.isdir(url2pathname(path)):
+            url = urljoin(ensure_slash(url), 'index.html')
+
+        if url in self._page_cache:
+            result = self._page_cache[url]
+            logger.debug('Returning %s from cache: %s', url, result)
+        else:
+            host = netloc.split(':', 1)[0]
+            result = None
+            if host in self._bad_hosts:
+                logger.debug('Skipping %s due to bad host %s', url, host)
+            else:
+                req = Request(url, headers={'Accept-encoding': 'identity'})
+                try:
+                    logger.debug('Fetching %s', url)
+                    resp = self.opener.open(req, timeout=self.timeout)
+                    logger.debug('Fetched %s', url)
+                    headers = resp.info()
+                    content_type = headers.get('Content-Type', '')
+                    if HTML_CONTENT_TYPE.match(content_type):
+                        final_url = resp.geturl()
+                        data = resp.read()
+                        encoding = headers.get('Content-Encoding')
+                        if encoding:
+                            decoder = self.decoders[encoding]   # fail if not found
+                            data = decoder(data)
+                        encoding = 'utf-8'
+                        m = CHARSET.search(content_type)
+                        if m:
+                            encoding = m.group(1)
+                        try:
+                            data = data.decode(encoding)
+                        except UnicodeError:  # pragma: no cover
+                            data = data.decode('latin-1')    # fallback
+                        result = Page(data, final_url)
+                        self._page_cache[final_url] = result
+                except HTTPError as e:
+                    if e.code != 404:
+                        logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                except URLError as e:  # pragma: no cover
+                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                    with self._lock:
+                        self._bad_hosts.add(host)
+                except Exception as e:  # pragma: no cover
+                    logger.exception('Fetch failed: %s: %s', url, e)
+                finally:
+                    self._page_cache[url] = result   # even if None (failure)
+        return result
+
+    _distname_re = re.compile('<a href=[^>]*>([^<]+)<')
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        page = self.get_page(self.base_url)
+        if not page:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to get %s' % self.base_url)
+        for match in self._distname_re.finditer(page.data):
+            result.add(match.group(1))
+        return result
+
+
+class DirectoryLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This class locates distributions in a directory tree.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+        :param path: The root of the directory tree to search.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
+                       except for:
+                       * recursive - if True (the default), subdirectories are
+                         recursed into. If False, only the top-level directory
+                         is searched,
+        """
+        self.recursive = kwargs.pop('recursive', True)
+        super(DirectoryLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        if not os.path.isdir(path):  # pragma: no cover
+            raise DistlibException('Not a directory: %r' % path)
+        self.base_dir = path
+
+    def should_include(self, filename, parent):
+        """
+        Should a filename be considered as a candidate for a distribution
+        archive? As well as the filename, the directory which contains it
+        is provided, though not used by the current implementation.
+        """
+        return filename.endswith(self.downloadable_extensions)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
+            for fn in files:
+                if self.should_include(fn, root):
+                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
+                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
+                                      '', '', ''))
+                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, name)
+                    if info:
+                        self._update_version_data(result, info)
+            if not self.recursive:
+                break
+        return result
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.base_dir):
+            for fn in files:
+                if self.should_include(fn, root):
+                    fn = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                    url = urlunparse(('file', '',
+                                      pathname2url(os.path.abspath(fn)),
+                                      '', '', ''))
+                    info = self.convert_url_to_download_info(url, None)
+                    if info:
+                        result.add(info['name'])
+            if not self.recursive:
+                break
+        return result
+
+
+class JSONLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator uses special extended metadata (not available on PyPI) and is
+    the basis of performant dependency resolution in distlib. Other locators
+    require archive downloads before dependencies can be determined! As you
+    might imagine, that can be slow.
+    """
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Not available from this locator')
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        data = get_project_data(name)
+        if data:
+            for info in data.get('files', []):
+                if info['ptype'] != 'sdist' or info['pyversion'] != 'source':
+                    continue
+                # We don't store summary in project metadata as it makes
+                # the data bigger for no benefit during dependency
+                # resolution
+                dist = make_dist(data['name'], info['version'],
+                                 summary=data.get('summary',
+                                                  'Placeholder for summary'),
+                                 scheme=self.scheme)
+                md = dist.metadata
+                md.source_url = info['url']
+                # TODO SHA256 digest
+                if 'digest' in info and info['digest']:
+                    dist.digest = ('md5', info['digest'])
+                md.dependencies = info.get('requirements', {})
+                dist.exports = info.get('exports', {})
+                result[dist.version] = dist
+                result['urls'].setdefault(dist.version, set()).add(info['url'])
+        return result
+
+
+class DistPathLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This locator finds installed distributions in a path. It can be useful for
+    adding to an :class:`AggregatingLocator`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, distpath, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param distpath: A :class:`DistributionPath` instance to search.
+        """
+        super(DistPathLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        assert isinstance(distpath, DistributionPath)
+        self.distpath = distpath
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        dist = self.distpath.get_distribution(name)
+        if dist is None:
+            result = {'urls': {}, 'digests': {}}
+        else:
+            result = {
+                dist.version: dist,
+                'urls': {dist.version: set([dist.source_url])},
+                'digests': {dist.version: set([None])}
+            }
+        return result
+
+
+class AggregatingLocator(Locator):
+    """
+    This class allows you to chain and/or merge a list of locators.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *locators, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param locators: The list of locators to search.
+        :param kwargs: Passed to the superclass constructor,
+                       except for:
+                       * merge - if False (the default), the first successful
+                         search from any of the locators is returned. If True,
+                         the results from all locators are merged (this can be
+                         slow).
+        """
+        self.merge = kwargs.pop('merge', False)
+        self.locators = locators
+        super(AggregatingLocator, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def clear_cache(self):
+        super(AggregatingLocator, self).clear_cache()
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            locator.clear_cache()
+
+    def _set_scheme(self, value):
+        self._scheme = value
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            locator.scheme = value
+
+    scheme = property(Locator.scheme.fget, _set_scheme)
+
+    def _get_project(self, name):
+        result = {}
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            d = locator.get_project(name)
+            if d:
+                if self.merge:
+                    files = result.get('urls', {})
+                    digests = result.get('digests', {})
+                    # next line could overwrite result['urls'], result['digests']
+                    result.update(d)
+                    df = result.get('urls')
+                    if files and df:
+                        for k, v in files.items():
+                            if k in df:
+                                df[k] |= v
+                            else:
+                                df[k] = v
+                    dd = result.get('digests')
+                    if digests and dd:
+                        dd.update(digests)
+                else:
+                    # See issue #18. If any dists are found and we're looking
+                    # for specific constraints, we only return something if
+                    # a match is found. For example, if a DirectoryLocator
+                    # returns just foo (1.0) while we're looking for
+                    # foo (>= 2.0), we'll pretend there was nothing there so
+                    # that subsequent locators can be queried. Otherwise we
+                    # would just return foo (1.0) which would then lead to a
+                    # failure to find foo (>= 2.0), because other locators
+                    # weren't searched. Note that this only matters when
+                    # merge=False.
+                    if self.matcher is None:
+                        found = True
+                    else:
+                        found = False
+                        for k in d:
+                            if self.matcher.match(k):
+                                found = True
+                                break
+                    if found:
+                        result = d
+                        break
+        return result
+
+    def get_distribution_names(self):
+        """
+        Return all the distribution names known to this locator.
+        """
+        result = set()
+        for locator in self.locators:
+            try:
+                result |= locator.get_distribution_names()
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+
+# We use a legacy scheme simply because most of the dists on PyPI use legacy
+# versions which don't conform to PEP 440.
+default_locator = AggregatingLocator(
+                    # JSONLocator(), # don't use as PEP 426 is withdrawn
+                    SimpleScrapingLocator('https://pypi.org/simple/',
+                                          timeout=3.0),
+                    scheme='legacy')
+
+locate = default_locator.locate
+
+
+class DependencyFinder(object):
+    """
+    Locate dependencies for distributions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, locator=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance, using the specified locator
+        to locate distributions.
+        """
+        self.locator = locator or default_locator
+        self.scheme = get_scheme(self.locator.scheme)
+
+    def add_distribution(self, dist):
+        """
+        Add a distribution to the finder. This will update internal information
+        about who provides what.
+        :param dist: The distribution to add.
+        """
+        logger.debug('adding distribution %s', dist)
+        name = dist.key
+        self.dists_by_name[name] = dist
+        self.dists[(name, dist.version)] = dist
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Add to provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            self.provided.setdefault(name, set()).add((version, dist))
+
+    def remove_distribution(self, dist):
+        """
+        Remove a distribution from the finder. This will update internal
+        information about who provides what.
+        :param dist: The distribution to remove.
+        """
+        logger.debug('removing distribution %s', dist)
+        name = dist.key
+        del self.dists_by_name[name]
+        del self.dists[(name, dist.version)]
+        for p in dist.provides:
+            name, version = parse_name_and_version(p)
+            logger.debug('Remove from provided: %s, %s, %s', name, version, dist)
+            s = self.provided[name]
+            s.remove((version, dist))
+            if not s:
+                del self.provided[name]
+
+    def get_matcher(self, reqt):
+        """
+        Get a version matcher for a requirement.
+        :param reqt: The requirement
+        :type reqt: str
+        :return: A version matcher (an instance of
+                 :class:`distlib.version.Matcher`).
+        """
+        try:
+            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(reqt)
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:  # pragma: no cover
+            # XXX compat-mode if cannot read the version
+            name = reqt.split()[0]
+            matcher = self.scheme.matcher(name)
+        return matcher
+
+    def find_providers(self, reqt):
+        """
+        Find the distributions which can fulfill a requirement.
+
+        :param reqt: The requirement.
+         :type reqt: str
+        :return: A set of distribution which can fulfill the requirement.
+        """
+        matcher = self.get_matcher(reqt)
+        name = matcher.key   # case-insensitive
+        result = set()
+        provided = self.provided
+        if name in provided:
+            for version, provider in provided[name]:
+                try:
+                    match = matcher.match(version)
+                except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                    match = False
+
+                if match:
+                    result.add(provider)
+                    break
+        return result
+
+    def try_to_replace(self, provider, other, problems):
+        """
+        Attempt to replace one provider with another. This is typically used
+        when resolving dependencies from multiple sources, e.g. A requires
+        (B >= 1.0) while C requires (B >= 1.1).
+
+        For successful replacement, ``provider`` must meet all the requirements
+        which ``other`` fulfills.
+
+        :param provider: The provider we are trying to replace with.
+        :param other: The provider we're trying to replace.
+        :param problems: If False is returned, this will contain what
+                         problems prevented replacement. This is currently
+                         a tuple of the literal string 'cantreplace',
+                         ``provider``, ``other``  and the set of requirements
+                         that ``provider`` couldn't fulfill.
+        :return: True if we can replace ``other`` with ``provider``, else
+                 False.
+        """
+        rlist = self.reqts[other]
+        unmatched = set()
+        for s in rlist:
+            matcher = self.get_matcher(s)
+            if not matcher.match(provider.version):
+                unmatched.add(s)
+        if unmatched:
+            # can't replace other with provider
+            problems.add(('cantreplace', provider, other,
+                          frozenset(unmatched)))
+            result = False
+        else:
+            # can replace other with provider
+            self.remove_distribution(other)
+            del self.reqts[other]
+            for s in rlist:
+                self.reqts.setdefault(provider, set()).add(s)
+            self.add_distribution(provider)
+            result = True
+        return result
+
+    def find(self, requirement, meta_extras=None, prereleases=False):
+        """
+        Find a distribution and all distributions it depends on.
+
+        :param requirement: The requirement specifying the distribution to
+                            find, or a Distribution instance.
+        :param meta_extras: A list of meta extras such as :test:, :build: and
+                            so on.
+        :param prereleases: If ``True``, allow pre-release versions to be
+                            returned - otherwise, don't return prereleases
+                            unless they're all that's available.
+
+        Return a set of :class:`Distribution` instances and a set of
+        problems.
+
+        The distributions returned should be such that they have the
+        :attr:`required` attribute set to ``True`` if they were
+        from the ``requirement`` passed to ``find()``, and they have the
+        :attr:`build_time_dependency` attribute set to ``True`` unless they
+        are post-installation dependencies of the ``requirement``.
+
+        The problems should be a tuple consisting of the string
+        ``'unsatisfied'`` and the requirement which couldn't be satisfied
+        by any distribution known to the locator.
+        """
+
+        self.provided = {}
+        self.dists = {}
+        self.dists_by_name = {}
+        self.reqts = {}
+
+        meta_extras = set(meta_extras or [])
+        if ':*:' in meta_extras:
+            meta_extras.remove(':*:')
+            # :meta: and :run: are implicitly included
+            meta_extras |= set([':test:', ':build:', ':dev:'])
+
+        if isinstance(requirement, Distribution):
+            dist = odist = requirement
+            logger.debug('passed %s as requirement', odist)
+        else:
+            dist = odist = self.locator.locate(requirement,
+                                               prereleases=prereleases)
+            if dist is None:
+                raise DistlibException('Unable to locate %r' % requirement)
+            logger.debug('located %s', odist)
+        dist.requested = True
+        problems = set()
+        todo = set([dist])
+        install_dists = set([odist])
+        while todo:
+            dist = todo.pop()
+            name = dist.key     # case-insensitive
+            if name not in self.dists_by_name:
+                self.add_distribution(dist)
+            else:
+                # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+                other = self.dists_by_name[name]
+                if other != dist:
+                    self.try_to_replace(dist, other, problems)
+
+            ireqts = dist.run_requires | dist.meta_requires
+            sreqts = dist.build_requires
+            ereqts = set()
+            if meta_extras and dist in install_dists:
+                for key in ('test', 'build', 'dev'):
+                    e = ':%s:' % key
+                    if e in meta_extras:
+                        ereqts |= getattr(dist, '%s_requires' % key)
+            all_reqts = ireqts | sreqts | ereqts
+            for r in all_reqts:
+                providers = self.find_providers(r)
+                if not providers:
+                    logger.debug('No providers found for %r', r)
+                    provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=prereleases)
+                    # If no provider is found and we didn't consider
+                    # prereleases, consider them now.
+                    if provider is None and not prereleases:
+                        provider = self.locator.locate(r, prereleases=True)
+                    if provider is None:
+                        logger.debug('Cannot satisfy %r', r)
+                        problems.add(('unsatisfied', r))
+                    else:
+                        n, v = provider.key, provider.version
+                        if (n, v) not in self.dists:
+                            todo.add(provider)
+                        providers.add(provider)
+                        if r in ireqts and dist in install_dists:
+                            install_dists.add(provider)
+                            logger.debug('Adding %s to install_dists',
+                                         provider.name_and_version)
+                for p in providers:
+                    name = p.key
+                    if name not in self.dists_by_name:
+                        self.reqts.setdefault(p, set()).add(r)
+                    else:
+                        other = self.dists_by_name[name]
+                        if other != p:
+                            # see if other can be replaced by p
+                            self.try_to_replace(p, other, problems)
+
+        dists = set(self.dists.values())
+        for dist in dists:
+            dist.build_time_dependency = dist not in install_dists
+            if dist.build_time_dependency:
+                logger.debug('%s is a build-time dependency only.',
+                             dist.name_and_version)
+        logger.debug('find done for %s', odist)
+        return dists, problems
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..420dcf12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/manifest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2023 Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""
+Class representing the list of files in a distribution.
+
+Equivalent to distutils.filelist, but fixes some problems.
+"""
+import fnmatch
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import fsdecode
+from .util import convert_path
+
+
+__all__ = ['Manifest']
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# a \ followed by some spaces + EOL
+_COLLAPSE_PATTERN = re.compile('\\\\w*\n', re.M)
+_COMMENTED_LINE = re.compile('#.*?(?=\n)|\n(?=$)', re.M | re.S)
+
+#
+# Due to the different results returned by fnmatch.translate, we need
+# to do slightly different processing for Python 2.7 and 3.2 ... this needed
+# to be brought in for Python 3.6 onwards.
+#
+_PYTHON_VERSION = sys.version_info[:2]
+
+
+class Manifest(object):
+    """
+    A list of files built by exploring the filesystem and filtered by applying various
+    patterns to what we find there.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base=None):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param base: The base directory to explore under.
+        """
+        self.base = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(base or os.getcwd()))
+        self.prefix = self.base + os.sep
+        self.allfiles = None
+        self.files = set()
+
+    #
+    # Public API
+    #
+
+    def findall(self):
+        """Find all files under the base and set ``allfiles`` to the absolute
+        pathnames of files found.
+        """
+        from stat import S_ISREG, S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK
+
+        self.allfiles = allfiles = []
+        root = self.base
+        stack = [root]
+        pop = stack.pop
+        push = stack.append
+
+        while stack:
+            root = pop()
+            names = os.listdir(root)
+
+            for name in names:
+                fullname = os.path.join(root, name)
+
+                # Avoid excess stat calls -- just one will do, thank you!
+                stat = os.stat(fullname)
+                mode = stat.st_mode
+                if S_ISREG(mode):
+                    allfiles.append(fsdecode(fullname))
+                elif S_ISDIR(mode) and not S_ISLNK(mode):
+                    push(fullname)
+
+    def add(self, item):
+        """
+        Add a file to the manifest.
+
+        :param item: The pathname to add. This can be relative to the base.
+        """
+        if not item.startswith(self.prefix):
+            item = os.path.join(self.base, item)
+        self.files.add(os.path.normpath(item))
+
+    def add_many(self, items):
+        """
+        Add a list of files to the manifest.
+
+        :param items: The pathnames to add. These can be relative to the base.
+        """
+        for item in items:
+            self.add(item)
+
+    def sorted(self, wantdirs=False):
+        """
+        Return sorted files in directory order
+        """
+
+        def add_dir(dirs, d):
+            dirs.add(d)
+            logger.debug('add_dir added %s', d)
+            if d != self.base:
+                parent, _ = os.path.split(d)
+                assert parent not in ('', '/')
+                add_dir(dirs, parent)
+
+        result = set(self.files)    # make a copy!
+        if wantdirs:
+            dirs = set()
+            for f in result:
+                add_dir(dirs, os.path.dirname(f))
+            result |= dirs
+        return [os.path.join(*path_tuple) for path_tuple in
+                sorted(os.path.split(path) for path in result)]
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear all collected files."""
+        self.files = set()
+        self.allfiles = []
+
+    def process_directive(self, directive):
+        """
+        Process a directive which either adds some files from ``allfiles`` to
+        ``files``, or removes some files from ``files``.
+
+        :param directive: The directive to process. This should be in a format
+                     compatible with distutils ``MANIFEST.in`` files:
+
+                     http://docs.python.org/distutils/sourcedist.html#commands
+        """
+        # Parse the line: split it up, make sure the right number of words
+        # is there, and return the relevant words.  'action' is always
+        # defined: it's the first word of the line.  Which of the other
+        # three are defined depends on the action; it'll be either
+        # patterns, (dir and patterns), or (dirpattern).
+        action, patterns, thedir, dirpattern = self._parse_directive(directive)
+
+        # OK, now we know that the action is valid and we have the
+        # right number of words on the line for that action -- so we
+        # can proceed with minimal error-checking.
+        if action == 'include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, anchor=True):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                self._exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=True)
+
+        elif action == 'global-include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, anchor=False):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r '
+                                   'anywhere in distribution', pattern)
+
+        elif action == 'global-exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                self._exclude_pattern(pattern, anchor=False)
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-include':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                if not self._include_pattern(pattern, prefix=thedir):
+                    logger.warning('no files found matching %r '
+                                   'under directory %r', pattern, thedir)
+
+        elif action == 'recursive-exclude':
+            for pattern in patterns:
+                self._exclude_pattern(pattern, prefix=thedir)
+
+        elif action == 'graft':
+            if not self._include_pattern(None, prefix=dirpattern):
+                logger.warning('no directories found matching %r',
+                               dirpattern)
+
+        elif action == 'prune':
+            if not self._exclude_pattern(None, prefix=dirpattern):
+                logger.warning('no previously-included directories found '
+                               'matching %r', dirpattern)
+        else:   # pragma: no cover
+            # This should never happen, as it should be caught in
+            # _parse_template_line
+            raise DistlibException(
+                'invalid action %r' % action)
+
+    #
+    # Private API
+    #
+
+    def _parse_directive(self, directive):
+        """
+        Validate a directive.
+        :param directive: The directive to validate.
+        :return: A tuple of action, patterns, thedir, dir_patterns
+        """
+        words = directive.split()
+        if len(words) == 1 and words[0] not in ('include', 'exclude',
+                                                'global-include',
+                                                'global-exclude',
+                                                'recursive-include',
+                                                'recursive-exclude',
+                                                'graft', 'prune'):
+            # no action given, let's use the default 'include'
+            words.insert(0, 'include')
+
+        action = words[0]
+        patterns = thedir = dir_pattern = None
+
+        if action in ('include', 'exclude',
+                      'global-include', 'global-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 2:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects <pattern1> <pattern2> ...' % action)
+
+            patterns = [convert_path(word) for word in words[1:]]
+
+        elif action in ('recursive-include', 'recursive-exclude'):
+            if len(words) < 3:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects <dir> <pattern1> <pattern2> ...' % action)
+
+            thedir = convert_path(words[1])
+            patterns = [convert_path(word) for word in words[2:]]
+
+        elif action in ('graft', 'prune'):
+            if len(words) != 2:
+                raise DistlibException(
+                    '%r expects a single <dir_pattern>' % action)
+
+            dir_pattern = convert_path(words[1])
+
+        else:
+            raise DistlibException('unknown action %r' % action)
+
+        return action, patterns, thedir, dir_pattern
+
+    def _include_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                         is_regex=False):
+        """Select strings (presumably filenames) from 'self.files' that
+        match 'pattern', a Unix-style wildcard (glob) pattern.
+
+        Patterns are not quite the same as implemented by the 'fnmatch'
+        module: '*' and '?'  match non-special characters, where "special"
+        is platform-dependent: slash on Unix; colon, slash, and backslash on
+        DOS/Windows; and colon on Mac OS.
+
+        If 'anchor' is true (the default), then the pattern match is more
+        stringent: "*.py" will match "foo.py" but not "foo/bar.py".  If
+        'anchor' is false, both of these will match.
+
+        If 'prefix' is supplied, then only filenames starting with 'prefix'
+        (itself a pattern) and ending with 'pattern', with anything in between
+        them, will match.  'anchor' is ignored in this case.
+
+        If 'is_regex' is true, 'anchor' and 'prefix' are ignored, and
+        'pattern' is assumed to be either a string containing a regex or a
+        regex object -- no translation is done, the regex is just compiled
+        and used as-is.
+
+        Selected strings will be added to self.files.
+
+        Return True if files are found.
+        """
+        # XXX docstring lying about what the special chars are?
+        found = False
+        pattern_re = self._translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+
+        # delayed loading of allfiles list
+        if self.allfiles is None:
+            self.findall()
+
+        for name in self.allfiles:
+            if pattern_re.search(name):
+                self.files.add(name)
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def _exclude_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                         is_regex=False):
+        """Remove strings (presumably filenames) from 'files' that match
+        'pattern'.
+
+        Other parameters are the same as for 'include_pattern()', above.
+        The list 'self.files' is modified in place. Return True if files are
+        found.
+
+        This API is public to allow e.g. exclusion of SCM subdirs, e.g. when
+        packaging source distributions
+        """
+        found = False
+        pattern_re = self._translate_pattern(pattern, anchor, prefix, is_regex)
+        for f in list(self.files):
+            if pattern_re.search(f):
+                self.files.remove(f)
+                found = True
+        return found
+
+    def _translate_pattern(self, pattern, anchor=True, prefix=None,
+                           is_regex=False):
+        """Translate a shell-like wildcard pattern to a compiled regular
+        expression.
+
+        Return the compiled regex.  If 'is_regex' true,
+        then 'pattern' is directly compiled to a regex (if it's a string)
+        or just returned as-is (assumes it's a regex object).
+        """
+        if is_regex:
+            if isinstance(pattern, str):
+                return re.compile(pattern)
+            else:
+                return pattern
+
+        if _PYTHON_VERSION > (3, 2):
+            # ditch start and end characters
+            start, _, end = self._glob_to_re('_').partition('_')
+
+        if pattern:
+            pattern_re = self._glob_to_re(pattern)
+            if _PYTHON_VERSION > (3, 2):
+                assert pattern_re.startswith(start) and pattern_re.endswith(end)
+        else:
+            pattern_re = ''
+
+        base = re.escape(os.path.join(self.base, ''))
+        if prefix is not None:
+            # ditch end of pattern character
+            if _PYTHON_VERSION <= (3, 2):
+                empty_pattern = self._glob_to_re('')
+                prefix_re = self._glob_to_re(prefix)[:-len(empty_pattern)]
+            else:
+                prefix_re = self._glob_to_re(prefix)
+                assert prefix_re.startswith(start) and prefix_re.endswith(end)
+                prefix_re = prefix_re[len(start): len(prefix_re) - len(end)]
+            sep = os.sep
+            if os.sep == '\\':
+                sep = r'\\'
+            if _PYTHON_VERSION <= (3, 2):
+                pattern_re = '^' + base + sep.join((prefix_re,
+                                                    '.*' + pattern_re))
+            else:
+                pattern_re = pattern_re[len(start): len(pattern_re) - len(end)]
+                pattern_re = r'%s%s%s%s.*%s%s' % (start, base, prefix_re, sep,
+                                                  pattern_re, end)
+        else:  # no prefix -- respect anchor flag
+            if anchor:
+                if _PYTHON_VERSION <= (3, 2):
+                    pattern_re = '^' + base + pattern_re
+                else:
+                    pattern_re = r'%s%s%s' % (start, base, pattern_re[len(start):])
+
+        return re.compile(pattern_re)
+
+    def _glob_to_re(self, pattern):
+        """Translate a shell-like glob pattern to a regular expression.
+
+        Return a string containing the regex.  Differs from
+        'fnmatch.translate()' in that '*' does not match "special characters"
+        (which are platform-specific).
+        """
+        pattern_re = fnmatch.translate(pattern)
+
+        # '?' and '*' in the glob pattern become '.' and '.*' in the RE, which
+        # IMHO is wrong -- '?' and '*' aren't supposed to match slash in Unix,
+        # and by extension they shouldn't match such "special characters" under
+        # any OS.  So change all non-escaped dots in the RE to match any
+        # character except the special characters (currently: just os.sep).
+        sep = os.sep
+        if os.sep == '\\':
+            # we're using a regex to manipulate a regex, so we need
+            # to escape the backslash twice
+            sep = r'\\\\'
+        escaped = r'\1[^%s]' % sep
+        pattern_re = re.sub(r'((?<!\\)(\\\\)*)\.', escaped, pattern_re)
+        return pattern_re
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1514d460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2023 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""
+Parser for the environment markers micro-language defined in PEP 508.
+"""
+
+# Note: In PEP 345, the micro-language was Python compatible, so the ast
+# module could be used to parse it. However, PEP 508 introduced operators such
+# as ~= and === which aren't in Python, necessitating a different approach.
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import platform
+
+from .compat import string_types
+from .util import in_venv, parse_marker
+from .version import LegacyVersion as LV
+
+__all__ = ['interpret']
+
+_VERSION_PATTERN = re.compile(
+    r'((\d+(\.\d+)*\w*)|\'(\d+(\.\d+)*\w*)\'|\"(\d+(\.\d+)*\w*)\")')
+_VERSION_MARKERS = {'python_version', 'python_full_version'}
+
+
+def _is_version_marker(s):
+    return isinstance(s, string_types) and s in _VERSION_MARKERS
+
+
+def _is_literal(o):
+    if not isinstance(o, string_types) or not o:
+        return False
+    return o[0] in '\'"'
+
+
+def _get_versions(s):
+    return {LV(m.groups()[0]) for m in _VERSION_PATTERN.finditer(s)}
+
+
+class Evaluator(object):
+    """
+    This class is used to evaluate marker expressions.
+    """
+
+    operations = {
+        '==': lambda x, y: x == y,
+        '===': lambda x, y: x == y,
+        '~=': lambda x, y: x == y or x > y,
+        '!=': lambda x, y: x != y,
+        '<': lambda x, y: x < y,
+        '<=': lambda x, y: x == y or x < y,
+        '>': lambda x, y: x > y,
+        '>=': lambda x, y: x == y or x > y,
+        'and': lambda x, y: x and y,
+        'or': lambda x, y: x or y,
+        'in': lambda x, y: x in y,
+        'not in': lambda x, y: x not in y,
+    }
+
+    def evaluate(self, expr, context):
+        """
+        Evaluate a marker expression returned by the :func:`parse_requirement`
+        function in the specified context.
+        """
+        if isinstance(expr, string_types):
+            if expr[0] in '\'"':
+                result = expr[1:-1]
+            else:
+                if expr not in context:
+                    raise SyntaxError('unknown variable: %s' % expr)
+                result = context[expr]
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(expr, dict)
+            op = expr['op']
+            if op not in self.operations:
+                raise NotImplementedError('op not implemented: %s' % op)
+            elhs = expr['lhs']
+            erhs = expr['rhs']
+            if _is_literal(expr['lhs']) and _is_literal(expr['rhs']):
+                raise SyntaxError('invalid comparison: %s %s %s' %
+                                  (elhs, op, erhs))
+
+            lhs = self.evaluate(elhs, context)
+            rhs = self.evaluate(erhs, context)
+            if ((_is_version_marker(elhs) or _is_version_marker(erhs))
+                    and op in ('<', '<=', '>', '>=', '===', '==', '!=', '~=')):
+                lhs = LV(lhs)
+                rhs = LV(rhs)
+            elif _is_version_marker(elhs) and op in ('in', 'not in'):
+                lhs = LV(lhs)
+                rhs = _get_versions(rhs)
+            result = self.operations[op](lhs, rhs)
+        return result
+
+
+_DIGITS = re.compile(r'\d+\.\d+')
+
+
+def default_context():
+
+    def format_full_version(info):
+        version = '%s.%s.%s' % (info.major, info.minor, info.micro)
+        kind = info.releaselevel
+        if kind != 'final':
+            version += kind[0] + str(info.serial)
+        return version
+
+    if hasattr(sys, 'implementation'):
+        implementation_version = format_full_version(
+            sys.implementation.version)
+        implementation_name = sys.implementation.name
+    else:
+        implementation_version = '0'
+        implementation_name = ''
+
+    ppv = platform.python_version()
+    m = _DIGITS.match(ppv)
+    pv = m.group(0)
+    result = {
+        'implementation_name': implementation_name,
+        'implementation_version': implementation_version,
+        'os_name': os.name,
+        'platform_machine': platform.machine(),
+        'platform_python_implementation': platform.python_implementation(),
+        'platform_release': platform.release(),
+        'platform_system': platform.system(),
+        'platform_version': platform.version(),
+        'platform_in_venv': str(in_venv()),
+        'python_full_version': ppv,
+        'python_version': pv,
+        'sys_platform': sys.platform,
+    }
+    return result
+
+
+DEFAULT_CONTEXT = default_context()
+del default_context
+
+evaluator = Evaluator()
+
+
+def interpret(marker, execution_context=None):
+    """
+    Interpret a marker and return a result depending on environment.
+
+    :param marker: The marker to interpret.
+    :type marker: str
+    :param execution_context: The context used for name lookup.
+    :type execution_context: mapping
+    """
+    try:
+        expr, rest = parse_marker(marker)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise SyntaxError('Unable to interpret marker syntax: %s: %s' %
+                          (marker, e))
+    if rest and rest[0] != '#':
+        raise SyntaxError('unexpected trailing data in marker: %s: %s' %
+                          (marker, rest))
+    context = dict(DEFAULT_CONTEXT)
+    if execution_context:
+        context.update(execution_context)
+    return evaluator.evaluate(expr, context)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7189aeef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1068 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""Implementation of the Metadata for Python packages PEPs.
+
+Supports all metadata formats (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3/2.1 and 2.2).
+"""
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import codecs
+from email import message_from_file
+import json
+import logging
+import re
+
+
+from . import DistlibException, __version__
+from .compat import StringIO, string_types, text_type
+from .markers import interpret
+from .util import extract_by_key, get_extras
+from .version import get_scheme, PEP440_VERSION_RE
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class MetadataMissingError(DistlibException):
+    """A required metadata is missing"""
+
+
+class MetadataConflictError(DistlibException):
+    """Attempt to read or write metadata fields that are conflictual."""
+
+
+class MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError(DistlibException):
+    """Unknown metadata version number."""
+
+
+class MetadataInvalidError(DistlibException):
+    """A metadata value is invalid"""
+
+# public API of this module
+__all__ = ['Metadata', 'PKG_INFO_ENCODING', 'PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION']
+
+# Encoding used for the PKG-INFO files
+PKG_INFO_ENCODING = 'utf-8'
+
+# preferred version. Hopefully will be changed
+# to 1.2 once PEP 345 is supported everywhere
+PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION = '1.1'
+
+_LINE_PREFIX_1_2 = re.compile('\n       \\|')
+_LINE_PREFIX_PRE_1_2 = re.compile('\n        ')
+_241_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'License')
+
+_314_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'License', 'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes',
+               'Provides', 'Requires')
+
+_314_MARKERS = ('Obsoletes', 'Provides', 'Requires', 'Classifier',
+                'Download-URL')
+
+_345_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License',
+               'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Project-URL', 'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist',
+               'Requires-Python', 'Requires-External')
+
+_345_MARKERS = ('Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Python',
+                'Obsoletes-Dist', 'Requires-External', 'Maintainer',
+                'Maintainer-email', 'Project-URL')
+
+_426_FIELDS = ('Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Platform',
+               'Supported-Platform', 'Summary', 'Description',
+               'Keywords', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email',
+               'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License',
+               'Classifier', 'Download-URL', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Project-URL', 'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist',
+               'Requires-Python', 'Requires-External', 'Private-Version',
+               'Obsoleted-By', 'Setup-Requires-Dist', 'Extension',
+               'Provides-Extra')
+
+_426_MARKERS = ('Private-Version', 'Provides-Extra', 'Obsoleted-By',
+                'Setup-Requires-Dist', 'Extension')
+
+# See issue #106: Sometimes 'Requires' and 'Provides' occur wrongly in
+# the metadata. Include them in the tuple literal below to allow them
+# (for now).
+# Ditto for Obsoletes - see issue #140.
+_566_FIELDS = _426_FIELDS + ('Description-Content-Type',
+                             'Requires', 'Provides', 'Obsoletes')
+
+_566_MARKERS = ('Description-Content-Type',)
+
+_643_MARKERS = ('Dynamic', 'License-File')
+
+_643_FIELDS = _566_FIELDS + _643_MARKERS
+
+_ALL_FIELDS = set()
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_241_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_314_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_345_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_426_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_566_FIELDS)
+_ALL_FIELDS.update(_643_FIELDS)
+
+EXTRA_RE = re.compile(r'''extra\s*==\s*("([^"]+)"|'([^']+)')''')
+
+
+def _version2fieldlist(version):
+    if version == '1.0':
+        return _241_FIELDS
+    elif version == '1.1':
+        return _314_FIELDS
+    elif version == '1.2':
+        return _345_FIELDS
+    elif version in ('1.3', '2.1'):
+        # avoid adding field names if already there
+        return _345_FIELDS + tuple(f for f in _566_FIELDS if f not in _345_FIELDS)
+    elif version == '2.0':
+        raise ValueError('Metadata 2.0 is withdrawn and not supported')
+        # return _426_FIELDS
+    elif version == '2.2':
+        return _643_FIELDS
+    raise MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError(version)
+
+
+def _best_version(fields):
+    """Detect the best version depending on the fields used."""
+    def _has_marker(keys, markers):
+        return any(marker in keys for marker in markers)
+
+    keys = [key for key, value in fields.items() if value not in ([], 'UNKNOWN', None)]
+    possible_versions = ['1.0', '1.1', '1.2', '1.3', '2.1', '2.2']  # 2.0 removed
+
+    # first let's try to see if a field is not part of one of the version
+    for key in keys:
+        if key not in _241_FIELDS and '1.0' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.0')
+            logger.debug('Removed 1.0 due to %s', key)
+        if key not in _314_FIELDS and '1.1' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.1')
+            logger.debug('Removed 1.1 due to %s', key)
+        if key not in _345_FIELDS and '1.2' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.2')
+            logger.debug('Removed 1.2 due to %s', key)
+        if key not in _566_FIELDS and '1.3' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('1.3')
+            logger.debug('Removed 1.3 due to %s', key)
+        if key not in _566_FIELDS and '2.1' in possible_versions:
+            if key != 'Description':  # In 2.1, description allowed after headers
+                possible_versions.remove('2.1')
+                logger.debug('Removed 2.1 due to %s', key)
+        if key not in _643_FIELDS and '2.2' in possible_versions:
+            possible_versions.remove('2.2')
+            logger.debug('Removed 2.2 due to %s', key)
+        # if key not in _426_FIELDS and '2.0' in possible_versions:
+            # possible_versions.remove('2.0')
+            # logger.debug('Removed 2.0 due to %s', key)
+
+    # possible_version contains qualified versions
+    if len(possible_versions) == 1:
+        return possible_versions[0]   # found !
+    elif len(possible_versions) == 0:
+        logger.debug('Out of options - unknown metadata set: %s', fields)
+        raise MetadataConflictError('Unknown metadata set')
+
+    # let's see if one unique marker is found
+    is_1_1 = '1.1' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _314_MARKERS)
+    is_1_2 = '1.2' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _345_MARKERS)
+    is_2_1 = '2.1' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _566_MARKERS)
+    # is_2_0 = '2.0' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _426_MARKERS)
+    is_2_2 = '2.2' in possible_versions and _has_marker(keys, _643_MARKERS)
+    if int(is_1_1) + int(is_1_2) + int(is_2_1) + int(is_2_2) > 1:
+        raise MetadataConflictError('You used incompatible 1.1/1.2/2.1/2.2 fields')
+
+    # we have the choice, 1.0, or 1.2, 2.1 or 2.2
+    #   - 1.0 has a broken Summary field but works with all tools
+    #   - 1.1 is to avoid
+    #   - 1.2 fixes Summary but has little adoption
+    #   - 2.1 adds more features
+    #   - 2.2 is the latest
+    if not is_1_1 and not is_1_2 and not is_2_1 and not is_2_2:
+        # we couldn't find any specific marker
+        if PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION in possible_versions:
+            return PKG_INFO_PREFERRED_VERSION
+    if is_1_1:
+        return '1.1'
+    if is_1_2:
+        return '1.2'
+    if is_2_1:
+        return '2.1'
+    # if is_2_2:
+        # return '2.2'
+
+    return '2.2'
+
+# This follows the rules about transforming keys as described in
+# https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0566/#id17
+_ATTR2FIELD = {
+    name.lower().replace("-", "_"): name for name in _ALL_FIELDS
+}
+_FIELD2ATTR = {field: attr for attr, field in _ATTR2FIELD.items()}
+
+_PREDICATE_FIELDS = ('Requires-Dist', 'Obsoletes-Dist', 'Provides-Dist')
+_VERSIONS_FIELDS = ('Requires-Python',)
+_VERSION_FIELDS = ('Version',)
+_LISTFIELDS = ('Platform', 'Classifier', 'Obsoletes',
+               'Requires', 'Provides', 'Obsoletes-Dist',
+               'Provides-Dist', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-External',
+               'Project-URL', 'Supported-Platform', 'Setup-Requires-Dist',
+               'Provides-Extra', 'Extension', 'License-File')
+_LISTTUPLEFIELDS = ('Project-URL',)
+
+_ELEMENTSFIELD = ('Keywords',)
+
+_UNICODEFIELDS = ('Author', 'Maintainer', 'Summary', 'Description')
+
+_MISSING = object()
+
+_FILESAFE = re.compile('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+')
+
+
+def _get_name_and_version(name, version, for_filename=False):
+    """Return the distribution name with version.
+
+    If for_filename is true, return a filename-escaped form."""
+    if for_filename:
+        # For both name and version any runs of non-alphanumeric or '.'
+        # characters are replaced with a single '-'.  Additionally any
+        # spaces in the version string become '.'
+        name = _FILESAFE.sub('-', name)
+        version = _FILESAFE.sub('-', version.replace(' ', '.'))
+    return '%s-%s' % (name, version)
+
+
+class LegacyMetadata(object):
+    """The legacy metadata of a release.
+
+    Supports versions 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 2.0 and 1.3/2.1 (auto-detected). You can
+    instantiate the class with one of these arguments (or none):
+    - *path*, the path to a metadata file
+    - *fileobj* give a file-like object with metadata as content
+    - *mapping* is a dict-like object
+    - *scheme* is a version scheme name
+    """
+    # TODO document the mapping API and UNKNOWN default key
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, fileobj=None, mapping=None,
+                 scheme='default'):
+        if [path, fileobj, mapping].count(None) < 2:
+            raise TypeError('path, fileobj and mapping are exclusive')
+        self._fields = {}
+        self.requires_files = []
+        self._dependencies = None
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        if path is not None:
+            self.read(path)
+        elif fileobj is not None:
+            self.read_file(fileobj)
+        elif mapping is not None:
+            self.update(mapping)
+            self.set_metadata_version()
+
+    def set_metadata_version(self):
+        self._fields['Metadata-Version'] = _best_version(self._fields)
+
+    def _write_field(self, fileobj, name, value):
+        fileobj.write('%s: %s\n' % (name, value))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return self.get(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        return self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        field_name = self._convert_name(name)
+        try:
+            del self._fields[field_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError(name)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        return (name in self._fields or
+                self._convert_name(name) in self._fields)
+
+    def _convert_name(self, name):
+        if name in _ALL_FIELDS:
+            return name
+        name = name.replace('-', '_').lower()
+        return _ATTR2FIELD.get(name, name)
+
+    def _default_value(self, name):
+        if name in _LISTFIELDS or name in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+            return []
+        return 'UNKNOWN'
+
+    def _remove_line_prefix(self, value):
+        if self.metadata_version in ('1.0', '1.1'):
+            return _LINE_PREFIX_PRE_1_2.sub('\n', value)
+        else:
+            return _LINE_PREFIX_1_2.sub('\n', value)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name in _ATTR2FIELD:
+            return self[name]
+        raise AttributeError(name)
+
+    #
+    # Public API
+    #
+
+#    dependencies = property(_get_dependencies, _set_dependencies)
+
+    def get_fullname(self, filesafe=False):
+        """Return the distribution name with version.
+
+        If filesafe is true, return a filename-escaped form."""
+        return _get_name_and_version(self['Name'], self['Version'], filesafe)
+
+    def is_field(self, name):
+        """return True if name is a valid metadata key"""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        return name in _ALL_FIELDS
+
+    def is_multi_field(self, name):
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        return name in _LISTFIELDS
+
+    def read(self, filepath):
+        """Read the metadata values from a file path."""
+        fp = codecs.open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8')
+        try:
+            self.read_file(fp)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def read_file(self, fileob):
+        """Read the metadata values from a file object."""
+        msg = message_from_file(fileob)
+        self._fields['Metadata-Version'] = msg['metadata-version']
+
+        # When reading, get all the fields we can
+        for field in _ALL_FIELDS:
+            if field not in msg:
+                continue
+            if field in _LISTFIELDS:
+                # we can have multiple lines
+                values = msg.get_all(field)
+                if field in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS and values is not None:
+                    values = [tuple(value.split(',')) for value in values]
+                self.set(field, values)
+            else:
+                # single line
+                value = msg[field]
+                if value is not None and value != 'UNKNOWN':
+                    self.set(field, value)
+
+        # PEP 566 specifies that the body be used for the description, if
+        # available
+        body = msg.get_payload()
+        self["Description"] = body if body else self["Description"]
+        # logger.debug('Attempting to set metadata for %s', self)
+        # self.set_metadata_version()
+
+    def write(self, filepath, skip_unknown=False):
+        """Write the metadata fields to filepath."""
+        fp = codecs.open(filepath, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
+        try:
+            self.write_file(fp, skip_unknown)
+        finally:
+            fp.close()
+
+    def write_file(self, fileobject, skip_unknown=False):
+        """Write the PKG-INFO format data to a file object."""
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        for field in _version2fieldlist(self['Metadata-Version']):
+            values = self.get(field)
+            if skip_unknown and values in ('UNKNOWN', [], ['UNKNOWN']):
+                continue
+            if field in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+                self._write_field(fileobject, field, ','.join(values))
+                continue
+            if field not in _LISTFIELDS:
+                if field == 'Description':
+                    if self.metadata_version in ('1.0', '1.1'):
+                        values = values.replace('\n', '\n        ')
+                    else:
+                        values = values.replace('\n', '\n       |')
+                values = [values]
+
+            if field in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS:
+                values = [','.join(value) for value in values]
+
+            for value in values:
+                self._write_field(fileobject, field, value)
+
+    def update(self, other=None, **kwargs):
+        """Set metadata values from the given iterable `other` and kwargs.
+
+        Behavior is like `dict.update`: If `other` has a ``keys`` method,
+        they are looped over and ``self[key]`` is assigned ``other[key]``.
+        Else, ``other`` is an iterable of ``(key, value)`` iterables.
+
+        Keys that don't match a metadata field or that have an empty value are
+        dropped.
+        """
+        def _set(key, value):
+            if key in _ATTR2FIELD and value:
+                self.set(self._convert_name(key), value)
+
+        if not other:
+            # other is None or empty container
+            pass
+        elif hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            for k in other.keys():
+                _set(k, other[k])
+        else:
+            for k, v in other:
+                _set(k, v)
+
+        if kwargs:
+            for k, v in kwargs.items():
+                _set(k, v)
+
+    def set(self, name, value):
+        """Control then set a metadata field."""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+
+        if ((name in _ELEMENTSFIELD or name == 'Platform') and
+            not isinstance(value, (list, tuple))):
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                value = [v.strip() for v in value.split(',')]
+            else:
+                value = []
+        elif (name in _LISTFIELDS and
+              not isinstance(value, (list, tuple))):
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                value = [value]
+            else:
+                value = []
+
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.WARNING):
+            project_name = self['Name']
+
+            scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+            if name in _PREDICATE_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                for v in value:
+                    # check that the values are valid
+                    if not scheme.is_valid_matcher(v.split(';')[0]):
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "'%s': '%s' is not valid (field '%s')",
+                            project_name, v, name)
+            # FIXME this rejects UNKNOWN, is that right?
+            elif name in _VERSIONS_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_constraint_list(value):
+                    logger.warning("'%s': '%s' is not a valid version (field '%s')",
+                                   project_name, value, name)
+            elif name in _VERSION_FIELDS and value is not None:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_version(value):
+                    logger.warning("'%s': '%s' is not a valid version (field '%s')",
+                                   project_name, value, name)
+
+        if name in _UNICODEFIELDS:
+            if name == 'Description':
+                value = self._remove_line_prefix(value)
+
+        self._fields[name] = value
+
+    def get(self, name, default=_MISSING):
+        """Get a metadata field."""
+        name = self._convert_name(name)
+        if name not in self._fields:
+            if default is _MISSING:
+                default = self._default_value(name)
+            return default
+        if name in _UNICODEFIELDS:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            return value
+        elif name in _LISTFIELDS:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            if value is None:
+                return []
+            res = []
+            for val in value:
+                if name not in _LISTTUPLEFIELDS:
+                    res.append(val)
+                else:
+                    # That's for Project-URL
+                    res.append((val[0], val[1]))
+            return res
+
+        elif name in _ELEMENTSFIELD:
+            value = self._fields[name]
+            if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                return value.split(',')
+        return self._fields[name]
+
+    def check(self, strict=False):
+        """Check if the metadata is compliant. If strict is True then raise if
+        no Name or Version are provided"""
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        # XXX should check the versions (if the file was loaded)
+        missing, warnings = [], []
+
+        for attr in ('Name', 'Version'):  # required by PEP 345
+            if attr not in self:
+                missing.append(attr)
+
+        if strict and missing != []:
+            msg = 'missing required metadata: %s' % ', '.join(missing)
+            raise MetadataMissingError(msg)
+
+        for attr in ('Home-page', 'Author'):
+            if attr not in self:
+                missing.append(attr)
+
+        # checking metadata 1.2 (XXX needs to check 1.1, 1.0)
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] != '1.2':
+            return missing, warnings
+
+        scheme = get_scheme(self.scheme)
+
+        def are_valid_constraints(value):
+            for v in value:
+                if not scheme.is_valid_matcher(v.split(';')[0]):
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        for fields, controller in ((_PREDICATE_FIELDS, are_valid_constraints),
+                                   (_VERSIONS_FIELDS,
+                                    scheme.is_valid_constraint_list),
+                                   (_VERSION_FIELDS,
+                                    scheme.is_valid_version)):
+            for field in fields:
+                value = self.get(field, None)
+                if value is not None and not controller(value):
+                    warnings.append("Wrong value for '%s': %s" % (field, value))
+
+        return missing, warnings
+
+    def todict(self, skip_missing=False):
+        """Return fields as a dict.
+
+        Field names will be converted to use the underscore-lowercase style
+        instead of hyphen-mixed case (i.e. home_page instead of Home-page).
+        This is as per https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0566/#id17.
+        """
+        self.set_metadata_version()
+
+        fields = _version2fieldlist(self['Metadata-Version'])
+
+        data = {}
+
+        for field_name in fields:
+            if not skip_missing or field_name in self._fields:
+                key = _FIELD2ATTR[field_name]
+                if key != 'project_url':
+                    data[key] = self[field_name]
+                else:
+                    data[key] = [','.join(u) for u in self[field_name]]
+
+        return data
+
+    def add_requirements(self, requirements):
+        if self['Metadata-Version'] == '1.1':
+            # we can't have 1.1 metadata *and* Setuptools requires
+            for field in ('Obsoletes', 'Requires', 'Provides'):
+                if field in self:
+                    del self[field]
+        self['Requires-Dist'] += requirements
+
+    # Mapping API
+    # TODO could add iter* variants
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return list(_version2fieldlist(self['Metadata-Version']))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for key in self.keys():
+            yield key
+
+    def values(self):
+        return [self[key] for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def items(self):
+        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self.keys()]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name,
+                               self.version)
+
+
+METADATA_FILENAME = 'pydist.json'
+WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME = 'metadata.json'
+LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME = 'METADATA'
+
+
+class Metadata(object):
+    """
+    The metadata of a release. This implementation uses 2.1
+    metadata where possible. If not possible, it wraps a LegacyMetadata
+    instance which handles the key-value metadata format.
+    """
+
+    METADATA_VERSION_MATCHER = re.compile(r'^\d+(\.\d+)*$')
+
+    NAME_MATCHER = re.compile('^[0-9A-Z]([0-9A-Z_.-]*[0-9A-Z])?$', re.I)
+
+    FIELDNAME_MATCHER = re.compile('^[A-Z]([0-9A-Z-]*[0-9A-Z])?$', re.I)
+
+    VERSION_MATCHER = PEP440_VERSION_RE
+
+    SUMMARY_MATCHER = re.compile('.{1,2047}')
+
+    METADATA_VERSION = '2.0'
+
+    GENERATOR = 'distlib (%s)' % __version__
+
+    MANDATORY_KEYS = {
+        'name': (),
+        'version': (),
+        'summary': ('legacy',),
+    }
+
+    INDEX_KEYS = ('name version license summary description author '
+                  'author_email keywords platform home_page classifiers '
+                  'download_url')
+
+    DEPENDENCY_KEYS = ('extras run_requires test_requires build_requires '
+                       'dev_requires provides meta_requires obsoleted_by '
+                       'supports_environments')
+
+    SYNTAX_VALIDATORS = {
+        'metadata_version': (METADATA_VERSION_MATCHER, ()),
+        'name': (NAME_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+        'version': (VERSION_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+        'summary': (SUMMARY_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+        'dynamic': (FIELDNAME_MATCHER, ('legacy',)),
+    }
+
+    __slots__ = ('_legacy', '_data', 'scheme')
+
+    def __init__(self, path=None, fileobj=None, mapping=None,
+                 scheme='default'):
+        if [path, fileobj, mapping].count(None) < 2:
+            raise TypeError('path, fileobj and mapping are exclusive')
+        self._legacy = None
+        self._data = None
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        if mapping is not None:
+            try:
+                self._validate_mapping(mapping, scheme)
+                self._data = mapping
+            except MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError:
+                self._legacy = LegacyMetadata(mapping=mapping, scheme=scheme)
+                self.validate()
+        else:
+            data = None
+            if path:
+                with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+                    data = f.read()
+            elif fileobj:
+                data = fileobj.read()
+            if data is None:
+                # Initialised with no args - to be added
+                self._data = {
+                    'metadata_version': self.METADATA_VERSION,
+                    'generator': self.GENERATOR,
+                }
+            else:
+                if not isinstance(data, text_type):
+                    data = data.decode('utf-8')
+                try:
+                    self._data = json.loads(data)
+                    self._validate_mapping(self._data, scheme)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # Note: MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError does not
+                    # inherit from ValueError (it's a DistlibException,
+                    # which should not inherit from ValueError).
+                    # The ValueError comes from the json.load - if that
+                    # succeeds and we get a validation error, we want
+                    # that to propagate
+                    self._legacy = LegacyMetadata(fileobj=StringIO(data),
+                                                  scheme=scheme)
+                    self.validate()
+
+    common_keys = set(('name', 'version', 'license', 'keywords', 'summary'))
+
+    none_list = (None, list)
+    none_dict = (None, dict)
+
+    mapped_keys = {
+        'run_requires': ('Requires-Dist', list),
+        'build_requires': ('Setup-Requires-Dist', list),
+        'dev_requires': none_list,
+        'test_requires': none_list,
+        'meta_requires': none_list,
+        'extras': ('Provides-Extra', list),
+        'modules': none_list,
+        'namespaces': none_list,
+        'exports': none_dict,
+        'commands': none_dict,
+        'classifiers': ('Classifier', list),
+        'source_url': ('Download-URL', None),
+        'metadata_version': ('Metadata-Version', None),
+    }
+
+    del none_list, none_dict
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        common = object.__getattribute__(self, 'common_keys')
+        mapped = object.__getattribute__(self, 'mapped_keys')
+        if key in mapped:
+            lk, maker = mapped[key]
+            if self._legacy:
+                if lk is None:
+                    result = None if maker is None else maker()
+                else:
+                    result = self._legacy.get(lk)
+            else:
+                value = None if maker is None else maker()
+                if key not in ('commands', 'exports', 'modules', 'namespaces',
+                               'classifiers'):
+                    result = self._data.get(key, value)
+                else:
+                    # special cases for PEP 459
+                    sentinel = object()
+                    result = sentinel
+                    d = self._data.get('extensions')
+                    if d:
+                        if key == 'commands':
+                            result = d.get('python.commands', value)
+                        elif key == 'classifiers':
+                            d = d.get('python.details')
+                            if d:
+                                result = d.get(key, value)
+                        else:
+                            d = d.get('python.exports')
+                            if not d:
+                                d = self._data.get('python.exports')
+                            if d:
+                                result = d.get(key, value)
+                    if result is sentinel:
+                        result = value
+        elif key not in common:
+            result = object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+        elif self._legacy:
+            result = self._legacy.get(key)
+        else:
+            result = self._data.get(key)
+        return result
+
+    def _validate_value(self, key, value, scheme=None):
+        if key in self.SYNTAX_VALIDATORS:
+            pattern, exclusions = self.SYNTAX_VALIDATORS[key]
+            if (scheme or self.scheme) not in exclusions:
+                m = pattern.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise MetadataInvalidError("'%s' is an invalid value for "
+                                               "the '%s' property" % (value,
+                                                                    key))
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+        self._validate_value(key, value)
+        common = object.__getattribute__(self, 'common_keys')
+        mapped = object.__getattribute__(self, 'mapped_keys')
+        if key in mapped:
+            lk, _ = mapped[key]
+            if self._legacy:
+                if lk is None:
+                    raise NotImplementedError
+                self._legacy[lk] = value
+            elif key not in ('commands', 'exports', 'modules', 'namespaces',
+                             'classifiers'):
+                self._data[key] = value
+            else:
+                # special cases for PEP 459
+                d = self._data.setdefault('extensions', {})
+                if key == 'commands':
+                    d['python.commands'] = value
+                elif key == 'classifiers':
+                    d = d.setdefault('python.details', {})
+                    d[key] = value
+                else:
+                    d = d.setdefault('python.exports', {})
+                    d[key] = value
+        elif key not in common:
+            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
+        else:
+            if key == 'keywords':
+                if isinstance(value, string_types):
+                    value = value.strip()
+                    if value:
+                        value = value.split()
+                    else:
+                        value = []
+            if self._legacy:
+                self._legacy[key] = value
+            else:
+                self._data[key] = value
+
+    @property
+    def name_and_version(self):
+        return _get_name_and_version(self.name, self.version, True)
+
+    @property
+    def provides(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            result = self._legacy['Provides-Dist']
+        else:
+            result = self._data.setdefault('provides', [])
+        s = '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.version)
+        if s not in result:
+            result.append(s)
+        return result
+
+    @provides.setter
+    def provides(self, value):
+        if self._legacy:
+            self._legacy['Provides-Dist'] = value
+        else:
+            self._data['provides'] = value
+
+    def get_requirements(self, reqts, extras=None, env=None):
+        """
+        Base method to get dependencies, given a set of extras
+        to satisfy and an optional environment context.
+        :param reqts: A list of sometimes-wanted dependencies,
+                      perhaps dependent on extras and environment.
+        :param extras: A list of optional components being requested.
+        :param env: An optional environment for marker evaluation.
+        """
+        if self._legacy:
+            result = reqts
+        else:
+            result = []
+            extras = get_extras(extras or [], self.extras)
+            for d in reqts:
+                if 'extra' not in d and 'environment' not in d:
+                    # unconditional
+                    include = True
+                else:
+                    if 'extra' not in d:
+                        # Not extra-dependent - only environment-dependent
+                        include = True
+                    else:
+                        include = d.get('extra') in extras
+                    if include:
+                        # Not excluded because of extras, check environment
+                        marker = d.get('environment')
+                        if marker:
+                            include = interpret(marker, env)
+                if include:
+                    result.extend(d['requires'])
+            for key in ('build', 'dev', 'test'):
+                e = ':%s:' % key
+                if e in extras:
+                    extras.remove(e)
+                    # A recursive call, but it should terminate since 'test'
+                    # has been removed from the extras
+                    reqts = self._data.get('%s_requires' % key, [])
+                    result.extend(self.get_requirements(reqts, extras=extras,
+                                                        env=env))
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def dictionary(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            return self._from_legacy()
+        return self._data
+
+    @property
+    def dependencies(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        else:
+            return extract_by_key(self._data, self.DEPENDENCY_KEYS)
+
+    @dependencies.setter
+    def dependencies(self, value):
+        if self._legacy:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        else:
+            self._data.update(value)
+
+    def _validate_mapping(self, mapping, scheme):
+        if mapping.get('metadata_version') != self.METADATA_VERSION:
+            raise MetadataUnrecognizedVersionError()
+        missing = []
+        for key, exclusions in self.MANDATORY_KEYS.items():
+            if key not in mapping:
+                if scheme not in exclusions:
+                    missing.append(key)
+        if missing:
+            msg = 'Missing metadata items: %s' % ', '.join(missing)
+            raise MetadataMissingError(msg)
+        for k, v in mapping.items():
+            self._validate_value(k, v, scheme)
+
+    def validate(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            missing, warnings = self._legacy.check(True)
+            if missing or warnings:
+                logger.warning('Metadata: missing: %s, warnings: %s',
+                               missing, warnings)
+        else:
+            self._validate_mapping(self._data, self.scheme)
+
+    def todict(self):
+        if self._legacy:
+            return self._legacy.todict(True)
+        else:
+            result = extract_by_key(self._data, self.INDEX_KEYS)
+            return result
+
+    def _from_legacy(self):
+        assert self._legacy and not self._data
+        result = {
+            'metadata_version': self.METADATA_VERSION,
+            'generator': self.GENERATOR,
+        }
+        lmd = self._legacy.todict(True)     # skip missing ones
+        for k in ('name', 'version', 'license', 'summary', 'description',
+                  'classifier'):
+            if k in lmd:
+                if k == 'classifier':
+                    nk = 'classifiers'
+                else:
+                    nk = k
+                result[nk] = lmd[k]
+        kw = lmd.get('Keywords', [])
+        if kw == ['']:
+            kw = []
+        result['keywords'] = kw
+        keys = (('requires_dist', 'run_requires'),
+                ('setup_requires_dist', 'build_requires'))
+        for ok, nk in keys:
+            if ok in lmd and lmd[ok]:
+                result[nk] = [{'requires': lmd[ok]}]
+        result['provides'] = self.provides
+        author = {}
+        maintainer = {}
+        return result
+
+    LEGACY_MAPPING = {
+        'name': 'Name',
+        'version': 'Version',
+        ('extensions', 'python.details', 'license'): 'License',
+        'summary': 'Summary',
+        'description': 'Description',
+        ('extensions', 'python.project', 'project_urls', 'Home'): 'Home-page',
+        ('extensions', 'python.project', 'contacts', 0, 'name'): 'Author',
+        ('extensions', 'python.project', 'contacts', 0, 'email'): 'Author-email',
+        'source_url': 'Download-URL',
+        ('extensions', 'python.details', 'classifiers'): 'Classifier',
+    }
+
+    def _to_legacy(self):
+        def process_entries(entries):
+            reqts = set()
+            for e in entries:
+                extra = e.get('extra')
+                env = e.get('environment')
+                rlist = e['requires']
+                for r in rlist:
+                    if not env and not extra:
+                        reqts.add(r)
+                    else:
+                        marker = ''
+                        if extra:
+                            marker = 'extra == "%s"' % extra
+                        if env:
+                            if marker:
+                                marker = '(%s) and %s' % (env, marker)
+                            else:
+                                marker = env
+                        reqts.add(';'.join((r, marker)))
+            return reqts
+
+        assert self._data and not self._legacy
+        result = LegacyMetadata()
+        nmd = self._data
+        # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        for nk, ok in self.LEGACY_MAPPING.items():
+            if not isinstance(nk, tuple):
+                if nk in nmd:
+                    result[ok] = nmd[nk]
+            else:
+                d = nmd
+                found = True
+                for k in nk:
+                    try:
+                        d = d[k]
+                    except (KeyError, IndexError):
+                        found = False
+                        break
+                if found:
+                    result[ok] = d
+        r1 = process_entries(self.run_requires + self.meta_requires)
+        r2 = process_entries(self.build_requires + self.dev_requires)
+        if self.extras:
+            result['Provides-Extra'] = sorted(self.extras)
+        result['Requires-Dist'] = sorted(r1)
+        result['Setup-Requires-Dist'] = sorted(r2)
+        # TODO: any other fields wanted
+        return result
+
+    def write(self, path=None, fileobj=None, legacy=False, skip_unknown=True):
+        if [path, fileobj].count(None) != 1:
+            raise ValueError('Exactly one of path and fileobj is needed')
+        self.validate()
+        if legacy:
+            if self._legacy:
+                legacy_md = self._legacy
+            else:
+                legacy_md = self._to_legacy()
+            if path:
+                legacy_md.write(path, skip_unknown=skip_unknown)
+            else:
+                legacy_md.write_file(fileobj, skip_unknown=skip_unknown)
+        else:
+            if self._legacy:
+                d = self._from_legacy()
+            else:
+                d = self._data
+            if fileobj:
+                json.dump(d, fileobj, ensure_ascii=True, indent=2,
+                          sort_keys=True)
+            else:
+                with codecs.open(path, 'w', 'utf-8') as f:
+                    json.dump(d, f, ensure_ascii=True, indent=2,
+                              sort_keys=True)
+
+    def add_requirements(self, requirements):
+        if self._legacy:
+            self._legacy.add_requirements(requirements)
+        else:
+            run_requires = self._data.setdefault('run_requires', [])
+            always = None
+            for entry in run_requires:
+                if 'environment' not in entry and 'extra' not in entry:
+                    always = entry
+                    break
+            if always is None:
+                always = { 'requires': requirements }
+                run_requires.insert(0, always)
+            else:
+                rset = set(always['requires']) | set(requirements)
+                always['requires'] = sorted(rset)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        name = self.name or '(no name)'
+        version = self.version or 'no version'
+        return '<%s %s %s (%s)>' % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                                    self.metadata_version, name, version)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fef52aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/resources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,358 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2017 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import bisect
+import io
+import logging
+import os
+import pkgutil
+import sys
+import types
+import zipimport
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .util import cached_property, get_cache_base, Cache
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+cache = None    # created when needed
+
+
+class ResourceCache(Cache):
+    def __init__(self, base=None):
+        if base is None:
+            # Use native string to avoid issues on 2.x: see Python #20140.
+            base = os.path.join(get_cache_base(), str('resource-cache'))
+        super(ResourceCache, self).__init__(base)
+
+    def is_stale(self, resource, path):
+        """
+        Is the cache stale for the given resource?
+
+        :param resource: The :class:`Resource` being cached.
+        :param path: The path of the resource in the cache.
+        :return: True if the cache is stale.
+        """
+        # Cache invalidation is a hard problem :-)
+        return True
+
+    def get(self, resource):
+        """
+        Get a resource into the cache,
+
+        :param resource: A :class:`Resource` instance.
+        :return: The pathname of the resource in the cache.
+        """
+        prefix, path = resource.finder.get_cache_info(resource)
+        if prefix is None:
+            result = path
+        else:
+            result = os.path.join(self.base, self.prefix_to_dir(prefix), path)
+            dirname = os.path.dirname(result)
+            if not os.path.isdir(dirname):
+                os.makedirs(dirname)
+            if not os.path.exists(result):
+                stale = True
+            else:
+                stale = self.is_stale(resource, path)
+            if stale:
+                # write the bytes of the resource to the cache location
+                with open(result, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(resource.bytes)
+        return result
+
+
+class ResourceBase(object):
+    def __init__(self, finder, name):
+        self.finder = finder
+        self.name = name
+
+
+class Resource(ResourceBase):
+    """
+    A class representing an in-package resource, such as a data file. This is
+    not normally instantiated by user code, but rather by a
+    :class:`ResourceFinder` which manages the resource.
+    """
+    is_container = False        # Backwards compatibility
+
+    def as_stream(self):
+        """
+        Get the resource as a stream.
+
+        This is not a property to make it obvious that it returns a new stream
+        each time.
+        """
+        return self.finder.get_stream(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def file_path(self):
+        global cache
+        if cache is None:
+            cache = ResourceCache()
+        return cache.get(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def bytes(self):
+        return self.finder.get_bytes(self)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def size(self):
+        return self.finder.get_size(self)
+
+
+class ResourceContainer(ResourceBase):
+    is_container = True     # Backwards compatibility
+
+    @cached_property
+    def resources(self):
+        return self.finder.get_resources(self)
+
+
+class ResourceFinder(object):
+    """
+    Resource finder for file system resources.
+    """
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        skipped_extensions = ('.pyc', '.pyo', '.class')
+    else:
+        skipped_extensions = ('.pyc', '.pyo')
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.module = module
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.base = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def _adjust_path(self, path):
+        return os.path.realpath(path)
+
+    def _make_path(self, resource_name):
+        # Issue #50: need to preserve type of path on Python 2.x
+        # like os.path._get_sep
+        if isinstance(resource_name, bytes):    # should only happen on 2.x
+            sep = b'/'
+        else:
+            sep = '/'
+        parts = resource_name.split(sep)
+        parts.insert(0, self.base)
+        result = os.path.join(*parts)
+        return self._adjust_path(result)
+
+    def _find(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def get_cache_info(self, resource):
+        return None, resource.path
+
+    def find(self, resource_name):
+        path = self._make_path(resource_name)
+        if not self._find(path):
+            result = None
+        else:
+            if self._is_directory(path):
+                result = ResourceContainer(self, resource_name)
+            else:
+                result = Resource(self, resource_name)
+            result.path = path
+        return result
+
+    def get_stream(self, resource):
+        return open(resource.path, 'rb')
+
+    def get_bytes(self, resource):
+        with open(resource.path, 'rb') as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def get_size(self, resource):
+        return os.path.getsize(resource.path)
+
+    def get_resources(self, resource):
+        def allowed(f):
+            return (f != '__pycache__' and not
+                    f.endswith(self.skipped_extensions))
+        return set([f for f in os.listdir(resource.path) if allowed(f)])
+
+    def is_container(self, resource):
+        return self._is_directory(resource.path)
+
+    _is_directory = staticmethod(os.path.isdir)
+
+    def iterator(self, resource_name):
+        resource = self.find(resource_name)
+        if resource is not None:
+            todo = [resource]
+            while todo:
+                resource = todo.pop(0)
+                yield resource
+                if resource.is_container:
+                    rname = resource.name
+                    for name in resource.resources:
+                        if not rname:
+                            new_name = name
+                        else:
+                            new_name = '/'.join([rname, name])
+                        child = self.find(new_name)
+                        if child.is_container:
+                            todo.append(child)
+                        else:
+                            yield child
+
+
+class ZipResourceFinder(ResourceFinder):
+    """
+    Resource finder for resources in .zip files.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        super(ZipResourceFinder, self).__init__(module)
+        archive = self.loader.archive
+        self.prefix_len = 1 + len(archive)
+        # PyPy doesn't have a _files attr on zipimporter, and you can't set one
+        if hasattr(self.loader, '_files'):
+            self._files = self.loader._files
+        else:
+            self._files = zipimport._zip_directory_cache[archive]
+        self.index = sorted(self._files)
+
+    def _adjust_path(self, path):
+        return path
+
+    def _find(self, path):
+        path = path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path in self._files:
+            result = True
+        else:
+            if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+                path = path + os.sep
+            i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+            try:
+                result = self.index[i].startswith(path)
+            except IndexError:
+                result = False
+        if not result:
+            logger.debug('_find failed: %r %r', path, self.loader.prefix)
+        else:
+            logger.debug('_find worked: %r %r', path, self.loader.prefix)
+        return result
+
+    def get_cache_info(self, resource):
+        prefix = self.loader.archive
+        path = resource.path[1 + len(prefix):]
+        return prefix, path
+
+    def get_bytes(self, resource):
+        return self.loader.get_data(resource.path)
+
+    def get_stream(self, resource):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_bytes(resource))
+
+    def get_size(self, resource):
+        path = resource.path[self.prefix_len:]
+        return self._files[path][3]
+
+    def get_resources(self, resource):
+        path = resource.path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+            path += os.sep
+        plen = len(path)
+        result = set()
+        i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+        while i < len(self.index):
+            if not self.index[i].startswith(path):
+                break
+            s = self.index[i][plen:]
+            result.add(s.split(os.sep, 1)[0])   # only immediate children
+            i += 1
+        return result
+
+    def _is_directory(self, path):
+        path = path[self.prefix_len:]
+        if path and path[-1] != os.sep:
+            path += os.sep
+        i = bisect.bisect(self.index, path)
+        try:
+            result = self.index[i].startswith(path)
+        except IndexError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+
+_finder_registry = {
+    type(None): ResourceFinder,
+    zipimport.zipimporter: ZipResourceFinder
+}
+
+try:
+    # In Python 3.6, _frozen_importlib -> _frozen_importlib_external
+    try:
+        import _frozen_importlib_external as _fi
+    except ImportError:
+        import _frozen_importlib as _fi
+    _finder_registry[_fi.SourceFileLoader] = ResourceFinder
+    _finder_registry[_fi.FileFinder] = ResourceFinder
+    # See issue #146
+    _finder_registry[_fi.SourcelessFileLoader] = ResourceFinder
+    del _fi
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+    pass
+
+
+def register_finder(loader, finder_maker):
+    _finder_registry[type(loader)] = finder_maker
+
+
+_finder_cache = {}
+
+
+def finder(package):
+    """
+    Return a resource finder for a package.
+    :param package: The name of the package.
+    :return: A :class:`ResourceFinder` instance for the package.
+    """
+    if package in _finder_cache:
+        result = _finder_cache[package]
+    else:
+        if package not in sys.modules:
+            __import__(package)
+        module = sys.modules[package]
+        path = getattr(module, '__path__', None)
+        if path is None:
+            raise DistlibException('You cannot get a finder for a module, '
+                                   'only for a package')
+        loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        finder_maker = _finder_registry.get(type(loader))
+        if finder_maker is None:
+            raise DistlibException('Unable to locate finder for %r' % package)
+        result = finder_maker(module)
+        _finder_cache[package] = result
+    return result
+
+
+_dummy_module = types.ModuleType(str('__dummy__'))
+
+
+def finder_for_path(path):
+    """
+    Return a resource finder for a path, which should represent a container.
+
+    :param path: The path.
+    :return: A :class:`ResourceFinder` instance for the path.
+    """
+    result = None
+    # calls any path hooks, gets importer into cache
+    pkgutil.get_importer(path)
+    loader = sys.path_importer_cache.get(path)
+    finder = _finder_registry.get(type(loader))
+    if finder:
+        module = _dummy_module
+        module.__file__ = os.path.join(path, '')
+        module.__loader__ = loader
+        result = finder(module)
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfa45d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/scripts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2023 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from io import BytesIO
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+import time
+from zipfile import ZipInfo
+
+from .compat import sysconfig, detect_encoding, ZipFile
+from .resources import finder
+from .util import (FileOperator, get_export_entry, convert_path,
+                   get_executable, get_platform, in_venv)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_DEFAULT_MANIFEST = '''
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
+<assembly xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1" manifestVersion="1.0">
+ <assemblyIdentity version="1.0.0.0"
+ processorArchitecture="X86"
+ name="%s"
+ type="win32"/>
+
+ <!-- Identify the application security requirements. -->
+ <trustInfo xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v3">
+ <security>
+ <requestedPrivileges>
+ <requestedExecutionLevel level="asInvoker" uiAccess="false"/>
+ </requestedPrivileges>
+ </security>
+ </trustInfo>
+</assembly>'''.strip()
+
+# check if Python is called on the first line with this expression
+FIRST_LINE_RE = re.compile(b'^#!.*pythonw?[0-9.]*([ \t].*)?$')
+SCRIPT_TEMPLATE = r'''# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import re
+import sys
+from %(module)s import %(import_name)s
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    sys.argv[0] = re.sub(r'(-script\.pyw|\.exe)?$', '', sys.argv[0])
+    sys.exit(%(func)s())
+'''
+
+
+def enquote_executable(executable):
+    if ' ' in executable:
+        # make sure we quote only the executable in case of env
+        # for example /usr/bin/env "/dir with spaces/bin/jython"
+        # instead of "/usr/bin/env /dir with spaces/bin/jython"
+        # otherwise whole
+        if executable.startswith('/usr/bin/env '):
+            env, _executable = executable.split(' ', 1)
+            if ' ' in _executable and not _executable.startswith('"'):
+                executable = '%s "%s"' % (env, _executable)
+        else:
+            if not executable.startswith('"'):
+                executable = '"%s"' % executable
+    return executable
+
+
+# Keep the old name around (for now), as there is at least one project using it!
+_enquote_executable = enquote_executable
+
+
+class ScriptMaker(object):
+    """
+    A class to copy or create scripts from source scripts or callable
+    specifications.
+    """
+    script_template = SCRIPT_TEMPLATE
+
+    executable = None  # for shebangs
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 source_dir,
+                 target_dir,
+                 add_launchers=True,
+                 dry_run=False,
+                 fileop=None):
+        self.source_dir = source_dir
+        self.target_dir = target_dir
+        self.add_launchers = add_launchers
+        self.force = False
+        self.clobber = False
+        # It only makes sense to set mode bits on POSIX.
+        self.set_mode = (os.name == 'posix') or (os.name == 'java'
+                                                 and os._name == 'posix')
+        self.variants = set(('', 'X.Y'))
+        self._fileop = fileop or FileOperator(dry_run)
+
+        self._is_nt = os.name == 'nt' or (os.name == 'java'
+                                          and os._name == 'nt')
+        self.version_info = sys.version_info
+
+    def _get_alternate_executable(self, executable, options):
+        if options.get('gui', False) and self._is_nt:  # pragma: no cover
+            dn, fn = os.path.split(executable)
+            fn = fn.replace('python', 'pythonw')
+            executable = os.path.join(dn, fn)
+        return executable
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):  # pragma: no cover
+
+        def _is_shell(self, executable):
+            """
+            Determine if the specified executable is a script
+            (contains a #! line)
+            """
+            try:
+                with open(executable) as fp:
+                    return fp.read(2) == '#!'
+            except (OSError, IOError):
+                logger.warning('Failed to open %s', executable)
+                return False
+
+        def _fix_jython_executable(self, executable):
+            if self._is_shell(executable):
+                # Workaround for Jython is not needed on Linux systems.
+                import java
+
+                if java.lang.System.getProperty('os.name') == 'Linux':
+                    return executable
+            elif executable.lower().endswith('jython.exe'):
+                # Use wrapper exe for Jython on Windows
+                return executable
+            return '/usr/bin/env %s' % executable
+
+    def _build_shebang(self, executable, post_interp):
+        """
+        Build a shebang line. In the simple case (on Windows, or a shebang line
+        which is not too long or contains spaces) use a simple formulation for
+        the shebang. Otherwise, use /bin/sh as the executable, with a contrived
+        shebang which allows the script to run either under Python or sh, using
+        suitable quoting. Thanks to Harald Nordgren for his input.
+
+        See also: http://www.in-ulm.de/~mascheck/various/shebang/#length
+                  https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/file/tip/mach
+        """
+        if os.name != 'posix':
+            simple_shebang = True
+        else:
+            # Add 3 for '#!' prefix and newline suffix.
+            shebang_length = len(executable) + len(post_interp) + 3
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                max_shebang_length = 512
+            else:
+                max_shebang_length = 127
+            simple_shebang = ((b' ' not in executable)
+                              and (shebang_length <= max_shebang_length))
+
+        if simple_shebang:
+            result = b'#!' + executable + post_interp + b'\n'
+        else:
+            result = b'#!/bin/sh\n'
+            result += b"'''exec' " + executable + post_interp + b' "$0" "$@"\n'
+            result += b"' '''"
+        return result
+
+    def _get_shebang(self, encoding, post_interp=b'', options=None):
+        enquote = True
+        if self.executable:
+            executable = self.executable
+            enquote = False  # assume this will be taken care of
+        elif not sysconfig.is_python_build():
+            executable = get_executable()
+        elif in_venv():  # pragma: no cover
+            executable = os.path.join(
+                sysconfig.get_path('scripts'),
+                'python%s' % sysconfig.get_config_var('EXE'))
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            if os.name == 'nt':
+                # for Python builds from source on Windows, no Python executables with
+                # a version suffix are created, so we use python.exe
+                executable = os.path.join(
+                    sysconfig.get_config_var('BINDIR'),
+                    'python%s' % (sysconfig.get_config_var('EXE')))
+            else:
+                executable = os.path.join(
+                    sysconfig.get_config_var('BINDIR'),
+                    'python%s%s' % (sysconfig.get_config_var('VERSION'),
+                                    sysconfig.get_config_var('EXE')))
+        if options:
+            executable = self._get_alternate_executable(executable, options)
+
+        if sys.platform.startswith('java'):  # pragma: no cover
+            executable = self._fix_jython_executable(executable)
+
+        # Normalise case for Windows - COMMENTED OUT
+        # executable = os.path.normcase(executable)
+        # N.B. The normalising operation above has been commented out: See
+        # issue #124. Although paths in Windows are generally case-insensitive,
+        # they aren't always. For example, a path containing a ẞ (which is a
+        # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER SHARP S - U+1E9E) is normcased to ß (which is a
+        # LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S' - U+00DF). The two are not considered by
+        # Windows as equivalent in path names.
+
+        # If the user didn't specify an executable, it may be necessary to
+        # cater for executable paths with spaces (not uncommon on Windows)
+        if enquote:
+            executable = enquote_executable(executable)
+        # Issue #51: don't use fsencode, since we later try to
+        # check that the shebang is decodable using utf-8.
+        executable = executable.encode('utf-8')
+        # in case of IronPython, play safe and enable frames support
+        if (sys.platform == 'cli' and '-X:Frames' not in post_interp
+                and '-X:FullFrames' not in post_interp):  # pragma: no cover
+            post_interp += b' -X:Frames'
+        shebang = self._build_shebang(executable, post_interp)
+        # Python parser starts to read a script using UTF-8 until
+        # it gets a #coding:xxx cookie. The shebang has to be the
+        # first line of a file, the #coding:xxx cookie cannot be
+        # written before. So the shebang has to be decodable from
+        # UTF-8.
+        try:
+            shebang.decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError('The shebang (%r) is not decodable from utf-8' %
+                             shebang)
+        # If the script is encoded to a custom encoding (use a
+        # #coding:xxx cookie), the shebang has to be decodable from
+        # the script encoding too.
+        if encoding != 'utf-8':
+            try:
+                shebang.decode(encoding)
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise ValueError('The shebang (%r) is not decodable '
+                                 'from the script encoding (%r)' %
+                                 (shebang, encoding))
+        return shebang
+
+    def _get_script_text(self, entry):
+        return self.script_template % dict(
+            module=entry.prefix,
+            import_name=entry.suffix.split('.')[0],
+            func=entry.suffix)
+
+    manifest = _DEFAULT_MANIFEST
+
+    def get_manifest(self, exename):
+        base = os.path.basename(exename)
+        return self.manifest % base
+
+    def _write_script(self, names, shebang, script_bytes, filenames, ext):
+        use_launcher = self.add_launchers and self._is_nt
+        linesep = os.linesep.encode('utf-8')
+        if not shebang.endswith(linesep):
+            shebang += linesep
+        if not use_launcher:
+            script_bytes = shebang + script_bytes
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            if ext == 'py':
+                launcher = self._get_launcher('t')
+            else:
+                launcher = self._get_launcher('w')
+            stream = BytesIO()
+            with ZipFile(stream, 'w') as zf:
+                source_date_epoch = os.environ.get('SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH')
+                if source_date_epoch:
+                    date_time = time.gmtime(int(source_date_epoch))[:6]
+                    zinfo = ZipInfo(filename='__main__.py',
+                                    date_time=date_time)
+                    zf.writestr(zinfo, script_bytes)
+                else:
+                    zf.writestr('__main__.py', script_bytes)
+            zip_data = stream.getvalue()
+            script_bytes = launcher + shebang + zip_data
+        for name in names:
+            outname = os.path.join(self.target_dir, name)
+            if use_launcher:  # pragma: no cover
+                n, e = os.path.splitext(outname)
+                if e.startswith('.py'):
+                    outname = n
+                outname = '%s.exe' % outname
+                try:
+                    self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                except Exception:
+                    # Failed writing an executable - it might be in use.
+                    logger.warning('Failed to write executable - trying to '
+                                   'use .deleteme logic')
+                    dfname = '%s.deleteme' % outname
+                    if os.path.exists(dfname):
+                        os.remove(dfname)  # Not allowed to fail here
+                    os.rename(outname, dfname)  # nor here
+                    self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                    logger.debug('Able to replace executable using '
+                                 '.deleteme logic')
+                    try:
+                        os.remove(dfname)
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass  # still in use - ignore error
+            else:
+                if self._is_nt and not outname.endswith(
+                        '.' + ext):  # pragma: no cover
+                    outname = '%s.%s' % (outname, ext)
+                if os.path.exists(outname) and not self.clobber:
+                    logger.warning('Skipping existing file %s', outname)
+                    continue
+                self._fileop.write_binary_file(outname, script_bytes)
+                if self.set_mode:
+                    self._fileop.set_executable_mode([outname])
+            filenames.append(outname)
+
+    variant_separator = '-'
+
+    def get_script_filenames(self, name):
+        result = set()
+        if '' in self.variants:
+            result.add(name)
+        if 'X' in self.variants:
+            result.add('%s%s' % (name, self.version_info[0]))
+        if 'X.Y' in self.variants:
+            result.add('%s%s%s.%s' %
+                       (name, self.variant_separator, self.version_info[0],
+                        self.version_info[1]))
+        return result
+
+    def _make_script(self, entry, filenames, options=None):
+        post_interp = b''
+        if options:
+            args = options.get('interpreter_args', [])
+            if args:
+                args = ' %s' % ' '.join(args)
+                post_interp = args.encode('utf-8')
+        shebang = self._get_shebang('utf-8', post_interp, options=options)
+        script = self._get_script_text(entry).encode('utf-8')
+        scriptnames = self.get_script_filenames(entry.name)
+        if options and options.get('gui', False):
+            ext = 'pyw'
+        else:
+            ext = 'py'
+        self._write_script(scriptnames, shebang, script, filenames, ext)
+
+    def _copy_script(self, script, filenames):
+        adjust = False
+        script = os.path.join(self.source_dir, convert_path(script))
+        outname = os.path.join(self.target_dir, os.path.basename(script))
+        if not self.force and not self._fileop.newer(script, outname):
+            logger.debug('not copying %s (up-to-date)', script)
+            return
+
+        # Always open the file, but ignore failures in dry-run mode --
+        # that way, we'll get accurate feedback if we can read the
+        # script.
+        try:
+            f = open(script, 'rb')
+        except IOError:  # pragma: no cover
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                raise
+            f = None
+        else:
+            first_line = f.readline()
+            if not first_line:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.warning('%s is an empty file (skipping)', script)
+                return
+
+            match = FIRST_LINE_RE.match(first_line.replace(b'\r\n', b'\n'))
+            if match:
+                adjust = True
+                post_interp = match.group(1) or b''
+
+        if not adjust:
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+            self._fileop.copy_file(script, outname)
+            if self.set_mode:
+                self._fileop.set_executable_mode([outname])
+            filenames.append(outname)
+        else:
+            logger.info('copying and adjusting %s -> %s', script,
+                        self.target_dir)
+            if not self._fileop.dry_run:
+                encoding, lines = detect_encoding(f.readline)
+                f.seek(0)
+                shebang = self._get_shebang(encoding, post_interp)
+                if b'pythonw' in first_line:  # pragma: no cover
+                    ext = 'pyw'
+                else:
+                    ext = 'py'
+                n = os.path.basename(outname)
+                self._write_script([n], shebang, f.read(), filenames, ext)
+            if f:
+                f.close()
+
+    @property
+    def dry_run(self):
+        return self._fileop.dry_run
+
+    @dry_run.setter
+    def dry_run(self, value):
+        self._fileop.dry_run = value
+
+    if os.name == 'nt' or (os.name == 'java'
+                           and os._name == 'nt'):  # pragma: no cover
+        # Executable launcher support.
+        # Launchers are from https://bitbucket.org/vinay.sajip/simple_launcher/
+
+        def _get_launcher(self, kind):
+            if struct.calcsize('P') == 8:  # 64-bit
+                bits = '64'
+            else:
+                bits = '32'
+            platform_suffix = '-arm' if get_platform() == 'win-arm64' else ''
+            name = '%s%s%s.exe' % (kind, bits, platform_suffix)
+            # Issue 31: don't hardcode an absolute package name, but
+            # determine it relative to the current package
+            distlib_package = __name__.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+            resource = finder(distlib_package).find(name)
+            if not resource:
+                msg = ('Unable to find resource %s in package %s' %
+                       (name, distlib_package))
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            return resource.bytes
+
+    # Public API follows
+
+    def make(self, specification, options=None):
+        """
+        Make a script.
+
+        :param specification: The specification, which is either a valid export
+                              entry specification (to make a script from a
+                              callable) or a filename (to make a script by
+                              copying from a source location).
+        :param options: A dictionary of options controlling script generation.
+        :return: A list of all absolute pathnames written to.
+        """
+        filenames = []
+        entry = get_export_entry(specification)
+        if entry is None:
+            self._copy_script(specification, filenames)
+        else:
+            self._make_script(entry, filenames, options=options)
+        return filenames
+
+    def make_multiple(self, specifications, options=None):
+        """
+        Take a list of specifications and make scripts from them,
+        :param specifications: A list of specifications.
+        :return: A list of all absolute pathnames written to,
+        """
+        filenames = []
+        for specification in specifications:
+            filenames.extend(self.make(specification, options))
+        return filenames
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t32.exe
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t64.exe b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/t64.exe
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba58858d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2025 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2023 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+import codecs
+from collections import deque
+import contextlib
+import csv
+from glob import iglob as std_iglob
+import io
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import py_compile
+import re
+import socket
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    ssl = None
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+import time
+
+from . import DistlibException
+from .compat import (string_types, text_type, shutil, raw_input, StringIO,
+                     cache_from_source, urlopen, urljoin, httplib, xmlrpclib,
+                     HTTPHandler, BaseConfigurator, valid_ident,
+                     Container, configparser, URLError, ZipFile, fsdecode,
+                     unquote, urlparse)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+#
+# Requirement parsing code as per PEP 508
+#
+
+IDENTIFIER = re.compile(r'^([\w\.-]+)\s*')
+VERSION_IDENTIFIER = re.compile(r'^([\w\.*+-]+)\s*')
+COMPARE_OP = re.compile(r'^(<=?|>=?|={2,3}|[~!]=)\s*')
+MARKER_OP = re.compile(r'^((<=?)|(>=?)|={2,3}|[~!]=|in|not\s+in)\s*')
+OR = re.compile(r'^or\b\s*')
+AND = re.compile(r'^and\b\s*')
+NON_SPACE = re.compile(r'(\S+)\s*')
+STRING_CHUNK = re.compile(r'([\s\w\.{}()*+#:;,/?!~`@$%^&=|<>\[\]-]+)')
+
+
+def parse_marker(marker_string):
+    """
+    Parse a marker string and return a dictionary containing a marker expression.
+
+    The dictionary will contain keys "op", "lhs" and "rhs" for non-terminals in
+    the expression grammar, or strings. A string contained in quotes is to be
+    interpreted as a literal string, and a string not contained in quotes is a
+    variable (such as os_name).
+    """
+
+    def marker_var(remaining):
+        # either identifier, or literal string
+        m = IDENTIFIER.match(remaining)
+        if m:
+            result = m.groups()[0]
+            remaining = remaining[m.end():]
+        elif not remaining:
+            raise SyntaxError('unexpected end of input')
+        else:
+            q = remaining[0]
+            if q not in '\'"':
+                raise SyntaxError('invalid expression: %s' % remaining)
+            oq = '\'"'.replace(q, '')
+            remaining = remaining[1:]
+            parts = [q]
+            while remaining:
+                # either a string chunk, or oq, or q to terminate
+                if remaining[0] == q:
+                    break
+                elif remaining[0] == oq:
+                    parts.append(oq)
+                    remaining = remaining[1:]
+                else:
+                    m = STRING_CHUNK.match(remaining)
+                    if not m:
+                        raise SyntaxError('error in string literal: %s' %
+                                          remaining)
+                    parts.append(m.groups()[0])
+                    remaining = remaining[m.end():]
+            else:
+                s = ''.join(parts)
+                raise SyntaxError('unterminated string: %s' % s)
+            parts.append(q)
+            result = ''.join(parts)
+            remaining = remaining[1:].lstrip()  # skip past closing quote
+        return result, remaining
+
+    def marker_expr(remaining):
+        if remaining and remaining[0] == '(':
+            result, remaining = marker(remaining[1:].lstrip())
+            if remaining[0] != ')':
+                raise SyntaxError('unterminated parenthesis: %s' % remaining)
+            remaining = remaining[1:].lstrip()
+        else:
+            lhs, remaining = marker_var(remaining)
+            while remaining:
+                m = MARKER_OP.match(remaining)
+                if not m:
+                    break
+                op = m.groups()[0]
+                remaining = remaining[m.end():]
+                rhs, remaining = marker_var(remaining)
+                lhs = {'op': op, 'lhs': lhs, 'rhs': rhs}
+            result = lhs
+        return result, remaining
+
+    def marker_and(remaining):
+        lhs, remaining = marker_expr(remaining)
+        while remaining:
+            m = AND.match(remaining)
+            if not m:
+                break
+            remaining = remaining[m.end():]
+            rhs, remaining = marker_expr(remaining)
+            lhs = {'op': 'and', 'lhs': lhs, 'rhs': rhs}
+        return lhs, remaining
+
+    def marker(remaining):
+        lhs, remaining = marker_and(remaining)
+        while remaining:
+            m = OR.match(remaining)
+            if not m:
+                break
+            remaining = remaining[m.end():]
+            rhs, remaining = marker_and(remaining)
+            lhs = {'op': 'or', 'lhs': lhs, 'rhs': rhs}
+        return lhs, remaining
+
+    return marker(marker_string)
+
+
+def parse_requirement(req):
+    """
+    Parse a requirement passed in as a string. Return a Container
+    whose attributes contain the various parts of the requirement.
+    """
+    remaining = req.strip()
+    if not remaining or remaining.startswith('#'):
+        return None
+    m = IDENTIFIER.match(remaining)
+    if not m:
+        raise SyntaxError('name expected: %s' % remaining)
+    distname = m.groups()[0]
+    remaining = remaining[m.end():]
+    extras = mark_expr = versions = uri = None
+    if remaining and remaining[0] == '[':
+        i = remaining.find(']', 1)
+        if i < 0:
+            raise SyntaxError('unterminated extra: %s' % remaining)
+        s = remaining[1:i]
+        remaining = remaining[i + 1:].lstrip()
+        extras = []
+        while s:
+            m = IDENTIFIER.match(s)
+            if not m:
+                raise SyntaxError('malformed extra: %s' % s)
+            extras.append(m.groups()[0])
+            s = s[m.end():]
+            if not s:
+                break
+            if s[0] != ',':
+                raise SyntaxError('comma expected in extras: %s' % s)
+            s = s[1:].lstrip()
+        if not extras:
+            extras = None
+    if remaining:
+        if remaining[0] == '@':
+            # it's a URI
+            remaining = remaining[1:].lstrip()
+            m = NON_SPACE.match(remaining)
+            if not m:
+                raise SyntaxError('invalid URI: %s' % remaining)
+            uri = m.groups()[0]
+            t = urlparse(uri)
+            # there are issues with Python and URL parsing, so this test
+            # is a bit crude. See bpo-20271, bpo-23505. Python doesn't
+            # always parse invalid URLs correctly - it should raise
+            # exceptions for malformed URLs
+            if not (t.scheme and t.netloc):
+                raise SyntaxError('Invalid URL: %s' % uri)
+            remaining = remaining[m.end():].lstrip()
+        else:
+
+            def get_versions(ver_remaining):
+                """
+                Return a list of operator, version tuples if any are
+                specified, else None.
+                """
+                m = COMPARE_OP.match(ver_remaining)
+                versions = None
+                if m:
+                    versions = []
+                    while True:
+                        op = m.groups()[0]
+                        ver_remaining = ver_remaining[m.end():]
+                        m = VERSION_IDENTIFIER.match(ver_remaining)
+                        if not m:
+                            raise SyntaxError('invalid version: %s' %
+                                              ver_remaining)
+                        v = m.groups()[0]
+                        versions.append((op, v))
+                        ver_remaining = ver_remaining[m.end():]
+                        if not ver_remaining or ver_remaining[0] != ',':
+                            break
+                        ver_remaining = ver_remaining[1:].lstrip()
+                        # Some packages have a trailing comma which would break things
+                        # See issue #148
+                        if not ver_remaining:
+                            break
+                        m = COMPARE_OP.match(ver_remaining)
+                        if not m:
+                            raise SyntaxError('invalid constraint: %s' %
+                                              ver_remaining)
+                    if not versions:
+                        versions = None
+                return versions, ver_remaining
+
+            if remaining[0] != '(':
+                versions, remaining = get_versions(remaining)
+            else:
+                i = remaining.find(')', 1)
+                if i < 0:
+                    raise SyntaxError('unterminated parenthesis: %s' %
+                                      remaining)
+                s = remaining[1:i]
+                remaining = remaining[i + 1:].lstrip()
+                # As a special diversion from PEP 508, allow a version number
+                # a.b.c in parentheses as a synonym for ~= a.b.c (because this
+                # is allowed in earlier PEPs)
+                if COMPARE_OP.match(s):
+                    versions, _ = get_versions(s)
+                else:
+                    m = VERSION_IDENTIFIER.match(s)
+                    if not m:
+                        raise SyntaxError('invalid constraint: %s' % s)
+                    v = m.groups()[0]
+                    s = s[m.end():].lstrip()
+                    if s:
+                        raise SyntaxError('invalid constraint: %s' % s)
+                    versions = [('~=', v)]
+
+    if remaining:
+        if remaining[0] != ';':
+            raise SyntaxError('invalid requirement: %s' % remaining)
+        remaining = remaining[1:].lstrip()
+
+        mark_expr, remaining = parse_marker(remaining)
+
+    if remaining and remaining[0] != '#':
+        raise SyntaxError('unexpected trailing data: %s' % remaining)
+
+    if not versions:
+        rs = distname
+    else:
+        rs = '%s %s' % (distname, ', '.join(
+            ['%s %s' % con for con in versions]))
+    return Container(name=distname,
+                     extras=extras,
+                     constraints=versions,
+                     marker=mark_expr,
+                     url=uri,
+                     requirement=rs)
+
+
+def get_resources_dests(resources_root, rules):
+    """Find destinations for resources files"""
+
+    def get_rel_path(root, path):
+        # normalizes and returns a lstripped-/-separated path
+        root = root.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        path = path.replace(os.path.sep, '/')
+        assert path.startswith(root)
+        return path[len(root):].lstrip('/')
+
+    destinations = {}
+    for base, suffix, dest in rules:
+        prefix = os.path.join(resources_root, base)
+        for abs_base in iglob(prefix):
+            abs_glob = os.path.join(abs_base, suffix)
+            for abs_path in iglob(abs_glob):
+                resource_file = get_rel_path(resources_root, abs_path)
+                if dest is None:  # remove the entry if it was here
+                    destinations.pop(resource_file, None)
+                else:
+                    rel_path = get_rel_path(abs_base, abs_path)
+                    rel_dest = dest.replace(os.path.sep, '/').rstrip('/')
+                    destinations[resource_file] = rel_dest + '/' + rel_path
+    return destinations
+
+
+def in_venv():
+    if hasattr(sys, 'real_prefix'):
+        # virtualenv venvs
+        result = True
+    else:
+        # PEP 405 venvs
+        result = sys.prefix != getattr(sys, 'base_prefix', sys.prefix)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_executable():
+    # The __PYVENV_LAUNCHER__ dance is apparently no longer needed, as
+    # changes to the stub launcher mean that sys.executable always points
+    # to the stub on OS X
+    #    if sys.platform == 'darwin' and ('__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__'
+    #                                     in os.environ):
+    #        result =  os.environ['__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__']
+    #    else:
+    #        result = sys.executable
+    #    return result
+    # Avoid normcasing: see issue #143
+    # result = os.path.normcase(sys.executable)
+    result = sys.executable
+    if not isinstance(result, text_type):
+        result = fsdecode(result)
+    return result
+
+
+def proceed(prompt, allowed_chars, error_prompt=None, default=None):
+    p = prompt
+    while True:
+        s = raw_input(p)
+        p = prompt
+        if not s and default:
+            s = default
+        if s:
+            c = s[0].lower()
+            if c in allowed_chars:
+                break
+            if error_prompt:
+                p = '%c: %s\n%s' % (c, error_prompt, prompt)
+    return c
+
+
+def extract_by_key(d, keys):
+    if isinstance(keys, string_types):
+        keys = keys.split()
+    result = {}
+    for key in keys:
+        if key in d:
+            result[key] = d[key]
+    return result
+
+
+def read_exports(stream):
+    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+        # needs to be a text stream
+        stream = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(stream)
+    # Try to load as JSON, falling back on legacy format
+    data = stream.read()
+    stream = StringIO(data)
+    try:
+        jdata = json.load(stream)
+        result = jdata['extensions']['python.exports']['exports']
+        for group, entries in result.items():
+            for k, v in entries.items():
+                s = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                entry = get_export_entry(s)
+                assert entry is not None
+                entries[k] = entry
+        return result
+    except Exception:
+        stream.seek(0, 0)
+
+    def read_stream(cp, stream):
+        if hasattr(cp, 'read_file'):
+            cp.read_file(stream)
+        else:
+            cp.readfp(stream)
+
+    cp = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    try:
+        read_stream(cp, stream)
+    except configparser.MissingSectionHeaderError:
+        stream.close()
+        data = textwrap.dedent(data)
+        stream = StringIO(data)
+        read_stream(cp, stream)
+
+    result = {}
+    for key in cp.sections():
+        result[key] = entries = {}
+        for name, value in cp.items(key):
+            s = '%s = %s' % (name, value)
+            entry = get_export_entry(s)
+            assert entry is not None
+            # entry.dist = self
+            entries[name] = entry
+    return result
+
+
+def write_exports(exports, stream):
+    if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+        # needs to be a text stream
+        stream = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')(stream)
+    cp = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    for k, v in exports.items():
+        # TODO check k, v for valid values
+        cp.add_section(k)
+        for entry in v.values():
+            if entry.suffix is None:
+                s = entry.prefix
+            else:
+                s = '%s:%s' % (entry.prefix, entry.suffix)
+            if entry.flags:
+                s = '%s [%s]' % (s, ', '.join(entry.flags))
+            cp.set(k, entry.name, s)
+    cp.write(stream)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def tempdir():
+    td = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    try:
+        yield td
+    finally:
+        shutil.rmtree(td)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def chdir(d):
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    try:
+        os.chdir(d)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(cwd)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def socket_timeout(seconds=15):
+    cto = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+    try:
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(seconds)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(cto)
+
+
+class cached_property(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+        # for attr in ('__name__', '__module__', '__doc__'):
+        #     setattr(self, attr, getattr(func, attr, None))
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        value = self.func(obj)
+        object.__setattr__(obj, self.func.__name__, value)
+        # obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = value = self.func(obj)
+        return value
+
+
+def convert_path(pathname):
+    """Return 'pathname' as a name that will work on the native filesystem.
+
+    The path is split on '/' and put back together again using the current
+    directory separator.  Needed because filenames in the setup script are
+    always supplied in Unix style, and have to be converted to the local
+    convention before we can actually use them in the filesystem.  Raises
+    ValueError on non-Unix-ish systems if 'pathname' either starts or
+    ends with a slash.
+    """
+    if os.sep == '/':
+        return pathname
+    if not pathname:
+        return pathname
+    if pathname[0] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot be absolute" % pathname)
+    if pathname[-1] == '/':
+        raise ValueError("path '%s' cannot end with '/'" % pathname)
+
+    paths = pathname.split('/')
+    while os.curdir in paths:
+        paths.remove(os.curdir)
+    if not paths:
+        return os.curdir
+    return os.path.join(*paths)
+
+
+class FileOperator(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, dry_run=False):
+        self.dry_run = dry_run
+        self.ensured = set()
+        self._init_record()
+
+    def _init_record(self):
+        self.record = False
+        self.files_written = set()
+        self.dirs_created = set()
+
+    def record_as_written(self, path):
+        if self.record:
+            self.files_written.add(path)
+
+    def newer(self, source, target):
+        """Tell if the target is newer than the source.
+
+        Returns true if 'source' exists and is more recently modified than
+        'target', or if 'source' exists and 'target' doesn't.
+
+        Returns false if both exist and 'target' is the same age or younger
+        than 'source'. Raise PackagingFileError if 'source' does not exist.
+
+        Note that this test is not very accurate: files created in the same
+        second will have the same "age".
+        """
+        if not os.path.exists(source):
+            raise DistlibException("file '%r' does not exist" %
+                                   os.path.abspath(source))
+        if not os.path.exists(target):
+            return True
+
+        return os.stat(source).st_mtime > os.stat(target).st_mtime
+
+    def copy_file(self, infile, outfile, check=True):
+        """Copy a file respecting dry-run and force flags.
+        """
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(outfile))
+        logger.info('Copying %s to %s', infile, outfile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            msg = None
+            if check:
+                if os.path.islink(outfile):
+                    msg = '%s is a symlink' % outfile
+                elif os.path.exists(outfile) and not os.path.isfile(outfile):
+                    msg = '%s is a non-regular file' % outfile
+            if msg:
+                raise ValueError(msg + ' which would be overwritten')
+            shutil.copyfile(infile, outfile)
+        self.record_as_written(outfile)
+
+    def copy_stream(self, instream, outfile, encoding=None):
+        assert not os.path.isdir(outfile)
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(outfile))
+        logger.info('Copying stream %s to %s', instream, outfile)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if encoding is None:
+                outstream = open(outfile, 'wb')
+            else:
+                outstream = codecs.open(outfile, 'w', encoding=encoding)
+            try:
+                shutil.copyfileobj(instream, outstream)
+            finally:
+                outstream.close()
+        self.record_as_written(outfile)
+
+    def write_binary_file(self, path, data):
+        self.ensure_dir(os.path.dirname(path))
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                os.remove(path)
+            with open(path, 'wb') as f:
+                f.write(data)
+        self.record_as_written(path)
+
+    def write_text_file(self, path, data, encoding):
+        self.write_binary_file(path, data.encode(encoding))
+
+    def set_mode(self, bits, mask, files):
+        if os.name == 'posix' or (os.name == 'java' and os._name == 'posix'):
+            # Set the executable bits (owner, group, and world) on
+            # all the files specified.
+            for f in files:
+                if self.dry_run:
+                    logger.info("changing mode of %s", f)
+                else:
+                    mode = (os.stat(f).st_mode | bits) & mask
+                    logger.info("changing mode of %s to %o", f, mode)
+                    os.chmod(f, mode)
+
+    set_executable_mode = lambda s, f: s.set_mode(0o555, 0o7777, f)
+
+    def ensure_dir(self, path):
+        path = os.path.abspath(path)
+        if path not in self.ensured and not os.path.exists(path):
+            self.ensured.add(path)
+            d, f = os.path.split(path)
+            self.ensure_dir(d)
+            logger.info('Creating %s' % path)
+            if not self.dry_run:
+                os.mkdir(path)
+            if self.record:
+                self.dirs_created.add(path)
+
+    def byte_compile(self,
+                     path,
+                     optimize=False,
+                     force=False,
+                     prefix=None,
+                     hashed_invalidation=False):
+        dpath = cache_from_source(path, not optimize)
+        logger.info('Byte-compiling %s to %s', path, dpath)
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            if force or self.newer(path, dpath):
+                if not prefix:
+                    diagpath = None
+                else:
+                    assert path.startswith(prefix)
+                    diagpath = path[len(prefix):]
+            compile_kwargs = {}
+            if hashed_invalidation and hasattr(py_compile,
+                                               'PycInvalidationMode'):
+                compile_kwargs[
+                    'invalidation_mode'] = py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH
+            py_compile.compile(path, dpath, diagpath, True,
+                               **compile_kwargs)  # raise error
+        self.record_as_written(dpath)
+        return dpath
+
+    def ensure_removed(self, path):
+        if os.path.exists(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path) and not os.path.islink(path):
+                logger.debug('Removing directory tree at %s', path)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    shutil.rmtree(path)
+                if self.record:
+                    if path in self.dirs_created:
+                        self.dirs_created.remove(path)
+            else:
+                if os.path.islink(path):
+                    s = 'link'
+                else:
+                    s = 'file'
+                logger.debug('Removing %s %s', s, path)
+                if not self.dry_run:
+                    os.remove(path)
+                if self.record:
+                    if path in self.files_written:
+                        self.files_written.remove(path)
+
+    def is_writable(self, path):
+        result = False
+        while not result:
+            if os.path.exists(path):
+                result = os.access(path, os.W_OK)
+                break
+            parent = os.path.dirname(path)
+            if parent == path:
+                break
+            path = parent
+        return result
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """
+        Commit recorded changes, turn off recording, return
+        changes.
+        """
+        assert self.record
+        result = self.files_written, self.dirs_created
+        self._init_record()
+        return result
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if not self.dry_run:
+            for f in list(self.files_written):
+                if os.path.exists(f):
+                    os.remove(f)
+            # dirs should all be empty now, except perhaps for
+            # __pycache__ subdirs
+            # reverse so that subdirs appear before their parents
+            dirs = sorted(self.dirs_created, reverse=True)
+            for d in dirs:
+                flist = os.listdir(d)
+                if flist:
+                    assert flist == ['__pycache__']
+                    sd = os.path.join(d, flist[0])
+                    os.rmdir(sd)
+                os.rmdir(d)  # should fail if non-empty
+        self._init_record()
+
+
+def resolve(module_name, dotted_path):
+    if module_name in sys.modules:
+        mod = sys.modules[module_name]
+    else:
+        mod = __import__(module_name)
+    if dotted_path is None:
+        result = mod
+    else:
+        parts = dotted_path.split('.')
+        result = getattr(mod, parts.pop(0))
+        for p in parts:
+            result = getattr(result, p)
+    return result
+
+
+class ExportEntry(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, prefix, suffix, flags):
+        self.name = name
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.suffix = suffix
+        self.flags = flags
+
+    @cached_property
+    def value(self):
+        return resolve(self.prefix, self.suffix)
+
+    def __repr__(self):  # pragma: no cover
+        return '<ExportEntry %s = %s:%s %s>' % (self.name, self.prefix,
+                                                self.suffix, self.flags)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, ExportEntry):
+            result = False
+        else:
+            result = (self.name == other.name and self.prefix == other.prefix
+                      and self.suffix == other.suffix
+                      and self.flags == other.flags)
+        return result
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+ENTRY_RE = re.compile(
+    r'''(?P<name>([^\[]\S*))
+                      \s*=\s*(?P<callable>(\w+)([:\.]\w+)*)
+                      \s*(\[\s*(?P<flags>[\w-]+(=\w+)?(,\s*\w+(=\w+)?)*)\s*\])?
+                      ''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def get_export_entry(specification):
+    m = ENTRY_RE.search(specification)
+    if not m:
+        result = None
+        if '[' in specification or ']' in specification:
+            raise DistlibException("Invalid specification "
+                                   "'%s'" % specification)
+    else:
+        d = m.groupdict()
+        name = d['name']
+        path = d['callable']
+        colons = path.count(':')
+        if colons == 0:
+            prefix, suffix = path, None
+        else:
+            if colons != 1:
+                raise DistlibException("Invalid specification "
+                                       "'%s'" % specification)
+            prefix, suffix = path.split(':')
+        flags = d['flags']
+        if flags is None:
+            if '[' in specification or ']' in specification:
+                raise DistlibException("Invalid specification "
+                                       "'%s'" % specification)
+            flags = []
+        else:
+            flags = [f.strip() for f in flags.split(',')]
+        result = ExportEntry(name, prefix, suffix, flags)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_cache_base(suffix=None):
+    """
+    Return the default base location for distlib caches. If the directory does
+    not exist, it is created. Use the suffix provided for the base directory,
+    and default to '.distlib' if it isn't provided.
+
+    On Windows, if LOCALAPPDATA is defined in the environment, then it is
+    assumed to be a directory, and will be the parent directory of the result.
+    On POSIX, and on Windows if LOCALAPPDATA is not defined, the user's home
+    directory - using os.expanduser('~') - will be the parent directory of
+    the result.
+
+    The result is just the directory '.distlib' in the parent directory as
+    determined above, or with the name specified with ``suffix``.
+    """
+    if suffix is None:
+        suffix = '.distlib'
+    if os.name == 'nt' and 'LOCALAPPDATA' in os.environ:
+        result = os.path.expandvars('$localappdata')
+    else:
+        # Assume posix, or old Windows
+        result = os.path.expanduser('~')
+    # we use 'isdir' instead of 'exists', because we want to
+    # fail if there's a file with that name
+    if os.path.isdir(result):
+        usable = os.access(result, os.W_OK)
+        if not usable:
+            logger.warning('Directory exists but is not writable: %s', result)
+    else:
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(result)
+            usable = True
+        except OSError:
+            logger.warning('Unable to create %s', result, exc_info=True)
+            usable = False
+    if not usable:
+        result = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+        logger.warning('Default location unusable, using %s', result)
+    return os.path.join(result, suffix)
+
+
+def path_to_cache_dir(path):
+    """
+    Convert an absolute path to a directory name for use in a cache.
+
+    The algorithm used is:
+
+    #. On Windows, any ``':'`` in the drive is replaced with ``'---'``.
+    #. Any occurrence of ``os.sep`` is replaced with ``'--'``.
+    #. ``'.cache'`` is appended.
+    """
+    d, p = os.path.splitdrive(os.path.abspath(path))
+    if d:
+        d = d.replace(':', '---')
+    p = p.replace(os.sep, '--')
+    return d + p + '.cache'
+
+
+def ensure_slash(s):
+    if not s.endswith('/'):
+        return s + '/'
+    return s
+
+
+def parse_credentials(netloc):
+    username = password = None
+    if '@' in netloc:
+        prefix, netloc = netloc.rsplit('@', 1)
+        if ':' not in prefix:
+            username = prefix
+        else:
+            username, password = prefix.split(':', 1)
+    if username:
+        username = unquote(username)
+    if password:
+        password = unquote(password)
+    return username, password, netloc
+
+
+def get_process_umask():
+    result = os.umask(0o22)
+    os.umask(result)
+    return result
+
+
+def is_string_sequence(seq):
+    result = True
+    i = None
+    for i, s in enumerate(seq):
+        if not isinstance(s, string_types):
+            result = False
+            break
+    assert i is not None
+    return result
+
+
+PROJECT_NAME_AND_VERSION = re.compile(
+    '([a-z0-9_]+([.-][a-z_][a-z0-9_]*)*)-'
+    '([a-z0-9_.+-]+)', re.I)
+PYTHON_VERSION = re.compile(r'-py(\d\.?\d?)')
+
+
+def split_filename(filename, project_name=None):
+    """
+    Extract name, version, python version from a filename (no extension)
+
+    Return name, version, pyver or None
+    """
+    result = None
+    pyver = None
+    filename = unquote(filename).replace(' ', '-')
+    m = PYTHON_VERSION.search(filename)
+    if m:
+        pyver = m.group(1)
+        filename = filename[:m.start()]
+    if project_name and len(filename) > len(project_name) + 1:
+        m = re.match(re.escape(project_name) + r'\b', filename)
+        if m:
+            n = m.end()
+            result = filename[:n], filename[n + 1:], pyver
+    if result is None:
+        m = PROJECT_NAME_AND_VERSION.match(filename)
+        if m:
+            result = m.group(1), m.group(3), pyver
+    return result
+
+
+# Allow spaces in name because of legacy dists like "Twisted Core"
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'(?P<name>[\w .-]+)\s*'
+                             r'\(\s*(?P<ver>[^\s)]+)\)$')
+
+
+def parse_name_and_version(p):
+    """
+    A utility method used to get name and version from a string.
+
+    From e.g. a Provides-Dist value.
+
+    :param p: A value in a form 'foo (1.0)'
+    :return: The name and version as a tuple.
+    """
+    m = NAME_VERSION_RE.match(p)
+    if not m:
+        raise DistlibException('Ill-formed name/version string: \'%s\'' % p)
+    d = m.groupdict()
+    return d['name'].strip().lower(), d['ver']
+
+
+def get_extras(requested, available):
+    result = set()
+    requested = set(requested or [])
+    available = set(available or [])
+    if '*' in requested:
+        requested.remove('*')
+        result |= available
+    for r in requested:
+        if r == '-':
+            result.add(r)
+        elif r.startswith('-'):
+            unwanted = r[1:]
+            if unwanted not in available:
+                logger.warning('undeclared extra: %s' % unwanted)
+            if unwanted in result:
+                result.remove(unwanted)
+        else:
+            if r not in available:
+                logger.warning('undeclared extra: %s' % r)
+            result.add(r)
+    return result
+
+
+#
+# Extended metadata functionality
+#
+
+
+def _get_external_data(url):
+    result = {}
+    try:
+        # urlopen might fail if it runs into redirections,
+        # because of Python issue #13696. Fixed in locators
+        # using a custom redirect handler.
+        resp = urlopen(url)
+        headers = resp.info()
+        ct = headers.get('Content-Type')
+        if not ct.startswith('application/json'):
+            logger.debug('Unexpected response for JSON request: %s', ct)
+        else:
+            reader = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(resp)
+            # data = reader.read().decode('utf-8')
+            # result = json.loads(data)
+            result = json.load(reader)
+    except Exception as e:
+        logger.exception('Failed to get external data for %s: %s', url, e)
+    return result
+
+
+_external_data_base_url = 'https://www.red-dove.com/pypi/projects/'
+
+
+def get_project_data(name):
+    url = '%s/%s/project.json' % (name[0].upper(), name)
+    url = urljoin(_external_data_base_url, url)
+    result = _get_external_data(url)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_package_data(name, version):
+    url = '%s/%s/package-%s.json' % (name[0].upper(), name, version)
+    url = urljoin(_external_data_base_url, url)
+    return _get_external_data(url)
+
+
+class Cache(object):
+    """
+    A class implementing a cache for resources that need to live in the file system
+    e.g. shared libraries. This class was moved from resources to here because it
+    could be used by other modules, e.g. the wheel module.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, base):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance.
+
+        :param base: The base directory where the cache should be located.
+        """
+        # we use 'isdir' instead of 'exists', because we want to
+        # fail if there's a file with that name
+        if not os.path.isdir(base):  # pragma: no cover
+            os.makedirs(base)
+        if (os.stat(base).st_mode & 0o77) != 0:
+            logger.warning('Directory \'%s\' is not private', base)
+        self.base = os.path.abspath(os.path.normpath(base))
+
+    def prefix_to_dir(self, prefix):
+        """
+        Converts a resource prefix to a directory name in the cache.
+        """
+        return path_to_cache_dir(prefix)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear the cache.
+        """
+        not_removed = []
+        for fn in os.listdir(self.base):
+            fn = os.path.join(self.base, fn)
+            try:
+                if os.path.islink(fn) or os.path.isfile(fn):
+                    os.remove(fn)
+                elif os.path.isdir(fn):
+                    shutil.rmtree(fn)
+            except Exception:
+                not_removed.append(fn)
+        return not_removed
+
+
+class EventMixin(object):
+    """
+    A very simple publish/subscribe system.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._subscribers = {}
+
+    def add(self, event, subscriber, append=True):
+        """
+        Add a subscriber for an event.
+
+        :param event: The name of an event.
+        :param subscriber: The subscriber to be added (and called when the
+                           event is published).
+        :param append: Whether to append or prepend the subscriber to an
+                       existing subscriber list for the event.
+        """
+        subs = self._subscribers
+        if event not in subs:
+            subs[event] = deque([subscriber])
+        else:
+            sq = subs[event]
+            if append:
+                sq.append(subscriber)
+            else:
+                sq.appendleft(subscriber)
+
+    def remove(self, event, subscriber):
+        """
+        Remove a subscriber for an event.
+
+        :param event: The name of an event.
+        :param subscriber: The subscriber to be removed.
+        """
+        subs = self._subscribers
+        if event not in subs:
+            raise ValueError('No subscribers: %r' % event)
+        subs[event].remove(subscriber)
+
+    def get_subscribers(self, event):
+        """
+        Return an iterator for the subscribers for an event.
+        :param event: The event to return subscribers for.
+        """
+        return iter(self._subscribers.get(event, ()))
+
+    def publish(self, event, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Publish a event and return a list of values returned by its
+        subscribers.
+
+        :param event: The event to publish.
+        :param args: The positional arguments to pass to the event's
+                     subscribers.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to the event's
+                       subscribers.
+        """
+        result = []
+        for subscriber in self.get_subscribers(event):
+            try:
+                value = subscriber(event, *args, **kwargs)
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception('Exception during event publication')
+                value = None
+            result.append(value)
+        logger.debug('publish %s: args = %s, kwargs = %s, result = %s', event,
+                     args, kwargs, result)
+        return result
+
+
+#
+# Simple sequencing
+#
+class Sequencer(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._preds = {}
+        self._succs = {}
+        self._nodes = set()  # nodes with no preds/succs
+
+    def add_node(self, node):
+        self._nodes.add(node)
+
+    def remove_node(self, node, edges=False):
+        if node in self._nodes:
+            self._nodes.remove(node)
+        if edges:
+            for p in set(self._preds.get(node, ())):
+                self.remove(p, node)
+            for s in set(self._succs.get(node, ())):
+                self.remove(node, s)
+            # Remove empties
+            for k, v in list(self._preds.items()):
+                if not v:
+                    del self._preds[k]
+            for k, v in list(self._succs.items()):
+                if not v:
+                    del self._succs[k]
+
+    def add(self, pred, succ):
+        assert pred != succ
+        self._preds.setdefault(succ, set()).add(pred)
+        self._succs.setdefault(pred, set()).add(succ)
+
+    def remove(self, pred, succ):
+        assert pred != succ
+        try:
+            preds = self._preds[succ]
+            succs = self._succs[pred]
+        except KeyError:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError('%r not a successor of anything' % succ)
+        try:
+            preds.remove(pred)
+            succs.remove(succ)
+        except KeyError:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError('%r not a successor of %r' % (succ, pred))
+
+    def is_step(self, step):
+        return (step in self._preds or step in self._succs
+                or step in self._nodes)
+
+    def get_steps(self, final):
+        if not self.is_step(final):
+            raise ValueError('Unknown: %r' % final)
+        result = []
+        todo = []
+        seen = set()
+        todo.append(final)
+        while todo:
+            step = todo.pop(0)
+            if step in seen:
+                # if a step was already seen,
+                # move it to the end (so it will appear earlier
+                # when reversed on return) ... but not for the
+                # final step, as that would be confusing for
+                # users
+                if step != final:
+                    result.remove(step)
+                    result.append(step)
+            else:
+                seen.add(step)
+                result.append(step)
+                preds = self._preds.get(step, ())
+                todo.extend(preds)
+        return reversed(result)
+
+    @property
+    def strong_connections(self):
+        # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s_strongly_connected_components_algorithm
+        index_counter = [0]
+        stack = []
+        lowlinks = {}
+        index = {}
+        result = []
+
+        graph = self._succs
+
+        def strongconnect(node):
+            # set the depth index for this node to the smallest unused index
+            index[node] = index_counter[0]
+            lowlinks[node] = index_counter[0]
+            index_counter[0] += 1
+            stack.append(node)
+
+            # Consider successors
+            try:
+                successors = graph[node]
+            except Exception:
+                successors = []
+            for successor in successors:
+                if successor not in lowlinks:
+                    # Successor has not yet been visited
+                    strongconnect(successor)
+                    lowlinks[node] = min(lowlinks[node], lowlinks[successor])
+                elif successor in stack:
+                    # the successor is in the stack and hence in the current
+                    # strongly connected component (SCC)
+                    lowlinks[node] = min(lowlinks[node], index[successor])
+
+            # If `node` is a root node, pop the stack and generate an SCC
+            if lowlinks[node] == index[node]:
+                connected_component = []
+
+                while True:
+                    successor = stack.pop()
+                    connected_component.append(successor)
+                    if successor == node:
+                        break
+                component = tuple(connected_component)
+                # storing the result
+                result.append(component)
+
+        for node in graph:
+            if node not in lowlinks:
+                strongconnect(node)
+
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def dot(self):
+        result = ['digraph G {']
+        for succ in self._preds:
+            preds = self._preds[succ]
+            for pred in preds:
+                result.append('  %s -> %s;' % (pred, succ))
+        for node in self._nodes:
+            result.append('  %s;' % node)
+        result.append('}')
+        return '\n'.join(result)
+
+
+#
+# Unarchiving functionality for zip, tar, tgz, tbz, whl
+#
+
+ARCHIVE_EXTENSIONS = ('.tar.gz', '.tar.bz2', '.tar', '.zip', '.tgz', '.tbz',
+                      '.whl')
+
+
+def unarchive(archive_filename, dest_dir, format=None, check=True):
+
+    def check_path(path):
+        if not isinstance(path, text_type):
+            path = path.decode('utf-8')
+        p = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest_dir, path))
+        if not p.startswith(dest_dir) or p[plen] != os.sep:
+            raise ValueError('path outside destination: %r' % p)
+
+    dest_dir = os.path.abspath(dest_dir)
+    plen = len(dest_dir)
+    archive = None
+    if format is None:
+        if archive_filename.endswith(('.zip', '.whl')):
+            format = 'zip'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith(('.tar.gz', '.tgz')):
+            format = 'tgz'
+            mode = 'r:gz'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith(('.tar.bz2', '.tbz')):
+            format = 'tbz'
+            mode = 'r:bz2'
+        elif archive_filename.endswith('.tar'):
+            format = 'tar'
+            mode = 'r'
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise ValueError('Unknown format for %r' % archive_filename)
+    try:
+        if format == 'zip':
+            archive = ZipFile(archive_filename, 'r')
+            if check:
+                names = archive.namelist()
+                for name in names:
+                    check_path(name)
+        else:
+            archive = tarfile.open(archive_filename, mode)
+            if check:
+                names = archive.getnames()
+                for name in names:
+                    check_path(name)
+        if format != 'zip' and sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            # See Python issue 17153. If the dest path contains Unicode,
+            # tarfile extraction fails on Python 2.x if a member path name
+            # contains non-ASCII characters - it leads to an implicit
+            # bytes -> unicode conversion using ASCII to decode.
+            for tarinfo in archive.getmembers():
+                if not isinstance(tarinfo.name, text_type):
+                    tarinfo.name = tarinfo.name.decode('utf-8')
+
+        # Limit extraction of dangerous items, if this Python
+        # allows it easily. If not, just trust the input.
+        # See: https://docs.python.org/3/library/tarfile.html#extraction-filters
+        def extraction_filter(member, path):
+            """Run tarfile.tar_filter, but raise the expected ValueError"""
+            # This is only called if the current Python has tarfile filters
+            try:
+                return tarfile.tar_filter(member, path)
+            except tarfile.FilterError as exc:
+                raise ValueError(str(exc))
+
+        archive.extraction_filter = extraction_filter
+
+        archive.extractall(dest_dir)
+
+    finally:
+        if archive:
+            archive.close()
+
+
+def zip_dir(directory):
+    """zip a directory tree into a BytesIO object"""
+    result = io.BytesIO()
+    dlen = len(directory)
+    with ZipFile(result, "w") as zf:
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory):
+            for name in files:
+                full = os.path.join(root, name)
+                rel = root[dlen:]
+                dest = os.path.join(rel, name)
+                zf.write(full, dest)
+    return result
+
+
+#
+# Simple progress bar
+#
+
+UNITS = ('', 'K', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P')
+
+
+class Progress(object):
+    unknown = 'UNKNOWN'
+
+    def __init__(self, minval=0, maxval=100):
+        assert maxval is None or maxval >= minval
+        self.min = self.cur = minval
+        self.max = maxval
+        self.started = None
+        self.elapsed = 0
+        self.done = False
+
+    def update(self, curval):
+        assert self.min <= curval
+        assert self.max is None or curval <= self.max
+        self.cur = curval
+        now = time.time()
+        if self.started is None:
+            self.started = now
+        else:
+            self.elapsed = now - self.started
+
+    def increment(self, incr):
+        assert incr >= 0
+        self.update(self.cur + incr)
+
+    def start(self):
+        self.update(self.min)
+        return self
+
+    def stop(self):
+        if self.max is not None:
+            self.update(self.max)
+        self.done = True
+
+    @property
+    def maximum(self):
+        return self.unknown if self.max is None else self.max
+
+    @property
+    def percentage(self):
+        if self.done:
+            result = '100 %'
+        elif self.max is None:
+            result = ' ?? %'
+        else:
+            v = 100.0 * (self.cur - self.min) / (self.max - self.min)
+            result = '%3d %%' % v
+        return result
+
+    def format_duration(self, duration):
+        if (duration <= 0) and self.max is None or self.cur == self.min:
+            result = '??:??:??'
+        # elif duration < 1:
+        #     result = '--:--:--'
+        else:
+            result = time.strftime('%H:%M:%S', time.gmtime(duration))
+        return result
+
+    @property
+    def ETA(self):
+        if self.done:
+            prefix = 'Done'
+            t = self.elapsed
+            # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        else:
+            prefix = 'ETA '
+            if self.max is None:
+                t = -1
+            elif self.elapsed == 0 or (self.cur == self.min):
+                t = 0
+            else:
+                # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+                t = float(self.max - self.min)
+                t /= self.cur - self.min
+                t = (t - 1) * self.elapsed
+        return '%s: %s' % (prefix, self.format_duration(t))
+
+    @property
+    def speed(self):
+        if self.elapsed == 0:
+            result = 0.0
+        else:
+            result = (self.cur - self.min) / self.elapsed
+        for unit in UNITS:
+            if result < 1000:
+                break
+            result /= 1000.0
+        return '%d %sB/s' % (result, unit)
+
+
+#
+# Glob functionality
+#
+
+RICH_GLOB = re.compile(r'\{([^}]*)\}')
+_CHECK_RECURSIVE_GLOB = re.compile(r'[^/\\,{]\*\*|\*\*[^/\\,}]')
+_CHECK_MISMATCH_SET = re.compile(r'^[^{]*\}|\{[^}]*$')
+
+
+def iglob(path_glob):
+    """Extended globbing function that supports ** and {opt1,opt2,opt3}."""
+    if _CHECK_RECURSIVE_GLOB.search(path_glob):
+        msg = """invalid glob %r: recursive glob "**" must be used alone"""
+        raise ValueError(msg % path_glob)
+    if _CHECK_MISMATCH_SET.search(path_glob):
+        msg = """invalid glob %r: mismatching set marker '{' or '}'"""
+        raise ValueError(msg % path_glob)
+    return _iglob(path_glob)
+
+
+def _iglob(path_glob):
+    rich_path_glob = RICH_GLOB.split(path_glob, 1)
+    if len(rich_path_glob) > 1:
+        assert len(rich_path_glob) == 3, rich_path_glob
+        prefix, set, suffix = rich_path_glob
+        for item in set.split(','):
+            for path in _iglob(''.join((prefix, item, suffix))):
+                yield path
+    else:
+        if '**' not in path_glob:
+            for item in std_iglob(path_glob):
+                yield item
+        else:
+            prefix, radical = path_glob.split('**', 1)
+            if prefix == '':
+                prefix = '.'
+            if radical == '':
+                radical = '*'
+            else:
+                # we support both
+                radical = radical.lstrip('/')
+                radical = radical.lstrip('\\')
+            for path, dir, files in os.walk(prefix):
+                path = os.path.normpath(path)
+                for fn in _iglob(os.path.join(path, radical)):
+                    yield fn
+
+
+if ssl:
+    from .compat import (HTTPSHandler as BaseHTTPSHandler, match_hostname,
+                         CertificateError)
+
+    #
+    # HTTPSConnection which verifies certificates/matches domains
+    #
+
+    class HTTPSConnection(httplib.HTTPSConnection):
+        ca_certs = None  # set this to the path to the certs file (.pem)
+        check_domain = True  # only used if ca_certs is not None
+
+        # noinspection PyPropertyAccess
+        def connect(self):
+            sock = socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port),
+                                            self.timeout)
+            if getattr(self, '_tunnel_host', False):
+                self.sock = sock
+                self._tunnel()
+
+            context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
+            if hasattr(ssl, 'OP_NO_SSLv2'):
+                context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2
+            if getattr(self, 'cert_file', None):
+                context.load_cert_chain(self.cert_file, self.key_file)
+            kwargs = {}
+            if self.ca_certs:
+                context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+                context.load_verify_locations(cafile=self.ca_certs)
+                if getattr(ssl, 'HAS_SNI', False):
+                    kwargs['server_hostname'] = self.host
+
+            self.sock = context.wrap_socket(sock, **kwargs)
+            if self.ca_certs and self.check_domain:
+                try:
+                    match_hostname(self.sock.getpeercert(), self.host)
+                    logger.debug('Host verified: %s', self.host)
+                except CertificateError:  # pragma: no cover
+                    self.sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+                    self.sock.close()
+                    raise
+
+    class HTTPSHandler(BaseHTTPSHandler):
+
+        def __init__(self, ca_certs, check_domain=True):
+            BaseHTTPSHandler.__init__(self)
+            self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+            self.check_domain = check_domain
+
+        def _conn_maker(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            """
+            This is called to create a connection instance. Normally you'd
+            pass a connection class to do_open, but it doesn't actually check for
+            a class, and just expects a callable. As long as we behave just as a
+            constructor would have, we should be OK. If it ever changes so that
+            we *must* pass a class, we'll create an UnsafeHTTPSConnection class
+            which just sets check_domain to False in the class definition, and
+            choose which one to pass to do_open.
+            """
+            result = HTTPSConnection(*args, **kwargs)
+            if self.ca_certs:
+                result.ca_certs = self.ca_certs
+                result.check_domain = self.check_domain
+            return result
+
+        def https_open(self, req):
+            try:
+                return self.do_open(self._conn_maker, req)
+            except URLError as e:
+                if 'certificate verify failed' in str(e.reason):
+                    raise CertificateError(
+                        'Unable to verify server certificate '
+                        'for %s' % req.host)
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+    #
+    # To prevent against mixing HTTP traffic with HTTPS (examples: A Man-In-The-
+    # Middle proxy using HTTP listens on port 443, or an index mistakenly serves
+    # HTML containing a http://xyz link when it should be https://xyz),
+    # you can use the following handler class, which does not allow HTTP traffic.
+    #
+    # It works by inheriting from HTTPHandler - so build_opener won't add a
+    # handler for HTTP itself.
+    #
+    class HTTPSOnlyHandler(HTTPSHandler, HTTPHandler):
+
+        def http_open(self, req):
+            raise URLError(
+                'Unexpected HTTP request on what should be a secure '
+                'connection: %s' % req)
+
+
+#
+# XML-RPC with timeouts
+#
+class Transport(xmlrpclib.Transport):
+
+    def __init__(self, timeout, use_datetime=0):
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        xmlrpclib.Transport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+
+    def make_connection(self, host):
+        h, eh, x509 = self.get_host_info(host)
+        if not self._connection or host != self._connection[0]:
+            self._extra_headers = eh
+            self._connection = host, httplib.HTTPConnection(h)
+        return self._connection[1]
+
+
+if ssl:
+
+    class SafeTransport(xmlrpclib.SafeTransport):
+
+        def __init__(self, timeout, use_datetime=0):
+            self.timeout = timeout
+            xmlrpclib.SafeTransport.__init__(self, use_datetime)
+
+        def make_connection(self, host):
+            h, eh, kwargs = self.get_host_info(host)
+            if not kwargs:
+                kwargs = {}
+            kwargs['timeout'] = self.timeout
+            if not self._connection or host != self._connection[0]:
+                self._extra_headers = eh
+                self._connection = host, httplib.HTTPSConnection(
+                    h, None, **kwargs)
+            return self._connection[1]
+
+
+class ServerProxy(xmlrpclib.ServerProxy):
+
+    def __init__(self, uri, **kwargs):
+        self.timeout = timeout = kwargs.pop('timeout', None)
+        # The above classes only come into play if a timeout
+        # is specified
+        if timeout is not None:
+            # scheme = splittype(uri)  # deprecated as of Python 3.8
+            scheme = urlparse(uri)[0]
+            use_datetime = kwargs.get('use_datetime', 0)
+            if scheme == 'https':
+                tcls = SafeTransport
+            else:
+                tcls = Transport
+            kwargs['transport'] = t = tcls(timeout, use_datetime=use_datetime)
+            self.transport = t
+        xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.__init__(self, uri, **kwargs)
+
+
+#
+# CSV functionality. This is provided because on 2.x, the csv module can't
+# handle Unicode. However, we need to deal with Unicode in e.g. RECORD files.
+#
+
+
+def _csv_open(fn, mode, **kwargs):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        mode += 'b'
+    else:
+        kwargs['newline'] = ''
+        # Python 3 determines encoding from locale. Force 'utf-8'
+        # file encoding to match other forced utf-8 encoding
+        kwargs['encoding'] = 'utf-8'
+    return open(fn, mode, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CSVBase(object):
+    defaults = {
+        'delimiter': str(','),  # The strs are used because we need native
+        'quotechar': str('"'),  # str in the csv API (2.x won't take
+        'lineterminator': str('\n')  # Unicode)
+    }
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc_info):
+        self.stream.close()
+
+
+class CSVReader(CSVBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        if 'stream' in kwargs:
+            stream = kwargs['stream']
+            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+                # needs to be a text stream
+                stream = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(stream)
+            self.stream = stream
+        else:
+            self.stream = _csv_open(kwargs['path'], 'r')
+        self.reader = csv.reader(self.stream, **self.defaults)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def next(self):
+        result = next(self.reader)
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            for i, item in enumerate(result):
+                if not isinstance(item, text_type):
+                    result[i] = item.decode('utf-8')
+        return result
+
+    __next__ = next
+
+
+class CSVWriter(CSVBase):
+
+    def __init__(self, fn, **kwargs):
+        self.stream = _csv_open(fn, 'w')
+        self.writer = csv.writer(self.stream, **self.defaults)
+
+    def writerow(self, row):
+        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+            r = []
+            for item in row:
+                if isinstance(item, text_type):
+                    item = item.encode('utf-8')
+                r.append(item)
+            row = r
+        self.writer.writerow(row)
+
+
+#
+#   Configurator functionality
+#
+
+
+class Configurator(BaseConfigurator):
+
+    value_converters = dict(BaseConfigurator.value_converters)
+    value_converters['inc'] = 'inc_convert'
+
+    def __init__(self, config, base=None):
+        super(Configurator, self).__init__(config)
+        self.base = base or os.getcwd()
+
+    def configure_custom(self, config):
+
+        def convert(o):
+            if isinstance(o, (list, tuple)):
+                result = type(o)([convert(i) for i in o])
+            elif isinstance(o, dict):
+                if '()' in o:
+                    result = self.configure_custom(o)
+                else:
+                    result = {}
+                    for k in o:
+                        result[k] = convert(o[k])
+            else:
+                result = self.convert(o)
+            return result
+
+        c = config.pop('()')
+        if not callable(c):
+            c = self.resolve(c)
+        props = config.pop('.', None)
+        # Check for valid identifiers
+        args = config.pop('[]', ())
+        if args:
+            args = tuple([convert(o) for o in args])
+        items = [(k, convert(config[k])) for k in config if valid_ident(k)]
+        kwargs = dict(items)
+        result = c(*args, **kwargs)
+        if props:
+            for n, v in props.items():
+                setattr(result, n, convert(v))
+        return result
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        result = self.config[key]
+        if isinstance(result, dict) and '()' in result:
+            self.config[key] = result = self.configure_custom(result)
+        return result
+
+    def inc_convert(self, value):
+        """Default converter for the inc:// protocol."""
+        if not os.path.isabs(value):
+            value = os.path.join(self.base, value)
+        with codecs.open(value, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            result = json.load(f)
+        return result
+
+
+class SubprocessMixin(object):
+    """
+    Mixin for running subprocesses and capturing their output
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose=False, progress=None):
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.progress = progress
+
+    def reader(self, stream, context):
+        """
+        Read lines from a subprocess' output stream and either pass to a progress
+        callable (if specified) or write progress information to sys.stderr.
+        """
+        progress = self.progress
+        verbose = self.verbose
+        while True:
+            s = stream.readline()
+            if not s:
+                break
+            if progress is not None:
+                progress(s, context)
+            else:
+                if not verbose:
+                    sys.stderr.write('.')
+                else:
+                    sys.stderr.write(s.decode('utf-8'))
+                sys.stderr.flush()
+        stream.close()
+
+    def run_command(self, cmd, **kwargs):
+        p = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             **kwargs)
+        t1 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stdout, 'stdout'))
+        t1.start()
+        t2 = threading.Thread(target=self.reader, args=(p.stderr, 'stderr'))
+        t2.start()
+        p.wait()
+        t1.join()
+        t2.join()
+        if self.progress is not None:
+            self.progress('done.', 'main')
+        elif self.verbose:
+            sys.stderr.write('done.\n')
+        return p
+
+
+def normalize_name(name):
+    """Normalize a python package name a la PEP 503"""
+    # https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0503/#normalized-names
+    return re.sub('[-_.]+', '-', name).lower()
+
+
+# def _get_pypirc_command():
+# """
+# Get the distutils command for interacting with PyPI configurations.
+# :return: the command.
+# """
+# from distutils.core import Distribution
+# from distutils.config import PyPIRCCommand
+# d = Distribution()
+# return PyPIRCCommand(d)
+
+
+class PyPIRCFile(object):
+
+    DEFAULT_REPOSITORY = 'https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/'
+    DEFAULT_REALM = 'pypi'
+
+    def __init__(self, fn=None, url=None):
+        if fn is None:
+            fn = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), '.pypirc')
+        self.filename = fn
+        self.url = url
+
+    def read(self):
+        result = {}
+
+        if os.path.exists(self.filename):
+            repository = self.url or self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+
+            config = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+            config.read(self.filename)
+            sections = config.sections()
+            if 'distutils' in sections:
+                # let's get the list of servers
+                index_servers = config.get('distutils', 'index-servers')
+                _servers = [
+                    server.strip() for server in index_servers.split('\n')
+                    if server.strip() != ''
+                ]
+                if _servers == []:
+                    # nothing set, let's try to get the default pypi
+                    if 'pypi' in sections:
+                        _servers = ['pypi']
+                else:
+                    for server in _servers:
+                        result = {'server': server}
+                        result['username'] = config.get(server, 'username')
+
+                        # optional params
+                        for key, default in (('repository',
+                                              self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY),
+                                             ('realm', self.DEFAULT_REALM),
+                                             ('password', None)):
+                            if config.has_option(server, key):
+                                result[key] = config.get(server, key)
+                            else:
+                                result[key] = default
+
+                        # work around people having "repository" for the "pypi"
+                        # section of their config set to the HTTP (rather than
+                        # HTTPS) URL
+                        if (server == 'pypi' and repository
+                                in (self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY, 'pypi')):
+                            result['repository'] = self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+                        elif (result['server'] != repository
+                              and result['repository'] != repository):
+                            result = {}
+            elif 'server-login' in sections:
+                # old format
+                server = 'server-login'
+                if config.has_option(server, 'repository'):
+                    repository = config.get(server, 'repository')
+                else:
+                    repository = self.DEFAULT_REPOSITORY
+                result = {
+                    'username': config.get(server, 'username'),
+                    'password': config.get(server, 'password'),
+                    'repository': repository,
+                    'server': server,
+                    'realm': self.DEFAULT_REALM
+                }
+        return result
+
+    def update(self, username, password):
+        # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        config = configparser.RawConfigParser()
+        fn = self.filename
+        config.read(fn)
+        if not config.has_section('pypi'):
+            config.add_section('pypi')
+        config.set('pypi', 'username', username)
+        config.set('pypi', 'password', password)
+        with open(fn, 'w') as f:
+            config.write(f)
+
+
+def _load_pypirc(index):
+    """
+    Read the PyPI access configuration as supported by distutils.
+    """
+    return PyPIRCFile(url=index.url).read()
+
+
+def _store_pypirc(index):
+    PyPIRCFile().update(index.username, index.password)
+
+
+#
+# get_platform()/get_host_platform() copied from Python 3.10.a0 source, with some minor
+# tweaks
+#
+
+
+def get_host_platform():
+    """Return a string that identifies the current platform.  This is used mainly to
+    distinguish platform-specific build directories and platform-specific built
+    distributions.  Typically includes the OS name and version and the
+    architecture (as supplied by 'os.uname()'), although the exact information
+    included depends on the OS; eg. on Linux, the kernel version isn't
+    particularly important.
+
+    Examples of returned values:
+       linux-i586
+       linux-alpha (?)
+       solaris-2.6-sun4u
+
+    Windows will return one of:
+       win-amd64 (64bit Windows on AMD64 (aka x86_64, Intel64, EM64T, etc)
+       win32 (all others - specifically, sys.platform is returned)
+
+    For other non-POSIX platforms, currently just returns 'sys.platform'.
+
+    """
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        if 'amd64' in sys.version.lower():
+            return 'win-amd64'
+        if '(arm)' in sys.version.lower():
+            return 'win-arm32'
+        if '(arm64)' in sys.version.lower():
+            return 'win-arm64'
+        return sys.platform
+
+    # Set for cross builds explicitly
+    if "_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM" in os.environ:
+        return os.environ["_PYTHON_HOST_PLATFORM"]
+
+    if os.name != 'posix' or not hasattr(os, 'uname'):
+        # XXX what about the architecture? NT is Intel or Alpha,
+        # Mac OS is M68k or PPC, etc.
+        return sys.platform
+
+    # Try to distinguish various flavours of Unix
+
+    (osname, host, release, version, machine) = os.uname()
+
+    # Convert the OS name to lowercase, remove '/' characters, and translate
+    # spaces (for "Power Macintosh")
+    osname = osname.lower().replace('/', '')
+    machine = machine.replace(' ', '_').replace('/', '-')
+
+    if osname[:5] == 'linux':
+        # At least on Linux/Intel, 'machine' is the processor --
+        # i386, etc.
+        # XXX what about Alpha, SPARC, etc?
+        return "%s-%s" % (osname, machine)
+
+    elif osname[:5] == 'sunos':
+        if release[0] >= '5':  # SunOS 5 == Solaris 2
+            osname = 'solaris'
+            release = '%d.%s' % (int(release[0]) - 3, release[2:])
+            # We can't use 'platform.architecture()[0]' because a
+            # bootstrap problem. We use a dict to get an error
+            # if some suspicious happens.
+            bitness = {2147483647: '32bit', 9223372036854775807: '64bit'}
+            machine += '.%s' % bitness[sys.maxsize]
+        # fall through to standard osname-release-machine representation
+    elif osname[:3] == 'aix':
+        from _aix_support import aix_platform
+        return aix_platform()
+    elif osname[:6] == 'cygwin':
+        osname = 'cygwin'
+        rel_re = re.compile(r'[\d.]+', re.ASCII)
+        m = rel_re.match(release)
+        if m:
+            release = m.group()
+    elif osname[:6] == 'darwin':
+        import _osx_support
+        try:
+            from distutils import sysconfig
+        except ImportError:
+            import sysconfig
+        osname, release, machine = _osx_support.get_platform_osx(
+            sysconfig.get_config_vars(), osname, release, machine)
+
+    return '%s-%s-%s' % (osname, release, machine)
+
+
+_TARGET_TO_PLAT = {
+    'x86': 'win32',
+    'x64': 'win-amd64',
+    'arm': 'win-arm32',
+}
+
+
+def get_platform():
+    if os.name != 'nt':
+        return get_host_platform()
+    cross_compilation_target = os.environ.get('VSCMD_ARG_TGT_ARCH')
+    if cross_compilation_target not in _TARGET_TO_PLAT:
+        return get_host_platform()
+    return _TARGET_TO_PLAT[cross_compilation_target]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14171ac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,751 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2012-2023 The Python Software Foundation.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+"""
+Implementation of a flexible versioning scheme providing support for PEP-440,
+setuptools-compatible and semantic versioning.
+"""
+
+import logging
+import re
+
+from .compat import string_types
+from .util import parse_requirement
+
+__all__ = ['NormalizedVersion', 'NormalizedMatcher',
+           'LegacyVersion', 'LegacyMatcher',
+           'SemanticVersion', 'SemanticMatcher',
+           'UnsupportedVersionError', 'get_scheme']
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class UnsupportedVersionError(ValueError):
+    """This is an unsupported version."""
+    pass
+
+
+class Version(object):
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        self._string = s = s.strip()
+        self._parts = parts = self.parse(s)
+        assert isinstance(parts, tuple)
+        assert len(parts) > 0
+
+    def parse(self, s):
+        raise NotImplementedError('please implement in a subclass')
+
+    def _check_compatible(self, other):
+        if type(self) != type(other):
+            raise TypeError('cannot compare %r and %r' % (self, other))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self._parts == other._parts
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self._parts < other._parts
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return not (self.__lt__(other) or self.__eq__(other))
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.__lt__(other) or self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.__gt__(other) or self.__eq__(other)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._parts)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s('%s')" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._string)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._string
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError('Please implement in subclasses.')
+
+
+class Matcher(object):
+    version_class = None
+
+    # value is either a callable or the name of a method
+    _operators = {
+        '<': lambda v, c, p: v < c,
+        '>': lambda v, c, p: v > c,
+        '<=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v < c,
+        '>=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v > c,
+        '==': lambda v, c, p: v == c,
+        '===': lambda v, c, p: v == c,
+        # by default, compatible => >=.
+        '~=': lambda v, c, p: v == c or v > c,
+        '!=': lambda v, c, p: v != c,
+    }
+
+    # this is a method only to support alternative implementations
+    # via overriding
+    def parse_requirement(self, s):
+        return parse_requirement(s)
+
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        if self.version_class is None:
+            raise ValueError('Please specify a version class')
+        self._string = s = s.strip()
+        r = self.parse_requirement(s)
+        if not r:
+            raise ValueError('Not valid: %r' % s)
+        self.name = r.name
+        self.key = self.name.lower()    # for case-insensitive comparisons
+        clist = []
+        if r.constraints:
+            # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+            for op, s in r.constraints:
+                if s.endswith('.*'):
+                    if op not in ('==', '!='):
+                        raise ValueError('\'.*\' not allowed for '
+                                         '%r constraints' % op)
+                    # Could be a partial version (e.g. for '2.*') which
+                    # won't parse as a version, so keep it as a string
+                    vn, prefix = s[:-2], True
+                    # Just to check that vn is a valid version
+                    self.version_class(vn)
+                else:
+                    # Should parse as a version, so we can create an
+                    # instance for the comparison
+                    vn, prefix = self.version_class(s), False
+                clist.append((op, vn, prefix))
+        self._parts = tuple(clist)
+
+    def match(self, version):
+        """
+        Check if the provided version matches the constraints.
+
+        :param version: The version to match against this instance.
+        :type version: String or :class:`Version` instance.
+        """
+        if isinstance(version, string_types):
+            version = self.version_class(version)
+        for operator, constraint, prefix in self._parts:
+            f = self._operators.get(operator)
+            if isinstance(f, string_types):
+                f = getattr(self, f)
+            if not f:
+                msg = ('%r not implemented '
+                       'for %s' % (operator, self.__class__.__name__))
+                raise NotImplementedError(msg)
+            if not f(version, constraint, prefix):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def exact_version(self):
+        result = None
+        if len(self._parts) == 1 and self._parts[0][0] in ('==', '==='):
+            result = self._parts[0][1]
+        return result
+
+    def _check_compatible(self, other):
+        if type(self) != type(other) or self.name != other.name:
+            raise TypeError('cannot compare %s and %s' % (self, other))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        self._check_compatible(other)
+        return self.key == other.key and self._parts == other._parts
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    # See http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel#object.__hash__
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.key) + hash(self._parts)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._string)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self._string
+
+
+PEP440_VERSION_RE = re.compile(r'^v?(\d+!)?(\d+(\.\d+)*)((a|alpha|b|beta|c|rc|pre|preview)(\d+)?)?'
+                               r'(\.(post|r|rev)(\d+)?)?([._-]?(dev)(\d+)?)?'
+                               r'(\+([a-zA-Z\d]+(\.[a-zA-Z\d]+)?))?$', re.I)
+
+
+def _pep_440_key(s):
+    s = s.strip()
+    m = PEP440_VERSION_RE.match(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise UnsupportedVersionError('Not a valid version: %s' % s)
+    groups = m.groups()
+    nums = tuple(int(v) for v in groups[1].split('.'))
+    while len(nums) > 1 and nums[-1] == 0:
+        nums = nums[:-1]
+
+    if not groups[0]:
+        epoch = 0
+    else:
+        epoch = int(groups[0][:-1])
+    pre = groups[4:6]
+    post = groups[7:9]
+    dev = groups[10:12]
+    local = groups[13]
+    if pre == (None, None):
+        pre = ()
+    else:
+        if pre[1] is None:
+            pre = pre[0], 0
+        else:
+            pre = pre[0], int(pre[1])
+    if post == (None, None):
+        post = ()
+    else:
+        if post[1] is None:
+            post = post[0], 0
+        else:
+            post = post[0], int(post[1])
+    if dev == (None, None):
+        dev = ()
+    else:
+        if dev[1] is None:
+            dev = dev[0], 0
+        else:
+            dev = dev[0], int(dev[1])
+    if local is None:
+        local = ()
+    else:
+        parts = []
+        for part in local.split('.'):
+            # to ensure that numeric compares as > lexicographic, avoid
+            # comparing them directly, but encode a tuple which ensures
+            # correct sorting
+            if part.isdigit():
+                part = (1, int(part))
+            else:
+                part = (0, part)
+            parts.append(part)
+        local = tuple(parts)
+    if not pre:
+        # either before pre-release, or final release and after
+        if not post and dev:
+            # before pre-release
+            pre = ('a', -1)     # to sort before a0
+        else:
+            pre = ('z',)        # to sort after all pre-releases
+    # now look at the state of post and dev.
+    if not post:
+        post = ('_',)   # sort before 'a'
+    if not dev:
+        dev = ('final',)
+
+    return epoch, nums, pre, post, dev, local
+
+
+_normalized_key = _pep_440_key
+
+
+class NormalizedVersion(Version):
+    """A rational version.
+
+    Good:
+        1.2         # equivalent to "1.2.0"
+        1.2.0
+        1.2a1
+        1.2.3a2
+        1.2.3b1
+        1.2.3c1
+        1.2.3.4
+        TODO: fill this out
+
+    Bad:
+        1           # minimum two numbers
+        1.2a        # release level must have a release serial
+        1.2.3b
+    """
+    def parse(self, s):
+        result = _normalized_key(s)
+        # _normalized_key loses trailing zeroes in the release
+        # clause, since that's needed to ensure that X.Y == X.Y.0 == X.Y.0.0
+        # However, PEP 440 prefix matching needs it: for example,
+        # (~= 1.4.5.0) matches differently to (~= 1.4.5.0.0).
+        m = PEP440_VERSION_RE.match(s)      # must succeed
+        groups = m.groups()
+        self._release_clause = tuple(int(v) for v in groups[1].split('.'))
+        return result
+
+    PREREL_TAGS = set(['a', 'b', 'c', 'rc', 'dev'])
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return any(t[0] in self.PREREL_TAGS for t in self._parts if t)
+
+
+def _match_prefix(x, y):
+    x = str(x)
+    y = str(y)
+    if x == y:
+        return True
+    if not x.startswith(y):
+        return False
+    n = len(y)
+    return x[n] == '.'
+
+
+class NormalizedMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = NormalizedVersion
+
+    # value is either a callable or the name of a method
+    _operators = {
+        '~=': '_match_compatible',
+        '<': '_match_lt',
+        '>': '_match_gt',
+        '<=': '_match_le',
+        '>=': '_match_ge',
+        '==': '_match_eq',
+        '===': '_match_arbitrary',
+        '!=': '_match_ne',
+    }
+
+    def _adjust_local(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        if prefix:
+            strip_local = '+' not in constraint and version._parts[-1]
+        else:
+            # both constraint and version are
+            # NormalizedVersion instances.
+            # If constraint does not have a local component,
+            # ensure the version doesn't, either.
+            strip_local = not constraint._parts[-1] and version._parts[-1]
+        if strip_local:
+            s = version._string.split('+', 1)[0]
+            version = self.version_class(s)
+        return version, constraint
+
+    def _match_lt(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version >= constraint:
+            return False
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return not _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+    def _match_gt(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version <= constraint:
+            return False
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return not _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+    def _match_le(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        return version <= constraint
+
+    def _match_ge(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        return version >= constraint
+
+    def _match_eq(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if not prefix:
+            result = (version == constraint)
+        else:
+            result = _match_prefix(version, constraint)
+        return result
+
+    def _match_arbitrary(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        return str(version) == str(constraint)
+
+    def _match_ne(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if not prefix:
+            result = (version != constraint)
+        else:
+            result = not _match_prefix(version, constraint)
+        return result
+
+    def _match_compatible(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        version, constraint = self._adjust_local(version, constraint, prefix)
+        if version == constraint:
+            return True
+        if version < constraint:
+            return False
+#        if not prefix:
+#            return True
+        release_clause = constraint._release_clause
+        if len(release_clause) > 1:
+            release_clause = release_clause[:-1]
+        pfx = '.'.join([str(i) for i in release_clause])
+        return _match_prefix(version, pfx)
+
+
+_REPLACEMENTS = (
+    (re.compile('[.+-]$'), ''),                     # remove trailing puncts
+    (re.compile(r'^[.](\d)'), r'0.\1'),             # .N -> 0.N at start
+    (re.compile('^[.-]'), ''),                      # remove leading puncts
+    (re.compile(r'^\((.*)\)$'), r'\1'),             # remove parentheses
+    (re.compile(r'^v(ersion)?\s*(\d+)'), r'\2'),    # remove leading v(ersion)
+    (re.compile(r'^r(ev)?\s*(\d+)'), r'\2'),        # remove leading v(ersion)
+    (re.compile('[.]{2,}'), '.'),                   # multiple runs of '.'
+    (re.compile(r'\b(alfa|apha)\b'), 'alpha'),      # misspelt alpha
+    (re.compile(r'\b(pre-alpha|prealpha)\b'),
+        'pre.alpha'),                               # standardise
+    (re.compile(r'\(beta\)$'), 'beta'),             # remove parentheses
+)
+
+_SUFFIX_REPLACEMENTS = (
+    (re.compile('^[:~._+-]+'), ''),                   # remove leading puncts
+    (re.compile('[,*")([\\]]'), ''),                  # remove unwanted chars
+    (re.compile('[~:+_ -]'), '.'),                    # replace illegal chars
+    (re.compile('[.]{2,}'), '.'),                   # multiple runs of '.'
+    (re.compile(r'\.$'), ''),                       # trailing '.'
+)
+
+_NUMERIC_PREFIX = re.compile(r'(\d+(\.\d+)*)')
+
+
+def _suggest_semantic_version(s):
+    """
+    Try to suggest a semantic form for a version for which
+    _suggest_normalized_version couldn't come up with anything.
+    """
+    result = s.strip().lower()
+    for pat, repl in _REPLACEMENTS:
+        result = pat.sub(repl, result)
+    if not result:
+        result = '0.0.0'
+
+    # Now look for numeric prefix, and separate it out from
+    # the rest.
+    # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+    m = _NUMERIC_PREFIX.match(result)
+    if not m:
+        prefix = '0.0.0'
+        suffix = result
+    else:
+        prefix = m.groups()[0].split('.')
+        prefix = [int(i) for i in prefix]
+        while len(prefix) < 3:
+            prefix.append(0)
+        if len(prefix) == 3:
+            suffix = result[m.end():]
+        else:
+            suffix = '.'.join([str(i) for i in prefix[3:]]) + result[m.end():]
+            prefix = prefix[:3]
+        prefix = '.'.join([str(i) for i in prefix])
+        suffix = suffix.strip()
+    if suffix:
+        # import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        # massage the suffix.
+        for pat, repl in _SUFFIX_REPLACEMENTS:
+            suffix = pat.sub(repl, suffix)
+
+    if not suffix:
+        result = prefix
+    else:
+        sep = '-' if 'dev' in suffix else '+'
+        result = prefix + sep + suffix
+    if not is_semver(result):
+        result = None
+    return result
+
+
+def _suggest_normalized_version(s):
+    """Suggest a normalized version close to the given version string.
+
+    If you have a version string that isn't rational (i.e. NormalizedVersion
+    doesn't like it) then you might be able to get an equivalent (or close)
+    rational version from this function.
+
+    This does a number of simple normalizations to the given string, based
+    on observation of versions currently in use on PyPI. Given a dump of
+    those version during PyCon 2009, 4287 of them:
+    - 2312 (53.93%) match NormalizedVersion without change
+      with the automatic suggestion
+    - 3474 (81.04%) match when using this suggestion method
+
+    @param s {str} An irrational version string.
+    @returns A rational version string, or None, if couldn't determine one.
+    """
+    try:
+        _normalized_key(s)
+        return s   # already rational
+    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+        pass
+
+    rs = s.lower()
+
+    # part of this could use maketrans
+    for orig, repl in (('-alpha', 'a'), ('-beta', 'b'), ('alpha', 'a'),
+                       ('beta', 'b'), ('rc', 'c'), ('-final', ''),
+                       ('-pre', 'c'),
+                       ('-release', ''), ('.release', ''), ('-stable', ''),
+                       ('+', '.'), ('_', '.'), (' ', ''), ('.final', ''),
+                       ('final', '')):
+        rs = rs.replace(orig, repl)
+
+    # if something ends with dev or pre, we add a 0
+    rs = re.sub(r"pre$", r"pre0", rs)
+    rs = re.sub(r"dev$", r"dev0", rs)
+
+    # if we have something like "b-2" or "a.2" at the end of the
+    # version, that is probably beta, alpha, etc
+    # let's remove the dash or dot
+    rs = re.sub(r"([abc]|rc)[\-\.](\d+)$", r"\1\2", rs)
+
+    # 1.0-dev-r371 -> 1.0.dev371
+    # 0.1-dev-r79 -> 0.1.dev79
+    rs = re.sub(r"[\-\.](dev)[\-\.]?r?(\d+)$", r".\1\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean: 2.0.a.3, 2.0.b1, 0.9.0~c1
+    rs = re.sub(r"[.~]?([abc])\.?", r"\1", rs)
+
+    # Clean: v0.3, v1.0
+    if rs.startswith('v'):
+        rs = rs[1:]
+
+    # Clean leading '0's on numbers.
+    # TODO: unintended side-effect on, e.g., "2003.05.09"
+    # PyPI stats: 77 (~2%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\b0+(\d+)(?!\d)", r"\1", rs)
+
+    # Clean a/b/c with no version. E.g. "1.0a" -> "1.0a0". Setuptools infers
+    # zero.
+    # PyPI stats: 245 (7.56%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"(\d+[abc])$", r"\g<1>0", rs)
+
+    # the 'dev-rNNN' tag is a dev tag
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(dev-r|dev\.r)\.?(\d+)$", r".dev\2", rs)
+
+    # clean the - when used as a pre delimiter
+    rs = re.sub(r"-(a|b|c)(\d+)$", r"\1\2", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "dev" or "devel" can be changed into ".dev0"
+    rs = re.sub(r"[\.\-](dev|devel)$", r".dev0", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "dev" can be changed into ".dev0"
+    rs = re.sub(r"(?![\.\-])dev$", r".dev0", rs)
+
+    # a terminal "final" or "stable" can be removed
+    rs = re.sub(r"(final|stable)$", "", rs)
+
+    # The 'r' and the '-' tags are post release tags
+    #   0.4a1.r10       ->  0.4a1.post10
+    #   0.9.33-17222    ->  0.9.33.post17222
+    #   0.9.33-r17222   ->  0.9.33.post17222
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(r|-|-r)\.?(\d+)$", r".post\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean 'r' instead of 'dev' usage:
+    #   0.9.33+r17222   ->  0.9.33.dev17222
+    #   1.0dev123       ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   1.0.git123      ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   1.0.bzr123      ->  1.0.dev123
+    #   0.1a0dev.123    ->  0.1a0.dev123
+    # PyPI stats:  ~150 (~4%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(dev|git|bzr)\.?(\d+)$", r".dev\2", rs)
+
+    # Clean '.pre' (normalized from '-pre' above) instead of 'c' usage:
+    #   0.2.pre1        ->  0.2c1
+    #   0.2-c1         ->  0.2c1
+    #   1.0preview123   ->  1.0c123
+    # PyPI stats: ~21 (0.62%) better
+    rs = re.sub(r"\.?(pre|preview|-c)(\d+)$", r"c\g<2>", rs)
+
+    # Tcl/Tk uses "px" for their post release markers
+    rs = re.sub(r"p(\d+)$", r".post\1", rs)
+
+    try:
+        _normalized_key(rs)
+    except UnsupportedVersionError:
+        rs = None
+    return rs
+
+#
+#   Legacy version processing (distribute-compatible)
+#
+
+
+_VERSION_PART = re.compile(r'([a-z]+|\d+|[\.-])', re.I)
+_VERSION_REPLACE = {
+    'pre': 'c',
+    'preview': 'c',
+    '-': 'final-',
+    'rc': 'c',
+    'dev': '@',
+    '': None,
+    '.': None,
+}
+
+
+def _legacy_key(s):
+    def get_parts(s):
+        result = []
+        for p in _VERSION_PART.split(s.lower()):
+            p = _VERSION_REPLACE.get(p, p)
+            if p:
+                if '0' <= p[:1] <= '9':
+                    p = p.zfill(8)
+                else:
+                    p = '*' + p
+                result.append(p)
+        result.append('*final')
+        return result
+
+    result = []
+    for p in get_parts(s):
+        if p.startswith('*'):
+            if p < '*final':
+                while result and result[-1] == '*final-':
+                    result.pop()
+            while result and result[-1] == '00000000':
+                result.pop()
+        result.append(p)
+    return tuple(result)
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(Version):
+    def parse(self, s):
+        return _legacy_key(s)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        result = False
+        for x in self._parts:
+            if (isinstance(x, string_types) and x.startswith('*') and
+                    x < '*final'):
+                result = True
+                break
+        return result
+
+
+class LegacyMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = LegacyVersion
+
+    _operators = dict(Matcher._operators)
+    _operators['~='] = '_match_compatible'
+
+    numeric_re = re.compile(r'^(\d+(\.\d+)*)')
+
+    def _match_compatible(self, version, constraint, prefix):
+        if version < constraint:
+            return False
+        m = self.numeric_re.match(str(constraint))
+        if not m:
+            logger.warning('Cannot compute compatible match for version %s '
+                           ' and constraint %s', version, constraint)
+            return True
+        s = m.groups()[0]
+        if '.' in s:
+            s = s.rsplit('.', 1)[0]
+        return _match_prefix(version, s)
+
+#
+#   Semantic versioning
+#
+
+
+_SEMVER_RE = re.compile(r'^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)'
+                        r'(-[a-z0-9]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*)?'
+                        r'(\+[a-z0-9]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*)?$', re.I)
+
+
+def is_semver(s):
+    return _SEMVER_RE.match(s)
+
+
+def _semantic_key(s):
+    def make_tuple(s, absent):
+        if s is None:
+            result = (absent,)
+        else:
+            parts = s[1:].split('.')
+            # We can't compare ints and strings on Python 3, so fudge it
+            # by zero-filling numeric values so simulate a numeric comparison
+            result = tuple([p.zfill(8) if p.isdigit() else p for p in parts])
+        return result
+
+    m = is_semver(s)
+    if not m:
+        raise UnsupportedVersionError(s)
+    groups = m.groups()
+    major, minor, patch = [int(i) for i in groups[:3]]
+    # choose the '|' and '*' so that versions sort correctly
+    pre, build = make_tuple(groups[3], '|'), make_tuple(groups[5], '*')
+    return (major, minor, patch), pre, build
+
+
+class SemanticVersion(Version):
+    def parse(self, s):
+        return _semantic_key(s)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self):
+        return self._parts[1][0] != '|'
+
+
+class SemanticMatcher(Matcher):
+    version_class = SemanticVersion
+
+
+class VersionScheme(object):
+    def __init__(self, key, matcher, suggester=None):
+        self.key = key
+        self.matcher = matcher
+        self.suggester = suggester
+
+    def is_valid_version(self, s):
+        try:
+            self.matcher.version_class(s)
+            result = True
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+    def is_valid_matcher(self, s):
+        try:
+            self.matcher(s)
+            result = True
+        except UnsupportedVersionError:
+            result = False
+        return result
+
+    def is_valid_constraint_list(self, s):
+        """
+        Used for processing some metadata fields
+        """
+        # See issue #140. Be tolerant of a single trailing comma.
+        if s.endswith(','):
+            s = s[:-1]
+        return self.is_valid_matcher('dummy_name (%s)' % s)
+
+    def suggest(self, s):
+        if self.suggester is None:
+            result = None
+        else:
+            result = self.suggester(s)
+        return result
+
+
+_SCHEMES = {
+    'normalized': VersionScheme(_normalized_key, NormalizedMatcher,
+                                _suggest_normalized_version),
+    'legacy': VersionScheme(_legacy_key, LegacyMatcher, lambda self, s: s),
+    'semantic': VersionScheme(_semantic_key, SemanticMatcher,
+                              _suggest_semantic_version),
+}
+
+_SCHEMES['default'] = _SCHEMES['normalized']
+
+
+def get_scheme(name):
+    if name not in _SCHEMES:
+        raise ValueError('unknown scheme name: %r' % name)
+    return _SCHEMES[name]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/w32.exe
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a5a30e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distlib/wheel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1099 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2023 Vinay Sajip.
+# Licensed to the Python Software Foundation under a contributor agreement.
+# See LICENSE.txt and CONTRIBUTORS.txt.
+#
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import base64
+import codecs
+import datetime
+from email import message_from_file
+import hashlib
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import posixpath
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import zipfile
+
+from . import __version__, DistlibException
+from .compat import sysconfig, ZipFile, fsdecode, text_type, filter
+from .database import InstalledDistribution
+from .metadata import Metadata, WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME, LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME
+from .util import (FileOperator, convert_path, CSVReader, CSVWriter, Cache,
+                   cached_property, get_cache_base, read_exports, tempdir,
+                   get_platform)
+from .version import NormalizedVersion, UnsupportedVersionError
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+cache = None  # created when needed
+
+if hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):  # pragma: no cover
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'pp'
+elif sys.platform.startswith('java'):  # pragma: no cover
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'jy'
+elif sys.platform == 'cli':  # pragma: no cover
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'ip'
+else:
+    IMP_PREFIX = 'cp'
+
+VER_SUFFIX = sysconfig.get_config_var('py_version_nodot')
+if not VER_SUFFIX:  # pragma: no cover
+    VER_SUFFIX = '%s%s' % sys.version_info[:2]
+PYVER = 'py' + VER_SUFFIX
+IMPVER = IMP_PREFIX + VER_SUFFIX
+
+ARCH = get_platform().replace('-', '_').replace('.', '_')
+
+ABI = sysconfig.get_config_var('SOABI')
+if ABI and ABI.startswith('cpython-'):
+    ABI = ABI.replace('cpython-', 'cp').split('-')[0]
+else:
+
+    def _derive_abi():
+        parts = ['cp', VER_SUFFIX]
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_DEBUG'):
+            parts.append('d')
+        if IMP_PREFIX == 'cp':
+            vi = sys.version_info[:2]
+            if vi < (3, 8):
+                wpm = sysconfig.get_config_var('WITH_PYMALLOC')
+                if wpm is None:
+                    wpm = True
+                if wpm:
+                    parts.append('m')
+                if vi < (3, 3):
+                    us = sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_UNICODE_SIZE')
+                    if us == 4 or (us is None and sys.maxunicode == 0x10FFFF):
+                        parts.append('u')
+        return ''.join(parts)
+
+    ABI = _derive_abi()
+    del _derive_abi
+
+FILENAME_RE = re.compile(
+    r'''
+(?P<nm>[^-]+)
+-(?P<vn>\d+[^-]*)
+(-(?P<bn>\d+[^-]*))?
+-(?P<py>\w+\d+(\.\w+\d+)*)
+-(?P<bi>\w+)
+-(?P<ar>\w+(\.\w+)*)
+\.whl$
+''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+
+NAME_VERSION_RE = re.compile(
+    r'''
+(?P<nm>[^-]+)
+-(?P<vn>\d+[^-]*)
+(-(?P<bn>\d+[^-]*))?$
+''', re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
+
+SHEBANG_RE = re.compile(br'\s*#![^\r\n]*')
+SHEBANG_DETAIL_RE = re.compile(br'^(\s*#!("[^"]+"|\S+))\s+(.*)$')
+SHEBANG_PYTHON = b'#!python'
+SHEBANG_PYTHONW = b'#!pythonw'
+
+if os.sep == '/':
+    to_posix = lambda o: o
+else:
+    to_posix = lambda o: o.replace(os.sep, '/')
+
+if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+    import imp
+else:
+    imp = None
+    import importlib.machinery
+    import importlib.util
+
+
+def _get_suffixes():
+    if imp:
+        return [s[0] for s in imp.get_suffixes()]
+    else:
+        return importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+
+
+def _load_dynamic(name, path):
+    # https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html#importing-a-source-file-directly
+    if imp:
+        return imp.load_dynamic(name, path)
+    else:
+        spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, path)
+        module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+        sys.modules[name] = module
+        spec.loader.exec_module(module)
+        return module
+
+
+class Mounter(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.impure_wheels = {}
+        self.libs = {}
+
+    def add(self, pathname, extensions):
+        self.impure_wheels[pathname] = extensions
+        self.libs.update(extensions)
+
+    def remove(self, pathname):
+        extensions = self.impure_wheels.pop(pathname)
+        for k, v in extensions:
+            if k in self.libs:
+                del self.libs[k]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.libs:
+            result = self
+        else:
+            result = None
+        return result
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        if fullname in sys.modules:
+            result = sys.modules[fullname]
+        else:
+            if fullname not in self.libs:
+                raise ImportError('unable to find extension for %s' % fullname)
+            result = _load_dynamic(fullname, self.libs[fullname])
+            result.__loader__ = self
+            parts = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)
+            if len(parts) > 1:
+                result.__package__ = parts[0]
+        return result
+
+
+_hook = Mounter()
+
+
+class Wheel(object):
+    """
+    Class to build and install from Wheel files (PEP 427).
+    """
+
+    wheel_version = (1, 1)
+    hash_kind = 'sha256'
+
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, sign=False, verify=False):
+        """
+        Initialise an instance using a (valid) filename.
+        """
+        self.sign = sign
+        self.should_verify = verify
+        self.buildver = ''
+        self.pyver = [PYVER]
+        self.abi = ['none']
+        self.arch = ['any']
+        self.dirname = os.getcwd()
+        if filename is None:
+            self.name = 'dummy'
+            self.version = '0.1'
+            self._filename = self.filename
+        else:
+            m = NAME_VERSION_RE.match(filename)
+            if m:
+                info = m.groupdict('')
+                self.name = info['nm']
+                # Reinstate the local version separator
+                self.version = info['vn'].replace('_', '-')
+                self.buildver = info['bn']
+                self._filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                dirname, filename = os.path.split(filename)
+                m = FILENAME_RE.match(filename)
+                if not m:
+                    raise DistlibException('Invalid name or '
+                                           'filename: %r' % filename)
+                if dirname:
+                    self.dirname = os.path.abspath(dirname)
+                self._filename = filename
+                info = m.groupdict('')
+                self.name = info['nm']
+                self.version = info['vn']
+                self.buildver = info['bn']
+                self.pyver = info['py'].split('.')
+                self.abi = info['bi'].split('.')
+                self.arch = info['ar'].split('.')
+
+    @property
+    def filename(self):
+        """
+        Build and return a filename from the various components.
+        """
+        if self.buildver:
+            buildver = '-' + self.buildver
+        else:
+            buildver = ''
+        pyver = '.'.join(self.pyver)
+        abi = '.'.join(self.abi)
+        arch = '.'.join(self.arch)
+        # replace - with _ as a local version separator
+        version = self.version.replace('-', '_')
+        return '%s-%s%s-%s-%s-%s.whl' % (self.name, version, buildver, pyver,
+                                         abi, arch)
+
+    @property
+    def exists(self):
+        path = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        return os.path.isfile(path)
+
+    @property
+    def tags(self):
+        for pyver in self.pyver:
+            for abi in self.abi:
+                for arch in self.arch:
+                    yield pyver, abi, arch
+
+    @cached_property
+    def metadata(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            self.get_wheel_metadata(zf)
+            # wv = wheel_metadata['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            # file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            # if file_version < (1, 1):
+            # fns = [WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME, METADATA_FILENAME,
+            # LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME]
+            # else:
+            # fns = [WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME, METADATA_FILENAME]
+            fns = [WHEEL_METADATA_FILENAME, LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME]
+            result = None
+            for fn in fns:
+                try:
+                    metadata_filename = posixpath.join(info_dir, fn)
+                    with zf.open(metadata_filename) as bf:
+                        wf = wrapper(bf)
+                        result = Metadata(fileobj=wf)
+                        if result:
+                            break
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+            if not result:
+                raise ValueError('Invalid wheel, because metadata is '
+                                 'missing: looked in %s' % ', '.join(fns))
+        return result
+
+    def get_wheel_metadata(self, zf):
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        metadata_filename = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        with zf.open(metadata_filename) as bf:
+            wf = codecs.getreader('utf-8')(bf)
+            message = message_from_file(wf)
+        return dict(message)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def info(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            result = self.get_wheel_metadata(zf)
+        return result
+
+    def process_shebang(self, data):
+        m = SHEBANG_RE.match(data)
+        if m:
+            end = m.end()
+            shebang, data_after_shebang = data[:end], data[end:]
+            # Preserve any arguments after the interpreter
+            if b'pythonw' in shebang.lower():
+                shebang_python = SHEBANG_PYTHONW
+            else:
+                shebang_python = SHEBANG_PYTHON
+            m = SHEBANG_DETAIL_RE.match(shebang)
+            if m:
+                args = b' ' + m.groups()[-1]
+            else:
+                args = b''
+            shebang = shebang_python + args
+            data = shebang + data_after_shebang
+        else:
+            cr = data.find(b'\r')
+            lf = data.find(b'\n')
+            if cr < 0 or cr > lf:
+                term = b'\n'
+            else:
+                if data[cr:cr + 2] == b'\r\n':
+                    term = b'\r\n'
+                else:
+                    term = b'\r'
+            data = SHEBANG_PYTHON + term + data
+        return data
+
+    def get_hash(self, data, hash_kind=None):
+        if hash_kind is None:
+            hash_kind = self.hash_kind
+        try:
+            hasher = getattr(hashlib, hash_kind)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise DistlibException('Unsupported hash algorithm: %r' %
+                                   hash_kind)
+        result = hasher(data).digest()
+        result = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(result).rstrip(b'=').decode('ascii')
+        return hash_kind, result
+
+    def write_record(self, records, record_path, archive_record_path):
+        records = list(records)  # make a copy, as mutated
+        records.append((archive_record_path, '', ''))
+        with CSVWriter(record_path) as writer:
+            for row in records:
+                writer.writerow(row)
+
+    def write_records(self, info, libdir, archive_paths):
+        records = []
+        distinfo, info_dir = info
+        # hasher = getattr(hashlib, self.hash_kind)
+        for ap, p in archive_paths:
+            with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+                data = f.read()
+            digest = '%s=%s' % self.get_hash(data)
+            size = os.path.getsize(p)
+            records.append((ap, digest, size))
+
+        p = os.path.join(distinfo, 'RECORD')
+        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, 'RECORD'))
+        self.write_record(records, p, ap)
+        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+    def build_zip(self, pathname, archive_paths):
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
+            for ap, p in archive_paths:
+                logger.debug('Wrote %s to %s in wheel', p, ap)
+                zf.write(p, ap)
+
+    def build(self, paths, tags=None, wheel_version=None):
+        """
+        Build a wheel from files in specified paths, and use any specified tags
+        when determining the name of the wheel.
+        """
+        if tags is None:
+            tags = {}
+
+        libkey = list(filter(lambda o: o in paths, ('purelib', 'platlib')))[0]
+        if libkey == 'platlib':
+            is_pure = 'false'
+            default_pyver = [IMPVER]
+            default_abi = [ABI]
+            default_arch = [ARCH]
+        else:
+            is_pure = 'true'
+            default_pyver = [PYVER]
+            default_abi = ['none']
+            default_arch = ['any']
+
+        self.pyver = tags.get('pyver', default_pyver)
+        self.abi = tags.get('abi', default_abi)
+        self.arch = tags.get('arch', default_arch)
+
+        libdir = paths[libkey]
+
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        archive_paths = []
+
+        # First, stuff which is not in site-packages
+        for key in ('data', 'headers', 'scripts'):
+            if key not in paths:
+                continue
+            path = paths[key]
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+                    for fn in files:
+                        p = fsdecode(os.path.join(root, fn))
+                        rp = os.path.relpath(p, path)
+                        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(data_dir, key, rp))
+                        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+                        if key == 'scripts' and not p.endswith('.exe'):
+                            with open(p, 'rb') as f:
+                                data = f.read()
+                            data = self.process_shebang(data)
+                            with open(p, 'wb') as f:
+                                f.write(data)
+
+        # Now, stuff which is in site-packages, other than the
+        # distinfo stuff.
+        path = libdir
+        distinfo = None
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
+            if root == path:
+                # At the top level only, save distinfo for later
+                # and skip it for now
+                for i, dn in enumerate(dirs):
+                    dn = fsdecode(dn)
+                    if dn.endswith('.dist-info'):
+                        distinfo = os.path.join(root, dn)
+                        del dirs[i]
+                        break
+                assert distinfo, '.dist-info directory expected, not found'
+
+            for fn in files:
+                # comment out next suite to leave .pyc files in
+                if fsdecode(fn).endswith(('.pyc', '.pyo')):
+                    continue
+                p = os.path.join(root, fn)
+                rp = to_posix(os.path.relpath(p, path))
+                archive_paths.append((rp, p))
+
+        # Now distinfo. Assumed to be flat, i.e. os.listdir is enough.
+        files = os.listdir(distinfo)
+        for fn in files:
+            if fn not in ('RECORD', 'INSTALLER', 'SHARED', 'WHEEL'):
+                p = fsdecode(os.path.join(distinfo, fn))
+                ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, fn))
+                archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+        wheel_metadata = [
+            'Wheel-Version: %d.%d' % (wheel_version or self.wheel_version),
+            'Generator: distlib %s' % __version__,
+            'Root-Is-Purelib: %s' % is_pure,
+        ]
+        for pyver, abi, arch in self.tags:
+            wheel_metadata.append('Tag: %s-%s-%s' % (pyver, abi, arch))
+        p = os.path.join(distinfo, 'WHEEL')
+        with open(p, 'w') as f:
+            f.write('\n'.join(wheel_metadata))
+        ap = to_posix(os.path.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL'))
+        archive_paths.append((ap, p))
+
+        # sort the entries by archive path. Not needed by any spec, but it
+        # keeps the archive listing and RECORD tidier than they would otherwise
+        # be. Use the number of path segments to keep directory entries together,
+        # and keep the dist-info stuff at the end.
+        def sorter(t):
+            ap = t[0]
+            n = ap.count('/')
+            if '.dist-info' in ap:
+                n += 10000
+            return (n, ap)
+
+        archive_paths = sorted(archive_paths, key=sorter)
+
+        # Now, at last, RECORD.
+        # Paths in here are archive paths - nothing else makes sense.
+        self.write_records((distinfo, info_dir), libdir, archive_paths)
+        # Now, ready to build the zip file
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        self.build_zip(pathname, archive_paths)
+        return pathname
+
+    def skip_entry(self, arcname):
+        """
+        Determine whether an archive entry should be skipped when verifying
+        or installing.
+        """
+        # The signature file won't be in RECORD,
+        # and we  don't currently don't do anything with it
+        # We also skip directories, as they won't be in RECORD
+        # either. See:
+        #
+        # https://github.com/pypa/wheel/issues/294
+        # https://github.com/pypa/wheel/issues/287
+        # https://github.com/pypa/wheel/pull/289
+        #
+        return arcname.endswith(('/', '/RECORD.jws'))
+
+    def install(self, paths, maker, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Install a wheel to the specified paths. If kwarg ``warner`` is
+        specified, it should be a callable, which will be called with two
+        tuples indicating the wheel version of this software and the wheel
+        version in the file, if there is a discrepancy in the versions.
+        This can be used to issue any warnings to raise any exceptions.
+        If kwarg ``lib_only`` is True, only the purelib/platlib files are
+        installed, and the headers, scripts, data and dist-info metadata are
+        not written. If kwarg ``bytecode_hashed_invalidation`` is True, written
+        bytecode will try to use file-hash based invalidation (PEP-552) on
+        supported interpreter versions (CPython 2.7+).
+
+        The return value is a :class:`InstalledDistribution` instance unless
+        ``options.lib_only`` is True, in which case the return value is ``None``.
+        """
+
+        dry_run = maker.dry_run
+        warner = kwargs.get('warner')
+        lib_only = kwargs.get('lib_only', False)
+        bc_hashed_invalidation = kwargs.get('bytecode_hashed_invalidation',
+                                            False)
+
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME)
+        wheel_metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            with zf.open(wheel_metadata_name) as bwf:
+                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                message = message_from_file(wf)
+            wv = message['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            if (file_version != self.wheel_version) and warner:
+                warner(self.wheel_version, file_version)
+
+            if message['Root-Is-Purelib'] == 'true':
+                libdir = paths['purelib']
+            else:
+                libdir = paths['platlib']
+
+            records = {}
+            with zf.open(record_name) as bf:
+                with CSVReader(stream=bf) as reader:
+                    for row in reader:
+                        p = row[0]
+                        records[p] = row
+
+            data_pfx = posixpath.join(data_dir, '')
+            info_pfx = posixpath.join(info_dir, '')
+            script_pfx = posixpath.join(data_dir, 'scripts', '')
+
+            # make a new instance rather than a copy of maker's,
+            # as we mutate it
+            fileop = FileOperator(dry_run=dry_run)
+            fileop.record = True  # so we can rollback if needed
+
+            bc = not sys.dont_write_bytecode  # Double negatives. Lovely!
+
+            outfiles = []  # for RECORD writing
+
+            # for script copying/shebang processing
+            workdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+            # set target dir later
+            # we default add_launchers to False, as the
+            # Python Launcher should be used instead
+            maker.source_dir = workdir
+            maker.target_dir = None
+            try:
+                for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                    arcname = zinfo.filename
+                    if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                        u_arcname = arcname
+                    else:
+                        u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                    if self.skip_entry(u_arcname):
+                        continue
+                    row = records[u_arcname]
+                    if row[2] and str(zinfo.file_size) != row[2]:
+                        raise DistlibException('size mismatch for '
+                                               '%s' % u_arcname)
+                    if row[1]:
+                        kind, value = row[1].split('=', 1)
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            data = bf.read()
+                        _, digest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                        if digest != value:
+                            raise DistlibException('digest mismatch for '
+                                                   '%s' % arcname)
+
+                    if lib_only and u_arcname.startswith((info_pfx, data_pfx)):
+                        logger.debug('lib_only: skipping %s', u_arcname)
+                        continue
+                    is_script = (u_arcname.startswith(script_pfx)
+                                 and not u_arcname.endswith('.exe'))
+
+                    if u_arcname.startswith(data_pfx):
+                        _, where, rp = u_arcname.split('/', 2)
+                        outfile = os.path.join(paths[where], convert_path(rp))
+                    else:
+                        # meant for site-packages.
+                        if u_arcname in (wheel_metadata_name, record_name):
+                            continue
+                        outfile = os.path.join(libdir, convert_path(u_arcname))
+                    if not is_script:
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            fileop.copy_stream(bf, outfile)
+                        # Issue #147: permission bits aren't preserved. Using
+                        # zf.extract(zinfo, libdir) should have worked, but didn't,
+                        # see https://www.thetopsites.net/article/53834422.shtml
+                        # So ... manually preserve permission bits as given in zinfo
+                        if os.name == 'posix':
+                            # just set the normal permission bits
+                            os.chmod(outfile,
+                                     (zinfo.external_attr >> 16) & 0x1FF)
+                        outfiles.append(outfile)
+                        # Double check the digest of the written file
+                        if not dry_run and row[1]:
+                            with open(outfile, 'rb') as bf:
+                                data = bf.read()
+                                _, newdigest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                                if newdigest != digest:
+                                    raise DistlibException('digest mismatch '
+                                                           'on write for '
+                                                           '%s' % outfile)
+                        if bc and outfile.endswith('.py'):
+                            try:
+                                pyc = fileop.byte_compile(
+                                    outfile,
+                                    hashed_invalidation=bc_hashed_invalidation)
+                                outfiles.append(pyc)
+                            except Exception:
+                                # Don't give up if byte-compilation fails,
+                                # but log it and perhaps warn the user
+                                logger.warning('Byte-compilation failed',
+                                               exc_info=True)
+                    else:
+                        fn = os.path.basename(convert_path(arcname))
+                        workname = os.path.join(workdir, fn)
+                        with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                            fileop.copy_stream(bf, workname)
+
+                        dn, fn = os.path.split(outfile)
+                        maker.target_dir = dn
+                        filenames = maker.make(fn)
+                        fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+                        outfiles.extend(filenames)
+
+                if lib_only:
+                    logger.debug('lib_only: returning None')
+                    dist = None
+                else:
+                    # Generate scripts
+
+                    # Try to get pydist.json so we can see if there are
+                    # any commands to generate. If this fails (e.g. because
+                    # of a legacy wheel), log a warning but don't give up.
+                    commands = None
+                    file_version = self.info['Wheel-Version']
+                    if file_version == '1.0':
+                        # Use legacy info
+                        ep = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'entry_points.txt')
+                        try:
+                            with zf.open(ep) as bwf:
+                                epdata = read_exports(bwf)
+                            commands = {}
+                            for key in ('console', 'gui'):
+                                k = '%s_scripts' % key
+                                if k in epdata:
+                                    commands['wrap_%s' % key] = d = {}
+                                    for v in epdata[k].values():
+                                        s = '%s:%s' % (v.prefix, v.suffix)
+                                        if v.flags:
+                                            s += ' [%s]' % ','.join(v.flags)
+                                        d[v.name] = s
+                        except Exception:
+                            logger.warning('Unable to read legacy script '
+                                           'metadata, so cannot generate '
+                                           'scripts')
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            with zf.open(metadata_name) as bwf:
+                                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                                commands = json.load(wf).get('extensions')
+                                if commands:
+                                    commands = commands.get('python.commands')
+                        except Exception:
+                            logger.warning('Unable to read JSON metadata, so '
+                                           'cannot generate scripts')
+                    if commands:
+                        console_scripts = commands.get('wrap_console', {})
+                        gui_scripts = commands.get('wrap_gui', {})
+                        if console_scripts or gui_scripts:
+                            script_dir = paths.get('scripts', '')
+                            if not os.path.isdir(script_dir):
+                                raise ValueError('Valid script path not '
+                                                 'specified')
+                            maker.target_dir = script_dir
+                            for k, v in console_scripts.items():
+                                script = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                                filenames = maker.make(script)
+                                fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+
+                            if gui_scripts:
+                                options = {'gui': True}
+                                for k, v in gui_scripts.items():
+                                    script = '%s = %s' % (k, v)
+                                    filenames = maker.make(script, options)
+                                    fileop.set_executable_mode(filenames)
+
+                    p = os.path.join(libdir, info_dir)
+                    dist = InstalledDistribution(p)
+
+                    # Write SHARED
+                    paths = dict(paths)  # don't change passed in dict
+                    del paths['purelib']
+                    del paths['platlib']
+                    paths['lib'] = libdir
+                    p = dist.write_shared_locations(paths, dry_run)
+                    if p:
+                        outfiles.append(p)
+
+                    # Write RECORD
+                    dist.write_installed_files(outfiles, paths['prefix'],
+                                               dry_run)
+                return dist
+            except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.exception('installation failed.')
+                fileop.rollback()
+                raise
+            finally:
+                shutil.rmtree(workdir)
+
+    def _get_dylib_cache(self):
+        global cache
+        if cache is None:
+            # Use native string to avoid issues on 2.x: see Python #20140.
+            base = os.path.join(get_cache_base(), str('dylib-cache'),
+                                '%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:2])
+            cache = Cache(base)
+        return cache
+
+    def _get_extensions(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        arcname = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'EXTENSIONS')
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+        result = []
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            try:
+                with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                    wf = wrapper(bf)
+                    extensions = json.load(wf)
+                    cache = self._get_dylib_cache()
+                    prefix = cache.prefix_to_dir(pathname)
+                    cache_base = os.path.join(cache.base, prefix)
+                    if not os.path.isdir(cache_base):
+                        os.makedirs(cache_base)
+                    for name, relpath in extensions.items():
+                        dest = os.path.join(cache_base, convert_path(relpath))
+                        if not os.path.exists(dest):
+                            extract = True
+                        else:
+                            file_time = os.stat(dest).st_mtime
+                            file_time = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
+                                file_time)
+                            info = zf.getinfo(relpath)
+                            wheel_time = datetime.datetime(*info.date_time)
+                            extract = wheel_time > file_time
+                        if extract:
+                            zf.extract(relpath, cache_base)
+                        result.append((name, dest))
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def is_compatible(self):
+        """
+        Determine if a wheel is compatible with the running system.
+        """
+        return is_compatible(self)
+
+    def is_mountable(self):
+        """
+        Determine if a wheel is asserted as mountable by its metadata.
+        """
+        return True  # for now - metadata details TBD
+
+    def mount(self, append=False):
+        pathname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename))
+        if not self.is_compatible():
+            msg = 'Wheel %s not compatible with this Python.' % pathname
+            raise DistlibException(msg)
+        if not self.is_mountable():
+            msg = 'Wheel %s is marked as not mountable.' % pathname
+            raise DistlibException(msg)
+        if pathname in sys.path:
+            logger.debug('%s already in path', pathname)
+        else:
+            if append:
+                sys.path.append(pathname)
+            else:
+                sys.path.insert(0, pathname)
+            extensions = self._get_extensions()
+            if extensions:
+                if _hook not in sys.meta_path:
+                    sys.meta_path.append(_hook)
+                _hook.add(pathname, extensions)
+
+    def unmount(self):
+        pathname = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename))
+        if pathname not in sys.path:
+            logger.debug('%s not in path', pathname)
+        else:
+            sys.path.remove(pathname)
+            if pathname in _hook.impure_wheels:
+                _hook.remove(pathname)
+            if not _hook.impure_wheels:
+                if _hook in sys.meta_path:
+                    sys.meta_path.remove(_hook)
+
+    def verify(self):
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        # data_dir = '%s.data' % name_ver
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+
+        # metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME)
+        wheel_metadata_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'WHEEL')
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+
+        wrapper = codecs.getreader('utf-8')
+
+        with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+            with zf.open(wheel_metadata_name) as bwf:
+                wf = wrapper(bwf)
+                message_from_file(wf)
+            # wv = message['Wheel-Version'].split('.', 1)
+            # file_version = tuple([int(i) for i in wv])
+            # TODO version verification
+
+            records = {}
+            with zf.open(record_name) as bf:
+                with CSVReader(stream=bf) as reader:
+                    for row in reader:
+                        p = row[0]
+                        records[p] = row
+
+            for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                arcname = zinfo.filename
+                if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                    u_arcname = arcname
+                else:
+                    u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                # See issue #115: some wheels have .. in their entries, but
+                # in the filename ... e.g. __main__..py ! So the check is
+                # updated to look for .. in the directory portions
+                p = u_arcname.split('/')
+                if '..' in p:
+                    raise DistlibException('invalid entry in '
+                                           'wheel: %r' % u_arcname)
+
+                if self.skip_entry(u_arcname):
+                    continue
+                row = records[u_arcname]
+                if row[2] and str(zinfo.file_size) != row[2]:
+                    raise DistlibException('size mismatch for '
+                                           '%s' % u_arcname)
+                if row[1]:
+                    kind, value = row[1].split('=', 1)
+                    with zf.open(arcname) as bf:
+                        data = bf.read()
+                    _, digest = self.get_hash(data, kind)
+                    if digest != value:
+                        raise DistlibException('digest mismatch for '
+                                               '%s' % arcname)
+
+    def update(self, modifier, dest_dir=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Update the contents of a wheel in a generic way. The modifier should
+        be a callable which expects a dictionary argument: its keys are
+        archive-entry paths, and its values are absolute filesystem paths
+        where the contents the corresponding archive entries can be found. The
+        modifier is free to change the contents of the files pointed to, add
+        new entries and remove entries, before returning. This method will
+        extract the entire contents of the wheel to a temporary location, call
+        the modifier, and then use the passed (and possibly updated)
+        dictionary to write a new wheel. If ``dest_dir`` is specified, the new
+        wheel is written there -- otherwise, the original wheel is overwritten.
+
+        The modifier should return True if it updated the wheel, else False.
+        This method returns the same value the modifier returns.
+        """
+
+        def get_version(path_map, info_dir):
+            version = path = None
+            key = '%s/%s' % (info_dir, LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME)
+            if key not in path_map:
+                key = '%s/PKG-INFO' % info_dir
+            if key in path_map:
+                path = path_map[key]
+                version = Metadata(path=path).version
+            return version, path
+
+        def update_version(version, path):
+            updated = None
+            try:
+                NormalizedVersion(version)
+                i = version.find('-')
+                if i < 0:
+                    updated = '%s+1' % version
+                else:
+                    parts = [int(s) for s in version[i + 1:].split('.')]
+                    parts[-1] += 1
+                    updated = '%s+%s' % (version[:i], '.'.join(
+                        str(i) for i in parts))
+            except UnsupportedVersionError:
+                logger.debug(
+                    'Cannot update non-compliant (PEP-440) '
+                    'version %r', version)
+            if updated:
+                md = Metadata(path=path)
+                md.version = updated
+                legacy = path.endswith(LEGACY_METADATA_FILENAME)
+                md.write(path=path, legacy=legacy)
+                logger.debug('Version updated from %r to %r', version, updated)
+
+        pathname = os.path.join(self.dirname, self.filename)
+        name_ver = '%s-%s' % (self.name, self.version)
+        info_dir = '%s.dist-info' % name_ver
+        record_name = posixpath.join(info_dir, 'RECORD')
+        with tempdir() as workdir:
+            with ZipFile(pathname, 'r') as zf:
+                path_map = {}
+                for zinfo in zf.infolist():
+                    arcname = zinfo.filename
+                    if isinstance(arcname, text_type):
+                        u_arcname = arcname
+                    else:
+                        u_arcname = arcname.decode('utf-8')
+                    if u_arcname == record_name:
+                        continue
+                    if '..' in u_arcname:
+                        raise DistlibException('invalid entry in '
+                                               'wheel: %r' % u_arcname)
+                    zf.extract(zinfo, workdir)
+                    path = os.path.join(workdir, convert_path(u_arcname))
+                    path_map[u_arcname] = path
+
+            # Remember the version.
+            original_version, _ = get_version(path_map, info_dir)
+            # Files extracted. Call the modifier.
+            modified = modifier(path_map, **kwargs)
+            if modified:
+                # Something changed - need to build a new wheel.
+                current_version, path = get_version(path_map, info_dir)
+                if current_version and (current_version == original_version):
+                    # Add or update local version to signify changes.
+                    update_version(current_version, path)
+                # Decide where the new wheel goes.
+                if dest_dir is None:
+                    fd, newpath = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix='.whl',
+                                                   prefix='wheel-update-',
+                                                   dir=workdir)
+                    os.close(fd)
+                else:
+                    if not os.path.isdir(dest_dir):
+                        raise DistlibException('Not a directory: %r' %
+                                               dest_dir)
+                    newpath = os.path.join(dest_dir, self.filename)
+                archive_paths = list(path_map.items())
+                distinfo = os.path.join(workdir, info_dir)
+                info = distinfo, info_dir
+                self.write_records(info, workdir, archive_paths)
+                self.build_zip(newpath, archive_paths)
+                if dest_dir is None:
+                    shutil.copyfile(newpath, pathname)
+        return modified
+
+
+def _get_glibc_version():
+    import platform
+    ver = platform.libc_ver()
+    result = []
+    if ver[0] == 'glibc':
+        for s in ver[1].split('.'):
+            result.append(int(s) if s.isdigit() else 0)
+        result = tuple(result)
+    return result
+
+
+def compatible_tags():
+    """
+    Return (pyver, abi, arch) tuples compatible with this Python.
+    """
+    versions = [VER_SUFFIX]
+    major = VER_SUFFIX[0]
+    for minor in range(sys.version_info[1] - 1, -1, -1):
+        versions.append(''.join([major, str(minor)]))
+
+    abis = []
+    for suffix in _get_suffixes():
+        if suffix.startswith('.abi'):
+            abis.append(suffix.split('.', 2)[1])
+    abis.sort()
+    if ABI != 'none':
+        abis.insert(0, ABI)
+    abis.append('none')
+    result = []
+
+    arches = [ARCH]
+    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+        m = re.match(r'(\w+)_(\d+)_(\d+)_(\w+)$', ARCH)
+        if m:
+            name, major, minor, arch = m.groups()
+            minor = int(minor)
+            matches = [arch]
+            if arch in ('i386', 'ppc'):
+                matches.append('fat')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'ppc', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('fat3')
+            if arch in ('ppc64', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('fat64')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'x86_64'):
+                matches.append('intel')
+            if arch in ('i386', 'x86_64', 'intel', 'ppc', 'ppc64'):
+                matches.append('universal')
+            while minor >= 0:
+                for match in matches:
+                    s = '%s_%s_%s_%s' % (name, major, minor, match)
+                    if s != ARCH:  # already there
+                        arches.append(s)
+                minor -= 1
+
+    # Most specific - our Python version, ABI and arch
+    for abi in abis:
+        for arch in arches:
+            result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, versions[0])), abi, arch))
+            # manylinux
+            if abi != 'none' and sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+                arch = arch.replace('linux_', '')
+                parts = _get_glibc_version()
+                if len(parts) == 2:
+                    if parts >= (2, 5):
+                        result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, versions[0])), abi,
+                                       'manylinux1_%s' % arch))
+                    if parts >= (2, 12):
+                        result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, versions[0])), abi,
+                                       'manylinux2010_%s' % arch))
+                    if parts >= (2, 17):
+                        result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, versions[0])), abi,
+                                       'manylinux2014_%s' % arch))
+                    result.append(
+                        (''.join((IMP_PREFIX, versions[0])), abi,
+                         'manylinux_%s_%s_%s' % (parts[0], parts[1], arch)))
+
+    # where no ABI / arch dependency, but IMP_PREFIX dependency
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, version)), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            result.append((''.join((IMP_PREFIX, version[0])), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    # no IMP_PREFIX, ABI or arch dependency
+    for i, version in enumerate(versions):
+        result.append((''.join(('py', version)), 'none', 'any'))
+        if i == 0:
+            result.append((''.join(('py', version[0])), 'none', 'any'))
+
+    return set(result)
+
+
+COMPATIBLE_TAGS = compatible_tags()
+
+del compatible_tags
+
+
+def is_compatible(wheel, tags=None):
+    if not isinstance(wheel, Wheel):
+        wheel = Wheel(wheel)  # assume it's a filename
+    result = False
+    if tags is None:
+        tags = COMPATIBLE_TAGS
+    for ver, abi, arch in tags:
+        if ver in wheel.pyver and abi in wheel.abi and arch in wheel.arch:
+            result = True
+            break
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7686fe85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from .distro import (
+    NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID,
+    NORMALIZED_LSB_ID,
+    NORMALIZED_OS_ID,
+    LinuxDistribution,
+    __version__,
+    build_number,
+    codename,
+    distro_release_attr,
+    distro_release_info,
+    id,
+    info,
+    like,
+    linux_distribution,
+    lsb_release_attr,
+    lsb_release_info,
+    major_version,
+    minor_version,
+    name,
+    os_release_attr,
+    os_release_info,
+    uname_attr,
+    uname_info,
+    version,
+    version_parts,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID",
+    "NORMALIZED_LSB_ID",
+    "NORMALIZED_OS_ID",
+    "LinuxDistribution",
+    "build_number",
+    "codename",
+    "distro_release_attr",
+    "distro_release_info",
+    "id",
+    "info",
+    "like",
+    "linux_distribution",
+    "lsb_release_attr",
+    "lsb_release_info",
+    "major_version",
+    "minor_version",
+    "name",
+    "os_release_attr",
+    "os_release_info",
+    "uname_attr",
+    "uname_info",
+    "version",
+    "version_parts",
+]
+
+__version__ = __version__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c01d5b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from .distro import main
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..022847c0
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__pycache__/__main__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3cbdc9e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__pycache__/distro.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__pycache__/distro.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f2b8ac5
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/__pycache__/distro.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/distro.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/distro.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89e18680
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/distro.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1399 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright 2015,2016,2017 Nir Cohen
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+The ``distro`` package (``distro`` stands for Linux Distribution) provides
+information about the Linux distribution it runs on, such as a reliable
+machine-readable distro ID, or version information.
+
+It is the recommended replacement for Python's original
+:py:func:`platform.linux_distribution` function, but it provides much more
+functionality. An alternative implementation became necessary because Python
+3.5 deprecated this function, and Python 3.8 removed it altogether. Its
+predecessor function :py:func:`platform.dist` was already deprecated since
+Python 2.6 and removed in Python 3.8. Still, there are many cases in which
+access to OS distribution information is needed. See `Python issue 1322
+<https://bugs.python.org/issue1322>`_ for more information.
+"""
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import shlex
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import warnings
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+)
+
+try:
+    from typing import TypedDict
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3.7
+    TypedDict = dict
+
+__version__ = "1.8.0"
+
+
+class VersionDict(TypedDict):
+    major: str
+    minor: str
+    build_number: str
+
+
+class InfoDict(TypedDict):
+    id: str
+    version: str
+    version_parts: VersionDict
+    like: str
+    codename: str
+
+
+_UNIXCONFDIR = os.environ.get("UNIXCONFDIR", "/etc")
+_UNIXUSRLIBDIR = os.environ.get("UNIXUSRLIBDIR", "/usr/lib")
+_OS_RELEASE_BASENAME = "os-release"
+
+#: Translation table for normalizing the "ID" attribute defined in os-release
+#: files, for use by the :func:`distro.id` method.
+#:
+#: * Key: Value as defined in the os-release file, translated to lower case,
+#:   with blanks translated to underscores.
+#:
+#: * Value: Normalized value.
+NORMALIZED_OS_ID = {
+    "ol": "oracle",  # Oracle Linux
+    "opensuse-leap": "opensuse",  # Newer versions of OpenSuSE report as opensuse-leap
+}
+
+#: Translation table for normalizing the "Distributor ID" attribute returned by
+#: the lsb_release command, for use by the :func:`distro.id` method.
+#:
+#: * Key: Value as returned by the lsb_release command, translated to lower
+#:   case, with blanks translated to underscores.
+#:
+#: * Value: Normalized value.
+NORMALIZED_LSB_ID = {
+    "enterpriseenterpriseas": "oracle",  # Oracle Enterprise Linux 4
+    "enterpriseenterpriseserver": "oracle",  # Oracle Linux 5
+    "redhatenterpriseworkstation": "rhel",  # RHEL 6, 7 Workstation
+    "redhatenterpriseserver": "rhel",  # RHEL 6, 7 Server
+    "redhatenterprisecomputenode": "rhel",  # RHEL 6 ComputeNode
+}
+
+#: Translation table for normalizing the distro ID derived from the file name
+#: of distro release files, for use by the :func:`distro.id` method.
+#:
+#: * Key: Value as derived from the file name of a distro release file,
+#:   translated to lower case, with blanks translated to underscores.
+#:
+#: * Value: Normalized value.
+NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID = {
+    "redhat": "rhel",  # RHEL 6.x, 7.x
+}
+
+# Pattern for content of distro release file (reversed)
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_CONTENT_REVERSED_PATTERN = re.compile(
+    r"(?:[^)]*\)(.*)\()? *(?:STL )?([\d.+\-a-z]*\d) *(?:esaeler *)?(.+)"
+)
+
+# Pattern for base file name of distro release file
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN = re.compile(r"(\w+)[-_](release|version)$")
+
+# Base file names to be looked up for if _UNIXCONFDIR is not readable.
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES = [
+    "SuSE-release",
+    "arch-release",
+    "base-release",
+    "centos-release",
+    "fedora-release",
+    "gentoo-release",
+    "mageia-release",
+    "mandrake-release",
+    "mandriva-release",
+    "mandrivalinux-release",
+    "manjaro-release",
+    "oracle-release",
+    "redhat-release",
+    "rocky-release",
+    "sl-release",
+    "slackware-version",
+]
+
+# Base file names to be ignored when searching for distro release file
+_DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES = (
+    "debian_version",
+    "lsb-release",
+    "oem-release",
+    _OS_RELEASE_BASENAME,
+    "system-release",
+    "plesk-release",
+    "iredmail-release",
+)
+
+
+def linux_distribution(full_distribution_name: bool = True) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 1.6.0
+
+        :func:`distro.linux_distribution()` is deprecated. It should only be
+        used as a compatibility shim with Python's
+        :py:func:`platform.linux_distribution()`. Please use :func:`distro.id`,
+        :func:`distro.version` and :func:`distro.name` instead.
+
+    Return information about the current OS distribution as a tuple
+    ``(id_name, version, codename)`` with items as follows:
+
+    * ``id_name``:  If *full_distribution_name* is false, the result of
+      :func:`distro.id`. Otherwise, the result of :func:`distro.name`.
+
+    * ``version``:  The result of :func:`distro.version`.
+
+    * ``codename``:  The extra item (usually in parentheses) after the
+      os-release version number, or the result of :func:`distro.codename`.
+
+    The interface of this function is compatible with the original
+    :py:func:`platform.linux_distribution` function, supporting a subset of
+    its parameters.
+
+    The data it returns may not exactly be the same, because it uses more data
+    sources than the original function, and that may lead to different data if
+    the OS distribution is not consistent across multiple data sources it
+    provides (there are indeed such distributions ...).
+
+    Another reason for differences is the fact that the :func:`distro.id`
+    method normalizes the distro ID string to a reliable machine-readable value
+    for a number of popular OS distributions.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "distro.linux_distribution() is deprecated. It should only be used as a "
+        "compatibility shim with Python's platform.linux_distribution(). Please use "
+        "distro.id(), distro.version() and distro.name() instead.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return _distro.linux_distribution(full_distribution_name)
+
+
+def id() -> str:
+    """
+    Return the distro ID of the current distribution, as a
+    machine-readable string.
+
+    For a number of OS distributions, the returned distro ID value is
+    *reliable*, in the sense that it is documented and that it does not change
+    across releases of the distribution.
+
+    This package maintains the following reliable distro ID values:
+
+    ==============  =========================================
+    Distro ID       Distribution
+    ==============  =========================================
+    "ubuntu"        Ubuntu
+    "debian"        Debian
+    "rhel"          RedHat Enterprise Linux
+    "centos"        CentOS
+    "fedora"        Fedora
+    "sles"          SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
+    "opensuse"      openSUSE
+    "amzn"          Amazon Linux
+    "arch"          Arch Linux
+    "buildroot"     Buildroot
+    "cloudlinux"    CloudLinux OS
+    "exherbo"       Exherbo Linux
+    "gentoo"        GenToo Linux
+    "ibm_powerkvm"  IBM PowerKVM
+    "kvmibm"        KVM for IBM z Systems
+    "linuxmint"     Linux Mint
+    "mageia"        Mageia
+    "mandriva"      Mandriva Linux
+    "parallels"     Parallels
+    "pidora"        Pidora
+    "raspbian"      Raspbian
+    "oracle"        Oracle Linux (and Oracle Enterprise Linux)
+    "scientific"    Scientific Linux
+    "slackware"     Slackware
+    "xenserver"     XenServer
+    "openbsd"       OpenBSD
+    "netbsd"        NetBSD
+    "freebsd"       FreeBSD
+    "midnightbsd"   MidnightBSD
+    "rocky"         Rocky Linux
+    "aix"           AIX
+    "guix"          Guix System
+    ==============  =========================================
+
+    If you have a need to get distros for reliable IDs added into this set,
+    or if you find that the :func:`distro.id` function returns a different
+    distro ID for one of the listed distros, please create an issue in the
+    `distro issue tracker`_.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy and transformations:**
+
+    First, the ID is obtained from the following sources, in the specified
+    order. The first available and non-empty value is used:
+
+    * the value of the "ID" attribute of the os-release file,
+
+    * the value of the "Distributor ID" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+      command,
+
+    * the first part of the file name of the distro release file,
+
+    The so determined ID value then passes the following transformations,
+    before it is returned by this method:
+
+    * it is translated to lower case,
+
+    * blanks (which should not be there anyway) are translated to underscores,
+
+    * a normalization of the ID is performed, based upon
+      `normalization tables`_. The purpose of this normalization is to ensure
+      that the ID is as reliable as possible, even across incompatible changes
+      in the OS distributions. A common reason for an incompatible change is
+      the addition of an os-release file, or the addition of the lsb_release
+      command, with ID values that differ from what was previously determined
+      from the distro release file name.
+    """
+    return _distro.id()
+
+
+def name(pretty: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the name of the current OS distribution, as a human-readable
+    string.
+
+    If *pretty* is false, the name is returned without version or codename.
+    (e.g. "CentOS Linux")
+
+    If *pretty* is true, the version and codename are appended.
+    (e.g. "CentOS Linux 7.1.1503 (Core)")
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    The name is obtained from the following sources, in the specified order.
+    The first available and non-empty value is used:
+
+    * If *pretty* is false:
+
+      - the value of the "NAME" attribute of the os-release file,
+
+      - the value of the "Distributor ID" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+        command,
+
+      - the value of the "<name>" field of the distro release file.
+
+    * If *pretty* is true:
+
+      - the value of the "PRETTY_NAME" attribute of the os-release file,
+
+      - the value of the "Description" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+        command,
+
+      - the value of the "<name>" field of the distro release file, appended
+        with the value of the pretty version ("<version_id>" and "<codename>"
+        fields) of the distro release file, if available.
+    """
+    return _distro.name(pretty)
+
+
+def version(pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the version of the current OS distribution, as a human-readable
+    string.
+
+    If *pretty* is false, the version is returned without codename (e.g.
+    "7.0").
+
+    If *pretty* is true, the codename in parenthesis is appended, if the
+    codename is non-empty (e.g. "7.0 (Maipo)").
+
+    Some distributions provide version numbers with different precisions in
+    the different sources of distribution information. Examining the different
+    sources in a fixed priority order does not always yield the most precise
+    version (e.g. for Debian 8.2, or CentOS 7.1).
+
+    Some other distributions may not provide this kind of information. In these
+    cases, an empty string would be returned. This behavior can be observed
+    with rolling releases distributions (e.g. Arch Linux).
+
+    The *best* parameter can be used to control the approach for the returned
+    version:
+
+    If *best* is false, the first non-empty version number in priority order of
+    the examined sources is returned.
+
+    If *best* is true, the most precise version number out of all examined
+    sources is returned.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    In all cases, the version number is obtained from the following sources.
+    If *best* is false, this order represents the priority order:
+
+    * the value of the "VERSION_ID" attribute of the os-release file,
+    * the value of the "Release" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+      command,
+    * the version number parsed from the "<version_id>" field of the first line
+      of the distro release file,
+    * the version number parsed from the "PRETTY_NAME" attribute of the
+      os-release file, if it follows the format of the distro release files.
+    * the version number parsed from the "Description" attribute returned by
+      the lsb_release command, if it follows the format of the distro release
+      files.
+    """
+    return _distro.version(pretty, best)
+
+
+def version_parts(best: bool = False) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+    """
+    Return the version of the current OS distribution as a tuple
+    ``(major, minor, build_number)`` with items as follows:
+
+    * ``major``:  The result of :func:`distro.major_version`.
+
+    * ``minor``:  The result of :func:`distro.minor_version`.
+
+    * ``build_number``:  The result of :func:`distro.build_number`.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.version_parts(best)
+
+
+def major_version(best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the major version of the current OS distribution, as a string,
+    if provided.
+    Otherwise, the empty string is returned. The major version is the first
+    part of the dot-separated version string.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.major_version(best)
+
+
+def minor_version(best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the minor version of the current OS distribution, as a string,
+    if provided.
+    Otherwise, the empty string is returned. The minor version is the second
+    part of the dot-separated version string.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.minor_version(best)
+
+
+def build_number(best: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Return the build number of the current OS distribution, as a string,
+    if provided.
+    Otherwise, the empty string is returned. The build number is the third part
+    of the dot-separated version string.
+
+    For a description of the *best* parameter, see the :func:`distro.version`
+    method.
+    """
+    return _distro.build_number(best)
+
+
+def like() -> str:
+    """
+    Return a space-separated list of distro IDs of distributions that are
+    closely related to the current OS distribution in regards to packaging
+    and programming interfaces, for example distributions the current
+    distribution is a derivative from.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    This information item is only provided by the os-release file.
+    For details, see the description of the "ID_LIKE" attribute in the
+    `os-release man page
+    <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/os-release.html>`_.
+    """
+    return _distro.like()
+
+
+def codename() -> str:
+    """
+    Return the codename for the release of the current OS distribution,
+    as a string.
+
+    If the distribution does not have a codename, an empty string is returned.
+
+    Note that the returned codename is not always really a codename. For
+    example, openSUSE returns "x86_64". This function does not handle such
+    cases in any special way and just returns the string it finds, if any.
+
+    **Lookup hierarchy:**
+
+    * the codename within the "VERSION" attribute of the os-release file, if
+      provided,
+
+    * the value of the "Codename" attribute returned by the lsb_release
+      command,
+
+    * the value of the "<codename>" field of the distro release file.
+    """
+    return _distro.codename()
+
+
+def info(pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> InfoDict:
+    """
+    Return certain machine-readable information items about the current OS
+    distribution in a dictionary, as shown in the following example:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: python
+
+        {
+            'id': 'rhel',
+            'version': '7.0',
+            'version_parts': {
+                'major': '7',
+                'minor': '0',
+                'build_number': ''
+            },
+            'like': 'fedora',
+            'codename': 'Maipo'
+        }
+
+    The dictionary structure and keys are always the same, regardless of which
+    information items are available in the underlying data sources. The values
+    for the various keys are as follows:
+
+    * ``id``:  The result of :func:`distro.id`.
+
+    * ``version``:  The result of :func:`distro.version`.
+
+    * ``version_parts -> major``:  The result of :func:`distro.major_version`.
+
+    * ``version_parts -> minor``:  The result of :func:`distro.minor_version`.
+
+    * ``version_parts -> build_number``:  The result of
+      :func:`distro.build_number`.
+
+    * ``like``:  The result of :func:`distro.like`.
+
+    * ``codename``:  The result of :func:`distro.codename`.
+
+    For a description of the *pretty* and *best* parameters, see the
+    :func:`distro.version` method.
+    """
+    return _distro.info(pretty, best)
+
+
+def os_release_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the os-release file data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    See `os-release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.os_release_info()
+
+
+def lsb_release_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the lsb_release command data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    See `lsb_release command output`_ for details about these information
+    items.
+    """
+    return _distro.lsb_release_info()
+
+
+def distro_release_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the distro release file data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    See `distro release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.distro_release_info()
+
+
+def uname_info() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information items
+    from the distro release file data source of the current OS distribution.
+    """
+    return _distro.uname_info()
+
+
+def os_release_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the os-release file data source
+    of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+      The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+
+    See `os-release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.os_release_attr(attribute)
+
+
+def lsb_release_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the lsb_release command output
+    data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+      The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+
+    See `lsb_release command output`_ for details about these information
+    items.
+    """
+    return _distro.lsb_release_attr(attribute)
+
+
+def distro_release_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the distro release file
+    data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+      The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+
+    See `distro release file`_ for details about these information items.
+    """
+    return _distro.distro_release_attr(attribute)
+
+
+def uname_attr(attribute: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Return a single named information item from the distro release file
+    data source of the current OS distribution.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    * ``attribute`` (string): Key of the information item.
+
+    Returns:
+
+    * (string): Value of the information item, if the item exists.
+                The empty string, if the item does not exist.
+    """
+    return _distro.uname_attr(attribute)
+
+
+try:
+    from functools import cached_property
+except ImportError:
+    # Python < 3.8
+    class cached_property:  # type: ignore
+        """A version of @property which caches the value.  On access, it calls the
+        underlying function and sets the value in `__dict__` so future accesses
+        will not re-call the property.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, f: Callable[[Any], Any]) -> None:
+            self._fname = f.__name__
+            self._f = f
+
+        def __get__(self, obj: Any, owner: Type[Any]) -> Any:
+            assert obj is not None, f"call {self._fname} on an instance"
+            ret = obj.__dict__[self._fname] = self._f(obj)
+            return ret
+
+
+class LinuxDistribution:
+    """
+    Provides information about a OS distribution.
+
+    This package creates a private module-global instance of this class with
+    default initialization arguments, that is used by the
+    `consolidated accessor functions`_ and `single source accessor functions`_.
+    By using default initialization arguments, that module-global instance
+    returns data about the current OS distribution (i.e. the distro this
+    package runs on).
+
+    Normally, it is not necessary to create additional instances of this class.
+    However, in situations where control is needed over the exact data sources
+    that are used, instances of this class can be created with a specific
+    distro release file, or a specific os-release file, or without invoking the
+    lsb_release command.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        include_lsb: Optional[bool] = None,
+        os_release_file: str = "",
+        distro_release_file: str = "",
+        include_uname: Optional[bool] = None,
+        root_dir: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_oslevel: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        The initialization method of this class gathers information from the
+        available data sources, and stores that in private instance attributes.
+        Subsequent access to the information items uses these private instance
+        attributes, so that the data sources are read only once.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * ``include_lsb`` (bool): Controls whether the
+          `lsb_release command output`_ is included as a data source.
+
+          If the lsb_release command is not available in the program execution
+          path, the data source for the lsb_release command will be empty.
+
+        * ``os_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `os-release file`_ that is to be used as a data source.
+
+          An empty string (the default) will cause the default path name to
+          be used (see `os-release file`_ for details).
+
+          If the specified or defaulted os-release file does not exist, the
+          data source for the os-release file will be empty.
+
+        * ``distro_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `distro release file`_ that is to be used as a data source.
+
+          An empty string (the default) will cause a default search algorithm
+          to be used (see `distro release file`_ for details).
+
+          If the specified distro release file does not exist, or if no default
+          distro release file can be found, the data source for the distro
+          release file will be empty.
+
+        * ``include_uname`` (bool): Controls whether uname command output is
+          included as a data source. If the uname command is not available in
+          the program execution path the data source for the uname command will
+          be empty.
+
+        * ``root_dir`` (string): The absolute path to the root directory to use
+          to find distro-related information files. Note that ``include_*``
+          parameters must not be enabled in combination with ``root_dir``.
+
+        * ``include_oslevel`` (bool): Controls whether (AIX) oslevel command
+          output is included as a data source. If the oslevel command is not
+          available in the program execution path the data source will be
+          empty.
+
+        Public instance attributes:
+
+        * ``os_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `os-release file`_ that is actually used as a data source. The
+          empty string if no distro release file is used as a data source.
+
+        * ``distro_release_file`` (string): The path name of the
+          `distro release file`_ that is actually used as a data source. The
+          empty string if no distro release file is used as a data source.
+
+        * ``include_lsb`` (bool): The result of the ``include_lsb`` parameter.
+          This controls whether the lsb information will be loaded.
+
+        * ``include_uname`` (bool): The result of the ``include_uname``
+          parameter. This controls whether the uname information will
+          be loaded.
+
+        * ``include_oslevel`` (bool): The result of the ``include_oslevel``
+          parameter. This controls whether (AIX) oslevel information will be
+          loaded.
+
+        * ``root_dir`` (string): The result of the ``root_dir`` parameter.
+          The absolute path to the root directory to use to find distro-related
+          information files.
+
+        Raises:
+
+        * :py:exc:`ValueError`: Initialization parameters combination is not
+           supported.
+
+        * :py:exc:`OSError`: Some I/O issue with an os-release file or distro
+          release file.
+
+        * :py:exc:`UnicodeError`: A data source has unexpected characters or
+          uses an unexpected encoding.
+        """
+        self.root_dir = root_dir
+        self.etc_dir = os.path.join(root_dir, "etc") if root_dir else _UNIXCONFDIR
+        self.usr_lib_dir = (
+            os.path.join(root_dir, "usr/lib") if root_dir else _UNIXUSRLIBDIR
+        )
+
+        if os_release_file:
+            self.os_release_file = os_release_file
+        else:
+            etc_dir_os_release_file = os.path.join(self.etc_dir, _OS_RELEASE_BASENAME)
+            usr_lib_os_release_file = os.path.join(
+                self.usr_lib_dir, _OS_RELEASE_BASENAME
+            )
+
+            # NOTE: The idea is to respect order **and** have it set
+            #       at all times for API backwards compatibility.
+            if os.path.isfile(etc_dir_os_release_file) or not os.path.isfile(
+                usr_lib_os_release_file
+            ):
+                self.os_release_file = etc_dir_os_release_file
+            else:
+                self.os_release_file = usr_lib_os_release_file
+
+        self.distro_release_file = distro_release_file or ""  # updated later
+
+        is_root_dir_defined = root_dir is not None
+        if is_root_dir_defined and (include_lsb or include_uname or include_oslevel):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Including subprocess data sources from specific root_dir is disallowed"
+                " to prevent false information"
+            )
+        self.include_lsb = (
+            include_lsb if include_lsb is not None else not is_root_dir_defined
+        )
+        self.include_uname = (
+            include_uname if include_uname is not None else not is_root_dir_defined
+        )
+        self.include_oslevel = (
+            include_oslevel if include_oslevel is not None else not is_root_dir_defined
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """Return repr of all info"""
+        return (
+            "LinuxDistribution("
+            "os_release_file={self.os_release_file!r}, "
+            "distro_release_file={self.distro_release_file!r}, "
+            "include_lsb={self.include_lsb!r}, "
+            "include_uname={self.include_uname!r}, "
+            "include_oslevel={self.include_oslevel!r}, "
+            "root_dir={self.root_dir!r}, "
+            "_os_release_info={self._os_release_info!r}, "
+            "_lsb_release_info={self._lsb_release_info!r}, "
+            "_distro_release_info={self._distro_release_info!r}, "
+            "_uname_info={self._uname_info!r}, "
+            "_oslevel_info={self._oslevel_info!r})".format(self=self)
+        )
+
+    def linux_distribution(
+        self, full_distribution_name: bool = True
+    ) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+        """
+        Return information about the OS distribution that is compatible
+        with Python's :func:`platform.linux_distribution`, supporting a subset
+        of its parameters.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.linux_distribution`.
+        """
+        return (
+            self.name() if full_distribution_name else self.id(),
+            self.version(),
+            self._os_release_info.get("release_codename") or self.codename(),
+        )
+
+    def id(self) -> str:
+        """Return the distro ID of the OS distribution, as a string.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.id`.
+        """
+
+        def normalize(distro_id: str, table: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+            distro_id = distro_id.lower().replace(" ", "_")
+            return table.get(distro_id, distro_id)
+
+        distro_id = self.os_release_attr("id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_OS_ID)
+
+        distro_id = self.lsb_release_attr("distributor_id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_LSB_ID)
+
+        distro_id = self.distro_release_attr("id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID)
+
+        distro_id = self.uname_attr("id")
+        if distro_id:
+            return normalize(distro_id, NORMALIZED_DISTRO_ID)
+
+        return ""
+
+    def name(self, pretty: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the name of the OS distribution, as a string.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.name`.
+        """
+        name = (
+            self.os_release_attr("name")
+            or self.lsb_release_attr("distributor_id")
+            or self.distro_release_attr("name")
+            or self.uname_attr("name")
+        )
+        if pretty:
+            name = self.os_release_attr("pretty_name") or self.lsb_release_attr(
+                "description"
+            )
+            if not name:
+                name = self.distro_release_attr("name") or self.uname_attr("name")
+                version = self.version(pretty=True)
+                if version:
+                    name = f"{name} {version}"
+        return name or ""
+
+    def version(self, pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the version of the OS distribution, as a string.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.version`.
+        """
+        versions = [
+            self.os_release_attr("version_id"),
+            self.lsb_release_attr("release"),
+            self.distro_release_attr("version_id"),
+            self._parse_distro_release_content(self.os_release_attr("pretty_name")).get(
+                "version_id", ""
+            ),
+            self._parse_distro_release_content(
+                self.lsb_release_attr("description")
+            ).get("version_id", ""),
+            self.uname_attr("release"),
+        ]
+        if self.uname_attr("id").startswith("aix"):
+            # On AIX platforms, prefer oslevel command output.
+            versions.insert(0, self.oslevel_info())
+        elif self.id() == "debian" or "debian" in self.like().split():
+            # On Debian-like, add debian_version file content to candidates list.
+            versions.append(self._debian_version)
+        version = ""
+        if best:
+            # This algorithm uses the last version in priority order that has
+            # the best precision. If the versions are not in conflict, that
+            # does not matter; otherwise, using the last one instead of the
+            # first one might be considered a surprise.
+            for v in versions:
+                if v.count(".") > version.count(".") or version == "":
+                    version = v
+        else:
+            for v in versions:
+                if v != "":
+                    version = v
+                    break
+        if pretty and version and self.codename():
+            version = f"{version} ({self.codename()})"
+        return version
+
+    def version_parts(self, best: bool = False) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+        """
+        Return the version of the OS distribution, as a tuple of version
+        numbers.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.version_parts`.
+        """
+        version_str = self.version(best=best)
+        if version_str:
+            version_regex = re.compile(r"(\d+)\.?(\d+)?\.?(\d+)?")
+            matches = version_regex.match(version_str)
+            if matches:
+                major, minor, build_number = matches.groups()
+                return major, minor or "", build_number or ""
+        return "", "", ""
+
+    def major_version(self, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the major version number of the current distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.major_version`.
+        """
+        return self.version_parts(best)[0]
+
+    def minor_version(self, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the minor version number of the current distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.minor_version`.
+        """
+        return self.version_parts(best)[1]
+
+    def build_number(self, best: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the build number of the current distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.build_number`.
+        """
+        return self.version_parts(best)[2]
+
+    def like(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the IDs of distributions that are like the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.like`.
+        """
+        return self.os_release_attr("id_like") or ""
+
+    def codename(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the codename of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.codename`.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Handle os_release specially since distros might purposefully set
+            # this to empty string to have no codename
+            return self._os_release_info["codename"]
+        except KeyError:
+            return (
+                self.lsb_release_attr("codename")
+                or self.distro_release_attr("codename")
+                or ""
+            )
+
+    def info(self, pretty: bool = False, best: bool = False) -> InfoDict:
+        """
+        Return certain machine-readable information about the OS
+        distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.info`.
+        """
+        return dict(
+            id=self.id(),
+            version=self.version(pretty, best),
+            version_parts=dict(
+                major=self.major_version(best),
+                minor=self.minor_version(best),
+                build_number=self.build_number(best),
+            ),
+            like=self.like(),
+            codename=self.codename(),
+        )
+
+    def os_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the os-release file data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.os_release_info`.
+        """
+        return self._os_release_info
+
+    def lsb_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the lsb_release command data source of the OS
+        distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.lsb_release_info`.
+        """
+        return self._lsb_release_info
+
+    def distro_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the distro release file data source of the OS
+        distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.distro_release_info`.
+        """
+        return self._distro_release_info
+
+    def uname_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary containing key-value pairs for the information
+        items from the uname command data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.uname_info`.
+        """
+        return self._uname_info
+
+    def oslevel_info(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return AIX' oslevel command output.
+        """
+        return self._oslevel_info
+
+    def os_release_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the os-release file data
+        source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.os_release_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._os_release_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    def lsb_release_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the lsb_release command
+        output data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.lsb_release_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._lsb_release_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    def distro_release_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the distro release file
+        data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.distro_release_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._distro_release_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    def uname_attr(self, attribute: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Return a single named information item from the uname command
+        output data source of the OS distribution.
+
+        For details, see :func:`distro.uname_attr`.
+        """
+        return self._uname_info.get(attribute, "")
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _os_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Get the information items from the specified os-release file.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        if os.path.isfile(self.os_release_file):
+            with open(self.os_release_file, encoding="utf-8") as release_file:
+                return self._parse_os_release_content(release_file)
+        return {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_os_release_content(lines: TextIO) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse the lines of an os-release file.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * lines: Iterable through the lines in the os-release file.
+                 Each line must be a unicode string or a UTF-8 encoded byte
+                 string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        props = {}
+        lexer = shlex.shlex(lines, posix=True)
+        lexer.whitespace_split = True
+
+        tokens = list(lexer)
+        for token in tokens:
+            # At this point, all shell-like parsing has been done (i.e.
+            # comments processed, quotes and backslash escape sequences
+            # processed, multi-line values assembled, trailing newlines
+            # stripped, etc.), so the tokens are now either:
+            # * variable assignments: var=value
+            # * commands or their arguments (not allowed in os-release)
+            # Ignore any tokens that are not variable assignments
+            if "=" in token:
+                k, v = token.split("=", 1)
+                props[k.lower()] = v
+
+        if "version" in props:
+            # extract release codename (if any) from version attribute
+            match = re.search(r"\((\D+)\)|,\s*(\D+)", props["version"])
+            if match:
+                release_codename = match.group(1) or match.group(2)
+                props["codename"] = props["release_codename"] = release_codename
+
+        if "version_codename" in props:
+            # os-release added a version_codename field.  Use that in
+            # preference to anything else Note that some distros purposefully
+            # do not have code names.  They should be setting
+            # version_codename=""
+            props["codename"] = props["version_codename"]
+        elif "ubuntu_codename" in props:
+            # Same as above but a non-standard field name used on older Ubuntus
+            props["codename"] = props["ubuntu_codename"]
+
+        return props
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _lsb_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Get the information items from the lsb_release command output.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        if not self.include_lsb:
+            return {}
+        try:
+            cmd = ("lsb_release", "-a")
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        # Command not found or lsb_release returned error
+        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+            return {}
+        content = self._to_str(stdout).splitlines()
+        return self._parse_lsb_release_content(content)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_lsb_release_content(lines: Iterable[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse the output of the lsb_release command.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * lines: Iterable through the lines of the lsb_release output.
+                 Each line must be a unicode string or a UTF-8 encoded byte
+                 string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        props = {}
+        for line in lines:
+            kv = line.strip("\n").split(":", 1)
+            if len(kv) != 2:
+                # Ignore lines without colon.
+                continue
+            k, v = kv
+            props.update({k.replace(" ", "_").lower(): v.strip()})
+        return props
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _uname_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        if not self.include_uname:
+            return {}
+        try:
+            cmd = ("uname", "-rs")
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        except OSError:
+            return {}
+        content = self._to_str(stdout).splitlines()
+        return self._parse_uname_content(content)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _oslevel_info(self) -> str:
+        if not self.include_oslevel:
+            return ""
+        try:
+            stdout = subprocess.check_output("oslevel", stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
+        except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+            return ""
+        return self._to_str(stdout).strip()
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _debian_version(self) -> str:
+        try:
+            with open(
+                os.path.join(self.etc_dir, "debian_version"), encoding="ascii"
+            ) as fp:
+                return fp.readline().rstrip()
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            return ""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_uname_content(lines: Sequence[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        if not lines:
+            return {}
+        props = {}
+        match = re.search(r"^([^\s]+)\s+([\d\.]+)", lines[0].strip())
+        if match:
+            name, version = match.groups()
+
+            # This is to prevent the Linux kernel version from
+            # appearing as the 'best' version on otherwise
+            # identifiable distributions.
+            if name == "Linux":
+                return {}
+            props["id"] = name.lower()
+            props["name"] = name
+            props["release"] = version
+        return props
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _to_str(bytestring: bytes) -> str:
+        encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+        return bytestring.decode(encoding)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _distro_release_info(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Get the information items from the specified distro release file.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        if self.distro_release_file:
+            # If it was specified, we use it and parse what we can, even if
+            # its file name or content does not match the expected pattern.
+            distro_info = self._parse_distro_release_file(self.distro_release_file)
+            basename = os.path.basename(self.distro_release_file)
+            # The file name pattern for user-specified distro release files
+            # is somewhat more tolerant (compared to when searching for the
+            # file), because we want to use what was specified as best as
+            # possible.
+            match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
+        else:
+            try:
+                basenames = [
+                    basename
+                    for basename in os.listdir(self.etc_dir)
+                    if basename not in _DISTRO_RELEASE_IGNORE_BASENAMES
+                    and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename))
+                ]
+                # We sort for repeatability in cases where there are multiple
+                # distro specific files; e.g. CentOS, Oracle, Enterprise all
+                # containing `redhat-release` on top of their own.
+                basenames.sort()
+            except OSError:
+                # This may occur when /etc is not readable but we can't be
+                # sure about the *-release files. Check common entries of
+                # /etc for information. If they turn out to not be there the
+                # error is handled in `_parse_distro_release_file()`.
+                basenames = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAMES
+            for basename in basenames:
+                match = _DISTRO_RELEASE_BASENAME_PATTERN.match(basename)
+                if match is None:
+                    continue
+                filepath = os.path.join(self.etc_dir, basename)
+                distro_info = self._parse_distro_release_file(filepath)
+                # The name is always present if the pattern matches.
+                if "name" not in distro_info:
+                    continue
+                self.distro_release_file = filepath
+                break
+            else:  # the loop didn't "break": no candidate.
+                return {}
+
+        if match is not None:
+            distro_info["id"] = match.group(1)
+
+        # CloudLinux < 7: manually enrich info with proper id.
+        if "cloudlinux" in distro_info.get("name", "").lower():
+            distro_info["id"] = "cloudlinux"
+
+        return distro_info
+
+    def _parse_distro_release_file(self, filepath: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse a distro release file.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        * filepath: Path name of the distro release file.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        try:
+            with open(filepath, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+                # Only parse the first line. For instance, on SLES there
+                # are multiple lines. We don't want them...
+                return self._parse_distro_release_content(fp.readline())
+        except OSError:
+            # Ignore not being able to read a specific, seemingly version
+            # related file.
+            # See https://github.com/python-distro/distro/issues/162
+            return {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_distro_release_content(line: str) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """
+        Parse a line from a distro release file.
+
+        Parameters:
+        * line: Line from the distro release file. Must be a unicode string
+                or a UTF-8 encoded byte string.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing all information items.
+        """
+        matches = _DISTRO_RELEASE_CONTENT_REVERSED_PATTERN.match(line.strip()[::-1])
+        distro_info = {}
+        if matches:
+            # regexp ensures non-None
+            distro_info["name"] = matches.group(3)[::-1]
+            if matches.group(2):
+                distro_info["version_id"] = matches.group(2)[::-1]
+            if matches.group(1):
+                distro_info["codename"] = matches.group(1)[::-1]
+        elif line:
+            distro_info["name"] = line.strip()
+        return distro_info
+
+
+_distro = LinuxDistribution()
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+    logger.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout))
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="OS distro info tool")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--json", "-j", help="Output in machine readable format", action="store_true"
+    )
+
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--root-dir",
+        "-r",
+        type=str,
+        dest="root_dir",
+        help="Path to the root filesystem directory (defaults to /)",
+    )
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if args.root_dir:
+        dist = LinuxDistribution(
+            include_lsb=False,
+            include_uname=False,
+            include_oslevel=False,
+            root_dir=args.root_dir,
+        )
+    else:
+        dist = _distro
+
+    if args.json:
+        logger.info(json.dumps(dist.info(), indent=4, sort_keys=True))
+    else:
+        logger.info("Name: %s", dist.name(pretty=True))
+        distribution_version = dist.version(pretty=True)
+        logger.info("Version: %s", distribution_version)
+        distribution_codename = dist.codename()
+        logger.info("Codename: %s", distribution_codename)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/distro/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a40eeafc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from .package_data import __version__
+from .core import (
+    IDNABidiError,
+    IDNAError,
+    InvalidCodepoint,
+    InvalidCodepointContext,
+    alabel,
+    check_bidi,
+    check_hyphen_ok,
+    check_initial_combiner,
+    check_label,
+    check_nfc,
+    decode,
+    encode,
+    ulabel,
+    uts46_remap,
+    valid_contextj,
+    valid_contexto,
+    valid_label_length,
+    valid_string_length,
+)
+from .intranges import intranges_contain
+
+__all__ = [
+    "IDNABidiError",
+    "IDNAError",
+    "InvalidCodepoint",
+    "InvalidCodepointContext",
+    "alabel",
+    "check_bidi",
+    "check_hyphen_ok",
+    "check_initial_combiner",
+    "check_label",
+    "check_nfc",
+    "decode",
+    "encode",
+    "intranges_contain",
+    "ulabel",
+    "uts46_remap",
+    "valid_contextj",
+    "valid_contexto",
+    "valid_label_length",
+    "valid_string_length",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/__pycache__/uts46data.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/__pycache__/uts46data.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/codec.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/codec.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ca9ba62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/codec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from .core import encode, decode, alabel, ulabel, IDNAError
+import codecs
+import re
+from typing import Tuple, Optional
+
+_unicode_dots_re = re.compile('[\u002e\u3002\uff0e\uff61]')
+
+class Codec(codecs.Codec):
+
+    def encode(self, data: str, errors: str = 'strict') -> Tuple[bytes, int]:
+        if errors != 'strict':
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling \"{}\"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return b"", 0
+
+        return encode(data), len(data)
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes, errors: str = 'strict') -> Tuple[str, int]:
+        if errors != 'strict':
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling \"{}\"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return '', 0
+
+        return decode(data), len(data)
+
+class IncrementalEncoder(codecs.BufferedIncrementalEncoder):
+    def _buffer_encode(self, data: str, errors: str, final: bool) -> Tuple[str, int]:  # type: ignore
+        if errors != 'strict':
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling \"{}\"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return "", 0
+
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(data)
+        trailing_dot = ''
+        if labels:
+            if not labels[-1]:
+                trailing_dot = '.'
+                del labels[-1]
+            elif not final:
+                # Keep potentially unfinished label until the next call
+                del labels[-1]
+                if labels:
+                    trailing_dot = '.'
+
+        result = []
+        size = 0
+        for label in labels:
+            result.append(alabel(label))
+            if size:
+                size += 1
+            size += len(label)
+
+        # Join with U+002E
+        result_str = '.'.join(result) + trailing_dot  # type: ignore
+        size += len(trailing_dot)
+        return result_str, size
+
+class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.BufferedIncrementalDecoder):
+    def _buffer_decode(self, data: str, errors: str, final: bool) -> Tuple[str, int]:  # type: ignore
+        if errors != 'strict':
+            raise IDNAError('Unsupported error handling \"{}\"'.format(errors))
+
+        if not data:
+            return ('', 0)
+
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(data)
+        trailing_dot = ''
+        if labels:
+            if not labels[-1]:
+                trailing_dot = '.'
+                del labels[-1]
+            elif not final:
+                # Keep potentially unfinished label until the next call
+                del labels[-1]
+                if labels:
+                    trailing_dot = '.'
+
+        result = []
+        size = 0
+        for label in labels:
+            result.append(ulabel(label))
+            if size:
+                size += 1
+            size += len(label)
+
+        result_str = '.'.join(result) + trailing_dot
+        size += len(trailing_dot)
+        return (result_str, size)
+
+
+class StreamWriter(Codec, codecs.StreamWriter):
+    pass
+
+
+class StreamReader(Codec, codecs.StreamReader):
+    pass
+
+
+def getregentry() -> codecs.CodecInfo:
+    # Compatibility as a search_function for codecs.register()
+    return codecs.CodecInfo(
+        name='idna',
+        encode=Codec().encode,  # type: ignore
+        decode=Codec().decode,  # type: ignore
+        incrementalencoder=IncrementalEncoder,
+        incrementaldecoder=IncrementalDecoder,
+        streamwriter=StreamWriter,
+        streamreader=StreamReader,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..786e6bda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from .core import *
+from .codec import *
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+def ToASCII(label: str) -> bytes:
+    return encode(label)
+
+def ToUnicode(label: Union[bytes, bytearray]) -> str:
+    return decode(label)
+
+def nameprep(s: Any) -> None:
+    raise NotImplementedError('IDNA 2008 does not utilise nameprep protocol')
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f300371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+from . import idnadata
+import bisect
+import unicodedata
+import re
+from typing import Union, Optional
+from .intranges import intranges_contain
+
+_virama_combining_class = 9
+_alabel_prefix = b'xn--'
+_unicode_dots_re = re.compile('[\u002e\u3002\uff0e\uff61]')
+
+class IDNAError(UnicodeError):
+    """ Base exception for all IDNA-encoding related problems """
+    pass
+
+
+class IDNABidiError(IDNAError):
+    """ Exception when bidirectional requirements are not satisfied """
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCodepoint(IDNAError):
+    """ Exception when a disallowed or unallocated codepoint is used """
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidCodepointContext(IDNAError):
+    """ Exception when the codepoint is not valid in the context it is used """
+    pass
+
+
+def _combining_class(cp: int) -> int:
+    v = unicodedata.combining(chr(cp))
+    if v == 0:
+        if not unicodedata.name(chr(cp)):
+            raise ValueError('Unknown character in unicodedata')
+    return v
+
+def _is_script(cp: str, script: str) -> bool:
+    return intranges_contain(ord(cp), idnadata.scripts[script])
+
+def _punycode(s: str) -> bytes:
+    return s.encode('punycode')
+
+def _unot(s: int) -> str:
+    return 'U+{:04X}'.format(s)
+
+
+def valid_label_length(label: Union[bytes, str]) -> bool:
+    if len(label) > 63:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def valid_string_length(label: Union[bytes, str], trailing_dot: bool) -> bool:
+    if len(label) > (254 if trailing_dot else 253):
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def check_bidi(label: str, check_ltr: bool = False) -> bool:
+    # Bidi rules should only be applied if string contains RTL characters
+    bidi_label = False
+    for (idx, cp) in enumerate(label, 1):
+        direction = unicodedata.bidirectional(cp)
+        if direction == '':
+            # String likely comes from a newer version of Unicode
+            raise IDNABidiError('Unknown directionality in label {} at position {}'.format(repr(label), idx))
+        if direction in ['R', 'AL', 'AN']:
+            bidi_label = True
+    if not bidi_label and not check_ltr:
+        return True
+
+    # Bidi rule 1
+    direction = unicodedata.bidirectional(label[0])
+    if direction in ['R', 'AL']:
+        rtl = True
+    elif direction == 'L':
+        rtl = False
+    else:
+        raise IDNABidiError('First codepoint in label {} must be directionality L, R or AL'.format(repr(label)))
+
+    valid_ending = False
+    number_type = None  # type: Optional[str]
+    for (idx, cp) in enumerate(label, 1):
+        direction = unicodedata.bidirectional(cp)
+
+        if rtl:
+            # Bidi rule 2
+            if not direction in ['R', 'AL', 'AN', 'EN', 'ES', 'CS', 'ET', 'ON', 'BN', 'NSM']:
+                raise IDNABidiError('Invalid direction for codepoint at position {} in a right-to-left label'.format(idx))
+            # Bidi rule 3
+            if direction in ['R', 'AL', 'EN', 'AN']:
+                valid_ending = True
+            elif direction != 'NSM':
+                valid_ending = False
+            # Bidi rule 4
+            if direction in ['AN', 'EN']:
+                if not number_type:
+                    number_type = direction
+                else:
+                    if number_type != direction:
+                        raise IDNABidiError('Can not mix numeral types in a right-to-left label')
+        else:
+            # Bidi rule 5
+            if not direction in ['L', 'EN', 'ES', 'CS', 'ET', 'ON', 'BN', 'NSM']:
+                raise IDNABidiError('Invalid direction for codepoint at position {} in a left-to-right label'.format(idx))
+            # Bidi rule 6
+            if direction in ['L', 'EN']:
+                valid_ending = True
+            elif direction != 'NSM':
+                valid_ending = False
+
+    if not valid_ending:
+        raise IDNABidiError('Label ends with illegal codepoint directionality')
+
+    return True
+
+
+def check_initial_combiner(label: str) -> bool:
+    if unicodedata.category(label[0])[0] == 'M':
+        raise IDNAError('Label begins with an illegal combining character')
+    return True
+
+
+def check_hyphen_ok(label: str) -> bool:
+    if label[2:4] == '--':
+        raise IDNAError('Label has disallowed hyphens in 3rd and 4th position')
+    if label[0] == '-' or label[-1] == '-':
+        raise IDNAError('Label must not start or end with a hyphen')
+    return True
+
+
+def check_nfc(label: str) -> None:
+    if unicodedata.normalize('NFC', label) != label:
+        raise IDNAError('Label must be in Normalization Form C')
+
+
+def valid_contextj(label: str, pos: int) -> bool:
+    cp_value = ord(label[pos])
+
+    if cp_value == 0x200c:
+
+        if pos > 0:
+            if _combining_class(ord(label[pos - 1])) == _virama_combining_class:
+                return True
+
+        ok = False
+        for i in range(pos-1, -1, -1):
+            joining_type = idnadata.joining_types.get(ord(label[i]))
+            if joining_type == ord('T'):
+                continue
+            if joining_type in [ord('L'), ord('D')]:
+                ok = True
+                break
+
+        if not ok:
+            return False
+
+        ok = False
+        for i in range(pos+1, len(label)):
+            joining_type = idnadata.joining_types.get(ord(label[i]))
+            if joining_type == ord('T'):
+                continue
+            if joining_type in [ord('R'), ord('D')]:
+                ok = True
+                break
+        return ok
+
+    if cp_value == 0x200d:
+
+        if pos > 0:
+            if _combining_class(ord(label[pos - 1])) == _virama_combining_class:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    else:
+
+        return False
+
+
+def valid_contexto(label: str, pos: int, exception: bool = False) -> bool:
+    cp_value = ord(label[pos])
+
+    if cp_value == 0x00b7:
+        if 0 < pos < len(label)-1:
+            if ord(label[pos - 1]) == 0x006c and ord(label[pos + 1]) == 0x006c:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    elif cp_value == 0x0375:
+        if pos < len(label)-1 and len(label) > 1:
+            return _is_script(label[pos + 1], 'Greek')
+        return False
+
+    elif cp_value == 0x05f3 or cp_value == 0x05f4:
+        if pos > 0:
+            return _is_script(label[pos - 1], 'Hebrew')
+        return False
+
+    elif cp_value == 0x30fb:
+        for cp in label:
+            if cp == '\u30fb':
+                continue
+            if _is_script(cp, 'Hiragana') or _is_script(cp, 'Katakana') or _is_script(cp, 'Han'):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    elif 0x660 <= cp_value <= 0x669:
+        for cp in label:
+            if 0x6f0 <= ord(cp) <= 0x06f9:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    elif 0x6f0 <= cp_value <= 0x6f9:
+        for cp in label:
+            if 0x660 <= ord(cp) <= 0x0669:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def check_label(label: Union[str, bytes, bytearray]) -> None:
+    if isinstance(label, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        label = label.decode('utf-8')
+    if len(label) == 0:
+        raise IDNAError('Empty Label')
+
+    check_nfc(label)
+    check_hyphen_ok(label)
+    check_initial_combiner(label)
+
+    for (pos, cp) in enumerate(label):
+        cp_value = ord(cp)
+        if intranges_contain(cp_value, idnadata.codepoint_classes['PVALID']):
+            continue
+        elif intranges_contain(cp_value, idnadata.codepoint_classes['CONTEXTJ']):
+            try:
+                if not valid_contextj(label, pos):
+                    raise InvalidCodepointContext('Joiner {} not allowed at position {} in {}'.format(
+                        _unot(cp_value), pos+1, repr(label)))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise IDNAError('Unknown codepoint adjacent to joiner {} at position {} in {}'.format(
+                    _unot(cp_value), pos+1, repr(label)))
+        elif intranges_contain(cp_value, idnadata.codepoint_classes['CONTEXTO']):
+            if not valid_contexto(label, pos):
+                raise InvalidCodepointContext('Codepoint {} not allowed at position {} in {}'.format(_unot(cp_value), pos+1, repr(label)))
+        else:
+            raise InvalidCodepoint('Codepoint {} at position {} of {} not allowed'.format(_unot(cp_value), pos+1, repr(label)))
+
+    check_bidi(label)
+
+
+def alabel(label: str) -> bytes:
+    try:
+        label_bytes = label.encode('ascii')
+        ulabel(label_bytes)
+        if not valid_label_length(label_bytes):
+            raise IDNAError('Label too long')
+        return label_bytes
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        pass
+
+    if not label:
+        raise IDNAError('No Input')
+
+    label = str(label)
+    check_label(label)
+    label_bytes = _punycode(label)
+    label_bytes = _alabel_prefix + label_bytes
+
+    if not valid_label_length(label_bytes):
+        raise IDNAError('Label too long')
+
+    return label_bytes
+
+
+def ulabel(label: Union[str, bytes, bytearray]) -> str:
+    if not isinstance(label, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        try:
+            label_bytes = label.encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            check_label(label)
+            return label
+    else:
+        label_bytes = label
+
+    label_bytes = label_bytes.lower()
+    if label_bytes.startswith(_alabel_prefix):
+        label_bytes = label_bytes[len(_alabel_prefix):]
+        if not label_bytes:
+            raise IDNAError('Malformed A-label, no Punycode eligible content found')
+        if label_bytes.decode('ascii')[-1] == '-':
+            raise IDNAError('A-label must not end with a hyphen')
+    else:
+        check_label(label_bytes)
+        return label_bytes.decode('ascii')
+
+    try:
+        label = label_bytes.decode('punycode')
+    except UnicodeError:
+        raise IDNAError('Invalid A-label')
+    check_label(label)
+    return label
+
+
+def uts46_remap(domain: str, std3_rules: bool = True, transitional: bool = False) -> str:
+    """Re-map the characters in the string according to UTS46 processing."""
+    from .uts46data import uts46data
+    output = ''
+
+    for pos, char in enumerate(domain):
+        code_point = ord(char)
+        try:
+            uts46row = uts46data[code_point if code_point < 256 else
+                bisect.bisect_left(uts46data, (code_point, 'Z')) - 1]
+            status = uts46row[1]
+            replacement = None  # type: Optional[str]
+            if len(uts46row) == 3:
+                replacement = uts46row[2]  # type: ignore
+            if (status == 'V' or
+                    (status == 'D' and not transitional) or
+                    (status == '3' and not std3_rules and replacement is None)):
+                output += char
+            elif replacement is not None and (status == 'M' or
+                    (status == '3' and not std3_rules) or
+                    (status == 'D' and transitional)):
+                output += replacement
+            elif status != 'I':
+                raise IndexError()
+        except IndexError:
+            raise InvalidCodepoint(
+                'Codepoint {} not allowed at position {} in {}'.format(
+                _unot(code_point), pos + 1, repr(domain)))
+
+    return unicodedata.normalize('NFC', output)
+
+
+def encode(s: Union[str, bytes, bytearray], strict: bool = False, uts46: bool = False, std3_rules: bool = False, transitional: bool = False) -> bytes:
+    if isinstance(s, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        try:
+            s = s.decode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            raise IDNAError('should pass a unicode string to the function rather than a byte string.')
+    if uts46:
+        s = uts46_remap(s, std3_rules, transitional)
+    trailing_dot = False
+    result = []
+    if strict:
+        labels = s.split('.')
+    else:
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(s)
+    if not labels or labels == ['']:
+        raise IDNAError('Empty domain')
+    if labels[-1] == '':
+        del labels[-1]
+        trailing_dot = True
+    for label in labels:
+        s = alabel(label)
+        if s:
+            result.append(s)
+        else:
+            raise IDNAError('Empty label')
+    if trailing_dot:
+        result.append(b'')
+    s = b'.'.join(result)
+    if not valid_string_length(s, trailing_dot):
+        raise IDNAError('Domain too long')
+    return s
+
+
+def decode(s: Union[str, bytes, bytearray], strict: bool = False, uts46: bool = False, std3_rules: bool = False) -> str:
+    try:
+        if isinstance(s, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            s = s.decode('ascii')
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        raise IDNAError('Invalid ASCII in A-label')
+    if uts46:
+        s = uts46_remap(s, std3_rules, False)
+    trailing_dot = False
+    result = []
+    if not strict:
+        labels = _unicode_dots_re.split(s)
+    else:
+        labels = s.split('.')
+    if not labels or labels == ['']:
+        raise IDNAError('Empty domain')
+    if not labels[-1]:
+        del labels[-1]
+        trailing_dot = True
+    for label in labels:
+        s = ulabel(label)
+        if s:
+            result.append(s)
+        else:
+            raise IDNAError('Empty label')
+    if trailing_dot:
+        result.append('')
+    return '.'.join(result)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/idnadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/idnadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67db4625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/idnadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2151 @@
+# This file is automatically generated by tools/idna-data
+
+__version__ = '15.0.0'
+scripts = {
+    'Greek': (
+        0x37000000374,
+        0x37500000378,
+        0x37a0000037e,
+        0x37f00000380,
+        0x38400000385,
+        0x38600000387,
+        0x3880000038b,
+        0x38c0000038d,
+        0x38e000003a2,
+        0x3a3000003e2,
+        0x3f000000400,
+        0x1d2600001d2b,
+        0x1d5d00001d62,
+        0x1d6600001d6b,
+        0x1dbf00001dc0,
+        0x1f0000001f16,
+        0x1f1800001f1e,
+        0x1f2000001f46,
+        0x1f4800001f4e,
+        0x1f5000001f58,
+        0x1f5900001f5a,
+        0x1f5b00001f5c,
+        0x1f5d00001f5e,
+        0x1f5f00001f7e,
+        0x1f8000001fb5,
+        0x1fb600001fc5,
+        0x1fc600001fd4,
+        0x1fd600001fdc,
+        0x1fdd00001ff0,
+        0x1ff200001ff5,
+        0x1ff600001fff,
+        0x212600002127,
+        0xab650000ab66,
+        0x101400001018f,
+        0x101a0000101a1,
+        0x1d2000001d246,
+    ),
+    'Han': (
+        0x2e8000002e9a,
+        0x2e9b00002ef4,
+        0x2f0000002fd6,
+        0x300500003006,
+        0x300700003008,
+        0x30210000302a,
+        0x30380000303c,
+        0x340000004dc0,
+        0x4e000000a000,
+        0xf9000000fa6e,
+        0xfa700000fada,
+        0x16fe200016fe4,
+        0x16ff000016ff2,
+        0x200000002a6e0,
+        0x2a7000002b73a,
+        0x2b7400002b81e,
+        0x2b8200002cea2,
+        0x2ceb00002ebe1,
+        0x2f8000002fa1e,
+        0x300000003134b,
+        0x31350000323b0,
+    ),
+    'Hebrew': (
+        0x591000005c8,
+        0x5d0000005eb,
+        0x5ef000005f5,
+        0xfb1d0000fb37,
+        0xfb380000fb3d,
+        0xfb3e0000fb3f,
+        0xfb400000fb42,
+        0xfb430000fb45,
+        0xfb460000fb50,
+    ),
+    'Hiragana': (
+        0x304100003097,
+        0x309d000030a0,
+        0x1b0010001b120,
+        0x1b1320001b133,
+        0x1b1500001b153,
+        0x1f2000001f201,
+    ),
+    'Katakana': (
+        0x30a1000030fb,
+        0x30fd00003100,
+        0x31f000003200,
+        0x32d0000032ff,
+        0x330000003358,
+        0xff660000ff70,
+        0xff710000ff9e,
+        0x1aff00001aff4,
+        0x1aff50001affc,
+        0x1affd0001afff,
+        0x1b0000001b001,
+        0x1b1200001b123,
+        0x1b1550001b156,
+        0x1b1640001b168,
+    ),
+}
+joining_types = {
+    0x600: 85,
+    0x601: 85,
+    0x602: 85,
+    0x603: 85,
+    0x604: 85,
+    0x605: 85,
+    0x608: 85,
+    0x60b: 85,
+    0x620: 68,
+    0x621: 85,
+    0x622: 82,
+    0x623: 82,
+    0x624: 82,
+    0x625: 82,
+    0x626: 68,
+    0x627: 82,
+    0x628: 68,
+    0x629: 82,
+    0x62a: 68,
+    0x62b: 68,
+    0x62c: 68,
+    0x62d: 68,
+    0x62e: 68,
+    0x62f: 82,
+    0x630: 82,
+    0x631: 82,
+    0x632: 82,
+    0x633: 68,
+    0x634: 68,
+    0x635: 68,
+    0x636: 68,
+    0x637: 68,
+    0x638: 68,
+    0x639: 68,
+    0x63a: 68,
+    0x63b: 68,
+    0x63c: 68,
+    0x63d: 68,
+    0x63e: 68,
+    0x63f: 68,
+    0x640: 67,
+    0x641: 68,
+    0x642: 68,
+    0x643: 68,
+    0x644: 68,
+    0x645: 68,
+    0x646: 68,
+    0x647: 68,
+    0x648: 82,
+    0x649: 68,
+    0x64a: 68,
+    0x66e: 68,
+    0x66f: 68,
+    0x671: 82,
+    0x672: 82,
+    0x673: 82,
+    0x674: 85,
+    0x675: 82,
+    0x676: 82,
+    0x677: 82,
+    0x678: 68,
+    0x679: 68,
+    0x67a: 68,
+    0x67b: 68,
+    0x67c: 68,
+    0x67d: 68,
+    0x67e: 68,
+    0x67f: 68,
+    0x680: 68,
+    0x681: 68,
+    0x682: 68,
+    0x683: 68,
+    0x684: 68,
+    0x685: 68,
+    0x686: 68,
+    0x687: 68,
+    0x688: 82,
+    0x689: 82,
+    0x68a: 82,
+    0x68b: 82,
+    0x68c: 82,
+    0x68d: 82,
+    0x68e: 82,
+    0x68f: 82,
+    0x690: 82,
+    0x691: 82,
+    0x692: 82,
+    0x693: 82,
+    0x694: 82,
+    0x695: 82,
+    0x696: 82,
+    0x697: 82,
+    0x698: 82,
+    0x699: 82,
+    0x69a: 68,
+    0x69b: 68,
+    0x69c: 68,
+    0x69d: 68,
+    0x69e: 68,
+    0x69f: 68,
+    0x6a0: 68,
+    0x6a1: 68,
+    0x6a2: 68,
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+    0x1e93c: 68,
+    0x1e93d: 68,
+    0x1e93e: 68,
+    0x1e93f: 68,
+    0x1e940: 68,
+    0x1e941: 68,
+    0x1e942: 68,
+    0x1e943: 68,
+    0x1e94b: 84,
+}
+codepoint_classes = {
+    'PVALID': (
+        0x2d0000002e,
+        0x300000003a,
+        0x610000007b,
+        0xdf000000f7,
+        0xf800000100,
+        0x10100000102,
+        0x10300000104,
+        0x10500000106,
+        0x10700000108,
+        0x1090000010a,
+        0x10b0000010c,
+        0x10d0000010e,
+        0x10f00000110,
+        0x11100000112,
+        0x11300000114,
+        0x11500000116,
+        0x11700000118,
+        0x1190000011a,
+        0x11b0000011c,
+        0x11d0000011e,
+        0x11f00000120,
+        0x12100000122,
+        0x12300000124,
+        0x12500000126,
+        0x12700000128,
+        0x1290000012a,
+        0x12b0000012c,
+        0x12d0000012e,
+        0x12f00000130,
+        0x13100000132,
+        0x13500000136,
+        0x13700000139,
+        0x13a0000013b,
+        0x13c0000013d,
+        0x13e0000013f,
+        0x14200000143,
+        0x14400000145,
+        0x14600000147,
+        0x14800000149,
+        0x14b0000014c,
+        0x14d0000014e,
+        0x14f00000150,
+        0x15100000152,
+        0x15300000154,
+        0x15500000156,
+        0x15700000158,
+        0x1590000015a,
+        0x15b0000015c,
+        0x15d0000015e,
+        0x15f00000160,
+        0x16100000162,
+        0x16300000164,
+        0x16500000166,
+        0x16700000168,
+        0x1690000016a,
+        0x16b0000016c,
+        0x16d0000016e,
+        0x16f00000170,
+        0x17100000172,
+        0x17300000174,
+        0x17500000176,
+        0x17700000178,
+        0x17a0000017b,
+        0x17c0000017d,
+        0x17e0000017f,
+        0x18000000181,
+        0x18300000184,
+        0x18500000186,
+        0x18800000189,
+        0x18c0000018e,
+        0x19200000193,
+        0x19500000196,
+        0x1990000019c,
+        0x19e0000019f,
+        0x1a1000001a2,
+        0x1a3000001a4,
+        0x1a5000001a6,
+        0x1a8000001a9,
+        0x1aa000001ac,
+        0x1ad000001ae,
+        0x1b0000001b1,
+        0x1b4000001b5,
+        0x1b6000001b7,
+        0x1b9000001bc,
+        0x1bd000001c4,
+        0x1ce000001cf,
+        0x1d0000001d1,
+        0x1d2000001d3,
+        0x1d4000001d5,
+        0x1d6000001d7,
+        0x1d8000001d9,
+        0x1da000001db,
+        0x1dc000001de,
+        0x1df000001e0,
+        0x1e1000001e2,
+        0x1e3000001e4,
+        0x1e5000001e6,
+        0x1e7000001e8,
+        0x1e9000001ea,
+        0x1eb000001ec,
+        0x1ed000001ee,
+        0x1ef000001f1,
+        0x1f5000001f6,
+        0x1f9000001fa,
+        0x1fb000001fc,
+        0x1fd000001fe,
+        0x1ff00000200,
+        0x20100000202,
+        0x20300000204,
+        0x20500000206,
+        0x20700000208,
+        0x2090000020a,
+        0x20b0000020c,
+        0x20d0000020e,
+        0x20f00000210,
+        0x21100000212,
+        0x21300000214,
+        0x21500000216,
+        0x21700000218,
+        0x2190000021a,
+        0x21b0000021c,
+        0x21d0000021e,
+        0x21f00000220,
+        0x22100000222,
+        0x22300000224,
+        0x22500000226,
+        0x22700000228,
+        0x2290000022a,
+        0x22b0000022c,
+        0x22d0000022e,
+        0x22f00000230,
+        0x23100000232,
+        0x2330000023a,
+        0x23c0000023d,
+        0x23f00000241,
+        0x24200000243,
+        0x24700000248,
+        0x2490000024a,
+        0x24b0000024c,
+        0x24d0000024e,
+        0x24f000002b0,
+        0x2b9000002c2,
+        0x2c6000002d2,
+        0x2ec000002ed,
+        0x2ee000002ef,
+        0x30000000340,
+        0x34200000343,
+        0x3460000034f,
+        0x35000000370,
+        0x37100000372,
+        0x37300000374,
+        0x37700000378,
+        0x37b0000037e,
+        0x39000000391,
+        0x3ac000003cf,
+        0x3d7000003d8,
+        0x3d9000003da,
+        0x3db000003dc,
+        0x3dd000003de,
+        0x3df000003e0,
+        0x3e1000003e2,
+        0x3e3000003e4,
+        0x3e5000003e6,
+        0x3e7000003e8,
+        0x3e9000003ea,
+        0x3eb000003ec,
+        0x3ed000003ee,
+        0x3ef000003f0,
+        0x3f3000003f4,
+        0x3f8000003f9,
+        0x3fb000003fd,
+        0x43000000460,
+        0x46100000462,
+        0x46300000464,
+        0x46500000466,
+        0x46700000468,
+        0x4690000046a,
+        0x46b0000046c,
+        0x46d0000046e,
+        0x46f00000470,
+        0x47100000472,
+        0x47300000474,
+        0x47500000476,
+        0x47700000478,
+        0x4790000047a,
+        0x47b0000047c,
+        0x47d0000047e,
+        0x47f00000480,
+        0x48100000482,
+        0x48300000488,
+        0x48b0000048c,
+        0x48d0000048e,
+        0x48f00000490,
+        0x49100000492,
+        0x49300000494,
+        0x49500000496,
+        0x49700000498,
+        0x4990000049a,
+        0x49b0000049c,
+        0x49d0000049e,
+        0x49f000004a0,
+        0x4a1000004a2,
+        0x4a3000004a4,
+        0x4a5000004a6,
+        0x4a7000004a8,
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+        0x4af000004b0,
+        0x4b1000004b2,
+        0x4b3000004b4,
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+        0x4bb000004bc,
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+        0x4c2000004c3,
+        0x4c4000004c5,
+        0x4c6000004c7,
+        0x4c8000004c9,
+        0x4ca000004cb,
+        0x4cc000004cd,
+        0x4ce000004d0,
+        0x4d1000004d2,
+        0x4d3000004d4,
+        0x4d5000004d6,
+        0x4d7000004d8,
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+        0x4e1000004e2,
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+        0x4e5000004e6,
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+        0x4f1000004f2,
+        0x4f3000004f4,
+        0x4f5000004f6,
+        0x4f7000004f8,
+        0x4f9000004fa,
+        0x4fb000004fc,
+        0x4fd000004fe,
+        0x4ff00000500,
+        0x50100000502,
+        0x50300000504,
+        0x50500000506,
+        0x50700000508,
+        0x5090000050a,
+        0x50b0000050c,
+        0x50d0000050e,
+        0x50f00000510,
+        0x51100000512,
+        0x51300000514,
+        0x51500000516,
+        0x51700000518,
+        0x5190000051a,
+        0x51b0000051c,
+        0x51d0000051e,
+        0x51f00000520,
+        0x52100000522,
+        0x52300000524,
+        0x52500000526,
+        0x52700000528,
+        0x5290000052a,
+        0x52b0000052c,
+        0x52d0000052e,
+        0x52f00000530,
+        0x5590000055a,
+        0x56000000587,
+        0x58800000589,
+        0x591000005be,
+        0x5bf000005c0,
+        0x5c1000005c3,
+        0x5c4000005c6,
+        0x5c7000005c8,
+        0x5d0000005eb,
+        0x5ef000005f3,
+        0x6100000061b,
+        0x62000000640,
+        0x64100000660,
+        0x66e00000675,
+        0x679000006d4,
+        0x6d5000006dd,
+        0x6df000006e9,
+        0x6ea000006f0,
+        0x6fa00000700,
+        0x7100000074b,
+        0x74d000007b2,
+        0x7c0000007f6,
+        0x7fd000007fe,
+        0x8000000082e,
+        0x8400000085c,
+        0x8600000086b,
+        0x87000000888,
+        0x8890000088f,
+        0x898000008e2,
+        0x8e300000958,
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+        0x96600000970,
+        0x97100000984,
+        0x9850000098d,
+        0x98f00000991,
+        0x993000009a9,
+        0x9aa000009b1,
+        0x9b2000009b3,
+        0x9b6000009ba,
+        0x9bc000009c5,
+        0x9c7000009c9,
+        0x9cb000009cf,
+        0x9d7000009d8,
+        0x9e0000009e4,
+        0x9e6000009f2,
+        0x9fc000009fd,
+        0x9fe000009ff,
+        0xa0100000a04,
+        0xa0500000a0b,
+        0xa0f00000a11,
+        0xa1300000a29,
+        0xa2a00000a31,
+        0xa3200000a33,
+        0xa3500000a36,
+        0xa3800000a3a,
+        0xa3c00000a3d,
+        0xa3e00000a43,
+        0xa4700000a49,
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+        0xa5100000a52,
+        0xa5c00000a5d,
+        0xa6600000a76,
+        0xa8100000a84,
+        0xa8500000a8e,
+        0xa8f00000a92,
+        0xa9300000aa9,
+        0xaaa00000ab1,
+        0xab200000ab4,
+        0xab500000aba,
+        0xabc00000ac6,
+        0xac700000aca,
+        0xacb00000ace,
+        0xad000000ad1,
+        0xae000000ae4,
+        0xae600000af0,
+        0xaf900000b00,
+        0xb0100000b04,
+        0xb0500000b0d,
+        0xb0f00000b11,
+        0xb1300000b29,
+        0xb2a00000b31,
+        0xb3200000b34,
+        0xb3500000b3a,
+        0xb3c00000b45,
+        0xb4700000b49,
+        0xb4b00000b4e,
+        0xb5500000b58,
+        0xb5f00000b64,
+        0xb6600000b70,
+        0xb7100000b72,
+        0xb8200000b84,
+        0xb8500000b8b,
+        0xb8e00000b91,
+        0xb9200000b96,
+        0xb9900000b9b,
+        0xb9c00000b9d,
+        0xb9e00000ba0,
+        0xba300000ba5,
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+        0xbae00000bba,
+        0xbbe00000bc3,
+        0xbc600000bc9,
+        0xbca00000bce,
+        0xbd000000bd1,
+        0xbd700000bd8,
+        0xbe600000bf0,
+        0xc0000000c0d,
+        0xc0e00000c11,
+        0xc1200000c29,
+        0xc2a00000c3a,
+        0xc3c00000c45,
+        0xc4600000c49,
+        0xc4a00000c4e,
+        0xc5500000c57,
+        0xc5800000c5b,
+        0xc5d00000c5e,
+        0xc6000000c64,
+        0xc6600000c70,
+        0xc8000000c84,
+        0xc8500000c8d,
+        0xc8e00000c91,
+        0xc9200000ca9,
+        0xcaa00000cb4,
+        0xcb500000cba,
+        0xcbc00000cc5,
+        0xcc600000cc9,
+        0xcca00000cce,
+        0xcd500000cd7,
+        0xcdd00000cdf,
+        0xce000000ce4,
+        0xce600000cf0,
+        0xcf100000cf4,
+        0xd0000000d0d,
+        0xd0e00000d11,
+        0xd1200000d45,
+        0xd4600000d49,
+        0xd4a00000d4f,
+        0xd5400000d58,
+        0xd5f00000d64,
+        0xd6600000d70,
+        0xd7a00000d80,
+        0xd8100000d84,
+        0xd8500000d97,
+        0xd9a00000db2,
+        0xdb300000dbc,
+        0xdbd00000dbe,
+        0xdc000000dc7,
+        0xdca00000dcb,
+        0xdcf00000dd5,
+        0xdd600000dd7,
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+        0xdf200000df4,
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+    ),
+    'CONTEXTJ': (
+        0x200c0000200e,
+    ),
+    'CONTEXTO': (
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+        0x30fb000030fc,
+    ),
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/intranges.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/intranges.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a43b047
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/intranges.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""
+Given a list of integers, made up of (hopefully) a small number of long runs
+of consecutive integers, compute a representation of the form
+((start1, end1), (start2, end2) ...). Then answer the question "was x present
+in the original list?" in time O(log(# runs)).
+"""
+
+import bisect
+from typing import List, Tuple
+
+def intranges_from_list(list_: List[int]) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+    """Represent a list of integers as a sequence of ranges:
+    ((start_0, end_0), (start_1, end_1), ...), such that the original
+    integers are exactly those x such that start_i <= x < end_i for some i.
+
+    Ranges are encoded as single integers (start << 32 | end), not as tuples.
+    """
+
+    sorted_list = sorted(list_)
+    ranges = []
+    last_write = -1
+    for i in range(len(sorted_list)):
+        if i+1 < len(sorted_list):
+            if sorted_list[i] == sorted_list[i+1]-1:
+                continue
+        current_range = sorted_list[last_write+1:i+1]
+        ranges.append(_encode_range(current_range[0], current_range[-1] + 1))
+        last_write = i
+
+    return tuple(ranges)
+
+def _encode_range(start: int, end: int) -> int:
+    return (start << 32) | end
+
+def _decode_range(r: int) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    return (r >> 32), (r & ((1 << 32) - 1))
+
+
+def intranges_contain(int_: int, ranges: Tuple[int, ...]) -> bool:
+    """Determine if `int_` falls into one of the ranges in `ranges`."""
+    tuple_ = _encode_range(int_, 0)
+    pos = bisect.bisect_left(ranges, tuple_)
+    # we could be immediately ahead of a tuple (start, end)
+    # with start < int_ <= end
+    if pos > 0:
+        left, right = _decode_range(ranges[pos-1])
+        if left <= int_ < right:
+            return True
+    # or we could be immediately behind a tuple (int_, end)
+    if pos < len(ranges):
+        left, _ = _decode_range(ranges[pos])
+        if left == int_:
+            return True
+    return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/package_data.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/package_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8501893b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/package_data.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+__version__ = '3.4'
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/uts46data.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/uts46data.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..186796c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/idna/uts46data.py
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+# This file is automatically generated by tools/idna-data
+# vim: set fileencoding=utf-8 :
+
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
+
+
+"""IDNA Mapping Table from UTS46."""
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+def _seg_81() -> List[Union[Tuple[int, str], Tuple[int, str, str]]]:
+    return [
+    (0x2F9D6, 'M', '贛'),
+    (0x2F9D7, 'M', '起'),
+    (0x2F9D8, 'M', '𧼯'),
+    (0x2F9D9, 'M', '𠠄'),
+    (0x2F9DA, 'M', '跋'),
+    (0x2F9DB, 'M', '趼'),
+    (0x2F9DC, 'M', '跰'),
+    (0x2F9DD, 'M', '𠣞'),
+    (0x2F9DE, 'M', '軔'),
+    (0x2F9DF, 'M', '輸'),
+    (0x2F9E0, 'M', '𨗒'),
+    (0x2F9E1, 'M', '𨗭'),
+    (0x2F9E2, 'M', '邔'),
+    (0x2F9E3, 'M', '郱'),
+    (0x2F9E4, 'M', '鄑'),
+    (0x2F9E5, 'M', '𨜮'),
+    (0x2F9E6, 'M', '鄛'),
+    (0x2F9E7, 'M', '鈸'),
+    (0x2F9E8, 'M', '鋗'),
+    (0x2F9E9, 'M', '鋘'),
+    (0x2F9EA, 'M', '鉼'),
+    (0x2F9EB, 'M', '鏹'),
+    (0x2F9EC, 'M', '鐕'),
+    (0x2F9ED, 'M', '𨯺'),
+    (0x2F9EE, 'M', '開'),
+    (0x2F9EF, 'M', '䦕'),
+    (0x2F9F0, 'M', '閷'),
+    (0x2F9F1, 'M', '𨵷'),
+    (0x2F9F2, 'M', '䧦'),
+    (0x2F9F3, 'M', '雃'),
+    (0x2F9F4, 'M', '嶲'),
+    (0x2F9F5, 'M', '霣'),
+    (0x2F9F6, 'M', '𩅅'),
+    (0x2F9F7, 'M', '𩈚'),
+    (0x2F9F8, 'M', '䩮'),
+    (0x2F9F9, 'M', '䩶'),
+    (0x2F9FA, 'M', '韠'),
+    (0x2F9FB, 'M', '𩐊'),
+    (0x2F9FC, 'M', '䪲'),
+    (0x2F9FD, 'M', '𩒖'),
+    (0x2F9FE, 'M', '頋'),
+    (0x2FA00, 'M', '頩'),
+    (0x2FA01, 'M', '𩖶'),
+    (0x2FA02, 'M', '飢'),
+    (0x2FA03, 'M', '䬳'),
+    (0x2FA04, 'M', '餩'),
+    (0x2FA05, 'M', '馧'),
+    (0x2FA06, 'M', '駂'),
+    (0x2FA07, 'M', '駾'),
+    (0x2FA08, 'M', '䯎'),
+    (0x2FA09, 'M', '𩬰'),
+    (0x2FA0A, 'M', '鬒'),
+    (0x2FA0B, 'M', '鱀'),
+    (0x2FA0C, 'M', '鳽'),
+    (0x2FA0D, 'M', '䳎'),
+    (0x2FA0E, 'M', '䳭'),
+    (0x2FA0F, 'M', '鵧'),
+    (0x2FA10, 'M', '𪃎'),
+    (0x2FA11, 'M', '䳸'),
+    (0x2FA12, 'M', '𪄅'),
+    (0x2FA13, 'M', '𪈎'),
+    (0x2FA14, 'M', '𪊑'),
+    (0x2FA15, 'M', '麻'),
+    (0x2FA16, 'M', '䵖'),
+    (0x2FA17, 'M', '黹'),
+    (0x2FA18, 'M', '黾'),
+    (0x2FA19, 'M', '鼅'),
+    (0x2FA1A, 'M', '鼏'),
+    (0x2FA1B, 'M', '鼖'),
+    (0x2FA1C, 'M', '鼻'),
+    (0x2FA1D, 'M', '𪘀'),
+    (0x2FA1E, 'X'),
+    (0x30000, 'V'),
+    (0x3134B, 'X'),
+    (0x31350, 'V'),
+    (0x323B0, 'X'),
+    (0xE0100, 'I'),
+    (0xE01F0, 'X'),
+    ]
+
+uts46data = tuple(
+    _seg_0()
+    + _seg_1()
+    + _seg_2()
+    + _seg_3()
+    + _seg_4()
+    + _seg_5()
+    + _seg_6()
+    + _seg_7()
+    + _seg_8()
+    + _seg_9()
+    + _seg_10()
+    + _seg_11()
+    + _seg_12()
+    + _seg_13()
+    + _seg_14()
+    + _seg_15()
+    + _seg_16()
+    + _seg_17()
+    + _seg_18()
+    + _seg_19()
+    + _seg_20()
+    + _seg_21()
+    + _seg_22()
+    + _seg_23()
+    + _seg_24()
+    + _seg_25()
+    + _seg_26()
+    + _seg_27()
+    + _seg_28()
+    + _seg_29()
+    + _seg_30()
+    + _seg_31()
+    + _seg_32()
+    + _seg_33()
+    + _seg_34()
+    + _seg_35()
+    + _seg_36()
+    + _seg_37()
+    + _seg_38()
+    + _seg_39()
+    + _seg_40()
+    + _seg_41()
+    + _seg_42()
+    + _seg_43()
+    + _seg_44()
+    + _seg_45()
+    + _seg_46()
+    + _seg_47()
+    + _seg_48()
+    + _seg_49()
+    + _seg_50()
+    + _seg_51()
+    + _seg_52()
+    + _seg_53()
+    + _seg_54()
+    + _seg_55()
+    + _seg_56()
+    + _seg_57()
+    + _seg_58()
+    + _seg_59()
+    + _seg_60()
+    + _seg_61()
+    + _seg_62()
+    + _seg_63()
+    + _seg_64()
+    + _seg_65()
+    + _seg_66()
+    + _seg_67()
+    + _seg_68()
+    + _seg_69()
+    + _seg_70()
+    + _seg_71()
+    + _seg_72()
+    + _seg_73()
+    + _seg_74()
+    + _seg_75()
+    + _seg_76()
+    + _seg_77()
+    + _seg_78()
+    + _seg_79()
+    + _seg_80()
+    + _seg_81()
+)  # type: Tuple[Union[Tuple[int, str], Tuple[int, str, str]], ...]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1300b866
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from .exceptions import *
+from .ext import ExtType, Timestamp
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+version = (1, 0, 5)
+__version__ = "1.0.5"
+
+
+if os.environ.get("MSGPACK_PUREPYTHON") or sys.version_info[0] == 2:
+    from .fallback import Packer, unpackb, Unpacker
+else:
+    try:
+        from ._cmsgpack import Packer, unpackb, Unpacker
+    except ImportError:
+        from .fallback import Packer, unpackb, Unpacker
+
+
+def pack(o, stream, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Pack object `o` and write it to `stream`
+
+    See :class:`Packer` for options.
+    """
+    packer = Packer(**kwargs)
+    stream.write(packer.pack(o))
+
+
+def packb(o, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Pack object `o` and return packed bytes
+
+    See :class:`Packer` for options.
+    """
+    return Packer(**kwargs).pack(o)
+
+
+def unpack(stream, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Unpack an object from `stream`.
+
+    Raises `ExtraData` when `stream` contains extra bytes.
+    See :class:`Unpacker` for options.
+    """
+    data = stream.read()
+    return unpackb(data, **kwargs)
+
+
+# alias for compatibility to simplejson/marshal/pickle.
+load = unpack
+loads = unpackb
+
+dump = pack
+dumps = packb
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/exceptions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/exceptions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/ext.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/ext.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/fallback.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/__pycache__/fallback.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6d2615c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+class UnpackException(Exception):
+    """Base class for some exceptions raised while unpacking.
+
+    NOTE: unpack may raise exception other than subclass of
+    UnpackException.  If you want to catch all error, catch
+    Exception instead.
+    """
+
+
+class BufferFull(UnpackException):
+    pass
+
+
+class OutOfData(UnpackException):
+    pass
+
+
+class FormatError(ValueError, UnpackException):
+    """Invalid msgpack format"""
+
+
+class StackError(ValueError, UnpackException):
+    """Too nested"""
+
+
+# Deprecated.  Use ValueError instead
+UnpackValueError = ValueError
+
+
+class ExtraData(UnpackValueError):
+    """ExtraData is raised when there is trailing data.
+
+    This exception is raised while only one-shot (not streaming)
+    unpack.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, unpacked, extra):
+        self.unpacked = unpacked
+        self.extra = extra
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "unpack(b) received extra data."
+
+
+# Deprecated.  Use Exception instead to catch all exception during packing.
+PackException = Exception
+PackValueError = ValueError
+PackOverflowError = OverflowError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/ext.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23e0d6b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/ext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+from collections import namedtuple
+import datetime
+import sys
+import struct
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+
+if PY2:
+    int_types = (int, long)
+    _utc = None
+else:
+    int_types = int
+    try:
+        _utc = datetime.timezone.utc
+    except AttributeError:
+        _utc = datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(0))
+
+
+class ExtType(namedtuple("ExtType", "code data")):
+    """ExtType represents ext type in msgpack."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, code, data):
+        if not isinstance(code, int):
+            raise TypeError("code must be int")
+        if not isinstance(data, bytes):
+            raise TypeError("data must be bytes")
+        if not 0 <= code <= 127:
+            raise ValueError("code must be 0~127")
+        return super(ExtType, cls).__new__(cls, code, data)
+
+
+class Timestamp(object):
+    """Timestamp represents the Timestamp extension type in msgpack.
+
+    When built with Cython, msgpack uses C methods to pack and unpack `Timestamp`. When using pure-Python
+    msgpack, :func:`to_bytes` and :func:`from_bytes` are used to pack and unpack `Timestamp`.
+
+    This class is immutable: Do not override seconds and nanoseconds.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ["seconds", "nanoseconds"]
+
+    def __init__(self, seconds, nanoseconds=0):
+        """Initialize a Timestamp object.
+
+        :param int seconds:
+            Number of seconds since the UNIX epoch (00:00:00 UTC Jan 1 1970, minus leap seconds).
+            May be negative.
+
+        :param int nanoseconds:
+            Number of nanoseconds to add to `seconds` to get fractional time.
+            Maximum is 999_999_999.  Default is 0.
+
+        Note: Negative times (before the UNIX epoch) are represented as negative seconds + positive ns.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(seconds, int_types):
+            raise TypeError("seconds must be an integer")
+        if not isinstance(nanoseconds, int_types):
+            raise TypeError("nanoseconds must be an integer")
+        if not (0 <= nanoseconds < 10**9):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "nanoseconds must be a non-negative integer less than 999999999."
+            )
+        self.seconds = seconds
+        self.nanoseconds = nanoseconds
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """String representation of Timestamp."""
+        return "Timestamp(seconds={0}, nanoseconds={1})".format(
+            self.seconds, self.nanoseconds
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """Check for equality with another Timestamp object"""
+        if type(other) is self.__class__:
+            return (
+                self.seconds == other.seconds and self.nanoseconds == other.nanoseconds
+            )
+        return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """not-equals method (see :func:`__eq__()`)"""
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash((self.seconds, self.nanoseconds))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_bytes(b):
+        """Unpack bytes into a `Timestamp` object.
+
+        Used for pure-Python msgpack unpacking.
+
+        :param b: Payload from msgpack ext message with code -1
+        :type b: bytes
+
+        :returns: Timestamp object unpacked from msgpack ext payload
+        :rtype: Timestamp
+        """
+        if len(b) == 4:
+            seconds = struct.unpack("!L", b)[0]
+            nanoseconds = 0
+        elif len(b) == 8:
+            data64 = struct.unpack("!Q", b)[0]
+            seconds = data64 & 0x00000003FFFFFFFF
+            nanoseconds = data64 >> 34
+        elif len(b) == 12:
+            nanoseconds, seconds = struct.unpack("!Iq", b)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Timestamp type can only be created from 32, 64, or 96-bit byte objects"
+            )
+        return Timestamp(seconds, nanoseconds)
+
+    def to_bytes(self):
+        """Pack this Timestamp object into bytes.
+
+        Used for pure-Python msgpack packing.
+
+        :returns data: Payload for EXT message with code -1 (timestamp type)
+        :rtype: bytes
+        """
+        if (self.seconds >> 34) == 0:  # seconds is non-negative and fits in 34 bits
+            data64 = self.nanoseconds << 34 | self.seconds
+            if data64 & 0xFFFFFFFF00000000 == 0:
+                # nanoseconds is zero and seconds < 2**32, so timestamp 32
+                data = struct.pack("!L", data64)
+            else:
+                # timestamp 64
+                data = struct.pack("!Q", data64)
+        else:
+            # timestamp 96
+            data = struct.pack("!Iq", self.nanoseconds, self.seconds)
+        return data
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_unix(unix_sec):
+        """Create a Timestamp from posix timestamp in seconds.
+
+        :param unix_float: Posix timestamp in seconds.
+        :type unix_float: int or float.
+        """
+        seconds = int(unix_sec // 1)
+        nanoseconds = int((unix_sec % 1) * 10**9)
+        return Timestamp(seconds, nanoseconds)
+
+    def to_unix(self):
+        """Get the timestamp as a floating-point value.
+
+        :returns: posix timestamp
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        return self.seconds + self.nanoseconds / 1e9
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_unix_nano(unix_ns):
+        """Create a Timestamp from posix timestamp in nanoseconds.
+
+        :param int unix_ns: Posix timestamp in nanoseconds.
+        :rtype: Timestamp
+        """
+        return Timestamp(*divmod(unix_ns, 10**9))
+
+    def to_unix_nano(self):
+        """Get the timestamp as a unixtime in nanoseconds.
+
+        :returns: posix timestamp in nanoseconds
+        :rtype: int
+        """
+        return self.seconds * 10**9 + self.nanoseconds
+
+    def to_datetime(self):
+        """Get the timestamp as a UTC datetime.
+
+        Python 2 is not supported.
+
+        :rtype: datetime.
+        """
+        return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(0, _utc) + datetime.timedelta(
+            seconds=self.to_unix()
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_datetime(dt):
+        """Create a Timestamp from datetime with tzinfo.
+
+        Python 2 is not supported.
+
+        :rtype: Timestamp
+        """
+        return Timestamp.from_unix(dt.timestamp())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/fallback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/fallback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8cebc1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/msgpack/fallback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1010 @@
+"""Fallback pure Python implementation of msgpack"""
+from datetime import datetime as _DateTime
+import sys
+import struct
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+if PY2:
+    int_types = (int, long)
+
+    def dict_iteritems(d):
+        return d.iteritems()
+
+else:
+    int_types = int
+    unicode = str
+    xrange = range
+
+    def dict_iteritems(d):
+        return d.items()
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 5):
+    # Ugly hack...
+    RecursionError = RuntimeError
+
+    def _is_recursionerror(e):
+        return (
+            len(e.args) == 1
+            and isinstance(e.args[0], str)
+            and e.args[0].startswith("maximum recursion depth exceeded")
+        )
+
+else:
+
+    def _is_recursionerror(e):
+        return True
+
+
+if hasattr(sys, "pypy_version_info"):
+    # StringIO is slow on PyPy, StringIO is faster.  However: PyPy's own
+    # StringBuilder is fastest.
+    from __pypy__ import newlist_hint
+
+    try:
+        from __pypy__.builders import BytesBuilder as StringBuilder
+    except ImportError:
+        from __pypy__.builders import StringBuilder
+    USING_STRINGBUILDER = True
+
+    class StringIO(object):
+        def __init__(self, s=b""):
+            if s:
+                self.builder = StringBuilder(len(s))
+                self.builder.append(s)
+            else:
+                self.builder = StringBuilder()
+
+        def write(self, s):
+            if isinstance(s, memoryview):
+                s = s.tobytes()
+            elif isinstance(s, bytearray):
+                s = bytes(s)
+            self.builder.append(s)
+
+        def getvalue(self):
+            return self.builder.build()
+
+else:
+    USING_STRINGBUILDER = False
+    from io import BytesIO as StringIO
+
+    newlist_hint = lambda size: []
+
+
+from .exceptions import BufferFull, OutOfData, ExtraData, FormatError, StackError
+
+from .ext import ExtType, Timestamp
+
+
+EX_SKIP = 0
+EX_CONSTRUCT = 1
+EX_READ_ARRAY_HEADER = 2
+EX_READ_MAP_HEADER = 3
+
+TYPE_IMMEDIATE = 0
+TYPE_ARRAY = 1
+TYPE_MAP = 2
+TYPE_RAW = 3
+TYPE_BIN = 4
+TYPE_EXT = 5
+
+DEFAULT_RECURSE_LIMIT = 511
+
+
+def _check_type_strict(obj, t, type=type, tuple=tuple):
+    if type(t) is tuple:
+        return type(obj) in t
+    else:
+        return type(obj) is t
+
+
+def _get_data_from_buffer(obj):
+    view = memoryview(obj)
+    if view.itemsize != 1:
+        raise ValueError("cannot unpack from multi-byte object")
+    return view
+
+
+def unpackb(packed, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Unpack an object from `packed`.
+
+    Raises ``ExtraData`` when *packed* contains extra bytes.
+    Raises ``ValueError`` when *packed* is incomplete.
+    Raises ``FormatError`` when *packed* is not valid msgpack.
+    Raises ``StackError`` when *packed* contains too nested.
+    Other exceptions can be raised during unpacking.
+
+    See :class:`Unpacker` for options.
+    """
+    unpacker = Unpacker(None, max_buffer_size=len(packed), **kwargs)
+    unpacker.feed(packed)
+    try:
+        ret = unpacker._unpack()
+    except OutOfData:
+        raise ValueError("Unpack failed: incomplete input")
+    except RecursionError as e:
+        if _is_recursionerror(e):
+            raise StackError
+        raise
+    if unpacker._got_extradata():
+        raise ExtraData(ret, unpacker._get_extradata())
+    return ret
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (2, 7, 6):
+
+    def _unpack_from(f, b, o=0):
+        """Explicit type cast for legacy struct.unpack_from"""
+        return struct.unpack_from(f, bytes(b), o)
+
+else:
+    _unpack_from = struct.unpack_from
+
+_NO_FORMAT_USED = ""
+_MSGPACK_HEADERS = {
+    0xC4: (1, _NO_FORMAT_USED, TYPE_BIN),
+    0xC5: (2, ">H", TYPE_BIN),
+    0xC6: (4, ">I", TYPE_BIN),
+    0xC7: (2, "Bb", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xC8: (3, ">Hb", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xC9: (5, ">Ib", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xCA: (4, ">f"),
+    0xCB: (8, ">d"),
+    0xCC: (1, _NO_FORMAT_USED),
+    0xCD: (2, ">H"),
+    0xCE: (4, ">I"),
+    0xCF: (8, ">Q"),
+    0xD0: (1, "b"),
+    0xD1: (2, ">h"),
+    0xD2: (4, ">i"),
+    0xD3: (8, ">q"),
+    0xD4: (1, "b1s", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xD5: (2, "b2s", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xD6: (4, "b4s", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xD7: (8, "b8s", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xD8: (16, "b16s", TYPE_EXT),
+    0xD9: (1, _NO_FORMAT_USED, TYPE_RAW),
+    0xDA: (2, ">H", TYPE_RAW),
+    0xDB: (4, ">I", TYPE_RAW),
+    0xDC: (2, ">H", TYPE_ARRAY),
+    0xDD: (4, ">I", TYPE_ARRAY),
+    0xDE: (2, ">H", TYPE_MAP),
+    0xDF: (4, ">I", TYPE_MAP),
+}
+
+
+class Unpacker(object):
+    """Streaming unpacker.
+
+    Arguments:
+
+    :param file_like:
+        File-like object having `.read(n)` method.
+        If specified, unpacker reads serialized data from it and :meth:`feed()` is not usable.
+
+    :param int read_size:
+        Used as `file_like.read(read_size)`. (default: `min(16*1024, max_buffer_size)`)
+
+    :param bool use_list:
+        If true, unpack msgpack array to Python list.
+        Otherwise, unpack to Python tuple. (default: True)
+
+    :param bool raw:
+        If true, unpack msgpack raw to Python bytes.
+        Otherwise, unpack to Python str by decoding with UTF-8 encoding (default).
+
+    :param int timestamp:
+        Control how timestamp type is unpacked:
+
+            0 - Timestamp
+            1 - float  (Seconds from the EPOCH)
+            2 - int  (Nanoseconds from the EPOCH)
+            3 - datetime.datetime  (UTC).  Python 2 is not supported.
+
+    :param bool strict_map_key:
+        If true (default), only str or bytes are accepted for map (dict) keys.
+
+    :param callable object_hook:
+        When specified, it should be callable.
+        Unpacker calls it with a dict argument after unpacking msgpack map.
+        (See also simplejson)
+
+    :param callable object_pairs_hook:
+        When specified, it should be callable.
+        Unpacker calls it with a list of key-value pairs after unpacking msgpack map.
+        (See also simplejson)
+
+    :param str unicode_errors:
+        The error handler for decoding unicode. (default: 'strict')
+        This option should be used only when you have msgpack data which
+        contains invalid UTF-8 string.
+
+    :param int max_buffer_size:
+        Limits size of data waiting unpacked.  0 means 2**32-1.
+        The default value is 100*1024*1024 (100MiB).
+        Raises `BufferFull` exception when it is insufficient.
+        You should set this parameter when unpacking data from untrusted source.
+
+    :param int max_str_len:
+        Deprecated, use *max_buffer_size* instead.
+        Limits max length of str. (default: max_buffer_size)
+
+    :param int max_bin_len:
+        Deprecated, use *max_buffer_size* instead.
+        Limits max length of bin. (default: max_buffer_size)
+
+    :param int max_array_len:
+        Limits max length of array.
+        (default: max_buffer_size)
+
+    :param int max_map_len:
+        Limits max length of map.
+        (default: max_buffer_size//2)
+
+    :param int max_ext_len:
+        Deprecated, use *max_buffer_size* instead.
+        Limits max size of ext type.  (default: max_buffer_size)
+
+    Example of streaming deserialize from file-like object::
+
+        unpacker = Unpacker(file_like)
+        for o in unpacker:
+            process(o)
+
+    Example of streaming deserialize from socket::
+
+        unpacker = Unpacker()
+        while True:
+            buf = sock.recv(1024**2)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            unpacker.feed(buf)
+            for o in unpacker:
+                process(o)
+
+    Raises ``ExtraData`` when *packed* contains extra bytes.
+    Raises ``OutOfData`` when *packed* is incomplete.
+    Raises ``FormatError`` when *packed* is not valid msgpack.
+    Raises ``StackError`` when *packed* contains too nested.
+    Other exceptions can be raised during unpacking.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        file_like=None,
+        read_size=0,
+        use_list=True,
+        raw=False,
+        timestamp=0,
+        strict_map_key=True,
+        object_hook=None,
+        object_pairs_hook=None,
+        list_hook=None,
+        unicode_errors=None,
+        max_buffer_size=100 * 1024 * 1024,
+        ext_hook=ExtType,
+        max_str_len=-1,
+        max_bin_len=-1,
+        max_array_len=-1,
+        max_map_len=-1,
+        max_ext_len=-1,
+    ):
+        if unicode_errors is None:
+            unicode_errors = "strict"
+
+        if file_like is None:
+            self._feeding = True
+        else:
+            if not callable(file_like.read):
+                raise TypeError("`file_like.read` must be callable")
+            self.file_like = file_like
+            self._feeding = False
+
+        #: array of bytes fed.
+        self._buffer = bytearray()
+        #: Which position we currently reads
+        self._buff_i = 0
+
+        # When Unpacker is used as an iterable, between the calls to next(),
+        # the buffer is not "consumed" completely, for efficiency sake.
+        # Instead, it is done sloppily.  To make sure we raise BufferFull at
+        # the correct moments, we have to keep track of how sloppy we were.
+        # Furthermore, when the buffer is incomplete (that is: in the case
+        # we raise an OutOfData) we need to rollback the buffer to the correct
+        # state, which _buf_checkpoint records.
+        self._buf_checkpoint = 0
+
+        if not max_buffer_size:
+            max_buffer_size = 2**31 - 1
+        if max_str_len == -1:
+            max_str_len = max_buffer_size
+        if max_bin_len == -1:
+            max_bin_len = max_buffer_size
+        if max_array_len == -1:
+            max_array_len = max_buffer_size
+        if max_map_len == -1:
+            max_map_len = max_buffer_size // 2
+        if max_ext_len == -1:
+            max_ext_len = max_buffer_size
+
+        self._max_buffer_size = max_buffer_size
+        if read_size > self._max_buffer_size:
+            raise ValueError("read_size must be smaller than max_buffer_size")
+        self._read_size = read_size or min(self._max_buffer_size, 16 * 1024)
+        self._raw = bool(raw)
+        self._strict_map_key = bool(strict_map_key)
+        self._unicode_errors = unicode_errors
+        self._use_list = use_list
+        if not (0 <= timestamp <= 3):
+            raise ValueError("timestamp must be 0..3")
+        self._timestamp = timestamp
+        self._list_hook = list_hook
+        self._object_hook = object_hook
+        self._object_pairs_hook = object_pairs_hook
+        self._ext_hook = ext_hook
+        self._max_str_len = max_str_len
+        self._max_bin_len = max_bin_len
+        self._max_array_len = max_array_len
+        self._max_map_len = max_map_len
+        self._max_ext_len = max_ext_len
+        self._stream_offset = 0
+
+        if list_hook is not None and not callable(list_hook):
+            raise TypeError("`list_hook` is not callable")
+        if object_hook is not None and not callable(object_hook):
+            raise TypeError("`object_hook` is not callable")
+        if object_pairs_hook is not None and not callable(object_pairs_hook):
+            raise TypeError("`object_pairs_hook` is not callable")
+        if object_hook is not None and object_pairs_hook is not None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "object_pairs_hook and object_hook are mutually " "exclusive"
+            )
+        if not callable(ext_hook):
+            raise TypeError("`ext_hook` is not callable")
+
+    def feed(self, next_bytes):
+        assert self._feeding
+        view = _get_data_from_buffer(next_bytes)
+        if len(self._buffer) - self._buff_i + len(view) > self._max_buffer_size:
+            raise BufferFull
+
+        # Strip buffer before checkpoint before reading file.
+        if self._buf_checkpoint > 0:
+            del self._buffer[: self._buf_checkpoint]
+            self._buff_i -= self._buf_checkpoint
+            self._buf_checkpoint = 0
+
+        # Use extend here: INPLACE_ADD += doesn't reliably typecast memoryview in jython
+        self._buffer.extend(view)
+
+    def _consume(self):
+        """Gets rid of the used parts of the buffer."""
+        self._stream_offset += self._buff_i - self._buf_checkpoint
+        self._buf_checkpoint = self._buff_i
+
+    def _got_extradata(self):
+        return self._buff_i < len(self._buffer)
+
+    def _get_extradata(self):
+        return self._buffer[self._buff_i :]
+
+    def read_bytes(self, n):
+        ret = self._read(n, raise_outofdata=False)
+        self._consume()
+        return ret
+
+    def _read(self, n, raise_outofdata=True):
+        # (int) -> bytearray
+        self._reserve(n, raise_outofdata=raise_outofdata)
+        i = self._buff_i
+        ret = self._buffer[i : i + n]
+        self._buff_i = i + len(ret)
+        return ret
+
+    def _reserve(self, n, raise_outofdata=True):
+        remain_bytes = len(self._buffer) - self._buff_i - n
+
+        # Fast path: buffer has n bytes already
+        if remain_bytes >= 0:
+            return
+
+        if self._feeding:
+            self._buff_i = self._buf_checkpoint
+            raise OutOfData
+
+        # Strip buffer before checkpoint before reading file.
+        if self._buf_checkpoint > 0:
+            del self._buffer[: self._buf_checkpoint]
+            self._buff_i -= self._buf_checkpoint
+            self._buf_checkpoint = 0
+
+        # Read from file
+        remain_bytes = -remain_bytes
+        if remain_bytes + len(self._buffer) > self._max_buffer_size:
+            raise BufferFull
+        while remain_bytes > 0:
+            to_read_bytes = max(self._read_size, remain_bytes)
+            read_data = self.file_like.read(to_read_bytes)
+            if not read_data:
+                break
+            assert isinstance(read_data, bytes)
+            self._buffer += read_data
+            remain_bytes -= len(read_data)
+
+        if len(self._buffer) < n + self._buff_i and raise_outofdata:
+            self._buff_i = 0  # rollback
+            raise OutOfData
+
+    def _read_header(self):
+        typ = TYPE_IMMEDIATE
+        n = 0
+        obj = None
+        self._reserve(1)
+        b = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
+        self._buff_i += 1
+        if b & 0b10000000 == 0:
+            obj = b
+        elif b & 0b11100000 == 0b11100000:
+            obj = -1 - (b ^ 0xFF)
+        elif b & 0b11100000 == 0b10100000:
+            n = b & 0b00011111
+            typ = TYPE_RAW
+            if n > self._max_str_len:
+                raise ValueError("%s exceeds max_str_len(%s)" % (n, self._max_str_len))
+            obj = self._read(n)
+        elif b & 0b11110000 == 0b10010000:
+            n = b & 0b00001111
+            typ = TYPE_ARRAY
+            if n > self._max_array_len:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "%s exceeds max_array_len(%s)" % (n, self._max_array_len)
+                )
+        elif b & 0b11110000 == 0b10000000:
+            n = b & 0b00001111
+            typ = TYPE_MAP
+            if n > self._max_map_len:
+                raise ValueError("%s exceeds max_map_len(%s)" % (n, self._max_map_len))
+        elif b == 0xC0:
+            obj = None
+        elif b == 0xC2:
+            obj = False
+        elif b == 0xC3:
+            obj = True
+        elif 0xC4 <= b <= 0xC6:
+            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
+            self._reserve(size)
+            if len(fmt) > 0:
+                n = _unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)[0]
+            else:
+                n = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
+            self._buff_i += size
+            if n > self._max_bin_len:
+                raise ValueError("%s exceeds max_bin_len(%s)" % (n, self._max_bin_len))
+            obj = self._read(n)
+        elif 0xC7 <= b <= 0xC9:
+            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
+            self._reserve(size)
+            L, n = _unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
+            self._buff_i += size
+            if L > self._max_ext_len:
+                raise ValueError("%s exceeds max_ext_len(%s)" % (L, self._max_ext_len))
+            obj = self._read(L)
+        elif 0xCA <= b <= 0xD3:
+            size, fmt = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
+            self._reserve(size)
+            if len(fmt) > 0:
+                obj = _unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)[0]
+            else:
+                obj = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
+            self._buff_i += size
+        elif 0xD4 <= b <= 0xD8:
+            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
+            if self._max_ext_len < size:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "%s exceeds max_ext_len(%s)" % (size, self._max_ext_len)
+                )
+            self._reserve(size + 1)
+            n, obj = _unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
+            self._buff_i += size + 1
+        elif 0xD9 <= b <= 0xDB:
+            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
+            self._reserve(size)
+            if len(fmt) > 0:
+                (n,) = _unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
+            else:
+                n = self._buffer[self._buff_i]
+            self._buff_i += size
+            if n > self._max_str_len:
+                raise ValueError("%s exceeds max_str_len(%s)" % (n, self._max_str_len))
+            obj = self._read(n)
+        elif 0xDC <= b <= 0xDD:
+            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
+            self._reserve(size)
+            (n,) = _unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
+            self._buff_i += size
+            if n > self._max_array_len:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "%s exceeds max_array_len(%s)" % (n, self._max_array_len)
+                )
+        elif 0xDE <= b <= 0xDF:
+            size, fmt, typ = _MSGPACK_HEADERS[b]
+            self._reserve(size)
+            (n,) = _unpack_from(fmt, self._buffer, self._buff_i)
+            self._buff_i += size
+            if n > self._max_map_len:
+                raise ValueError("%s exceeds max_map_len(%s)" % (n, self._max_map_len))
+        else:
+            raise FormatError("Unknown header: 0x%x" % b)
+        return typ, n, obj
+
+    def _unpack(self, execute=EX_CONSTRUCT):
+        typ, n, obj = self._read_header()
+
+        if execute == EX_READ_ARRAY_HEADER:
+            if typ != TYPE_ARRAY:
+                raise ValueError("Expected array")
+            return n
+        if execute == EX_READ_MAP_HEADER:
+            if typ != TYPE_MAP:
+                raise ValueError("Expected map")
+            return n
+        # TODO should we eliminate the recursion?
+        if typ == TYPE_ARRAY:
+            if execute == EX_SKIP:
+                for i in xrange(n):
+                    # TODO check whether we need to call `list_hook`
+                    self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
+                return
+            ret = newlist_hint(n)
+            for i in xrange(n):
+                ret.append(self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT))
+            if self._list_hook is not None:
+                ret = self._list_hook(ret)
+            # TODO is the interaction between `list_hook` and `use_list` ok?
+            return ret if self._use_list else tuple(ret)
+        if typ == TYPE_MAP:
+            if execute == EX_SKIP:
+                for i in xrange(n):
+                    # TODO check whether we need to call hooks
+                    self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
+                    self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
+                return
+            if self._object_pairs_hook is not None:
+                ret = self._object_pairs_hook(
+                    (self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT), self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT))
+                    for _ in xrange(n)
+                )
+            else:
+                ret = {}
+                for _ in xrange(n):
+                    key = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
+                    if self._strict_map_key and type(key) not in (unicode, bytes):
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "%s is not allowed for map key" % str(type(key))
+                        )
+                    if not PY2 and type(key) is str:
+                        key = sys.intern(key)
+                    ret[key] = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
+                if self._object_hook is not None:
+                    ret = self._object_hook(ret)
+            return ret
+        if execute == EX_SKIP:
+            return
+        if typ == TYPE_RAW:
+            if self._raw:
+                obj = bytes(obj)
+            else:
+                obj = obj.decode("utf_8", self._unicode_errors)
+            return obj
+        if typ == TYPE_BIN:
+            return bytes(obj)
+        if typ == TYPE_EXT:
+            if n == -1:  # timestamp
+                ts = Timestamp.from_bytes(bytes(obj))
+                if self._timestamp == 1:
+                    return ts.to_unix()
+                elif self._timestamp == 2:
+                    return ts.to_unix_nano()
+                elif self._timestamp == 3:
+                    return ts.to_datetime()
+                else:
+                    return ts
+            else:
+                return self._ext_hook(n, bytes(obj))
+        assert typ == TYPE_IMMEDIATE
+        return obj
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        try:
+            ret = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
+            self._consume()
+            return ret
+        except OutOfData:
+            self._consume()
+            raise StopIteration
+        except RecursionError:
+            raise StackError
+
+    next = __next__
+
+    def skip(self):
+        self._unpack(EX_SKIP)
+        self._consume()
+
+    def unpack(self):
+        try:
+            ret = self._unpack(EX_CONSTRUCT)
+        except RecursionError:
+            raise StackError
+        self._consume()
+        return ret
+
+    def read_array_header(self):
+        ret = self._unpack(EX_READ_ARRAY_HEADER)
+        self._consume()
+        return ret
+
+    def read_map_header(self):
+        ret = self._unpack(EX_READ_MAP_HEADER)
+        self._consume()
+        return ret
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._stream_offset
+
+
+class Packer(object):
+    """
+    MessagePack Packer
+
+    Usage::
+
+        packer = Packer()
+        astream.write(packer.pack(a))
+        astream.write(packer.pack(b))
+
+    Packer's constructor has some keyword arguments:
+
+    :param callable default:
+        Convert user type to builtin type that Packer supports.
+        See also simplejson's document.
+
+    :param bool use_single_float:
+        Use single precision float type for float. (default: False)
+
+    :param bool autoreset:
+        Reset buffer after each pack and return its content as `bytes`. (default: True).
+        If set this to false, use `bytes()` to get content and `.reset()` to clear buffer.
+
+    :param bool use_bin_type:
+        Use bin type introduced in msgpack spec 2.0 for bytes.
+        It also enables str8 type for unicode. (default: True)
+
+    :param bool strict_types:
+        If set to true, types will be checked to be exact. Derived classes
+        from serializable types will not be serialized and will be
+        treated as unsupported type and forwarded to default.
+        Additionally tuples will not be serialized as lists.
+        This is useful when trying to implement accurate serialization
+        for python types.
+
+    :param bool datetime:
+        If set to true, datetime with tzinfo is packed into Timestamp type.
+        Note that the tzinfo is stripped in the timestamp.
+        You can get UTC datetime with `timestamp=3` option of the Unpacker.
+        (Python 2 is not supported).
+
+    :param str unicode_errors:
+        The error handler for encoding unicode. (default: 'strict')
+        DO NOT USE THIS!!  This option is kept for very specific usage.
+
+    Example of streaming deserialize from file-like object::
+
+        unpacker = Unpacker(file_like)
+        for o in unpacker:
+            process(o)
+
+    Example of streaming deserialize from socket::
+
+        unpacker = Unpacker()
+        while True:
+            buf = sock.recv(1024**2)
+            if not buf:
+                break
+            unpacker.feed(buf)
+            for o in unpacker:
+                process(o)
+
+    Raises ``ExtraData`` when *packed* contains extra bytes.
+    Raises ``OutOfData`` when *packed* is incomplete.
+    Raises ``FormatError`` when *packed* is not valid msgpack.
+    Raises ``StackError`` when *packed* contains too nested.
+    Other exceptions can be raised during unpacking.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default=None,
+        use_single_float=False,
+        autoreset=True,
+        use_bin_type=True,
+        strict_types=False,
+        datetime=False,
+        unicode_errors=None,
+    ):
+        self._strict_types = strict_types
+        self._use_float = use_single_float
+        self._autoreset = autoreset
+        self._use_bin_type = use_bin_type
+        self._buffer = StringIO()
+        if PY2 and datetime:
+            raise ValueError("datetime is not supported in Python 2")
+        self._datetime = bool(datetime)
+        self._unicode_errors = unicode_errors or "strict"
+        if default is not None:
+            if not callable(default):
+                raise TypeError("default must be callable")
+        self._default = default
+
+    def _pack(
+        self,
+        obj,
+        nest_limit=DEFAULT_RECURSE_LIMIT,
+        check=isinstance,
+        check_type_strict=_check_type_strict,
+    ):
+        default_used = False
+        if self._strict_types:
+            check = check_type_strict
+            list_types = list
+        else:
+            list_types = (list, tuple)
+        while True:
+            if nest_limit < 0:
+                raise ValueError("recursion limit exceeded")
+            if obj is None:
+                return self._buffer.write(b"\xc0")
+            if check(obj, bool):
+                if obj:
+                    return self._buffer.write(b"\xc3")
+                return self._buffer.write(b"\xc2")
+            if check(obj, int_types):
+                if 0 <= obj < 0x80:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", obj))
+                if -0x20 <= obj < 0:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("b", obj))
+                if 0x80 <= obj <= 0xFF:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("BB", 0xCC, obj))
+                if -0x80 <= obj < 0:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bb", 0xD0, obj))
+                if 0xFF < obj <= 0xFFFF:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xCD, obj))
+                if -0x8000 <= obj < -0x80:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bh", 0xD1, obj))
+                if 0xFFFF < obj <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xCE, obj))
+                if -0x80000000 <= obj < -0x8000:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bi", 0xD2, obj))
+                if 0xFFFFFFFF < obj <= 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BQ", 0xCF, obj))
+                if -0x8000000000000000 <= obj < -0x80000000:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bq", 0xD3, obj))
+                if not default_used and self._default is not None:
+                    obj = self._default(obj)
+                    default_used = True
+                    continue
+                raise OverflowError("Integer value out of range")
+            if check(obj, (bytes, bytearray)):
+                n = len(obj)
+                if n >= 2**32:
+                    raise ValueError("%s is too large" % type(obj).__name__)
+                self._pack_bin_header(n)
+                return self._buffer.write(obj)
+            if check(obj, unicode):
+                obj = obj.encode("utf-8", self._unicode_errors)
+                n = len(obj)
+                if n >= 2**32:
+                    raise ValueError("String is too large")
+                self._pack_raw_header(n)
+                return self._buffer.write(obj)
+            if check(obj, memoryview):
+                n = obj.nbytes
+                if n >= 2**32:
+                    raise ValueError("Memoryview is too large")
+                self._pack_bin_header(n)
+                return self._buffer.write(obj)
+            if check(obj, float):
+                if self._use_float:
+                    return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bf", 0xCA, obj))
+                return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">Bd", 0xCB, obj))
+            if check(obj, (ExtType, Timestamp)):
+                if check(obj, Timestamp):
+                    code = -1
+                    data = obj.to_bytes()
+                else:
+                    code = obj.code
+                    data = obj.data
+                assert isinstance(code, int)
+                assert isinstance(data, bytes)
+                L = len(data)
+                if L == 1:
+                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd4")
+                elif L == 2:
+                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd5")
+                elif L == 4:
+                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd6")
+                elif L == 8:
+                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd7")
+                elif L == 16:
+                    self._buffer.write(b"\xd8")
+                elif L <= 0xFF:
+                    self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BB", 0xC7, L))
+                elif L <= 0xFFFF:
+                    self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xC8, L))
+                else:
+                    self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xC9, L))
+                self._buffer.write(struct.pack("b", code))
+                self._buffer.write(data)
+                return
+            if check(obj, list_types):
+                n = len(obj)
+                self._pack_array_header(n)
+                for i in xrange(n):
+                    self._pack(obj[i], nest_limit - 1)
+                return
+            if check(obj, dict):
+                return self._pack_map_pairs(
+                    len(obj), dict_iteritems(obj), nest_limit - 1
+                )
+
+            if self._datetime and check(obj, _DateTime) and obj.tzinfo is not None:
+                obj = Timestamp.from_datetime(obj)
+                default_used = 1
+                continue
+
+            if not default_used and self._default is not None:
+                obj = self._default(obj)
+                default_used = 1
+                continue
+
+            if self._datetime and check(obj, _DateTime):
+                raise ValueError("Cannot serialize %r where tzinfo=None" % (obj,))
+
+            raise TypeError("Cannot serialize %r" % (obj,))
+
+    def pack(self, obj):
+        try:
+            self._pack(obj)
+        except:
+            self._buffer = StringIO()  # force reset
+            raise
+        if self._autoreset:
+            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
+            self._buffer = StringIO()
+            return ret
+
+    def pack_map_pairs(self, pairs):
+        self._pack_map_pairs(len(pairs), pairs)
+        if self._autoreset:
+            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
+            self._buffer = StringIO()
+            return ret
+
+    def pack_array_header(self, n):
+        if n >= 2**32:
+            raise ValueError
+        self._pack_array_header(n)
+        if self._autoreset:
+            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
+            self._buffer = StringIO()
+            return ret
+
+    def pack_map_header(self, n):
+        if n >= 2**32:
+            raise ValueError
+        self._pack_map_header(n)
+        if self._autoreset:
+            ret = self._buffer.getvalue()
+            self._buffer = StringIO()
+            return ret
+
+    def pack_ext_type(self, typecode, data):
+        if not isinstance(typecode, int):
+            raise TypeError("typecode must have int type.")
+        if not 0 <= typecode <= 127:
+            raise ValueError("typecode should be 0-127")
+        if not isinstance(data, bytes):
+            raise TypeError("data must have bytes type")
+        L = len(data)
+        if L > 0xFFFFFFFF:
+            raise ValueError("Too large data")
+        if L == 1:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xd4")
+        elif L == 2:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xd5")
+        elif L == 4:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xd6")
+        elif L == 8:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xd7")
+        elif L == 16:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xd8")
+        elif L <= 0xFF:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xc7" + struct.pack("B", L))
+        elif L <= 0xFFFF:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xc8" + struct.pack(">H", L))
+        else:
+            self._buffer.write(b"\xc9" + struct.pack(">I", L))
+        self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", typecode))
+        self._buffer.write(data)
+
+    def _pack_array_header(self, n):
+        if n <= 0x0F:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", 0x90 + n))
+        if n <= 0xFFFF:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xDC, n))
+        if n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xDD, n))
+        raise ValueError("Array is too large")
+
+    def _pack_map_header(self, n):
+        if n <= 0x0F:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", 0x80 + n))
+        if n <= 0xFFFF:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xDE, n))
+        if n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xDF, n))
+        raise ValueError("Dict is too large")
+
+    def _pack_map_pairs(self, n, pairs, nest_limit=DEFAULT_RECURSE_LIMIT):
+        self._pack_map_header(n)
+        for (k, v) in pairs:
+            self._pack(k, nest_limit - 1)
+            self._pack(v, nest_limit - 1)
+
+    def _pack_raw_header(self, n):
+        if n <= 0x1F:
+            self._buffer.write(struct.pack("B", 0xA0 + n))
+        elif self._use_bin_type and n <= 0xFF:
+            self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BB", 0xD9, n))
+        elif n <= 0xFFFF:
+            self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xDA, n))
+        elif n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
+            self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xDB, n))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Raw is too large")
+
+    def _pack_bin_header(self, n):
+        if not self._use_bin_type:
+            return self._pack_raw_header(n)
+        elif n <= 0xFF:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BB", 0xC4, n))
+        elif n <= 0xFFFF:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BH", 0xC5, n))
+        elif n <= 0xFFFFFFFF:
+            return self._buffer.write(struct.pack(">BI", 0xC6, n))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Bin is too large")
+
+    def bytes(self):
+        """Return internal buffer contents as bytes object"""
+        return self._buffer.getvalue()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """Reset internal buffer.
+
+        This method is useful only when autoreset=False.
+        """
+        self._buffer = StringIO()
+
+    def getbuffer(self):
+        """Return view of internal buffer."""
+        if USING_STRINGBUILDER or PY2:
+            return memoryview(self.bytes())
+        else:
+            return self._buffer.getbuffer()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3551bc2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__about__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__",
+    "__summary__",
+    "__uri__",
+    "__version__",
+    "__author__",
+    "__email__",
+    "__license__",
+    "__copyright__",
+]
+
+__title__ = "packaging"
+__summary__ = "Core utilities for Python packages"
+__uri__ = "https://github.com/pypa/packaging"
+
+__version__ = "21.3"
+
+__author__ = "Donald Stufft and individual contributors"
+__email__ = "donald@stufft.io"
+
+__license__ = "BSD-2-Clause or Apache-2.0"
+__copyright__ = "2014-2019 %s" % __author__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c50c5dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+from .__about__ import (
+    __author__,
+    __copyright__,
+    __email__,
+    __license__,
+    __summary__,
+    __title__,
+    __uri__,
+    __version__,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__title__",
+    "__summary__",
+    "__uri__",
+    "__version__",
+    "__author__",
+    "__email__",
+    "__license__",
+    "__copyright__",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__pycache__/__about__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__pycache__/__about__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__pycache__/version.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/__pycache__/version.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea9c4e49
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_manylinux.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_manylinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c379aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_manylinux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+import collections
+import functools
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+import warnings
+from typing import IO, Dict, Iterator, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple
+
+
+# Python does not provide platform information at sufficient granularity to
+# identify the architecture of the running executable in some cases, so we
+# determine it dynamically by reading the information from the running
+# process. This only applies on Linux, which uses the ELF format.
+class _ELFFileHeader:
+    # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format#File_header
+    class _InvalidELFFileHeader(ValueError):
+        """
+        An invalid ELF file header was found.
+        """
+
+    ELF_MAGIC_NUMBER = 0x7F454C46
+    ELFCLASS32 = 1
+    ELFCLASS64 = 2
+    ELFDATA2LSB = 1
+    ELFDATA2MSB = 2
+    EM_386 = 3
+    EM_S390 = 22
+    EM_ARM = 40
+    EM_X86_64 = 62
+    EF_ARM_ABIMASK = 0xFF000000
+    EF_ARM_ABI_VER5 = 0x05000000
+    EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD = 0x00000400
+
+    def __init__(self, file: IO[bytes]) -> None:
+        def unpack(fmt: str) -> int:
+            try:
+                data = file.read(struct.calcsize(fmt))
+                result: Tuple[int, ...] = struct.unpack(fmt, data)
+            except struct.error:
+                raise _ELFFileHeader._InvalidELFFileHeader()
+            return result[0]
+
+        self.e_ident_magic = unpack(">I")
+        if self.e_ident_magic != self.ELF_MAGIC_NUMBER:
+            raise _ELFFileHeader._InvalidELFFileHeader()
+        self.e_ident_class = unpack("B")
+        if self.e_ident_class not in {self.ELFCLASS32, self.ELFCLASS64}:
+            raise _ELFFileHeader._InvalidELFFileHeader()
+        self.e_ident_data = unpack("B")
+        if self.e_ident_data not in {self.ELFDATA2LSB, self.ELFDATA2MSB}:
+            raise _ELFFileHeader._InvalidELFFileHeader()
+        self.e_ident_version = unpack("B")
+        self.e_ident_osabi = unpack("B")
+        self.e_ident_abiversion = unpack("B")
+        self.e_ident_pad = file.read(7)
+        format_h = "<H" if self.e_ident_data == self.ELFDATA2LSB else ">H"
+        format_i = "<I" if self.e_ident_data == self.ELFDATA2LSB else ">I"
+        format_q = "<Q" if self.e_ident_data == self.ELFDATA2LSB else ">Q"
+        format_p = format_i if self.e_ident_class == self.ELFCLASS32 else format_q
+        self.e_type = unpack(format_h)
+        self.e_machine = unpack(format_h)
+        self.e_version = unpack(format_i)
+        self.e_entry = unpack(format_p)
+        self.e_phoff = unpack(format_p)
+        self.e_shoff = unpack(format_p)
+        self.e_flags = unpack(format_i)
+        self.e_ehsize = unpack(format_h)
+        self.e_phentsize = unpack(format_h)
+        self.e_phnum = unpack(format_h)
+        self.e_shentsize = unpack(format_h)
+        self.e_shnum = unpack(format_h)
+        self.e_shstrndx = unpack(format_h)
+
+
+def _get_elf_header() -> Optional[_ELFFileHeader]:
+    try:
+        with open(sys.executable, "rb") as f:
+            elf_header = _ELFFileHeader(f)
+    except (OSError, TypeError, _ELFFileHeader._InvalidELFFileHeader):
+        return None
+    return elf_header
+
+
+def _is_linux_armhf() -> bool:
+    # hard-float ABI can be detected from the ELF header of the running
+    # process
+    # https://static.docs.arm.com/ihi0044/g/aaelf32.pdf
+    elf_header = _get_elf_header()
+    if elf_header is None:
+        return False
+    result = elf_header.e_ident_class == elf_header.ELFCLASS32
+    result &= elf_header.e_ident_data == elf_header.ELFDATA2LSB
+    result &= elf_header.e_machine == elf_header.EM_ARM
+    result &= (
+        elf_header.e_flags & elf_header.EF_ARM_ABIMASK
+    ) == elf_header.EF_ARM_ABI_VER5
+    result &= (
+        elf_header.e_flags & elf_header.EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD
+    ) == elf_header.EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD
+    return result
+
+
+def _is_linux_i686() -> bool:
+    elf_header = _get_elf_header()
+    if elf_header is None:
+        return False
+    result = elf_header.e_ident_class == elf_header.ELFCLASS32
+    result &= elf_header.e_ident_data == elf_header.ELFDATA2LSB
+    result &= elf_header.e_machine == elf_header.EM_386
+    return result
+
+
+def _have_compatible_abi(arch: str) -> bool:
+    if arch == "armv7l":
+        return _is_linux_armhf()
+    if arch == "i686":
+        return _is_linux_i686()
+    return arch in {"x86_64", "aarch64", "ppc64", "ppc64le", "s390x"}
+
+
+# If glibc ever changes its major version, we need to know what the last
+# minor version was, so we can build the complete list of all versions.
+# For now, guess what the highest minor version might be, assume it will
+# be 50 for testing. Once this actually happens, update the dictionary
+# with the actual value.
+_LAST_GLIBC_MINOR: Dict[int, int] = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 50)
+
+
+class _GLibCVersion(NamedTuple):
+    major: int
+    minor: int
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string_confstr() -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Primary implementation of glibc_version_string using os.confstr.
+    """
+    # os.confstr is quite a bit faster than ctypes.DLL. It's also less likely
+    # to be broken or missing. This strategy is used in the standard library
+    # platform module.
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/fcf1d003bf4f0100c/Lib/platform.py#L175-L183
+    try:
+        # os.confstr("CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION") returns a string like "glibc 2.17".
+        version_string = os.confstr("CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION")
+        assert version_string is not None
+        _, version = version_string.split()
+    except (AssertionError, AttributeError, OSError, ValueError):
+        # os.confstr() or CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION not available (or a bad value)...
+        return None
+    return version
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string_ctypes() -> Optional[str]:
+    """
+    Fallback implementation of glibc_version_string using ctypes.
+    """
+    try:
+        import ctypes
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    # ctypes.CDLL(None) internally calls dlopen(NULL), and as the dlopen
+    # manpage says, "If filename is NULL, then the returned handle is for the
+    # main program". This way we can let the linker do the work to figure out
+    # which libc our process is actually using.
+    #
+    # We must also handle the special case where the executable is not a
+    # dynamically linked executable. This can occur when using musl libc,
+    # for example. In this situation, dlopen() will error, leading to an
+    # OSError. Interestingly, at least in the case of musl, there is no
+    # errno set on the OSError. The single string argument used to construct
+    # OSError comes from libc itself and is therefore not portable to
+    # hard code here. In any case, failure to call dlopen() means we
+    # can proceed, so we bail on our attempt.
+    try:
+        process_namespace = ctypes.CDLL(None)
+    except OSError:
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        gnu_get_libc_version = process_namespace.gnu_get_libc_version
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Symbol doesn't exist -> therefore, we are not linked to
+        # glibc.
+        return None
+
+    # Call gnu_get_libc_version, which returns a string like "2.5"
+    gnu_get_libc_version.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+    version_str: str = gnu_get_libc_version()
+    # py2 / py3 compatibility:
+    if not isinstance(version_str, str):
+        version_str = version_str.decode("ascii")
+
+    return version_str
+
+
+def _glibc_version_string() -> Optional[str]:
+    """Returns glibc version string, or None if not using glibc."""
+    return _glibc_version_string_confstr() or _glibc_version_string_ctypes()
+
+
+def _parse_glibc_version(version_str: str) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    """Parse glibc version.
+
+    We use a regexp instead of str.split because we want to discard any
+    random junk that might come after the minor version -- this might happen
+    in patched/forked versions of glibc (e.g. Linaro's version of glibc
+    uses version strings like "2.20-2014.11"). See gh-3588.
+    """
+    m = re.match(r"(?P<major>[0-9]+)\.(?P<minor>[0-9]+)", version_str)
+    if not m:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Expected glibc version with 2 components major.minor,"
+            " got: %s" % version_str,
+            RuntimeWarning,
+        )
+        return -1, -1
+    return int(m.group("major")), int(m.group("minor"))
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache()
+def _get_glibc_version() -> Tuple[int, int]:
+    version_str = _glibc_version_string()
+    if version_str is None:
+        return (-1, -1)
+    return _parse_glibc_version(version_str)
+
+
+# From PEP 513, PEP 600
+def _is_compatible(name: str, arch: str, version: _GLibCVersion) -> bool:
+    sys_glibc = _get_glibc_version()
+    if sys_glibc < version:
+        return False
+    # Check for presence of _manylinux module.
+    try:
+        import _manylinux  # noqa
+    except ImportError:
+        return True
+    if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux_compatible"):
+        result = _manylinux.manylinux_compatible(version[0], version[1], arch)
+        if result is not None:
+            return bool(result)
+        return True
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 5):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux1_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux1_compatible)
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 12):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux2010_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux2010_compatible)
+    if version == _GLibCVersion(2, 17):
+        if hasattr(_manylinux, "manylinux2014_compatible"):
+            return bool(_manylinux.manylinux2014_compatible)
+    return True
+
+
+_LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP = {
+    # CentOS 7 w/ glibc 2.17 (PEP 599)
+    (2, 17): "manylinux2014",
+    # CentOS 6 w/ glibc 2.12 (PEP 571)
+    (2, 12): "manylinux2010",
+    # CentOS 5 w/ glibc 2.5 (PEP 513)
+    (2, 5): "manylinux1",
+}
+
+
+def platform_tags(linux: str, arch: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    if not _have_compatible_abi(arch):
+        return
+    # Oldest glibc to be supported regardless of architecture is (2, 17).
+    too_old_glibc2 = _GLibCVersion(2, 16)
+    if arch in {"x86_64", "i686"}:
+        # On x86/i686 also oldest glibc to be supported is (2, 5).
+        too_old_glibc2 = _GLibCVersion(2, 4)
+    current_glibc = _GLibCVersion(*_get_glibc_version())
+    glibc_max_list = [current_glibc]
+    # We can assume compatibility across glibc major versions.
+    # https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=24636
+    #
+    # Build a list of maximum glibc versions so that we can
+    # output the canonical list of all glibc from current_glibc
+    # down to too_old_glibc2, including all intermediary versions.
+    for glibc_major in range(current_glibc.major - 1, 1, -1):
+        glibc_minor = _LAST_GLIBC_MINOR[glibc_major]
+        glibc_max_list.append(_GLibCVersion(glibc_major, glibc_minor))
+    for glibc_max in glibc_max_list:
+        if glibc_max.major == too_old_glibc2.major:
+            min_minor = too_old_glibc2.minor
+        else:
+            # For other glibc major versions oldest supported is (x, 0).
+            min_minor = -1
+        for glibc_minor in range(glibc_max.minor, min_minor, -1):
+            glibc_version = _GLibCVersion(glibc_max.major, glibc_minor)
+            tag = "manylinux_{}_{}".format(*glibc_version)
+            if _is_compatible(tag, arch, glibc_version):
+                yield linux.replace("linux", tag)
+            # Handle the legacy manylinux1, manylinux2010, manylinux2014 tags.
+            if glibc_version in _LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP:
+                legacy_tag = _LEGACY_MANYLINUX_MAP[glibc_version]
+                if _is_compatible(legacy_tag, arch, glibc_version):
+                    yield linux.replace("linux", legacy_tag)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_musllinux.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_musllinux.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ac3059b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_musllinux.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+"""PEP 656 support.
+
+This module implements logic to detect if the currently running Python is
+linked against musl, and what musl version is used.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import operator
+import os
+import re
+import struct
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import IO, Iterator, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple
+
+
+def _read_unpacked(f: IO[bytes], fmt: str) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+    return struct.unpack(fmt, f.read(struct.calcsize(fmt)))
+
+
+def _parse_ld_musl_from_elf(f: IO[bytes]) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Detect musl libc location by parsing the Python executable.
+
+    Based on: https://gist.github.com/lyssdod/f51579ae8d93c8657a5564aefc2ffbca
+    ELF header: https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/elf/gabi4+/ch4.eheader.html
+    """
+    f.seek(0)
+    try:
+        ident = _read_unpacked(f, "16B")
+    except struct.error:
+        return None
+    if ident[:4] != tuple(b"\x7fELF"):  # Invalid magic, not ELF.
+        return None
+    f.seek(struct.calcsize("HHI"), 1)  # Skip file type, machine, and version.
+
+    try:
+        # e_fmt: Format for program header.
+        # p_fmt: Format for section header.
+        # p_idx: Indexes to find p_type, p_offset, and p_filesz.
+        e_fmt, p_fmt, p_idx = {
+            1: ("IIIIHHH", "IIIIIIII", (0, 1, 4)),  # 32-bit.
+            2: ("QQQIHHH", "IIQQQQQQ", (0, 2, 5)),  # 64-bit.
+        }[ident[4]]
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        p_get = operator.itemgetter(*p_idx)
+
+    # Find the interpreter section and return its content.
+    try:
+        _, e_phoff, _, _, _, e_phentsize, e_phnum = _read_unpacked(f, e_fmt)
+    except struct.error:
+        return None
+    for i in range(e_phnum + 1):
+        f.seek(e_phoff + e_phentsize * i)
+        try:
+            p_type, p_offset, p_filesz = p_get(_read_unpacked(f, p_fmt))
+        except struct.error:
+            return None
+        if p_type != 3:  # Not PT_INTERP.
+            continue
+        f.seek(p_offset)
+        interpreter = os.fsdecode(f.read(p_filesz)).strip("\0")
+        if "musl" not in interpreter:
+            return None
+        return interpreter
+    return None
+
+
+class _MuslVersion(NamedTuple):
+    major: int
+    minor: int
+
+
+def _parse_musl_version(output: str) -> Optional[_MuslVersion]:
+    lines = [n for n in (n.strip() for n in output.splitlines()) if n]
+    if len(lines) < 2 or lines[0][:4] != "musl":
+        return None
+    m = re.match(r"Version (\d+)\.(\d+)", lines[1])
+    if not m:
+        return None
+    return _MuslVersion(major=int(m.group(1)), minor=int(m.group(2)))
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache()
+def _get_musl_version(executable: str) -> Optional[_MuslVersion]:
+    """Detect currently-running musl runtime version.
+
+    This is done by checking the specified executable's dynamic linking
+    information, and invoking the loader to parse its output for a version
+    string. If the loader is musl, the output would be something like::
+
+        musl libc (x86_64)
+        Version 1.2.2
+        Dynamic Program Loader
+    """
+    with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+        try:
+            f = stack.enter_context(open(executable, "rb"))
+        except OSError:
+            return None
+        ld = _parse_ld_musl_from_elf(f)
+    if not ld:
+        return None
+    proc = subprocess.run([ld], stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
+    return _parse_musl_version(proc.stderr)
+
+
+def platform_tags(arch: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """Generate musllinux tags compatible to the current platform.
+
+    :param arch: Should be the part of platform tag after the ``linux_``
+        prefix, e.g. ``x86_64``. The ``linux_`` prefix is assumed as a
+        prerequisite for the current platform to be musllinux-compatible.
+
+    :returns: An iterator of compatible musllinux tags.
+    """
+    sys_musl = _get_musl_version(sys.executable)
+    if sys_musl is None:  # Python not dynamically linked against musl.
+        return
+    for minor in range(sys_musl.minor, -1, -1):
+        yield f"musllinux_{sys_musl.major}_{minor}_{arch}"
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import sysconfig
+
+    plat = sysconfig.get_platform()
+    assert plat.startswith("linux-"), "not linux"
+
+    print("plat:", plat)
+    print("musl:", _get_musl_version(sys.executable))
+    print("tags:", end=" ")
+    for t in platform_tags(re.sub(r"[.-]", "_", plat.split("-", 1)[-1])):
+        print(t, end="\n      ")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90a6465f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/_structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+
+class InfinityType:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __neg__(self: object) -> "NegativeInfinityType":
+        return NegativeInfinity
+
+
+Infinity = InfinityType()
+
+
+class NegativeInfinityType:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "-Infinity"
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(repr(self))
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __neg__(self: object) -> InfinityType:
+        return Infinity
+
+
+NegativeInfinity = NegativeInfinityType()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..540e7a4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/markers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import operator
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import (  # noqa: N817
+    Forward,
+    Group,
+    Literal as L,
+    ParseException,
+    ParseResults,
+    QuotedString,
+    ZeroOrMore,
+    stringEnd,
+    stringStart,
+)
+
+from .specifiers import InvalidSpecifier, Specifier
+
+__all__ = [
+    "InvalidMarker",
+    "UndefinedComparison",
+    "UndefinedEnvironmentName",
+    "Marker",
+    "default_environment",
+]
+
+Operator = Callable[[str, str], bool]
+
+
+class InvalidMarker(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid marker was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedComparison(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid operation was attempted on a value that doesn't support it.
+    """
+
+
+class UndefinedEnvironmentName(ValueError):
+    """
+    A name was attempted to be used that does not exist inside of the
+    environment.
+    """
+
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.value)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}('{self}')>"
+
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class Variable(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+class Value(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return f'"{self}"'
+
+
+class Op(Node):
+    def serialize(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+VARIABLE = (
+    L("implementation_version")
+    | L("platform_python_implementation")
+    | L("implementation_name")
+    | L("python_full_version")
+    | L("platform_release")
+    | L("platform_version")
+    | L("platform_machine")
+    | L("platform_system")
+    | L("python_version")
+    | L("sys_platform")
+    | L("os_name")
+    | L("os.name")  # PEP-345
+    | L("sys.platform")  # PEP-345
+    | L("platform.version")  # PEP-345
+    | L("platform.machine")  # PEP-345
+    | L("platform.python_implementation")  # PEP-345
+    | L("python_implementation")  # undocumented setuptools legacy
+    | L("extra")  # PEP-508
+)
+ALIASES = {
+    "os.name": "os_name",
+    "sys.platform": "sys_platform",
+    "platform.version": "platform_version",
+    "platform.machine": "platform_machine",
+    "platform.python_implementation": "platform_python_implementation",
+    "python_implementation": "platform_python_implementation",
+}
+VARIABLE.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: Variable(ALIASES.get(t[0], t[0])))
+
+VERSION_CMP = (
+    L("===") | L("==") | L(">=") | L("<=") | L("!=") | L("~=") | L(">") | L("<")
+)
+
+MARKER_OP = VERSION_CMP | L("not in") | L("in")
+MARKER_OP.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: Op(t[0]))
+
+MARKER_VALUE = QuotedString("'") | QuotedString('"')
+MARKER_VALUE.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: Value(t[0]))
+
+BOOLOP = L("and") | L("or")
+
+MARKER_VAR = VARIABLE | MARKER_VALUE
+
+MARKER_ITEM = Group(MARKER_VAR + MARKER_OP + MARKER_VAR)
+MARKER_ITEM.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: tuple(t[0]))
+
+LPAREN = L("(").suppress()
+RPAREN = L(")").suppress()
+
+MARKER_EXPR = Forward()
+MARKER_ATOM = MARKER_ITEM | Group(LPAREN + MARKER_EXPR + RPAREN)
+MARKER_EXPR << MARKER_ATOM + ZeroOrMore(BOOLOP + MARKER_EXPR)
+
+MARKER = stringStart + MARKER_EXPR + stringEnd
+
+
+def _coerce_parse_result(results: Union[ParseResults, List[Any]]) -> List[Any]:
+    if isinstance(results, ParseResults):
+        return [_coerce_parse_result(i) for i in results]
+    else:
+        return results
+
+
+def _format_marker(
+    marker: Union[List[str], Tuple[Node, ...], str], first: Optional[bool] = True
+) -> str:
+
+    assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, str))
+
+    # Sometimes we have a structure like [[...]] which is a single item list
+    # where the single item is itself it's own list. In that case we want skip
+    # the rest of this function so that we don't get extraneous () on the
+    # outside.
+    if (
+        isinstance(marker, list)
+        and len(marker) == 1
+        and isinstance(marker[0], (list, tuple))
+    ):
+        return _format_marker(marker[0])
+
+    if isinstance(marker, list):
+        inner = (_format_marker(m, first=False) for m in marker)
+        if first:
+            return " ".join(inner)
+        else:
+            return "(" + " ".join(inner) + ")"
+    elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+        return " ".join([m.serialize() for m in marker])
+    else:
+        return marker
+
+
+_operators: Dict[str, Operator] = {
+    "in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs in rhs,
+    "not in": lambda lhs, rhs: lhs not in rhs,
+    "<": operator.lt,
+    "<=": operator.le,
+    "==": operator.eq,
+    "!=": operator.ne,
+    ">=": operator.ge,
+    ">": operator.gt,
+}
+
+
+def _eval_op(lhs: str, op: Op, rhs: str) -> bool:
+    try:
+        spec = Specifier("".join([op.serialize(), rhs]))
+    except InvalidSpecifier:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return spec.contains(lhs)
+
+    oper: Optional[Operator] = _operators.get(op.serialize())
+    if oper is None:
+        raise UndefinedComparison(f"Undefined {op!r} on {lhs!r} and {rhs!r}.")
+
+    return oper(lhs, rhs)
+
+
+class Undefined:
+    pass
+
+
+_undefined = Undefined()
+
+
+def _get_env(environment: Dict[str, str], name: str) -> str:
+    value: Union[str, Undefined] = environment.get(name, _undefined)
+
+    if isinstance(value, Undefined):
+        raise UndefinedEnvironmentName(
+            f"{name!r} does not exist in evaluation environment."
+        )
+
+    return value
+
+
+def _evaluate_markers(markers: List[Any], environment: Dict[str, str]) -> bool:
+    groups: List[List[bool]] = [[]]
+
+    for marker in markers:
+        assert isinstance(marker, (list, tuple, str))
+
+        if isinstance(marker, list):
+            groups[-1].append(_evaluate_markers(marker, environment))
+        elif isinstance(marker, tuple):
+            lhs, op, rhs = marker
+
+            if isinstance(lhs, Variable):
+                lhs_value = _get_env(environment, lhs.value)
+                rhs_value = rhs.value
+            else:
+                lhs_value = lhs.value
+                rhs_value = _get_env(environment, rhs.value)
+
+            groups[-1].append(_eval_op(lhs_value, op, rhs_value))
+        else:
+            assert marker in ["and", "or"]
+            if marker == "or":
+                groups.append([])
+
+    return any(all(item) for item in groups)
+
+
+def format_full_version(info: "sys._version_info") -> str:
+    version = "{0.major}.{0.minor}.{0.micro}".format(info)
+    kind = info.releaselevel
+    if kind != "final":
+        version += kind[0] + str(info.serial)
+    return version
+
+
+def default_environment() -> Dict[str, str]:
+    iver = format_full_version(sys.implementation.version)
+    implementation_name = sys.implementation.name
+    return {
+        "implementation_name": implementation_name,
+        "implementation_version": iver,
+        "os_name": os.name,
+        "platform_machine": platform.machine(),
+        "platform_release": platform.release(),
+        "platform_system": platform.system(),
+        "platform_version": platform.version(),
+        "python_full_version": platform.python_version(),
+        "platform_python_implementation": platform.python_implementation(),
+        "python_version": ".".join(platform.python_version_tuple()[:2]),
+        "sys_platform": sys.platform,
+    }
+
+
+class Marker:
+    def __init__(self, marker: str) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._markers = _coerce_parse_result(MARKER.parseString(marker))
+        except ParseException as e:
+            raise InvalidMarker(
+                f"Invalid marker: {marker!r}, parse error at "
+                f"{marker[e.loc : e.loc + 8]!r}"
+            )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return _format_marker(self._markers)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Marker('{self}')>"
+
+    def evaluate(self, environment: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> bool:
+        """Evaluate a marker.
+
+        Return the boolean from evaluating the given marker against the
+        environment. environment is an optional argument to override all or
+        part of the determined environment.
+
+        The environment is determined from the current Python process.
+        """
+        current_environment = default_environment()
+        if environment is not None:
+            current_environment.update(environment)
+
+        return _evaluate_markers(self._markers, current_environment)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/requirements.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eab7dd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/requirements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import re
+import string
+import urllib.parse
+from typing import List, Optional as TOptional, Set
+
+from pip._vendor.pyparsing import (  # noqa
+    Combine,
+    Literal as L,
+    Optional,
+    ParseException,
+    Regex,
+    Word,
+    ZeroOrMore,
+    originalTextFor,
+    stringEnd,
+    stringStart,
+)
+
+from .markers import MARKER_EXPR, Marker
+from .specifiers import LegacySpecifier, Specifier, SpecifierSet
+
+
+class InvalidRequirement(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid requirement was found, users should refer to PEP 508.
+    """
+
+
+ALPHANUM = Word(string.ascii_letters + string.digits)
+
+LBRACKET = L("[").suppress()
+RBRACKET = L("]").suppress()
+LPAREN = L("(").suppress()
+RPAREN = L(")").suppress()
+COMMA = L(",").suppress()
+SEMICOLON = L(";").suppress()
+AT = L("@").suppress()
+
+PUNCTUATION = Word("-_.")
+IDENTIFIER_END = ALPHANUM | (ZeroOrMore(PUNCTUATION) + ALPHANUM)
+IDENTIFIER = Combine(ALPHANUM + ZeroOrMore(IDENTIFIER_END))
+
+NAME = IDENTIFIER("name")
+EXTRA = IDENTIFIER
+
+URI = Regex(r"[^ ]+")("url")
+URL = AT + URI
+
+EXTRAS_LIST = EXTRA + ZeroOrMore(COMMA + EXTRA)
+EXTRAS = (LBRACKET + Optional(EXTRAS_LIST) + RBRACKET)("extras")
+
+VERSION_PEP440 = Regex(Specifier._regex_str, re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+VERSION_LEGACY = Regex(LegacySpecifier._regex_str, re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+
+VERSION_ONE = VERSION_PEP440 ^ VERSION_LEGACY
+VERSION_MANY = Combine(
+    VERSION_ONE + ZeroOrMore(COMMA + VERSION_ONE), joinString=",", adjacent=False
+)("_raw_spec")
+_VERSION_SPEC = Optional((LPAREN + VERSION_MANY + RPAREN) | VERSION_MANY)
+_VERSION_SPEC.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: t._raw_spec or "")
+
+VERSION_SPEC = originalTextFor(_VERSION_SPEC)("specifier")
+VERSION_SPEC.setParseAction(lambda s, l, t: t[1])
+
+MARKER_EXPR = originalTextFor(MARKER_EXPR())("marker")
+MARKER_EXPR.setParseAction(
+    lambda s, l, t: Marker(s[t._original_start : t._original_end])
+)
+MARKER_SEPARATOR = SEMICOLON
+MARKER = MARKER_SEPARATOR + MARKER_EXPR
+
+VERSION_AND_MARKER = VERSION_SPEC + Optional(MARKER)
+URL_AND_MARKER = URL + Optional(MARKER)
+
+NAMED_REQUIREMENT = NAME + Optional(EXTRAS) + (URL_AND_MARKER | VERSION_AND_MARKER)
+
+REQUIREMENT = stringStart + NAMED_REQUIREMENT + stringEnd
+# pyparsing isn't thread safe during initialization, so we do it eagerly, see
+# issue #104
+REQUIREMENT.parseString("x[]")
+
+
+class Requirement:
+    """Parse a requirement.
+
+    Parse a given requirement string into its parts, such as name, specifier,
+    URL, and extras. Raises InvalidRequirement on a badly-formed requirement
+    string.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: Can we test whether something is contained within a requirement?
+    #       If so how do we do that? Do we need to test against the _name_ of
+    #       the thing as well as the version? What about the markers?
+    # TODO: Can we normalize the name and extra name?
+
+    def __init__(self, requirement_string: str) -> None:
+        try:
+            req = REQUIREMENT.parseString(requirement_string)
+        except ParseException as e:
+            raise InvalidRequirement(
+                f'Parse error at "{ requirement_string[e.loc : e.loc + 8]!r}": {e.msg}'
+            )
+
+        self.name: str = req.name
+        if req.url:
+            parsed_url = urllib.parse.urlparse(req.url)
+            if parsed_url.scheme == "file":
+                if urllib.parse.urlunparse(parsed_url) != req.url:
+                    raise InvalidRequirement("Invalid URL given")
+            elif not (parsed_url.scheme and parsed_url.netloc) or (
+                not parsed_url.scheme and not parsed_url.netloc
+            ):
+                raise InvalidRequirement(f"Invalid URL: {req.url}")
+            self.url: TOptional[str] = req.url
+        else:
+            self.url = None
+        self.extras: Set[str] = set(req.extras.asList() if req.extras else [])
+        self.specifier: SpecifierSet = SpecifierSet(req.specifier)
+        self.marker: TOptional[Marker] = req.marker if req.marker else None
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        parts: List[str] = [self.name]
+
+        if self.extras:
+            formatted_extras = ",".join(sorted(self.extras))
+            parts.append(f"[{formatted_extras}]")
+
+        if self.specifier:
+            parts.append(str(self.specifier))
+
+        if self.url:
+            parts.append(f"@ {self.url}")
+            if self.marker:
+                parts.append(" ")
+
+        if self.marker:
+            parts.append(f"; {self.marker}")
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Requirement('{self}')>"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e218a6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/specifiers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,802 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import abc
+import functools
+import itertools
+import re
+import warnings
+from typing import (
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Pattern,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from .utils import canonicalize_version
+from .version import LegacyVersion, Version, parse
+
+ParsedVersion = Union[Version, LegacyVersion]
+UnparsedVersion = Union[Version, LegacyVersion, str]
+VersionTypeVar = TypeVar("VersionTypeVar", bound=UnparsedVersion)
+CallableOperator = Callable[[ParsedVersion, str], bool]
+
+
+class InvalidSpecifier(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid specifier was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class BaseSpecifier(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Returns the str representation of this Specifier like object. This
+        should be representative of the Specifier itself.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns a hash value for this Specifier like object.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns a boolean representing whether or not the two Specifier like
+        objects are equal.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def prereleases(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+        """
+        Returns whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        """
+        Sets whether or not pre-releases as a whole are allowed by this
+        specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def contains(self, item: str, prereleases: Optional[bool] = None) -> bool:
+        """
+        Determines if the given item is contained within this specifier.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[VersionTypeVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> Iterable[VersionTypeVar]:
+        """
+        Takes an iterable of items and filters them so that only items which
+        are contained within this specifier are allowed in it.
+        """
+
+
+class _IndividualSpecifier(BaseSpecifier):
+
+    _operators: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    _regex: Pattern[str]
+
+    def __init__(self, spec: str = "", prereleases: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+        match = self._regex.search(spec)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidSpecifier(f"Invalid specifier: '{spec}'")
+
+        self._spec: Tuple[str, str] = (
+            match.group("operator").strip(),
+            match.group("version").strip(),
+        )
+
+        # Store whether or not this Specifier should accept prereleases
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        pre = (
+            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self)!r}{pre})>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "{}{}".format(*self._spec)
+
+    @property
+    def _canonical_spec(self) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+        return self._spec[0], canonicalize_version(self._spec[1])
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._canonical_spec)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            try:
+                other = self.__class__(str(other))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                return NotImplemented
+        elif not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._canonical_spec == other._canonical_spec
+
+    def _get_operator(self, op: str) -> CallableOperator:
+        operator_callable: CallableOperator = getattr(
+            self, f"_compare_{self._operators[op]}"
+        )
+        return operator_callable
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version: UnparsedVersion) -> ParsedVersion:
+        if not isinstance(version, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            version = parse(version)
+        return version
+
+    @property
+    def operator(self) -> str:
+        return self._spec[0]
+
+    @property
+    def version(self) -> str:
+        return self._spec[1]
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+        return self._prereleases
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: str) -> bool:
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(
+        self, item: UnparsedVersion, prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> bool:
+
+        # Determine if prereleases are to be allowed or not.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # Normalize item to a Version or LegacyVersion, this allows us to have
+        # a shortcut for ``"2.0" in Specifier(">=2")
+        normalized_item = self._coerce_version(item)
+
+        # Determine if we should be supporting prereleases in this specifier
+        # or not, if we do not support prereleases than we can short circuit
+        # logic if this version is a prereleases.
+        if normalized_item.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+            return False
+
+        # Actually do the comparison to determine if this item is contained
+        # within this Specifier or not.
+        operator_callable: CallableOperator = self._get_operator(self.operator)
+        return operator_callable(normalized_item, self.version)
+
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[VersionTypeVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> Iterable[VersionTypeVar]:
+
+        yielded = False
+        found_prereleases = []
+
+        kw = {"prereleases": prereleases if prereleases is not None else True}
+
+        # Attempt to iterate over all the values in the iterable and if any of
+        # them match, yield them.
+        for version in iterable:
+            parsed_version = self._coerce_version(version)
+
+            if self.contains(parsed_version, **kw):
+                # If our version is a prerelease, and we were not set to allow
+                # prereleases, then we'll store it for later in case nothing
+                # else matches this specifier.
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not (
+                    prereleases or self.prereleases
+                ):
+                    found_prereleases.append(version)
+                # Either this is not a prerelease, or we should have been
+                # accepting prereleases from the beginning.
+                else:
+                    yielded = True
+                    yield version
+
+        # Now that we've iterated over everything, determine if we've yielded
+        # any values, and if we have not and we have any prereleases stored up
+        # then we will go ahead and yield the prereleases.
+        if not yielded and found_prereleases:
+            for version in found_prereleases:
+                yield version
+
+
+class LegacySpecifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex_str = r"""
+        (?P<operator>(==|!=|<=|>=|<|>))
+        \s*
+        (?P<version>
+            [^,;\s)]* # Since this is a "legacy" specifier, and the version
+                      # string can be just about anything, we match everything
+                      # except for whitespace, a semi-colon for marker support,
+                      # a closing paren since versions can be enclosed in
+                      # them, and a comma since it's a version separator.
+        )
+        """
+
+    _regex = re.compile(r"^\s*" + _regex_str + r"\s*$", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    _operators = {
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, spec: str = "", prereleases: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+        super().__init__(spec, prereleases)
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Creating a LegacyVersion has been deprecated and will be "
+            "removed in the next major release",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+    def _coerce_version(self, version: UnparsedVersion) -> LegacyVersion:
+        if not isinstance(version, LegacyVersion):
+            version = LegacyVersion(str(version))
+        return version
+
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective: LegacyVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return prospective == self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective: LegacyVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return prospective != self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective: LegacyVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return prospective <= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(
+        self, prospective: LegacyVersion, spec: str
+    ) -> bool:
+        return prospective >= self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective: LegacyVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return prospective < self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective: LegacyVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return prospective > self._coerce_version(spec)
+
+
+def _require_version_compare(
+    fn: Callable[["Specifier", ParsedVersion, str], bool]
+) -> Callable[["Specifier", ParsedVersion, str], bool]:
+    @functools.wraps(fn)
+    def wrapped(self: "Specifier", prospective: ParsedVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(prospective, Version):
+            return False
+        return fn(self, prospective, spec)
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+class Specifier(_IndividualSpecifier):
+
+    _regex_str = r"""
+        (?P<operator>(~=|==|!=|<=|>=|<|>|===))
+        (?P<version>
+            (?:
+                # The identity operators allow for an escape hatch that will
+                # do an exact string match of the version you wish to install.
+                # This will not be parsed by PEP 440 and we cannot determine
+                # any semantic meaning from it. This operator is discouraged
+                # but included entirely as an escape hatch.
+                (?<====)  # Only match for the identity operator
+                \s*
+                [^\s]*    # We just match everything, except for whitespace
+                          # since we are only testing for strict identity.
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The (non)equality operators allow for wild card and local
+                # versions to be specified so we have to define these two
+                # operators separately to enable that.
+                (?<===|!=)            # Only match for equals and not equals
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+
+                # You cannot use a wild card and a dev or local version
+                # together so group them with a | and make them optional.
+                (?:
+                    (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?         # dev release
+                    (?:\+[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*)? # local
+                    |
+                    \.\*  # Wild card syntax of .*
+                )?
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # The compatible operator requires at least two digits in the
+                # release segment.
+                (?<=~=)               # Only match for the compatible operator
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+   # release  (We have a + instead of a *)
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+            |
+            (?:
+                # All other operators only allow a sub set of what the
+                # (non)equality operators do. Specifically they do not allow
+                # local versions to be specified nor do they allow the prefix
+                # matching wild cards.
+                (?<!==|!=|~=)         # We have special cases for these
+                                      # operators so we want to make sure they
+                                      # don't match here.
+
+                \s*
+                v?
+                (?:[0-9]+!)?          # epoch
+                [0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*   # release
+                (?:                   # pre release
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    (a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview)
+                    [-_\.]?
+                    [0-9]*
+                )?
+                (?:                                   # post release
+                    (?:-[0-9]+)|(?:[-_\.]?(post|rev|r)[-_\.]?[0-9]*)
+                )?
+                (?:[-_\.]?dev[-_\.]?[0-9]*)?          # dev release
+            )
+        )
+        """
+
+    _regex = re.compile(r"^\s*" + _regex_str + r"\s*$", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    _operators = {
+        "~=": "compatible",
+        "==": "equal",
+        "!=": "not_equal",
+        "<=": "less_than_equal",
+        ">=": "greater_than_equal",
+        "<": "less_than",
+        ">": "greater_than",
+        "===": "arbitrary",
+    }
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_compatible(self, prospective: ParsedVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+
+        # Compatible releases have an equivalent combination of >= and ==. That
+        # is that ~=2.2 is equivalent to >=2.2,==2.*. This allows us to
+        # implement this in terms of the other specifiers instead of
+        # implementing it ourselves. The only thing we need to do is construct
+        # the other specifiers.
+
+        # We want everything but the last item in the version, but we want to
+        # ignore suffix segments.
+        prefix = ".".join(
+            list(itertools.takewhile(_is_not_suffix, _version_split(spec)))[:-1]
+        )
+
+        # Add the prefix notation to the end of our string
+        prefix += ".*"
+
+        return self._get_operator(">=")(prospective, spec) and self._get_operator("==")(
+            prospective, prefix
+        )
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_equal(self, prospective: ParsedVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+
+        # We need special logic to handle prefix matching
+        if spec.endswith(".*"):
+            # In the case of prefix matching we want to ignore local segment.
+            prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+            # Split the spec out by dots, and pretend that there is an implicit
+            # dot in between a release segment and a pre-release segment.
+            split_spec = _version_split(spec[:-2])  # Remove the trailing .*
+
+            # Split the prospective version out by dots, and pretend that there
+            # is an implicit dot in between a release segment and a pre-release
+            # segment.
+            split_prospective = _version_split(str(prospective))
+
+            # Shorten the prospective version to be the same length as the spec
+            # so that we can determine if the specifier is a prefix of the
+            # prospective version or not.
+            shortened_prospective = split_prospective[: len(split_spec)]
+
+            # Pad out our two sides with zeros so that they both equal the same
+            # length.
+            padded_spec, padded_prospective = _pad_version(
+                split_spec, shortened_prospective
+            )
+
+            return padded_prospective == padded_spec
+        else:
+            # Convert our spec string into a Version
+            spec_version = Version(spec)
+
+            # If the specifier does not have a local segment, then we want to
+            # act as if the prospective version also does not have a local
+            # segment.
+            if not spec_version.local:
+                prospective = Version(prospective.public)
+
+            return prospective == spec_version
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_not_equal(self, prospective: ParsedVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return not self._compare_equal(prospective, spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than_equal(self, prospective: ParsedVersion, spec: str) -> bool:
+
+        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
+        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
+        # the prospective version.
+        return Version(prospective.public) <= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than_equal(
+        self, prospective: ParsedVersion, spec: str
+    ) -> bool:
+
+        # NB: Local version identifiers are NOT permitted in the version
+        # specifier, so local version labels can be universally removed from
+        # the prospective version.
+        return Version(prospective.public) >= Version(spec)
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_less_than(self, prospective: ParsedVersion, spec_str: str) -> bool:
+
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec_str)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is less than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective < spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a pre-release version, that we do not accept pre-release
+        # versions for the version mentioned in the specifier (e.g. <3.1 should
+        # not match 3.1.dev0, but should match 3.0.dev0).
+        if not spec.is_prerelease and prospective.is_prerelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # less than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the same
+        # version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    @_require_version_compare
+    def _compare_greater_than(self, prospective: ParsedVersion, spec_str: str) -> bool:
+
+        # Convert our spec to a Version instance, since we'll want to work with
+        # it as a version.
+        spec = Version(spec_str)
+
+        # Check to see if the prospective version is greater than the spec
+        # version. If it's not we can short circuit and just return False now
+        # instead of doing extra unneeded work.
+        if not prospective > spec:
+            return False
+
+        # This special case is here so that, unless the specifier itself
+        # includes is a post-release version, that we do not accept
+        # post-release versions for the version mentioned in the specifier
+        # (e.g. >3.1 should not match 3.0.post0, but should match 3.2.post0).
+        if not spec.is_postrelease and prospective.is_postrelease:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # Ensure that we do not allow a local version of the version mentioned
+        # in the specifier, which is technically greater than, to match.
+        if prospective.local is not None:
+            if Version(prospective.base_version) == Version(spec.base_version):
+                return False
+
+        # If we've gotten to here, it means that prospective version is both
+        # greater than the spec version *and* it's not a pre-release of the
+        # same version in the spec.
+        return True
+
+    def _compare_arbitrary(self, prospective: Version, spec: str) -> bool:
+        return str(prospective).lower() == str(spec).lower()
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self) -> bool:
+
+        # If there is an explicit prereleases set for this, then we'll just
+        # blindly use that.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # Look at all of our specifiers and determine if they are inclusive
+        # operators, and if they are if they are including an explicit
+        # prerelease.
+        operator, version = self._spec
+        if operator in ["==", ">=", "<=", "~=", "==="]:
+            # The == specifier can include a trailing .*, if it does we
+            # want to remove before parsing.
+            if operator == "==" and version.endswith(".*"):
+                version = version[:-2]
+
+            # Parse the version, and if it is a pre-release than this
+            # specifier allows pre-releases.
+            if parse(version).is_prerelease:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+
+_prefix_regex = re.compile(r"^([0-9]+)((?:a|b|c|rc)[0-9]+)$")
+
+
+def _version_split(version: str) -> List[str]:
+    result: List[str] = []
+    for item in version.split("."):
+        match = _prefix_regex.search(item)
+        if match:
+            result.extend(match.groups())
+        else:
+            result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+def _is_not_suffix(segment: str) -> bool:
+    return not any(
+        segment.startswith(prefix) for prefix in ("dev", "a", "b", "rc", "post")
+    )
+
+
+def _pad_version(left: List[str], right: List[str]) -> Tuple[List[str], List[str]]:
+    left_split, right_split = [], []
+
+    # Get the release segment of our versions
+    left_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), left)))
+    right_split.append(list(itertools.takewhile(lambda x: x.isdigit(), right)))
+
+    # Get the rest of our versions
+    left_split.append(left[len(left_split[0]) :])
+    right_split.append(right[len(right_split[0]) :])
+
+    # Insert our padding
+    left_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(right_split[0]) - len(left_split[0])))
+    right_split.insert(1, ["0"] * max(0, len(left_split[0]) - len(right_split[0])))
+
+    return (list(itertools.chain(*left_split)), list(itertools.chain(*right_split)))
+
+
+class SpecifierSet(BaseSpecifier):
+    def __init__(
+        self, specifiers: str = "", prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> None:
+
+        # Split on , to break each individual specifier into it's own item, and
+        # strip each item to remove leading/trailing whitespace.
+        split_specifiers = [s.strip() for s in specifiers.split(",") if s.strip()]
+
+        # Parsed each individual specifier, attempting first to make it a
+        # Specifier and falling back to a LegacySpecifier.
+        parsed: Set[_IndividualSpecifier] = set()
+        for specifier in split_specifiers:
+            try:
+                parsed.add(Specifier(specifier))
+            except InvalidSpecifier:
+                parsed.add(LegacySpecifier(specifier))
+
+        # Turn our parsed specifiers into a frozen set and save them for later.
+        self._specs = frozenset(parsed)
+
+        # Store our prereleases value so we can use it later to determine if
+        # we accept prereleases or not.
+        self._prereleases = prereleases
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        pre = (
+            f", prereleases={self.prereleases!r}"
+            if self._prereleases is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        return f"<SpecifierSet({str(self)!r}{pre})>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return ",".join(sorted(str(s) for s in self._specs))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._specs)
+
+    def __and__(self, other: Union["SpecifierSet", str]) -> "SpecifierSet":
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            other = SpecifierSet(other)
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        specifier = SpecifierSet()
+        specifier._specs = frozenset(self._specs | other._specs)
+
+        if self._prereleases is None and other._prereleases is not None:
+            specifier._prereleases = other._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases is not None and other._prereleases is None:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        elif self._prereleases == other._prereleases:
+            specifier._prereleases = self._prereleases
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Cannot combine SpecifierSets with True and False prerelease "
+                "overrides."
+            )
+
+        return specifier
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, (str, _IndividualSpecifier)):
+            other = SpecifierSet(str(other))
+        elif not isinstance(other, SpecifierSet):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._specs == other._specs
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._specs)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_IndividualSpecifier]:
+        return iter(self._specs)
+
+    @property
+    def prereleases(self) -> Optional[bool]:
+
+        # If we have been given an explicit prerelease modifier, then we'll
+        # pass that through here.
+        if self._prereleases is not None:
+            return self._prereleases
+
+        # If we don't have any specifiers, and we don't have a forced value,
+        # then we'll just return None since we don't know if this should have
+        # pre-releases or not.
+        if not self._specs:
+            return None
+
+        # Otherwise we'll see if any of the given specifiers accept
+        # prereleases, if any of them do we'll return True, otherwise False.
+        return any(s.prereleases for s in self._specs)
+
+    @prereleases.setter
+    def prereleases(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._prereleases = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: UnparsedVersion) -> bool:
+        return self.contains(item)
+
+    def contains(
+        self, item: UnparsedVersion, prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> bool:
+
+        # Ensure that our item is a Version or LegacyVersion instance.
+        if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+            item = parse(item)
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # We can determine if we're going to allow pre-releases by looking to
+        # see if any of the underlying items supports them. If none of them do
+        # and this item is a pre-release then we do not allow it and we can
+        # short circuit that here.
+        # Note: This means that 1.0.dev1 would not be contained in something
+        #       like >=1.0.devabc however it would be in >=1.0.debabc,>0.0.dev0
+        if not prereleases and item.is_prerelease:
+            return False
+
+        # We simply dispatch to the underlying specs here to make sure that the
+        # given version is contained within all of them.
+        # Note: This use of all() here means that an empty set of specifiers
+        #       will always return True, this is an explicit design decision.
+        return all(s.contains(item, prereleases=prereleases) for s in self._specs)
+
+    def filter(
+        self, iterable: Iterable[VersionTypeVar], prereleases: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> Iterable[VersionTypeVar]:
+
+        # Determine if we're forcing a prerelease or not, if we're not forcing
+        # one for this particular filter call, then we'll use whatever the
+        # SpecifierSet thinks for whether or not we should support prereleases.
+        if prereleases is None:
+            prereleases = self.prereleases
+
+        # If we have any specifiers, then we want to wrap our iterable in the
+        # filter method for each one, this will act as a logical AND amongst
+        # each specifier.
+        if self._specs:
+            for spec in self._specs:
+                iterable = spec.filter(iterable, prereleases=bool(prereleases))
+            return iterable
+        # If we do not have any specifiers, then we need to have a rough filter
+        # which will filter out any pre-releases, unless there are no final
+        # releases, and which will filter out LegacyVersion in general.
+        else:
+            filtered: List[VersionTypeVar] = []
+            found_prereleases: List[VersionTypeVar] = []
+
+            item: UnparsedVersion
+            parsed_version: Union[Version, LegacyVersion]
+
+            for item in iterable:
+                # Ensure that we some kind of Version class for this item.
+                if not isinstance(item, (LegacyVersion, Version)):
+                    parsed_version = parse(item)
+                else:
+                    parsed_version = item
+
+                # Filter out any item which is parsed as a LegacyVersion
+                if isinstance(parsed_version, LegacyVersion):
+                    continue
+
+                # Store any item which is a pre-release for later unless we've
+                # already found a final version or we are accepting prereleases
+                if parsed_version.is_prerelease and not prereleases:
+                    if not filtered:
+                        found_prereleases.append(item)
+                else:
+                    filtered.append(item)
+
+            # If we've found no items except for pre-releases, then we'll go
+            # ahead and use the pre-releases
+            if not filtered and found_prereleases and prereleases is None:
+                return found_prereleases
+
+            return filtered
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/tags.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/tags.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a3d25a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import logging
+import platform
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+from importlib.machinery import EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+from typing import (
+    Dict,
+    FrozenSet,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from . import _manylinux, _musllinux
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+PythonVersion = Sequence[int]
+MacVersion = Tuple[int, int]
+
+INTERPRETER_SHORT_NAMES: Dict[str, str] = {
+    "python": "py",  # Generic.
+    "cpython": "cp",
+    "pypy": "pp",
+    "ironpython": "ip",
+    "jython": "jy",
+}
+
+
+_32_BIT_INTERPRETER = sys.maxsize <= 2 ** 32
+
+
+class Tag:
+    """
+    A representation of the tag triple for a wheel.
+
+    Instances are considered immutable and thus are hashable. Equality checking
+    is also supported.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ["_interpreter", "_abi", "_platform", "_hash"]
+
+    def __init__(self, interpreter: str, abi: str, platform: str) -> None:
+        self._interpreter = interpreter.lower()
+        self._abi = abi.lower()
+        self._platform = platform.lower()
+        # The __hash__ of every single element in a Set[Tag] will be evaluated each time
+        # that a set calls its `.disjoint()` method, which may be called hundreds of
+        # times when scanning a page of links for packages with tags matching that
+        # Set[Tag]. Pre-computing the value here produces significant speedups for
+        # downstream consumers.
+        self._hash = hash((self._interpreter, self._abi, self._platform))
+
+    @property
+    def interpreter(self) -> str:
+        return self._interpreter
+
+    @property
+    def abi(self) -> str:
+        return self._abi
+
+    @property
+    def platform(self) -> str:
+        return self._platform
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Tag):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return (
+            (self._hash == other._hash)  # Short-circuit ASAP for perf reasons.
+            and (self._platform == other._platform)
+            and (self._abi == other._abi)
+            and (self._interpreter == other._interpreter)
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self._interpreter}-{self._abi}-{self._platform}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<{self} @ {id(self)}>"
+
+
+def parse_tag(tag: str) -> FrozenSet[Tag]:
+    """
+    Parses the provided tag (e.g. `py3-none-any`) into a frozenset of Tag instances.
+
+    Returning a set is required due to the possibility that the tag is a
+    compressed tag set.
+    """
+    tags = set()
+    interpreters, abis, platforms = tag.split("-")
+    for interpreter in interpreters.split("."):
+        for abi in abis.split("."):
+            for platform_ in platforms.split("."):
+                tags.add(Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_))
+    return frozenset(tags)
+
+
+def _get_config_var(name: str, warn: bool = False) -> Union[int, str, None]:
+    value = sysconfig.get_config_var(name)
+    if value is None and warn:
+        logger.debug(
+            "Config variable '%s' is unset, Python ABI tag may be incorrect", name
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _normalize_string(string: str) -> str:
+    return string.replace(".", "_").replace("-", "_")
+
+
+def _abi3_applies(python_version: PythonVersion) -> bool:
+    """
+    Determine if the Python version supports abi3.
+
+    PEP 384 was first implemented in Python 3.2.
+    """
+    return len(python_version) > 1 and tuple(python_version) >= (3, 2)
+
+
+def _cpython_abis(py_version: PythonVersion, warn: bool = False) -> List[str]:
+    py_version = tuple(py_version)  # To allow for version comparison.
+    abis = []
+    version = _version_nodot(py_version[:2])
+    debug = pymalloc = ucs4 = ""
+    with_debug = _get_config_var("Py_DEBUG", warn)
+    has_refcount = hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount")
+    # Windows doesn't set Py_DEBUG, so checking for support of debug-compiled
+    # extension modules is the best option.
+    # https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/3383#issuecomment-173267692
+    has_ext = "_d.pyd" in EXTENSION_SUFFIXES
+    if with_debug or (with_debug is None and (has_refcount or has_ext)):
+        debug = "d"
+    if py_version < (3, 8):
+        with_pymalloc = _get_config_var("WITH_PYMALLOC", warn)
+        if with_pymalloc or with_pymalloc is None:
+            pymalloc = "m"
+        if py_version < (3, 3):
+            unicode_size = _get_config_var("Py_UNICODE_SIZE", warn)
+            if unicode_size == 4 or (
+                unicode_size is None and sys.maxunicode == 0x10FFFF
+            ):
+                ucs4 = "u"
+    elif debug:
+        # Debug builds can also load "normal" extension modules.
+        # We can also assume no UCS-4 or pymalloc requirement.
+        abis.append(f"cp{version}")
+    abis.insert(
+        0,
+        "cp{version}{debug}{pymalloc}{ucs4}".format(
+            version=version, debug=debug, pymalloc=pymalloc, ucs4=ucs4
+        ),
+    )
+    return abis
+
+
+def cpython_tags(
+    python_version: Optional[PythonVersion] = None,
+    abis: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    platforms: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    *,
+    warn: bool = False,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the tags for a CPython interpreter.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - cp<python_version>-<abi>-<platform>
+    - cp<python_version>-abi3-<platform>
+    - cp<python_version>-none-<platform>
+    - cp<less than python_version>-abi3-<platform>  # Older Python versions down to 3.2.
+
+    If python_version only specifies a major version then user-provided ABIs and
+    the 'none' ABItag will be used.
+
+    If 'abi3' or 'none' are specified in 'abis' then they will be yielded at
+    their normal position and not at the beginning.
+    """
+    if not python_version:
+        python_version = sys.version_info[:2]
+
+    interpreter = f"cp{_version_nodot(python_version[:2])}"
+
+    if abis is None:
+        if len(python_version) > 1:
+            abis = _cpython_abis(python_version, warn)
+        else:
+            abis = []
+    abis = list(abis)
+    # 'abi3' and 'none' are explicitly handled later.
+    for explicit_abi in ("abi3", "none"):
+        try:
+            abis.remove(explicit_abi)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    for abi in abis:
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_)
+    if _abi3_applies(python_version):
+        yield from (Tag(interpreter, "abi3", platform_) for platform_ in platforms)
+    yield from (Tag(interpreter, "none", platform_) for platform_ in platforms)
+
+    if _abi3_applies(python_version):
+        for minor_version in range(python_version[1] - 1, 1, -1):
+            for platform_ in platforms:
+                interpreter = "cp{version}".format(
+                    version=_version_nodot((python_version[0], minor_version))
+                )
+                yield Tag(interpreter, "abi3", platform_)
+
+
+def _generic_abi() -> Iterator[str]:
+    abi = sysconfig.get_config_var("SOABI")
+    if abi:
+        yield _normalize_string(abi)
+
+
+def generic_tags(
+    interpreter: Optional[str] = None,
+    abis: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    platforms: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    *,
+    warn: bool = False,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the tags for a generic interpreter.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - <interpreter>-<abi>-<platform>
+
+    The "none" ABI will be added if it was not explicitly provided.
+    """
+    if not interpreter:
+        interp_name = interpreter_name()
+        interp_version = interpreter_version(warn=warn)
+        interpreter = "".join([interp_name, interp_version])
+    if abis is None:
+        abis = _generic_abi()
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    abis = list(abis)
+    if "none" not in abis:
+        abis.append("none")
+    for abi in abis:
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(interpreter, abi, platform_)
+
+
+def _py_interpreter_range(py_version: PythonVersion) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Yields Python versions in descending order.
+
+    After the latest version, the major-only version will be yielded, and then
+    all previous versions of that major version.
+    """
+    if len(py_version) > 1:
+        yield f"py{_version_nodot(py_version[:2])}"
+    yield f"py{py_version[0]}"
+    if len(py_version) > 1:
+        for minor in range(py_version[1] - 1, -1, -1):
+            yield f"py{_version_nodot((py_version[0], minor))}"
+
+
+def compatible_tags(
+    python_version: Optional[PythonVersion] = None,
+    interpreter: Optional[str] = None,
+    platforms: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Yields the sequence of tags that are compatible with a specific version of Python.
+
+    The tags consist of:
+    - py*-none-<platform>
+    - <interpreter>-none-any  # ... if `interpreter` is provided.
+    - py*-none-any
+    """
+    if not python_version:
+        python_version = sys.version_info[:2]
+    platforms = list(platforms or platform_tags())
+    for version in _py_interpreter_range(python_version):
+        for platform_ in platforms:
+            yield Tag(version, "none", platform_)
+    if interpreter:
+        yield Tag(interpreter, "none", "any")
+    for version in _py_interpreter_range(python_version):
+        yield Tag(version, "none", "any")
+
+
+def _mac_arch(arch: str, is_32bit: bool = _32_BIT_INTERPRETER) -> str:
+    if not is_32bit:
+        return arch
+
+    if arch.startswith("ppc"):
+        return "ppc"
+
+    return "i386"
+
+
+def _mac_binary_formats(version: MacVersion, cpu_arch: str) -> List[str]:
+    formats = [cpu_arch]
+    if cpu_arch == "x86_64":
+        if version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["intel", "fat64", "fat32"])
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "i386":
+        if version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["intel", "fat32", "fat"])
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "ppc64":
+        # TODO: Need to care about 32-bit PPC for ppc64 through 10.2?
+        if version > (10, 5) or version < (10, 4):
+            return []
+        formats.append("fat64")
+
+    elif cpu_arch == "ppc":
+        if version > (10, 6):
+            return []
+        formats.extend(["fat32", "fat"])
+
+    if cpu_arch in {"arm64", "x86_64"}:
+        formats.append("universal2")
+
+    if cpu_arch in {"x86_64", "i386", "ppc64", "ppc", "intel"}:
+        formats.append("universal")
+
+    return formats
+
+
+def mac_platforms(
+    version: Optional[MacVersion] = None, arch: Optional[str] = None
+) -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Yields the platform tags for a macOS system.
+
+    The `version` parameter is a two-item tuple specifying the macOS version to
+    generate platform tags for. The `arch` parameter is the CPU architecture to
+    generate platform tags for. Both parameters default to the appropriate value
+    for the current system.
+    """
+    version_str, _, cpu_arch = platform.mac_ver()
+    if version is None:
+        version = cast("MacVersion", tuple(map(int, version_str.split(".")[:2])))
+    else:
+        version = version
+    if arch is None:
+        arch = _mac_arch(cpu_arch)
+    else:
+        arch = arch
+
+    if (10, 0) <= version and version < (11, 0):
+        # Prior to Mac OS 11, each yearly release of Mac OS bumped the
+        # "minor" version number.  The major version was always 10.
+        for minor_version in range(version[1], -1, -1):
+            compat_version = 10, minor_version
+            binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+            for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                    major=10, minor=minor_version, binary_format=binary_format
+                )
+
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        # Starting with Mac OS 11, each yearly release bumps the major version
+        # number.   The minor versions are now the midyear updates.
+        for major_version in range(version[0], 10, -1):
+            compat_version = major_version, 0
+            binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+            for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                    major=major_version, minor=0, binary_format=binary_format
+                )
+
+    if version >= (11, 0):
+        # Mac OS 11 on x86_64 is compatible with binaries from previous releases.
+        # Arm64 support was introduced in 11.0, so no Arm binaries from previous
+        # releases exist.
+        #
+        # However, the "universal2" binary format can have a
+        # macOS version earlier than 11.0 when the x86_64 part of the binary supports
+        # that version of macOS.
+        if arch == "x86_64":
+            for minor_version in range(16, 3, -1):
+                compat_version = 10, minor_version
+                binary_formats = _mac_binary_formats(compat_version, arch)
+                for binary_format in binary_formats:
+                    yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                        major=compat_version[0],
+                        minor=compat_version[1],
+                        binary_format=binary_format,
+                    )
+        else:
+            for minor_version in range(16, 3, -1):
+                compat_version = 10, minor_version
+                binary_format = "universal2"
+                yield "macosx_{major}_{minor}_{binary_format}".format(
+                    major=compat_version[0],
+                    minor=compat_version[1],
+                    binary_format=binary_format,
+                )
+
+
+def _linux_platforms(is_32bit: bool = _32_BIT_INTERPRETER) -> Iterator[str]:
+    linux = _normalize_string(sysconfig.get_platform())
+    if is_32bit:
+        if linux == "linux_x86_64":
+            linux = "linux_i686"
+        elif linux == "linux_aarch64":
+            linux = "linux_armv7l"
+    _, arch = linux.split("_", 1)
+    yield from _manylinux.platform_tags(linux, arch)
+    yield from _musllinux.platform_tags(arch)
+    yield linux
+
+
+def _generic_platforms() -> Iterator[str]:
+    yield _normalize_string(sysconfig.get_platform())
+
+
+def platform_tags() -> Iterator[str]:
+    """
+    Provides the platform tags for this installation.
+    """
+    if platform.system() == "Darwin":
+        return mac_platforms()
+    elif platform.system() == "Linux":
+        return _linux_platforms()
+    else:
+        return _generic_platforms()
+
+
+def interpreter_name() -> str:
+    """
+    Returns the name of the running interpreter.
+    """
+    name = sys.implementation.name
+    return INTERPRETER_SHORT_NAMES.get(name) or name
+
+
+def interpreter_version(*, warn: bool = False) -> str:
+    """
+    Returns the version of the running interpreter.
+    """
+    version = _get_config_var("py_version_nodot", warn=warn)
+    if version:
+        version = str(version)
+    else:
+        version = _version_nodot(sys.version_info[:2])
+    return version
+
+
+def _version_nodot(version: PythonVersion) -> str:
+    return "".join(map(str, version))
+
+
+def sys_tags(*, warn: bool = False) -> Iterator[Tag]:
+    """
+    Returns the sequence of tag triples for the running interpreter.
+
+    The order of the sequence corresponds to priority order for the
+    interpreter, from most to least important.
+    """
+
+    interp_name = interpreter_name()
+    if interp_name == "cp":
+        yield from cpython_tags(warn=warn)
+    else:
+        yield from generic_tags()
+
+    if interp_name == "pp":
+        yield from compatible_tags(interpreter="pp3")
+    else:
+        yield from compatible_tags()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bab11b80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import re
+from typing import FrozenSet, NewType, Tuple, Union, cast
+
+from .tags import Tag, parse_tag
+from .version import InvalidVersion, Version
+
+BuildTag = Union[Tuple[()], Tuple[int, str]]
+NormalizedName = NewType("NormalizedName", str)
+
+
+class InvalidWheelFilename(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid wheel filename was found, users should refer to PEP 427.
+    """
+
+
+class InvalidSdistFilename(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid sdist filename was found, users should refer to the packaging user guide.
+    """
+
+
+_canonicalize_regex = re.compile(r"[-_.]+")
+# PEP 427: The build number must start with a digit.
+_build_tag_regex = re.compile(r"(\d+)(.*)")
+
+
+def canonicalize_name(name: str) -> NormalizedName:
+    # This is taken from PEP 503.
+    value = _canonicalize_regex.sub("-", name).lower()
+    return cast(NormalizedName, value)
+
+
+def canonicalize_version(version: Union[Version, str]) -> str:
+    """
+    This is very similar to Version.__str__, but has one subtle difference
+    with the way it handles the release segment.
+    """
+    if isinstance(version, str):
+        try:
+            parsed = Version(version)
+        except InvalidVersion:
+            # Legacy versions cannot be normalized
+            return version
+    else:
+        parsed = version
+
+    parts = []
+
+    # Epoch
+    if parsed.epoch != 0:
+        parts.append(f"{parsed.epoch}!")
+
+    # Release segment
+    # NB: This strips trailing '.0's to normalize
+    parts.append(re.sub(r"(\.0)+$", "", ".".join(str(x) for x in parsed.release)))
+
+    # Pre-release
+    if parsed.pre is not None:
+        parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in parsed.pre))
+
+    # Post-release
+    if parsed.post is not None:
+        parts.append(f".post{parsed.post}")
+
+    # Development release
+    if parsed.dev is not None:
+        parts.append(f".dev{parsed.dev}")
+
+    # Local version segment
+    if parsed.local is not None:
+        parts.append(f"+{parsed.local}")
+
+    return "".join(parts)
+
+
+def parse_wheel_filename(
+    filename: str,
+) -> Tuple[NormalizedName, Version, BuildTag, FrozenSet[Tag]]:
+    if not filename.endswith(".whl"):
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (extension must be '.whl'): {filename}"
+        )
+
+    filename = filename[:-4]
+    dashes = filename.count("-")
+    if dashes not in (4, 5):
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+            f"Invalid wheel filename (wrong number of parts): {filename}"
+        )
+
+    parts = filename.split("-", dashes - 2)
+    name_part = parts[0]
+    # See PEP 427 for the rules on escaping the project name
+    if "__" in name_part or re.match(r"^[\w\d._]*$", name_part, re.UNICODE) is None:
+        raise InvalidWheelFilename(f"Invalid project name: {filename}")
+    name = canonicalize_name(name_part)
+    version = Version(parts[1])
+    if dashes == 5:
+        build_part = parts[2]
+        build_match = _build_tag_regex.match(build_part)
+        if build_match is None:
+            raise InvalidWheelFilename(
+                f"Invalid build number: {build_part} in '{filename}'"
+            )
+        build = cast(BuildTag, (int(build_match.group(1)), build_match.group(2)))
+    else:
+        build = ()
+    tags = parse_tag(parts[-1])
+    return (name, version, build, tags)
+
+
+def parse_sdist_filename(filename: str) -> Tuple[NormalizedName, Version]:
+    if filename.endswith(".tar.gz"):
+        file_stem = filename[: -len(".tar.gz")]
+    elif filename.endswith(".zip"):
+        file_stem = filename[: -len(".zip")]
+    else:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(
+            f"Invalid sdist filename (extension must be '.tar.gz' or '.zip'):"
+            f" {filename}"
+        )
+
+    # We are requiring a PEP 440 version, which cannot contain dashes,
+    # so we split on the last dash.
+    name_part, sep, version_part = file_stem.rpartition("-")
+    if not sep:
+        raise InvalidSdistFilename(f"Invalid sdist filename: {filename}")
+
+    name = canonicalize_name(name_part)
+    version = Version(version_part)
+    return (name, version)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de9a09a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/packaging/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+# This file is dual licensed under the terms of the Apache License, Version
+# 2.0, and the BSD License. See the LICENSE file in the root of this repository
+# for complete details.
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+import re
+import warnings
+from typing import Callable, Iterator, List, Optional, SupportsInt, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._structures import Infinity, InfinityType, NegativeInfinity, NegativeInfinityType
+
+__all__ = ["parse", "Version", "LegacyVersion", "InvalidVersion", "VERSION_PATTERN"]
+
+InfiniteTypes = Union[InfinityType, NegativeInfinityType]
+PrePostDevType = Union[InfiniteTypes, Tuple[str, int]]
+SubLocalType = Union[InfiniteTypes, int, str]
+LocalType = Union[
+    NegativeInfinityType,
+    Tuple[
+        Union[
+            SubLocalType,
+            Tuple[SubLocalType, str],
+            Tuple[NegativeInfinityType, SubLocalType],
+        ],
+        ...,
+    ],
+]
+CmpKey = Tuple[
+    int, Tuple[int, ...], PrePostDevType, PrePostDevType, PrePostDevType, LocalType
+]
+LegacyCmpKey = Tuple[int, Tuple[str, ...]]
+VersionComparisonMethod = Callable[
+    [Union[CmpKey, LegacyCmpKey], Union[CmpKey, LegacyCmpKey]], bool
+]
+
+_Version = collections.namedtuple(
+    "_Version", ["epoch", "release", "dev", "pre", "post", "local"]
+)
+
+
+def parse(version: str) -> Union["LegacyVersion", "Version"]:
+    """
+    Parse the given version string and return either a :class:`Version` object
+    or a :class:`LegacyVersion` object depending on if the given version is
+    a valid PEP 440 version or a legacy version.
+    """
+    try:
+        return Version(version)
+    except InvalidVersion:
+        return LegacyVersion(version)
+
+
+class InvalidVersion(ValueError):
+    """
+    An invalid version was found, users should refer to PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+class _BaseVersion:
+    _key: Union[CmpKey, LegacyCmpKey]
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._key)
+
+    # Please keep the duplicated `isinstance` check
+    # in the six comparisons hereunder
+    # unless you find a way to avoid adding overhead function calls.
+    def __lt__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key < other._key
+
+    def __le__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key <= other._key
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key == other._key
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key >= other._key
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: "_BaseVersion") -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key > other._key
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, _BaseVersion):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self._key != other._key
+
+
+class LegacyVersion(_BaseVersion):
+    def __init__(self, version: str) -> None:
+        self._version = str(version)
+        self._key = _legacy_cmpkey(self._version)
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Creating a LegacyVersion has been deprecated and will be "
+            "removed in the next major release",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._version
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<LegacyVersion('{self}')>"
+
+    @property
+    def public(self) -> str:
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self) -> str:
+        return self._version
+
+    @property
+    def epoch(self) -> int:
+        return -1
+
+    @property
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def pre(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def post(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def dev(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def local(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_devrelease(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+_legacy_version_component_re = re.compile(r"(\d+ | [a-z]+ | \.| -)", re.VERBOSE)
+
+_legacy_version_replacement_map = {
+    "pre": "c",
+    "preview": "c",
+    "-": "final-",
+    "rc": "c",
+    "dev": "@",
+}
+
+
+def _parse_version_parts(s: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    for part in _legacy_version_component_re.split(s):
+        part = _legacy_version_replacement_map.get(part, part)
+
+        if not part or part == ".":
+            continue
+
+        if part[:1] in "0123456789":
+            # pad for numeric comparison
+            yield part.zfill(8)
+        else:
+            yield "*" + part
+
+    # ensure that alpha/beta/candidate are before final
+    yield "*final"
+
+
+def _legacy_cmpkey(version: str) -> LegacyCmpKey:
+
+    # We hardcode an epoch of -1 here. A PEP 440 version can only have a epoch
+    # greater than or equal to 0. This will effectively put the LegacyVersion,
+    # which uses the defacto standard originally implemented by setuptools,
+    # as before all PEP 440 versions.
+    epoch = -1
+
+    # This scheme is taken from pkg_resources.parse_version setuptools prior to
+    # it's adoption of the packaging library.
+    parts: List[str] = []
+    for part in _parse_version_parts(version.lower()):
+        if part.startswith("*"):
+            # remove "-" before a prerelease tag
+            if part < "*final":
+                while parts and parts[-1] == "*final-":
+                    parts.pop()
+
+            # remove trailing zeros from each series of numeric parts
+            while parts and parts[-1] == "00000000":
+                parts.pop()
+
+        parts.append(part)
+
+    return epoch, tuple(parts)
+
+
+# Deliberately not anchored to the start and end of the string, to make it
+# easier for 3rd party code to reuse
+VERSION_PATTERN = r"""
+    v?
+    (?:
+        (?:(?P<epoch>[0-9]+)!)?                           # epoch
+        (?P<release>[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)                  # release segment
+        (?P<pre>                                          # pre-release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_l>(a|b|c|rc|alpha|beta|pre|preview))
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<pre_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+        (?P<post>                                         # post release
+            (?:-(?P<post_n1>[0-9]+))
+            |
+            (?:
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_l>post|rev|r)
+                [-_\.]?
+                (?P<post_n2>[0-9]+)?
+            )
+        )?
+        (?P<dev>                                          # dev release
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_l>dev)
+            [-_\.]?
+            (?P<dev_n>[0-9]+)?
+        )?
+    )
+    (?:\+(?P<local>[a-z0-9]+(?:[-_\.][a-z0-9]+)*))?       # local version
+"""
+
+
+class Version(_BaseVersion):
+
+    _regex = re.compile(r"^\s*" + VERSION_PATTERN + r"\s*$", re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    def __init__(self, version: str) -> None:
+
+        # Validate the version and parse it into pieces
+        match = self._regex.search(version)
+        if not match:
+            raise InvalidVersion(f"Invalid version: '{version}'")
+
+        # Store the parsed out pieces of the version
+        self._version = _Version(
+            epoch=int(match.group("epoch")) if match.group("epoch") else 0,
+            release=tuple(int(i) for i in match.group("release").split(".")),
+            pre=_parse_letter_version(match.group("pre_l"), match.group("pre_n")),
+            post=_parse_letter_version(
+                match.group("post_l"), match.group("post_n1") or match.group("post_n2")
+            ),
+            dev=_parse_letter_version(match.group("dev_l"), match.group("dev_n")),
+            local=_parse_local_version(match.group("local")),
+        )
+
+        # Generate a key which will be used for sorting
+        self._key = _cmpkey(
+            self._version.epoch,
+            self._version.release,
+            self._version.pre,
+            self._version.post,
+            self._version.dev,
+            self._version.local,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Version('{self}')>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append(f"{self.epoch}!")
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
+
+        # Pre-release
+        if self.pre is not None:
+            parts.append("".join(str(x) for x in self.pre))
+
+        # Post-release
+        if self.post is not None:
+            parts.append(f".post{self.post}")
+
+        # Development release
+        if self.dev is not None:
+            parts.append(f".dev{self.dev}")
+
+        # Local version segment
+        if self.local is not None:
+            parts.append(f"+{self.local}")
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def epoch(self) -> int:
+        _epoch: int = self._version.epoch
+        return _epoch
+
+    @property
+    def release(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+        _release: Tuple[int, ...] = self._version.release
+        return _release
+
+    @property
+    def pre(self) -> Optional[Tuple[str, int]]:
+        _pre: Optional[Tuple[str, int]] = self._version.pre
+        return _pre
+
+    @property
+    def post(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return self._version.post[1] if self._version.post else None
+
+    @property
+    def dev(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return self._version.dev[1] if self._version.dev else None
+
+    @property
+    def local(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._version.local:
+            return ".".join(str(x) for x in self._version.local)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def public(self) -> str:
+        return str(self).split("+", 1)[0]
+
+    @property
+    def base_version(self) -> str:
+        parts = []
+
+        # Epoch
+        if self.epoch != 0:
+            parts.append(f"{self.epoch}!")
+
+        # Release segment
+        parts.append(".".join(str(x) for x in self.release))
+
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    @property
+    def is_prerelease(self) -> bool:
+        return self.dev is not None or self.pre is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_postrelease(self) -> bool:
+        return self.post is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_devrelease(self) -> bool:
+        return self.dev is not None
+
+    @property
+    def major(self) -> int:
+        return self.release[0] if len(self.release) >= 1 else 0
+
+    @property
+    def minor(self) -> int:
+        return self.release[1] if len(self.release) >= 2 else 0
+
+    @property
+    def micro(self) -> int:
+        return self.release[2] if len(self.release) >= 3 else 0
+
+
+def _parse_letter_version(
+    letter: str, number: Union[str, bytes, SupportsInt]
+) -> Optional[Tuple[str, int]]:
+
+    if letter:
+        # We consider there to be an implicit 0 in a pre-release if there is
+        # not a numeral associated with it.
+        if number is None:
+            number = 0
+
+        # We normalize any letters to their lower case form
+        letter = letter.lower()
+
+        # We consider some words to be alternate spellings of other words and
+        # in those cases we want to normalize the spellings to our preferred
+        # spelling.
+        if letter == "alpha":
+            letter = "a"
+        elif letter == "beta":
+            letter = "b"
+        elif letter in ["c", "pre", "preview"]:
+            letter = "rc"
+        elif letter in ["rev", "r"]:
+            letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+    if not letter and number:
+        # We assume if we are given a number, but we are not given a letter
+        # then this is using the implicit post release syntax (e.g. 1.0-1)
+        letter = "post"
+
+        return letter, int(number)
+
+    return None
+
+
+_local_version_separators = re.compile(r"[\._-]")
+
+
+def _parse_local_version(local: str) -> Optional[LocalType]:
+    """
+    Takes a string like abc.1.twelve and turns it into ("abc", 1, "twelve").
+    """
+    if local is not None:
+        return tuple(
+            part.lower() if not part.isdigit() else int(part)
+            for part in _local_version_separators.split(local)
+        )
+    return None
+
+
+def _cmpkey(
+    epoch: int,
+    release: Tuple[int, ...],
+    pre: Optional[Tuple[str, int]],
+    post: Optional[Tuple[str, int]],
+    dev: Optional[Tuple[str, int]],
+    local: Optional[Tuple[SubLocalType]],
+) -> CmpKey:
+
+    # When we compare a release version, we want to compare it with all of the
+    # trailing zeros removed. So we'll use a reverse the list, drop all the now
+    # leading zeros until we come to something non zero, then take the rest
+    # re-reverse it back into the correct order and make it a tuple and use
+    # that for our sorting key.
+    _release = tuple(
+        reversed(list(itertools.dropwhile(lambda x: x == 0, reversed(release))))
+    )
+
+    # We need to "trick" the sorting algorithm to put 1.0.dev0 before 1.0a0.
+    # We'll do this by abusing the pre segment, but we _only_ want to do this
+    # if there is not a pre or a post segment. If we have one of those then
+    # the normal sorting rules will handle this case correctly.
+    if pre is None and post is None and dev is not None:
+        _pre: PrePostDevType = NegativeInfinity
+    # Versions without a pre-release (except as noted above) should sort after
+    # those with one.
+    elif pre is None:
+        _pre = Infinity
+    else:
+        _pre = pre
+
+    # Versions without a post segment should sort before those with one.
+    if post is None:
+        _post: PrePostDevType = NegativeInfinity
+
+    else:
+        _post = post
+
+    # Versions without a development segment should sort after those with one.
+    if dev is None:
+        _dev: PrePostDevType = Infinity
+
+    else:
+        _dev = dev
+
+    if local is None:
+        # Versions without a local segment should sort before those with one.
+        _local: LocalType = NegativeInfinity
+    else:
+        # Versions with a local segment need that segment parsed to implement
+        # the sorting rules in PEP440.
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort before numeric segments
+        # - Alpha numeric segments sort lexicographically
+        # - Numeric segments sort numerically
+        # - Shorter versions sort before longer versions when the prefixes
+        #   match exactly
+        _local = tuple(
+            (i, "") if isinstance(i, int) else (NegativeInfinity, i) for i in local
+        )
+
+    return epoch, _release, _pre, _post, _dev, _local
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad279407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3361 @@
+"""
+Package resource API
+--------------------
+
+A resource is a logical file contained within a package, or a logical
+subdirectory thereof.  The package resource API expects resource names
+to have their path parts separated with ``/``, *not* whatever the local
+path separator is.  Do not use os.path operations to manipulate resource
+names being passed into the API.
+
+The package resource API is designed to work with normal filesystem packages,
+.egg files, and unpacked .egg files.  It can also work in a limited way with
+.zip files and with custom PEP 302 loaders that support the ``get_data()``
+method.
+
+This module is deprecated. Users are directed to :mod:`importlib.resources`,
+:mod:`importlib.metadata` and :pypi:`packaging` instead.
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import io
+import time
+import re
+import types
+import zipfile
+import zipimport
+import warnings
+import stat
+import functools
+import pkgutil
+import operator
+import platform
+import collections
+import plistlib
+import email.parser
+import errno
+import tempfile
+import textwrap
+import inspect
+import ntpath
+import posixpath
+import importlib
+from pkgutil import get_importer
+
+try:
+    import _imp
+except ImportError:
+    # Python 3.2 compatibility
+    import imp as _imp
+
+try:
+    FileExistsError
+except NameError:
+    FileExistsError = OSError
+
+# capture these to bypass sandboxing
+from os import utime
+
+try:
+    from os import mkdir, rename, unlink
+
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = True
+except ImportError:
+    # no write support, probably under GAE
+    WRITE_SUPPORT = False
+
+from os import open as os_open
+from os.path import isdir, split
+
+try:
+    import importlib.machinery as importlib_machinery
+
+    # access attribute to force import under delayed import mechanisms.
+    importlib_machinery.__name__
+except ImportError:
+    importlib_machinery = None
+
+from pip._internal.utils._jaraco_text import (
+    yield_lines,
+    drop_comment,
+    join_continuation,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor import platformdirs
+from pip._vendor import packaging
+
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.version')
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.specifiers')
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.requirements')
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.markers')
+__import__('pip._vendor.packaging.utils')
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 5):
+    raise RuntimeError("Python 3.5 or later is required")
+
+# declare some globals that will be defined later to
+# satisfy the linters.
+require = None
+working_set = None
+add_activation_listener = None
+resources_stream = None
+cleanup_resources = None
+resource_dir = None
+resource_stream = None
+set_extraction_path = None
+resource_isdir = None
+resource_string = None
+iter_entry_points = None
+resource_listdir = None
+resource_filename = None
+resource_exists = None
+_distribution_finders = None
+_namespace_handlers = None
+_namespace_packages = None
+
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "pkg_resources is deprecated as an API. "
+    "See https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+    stacklevel=2
+)
+
+
+_PEP440_FALLBACK = re.compile(r"^v?(?P<safe>(?:[0-9]+!)?[0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)*)", re.I)
+
+
+class PEP440Warning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """
+    Used when there is an issue with a version or specifier not complying with
+    PEP 440.
+    """
+
+
+parse_version = packaging.version.Version
+
+
+_state_vars = {}
+
+
+def _declare_state(vartype, **kw):
+    globals().update(kw)
+    _state_vars.update(dict.fromkeys(kw, vartype))
+
+
+def __getstate__():
+    state = {}
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in _state_vars.items():
+        state[k] = g['_sget_' + v](g[k])
+    return state
+
+
+def __setstate__(state):
+    g = globals()
+    for k, v in state.items():
+        g['_sset_' + _state_vars[k]](k, g[k], v)
+    return state
+
+
+def _sget_dict(val):
+    return val.copy()
+
+
+def _sset_dict(key, ob, state):
+    ob.clear()
+    ob.update(state)
+
+
+def _sget_object(val):
+    return val.__getstate__()
+
+
+def _sset_object(key, ob, state):
+    ob.__setstate__(state)
+
+
+_sget_none = _sset_none = lambda *args: None
+
+
+def get_supported_platform():
+    """Return this platform's maximum compatible version.
+
+    distutils.util.get_platform() normally reports the minimum version
+    of macOS that would be required to *use* extensions produced by
+    distutils.  But what we want when checking compatibility is to know the
+    version of macOS that we are *running*.  To allow usage of packages that
+    explicitly require a newer version of macOS, we must also know the
+    current version of the OS.
+
+    If this condition occurs for any other platform with a version in its
+    platform strings, this function should be extended accordingly.
+    """
+    plat = get_build_platform()
+    m = macosVersionString.match(plat)
+    if m is not None and sys.platform == "darwin":
+        try:
+            plat = 'macosx-%s-%s' % ('.'.join(_macos_vers()[:2]), m.group(3))
+        except ValueError:
+            # not macOS
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Basic resource access and distribution/entry point discovery
+    'require',
+    'run_script',
+    'get_provider',
+    'get_distribution',
+    'load_entry_point',
+    'get_entry_map',
+    'get_entry_info',
+    'iter_entry_points',
+    'resource_string',
+    'resource_stream',
+    'resource_filename',
+    'resource_listdir',
+    'resource_exists',
+    'resource_isdir',
+    # Environmental control
+    'declare_namespace',
+    'working_set',
+    'add_activation_listener',
+    'find_distributions',
+    'set_extraction_path',
+    'cleanup_resources',
+    'get_default_cache',
+    # Primary implementation classes
+    'Environment',
+    'WorkingSet',
+    'ResourceManager',
+    'Distribution',
+    'Requirement',
+    'EntryPoint',
+    # Exceptions
+    'ResolutionError',
+    'VersionConflict',
+    'DistributionNotFound',
+    'UnknownExtra',
+    'ExtractionError',
+    # Warnings
+    'PEP440Warning',
+    # Parsing functions and string utilities
+    'parse_requirements',
+    'parse_version',
+    'safe_name',
+    'safe_version',
+    'get_platform',
+    'compatible_platforms',
+    'yield_lines',
+    'split_sections',
+    'safe_extra',
+    'to_filename',
+    'invalid_marker',
+    'evaluate_marker',
+    # filesystem utilities
+    'ensure_directory',
+    'normalize_path',
+    # Distribution "precedence" constants
+    'EGG_DIST',
+    'BINARY_DIST',
+    'SOURCE_DIST',
+    'CHECKOUT_DIST',
+    'DEVELOP_DIST',
+    # "Provider" interfaces, implementations, and registration/lookup APIs
+    'IMetadataProvider',
+    'IResourceProvider',
+    'FileMetadata',
+    'PathMetadata',
+    'EggMetadata',
+    'EmptyProvider',
+    'empty_provider',
+    'NullProvider',
+    'EggProvider',
+    'DefaultProvider',
+    'ZipProvider',
+    'register_finder',
+    'register_namespace_handler',
+    'register_loader_type',
+    'fixup_namespace_packages',
+    'get_importer',
+    # Warnings
+    'PkgResourcesDeprecationWarning',
+    # Deprecated/backward compatibility only
+    'run_main',
+    'AvailableDistributions',
+]
+
+
+class ResolutionError(Exception):
+    """Abstract base for dependency resolution errors"""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__class__.__name__ + repr(self.args)
+
+
+class VersionConflict(ResolutionError):
+    """
+    An already-installed version conflicts with the requested version.
+
+    Should be initialized with the installed Distribution and the requested
+    Requirement.
+    """
+
+    _template = "{self.dist} is installed but {self.req} is required"
+
+    @property
+    def dist(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def with_context(self, required_by):
+        """
+        If required_by is non-empty, return a version of self that is a
+        ContextualVersionConflict.
+        """
+        if not required_by:
+            return self
+        args = self.args + (required_by,)
+        return ContextualVersionConflict(*args)
+
+
+class ContextualVersionConflict(VersionConflict):
+    """
+    A VersionConflict that accepts a third parameter, the set of the
+    requirements that required the installed Distribution.
+    """
+
+    _template = VersionConflict._template + ' by {self.required_by}'
+
+    @property
+    def required_by(self):
+        return self.args[2]
+
+
+class DistributionNotFound(ResolutionError):
+    """A requested distribution was not found"""
+
+    _template = (
+        "The '{self.req}' distribution was not found "
+        "and is required by {self.requirers_str}"
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def req(self):
+        return self.args[0]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers(self):
+        return self.args[1]
+
+    @property
+    def requirers_str(self):
+        if not self.requirers:
+            return 'the application'
+        return ', '.join(self.requirers)
+
+    def report(self):
+        return self._template.format(**locals())
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.report()
+
+
+class UnknownExtra(ResolutionError):
+    """Distribution doesn't have an "extra feature" of the given name"""
+
+
+_provider_factories = {}
+
+PY_MAJOR = '{}.{}'.format(*sys.version_info)
+EGG_DIST = 3
+BINARY_DIST = 2
+SOURCE_DIST = 1
+CHECKOUT_DIST = 0
+DEVELOP_DIST = -1
+
+
+def register_loader_type(loader_type, provider_factory):
+    """Register `provider_factory` to make providers for `loader_type`
+
+    `loader_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 ``module.__loader__``,
+    and `provider_factory` is a function that, passed a *module* object,
+    returns an ``IResourceProvider`` for that module.
+    """
+    _provider_factories[loader_type] = provider_factory
+
+
+def get_provider(moduleOrReq):
+    """Return an IResourceProvider for the named module or requirement"""
+    if isinstance(moduleOrReq, Requirement):
+        return working_set.find(moduleOrReq) or require(str(moduleOrReq))[0]
+    try:
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    except KeyError:
+        __import__(moduleOrReq)
+        module = sys.modules[moduleOrReq]
+    loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+    return _find_adapter(_provider_factories, loader)(module)
+
+
+def _macos_vers(_cache=[]):
+    if not _cache:
+        version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+        # fallback for MacPorts
+        if version == '':
+            plist = '/System/Library/CoreServices/SystemVersion.plist'
+            if os.path.exists(plist):
+                if hasattr(plistlib, 'readPlist'):
+                    plist_content = plistlib.readPlist(plist)
+                    if 'ProductVersion' in plist_content:
+                        version = plist_content['ProductVersion']
+
+        _cache.append(version.split('.'))
+    return _cache[0]
+
+
+def _macos_arch(machine):
+    return {'PowerPC': 'ppc', 'Power_Macintosh': 'ppc'}.get(machine, machine)
+
+
+def get_build_platform():
+    """Return this platform's string for platform-specific distributions
+
+    XXX Currently this is the same as ``distutils.util.get_platform()``, but it
+    needs some hacks for Linux and macOS.
+    """
+    from sysconfig import get_platform
+
+    plat = get_platform()
+    if sys.platform == "darwin" and not plat.startswith('macosx-'):
+        try:
+            version = _macos_vers()
+            machine = os.uname()[4].replace(" ", "_")
+            return "macosx-%d.%d-%s" % (
+                int(version[0]),
+                int(version[1]),
+                _macos_arch(machine),
+            )
+        except ValueError:
+            # if someone is running a non-Mac darwin system, this will fall
+            # through to the default implementation
+            pass
+    return plat
+
+
+macosVersionString = re.compile(r"macosx-(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+darwinVersionString = re.compile(r"darwin-(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)-(.*)")
+# XXX backward compat
+get_platform = get_build_platform
+
+
+def compatible_platforms(provided, required):
+    """Can code for the `provided` platform run on the `required` platform?
+
+    Returns true if either platform is ``None``, or the platforms are equal.
+
+    XXX Needs compatibility checks for Linux and other unixy OSes.
+    """
+    if provided is None or required is None or provided == required:
+        # easy case
+        return True
+
+    # macOS special cases
+    reqMac = macosVersionString.match(required)
+    if reqMac:
+        provMac = macosVersionString.match(provided)
+
+        # is this a Mac package?
+        if not provMac:
+            # this is backwards compatibility for packages built before
+            # setuptools 0.6. All packages built after this point will
+            # use the new macOS designation.
+            provDarwin = darwinVersionString.match(provided)
+            if provDarwin:
+                dversion = int(provDarwin.group(1))
+                macosversion = "%s.%s" % (reqMac.group(1), reqMac.group(2))
+                if (
+                    dversion == 7
+                    and macosversion >= "10.3"
+                    or dversion == 8
+                    and macosversion >= "10.4"
+                ):
+                    return True
+            # egg isn't macOS or legacy darwin
+            return False
+
+        # are they the same major version and machine type?
+        if provMac.group(1) != reqMac.group(1) or provMac.group(3) != reqMac.group(3):
+            return False
+
+        # is the required OS major update >= the provided one?
+        if int(provMac.group(2)) > int(reqMac.group(2)):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    # XXX Linux and other platforms' special cases should go here
+    return False
+
+
+def run_script(dist_spec, script_name):
+    """Locate distribution `dist_spec` and run its `script_name` script"""
+    ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+    name = ns['__name__']
+    ns.clear()
+    ns['__name__'] = name
+    require(dist_spec)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+
+# backward compatibility
+run_main = run_script
+
+
+def get_distribution(dist):
+    """Return a current distribution object for a Requirement or string"""
+    if isinstance(dist, str):
+        dist = Requirement.parse(dist)
+    if isinstance(dist, Requirement):
+        dist = get_provider(dist)
+    if not isinstance(dist, Distribution):
+        raise TypeError("Expected string, Requirement, or Distribution", dist)
+    return dist
+
+
+def load_entry_point(dist, group, name):
+    """Return `name` entry point of `group` for `dist` or raise ImportError"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).load_entry_point(group, name)
+
+
+def get_entry_map(dist, group=None):
+    """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_map(group)
+
+
+def get_entry_info(dist, group, name):
+    """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+    return get_distribution(dist).get_entry_info(group, name)
+
+
+class IMetadataProvider:
+    def has_metadata(name):
+        """Does the package's distribution contain the named metadata?"""
+
+    def get_metadata(name):
+        """The named metadata resource as a string"""
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(name):
+        """Yield named metadata resource as list of non-blank non-comment lines
+
+        Leading and trailing whitespace is stripped from each line, and lines
+        with ``#`` as the first non-blank character are omitted."""
+
+    def metadata_isdir(name):
+        """Is the named metadata a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def metadata_listdir(name):
+        """List of metadata names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+    def run_script(script_name, namespace):
+        """Execute the named script in the supplied namespace dictionary"""
+
+
+class IResourceProvider(IMetadataProvider):
+    """An object that provides access to package resources"""
+
+    def get_resource_filename(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_stream(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def get_resource_string(manager, resource_name):
+        """Return a string containing the contents of `resource_name`
+
+        `manager` must be an ``IResourceManager``"""
+
+    def has_resource(resource_name):
+        """Does the package contain the named resource?"""
+
+    def resource_isdir(resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource a directory?  (like ``os.path.isdir()``)"""
+
+    def resource_listdir(resource_name):
+        """List of resource names in the directory (like ``os.listdir()``)"""
+
+
+class WorkingSet:
+    """A collection of active distributions on sys.path (or a similar list)"""
+
+    def __init__(self, entries=None):
+        """Create working set from list of path entries (default=sys.path)"""
+        self.entries = []
+        self.entry_keys = {}
+        self.by_key = {}
+        self.normalized_to_canonical_keys = {}
+        self.callbacks = []
+
+        if entries is None:
+            entries = sys.path
+
+        for entry in entries:
+            self.add_entry(entry)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_master(cls):
+        """
+        Prepare the master working set.
+        """
+        ws = cls()
+        try:
+            from __main__ import __requires__
+        except ImportError:
+            # The main program does not list any requirements
+            return ws
+
+        # ensure the requirements are met
+        try:
+            ws.require(__requires__)
+        except VersionConflict:
+            return cls._build_from_requirements(__requires__)
+
+        return ws
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_from_requirements(cls, req_spec):
+        """
+        Build a working set from a requirement spec. Rewrites sys.path.
+        """
+        # try it without defaults already on sys.path
+        # by starting with an empty path
+        ws = cls([])
+        reqs = parse_requirements(req_spec)
+        dists = ws.resolve(reqs, Environment())
+        for dist in dists:
+            ws.add(dist)
+
+        # add any missing entries from sys.path
+        for entry in sys.path:
+            if entry not in ws.entries:
+                ws.add_entry(entry)
+
+        # then copy back to sys.path
+        sys.path[:] = ws.entries
+        return ws
+
+    def add_entry(self, entry):
+        """Add a path item to ``.entries``, finding any distributions on it
+
+        ``find_distributions(entry, True)`` is used to find distributions
+        corresponding to the path entry, and they are added.  `entry` is
+        always appended to ``.entries``, even if it is already present.
+        (This is because ``sys.path`` can contain the same value more than
+        once, and the ``.entries`` of the ``sys.path`` WorkingSet should always
+        equal ``sys.path``.)
+        """
+        self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry, [])
+        self.entries.append(entry)
+        for dist in find_distributions(entry, True):
+            self.add(dist, entry, False)
+
+    def __contains__(self, dist):
+        """True if `dist` is the active distribution for its project"""
+        return self.by_key.get(dist.key) == dist
+
+    def find(self, req):
+        """Find a distribution matching requirement `req`
+
+        If there is an active distribution for the requested project, this
+        returns it as long as it meets the version requirement specified by
+        `req`.  But, if there is an active distribution for the project and it
+        does *not* meet the `req` requirement, ``VersionConflict`` is raised.
+        If there is no active distribution for the requested project, ``None``
+        is returned.
+        """
+        dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+
+        if dist is None:
+            canonical_key = self.normalized_to_canonical_keys.get(req.key)
+
+            if canonical_key is not None:
+                req.key = canonical_key
+                dist = self.by_key.get(canonical_key)
+
+        if dist is not None and dist not in req:
+            # XXX add more info
+            raise VersionConflict(dist, req)
+        return dist
+
+    def iter_entry_points(self, group, name=None):
+        """Yield entry point objects from `group` matching `name`
+
+        If `name` is None, yields all entry points in `group` from all
+        distributions in the working set, otherwise only ones matching
+        both `group` and `name` are yielded (in distribution order).
+        """
+        return (
+            entry
+            for dist in self
+            for entry in dist.get_entry_map(group).values()
+            if name is None or name == entry.name
+        )
+
+    def run_script(self, requires, script_name):
+        """Locate distribution for `requires` and run `script_name` script"""
+        ns = sys._getframe(1).f_globals
+        name = ns['__name__']
+        ns.clear()
+        ns['__name__'] = name
+        self.require(requires)[0].run_script(script_name, ns)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield distributions for non-duplicate projects in the working set
+
+        The yield order is the order in which the items' path entries were
+        added to the working set.
+        """
+        seen = {}
+        for item in self.entries:
+            if item not in self.entry_keys:
+                # workaround a cache issue
+                continue
+
+            for key in self.entry_keys[item]:
+                if key not in seen:
+                    seen[key] = 1
+                    yield self.by_key[key]
+
+    def add(self, dist, entry=None, insert=True, replace=False):
+        """Add `dist` to working set, associated with `entry`
+
+        If `entry` is unspecified, it defaults to the ``.location`` of `dist`.
+        On exit from this routine, `entry` is added to the end of the working
+        set's ``.entries`` (if it wasn't already present).
+
+        `dist` is only added to the working set if it's for a project that
+        doesn't already have a distribution in the set, unless `replace=True`.
+        If it's added, any callbacks registered with the ``subscribe()`` method
+        will be called.
+        """
+        if insert:
+            dist.insert_on(self.entries, entry, replace=replace)
+
+        if entry is None:
+            entry = dist.location
+        keys = self.entry_keys.setdefault(entry, [])
+        keys2 = self.entry_keys.setdefault(dist.location, [])
+        if not replace and dist.key in self.by_key:
+            # ignore hidden distros
+            return
+
+        self.by_key[dist.key] = dist
+        normalized_name = packaging.utils.canonicalize_name(dist.key)
+        self.normalized_to_canonical_keys[normalized_name] = dist.key
+        if dist.key not in keys:
+            keys.append(dist.key)
+        if dist.key not in keys2:
+            keys2.append(dist.key)
+        self._added_new(dist)
+
+    def resolve(
+        self,
+        requirements,
+        env=None,
+        installer=None,
+        replace_conflicting=False,
+        extras=None,
+    ):
+        """List all distributions needed to (recursively) meet `requirements`
+
+        `requirements` must be a sequence of ``Requirement`` objects.  `env`,
+        if supplied, should be an ``Environment`` instance.  If
+        not supplied, it defaults to all distributions available within any
+        entry or distribution in the working set.  `installer`, if supplied,
+        will be invoked with each requirement that cannot be met by an
+        already-installed distribution; it should return a ``Distribution`` or
+        ``None``.
+
+        Unless `replace_conflicting=True`, raises a VersionConflict exception
+        if
+        any requirements are found on the path that have the correct name but
+        the wrong version.  Otherwise, if an `installer` is supplied it will be
+        invoked to obtain the correct version of the requirement and activate
+        it.
+
+        `extras` is a list of the extras to be used with these requirements.
+        This is important because extra requirements may look like `my_req;
+        extra = "my_extra"`, which would otherwise be interpreted as a purely
+        optional requirement.  Instead, we want to be able to assert that these
+        requirements are truly required.
+        """
+
+        # set up the stack
+        requirements = list(requirements)[::-1]
+        # set of processed requirements
+        processed = {}
+        # key -> dist
+        best = {}
+        to_activate = []
+
+        req_extras = _ReqExtras()
+
+        # Mapping of requirement to set of distributions that required it;
+        # useful for reporting info about conflicts.
+        required_by = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        while requirements:
+            # process dependencies breadth-first
+            req = requirements.pop(0)
+            if req in processed:
+                # Ignore cyclic or redundant dependencies
+                continue
+
+            if not req_extras.markers_pass(req, extras):
+                continue
+
+            dist = self._resolve_dist(
+                req, best, replace_conflicting, env, installer, required_by, to_activate
+            )
+
+            # push the new requirements onto the stack
+            new_requirements = dist.requires(req.extras)[::-1]
+            requirements.extend(new_requirements)
+
+            # Register the new requirements needed by req
+            for new_requirement in new_requirements:
+                required_by[new_requirement].add(req.project_name)
+                req_extras[new_requirement] = req.extras
+
+            processed[req] = True
+
+        # return list of distros to activate
+        return to_activate
+
+    def _resolve_dist(
+        self, req, best, replace_conflicting, env, installer, required_by, to_activate
+    ):
+        dist = best.get(req.key)
+        if dist is None:
+            # Find the best distribution and add it to the map
+            dist = self.by_key.get(req.key)
+            if dist is None or (dist not in req and replace_conflicting):
+                ws = self
+                if env is None:
+                    if dist is None:
+                        env = Environment(self.entries)
+                    else:
+                        # Use an empty environment and workingset to avoid
+                        # any further conflicts with the conflicting
+                        # distribution
+                        env = Environment([])
+                        ws = WorkingSet([])
+                dist = best[req.key] = env.best_match(
+                    req, ws, installer, replace_conflicting=replace_conflicting
+                )
+                if dist is None:
+                    requirers = required_by.get(req, None)
+                    raise DistributionNotFound(req, requirers)
+            to_activate.append(dist)
+        if dist not in req:
+            # Oops, the "best" so far conflicts with a dependency
+            dependent_req = required_by[req]
+            raise VersionConflict(dist, req).with_context(dependent_req)
+        return dist
+
+    def find_plugins(self, plugin_env, full_env=None, installer=None, fallback=True):
+        """Find all activatable distributions in `plugin_env`
+
+        Example usage::
+
+            distributions, errors = working_set.find_plugins(
+                Environment(plugin_dirlist)
+            )
+            # add plugins+libs to sys.path
+            map(working_set.add, distributions)
+            # display errors
+            print('Could not load', errors)
+
+        The `plugin_env` should be an ``Environment`` instance that contains
+        only distributions that are in the project's "plugin directory" or
+        directories. The `full_env`, if supplied, should be an ``Environment``
+        contains all currently-available distributions.  If `full_env` is not
+        supplied, one is created automatically from the ``WorkingSet`` this
+        method is called on, which will typically mean that every directory on
+        ``sys.path`` will be scanned for distributions.
+
+        `installer` is a standard installer callback as used by the
+        ``resolve()`` method. The `fallback` flag indicates whether we should
+        attempt to resolve older versions of a plugin if the newest version
+        cannot be resolved.
+
+        This method returns a 2-tuple: (`distributions`, `error_info`), where
+        `distributions` is a list of the distributions found in `plugin_env`
+        that were loadable, along with any other distributions that are needed
+        to resolve their dependencies.  `error_info` is a dictionary mapping
+        unloadable plugin distributions to an exception instance describing the
+        error that occurred. Usually this will be a ``DistributionNotFound`` or
+        ``VersionConflict`` instance.
+        """
+
+        plugin_projects = list(plugin_env)
+        # scan project names in alphabetic order
+        plugin_projects.sort()
+
+        error_info = {}
+        distributions = {}
+
+        if full_env is None:
+            env = Environment(self.entries)
+            env += plugin_env
+        else:
+            env = full_env + plugin_env
+
+        shadow_set = self.__class__([])
+        # put all our entries in shadow_set
+        list(map(shadow_set.add, self))
+
+        for project_name in plugin_projects:
+            for dist in plugin_env[project_name]:
+                req = [dist.as_requirement()]
+
+                try:
+                    resolvees = shadow_set.resolve(req, env, installer)
+
+                except ResolutionError as v:
+                    # save error info
+                    error_info[dist] = v
+                    if fallback:
+                        # try the next older version of project
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        # give up on this project, keep going
+                        break
+
+                else:
+                    list(map(shadow_set.add, resolvees))
+                    distributions.update(dict.fromkeys(resolvees))
+
+                    # success, no need to try any more versions of this project
+                    break
+
+        distributions = list(distributions)
+        distributions.sort()
+
+        return distributions, error_info
+
+    def require(self, *requirements):
+        """Ensure that distributions matching `requirements` are activated
+
+        `requirements` must be a string or a (possibly-nested) sequence
+        thereof, specifying the distributions and versions required.  The
+        return value is a sequence of the distributions that needed to be
+        activated to fulfill the requirements; all relevant distributions are
+        included, even if they were already activated in this working set.
+        """
+        needed = self.resolve(parse_requirements(requirements))
+
+        for dist in needed:
+            self.add(dist)
+
+        return needed
+
+    def subscribe(self, callback, existing=True):
+        """Invoke `callback` for all distributions
+
+        If `existing=True` (default),
+        call on all existing ones, as well.
+        """
+        if callback in self.callbacks:
+            return
+        self.callbacks.append(callback)
+        if not existing:
+            return
+        for dist in self:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def _added_new(self, dist):
+        for callback in self.callbacks:
+            callback(dist)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return (
+            self.entries[:],
+            self.entry_keys.copy(),
+            self.by_key.copy(),
+            self.normalized_to_canonical_keys.copy(),
+            self.callbacks[:],
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, e_k_b_n_c):
+        entries, keys, by_key, normalized_to_canonical_keys, callbacks = e_k_b_n_c
+        self.entries = entries[:]
+        self.entry_keys = keys.copy()
+        self.by_key = by_key.copy()
+        self.normalized_to_canonical_keys = normalized_to_canonical_keys.copy()
+        self.callbacks = callbacks[:]
+
+
+class _ReqExtras(dict):
+    """
+    Map each requirement to the extras that demanded it.
+    """
+
+    def markers_pass(self, req, extras=None):
+        """
+        Evaluate markers for req against each extra that
+        demanded it.
+
+        Return False if the req has a marker and fails
+        evaluation. Otherwise, return True.
+        """
+        extra_evals = (
+            req.marker.evaluate({'extra': extra})
+            for extra in self.get(req, ()) + (extras or (None,))
+        )
+        return not req.marker or any(extra_evals)
+
+
+class Environment:
+    """Searchable snapshot of distributions on a search path"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, search_path=None, platform=get_supported_platform(), python=PY_MAJOR
+    ):
+        """Snapshot distributions available on a search path
+
+        Any distributions found on `search_path` are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.
+
+        `platform` is an optional string specifying the name of the platform
+        that platform-specific distributions must be compatible with.  If
+        unspecified, it defaults to the current platform.  `python` is an
+        optional string naming the desired version of Python (e.g. ``'3.6'``);
+        it defaults to the current version.
+
+        You may explicitly set `platform` (and/or `python`) to ``None`` if you
+        wish to map *all* distributions, not just those compatible with the
+        running platform or Python version.
+        """
+        self._distmap = {}
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.python = python
+        self.scan(search_path)
+
+    def can_add(self, dist):
+        """Is distribution `dist` acceptable for this environment?
+
+        The distribution must match the platform and python version
+        requirements specified when this environment was created, or False
+        is returned.
+        """
+        py_compat = (
+            self.python is None
+            or dist.py_version is None
+            or dist.py_version == self.python
+        )
+        return py_compat and compatible_platforms(dist.platform, self.platform)
+
+    def remove(self, dist):
+        """Remove `dist` from the environment"""
+        self._distmap[dist.key].remove(dist)
+
+    def scan(self, search_path=None):
+        """Scan `search_path` for distributions usable in this environment
+
+        Any distributions found are added to the environment.
+        `search_path` should be a sequence of ``sys.path`` items.  If not
+        supplied, ``sys.path`` is used.  Only distributions conforming to
+        the platform/python version defined at initialization are added.
+        """
+        if search_path is None:
+            search_path = sys.path
+
+        for item in search_path:
+            for dist in find_distributions(item):
+                self.add(dist)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, project_name):
+        """Return a newest-to-oldest list of distributions for `project_name`
+
+        Uses case-insensitive `project_name` comparison, assuming all the
+        project's distributions use their project's name converted to all
+        lowercase as their key.
+
+        """
+        distribution_key = project_name.lower()
+        return self._distmap.get(distribution_key, [])
+
+    def add(self, dist):
+        """Add `dist` if we ``can_add()`` it and it has not already been added"""
+        if self.can_add(dist) and dist.has_version():
+            dists = self._distmap.setdefault(dist.key, [])
+            if dist not in dists:
+                dists.append(dist)
+                dists.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('hashcmp'), reverse=True)
+
+    def best_match(self, req, working_set, installer=None, replace_conflicting=False):
+        """Find distribution best matching `req` and usable on `working_set`
+
+        This calls the ``find(req)`` method of the `working_set` to see if a
+        suitable distribution is already active.  (This may raise
+        ``VersionConflict`` if an unsuitable version of the project is already
+        active in the specified `working_set`.)  If a suitable distribution
+        isn't active, this method returns the newest distribution in the
+        environment that meets the ``Requirement`` in `req`.  If no suitable
+        distribution is found, and `installer` is supplied, then the result of
+        calling the environment's ``obtain(req, installer)`` method will be
+        returned.
+        """
+        try:
+            dist = working_set.find(req)
+        except VersionConflict:
+            if not replace_conflicting:
+                raise
+            dist = None
+        if dist is not None:
+            return dist
+        for dist in self[req.key]:
+            if dist in req:
+                return dist
+        # try to download/install
+        return self.obtain(req, installer)
+
+    def obtain(self, requirement, installer=None):
+        """Obtain a distribution matching `requirement` (e.g. via download)
+
+        Obtain a distro that matches requirement (e.g. via download).  In the
+        base ``Environment`` class, this routine just returns
+        ``installer(requirement)``, unless `installer` is None, in which case
+        None is returned instead.  This method is a hook that allows subclasses
+        to attempt other ways of obtaining a distribution before falling back
+        to the `installer` argument."""
+        if installer is not None:
+            return installer(requirement)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Yield the unique project names of the available distributions"""
+        for key in self._distmap.keys():
+            if self[key]:
+                yield key
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        """In-place addition of a distribution or environment"""
+        if isinstance(other, Distribution):
+            self.add(other)
+        elif isinstance(other, Environment):
+            for project in other:
+                for dist in other[project]:
+                    self.add(dist)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't add %r to environment" % (other,))
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        """Add an environment or distribution to an environment"""
+        new = self.__class__([], platform=None, python=None)
+        for env in self, other:
+            new += env
+        return new
+
+
+# XXX backward compatibility
+AvailableDistributions = Environment
+
+
+class ExtractionError(RuntimeError):
+    """An error occurred extracting a resource
+
+    The following attributes are available from instances of this exception:
+
+    manager
+        The resource manager that raised this exception
+
+    cache_path
+        The base directory for resource extraction
+
+    original_error
+        The exception instance that caused extraction to fail
+    """
+
+
+class ResourceManager:
+    """Manage resource extraction and packages"""
+
+    extraction_path = None
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cached_files = {}
+
+    def resource_exists(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Does the named resource exist?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).has_resource(resource_name)
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Is the named resource an existing directory?"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_isdir(resource_name)
+
+    def resource_filename(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a true filesystem path for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_filename(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_stream(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return a readable file-like object for specified resource"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_stream(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_string(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """Return specified resource as a string"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).get_resource_string(
+            self, resource_name
+        )
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, package_or_requirement, resource_name):
+        """List the contents of the named resource directory"""
+        return get_provider(package_or_requirement).resource_listdir(resource_name)
+
+    def extraction_error(self):
+        """Give an error message for problems extracting file(s)"""
+
+        old_exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        cache_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+
+        tmpl = textwrap.dedent(
+            """
+            Can't extract file(s) to egg cache
+
+            The following error occurred while trying to extract file(s)
+            to the Python egg cache:
+
+              {old_exc}
+
+            The Python egg cache directory is currently set to:
+
+              {cache_path}
+
+            Perhaps your account does not have write access to this directory?
+            You can change the cache directory by setting the PYTHON_EGG_CACHE
+            environment variable to point to an accessible directory.
+            """
+        ).lstrip()
+        err = ExtractionError(tmpl.format(**locals()))
+        err.manager = self
+        err.cache_path = cache_path
+        err.original_error = old_exc
+        raise err
+
+    def get_cache_path(self, archive_name, names=()):
+        """Return absolute location in cache for `archive_name` and `names`
+
+        The parent directory of the resulting path will be created if it does
+        not already exist.  `archive_name` should be the base filename of the
+        enclosing egg (which may not be the name of the enclosing zipfile!),
+        including its ".egg" extension.  `names`, if provided, should be a
+        sequence of path name parts "under" the egg's extraction location.
+
+        This method should only be called by resource providers that need to
+        obtain an extraction location, and only for names they intend to
+        extract, as it tracks the generated names for possible cleanup later.
+        """
+        extract_path = self.extraction_path or get_default_cache()
+        target_path = os.path.join(extract_path, archive_name + '-tmp', *names)
+        try:
+            _bypass_ensure_directory(target_path)
+        except Exception:
+            self.extraction_error()
+
+        self._warn_unsafe_extraction_path(extract_path)
+
+        self.cached_files[target_path] = 1
+        return target_path
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _warn_unsafe_extraction_path(path):
+        """
+        If the default extraction path is overridden and set to an insecure
+        location, such as /tmp, it opens up an opportunity for an attacker to
+        replace an extracted file with an unauthorized payload. Warn the user
+        if a known insecure location is used.
+
+        See Distribute #375 for more details.
+        """
+        if os.name == 'nt' and not path.startswith(os.environ['windir']):
+            # On Windows, permissions are generally restrictive by default
+            #  and temp directories are not writable by other users, so
+            #  bypass the warning.
+            return
+        mode = os.stat(path).st_mode
+        if mode & stat.S_IWOTH or mode & stat.S_IWGRP:
+            msg = (
+                "Extraction path is writable by group/others "
+                "and vulnerable to attack when "
+                "used with get_resource_filename ({path}). "
+                "Consider a more secure "
+                "location (set with .set_extraction_path or the "
+                "PYTHON_EGG_CACHE environment variable)."
+            ).format(**locals())
+            warnings.warn(msg, UserWarning)
+
+    def postprocess(self, tempname, filename):
+        """Perform any platform-specific postprocessing of `tempname`
+
+        This is where Mac header rewrites should be done; other platforms don't
+        have anything special they should do.
+
+        Resource providers should call this method ONLY after successfully
+        extracting a compressed resource.  They must NOT call it on resources
+        that are already in the filesystem.
+
+        `tempname` is the current (temporary) name of the file, and `filename`
+        is the name it will be renamed to by the caller after this routine
+        returns.
+        """
+
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            # Make the resource executable
+            mode = ((os.stat(tempname).st_mode) | 0o555) & 0o7777
+            os.chmod(tempname, mode)
+
+    def set_extraction_path(self, path):
+        """Set the base path where resources will be extracted to, if needed.
+
+        If you do not call this routine before any extractions take place, the
+        path defaults to the return value of ``get_default_cache()``.  (Which
+        is based on the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable, with various
+        platform-specific fallbacks.  See that routine's documentation for more
+        details.)
+
+        Resources are extracted to subdirectories of this path based upon
+        information given by the ``IResourceProvider``.  You may set this to a
+        temporary directory, but then you must call ``cleanup_resources()`` to
+        delete the extracted files when done.  There is no guarantee that
+        ``cleanup_resources()`` will be able to remove all extracted files.
+
+        (Note: you may not change the extraction path for a given resource
+        manager once resources have been extracted, unless you first call
+        ``cleanup_resources()``.)
+        """
+        if self.cached_files:
+            raise ValueError("Can't change extraction path, files already extracted")
+
+        self.extraction_path = path
+
+    def cleanup_resources(self, force=False):
+        """
+        Delete all extracted resource files and directories, returning a list
+        of the file and directory names that could not be successfully removed.
+        This function does not have any concurrency protection, so it should
+        generally only be called when the extraction path is a temporary
+        directory exclusive to a single process.  This method is not
+        automatically called; you must call it explicitly or register it as an
+        ``atexit`` function if you wish to ensure cleanup of a temporary
+        directory used for extractions.
+        """
+        # XXX
+
+
+def get_default_cache():
+    """
+    Return the ``PYTHON_EGG_CACHE`` environment variable
+    or a platform-relevant user cache dir for an app
+    named "Python-Eggs".
+    """
+    return os.environ.get('PYTHON_EGG_CACHE') or platformdirs.user_cache_dir(
+        appname='Python-Eggs'
+    )
+
+
+def safe_name(name):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard distribution name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric/. characters are replaced with a single '-'.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', name)
+
+
+def safe_version(version):
+    """
+    Convert an arbitrary string to a standard version string
+    """
+    try:
+        # normalize the version
+        return str(packaging.version.Version(version))
+    except packaging.version.InvalidVersion:
+        version = version.replace(' ', '.')
+        return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', version)
+
+
+def _forgiving_version(version):
+    """Fallback when ``safe_version`` is not safe enough
+    >>> parse_version(_forgiving_version('0.23ubuntu1'))
+    <Version('0.23.dev0+sanitized.ubuntu1')>
+    >>> parse_version(_forgiving_version('0.23-'))
+    <Version('0.23.dev0+sanitized')>
+    >>> parse_version(_forgiving_version('0.-_'))
+    <Version('0.dev0+sanitized')>
+    >>> parse_version(_forgiving_version('42.+?1'))
+    <Version('42.dev0+sanitized.1')>
+    >>> parse_version(_forgiving_version('hello world'))
+    <Version('0.dev0+sanitized.hello.world')>
+    """
+    version = version.replace(' ', '.')
+    match = _PEP440_FALLBACK.search(version)
+    if match:
+        safe = match["safe"]
+        rest = version[len(safe):]
+    else:
+        safe = "0"
+        rest = version
+    local = f"sanitized.{_safe_segment(rest)}".strip(".")
+    return f"{safe}.dev0+{local}"
+
+
+def _safe_segment(segment):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string into a safe segment"""
+    segment = re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.]+', '-', segment)
+    segment = re.sub('-[^A-Za-z0-9]+', '-', segment)
+    return re.sub(r'\.[^A-Za-z0-9]+', '.', segment).strip(".-")
+
+
+def safe_extra(extra):
+    """Convert an arbitrary string to a standard 'extra' name
+
+    Any runs of non-alphanumeric characters are replaced with a single '_',
+    and the result is always lowercased.
+    """
+    return re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9.-]+', '_', extra).lower()
+
+
+def to_filename(name):
+    """Convert a project or version name to its filename-escaped form
+
+    Any '-' characters are currently replaced with '_'.
+    """
+    return name.replace('-', '_')
+
+
+def invalid_marker(text):
+    """
+    Validate text as a PEP 508 environment marker; return an exception
+    if invalid or False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        evaluate_marker(text)
+    except SyntaxError as e:
+        e.filename = None
+        e.lineno = None
+        return e
+    return False
+
+
+def evaluate_marker(text, extra=None):
+    """
+    Evaluate a PEP 508 environment marker.
+    Return a boolean indicating the marker result in this environment.
+    Raise SyntaxError if marker is invalid.
+
+    This implementation uses the 'pyparsing' module.
+    """
+    try:
+        marker = packaging.markers.Marker(text)
+        return marker.evaluate()
+    except packaging.markers.InvalidMarker as e:
+        raise SyntaxError(e) from e
+
+
+class NullProvider:
+    """Try to implement resources and metadata for arbitrary PEP 302 loaders"""
+
+    egg_name = None
+    egg_info = None
+    loader = None
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        self.loader = getattr(module, '__loader__', None)
+        self.module_path = os.path.dirname(getattr(module, '__file__', ''))
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return io.BytesIO(self.get_resource_string(manager, resource_name))
+
+    def get_resource_string(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return self._get(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def has_resource(self, resource_name):
+        return self._has(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def _get_metadata_path(self, name):
+        return self._fn(self.egg_info, name)
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        if not self.egg_info:
+            return self.egg_info
+
+        path = self._get_metadata_path(name)
+        return self._has(path)
+
+    def get_metadata(self, name):
+        if not self.egg_info:
+            return ""
+        path = self._get_metadata_path(name)
+        value = self._get(path)
+        try:
+            return value.decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+            # Include the path in the error message to simplify
+            # troubleshooting, and without changing the exception type.
+            exc.reason += ' in {} file at path: {}'.format(name, path)
+            raise
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+    def resource_isdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._isdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_isdir(self, name):
+        return self.egg_info and self._isdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+
+    def resource_listdir(self, resource_name):
+        return self._listdir(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+    def metadata_listdir(self, name):
+        if self.egg_info:
+            return self._listdir(self._fn(self.egg_info, name))
+        return []
+
+    def run_script(self, script_name, namespace):
+        script = 'scripts/' + script_name
+        if not self.has_metadata(script):
+            raise ResolutionError(
+                "Script {script!r} not found in metadata at {self.egg_info!r}".format(
+                    **locals()
+                ),
+            )
+        script_text = self.get_metadata(script).replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        script_text = script_text.replace('\r', '\n')
+        script_filename = self._fn(self.egg_info, script)
+        namespace['__file__'] = script_filename
+        if os.path.exists(script_filename):
+            with open(script_filename) as fid:
+                source = fid.read()
+            code = compile(source, script_filename, 'exec')
+            exec(code, namespace, namespace)
+        else:
+            from linecache import cache
+
+            cache[script_filename] = (
+                len(script_text),
+                0,
+                script_text.split('\n'),
+                script_filename,
+            )
+            script_code = compile(script_text, script_filename, 'exec')
+            exec(script_code, namespace, namespace)
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for unregistered loader type"
+        )
+
+    def _fn(self, base, resource_name):
+        self._validate_resource_path(resource_name)
+        if resource_name:
+            return os.path.join(base, *resource_name.split('/'))
+        return base
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_resource_path(path):
+        """
+        Validate the resource paths according to the docs.
+        https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/pkg_resources.html#basic-resource-access
+
+        >>> warned = getfixture('recwarn')
+        >>> warnings.simplefilter('always')
+        >>> vrp = NullProvider._validate_resource_path
+        >>> vrp('foo/bar.txt')
+        >>> bool(warned)
+        False
+        >>> vrp('../foo/bar.txt')
+        >>> bool(warned)
+        True
+        >>> warned.clear()
+        >>> vrp('/foo/bar.txt')
+        >>> bool(warned)
+        True
+        >>> vrp('foo/../../bar.txt')
+        >>> bool(warned)
+        True
+        >>> warned.clear()
+        >>> vrp('foo/f../bar.txt')
+        >>> bool(warned)
+        False
+
+        Windows path separators are straight-up disallowed.
+        >>> vrp(r'\\foo/bar.txt')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Use of .. or absolute path in a resource path \
+is not allowed.
+
+        >>> vrp(r'C:\\foo/bar.txt')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: Use of .. or absolute path in a resource path \
+is not allowed.
+
+        Blank values are allowed
+
+        >>> vrp('')
+        >>> bool(warned)
+        False
+
+        Non-string values are not.
+
+        >>> vrp(None)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        AttributeError: ...
+        """
+        invalid = (
+            os.path.pardir in path.split(posixpath.sep)
+            or posixpath.isabs(path)
+            or ntpath.isabs(path)
+        )
+        if not invalid:
+            return
+
+        msg = "Use of .. or absolute path in a resource path is not allowed."
+
+        # Aggressively disallow Windows absolute paths
+        if ntpath.isabs(path) and not posixpath.isabs(path):
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        # for compatibility, warn; in future
+        # raise ValueError(msg)
+        issue_warning(
+            msg[:-1] + " and will raise exceptions in a future release.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        if hasattr(self.loader, 'get_data'):
+            return self.loader.get_data(path)
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Can't perform this operation for loaders without 'get_data()'"
+        )
+
+
+register_loader_type(object, NullProvider)
+
+
+def _parents(path):
+    """
+    yield all parents of path including path
+    """
+    last = None
+    while path != last:
+        yield path
+        last = path
+        path, _ = os.path.split(path)
+
+
+class EggProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider based on a virtual filesystem"""
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        super().__init__(module)
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+    def _setup_prefix(self):
+        # Assume that metadata may be nested inside a "basket"
+        # of multiple eggs and use module_path instead of .archive.
+        eggs = filter(_is_egg_path, _parents(self.module_path))
+        egg = next(eggs, None)
+        egg and self._set_egg(egg)
+
+    def _set_egg(self, path):
+        self.egg_name = os.path.basename(path)
+        self.egg_info = os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO')
+        self.egg_root = path
+
+
+class DefaultProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Provides access to package resources in the filesystem"""
+
+    def _has(self, path):
+        return os.path.exists(path)
+
+    def _isdir(self, path):
+        return os.path.isdir(path)
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        return os.listdir(path)
+
+    def get_resource_stream(self, manager, resource_name):
+        return open(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name), 'rb')
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        with open(path, 'rb') as stream:
+            return stream.read()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _register(cls):
+        loader_names = (
+            'SourceFileLoader',
+            'SourcelessFileLoader',
+        )
+        for name in loader_names:
+            loader_cls = getattr(importlib_machinery, name, type(None))
+            register_loader_type(loader_cls, cls)
+
+
+DefaultProvider._register()
+
+
+class EmptyProvider(NullProvider):
+    """Provider that returns nothing for all requests"""
+
+    module_path = None
+
+    _isdir = _has = lambda self, path: False
+
+    def _get(self, path):
+        return ''
+
+    def _listdir(self, path):
+        return []
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
+
+
+empty_provider = EmptyProvider()
+
+
+class ZipManifests(dict):
+    """
+    zip manifest builder
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(cls, path):
+        """
+        Build a dictionary similar to the zipimport directory
+        caches, except instead of tuples, store ZipInfo objects.
+
+        Use a platform-specific path separator (os.sep) for the path keys
+        for compatibility with pypy on Windows.
+        """
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(path) as zfile:
+            items = (
+                (
+                    name.replace('/', os.sep),
+                    zfile.getinfo(name),
+                )
+                for name in zfile.namelist()
+            )
+            return dict(items)
+
+    load = build
+
+
+class MemoizedZipManifests(ZipManifests):
+    """
+    Memoized zipfile manifests.
+    """
+
+    manifest_mod = collections.namedtuple('manifest_mod', 'manifest mtime')
+
+    def load(self, path):
+        """
+        Load a manifest at path or return a suitable manifest already loaded.
+        """
+        path = os.path.normpath(path)
+        mtime = os.stat(path).st_mtime
+
+        if path not in self or self[path].mtime != mtime:
+            manifest = self.build(path)
+            self[path] = self.manifest_mod(manifest, mtime)
+
+        return self[path].manifest
+
+
+class ZipProvider(EggProvider):
+    """Resource support for zips and eggs"""
+
+    eagers = None
+    _zip_manifests = MemoizedZipManifests()
+
+    def __init__(self, module):
+        super().__init__(module)
+        self.zip_pre = self.loader.archive + os.sep
+
+    def _zipinfo_name(self, fspath):
+        # Convert a virtual filename (full path to file) into a zipfile subpath
+        # usable with the zipimport directory cache for our target archive
+        fspath = fspath.rstrip(os.sep)
+        if fspath == self.loader.archive:
+            return ''
+        if fspath.startswith(self.zip_pre):
+            return fspath[len(self.zip_pre) :]
+        raise AssertionError("%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.zip_pre))
+
+    def _parts(self, zip_path):
+        # Convert a zipfile subpath into an egg-relative path part list.
+        # pseudo-fs path
+        fspath = self.zip_pre + zip_path
+        if fspath.startswith(self.egg_root + os.sep):
+            return fspath[len(self.egg_root) + 1 :].split(os.sep)
+        raise AssertionError("%s is not a subpath of %s" % (fspath, self.egg_root))
+
+    @property
+    def zipinfo(self):
+        return self._zip_manifests.load(self.loader.archive)
+
+    def get_resource_filename(self, manager, resource_name):
+        if not self.egg_name:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "resource_filename() only supported for .egg, not .zip"
+            )
+        # no need to lock for extraction, since we use temp names
+        zip_path = self._resource_to_zip(resource_name)
+        eagers = self._get_eager_resources()
+        if '/'.join(self._parts(zip_path)) in eagers:
+            for name in eagers:
+                self._extract_resource(manager, self._eager_to_zip(name))
+        return self._extract_resource(manager, zip_path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_date_and_size(zip_stat):
+        size = zip_stat.file_size
+        # ymdhms+wday, yday, dst
+        date_time = zip_stat.date_time + (0, 0, -1)
+        # 1980 offset already done
+        timestamp = time.mktime(date_time)
+        return timestamp, size
+
+    # FIXME: 'ZipProvider._extract_resource' is too complex (12)
+    def _extract_resource(self, manager, zip_path):  # noqa: C901
+        if zip_path in self._index():
+            for name in self._index()[zip_path]:
+                last = self._extract_resource(manager, os.path.join(zip_path, name))
+            # return the extracted directory name
+            return os.path.dirname(last)
+
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+
+        if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+            raise IOError(
+                '"os.rename" and "os.unlink" are not supported ' 'on this platform'
+            )
+        try:
+            real_path = manager.get_cache_path(self.egg_name, self._parts(zip_path))
+
+            if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                return real_path
+
+            outf, tmpnam = _mkstemp(
+                ".$extract",
+                dir=os.path.dirname(real_path),
+            )
+            os.write(outf, self.loader.get_data(zip_path))
+            os.close(outf)
+            utime(tmpnam, (timestamp, timestamp))
+            manager.postprocess(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            try:
+                rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+
+            except os.error:
+                if os.path.isfile(real_path):
+                    if self._is_current(real_path, zip_path):
+                        # the file became current since it was checked above,
+                        #  so proceed.
+                        return real_path
+                    # Windows, del old file and retry
+                    elif os.name == 'nt':
+                        unlink(real_path)
+                        rename(tmpnam, real_path)
+                        return real_path
+                raise
+
+        except os.error:
+            # report a user-friendly error
+            manager.extraction_error()
+
+        return real_path
+
+    def _is_current(self, file_path, zip_path):
+        """
+        Return True if the file_path is current for this zip_path
+        """
+        timestamp, size = self._get_date_and_size(self.zipinfo[zip_path])
+        if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
+            return False
+        stat = os.stat(file_path)
+        if stat.st_size != size or stat.st_mtime != timestamp:
+            return False
+        # check that the contents match
+        zip_contents = self.loader.get_data(zip_path)
+        with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
+            file_contents = f.read()
+        return zip_contents == file_contents
+
+    def _get_eager_resources(self):
+        if self.eagers is None:
+            eagers = []
+            for name in ('native_libs.txt', 'eager_resources.txt'):
+                if self.has_metadata(name):
+                    eagers.extend(self.get_metadata_lines(name))
+            self.eagers = eagers
+        return self.eagers
+
+    def _index(self):
+        try:
+            return self._dirindex
+        except AttributeError:
+            ind = {}
+            for path in self.zipinfo:
+                parts = path.split(os.sep)
+                while parts:
+                    parent = os.sep.join(parts[:-1])
+                    if parent in ind:
+                        ind[parent].append(parts[-1])
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        ind[parent] = [parts.pop()]
+            self._dirindex = ind
+            return ind
+
+    def _has(self, fspath):
+        zip_path = self._zipinfo_name(fspath)
+        return zip_path in self.zipinfo or zip_path in self._index()
+
+    def _isdir(self, fspath):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(fspath) in self._index()
+
+    def _listdir(self, fspath):
+        return list(self._index().get(self._zipinfo_name(fspath), ()))
+
+    def _eager_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.egg_root, resource_name))
+
+    def _resource_to_zip(self, resource_name):
+        return self._zipinfo_name(self._fn(self.module_path, resource_name))
+
+
+register_loader_type(zipimport.zipimporter, ZipProvider)
+
+
+class FileMetadata(EmptyProvider):
+    """Metadata handler for standalone PKG-INFO files
+
+    Usage::
+
+        metadata = FileMetadata("/path/to/PKG-INFO")
+
+    This provider rejects all data and metadata requests except for PKG-INFO,
+    which is treated as existing, and will be the contents of the file at
+    the provided location.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        self.path = path
+
+    def _get_metadata_path(self, name):
+        return self.path
+
+    def has_metadata(self, name):
+        return name == 'PKG-INFO' and os.path.isfile(self.path)
+
+    def get_metadata(self, name):
+        if name != 'PKG-INFO':
+            raise KeyError("No metadata except PKG-INFO is available")
+
+        with io.open(self.path, encoding='utf-8', errors="replace") as f:
+            metadata = f.read()
+        self._warn_on_replacement(metadata)
+        return metadata
+
+    def _warn_on_replacement(self, metadata):
+        replacement_char = '�'
+        if replacement_char in metadata:
+            tmpl = "{self.path} could not be properly decoded in UTF-8"
+            msg = tmpl.format(**locals())
+            warnings.warn(msg)
+
+    def get_metadata_lines(self, name):
+        return yield_lines(self.get_metadata(name))
+
+
+class PathMetadata(DefaultProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for egg directories
+
+    Usage::
+
+        # Development eggs:
+
+        egg_info = "/path/to/PackageName.egg-info"
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(egg_info)
+        metadata = PathMetadata(base_dir, egg_info)
+        dist_name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(egg_info))[0]
+        dist = Distribution(basedir, project_name=dist_name, metadata=metadata)
+
+        # Unpacked egg directories:
+
+        egg_path = "/path/to/PackageName-ver-pyver-etc.egg"
+        metadata = PathMetadata(egg_path, os.path.join(egg_path,'EGG-INFO'))
+        dist = Distribution.from_filename(egg_path, metadata=metadata)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, path, egg_info):
+        self.module_path = path
+        self.egg_info = egg_info
+
+
+class EggMetadata(ZipProvider):
+    """Metadata provider for .egg files"""
+
+    def __init__(self, importer):
+        """Create a metadata provider from a zipimporter"""
+
+        self.zip_pre = importer.archive + os.sep
+        self.loader = importer
+        if importer.prefix:
+            self.module_path = os.path.join(importer.archive, importer.prefix)
+        else:
+            self.module_path = importer.archive
+        self._setup_prefix()
+
+
+_declare_state('dict', _distribution_finders={})
+
+
+def register_finder(importer_type, distribution_finder):
+    """Register `distribution_finder` to find distributions in sys.path items
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `distribution_finder` is a callable that, passed a path
+    item and the importer instance, yields ``Distribution`` instances found on
+    that path item.  See ``pkg_resources.find_on_path`` for an example."""
+    _distribution_finders[importer_type] = distribution_finder
+
+
+def find_distributions(path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible via `path_item`"""
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    finder = _find_adapter(_distribution_finders, importer)
+    return finder(importer, path_item, only)
+
+
+def find_eggs_in_zip(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """
+    Find eggs in zip files; possibly multiple nested eggs.
+    """
+    if importer.archive.endswith('.whl'):
+        # wheels are not supported with this finder
+        # they don't have PKG-INFO metadata, and won't ever contain eggs
+        return
+    metadata = EggMetadata(importer)
+    if metadata.has_metadata('PKG-INFO'):
+        yield Distribution.from_filename(path_item, metadata=metadata)
+    if only:
+        # don't yield nested distros
+        return
+    for subitem in metadata.resource_listdir(''):
+        if _is_egg_path(subitem):
+            subpath = os.path.join(path_item, subitem)
+            dists = find_eggs_in_zip(zipimport.zipimporter(subpath), subpath)
+            for dist in dists:
+                yield dist
+        elif subitem.lower().endswith(('.dist-info', '.egg-info')):
+            subpath = os.path.join(path_item, subitem)
+            submeta = EggMetadata(zipimport.zipimporter(subpath))
+            submeta.egg_info = subpath
+            yield Distribution.from_location(path_item, subitem, submeta)
+
+
+register_finder(zipimport.zipimporter, find_eggs_in_zip)
+
+
+def find_nothing(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    return ()
+
+
+register_finder(object, find_nothing)
+
+
+def find_on_path(importer, path_item, only=False):
+    """Yield distributions accessible on a sys.path directory"""
+    path_item = _normalize_cached(path_item)
+
+    if _is_unpacked_egg(path_item):
+        yield Distribution.from_filename(
+            path_item,
+            metadata=PathMetadata(path_item, os.path.join(path_item, 'EGG-INFO')),
+        )
+        return
+
+    entries = (os.path.join(path_item, child) for child in safe_listdir(path_item))
+
+    # scan for .egg and .egg-info in directory
+    for entry in sorted(entries):
+        fullpath = os.path.join(path_item, entry)
+        factory = dist_factory(path_item, entry, only)
+        for dist in factory(fullpath):
+            yield dist
+
+
+def dist_factory(path_item, entry, only):
+    """Return a dist_factory for the given entry."""
+    lower = entry.lower()
+    is_egg_info = lower.endswith('.egg-info')
+    is_dist_info = lower.endswith('.dist-info') and os.path.isdir(
+        os.path.join(path_item, entry)
+    )
+    is_meta = is_egg_info or is_dist_info
+    return (
+        distributions_from_metadata
+        if is_meta
+        else find_distributions
+        if not only and _is_egg_path(entry)
+        else resolve_egg_link
+        if not only and lower.endswith('.egg-link')
+        else NoDists()
+    )
+
+
+class NoDists:
+    """
+    >>> bool(NoDists())
+    False
+
+    >>> list(NoDists()('anything'))
+    []
+    """
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return False
+
+    def __call__(self, fullpath):
+        return iter(())
+
+
+def safe_listdir(path):
+    """
+    Attempt to list contents of path, but suppress some exceptions.
+    """
+    try:
+        return os.listdir(path)
+    except (PermissionError, NotADirectoryError):
+        pass
+    except OSError as e:
+        # Ignore the directory if does not exist, not a directory or
+        # permission denied
+        if e.errno not in (errno.ENOTDIR, errno.EACCES, errno.ENOENT):
+            raise
+    return ()
+
+
+def distributions_from_metadata(path):
+    root = os.path.dirname(path)
+    if os.path.isdir(path):
+        if len(os.listdir(path)) == 0:
+            # empty metadata dir; skip
+            return
+        metadata = PathMetadata(root, path)
+    else:
+        metadata = FileMetadata(path)
+    entry = os.path.basename(path)
+    yield Distribution.from_location(
+        root,
+        entry,
+        metadata,
+        precedence=DEVELOP_DIST,
+    )
+
+
+def non_empty_lines(path):
+    """
+    Yield non-empty lines from file at path
+    """
+    with open(path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            line = line.strip()
+            if line:
+                yield line
+
+
+def resolve_egg_link(path):
+    """
+    Given a path to an .egg-link, resolve distributions
+    present in the referenced path.
+    """
+    referenced_paths = non_empty_lines(path)
+    resolved_paths = (
+        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(path), ref) for ref in referenced_paths
+    )
+    dist_groups = map(find_distributions, resolved_paths)
+    return next(dist_groups, ())
+
+
+if hasattr(pkgutil, 'ImpImporter'):
+    register_finder(pkgutil.ImpImporter, find_on_path)
+
+register_finder(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, find_on_path)
+
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_handlers={})
+_declare_state('dict', _namespace_packages={})
+
+
+def register_namespace_handler(importer_type, namespace_handler):
+    """Register `namespace_handler` to declare namespace packages
+
+    `importer_type` is the type or class of a PEP 302 "Importer" (sys.path item
+    handler), and `namespace_handler` is a callable like this::
+
+        def namespace_handler(importer, path_entry, moduleName, module):
+            # return a path_entry to use for child packages
+
+    Namespace handlers are only called if the importer object has already
+    agreed that it can handle the relevant path item, and they should only
+    return a subpath if the module __path__ does not already contain an
+    equivalent subpath.  For an example namespace handler, see
+    ``pkg_resources.file_ns_handler``.
+    """
+    _namespace_handlers[importer_type] = namespace_handler
+
+
+def _handle_ns(packageName, path_item):
+    """Ensure that named package includes a subpath of path_item (if needed)"""
+
+    importer = get_importer(path_item)
+    if importer is None:
+        return None
+
+    # use find_spec (PEP 451) and fall-back to find_module (PEP 302)
+    try:
+        spec = importer.find_spec(packageName)
+    except AttributeError:
+        # capture warnings due to #1111
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
+            loader = importer.find_module(packageName)
+    else:
+        loader = spec.loader if spec else None
+
+    if loader is None:
+        return None
+    module = sys.modules.get(packageName)
+    if module is None:
+        module = sys.modules[packageName] = types.ModuleType(packageName)
+        module.__path__ = []
+        _set_parent_ns(packageName)
+    elif not hasattr(module, '__path__'):
+        raise TypeError("Not a package:", packageName)
+    handler = _find_adapter(_namespace_handlers, importer)
+    subpath = handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module)
+    if subpath is not None:
+        path = module.__path__
+        path.append(subpath)
+        importlib.import_module(packageName)
+        _rebuild_mod_path(path, packageName, module)
+    return subpath
+
+
+def _rebuild_mod_path(orig_path, package_name, module):
+    """
+    Rebuild module.__path__ ensuring that all entries are ordered
+    corresponding to their sys.path order
+    """
+    sys_path = [_normalize_cached(p) for p in sys.path]
+
+    def safe_sys_path_index(entry):
+        """
+        Workaround for #520 and #513.
+        """
+        try:
+            return sys_path.index(entry)
+        except ValueError:
+            return float('inf')
+
+    def position_in_sys_path(path):
+        """
+        Return the ordinal of the path based on its position in sys.path
+        """
+        path_parts = path.split(os.sep)
+        module_parts = package_name.count('.') + 1
+        parts = path_parts[:-module_parts]
+        return safe_sys_path_index(_normalize_cached(os.sep.join(parts)))
+
+    new_path = sorted(orig_path, key=position_in_sys_path)
+    new_path = [_normalize_cached(p) for p in new_path]
+
+    if isinstance(module.__path__, list):
+        module.__path__[:] = new_path
+    else:
+        module.__path__ = new_path
+
+
+def declare_namespace(packageName):
+    """Declare that package 'packageName' is a namespace package"""
+
+    msg = (
+        f"Deprecated call to `pkg_resources.declare_namespace({packageName!r})`.\n"
+        "Implementing implicit namespace packages (as specified in PEP 420) "
+        "is preferred to `pkg_resources.declare_namespace`. "
+        "See https://setuptools.pypa.io/en/latest/references/"
+        "keywords.html#keyword-namespace-packages"
+    )
+    warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        if packageName in _namespace_packages:
+            return
+
+        path = sys.path
+        parent, _, _ = packageName.rpartition('.')
+
+        if parent:
+            declare_namespace(parent)
+            if parent not in _namespace_packages:
+                __import__(parent)
+            try:
+                path = sys.modules[parent].__path__
+            except AttributeError as e:
+                raise TypeError("Not a package:", parent) from e
+
+        # Track what packages are namespaces, so when new path items are added,
+        # they can be updated
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(parent or None, []).append(packageName)
+        _namespace_packages.setdefault(packageName, [])
+
+        for path_item in path:
+            # Ensure all the parent's path items are reflected in the child,
+            # if they apply
+            _handle_ns(packageName, path_item)
+
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+
+def fixup_namespace_packages(path_item, parent=None):
+    """Ensure that previously-declared namespace packages include path_item"""
+    _imp.acquire_lock()
+    try:
+        for package in _namespace_packages.get(parent, ()):
+            subpath = _handle_ns(package, path_item)
+            if subpath:
+                fixup_namespace_packages(subpath, package)
+    finally:
+        _imp.release_lock()
+
+
+def file_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    """Compute an ns-package subpath for a filesystem or zipfile importer"""
+
+    subpath = os.path.join(path_item, packageName.split('.')[-1])
+    normalized = _normalize_cached(subpath)
+    for item in module.__path__:
+        if _normalize_cached(item) == normalized:
+            break
+    else:
+        # Only return the path if it's not already there
+        return subpath
+
+
+if hasattr(pkgutil, 'ImpImporter'):
+    register_namespace_handler(pkgutil.ImpImporter, file_ns_handler)
+
+register_namespace_handler(zipimport.zipimporter, file_ns_handler)
+register_namespace_handler(importlib_machinery.FileFinder, file_ns_handler)
+
+
+def null_ns_handler(importer, path_item, packageName, module):
+    return None
+
+
+register_namespace_handler(object, null_ns_handler)
+
+
+def normalize_path(filename):
+    """Normalize a file/dir name for comparison purposes"""
+    return os.path.normcase(os.path.realpath(os.path.normpath(_cygwin_patch(filename))))
+
+
+def _cygwin_patch(filename):  # pragma: nocover
+    """
+    Contrary to POSIX 2008, on Cygwin, getcwd (3) contains
+    symlink components. Using
+    os.path.abspath() works around this limitation. A fix in os.getcwd()
+    would probably better, in Cygwin even more so, except
+    that this seems to be by design...
+    """
+    return os.path.abspath(filename) if sys.platform == 'cygwin' else filename
+
+
+def _normalize_cached(filename, _cache={}):
+    try:
+        return _cache[filename]
+    except KeyError:
+        _cache[filename] = result = normalize_path(filename)
+        return result
+
+
+def _is_egg_path(path):
+    """
+    Determine if given path appears to be an egg.
+    """
+    return _is_zip_egg(path) or _is_unpacked_egg(path)
+
+
+def _is_zip_egg(path):
+    return (
+        path.lower().endswith('.egg')
+        and os.path.isfile(path)
+        and zipfile.is_zipfile(path)
+    )
+
+
+def _is_unpacked_egg(path):
+    """
+    Determine if given path appears to be an unpacked egg.
+    """
+    return path.lower().endswith('.egg') and os.path.isfile(
+        os.path.join(path, 'EGG-INFO', 'PKG-INFO')
+    )
+
+
+def _set_parent_ns(packageName):
+    parts = packageName.split('.')
+    name = parts.pop()
+    if parts:
+        parent = '.'.join(parts)
+        setattr(sys.modules[parent], name, sys.modules[packageName])
+
+
+MODULE = re.compile(r"\w+(\.\w+)*$").match
+EGG_NAME = re.compile(
+    r"""
+    (?P<name>[^-]+) (
+        -(?P<ver>[^-]+) (
+            -py(?P<pyver>[^-]+) (
+                -(?P<plat>.+)
+            )?
+        )?
+    )?
+    """,
+    re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE,
+).match
+
+
+class EntryPoint:
+    """Object representing an advertised importable object"""
+
+    def __init__(self, name, module_name, attrs=(), extras=(), dist=None):
+        if not MODULE(module_name):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid module name", module_name)
+        self.name = name
+        self.module_name = module_name
+        self.attrs = tuple(attrs)
+        self.extras = tuple(extras)
+        self.dist = dist
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        s = "%s = %s" % (self.name, self.module_name)
+        if self.attrs:
+            s += ':' + '.'.join(self.attrs)
+        if self.extras:
+            s += ' [%s]' % ','.join(self.extras)
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "EntryPoint.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    def load(self, require=True, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Require packages for this EntryPoint, then resolve it.
+        """
+        if not require or args or kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Parameters to load are deprecated.  Call .resolve and "
+                ".require separately.",
+                PkgResourcesDeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        if require:
+            self.require(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.resolve()
+
+    def resolve(self):
+        """
+        Resolve the entry point from its module and attrs.
+        """
+        module = __import__(self.module_name, fromlist=['__name__'], level=0)
+        try:
+            return functools.reduce(getattr, self.attrs, module)
+        except AttributeError as exc:
+            raise ImportError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+    def require(self, env=None, installer=None):
+        if self.extras and not self.dist:
+            raise UnknownExtra("Can't require() without a distribution", self)
+
+        # Get the requirements for this entry point with all its extras and
+        # then resolve them. We have to pass `extras` along when resolving so
+        # that the working set knows what extras we want. Otherwise, for
+        # dist-info distributions, the working set will assume that the
+        # requirements for that extra are purely optional and skip over them.
+        reqs = self.dist.requires(self.extras)
+        items = working_set.resolve(reqs, env, installer, extras=self.extras)
+        list(map(working_set.add, items))
+
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r'\s*'
+        r'(?P<name>.+?)\s*'
+        r'=\s*'
+        r'(?P<module>[\w.]+)\s*'
+        r'(:\s*(?P<attr>[\w.]+))?\s*'
+        r'(?P<extras>\[.*\])?\s*$'
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, src, dist=None):
+        """Parse a single entry point from string `src`
+
+        Entry point syntax follows the form::
+
+            name = some.module:some.attr [extra1, extra2]
+
+        The entry name and module name are required, but the ``:attrs`` and
+        ``[extras]`` parts are optional
+        """
+        m = cls.pattern.match(src)
+        if not m:
+            msg = "EntryPoint must be in 'name=module:attrs [extras]' format"
+            raise ValueError(msg, src)
+        res = m.groupdict()
+        extras = cls._parse_extras(res['extras'])
+        attrs = res['attr'].split('.') if res['attr'] else ()
+        return cls(res['name'], res['module'], attrs, extras, dist)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _parse_extras(cls, extras_spec):
+        if not extras_spec:
+            return ()
+        req = Requirement.parse('x' + extras_spec)
+        if req.specs:
+            raise ValueError()
+        return req.extras
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_group(cls, group, lines, dist=None):
+        """Parse an entry point group"""
+        if not MODULE(group):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid group name", group)
+        this = {}
+        for line in yield_lines(lines):
+            ep = cls.parse(line, dist)
+            if ep.name in this:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate entry point", group, ep.name)
+            this[ep.name] = ep
+        return this
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_map(cls, data, dist=None):
+        """Parse a map of entry point groups"""
+        if isinstance(data, dict):
+            data = data.items()
+        else:
+            data = split_sections(data)
+        maps = {}
+        for group, lines in data:
+            if group is None:
+                if not lines:
+                    continue
+                raise ValueError("Entry points must be listed in groups")
+            group = group.strip()
+            if group in maps:
+                raise ValueError("Duplicate group name", group)
+            maps[group] = cls.parse_group(group, lines, dist)
+        return maps
+
+
+def _version_from_file(lines):
+    """
+    Given an iterable of lines from a Metadata file, return
+    the value of the Version field, if present, or None otherwise.
+    """
+
+    def is_version_line(line):
+        return line.lower().startswith('version:')
+
+    version_lines = filter(is_version_line, lines)
+    line = next(iter(version_lines), '')
+    _, _, value = line.partition(':')
+    return safe_version(value.strip()) or None
+
+
+class Distribution:
+    """Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry w/metadata"""
+
+    PKG_INFO = 'PKG-INFO'
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        location=None,
+        metadata=None,
+        project_name=None,
+        version=None,
+        py_version=PY_MAJOR,
+        platform=None,
+        precedence=EGG_DIST,
+    ):
+        self.project_name = safe_name(project_name or 'Unknown')
+        if version is not None:
+            self._version = safe_version(version)
+        self.py_version = py_version
+        self.platform = platform
+        self.location = location
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self._provider = metadata or empty_provider
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_location(cls, location, basename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        project_name, version, py_version, platform = [None] * 4
+        basename, ext = os.path.splitext(basename)
+        if ext.lower() in _distributionImpl:
+            cls = _distributionImpl[ext.lower()]
+
+            match = EGG_NAME(basename)
+            if match:
+                project_name, version, py_version, platform = match.group(
+                    'name', 'ver', 'pyver', 'plat'
+                )
+        return cls(
+            location,
+            metadata,
+            project_name=project_name,
+            version=version,
+            py_version=py_version,
+            platform=platform,
+            **kw,
+        )._reload_version()
+
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def hashcmp(self):
+        return (
+            self._forgiving_parsed_version,
+            self.precedence,
+            self.key,
+            self.location,
+            self.py_version or '',
+            self.platform or '',
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.hashcmp)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp < other.hashcmp
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp <= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp > other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return self.hashcmp >= other.hashcmp
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            # It's not a Distribution, so they are not equal
+            return False
+        return self.hashcmp == other.hashcmp
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    # These properties have to be lazy so that we don't have to load any
+    # metadata until/unless it's actually needed.  (i.e., some distributions
+    # may not know their name or version without loading PKG-INFO)
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        try:
+            return self._key
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._key = key = self.project_name.lower()
+            return key
+
+    @property
+    def parsed_version(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, "_parsed_version"):
+            try:
+                self._parsed_version = parse_version(self.version)
+            except packaging.version.InvalidVersion as ex:
+                info = f"(package: {self.project_name})"
+                if hasattr(ex, "add_note"):
+                    ex.add_note(info)  # PEP 678
+                    raise
+                raise packaging.version.InvalidVersion(f"{str(ex)} {info}") from None
+
+        return self._parsed_version
+
+    @property
+    def _forgiving_parsed_version(self):
+        try:
+            return self.parsed_version
+        except packaging.version.InvalidVersion as ex:
+            self._parsed_version = parse_version(_forgiving_version(self.version))
+
+            notes = "\n".join(getattr(ex, "__notes__", []))  # PEP 678
+            msg = f"""!!\n\n
+            *************************************************************************
+            {str(ex)}\n{notes}
+
+            This is a long overdue deprecation.
+            For the time being, `pkg_resources` will use `{self._parsed_version}`
+            as a replacement to avoid breaking existing environments,
+            but no future compatibility is guaranteed.
+
+            If you maintain package {self.project_name} you should implement
+            the relevant changes to adequate the project to PEP 440 immediately.
+            *************************************************************************
+            \n\n!!
+            """
+            warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning)
+
+            return self._parsed_version
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        try:
+            return self._version
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            version = self._get_version()
+            if version is None:
+                path = self._get_metadata_path_for_display(self.PKG_INFO)
+                msg = ("Missing 'Version:' header and/or {} file at path: {}").format(
+                    self.PKG_INFO, path
+                )
+                raise ValueError(msg, self) from e
+
+            return version
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        """
+        A map of extra to its list of (direct) requirements
+        for this distribution, including the null extra.
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__dep_map = self._filter_extras(self._build_dep_map())
+        return self.__dep_map
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _filter_extras(dm):
+        """
+        Given a mapping of extras to dependencies, strip off
+        environment markers and filter out any dependencies
+        not matching the markers.
+        """
+        for extra in list(filter(None, dm)):
+            new_extra = extra
+            reqs = dm.pop(extra)
+            new_extra, _, marker = extra.partition(':')
+            fails_marker = marker and (
+                invalid_marker(marker) or not evaluate_marker(marker)
+            )
+            if fails_marker:
+                reqs = []
+            new_extra = safe_extra(new_extra) or None
+
+            dm.setdefault(new_extra, []).extend(reqs)
+        return dm
+
+    def _build_dep_map(self):
+        dm = {}
+        for name in 'requires.txt', 'depends.txt':
+            for extra, reqs in split_sections(self._get_metadata(name)):
+                dm.setdefault(extra, []).extend(parse_requirements(reqs))
+        return dm
+
+    def requires(self, extras=()):
+        """List of Requirements needed for this distro if `extras` are used"""
+        dm = self._dep_map
+        deps = []
+        deps.extend(dm.get(None, ()))
+        for ext in extras:
+            try:
+                deps.extend(dm[safe_extra(ext)])
+            except KeyError as e:
+                raise UnknownExtra(
+                    "%s has no such extra feature %r" % (self, ext)
+                ) from e
+        return deps
+
+    def _get_metadata_path_for_display(self, name):
+        """
+        Return the path to the given metadata file, if available.
+        """
+        try:
+            # We need to access _get_metadata_path() on the provider object
+            # directly rather than through this class's __getattr__()
+            # since _get_metadata_path() is marked private.
+            path = self._provider._get_metadata_path(name)
+
+        # Handle exceptions e.g. in case the distribution's metadata
+        # provider doesn't support _get_metadata_path().
+        except Exception:
+            return '[could not detect]'
+
+        return path
+
+    def _get_metadata(self, name):
+        if self.has_metadata(name):
+            for line in self.get_metadata_lines(name):
+                yield line
+
+    def _get_version(self):
+        lines = self._get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO)
+        version = _version_from_file(lines)
+
+        return version
+
+    def activate(self, path=None, replace=False):
+        """Ensure distribution is importable on `path` (default=sys.path)"""
+        if path is None:
+            path = sys.path
+        self.insert_on(path, replace=replace)
+        if path is sys.path:
+            fixup_namespace_packages(self.location)
+            for pkg in self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'):
+                if pkg in sys.modules:
+                    declare_namespace(pkg)
+
+    def egg_name(self):
+        """Return what this distribution's standard .egg filename should be"""
+        filename = "%s-%s-py%s" % (
+            to_filename(self.project_name),
+            to_filename(self.version),
+            self.py_version or PY_MAJOR,
+        )
+
+        if self.platform:
+            filename += '-' + self.platform
+        return filename
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.location:
+            return "%s (%s)" % (self, self.location)
+        else:
+            return str(self)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        try:
+            version = getattr(self, 'version', None)
+        except ValueError:
+            version = None
+        version = version or "[unknown version]"
+        return "%s %s" % (self.project_name, version)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Delegate all unrecognized public attributes to .metadata provider"""
+        if attr.startswith('_'):
+            raise AttributeError(attr)
+        return getattr(self._provider, attr)
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return list(
+            set(super(Distribution, self).__dir__())
+            | set(attr for attr in self._provider.__dir__() if not attr.startswith('_'))
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_filename(cls, filename, metadata=None, **kw):
+        return cls.from_location(
+            _normalize_cached(filename), os.path.basename(filename), metadata, **kw
+        )
+
+    def as_requirement(self):
+        """Return a ``Requirement`` that matches this distribution exactly"""
+        if isinstance(self.parsed_version, packaging.version.Version):
+            spec = "%s==%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+        else:
+            spec = "%s===%s" % (self.project_name, self.parsed_version)
+
+        return Requirement.parse(spec)
+
+    def load_entry_point(self, group, name):
+        """Return the `name` entry point of `group` or raise ImportError"""
+        ep = self.get_entry_info(group, name)
+        if ep is None:
+            raise ImportError("Entry point %r not found" % ((group, name),))
+        return ep.load()
+
+    def get_entry_map(self, group=None):
+        """Return the entry point map for `group`, or the full entry map"""
+        try:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            ep_map = self._ep_map = EntryPoint.parse_map(
+                self._get_metadata('entry_points.txt'), self
+            )
+        if group is not None:
+            return ep_map.get(group, {})
+        return ep_map
+
+    def get_entry_info(self, group, name):
+        """Return the EntryPoint object for `group`+`name`, or ``None``"""
+        return self.get_entry_map(group).get(name)
+
+    # FIXME: 'Distribution.insert_on' is too complex (13)
+    def insert_on(self, path, loc=None, replace=False):  # noqa: C901
+        """Ensure self.location is on path
+
+        If replace=False (default):
+            - If location is already in path anywhere, do nothing.
+            - Else:
+              - If it's an egg and its parent directory is on path,
+                insert just ahead of the parent.
+              - Else: add to the end of path.
+        If replace=True:
+            - If location is already on path anywhere (not eggs)
+              or higher priority than its parent (eggs)
+              do nothing.
+            - Else:
+              - If it's an egg and its parent directory is on path,
+                insert just ahead of the parent,
+                removing any lower-priority entries.
+              - Else: add it to the front of path.
+        """
+
+        loc = loc or self.location
+        if not loc:
+            return
+
+        nloc = _normalize_cached(loc)
+        bdir = os.path.dirname(nloc)
+        npath = [(p and _normalize_cached(p) or p) for p in path]
+
+        for p, item in enumerate(npath):
+            if item == nloc:
+                if replace:
+                    break
+                else:
+                    # don't modify path (even removing duplicates) if
+                    # found and not replace
+                    return
+            elif item == bdir and self.precedence == EGG_DIST:
+                # if it's an .egg, give it precedence over its directory
+                # UNLESS it's already been added to sys.path and replace=False
+                if (not replace) and nloc in npath[p:]:
+                    return
+                if path is sys.path:
+                    self.check_version_conflict()
+                path.insert(p, loc)
+                npath.insert(p, nloc)
+                break
+        else:
+            if path is sys.path:
+                self.check_version_conflict()
+            if replace:
+                path.insert(0, loc)
+            else:
+                path.append(loc)
+            return
+
+        # p is the spot where we found or inserted loc; now remove duplicates
+        while True:
+            try:
+                np = npath.index(nloc, p + 1)
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+            else:
+                del npath[np], path[np]
+                # ha!
+                p = np
+
+        return
+
+    def check_version_conflict(self):
+        if self.key == 'setuptools':
+            # ignore the inevitable setuptools self-conflicts  :(
+            return
+
+        nsp = dict.fromkeys(self._get_metadata('namespace_packages.txt'))
+        loc = normalize_path(self.location)
+        for modname in self._get_metadata('top_level.txt'):
+            if (
+                modname not in sys.modules
+                or modname in nsp
+                or modname in _namespace_packages
+            ):
+                continue
+            if modname in ('pkg_resources', 'setuptools', 'site'):
+                continue
+            fn = getattr(sys.modules[modname], '__file__', None)
+            if fn and (
+                normalize_path(fn).startswith(loc) or fn.startswith(self.location)
+            ):
+                continue
+            issue_warning(
+                "Module %s was already imported from %s, but %s is being added"
+                " to sys.path" % (modname, fn, self.location),
+            )
+
+    def has_version(self):
+        try:
+            self.version
+        except ValueError:
+            issue_warning("Unbuilt egg for " + repr(self))
+            return False
+        except SystemError:
+            # TODO: remove this except clause when python/cpython#103632 is fixed.
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def clone(self, **kw):
+        """Copy this distribution, substituting in any changed keyword args"""
+        names = 'project_name version py_version platform location precedence'
+        for attr in names.split():
+            kw.setdefault(attr, getattr(self, attr, None))
+        kw.setdefault('metadata', self._provider)
+        return self.__class__(**kw)
+
+    @property
+    def extras(self):
+        return [dep for dep in self._dep_map if dep]
+
+
+class EggInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+    def _reload_version(self):
+        """
+        Packages installed by distutils (e.g. numpy or scipy),
+        which uses an old safe_version, and so
+        their version numbers can get mangled when
+        converted to filenames (e.g., 1.11.0.dev0+2329eae to
+        1.11.0.dev0_2329eae). These distributions will not be
+        parsed properly
+        downstream by Distribution and safe_version, so
+        take an extra step and try to get the version number from
+        the metadata file itself instead of the filename.
+        """
+        md_version = self._get_version()
+        if md_version:
+            self._version = md_version
+        return self
+
+
+class DistInfoDistribution(Distribution):
+    """
+    Wrap an actual or potential sys.path entry
+    w/metadata, .dist-info style.
+    """
+
+    PKG_INFO = 'METADATA'
+    EQEQ = re.compile(r"([\(,])\s*(\d.*?)\s*([,\)])")
+
+    @property
+    def _parsed_pkg_info(self):
+        """Parse and cache metadata"""
+        try:
+            return self._pkg_info
+        except AttributeError:
+            metadata = self.get_metadata(self.PKG_INFO)
+            self._pkg_info = email.parser.Parser().parsestr(metadata)
+            return self._pkg_info
+
+    @property
+    def _dep_map(self):
+        try:
+            return self.__dep_map
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.__dep_map = self._compute_dependencies()
+            return self.__dep_map
+
+    def _compute_dependencies(self):
+        """Recompute this distribution's dependencies."""
+        dm = self.__dep_map = {None: []}
+
+        reqs = []
+        # Including any condition expressions
+        for req in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Requires-Dist') or []:
+            reqs.extend(parse_requirements(req))
+
+        def reqs_for_extra(extra):
+            for req in reqs:
+                if not req.marker or req.marker.evaluate({'extra': extra}):
+                    yield req
+
+        common = types.MappingProxyType(dict.fromkeys(reqs_for_extra(None)))
+        dm[None].extend(common)
+
+        for extra in self._parsed_pkg_info.get_all('Provides-Extra') or []:
+            s_extra = safe_extra(extra.strip())
+            dm[s_extra] = [r for r in reqs_for_extra(extra) if r not in common]
+
+        return dm
+
+
+_distributionImpl = {
+    '.egg': Distribution,
+    '.egg-info': EggInfoDistribution,
+    '.dist-info': DistInfoDistribution,
+}
+
+
+def issue_warning(*args, **kw):
+    level = 1
+    g = globals()
+    try:
+        # find the first stack frame that is *not* code in
+        # the pkg_resources module, to use for the warning
+        while sys._getframe(level).f_globals is g:
+            level += 1
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    warnings.warn(stacklevel=level + 1, *args, **kw)
+
+
+def parse_requirements(strs):
+    """
+    Yield ``Requirement`` objects for each specification in `strs`.
+
+    `strs` must be a string, or a (possibly-nested) iterable thereof.
+    """
+    return map(Requirement, join_continuation(map(drop_comment, yield_lines(strs))))
+
+
+class RequirementParseError(packaging.requirements.InvalidRequirement):
+    "Compatibility wrapper for InvalidRequirement"
+
+
+class Requirement(packaging.requirements.Requirement):
+    def __init__(self, requirement_string):
+        """DO NOT CALL THIS UNDOCUMENTED METHOD; use Requirement.parse()!"""
+        super(Requirement, self).__init__(requirement_string)
+        self.unsafe_name = self.name
+        project_name = safe_name(self.name)
+        self.project_name, self.key = project_name, project_name.lower()
+        self.specs = [(spec.operator, spec.version) for spec in self.specifier]
+        self.extras = tuple(map(safe_extra, self.extras))
+        self.hashCmp = (
+            self.key,
+            self.url,
+            self.specifier,
+            frozenset(self.extras),
+            str(self.marker) if self.marker else None,
+        )
+        self.__hash = hash(self.hashCmp)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return isinstance(other, Requirement) and self.hashCmp == other.hashCmp
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, Distribution):
+            if item.key != self.key:
+                return False
+
+            item = item.version
+
+        # Allow prereleases always in order to match the previous behavior of
+        # this method. In the future this should be smarter and follow PEP 440
+        # more accurately.
+        return self.specifier.contains(item, prereleases=True)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return self.__hash
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "Requirement.parse(%r)" % str(self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def parse(s):
+        (req,) = parse_requirements(s)
+        return req
+
+
+def _always_object(classes):
+    """
+    Ensure object appears in the mro even
+    for old-style classes.
+    """
+    if object not in classes:
+        return classes + (object,)
+    return classes
+
+
+def _find_adapter(registry, ob):
+    """Return an adapter factory for `ob` from `registry`"""
+    types = _always_object(inspect.getmro(getattr(ob, '__class__', type(ob))))
+    for t in types:
+        if t in registry:
+            return registry[t]
+
+
+def ensure_directory(path):
+    """Ensure that the parent directory of `path` exists"""
+    dirname = os.path.dirname(path)
+    os.makedirs(dirname, exist_ok=True)
+
+
+def _bypass_ensure_directory(path):
+    """Sandbox-bypassing version of ensure_directory()"""
+    if not WRITE_SUPPORT:
+        raise IOError('"os.mkdir" not supported on this platform.')
+    dirname, filename = split(path)
+    if dirname and filename and not isdir(dirname):
+        _bypass_ensure_directory(dirname)
+        try:
+            mkdir(dirname, 0o755)
+        except FileExistsError:
+            pass
+
+
+def split_sections(s):
+    """Split a string or iterable thereof into (section, content) pairs
+
+    Each ``section`` is a stripped version of the section header ("[section]")
+    and each ``content`` is a list of stripped lines excluding blank lines and
+    comment-only lines.  If there are any such lines before the first section
+    header, they're returned in a first ``section`` of ``None``.
+    """
+    section = None
+    content = []
+    for line in yield_lines(s):
+        if line.startswith("["):
+            if line.endswith("]"):
+                if section or content:
+                    yield section, content
+                section = line[1:-1].strip()
+                content = []
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid section heading", line)
+        else:
+            content.append(line)
+
+    # wrap up last segment
+    yield section, content
+
+
+def _mkstemp(*args, **kw):
+    old_open = os.open
+    try:
+        # temporarily bypass sandboxing
+        os.open = os_open
+        return tempfile.mkstemp(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        # and then put it back
+        os.open = old_open
+
+
+# Silence the PEP440Warning by default, so that end users don't get hit by it
+# randomly just because they use pkg_resources. We want to append the rule
+# because we want earlier uses of filterwarnings to take precedence over this
+# one.
+warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=PEP440Warning, append=True)
+
+
+# from jaraco.functools 1.3
+def _call_aside(f, *args, **kwargs):
+    f(*args, **kwargs)
+    return f
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize(g=globals()):
+    "Set up global resource manager (deliberately not state-saved)"
+    manager = ResourceManager()
+    g['_manager'] = manager
+    g.update(
+        (name, getattr(manager, name))
+        for name in dir(manager)
+        if not name.startswith('_')
+    )
+
+
+class PkgResourcesDeprecationWarning(Warning):
+    """
+    Base class for warning about deprecations in ``pkg_resources``
+
+    This class is not derived from ``DeprecationWarning``, and as such is
+    visible by default.
+    """
+
+
+@_call_aside
+def _initialize_master_working_set():
+    """
+    Prepare the master working set and make the ``require()``
+    API available.
+
+    This function has explicit effects on the global state
+    of pkg_resources. It is intended to be invoked once at
+    the initialization of this module.
+
+    Invocation by other packages is unsupported and done
+    at their own risk.
+    """
+    working_set = WorkingSet._build_master()
+    _declare_state('object', working_set=working_set)
+
+    require = working_set.require
+    iter_entry_points = working_set.iter_entry_points
+    add_activation_listener = working_set.subscribe
+    run_script = working_set.run_script
+    # backward compatibility
+    run_main = run_script
+    # Activate all distributions already on sys.path with replace=False and
+    # ensure that all distributions added to the working set in the future
+    # (e.g. by calling ``require()``) will get activated as well,
+    # with higher priority (replace=True).
+    tuple(dist.activate(replace=False) for dist in working_set)
+    add_activation_listener(
+        lambda dist: dist.activate(replace=True),
+        existing=False,
+    )
+    working_set.entries = []
+    # match order
+    list(map(working_set.add_entry, sys.path))
+    globals().update(locals())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe367e0c
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pkg_resources/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ebf5957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+"""
+Utilities for determining application-specific dirs. See <https://github.com/platformdirs/platformdirs> for details and
+usage.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .api import PlatformDirsABC
+from .version import __version__
+from .version import __version_tuple__ as __version_info__
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):  # pragma: no cover (py38+)
+        from typing import Literal
+    else:  # pragma: no cover (py38+)
+        from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Literal
+
+
+def _set_platform_dir_class() -> type[PlatformDirsABC]:
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        from pip._vendor.platformdirs.windows import Windows as Result
+    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
+        from pip._vendor.platformdirs.macos import MacOS as Result
+    else:
+        from pip._vendor.platformdirs.unix import Unix as Result
+
+    if os.getenv("ANDROID_DATA") == "/data" and os.getenv("ANDROID_ROOT") == "/system":
+        if os.getenv("SHELL") or os.getenv("PREFIX"):
+            return Result
+
+        from pip._vendor.platformdirs.android import _android_folder
+
+        if _android_folder() is not None:
+            from pip._vendor.platformdirs.android import Android
+
+            return Android  # return to avoid redefinition of result
+
+    return Result
+
+
+PlatformDirs = _set_platform_dir_class()  #: Currently active platform
+AppDirs = PlatformDirs  #: Backwards compatibility with appdirs
+
+
+def user_data_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    roaming: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param roaming: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.roaming>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: data directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        roaming=roaming,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_data_dir
+
+
+def site_data_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    multipath: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param multipath: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.multipath>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: data directory shared by users
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        multipath=multipath,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).site_data_dir
+
+
+def user_config_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    roaming: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param roaming: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.roaming>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: config directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        roaming=roaming,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_config_dir
+
+
+def site_config_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    multipath: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param multipath: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.multipath>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: config directory shared by the users
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        multipath=multipath,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).site_config_dir
+
+
+def user_cache_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: cache directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_cache_dir
+
+
+def site_cache_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `opinion <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: cache directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).site_cache_dir
+
+
+def user_state_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    roaming: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param roaming: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.roaming>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: state directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        roaming=roaming,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_state_dir
+
+
+def user_log_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: log directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_log_dir
+
+
+def user_documents_dir() -> str:
+    """:returns: documents directory tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_documents_dir
+
+
+def user_downloads_dir() -> str:
+    """:returns: downloads directory tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_downloads_dir
+
+
+def user_pictures_dir() -> str:
+    """:returns: pictures directory tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_pictures_dir
+
+
+def user_videos_dir() -> str:
+    """:returns: videos directory tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_videos_dir
+
+
+def user_music_dir() -> str:
+    """:returns: music directory tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_music_dir
+
+
+def user_runtime_dir(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> str:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `opinion <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: runtime directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_runtime_dir
+
+
+def user_data_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    roaming: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param roaming: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.roaming>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: data path tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        roaming=roaming,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_data_path
+
+
+def site_data_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    multipath: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param multipath: See `multipath <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.multipath>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: data path shared by users
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        multipath=multipath,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).site_data_path
+
+
+def user_config_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    roaming: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param roaming: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.roaming>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: config path tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        roaming=roaming,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_config_path
+
+
+def site_config_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    multipath: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param multipath: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.multipath>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: config path shared by the users
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        multipath=multipath,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).site_config_path
+
+
+def site_cache_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `opinion <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: cache directory tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).site_cache_path
+
+
+def user_cache_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: cache path tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_cache_path
+
+
+def user_state_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    roaming: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param roaming: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.roaming>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: state path tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        roaming=roaming,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_state_path
+
+
+def user_log_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: log path tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_log_path
+
+
+def user_documents_path() -> Path:
+    """:returns: documents path tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_documents_path
+
+
+def user_downloads_path() -> Path:
+    """:returns: downloads path tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_downloads_path
+
+
+def user_pictures_path() -> Path:
+    """:returns: pictures path tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_pictures_path
+
+
+def user_videos_path() -> Path:
+    """:returns: videos path tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_videos_path
+
+
+def user_music_path() -> Path:
+    """:returns: music path tied to the user"""
+    return PlatformDirs().user_music_path
+
+
+def user_runtime_path(
+    appname: str | None = None,
+    appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+    version: str | None = None,
+    opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+) -> Path:
+    """
+    :param appname: See `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`.
+    :param appauthor: See `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`.
+    :param version: See `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`.
+    :param opinion: See `opinion <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`.
+    :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    :returns: runtime path tied to the user
+    """
+    return PlatformDirs(
+        appname=appname,
+        appauthor=appauthor,
+        version=version,
+        opinion=opinion,
+        ensure_exists=ensure_exists,
+    ).user_runtime_path
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__version__",
+    "__version_info__",
+    "PlatformDirs",
+    "AppDirs",
+    "PlatformDirsABC",
+    "user_data_dir",
+    "user_config_dir",
+    "user_cache_dir",
+    "user_state_dir",
+    "user_log_dir",
+    "user_documents_dir",
+    "user_downloads_dir",
+    "user_pictures_dir",
+    "user_videos_dir",
+    "user_music_dir",
+    "user_runtime_dir",
+    "site_data_dir",
+    "site_config_dir",
+    "site_cache_dir",
+    "user_data_path",
+    "user_config_path",
+    "user_cache_path",
+    "user_state_path",
+    "user_log_path",
+    "user_documents_path",
+    "user_downloads_path",
+    "user_pictures_path",
+    "user_videos_path",
+    "user_music_path",
+    "user_runtime_path",
+    "site_data_path",
+    "site_config_path",
+    "site_cache_path",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a0d6dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""Main entry point."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pip._vendor.platformdirs import PlatformDirs, __version__
+
+PROPS = (
+    "user_data_dir",
+    "user_config_dir",
+    "user_cache_dir",
+    "user_state_dir",
+    "user_log_dir",
+    "user_documents_dir",
+    "user_downloads_dir",
+    "user_pictures_dir",
+    "user_videos_dir",
+    "user_music_dir",
+    "user_runtime_dir",
+    "site_data_dir",
+    "site_config_dir",
+    "site_cache_dir",
+)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Run main entry point."""
+    app_name = "MyApp"
+    app_author = "MyCompany"
+
+    print(f"-- platformdirs {__version__} --")  # noqa: T201
+
+    print("-- app dirs (with optional 'version')")  # noqa: T201
+    dirs = PlatformDirs(app_name, app_author, version="1.0")
+    for prop in PROPS:
+        print(f"{prop}: {getattr(dirs, prop)}")  # noqa: T201
+
+    print("\n-- app dirs (without optional 'version')")  # noqa: T201
+    dirs = PlatformDirs(app_name, app_author)
+    for prop in PROPS:
+        print(f"{prop}: {getattr(dirs, prop)}")  # noqa: T201
+
+    print("\n-- app dirs (without optional 'appauthor')")  # noqa: T201
+    dirs = PlatformDirs(app_name)
+    for prop in PROPS:
+        print(f"{prop}: {getattr(dirs, prop)}")  # noqa: T201
+
+    print("\n-- app dirs (with disabled 'appauthor')")  # noqa: T201
+    dirs = PlatformDirs(app_name, appauthor=False)
+    for prop in PROPS:
+        print(f"{prop}: {getattr(dirs, prop)}")  # noqa: T201
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__pycache__/windows.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/__pycache__/windows.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/android.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/android.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76527dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/android.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+"""Android."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from functools import lru_cache
+from typing import cast
+
+from .api import PlatformDirsABC
+
+
+class Android(PlatformDirsABC):
+    """
+    Follows the guidance `from here <https://android.stackexchange.com/a/216132>`_. Makes use of the
+    `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`,
+    `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`,
+    `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def user_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: data directory tied to the user, e.g. ``/data/user/<userid>/<packagename>/files/<AppName>``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(cast(str, _android_folder()), "files")
+
+    @property
+    def site_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: data directory shared by users, same as `user_data_dir`"""
+        return self.user_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: config directory tied to the user, e.g. \
+        ``/data/user/<userid>/<packagename>/shared_prefs/<AppName>``
+        """
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(cast(str, _android_folder()), "shared_prefs")
+
+    @property
+    def site_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: config directory shared by the users, same as `user_config_dir`"""
+        return self.user_config_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory tied to the user, e.g. e.g. ``/data/user/<userid>/<packagename>/cache/<AppName>``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(cast(str, _android_folder()), "cache")
+
+    @property
+    def site_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory shared by users, same as `user_cache_dir`"""
+        return self.user_cache_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_state_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: state directory tied to the user, same as `user_data_dir`"""
+        return self.user_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_log_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: log directory tied to the user, same as `user_cache_dir` if not opinionated else ``log`` in it,
+          e.g. ``/data/user/<userid>/<packagename>/cache/<AppName>/log``
+        """
+        path = self.user_cache_dir
+        if self.opinion:
+            path = os.path.join(path, "log")  # noqa: PTH118
+        return path
+
+    @property
+    def user_documents_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: documents directory tied to the user e.g. ``/storage/emulated/0/Documents``"""
+        return _android_documents_folder()
+
+    @property
+    def user_downloads_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: downloads directory tied to the user e.g. ``/storage/emulated/0/Downloads``"""
+        return _android_downloads_folder()
+
+    @property
+    def user_pictures_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: pictures directory tied to the user e.g. ``/storage/emulated/0/Pictures``"""
+        return _android_pictures_folder()
+
+    @property
+    def user_videos_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: videos directory tied to the user e.g. ``/storage/emulated/0/DCIM/Camera``"""
+        return _android_videos_folder()
+
+    @property
+    def user_music_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: music directory tied to the user e.g. ``/storage/emulated/0/Music``"""
+        return _android_music_folder()
+
+    @property
+    def user_runtime_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: runtime directory tied to the user, same as `user_cache_dir` if not opinionated else ``tmp`` in it,
+          e.g. ``/data/user/<userid>/<packagename>/cache/<AppName>/tmp``
+        """
+        path = self.user_cache_dir
+        if self.opinion:
+            path = os.path.join(path, "tmp")  # noqa: PTH118
+        return path
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _android_folder() -> str | None:
+    """:return: base folder for the Android OS or None if it cannot be found"""
+    try:
+        # First try to get path to android app via pyjnius
+        from jnius import autoclass
+
+        context = autoclass("android.content.Context")
+        result: str | None = context.getFilesDir().getParentFile().getAbsolutePath()
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+        # if fails find an android folder looking path on the sys.path
+        pattern = re.compile(r"/data/(data|user/\d+)/(.+)/files")
+        for path in sys.path:
+            if pattern.match(path):
+                result = path.split("/files")[0]
+                break
+        else:
+            result = None
+    return result
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _android_documents_folder() -> str:
+    """:return: documents folder for the Android OS"""
+    # Get directories with pyjnius
+    try:
+        from jnius import autoclass
+
+        context = autoclass("android.content.Context")
+        environment = autoclass("android.os.Environment")
+        documents_dir: str = context.getExternalFilesDir(environment.DIRECTORY_DOCUMENTS).getAbsolutePath()
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+        documents_dir = "/storage/emulated/0/Documents"
+
+    return documents_dir
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _android_downloads_folder() -> str:
+    """:return: downloads folder for the Android OS"""
+    # Get directories with pyjnius
+    try:
+        from jnius import autoclass
+
+        context = autoclass("android.content.Context")
+        environment = autoclass("android.os.Environment")
+        downloads_dir: str = context.getExternalFilesDir(environment.DIRECTORY_DOWNLOADS).getAbsolutePath()
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+        downloads_dir = "/storage/emulated/0/Downloads"
+
+    return downloads_dir
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _android_pictures_folder() -> str:
+    """:return: pictures folder for the Android OS"""
+    # Get directories with pyjnius
+    try:
+        from jnius import autoclass
+
+        context = autoclass("android.content.Context")
+        environment = autoclass("android.os.Environment")
+        pictures_dir: str = context.getExternalFilesDir(environment.DIRECTORY_PICTURES).getAbsolutePath()
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+        pictures_dir = "/storage/emulated/0/Pictures"
+
+    return pictures_dir
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _android_videos_folder() -> str:
+    """:return: videos folder for the Android OS"""
+    # Get directories with pyjnius
+    try:
+        from jnius import autoclass
+
+        context = autoclass("android.content.Context")
+        environment = autoclass("android.os.Environment")
+        videos_dir: str = context.getExternalFilesDir(environment.DIRECTORY_DCIM).getAbsolutePath()
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+        videos_dir = "/storage/emulated/0/DCIM/Camera"
+
+    return videos_dir
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _android_music_folder() -> str:
+    """:return: music folder for the Android OS"""
+    # Get directories with pyjnius
+    try:
+        from jnius import autoclass
+
+        context = autoclass("android.content.Context")
+        environment = autoclass("android.os.Environment")
+        music_dir: str = context.getExternalFilesDir(environment.DIRECTORY_MUSIC).getAbsolutePath()
+    except Exception:  # noqa: BLE001
+        music_dir = "/storage/emulated/0/Music"
+
+    return music_dir
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Android",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d64ebb9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+"""Base API."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import sys
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):  # pragma: no cover (py38+)
+        from typing import Literal
+    else:  # pragma: no cover (py38+)
+        from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Literal
+
+
+class PlatformDirsABC(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for platform directories."""
+
+    def __init__(  # noqa: PLR0913
+        self,
+        appname: str | None = None,
+        appauthor: str | None | Literal[False] = None,
+        version: str | None = None,
+        roaming: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+        multipath: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+        opinion: bool = True,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+        ensure_exists: bool = False,  # noqa: FBT001, FBT002
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Create a new platform directory.
+
+        :param appname: See `appname`.
+        :param appauthor: See `appauthor`.
+        :param version: See `version`.
+        :param roaming: See `roaming`.
+        :param multipath: See `multipath`.
+        :param opinion: See `opinion`.
+        :param ensure_exists: See `ensure_exists`.
+        """
+        self.appname = appname  #: The name of application.
+        self.appauthor = appauthor
+        """
+        The name of the app author or distributing body for this application. Typically, it is the owning company name.
+        Defaults to `appname`. You may pass ``False`` to disable it.
+        """
+        self.version = version
+        """
+        An optional version path element to append to the path. You might want to use this if you want multiple versions
+        of your app to be able to run independently. If used, this would typically be ``<major>.<minor>``.
+        """
+        self.roaming = roaming
+        """
+        Whether to use the roaming appdata directory on Windows. That means that for users on a Windows network setup
+        for roaming profiles, this user data will be synced on login (see
+        `here <http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766489(WS.10).aspx>`_).
+        """
+        self.multipath = multipath
+        """
+        An optional parameter only applicable to Unix/Linux which indicates that the entire list of data dirs should be
+        returned. By default, the first item would only be returned.
+        """
+        self.opinion = opinion  #: A flag to indicating to use opinionated values.
+        self.ensure_exists = ensure_exists
+        """
+        Optionally create the directory (and any missing parents) upon access if it does not exist.
+        By default, no directories are created.
+        """
+
+    def _append_app_name_and_version(self, *base: str) -> str:
+        params = list(base[1:])
+        if self.appname:
+            params.append(self.appname)
+            if self.version:
+                params.append(self.version)
+        path = os.path.join(base[0], *params)  # noqa: PTH118
+        self._optionally_create_directory(path)
+        return path
+
+    def _optionally_create_directory(self, path: str) -> None:
+        if self.ensure_exists:
+            Path(path).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: data directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def site_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: data directory shared by users"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: config directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def site_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: config directory shared by the users"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def site_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory shared by users"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_state_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: state directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_log_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: log directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_documents_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: documents directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_downloads_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: downloads directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_pictures_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: pictures directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_videos_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: videos directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_music_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: music directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def user_runtime_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: runtime directory tied to the user"""
+
+    @property
+    def user_data_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: data path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_data_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def site_data_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: data path shared by users"""
+        return Path(self.site_data_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_config_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: config path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_config_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def site_config_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: config path shared by the users"""
+        return Path(self.site_config_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_cache_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: cache path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_cache_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def site_cache_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: cache path shared by users"""
+        return Path(self.site_cache_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_state_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: state path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_state_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_log_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: log path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_log_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_documents_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: documents path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_documents_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_downloads_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: downloads path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_downloads_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_pictures_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: pictures path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_pictures_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_videos_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: videos path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_videos_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_music_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: music path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_music_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def user_runtime_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: runtime path tied to the user"""
+        return Path(self.user_runtime_dir)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/macos.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/macos.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a753e2a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/macos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+"""macOS."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os.path
+
+from .api import PlatformDirsABC
+
+
+class MacOS(PlatformDirsABC):
+    """
+    Platform directories for the macOS operating system. Follows the guidance from `Apple documentation
+    <https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/FileManagement/Conceptual/FileSystemProgrammingGuide/MacOSXDirectories/MacOSXDirectories.html>`_.
+    Makes use of the `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`,
+    `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`,
+    `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def user_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: data directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Library/Application Support/$appname/$version``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Application Support"))  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def site_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: data directory shared by users, e.g. ``/Library/Application Support/$appname/$version``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version("/Library/Application Support")
+
+    @property
+    def user_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: config directory tied to the user, same as `user_data_dir`"""
+        return self.user_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def site_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: config directory shared by the users, same as `site_data_dir`"""
+        return self.site_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Library/Caches/$appname/$version``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Caches"))  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def site_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory shared by users, e.g. ``/Library/Caches/$appname/$version``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version("/Library/Caches")
+
+    @property
+    def user_state_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: state directory tied to the user, same as `user_data_dir`"""
+        return self.user_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_log_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: log directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Library/Logs/$appname/$version``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Logs"))  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def user_documents_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: documents directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Documents``"""
+        return os.path.expanduser("~/Documents")  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def user_downloads_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: downloads directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Downloads``"""
+        return os.path.expanduser("~/Downloads")  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def user_pictures_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: pictures directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Pictures``"""
+        return os.path.expanduser("~/Pictures")  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def user_videos_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: videos directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Movies``"""
+        return os.path.expanduser("~/Movies")  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def user_music_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: music directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Music``"""
+        return os.path.expanduser("~/Music")  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    @property
+    def user_runtime_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: runtime directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems/$appname/$version``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Caches/TemporaryItems"))  # noqa: PTH111
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "MacOS",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/unix.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/unix.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..468b0ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/unix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+"""Unix."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import sys
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from .api import PlatformDirsABC
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+
+    def getuid() -> int:
+        msg = "should only be used on Unix"
+        raise RuntimeError(msg)
+
+else:
+    from os import getuid
+
+
+class Unix(PlatformDirsABC):
+    """
+    On Unix/Linux, we follow the
+    `XDG Basedir Spec <https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html>`_. The spec allows
+    overriding directories with environment variables. The examples show are the default values, alongside the name of
+    the environment variable that overrides them. Makes use of the
+    `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`,
+    `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`,
+    `multipath <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.multipath>`,
+    `opinion <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`,
+    `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def user_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: data directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/.local/share/$appname/$version`` or
+         ``$XDG_DATA_HOME/$appname/$version``
+        """
+        path = os.environ.get("XDG_DATA_HOME", "")
+        if not path.strip():
+            path = os.path.expanduser("~/.local/share")  # noqa: PTH111
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(path)
+
+    @property
+    def site_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: data directories shared by users (if `multipath <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.multipath>` is
+         enabled and ``XDG_DATA_DIR`` is set and a multi path the response is also a multi path separated by the OS
+         path separator), e.g. ``/usr/local/share/$appname/$version`` or ``/usr/share/$appname/$version``
+        """
+        # XDG default for $XDG_DATA_DIRS; only first, if multipath is False
+        path = os.environ.get("XDG_DATA_DIRS", "")
+        if not path.strip():
+            path = f"/usr/local/share{os.pathsep}/usr/share"
+        return self._with_multi_path(path)
+
+    def _with_multi_path(self, path: str) -> str:
+        path_list = path.split(os.pathsep)
+        if not self.multipath:
+            path_list = path_list[0:1]
+        path_list = [self._append_app_name_and_version(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in path_list]  # noqa: PTH111
+        return os.pathsep.join(path_list)
+
+    @property
+    def user_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: config directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/.config/$appname/$version`` or
+         ``$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/$appname/$version``
+        """
+        path = os.environ.get("XDG_CONFIG_HOME", "")
+        if not path.strip():
+            path = os.path.expanduser("~/.config")  # noqa: PTH111
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(path)
+
+    @property
+    def site_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: config directories shared by users (if `multipath <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.multipath>`
+         is enabled and ``XDG_DATA_DIR`` is set and a multi path the response is also a multi path separated by the OS
+         path separator), e.g. ``/etc/xdg/$appname/$version``
+        """
+        # XDG default for $XDG_CONFIG_DIRS only first, if multipath is False
+        path = os.environ.get("XDG_CONFIG_DIRS", "")
+        if not path.strip():
+            path = "/etc/xdg"
+        return self._with_multi_path(path)
+
+    @property
+    def user_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: cache directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/.cache/$appname/$version`` or
+         ``~/$XDG_CACHE_HOME/$appname/$version``
+        """
+        path = os.environ.get("XDG_CACHE_HOME", "")
+        if not path.strip():
+            path = os.path.expanduser("~/.cache")  # noqa: PTH111
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(path)
+
+    @property
+    def site_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory shared by users, e.g. ``/var/tmp/$appname/$version``"""
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version("/var/tmp")  # noqa: S108
+
+    @property
+    def user_state_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: state directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/.local/state/$appname/$version`` or
+         ``$XDG_STATE_HOME/$appname/$version``
+        """
+        path = os.environ.get("XDG_STATE_HOME", "")
+        if not path.strip():
+            path = os.path.expanduser("~/.local/state")  # noqa: PTH111
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(path)
+
+    @property
+    def user_log_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: log directory tied to the user, same as `user_state_dir` if not opinionated else ``log`` in it"""
+        path = self.user_state_dir
+        if self.opinion:
+            path = os.path.join(path, "log")  # noqa: PTH118
+        return path
+
+    @property
+    def user_documents_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: documents directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Documents``"""
+        return _get_user_media_dir("XDG_DOCUMENTS_DIR", "~/Documents")
+
+    @property
+    def user_downloads_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: downloads directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Downloads``"""
+        return _get_user_media_dir("XDG_DOWNLOAD_DIR", "~/Downloads")
+
+    @property
+    def user_pictures_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: pictures directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Pictures``"""
+        return _get_user_media_dir("XDG_PICTURES_DIR", "~/Pictures")
+
+    @property
+    def user_videos_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: videos directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Videos``"""
+        return _get_user_media_dir("XDG_VIDEOS_DIR", "~/Videos")
+
+    @property
+    def user_music_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: music directory tied to the user, e.g. ``~/Music``"""
+        return _get_user_media_dir("XDG_MUSIC_DIR", "~/Music")
+
+    @property
+    def user_runtime_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: runtime directory tied to the user, e.g. ``/run/user/$(id -u)/$appname/$version`` or
+         ``$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/$appname/$version``.
+
+         For FreeBSD/OpenBSD/NetBSD, it would return ``/var/run/user/$(id -u)/$appname/$version`` if
+         exists, otherwise ``/tmp/runtime-$(id -u)/$appname/$version``, if``$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR``
+         is not set.
+        """
+        path = os.environ.get("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR", "")
+        if not path.strip():
+            if sys.platform.startswith(("freebsd", "openbsd", "netbsd")):
+                path = f"/var/run/user/{getuid()}"
+                if not Path(path).exists():
+                    path = f"/tmp/runtime-{getuid()}"  # noqa: S108
+            else:
+                path = f"/run/user/{getuid()}"
+        return self._append_app_name_and_version(path)
+
+    @property
+    def site_data_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: data path shared by users. Only return first item, even if ``multipath`` is set to ``True``"""
+        return self._first_item_as_path_if_multipath(self.site_data_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def site_config_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: config path shared by the users. Only return first item, even if ``multipath`` is set to ``True``"""
+        return self._first_item_as_path_if_multipath(self.site_config_dir)
+
+    @property
+    def site_cache_path(self) -> Path:
+        """:return: cache path shared by users. Only return first item, even if ``multipath`` is set to ``True``"""
+        return self._first_item_as_path_if_multipath(self.site_cache_dir)
+
+    def _first_item_as_path_if_multipath(self, directory: str) -> Path:
+        if self.multipath:
+            # If multipath is True, the first path is returned.
+            directory = directory.split(os.pathsep)[0]
+        return Path(directory)
+
+
+def _get_user_media_dir(env_var: str, fallback_tilde_path: str) -> str:
+    media_dir = _get_user_dirs_folder(env_var)
+    if media_dir is None:
+        media_dir = os.environ.get(env_var, "").strip()
+        if not media_dir:
+            media_dir = os.path.expanduser(fallback_tilde_path)  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    return media_dir
+
+
+def _get_user_dirs_folder(key: str) -> str | None:
+    """Return directory from user-dirs.dirs config file. See https://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xdg-user-dirs/."""
+    user_dirs_config_path = Path(Unix().user_config_dir) / "user-dirs.dirs"
+    if user_dirs_config_path.exists():
+        parser = ConfigParser()
+
+        with user_dirs_config_path.open() as stream:
+            # Add fake section header, so ConfigParser doesn't complain
+            parser.read_string(f"[top]\n{stream.read()}")
+
+        if key not in parser["top"]:
+            return None
+
+        path = parser["top"][key].strip('"')
+        # Handle relative home paths
+        return path.replace("$HOME", os.path.expanduser("~"))  # noqa: PTH111
+
+    return None
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Unix",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc8c44cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# file generated by setuptools_scm
+# don't change, don't track in version control
+__version__ = version = '3.8.1'
+__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = (3, 8, 1)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/windows.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/windows.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b52c9c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/platformdirs/windows.py
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+"""Windows."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ctypes
+import os
+import sys
+from functools import lru_cache
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .api import PlatformDirsABC
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from collections.abc import Callable
+
+
+class Windows(PlatformDirsABC):
+    """
+    `MSDN on where to store app data files
+    <http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;310294#XSLTH3194121123120121120120>`_.
+    Makes use of the
+    `appname <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appname>`,
+    `appauthor <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.appauthor>`,
+    `version <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.version>`,
+    `roaming <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.roaming>`,
+    `opinion <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.opinion>`,
+    `ensure_exists <platformdirs.api.PlatformDirsABC.ensure_exists>`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def user_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: data directory tied to the user, e.g.
+         ``%USERPROFILE%\\AppData\\Local\\$appauthor\\$appname`` (not roaming) or
+         ``%USERPROFILE%\\AppData\\Roaming\\$appauthor\\$appname`` (roaming)
+        """
+        const = "CSIDL_APPDATA" if self.roaming else "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA"
+        path = os.path.normpath(get_win_folder(const))
+        return self._append_parts(path)
+
+    def _append_parts(self, path: str, *, opinion_value: str | None = None) -> str:
+        params = []
+        if self.appname:
+            if self.appauthor is not False:
+                author = self.appauthor or self.appname
+                params.append(author)
+            params.append(self.appname)
+            if opinion_value is not None and self.opinion:
+                params.append(opinion_value)
+            if self.version:
+                params.append(self.version)
+        path = os.path.join(path, *params)  # noqa: PTH118
+        self._optionally_create_directory(path)
+        return path
+
+    @property
+    def site_data_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: data directory shared by users, e.g. ``C:\\ProgramData\\$appauthor\\$appname``"""
+        path = os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA"))
+        return self._append_parts(path)
+
+    @property
+    def user_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: config directory tied to the user, same as `user_data_dir`"""
+        return self.user_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def site_config_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: config directory shared by the users, same as `site_data_dir`"""
+        return self.site_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: cache directory tied to the user (if opinionated with ``Cache`` folder within ``$appname``) e.g.
+         ``%USERPROFILE%\\AppData\\Local\\$appauthor\\$appname\\Cache\\$version``
+        """
+        path = os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA"))
+        return self._append_parts(path, opinion_value="Cache")
+
+    @property
+    def site_cache_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: cache directory shared by users, e.g. ``C:\\ProgramData\\$appauthor\\$appname\\Cache\\$version``"""
+        path = os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA"))
+        return self._append_parts(path, opinion_value="Cache")
+
+    @property
+    def user_state_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: state directory tied to the user, same as `user_data_dir`"""
+        return self.user_data_dir
+
+    @property
+    def user_log_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: log directory tied to the user, same as `user_data_dir` if not opinionated else ``Logs`` in it"""
+        path = self.user_data_dir
+        if self.opinion:
+            path = os.path.join(path, "Logs")  # noqa: PTH118
+            self._optionally_create_directory(path)
+        return path
+
+    @property
+    def user_documents_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: documents directory tied to the user e.g. ``%USERPROFILE%\\Documents``"""
+        return os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_PERSONAL"))
+
+    @property
+    def user_downloads_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: downloads directory tied to the user e.g. ``%USERPROFILE%\\Downloads``"""
+        return os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_DOWNLOADS"))
+
+    @property
+    def user_pictures_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: pictures directory tied to the user e.g. ``%USERPROFILE%\\Pictures``"""
+        return os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_MYPICTURES"))
+
+    @property
+    def user_videos_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: videos directory tied to the user e.g. ``%USERPROFILE%\\Videos``"""
+        return os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_MYVIDEO"))
+
+    @property
+    def user_music_dir(self) -> str:
+        """:return: music directory tied to the user e.g. ``%USERPROFILE%\\Music``"""
+        return os.path.normpath(get_win_folder("CSIDL_MYMUSIC"))
+
+    @property
+    def user_runtime_dir(self) -> str:
+        """
+        :return: runtime directory tied to the user, e.g.
+         ``%USERPROFILE%\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\$appauthor\\$appname``
+        """
+        path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(get_win_folder("CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA"), "Temp"))  # noqa: PTH118
+        return self._append_parts(path)
+
+
+def get_win_folder_from_env_vars(csidl_name: str) -> str:
+    """Get folder from environment variables."""
+    result = get_win_folder_if_csidl_name_not_env_var(csidl_name)
+    if result is not None:
+        return result
+
+    env_var_name = {
+        "CSIDL_APPDATA": "APPDATA",
+        "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": "ALLUSERSPROFILE",
+        "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": "LOCALAPPDATA",
+    }.get(csidl_name)
+    if env_var_name is None:
+        msg = f"Unknown CSIDL name: {csidl_name}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    result = os.environ.get(env_var_name)
+    if result is None:
+        msg = f"Unset environment variable: {env_var_name}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    return result
+
+
+def get_win_folder_if_csidl_name_not_env_var(csidl_name: str) -> str | None:
+    """Get folder for a CSIDL name that does not exist as an environment variable."""
+    if csidl_name == "CSIDL_PERSONAL":
+        return os.path.join(os.path.normpath(os.environ["USERPROFILE"]), "Documents")  # noqa: PTH118
+
+    if csidl_name == "CSIDL_DOWNLOADS":
+        return os.path.join(os.path.normpath(os.environ["USERPROFILE"]), "Downloads")  # noqa: PTH118
+
+    if csidl_name == "CSIDL_MYPICTURES":
+        return os.path.join(os.path.normpath(os.environ["USERPROFILE"]), "Pictures")  # noqa: PTH118
+
+    if csidl_name == "CSIDL_MYVIDEO":
+        return os.path.join(os.path.normpath(os.environ["USERPROFILE"]), "Videos")  # noqa: PTH118
+
+    if csidl_name == "CSIDL_MYMUSIC":
+        return os.path.join(os.path.normpath(os.environ["USERPROFILE"]), "Music")  # noqa: PTH118
+    return None
+
+
+def get_win_folder_from_registry(csidl_name: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Get folder from the registry.
+
+    This is a fallback technique at best. I'm not sure if using the registry for these guarantees us the correct answer
+    for all CSIDL_* names.
+    """
+    shell_folder_name = {
+        "CSIDL_APPDATA": "AppData",
+        "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": "Common AppData",
+        "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": "Local AppData",
+        "CSIDL_PERSONAL": "Personal",
+        "CSIDL_DOWNLOADS": "{374DE290-123F-4565-9164-39C4925E467B}",
+        "CSIDL_MYPICTURES": "My Pictures",
+        "CSIDL_MYVIDEO": "My Video",
+        "CSIDL_MYMUSIC": "My Music",
+    }.get(csidl_name)
+    if shell_folder_name is None:
+        msg = f"Unknown CSIDL name: {csidl_name}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    if sys.platform != "win32":  # only needed for mypy type checker to know that this code runs only on Windows
+        raise NotImplementedError
+    import winreg
+
+    key = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r"Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders")
+    directory, _ = winreg.QueryValueEx(key, shell_folder_name)
+    return str(directory)
+
+
+def get_win_folder_via_ctypes(csidl_name: str) -> str:
+    """Get folder with ctypes."""
+    # There is no 'CSIDL_DOWNLOADS'.
+    # Use 'CSIDL_PROFILE' (40) and append the default folder 'Downloads' instead.
+    # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/shell/knownfolderid
+
+    csidl_const = {
+        "CSIDL_APPDATA": 26,
+        "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": 35,
+        "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": 28,
+        "CSIDL_PERSONAL": 5,
+        "CSIDL_MYPICTURES": 39,
+        "CSIDL_MYVIDEO": 14,
+        "CSIDL_MYMUSIC": 13,
+        "CSIDL_DOWNLOADS": 40,
+    }.get(csidl_name)
+    if csidl_const is None:
+        msg = f"Unknown CSIDL name: {csidl_name}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+    windll = getattr(ctypes, "windll")  # noqa: B009 # using getattr to avoid false positive with mypy type checker
+    windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(None, csidl_const, None, 0, buf)
+
+    # Downgrade to short path name if it has highbit chars.
+    if any(ord(c) > 255 for c in buf):  # noqa: PLR2004
+        buf2 = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+        if windll.kernel32.GetShortPathNameW(buf.value, buf2, 1024):
+            buf = buf2
+
+    if csidl_name == "CSIDL_DOWNLOADS":
+        return os.path.join(buf.value, "Downloads")  # noqa: PTH118
+
+    return buf.value
+
+
+def _pick_get_win_folder() -> Callable[[str], str]:
+    if hasattr(ctypes, "windll"):
+        return get_win_folder_via_ctypes
+    try:
+        import winreg  # noqa: F401
+    except ImportError:
+        return get_win_folder_from_env_vars
+    else:
+        return get_win_folder_from_registry
+
+
+get_win_folder = lru_cache(maxsize=None)(_pick_get_win_folder())
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Windows",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39c84aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""
+    Pygments
+    ~~~~~~~~
+
+    Pygments is a syntax highlighting package written in Python.
+
+    It is a generic syntax highlighter for general use in all kinds of software
+    such as forum systems, wikis or other applications that need to prettify
+    source code. Highlights are:
+
+    * a wide range of common languages and markup formats is supported
+    * special attention is paid to details, increasing quality by a fair amount
+    * support for new languages and formats are added easily
+    * a number of output formats, presently HTML, LaTeX, RTF, SVG, all image
+      formats that PIL supports, and ANSI sequences
+    * it is usable as a command-line tool and as a library
+    * ... and it highlights even Brainfuck!
+
+    The `Pygments master branch`_ is installable with ``easy_install Pygments==dev``.
+
+    .. _Pygments master branch:
+       https://github.com/pygments/pygments/archive/master.zip#egg=Pygments-dev
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+from io import StringIO, BytesIO
+
+__version__ = '2.15.1'
+__docformat__ = 'restructuredtext'
+
+__all__ = ['lex', 'format', 'highlight']
+
+
+def lex(code, lexer):
+    """
+    Lex `code` with the `lexer` (must be a `Lexer` instance)
+    and return an iterable of tokens. Currently, this only calls
+    `lexer.get_tokens()`.
+    """
+    try:
+        return lexer.get_tokens(code)
+    except TypeError:
+        # Heuristic to catch a common mistake.
+        from pip._vendor.pygments.lexer import RegexLexer
+        if isinstance(lexer, type) and issubclass(lexer, RegexLexer):
+            raise TypeError('lex() argument must be a lexer instance, '
+                            'not a class')
+        raise
+
+
+def format(tokens, formatter, outfile=None):  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
+    """
+    Format ``tokens`` (an iterable of tokens) with the formatter ``formatter``
+    (a `Formatter` instance).
+
+    If ``outfile`` is given and a valid file object (an object with a
+    ``write`` method), the result will be written to it, otherwise it
+    is returned as a string.
+    """
+    try:
+        if not outfile:
+            realoutfile = getattr(formatter, 'encoding', None) and BytesIO() or StringIO()
+            formatter.format(tokens, realoutfile)
+            return realoutfile.getvalue()
+        else:
+            formatter.format(tokens, outfile)
+    except TypeError:
+        # Heuristic to catch a common mistake.
+        from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+        if isinstance(formatter, type) and issubclass(formatter, Formatter):
+            raise TypeError('format() argument must be a formatter instance, '
+                            'not a class')
+        raise
+
+
+def highlight(code, lexer, formatter, outfile=None):
+    """
+    This is the most high-level highlighting function. It combines `lex` and
+    `format` in one function.
+    """
+    return format(lex(code, lexer), formatter, outfile)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f7f8cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""
+    pygments.__main__
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Main entry point for ``python -m pygments``.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import sys
+from pip._vendor.pygments.cmdline import main
+
+try:
+    sys.exit(main(sys.argv))
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    sys.exit(1)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__pycache__/util.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/__pycache__/util.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/cmdline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/cmdline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eec1775b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/cmdline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+"""
+    pygments.cmdline
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Command line interface.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+import shutil
+import argparse
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments import __version__, highlight
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import ClassNotFound, OptionError, docstring_headline, \
+    guess_decode, guess_decode_from_terminal, terminal_encoding, \
+    UnclosingTextIOWrapper
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers import get_all_lexers, get_lexer_by_name, guess_lexer, \
+    load_lexer_from_file, get_lexer_for_filename, find_lexer_class_for_filename
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.special import TextLexer
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatters.latex import LatexEmbeddedLexer, LatexFormatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatters import get_all_formatters, get_formatter_by_name, \
+    load_formatter_from_file, get_formatter_for_filename, find_formatter_class
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatters.terminal import TerminalFormatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatters.terminal256 import Terminal256Formatter, TerminalTrueColorFormatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.filters import get_all_filters, find_filter_class
+from pip._vendor.pygments.styles import get_all_styles, get_style_by_name
+
+
+def _parse_options(o_strs):
+    opts = {}
+    if not o_strs:
+        return opts
+    for o_str in o_strs:
+        if not o_str.strip():
+            continue
+        o_args = o_str.split(',')
+        for o_arg in o_args:
+            o_arg = o_arg.strip()
+            try:
+                o_key, o_val = o_arg.split('=', 1)
+                o_key = o_key.strip()
+                o_val = o_val.strip()
+            except ValueError:
+                opts[o_arg] = True
+            else:
+                opts[o_key] = o_val
+    return opts
+
+
+def _parse_filters(f_strs):
+    filters = []
+    if not f_strs:
+        return filters
+    for f_str in f_strs:
+        if ':' in f_str:
+            fname, fopts = f_str.split(':', 1)
+            filters.append((fname, _parse_options([fopts])))
+        else:
+            filters.append((f_str, {}))
+    return filters
+
+
+def _print_help(what, name):
+    try:
+        if what == 'lexer':
+            cls = get_lexer_by_name(name)
+            print("Help on the %s lexer:" % cls.name)
+            print(dedent(cls.__doc__))
+        elif what == 'formatter':
+            cls = find_formatter_class(name)
+            print("Help on the %s formatter:" % cls.name)
+            print(dedent(cls.__doc__))
+        elif what == 'filter':
+            cls = find_filter_class(name)
+            print("Help on the %s filter:" % name)
+            print(dedent(cls.__doc__))
+        return 0
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        print("%s not found!" % what, file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+
+def _print_list(what):
+    if what == 'lexer':
+        print()
+        print("Lexers:")
+        print("~~~~~~~")
+
+        info = []
+        for fullname, names, exts, _ in get_all_lexers():
+            tup = (', '.join(names)+':', fullname,
+                   exts and '(filenames ' + ', '.join(exts) + ')' or '')
+            info.append(tup)
+        info.sort()
+        for i in info:
+            print(('* %s\n    %s %s') % i)
+
+    elif what == 'formatter':
+        print()
+        print("Formatters:")
+        print("~~~~~~~~~~~")
+
+        info = []
+        for cls in get_all_formatters():
+            doc = docstring_headline(cls)
+            tup = (', '.join(cls.aliases) + ':', doc, cls.filenames and
+                   '(filenames ' + ', '.join(cls.filenames) + ')' or '')
+            info.append(tup)
+        info.sort()
+        for i in info:
+            print(('* %s\n    %s %s') % i)
+
+    elif what == 'filter':
+        print()
+        print("Filters:")
+        print("~~~~~~~~")
+
+        for name in get_all_filters():
+            cls = find_filter_class(name)
+            print("* " + name + ':')
+            print("    %s" % docstring_headline(cls))
+
+    elif what == 'style':
+        print()
+        print("Styles:")
+        print("~~~~~~~")
+
+        for name in get_all_styles():
+            cls = get_style_by_name(name)
+            print("* " + name + ':')
+            print("    %s" % docstring_headline(cls))
+
+
+def _print_list_as_json(requested_items):
+    import json
+    result = {}
+    if 'lexer' in requested_items:
+        info = {}
+        for fullname, names, filenames, mimetypes in get_all_lexers():
+            info[fullname] = {
+                'aliases': names,
+                'filenames': filenames,
+                'mimetypes': mimetypes
+            }
+        result['lexers'] = info
+
+    if 'formatter' in requested_items:
+        info = {}
+        for cls in get_all_formatters():
+            doc = docstring_headline(cls)
+            info[cls.name] = {
+                'aliases': cls.aliases,
+                'filenames': cls.filenames,
+                'doc': doc
+            }
+        result['formatters'] = info
+
+    if 'filter' in requested_items:
+        info = {}
+        for name in get_all_filters():
+            cls = find_filter_class(name)
+            info[name] = {
+                'doc': docstring_headline(cls)
+            }
+        result['filters'] = info
+
+    if 'style' in requested_items:
+        info = {}
+        for name in get_all_styles():
+            cls = get_style_by_name(name)
+            info[name] = {
+                'doc': docstring_headline(cls)
+            }
+        result['styles'] = info
+
+    json.dump(result, sys.stdout)
+
+def main_inner(parser, argns):
+    if argns.help:
+        parser.print_help()
+        return 0
+
+    if argns.V:
+        print('Pygments version %s, (c) 2006-2023 by Georg Brandl, Matthäus '
+              'Chajdas and contributors.' % __version__)
+        return 0
+
+    def is_only_option(opt):
+        return not any(v for (k, v) in vars(argns).items() if k != opt)
+
+    # handle ``pygmentize -L``
+    if argns.L is not None:
+        arg_set = set()
+        for k, v in vars(argns).items():
+            if v:
+                arg_set.add(k)
+
+        arg_set.discard('L')
+        arg_set.discard('json')
+
+        if arg_set:
+            parser.print_help(sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+
+        # print version
+        if not argns.json:
+            main(['', '-V'])
+        allowed_types = {'lexer', 'formatter', 'filter', 'style'}
+        largs = [arg.rstrip('s') for arg in argns.L]
+        if any(arg not in allowed_types for arg in largs):
+            parser.print_help(sys.stderr)
+            return 0
+        if not largs:
+            largs = allowed_types
+        if not argns.json:
+            for arg in largs:
+                _print_list(arg)
+        else:
+            _print_list_as_json(largs)
+        return 0
+
+    # handle ``pygmentize -H``
+    if argns.H:
+        if not is_only_option('H'):
+            parser.print_help(sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+        what, name = argns.H
+        if what not in ('lexer', 'formatter', 'filter'):
+            parser.print_help(sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+        return _print_help(what, name)
+
+    # parse -O options
+    parsed_opts = _parse_options(argns.O or [])
+
+    # parse -P options
+    for p_opt in argns.P or []:
+        try:
+            name, value = p_opt.split('=', 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            parsed_opts[p_opt] = True
+        else:
+            parsed_opts[name] = value
+
+    # encodings
+    inencoding = parsed_opts.get('inencoding', parsed_opts.get('encoding'))
+    outencoding = parsed_opts.get('outencoding', parsed_opts.get('encoding'))
+
+    # handle ``pygmentize -N``
+    if argns.N:
+        lexer = find_lexer_class_for_filename(argns.N)
+        if lexer is None:
+            lexer = TextLexer
+
+        print(lexer.aliases[0])
+        return 0
+
+    # handle ``pygmentize -C``
+    if argns.C:
+        inp = sys.stdin.buffer.read()
+        try:
+            lexer = guess_lexer(inp, inencoding=inencoding)
+        except ClassNotFound:
+            lexer = TextLexer
+
+        print(lexer.aliases[0])
+        return 0
+
+    # handle ``pygmentize -S``
+    S_opt = argns.S
+    a_opt = argns.a
+    if S_opt is not None:
+        f_opt = argns.f
+        if not f_opt:
+            parser.print_help(sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+        if argns.l or argns.INPUTFILE:
+            parser.print_help(sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+
+        try:
+            parsed_opts['style'] = S_opt
+            fmter = get_formatter_by_name(f_opt, **parsed_opts)
+        except ClassNotFound as err:
+            print(err, file=sys.stderr)
+            return 1
+
+        print(fmter.get_style_defs(a_opt or ''))
+        return 0
+
+    # if no -S is given, -a is not allowed
+    if argns.a is not None:
+        parser.print_help(sys.stderr)
+        return 2
+
+    # parse -F options
+    F_opts = _parse_filters(argns.F or [])
+
+    # -x: allow custom (eXternal) lexers and formatters
+    allow_custom_lexer_formatter = bool(argns.x)
+
+    # select lexer
+    lexer = None
+
+    # given by name?
+    lexername = argns.l
+    if lexername:
+        # custom lexer, located relative to user's cwd
+        if allow_custom_lexer_formatter and '.py' in lexername:
+            try:
+                filename = None
+                name = None
+                if ':' in lexername:
+                    filename, name = lexername.rsplit(':', 1)
+
+                    if '.py' in name:
+                        # This can happen on Windows: If the lexername is
+                        # C:\lexer.py -- return to normal load path in that case
+                        name = None
+
+                if filename and name:
+                    lexer = load_lexer_from_file(filename, name,
+                                                 **parsed_opts)
+                else:
+                    lexer = load_lexer_from_file(lexername, **parsed_opts)
+            except ClassNotFound as err:
+                print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+                return 1
+        else:
+            try:
+                lexer = get_lexer_by_name(lexername, **parsed_opts)
+            except (OptionError, ClassNotFound) as err:
+                print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+                return 1
+
+    # read input code
+    code = None
+
+    if argns.INPUTFILE:
+        if argns.s:
+            print('Error: -s option not usable when input file specified',
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+
+        infn = argns.INPUTFILE
+        try:
+            with open(infn, 'rb') as infp:
+                code = infp.read()
+        except Exception as err:
+            print('Error: cannot read infile:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+            return 1
+        if not inencoding:
+            code, inencoding = guess_decode(code)
+
+        # do we have to guess the lexer?
+        if not lexer:
+            try:
+                lexer = get_lexer_for_filename(infn, code, **parsed_opts)
+            except ClassNotFound as err:
+                if argns.g:
+                    try:
+                        lexer = guess_lexer(code, **parsed_opts)
+                    except ClassNotFound:
+                        lexer = TextLexer(**parsed_opts)
+                else:
+                    print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+                    return 1
+            except OptionError as err:
+                print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+                return 1
+
+    elif not argns.s:  # treat stdin as full file (-s support is later)
+        # read code from terminal, always in binary mode since we want to
+        # decode ourselves and be tolerant with it
+        code = sys.stdin.buffer.read()  # use .buffer to get a binary stream
+        if not inencoding:
+            code, inencoding = guess_decode_from_terminal(code, sys.stdin)
+            # else the lexer will do the decoding
+        if not lexer:
+            try:
+                lexer = guess_lexer(code, **parsed_opts)
+            except ClassNotFound:
+                lexer = TextLexer(**parsed_opts)
+
+    else:  # -s option needs a lexer with -l
+        if not lexer:
+            print('Error: when using -s a lexer has to be selected with -l',
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            return 2
+
+    # process filters
+    for fname, fopts in F_opts:
+        try:
+            lexer.add_filter(fname, **fopts)
+        except ClassNotFound as err:
+            print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+            return 1
+
+    # select formatter
+    outfn = argns.o
+    fmter = argns.f
+    if fmter:
+        # custom formatter, located relative to user's cwd
+        if allow_custom_lexer_formatter and '.py' in fmter:
+            try:
+                filename = None
+                name = None
+                if ':' in fmter:
+                    # Same logic as above for custom lexer
+                    filename, name = fmter.rsplit(':', 1)
+
+                    if '.py' in name:
+                        name = None
+
+                if filename and name:
+                    fmter = load_formatter_from_file(filename, name,
+                                                     **parsed_opts)
+                else:
+                    fmter = load_formatter_from_file(fmter, **parsed_opts)
+            except ClassNotFound as err:
+                print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+                return 1
+        else:
+            try:
+                fmter = get_formatter_by_name(fmter, **parsed_opts)
+            except (OptionError, ClassNotFound) as err:
+                print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+                return 1
+
+    if outfn:
+        if not fmter:
+            try:
+                fmter = get_formatter_for_filename(outfn, **parsed_opts)
+            except (OptionError, ClassNotFound) as err:
+                print('Error:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+                return 1
+        try:
+            outfile = open(outfn, 'wb')
+        except Exception as err:
+            print('Error: cannot open outfile:', err, file=sys.stderr)
+            return 1
+    else:
+        if not fmter:
+            if os.environ.get('COLORTERM','') in ('truecolor', '24bit'):
+                fmter = TerminalTrueColorFormatter(**parsed_opts)
+            elif '256' in os.environ.get('TERM', ''):
+                fmter = Terminal256Formatter(**parsed_opts)
+            else:
+                fmter = TerminalFormatter(**parsed_opts)
+        outfile = sys.stdout.buffer
+
+    # determine output encoding if not explicitly selected
+    if not outencoding:
+        if outfn:
+            # output file? use lexer encoding for now (can still be None)
+            fmter.encoding = inencoding
+        else:
+            # else use terminal encoding
+            fmter.encoding = terminal_encoding(sys.stdout)
+
+    # provide coloring under Windows, if possible
+    if not outfn and sys.platform in ('win32', 'cygwin') and \
+       fmter.name in ('Terminal', 'Terminal256'):  # pragma: no cover
+        # unfortunately colorama doesn't support binary streams on Py3
+        outfile = UnclosingTextIOWrapper(outfile, encoding=fmter.encoding)
+        fmter.encoding = None
+        try:
+            import pip._vendor.colorama.initialise as colorama_initialise
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            outfile = colorama_initialise.wrap_stream(
+                outfile, convert=None, strip=None, autoreset=False, wrap=True)
+
+    # When using the LaTeX formatter and the option `escapeinside` is
+    # specified, we need a special lexer which collects escaped text
+    # before running the chosen language lexer.
+    escapeinside = parsed_opts.get('escapeinside', '')
+    if len(escapeinside) == 2 and isinstance(fmter, LatexFormatter):
+        left = escapeinside[0]
+        right = escapeinside[1]
+        lexer = LatexEmbeddedLexer(left, right, lexer)
+
+    # ... and do it!
+    if not argns.s:
+        # process whole input as per normal...
+        try:
+            highlight(code, lexer, fmter, outfile)
+        finally:
+            if outfn:
+                outfile.close()
+        return 0
+    else:
+        # line by line processing of stdin (eg: for 'tail -f')...
+        try:
+            while 1:
+                line = sys.stdin.buffer.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    break
+                if not inencoding:
+                    line = guess_decode_from_terminal(line, sys.stdin)[0]
+                highlight(line, lexer, fmter, outfile)
+                if hasattr(outfile, 'flush'):
+                    outfile.flush()
+            return 0
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:  # pragma: no cover
+            return 0
+        finally:
+            if outfn:
+                outfile.close()
+
+
+class HelpFormatter(argparse.HelpFormatter):
+    def __init__(self, prog, indent_increment=2, max_help_position=16, width=None):
+        if width is None:
+            try:
+                width = shutil.get_terminal_size().columns - 2
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+        argparse.HelpFormatter.__init__(self, prog, indent_increment,
+                                        max_help_position, width)
+
+
+def main(args=sys.argv):
+    """
+    Main command line entry point.
+    """
+    desc = "Highlight an input file and write the result to an output file."
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=desc, add_help=False,
+                                     formatter_class=HelpFormatter)
+
+    operation = parser.add_argument_group('Main operation')
+    lexersel = operation.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    lexersel.add_argument(
+        '-l', metavar='LEXER',
+        help='Specify the lexer to use.  (Query names with -L.)  If not '
+        'given and -g is not present, the lexer is guessed from the filename.')
+    lexersel.add_argument(
+        '-g', action='store_true',
+        help='Guess the lexer from the file contents, or pass through '
+        'as plain text if nothing can be guessed.')
+    operation.add_argument(
+        '-F', metavar='FILTER[:options]', action='append',
+        help='Add a filter to the token stream.  (Query names with -L.) '
+        'Filter options are given after a colon if necessary.')
+    operation.add_argument(
+        '-f', metavar='FORMATTER',
+        help='Specify the formatter to use.  (Query names with -L.) '
+        'If not given, the formatter is guessed from the output filename, '
+        'and defaults to the terminal formatter if the output is to the '
+        'terminal or an unknown file extension.')
+    operation.add_argument(
+        '-O', metavar='OPTION=value[,OPTION=value,...]', action='append',
+        help='Give options to the lexer and formatter as a comma-separated '
+        'list of key-value pairs. '
+        'Example: `-O bg=light,python=cool`.')
+    operation.add_argument(
+        '-P', metavar='OPTION=value', action='append',
+        help='Give a single option to the lexer and formatter - with this '
+        'you can pass options whose value contains commas and equal signs. '
+        'Example: `-P "heading=Pygments, the Python highlighter"`.')
+    operation.add_argument(
+        '-o', metavar='OUTPUTFILE',
+        help='Where to write the output.  Defaults to standard output.')
+
+    operation.add_argument(
+        'INPUTFILE', nargs='?',
+        help='Where to read the input.  Defaults to standard input.')
+
+    flags = parser.add_argument_group('Operation flags')
+    flags.add_argument(
+        '-v', action='store_true',
+        help='Print a detailed traceback on unhandled exceptions, which '
+        'is useful for debugging and bug reports.')
+    flags.add_argument(
+        '-s', action='store_true',
+        help='Process lines one at a time until EOF, rather than waiting to '
+        'process the entire file.  This only works for stdin, only for lexers '
+        'with no line-spanning constructs, and is intended for streaming '
+        'input such as you get from `tail -f`. '
+        'Example usage: `tail -f sql.log | pygmentize -s -l sql`.')
+    flags.add_argument(
+        '-x', action='store_true',
+        help='Allow custom lexers and formatters to be loaded from a .py file '
+        'relative to the current working directory. For example, '
+        '`-l ./customlexer.py -x`. By default, this option expects a file '
+        'with a class named CustomLexer or CustomFormatter; you can also '
+        'specify your own class name with a colon (`-l ./lexer.py:MyLexer`). '
+        'Users should be very careful not to use this option with untrusted '
+        'files, because it will import and run them.')
+    flags.add_argument('--json', help='Output as JSON. This can '
+        'be only used in conjunction with -L.',
+        default=False,
+        action='store_true')
+
+    special_modes_group = parser.add_argument_group(
+        'Special modes - do not do any highlighting')
+    special_modes = special_modes_group.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    special_modes.add_argument(
+        '-S', metavar='STYLE -f formatter',
+        help='Print style definitions for STYLE for a formatter '
+        'given with -f. The argument given by -a is formatter '
+        'dependent.')
+    special_modes.add_argument(
+        '-L', nargs='*', metavar='WHAT',
+        help='List lexers, formatters, styles or filters -- '
+        'give additional arguments for the thing(s) you want to list '
+        '(e.g. "styles"), or omit them to list everything.')
+    special_modes.add_argument(
+        '-N', metavar='FILENAME',
+        help='Guess and print out a lexer name based solely on the given '
+        'filename. Does not take input or highlight anything. If no specific '
+        'lexer can be determined, "text" is printed.')
+    special_modes.add_argument(
+        '-C', action='store_true',
+        help='Like -N, but print out a lexer name based solely on '
+        'a given content from standard input.')
+    special_modes.add_argument(
+        '-H', action='store', nargs=2, metavar=('NAME', 'TYPE'),
+        help='Print detailed help for the object <name> of type <type>, '
+        'where <type> is one of "lexer", "formatter" or "filter".')
+    special_modes.add_argument(
+        '-V', action='store_true',
+        help='Print the package version.')
+    special_modes.add_argument(
+        '-h', '--help', action='store_true',
+        help='Print this help.')
+    special_modes_group.add_argument(
+        '-a', metavar='ARG',
+        help='Formatter-specific additional argument for the -S (print '
+        'style sheet) mode.')
+
+    argns = parser.parse_args(args[1:])
+
+    try:
+        return main_inner(parser, argns)
+    except BrokenPipeError:
+        # someone closed our stdout, e.g. by quitting a pager.
+        return 0
+    except Exception:
+        if argns.v:
+            print(file=sys.stderr)
+            print('*' * 65, file=sys.stderr)
+            print('An unhandled exception occurred while highlighting.',
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            print('Please report the whole traceback to the issue tracker at',
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            print('<https://github.com/pygments/pygments/issues>.',
+                  file=sys.stderr)
+            print('*' * 65, file=sys.stderr)
+            print(file=sys.stderr)
+            raise
+        import traceback
+        info = traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info())
+        msg = info[-1].strip()
+        if len(info) >= 3:
+            # extract relevant file and position info
+            msg += '\n   (f%s)' % info[-2].split('\n')[0].strip()[1:]
+        print(file=sys.stderr)
+        print('*** Error while highlighting:', file=sys.stderr)
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+        print('*** If this is a bug you want to report, please rerun with -v.',
+              file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/console.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/console.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..deb4937f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/console.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+"""
+    pygments.console
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Format colored console output.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+esc = "\x1b["
+
+codes = {}
+codes[""] = ""
+codes["reset"] = esc + "39;49;00m"
+
+codes["bold"] = esc + "01m"
+codes["faint"] = esc + "02m"
+codes["standout"] = esc + "03m"
+codes["underline"] = esc + "04m"
+codes["blink"] = esc + "05m"
+codes["overline"] = esc + "06m"
+
+dark_colors = ["black", "red", "green", "yellow", "blue",
+               "magenta", "cyan", "gray"]
+light_colors = ["brightblack", "brightred", "brightgreen", "brightyellow", "brightblue",
+                "brightmagenta", "brightcyan", "white"]
+
+x = 30
+for d, l in zip(dark_colors, light_colors):
+    codes[d] = esc + "%im" % x
+    codes[l] = esc + "%im" % (60 + x)
+    x += 1
+
+del d, l, x
+
+codes["white"] = codes["bold"]
+
+
+def reset_color():
+    return codes["reset"]
+
+
+def colorize(color_key, text):
+    return codes[color_key] + text + codes["reset"]
+
+
+def ansiformat(attr, text):
+    """
+    Format ``text`` with a color and/or some attributes::
+
+        color       normal color
+        *color*     bold color
+        _color_     underlined color
+        +color+     blinking color
+    """
+    result = []
+    if attr[:1] == attr[-1:] == '+':
+        result.append(codes['blink'])
+        attr = attr[1:-1]
+    if attr[:1] == attr[-1:] == '*':
+        result.append(codes['bold'])
+        attr = attr[1:-1]
+    if attr[:1] == attr[-1:] == '_':
+        result.append(codes['underline'])
+        attr = attr[1:-1]
+    result.append(codes[attr])
+    result.append(text)
+    result.append(codes['reset'])
+    return ''.join(result)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dafa08d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+"""
+    pygments.filter
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Module that implements the default filter.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+
+def apply_filters(stream, filters, lexer=None):
+    """
+    Use this method to apply an iterable of filters to
+    a stream. If lexer is given it's forwarded to the
+    filter, otherwise the filter receives `None`.
+    """
+    def _apply(filter_, stream):
+        yield from filter_.filter(lexer, stream)
+    for filter_ in filters:
+        stream = _apply(filter_, stream)
+    return stream
+
+
+def simplefilter(f):
+    """
+    Decorator that converts a function into a filter::
+
+        @simplefilter
+        def lowercase(self, lexer, stream, options):
+            for ttype, value in stream:
+                yield ttype, value.lower()
+    """
+    return type(f.__name__, (FunctionFilter,), {
+        '__module__': getattr(f, '__module__'),
+        '__doc__': f.__doc__,
+        'function': f,
+    })
+
+
+class Filter:
+    """
+    Default filter. Subclass this class or use the `simplefilter`
+    decorator to create own filters.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        self.options = options
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class FunctionFilter(Filter):
+    """
+    Abstract class used by `simplefilter` to create simple
+    function filters on the fly. The `simplefilter` decorator
+    automatically creates subclasses of this class for
+    functions passed to it.
+    """
+    function = None
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        if not hasattr(self, 'function'):
+            raise TypeError('%r used without bound function' %
+                            self.__class__.__name__)
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        # pylint: disable=not-callable
+        yield from self.function(lexer, stream, self.options)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filters/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5aa9ecbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filters/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,940 @@
+"""
+    pygments.filters
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Module containing filter lookup functions and default
+    filters.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import String, Comment, Keyword, Name, Error, Whitespace, \
+    string_to_tokentype
+from pip._vendor.pygments.filter import Filter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_list_opt, get_int_opt, get_bool_opt, \
+    get_choice_opt, ClassNotFound, OptionError
+from pip._vendor.pygments.plugin import find_plugin_filters
+
+
+def find_filter_class(filtername):
+    """Lookup a filter by name. Return None if not found."""
+    if filtername in FILTERS:
+        return FILTERS[filtername]
+    for name, cls in find_plugin_filters():
+        if name == filtername:
+            return cls
+    return None
+
+
+def get_filter_by_name(filtername, **options):
+    """Return an instantiated filter.
+
+    Options are passed to the filter initializer if wanted.
+    Raise a ClassNotFound if not found.
+    """
+    cls = find_filter_class(filtername)
+    if cls:
+        return cls(**options)
+    else:
+        raise ClassNotFound('filter %r not found' % filtername)
+
+
+def get_all_filters():
+    """Return a generator of all filter names."""
+    yield from FILTERS
+    for name, _ in find_plugin_filters():
+        yield name
+
+
+def _replace_special(ttype, value, regex, specialttype,
+                     replacefunc=lambda x: x):
+    last = 0
+    for match in regex.finditer(value):
+        start, end = match.start(), match.end()
+        if start != last:
+            yield ttype, value[last:start]
+        yield specialttype, replacefunc(value[start:end])
+        last = end
+    if last != len(value):
+        yield ttype, value[last:]
+
+
+class CodeTagFilter(Filter):
+    """Highlight special code tags in comments and docstrings.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `codetags` : list of strings
+       A list of strings that are flagged as code tags.  The default is to
+       highlight ``XXX``, ``TODO``, ``FIXME``, ``BUG`` and ``NOTE``.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.13
+       Now recognizes ``FIXME`` by default.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+        tags = get_list_opt(options, 'codetags',
+                            ['XXX', 'TODO', 'FIXME', 'BUG', 'NOTE'])
+        self.tag_re = re.compile(r'\b(%s)\b' % '|'.join([
+            re.escape(tag) for tag in tags if tag
+        ]))
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        regex = self.tag_re
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype in String.Doc or \
+               ttype in Comment and \
+               ttype not in Comment.Preproc:
+                yield from _replace_special(ttype, value, regex, Comment.Special)
+            else:
+                yield ttype, value
+
+
+class SymbolFilter(Filter):
+    """Convert mathematical symbols such as \\<longrightarrow> in Isabelle
+    or \\longrightarrow in LaTeX into Unicode characters.
+
+    This is mostly useful for HTML or console output when you want to
+    approximate the source rendering you'd see in an IDE.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `lang` : string
+       The symbol language. Must be one of ``'isabelle'`` or
+       ``'latex'``.  The default is ``'isabelle'``.
+    """
+
+    latex_symbols = {
+        '\\alpha'                : '\U000003b1',
+        '\\beta'                 : '\U000003b2',
+        '\\gamma'                : '\U000003b3',
+        '\\delta'                : '\U000003b4',
+        '\\varepsilon'           : '\U000003b5',
+        '\\zeta'                 : '\U000003b6',
+        '\\eta'                  : '\U000003b7',
+        '\\vartheta'             : '\U000003b8',
+        '\\iota'                 : '\U000003b9',
+        '\\kappa'                : '\U000003ba',
+        '\\lambda'               : '\U000003bb',
+        '\\mu'                   : '\U000003bc',
+        '\\nu'                   : '\U000003bd',
+        '\\xi'                   : '\U000003be',
+        '\\pi'                   : '\U000003c0',
+        '\\varrho'               : '\U000003c1',
+        '\\sigma'                : '\U000003c3',
+        '\\tau'                  : '\U000003c4',
+        '\\upsilon'              : '\U000003c5',
+        '\\varphi'               : '\U000003c6',
+        '\\chi'                  : '\U000003c7',
+        '\\psi'                  : '\U000003c8',
+        '\\omega'                : '\U000003c9',
+        '\\Gamma'                : '\U00000393',
+        '\\Delta'                : '\U00000394',
+        '\\Theta'                : '\U00000398',
+        '\\Lambda'               : '\U0000039b',
+        '\\Xi'                   : '\U0000039e',
+        '\\Pi'                   : '\U000003a0',
+        '\\Sigma'                : '\U000003a3',
+        '\\Upsilon'              : '\U000003a5',
+        '\\Phi'                  : '\U000003a6',
+        '\\Psi'                  : '\U000003a8',
+        '\\Omega'                : '\U000003a9',
+        '\\leftarrow'            : '\U00002190',
+        '\\longleftarrow'        : '\U000027f5',
+        '\\rightarrow'           : '\U00002192',
+        '\\longrightarrow'       : '\U000027f6',
+        '\\Leftarrow'            : '\U000021d0',
+        '\\Longleftarrow'        : '\U000027f8',
+        '\\Rightarrow'           : '\U000021d2',
+        '\\Longrightarrow'       : '\U000027f9',
+        '\\leftrightarrow'       : '\U00002194',
+        '\\longleftrightarrow'   : '\U000027f7',
+        '\\Leftrightarrow'       : '\U000021d4',
+        '\\Longleftrightarrow'   : '\U000027fa',
+        '\\mapsto'               : '\U000021a6',
+        '\\longmapsto'           : '\U000027fc',
+        '\\relbar'               : '\U00002500',
+        '\\Relbar'               : '\U00002550',
+        '\\hookleftarrow'        : '\U000021a9',
+        '\\hookrightarrow'       : '\U000021aa',
+        '\\leftharpoondown'      : '\U000021bd',
+        '\\rightharpoondown'     : '\U000021c1',
+        '\\leftharpoonup'        : '\U000021bc',
+        '\\rightharpoonup'       : '\U000021c0',
+        '\\rightleftharpoons'    : '\U000021cc',
+        '\\leadsto'              : '\U0000219d',
+        '\\downharpoonleft'      : '\U000021c3',
+        '\\downharpoonright'     : '\U000021c2',
+        '\\upharpoonleft'        : '\U000021bf',
+        '\\upharpoonright'       : '\U000021be',
+        '\\restriction'          : '\U000021be',
+        '\\uparrow'              : '\U00002191',
+        '\\Uparrow'              : '\U000021d1',
+        '\\downarrow'            : '\U00002193',
+        '\\Downarrow'            : '\U000021d3',
+        '\\updownarrow'          : '\U00002195',
+        '\\Updownarrow'          : '\U000021d5',
+        '\\langle'               : '\U000027e8',
+        '\\rangle'               : '\U000027e9',
+        '\\lceil'                : '\U00002308',
+        '\\rceil'                : '\U00002309',
+        '\\lfloor'               : '\U0000230a',
+        '\\rfloor'               : '\U0000230b',
+        '\\flqq'                 : '\U000000ab',
+        '\\frqq'                 : '\U000000bb',
+        '\\bot'                  : '\U000022a5',
+        '\\top'                  : '\U000022a4',
+        '\\wedge'                : '\U00002227',
+        '\\bigwedge'             : '\U000022c0',
+        '\\vee'                  : '\U00002228',
+        '\\bigvee'               : '\U000022c1',
+        '\\forall'               : '\U00002200',
+        '\\exists'               : '\U00002203',
+        '\\nexists'              : '\U00002204',
+        '\\neg'                  : '\U000000ac',
+        '\\Box'                  : '\U000025a1',
+        '\\Diamond'              : '\U000025c7',
+        '\\vdash'                : '\U000022a2',
+        '\\models'               : '\U000022a8',
+        '\\dashv'                : '\U000022a3',
+        '\\surd'                 : '\U0000221a',
+        '\\le'                   : '\U00002264',
+        '\\ge'                   : '\U00002265',
+        '\\ll'                   : '\U0000226a',
+        '\\gg'                   : '\U0000226b',
+        '\\lesssim'              : '\U00002272',
+        '\\gtrsim'               : '\U00002273',
+        '\\lessapprox'           : '\U00002a85',
+        '\\gtrapprox'            : '\U00002a86',
+        '\\in'                   : '\U00002208',
+        '\\notin'                : '\U00002209',
+        '\\subset'               : '\U00002282',
+        '\\supset'               : '\U00002283',
+        '\\subseteq'             : '\U00002286',
+        '\\supseteq'             : '\U00002287',
+        '\\sqsubset'             : '\U0000228f',
+        '\\sqsupset'             : '\U00002290',
+        '\\sqsubseteq'           : '\U00002291',
+        '\\sqsupseteq'           : '\U00002292',
+        '\\cap'                  : '\U00002229',
+        '\\bigcap'               : '\U000022c2',
+        '\\cup'                  : '\U0000222a',
+        '\\bigcup'               : '\U000022c3',
+        '\\sqcup'                : '\U00002294',
+        '\\bigsqcup'             : '\U00002a06',
+        '\\sqcap'                : '\U00002293',
+        '\\Bigsqcap'             : '\U00002a05',
+        '\\setminus'             : '\U00002216',
+        '\\propto'               : '\U0000221d',
+        '\\uplus'                : '\U0000228e',
+        '\\bigplus'              : '\U00002a04',
+        '\\sim'                  : '\U0000223c',
+        '\\doteq'                : '\U00002250',
+        '\\simeq'                : '\U00002243',
+        '\\approx'               : '\U00002248',
+        '\\asymp'                : '\U0000224d',
+        '\\cong'                 : '\U00002245',
+        '\\equiv'                : '\U00002261',
+        '\\Join'                 : '\U000022c8',
+        '\\bowtie'               : '\U00002a1d',
+        '\\prec'                 : '\U0000227a',
+        '\\succ'                 : '\U0000227b',
+        '\\preceq'               : '\U0000227c',
+        '\\succeq'               : '\U0000227d',
+        '\\parallel'             : '\U00002225',
+        '\\mid'                  : '\U000000a6',
+        '\\pm'                   : '\U000000b1',
+        '\\mp'                   : '\U00002213',
+        '\\times'                : '\U000000d7',
+        '\\div'                  : '\U000000f7',
+        '\\cdot'                 : '\U000022c5',
+        '\\star'                 : '\U000022c6',
+        '\\circ'                 : '\U00002218',
+        '\\dagger'               : '\U00002020',
+        '\\ddagger'              : '\U00002021',
+        '\\lhd'                  : '\U000022b2',
+        '\\rhd'                  : '\U000022b3',
+        '\\unlhd'                : '\U000022b4',
+        '\\unrhd'                : '\U000022b5',
+        '\\triangleleft'         : '\U000025c3',
+        '\\triangleright'        : '\U000025b9',
+        '\\triangle'             : '\U000025b3',
+        '\\triangleq'            : '\U0000225c',
+        '\\oplus'                : '\U00002295',
+        '\\bigoplus'             : '\U00002a01',
+        '\\otimes'               : '\U00002297',
+        '\\bigotimes'            : '\U00002a02',
+        '\\odot'                 : '\U00002299',
+        '\\bigodot'              : '\U00002a00',
+        '\\ominus'               : '\U00002296',
+        '\\oslash'               : '\U00002298',
+        '\\dots'                 : '\U00002026',
+        '\\cdots'                : '\U000022ef',
+        '\\sum'                  : '\U00002211',
+        '\\prod'                 : '\U0000220f',
+        '\\coprod'               : '\U00002210',
+        '\\infty'                : '\U0000221e',
+        '\\int'                  : '\U0000222b',
+        '\\oint'                 : '\U0000222e',
+        '\\clubsuit'             : '\U00002663',
+        '\\diamondsuit'          : '\U00002662',
+        '\\heartsuit'            : '\U00002661',
+        '\\spadesuit'            : '\U00002660',
+        '\\aleph'                : '\U00002135',
+        '\\emptyset'             : '\U00002205',
+        '\\nabla'                : '\U00002207',
+        '\\partial'              : '\U00002202',
+        '\\flat'                 : '\U0000266d',
+        '\\natural'              : '\U0000266e',
+        '\\sharp'                : '\U0000266f',
+        '\\angle'                : '\U00002220',
+        '\\copyright'            : '\U000000a9',
+        '\\textregistered'       : '\U000000ae',
+        '\\textonequarter'       : '\U000000bc',
+        '\\textonehalf'          : '\U000000bd',
+        '\\textthreequarters'    : '\U000000be',
+        '\\textordfeminine'      : '\U000000aa',
+        '\\textordmasculine'     : '\U000000ba',
+        '\\euro'                 : '\U000020ac',
+        '\\pounds'               : '\U000000a3',
+        '\\yen'                  : '\U000000a5',
+        '\\textcent'             : '\U000000a2',
+        '\\textcurrency'         : '\U000000a4',
+        '\\textdegree'           : '\U000000b0',
+    }
+
+    isabelle_symbols = {
+        '\\<zero>'                 : '\U0001d7ec',
+        '\\<one>'                  : '\U0001d7ed',
+        '\\<two>'                  : '\U0001d7ee',
+        '\\<three>'                : '\U0001d7ef',
+        '\\<four>'                 : '\U0001d7f0',
+        '\\<five>'                 : '\U0001d7f1',
+        '\\<six>'                  : '\U0001d7f2',
+        '\\<seven>'                : '\U0001d7f3',
+        '\\<eight>'                : '\U0001d7f4',
+        '\\<nine>'                 : '\U0001d7f5',
+        '\\<A>'                    : '\U0001d49c',
+        '\\<B>'                    : '\U0000212c',
+        '\\<C>'                    : '\U0001d49e',
+        '\\<D>'                    : '\U0001d49f',
+        '\\<E>'                    : '\U00002130',
+        '\\<F>'                    : '\U00002131',
+        '\\<G>'                    : '\U0001d4a2',
+        '\\<H>'                    : '\U0000210b',
+        '\\<I>'                    : '\U00002110',
+        '\\<J>'                    : '\U0001d4a5',
+        '\\<K>'                    : '\U0001d4a6',
+        '\\<L>'                    : '\U00002112',
+        '\\<M>'                    : '\U00002133',
+        '\\<N>'                    : '\U0001d4a9',
+        '\\<O>'                    : '\U0001d4aa',
+        '\\<P>'                    : '\U0001d4ab',
+        '\\<Q>'                    : '\U0001d4ac',
+        '\\<R>'                    : '\U0000211b',
+        '\\<S>'                    : '\U0001d4ae',
+        '\\<T>'                    : '\U0001d4af',
+        '\\<U>'                    : '\U0001d4b0',
+        '\\<V>'                    : '\U0001d4b1',
+        '\\<W>'                    : '\U0001d4b2',
+        '\\<X>'                    : '\U0001d4b3',
+        '\\<Y>'                    : '\U0001d4b4',
+        '\\<Z>'                    : '\U0001d4b5',
+        '\\<a>'                    : '\U0001d5ba',
+        '\\<b>'                    : '\U0001d5bb',
+        '\\<c>'                    : '\U0001d5bc',
+        '\\<d>'                    : '\U0001d5bd',
+        '\\<e>'                    : '\U0001d5be',
+        '\\<f>'                    : '\U0001d5bf',
+        '\\<g>'                    : '\U0001d5c0',
+        '\\<h>'                    : '\U0001d5c1',
+        '\\<i>'                    : '\U0001d5c2',
+        '\\<j>'                    : '\U0001d5c3',
+        '\\<k>'                    : '\U0001d5c4',
+        '\\<l>'                    : '\U0001d5c5',
+        '\\<m>'                    : '\U0001d5c6',
+        '\\<n>'                    : '\U0001d5c7',
+        '\\<o>'                    : '\U0001d5c8',
+        '\\<p>'                    : '\U0001d5c9',
+        '\\<q>'                    : '\U0001d5ca',
+        '\\<r>'                    : '\U0001d5cb',
+        '\\<s>'                    : '\U0001d5cc',
+        '\\<t>'                    : '\U0001d5cd',
+        '\\<u>'                    : '\U0001d5ce',
+        '\\<v>'                    : '\U0001d5cf',
+        '\\<w>'                    : '\U0001d5d0',
+        '\\<x>'                    : '\U0001d5d1',
+        '\\<y>'                    : '\U0001d5d2',
+        '\\<z>'                    : '\U0001d5d3',
+        '\\<AA>'                   : '\U0001d504',
+        '\\<BB>'                   : '\U0001d505',
+        '\\<CC>'                   : '\U0000212d',
+        '\\<DD>'                   : '\U0001d507',
+        '\\<EE>'                   : '\U0001d508',
+        '\\<FF>'                   : '\U0001d509',
+        '\\<GG>'                   : '\U0001d50a',
+        '\\<HH>'                   : '\U0000210c',
+        '\\<II>'                   : '\U00002111',
+        '\\<JJ>'                   : '\U0001d50d',
+        '\\<KK>'                   : '\U0001d50e',
+        '\\<LL>'                   : '\U0001d50f',
+        '\\<MM>'                   : '\U0001d510',
+        '\\<NN>'                   : '\U0001d511',
+        '\\<OO>'                   : '\U0001d512',
+        '\\<PP>'                   : '\U0001d513',
+        '\\<QQ>'                   : '\U0001d514',
+        '\\<RR>'                   : '\U0000211c',
+        '\\<SS>'                   : '\U0001d516',
+        '\\<TT>'                   : '\U0001d517',
+        '\\<UU>'                   : '\U0001d518',
+        '\\<VV>'                   : '\U0001d519',
+        '\\<WW>'                   : '\U0001d51a',
+        '\\<XX>'                   : '\U0001d51b',
+        '\\<YY>'                   : '\U0001d51c',
+        '\\<ZZ>'                   : '\U00002128',
+        '\\<aa>'                   : '\U0001d51e',
+        '\\<bb>'                   : '\U0001d51f',
+        '\\<cc>'                   : '\U0001d520',
+        '\\<dd>'                   : '\U0001d521',
+        '\\<ee>'                   : '\U0001d522',
+        '\\<ff>'                   : '\U0001d523',
+        '\\<gg>'                   : '\U0001d524',
+        '\\<hh>'                   : '\U0001d525',
+        '\\<ii>'                   : '\U0001d526',
+        '\\<jj>'                   : '\U0001d527',
+        '\\<kk>'                   : '\U0001d528',
+        '\\<ll>'                   : '\U0001d529',
+        '\\<mm>'                   : '\U0001d52a',
+        '\\<nn>'                   : '\U0001d52b',
+        '\\<oo>'                   : '\U0001d52c',
+        '\\<pp>'                   : '\U0001d52d',
+        '\\<qq>'                   : '\U0001d52e',
+        '\\<rr>'                   : '\U0001d52f',
+        '\\<ss>'                   : '\U0001d530',
+        '\\<tt>'                   : '\U0001d531',
+        '\\<uu>'                   : '\U0001d532',
+        '\\<vv>'                   : '\U0001d533',
+        '\\<ww>'                   : '\U0001d534',
+        '\\<xx>'                   : '\U0001d535',
+        '\\<yy>'                   : '\U0001d536',
+        '\\<zz>'                   : '\U0001d537',
+        '\\<alpha>'                : '\U000003b1',
+        '\\<beta>'                 : '\U000003b2',
+        '\\<gamma>'                : '\U000003b3',
+        '\\<delta>'                : '\U000003b4',
+        '\\<epsilon>'              : '\U000003b5',
+        '\\<zeta>'                 : '\U000003b6',
+        '\\<eta>'                  : '\U000003b7',
+        '\\<theta>'                : '\U000003b8',
+        '\\<iota>'                 : '\U000003b9',
+        '\\<kappa>'                : '\U000003ba',
+        '\\<lambda>'               : '\U000003bb',
+        '\\<mu>'                   : '\U000003bc',
+        '\\<nu>'                   : '\U000003bd',
+        '\\<xi>'                   : '\U000003be',
+        '\\<pi>'                   : '\U000003c0',
+        '\\<rho>'                  : '\U000003c1',
+        '\\<sigma>'                : '\U000003c3',
+        '\\<tau>'                  : '\U000003c4',
+        '\\<upsilon>'              : '\U000003c5',
+        '\\<phi>'                  : '\U000003c6',
+        '\\<chi>'                  : '\U000003c7',
+        '\\<psi>'                  : '\U000003c8',
+        '\\<omega>'                : '\U000003c9',
+        '\\<Gamma>'                : '\U00000393',
+        '\\<Delta>'                : '\U00000394',
+        '\\<Theta>'                : '\U00000398',
+        '\\<Lambda>'               : '\U0000039b',
+        '\\<Xi>'                   : '\U0000039e',
+        '\\<Pi>'                   : '\U000003a0',
+        '\\<Sigma>'                : '\U000003a3',
+        '\\<Upsilon>'              : '\U000003a5',
+        '\\<Phi>'                  : '\U000003a6',
+        '\\<Psi>'                  : '\U000003a8',
+        '\\<Omega>'                : '\U000003a9',
+        '\\<bool>'                 : '\U0001d539',
+        '\\<complex>'              : '\U00002102',
+        '\\<nat>'                  : '\U00002115',
+        '\\<rat>'                  : '\U0000211a',
+        '\\<real>'                 : '\U0000211d',
+        '\\<int>'                  : '\U00002124',
+        '\\<leftarrow>'            : '\U00002190',
+        '\\<longleftarrow>'        : '\U000027f5',
+        '\\<rightarrow>'           : '\U00002192',
+        '\\<longrightarrow>'       : '\U000027f6',
+        '\\<Leftarrow>'            : '\U000021d0',
+        '\\<Longleftarrow>'        : '\U000027f8',
+        '\\<Rightarrow>'           : '\U000021d2',
+        '\\<Longrightarrow>'       : '\U000027f9',
+        '\\<leftrightarrow>'       : '\U00002194',
+        '\\<longleftrightarrow>'   : '\U000027f7',
+        '\\<Leftrightarrow>'       : '\U000021d4',
+        '\\<Longleftrightarrow>'   : '\U000027fa',
+        '\\<mapsto>'               : '\U000021a6',
+        '\\<longmapsto>'           : '\U000027fc',
+        '\\<midarrow>'             : '\U00002500',
+        '\\<Midarrow>'             : '\U00002550',
+        '\\<hookleftarrow>'        : '\U000021a9',
+        '\\<hookrightarrow>'       : '\U000021aa',
+        '\\<leftharpoondown>'      : '\U000021bd',
+        '\\<rightharpoondown>'     : '\U000021c1',
+        '\\<leftharpoonup>'        : '\U000021bc',
+        '\\<rightharpoonup>'       : '\U000021c0',
+        '\\<rightleftharpoons>'    : '\U000021cc',
+        '\\<leadsto>'              : '\U0000219d',
+        '\\<downharpoonleft>'      : '\U000021c3',
+        '\\<downharpoonright>'     : '\U000021c2',
+        '\\<upharpoonleft>'        : '\U000021bf',
+        '\\<upharpoonright>'       : '\U000021be',
+        '\\<restriction>'          : '\U000021be',
+        '\\<Colon>'                : '\U00002237',
+        '\\<up>'                   : '\U00002191',
+        '\\<Up>'                   : '\U000021d1',
+        '\\<down>'                 : '\U00002193',
+        '\\<Down>'                 : '\U000021d3',
+        '\\<updown>'               : '\U00002195',
+        '\\<Updown>'               : '\U000021d5',
+        '\\<langle>'               : '\U000027e8',
+        '\\<rangle>'               : '\U000027e9',
+        '\\<lceil>'                : '\U00002308',
+        '\\<rceil>'                : '\U00002309',
+        '\\<lfloor>'               : '\U0000230a',
+        '\\<rfloor>'               : '\U0000230b',
+        '\\<lparr>'                : '\U00002987',
+        '\\<rparr>'                : '\U00002988',
+        '\\<lbrakk>'               : '\U000027e6',
+        '\\<rbrakk>'               : '\U000027e7',
+        '\\<lbrace>'               : '\U00002983',
+        '\\<rbrace>'               : '\U00002984',
+        '\\<guillemotleft>'        : '\U000000ab',
+        '\\<guillemotright>'       : '\U000000bb',
+        '\\<bottom>'               : '\U000022a5',
+        '\\<top>'                  : '\U000022a4',
+        '\\<and>'                  : '\U00002227',
+        '\\<And>'                  : '\U000022c0',
+        '\\<or>'                   : '\U00002228',
+        '\\<Or>'                   : '\U000022c1',
+        '\\<forall>'               : '\U00002200',
+        '\\<exists>'               : '\U00002203',
+        '\\<nexists>'              : '\U00002204',
+        '\\<not>'                  : '\U000000ac',
+        '\\<box>'                  : '\U000025a1',
+        '\\<diamond>'              : '\U000025c7',
+        '\\<turnstile>'            : '\U000022a2',
+        '\\<Turnstile>'            : '\U000022a8',
+        '\\<tturnstile>'           : '\U000022a9',
+        '\\<TTurnstile>'           : '\U000022ab',
+        '\\<stileturn>'            : '\U000022a3',
+        '\\<surd>'                 : '\U0000221a',
+        '\\<le>'                   : '\U00002264',
+        '\\<ge>'                   : '\U00002265',
+        '\\<lless>'                : '\U0000226a',
+        '\\<ggreater>'             : '\U0000226b',
+        '\\<lesssim>'              : '\U00002272',
+        '\\<greatersim>'           : '\U00002273',
+        '\\<lessapprox>'           : '\U00002a85',
+        '\\<greaterapprox>'        : '\U00002a86',
+        '\\<in>'                   : '\U00002208',
+        '\\<notin>'                : '\U00002209',
+        '\\<subset>'               : '\U00002282',
+        '\\<supset>'               : '\U00002283',
+        '\\<subseteq>'             : '\U00002286',
+        '\\<supseteq>'             : '\U00002287',
+        '\\<sqsubset>'             : '\U0000228f',
+        '\\<sqsupset>'             : '\U00002290',
+        '\\<sqsubseteq>'           : '\U00002291',
+        '\\<sqsupseteq>'           : '\U00002292',
+        '\\<inter>'                : '\U00002229',
+        '\\<Inter>'                : '\U000022c2',
+        '\\<union>'                : '\U0000222a',
+        '\\<Union>'                : '\U000022c3',
+        '\\<squnion>'              : '\U00002294',
+        '\\<Squnion>'              : '\U00002a06',
+        '\\<sqinter>'              : '\U00002293',
+        '\\<Sqinter>'              : '\U00002a05',
+        '\\<setminus>'             : '\U00002216',
+        '\\<propto>'               : '\U0000221d',
+        '\\<uplus>'                : '\U0000228e',
+        '\\<Uplus>'                : '\U00002a04',
+        '\\<noteq>'                : '\U00002260',
+        '\\<sim>'                  : '\U0000223c',
+        '\\<doteq>'                : '\U00002250',
+        '\\<simeq>'                : '\U00002243',
+        '\\<approx>'               : '\U00002248',
+        '\\<asymp>'                : '\U0000224d',
+        '\\<cong>'                 : '\U00002245',
+        '\\<smile>'                : '\U00002323',
+        '\\<equiv>'                : '\U00002261',
+        '\\<frown>'                : '\U00002322',
+        '\\<Join>'                 : '\U000022c8',
+        '\\<bowtie>'               : '\U00002a1d',
+        '\\<prec>'                 : '\U0000227a',
+        '\\<succ>'                 : '\U0000227b',
+        '\\<preceq>'               : '\U0000227c',
+        '\\<succeq>'               : '\U0000227d',
+        '\\<parallel>'             : '\U00002225',
+        '\\<bar>'                  : '\U000000a6',
+        '\\<plusminus>'            : '\U000000b1',
+        '\\<minusplus>'            : '\U00002213',
+        '\\<times>'                : '\U000000d7',
+        '\\<div>'                  : '\U000000f7',
+        '\\<cdot>'                 : '\U000022c5',
+        '\\<star>'                 : '\U000022c6',
+        '\\<bullet>'               : '\U00002219',
+        '\\<circ>'                 : '\U00002218',
+        '\\<dagger>'               : '\U00002020',
+        '\\<ddagger>'              : '\U00002021',
+        '\\<lhd>'                  : '\U000022b2',
+        '\\<rhd>'                  : '\U000022b3',
+        '\\<unlhd>'                : '\U000022b4',
+        '\\<unrhd>'                : '\U000022b5',
+        '\\<triangleleft>'         : '\U000025c3',
+        '\\<triangleright>'        : '\U000025b9',
+        '\\<triangle>'             : '\U000025b3',
+        '\\<triangleq>'            : '\U0000225c',
+        '\\<oplus>'                : '\U00002295',
+        '\\<Oplus>'                : '\U00002a01',
+        '\\<otimes>'               : '\U00002297',
+        '\\<Otimes>'               : '\U00002a02',
+        '\\<odot>'                 : '\U00002299',
+        '\\<Odot>'                 : '\U00002a00',
+        '\\<ominus>'               : '\U00002296',
+        '\\<oslash>'               : '\U00002298',
+        '\\<dots>'                 : '\U00002026',
+        '\\<cdots>'                : '\U000022ef',
+        '\\<Sum>'                  : '\U00002211',
+        '\\<Prod>'                 : '\U0000220f',
+        '\\<Coprod>'               : '\U00002210',
+        '\\<infinity>'             : '\U0000221e',
+        '\\<integral>'             : '\U0000222b',
+        '\\<ointegral>'            : '\U0000222e',
+        '\\<clubsuit>'             : '\U00002663',
+        '\\<diamondsuit>'          : '\U00002662',
+        '\\<heartsuit>'            : '\U00002661',
+        '\\<spadesuit>'            : '\U00002660',
+        '\\<aleph>'                : '\U00002135',
+        '\\<emptyset>'             : '\U00002205',
+        '\\<nabla>'                : '\U00002207',
+        '\\<partial>'              : '\U00002202',
+        '\\<flat>'                 : '\U0000266d',
+        '\\<natural>'              : '\U0000266e',
+        '\\<sharp>'                : '\U0000266f',
+        '\\<angle>'                : '\U00002220',
+        '\\<copyright>'            : '\U000000a9',
+        '\\<registered>'           : '\U000000ae',
+        '\\<hyphen>'               : '\U000000ad',
+        '\\<inverse>'              : '\U000000af',
+        '\\<onequarter>'           : '\U000000bc',
+        '\\<onehalf>'              : '\U000000bd',
+        '\\<threequarters>'        : '\U000000be',
+        '\\<ordfeminine>'          : '\U000000aa',
+        '\\<ordmasculine>'         : '\U000000ba',
+        '\\<section>'              : '\U000000a7',
+        '\\<paragraph>'            : '\U000000b6',
+        '\\<exclamdown>'           : '\U000000a1',
+        '\\<questiondown>'         : '\U000000bf',
+        '\\<euro>'                 : '\U000020ac',
+        '\\<pounds>'               : '\U000000a3',
+        '\\<yen>'                  : '\U000000a5',
+        '\\<cent>'                 : '\U000000a2',
+        '\\<currency>'             : '\U000000a4',
+        '\\<degree>'               : '\U000000b0',
+        '\\<amalg>'                : '\U00002a3f',
+        '\\<mho>'                  : '\U00002127',
+        '\\<lozenge>'              : '\U000025ca',
+        '\\<wp>'                   : '\U00002118',
+        '\\<wrong>'                : '\U00002240',
+        '\\<struct>'               : '\U000022c4',
+        '\\<acute>'                : '\U000000b4',
+        '\\<index>'                : '\U00000131',
+        '\\<dieresis>'             : '\U000000a8',
+        '\\<cedilla>'              : '\U000000b8',
+        '\\<hungarumlaut>'         : '\U000002dd',
+        '\\<some>'                 : '\U000003f5',
+        '\\<newline>'              : '\U000023ce',
+        '\\<open>'                 : '\U00002039',
+        '\\<close>'                : '\U0000203a',
+        '\\<here>'                 : '\U00002302',
+        '\\<^sub>'                 : '\U000021e9',
+        '\\<^sup>'                 : '\U000021e7',
+        '\\<^bold>'                : '\U00002759',
+        '\\<^bsub>'                : '\U000021d8',
+        '\\<^esub>'                : '\U000021d9',
+        '\\<^bsup>'                : '\U000021d7',
+        '\\<^esup>'                : '\U000021d6',
+    }
+
+    lang_map = {'isabelle' : isabelle_symbols, 'latex' : latex_symbols}
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+        lang = get_choice_opt(options, 'lang',
+                              ['isabelle', 'latex'], 'isabelle')
+        self.symbols = self.lang_map[lang]
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if value in self.symbols:
+                yield ttype, self.symbols[value]
+            else:
+                yield ttype, value
+
+
+class KeywordCaseFilter(Filter):
+    """Convert keywords to lowercase or uppercase or capitalize them, which
+    means first letter uppercase, rest lowercase.
+
+    This can be useful e.g. if you highlight Pascal code and want to adapt the
+    code to your styleguide.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `case` : string
+       The casing to convert keywords to. Must be one of ``'lower'``,
+       ``'upper'`` or ``'capitalize'``.  The default is ``'lower'``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+        case = get_choice_opt(options, 'case',
+                              ['lower', 'upper', 'capitalize'], 'lower')
+        self.convert = getattr(str, case)
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype in Keyword:
+                yield ttype, self.convert(value)
+            else:
+                yield ttype, value
+
+
+class NameHighlightFilter(Filter):
+    """Highlight a normal Name (and Name.*) token with a different token type.
+
+    Example::
+
+        filter = NameHighlightFilter(
+            names=['foo', 'bar', 'baz'],
+            tokentype=Name.Function,
+        )
+
+    This would highlight the names "foo", "bar" and "baz"
+    as functions. `Name.Function` is the default token type.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `names` : list of strings
+      A list of names that should be given the different token type.
+      There is no default.
+    `tokentype` : TokenType or string
+      A token type or a string containing a token type name that is
+      used for highlighting the strings in `names`.  The default is
+      `Name.Function`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.names = set(get_list_opt(options, 'names', []))
+        tokentype = options.get('tokentype')
+        if tokentype:
+            self.tokentype = string_to_tokentype(tokentype)
+        else:
+            self.tokentype = Name.Function
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype in Name and value in self.names:
+                yield self.tokentype, value
+            else:
+                yield ttype, value
+
+
+class ErrorToken(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class RaiseOnErrorTokenFilter(Filter):
+    """Raise an exception when the lexer generates an error token.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `excclass` : Exception class
+      The exception class to raise.
+      The default is `pygments.filters.ErrorToken`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.exception = options.get('excclass', ErrorToken)
+        try:
+            # issubclass() will raise TypeError if first argument is not a class
+            if not issubclass(self.exception, Exception):
+                raise TypeError
+        except TypeError:
+            raise OptionError('excclass option is not an exception class')
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype is Error:
+                raise self.exception(value)
+            yield ttype, value
+
+
+class VisibleWhitespaceFilter(Filter):
+    """Convert tabs, newlines and/or spaces to visible characters.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `spaces` : string or bool
+      If this is a one-character string, spaces will be replaces by this string.
+      If it is another true value, spaces will be replaced by ``·`` (unicode
+      MIDDLE DOT).  If it is a false value, spaces will not be replaced.  The
+      default is ``False``.
+    `tabs` : string or bool
+      The same as for `spaces`, but the default replacement character is ``»``
+      (unicode RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK).  The default value
+      is ``False``.  Note: this will not work if the `tabsize` option for the
+      lexer is nonzero, as tabs will already have been expanded then.
+    `tabsize` : int
+      If tabs are to be replaced by this filter (see the `tabs` option), this
+      is the total number of characters that a tab should be expanded to.
+      The default is ``8``.
+    `newlines` : string or bool
+      The same as for `spaces`, but the default replacement character is ``¶``
+      (unicode PILCROW SIGN).  The default value is ``False``.
+    `wstokentype` : bool
+      If true, give whitespace the special `Whitespace` token type.  This allows
+      styling the visible whitespace differently (e.g. greyed out), but it can
+      disrupt background colors.  The default is ``True``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.8
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+        for name, default in [('spaces',   '·'),
+                              ('tabs',     '»'),
+                              ('newlines', '¶')]:
+            opt = options.get(name, False)
+            if isinstance(opt, str) and len(opt) == 1:
+                setattr(self, name, opt)
+            else:
+                setattr(self, name, (opt and default or ''))
+        tabsize = get_int_opt(options, 'tabsize', 8)
+        if self.tabs:
+            self.tabs += ' ' * (tabsize - 1)
+        if self.newlines:
+            self.newlines += '\n'
+        self.wstt = get_bool_opt(options, 'wstokentype', True)
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        if self.wstt:
+            spaces = self.spaces or ' '
+            tabs = self.tabs or '\t'
+            newlines = self.newlines or '\n'
+            regex = re.compile(r'\s')
+
+            def replacefunc(wschar):
+                if wschar == ' ':
+                    return spaces
+                elif wschar == '\t':
+                    return tabs
+                elif wschar == '\n':
+                    return newlines
+                return wschar
+
+            for ttype, value in stream:
+                yield from _replace_special(ttype, value, regex, Whitespace,
+                                            replacefunc)
+        else:
+            spaces, tabs, newlines = self.spaces, self.tabs, self.newlines
+            # simpler processing
+            for ttype, value in stream:
+                if spaces:
+                    value = value.replace(' ', spaces)
+                if tabs:
+                    value = value.replace('\t', tabs)
+                if newlines:
+                    value = value.replace('\n', newlines)
+                yield ttype, value
+
+
+class GobbleFilter(Filter):
+    """Gobbles source code lines (eats initial characters).
+
+    This filter drops the first ``n`` characters off every line of code.  This
+    may be useful when the source code fed to the lexer is indented by a fixed
+    amount of space that isn't desired in the output.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `n` : int
+       The number of characters to gobble.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+    """
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.n = get_int_opt(options, 'n', 0)
+
+    def gobble(self, value, left):
+        if left < len(value):
+            return value[left:], 0
+        else:
+            return '', left - len(value)
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        n = self.n
+        left = n  # How many characters left to gobble.
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            # Remove ``left`` tokens from first line, ``n`` from all others.
+            parts = value.split('\n')
+            (parts[0], left) = self.gobble(parts[0], left)
+            for i in range(1, len(parts)):
+                (parts[i], left) = self.gobble(parts[i], n)
+            value = '\n'.join(parts)
+
+            if value != '':
+                yield ttype, value
+
+
+class TokenMergeFilter(Filter):
+    """Merges consecutive tokens with the same token type in the output
+    stream of a lexer.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+    """
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Filter.__init__(self, **options)
+
+    def filter(self, lexer, stream):
+        current_type = None
+        current_value = None
+        for ttype, value in stream:
+            if ttype is current_type:
+                current_value += value
+            else:
+                if current_type is not None:
+                    yield current_type, current_value
+                current_type = ttype
+                current_value = value
+        if current_type is not None:
+            yield current_type, current_value
+
+
+FILTERS = {
+    'codetagify':     CodeTagFilter,
+    'keywordcase':    KeywordCaseFilter,
+    'highlight':      NameHighlightFilter,
+    'raiseonerror':   RaiseOnErrorTokenFilter,
+    'whitespace':     VisibleWhitespaceFilter,
+    'gobble':         GobbleFilter,
+    'tokenmerge':     TokenMergeFilter,
+    'symbols':        SymbolFilter,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filters/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filters/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b2cb6e7c
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/filters/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ca4892f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatter
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Base formatter class.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import codecs
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt
+from pip._vendor.pygments.styles import get_style_by_name
+
+__all__ = ['Formatter']
+
+
+def _lookup_style(style):
+    if isinstance(style, str):
+        return get_style_by_name(style)
+    return style
+
+
+class Formatter:
+    """
+    Converts a token stream to text.
+
+    Formatters should have attributes to help selecting them. These
+    are similar to the corresponding :class:`~pygments.lexer.Lexer`
+    attributes.
+
+    .. autoattribute:: name
+       :no-value:
+
+    .. autoattribute:: aliases
+       :no-value:
+
+    .. autoattribute:: filenames
+       :no-value:
+
+    You can pass options as keyword arguments to the constructor.
+    All formatters accept these basic options:
+
+    ``style``
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass
+        (default: "default"). Not used by e.g. the
+        TerminalFormatter.
+    ``full``
+        Tells the formatter to output a "full" document, i.e.
+        a complete self-contained document. This doesn't have
+        any effect for some formatters (default: false).
+    ``title``
+        If ``full`` is true, the title that should be used to
+        caption the document (default: '').
+    ``encoding``
+        If given, must be an encoding name. This will be used to
+        convert the Unicode token strings to byte strings in the
+        output. If it is "" or None, Unicode strings will be written
+        to the output file, which most file-like objects do not
+        support (default: None).
+    ``outencoding``
+        Overrides ``encoding`` if given.
+
+    """
+
+    #: Full name for the formatter, in human-readable form.
+    name = None
+
+    #: A list of short, unique identifiers that can be used to lookup
+    #: the formatter from a list, e.g. using :func:`.get_formatter_by_name()`.
+    aliases = []
+
+    #: A list of fnmatch patterns that match filenames for which this
+    #: formatter can produce output. The patterns in this list should be unique
+    #: among all formatters.
+    filenames = []
+
+    #: If True, this formatter outputs Unicode strings when no encoding
+    #: option is given.
+    unicodeoutput = True
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        """
+        As with lexers, this constructor takes arbitrary optional arguments,
+        and if you override it, you should first process your own options, then
+        call the base class implementation.
+        """
+        self.style = _lookup_style(options.get('style', 'default'))
+        self.full = get_bool_opt(options, 'full', False)
+        self.title = options.get('title', '')
+        self.encoding = options.get('encoding', None) or None
+        if self.encoding in ('guess', 'chardet'):
+            # can happen for e.g. pygmentize -O encoding=guess
+            self.encoding = 'utf-8'
+        self.encoding = options.get('outencoding') or self.encoding
+        self.options = options
+
+    def get_style_defs(self, arg=''):
+        """
+        This method must return statements or declarations suitable to define
+        the current style for subsequent highlighted text (e.g. CSS classes
+        in the `HTMLFormatter`).
+
+        The optional argument `arg` can be used to modify the generation and
+        is formatter dependent (it is standardized because it can be given on
+        the command line).
+
+        This method is called by the ``-S`` :doc:`command-line option <cmdline>`,
+        the `arg` is then given by the ``-a`` option.
+        """
+        return ''
+
+    def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        """
+        This method must format the tokens from the `tokensource` iterable and
+        write the formatted version to the file object `outfile`.
+
+        Formatter options can control how exactly the tokens are converted.
+        """
+        if self.encoding:
+            # wrap the outfile in a StreamWriter
+            outfile = codecs.lookup(self.encoding)[3](outfile)
+        return self.format_unencoded(tokensource, outfile)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39db8426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Pygments formatters.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+import fnmatch
+from os.path import basename
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatters._mapping import FORMATTERS
+from pip._vendor.pygments.plugin import find_plugin_formatters
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import ClassNotFound
+
+__all__ = ['get_formatter_by_name', 'get_formatter_for_filename',
+           'get_all_formatters', 'load_formatter_from_file'] + list(FORMATTERS)
+
+_formatter_cache = {}  # classes by name
+_pattern_cache = {}
+
+
+def _fn_matches(fn, glob):
+    """Return whether the supplied file name fn matches pattern filename."""
+    if glob not in _pattern_cache:
+        pattern = _pattern_cache[glob] = re.compile(fnmatch.translate(glob))
+        return pattern.match(fn)
+    return _pattern_cache[glob].match(fn)
+
+
+def _load_formatters(module_name):
+    """Load a formatter (and all others in the module too)."""
+    mod = __import__(module_name, None, None, ['__all__'])
+    for formatter_name in mod.__all__:
+        cls = getattr(mod, formatter_name)
+        _formatter_cache[cls.name] = cls
+
+
+def get_all_formatters():
+    """Return a generator for all formatter classes."""
+    # NB: this returns formatter classes, not info like get_all_lexers().
+    for info in FORMATTERS.values():
+        if info[1] not in _formatter_cache:
+            _load_formatters(info[0])
+        yield _formatter_cache[info[1]]
+    for _, formatter in find_plugin_formatters():
+        yield formatter
+
+
+def find_formatter_class(alias):
+    """Lookup a formatter by alias.
+
+    Returns None if not found.
+    """
+    for module_name, name, aliases, _, _ in FORMATTERS.values():
+        if alias in aliases:
+            if name not in _formatter_cache:
+                _load_formatters(module_name)
+            return _formatter_cache[name]
+    for _, cls in find_plugin_formatters():
+        if alias in cls.aliases:
+            return cls
+
+
+def get_formatter_by_name(_alias, **options):
+    """
+    Return an instance of a :class:`.Formatter` subclass that has `alias` in its
+    aliases list. The formatter is given the `options` at its instantiation.
+
+    Will raise :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` if no formatter with that
+    alias is found.
+    """
+    cls = find_formatter_class(_alias)
+    if cls is None:
+        raise ClassNotFound("no formatter found for name %r" % _alias)
+    return cls(**options)
+
+
+def load_formatter_from_file(filename, formattername="CustomFormatter", **options):
+    """
+    Return a `Formatter` subclass instance loaded from the provided file, relative
+    to the current directory.
+
+    The file is expected to contain a Formatter class named ``formattername``
+    (by default, CustomFormatter). Users should be very careful with the input, because
+    this method is equivalent to running ``eval()`` on the input file. The formatter is
+    given the `options` at its instantiation.
+
+    :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` is raised if there are any errors loading
+    the formatter.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.2
+    """
+    try:
+        # This empty dict will contain the namespace for the exec'd file
+        custom_namespace = {}
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            exec(f.read(), custom_namespace)
+        # Retrieve the class `formattername` from that namespace
+        if formattername not in custom_namespace:
+            raise ClassNotFound('no valid %s class found in %s' %
+                                (formattername, filename))
+        formatter_class = custom_namespace[formattername]
+        # And finally instantiate it with the options
+        return formatter_class(**options)
+    except OSError as err:
+        raise ClassNotFound('cannot read %s: %s' % (filename, err))
+    except ClassNotFound:
+        raise
+    except Exception as err:
+        raise ClassNotFound('error when loading custom formatter: %s' % err)
+
+
+def get_formatter_for_filename(fn, **options):
+    """
+    Return a :class:`.Formatter` subclass instance that has a filename pattern
+    matching `fn`. The formatter is given the `options` at its instantiation.
+
+    Will raise :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` if no formatter for that filename
+    is found.
+    """
+    fn = basename(fn)
+    for modname, name, _, filenames, _ in FORMATTERS.values():
+        for filename in filenames:
+            if _fn_matches(fn, filename):
+                if name not in _formatter_cache:
+                    _load_formatters(modname)
+                return _formatter_cache[name](**options)
+    for cls in find_plugin_formatters():
+        for filename in cls.filenames:
+            if _fn_matches(fn, filename):
+                return cls(**options)
+    raise ClassNotFound("no formatter found for file name %r" % fn)
+
+
+class _automodule(types.ModuleType):
+    """Automatically import formatters."""
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        info = FORMATTERS.get(name)
+        if info:
+            _load_formatters(info[0])
+            cls = _formatter_cache[info[1]]
+            setattr(self, name, cls)
+            return cls
+        raise AttributeError(name)
+
+
+oldmod = sys.modules[__name__]
+newmod = _automodule(__name__)
+newmod.__dict__.update(oldmod.__dict__)
+sys.modules[__name__] = newmod
+del newmod.newmod, newmod.oldmod, newmod.sys, newmod.types
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/_mapping.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/_mapping.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72ca8404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/_mapping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Automatically generated by scripts/gen_mapfiles.py.
+# DO NOT EDIT BY HAND; run `tox -e mapfiles` instead.
+
+FORMATTERS = {
+    'BBCodeFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.bbcode', 'BBCode', ('bbcode', 'bb'), (), 'Format tokens with BBcodes. These formatting codes are used by many bulletin boards, so you can highlight your sourcecode with pygments before posting it there.'),
+    'BmpImageFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.img', 'img_bmp', ('bmp', 'bitmap'), ('*.bmp',), 'Create a bitmap image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to generate a pixmap from the source code.'),
+    'GifImageFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.img', 'img_gif', ('gif',), ('*.gif',), 'Create a GIF image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to generate a pixmap from the source code.'),
+    'GroffFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.groff', 'groff', ('groff', 'troff', 'roff'), (), 'Format tokens with groff escapes to change their color and font style.'),
+    'HtmlFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.html', 'HTML', ('html',), ('*.html', '*.htm'), "Format tokens as HTML 4 ``<span>`` tags. By default, the content is enclosed in a ``<pre>`` tag, itself wrapped in a ``<div>`` tag (but see the `nowrap` option). The ``<div>``'s CSS class can be set by the `cssclass` option."),
+    'IRCFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.irc', 'IRC', ('irc', 'IRC'), (), 'Format tokens with IRC color sequences'),
+    'ImageFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.img', 'img', ('img', 'IMG', 'png'), ('*.png',), 'Create a PNG image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to generate a pixmap from the source code.'),
+    'JpgImageFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.img', 'img_jpg', ('jpg', 'jpeg'), ('*.jpg',), 'Create a JPEG image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to generate a pixmap from the source code.'),
+    'LatexFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.latex', 'LaTeX', ('latex', 'tex'), ('*.tex',), 'Format tokens as LaTeX code. This needs the `fancyvrb` and `color` standard packages.'),
+    'NullFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.other', 'Text only', ('text', 'null'), ('*.txt',), 'Output the text unchanged without any formatting.'),
+    'PangoMarkupFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.pangomarkup', 'Pango Markup', ('pango', 'pangomarkup'), (), 'Format tokens as Pango Markup code. It can then be rendered to an SVG.'),
+    'RawTokenFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.other', 'Raw tokens', ('raw', 'tokens'), ('*.raw',), 'Format tokens as a raw representation for storing token streams.'),
+    'RtfFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.rtf', 'RTF', ('rtf',), ('*.rtf',), 'Format tokens as RTF markup. This formatter automatically outputs full RTF documents with color information and other useful stuff. Perfect for Copy and Paste into Microsoft(R) Word(R) documents.'),
+    'SvgFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.svg', 'SVG', ('svg',), ('*.svg',), 'Format tokens as an SVG graphics file.  This formatter is still experimental. Each line of code is a ``<text>`` element with explicit ``x`` and ``y`` coordinates containing ``<tspan>`` elements with the individual token styles.'),
+    'Terminal256Formatter': ('pygments.formatters.terminal256', 'Terminal256', ('terminal256', 'console256', '256'), (), 'Format tokens with ANSI color sequences, for output in a 256-color terminal or console.  Like in `TerminalFormatter` color sequences are terminated at newlines, so that paging the output works correctly.'),
+    'TerminalFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.terminal', 'Terminal', ('terminal', 'console'), (), 'Format tokens with ANSI color sequences, for output in a text console. Color sequences are terminated at newlines, so that paging the output works correctly.'),
+    'TerminalTrueColorFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.terminal256', 'TerminalTrueColor', ('terminal16m', 'console16m', '16m'), (), 'Format tokens with ANSI color sequences, for output in a true-color terminal or console.  Like in `TerminalFormatter` color sequences are terminated at newlines, so that paging the output works correctly.'),
+    'TestcaseFormatter': ('pygments.formatters.other', 'Testcase', ('testcase',), (), 'Format tokens as appropriate for a new testcase.'),
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/bbcode.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/bbcode.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4db8f4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/bbcode.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.bbcode
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    BBcode formatter.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt
+
+__all__ = ['BBCodeFormatter']
+
+
+class BBCodeFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Format tokens with BBcodes. These formatting codes are used by many
+    bulletin boards, so you can highlight your sourcecode with pygments before
+    posting it there.
+
+    This formatter has no support for background colors and borders, as there
+    are no common BBcode tags for that.
+
+    Some board systems (e.g. phpBB) don't support colors in their [code] tag,
+    so you can't use the highlighting together with that tag.
+    Text in a [code] tag usually is shown with a monospace font (which this
+    formatter can do with the ``monofont`` option) and no spaces (which you
+    need for indentation) are removed.
+
+    Additional options accepted:
+
+    `style`
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass (default:
+        ``'default'``).
+
+    `codetag`
+        If set to true, put the output into ``[code]`` tags (default:
+        ``false``)
+
+    `monofont`
+        If set to true, add a tag to show the code with a monospace font
+        (default: ``false``).
+    """
+    name = 'BBCode'
+    aliases = ['bbcode', 'bb']
+    filenames = []
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self._code = get_bool_opt(options, 'codetag', False)
+        self._mono = get_bool_opt(options, 'monofont', False)
+
+        self.styles = {}
+        self._make_styles()
+
+    def _make_styles(self):
+        for ttype, ndef in self.style:
+            start = end = ''
+            if ndef['color']:
+                start += '[color=#%s]' % ndef['color']
+                end = '[/color]' + end
+            if ndef['bold']:
+                start += '[b]'
+                end = '[/b]' + end
+            if ndef['italic']:
+                start += '[i]'
+                end = '[/i]' + end
+            if ndef['underline']:
+                start += '[u]'
+                end = '[/u]' + end
+            # there are no common BBcodes for background-color and border
+
+            self.styles[ttype] = start, end
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        if self._code:
+            outfile.write('[code]')
+        if self._mono:
+            outfile.write('[font=monospace]')
+
+        lastval = ''
+        lasttype = None
+
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            while ttype not in self.styles:
+                ttype = ttype.parent
+            if ttype == lasttype:
+                lastval += value
+            else:
+                if lastval:
+                    start, end = self.styles[lasttype]
+                    outfile.write(''.join((start, lastval, end)))
+                lastval = value
+                lasttype = ttype
+
+        if lastval:
+            start, end = self.styles[lasttype]
+            outfile.write(''.join((start, lastval, end)))
+
+        if self._mono:
+            outfile.write('[/font]')
+        if self._code:
+            outfile.write('[/code]')
+        if self._code or self._mono:
+            outfile.write('\n')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/groff.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/groff.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30a528e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/groff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.groff
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for groff output.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import math
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt, get_int_opt
+
+__all__ = ['GroffFormatter']
+
+
+class GroffFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Format tokens with groff escapes to change their color and font style.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.11
+
+    Additional options accepted:
+
+    `style`
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass (default:
+        ``'default'``).
+
+    `monospaced`
+        If set to true, monospace font will be used (default: ``true``).
+
+    `linenos`
+        If set to true, print the line numbers (default: ``false``).
+
+    `wrap`
+        Wrap lines to the specified number of characters. Disabled if set to 0
+        (default: ``0``).
+    """
+
+    name = 'groff'
+    aliases = ['groff','troff','roff']
+    filenames = []
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+
+        self.monospaced = get_bool_opt(options, 'monospaced', True)
+        self.linenos = get_bool_opt(options, 'linenos', False)
+        self._lineno = 0
+        self.wrap = get_int_opt(options, 'wrap', 0)
+        self._linelen = 0
+
+        self.styles = {}
+        self._make_styles()
+
+
+    def _make_styles(self):
+        regular = '\\f[CR]' if self.monospaced else '\\f[R]'
+        bold = '\\f[CB]' if self.monospaced else '\\f[B]'
+        italic = '\\f[CI]' if self.monospaced else '\\f[I]'
+
+        for ttype, ndef in self.style:
+            start = end = ''
+            if ndef['color']:
+                start += '\\m[%s]' % ndef['color']
+                end = '\\m[]' + end
+            if ndef['bold']:
+                start += bold
+                end = regular + end
+            if ndef['italic']:
+                start += italic
+                end = regular + end
+            if ndef['bgcolor']:
+                start += '\\M[%s]' % ndef['bgcolor']
+                end = '\\M[]' + end
+
+            self.styles[ttype] = start, end
+
+
+    def _define_colors(self, outfile):
+        colors = set()
+        for _, ndef in self.style:
+            if ndef['color'] is not None:
+                colors.add(ndef['color'])
+
+        for color in sorted(colors):
+            outfile.write('.defcolor ' + color + ' rgb #' + color + '\n')
+
+
+    def _write_lineno(self, outfile):
+        self._lineno += 1
+        outfile.write("%s% 4d " % (self._lineno != 1 and '\n' or '', self._lineno))
+
+
+    def _wrap_line(self, line):
+        length = len(line.rstrip('\n'))
+        space = '     ' if self.linenos else ''
+        newline = ''
+
+        if length > self.wrap:
+            for i in range(0, math.floor(length / self.wrap)):
+                chunk = line[i*self.wrap:i*self.wrap+self.wrap]
+                newline += (chunk + '\n' + space)
+            remainder = length % self.wrap
+            if remainder > 0:
+                newline += line[-remainder-1:]
+                self._linelen = remainder
+        elif self._linelen + length > self.wrap:
+            newline = ('\n' + space) + line
+            self._linelen = length
+        else:
+            newline = line
+            self._linelen += length
+
+        return newline
+
+
+    def _escape_chars(self, text):
+        text = text.replace('\\', '\\[u005C]'). \
+                    replace('.', '\\[char46]'). \
+                    replace('\'', '\\[u0027]'). \
+                    replace('`', '\\[u0060]'). \
+                    replace('~', '\\[u007E]')
+        copy = text
+
+        for char in copy:
+            if len(char) != len(char.encode()):
+                uni = char.encode('unicode_escape') \
+                    .decode()[1:] \
+                    .replace('x', 'u00') \
+                    .upper()
+                text = text.replace(char, '\\[u' + uni[1:] + ']')
+
+        return text
+
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        self._define_colors(outfile)
+
+        outfile.write('.nf\n\\f[CR]\n')
+
+        if self.linenos:
+            self._write_lineno(outfile)
+
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            while ttype not in self.styles:
+                ttype = ttype.parent
+            start, end = self.styles[ttype]
+
+            for line in value.splitlines(True):
+                if self.wrap > 0:
+                    line = self._wrap_line(line)
+
+                if start and end:
+                    text = self._escape_chars(line.rstrip('\n'))
+                    if text != '':
+                        outfile.write(''.join((start, text, end)))
+                else:
+                    outfile.write(self._escape_chars(line.rstrip('\n')))
+
+                if line.endswith('\n'):
+                    if self.linenos:
+                        self._write_lineno(outfile)
+                        self._linelen = 0
+                    else:
+                        outfile.write('\n')
+                        self._linelen = 0
+
+        outfile.write('\n.fi')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/html.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/html.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..931d7c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/html.py
@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.html
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for HTML output.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import functools
+import os
+import sys
+import os.path
+from io import StringIO
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Token, Text, STANDARD_TYPES
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt, get_int_opt, get_list_opt
+
+try:
+    import ctags
+except ImportError:
+    ctags = None
+
+__all__ = ['HtmlFormatter']
+
+
+_escape_html_table = {
+    ord('&'): '&amp;',
+    ord('<'): '&lt;',
+    ord('>'): '&gt;',
+    ord('"'): '&quot;',
+    ord("'"): '&#39;',
+}
+
+
+def escape_html(text, table=_escape_html_table):
+    """Escape &, <, > as well as single and double quotes for HTML."""
+    return text.translate(table)
+
+
+def webify(color):
+    if color.startswith('calc') or color.startswith('var'):
+        return color
+    else:
+        return '#' + color
+
+
+def _get_ttype_class(ttype):
+    fname = STANDARD_TYPES.get(ttype)
+    if fname:
+        return fname
+    aname = ''
+    while fname is None:
+        aname = '-' + ttype[-1] + aname
+        ttype = ttype.parent
+        fname = STANDARD_TYPES.get(ttype)
+    return fname + aname
+
+
+CSSFILE_TEMPLATE = '''\
+/*
+generated by Pygments <https://pygments.org/>
+Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team.
+Licensed under the BSD license, see LICENSE for details.
+*/
+%(styledefs)s
+'''
+
+DOC_HEADER = '''\
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+<!--
+generated by Pygments <https://pygments.org/>
+Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team.
+Licensed under the BSD license, see LICENSE for details.
+-->
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>%(title)s</title>
+  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=%(encoding)s">
+  <style type="text/css">
+''' + CSSFILE_TEMPLATE + '''
+  </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h2>%(title)s</h2>
+
+'''
+
+DOC_HEADER_EXTERNALCSS = '''\
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
+   "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
+
+<html>
+<head>
+  <title>%(title)s</title>
+  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=%(encoding)s">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="%(cssfile)s" type="text/css">
+</head>
+<body>
+<h2>%(title)s</h2>
+
+'''
+
+DOC_FOOTER = '''\
+</body>
+</html>
+'''
+
+
+class HtmlFormatter(Formatter):
+    r"""
+    Format tokens as HTML 4 ``<span>`` tags. By default, the content is enclosed
+    in a ``<pre>`` tag, itself wrapped in a ``<div>`` tag (but see the `nowrap` option).
+    The ``<div>``'s CSS class can be set by the `cssclass` option.
+
+    If the `linenos` option is set to ``"table"``, the ``<pre>`` is
+    additionally wrapped inside a ``<table>`` which has one row and two
+    cells: one containing the line numbers and one containing the code.
+    Example:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: html
+
+        <div class="highlight" >
+        <table><tr>
+          <td class="linenos" title="click to toggle"
+            onclick="with (this.firstChild.style)
+                     { display = (display == '') ? 'none' : '' }">
+            <pre>1
+            2</pre>
+          </td>
+          <td class="code">
+            <pre><span class="Ke">def </span><span class="NaFu">foo</span>(bar):
+              <span class="Ke">pass</span>
+            </pre>
+          </td>
+        </tr></table></div>
+
+    (whitespace added to improve clarity).
+
+    A list of lines can be specified using the `hl_lines` option to make these
+    lines highlighted (as of Pygments 0.11).
+
+    With the `full` option, a complete HTML 4 document is output, including
+    the style definitions inside a ``<style>`` tag, or in a separate file if
+    the `cssfile` option is given.
+
+    When `tagsfile` is set to the path of a ctags index file, it is used to
+    generate hyperlinks from names to their definition.  You must enable
+    `lineanchors` and run ctags with the `-n` option for this to work.  The
+    `python-ctags` module from PyPI must be installed to use this feature;
+    otherwise a `RuntimeError` will be raised.
+
+    The `get_style_defs(arg='')` method of a `HtmlFormatter` returns a string
+    containing CSS rules for the CSS classes used by the formatter. The
+    argument `arg` can be used to specify additional CSS selectors that
+    are prepended to the classes. A call `fmter.get_style_defs('td .code')`
+    would result in the following CSS classes:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: css
+
+        td .code .kw { font-weight: bold; color: #00FF00 }
+        td .code .cm { color: #999999 }
+        ...
+
+    If you have Pygments 0.6 or higher, you can also pass a list or tuple to the
+    `get_style_defs()` method to request multiple prefixes for the tokens:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: python
+
+        formatter.get_style_defs(['div.syntax pre', 'pre.syntax'])
+
+    The output would then look like this:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: css
+
+        div.syntax pre .kw,
+        pre.syntax .kw { font-weight: bold; color: #00FF00 }
+        div.syntax pre .cm,
+        pre.syntax .cm { color: #999999 }
+        ...
+
+    Additional options accepted:
+
+    `nowrap`
+        If set to ``True``, don't add a ``<pre>`` and a ``<div>`` tag
+        around the tokens. This disables most other options (default: ``False``).
+
+    `full`
+        Tells the formatter to output a "full" document, i.e. a complete
+        self-contained document (default: ``False``).
+
+    `title`
+        If `full` is true, the title that should be used to caption the
+        document (default: ``''``).
+
+    `style`
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass (default:
+        ``'default'``). This option has no effect if the `cssfile`
+        and `noclobber_cssfile` option are given and the file specified in
+        `cssfile` exists.
+
+    `noclasses`
+        If set to true, token ``<span>`` tags (as well as line number elements)
+        will not use CSS classes, but inline styles. This is not recommended
+        for larger pieces of code since it increases output size by quite a bit
+        (default: ``False``).
+
+    `classprefix`
+        Since the token types use relatively short class names, they may clash
+        with some of your own class names. In this case you can use the
+        `classprefix` option to give a string to prepend to all Pygments-generated
+        CSS class names for token types.
+        Note that this option also affects the output of `get_style_defs()`.
+
+    `cssclass`
+        CSS class for the wrapping ``<div>`` tag (default: ``'highlight'``).
+        If you set this option, the default selector for `get_style_defs()`
+        will be this class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+           If you select the ``'table'`` line numbers, the wrapping table will
+           have a CSS class of this string plus ``'table'``, the default is
+           accordingly ``'highlighttable'``.
+
+    `cssstyles`
+        Inline CSS styles for the wrapping ``<div>`` tag (default: ``''``).
+
+    `prestyles`
+        Inline CSS styles for the ``<pre>`` tag (default: ``''``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.11
+
+    `cssfile`
+        If the `full` option is true and this option is given, it must be the
+        name of an external file. If the filename does not include an absolute
+        path, the file's path will be assumed to be relative to the main output
+        file's path, if the latter can be found. The stylesheet is then written
+        to this file instead of the HTML file.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+    `noclobber_cssfile`
+        If `cssfile` is given and the specified file exists, the css file will
+        not be overwritten. This allows the use of the `full` option in
+        combination with a user specified css file. Default is ``False``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.1
+
+    `linenos`
+        If set to ``'table'``, output line numbers as a table with two cells,
+        one containing the line numbers, the other the whole code.  This is
+        copy-and-paste-friendly, but may cause alignment problems with some
+        browsers or fonts.  If set to ``'inline'``, the line numbers will be
+        integrated in the ``<pre>`` tag that contains the code (that setting
+        is *new in Pygments 0.8*).
+
+        For compatibility with Pygments 0.7 and earlier, every true value
+        except ``'inline'`` means the same as ``'table'`` (in particular, that
+        means also ``True``).
+
+        The default value is ``False``, which means no line numbers at all.
+
+        **Note:** with the default ("table") line number mechanism, the line
+        numbers and code can have different line heights in Internet Explorer
+        unless you give the enclosing ``<pre>`` tags an explicit ``line-height``
+        CSS property (you get the default line spacing with ``line-height:
+        125%``).
+
+    `hl_lines`
+        Specify a list of lines to be highlighted. The line numbers are always
+        relative to the input (i.e. the first line is line 1) and are
+        independent of `linenostart`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.11
+
+    `linenostart`
+        The line number for the first line (default: ``1``).
+
+    `linenostep`
+        If set to a number n > 1, only every nth line number is printed.
+
+    `linenospecial`
+        If set to a number n > 0, every nth line number is given the CSS
+        class ``"special"`` (default: ``0``).
+
+    `nobackground`
+        If set to ``True``, the formatter won't output the background color
+        for the wrapping element (this automatically defaults to ``False``
+        when there is no wrapping element [eg: no argument for the
+        `get_syntax_defs` method given]) (default: ``False``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+    `lineseparator`
+        This string is output between lines of code. It defaults to ``"\n"``,
+        which is enough to break a line inside ``<pre>`` tags, but you can
+        e.g. set it to ``"<br>"`` to get HTML line breaks.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+    `lineanchors`
+        If set to a nonempty string, e.g. ``foo``, the formatter will wrap each
+        output line in an anchor tag with an ``id`` (and `name`) of ``foo-linenumber``.
+        This allows easy linking to certain lines.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    `linespans`
+        If set to a nonempty string, e.g. ``foo``, the formatter will wrap each
+        output line in a span tag with an ``id`` of ``foo-linenumber``.
+        This allows easy access to lines via javascript.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6
+
+    `anchorlinenos`
+        If set to `True`, will wrap line numbers in <a> tags. Used in
+        combination with `linenos` and `lineanchors`.
+
+    `tagsfile`
+        If set to the path of a ctags file, wrap names in anchor tags that
+        link to their definitions. `lineanchors` should be used, and the
+        tags file should specify line numbers (see the `-n` option to ctags).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6
+
+    `tagurlformat`
+        A string formatting pattern used to generate links to ctags definitions.
+        Available variables are `%(path)s`, `%(fname)s` and `%(fext)s`.
+        Defaults to an empty string, resulting in just `#prefix-number` links.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.6
+
+    `filename`
+        A string used to generate a filename when rendering ``<pre>`` blocks,
+        for example if displaying source code. If `linenos` is set to
+        ``'table'`` then the filename will be rendered in an initial row
+        containing a single `<th>` which spans both columns.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.1
+
+    `wrapcode`
+        Wrap the code inside ``<pre>`` blocks using ``<code>``, as recommended
+        by the HTML5 specification.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.4
+
+    `debug_token_types`
+        Add ``title`` attributes to all token ``<span>`` tags that show the
+        name of the token.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.10
+
+
+    **Subclassing the HTML formatter**
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+    The HTML formatter is now built in a way that allows easy subclassing, thus
+    customizing the output HTML code. The `format()` method calls
+    `self._format_lines()` which returns a generator that yields tuples of ``(1,
+    line)``, where the ``1`` indicates that the ``line`` is a line of the
+    formatted source code.
+
+    If the `nowrap` option is set, the generator is the iterated over and the
+    resulting HTML is output.
+
+    Otherwise, `format()` calls `self.wrap()`, which wraps the generator with
+    other generators. These may add some HTML code to the one generated by
+    `_format_lines()`, either by modifying the lines generated by the latter,
+    then yielding them again with ``(1, line)``, and/or by yielding other HTML
+    code before or after the lines, with ``(0, html)``. The distinction between
+    source lines and other code makes it possible to wrap the generator multiple
+    times.
+
+    The default `wrap()` implementation adds a ``<div>`` and a ``<pre>`` tag.
+
+    A custom `HtmlFormatter` subclass could look like this:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: python
+
+        class CodeHtmlFormatter(HtmlFormatter):
+
+            def wrap(self, source, *, include_div):
+                return self._wrap_code(source)
+
+            def _wrap_code(self, source):
+                yield 0, '<code>'
+                for i, t in source:
+                    if i == 1:
+                        # it's a line of formatted code
+                        t += '<br>'
+                    yield i, t
+                yield 0, '</code>'
+
+    This results in wrapping the formatted lines with a ``<code>`` tag, where the
+    source lines are broken using ``<br>`` tags.
+
+    After calling `wrap()`, the `format()` method also adds the "line numbers"
+    and/or "full document" wrappers if the respective options are set. Then, all
+    HTML yielded by the wrapped generator is output.
+    """
+
+    name = 'HTML'
+    aliases = ['html']
+    filenames = ['*.html', '*.htm']
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.title = self._decodeifneeded(self.title)
+        self.nowrap = get_bool_opt(options, 'nowrap', False)
+        self.noclasses = get_bool_opt(options, 'noclasses', False)
+        self.classprefix = options.get('classprefix', '')
+        self.cssclass = self._decodeifneeded(options.get('cssclass', 'highlight'))
+        self.cssstyles = self._decodeifneeded(options.get('cssstyles', ''))
+        self.prestyles = self._decodeifneeded(options.get('prestyles', ''))
+        self.cssfile = self._decodeifneeded(options.get('cssfile', ''))
+        self.noclobber_cssfile = get_bool_opt(options, 'noclobber_cssfile', False)
+        self.tagsfile = self._decodeifneeded(options.get('tagsfile', ''))
+        self.tagurlformat = self._decodeifneeded(options.get('tagurlformat', ''))
+        self.filename = self._decodeifneeded(options.get('filename', ''))
+        self.wrapcode = get_bool_opt(options, 'wrapcode', False)
+        self.span_element_openers = {}
+        self.debug_token_types = get_bool_opt(options, 'debug_token_types', False)
+
+        if self.tagsfile:
+            if not ctags:
+                raise RuntimeError('The "ctags" package must to be installed '
+                                   'to be able to use the "tagsfile" feature.')
+            self._ctags = ctags.CTags(self.tagsfile)
+
+        linenos = options.get('linenos', False)
+        if linenos == 'inline':
+            self.linenos = 2
+        elif linenos:
+            # compatibility with <= 0.7
+            self.linenos = 1
+        else:
+            self.linenos = 0
+        self.linenostart = abs(get_int_opt(options, 'linenostart', 1))
+        self.linenostep = abs(get_int_opt(options, 'linenostep', 1))
+        self.linenospecial = abs(get_int_opt(options, 'linenospecial', 0))
+        self.nobackground = get_bool_opt(options, 'nobackground', False)
+        self.lineseparator = options.get('lineseparator', '\n')
+        self.lineanchors = options.get('lineanchors', '')
+        self.linespans = options.get('linespans', '')
+        self.anchorlinenos = get_bool_opt(options, 'anchorlinenos', False)
+        self.hl_lines = set()
+        for lineno in get_list_opt(options, 'hl_lines', []):
+            try:
+                self.hl_lines.add(int(lineno))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+        self._create_stylesheet()
+
+    def _get_css_class(self, ttype):
+        """Return the css class of this token type prefixed with
+        the classprefix option."""
+        ttypeclass = _get_ttype_class(ttype)
+        if ttypeclass:
+            return self.classprefix + ttypeclass
+        return ''
+
+    def _get_css_classes(self, ttype):
+        """Return the CSS classes of this token type prefixed with the classprefix option."""
+        cls = self._get_css_class(ttype)
+        while ttype not in STANDARD_TYPES:
+            ttype = ttype.parent
+            cls = self._get_css_class(ttype) + ' ' + cls
+        return cls or ''
+
+    def _get_css_inline_styles(self, ttype):
+        """Return the inline CSS styles for this token type."""
+        cclass = self.ttype2class.get(ttype)
+        while cclass is None:
+            ttype = ttype.parent
+            cclass = self.ttype2class.get(ttype)
+        return cclass or ''
+
+    def _create_stylesheet(self):
+        t2c = self.ttype2class = {Token: ''}
+        c2s = self.class2style = {}
+        for ttype, ndef in self.style:
+            name = self._get_css_class(ttype)
+            style = ''
+            if ndef['color']:
+                style += 'color: %s; ' % webify(ndef['color'])
+            if ndef['bold']:
+                style += 'font-weight: bold; '
+            if ndef['italic']:
+                style += 'font-style: italic; '
+            if ndef['underline']:
+                style += 'text-decoration: underline; '
+            if ndef['bgcolor']:
+                style += 'background-color: %s; ' % webify(ndef['bgcolor'])
+            if ndef['border']:
+                style += 'border: 1px solid %s; ' % webify(ndef['border'])
+            if style:
+                t2c[ttype] = name
+                # save len(ttype) to enable ordering the styles by
+                # hierarchy (necessary for CSS cascading rules!)
+                c2s[name] = (style[:-2], ttype, len(ttype))
+
+    def get_style_defs(self, arg=None):
+        """
+        Return CSS style definitions for the classes produced by the current
+        highlighting style. ``arg`` can be a string or list of selectors to
+        insert before the token type classes.
+        """
+        style_lines = []
+
+        style_lines.extend(self.get_linenos_style_defs())
+        style_lines.extend(self.get_background_style_defs(arg))
+        style_lines.extend(self.get_token_style_defs(arg))
+
+        return '\n'.join(style_lines)
+
+    def get_token_style_defs(self, arg=None):
+        prefix = self.get_css_prefix(arg)
+
+        styles = [
+            (level, ttype, cls, style)
+            for cls, (style, ttype, level) in self.class2style.items()
+            if cls and style
+        ]
+        styles.sort()
+
+        lines = [
+            '%s { %s } /* %s */' % (prefix(cls), style, repr(ttype)[6:])
+            for (level, ttype, cls, style) in styles
+        ]
+
+        return lines
+
+    def get_background_style_defs(self, arg=None):
+        prefix = self.get_css_prefix(arg)
+        bg_color = self.style.background_color
+        hl_color = self.style.highlight_color
+
+        lines = []
+
+        if arg and not self.nobackground and bg_color is not None:
+            text_style = ''
+            if Text in self.ttype2class:
+                text_style = ' ' + self.class2style[self.ttype2class[Text]][0]
+            lines.insert(
+                0, '%s{ background: %s;%s }' % (
+                    prefix(''), bg_color, text_style
+                )
+            )
+        if hl_color is not None:
+            lines.insert(
+                0, '%s { background-color: %s }' % (prefix('hll'), hl_color)
+            )
+
+        return lines
+
+    def get_linenos_style_defs(self):
+        lines = [
+            'pre { %s }' % self._pre_style,
+            'td.linenos .normal { %s }' % self._linenos_style,
+            'span.linenos { %s }' % self._linenos_style,
+            'td.linenos .special { %s }' % self._linenos_special_style,
+            'span.linenos.special { %s }' % self._linenos_special_style,
+        ]
+
+        return lines
+
+    def get_css_prefix(self, arg):
+        if arg is None:
+            arg = ('cssclass' in self.options and '.'+self.cssclass or '')
+        if isinstance(arg, str):
+            args = [arg]
+        else:
+            args = list(arg)
+
+        def prefix(cls):
+            if cls:
+                cls = '.' + cls
+            tmp = []
+            for arg in args:
+                tmp.append((arg and arg + ' ' or '') + cls)
+            return ', '.join(tmp)
+
+        return prefix
+
+    @property
+    def _pre_style(self):
+        return 'line-height: 125%;'
+
+    @property
+    def _linenos_style(self):
+        return 'color: %s; background-color: %s; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;' % (
+            self.style.line_number_color,
+            self.style.line_number_background_color
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _linenos_special_style(self):
+        return 'color: %s; background-color: %s; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px;' % (
+            self.style.line_number_special_color,
+            self.style.line_number_special_background_color
+        )
+
+    def _decodeifneeded(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            if self.encoding:
+                return value.decode(self.encoding)
+            return value.decode()
+        return value
+
+    def _wrap_full(self, inner, outfile):
+        if self.cssfile:
+            if os.path.isabs(self.cssfile):
+                # it's an absolute filename
+                cssfilename = self.cssfile
+            else:
+                try:
+                    filename = outfile.name
+                    if not filename or filename[0] == '<':
+                        # pseudo files, e.g. name == '<fdopen>'
+                        raise AttributeError
+                    cssfilename = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(filename),
+                                               self.cssfile)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    print('Note: Cannot determine output file name, '
+                          'using current directory as base for the CSS file name',
+                          file=sys.stderr)
+                    cssfilename = self.cssfile
+            # write CSS file only if noclobber_cssfile isn't given as an option.
+            try:
+                if not os.path.exists(cssfilename) or not self.noclobber_cssfile:
+                    with open(cssfilename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as cf:
+                        cf.write(CSSFILE_TEMPLATE %
+                                 {'styledefs': self.get_style_defs('body')})
+            except OSError as err:
+                err.strerror = 'Error writing CSS file: ' + err.strerror
+                raise
+
+            yield 0, (DOC_HEADER_EXTERNALCSS %
+                      dict(title=self.title,
+                           cssfile=self.cssfile,
+                           encoding=self.encoding))
+        else:
+            yield 0, (DOC_HEADER %
+                      dict(title=self.title,
+                           styledefs=self.get_style_defs('body'),
+                           encoding=self.encoding))
+
+        yield from inner
+        yield 0, DOC_FOOTER
+
+    def _wrap_tablelinenos(self, inner):
+        dummyoutfile = StringIO()
+        lncount = 0
+        for t, line in inner:
+            if t:
+                lncount += 1
+            dummyoutfile.write(line)
+
+        fl = self.linenostart
+        mw = len(str(lncount + fl - 1))
+        sp = self.linenospecial
+        st = self.linenostep
+        anchor_name = self.lineanchors or self.linespans
+        aln = self.anchorlinenos
+        nocls = self.noclasses
+
+        lines = []
+
+        for i in range(fl, fl+lncount):
+            print_line = i % st == 0
+            special_line = sp and i % sp == 0
+
+            if print_line:
+                line = '%*d' % (mw, i)
+                if aln:
+                    line = '<a href="#%s-%d">%s</a>' % (anchor_name, i, line)
+            else:
+                line = ' ' * mw
+
+            if nocls:
+                if special_line:
+                    style = ' style="%s"' % self._linenos_special_style
+                else:
+                    style = ' style="%s"' % self._linenos_style
+            else:
+                if special_line:
+                    style = ' class="special"'
+                else:
+                    style = ' class="normal"'
+
+            if style:
+                line = '<span%s>%s</span>' % (style, line)
+
+            lines.append(line)
+
+        ls = '\n'.join(lines)
+
+        # If a filename was specified, we can't put it into the code table as it
+        # would misalign the line numbers. Hence we emit a separate row for it.
+        filename_tr = ""
+        if self.filename:
+            filename_tr = (
+                '<tr><th colspan="2" class="filename">'
+                '<span class="filename">' + self.filename + '</span>'
+                '</th></tr>')
+
+        # in case you wonder about the seemingly redundant <div> here: since the
+        # content in the other cell also is wrapped in a div, some browsers in
+        # some configurations seem to mess up the formatting...
+        yield 0, (f'<table class="{self.cssclass}table">' + filename_tr +
+            '<tr><td class="linenos"><div class="linenodiv"><pre>' +
+            ls + '</pre></div></td><td class="code">')
+        yield 0, '<div>'
+        yield 0, dummyoutfile.getvalue()
+        yield 0, '</div>'
+        yield 0, '</td></tr></table>'
+
+
+    def _wrap_inlinelinenos(self, inner):
+        # need a list of lines since we need the width of a single number :(
+        inner_lines = list(inner)
+        sp = self.linenospecial
+        st = self.linenostep
+        num = self.linenostart
+        mw = len(str(len(inner_lines) + num - 1))
+        anchor_name = self.lineanchors or self.linespans
+        aln = self.anchorlinenos
+        nocls = self.noclasses
+
+        for _, inner_line in inner_lines:
+            print_line = num % st == 0
+            special_line = sp and num % sp == 0
+
+            if print_line:
+                line = '%*d' % (mw, num)
+            else:
+                line = ' ' * mw
+
+            if nocls:
+                if special_line:
+                    style = ' style="%s"' % self._linenos_special_style
+                else:
+                    style = ' style="%s"' % self._linenos_style
+            else:
+                if special_line:
+                    style = ' class="linenos special"'
+                else:
+                    style = ' class="linenos"'
+
+            if style:
+                linenos = '<span%s>%s</span>' % (style, line)
+            else:
+                linenos = line
+
+            if aln:
+                yield 1, ('<a href="#%s-%d">%s</a>' % (anchor_name, num, linenos) +
+                          inner_line)
+            else:
+                yield 1, linenos + inner_line
+            num += 1
+
+    def _wrap_lineanchors(self, inner):
+        s = self.lineanchors
+        # subtract 1 since we have to increment i *before* yielding
+        i = self.linenostart - 1
+        for t, line in inner:
+            if t:
+                i += 1
+                href = "" if self.linenos else ' href="#%s-%d"' % (s, i)
+                yield 1, '<a id="%s-%d" name="%s-%d"%s></a>' % (s, i, s, i, href) + line
+            else:
+                yield 0, line
+
+    def _wrap_linespans(self, inner):
+        s = self.linespans
+        i = self.linenostart - 1
+        for t, line in inner:
+            if t:
+                i += 1
+                yield 1, '<span id="%s-%d">%s</span>' % (s, i, line)
+            else:
+                yield 0, line
+
+    def _wrap_div(self, inner):
+        style = []
+        if (self.noclasses and not self.nobackground and
+                self.style.background_color is not None):
+            style.append('background: %s' % (self.style.background_color,))
+        if self.cssstyles:
+            style.append(self.cssstyles)
+        style = '; '.join(style)
+
+        yield 0, ('<div' + (self.cssclass and ' class="%s"' % self.cssclass) +
+                  (style and (' style="%s"' % style)) + '>')
+        yield from inner
+        yield 0, '</div>\n'
+
+    def _wrap_pre(self, inner):
+        style = []
+        if self.prestyles:
+            style.append(self.prestyles)
+        if self.noclasses:
+            style.append(self._pre_style)
+        style = '; '.join(style)
+
+        if self.filename and self.linenos != 1:
+            yield 0, ('<span class="filename">' + self.filename + '</span>')
+
+        # the empty span here is to keep leading empty lines from being
+        # ignored by HTML parsers
+        yield 0, ('<pre' + (style and ' style="%s"' % style) + '><span></span>')
+        yield from inner
+        yield 0, '</pre>'
+
+    def _wrap_code(self, inner):
+        yield 0, '<code>'
+        yield from inner
+        yield 0, '</code>'
+
+    @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=100)
+    def _translate_parts(self, value):
+        """HTML-escape a value and split it by newlines."""
+        return value.translate(_escape_html_table).split('\n')
+
+    def _format_lines(self, tokensource):
+        """
+        Just format the tokens, without any wrapping tags.
+        Yield individual lines.
+        """
+        nocls = self.noclasses
+        lsep = self.lineseparator
+        tagsfile = self.tagsfile
+
+        lspan = ''
+        line = []
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            try:
+                cspan = self.span_element_openers[ttype]
+            except KeyError:
+                title = ' title="%s"' % '.'.join(ttype) if self.debug_token_types else ''
+                if nocls:
+                    css_style = self._get_css_inline_styles(ttype)
+                    if css_style:
+                        css_style = self.class2style[css_style][0]
+                        cspan = '<span style="%s"%s>' % (css_style, title)
+                    else:
+                        cspan = ''
+                else:
+                    css_class = self._get_css_classes(ttype)
+                    if css_class:
+                        cspan = '<span class="%s"%s>' % (css_class, title)
+                    else:
+                        cspan = ''
+                self.span_element_openers[ttype] = cspan
+
+            parts = self._translate_parts(value)
+
+            if tagsfile and ttype in Token.Name:
+                filename, linenumber = self._lookup_ctag(value)
+                if linenumber:
+                    base, filename = os.path.split(filename)
+                    if base:
+                        base += '/'
+                    filename, extension = os.path.splitext(filename)
+                    url = self.tagurlformat % {'path': base, 'fname': filename,
+                                               'fext': extension}
+                    parts[0] = "<a href=\"%s#%s-%d\">%s" % \
+                        (url, self.lineanchors, linenumber, parts[0])
+                    parts[-1] = parts[-1] + "</a>"
+
+            # for all but the last line
+            for part in parts[:-1]:
+                if line:
+                    # Also check for part being non-empty, so we avoid creating
+                    # empty <span> tags
+                    if lspan != cspan and part:
+                        line.extend(((lspan and '</span>'), cspan, part,
+                                     (cspan and '</span>'), lsep))
+                    else:  # both are the same, or the current part was empty
+                        line.extend((part, (lspan and '</span>'), lsep))
+                    yield 1, ''.join(line)
+                    line = []
+                elif part:
+                    yield 1, ''.join((cspan, part, (cspan and '</span>'), lsep))
+                else:
+                    yield 1, lsep
+            # for the last line
+            if line and parts[-1]:
+                if lspan != cspan:
+                    line.extend(((lspan and '</span>'), cspan, parts[-1]))
+                    lspan = cspan
+                else:
+                    line.append(parts[-1])
+            elif parts[-1]:
+                line = [cspan, parts[-1]]
+                lspan = cspan
+            # else we neither have to open a new span nor set lspan
+
+        if line:
+            line.extend(((lspan and '</span>'), lsep))
+            yield 1, ''.join(line)
+
+    def _lookup_ctag(self, token):
+        entry = ctags.TagEntry()
+        if self._ctags.find(entry, token.encode(), 0):
+            return entry['file'], entry['lineNumber']
+        else:
+            return None, None
+
+    def _highlight_lines(self, tokensource):
+        """
+        Highlighted the lines specified in the `hl_lines` option by
+        post-processing the token stream coming from `_format_lines`.
+        """
+        hls = self.hl_lines
+
+        for i, (t, value) in enumerate(tokensource):
+            if t != 1:
+                yield t, value
+            if i + 1 in hls:  # i + 1 because Python indexes start at 0
+                if self.noclasses:
+                    style = ''
+                    if self.style.highlight_color is not None:
+                        style = (' style="background-color: %s"' %
+                                 (self.style.highlight_color,))
+                    yield 1, '<span%s>%s</span>' % (style, value)
+                else:
+                    yield 1, '<span class="hll">%s</span>' % value
+            else:
+                yield 1, value
+
+    def wrap(self, source):
+        """
+        Wrap the ``source``, which is a generator yielding
+        individual lines, in custom generators. See docstring
+        for `format`. Can be overridden.
+        """
+
+        output = source
+        if self.wrapcode:
+            output = self._wrap_code(output)
+
+        output = self._wrap_pre(output)
+
+        return output
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        """
+        The formatting process uses several nested generators; which of
+        them are used is determined by the user's options.
+
+        Each generator should take at least one argument, ``inner``,
+        and wrap the pieces of text generated by this.
+
+        Always yield 2-tuples: (code, text). If "code" is 1, the text
+        is part of the original tokensource being highlighted, if it's
+        0, the text is some piece of wrapping. This makes it possible to
+        use several different wrappers that process the original source
+        linewise, e.g. line number generators.
+        """
+        source = self._format_lines(tokensource)
+
+        # As a special case, we wrap line numbers before line highlighting
+        # so the line numbers get wrapped in the highlighting tag.
+        if not self.nowrap and self.linenos == 2:
+            source = self._wrap_inlinelinenos(source)
+
+        if self.hl_lines:
+            source = self._highlight_lines(source)
+
+        if not self.nowrap:
+            if self.lineanchors:
+                source = self._wrap_lineanchors(source)
+            if self.linespans:
+                source = self._wrap_linespans(source)
+            source = self.wrap(source)
+            if self.linenos == 1:
+                source = self._wrap_tablelinenos(source)
+            source = self._wrap_div(source)
+            if self.full:
+                source = self._wrap_full(source, outfile)
+
+        for t, piece in source:
+            outfile.write(piece)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/img.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/img.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a338c158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/img.py
@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.img
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for Pixmap output.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import os
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt, get_int_opt, get_list_opt, \
+    get_choice_opt
+
+import subprocess
+
+# Import this carefully
+try:
+    from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
+    pil_available = True
+except ImportError:
+    pil_available = False
+
+try:
+    import _winreg
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        import winreg as _winreg
+    except ImportError:
+        _winreg = None
+
+__all__ = ['ImageFormatter', 'GifImageFormatter', 'JpgImageFormatter',
+           'BmpImageFormatter']
+
+
+# For some unknown reason every font calls it something different
+STYLES = {
+    'NORMAL':     ['', 'Roman', 'Book', 'Normal', 'Regular', 'Medium'],
+    'ITALIC':     ['Oblique', 'Italic'],
+    'BOLD':       ['Bold'],
+    'BOLDITALIC': ['Bold Oblique', 'Bold Italic'],
+}
+
+# A sane default for modern systems
+DEFAULT_FONT_NAME_NIX = 'DejaVu Sans Mono'
+DEFAULT_FONT_NAME_WIN = 'Courier New'
+DEFAULT_FONT_NAME_MAC = 'Menlo'
+
+
+class PilNotAvailable(ImportError):
+    """When Python imaging library is not available"""
+
+
+class FontNotFound(Exception):
+    """When there are no usable fonts specified"""
+
+
+class FontManager:
+    """
+    Manages a set of fonts: normal, italic, bold, etc...
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, font_name, font_size=14):
+        self.font_name = font_name
+        self.font_size = font_size
+        self.fonts = {}
+        self.encoding = None
+        if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+            if not font_name:
+                self.font_name = DEFAULT_FONT_NAME_WIN
+            self._create_win()
+        elif sys.platform.startswith('darwin'):
+            if not font_name:
+                self.font_name = DEFAULT_FONT_NAME_MAC
+            self._create_mac()
+        else:
+            if not font_name:
+                self.font_name = DEFAULT_FONT_NAME_NIX
+            self._create_nix()
+
+    def _get_nix_font_path(self, name, style):
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(['fc-list', "%s:style=%s" % (name, style), 'file'],
+                                stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=None)
+        stdout, _ = proc.communicate()
+        if proc.returncode == 0:
+            lines = stdout.splitlines()
+            for line in lines:
+                if line.startswith(b'Fontconfig warning:'):
+                    continue
+                path = line.decode().strip().strip(':')
+                if path:
+                    return path
+            return None
+
+    def _create_nix(self):
+        for name in STYLES['NORMAL']:
+            path = self._get_nix_font_path(self.font_name, name)
+            if path is not None:
+                self.fonts['NORMAL'] = ImageFont.truetype(path, self.font_size)
+                break
+        else:
+            raise FontNotFound('No usable fonts named: "%s"' %
+                               self.font_name)
+        for style in ('ITALIC', 'BOLD', 'BOLDITALIC'):
+            for stylename in STYLES[style]:
+                path = self._get_nix_font_path(self.font_name, stylename)
+                if path is not None:
+                    self.fonts[style] = ImageFont.truetype(path, self.font_size)
+                    break
+            else:
+                if style == 'BOLDITALIC':
+                    self.fonts[style] = self.fonts['BOLD']
+                else:
+                    self.fonts[style] = self.fonts['NORMAL']
+
+    def _get_mac_font_path(self, font_map, name, style):
+        return font_map.get((name + ' ' + style).strip().lower())
+
+    def _create_mac(self):
+        font_map = {}
+        for font_dir in (os.path.join(os.getenv("HOME"), 'Library/Fonts/'),
+                         '/Library/Fonts/', '/System/Library/Fonts/'):
+            font_map.update(
+                (os.path.splitext(f)[0].lower(), os.path.join(font_dir, f))
+                for f in os.listdir(font_dir)
+                if f.lower().endswith(('ttf', 'ttc')))
+
+        for name in STYLES['NORMAL']:
+            path = self._get_mac_font_path(font_map, self.font_name, name)
+            if path is not None:
+                self.fonts['NORMAL'] = ImageFont.truetype(path, self.font_size)
+                break
+        else:
+            raise FontNotFound('No usable fonts named: "%s"' %
+                               self.font_name)
+        for style in ('ITALIC', 'BOLD', 'BOLDITALIC'):
+            for stylename in STYLES[style]:
+                path = self._get_mac_font_path(font_map, self.font_name, stylename)
+                if path is not None:
+                    self.fonts[style] = ImageFont.truetype(path, self.font_size)
+                    break
+            else:
+                if style == 'BOLDITALIC':
+                    self.fonts[style] = self.fonts['BOLD']
+                else:
+                    self.fonts[style] = self.fonts['NORMAL']
+
+    def _lookup_win(self, key, basename, styles, fail=False):
+        for suffix in ('', ' (TrueType)'):
+            for style in styles:
+                try:
+                    valname = '%s%s%s' % (basename, style and ' '+style, suffix)
+                    val, _ = _winreg.QueryValueEx(key, valname)
+                    return val
+                except OSError:
+                    continue
+        else:
+            if fail:
+                raise FontNotFound('Font %s (%s) not found in registry' %
+                                   (basename, styles[0]))
+            return None
+
+    def _create_win(self):
+        lookuperror = None
+        keynames = [ (_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Fonts'),
+                     (_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Fonts'),
+                     (_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Fonts'),
+                     (_winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Fonts') ]
+        for keyname in keynames:
+            try:
+                key = _winreg.OpenKey(*keyname)
+                try:
+                    path = self._lookup_win(key, self.font_name, STYLES['NORMAL'], True)
+                    self.fonts['NORMAL'] = ImageFont.truetype(path, self.font_size)
+                    for style in ('ITALIC', 'BOLD', 'BOLDITALIC'):
+                        path = self._lookup_win(key, self.font_name, STYLES[style])
+                        if path:
+                            self.fonts[style] = ImageFont.truetype(path, self.font_size)
+                        else:
+                            if style == 'BOLDITALIC':
+                                self.fonts[style] = self.fonts['BOLD']
+                            else:
+                                self.fonts[style] = self.fonts['NORMAL']
+                    return
+                except FontNotFound as err:
+                    lookuperror = err
+                finally:
+                    _winreg.CloseKey(key)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        else:
+            # If we get here, we checked all registry keys and had no luck
+            # We can be in one of two situations now:
+            # * All key lookups failed. In this case lookuperror is None and we
+            #   will raise a generic error
+            # * At least one lookup failed with a FontNotFound error. In this
+            #   case, we will raise that as a more specific error
+            if lookuperror:
+                raise lookuperror
+            raise FontNotFound('Can\'t open Windows font registry key')
+
+    def get_char_size(self):
+        """
+        Get the character size.
+        """
+        return self.get_text_size('M')
+
+    def get_text_size(self, text):
+        """
+        Get the text size (width, height).
+        """
+        font = self.fonts['NORMAL']
+        if hasattr(font, 'getbbox'):  # Pillow >= 9.2.0
+            return font.getbbox(text)[2:4]
+        else:
+            return font.getsize(text)
+
+    def get_font(self, bold, oblique):
+        """
+        Get the font based on bold and italic flags.
+        """
+        if bold and oblique:
+            return self.fonts['BOLDITALIC']
+        elif bold:
+            return self.fonts['BOLD']
+        elif oblique:
+            return self.fonts['ITALIC']
+        else:
+            return self.fonts['NORMAL']
+
+
+class ImageFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Create a PNG image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to
+    generate a pixmap from the source code.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+    Additional options accepted:
+
+    `image_format`
+        An image format to output to that is recognised by PIL, these include:
+
+        * "PNG" (default)
+        * "JPEG"
+        * "BMP"
+        * "GIF"
+
+    `line_pad`
+        The extra spacing (in pixels) between each line of text.
+
+        Default: 2
+
+    `font_name`
+        The font name to be used as the base font from which others, such as
+        bold and italic fonts will be generated.  This really should be a
+        monospace font to look sane.
+
+        Default: "Courier New" on Windows, "Menlo" on Mac OS, and
+                 "DejaVu Sans Mono" on \\*nix
+
+    `font_size`
+        The font size in points to be used.
+
+        Default: 14
+
+    `image_pad`
+        The padding, in pixels to be used at each edge of the resulting image.
+
+        Default: 10
+
+    `line_numbers`
+        Whether line numbers should be shown: True/False
+
+        Default: True
+
+    `line_number_start`
+        The line number of the first line.
+
+        Default: 1
+
+    `line_number_step`
+        The step used when printing line numbers.
+
+        Default: 1
+
+    `line_number_bg`
+        The background colour (in "#123456" format) of the line number bar, or
+        None to use the style background color.
+
+        Default: "#eed"
+
+    `line_number_fg`
+        The text color of the line numbers (in "#123456"-like format).
+
+        Default: "#886"
+
+    `line_number_chars`
+        The number of columns of line numbers allowable in the line number
+        margin.
+
+        Default: 2
+
+    `line_number_bold`
+        Whether line numbers will be bold: True/False
+
+        Default: False
+
+    `line_number_italic`
+        Whether line numbers will be italicized: True/False
+
+        Default: False
+
+    `line_number_separator`
+        Whether a line will be drawn between the line number area and the
+        source code area: True/False
+
+        Default: True
+
+    `line_number_pad`
+        The horizontal padding (in pixels) between the line number margin, and
+        the source code area.
+
+        Default: 6
+
+    `hl_lines`
+        Specify a list of lines to be highlighted.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        Default: empty list
+
+    `hl_color`
+        Specify the color for highlighting lines.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        Default: highlight color of the selected style
+    """
+
+    # Required by the pygments mapper
+    name = 'img'
+    aliases = ['img', 'IMG', 'png']
+    filenames = ['*.png']
+
+    unicodeoutput = False
+
+    default_image_format = 'png'
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        """
+        See the class docstring for explanation of options.
+        """
+        if not pil_available:
+            raise PilNotAvailable(
+                'Python Imaging Library is required for this formatter')
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.encoding = 'latin1'  # let pygments.format() do the right thing
+        # Read the style
+        self.styles = dict(self.style)
+        if self.style.background_color is None:
+            self.background_color = '#fff'
+        else:
+            self.background_color = self.style.background_color
+        # Image options
+        self.image_format = get_choice_opt(
+            options, 'image_format', ['png', 'jpeg', 'gif', 'bmp'],
+            self.default_image_format, normcase=True)
+        self.image_pad = get_int_opt(options, 'image_pad', 10)
+        self.line_pad = get_int_opt(options, 'line_pad', 2)
+        # The fonts
+        fontsize = get_int_opt(options, 'font_size', 14)
+        self.fonts = FontManager(options.get('font_name', ''), fontsize)
+        self.fontw, self.fonth = self.fonts.get_char_size()
+        # Line number options
+        self.line_number_fg = options.get('line_number_fg', '#886')
+        self.line_number_bg = options.get('line_number_bg', '#eed')
+        self.line_number_chars = get_int_opt(options,
+                                             'line_number_chars', 2)
+        self.line_number_bold = get_bool_opt(options,
+                                             'line_number_bold', False)
+        self.line_number_italic = get_bool_opt(options,
+                                               'line_number_italic', False)
+        self.line_number_pad = get_int_opt(options, 'line_number_pad', 6)
+        self.line_numbers = get_bool_opt(options, 'line_numbers', True)
+        self.line_number_separator = get_bool_opt(options,
+                                                  'line_number_separator', True)
+        self.line_number_step = get_int_opt(options, 'line_number_step', 1)
+        self.line_number_start = get_int_opt(options, 'line_number_start', 1)
+        if self.line_numbers:
+            self.line_number_width = (self.fontw * self.line_number_chars +
+                                      self.line_number_pad * 2)
+        else:
+            self.line_number_width = 0
+        self.hl_lines = []
+        hl_lines_str = get_list_opt(options, 'hl_lines', [])
+        for line in hl_lines_str:
+            try:
+                self.hl_lines.append(int(line))
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        self.hl_color = options.get('hl_color',
+                                    self.style.highlight_color) or '#f90'
+        self.drawables = []
+
+    def get_style_defs(self, arg=''):
+        raise NotImplementedError('The -S option is meaningless for the image '
+                                  'formatter. Use -O style=<stylename> instead.')
+
+    def _get_line_height(self):
+        """
+        Get the height of a line.
+        """
+        return self.fonth + self.line_pad
+
+    def _get_line_y(self, lineno):
+        """
+        Get the Y coordinate of a line number.
+        """
+        return lineno * self._get_line_height() + self.image_pad
+
+    def _get_char_width(self):
+        """
+        Get the width of a character.
+        """
+        return self.fontw
+
+    def _get_char_x(self, linelength):
+        """
+        Get the X coordinate of a character position.
+        """
+        return linelength + self.image_pad + self.line_number_width
+
+    def _get_text_pos(self, linelength, lineno):
+        """
+        Get the actual position for a character and line position.
+        """
+        return self._get_char_x(linelength), self._get_line_y(lineno)
+
+    def _get_linenumber_pos(self, lineno):
+        """
+        Get the actual position for the start of a line number.
+        """
+        return (self.image_pad, self._get_line_y(lineno))
+
+    def _get_text_color(self, style):
+        """
+        Get the correct color for the token from the style.
+        """
+        if style['color'] is not None:
+            fill = '#' + style['color']
+        else:
+            fill = '#000'
+        return fill
+
+    def _get_text_bg_color(self, style):
+        """
+        Get the correct background color for the token from the style.
+        """
+        if style['bgcolor'] is not None:
+            bg_color = '#' + style['bgcolor']
+        else:
+            bg_color = None
+        return bg_color
+
+    def _get_style_font(self, style):
+        """
+        Get the correct font for the style.
+        """
+        return self.fonts.get_font(style['bold'], style['italic'])
+
+    def _get_image_size(self, maxlinelength, maxlineno):
+        """
+        Get the required image size.
+        """
+        return (self._get_char_x(maxlinelength) + self.image_pad,
+                self._get_line_y(maxlineno + 0) + self.image_pad)
+
+    def _draw_linenumber(self, posno, lineno):
+        """
+        Remember a line number drawable to paint later.
+        """
+        self._draw_text(
+            self._get_linenumber_pos(posno),
+            str(lineno).rjust(self.line_number_chars),
+            font=self.fonts.get_font(self.line_number_bold,
+                                     self.line_number_italic),
+            text_fg=self.line_number_fg,
+            text_bg=None,
+        )
+
+    def _draw_text(self, pos, text, font, text_fg, text_bg):
+        """
+        Remember a single drawable tuple to paint later.
+        """
+        self.drawables.append((pos, text, font, text_fg, text_bg))
+
+    def _create_drawables(self, tokensource):
+        """
+        Create drawables for the token content.
+        """
+        lineno = charno = maxcharno = 0
+        maxlinelength = linelength = 0
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            while ttype not in self.styles:
+                ttype = ttype.parent
+            style = self.styles[ttype]
+            # TODO: make sure tab expansion happens earlier in the chain.  It
+            # really ought to be done on the input, as to do it right here is
+            # quite complex.
+            value = value.expandtabs(4)
+            lines = value.splitlines(True)
+            # print lines
+            for i, line in enumerate(lines):
+                temp = line.rstrip('\n')
+                if temp:
+                    self._draw_text(
+                        self._get_text_pos(linelength, lineno),
+                        temp,
+                        font = self._get_style_font(style),
+                        text_fg = self._get_text_color(style),
+                        text_bg = self._get_text_bg_color(style),
+                    )
+                    temp_width, _ = self.fonts.get_text_size(temp)
+                    linelength += temp_width
+                    maxlinelength = max(maxlinelength, linelength)
+                    charno += len(temp)
+                    maxcharno = max(maxcharno, charno)
+                if line.endswith('\n'):
+                    # add a line for each extra line in the value
+                    linelength = 0
+                    charno = 0
+                    lineno += 1
+        self.maxlinelength = maxlinelength
+        self.maxcharno = maxcharno
+        self.maxlineno = lineno
+
+    def _draw_line_numbers(self):
+        """
+        Create drawables for the line numbers.
+        """
+        if not self.line_numbers:
+            return
+        for p in range(self.maxlineno):
+            n = p + self.line_number_start
+            if (n % self.line_number_step) == 0:
+                self._draw_linenumber(p, n)
+
+    def _paint_line_number_bg(self, im):
+        """
+        Paint the line number background on the image.
+        """
+        if not self.line_numbers:
+            return
+        if self.line_number_fg is None:
+            return
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+        recth = im.size[-1]
+        rectw = self.image_pad + self.line_number_width - self.line_number_pad
+        draw.rectangle([(0, 0), (rectw, recth)],
+                       fill=self.line_number_bg)
+        if self.line_number_separator:
+            draw.line([(rectw, 0), (rectw, recth)], fill=self.line_number_fg)
+        del draw
+
+    def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        """
+        Format ``tokensource``, an iterable of ``(tokentype, tokenstring)``
+        tuples and write it into ``outfile``.
+
+        This implementation calculates where it should draw each token on the
+        pixmap, then calculates the required pixmap size and draws the items.
+        """
+        self._create_drawables(tokensource)
+        self._draw_line_numbers()
+        im = Image.new(
+            'RGB',
+            self._get_image_size(self.maxlinelength, self.maxlineno),
+            self.background_color
+        )
+        self._paint_line_number_bg(im)
+        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
+        # Highlight
+        if self.hl_lines:
+            x = self.image_pad + self.line_number_width - self.line_number_pad + 1
+            recth = self._get_line_height()
+            rectw = im.size[0] - x
+            for linenumber in self.hl_lines:
+                y = self._get_line_y(linenumber - 1)
+                draw.rectangle([(x, y), (x + rectw, y + recth)],
+                               fill=self.hl_color)
+        for pos, value, font, text_fg, text_bg in self.drawables:
+            if text_bg:
+                text_size = draw.textsize(text=value, font=font)
+                draw.rectangle([pos[0], pos[1], pos[0] + text_size[0], pos[1] + text_size[1]], fill=text_bg)
+            draw.text(pos, value, font=font, fill=text_fg)
+        im.save(outfile, self.image_format.upper())
+
+
+# Add one formatter per format, so that the "-f gif" option gives the correct result
+# when used in pygmentize.
+
+class GifImageFormatter(ImageFormatter):
+    """
+    Create a GIF image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to
+    generate a pixmap from the source code.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0
+    """
+
+    name = 'img_gif'
+    aliases = ['gif']
+    filenames = ['*.gif']
+    default_image_format = 'gif'
+
+
+class JpgImageFormatter(ImageFormatter):
+    """
+    Create a JPEG image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to
+    generate a pixmap from the source code.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0
+    """
+
+    name = 'img_jpg'
+    aliases = ['jpg', 'jpeg']
+    filenames = ['*.jpg']
+    default_image_format = 'jpeg'
+
+
+class BmpImageFormatter(ImageFormatter):
+    """
+    Create a bitmap image from source code. This uses the Python Imaging Library to
+    generate a pixmap from the source code.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0
+    """
+
+    name = 'img_bmp'
+    aliases = ['bmp', 'bitmap']
+    filenames = ['*.bmp']
+    default_image_format = 'bmp'
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/irc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/irc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2144d439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/irc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.irc
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for IRC output
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Keyword, Name, Comment, String, Error, \
+    Number, Operator, Generic, Token, Whitespace
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_choice_opt
+
+
+__all__ = ['IRCFormatter']
+
+
+#: Map token types to a tuple of color values for light and dark
+#: backgrounds.
+IRC_COLORS = {
+    Token:              ('',            ''),
+
+    Whitespace:         ('gray',   'brightblack'),
+    Comment:            ('gray',   'brightblack'),
+    Comment.Preproc:    ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Keyword:            ('blue',    'brightblue'),
+    Keyword.Type:       ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Operator.Word:      ('magenta',      'brightcyan'),
+    Name.Builtin:       ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Name.Function:      ('green',   'brightgreen'),
+    Name.Namespace:     ('_cyan_',      '_brightcyan_'),
+    Name.Class:         ('_green_', '_brightgreen_'),
+    Name.Exception:     ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Name.Decorator:     ('brightblack',    'gray'),
+    Name.Variable:      ('red',     'brightred'),
+    Name.Constant:      ('red',     'brightred'),
+    Name.Attribute:     ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Name.Tag:           ('brightblue',        'brightblue'),
+    String:             ('yellow',       'yellow'),
+    Number:             ('blue',    'brightblue'),
+
+    Generic.Deleted:    ('brightred',        'brightred'),
+    Generic.Inserted:   ('green',  'brightgreen'),
+    Generic.Heading:    ('**',         '**'),
+    Generic.Subheading: ('*magenta*',   '*brightmagenta*'),
+    Generic.Error:      ('brightred',        'brightred'),
+
+    Error:              ('_brightred_',      '_brightred_'),
+}
+
+
+IRC_COLOR_MAP = {
+    'white': 0,
+    'black': 1,
+    'blue': 2,
+    'brightgreen': 3,
+    'brightred': 4,
+    'yellow': 5,
+    'magenta': 6,
+    'orange': 7,
+    'green': 7, #compat w/ ansi
+    'brightyellow': 8,
+    'lightgreen': 9,
+    'brightcyan': 9, # compat w/ ansi
+    'cyan': 10,
+    'lightblue': 11,
+    'red': 11, # compat w/ ansi
+    'brightblue': 12,
+    'brightmagenta': 13,
+    'brightblack': 14,
+    'gray': 15,
+}
+
+def ircformat(color, text):
+    if len(color) < 1:
+        return text
+    add = sub = ''
+    if '_' in color: # italic
+        add += '\x1D'
+        sub = '\x1D' + sub
+        color = color.strip('_')
+    if '*' in color: # bold
+        add += '\x02'
+        sub = '\x02' + sub
+        color = color.strip('*')
+    # underline (\x1F) not supported
+    # backgrounds (\x03FF,BB) not supported
+    if len(color) > 0: # actual color - may have issues with ircformat("red", "blah")+"10" type stuff
+        add += '\x03' + str(IRC_COLOR_MAP[color]).zfill(2)
+        sub = '\x03' + sub
+    return add + text + sub
+    return '<'+add+'>'+text+'</'+sub+'>'
+
+
+class IRCFormatter(Formatter):
+    r"""
+    Format tokens with IRC color sequences
+
+    The `get_style_defs()` method doesn't do anything special since there is
+    no support for common styles.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `bg`
+        Set to ``"light"`` or ``"dark"`` depending on the terminal's background
+        (default: ``"light"``).
+
+    `colorscheme`
+        A dictionary mapping token types to (lightbg, darkbg) color names or
+        ``None`` (default: ``None`` = use builtin colorscheme).
+
+    `linenos`
+        Set to ``True`` to have line numbers in the output as well
+        (default: ``False`` = no line numbers).
+    """
+    name = 'IRC'
+    aliases = ['irc', 'IRC']
+    filenames = []
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.darkbg = get_choice_opt(options, 'bg',
+                                     ['light', 'dark'], 'light') == 'dark'
+        self.colorscheme = options.get('colorscheme', None) or IRC_COLORS
+        self.linenos = options.get('linenos', False)
+        self._lineno = 0
+
+    def _write_lineno(self, outfile):
+        if self.linenos:
+            self._lineno += 1
+            outfile.write("%04d: " % self._lineno)
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        self._write_lineno(outfile)
+
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            color = self.colorscheme.get(ttype)
+            while color is None:
+                ttype = ttype[:-1]
+                color = self.colorscheme.get(ttype)
+            if color:
+                color = color[self.darkbg]
+                spl = value.split('\n')
+                for line in spl[:-1]:
+                    if line:
+                        outfile.write(ircformat(color, line))
+                    outfile.write('\n')
+                    self._write_lineno(outfile)
+                if spl[-1]:
+                    outfile.write(ircformat(color, spl[-1]))
+            else:
+                outfile.write(value)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/latex.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/latex.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca539b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/latex.py
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.latex
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for LaTeX fancyvrb output.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from io import StringIO
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexer import Lexer, do_insertions
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Token, STANDARD_TYPES
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt, get_int_opt
+
+
+__all__ = ['LatexFormatter']
+
+
+def escape_tex(text, commandprefix):
+    return text.replace('\\', '\x00'). \
+                replace('{', '\x01'). \
+                replace('}', '\x02'). \
+                replace('\x00', r'\%sZbs{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('\x01', r'\%sZob{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('\x02', r'\%sZcb{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('^', r'\%sZca{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('_', r'\%sZus{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('&', r'\%sZam{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('<', r'\%sZlt{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('>', r'\%sZgt{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('#', r'\%sZsh{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('%', r'\%sZpc{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('$', r'\%sZdl{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('-', r'\%sZhy{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace("'", r'\%sZsq{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('"', r'\%sZdq{}' % commandprefix). \
+                replace('~', r'\%sZti{}' % commandprefix)
+
+
+DOC_TEMPLATE = r'''
+\documentclass{%(docclass)s}
+\usepackage{fancyvrb}
+\usepackage{color}
+\usepackage[%(encoding)s]{inputenc}
+%(preamble)s
+
+%(styledefs)s
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\section*{%(title)s}
+
+%(code)s
+\end{document}
+'''
+
+## Small explanation of the mess below :)
+#
+# The previous version of the LaTeX formatter just assigned a command to
+# each token type defined in the current style.  That obviously is
+# problematic if the highlighted code is produced for a different style
+# than the style commands themselves.
+#
+# This version works much like the HTML formatter which assigns multiple
+# CSS classes to each <span> tag, from the most specific to the least
+# specific token type, thus falling back to the parent token type if one
+# is not defined.  Here, the classes are there too and use the same short
+# forms given in token.STANDARD_TYPES.
+#
+# Highlighted code now only uses one custom command, which by default is
+# \PY and selectable by the commandprefix option (and in addition the
+# escapes \PYZat, \PYZlb and \PYZrb which haven't been renamed for
+# backwards compatibility purposes).
+#
+# \PY has two arguments: the classes, separated by +, and the text to
+# render in that style.  The classes are resolved into the respective
+# style commands by magic, which serves to ignore unknown classes.
+#
+# The magic macros are:
+# * \PY@it, \PY@bf, etc. are unconditionally wrapped around the text
+#   to render in \PY@do.  Their definition determines the style.
+# * \PY@reset resets \PY@it etc. to do nothing.
+# * \PY@toks parses the list of classes, using magic inspired by the
+#   keyval package (but modified to use plusses instead of commas
+#   because fancyvrb redefines commas inside its environments).
+# * \PY@tok processes one class, calling the \PY@tok@classname command
+#   if it exists.
+# * \PY@tok@classname sets the \PY@it etc. to reflect the chosen style
+#   for its class.
+# * \PY resets the style, parses the classnames and then calls \PY@do.
+#
+# Tip: to read this code, print it out in substituted form using e.g.
+# >>> print STYLE_TEMPLATE % {'cp': 'PY'}
+
+STYLE_TEMPLATE = r'''
+\makeatletter
+\def\%(cp)s@reset{\let\%(cp)s@it=\relax \let\%(cp)s@bf=\relax%%
+    \let\%(cp)s@ul=\relax \let\%(cp)s@tc=\relax%%
+    \let\%(cp)s@bc=\relax \let\%(cp)s@ff=\relax}
+\def\%(cp)s@tok#1{\csname %(cp)s@tok@#1\endcsname}
+\def\%(cp)s@toks#1+{\ifx\relax#1\empty\else%%
+    \%(cp)s@tok{#1}\expandafter\%(cp)s@toks\fi}
+\def\%(cp)s@do#1{\%(cp)s@bc{\%(cp)s@tc{\%(cp)s@ul{%%
+    \%(cp)s@it{\%(cp)s@bf{\%(cp)s@ff{#1}}}}}}}
+\def\%(cp)s#1#2{\%(cp)s@reset\%(cp)s@toks#1+\relax+\%(cp)s@do{#2}}
+
+%(styles)s
+
+\def\%(cp)sZbs{\char`\\}
+\def\%(cp)sZus{\char`\_}
+\def\%(cp)sZob{\char`\{}
+\def\%(cp)sZcb{\char`\}}
+\def\%(cp)sZca{\char`\^}
+\def\%(cp)sZam{\char`\&}
+\def\%(cp)sZlt{\char`\<}
+\def\%(cp)sZgt{\char`\>}
+\def\%(cp)sZsh{\char`\#}
+\def\%(cp)sZpc{\char`\%%}
+\def\%(cp)sZdl{\char`\$}
+\def\%(cp)sZhy{\char`\-}
+\def\%(cp)sZsq{\char`\'}
+\def\%(cp)sZdq{\char`\"}
+\def\%(cp)sZti{\char`\~}
+%% for compatibility with earlier versions
+\def\%(cp)sZat{@}
+\def\%(cp)sZlb{[}
+\def\%(cp)sZrb{]}
+\makeatother
+'''
+
+
+def _get_ttype_name(ttype):
+    fname = STANDARD_TYPES.get(ttype)
+    if fname:
+        return fname
+    aname = ''
+    while fname is None:
+        aname = ttype[-1] + aname
+        ttype = ttype.parent
+        fname = STANDARD_TYPES.get(ttype)
+    return fname + aname
+
+
+class LatexFormatter(Formatter):
+    r"""
+    Format tokens as LaTeX code. This needs the `fancyvrb` and `color`
+    standard packages.
+
+    Without the `full` option, code is formatted as one ``Verbatim``
+    environment, like this:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: latex
+
+        \begin{Verbatim}[commandchars=\\\{\}]
+        \PY{k}{def }\PY{n+nf}{foo}(\PY{n}{bar}):
+            \PY{k}{pass}
+        \end{Verbatim}
+
+    Wrapping can be disabled using the `nowrap` option.
+
+    The special command used here (``\PY``) and all the other macros it needs
+    are output by the `get_style_defs` method.
+
+    With the `full` option, a complete LaTeX document is output, including
+    the command definitions in the preamble.
+
+    The `get_style_defs()` method of a `LatexFormatter` returns a string
+    containing ``\def`` commands defining the macros needed inside the
+    ``Verbatim`` environments.
+
+    Additional options accepted:
+
+    `nowrap`
+        If set to ``True``, don't wrap the tokens at all, not even inside a
+        ``\begin{Verbatim}`` environment. This disables most other options
+        (default: ``False``).
+
+    `style`
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass (default:
+        ``'default'``).
+
+    `full`
+        Tells the formatter to output a "full" document, i.e. a complete
+        self-contained document (default: ``False``).
+
+    `title`
+        If `full` is true, the title that should be used to caption the
+        document (default: ``''``).
+
+    `docclass`
+        If the `full` option is enabled, this is the document class to use
+        (default: ``'article'``).
+
+    `preamble`
+        If the `full` option is enabled, this can be further preamble commands,
+        e.g. ``\usepackage`` (default: ``''``).
+
+    `linenos`
+        If set to ``True``, output line numbers (default: ``False``).
+
+    `linenostart`
+        The line number for the first line (default: ``1``).
+
+    `linenostep`
+        If set to a number n > 1, only every nth line number is printed.
+
+    `verboptions`
+        Additional options given to the Verbatim environment (see the *fancyvrb*
+        docs for possible values) (default: ``''``).
+
+    `commandprefix`
+        The LaTeX commands used to produce colored output are constructed
+        using this prefix and some letters (default: ``'PY'``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.7
+        .. versionchanged:: 0.10
+           The default is now ``'PY'`` instead of ``'C'``.
+
+    `texcomments`
+        If set to ``True``, enables LaTeX comment lines.  That is, LaTex markup
+        in comment tokens is not escaped so that LaTeX can render it (default:
+        ``False``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    `mathescape`
+        If set to ``True``, enables LaTeX math mode escape in comments. That
+        is, ``'$...$'`` inside a comment will trigger math mode (default:
+        ``False``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    `escapeinside`
+        If set to a string of length 2, enables escaping to LaTeX. Text
+        delimited by these 2 characters is read as LaTeX code and
+        typeset accordingly. It has no effect in string literals. It has
+        no effect in comments if `texcomments` or `mathescape` is
+        set. (default: ``''``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    `envname`
+        Allows you to pick an alternative environment name replacing Verbatim.
+        The alternate environment still has to support Verbatim's option syntax.
+        (default: ``'Verbatim'``).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    name = 'LaTeX'
+    aliases = ['latex', 'tex']
+    filenames = ['*.tex']
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.nowrap = get_bool_opt(options, 'nowrap', False)
+        self.docclass = options.get('docclass', 'article')
+        self.preamble = options.get('preamble', '')
+        self.linenos = get_bool_opt(options, 'linenos', False)
+        self.linenostart = abs(get_int_opt(options, 'linenostart', 1))
+        self.linenostep = abs(get_int_opt(options, 'linenostep', 1))
+        self.verboptions = options.get('verboptions', '')
+        self.nobackground = get_bool_opt(options, 'nobackground', False)
+        self.commandprefix = options.get('commandprefix', 'PY')
+        self.texcomments = get_bool_opt(options, 'texcomments', False)
+        self.mathescape = get_bool_opt(options, 'mathescape', False)
+        self.escapeinside = options.get('escapeinside', '')
+        if len(self.escapeinside) == 2:
+            self.left = self.escapeinside[0]
+            self.right = self.escapeinside[1]
+        else:
+            self.escapeinside = ''
+        self.envname = options.get('envname', 'Verbatim')
+
+        self._create_stylesheet()
+
+    def _create_stylesheet(self):
+        t2n = self.ttype2name = {Token: ''}
+        c2d = self.cmd2def = {}
+        cp = self.commandprefix
+
+        def rgbcolor(col):
+            if col:
+                return ','.join(['%.2f' % (int(col[i] + col[i + 1], 16) / 255.0)
+                                 for i in (0, 2, 4)])
+            else:
+                return '1,1,1'
+
+        for ttype, ndef in self.style:
+            name = _get_ttype_name(ttype)
+            cmndef = ''
+            if ndef['bold']:
+                cmndef += r'\let\$$@bf=\textbf'
+            if ndef['italic']:
+                cmndef += r'\let\$$@it=\textit'
+            if ndef['underline']:
+                cmndef += r'\let\$$@ul=\underline'
+            if ndef['roman']:
+                cmndef += r'\let\$$@ff=\textrm'
+            if ndef['sans']:
+                cmndef += r'\let\$$@ff=\textsf'
+            if ndef['mono']:
+                cmndef += r'\let\$$@ff=\textsf'
+            if ndef['color']:
+                cmndef += (r'\def\$$@tc##1{\textcolor[rgb]{%s}{##1}}' %
+                           rgbcolor(ndef['color']))
+            if ndef['border']:
+                cmndef += (r'\def\$$@bc##1{{\setlength{\fboxsep}{\string -\fboxrule}'
+                           r'\fcolorbox[rgb]{%s}{%s}{\strut ##1}}}' %
+                           (rgbcolor(ndef['border']),
+                            rgbcolor(ndef['bgcolor'])))
+            elif ndef['bgcolor']:
+                cmndef += (r'\def\$$@bc##1{{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}'
+                           r'\colorbox[rgb]{%s}{\strut ##1}}}' %
+                           rgbcolor(ndef['bgcolor']))
+            if cmndef == '':
+                continue
+            cmndef = cmndef.replace('$$', cp)
+            t2n[ttype] = name
+            c2d[name] = cmndef
+
+    def get_style_defs(self, arg=''):
+        """
+        Return the command sequences needed to define the commands
+        used to format text in the verbatim environment. ``arg`` is ignored.
+        """
+        cp = self.commandprefix
+        styles = []
+        for name, definition in self.cmd2def.items():
+            styles.append(r'\@namedef{%s@tok@%s}{%s}' % (cp, name, definition))
+        return STYLE_TEMPLATE % {'cp': self.commandprefix,
+                                 'styles': '\n'.join(styles)}
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        # TODO: add support for background colors
+        t2n = self.ttype2name
+        cp = self.commandprefix
+
+        if self.full:
+            realoutfile = outfile
+            outfile = StringIO()
+
+        if not self.nowrap:
+            outfile.write('\\begin{' + self.envname + '}[commandchars=\\\\\\{\\}')
+            if self.linenos:
+                start, step = self.linenostart, self.linenostep
+                outfile.write(',numbers=left' +
+                              (start and ',firstnumber=%d' % start or '') +
+                              (step and ',stepnumber=%d' % step or ''))
+            if self.mathescape or self.texcomments or self.escapeinside:
+                outfile.write(',codes={\\catcode`\\$=3\\catcode`\\^=7'
+                              '\\catcode`\\_=8\\relax}')
+            if self.verboptions:
+                outfile.write(',' + self.verboptions)
+            outfile.write(']\n')
+
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            if ttype in Token.Comment:
+                if self.texcomments:
+                    # Try to guess comment starting lexeme and escape it ...
+                    start = value[0:1]
+                    for i in range(1, len(value)):
+                        if start[0] != value[i]:
+                            break
+                        start += value[i]
+
+                    value = value[len(start):]
+                    start = escape_tex(start, cp)
+
+                    # ... but do not escape inside comment.
+                    value = start + value
+                elif self.mathescape:
+                    # Only escape parts not inside a math environment.
+                    parts = value.split('$')
+                    in_math = False
+                    for i, part in enumerate(parts):
+                        if not in_math:
+                            parts[i] = escape_tex(part, cp)
+                        in_math = not in_math
+                    value = '$'.join(parts)
+                elif self.escapeinside:
+                    text = value
+                    value = ''
+                    while text:
+                        a, sep1, text = text.partition(self.left)
+                        if sep1:
+                            b, sep2, text = text.partition(self.right)
+                            if sep2:
+                                value += escape_tex(a, cp) + b
+                            else:
+                                value += escape_tex(a + sep1 + b, cp)
+                        else:
+                            value += escape_tex(a, cp)
+                else:
+                    value = escape_tex(value, cp)
+            elif ttype not in Token.Escape:
+                value = escape_tex(value, cp)
+            styles = []
+            while ttype is not Token:
+                try:
+                    styles.append(t2n[ttype])
+                except KeyError:
+                    # not in current style
+                    styles.append(_get_ttype_name(ttype))
+                ttype = ttype.parent
+            styleval = '+'.join(reversed(styles))
+            if styleval:
+                spl = value.split('\n')
+                for line in spl[:-1]:
+                    if line:
+                        outfile.write("\\%s{%s}{%s}" % (cp, styleval, line))
+                    outfile.write('\n')
+                if spl[-1]:
+                    outfile.write("\\%s{%s}{%s}" % (cp, styleval, spl[-1]))
+            else:
+                outfile.write(value)
+
+        if not self.nowrap:
+            outfile.write('\\end{' + self.envname + '}\n')
+
+        if self.full:
+            encoding = self.encoding or 'utf8'
+            # map known existings encodings from LaTeX distribution
+            encoding = {
+                'utf_8': 'utf8',
+                'latin_1': 'latin1',
+                'iso_8859_1': 'latin1',
+            }.get(encoding.replace('-', '_'), encoding)
+            realoutfile.write(DOC_TEMPLATE %
+                dict(docclass  = self.docclass,
+                     preamble  = self.preamble,
+                     title     = self.title,
+                     encoding  = encoding,
+                     styledefs = self.get_style_defs(),
+                     code      = outfile.getvalue()))
+
+
+class LatexEmbeddedLexer(Lexer):
+    """
+    This lexer takes one lexer as argument, the lexer for the language
+    being formatted, and the left and right delimiters for escaped text.
+
+    First everything is scanned using the language lexer to obtain
+    strings and comments. All other consecutive tokens are merged and
+    the resulting text is scanned for escaped segments, which are given
+    the Token.Escape type. Finally text that is not escaped is scanned
+    again with the language lexer.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, left, right, lang, **options):
+        self.left = left
+        self.right = right
+        self.lang = lang
+        Lexer.__init__(self, **options)
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text):
+        # find and remove all the escape tokens (replace with an empty string)
+        # this is very similar to DelegatingLexer.get_tokens_unprocessed.
+        buffered = ''
+        insertions = []
+        insertion_buf = []
+        for i, t, v in self._find_safe_escape_tokens(text):
+            if t is None:
+                if insertion_buf:
+                    insertions.append((len(buffered), insertion_buf))
+                    insertion_buf = []
+                buffered += v
+            else:
+                insertion_buf.append((i, t, v))
+        if insertion_buf:
+            insertions.append((len(buffered), insertion_buf))
+        return do_insertions(insertions,
+                             self.lang.get_tokens_unprocessed(buffered))
+
+    def _find_safe_escape_tokens(self, text):
+        """ find escape tokens that are not in strings or comments """
+        for i, t, v in self._filter_to(
+            self.lang.get_tokens_unprocessed(text),
+            lambda t: t in Token.Comment or t in Token.String
+        ):
+            if t is None:
+                for i2, t2, v2 in self._find_escape_tokens(v):
+                    yield i + i2, t2, v2
+            else:
+                yield i, None, v
+
+    def _filter_to(self, it, pred):
+        """ Keep only the tokens that match `pred`, merge the others together """
+        buf = ''
+        idx = 0
+        for i, t, v in it:
+            if pred(t):
+                if buf:
+                    yield idx, None, buf
+                    buf = ''
+                yield i, t, v
+            else:
+                if not buf:
+                    idx = i
+                buf += v
+        if buf:
+            yield idx, None, buf
+
+    def _find_escape_tokens(self, text):
+        """ Find escape tokens within text, give token=None otherwise """
+        index = 0
+        while text:
+            a, sep1, text = text.partition(self.left)
+            if a:
+                yield index, None, a
+                index += len(a)
+            if sep1:
+                b, sep2, text = text.partition(self.right)
+                if sep2:
+                    yield index + len(sep1), Token.Escape, b
+                    index += len(sep1) + len(b) + len(sep2)
+                else:
+                    yield index, Token.Error, sep1
+                    index += len(sep1)
+                    text = b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/other.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/other.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..990ead48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/other.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.other
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Other formatters: NullFormatter, RawTokenFormatter.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_choice_opt
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Token
+from pip._vendor.pygments.console import colorize
+
+__all__ = ['NullFormatter', 'RawTokenFormatter', 'TestcaseFormatter']
+
+
+class NullFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Output the text unchanged without any formatting.
+    """
+    name = 'Text only'
+    aliases = ['text', 'null']
+    filenames = ['*.txt']
+
+    def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        enc = self.encoding
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            if enc:
+                outfile.write(value.encode(enc))
+            else:
+                outfile.write(value)
+
+
+class RawTokenFormatter(Formatter):
+    r"""
+    Format tokens as a raw representation for storing token streams.
+
+    The format is ``tokentype<TAB>repr(tokenstring)\n``. The output can later
+    be converted to a token stream with the `RawTokenLexer`, described in the
+    :doc:`lexer list <lexers>`.
+
+    Only two options are accepted:
+
+    `compress`
+        If set to ``'gz'`` or ``'bz2'``, compress the output with the given
+        compression algorithm after encoding (default: ``''``).
+    `error_color`
+        If set to a color name, highlight error tokens using that color.  If
+        set but with no value, defaults to ``'red'``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.11
+
+    """
+    name = 'Raw tokens'
+    aliases = ['raw', 'tokens']
+    filenames = ['*.raw']
+
+    unicodeoutput = False
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        # We ignore self.encoding if it is set, since it gets set for lexer
+        # and formatter if given with -Oencoding on the command line.
+        # The RawTokenFormatter outputs only ASCII. Override here.
+        self.encoding = 'ascii'  # let pygments.format() do the right thing
+        self.compress = get_choice_opt(options, 'compress',
+                                       ['', 'none', 'gz', 'bz2'], '')
+        self.error_color = options.get('error_color', None)
+        if self.error_color is True:
+            self.error_color = 'red'
+        if self.error_color is not None:
+            try:
+                colorize(self.error_color, '')
+            except KeyError:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid color %r specified" %
+                                 self.error_color)
+
+    def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        try:
+            outfile.write(b'')
+        except TypeError:
+            raise TypeError('The raw tokens formatter needs a binary '
+                            'output file')
+        if self.compress == 'gz':
+            import gzip
+            outfile = gzip.GzipFile('', 'wb', 9, outfile)
+
+            write = outfile.write
+            flush = outfile.close
+        elif self.compress == 'bz2':
+            import bz2
+            compressor = bz2.BZ2Compressor(9)
+
+            def write(text):
+                outfile.write(compressor.compress(text))
+
+            def flush():
+                outfile.write(compressor.flush())
+                outfile.flush()
+        else:
+            write = outfile.write
+            flush = outfile.flush
+
+        if self.error_color:
+            for ttype, value in tokensource:
+                line = b"%r\t%r\n" % (ttype, value)
+                if ttype is Token.Error:
+                    write(colorize(self.error_color, line))
+                else:
+                    write(line)
+        else:
+            for ttype, value in tokensource:
+                write(b"%r\t%r\n" % (ttype, value))
+        flush()
+
+
+TESTCASE_BEFORE = '''\
+    def testNeedsName(lexer):
+        fragment = %r
+        tokens = [
+'''
+TESTCASE_AFTER = '''\
+        ]
+        assert list(lexer.get_tokens(fragment)) == tokens
+'''
+
+
+class TestcaseFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Format tokens as appropriate for a new testcase.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    name = 'Testcase'
+    aliases = ['testcase']
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        if self.encoding is not None and self.encoding != 'utf-8':
+            raise ValueError("Only None and utf-8 are allowed encodings.")
+
+    def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        indentation = ' ' * 12
+        rawbuf = []
+        outbuf = []
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            rawbuf.append(value)
+            outbuf.append('%s(%s, %r),\n' % (indentation, ttype, value))
+
+        before = TESTCASE_BEFORE % (''.join(rawbuf),)
+        during = ''.join(outbuf)
+        after = TESTCASE_AFTER
+        if self.encoding is None:
+            outfile.write(before + during + after)
+        else:
+            outfile.write(before.encode('utf-8'))
+            outfile.write(during.encode('utf-8'))
+            outfile.write(after.encode('utf-8'))
+        outfile.flush()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/pangomarkup.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/pangomarkup.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6bb325d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/pangomarkup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.pangomarkup
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for Pango markup output.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+
+
+__all__ = ['PangoMarkupFormatter']
+
+
+_escape_table = {
+    ord('&'): '&amp;',
+    ord('<'): '&lt;',
+}
+
+
+def escape_special_chars(text, table=_escape_table):
+    """Escape & and < for Pango Markup."""
+    return text.translate(table)
+
+
+class PangoMarkupFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Format tokens as Pango Markup code. It can then be rendered to an SVG.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.9
+    """
+
+    name = 'Pango Markup'
+    aliases = ['pango', 'pangomarkup']
+    filenames = []
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+
+        self.styles = {}
+
+        for token, style in self.style:
+            start = ''
+            end = ''
+            if style['color']:
+                start += '<span fgcolor="#%s">' % style['color']
+                end = '</span>' + end
+            if style['bold']:
+                start += '<b>'
+                end = '</b>' + end
+            if style['italic']:
+                start += '<i>'
+                end = '</i>' + end
+            if style['underline']:
+                start += '<u>'
+                end = '</u>' + end
+            self.styles[token] = (start, end)
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        lastval = ''
+        lasttype = None
+
+        outfile.write('<tt>')
+
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            while ttype not in self.styles:
+                ttype = ttype.parent
+            if ttype == lasttype:
+                lastval += escape_special_chars(value)
+            else:
+                if lastval:
+                    stylebegin, styleend = self.styles[lasttype]
+                    outfile.write(stylebegin + lastval + styleend)
+                lastval = escape_special_chars(value)
+                lasttype = ttype
+
+        if lastval:
+            stylebegin, styleend = self.styles[lasttype]
+            outfile.write(stylebegin + lastval + styleend)
+
+        outfile.write('</tt>')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/rtf.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/rtf.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..125189c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/rtf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.rtf
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    A formatter that generates RTF files.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_int_opt, surrogatepair
+
+
+__all__ = ['RtfFormatter']
+
+
+class RtfFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Format tokens as RTF markup. This formatter automatically outputs full RTF
+    documents with color information and other useful stuff. Perfect for Copy and
+    Paste into Microsoft(R) Word(R) documents.
+
+    Please note that ``encoding`` and ``outencoding`` options are ignored.
+    The RTF format is ASCII natively, but handles unicode characters correctly
+    thanks to escape sequences.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.6
+
+    Additional options accepted:
+
+    `style`
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass (default:
+        ``'default'``).
+
+    `fontface`
+        The used font family, for example ``Bitstream Vera Sans``. Defaults to
+        some generic font which is supposed to have fixed width.
+
+    `fontsize`
+        Size of the font used. Size is specified in half points. The
+        default is 24 half-points, giving a size 12 font.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    name = 'RTF'
+    aliases = ['rtf']
+    filenames = ['*.rtf']
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        r"""
+        Additional options accepted:
+
+        ``fontface``
+            Name of the font used. Could for example be ``'Courier New'``
+            to further specify the default which is ``'\fmodern'``. The RTF
+            specification claims that ``\fmodern`` are "Fixed-pitch serif
+            and sans serif fonts". Hope every RTF implementation thinks
+            the same about modern...
+
+        """
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.fontface = options.get('fontface') or ''
+        self.fontsize = get_int_opt(options, 'fontsize', 0)
+
+    def _escape(self, text):
+        return text.replace('\\', '\\\\') \
+                   .replace('{', '\\{') \
+                   .replace('}', '\\}')
+
+    def _escape_text(self, text):
+        # empty strings, should give a small performance improvement
+        if not text:
+            return ''
+
+        # escape text
+        text = self._escape(text)
+
+        buf = []
+        for c in text:
+            cn = ord(c)
+            if cn < (2**7):
+                # ASCII character
+                buf.append(str(c))
+            elif (2**7) <= cn < (2**16):
+                # single unicode escape sequence
+                buf.append('{\\u%d}' % cn)
+            elif (2**16) <= cn:
+                # RTF limits unicode to 16 bits.
+                # Force surrogate pairs
+                buf.append('{\\u%d}{\\u%d}' % surrogatepair(cn))
+
+        return ''.join(buf).replace('\n', '\\par\n')
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        # rtf 1.8 header
+        outfile.write('{\\rtf1\\ansi\\uc0\\deff0'
+                      '{\\fonttbl{\\f0\\fmodern\\fprq1\\fcharset0%s;}}'
+                      '{\\colortbl;' % (self.fontface and
+                                        ' ' + self._escape(self.fontface) or
+                                        ''))
+
+        # convert colors and save them in a mapping to access them later.
+        color_mapping = {}
+        offset = 1
+        for _, style in self.style:
+            for color in style['color'], style['bgcolor'], style['border']:
+                if color and color not in color_mapping:
+                    color_mapping[color] = offset
+                    outfile.write('\\red%d\\green%d\\blue%d;' % (
+                        int(color[0:2], 16),
+                        int(color[2:4], 16),
+                        int(color[4:6], 16)
+                    ))
+                    offset += 1
+        outfile.write('}\\f0 ')
+        if self.fontsize:
+            outfile.write('\\fs%d' % self.fontsize)
+
+        # highlight stream
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            while not self.style.styles_token(ttype) and ttype.parent:
+                ttype = ttype.parent
+            style = self.style.style_for_token(ttype)
+            buf = []
+            if style['bgcolor']:
+                buf.append('\\cb%d' % color_mapping[style['bgcolor']])
+            if style['color']:
+                buf.append('\\cf%d' % color_mapping[style['color']])
+            if style['bold']:
+                buf.append('\\b')
+            if style['italic']:
+                buf.append('\\i')
+            if style['underline']:
+                buf.append('\\ul')
+            if style['border']:
+                buf.append('\\chbrdr\\chcfpat%d' %
+                           color_mapping[style['border']])
+            start = ''.join(buf)
+            if start:
+                outfile.write('{%s ' % start)
+            outfile.write(self._escape_text(value))
+            if start:
+                outfile.write('}')
+
+        outfile.write('}')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/svg.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/svg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8727ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/svg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.svg
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for SVG output.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Comment
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt, get_int_opt
+
+__all__ = ['SvgFormatter']
+
+
+def escape_html(text):
+    """Escape &, <, > as well as single and double quotes for HTML."""
+    return text.replace('&', '&amp;').  \
+                replace('<', '&lt;').   \
+                replace('>', '&gt;').   \
+                replace('"', '&quot;'). \
+                replace("'", '&#39;')
+
+
+class2style = {}
+
+class SvgFormatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Format tokens as an SVG graphics file.  This formatter is still experimental.
+    Each line of code is a ``<text>`` element with explicit ``x`` and ``y``
+    coordinates containing ``<tspan>`` elements with the individual token styles.
+
+    By default, this formatter outputs a full SVG document including doctype
+    declaration and the ``<svg>`` root element.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    Additional options accepted:
+
+    `nowrap`
+        Don't wrap the SVG ``<text>`` elements in ``<svg><g>`` elements and
+        don't add a XML declaration and a doctype.  If true, the `fontfamily`
+        and `fontsize` options are ignored.  Defaults to ``False``.
+
+    `fontfamily`
+        The value to give the wrapping ``<g>`` element's ``font-family``
+        attribute, defaults to ``"monospace"``.
+
+    `fontsize`
+        The value to give the wrapping ``<g>`` element's ``font-size``
+        attribute, defaults to ``"14px"``.
+
+    `linenos`
+        If ``True``, add line numbers (default: ``False``).
+
+    `linenostart`
+        The line number for the first line (default: ``1``).
+
+    `linenostep`
+        If set to a number n > 1, only every nth line number is printed.
+        
+    `linenowidth`
+        Maximum width devoted to line numbers (default: ``3*ystep``, sufficient
+        for up to 4-digit line numbers. Increase width for longer code blocks).  
+        
+    `xoffset`
+        Starting offset in X direction, defaults to ``0``.
+
+    `yoffset`
+        Starting offset in Y direction, defaults to the font size if it is given
+        in pixels, or ``20`` else.  (This is necessary since text coordinates
+        refer to the text baseline, not the top edge.)
+
+    `ystep`
+        Offset to add to the Y coordinate for each subsequent line.  This should
+        roughly be the text size plus 5.  It defaults to that value if the text
+        size is given in pixels, or ``25`` else.
+
+    `spacehack`
+        Convert spaces in the source to ``&#160;``, which are non-breaking
+        spaces.  SVG provides the ``xml:space`` attribute to control how
+        whitespace inside tags is handled, in theory, the ``preserve`` value
+        could be used to keep all whitespace as-is.  However, many current SVG
+        viewers don't obey that rule, so this option is provided as a workaround
+        and defaults to ``True``.
+    """
+    name = 'SVG'
+    aliases = ['svg']
+    filenames = ['*.svg']
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.nowrap = get_bool_opt(options, 'nowrap', False)
+        self.fontfamily = options.get('fontfamily', 'monospace')
+        self.fontsize = options.get('fontsize', '14px')
+        self.xoffset = get_int_opt(options, 'xoffset', 0)
+        fs = self.fontsize.strip()
+        if fs.endswith('px'): fs = fs[:-2].strip()
+        try:
+            int_fs = int(fs)
+        except:
+            int_fs = 20
+        self.yoffset = get_int_opt(options, 'yoffset', int_fs)
+        self.ystep = get_int_opt(options, 'ystep', int_fs + 5)
+        self.spacehack = get_bool_opt(options, 'spacehack', True)
+        self.linenos = get_bool_opt(options,'linenos',False)
+        self.linenostart = get_int_opt(options,'linenostart',1)
+        self.linenostep = get_int_opt(options,'linenostep',1)
+        self.linenowidth = get_int_opt(options,'linenowidth', 3*self.ystep)
+        self._stylecache = {}
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        """
+        Format ``tokensource``, an iterable of ``(tokentype, tokenstring)``
+        tuples and write it into ``outfile``.
+
+        For our implementation we put all lines in their own 'line group'.
+        """
+        x = self.xoffset
+        y = self.yoffset
+        if not self.nowrap:
+            if self.encoding:
+                outfile.write('<?xml version="1.0" encoding="%s"?>\n' %
+                              self.encoding)
+            else:
+                outfile.write('<?xml version="1.0"?>\n')
+            outfile.write('<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.0//EN" '
+                          '"http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-SVG-20010904/DTD/'
+                          'svg10.dtd">\n')
+            outfile.write('<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">\n')
+            outfile.write('<g font-family="%s" font-size="%s">\n' %
+                          (self.fontfamily, self.fontsize))
+        
+        counter = self.linenostart 
+        counter_step = self.linenostep
+        counter_style = self._get_style(Comment)
+        line_x = x
+        
+        if self.linenos:
+            if counter % counter_step == 0:
+                outfile.write('<text x="%s" y="%s" %s text-anchor="end">%s</text>' %
+                    (x+self.linenowidth,y,counter_style,counter))
+            line_x += self.linenowidth + self.ystep
+            counter += 1
+
+        outfile.write('<text x="%s" y="%s" xml:space="preserve">' % (line_x, y))
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            style = self._get_style(ttype)
+            tspan = style and '<tspan' + style + '>' or ''
+            tspanend = tspan and '</tspan>' or ''
+            value = escape_html(value)
+            if self.spacehack:
+                value = value.expandtabs().replace(' ', '&#160;')
+            parts = value.split('\n')
+            for part in parts[:-1]:
+                outfile.write(tspan + part + tspanend)
+                y += self.ystep
+                outfile.write('</text>\n')
+                if self.linenos and counter % counter_step == 0:
+                    outfile.write('<text x="%s" y="%s" text-anchor="end" %s>%s</text>' %
+                        (x+self.linenowidth,y,counter_style,counter))
+                
+                counter += 1
+                outfile.write('<text x="%s" y="%s" ' 'xml:space="preserve">' % (line_x,y))
+            outfile.write(tspan + parts[-1] + tspanend)
+        outfile.write('</text>')
+
+        if not self.nowrap:
+            outfile.write('</g></svg>\n')
+
+    def _get_style(self, tokentype):
+        if tokentype in self._stylecache:
+            return self._stylecache[tokentype]
+        otokentype = tokentype
+        while not self.style.styles_token(tokentype):
+            tokentype = tokentype.parent
+        value = self.style.style_for_token(tokentype)
+        result = ''
+        if value['color']:
+            result = ' fill="#' + value['color'] + '"'
+        if value['bold']:
+            result += ' font-weight="bold"'
+        if value['italic']:
+            result += ' font-style="italic"'
+        self._stylecache[otokentype] = result
+        return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/terminal.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/terminal.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abb87708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/terminal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.terminal
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for terminal output with ANSI sequences.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Keyword, Name, Comment, String, Error, \
+    Number, Operator, Generic, Token, Whitespace
+from pip._vendor.pygments.console import ansiformat
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_choice_opt
+
+
+__all__ = ['TerminalFormatter']
+
+
+#: Map token types to a tuple of color values for light and dark
+#: backgrounds.
+TERMINAL_COLORS = {
+    Token:              ('',            ''),
+
+    Whitespace:         ('gray',   'brightblack'),
+    Comment:            ('gray',   'brightblack'),
+    Comment.Preproc:    ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Keyword:            ('blue',    'brightblue'),
+    Keyword.Type:       ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Operator.Word:      ('magenta',      'brightmagenta'),
+    Name.Builtin:       ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Name.Function:      ('green',   'brightgreen'),
+    Name.Namespace:     ('_cyan_',      '_brightcyan_'),
+    Name.Class:         ('_green_', '_brightgreen_'),
+    Name.Exception:     ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Name.Decorator:     ('brightblack',    'gray'),
+    Name.Variable:      ('red',     'brightred'),
+    Name.Constant:      ('red',     'brightred'),
+    Name.Attribute:     ('cyan',        'brightcyan'),
+    Name.Tag:           ('brightblue',        'brightblue'),
+    String:             ('yellow',       'yellow'),
+    Number:             ('blue',    'brightblue'),
+
+    Generic.Deleted:    ('brightred',        'brightred'),
+    Generic.Inserted:   ('green',  'brightgreen'),
+    Generic.Heading:    ('**',         '**'),
+    Generic.Subheading: ('*magenta*',   '*brightmagenta*'),
+    Generic.Prompt:     ('**',         '**'),
+    Generic.Error:      ('brightred',        'brightred'),
+
+    Error:              ('_brightred_',      '_brightred_'),
+}
+
+
+class TerminalFormatter(Formatter):
+    r"""
+    Format tokens with ANSI color sequences, for output in a text console.
+    Color sequences are terminated at newlines, so that paging the output
+    works correctly.
+
+    The `get_style_defs()` method doesn't do anything special since there is
+    no support for common styles.
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `bg`
+        Set to ``"light"`` or ``"dark"`` depending on the terminal's background
+        (default: ``"light"``).
+
+    `colorscheme`
+        A dictionary mapping token types to (lightbg, darkbg) color names or
+        ``None`` (default: ``None`` = use builtin colorscheme).
+
+    `linenos`
+        Set to ``True`` to have line numbers on the terminal output as well
+        (default: ``False`` = no line numbers).
+    """
+    name = 'Terminal'
+    aliases = ['terminal', 'console']
+    filenames = []
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+        self.darkbg = get_choice_opt(options, 'bg',
+                                     ['light', 'dark'], 'light') == 'dark'
+        self.colorscheme = options.get('colorscheme', None) or TERMINAL_COLORS
+        self.linenos = options.get('linenos', False)
+        self._lineno = 0
+
+    def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        return Formatter.format(self, tokensource, outfile)
+
+    def _write_lineno(self, outfile):
+        self._lineno += 1
+        outfile.write("%s%04d: " % (self._lineno != 1 and '\n' or '', self._lineno))
+
+    def _get_color(self, ttype):
+        # self.colorscheme is a dict containing usually generic types, so we
+        # have to walk the tree of dots.  The base Token type must be a key,
+        # even if it's empty string, as in the default above.
+        colors = self.colorscheme.get(ttype)
+        while colors is None:
+            ttype = ttype.parent
+            colors = self.colorscheme.get(ttype)
+        return colors[self.darkbg]
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        if self.linenos:
+            self._write_lineno(outfile)
+
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            color = self._get_color(ttype)
+
+            for line in value.splitlines(True):
+                if color:
+                    outfile.write(ansiformat(color, line.rstrip('\n')))
+                else:
+                    outfile.write(line.rstrip('\n'))
+                if line.endswith('\n'):
+                    if self.linenos:
+                        self._write_lineno(outfile)
+                    else:
+                        outfile.write('\n')
+
+        if self.linenos:
+            outfile.write("\n")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/terminal256.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/terminal256.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cfe5d16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/formatters/terminal256.py
@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+"""
+    pygments.formatters.terminal256
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Formatter for 256-color terminal output with ANSI sequences.
+
+    RGB-to-XTERM color conversion routines adapted from xterm256-conv
+    tool (http://frexx.de/xterm-256-notes/data/xterm256-conv2.tar.bz2)
+    by Wolfgang Frisch.
+
+    Formatter version 1.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+# TODO:
+#  - Options to map style's bold/underline/italic/border attributes
+#    to some ANSI attrbutes (something like 'italic=underline')
+#  - An option to output "style RGB to xterm RGB/index" conversion table
+#  - An option to indicate that we are running in "reverse background"
+#    xterm. This means that default colors are white-on-black, not
+#    black-on-while, so colors like "white background" need to be converted
+#    to "white background, black foreground", etc...
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.formatter import Formatter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.console import codes
+from pip._vendor.pygments.style import ansicolors
+
+
+__all__ = ['Terminal256Formatter', 'TerminalTrueColorFormatter']
+
+
+class EscapeSequence:
+    def __init__(self, fg=None, bg=None, bold=False, underline=False, italic=False):
+        self.fg = fg
+        self.bg = bg
+        self.bold = bold
+        self.underline = underline
+        self.italic = italic
+
+    def escape(self, attrs):
+        if len(attrs):
+            return "\x1b[" + ";".join(attrs) + "m"
+        return ""
+
+    def color_string(self):
+        attrs = []
+        if self.fg is not None:
+            if self.fg in ansicolors:
+                esc = codes[self.fg.replace('ansi','')]
+                if ';01m' in esc:
+                    self.bold = True
+                # extract fg color code.
+                attrs.append(esc[2:4])
+            else:
+                attrs.extend(("38", "5", "%i" % self.fg))
+        if self.bg is not None:
+            if self.bg in ansicolors:
+                esc = codes[self.bg.replace('ansi','')]
+                # extract fg color code, add 10 for bg.
+                attrs.append(str(int(esc[2:4])+10))
+            else:
+                attrs.extend(("48", "5", "%i" % self.bg))
+        if self.bold:
+            attrs.append("01")
+        if self.underline:
+            attrs.append("04")
+        if self.italic:
+            attrs.append("03")
+        return self.escape(attrs)
+
+    def true_color_string(self):
+        attrs = []
+        if self.fg:
+            attrs.extend(("38", "2", str(self.fg[0]), str(self.fg[1]), str(self.fg[2])))
+        if self.bg:
+            attrs.extend(("48", "2", str(self.bg[0]), str(self.bg[1]), str(self.bg[2])))
+        if self.bold:
+            attrs.append("01")
+        if self.underline:
+            attrs.append("04")
+        if self.italic:
+            attrs.append("03")
+        return self.escape(attrs)
+
+    def reset_string(self):
+        attrs = []
+        if self.fg is not None:
+            attrs.append("39")
+        if self.bg is not None:
+            attrs.append("49")
+        if self.bold or self.underline or self.italic:
+            attrs.append("00")
+        return self.escape(attrs)
+
+
+class Terminal256Formatter(Formatter):
+    """
+    Format tokens with ANSI color sequences, for output in a 256-color
+    terminal or console.  Like in `TerminalFormatter` color sequences
+    are terminated at newlines, so that paging the output works correctly.
+
+    The formatter takes colors from a style defined by the `style` option
+    and converts them to nearest ANSI 256-color escape sequences. Bold and
+    underline attributes from the style are preserved (and displayed).
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.9
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.2
+       If the used style defines foreground colors in the form ``#ansi*``, then
+       `Terminal256Formatter` will map these to non extended foreground color.
+       See :ref:`AnsiTerminalStyle` for more information.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.4
+       The ANSI color names have been updated with names that are easier to
+       understand and align with colornames of other projects and terminals.
+       See :ref:`this table <new-ansi-color-names>` for more information.
+
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `style`
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass (default:
+        ``'default'``).
+
+    `linenos`
+        Set to ``True`` to have line numbers on the terminal output as well
+        (default: ``False`` = no line numbers).
+    """
+    name = 'Terminal256'
+    aliases = ['terminal256', 'console256', '256']
+    filenames = []
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        Formatter.__init__(self, **options)
+
+        self.xterm_colors = []
+        self.best_match = {}
+        self.style_string = {}
+
+        self.usebold = 'nobold' not in options
+        self.useunderline = 'nounderline' not in options
+        self.useitalic = 'noitalic' not in options
+
+        self._build_color_table()  # build an RGB-to-256 color conversion table
+        self._setup_styles()  # convert selected style's colors to term. colors
+
+        self.linenos = options.get('linenos', False)
+        self._lineno = 0
+
+    def _build_color_table(self):
+        # colors 0..15: 16 basic colors
+
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x00, 0x00, 0x00))  # 0
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xcd, 0x00, 0x00))  # 1
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x00, 0xcd, 0x00))  # 2
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xcd, 0xcd, 0x00))  # 3
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x00, 0x00, 0xee))  # 4
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xcd, 0x00, 0xcd))  # 5
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x00, 0xcd, 0xcd))  # 6
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xe5, 0xe5, 0xe5))  # 7
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x7f, 0x7f, 0x7f))  # 8
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xff, 0x00, 0x00))  # 9
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x00, 0xff, 0x00))  # 10
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xff, 0xff, 0x00))  # 11
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x5c, 0x5c, 0xff))  # 12
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xff, 0x00, 0xff))  # 13
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0x00, 0xff, 0xff))  # 14
+        self.xterm_colors.append((0xff, 0xff, 0xff))  # 15
+
+        # colors 16..232: the 6x6x6 color cube
+
+        valuerange = (0x00, 0x5f, 0x87, 0xaf, 0xd7, 0xff)
+
+        for i in range(217):
+            r = valuerange[(i // 36) % 6]
+            g = valuerange[(i // 6) % 6]
+            b = valuerange[i % 6]
+            self.xterm_colors.append((r, g, b))
+
+        # colors 233..253: grayscale
+
+        for i in range(1, 22):
+            v = 8 + i * 10
+            self.xterm_colors.append((v, v, v))
+
+    def _closest_color(self, r, g, b):
+        distance = 257*257*3  # "infinity" (>distance from #000000 to #ffffff)
+        match = 0
+
+        for i in range(0, 254):
+            values = self.xterm_colors[i]
+
+            rd = r - values[0]
+            gd = g - values[1]
+            bd = b - values[2]
+            d = rd*rd + gd*gd + bd*bd
+
+            if d < distance:
+                match = i
+                distance = d
+        return match
+
+    def _color_index(self, color):
+        index = self.best_match.get(color, None)
+        if color in ansicolors:
+            # strip the `ansi/#ansi` part and look up code
+            index = color
+            self.best_match[color] = index
+        if index is None:
+            try:
+                rgb = int(str(color), 16)
+            except ValueError:
+                rgb = 0
+
+            r = (rgb >> 16) & 0xff
+            g = (rgb >> 8) & 0xff
+            b = rgb & 0xff
+            index = self._closest_color(r, g, b)
+            self.best_match[color] = index
+        return index
+
+    def _setup_styles(self):
+        for ttype, ndef in self.style:
+            escape = EscapeSequence()
+            # get foreground from ansicolor if set
+            if ndef['ansicolor']:
+                escape.fg = self._color_index(ndef['ansicolor'])
+            elif ndef['color']:
+                escape.fg = self._color_index(ndef['color'])
+            if ndef['bgansicolor']:
+                escape.bg = self._color_index(ndef['bgansicolor'])
+            elif ndef['bgcolor']:
+                escape.bg = self._color_index(ndef['bgcolor'])
+            if self.usebold and ndef['bold']:
+                escape.bold = True
+            if self.useunderline and ndef['underline']:
+                escape.underline = True
+            if self.useitalic and ndef['italic']:
+                escape.italic = True
+            self.style_string[str(ttype)] = (escape.color_string(),
+                                             escape.reset_string())
+
+    def _write_lineno(self, outfile):
+        self._lineno += 1
+        outfile.write("%s%04d: " % (self._lineno != 1 and '\n' or '', self._lineno))
+
+    def format(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        return Formatter.format(self, tokensource, outfile)
+
+    def format_unencoded(self, tokensource, outfile):
+        if self.linenos:
+            self._write_lineno(outfile)
+
+        for ttype, value in tokensource:
+            not_found = True
+            while ttype and not_found:
+                try:
+                    # outfile.write( "<" + str(ttype) + ">" )
+                    on, off = self.style_string[str(ttype)]
+
+                    # Like TerminalFormatter, add "reset colors" escape sequence
+                    # on newline.
+                    spl = value.split('\n')
+                    for line in spl[:-1]:
+                        if line:
+                            outfile.write(on + line + off)
+                        if self.linenos:
+                            self._write_lineno(outfile)
+                        else:
+                            outfile.write('\n')
+
+                    if spl[-1]:
+                        outfile.write(on + spl[-1] + off)
+
+                    not_found = False
+                    # outfile.write( '#' + str(ttype) + '#' )
+
+                except KeyError:
+                    # ottype = ttype
+                    ttype = ttype.parent
+                    # outfile.write( '!' + str(ottype) + '->' + str(ttype) + '!' )
+
+            if not_found:
+                outfile.write(value)
+
+        if self.linenos:
+            outfile.write("\n")
+
+
+
+class TerminalTrueColorFormatter(Terminal256Formatter):
+    r"""
+    Format tokens with ANSI color sequences, for output in a true-color
+    terminal or console.  Like in `TerminalFormatter` color sequences
+    are terminated at newlines, so that paging the output works correctly.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.1
+
+    Options accepted:
+
+    `style`
+        The style to use, can be a string or a Style subclass (default:
+        ``'default'``).
+    """
+    name = 'TerminalTrueColor'
+    aliases = ['terminal16m', 'console16m', '16m']
+    filenames = []
+
+    def _build_color_table(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _color_tuple(self, color):
+        try:
+            rgb = int(str(color), 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+        r = (rgb >> 16) & 0xff
+        g = (rgb >> 8) & 0xff
+        b = rgb & 0xff
+        return (r, g, b)
+
+    def _setup_styles(self):
+        for ttype, ndef in self.style:
+            escape = EscapeSequence()
+            if ndef['color']:
+                escape.fg = self._color_tuple(ndef['color'])
+            if ndef['bgcolor']:
+                escape.bg = self._color_tuple(ndef['bgcolor'])
+            if self.usebold and ndef['bold']:
+                escape.bold = True
+            if self.useunderline and ndef['underline']:
+                escape.underline = True
+            if self.useitalic and ndef['italic']:
+                escape.italic = True
+            self.style_string[str(ttype)] = (escape.true_color_string(),
+                                             escape.reset_string())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb2c1b46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,943 @@
+"""
+    pygments.lexer
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Base lexer classes.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.filter import apply_filters, Filter
+from pip._vendor.pygments.filters import get_filter_by_name
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Error, Text, Other, Whitespace, _TokenType
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt, get_int_opt, get_list_opt, \
+    make_analysator, Future, guess_decode
+from pip._vendor.pygments.regexopt import regex_opt
+
+__all__ = ['Lexer', 'RegexLexer', 'ExtendedRegexLexer', 'DelegatingLexer',
+           'LexerContext', 'include', 'inherit', 'bygroups', 'using', 'this',
+           'default', 'words', 'line_re']
+
+line_re = re.compile('.*?\n')
+
+_encoding_map = [(b'\xef\xbb\xbf', 'utf-8'),
+                 (b'\xff\xfe\0\0', 'utf-32'),
+                 (b'\0\0\xfe\xff', 'utf-32be'),
+                 (b'\xff\xfe', 'utf-16'),
+                 (b'\xfe\xff', 'utf-16be')]
+
+_default_analyse = staticmethod(lambda x: 0.0)
+
+
+class LexerMeta(type):
+    """
+    This metaclass automagically converts ``analyse_text`` methods into
+    static methods which always return float values.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, d):
+        if 'analyse_text' in d:
+            d['analyse_text'] = make_analysator(d['analyse_text'])
+        return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, d)
+
+
+class Lexer(metaclass=LexerMeta):
+    """
+    Lexer for a specific language.
+
+    See also :doc:`lexerdevelopment`, a high-level guide to writing
+    lexers.
+
+    Lexer classes have attributes used for choosing the most appropriate
+    lexer based on various criteria.
+
+    .. autoattribute:: name
+       :no-value:
+    .. autoattribute:: aliases
+       :no-value:
+    .. autoattribute:: filenames
+       :no-value:
+    .. autoattribute:: alias_filenames
+    .. autoattribute:: mimetypes
+       :no-value:
+    .. autoattribute:: priority
+
+    Lexers included in Pygments should have an additional attribute:
+
+    .. autoattribute:: url
+       :no-value:
+
+    You can pass options to the constructor. The basic options recognized
+    by all lexers and processed by the base `Lexer` class are:
+
+    ``stripnl``
+        Strip leading and trailing newlines from the input (default: True).
+    ``stripall``
+        Strip all leading and trailing whitespace from the input
+        (default: False).
+    ``ensurenl``
+        Make sure that the input ends with a newline (default: True).  This
+        is required for some lexers that consume input linewise.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+    ``tabsize``
+        If given and greater than 0, expand tabs in the input (default: 0).
+    ``encoding``
+        If given, must be an encoding name. This encoding will be used to
+        convert the input string to Unicode, if it is not already a Unicode
+        string (default: ``'guess'``, which uses a simple UTF-8 / Locale /
+        Latin1 detection.  Can also be ``'chardet'`` to use the chardet
+        library, if it is installed.
+    ``inencoding``
+        Overrides the ``encoding`` if given.
+    """
+
+    #: Full name of the lexer, in human-readable form
+    name = None
+
+    #: A list of short, unique identifiers that can be used to look
+    #: up the lexer from a list, e.g., using `get_lexer_by_name()`.
+    aliases = []
+
+    #: A list of `fnmatch` patterns that match filenames which contain
+    #: content for this lexer. The patterns in this list should be unique among
+    #: all lexers.
+    filenames = []
+
+    #: A list of `fnmatch` patterns that match filenames which may or may not
+    #: contain content for this lexer. This list is used by the
+    #: :func:`.guess_lexer_for_filename()` function, to determine which lexers
+    #: are then included in guessing the correct one. That means that
+    #: e.g. every lexer for HTML and a template language should include
+    #: ``\*.html`` in this list.
+    alias_filenames = []
+
+    #: A list of MIME types for content that can be lexed with this lexer.
+    mimetypes = []
+
+    #: Priority, should multiple lexers match and no content is provided
+    priority = 0
+
+    #: URL of the language specification/definition. Used in the Pygments
+    #: documentation.
+    url = None
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        """
+        This constructor takes arbitrary options as keyword arguments.
+        Every subclass must first process its own options and then call
+        the `Lexer` constructor, since it processes the basic
+        options like `stripnl`.
+
+        An example looks like this:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: python
+
+           def __init__(self, **options):
+               self.compress = options.get('compress', '')
+               Lexer.__init__(self, **options)
+
+        As these options must all be specifiable as strings (due to the
+        command line usage), there are various utility functions
+        available to help with that, see `Utilities`_.
+        """
+        self.options = options
+        self.stripnl = get_bool_opt(options, 'stripnl', True)
+        self.stripall = get_bool_opt(options, 'stripall', False)
+        self.ensurenl = get_bool_opt(options, 'ensurenl', True)
+        self.tabsize = get_int_opt(options, 'tabsize', 0)
+        self.encoding = options.get('encoding', 'guess')
+        self.encoding = options.get('inencoding') or self.encoding
+        self.filters = []
+        for filter_ in get_list_opt(options, 'filters', ()):
+            self.add_filter(filter_)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.options:
+            return '<pygments.lexers.%s with %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                                                     self.options)
+        else:
+            return '<pygments.lexers.%s>' % self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def add_filter(self, filter_, **options):
+        """
+        Add a new stream filter to this lexer.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(filter_, Filter):
+            filter_ = get_filter_by_name(filter_, **options)
+        self.filters.append(filter_)
+
+    def analyse_text(text):
+        """
+        A static method which is called for lexer guessing.
+
+        It should analyse the text and return a float in the range
+        from ``0.0`` to ``1.0``.  If it returns ``0.0``, the lexer
+        will not be selected as the most probable one, if it returns
+        ``1.0``, it will be selected immediately.  This is used by
+        `guess_lexer`.
+
+        The `LexerMeta` metaclass automatically wraps this function so
+        that it works like a static method (no ``self`` or ``cls``
+        parameter) and the return value is automatically converted to
+        `float`. If the return value is an object that is boolean `False`
+        it's the same as if the return values was ``0.0``.
+        """
+
+    def get_tokens(self, text, unfiltered=False):
+        """
+        This method is the basic interface of a lexer. It is called by
+        the `highlight()` function. It must process the text and return an
+        iterable of ``(tokentype, value)`` pairs from `text`.
+
+        Normally, you don't need to override this method. The default
+        implementation processes the options recognized by all lexers
+        (`stripnl`, `stripall` and so on), and then yields all tokens
+        from `get_tokens_unprocessed()`, with the ``index`` dropped.
+
+        If `unfiltered` is set to `True`, the filtering mechanism is
+        bypassed even if filters are defined.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(text, str):
+            if self.encoding == 'guess':
+                text, _ = guess_decode(text)
+            elif self.encoding == 'chardet':
+                try:
+                    from pip._vendor import chardet
+                except ImportError as e:
+                    raise ImportError('To enable chardet encoding guessing, '
+                                      'please install the chardet library '
+                                      'from http://chardet.feedparser.org/') from e
+                # check for BOM first
+                decoded = None
+                for bom, encoding in _encoding_map:
+                    if text.startswith(bom):
+                        decoded = text[len(bom):].decode(encoding, 'replace')
+                        break
+                # no BOM found, so use chardet
+                if decoded is None:
+                    enc = chardet.detect(text[:1024])  # Guess using first 1KB
+                    decoded = text.decode(enc.get('encoding') or 'utf-8',
+                                          'replace')
+                text = decoded
+            else:
+                text = text.decode(self.encoding)
+                if text.startswith('\ufeff'):
+                    text = text[len('\ufeff'):]
+        else:
+            if text.startswith('\ufeff'):
+                text = text[len('\ufeff'):]
+
+        # text now *is* a unicode string
+        text = text.replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        text = text.replace('\r', '\n')
+        if self.stripall:
+            text = text.strip()
+        elif self.stripnl:
+            text = text.strip('\n')
+        if self.tabsize > 0:
+            text = text.expandtabs(self.tabsize)
+        if self.ensurenl and not text.endswith('\n'):
+            text += '\n'
+
+        def streamer():
+            for _, t, v in self.get_tokens_unprocessed(text):
+                yield t, v
+        stream = streamer()
+        if not unfiltered:
+            stream = apply_filters(stream, self.filters, self)
+        return stream
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text):
+        """
+        This method should process the text and return an iterable of
+        ``(index, tokentype, value)`` tuples where ``index`` is the starting
+        position of the token within the input text.
+
+        It must be overridden by subclasses. It is recommended to
+        implement it as a generator to maximize effectiveness.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class DelegatingLexer(Lexer):
+    """
+    This lexer takes two lexer as arguments. A root lexer and
+    a language lexer. First everything is scanned using the language
+    lexer, afterwards all ``Other`` tokens are lexed using the root
+    lexer.
+
+    The lexers from the ``template`` lexer package use this base lexer.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, _root_lexer, _language_lexer, _needle=Other, **options):
+        self.root_lexer = _root_lexer(**options)
+        self.language_lexer = _language_lexer(**options)
+        self.needle = _needle
+        Lexer.__init__(self, **options)
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text):
+        buffered = ''
+        insertions = []
+        lng_buffer = []
+        for i, t, v in self.language_lexer.get_tokens_unprocessed(text):
+            if t is self.needle:
+                if lng_buffer:
+                    insertions.append((len(buffered), lng_buffer))
+                    lng_buffer = []
+                buffered += v
+            else:
+                lng_buffer.append((i, t, v))
+        if lng_buffer:
+            insertions.append((len(buffered), lng_buffer))
+        return do_insertions(insertions,
+                             self.root_lexer.get_tokens_unprocessed(buffered))
+
+
+# ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# RegexLexer and ExtendedRegexLexer
+#
+
+
+class include(str):  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+    """
+    Indicates that a state should include rules from another state.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class _inherit:
+    """
+    Indicates the a state should inherit from its superclass.
+    """
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'inherit'
+
+inherit = _inherit()  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+
+
+class combined(tuple):  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
+    """
+    Indicates a state combined from multiple states.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        return tuple.__new__(cls, args)
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        # tuple.__init__ doesn't do anything
+        pass
+
+
+class _PseudoMatch:
+    """
+    A pseudo match object constructed from a string.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, start, text):
+        self._text = text
+        self._start = start
+
+    def start(self, arg=None):
+        return self._start
+
+    def end(self, arg=None):
+        return self._start + len(self._text)
+
+    def group(self, arg=None):
+        if arg:
+            raise IndexError('No such group')
+        return self._text
+
+    def groups(self):
+        return (self._text,)
+
+    def groupdict(self):
+        return {}
+
+
+def bygroups(*args):
+    """
+    Callback that yields multiple actions for each group in the match.
+    """
+    def callback(lexer, match, ctx=None):
+        for i, action in enumerate(args):
+            if action is None:
+                continue
+            elif type(action) is _TokenType:
+                data = match.group(i + 1)
+                if data:
+                    yield match.start(i + 1), action, data
+            else:
+                data = match.group(i + 1)
+                if data is not None:
+                    if ctx:
+                        ctx.pos = match.start(i + 1)
+                    for item in action(lexer,
+                                       _PseudoMatch(match.start(i + 1), data), ctx):
+                        if item:
+                            yield item
+        if ctx:
+            ctx.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+
+class _This:
+    """
+    Special singleton used for indicating the caller class.
+    Used by ``using``.
+    """
+
+this = _This()
+
+
+def using(_other, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Callback that processes the match with a different lexer.
+
+    The keyword arguments are forwarded to the lexer, except `state` which
+    is handled separately.
+
+    `state` specifies the state that the new lexer will start in, and can
+    be an enumerable such as ('root', 'inline', 'string') or a simple
+    string which is assumed to be on top of the root state.
+
+    Note: For that to work, `_other` must not be an `ExtendedRegexLexer`.
+    """
+    gt_kwargs = {}
+    if 'state' in kwargs:
+        s = kwargs.pop('state')
+        if isinstance(s, (list, tuple)):
+            gt_kwargs['stack'] = s
+        else:
+            gt_kwargs['stack'] = ('root', s)
+
+    if _other is this:
+        def callback(lexer, match, ctx=None):
+            # if keyword arguments are given the callback
+            # function has to create a new lexer instance
+            if kwargs:
+                # XXX: cache that somehow
+                kwargs.update(lexer.options)
+                lx = lexer.__class__(**kwargs)
+            else:
+                lx = lexer
+            s = match.start()
+            for i, t, v in lx.get_tokens_unprocessed(match.group(), **gt_kwargs):
+                yield i + s, t, v
+            if ctx:
+                ctx.pos = match.end()
+    else:
+        def callback(lexer, match, ctx=None):
+            # XXX: cache that somehow
+            kwargs.update(lexer.options)
+            lx = _other(**kwargs)
+
+            s = match.start()
+            for i, t, v in lx.get_tokens_unprocessed(match.group(), **gt_kwargs):
+                yield i + s, t, v
+            if ctx:
+                ctx.pos = match.end()
+    return callback
+
+
+class default:
+    """
+    Indicates a state or state action (e.g. #pop) to apply.
+    For example default('#pop') is equivalent to ('', Token, '#pop')
+    Note that state tuples may be used as well.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    def __init__(self, state):
+        self.state = state
+
+
+class words(Future):
+    """
+    Indicates a list of literal words that is transformed into an optimized
+    regex that matches any of the words.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+    def __init__(self, words, prefix='', suffix=''):
+        self.words = words
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.suffix = suffix
+
+    def get(self):
+        return regex_opt(self.words, prefix=self.prefix, suffix=self.suffix)
+
+
+class RegexLexerMeta(LexerMeta):
+    """
+    Metaclass for RegexLexer, creates the self._tokens attribute from
+    self.tokens on the first instantiation.
+    """
+
+    def _process_regex(cls, regex, rflags, state):
+        """Preprocess the regular expression component of a token definition."""
+        if isinstance(regex, Future):
+            regex = regex.get()
+        return re.compile(regex, rflags).match
+
+    def _process_token(cls, token):
+        """Preprocess the token component of a token definition."""
+        assert type(token) is _TokenType or callable(token), \
+            'token type must be simple type or callable, not %r' % (token,)
+        return token
+
+    def _process_new_state(cls, new_state, unprocessed, processed):
+        """Preprocess the state transition action of a token definition."""
+        if isinstance(new_state, str):
+            # an existing state
+            if new_state == '#pop':
+                return -1
+            elif new_state in unprocessed:
+                return (new_state,)
+            elif new_state == '#push':
+                return new_state
+            elif new_state[:5] == '#pop:':
+                return -int(new_state[5:])
+            else:
+                assert False, 'unknown new state %r' % new_state
+        elif isinstance(new_state, combined):
+            # combine a new state from existing ones
+            tmp_state = '_tmp_%d' % cls._tmpname
+            cls._tmpname += 1
+            itokens = []
+            for istate in new_state:
+                assert istate != new_state, 'circular state ref %r' % istate
+                itokens.extend(cls._process_state(unprocessed,
+                                                  processed, istate))
+            processed[tmp_state] = itokens
+            return (tmp_state,)
+        elif isinstance(new_state, tuple):
+            # push more than one state
+            for istate in new_state:
+                assert (istate in unprocessed or
+                        istate in ('#pop', '#push')), \
+                    'unknown new state ' + istate
+            return new_state
+        else:
+            assert False, 'unknown new state def %r' % new_state
+
+    def _process_state(cls, unprocessed, processed, state):
+        """Preprocess a single state definition."""
+        assert type(state) is str, "wrong state name %r" % state
+        assert state[0] != '#', "invalid state name %r" % state
+        if state in processed:
+            return processed[state]
+        tokens = processed[state] = []
+        rflags = cls.flags
+        for tdef in unprocessed[state]:
+            if isinstance(tdef, include):
+                # it's a state reference
+                assert tdef != state, "circular state reference %r" % state
+                tokens.extend(cls._process_state(unprocessed, processed,
+                                                 str(tdef)))
+                continue
+            if isinstance(tdef, _inherit):
+                # should be processed already, but may not in the case of:
+                # 1. the state has no counterpart in any parent
+                # 2. the state includes more than one 'inherit'
+                continue
+            if isinstance(tdef, default):
+                new_state = cls._process_new_state(tdef.state, unprocessed, processed)
+                tokens.append((re.compile('').match, None, new_state))
+                continue
+
+            assert type(tdef) is tuple, "wrong rule def %r" % tdef
+
+            try:
+                rex = cls._process_regex(tdef[0], rflags, state)
+            except Exception as err:
+                raise ValueError("uncompilable regex %r in state %r of %r: %s" %
+                                 (tdef[0], state, cls, err)) from err
+
+            token = cls._process_token(tdef[1])
+
+            if len(tdef) == 2:
+                new_state = None
+            else:
+                new_state = cls._process_new_state(tdef[2],
+                                                   unprocessed, processed)
+
+            tokens.append((rex, token, new_state))
+        return tokens
+
+    def process_tokendef(cls, name, tokendefs=None):
+        """Preprocess a dictionary of token definitions."""
+        processed = cls._all_tokens[name] = {}
+        tokendefs = tokendefs or cls.tokens[name]
+        for state in list(tokendefs):
+            cls._process_state(tokendefs, processed, state)
+        return processed
+
+    def get_tokendefs(cls):
+        """
+        Merge tokens from superclasses in MRO order, returning a single tokendef
+        dictionary.
+
+        Any state that is not defined by a subclass will be inherited
+        automatically.  States that *are* defined by subclasses will, by
+        default, override that state in the superclass.  If a subclass wishes to
+        inherit definitions from a superclass, it can use the special value
+        "inherit", which will cause the superclass' state definition to be
+        included at that point in the state.
+        """
+        tokens = {}
+        inheritable = {}
+        for c in cls.__mro__:
+            toks = c.__dict__.get('tokens', {})
+
+            for state, items in toks.items():
+                curitems = tokens.get(state)
+                if curitems is None:
+                    # N.b. because this is assigned by reference, sufficiently
+                    # deep hierarchies are processed incrementally (e.g. for
+                    # A(B), B(C), C(RegexLexer), B will be premodified so X(B)
+                    # will not see any inherits in B).
+                    tokens[state] = items
+                    try:
+                        inherit_ndx = items.index(inherit)
+                    except ValueError:
+                        continue
+                    inheritable[state] = inherit_ndx
+                    continue
+
+                inherit_ndx = inheritable.pop(state, None)
+                if inherit_ndx is None:
+                    continue
+
+                # Replace the "inherit" value with the items
+                curitems[inherit_ndx:inherit_ndx+1] = items
+                try:
+                    # N.b. this is the index in items (that is, the superclass
+                    # copy), so offset required when storing below.
+                    new_inh_ndx = items.index(inherit)
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    inheritable[state] = inherit_ndx + new_inh_ndx
+
+        return tokens
+
+    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+        """Instantiate cls after preprocessing its token definitions."""
+        if '_tokens' not in cls.__dict__:
+            cls._all_tokens = {}
+            cls._tmpname = 0
+            if hasattr(cls, 'token_variants') and cls.token_variants:
+                # don't process yet
+                pass
+            else:
+                cls._tokens = cls.process_tokendef('', cls.get_tokendefs())
+
+        return type.__call__(cls, *args, **kwds)
+
+
+class RegexLexer(Lexer, metaclass=RegexLexerMeta):
+    """
+    Base for simple stateful regular expression-based lexers.
+    Simplifies the lexing process so that you need only
+    provide a list of states and regular expressions.
+    """
+
+    #: Flags for compiling the regular expressions.
+    #: Defaults to MULTILINE.
+    flags = re.MULTILINE
+
+    #: At all time there is a stack of states. Initially, the stack contains
+    #: a single state 'root'. The top of the stack is called "the current state".
+    #:
+    #: Dict of ``{'state': [(regex, tokentype, new_state), ...], ...}``
+    #:
+    #: ``new_state`` can be omitted to signify no state transition.
+    #: If ``new_state`` is a string, it is pushed on the stack. This ensure
+    #: the new current state is ``new_state``.
+    #: If ``new_state`` is a tuple of strings, all of those strings are pushed
+    #: on the stack and the current state will be the last element of the list.
+    #: ``new_state`` can also be ``combined('state1', 'state2', ...)``
+    #: to signify a new, anonymous state combined from the rules of two
+    #: or more existing ones.
+    #: Furthermore, it can be '#pop' to signify going back one step in
+    #: the state stack, or '#push' to push the current state on the stack
+    #: again. Note that if you push while in a combined state, the combined
+    #: state itself is pushed, and not only the state in which the rule is
+    #: defined.
+    #:
+    #: The tuple can also be replaced with ``include('state')``, in which
+    #: case the rules from the state named by the string are included in the
+    #: current one.
+    tokens = {}
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text, stack=('root',)):
+        """
+        Split ``text`` into (tokentype, text) pairs.
+
+        ``stack`` is the initial stack (default: ``['root']``)
+        """
+        pos = 0
+        tokendefs = self._tokens
+        statestack = list(stack)
+        statetokens = tokendefs[statestack[-1]]
+        while 1:
+            for rexmatch, action, new_state in statetokens:
+                m = rexmatch(text, pos)
+                if m:
+                    if action is not None:
+                        if type(action) is _TokenType:
+                            yield pos, action, m.group()
+                        else:
+                            yield from action(self, m)
+                    pos = m.end()
+                    if new_state is not None:
+                        # state transition
+                        if isinstance(new_state, tuple):
+                            for state in new_state:
+                                if state == '#pop':
+                                    if len(statestack) > 1:
+                                        statestack.pop()
+                                elif state == '#push':
+                                    statestack.append(statestack[-1])
+                                else:
+                                    statestack.append(state)
+                        elif isinstance(new_state, int):
+                            # pop, but keep at least one state on the stack
+                            # (random code leading to unexpected pops should
+                            # not allow exceptions)
+                            if abs(new_state) >= len(statestack):
+                                del statestack[1:]
+                            else:
+                                del statestack[new_state:]
+                        elif new_state == '#push':
+                            statestack.append(statestack[-1])
+                        else:
+                            assert False, "wrong state def: %r" % new_state
+                        statetokens = tokendefs[statestack[-1]]
+                    break
+            else:
+                # We are here only if all state tokens have been considered
+                # and there was not a match on any of them.
+                try:
+                    if text[pos] == '\n':
+                        # at EOL, reset state to "root"
+                        statestack = ['root']
+                        statetokens = tokendefs['root']
+                        yield pos, Whitespace, '\n'
+                        pos += 1
+                        continue
+                    yield pos, Error, text[pos]
+                    pos += 1
+                except IndexError:
+                    break
+
+
+class LexerContext:
+    """
+    A helper object that holds lexer position data.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, text, pos, stack=None, end=None):
+        self.text = text
+        self.pos = pos
+        self.end = end or len(text)  # end=0 not supported ;-)
+        self.stack = stack or ['root']
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'LexerContext(%r, %r, %r)' % (
+            self.text, self.pos, self.stack)
+
+
+class ExtendedRegexLexer(RegexLexer):
+    """
+    A RegexLexer that uses a context object to store its state.
+    """
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text=None, context=None):
+        """
+        Split ``text`` into (tokentype, text) pairs.
+        If ``context`` is given, use this lexer context instead.
+        """
+        tokendefs = self._tokens
+        if not context:
+            ctx = LexerContext(text, 0)
+            statetokens = tokendefs['root']
+        else:
+            ctx = context
+            statetokens = tokendefs[ctx.stack[-1]]
+            text = ctx.text
+        while 1:
+            for rexmatch, action, new_state in statetokens:
+                m = rexmatch(text, ctx.pos, ctx.end)
+                if m:
+                    if action is not None:
+                        if type(action) is _TokenType:
+                            yield ctx.pos, action, m.group()
+                            ctx.pos = m.end()
+                        else:
+                            yield from action(self, m, ctx)
+                            if not new_state:
+                                # altered the state stack?
+                                statetokens = tokendefs[ctx.stack[-1]]
+                    # CAUTION: callback must set ctx.pos!
+                    if new_state is not None:
+                        # state transition
+                        if isinstance(new_state, tuple):
+                            for state in new_state:
+                                if state == '#pop':
+                                    if len(ctx.stack) > 1:
+                                        ctx.stack.pop()
+                                elif state == '#push':
+                                    ctx.stack.append(ctx.stack[-1])
+                                else:
+                                    ctx.stack.append(state)
+                        elif isinstance(new_state, int):
+                            # see RegexLexer for why this check is made
+                            if abs(new_state) >= len(ctx.stack):
+                                del ctx.stack[1:]
+                            else:
+                                del ctx.stack[new_state:]
+                        elif new_state == '#push':
+                            ctx.stack.append(ctx.stack[-1])
+                        else:
+                            assert False, "wrong state def: %r" % new_state
+                        statetokens = tokendefs[ctx.stack[-1]]
+                    break
+            else:
+                try:
+                    if ctx.pos >= ctx.end:
+                        break
+                    if text[ctx.pos] == '\n':
+                        # at EOL, reset state to "root"
+                        ctx.stack = ['root']
+                        statetokens = tokendefs['root']
+                        yield ctx.pos, Text, '\n'
+                        ctx.pos += 1
+                        continue
+                    yield ctx.pos, Error, text[ctx.pos]
+                    ctx.pos += 1
+                except IndexError:
+                    break
+
+
+def do_insertions(insertions, tokens):
+    """
+    Helper for lexers which must combine the results of several
+    sublexers.
+
+    ``insertions`` is a list of ``(index, itokens)`` pairs.
+    Each ``itokens`` iterable should be inserted at position
+    ``index`` into the token stream given by the ``tokens``
+    argument.
+
+    The result is a combined token stream.
+
+    TODO: clean up the code here.
+    """
+    insertions = iter(insertions)
+    try:
+        index, itokens = next(insertions)
+    except StopIteration:
+        # no insertions
+        yield from tokens
+        return
+
+    realpos = None
+    insleft = True
+
+    # iterate over the token stream where we want to insert
+    # the tokens from the insertion list.
+    for i, t, v in tokens:
+        # first iteration. store the position of first item
+        if realpos is None:
+            realpos = i
+        oldi = 0
+        while insleft and i + len(v) >= index:
+            tmpval = v[oldi:index - i]
+            if tmpval:
+                yield realpos, t, tmpval
+                realpos += len(tmpval)
+            for it_index, it_token, it_value in itokens:
+                yield realpos, it_token, it_value
+                realpos += len(it_value)
+            oldi = index - i
+            try:
+                index, itokens = next(insertions)
+            except StopIteration:
+                insleft = False
+                break  # not strictly necessary
+        if oldi < len(v):
+            yield realpos, t, v[oldi:]
+            realpos += len(v) - oldi
+
+    # leftover tokens
+    while insleft:
+        # no normal tokens, set realpos to zero
+        realpos = realpos or 0
+        for p, t, v in itokens:
+            yield realpos, t, v
+            realpos += len(v)
+        try:
+            index, itokens = next(insertions)
+        except StopIteration:
+            insleft = False
+            break  # not strictly necessary
+
+
+class ProfilingRegexLexerMeta(RegexLexerMeta):
+    """Metaclass for ProfilingRegexLexer, collects regex timing info."""
+
+    def _process_regex(cls, regex, rflags, state):
+        if isinstance(regex, words):
+            rex = regex_opt(regex.words, prefix=regex.prefix,
+                            suffix=regex.suffix)
+        else:
+            rex = regex
+        compiled = re.compile(rex, rflags)
+
+        def match_func(text, pos, endpos=sys.maxsize):
+            info = cls._prof_data[-1].setdefault((state, rex), [0, 0.0])
+            t0 = time.time()
+            res = compiled.match(text, pos, endpos)
+            t1 = time.time()
+            info[0] += 1
+            info[1] += t1 - t0
+            return res
+        return match_func
+
+
+class ProfilingRegexLexer(RegexLexer, metaclass=ProfilingRegexLexerMeta):
+    """Drop-in replacement for RegexLexer that does profiling of its regexes."""
+
+    _prof_data = []
+    _prof_sort_index = 4  # defaults to time per call
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text, stack=('root',)):
+        # this needs to be a stack, since using(this) will produce nested calls
+        self.__class__._prof_data.append({})
+        yield from RegexLexer.get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text, stack)
+        rawdata = self.__class__._prof_data.pop()
+        data = sorted(((s, repr(r).strip('u\'').replace('\\\\', '\\')[:65],
+                        n, 1000 * t, 1000 * t / n)
+                       for ((s, r), (n, t)) in rawdata.items()),
+                      key=lambda x: x[self._prof_sort_index],
+                      reverse=True)
+        sum_total = sum(x[3] for x in data)
+
+        print()
+        print('Profiling result for %s lexing %d chars in %.3f ms' %
+              (self.__class__.__name__, len(text), sum_total))
+        print('=' * 110)
+        print('%-20s %-64s ncalls  tottime  percall' % ('state', 'regex'))
+        print('-' * 110)
+        for d in data:
+            print('%-20s %-65s %5d %8.4f %8.4f' % d)
+        print('=' * 110)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d97c3e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,362 @@
+"""
+    pygments.lexers
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Pygments lexers.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+import fnmatch
+from os.path import basename
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers._mapping import LEXERS
+from pip._vendor.pygments.modeline import get_filetype_from_buffer
+from pip._vendor.pygments.plugin import find_plugin_lexers
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import ClassNotFound, guess_decode
+
+COMPAT = {
+    'Python3Lexer': 'PythonLexer',
+    'Python3TracebackLexer': 'PythonTracebackLexer',
+}
+
+__all__ = ['get_lexer_by_name', 'get_lexer_for_filename', 'find_lexer_class',
+           'guess_lexer', 'load_lexer_from_file'] + list(LEXERS) + list(COMPAT)
+
+_lexer_cache = {}
+_pattern_cache = {}
+
+
+def _fn_matches(fn, glob):
+    """Return whether the supplied file name fn matches pattern filename."""
+    if glob not in _pattern_cache:
+        pattern = _pattern_cache[glob] = re.compile(fnmatch.translate(glob))
+        return pattern.match(fn)
+    return _pattern_cache[glob].match(fn)
+
+
+def _load_lexers(module_name):
+    """Load a lexer (and all others in the module too)."""
+    mod = __import__(module_name, None, None, ['__all__'])
+    for lexer_name in mod.__all__:
+        cls = getattr(mod, lexer_name)
+        _lexer_cache[cls.name] = cls
+
+
+def get_all_lexers(plugins=True):
+    """Return a generator of tuples in the form ``(name, aliases,
+    filenames, mimetypes)`` of all know lexers.
+
+    If *plugins* is true (the default), plugin lexers supplied by entrypoints
+    are also returned.  Otherwise, only builtin ones are considered.
+    """
+    for item in LEXERS.values():
+        yield item[1:]
+    if plugins:
+        for lexer in find_plugin_lexers():
+            yield lexer.name, lexer.aliases, lexer.filenames, lexer.mimetypes
+
+
+def find_lexer_class(name):
+    """
+    Return the `Lexer` subclass that with the *name* attribute as given by
+    the *name* argument.
+    """
+    if name in _lexer_cache:
+        return _lexer_cache[name]
+    # lookup builtin lexers
+    for module_name, lname, aliases, _, _ in LEXERS.values():
+        if name == lname:
+            _load_lexers(module_name)
+            return _lexer_cache[name]
+    # continue with lexers from setuptools entrypoints
+    for cls in find_plugin_lexers():
+        if cls.name == name:
+            return cls
+
+
+def find_lexer_class_by_name(_alias):
+    """
+    Return the `Lexer` subclass that has `alias` in its aliases list, without
+    instantiating it.
+
+    Like `get_lexer_by_name`, but does not instantiate the class.
+
+    Will raise :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` if no lexer with that alias is
+    found.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.2
+    """
+    if not _alias:
+        raise ClassNotFound('no lexer for alias %r found' % _alias)
+    # lookup builtin lexers
+    for module_name, name, aliases, _, _ in LEXERS.values():
+        if _alias.lower() in aliases:
+            if name not in _lexer_cache:
+                _load_lexers(module_name)
+            return _lexer_cache[name]
+    # continue with lexers from setuptools entrypoints
+    for cls in find_plugin_lexers():
+        if _alias.lower() in cls.aliases:
+            return cls
+    raise ClassNotFound('no lexer for alias %r found' % _alias)
+
+
+def get_lexer_by_name(_alias, **options):
+    """
+    Return an instance of a `Lexer` subclass that has `alias` in its
+    aliases list. The lexer is given the `options` at its
+    instantiation.
+
+    Will raise :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` if no lexer with that alias is
+    found.
+    """
+    if not _alias:
+        raise ClassNotFound('no lexer for alias %r found' % _alias)
+
+    # lookup builtin lexers
+    for module_name, name, aliases, _, _ in LEXERS.values():
+        if _alias.lower() in aliases:
+            if name not in _lexer_cache:
+                _load_lexers(module_name)
+            return _lexer_cache[name](**options)
+    # continue with lexers from setuptools entrypoints
+    for cls in find_plugin_lexers():
+        if _alias.lower() in cls.aliases:
+            return cls(**options)
+    raise ClassNotFound('no lexer for alias %r found' % _alias)
+
+
+def load_lexer_from_file(filename, lexername="CustomLexer", **options):
+    """Load a lexer from a file.
+
+    This method expects a file located relative to the current working
+    directory, which contains a Lexer class. By default, it expects the
+    Lexer to be name CustomLexer; you can specify your own class name
+    as the second argument to this function.
+
+    Users should be very careful with the input, because this method
+    is equivalent to running eval on the input file.
+
+    Raises ClassNotFound if there are any problems importing the Lexer.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.2
+    """
+    try:
+        # This empty dict will contain the namespace for the exec'd file
+        custom_namespace = {}
+        with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+            exec(f.read(), custom_namespace)
+        # Retrieve the class `lexername` from that namespace
+        if lexername not in custom_namespace:
+            raise ClassNotFound('no valid %s class found in %s' %
+                                (lexername, filename))
+        lexer_class = custom_namespace[lexername]
+        # And finally instantiate it with the options
+        return lexer_class(**options)
+    except OSError as err:
+        raise ClassNotFound('cannot read %s: %s' % (filename, err))
+    except ClassNotFound:
+        raise
+    except Exception as err:
+        raise ClassNotFound('error when loading custom lexer: %s' % err)
+
+
+def find_lexer_class_for_filename(_fn, code=None):
+    """Get a lexer for a filename.
+
+    If multiple lexers match the filename pattern, use ``analyse_text()`` to
+    figure out which one is more appropriate.
+
+    Returns None if not found.
+    """
+    matches = []
+    fn = basename(_fn)
+    for modname, name, _, filenames, _ in LEXERS.values():
+        for filename in filenames:
+            if _fn_matches(fn, filename):
+                if name not in _lexer_cache:
+                    _load_lexers(modname)
+                matches.append((_lexer_cache[name], filename))
+    for cls in find_plugin_lexers():
+        for filename in cls.filenames:
+            if _fn_matches(fn, filename):
+                matches.append((cls, filename))
+
+    if isinstance(code, bytes):
+        # decode it, since all analyse_text functions expect unicode
+        code = guess_decode(code)
+
+    def get_rating(info):
+        cls, filename = info
+        # explicit patterns get a bonus
+        bonus = '*' not in filename and 0.5 or 0
+        # The class _always_ defines analyse_text because it's included in
+        # the Lexer class.  The default implementation returns None which
+        # gets turned into 0.0.  Run scripts/detect_missing_analyse_text.py
+        # to find lexers which need it overridden.
+        if code:
+            return cls.analyse_text(code) + bonus, cls.__name__
+        return cls.priority + bonus, cls.__name__
+
+    if matches:
+        matches.sort(key=get_rating)
+        # print "Possible lexers, after sort:", matches
+        return matches[-1][0]
+
+
+def get_lexer_for_filename(_fn, code=None, **options):
+    """Get a lexer for a filename.
+
+    Return a `Lexer` subclass instance that has a filename pattern
+    matching `fn`. The lexer is given the `options` at its
+    instantiation.
+
+    Raise :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` if no lexer for that filename
+    is found.
+
+    If multiple lexers match the filename pattern, use their ``analyse_text()``
+    methods to figure out which one is more appropriate.
+    """
+    res = find_lexer_class_for_filename(_fn, code)
+    if not res:
+        raise ClassNotFound('no lexer for filename %r found' % _fn)
+    return res(**options)
+
+
+def get_lexer_for_mimetype(_mime, **options):
+    """
+    Return a `Lexer` subclass instance that has `mime` in its mimetype
+    list. The lexer is given the `options` at its instantiation.
+
+    Will raise :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` if not lexer for that mimetype
+    is found.
+    """
+    for modname, name, _, _, mimetypes in LEXERS.values():
+        if _mime in mimetypes:
+            if name not in _lexer_cache:
+                _load_lexers(modname)
+            return _lexer_cache[name](**options)
+    for cls in find_plugin_lexers():
+        if _mime in cls.mimetypes:
+            return cls(**options)
+    raise ClassNotFound('no lexer for mimetype %r found' % _mime)
+
+
+def _iter_lexerclasses(plugins=True):
+    """Return an iterator over all lexer classes."""
+    for key in sorted(LEXERS):
+        module_name, name = LEXERS[key][:2]
+        if name not in _lexer_cache:
+            _load_lexers(module_name)
+        yield _lexer_cache[name]
+    if plugins:
+        yield from find_plugin_lexers()
+
+
+def guess_lexer_for_filename(_fn, _text, **options):
+    """
+    As :func:`guess_lexer()`, but only lexers which have a pattern in `filenames`
+    or `alias_filenames` that matches `filename` are taken into consideration.
+
+    :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` is raised if no lexer thinks it can
+    handle the content.
+    """
+    fn = basename(_fn)
+    primary = {}
+    matching_lexers = set()
+    for lexer in _iter_lexerclasses():
+        for filename in lexer.filenames:
+            if _fn_matches(fn, filename):
+                matching_lexers.add(lexer)
+                primary[lexer] = True
+        for filename in lexer.alias_filenames:
+            if _fn_matches(fn, filename):
+                matching_lexers.add(lexer)
+                primary[lexer] = False
+    if not matching_lexers:
+        raise ClassNotFound('no lexer for filename %r found' % fn)
+    if len(matching_lexers) == 1:
+        return matching_lexers.pop()(**options)
+    result = []
+    for lexer in matching_lexers:
+        rv = lexer.analyse_text(_text)
+        if rv == 1.0:
+            return lexer(**options)
+        result.append((rv, lexer))
+
+    def type_sort(t):
+        # sort by:
+        # - analyse score
+        # - is primary filename pattern?
+        # - priority
+        # - last resort: class name
+        return (t[0], primary[t[1]], t[1].priority, t[1].__name__)
+    result.sort(key=type_sort)
+
+    return result[-1][1](**options)
+
+
+def guess_lexer(_text, **options):
+    """
+    Return a `Lexer` subclass instance that's guessed from the text in
+    `text`. For that, the :meth:`.analyse_text()` method of every known lexer
+    class is called with the text as argument, and the lexer which returned the
+    highest value will be instantiated and returned.
+
+    :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` is raised if no lexer thinks it can
+    handle the content.
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(_text, str):
+        inencoding = options.get('inencoding', options.get('encoding'))
+        if inencoding:
+            _text = _text.decode(inencoding or 'utf8')
+        else:
+            _text, _ = guess_decode(_text)
+
+    # try to get a vim modeline first
+    ft = get_filetype_from_buffer(_text)
+
+    if ft is not None:
+        try:
+            return get_lexer_by_name(ft, **options)
+        except ClassNotFound:
+            pass
+
+    best_lexer = [0.0, None]
+    for lexer in _iter_lexerclasses():
+        rv = lexer.analyse_text(_text)
+        if rv == 1.0:
+            return lexer(**options)
+        if rv > best_lexer[0]:
+            best_lexer[:] = (rv, lexer)
+    if not best_lexer[0] or best_lexer[1] is None:
+        raise ClassNotFound('no lexer matching the text found')
+    return best_lexer[1](**options)
+
+
+class _automodule(types.ModuleType):
+    """Automatically import lexers."""
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        info = LEXERS.get(name)
+        if info:
+            _load_lexers(info[0])
+            cls = _lexer_cache[info[1]]
+            setattr(self, name, cls)
+            return cls
+        if name in COMPAT:
+            return getattr(self, COMPAT[name])
+        raise AttributeError(name)
+
+
+oldmod = sys.modules[__name__]
+newmod = _automodule(__name__)
+newmod.__dict__.update(oldmod.__dict__)
+sys.modules[__name__] = newmod
+del newmod.newmod, newmod.oldmod, newmod.sys, newmod.types
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/_mapping.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/_mapping.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de6a0153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/_mapping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+# Automatically generated by scripts/gen_mapfiles.py.
+# DO NOT EDIT BY HAND; run `tox -e mapfiles` instead.
+
+LEXERS = {
+    'ABAPLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.business', 'ABAP', ('abap',), ('*.abap', '*.ABAP'), ('text/x-abap',)),
+    'AMDGPULexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.amdgpu', 'AMDGPU', ('amdgpu',), ('*.isa',), ()),
+    'APLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.apl', 'APL', ('apl',), ('*.apl', '*.aplf', '*.aplo', '*.apln', '*.aplc', '*.apli', '*.dyalog'), ()),
+    'AbnfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.grammar_notation', 'ABNF', ('abnf',), ('*.abnf',), ('text/x-abnf',)),
+    'ActionScript3Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.actionscript', 'ActionScript 3', ('actionscript3', 'as3'), ('*.as',), ('application/x-actionscript3', 'text/x-actionscript3', 'text/actionscript3')),
+    'ActionScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.actionscript', 'ActionScript', ('actionscript', 'as'), ('*.as',), ('application/x-actionscript', 'text/x-actionscript', 'text/actionscript')),
+    'AdaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ada', 'Ada', ('ada', 'ada95', 'ada2005'), ('*.adb', '*.ads', '*.ada'), ('text/x-ada',)),
+    'AdlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.archetype', 'ADL', ('adl',), ('*.adl', '*.adls', '*.adlf', '*.adlx'), ()),
+    'AgdaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Agda', ('agda',), ('*.agda',), ('text/x-agda',)),
+    'AheuiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.esoteric', 'Aheui', ('aheui',), ('*.aheui',), ()),
+    'AlloyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Alloy', ('alloy',), ('*.als',), ('text/x-alloy',)),
+    'AmbientTalkLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ambient', 'AmbientTalk', ('ambienttalk', 'ambienttalk/2', 'at'), ('*.at',), ('text/x-ambienttalk',)),
+    'AmplLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ampl', 'Ampl', ('ampl',), ('*.run',), ()),
+    'Angular2HtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML + Angular2', ('html+ng2',), ('*.ng2',), ()),
+    'Angular2Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Angular2', ('ng2',), (), ()),
+    'AntlrActionScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With ActionScript Target', ('antlr-actionscript', 'antlr-as'), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'AntlrCSharpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With C# Target', ('antlr-csharp', 'antlr-c#'), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'AntlrCppLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With CPP Target', ('antlr-cpp',), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'AntlrJavaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With Java Target', ('antlr-java',), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'AntlrLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR', ('antlr',), (), ()),
+    'AntlrObjectiveCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With ObjectiveC Target', ('antlr-objc',), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'AntlrPerlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With Perl Target', ('antlr-perl',), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'AntlrPythonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With Python Target', ('antlr-python',), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'AntlrRubyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'ANTLR With Ruby Target', ('antlr-ruby', 'antlr-rb'), ('*.G', '*.g'), ()),
+    'ApacheConfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'ApacheConf', ('apacheconf', 'aconf', 'apache'), ('.htaccess', 'apache.conf', 'apache2.conf'), ('text/x-apacheconf',)),
+    'AppleScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'AppleScript', ('applescript',), ('*.applescript',), ()),
+    'ArduinoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'Arduino', ('arduino',), ('*.ino',), ('text/x-arduino',)),
+    'ArrowLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.arrow', 'Arrow', ('arrow',), ('*.arw',), ()),
+    'ArturoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.arturo', 'Arturo', ('arturo', 'art'), ('*.art',), ()),
+    'AscLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asc', 'ASCII armored', ('asc', 'pem'), ('*.asc', '*.pem', 'id_dsa', 'id_ecdsa', 'id_ecdsa_sk', 'id_ed25519', 'id_ed25519_sk', 'id_rsa'), ('application/pgp-keys', 'application/pgp-encrypted', 'application/pgp-signature')),
+    'AspectJLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'AspectJ', ('aspectj',), ('*.aj',), ('text/x-aspectj',)),
+    'AsymptoteLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graphics', 'Asymptote', ('asymptote', 'asy'), ('*.asy',), ('text/x-asymptote',)),
+    'AugeasLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Augeas', ('augeas',), ('*.aug',), ()),
+    'AutoItLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.automation', 'AutoIt', ('autoit',), ('*.au3',), ('text/x-autoit',)),
+    'AutohotkeyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.automation', 'autohotkey', ('autohotkey', 'ahk'), ('*.ahk', '*.ahkl'), ('text/x-autohotkey',)),
+    'AwkLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textedit', 'Awk', ('awk', 'gawk', 'mawk', 'nawk'), ('*.awk',), ('application/x-awk',)),
+    'BBCBasicLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.basic', 'BBC Basic', ('bbcbasic',), ('*.bbc',), ()),
+    'BBCodeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'BBCode', ('bbcode',), (), ('text/x-bbcode',)),
+    'BCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.algebra', 'BC', ('bc',), ('*.bc',), ()),
+    'BSTLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.bibtex', 'BST', ('bst', 'bst-pybtex'), ('*.bst',), ()),
+    'BareLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.bare', 'BARE', ('bare',), ('*.bare',), ()),
+    'BaseMakefileLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.make', 'Base Makefile', ('basemake',), (), ()),
+    'BashLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'Bash', ('bash', 'sh', 'ksh', 'zsh', 'shell'), ('*.sh', '*.ksh', '*.bash', '*.ebuild', '*.eclass', '*.exheres-0', '*.exlib', '*.zsh', '.bashrc', 'bashrc', '.bash_*', 'bash_*', 'zshrc', '.zshrc', '.kshrc', 'kshrc', 'PKGBUILD'), ('application/x-sh', 'application/x-shellscript', 'text/x-shellscript')),
+    'BashSessionLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'Bash Session', ('console', 'shell-session'), ('*.sh-session', '*.shell-session'), ('application/x-shell-session', 'application/x-sh-session')),
+    'BatchLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'Batchfile', ('batch', 'bat', 'dosbatch', 'winbatch'), ('*.bat', '*.cmd'), ('application/x-dos-batch',)),
+    'BddLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.bdd', 'Bdd', ('bdd',), ('*.feature',), ('text/x-bdd',)),
+    'BefungeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.esoteric', 'Befunge', ('befunge',), ('*.befunge',), ('application/x-befunge',)),
+    'BerryLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.berry', 'Berry', ('berry', 'be'), ('*.be',), ('text/x-berry', 'application/x-berry')),
+    'BibTeXLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.bibtex', 'BibTeX', ('bibtex', 'bib'), ('*.bib',), ('text/x-bibtex',)),
+    'BlitzBasicLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.basic', 'BlitzBasic', ('blitzbasic', 'b3d', 'bplus'), ('*.bb', '*.decls'), ('text/x-bb',)),
+    'BlitzMaxLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.basic', 'BlitzMax', ('blitzmax', 'bmax'), ('*.bmx',), ('text/x-bmx',)),
+    'BnfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.grammar_notation', 'BNF', ('bnf',), ('*.bnf',), ('text/x-bnf',)),
+    'BoaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.boa', 'Boa', ('boa',), ('*.boa',), ()),
+    'BooLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'Boo', ('boo',), ('*.boo',), ('text/x-boo',)),
+    'BoogieLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.verification', 'Boogie', ('boogie',), ('*.bpl',), ()),
+    'BrainfuckLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.esoteric', 'Brainfuck', ('brainfuck', 'bf'), ('*.bf', '*.b'), ('application/x-brainfuck',)),
+    'BugsLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.modeling', 'BUGS', ('bugs', 'winbugs', 'openbugs'), ('*.bug',), ()),
+    'CAmkESLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.esoteric', 'CAmkES', ('camkes', 'idl4'), ('*.camkes', '*.idl4'), ()),
+    'CLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_cpp', 'C', ('c',), ('*.c', '*.h', '*.idc', '*.x[bp]m'), ('text/x-chdr', 'text/x-csrc', 'image/x-xbitmap', 'image/x-xpixmap')),
+    'CMakeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.make', 'CMake', ('cmake',), ('*.cmake', 'CMakeLists.txt'), ('text/x-cmake',)),
+    'CObjdumpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'c-objdump', ('c-objdump',), ('*.c-objdump',), ('text/x-c-objdump',)),
+    'CPSALexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'CPSA', ('cpsa',), ('*.cpsa',), ()),
+    'CSSUL4Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ul4', 'CSS+UL4', ('css+ul4',), ('*.cssul4',), ()),
+    'CSharpAspxLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'aspx-cs', ('aspx-cs',), ('*.aspx', '*.asax', '*.ascx', '*.ashx', '*.asmx', '*.axd'), ()),
+    'CSharpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'C#', ('csharp', 'c#', 'cs'), ('*.cs',), ('text/x-csharp',)),
+    'Ca65Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'ca65 assembler', ('ca65',), ('*.s',), ()),
+    'CadlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.archetype', 'cADL', ('cadl',), ('*.cadl',), ()),
+    'CapDLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.esoteric', 'CapDL', ('capdl',), ('*.cdl',), ()),
+    'CapnProtoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.capnproto', "Cap'n Proto", ('capnp',), ('*.capnp',), ()),
+    'CarbonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.carbon', 'Carbon', ('carbon',), ('*.carbon',), ('text/x-carbon',)),
+    'CbmBasicV2Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.basic', 'CBM BASIC V2', ('cbmbas',), ('*.bas',), ()),
+    'CddlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.cddl', 'CDDL', ('cddl',), ('*.cddl',), ('text/x-cddl',)),
+    'CeylonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Ceylon', ('ceylon',), ('*.ceylon',), ('text/x-ceylon',)),
+    'Cfengine3Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'CFEngine3', ('cfengine3', 'cf3'), ('*.cf',), ()),
+    'ChaiscriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'ChaiScript', ('chaiscript', 'chai'), ('*.chai',), ('text/x-chaiscript', 'application/x-chaiscript')),
+    'ChapelLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.chapel', 'Chapel', ('chapel', 'chpl'), ('*.chpl',), ()),
+    'CharmciLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'Charmci', ('charmci',), ('*.ci',), ()),
+    'CheetahHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Cheetah', ('html+cheetah', 'html+spitfire', 'htmlcheetah'), (), ('text/html+cheetah', 'text/html+spitfire')),
+    'CheetahJavascriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Cheetah', ('javascript+cheetah', 'js+cheetah', 'javascript+spitfire', 'js+spitfire'), (), ('application/x-javascript+cheetah', 'text/x-javascript+cheetah', 'text/javascript+cheetah', 'application/x-javascript+spitfire', 'text/x-javascript+spitfire', 'text/javascript+spitfire')),
+    'CheetahLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Cheetah', ('cheetah', 'spitfire'), ('*.tmpl', '*.spt'), ('application/x-cheetah', 'application/x-spitfire')),
+    'CheetahXmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Cheetah', ('xml+cheetah', 'xml+spitfire'), (), ('application/xml+cheetah', 'application/xml+spitfire')),
+    'CirruLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.webmisc', 'Cirru', ('cirru',), ('*.cirru',), ('text/x-cirru',)),
+    'ClayLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'Clay', ('clay',), ('*.clay',), ('text/x-clay',)),
+    'CleanLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.clean', 'Clean', ('clean',), ('*.icl', '*.dcl'), ()),
+    'ClojureLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Clojure', ('clojure', 'clj'), ('*.clj', '*.cljc'), ('text/x-clojure', 'application/x-clojure')),
+    'ClojureScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'ClojureScript', ('clojurescript', 'cljs'), ('*.cljs',), ('text/x-clojurescript', 'application/x-clojurescript')),
+    'CobolFreeformatLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.business', 'COBOLFree', ('cobolfree',), ('*.cbl', '*.CBL'), ()),
+    'CobolLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.business', 'COBOL', ('cobol',), ('*.cob', '*.COB', '*.cpy', '*.CPY'), ('text/x-cobol',)),
+    'CoffeeScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'CoffeeScript', ('coffeescript', 'coffee-script', 'coffee'), ('*.coffee',), ('text/coffeescript',)),
+    'ColdfusionCFCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Coldfusion CFC', ('cfc',), ('*.cfc',), ()),
+    'ColdfusionHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Coldfusion HTML', ('cfm',), ('*.cfm', '*.cfml'), ('application/x-coldfusion',)),
+    'ColdfusionLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'cfstatement', ('cfs',), (), ()),
+    'Comal80Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.comal', 'COMAL-80', ('comal', 'comal80'), ('*.cml', '*.comal'), ()),
+    'CommonLispLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'Common Lisp', ('common-lisp', 'cl', 'lisp'), ('*.cl', '*.lisp'), ('text/x-common-lisp',)),
+    'ComponentPascalLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.oberon', 'Component Pascal', ('componentpascal', 'cp'), ('*.cp', '*.cps'), ('text/x-component-pascal',)),
+    'CoqLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.theorem', 'Coq', ('coq',), ('*.v',), ('text/x-coq',)),
+    'CplintLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.cplint', 'cplint', ('cplint',), ('*.ecl', '*.prolog', '*.pro', '*.pl', '*.P', '*.lpad', '*.cpl'), ('text/x-cplint',)),
+    'CppLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_cpp', 'C++', ('cpp', 'c++'), ('*.cpp', '*.hpp', '*.c++', '*.h++', '*.cc', '*.hh', '*.cxx', '*.hxx', '*.C', '*.H', '*.cp', '*.CPP', '*.tpp'), ('text/x-c++hdr', 'text/x-c++src')),
+    'CppObjdumpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'cpp-objdump', ('cpp-objdump', 'c++-objdumb', 'cxx-objdump'), ('*.cpp-objdump', '*.c++-objdump', '*.cxx-objdump'), ('text/x-cpp-objdump',)),
+    'CrmshLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Crmsh', ('crmsh', 'pcmk'), ('*.crmsh', '*.pcmk'), ()),
+    'CrocLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.d', 'Croc', ('croc',), ('*.croc',), ('text/x-crocsrc',)),
+    'CryptolLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Cryptol', ('cryptol', 'cry'), ('*.cry',), ('text/x-cryptol',)),
+    'CrystalLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.crystal', 'Crystal', ('cr', 'crystal'), ('*.cr',), ('text/x-crystal',)),
+    'CsoundDocumentLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.csound', 'Csound Document', ('csound-document', 'csound-csd'), ('*.csd',), ()),
+    'CsoundOrchestraLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.csound', 'Csound Orchestra', ('csound', 'csound-orc'), ('*.orc', '*.udo'), ()),
+    'CsoundScoreLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.csound', 'Csound Score', ('csound-score', 'csound-sco'), ('*.sco',), ()),
+    'CssDjangoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+Django/Jinja', ('css+django', 'css+jinja'), ('*.css.j2', '*.css.jinja2'), ('text/css+django', 'text/css+jinja')),
+    'CssErbLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+Ruby', ('css+ruby', 'css+erb'), (), ('text/css+ruby',)),
+    'CssGenshiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+Genshi Text', ('css+genshitext', 'css+genshi'), (), ('text/css+genshi',)),
+    'CssLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.css', 'CSS', ('css',), ('*.css',), ('text/css',)),
+    'CssPhpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+PHP', ('css+php',), (), ('text/css+php',)),
+    'CssSmartyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+Smarty', ('css+smarty',), (), ('text/css+smarty',)),
+    'CudaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'CUDA', ('cuda', 'cu'), ('*.cu', '*.cuh'), ('text/x-cuda',)),
+    'CypherLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graph', 'Cypher', ('cypher',), ('*.cyp', '*.cypher'), ()),
+    'CythonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'Cython', ('cython', 'pyx', 'pyrex'), ('*.pyx', '*.pxd', '*.pxi'), ('text/x-cython', 'application/x-cython')),
+    'DLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.d', 'D', ('d',), ('*.d', '*.di'), ('text/x-dsrc',)),
+    'DObjdumpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'd-objdump', ('d-objdump',), ('*.d-objdump',), ('text/x-d-objdump',)),
+    'DarcsPatchLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.diff', 'Darcs Patch', ('dpatch',), ('*.dpatch', '*.darcspatch'), ()),
+    'DartLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Dart', ('dart',), ('*.dart',), ('text/x-dart',)),
+    'Dasm16Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'DASM16', ('dasm16',), ('*.dasm16', '*.dasm'), ('text/x-dasm16',)),
+    'DaxLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dax', 'Dax', ('dax',), ('*.dax',), ()),
+    'DebianControlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.installers', 'Debian Control file', ('debcontrol', 'control'), ('control',), ()),
+    'DelphiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.pascal', 'Delphi', ('delphi', 'pas', 'pascal', 'objectpascal'), ('*.pas', '*.dpr'), ('text/x-pascal',)),
+    'DevicetreeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.devicetree', 'Devicetree', ('devicetree', 'dts'), ('*.dts', '*.dtsi'), ('text/x-c',)),
+    'DgLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'dg', ('dg',), ('*.dg',), ('text/x-dg',)),
+    'DiffLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.diff', 'Diff', ('diff', 'udiff'), ('*.diff', '*.patch'), ('text/x-diff', 'text/x-patch')),
+    'DjangoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Django/Jinja', ('django', 'jinja'), (), ('application/x-django-templating', 'application/x-jinja')),
+    'DockerLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Docker', ('docker', 'dockerfile'), ('Dockerfile', '*.docker'), ('text/x-dockerfile-config',)),
+    'DtdLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.html', 'DTD', ('dtd',), ('*.dtd',), ('application/xml-dtd',)),
+    'DuelLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.webmisc', 'Duel', ('duel', 'jbst', 'jsonml+bst'), ('*.duel', '*.jbst'), ('text/x-duel', 'text/x-jbst')),
+    'DylanConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dylan', 'Dylan session', ('dylan-console', 'dylan-repl'), ('*.dylan-console',), ('text/x-dylan-console',)),
+    'DylanLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dylan', 'Dylan', ('dylan',), ('*.dylan', '*.dyl', '*.intr'), ('text/x-dylan',)),
+    'DylanLidLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dylan', 'DylanLID', ('dylan-lid', 'lid'), ('*.lid', '*.hdp'), ('text/x-dylan-lid',)),
+    'ECLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ecl', 'ECL', ('ecl',), ('*.ecl',), ('application/x-ecl',)),
+    'ECLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'eC', ('ec',), ('*.ec', '*.eh'), ('text/x-echdr', 'text/x-ecsrc')),
+    'EarlGreyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Earl Grey', ('earl-grey', 'earlgrey', 'eg'), ('*.eg',), ('text/x-earl-grey',)),
+    'EasytrieveLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'Easytrieve', ('easytrieve',), ('*.ezt', '*.mac'), ('text/x-easytrieve',)),
+    'EbnfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'EBNF', ('ebnf',), ('*.ebnf',), ('text/x-ebnf',)),
+    'EiffelLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.eiffel', 'Eiffel', ('eiffel',), ('*.e',), ('text/x-eiffel',)),
+    'ElixirConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.erlang', 'Elixir iex session', ('iex',), (), ('text/x-elixir-shellsession',)),
+    'ElixirLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.erlang', 'Elixir', ('elixir', 'ex', 'exs'), ('*.ex', '*.eex', '*.exs', '*.leex'), ('text/x-elixir',)),
+    'ElmLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.elm', 'Elm', ('elm',), ('*.elm',), ('text/x-elm',)),
+    'ElpiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.elpi', 'Elpi', ('elpi',), ('*.elpi',), ('text/x-elpi',)),
+    'EmacsLispLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'EmacsLisp', ('emacs-lisp', 'elisp', 'emacs'), ('*.el',), ('text/x-elisp', 'application/x-elisp')),
+    'EmailLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.email', 'E-mail', ('email', 'eml'), ('*.eml',), ('message/rfc822',)),
+    'ErbLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'ERB', ('erb',), (), ('application/x-ruby-templating',)),
+    'ErlangLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.erlang', 'Erlang', ('erlang',), ('*.erl', '*.hrl', '*.es', '*.escript'), ('text/x-erlang',)),
+    'ErlangShellLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.erlang', 'Erlang erl session', ('erl',), ('*.erl-sh',), ('text/x-erl-shellsession',)),
+    'EvoqueHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Evoque', ('html+evoque',), ('*.html',), ('text/html+evoque',)),
+    'EvoqueLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Evoque', ('evoque',), ('*.evoque',), ('application/x-evoque',)),
+    'EvoqueXmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Evoque', ('xml+evoque',), ('*.xml',), ('application/xml+evoque',)),
+    'ExeclineLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'execline', ('execline',), ('*.exec',), ()),
+    'EzhilLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ezhil', 'Ezhil', ('ezhil',), ('*.n',), ('text/x-ezhil',)),
+    'FSharpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'F#', ('fsharp', 'f#'), ('*.fs', '*.fsi', '*.fsx'), ('text/x-fsharp',)),
+    'FStarLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ml', 'FStar', ('fstar',), ('*.fst', '*.fsti'), ('text/x-fstar',)),
+    'FactorLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.factor', 'Factor', ('factor',), ('*.factor',), ('text/x-factor',)),
+    'FancyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ruby', 'Fancy', ('fancy', 'fy'), ('*.fy', '*.fancypack'), ('text/x-fancysrc',)),
+    'FantomLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.fantom', 'Fantom', ('fan',), ('*.fan',), ('application/x-fantom',)),
+    'FelixLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.felix', 'Felix', ('felix', 'flx'), ('*.flx', '*.flxh'), ('text/x-felix',)),
+    'FennelLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'Fennel', ('fennel', 'fnl'), ('*.fnl',), ()),
+    'FiftLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.fift', 'Fift', ('fift', 'fif'), ('*.fif',), ()),
+    'FishShellLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'Fish', ('fish', 'fishshell'), ('*.fish', '*.load'), ('application/x-fish',)),
+    'FlatlineLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Flatline', ('flatline',), (), ('text/x-flatline',)),
+    'FloScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.floscript', 'FloScript', ('floscript', 'flo'), ('*.flo',), ()),
+    'ForthLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.forth', 'Forth', ('forth',), ('*.frt', '*.fs'), ('application/x-forth',)),
+    'FortranFixedLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.fortran', 'FortranFixed', ('fortranfixed',), ('*.f', '*.F'), ()),
+    'FortranLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.fortran', 'Fortran', ('fortran', 'f90'), ('*.f03', '*.f90', '*.F03', '*.F90'), ('text/x-fortran',)),
+    'FoxProLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.foxpro', 'FoxPro', ('foxpro', 'vfp', 'clipper', 'xbase'), ('*.PRG', '*.prg'), ()),
+    'FreeFemLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.freefem', 'Freefem', ('freefem',), ('*.edp',), ('text/x-freefem',)),
+    'FuncLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.func', 'FunC', ('func', 'fc'), ('*.fc', '*.func'), ()),
+    'FutharkLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.futhark', 'Futhark', ('futhark',), ('*.fut',), ('text/x-futhark',)),
+    'GAPConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.algebra', 'GAP session', ('gap-console', 'gap-repl'), ('*.tst',), ()),
+    'GAPLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.algebra', 'GAP', ('gap',), ('*.g', '*.gd', '*.gi', '*.gap'), ()),
+    'GDScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.gdscript', 'GDScript', ('gdscript', 'gd'), ('*.gd',), ('text/x-gdscript', 'application/x-gdscript')),
+    'GLShaderLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graphics', 'GLSL', ('glsl',), ('*.vert', '*.frag', '*.geo'), ('text/x-glslsrc',)),
+    'GSQLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.gsql', 'GSQL', ('gsql',), ('*.gsql',), ()),
+    'GasLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'GAS', ('gas', 'asm'), ('*.s', '*.S'), ('text/x-gas',)),
+    'GcodeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.gcodelexer', 'g-code', ('gcode',), ('*.gcode',), ()),
+    'GenshiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Genshi', ('genshi', 'kid', 'xml+genshi', 'xml+kid'), ('*.kid',), ('application/x-genshi', 'application/x-kid')),
+    'GenshiTextLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Genshi Text', ('genshitext',), (), ('application/x-genshi-text', 'text/x-genshi')),
+    'GettextLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textfmts', 'Gettext Catalog', ('pot', 'po'), ('*.pot', '*.po'), ('application/x-gettext', 'text/x-gettext', 'text/gettext')),
+    'GherkinLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.testing', 'Gherkin', ('gherkin', 'cucumber'), ('*.feature',), ('text/x-gherkin',)),
+    'GnuplotLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graphics', 'Gnuplot', ('gnuplot',), ('*.plot', '*.plt'), ('text/x-gnuplot',)),
+    'GoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.go', 'Go', ('go', 'golang'), ('*.go',), ('text/x-gosrc',)),
+    'GoloLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Golo', ('golo',), ('*.golo',), ()),
+    'GoodDataCLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.business', 'GoodData-CL', ('gooddata-cl',), ('*.gdc',), ('text/x-gooddata-cl',)),
+    'GosuLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Gosu', ('gosu',), ('*.gs', '*.gsx', '*.gsp', '*.vark'), ('text/x-gosu',)),
+    'GosuTemplateLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Gosu Template', ('gst',), ('*.gst',), ('text/x-gosu-template',)),
+    'GraphvizLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graphviz', 'Graphviz', ('graphviz', 'dot'), ('*.gv', '*.dot'), ('text/x-graphviz', 'text/vnd.graphviz')),
+    'GroffLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'Groff', ('groff', 'nroff', 'man'), ('*.[1-9]', '*.man', '*.1p', '*.3pm'), ('application/x-troff', 'text/troff')),
+    'GroovyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Groovy', ('groovy',), ('*.groovy', '*.gradle'), ('text/x-groovy',)),
+    'HLSLShaderLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graphics', 'HLSL', ('hlsl',), ('*.hlsl', '*.hlsli'), ('text/x-hlsl',)),
+    'HTMLUL4Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ul4', 'HTML+UL4', ('html+ul4',), ('*.htmlul4',), ()),
+    'HamlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.html', 'Haml', ('haml',), ('*.haml',), ('text/x-haml',)),
+    'HandlebarsHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Handlebars', ('html+handlebars',), ('*.handlebars', '*.hbs'), ('text/html+handlebars', 'text/x-handlebars-template')),
+    'HandlebarsLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Handlebars', ('handlebars',), (), ()),
+    'HaskellLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Haskell', ('haskell', 'hs'), ('*.hs',), ('text/x-haskell',)),
+    'HaxeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haxe', 'Haxe', ('haxe', 'hxsl', 'hx'), ('*.hx', '*.hxsl'), ('text/haxe', 'text/x-haxe', 'text/x-hx')),
+    'HexdumpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.hexdump', 'Hexdump', ('hexdump',), (), ()),
+    'HsailLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'HSAIL', ('hsail', 'hsa'), ('*.hsail',), ('text/x-hsail',)),
+    'HspecLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Hspec', ('hspec',), ('*Spec.hs',), ()),
+    'HtmlDjangoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Django/Jinja', ('html+django', 'html+jinja', 'htmldjango'), ('*.html.j2', '*.htm.j2', '*.xhtml.j2', '*.html.jinja2', '*.htm.jinja2', '*.xhtml.jinja2'), ('text/html+django', 'text/html+jinja')),
+    'HtmlGenshiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Genshi', ('html+genshi', 'html+kid'), (), ('text/html+genshi',)),
+    'HtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.html', 'HTML', ('html',), ('*.html', '*.htm', '*.xhtml', '*.xslt'), ('text/html', 'application/xhtml+xml')),
+    'HtmlPhpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+PHP', ('html+php',), ('*.phtml',), ('application/x-php', 'application/x-httpd-php', 'application/x-httpd-php3', 'application/x-httpd-php4', 'application/x-httpd-php5')),
+    'HtmlSmartyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Smarty', ('html+smarty',), (), ('text/html+smarty',)),
+    'HttpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textfmts', 'HTTP', ('http',), (), ()),
+    'HxmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haxe', 'Hxml', ('haxeml', 'hxml'), ('*.hxml',), ()),
+    'HyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'Hy', ('hylang',), ('*.hy',), ('text/x-hy', 'application/x-hy')),
+    'HybrisLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'Hybris', ('hybris', 'hy'), ('*.hy', '*.hyb'), ('text/x-hybris', 'application/x-hybris')),
+    'IDLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.idl', 'IDL', ('idl',), ('*.pro',), ('text/idl',)),
+    'IconLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.unicon', 'Icon', ('icon',), ('*.icon', '*.ICON'), ()),
+    'IdrisLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Idris', ('idris', 'idr'), ('*.idr',), ('text/x-idris',)),
+    'IgorLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.igor', 'Igor', ('igor', 'igorpro'), ('*.ipf',), ('text/ipf',)),
+    'Inform6Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.int_fiction', 'Inform 6', ('inform6', 'i6'), ('*.inf',), ()),
+    'Inform6TemplateLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.int_fiction', 'Inform 6 template', ('i6t',), ('*.i6t',), ()),
+    'Inform7Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.int_fiction', 'Inform 7', ('inform7', 'i7'), ('*.ni', '*.i7x'), ()),
+    'IniLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'INI', ('ini', 'cfg', 'dosini'), ('*.ini', '*.cfg', '*.inf', '.editorconfig', '*.service', '*.socket', '*.device', '*.mount', '*.automount', '*.swap', '*.target', '*.path', '*.timer', '*.slice', '*.scope'), ('text/x-ini', 'text/inf')),
+    'IoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.iolang', 'Io', ('io',), ('*.io',), ('text/x-iosrc',)),
+    'IokeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Ioke', ('ioke', 'ik'), ('*.ik',), ('text/x-iokesrc',)),
+    'IrcLogsLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textfmts', 'IRC logs', ('irc',), ('*.weechatlog',), ('text/x-irclog',)),
+    'IsabelleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.theorem', 'Isabelle', ('isabelle',), ('*.thy',), ('text/x-isabelle',)),
+    'JLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.j', 'J', ('j',), ('*.ijs',), ('text/x-j',)),
+    'JMESPathLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jmespath', 'JMESPath', ('jmespath', 'jp'), ('*.jp',), ()),
+    'JSLTLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jslt', 'JSLT', ('jslt',), ('*.jslt',), ('text/x-jslt',)),
+    'JagsLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.modeling', 'JAGS', ('jags',), ('*.jag', '*.bug'), ()),
+    'JasminLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Jasmin', ('jasmin', 'jasminxt'), ('*.j',), ()),
+    'JavaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Java', ('java',), ('*.java',), ('text/x-java',)),
+    'JavascriptDjangoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Django/Jinja', ('javascript+django', 'js+django', 'javascript+jinja', 'js+jinja'), ('*.js.j2', '*.js.jinja2'), ('application/x-javascript+django', 'application/x-javascript+jinja', 'text/x-javascript+django', 'text/x-javascript+jinja', 'text/javascript+django', 'text/javascript+jinja')),
+    'JavascriptErbLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Ruby', ('javascript+ruby', 'js+ruby', 'javascript+erb', 'js+erb'), (), ('application/x-javascript+ruby', 'text/x-javascript+ruby', 'text/javascript+ruby')),
+    'JavascriptGenshiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Genshi Text', ('js+genshitext', 'js+genshi', 'javascript+genshitext', 'javascript+genshi'), (), ('application/x-javascript+genshi', 'text/x-javascript+genshi', 'text/javascript+genshi')),
+    'JavascriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'JavaScript', ('javascript', 'js'), ('*.js', '*.jsm', '*.mjs', '*.cjs'), ('application/javascript', 'application/x-javascript', 'text/x-javascript', 'text/javascript')),
+    'JavascriptPhpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+PHP', ('javascript+php', 'js+php'), (), ('application/x-javascript+php', 'text/x-javascript+php', 'text/javascript+php')),
+    'JavascriptSmartyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Smarty', ('javascript+smarty', 'js+smarty'), (), ('application/x-javascript+smarty', 'text/x-javascript+smarty', 'text/javascript+smarty')),
+    'JavascriptUL4Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ul4', 'Javascript+UL4', ('js+ul4',), ('*.jsul4',), ()),
+    'JclLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'JCL', ('jcl',), ('*.jcl',), ('text/x-jcl',)),
+    'JsgfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.grammar_notation', 'JSGF', ('jsgf',), ('*.jsgf',), ('application/jsgf', 'application/x-jsgf', 'text/jsgf')),
+    'JsonBareObjectLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.data', 'JSONBareObject', (), (), ()),
+    'JsonLdLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.data', 'JSON-LD', ('jsonld', 'json-ld'), ('*.jsonld',), ('application/ld+json',)),
+    'JsonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.data', 'JSON', ('json', 'json-object'), ('*.json', 'Pipfile.lock'), ('application/json', 'application/json-object')),
+    'JsonnetLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jsonnet', 'Jsonnet', ('jsonnet',), ('*.jsonnet', '*.libsonnet'), ()),
+    'JspLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Java Server Page', ('jsp',), ('*.jsp',), ('application/x-jsp',)),
+    'JuliaConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.julia', 'Julia console', ('jlcon', 'julia-repl'), (), ()),
+    'JuliaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.julia', 'Julia', ('julia', 'jl'), ('*.jl',), ('text/x-julia', 'application/x-julia')),
+    'JuttleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Juttle', ('juttle',), ('*.juttle',), ('application/juttle', 'application/x-juttle', 'text/x-juttle', 'text/juttle')),
+    'KLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.q', 'K', ('k',), ('*.k',), ()),
+    'KalLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Kal', ('kal',), ('*.kal',), ('text/kal', 'application/kal')),
+    'KconfigLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Kconfig', ('kconfig', 'menuconfig', 'linux-config', 'kernel-config'), ('Kconfig*', '*Config.in*', 'external.in*', 'standard-modules.in'), ('text/x-kconfig',)),
+    'KernelLogLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textfmts', 'Kernel log', ('kmsg', 'dmesg'), ('*.kmsg', '*.dmesg'), ()),
+    'KokaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Koka', ('koka',), ('*.kk', '*.kki'), ('text/x-koka',)),
+    'KotlinLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Kotlin', ('kotlin',), ('*.kt', '*.kts'), ('text/x-kotlin',)),
+    'KuinLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.kuin', 'Kuin', ('kuin',), ('*.kn',), ()),
+    'LSLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'LSL', ('lsl',), ('*.lsl',), ('text/x-lsl',)),
+    'LassoCssLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+Lasso', ('css+lasso',), (), ('text/css+lasso',)),
+    'LassoHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Lasso', ('html+lasso',), (), ('text/html+lasso', 'application/x-httpd-lasso', 'application/x-httpd-lasso[89]')),
+    'LassoJavascriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Lasso', ('javascript+lasso', 'js+lasso'), (), ('application/x-javascript+lasso', 'text/x-javascript+lasso', 'text/javascript+lasso')),
+    'LassoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Lasso', ('lasso', 'lassoscript'), ('*.lasso', '*.lasso[89]'), ('text/x-lasso',)),
+    'LassoXmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Lasso', ('xml+lasso',), (), ('application/xml+lasso',)),
+    'LeanLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.theorem', 'Lean', ('lean',), ('*.lean',), ('text/x-lean',)),
+    'LessCssLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.css', 'LessCss', ('less',), ('*.less',), ('text/x-less-css',)),
+    'LighttpdConfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Lighttpd configuration file', ('lighttpd', 'lighty'), ('lighttpd.conf',), ('text/x-lighttpd-conf',)),
+    'LilyPondLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lilypond', 'LilyPond', ('lilypond',), ('*.ly',), ()),
+    'LimboLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.inferno', 'Limbo', ('limbo',), ('*.b',), ('text/limbo',)),
+    'LiquidLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'liquid', ('liquid',), ('*.liquid',), ()),
+    'LiterateAgdaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Literate Agda', ('literate-agda', 'lagda'), ('*.lagda',), ('text/x-literate-agda',)),
+    'LiterateCryptolLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Literate Cryptol', ('literate-cryptol', 'lcryptol', 'lcry'), ('*.lcry',), ('text/x-literate-cryptol',)),
+    'LiterateHaskellLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Literate Haskell', ('literate-haskell', 'lhaskell', 'lhs'), ('*.lhs',), ('text/x-literate-haskell',)),
+    'LiterateIdrisLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.haskell', 'Literate Idris', ('literate-idris', 'lidris', 'lidr'), ('*.lidr',), ('text/x-literate-idris',)),
+    'LiveScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'LiveScript', ('livescript', 'live-script'), ('*.ls',), ('text/livescript',)),
+    'LlvmLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'LLVM', ('llvm',), ('*.ll',), ('text/x-llvm',)),
+    'LlvmMirBodyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'LLVM-MIR Body', ('llvm-mir-body',), (), ()),
+    'LlvmMirLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'LLVM-MIR', ('llvm-mir',), ('*.mir',), ()),
+    'LogosLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.objective', 'Logos', ('logos',), ('*.x', '*.xi', '*.xm', '*.xmi'), ('text/x-logos',)),
+    'LogtalkLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.prolog', 'Logtalk', ('logtalk',), ('*.lgt', '*.logtalk'), ('text/x-logtalk',)),
+    'LuaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'Lua', ('lua',), ('*.lua', '*.wlua'), ('text/x-lua', 'application/x-lua')),
+    'MCFunctionLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.minecraft', 'MCFunction', ('mcfunction', 'mcf'), ('*.mcfunction',), ('text/mcfunction',)),
+    'MCSchemaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.minecraft', 'MCSchema', ('mcschema',), ('*.mcschema',), ('text/mcschema',)),
+    'MIMELexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.mime', 'MIME', ('mime',), (), ('multipart/mixed', 'multipart/related', 'multipart/alternative')),
+    'MIPSLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.mips', 'MIPS', ('mips',), ('*.mips', '*.MIPS'), ()),
+    'MOOCodeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'MOOCode', ('moocode', 'moo'), ('*.moo',), ('text/x-moocode',)),
+    'MSDOSSessionLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'MSDOS Session', ('doscon',), (), ()),
+    'Macaulay2Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.macaulay2', 'Macaulay2', ('macaulay2',), ('*.m2',), ()),
+    'MakefileLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.make', 'Makefile', ('make', 'makefile', 'mf', 'bsdmake'), ('*.mak', '*.mk', 'Makefile', 'makefile', 'Makefile.*', 'GNUmakefile'), ('text/x-makefile',)),
+    'MakoCssLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+Mako', ('css+mako',), (), ('text/css+mako',)),
+    'MakoHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Mako', ('html+mako',), (), ('text/html+mako',)),
+    'MakoJavascriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Mako', ('javascript+mako', 'js+mako'), (), ('application/x-javascript+mako', 'text/x-javascript+mako', 'text/javascript+mako')),
+    'MakoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Mako', ('mako',), ('*.mao',), ('application/x-mako',)),
+    'MakoXmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Mako', ('xml+mako',), (), ('application/xml+mako',)),
+    'MaqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.business', 'MAQL', ('maql',), ('*.maql',), ('text/x-gooddata-maql', 'application/x-gooddata-maql')),
+    'MarkdownLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'Markdown', ('markdown', 'md'), ('*.md', '*.markdown'), ('text/x-markdown',)),
+    'MaskLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Mask', ('mask',), ('*.mask',), ('text/x-mask',)),
+    'MasonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Mason', ('mason',), ('*.m', '*.mhtml', '*.mc', '*.mi', 'autohandler', 'dhandler'), ('application/x-mason',)),
+    'MathematicaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.algebra', 'Mathematica', ('mathematica', 'mma', 'nb'), ('*.nb', '*.cdf', '*.nbp', '*.ma'), ('application/mathematica', 'application/vnd.wolfram.mathematica', 'application/vnd.wolfram.mathematica.package', 'application/vnd.wolfram.cdf')),
+    'MatlabLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.matlab', 'Matlab', ('matlab',), ('*.m',), ('text/matlab',)),
+    'MatlabSessionLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.matlab', 'Matlab session', ('matlabsession',), (), ()),
+    'MaximaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.maxima', 'Maxima', ('maxima', 'macsyma'), ('*.mac', '*.max'), ()),
+    'MesonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.meson', 'Meson', ('meson', 'meson.build'), ('meson.build', 'meson_options.txt'), ('text/x-meson',)),
+    'MiniDLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.d', 'MiniD', ('minid',), (), ('text/x-minidsrc',)),
+    'MiniScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'MiniScript', ('miniscript', 'ms'), ('*.ms',), ('text/x-minicript', 'application/x-miniscript')),
+    'ModelicaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.modeling', 'Modelica', ('modelica',), ('*.mo',), ('text/x-modelica',)),
+    'Modula2Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.modula2', 'Modula-2', ('modula2', 'm2'), ('*.def', '*.mod'), ('text/x-modula2',)),
+    'MoinWikiLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'MoinMoin/Trac Wiki markup', ('trac-wiki', 'moin'), (), ('text/x-trac-wiki',)),
+    'MonkeyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.basic', 'Monkey', ('monkey',), ('*.monkey',), ('text/x-monkey',)),
+    'MonteLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.monte', 'Monte', ('monte',), ('*.mt',), ()),
+    'MoonScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'MoonScript', ('moonscript', 'moon'), ('*.moon',), ('text/x-moonscript', 'application/x-moonscript')),
+    'MoselLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.mosel', 'Mosel', ('mosel',), ('*.mos',), ()),
+    'MozPreprocCssLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'CSS+mozpreproc', ('css+mozpreproc',), ('*.css.in',), ()),
+    'MozPreprocHashLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'mozhashpreproc', ('mozhashpreproc',), (), ()),
+    'MozPreprocJavascriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'Javascript+mozpreproc', ('javascript+mozpreproc',), ('*.js.in',), ()),
+    'MozPreprocPercentLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'mozpercentpreproc', ('mozpercentpreproc',), (), ()),
+    'MozPreprocXulLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'XUL+mozpreproc', ('xul+mozpreproc',), ('*.xul.in',), ()),
+    'MqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'MQL', ('mql', 'mq4', 'mq5', 'mql4', 'mql5'), ('*.mq4', '*.mq5', '*.mqh'), ('text/x-mql',)),
+    'MscgenLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Mscgen', ('mscgen', 'msc'), ('*.msc',), ()),
+    'MuPADLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.algebra', 'MuPAD', ('mupad',), ('*.mu',), ()),
+    'MxmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.actionscript', 'MXML', ('mxml',), ('*.mxml',), ()),
+    'MySqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'MySQL', ('mysql',), (), ('text/x-mysql',)),
+    'MyghtyCssLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'CSS+Myghty', ('css+myghty',), (), ('text/css+myghty',)),
+    'MyghtyHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Myghty', ('html+myghty',), (), ('text/html+myghty',)),
+    'MyghtyJavascriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'JavaScript+Myghty', ('javascript+myghty', 'js+myghty'), (), ('application/x-javascript+myghty', 'text/x-javascript+myghty', 'text/javascript+mygthy')),
+    'MyghtyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Myghty', ('myghty',), ('*.myt', 'autodelegate'), ('application/x-myghty',)),
+    'MyghtyXmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Myghty', ('xml+myghty',), (), ('application/xml+myghty',)),
+    'NCLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ncl', 'NCL', ('ncl',), ('*.ncl',), ('text/ncl',)),
+    'NSISLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.installers', 'NSIS', ('nsis', 'nsi', 'nsh'), ('*.nsi', '*.nsh'), ('text/x-nsis',)),
+    'NasmLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'NASM', ('nasm',), ('*.asm', '*.ASM', '*.nasm'), ('text/x-nasm',)),
+    'NasmObjdumpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'objdump-nasm', ('objdump-nasm',), ('*.objdump-intel',), ('text/x-nasm-objdump',)),
+    'NemerleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'Nemerle', ('nemerle',), ('*.n',), ('text/x-nemerle',)),
+    'NesCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'nesC', ('nesc',), ('*.nc',), ('text/x-nescsrc',)),
+    'NestedTextLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'NestedText', ('nestedtext', 'nt'), ('*.nt',), ()),
+    'NewLispLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'NewLisp', ('newlisp',), ('*.lsp', '*.nl', '*.kif'), ('text/x-newlisp', 'application/x-newlisp')),
+    'NewspeakLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.smalltalk', 'Newspeak', ('newspeak',), ('*.ns2',), ('text/x-newspeak',)),
+    'NginxConfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Nginx configuration file', ('nginx',), ('nginx.conf',), ('text/x-nginx-conf',)),
+    'NimrodLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.nimrod', 'Nimrod', ('nimrod', 'nim'), ('*.nim', '*.nimrod'), ('text/x-nim',)),
+    'NitLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.nit', 'Nit', ('nit',), ('*.nit',), ()),
+    'NixLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.nix', 'Nix', ('nixos', 'nix'), ('*.nix',), ('text/x-nix',)),
+    'NodeConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Node.js REPL console session', ('nodejsrepl',), (), ('text/x-nodejsrepl',)),
+    'NotmuchLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textfmts', 'Notmuch', ('notmuch',), (), ()),
+    'NuSMVLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.smv', 'NuSMV', ('nusmv',), ('*.smv',), ()),
+    'NumPyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'NumPy', ('numpy',), (), ()),
+    'ObjdumpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'objdump', ('objdump',), ('*.objdump',), ('text/x-objdump',)),
+    'ObjectiveCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.objective', 'Objective-C', ('objective-c', 'objectivec', 'obj-c', 'objc'), ('*.m', '*.h'), ('text/x-objective-c',)),
+    'ObjectiveCppLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.objective', 'Objective-C++', ('objective-c++', 'objectivec++', 'obj-c++', 'objc++'), ('*.mm', '*.hh'), ('text/x-objective-c++',)),
+    'ObjectiveJLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'Objective-J', ('objective-j', 'objectivej', 'obj-j', 'objj'), ('*.j',), ('text/x-objective-j',)),
+    'OcamlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ml', 'OCaml', ('ocaml',), ('*.ml', '*.mli', '*.mll', '*.mly'), ('text/x-ocaml',)),
+    'OctaveLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.matlab', 'Octave', ('octave',), ('*.m',), ('text/octave',)),
+    'OdinLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.archetype', 'ODIN', ('odin',), ('*.odin',), ('text/odin',)),
+    'OmgIdlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'OMG Interface Definition Language', ('omg-idl',), ('*.idl', '*.pidl'), ()),
+    'OocLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ooc', 'Ooc', ('ooc',), ('*.ooc',), ('text/x-ooc',)),
+    'OpaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ml', 'Opa', ('opa',), ('*.opa',), ('text/x-opa',)),
+    'OpenEdgeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.business', 'OpenEdge ABL', ('openedge', 'abl', 'progress'), ('*.p', '*.cls'), ('text/x-openedge', 'application/x-openedge')),
+    'OutputLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.special', 'Text output', ('output',), (), ()),
+    'PacmanConfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'PacmanConf', ('pacmanconf',), ('pacman.conf',), ()),
+    'PanLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Pan', ('pan',), ('*.pan',), ()),
+    'ParaSailLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parasail', 'ParaSail', ('parasail',), ('*.psi', '*.psl'), ('text/x-parasail',)),
+    'PawnLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.pawn', 'Pawn', ('pawn',), ('*.p', '*.pwn', '*.inc'), ('text/x-pawn',)),
+    'PegLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.grammar_notation', 'PEG', ('peg',), ('*.peg',), ('text/x-peg',)),
+    'Perl6Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.perl', 'Perl6', ('perl6', 'pl6', 'raku'), ('*.pl', '*.pm', '*.nqp', '*.p6', '*.6pl', '*.p6l', '*.pl6', '*.6pm', '*.p6m', '*.pm6', '*.t', '*.raku', '*.rakumod', '*.rakutest', '*.rakudoc'), ('text/x-perl6', 'application/x-perl6')),
+    'PerlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.perl', 'Perl', ('perl', 'pl'), ('*.pl', '*.pm', '*.t', '*.perl'), ('text/x-perl', 'application/x-perl')),
+    'PhixLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.phix', 'Phix', ('phix',), ('*.exw',), ('text/x-phix',)),
+    'PhpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.php', 'PHP', ('php', 'php3', 'php4', 'php5'), ('*.php', '*.php[345]', '*.inc'), ('text/x-php',)),
+    'PigLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Pig', ('pig',), ('*.pig',), ('text/x-pig',)),
+    'PikeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'Pike', ('pike',), ('*.pike', '*.pmod'), ('text/x-pike',)),
+    'PkgConfigLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'PkgConfig', ('pkgconfig',), ('*.pc',), ()),
+    'PlPgsqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'PL/pgSQL', ('plpgsql',), (), ('text/x-plpgsql',)),
+    'PointlessLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.pointless', 'Pointless', ('pointless',), ('*.ptls',), ()),
+    'PonyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.pony', 'Pony', ('pony',), ('*.pony',), ()),
+    'PortugolLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.pascal', 'Portugol', ('portugol',), ('*.alg', '*.portugol'), ()),
+    'PostScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graphics', 'PostScript', ('postscript', 'postscr'), ('*.ps', '*.eps'), ('application/postscript',)),
+    'PostgresConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'PostgreSQL console (psql)', ('psql', 'postgresql-console', 'postgres-console'), (), ('text/x-postgresql-psql',)),
+    'PostgresExplainLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'PostgreSQL EXPLAIN dialect', ('postgres-explain',), ('*.explain',), ('text/x-postgresql-explain',)),
+    'PostgresLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'PostgreSQL SQL dialect', ('postgresql', 'postgres'), (), ('text/x-postgresql',)),
+    'PovrayLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.graphics', 'POVRay', ('pov',), ('*.pov', '*.inc'), ('text/x-povray',)),
+    'PowerShellLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'PowerShell', ('powershell', 'pwsh', 'posh', 'ps1', 'psm1'), ('*.ps1', '*.psm1'), ('text/x-powershell',)),
+    'PowerShellSessionLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'PowerShell Session', ('pwsh-session', 'ps1con'), (), ()),
+    'PraatLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.praat', 'Praat', ('praat',), ('*.praat', '*.proc', '*.psc'), ()),
+    'ProcfileLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.procfile', 'Procfile', ('procfile',), ('Procfile',), ()),
+    'PrologLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.prolog', 'Prolog', ('prolog',), ('*.ecl', '*.prolog', '*.pro', '*.pl'), ('text/x-prolog',)),
+    'PromQLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.promql', 'PromQL', ('promql',), ('*.promql',), ()),
+    'PropertiesLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Properties', ('properties', 'jproperties'), ('*.properties',), ('text/x-java-properties',)),
+    'ProtoBufLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Protocol Buffer', ('protobuf', 'proto'), ('*.proto',), ()),
+    'PsyshConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.php', 'PsySH console session for PHP', ('psysh',), (), ()),
+    'PugLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.html', 'Pug', ('pug', 'jade'), ('*.pug', '*.jade'), ('text/x-pug', 'text/x-jade')),
+    'PuppetLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Puppet', ('puppet',), ('*.pp',), ()),
+    'PyPyLogLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.console', 'PyPy Log', ('pypylog', 'pypy'), ('*.pypylog',), ('application/x-pypylog',)),
+    'Python2Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'Python 2.x', ('python2', 'py2'), (), ('text/x-python2', 'application/x-python2')),
+    'Python2TracebackLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'Python 2.x Traceback', ('py2tb',), ('*.py2tb',), ('text/x-python2-traceback',)),
+    'PythonConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'Python console session', ('pycon',), (), ('text/x-python-doctest',)),
+    'PythonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'Python', ('python', 'py', 'sage', 'python3', 'py3'), ('*.py', '*.pyw', '*.pyi', '*.jy', '*.sage', '*.sc', 'SConstruct', 'SConscript', '*.bzl', 'BUCK', 'BUILD', 'BUILD.bazel', 'WORKSPACE', '*.tac'), ('text/x-python', 'application/x-python', 'text/x-python3', 'application/x-python3')),
+    'PythonTracebackLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.python', 'Python Traceback', ('pytb', 'py3tb'), ('*.pytb', '*.py3tb'), ('text/x-python-traceback', 'text/x-python3-traceback')),
+    'PythonUL4Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ul4', 'Python+UL4', ('py+ul4',), ('*.pyul4',), ()),
+    'QBasicLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.basic', 'QBasic', ('qbasic', 'basic'), ('*.BAS', '*.bas'), ('text/basic',)),
+    'QLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.q', 'Q', ('q',), ('*.q',), ()),
+    'QVToLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.qvt', 'QVTO', ('qvto', 'qvt'), ('*.qvto',), ()),
+    'QlikLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.qlik', 'Qlik', ('qlik', 'qlikview', 'qliksense', 'qlikscript'), ('*.qvs', '*.qvw'), ()),
+    'QmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.webmisc', 'QML', ('qml', 'qbs'), ('*.qml', '*.qbs'), ('application/x-qml', 'application/x-qt.qbs+qml')),
+    'RConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.r', 'RConsole', ('rconsole', 'rout'), ('*.Rout',), ()),
+    'RNCCompactLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rnc', 'Relax-NG Compact', ('rng-compact', 'rnc'), ('*.rnc',), ()),
+    'RPMSpecLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.installers', 'RPMSpec', ('spec',), ('*.spec',), ('text/x-rpm-spec',)),
+    'RacketLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'Racket', ('racket', 'rkt'), ('*.rkt', '*.rktd', '*.rktl'), ('text/x-racket', 'application/x-racket')),
+    'RagelCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Ragel in C Host', ('ragel-c',), ('*.rl',), ()),
+    'RagelCppLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Ragel in CPP Host', ('ragel-cpp',), ('*.rl',), ()),
+    'RagelDLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Ragel in D Host', ('ragel-d',), ('*.rl',), ()),
+    'RagelEmbeddedLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Embedded Ragel', ('ragel-em',), ('*.rl',), ()),
+    'RagelJavaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Ragel in Java Host', ('ragel-java',), ('*.rl',), ()),
+    'RagelLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Ragel', ('ragel',), (), ()),
+    'RagelObjectiveCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Ragel in Objective C Host', ('ragel-objc',), ('*.rl',), ()),
+    'RagelRubyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Ragel in Ruby Host', ('ragel-ruby', 'ragel-rb'), ('*.rl',), ()),
+    'RawTokenLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.special', 'Raw token data', (), (), ('application/x-pygments-tokens',)),
+    'RdLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.r', 'Rd', ('rd',), ('*.Rd',), ('text/x-r-doc',)),
+    'ReasonLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ml', 'ReasonML', ('reasonml', 'reason'), ('*.re', '*.rei'), ('text/x-reasonml',)),
+    'RebolLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rebol', 'REBOL', ('rebol',), ('*.r', '*.r3', '*.reb'), ('text/x-rebol',)),
+    'RedLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rebol', 'Red', ('red', 'red/system'), ('*.red', '*.reds'), ('text/x-red', 'text/x-red-system')),
+    'RedcodeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.esoteric', 'Redcode', ('redcode',), ('*.cw',), ()),
+    'RegeditLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'reg', ('registry',), ('*.reg',), ('text/x-windows-registry',)),
+    'ResourceLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.resource', 'ResourceBundle', ('resourcebundle', 'resource'), (), ()),
+    'RexxLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scripting', 'Rexx', ('rexx', 'arexx'), ('*.rexx', '*.rex', '*.rx', '*.arexx'), ('text/x-rexx',)),
+    'RhtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'RHTML', ('rhtml', 'html+erb', 'html+ruby'), ('*.rhtml',), ('text/html+ruby',)),
+    'RideLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ride', 'Ride', ('ride',), ('*.ride',), ('text/x-ride',)),
+    'RitaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rita', 'Rita', ('rita',), ('*.rita',), ('text/rita',)),
+    'RoboconfGraphLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.roboconf', 'Roboconf Graph', ('roboconf-graph',), ('*.graph',), ()),
+    'RoboconfInstancesLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.roboconf', 'Roboconf Instances', ('roboconf-instances',), ('*.instances',), ()),
+    'RobotFrameworkLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.robotframework', 'RobotFramework', ('robotframework',), ('*.robot', '*.resource'), ('text/x-robotframework',)),
+    'RqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'RQL', ('rql',), ('*.rql',), ('text/x-rql',)),
+    'RslLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'RSL', ('rsl',), ('*.rsl',), ('text/rsl',)),
+    'RstLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'reStructuredText', ('restructuredtext', 'rst', 'rest'), ('*.rst', '*.rest'), ('text/x-rst', 'text/prs.fallenstein.rst')),
+    'RtsLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.trafficscript', 'TrafficScript', ('trafficscript', 'rts'), ('*.rts',), ()),
+    'RubyConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ruby', 'Ruby irb session', ('rbcon', 'irb'), (), ('text/x-ruby-shellsession',)),
+    'RubyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ruby', 'Ruby', ('ruby', 'rb', 'duby'), ('*.rb', '*.rbw', 'Rakefile', '*.rake', '*.gemspec', '*.rbx', '*.duby', 'Gemfile', 'Vagrantfile'), ('text/x-ruby', 'application/x-ruby')),
+    'RustLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rust', 'Rust', ('rust', 'rs'), ('*.rs', '*.rs.in'), ('text/rust', 'text/x-rust')),
+    'SASLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sas', 'SAS', ('sas',), ('*.SAS', '*.sas'), ('text/x-sas', 'text/sas', 'application/x-sas')),
+    'SLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.r', 'S', ('splus', 's', 'r'), ('*.S', '*.R', '.Rhistory', '.Rprofile', '.Renviron'), ('text/S-plus', 'text/S', 'text/x-r-source', 'text/x-r', 'text/x-R', 'text/x-r-history', 'text/x-r-profile')),
+    'SMLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ml', 'Standard ML', ('sml',), ('*.sml', '*.sig', '*.fun'), ('text/x-standardml', 'application/x-standardml')),
+    'SNBTLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.minecraft', 'SNBT', ('snbt',), ('*.snbt',), ('text/snbt',)),
+    'SarlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'SARL', ('sarl',), ('*.sarl',), ('text/x-sarl',)),
+    'SassLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.css', 'Sass', ('sass',), ('*.sass',), ('text/x-sass',)),
+    'SaviLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.savi', 'Savi', ('savi',), ('*.savi',), ()),
+    'ScalaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Scala', ('scala',), ('*.scala',), ('text/x-scala',)),
+    'ScamlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.html', 'Scaml', ('scaml',), ('*.scaml',), ('text/x-scaml',)),
+    'ScdocLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.scdoc', 'scdoc', ('scdoc', 'scd'), ('*.scd', '*.scdoc'), ()),
+    'SchemeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'Scheme', ('scheme', 'scm'), ('*.scm', '*.ss'), ('text/x-scheme', 'application/x-scheme')),
+    'ScilabLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.matlab', 'Scilab', ('scilab',), ('*.sci', '*.sce', '*.tst'), ('text/scilab',)),
+    'ScssLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.css', 'SCSS', ('scss',), ('*.scss',), ('text/x-scss',)),
+    'SedLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textedit', 'Sed', ('sed', 'gsed', 'ssed'), ('*.sed', '*.[gs]sed'), ('text/x-sed',)),
+    'ShExCLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rdf', 'ShExC', ('shexc', 'shex'), ('*.shex',), ('text/shex',)),
+    'ShenLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'Shen', ('shen',), ('*.shen',), ('text/x-shen', 'application/x-shen')),
+    'SieveLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sieve', 'Sieve', ('sieve',), ('*.siv', '*.sieve'), ()),
+    'SilverLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.verification', 'Silver', ('silver',), ('*.sil', '*.vpr'), ()),
+    'SingularityLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Singularity', ('singularity',), ('*.def', 'Singularity'), ()),
+    'SlashLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.slash', 'Slash', ('slash',), ('*.sla',), ()),
+    'SlimLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.webmisc', 'Slim', ('slim',), ('*.slim',), ('text/x-slim',)),
+    'SlurmBashLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'Slurm', ('slurm', 'sbatch'), ('*.sl',), ()),
+    'SmaliLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dalvik', 'Smali', ('smali',), ('*.smali',), ('text/smali',)),
+    'SmalltalkLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.smalltalk', 'Smalltalk', ('smalltalk', 'squeak', 'st'), ('*.st',), ('text/x-smalltalk',)),
+    'SmartGameFormatLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sgf', 'SmartGameFormat', ('sgf',), ('*.sgf',), ()),
+    'SmartyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Smarty', ('smarty',), ('*.tpl',), ('application/x-smarty',)),
+    'SmithyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.smithy', 'Smithy', ('smithy',), ('*.smithy',), ()),
+    'SnobolLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.snobol', 'Snobol', ('snobol',), ('*.snobol',), ('text/x-snobol',)),
+    'SnowballLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Snowball', ('snowball',), ('*.sbl',), ()),
+    'SolidityLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.solidity', 'Solidity', ('solidity',), ('*.sol',), ()),
+    'SophiaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sophia', 'Sophia', ('sophia',), ('*.aes',), ()),
+    'SourcePawnLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.pawn', 'SourcePawn', ('sp',), ('*.sp',), ('text/x-sourcepawn',)),
+    'SourcesListLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.installers', 'Debian Sourcelist', ('debsources', 'sourceslist', 'sources.list'), ('sources.list',), ()),
+    'SparqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rdf', 'SPARQL', ('sparql',), ('*.rq', '*.sparql'), ('application/sparql-query',)),
+    'SpiceLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.spice', 'Spice', ('spice', 'spicelang'), ('*.spice',), ('text/x-spice',)),
+    'SqlJinjaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'SQL+Jinja', ('sql+jinja',), ('*.sql', '*.sql.j2', '*.sql.jinja2'), ()),
+    'SqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'SQL', ('sql',), ('*.sql',), ('text/x-sql',)),
+    'SqliteConsoleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'sqlite3con', ('sqlite3',), ('*.sqlite3-console',), ('text/x-sqlite3-console',)),
+    'SquidConfLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'SquidConf', ('squidconf', 'squid.conf', 'squid'), ('squid.conf',), ('text/x-squidconf',)),
+    'SrcinfoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.srcinfo', 'Srcinfo', ('srcinfo',), ('.SRCINFO',), ()),
+    'SspLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Scalate Server Page', ('ssp',), ('*.ssp',), ('application/x-ssp',)),
+    'StanLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.modeling', 'Stan', ('stan',), ('*.stan',), ()),
+    'StataLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.stata', 'Stata', ('stata', 'do'), ('*.do', '*.ado'), ('text/x-stata', 'text/stata', 'application/x-stata')),
+    'SuperColliderLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.supercollider', 'SuperCollider', ('supercollider', 'sc'), ('*.sc', '*.scd'), ('application/supercollider', 'text/supercollider')),
+    'SwiftLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.objective', 'Swift', ('swift',), ('*.swift',), ('text/x-swift',)),
+    'SwigLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'SWIG', ('swig',), ('*.swg', '*.i'), ('text/swig',)),
+    'SystemVerilogLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.hdl', 'systemverilog', ('systemverilog', 'sv'), ('*.sv', '*.svh'), ('text/x-systemverilog',)),
+    'TAPLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.testing', 'TAP', ('tap',), ('*.tap',), ()),
+    'TNTLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.tnt', 'Typographic Number Theory', ('tnt',), ('*.tnt',), ()),
+    'TOMLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'TOML', ('toml',), ('*.toml', 'Pipfile', 'poetry.lock'), ()),
+    'Tads3Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.int_fiction', 'TADS 3', ('tads3',), ('*.t',), ()),
+    'TalLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.tal', 'Tal', ('tal', 'uxntal'), ('*.tal',), ('text/x-uxntal',)),
+    'TasmLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.asm', 'TASM', ('tasm',), ('*.asm', '*.ASM', '*.tasm'), ('text/x-tasm',)),
+    'TclLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.tcl', 'Tcl', ('tcl',), ('*.tcl', '*.rvt'), ('text/x-tcl', 'text/x-script.tcl', 'application/x-tcl')),
+    'TcshLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'Tcsh', ('tcsh', 'csh'), ('*.tcsh', '*.csh'), ('application/x-csh',)),
+    'TcshSessionLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.shell', 'Tcsh Session', ('tcshcon',), (), ()),
+    'TeaTemplateLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Tea', ('tea',), ('*.tea',), ('text/x-tea',)),
+    'TealLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.teal', 'teal', ('teal',), ('*.teal',), ()),
+    'TeraTermLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.teraterm', 'Tera Term macro', ('teratermmacro', 'teraterm', 'ttl'), ('*.ttl',), ('text/x-teratermmacro',)),
+    'TermcapLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Termcap', ('termcap',), ('termcap', 'termcap.src'), ()),
+    'TerminfoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Terminfo', ('terminfo',), ('terminfo', 'terminfo.src'), ()),
+    'TerraformLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Terraform', ('terraform', 'tf', 'hcl'), ('*.tf', '*.hcl'), ('application/x-tf', 'application/x-terraform')),
+    'TexLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'TeX', ('tex', 'latex'), ('*.tex', '*.aux', '*.toc'), ('text/x-tex', 'text/x-latex')),
+    'TextLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.special', 'Text only', ('text',), ('*.txt',), ('text/plain',)),
+    'ThingsDBLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.thingsdb', 'ThingsDB', ('ti', 'thingsdb'), ('*.ti',), ()),
+    'ThriftLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Thrift', ('thrift',), ('*.thrift',), ('application/x-thrift',)),
+    'TiddlyWiki5Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'tiddler', ('tid',), ('*.tid',), ('text/vnd.tiddlywiki',)),
+    'TlbLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.tlb', 'Tl-b', ('tlb',), ('*.tlb',), ()),
+    'TodotxtLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textfmts', 'Todotxt', ('todotxt',), ('todo.txt', '*.todotxt'), ('text/x-todo',)),
+    'TransactSqlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.sql', 'Transact-SQL', ('tsql', 't-sql'), ('*.sql',), ('text/x-tsql',)),
+    'TreetopLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.parsers', 'Treetop', ('treetop',), ('*.treetop', '*.tt'), ()),
+    'TurtleLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.rdf', 'Turtle', ('turtle',), ('*.ttl',), ('text/turtle', 'application/x-turtle')),
+    'TwigHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Twig', ('html+twig',), ('*.twig',), ('text/html+twig',)),
+    'TwigLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Twig', ('twig',), (), ('application/x-twig',)),
+    'TypeScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.javascript', 'TypeScript', ('typescript', 'ts'), ('*.ts',), ('application/x-typescript', 'text/x-typescript')),
+    'TypoScriptCssDataLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.typoscript', 'TypoScriptCssData', ('typoscriptcssdata',), (), ()),
+    'TypoScriptHtmlDataLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.typoscript', 'TypoScriptHtmlData', ('typoscripthtmldata',), (), ()),
+    'TypoScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.typoscript', 'TypoScript', ('typoscript',), ('*.typoscript',), ('text/x-typoscript',)),
+    'UL4Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ul4', 'UL4', ('ul4',), ('*.ul4',), ()),
+    'UcodeLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.unicon', 'ucode', ('ucode',), ('*.u', '*.u1', '*.u2'), ()),
+    'UniconLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.unicon', 'Unicon', ('unicon',), ('*.icn',), ('text/unicon',)),
+    'UnixConfigLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.configs', 'Unix/Linux config files', ('unixconfig', 'linuxconfig'), (), ()),
+    'UrbiscriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.urbi', 'UrbiScript', ('urbiscript',), ('*.u',), ('application/x-urbiscript',)),
+    'UsdLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.usd', 'USD', ('usd', 'usda'), ('*.usd', '*.usda'), ()),
+    'VBScriptLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.basic', 'VBScript', ('vbscript',), ('*.vbs', '*.VBS'), ()),
+    'VCLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.varnish', 'VCL', ('vcl',), ('*.vcl',), ('text/x-vclsrc',)),
+    'VCLSnippetLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.varnish', 'VCLSnippets', ('vclsnippets', 'vclsnippet'), (), ('text/x-vclsnippet',)),
+    'VCTreeStatusLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.console', 'VCTreeStatus', ('vctreestatus',), (), ()),
+    'VGLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'VGL', ('vgl',), ('*.rpf',), ()),
+    'ValaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.c_like', 'Vala', ('vala', 'vapi'), ('*.vala', '*.vapi'), ('text/x-vala',)),
+    'VbNetAspxLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'aspx-vb', ('aspx-vb',), ('*.aspx', '*.asax', '*.ascx', '*.ashx', '*.asmx', '*.axd'), ()),
+    'VbNetLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'VB.net', ('vb.net', 'vbnet', 'lobas', 'oobas', 'sobas'), ('*.vb', '*.bas'), ('text/x-vbnet', 'text/x-vba')),
+    'VelocityHtmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'HTML+Velocity', ('html+velocity',), (), ('text/html+velocity',)),
+    'VelocityLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'Velocity', ('velocity',), ('*.vm', '*.fhtml'), ()),
+    'VelocityXmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Velocity', ('xml+velocity',), (), ('application/xml+velocity',)),
+    'VerilogLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.hdl', 'verilog', ('verilog', 'v'), ('*.v',), ('text/x-verilog',)),
+    'VhdlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.hdl', 'vhdl', ('vhdl',), ('*.vhdl', '*.vhd'), ('text/x-vhdl',)),
+    'VimLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.textedit', 'VimL', ('vim',), ('*.vim', '.vimrc', '.exrc', '.gvimrc', '_vimrc', '_exrc', '_gvimrc', 'vimrc', 'gvimrc'), ('text/x-vim',)),
+    'WDiffLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.diff', 'WDiff', ('wdiff',), ('*.wdiff',), ()),
+    'WatLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.webassembly', 'WebAssembly', ('wast', 'wat'), ('*.wat', '*.wast'), ()),
+    'WebIDLLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.webidl', 'Web IDL', ('webidl',), ('*.webidl',), ()),
+    'WgslLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.wgsl', 'WebGPU Shading Language', ('wgsl',), ('*.wgsl',), ('text/wgsl',)),
+    'WhileyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.whiley', 'Whiley', ('whiley',), ('*.whiley',), ('text/x-whiley',)),
+    'WikitextLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.markup', 'Wikitext', ('wikitext', 'mediawiki'), (), ('text/x-wiki',)),
+    'WoWTocLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.wowtoc', 'World of Warcraft TOC', ('wowtoc',), ('*.toc',), ()),
+    'WrenLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.wren', 'Wren', ('wren',), ('*.wren',), ()),
+    'X10Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.x10', 'X10', ('x10', 'xten'), ('*.x10',), ('text/x-x10',)),
+    'XMLUL4Lexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.ul4', 'XML+UL4', ('xml+ul4',), ('*.xmlul4',), ()),
+    'XQueryLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.webmisc', 'XQuery', ('xquery', 'xqy', 'xq', 'xql', 'xqm'), ('*.xqy', '*.xquery', '*.xq', '*.xql', '*.xqm'), ('text/xquery', 'application/xquery')),
+    'XmlDjangoLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Django/Jinja', ('xml+django', 'xml+jinja'), ('*.xml.j2', '*.xml.jinja2'), ('application/xml+django', 'application/xml+jinja')),
+    'XmlErbLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Ruby', ('xml+ruby', 'xml+erb'), (), ('application/xml+ruby',)),
+    'XmlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.html', 'XML', ('xml',), ('*.xml', '*.xsl', '*.rss', '*.xslt', '*.xsd', '*.wsdl', '*.wsf'), ('text/xml', 'application/xml', 'image/svg+xml', 'application/rss+xml', 'application/atom+xml')),
+    'XmlPhpLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+PHP', ('xml+php',), (), ('application/xml+php',)),
+    'XmlSmartyLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'XML+Smarty', ('xml+smarty',), (), ('application/xml+smarty',)),
+    'XorgLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.xorg', 'Xorg', ('xorg.conf',), ('xorg.conf',), ()),
+    'XppLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dotnet', 'X++', ('xpp', 'x++'), ('*.xpp',), ()),
+    'XsltLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.html', 'XSLT', ('xslt',), ('*.xsl', '*.xslt', '*.xpl'), ('application/xsl+xml', 'application/xslt+xml')),
+    'XtendLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.jvm', 'Xtend', ('xtend',), ('*.xtend',), ('text/x-xtend',)),
+    'XtlangLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.lisp', 'xtlang', ('extempore',), ('*.xtm',), ()),
+    'YamlJinjaLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.templates', 'YAML+Jinja', ('yaml+jinja', 'salt', 'sls'), ('*.sls', '*.yaml.j2', '*.yml.j2', '*.yaml.jinja2', '*.yml.jinja2'), ('text/x-yaml+jinja', 'text/x-sls')),
+    'YamlLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.data', 'YAML', ('yaml',), ('*.yaml', '*.yml'), ('text/x-yaml',)),
+    'YangLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.yang', 'YANG', ('yang',), ('*.yang',), ('application/yang',)),
+    'ZeekLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.dsls', 'Zeek', ('zeek', 'bro'), ('*.zeek', '*.bro'), ()),
+    'ZephirLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.php', 'Zephir', ('zephir',), ('*.zep',), ()),
+    'ZigLexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.zig', 'Zig', ('zig',), ('*.zig',), ('text/zig',)),
+    'apdlexer': ('pip._vendor.pygments.lexers.apdlexer', 'ANSYS parametric design language', ('ansys', 'apdl'), ('*.ans',), ()),
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/python.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/python.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9bf2d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/lexers/python.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1198 @@
+"""
+    pygments.lexers.python
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Lexers for Python and related languages.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+import keyword
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexer import DelegatingLexer, Lexer, RegexLexer, include, \
+    bygroups, using, default, words, combined, do_insertions, this, line_re
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import get_bool_opt, shebang_matches
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Text, Comment, Operator, Keyword, Name, String, \
+    Number, Punctuation, Generic, Other, Error, Whitespace
+from pip._vendor.pygments import unistring as uni
+
+__all__ = ['PythonLexer', 'PythonConsoleLexer', 'PythonTracebackLexer',
+           'Python2Lexer', 'Python2TracebackLexer',
+           'CythonLexer', 'DgLexer', 'NumPyLexer']
+
+
+class PythonLexer(RegexLexer):
+    """
+    For Python source code (version 3.x).
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.5
+       This is now the default ``PythonLexer``.  It is still available as the
+       alias ``Python3Lexer``.
+    """
+
+    name = 'Python'
+    url = 'http://www.python.org'
+    aliases = ['python', 'py', 'sage', 'python3', 'py3']
+    filenames = [
+        '*.py',
+        '*.pyw',
+        # Type stubs
+        '*.pyi',
+        # Jython
+        '*.jy',
+        # Sage
+        '*.sage',
+        # SCons
+        '*.sc',
+        'SConstruct',
+        'SConscript',
+        # Skylark/Starlark (used by Bazel, Buck, and Pants)
+        '*.bzl',
+        'BUCK',
+        'BUILD',
+        'BUILD.bazel',
+        'WORKSPACE',
+        # Twisted Application infrastructure
+        '*.tac',
+    ]
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-python', 'application/x-python',
+                 'text/x-python3', 'application/x-python3']
+
+    uni_name = "[%s][%s]*" % (uni.xid_start, uni.xid_continue)
+
+    def innerstring_rules(ttype):
+        return [
+            # the old style '%s' % (...) string formatting (still valid in Py3)
+            (r'%(\(\w+\))?[-#0 +]*([0-9]+|[*])?(\.([0-9]+|[*]))?'
+             '[hlL]?[E-GXc-giorsaux%]', String.Interpol),
+            # the new style '{}'.format(...) string formatting
+            (r'\{'
+             r'((\w+)((\.\w+)|(\[[^\]]+\]))*)?'  # field name
+             r'(\![sra])?'                       # conversion
+             r'(\:(.?[<>=\^])?[-+ ]?#?0?(\d+)?,?(\.\d+)?[E-GXb-gnosx%]?)?'
+             r'\}', String.Interpol),
+
+            # backslashes, quotes and formatting signs must be parsed one at a time
+            (r'[^\\\'"%{\n]+', ttype),
+            (r'[\'"\\]', ttype),
+            # unhandled string formatting sign
+            (r'%|(\{{1,2})', ttype)
+            # newlines are an error (use "nl" state)
+        ]
+
+    def fstring_rules(ttype):
+        return [
+            # Assuming that a '}' is the closing brace after format specifier.
+            # Sadly, this means that we won't detect syntax error. But it's
+            # more important to parse correct syntax correctly, than to
+            # highlight invalid syntax.
+            (r'\}', String.Interpol),
+            (r'\{', String.Interpol, 'expr-inside-fstring'),
+            # backslashes, quotes and formatting signs must be parsed one at a time
+            (r'[^\\\'"{}\n]+', ttype),
+            (r'[\'"\\]', ttype),
+            # newlines are an error (use "nl" state)
+        ]
+
+    tokens = {
+        'root': [
+            (r'\n', Whitespace),
+            (r'^(\s*)([rRuUbB]{,2})("""(?:.|\n)*?""")',
+             bygroups(Whitespace, String.Affix, String.Doc)),
+            (r"^(\s*)([rRuUbB]{,2})('''(?:.|\n)*?''')",
+             bygroups(Whitespace, String.Affix, String.Doc)),
+            (r'\A#!.+$', Comment.Hashbang),
+            (r'#.*$', Comment.Single),
+            (r'\\\n', Text),
+            (r'\\', Text),
+            include('keywords'),
+            include('soft-keywords'),
+            (r'(def)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'funcname'),
+            (r'(class)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'classname'),
+            (r'(from)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword.Namespace, Text),
+             'fromimport'),
+            (r'(import)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword.Namespace, Text),
+             'import'),
+            include('expr'),
+        ],
+        'expr': [
+            # raw f-strings
+            ('(?i)(rf|fr)(""")',
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('rfstringescape', 'tdqf')),
+            ("(?i)(rf|fr)(''')",
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('rfstringescape', 'tsqf')),
+            ('(?i)(rf|fr)(")',
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('rfstringescape', 'dqf')),
+            ("(?i)(rf|fr)(')",
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('rfstringescape', 'sqf')),
+            # non-raw f-strings
+            ('([fF])(""")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('fstringescape', 'tdqf')),
+            ("([fF])(''')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('fstringescape', 'tsqf')),
+            ('([fF])(")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('fstringescape', 'dqf')),
+            ("([fF])(')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('fstringescape', 'sqf')),
+            # raw bytes and strings
+            ('(?i)(rb|br|r)(""")',
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double), 'tdqs'),
+            ("(?i)(rb|br|r)(''')",
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single), 'tsqs'),
+            ('(?i)(rb|br|r)(")',
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double), 'dqs'),
+            ("(?i)(rb|br|r)(')",
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single), 'sqs'),
+            # non-raw strings
+            ('([uU]?)(""")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('stringescape', 'tdqs')),
+            ("([uU]?)(''')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('stringescape', 'tsqs')),
+            ('([uU]?)(")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('stringescape', 'dqs')),
+            ("([uU]?)(')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('stringescape', 'sqs')),
+            # non-raw bytes
+            ('([bB])(""")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('bytesescape', 'tdqs')),
+            ("([bB])(''')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('bytesescape', 'tsqs')),
+            ('([bB])(")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('bytesescape', 'dqs')),
+            ("([bB])(')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('bytesescape', 'sqs')),
+
+            (r'[^\S\n]+', Text),
+            include('numbers'),
+            (r'!=|==|<<|>>|:=|[-~+/*%=<>&^|.]', Operator),
+            (r'[]{}:(),;[]', Punctuation),
+            (r'(in|is|and|or|not)\b', Operator.Word),
+            include('expr-keywords'),
+            include('builtins'),
+            include('magicfuncs'),
+            include('magicvars'),
+            include('name'),
+        ],
+        'expr-inside-fstring': [
+            (r'[{([]', Punctuation, 'expr-inside-fstring-inner'),
+            # without format specifier
+            (r'(=\s*)?'         # debug (https://bugs.python.org/issue36817)
+             r'(\![sraf])?'     # conversion
+             r'\}', String.Interpol, '#pop'),
+            # with format specifier
+            # we'll catch the remaining '}' in the outer scope
+            (r'(=\s*)?'         # debug (https://bugs.python.org/issue36817)
+             r'(\![sraf])?'     # conversion
+             r':', String.Interpol, '#pop'),
+            (r'\s+', Whitespace),  # allow new lines
+            include('expr'),
+        ],
+        'expr-inside-fstring-inner': [
+            (r'[{([]', Punctuation, 'expr-inside-fstring-inner'),
+            (r'[])}]', Punctuation, '#pop'),
+            (r'\s+', Whitespace),  # allow new lines
+            include('expr'),
+        ],
+        'expr-keywords': [
+            # Based on https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html
+            (words((
+                'async for', 'await', 'else', 'for', 'if', 'lambda',
+                'yield', 'yield from'), suffix=r'\b'),
+             Keyword),
+            (words(('True', 'False', 'None'), suffix=r'\b'), Keyword.Constant),
+        ],
+        'keywords': [
+            (words((
+                'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break', 'continue', 'del', 'elif',
+                'else', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'global', 'if', 'lambda',
+                'pass', 'raise', 'nonlocal', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'yield',
+                'yield from', 'as', 'with'), suffix=r'\b'),
+             Keyword),
+            (words(('True', 'False', 'None'), suffix=r'\b'), Keyword.Constant),
+        ],
+        'soft-keywords': [
+            # `match`, `case` and `_` soft keywords
+            (r'(^[ \t]*)'              # at beginning of line + possible indentation
+             r'(match|case)\b'         # a possible keyword
+             r'(?![ \t]*(?:'           # not followed by...
+             r'[:,;=^&|@~)\]}]|(?:' +  # characters and keywords that mean this isn't
+             r'|'.join(keyword.kwlist) + r')\b))',                 # pattern matching
+             bygroups(Text, Keyword), 'soft-keywords-inner'),
+        ],
+        'soft-keywords-inner': [
+            # optional `_` keyword
+            (r'(\s+)([^\n_]*)(_\b)', bygroups(Whitespace, using(this), Keyword)),
+            default('#pop')
+        ],
+        'builtins': [
+            (words((
+                '__import__', 'abs', 'aiter', 'all', 'any', 'bin', 'bool', 'bytearray',
+                'breakpoint', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod', 'compile',
+                'complex', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval',
+                'filter', 'float', 'format', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals',
+                'hasattr', 'hash', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'isinstance',
+                'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'list', 'locals', 'map', 'max',
+                'memoryview', 'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow',
+                'print', 'property', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set',
+                'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super',
+                'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip'), prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Builtin),
+            (r'(?<!\.)(self|Ellipsis|NotImplemented|cls)\b', Name.Builtin.Pseudo),
+            (words((
+                'ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError',
+                'BaseException', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning', 'DeprecationWarning',
+                'EOFError', 'EnvironmentError', 'Exception', 'FloatingPointError',
+                'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit', 'IOError', 'ImportError',
+                'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError', 'IndexError', 'KeyError',
+                'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError', 'MemoryError', 'NameError',
+                'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError',
+                'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError', 'ResourceWarning',
+                'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StopIteration',
+                'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit',
+                'TabError', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError',
+                'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError',
+                'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'VMSError',
+                'Warning', 'WindowsError', 'ZeroDivisionError',
+                # new builtin exceptions from PEP 3151
+                'BlockingIOError', 'ChildProcessError', 'ConnectionError',
+                'BrokenPipeError', 'ConnectionAbortedError', 'ConnectionRefusedError',
+                'ConnectionResetError', 'FileExistsError', 'FileNotFoundError',
+                'InterruptedError', 'IsADirectoryError', 'NotADirectoryError',
+                'PermissionError', 'ProcessLookupError', 'TimeoutError',
+                # others new in Python 3
+                'StopAsyncIteration', 'ModuleNotFoundError', 'RecursionError',
+                'EncodingWarning'),
+                prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Exception),
+        ],
+        'magicfuncs': [
+            (words((
+                '__abs__', '__add__', '__aenter__', '__aexit__', '__aiter__',
+                '__and__', '__anext__', '__await__', '__bool__', '__bytes__',
+                '__call__', '__complex__', '__contains__', '__del__', '__delattr__',
+                '__delete__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__divmod__', '__enter__',
+                '__eq__', '__exit__', '__float__', '__floordiv__', '__format__',
+                '__ge__', '__get__', '__getattr__', '__getattribute__',
+                '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__iand__',
+                '__ifloordiv__', '__ilshift__', '__imatmul__', '__imod__',
+                '__imul__', '__index__', '__init__', '__instancecheck__',
+                '__int__', '__invert__', '__ior__', '__ipow__', '__irshift__',
+                '__isub__', '__iter__', '__itruediv__', '__ixor__', '__le__',
+                '__len__', '__length_hint__', '__lshift__', '__lt__', '__matmul__',
+                '__missing__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__neg__',
+                '__new__', '__next__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__',
+                '__prepare__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdivmod__', '__repr__',
+                '__reversed__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmatmul__',
+                '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__round__', '__rpow__',
+                '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__',
+                '__rxor__', '__set__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__str__',
+                '__sub__', '__subclasscheck__', '__truediv__',
+                '__xor__'), suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Function.Magic),
+        ],
+        'magicvars': [
+            (words((
+                '__annotations__', '__bases__', '__class__', '__closure__',
+                '__code__', '__defaults__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__file__',
+                '__func__', '__globals__', '__kwdefaults__', '__module__',
+                '__mro__', '__name__', '__objclass__', '__qualname__',
+                '__self__', '__slots__', '__weakref__'), suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Variable.Magic),
+        ],
+        'numbers': [
+            (r'(\d(?:_?\d)*\.(?:\d(?:_?\d)*)?|(?:\d(?:_?\d)*)?\.\d(?:_?\d)*)'
+             r'([eE][+-]?\d(?:_?\d)*)?', Number.Float),
+            (r'\d(?:_?\d)*[eE][+-]?\d(?:_?\d)*j?', Number.Float),
+            (r'0[oO](?:_?[0-7])+', Number.Oct),
+            (r'0[bB](?:_?[01])+', Number.Bin),
+            (r'0[xX](?:_?[a-fA-F0-9])+', Number.Hex),
+            (r'\d(?:_?\d)*', Number.Integer),
+        ],
+        'name': [
+            (r'@' + uni_name, Name.Decorator),
+            (r'@', Operator),  # new matrix multiplication operator
+            (uni_name, Name),
+        ],
+        'funcname': [
+            include('magicfuncs'),
+            (uni_name, Name.Function, '#pop'),
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+        'classname': [
+            (uni_name, Name.Class, '#pop'),
+        ],
+        'import': [
+            (r'(\s+)(as)(\s+)', bygroups(Text, Keyword, Text)),
+            (r'\.', Name.Namespace),
+            (uni_name, Name.Namespace),
+            (r'(\s*)(,)(\s*)', bygroups(Text, Operator, Text)),
+            default('#pop')  # all else: go back
+        ],
+        'fromimport': [
+            (r'(\s+)(import)\b', bygroups(Text, Keyword.Namespace), '#pop'),
+            (r'\.', Name.Namespace),
+            # if None occurs here, it's "raise x from None", since None can
+            # never be a module name
+            (r'None\b', Keyword.Constant, '#pop'),
+            (uni_name, Name.Namespace),
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+        'rfstringescape': [
+            (r'\{\{', String.Escape),
+            (r'\}\}', String.Escape),
+        ],
+        'fstringescape': [
+            include('rfstringescape'),
+            include('stringescape'),
+        ],
+        'bytesescape': [
+            (r'\\([\\abfnrtv"\']|\n|x[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|[0-7]{1,3})', String.Escape)
+        ],
+        'stringescape': [
+            (r'\\(N\{.*?\}|u[a-fA-F0-9]{4}|U[a-fA-F0-9]{8})', String.Escape),
+            include('bytesescape')
+        ],
+        'fstrings-single': fstring_rules(String.Single),
+        'fstrings-double': fstring_rules(String.Double),
+        'strings-single': innerstring_rules(String.Single),
+        'strings-double': innerstring_rules(String.Double),
+        'dqf': [
+            (r'"', String.Double, '#pop'),
+            (r'\\\\|\\"|\\\n', String.Escape),  # included here for raw strings
+            include('fstrings-double')
+        ],
+        'sqf': [
+            (r"'", String.Single, '#pop'),
+            (r"\\\\|\\'|\\\n", String.Escape),  # included here for raw strings
+            include('fstrings-single')
+        ],
+        'dqs': [
+            (r'"', String.Double, '#pop'),
+            (r'\\\\|\\"|\\\n', String.Escape),  # included here for raw strings
+            include('strings-double')
+        ],
+        'sqs': [
+            (r"'", String.Single, '#pop'),
+            (r"\\\\|\\'|\\\n", String.Escape),  # included here for raw strings
+            include('strings-single')
+        ],
+        'tdqf': [
+            (r'"""', String.Double, '#pop'),
+            include('fstrings-double'),
+            (r'\n', String.Double)
+        ],
+        'tsqf': [
+            (r"'''", String.Single, '#pop'),
+            include('fstrings-single'),
+            (r'\n', String.Single)
+        ],
+        'tdqs': [
+            (r'"""', String.Double, '#pop'),
+            include('strings-double'),
+            (r'\n', String.Double)
+        ],
+        'tsqs': [
+            (r"'''", String.Single, '#pop'),
+            include('strings-single'),
+            (r'\n', String.Single)
+        ],
+    }
+
+    def analyse_text(text):
+        return shebang_matches(text, r'pythonw?(3(\.\d)?)?') or \
+            'import ' in text[:1000]
+
+
+Python3Lexer = PythonLexer
+
+
+class Python2Lexer(RegexLexer):
+    """
+    For Python 2.x source code.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.5
+       This class has been renamed from ``PythonLexer``.  ``PythonLexer`` now
+       refers to the Python 3 variant.  File name patterns like ``*.py`` have
+       been moved to Python 3 as well.
+    """
+
+    name = 'Python 2.x'
+    url = 'http://www.python.org'
+    aliases = ['python2', 'py2']
+    filenames = []  # now taken over by PythonLexer (3.x)
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-python2', 'application/x-python2']
+
+    def innerstring_rules(ttype):
+        return [
+            # the old style '%s' % (...) string formatting
+            (r'%(\(\w+\))?[-#0 +]*([0-9]+|[*])?(\.([0-9]+|[*]))?'
+             '[hlL]?[E-GXc-giorsux%]', String.Interpol),
+            # backslashes, quotes and formatting signs must be parsed one at a time
+            (r'[^\\\'"%\n]+', ttype),
+            (r'[\'"\\]', ttype),
+            # unhandled string formatting sign
+            (r'%', ttype),
+            # newlines are an error (use "nl" state)
+        ]
+
+    tokens = {
+        'root': [
+            (r'\n', Whitespace),
+            (r'^(\s*)([rRuUbB]{,2})("""(?:.|\n)*?""")',
+             bygroups(Whitespace, String.Affix, String.Doc)),
+            (r"^(\s*)([rRuUbB]{,2})('''(?:.|\n)*?''')",
+             bygroups(Whitespace, String.Affix, String.Doc)),
+            (r'[^\S\n]+', Text),
+            (r'\A#!.+$', Comment.Hashbang),
+            (r'#.*$', Comment.Single),
+            (r'[]{}:(),;[]', Punctuation),
+            (r'\\\n', Text),
+            (r'\\', Text),
+            (r'(in|is|and|or|not)\b', Operator.Word),
+            (r'!=|==|<<|>>|[-~+/*%=<>&^|.]', Operator),
+            include('keywords'),
+            (r'(def)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'funcname'),
+            (r'(class)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'classname'),
+            (r'(from)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword.Namespace, Text),
+             'fromimport'),
+            (r'(import)((?:\s|\\\s)+)', bygroups(Keyword.Namespace, Text),
+             'import'),
+            include('builtins'),
+            include('magicfuncs'),
+            include('magicvars'),
+            include('backtick'),
+            ('([rR]|[uUbB][rR]|[rR][uUbB])(""")',
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double), 'tdqs'),
+            ("([rR]|[uUbB][rR]|[rR][uUbB])(''')",
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single), 'tsqs'),
+            ('([rR]|[uUbB][rR]|[rR][uUbB])(")',
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double), 'dqs'),
+            ("([rR]|[uUbB][rR]|[rR][uUbB])(')",
+             bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single), 'sqs'),
+            ('([uUbB]?)(""")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('stringescape', 'tdqs')),
+            ("([uUbB]?)(''')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('stringescape', 'tsqs')),
+            ('([uUbB]?)(")', bygroups(String.Affix, String.Double),
+             combined('stringescape', 'dqs')),
+            ("([uUbB]?)(')", bygroups(String.Affix, String.Single),
+             combined('stringescape', 'sqs')),
+            include('name'),
+            include('numbers'),
+        ],
+        'keywords': [
+            (words((
+                'assert', 'break', 'continue', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except',
+                'exec', 'finally', 'for', 'global', 'if', 'lambda', 'pass',
+                'print', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'yield',
+                'yield from', 'as', 'with'), suffix=r'\b'),
+             Keyword),
+        ],
+        'builtins': [
+            (words((
+                '__import__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'apply', 'basestring', 'bin',
+                'bool', 'buffer', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr', 'classmethod',
+                'cmp', 'coerce', 'compile', 'complex', 'delattr', 'dict', 'dir', 'divmod',
+                'enumerate', 'eval', 'execfile', 'exit', 'file', 'filter', 'float',
+                'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'hex', 'id',
+                'input', 'int', 'intern', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'len',
+                'list', 'locals', 'long', 'map', 'max', 'min', 'next', 'object',
+                'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'property', 'range', 'raw_input', 'reduce',
+                'reload', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice',
+                'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type',
+                'unichr', 'unicode', 'vars', 'xrange', 'zip'),
+                prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Builtin),
+            (r'(?<!\.)(self|None|Ellipsis|NotImplemented|False|True|cls'
+             r')\b', Name.Builtin.Pseudo),
+            (words((
+                'ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError',
+                'BaseException', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'EnvironmentError',
+                'Exception', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit',
+                'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError',
+                'IndexError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError',
+                'MemoryError', 'NameError',
+                'NotImplementedError', 'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'OverflowWarning',
+                'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError',
+                'RuntimeError', 'RuntimeWarning', 'StandardError', 'StopIteration',
+                'SyntaxError', 'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit',
+                'TabError', 'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError',
+                'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError',
+                'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'VMSError', 'Warning',
+                'WindowsError', 'ZeroDivisionError'), prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Exception),
+        ],
+        'magicfuncs': [
+            (words((
+                '__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__call__', '__cmp__', '__coerce__',
+                '__complex__', '__contains__', '__del__', '__delattr__', '__delete__',
+                '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__div__', '__divmod__', '__enter__',
+                '__eq__', '__exit__', '__float__', '__floordiv__', '__ge__', '__get__',
+                '__getattr__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__',
+                '__hash__', '__hex__', '__iadd__', '__iand__', '__idiv__', '__ifloordiv__',
+                '__ilshift__', '__imod__', '__imul__', '__index__', '__init__',
+                '__instancecheck__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__iop__', '__ior__',
+                '__ipow__', '__irshift__', '__isub__', '__iter__', '__itruediv__',
+                '__ixor__', '__le__', '__len__', '__long__', '__lshift__', '__lt__',
+                '__missing__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__neg__', '__new__',
+                '__nonzero__', '__oct__', '__op__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__',
+                '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rcmp__', '__rdiv__', '__rdivmod__', '__repr__',
+                '__reversed__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__',
+                '__rop__', '__ror__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__',
+                '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__set__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__',
+                '__setslice__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasscheck__', '__truediv__',
+                '__unicode__', '__xor__'), suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Function.Magic),
+        ],
+        'magicvars': [
+            (words((
+                '__bases__', '__class__', '__closure__', '__code__', '__defaults__',
+                '__dict__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__func__', '__globals__',
+                '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__mro__', '__name__', '__self__',
+                '__slots__', '__weakref__'),
+                suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Variable.Magic),
+        ],
+        'numbers': [
+            (r'(\d+\.\d*|\d*\.\d+)([eE][+-]?[0-9]+)?j?', Number.Float),
+            (r'\d+[eE][+-]?[0-9]+j?', Number.Float),
+            (r'0[0-7]+j?', Number.Oct),
+            (r'0[bB][01]+', Number.Bin),
+            (r'0[xX][a-fA-F0-9]+', Number.Hex),
+            (r'\d+L', Number.Integer.Long),
+            (r'\d+j?', Number.Integer)
+        ],
+        'backtick': [
+            ('`.*?`', String.Backtick),
+        ],
+        'name': [
+            (r'@[\w.]+', Name.Decorator),
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*', Name),
+        ],
+        'funcname': [
+            include('magicfuncs'),
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*', Name.Function, '#pop'),
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+        'classname': [
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*', Name.Class, '#pop')
+        ],
+        'import': [
+            (r'(?:[ \t]|\\\n)+', Text),
+            (r'as\b', Keyword.Namespace),
+            (r',', Operator),
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_][\w.]*', Name.Namespace),
+            default('#pop')  # all else: go back
+        ],
+        'fromimport': [
+            (r'(?:[ \t]|\\\n)+', Text),
+            (r'import\b', Keyword.Namespace, '#pop'),
+            # if None occurs here, it's "raise x from None", since None can
+            # never be a module name
+            (r'None\b', Name.Builtin.Pseudo, '#pop'),
+            # sadly, in "raise x from y" y will be highlighted as namespace too
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_.][\w.]*', Name.Namespace),
+            # anything else here also means "raise x from y" and is therefore
+            # not an error
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+        'stringescape': [
+            (r'\\([\\abfnrtv"\']|\n|N\{.*?\}|u[a-fA-F0-9]{4}|'
+             r'U[a-fA-F0-9]{8}|x[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|[0-7]{1,3})', String.Escape)
+        ],
+        'strings-single': innerstring_rules(String.Single),
+        'strings-double': innerstring_rules(String.Double),
+        'dqs': [
+            (r'"', String.Double, '#pop'),
+            (r'\\\\|\\"|\\\n', String.Escape),  # included here for raw strings
+            include('strings-double')
+        ],
+        'sqs': [
+            (r"'", String.Single, '#pop'),
+            (r"\\\\|\\'|\\\n", String.Escape),  # included here for raw strings
+            include('strings-single')
+        ],
+        'tdqs': [
+            (r'"""', String.Double, '#pop'),
+            include('strings-double'),
+            (r'\n', String.Double)
+        ],
+        'tsqs': [
+            (r"'''", String.Single, '#pop'),
+            include('strings-single'),
+            (r'\n', String.Single)
+        ],
+    }
+
+    def analyse_text(text):
+        return shebang_matches(text, r'pythonw?2(\.\d)?')
+
+class _PythonConsoleLexerBase(RegexLexer):
+    name = 'Python console session'
+    aliases = ['pycon']
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-python-doctest']
+
+    """Auxiliary lexer for `PythonConsoleLexer`.
+
+    Code tokens are output as ``Token.Other.Code``, traceback tokens as
+    ``Token.Other.Traceback``.
+    """
+    tokens = {
+        'root': [
+            (r'(>>> )(.*\n)', bygroups(Generic.Prompt, Other.Code), 'continuations'),
+            # This happens, e.g., when tracebacks are embedded in documentation;
+            # trailing whitespaces are often stripped in such contexts.
+            (r'(>>>)(\n)', bygroups(Generic.Prompt, Whitespace)),
+            (r'(\^C)?Traceback \(most recent call last\):\n', Other.Traceback, 'traceback'),
+            # SyntaxError starts with this
+            (r'  File "[^"]+", line \d+', Other.Traceback, 'traceback'),
+            (r'.*\n', Generic.Output),
+        ],
+        'continuations': [
+            (r'(\.\.\. )(.*\n)', bygroups(Generic.Prompt, Other.Code)),
+            # See above.
+            (r'(\.\.\.)(\n)', bygroups(Generic.Prompt, Whitespace)),
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+        'traceback': [
+            # As soon as we see a traceback, consume everything until the next
+            # >>> prompt.
+            (r'(?=>>>( |$))', Text, '#pop'),
+            (r'(KeyboardInterrupt)(\n)', bygroups(Name.Class, Whitespace)),
+            (r'.*\n', Other.Traceback),
+        ],
+    }
+
+class PythonConsoleLexer(DelegatingLexer):
+    """
+    For Python console output or doctests, such as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon
+
+        >>> a = 'foo'
+        >>> print(a)
+        foo
+        >>> 1 / 0
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+          File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+        ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
+
+    Additional options:
+
+    `python3`
+        Use Python 3 lexer for code.  Default is ``True``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.0
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.5
+           Now defaults to ``True``.
+    """
+
+    name = 'Python console session'
+    aliases = ['pycon']
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-python-doctest']
+
+    def __init__(self, **options):
+        python3 = get_bool_opt(options, 'python3', True)
+        if python3:
+            pylexer = PythonLexer
+            tblexer = PythonTracebackLexer
+        else:
+            pylexer = Python2Lexer
+            tblexer = Python2TracebackLexer
+        # We have two auxiliary lexers. Use DelegatingLexer twice with
+        # different tokens.  TODO: DelegatingLexer should support this
+        # directly, by accepting a tuplet of auxiliary lexers and a tuple of
+        # distinguishing tokens. Then we wouldn't need this intermediary
+        # class.
+        class _ReplaceInnerCode(DelegatingLexer):
+            def __init__(self, **options):
+                super().__init__(pylexer, _PythonConsoleLexerBase, Other.Code, **options)
+        super().__init__(tblexer, _ReplaceInnerCode, Other.Traceback, **options)
+
+class PythonTracebackLexer(RegexLexer):
+    """
+    For Python 3.x tracebacks, with support for chained exceptions.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.0
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.5
+       This is now the default ``PythonTracebackLexer``.  It is still available
+       as the alias ``Python3TracebackLexer``.
+    """
+
+    name = 'Python Traceback'
+    aliases = ['pytb', 'py3tb']
+    filenames = ['*.pytb', '*.py3tb']
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-python-traceback', 'text/x-python3-traceback']
+
+    tokens = {
+        'root': [
+            (r'\n', Whitespace),
+            (r'^(\^C)?Traceback \(most recent call last\):\n', Generic.Traceback, 'intb'),
+            (r'^During handling of the above exception, another '
+             r'exception occurred:\n\n', Generic.Traceback),
+            (r'^The above exception was the direct cause of the '
+             r'following exception:\n\n', Generic.Traceback),
+            (r'^(?=  File "[^"]+", line \d+)', Generic.Traceback, 'intb'),
+            (r'^.*\n', Other),
+        ],
+        'intb': [
+            (r'^(  File )("[^"]+")(, line )(\d+)(, in )(.+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Text, Name.Builtin, Text, Number, Text, Name, Whitespace)),
+            (r'^(  File )("[^"]+")(, line )(\d+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Text, Name.Builtin, Text, Number, Whitespace)),
+            (r'^(    )(.+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Whitespace, using(PythonLexer), Whitespace), 'markers'),
+            (r'^([ \t]*)(\.\.\.)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Whitespace, Comment, Whitespace)),  # for doctests...
+            (r'^([^:]+)(: )(.+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Generic.Error, Text, Name, Whitespace), '#pop'),
+            (r'^([a-zA-Z_][\w.]*)(:?\n)',
+             bygroups(Generic.Error, Whitespace), '#pop'),
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+        'markers': [
+            # Either `PEP 657 <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0657/>`
+            # error locations in Python 3.11+, or single-caret markers
+            # for syntax errors before that.
+            (r'^( {4,})([~^]+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Whitespace, Punctuation.Marker, Whitespace),
+             '#pop'),
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+Python3TracebackLexer = PythonTracebackLexer
+
+
+class Python2TracebackLexer(RegexLexer):
+    """
+    For Python tracebacks.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.7
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.5
+       This class has been renamed from ``PythonTracebackLexer``.
+       ``PythonTracebackLexer`` now refers to the Python 3 variant.
+    """
+
+    name = 'Python 2.x Traceback'
+    aliases = ['py2tb']
+    filenames = ['*.py2tb']
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-python2-traceback']
+
+    tokens = {
+        'root': [
+            # Cover both (most recent call last) and (innermost last)
+            # The optional ^C allows us to catch keyboard interrupt signals.
+            (r'^(\^C)?(Traceback.*\n)',
+             bygroups(Text, Generic.Traceback), 'intb'),
+            # SyntaxError starts with this.
+            (r'^(?=  File "[^"]+", line \d+)', Generic.Traceback, 'intb'),
+            (r'^.*\n', Other),
+        ],
+        'intb': [
+            (r'^(  File )("[^"]+")(, line )(\d+)(, in )(.+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Text, Name.Builtin, Text, Number, Text, Name, Whitespace)),
+            (r'^(  File )("[^"]+")(, line )(\d+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Text, Name.Builtin, Text, Number, Whitespace)),
+            (r'^(    )(.+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Text, using(Python2Lexer), Whitespace), 'marker'),
+            (r'^([ \t]*)(\.\.\.)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Text, Comment, Whitespace)),  # for doctests...
+            (r'^([^:]+)(: )(.+)(\n)',
+             bygroups(Generic.Error, Text, Name, Whitespace), '#pop'),
+            (r'^([a-zA-Z_]\w*)(:?\n)',
+             bygroups(Generic.Error, Whitespace), '#pop')
+        ],
+        'marker': [
+            # For syntax errors.
+            (r'( {4,})(\^)', bygroups(Text, Punctuation.Marker), '#pop'),
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+class CythonLexer(RegexLexer):
+    """
+    For Pyrex and Cython source code.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.1
+    """
+
+    name = 'Cython'
+    url = 'http://cython.org'
+    aliases = ['cython', 'pyx', 'pyrex']
+    filenames = ['*.pyx', '*.pxd', '*.pxi']
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-cython', 'application/x-cython']
+
+    tokens = {
+        'root': [
+            (r'\n', Whitespace),
+            (r'^(\s*)("""(?:.|\n)*?""")', bygroups(Whitespace, String.Doc)),
+            (r"^(\s*)('''(?:.|\n)*?''')", bygroups(Whitespace, String.Doc)),
+            (r'[^\S\n]+', Text),
+            (r'#.*$', Comment),
+            (r'[]{}:(),;[]', Punctuation),
+            (r'\\\n', Whitespace),
+            (r'\\', Text),
+            (r'(in|is|and|or|not)\b', Operator.Word),
+            (r'(<)([a-zA-Z0-9.?]+)(>)',
+             bygroups(Punctuation, Keyword.Type, Punctuation)),
+            (r'!=|==|<<|>>|[-~+/*%=<>&^|.?]', Operator),
+            (r'(from)(\d+)(<=)(\s+)(<)(\d+)(:)',
+             bygroups(Keyword, Number.Integer, Operator, Name, Operator,
+                      Name, Punctuation)),
+            include('keywords'),
+            (r'(def|property)(\s+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'funcname'),
+            (r'(cp?def)(\s+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'cdef'),
+            # (should actually start a block with only cdefs)
+            (r'(cdef)(:)', bygroups(Keyword, Punctuation)),
+            (r'(class|struct)(\s+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'classname'),
+            (r'(from)(\s+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'fromimport'),
+            (r'(c?import)(\s+)', bygroups(Keyword, Text), 'import'),
+            include('builtins'),
+            include('backtick'),
+            ('(?:[rR]|[uU][rR]|[rR][uU])"""', String, 'tdqs'),
+            ("(?:[rR]|[uU][rR]|[rR][uU])'''", String, 'tsqs'),
+            ('(?:[rR]|[uU][rR]|[rR][uU])"', String, 'dqs'),
+            ("(?:[rR]|[uU][rR]|[rR][uU])'", String, 'sqs'),
+            ('[uU]?"""', String, combined('stringescape', 'tdqs')),
+            ("[uU]?'''", String, combined('stringescape', 'tsqs')),
+            ('[uU]?"', String, combined('stringescape', 'dqs')),
+            ("[uU]?'", String, combined('stringescape', 'sqs')),
+            include('name'),
+            include('numbers'),
+        ],
+        'keywords': [
+            (words((
+                'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break', 'by', 'continue', 'ctypedef', 'del', 'elif',
+                'else', 'except', 'except?', 'exec', 'finally', 'for', 'fused', 'gil',
+                'global', 'if', 'include', 'lambda', 'nogil', 'pass', 'print',
+                'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while', 'yield', 'as', 'with'), suffix=r'\b'),
+             Keyword),
+            (r'(DEF|IF|ELIF|ELSE)\b', Comment.Preproc),
+        ],
+        'builtins': [
+            (words((
+                '__import__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'apply', 'basestring', 'bin', 'bint',
+                'bool', 'buffer', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'callable', 'chr',
+                'classmethod', 'cmp', 'coerce', 'compile', 'complex', 'delattr',
+                'dict', 'dir', 'divmod', 'enumerate', 'eval', 'execfile', 'exit',
+                'file', 'filter', 'float', 'frozenset', 'getattr', 'globals',
+                'hasattr', 'hash', 'hex', 'id', 'input', 'int', 'intern', 'isinstance',
+                'issubclass', 'iter', 'len', 'list', 'locals', 'long', 'map', 'max',
+                'min', 'next', 'object', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow', 'property', 'Py_ssize_t',
+                'range', 'raw_input', 'reduce', 'reload', 'repr', 'reversed',
+                'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod',
+                'str', 'sum', 'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'unichr', 'unicode', 'unsigned',
+                'vars', 'xrange', 'zip'), prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Builtin),
+            (r'(?<!\.)(self|None|Ellipsis|NotImplemented|False|True|NULL'
+             r')\b', Name.Builtin.Pseudo),
+            (words((
+                'ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError',
+                'BaseException', 'DeprecationWarning', 'EOFError', 'EnvironmentError',
+                'Exception', 'FloatingPointError', 'FutureWarning', 'GeneratorExit',
+                'IOError', 'ImportError', 'ImportWarning', 'IndentationError',
+                'IndexError', 'KeyError', 'KeyboardInterrupt', 'LookupError',
+                'MemoryError', 'NameError', 'NotImplemented', 'NotImplementedError',
+                'OSError', 'OverflowError', 'OverflowWarning',
+                'PendingDeprecationWarning', 'ReferenceError', 'RuntimeError',
+                'RuntimeWarning', 'StandardError', 'StopIteration', 'SyntaxError',
+                'SyntaxWarning', 'SystemError', 'SystemExit', 'TabError',
+                'TypeError', 'UnboundLocalError', 'UnicodeDecodeError',
+                'UnicodeEncodeError', 'UnicodeError', 'UnicodeTranslateError',
+                'UnicodeWarning', 'UserWarning', 'ValueError', 'Warning',
+                'ZeroDivisionError'), prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'\b'),
+             Name.Exception),
+        ],
+        'numbers': [
+            (r'(\d+\.?\d*|\d*\.\d+)([eE][+-]?[0-9]+)?', Number.Float),
+            (r'0\d+', Number.Oct),
+            (r'0[xX][a-fA-F0-9]+', Number.Hex),
+            (r'\d+L', Number.Integer.Long),
+            (r'\d+', Number.Integer)
+        ],
+        'backtick': [
+            ('`.*?`', String.Backtick),
+        ],
+        'name': [
+            (r'@\w+', Name.Decorator),
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*', Name),
+        ],
+        'funcname': [
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*', Name.Function, '#pop')
+        ],
+        'cdef': [
+            (r'(public|readonly|extern|api|inline)\b', Keyword.Reserved),
+            (r'(struct|enum|union|class)\b', Keyword),
+            (r'([a-zA-Z_]\w*)(\s*)(?=[(:#=]|$)',
+             bygroups(Name.Function, Text), '#pop'),
+            (r'([a-zA-Z_]\w*)(\s*)(,)',
+             bygroups(Name.Function, Text, Punctuation)),
+            (r'from\b', Keyword, '#pop'),
+            (r'as\b', Keyword),
+            (r':', Punctuation, '#pop'),
+            (r'(?=["\'])', Text, '#pop'),
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*', Keyword.Type),
+            (r'.', Text),
+        ],
+        'classname': [
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*', Name.Class, '#pop')
+        ],
+        'import': [
+            (r'(\s+)(as)(\s+)', bygroups(Text, Keyword, Text)),
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_][\w.]*', Name.Namespace),
+            (r'(\s*)(,)(\s*)', bygroups(Text, Operator, Text)),
+            default('#pop')  # all else: go back
+        ],
+        'fromimport': [
+            (r'(\s+)(c?import)\b', bygroups(Text, Keyword), '#pop'),
+            (r'[a-zA-Z_.][\w.]*', Name.Namespace),
+            # ``cdef foo from "header"``, or ``for foo from 0 < i < 10``
+            default('#pop'),
+        ],
+        'stringescape': [
+            (r'\\([\\abfnrtv"\']|\n|N\{.*?\}|u[a-fA-F0-9]{4}|'
+             r'U[a-fA-F0-9]{8}|x[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|[0-7]{1,3})', String.Escape)
+        ],
+        'strings': [
+            (r'%(\([a-zA-Z0-9]+\))?[-#0 +]*([0-9]+|[*])?(\.([0-9]+|[*]))?'
+             '[hlL]?[E-GXc-giorsux%]', String.Interpol),
+            (r'[^\\\'"%\n]+', String),
+            # quotes, percents and backslashes must be parsed one at a time
+            (r'[\'"\\]', String),
+            # unhandled string formatting sign
+            (r'%', String)
+            # newlines are an error (use "nl" state)
+        ],
+        'nl': [
+            (r'\n', String)
+        ],
+        'dqs': [
+            (r'"', String, '#pop'),
+            (r'\\\\|\\"|\\\n', String.Escape),  # included here again for raw strings
+            include('strings')
+        ],
+        'sqs': [
+            (r"'", String, '#pop'),
+            (r"\\\\|\\'|\\\n", String.Escape),  # included here again for raw strings
+            include('strings')
+        ],
+        'tdqs': [
+            (r'"""', String, '#pop'),
+            include('strings'),
+            include('nl')
+        ],
+        'tsqs': [
+            (r"'''", String, '#pop'),
+            include('strings'),
+            include('nl')
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+class DgLexer(RegexLexer):
+    """
+    Lexer for dg,
+    a functional and object-oriented programming language
+    running on the CPython 3 VM.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.6
+    """
+    name = 'dg'
+    aliases = ['dg']
+    filenames = ['*.dg']
+    mimetypes = ['text/x-dg']
+
+    tokens = {
+        'root': [
+            (r'\s+', Text),
+            (r'#.*?$', Comment.Single),
+
+            (r'(?i)0b[01]+', Number.Bin),
+            (r'(?i)0o[0-7]+', Number.Oct),
+            (r'(?i)0x[0-9a-f]+', Number.Hex),
+            (r'(?i)[+-]?[0-9]+\.[0-9]+(e[+-]?[0-9]+)?j?', Number.Float),
+            (r'(?i)[+-]?[0-9]+e[+-]?\d+j?', Number.Float),
+            (r'(?i)[+-]?[0-9]+j?', Number.Integer),
+
+            (r"(?i)(br|r?b?)'''", String, combined('stringescape', 'tsqs', 'string')),
+            (r'(?i)(br|r?b?)"""', String, combined('stringescape', 'tdqs', 'string')),
+            (r"(?i)(br|r?b?)'", String, combined('stringescape', 'sqs', 'string')),
+            (r'(?i)(br|r?b?)"', String, combined('stringescape', 'dqs', 'string')),
+
+            (r"`\w+'*`", Operator),
+            (r'\b(and|in|is|or|where)\b', Operator.Word),
+            (r'[!$%&*+\-./:<-@\\^|~;,]+', Operator),
+
+            (words((
+                'bool', 'bytearray', 'bytes', 'classmethod', 'complex', 'dict', 'dict\'',
+                'float', 'frozenset', 'int', 'list', 'list\'', 'memoryview', 'object',
+                'property', 'range', 'set', 'set\'', 'slice', 'staticmethod', 'str',
+                'super', 'tuple', 'tuple\'', 'type'),
+                   prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'(?![\'\w])'),
+             Name.Builtin),
+            (words((
+                '__import__', 'abs', 'all', 'any', 'bin', 'bind', 'chr', 'cmp', 'compile',
+                'complex', 'delattr', 'dir', 'divmod', 'drop', 'dropwhile', 'enumerate',
+                'eval', 'exhaust', 'filter', 'flip', 'foldl1?', 'format', 'fst',
+                'getattr', 'globals', 'hasattr', 'hash', 'head', 'hex', 'id', 'init',
+                'input', 'isinstance', 'issubclass', 'iter', 'iterate', 'last', 'len',
+                'locals', 'map', 'max', 'min', 'next', 'oct', 'open', 'ord', 'pow',
+                'print', 'repr', 'reversed', 'round', 'setattr', 'scanl1?', 'snd',
+                'sorted', 'sum', 'tail', 'take', 'takewhile', 'vars', 'zip'),
+                   prefix=r'(?<!\.)', suffix=r'(?![\'\w])'),
+             Name.Builtin),
+            (r"(?<!\.)(self|Ellipsis|NotImplemented|None|True|False)(?!['\w])",
+             Name.Builtin.Pseudo),
+
+            (r"(?<!\.)[A-Z]\w*(Error|Exception|Warning)'*(?!['\w])",
+             Name.Exception),
+            (r"(?<!\.)(Exception|GeneratorExit|KeyboardInterrupt|StopIteration|"
+             r"SystemExit)(?!['\w])", Name.Exception),
+
+            (r"(?<![\w.])(except|finally|for|if|import|not|otherwise|raise|"
+             r"subclass|while|with|yield)(?!['\w])", Keyword.Reserved),
+
+            (r"[A-Z_]+'*(?!['\w])", Name),
+            (r"[A-Z]\w+'*(?!['\w])", Keyword.Type),
+            (r"\w+'*", Name),
+
+            (r'[()]', Punctuation),
+            (r'.', Error),
+        ],
+        'stringescape': [
+            (r'\\([\\abfnrtv"\']|\n|N\{.*?\}|u[a-fA-F0-9]{4}|'
+             r'U[a-fA-F0-9]{8}|x[a-fA-F0-9]{2}|[0-7]{1,3})', String.Escape)
+        ],
+        'string': [
+            (r'%(\(\w+\))?[-#0 +]*([0-9]+|[*])?(\.([0-9]+|[*]))?'
+             '[hlL]?[E-GXc-giorsux%]', String.Interpol),
+            (r'[^\\\'"%\n]+', String),
+            # quotes, percents and backslashes must be parsed one at a time
+            (r'[\'"\\]', String),
+            # unhandled string formatting sign
+            (r'%', String),
+            (r'\n', String)
+        ],
+        'dqs': [
+            (r'"', String, '#pop')
+        ],
+        'sqs': [
+            (r"'", String, '#pop')
+        ],
+        'tdqs': [
+            (r'"""', String, '#pop')
+        ],
+        'tsqs': [
+            (r"'''", String, '#pop')
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+class NumPyLexer(PythonLexer):
+    """
+    A Python lexer recognizing Numerical Python builtins.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 0.10
+    """
+
+    name = 'NumPy'
+    url = 'https://numpy.org/'
+    aliases = ['numpy']
+
+    # override the mimetypes to not inherit them from python
+    mimetypes = []
+    filenames = []
+
+    EXTRA_KEYWORDS = {
+        'abs', 'absolute', 'accumulate', 'add', 'alen', 'all', 'allclose',
+        'alltrue', 'alterdot', 'amax', 'amin', 'angle', 'any', 'append',
+        'apply_along_axis', 'apply_over_axes', 'arange', 'arccos', 'arccosh',
+        'arcsin', 'arcsinh', 'arctan', 'arctan2', 'arctanh', 'argmax', 'argmin',
+        'argsort', 'argwhere', 'around', 'array', 'array2string', 'array_equal',
+        'array_equiv', 'array_repr', 'array_split', 'array_str', 'arrayrange',
+        'asanyarray', 'asarray', 'asarray_chkfinite', 'ascontiguousarray',
+        'asfarray', 'asfortranarray', 'asmatrix', 'asscalar', 'astype',
+        'atleast_1d', 'atleast_2d', 'atleast_3d', 'average', 'bartlett',
+        'base_repr', 'beta', 'binary_repr', 'bincount', 'binomial',
+        'bitwise_and', 'bitwise_not', 'bitwise_or', 'bitwise_xor', 'blackman',
+        'bmat', 'broadcast', 'byte_bounds', 'bytes', 'byteswap', 'c_',
+        'can_cast', 'ceil', 'choose', 'clip', 'column_stack', 'common_type',
+        'compare_chararrays', 'compress', 'concatenate', 'conj', 'conjugate',
+        'convolve', 'copy', 'corrcoef', 'correlate', 'cos', 'cosh', 'cov',
+        'cross', 'cumprod', 'cumproduct', 'cumsum', 'delete', 'deprecate',
+        'diag', 'diagflat', 'diagonal', 'diff', 'digitize', 'disp', 'divide',
+        'dot', 'dsplit', 'dstack', 'dtype', 'dump', 'dumps', 'ediff1d', 'empty',
+        'empty_like', 'equal', 'exp', 'expand_dims', 'expm1', 'extract', 'eye',
+        'fabs', 'fastCopyAndTranspose', 'fft', 'fftfreq', 'fftshift', 'fill',
+        'finfo', 'fix', 'flat', 'flatnonzero', 'flatten', 'fliplr', 'flipud',
+        'floor', 'floor_divide', 'fmod', 'frexp', 'fromarrays', 'frombuffer',
+        'fromfile', 'fromfunction', 'fromiter', 'frompyfunc', 'fromstring',
+        'generic', 'get_array_wrap', 'get_include', 'get_numarray_include',
+        'get_numpy_include', 'get_printoptions', 'getbuffer', 'getbufsize',
+        'geterr', 'geterrcall', 'geterrobj', 'getfield', 'gradient', 'greater',
+        'greater_equal', 'gumbel', 'hamming', 'hanning', 'histogram',
+        'histogram2d', 'histogramdd', 'hsplit', 'hstack', 'hypot', 'i0',
+        'identity', 'ifft', 'imag', 'index_exp', 'indices', 'inf', 'info',
+        'inner', 'insert', 'int_asbuffer', 'interp', 'intersect1d',
+        'intersect1d_nu', 'inv', 'invert', 'iscomplex', 'iscomplexobj',
+        'isfinite', 'isfortran', 'isinf', 'isnan', 'isneginf', 'isposinf',
+        'isreal', 'isrealobj', 'isscalar', 'issctype', 'issubclass_',
+        'issubdtype', 'issubsctype', 'item', 'itemset', 'iterable', 'ix_',
+        'kaiser', 'kron', 'ldexp', 'left_shift', 'less', 'less_equal', 'lexsort',
+        'linspace', 'load', 'loads', 'loadtxt', 'log', 'log10', 'log1p', 'log2',
+        'logical_and', 'logical_not', 'logical_or', 'logical_xor', 'logspace',
+        'lstsq', 'mat', 'matrix', 'max', 'maximum', 'maximum_sctype',
+        'may_share_memory', 'mean', 'median', 'meshgrid', 'mgrid', 'min',
+        'minimum', 'mintypecode', 'mod', 'modf', 'msort', 'multiply', 'nan',
+        'nan_to_num', 'nanargmax', 'nanargmin', 'nanmax', 'nanmin', 'nansum',
+        'ndenumerate', 'ndim', 'ndindex', 'negative', 'newaxis', 'newbuffer',
+        'newbyteorder', 'nonzero', 'not_equal', 'obj2sctype', 'ogrid', 'ones',
+        'ones_like', 'outer', 'permutation', 'piecewise', 'pinv', 'pkgload',
+        'place', 'poisson', 'poly', 'poly1d', 'polyadd', 'polyder', 'polydiv',
+        'polyfit', 'polyint', 'polymul', 'polysub', 'polyval', 'power', 'prod',
+        'product', 'ptp', 'put', 'putmask', 'r_', 'randint', 'random_integers',
+        'random_sample', 'ranf', 'rank', 'ravel', 'real', 'real_if_close',
+        'recarray', 'reciprocal', 'reduce', 'remainder', 'repeat', 'require',
+        'reshape', 'resize', 'restoredot', 'right_shift', 'rint', 'roll',
+        'rollaxis', 'roots', 'rot90', 'round', 'round_', 'row_stack', 's_',
+        'sample', 'savetxt', 'sctype2char', 'searchsorted', 'seed', 'select',
+        'set_numeric_ops', 'set_printoptions', 'set_string_function',
+        'setbufsize', 'setdiff1d', 'seterr', 'seterrcall', 'seterrobj',
+        'setfield', 'setflags', 'setmember1d', 'setxor1d', 'shape',
+        'show_config', 'shuffle', 'sign', 'signbit', 'sin', 'sinc', 'sinh',
+        'size', 'slice', 'solve', 'sometrue', 'sort', 'sort_complex', 'source',
+        'split', 'sqrt', 'square', 'squeeze', 'standard_normal', 'std',
+        'subtract', 'sum', 'svd', 'swapaxes', 'take', 'tan', 'tanh', 'tensordot',
+        'test', 'tile', 'tofile', 'tolist', 'tostring', 'trace', 'transpose',
+        'trapz', 'tri', 'tril', 'trim_zeros', 'triu', 'true_divide', 'typeDict',
+        'typename', 'uniform', 'union1d', 'unique', 'unique1d', 'unravel_index',
+        'unwrap', 'vander', 'var', 'vdot', 'vectorize', 'view', 'vonmises',
+        'vsplit', 'vstack', 'weibull', 'where', 'who', 'zeros', 'zeros_like'
+    }
+
+    def get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text):
+        for index, token, value in \
+                PythonLexer.get_tokens_unprocessed(self, text):
+            if token is Name and value in self.EXTRA_KEYWORDS:
+                yield index, Keyword.Pseudo, value
+            else:
+                yield index, token, value
+
+    def analyse_text(text):
+        ltext = text[:1000]
+        return (shebang_matches(text, r'pythonw?(3(\.\d)?)?') or
+                'import ' in ltext) \
+            and ('import numpy' in ltext or 'from numpy import' in ltext)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/modeline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/modeline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b6f6a32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/modeline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+"""
+    pygments.modeline
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    A simple modeline parser (based on pymodeline).
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+
+__all__ = ['get_filetype_from_buffer']
+
+
+modeline_re = re.compile(r'''
+    (?: vi | vim | ex ) (?: [<=>]? \d* )? :
+    .* (?: ft | filetype | syn | syntax ) = ( [^:\s]+ )
+''', re.VERBOSE)
+
+
+def get_filetype_from_line(l):
+    m = modeline_re.search(l)
+    if m:
+        return m.group(1)
+
+
+def get_filetype_from_buffer(buf, max_lines=5):
+    """
+    Scan the buffer for modelines and return filetype if one is found.
+    """
+    lines = buf.splitlines()
+    for l in lines[-1:-max_lines-1:-1]:
+        ret = get_filetype_from_line(l)
+        if ret:
+            return ret
+    for i in range(max_lines, -1, -1):
+        if i < len(lines):
+            ret = get_filetype_from_line(lines[i])
+            if ret:
+                return ret
+
+    return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/plugin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/plugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b722d58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/plugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""
+    pygments.plugin
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Pygments plugin interface. By default, this tries to use
+    ``importlib.metadata``, which is in the Python standard
+    library since Python 3.8, or its ``importlib_metadata``
+    backport for earlier versions of Python. It falls back on
+    ``pkg_resources`` if not found. Finally, if ``pkg_resources``
+    is not found either, no plugins are loaded at all.
+
+    lexer plugins::
+
+        [pygments.lexers]
+        yourlexer = yourmodule:YourLexer
+
+    formatter plugins::
+
+        [pygments.formatters]
+        yourformatter = yourformatter:YourFormatter
+        /.ext = yourformatter:YourFormatter
+
+    As you can see, you can define extensions for the formatter
+    with a leading slash.
+
+    syntax plugins::
+
+        [pygments.styles]
+        yourstyle = yourstyle:YourStyle
+
+    filter plugin::
+
+        [pygments.filter]
+        yourfilter = yourfilter:YourFilter
+
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+LEXER_ENTRY_POINT = 'pygments.lexers'
+FORMATTER_ENTRY_POINT = 'pygments.formatters'
+STYLE_ENTRY_POINT = 'pygments.styles'
+FILTER_ENTRY_POINT = 'pygments.filters'
+
+
+def iter_entry_points(group_name):
+    try:
+        from importlib.metadata import entry_points
+    except ImportError:
+        try:
+            from importlib_metadata import entry_points
+        except ImportError:
+            try:
+                from pip._vendor.pkg_resources import iter_entry_points
+            except (ImportError, OSError):
+                return []
+            else:
+                return iter_entry_points(group_name)
+    groups = entry_points()
+    if hasattr(groups, 'select'):
+        # New interface in Python 3.10 and newer versions of the
+        # importlib_metadata backport.
+        return groups.select(group=group_name)
+    else:
+        # Older interface, deprecated in Python 3.10 and recent
+        # importlib_metadata, but we need it in Python 3.8 and 3.9.
+        return groups.get(group_name, [])
+
+
+def find_plugin_lexers():
+    for entrypoint in iter_entry_points(LEXER_ENTRY_POINT):
+        yield entrypoint.load()
+
+
+def find_plugin_formatters():
+    for entrypoint in iter_entry_points(FORMATTER_ENTRY_POINT):
+        yield entrypoint.name, entrypoint.load()
+
+
+def find_plugin_styles():
+    for entrypoint in iter_entry_points(STYLE_ENTRY_POINT):
+        yield entrypoint.name, entrypoint.load()
+
+
+def find_plugin_filters():
+    for entrypoint in iter_entry_points(FILTER_ENTRY_POINT):
+        yield entrypoint.name, entrypoint.load()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/regexopt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/regexopt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45223ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/regexopt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+"""
+    pygments.regexopt
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    An algorithm that generates optimized regexes for matching long lists of
+    literal strings.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+from re import escape
+from os.path import commonprefix
+from itertools import groupby
+from operator import itemgetter
+
+CS_ESCAPE = re.compile(r'[\[\^\\\-\]]')
+FIRST_ELEMENT = itemgetter(0)
+
+
+def make_charset(letters):
+    return '[' + CS_ESCAPE.sub(lambda m: '\\' + m.group(), ''.join(letters)) + ']'
+
+
+def regex_opt_inner(strings, open_paren):
+    """Return a regex that matches any string in the sorted list of strings."""
+    close_paren = open_paren and ')' or ''
+    # print strings, repr(open_paren)
+    if not strings:
+        # print '-> nothing left'
+        return ''
+    first = strings[0]
+    if len(strings) == 1:
+        # print '-> only 1 string'
+        return open_paren + escape(first) + close_paren
+    if not first:
+        # print '-> first string empty'
+        return open_paren + regex_opt_inner(strings[1:], '(?:') \
+            + '?' + close_paren
+    if len(first) == 1:
+        # multiple one-char strings? make a charset
+        oneletter = []
+        rest = []
+        for s in strings:
+            if len(s) == 1:
+                oneletter.append(s)
+            else:
+                rest.append(s)
+        if len(oneletter) > 1:  # do we have more than one oneletter string?
+            if rest:
+                # print '-> 1-character + rest'
+                return open_paren + regex_opt_inner(rest, '') + '|' \
+                    + make_charset(oneletter) + close_paren
+            # print '-> only 1-character'
+            return open_paren + make_charset(oneletter) + close_paren
+    prefix = commonprefix(strings)
+    if prefix:
+        plen = len(prefix)
+        # we have a prefix for all strings
+        # print '-> prefix:', prefix
+        return open_paren + escape(prefix) \
+            + regex_opt_inner([s[plen:] for s in strings], '(?:') \
+            + close_paren
+    # is there a suffix?
+    strings_rev = [s[::-1] for s in strings]
+    suffix = commonprefix(strings_rev)
+    if suffix:
+        slen = len(suffix)
+        # print '-> suffix:', suffix[::-1]
+        return open_paren \
+            + regex_opt_inner(sorted(s[:-slen] for s in strings), '(?:') \
+            + escape(suffix[::-1]) + close_paren
+    # recurse on common 1-string prefixes
+    # print '-> last resort'
+    return open_paren + \
+        '|'.join(regex_opt_inner(list(group[1]), '')
+                 for group in groupby(strings, lambda s: s[0] == first[0])) \
+        + close_paren
+
+
+def regex_opt(strings, prefix='', suffix=''):
+    """Return a compiled regex that matches any string in the given list.
+
+    The strings to match must be literal strings, not regexes.  They will be
+    regex-escaped.
+
+    *prefix* and *suffix* are pre- and appended to the final regex.
+    """
+    strings = sorted(strings)
+    return prefix + regex_opt_inner(strings, '(') + suffix
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/scanner.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/scanner.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32a2f303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/scanner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+"""
+    pygments.scanner
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This library implements a regex based scanner. Some languages
+    like Pascal are easy to parse but have some keywords that
+    depend on the context. Because of this it's impossible to lex
+    that just by using a regular expression lexer like the
+    `RegexLexer`.
+
+    Have a look at the `DelphiLexer` to get an idea of how to use
+    this scanner.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+import re
+
+
+class EndOfText(RuntimeError):
+    """
+    Raise if end of text is reached and the user
+    tried to call a match function.
+    """
+
+
+class Scanner:
+    """
+    Simple scanner
+
+    All method patterns are regular expression strings (not
+    compiled expressions!)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, text, flags=0):
+        """
+        :param text:    The text which should be scanned
+        :param flags:   default regular expression flags
+        """
+        self.data = text
+        self.data_length = len(text)
+        self.start_pos = 0
+        self.pos = 0
+        self.flags = flags
+        self.last = None
+        self.match = None
+        self._re_cache = {}
+
+    def eos(self):
+        """`True` if the scanner reached the end of text."""
+        return self.pos >= self.data_length
+    eos = property(eos, eos.__doc__)
+
+    def check(self, pattern):
+        """
+        Apply `pattern` on the current position and return
+        the match object. (Doesn't touch pos). Use this for
+        lookahead.
+        """
+        if self.eos:
+            raise EndOfText()
+        if pattern not in self._re_cache:
+            self._re_cache[pattern] = re.compile(pattern, self.flags)
+        return self._re_cache[pattern].match(self.data, self.pos)
+
+    def test(self, pattern):
+        """Apply a pattern on the current position and check
+        if it patches. Doesn't touch pos.
+        """
+        return self.check(pattern) is not None
+
+    def scan(self, pattern):
+        """
+        Scan the text for the given pattern and update pos/match
+        and related fields. The return value is a boolean that
+        indicates if the pattern matched. The matched value is
+        stored on the instance as ``match``, the last value is
+        stored as ``last``. ``start_pos`` is the position of the
+        pointer before the pattern was matched, ``pos`` is the
+        end position.
+        """
+        if self.eos:
+            raise EndOfText()
+        if pattern not in self._re_cache:
+            self._re_cache[pattern] = re.compile(pattern, self.flags)
+        self.last = self.match
+        m = self._re_cache[pattern].match(self.data, self.pos)
+        if m is None:
+            return False
+        self.start_pos = m.start()
+        self.pos = m.end()
+        self.match = m.group()
+        return True
+
+    def get_char(self):
+        """Scan exactly one char."""
+        self.scan('.')
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s %d/%d>' % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.pos,
+            self.data_length
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/sphinxext.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/sphinxext.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c7facde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/sphinxext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+"""
+    pygments.sphinxext
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Sphinx extension to generate automatic documentation of lexers,
+    formatters and filters.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import sys
+
+from docutils import nodes
+from docutils.statemachine import ViewList
+from docutils.parsers.rst import Directive
+from sphinx.util.nodes import nested_parse_with_titles
+
+
+MODULEDOC = '''
+.. module:: %s
+
+%s
+%s
+'''
+
+LEXERDOC = '''
+.. class:: %s
+
+    :Short names: %s
+    :Filenames:   %s
+    :MIME types:  %s
+
+    %s
+
+'''
+
+FMTERDOC = '''
+.. class:: %s
+
+    :Short names: %s
+    :Filenames: %s
+
+    %s
+
+'''
+
+FILTERDOC = '''
+.. class:: %s
+
+    :Name: %s
+
+    %s
+
+'''
+
+
+class PygmentsDoc(Directive):
+    """
+    A directive to collect all lexers/formatters/filters and generate
+    autoclass directives for them.
+    """
+    has_content = False
+    required_arguments = 1
+    optional_arguments = 0
+    final_argument_whitespace = False
+    option_spec = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.filenames = set()
+        if self.arguments[0] == 'lexers':
+            out = self.document_lexers()
+        elif self.arguments[0] == 'formatters':
+            out = self.document_formatters()
+        elif self.arguments[0] == 'filters':
+            out = self.document_filters()
+        elif self.arguments[0] == 'lexers_overview':
+            out = self.document_lexers_overview()
+        else:
+            raise Exception('invalid argument for "pygmentsdoc" directive')
+        node = nodes.compound()
+        vl = ViewList(out.split('\n'), source='')
+        nested_parse_with_titles(self.state, vl, node)
+        for fn in self.filenames:
+            self.state.document.settings.record_dependencies.add(fn)
+        return node.children
+
+    def document_lexers_overview(self):
+        """Generate a tabular overview of all lexers.
+
+        The columns are the lexer name, the extensions handled by this lexer
+        (or "None"), the aliases and a link to the lexer class."""
+        from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers._mapping import LEXERS
+        from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers import find_lexer_class
+        out = []
+
+        table = []
+
+        def format_link(name, url):
+            if url:
+                return f'`{name} <{url}>`_'
+            return name
+
+        for classname, data in sorted(LEXERS.items(), key=lambda x: x[1][1].lower()):
+            lexer_cls = find_lexer_class(data[1])
+            extensions = lexer_cls.filenames + lexer_cls.alias_filenames
+
+            table.append({
+                'name': format_link(data[1], lexer_cls.url),
+                'extensions': ', '.join(extensions).replace('*', '\\*').replace('_', '\\') or 'None',
+                'aliases': ', '.join(data[2]),
+                'class': f'{data[0]}.{classname}'
+            })
+
+        column_names = ['name', 'extensions', 'aliases', 'class']
+        column_lengths = [max([len(row[column]) for row in table if row[column]])
+                          for column in column_names]
+
+        def write_row(*columns):
+            """Format a table row"""
+            out = []
+            for l, c in zip(column_lengths, columns):
+                if c:
+                    out.append(c.ljust(l))
+                else:
+                    out.append(' '*l)
+
+            return ' '.join(out)
+
+        def write_seperator():
+            """Write a table separator row"""
+            sep = ['='*c for c in column_lengths]
+            return write_row(*sep)
+
+        out.append(write_seperator())
+        out.append(write_row('Name', 'Extension(s)', 'Short name(s)', 'Lexer class'))
+        out.append(write_seperator())
+        for row in table:
+            out.append(write_row(
+                row['name'],
+                row['extensions'],
+                row['aliases'],
+                f':class:`~{row["class"]}`'))
+        out.append(write_seperator())
+
+        return '\n'.join(out)
+
+    def document_lexers(self):
+        from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers._mapping import LEXERS
+        out = []
+        modules = {}
+        moduledocstrings = {}
+        for classname, data in sorted(LEXERS.items(), key=lambda x: x[0]):
+            module = data[0]
+            mod = __import__(module, None, None, [classname])
+            self.filenames.add(mod.__file__)
+            cls = getattr(mod, classname)
+            if not cls.__doc__:
+                print("Warning: %s does not have a docstring." % classname)
+            docstring = cls.__doc__
+            if isinstance(docstring, bytes):
+                docstring = docstring.decode('utf8')
+            modules.setdefault(module, []).append((
+                classname,
+                ', '.join(data[2]) or 'None',
+                ', '.join(data[3]).replace('*', '\\*').replace('_', '\\') or 'None',
+                ', '.join(data[4]) or 'None',
+                docstring))
+            if module not in moduledocstrings:
+                moddoc = mod.__doc__
+                if isinstance(moddoc, bytes):
+                    moddoc = moddoc.decode('utf8')
+                moduledocstrings[module] = moddoc
+
+        for module, lexers in sorted(modules.items(), key=lambda x: x[0]):
+            if moduledocstrings[module] is None:
+                raise Exception("Missing docstring for %s" % (module,))
+            heading = moduledocstrings[module].splitlines()[4].strip().rstrip('.')
+            out.append(MODULEDOC % (module, heading, '-'*len(heading)))
+            for data in lexers:
+                out.append(LEXERDOC % data)
+
+        return ''.join(out)
+
+    def document_formatters(self):
+        from pip._vendor.pygments.formatters import FORMATTERS
+
+        out = []
+        for classname, data in sorted(FORMATTERS.items(), key=lambda x: x[0]):
+            module = data[0]
+            mod = __import__(module, None, None, [classname])
+            self.filenames.add(mod.__file__)
+            cls = getattr(mod, classname)
+            docstring = cls.__doc__
+            if isinstance(docstring, bytes):
+                docstring = docstring.decode('utf8')
+            heading = cls.__name__
+            out.append(FMTERDOC % (heading, ', '.join(data[2]) or 'None',
+                                   ', '.join(data[3]).replace('*', '\\*') or 'None',
+                                   docstring))
+        return ''.join(out)
+
+    def document_filters(self):
+        from pip._vendor.pygments.filters import FILTERS
+
+        out = []
+        for name, cls in FILTERS.items():
+            self.filenames.add(sys.modules[cls.__module__].__file__)
+            docstring = cls.__doc__
+            if isinstance(docstring, bytes):
+                docstring = docstring.decode('utf8')
+            out.append(FILTERDOC % (cls.__name__, name, docstring))
+        return ''.join(out)
+
+
+def setup(app):
+    app.add_directive('pygmentsdoc', PygmentsDoc)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/style.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/style.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..edc19627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/style.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+"""
+    pygments.style
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Basic style object.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Token, STANDARD_TYPES
+
+# Default mapping of ansixxx to RGB colors.
+_ansimap = {
+    # dark
+    'ansiblack': '000000',
+    'ansired': '7f0000',
+    'ansigreen': '007f00',
+    'ansiyellow': '7f7fe0',
+    'ansiblue': '00007f',
+    'ansimagenta': '7f007f',
+    'ansicyan': '007f7f',
+    'ansigray': 'e5e5e5',
+    # normal
+    'ansibrightblack': '555555',
+    'ansibrightred': 'ff0000',
+    'ansibrightgreen': '00ff00',
+    'ansibrightyellow': 'ffff00',
+    'ansibrightblue': '0000ff',
+    'ansibrightmagenta': 'ff00ff',
+    'ansibrightcyan': '00ffff',
+    'ansiwhite': 'ffffff',
+}
+# mapping of deprecated #ansixxx colors to new color names
+_deprecated_ansicolors = {
+    # dark
+    '#ansiblack': 'ansiblack',
+    '#ansidarkred': 'ansired',
+    '#ansidarkgreen': 'ansigreen',
+    '#ansibrown': 'ansiyellow',
+    '#ansidarkblue': 'ansiblue',
+    '#ansipurple': 'ansimagenta',
+    '#ansiteal': 'ansicyan',
+    '#ansilightgray': 'ansigray',
+    # normal
+    '#ansidarkgray': 'ansibrightblack',
+    '#ansired': 'ansibrightred',
+    '#ansigreen': 'ansibrightgreen',
+    '#ansiyellow': 'ansibrightyellow',
+    '#ansiblue': 'ansibrightblue',
+    '#ansifuchsia': 'ansibrightmagenta',
+    '#ansiturquoise': 'ansibrightcyan',
+    '#ansiwhite': 'ansiwhite',
+}
+ansicolors = set(_ansimap)
+
+
+class StyleMeta(type):
+
+    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, dct):
+        obj = type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, dct)
+        for token in STANDARD_TYPES:
+            if token not in obj.styles:
+                obj.styles[token] = ''
+
+        def colorformat(text):
+            if text in ansicolors:
+                return text
+            if text[0:1] == '#':
+                col = text[1:]
+                if len(col) == 6:
+                    return col
+                elif len(col) == 3:
+                    return col[0] * 2 + col[1] * 2 + col[2] * 2
+            elif text == '':
+                return ''
+            elif text.startswith('var') or text.startswith('calc'):
+                return text
+            assert False, "wrong color format %r" % text
+
+        _styles = obj._styles = {}
+
+        for ttype in obj.styles:
+            for token in ttype.split():
+                if token in _styles:
+                    continue
+                ndef = _styles.get(token.parent, None)
+                styledefs = obj.styles.get(token, '').split()
+                if not ndef or token is None:
+                    ndef = ['', 0, 0, 0, '', '', 0, 0, 0]
+                elif 'noinherit' in styledefs and token is not Token:
+                    ndef = _styles[Token][:]
+                else:
+                    ndef = ndef[:]
+                _styles[token] = ndef
+                for styledef in obj.styles.get(token, '').split():
+                    if styledef == 'noinherit':
+                        pass
+                    elif styledef == 'bold':
+                        ndef[1] = 1
+                    elif styledef == 'nobold':
+                        ndef[1] = 0
+                    elif styledef == 'italic':
+                        ndef[2] = 1
+                    elif styledef == 'noitalic':
+                        ndef[2] = 0
+                    elif styledef == 'underline':
+                        ndef[3] = 1
+                    elif styledef == 'nounderline':
+                        ndef[3] = 0
+                    elif styledef[:3] == 'bg:':
+                        ndef[4] = colorformat(styledef[3:])
+                    elif styledef[:7] == 'border:':
+                        ndef[5] = colorformat(styledef[7:])
+                    elif styledef == 'roman':
+                        ndef[6] = 1
+                    elif styledef == 'sans':
+                        ndef[7] = 1
+                    elif styledef == 'mono':
+                        ndef[8] = 1
+                    else:
+                        ndef[0] = colorformat(styledef)
+
+        return obj
+
+    def style_for_token(cls, token):
+        t = cls._styles[token]
+        ansicolor = bgansicolor = None
+        color = t[0]
+        if color in _deprecated_ansicolors:
+            color = _deprecated_ansicolors[color]
+        if color in ansicolors:
+            ansicolor = color
+            color = _ansimap[color]
+        bgcolor = t[4]
+        if bgcolor in _deprecated_ansicolors:
+            bgcolor = _deprecated_ansicolors[bgcolor]
+        if bgcolor in ansicolors:
+            bgansicolor = bgcolor
+            bgcolor = _ansimap[bgcolor]
+
+        return {
+            'color':        color or None,
+            'bold':         bool(t[1]),
+            'italic':       bool(t[2]),
+            'underline':    bool(t[3]),
+            'bgcolor':      bgcolor or None,
+            'border':       t[5] or None,
+            'roman':        bool(t[6]) or None,
+            'sans':         bool(t[7]) or None,
+            'mono':         bool(t[8]) or None,
+            'ansicolor':    ansicolor,
+            'bgansicolor':  bgansicolor,
+        }
+
+    def list_styles(cls):
+        return list(cls)
+
+    def styles_token(cls, ttype):
+        return ttype in cls._styles
+
+    def __iter__(cls):
+        for token in cls._styles:
+            yield token, cls.style_for_token(token)
+
+    def __len__(cls):
+        return len(cls._styles)
+
+
+class Style(metaclass=StyleMeta):
+
+    #: overall background color (``None`` means transparent)
+    background_color = '#ffffff'
+
+    #: highlight background color
+    highlight_color = '#ffffcc'
+
+    #: line number font color
+    line_number_color = 'inherit'
+
+    #: line number background color
+    line_number_background_color = 'transparent'
+
+    #: special line number font color
+    line_number_special_color = '#000000'
+
+    #: special line number background color
+    line_number_special_background_color = '#ffffc0'
+
+    #: Style definitions for individual token types.
+    styles = {}
+
+    # Attribute for lexers defined within Pygments. If set
+    # to True, the style is not shown in the style gallery
+    # on the website. This is intended for language-specific
+    # styles.
+    web_style_gallery_exclude = False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/styles/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/styles/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7401cf5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/styles/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+"""
+    pygments.styles
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Contains built-in styles.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.plugin import find_plugin_styles
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import ClassNotFound
+
+#: A dictionary of built-in styles, mapping style names to
+#: ``'submodule::classname'`` strings.
+STYLE_MAP = {
+    'default':  'default::DefaultStyle',
+    'emacs':    'emacs::EmacsStyle',
+    'friendly': 'friendly::FriendlyStyle',
+    'friendly_grayscale': 'friendly_grayscale::FriendlyGrayscaleStyle',
+    'colorful': 'colorful::ColorfulStyle',
+    'autumn':   'autumn::AutumnStyle',
+    'murphy':   'murphy::MurphyStyle',
+    'manni':    'manni::ManniStyle',
+    'material': 'material::MaterialStyle',
+    'monokai':  'monokai::MonokaiStyle',
+    'perldoc':  'perldoc::PerldocStyle',
+    'pastie':   'pastie::PastieStyle',
+    'borland':  'borland::BorlandStyle',
+    'trac':     'trac::TracStyle',
+    'native':   'native::NativeStyle',
+    'fruity':   'fruity::FruityStyle',
+    'bw':       'bw::BlackWhiteStyle',
+    'vim':      'vim::VimStyle',
+    'vs':       'vs::VisualStudioStyle',
+    'tango':    'tango::TangoStyle',
+    'rrt':      'rrt::RrtStyle',
+    'xcode':    'xcode::XcodeStyle',
+    'igor':     'igor::IgorStyle',
+    'paraiso-light': 'paraiso_light::ParaisoLightStyle',
+    'paraiso-dark': 'paraiso_dark::ParaisoDarkStyle',
+    'lovelace': 'lovelace::LovelaceStyle',
+    'algol':    'algol::AlgolStyle',
+    'algol_nu': 'algol_nu::Algol_NuStyle',
+    'arduino':  'arduino::ArduinoStyle',
+    'rainbow_dash': 'rainbow_dash::RainbowDashStyle',
+    'abap':     'abap::AbapStyle',
+    'solarized-dark': 'solarized::SolarizedDarkStyle',
+    'solarized-light': 'solarized::SolarizedLightStyle',
+    'sas':         'sas::SasStyle',
+    'staroffice' : 'staroffice::StarofficeStyle',
+    'stata':       'stata_light::StataLightStyle',
+    'stata-light': 'stata_light::StataLightStyle',
+    'stata-dark':  'stata_dark::StataDarkStyle',
+    'inkpot':      'inkpot::InkPotStyle',
+    'zenburn': 'zenburn::ZenburnStyle',
+    'gruvbox-dark': 'gruvbox::GruvboxDarkStyle',
+    'gruvbox-light': 'gruvbox::GruvboxLightStyle',
+    'dracula': 'dracula::DraculaStyle',
+    'one-dark': 'onedark::OneDarkStyle',
+    'lilypond' : 'lilypond::LilyPondStyle',
+    'nord': 'nord::NordStyle',
+    'nord-darker': 'nord::NordDarkerStyle',
+    'github-dark': 'gh_dark::GhDarkStyle'
+}
+
+
+def get_style_by_name(name):
+    """
+    Return a style class by its short name. The names of the builtin styles
+    are listed in :data:`pygments.styles.STYLE_MAP`.
+
+    Will raise :exc:`pygments.util.ClassNotFound` if no style of that name is
+    found.
+    """
+    if name in STYLE_MAP:
+        mod, cls = STYLE_MAP[name].split('::')
+        builtin = "yes"
+    else:
+        for found_name, style in find_plugin_styles():
+            if name == found_name:
+                return style
+        # perhaps it got dropped into our styles package
+        builtin = ""
+        mod = name
+        cls = name.title() + "Style"
+
+    try:
+        mod = __import__('pygments.styles.' + mod, None, None, [cls])
+    except ImportError:
+        raise ClassNotFound("Could not find style module %r" % mod +
+                         (builtin and ", though it should be builtin") + ".")
+    try:
+        return getattr(mod, cls)
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise ClassNotFound("Could not find style class %r in style module." % cls)
+
+
+def get_all_styles():
+    """Return a generator for all styles by name, both builtin and plugin."""
+    yield from STYLE_MAP
+    for name, _ in find_plugin_styles():
+        yield name
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/styles/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/styles/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c234028
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/styles/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/token.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/token.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7395cb6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/token.py
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+"""
+    pygments.token
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Basic token types and the standard tokens.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+
+class _TokenType(tuple):
+    parent = None
+
+    def split(self):
+        buf = []
+        node = self
+        while node is not None:
+            buf.append(node)
+            node = node.parent
+        buf.reverse()
+        return buf
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        # no need to call super.__init__
+        self.subtypes = set()
+
+    def __contains__(self, val):
+        return self is val or (
+            type(val) is self.__class__ and
+            val[:len(self)] == self
+        )
+
+    def __getattr__(self, val):
+        if not val or not val[0].isupper():
+            return tuple.__getattribute__(self, val)
+        new = _TokenType(self + (val,))
+        setattr(self, val, new)
+        self.subtypes.add(new)
+        new.parent = self
+        return new
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'Token' + (self and '.' or '') + '.'.join(self)
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        # These instances are supposed to be singletons
+        return self
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+        # These instances are supposed to be singletons
+        return self
+
+
+Token = _TokenType()
+
+# Special token types
+Text = Token.Text
+Whitespace = Text.Whitespace
+Escape = Token.Escape
+Error = Token.Error
+# Text that doesn't belong to this lexer (e.g. HTML in PHP)
+Other = Token.Other
+
+# Common token types for source code
+Keyword = Token.Keyword
+Name = Token.Name
+Literal = Token.Literal
+String = Literal.String
+Number = Literal.Number
+Punctuation = Token.Punctuation
+Operator = Token.Operator
+Comment = Token.Comment
+
+# Generic types for non-source code
+Generic = Token.Generic
+
+# String and some others are not direct children of Token.
+# alias them:
+Token.Token = Token
+Token.String = String
+Token.Number = Number
+
+
+def is_token_subtype(ttype, other):
+    """
+    Return True if ``ttype`` is a subtype of ``other``.
+
+    exists for backwards compatibility. use ``ttype in other`` now.
+    """
+    return ttype in other
+
+
+def string_to_tokentype(s):
+    """
+    Convert a string into a token type::
+
+        >>> string_to_token('String.Double')
+        Token.Literal.String.Double
+        >>> string_to_token('Token.Literal.Number')
+        Token.Literal.Number
+        >>> string_to_token('')
+        Token
+
+    Tokens that are already tokens are returned unchanged:
+
+        >>> string_to_token(String)
+        Token.Literal.String
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, _TokenType):
+        return s
+    if not s:
+        return Token
+    node = Token
+    for item in s.split('.'):
+        node = getattr(node, item)
+    return node
+
+
+# Map standard token types to short names, used in CSS class naming.
+# If you add a new item, please be sure to run this file to perform
+# a consistency check for duplicate values.
+STANDARD_TYPES = {
+    Token:                         '',
+
+    Text:                          '',
+    Whitespace:                    'w',
+    Escape:                        'esc',
+    Error:                         'err',
+    Other:                         'x',
+
+    Keyword:                       'k',
+    Keyword.Constant:              'kc',
+    Keyword.Declaration:           'kd',
+    Keyword.Namespace:             'kn',
+    Keyword.Pseudo:                'kp',
+    Keyword.Reserved:              'kr',
+    Keyword.Type:                  'kt',
+
+    Name:                          'n',
+    Name.Attribute:                'na',
+    Name.Builtin:                  'nb',
+    Name.Builtin.Pseudo:           'bp',
+    Name.Class:                    'nc',
+    Name.Constant:                 'no',
+    Name.Decorator:                'nd',
+    Name.Entity:                   'ni',
+    Name.Exception:                'ne',
+    Name.Function:                 'nf',
+    Name.Function.Magic:           'fm',
+    Name.Property:                 'py',
+    Name.Label:                    'nl',
+    Name.Namespace:                'nn',
+    Name.Other:                    'nx',
+    Name.Tag:                      'nt',
+    Name.Variable:                 'nv',
+    Name.Variable.Class:           'vc',
+    Name.Variable.Global:          'vg',
+    Name.Variable.Instance:        'vi',
+    Name.Variable.Magic:           'vm',
+
+    Literal:                       'l',
+    Literal.Date:                  'ld',
+
+    String:                        's',
+    String.Affix:                  'sa',
+    String.Backtick:               'sb',
+    String.Char:                   'sc',
+    String.Delimiter:              'dl',
+    String.Doc:                    'sd',
+    String.Double:                 's2',
+    String.Escape:                 'se',
+    String.Heredoc:                'sh',
+    String.Interpol:               'si',
+    String.Other:                  'sx',
+    String.Regex:                  'sr',
+    String.Single:                 's1',
+    String.Symbol:                 'ss',
+
+    Number:                        'm',
+    Number.Bin:                    'mb',
+    Number.Float:                  'mf',
+    Number.Hex:                    'mh',
+    Number.Integer:                'mi',
+    Number.Integer.Long:           'il',
+    Number.Oct:                    'mo',
+
+    Operator:                      'o',
+    Operator.Word:                 'ow',
+
+    Punctuation:                   'p',
+    Punctuation.Marker:            'pm',
+
+    Comment:                       'c',
+    Comment.Hashbang:              'ch',
+    Comment.Multiline:             'cm',
+    Comment.Preproc:               'cp',
+    Comment.PreprocFile:           'cpf',
+    Comment.Single:                'c1',
+    Comment.Special:               'cs',
+
+    Generic:                       'g',
+    Generic.Deleted:               'gd',
+    Generic.Emph:                  'ge',
+    Generic.Error:                 'gr',
+    Generic.Heading:               'gh',
+    Generic.Inserted:              'gi',
+    Generic.Output:                'go',
+    Generic.Prompt:                'gp',
+    Generic.Strong:                'gs',
+    Generic.Subheading:            'gu',
+    Generic.Traceback:             'gt',
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/unistring.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/unistring.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39f6baee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/unistring.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""
+    pygments.unistring
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Strings of all Unicode characters of a certain category.
+    Used for matching in Unicode-aware languages. Run to regenerate.
+
+    Inspired by chartypes_create.py from the MoinMoin project.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+Cc = '\x00-\x1f\x7f-\x9f'
+
+Cf = '\xad\u0600-\u0605\u061c\u06dd\u070f\u08e2\u180e\u200b-\u200f\u202a-\u202e\u2060-\u2064\u2066-\u206f\ufeff\ufff9-\ufffb\U000110bd\U000110cd\U0001bca0-\U0001bca3\U0001d173-\U0001d17a\U000e0001\U000e0020-\U000e007f'
+
+Cn = '\u0378-\u0379\u0380-\u0383\u038b\u038d\u03a2\u0530\u0557-\u0558\u058b-\u058c\u0590\u05c8-\u05cf\u05eb-\u05ee\u05f5-\u05ff\u061d\u070e\u074b-\u074c\u07b2-\u07bf\u07fb-\u07fc\u082e-\u082f\u083f\u085c-\u085d\u085f\u086b-\u089f\u08b5\u08be-\u08d2\u0984\u098d-\u098e\u0991-\u0992\u09a9\u09b1\u09b3-\u09b5\u09ba-\u09bb\u09c5-\u09c6\u09c9-\u09ca\u09cf-\u09d6\u09d8-\u09db\u09de\u09e4-\u09e5\u09ff-\u0a00\u0a04\u0a0b-\u0a0e\u0a11-\u0a12\u0a29\u0a31\u0a34\u0a37\u0a3a-\u0a3b\u0a3d\u0a43-\u0a46\u0a49-\u0a4a\u0a4e-\u0a50\u0a52-\u0a58\u0a5d\u0a5f-\u0a65\u0a77-\u0a80\u0a84\u0a8e\u0a92\u0aa9\u0ab1\u0ab4\u0aba-\u0abb\u0ac6\u0aca\u0ace-\u0acf\u0ad1-\u0adf\u0ae4-\u0ae5\u0af2-\u0af8\u0b00\u0b04\u0b0d-\u0b0e\u0b11-\u0b12\u0b29\u0b31\u0b34\u0b3a-\u0b3b\u0b45-\u0b46\u0b49-\u0b4a\u0b4e-\u0b55\u0b58-\u0b5b\u0b5e\u0b64-\u0b65\u0b78-\u0b81\u0b84\u0b8b-\u0b8d\u0b91\u0b96-\u0b98\u0b9b\u0b9d\u0ba0-\u0ba2\u0ba5-\u0ba7\u0bab-\u0bad\u0bba-\u0bbd\u0bc3-\u0bc5\u0bc9\u0bce-\u0bcf\u0bd1-\u0bd6\u0bd8-\u0be5\u0bfb-\u0bff\u0c0d\u0c11\u0c29\u0c3a-\u0c3c\u0c45\u0c49\u0c4e-\u0c54\u0c57\u0c5b-\u0c5f\u0c64-\u0c65\u0c70-\u0c77\u0c8d\u0c91\u0ca9\u0cb4\u0cba-\u0cbb\u0cc5\u0cc9\u0cce-\u0cd4\u0cd7-\u0cdd\u0cdf\u0ce4-\u0ce5\u0cf0\u0cf3-\u0cff\u0d04\u0d0d\u0d11\u0d45\u0d49\u0d50-\u0d53\u0d64-\u0d65\u0d80-\u0d81\u0d84\u0d97-\u0d99\u0db2\u0dbc\u0dbe-\u0dbf\u0dc7-\u0dc9\u0dcb-\u0dce\u0dd5\u0dd7\u0de0-\u0de5\u0df0-\u0df1\u0df5-\u0e00\u0e3b-\u0e3e\u0e5c-\u0e80\u0e83\u0e85-\u0e86\u0e89\u0e8b-\u0e8c\u0e8e-\u0e93\u0e98\u0ea0\u0ea4\u0ea6\u0ea8-\u0ea9\u0eac\u0eba\u0ebe-\u0ebf\u0ec5\u0ec7\u0ece-\u0ecf\u0eda-\u0edb\u0ee0-\u0eff\u0f48\u0f6d-\u0f70\u0f98\u0fbd\u0fcd\u0fdb-\u0fff\u10c6\u10c8-\u10cc\u10ce-\u10cf\u1249\u124e-\u124f\u1257\u1259\u125e-\u125f\u1289\u128e-\u128f\u12b1\u12b6-\u12b7\u12bf\u12c1\u12c6-\u12c7\u12d7\u1311\u1316-\u1317\u135b-\u135c\u137d-\u137f\u139a-\u139f\u13f6-\u13f7\u13fe-\u13ff\u169d-\u169f\u16f9-\u16ff\u170d\u1715-\u171f\u1737-\u173f\u1754-\u175f\u176d\u1771\u1774-\u177f\u17de-\u17df\u17ea-\u17ef\u17fa-\u17ff\u180f\u181a-\u181f\u1879-\u187f\u18ab-\u18af\u18f6-\u18ff\u191f\u192c-\u192f\u193c-\u193f\u1941-\u1943\u196e-\u196f\u1975-\u197f\u19ac-\u19af\u19ca-\u19cf\u19db-\u19dd\u1a1c-\u1a1d\u1a5f\u1a7d-\u1a7e\u1a8a-\u1a8f\u1a9a-\u1a9f\u1aae-\u1aaf\u1abf-\u1aff\u1b4c-\u1b4f\u1b7d-\u1b7f\u1bf4-\u1bfb\u1c38-\u1c3a\u1c4a-\u1c4c\u1c89-\u1c8f\u1cbb-\u1cbc\u1cc8-\u1ccf\u1cfa-\u1cff\u1dfa\u1f16-\u1f17\u1f1e-\u1f1f\u1f46-\u1f47\u1f4e-\u1f4f\u1f58\u1f5a\u1f5c\u1f5e\u1f7e-\u1f7f\u1fb5\u1fc5\u1fd4-\u1fd5\u1fdc\u1ff0-\u1ff1\u1ff5\u1fff\u2065\u2072-\u2073\u208f\u209d-\u209f\u20c0-\u20cf\u20f1-\u20ff\u218c-\u218f\u2427-\u243f\u244b-\u245f\u2b74-\u2b75\u2b96-\u2b97\u2bc9\u2bff\u2c2f\u2c5f\u2cf4-\u2cf8\u2d26\u2d28-\u2d2c\u2d2e-\u2d2f\u2d68-\u2d6e\u2d71-\u2d7e\u2d97-\u2d9f\u2da7\u2daf\u2db7\u2dbf\u2dc7\u2dcf\u2dd7\u2ddf\u2e4f-\u2e7f\u2e9a\u2ef4-\u2eff\u2fd6-\u2fef\u2ffc-\u2fff\u3040\u3097-\u3098\u3100-\u3104\u3130\u318f\u31bb-\u31bf\u31e4-\u31ef\u321f\u32ff\u4db6-\u4dbf\u9ff0-\u9fff\ua48d-\ua48f\ua4c7-\ua4cf\ua62c-\ua63f\ua6f8-\ua6ff\ua7ba-\ua7f6\ua82c-\ua82f\ua83a-\ua83f\ua878-\ua87f\ua8c6-\ua8cd\ua8da-\ua8df\ua954-\ua95e\ua97d-\ua97f\ua9ce\ua9da-\ua9dd\ua9ff\uaa37-\uaa3f\uaa4e-\uaa4f\uaa5a-\uaa5b\uaac3-\uaada\uaaf7-\uab00\uab07-\uab08\uab0f-\uab10\uab17-\uab1f\uab27\uab2f\uab66-\uab6f\uabee-\uabef\uabfa-\uabff\ud7a4-\ud7af\ud7c7-\ud7ca\ud7fc-\ud7ff\ufa6e-\ufa6f\ufada-\ufaff\ufb07-\ufb12\ufb18-\ufb1c\ufb37\ufb3d\ufb3f\ufb42\ufb45\ufbc2-\ufbd2\ufd40-\ufd4f\ufd90-\ufd91\ufdc8-\ufdef\ufdfe-\ufdff\ufe1a-\ufe1f\ufe53\ufe67\ufe6c-\ufe6f\ufe75\ufefd-\ufefe\uff00\uffbf-\uffc1\uffc8-\uffc9\uffd0-\uffd1\uffd8-\uffd9\uffdd-\uffdf\uffe7\uffef-\ufff8\ufffe-\uffff\U0001000c\U00010027\U0001003b\U0001003e\U0001004e-\U0001004f\U0001005e-\U0001007f\U000100fb-\U000100ff\U00010103-\U00010106\U00010134-\U00010136\U0001018f\U0001019c-\U0001019f\U000101a1-\U000101cf\U000101fe-\U0001027f\U0001029d-\U0001029f\U000102d1-\U000102df\U000102fc-\U000102ff\U00010324-\U0001032c\U0001034b-\U0001034f\U0001037b-\U0001037f\U0001039e\U000103c4-\U000103c7\U000103d6-\U000103ff\U0001049e-\U0001049f\U000104aa-\U000104af\U000104d4-\U000104d7\U000104fc-\U000104ff\U00010528-\U0001052f\U00010564-\U0001056e\U00010570-\U000105ff\U00010737-\U0001073f\U00010756-\U0001075f\U00010768-\U000107ff\U00010806-\U00010807\U00010809\U00010836\U00010839-\U0001083b\U0001083d-\U0001083e\U00010856\U0001089f-\U000108a6\U000108b0-\U000108df\U000108f3\U000108f6-\U000108fa\U0001091c-\U0001091e\U0001093a-\U0001093e\U00010940-\U0001097f\U000109b8-\U000109bb\U000109d0-\U000109d1\U00010a04\U00010a07-\U00010a0b\U00010a14\U00010a18\U00010a36-\U00010a37\U00010a3b-\U00010a3e\U00010a49-\U00010a4f\U00010a59-\U00010a5f\U00010aa0-\U00010abf\U00010ae7-\U00010aea\U00010af7-\U00010aff\U00010b36-\U00010b38\U00010b56-\U00010b57\U00010b73-\U00010b77\U00010b92-\U00010b98\U00010b9d-\U00010ba8\U00010bb0-\U00010bff\U00010c49-\U00010c7f\U00010cb3-\U00010cbf\U00010cf3-\U00010cf9\U00010d28-\U00010d2f\U00010d3a-\U00010e5f\U00010e7f-\U00010eff\U00010f28-\U00010f2f\U00010f5a-\U00010fff\U0001104e-\U00011051\U00011070-\U0001107e\U000110c2-\U000110cc\U000110ce-\U000110cf\U000110e9-\U000110ef\U000110fa-\U000110ff\U00011135\U00011147-\U0001114f\U00011177-\U0001117f\U000111ce-\U000111cf\U000111e0\U000111f5-\U000111ff\U00011212\U0001123f-\U0001127f\U00011287\U00011289\U0001128e\U0001129e\U000112aa-\U000112af\U000112eb-\U000112ef\U000112fa-\U000112ff\U00011304\U0001130d-\U0001130e\U00011311-\U00011312\U00011329\U00011331\U00011334\U0001133a\U00011345-\U00011346\U00011349-\U0001134a\U0001134e-\U0001134f\U00011351-\U00011356\U00011358-\U0001135c\U00011364-\U00011365\U0001136d-\U0001136f\U00011375-\U000113ff\U0001145a\U0001145c\U0001145f-\U0001147f\U000114c8-\U000114cf\U000114da-\U0001157f\U000115b6-\U000115b7\U000115de-\U000115ff\U00011645-\U0001164f\U0001165a-\U0001165f\U0001166d-\U0001167f\U000116b8-\U000116bf\U000116ca-\U000116ff\U0001171b-\U0001171c\U0001172c-\U0001172f\U00011740-\U000117ff\U0001183c-\U0001189f\U000118f3-\U000118fe\U00011900-\U000119ff\U00011a48-\U00011a4f\U00011a84-\U00011a85\U00011aa3-\U00011abf\U00011af9-\U00011bff\U00011c09\U00011c37\U00011c46-\U00011c4f\U00011c6d-\U00011c6f\U00011c90-\U00011c91\U00011ca8\U00011cb7-\U00011cff\U00011d07\U00011d0a\U00011d37-\U00011d39\U00011d3b\U00011d3e\U00011d48-\U00011d4f\U00011d5a-\U00011d5f\U00011d66\U00011d69\U00011d8f\U00011d92\U00011d99-\U00011d9f\U00011daa-\U00011edf\U00011ef9-\U00011fff\U0001239a-\U000123ff\U0001246f\U00012475-\U0001247f\U00012544-\U00012fff\U0001342f-\U000143ff\U00014647-\U000167ff\U00016a39-\U00016a3f\U00016a5f\U00016a6a-\U00016a6d\U00016a70-\U00016acf\U00016aee-\U00016aef\U00016af6-\U00016aff\U00016b46-\U00016b4f\U00016b5a\U00016b62\U00016b78-\U00016b7c\U00016b90-\U00016e3f\U00016e9b-\U00016eff\U00016f45-\U00016f4f\U00016f7f-\U00016f8e\U00016fa0-\U00016fdf\U00016fe2-\U00016fff\U000187f2-\U000187ff\U00018af3-\U0001afff\U0001b11f-\U0001b16f\U0001b2fc-\U0001bbff\U0001bc6b-\U0001bc6f\U0001bc7d-\U0001bc7f\U0001bc89-\U0001bc8f\U0001bc9a-\U0001bc9b\U0001bca4-\U0001cfff\U0001d0f6-\U0001d0ff\U0001d127-\U0001d128\U0001d1e9-\U0001d1ff\U0001d246-\U0001d2df\U0001d2f4-\U0001d2ff\U0001d357-\U0001d35f\U0001d379-\U0001d3ff\U0001d455\U0001d49d\U0001d4a0-\U0001d4a1\U0001d4a3-\U0001d4a4\U0001d4a7-\U0001d4a8\U0001d4ad\U0001d4ba\U0001d4bc\U0001d4c4\U0001d506\U0001d50b-\U0001d50c\U0001d515\U0001d51d\U0001d53a\U0001d53f\U0001d545\U0001d547-\U0001d549\U0001d551\U0001d6a6-\U0001d6a7\U0001d7cc-\U0001d7cd\U0001da8c-\U0001da9a\U0001daa0\U0001dab0-\U0001dfff\U0001e007\U0001e019-\U0001e01a\U0001e022\U0001e025\U0001e02b-\U0001e7ff\U0001e8c5-\U0001e8c6\U0001e8d7-\U0001e8ff\U0001e94b-\U0001e94f\U0001e95a-\U0001e95d\U0001e960-\U0001ec70\U0001ecb5-\U0001edff\U0001ee04\U0001ee20\U0001ee23\U0001ee25-\U0001ee26\U0001ee28\U0001ee33\U0001ee38\U0001ee3a\U0001ee3c-\U0001ee41\U0001ee43-\U0001ee46\U0001ee48\U0001ee4a\U0001ee4c\U0001ee50\U0001ee53\U0001ee55-\U0001ee56\U0001ee58\U0001ee5a\U0001ee5c\U0001ee5e\U0001ee60\U0001ee63\U0001ee65-\U0001ee66\U0001ee6b\U0001ee73\U0001ee78\U0001ee7d\U0001ee7f\U0001ee8a\U0001ee9c-\U0001eea0\U0001eea4\U0001eeaa\U0001eebc-\U0001eeef\U0001eef2-\U0001efff\U0001f02c-\U0001f02f\U0001f094-\U0001f09f\U0001f0af-\U0001f0b0\U0001f0c0\U0001f0d0\U0001f0f6-\U0001f0ff\U0001f10d-\U0001f10f\U0001f16c-\U0001f16f\U0001f1ad-\U0001f1e5\U0001f203-\U0001f20f\U0001f23c-\U0001f23f\U0001f249-\U0001f24f\U0001f252-\U0001f25f\U0001f266-\U0001f2ff\U0001f6d5-\U0001f6df\U0001f6ed-\U0001f6ef\U0001f6fa-\U0001f6ff\U0001f774-\U0001f77f\U0001f7d9-\U0001f7ff\U0001f80c-\U0001f80f\U0001f848-\U0001f84f\U0001f85a-\U0001f85f\U0001f888-\U0001f88f\U0001f8ae-\U0001f8ff\U0001f90c-\U0001f90f\U0001f93f\U0001f971-\U0001f972\U0001f977-\U0001f979\U0001f97b\U0001f9a3-\U0001f9af\U0001f9ba-\U0001f9bf\U0001f9c3-\U0001f9cf\U0001fa00-\U0001fa5f\U0001fa6e-\U0001ffff\U0002a6d7-\U0002a6ff\U0002b735-\U0002b73f\U0002b81e-\U0002b81f\U0002cea2-\U0002ceaf\U0002ebe1-\U0002f7ff\U0002fa1e-\U000e0000\U000e0002-\U000e001f\U000e0080-\U000e00ff\U000e01f0-\U000effff\U000ffffe-\U000fffff\U0010fffe-\U0010ffff'
+
+Co = '\ue000-\uf8ff\U000f0000-\U000ffffd\U00100000-\U0010fffd'
+
+Cs = '\ud800-\udbff\\\udc00\udc01-\udfff'
+
+Ll = 'a-z\xb5\xdf-\xf6\xf8-\xff\u0101\u0103\u0105\u0107\u0109\u010b\u010d\u010f\u0111\u0113\u0115\u0117\u0119\u011b\u011d\u011f\u0121\u0123\u0125\u0127\u0129\u012b\u012d\u012f\u0131\u0133\u0135\u0137-\u0138\u013a\u013c\u013e\u0140\u0142\u0144\u0146\u0148-\u0149\u014b\u014d\u014f\u0151\u0153\u0155\u0157\u0159\u015b\u015d\u015f\u0161\u0163\u0165\u0167\u0169\u016b\u016d\u016f\u0171\u0173\u0175\u0177\u017a\u017c\u017e-\u0180\u0183\u0185\u0188\u018c-\u018d\u0192\u0195\u0199-\u019b\u019e\u01a1\u01a3\u01a5\u01a8\u01aa-\u01ab\u01ad\u01b0\u01b4\u01b6\u01b9-\u01ba\u01bd-\u01bf\u01c6\u01c9\u01cc\u01ce\u01d0\u01d2\u01d4\u01d6\u01d8\u01da\u01dc-\u01dd\u01df\u01e1\u01e3\u01e5\u01e7\u01e9\u01eb\u01ed\u01ef-\u01f0\u01f3\u01f5\u01f9\u01fb\u01fd\u01ff\u0201\u0203\u0205\u0207\u0209\u020b\u020d\u020f\u0211\u0213\u0215\u0217\u0219\u021b\u021d\u021f\u0221\u0223\u0225\u0227\u0229\u022b\u022d\u022f\u0231\u0233-\u0239\u023c\u023f-\u0240\u0242\u0247\u0249\u024b\u024d\u024f-\u0293\u0295-\u02af\u0371\u0373\u0377\u037b-\u037d\u0390\u03ac-\u03ce\u03d0-\u03d1\u03d5-\u03d7\u03d9\u03db\u03dd\u03df\u03e1\u03e3\u03e5\u03e7\u03e9\u03eb\u03ed\u03ef-\u03f3\u03f5\u03f8\u03fb-\u03fc\u0430-\u045f\u0461\u0463\u0465\u0467\u0469\u046b\u046d\u046f\u0471\u0473\u0475\u0477\u0479\u047b\u047d\u047f\u0481\u048b\u048d\u048f\u0491\u0493\u0495\u0497\u0499\u049b\u049d\u049f\u04a1\u04a3\u04a5\u04a7\u04a9\u04ab\u04ad\u04af\u04b1\u04b3\u04b5\u04b7\u04b9\u04bb\u04bd\u04bf\u04c2\u04c4\u04c6\u04c8\u04ca\u04cc\u04ce-\u04cf\u04d1\u04d3\u04d5\u04d7\u04d9\u04db\u04dd\u04df\u04e1\u04e3\u04e5\u04e7\u04e9\u04eb\u04ed\u04ef\u04f1\u04f3\u04f5\u04f7\u04f9\u04fb\u04fd\u04ff\u0501\u0503\u0505\u0507\u0509\u050b\u050d\u050f\u0511\u0513\u0515\u0517\u0519\u051b\u051d\u051f\u0521\u0523\u0525\u0527\u0529\u052b\u052d\u052f\u0560-\u0588\u10d0-\u10fa\u10fd-\u10ff\u13f8-\u13fd\u1c80-\u1c88\u1d00-\u1d2b\u1d6b-\u1d77\u1d79-\u1d9a\u1e01\u1e03\u1e05\u1e07\u1e09\u1e0b\u1e0d\u1e0f\u1e11\u1e13\u1e15\u1e17\u1e19\u1e1b\u1e1d\u1e1f\u1e21\u1e23\u1e25\u1e27\u1e29\u1e2b\u1e2d\u1e2f\u1e31\u1e33\u1e35\u1e37\u1e39\u1e3b\u1e3d\u1e3f\u1e41\u1e43\u1e45\u1e47\u1e49\u1e4b\u1e4d\u1e4f\u1e51\u1e53\u1e55\u1e57\u1e59\u1e5b\u1e5d\u1e5f\u1e61\u1e63\u1e65\u1e67\u1e69\u1e6b\u1e6d\u1e6f\u1e71\u1e73\u1e75\u1e77\u1e79\u1e7b\u1e7d\u1e7f\u1e81\u1e83\u1e85\u1e87\u1e89\u1e8b\u1e8d\u1e8f\u1e91\u1e93\u1e95-\u1e9d\u1e9f\u1ea1\u1ea3\u1ea5\u1ea7\u1ea9\u1eab\u1ead\u1eaf\u1eb1\u1eb3\u1eb5\u1eb7\u1eb9\u1ebb\u1ebd\u1ebf\u1ec1\u1ec3\u1ec5\u1ec7\u1ec9\u1ecb\u1ecd\u1ecf\u1ed1\u1ed3\u1ed5\u1ed7\u1ed9\u1edb\u1edd\u1edf\u1ee1\u1ee3\u1ee5\u1ee7\u1ee9\u1eeb\u1eed\u1eef\u1ef1\u1ef3\u1ef5\u1ef7\u1ef9\u1efb\u1efd\u1eff-\u1f07\u1f10-\u1f15\u1f20-\u1f27\u1f30-\u1f37\u1f40-\u1f45\u1f50-\u1f57\u1f60-\u1f67\u1f70-\u1f7d\u1f80-\u1f87\u1f90-\u1f97\u1fa0-\u1fa7\u1fb0-\u1fb4\u1fb6-\u1fb7\u1fbe\u1fc2-\u1fc4\u1fc6-\u1fc7\u1fd0-\u1fd3\u1fd6-\u1fd7\u1fe0-\u1fe7\u1ff2-\u1ff4\u1ff6-\u1ff7\u210a\u210e-\u210f\u2113\u212f\u2134\u2139\u213c-\u213d\u2146-\u2149\u214e\u2184\u2c30-\u2c5e\u2c61\u2c65-\u2c66\u2c68\u2c6a\u2c6c\u2c71\u2c73-\u2c74\u2c76-\u2c7b\u2c81\u2c83\u2c85\u2c87\u2c89\u2c8b\u2c8d\u2c8f\u2c91\u2c93\u2c95\u2c97\u2c99\u2c9b\u2c9d\u2c9f\u2ca1\u2ca3\u2ca5\u2ca7\u2ca9\u2cab\u2cad\u2caf\u2cb1\u2cb3\u2cb5\u2cb7\u2cb9\u2cbb\u2cbd\u2cbf\u2cc1\u2cc3\u2cc5\u2cc7\u2cc9\u2ccb\u2ccd\u2ccf\u2cd1\u2cd3\u2cd5\u2cd7\u2cd9\u2cdb\u2cdd\u2cdf\u2ce1\u2ce3-\u2ce4\u2cec\u2cee\u2cf3\u2d00-\u2d25\u2d27\u2d2d\ua641\ua643\ua645\ua647\ua649\ua64b\ua64d\ua64f\ua651\ua653\ua655\ua657\ua659\ua65b\ua65d\ua65f\ua661\ua663\ua665\ua667\ua669\ua66b\ua66d\ua681\ua683\ua685\ua687\ua689\ua68b\ua68d\ua68f\ua691\ua693\ua695\ua697\ua699\ua69b\ua723\ua725\ua727\ua729\ua72b\ua72d\ua72f-\ua731\ua733\ua735\ua737\ua739\ua73b\ua73d\ua73f\ua741\ua743\ua745\ua747\ua749\ua74b\ua74d\ua74f\ua751\ua753\ua755\ua757\ua759\ua75b\ua75d\ua75f\ua761\ua763\ua765\ua767\ua769\ua76b\ua76d\ua76f\ua771-\ua778\ua77a\ua77c\ua77f\ua781\ua783\ua785\ua787\ua78c\ua78e\ua791\ua793-\ua795\ua797\ua799\ua79b\ua79d\ua79f\ua7a1\ua7a3\ua7a5\ua7a7\ua7a9\ua7af\ua7b5\ua7b7\ua7b9\ua7fa\uab30-\uab5a\uab60-\uab65\uab70-\uabbf\ufb00-\ufb06\ufb13-\ufb17\uff41-\uff5a\U00010428-\U0001044f\U000104d8-\U000104fb\U00010cc0-\U00010cf2\U000118c0-\U000118df\U00016e60-\U00016e7f\U0001d41a-\U0001d433\U0001d44e-\U0001d454\U0001d456-\U0001d467\U0001d482-\U0001d49b\U0001d4b6-\U0001d4b9\U0001d4bb\U0001d4bd-\U0001d4c3\U0001d4c5-\U0001d4cf\U0001d4ea-\U0001d503\U0001d51e-\U0001d537\U0001d552-\U0001d56b\U0001d586-\U0001d59f\U0001d5ba-\U0001d5d3\U0001d5ee-\U0001d607\U0001d622-\U0001d63b\U0001d656-\U0001d66f\U0001d68a-\U0001d6a5\U0001d6c2-\U0001d6da\U0001d6dc-\U0001d6e1\U0001d6fc-\U0001d714\U0001d716-\U0001d71b\U0001d736-\U0001d74e\U0001d750-\U0001d755\U0001d770-\U0001d788\U0001d78a-\U0001d78f\U0001d7aa-\U0001d7c2\U0001d7c4-\U0001d7c9\U0001d7cb\U0001e922-\U0001e943'
+
+Lm = '\u02b0-\u02c1\u02c6-\u02d1\u02e0-\u02e4\u02ec\u02ee\u0374\u037a\u0559\u0640\u06e5-\u06e6\u07f4-\u07f5\u07fa\u081a\u0824\u0828\u0971\u0e46\u0ec6\u10fc\u17d7\u1843\u1aa7\u1c78-\u1c7d\u1d2c-\u1d6a\u1d78\u1d9b-\u1dbf\u2071\u207f\u2090-\u209c\u2c7c-\u2c7d\u2d6f\u2e2f\u3005\u3031-\u3035\u303b\u309d-\u309e\u30fc-\u30fe\ua015\ua4f8-\ua4fd\ua60c\ua67f\ua69c-\ua69d\ua717-\ua71f\ua770\ua788\ua7f8-\ua7f9\ua9cf\ua9e6\uaa70\uaadd\uaaf3-\uaaf4\uab5c-\uab5f\uff70\uff9e-\uff9f\U00016b40-\U00016b43\U00016f93-\U00016f9f\U00016fe0-\U00016fe1'
+
+Lo = '\xaa\xba\u01bb\u01c0-\u01c3\u0294\u05d0-\u05ea\u05ef-\u05f2\u0620-\u063f\u0641-\u064a\u066e-\u066f\u0671-\u06d3\u06d5\u06ee-\u06ef\u06fa-\u06fc\u06ff\u0710\u0712-\u072f\u074d-\u07a5\u07b1\u07ca-\u07ea\u0800-\u0815\u0840-\u0858\u0860-\u086a\u08a0-\u08b4\u08b6-\u08bd\u0904-\u0939\u093d\u0950\u0958-\u0961\u0972-\u0980\u0985-\u098c\u098f-\u0990\u0993-\u09a8\u09aa-\u09b0\u09b2\u09b6-\u09b9\u09bd\u09ce\u09dc-\u09dd\u09df-\u09e1\u09f0-\u09f1\u09fc\u0a05-\u0a0a\u0a0f-\u0a10\u0a13-\u0a28\u0a2a-\u0a30\u0a32-\u0a33\u0a35-\u0a36\u0a38-\u0a39\u0a59-\u0a5c\u0a5e\u0a72-\u0a74\u0a85-\u0a8d\u0a8f-\u0a91\u0a93-\u0aa8\u0aaa-\u0ab0\u0ab2-\u0ab3\u0ab5-\u0ab9\u0abd\u0ad0\u0ae0-\u0ae1\u0af9\u0b05-\u0b0c\u0b0f-\u0b10\u0b13-\u0b28\u0b2a-\u0b30\u0b32-\u0b33\u0b35-\u0b39\u0b3d\u0b5c-\u0b5d\u0b5f-\u0b61\u0b71\u0b83\u0b85-\u0b8a\u0b8e-\u0b90\u0b92-\u0b95\u0b99-\u0b9a\u0b9c\u0b9e-\u0b9f\u0ba3-\u0ba4\u0ba8-\u0baa\u0bae-\u0bb9\u0bd0\u0c05-\u0c0c\u0c0e-\u0c10\u0c12-\u0c28\u0c2a-\u0c39\u0c3d\u0c58-\u0c5a\u0c60-\u0c61\u0c80\u0c85-\u0c8c\u0c8e-\u0c90\u0c92-\u0ca8\u0caa-\u0cb3\u0cb5-\u0cb9\u0cbd\u0cde\u0ce0-\u0ce1\u0cf1-\u0cf2\u0d05-\u0d0c\u0d0e-\u0d10\u0d12-\u0d3a\u0d3d\u0d4e\u0d54-\u0d56\u0d5f-\u0d61\u0d7a-\u0d7f\u0d85-\u0d96\u0d9a-\u0db1\u0db3-\u0dbb\u0dbd\u0dc0-\u0dc6\u0e01-\u0e30\u0e32-\u0e33\u0e40-\u0e45\u0e81-\u0e82\u0e84\u0e87-\u0e88\u0e8a\u0e8d\u0e94-\u0e97\u0e99-\u0e9f\u0ea1-\u0ea3\u0ea5\u0ea7\u0eaa-\u0eab\u0ead-\u0eb0\u0eb2-\u0eb3\u0ebd\u0ec0-\u0ec4\u0edc-\u0edf\u0f00\u0f40-\u0f47\u0f49-\u0f6c\u0f88-\u0f8c\u1000-\u102a\u103f\u1050-\u1055\u105a-\u105d\u1061\u1065-\u1066\u106e-\u1070\u1075-\u1081\u108e\u1100-\u1248\u124a-\u124d\u1250-\u1256\u1258\u125a-\u125d\u1260-\u1288\u128a-\u128d\u1290-\u12b0\u12b2-\u12b5\u12b8-\u12be\u12c0\u12c2-\u12c5\u12c8-\u12d6\u12d8-\u1310\u1312-\u1315\u1318-\u135a\u1380-\u138f\u1401-\u166c\u166f-\u167f\u1681-\u169a\u16a0-\u16ea\u16f1-\u16f8\u1700-\u170c\u170e-\u1711\u1720-\u1731\u1740-\u1751\u1760-\u176c\u176e-\u1770\u1780-\u17b3\u17dc\u1820-\u1842\u1844-\u1878\u1880-\u1884\u1887-\u18a8\u18aa\u18b0-\u18f5\u1900-\u191e\u1950-\u196d\u1970-\u1974\u1980-\u19ab\u19b0-\u19c9\u1a00-\u1a16\u1a20-\u1a54\u1b05-\u1b33\u1b45-\u1b4b\u1b83-\u1ba0\u1bae-\u1baf\u1bba-\u1be5\u1c00-\u1c23\u1c4d-\u1c4f\u1c5a-\u1c77\u1ce9-\u1cec\u1cee-\u1cf1\u1cf5-\u1cf6\u2135-\u2138\u2d30-\u2d67\u2d80-\u2d96\u2da0-\u2da6\u2da8-\u2dae\u2db0-\u2db6\u2db8-\u2dbe\u2dc0-\u2dc6\u2dc8-\u2dce\u2dd0-\u2dd6\u2dd8-\u2dde\u3006\u303c\u3041-\u3096\u309f\u30a1-\u30fa\u30ff\u3105-\u312f\u3131-\u318e\u31a0-\u31ba\u31f0-\u31ff\u3400-\u4db5\u4e00-\u9fef\ua000-\ua014\ua016-\ua48c\ua4d0-\ua4f7\ua500-\ua60b\ua610-\ua61f\ua62a-\ua62b\ua66e\ua6a0-\ua6e5\ua78f\ua7f7\ua7fb-\ua801\ua803-\ua805\ua807-\ua80a\ua80c-\ua822\ua840-\ua873\ua882-\ua8b3\ua8f2-\ua8f7\ua8fb\ua8fd-\ua8fe\ua90a-\ua925\ua930-\ua946\ua960-\ua97c\ua984-\ua9b2\ua9e0-\ua9e4\ua9e7-\ua9ef\ua9fa-\ua9fe\uaa00-\uaa28\uaa40-\uaa42\uaa44-\uaa4b\uaa60-\uaa6f\uaa71-\uaa76\uaa7a\uaa7e-\uaaaf\uaab1\uaab5-\uaab6\uaab9-\uaabd\uaac0\uaac2\uaadb-\uaadc\uaae0-\uaaea\uaaf2\uab01-\uab06\uab09-\uab0e\uab11-\uab16\uab20-\uab26\uab28-\uab2e\uabc0-\uabe2\uac00-\ud7a3\ud7b0-\ud7c6\ud7cb-\ud7fb\uf900-\ufa6d\ufa70-\ufad9\ufb1d\ufb1f-\ufb28\ufb2a-\ufb36\ufb38-\ufb3c\ufb3e\ufb40-\ufb41\ufb43-\ufb44\ufb46-\ufbb1\ufbd3-\ufd3d\ufd50-\ufd8f\ufd92-\ufdc7\ufdf0-\ufdfb\ufe70-\ufe74\ufe76-\ufefc\uff66-\uff6f\uff71-\uff9d\uffa0-\uffbe\uffc2-\uffc7\uffca-\uffcf\uffd2-\uffd7\uffda-\uffdc\U00010000-\U0001000b\U0001000d-\U00010026\U00010028-\U0001003a\U0001003c-\U0001003d\U0001003f-\U0001004d\U00010050-\U0001005d\U00010080-\U000100fa\U00010280-\U0001029c\U000102a0-\U000102d0\U00010300-\U0001031f\U0001032d-\U00010340\U00010342-\U00010349\U00010350-\U00010375\U00010380-\U0001039d\U000103a0-\U000103c3\U000103c8-\U000103cf\U00010450-\U0001049d\U00010500-\U00010527\U00010530-\U00010563\U00010600-\U00010736\U00010740-\U00010755\U00010760-\U00010767\U00010800-\U00010805\U00010808\U0001080a-\U00010835\U00010837-\U00010838\U0001083c\U0001083f-\U00010855\U00010860-\U00010876\U00010880-\U0001089e\U000108e0-\U000108f2\U000108f4-\U000108f5\U00010900-\U00010915\U00010920-\U00010939\U00010980-\U000109b7\U000109be-\U000109bf\U00010a00\U00010a10-\U00010a13\U00010a15-\U00010a17\U00010a19-\U00010a35\U00010a60-\U00010a7c\U00010a80-\U00010a9c\U00010ac0-\U00010ac7\U00010ac9-\U00010ae4\U00010b00-\U00010b35\U00010b40-\U00010b55\U00010b60-\U00010b72\U00010b80-\U00010b91\U00010c00-\U00010c48\U00010d00-\U00010d23\U00010f00-\U00010f1c\U00010f27\U00010f30-\U00010f45\U00011003-\U00011037\U00011083-\U000110af\U000110d0-\U000110e8\U00011103-\U00011126\U00011144\U00011150-\U00011172\U00011176\U00011183-\U000111b2\U000111c1-\U000111c4\U000111da\U000111dc\U00011200-\U00011211\U00011213-\U0001122b\U00011280-\U00011286\U00011288\U0001128a-\U0001128d\U0001128f-\U0001129d\U0001129f-\U000112a8\U000112b0-\U000112de\U00011305-\U0001130c\U0001130f-\U00011310\U00011313-\U00011328\U0001132a-\U00011330\U00011332-\U00011333\U00011335-\U00011339\U0001133d\U00011350\U0001135d-\U00011361\U00011400-\U00011434\U00011447-\U0001144a\U00011480-\U000114af\U000114c4-\U000114c5\U000114c7\U00011580-\U000115ae\U000115d8-\U000115db\U00011600-\U0001162f\U00011644\U00011680-\U000116aa\U00011700-\U0001171a\U00011800-\U0001182b\U000118ff\U00011a00\U00011a0b-\U00011a32\U00011a3a\U00011a50\U00011a5c-\U00011a83\U00011a86-\U00011a89\U00011a9d\U00011ac0-\U00011af8\U00011c00-\U00011c08\U00011c0a-\U00011c2e\U00011c40\U00011c72-\U00011c8f\U00011d00-\U00011d06\U00011d08-\U00011d09\U00011d0b-\U00011d30\U00011d46\U00011d60-\U00011d65\U00011d67-\U00011d68\U00011d6a-\U00011d89\U00011d98\U00011ee0-\U00011ef2\U00012000-\U00012399\U00012480-\U00012543\U00013000-\U0001342e\U00014400-\U00014646\U00016800-\U00016a38\U00016a40-\U00016a5e\U00016ad0-\U00016aed\U00016b00-\U00016b2f\U00016b63-\U00016b77\U00016b7d-\U00016b8f\U00016f00-\U00016f44\U00016f50\U00017000-\U000187f1\U00018800-\U00018af2\U0001b000-\U0001b11e\U0001b170-\U0001b2fb\U0001bc00-\U0001bc6a\U0001bc70-\U0001bc7c\U0001bc80-\U0001bc88\U0001bc90-\U0001bc99\U0001e800-\U0001e8c4\U0001ee00-\U0001ee03\U0001ee05-\U0001ee1f\U0001ee21-\U0001ee22\U0001ee24\U0001ee27\U0001ee29-\U0001ee32\U0001ee34-\U0001ee37\U0001ee39\U0001ee3b\U0001ee42\U0001ee47\U0001ee49\U0001ee4b\U0001ee4d-\U0001ee4f\U0001ee51-\U0001ee52\U0001ee54\U0001ee57\U0001ee59\U0001ee5b\U0001ee5d\U0001ee5f\U0001ee61-\U0001ee62\U0001ee64\U0001ee67-\U0001ee6a\U0001ee6c-\U0001ee72\U0001ee74-\U0001ee77\U0001ee79-\U0001ee7c\U0001ee7e\U0001ee80-\U0001ee89\U0001ee8b-\U0001ee9b\U0001eea1-\U0001eea3\U0001eea5-\U0001eea9\U0001eeab-\U0001eebb\U00020000-\U0002a6d6\U0002a700-\U0002b734\U0002b740-\U0002b81d\U0002b820-\U0002cea1\U0002ceb0-\U0002ebe0\U0002f800-\U0002fa1d'
+
+Lt = '\u01c5\u01c8\u01cb\u01f2\u1f88-\u1f8f\u1f98-\u1f9f\u1fa8-\u1faf\u1fbc\u1fcc\u1ffc'
+
+Lu = 'A-Z\xc0-\xd6\xd8-\xde\u0100\u0102\u0104\u0106\u0108\u010a\u010c\u010e\u0110\u0112\u0114\u0116\u0118\u011a\u011c\u011e\u0120\u0122\u0124\u0126\u0128\u012a\u012c\u012e\u0130\u0132\u0134\u0136\u0139\u013b\u013d\u013f\u0141\u0143\u0145\u0147\u014a\u014c\u014e\u0150\u0152\u0154\u0156\u0158\u015a\u015c\u015e\u0160\u0162\u0164\u0166\u0168\u016a\u016c\u016e\u0170\u0172\u0174\u0176\u0178-\u0179\u017b\u017d\u0181-\u0182\u0184\u0186-\u0187\u0189-\u018b\u018e-\u0191\u0193-\u0194\u0196-\u0198\u019c-\u019d\u019f-\u01a0\u01a2\u01a4\u01a6-\u01a7\u01a9\u01ac\u01ae-\u01af\u01b1-\u01b3\u01b5\u01b7-\u01b8\u01bc\u01c4\u01c7\u01ca\u01cd\u01cf\u01d1\u01d3\u01d5\u01d7\u01d9\u01db\u01de\u01e0\u01e2\u01e4\u01e6\u01e8\u01ea\u01ec\u01ee\u01f1\u01f4\u01f6-\u01f8\u01fa\u01fc\u01fe\u0200\u0202\u0204\u0206\u0208\u020a\u020c\u020e\u0210\u0212\u0214\u0216\u0218\u021a\u021c\u021e\u0220\u0222\u0224\u0226\u0228\u022a\u022c\u022e\u0230\u0232\u023a-\u023b\u023d-\u023e\u0241\u0243-\u0246\u0248\u024a\u024c\u024e\u0370\u0372\u0376\u037f\u0386\u0388-\u038a\u038c\u038e-\u038f\u0391-\u03a1\u03a3-\u03ab\u03cf\u03d2-\u03d4\u03d8\u03da\u03dc\u03de\u03e0\u03e2\u03e4\u03e6\u03e8\u03ea\u03ec\u03ee\u03f4\u03f7\u03f9-\u03fa\u03fd-\u042f\u0460\u0462\u0464\u0466\u0468\u046a\u046c\u046e\u0470\u0472\u0474\u0476\u0478\u047a\u047c\u047e\u0480\u048a\u048c\u048e\u0490\u0492\u0494\u0496\u0498\u049a\u049c\u049e\u04a0\u04a2\u04a4\u04a6\u04a8\u04aa\u04ac\u04ae\u04b0\u04b2\u04b4\u04b6\u04b8\u04ba\u04bc\u04be\u04c0-\u04c1\u04c3\u04c5\u04c7\u04c9\u04cb\u04cd\u04d0\u04d2\u04d4\u04d6\u04d8\u04da\u04dc\u04de\u04e0\u04e2\u04e4\u04e6\u04e8\u04ea\u04ec\u04ee\u04f0\u04f2\u04f4\u04f6\u04f8\u04fa\u04fc\u04fe\u0500\u0502\u0504\u0506\u0508\u050a\u050c\u050e\u0510\u0512\u0514\u0516\u0518\u051a\u051c\u051e\u0520\u0522\u0524\u0526\u0528\u052a\u052c\u052e\u0531-\u0556\u10a0-\u10c5\u10c7\u10cd\u13a0-\u13f5\u1c90-\u1cba\u1cbd-\u1cbf\u1e00\u1e02\u1e04\u1e06\u1e08\u1e0a\u1e0c\u1e0e\u1e10\u1e12\u1e14\u1e16\u1e18\u1e1a\u1e1c\u1e1e\u1e20\u1e22\u1e24\u1e26\u1e28\u1e2a\u1e2c\u1e2e\u1e30\u1e32\u1e34\u1e36\u1e38\u1e3a\u1e3c\u1e3e\u1e40\u1e42\u1e44\u1e46\u1e48\u1e4a\u1e4c\u1e4e\u1e50\u1e52\u1e54\u1e56\u1e58\u1e5a\u1e5c\u1e5e\u1e60\u1e62\u1e64\u1e66\u1e68\u1e6a\u1e6c\u1e6e\u1e70\u1e72\u1e74\u1e76\u1e78\u1e7a\u1e7c\u1e7e\u1e80\u1e82\u1e84\u1e86\u1e88\u1e8a\u1e8c\u1e8e\u1e90\u1e92\u1e94\u1e9e\u1ea0\u1ea2\u1ea4\u1ea6\u1ea8\u1eaa\u1eac\u1eae\u1eb0\u1eb2\u1eb4\u1eb6\u1eb8\u1eba\u1ebc\u1ebe\u1ec0\u1ec2\u1ec4\u1ec6\u1ec8\u1eca\u1ecc\u1ece\u1ed0\u1ed2\u1ed4\u1ed6\u1ed8\u1eda\u1edc\u1ede\u1ee0\u1ee2\u1ee4\u1ee6\u1ee8\u1eea\u1eec\u1eee\u1ef0\u1ef2\u1ef4\u1ef6\u1ef8\u1efa\u1efc\u1efe\u1f08-\u1f0f\u1f18-\u1f1d\u1f28-\u1f2f\u1f38-\u1f3f\u1f48-\u1f4d\u1f59\u1f5b\u1f5d\u1f5f\u1f68-\u1f6f\u1fb8-\u1fbb\u1fc8-\u1fcb\u1fd8-\u1fdb\u1fe8-\u1fec\u1ff8-\u1ffb\u2102\u2107\u210b-\u210d\u2110-\u2112\u2115\u2119-\u211d\u2124\u2126\u2128\u212a-\u212d\u2130-\u2133\u213e-\u213f\u2145\u2183\u2c00-\u2c2e\u2c60\u2c62-\u2c64\u2c67\u2c69\u2c6b\u2c6d-\u2c70\u2c72\u2c75\u2c7e-\u2c80\u2c82\u2c84\u2c86\u2c88\u2c8a\u2c8c\u2c8e\u2c90\u2c92\u2c94\u2c96\u2c98\u2c9a\u2c9c\u2c9e\u2ca0\u2ca2\u2ca4\u2ca6\u2ca8\u2caa\u2cac\u2cae\u2cb0\u2cb2\u2cb4\u2cb6\u2cb8\u2cba\u2cbc\u2cbe\u2cc0\u2cc2\u2cc4\u2cc6\u2cc8\u2cca\u2ccc\u2cce\u2cd0\u2cd2\u2cd4\u2cd6\u2cd8\u2cda\u2cdc\u2cde\u2ce0\u2ce2\u2ceb\u2ced\u2cf2\ua640\ua642\ua644\ua646\ua648\ua64a\ua64c\ua64e\ua650\ua652\ua654\ua656\ua658\ua65a\ua65c\ua65e\ua660\ua662\ua664\ua666\ua668\ua66a\ua66c\ua680\ua682\ua684\ua686\ua688\ua68a\ua68c\ua68e\ua690\ua692\ua694\ua696\ua698\ua69a\ua722\ua724\ua726\ua728\ua72a\ua72c\ua72e\ua732\ua734\ua736\ua738\ua73a\ua73c\ua73e\ua740\ua742\ua744\ua746\ua748\ua74a\ua74c\ua74e\ua750\ua752\ua754\ua756\ua758\ua75a\ua75c\ua75e\ua760\ua762\ua764\ua766\ua768\ua76a\ua76c\ua76e\ua779\ua77b\ua77d-\ua77e\ua780\ua782\ua784\ua786\ua78b\ua78d\ua790\ua792\ua796\ua798\ua79a\ua79c\ua79e\ua7a0\ua7a2\ua7a4\ua7a6\ua7a8\ua7aa-\ua7ae\ua7b0-\ua7b4\ua7b6\ua7b8\uff21-\uff3a\U00010400-\U00010427\U000104b0-\U000104d3\U00010c80-\U00010cb2\U000118a0-\U000118bf\U00016e40-\U00016e5f\U0001d400-\U0001d419\U0001d434-\U0001d44d\U0001d468-\U0001d481\U0001d49c\U0001d49e-\U0001d49f\U0001d4a2\U0001d4a5-\U0001d4a6\U0001d4a9-\U0001d4ac\U0001d4ae-\U0001d4b5\U0001d4d0-\U0001d4e9\U0001d504-\U0001d505\U0001d507-\U0001d50a\U0001d50d-\U0001d514\U0001d516-\U0001d51c\U0001d538-\U0001d539\U0001d53b-\U0001d53e\U0001d540-\U0001d544\U0001d546\U0001d54a-\U0001d550\U0001d56c-\U0001d585\U0001d5a0-\U0001d5b9\U0001d5d4-\U0001d5ed\U0001d608-\U0001d621\U0001d63c-\U0001d655\U0001d670-\U0001d689\U0001d6a8-\U0001d6c0\U0001d6e2-\U0001d6fa\U0001d71c-\U0001d734\U0001d756-\U0001d76e\U0001d790-\U0001d7a8\U0001d7ca\U0001e900-\U0001e921'
+
+Mc = '\u0903\u093b\u093e-\u0940\u0949-\u094c\u094e-\u094f\u0982-\u0983\u09be-\u09c0\u09c7-\u09c8\u09cb-\u09cc\u09d7\u0a03\u0a3e-\u0a40\u0a83\u0abe-\u0ac0\u0ac9\u0acb-\u0acc\u0b02-\u0b03\u0b3e\u0b40\u0b47-\u0b48\u0b4b-\u0b4c\u0b57\u0bbe-\u0bbf\u0bc1-\u0bc2\u0bc6-\u0bc8\u0bca-\u0bcc\u0bd7\u0c01-\u0c03\u0c41-\u0c44\u0c82-\u0c83\u0cbe\u0cc0-\u0cc4\u0cc7-\u0cc8\u0cca-\u0ccb\u0cd5-\u0cd6\u0d02-\u0d03\u0d3e-\u0d40\u0d46-\u0d48\u0d4a-\u0d4c\u0d57\u0d82-\u0d83\u0dcf-\u0dd1\u0dd8-\u0ddf\u0df2-\u0df3\u0f3e-\u0f3f\u0f7f\u102b-\u102c\u1031\u1038\u103b-\u103c\u1056-\u1057\u1062-\u1064\u1067-\u106d\u1083-\u1084\u1087-\u108c\u108f\u109a-\u109c\u17b6\u17be-\u17c5\u17c7-\u17c8\u1923-\u1926\u1929-\u192b\u1930-\u1931\u1933-\u1938\u1a19-\u1a1a\u1a55\u1a57\u1a61\u1a63-\u1a64\u1a6d-\u1a72\u1b04\u1b35\u1b3b\u1b3d-\u1b41\u1b43-\u1b44\u1b82\u1ba1\u1ba6-\u1ba7\u1baa\u1be7\u1bea-\u1bec\u1bee\u1bf2-\u1bf3\u1c24-\u1c2b\u1c34-\u1c35\u1ce1\u1cf2-\u1cf3\u1cf7\u302e-\u302f\ua823-\ua824\ua827\ua880-\ua881\ua8b4-\ua8c3\ua952-\ua953\ua983\ua9b4-\ua9b5\ua9ba-\ua9bb\ua9bd-\ua9c0\uaa2f-\uaa30\uaa33-\uaa34\uaa4d\uaa7b\uaa7d\uaaeb\uaaee-\uaaef\uaaf5\uabe3-\uabe4\uabe6-\uabe7\uabe9-\uabea\uabec\U00011000\U00011002\U00011082\U000110b0-\U000110b2\U000110b7-\U000110b8\U0001112c\U00011145-\U00011146\U00011182\U000111b3-\U000111b5\U000111bf-\U000111c0\U0001122c-\U0001122e\U00011232-\U00011233\U00011235\U000112e0-\U000112e2\U00011302-\U00011303\U0001133e-\U0001133f\U00011341-\U00011344\U00011347-\U00011348\U0001134b-\U0001134d\U00011357\U00011362-\U00011363\U00011435-\U00011437\U00011440-\U00011441\U00011445\U000114b0-\U000114b2\U000114b9\U000114bb-\U000114be\U000114c1\U000115af-\U000115b1\U000115b8-\U000115bb\U000115be\U00011630-\U00011632\U0001163b-\U0001163c\U0001163e\U000116ac\U000116ae-\U000116af\U000116b6\U00011720-\U00011721\U00011726\U0001182c-\U0001182e\U00011838\U00011a39\U00011a57-\U00011a58\U00011a97\U00011c2f\U00011c3e\U00011ca9\U00011cb1\U00011cb4\U00011d8a-\U00011d8e\U00011d93-\U00011d94\U00011d96\U00011ef5-\U00011ef6\U00016f51-\U00016f7e\U0001d165-\U0001d166\U0001d16d-\U0001d172'
+
+Me = '\u0488-\u0489\u1abe\u20dd-\u20e0\u20e2-\u20e4\ua670-\ua672'
+
+Mn = '\u0300-\u036f\u0483-\u0487\u0591-\u05bd\u05bf\u05c1-\u05c2\u05c4-\u05c5\u05c7\u0610-\u061a\u064b-\u065f\u0670\u06d6-\u06dc\u06df-\u06e4\u06e7-\u06e8\u06ea-\u06ed\u0711\u0730-\u074a\u07a6-\u07b0\u07eb-\u07f3\u07fd\u0816-\u0819\u081b-\u0823\u0825-\u0827\u0829-\u082d\u0859-\u085b\u08d3-\u08e1\u08e3-\u0902\u093a\u093c\u0941-\u0948\u094d\u0951-\u0957\u0962-\u0963\u0981\u09bc\u09c1-\u09c4\u09cd\u09e2-\u09e3\u09fe\u0a01-\u0a02\u0a3c\u0a41-\u0a42\u0a47-\u0a48\u0a4b-\u0a4d\u0a51\u0a70-\u0a71\u0a75\u0a81-\u0a82\u0abc\u0ac1-\u0ac5\u0ac7-\u0ac8\u0acd\u0ae2-\u0ae3\u0afa-\u0aff\u0b01\u0b3c\u0b3f\u0b41-\u0b44\u0b4d\u0b56\u0b62-\u0b63\u0b82\u0bc0\u0bcd\u0c00\u0c04\u0c3e-\u0c40\u0c46-\u0c48\u0c4a-\u0c4d\u0c55-\u0c56\u0c62-\u0c63\u0c81\u0cbc\u0cbf\u0cc6\u0ccc-\u0ccd\u0ce2-\u0ce3\u0d00-\u0d01\u0d3b-\u0d3c\u0d41-\u0d44\u0d4d\u0d62-\u0d63\u0dca\u0dd2-\u0dd4\u0dd6\u0e31\u0e34-\u0e3a\u0e47-\u0e4e\u0eb1\u0eb4-\u0eb9\u0ebb-\u0ebc\u0ec8-\u0ecd\u0f18-\u0f19\u0f35\u0f37\u0f39\u0f71-\u0f7e\u0f80-\u0f84\u0f86-\u0f87\u0f8d-\u0f97\u0f99-\u0fbc\u0fc6\u102d-\u1030\u1032-\u1037\u1039-\u103a\u103d-\u103e\u1058-\u1059\u105e-\u1060\u1071-\u1074\u1082\u1085-\u1086\u108d\u109d\u135d-\u135f\u1712-\u1714\u1732-\u1734\u1752-\u1753\u1772-\u1773\u17b4-\u17b5\u17b7-\u17bd\u17c6\u17c9-\u17d3\u17dd\u180b-\u180d\u1885-\u1886\u18a9\u1920-\u1922\u1927-\u1928\u1932\u1939-\u193b\u1a17-\u1a18\u1a1b\u1a56\u1a58-\u1a5e\u1a60\u1a62\u1a65-\u1a6c\u1a73-\u1a7c\u1a7f\u1ab0-\u1abd\u1b00-\u1b03\u1b34\u1b36-\u1b3a\u1b3c\u1b42\u1b6b-\u1b73\u1b80-\u1b81\u1ba2-\u1ba5\u1ba8-\u1ba9\u1bab-\u1bad\u1be6\u1be8-\u1be9\u1bed\u1bef-\u1bf1\u1c2c-\u1c33\u1c36-\u1c37\u1cd0-\u1cd2\u1cd4-\u1ce0\u1ce2-\u1ce8\u1ced\u1cf4\u1cf8-\u1cf9\u1dc0-\u1df9\u1dfb-\u1dff\u20d0-\u20dc\u20e1\u20e5-\u20f0\u2cef-\u2cf1\u2d7f\u2de0-\u2dff\u302a-\u302d\u3099-\u309a\ua66f\ua674-\ua67d\ua69e-\ua69f\ua6f0-\ua6f1\ua802\ua806\ua80b\ua825-\ua826\ua8c4-\ua8c5\ua8e0-\ua8f1\ua8ff\ua926-\ua92d\ua947-\ua951\ua980-\ua982\ua9b3\ua9b6-\ua9b9\ua9bc\ua9e5\uaa29-\uaa2e\uaa31-\uaa32\uaa35-\uaa36\uaa43\uaa4c\uaa7c\uaab0\uaab2-\uaab4\uaab7-\uaab8\uaabe-\uaabf\uaac1\uaaec-\uaaed\uaaf6\uabe5\uabe8\uabed\ufb1e\ufe00-\ufe0f\ufe20-\ufe2f\U000101fd\U000102e0\U00010376-\U0001037a\U00010a01-\U00010a03\U00010a05-\U00010a06\U00010a0c-\U00010a0f\U00010a38-\U00010a3a\U00010a3f\U00010ae5-\U00010ae6\U00010d24-\U00010d27\U00010f46-\U00010f50\U00011001\U00011038-\U00011046\U0001107f-\U00011081\U000110b3-\U000110b6\U000110b9-\U000110ba\U00011100-\U00011102\U00011127-\U0001112b\U0001112d-\U00011134\U00011173\U00011180-\U00011181\U000111b6-\U000111be\U000111c9-\U000111cc\U0001122f-\U00011231\U00011234\U00011236-\U00011237\U0001123e\U000112df\U000112e3-\U000112ea\U00011300-\U00011301\U0001133b-\U0001133c\U00011340\U00011366-\U0001136c\U00011370-\U00011374\U00011438-\U0001143f\U00011442-\U00011444\U00011446\U0001145e\U000114b3-\U000114b8\U000114ba\U000114bf-\U000114c0\U000114c2-\U000114c3\U000115b2-\U000115b5\U000115bc-\U000115bd\U000115bf-\U000115c0\U000115dc-\U000115dd\U00011633-\U0001163a\U0001163d\U0001163f-\U00011640\U000116ab\U000116ad\U000116b0-\U000116b5\U000116b7\U0001171d-\U0001171f\U00011722-\U00011725\U00011727-\U0001172b\U0001182f-\U00011837\U00011839-\U0001183a\U00011a01-\U00011a0a\U00011a33-\U00011a38\U00011a3b-\U00011a3e\U00011a47\U00011a51-\U00011a56\U00011a59-\U00011a5b\U00011a8a-\U00011a96\U00011a98-\U00011a99\U00011c30-\U00011c36\U00011c38-\U00011c3d\U00011c3f\U00011c92-\U00011ca7\U00011caa-\U00011cb0\U00011cb2-\U00011cb3\U00011cb5-\U00011cb6\U00011d31-\U00011d36\U00011d3a\U00011d3c-\U00011d3d\U00011d3f-\U00011d45\U00011d47\U00011d90-\U00011d91\U00011d95\U00011d97\U00011ef3-\U00011ef4\U00016af0-\U00016af4\U00016b30-\U00016b36\U00016f8f-\U00016f92\U0001bc9d-\U0001bc9e\U0001d167-\U0001d169\U0001d17b-\U0001d182\U0001d185-\U0001d18b\U0001d1aa-\U0001d1ad\U0001d242-\U0001d244\U0001da00-\U0001da36\U0001da3b-\U0001da6c\U0001da75\U0001da84\U0001da9b-\U0001da9f\U0001daa1-\U0001daaf\U0001e000-\U0001e006\U0001e008-\U0001e018\U0001e01b-\U0001e021\U0001e023-\U0001e024\U0001e026-\U0001e02a\U0001e8d0-\U0001e8d6\U0001e944-\U0001e94a\U000e0100-\U000e01ef'
+
+Nd = '0-9\u0660-\u0669\u06f0-\u06f9\u07c0-\u07c9\u0966-\u096f\u09e6-\u09ef\u0a66-\u0a6f\u0ae6-\u0aef\u0b66-\u0b6f\u0be6-\u0bef\u0c66-\u0c6f\u0ce6-\u0cef\u0d66-\u0d6f\u0de6-\u0def\u0e50-\u0e59\u0ed0-\u0ed9\u0f20-\u0f29\u1040-\u1049\u1090-\u1099\u17e0-\u17e9\u1810-\u1819\u1946-\u194f\u19d0-\u19d9\u1a80-\u1a89\u1a90-\u1a99\u1b50-\u1b59\u1bb0-\u1bb9\u1c40-\u1c49\u1c50-\u1c59\ua620-\ua629\ua8d0-\ua8d9\ua900-\ua909\ua9d0-\ua9d9\ua9f0-\ua9f9\uaa50-\uaa59\uabf0-\uabf9\uff10-\uff19\U000104a0-\U000104a9\U00010d30-\U00010d39\U00011066-\U0001106f\U000110f0-\U000110f9\U00011136-\U0001113f\U000111d0-\U000111d9\U000112f0-\U000112f9\U00011450-\U00011459\U000114d0-\U000114d9\U00011650-\U00011659\U000116c0-\U000116c9\U00011730-\U00011739\U000118e0-\U000118e9\U00011c50-\U00011c59\U00011d50-\U00011d59\U00011da0-\U00011da9\U00016a60-\U00016a69\U00016b50-\U00016b59\U0001d7ce-\U0001d7ff\U0001e950-\U0001e959'
+
+Nl = '\u16ee-\u16f0\u2160-\u2182\u2185-\u2188\u3007\u3021-\u3029\u3038-\u303a\ua6e6-\ua6ef\U00010140-\U00010174\U00010341\U0001034a\U000103d1-\U000103d5\U00012400-\U0001246e'
+
+No = '\xb2-\xb3\xb9\xbc-\xbe\u09f4-\u09f9\u0b72-\u0b77\u0bf0-\u0bf2\u0c78-\u0c7e\u0d58-\u0d5e\u0d70-\u0d78\u0f2a-\u0f33\u1369-\u137c\u17f0-\u17f9\u19da\u2070\u2074-\u2079\u2080-\u2089\u2150-\u215f\u2189\u2460-\u249b\u24ea-\u24ff\u2776-\u2793\u2cfd\u3192-\u3195\u3220-\u3229\u3248-\u324f\u3251-\u325f\u3280-\u3289\u32b1-\u32bf\ua830-\ua835\U00010107-\U00010133\U00010175-\U00010178\U0001018a-\U0001018b\U000102e1-\U000102fb\U00010320-\U00010323\U00010858-\U0001085f\U00010879-\U0001087f\U000108a7-\U000108af\U000108fb-\U000108ff\U00010916-\U0001091b\U000109bc-\U000109bd\U000109c0-\U000109cf\U000109d2-\U000109ff\U00010a40-\U00010a48\U00010a7d-\U00010a7e\U00010a9d-\U00010a9f\U00010aeb-\U00010aef\U00010b58-\U00010b5f\U00010b78-\U00010b7f\U00010ba9-\U00010baf\U00010cfa-\U00010cff\U00010e60-\U00010e7e\U00010f1d-\U00010f26\U00010f51-\U00010f54\U00011052-\U00011065\U000111e1-\U000111f4\U0001173a-\U0001173b\U000118ea-\U000118f2\U00011c5a-\U00011c6c\U00016b5b-\U00016b61\U00016e80-\U00016e96\U0001d2e0-\U0001d2f3\U0001d360-\U0001d378\U0001e8c7-\U0001e8cf\U0001ec71-\U0001ecab\U0001ecad-\U0001ecaf\U0001ecb1-\U0001ecb4\U0001f100-\U0001f10c'
+
+Pc = '_\u203f-\u2040\u2054\ufe33-\ufe34\ufe4d-\ufe4f\uff3f'
+
+Pd = '\\-\u058a\u05be\u1400\u1806\u2010-\u2015\u2e17\u2e1a\u2e3a-\u2e3b\u2e40\u301c\u3030\u30a0\ufe31-\ufe32\ufe58\ufe63\uff0d'
+
+Pe = ')\\]}\u0f3b\u0f3d\u169c\u2046\u207e\u208e\u2309\u230b\u232a\u2769\u276b\u276d\u276f\u2771\u2773\u2775\u27c6\u27e7\u27e9\u27eb\u27ed\u27ef\u2984\u2986\u2988\u298a\u298c\u298e\u2990\u2992\u2994\u2996\u2998\u29d9\u29db\u29fd\u2e23\u2e25\u2e27\u2e29\u3009\u300b\u300d\u300f\u3011\u3015\u3017\u3019\u301b\u301e-\u301f\ufd3e\ufe18\ufe36\ufe38\ufe3a\ufe3c\ufe3e\ufe40\ufe42\ufe44\ufe48\ufe5a\ufe5c\ufe5e\uff09\uff3d\uff5d\uff60\uff63'
+
+Pf = '\xbb\u2019\u201d\u203a\u2e03\u2e05\u2e0a\u2e0d\u2e1d\u2e21'
+
+Pi = '\xab\u2018\u201b-\u201c\u201f\u2039\u2e02\u2e04\u2e09\u2e0c\u2e1c\u2e20'
+
+Po = "!-#%-'*,.-/:-;?-@\\\\\xa1\xa7\xb6-\xb7\xbf\u037e\u0387\u055a-\u055f\u0589\u05c0\u05c3\u05c6\u05f3-\u05f4\u0609-\u060a\u060c-\u060d\u061b\u061e-\u061f\u066a-\u066d\u06d4\u0700-\u070d\u07f7-\u07f9\u0830-\u083e\u085e\u0964-\u0965\u0970\u09fd\u0a76\u0af0\u0c84\u0df4\u0e4f\u0e5a-\u0e5b\u0f04-\u0f12\u0f14\u0f85\u0fd0-\u0fd4\u0fd9-\u0fda\u104a-\u104f\u10fb\u1360-\u1368\u166d-\u166e\u16eb-\u16ed\u1735-\u1736\u17d4-\u17d6\u17d8-\u17da\u1800-\u1805\u1807-\u180a\u1944-\u1945\u1a1e-\u1a1f\u1aa0-\u1aa6\u1aa8-\u1aad\u1b5a-\u1b60\u1bfc-\u1bff\u1c3b-\u1c3f\u1c7e-\u1c7f\u1cc0-\u1cc7\u1cd3\u2016-\u2017\u2020-\u2027\u2030-\u2038\u203b-\u203e\u2041-\u2043\u2047-\u2051\u2053\u2055-\u205e\u2cf9-\u2cfc\u2cfe-\u2cff\u2d70\u2e00-\u2e01\u2e06-\u2e08\u2e0b\u2e0e-\u2e16\u2e18-\u2e19\u2e1b\u2e1e-\u2e1f\u2e2a-\u2e2e\u2e30-\u2e39\u2e3c-\u2e3f\u2e41\u2e43-\u2e4e\u3001-\u3003\u303d\u30fb\ua4fe-\ua4ff\ua60d-\ua60f\ua673\ua67e\ua6f2-\ua6f7\ua874-\ua877\ua8ce-\ua8cf\ua8f8-\ua8fa\ua8fc\ua92e-\ua92f\ua95f\ua9c1-\ua9cd\ua9de-\ua9df\uaa5c-\uaa5f\uaade-\uaadf\uaaf0-\uaaf1\uabeb\ufe10-\ufe16\ufe19\ufe30\ufe45-\ufe46\ufe49-\ufe4c\ufe50-\ufe52\ufe54-\ufe57\ufe5f-\ufe61\ufe68\ufe6a-\ufe6b\uff01-\uff03\uff05-\uff07\uff0a\uff0c\uff0e-\uff0f\uff1a-\uff1b\uff1f-\uff20\uff3c\uff61\uff64-\uff65\U00010100-\U00010102\U0001039f\U000103d0\U0001056f\U00010857\U0001091f\U0001093f\U00010a50-\U00010a58\U00010a7f\U00010af0-\U00010af6\U00010b39-\U00010b3f\U00010b99-\U00010b9c\U00010f55-\U00010f59\U00011047-\U0001104d\U000110bb-\U000110bc\U000110be-\U000110c1\U00011140-\U00011143\U00011174-\U00011175\U000111c5-\U000111c8\U000111cd\U000111db\U000111dd-\U000111df\U00011238-\U0001123d\U000112a9\U0001144b-\U0001144f\U0001145b\U0001145d\U000114c6\U000115c1-\U000115d7\U00011641-\U00011643\U00011660-\U0001166c\U0001173c-\U0001173e\U0001183b\U00011a3f-\U00011a46\U00011a9a-\U00011a9c\U00011a9e-\U00011aa2\U00011c41-\U00011c45\U00011c70-\U00011c71\U00011ef7-\U00011ef8\U00012470-\U00012474\U00016a6e-\U00016a6f\U00016af5\U00016b37-\U00016b3b\U00016b44\U00016e97-\U00016e9a\U0001bc9f\U0001da87-\U0001da8b\U0001e95e-\U0001e95f"
+
+Ps = '(\\[{\u0f3a\u0f3c\u169b\u201a\u201e\u2045\u207d\u208d\u2308\u230a\u2329\u2768\u276a\u276c\u276e\u2770\u2772\u2774\u27c5\u27e6\u27e8\u27ea\u27ec\u27ee\u2983\u2985\u2987\u2989\u298b\u298d\u298f\u2991\u2993\u2995\u2997\u29d8\u29da\u29fc\u2e22\u2e24\u2e26\u2e28\u2e42\u3008\u300a\u300c\u300e\u3010\u3014\u3016\u3018\u301a\u301d\ufd3f\ufe17\ufe35\ufe37\ufe39\ufe3b\ufe3d\ufe3f\ufe41\ufe43\ufe47\ufe59\ufe5b\ufe5d\uff08\uff3b\uff5b\uff5f\uff62'
+
+Sc = '$\xa2-\xa5\u058f\u060b\u07fe-\u07ff\u09f2-\u09f3\u09fb\u0af1\u0bf9\u0e3f\u17db\u20a0-\u20bf\ua838\ufdfc\ufe69\uff04\uffe0-\uffe1\uffe5-\uffe6\U0001ecb0'
+
+Sk = '\\^`\xa8\xaf\xb4\xb8\u02c2-\u02c5\u02d2-\u02df\u02e5-\u02eb\u02ed\u02ef-\u02ff\u0375\u0384-\u0385\u1fbd\u1fbf-\u1fc1\u1fcd-\u1fcf\u1fdd-\u1fdf\u1fed-\u1fef\u1ffd-\u1ffe\u309b-\u309c\ua700-\ua716\ua720-\ua721\ua789-\ua78a\uab5b\ufbb2-\ufbc1\uff3e\uff40\uffe3\U0001f3fb-\U0001f3ff'
+
+Sm = '+<->|~\xac\xb1\xd7\xf7\u03f6\u0606-\u0608\u2044\u2052\u207a-\u207c\u208a-\u208c\u2118\u2140-\u2144\u214b\u2190-\u2194\u219a-\u219b\u21a0\u21a3\u21a6\u21ae\u21ce-\u21cf\u21d2\u21d4\u21f4-\u22ff\u2320-\u2321\u237c\u239b-\u23b3\u23dc-\u23e1\u25b7\u25c1\u25f8-\u25ff\u266f\u27c0-\u27c4\u27c7-\u27e5\u27f0-\u27ff\u2900-\u2982\u2999-\u29d7\u29dc-\u29fb\u29fe-\u2aff\u2b30-\u2b44\u2b47-\u2b4c\ufb29\ufe62\ufe64-\ufe66\uff0b\uff1c-\uff1e\uff5c\uff5e\uffe2\uffe9-\uffec\U0001d6c1\U0001d6db\U0001d6fb\U0001d715\U0001d735\U0001d74f\U0001d76f\U0001d789\U0001d7a9\U0001d7c3\U0001eef0-\U0001eef1'
+
+So = '\xa6\xa9\xae\xb0\u0482\u058d-\u058e\u060e-\u060f\u06de\u06e9\u06fd-\u06fe\u07f6\u09fa\u0b70\u0bf3-\u0bf8\u0bfa\u0c7f\u0d4f\u0d79\u0f01-\u0f03\u0f13\u0f15-\u0f17\u0f1a-\u0f1f\u0f34\u0f36\u0f38\u0fbe-\u0fc5\u0fc7-\u0fcc\u0fce-\u0fcf\u0fd5-\u0fd8\u109e-\u109f\u1390-\u1399\u1940\u19de-\u19ff\u1b61-\u1b6a\u1b74-\u1b7c\u2100-\u2101\u2103-\u2106\u2108-\u2109\u2114\u2116-\u2117\u211e-\u2123\u2125\u2127\u2129\u212e\u213a-\u213b\u214a\u214c-\u214d\u214f\u218a-\u218b\u2195-\u2199\u219c-\u219f\u21a1-\u21a2\u21a4-\u21a5\u21a7-\u21ad\u21af-\u21cd\u21d0-\u21d1\u21d3\u21d5-\u21f3\u2300-\u2307\u230c-\u231f\u2322-\u2328\u232b-\u237b\u237d-\u239a\u23b4-\u23db\u23e2-\u2426\u2440-\u244a\u249c-\u24e9\u2500-\u25b6\u25b8-\u25c0\u25c2-\u25f7\u2600-\u266e\u2670-\u2767\u2794-\u27bf\u2800-\u28ff\u2b00-\u2b2f\u2b45-\u2b46\u2b4d-\u2b73\u2b76-\u2b95\u2b98-\u2bc8\u2bca-\u2bfe\u2ce5-\u2cea\u2e80-\u2e99\u2e9b-\u2ef3\u2f00-\u2fd5\u2ff0-\u2ffb\u3004\u3012-\u3013\u3020\u3036-\u3037\u303e-\u303f\u3190-\u3191\u3196-\u319f\u31c0-\u31e3\u3200-\u321e\u322a-\u3247\u3250\u3260-\u327f\u328a-\u32b0\u32c0-\u32fe\u3300-\u33ff\u4dc0-\u4dff\ua490-\ua4c6\ua828-\ua82b\ua836-\ua837\ua839\uaa77-\uaa79\ufdfd\uffe4\uffe8\uffed-\uffee\ufffc-\ufffd\U00010137-\U0001013f\U00010179-\U00010189\U0001018c-\U0001018e\U00010190-\U0001019b\U000101a0\U000101d0-\U000101fc\U00010877-\U00010878\U00010ac8\U0001173f\U00016b3c-\U00016b3f\U00016b45\U0001bc9c\U0001d000-\U0001d0f5\U0001d100-\U0001d126\U0001d129-\U0001d164\U0001d16a-\U0001d16c\U0001d183-\U0001d184\U0001d18c-\U0001d1a9\U0001d1ae-\U0001d1e8\U0001d200-\U0001d241\U0001d245\U0001d300-\U0001d356\U0001d800-\U0001d9ff\U0001da37-\U0001da3a\U0001da6d-\U0001da74\U0001da76-\U0001da83\U0001da85-\U0001da86\U0001ecac\U0001f000-\U0001f02b\U0001f030-\U0001f093\U0001f0a0-\U0001f0ae\U0001f0b1-\U0001f0bf\U0001f0c1-\U0001f0cf\U0001f0d1-\U0001f0f5\U0001f110-\U0001f16b\U0001f170-\U0001f1ac\U0001f1e6-\U0001f202\U0001f210-\U0001f23b\U0001f240-\U0001f248\U0001f250-\U0001f251\U0001f260-\U0001f265\U0001f300-\U0001f3fa\U0001f400-\U0001f6d4\U0001f6e0-\U0001f6ec\U0001f6f0-\U0001f6f9\U0001f700-\U0001f773\U0001f780-\U0001f7d8\U0001f800-\U0001f80b\U0001f810-\U0001f847\U0001f850-\U0001f859\U0001f860-\U0001f887\U0001f890-\U0001f8ad\U0001f900-\U0001f90b\U0001f910-\U0001f93e\U0001f940-\U0001f970\U0001f973-\U0001f976\U0001f97a\U0001f97c-\U0001f9a2\U0001f9b0-\U0001f9b9\U0001f9c0-\U0001f9c2\U0001f9d0-\U0001f9ff\U0001fa60-\U0001fa6d'
+
+Zl = '\u2028'
+
+Zp = '\u2029'
+
+Zs = ' \xa0\u1680\u2000-\u200a\u202f\u205f\u3000'
+
+xid_continue = 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+
+xid_start = 'A-Z_a-z\xaa\xb5\xba\xc0-\xd6\xd8-\xf6\xf8-\u02c1\u02c6-\u02d1\u02e0-\u02e4\u02ec\u02ee\u0370-\u0374\u0376-\u0377\u037b-\u037d\u037f\u0386\u0388-\u038a\u038c\u038e-\u03a1\u03a3-\u03f5\u03f7-\u0481\u048a-\u052f\u0531-\u0556\u0559\u0560-\u0588\u05d0-\u05ea\u05ef-\u05f2\u0620-\u064a\u066e-\u066f\u0671-\u06d3\u06d5\u06e5-\u06e6\u06ee-\u06ef\u06fa-\u06fc\u06ff\u0710\u0712-\u072f\u074d-\u07a5\u07b1\u07ca-\u07ea\u07f4-\u07f5\u07fa\u0800-\u0815\u081a\u0824\u0828\u0840-\u0858\u0860-\u086a\u08a0-\u08b4\u08b6-\u08bd\u0904-\u0939\u093d\u0950\u0958-\u0961\u0971-\u0980\u0985-\u098c\u098f-\u0990\u0993-\u09a8\u09aa-\u09b0\u09b2\u09b6-\u09b9\u09bd\u09ce\u09dc-\u09dd\u09df-\u09e1\u09f0-\u09f1\u09fc\u0a05-\u0a0a\u0a0f-\u0a10\u0a13-\u0a28\u0a2a-\u0a30\u0a32-\u0a33\u0a35-\u0a36\u0a38-\u0a39\u0a59-\u0a5c\u0a5e\u0a72-\u0a74\u0a85-\u0a8d\u0a8f-\u0a91\u0a93-\u0aa8\u0aaa-\u0ab0\u0ab2-\u0ab3\u0ab5-\u0ab9\u0abd\u0ad0\u0ae0-\u0ae1\u0af9\u0b05-\u0b0c\u0b0f-\u0b10\u0b13-\u0b28\u0b2a-\u0b30\u0b32-\u0b33\u0b35-\u0b39\u0b3d\u0b5c-\u0b5d\u0b5f-\u0b61\u0b71\u0b83\u0b85-\u0b8a\u0b8e-\u0b90\u0b92-\u0b95\u0b99-\u0b9a\u0b9c\u0b9e-\u0b9f\u0ba3-\u0ba4\u0ba8-\u0baa\u0bae-\u0bb9\u0bd0\u0c05-\u0c0c\u0c0e-\u0c10\u0c12-\u0c28\u0c2a-\u0c39\u0c3d\u0c58-\u0c5a\u0c60-\u0c61\u0c80\u0c85-\u0c8c\u0c8e-\u0c90\u0c92-\u0ca8\u0caa-\u0cb3\u0cb5-\u0cb9\u0cbd\u0cde\u0ce0-\u0ce1\u0cf1-\u0cf2\u0d05-\u0d0c\u0d0e-\u0d10\u0d12-\u0d3a\u0d3d\u0d4e\u0d54-\u0d56\u0d5f-\u0d61\u0d7a-\u0d7f\u0d85-\u0d96\u0d9a-\u0db1\u0db3-\u0dbb\u0dbd\u0dc0-\u0dc6\u0e01-\u0e30\u0e32\u0e40-\u0e46\u0e81-\u0e82\u0e84\u0e87-\u0e88\u0e8a\u0e8d\u0e94-\u0e97\u0e99-\u0e9f\u0ea1-\u0ea3\u0ea5\u0ea7\u0eaa-\u0eab\u0ead-\u0eb0\u0eb2\u0ebd\u0ec0-\u0ec4\u0ec6\u0edc-\u0edf\u0f00\u0f40-\u0f47\u0f49-\u0f6c\u0f88-\u0f8c\u1000-\u102a\u103f\u1050-\u1055\u105a-\u105d\u1061\u1065-\u1066\u106e-\u1070\u1075-\u1081\u108e\u10a0-\u10c5\u10c7\u10cd\u10d0-\u10fa\u10fc-\u1248\u124a-\u124d\u1250-\u1256\u1258\u125a-\u125d\u1260-\u1288\u128a-\u128d\u1290-\u12b0\u12b2-\u12b5\u12b8-\u12be\u12c0\u12c2-\u12c5\u12c8-\u12d6\u12d8-\u1310\u1312-\u1315\u1318-\u135a\u1380-\u138f\u13a0-\u13f5\u13f8-\u13fd\u1401-\u166c\u166f-\u167f\u1681-\u169a\u16a0-\u16ea\u16ee-\u16f8\u1700-\u170c\u170e-\u1711\u1720-\u1731\u1740-\u1751\u1760-\u176c\u176e-\u1770\u1780-\u17b3\u17d7\u17dc\u1820-\u1878\u1880-\u18a8\u18aa\u18b0-\u18f5\u1900-\u191e\u1950-\u196d\u1970-\u1974\u1980-\u19ab\u19b0-\u19c9\u1a00-\u1a16\u1a20-\u1a54\u1aa7\u1b05-\u1b33\u1b45-\u1b4b\u1b83-\u1ba0\u1bae-\u1baf\u1bba-\u1be5\u1c00-\u1c23\u1c4d-\u1c4f\u1c5a-\u1c7d\u1c80-\u1c88\u1c90-\u1cba\u1cbd-\u1cbf\u1ce9-\u1cec\u1cee-\u1cf1\u1cf5-\u1cf6\u1d00-\u1dbf\u1e00-\u1f15\u1f18-\u1f1d\u1f20-\u1f45\u1f48-\u1f4d\u1f50-\u1f57\u1f59\u1f5b\u1f5d\u1f5f-\u1f7d\u1f80-\u1fb4\u1fb6-\u1fbc\u1fbe\u1fc2-\u1fc4\u1fc6-\u1fcc\u1fd0-\u1fd3\u1fd6-\u1fdb\u1fe0-\u1fec\u1ff2-\u1ff4\u1ff6-\u1ffc\u2071\u207f\u2090-\u209c\u2102\u2107\u210a-\u2113\u2115\u2118-\u211d\u2124\u2126\u2128\u212a-\u2139\u213c-\u213f\u2145-\u2149\u214e\u2160-\u2188\u2c00-\u2c2e\u2c30-\u2c5e\u2c60-\u2ce4\u2ceb-\u2cee\u2cf2-\u2cf3\u2d00-\u2d25\u2d27\u2d2d\u2d30-\u2d67\u2d6f\u2d80-\u2d96\u2da0-\u2da6\u2da8-\u2dae\u2db0-\u2db6\u2db8-\u2dbe\u2dc0-\u2dc6\u2dc8-\u2dce\u2dd0-\u2dd6\u2dd8-\u2dde\u3005-\u3007\u3021-\u3029\u3031-\u3035\u3038-\u303c\u3041-\u3096\u309d-\u309f\u30a1-\u30fa\u30fc-\u30ff\u3105-\u312f\u3131-\u318e\u31a0-\u31ba\u31f0-\u31ff\u3400-\u4db5\u4e00-\u9fef\ua000-\ua48c\ua4d0-\ua4fd\ua500-\ua60c\ua610-\ua61f\ua62a-\ua62b\ua640-\ua66e\ua67f-\ua69d\ua6a0-\ua6ef\ua717-\ua71f\ua722-\ua788\ua78b-\ua7b9\ua7f7-\ua801\ua803-\ua805\ua807-\ua80a\ua80c-\ua822\ua840-\ua873\ua882-\ua8b3\ua8f2-\ua8f7\ua8fb\ua8fd-\ua8fe\ua90a-\ua925\ua930-\ua946\ua960-\ua97c\ua984-\ua9b2\ua9cf\ua9e0-\ua9e4\ua9e6-\ua9ef\ua9fa-\ua9fe\uaa00-\uaa28\uaa40-\uaa42\uaa44-\uaa4b\uaa60-\uaa76\uaa7a\uaa7e-\uaaaf\uaab1\uaab5-\uaab6\uaab9-\uaabd\uaac0\uaac2\uaadb-\uaadd\uaae0-\uaaea\uaaf2-\uaaf4\uab01-\uab06\uab09-\uab0e\uab11-\uab16\uab20-\uab26\uab28-\uab2e\uab30-\uab5a\uab5c-\uab65\uab70-\uabe2\uac00-\ud7a3\ud7b0-\ud7c6\ud7cb-\ud7fb\uf900-\ufa6d\ufa70-\ufad9\ufb00-\ufb06\ufb13-\ufb17\ufb1d\ufb1f-\ufb28\ufb2a-\ufb36\ufb38-\ufb3c\ufb3e\ufb40-\ufb41\ufb43-\ufb44\ufb46-\ufbb1\ufbd3-\ufc5d\ufc64-\ufd3d\ufd50-\ufd8f\ufd92-\ufdc7\ufdf0-\ufdf9\ufe71\ufe73\ufe77\ufe79\ufe7b\ufe7d\ufe7f-\ufefc\uff21-\uff3a\uff41-\uff5a\uff66-\uff9d\uffa0-\uffbe\uffc2-\uffc7\uffca-\uffcf\uffd2-\uffd7\uffda-\uffdc\U00010000-\U0001000b\U0001000d-\U00010026\U00010028-\U0001003a\U0001003c-\U0001003d\U0001003f-\U0001004d\U00010050-\U0001005d\U00010080-\U000100fa\U00010140-\U00010174\U00010280-\U0001029c\U000102a0-\U000102d0\U00010300-\U0001031f\U0001032d-\U0001034a\U00010350-\U00010375\U00010380-\U0001039d\U000103a0-\U000103c3\U000103c8-\U000103cf\U000103d1-\U000103d5\U00010400-\U0001049d\U000104b0-\U000104d3\U000104d8-\U000104fb\U00010500-\U00010527\U00010530-\U00010563\U00010600-\U00010736\U00010740-\U00010755\U00010760-\U00010767\U00010800-\U00010805\U00010808\U0001080a-\U00010835\U00010837-\U00010838\U0001083c\U0001083f-\U00010855\U00010860-\U00010876\U00010880-\U0001089e\U000108e0-\U000108f2\U000108f4-\U000108f5\U00010900-\U00010915\U00010920-\U00010939\U00010980-\U000109b7\U000109be-\U000109bf\U00010a00\U00010a10-\U00010a13\U00010a15-\U00010a17\U00010a19-\U00010a35\U00010a60-\U00010a7c\U00010a80-\U00010a9c\U00010ac0-\U00010ac7\U00010ac9-\U00010ae4\U00010b00-\U00010b35\U00010b40-\U00010b55\U00010b60-\U00010b72\U00010b80-\U00010b91\U00010c00-\U00010c48\U00010c80-\U00010cb2\U00010cc0-\U00010cf2\U00010d00-\U00010d23\U00010f00-\U00010f1c\U00010f27\U00010f30-\U00010f45\U00011003-\U00011037\U00011083-\U000110af\U000110d0-\U000110e8\U00011103-\U00011126\U00011144\U00011150-\U00011172\U00011176\U00011183-\U000111b2\U000111c1-\U000111c4\U000111da\U000111dc\U00011200-\U00011211\U00011213-\U0001122b\U00011280-\U00011286\U00011288\U0001128a-\U0001128d\U0001128f-\U0001129d\U0001129f-\U000112a8\U000112b0-\U000112de\U00011305-\U0001130c\U0001130f-\U00011310\U00011313-\U00011328\U0001132a-\U00011330\U00011332-\U00011333\U00011335-\U00011339\U0001133d\U00011350\U0001135d-\U00011361\U00011400-\U00011434\U00011447-\U0001144a\U00011480-\U000114af\U000114c4-\U000114c5\U000114c7\U00011580-\U000115ae\U000115d8-\U000115db\U00011600-\U0001162f\U00011644\U00011680-\U000116aa\U00011700-\U0001171a\U00011800-\U0001182b\U000118a0-\U000118df\U000118ff\U00011a00\U00011a0b-\U00011a32\U00011a3a\U00011a50\U00011a5c-\U00011a83\U00011a86-\U00011a89\U00011a9d\U00011ac0-\U00011af8\U00011c00-\U00011c08\U00011c0a-\U00011c2e\U00011c40\U00011c72-\U00011c8f\U00011d00-\U00011d06\U00011d08-\U00011d09\U00011d0b-\U00011d30\U00011d46\U00011d60-\U00011d65\U00011d67-\U00011d68\U00011d6a-\U00011d89\U00011d98\U00011ee0-\U00011ef2\U00012000-\U00012399\U00012400-\U0001246e\U00012480-\U00012543\U00013000-\U0001342e\U00014400-\U00014646\U00016800-\U00016a38\U00016a40-\U00016a5e\U00016ad0-\U00016aed\U00016b00-\U00016b2f\U00016b40-\U00016b43\U00016b63-\U00016b77\U00016b7d-\U00016b8f\U00016e40-\U00016e7f\U00016f00-\U00016f44\U00016f50\U00016f93-\U00016f9f\U00016fe0-\U00016fe1\U00017000-\U000187f1\U00018800-\U00018af2\U0001b000-\U0001b11e\U0001b170-\U0001b2fb\U0001bc00-\U0001bc6a\U0001bc70-\U0001bc7c\U0001bc80-\U0001bc88\U0001bc90-\U0001bc99\U0001d400-\U0001d454\U0001d456-\U0001d49c\U0001d49e-\U0001d49f\U0001d4a2\U0001d4a5-\U0001d4a6\U0001d4a9-\U0001d4ac\U0001d4ae-\U0001d4b9\U0001d4bb\U0001d4bd-\U0001d4c3\U0001d4c5-\U0001d505\U0001d507-\U0001d50a\U0001d50d-\U0001d514\U0001d516-\U0001d51c\U0001d51e-\U0001d539\U0001d53b-\U0001d53e\U0001d540-\U0001d544\U0001d546\U0001d54a-\U0001d550\U0001d552-\U0001d6a5\U0001d6a8-\U0001d6c0\U0001d6c2-\U0001d6da\U0001d6dc-\U0001d6fa\U0001d6fc-\U0001d714\U0001d716-\U0001d734\U0001d736-\U0001d74e\U0001d750-\U0001d76e\U0001d770-\U0001d788\U0001d78a-\U0001d7a8\U0001d7aa-\U0001d7c2\U0001d7c4-\U0001d7cb\U0001e800-\U0001e8c4\U0001e900-\U0001e943\U0001ee00-\U0001ee03\U0001ee05-\U0001ee1f\U0001ee21-\U0001ee22\U0001ee24\U0001ee27\U0001ee29-\U0001ee32\U0001ee34-\U0001ee37\U0001ee39\U0001ee3b\U0001ee42\U0001ee47\U0001ee49\U0001ee4b\U0001ee4d-\U0001ee4f\U0001ee51-\U0001ee52\U0001ee54\U0001ee57\U0001ee59\U0001ee5b\U0001ee5d\U0001ee5f\U0001ee61-\U0001ee62\U0001ee64\U0001ee67-\U0001ee6a\U0001ee6c-\U0001ee72\U0001ee74-\U0001ee77\U0001ee79-\U0001ee7c\U0001ee7e\U0001ee80-\U0001ee89\U0001ee8b-\U0001ee9b\U0001eea1-\U0001eea3\U0001eea5-\U0001eea9\U0001eeab-\U0001eebb\U00020000-\U0002a6d6\U0002a700-\U0002b734\U0002b740-\U0002b81d\U0002b820-\U0002cea1\U0002ceb0-\U0002ebe0\U0002f800-\U0002fa1d'
+
+cats = ['Cc', 'Cf', 'Cn', 'Co', 'Cs', 'Ll', 'Lm', 'Lo', 'Lt', 'Lu', 'Mc', 'Me', 'Mn', 'Nd', 'Nl', 'No', 'Pc', 'Pd', 'Pe', 'Pf', 'Pi', 'Po', 'Ps', 'Sc', 'Sk', 'Sm', 'So', 'Zl', 'Zp', 'Zs']
+
+# Generated from unidata 11.0.0
+
+def combine(*args):
+    return ''.join(globals()[cat] for cat in args)
+
+
+def allexcept(*args):
+    newcats = cats[:]
+    for arg in args:
+        newcats.remove(arg)
+    return ''.join(globals()[cat] for cat in newcats)
+
+
+def _handle_runs(char_list):  # pragma: no cover
+    buf = []
+    for c in char_list:
+        if len(c) == 1:
+            if buf and buf[-1][1] == chr(ord(c)-1):
+                buf[-1] = (buf[-1][0], c)
+            else:
+                buf.append((c, c))
+        else:
+            buf.append((c, c))
+    for a, b in buf:
+        if a == b:
+            yield a
+        else:
+            yield '%s-%s' % (a, b)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':  # pragma: no cover
+    import unicodedata
+
+    categories = {'xid_start': [], 'xid_continue': []}
+
+    with open(__file__, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        content = fp.read()
+
+    header = content[:content.find('Cc =')]
+    footer = content[content.find("def combine("):]
+
+    for code in range(0x110000):
+        c = chr(code)
+        cat = unicodedata.category(c)
+        if ord(c) == 0xdc00:
+            # Hack to avoid combining this combining with the preceding high
+            # surrogate, 0xdbff, when doing a repr.
+            c = '\\' + c
+        elif ord(c) in (0x2d, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x5d, 0x5e):
+            # Escape regex metachars.
+            c = '\\' + c
+        categories.setdefault(cat, []).append(c)
+        # XID_START and XID_CONTINUE are special categories used for matching
+        # identifiers in Python 3.
+        if c.isidentifier():
+            categories['xid_start'].append(c)
+        if ('a' + c).isidentifier():
+            categories['xid_continue'].append(c)
+
+    with open(__file__, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+        fp.write(header)
+
+        for cat in sorted(categories):
+            val = ''.join(_handle_runs(categories[cat]))
+            fp.write('%s = %a\n\n' % (cat, val))
+
+        cats = sorted(categories)
+        cats.remove('xid_start')
+        cats.remove('xid_continue')
+        fp.write('cats = %r\n\n' % cats)
+
+        fp.write('# Generated from unidata %s\n\n' % (unicodedata.unidata_version,))
+
+        fp.write(footer)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..941fdb9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pygments/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+"""
+    pygments.util
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Utility functions.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2006-2023 by the Pygments team, see AUTHORS.
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+"""
+
+import re
+from io import TextIOWrapper
+
+
+split_path_re = re.compile(r'[/\\ ]')
+doctype_lookup_re = re.compile(r'''
+    <!DOCTYPE\s+(
+     [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9]*
+     (?: \s+      # optional in HTML5
+     [a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9]*\s+
+     "[^"]*")?
+     )
+     [^>]*>
+''', re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE | re.VERBOSE)
+tag_re = re.compile(r'<(.+?)(\s.*?)?>.*?</.+?>',
+                    re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
+xml_decl_re = re.compile(r'\s*<\?xml[^>]*\?>', re.I)
+
+
+class ClassNotFound(ValueError):
+    """Raised if one of the lookup functions didn't find a matching class."""
+
+
+class OptionError(Exception):
+    """
+    This exception will be raised by all option processing functions if
+    the type or value of the argument is not correct.
+    """
+
+def get_choice_opt(options, optname, allowed, default=None, normcase=False):
+    """
+    If the key `optname` from the dictionary is not in the sequence
+    `allowed`, raise an error, otherwise return it.
+    """
+    string = options.get(optname, default)
+    if normcase:
+        string = string.lower()
+    if string not in allowed:
+        raise OptionError('Value for option %s must be one of %s' %
+                          (optname, ', '.join(map(str, allowed))))
+    return string
+
+
+def get_bool_opt(options, optname, default=None):
+    """
+    Intuitively, this is `options.get(optname, default)`, but restricted to
+    Boolean value. The Booleans can be represented as string, in order to accept
+    Boolean value from the command line arguments. If the key `optname` is
+    present in the dictionary `options` and is not associated with a Boolean,
+    raise an `OptionError`. If it is absent, `default` is returned instead.
+
+    The valid string values for ``True`` are ``1``, ``yes``, ``true`` and
+    ``on``, the ones for ``False`` are ``0``, ``no``, ``false`` and ``off``
+    (matched case-insensitively).
+    """
+    string = options.get(optname, default)
+    if isinstance(string, bool):
+        return string
+    elif isinstance(string, int):
+        return bool(string)
+    elif not isinstance(string, str):
+        raise OptionError('Invalid type %r for option %s; use '
+                          '1/0, yes/no, true/false, on/off' % (
+                              string, optname))
+    elif string.lower() in ('1', 'yes', 'true', 'on'):
+        return True
+    elif string.lower() in ('0', 'no', 'false', 'off'):
+        return False
+    else:
+        raise OptionError('Invalid value %r for option %s; use '
+                          '1/0, yes/no, true/false, on/off' % (
+                              string, optname))
+
+
+def get_int_opt(options, optname, default=None):
+    """As :func:`get_bool_opt`, but interpret the value as an integer."""
+    string = options.get(optname, default)
+    try:
+        return int(string)
+    except TypeError:
+        raise OptionError('Invalid type %r for option %s; you '
+                          'must give an integer value' % (
+                              string, optname))
+    except ValueError:
+        raise OptionError('Invalid value %r for option %s; you '
+                          'must give an integer value' % (
+                              string, optname))
+
+def get_list_opt(options, optname, default=None):
+    """
+    If the key `optname` from the dictionary `options` is a string,
+    split it at whitespace and return it. If it is already a list
+    or a tuple, it is returned as a list.
+    """
+    val = options.get(optname, default)
+    if isinstance(val, str):
+        return val.split()
+    elif isinstance(val, (list, tuple)):
+        return list(val)
+    else:
+        raise OptionError('Invalid type %r for option %s; you '
+                          'must give a list value' % (
+                              val, optname))
+
+
+def docstring_headline(obj):
+    if not obj.__doc__:
+        return ''
+    res = []
+    for line in obj.__doc__.strip().splitlines():
+        if line.strip():
+            res.append(" " + line.strip())
+        else:
+            break
+    return ''.join(res).lstrip()
+
+
+def make_analysator(f):
+    """Return a static text analyser function that returns float values."""
+    def text_analyse(text):
+        try:
+            rv = f(text)
+        except Exception:
+            return 0.0
+        if not rv:
+            return 0.0
+        try:
+            return min(1.0, max(0.0, float(rv)))
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            return 0.0
+    text_analyse.__doc__ = f.__doc__
+    return staticmethod(text_analyse)
+
+
+def shebang_matches(text, regex):
+    r"""Check if the given regular expression matches the last part of the
+    shebang if one exists.
+
+        >>> from pygments.util import shebang_matches
+        >>> shebang_matches('#!/usr/bin/env python', r'python(2\.\d)?')
+        True
+        >>> shebang_matches('#!/usr/bin/python2.4', r'python(2\.\d)?')
+        True
+        >>> shebang_matches('#!/usr/bin/python-ruby', r'python(2\.\d)?')
+        False
+        >>> shebang_matches('#!/usr/bin/python/ruby', r'python(2\.\d)?')
+        False
+        >>> shebang_matches('#!/usr/bin/startsomethingwith python',
+        ...                 r'python(2\.\d)?')
+        True
+
+    It also checks for common windows executable file extensions::
+
+        >>> shebang_matches('#!C:\\Python2.4\\Python.exe', r'python(2\.\d)?')
+        True
+
+    Parameters (``'-f'`` or ``'--foo'`` are ignored so ``'perl'`` does
+    the same as ``'perl -e'``)
+
+    Note that this method automatically searches the whole string (eg:
+    the regular expression is wrapped in ``'^$'``)
+    """
+    index = text.find('\n')
+    if index >= 0:
+        first_line = text[:index].lower()
+    else:
+        first_line = text.lower()
+    if first_line.startswith('#!'):
+        try:
+            found = [x for x in split_path_re.split(first_line[2:].strip())
+                     if x and not x.startswith('-')][-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            return False
+        regex = re.compile(r'^%s(\.(exe|cmd|bat|bin))?$' % regex, re.IGNORECASE)
+        if regex.search(found) is not None:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def doctype_matches(text, regex):
+    """Check if the doctype matches a regular expression (if present).
+
+    Note that this method only checks the first part of a DOCTYPE.
+    eg: 'html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"'
+    """
+    m = doctype_lookup_re.search(text)
+    if m is None:
+        return False
+    doctype = m.group(1)
+    return re.compile(regex, re.I).match(doctype.strip()) is not None
+
+
+def html_doctype_matches(text):
+    """Check if the file looks like it has a html doctype."""
+    return doctype_matches(text, r'html')
+
+
+_looks_like_xml_cache = {}
+
+
+def looks_like_xml(text):
+    """Check if a doctype exists or if we have some tags."""
+    if xml_decl_re.match(text):
+        return True
+    key = hash(text)
+    try:
+        return _looks_like_xml_cache[key]
+    except KeyError:
+        m = doctype_lookup_re.search(text)
+        if m is not None:
+            return True
+        rv = tag_re.search(text[:1000]) is not None
+        _looks_like_xml_cache[key] = rv
+        return rv
+
+
+def surrogatepair(c):
+    """Given a unicode character code with length greater than 16 bits,
+    return the two 16 bit surrogate pair.
+    """
+    # From example D28 of:
+    # http://www.unicode.org/book/ch03.pdf
+    return (0xd7c0 + (c >> 10), (0xdc00 + (c & 0x3ff)))
+
+
+def format_lines(var_name, seq, raw=False, indent_level=0):
+    """Formats a sequence of strings for output."""
+    lines = []
+    base_indent = ' ' * indent_level * 4
+    inner_indent = ' ' * (indent_level + 1) * 4
+    lines.append(base_indent + var_name + ' = (')
+    if raw:
+        # These should be preformatted reprs of, say, tuples.
+        for i in seq:
+            lines.append(inner_indent + i + ',')
+    else:
+        for i in seq:
+            # Force use of single quotes
+            r = repr(i + '"')
+            lines.append(inner_indent + r[:-2] + r[-1] + ',')
+    lines.append(base_indent + ')')
+    return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+
+def duplicates_removed(it, already_seen=()):
+    """
+    Returns a list with duplicates removed from the iterable `it`.
+
+    Order is preserved.
+    """
+    lst = []
+    seen = set()
+    for i in it:
+        if i in seen or i in already_seen:
+            continue
+        lst.append(i)
+        seen.add(i)
+    return lst
+
+
+class Future:
+    """Generic class to defer some work.
+
+    Handled specially in RegexLexerMeta, to support regex string construction at
+    first use.
+    """
+    def get(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+def guess_decode(text):
+    """Decode *text* with guessed encoding.
+
+    First try UTF-8; this should fail for non-UTF-8 encodings.
+    Then try the preferred locale encoding.
+    Fall back to latin-1, which always works.
+    """
+    try:
+        text = text.decode('utf-8')
+        return text, 'utf-8'
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        try:
+            import locale
+            prefencoding = locale.getpreferredencoding()
+            text = text.decode()
+            return text, prefencoding
+        except (UnicodeDecodeError, LookupError):
+            text = text.decode('latin1')
+            return text, 'latin1'
+
+
+def guess_decode_from_terminal(text, term):
+    """Decode *text* coming from terminal *term*.
+
+    First try the terminal encoding, if given.
+    Then try UTF-8.  Then try the preferred locale encoding.
+    Fall back to latin-1, which always works.
+    """
+    if getattr(term, 'encoding', None):
+        try:
+            text = text.decode(term.encoding)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return text, term.encoding
+    return guess_decode(text)
+
+
+def terminal_encoding(term):
+    """Return our best guess of encoding for the given *term*."""
+    if getattr(term, 'encoding', None):
+        return term.encoding
+    import locale
+    return locale.getpreferredencoding()
+
+
+class UnclosingTextIOWrapper(TextIOWrapper):
+    # Don't close underlying buffer on destruction.
+    def close(self):
+        self.flush()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88bc10ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# module pyparsing.py
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2003-2022  Paul T. McGuire
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+# CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+# TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+# SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+__doc__ = """
+pyparsing module - Classes and methods to define and execute parsing grammars
+=============================================================================
+
+The pyparsing module is an alternative approach to creating and
+executing simple grammars, vs. the traditional lex/yacc approach, or the
+use of regular expressions.  With pyparsing, you don't need to learn
+a new syntax for defining grammars or matching expressions - the parsing
+module provides a library of classes that you use to construct the
+grammar directly in Python.
+
+Here is a program to parse "Hello, World!" (or any greeting of the form
+``"<salutation>, <addressee>!"``), built up using :class:`Word`,
+:class:`Literal`, and :class:`And` elements
+(the :meth:`'+'<ParserElement.__add__>` operators create :class:`And` expressions,
+and the strings are auto-converted to :class:`Literal` expressions)::
+
+    from pip._vendor.pyparsing import Word, alphas
+
+    # define grammar of a greeting
+    greet = Word(alphas) + "," + Word(alphas) + "!"
+
+    hello = "Hello, World!"
+    print(hello, "->", greet.parse_string(hello))
+
+The program outputs the following::
+
+    Hello, World! -> ['Hello', ',', 'World', '!']
+
+The Python representation of the grammar is quite readable, owing to the
+self-explanatory class names, and the use of :class:`'+'<And>`,
+:class:`'|'<MatchFirst>`, :class:`'^'<Or>` and :class:`'&'<Each>` operators.
+
+The :class:`ParseResults` object returned from
+:class:`ParserElement.parse_string` can be
+accessed as a nested list, a dictionary, or an object with named
+attributes.
+
+The pyparsing module handles some of the problems that are typically
+vexing when writing text parsers:
+
+  - extra or missing whitespace (the above program will also handle
+    "Hello,World!", "Hello  ,  World  !", etc.)
+  - quoted strings
+  - embedded comments
+
+
+Getting Started -
+-----------------
+Visit the classes :class:`ParserElement` and :class:`ParseResults` to
+see the base classes that most other pyparsing
+classes inherit from. Use the docstrings for examples of how to:
+
+ - construct literal match expressions from :class:`Literal` and
+   :class:`CaselessLiteral` classes
+ - construct character word-group expressions using the :class:`Word`
+   class
+ - see how to create repetitive expressions using :class:`ZeroOrMore`
+   and :class:`OneOrMore` classes
+ - use :class:`'+'<And>`, :class:`'|'<MatchFirst>`, :class:`'^'<Or>`,
+   and :class:`'&'<Each>` operators to combine simple expressions into
+   more complex ones
+ - associate names with your parsed results using
+   :class:`ParserElement.set_results_name`
+ - access the parsed data, which is returned as a :class:`ParseResults`
+   object
+ - find some helpful expression short-cuts like :class:`DelimitedList`
+   and :class:`one_of`
+ - find more useful common expressions in the :class:`pyparsing_common`
+   namespace class
+"""
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+
+class version_info(NamedTuple):
+    major: int
+    minor: int
+    micro: int
+    releaselevel: str
+    serial: int
+
+    @property
+    def __version__(self):
+        return (
+            f"{self.major}.{self.minor}.{self.micro}"
+            + (
+                f"{'r' if self.releaselevel[0] == 'c' else ''}{self.releaselevel[0]}{self.serial}",
+                "",
+            )[self.releaselevel == "final"]
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{__name__} {self.__version__} / {__version_time__}"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"{__name__}.{type(self).__name__}({', '.join('{}={!r}'.format(*nv) for nv in zip(self._fields, self))})"
+
+
+__version_info__ = version_info(3, 1, 0, "final", 1)
+__version_time__ = "18 Jun 2023 14:05 UTC"
+__version__ = __version_info__.__version__
+__versionTime__ = __version_time__
+__author__ = "Paul McGuire <ptmcg.gm+pyparsing@gmail.com>"
+
+from .util import *
+from .exceptions import *
+from .actions import *
+from .core import __diag__, __compat__
+from .results import *
+from .core import *  # type: ignore[misc, assignment]
+from .core import _builtin_exprs as core_builtin_exprs
+from .helpers import *  # type: ignore[misc, assignment]
+from .helpers import _builtin_exprs as helper_builtin_exprs
+
+from .unicode import unicode_set, UnicodeRangeList, pyparsing_unicode as unicode
+from .testing import pyparsing_test as testing
+from .common import (
+    pyparsing_common as common,
+    _builtin_exprs as common_builtin_exprs,
+)
+
+# define backward compat synonyms
+if "pyparsing_unicode" not in globals():
+    pyparsing_unicode = unicode  # type: ignore[misc]
+if "pyparsing_common" not in globals():
+    pyparsing_common = common  # type: ignore[misc]
+if "pyparsing_test" not in globals():
+    pyparsing_test = testing  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+core_builtin_exprs += common_builtin_exprs + helper_builtin_exprs
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "__version__",
+    "__version_time__",
+    "__author__",
+    "__compat__",
+    "__diag__",
+    "And",
+    "AtLineStart",
+    "AtStringStart",
+    "CaselessKeyword",
+    "CaselessLiteral",
+    "CharsNotIn",
+    "CloseMatch",
+    "Combine",
+    "DelimitedList",
+    "Dict",
+    "Each",
+    "Empty",
+    "FollowedBy",
+    "Forward",
+    "GoToColumn",
+    "Group",
+    "IndentedBlock",
+    "Keyword",
+    "LineEnd",
+    "LineStart",
+    "Literal",
+    "Located",
+    "PrecededBy",
+    "MatchFirst",
+    "NoMatch",
+    "NotAny",
+    "OneOrMore",
+    "OnlyOnce",
+    "OpAssoc",
+    "Opt",
+    "Optional",
+    "Or",
+    "ParseBaseException",
+    "ParseElementEnhance",
+    "ParseException",
+    "ParseExpression",
+    "ParseFatalException",
+    "ParseResults",
+    "ParseSyntaxException",
+    "ParserElement",
+    "PositionToken",
+    "QuotedString",
+    "RecursiveGrammarException",
+    "Regex",
+    "SkipTo",
+    "StringEnd",
+    "StringStart",
+    "Suppress",
+    "Token",
+    "TokenConverter",
+    "White",
+    "Word",
+    "WordEnd",
+    "WordStart",
+    "ZeroOrMore",
+    "Char",
+    "alphanums",
+    "alphas",
+    "alphas8bit",
+    "any_close_tag",
+    "any_open_tag",
+    "autoname_elements",
+    "c_style_comment",
+    "col",
+    "common_html_entity",
+    "condition_as_parse_action",
+    "counted_array",
+    "cpp_style_comment",
+    "dbl_quoted_string",
+    "dbl_slash_comment",
+    "delimited_list",
+    "dict_of",
+    "empty",
+    "hexnums",
+    "html_comment",
+    "identchars",
+    "identbodychars",
+    "infix_notation",
+    "java_style_comment",
+    "line",
+    "line_end",
+    "line_start",
+    "lineno",
+    "make_html_tags",
+    "make_xml_tags",
+    "match_only_at_col",
+    "match_previous_expr",
+    "match_previous_literal",
+    "nested_expr",
+    "null_debug_action",
+    "nums",
+    "one_of",
+    "original_text_for",
+    "printables",
+    "punc8bit",
+    "pyparsing_common",
+    "pyparsing_test",
+    "pyparsing_unicode",
+    "python_style_comment",
+    "quoted_string",
+    "remove_quotes",
+    "replace_with",
+    "replace_html_entity",
+    "rest_of_line",
+    "sgl_quoted_string",
+    "srange",
+    "string_end",
+    "string_start",
+    "token_map",
+    "trace_parse_action",
+    "ungroup",
+    "unicode_set",
+    "unicode_string",
+    "with_attribute",
+    "with_class",
+    # pre-PEP8 compatibility names
+    "__versionTime__",
+    "anyCloseTag",
+    "anyOpenTag",
+    "cStyleComment",
+    "commonHTMLEntity",
+    "conditionAsParseAction",
+    "countedArray",
+    "cppStyleComment",
+    "dblQuotedString",
+    "dblSlashComment",
+    "delimitedList",
+    "dictOf",
+    "htmlComment",
+    "indentedBlock",
+    "infixNotation",
+    "javaStyleComment",
+    "lineEnd",
+    "lineStart",
+    "locatedExpr",
+    "makeHTMLTags",
+    "makeXMLTags",
+    "matchOnlyAtCol",
+    "matchPreviousExpr",
+    "matchPreviousLiteral",
+    "nestedExpr",
+    "nullDebugAction",
+    "oneOf",
+    "opAssoc",
+    "originalTextFor",
+    "pythonStyleComment",
+    "quotedString",
+    "removeQuotes",
+    "replaceHTMLEntity",
+    "replaceWith",
+    "restOfLine",
+    "sglQuotedString",
+    "stringEnd",
+    "stringStart",
+    "tokenMap",
+    "traceParseAction",
+    "unicodeString",
+    "withAttribute",
+    "withClass",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/actions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/actions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca6e4c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/actions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+# actions.py
+
+from .exceptions import ParseException
+from .util import col, replaced_by_pep8
+
+
+class OnlyOnce:
+    """
+    Wrapper for parse actions, to ensure they are only called once.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, method_call):
+        from .core import _trim_arity
+
+        self.callable = _trim_arity(method_call)
+        self.called = False
+
+    def __call__(self, s, l, t):
+        if not self.called:
+            results = self.callable(s, l, t)
+            self.called = True
+            return results
+        raise ParseException(s, l, "OnlyOnce obj called multiple times w/out reset")
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """
+        Allow the associated parse action to be called once more.
+        """
+
+        self.called = False
+
+
+def match_only_at_col(n):
+    """
+    Helper method for defining parse actions that require matching at
+    a specific column in the input text.
+    """
+
+    def verify_col(strg, locn, toks):
+        if col(locn, strg) != n:
+            raise ParseException(strg, locn, f"matched token not at column {n}")
+
+    return verify_col
+
+
+def replace_with(repl_str):
+    """
+    Helper method for common parse actions that simply return
+    a literal value.  Especially useful when used with
+    :class:`transform_string<ParserElement.transform_string>` ().
+
+    Example::
+
+        num = Word(nums).set_parse_action(lambda toks: int(toks[0]))
+        na = one_of("N/A NA").set_parse_action(replace_with(math.nan))
+        term = na | num
+
+        term[1, ...].parse_string("324 234 N/A 234") # -> [324, 234, nan, 234]
+    """
+    return lambda s, l, t: [repl_str]
+
+
+def remove_quotes(s, l, t):
+    """
+    Helper parse action for removing quotation marks from parsed
+    quoted strings.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # by default, quotation marks are included in parsed results
+        quoted_string.parse_string("'Now is the Winter of our Discontent'") # -> ["'Now is the Winter of our Discontent'"]
+
+        # use remove_quotes to strip quotation marks from parsed results
+        quoted_string.set_parse_action(remove_quotes)
+        quoted_string.parse_string("'Now is the Winter of our Discontent'") # -> ["Now is the Winter of our Discontent"]
+    """
+    return t[0][1:-1]
+
+
+def with_attribute(*args, **attr_dict):
+    """
+    Helper to create a validating parse action to be used with start
+    tags created with :class:`make_xml_tags` or
+    :class:`make_html_tags`. Use ``with_attribute`` to qualify
+    a starting tag with a required attribute value, to avoid false
+    matches on common tags such as ``<TD>`` or ``<DIV>``.
+
+    Call ``with_attribute`` with a series of attribute names and
+    values. Specify the list of filter attributes names and values as:
+
+    - keyword arguments, as in ``(align="right")``, or
+    - as an explicit dict with ``**`` operator, when an attribute
+      name is also a Python reserved word, as in ``**{"class":"Customer", "align":"right"}``
+    - a list of name-value tuples, as in ``(("ns1:class", "Customer"), ("ns2:align", "right"))``
+
+    For attribute names with a namespace prefix, you must use the second
+    form.  Attribute names are matched insensitive to upper/lower case.
+
+    If just testing for ``class`` (with or without a namespace), use
+    :class:`with_class`.
+
+    To verify that the attribute exists, but without specifying a value,
+    pass ``with_attribute.ANY_VALUE`` as the value.
+
+    Example::
+
+        html = '''
+            <div>
+            Some text
+            <div type="grid">1 4 0 1 0</div>
+            <div type="graph">1,3 2,3 1,1</div>
+            <div>this has no type</div>
+            </div>
+
+        '''
+        div,div_end = make_html_tags("div")
+
+        # only match div tag having a type attribute with value "grid"
+        div_grid = div().set_parse_action(with_attribute(type="grid"))
+        grid_expr = div_grid + SkipTo(div | div_end)("body")
+        for grid_header in grid_expr.search_string(html):
+            print(grid_header.body)
+
+        # construct a match with any div tag having a type attribute, regardless of the value
+        div_any_type = div().set_parse_action(with_attribute(type=with_attribute.ANY_VALUE))
+        div_expr = div_any_type + SkipTo(div | div_end)("body")
+        for div_header in div_expr.search_string(html):
+            print(div_header.body)
+
+    prints::
+
+        1 4 0 1 0
+
+        1 4 0 1 0
+        1,3 2,3 1,1
+    """
+    if args:
+        attrs = args[:]
+    else:
+        attrs = attr_dict.items()
+    attrs = [(k, v) for k, v in attrs]
+
+    def pa(s, l, tokens):
+        for attrName, attrValue in attrs:
+            if attrName not in tokens:
+                raise ParseException(s, l, "no matching attribute " + attrName)
+            if attrValue != with_attribute.ANY_VALUE and tokens[attrName] != attrValue:
+                raise ParseException(
+                    s,
+                    l,
+                    f"attribute {attrName!r} has value {tokens[attrName]!r}, must be {attrValue!r}",
+                )
+
+    return pa
+
+
+with_attribute.ANY_VALUE = object()  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+
+
+def with_class(classname, namespace=""):
+    """
+    Simplified version of :class:`with_attribute` when
+    matching on a div class - made difficult because ``class`` is
+    a reserved word in Python.
+
+    Example::
+
+        html = '''
+            <div>
+            Some text
+            <div class="grid">1 4 0 1 0</div>
+            <div class="graph">1,3 2,3 1,1</div>
+            <div>this &lt;div&gt; has no class</div>
+            </div>
+
+        '''
+        div,div_end = make_html_tags("div")
+        div_grid = div().set_parse_action(with_class("grid"))
+
+        grid_expr = div_grid + SkipTo(div | div_end)("body")
+        for grid_header in grid_expr.search_string(html):
+            print(grid_header.body)
+
+        div_any_type = div().set_parse_action(with_class(withAttribute.ANY_VALUE))
+        div_expr = div_any_type + SkipTo(div | div_end)("body")
+        for div_header in div_expr.search_string(html):
+            print(div_header.body)
+
+    prints::
+
+        1 4 0 1 0
+
+        1 4 0 1 0
+        1,3 2,3 1,1
+    """
+    classattr = f"{namespace}:class" if namespace else "class"
+    return with_attribute(**{classattr: classname})
+
+
+# pre-PEP8 compatibility symbols
+# fmt: off
+@replaced_by_pep8(replace_with)
+def replaceWith(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(remove_quotes)
+def removeQuotes(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(with_attribute)
+def withAttribute(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(with_class)
+def withClass(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(match_only_at_col)
+def matchOnlyAtCol(): ...
+
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/common.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/common.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a666b27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+# common.py
+from .core import *
+from .helpers import DelimitedList, any_open_tag, any_close_tag
+from datetime import datetime
+
+
+# some other useful expressions - using lower-case class name since we are really using this as a namespace
+class pyparsing_common:
+    """Here are some common low-level expressions that may be useful in
+    jump-starting parser development:
+
+    - numeric forms (:class:`integers<integer>`, :class:`reals<real>`,
+      :class:`scientific notation<sci_real>`)
+    - common :class:`programming identifiers<identifier>`
+    - network addresses (:class:`MAC<mac_address>`,
+      :class:`IPv4<ipv4_address>`, :class:`IPv6<ipv6_address>`)
+    - ISO8601 :class:`dates<iso8601_date>` and
+      :class:`datetime<iso8601_datetime>`
+    - :class:`UUID<uuid>`
+    - :class:`comma-separated list<comma_separated_list>`
+    - :class:`url`
+
+    Parse actions:
+
+    - :class:`convert_to_integer`
+    - :class:`convert_to_float`
+    - :class:`convert_to_date`
+    - :class:`convert_to_datetime`
+    - :class:`strip_html_tags`
+    - :class:`upcase_tokens`
+    - :class:`downcase_tokens`
+
+    Example::
+
+        pyparsing_common.number.run_tests('''
+            # any int or real number, returned as the appropriate type
+            100
+            -100
+            +100
+            3.14159
+            6.02e23
+            1e-12
+            ''')
+
+        pyparsing_common.fnumber.run_tests('''
+            # any int or real number, returned as float
+            100
+            -100
+            +100
+            3.14159
+            6.02e23
+            1e-12
+            ''')
+
+        pyparsing_common.hex_integer.run_tests('''
+            # hex numbers
+            100
+            FF
+            ''')
+
+        pyparsing_common.fraction.run_tests('''
+            # fractions
+            1/2
+            -3/4
+            ''')
+
+        pyparsing_common.mixed_integer.run_tests('''
+            # mixed fractions
+            1
+            1/2
+            -3/4
+            1-3/4
+            ''')
+
+        import uuid
+        pyparsing_common.uuid.set_parse_action(token_map(uuid.UUID))
+        pyparsing_common.uuid.run_tests('''
+            # uuid
+            12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678
+            ''')
+
+    prints::
+
+        # any int or real number, returned as the appropriate type
+        100
+        [100]
+
+        -100
+        [-100]
+
+        +100
+        [100]
+
+        3.14159
+        [3.14159]
+
+        6.02e23
+        [6.02e+23]
+
+        1e-12
+        [1e-12]
+
+        # any int or real number, returned as float
+        100
+        [100.0]
+
+        -100
+        [-100.0]
+
+        +100
+        [100.0]
+
+        3.14159
+        [3.14159]
+
+        6.02e23
+        [6.02e+23]
+
+        1e-12
+        [1e-12]
+
+        # hex numbers
+        100
+        [256]
+
+        FF
+        [255]
+
+        # fractions
+        1/2
+        [0.5]
+
+        -3/4
+        [-0.75]
+
+        # mixed fractions
+        1
+        [1]
+
+        1/2
+        [0.5]
+
+        -3/4
+        [-0.75]
+
+        1-3/4
+        [1.75]
+
+        # uuid
+        12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678
+        [UUID('12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678')]
+    """
+
+    convert_to_integer = token_map(int)
+    """
+    Parse action for converting parsed integers to Python int
+    """
+
+    convert_to_float = token_map(float)
+    """
+    Parse action for converting parsed numbers to Python float
+    """
+
+    integer = Word(nums).set_name("integer").set_parse_action(convert_to_integer)
+    """expression that parses an unsigned integer, returns an int"""
+
+    hex_integer = (
+        Word(hexnums).set_name("hex integer").set_parse_action(token_map(int, 16))
+    )
+    """expression that parses a hexadecimal integer, returns an int"""
+
+    signed_integer = (
+        Regex(r"[+-]?\d+")
+        .set_name("signed integer")
+        .set_parse_action(convert_to_integer)
+    )
+    """expression that parses an integer with optional leading sign, returns an int"""
+
+    fraction = (
+        signed_integer().set_parse_action(convert_to_float)
+        + "/"
+        + signed_integer().set_parse_action(convert_to_float)
+    ).set_name("fraction")
+    """fractional expression of an integer divided by an integer, returns a float"""
+    fraction.add_parse_action(lambda tt: tt[0] / tt[-1])
+
+    mixed_integer = (
+        fraction | signed_integer + Opt(Opt("-").suppress() + fraction)
+    ).set_name("fraction or mixed integer-fraction")
+    """mixed integer of the form 'integer - fraction', with optional leading integer, returns float"""
+    mixed_integer.add_parse_action(sum)
+
+    real = (
+        Regex(r"[+-]?(?:\d+\.\d*|\.\d+)")
+        .set_name("real number")
+        .set_parse_action(convert_to_float)
+    )
+    """expression that parses a floating point number and returns a float"""
+
+    sci_real = (
+        Regex(r"[+-]?(?:\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+)|(?:\d+\.\d*|\.\d+)(?:[eE][+-]?\d+)?)")
+        .set_name("real number with scientific notation")
+        .set_parse_action(convert_to_float)
+    )
+    """expression that parses a floating point number with optional
+    scientific notation and returns a float"""
+
+    # streamlining this expression makes the docs nicer-looking
+    number = (sci_real | real | signed_integer).setName("number").streamline()
+    """any numeric expression, returns the corresponding Python type"""
+
+    fnumber = (
+        Regex(r"[+-]?\d+\.?\d*([eE][+-]?\d+)?")
+        .set_name("fnumber")
+        .set_parse_action(convert_to_float)
+    )
+    """any int or real number, returned as float"""
+
+    identifier = Word(identchars, identbodychars).set_name("identifier")
+    """typical code identifier (leading alpha or '_', followed by 0 or more alphas, nums, or '_')"""
+
+    ipv4_address = Regex(
+        r"(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1?[0-9]{1,2})(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4][0-9]|1?[0-9]{1,2})){3}"
+    ).set_name("IPv4 address")
+    "IPv4 address (``0.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255``)"
+
+    _ipv6_part = Regex(r"[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}").set_name("hex_integer")
+    _full_ipv6_address = (_ipv6_part + (":" + _ipv6_part) * 7).set_name(
+        "full IPv6 address"
+    )
+    _short_ipv6_address = (
+        Opt(_ipv6_part + (":" + _ipv6_part) * (0, 6))
+        + "::"
+        + Opt(_ipv6_part + (":" + _ipv6_part) * (0, 6))
+    ).set_name("short IPv6 address")
+    _short_ipv6_address.add_condition(
+        lambda t: sum(1 for tt in t if pyparsing_common._ipv6_part.matches(tt)) < 8
+    )
+    _mixed_ipv6_address = ("::ffff:" + ipv4_address).set_name("mixed IPv6 address")
+    ipv6_address = Combine(
+        (_full_ipv6_address | _mixed_ipv6_address | _short_ipv6_address).set_name(
+            "IPv6 address"
+        )
+    ).set_name("IPv6 address")
+    "IPv6 address (long, short, or mixed form)"
+
+    mac_address = Regex(
+        r"[0-9a-fA-F]{2}([:.-])[0-9a-fA-F]{2}(?:\1[0-9a-fA-F]{2}){4}"
+    ).set_name("MAC address")
+    "MAC address xx:xx:xx:xx:xx (may also have '-' or '.' delimiters)"
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def convert_to_date(fmt: str = "%Y-%m-%d"):
+        """
+        Helper to create a parse action for converting parsed date string to Python datetime.date
+
+        Params -
+        - fmt - format to be passed to datetime.strptime (default= ``"%Y-%m-%d"``)
+
+        Example::
+
+            date_expr = pyparsing_common.iso8601_date.copy()
+            date_expr.set_parse_action(pyparsing_common.convert_to_date())
+            print(date_expr.parse_string("1999-12-31"))
+
+        prints::
+
+            [datetime.date(1999, 12, 31)]
+        """
+
+        def cvt_fn(ss, ll, tt):
+            try:
+                return datetime.strptime(tt[0], fmt).date()
+            except ValueError as ve:
+                raise ParseException(ss, ll, str(ve))
+
+        return cvt_fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def convert_to_datetime(fmt: str = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f"):
+        """Helper to create a parse action for converting parsed
+        datetime string to Python datetime.datetime
+
+        Params -
+        - fmt - format to be passed to datetime.strptime (default= ``"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f"``)
+
+        Example::
+
+            dt_expr = pyparsing_common.iso8601_datetime.copy()
+            dt_expr.set_parse_action(pyparsing_common.convert_to_datetime())
+            print(dt_expr.parse_string("1999-12-31T23:59:59.999"))
+
+        prints::
+
+            [datetime.datetime(1999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999000)]
+        """
+
+        def cvt_fn(s, l, t):
+            try:
+                return datetime.strptime(t[0], fmt)
+            except ValueError as ve:
+                raise ParseException(s, l, str(ve))
+
+        return cvt_fn
+
+    iso8601_date = Regex(
+        r"(?P<year>\d{4})(?:-(?P<month>\d\d)(?:-(?P<day>\d\d))?)?"
+    ).set_name("ISO8601 date")
+    "ISO8601 date (``yyyy-mm-dd``)"
+
+    iso8601_datetime = Regex(
+        r"(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d\d)-(?P<day>\d\d)[T ](?P<hour>\d\d):(?P<minute>\d\d)(:(?P<second>\d\d(\.\d*)?)?)?(?P<tz>Z|[+-]\d\d:?\d\d)?"
+    ).set_name("ISO8601 datetime")
+    "ISO8601 datetime (``yyyy-mm-ddThh:mm:ss.s(Z|+-00:00)``) - trailing seconds, milliseconds, and timezone optional; accepts separating ``'T'`` or ``' '``"
+
+    uuid = Regex(r"[0-9a-fA-F]{8}(-[0-9a-fA-F]{4}){3}-[0-9a-fA-F]{12}").set_name("UUID")
+    "UUID (``xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx``)"
+
+    _html_stripper = any_open_tag.suppress() | any_close_tag.suppress()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def strip_html_tags(s: str, l: int, tokens: ParseResults):
+        """Parse action to remove HTML tags from web page HTML source
+
+        Example::
+
+            # strip HTML links from normal text
+            text = '<td>More info at the <a href="https://github.com/pyparsing/pyparsing/wiki">pyparsing</a> wiki page</td>'
+            td, td_end = make_html_tags("TD")
+            table_text = td + SkipTo(td_end).set_parse_action(pyparsing_common.strip_html_tags)("body") + td_end
+            print(table_text.parse_string(text).body)
+
+        Prints::
+
+            More info at the pyparsing wiki page
+        """
+        return pyparsing_common._html_stripper.transform_string(tokens[0])
+
+    _commasepitem = (
+        Combine(
+            OneOrMore(
+                ~Literal(",")
+                + ~LineEnd()
+                + Word(printables, exclude_chars=",")
+                + Opt(White(" \t") + ~FollowedBy(LineEnd() | ","))
+            )
+        )
+        .streamline()
+        .set_name("commaItem")
+    )
+    comma_separated_list = DelimitedList(
+        Opt(quoted_string.copy() | _commasepitem, default="")
+    ).set_name("comma separated list")
+    """Predefined expression of 1 or more printable words or quoted strings, separated by commas."""
+
+    upcase_tokens = staticmethod(token_map(lambda t: t.upper()))
+    """Parse action to convert tokens to upper case."""
+
+    downcase_tokens = staticmethod(token_map(lambda t: t.lower()))
+    """Parse action to convert tokens to lower case."""
+
+    # fmt: off
+    url = Regex(
+        # https://mathiasbynens.be/demo/url-regex
+        # https://gist.github.com/dperini/729294
+        r"(?P<url>" +
+        # protocol identifier (optional)
+        # short syntax // still required
+        r"(?:(?:(?P<scheme>https?|ftp):)?\/\/)" +
+        # user:pass BasicAuth (optional)
+        r"(?:(?P<auth>\S+(?::\S*)?)@)?" +
+        r"(?P<host>" +
+        # IP address exclusion
+        # private & local networks
+        r"(?!(?:10|127)(?:\.\d{1,3}){3})" +
+        r"(?!(?:169\.254|192\.168)(?:\.\d{1,3}){2})" +
+        r"(?!172\.(?:1[6-9]|2\d|3[0-1])(?:\.\d{1,3}){2})" +
+        # IP address dotted notation octets
+        # excludes loopback network 0.0.0.0
+        # excludes reserved space >= 224.0.0.0
+        # excludes network & broadcast addresses
+        # (first & last IP address of each class)
+        r"(?:[1-9]\d?|1\d\d|2[01]\d|22[0-3])" +
+        r"(?:\.(?:1?\d{1,2}|2[0-4]\d|25[0-5])){2}" +
+        r"(?:\.(?:[1-9]\d?|1\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-4]))" +
+        r"|" +
+        # host & domain names, may end with dot
+        # can be replaced by a shortest alternative
+        # (?![-_])(?:[-\w\u00a1-\uffff]{0,63}[^-_]\.)+
+        r"(?:" +
+        r"(?:" +
+        r"[a-z0-9\u00a1-\uffff]" +
+        r"[a-z0-9\u00a1-\uffff_-]{0,62}" +
+        r")?" +
+        r"[a-z0-9\u00a1-\uffff]\." +
+        r")+" +
+        # TLD identifier name, may end with dot
+        r"(?:[a-z\u00a1-\uffff]{2,}\.?)" +
+        r")" +
+        # port number (optional)
+        r"(:(?P<port>\d{2,5}))?" +
+        # resource path (optional)
+        r"(?P<path>\/[^?# ]*)?" +
+        # query string (optional)
+        r"(\?(?P<query>[^#]*))?" +
+        # fragment (optional)
+        r"(#(?P<fragment>\S*))?" +
+        r")"
+    ).set_name("url")
+    """URL (http/https/ftp scheme)"""
+    # fmt: on
+
+    # pre-PEP8 compatibility names
+    convertToInteger = convert_to_integer
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`convert_to_integer`"""
+    convertToFloat = convert_to_float
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`convert_to_float`"""
+    convertToDate = convert_to_date
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`convert_to_date`"""
+    convertToDatetime = convert_to_datetime
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`convert_to_datetime`"""
+    stripHTMLTags = strip_html_tags
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`strip_html_tags`"""
+    upcaseTokens = upcase_tokens
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`upcase_tokens`"""
+    downcaseTokens = downcase_tokens
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`downcase_tokens`"""
+
+
+_builtin_exprs = [
+    v for v in vars(pyparsing_common).values() if isinstance(v, ParserElement)
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d5a856e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6115 @@
+#
+# core.py
+#
+
+from collections import deque
+import os
+import typing
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Generator,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from enum import Enum
+import string
+import copy
+import warnings
+import re
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+import traceback
+import types
+from operator import itemgetter
+from functools import wraps
+from threading import RLock
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from .util import (
+    _FifoCache,
+    _UnboundedCache,
+    __config_flags,
+    _collapse_string_to_ranges,
+    _escape_regex_range_chars,
+    _bslash,
+    _flatten,
+    LRUMemo as _LRUMemo,
+    UnboundedMemo as _UnboundedMemo,
+    replaced_by_pep8,
+)
+from .exceptions import *
+from .actions import *
+from .results import ParseResults, _ParseResultsWithOffset
+from .unicode import pyparsing_unicode
+
+_MAX_INT = sys.maxsize
+str_type: Tuple[type, ...] = (str, bytes)
+
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2003-2022  Paul T. McGuire
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
+# IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+# CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
+# TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
+# SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from functools import cached_property
+else:
+
+    class cached_property:
+        def __init__(self, func):
+            self._func = func
+
+        def __get__(self, instance, owner=None):
+            ret = instance.__dict__[self._func.__name__] = self._func(instance)
+            return ret
+
+
+class __compat__(__config_flags):
+    """
+    A cross-version compatibility configuration for pyparsing features that will be
+    released in a future version. By setting values in this configuration to True,
+    those features can be enabled in prior versions for compatibility development
+    and testing.
+
+    - ``collect_all_And_tokens`` - flag to enable fix for Issue #63 that fixes erroneous grouping
+      of results names when an :class:`And` expression is nested within an :class:`Or` or :class:`MatchFirst`;
+      maintained for compatibility, but setting to ``False`` no longer restores pre-2.3.1
+      behavior
+    """
+
+    _type_desc = "compatibility"
+
+    collect_all_And_tokens = True
+
+    _all_names = [__ for __ in locals() if not __.startswith("_")]
+    _fixed_names = """
+        collect_all_And_tokens
+        """.split()
+
+
+class __diag__(__config_flags):
+    _type_desc = "diagnostic"
+
+    warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation = False
+    warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection = False
+    warn_name_set_on_empty_Forward = False
+    warn_on_parse_using_empty_Forward = False
+    warn_on_assignment_to_Forward = False
+    warn_on_multiple_string_args_to_oneof = False
+    warn_on_match_first_with_lshift_operator = False
+    enable_debug_on_named_expressions = False
+
+    _all_names = [__ for __ in locals() if not __.startswith("_")]
+    _warning_names = [name for name in _all_names if name.startswith("warn")]
+    _debug_names = [name for name in _all_names if name.startswith("enable_debug")]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def enable_all_warnings(cls) -> None:
+        for name in cls._warning_names:
+            cls.enable(name)
+
+
+class Diagnostics(Enum):
+    """
+    Diagnostic configuration (all default to disabled)
+
+    - ``warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation`` - flag to enable warnings when a results
+      name is defined on a :class:`MatchFirst` or :class:`Or` expression with one or more :class:`And` subexpressions
+    - ``warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection`` - flag to enable warnings when a results
+      name is defined on a containing expression with ungrouped subexpressions that also
+      have results names
+    - ``warn_name_set_on_empty_Forward`` - flag to enable warnings when a :class:`Forward` is defined
+      with a results name, but has no contents defined
+    - ``warn_on_parse_using_empty_Forward`` - flag to enable warnings when a :class:`Forward` is
+      defined in a grammar but has never had an expression attached to it
+    - ``warn_on_assignment_to_Forward`` - flag to enable warnings when a :class:`Forward` is defined
+      but is overwritten by assigning using ``'='`` instead of ``'<<='`` or ``'<<'``
+    - ``warn_on_multiple_string_args_to_oneof`` - flag to enable warnings when :class:`one_of` is
+      incorrectly called with multiple str arguments
+    - ``enable_debug_on_named_expressions`` - flag to auto-enable debug on all subsequent
+      calls to :class:`ParserElement.set_name`
+
+    Diagnostics are enabled/disabled by calling :class:`enable_diag` and :class:`disable_diag`.
+    All warnings can be enabled by calling :class:`enable_all_warnings`.
+    """
+
+    warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation = 0
+    warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection = 1
+    warn_name_set_on_empty_Forward = 2
+    warn_on_parse_using_empty_Forward = 3
+    warn_on_assignment_to_Forward = 4
+    warn_on_multiple_string_args_to_oneof = 5
+    warn_on_match_first_with_lshift_operator = 6
+    enable_debug_on_named_expressions = 7
+
+
+def enable_diag(diag_enum: Diagnostics) -> None:
+    """
+    Enable a global pyparsing diagnostic flag (see :class:`Diagnostics`).
+    """
+    __diag__.enable(diag_enum.name)
+
+
+def disable_diag(diag_enum: Diagnostics) -> None:
+    """
+    Disable a global pyparsing diagnostic flag (see :class:`Diagnostics`).
+    """
+    __diag__.disable(diag_enum.name)
+
+
+def enable_all_warnings() -> None:
+    """
+    Enable all global pyparsing diagnostic warnings (see :class:`Diagnostics`).
+    """
+    __diag__.enable_all_warnings()
+
+
+# hide abstract class
+del __config_flags
+
+
+def _should_enable_warnings(
+    cmd_line_warn_options: typing.Iterable[str], warn_env_var: typing.Optional[str]
+) -> bool:
+    enable = bool(warn_env_var)
+    for warn_opt in cmd_line_warn_options:
+        w_action, w_message, w_category, w_module, w_line = (warn_opt + "::::").split(
+            ":"
+        )[:5]
+        if not w_action.lower().startswith("i") and (
+            not (w_message or w_category or w_module) or w_module == "pyparsing"
+        ):
+            enable = True
+        elif w_action.lower().startswith("i") and w_module in ("pyparsing", ""):
+            enable = False
+    return enable
+
+
+if _should_enable_warnings(
+    sys.warnoptions, os.environ.get("PYPARSINGENABLEALLWARNINGS")
+):
+    enable_all_warnings()
+
+
+# build list of single arg builtins, that can be used as parse actions
+_single_arg_builtins = {
+    sum,
+    len,
+    sorted,
+    reversed,
+    list,
+    tuple,
+    set,
+    any,
+    all,
+    min,
+    max,
+}
+
+_generatorType = types.GeneratorType
+ParseImplReturnType = Tuple[int, Any]
+PostParseReturnType = Union[ParseResults, Sequence[ParseResults]]
+ParseAction = Union[
+    Callable[[], Any],
+    Callable[[ParseResults], Any],
+    Callable[[int, ParseResults], Any],
+    Callable[[str, int, ParseResults], Any],
+]
+ParseCondition = Union[
+    Callable[[], bool],
+    Callable[[ParseResults], bool],
+    Callable[[int, ParseResults], bool],
+    Callable[[str, int, ParseResults], bool],
+]
+ParseFailAction = Callable[[str, int, "ParserElement", Exception], None]
+DebugStartAction = Callable[[str, int, "ParserElement", bool], None]
+DebugSuccessAction = Callable[
+    [str, int, int, "ParserElement", ParseResults, bool], None
+]
+DebugExceptionAction = Callable[[str, int, "ParserElement", Exception, bool], None]
+
+
+alphas = string.ascii_uppercase + string.ascii_lowercase
+identchars = pyparsing_unicode.Latin1.identchars
+identbodychars = pyparsing_unicode.Latin1.identbodychars
+nums = "0123456789"
+hexnums = nums + "ABCDEFabcdef"
+alphanums = alphas + nums
+printables = "".join([c for c in string.printable if c not in string.whitespace])
+
+_trim_arity_call_line: traceback.StackSummary = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+def _trim_arity(func, max_limit=3):
+    """decorator to trim function calls to match the arity of the target"""
+    global _trim_arity_call_line
+
+    if func in _single_arg_builtins:
+        return lambda s, l, t: func(t)
+
+    limit = 0
+    found_arity = False
+
+    # synthesize what would be returned by traceback.extract_stack at the call to
+    # user's parse action 'func', so that we don't incur call penalty at parse time
+
+    # fmt: off
+    LINE_DIFF = 7
+    # IF ANY CODE CHANGES, EVEN JUST COMMENTS OR BLANK LINES, BETWEEN THE NEXT LINE AND
+    # THE CALL TO FUNC INSIDE WRAPPER, LINE_DIFF MUST BE MODIFIED!!!!
+    _trim_arity_call_line = (_trim_arity_call_line or traceback.extract_stack(limit=2)[-1])
+    pa_call_line_synth = (_trim_arity_call_line[0], _trim_arity_call_line[1] + LINE_DIFF)
+
+    def wrapper(*args):
+        nonlocal found_arity, limit
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                ret = func(*args[limit:])
+                found_arity = True
+                return ret
+            except TypeError as te:
+                # re-raise TypeErrors if they did not come from our arity testing
+                if found_arity:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    tb = te.__traceback__
+                    frames = traceback.extract_tb(tb, limit=2)
+                    frame_summary = frames[-1]
+                    trim_arity_type_error = (
+                        [frame_summary[:2]][-1][:2] == pa_call_line_synth
+                    )
+                    del tb
+
+                    if trim_arity_type_error:
+                        if limit < max_limit:
+                            limit += 1
+                            continue
+
+                    raise
+    # fmt: on
+
+    # copy func name to wrapper for sensible debug output
+    # (can't use functools.wraps, since that messes with function signature)
+    func_name = getattr(func, "__name__", getattr(func, "__class__").__name__)
+    wrapper.__name__ = func_name
+    wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def condition_as_parse_action(
+    fn: ParseCondition, message: typing.Optional[str] = None, fatal: bool = False
+) -> ParseAction:
+    """
+    Function to convert a simple predicate function that returns ``True`` or ``False``
+    into a parse action. Can be used in places when a parse action is required
+    and :class:`ParserElement.add_condition` cannot be used (such as when adding a condition
+    to an operator level in :class:`infix_notation`).
+
+    Optional keyword arguments:
+
+    - ``message`` - define a custom message to be used in the raised exception
+    - ``fatal`` - if True, will raise :class:`ParseFatalException` to stop parsing immediately;
+      otherwise will raise :class:`ParseException`
+
+    """
+    msg = message if message is not None else "failed user-defined condition"
+    exc_type = ParseFatalException if fatal else ParseException
+    fn = _trim_arity(fn)
+
+    @wraps(fn)
+    def pa(s, l, t):
+        if not bool(fn(s, l, t)):
+            raise exc_type(s, l, msg)
+
+    return pa
+
+
+def _default_start_debug_action(
+    instring: str, loc: int, expr: "ParserElement", cache_hit: bool = False
+):
+    cache_hit_str = "*" if cache_hit else ""
+    print(
+        (
+            f"{cache_hit_str}Match {expr} at loc {loc}({lineno(loc, instring)},{col(loc, instring)})\n"
+            f"  {line(loc, instring)}\n"
+            f"  {' ' * (col(loc, instring) - 1)}^"
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _default_success_debug_action(
+    instring: str,
+    startloc: int,
+    endloc: int,
+    expr: "ParserElement",
+    toks: ParseResults,
+    cache_hit: bool = False,
+):
+    cache_hit_str = "*" if cache_hit else ""
+    print(f"{cache_hit_str}Matched {expr} -> {toks.as_list()}")
+
+
+def _default_exception_debug_action(
+    instring: str,
+    loc: int,
+    expr: "ParserElement",
+    exc: Exception,
+    cache_hit: bool = False,
+):
+    cache_hit_str = "*" if cache_hit else ""
+    print(f"{cache_hit_str}Match {expr} failed, {type(exc).__name__} raised: {exc}")
+
+
+def null_debug_action(*args):
+    """'Do-nothing' debug action, to suppress debugging output during parsing."""
+
+
+class ParserElement(ABC):
+    """Abstract base level parser element class."""
+
+    DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS: str = " \n\t\r"
+    verbose_stacktrace: bool = False
+    _literalStringClass: type = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def set_default_whitespace_chars(chars: str) -> None:
+        r"""
+        Overrides the default whitespace chars
+
+        Example::
+
+            # default whitespace chars are space, <TAB> and newline
+            Word(alphas)[1, ...].parse_string("abc def\nghi jkl")  # -> ['abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl']
+
+            # change to just treat newline as significant
+            ParserElement.set_default_whitespace_chars(" \t")
+            Word(alphas)[1, ...].parse_string("abc def\nghi jkl")  # -> ['abc', 'def']
+        """
+        ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS = chars
+
+        # update whitespace all parse expressions defined in this module
+        for expr in _builtin_exprs:
+            if expr.copyDefaultWhiteChars:
+                expr.whiteChars = set(chars)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def inline_literals_using(cls: type) -> None:
+        """
+        Set class to be used for inclusion of string literals into a parser.
+
+        Example::
+
+            # default literal class used is Literal
+            integer = Word(nums)
+            date_str = integer("year") + '/' + integer("month") + '/' + integer("day")
+
+            date_str.parse_string("1999/12/31")  # -> ['1999', '/', '12', '/', '31']
+
+
+            # change to Suppress
+            ParserElement.inline_literals_using(Suppress)
+            date_str = integer("year") + '/' + integer("month") + '/' + integer("day")
+
+            date_str.parse_string("1999/12/31")  # -> ['1999', '12', '31']
+        """
+        ParserElement._literalStringClass = cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def using_each(cls, seq, **class_kwargs):
+        """
+        Yields a sequence of class(obj, **class_kwargs) for obj in seq.
+
+        Example::
+
+            LPAR, RPAR, LBRACE, RBRACE, SEMI = Suppress.using_each("(){};")
+
+        """
+        yield from (cls(obj, **class_kwargs) for obj in seq)
+
+    class DebugActions(NamedTuple):
+        debug_try: typing.Optional[DebugStartAction]
+        debug_match: typing.Optional[DebugSuccessAction]
+        debug_fail: typing.Optional[DebugExceptionAction]
+
+    def __init__(self, savelist: bool = False):
+        self.parseAction: List[ParseAction] = list()
+        self.failAction: typing.Optional[ParseFailAction] = None
+        self.customName: str = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self._defaultName: typing.Optional[str] = None
+        self.resultsName: str = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.saveAsList = savelist
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.whiteChars = set(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS)
+        self.copyDefaultWhiteChars = True
+        # used when checking for left-recursion
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+        self.keepTabs = False
+        self.ignoreExprs: List["ParserElement"] = list()
+        self.debug = False
+        self.streamlined = False
+        # optimize exception handling for subclasses that don't advance parse index
+        self.mayIndexError = True
+        self.errmsg = ""
+        # mark results names as modal (report only last) or cumulative (list all)
+        self.modalResults = True
+        # custom debug actions
+        self.debugActions = self.DebugActions(None, None, None)
+        # avoid redundant calls to preParse
+        self.callPreparse = True
+        self.callDuringTry = False
+        self.suppress_warnings_: List[Diagnostics] = []
+
+    def suppress_warning(self, warning_type: Diagnostics) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Suppress warnings emitted for a particular diagnostic on this expression.
+
+        Example::
+
+            base = pp.Forward()
+            base.suppress_warning(Diagnostics.warn_on_parse_using_empty_Forward)
+
+            # statement would normally raise a warning, but is now suppressed
+            print(base.parse_string("x"))
+
+        """
+        self.suppress_warnings_.append(warning_type)
+        return self
+
+    def visit_all(self):
+        """General-purpose method to yield all expressions and sub-expressions
+        in a grammar. Typically just for internal use.
+        """
+        to_visit = deque([self])
+        seen = set()
+        while to_visit:
+            cur = to_visit.popleft()
+
+            # guard against looping forever through recursive grammars
+            if cur in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(cur)
+
+            to_visit.extend(cur.recurse())
+            yield cur
+
+    def copy(self) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Make a copy of this :class:`ParserElement`.  Useful for defining
+        different parse actions for the same parsing pattern, using copies of
+        the original parse element.
+
+        Example::
+
+            integer = Word(nums).set_parse_action(lambda toks: int(toks[0]))
+            integerK = integer.copy().add_parse_action(lambda toks: toks[0] * 1024) + Suppress("K")
+            integerM = integer.copy().add_parse_action(lambda toks: toks[0] * 1024 * 1024) + Suppress("M")
+
+            print((integerK | integerM | integer)[1, ...].parse_string("5K 100 640K 256M"))
+
+        prints::
+
+            [5120, 100, 655360, 268435456]
+
+        Equivalent form of ``expr.copy()`` is just ``expr()``::
+
+            integerM = integer().add_parse_action(lambda toks: toks[0] * 1024 * 1024) + Suppress("M")
+        """
+        cpy = copy.copy(self)
+        cpy.parseAction = self.parseAction[:]
+        cpy.ignoreExprs = self.ignoreExprs[:]
+        if self.copyDefaultWhiteChars:
+            cpy.whiteChars = set(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS)
+        return cpy
+
+    def set_results_name(
+        self, name: str, list_all_matches: bool = False, *, listAllMatches: bool = False
+    ) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Define name for referencing matching tokens as a nested attribute
+        of the returned parse results.
+
+        Normally, results names are assigned as you would assign keys in a dict:
+        any existing value is overwritten by later values. If it is necessary to
+        keep all values captured for a particular results name, call ``set_results_name``
+        with ``list_all_matches`` = True.
+
+        NOTE: ``set_results_name`` returns a *copy* of the original :class:`ParserElement` object;
+        this is so that the client can define a basic element, such as an
+        integer, and reference it in multiple places with different names.
+
+        You can also set results names using the abbreviated syntax,
+        ``expr("name")`` in place of ``expr.set_results_name("name")``
+        - see :class:`__call__`. If ``list_all_matches`` is required, use
+        ``expr("name*")``.
+
+        Example::
+
+            date_str = (integer.set_results_name("year") + '/'
+                        + integer.set_results_name("month") + '/'
+                        + integer.set_results_name("day"))
+
+            # equivalent form:
+            date_str = integer("year") + '/' + integer("month") + '/' + integer("day")
+        """
+        listAllMatches = listAllMatches or list_all_matches
+        return self._setResultsName(name, listAllMatches)
+
+    def _setResultsName(self, name, listAllMatches=False):
+        if name is None:
+            return self
+        newself = self.copy()
+        if name.endswith("*"):
+            name = name[:-1]
+            listAllMatches = True
+        newself.resultsName = name
+        newself.modalResults = not listAllMatches
+        return newself
+
+    def set_break(self, break_flag: bool = True) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Method to invoke the Python pdb debugger when this element is
+        about to be parsed. Set ``break_flag`` to ``True`` to enable, ``False`` to
+        disable.
+        """
+        if break_flag:
+            _parseMethod = self._parse
+
+            def breaker(instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True):
+                import pdb
+
+                # this call to pdb.set_trace() is intentional, not a checkin error
+                pdb.set_trace()
+                return _parseMethod(instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse)
+
+            breaker._originalParseMethod = _parseMethod  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+            self._parse = breaker  # type: ignore [assignment]
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self._parse, "_originalParseMethod"):
+                self._parse = self._parse._originalParseMethod  # type: ignore [attr-defined, assignment]
+        return self
+
+    def set_parse_action(self, *fns: ParseAction, **kwargs) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Define one or more actions to perform when successfully matching parse element definition.
+
+        Parse actions can be called to perform data conversions, do extra validation,
+        update external data structures, or enhance or replace the parsed tokens.
+        Each parse action ``fn`` is a callable method with 0-3 arguments, called as
+        ``fn(s, loc, toks)`` , ``fn(loc, toks)`` , ``fn(toks)`` , or just ``fn()`` , where:
+
+        - ``s``    = the original string being parsed (see note below)
+        - ``loc``  = the location of the matching substring
+        - ``toks`` = a list of the matched tokens, packaged as a :class:`ParseResults` object
+
+        The parsed tokens are passed to the parse action as ParseResults. They can be
+        modified in place using list-style append, extend, and pop operations to update
+        the parsed list elements; and with dictionary-style item set and del operations
+        to add, update, or remove any named results. If the tokens are modified in place,
+        it is not necessary to return them with a return statement.
+
+        Parse actions can also completely replace the given tokens, with another ``ParseResults``
+        object, or with some entirely different object (common for parse actions that perform data
+        conversions). A convenient way to build a new parse result is to define the values
+        using a dict, and then create the return value using :class:`ParseResults.from_dict`.
+
+        If None is passed as the ``fn`` parse action, all previously added parse actions for this
+        expression are cleared.
+
+        Optional keyword arguments:
+
+        - ``call_during_try`` = (default= ``False``) indicate if parse action should be run during
+          lookaheads and alternate testing. For parse actions that have side effects, it is
+          important to only call the parse action once it is determined that it is being
+          called as part of a successful parse. For parse actions that perform additional
+          validation, then call_during_try should be passed as True, so that the validation
+          code is included in the preliminary "try" parses.
+
+        Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+        before starting the parsing process.  See :class:`parse_string` for more
+        information on parsing strings containing ``<TAB>`` s, and suggested
+        methods to maintain a consistent view of the parsed string, the parse
+        location, and line and column positions within the parsed string.
+
+        Example::
+
+            # parse dates in the form YYYY/MM/DD
+
+            # use parse action to convert toks from str to int at parse time
+            def convert_to_int(toks):
+                return int(toks[0])
+
+            # use a parse action to verify that the date is a valid date
+            def is_valid_date(instring, loc, toks):
+                from datetime import date
+                year, month, day = toks[::2]
+                try:
+                    date(year, month, day)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise ParseException(instring, loc, "invalid date given")
+
+            integer = Word(nums)
+            date_str = integer + '/' + integer + '/' + integer
+
+            # add parse actions
+            integer.set_parse_action(convert_to_int)
+            date_str.set_parse_action(is_valid_date)
+
+            # note that integer fields are now ints, not strings
+            date_str.run_tests('''
+                # successful parse - note that integer fields were converted to ints
+                1999/12/31
+
+                # fail - invalid date
+                1999/13/31
+                ''')
+        """
+        if list(fns) == [None]:
+            self.parseAction = []
+        else:
+            if not all(callable(fn) for fn in fns):
+                raise TypeError("parse actions must be callable")
+            self.parseAction = [_trim_arity(fn) for fn in fns]
+            self.callDuringTry = kwargs.get(
+                "call_during_try", kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+            )
+        return self
+
+    def add_parse_action(self, *fns: ParseAction, **kwargs) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Add one or more parse actions to expression's list of parse actions. See :class:`set_parse_action`.
+
+        See examples in :class:`copy`.
+        """
+        self.parseAction += [_trim_arity(fn) for fn in fns]
+        self.callDuringTry = self.callDuringTry or kwargs.get(
+            "call_during_try", kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def add_condition(self, *fns: ParseCondition, **kwargs) -> "ParserElement":
+        """Add a boolean predicate function to expression's list of parse actions. See
+        :class:`set_parse_action` for function call signatures. Unlike ``set_parse_action``,
+        functions passed to ``add_condition`` need to return boolean success/fail of the condition.
+
+        Optional keyword arguments:
+
+        - ``message`` = define a custom message to be used in the raised exception
+        - ``fatal`` = if True, will raise ParseFatalException to stop parsing immediately; otherwise will raise
+          ParseException
+        - ``call_during_try`` = boolean to indicate if this method should be called during internal tryParse calls,
+          default=False
+
+        Example::
+
+            integer = Word(nums).set_parse_action(lambda toks: int(toks[0]))
+            year_int = integer.copy()
+            year_int.add_condition(lambda toks: toks[0] >= 2000, message="Only support years 2000 and later")
+            date_str = year_int + '/' + integer + '/' + integer
+
+            result = date_str.parse_string("1999/12/31")  # -> Exception: Only support years 2000 and later (at char 0),
+                                                                         (line:1, col:1)
+        """
+        for fn in fns:
+            self.parseAction.append(
+                condition_as_parse_action(
+                    fn,
+                    message=str(kwargs.get("message")),
+                    fatal=bool(kwargs.get("fatal", False)),
+                )
+            )
+
+        self.callDuringTry = self.callDuringTry or kwargs.get(
+            "call_during_try", kwargs.get("callDuringTry", False)
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def set_fail_action(self, fn: ParseFailAction) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Define action to perform if parsing fails at this expression.
+        Fail acton fn is a callable function that takes the arguments
+        ``fn(s, loc, expr, err)`` where:
+
+        - ``s`` = string being parsed
+        - ``loc`` = location where expression match was attempted and failed
+        - ``expr`` = the parse expression that failed
+        - ``err`` = the exception thrown
+
+        The function returns no value.  It may throw :class:`ParseFatalException`
+        if it is desired to stop parsing immediately."""
+        self.failAction = fn
+        return self
+
+    def _skipIgnorables(self, instring: str, loc: int) -> int:
+        if not self.ignoreExprs:
+            return loc
+        exprsFound = True
+        ignore_expr_fns = [e._parse for e in self.ignoreExprs]
+        while exprsFound:
+            exprsFound = False
+            for ignore_fn in ignore_expr_fns:
+                try:
+                    while 1:
+                        loc, dummy = ignore_fn(instring, loc)
+                        exprsFound = True
+                except ParseException:
+                    pass
+        return loc
+
+    def preParse(self, instring: str, loc: int) -> int:
+        if self.ignoreExprs:
+            loc = self._skipIgnorables(instring, loc)
+
+        if self.skipWhitespace:
+            instrlen = len(instring)
+            white_chars = self.whiteChars
+            while loc < instrlen and instring[loc] in white_chars:
+                loc += 1
+
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        return loc, []
+
+    def postParse(self, instring, loc, tokenlist):
+        return tokenlist
+
+    # @profile
+    def _parseNoCache(
+        self, instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True
+    ) -> Tuple[int, ParseResults]:
+        TRY, MATCH, FAIL = 0, 1, 2
+        debugging = self.debug  # and doActions)
+        len_instring = len(instring)
+
+        if debugging or self.failAction:
+            # print("Match {} at loc {}({}, {})".format(self, loc, lineno(loc, instring), col(loc, instring)))
+            try:
+                if callPreParse and self.callPreparse:
+                    pre_loc = self.preParse(instring, loc)
+                else:
+                    pre_loc = loc
+                tokens_start = pre_loc
+                if self.debugActions.debug_try:
+                    self.debugActions.debug_try(instring, tokens_start, self, False)
+                if self.mayIndexError or pre_loc >= len_instring:
+                    try:
+                        loc, tokens = self.parseImpl(instring, pre_loc, doActions)
+                    except IndexError:
+                        raise ParseException(instring, len_instring, self.errmsg, self)
+                else:
+                    loc, tokens = self.parseImpl(instring, pre_loc, doActions)
+            except Exception as err:
+                # print("Exception raised:", err)
+                if self.debugActions.debug_fail:
+                    self.debugActions.debug_fail(
+                        instring, tokens_start, self, err, False
+                    )
+                if self.failAction:
+                    self.failAction(instring, tokens_start, self, err)
+                raise
+        else:
+            if callPreParse and self.callPreparse:
+                pre_loc = self.preParse(instring, loc)
+            else:
+                pre_loc = loc
+            tokens_start = pre_loc
+            if self.mayIndexError or pre_loc >= len_instring:
+                try:
+                    loc, tokens = self.parseImpl(instring, pre_loc, doActions)
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseException(instring, len_instring, self.errmsg, self)
+            else:
+                loc, tokens = self.parseImpl(instring, pre_loc, doActions)
+
+        tokens = self.postParse(instring, loc, tokens)
+
+        ret_tokens = ParseResults(
+            tokens, self.resultsName, asList=self.saveAsList, modal=self.modalResults
+        )
+        if self.parseAction and (doActions or self.callDuringTry):
+            if debugging:
+                try:
+                    for fn in self.parseAction:
+                        try:
+                            tokens = fn(instring, tokens_start, ret_tokens)  # type: ignore [call-arg, arg-type]
+                        except IndexError as parse_action_exc:
+                            exc = ParseException("exception raised in parse action")
+                            raise exc from parse_action_exc
+
+                        if tokens is not None and tokens is not ret_tokens:
+                            ret_tokens = ParseResults(
+                                tokens,
+                                self.resultsName,
+                                asList=self.saveAsList
+                                and isinstance(tokens, (ParseResults, list)),
+                                modal=self.modalResults,
+                            )
+                except Exception as err:
+                    # print "Exception raised in user parse action:", err
+                    if self.debugActions.debug_fail:
+                        self.debugActions.debug_fail(
+                            instring, tokens_start, self, err, False
+                        )
+                    raise
+            else:
+                for fn in self.parseAction:
+                    try:
+                        tokens = fn(instring, tokens_start, ret_tokens)  # type: ignore [call-arg, arg-type]
+                    except IndexError as parse_action_exc:
+                        exc = ParseException("exception raised in parse action")
+                        raise exc from parse_action_exc
+
+                    if tokens is not None and tokens is not ret_tokens:
+                        ret_tokens = ParseResults(
+                            tokens,
+                            self.resultsName,
+                            asList=self.saveAsList
+                            and isinstance(tokens, (ParseResults, list)),
+                            modal=self.modalResults,
+                        )
+        if debugging:
+            # print("Matched", self, "->", ret_tokens.as_list())
+            if self.debugActions.debug_match:
+                self.debugActions.debug_match(
+                    instring, tokens_start, loc, self, ret_tokens, False
+                )
+
+        return loc, ret_tokens
+
+    def try_parse(
+        self,
+        instring: str,
+        loc: int,
+        *,
+        raise_fatal: bool = False,
+        do_actions: bool = False,
+    ) -> int:
+        try:
+            return self._parse(instring, loc, doActions=do_actions)[0]
+        except ParseFatalException:
+            if raise_fatal:
+                raise
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+    def can_parse_next(self, instring: str, loc: int, do_actions: bool = False) -> bool:
+        try:
+            self.try_parse(instring, loc, do_actions=do_actions)
+        except (ParseException, IndexError):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    # cache for left-recursion in Forward references
+    recursion_lock = RLock()
+    recursion_memos: typing.Dict[
+        Tuple[int, "Forward", bool], Tuple[int, Union[ParseResults, Exception]]
+    ] = {}
+
+    class _CacheType(dict):
+        """
+        class to help type checking
+        """
+
+        not_in_cache: bool
+
+        def get(self, *args):
+            ...
+
+        def set(self, *args):
+            ...
+
+    # argument cache for optimizing repeated calls when backtracking through recursive expressions
+    packrat_cache = (
+        _CacheType()
+    )  # set later by enable_packrat(); this is here so that reset_cache() doesn't fail
+    packrat_cache_lock = RLock()
+    packrat_cache_stats = [0, 0]
+
+    # this method gets repeatedly called during backtracking with the same arguments -
+    # we can cache these arguments and save ourselves the trouble of re-parsing the contained expression
+    def _parseCache(
+        self, instring, loc, doActions=True, callPreParse=True
+    ) -> Tuple[int, ParseResults]:
+        HIT, MISS = 0, 1
+        TRY, MATCH, FAIL = 0, 1, 2
+        lookup = (self, instring, loc, callPreParse, doActions)
+        with ParserElement.packrat_cache_lock:
+            cache = ParserElement.packrat_cache
+            value = cache.get(lookup)
+            if value is cache.not_in_cache:
+                ParserElement.packrat_cache_stats[MISS] += 1
+                try:
+                    value = self._parseNoCache(instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse)
+                except ParseBaseException as pe:
+                    # cache a copy of the exception, without the traceback
+                    cache.set(lookup, pe.__class__(*pe.args))
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    cache.set(lookup, (value[0], value[1].copy(), loc))
+                    return value
+            else:
+                ParserElement.packrat_cache_stats[HIT] += 1
+                if self.debug and self.debugActions.debug_try:
+                    try:
+                        self.debugActions.debug_try(instring, loc, self, cache_hit=True)  # type: ignore [call-arg]
+                    except TypeError:
+                        pass
+                if isinstance(value, Exception):
+                    if self.debug and self.debugActions.debug_fail:
+                        try:
+                            self.debugActions.debug_fail(
+                                instring, loc, self, value, cache_hit=True  # type: ignore [call-arg]
+                            )
+                        except TypeError:
+                            pass
+                    raise value
+
+                value = cast(Tuple[int, ParseResults, int], value)
+                loc_, result, endloc = value[0], value[1].copy(), value[2]
+                if self.debug and self.debugActions.debug_match:
+                    try:
+                        self.debugActions.debug_match(
+                            instring, loc_, endloc, self, result, cache_hit=True  # type: ignore [call-arg]
+                        )
+                    except TypeError:
+                        pass
+
+                return loc_, result
+
+    _parse = _parseNoCache
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def reset_cache() -> None:
+        ParserElement.packrat_cache.clear()
+        ParserElement.packrat_cache_stats[:] = [0] * len(
+            ParserElement.packrat_cache_stats
+        )
+        ParserElement.recursion_memos.clear()
+
+    _packratEnabled = False
+    _left_recursion_enabled = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def disable_memoization() -> None:
+        """
+        Disables active Packrat or Left Recursion parsing and their memoization
+
+        This method also works if neither Packrat nor Left Recursion are enabled.
+        This makes it safe to call before activating Packrat nor Left Recursion
+        to clear any previous settings.
+        """
+        ParserElement.reset_cache()
+        ParserElement._left_recursion_enabled = False
+        ParserElement._packratEnabled = False
+        ParserElement._parse = ParserElement._parseNoCache
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enable_left_recursion(
+        cache_size_limit: typing.Optional[int] = None, *, force=False
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Enables "bounded recursion" parsing, which allows for both direct and indirect
+        left-recursion. During parsing, left-recursive :class:`Forward` elements are
+        repeatedly matched with a fixed recursion depth that is gradually increased
+        until finding the longest match.
+
+        Example::
+
+            from pip._vendor import pyparsing as pp
+            pp.ParserElement.enable_left_recursion()
+
+            E = pp.Forward("E")
+            num = pp.Word(pp.nums)
+            # match `num`, or `num '+' num`, or `num '+' num '+' num`, ...
+            E <<= E + '+' - num | num
+
+            print(E.parse_string("1+2+3"))
+
+        Recursion search naturally memoizes matches of ``Forward`` elements and may
+        thus skip reevaluation of parse actions during backtracking. This may break
+        programs with parse actions which rely on strict ordering of side-effects.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        - ``cache_size_limit`` - (default=``None``) - memoize at most this many
+          ``Forward`` elements during matching; if ``None`` (the default),
+          memoize all ``Forward`` elements.
+
+        Bounded Recursion parsing works similar but not identical to Packrat parsing,
+        thus the two cannot be used together. Use ``force=True`` to disable any
+        previous, conflicting settings.
+        """
+        if force:
+            ParserElement.disable_memoization()
+        elif ParserElement._packratEnabled:
+            raise RuntimeError("Packrat and Bounded Recursion are not compatible")
+        if cache_size_limit is None:
+            ParserElement.recursion_memos = _UnboundedMemo()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        elif cache_size_limit > 0:
+            ParserElement.recursion_memos = _LRUMemo(capacity=cache_size_limit)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Memo size of %s" % cache_size_limit)
+        ParserElement._left_recursion_enabled = True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def enable_packrat(cache_size_limit: int = 128, *, force: bool = False) -> None:
+        """
+        Enables "packrat" parsing, which adds memoizing to the parsing logic.
+        Repeated parse attempts at the same string location (which happens
+        often in many complex grammars) can immediately return a cached value,
+        instead of re-executing parsing/validating code.  Memoizing is done of
+        both valid results and parsing exceptions.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        - ``cache_size_limit`` - (default= ``128``) - if an integer value is provided
+          will limit the size of the packrat cache; if None is passed, then
+          the cache size will be unbounded; if 0 is passed, the cache will
+          be effectively disabled.
+
+        This speedup may break existing programs that use parse actions that
+        have side-effects.  For this reason, packrat parsing is disabled when
+        you first import pyparsing.  To activate the packrat feature, your
+        program must call the class method :class:`ParserElement.enable_packrat`.
+        For best results, call ``enable_packrat()`` immediately after
+        importing pyparsing.
+
+        Example::
+
+            from pip._vendor import pyparsing
+            pyparsing.ParserElement.enable_packrat()
+
+        Packrat parsing works similar but not identical to Bounded Recursion parsing,
+        thus the two cannot be used together. Use ``force=True`` to disable any
+        previous, conflicting settings.
+        """
+        if force:
+            ParserElement.disable_memoization()
+        elif ParserElement._left_recursion_enabled:
+            raise RuntimeError("Packrat and Bounded Recursion are not compatible")
+        if not ParserElement._packratEnabled:
+            ParserElement._packratEnabled = True
+            if cache_size_limit is None:
+                ParserElement.packrat_cache = _UnboundedCache()
+            else:
+                ParserElement.packrat_cache = _FifoCache(cache_size_limit)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            ParserElement._parse = ParserElement._parseCache
+
+    def parse_string(
+        self, instring: str, parse_all: bool = False, *, parseAll: bool = False
+    ) -> ParseResults:
+        """
+        Parse a string with respect to the parser definition. This function is intended as the primary interface to the
+        client code.
+
+        :param instring: The input string to be parsed.
+        :param parse_all: If set, the entire input string must match the grammar.
+        :param parseAll: retained for pre-PEP8 compatibility, will be removed in a future release.
+        :raises ParseException: Raised if ``parse_all`` is set and the input string does not match the whole grammar.
+        :returns: the parsed data as a :class:`ParseResults` object, which may be accessed as a `list`, a `dict`, or
+          an object with attributes if the given parser includes results names.
+
+        If the input string is required to match the entire grammar, ``parse_all`` flag must be set to ``True``. This
+        is also equivalent to ending the grammar with :class:`StringEnd`\\ ().
+
+        To report proper column numbers, ``parse_string`` operates on a copy of the input string where all tabs are
+        converted to spaces (8 spaces per tab, as per the default in ``string.expandtabs``). If the input string
+        contains tabs and the grammar uses parse actions that use the ``loc`` argument to index into the string
+        being parsed, one can ensure a consistent view of the input string by doing one of the following:
+
+        - calling ``parse_with_tabs`` on your grammar before calling ``parse_string`` (see :class:`parse_with_tabs`),
+        - define your parse action using the full ``(s,loc,toks)`` signature, and reference the input string using the
+          parse action's ``s`` argument, or
+        - explicitly expand the tabs in your input string before calling ``parse_string``.
+
+        Examples:
+
+        By default, partial matches are OK.
+
+        >>> res = Word('a').parse_string('aaaaabaaa')
+        >>> print(res)
+        ['aaaaa']
+
+        The parsing behavior varies by the inheriting class of this abstract class. Please refer to the children
+        directly to see more examples.
+
+        It raises an exception if parse_all flag is set and instring does not match the whole grammar.
+
+        >>> res = Word('a').parse_string('aaaaabaaa', parse_all=True)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        pyparsing.ParseException: Expected end of text, found 'b'  (at char 5), (line:1, col:6)
+        """
+        parseAll = parse_all or parseAll
+
+        ParserElement.reset_cache()
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamline()
+        for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+            e.streamline()
+        if not self.keepTabs:
+            instring = instring.expandtabs()
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self._parse(instring, 0)
+            if parseAll:
+                loc = self.preParse(instring, loc)
+                se = Empty() + StringEnd()
+                se._parse(instring, loc)
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clearing out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc.with_traceback(None)
+        else:
+            return tokens
+
+    def scan_string(
+        self,
+        instring: str,
+        max_matches: int = _MAX_INT,
+        overlap: bool = False,
+        *,
+        debug: bool = False,
+        maxMatches: int = _MAX_INT,
+    ) -> Generator[Tuple[ParseResults, int, int], None, None]:
+        """
+        Scan the input string for expression matches.  Each match will return the
+        matching tokens, start location, and end location.  May be called with optional
+        ``max_matches`` argument, to clip scanning after 'n' matches are found.  If
+        ``overlap`` is specified, then overlapping matches will be reported.
+
+        Note that the start and end locations are reported relative to the string
+        being parsed.  See :class:`parse_string` for more information on parsing
+        strings with embedded tabs.
+
+        Example::
+
+            source = "sldjf123lsdjjkf345sldkjf879lkjsfd987"
+            print(source)
+            for tokens, start, end in Word(alphas).scan_string(source):
+                print(' '*start + '^'*(end-start))
+                print(' '*start + tokens[0])
+
+        prints::
+
+            sldjf123lsdjjkf345sldkjf879lkjsfd987
+            ^^^^^
+            sldjf
+                    ^^^^^^^
+                    lsdjjkf
+                              ^^^^^^
+                              sldkjf
+                                       ^^^^^^
+                                       lkjsfd
+        """
+        maxMatches = min(maxMatches, max_matches)
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamline()
+        for e in self.ignoreExprs:
+            e.streamline()
+
+        if not self.keepTabs:
+            instring = str(instring).expandtabs()
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        loc = 0
+        preparseFn = self.preParse
+        parseFn = self._parse
+        ParserElement.resetCache()
+        matches = 0
+        try:
+            while loc <= instrlen and matches < maxMatches:
+                try:
+                    preloc: int = preparseFn(instring, loc)
+                    nextLoc: int
+                    tokens: ParseResults
+                    nextLoc, tokens = parseFn(instring, preloc, callPreParse=False)
+                except ParseException:
+                    loc = preloc + 1
+                else:
+                    if nextLoc > loc:
+                        matches += 1
+                        if debug:
+                            print(
+                                {
+                                    "tokens": tokens.asList(),
+                                    "start": preloc,
+                                    "end": nextLoc,
+                                }
+                            )
+                        yield tokens, preloc, nextLoc
+                        if overlap:
+                            nextloc = preparseFn(instring, loc)
+                            if nextloc > loc:
+                                loc = nextLoc
+                            else:
+                                loc += 1
+                        else:
+                            loc = nextLoc
+                    else:
+                        loc = preloc + 1
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc.with_traceback(None)
+
+    def transform_string(self, instring: str, *, debug: bool = False) -> str:
+        """
+        Extension to :class:`scan_string`, to modify matching text with modified tokens that may
+        be returned from a parse action.  To use ``transform_string``, define a grammar and
+        attach a parse action to it that modifies the returned token list.
+        Invoking ``transform_string()`` on a target string will then scan for matches,
+        and replace the matched text patterns according to the logic in the parse
+        action.  ``transform_string()`` returns the resulting transformed string.
+
+        Example::
+
+            wd = Word(alphas)
+            wd.set_parse_action(lambda toks: toks[0].title())
+
+            print(wd.transform_string("now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this sun of york."))
+
+        prints::
+
+            Now Is The Winter Of Our Discontent Made Glorious Summer By This Sun Of York.
+        """
+        out: List[str] = []
+        lastE = 0
+        # force preservation of <TAB>s, to minimize unwanted transformation of string, and to
+        # keep string locs straight between transform_string and scan_string
+        self.keepTabs = True
+        try:
+            for t, s, e in self.scan_string(instring, debug=debug):
+                out.append(instring[lastE:s])
+                if t:
+                    if isinstance(t, ParseResults):
+                        out += t.as_list()
+                    elif isinstance(t, Iterable) and not isinstance(t, str_type):
+                        out.extend(t)
+                    else:
+                        out.append(t)
+                lastE = e
+            out.append(instring[lastE:])
+            out = [o for o in out if o]
+            return "".join([str(s) for s in _flatten(out)])
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc.with_traceback(None)
+
+    def search_string(
+        self,
+        instring: str,
+        max_matches: int = _MAX_INT,
+        *,
+        debug: bool = False,
+        maxMatches: int = _MAX_INT,
+    ) -> ParseResults:
+        """
+        Another extension to :class:`scan_string`, simplifying the access to the tokens found
+        to match the given parse expression.  May be called with optional
+        ``max_matches`` argument, to clip searching after 'n' matches are found.
+
+        Example::
+
+            # a capitalized word starts with an uppercase letter, followed by zero or more lowercase letters
+            cap_word = Word(alphas.upper(), alphas.lower())
+
+            print(cap_word.search_string("More than Iron, more than Lead, more than Gold I need Electricity"))
+
+            # the sum() builtin can be used to merge results into a single ParseResults object
+            print(sum(cap_word.search_string("More than Iron, more than Lead, more than Gold I need Electricity")))
+
+        prints::
+
+            [['More'], ['Iron'], ['Lead'], ['Gold'], ['I'], ['Electricity']]
+            ['More', 'Iron', 'Lead', 'Gold', 'I', 'Electricity']
+        """
+        maxMatches = min(maxMatches, max_matches)
+        try:
+            return ParseResults(
+                [t for t, s, e in self.scan_string(instring, maxMatches, debug=debug)]
+            )
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc.with_traceback(None)
+
+    def split(
+        self,
+        instring: str,
+        maxsplit: int = _MAX_INT,
+        include_separators: bool = False,
+        *,
+        includeSeparators=False,
+    ) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
+        """
+        Generator method to split a string using the given expression as a separator.
+        May be called with optional ``maxsplit`` argument, to limit the number of splits;
+        and the optional ``include_separators`` argument (default= ``False``), if the separating
+        matching text should be included in the split results.
+
+        Example::
+
+            punc = one_of(list(".,;:/-!?"))
+            print(list(punc.split("This, this?, this sentence, is badly punctuated!")))
+
+        prints::
+
+            ['This', ' this', '', ' this sentence', ' is badly punctuated', '']
+        """
+        includeSeparators = includeSeparators or include_separators
+        last = 0
+        for t, s, e in self.scan_string(instring, max_matches=maxsplit):
+            yield instring[last:s]
+            if includeSeparators:
+                yield t[0]
+            last = e
+        yield instring[last:]
+
+    def __add__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``+`` operator - returns :class:`And`. Adding strings to a :class:`ParserElement`
+        converts them to :class:`Literal`\\ s by default.
+
+        Example::
+
+            greet = Word(alphas) + "," + Word(alphas) + "!"
+            hello = "Hello, World!"
+            print(hello, "->", greet.parse_string(hello))
+
+        prints::
+
+            Hello, World! -> ['Hello', ',', 'World', '!']
+
+        ``...`` may be used as a parse expression as a short form of :class:`SkipTo`::
+
+            Literal('start') + ... + Literal('end')
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            Literal('start') + SkipTo('end')("_skipped*") + Literal('end')
+
+        Note that the skipped text is returned with '_skipped' as a results name,
+        and to support having multiple skips in the same parser, the value returned is
+        a list of all skipped text.
+        """
+        if other is Ellipsis:
+            return _PendingSkip(self)
+
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return And([self, other])
+
+    def __radd__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``+`` operator when left operand is not a :class:`ParserElement`
+        """
+        if other is Ellipsis:
+            return SkipTo(self)("_skipped*") + self
+
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other + self
+
+    def __sub__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``-`` operator, returns :class:`And` with error stop
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self + And._ErrorStop() + other
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``-`` operator when left operand is not a :class:`ParserElement`
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other - self
+
+    def __mul__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``*`` operator, allows use of ``expr * 3`` in place of
+        ``expr + expr + expr``.  Expressions may also be multiplied by a 2-integer
+        tuple, similar to ``{min, max}`` multipliers in regular expressions.  Tuples
+        may also include ``None`` as in:
+
+        - ``expr*(n, None)`` or ``expr*(n, )`` is equivalent
+          to ``expr*n + ZeroOrMore(expr)``
+          (read as "at least n instances of ``expr``")
+        - ``expr*(None, n)`` is equivalent to ``expr*(0, n)``
+          (read as "0 to n instances of ``expr``")
+        - ``expr*(None, None)`` is equivalent to ``ZeroOrMore(expr)``
+        - ``expr*(1, None)`` is equivalent to ``OneOrMore(expr)``
+
+        Note that ``expr*(None, n)`` does not raise an exception if
+        more than n exprs exist in the input stream; that is,
+        ``expr*(None, n)`` does not enforce a maximum number of expr
+        occurrences.  If this behavior is desired, then write
+        ``expr*(None, n) + ~expr``
+        """
+        if other is Ellipsis:
+            other = (0, None)
+        elif isinstance(other, tuple) and other[:1] == (Ellipsis,):
+            other = ((0,) + other[1:] + (None,))[:2]
+
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            minElements, optElements = other, 0
+        elif isinstance(other, tuple):
+            other = tuple(o if o is not Ellipsis else None for o in other)
+            other = (other + (None, None))[:2]
+            if other[0] is None:
+                other = (0, other[1])
+            if isinstance(other[0], int) and other[1] is None:
+                if other[0] == 0:
+                    return ZeroOrMore(self)
+                if other[0] == 1:
+                    return OneOrMore(self)
+                else:
+                    return self * other[0] + ZeroOrMore(self)
+            elif isinstance(other[0], int) and isinstance(other[1], int):
+                minElements, optElements = other
+                optElements -= minElements
+            else:
+                return NotImplemented
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        if minElements < 0:
+            raise ValueError("cannot multiply ParserElement by negative value")
+        if optElements < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "second tuple value must be greater or equal to first tuple value"
+            )
+        if minElements == optElements == 0:
+            return And([])
+
+        if optElements:
+
+            def makeOptionalList(n):
+                if n > 1:
+                    return Opt(self + makeOptionalList(n - 1))
+                else:
+                    return Opt(self)
+
+            if minElements:
+                if minElements == 1:
+                    ret = self + makeOptionalList(optElements)
+                else:
+                    ret = And([self] * minElements) + makeOptionalList(optElements)
+            else:
+                ret = makeOptionalList(optElements)
+        else:
+            if minElements == 1:
+                ret = self
+            else:
+                ret = And([self] * minElements)
+        return ret
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        return self.__mul__(other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``|`` operator - returns :class:`MatchFirst`
+        """
+        if other is Ellipsis:
+            return _PendingSkip(self, must_skip=True)
+
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            # `expr | ""` is equivalent to `Opt(expr)`
+            if other == "":
+                return Opt(self)
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return MatchFirst([self, other])
+
+    def __ror__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``|`` operator when left operand is not a :class:`ParserElement`
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other | self
+
+    def __xor__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``^`` operator - returns :class:`Or`
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return Or([self, other])
+
+    def __rxor__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``^`` operator when left operand is not a :class:`ParserElement`
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other ^ self
+
+    def __and__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``&`` operator - returns :class:`Each`
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return Each([self, other])
+
+    def __rand__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``&`` operator when left operand is not a :class:`ParserElement`
+        """
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other & self
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Implementation of ``~`` operator - returns :class:`NotAny`
+        """
+        return NotAny(self)
+
+    # disable __iter__ to override legacy use of sequential access to __getitem__ to
+    # iterate over a sequence
+    __iter__ = None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        """
+        use ``[]`` indexing notation as a short form for expression repetition:
+
+        - ``expr[n]`` is equivalent to ``expr*n``
+        - ``expr[m, n]`` is equivalent to ``expr*(m, n)``
+        - ``expr[n, ...]`` or ``expr[n,]`` is equivalent
+             to ``expr*n + ZeroOrMore(expr)``
+             (read as "at least n instances of ``expr``")
+        - ``expr[..., n]`` is equivalent to ``expr*(0, n)``
+             (read as "0 to n instances of ``expr``")
+        - ``expr[...]`` and ``expr[0, ...]`` are equivalent to ``ZeroOrMore(expr)``
+        - ``expr[1, ...]`` is equivalent to ``OneOrMore(expr)``
+
+        ``None`` may be used in place of ``...``.
+
+        Note that ``expr[..., n]`` and ``expr[m, n]`` do not raise an exception
+        if more than ``n`` ``expr``\\ s exist in the input stream.  If this behavior is
+        desired, then write ``expr[..., n] + ~expr``.
+
+        For repetition with a stop_on expression, use slice notation:
+
+        - ``expr[...: end_expr]`` and ``expr[0, ...: end_expr]`` are equivalent to ``ZeroOrMore(expr, stop_on=end_expr)``
+        - ``expr[1, ...: end_expr]`` is equivalent to ``OneOrMore(expr, stop_on=end_expr)``
+
+        """
+
+        stop_on_defined = False
+        stop_on = NoMatch()
+        if isinstance(key, slice):
+            key, stop_on = key.start, key.stop
+            if key is None:
+                key = ...
+            stop_on_defined = True
+        elif isinstance(key, tuple) and isinstance(key[-1], slice):
+            key, stop_on = (key[0], key[1].start), key[1].stop
+            stop_on_defined = True
+
+        # convert single arg keys to tuples
+        if isinstance(key, str_type):
+            key = (key,)
+        try:
+            iter(key)
+        except TypeError:
+            key = (key, key)
+
+        if len(key) > 2:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"only 1 or 2 index arguments supported ({key[:5]}{f'... [{len(key)}]' if len(key) > 5 else ''})"
+            )
+
+        # clip to 2 elements
+        ret = self * tuple(key[:2])
+        ret = typing.cast(_MultipleMatch, ret)
+
+        if stop_on_defined:
+            ret.stopOn(stop_on)
+
+        return ret
+
+    def __call__(self, name: typing.Optional[str] = None) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Shortcut for :class:`set_results_name`, with ``list_all_matches=False``.
+
+        If ``name`` is given with a trailing ``'*'`` character, then ``list_all_matches`` will be
+        passed as ``True``.
+
+        If ``name`` is omitted, same as calling :class:`copy`.
+
+        Example::
+
+            # these are equivalent
+            userdata = Word(alphas).set_results_name("name") + Word(nums + "-").set_results_name("socsecno")
+            userdata = Word(alphas)("name") + Word(nums + "-")("socsecno")
+        """
+        if name is not None:
+            return self._setResultsName(name)
+        else:
+            return self.copy()
+
+    def suppress(self) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Suppresses the output of this :class:`ParserElement`; useful to keep punctuation from
+        cluttering up returned output.
+        """
+        return Suppress(self)
+
+    def ignore_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Enables the skipping of whitespace before matching the characters in the
+        :class:`ParserElement`'s defined pattern.
+
+        :param recursive: If ``True`` (the default), also enable whitespace skipping in child elements (if any)
+        """
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        return self
+
+    def leave_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Disables the skipping of whitespace before matching the characters in the
+        :class:`ParserElement`'s defined pattern.  This is normally only used internally by
+        the pyparsing module, but may be needed in some whitespace-sensitive grammars.
+
+        :param recursive: If true (the default), also disable whitespace skipping in child elements (if any)
+        """
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        return self
+
+    def set_whitespace_chars(
+        self, chars: Union[Set[str], str], copy_defaults: bool = False
+    ) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Overrides the default whitespace chars
+        """
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.whiteChars = set(chars)
+        self.copyDefaultWhiteChars = copy_defaults
+        return self
+
+    def parse_with_tabs(self) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Overrides default behavior to expand ``<TAB>`` s to spaces before parsing the input string.
+        Must be called before ``parse_string`` when the input grammar contains elements that
+        match ``<TAB>`` characters.
+        """
+        self.keepTabs = True
+        return self
+
+    def ignore(self, other: "ParserElement") -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Define expression to be ignored (e.g., comments) while doing pattern
+        matching; may be called repeatedly, to define multiple comment or other
+        ignorable patterns.
+
+        Example::
+
+            patt = Word(alphas)[1, ...]
+            patt.parse_string('ablaj /* comment */ lskjd')
+            # -> ['ablaj']
+
+            patt.ignore(c_style_comment)
+            patt.parse_string('ablaj /* comment */ lskjd')
+            # -> ['ablaj', 'lskjd']
+        """
+        import typing
+
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = Suppress(other)
+
+        if isinstance(other, Suppress):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                self.ignoreExprs.append(other)
+        else:
+            self.ignoreExprs.append(Suppress(other.copy()))
+        return self
+
+    def set_debug_actions(
+        self,
+        start_action: DebugStartAction,
+        success_action: DebugSuccessAction,
+        exception_action: DebugExceptionAction,
+    ) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Customize display of debugging messages while doing pattern matching:
+
+        - ``start_action`` - method to be called when an expression is about to be parsed;
+          should have the signature ``fn(input_string: str, location: int, expression: ParserElement, cache_hit: bool)``
+
+        - ``success_action`` - method to be called when an expression has successfully parsed;
+          should have the signature ``fn(input_string: str, start_location: int, end_location: int, expression: ParserELement, parsed_tokens: ParseResults, cache_hit: bool)``
+
+        - ``exception_action`` - method to be called when expression fails to parse;
+          should have the signature ``fn(input_string: str, location: int, expression: ParserElement, exception: Exception, cache_hit: bool)``
+        """
+        self.debugActions = self.DebugActions(
+            start_action or _default_start_debug_action,  # type: ignore[truthy-function]
+            success_action or _default_success_debug_action,  # type: ignore[truthy-function]
+            exception_action or _default_exception_debug_action,  # type: ignore[truthy-function]
+        )
+        self.debug = True
+        return self
+
+    def set_debug(self, flag: bool = True, recurse: bool = False) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Enable display of debugging messages while doing pattern matching.
+        Set ``flag`` to ``True`` to enable, ``False`` to disable.
+        Set ``recurse`` to ``True`` to set the debug flag on this expression and all sub-expressions.
+
+        Example::
+
+            wd = Word(alphas).set_name("alphaword")
+            integer = Word(nums).set_name("numword")
+            term = wd | integer
+
+            # turn on debugging for wd
+            wd.set_debug()
+
+            term[1, ...].parse_string("abc 123 xyz 890")
+
+        prints::
+
+            Match alphaword at loc 0(1,1)
+            Matched alphaword -> ['abc']
+            Match alphaword at loc 3(1,4)
+            Exception raised:Expected alphaword (at char 4), (line:1, col:5)
+            Match alphaword at loc 7(1,8)
+            Matched alphaword -> ['xyz']
+            Match alphaword at loc 11(1,12)
+            Exception raised:Expected alphaword (at char 12), (line:1, col:13)
+            Match alphaword at loc 15(1,16)
+            Exception raised:Expected alphaword (at char 15), (line:1, col:16)
+
+        The output shown is that produced by the default debug actions - custom debug actions can be
+        specified using :class:`set_debug_actions`. Prior to attempting
+        to match the ``wd`` expression, the debugging message ``"Match <exprname> at loc <n>(<line>,<col>)"``
+        is shown. Then if the parse succeeds, a ``"Matched"`` message is shown, or an ``"Exception raised"``
+        message is shown. Also note the use of :class:`set_name` to assign a human-readable name to the expression,
+        which makes debugging and exception messages easier to understand - for instance, the default
+        name created for the :class:`Word` expression without calling ``set_name`` is ``"W:(A-Za-z)"``.
+        """
+        if recurse:
+            for expr in self.visit_all():
+                expr.set_debug(flag, recurse=False)
+            return self
+
+        if flag:
+            self.set_debug_actions(
+                _default_start_debug_action,
+                _default_success_debug_action,
+                _default_exception_debug_action,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.debug = False
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def default_name(self) -> str:
+        if self._defaultName is None:
+            self._defaultName = self._generateDefaultName()
+        return self._defaultName
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Child classes must define this method, which defines how the ``default_name`` is set.
+        """
+
+    def set_name(self, name: str) -> "ParserElement":
+        """
+        Define name for this expression, makes debugging and exception messages clearer.
+
+        Example::
+
+            Word(nums).parse_string("ABC")  # -> Exception: Expected W:(0-9) (at char 0), (line:1, col:1)
+            Word(nums).set_name("integer").parse_string("ABC")  # -> Exception: Expected integer (at char 0), (line:1, col:1)
+        """
+        self.customName = name
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        if __diag__.enable_debug_on_named_expressions:
+            self.set_debug()
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        # This will use a user-defined name if available, but otherwise defaults back to the auto-generated name
+        return self.customName if self.customName is not None else self.default_name
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+    def streamline(self) -> "ParserElement":
+        self.streamlined = True
+        self._defaultName = None
+        return self
+
+    def recurse(self) -> List["ParserElement"]:
+        return []
+
+    def _checkRecursion(self, parseElementList):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [self]
+        for e in self.recurse():
+            e._checkRecursion(subRecCheckList)
+
+    def validate(self, validateTrace=None) -> None:
+        """
+        Check defined expressions for valid structure, check for infinite recursive definitions.
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "ParserElement.validate() is deprecated, and should not be used to check for left recursion",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        self._checkRecursion([])
+
+    def parse_file(
+        self,
+        file_or_filename: Union[str, Path, TextIO],
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        parse_all: bool = False,
+        *,
+        parseAll: bool = False,
+    ) -> ParseResults:
+        """
+        Execute the parse expression on the given file or filename.
+        If a filename is specified (instead of a file object),
+        the entire file is opened, read, and closed before parsing.
+        """
+        parseAll = parseAll or parse_all
+        try:
+            file_or_filename = typing.cast(TextIO, file_or_filename)
+            file_contents = file_or_filename.read()
+        except AttributeError:
+            file_or_filename = typing.cast(str, file_or_filename)
+            with open(file_or_filename, "r", encoding=encoding) as f:
+                file_contents = f.read()
+        try:
+            return self.parse_string(file_contents, parseAll)
+        except ParseBaseException as exc:
+            if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                raise
+            else:
+                # catch and re-raise exception from here, clears out pyparsing internal stack trace
+                raise exc.with_traceback(None)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if self is other:
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(other, str_type):
+            return self.matches(other, parse_all=True)
+        elif isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return vars(self) == vars(other)
+        return False
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def matches(
+        self, test_string: str, parse_all: bool = True, *, parseAll: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        """
+        Method for quick testing of a parser against a test string. Good for simple
+        inline microtests of sub expressions while building up larger parser.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        - ``test_string`` - to test against this expression for a match
+        - ``parse_all`` - (default= ``True``) - flag to pass to :class:`parse_string` when running tests
+
+        Example::
+
+            expr = Word(nums)
+            assert expr.matches("100")
+        """
+        parseAll = parseAll and parse_all
+        try:
+            self.parse_string(str(test_string), parse_all=parseAll)
+            return True
+        except ParseBaseException:
+            return False
+
+    def run_tests(
+        self,
+        tests: Union[str, List[str]],
+        parse_all: bool = True,
+        comment: typing.Optional[Union["ParserElement", str]] = "#",
+        full_dump: bool = True,
+        print_results: bool = True,
+        failure_tests: bool = False,
+        post_parse: typing.Optional[Callable[[str, ParseResults], str]] = None,
+        file: typing.Optional[TextIO] = None,
+        with_line_numbers: bool = False,
+        *,
+        parseAll: bool = True,
+        fullDump: bool = True,
+        printResults: bool = True,
+        failureTests: bool = False,
+        postParse: typing.Optional[Callable[[str, ParseResults], str]] = None,
+    ) -> Tuple[bool, List[Tuple[str, Union[ParseResults, Exception]]]]:
+        """
+        Execute the parse expression on a series of test strings, showing each
+        test, the parsed results or where the parse failed. Quick and easy way to
+        run a parse expression against a list of sample strings.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        - ``tests`` - a list of separate test strings, or a multiline string of test strings
+        - ``parse_all`` - (default= ``True``) - flag to pass to :class:`parse_string` when running tests
+        - ``comment`` - (default= ``'#'``) - expression for indicating embedded comments in the test
+          string; pass None to disable comment filtering
+        - ``full_dump`` - (default= ``True``) - dump results as list followed by results names in nested outline;
+          if False, only dump nested list
+        - ``print_results`` - (default= ``True``) prints test output to stdout
+        - ``failure_tests`` - (default= ``False``) indicates if these tests are expected to fail parsing
+        - ``post_parse`` - (default= ``None``) optional callback for successful parse results; called as
+          `fn(test_string, parse_results)` and returns a string to be added to the test output
+        - ``file`` - (default= ``None``) optional file-like object to which test output will be written;
+          if None, will default to ``sys.stdout``
+        - ``with_line_numbers`` - default= ``False``) show test strings with line and column numbers
+
+        Returns: a (success, results) tuple, where success indicates that all tests succeeded
+        (or failed if ``failure_tests`` is True), and the results contain a list of lines of each
+        test's output
+
+        Example::
+
+            number_expr = pyparsing_common.number.copy()
+
+            result = number_expr.run_tests('''
+                # unsigned integer
+                100
+                # negative integer
+                -100
+                # float with scientific notation
+                6.02e23
+                # integer with scientific notation
+                1e-12
+                ''')
+            print("Success" if result[0] else "Failed!")
+
+            result = number_expr.run_tests('''
+                # stray character
+                100Z
+                # missing leading digit before '.'
+                -.100
+                # too many '.'
+                3.14.159
+                ''', failure_tests=True)
+            print("Success" if result[0] else "Failed!")
+
+        prints::
+
+            # unsigned integer
+            100
+            [100]
+
+            # negative integer
+            -100
+            [-100]
+
+            # float with scientific notation
+            6.02e23
+            [6.02e+23]
+
+            # integer with scientific notation
+            1e-12
+            [1e-12]
+
+            Success
+
+            # stray character
+            100Z
+               ^
+            FAIL: Expected end of text (at char 3), (line:1, col:4)
+
+            # missing leading digit before '.'
+            -.100
+            ^
+            FAIL: Expected {real number with scientific notation | real number | signed integer} (at char 0), (line:1, col:1)
+
+            # too many '.'
+            3.14.159
+                ^
+            FAIL: Expected end of text (at char 4), (line:1, col:5)
+
+            Success
+
+        Each test string must be on a single line. If you want to test a string that spans multiple
+        lines, create a test like this::
+
+            expr.run_tests(r"this is a test\\n of strings that spans \\n 3 lines")
+
+        (Note that this is a raw string literal, you must include the leading ``'r'``.)
+        """
+        from .testing import pyparsing_test
+
+        parseAll = parseAll and parse_all
+        fullDump = fullDump and full_dump
+        printResults = printResults and print_results
+        failureTests = failureTests or failure_tests
+        postParse = postParse or post_parse
+        if isinstance(tests, str_type):
+            tests = typing.cast(str, tests)
+            line_strip = type(tests).strip
+            tests = [line_strip(test_line) for test_line in tests.rstrip().splitlines()]
+        comment_specified = comment is not None
+        if comment_specified:
+            if isinstance(comment, str_type):
+                comment = typing.cast(str, comment)
+                comment = Literal(comment)
+        comment = typing.cast(ParserElement, comment)
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stdout
+        print_ = file.write
+
+        result: Union[ParseResults, Exception]
+        allResults: List[Tuple[str, Union[ParseResults, Exception]]] = []
+        comments: List[str] = []
+        success = True
+        NL = Literal(r"\n").add_parse_action(replace_with("\n")).ignore(quoted_string)
+        BOM = "\ufeff"
+        for t in tests:
+            if comment_specified and comment.matches(t, False) or comments and not t:
+                comments.append(
+                    pyparsing_test.with_line_numbers(t) if with_line_numbers else t
+                )
+                continue
+            if not t:
+                continue
+            out = [
+                "\n" + "\n".join(comments) if comments else "",
+                pyparsing_test.with_line_numbers(t) if with_line_numbers else t,
+            ]
+            comments = []
+            try:
+                # convert newline marks to actual newlines, and strip leading BOM if present
+                t = NL.transform_string(t.lstrip(BOM))
+                result = self.parse_string(t, parse_all=parseAll)
+            except ParseBaseException as pe:
+                fatal = "(FATAL)" if isinstance(pe, ParseFatalException) else ""
+                out.append(pe.explain())
+                out.append("FAIL: " + str(pe))
+                if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                    out.extend(traceback.format_tb(pe.__traceback__))
+                success = success and failureTests
+                result = pe
+            except Exception as exc:
+                out.append(f"FAIL-EXCEPTION: {type(exc).__name__}: {exc}")
+                if ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace:
+                    out.extend(traceback.format_tb(exc.__traceback__))
+                success = success and failureTests
+                result = exc
+            else:
+                success = success and not failureTests
+                if postParse is not None:
+                    try:
+                        pp_value = postParse(t, result)
+                        if pp_value is not None:
+                            if isinstance(pp_value, ParseResults):
+                                out.append(pp_value.dump())
+                            else:
+                                out.append(str(pp_value))
+                        else:
+                            out.append(result.dump())
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        out.append(result.dump(full=fullDump))
+                        out.append(
+                            f"{postParse.__name__} failed: {type(e).__name__}: {e}"
+                        )
+                else:
+                    out.append(result.dump(full=fullDump))
+            out.append("")
+
+            if printResults:
+                print_("\n".join(out))
+
+            allResults.append((t, result))
+
+        return success, allResults
+
+    def create_diagram(
+        self,
+        output_html: Union[TextIO, Path, str],
+        vertical: int = 3,
+        show_results_names: bool = False,
+        show_groups: bool = False,
+        embed: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Create a railroad diagram for the parser.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        - ``output_html`` (str or file-like object) - output target for generated
+          diagram HTML
+        - ``vertical`` (int) - threshold for formatting multiple alternatives vertically
+          instead of horizontally (default=3)
+        - ``show_results_names`` - bool flag whether diagram should show annotations for
+          defined results names
+        - ``show_groups`` - bool flag whether groups should be highlighted with an unlabeled surrounding box
+        - ``embed`` - bool flag whether generated HTML should omit <HEAD>, <BODY>, and <DOCTYPE> tags to embed
+          the resulting HTML in an enclosing HTML source
+        - ``head`` - str containing additional HTML to insert into the <HEAD> section of the generated code;
+          can be used to insert custom CSS styling
+        - ``body`` - str containing additional HTML to insert at the beginning of the <BODY> section of the
+          generated code
+
+        Additional diagram-formatting keyword arguments can also be included;
+        see railroad.Diagram class.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            from .diagram import to_railroad, railroad_to_html
+        except ImportError as ie:
+            raise Exception(
+                "must ``pip install pyparsing[diagrams]`` to generate parser railroad diagrams"
+            ) from ie
+
+        self.streamline()
+
+        railroad = to_railroad(
+            self,
+            vertical=vertical,
+            show_results_names=show_results_names,
+            show_groups=show_groups,
+            diagram_kwargs=kwargs,
+        )
+        if isinstance(output_html, (str, Path)):
+            with open(output_html, "w", encoding="utf-8") as diag_file:
+                diag_file.write(railroad_to_html(railroad, embed=embed, **kwargs))
+        else:
+            # we were passed a file-like object, just write to it
+            output_html.write(railroad_to_html(railroad, embed=embed, **kwargs))
+
+    # Compatibility synonyms
+    # fmt: off
+    @staticmethod
+    @replaced_by_pep8(inline_literals_using)
+    def inlineLiteralsUsing(): ...
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_default_whitespace_chars)
+    def setDefaultWhitespaceChars(): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_results_name)
+    def setResultsName(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_break)
+    def setBreak(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_parse_action)
+    def setParseAction(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(add_parse_action)
+    def addParseAction(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(add_condition)
+    def addCondition(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_fail_action)
+    def setFailAction(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(try_parse)
+    def tryParse(self): ...
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @replaced_by_pep8(enable_left_recursion)
+    def enableLeftRecursion(): ...
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @replaced_by_pep8(enable_packrat)
+    def enablePackrat(): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(parse_string)
+    def parseString(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(scan_string)
+    def scanString(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(transform_string)
+    def transformString(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(search_string)
+    def searchString(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(ignore_whitespace)
+    def ignoreWhitespace(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(leave_whitespace)
+    def leaveWhitespace(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_whitespace_chars)
+    def setWhitespaceChars(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(parse_with_tabs)
+    def parseWithTabs(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_debug_actions)
+    def setDebugActions(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_debug)
+    def setDebug(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(set_name)
+    def setName(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(parse_file)
+    def parseFile(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(run_tests)
+    def runTests(self): ...
+
+    canParseNext = can_parse_next
+    resetCache = reset_cache
+    defaultName = default_name
+    # fmt: on
+
+
+class _PendingSkip(ParserElement):
+    # internal placeholder class to hold a place were '...' is added to a parser element,
+    # once another ParserElement is added, this placeholder will be replaced with a SkipTo
+    def __init__(self, expr: ParserElement, must_skip: bool = False):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.anchor = expr
+        self.must_skip = must_skip
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.anchor + Empty()).replace("Empty", "...")
+
+    def __add__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        skipper = SkipTo(other).set_name("...")("_skipped*")
+        if self.must_skip:
+
+            def must_skip(t):
+                if not t._skipped or t._skipped.as_list() == [""]:
+                    del t[0]
+                    t.pop("_skipped", None)
+
+            def show_skip(t):
+                if t._skipped.as_list()[-1:] == [""]:
+                    t.pop("_skipped")
+                    t["_skipped"] = "missing <" + repr(self.anchor) + ">"
+
+            return (
+                self.anchor + skipper().add_parse_action(must_skip)
+                | skipper().add_parse_action(show_skip)
+            ) + other
+
+        return self.anchor + skipper + other
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.defaultName
+
+    def parseImpl(self, *args):
+        raise Exception(
+            "use of `...` expression without following SkipTo target expression"
+        )
+
+
+class Token(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract :class:`ParserElement` subclass, for defining atomic
+    matching patterns.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__(savelist=False)
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return type(self).__name__
+
+
+class NoMatch(Token):
+    """
+    A token that will never match.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.errmsg = "Unmatchable token"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class Literal(Token):
+    """
+    Token to exactly match a specified string.
+
+    Example::
+
+        Literal('blah').parse_string('blah')  # -> ['blah']
+        Literal('blah').parse_string('blahfooblah')  # -> ['blah']
+        Literal('blah').parse_string('bla')  # -> Exception: Expected "blah"
+
+    For case-insensitive matching, use :class:`CaselessLiteral`.
+
+    For keyword matching (force word break before and after the matched string),
+    use :class:`Keyword` or :class:`CaselessKeyword`.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, match_string: str = "", *, matchString: str = ""):
+        # Performance tuning: select a subclass with optimized parseImpl
+        if cls is Literal:
+            match_string = matchString or match_string
+            if not match_string:
+                return super().__new__(Empty)
+            if len(match_string) == 1:
+                return super().__new__(_SingleCharLiteral)
+
+        # Default behavior
+        return super().__new__(cls)
+
+    # Needed to make copy.copy() work correctly if we customize __new__
+    def __getnewargs__(self):
+        return (self.match,)
+
+    def __init__(self, match_string: str = "", *, matchString: str = ""):
+        super().__init__()
+        match_string = matchString or match_string
+        self.match = match_string
+        self.matchLen = len(match_string)
+        self.firstMatchChar = match_string[:1]
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self.match)
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if instring[loc] == self.firstMatchChar and instring.startswith(
+            self.match, loc
+        ):
+            return loc + self.matchLen, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class Empty(Literal):
+    """
+    An empty token, will always match.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, match_string="", *, matchString=""):
+        super().__init__("")
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "Empty"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class _SingleCharLiteral(Literal):
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if instring[loc] == self.firstMatchChar:
+            return loc + 1, self.match
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+ParserElement._literalStringClass = Literal
+
+
+class Keyword(Token):
+    """
+    Token to exactly match a specified string as a keyword, that is,
+    it must be immediately preceded and followed by whitespace or
+    non-keyword characters. Compare with :class:`Literal`:
+
+    - ``Literal("if")`` will match the leading ``'if'`` in
+      ``'ifAndOnlyIf'``.
+    - ``Keyword("if")`` will not; it will only match the leading
+      ``'if'`` in ``'if x=1'``, or ``'if(y==2)'``
+
+    Accepts two optional constructor arguments in addition to the
+    keyword string:
+
+    - ``ident_chars`` is a string of characters that would be valid
+      identifier characters, defaulting to all alphanumerics + "_" and
+      "$"
+    - ``caseless`` allows case-insensitive matching, default is ``False``.
+
+    Example::
+
+        Keyword("start").parse_string("start")  # -> ['start']
+        Keyword("start").parse_string("starting")  # -> Exception
+
+    For case-insensitive matching, use :class:`CaselessKeyword`.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS = alphanums + "_$"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        match_string: str = "",
+        ident_chars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        caseless: bool = False,
+        *,
+        matchString: str = "",
+        identChars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        identChars = identChars or ident_chars
+        if identChars is None:
+            identChars = Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS
+        match_string = matchString or match_string
+        self.match = match_string
+        self.matchLen = len(match_string)
+        try:
+            self.firstMatchChar = match_string[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise ValueError("null string passed to Keyword; use Empty() instead")
+        self.errmsg = f"Expected {type(self).__name__} {self.name}"
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.caseless = caseless
+        if caseless:
+            self.caselessmatch = match_string.upper()
+            identChars = identChars.upper()
+        self.identChars = set(identChars)
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self.match)
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        errmsg = self.errmsg
+        errloc = loc
+        if self.caseless:
+            if instring[loc : loc + self.matchLen].upper() == self.caselessmatch:
+                if loc == 0 or instring[loc - 1].upper() not in self.identChars:
+                    if (
+                        loc >= len(instring) - self.matchLen
+                        or instring[loc + self.matchLen].upper() not in self.identChars
+                    ):
+                        return loc + self.matchLen, self.match
+                    else:
+                        # followed by keyword char
+                        errmsg += ", was immediately followed by keyword character"
+                        errloc = loc + self.matchLen
+                else:
+                    # preceded by keyword char
+                    errmsg += ", keyword was immediately preceded by keyword character"
+                    errloc = loc - 1
+            # else no match just raise plain exception
+
+        else:
+            if (
+                instring[loc] == self.firstMatchChar
+                and self.matchLen == 1
+                or instring.startswith(self.match, loc)
+            ):
+                if loc == 0 or instring[loc - 1] not in self.identChars:
+                    if (
+                        loc >= len(instring) - self.matchLen
+                        or instring[loc + self.matchLen] not in self.identChars
+                    ):
+                        return loc + self.matchLen, self.match
+                    else:
+                        # followed by keyword char
+                        errmsg += (
+                            ", keyword was immediately followed by keyword character"
+                        )
+                        errloc = loc + self.matchLen
+                else:
+                    # preceded by keyword char
+                    errmsg += ", keyword was immediately preceded by keyword character"
+                    errloc = loc - 1
+            # else no match just raise plain exception
+
+        raise ParseException(instring, errloc, errmsg, self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def set_default_keyword_chars(chars) -> None:
+        """
+        Overrides the default characters used by :class:`Keyword` expressions.
+        """
+        Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS = chars
+
+    setDefaultKeywordChars = set_default_keyword_chars
+
+
+class CaselessLiteral(Literal):
+    """
+    Token to match a specified string, ignoring case of letters.
+    Note: the matched results will always be in the case of the given
+    match string, NOT the case of the input text.
+
+    Example::
+
+        CaselessLiteral("CMD")[1, ...].parse_string("cmd CMD Cmd10")
+        # -> ['CMD', 'CMD', 'CMD']
+
+    (Contrast with example for :class:`CaselessKeyword`.)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, match_string: str = "", *, matchString: str = ""):
+        match_string = matchString or match_string
+        super().__init__(match_string.upper())
+        # Preserve the defining literal.
+        self.returnString = match_string
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if instring[loc : loc + self.matchLen].upper() == self.match:
+            return loc + self.matchLen, self.returnString
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class CaselessKeyword(Keyword):
+    """
+    Caseless version of :class:`Keyword`.
+
+    Example::
+
+        CaselessKeyword("CMD")[1, ...].parse_string("cmd CMD Cmd10")
+        # -> ['CMD', 'CMD']
+
+    (Contrast with example for :class:`CaselessLiteral`.)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        match_string: str = "",
+        ident_chars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        matchString: str = "",
+        identChars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        identChars = identChars or ident_chars
+        match_string = matchString or match_string
+        super().__init__(match_string, identChars, caseless=True)
+
+
+class CloseMatch(Token):
+    """A variation on :class:`Literal` which matches "close" matches,
+    that is, strings with at most 'n' mismatching characters.
+    :class:`CloseMatch` takes parameters:
+
+    - ``match_string`` - string to be matched
+    - ``caseless`` - a boolean indicating whether to ignore casing when comparing characters
+    - ``max_mismatches`` - (``default=1``) maximum number of
+      mismatches allowed to count as a match
+
+    The results from a successful parse will contain the matched text
+    from the input string and the following named results:
+
+    - ``mismatches`` - a list of the positions within the
+      match_string where mismatches were found
+    - ``original`` - the original match_string used to compare
+      against the input string
+
+    If ``mismatches`` is an empty list, then the match was an exact
+    match.
+
+    Example::
+
+        patt = CloseMatch("ATCATCGAATGGA")
+        patt.parse_string("ATCATCGAAXGGA") # -> (['ATCATCGAAXGGA'], {'mismatches': [[9]], 'original': ['ATCATCGAATGGA']})
+        patt.parse_string("ATCAXCGAAXGGA") # -> Exception: Expected 'ATCATCGAATGGA' (with up to 1 mismatches) (at char 0), (line:1, col:1)
+
+        # exact match
+        patt.parse_string("ATCATCGAATGGA") # -> (['ATCATCGAATGGA'], {'mismatches': [[]], 'original': ['ATCATCGAATGGA']})
+
+        # close match allowing up to 2 mismatches
+        patt = CloseMatch("ATCATCGAATGGA", max_mismatches=2)
+        patt.parse_string("ATCAXCGAAXGGA") # -> (['ATCAXCGAAXGGA'], {'mismatches': [[4, 9]], 'original': ['ATCATCGAATGGA']})
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        match_string: str,
+        max_mismatches: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+        *,
+        maxMismatches: int = 1,
+        caseless=False,
+    ):
+        maxMismatches = max_mismatches if max_mismatches is not None else maxMismatches
+        super().__init__()
+        self.match_string = match_string
+        self.maxMismatches = maxMismatches
+        self.errmsg = f"Expected {self.match_string!r} (with up to {self.maxMismatches} mismatches)"
+        self.caseless = caseless
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = False
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}:{self.match_string!r}"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        start = loc
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        maxloc = start + len(self.match_string)
+
+        if maxloc <= instrlen:
+            match_string = self.match_string
+            match_stringloc = 0
+            mismatches = []
+            maxMismatches = self.maxMismatches
+
+            for match_stringloc, s_m in enumerate(
+                zip(instring[loc:maxloc], match_string)
+            ):
+                src, mat = s_m
+                if self.caseless:
+                    src, mat = src.lower(), mat.lower()
+
+                if src != mat:
+                    mismatches.append(match_stringloc)
+                    if len(mismatches) > maxMismatches:
+                        break
+            else:
+                loc = start + match_stringloc + 1
+                results = ParseResults([instring[start:loc]])
+                results["original"] = match_string
+                results["mismatches"] = mismatches
+                return loc, results
+
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class Word(Token):
+    """Token for matching words composed of allowed character sets.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``init_chars`` - string of all characters that should be used to
+      match as a word; "ABC" will match "AAA", "ABAB", "CBAC", etc.;
+      if ``body_chars`` is also specified, then this is the string of
+      initial characters
+    - ``body_chars`` - string of characters that
+      can be used for matching after a matched initial character as
+      given in ``init_chars``; if omitted, same as the initial characters
+      (default=``None``)
+    - ``min`` - minimum number of characters to match (default=1)
+    - ``max`` - maximum number of characters to match (default=0)
+    - ``exact`` - exact number of characters to match (default=0)
+    - ``as_keyword`` - match as a keyword (default=``False``)
+    - ``exclude_chars`` - characters that might be
+      found in the input ``body_chars`` string but which should not be
+      accepted for matching ;useful to define a word of all
+      printables except for one or two characters, for instance
+      (default=``None``)
+
+    :class:`srange` is useful for defining custom character set strings
+    for defining :class:`Word` expressions, using range notation from
+    regular expression character sets.
+
+    A common mistake is to use :class:`Word` to match a specific literal
+    string, as in ``Word("Address")``. Remember that :class:`Word`
+    uses the string argument to define *sets* of matchable characters.
+    This expression would match "Add", "AAA", "dAred", or any other word
+    made up of the characters 'A', 'd', 'r', 'e', and 's'. To match an
+    exact literal string, use :class:`Literal` or :class:`Keyword`.
+
+    pyparsing includes helper strings for building Words:
+
+    - :class:`alphas`
+    - :class:`nums`
+    - :class:`alphanums`
+    - :class:`hexnums`
+    - :class:`alphas8bit` (alphabetic characters in ASCII range 128-255
+      - accented, tilded, umlauted, etc.)
+    - :class:`punc8bit` (non-alphabetic characters in ASCII range
+      128-255 - currency, symbols, superscripts, diacriticals, etc.)
+    - :class:`printables` (any non-whitespace character)
+
+    ``alphas``, ``nums``, and ``printables`` are also defined in several
+    Unicode sets - see :class:`pyparsing_unicode``.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # a word composed of digits
+        integer = Word(nums) # equivalent to Word("0123456789") or Word(srange("0-9"))
+
+        # a word with a leading capital, and zero or more lowercase
+        capital_word = Word(alphas.upper(), alphas.lower())
+
+        # hostnames are alphanumeric, with leading alpha, and '-'
+        hostname = Word(alphas, alphanums + '-')
+
+        # roman numeral (not a strict parser, accepts invalid mix of characters)
+        roman = Word("IVXLCDM")
+
+        # any string of non-whitespace characters, except for ','
+        csv_value = Word(printables, exclude_chars=",")
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        init_chars: str = "",
+        body_chars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        min: int = 1,
+        max: int = 0,
+        exact: int = 0,
+        as_keyword: bool = False,
+        exclude_chars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        initChars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        bodyChars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        asKeyword: bool = False,
+        excludeChars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        initChars = initChars or init_chars
+        bodyChars = bodyChars or body_chars
+        asKeyword = asKeyword or as_keyword
+        excludeChars = excludeChars or exclude_chars
+        super().__init__()
+        if not initChars:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"invalid {type(self).__name__}, initChars cannot be empty string"
+            )
+
+        initChars_set = set(initChars)
+        if excludeChars:
+            excludeChars_set = set(excludeChars)
+            initChars_set -= excludeChars_set
+            if bodyChars:
+                bodyChars = "".join(set(bodyChars) - excludeChars_set)
+        self.initChars = initChars_set
+        self.initCharsOrig = "".join(sorted(initChars_set))
+
+        if bodyChars:
+            self.bodyChars = set(bodyChars)
+            self.bodyCharsOrig = "".join(sorted(bodyChars))
+        else:
+            self.bodyChars = initChars_set
+            self.bodyCharsOrig = self.initCharsOrig
+
+        self.maxSpecified = max > 0
+
+        if min < 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "cannot specify a minimum length < 1; use Opt(Word()) if zero-length word is permitted"
+            )
+
+        if self.maxSpecified and min > max:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"invalid args, if min and max both specified min must be <= max (min={min}, max={max})"
+            )
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            min = max = exact
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.asKeyword = asKeyword
+        if self.asKeyword:
+            self.errmsg += " as a keyword"
+
+        # see if we can make a regex for this Word
+        if " " not in (self.initChars | self.bodyChars):
+            if len(self.initChars) == 1:
+                re_leading_fragment = re.escape(self.initCharsOrig)
+            else:
+                re_leading_fragment = f"[{_collapse_string_to_ranges(self.initChars)}]"
+
+            if self.bodyChars == self.initChars:
+                if max == 0:
+                    repeat = "+"
+                elif max == 1:
+                    repeat = ""
+                else:
+                    if self.minLen != self.maxLen:
+                        repeat = f"{{{self.minLen},{'' if self.maxLen == _MAX_INT else self.maxLen}}}"
+                    else:
+                        repeat = f"{{{self.minLen}}}"
+                self.reString = f"{re_leading_fragment}{repeat}"
+            else:
+                if max == 1:
+                    re_body_fragment = ""
+                    repeat = ""
+                else:
+                    re_body_fragment = f"[{_collapse_string_to_ranges(self.bodyChars)}]"
+                    if max == 0:
+                        repeat = "*"
+                    elif max == 2:
+                        repeat = "?" if min <= 1 else ""
+                    else:
+                        if min != max:
+                            repeat = f"{{{min - 1 if min > 0 else 0},{max - 1}}}"
+                        else:
+                            repeat = f"{{{min - 1 if min > 0 else 0}}}"
+
+                self.reString = (
+                    f"{re_leading_fragment}" f"{re_body_fragment}" f"{repeat}"
+                )
+
+            if self.asKeyword:
+                self.reString = rf"\b{self.reString}\b"
+
+            try:
+                self.re = re.compile(self.reString)
+            except re.error:
+                self.re = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            else:
+                self.re_match = self.re.match
+                self.parseImpl = self.parseImpl_regex  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        def charsAsStr(s):
+            max_repr_len = 16
+            s = _collapse_string_to_ranges(s, re_escape=False)
+            if len(s) > max_repr_len:
+                return s[: max_repr_len - 3] + "..."
+            else:
+                return s
+
+        if self.initChars != self.bodyChars:
+            base = f"W:({charsAsStr(self.initChars)}, {charsAsStr(self.bodyChars)})"
+        else:
+            base = f"W:({charsAsStr(self.initChars)})"
+
+        # add length specification
+        if self.minLen > 1 or self.maxLen != _MAX_INT:
+            if self.minLen == self.maxLen:
+                if self.minLen == 1:
+                    return base[2:]
+                else:
+                    return base + f"{{{self.minLen}}}"
+            elif self.maxLen == _MAX_INT:
+                return base + f"{{{self.minLen},...}}"
+            else:
+                return base + f"{{{self.minLen},{self.maxLen}}}"
+        return base
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if instring[loc] not in self.initChars:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        bodychars = self.bodyChars
+        maxloc = start + self.maxLen
+        maxloc = min(maxloc, instrlen)
+        while loc < maxloc and instring[loc] in bodychars:
+            loc += 1
+
+        throwException = False
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            throwException = True
+        elif self.maxSpecified and loc < instrlen and instring[loc] in bodychars:
+            throwException = True
+        elif self.asKeyword:
+            if (
+                start > 0
+                and instring[start - 1] in bodychars
+                or loc < instrlen
+                and instring[loc] in bodychars
+            ):
+                throwException = True
+
+        if throwException:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+    def parseImpl_regex(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        result = self.re_match(instring, loc)
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        return loc, result.group()
+
+
+class Char(Word):
+    """A short-cut class for defining :class:`Word` ``(characters, exact=1)``,
+    when defining a match of any single character in a string of
+    characters.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        charset: str,
+        as_keyword: bool = False,
+        exclude_chars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        asKeyword: bool = False,
+        excludeChars: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        asKeyword = asKeyword or as_keyword
+        excludeChars = excludeChars or exclude_chars
+        super().__init__(
+            charset, exact=1, as_keyword=asKeyword, exclude_chars=excludeChars
+        )
+
+
+class Regex(Token):
+    r"""Token for matching strings that match a given regular
+    expression. Defined with string specifying the regular expression in
+    a form recognized by the stdlib Python  `re module <https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html>`_.
+    If the given regex contains named groups (defined using ``(?P<name>...)``),
+    these will be preserved as named :class:`ParseResults`.
+
+    If instead of the Python stdlib ``re`` module you wish to use a different RE module
+    (such as the ``regex`` module), you can do so by building your ``Regex`` object with
+    a compiled RE that was compiled using ``regex``.
+
+    Example::
+
+        realnum = Regex(r"[+-]?\d+\.\d*")
+        # ref: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/267399/how-do-you-match-only-valid-roman-numerals-with-a-regular-expression
+        roman = Regex(r"M{0,4}(CM|CD|D?{0,3})(XC|XL|L?X{0,3})(IX|IV|V?I{0,3})")
+
+        # named fields in a regex will be returned as named results
+        date = Regex(r'(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d\d?)-(?P<day>\d\d?)')
+
+        # the Regex class will accept re's compiled using the regex module
+        import regex
+        parser = pp.Regex(regex.compile(r'[0-9]'))
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pattern: Any,
+        flags: Union[re.RegexFlag, int] = 0,
+        as_group_list: bool = False,
+        as_match: bool = False,
+        *,
+        asGroupList: bool = False,
+        asMatch: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """The parameters ``pattern`` and ``flags`` are passed
+        to the ``re.compile()`` function as-is. See the Python
+        `re module <https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html>`_ module for an
+        explanation of the acceptable patterns and flags.
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        asGroupList = asGroupList or as_group_list
+        asMatch = asMatch or as_match
+
+        if isinstance(pattern, str_type):
+            if not pattern:
+                raise ValueError("null string passed to Regex; use Empty() instead")
+
+            self._re = None
+            self.reString = self.pattern = pattern
+            self.flags = flags
+
+        elif hasattr(pattern, "pattern") and hasattr(pattern, "match"):
+            self._re = pattern
+            self.pattern = self.reString = pattern.pattern
+            self.flags = flags
+
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Regex may only be constructed with a string or a compiled RE object"
+            )
+
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.asGroupList = asGroupList
+        self.asMatch = asMatch
+        if self.asGroupList:
+            self.parseImpl = self.parseImplAsGroupList  # type: ignore [assignment]
+        if self.asMatch:
+            self.parseImpl = self.parseImplAsMatch  # type: ignore [assignment]
+
+    @cached_property
+    def re(self):
+        if self._re:
+            return self._re
+        else:
+            try:
+                return re.compile(self.pattern, self.flags)
+            except re.error:
+                raise ValueError(f"invalid pattern ({self.pattern!r}) passed to Regex")
+
+    @cached_property
+    def re_match(self):
+        return self.re.match
+
+    @cached_property
+    def mayReturnEmpty(self):
+        return self.re_match("") is not None
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "Re:({})".format(repr(self.pattern).replace("\\\\", "\\"))
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        result = self.re_match(instring, loc)
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        ret = ParseResults(result.group())
+        d = result.groupdict()
+        if d:
+            for k, v in d.items():
+                ret[k] = v
+        return loc, ret
+
+    def parseImplAsGroupList(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        result = self.re_match(instring, loc)
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        ret = result.groups()
+        return loc, ret
+
+    def parseImplAsMatch(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        result = self.re_match(instring, loc)
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        ret = result
+        return loc, ret
+
+    def sub(self, repl: str) -> ParserElement:
+        r"""
+        Return :class:`Regex` with an attached parse action to transform the parsed
+        result as if called using `re.sub(expr, repl, string) <https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html#re.sub>`_.
+
+        Example::
+
+            make_html = Regex(r"(\w+):(.*?):").sub(r"<\1>\2</\1>")
+            print(make_html.transform_string("h1:main title:"))
+            # prints "<h1>main title</h1>"
+        """
+        if self.asGroupList:
+            raise TypeError("cannot use sub() with Regex(as_group_list=True)")
+
+        if self.asMatch and callable(repl):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "cannot use sub() with a callable with Regex(as_match=True)"
+            )
+
+        if self.asMatch:
+
+            def pa(tokens):
+                return tokens[0].expand(repl)
+
+        else:
+
+            def pa(tokens):
+                return self.re.sub(repl, tokens[0])
+
+        return self.add_parse_action(pa)
+
+
+class QuotedString(Token):
+    r"""
+    Token for matching strings that are delimited by quoting characters.
+
+    Defined with the following parameters:
+
+    - ``quote_char`` - string of one or more characters defining the
+      quote delimiting string
+    - ``esc_char`` - character to re_escape quotes, typically backslash
+      (default= ``None``)
+    - ``esc_quote`` - special quote sequence to re_escape an embedded quote
+      string (such as SQL's ``""`` to re_escape an embedded ``"``)
+      (default= ``None``)
+    - ``multiline`` - boolean indicating whether quotes can span
+      multiple lines (default= ``False``)
+    - ``unquote_results`` - boolean indicating whether the matched text
+      should be unquoted (default= ``True``)
+    - ``end_quote_char`` - string of one or more characters defining the
+      end of the quote delimited string (default= ``None``  => same as
+      quote_char)
+    - ``convert_whitespace_escapes`` - convert escaped whitespace
+      (``'\t'``, ``'\n'``, etc.) to actual whitespace
+      (default= ``True``)
+
+    Example::
+
+        qs = QuotedString('"')
+        print(qs.search_string('lsjdf "This is the quote" sldjf'))
+        complex_qs = QuotedString('{{', end_quote_char='}}')
+        print(complex_qs.search_string('lsjdf {{This is the "quote"}} sldjf'))
+        sql_qs = QuotedString('"', esc_quote='""')
+        print(sql_qs.search_string('lsjdf "This is the quote with ""embedded"" quotes" sldjf'))
+
+    prints::
+
+        [['This is the quote']]
+        [['This is the "quote"']]
+        [['This is the quote with "embedded" quotes']]
+    """
+    ws_map = dict(((r"\t", "\t"), (r"\n", "\n"), (r"\f", "\f"), (r"\r", "\r")))
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        quote_char: str = "",
+        esc_char: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        esc_quote: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        multiline: bool = False,
+        unquote_results: bool = True,
+        end_quote_char: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        convert_whitespace_escapes: bool = True,
+        *,
+        quoteChar: str = "",
+        escChar: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        escQuote: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        unquoteResults: bool = True,
+        endQuoteChar: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        convertWhitespaceEscapes: bool = True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        escChar = escChar or esc_char
+        escQuote = escQuote or esc_quote
+        unquoteResults = unquoteResults and unquote_results
+        endQuoteChar = endQuoteChar or end_quote_char
+        convertWhitespaceEscapes = (
+            convertWhitespaceEscapes and convert_whitespace_escapes
+        )
+        quote_char = quoteChar or quote_char
+
+        # remove white space from quote chars - wont work anyway
+        quote_char = quote_char.strip()
+        if not quote_char:
+            raise ValueError("quote_char cannot be the empty string")
+
+        if endQuoteChar is None:
+            endQuoteChar = quote_char
+        else:
+            endQuoteChar = endQuoteChar.strip()
+            if not endQuoteChar:
+                raise ValueError("end_quote_char cannot be the empty string")
+
+        self.quoteChar: str = quote_char
+        self.quoteCharLen: int = len(quote_char)
+        self.firstQuoteChar: str = quote_char[0]
+        self.endQuoteChar: str = endQuoteChar
+        self.endQuoteCharLen: int = len(endQuoteChar)
+        self.escChar: str = escChar or ""
+        self.escQuote: str = escQuote or ""
+        self.unquoteResults: bool = unquoteResults
+        self.convertWhitespaceEscapes: bool = convertWhitespaceEscapes
+        self.multiline = multiline
+
+        sep = ""
+        inner_pattern = ""
+
+        if escQuote:
+            inner_pattern += rf"{sep}(?:{re.escape(escQuote)})"
+            sep = "|"
+
+        if escChar:
+            inner_pattern += rf"{sep}(?:{re.escape(escChar)}.)"
+            sep = "|"
+            self.escCharReplacePattern = re.escape(escChar) + "(.)"
+
+        if len(self.endQuoteChar) > 1:
+            inner_pattern += (
+                f"{sep}(?:"
+                + "|".join(
+                    f"(?:{re.escape(self.endQuoteChar[:i])}(?!{re.escape(self.endQuoteChar[i:])}))"
+                    for i in range(len(self.endQuoteChar) - 1, 0, -1)
+                )
+                + ")"
+            )
+            sep = "|"
+
+        self.flags = re.RegexFlag(0)
+
+        if multiline:
+            self.flags = re.MULTILINE | re.DOTALL
+            inner_pattern += (
+                rf"{sep}(?:[^{_escape_regex_range_chars(self.endQuoteChar[0])}"
+                rf"{(_escape_regex_range_chars(escChar) if escChar is not None else '')}])"
+            )
+        else:
+            inner_pattern += (
+                rf"{sep}(?:[^{_escape_regex_range_chars(self.endQuoteChar[0])}\n\r"
+                rf"{(_escape_regex_range_chars(escChar) if escChar is not None else '')}])"
+            )
+
+        self.pattern = "".join(
+            [
+                re.escape(self.quoteChar),
+                "(?:",
+                inner_pattern,
+                ")*",
+                re.escape(self.endQuoteChar),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        if self.unquoteResults:
+            if self.convertWhitespaceEscapes:
+                self.unquote_scan_re = re.compile(
+                    rf"({'|'.join(re.escape(k) for k in self.ws_map)})|({re.escape(self.escChar)}.)|(\n|.)",
+                    flags=self.flags,
+                )
+            else:
+                self.unquote_scan_re = re.compile(
+                    rf"({re.escape(self.escChar)}.)|(\n|.)", flags=self.flags
+                )
+
+        try:
+            self.re = re.compile(self.pattern, self.flags)
+            self.reString = self.pattern
+            self.re_match = self.re.match
+        except re.error:
+            raise ValueError(f"invalid pattern {self.pattern!r} passed to Regex")
+
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        if self.quoteChar == self.endQuoteChar and isinstance(self.quoteChar, str_type):
+            return f"string enclosed in {self.quoteChar!r}"
+
+        return f"quoted string, starting with {self.quoteChar} ending with {self.endQuoteChar}"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        result = (
+            instring[loc] == self.firstQuoteChar
+            and self.re_match(instring, loc)
+            or None
+        )
+        if not result:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        loc = result.end()
+        ret = result.group()
+
+        if self.unquoteResults:
+            # strip off quotes
+            ret = ret[self.quoteCharLen : -self.endQuoteCharLen]
+
+            if isinstance(ret, str_type):
+                if self.convertWhitespaceEscapes:
+                    ret = "".join(
+                        self.ws_map[match.group(1)]
+                        if match.group(1)
+                        else match.group(2)[-1]
+                        if match.group(2)
+                        else match.group(3)
+                        for match in self.unquote_scan_re.finditer(ret)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    ret = "".join(
+                        match.group(1)[-1] if match.group(1) else match.group(2)
+                        for match in self.unquote_scan_re.finditer(ret)
+                    )
+
+                # replace escaped quotes
+                if self.escQuote:
+                    ret = ret.replace(self.escQuote, self.endQuoteChar)
+
+        return loc, ret
+
+
+class CharsNotIn(Token):
+    """Token for matching words composed of characters *not* in a given
+    set (will include whitespace in matched characters if not listed in
+    the provided exclusion set - see example). Defined with string
+    containing all disallowed characters, and an optional minimum,
+    maximum, and/or exact length.  The default value for ``min`` is
+    1 (a minimum value < 1 is not valid); the default values for
+    ``max`` and ``exact`` are 0, meaning no maximum or exact
+    length restriction.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # define a comma-separated-value as anything that is not a ','
+        csv_value = CharsNotIn(',')
+        print(DelimitedList(csv_value).parse_string("dkls,lsdkjf,s12 34,@!#,213"))
+
+    prints::
+
+        ['dkls', 'lsdkjf', 's12 34', '@!#', '213']
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        not_chars: str = "",
+        min: int = 1,
+        max: int = 0,
+        exact: int = 0,
+        *,
+        notChars: str = "",
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.notChars = not_chars or notChars
+        self.notCharsSet = set(self.notChars)
+
+        if min < 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "cannot specify a minimum length < 1; use "
+                "Opt(CharsNotIn()) if zero-length char group is permitted"
+            )
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = self.minLen == 0
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        not_chars_str = _collapse_string_to_ranges(self.notChars)
+        if len(not_chars_str) > 16:
+            return f"!W:({self.notChars[: 16 - 3]}...)"
+        else:
+            return f"!W:({self.notChars})"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        notchars = self.notCharsSet
+        if instring[loc] in notchars:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        maxlen = min(start + self.maxLen, len(instring))
+        while loc < maxlen and instring[loc] not in notchars:
+            loc += 1
+
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+
+class White(Token):
+    """Special matching class for matching whitespace.  Normally,
+    whitespace is ignored by pyparsing grammars.  This class is included
+    when some whitespace structures are significant.  Define with
+    a string containing the whitespace characters to be matched; default
+    is ``" \\t\\r\\n"``.  Also takes optional ``min``,
+    ``max``, and ``exact`` arguments, as defined for the
+    :class:`Word` class.
+    """
+
+    whiteStrs = {
+        " ": "<SP>",
+        "\t": "<TAB>",
+        "\n": "<LF>",
+        "\r": "<CR>",
+        "\f": "<FF>",
+        "\u00A0": "<NBSP>",
+        "\u1680": "<OGHAM_SPACE_MARK>",
+        "\u180E": "<MONGOLIAN_VOWEL_SEPARATOR>",
+        "\u2000": "<EN_QUAD>",
+        "\u2001": "<EM_QUAD>",
+        "\u2002": "<EN_SPACE>",
+        "\u2003": "<EM_SPACE>",
+        "\u2004": "<THREE-PER-EM_SPACE>",
+        "\u2005": "<FOUR-PER-EM_SPACE>",
+        "\u2006": "<SIX-PER-EM_SPACE>",
+        "\u2007": "<FIGURE_SPACE>",
+        "\u2008": "<PUNCTUATION_SPACE>",
+        "\u2009": "<THIN_SPACE>",
+        "\u200A": "<HAIR_SPACE>",
+        "\u200B": "<ZERO_WIDTH_SPACE>",
+        "\u202F": "<NNBSP>",
+        "\u205F": "<MMSP>",
+        "\u3000": "<IDEOGRAPHIC_SPACE>",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, ws: str = " \t\r\n", min: int = 1, max: int = 0, exact: int = 0):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.matchWhite = ws
+        self.set_whitespace_chars(
+            "".join(c for c in self.whiteStrs if c not in self.matchWhite),
+            copy_defaults=True,
+        )
+        # self.leave_whitespace()
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + self.name
+
+        self.minLen = min
+
+        if max > 0:
+            self.maxLen = max
+        else:
+            self.maxLen = _MAX_INT
+
+        if exact > 0:
+            self.maxLen = exact
+            self.minLen = exact
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "".join(White.whiteStrs[c] for c in self.matchWhite)
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if instring[loc] not in self.matchWhite:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        start = loc
+        loc += 1
+        maxloc = start + self.maxLen
+        maxloc = min(maxloc, len(instring))
+        while loc < maxloc and instring[loc] in self.matchWhite:
+            loc += 1
+
+        if loc - start < self.minLen:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        return loc, instring[start:loc]
+
+
+class PositionToken(Token):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+
+
+class GoToColumn(PositionToken):
+    """Token to advance to a specific column of input text; useful for
+    tabular report scraping.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, colno: int):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.col = colno
+
+    def preParse(self, instring: str, loc: int) -> int:
+        if col(loc, instring) != self.col:
+            instrlen = len(instring)
+            if self.ignoreExprs:
+                loc = self._skipIgnorables(instring, loc)
+            while (
+                loc < instrlen
+                and instring[loc].isspace()
+                and col(loc, instring) != self.col
+            ):
+                loc += 1
+        return loc
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        thiscol = col(loc, instring)
+        if thiscol > self.col:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, "Text not in expected column", self)
+        newloc = loc + self.col - thiscol
+        ret = instring[loc:newloc]
+        return newloc, ret
+
+
+class LineStart(PositionToken):
+    r"""Matches if current position is at the beginning of a line within
+    the parse string
+
+    Example::
+
+        test = '''\
+        AAA this line
+        AAA and this line
+          AAA but not this one
+        B AAA and definitely not this one
+        '''
+
+        for t in (LineStart() + 'AAA' + rest_of_line).search_string(test):
+            print(t)
+
+    prints::
+
+        ['AAA', ' this line']
+        ['AAA', ' and this line']
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.leave_whitespace()
+        self.orig_whiteChars = set() | self.whiteChars
+        self.whiteChars.discard("\n")
+        self.skipper = Empty().set_whitespace_chars(self.whiteChars)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected start of line"
+
+    def preParse(self, instring: str, loc: int) -> int:
+        if loc == 0:
+            return loc
+        else:
+            ret = self.skipper.preParse(instring, loc)
+            if "\n" in self.orig_whiteChars:
+                while instring[ret : ret + 1] == "\n":
+                    ret = self.skipper.preParse(instring, ret + 1)
+            return ret
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if col(loc, instring) == 1:
+            return loc, []
+        raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class LineEnd(PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the end of a line within the
+    parse string
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.whiteChars.discard("\n")
+        self.set_whitespace_chars(self.whiteChars, copy_defaults=False)
+        self.errmsg = "Expected end of line"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if loc < len(instring):
+            if instring[loc] == "\n":
+                return loc + 1, "\n"
+            else:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        elif loc == len(instring):
+            return loc + 1, []
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class StringStart(PositionToken):
+    """Matches if current position is at the beginning of the parse
+    string
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.errmsg = "Expected start of text"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if loc != 0:
+            # see if entire string up to here is just whitespace and ignoreables
+            if loc != self.preParse(instring, 0):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class StringEnd(PositionToken):
+    """
+    Matches if current position is at the end of the parse string
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.errmsg = "Expected end of text"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if loc < len(instring):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        elif loc == len(instring):
+            return loc + 1, []
+        elif loc > len(instring):
+            return loc, []
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+
+class WordStart(PositionToken):
+    """Matches if the current position is at the beginning of a
+    :class:`Word`, and is not preceded by any character in a given
+    set of ``word_chars`` (default= ``printables``). To emulate the
+    ``\b`` behavior of regular expressions, use
+    ``WordStart(alphanums)``. ``WordStart`` will also match at
+    the beginning of the string being parsed, or at the beginning of
+    a line.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, word_chars: str = printables, *, wordChars: str = printables):
+        wordChars = word_chars if wordChars == printables else wordChars
+        super().__init__()
+        self.wordChars = set(wordChars)
+        self.errmsg = "Not at the start of a word"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if loc != 0:
+            if (
+                instring[loc - 1] in self.wordChars
+                or instring[loc] not in self.wordChars
+            ):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class WordEnd(PositionToken):
+    """Matches if the current position is at the end of a :class:`Word`,
+    and is not followed by any character in a given set of ``word_chars``
+    (default= ``printables``). To emulate the ``\b`` behavior of
+    regular expressions, use ``WordEnd(alphanums)``. ``WordEnd``
+    will also match at the end of the string being parsed, or at the end
+    of a line.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, word_chars: str = printables, *, wordChars: str = printables):
+        wordChars = word_chars if wordChars == printables else wordChars
+        super().__init__()
+        self.wordChars = set(wordChars)
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.errmsg = "Not at the end of a word"
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        if instrlen > 0 and loc < instrlen:
+            if (
+                instring[loc] in self.wordChars
+                or instring[loc - 1] not in self.wordChars
+            ):
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+
+class ParseExpression(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract subclass of ParserElement, for combining and
+    post-processing parsed tokens.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, exprs: typing.Iterable[ParserElement], savelist: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(savelist)
+        self.exprs: List[ParserElement]
+        if isinstance(exprs, _generatorType):
+            exprs = list(exprs)
+
+        if isinstance(exprs, str_type):
+            self.exprs = [self._literalStringClass(exprs)]
+        elif isinstance(exprs, ParserElement):
+            self.exprs = [exprs]
+        elif isinstance(exprs, Iterable):
+            exprs = list(exprs)
+            # if sequence of strings provided, wrap with Literal
+            if any(isinstance(expr, str_type) for expr in exprs):
+                exprs = (
+                    self._literalStringClass(e) if isinstance(e, str_type) else e
+                    for e in exprs
+                )
+            self.exprs = list(exprs)
+        else:
+            try:
+                self.exprs = list(exprs)
+            except TypeError:
+                self.exprs = [exprs]
+        self.callPreparse = False
+
+    def recurse(self) -> List[ParserElement]:
+        return self.exprs[:]
+
+    def append(self, other) -> ParserElement:
+        self.exprs.append(other)
+        self._defaultName = None
+        return self
+
+    def leave_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> ParserElement:
+        """
+        Extends ``leave_whitespace`` defined in base class, and also invokes ``leave_whitespace`` on
+           all contained expressions.
+        """
+        super().leave_whitespace(recursive)
+
+        if recursive:
+            self.exprs = [e.copy() for e in self.exprs]
+            for e in self.exprs:
+                e.leave_whitespace(recursive)
+        return self
+
+    def ignore_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> ParserElement:
+        """
+        Extends ``ignore_whitespace`` defined in base class, and also invokes ``leave_whitespace`` on
+           all contained expressions.
+        """
+        super().ignore_whitespace(recursive)
+        if recursive:
+            self.exprs = [e.copy() for e in self.exprs]
+            for e in self.exprs:
+                e.ignore_whitespace(recursive)
+        return self
+
+    def ignore(self, other) -> ParserElement:
+        if isinstance(other, Suppress):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                super().ignore(other)
+                for e in self.exprs:
+                    e.ignore(self.ignoreExprs[-1])
+        else:
+            super().ignore(other)
+            for e in self.exprs:
+                e.ignore(self.ignoreExprs[-1])
+        return self
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}:({str(self.exprs)})"
+
+    def streamline(self) -> ParserElement:
+        if self.streamlined:
+            return self
+
+        super().streamline()
+
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.streamline()
+
+        # collapse nested :class:`And`'s of the form ``And(And(And(a, b), c), d)`` to ``And(a, b, c, d)``
+        # but only if there are no parse actions or resultsNames on the nested And's
+        # (likewise for :class:`Or`'s and :class:`MatchFirst`'s)
+        if len(self.exprs) == 2:
+            other = self.exprs[0]
+            if (
+                isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+                and not other.parseAction
+                and other.resultsName is None
+                and not other.debug
+            ):
+                self.exprs = other.exprs[:] + [self.exprs[1]]
+                self._defaultName = None
+                self.mayReturnEmpty |= other.mayReturnEmpty
+                self.mayIndexError |= other.mayIndexError
+
+            other = self.exprs[-1]
+            if (
+                isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+                and not other.parseAction
+                and other.resultsName is None
+                and not other.debug
+            ):
+                self.exprs = self.exprs[:-1] + other.exprs[:]
+                self._defaultName = None
+                self.mayReturnEmpty |= other.mayReturnEmpty
+                self.mayIndexError |= other.mayIndexError
+
+        self.errmsg = "Expected " + str(self)
+
+        return self
+
+    def validate(self, validateTrace=None) -> None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "ParserElement.validate() is deprecated, and should not be used to check for left recursion",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        tmp = (validateTrace if validateTrace is not None else [])[:] + [self]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e.validate(tmp)
+        self._checkRecursion([])
+
+    def copy(self) -> ParserElement:
+        ret = super().copy()
+        ret = typing.cast(ParseExpression, ret)
+        ret.exprs = [e.copy() for e in self.exprs]
+        return ret
+
+    def _setResultsName(self, name, listAllMatches=False):
+        if (
+            __diag__.warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection
+            and Diagnostics.warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection
+            not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            for e in self.exprs:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(e, ParserElement)
+                    and e.resultsName
+                    and Diagnostics.warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection
+                    not in e.suppress_warnings_
+                ):
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "{}: setting results name {!r} on {} expression "
+                        "collides with {!r} on contained expression".format(
+                            "warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection",
+                            name,
+                            type(self).__name__,
+                            e.resultsName,
+                        ),
+                        stacklevel=3,
+                    )
+
+        return super()._setResultsName(name, listAllMatches)
+
+    # Compatibility synonyms
+    # fmt: off
+    @replaced_by_pep8(leave_whitespace)
+    def leaveWhitespace(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(ignore_whitespace)
+    def ignoreWhitespace(self): ...
+    # fmt: on
+
+
+class And(ParseExpression):
+    """
+    Requires all given :class:`ParseExpression` s to be found in the given order.
+    Expressions may be separated by whitespace.
+    May be constructed using the ``'+'`` operator.
+    May also be constructed using the ``'-'`` operator, which will
+    suppress backtracking.
+
+    Example::
+
+        integer = Word(nums)
+        name_expr = Word(alphas)[1, ...]
+
+        expr = And([integer("id"), name_expr("name"), integer("age")])
+        # more easily written as:
+        expr = integer("id") + name_expr("name") + integer("age")
+    """
+
+    class _ErrorStop(Empty):
+        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+            self.leave_whitespace()
+
+        def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+            return "-"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, exprs_arg: typing.Iterable[ParserElement], savelist: bool = True
+    ):
+        exprs: List[ParserElement] = list(exprs_arg)
+        if exprs and Ellipsis in exprs:
+            tmp = []
+            for i, expr in enumerate(exprs):
+                if expr is Ellipsis:
+                    if i < len(exprs) - 1:
+                        skipto_arg: ParserElement = typing.cast(
+                            ParseExpression, (Empty() + exprs[i + 1])
+                        ).exprs[-1]
+                        tmp.append(SkipTo(skipto_arg)("_skipped*"))
+                    else:
+                        raise Exception(
+                            "cannot construct And with sequence ending in ..."
+                        )
+                else:
+                    tmp.append(expr)
+            exprs[:] = tmp
+        super().__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+            if not isinstance(self.exprs[0], White):
+                self.set_whitespace_chars(
+                    self.exprs[0].whiteChars,
+                    copy_defaults=self.exprs[0].copyDefaultWhiteChars,
+                )
+                self.skipWhitespace = self.exprs[0].skipWhitespace
+            else:
+                self.skipWhitespace = False
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.callPreparse = True
+
+    def streamline(self) -> ParserElement:
+        # collapse any _PendingSkip's
+        if self.exprs:
+            if any(
+                isinstance(e, ParseExpression)
+                and e.exprs
+                and isinstance(e.exprs[-1], _PendingSkip)
+                for e in self.exprs[:-1]
+            ):
+                deleted_expr_marker = NoMatch()
+                for i, e in enumerate(self.exprs[:-1]):
+                    if e is deleted_expr_marker:
+                        continue
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(e, ParseExpression)
+                        and e.exprs
+                        and isinstance(e.exprs[-1], _PendingSkip)
+                    ):
+                        e.exprs[-1] = e.exprs[-1] + self.exprs[i + 1]
+                        self.exprs[i + 1] = deleted_expr_marker
+                self.exprs = [e for e in self.exprs if e is not deleted_expr_marker]
+
+        super().streamline()
+
+        # link any IndentedBlocks to the prior expression
+        prev: ParserElement
+        cur: ParserElement
+        for prev, cur in zip(self.exprs, self.exprs[1:]):
+            # traverse cur or any first embedded expr of cur looking for an IndentedBlock
+            # (but watch out for recursive grammar)
+            seen = set()
+            while True:
+                if id(cur) in seen:
+                    break
+                seen.add(id(cur))
+                if isinstance(cur, IndentedBlock):
+                    prev.add_parse_action(
+                        lambda s, l, t, cur_=cur: setattr(
+                            cur_, "parent_anchor", col(l, s)
+                        )
+                    )
+                    break
+                subs = cur.recurse()
+                next_first = next(iter(subs), None)
+                if next_first is None:
+                    break
+                cur = typing.cast(ParserElement, next_first)
+
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        return self
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        # pass False as callPreParse arg to _parse for first element, since we already
+        # pre-parsed the string as part of our And pre-parsing
+        loc, resultlist = self.exprs[0]._parse(
+            instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False
+        )
+        errorStop = False
+        for e in self.exprs[1:]:
+            # if isinstance(e, And._ErrorStop):
+            if type(e) is And._ErrorStop:
+                errorStop = True
+                continue
+            if errorStop:
+                try:
+                    loc, exprtokens = e._parse(instring, loc, doActions)
+                except ParseSyntaxException:
+                    raise
+                except ParseBaseException as pe:
+                    pe.__traceback__ = None
+                    raise ParseSyntaxException._from_exception(pe)
+                except IndexError:
+                    raise ParseSyntaxException(
+                        instring, len(instring), self.errmsg, self
+                    )
+            else:
+                loc, exprtokens = e._parse(instring, loc, doActions)
+            resultlist += exprtokens
+        return loc, resultlist
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.append(other)  # And([self, other])
+
+    def _checkRecursion(self, parseElementList):
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [self]
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            e._checkRecursion(subRecCheckList)
+            if not e.mayReturnEmpty:
+                break
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        inner = " ".join(str(e) for e in self.exprs)
+        # strip off redundant inner {}'s
+        while len(inner) > 1 and inner[0 :: len(inner) - 1] == "{}":
+            inner = inner[1:-1]
+        return "{" + inner + "}"
+
+
+class Or(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires that at least one :class:`ParseExpression` is found. If
+    two expressions match, the expression that matches the longest
+    string will be used. May be constructed using the ``'^'``
+    operator.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # construct Or using '^' operator
+
+        number = Word(nums) ^ Combine(Word(nums) + '.' + Word(nums))
+        print(number.search_string("123 3.1416 789"))
+
+    prints::
+
+        [['123'], ['3.1416'], ['789']]
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, exprs: typing.Iterable[ParserElement], savelist: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+            self.skipWhitespace = all(e.skipWhitespace for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def streamline(self) -> ParserElement:
+        super().streamline()
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+            self.saveAsList = any(e.saveAsList for e in self.exprs)
+            self.skipWhitespace = all(
+                e.skipWhitespace and not isinstance(e, White) for e in self.exprs
+            )
+        else:
+            self.saveAsList = False
+        return self
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        maxExcLoc = -1
+        maxException = None
+        matches = []
+        fatals = []
+        if all(e.callPreparse for e in self.exprs):
+            loc = self.preParse(instring, loc)
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            try:
+                loc2 = e.try_parse(instring, loc, raise_fatal=True)
+            except ParseFatalException as pfe:
+                pfe.__traceback__ = None
+                pfe.parser_element = e
+                fatals.append(pfe)
+                maxException = None
+                maxExcLoc = -1
+            except ParseException as err:
+                if not fatals:
+                    err.__traceback__ = None
+                    if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                        maxException = err
+                        maxExcLoc = err.loc
+            except IndexError:
+                if len(instring) > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = ParseException(
+                        instring, len(instring), e.errmsg, self
+                    )
+                    maxExcLoc = len(instring)
+            else:
+                # save match among all matches, to retry longest to shortest
+                matches.append((loc2, e))
+
+        if matches:
+            # re-evaluate all matches in descending order of length of match, in case attached actions
+            # might change whether or how much they match of the input.
+            matches.sort(key=itemgetter(0), reverse=True)
+
+            if not doActions:
+                # no further conditions or parse actions to change the selection of
+                # alternative, so the first match will be the best match
+                best_expr = matches[0][1]
+                return best_expr._parse(instring, loc, doActions)
+
+            longest = -1, None
+            for loc1, expr1 in matches:
+                if loc1 <= longest[0]:
+                    # already have a longer match than this one will deliver, we are done
+                    return longest
+
+                try:
+                    loc2, toks = expr1._parse(instring, loc, doActions)
+                except ParseException as err:
+                    err.__traceback__ = None
+                    if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                        maxException = err
+                        maxExcLoc = err.loc
+                else:
+                    if loc2 >= loc1:
+                        return loc2, toks
+                    # didn't match as much as before
+                    elif loc2 > longest[0]:
+                        longest = loc2, toks
+
+            if longest != (-1, None):
+                return longest
+
+        if fatals:
+            if len(fatals) > 1:
+                fatals.sort(key=lambda e: -e.loc)
+                if fatals[0].loc == fatals[1].loc:
+                    fatals.sort(key=lambda e: (-e.loc, -len(str(e.parser_element))))
+            max_fatal = fatals[0]
+            raise max_fatal
+
+        if maxException is not None:
+            # infer from this check that all alternatives failed at the current position
+            # so emit this collective error message instead of any single error message
+            if maxExcLoc == loc:
+                maxException.msg = self.errmsg
+            raise maxException
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(
+                instring, loc, "no defined alternatives to match", self
+            )
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.append(other)  # Or([self, other])
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "{" + " ^ ".join(str(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+    def _setResultsName(self, name, listAllMatches=False):
+        if (
+            __diag__.warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation
+            and Diagnostics.warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation
+            not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            if any(
+                isinstance(e, And)
+                and Diagnostics.warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation
+                not in e.suppress_warnings_
+                for e in self.exprs
+            ):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "{}: setting results name {!r} on {} expression "
+                    "will return a list of all parsed tokens in an And alternative, "
+                    "in prior versions only the first token was returned; enclose "
+                    "contained argument in Group".format(
+                        "warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation",
+                        name,
+                        type(self).__name__,
+                    ),
+                    stacklevel=3,
+                )
+
+        return super()._setResultsName(name, listAllMatches)
+
+
+class MatchFirst(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires that at least one :class:`ParseExpression` is found. If
+    more than one expression matches, the first one listed is the one that will
+    match. May be constructed using the ``'|'`` operator.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # construct MatchFirst using '|' operator
+
+        # watch the order of expressions to match
+        number = Word(nums) | Combine(Word(nums) + '.' + Word(nums))
+        print(number.search_string("123 3.1416 789")) #  Fail! -> [['123'], ['3'], ['1416'], ['789']]
+
+        # put more selective expression first
+        number = Combine(Word(nums) + '.' + Word(nums)) | Word(nums)
+        print(number.search_string("123 3.1416 789")) #  Better -> [['123'], ['3.1416'], ['789']]
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, exprs: typing.Iterable[ParserElement], savelist: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+            self.skipWhitespace = all(e.skipWhitespace for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def streamline(self) -> ParserElement:
+        if self.streamlined:
+            return self
+
+        super().streamline()
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.saveAsList = any(e.saveAsList for e in self.exprs)
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = any(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+            self.skipWhitespace = all(
+                e.skipWhitespace and not isinstance(e, White) for e in self.exprs
+            )
+        else:
+            self.saveAsList = False
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        return self
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        maxExcLoc = -1
+        maxException = None
+
+        for e in self.exprs:
+            try:
+                return e._parse(
+                    instring,
+                    loc,
+                    doActions,
+                )
+            except ParseFatalException as pfe:
+                pfe.__traceback__ = None
+                pfe.parser_element = e
+                raise
+            except ParseException as err:
+                if err.loc > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = err
+                    maxExcLoc = err.loc
+            except IndexError:
+                if len(instring) > maxExcLoc:
+                    maxException = ParseException(
+                        instring, len(instring), e.errmsg, self
+                    )
+                    maxExcLoc = len(instring)
+
+        if maxException is not None:
+            # infer from this check that all alternatives failed at the current position
+            # so emit this collective error message instead of any individual error message
+            if maxExcLoc == loc:
+                maxException.msg = self.errmsg
+            raise maxException
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(
+                instring, loc, "no defined alternatives to match", self
+            )
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.append(other)  # MatchFirst([self, other])
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "{" + " | ".join(str(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+    def _setResultsName(self, name, listAllMatches=False):
+        if (
+            __diag__.warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation
+            and Diagnostics.warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation
+            not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            if any(
+                isinstance(e, And)
+                and Diagnostics.warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation
+                not in e.suppress_warnings_
+                for e in self.exprs
+            ):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "{}: setting results name {!r} on {} expression "
+                    "will return a list of all parsed tokens in an And alternative, "
+                    "in prior versions only the first token was returned; enclose "
+                    "contained argument in Group".format(
+                        "warn_multiple_tokens_in_named_alternation",
+                        name,
+                        type(self).__name__,
+                    ),
+                    stacklevel=3,
+                )
+
+        return super()._setResultsName(name, listAllMatches)
+
+
+class Each(ParseExpression):
+    """Requires all given :class:`ParseExpression` s to be found, but in
+    any order. Expressions may be separated by whitespace.
+
+    May be constructed using the ``'&'`` operator.
+
+    Example::
+
+        color = one_of("RED ORANGE YELLOW GREEN BLUE PURPLE BLACK WHITE BROWN")
+        shape_type = one_of("SQUARE CIRCLE TRIANGLE STAR HEXAGON OCTAGON")
+        integer = Word(nums)
+        shape_attr = "shape:" + shape_type("shape")
+        posn_attr = "posn:" + Group(integer("x") + ',' + integer("y"))("posn")
+        color_attr = "color:" + color("color")
+        size_attr = "size:" + integer("size")
+
+        # use Each (using operator '&') to accept attributes in any order
+        # (shape and posn are required, color and size are optional)
+        shape_spec = shape_attr & posn_attr & Opt(color_attr) & Opt(size_attr)
+
+        shape_spec.run_tests('''
+            shape: SQUARE color: BLACK posn: 100, 120
+            shape: CIRCLE size: 50 color: BLUE posn: 50,80
+            color:GREEN size:20 shape:TRIANGLE posn:20,40
+            '''
+            )
+
+    prints::
+
+        shape: SQUARE color: BLACK posn: 100, 120
+        ['shape:', 'SQUARE', 'color:', 'BLACK', 'posn:', ['100', ',', '120']]
+        - color: BLACK
+        - posn: ['100', ',', '120']
+          - x: 100
+          - y: 120
+        - shape: SQUARE
+
+
+        shape: CIRCLE size: 50 color: BLUE posn: 50,80
+        ['shape:', 'CIRCLE', 'size:', '50', 'color:', 'BLUE', 'posn:', ['50', ',', '80']]
+        - color: BLUE
+        - posn: ['50', ',', '80']
+          - x: 50
+          - y: 80
+        - shape: CIRCLE
+        - size: 50
+
+
+        color: GREEN size: 20 shape: TRIANGLE posn: 20,40
+        ['color:', 'GREEN', 'size:', '20', 'shape:', 'TRIANGLE', 'posn:', ['20', ',', '40']]
+        - color: GREEN
+        - posn: ['20', ',', '40']
+          - x: 20
+          - y: 40
+        - shape: TRIANGLE
+        - size: 20
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, exprs: typing.Iterable[ParserElement], savelist: bool = True):
+        super().__init__(exprs, savelist)
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.initExprGroups = True
+        self.saveAsList = True
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.append(other)  # Each([self, other])
+
+    def streamline(self) -> ParserElement:
+        super().streamline()
+        if self.exprs:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = all(e.mayReturnEmpty for e in self.exprs)
+        else:
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        return self
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if self.initExprGroups:
+            self.opt1map = dict(
+                (id(e.expr), e) for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e, Opt)
+            )
+            opt1 = [e.expr for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e, Opt)]
+            opt2 = [
+                e
+                for e in self.exprs
+                if e.mayReturnEmpty and not isinstance(e, (Opt, Regex, ZeroOrMore))
+            ]
+            self.optionals = opt1 + opt2
+            self.multioptionals = [
+                e.expr.set_results_name(e.resultsName, list_all_matches=True)
+                for e in self.exprs
+                if isinstance(e, _MultipleMatch)
+            ]
+            self.multirequired = [
+                e.expr.set_results_name(e.resultsName, list_all_matches=True)
+                for e in self.exprs
+                if isinstance(e, OneOrMore)
+            ]
+            self.required = [
+                e for e in self.exprs if not isinstance(e, (Opt, ZeroOrMore, OneOrMore))
+            ]
+            self.required += self.multirequired
+            self.initExprGroups = False
+
+        tmpLoc = loc
+        tmpReqd = self.required[:]
+        tmpOpt = self.optionals[:]
+        multis = self.multioptionals[:]
+        matchOrder = []
+
+        keepMatching = True
+        failed = []
+        fatals = []
+        while keepMatching:
+            tmpExprs = tmpReqd + tmpOpt + multis
+            failed.clear()
+            fatals.clear()
+            for e in tmpExprs:
+                try:
+                    tmpLoc = e.try_parse(instring, tmpLoc, raise_fatal=True)
+                except ParseFatalException as pfe:
+                    pfe.__traceback__ = None
+                    pfe.parser_element = e
+                    fatals.append(pfe)
+                    failed.append(e)
+                except ParseException:
+                    failed.append(e)
+                else:
+                    matchOrder.append(self.opt1map.get(id(e), e))
+                    if e in tmpReqd:
+                        tmpReqd.remove(e)
+                    elif e in tmpOpt:
+                        tmpOpt.remove(e)
+            if len(failed) == len(tmpExprs):
+                keepMatching = False
+
+        # look for any ParseFatalExceptions
+        if fatals:
+            if len(fatals) > 1:
+                fatals.sort(key=lambda e: -e.loc)
+                if fatals[0].loc == fatals[1].loc:
+                    fatals.sort(key=lambda e: (-e.loc, -len(str(e.parser_element))))
+            max_fatal = fatals[0]
+            raise max_fatal
+
+        if tmpReqd:
+            missing = ", ".join([str(e) for e in tmpReqd])
+            raise ParseException(
+                instring,
+                loc,
+                f"Missing one or more required elements ({missing})",
+            )
+
+        # add any unmatched Opts, in case they have default values defined
+        matchOrder += [e for e in self.exprs if isinstance(e, Opt) and e.expr in tmpOpt]
+
+        total_results = ParseResults([])
+        for e in matchOrder:
+            loc, results = e._parse(instring, loc, doActions)
+            total_results += results
+
+        return loc, total_results
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "{" + " & ".join(str(e) for e in self.exprs) + "}"
+
+
+class ParseElementEnhance(ParserElement):
+    """Abstract subclass of :class:`ParserElement`, for combining and
+    post-processing parsed tokens.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str], savelist: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(savelist)
+        if isinstance(expr, str_type):
+            expr_str = typing.cast(str, expr)
+            if issubclass(self._literalStringClass, Token):
+                expr = self._literalStringClass(expr_str)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            elif issubclass(type(self), self._literalStringClass):
+                expr = Literal(expr_str)
+            else:
+                expr = self._literalStringClass(Literal(expr_str))  # type: ignore[assignment, call-arg]
+        expr = typing.cast(ParserElement, expr)
+        self.expr = expr
+        if expr is not None:
+            self.mayIndexError = expr.mayIndexError
+            self.mayReturnEmpty = expr.mayReturnEmpty
+            self.set_whitespace_chars(
+                expr.whiteChars, copy_defaults=expr.copyDefaultWhiteChars
+            )
+            self.skipWhitespace = expr.skipWhitespace
+            self.saveAsList = expr.saveAsList
+            self.callPreparse = expr.callPreparse
+            self.ignoreExprs.extend(expr.ignoreExprs)
+
+    def recurse(self) -> List[ParserElement]:
+        return [self.expr] if self.expr is not None else []
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            try:
+                return self.expr._parse(instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False)
+            except ParseBaseException as pbe:
+                pbe.msg = self.errmsg
+                raise
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, "No expression defined", self)
+
+    def leave_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> ParserElement:
+        super().leave_whitespace(recursive)
+
+        if recursive:
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr = self.expr.copy()
+                self.expr.leave_whitespace(recursive)
+        return self
+
+    def ignore_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> ParserElement:
+        super().ignore_whitespace(recursive)
+
+        if recursive:
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr = self.expr.copy()
+                self.expr.ignore_whitespace(recursive)
+        return self
+
+    def ignore(self, other) -> ParserElement:
+        if isinstance(other, Suppress):
+            if other not in self.ignoreExprs:
+                super().ignore(other)
+                if self.expr is not None:
+                    self.expr.ignore(self.ignoreExprs[-1])
+        else:
+            super().ignore(other)
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.ignore(self.ignoreExprs[-1])
+        return self
+
+    def streamline(self) -> ParserElement:
+        super().streamline()
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.streamline()
+        return self
+
+    def _checkRecursion(self, parseElementList):
+        if self in parseElementList:
+            raise RecursiveGrammarException(parseElementList + [self])
+        subRecCheckList = parseElementList[:] + [self]
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr._checkRecursion(subRecCheckList)
+
+    def validate(self, validateTrace=None) -> None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "ParserElement.validate() is deprecated, and should not be used to check for left recursion",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        if validateTrace is None:
+            validateTrace = []
+        tmp = validateTrace[:] + [self]
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            self.expr.validate(tmp)
+        self._checkRecursion([])
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}:({str(self.expr)})"
+
+    # Compatibility synonyms
+    # fmt: off
+    @replaced_by_pep8(leave_whitespace)
+    def leaveWhitespace(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(ignore_whitespace)
+    def ignoreWhitespace(self): ...
+    # fmt: on
+
+
+class IndentedBlock(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """
+    Expression to match one or more expressions at a given indentation level.
+    Useful for parsing text where structure is implied by indentation (like Python source code).
+    """
+
+    class _Indent(Empty):
+        def __init__(self, ref_col: int):
+            super().__init__()
+            self.errmsg = f"expected indent at column {ref_col}"
+            self.add_condition(lambda s, l, t: col(l, s) == ref_col)
+
+    class _IndentGreater(Empty):
+        def __init__(self, ref_col: int):
+            super().__init__()
+            self.errmsg = f"expected indent at column greater than {ref_col}"
+            self.add_condition(lambda s, l, t: col(l, s) > ref_col)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, expr: ParserElement, *, recursive: bool = False, grouped: bool = True
+    ):
+        super().__init__(expr, savelist=True)
+        # if recursive:
+        #     raise NotImplementedError("IndentedBlock with recursive is not implemented")
+        self._recursive = recursive
+        self._grouped = grouped
+        self.parent_anchor = 1
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        # advance parse position to non-whitespace by using an Empty()
+        # this should be the column to be used for all subsequent indented lines
+        anchor_loc = Empty().preParse(instring, loc)
+
+        # see if self.expr matches at the current location - if not it will raise an exception
+        # and no further work is necessary
+        self.expr.try_parse(instring, anchor_loc, do_actions=doActions)
+
+        indent_col = col(anchor_loc, instring)
+        peer_detect_expr = self._Indent(indent_col)
+
+        inner_expr = Empty() + peer_detect_expr + self.expr
+        if self._recursive:
+            sub_indent = self._IndentGreater(indent_col)
+            nested_block = IndentedBlock(
+                self.expr, recursive=self._recursive, grouped=self._grouped
+            )
+            nested_block.set_debug(self.debug)
+            nested_block.parent_anchor = indent_col
+            inner_expr += Opt(sub_indent + nested_block)
+
+        inner_expr.set_name(f"inner {hex(id(inner_expr))[-4:].upper()}@{indent_col}")
+        block = OneOrMore(inner_expr)
+
+        trailing_undent = self._Indent(self.parent_anchor) | StringEnd()
+
+        if self._grouped:
+            wrapper = Group
+        else:
+            wrapper = lambda expr: expr
+        return (wrapper(block) + Optional(trailing_undent)).parseImpl(
+            instring, anchor_loc, doActions
+        )
+
+
+class AtStringStart(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Matches if expression matches at the beginning of the parse
+    string::
+
+        AtStringStart(Word(nums)).parse_string("123")
+        # prints ["123"]
+
+        AtStringStart(Word(nums)).parse_string("    123")
+        # raises ParseException
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str]):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        self.callPreparse = False
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if loc != 0:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, "not found at string start")
+        return super().parseImpl(instring, loc, doActions)
+
+
+class AtLineStart(ParseElementEnhance):
+    r"""Matches if an expression matches at the beginning of a line within
+    the parse string
+
+    Example::
+
+        test = '''\
+        AAA this line
+        AAA and this line
+          AAA but not this one
+        B AAA and definitely not this one
+        '''
+
+        for t in (AtLineStart('AAA') + rest_of_line).search_string(test):
+            print(t)
+
+    prints::
+
+        ['AAA', ' this line']
+        ['AAA', ' and this line']
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str]):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        self.callPreparse = False
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if col(loc, instring) != 1:
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, "not found at line start")
+        return super().parseImpl(instring, loc, doActions)
+
+
+class FollowedBy(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Lookahead matching of the given parse expression.
+    ``FollowedBy`` does *not* advance the parsing position within
+    the input string, it only verifies that the specified parse
+    expression matches at the current position.  ``FollowedBy``
+    always returns a null token list. If any results names are defined
+    in the lookahead expression, those *will* be returned for access by
+    name.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # use FollowedBy to match a label only if it is followed by a ':'
+        data_word = Word(alphas)
+        label = data_word + FollowedBy(':')
+        attr_expr = Group(label + Suppress(':') + OneOrMore(data_word, stop_on=label).set_parse_action(' '.join))
+
+        attr_expr[1, ...].parse_string("shape: SQUARE color: BLACK posn: upper left").pprint()
+
+    prints::
+
+        [['shape', 'SQUARE'], ['color', 'BLACK'], ['posn', 'upper left']]
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str]):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        # by using self._expr.parse and deleting the contents of the returned ParseResults list
+        # we keep any named results that were defined in the FollowedBy expression
+        _, ret = self.expr._parse(instring, loc, doActions=doActions)
+        del ret[:]
+
+        return loc, ret
+
+
+class PrecededBy(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """Lookbehind matching of the given parse expression.
+    ``PrecededBy`` does not advance the parsing position within the
+    input string, it only verifies that the specified parse expression
+    matches prior to the current position.  ``PrecededBy`` always
+    returns a null token list, but if a results name is defined on the
+    given expression, it is returned.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``expr`` - expression that must match prior to the current parse
+      location
+    - ``retreat`` - (default= ``None``) - (int) maximum number of characters
+      to lookbehind prior to the current parse location
+
+    If the lookbehind expression is a string, :class:`Literal`,
+    :class:`Keyword`, or a :class:`Word` or :class:`CharsNotIn`
+    with a specified exact or maximum length, then the retreat
+    parameter is not required. Otherwise, retreat must be specified to
+    give a maximum number of characters to look back from
+    the current parse position for a lookbehind match.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # VB-style variable names with type prefixes
+        int_var = PrecededBy("#") + pyparsing_common.identifier
+        str_var = PrecededBy("$") + pyparsing_common.identifier
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str], retreat: typing.Optional[int] = None
+    ):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        self.expr = self.expr().leave_whitespace()
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.exact = False
+        if isinstance(expr, str_type):
+            expr = typing.cast(str, expr)
+            retreat = len(expr)
+            self.exact = True
+        elif isinstance(expr, (Literal, Keyword)):
+            retreat = expr.matchLen
+            self.exact = True
+        elif isinstance(expr, (Word, CharsNotIn)) and expr.maxLen != _MAX_INT:
+            retreat = expr.maxLen
+            self.exact = True
+        elif isinstance(expr, PositionToken):
+            retreat = 0
+            self.exact = True
+        self.retreat = retreat
+        self.errmsg = "not preceded by " + str(expr)
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        self.parseAction.append(lambda s, l, t: t.__delitem__(slice(None, None)))
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc=0, doActions=True):
+        if self.exact:
+            if loc < self.retreat:
+                raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg)
+            start = loc - self.retreat
+            _, ret = self.expr._parse(instring, start)
+        else:
+            # retreat specified a maximum lookbehind window, iterate
+            test_expr = self.expr + StringEnd()
+            instring_slice = instring[max(0, loc - self.retreat) : loc]
+            last_expr = ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg)
+            for offset in range(1, min(loc, self.retreat + 1) + 1):
+                try:
+                    # print('trying', offset, instring_slice, repr(instring_slice[loc - offset:]))
+                    _, ret = test_expr._parse(
+                        instring_slice, len(instring_slice) - offset
+                    )
+                except ParseBaseException as pbe:
+                    last_expr = pbe
+                else:
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise last_expr
+        return loc, ret
+
+
+class Located(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """
+    Decorates a returned token with its starting and ending
+    locations in the input string.
+
+    This helper adds the following results names:
+
+    - ``locn_start`` - location where matched expression begins
+    - ``locn_end`` - location where matched expression ends
+    - ``value`` - the actual parsed results
+
+    Be careful if the input text contains ``<TAB>`` characters, you
+    may want to call :class:`ParserElement.parse_with_tabs`
+
+    Example::
+
+        wd = Word(alphas)
+        for match in Located(wd).search_string("ljsdf123lksdjjf123lkkjj1222"):
+            print(match)
+
+    prints::
+
+        [0, ['ljsdf'], 5]
+        [8, ['lksdjjf'], 15]
+        [18, ['lkkjj'], 23]
+
+    """
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        start = loc
+        loc, tokens = self.expr._parse(instring, start, doActions, callPreParse=False)
+        ret_tokens = ParseResults([start, tokens, loc])
+        ret_tokens["locn_start"] = start
+        ret_tokens["value"] = tokens
+        ret_tokens["locn_end"] = loc
+        if self.resultsName:
+            # must return as a list, so that the name will be attached to the complete group
+            return loc, [ret_tokens]
+        else:
+            return loc, ret_tokens
+
+
+class NotAny(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """
+    Lookahead to disallow matching with the given parse expression.
+    ``NotAny`` does *not* advance the parsing position within the
+    input string, it only verifies that the specified parse expression
+    does *not* match at the current position.  Also, ``NotAny`` does
+    *not* skip over leading whitespace. ``NotAny`` always returns
+    a null token list.  May be constructed using the ``'~'`` operator.
+
+    Example::
+
+        AND, OR, NOT = map(CaselessKeyword, "AND OR NOT".split())
+
+        # take care not to mistake keywords for identifiers
+        ident = ~(AND | OR | NOT) + Word(alphas)
+        boolean_term = Opt(NOT) + ident
+
+        # very crude boolean expression - to support parenthesis groups and
+        # operation hierarchy, use infix_notation
+        boolean_expr = boolean_term + ((AND | OR) + boolean_term)[...]
+
+        # integers that are followed by "." are actually floats
+        integer = Word(nums) + ~Char(".")
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str]):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        # do NOT use self.leave_whitespace(), don't want to propagate to exprs
+        # self.leave_whitespace()
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.errmsg = "Found unwanted token, " + str(self.expr)
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if self.expr.can_parse_next(instring, loc, do_actions=doActions):
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+        return loc, []
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "~{" + str(self.expr) + "}"
+
+
+class _MultipleMatch(ParseElementEnhance):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expr: Union[str, ParserElement],
+        stop_on: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None,
+        *,
+        stopOn: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        stopOn = stopOn or stop_on
+        self.saveAsList = True
+        ender = stopOn
+        if isinstance(ender, str_type):
+            ender = self._literalStringClass(ender)
+        self.stopOn(ender)
+
+    def stopOn(self, ender) -> ParserElement:
+        if isinstance(ender, str_type):
+            ender = self._literalStringClass(ender)
+        self.not_ender = ~ender if ender is not None else None
+        return self
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        self_expr_parse = self.expr._parse
+        self_skip_ignorables = self._skipIgnorables
+        check_ender = self.not_ender is not None
+        if check_ender:
+            try_not_ender = self.not_ender.try_parse
+
+        # must be at least one (but first see if we are the stopOn sentinel;
+        # if so, fail)
+        if check_ender:
+            try_not_ender(instring, loc)
+        loc, tokens = self_expr_parse(instring, loc, doActions)
+        try:
+            hasIgnoreExprs = not not self.ignoreExprs
+            while 1:
+                if check_ender:
+                    try_not_ender(instring, loc)
+                if hasIgnoreExprs:
+                    preloc = self_skip_ignorables(instring, loc)
+                else:
+                    preloc = loc
+                loc, tmptokens = self_expr_parse(instring, preloc, doActions)
+                tokens += tmptokens
+        except (ParseException, IndexError):
+            pass
+
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def _setResultsName(self, name, listAllMatches=False):
+        if (
+            __diag__.warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection
+            and Diagnostics.warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection
+            not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            for e in [self.expr] + self.expr.recurse():
+                if (
+                    isinstance(e, ParserElement)
+                    and e.resultsName
+                    and Diagnostics.warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection
+                    not in e.suppress_warnings_
+                ):
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        "{}: setting results name {!r} on {} expression "
+                        "collides with {!r} on contained expression".format(
+                            "warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection",
+                            name,
+                            type(self).__name__,
+                            e.resultsName,
+                        ),
+                        stacklevel=3,
+                    )
+
+        return super()._setResultsName(name, listAllMatches)
+
+
+class OneOrMore(_MultipleMatch):
+    """
+    Repetition of one or more of the given expression.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``expr`` - expression that must match one or more times
+    - ``stop_on`` - (default= ``None``) - expression for a terminating sentinel
+      (only required if the sentinel would ordinarily match the repetition
+      expression)
+
+    Example::
+
+        data_word = Word(alphas)
+        label = data_word + FollowedBy(':')
+        attr_expr = Group(label + Suppress(':') + OneOrMore(data_word).set_parse_action(' '.join))
+
+        text = "shape: SQUARE posn: upper left color: BLACK"
+        attr_expr[1, ...].parse_string(text).pprint()  # Fail! read 'color' as data instead of next label -> [['shape', 'SQUARE color']]
+
+        # use stop_on attribute for OneOrMore to avoid reading label string as part of the data
+        attr_expr = Group(label + Suppress(':') + OneOrMore(data_word, stop_on=label).set_parse_action(' '.join))
+        OneOrMore(attr_expr).parse_string(text).pprint() # Better -> [['shape', 'SQUARE'], ['posn', 'upper left'], ['color', 'BLACK']]
+
+        # could also be written as
+        (attr_expr * (1,)).parse_string(text).pprint()
+    """
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "{" + str(self.expr) + "}..."
+
+
+class ZeroOrMore(_MultipleMatch):
+    """
+    Optional repetition of zero or more of the given expression.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``expr`` - expression that must match zero or more times
+    - ``stop_on`` - expression for a terminating sentinel
+      (only required if the sentinel would ordinarily match the repetition
+      expression) - (default= ``None``)
+
+    Example: similar to :class:`OneOrMore`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expr: Union[str, ParserElement],
+        stop_on: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None,
+        *,
+        stopOn: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(expr, stopOn=stopOn or stop_on)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        try:
+            return super().parseImpl(instring, loc, doActions)
+        except (ParseException, IndexError):
+            return loc, ParseResults([], name=self.resultsName)
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "[" + str(self.expr) + "]..."
+
+
+class DelimitedList(ParseElementEnhance):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expr: Union[str, ParserElement],
+        delim: Union[str, ParserElement] = ",",
+        combine: bool = False,
+        min: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+        max: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+        *,
+        allow_trailing_delim: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Helper to define a delimited list of expressions - the delimiter
+        defaults to ','. By default, the list elements and delimiters can
+        have intervening whitespace, and comments, but this can be
+        overridden by passing ``combine=True`` in the constructor. If
+        ``combine`` is set to ``True``, the matching tokens are
+        returned as a single token string, with the delimiters included;
+        otherwise, the matching tokens are returned as a list of tokens,
+        with the delimiters suppressed.
+
+        If ``allow_trailing_delim`` is set to True, then the list may end with
+        a delimiter.
+
+        Example::
+
+            DelimitedList(Word(alphas)).parse_string("aa,bb,cc") # -> ['aa', 'bb', 'cc']
+            DelimitedList(Word(hexnums), delim=':', combine=True).parse_string("AA:BB:CC:DD:EE") # -> ['AA:BB:CC:DD:EE']
+        """
+        if isinstance(expr, str_type):
+            expr = ParserElement._literalStringClass(expr)
+        expr = typing.cast(ParserElement, expr)
+
+        if min is not None:
+            if min < 1:
+                raise ValueError("min must be greater than 0")
+        if max is not None:
+            if min is not None and max < min:
+                raise ValueError("max must be greater than, or equal to min")
+
+        self.content = expr
+        self.raw_delim = str(delim)
+        self.delim = delim
+        self.combine = combine
+        if not combine:
+            self.delim = Suppress(delim)
+        self.min = min or 1
+        self.max = max
+        self.allow_trailing_delim = allow_trailing_delim
+
+        delim_list_expr = self.content + (self.delim + self.content) * (
+            self.min - 1,
+            None if self.max is None else self.max - 1,
+        )
+        if self.allow_trailing_delim:
+            delim_list_expr += Opt(self.delim)
+
+        if self.combine:
+            delim_list_expr = Combine(delim_list_expr)
+
+        super().__init__(delim_list_expr, savelist=True)
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        return "{0} [{1} {0}]...".format(self.content.streamline(), self.raw_delim)
+
+
+class _NullToken:
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return False
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return ""
+
+
+class Opt(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """
+    Optional matching of the given expression.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``expr`` - expression that must match zero or more times
+    - ``default`` (optional) - value to be returned if the optional expression is not found.
+
+    Example::
+
+        # US postal code can be a 5-digit zip, plus optional 4-digit qualifier
+        zip = Combine(Word(nums, exact=5) + Opt('-' + Word(nums, exact=4)))
+        zip.run_tests('''
+            # traditional ZIP code
+            12345
+
+            # ZIP+4 form
+            12101-0001
+
+            # invalid ZIP
+            98765-
+            ''')
+
+    prints::
+
+        # traditional ZIP code
+        12345
+        ['12345']
+
+        # ZIP+4 form
+        12101-0001
+        ['12101-0001']
+
+        # invalid ZIP
+        98765-
+             ^
+        FAIL: Expected end of text (at char 5), (line:1, col:6)
+    """
+
+    __optionalNotMatched = _NullToken()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str], default: Any = __optionalNotMatched
+    ):
+        super().__init__(expr, savelist=False)
+        self.saveAsList = self.expr.saveAsList
+        self.defaultValue = default
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        self_expr = self.expr
+        try:
+            loc, tokens = self_expr._parse(instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False)
+        except (ParseException, IndexError):
+            default_value = self.defaultValue
+            if default_value is not self.__optionalNotMatched:
+                if self_expr.resultsName:
+                    tokens = ParseResults([default_value])
+                    tokens[self_expr.resultsName] = default_value
+                else:
+                    tokens = [default_value]
+            else:
+                tokens = []
+        return loc, tokens
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        inner = str(self.expr)
+        # strip off redundant inner {}'s
+        while len(inner) > 1 and inner[0 :: len(inner) - 1] == "{}":
+            inner = inner[1:-1]
+        return "[" + inner + "]"
+
+
+Optional = Opt
+
+
+class SkipTo(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """
+    Token for skipping over all undefined text until the matched
+    expression is found.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``expr`` - target expression marking the end of the data to be skipped
+    - ``include`` - if ``True``, the target expression is also parsed
+      (the skipped text and target expression are returned as a 2-element
+      list) (default= ``False``).
+    - ``ignore`` - (default= ``None``) used to define grammars (typically quoted strings and
+      comments) that might contain false matches to the target expression
+    - ``fail_on`` - (default= ``None``) define expressions that are not allowed to be
+      included in the skipped test; if found before the target expression is found,
+      the :class:`SkipTo` is not a match
+
+    Example::
+
+        report = '''
+            Outstanding Issues Report - 1 Jan 2000
+
+               # | Severity | Description                               |  Days Open
+            -----+----------+-------------------------------------------+-----------
+             101 | Critical | Intermittent system crash                 |          6
+              94 | Cosmetic | Spelling error on Login ('log|n')         |         14
+              79 | Minor    | System slow when running too many reports |         47
+            '''
+        integer = Word(nums)
+        SEP = Suppress('|')
+        # use SkipTo to simply match everything up until the next SEP
+        # - ignore quoted strings, so that a '|' character inside a quoted string does not match
+        # - parse action will call token.strip() for each matched token, i.e., the description body
+        string_data = SkipTo(SEP, ignore=quoted_string)
+        string_data.set_parse_action(token_map(str.strip))
+        ticket_expr = (integer("issue_num") + SEP
+                      + string_data("sev") + SEP
+                      + string_data("desc") + SEP
+                      + integer("days_open"))
+
+        for tkt in ticket_expr.search_string(report):
+            print tkt.dump()
+
+    prints::
+
+        ['101', 'Critical', 'Intermittent system crash', '6']
+        - days_open: '6'
+        - desc: 'Intermittent system crash'
+        - issue_num: '101'
+        - sev: 'Critical'
+        ['94', 'Cosmetic', "Spelling error on Login ('log|n')", '14']
+        - days_open: '14'
+        - desc: "Spelling error on Login ('log|n')"
+        - issue_num: '94'
+        - sev: 'Cosmetic'
+        ['79', 'Minor', 'System slow when running too many reports', '47']
+        - days_open: '47'
+        - desc: 'System slow when running too many reports'
+        - issue_num: '79'
+        - sev: 'Minor'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        other: Union[ParserElement, str],
+        include: bool = False,
+        ignore: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None,
+        fail_on: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None,
+        *,
+        failOn: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(other)
+        failOn = failOn or fail_on
+        if ignore is not None:
+            self.ignore(ignore)
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = True
+        self.mayIndexError = False
+        self.includeMatch = include
+        self.saveAsList = False
+        if isinstance(failOn, str_type):
+            self.failOn = self._literalStringClass(failOn)
+        else:
+            self.failOn = failOn
+        self.errmsg = "No match found for " + str(self.expr)
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        startloc = loc
+        instrlen = len(instring)
+        self_expr_parse = self.expr._parse
+        self_failOn_canParseNext = (
+            self.failOn.canParseNext if self.failOn is not None else None
+        )
+        self_preParse = self.preParse if self.callPreparse else None
+
+        tmploc = loc
+        while tmploc <= instrlen:
+            if self_failOn_canParseNext is not None:
+                # break if failOn expression matches
+                if self_failOn_canParseNext(instring, tmploc):
+                    break
+
+            if self_preParse is not None:
+                # skip grammar-ignored expressions
+                tmploc = self_preParse(instring, tmploc)
+
+            try:
+                self_expr_parse(instring, tmploc, doActions=False, callPreParse=False)
+            except (ParseException, IndexError):
+                # no match, advance loc in string
+                tmploc += 1
+            else:
+                # matched skipto expr, done
+                break
+
+        else:
+            # ran off the end of the input string without matching skipto expr, fail
+            raise ParseException(instring, loc, self.errmsg, self)
+
+        # build up return values
+        loc = tmploc
+        skiptext = instring[startloc:loc]
+        skipresult = ParseResults(skiptext)
+
+        if self.includeMatch:
+            loc, mat = self_expr_parse(instring, loc, doActions, callPreParse=False)
+            skipresult += mat
+
+        return loc, skipresult
+
+
+class Forward(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """
+    Forward declaration of an expression to be defined later -
+    used for recursive grammars, such as algebraic infix notation.
+    When the expression is known, it is assigned to the ``Forward``
+    variable using the ``'<<'`` operator.
+
+    Note: take care when assigning to ``Forward`` not to overlook
+    precedence of operators.
+
+    Specifically, ``'|'`` has a lower precedence than ``'<<'``, so that::
+
+        fwd_expr << a | b | c
+
+    will actually be evaluated as::
+
+        (fwd_expr << a) | b | c
+
+    thereby leaving b and c out as parseable alternatives.  It is recommended that you
+    explicitly group the values inserted into the ``Forward``::
+
+        fwd_expr << (a | b | c)
+
+    Converting to use the ``'<<='`` operator instead will avoid this problem.
+
+    See :class:`ParseResults.pprint` for an example of a recursive
+    parser created using ``Forward``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, other: typing.Optional[Union[ParserElement, str]] = None):
+        self.caller_frame = traceback.extract_stack(limit=2)[0]
+        super().__init__(other, savelist=False)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.lshift_line = None
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other) -> "Forward":
+        if hasattr(self, "caller_frame"):
+            del self.caller_frame
+        if isinstance(other, str_type):
+            other = self._literalStringClass(other)
+
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        self.expr = other
+        self.streamlined = other.streamlined
+        self.mayIndexError = self.expr.mayIndexError
+        self.mayReturnEmpty = self.expr.mayReturnEmpty
+        self.set_whitespace_chars(
+            self.expr.whiteChars, copy_defaults=self.expr.copyDefaultWhiteChars
+        )
+        self.skipWhitespace = self.expr.skipWhitespace
+        self.saveAsList = self.expr.saveAsList
+        self.ignoreExprs.extend(self.expr.ignoreExprs)
+        self.lshift_line = traceback.extract_stack(limit=2)[-2]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        return self
+
+    def __ilshift__(self, other) -> "Forward":
+        if not isinstance(other, ParserElement):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        return self << other
+
+    def __or__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        caller_line = traceback.extract_stack(limit=2)[-2]
+        if (
+            __diag__.warn_on_match_first_with_lshift_operator
+            and caller_line == self.lshift_line
+            and Diagnostics.warn_on_match_first_with_lshift_operator
+            not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "using '<<' operator with '|' is probably an error, use '<<='",
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        ret = super().__or__(other)
+        return ret
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        # see if we are getting dropped because of '=' reassignment of var instead of '<<=' or '<<'
+        if (
+            self.expr is None
+            and __diag__.warn_on_assignment_to_Forward
+            and Diagnostics.warn_on_assignment_to_Forward not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            warnings.warn_explicit(
+                "Forward defined here but no expression attached later using '<<=' or '<<'",
+                UserWarning,
+                filename=self.caller_frame.filename,
+                lineno=self.caller_frame.lineno,
+            )
+
+    def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+        if (
+            self.expr is None
+            and __diag__.warn_on_parse_using_empty_Forward
+            and Diagnostics.warn_on_parse_using_empty_Forward
+            not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            # walk stack until parse_string, scan_string, search_string, or transform_string is found
+            parse_fns = (
+                "parse_string",
+                "scan_string",
+                "search_string",
+                "transform_string",
+            )
+            tb = traceback.extract_stack(limit=200)
+            for i, frm in enumerate(reversed(tb), start=1):
+                if frm.name in parse_fns:
+                    stacklevel = i + 1
+                    break
+            else:
+                stacklevel = 2
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Forward expression was never assigned a value, will not parse any input",
+                stacklevel=stacklevel,
+            )
+        if not ParserElement._left_recursion_enabled:
+            return super().parseImpl(instring, loc, doActions)
+        # ## Bounded Recursion algorithm ##
+        # Recursion only needs to be processed at ``Forward`` elements, since they are
+        # the only ones that can actually refer to themselves. The general idea is
+        # to handle recursion stepwise: We start at no recursion, then recurse once,
+        # recurse twice, ..., until more recursion offers no benefit (we hit the bound).
+        #
+        # The "trick" here is that each ``Forward`` gets evaluated in two contexts
+        # - to *match* a specific recursion level, and
+        # - to *search* the bounded recursion level
+        # and the two run concurrently. The *search* must *match* each recursion level
+        # to find the best possible match. This is handled by a memo table, which
+        # provides the previous match to the next level match attempt.
+        #
+        # See also "Left Recursion in Parsing Expression Grammars", Medeiros et al.
+        #
+        # There is a complication since we not only *parse* but also *transform* via
+        # actions: We do not want to run the actions too often while expanding. Thus,
+        # we expand using `doActions=False` and only run `doActions=True` if the next
+        # recursion level is acceptable.
+        with ParserElement.recursion_lock:
+            memo = ParserElement.recursion_memos
+            try:
+                # we are parsing at a specific recursion expansion - use it as-is
+                prev_loc, prev_result = memo[loc, self, doActions]
+                if isinstance(prev_result, Exception):
+                    raise prev_result
+                return prev_loc, prev_result.copy()
+            except KeyError:
+                act_key = (loc, self, True)
+                peek_key = (loc, self, False)
+                # we are searching for the best recursion expansion - keep on improving
+                # both `doActions` cases must be tracked separately here!
+                prev_loc, prev_peek = memo[peek_key] = (
+                    loc - 1,
+                    ParseException(
+                        instring, loc, "Forward recursion without base case", self
+                    ),
+                )
+                if doActions:
+                    memo[act_key] = memo[peek_key]
+                while True:
+                    try:
+                        new_loc, new_peek = super().parseImpl(instring, loc, False)
+                    except ParseException:
+                        # we failed before getting any match – do not hide the error
+                        if isinstance(prev_peek, Exception):
+                            raise
+                        new_loc, new_peek = prev_loc, prev_peek
+                    # the match did not get better: we are done
+                    if new_loc <= prev_loc:
+                        if doActions:
+                            # replace the match for doActions=False as well,
+                            # in case the action did backtrack
+                            prev_loc, prev_result = memo[peek_key] = memo[act_key]
+                            del memo[peek_key], memo[act_key]
+                            return prev_loc, prev_result.copy()
+                        del memo[peek_key]
+                        return prev_loc, prev_peek.copy()
+                    # the match did get better: see if we can improve further
+                    else:
+                        if doActions:
+                            try:
+                                memo[act_key] = super().parseImpl(instring, loc, True)
+                            except ParseException as e:
+                                memo[peek_key] = memo[act_key] = (new_loc, e)
+                                raise
+                        prev_loc, prev_peek = memo[peek_key] = new_loc, new_peek
+
+    def leave_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> ParserElement:
+        self.skipWhitespace = False
+        return self
+
+    def ignore_whitespace(self, recursive: bool = True) -> ParserElement:
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        return self
+
+    def streamline(self) -> ParserElement:
+        if not self.streamlined:
+            self.streamlined = True
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.streamline()
+        return self
+
+    def validate(self, validateTrace=None) -> None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "ParserElement.validate() is deprecated, and should not be used to check for left recursion",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        if validateTrace is None:
+            validateTrace = []
+
+        if self not in validateTrace:
+            tmp = validateTrace[:] + [self]
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                self.expr.validate(tmp)
+        self._checkRecursion([])
+
+    def _generateDefaultName(self) -> str:
+        # Avoid infinite recursion by setting a temporary _defaultName
+        self._defaultName = ": ..."
+
+        # Use the string representation of main expression.
+        retString = "..."
+        try:
+            if self.expr is not None:
+                retString = str(self.expr)[:1000]
+            else:
+                retString = "None"
+        finally:
+            return self.__class__.__name__ + ": " + retString
+
+    def copy(self) -> ParserElement:
+        if self.expr is not None:
+            return super().copy()
+        else:
+            ret = Forward()
+            ret <<= self
+            return ret
+
+    def _setResultsName(self, name, list_all_matches=False):
+        if (
+            __diag__.warn_name_set_on_empty_Forward
+            and Diagnostics.warn_name_set_on_empty_Forward
+            not in self.suppress_warnings_
+        ):
+            if self.expr is None:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "{}: setting results name {!r} on {} expression "
+                    "that has no contained expression".format(
+                        "warn_name_set_on_empty_Forward", name, type(self).__name__
+                    ),
+                    stacklevel=3,
+                )
+
+        return super()._setResultsName(name, list_all_matches)
+
+    # Compatibility synonyms
+    # fmt: off
+    @replaced_by_pep8(leave_whitespace)
+    def leaveWhitespace(self): ...
+
+    @replaced_by_pep8(ignore_whitespace)
+    def ignoreWhitespace(self): ...
+    # fmt: on
+
+
+class TokenConverter(ParseElementEnhance):
+    """
+    Abstract subclass of :class:`ParseExpression`, for converting parsed results.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str], savelist=False):
+        super().__init__(expr)  # , savelist)
+        self.saveAsList = False
+
+
+class Combine(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to concatenate all matching tokens to a single string.
+    By default, the matching patterns must also be contiguous in the
+    input string; this can be disabled by specifying
+    ``'adjacent=False'`` in the constructor.
+
+    Example::
+
+        real = Word(nums) + '.' + Word(nums)
+        print(real.parse_string('3.1416')) # -> ['3', '.', '1416']
+        # will also erroneously match the following
+        print(real.parse_string('3. 1416')) # -> ['3', '.', '1416']
+
+        real = Combine(Word(nums) + '.' + Word(nums))
+        print(real.parse_string('3.1416')) # -> ['3.1416']
+        # no match when there are internal spaces
+        print(real.parse_string('3. 1416')) # -> Exception: Expected W:(0123...)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expr: ParserElement,
+        join_string: str = "",
+        adjacent: bool = True,
+        *,
+        joinString: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        joinString = joinString if joinString is not None else join_string
+        # suppress whitespace-stripping in contained parse expressions, but re-enable it on the Combine itself
+        if adjacent:
+            self.leave_whitespace()
+        self.adjacent = adjacent
+        self.skipWhitespace = True
+        self.joinString = joinString
+        self.callPreparse = True
+
+    def ignore(self, other) -> ParserElement:
+        if self.adjacent:
+            ParserElement.ignore(self, other)
+        else:
+            super().ignore(other)
+        return self
+
+    def postParse(self, instring, loc, tokenlist):
+        retToks = tokenlist.copy()
+        del retToks[:]
+        retToks += ParseResults(
+            ["".join(tokenlist._asStringList(self.joinString))], modal=self.modalResults
+        )
+
+        if self.resultsName and retToks.haskeys():
+            return [retToks]
+        else:
+            return retToks
+
+
+class Group(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to return the matched tokens as a list - useful for
+    returning tokens of :class:`ZeroOrMore` and :class:`OneOrMore` expressions.
+
+    The optional ``aslist`` argument when set to True will return the
+    parsed tokens as a Python list instead of a pyparsing ParseResults.
+
+    Example::
+
+        ident = Word(alphas)
+        num = Word(nums)
+        term = ident | num
+        func = ident + Opt(DelimitedList(term))
+        print(func.parse_string("fn a, b, 100"))
+        # -> ['fn', 'a', 'b', '100']
+
+        func = ident + Group(Opt(DelimitedList(term)))
+        print(func.parse_string("fn a, b, 100"))
+        # -> ['fn', ['a', 'b', '100']]
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: ParserElement, aslist: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        self.saveAsList = True
+        self._asPythonList = aslist
+
+    def postParse(self, instring, loc, tokenlist):
+        if self._asPythonList:
+            return ParseResults.List(
+                tokenlist.asList()
+                if isinstance(tokenlist, ParseResults)
+                else list(tokenlist)
+            )
+        else:
+            return [tokenlist]
+
+
+class Dict(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter to return a repetitive expression as a list, but also
+    as a dictionary. Each element can also be referenced using the first
+    token in the expression as its key. Useful for tabular report
+    scraping when the first column can be used as a item key.
+
+    The optional ``asdict`` argument when set to True will return the
+    parsed tokens as a Python dict instead of a pyparsing ParseResults.
+
+    Example::
+
+        data_word = Word(alphas)
+        label = data_word + FollowedBy(':')
+
+        text = "shape: SQUARE posn: upper left color: light blue texture: burlap"
+        attr_expr = (label + Suppress(':') + OneOrMore(data_word, stop_on=label).set_parse_action(' '.join))
+
+        # print attributes as plain groups
+        print(attr_expr[1, ...].parse_string(text).dump())
+
+        # instead of OneOrMore(expr), parse using Dict(Group(expr)[1, ...]) - Dict will auto-assign names
+        result = Dict(Group(attr_expr)[1, ...]).parse_string(text)
+        print(result.dump())
+
+        # access named fields as dict entries, or output as dict
+        print(result['shape'])
+        print(result.as_dict())
+
+    prints::
+
+        ['shape', 'SQUARE', 'posn', 'upper left', 'color', 'light blue', 'texture', 'burlap']
+        [['shape', 'SQUARE'], ['posn', 'upper left'], ['color', 'light blue'], ['texture', 'burlap']]
+        - color: 'light blue'
+        - posn: 'upper left'
+        - shape: 'SQUARE'
+        - texture: 'burlap'
+        SQUARE
+        {'color': 'light blue', 'posn': 'upper left', 'texture': 'burlap', 'shape': 'SQUARE'}
+
+    See more examples at :class:`ParseResults` of accessing fields by results name.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: ParserElement, asdict: bool = False):
+        super().__init__(expr)
+        self.saveAsList = True
+        self._asPythonDict = asdict
+
+    def postParse(self, instring, loc, tokenlist):
+        for i, tok in enumerate(tokenlist):
+            if len(tok) == 0:
+                continue
+
+            ikey = tok[0]
+            if isinstance(ikey, int):
+                ikey = str(ikey).strip()
+
+            if len(tok) == 1:
+                tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset("", i)
+
+            elif len(tok) == 2 and not isinstance(tok[1], ParseResults):
+                tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(tok[1], i)
+
+            else:
+                try:
+                    dictvalue = tok.copy()  # ParseResults(i)
+                except Exception:
+                    exc = TypeError(
+                        "could not extract dict values from parsed results"
+                        " - Dict expression must contain Grouped expressions"
+                    )
+                    raise exc from None
+
+                del dictvalue[0]
+
+                if len(dictvalue) != 1 or (
+                    isinstance(dictvalue, ParseResults) and dictvalue.haskeys()
+                ):
+                    tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(dictvalue, i)
+                else:
+                    tokenlist[ikey] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(dictvalue[0], i)
+
+        if self._asPythonDict:
+            return [tokenlist.as_dict()] if self.resultsName else tokenlist.as_dict()
+        else:
+            return [tokenlist] if self.resultsName else tokenlist
+
+
+class Suppress(TokenConverter):
+    """Converter for ignoring the results of a parsed expression.
+
+    Example::
+
+        source = "a, b, c,d"
+        wd = Word(alphas)
+        wd_list1 = wd + (',' + wd)[...]
+        print(wd_list1.parse_string(source))
+
+        # often, delimiters that are useful during parsing are just in the
+        # way afterward - use Suppress to keep them out of the parsed output
+        wd_list2 = wd + (Suppress(',') + wd)[...]
+        print(wd_list2.parse_string(source))
+
+        # Skipped text (using '...') can be suppressed as well
+        source = "lead in START relevant text END trailing text"
+        start_marker = Keyword("START")
+        end_marker = Keyword("END")
+        find_body = Suppress(...) + start_marker + ... + end_marker
+        print(find_body.parse_string(source)
+
+    prints::
+
+        ['a', ',', 'b', ',', 'c', ',', 'd']
+        ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+        ['START', 'relevant text ', 'END']
+
+    (See also :class:`DelimitedList`.)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: Union[ParserElement, str], savelist: bool = False):
+        if expr is ...:
+            expr = _PendingSkip(NoMatch())
+        super().__init__(expr)
+
+    def __add__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        if isinstance(self.expr, _PendingSkip):
+            return Suppress(SkipTo(other)) + other
+        else:
+            return super().__add__(other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other) -> "ParserElement":
+        if isinstance(self.expr, _PendingSkip):
+            return Suppress(SkipTo(other)) - other
+        else:
+            return super().__sub__(other)
+
+    def postParse(self, instring, loc, tokenlist):
+        return []
+
+    def suppress(self) -> ParserElement:
+        return self
+
+
+def trace_parse_action(f: ParseAction) -> ParseAction:
+    """Decorator for debugging parse actions.
+
+    When the parse action is called, this decorator will print
+    ``">> entering method-name(line:<current_source_line>, <parse_location>, <matched_tokens>)"``.
+    When the parse action completes, the decorator will print
+    ``"<<"`` followed by the returned value, or any exception that the parse action raised.
+
+    Example::
+
+        wd = Word(alphas)
+
+        @trace_parse_action
+        def remove_duplicate_chars(tokens):
+            return ''.join(sorted(set(''.join(tokens))))
+
+        wds = wd[1, ...].set_parse_action(remove_duplicate_chars)
+        print(wds.parse_string("slkdjs sld sldd sdlf sdljf"))
+
+    prints::
+
+        >>entering remove_duplicate_chars(line: 'slkdjs sld sldd sdlf sdljf', 0, (['slkdjs', 'sld', 'sldd', 'sdlf', 'sdljf'], {}))
+        <<leaving remove_duplicate_chars (ret: 'dfjkls')
+        ['dfjkls']
+    """
+    f = _trim_arity(f)
+
+    def z(*paArgs):
+        thisFunc = f.__name__
+        s, l, t = paArgs[-3:]
+        if len(paArgs) > 3:
+            thisFunc = paArgs[0].__class__.__name__ + "." + thisFunc
+        sys.stderr.write(f">>entering {thisFunc}(line: {line(l, s)!r}, {l}, {t!r})\n")
+        try:
+            ret = f(*paArgs)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            sys.stderr.write(f"<<leaving {thisFunc} (exception: {exc})\n")
+            raise
+        sys.stderr.write(f"<<leaving {thisFunc} (ret: {ret!r})\n")
+        return ret
+
+    z.__name__ = f.__name__
+    return z
+
+
+# convenience constants for positional expressions
+empty = Empty().set_name("empty")
+line_start = LineStart().set_name("line_start")
+line_end = LineEnd().set_name("line_end")
+string_start = StringStart().set_name("string_start")
+string_end = StringEnd().set_name("string_end")
+
+_escapedPunc = Regex(r"\\[\\[\]\/\-\*\.\$\+\^\?()~ ]").set_parse_action(
+    lambda s, l, t: t[0][1]
+)
+_escapedHexChar = Regex(r"\\0?[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+").set_parse_action(
+    lambda s, l, t: chr(int(t[0].lstrip(r"\0x"), 16))
+)
+_escapedOctChar = Regex(r"\\0[0-7]+").set_parse_action(
+    lambda s, l, t: chr(int(t[0][1:], 8))
+)
+_singleChar = (
+    _escapedPunc | _escapedHexChar | _escapedOctChar | CharsNotIn(r"\]", exact=1)
+)
+_charRange = Group(_singleChar + Suppress("-") + _singleChar)
+_reBracketExpr = (
+    Literal("[")
+    + Opt("^").set_results_name("negate")
+    + Group(OneOrMore(_charRange | _singleChar)).set_results_name("body")
+    + Literal("]")
+)
+
+
+def srange(s: str) -> str:
+    r"""Helper to easily define string ranges for use in :class:`Word`
+    construction. Borrows syntax from regexp ``'[]'`` string range
+    definitions::
+
+        srange("[0-9]")   -> "0123456789"
+        srange("[a-z]")   -> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+        srange("[a-z$_]") -> "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz$_"
+
+    The input string must be enclosed in []'s, and the returned string
+    is the expanded character set joined into a single string. The
+    values enclosed in the []'s may be:
+
+    - a single character
+    - an escaped character with a leading backslash (such as ``\-``
+      or ``\]``)
+    - an escaped hex character with a leading ``'\x'``
+      (``\x21``, which is a ``'!'`` character) (``\0x##``
+      is also supported for backwards compatibility)
+    - an escaped octal character with a leading ``'\0'``
+      (``\041``, which is a ``'!'`` character)
+    - a range of any of the above, separated by a dash (``'a-z'``,
+      etc.)
+    - any combination of the above (``'aeiouy'``,
+      ``'a-zA-Z0-9_$'``, etc.)
+    """
+    _expanded = (
+        lambda p: p
+        if not isinstance(p, ParseResults)
+        else "".join(chr(c) for c in range(ord(p[0]), ord(p[1]) + 1))
+    )
+    try:
+        return "".join(_expanded(part) for part in _reBracketExpr.parse_string(s).body)
+    except Exception as e:
+        return ""
+
+
+def token_map(func, *args) -> ParseAction:
+    """Helper to define a parse action by mapping a function to all
+    elements of a :class:`ParseResults` list. If any additional args are passed,
+    they are forwarded to the given function as additional arguments
+    after the token, as in
+    ``hex_integer = Word(hexnums).set_parse_action(token_map(int, 16))``,
+    which will convert the parsed data to an integer using base 16.
+
+    Example (compare the last to example in :class:`ParserElement.transform_string`::
+
+        hex_ints = Word(hexnums)[1, ...].set_parse_action(token_map(int, 16))
+        hex_ints.run_tests('''
+            00 11 22 aa FF 0a 0d 1a
+            ''')
+
+        upperword = Word(alphas).set_parse_action(token_map(str.upper))
+        upperword[1, ...].run_tests('''
+            my kingdom for a horse
+            ''')
+
+        wd = Word(alphas).set_parse_action(token_map(str.title))
+        wd[1, ...].set_parse_action(' '.join).run_tests('''
+            now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this sun of york
+            ''')
+
+    prints::
+
+        00 11 22 aa FF 0a 0d 1a
+        [0, 17, 34, 170, 255, 10, 13, 26]
+
+        my kingdom for a horse
+        ['MY', 'KINGDOM', 'FOR', 'A', 'HORSE']
+
+        now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this sun of york
+        ['Now Is The Winter Of Our Discontent Made Glorious Summer By This Sun Of York']
+    """
+
+    def pa(s, l, t):
+        return [func(tokn, *args) for tokn in t]
+
+    func_name = getattr(func, "__name__", getattr(func, "__class__").__name__)
+    pa.__name__ = func_name
+
+    return pa
+
+
+def autoname_elements() -> None:
+    """
+    Utility to simplify mass-naming of parser elements, for
+    generating railroad diagram with named subdiagrams.
+    """
+    calling_frame = sys._getframe().f_back
+    if calling_frame is None:
+        return
+    calling_frame = typing.cast(types.FrameType, calling_frame)
+    for name, var in calling_frame.f_locals.items():
+        if isinstance(var, ParserElement) and not var.customName:
+            var.set_name(name)
+
+
+dbl_quoted_string = Combine(
+    Regex(r'"(?:[^"\n\r\\]|(?:"")|(?:\\(?:[^x]|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)))*') + '"'
+).set_name("string enclosed in double quotes")
+
+sgl_quoted_string = Combine(
+    Regex(r"'(?:[^'\n\r\\]|(?:'')|(?:\\(?:[^x]|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)))*") + "'"
+).set_name("string enclosed in single quotes")
+
+quoted_string = Combine(
+    (Regex(r'"(?:[^"\n\r\\]|(?:"")|(?:\\(?:[^x]|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)))*') + '"').set_name(
+        "double quoted string"
+    )
+    | (Regex(r"'(?:[^'\n\r\\]|(?:'')|(?:\\(?:[^x]|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)))*") + "'").set_name(
+        "single quoted string"
+    )
+).set_name("quoted string using single or double quotes")
+
+python_quoted_string = Combine(
+    (Regex(r'"""(?:[^"\\]|""(?!")|"(?!"")|\\.)*', flags=re.MULTILINE) + '"""').set_name(
+        "multiline double quoted string"
+    )
+    ^ (
+        Regex(r"'''(?:[^'\\]|''(?!')|'(?!'')|\\.)*", flags=re.MULTILINE) + "'''"
+    ).set_name("multiline single quoted string")
+    ^ (Regex(r'"(?:[^"\n\r\\]|(?:\\")|(?:\\(?:[^x]|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)))*') + '"').set_name(
+        "double quoted string"
+    )
+    ^ (Regex(r"'(?:[^'\n\r\\]|(?:\\')|(?:\\(?:[^x]|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)))*") + "'").set_name(
+        "single quoted string"
+    )
+).set_name("Python quoted string")
+
+unicode_string = Combine("u" + quoted_string.copy()).set_name("unicode string literal")
+
+
+alphas8bit = srange(r"[\0xc0-\0xd6\0xd8-\0xf6\0xf8-\0xff]")
+punc8bit = srange(r"[\0xa1-\0xbf\0xd7\0xf7]")
+
+# build list of built-in expressions, for future reference if a global default value
+# gets updated
+_builtin_exprs: List[ParserElement] = [
+    v for v in vars().values() if isinstance(v, ParserElement)
+]
+
+# backward compatibility names
+# fmt: off
+sglQuotedString = sgl_quoted_string
+dblQuotedString = dbl_quoted_string
+quotedString = quoted_string
+unicodeString = unicode_string
+lineStart = line_start
+lineEnd = line_end
+stringStart = string_start
+stringEnd = string_end
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(null_debug_action)
+def nullDebugAction(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(trace_parse_action)
+def traceParseAction(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(condition_as_parse_action)
+def conditionAsParseAction(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(token_map)
+def tokenMap(): ...
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/diagram/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/diagram/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83f9018e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/diagram/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,656 @@
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+import railroad
+from pip._vendor import pyparsing
+import typing
+from typing import (
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Generic,
+    TypeVar,
+    Dict,
+    Callable,
+    Set,
+    Iterable,
+)
+from jinja2 import Template
+from io import StringIO
+import inspect
+
+
+jinja2_template_source = """\
+{% if not embed %}
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+{% endif %}
+    {% if not head %}
+        <style>
+            .railroad-heading {
+                font-family: monospace;
+            }
+        </style>
+    {% else %}
+        {{ head | safe }}
+    {% endif %}
+{% if not embed %}
+</head>
+<body>
+{% endif %}
+{{ body | safe }}
+{% for diagram in diagrams %}
+    <div class="railroad-group">
+        <h1 class="railroad-heading">{{ diagram.title }}</h1>
+        <div class="railroad-description">{{ diagram.text }}</div>
+        <div class="railroad-svg">
+            {{ diagram.svg }}
+        </div>
+    </div>
+{% endfor %}
+{% if not embed %}
+</body>
+</html>
+{% endif %}
+"""
+
+template = Template(jinja2_template_source)
+
+# Note: ideally this would be a dataclass, but we're supporting Python 3.5+ so we can't do this yet
+NamedDiagram = NamedTuple(
+    "NamedDiagram",
+    [("name", str), ("diagram", typing.Optional[railroad.DiagramItem]), ("index", int)],
+)
+"""
+A simple structure for associating a name with a railroad diagram
+"""
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class EachItem(railroad.Group):
+    """
+    Custom railroad item to compose a:
+    - Group containing a
+      - OneOrMore containing a
+        - Choice of the elements in the Each
+    with the group label indicating that all must be matched
+    """
+
+    all_label = "[ALL]"
+
+    def __init__(self, *items):
+        choice_item = railroad.Choice(len(items) - 1, *items)
+        one_or_more_item = railroad.OneOrMore(item=choice_item)
+        super().__init__(one_or_more_item, label=self.all_label)
+
+
+class AnnotatedItem(railroad.Group):
+    """
+    Simple subclass of Group that creates an annotation label
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, label: str, item):
+        super().__init__(item=item, label="[{}]".format(label) if label else label)
+
+
+class EditablePartial(Generic[T]):
+    """
+    Acts like a functools.partial, but can be edited. In other words, it represents a type that hasn't yet been
+    constructed.
+    """
+
+    # We need this here because the railroad constructors actually transform the data, so can't be called until the
+    # entire tree is assembled
+
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., T], args: list, kwargs: dict):
+        self.func = func
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_call(cls, func: Callable[..., T], *args, **kwargs) -> "EditablePartial[T]":
+        """
+        If you call this function in the same way that you would call the constructor, it will store the arguments
+        as you expect. For example EditablePartial.from_call(Fraction, 1, 3)() == Fraction(1, 3)
+        """
+        return EditablePartial(func=func, args=list(args), kwargs=kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self.kwargs["name"]
+
+    def __call__(self) -> T:
+        """
+        Evaluate the partial and return the result
+        """
+        args = self.args.copy()
+        kwargs = self.kwargs.copy()
+
+        # This is a helpful hack to allow you to specify varargs parameters (e.g. *args) as keyword args (e.g.
+        # args=['list', 'of', 'things'])
+        arg_spec = inspect.getfullargspec(self.func)
+        if arg_spec.varargs in self.kwargs:
+            args += kwargs.pop(arg_spec.varargs)
+
+        return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def railroad_to_html(diagrams: List[NamedDiagram], embed=False, **kwargs) -> str:
+    """
+    Given a list of NamedDiagram, produce a single HTML string that visualises those diagrams
+    :params kwargs: kwargs to be passed in to the template
+    """
+    data = []
+    for diagram in diagrams:
+        if diagram.diagram is None:
+            continue
+        io = StringIO()
+        try:
+            css = kwargs.get('css')
+            diagram.diagram.writeStandalone(io.write, css=css)
+        except AttributeError:
+            diagram.diagram.writeSvg(io.write)
+        title = diagram.name
+        if diagram.index == 0:
+            title += " (root)"
+        data.append({"title": title, "text": "", "svg": io.getvalue()})
+
+    return template.render(diagrams=data, embed=embed, **kwargs)
+
+
+def resolve_partial(partial: "EditablePartial[T]") -> T:
+    """
+    Recursively resolves a collection of Partials into whatever type they are
+    """
+    if isinstance(partial, EditablePartial):
+        partial.args = resolve_partial(partial.args)
+        partial.kwargs = resolve_partial(partial.kwargs)
+        return partial()
+    elif isinstance(partial, list):
+        return [resolve_partial(x) for x in partial]
+    elif isinstance(partial, dict):
+        return {key: resolve_partial(x) for key, x in partial.items()}
+    else:
+        return partial
+
+
+def to_railroad(
+    element: pyparsing.ParserElement,
+    diagram_kwargs: typing.Optional[dict] = None,
+    vertical: int = 3,
+    show_results_names: bool = False,
+    show_groups: bool = False,
+) -> List[NamedDiagram]:
+    """
+    Convert a pyparsing element tree into a list of diagrams. This is the recommended entrypoint to diagram
+    creation if you want to access the Railroad tree before it is converted to HTML
+    :param element: base element of the parser being diagrammed
+    :param diagram_kwargs: kwargs to pass to the Diagram() constructor
+    :param vertical: (optional) - int - limit at which number of alternatives should be
+       shown vertically instead of horizontally
+    :param show_results_names - bool to indicate whether results name annotations should be
+       included in the diagram
+    :param show_groups - bool to indicate whether groups should be highlighted with an unlabeled
+       surrounding box
+    """
+    # Convert the whole tree underneath the root
+    lookup = ConverterState(diagram_kwargs=diagram_kwargs or {})
+    _to_diagram_element(
+        element,
+        lookup=lookup,
+        parent=None,
+        vertical=vertical,
+        show_results_names=show_results_names,
+        show_groups=show_groups,
+    )
+
+    root_id = id(element)
+    # Convert the root if it hasn't been already
+    if root_id in lookup:
+        if not element.customName:
+            lookup[root_id].name = ""
+        lookup[root_id].mark_for_extraction(root_id, lookup, force=True)
+
+    # Now that we're finished, we can convert from intermediate structures into Railroad elements
+    diags = list(lookup.diagrams.values())
+    if len(diags) > 1:
+        # collapse out duplicate diags with the same name
+        seen = set()
+        deduped_diags = []
+        for d in diags:
+            # don't extract SkipTo elements, they are uninformative as subdiagrams
+            if d.name == "...":
+                continue
+            if d.name is not None and d.name not in seen:
+                seen.add(d.name)
+                deduped_diags.append(d)
+        resolved = [resolve_partial(partial) for partial in deduped_diags]
+    else:
+        # special case - if just one diagram, always display it, even if
+        # it has no name
+        resolved = [resolve_partial(partial) for partial in diags]
+    return sorted(resolved, key=lambda diag: diag.index)
+
+
+def _should_vertical(
+    specification: int, exprs: Iterable[pyparsing.ParserElement]
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns true if we should return a vertical list of elements
+    """
+    if specification is None:
+        return False
+    else:
+        return len(_visible_exprs(exprs)) >= specification
+
+
+class ElementState:
+    """
+    State recorded for an individual pyparsing Element
+    """
+
+    # Note: this should be a dataclass, but we have to support Python 3.5
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: pyparsing.ParserElement,
+        converted: EditablePartial,
+        parent: EditablePartial,
+        number: int,
+        name: str = None,
+        parent_index: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        #: The pyparsing element that this represents
+        self.element: pyparsing.ParserElement = element
+        #: The name of the element
+        self.name: typing.Optional[str] = name
+        #: The output Railroad element in an unconverted state
+        self.converted: EditablePartial = converted
+        #: The parent Railroad element, which we store so that we can extract this if it's duplicated
+        self.parent: EditablePartial = parent
+        #: The order in which we found this element, used for sorting diagrams if this is extracted into a diagram
+        self.number: int = number
+        #: The index of this inside its parent
+        self.parent_index: typing.Optional[int] = parent_index
+        #: If true, we should extract this out into a subdiagram
+        self.extract: bool = False
+        #: If true, all of this element's children have been filled out
+        self.complete: bool = False
+
+    def mark_for_extraction(
+        self, el_id: int, state: "ConverterState", name: str = None, force: bool = False
+    ):
+        """
+        Called when this instance has been seen twice, and thus should eventually be extracted into a sub-diagram
+        :param el_id: id of the element
+        :param state: element/diagram state tracker
+        :param name: name to use for this element's text
+        :param force: If true, force extraction now, regardless of the state of this. Only useful for extracting the
+        root element when we know we're finished
+        """
+        self.extract = True
+
+        # Set the name
+        if not self.name:
+            if name:
+                # Allow forcing a custom name
+                self.name = name
+            elif self.element.customName:
+                self.name = self.element.customName
+            else:
+                self.name = ""
+
+        # Just because this is marked for extraction doesn't mean we can do it yet. We may have to wait for children
+        # to be added
+        # Also, if this is just a string literal etc, don't bother extracting it
+        if force or (self.complete and _worth_extracting(self.element)):
+            state.extract_into_diagram(el_id)
+
+
+class ConverterState:
+    """
+    Stores some state that persists between recursions into the element tree
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, diagram_kwargs: typing.Optional[dict] = None):
+        #: A dictionary mapping ParserElements to state relating to them
+        self._element_diagram_states: Dict[int, ElementState] = {}
+        #: A dictionary mapping ParserElement IDs to subdiagrams generated from them
+        self.diagrams: Dict[int, EditablePartial[NamedDiagram]] = {}
+        #: The index of the next unnamed element
+        self.unnamed_index: int = 1
+        #: The index of the next element. This is used for sorting
+        self.index: int = 0
+        #: Shared kwargs that are used to customize the construction of diagrams
+        self.diagram_kwargs: dict = diagram_kwargs or {}
+        self.extracted_diagram_names: Set[str] = set()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: int, value: ElementState):
+        self._element_diagram_states[key] = value
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> ElementState:
+        return self._element_diagram_states[key]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: int):
+        del self._element_diagram_states[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: int):
+        return key in self._element_diagram_states
+
+    def generate_unnamed(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Generate a number used in the name of an otherwise unnamed diagram
+        """
+        self.unnamed_index += 1
+        return self.unnamed_index
+
+    def generate_index(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Generate a number used to index a diagram
+        """
+        self.index += 1
+        return self.index
+
+    def extract_into_diagram(self, el_id: int):
+        """
+        Used when we encounter the same token twice in the same tree. When this
+        happens, we replace all instances of that token with a terminal, and
+        create a new subdiagram for the token
+        """
+        position = self[el_id]
+
+        # Replace the original definition of this element with a regular block
+        if position.parent:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.NonTerminal, text=position.name)
+            if "item" in position.parent.kwargs:
+                position.parent.kwargs["item"] = ret
+            elif "items" in position.parent.kwargs:
+                position.parent.kwargs["items"][position.parent_index] = ret
+
+        # If the element we're extracting is a group, skip to its content but keep the title
+        if position.converted.func == railroad.Group:
+            content = position.converted.kwargs["item"]
+        else:
+            content = position.converted
+
+        self.diagrams[el_id] = EditablePartial.from_call(
+            NamedDiagram,
+            name=position.name,
+            diagram=EditablePartial.from_call(
+                railroad.Diagram, content, **self.diagram_kwargs
+            ),
+            index=position.number,
+        )
+
+        del self[el_id]
+
+
+def _worth_extracting(element: pyparsing.ParserElement) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns true if this element is worth having its own sub-diagram. Simply, if any of its children
+    themselves have children, then its complex enough to extract
+    """
+    children = element.recurse()
+    return any(child.recurse() for child in children)
+
+
+def _apply_diagram_item_enhancements(fn):
+    """
+    decorator to ensure enhancements to a diagram item (such as results name annotations)
+    get applied on return from _to_diagram_element (we do this since there are several
+    returns in _to_diagram_element)
+    """
+
+    def _inner(
+        element: pyparsing.ParserElement,
+        parent: typing.Optional[EditablePartial],
+        lookup: ConverterState = None,
+        vertical: int = None,
+        index: int = 0,
+        name_hint: str = None,
+        show_results_names: bool = False,
+        show_groups: bool = False,
+    ) -> typing.Optional[EditablePartial]:
+        ret = fn(
+            element,
+            parent,
+            lookup,
+            vertical,
+            index,
+            name_hint,
+            show_results_names,
+            show_groups,
+        )
+
+        # apply annotation for results name, if present
+        if show_results_names and ret is not None:
+            element_results_name = element.resultsName
+            if element_results_name:
+                # add "*" to indicate if this is a "list all results" name
+                element_results_name += "" if element.modalResults else "*"
+                ret = EditablePartial.from_call(
+                    railroad.Group, item=ret, label=element_results_name
+                )
+
+        return ret
+
+    return _inner
+
+
+def _visible_exprs(exprs: Iterable[pyparsing.ParserElement]):
+    non_diagramming_exprs = (
+        pyparsing.ParseElementEnhance,
+        pyparsing.PositionToken,
+        pyparsing.And._ErrorStop,
+    )
+    return [
+        e
+        for e in exprs
+        if not (e.customName or e.resultsName or isinstance(e, non_diagramming_exprs))
+    ]
+
+
+@_apply_diagram_item_enhancements
+def _to_diagram_element(
+    element: pyparsing.ParserElement,
+    parent: typing.Optional[EditablePartial],
+    lookup: ConverterState = None,
+    vertical: int = None,
+    index: int = 0,
+    name_hint: str = None,
+    show_results_names: bool = False,
+    show_groups: bool = False,
+) -> typing.Optional[EditablePartial]:
+    """
+    Recursively converts a PyParsing Element to a railroad Element
+    :param lookup: The shared converter state that keeps track of useful things
+    :param index: The index of this element within the parent
+    :param parent: The parent of this element in the output tree
+    :param vertical: Controls at what point we make a list of elements vertical. If this is an integer (the default),
+    it sets the threshold of the number of items before we go vertical. If True, always go vertical, if False, never
+    do so
+    :param name_hint: If provided, this will override the generated name
+    :param show_results_names: bool flag indicating whether to add annotations for results names
+    :returns: The converted version of the input element, but as a Partial that hasn't yet been constructed
+    :param show_groups: bool flag indicating whether to show groups using bounding box
+    """
+    exprs = element.recurse()
+    name = name_hint or element.customName or element.__class__.__name__
+
+    # Python's id() is used to provide a unique identifier for elements
+    el_id = id(element)
+
+    element_results_name = element.resultsName
+
+    # Here we basically bypass processing certain wrapper elements if they contribute nothing to the diagram
+    if not element.customName:
+        if isinstance(
+            element,
+            (
+                # pyparsing.TokenConverter,
+                # pyparsing.Forward,
+                pyparsing.Located,
+            ),
+        ):
+            # However, if this element has a useful custom name, and its child does not, we can pass it on to the child
+            if exprs:
+                if not exprs[0].customName:
+                    propagated_name = name
+                else:
+                    propagated_name = None
+
+                return _to_diagram_element(
+                    element.expr,
+                    parent=parent,
+                    lookup=lookup,
+                    vertical=vertical,
+                    index=index,
+                    name_hint=propagated_name,
+                    show_results_names=show_results_names,
+                    show_groups=show_groups,
+                )
+
+    # If the element isn't worth extracting, we always treat it as the first time we say it
+    if _worth_extracting(element):
+        if el_id in lookup:
+            # If we've seen this element exactly once before, we are only just now finding out that it's a duplicate,
+            # so we have to extract it into a new diagram.
+            looked_up = lookup[el_id]
+            looked_up.mark_for_extraction(el_id, lookup, name=name_hint)
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.NonTerminal, text=looked_up.name)
+            return ret
+
+        elif el_id in lookup.diagrams:
+            # If we have seen the element at least twice before, and have already extracted it into a subdiagram, we
+            # just put in a marker element that refers to the sub-diagram
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(
+                railroad.NonTerminal, text=lookup.diagrams[el_id].kwargs["name"]
+            )
+            return ret
+
+    # Recursively convert child elements
+    # Here we find the most relevant Railroad element for matching pyparsing Element
+    # We use ``items=[]`` here to hold the place for where the child elements will go once created
+    if isinstance(element, pyparsing.And):
+        # detect And's created with ``expr*N`` notation - for these use a OneOrMore with a repeat
+        # (all will have the same name, and resultsName)
+        if not exprs:
+            return None
+        if len(set((e.name, e.resultsName) for e in exprs)) == 1:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(
+                railroad.OneOrMore, item="", repeat=str(len(exprs))
+            )
+        elif _should_vertical(vertical, exprs):
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Stack, items=[])
+        else:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Sequence, items=[])
+    elif isinstance(element, (pyparsing.Or, pyparsing.MatchFirst)):
+        if not exprs:
+            return None
+        if _should_vertical(vertical, exprs):
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Choice, 0, items=[])
+        else:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.HorizontalChoice, items=[])
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.Each):
+        if not exprs:
+            return None
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(EachItem, items=[])
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.NotAny):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(AnnotatedItem, label="NOT", item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.FollowedBy):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(AnnotatedItem, label="LOOKAHEAD", item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.PrecededBy):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(AnnotatedItem, label="LOOKBEHIND", item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.Group):
+        if show_groups:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(AnnotatedItem, label="", item="")
+        else:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Group, label="", item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.TokenConverter):
+        label = type(element).__name__.lower()
+        if label == "tokenconverter":
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Sequence, items=[])
+        else:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(AnnotatedItem, label=label, item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.Opt):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Optional, item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.OneOrMore):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.OneOrMore, item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.ZeroOrMore):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.ZeroOrMore, item="")
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.Group):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(
+            railroad.Group, item=None, label=element_results_name
+        )
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.Empty) and not element.customName:
+        # Skip unnamed "Empty" elements
+        ret = None
+    elif isinstance(element, pyparsing.ParseElementEnhance):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Sequence, items=[])
+    elif len(exprs) > 0 and not element_results_name:
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Group, item="", label=name)
+    elif len(exprs) > 0:
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Sequence, items=[])
+    else:
+        terminal = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Terminal, element.defaultName)
+        ret = terminal
+
+    if ret is None:
+        return
+
+    # Indicate this element's position in the tree so we can extract it if necessary
+    lookup[el_id] = ElementState(
+        element=element,
+        converted=ret,
+        parent=parent,
+        parent_index=index,
+        number=lookup.generate_index(),
+    )
+    if element.customName:
+        lookup[el_id].mark_for_extraction(el_id, lookup, element.customName)
+
+    i = 0
+    for expr in exprs:
+        # Add a placeholder index in case we have to extract the child before we even add it to the parent
+        if "items" in ret.kwargs:
+            ret.kwargs["items"].insert(i, None)
+
+        item = _to_diagram_element(
+            expr,
+            parent=ret,
+            lookup=lookup,
+            vertical=vertical,
+            index=i,
+            show_results_names=show_results_names,
+            show_groups=show_groups,
+        )
+
+        # Some elements don't need to be shown in the diagram
+        if item is not None:
+            if "item" in ret.kwargs:
+                ret.kwargs["item"] = item
+            elif "items" in ret.kwargs:
+                # If we've already extracted the child, don't touch this index, since it's occupied by a nonterminal
+                ret.kwargs["items"][i] = item
+                i += 1
+        elif "items" in ret.kwargs:
+            # If we're supposed to skip this element, remove it from the parent
+            del ret.kwargs["items"][i]
+
+    # If all this items children are none, skip this item
+    if ret and (
+        ("items" in ret.kwargs and len(ret.kwargs["items"]) == 0)
+        or ("item" in ret.kwargs and ret.kwargs["item"] is None)
+    ):
+        ret = EditablePartial.from_call(railroad.Terminal, name)
+
+    # Mark this element as "complete", ie it has all of its children
+    if el_id in lookup:
+        lookup[el_id].complete = True
+
+    if el_id in lookup and lookup[el_id].extract and lookup[el_id].complete:
+        lookup.extract_into_diagram(el_id)
+        if ret is not None:
+            ret = EditablePartial.from_call(
+                railroad.NonTerminal, text=lookup.diagrams[el_id].kwargs["name"]
+            )
+
+    return ret
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/diagram/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/diagram/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..147e5f0e
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/diagram/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12219f12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+# exceptions.py
+
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+
+from .util import (
+    col,
+    line,
+    lineno,
+    _collapse_string_to_ranges,
+    replaced_by_pep8,
+)
+from .unicode import pyparsing_unicode as ppu
+
+
+class ExceptionWordUnicode(ppu.Latin1, ppu.LatinA, ppu.LatinB, ppu.Greek, ppu.Cyrillic):
+    pass
+
+
+_extract_alphanums = _collapse_string_to_ranges(ExceptionWordUnicode.alphanums)
+_exception_word_extractor = re.compile("([" + _extract_alphanums + "]{1,16})|.")
+
+
+class ParseBaseException(Exception):
+    """base exception class for all parsing runtime exceptions"""
+
+    loc: int
+    msg: str
+    pstr: str
+    parser_element: typing.Any  # "ParserElement"
+    args: typing.Tuple[str, int, typing.Optional[str]]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "loc",
+        "msg",
+        "pstr",
+        "parser_element",
+        "args",
+    )
+
+    # Performance tuning: we construct a *lot* of these, so keep this
+    # constructor as small and fast as possible
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pstr: str,
+        loc: int = 0,
+        msg: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        elem=None,
+    ):
+        self.loc = loc
+        if msg is None:
+            self.msg = pstr
+            self.pstr = ""
+        else:
+            self.msg = msg
+            self.pstr = pstr
+        self.parser_element = elem
+        self.args = (pstr, loc, msg)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def explain_exception(exc, depth=16):
+        """
+        Method to take an exception and translate the Python internal traceback into a list
+        of the pyparsing expressions that caused the exception to be raised.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        - exc - exception raised during parsing (need not be a ParseException, in support
+          of Python exceptions that might be raised in a parse action)
+        - depth (default=16) - number of levels back in the stack trace to list expression
+          and function names; if None, the full stack trace names will be listed; if 0, only
+          the failing input line, marker, and exception string will be shown
+
+        Returns a multi-line string listing the ParserElements and/or function names in the
+        exception's stack trace.
+        """
+        import inspect
+        from .core import ParserElement
+
+        if depth is None:
+            depth = sys.getrecursionlimit()
+        ret = []
+        if isinstance(exc, ParseBaseException):
+            ret.append(exc.line)
+            ret.append(" " * (exc.column - 1) + "^")
+        ret.append(f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}")
+
+        if depth > 0:
+            callers = inspect.getinnerframes(exc.__traceback__, context=depth)
+            seen = set()
+            for i, ff in enumerate(callers[-depth:]):
+                frm = ff[0]
+
+                f_self = frm.f_locals.get("self", None)
+                if isinstance(f_self, ParserElement):
+                    if not frm.f_code.co_name.startswith(
+                        ("parseImpl", "_parseNoCache")
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    if id(f_self) in seen:
+                        continue
+                    seen.add(id(f_self))
+
+                    self_type = type(f_self)
+                    ret.append(
+                        f"{self_type.__module__}.{self_type.__name__} - {f_self}"
+                    )
+
+                elif f_self is not None:
+                    self_type = type(f_self)
+                    ret.append(f"{self_type.__module__}.{self_type.__name__}")
+
+                else:
+                    code = frm.f_code
+                    if code.co_name in ("wrapper", "<module>"):
+                        continue
+
+                    ret.append(code.co_name)
+
+                depth -= 1
+                if not depth:
+                    break
+
+        return "\n".join(ret)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_exception(cls, pe):
+        """
+        internal factory method to simplify creating one type of ParseException
+        from another - avoids having __init__ signature conflicts among subclasses
+        """
+        return cls(pe.pstr, pe.loc, pe.msg, pe.parser_element)
+
+    @property
+    def line(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Return the line of text where the exception occurred.
+        """
+        return line(self.loc, self.pstr)
+
+    @property
+    def lineno(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return the 1-based line number of text where the exception occurred.
+        """
+        return lineno(self.loc, self.pstr)
+
+    @property
+    def col(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return the 1-based column on the line of text where the exception occurred.
+        """
+        return col(self.loc, self.pstr)
+
+    @property
+    def column(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Return the 1-based column on the line of text where the exception occurred.
+        """
+        return col(self.loc, self.pstr)
+
+    # pre-PEP8 compatibility
+    @property
+    def parserElement(self):
+        return self.parser_element
+
+    @parserElement.setter
+    def parserElement(self, elem):
+        self.parser_element = elem
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.pstr:
+            if self.loc >= len(self.pstr):
+                foundstr = ", found end of text"
+            else:
+                # pull out next word at error location
+                found_match = _exception_word_extractor.match(self.pstr, self.loc)
+                if found_match is not None:
+                    found = found_match.group(0)
+                else:
+                    found = self.pstr[self.loc : self.loc + 1]
+                foundstr = (", found %r" % found).replace(r"\\", "\\")
+        else:
+            foundstr = ""
+        return f"{self.msg}{foundstr}  (at char {self.loc}), (line:{self.lineno}, col:{self.column})"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(self)
+
+    def mark_input_line(
+        self, marker_string: typing.Optional[str] = None, *, markerString: str = ">!<"
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Extracts the exception line from the input string, and marks
+        the location of the exception with a special symbol.
+        """
+        markerString = marker_string if marker_string is not None else markerString
+        line_str = self.line
+        line_column = self.column - 1
+        if markerString:
+            line_str = "".join(
+                (line_str[:line_column], markerString, line_str[line_column:])
+            )
+        return line_str.strip()
+
+    def explain(self, depth=16) -> str:
+        """
+        Method to translate the Python internal traceback into a list
+        of the pyparsing expressions that caused the exception to be raised.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        - depth (default=16) - number of levels back in the stack trace to list expression
+          and function names; if None, the full stack trace names will be listed; if 0, only
+          the failing input line, marker, and exception string will be shown
+
+        Returns a multi-line string listing the ParserElements and/or function names in the
+        exception's stack trace.
+
+        Example::
+
+            expr = pp.Word(pp.nums) * 3
+            try:
+                expr.parse_string("123 456 A789")
+            except pp.ParseException as pe:
+                print(pe.explain(depth=0))
+
+        prints::
+
+            123 456 A789
+                    ^
+            ParseException: Expected W:(0-9), found 'A'  (at char 8), (line:1, col:9)
+
+        Note: the diagnostic output will include string representations of the expressions
+        that failed to parse. These representations will be more helpful if you use `set_name` to
+        give identifiable names to your expressions. Otherwise they will use the default string
+        forms, which may be cryptic to read.
+
+        Note: pyparsing's default truncation of exception tracebacks may also truncate the
+        stack of expressions that are displayed in the ``explain`` output. To get the full listing
+        of parser expressions, you may have to set ``ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace = True``
+        """
+        return self.explain_exception(self, depth)
+
+    # fmt: off
+    @replaced_by_pep8(mark_input_line)
+    def markInputline(self): ...
+    # fmt: on
+
+
+class ParseException(ParseBaseException):
+    """
+    Exception thrown when a parse expression doesn't match the input string
+
+    Example::
+
+        try:
+            Word(nums).set_name("integer").parse_string("ABC")
+        except ParseException as pe:
+            print(pe)
+            print("column: {}".format(pe.column))
+
+    prints::
+
+       Expected integer (at char 0), (line:1, col:1)
+        column: 1
+
+    """
+
+
+class ParseFatalException(ParseBaseException):
+    """
+    User-throwable exception thrown when inconsistent parse content
+    is found; stops all parsing immediately
+    """
+
+
+class ParseSyntaxException(ParseFatalException):
+    """
+    Just like :class:`ParseFatalException`, but thrown internally
+    when an :class:`ErrorStop<And._ErrorStop>` ('-' operator) indicates
+    that parsing is to stop immediately because an unbacktrackable
+    syntax error has been found.
+    """
+
+
+class RecursiveGrammarException(Exception):
+    """
+    Exception thrown by :class:`ParserElement.validate` if the
+    grammar could be left-recursive; parser may need to enable
+    left recursion using :class:`ParserElement.enable_left_recursion<ParserElement.enable_left_recursion>`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parseElementList):
+        self.parseElementTrace = parseElementList
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"RecursiveGrammarException: {self.parseElementTrace}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/helpers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..018f0d6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1100 @@
+# helpers.py
+import html.entities
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+
+from . import __diag__
+from .core import *
+from .util import (
+    _bslash,
+    _flatten,
+    _escape_regex_range_chars,
+    replaced_by_pep8,
+)
+
+
+#
+# global helpers
+#
+def counted_array(
+    expr: ParserElement,
+    int_expr: typing.Optional[ParserElement] = None,
+    *,
+    intExpr: typing.Optional[ParserElement] = None,
+) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper to define a counted list of expressions.
+
+    This helper defines a pattern of the form::
+
+        integer expr expr expr...
+
+    where the leading integer tells how many expr expressions follow.
+    The matched tokens returns the array of expr tokens as a list - the
+    leading count token is suppressed.
+
+    If ``int_expr`` is specified, it should be a pyparsing expression
+    that produces an integer value.
+
+    Example::
+
+        counted_array(Word(alphas)).parse_string('2 ab cd ef')  # -> ['ab', 'cd']
+
+        # in this parser, the leading integer value is given in binary,
+        # '10' indicating that 2 values are in the array
+        binary_constant = Word('01').set_parse_action(lambda t: int(t[0], 2))
+        counted_array(Word(alphas), int_expr=binary_constant).parse_string('10 ab cd ef')  # -> ['ab', 'cd']
+
+        # if other fields must be parsed after the count but before the
+        # list items, give the fields results names and they will
+        # be preserved in the returned ParseResults:
+        count_with_metadata = integer + Word(alphas)("type")
+        typed_array = counted_array(Word(alphanums), int_expr=count_with_metadata)("items")
+        result = typed_array.parse_string("3 bool True True False")
+        print(result.dump())
+
+        # prints
+        # ['True', 'True', 'False']
+        # - items: ['True', 'True', 'False']
+        # - type: 'bool'
+    """
+    intExpr = intExpr or int_expr
+    array_expr = Forward()
+
+    def count_field_parse_action(s, l, t):
+        nonlocal array_expr
+        n = t[0]
+        array_expr <<= (expr * n) if n else Empty()
+        # clear list contents, but keep any named results
+        del t[:]
+
+    if intExpr is None:
+        intExpr = Word(nums).set_parse_action(lambda t: int(t[0]))
+    else:
+        intExpr = intExpr.copy()
+    intExpr.set_name("arrayLen")
+    intExpr.add_parse_action(count_field_parse_action, call_during_try=True)
+    return (intExpr + array_expr).set_name("(len) " + str(expr) + "...")
+
+
+def match_previous_literal(expr: ParserElement) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper to define an expression that is indirectly defined from
+    the tokens matched in a previous expression, that is, it looks for
+    a 'repeat' of a previous expression.  For example::
+
+        first = Word(nums)
+        second = match_previous_literal(first)
+        match_expr = first + ":" + second
+
+    will match ``"1:1"``, but not ``"1:2"``.  Because this
+    matches a previous literal, will also match the leading
+    ``"1:1"`` in ``"1:10"``. If this is not desired, use
+    :class:`match_previous_expr`. Do *not* use with packrat parsing
+    enabled.
+    """
+    rep = Forward()
+
+    def copy_token_to_repeater(s, l, t):
+        if t:
+            if len(t) == 1:
+                rep << t[0]
+            else:
+                # flatten t tokens
+                tflat = _flatten(t.as_list())
+                rep << And(Literal(tt) for tt in tflat)
+        else:
+            rep << Empty()
+
+    expr.add_parse_action(copy_token_to_repeater, callDuringTry=True)
+    rep.set_name("(prev) " + str(expr))
+    return rep
+
+
+def match_previous_expr(expr: ParserElement) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper to define an expression that is indirectly defined from
+    the tokens matched in a previous expression, that is, it looks for
+    a 'repeat' of a previous expression.  For example::
+
+        first = Word(nums)
+        second = match_previous_expr(first)
+        match_expr = first + ":" + second
+
+    will match ``"1:1"``, but not ``"1:2"``.  Because this
+    matches by expressions, will *not* match the leading ``"1:1"``
+    in ``"1:10"``; the expressions are evaluated first, and then
+    compared, so ``"1"`` is compared with ``"10"``. Do *not* use
+    with packrat parsing enabled.
+    """
+    rep = Forward()
+    e2 = expr.copy()
+    rep <<= e2
+
+    def copy_token_to_repeater(s, l, t):
+        matchTokens = _flatten(t.as_list())
+
+        def must_match_these_tokens(s, l, t):
+            theseTokens = _flatten(t.as_list())
+            if theseTokens != matchTokens:
+                raise ParseException(
+                    s, l, f"Expected {matchTokens}, found{theseTokens}"
+                )
+
+        rep.set_parse_action(must_match_these_tokens, callDuringTry=True)
+
+    expr.add_parse_action(copy_token_to_repeater, callDuringTry=True)
+    rep.set_name("(prev) " + str(expr))
+    return rep
+
+
+def one_of(
+    strs: Union[typing.Iterable[str], str],
+    caseless: bool = False,
+    use_regex: bool = True,
+    as_keyword: bool = False,
+    *,
+    useRegex: bool = True,
+    asKeyword: bool = False,
+) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper to quickly define a set of alternative :class:`Literal` s,
+    and makes sure to do longest-first testing when there is a conflict,
+    regardless of the input order, but returns
+    a :class:`MatchFirst` for best performance.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``strs`` - a string of space-delimited literals, or a collection of
+      string literals
+    - ``caseless`` - treat all literals as caseless - (default= ``False``)
+    - ``use_regex`` - as an optimization, will
+      generate a :class:`Regex` object; otherwise, will generate
+      a :class:`MatchFirst` object (if ``caseless=True`` or ``as_keyword=True``, or if
+      creating a :class:`Regex` raises an exception) - (default= ``True``)
+    - ``as_keyword`` - enforce :class:`Keyword`-style matching on the
+      generated expressions - (default= ``False``)
+    - ``asKeyword`` and ``useRegex`` are retained for pre-PEP8 compatibility,
+      but will be removed in a future release
+
+    Example::
+
+        comp_oper = one_of("< = > <= >= !=")
+        var = Word(alphas)
+        number = Word(nums)
+        term = var | number
+        comparison_expr = term + comp_oper + term
+        print(comparison_expr.search_string("B = 12  AA=23 B<=AA AA>12"))
+
+    prints::
+
+        [['B', '=', '12'], ['AA', '=', '23'], ['B', '<=', 'AA'], ['AA', '>', '12']]
+    """
+    asKeyword = asKeyword or as_keyword
+    useRegex = useRegex and use_regex
+
+    if (
+        isinstance(caseless, str_type)
+        and __diag__.warn_on_multiple_string_args_to_oneof
+    ):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "More than one string argument passed to one_of, pass"
+            " choices as a list or space-delimited string",
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+    if caseless:
+        isequal = lambda a, b: a.upper() == b.upper()
+        masks = lambda a, b: b.upper().startswith(a.upper())
+        parseElementClass = CaselessKeyword if asKeyword else CaselessLiteral
+    else:
+        isequal = lambda a, b: a == b
+        masks = lambda a, b: b.startswith(a)
+        parseElementClass = Keyword if asKeyword else Literal
+
+    symbols: List[str] = []
+    if isinstance(strs, str_type):
+        strs = typing.cast(str, strs)
+        symbols = strs.split()
+    elif isinstance(strs, Iterable):
+        symbols = list(strs)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Invalid argument to one_of, expected string or iterable")
+    if not symbols:
+        return NoMatch()
+
+    # reorder given symbols to take care to avoid masking longer choices with shorter ones
+    # (but only if the given symbols are not just single characters)
+    if any(len(sym) > 1 for sym in symbols):
+        i = 0
+        while i < len(symbols) - 1:
+            cur = symbols[i]
+            for j, other in enumerate(symbols[i + 1 :]):
+                if isequal(other, cur):
+                    del symbols[i + j + 1]
+                    break
+                elif masks(cur, other):
+                    del symbols[i + j + 1]
+                    symbols.insert(i, other)
+                    break
+            else:
+                i += 1
+
+    if useRegex:
+        re_flags: int = re.IGNORECASE if caseless else 0
+
+        try:
+            if all(len(sym) == 1 for sym in symbols):
+                # symbols are just single characters, create range regex pattern
+                patt = f"[{''.join(_escape_regex_range_chars(sym) for sym in symbols)}]"
+            else:
+                patt = "|".join(re.escape(sym) for sym in symbols)
+
+            # wrap with \b word break markers if defining as keywords
+            if asKeyword:
+                patt = rf"\b(?:{patt})\b"
+
+            ret = Regex(patt, flags=re_flags).set_name(" | ".join(symbols))
+
+            if caseless:
+                # add parse action to return symbols as specified, not in random
+                # casing as found in input string
+                symbol_map = {sym.lower(): sym for sym in symbols}
+                ret.add_parse_action(lambda s, l, t: symbol_map[t[0].lower()])
+
+            return ret
+
+        except re.error:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Exception creating Regex for one_of, building MatchFirst", stacklevel=2
+            )
+
+    # last resort, just use MatchFirst
+    return MatchFirst(parseElementClass(sym) for sym in symbols).set_name(
+        " | ".join(symbols)
+    )
+
+
+def dict_of(key: ParserElement, value: ParserElement) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper to easily and clearly define a dictionary by specifying
+    the respective patterns for the key and value.  Takes care of
+    defining the :class:`Dict`, :class:`ZeroOrMore`, and
+    :class:`Group` tokens in the proper order.  The key pattern
+    can include delimiting markers or punctuation, as long as they are
+    suppressed, thereby leaving the significant key text.  The value
+    pattern can include named results, so that the :class:`Dict` results
+    can include named token fields.
+
+    Example::
+
+        text = "shape: SQUARE posn: upper left color: light blue texture: burlap"
+        attr_expr = (label + Suppress(':') + OneOrMore(data_word, stop_on=label).set_parse_action(' '.join))
+        print(attr_expr[1, ...].parse_string(text).dump())
+
+        attr_label = label
+        attr_value = Suppress(':') + OneOrMore(data_word, stop_on=label).set_parse_action(' '.join)
+
+        # similar to Dict, but simpler call format
+        result = dict_of(attr_label, attr_value).parse_string(text)
+        print(result.dump())
+        print(result['shape'])
+        print(result.shape)  # object attribute access works too
+        print(result.as_dict())
+
+    prints::
+
+        [['shape', 'SQUARE'], ['posn', 'upper left'], ['color', 'light blue'], ['texture', 'burlap']]
+        - color: 'light blue'
+        - posn: 'upper left'
+        - shape: 'SQUARE'
+        - texture: 'burlap'
+        SQUARE
+        SQUARE
+        {'color': 'light blue', 'shape': 'SQUARE', 'posn': 'upper left', 'texture': 'burlap'}
+    """
+    return Dict(OneOrMore(Group(key + value)))
+
+
+def original_text_for(
+    expr: ParserElement, as_string: bool = True, *, asString: bool = True
+) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper to return the original, untokenized text for a given
+    expression.  Useful to restore the parsed fields of an HTML start
+    tag into the raw tag text itself, or to revert separate tokens with
+    intervening whitespace back to the original matching input text. By
+    default, returns a string containing the original parsed text.
+
+    If the optional ``as_string`` argument is passed as
+    ``False``, then the return value is
+    a :class:`ParseResults` containing any results names that
+    were originally matched, and a single token containing the original
+    matched text from the input string.  So if the expression passed to
+    :class:`original_text_for` contains expressions with defined
+    results names, you must set ``as_string`` to ``False`` if you
+    want to preserve those results name values.
+
+    The ``asString`` pre-PEP8 argument is retained for compatibility,
+    but will be removed in a future release.
+
+    Example::
+
+        src = "this is test <b> bold <i>text</i> </b> normal text "
+        for tag in ("b", "i"):
+            opener, closer = make_html_tags(tag)
+            patt = original_text_for(opener + ... + closer)
+            print(patt.search_string(src)[0])
+
+    prints::
+
+        ['<b> bold <i>text</i> </b>']
+        ['<i>text</i>']
+    """
+    asString = asString and as_string
+
+    locMarker = Empty().set_parse_action(lambda s, loc, t: loc)
+    endlocMarker = locMarker.copy()
+    endlocMarker.callPreparse = False
+    matchExpr = locMarker("_original_start") + expr + endlocMarker("_original_end")
+    if asString:
+        extractText = lambda s, l, t: s[t._original_start : t._original_end]
+    else:
+
+        def extractText(s, l, t):
+            t[:] = [s[t.pop("_original_start") : t.pop("_original_end")]]
+
+    matchExpr.set_parse_action(extractText)
+    matchExpr.ignoreExprs = expr.ignoreExprs
+    matchExpr.suppress_warning(Diagnostics.warn_ungrouped_named_tokens_in_collection)
+    return matchExpr
+
+
+def ungroup(expr: ParserElement) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper to undo pyparsing's default grouping of And expressions,
+    even if all but one are non-empty.
+    """
+    return TokenConverter(expr).add_parse_action(lambda t: t[0])
+
+
+def locatedExpr(expr: ParserElement) -> ParserElement:
+    """
+    (DEPRECATED - future code should use the :class:`Located` class)
+    Helper to decorate a returned token with its starting and ending
+    locations in the input string.
+
+    This helper adds the following results names:
+
+    - ``locn_start`` - location where matched expression begins
+    - ``locn_end`` - location where matched expression ends
+    - ``value`` - the actual parsed results
+
+    Be careful if the input text contains ``<TAB>`` characters, you
+    may want to call :class:`ParserElement.parse_with_tabs`
+
+    Example::
+
+        wd = Word(alphas)
+        for match in locatedExpr(wd).search_string("ljsdf123lksdjjf123lkkjj1222"):
+            print(match)
+
+    prints::
+
+        [[0, 'ljsdf', 5]]
+        [[8, 'lksdjjf', 15]]
+        [[18, 'lkkjj', 23]]
+    """
+    locator = Empty().set_parse_action(lambda ss, ll, tt: ll)
+    return Group(
+        locator("locn_start")
+        + expr("value")
+        + locator.copy().leaveWhitespace()("locn_end")
+    )
+
+
+def nested_expr(
+    opener: Union[str, ParserElement] = "(",
+    closer: Union[str, ParserElement] = ")",
+    content: typing.Optional[ParserElement] = None,
+    ignore_expr: ParserElement = quoted_string(),
+    *,
+    ignoreExpr: ParserElement = quoted_string(),
+) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper method for defining nested lists enclosed in opening and
+    closing delimiters (``"("`` and ``")"`` are the default).
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``opener`` - opening character for a nested list
+      (default= ``"("``); can also be a pyparsing expression
+    - ``closer`` - closing character for a nested list
+      (default= ``")"``); can also be a pyparsing expression
+    - ``content`` - expression for items within the nested lists
+      (default= ``None``)
+    - ``ignore_expr`` - expression for ignoring opening and closing delimiters
+      (default= :class:`quoted_string`)
+    - ``ignoreExpr`` - this pre-PEP8 argument is retained for compatibility
+      but will be removed in a future release
+
+    If an expression is not provided for the content argument, the
+    nested expression will capture all whitespace-delimited content
+    between delimiters as a list of separate values.
+
+    Use the ``ignore_expr`` argument to define expressions that may
+    contain opening or closing characters that should not be treated as
+    opening or closing characters for nesting, such as quoted_string or
+    a comment expression.  Specify multiple expressions using an
+    :class:`Or` or :class:`MatchFirst`. The default is
+    :class:`quoted_string`, but if no expressions are to be ignored, then
+    pass ``None`` for this argument.
+
+    Example::
+
+        data_type = one_of("void int short long char float double")
+        decl_data_type = Combine(data_type + Opt(Word('*')))
+        ident = Word(alphas+'_', alphanums+'_')
+        number = pyparsing_common.number
+        arg = Group(decl_data_type + ident)
+        LPAR, RPAR = map(Suppress, "()")
+
+        code_body = nested_expr('{', '}', ignore_expr=(quoted_string | c_style_comment))
+
+        c_function = (decl_data_type("type")
+                      + ident("name")
+                      + LPAR + Opt(DelimitedList(arg), [])("args") + RPAR
+                      + code_body("body"))
+        c_function.ignore(c_style_comment)
+
+        source_code = '''
+            int is_odd(int x) {
+                return (x%2);
+            }
+
+            int dec_to_hex(char hchar) {
+                if (hchar >= '0' && hchar <= '9') {
+                    return (ord(hchar)-ord('0'));
+                } else {
+                    return (10+ord(hchar)-ord('A'));
+                }
+            }
+        '''
+        for func in c_function.search_string(source_code):
+            print("%(name)s (%(type)s) args: %(args)s" % func)
+
+
+    prints::
+
+        is_odd (int) args: [['int', 'x']]
+        dec_to_hex (int) args: [['char', 'hchar']]
+    """
+    if ignoreExpr != ignore_expr:
+        ignoreExpr = ignore_expr if ignoreExpr == quoted_string() else ignoreExpr
+    if opener == closer:
+        raise ValueError("opening and closing strings cannot be the same")
+    if content is None:
+        if isinstance(opener, str_type) and isinstance(closer, str_type):
+            opener = typing.cast(str, opener)
+            closer = typing.cast(str, closer)
+            if len(opener) == 1 and len(closer) == 1:
+                if ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    content = Combine(
+                        OneOrMore(
+                            ~ignoreExpr
+                            + CharsNotIn(
+                                opener + closer + ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS,
+                                exact=1,
+                            )
+                        )
+                    ).set_parse_action(lambda t: t[0].strip())
+                else:
+                    content = empty.copy() + CharsNotIn(
+                        opener + closer + ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+                    ).set_parse_action(lambda t: t[0].strip())
+            else:
+                if ignoreExpr is not None:
+                    content = Combine(
+                        OneOrMore(
+                            ~ignoreExpr
+                            + ~Literal(opener)
+                            + ~Literal(closer)
+                            + CharsNotIn(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS, exact=1)
+                        )
+                    ).set_parse_action(lambda t: t[0].strip())
+                else:
+                    content = Combine(
+                        OneOrMore(
+                            ~Literal(opener)
+                            + ~Literal(closer)
+                            + CharsNotIn(ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS, exact=1)
+                        )
+                    ).set_parse_action(lambda t: t[0].strip())
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "opening and closing arguments must be strings if no content expression is given"
+            )
+    ret = Forward()
+    if ignoreExpr is not None:
+        ret <<= Group(
+            Suppress(opener) + ZeroOrMore(ignoreExpr | ret | content) + Suppress(closer)
+        )
+    else:
+        ret <<= Group(Suppress(opener) + ZeroOrMore(ret | content) + Suppress(closer))
+    ret.set_name("nested %s%s expression" % (opener, closer))
+    return ret
+
+
+def _makeTags(tagStr, xml, suppress_LT=Suppress("<"), suppress_GT=Suppress(">")):
+    """Internal helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions, given a tag name"""
+    if isinstance(tagStr, str_type):
+        resname = tagStr
+        tagStr = Keyword(tagStr, caseless=not xml)
+    else:
+        resname = tagStr.name
+
+    tagAttrName = Word(alphas, alphanums + "_-:")
+    if xml:
+        tagAttrValue = dbl_quoted_string.copy().set_parse_action(remove_quotes)
+        openTag = (
+            suppress_LT
+            + tagStr("tag")
+            + Dict(ZeroOrMore(Group(tagAttrName + Suppress("=") + tagAttrValue)))
+            + Opt("/", default=[False])("empty").set_parse_action(
+                lambda s, l, t: t[0] == "/"
+            )
+            + suppress_GT
+        )
+    else:
+        tagAttrValue = quoted_string.copy().set_parse_action(remove_quotes) | Word(
+            printables, exclude_chars=">"
+        )
+        openTag = (
+            suppress_LT
+            + tagStr("tag")
+            + Dict(
+                ZeroOrMore(
+                    Group(
+                        tagAttrName.set_parse_action(lambda t: t[0].lower())
+                        + Opt(Suppress("=") + tagAttrValue)
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+            + Opt("/", default=[False])("empty").set_parse_action(
+                lambda s, l, t: t[0] == "/"
+            )
+            + suppress_GT
+        )
+    closeTag = Combine(Literal("</") + tagStr + ">", adjacent=False)
+
+    openTag.set_name("<%s>" % resname)
+    # add start<tagname> results name in parse action now that ungrouped names are not reported at two levels
+    openTag.add_parse_action(
+        lambda t: t.__setitem__(
+            "start" + "".join(resname.replace(":", " ").title().split()), t.copy()
+        )
+    )
+    closeTag = closeTag(
+        "end" + "".join(resname.replace(":", " ").title().split())
+    ).set_name("</%s>" % resname)
+    openTag.tag = resname
+    closeTag.tag = resname
+    openTag.tag_body = SkipTo(closeTag())
+    return openTag, closeTag
+
+
+def make_html_tags(
+    tag_str: Union[str, ParserElement]
+) -> Tuple[ParserElement, ParserElement]:
+    """Helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions for HTML,
+    given a tag name. Matches tags in either upper or lower case,
+    attributes with namespaces and with quoted or unquoted values.
+
+    Example::
+
+        text = '<td>More info at the <a href="https://github.com/pyparsing/pyparsing/wiki">pyparsing</a> wiki page</td>'
+        # make_html_tags returns pyparsing expressions for the opening and
+        # closing tags as a 2-tuple
+        a, a_end = make_html_tags("A")
+        link_expr = a + SkipTo(a_end)("link_text") + a_end
+
+        for link in link_expr.search_string(text):
+            # attributes in the <A> tag (like "href" shown here) are
+            # also accessible as named results
+            print(link.link_text, '->', link.href)
+
+    prints::
+
+        pyparsing -> https://github.com/pyparsing/pyparsing/wiki
+    """
+    return _makeTags(tag_str, False)
+
+
+def make_xml_tags(
+    tag_str: Union[str, ParserElement]
+) -> Tuple[ParserElement, ParserElement]:
+    """Helper to construct opening and closing tag expressions for XML,
+    given a tag name. Matches tags only in the given upper/lower case.
+
+    Example: similar to :class:`make_html_tags`
+    """
+    return _makeTags(tag_str, True)
+
+
+any_open_tag: ParserElement
+any_close_tag: ParserElement
+any_open_tag, any_close_tag = make_html_tags(
+    Word(alphas, alphanums + "_:").set_name("any tag")
+)
+
+_htmlEntityMap = {k.rstrip(";"): v for k, v in html.entities.html5.items()}
+common_html_entity = Regex("&(?P<entity>" + "|".join(_htmlEntityMap) + ");").set_name(
+    "common HTML entity"
+)
+
+
+def replace_html_entity(s, l, t):
+    """Helper parser action to replace common HTML entities with their special characters"""
+    return _htmlEntityMap.get(t.entity)
+
+
+class OpAssoc(Enum):
+    """Enumeration of operator associativity
+    - used in constructing InfixNotationOperatorSpec for :class:`infix_notation`"""
+
+    LEFT = 1
+    RIGHT = 2
+
+
+InfixNotationOperatorArgType = Union[
+    ParserElement, str, Tuple[Union[ParserElement, str], Union[ParserElement, str]]
+]
+InfixNotationOperatorSpec = Union[
+    Tuple[
+        InfixNotationOperatorArgType,
+        int,
+        OpAssoc,
+        typing.Optional[ParseAction],
+    ],
+    Tuple[
+        InfixNotationOperatorArgType,
+        int,
+        OpAssoc,
+    ],
+]
+
+
+def infix_notation(
+    base_expr: ParserElement,
+    op_list: List[InfixNotationOperatorSpec],
+    lpar: Union[str, ParserElement] = Suppress("("),
+    rpar: Union[str, ParserElement] = Suppress(")"),
+) -> ParserElement:
+    """Helper method for constructing grammars of expressions made up of
+    operators working in a precedence hierarchy.  Operators may be unary
+    or binary, left- or right-associative.  Parse actions can also be
+    attached to operator expressions. The generated parser will also
+    recognize the use of parentheses to override operator precedences
+    (see example below).
+
+    Note: if you define a deep operator list, you may see performance
+    issues when using infix_notation. See
+    :class:`ParserElement.enable_packrat` for a mechanism to potentially
+    improve your parser performance.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``base_expr`` - expression representing the most basic operand to
+      be used in the expression
+    - ``op_list`` - list of tuples, one for each operator precedence level
+      in the expression grammar; each tuple is of the form ``(op_expr,
+      num_operands, right_left_assoc, (optional)parse_action)``, where:
+
+      - ``op_expr`` is the pyparsing expression for the operator; may also
+        be a string, which will be converted to a Literal; if ``num_operands``
+        is 3, ``op_expr`` is a tuple of two expressions, for the two
+        operators separating the 3 terms
+      - ``num_operands`` is the number of terms for this operator (must be 1,
+        2, or 3)
+      - ``right_left_assoc`` is the indicator whether the operator is right
+        or left associative, using the pyparsing-defined constants
+        ``OpAssoc.RIGHT`` and ``OpAssoc.LEFT``.
+      - ``parse_action`` is the parse action to be associated with
+        expressions matching this operator expression (the parse action
+        tuple member may be omitted); if the parse action is passed
+        a tuple or list of functions, this is equivalent to calling
+        ``set_parse_action(*fn)``
+        (:class:`ParserElement.set_parse_action`)
+    - ``lpar`` - expression for matching left-parentheses; if passed as a
+      str, then will be parsed as ``Suppress(lpar)``. If lpar is passed as
+      an expression (such as ``Literal('(')``), then it will be kept in
+      the parsed results, and grouped with them. (default= ``Suppress('(')``)
+    - ``rpar`` - expression for matching right-parentheses; if passed as a
+      str, then will be parsed as ``Suppress(rpar)``. If rpar is passed as
+      an expression (such as ``Literal(')')``), then it will be kept in
+      the parsed results, and grouped with them. (default= ``Suppress(')')``)
+
+    Example::
+
+        # simple example of four-function arithmetic with ints and
+        # variable names
+        integer = pyparsing_common.signed_integer
+        varname = pyparsing_common.identifier
+
+        arith_expr = infix_notation(integer | varname,
+            [
+            ('-', 1, OpAssoc.RIGHT),
+            (one_of('* /'), 2, OpAssoc.LEFT),
+            (one_of('+ -'), 2, OpAssoc.LEFT),
+            ])
+
+        arith_expr.run_tests('''
+            5+3*6
+            (5+3)*6
+            -2--11
+            ''', full_dump=False)
+
+    prints::
+
+        5+3*6
+        [[5, '+', [3, '*', 6]]]
+
+        (5+3)*6
+        [[[5, '+', 3], '*', 6]]
+
+        (5+x)*y
+        [[[5, '+', 'x'], '*', 'y']]
+
+        -2--11
+        [[['-', 2], '-', ['-', 11]]]
+    """
+
+    # captive version of FollowedBy that does not do parse actions or capture results names
+    class _FB(FollowedBy):
+        def parseImpl(self, instring, loc, doActions=True):
+            self.expr.try_parse(instring, loc)
+            return loc, []
+
+    _FB.__name__ = "FollowedBy>"
+
+    ret = Forward()
+    if isinstance(lpar, str):
+        lpar = Suppress(lpar)
+    if isinstance(rpar, str):
+        rpar = Suppress(rpar)
+
+    # if lpar and rpar are not suppressed, wrap in group
+    if not (isinstance(rpar, Suppress) and isinstance(rpar, Suppress)):
+        lastExpr = base_expr | Group(lpar + ret + rpar)
+    else:
+        lastExpr = base_expr | (lpar + ret + rpar)
+
+    arity: int
+    rightLeftAssoc: opAssoc
+    pa: typing.Optional[ParseAction]
+    opExpr1: ParserElement
+    opExpr2: ParserElement
+    for i, operDef in enumerate(op_list):
+        opExpr, arity, rightLeftAssoc, pa = (operDef + (None,))[:4]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        if isinstance(opExpr, str_type):
+            opExpr = ParserElement._literalStringClass(opExpr)
+        opExpr = typing.cast(ParserElement, opExpr)
+        if arity == 3:
+            if not isinstance(opExpr, (tuple, list)) or len(opExpr) != 2:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "if numterms=3, opExpr must be a tuple or list of two expressions"
+                )
+            opExpr1, opExpr2 = opExpr
+            term_name = f"{opExpr1}{opExpr2} term"
+        else:
+            term_name = f"{opExpr} term"
+
+        if not 1 <= arity <= 3:
+            raise ValueError("operator must be unary (1), binary (2), or ternary (3)")
+
+        if rightLeftAssoc not in (OpAssoc.LEFT, OpAssoc.RIGHT):
+            raise ValueError("operator must indicate right or left associativity")
+
+        thisExpr: ParserElement = Forward().set_name(term_name)
+        thisExpr = typing.cast(Forward, thisExpr)
+        if rightLeftAssoc is OpAssoc.LEFT:
+            if arity == 1:
+                matchExpr = _FB(lastExpr + opExpr) + Group(lastExpr + opExpr[1, ...])
+            elif arity == 2:
+                if opExpr is not None:
+                    matchExpr = _FB(lastExpr + opExpr + lastExpr) + Group(
+                        lastExpr + (opExpr + lastExpr)[1, ...]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    matchExpr = _FB(lastExpr + lastExpr) + Group(lastExpr[2, ...])
+            elif arity == 3:
+                matchExpr = _FB(
+                    lastExpr + opExpr1 + lastExpr + opExpr2 + lastExpr
+                ) + Group(lastExpr + OneOrMore(opExpr1 + lastExpr + opExpr2 + lastExpr))
+        elif rightLeftAssoc is OpAssoc.RIGHT:
+            if arity == 1:
+                # try to avoid LR with this extra test
+                if not isinstance(opExpr, Opt):
+                    opExpr = Opt(opExpr)
+                matchExpr = _FB(opExpr.expr + thisExpr) + Group(opExpr + thisExpr)
+            elif arity == 2:
+                if opExpr is not None:
+                    matchExpr = _FB(lastExpr + opExpr + thisExpr) + Group(
+                        lastExpr + (opExpr + thisExpr)[1, ...]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    matchExpr = _FB(lastExpr + thisExpr) + Group(
+                        lastExpr + thisExpr[1, ...]
+                    )
+            elif arity == 3:
+                matchExpr = _FB(
+                    lastExpr + opExpr1 + thisExpr + opExpr2 + thisExpr
+                ) + Group(lastExpr + opExpr1 + thisExpr + opExpr2 + thisExpr)
+        if pa:
+            if isinstance(pa, (tuple, list)):
+                matchExpr.set_parse_action(*pa)
+            else:
+                matchExpr.set_parse_action(pa)
+        thisExpr <<= (matchExpr | lastExpr).setName(term_name)
+        lastExpr = thisExpr
+    ret <<= lastExpr
+    return ret
+
+
+def indentedBlock(blockStatementExpr, indentStack, indent=True, backup_stacks=[]):
+    """
+    (DEPRECATED - use :class:`IndentedBlock` class instead)
+    Helper method for defining space-delimited indentation blocks,
+    such as those used to define block statements in Python source code.
+
+    Parameters:
+
+    - ``blockStatementExpr`` - expression defining syntax of statement that
+      is repeated within the indented block
+    - ``indentStack`` - list created by caller to manage indentation stack
+      (multiple ``statementWithIndentedBlock`` expressions within a single
+      grammar should share a common ``indentStack``)
+    - ``indent`` - boolean indicating whether block must be indented beyond
+      the current level; set to ``False`` for block of left-most statements
+      (default= ``True``)
+
+    A valid block must contain at least one ``blockStatement``.
+
+    (Note that indentedBlock uses internal parse actions which make it
+    incompatible with packrat parsing.)
+
+    Example::
+
+        data = '''
+        def A(z):
+          A1
+          B = 100
+          G = A2
+          A2
+          A3
+        B
+        def BB(a,b,c):
+          BB1
+          def BBA():
+            bba1
+            bba2
+            bba3
+        C
+        D
+        def spam(x,y):
+             def eggs(z):
+                 pass
+        '''
+
+
+        indentStack = [1]
+        stmt = Forward()
+
+        identifier = Word(alphas, alphanums)
+        funcDecl = ("def" + identifier + Group("(" + Opt(delimitedList(identifier)) + ")") + ":")
+        func_body = indentedBlock(stmt, indentStack)
+        funcDef = Group(funcDecl + func_body)
+
+        rvalue = Forward()
+        funcCall = Group(identifier + "(" + Opt(delimitedList(rvalue)) + ")")
+        rvalue << (funcCall | identifier | Word(nums))
+        assignment = Group(identifier + "=" + rvalue)
+        stmt << (funcDef | assignment | identifier)
+
+        module_body = stmt[1, ...]
+
+        parseTree = module_body.parseString(data)
+        parseTree.pprint()
+
+    prints::
+
+        [['def',
+          'A',
+          ['(', 'z', ')'],
+          ':',
+          [['A1'], [['B', '=', '100']], [['G', '=', 'A2']], ['A2'], ['A3']]],
+         'B',
+         ['def',
+          'BB',
+          ['(', 'a', 'b', 'c', ')'],
+          ':',
+          [['BB1'], [['def', 'BBA', ['(', ')'], ':', [['bba1'], ['bba2'], ['bba3']]]]]],
+         'C',
+         'D',
+         ['def',
+          'spam',
+          ['(', 'x', 'y', ')'],
+          ':',
+          [[['def', 'eggs', ['(', 'z', ')'], ':', [['pass']]]]]]]
+    """
+    backup_stacks.append(indentStack[:])
+
+    def reset_stack():
+        indentStack[:] = backup_stacks[-1]
+
+    def checkPeerIndent(s, l, t):
+        if l >= len(s):
+            return
+        curCol = col(l, s)
+        if curCol != indentStack[-1]:
+            if curCol > indentStack[-1]:
+                raise ParseException(s, l, "illegal nesting")
+            raise ParseException(s, l, "not a peer entry")
+
+    def checkSubIndent(s, l, t):
+        curCol = col(l, s)
+        if curCol > indentStack[-1]:
+            indentStack.append(curCol)
+        else:
+            raise ParseException(s, l, "not a subentry")
+
+    def checkUnindent(s, l, t):
+        if l >= len(s):
+            return
+        curCol = col(l, s)
+        if not (indentStack and curCol in indentStack):
+            raise ParseException(s, l, "not an unindent")
+        if curCol < indentStack[-1]:
+            indentStack.pop()
+
+    NL = OneOrMore(LineEnd().set_whitespace_chars("\t ").suppress())
+    INDENT = (Empty() + Empty().set_parse_action(checkSubIndent)).set_name("INDENT")
+    PEER = Empty().set_parse_action(checkPeerIndent).set_name("")
+    UNDENT = Empty().set_parse_action(checkUnindent).set_name("UNINDENT")
+    if indent:
+        smExpr = Group(
+            Opt(NL)
+            + INDENT
+            + OneOrMore(PEER + Group(blockStatementExpr) + Opt(NL))
+            + UNDENT
+        )
+    else:
+        smExpr = Group(
+            Opt(NL)
+            + OneOrMore(PEER + Group(blockStatementExpr) + Opt(NL))
+            + Opt(UNDENT)
+        )
+
+    # add a parse action to remove backup_stack from list of backups
+    smExpr.add_parse_action(
+        lambda: backup_stacks.pop(-1) and None if backup_stacks else None
+    )
+    smExpr.set_fail_action(lambda a, b, c, d: reset_stack())
+    blockStatementExpr.ignore(_bslash + LineEnd())
+    return smExpr.set_name("indented block")
+
+
+# it's easy to get these comment structures wrong - they're very common, so may as well make them available
+c_style_comment = Combine(Regex(r"/\*(?:[^*]|\*(?!/))*") + "*/").set_name(
+    "C style comment"
+)
+"Comment of the form ``/* ... */``"
+
+html_comment = Regex(r"<!--[\s\S]*?-->").set_name("HTML comment")
+"Comment of the form ``<!-- ... -->``"
+
+rest_of_line = Regex(r".*").leave_whitespace().set_name("rest of line")
+dbl_slash_comment = Regex(r"//(?:\\\n|[^\n])*").set_name("// comment")
+"Comment of the form ``// ... (to end of line)``"
+
+cpp_style_comment = Combine(
+    Regex(r"/\*(?:[^*]|\*(?!/))*") + "*/" | dbl_slash_comment
+).set_name("C++ style comment")
+"Comment of either form :class:`c_style_comment` or :class:`dbl_slash_comment`"
+
+java_style_comment = cpp_style_comment
+"Same as :class:`cpp_style_comment`"
+
+python_style_comment = Regex(r"#.*").set_name("Python style comment")
+"Comment of the form ``# ... (to end of line)``"
+
+
+# build list of built-in expressions, for future reference if a global default value
+# gets updated
+_builtin_exprs: List[ParserElement] = [
+    v for v in vars().values() if isinstance(v, ParserElement)
+]
+
+
+# compatibility function, superseded by DelimitedList class
+def delimited_list(
+    expr: Union[str, ParserElement],
+    delim: Union[str, ParserElement] = ",",
+    combine: bool = False,
+    min: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+    max: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+    *,
+    allow_trailing_delim: bool = False,
+) -> ParserElement:
+    """(DEPRECATED - use :class:`DelimitedList` class)"""
+    return DelimitedList(
+        expr, delim, combine, min, max, allow_trailing_delim=allow_trailing_delim
+    )
+
+
+# pre-PEP8 compatible names
+# fmt: off
+opAssoc = OpAssoc
+anyOpenTag = any_open_tag
+anyCloseTag = any_close_tag
+commonHTMLEntity = common_html_entity
+cStyleComment = c_style_comment
+htmlComment = html_comment
+restOfLine = rest_of_line
+dblSlashComment = dbl_slash_comment
+cppStyleComment = cpp_style_comment
+javaStyleComment = java_style_comment
+pythonStyleComment = python_style_comment
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(DelimitedList)
+def delimitedList(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(DelimitedList)
+def delimited_list(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(counted_array)
+def countedArray(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(match_previous_literal)
+def matchPreviousLiteral(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(match_previous_expr)
+def matchPreviousExpr(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(one_of)
+def oneOf(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(dict_of)
+def dictOf(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(original_text_for)
+def originalTextFor(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(nested_expr)
+def nestedExpr(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(make_html_tags)
+def makeHTMLTags(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(make_xml_tags)
+def makeXMLTags(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(replace_html_entity)
+def replaceHTMLEntity(): ...
+
+@replaced_by_pep8(infix_notation)
+def infixNotation(): ...
+# fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/results.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/results.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03130497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/results.py
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+# results.py
+from collections.abc import (
+    MutableMapping,
+    Mapping,
+    MutableSequence,
+    Iterator,
+    Sequence,
+    Container,
+)
+import pprint
+from typing import Tuple, Any, Dict, Set, List
+
+str_type: Tuple[type, ...] = (str, bytes)
+_generator_type = type((_ for _ in ()))
+
+
+class _ParseResultsWithOffset:
+    tup: Tuple["ParseResults", int]
+    __slots__ = ["tup"]
+
+    def __init__(self, p1: "ParseResults", p2: int):
+        self.tup: Tuple[ParseResults, int] = (p1, p2)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        return self.tup[i]
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return self.tup
+
+    def __setstate__(self, *args):
+        self.tup = args[0]
+
+
+class ParseResults:
+    """Structured parse results, to provide multiple means of access to
+    the parsed data:
+
+    - as a list (``len(results)``)
+    - by list index (``results[0], results[1]``, etc.)
+    - by attribute (``results.<results_name>`` - see :class:`ParserElement.set_results_name`)
+
+    Example::
+
+        integer = Word(nums)
+        date_str = (integer.set_results_name("year") + '/'
+                    + integer.set_results_name("month") + '/'
+                    + integer.set_results_name("day"))
+        # equivalent form:
+        # date_str = (integer("year") + '/'
+        #             + integer("month") + '/'
+        #             + integer("day"))
+
+        # parse_string returns a ParseResults object
+        result = date_str.parse_string("1999/12/31")
+
+        def test(s, fn=repr):
+            print(f"{s} -> {fn(eval(s))}")
+        test("list(result)")
+        test("result[0]")
+        test("result['month']")
+        test("result.day")
+        test("'month' in result")
+        test("'minutes' in result")
+        test("result.dump()", str)
+
+    prints::
+
+        list(result) -> ['1999', '/', '12', '/', '31']
+        result[0] -> '1999'
+        result['month'] -> '12'
+        result.day -> '31'
+        'month' in result -> True
+        'minutes' in result -> False
+        result.dump() -> ['1999', '/', '12', '/', '31']
+        - day: '31'
+        - month: '12'
+        - year: '1999'
+    """
+
+    _null_values: Tuple[Any, ...] = (None, [], ())
+
+    _name: str
+    _parent: "ParseResults"
+    _all_names: Set[str]
+    _modal: bool
+    _toklist: List[Any]
+    _tokdict: Dict[str, Any]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_name",
+        "_parent",
+        "_all_names",
+        "_modal",
+        "_toklist",
+        "_tokdict",
+    )
+
+    class List(list):
+        """
+        Simple wrapper class to distinguish parsed list results that should be preserved
+        as actual Python lists, instead of being converted to :class:`ParseResults`::
+
+            LBRACK, RBRACK = map(pp.Suppress, "[]")
+            element = pp.Forward()
+            item = ppc.integer
+            element_list = LBRACK + pp.DelimitedList(element) + RBRACK
+
+            # add parse actions to convert from ParseResults to actual Python collection types
+            def as_python_list(t):
+                return pp.ParseResults.List(t.as_list())
+            element_list.add_parse_action(as_python_list)
+
+            element <<= item | element_list
+
+            element.run_tests('''
+                100
+                [2,3,4]
+                [[2, 1],3,4]
+                [(2, 1),3,4]
+                (2,3,4)
+                ''', post_parse=lambda s, r: (r[0], type(r[0])))
+
+        prints::
+
+            100
+            (100, <class 'int'>)
+
+            [2,3,4]
+            ([2, 3, 4], <class 'list'>)
+
+            [[2, 1],3,4]
+            ([[2, 1], 3, 4], <class 'list'>)
+
+        (Used internally by :class:`Group` when `aslist=True`.)
+        """
+
+        def __new__(cls, contained=None):
+            if contained is None:
+                contained = []
+
+            if not isinstance(contained, list):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"{cls.__name__} may only be constructed with a list, not {type(contained).__name__}"
+                )
+
+            return list.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __new__(cls, toklist=None, name=None, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(toklist, ParseResults):
+            return toklist
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        self._name = None
+        self._parent = None
+        self._all_names = set()
+
+        if toklist is None:
+            self._toklist = []
+        elif isinstance(toklist, (list, _generator_type)):
+            self._toklist = (
+                [toklist[:]]
+                if isinstance(toklist, ParseResults.List)
+                else list(toklist)
+            )
+        else:
+            self._toklist = [toklist]
+        self._tokdict = dict()
+        return self
+
+    # Performance tuning: we construct a *lot* of these, so keep this
+    # constructor as small and fast as possible
+    def __init__(
+        self, toklist=None, name=None, asList=True, modal=True, isinstance=isinstance
+    ):
+        self._tokdict: Dict[str, _ParseResultsWithOffset]
+        self._modal = modal
+        if name is not None and name != "":
+            if isinstance(name, int):
+                name = str(name)
+            if not modal:
+                self._all_names = {name}
+            self._name = name
+            if toklist not in self._null_values:
+                if isinstance(toklist, (str_type, type)):
+                    toklist = [toklist]
+                if asList:
+                    if isinstance(toklist, ParseResults):
+                        self[name] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(
+                            ParseResults(toklist._toklist), 0
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        self[name] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(
+                            ParseResults(toklist[0]), 0
+                        )
+                    self[name]._name = name
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        self[name] = toklist[0]
+                    except (KeyError, TypeError, IndexError):
+                        if toklist is not self:
+                            self[name] = toklist
+                        else:
+                            self._name = name
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        if isinstance(i, (int, slice)):
+            return self._toklist[i]
+        else:
+            if i not in self._all_names:
+                return self._tokdict[i][-1][0]
+            else:
+                return ParseResults([v[0] for v in self._tokdict[i]])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, k, v, isinstance=isinstance):
+        if isinstance(v, _ParseResultsWithOffset):
+            self._tokdict[k] = self._tokdict.get(k, list()) + [v]
+            sub = v[0]
+        elif isinstance(k, (int, slice)):
+            self._toklist[k] = v
+            sub = v
+        else:
+            self._tokdict[k] = self._tokdict.get(k, list()) + [
+                _ParseResultsWithOffset(v, 0)
+            ]
+            sub = v
+        if isinstance(sub, ParseResults):
+            sub._parent = self
+
+    def __delitem__(self, i):
+        if isinstance(i, (int, slice)):
+            mylen = len(self._toklist)
+            del self._toklist[i]
+
+            # convert int to slice
+            if isinstance(i, int):
+                if i < 0:
+                    i += mylen
+                i = slice(i, i + 1)
+            # get removed indices
+            removed = list(range(*i.indices(mylen)))
+            removed.reverse()
+            # fixup indices in token dictionary
+            for name, occurrences in self._tokdict.items():
+                for j in removed:
+                    for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                        occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(
+                            value, position - (position > j)
+                        )
+        else:
+            del self._tokdict[i]
+
+    def __contains__(self, k) -> bool:
+        return k in self._tokdict
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._toklist)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return not not (self._toklist or self._tokdict)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator:
+        return iter(self._toklist)
+
+    def __reversed__(self) -> Iterator:
+        return iter(self._toklist[::-1])
+
+    def keys(self):
+        return iter(self._tokdict)
+
+    def values(self):
+        return (self[k] for k in self.keys())
+
+    def items(self):
+        return ((k, self[k]) for k in self.keys())
+
+    def haskeys(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Since ``keys()`` returns an iterator, this method is helpful in bypassing
+        code that looks for the existence of any defined results names."""
+        return not not self._tokdict
+
+    def pop(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Removes and returns item at specified index (default= ``last``).
+        Supports both ``list`` and ``dict`` semantics for ``pop()``. If
+        passed no argument or an integer argument, it will use ``list``
+        semantics and pop tokens from the list of parsed tokens. If passed
+        a non-integer argument (most likely a string), it will use ``dict``
+        semantics and pop the corresponding value from any defined results
+        names. A second default return value argument is supported, just as in
+        ``dict.pop()``.
+
+        Example::
+
+            numlist = Word(nums)[...]
+            print(numlist.parse_string("0 123 321")) # -> ['0', '123', '321']
+
+            def remove_first(tokens):
+                tokens.pop(0)
+            numlist.add_parse_action(remove_first)
+            print(numlist.parse_string("0 123 321")) # -> ['123', '321']
+
+            label = Word(alphas)
+            patt = label("LABEL") + Word(nums)[1, ...]
+            print(patt.parse_string("AAB 123 321").dump())
+
+            # Use pop() in a parse action to remove named result (note that corresponding value is not
+            # removed from list form of results)
+            def remove_LABEL(tokens):
+                tokens.pop("LABEL")
+                return tokens
+            patt.add_parse_action(remove_LABEL)
+            print(patt.parse_string("AAB 123 321").dump())
+
+        prints::
+
+            ['AAB', '123', '321']
+            - LABEL: 'AAB'
+
+            ['AAB', '123', '321']
+        """
+        if not args:
+            args = [-1]
+        for k, v in kwargs.items():
+            if k == "default":
+                args = (args[0], v)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(f"pop() got an unexpected keyword argument {k!r}")
+        if isinstance(args[0], int) or len(args) == 1 or args[0] in self:
+            index = args[0]
+            ret = self[index]
+            del self[index]
+            return ret
+        else:
+            defaultvalue = args[1]
+            return defaultvalue
+
+    def get(self, key, default_value=None):
+        """
+        Returns named result matching the given key, or if there is no
+        such name, then returns the given ``default_value`` or ``None`` if no
+        ``default_value`` is specified.
+
+        Similar to ``dict.get()``.
+
+        Example::
+
+            integer = Word(nums)
+            date_str = integer("year") + '/' + integer("month") + '/' + integer("day")
+
+            result = date_str.parse_string("1999/12/31")
+            print(result.get("year")) # -> '1999'
+            print(result.get("hour", "not specified")) # -> 'not specified'
+            print(result.get("hour")) # -> None
+        """
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            return default_value
+
+    def insert(self, index, ins_string):
+        """
+        Inserts new element at location index in the list of parsed tokens.
+
+        Similar to ``list.insert()``.
+
+        Example::
+
+            numlist = Word(nums)[...]
+            print(numlist.parse_string("0 123 321")) # -> ['0', '123', '321']
+
+            # use a parse action to insert the parse location in the front of the parsed results
+            def insert_locn(locn, tokens):
+                tokens.insert(0, locn)
+            numlist.add_parse_action(insert_locn)
+            print(numlist.parse_string("0 123 321")) # -> [0, '0', '123', '321']
+        """
+        self._toklist.insert(index, ins_string)
+        # fixup indices in token dictionary
+        for name, occurrences in self._tokdict.items():
+            for k, (value, position) in enumerate(occurrences):
+                occurrences[k] = _ParseResultsWithOffset(
+                    value, position + (position > index)
+                )
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        """
+        Add single element to end of ``ParseResults`` list of elements.
+
+        Example::
+
+            numlist = Word(nums)[...]
+            print(numlist.parse_string("0 123 321")) # -> ['0', '123', '321']
+
+            # use a parse action to compute the sum of the parsed integers, and add it to the end
+            def append_sum(tokens):
+                tokens.append(sum(map(int, tokens)))
+            numlist.add_parse_action(append_sum)
+            print(numlist.parse_string("0 123 321")) # -> ['0', '123', '321', 444]
+        """
+        self._toklist.append(item)
+
+    def extend(self, itemseq):
+        """
+        Add sequence of elements to end of ``ParseResults`` list of elements.
+
+        Example::
+
+            patt = Word(alphas)[1, ...]
+
+            # use a parse action to append the reverse of the matched strings, to make a palindrome
+            def make_palindrome(tokens):
+                tokens.extend(reversed([t[::-1] for t in tokens]))
+                return ''.join(tokens)
+            patt.add_parse_action(make_palindrome)
+            print(patt.parse_string("lskdj sdlkjf lksd")) # -> 'lskdjsdlkjflksddsklfjkldsjdksl'
+        """
+        if isinstance(itemseq, ParseResults):
+            self.__iadd__(itemseq)
+        else:
+            self._toklist.extend(itemseq)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear all elements and results names.
+        """
+        del self._toklist[:]
+        self._tokdict.clear()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        try:
+            return self[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if name.startswith("__"):
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+            return ""
+
+    def __add__(self, other: "ParseResults") -> "ParseResults":
+        ret = self.copy()
+        ret += other
+        return ret
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other: "ParseResults") -> "ParseResults":
+        if not other:
+            return self
+
+        if other._tokdict:
+            offset = len(self._toklist)
+            addoffset = lambda a: offset if a < 0 else a + offset
+            otheritems = other._tokdict.items()
+            otherdictitems = [
+                (k, _ParseResultsWithOffset(v[0], addoffset(v[1])))
+                for k, vlist in otheritems
+                for v in vlist
+            ]
+            for k, v in otherdictitems:
+                self[k] = v
+                if isinstance(v[0], ParseResults):
+                    v[0]._parent = self
+
+        self._toklist += other._toklist
+        self._all_names |= other._all_names
+        return self
+
+    def __radd__(self, other) -> "ParseResults":
+        if isinstance(other, int) and other == 0:
+            # useful for merging many ParseResults using sum() builtin
+            return self.copy()
+        else:
+            # this may raise a TypeError - so be it
+            return other + self
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}({self._toklist!r}, {self.as_dict()})"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            "["
+            + ", ".join(
+                [
+                    str(i) if isinstance(i, ParseResults) else repr(i)
+                    for i in self._toklist
+                ]
+            )
+            + "]"
+        )
+
+    def _asStringList(self, sep=""):
+        out = []
+        for item in self._toklist:
+            if out and sep:
+                out.append(sep)
+            if isinstance(item, ParseResults):
+                out += item._asStringList()
+            else:
+                out.append(str(item))
+        return out
+
+    def as_list(self) -> list:
+        """
+        Returns the parse results as a nested list of matching tokens, all converted to strings.
+
+        Example::
+
+            patt = Word(alphas)[1, ...]
+            result = patt.parse_string("sldkj lsdkj sldkj")
+            # even though the result prints in string-like form, it is actually a pyparsing ParseResults
+            print(type(result), result) # -> <class 'pyparsing.ParseResults'> ['sldkj', 'lsdkj', 'sldkj']
+
+            # Use as_list() to create an actual list
+            result_list = result.as_list()
+            print(type(result_list), result_list) # -> <class 'list'> ['sldkj', 'lsdkj', 'sldkj']
+        """
+        return [
+            res.as_list() if isinstance(res, ParseResults) else res
+            for res in self._toklist
+        ]
+
+    def as_dict(self) -> dict:
+        """
+        Returns the named parse results as a nested dictionary.
+
+        Example::
+
+            integer = Word(nums)
+            date_str = integer("year") + '/' + integer("month") + '/' + integer("day")
+
+            result = date_str.parse_string('12/31/1999')
+            print(type(result), repr(result)) # -> <class 'pyparsing.ParseResults'> (['12', '/', '31', '/', '1999'], {'day': [('1999', 4)], 'year': [('12', 0)], 'month': [('31', 2)]})
+
+            result_dict = result.as_dict()
+            print(type(result_dict), repr(result_dict)) # -> <class 'dict'> {'day': '1999', 'year': '12', 'month': '31'}
+
+            # even though a ParseResults supports dict-like access, sometime you just need to have a dict
+            import json
+            print(json.dumps(result)) # -> Exception: TypeError: ... is not JSON serializable
+            print(json.dumps(result.as_dict())) # -> {"month": "31", "day": "1999", "year": "12"}
+        """
+
+        def to_item(obj):
+            if isinstance(obj, ParseResults):
+                return obj.as_dict() if obj.haskeys() else [to_item(v) for v in obj]
+            else:
+                return obj
+
+        return dict((k, to_item(v)) for k, v in self.items())
+
+    def copy(self) -> "ParseResults":
+        """
+        Returns a new shallow copy of a :class:`ParseResults` object. `ParseResults`
+        items contained within the source are shared with the copy. Use
+        :class:`ParseResults.deepcopy()` to create a copy with its own separate
+        content values.
+        """
+        ret = ParseResults(self._toklist)
+        ret._tokdict = self._tokdict.copy()
+        ret._parent = self._parent
+        ret._all_names |= self._all_names
+        ret._name = self._name
+        return ret
+
+    def deepcopy(self) -> "ParseResults":
+        """
+        Returns a new deep copy of a :class:`ParseResults` object.
+        """
+        ret = self.copy()
+        # replace values with copies if they are of known mutable types
+        for i, obj in enumerate(self._toklist):
+            if isinstance(obj, ParseResults):
+                self._toklist[i] = obj.deepcopy()
+            elif isinstance(obj, (str, bytes)):
+                pass
+            elif isinstance(obj, MutableMapping):
+                self._toklist[i] = dest = type(obj)()
+                for k, v in obj.items():
+                    dest[k] = v.deepcopy() if isinstance(v, ParseResults) else v
+            elif isinstance(obj, Container):
+                self._toklist[i] = type(obj)(
+                    v.deepcopy() if isinstance(v, ParseResults) else v for v in obj
+                )
+        return ret
+
+    def get_name(self):
+        r"""
+        Returns the results name for this token expression. Useful when several
+        different expressions might match at a particular location.
+
+        Example::
+
+            integer = Word(nums)
+            ssn_expr = Regex(r"\d\d\d-\d\d-\d\d\d\d")
+            house_number_expr = Suppress('#') + Word(nums, alphanums)
+            user_data = (Group(house_number_expr)("house_number")
+                        | Group(ssn_expr)("ssn")
+                        | Group(integer)("age"))
+            user_info = user_data[1, ...]
+
+            result = user_info.parse_string("22 111-22-3333 #221B")
+            for item in result:
+                print(item.get_name(), ':', item[0])
+
+        prints::
+
+            age : 22
+            ssn : 111-22-3333
+            house_number : 221B
+        """
+        if self._name:
+            return self._name
+        elif self._parent:
+            par: "ParseResults" = self._parent
+            parent_tokdict_items = par._tokdict.items()
+            return next(
+                (
+                    k
+                    for k, vlist in parent_tokdict_items
+                    for v, loc in vlist
+                    if v is self
+                ),
+                None,
+            )
+        elif (
+            len(self) == 1
+            and len(self._tokdict) == 1
+            and next(iter(self._tokdict.values()))[0][1] in (0, -1)
+        ):
+            return next(iter(self._tokdict.keys()))
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def dump(self, indent="", full=True, include_list=True, _depth=0) -> str:
+        """
+        Diagnostic method for listing out the contents of
+        a :class:`ParseResults`. Accepts an optional ``indent`` argument so
+        that this string can be embedded in a nested display of other data.
+
+        Example::
+
+            integer = Word(nums)
+            date_str = integer("year") + '/' + integer("month") + '/' + integer("day")
+
+            result = date_str.parse_string('1999/12/31')
+            print(result.dump())
+
+        prints::
+
+            ['1999', '/', '12', '/', '31']
+            - day: '31'
+            - month: '12'
+            - year: '1999'
+        """
+        out = []
+        NL = "\n"
+        out.append(indent + str(self.as_list()) if include_list else "")
+
+        if full:
+            if self.haskeys():
+                items = sorted((str(k), v) for k, v in self.items())
+                for k, v in items:
+                    if out:
+                        out.append(NL)
+                    out.append(f"{indent}{('  ' * _depth)}- {k}: ")
+                    if isinstance(v, ParseResults):
+                        if v:
+                            out.append(
+                                v.dump(
+                                    indent=indent,
+                                    full=full,
+                                    include_list=include_list,
+                                    _depth=_depth + 1,
+                                )
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            out.append(str(v))
+                    else:
+                        out.append(repr(v))
+            if any(isinstance(vv, ParseResults) for vv in self):
+                v = self
+                for i, vv in enumerate(v):
+                    if isinstance(vv, ParseResults):
+                        out.append(
+                            "\n{}{}[{}]:\n{}{}{}".format(
+                                indent,
+                                ("  " * (_depth)),
+                                i,
+                                indent,
+                                ("  " * (_depth + 1)),
+                                vv.dump(
+                                    indent=indent,
+                                    full=full,
+                                    include_list=include_list,
+                                    _depth=_depth + 1,
+                                ),
+                            )
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        out.append(
+                            "\n%s%s[%d]:\n%s%s%s"
+                            % (
+                                indent,
+                                ("  " * (_depth)),
+                                i,
+                                indent,
+                                ("  " * (_depth + 1)),
+                                str(vv),
+                            )
+                        )
+
+        return "".join(out)
+
+    def pprint(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Pretty-printer for parsed results as a list, using the
+        `pprint <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pprint.html>`_ module.
+        Accepts additional positional or keyword args as defined for
+        `pprint.pprint <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pprint.html#pprint.pprint>`_ .
+
+        Example::
+
+            ident = Word(alphas, alphanums)
+            num = Word(nums)
+            func = Forward()
+            term = ident | num | Group('(' + func + ')')
+            func <<= ident + Group(Optional(DelimitedList(term)))
+            result = func.parse_string("fna a,b,(fnb c,d,200),100")
+            result.pprint(width=40)
+
+        prints::
+
+            ['fna',
+             ['a',
+              'b',
+              ['(', 'fnb', ['c', 'd', '200'], ')'],
+              '100']]
+        """
+        pprint.pprint(self.as_list(), *args, **kwargs)
+
+    # add support for pickle protocol
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return (
+            self._toklist,
+            (
+                self._tokdict.copy(),
+                None,
+                self._all_names,
+                self._name,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self._toklist, (self._tokdict, par, inAccumNames, self._name) = state
+        self._all_names = set(inAccumNames)
+        self._parent = None
+
+    def __getnewargs__(self):
+        return self._toklist, self._name
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return dir(type(self)) + list(self.keys())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_dict(cls, other, name=None) -> "ParseResults":
+        """
+        Helper classmethod to construct a ``ParseResults`` from a ``dict``, preserving the
+        name-value relations as results names. If an optional ``name`` argument is
+        given, a nested ``ParseResults`` will be returned.
+        """
+
+        def is_iterable(obj):
+            try:
+                iter(obj)
+            except Exception:
+                return False
+            # str's are iterable, but in pyparsing, we don't want to iterate over them
+            else:
+                return not isinstance(obj, str_type)
+
+        ret = cls([])
+        for k, v in other.items():
+            if isinstance(v, Mapping):
+                ret += cls.from_dict(v, name=k)
+            else:
+                ret += cls([v], name=k, asList=is_iterable(v))
+        if name is not None:
+            ret = cls([ret], name=name)
+        return ret
+
+    asList = as_list
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`as_list`"""
+    asDict = as_dict
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`as_dict`"""
+    getName = get_name
+    """Deprecated - use :class:`get_name`"""
+
+
+MutableMapping.register(ParseResults)
+MutableSequence.register(ParseResults)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/testing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6a254c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+# testing.py
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import typing
+
+from .core import (
+    ParserElement,
+    ParseException,
+    Keyword,
+    __diag__,
+    __compat__,
+)
+
+
+class pyparsing_test:
+    """
+    namespace class for classes useful in writing unit tests
+    """
+
+    class reset_pyparsing_context:
+        """
+        Context manager to be used when writing unit tests that modify pyparsing config values:
+        - packrat parsing
+        - bounded recursion parsing
+        - default whitespace characters.
+        - default keyword characters
+        - literal string auto-conversion class
+        - __diag__ settings
+
+        Example::
+
+            with reset_pyparsing_context():
+                # test that literals used to construct a grammar are automatically suppressed
+                ParserElement.inlineLiteralsUsing(Suppress)
+
+                term = Word(alphas) | Word(nums)
+                group = Group('(' + term[...] + ')')
+
+                # assert that the '()' characters are not included in the parsed tokens
+                self.assertParseAndCheckList(group, "(abc 123 def)", ['abc', '123', 'def'])
+
+            # after exiting context manager, literals are converted to Literal expressions again
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self):
+            self._save_context = {}
+
+        def save(self):
+            self._save_context["default_whitespace"] = ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+            self._save_context["default_keyword_chars"] = Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS
+
+            self._save_context[
+                "literal_string_class"
+            ] = ParserElement._literalStringClass
+
+            self._save_context["verbose_stacktrace"] = ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace
+
+            self._save_context["packrat_enabled"] = ParserElement._packratEnabled
+            if ParserElement._packratEnabled:
+                self._save_context[
+                    "packrat_cache_size"
+                ] = ParserElement.packrat_cache.size
+            else:
+                self._save_context["packrat_cache_size"] = None
+            self._save_context["packrat_parse"] = ParserElement._parse
+            self._save_context[
+                "recursion_enabled"
+            ] = ParserElement._left_recursion_enabled
+
+            self._save_context["__diag__"] = {
+                name: getattr(__diag__, name) for name in __diag__._all_names
+            }
+
+            self._save_context["__compat__"] = {
+                "collect_all_And_tokens": __compat__.collect_all_And_tokens
+            }
+
+            return self
+
+        def restore(self):
+            # reset pyparsing global state
+            if (
+                ParserElement.DEFAULT_WHITE_CHARS
+                != self._save_context["default_whitespace"]
+            ):
+                ParserElement.set_default_whitespace_chars(
+                    self._save_context["default_whitespace"]
+                )
+
+            ParserElement.verbose_stacktrace = self._save_context["verbose_stacktrace"]
+
+            Keyword.DEFAULT_KEYWORD_CHARS = self._save_context["default_keyword_chars"]
+            ParserElement.inlineLiteralsUsing(
+                self._save_context["literal_string_class"]
+            )
+
+            for name, value in self._save_context["__diag__"].items():
+                (__diag__.enable if value else __diag__.disable)(name)
+
+            ParserElement._packratEnabled = False
+            if self._save_context["packrat_enabled"]:
+                ParserElement.enable_packrat(self._save_context["packrat_cache_size"])
+            else:
+                ParserElement._parse = self._save_context["packrat_parse"]
+            ParserElement._left_recursion_enabled = self._save_context[
+                "recursion_enabled"
+            ]
+
+            __compat__.collect_all_And_tokens = self._save_context["__compat__"]
+
+            return self
+
+        def copy(self):
+            ret = type(self)()
+            ret._save_context.update(self._save_context)
+            return ret
+
+        def __enter__(self):
+            return self.save()
+
+        def __exit__(self, *args):
+            self.restore()
+
+    class TestParseResultsAsserts:
+        """
+        A mixin class to add parse results assertion methods to normal unittest.TestCase classes.
+        """
+
+        def assertParseResultsEquals(
+            self, result, expected_list=None, expected_dict=None, msg=None
+        ):
+            """
+            Unit test assertion to compare a :class:`ParseResults` object with an optional ``expected_list``,
+            and compare any defined results names with an optional ``expected_dict``.
+            """
+            if expected_list is not None:
+                self.assertEqual(expected_list, result.as_list(), msg=msg)
+            if expected_dict is not None:
+                self.assertEqual(expected_dict, result.as_dict(), msg=msg)
+
+        def assertParseAndCheckList(
+            self, expr, test_string, expected_list, msg=None, verbose=True
+        ):
+            """
+            Convenience wrapper assert to test a parser element and input string, and assert that
+            the resulting ``ParseResults.asList()`` is equal to the ``expected_list``.
+            """
+            result = expr.parse_string(test_string, parse_all=True)
+            if verbose:
+                print(result.dump())
+            else:
+                print(result.as_list())
+            self.assertParseResultsEquals(result, expected_list=expected_list, msg=msg)
+
+        def assertParseAndCheckDict(
+            self, expr, test_string, expected_dict, msg=None, verbose=True
+        ):
+            """
+            Convenience wrapper assert to test a parser element and input string, and assert that
+            the resulting ``ParseResults.asDict()`` is equal to the ``expected_dict``.
+            """
+            result = expr.parse_string(test_string, parseAll=True)
+            if verbose:
+                print(result.dump())
+            else:
+                print(result.as_list())
+            self.assertParseResultsEquals(result, expected_dict=expected_dict, msg=msg)
+
+        def assertRunTestResults(
+            self, run_tests_report, expected_parse_results=None, msg=None
+        ):
+            """
+            Unit test assertion to evaluate output of ``ParserElement.runTests()``. If a list of
+            list-dict tuples is given as the ``expected_parse_results`` argument, then these are zipped
+            with the report tuples returned by ``runTests`` and evaluated using ``assertParseResultsEquals``.
+            Finally, asserts that the overall ``runTests()`` success value is ``True``.
+
+            :param run_tests_report: tuple(bool, [tuple(str, ParseResults or Exception)]) returned from runTests
+            :param expected_parse_results (optional): [tuple(str, list, dict, Exception)]
+            """
+            run_test_success, run_test_results = run_tests_report
+
+            if expected_parse_results is not None:
+                merged = [
+                    (*rpt, expected)
+                    for rpt, expected in zip(run_test_results, expected_parse_results)
+                ]
+                for test_string, result, expected in merged:
+                    # expected should be a tuple containing a list and/or a dict or an exception,
+                    # and optional failure message string
+                    # an empty tuple will skip any result validation
+                    fail_msg = next(
+                        (exp for exp in expected if isinstance(exp, str)), None
+                    )
+                    expected_exception = next(
+                        (
+                            exp
+                            for exp in expected
+                            if isinstance(exp, type) and issubclass(exp, Exception)
+                        ),
+                        None,
+                    )
+                    if expected_exception is not None:
+                        with self.assertRaises(
+                            expected_exception=expected_exception, msg=fail_msg or msg
+                        ):
+                            if isinstance(result, Exception):
+                                raise result
+                    else:
+                        expected_list = next(
+                            (exp for exp in expected if isinstance(exp, list)), None
+                        )
+                        expected_dict = next(
+                            (exp for exp in expected if isinstance(exp, dict)), None
+                        )
+                        if (expected_list, expected_dict) != (None, None):
+                            self.assertParseResultsEquals(
+                                result,
+                                expected_list=expected_list,
+                                expected_dict=expected_dict,
+                                msg=fail_msg or msg,
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            # warning here maybe?
+                            print(f"no validation for {test_string!r}")
+
+            # do this last, in case some specific test results can be reported instead
+            self.assertTrue(
+                run_test_success, msg=msg if msg is not None else "failed runTests"
+            )
+
+        @contextmanager
+        def assertRaisesParseException(self, exc_type=ParseException, msg=None):
+            with self.assertRaises(exc_type, msg=msg):
+                yield
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def with_line_numbers(
+        s: str,
+        start_line: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+        end_line: typing.Optional[int] = None,
+        expand_tabs: bool = True,
+        eol_mark: str = "|",
+        mark_spaces: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        mark_control: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Helpful method for debugging a parser - prints a string with line and column numbers.
+        (Line and column numbers are 1-based.)
+
+        :param s: tuple(bool, str - string to be printed with line and column numbers
+        :param start_line: int - (optional) starting line number in s to print (default=1)
+        :param end_line: int - (optional) ending line number in s to print (default=len(s))
+        :param expand_tabs: bool - (optional) expand tabs to spaces, to match the pyparsing default
+        :param eol_mark: str - (optional) string to mark the end of lines, helps visualize trailing spaces (default="|")
+        :param mark_spaces: str - (optional) special character to display in place of spaces
+        :param mark_control: str - (optional) convert non-printing control characters to a placeholding
+                                 character; valid values:
+                                 - "unicode" - replaces control chars with Unicode symbols, such as "␍" and "␊"
+                                 - any single character string - replace control characters with given string
+                                 - None (default) - string is displayed as-is
+
+        :return: str - input string with leading line numbers and column number headers
+        """
+        if expand_tabs:
+            s = s.expandtabs()
+        if mark_control is not None:
+            mark_control = typing.cast(str, mark_control)
+            if mark_control == "unicode":
+                transtable_map = {
+                    c: u for c, u in zip(range(0, 33), range(0x2400, 0x2433))
+                }
+                transtable_map[127] = 0x2421
+                tbl = str.maketrans(transtable_map)
+                eol_mark = ""
+            else:
+                ord_mark_control = ord(mark_control)
+                tbl = str.maketrans(
+                    {c: ord_mark_control for c in list(range(0, 32)) + [127]}
+                )
+            s = s.translate(tbl)
+        if mark_spaces is not None and mark_spaces != " ":
+            if mark_spaces == "unicode":
+                tbl = str.maketrans({9: 0x2409, 32: 0x2423})
+                s = s.translate(tbl)
+            else:
+                s = s.replace(" ", mark_spaces)
+        if start_line is None:
+            start_line = 1
+        if end_line is None:
+            end_line = len(s)
+        end_line = min(end_line, len(s))
+        start_line = min(max(1, start_line), end_line)
+
+        if mark_control != "unicode":
+            s_lines = s.splitlines()[start_line - 1 : end_line]
+        else:
+            s_lines = [line + "␊" for line in s.split("␊")[start_line - 1 : end_line]]
+        if not s_lines:
+            return ""
+
+        lineno_width = len(str(end_line))
+        max_line_len = max(len(line) for line in s_lines)
+        lead = " " * (lineno_width + 1)
+        if max_line_len >= 99:
+            header0 = (
+                lead
+                + "".join(
+                    f"{' ' * 99}{(i + 1) % 100}"
+                    for i in range(max(max_line_len // 100, 1))
+                )
+                + "\n"
+            )
+        else:
+            header0 = ""
+        header1 = (
+            header0
+            + lead
+            + "".join(f"         {(i + 1) % 10}" for i in range(-(-max_line_len // 10)))
+            + "\n"
+        )
+        header2 = lead + "1234567890" * (-(-max_line_len // 10)) + "\n"
+        return (
+            header1
+            + header2
+            + "\n".join(
+                f"{i:{lineno_width}d}:{line}{eol_mark}"
+                for i, line in enumerate(s_lines, start=start_line)
+            )
+            + "\n"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/unicode.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/unicode.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec0b3a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/unicode.py
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+# unicode.py
+
+import sys
+from itertools import filterfalse
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union
+
+
+class _lazyclassproperty:
+    def __init__(self, fn):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+        self.__name__ = fn.__name__
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if cls is None:
+            cls = type(obj)
+        if not hasattr(cls, "_intern") or any(
+            cls._intern is getattr(superclass, "_intern", [])
+            for superclass in cls.__mro__[1:]
+        ):
+            cls._intern = {}
+        attrname = self.fn.__name__
+        if attrname not in cls._intern:
+            cls._intern[attrname] = self.fn(cls)
+        return cls._intern[attrname]
+
+
+UnicodeRangeList = List[Union[Tuple[int, int], Tuple[int]]]
+
+
+class unicode_set:
+    """
+    A set of Unicode characters, for language-specific strings for
+    ``alphas``, ``nums``, ``alphanums``, and ``printables``.
+    A unicode_set is defined by a list of ranges in the Unicode character
+    set, in a class attribute ``_ranges``. Ranges can be specified using
+    2-tuples or a 1-tuple, such as::
+
+        _ranges = [
+            (0x0020, 0x007e),
+            (0x00a0, 0x00ff),
+            (0x0100,),
+            ]
+
+    Ranges are left- and right-inclusive. A 1-tuple of (x,) is treated as (x, x).
+
+    A unicode set can also be defined using multiple inheritance of other unicode sets::
+
+        class CJK(Chinese, Japanese, Korean):
+            pass
+    """
+
+    _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = []
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def _chars_for_ranges(cls):
+        ret = []
+        for cc in cls.__mro__:
+            if cc is unicode_set:
+                break
+            for rr in getattr(cc, "_ranges", ()):
+                ret.extend(range(rr[0], rr[-1] + 1))
+        return [chr(c) for c in sorted(set(ret))]
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def printables(cls):
+        """all non-whitespace characters in this range"""
+        return "".join(filterfalse(str.isspace, cls._chars_for_ranges))
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def alphas(cls):
+        """all alphabetic characters in this range"""
+        return "".join(filter(str.isalpha, cls._chars_for_ranges))
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def nums(cls):
+        """all numeric digit characters in this range"""
+        return "".join(filter(str.isdigit, cls._chars_for_ranges))
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def alphanums(cls):
+        """all alphanumeric characters in this range"""
+        return cls.alphas + cls.nums
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def identchars(cls):
+        """all characters in this range that are valid identifier characters, plus underscore '_'"""
+        return "".join(
+            sorted(
+                set(
+                    "".join(filter(str.isidentifier, cls._chars_for_ranges))
+                    + "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzªµº"
+                    + "ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþÿ"
+                    + "_"
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def identbodychars(cls):
+        """
+        all characters in this range that are valid identifier body characters,
+        plus the digits 0-9, and · (Unicode MIDDLE DOT)
+        """
+        return "".join(
+            sorted(
+                set(
+                    cls.identchars
+                    + "0123456789·"
+                    + "".join(
+                        [c for c in cls._chars_for_ranges if ("_" + c).isidentifier()]
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_lazyclassproperty
+    def identifier(cls):
+        """
+        a pyparsing Word expression for an identifier using this range's definitions for
+        identchars and identbodychars
+        """
+        from pip._vendor.pyparsing import Word
+
+        return Word(cls.identchars, cls.identbodychars)
+
+
+class pyparsing_unicode(unicode_set):
+    """
+    A namespace class for defining common language unicode_sets.
+    """
+
+    # fmt: off
+
+    # define ranges in language character sets
+    _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+        (0x0020, sys.maxunicode),
+    ]
+
+    class BasicMultilingualPlane(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for the Basic Multilingual Plane"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0020, 0xFFFF),
+        ]
+
+    class Latin1(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Latin-1 Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0020, 0x007E),
+            (0x00A0, 0x00FF),
+        ]
+
+    class LatinA(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Latin-A Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0100, 0x017F),
+        ]
+
+    class LatinB(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Latin-B Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0180, 0x024F),
+        ]
+
+    class Greek(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Greek Unicode Character Ranges"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0342, 0x0345),
+            (0x0370, 0x0377),
+            (0x037A, 0x037F),
+            (0x0384, 0x038A),
+            (0x038C,),
+            (0x038E, 0x03A1),
+            (0x03A3, 0x03E1),
+            (0x03F0, 0x03FF),
+            (0x1D26, 0x1D2A),
+            (0x1D5E,),
+            (0x1D60,),
+            (0x1D66, 0x1D6A),
+            (0x1F00, 0x1F15),
+            (0x1F18, 0x1F1D),
+            (0x1F20, 0x1F45),
+            (0x1F48, 0x1F4D),
+            (0x1F50, 0x1F57),
+            (0x1F59,),
+            (0x1F5B,),
+            (0x1F5D,),
+            (0x1F5F, 0x1F7D),
+            (0x1F80, 0x1FB4),
+            (0x1FB6, 0x1FC4),
+            (0x1FC6, 0x1FD3),
+            (0x1FD6, 0x1FDB),
+            (0x1FDD, 0x1FEF),
+            (0x1FF2, 0x1FF4),
+            (0x1FF6, 0x1FFE),
+            (0x2129,),
+            (0x2719, 0x271A),
+            (0xAB65,),
+            (0x10140, 0x1018D),
+            (0x101A0,),
+            (0x1D200, 0x1D245),
+            (0x1F7A1, 0x1F7A7),
+        ]
+
+    class Cyrillic(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Cyrillic Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0400, 0x052F),
+            (0x1C80, 0x1C88),
+            (0x1D2B,),
+            (0x1D78,),
+            (0x2DE0, 0x2DFF),
+            (0xA640, 0xA672),
+            (0xA674, 0xA69F),
+            (0xFE2E, 0xFE2F),
+        ]
+
+    class Chinese(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Chinese Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x2E80, 0x2E99),
+            (0x2E9B, 0x2EF3),
+            (0x31C0, 0x31E3),
+            (0x3400, 0x4DB5),
+            (0x4E00, 0x9FEF),
+            (0xA700, 0xA707),
+            (0xF900, 0xFA6D),
+            (0xFA70, 0xFAD9),
+            (0x16FE2, 0x16FE3),
+            (0x1F210, 0x1F212),
+            (0x1F214, 0x1F23B),
+            (0x1F240, 0x1F248),
+            (0x20000, 0x2A6D6),
+            (0x2A700, 0x2B734),
+            (0x2B740, 0x2B81D),
+            (0x2B820, 0x2CEA1),
+            (0x2CEB0, 0x2EBE0),
+            (0x2F800, 0x2FA1D),
+        ]
+
+    class Japanese(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Japanese Unicode Character Range, combining Kanji, Hiragana, and Katakana ranges"""
+
+        class Kanji(unicode_set):
+            "Unicode set for Kanji Unicode Character Range"
+            _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+                (0x4E00, 0x9FBF),
+                (0x3000, 0x303F),
+            ]
+
+        class Hiragana(unicode_set):
+            """Unicode set for Hiragana Unicode Character Range"""
+            _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+                (0x3041, 0x3096),
+                (0x3099, 0x30A0),
+                (0x30FC,),
+                (0xFF70,),
+                (0x1B001,),
+                (0x1B150, 0x1B152),
+                (0x1F200,),
+            ]
+
+        class Katakana(unicode_set):
+            """Unicode set for Katakana  Unicode Character Range"""
+            _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+                (0x3099, 0x309C),
+                (0x30A0, 0x30FF),
+                (0x31F0, 0x31FF),
+                (0x32D0, 0x32FE),
+                (0xFF65, 0xFF9F),
+                (0x1B000,),
+                (0x1B164, 0x1B167),
+                (0x1F201, 0x1F202),
+                (0x1F213,),
+            ]
+
+        漢字 = Kanji
+        カタカナ = Katakana
+        ひらがな = Hiragana
+
+        _ranges = (
+            Kanji._ranges
+            + Hiragana._ranges
+            + Katakana._ranges
+        )
+
+    class Hangul(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Hangul (Korean) Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x1100, 0x11FF),
+            (0x302E, 0x302F),
+            (0x3131, 0x318E),
+            (0x3200, 0x321C),
+            (0x3260, 0x327B),
+            (0x327E,),
+            (0xA960, 0xA97C),
+            (0xAC00, 0xD7A3),
+            (0xD7B0, 0xD7C6),
+            (0xD7CB, 0xD7FB),
+            (0xFFA0, 0xFFBE),
+            (0xFFC2, 0xFFC7),
+            (0xFFCA, 0xFFCF),
+            (0xFFD2, 0xFFD7),
+            (0xFFDA, 0xFFDC),
+        ]
+
+    Korean = Hangul
+
+    class CJK(Chinese, Japanese, Hangul):
+        """Unicode set for combined Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) Unicode Character Range"""
+
+    class Thai(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Thai Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0E01, 0x0E3A),
+            (0x0E3F, 0x0E5B)
+        ]
+
+    class Arabic(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Arabic Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0600, 0x061B),
+            (0x061E, 0x06FF),
+            (0x0700, 0x077F),
+        ]
+
+    class Hebrew(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Hebrew Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0591, 0x05C7),
+            (0x05D0, 0x05EA),
+            (0x05EF, 0x05F4),
+            (0xFB1D, 0xFB36),
+            (0xFB38, 0xFB3C),
+            (0xFB3E,),
+            (0xFB40, 0xFB41),
+            (0xFB43, 0xFB44),
+            (0xFB46, 0xFB4F),
+        ]
+
+    class Devanagari(unicode_set):
+        """Unicode set for Devanagari Unicode Character Range"""
+        _ranges: UnicodeRangeList = [
+            (0x0900, 0x097F),
+            (0xA8E0, 0xA8FF)
+        ]
+
+    BMP = BasicMultilingualPlane
+
+    # add language identifiers using language Unicode
+    العربية = Arabic
+    中文 = Chinese
+    кириллица = Cyrillic
+    Ελληνικά = Greek
+    עִברִית = Hebrew
+    日本語 = Japanese
+    한국어 = Korean
+    ไทย = Thai
+    देवनागरी = Devanagari
+
+    # fmt: on
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8d3f414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyparsing/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+# util.py
+import inspect
+import warnings
+import types
+import collections
+import itertools
+from functools import lru_cache, wraps
+from typing import Callable, List, Union, Iterable, TypeVar, cast
+
+_bslash = chr(92)
+C = TypeVar("C", bound=Callable)
+
+
+class __config_flags:
+    """Internal class for defining compatibility and debugging flags"""
+
+    _all_names: List[str] = []
+    _fixed_names: List[str] = []
+    _type_desc = "configuration"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _set(cls, dname, value):
+        if dname in cls._fixed_names:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"{cls.__name__}.{dname} {cls._type_desc} is {str(getattr(cls, dname)).upper()}"
+                f" and cannot be overridden",
+                stacklevel=3,
+            )
+            return
+        if dname in cls._all_names:
+            setattr(cls, dname, value)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"no such {cls._type_desc} {dname!r}")
+
+    enable = classmethod(lambda cls, name: cls._set(name, True))
+    disable = classmethod(lambda cls, name: cls._set(name, False))
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=128)
+def col(loc: int, strg: str) -> int:
+    """
+    Returns current column within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+    The first column is number 1.
+
+    Note: the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+    before starting the parsing process.  See
+    :class:`ParserElement.parse_string` for more
+    information on parsing strings containing ``<TAB>`` s, and suggested
+    methods to maintain a consistent view of the parsed string, the parse
+    location, and line and column positions within the parsed string.
+    """
+    s = strg
+    return 1 if 0 < loc < len(s) and s[loc - 1] == "\n" else loc - s.rfind("\n", 0, loc)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=128)
+def lineno(loc: int, strg: str) -> int:
+    """Returns current line number within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+    The first line is number 1.
+
+    Note - the default parsing behavior is to expand tabs in the input string
+    before starting the parsing process.  See :class:`ParserElement.parse_string`
+    for more information on parsing strings containing ``<TAB>`` s, and
+    suggested methods to maintain a consistent view of the parsed string, the
+    parse location, and line and column positions within the parsed string.
+    """
+    return strg.count("\n", 0, loc) + 1
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=128)
+def line(loc: int, strg: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Returns the line of text containing loc within a string, counting newlines as line separators.
+    """
+    last_cr = strg.rfind("\n", 0, loc)
+    next_cr = strg.find("\n", loc)
+    return strg[last_cr + 1 : next_cr] if next_cr >= 0 else strg[last_cr + 1 :]
+
+
+class _UnboundedCache:
+    def __init__(self):
+        cache = {}
+        cache_get = cache.get
+        self.not_in_cache = not_in_cache = object()
+
+        def get(_, key):
+            return cache_get(key, not_in_cache)
+
+        def set_(_, key, value):
+            cache[key] = value
+
+        def clear(_):
+            cache.clear()
+
+        self.size = None
+        self.get = types.MethodType(get, self)
+        self.set = types.MethodType(set_, self)
+        self.clear = types.MethodType(clear, self)
+
+
+class _FifoCache:
+    def __init__(self, size):
+        self.not_in_cache = not_in_cache = object()
+        cache = {}
+        keyring = [object()] * size
+        cache_get = cache.get
+        cache_pop = cache.pop
+        keyiter = itertools.cycle(range(size))
+
+        def get(_, key):
+            return cache_get(key, not_in_cache)
+
+        def set_(_, key, value):
+            cache[key] = value
+            i = next(keyiter)
+            cache_pop(keyring[i], None)
+            keyring[i] = key
+
+        def clear(_):
+            cache.clear()
+            keyring[:] = [object()] * size
+
+        self.size = size
+        self.get = types.MethodType(get, self)
+        self.set = types.MethodType(set_, self)
+        self.clear = types.MethodType(clear, self)
+
+
+class LRUMemo:
+    """
+    A memoizing mapping that retains `capacity` deleted items
+
+    The memo tracks retained items by their access order; once `capacity` items
+    are retained, the least recently used item is discarded.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, capacity):
+        self._capacity = capacity
+        self._active = {}
+        self._memory = collections.OrderedDict()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self._active[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            self._memory.move_to_end(key)
+            return self._memory[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._memory.pop(key, None)
+        self._active[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        try:
+            value = self._active.pop(key)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            while len(self._memory) >= self._capacity:
+                self._memory.popitem(last=False)
+            self._memory[key] = value
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._active.clear()
+        self._memory.clear()
+
+
+class UnboundedMemo(dict):
+    """
+    A memoizing mapping that retains all deleted items
+    """
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        pass
+
+
+def _escape_regex_range_chars(s: str) -> str:
+    # escape these chars: ^-[]
+    for c in r"\^-[]":
+        s = s.replace(c, _bslash + c)
+    s = s.replace("\n", r"\n")
+    s = s.replace("\t", r"\t")
+    return str(s)
+
+
+def _collapse_string_to_ranges(
+    s: Union[str, Iterable[str]], re_escape: bool = True
+) -> str:
+    def is_consecutive(c):
+        c_int = ord(c)
+        is_consecutive.prev, prev = c_int, is_consecutive.prev
+        if c_int - prev > 1:
+            is_consecutive.value = next(is_consecutive.counter)
+        return is_consecutive.value
+
+    is_consecutive.prev = 0  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+    is_consecutive.counter = itertools.count()  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+    is_consecutive.value = -1  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+
+    def escape_re_range_char(c):
+        return "\\" + c if c in r"\^-][" else c
+
+    def no_escape_re_range_char(c):
+        return c
+
+    if not re_escape:
+        escape_re_range_char = no_escape_re_range_char
+
+    ret = []
+    s = "".join(sorted(set(s)))
+    if len(s) > 3:
+        for _, chars in itertools.groupby(s, key=is_consecutive):
+            first = last = next(chars)
+            last = collections.deque(
+                itertools.chain(iter([last]), chars), maxlen=1
+            ).pop()
+            if first == last:
+                ret.append(escape_re_range_char(first))
+            else:
+                sep = "" if ord(last) == ord(first) + 1 else "-"
+                ret.append(
+                    f"{escape_re_range_char(first)}{sep}{escape_re_range_char(last)}"
+                )
+    else:
+        ret = [escape_re_range_char(c) for c in s]
+
+    return "".join(ret)
+
+
+def _flatten(ll: list) -> list:
+    ret = []
+    for i in ll:
+        if isinstance(i, list):
+            ret.extend(_flatten(i))
+        else:
+            ret.append(i)
+    return ret
+
+
+def _make_synonym_function(compat_name: str, fn: C) -> C:
+    # In a future version, uncomment the code in the internal _inner() functions
+    # to begin emitting DeprecationWarnings.
+
+    # Unwrap staticmethod/classmethod
+    fn = getattr(fn, "__func__", fn)
+
+    # (Presence of 'self' arg in signature is used by explain_exception() methods, so we take
+    # some extra steps to add it if present in decorated function.)
+    if "self" == list(inspect.signature(fn).parameters)[0]:
+
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def _inner(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            # warnings.warn(
+            #     f"Deprecated - use {fn.__name__}", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3
+            # )
+            return fn(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    else:
+
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def _inner(*args, **kwargs):
+            # warnings.warn(
+            #     f"Deprecated - use {fn.__name__}", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3
+            # )
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    _inner.__doc__ = f"""Deprecated - use :class:`{fn.__name__}`"""
+    _inner.__name__ = compat_name
+    _inner.__annotations__ = fn.__annotations__
+    if isinstance(fn, types.FunctionType):
+        _inner.__kwdefaults__ = fn.__kwdefaults__
+    elif isinstance(fn, type) and hasattr(fn, "__init__"):
+        _inner.__kwdefaults__ = fn.__init__.__kwdefaults__
+    else:
+        _inner.__kwdefaults__ = None
+    _inner.__qualname__ = fn.__qualname__
+    return cast(C, _inner)
+
+
+def replaced_by_pep8(fn: C) -> Callable[[Callable], C]:
+    """
+    Decorator for pre-PEP8 compatibility synonyms, to link them to the new function.
+    """
+    return lambda other: _make_synonym_function(other.__name__, fn)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddfcf7f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Wrappers to call pyproject.toml-based build backend hooks.
+"""
+
+from ._impl import (
+    BackendInvalid,
+    BackendUnavailable,
+    BuildBackendHookCaller,
+    HookMissing,
+    UnsupportedOperation,
+    default_subprocess_runner,
+    quiet_subprocess_runner,
+)
+
+__version__ = '1.0.0'
+__all__ = [
+    'BackendUnavailable',
+    'BackendInvalid',
+    'HookMissing',
+    'UnsupportedOperation',
+    'default_subprocess_runner',
+    'quiet_subprocess_runner',
+    'BuildBackendHookCaller',
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__pycache__/_compat.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__pycache__/_compat.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d15c812
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__pycache__/_impl.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__pycache__/_impl.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d77a6e13
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/__pycache__/_impl.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95e509c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+__all__ = ("tomllib",)
+
+import sys
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    import tomllib
+else:
+    from pip._vendor import tomli as tomllib
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..37b0e653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from os.path import abspath
+from os.path import join as pjoin
+from subprocess import STDOUT, check_call, check_output
+
+from ._in_process import _in_proc_script_path
+
+
+def write_json(obj, path, **kwargs):
+    with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        json.dump(obj, f, **kwargs)
+
+
+def read_json(path):
+    with open(path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        return json.load(f)
+
+
+class BackendUnavailable(Exception):
+    """Will be raised if the backend cannot be imported in the hook process."""
+    def __init__(self, traceback):
+        self.traceback = traceback
+
+
+class BackendInvalid(Exception):
+    """Will be raised if the backend is invalid."""
+    def __init__(self, backend_name, backend_path, message):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.backend_name = backend_name
+        self.backend_path = backend_path
+
+
+class HookMissing(Exception):
+    """Will be raised on missing hooks (if a fallback can't be used)."""
+    def __init__(self, hook_name):
+        super().__init__(hook_name)
+        self.hook_name = hook_name
+
+
+class UnsupportedOperation(Exception):
+    """May be raised by build_sdist if the backend indicates that it can't."""
+    def __init__(self, traceback):
+        self.traceback = traceback
+
+
+def default_subprocess_runner(cmd, cwd=None, extra_environ=None):
+    """The default method of calling the wrapper subprocess.
+
+    This uses :func:`subprocess.check_call` under the hood.
+    """
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    if extra_environ:
+        env.update(extra_environ)
+
+    check_call(cmd, cwd=cwd, env=env)
+
+
+def quiet_subprocess_runner(cmd, cwd=None, extra_environ=None):
+    """Call the subprocess while suppressing output.
+
+    This uses :func:`subprocess.check_output` under the hood.
+    """
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    if extra_environ:
+        env.update(extra_environ)
+
+    check_output(cmd, cwd=cwd, env=env, stderr=STDOUT)
+
+
+def norm_and_check(source_tree, requested):
+    """Normalise and check a backend path.
+
+    Ensure that the requested backend path is specified as a relative path,
+    and resolves to a location under the given source tree.
+
+    Return an absolute version of the requested path.
+    """
+    if os.path.isabs(requested):
+        raise ValueError("paths must be relative")
+
+    abs_source = os.path.abspath(source_tree)
+    abs_requested = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(abs_source, requested))
+    # We have to use commonprefix for Python 2.7 compatibility. So we
+    # normalise case to avoid problems because commonprefix is a character
+    # based comparison :-(
+    norm_source = os.path.normcase(abs_source)
+    norm_requested = os.path.normcase(abs_requested)
+    if os.path.commonprefix([norm_source, norm_requested]) != norm_source:
+        raise ValueError("paths must be inside source tree")
+
+    return abs_requested
+
+
+class BuildBackendHookCaller:
+    """A wrapper to call the build backend hooks for a source directory.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            source_dir,
+            build_backend,
+            backend_path=None,
+            runner=None,
+            python_executable=None,
+    ):
+        """
+        :param source_dir: The source directory to invoke the build backend for
+        :param build_backend: The build backend spec
+        :param backend_path: Additional path entries for the build backend spec
+        :param runner: The :ref:`subprocess runner <Subprocess Runners>` to use
+        :param python_executable:
+            The Python executable used to invoke the build backend
+        """
+        if runner is None:
+            runner = default_subprocess_runner
+
+        self.source_dir = abspath(source_dir)
+        self.build_backend = build_backend
+        if backend_path:
+            backend_path = [
+                norm_and_check(self.source_dir, p) for p in backend_path
+            ]
+        self.backend_path = backend_path
+        self._subprocess_runner = runner
+        if not python_executable:
+            python_executable = sys.executable
+        self.python_executable = python_executable
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def subprocess_runner(self, runner):
+        """A context manager for temporarily overriding the default
+        :ref:`subprocess runner <Subprocess Runners>`.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            hook_caller = BuildBackendHookCaller(...)
+            with hook_caller.subprocess_runner(quiet_subprocess_runner):
+                ...
+        """
+        prev = self._subprocess_runner
+        self._subprocess_runner = runner
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._subprocess_runner = prev
+
+    def _supported_features(self):
+        """Return the list of optional features supported by the backend."""
+        return self._call_hook('_supported_features', {})
+
+    def get_requires_for_build_wheel(self, config_settings=None):
+        """Get additional dependencies required for building a wheel.
+
+        :returns: A list of :pep:`dependency specifiers <508>`.
+        :rtype: list[str]
+
+        .. admonition:: Fallback
+
+            If the build backend does not defined a hook with this name, an
+            empty list will be returned.
+        """
+        return self._call_hook('get_requires_for_build_wheel', {
+            'config_settings': config_settings
+        })
+
+    def prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel(
+            self, metadata_directory, config_settings=None,
+            _allow_fallback=True):
+        """Prepare a ``*.dist-info`` folder with metadata for this project.
+
+        :returns: Name of the newly created subfolder within
+                  ``metadata_directory``, containing the metadata.
+        :rtype: str
+
+        .. admonition:: Fallback
+
+            If the build backend does not define a hook with this name and
+            ``_allow_fallback`` is truthy, the backend will be asked to build a
+            wheel via the ``build_wheel`` hook and the dist-info extracted from
+            that will be returned.
+        """
+        return self._call_hook('prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel', {
+            'metadata_directory': abspath(metadata_directory),
+            'config_settings': config_settings,
+            '_allow_fallback': _allow_fallback,
+        })
+
+    def build_wheel(
+            self, wheel_directory, config_settings=None,
+            metadata_directory=None):
+        """Build a wheel from this project.
+
+        :returns:
+            The name of the newly created wheel within ``wheel_directory``.
+
+        .. admonition:: Interaction with fallback
+
+            If the ``build_wheel`` hook was called in the fallback for
+            :meth:`prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel`, the build backend would
+            not be invoked. Instead, the previously built wheel will be copied
+            to ``wheel_directory`` and the name of that file will be returned.
+        """
+        if metadata_directory is not None:
+            metadata_directory = abspath(metadata_directory)
+        return self._call_hook('build_wheel', {
+            'wheel_directory': abspath(wheel_directory),
+            'config_settings': config_settings,
+            'metadata_directory': metadata_directory,
+        })
+
+    def get_requires_for_build_editable(self, config_settings=None):
+        """Get additional dependencies required for building an editable wheel.
+
+        :returns: A list of :pep:`dependency specifiers <508>`.
+        :rtype: list[str]
+
+        .. admonition:: Fallback
+
+            If the build backend does not defined a hook with this name, an
+            empty list will be returned.
+        """
+        return self._call_hook('get_requires_for_build_editable', {
+            'config_settings': config_settings
+        })
+
+    def prepare_metadata_for_build_editable(
+            self, metadata_directory, config_settings=None,
+            _allow_fallback=True):
+        """Prepare a ``*.dist-info`` folder with metadata for this project.
+
+        :returns: Name of the newly created subfolder within
+                  ``metadata_directory``, containing the metadata.
+        :rtype: str
+
+        .. admonition:: Fallback
+
+            If the build backend does not define a hook with this name and
+            ``_allow_fallback`` is truthy, the backend will be asked to build a
+            wheel via the ``build_editable`` hook and the dist-info
+            extracted from that will be returned.
+        """
+        return self._call_hook('prepare_metadata_for_build_editable', {
+            'metadata_directory': abspath(metadata_directory),
+            'config_settings': config_settings,
+            '_allow_fallback': _allow_fallback,
+        })
+
+    def build_editable(
+            self, wheel_directory, config_settings=None,
+            metadata_directory=None):
+        """Build an editable wheel from this project.
+
+        :returns:
+            The name of the newly created wheel within ``wheel_directory``.
+
+        .. admonition:: Interaction with fallback
+
+            If the ``build_editable`` hook was called in the fallback for
+            :meth:`prepare_metadata_for_build_editable`, the build backend
+            would not be invoked. Instead, the previously built wheel will be
+            copied to ``wheel_directory`` and the name of that file will be
+            returned.
+        """
+        if metadata_directory is not None:
+            metadata_directory = abspath(metadata_directory)
+        return self._call_hook('build_editable', {
+            'wheel_directory': abspath(wheel_directory),
+            'config_settings': config_settings,
+            'metadata_directory': metadata_directory,
+        })
+
+    def get_requires_for_build_sdist(self, config_settings=None):
+        """Get additional dependencies required for building an sdist.
+
+        :returns: A list of :pep:`dependency specifiers <508>`.
+        :rtype: list[str]
+        """
+        return self._call_hook('get_requires_for_build_sdist', {
+            'config_settings': config_settings
+        })
+
+    def build_sdist(self, sdist_directory, config_settings=None):
+        """Build an sdist from this project.
+
+        :returns:
+            The name of the newly created sdist within ``wheel_directory``.
+        """
+        return self._call_hook('build_sdist', {
+            'sdist_directory': abspath(sdist_directory),
+            'config_settings': config_settings,
+        })
+
+    def _call_hook(self, hook_name, kwargs):
+        extra_environ = {'PEP517_BUILD_BACKEND': self.build_backend}
+
+        if self.backend_path:
+            backend_path = os.pathsep.join(self.backend_path)
+            extra_environ['PEP517_BACKEND_PATH'] = backend_path
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            hook_input = {'kwargs': kwargs}
+            write_json(hook_input, pjoin(td, 'input.json'), indent=2)
+
+            # Run the hook in a subprocess
+            with _in_proc_script_path() as script:
+                python = self.python_executable
+                self._subprocess_runner(
+                    [python, abspath(str(script)), hook_name, td],
+                    cwd=self.source_dir,
+                    extra_environ=extra_environ
+                )
+
+            data = read_json(pjoin(td, 'output.json'))
+            if data.get('unsupported'):
+                raise UnsupportedOperation(data.get('traceback', ''))
+            if data.get('no_backend'):
+                raise BackendUnavailable(data.get('traceback', ''))
+            if data.get('backend_invalid'):
+                raise BackendInvalid(
+                    backend_name=self.build_backend,
+                    backend_path=self.backend_path,
+                    message=data.get('backend_error', '')
+                )
+            if data.get('hook_missing'):
+                raise HookMissing(data.get('missing_hook_name') or hook_name)
+            return data['return_val']
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..917fa065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+"""This is a subpackage because the directory is on sys.path for _in_process.py
+
+The subpackage should stay as empty as possible to avoid shadowing modules that
+the backend might import.
+"""
+
+import importlib.resources as resources
+
+try:
+    resources.files
+except AttributeError:
+    # Python 3.8 compatibility
+    def _in_proc_script_path():
+        return resources.path(__package__, '_in_process.py')
+else:
+    def _in_proc_script_path():
+        return resources.as_file(
+            resources.files(__package__).joinpath('_in_process.py'))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4609d13
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__pycache__/_in_process.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__pycache__/_in_process.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..392c7537
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/__pycache__/_in_process.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee511ff2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py
@@ -0,0 +1,353 @@
+"""This is invoked in a subprocess to call the build backend hooks.
+
+It expects:
+- Command line args: hook_name, control_dir
+- Environment variables:
+      PEP517_BUILD_BACKEND=entry.point:spec
+      PEP517_BACKEND_PATH=paths (separated with os.pathsep)
+- control_dir/input.json:
+  - {"kwargs": {...}}
+
+Results:
+- control_dir/output.json
+  - {"return_val": ...}
+"""
+import json
+import os
+import os.path
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import traceback
+from glob import glob
+from importlib import import_module
+from os.path import join as pjoin
+
+# This file is run as a script, and `import wrappers` is not zip-safe, so we
+# include write_json() and read_json() from wrappers.py.
+
+
+def write_json(obj, path, **kwargs):
+    with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        json.dump(obj, f, **kwargs)
+
+
+def read_json(path):
+    with open(path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        return json.load(f)
+
+
+class BackendUnavailable(Exception):
+    """Raised if we cannot import the backend"""
+    def __init__(self, traceback):
+        self.traceback = traceback
+
+
+class BackendInvalid(Exception):
+    """Raised if the backend is invalid"""
+    def __init__(self, message):
+        self.message = message
+
+
+class HookMissing(Exception):
+    """Raised if a hook is missing and we are not executing the fallback"""
+    def __init__(self, hook_name=None):
+        super().__init__(hook_name)
+        self.hook_name = hook_name
+
+
+def contained_in(filename, directory):
+    """Test if a file is located within the given directory."""
+    filename = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(filename))
+    directory = os.path.normcase(os.path.abspath(directory))
+    return os.path.commonprefix([filename, directory]) == directory
+
+
+def _build_backend():
+    """Find and load the build backend"""
+    # Add in-tree backend directories to the front of sys.path.
+    backend_path = os.environ.get('PEP517_BACKEND_PATH')
+    if backend_path:
+        extra_pathitems = backend_path.split(os.pathsep)
+        sys.path[:0] = extra_pathitems
+
+    ep = os.environ['PEP517_BUILD_BACKEND']
+    mod_path, _, obj_path = ep.partition(':')
+    try:
+        obj = import_module(mod_path)
+    except ImportError:
+        raise BackendUnavailable(traceback.format_exc())
+
+    if backend_path:
+        if not any(
+            contained_in(obj.__file__, path)
+            for path in extra_pathitems
+        ):
+            raise BackendInvalid("Backend was not loaded from backend-path")
+
+    if obj_path:
+        for path_part in obj_path.split('.'):
+            obj = getattr(obj, path_part)
+    return obj
+
+
+def _supported_features():
+    """Return the list of options features supported by the backend.
+
+    Returns a list of strings.
+    The only possible value is 'build_editable'.
+    """
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    features = []
+    if hasattr(backend, "build_editable"):
+        features.append("build_editable")
+    return features
+
+
+def get_requires_for_build_wheel(config_settings):
+    """Invoke the optional get_requires_for_build_wheel hook
+
+    Returns [] if the hook is not defined.
+    """
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    try:
+        hook = backend.get_requires_for_build_wheel
+    except AttributeError:
+        return []
+    else:
+        return hook(config_settings)
+
+
+def get_requires_for_build_editable(config_settings):
+    """Invoke the optional get_requires_for_build_editable hook
+
+    Returns [] if the hook is not defined.
+    """
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    try:
+        hook = backend.get_requires_for_build_editable
+    except AttributeError:
+        return []
+    else:
+        return hook(config_settings)
+
+
+def prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel(
+        metadata_directory, config_settings, _allow_fallback):
+    """Invoke optional prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
+
+    Implements a fallback by building a wheel if the hook isn't defined,
+    unless _allow_fallback is False in which case HookMissing is raised.
+    """
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    try:
+        hook = backend.prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
+    except AttributeError:
+        if not _allow_fallback:
+            raise HookMissing()
+    else:
+        return hook(metadata_directory, config_settings)
+    # fallback to build_wheel outside the try block to avoid exception chaining
+    # which can be confusing to users and is not relevant
+    whl_basename = backend.build_wheel(metadata_directory, config_settings)
+    return _get_wheel_metadata_from_wheel(whl_basename, metadata_directory,
+                                          config_settings)
+
+
+def prepare_metadata_for_build_editable(
+        metadata_directory, config_settings, _allow_fallback):
+    """Invoke optional prepare_metadata_for_build_editable
+
+    Implements a fallback by building an editable wheel if the hook isn't
+    defined, unless _allow_fallback is False in which case HookMissing is
+    raised.
+    """
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    try:
+        hook = backend.prepare_metadata_for_build_editable
+    except AttributeError:
+        if not _allow_fallback:
+            raise HookMissing()
+        try:
+            build_hook = backend.build_editable
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise HookMissing(hook_name='build_editable')
+        else:
+            whl_basename = build_hook(metadata_directory, config_settings)
+            return _get_wheel_metadata_from_wheel(whl_basename,
+                                                  metadata_directory,
+                                                  config_settings)
+    else:
+        return hook(metadata_directory, config_settings)
+
+
+WHEEL_BUILT_MARKER = 'PEP517_ALREADY_BUILT_WHEEL'
+
+
+def _dist_info_files(whl_zip):
+    """Identify the .dist-info folder inside a wheel ZipFile."""
+    res = []
+    for path in whl_zip.namelist():
+        m = re.match(r'[^/\\]+-[^/\\]+\.dist-info/', path)
+        if m:
+            res.append(path)
+    if res:
+        return res
+    raise Exception("No .dist-info folder found in wheel")
+
+
+def _get_wheel_metadata_from_wheel(
+        whl_basename, metadata_directory, config_settings):
+    """Extract the metadata from a wheel.
+
+    Fallback for when the build backend does not
+    define the 'get_wheel_metadata' hook.
+    """
+    from zipfile import ZipFile
+    with open(os.path.join(metadata_directory, WHEEL_BUILT_MARKER), 'wb'):
+        pass  # Touch marker file
+
+    whl_file = os.path.join(metadata_directory, whl_basename)
+    with ZipFile(whl_file) as zipf:
+        dist_info = _dist_info_files(zipf)
+        zipf.extractall(path=metadata_directory, members=dist_info)
+    return dist_info[0].split('/')[0]
+
+
+def _find_already_built_wheel(metadata_directory):
+    """Check for a wheel already built during the get_wheel_metadata hook.
+    """
+    if not metadata_directory:
+        return None
+    metadata_parent = os.path.dirname(metadata_directory)
+    if not os.path.isfile(pjoin(metadata_parent, WHEEL_BUILT_MARKER)):
+        return None
+
+    whl_files = glob(os.path.join(metadata_parent, '*.whl'))
+    if not whl_files:
+        print('Found wheel built marker, but no .whl files')
+        return None
+    if len(whl_files) > 1:
+        print('Found multiple .whl files; unspecified behaviour. '
+              'Will call build_wheel.')
+        return None
+
+    # Exactly one .whl file
+    return whl_files[0]
+
+
+def build_wheel(wheel_directory, config_settings, metadata_directory=None):
+    """Invoke the mandatory build_wheel hook.
+
+    If a wheel was already built in the
+    prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel fallback, this
+    will copy it rather than rebuilding the wheel.
+    """
+    prebuilt_whl = _find_already_built_wheel(metadata_directory)
+    if prebuilt_whl:
+        shutil.copy2(prebuilt_whl, wheel_directory)
+        return os.path.basename(prebuilt_whl)
+
+    return _build_backend().build_wheel(wheel_directory, config_settings,
+                                        metadata_directory)
+
+
+def build_editable(wheel_directory, config_settings, metadata_directory=None):
+    """Invoke the optional build_editable hook.
+
+    If a wheel was already built in the
+    prepare_metadata_for_build_editable fallback, this
+    will copy it rather than rebuilding the wheel.
+    """
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    try:
+        hook = backend.build_editable
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise HookMissing()
+    else:
+        prebuilt_whl = _find_already_built_wheel(metadata_directory)
+        if prebuilt_whl:
+            shutil.copy2(prebuilt_whl, wheel_directory)
+            return os.path.basename(prebuilt_whl)
+
+        return hook(wheel_directory, config_settings, metadata_directory)
+
+
+def get_requires_for_build_sdist(config_settings):
+    """Invoke the optional get_requires_for_build_wheel hook
+
+    Returns [] if the hook is not defined.
+    """
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    try:
+        hook = backend.get_requires_for_build_sdist
+    except AttributeError:
+        return []
+    else:
+        return hook(config_settings)
+
+
+class _DummyException(Exception):
+    """Nothing should ever raise this exception"""
+
+
+class GotUnsupportedOperation(Exception):
+    """For internal use when backend raises UnsupportedOperation"""
+    def __init__(self, traceback):
+        self.traceback = traceback
+
+
+def build_sdist(sdist_directory, config_settings):
+    """Invoke the mandatory build_sdist hook."""
+    backend = _build_backend()
+    try:
+        return backend.build_sdist(sdist_directory, config_settings)
+    except getattr(backend, 'UnsupportedOperation', _DummyException):
+        raise GotUnsupportedOperation(traceback.format_exc())
+
+
+HOOK_NAMES = {
+    'get_requires_for_build_wheel',
+    'prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel',
+    'build_wheel',
+    'get_requires_for_build_editable',
+    'prepare_metadata_for_build_editable',
+    'build_editable',
+    'get_requires_for_build_sdist',
+    'build_sdist',
+    '_supported_features',
+}
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) < 3:
+        sys.exit("Needs args: hook_name, control_dir")
+    hook_name = sys.argv[1]
+    control_dir = sys.argv[2]
+    if hook_name not in HOOK_NAMES:
+        sys.exit("Unknown hook: %s" % hook_name)
+    hook = globals()[hook_name]
+
+    hook_input = read_json(pjoin(control_dir, 'input.json'))
+
+    json_out = {'unsupported': False, 'return_val': None}
+    try:
+        json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
+    except BackendUnavailable as e:
+        json_out['no_backend'] = True
+        json_out['traceback'] = e.traceback
+    except BackendInvalid as e:
+        json_out['backend_invalid'] = True
+        json_out['backend_error'] = e.message
+    except GotUnsupportedOperation as e:
+        json_out['unsupported'] = True
+        json_out['traceback'] = e.traceback
+    except HookMissing as e:
+        json_out['hook_missing'] = True
+        json_out['missing_hook_name'] = e.hook_name or hook_name
+
+    write_json(json_out, pjoin(control_dir, 'output.json'), indent=2)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10ff67ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+#   __
+#  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
+# / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
+#          /
+
+"""
+Requests HTTP Library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings.
+Basic GET usage:
+
+   >>> import requests
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
+   >>> r.status_code
+   200
+   >>> b'Python is a programming language' in r.content
+   True
+
+... or POST:
+
+   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
+   >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
+   >>> print(r.text)
+   {
+     ...
+     "form": {
+       "key1": "value1",
+       "key2": "value2"
+     },
+     ...
+   }
+
+The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
+is at <https://requests.readthedocs.io>.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import warnings
+
+from pip._vendor import urllib3
+
+from .exceptions import RequestsDependencyWarning
+
+charset_normalizer_version = None
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor.chardet import __version__ as chardet_version
+except ImportError:
+    chardet_version = None
+
+
+def check_compatibility(urllib3_version, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version):
+    urllib3_version = urllib3_version.split(".")
+    assert urllib3_version != ["dev"]  # Verify urllib3 isn't installed from git.
+
+    # Sometimes, urllib3 only reports its version as 16.1.
+    if len(urllib3_version) == 2:
+        urllib3_version.append("0")
+
+    # Check urllib3 for compatibility.
+    major, minor, patch = urllib3_version  # noqa: F811
+    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+    # urllib3 >= 1.21.1
+    assert major >= 1
+    if major == 1:
+        assert minor >= 21
+
+    # Check charset_normalizer for compatibility.
+    if chardet_version:
+        major, minor, patch = chardet_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # chardet_version >= 3.0.2, < 6.0.0
+        assert (3, 0, 2) <= (major, minor, patch) < (6, 0, 0)
+    elif charset_normalizer_version:
+        major, minor, patch = charset_normalizer_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # charset_normalizer >= 2.0.0 < 4.0.0
+        assert (2, 0, 0) <= (major, minor, patch) < (4, 0, 0)
+    else:
+        raise Exception("You need either charset_normalizer or chardet installed")
+
+
+def _check_cryptography(cryptography_version):
+    # cryptography < 1.3.4
+    try:
+        cryptography_version = list(map(int, cryptography_version.split(".")))
+    except ValueError:
+        return
+
+    if cryptography_version < [1, 3, 4]:
+        warning = "Old version of cryptography ({}) may cause slowdown.".format(
+            cryptography_version
+        )
+        warnings.warn(warning, RequestsDependencyWarning)
+
+
+# Check imported dependencies for compatibility.
+try:
+    check_compatibility(
+        urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version
+    )
+except (AssertionError, ValueError):
+    warnings.warn(
+        "urllib3 ({}) or chardet ({})/charset_normalizer ({}) doesn't match a supported "
+        "version!".format(
+            urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version
+        ),
+        RequestsDependencyWarning,
+    )
+
+# Attempt to enable urllib3's fallback for SNI support
+# if the standard library doesn't support SNI or the
+# 'ssl' library isn't available.
+try:
+    # Note: This logic prevents upgrading cryptography on Windows, if imported
+    #       as part of pip.
+    from pip._internal.utils.compat import WINDOWS
+    if not WINDOWS:
+        raise ImportError("pip internals: don't import cryptography on Windows")
+    try:
+        import ssl
+    except ImportError:
+        ssl = None
+
+    if not getattr(ssl, "HAS_SNI", False):
+        from pip._vendor.urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+
+        pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+
+        # Check cryptography version
+        from cryptography import __version__ as cryptography_version
+
+        _check_cryptography(cryptography_version)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+# urllib3's DependencyWarnings should be silenced.
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import DependencyWarning
+
+warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DependencyWarning)
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+from logging import NullHandler
+
+from . import packages, utils
+from .__version__ import (
+    __author__,
+    __author_email__,
+    __build__,
+    __cake__,
+    __copyright__,
+    __description__,
+    __license__,
+    __title__,
+    __url__,
+    __version__,
+)
+from .api import delete, get, head, options, patch, post, put, request
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    FileModeWarning,
+    HTTPError,
+    JSONDecodeError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RequestException,
+    Timeout,
+    TooManyRedirects,
+    URLRequired,
+)
+from .models import PreparedRequest, Request, Response
+from .sessions import Session, session
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
+warnings.simplefilter("default", FileModeWarning, append=True)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__version__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__version__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5063c3f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/__version__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# .-. .-. .-. . . .-. .-. .-. .-.
+# |(  |-  |.| | | |-  `-.  |  `-.
+# ' ' `-' `-`.`-' `-' `-'  '  `-'
+
+__title__ = "requests"
+__description__ = "Python HTTP for Humans."
+__url__ = "https://requests.readthedocs.io"
+__version__ = "2.31.0"
+__build__ = 0x023100
+__author__ = "Kenneth Reitz"
+__author_email__ = "me@kennethreitz.org"
+__license__ = "Apache 2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright Kenneth Reitz"
+__cake__ = "\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/_internal_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/_internal_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2cf635e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/_internal_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""
+requests._internal_utils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Provides utility functions that are consumed internally by Requests
+which depend on extremely few external helpers (such as compat)
+"""
+import re
+
+from .compat import builtin_str
+
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*$")
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*$")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^\S[^\r\n]*$|^$")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^\S[^\r\n]*$|^$")
+
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR)
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE)
+HEADER_VALIDATORS = {
+    bytes: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE,
+    str: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR,
+}
+
+
+def to_native_string(string, encoding="ascii"):
+    """Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of
+    that string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where
+    necessary. This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
+    """
+    if isinstance(string, builtin_str):
+        out = string
+    else:
+        out = string.decode(encoding)
+
+    return out
+
+
+def unicode_is_ascii(u_string):
+    """Determine if unicode string only contains ASCII characters.
+
+    :param str u_string: unicode string to check. Must be unicode
+        and not Python 2 `str`.
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    assert isinstance(u_string, str)
+    try:
+        u_string.encode("ascii")
+        return True
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10c17679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/adapters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+"""
+requests.adapters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
+and maintain connections.
+"""
+
+import os.path
+import socket  # noqa: F401
+
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError, ConnectTimeoutError
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import InvalidHeader as _InvalidHeader
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ProtocolError,
+)
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError, ResponseError
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.util import parse_url
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import basestring, urlparse
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    InvalidProxyURL,
+    InvalidSchema,
+    InvalidURL,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RetryError,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from .models import Response
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (
+    DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH,
+    extract_zipped_paths,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    get_encoding_from_headers,
+    prepend_scheme_if_needed,
+    select_proxy,
+    urldefragauth,
+)
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3.contrib.socks import SOCKSProxyManager
+except ImportError:
+
+    def SOCKSProxyManager(*args, **kwargs):
+        raise InvalidSchema("Missing dependencies for SOCKS support.")
+
+
+DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
+DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
+DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
+DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
+
+
+class BaseAdapter:
+    """The Base Transport Adapter"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def send(
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
+    ):
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Cleans up adapter specific items."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
+
+    Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and
+    HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will
+    usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the
+    covers.
+
+    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+    :param max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
+    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
+      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        "max_retries",
+        "config",
+        "_pool_connections",
+        "_pool_maxsize",
+        "_pool_block",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
+        pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK,
+    ):
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
+        self.config = {}
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
+        self._pool_block = pool_block
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
+        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+        self.config = {}
+
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(
+            self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize, block=self._pool_block
+        )
+
+    def init_poolmanager(
+        self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs
+    ):
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+        :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+        :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
+        """
+        # save these values for pickling
+        self._pool_connections = connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
+        self._pool_block = block
+
+        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(
+            num_pools=connections,
+            maxsize=maxsize,
+            block=block,
+            **pool_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        :rtype: urllib3.ProxyManager
+        """
+        if proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy]
+        elif proxy.lower().startswith("socks"):
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = SOCKSProxyManager(
+                proxy,
+                username=username,
+                password=password,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs,
+            )
+
+        return manager
+
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
+        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
+        :param url: The requested URL.
+        :param verify: Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
+        """
+        if url.lower().startswith("https") and verify:
+
+            cert_loc = None
+
+            # Allow self-specified cert location.
+            if verify is not True:
+                cert_loc = verify
+
+            if not cert_loc:
+                cert_loc = extract_zipped_paths(DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH)
+
+            if not cert_loc or not os.path.exists(cert_loc):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, "
+                    f"invalid path: {cert_loc}"
+                )
+
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
+
+            if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+            else:
+                conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
+        else:
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_NONE"
+            conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
+
+        if cert:
+            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
+                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
+                conn.key_file = cert[1]
+            else:
+                conn.cert_file = cert
+                conn.key_file = None
+            if conn.cert_file and not os.path.exists(conn.cert_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS certificate file, "
+                    f"invalid path: {conn.cert_file}"
+                )
+            if conn.key_file and not os.path.exists(conn.key_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS key file, invalid path: {conn.key_file}"
+                )
+
+    def build_response(self, req, resp):
+        """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
+        response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
+        for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`
+
+        :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response.
+        :param resp: The urllib3 response object.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+        response = Response()
+
+        # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, "status", None)
+
+        # Make headers case-insensitive.
+        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, "headers", {}))
+
+        # Set encoding.
+        response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+        response.raw = resp
+        response.reason = response.raw.reason
+
+        if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
+            response.url = req.url.decode("utf-8")
+        else:
+            response.url = req.url
+
+        # Add new cookies from the server.
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
+
+        # Give the Response some context.
+        response.request = req
+        response.connection = self
+
+        return response
+
+    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
+        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
+        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param url: The URL to connect to.
+        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
+        :rtype: urllib3.ConnectionPool
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
+
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
+            proxy_url = parse_url(proxy)
+            if not proxy_url.host:
+                raise InvalidProxyURL(
+                    "Please check proxy URL. It is malformed "
+                    "and could be missing the host."
+                )
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Disposes of any internal state.
+
+        Currently, this closes the PoolManager and any active ProxyManager,
+        which closes any pooled connections.
+        """
+        self.poolmanager.clear()
+        for proxy in self.proxy_manager.values():
+            proxy.clear()
+
+    def request_url(self, request, proxies):
+        """Obtain the url to use when making the final request.
+
+        If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to
+        be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
+
+        is_proxied_http_request = proxy and scheme != "https"
+        using_socks_proxy = False
+        if proxy:
+            proxy_scheme = urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower()
+            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith("socks")
+
+        url = request.path_url
+        if is_proxied_http_request and not using_socks_proxy:
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
+
+        return url
+
+    def add_headers(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does
+        nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass
+        the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send().
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def proxy_headers(self, proxy):
+        """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent
+        through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are
+        correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if
+        CONNECT is being used.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        headers = {}
+        username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+
+        if username:
+            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def send(
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
+    ):
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
+            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
+            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        try:
+            conn = self.get_connection(request.url, proxies)
+        except LocationValueError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
+
+        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
+        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
+        self.add_headers(
+            request,
+            stream=stream,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            proxies=proxies,
+        )
+
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
+                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
+                )
+        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
+            pass
+        else:
+            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+
+        try:
+            resp = conn.urlopen(
+                method=request.method,
+                url=url,
+                body=request.body,
+                headers=request.headers,
+                redirect=False,
+                assert_same_host=False,
+                preload_content=False,
+                decode_content=False,
+                retries=self.max_retries,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                chunked=chunked,
+            )
+
+        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
+
+        except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
+                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
+                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
+                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
+                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except ClosedPoolError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except _ProxyError as e:
+            raise ProxyError(e)
+
+        except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
+            if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
+                # This branch is for urllib3 versions earlier than v1.22
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, _InvalidHeader):
+                raise InvalidHeader(e, request=request)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        return self.build_response(request, resp)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd0b3eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+"""
+requests.api
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module implements the Requests API.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2012 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from . import sessions
+
+
+def request(method, url, **kwargs):
+    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
+
+    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object: ``GET``, ``OPTIONS``, ``HEAD``, ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH``, or ``DELETE``.
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
+        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
+        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
+        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
+        to add for the file.
+    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+    :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
+        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
+        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+    :type timeout: float or tuple
+    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
+    :type allow_redirects: bool
+    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
+    :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
+    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
+    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
+    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
+    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
+    with sessions.Session() as session:
+        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a GET request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("get", url, params=params, **kwargs)
+
+
+def options(url, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends an OPTIONS request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("options", url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def head(url, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a HEAD request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. If
+        `allow_redirects` is not provided, it will be set to `False` (as
+        opposed to the default :meth:`request` behavior).
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False)
+    return request("head", url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a POST request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+
+def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a PUT request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("put", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a PATCH request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("patch", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def delete(url, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a DELETE request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("delete", url, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9733686d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+"""
+requests.auth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import re
+import threading
+import time
+import warnings
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .compat import basestring, str, urlparse
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .utils import parse_dict_header
+
+CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = "multipart/form-data"
+
+
+def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
+    """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
+
+    # "I want us to put a big-ol' comment on top of it that
+    # says that this behaviour is dumb but we need to preserve
+    # it because people are relying on it."
+    #    - Lukasa
+    #
+    # These are here solely to maintain backwards compatibility
+    # for things like ints. This will be removed in 3.0.0.
+    if not isinstance(username, basestring):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string usernames will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.".format(username),
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        username = str(username)
+
+    if not isinstance(password, basestring):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string passwords will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.".format(type(password)),
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        password = str(password)
+    # -- End Removal --
+
+    if isinstance(username, str):
+        username = username.encode("latin1")
+
+    if isinstance(password, str):
+        password = password.encode("latin1")
+
+    authstr = "Basic " + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(b":".join((username, password))).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
+
+
+class AuthBase:
+    """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Auth hooks must be callable.")
+
+
+class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return all(
+            [
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers["Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
+    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
+        self._thread_local = threading.local()
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self):
+        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, "init"):
+            self._thread_local.init = True
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ""
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
+            self._thread_local.chal = {}
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
+
+    def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
+        """
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal["realm"]
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal["nonce"]
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get("qop")
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get("algorithm")
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get("opaque")
+        hash_utf8 = None
+
+        if algorithm is None:
+            _algorithm = "MD5"
+        else:
+            _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
+        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
+        if _algorithm == "MD5" or _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
+
+            def md5_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA":
+
+            def sha_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-256":
+
+            def sha256_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha256(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha256_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-512":
+
+            def sha512_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha512(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha512_utf8
+
+        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8(f"{s}:{d}")  # noqa:E731
+
+        if hash_utf8 is None:
+            return None
+
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        entdig = None
+        p_parsed = urlparse(url)
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
+        if p_parsed.query:
+            path += f"?{p_parsed.query}"
+
+        A1 = f"{self.username}:{realm}:{self.password}"
+        A2 = f"{method}:{path}"
+
+        HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
+        HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
+
+        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
+        ncvalue = f"{self._thread_local.nonce_count:08x}"
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode("utf-8")
+        s += nonce.encode("utf-8")
+        s += time.ctime().encode("utf-8")
+        s += os.urandom(8)
+
+        cnonce = hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16]
+        if _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
+            HA1 = hash_utf8(f"{HA1}:{nonce}:{cnonce}")
+
+        if not qop:
+            respdig = KD(HA1, f"{nonce}:{HA2}")
+        elif qop == "auth" or "auth" in qop.split(","):
+            noncebit = f"{nonce}:{ncvalue}:{cnonce}:auth:{HA2}"
+            respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
+        else:
+            # XXX handle auth-int.
+            return None
+
+        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
+
+        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
+        base = (
+            f'username="{self.username}", realm="{realm}", nonce="{nonce}", '
+            f'uri="{path}", response="{respdig}"'
+        )
+        if opaque:
+            base += f', opaque="{opaque}"'
+        if algorithm:
+            base += f', algorithm="{algorithm}"'
+        if entdig:
+            base += f', digest="{entdig}"'
+        if qop:
+            base += f', qop="auth", nc={ncvalue}, cnonce="{cnonce}"'
+
+        return f"Digest {base}"
+
+    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+    def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed.
+
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        # If response is not 4xx, do not auth
+        # See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3772
+        if not 400 <= r.status_code < 500:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+            return r
+
+        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
+            # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
+            # it was to resend the request.
+            r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
+        s_auth = r.headers.get("www-authenticate", "")
+
+        if "digest" in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
+            pat = re.compile(r"digest ", flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub("", s_auth, count=1))
+
+            # Consume content and release the original connection
+            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+            r.content
+            r.close()
+            prep = r.request.copy()
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+            prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+            prep.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(
+                prep.method, prep.url
+            )
+            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+            _r.history.append(r)
+            _r.request = prep
+
+            return _r
+
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+        return r
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+        # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
+        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            r.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
+        try:
+            self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_redirect)
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+        return r
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return all(
+            [
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38696a1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/certs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+requests.certs
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module returns the preferred default CA certificate bundle. There is
+only one — the one from the certifi package.
+
+If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
+environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
+packaged CA bundle.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+if "_PIP_STANDALONE_CERT" not in os.environ:
+    from pip._vendor.certifi import where
+else:
+    def where():
+        return os.environ["_PIP_STANDALONE_CERT"]
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(where())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ab2bb48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+"""
+requests.compat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module previously handled import compatibility issues
+between Python 2 and Python 3. It remains for backwards
+compatibility until the next major version.
+"""
+
+from pip._vendor import chardet
+
+import sys
+
+# -------
+# Pythons
+# -------
+
+# Syntax sugar.
+_ver = sys.version_info
+
+#: Python 2.x?
+is_py2 = _ver[0] == 2
+
+#: Python 3.x?
+is_py3 = _ver[0] == 3
+
+# Note: We've patched out simplejson support in pip because it prevents
+#       upgrading simplejson on Windows.
+import json
+from json import JSONDecodeError
+
+# Keep OrderedDict for backwards compatibility.
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, MutableMapping
+from http import cookiejar as cookielib
+from http.cookies import Morsel
+from io import StringIO
+
+# --------------
+# Legacy Imports
+# --------------
+from urllib.parse import (
+    quote,
+    quote_plus,
+    unquote,
+    unquote_plus,
+    urldefrag,
+    urlencode,
+    urljoin,
+    urlparse,
+    urlsplit,
+    urlunparse,
+)
+from urllib.request import (
+    getproxies,
+    getproxies_environment,
+    parse_http_list,
+    proxy_bypass,
+    proxy_bypass_environment,
+)
+
+builtin_str = str
+str = str
+bytes = bytes
+basestring = (str, bytes)
+numeric_types = (int, float)
+integer_types = (int,)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf54ab23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/cookies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+"""
+requests.cookies
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Compatibility code to be able to use `cookielib.CookieJar` with requests.
+
+requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
+"""
+
+import calendar
+import copy
+import time
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .compat import Morsel, MutableMapping, cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+
+class MockRequest:
+    """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
+
+    The code in `cookielib.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
+    manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the
+    domains of the request and the cookie.
+
+    The original request object is read-only. The client is responsible for collecting
+    the new headers via `get_new_headers()` and interpreting them appropriately. You
+    probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        self._r = request
+        self._new_headers = {}
+        self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme
+
+    def get_type(self):
+        return self.type
+
+    def get_host(self):
+        return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc
+
+    def get_origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+    def get_full_url(self):
+        # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
+        # header
+        if not self._r.headers.get("Host"):
+            return self._r.url
+        # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
+        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers["Host"], encoding="utf-8")
+        parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
+        # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
+        return urlunparse(
+            [
+                parsed.scheme,
+                host,
+                parsed.path,
+                parsed.params,
+                parsed.query,
+                parsed.fragment,
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def is_unverifiable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def has_header(self, name):
+        return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))
+
+    def add_header(self, key, val):
+        """cookielib has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()"
+        )
+
+    def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value):
+        self._new_headers[name] = value
+
+    def get_new_headers(self):
+        return self._new_headers
+
+    @property
+    def unverifiable(self):
+        return self.is_unverifiable()
+
+    @property
+    def origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_origin_req_host()
+
+    @property
+    def host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+
+class MockResponse:
+    """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
+
+    ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
+    the way `cookielib` expects to see them.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers):
+        """Make a MockResponse for `cookielib` to read.
+
+        :param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers
+        """
+        self._headers = headers
+
+    def info(self):
+        return self._headers
+
+    def getheaders(self, name):
+        self._headers.getheaders(name)
+
+
+def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
+    """Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar.
+
+    :param jar: cookielib.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
+    :param request: our own requests.Request object
+    :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
+    """
+    if not (hasattr(response, "_original_response") and response._original_response):
+        return
+    # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
+    req = MockRequest(request)
+    # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
+    res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg)
+    jar.extract_cookies(res, req)
+
+
+def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
+    """
+    Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    r = MockRequest(request)
+    jar.add_cookie_header(r)
+    return r.get_new_headers().get("Cookie")
+
+
+def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
+    """Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths.
+
+    Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n).
+    """
+    clearables = []
+    for cookie in cookiejar:
+        if cookie.name != name:
+            continue
+        if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
+            continue
+        if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
+            continue
+        clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
+
+    for domain, path, name in clearables:
+        cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
+
+
+class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
+    """There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar.
+    Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific.
+    """
+
+
+class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
+    """Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+    interface.
+
+    This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
+    don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
+    session.cookies to support dict operations.
+
+    Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
+    compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
+    out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
+    ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
+
+    Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
+
+    .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    """
+
+    def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1).
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def set(self, name, value, **kwargs):
+        """Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains.
+        """
+        # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
+        if value is None:
+            remove_cookie_by_name(
+                self, name, domain=kwargs.get("domain"), path=kwargs.get("path")
+            )
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(value, Morsel):
+            c = morsel_to_cookie(value)
+        else:
+            c = create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs)
+        self.set_cookie(c)
+        return c
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
+        from the jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: itervalues() and iteritems().
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
+        jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: values() and items().
+        """
+        return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
+        from the jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: iterkeys() and iteritems().
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.value
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
+        jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: keys() and items().
+        """
+        return list(self.itervalues())
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
+        from the jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: iterkeys() and itervalues().
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name, cookie.value
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
+        jar. Allows client-code to call ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a
+        vanilla python dict of key value pairs.
+
+        .. seealso:: keys() and values().
+        """
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def list_domains(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the domains in the jar."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain not in domains:
+                domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return domains
+
+    def list_paths(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the paths in the jar."""
+        paths = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.path not in paths:
+                paths.append(cookie.path)
+        return paths
+
+    def multiple_domains(self):
+        """Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar.
+        Returns False otherwise.
+
+        :rtype: bool
+        """
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
+                return True
+            domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return False  # there is only one domain in jar
+
+    def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
+        old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
+        requirements.
+
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        dictionary = {}
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (
+                path is None or cookie.path == path
+            ):
+                dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+        return dictionary
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        try:
+            return super().__contains__(name)
+        except CookieConflictError:
+            return True
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
+        use the more explicit get() method instead.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1).
+        """
+        return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
+        case, use the more explicit set() method instead.
+        """
+        self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``cookielib.CookieJar``'s
+        ``remove_cookie_by_name()``.
+        """
+        remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
+
+    def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
+        if (
+            hasattr(cookie.value, "startswith")
+            and cookie.value.startswith('"')
+            and cookie.value.endswith('"')
+        ):
+            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', "")
+        return super().set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
+        if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            for cookie in other:
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+        else:
+            super().update(other)
+
+    def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values.
+
+        If there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one.
+        See _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
+        conflicting cookies.
+
+        :param name: a string containing name of cookie
+        :param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie
+        :param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie
+        :return: cookie.value
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        return cookie.value
+
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
+
+    def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
+        used elsewhere in Requests.
+
+        :param name: a string containing name of cookie
+        :param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie
+        :param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie
+        :raises KeyError: if cookie is not found
+        :raises CookieConflictError: if there are multiple cookies
+            that match name and optionally domain and path
+        :return: cookie.value
+        """
+        toReturn = None
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        if toReturn is not None:
+                            # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                            raise CookieConflictError(
+                                f"There are multiple cookies with name, {name!r}"
+                            )
+                        # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+                        toReturn = cookie.value
+
+        if toReturn:
+            return toReturn
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        state = self.__dict__.copy()
+        # remove the unpickleable RLock object
+        state.pop("_cookies_lock")
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        if "_cookies_lock" not in self.__dict__:
+            self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
+        new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
+        new_cj.set_policy(self.get_policy())
+        new_cj.update(self)
+        return new_cj
+
+    def get_policy(self):
+        """Return the CookiePolicy instance used."""
+        return self._policy
+
+
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, "copy"):
+        # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
+def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
+    """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
+
+    By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain ''
+    and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
+    """
+    result = {
+        "version": 0,
+        "name": name,
+        "value": value,
+        "port": None,
+        "domain": "",
+        "path": "/",
+        "secure": False,
+        "expires": None,
+        "discard": True,
+        "comment": None,
+        "comment_url": None,
+        "rest": {"HttpOnly": None},
+        "rfc2109": False,
+    }
+
+    badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
+    if badargs:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: {list(badargs)}"
+        )
+
+    result.update(kwargs)
+    result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"])
+    result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"])
+    result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".")
+    result["path_specified"] = bool(result["path"])
+
+    return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
+
+
+def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
+    """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
+
+    expires = None
+    if morsel["max-age"]:
+        try:
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel["max-age"]))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError(f"max-age: {morsel['max-age']} must be integer")
+    elif morsel["expires"]:
+        time_template = "%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+        expires = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(morsel["expires"], time_template))
+    return create_cookie(
+        comment=morsel["comment"],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel["comment"]),
+        discard=False,
+        domain=morsel["domain"],
+        expires=expires,
+        name=morsel.key,
+        path=morsel["path"],
+        port=None,
+        rest={"HttpOnly": morsel["httponly"]},
+        rfc2109=False,
+        secure=bool(morsel["secure"]),
+        value=morsel.value,
+        version=morsel["version"] or 0,
+    )
+
+
+def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
+    :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
+        already in the jar with new ones.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
+    """
+    if cookiejar is None:
+        cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
+
+    if cookie_dict is not None:
+        names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar]
+        for name in cookie_dict:
+            if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar):
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name]))
+
+    return cookiejar
+
+
+def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
+    """Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar.
+
+    :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
+    :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
+    """
+    if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        raise ValueError("You can only merge into CookieJar")
+
+    if isinstance(cookies, dict):
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
+    elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        try:
+            cookiejar.update(cookies)
+        except AttributeError:
+            for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
+
+    return cookiejar
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..168d0739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+"""
+requests.exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
+"""
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
+
+from .compat import JSONDecodeError as CompatJSONDecodeError
+
+
+class RequestException(IOError):
+    """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
+    request.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects."""
+        response = kwargs.pop("response", None)
+        self.response = response
+        self.request = kwargs.pop("request", None)
+        if response is not None and not self.request and hasattr(response, "request"):
+            self.request = self.response.request
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class InvalidJSONError(RequestException):
+    """A JSON error occurred."""
+
+
+class JSONDecodeError(InvalidJSONError, CompatJSONDecodeError):
+    """Couldn't decode the text into json"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct the JSONDecodeError instance first with all
+        args. Then use it's args to construct the IOError so that
+        the json specific args aren't used as IOError specific args
+        and the error message from JSONDecodeError is preserved.
+        """
+        CompatJSONDecodeError.__init__(self, *args)
+        InvalidJSONError.__init__(self, *self.args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class HTTPError(RequestException):
+    """An HTTP error occurred."""
+
+
+class ConnectionError(RequestException):
+    """A Connection error occurred."""
+
+
+class ProxyError(ConnectionError):
+    """A proxy error occurred."""
+
+
+class SSLError(ConnectionError):
+    """An SSL error occurred."""
+
+
+class Timeout(RequestException):
+    """The request timed out.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
+    """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
+
+    Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
+    """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
+
+
+class URLRequired(RequestException):
+    """A valid URL is required to make a request."""
+
+
+class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
+    """Too many redirects."""
+
+
+class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL scheme (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
+
+
+class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL scheme provided is either invalid or unsupported."""
+
+
+class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL provided was somehow invalid."""
+
+
+class InvalidHeader(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The header value provided was somehow invalid."""
+
+
+class InvalidProxyURL(InvalidURL):
+    """The proxy URL provided is invalid."""
+
+
+class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
+    """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
+
+
+class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
+    """Failed to decode response content."""
+
+
+class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
+    """The content for this response was already consumed."""
+
+
+class RetryError(RequestException):
+    """Custom retries logic failed"""
+
+
+class UnrewindableBodyError(RequestException):
+    """Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body."""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class RequestsWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning for Requests."""
+
+
+class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    """A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length."""
+
+
+class RequestsDependencyWarning(RequestsWarning):
+    """An imported dependency doesn't match the expected version range."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/help.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/help.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d292c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/help.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+"""Module containing bug report helper(s)."""
+
+import json
+import platform
+import ssl
+import sys
+
+from pip._vendor import idna
+from pip._vendor import urllib3
+
+from . import __version__ as requests_version
+
+charset_normalizer = None
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    chardet = None
+
+try:
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+except ImportError:
+    pyopenssl = None
+    OpenSSL = None
+    cryptography = None
+else:
+    import cryptography
+    import OpenSSL
+
+
+def _implementation():
+    """Return a dict with the Python implementation and version.
+
+    Provide both the name and the version of the Python implementation
+    currently running. For example, on CPython 3.10.3 it will return
+    {'name': 'CPython', 'version': '3.10.3'}.
+
+    This function works best on CPython and PyPy: in particular, it probably
+    doesn't work for Jython or IronPython. Future investigation should be done
+    to work out the correct shape of the code for those platforms.
+    """
+    implementation = platform.python_implementation()
+
+    if implementation == "CPython":
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()
+    elif implementation == "PyPy":
+        implementation_version = "{}.{}.{}".format(
+            sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+            sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
+            sys.pypy_version_info.micro,
+        )
+        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != "final":
+            implementation_version = "".join(
+                [implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel]
+            )
+    elif implementation == "Jython":
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
+    elif implementation == "IronPython":
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
+    else:
+        implementation_version = "Unknown"
+
+    return {"name": implementation, "version": implementation_version}
+
+
+def info():
+    """Generate information for a bug report."""
+    try:
+        platform_info = {
+            "system": platform.system(),
+            "release": platform.release(),
+        }
+    except OSError:
+        platform_info = {
+            "system": "Unknown",
+            "release": "Unknown",
+        }
+
+    implementation_info = _implementation()
+    urllib3_info = {"version": urllib3.__version__}
+    charset_normalizer_info = {"version": None}
+    chardet_info = {"version": None}
+    if charset_normalizer:
+        charset_normalizer_info = {"version": charset_normalizer.__version__}
+    if chardet:
+        chardet_info = {"version": chardet.__version__}
+
+    pyopenssl_info = {
+        "version": None,
+        "openssl_version": "",
+    }
+    if OpenSSL:
+        pyopenssl_info = {
+            "version": OpenSSL.__version__,
+            "openssl_version": f"{OpenSSL.SSL.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER:x}",
+        }
+    cryptography_info = {
+        "version": getattr(cryptography, "__version__", ""),
+    }
+    idna_info = {
+        "version": getattr(idna, "__version__", ""),
+    }
+
+    system_ssl = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER
+    system_ssl_info = {"version": f"{system_ssl:x}" if system_ssl is not None else ""}
+
+    return {
+        "platform": platform_info,
+        "implementation": implementation_info,
+        "system_ssl": system_ssl_info,
+        "using_pyopenssl": pyopenssl is not None,
+        "using_charset_normalizer": chardet is None,
+        "pyOpenSSL": pyopenssl_info,
+        "urllib3": urllib3_info,
+        "chardet": chardet_info,
+        "charset_normalizer": charset_normalizer_info,
+        "cryptography": cryptography_info,
+        "idna": idna_info,
+        "requests": {
+            "version": requests_version,
+        },
+    }
+
+
+def main():
+    """Pretty-print the bug information as JSON."""
+    print(json.dumps(info(), sort_keys=True, indent=2))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d181ba2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/hooks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""
+requests.hooks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides the capabilities for the Requests hooks system.
+
+Available hooks:
+
+``response``:
+    The response generated from a Request.
+"""
+HOOKS = ["response"]
+
+
+def default_hooks():
+    return {event: [] for event in HOOKS}
+
+
+# TODO: response is the only one
+
+
+def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
+    """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
+    hooks = hooks or {}
+    hooks = hooks.get(key)
+    if hooks:
+        if hasattr(hooks, "__call__"):
+            hooks = [hooks]
+        for hook in hooks:
+            _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
+            if _hook_data is not None:
+                hook_data = _hook_data
+    return hook_data
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76e6f199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1034 @@
+"""
+requests.models
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the primary objects that power Requests.
+"""
+
+import datetime
+
+# Import encoding now, to avoid implicit import later.
+# Implicit import within threads may cause LookupError when standard library is in a ZIP,
+# such as in Embedded Python. See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3578.
+import encodings.idna  # noqa: F401
+from io import UnsupportedOperation
+
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions import (
+    DecodeError,
+    LocationParseError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.fields import RequestField
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.util import parse_url
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string, unicode_is_ascii
+from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
+from .compat import (
+    Callable,
+    JSONDecodeError,
+    Mapping,
+    basestring,
+    builtin_str,
+    chardet,
+    cookielib,
+)
+from .compat import json as complexjson
+from .compat import urlencode, urlsplit, urlunparse
+from .cookies import _copy_cookie_jar, cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header
+from .exceptions import (
+    ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    ContentDecodingError,
+    HTTPError,
+    InvalidJSONError,
+    InvalidURL,
+)
+from .exceptions import JSONDecodeError as RequestsJSONDecodeError
+from .exceptions import MissingSchema
+from .exceptions import SSLError as RequestsSSLError
+from .exceptions import StreamConsumedError
+from .hooks import default_hooks
+from .status_codes import codes
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (
+    check_header_validity,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    guess_filename,
+    guess_json_utf,
+    iter_slices,
+    parse_header_links,
+    requote_uri,
+    stream_decode_response_unicode,
+    super_len,
+    to_key_val_list,
+)
+
+#: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
+#: processable redirect.
+REDIRECT_STATI = (
+    codes.moved,  # 301
+    codes.found,  # 302
+    codes.other,  # 303
+    codes.temporary_redirect,  # 307
+    codes.permanent_redirect,  # 308
+)
+
+DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
+CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
+ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
+
+
+class RequestEncodingMixin:
+    @property
+    def path_url(self):
+        """Build the path URL to use."""
+
+        url = []
+
+        p = urlsplit(self.url)
+
+        path = p.path
+        if not path:
+            path = "/"
+
+        url.append(path)
+
+        query = p.query
+        if query:
+            url.append("?")
+            url.append(query)
+
+        return "".join(url)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_params(data):
+        """Encode parameters in a piece of data.
+
+        Will successfully encode parameters when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, "read"):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, "__iter__"):
+            result = []
+            for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data):
+                if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, "__iter__"):
+                    vs = [vs]
+                for v in vs:
+                    if v is not None:
+                        result.append(
+                            (
+                                k.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(k, str) else k,
+                                v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v,
+                            )
+                        )
+            return urlencode(result, doseq=True)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_files(files, data):
+        """Build the body for a multipart/form-data request.
+
+        Will successfully encode files when passed as a dict or a list of
+        tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+        The tuples may be 2-tuples (filename, fileobj), 3-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype)
+        or 4-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype, custom_headers).
+        """
+        if not files:
+            raise ValueError("Files must be provided.")
+        elif isinstance(data, basestring):
+            raise ValueError("Data must not be a string.")
+
+        new_fields = []
+        fields = to_key_val_list(data or {})
+        files = to_key_val_list(files or {})
+
+        for field, val in fields:
+            if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, "__iter__"):
+                val = [val]
+            for v in val:
+                if v is not None:
+                    # Don't call str() on bytestrings: in Py3 it all goes wrong.
+                    if not isinstance(v, bytes):
+                        v = str(v)
+
+                    new_fields.append(
+                        (
+                            field.decode("utf-8")
+                            if isinstance(field, bytes)
+                            else field,
+                            v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+        for (k, v) in files:
+            # support for explicit filename
+            ft = None
+            fh = None
+            if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                if len(v) == 2:
+                    fn, fp = v
+                elif len(v) == 3:
+                    fn, fp, ft = v
+                else:
+                    fn, fp, ft, fh = v
+            else:
+                fn = guess_filename(v) or k
+                fp = v
+
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            elif hasattr(fp, "read"):
+                fdata = fp.read()
+            elif fp is None:
+                continue
+            else:
+                fdata = fp
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh)
+            rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
+            new_fields.append(rf)
+
+        body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(new_fields)
+
+        return body, content_type
+
+
+class RequestHooksMixin:
+    def register_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Properly register a hook."""
+
+        if event not in self.hooks:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported event specified, with event name "{event}"')
+
+        if isinstance(hook, Callable):
+            self.hooks[event].append(hook)
+        elif hasattr(hook, "__iter__"):
+            self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, Callable))
+
+    def deregister_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Deregister a previously registered hook.
+        Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            self.hooks[event].remove(hook)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+
+class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
+    """A user-created :class:`Request <Request>` object.
+
+    Used to prepare a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>`, which is sent to the server.
+
+    :param method: HTTP method to use.
+    :param url: URL to send.
+    :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
+    :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
+    :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary or
+        list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` is provided, form-encoding will
+        take place.
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
+    :param params: URL parameters to append to the URL. If a dictionary or
+        list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` is provided, form-encoding will
+        take place.
+    :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
+    :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
+    :param hooks: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        method=None,
+        url=None,
+        headers=None,
+        files=None,
+        data=None,
+        params=None,
+        auth=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        json=None,
+    ):
+
+        # Default empty dicts for dict params.
+        data = [] if data is None else data
+        files = [] if files is None else files
+        headers = {} if headers is None else headers
+        params = {} if params is None else params
+        hooks = {} if hooks is None else hooks
+
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+        for (k, v) in list(hooks.items()):
+            self.register_hook(event=k, hook=v)
+
+        self.method = method
+        self.url = url
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.files = files
+        self.data = data
+        self.json = json
+        self.params = params
+        self.auth = auth
+        self.cookies = cookies
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Request [{self.method}]>"
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it."""
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=self.method,
+            url=self.url,
+            headers=self.headers,
+            files=self.files,
+            data=self.data,
+            json=self.json,
+            params=self.params,
+            auth=self.auth,
+            cookies=self.cookies,
+            hooks=self.hooks,
+        )
+        return p
+
+
+class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
+    """The fully mutable :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object,
+    containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server.
+
+    Instances are generated from a :class:`Request <Request>` object, and
+    should not be instantiated manually; doing so may produce undesirable
+    effects.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> r = req.prepare()
+      >>> r
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.send(r)
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        #: HTTP verb to send to the server.
+        self.method = None
+        #: HTTP URL to send the request to.
+        self.url = None
+        #: dictionary of HTTP headers.
+        self.headers = None
+        # The `CookieJar` used to create the Cookie header will be stored here
+        # after prepare_cookies is called
+        self._cookies = None
+        #: request body to send to the server.
+        self.body = None
+        #: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+        #: integer denoting starting position of a readable file-like body.
+        self._body_position = None
+
+    def prepare(
+        self,
+        method=None,
+        url=None,
+        headers=None,
+        files=None,
+        data=None,
+        params=None,
+        auth=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        json=None,
+    ):
+        """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
+
+        self.prepare_method(method)
+        self.prepare_url(url, params)
+        self.prepare_headers(headers)
+        self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
+        self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
+        self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
+
+        # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
+        # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
+
+        # This MUST go after prepare_auth. Authenticators could add a hook
+        self.prepare_hooks(hooks)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<PreparedRequest [{self.method}]>"
+
+    def copy(self):
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.method = self.method
+        p.url = self.url
+        p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
+        p.body = self.body
+        p.hooks = self.hooks
+        p._body_position = self._body_position
+        return p
+
+    def prepare_method(self, method):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP method."""
+        self.method = method
+        if self.method is not None:
+            self.method = to_native_string(self.method.upper())
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_idna_encoded_host(host):
+        from pip._vendor import idna
+
+        try:
+            host = idna.encode(host, uts46=True).decode("utf-8")
+        except idna.IDNAError:
+            raise UnicodeError
+        return host
+
+    def prepare_url(self, url, params):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
+        #: Accept objects that have string representations.
+        #: We're unable to blindly call unicode/str functions
+        #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
+        #: on python 3.x.
+        #: https://github.com/psf/requests/pull/2238
+        if isinstance(url, bytes):
+            url = url.decode("utf8")
+        else:
+            url = str(url)
+
+        # Remove leading whitespaces from url
+        url = url.lstrip()
+
+        # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
+        # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
+        # handles RFC 3986 only.
+        if ":" in url and not url.lower().startswith("http"):
+            self.url = url
+            return
+
+        # Support for unicode domain names and paths.
+        try:
+            scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        except LocationParseError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
+
+        if not scheme:
+            raise MissingSchema(
+                f"Invalid URL {url!r}: No scheme supplied. "
+                f"Perhaps you meant https://{url}?"
+            )
+
+        if not host:
+            raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid URL {url!r}: No host supplied")
+
+        # In general, we want to try IDNA encoding the hostname if the string contains
+        # non-ASCII characters. This allows users to automatically get the correct IDNA
+        # behaviour. For strings containing only ASCII characters, we need to also verify
+        # it doesn't start with a wildcard (*), before allowing the unencoded hostname.
+        if not unicode_is_ascii(host):
+            try:
+                host = self._get_idna_encoded_host(host)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.")
+        elif host.startswith(("*", ".")):
+            raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.")
+
+        # Carefully reconstruct the network location
+        netloc = auth or ""
+        if netloc:
+            netloc += "@"
+        netloc += host
+        if port:
+            netloc += f":{port}"
+
+        # Bare domains aren't valid URLs.
+        if not path:
+            path = "/"
+
+        if isinstance(params, (str, bytes)):
+            params = to_native_string(params)
+
+        enc_params = self._encode_params(params)
+        if enc_params:
+            if query:
+                query = f"{query}&{enc_params}"
+            else:
+                query = enc_params
+
+        url = requote_uri(urlunparse([scheme, netloc, path, None, query, fragment]))
+        self.url = url
+
+    def prepare_headers(self, headers):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP headers."""
+
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        if headers:
+            for header in headers.items():
+                # Raise exception on invalid header value.
+                check_header_validity(header)
+                name, value = header
+                self.headers[to_native_string(name)] = value
+
+    def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP body data."""
+
+        # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator.
+        # If not, run through normal process.
+
+        # Nottin' on you.
+        body = None
+        content_type = None
+
+        if not data and json is not None:
+            # urllib3 requires a bytes-like body. Python 2's json.dumps
+            # provides this natively, but Python 3 gives a Unicode string.
+            content_type = "application/json"
+
+            try:
+                body = complexjson.dumps(json, allow_nan=False)
+            except ValueError as ve:
+                raise InvalidJSONError(ve, request=self)
+
+            if not isinstance(body, bytes):
+                body = body.encode("utf-8")
+
+        is_stream = all(
+            [
+                hasattr(data, "__iter__"),
+                not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, Mapping)),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        if is_stream:
+            try:
+                length = super_len(data)
+            except (TypeError, AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation):
+                length = None
+
+            body = data
+
+            if getattr(body, "tell", None) is not None:
+                # Record the current file position before reading.
+                # This will allow us to rewind a file in the event
+                # of a redirect.
+                try:
+                    self._body_position = body.tell()
+                except OSError:
+                    # This differentiates from None, allowing us to catch
+                    # a failed `tell()` later when trying to rewind the body
+                    self._body_position = object()
+
+            if files:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive."
+                )
+
+            if length:
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = builtin_str(length)
+            else:
+                self.headers["Transfer-Encoding"] = "chunked"
+        else:
+            # Multi-part file uploads.
+            if files:
+                (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
+            else:
+                if data:
+                    body = self._encode_params(data)
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, "read"):
+                        content_type = None
+                    else:
+                        content_type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+
+            self.prepare_content_length(body)
+
+            # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
+            if content_type and ("content-type" not in self.headers):
+                self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+
+        self.body = body
+
+    def prepare_content_length(self, body):
+        """Prepare Content-Length header based on request method and body"""
+        if body is not None:
+            length = super_len(body)
+            if length:
+                # If length exists, set it. Otherwise, we fallback
+                # to Transfer-Encoding: chunked.
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = builtin_str(length)
+        elif (
+            self.method not in ("GET", "HEAD")
+            and self.headers.get("Content-Length") is None
+        ):
+            # Set Content-Length to 0 for methods that can have a body
+            # but don't provide one. (i.e. not GET or HEAD)
+            self.headers["Content-Length"] = "0"
+
+    def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=""):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP auth data."""
+
+        # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first.
+        if auth is None:
+            url_auth = get_auth_from_url(self.url)
+            auth = url_auth if any(url_auth) else None
+
+        if auth:
+            if isinstance(auth, tuple) and len(auth) == 2:
+                # special-case basic HTTP auth
+                auth = HTTPBasicAuth(*auth)
+
+            # Allow auth to make its changes.
+            r = auth(self)
+
+            # Update self to reflect the auth changes.
+            self.__dict__.update(r.__dict__)
+
+            # Recompute Content-Length
+            self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
+
+    def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand.
+        """
+        if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            self._cookies = cookies
+        else:
+            self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self)
+        if cookie_header is not None:
+            self.headers["Cookie"] = cookie_header
+
+    def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
+        """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
+        for event in hooks:
+            self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
+
+
+class Response:
+    """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a
+    server's response to an HTTP request.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        "_content",
+        "status_code",
+        "headers",
+        "url",
+        "history",
+        "encoding",
+        "reason",
+        "cookies",
+        "elapsed",
+        "request",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._content = False
+        self._content_consumed = False
+        self._next = None
+
+        #: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200.
+        self.status_code = None
+
+        #: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers.
+        #: For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+        #: value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header.
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+        #: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage).
+        #: Use of ``raw`` requires that ``stream=True`` be set on the request.
+        #: This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests.
+        self.raw = None
+
+        #: Final URL location of Response.
+        self.url = None
+
+        #: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        #: A list of :class:`Response <Response>` objects from
+        #: the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end
+        #: up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request.
+        self.history = []
+
+        #: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. "Not Found" or "OK".
+        self.reason = None
+
+        #: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
+        self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
+
+        #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
+        #: is a response.
+        self.request = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes
+        # sure the content has been fully read.
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            self.content
+
+        return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for name, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+
+        # pickled objects do not have .raw
+        setattr(self, "_content_consumed", True)
+        setattr(self, "raw", None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Response [{self.status_code}]>"
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400.
+
+        This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
+        400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
+        the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
+        is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
+        """
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400.
+
+        This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
+        400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
+        the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
+        is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
+        """
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Allows you to use a response as an iterator."""
+        return self.iter_content(128)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400, False if not.
+
+        This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
+        400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
+        the status code is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
+        is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.raise_for_status()
+        except HTTPError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have
+        been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`).
+        """
+        return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI
+
+    @property
+    def is_permanent_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect."""
+        return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in (
+            codes.moved_permanently,
+            codes.permanent_redirect,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def next(self):
+        """Returns a PreparedRequest for the next request in a redirect chain, if there is one."""
+        return self._next
+
+    @property
+    def apparent_encoding(self):
+        """The apparent encoding, provided by the charset_normalizer or chardet libraries."""
+        return chardet.detect(self.content)["encoding"]
+
+    def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False):
+        """Iterates over the response data.  When stream=True is set on the
+        request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for
+        large responses.  The chunk size is the number of bytes it should
+        read into memory.  This is not necessarily the length of each item
+        returned as decoding can take place.
+
+        chunk_size must be of type int or None. A value of None will
+        function differently depending on the value of `stream`.
+        stream=True will read data as it arrives in whatever size the
+        chunks are received. If stream=False, data is returned as
+        a single chunk.
+
+        If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best
+        available encoding based on the response.
+        """
+
+        def generate():
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            if hasattr(self.raw, "stream"):
+                try:
+                    yield from self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True)
+                except ProtocolError as e:
+                    raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
+                except DecodeError as e:
+                    raise ContentDecodingError(e)
+                except ReadTimeoutError as e:
+                    raise ConnectionError(e)
+                except SSLError as e:
+                    raise RequestsSSLError(e)
+            else:
+                # Standard file-like object.
+                while True:
+                    chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+                    yield chunk
+
+            self._content_consumed = True
+
+        if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
+            raise StreamConsumedError()
+        elif chunk_size is not None and not isinstance(chunk_size, int):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"chunk_size must be an int, it is instead a {type(chunk_size)}."
+            )
+        # simulate reading small chunks of the content
+        reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
+
+        stream_chunks = generate()
+
+        chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks
+
+        if decode_unicode:
+            chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self)
+
+        return chunks
+
+    def iter_lines(
+        self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=None
+    ):
+        """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
+        stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
+        content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
+        """
+
+        pending = None
+
+        for chunk in self.iter_content(
+            chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode
+        ):
+
+            if pending is not None:
+                chunk = pending + chunk
+
+            if delimiter:
+                lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
+            else:
+                lines = chunk.splitlines()
+
+            if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
+                pending = lines.pop()
+            else:
+                pending = None
+
+            yield from lines
+
+        if pending is not None:
+            yield pending
+
+    @property
+    def content(self):
+        """Content of the response, in bytes."""
+
+        if self._content is False:
+            # Read the contents.
+            if self._content_consumed:
+                raise RuntimeError("The content for this response was already consumed")
+
+            if self.status_code == 0 or self.raw is None:
+                self._content = None
+            else:
+                self._content = b"".join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or b""
+
+        self._content_consumed = True
+        # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3
+        # since we exhausted the data.
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self):
+        """Content of the response, in unicode.
+
+        If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using
+        ``charset_normalizer`` or ``chardet``.
+
+        The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP
+        headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of
+        non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should
+        set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property.
+        """
+
+        # Try charset from content-type
+        content = None
+        encoding = self.encoding
+
+        if not self.content:
+            return ""
+
+        # Fallback to auto-detected encoding.
+        if self.encoding is None:
+            encoding = self.apparent_encoding
+
+        # Decode unicode from given encoding.
+        try:
+            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors="replace")
+        except (LookupError, TypeError):
+            # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could
+            # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake.
+            #
+            # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None
+            #
+            # So we try blindly encoding.
+            content = str(self.content, errors="replace")
+
+        return content
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs):
+        r"""Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.
+
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes.
+        :raises requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError: If the response body does not
+            contain valid json.
+        """
+
+        if not self.encoding and self.content and len(self.content) > 3:
+            # No encoding set. JSON RFC 4627 section 3 states we should expect
+            # UTF-8, -16 or -32. Detect which one to use; If the detection or
+            # decoding fails, fall back to `self.text` (using charset_normalizer to make
+            # a best guess).
+            encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content)
+            if encoding is not None:
+                try:
+                    return complexjson.loads(self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs)
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
+                    # but some other 8-bit codec.  This is an RFC violation,
+                    # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec *was*
+                    # used.
+                    pass
+                except JSONDecodeError as e:
+                    raise RequestsJSONDecodeError(e.msg, e.doc, e.pos)
+
+        try:
+            return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
+        except JSONDecodeError as e:
+            # Catch JSON-related errors and raise as requests.JSONDecodeError
+            # This aliases json.JSONDecodeError and simplejson.JSONDecodeError
+            raise RequestsJSONDecodeError(e.msg, e.doc, e.pos)
+
+    @property
+    def links(self):
+        """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any."""
+
+        header = self.headers.get("link")
+
+        resolved_links = {}
+
+        if header:
+            links = parse_header_links(header)
+
+            for link in links:
+                key = link.get("rel") or link.get("url")
+                resolved_links[key] = link
+
+        return resolved_links
+
+    def raise_for_status(self):
+        """Raises :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""
+
+        http_error_msg = ""
+        if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
+            # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
+            # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
+            # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
+            # encodings. (See PR #3538)
+            try:
+                reason = self.reason.decode("utf-8")
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                reason = self.reason.decode("iso-8859-1")
+        else:
+            reason = self.reason
+
+        if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
+            http_error_msg = (
+                f"{self.status_code} Client Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}"
+            )
+
+        elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
+            http_error_msg = (
+                f"{self.status_code} Server Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}"
+            )
+
+        if http_error_msg:
+            raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been
+        called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again.
+
+        *Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.*
+        """
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            self.raw.close()
+
+        release_conn = getattr(self.raw, "release_conn", None)
+        if release_conn is not None:
+            release_conn()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9582fa73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/packages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import sys
+
+# This code exists for backwards compatibility reasons.
+# I don't like it either. Just look the other way. :)
+
+for package in ('urllib3', 'idna', 'chardet'):
+    vendored_package = "pip._vendor." + package
+    locals()[package] = __import__(vendored_package)
+    # This traversal is apparently necessary such that the identities are
+    # preserved (requests.packages.urllib3.* is urllib3.*)
+    for mod in list(sys.modules):
+        if mod == vendored_package or mod.startswith(vendored_package + '.'):
+            unprefixed_mod = mod[len("pip._vendor."):]
+            sys.modules['pip._vendor.requests.packages.' + unprefixed_mod] = sys.modules[mod]
+
+# Kinda cool, though, right?
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbcf2a7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
+"""
+requests.sessions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across
+requests (cookies, auth, proxies).
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from datetime import timedelta
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import Mapping, cookielib, urljoin, urlparse
+from .cookies import (
+    RequestsCookieJar,
+    cookiejar_from_dict,
+    extract_cookies_to_jar,
+    merge_cookies,
+)
+from .exceptions import (
+    ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ContentDecodingError,
+    InvalidSchema,
+    TooManyRedirects,
+)
+from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
+
+# formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
+from .models import (  # noqa: F401
+    DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT,
+    REDIRECT_STATI,
+    PreparedRequest,
+    Request,
+)
+from .status_codes import codes
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (  # noqa: F401
+    DEFAULT_PORTS,
+    default_headers,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    get_environ_proxies,
+    get_netrc_auth,
+    requote_uri,
+    resolve_proxies,
+    rewind_body,
+    should_bypass_proxies,
+    to_key_val_list,
+)
+
+# Preferred clock, based on which one is more accurate on a given system.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    preferred_clock = time.perf_counter
+else:
+    preferred_clock = time.time
+
+
+def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account
+    the explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a
+    setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class`
+    """
+
+    if session_setting is None:
+        return request_setting
+
+    if request_setting is None:
+        return session_setting
+
+    # Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify)
+    if not (
+        isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and isinstance(request_setting, Mapping)
+    ):
+        return request_setting
+
+    merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))
+    merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))
+
+    # Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering
+    # the dictionary during iteration.
+    none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None]
+    for key in none_keys:
+        del merged_setting[key]
+
+    return merged_setting
+
+
+def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """Properly merges both requests and session hooks.
+
+    This is necessary because when request_hooks == {'response': []}, the
+    merge breaks Session hooks entirely.
+    """
+    if session_hooks is None or session_hooks.get("response") == []:
+        return request_hooks
+
+    if request_hooks is None or request_hooks.get("response") == []:
+        return session_hooks
+
+    return merge_setting(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class)
+
+
+class SessionRedirectMixin:
+    def get_redirect_target(self, resp):
+        """Receives a Response. Returns a redirect URI or ``None``"""
+        # Due to the nature of how requests processes redirects this method will
+        # be called at least once upon the original response and at least twice
+        # on each subsequent redirect response (if any).
+        # If a custom mixin is used to handle this logic, it may be advantageous
+        # to cache the redirect location onto the response object as a private
+        # attribute.
+        if resp.is_redirect:
+            location = resp.headers["location"]
+            # Currently the underlying http module on py3 decode headers
+            # in latin1, but empirical evidence suggests that latin1 is very
+            # rarely used with non-ASCII characters in HTTP headers.
+            # It is more likely to get UTF8 header rather than latin1.
+            # This causes incorrect handling of UTF8 encoded location headers.
+            # To solve this, we re-encode the location in latin1.
+            location = location.encode("latin1")
+            return to_native_string(location, "utf8")
+        return None
+
+    def should_strip_auth(self, old_url, new_url):
+        """Decide whether Authorization header should be removed when redirecting"""
+        old_parsed = urlparse(old_url)
+        new_parsed = urlparse(new_url)
+        if old_parsed.hostname != new_parsed.hostname:
+            return True
+        # Special case: allow http -> https redirect when using the standard
+        # ports. This isn't specified by RFC 7235, but is kept to avoid
+        # breaking backwards compatibility with older versions of requests
+        # that allowed any redirects on the same host.
+        if (
+            old_parsed.scheme == "http"
+            and old_parsed.port in (80, None)
+            and new_parsed.scheme == "https"
+            and new_parsed.port in (443, None)
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        # Handle default port usage corresponding to scheme.
+        changed_port = old_parsed.port != new_parsed.port
+        changed_scheme = old_parsed.scheme != new_parsed.scheme
+        default_port = (DEFAULT_PORTS.get(old_parsed.scheme, None), None)
+        if (
+            not changed_scheme
+            and old_parsed.port in default_port
+            and new_parsed.port in default_port
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        # Standard case: root URI must match
+        return changed_port or changed_scheme
+
+    def resolve_redirects(
+        self,
+        resp,
+        req,
+        stream=False,
+        timeout=None,
+        verify=True,
+        cert=None,
+        proxies=None,
+        yield_requests=False,
+        **adapter_kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses or Requests."""
+
+        hist = []  # keep track of history
+
+        url = self.get_redirect_target(resp)
+        previous_fragment = urlparse(req.url).fragment
+        while url:
+            prepared_request = req.copy()
+
+            # Update history and keep track of redirects.
+            # resp.history must ignore the original request in this loop
+            hist.append(resp)
+            resp.history = hist[1:]
+
+            try:
+                resp.content  # Consume socket so it can be released
+            except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
+                resp.raw.read(decode_content=False)
+
+            if len(resp.history) >= self.max_redirects:
+                raise TooManyRedirects(
+                    f"Exceeded {self.max_redirects} redirects.", response=resp
+                )
+
+            # Release the connection back into the pool.
+            resp.close()
+
+            # Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4)
+            if url.startswith("//"):
+                parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url)
+                url = ":".join([to_native_string(parsed_rurl.scheme), url])
+
+            # Normalize url case and attach previous fragment if needed (RFC 7231 7.1.2)
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            if parsed.fragment == "" and previous_fragment:
+                parsed = parsed._replace(fragment=previous_fragment)
+            elif parsed.fragment:
+                previous_fragment = parsed.fragment
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+
+            # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
+            # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
+            # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
+            if not parsed.netloc:
+                url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
+            else:
+                url = requote_uri(url)
+
+            prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
+
+            self.rebuild_method(prepared_request, resp)
+
+            # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/1084
+            if resp.status_code not in (
+                codes.temporary_redirect,
+                codes.permanent_redirect,
+            ):
+                # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3490
+                purged_headers = ("Content-Length", "Content-Type", "Transfer-Encoding")
+                for header in purged_headers:
+                    prepared_request.headers.pop(header, None)
+                prepared_request.body = None
+
+            headers = prepared_request.headers
+            headers.pop("Cookie", None)
+
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
+            merge_cookies(prepared_request._cookies, self.cookies)
+            prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
+
+            # Rebuild auth and proxy information.
+            proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)
+            self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp)
+
+            # A failed tell() sets `_body_position` to `object()`. This non-None
+            # value ensures `rewindable` will be True, allowing us to raise an
+            # UnrewindableBodyError, instead of hanging the connection.
+            rewindable = prepared_request._body_position is not None and (
+                "Content-Length" in headers or "Transfer-Encoding" in headers
+            )
+
+            # Attempt to rewind consumed file-like object.
+            if rewindable:
+                rewind_body(prepared_request)
+
+            # Override the original request.
+            req = prepared_request
+
+            if yield_requests:
+                yield req
+            else:
+
+                resp = self.send(
+                    req,
+                    stream=stream,
+                    timeout=timeout,
+                    verify=verify,
+                    cert=cert,
+                    proxies=proxies,
+                    allow_redirects=False,
+                    **adapter_kwargs,
+                )
+
+                extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+
+                # extract redirect url, if any, for the next loop
+                url = self.get_redirect_target(resp)
+                yield resp
+
+    def rebuild_auth(self, prepared_request, response):
+        """When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the
+        request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes
+        and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+
+        if "Authorization" in headers and self.should_strip_auth(
+            response.request.url, url
+        ):
+            # If we get redirected to a new host, we should strip out any
+            # authentication headers.
+            del headers["Authorization"]
+
+        # .netrc might have more auth for us on our new host.
+        new_auth = get_netrc_auth(url) if self.trust_env else None
+        if new_auth is not None:
+            prepared_request.prepare_auth(new_auth)
+
+    def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies):
+        """This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the
+        environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by
+        NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing
+        proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous
+        redirect).
+
+        This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where
+        necessary.
+
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        scheme = urlparse(prepared_request.url).scheme
+        new_proxies = resolve_proxies(prepared_request, proxies, self.trust_env)
+
+        if "Proxy-Authorization" in headers:
+            del headers["Proxy-Authorization"]
+
+        try:
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(new_proxies[scheme])
+        except KeyError:
+            username, password = None, None
+
+        # urllib3 handles proxy authorization for us in the standard adapter.
+        # Avoid appending this to TLS tunneled requests where it may be leaked.
+        if not scheme.startswith('https') and username and password:
+            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return new_proxies
+
+    def rebuild_method(self, prepared_request, response):
+        """When being redirected we may want to change the method of the request
+        based on certain specs or browser behavior.
+        """
+        method = prepared_request.method
+
+        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
+        if response.status_code == codes.see_other and method != "HEAD":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        # Do what the browsers do, despite standards...
+        # First, turn 302s into GETs.
+        if response.status_code == codes.found and method != "HEAD":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        # Second, if a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET.
+        # This bizarre behaviour is explained in Issue 1704.
+        if response.status_code == codes.moved and method == "POST":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        prepared_request.method = method
+
+
+class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
+    """A Requests session.
+
+    Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.
+
+    Basic Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    Or as a context manager::
+
+      >>> with requests.Session() as s:
+      ...     s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        "headers",
+        "cookies",
+        "auth",
+        "proxies",
+        "hooks",
+        "params",
+        "verify",
+        "cert",
+        "adapters",
+        "stream",
+        "trust_env",
+        "max_redirects",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+
+        #: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this
+        #: :class:`Session <Session>`.
+        self.headers = default_headers()
+
+        #: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.auth = None
+
+        #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
+        #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
+        #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.proxies = {}
+
+        #: Event-handling hooks.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+        #: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for
+        #: representing multivalued query parameters.
+        self.params = {}
+
+        #: Stream response content default.
+        self.stream = False
+
+        #: SSL Verification default.
+        #: Defaults to `True`, requiring requests to verify the TLS certificate at the
+        #: remote end.
+        #: If verify is set to `False`, requests will accept any TLS certificate
+        #: presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or
+        #: expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to
+        #: man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks.
+        #: Only set this to `False` for testing.
+        self.verify = True
+
+        #: SSL client certificate default, if String, path to ssl client
+        #: cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+        self.cert = None
+
+        #: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this
+        #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised.
+        #: This defaults to requests.models.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT, which is
+        #: 30.
+        self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+
+        #: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default
+        #: authentication and similar.
+        self.trust_env = True
+
+        #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this
+        #: session. By default it is a
+        #: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but
+        #: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        # Default connection adapters.
+        self.adapters = OrderedDict()
+        self.mount("https://", HTTPAdapter())
+        self.mount("http://", HTTPAdapter())
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    def prepare_request(self, request):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for
+        transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings
+        merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the
+        :class:`Session`.
+
+        :param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this
+            session's settings.
+        :rtype: requests.PreparedRequest
+        """
+        cookies = request.cookies or {}
+
+        # Bootstrap CookieJar.
+        if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        # Merge with session cookies
+        merged_cookies = merge_cookies(
+            merge_cookies(RequestsCookieJar(), self.cookies), cookies
+        )
+
+        # Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set.
+        auth = request.auth
+        if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth:
+            auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url)
+
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=request.method.upper(),
+            url=request.url,
+            files=request.files,
+            data=request.data,
+            json=request.json,
+            headers=merge_setting(
+                request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict
+            ),
+            params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
+            auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
+            cookies=merged_cookies,
+            hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),
+        )
+        return p
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        params=None,
+        data=None,
+        headers=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        files=None,
+        auth=None,
+        timeout=None,
+        allow_redirects=True,
+        proxies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        stream=None,
+        verify=None,
+        cert=None,
+        json=None,
+    ):
+        """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
+        Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
+
+        :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query
+            string for the :class:`Request`.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
+            for multipart encoding upload.
+        :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
+            Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
+        :type allow_redirects: bool
+        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
+            hostname to the URL of the proxy.
+        :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
+            content. Defaults to ``False``.
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``. When set to
+            ``False``, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by
+            the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired
+            certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to
+            man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to ``False``
+            may be useful during local development or testing.
+        :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).
+            If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+        # Create the Request.
+        req = Request(
+            method=method.upper(),
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            files=files,
+            data=data or {},
+            json=json,
+            params=params or {},
+            auth=auth,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            hooks=hooks,
+        )
+        prep = self.prepare_request(req)
+
+        proxies = proxies or {}
+
+        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
+            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
+        )
+
+        # Send the request.
+        send_kwargs = {
+            "timeout": timeout,
+            "allow_redirects": allow_redirects,
+        }
+        send_kwargs.update(settings)
+        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def get(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True)
+        return self.request("GET", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def options(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True)
+        return self.request("OPTIONS", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def head(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False)
+        return self.request("HEAD", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("POST", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+    def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("PUT", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def patch(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("PATCH", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def delete(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("DELETE", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def send(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Send a given PreparedRequest.
+
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+        # Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have
+        # the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request.
+        kwargs.setdefault("stream", self.stream)
+        kwargs.setdefault("verify", self.verify)
+        kwargs.setdefault("cert", self.cert)
+        if "proxies" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs["proxies"] = resolve_proxies(request, self.proxies, self.trust_env)
+
+        # It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object.
+        # Guard against that specific failure case.
+        if isinstance(request, Request):
+            raise ValueError("You can only send PreparedRequests.")
+
+        # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
+        allow_redirects = kwargs.pop("allow_redirects", True)
+        stream = kwargs.get("stream")
+        hooks = request.hooks
+
+        # Get the appropriate adapter to use
+        adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)
+
+        # Start time (approximately) of the request
+        start = preferred_clock()
+
+        # Send the request
+        r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
+        elapsed = preferred_clock() - start
+        r.elapsed = timedelta(seconds=elapsed)
+
+        # Response manipulation hooks
+        r = dispatch_hook("response", hooks, r, **kwargs)
+
+        # Persist cookies
+        if r.history:
+
+            # If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too
+            for resp in r.history:
+                extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
+
+        # Resolve redirects if allowed.
+        if allow_redirects:
+            # Redirect resolving generator.
+            gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
+            history = [resp for resp in gen]
+        else:
+            history = []
+
+        # Shuffle things around if there's history.
+        if history:
+            # Insert the first (original) request at the start
+            history.insert(0, r)
+            # Get the last request made
+            r = history.pop()
+            r.history = history
+
+        # If redirects aren't being followed, store the response on the Request for Response.next().
+        if not allow_redirects:
+            try:
+                r._next = next(
+                    self.resolve_redirects(r, request, yield_requests=True, **kwargs)
+                )
+            except StopIteration:
+                pass
+
+        if not stream:
+            r.content
+
+        return r
+
+    def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
+        """
+        Check the environment and merge it with some settings.
+
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
+        if self.trust_env:
+            # Set environment's proxies.
+            no_proxy = proxies.get("no_proxy") if proxies is not None else None
+            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)
+            for (k, v) in env_proxies.items():
+                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
+
+            # Look for requests environment configuration
+            # and be compatible with cURL.
+            if verify is True or verify is None:
+                verify = (
+                    os.environ.get("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE")
+                    or os.environ.get("CURL_CA_BUNDLE")
+                    or verify
+                )
+
+        # Merge all the kwargs.
+        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
+        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
+        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
+        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+
+        return {"proxies": proxies, "stream": stream, "verify": verify, "cert": cert}
+
+    def get_adapter(self, url):
+        """
+        Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL.
+
+        :rtype: requests.adapters.BaseAdapter
+        """
+        for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items():
+
+            if url.lower().startswith(prefix.lower()):
+                return adapter
+
+        # Nothing matches :-/
+        raise InvalidSchema(f"No connection adapters were found for {url!r}")
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes all adapters and as such the session"""
+        for v in self.adapters.values():
+            v.close()
+
+    def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
+        """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
+
+        Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length.
+        """
+        self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
+        keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]
+
+        for key in keys_to_move:
+            self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+
+def session():
+    """
+    Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.0.0
+
+        This method has been deprecated since version 1.0.0 and is only kept for
+        backwards compatibility. New code should use :class:`~requests.sessions.Session`
+        to create a session. This may be removed at a future date.
+
+    :rtype: Session
+    """
+    return Session()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4bd072be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+r"""
+The ``codes`` object defines a mapping from common names for HTTP statuses
+to their numerical codes, accessible either as attributes or as dictionary
+items.
+
+Example::
+
+    >>> import requests
+    >>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect']
+    307
+    >>> requests.codes.teapot
+    418
+    >>> requests.codes['\o/']
+    200
+
+Some codes have multiple names, and both upper- and lower-case versions of
+the names are allowed. For example, ``codes.ok``, ``codes.OK``, and
+``codes.okay`` all correspond to the HTTP status code 200.
+"""
+
+from .structures import LookupDict
+
+_codes = {
+    # Informational.
+    100: ("continue",),
+    101: ("switching_protocols",),
+    102: ("processing",),
+    103: ("checkpoint",),
+    122: ("uri_too_long", "request_uri_too_long"),
+    200: ("ok", "okay", "all_ok", "all_okay", "all_good", "\\o/", "✓"),
+    201: ("created",),
+    202: ("accepted",),
+    203: ("non_authoritative_info", "non_authoritative_information"),
+    204: ("no_content",),
+    205: ("reset_content", "reset"),
+    206: ("partial_content", "partial"),
+    207: ("multi_status", "multiple_status", "multi_stati", "multiple_stati"),
+    208: ("already_reported",),
+    226: ("im_used",),
+    # Redirection.
+    300: ("multiple_choices",),
+    301: ("moved_permanently", "moved", "\\o-"),
+    302: ("found",),
+    303: ("see_other", "other"),
+    304: ("not_modified",),
+    305: ("use_proxy",),
+    306: ("switch_proxy",),
+    307: ("temporary_redirect", "temporary_moved", "temporary"),
+    308: (
+        "permanent_redirect",
+        "resume_incomplete",
+        "resume",
+    ),  # "resume" and "resume_incomplete" to be removed in 3.0
+    # Client Error.
+    400: ("bad_request", "bad"),
+    401: ("unauthorized",),
+    402: ("payment_required", "payment"),
+    403: ("forbidden",),
+    404: ("not_found", "-o-"),
+    405: ("method_not_allowed", "not_allowed"),
+    406: ("not_acceptable",),
+    407: ("proxy_authentication_required", "proxy_auth", "proxy_authentication"),
+    408: ("request_timeout", "timeout"),
+    409: ("conflict",),
+    410: ("gone",),
+    411: ("length_required",),
+    412: ("precondition_failed", "precondition"),
+    413: ("request_entity_too_large",),
+    414: ("request_uri_too_large",),
+    415: ("unsupported_media_type", "unsupported_media", "media_type"),
+    416: (
+        "requested_range_not_satisfiable",
+        "requested_range",
+        "range_not_satisfiable",
+    ),
+    417: ("expectation_failed",),
+    418: ("im_a_teapot", "teapot", "i_am_a_teapot"),
+    421: ("misdirected_request",),
+    422: ("unprocessable_entity", "unprocessable"),
+    423: ("locked",),
+    424: ("failed_dependency", "dependency"),
+    425: ("unordered_collection", "unordered"),
+    426: ("upgrade_required", "upgrade"),
+    428: ("precondition_required", "precondition"),
+    429: ("too_many_requests", "too_many"),
+    431: ("header_fields_too_large", "fields_too_large"),
+    444: ("no_response", "none"),
+    449: ("retry_with", "retry"),
+    450: ("blocked_by_windows_parental_controls", "parental_controls"),
+    451: ("unavailable_for_legal_reasons", "legal_reasons"),
+    499: ("client_closed_request",),
+    # Server Error.
+    500: ("internal_server_error", "server_error", "/o\\", "✗"),
+    501: ("not_implemented",),
+    502: ("bad_gateway",),
+    503: ("service_unavailable", "unavailable"),
+    504: ("gateway_timeout",),
+    505: ("http_version_not_supported", "http_version"),
+    506: ("variant_also_negotiates",),
+    507: ("insufficient_storage",),
+    509: ("bandwidth_limit_exceeded", "bandwidth"),
+    510: ("not_extended",),
+    511: ("network_authentication_required", "network_auth", "network_authentication"),
+}
+
+codes = LookupDict(name="status_codes")
+
+
+def _init():
+    for code, titles in _codes.items():
+        for title in titles:
+            setattr(codes, title, code)
+            if not title.startswith(("\\", "/")):
+                setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
+
+    def doc(code):
+        names = ", ".join(f"``{n}``" for n in _codes[code])
+        return "* %d: %s" % (code, names)
+
+    global __doc__
+    __doc__ = (
+        __doc__ + "\n" + "\n".join(doc(code) for code in sorted(_codes))
+        if __doc__ is not None
+        else None
+    )
+
+
+_init()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..188e13e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""
+requests.structures
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Data structures that power Requests.
+"""
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from .compat import Mapping, MutableMapping
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(MutableMapping):
+    """A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object.
+
+    Implements all methods and operations of
+    ``MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
+    provides ``lower_items``.
+
+    All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the
+    case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
+    ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
+    will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
+    testing is case insensitive::
+
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+        cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'  # True
+        list(cid) == ['Accept']  # True
+
+    For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+    value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header, regardless
+    of how the header name was originally stored.
+
+    If the constructor, ``.update``, or equality comparison
+    operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
+    behavior is undefined.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
+        self._store = OrderedDict()
+        if data is None:
+            data = {}
+        self.update(data, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # Use the lowercased key for lookups, but store the actual
+        # key alongside the value.
+        self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._store[key.lower()][1]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._store[key.lower()]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (casedkey for casedkey, mappedvalue in self._store.values())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._store)
+
+    def lower_items(self):
+        """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
+        return ((lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items())
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+        # Compare insensitively
+        return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
+
+    # Copy is required
+    def copy(self):
+        return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(dict(self.items()))
+
+
+class LookupDict(dict):
+    """Dictionary lookup object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None):
+        self.name = name
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<lookup '{self.name}'>"
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
+
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, default)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36607eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/requests/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1094 @@
+"""
+requests.utils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests
+that are also useful for external consumption.
+"""
+
+import codecs
+import contextlib
+import io
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import warnings
+import zipfile
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from pip._vendor.urllib3.util import make_headers, parse_url
+
+from . import certs
+from .__version__ import __version__
+
+# to_native_string is unused here, but imported here for backwards compatibility
+from ._internal_utils import (  # noqa: F401
+    _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE,
+    _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR,
+    HEADER_VALIDATORS,
+    to_native_string,
+)
+from .compat import (
+    Mapping,
+    basestring,
+    bytes,
+    getproxies,
+    getproxies_environment,
+    integer_types,
+)
+from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
+from .compat import (
+    proxy_bypass,
+    proxy_bypass_environment,
+    quote,
+    str,
+    unquote,
+    urlparse,
+    urlunparse,
+)
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict
+from .exceptions import (
+    FileModeWarning,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    InvalidURL,
+    UnrewindableBodyError,
+)
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+NETRC_FILES = (".netrc", "_netrc")
+
+DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where()
+
+DEFAULT_PORTS = {"http": 80, "https": 443}
+
+# Ensure that ', ' is used to preserve previous delimiter behavior.
+DEFAULT_ACCEPT_ENCODING = ", ".join(
+    re.split(r",\s*", make_headers(accept_encoding=True)["accept-encoding"])
+)
+
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    # provide a proxy_bypass version on Windows without DNS lookups
+
+    def proxy_bypass_registry(host):
+        try:
+            import winreg
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey(
+                winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
+                r"Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings",
+            )
+            # ProxyEnable could be REG_SZ or REG_DWORD, normalizing it
+            proxyEnable = int(winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, "ProxyEnable")[0])
+            # ProxyOverride is almost always a string
+            proxyOverride = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, "ProxyOverride")[0]
+        except (OSError, ValueError):
+            return False
+        if not proxyEnable or not proxyOverride:
+            return False
+
+        # make a check value list from the registry entry: replace the
+        # '<local>' string by the localhost entry and the corresponding
+        # canonical entry.
+        proxyOverride = proxyOverride.split(";")
+        # now check if we match one of the registry values.
+        for test in proxyOverride:
+            if test == "<local>":
+                if "." not in host:
+                    return True
+            test = test.replace(".", r"\.")  # mask dots
+            test = test.replace("*", r".*")  # change glob sequence
+            test = test.replace("?", r".")  # change glob char
+            if re.match(test, host, re.I):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def proxy_bypass(host):  # noqa
+        """Return True, if the host should be bypassed.
+
+        Checks proxy settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
+        or the registry.
+        """
+        if getproxies_environment():
+            return proxy_bypass_environment(host)
+        else:
+            return proxy_bypass_registry(host)
+
+
+def dict_to_sequence(d):
+    """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update."""
+
+    if hasattr(d, "items"):
+        d = d.items()
+
+    return d
+
+
+def super_len(o):
+    total_length = None
+    current_position = 0
+
+    if hasattr(o, "__len__"):
+        total_length = len(o)
+
+    elif hasattr(o, "len"):
+        total_length = o.len
+
+    elif hasattr(o, "fileno"):
+        try:
+            fileno = o.fileno()
+        except (io.UnsupportedOperation, AttributeError):
+            # AttributeError is a surprising exception, seeing as how we've just checked
+            # that `hasattr(o, 'fileno')`.  It happens for objects obtained via
+            # `Tarfile.extractfile()`, per issue 5229.
+            pass
+        else:
+            total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+
+            # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to
+            # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode.
+            if "b" not in o.mode:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        "Requests has determined the content-length for this "
+                        "request using the binary size of the file: however, the "
+                        "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' "
+                        "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect "
+                        "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed "
+                        "for files in text mode."
+                    ),
+                    FileModeWarning,
+                )
+
+    if hasattr(o, "tell"):
+        try:
+            current_position = o.tell()
+        except OSError:
+            # This can happen in some weird situations, such as when the file
+            # is actually a special file descriptor like stdin. In this
+            # instance, we don't know what the length is, so set it to zero and
+            # let requests chunk it instead.
+            if total_length is not None:
+                current_position = total_length
+        else:
+            if hasattr(o, "seek") and total_length is None:
+                # StringIO and BytesIO have seek but no usable fileno
+                try:
+                    # seek to end of file
+                    o.seek(0, 2)
+                    total_length = o.tell()
+
+                    # seek back to current position to support
+                    # partially read file-like objects
+                    o.seek(current_position or 0)
+                except OSError:
+                    total_length = 0
+
+    if total_length is None:
+        total_length = 0
+
+    return max(0, total_length - current_position)
+
+
+def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False):
+    """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc."""
+
+    netrc_file = os.environ.get("NETRC")
+    if netrc_file is not None:
+        netrc_locations = (netrc_file,)
+    else:
+        netrc_locations = (f"~/{f}" for f in NETRC_FILES)
+
+    try:
+        from netrc import NetrcParseError, netrc
+
+        netrc_path = None
+
+        for f in netrc_locations:
+            try:
+                loc = os.path.expanduser(f)
+            except KeyError:
+                # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and
+                # getpwuid fails. See https://bugs.python.org/issue20164 &
+                # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/1846
+                return
+
+            if os.path.exists(loc):
+                netrc_path = loc
+                break
+
+        # Abort early if there isn't one.
+        if netrc_path is None:
+            return
+
+        ri = urlparse(url)
+
+        # Strip port numbers from netloc. This weird `if...encode`` dance is
+        # used for Python 3.2, which doesn't support unicode literals.
+        splitstr = b":"
+        if isinstance(url, str):
+            splitstr = splitstr.decode("ascii")
+        host = ri.netloc.split(splitstr)[0]
+
+        try:
+            _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host)
+            if _netrc:
+                # Return with login / password
+                login_i = 0 if _netrc[0] else 1
+                return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2])
+        except (NetrcParseError, OSError):
+            # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file,
+            # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors.
+            if raise_errors:
+                raise
+
+    # App Engine hackiness.
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+
+
+def guess_filename(obj):
+    """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
+    name = getattr(obj, "name", None)
+    if name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != "<" and name[-1] != ">":
+        return os.path.basename(name)
+
+
+def extract_zipped_paths(path):
+    """Replace nonexistent paths that look like they refer to a member of a zip
+    archive with the location of an extracted copy of the target, or else
+    just return the provided path unchanged.
+    """
+    if os.path.exists(path):
+        # this is already a valid path, no need to do anything further
+        return path
+
+    # find the first valid part of the provided path and treat that as a zip archive
+    # assume the rest of the path is the name of a member in the archive
+    archive, member = os.path.split(path)
+    while archive and not os.path.exists(archive):
+        archive, prefix = os.path.split(archive)
+        if not prefix:
+            # If we don't check for an empty prefix after the split (in other words, archive remains unchanged after the split),
+            # we _can_ end up in an infinite loop on a rare corner case affecting a small number of users
+            break
+        member = "/".join([prefix, member])
+
+    if not zipfile.is_zipfile(archive):
+        return path
+
+    zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(archive)
+    if member not in zip_file.namelist():
+        return path
+
+    # we have a valid zip archive and a valid member of that archive
+    tmp = tempfile.gettempdir()
+    extracted_path = os.path.join(tmp, member.split("/")[-1])
+    if not os.path.exists(extracted_path):
+        # use read + write to avoid the creating nested folders, we only want the file, avoids mkdir racing condition
+        with atomic_open(extracted_path) as file_handler:
+            file_handler.write(zip_file.read(member))
+    return extracted_path
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def atomic_open(filename):
+    """Write a file to the disk in an atomic fashion"""
+    tmp_descriptor, tmp_name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=os.path.dirname(filename))
+    try:
+        with os.fdopen(tmp_descriptor, "wb") as tmp_handler:
+            yield tmp_handler
+        os.replace(tmp_name, filename)
+    except BaseException:
+        os.remove(tmp_name)
+        raise
+
+
+def from_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an
+    OrderedDict, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+        >>> from_key_val_list('string')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples
+        >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+
+    :rtype: OrderedDict
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError("cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples")
+
+    return OrderedDict(value)
+
+
+def to_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list('string')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples
+
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError("cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples")
+
+    if isinstance(value, Mapping):
+        value = value.items()
+
+    return list(value)
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_list_header(value):
+    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
+
+    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
+    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
+    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
+    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
+
+    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
+    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
+
+    The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
+
+    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
+    ['token', 'quoted value']
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a list header.
+    :return: :class:`list`
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    result = []
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
+            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
+        result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_dict_header(value):
+    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
+    convert them into a python dict:
+
+    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
+    >>> type(d) is dict
+    True
+    >>> sorted(d.items())
+    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
+
+    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
+
+    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
+    {'key_without_value': None}
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a dict header.
+    :return: :class:`dict`
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    result = {}
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if "=" not in item:
+            result[item] = None
+            continue
+        name, value = item.split("=", 1)
+        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
+            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
+        result[name] = value
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
+    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
+    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
+    using for quoting.
+
+    :param value: the header value to unquote.
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
+        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
+        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
+        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is
+        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
+        value = value[1:-1]
+
+        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
+        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the
+        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
+        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then
+        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458.
+        if not is_filename or value[:2] != "\\\\":
+            return value.replace("\\\\", "\\").replace('\\"', '"')
+    return value
+
+
+def dict_from_cookiejar(cj):
+    """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from.
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+
+    cookie_dict = {}
+
+    for cookie in cj:
+        cookie_dict[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+
+    return cookie_dict
+
+
+def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into.
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
+    """
+
+    return cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cj)
+
+
+def get_encodings_from_content(content):
+    """Returns encodings from given content string.
+
+    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For "
+            "more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This"
+            " warning should only appear once.)"
+        ),
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+
+    charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]')
+
+    return (
+        charset_re.findall(content)
+        + pragma_re.findall(content)
+        + xml_re.findall(content)
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_content_type_header(header):
+    """Returns content type and parameters from given header
+
+    :param header: string
+    :return: tuple containing content type and dictionary of
+         parameters
+    """
+
+    tokens = header.split(";")
+    content_type, params = tokens[0].strip(), tokens[1:]
+    params_dict = {}
+    items_to_strip = "\"' "
+
+    for param in params:
+        param = param.strip()
+        if param:
+            key, value = param, True
+            index_of_equals = param.find("=")
+            if index_of_equals != -1:
+                key = param[:index_of_equals].strip(items_to_strip)
+                value = param[index_of_equals + 1 :].strip(items_to_strip)
+            params_dict[key.lower()] = value
+    return content_type, params_dict
+
+
+def get_encoding_from_headers(headers):
+    """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict.
+
+    :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from.
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+
+    content_type = headers.get("content-type")
+
+    if not content_type:
+        return None
+
+    content_type, params = _parse_content_type_header(content_type)
+
+    if "charset" in params:
+        return params["charset"].strip("'\"")
+
+    if "text" in content_type:
+        return "ISO-8859-1"
+
+    if "application/json" in content_type:
+        # Assume UTF-8 based on RFC 4627: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt since the charset was unset
+        return "utf-8"
+
+
+def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r):
+    """Stream decodes an iterator."""
+
+    if r.encoding is None:
+        yield from iterator
+        return
+
+    decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors="replace")
+    for chunk in iterator:
+        rv = decoder.decode(chunk)
+        if rv:
+            yield rv
+    rv = decoder.decode(b"", final=True)
+    if rv:
+        yield rv
+
+
+def iter_slices(string, slice_length):
+    """Iterate over slices of a string."""
+    pos = 0
+    if slice_length is None or slice_length <= 0:
+        slice_length = len(string)
+    while pos < len(string):
+        yield string[pos : pos + slice_length]
+        pos += slice_length
+
+
+def get_unicode_from_response(r):
+    """Returns the requested content back in unicode.
+
+    :param r: Response object to get unicode content from.
+
+    Tried:
+
+    1. charset from content-type
+    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For "
+            "more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This"
+            " warning should only appear once.)"
+        ),
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+
+    tried_encodings = []
+
+    # Try charset from content-type
+    encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers)
+
+    if encoding:
+        try:
+            return str(r.content, encoding)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            tried_encodings.append(encoding)
+
+    # Fall back:
+    try:
+        return str(r.content, encoding, errors="replace")
+    except TypeError:
+        return r.content
+
+
+# The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986)
+UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset(
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" + "0123456789-._~"
+)
+
+
+def unquote_unreserved(uri):
+    """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved
+    characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    parts = uri.split("%")
+    for i in range(1, len(parts)):
+        h = parts[i][0:2]
+        if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum():
+            try:
+                c = chr(int(h, 16))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid percent-escape sequence: '{h}'")
+
+            if c in UNRESERVED_SET:
+                parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:]
+            else:
+                parts[i] = f"%{parts[i]}"
+        else:
+            parts[i] = f"%{parts[i]}"
+    return "".join(parts)
+
+
+def requote_uri(uri):
+    """Re-quote the given URI.
+
+    This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
+    ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    try:
+        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
+        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
+        # unreserved, or '%')
+        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
+    except InvalidURL:
+        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
+        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
+        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
+        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
+
+
+def address_in_network(ip, net):
+    """This function allows you to check if an IP belongs to a network subnet
+
+    Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24
+             returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24
+
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    ipaddr = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(ip))[0]
+    netaddr, bits = net.split("/")
+    netmask = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0]
+    network = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask
+    return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask)
+
+
+def dotted_netmask(mask):
+    """Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
+
+    Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    bits = 0xFFFFFFFF ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1
+    return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack(">I", bits))
+
+
+def is_ipv4_address(string_ip):
+    """
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    try:
+        socket.inet_aton(string_ip)
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def is_valid_cidr(string_network):
+    """
+    Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable.
+
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    if string_network.count("/") == 1:
+        try:
+            mask = int(string_network.split("/")[1])
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        if mask < 1 or mask > 32:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            socket.inet_aton(string_network.split("/")[0])
+        except OSError:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def set_environ(env_name, value):
+    """Set the environment variable 'env_name' to 'value'
+
+    Save previous value, yield, and then restore the previous value stored in
+    the environment variable 'env_name'.
+
+    If 'value' is None, do nothing"""
+    value_changed = value is not None
+    if value_changed:
+        old_value = os.environ.get(env_name)
+        os.environ[env_name] = value
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        if value_changed:
+            if old_value is None:
+                del os.environ[env_name]
+            else:
+                os.environ[env_name] = old_value
+
+
+def should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy):
+    """
+    Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not.
+
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    # Prioritize lowercase environment variables over uppercase
+    # to keep a consistent behaviour with other http projects (curl, wget).
+    def get_proxy(key):
+        return os.environ.get(key) or os.environ.get(key.upper())
+
+    # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL
+    # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list.
+    no_proxy_arg = no_proxy
+    if no_proxy is None:
+        no_proxy = get_proxy("no_proxy")
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+    if parsed.hostname is None:
+        # URLs don't always have hostnames, e.g. file:/// urls.
+        return True
+
+    if no_proxy:
+        # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match
+        # the end of the hostname, both with and without the port.
+        no_proxy = (host for host in no_proxy.replace(" ", "").split(",") if host)
+
+        if is_ipv4_address(parsed.hostname):
+            for proxy_ip in no_proxy:
+                if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip):
+                    if address_in_network(parsed.hostname, proxy_ip):
+                        return True
+                elif parsed.hostname == proxy_ip:
+                    # If no_proxy ip was defined in plain IP notation instead of cidr notation &
+                    # matches the IP of the index
+                    return True
+        else:
+            host_with_port = parsed.hostname
+            if parsed.port:
+                host_with_port += f":{parsed.port}"
+
+            for host in no_proxy:
+                if parsed.hostname.endswith(host) or host_with_port.endswith(host):
+                    # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want
+                    # to apply the proxies on this URL.
+                    return True
+
+    with set_environ("no_proxy", no_proxy_arg):
+        # parsed.hostname can be `None` in cases such as a file URI.
+        try:
+            bypass = proxy_bypass(parsed.hostname)
+        except (TypeError, socket.gaierror):
+            bypass = False
+
+    if bypass:
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=None):
+    """
+    Return a dict of environment proxies.
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    if should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy):
+        return {}
+    else:
+        return getproxies()
+
+
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
+
+    :param url: The url being for the request
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    """
+    proxies = proxies or {}
+    urlparts = urlparse(url)
+    if urlparts.hostname is None:
+        return proxies.get(urlparts.scheme, proxies.get("all"))
+
+    proxy_keys = [
+        urlparts.scheme + "://" + urlparts.hostname,
+        urlparts.scheme,
+        "all://" + urlparts.hostname,
+        "all",
+    ]
+    proxy = None
+    for proxy_key in proxy_keys:
+        if proxy_key in proxies:
+            proxy = proxies[proxy_key]
+            break
+
+    return proxy
+
+
+def resolve_proxies(request, proxies, trust_env=True):
+    """This method takes proxy information from a request and configuration
+    input to resolve a mapping of target proxies. This will consider settings
+    such a NO_PROXY to strip proxy configurations.
+
+    :param request: Request or PreparedRequest
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    :param trust_env: Boolean declaring whether to trust environment configs
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    proxies = proxies if proxies is not None else {}
+    url = request.url
+    scheme = urlparse(url).scheme
+    no_proxy = proxies.get("no_proxy")
+    new_proxies = proxies.copy()
+
+    if trust_env and not should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy):
+        environ_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)
+
+        proxy = environ_proxies.get(scheme, environ_proxies.get("all"))
+
+        if proxy:
+            new_proxies.setdefault(scheme, proxy)
+    return new_proxies
+
+
+def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
+    """
+    Return a string representing the default user agent.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    return f"{name}/{__version__}"
+
+
+def default_headers():
+    """
+    :rtype: requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict
+    """
+    return CaseInsensitiveDict(
+        {
+            "User-Agent": default_user_agent(),
+            "Accept-Encoding": DEFAULT_ACCEPT_ENCODING,
+            "Accept": "*/*",
+            "Connection": "keep-alive",
+        }
+    )
+
+
+def parse_header_links(value):
+    """Return a list of parsed link headers proxies.
+
+    i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg"
+
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+
+    links = []
+
+    replace_chars = " '\""
+
+    value = value.strip(replace_chars)
+    if not value:
+        return links
+
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
+        try:
+            url, params = val.split(";", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            url, params = val, ""
+
+        link = {"url": url.strip("<> '\"")}
+
+        for param in params.split(";"):
+            try:
+                key, value = param.split("=")
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+
+            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars)
+
+        links.append(link)
+
+    return links
+
+
+# Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf
+_null = "\x00".encode("ascii")  # encoding to ASCII for Python 3
+_null2 = _null * 2
+_null3 = _null * 3
+
+
+def guess_json_utf(data):
+    """
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as
+    # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count
+    # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present.
+    sample = data[:4]
+    if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE):
+        return "utf-32"  # BOM included
+    if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+        return "utf-8-sig"  # BOM included, MS style (discouraged)
+    if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+        return "utf-16"  # BOM included
+    nullcount = sample.count(_null)
+    if nullcount == 0:
+        return "utf-8"
+    if nullcount == 2:
+        if sample[::2] == _null2:  # 1st and 3rd are null
+            return "utf-16-be"
+        if sample[1::2] == _null2:  # 2nd and 4th are null
+            return "utf-16-le"
+        # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters
+    if nullcount == 3:
+        if sample[:3] == _null3:
+            return "utf-32-be"
+        if sample[1:] == _null3:
+            return "utf-32-le"
+        # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character
+    return None
+
+
+def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme):
+    """Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme.
+    Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parsed
+
+    # A defect in urlparse determines that there isn't a netloc present in some
+    # urls. We previously assumed parsing was overly cautious, and swapped the
+    # netloc and path. Due to a lack of tests on the original defect, this is
+    # maintained with parse_url for backwards compatibility.
+    netloc = parsed.netloc
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    if auth:
+        # parse_url doesn't provide the netloc with auth
+        # so we'll add it ourselves.
+        netloc = "@".join([auth, netloc])
+    if scheme is None:
+        scheme = new_scheme
+    if path is None:
+        path = ""
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, "", query, fragment))
+
+
+def get_auth_from_url(url):
+    """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of
+    username,password.
+
+    :rtype: (str,str)
+    """
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+    try:
+        auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password))
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        auth = ("", "")
+
+    return auth
+
+
+def check_header_validity(header):
+    """Verifies that header parts don't contain leading whitespace
+    reserved characters, or return characters.
+
+    :param header: tuple, in the format (name, value).
+    """
+    name, value = header
+    _validate_header_part(header, name, 0)
+    _validate_header_part(header, value, 1)
+
+
+def _validate_header_part(header, header_part, header_validator_index):
+    if isinstance(header_part, str):
+        validator = _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR[header_validator_index]
+    elif isinstance(header_part, bytes):
+        validator = _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE[header_validator_index]
+    else:
+        raise InvalidHeader(
+            f"Header part ({header_part!r}) from {header} "
+            f"must be of type str or bytes, not {type(header_part)}"
+        )
+
+    if not validator.match(header_part):
+        header_kind = "name" if header_validator_index == 0 else "value"
+        raise InvalidHeader(
+            f"Invalid leading whitespace, reserved character(s), or return"
+            f"character(s) in header {header_kind}: {header_part!r}"
+        )
+
+
+def urldefragauth(url):
+    """
+    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+
+    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    netloc = netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[-1]
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ""))
+
+
+def rewind_body(prepared_request):
+    """Move file pointer back to its recorded starting position
+    so it can be read again on redirect.
+    """
+    body_seek = getattr(prepared_request.body, "seek", None)
+    if body_seek is not None and isinstance(
+        prepared_request._body_position, integer_types
+    ):
+        try:
+            body_seek(prepared_request._body_position)
+        except OSError:
+            raise UnrewindableBodyError(
+                "An error occurred when rewinding request body for redirect."
+            )
+    else:
+        raise UnrewindableBodyError("Unable to rewind request body for redirect.")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d92acc7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+__all__ = [
+    "__version__",
+    "AbstractProvider",
+    "AbstractResolver",
+    "BaseReporter",
+    "InconsistentCandidate",
+    "Resolver",
+    "RequirementsConflicted",
+    "ResolutionError",
+    "ResolutionImpossible",
+    "ResolutionTooDeep",
+]
+
+__version__ = "1.0.1"
+
+
+from .providers import AbstractProvider, AbstractResolver
+from .reporters import BaseReporter
+from .resolvers import (
+    InconsistentCandidate,
+    RequirementsConflicted,
+    ResolutionError,
+    ResolutionImpossible,
+    ResolutionTooDeep,
+    Resolver,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/compat/__pycache__/collections_abc.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/compat/__pycache__/collections_abc.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/compat/collections_abc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/compat/collections_abc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1becc509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/compat/collections_abc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+__all__ = ["Mapping", "Sequence"]
+
+try:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+except ImportError:
+    from collections import Mapping, Sequence
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/providers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/providers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e99d87ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/providers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+class AbstractProvider(object):
+    """Delegate class to provide the required interface for the resolver."""
+
+    def identify(self, requirement_or_candidate):
+        """Given a requirement, return an identifier for it.
+
+        This is used to identify a requirement, e.g. whether two requirements
+        should have their specifier parts merged.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_preference(
+        self,
+        identifier,
+        resolutions,
+        candidates,
+        information,
+        backtrack_causes,
+    ):
+        """Produce a sort key for given requirement based on preference.
+
+        The preference is defined as "I think this requirement should be
+        resolved first". The lower the return value is, the more preferred
+        this group of arguments is.
+
+        :param identifier: An identifier as returned by ``identify()``. This
+            identifies the dependency matches which should be returned.
+        :param resolutions: Mapping of candidates currently pinned by the
+            resolver. Each key is an identifier, and the value is a candidate.
+            The candidate may conflict with requirements from ``information``.
+        :param candidates: Mapping of each dependency's possible candidates.
+            Each value is an iterator of candidates.
+        :param information: Mapping of requirement information of each package.
+            Each value is an iterator of *requirement information*.
+        :param backtrack_causes: Sequence of requirement information that were
+            the requirements that caused the resolver to most recently backtrack.
+
+        A *requirement information* instance is a named tuple with two members:
+
+        * ``requirement`` specifies a requirement contributing to the current
+          list of candidates.
+        * ``parent`` specifies the candidate that provides (depended on) the
+          requirement, or ``None`` to indicate a root requirement.
+
+        The preference could depend on various issues, including (not
+        necessarily in this order):
+
+        * Is this package pinned in the current resolution result?
+        * How relaxed is the requirement? Stricter ones should probably be
+          worked on first? (I don't know, actually.)
+        * How many possibilities are there to satisfy this requirement? Those
+          with few left should likely be worked on first, I guess?
+        * Are there any known conflicts for this requirement? We should
+          probably work on those with the most known conflicts.
+
+        A sortable value should be returned (this will be used as the ``key``
+        parameter of the built-in sorting function). The smaller the value is,
+        the more preferred this requirement is (i.e. the sorting function
+        is called with ``reverse=False``).
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def find_matches(self, identifier, requirements, incompatibilities):
+        """Find all possible candidates that satisfy the given constraints.
+
+        :param identifier: An identifier as returned by ``identify()``. This
+            identifies the dependency matches of which should be returned.
+        :param requirements: A mapping of requirements that all returned
+            candidates must satisfy. Each key is an identifier, and the value
+            an iterator of requirements for that dependency.
+        :param incompatibilities: A mapping of known incompatibilities of
+            each dependency. Each key is an identifier, and the value an
+            iterator of incompatibilities known to the resolver. All
+            incompatibilities *must* be excluded from the return value.
+
+        This should try to get candidates based on the requirements' types.
+        For VCS, local, and archive requirements, the one-and-only match is
+        returned, and for a "named" requirement, the index(es) should be
+        consulted to find concrete candidates for this requirement.
+
+        The return value should produce candidates ordered by preference; the
+        most preferred candidate should come first. The return type may be one
+        of the following:
+
+        * A callable that returns an iterator that yields candidates.
+        * An collection of candidates.
+        * An iterable of candidates. This will be consumed immediately into a
+          list of candidates.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, requirement, candidate):
+        """Whether the given requirement can be satisfied by a candidate.
+
+        The candidate is guaranteed to have been generated from the
+        requirement.
+
+        A boolean should be returned to indicate whether ``candidate`` is a
+        viable solution to the requirement.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_dependencies(self, candidate):
+        """Get dependencies of a candidate.
+
+        This should return a collection of requirements that `candidate`
+        specifies as its dependencies.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class AbstractResolver(object):
+    """The thing that performs the actual resolution work."""
+
+    base_exception = Exception
+
+    def __init__(self, provider, reporter):
+        self.provider = provider
+        self.reporter = reporter
+
+    def resolve(self, requirements, **kwargs):
+        """Take a collection of constraints, spit out the resolution result.
+
+        This returns a representation of the final resolution state, with one
+        guarenteed attribute ``mapping`` that contains resolved candidates as
+        values. The keys are their respective identifiers.
+
+        :param requirements: A collection of constraints.
+        :param kwargs: Additional keyword arguments that subclasses may accept.
+
+        :raises: ``self.base_exception`` or its subclass.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/reporters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/reporters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..688b5e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/reporters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+class BaseReporter(object):
+    """Delegate class to provider progress reporting for the resolver."""
+
+    def starting(self):
+        """Called before the resolution actually starts."""
+
+    def starting_round(self, index):
+        """Called before each round of resolution starts.
+
+        The index is zero-based.
+        """
+
+    def ending_round(self, index, state):
+        """Called before each round of resolution ends.
+
+        This is NOT called if the resolution ends at this round. Use `ending`
+        if you want to report finalization. The index is zero-based.
+        """
+
+    def ending(self, state):
+        """Called before the resolution ends successfully."""
+
+    def adding_requirement(self, requirement, parent):
+        """Called when adding a new requirement into the resolve criteria.
+
+        :param requirement: The additional requirement to be applied to filter
+            the available candidaites.
+        :param parent: The candidate that requires ``requirement`` as a
+            dependency, or None if ``requirement`` is one of the root
+            requirements passed in from ``Resolver.resolve()``.
+        """
+
+    def resolving_conflicts(self, causes):
+        """Called when starting to attempt requirement conflict resolution.
+
+        :param causes: The information on the collision that caused the backtracking.
+        """
+
+    def rejecting_candidate(self, criterion, candidate):
+        """Called when rejecting a candidate during backtracking."""
+
+    def pinning(self, candidate):
+        """Called when adding a candidate to the potential solution."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c3d0e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/resolvers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+import collections
+import itertools
+import operator
+
+from .providers import AbstractResolver
+from .structs import DirectedGraph, IteratorMapping, build_iter_view
+
+RequirementInformation = collections.namedtuple(
+    "RequirementInformation", ["requirement", "parent"]
+)
+
+
+class ResolverException(Exception):
+    """A base class for all exceptions raised by this module.
+
+    Exceptions derived by this class should all be handled in this module. Any
+    bubbling pass the resolver should be treated as a bug.
+    """
+
+
+class RequirementsConflicted(ResolverException):
+    def __init__(self, criterion):
+        super(RequirementsConflicted, self).__init__(criterion)
+        self.criterion = criterion
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Requirements conflict: {}".format(
+            ", ".join(repr(r) for r in self.criterion.iter_requirement()),
+        )
+
+
+class InconsistentCandidate(ResolverException):
+    def __init__(self, candidate, criterion):
+        super(InconsistentCandidate, self).__init__(candidate, criterion)
+        self.candidate = candidate
+        self.criterion = criterion
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Provided candidate {!r} does not satisfy {}".format(
+            self.candidate,
+            ", ".join(repr(r) for r in self.criterion.iter_requirement()),
+        )
+
+
+class Criterion(object):
+    """Representation of possible resolution results of a package.
+
+    This holds three attributes:
+
+    * `information` is a collection of `RequirementInformation` pairs.
+      Each pair is a requirement contributing to this criterion, and the
+      candidate that provides the requirement.
+    * `incompatibilities` is a collection of all known not-to-work candidates
+      to exclude from consideration.
+    * `candidates` is a collection containing all possible candidates deducted
+      from the union of contributing requirements and known incompatibilities.
+      It should never be empty, except when the criterion is an attribute of a
+      raised `RequirementsConflicted` (in which case it is always empty).
+
+    .. note::
+        This class is intended to be externally immutable. **Do not** mutate
+        any of its attribute containers.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, candidates, information, incompatibilities):
+        self.candidates = candidates
+        self.information = information
+        self.incompatibilities = incompatibilities
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        requirements = ", ".join(
+            "({!r}, via={!r})".format(req, parent)
+            for req, parent in self.information
+        )
+        return "Criterion({})".format(requirements)
+
+    def iter_requirement(self):
+        return (i.requirement for i in self.information)
+
+    def iter_parent(self):
+        return (i.parent for i in self.information)
+
+
+class ResolutionError(ResolverException):
+    pass
+
+
+class ResolutionImpossible(ResolutionError):
+    def __init__(self, causes):
+        super(ResolutionImpossible, self).__init__(causes)
+        # causes is a list of RequirementInformation objects
+        self.causes = causes
+
+
+class ResolutionTooDeep(ResolutionError):
+    def __init__(self, round_count):
+        super(ResolutionTooDeep, self).__init__(round_count)
+        self.round_count = round_count
+
+
+# Resolution state in a round.
+State = collections.namedtuple("State", "mapping criteria backtrack_causes")
+
+
+class Resolution(object):
+    """Stateful resolution object.
+
+    This is designed as a one-off object that holds information to kick start
+    the resolution process, and holds the results afterwards.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, provider, reporter):
+        self._p = provider
+        self._r = reporter
+        self._states = []
+
+    @property
+    def state(self):
+        try:
+            return self._states[-1]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise AttributeError("state")
+
+    def _push_new_state(self):
+        """Push a new state into history.
+
+        This new state will be used to hold resolution results of the next
+        coming round.
+        """
+        base = self._states[-1]
+        state = State(
+            mapping=base.mapping.copy(),
+            criteria=base.criteria.copy(),
+            backtrack_causes=base.backtrack_causes[:],
+        )
+        self._states.append(state)
+
+    def _add_to_criteria(self, criteria, requirement, parent):
+        self._r.adding_requirement(requirement=requirement, parent=parent)
+
+        identifier = self._p.identify(requirement_or_candidate=requirement)
+        criterion = criteria.get(identifier)
+        if criterion:
+            incompatibilities = list(criterion.incompatibilities)
+        else:
+            incompatibilities = []
+
+        matches = self._p.find_matches(
+            identifier=identifier,
+            requirements=IteratorMapping(
+                criteria,
+                operator.methodcaller("iter_requirement"),
+                {identifier: [requirement]},
+            ),
+            incompatibilities=IteratorMapping(
+                criteria,
+                operator.attrgetter("incompatibilities"),
+                {identifier: incompatibilities},
+            ),
+        )
+
+        if criterion:
+            information = list(criterion.information)
+            information.append(RequirementInformation(requirement, parent))
+        else:
+            information = [RequirementInformation(requirement, parent)]
+
+        criterion = Criterion(
+            candidates=build_iter_view(matches),
+            information=information,
+            incompatibilities=incompatibilities,
+        )
+        if not criterion.candidates:
+            raise RequirementsConflicted(criterion)
+        criteria[identifier] = criterion
+
+    def _remove_information_from_criteria(self, criteria, parents):
+        """Remove information from parents of criteria.
+
+        Concretely, removes all values from each criterion's ``information``
+        field that have one of ``parents`` as provider of the requirement.
+
+        :param criteria: The criteria to update.
+        :param parents: Identifiers for which to remove information from all criteria.
+        """
+        if not parents:
+            return
+        for key, criterion in criteria.items():
+            criteria[key] = Criterion(
+                criterion.candidates,
+                [
+                    information
+                    for information in criterion.information
+                    if (
+                        information.parent is None
+                        or self._p.identify(information.parent) not in parents
+                    )
+                ],
+                criterion.incompatibilities,
+            )
+
+    def _get_preference(self, name):
+        return self._p.get_preference(
+            identifier=name,
+            resolutions=self.state.mapping,
+            candidates=IteratorMapping(
+                self.state.criteria,
+                operator.attrgetter("candidates"),
+            ),
+            information=IteratorMapping(
+                self.state.criteria,
+                operator.attrgetter("information"),
+            ),
+            backtrack_causes=self.state.backtrack_causes,
+        )
+
+    def _is_current_pin_satisfying(self, name, criterion):
+        try:
+            current_pin = self.state.mapping[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+        return all(
+            self._p.is_satisfied_by(requirement=r, candidate=current_pin)
+            for r in criterion.iter_requirement()
+        )
+
+    def _get_updated_criteria(self, candidate):
+        criteria = self.state.criteria.copy()
+        for requirement in self._p.get_dependencies(candidate=candidate):
+            self._add_to_criteria(criteria, requirement, parent=candidate)
+        return criteria
+
+    def _attempt_to_pin_criterion(self, name):
+        criterion = self.state.criteria[name]
+
+        causes = []
+        for candidate in criterion.candidates:
+            try:
+                criteria = self._get_updated_criteria(candidate)
+            except RequirementsConflicted as e:
+                self._r.rejecting_candidate(e.criterion, candidate)
+                causes.append(e.criterion)
+                continue
+
+            # Check the newly-pinned candidate actually works. This should
+            # always pass under normal circumstances, but in the case of a
+            # faulty provider, we will raise an error to notify the implementer
+            # to fix find_matches() and/or is_satisfied_by().
+            satisfied = all(
+                self._p.is_satisfied_by(requirement=r, candidate=candidate)
+                for r in criterion.iter_requirement()
+            )
+            if not satisfied:
+                raise InconsistentCandidate(candidate, criterion)
+
+            self._r.pinning(candidate=candidate)
+            self.state.criteria.update(criteria)
+
+            # Put newly-pinned candidate at the end. This is essential because
+            # backtracking looks at this mapping to get the last pin.
+            self.state.mapping.pop(name, None)
+            self.state.mapping[name] = candidate
+
+            return []
+
+        # All candidates tried, nothing works. This criterion is a dead
+        # end, signal for backtracking.
+        return causes
+
+    def _backjump(self, causes):
+        """Perform backjumping.
+
+        When we enter here, the stack is like this::
+
+            [ state Z ]
+            [ state Y ]
+            [ state X ]
+            .... earlier states are irrelevant.
+
+        1. No pins worked for Z, so it does not have a pin.
+        2. We want to reset state Y to unpinned, and pin another candidate.
+        3. State X holds what state Y was before the pin, but does not
+           have the incompatibility information gathered in state Y.
+
+        Each iteration of the loop will:
+
+        1.  Identify Z. The incompatibility is not always caused by the latest
+            state. For example, given three requirements A, B and C, with
+            dependencies A1, B1 and C1, where A1 and B1 are incompatible: the
+            last state might be related to C, so we want to discard the
+            previous state.
+        2.  Discard Z.
+        3.  Discard Y but remember its incompatibility information gathered
+            previously, and the failure we're dealing with right now.
+        4.  Push a new state Y' based on X, and apply the incompatibility
+            information from Y to Y'.
+        5a. If this causes Y' to conflict, we need to backtrack again. Make Y'
+            the new Z and go back to step 2.
+        5b. If the incompatibilities apply cleanly, end backtracking.
+        """
+        incompatible_reqs = itertools.chain(
+            (c.parent for c in causes if c.parent is not None),
+            (c.requirement for c in causes),
+        )
+        incompatible_deps = {self._p.identify(r) for r in incompatible_reqs}
+        while len(self._states) >= 3:
+            # Remove the state that triggered backtracking.
+            del self._states[-1]
+
+            # Ensure to backtrack to a state that caused the incompatibility
+            incompatible_state = False
+            while not incompatible_state:
+                # Retrieve the last candidate pin and known incompatibilities.
+                try:
+                    broken_state = self._states.pop()
+                    name, candidate = broken_state.mapping.popitem()
+                except (IndexError, KeyError):
+                    raise ResolutionImpossible(causes)
+                current_dependencies = {
+                    self._p.identify(d)
+                    for d in self._p.get_dependencies(candidate)
+                }
+                incompatible_state = not current_dependencies.isdisjoint(
+                    incompatible_deps
+                )
+
+            incompatibilities_from_broken = [
+                (k, list(v.incompatibilities))
+                for k, v in broken_state.criteria.items()
+            ]
+
+            # Also mark the newly known incompatibility.
+            incompatibilities_from_broken.append((name, [candidate]))
+
+            # Create a new state from the last known-to-work one, and apply
+            # the previously gathered incompatibility information.
+            def _patch_criteria():
+                for k, incompatibilities in incompatibilities_from_broken:
+                    if not incompatibilities:
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        criterion = self.state.criteria[k]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        continue
+                    matches = self._p.find_matches(
+                        identifier=k,
+                        requirements=IteratorMapping(
+                            self.state.criteria,
+                            operator.methodcaller("iter_requirement"),
+                        ),
+                        incompatibilities=IteratorMapping(
+                            self.state.criteria,
+                            operator.attrgetter("incompatibilities"),
+                            {k: incompatibilities},
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    candidates = build_iter_view(matches)
+                    if not candidates:
+                        return False
+                    incompatibilities.extend(criterion.incompatibilities)
+                    self.state.criteria[k] = Criterion(
+                        candidates=candidates,
+                        information=list(criterion.information),
+                        incompatibilities=incompatibilities,
+                    )
+                return True
+
+            self._push_new_state()
+            success = _patch_criteria()
+
+            # It works! Let's work on this new state.
+            if success:
+                return True
+
+            # State does not work after applying known incompatibilities.
+            # Try the still previous state.
+
+        # No way to backtrack anymore.
+        return False
+
+    def resolve(self, requirements, max_rounds):
+        if self._states:
+            raise RuntimeError("already resolved")
+
+        self._r.starting()
+
+        # Initialize the root state.
+        self._states = [
+            State(
+                mapping=collections.OrderedDict(),
+                criteria={},
+                backtrack_causes=[],
+            )
+        ]
+        for r in requirements:
+            try:
+                self._add_to_criteria(self.state.criteria, r, parent=None)
+            except RequirementsConflicted as e:
+                raise ResolutionImpossible(e.criterion.information)
+
+        # The root state is saved as a sentinel so the first ever pin can have
+        # something to backtrack to if it fails. The root state is basically
+        # pinning the virtual "root" package in the graph.
+        self._push_new_state()
+
+        for round_index in range(max_rounds):
+            self._r.starting_round(index=round_index)
+
+            unsatisfied_names = [
+                key
+                for key, criterion in self.state.criteria.items()
+                if not self._is_current_pin_satisfying(key, criterion)
+            ]
+
+            # All criteria are accounted for. Nothing more to pin, we are done!
+            if not unsatisfied_names:
+                self._r.ending(state=self.state)
+                return self.state
+
+            # keep track of satisfied names to calculate diff after pinning
+            satisfied_names = set(self.state.criteria.keys()) - set(
+                unsatisfied_names
+            )
+
+            # Choose the most preferred unpinned criterion to try.
+            name = min(unsatisfied_names, key=self._get_preference)
+            failure_causes = self._attempt_to_pin_criterion(name)
+
+            if failure_causes:
+                causes = [i for c in failure_causes for i in c.information]
+                # Backjump if pinning fails. The backjump process puts us in
+                # an unpinned state, so we can work on it in the next round.
+                self._r.resolving_conflicts(causes=causes)
+                success = self._backjump(causes)
+                self.state.backtrack_causes[:] = causes
+
+                # Dead ends everywhere. Give up.
+                if not success:
+                    raise ResolutionImpossible(self.state.backtrack_causes)
+            else:
+                # discard as information sources any invalidated names
+                # (unsatisfied names that were previously satisfied)
+                newly_unsatisfied_names = {
+                    key
+                    for key, criterion in self.state.criteria.items()
+                    if key in satisfied_names
+                    and not self._is_current_pin_satisfying(key, criterion)
+                }
+                self._remove_information_from_criteria(
+                    self.state.criteria, newly_unsatisfied_names
+                )
+                # Pinning was successful. Push a new state to do another pin.
+                self._push_new_state()
+
+            self._r.ending_round(index=round_index, state=self.state)
+
+        raise ResolutionTooDeep(max_rounds)
+
+
+def _has_route_to_root(criteria, key, all_keys, connected):
+    if key in connected:
+        return True
+    if key not in criteria:
+        return False
+    for p in criteria[key].iter_parent():
+        try:
+            pkey = all_keys[id(p)]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+        if pkey in connected:
+            connected.add(key)
+            return True
+        if _has_route_to_root(criteria, pkey, all_keys, connected):
+            connected.add(key)
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+Result = collections.namedtuple("Result", "mapping graph criteria")
+
+
+def _build_result(state):
+    mapping = state.mapping
+    all_keys = {id(v): k for k, v in mapping.items()}
+    all_keys[id(None)] = None
+
+    graph = DirectedGraph()
+    graph.add(None)  # Sentinel as root dependencies' parent.
+
+    connected = {None}
+    for key, criterion in state.criteria.items():
+        if not _has_route_to_root(state.criteria, key, all_keys, connected):
+            continue
+        if key not in graph:
+            graph.add(key)
+        for p in criterion.iter_parent():
+            try:
+                pkey = all_keys[id(p)]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+            if pkey not in graph:
+                graph.add(pkey)
+            graph.connect(pkey, key)
+
+    return Result(
+        mapping={k: v for k, v in mapping.items() if k in connected},
+        graph=graph,
+        criteria=state.criteria,
+    )
+
+
+class Resolver(AbstractResolver):
+    """The thing that performs the actual resolution work."""
+
+    base_exception = ResolverException
+
+    def resolve(self, requirements, max_rounds=100):
+        """Take a collection of constraints, spit out the resolution result.
+
+        The return value is a representation to the final resolution result. It
+        is a tuple subclass with three public members:
+
+        * `mapping`: A dict of resolved candidates. Each key is an identifier
+            of a requirement (as returned by the provider's `identify` method),
+            and the value is the resolved candidate.
+        * `graph`: A `DirectedGraph` instance representing the dependency tree.
+            The vertices are keys of `mapping`, and each edge represents *why*
+            a particular package is included. A special vertex `None` is
+            included to represent parents of user-supplied requirements.
+        * `criteria`: A dict of "criteria" that hold detailed information on
+            how edges in the graph are derived. Each key is an identifier of a
+            requirement, and the value is a `Criterion` instance.
+
+        The following exceptions may be raised if a resolution cannot be found:
+
+        * `ResolutionImpossible`: A resolution cannot be found for the given
+            combination of requirements. The `causes` attribute of the
+            exception is a list of (requirement, parent), giving the
+            requirements that could not be satisfied.
+        * `ResolutionTooDeep`: The dependency tree is too deeply nested and
+            the resolver gave up. This is usually caused by a circular
+            dependency, but you can try to resolve this by increasing the
+            `max_rounds` argument.
+        """
+        resolution = Resolution(self.provider, self.reporter)
+        state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds)
+        return _build_result(state)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/structs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/structs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..359a34f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/resolvelib/structs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import itertools
+
+from .compat import collections_abc
+
+
+class DirectedGraph(object):
+    """A graph structure with directed edges."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._vertices = set()
+        self._forwards = {}  # <key> -> Set[<key>]
+        self._backwards = {}  # <key> -> Set[<key>]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._vertices)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._vertices)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._vertices
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a shallow copy of this graph."""
+        other = DirectedGraph()
+        other._vertices = set(self._vertices)
+        other._forwards = {k: set(v) for k, v in self._forwards.items()}
+        other._backwards = {k: set(v) for k, v in self._backwards.items()}
+        return other
+
+    def add(self, key):
+        """Add a new vertex to the graph."""
+        if key in self._vertices:
+            raise ValueError("vertex exists")
+        self._vertices.add(key)
+        self._forwards[key] = set()
+        self._backwards[key] = set()
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        """Remove a vertex from the graph, disconnecting all edges from/to it."""
+        self._vertices.remove(key)
+        for f in self._forwards.pop(key):
+            self._backwards[f].remove(key)
+        for t in self._backwards.pop(key):
+            self._forwards[t].remove(key)
+
+    def connected(self, f, t):
+        return f in self._backwards[t] and t in self._forwards[f]
+
+    def connect(self, f, t):
+        """Connect two existing vertices.
+
+        Nothing happens if the vertices are already connected.
+        """
+        if t not in self._vertices:
+            raise KeyError(t)
+        self._forwards[f].add(t)
+        self._backwards[t].add(f)
+
+    def iter_edges(self):
+        for f, children in self._forwards.items():
+            for t in children:
+                yield f, t
+
+    def iter_children(self, key):
+        return iter(self._forwards[key])
+
+    def iter_parents(self, key):
+        return iter(self._backwards[key])
+
+
+class IteratorMapping(collections_abc.Mapping):
+    def __init__(self, mapping, accessor, appends=None):
+        self._mapping = mapping
+        self._accessor = accessor
+        self._appends = appends or {}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "IteratorMapping({!r}, {!r}, {!r})".format(
+            self._mapping,
+            self._accessor,
+            self._appends,
+        )
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self._mapping or self._appends)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # XXX: Python 2.
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key in self._mapping or key in self._appends
+
+    def __getitem__(self, k):
+        try:
+            v = self._mapping[k]
+        except KeyError:
+            return iter(self._appends[k])
+        return itertools.chain(self._accessor(v), self._appends.get(k, ()))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        more = (k for k in self._appends if k not in self._mapping)
+        return itertools.chain(self._mapping, more)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        more = sum(1 for k in self._appends if k not in self._mapping)
+        return len(self._mapping) + more
+
+
+class _FactoryIterableView(object):
+    """Wrap an iterator factory returned by `find_matches()`.
+
+    Calling `iter()` on this class would invoke the underlying iterator
+    factory, making it a "collection with ordering" that can be iterated
+    through multiple times, but lacks random access methods presented in
+    built-in Python sequence types.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, factory):
+        self._factory = factory
+        self._iterable = None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "{}({})".format(type(self).__name__, list(self))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        try:
+            next(iter(self))
+        except StopIteration:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # XXX: Python 2.
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        iterable = (
+            self._factory() if self._iterable is None else self._iterable
+        )
+        self._iterable, current = itertools.tee(iterable)
+        return current
+
+
+class _SequenceIterableView(object):
+    """Wrap an iterable returned by find_matches().
+
+    This is essentially just a proxy to the underlying sequence that provides
+    the same interface as `_FactoryIterableView`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sequence):
+        self._sequence = sequence
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "{}({})".format(type(self).__name__, self._sequence)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return bool(self._sequence)
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__  # XXX: Python 2.
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._sequence)
+
+
+def build_iter_view(matches):
+    """Build an iterable view from the value returned by `find_matches()`."""
+    if callable(matches):
+        return _FactoryIterableView(matches)
+    if not isinstance(matches, collections_abc.Sequence):
+        matches = list(matches)
+    return _SequenceIterableView(matches)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73f58d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+"""Rich text and beautiful formatting in the terminal."""
+
+import os
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from ._extension import load_ipython_extension  # noqa: F401
+
+__all__ = ["get_console", "reconfigure", "print", "inspect", "print_json"]
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console
+
+# Global console used by alternative print
+_console: Optional["Console"] = None
+
+try:
+    _IMPORT_CWD = os.path.abspath(os.getcwd())
+except FileNotFoundError:
+    # Can happen if the cwd has been deleted
+    _IMPORT_CWD = ""
+
+
+def get_console() -> "Console":
+    """Get a global :class:`~rich.console.Console` instance. This function is used when Rich requires a Console,
+    and hasn't been explicitly given one.
+
+    Returns:
+        Console: A console instance.
+    """
+    global _console
+    if _console is None:
+        from .console import Console
+
+        _console = Console()
+
+    return _console
+
+
+def reconfigure(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+    """Reconfigures the global console by replacing it with another.
+
+    Args:
+        *args (Any): Positional arguments for the replacement :class:`~rich.console.Console`.
+        **kwargs (Any): Keyword arguments for the replacement :class:`~rich.console.Console`.
+    """
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    new_console = Console(*args, **kwargs)
+    _console = get_console()
+    _console.__dict__ = new_console.__dict__
+
+
+def print(
+    *objects: Any,
+    sep: str = " ",
+    end: str = "\n",
+    file: Optional[IO[str]] = None,
+    flush: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    r"""Print object(s) supplied via positional arguments.
+    This function has an identical signature to the built-in print.
+    For more advanced features, see the :class:`~rich.console.Console` class.
+
+    Args:
+        sep (str, optional): Separator between printed objects. Defaults to " ".
+        end (str, optional): Character to write at end of output. Defaults to "\\n".
+        file (IO[str], optional): File to write to, or None for stdout. Defaults to None.
+        flush (bool, optional): Has no effect as Rich always flushes output. Defaults to False.
+
+    """
+    from .console import Console
+
+    write_console = get_console() if file is None else Console(file=file)
+    return write_console.print(*objects, sep=sep, end=end)
+
+
+def print_json(
+    json: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    data: Any = None,
+    indent: Union[None, int, str] = 2,
+    highlight: bool = True,
+    skip_keys: bool = False,
+    ensure_ascii: bool = False,
+    check_circular: bool = True,
+    allow_nan: bool = True,
+    default: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+    sort_keys: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Pretty prints JSON. Output will be valid JSON.
+
+    Args:
+        json (str): A string containing JSON.
+        data (Any): If json is not supplied, then encode this data.
+        indent (int, optional): Number of spaces to indent. Defaults to 2.
+        highlight (bool, optional): Enable highlighting of output: Defaults to True.
+        skip_keys (bool, optional): Skip keys not of a basic type. Defaults to False.
+        ensure_ascii (bool, optional): Escape all non-ascii characters. Defaults to False.
+        check_circular (bool, optional): Check for circular references. Defaults to True.
+        allow_nan (bool, optional): Allow NaN and Infinity values. Defaults to True.
+        default (Callable, optional): A callable that converts values that can not be encoded
+            in to something that can be JSON encoded. Defaults to None.
+        sort_keys (bool, optional): Sort dictionary keys. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    get_console().print_json(
+        json,
+        data=data,
+        indent=indent,
+        highlight=highlight,
+        skip_keys=skip_keys,
+        ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
+        check_circular=check_circular,
+        allow_nan=allow_nan,
+        default=default,
+        sort_keys=sort_keys,
+    )
+
+
+def inspect(
+    obj: Any,
+    *,
+    console: Optional["Console"] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    help: bool = False,
+    methods: bool = False,
+    docs: bool = True,
+    private: bool = False,
+    dunder: bool = False,
+    sort: bool = True,
+    all: bool = False,
+    value: bool = True,
+) -> None:
+    """Inspect any Python object.
+
+    * inspect(<OBJECT>) to see summarized info.
+    * inspect(<OBJECT>, methods=True) to see methods.
+    * inspect(<OBJECT>, help=True) to see full (non-abbreviated) help.
+    * inspect(<OBJECT>, private=True) to see private attributes (single underscore).
+    * inspect(<OBJECT>, dunder=True) to see attributes beginning with double underscore.
+    * inspect(<OBJECT>, all=True) to see all attributes.
+
+    Args:
+        obj (Any): An object to inspect.
+        title (str, optional): Title to display over inspect result, or None use type. Defaults to None.
+        help (bool, optional): Show full help text rather than just first paragraph. Defaults to False.
+        methods (bool, optional): Enable inspection of callables. Defaults to False.
+        docs (bool, optional): Also render doc strings. Defaults to True.
+        private (bool, optional): Show private attributes (beginning with underscore). Defaults to False.
+        dunder (bool, optional): Show attributes starting with double underscore. Defaults to False.
+        sort (bool, optional): Sort attributes alphabetically. Defaults to True.
+        all (bool, optional): Show all attributes. Defaults to False.
+        value (bool, optional): Pretty print value. Defaults to True.
+    """
+    _console = console or get_console()
+    from pip._vendor.rich._inspect import Inspect
+
+    # Special case for inspect(inspect)
+    is_inspect = obj is inspect
+
+    _inspect = Inspect(
+        obj,
+        title=title,
+        help=is_inspect or help,
+        methods=is_inspect or methods,
+        docs=is_inspect or docs,
+        private=private,
+        dunder=dunder,
+        sort=sort,
+        all=all,
+        value=value,
+    )
+    _console.print(_inspect)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    print("Hello, **World**")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..270629fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+import colorsys
+import io
+from time import process_time
+
+from pip._vendor.rich import box
+from pip._vendor.rich.color import Color
+from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console, ConsoleOptions, Group, RenderableType, RenderResult
+from pip._vendor.rich.markdown import Markdown
+from pip._vendor.rich.measure import Measurement
+from pip._vendor.rich.pretty import Pretty
+from pip._vendor.rich.segment import Segment
+from pip._vendor.rich.style import Style
+from pip._vendor.rich.syntax import Syntax
+from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table
+from pip._vendor.rich.text import Text
+
+
+class ColorBox:
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        for y in range(0, 5):
+            for x in range(options.max_width):
+                h = x / options.max_width
+                l = 0.1 + ((y / 5) * 0.7)
+                r1, g1, b1 = colorsys.hls_to_rgb(h, l, 1.0)
+                r2, g2, b2 = colorsys.hls_to_rgb(h, l + 0.7 / 10, 1.0)
+                bgcolor = Color.from_rgb(r1 * 255, g1 * 255, b1 * 255)
+                color = Color.from_rgb(r2 * 255, g2 * 255, b2 * 255)
+                yield Segment("▄", Style(color=color, bgcolor=bgcolor))
+            yield Segment.line()
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        return Measurement(1, options.max_width)
+
+
+def make_test_card() -> Table:
+    """Get a renderable that demonstrates a number of features."""
+    table = Table.grid(padding=1, pad_edge=True)
+    table.title = "Rich features"
+    table.add_column("Feature", no_wrap=True, justify="center", style="bold red")
+    table.add_column("Demonstration")
+
+    color_table = Table(
+        box=None,
+        expand=False,
+        show_header=False,
+        show_edge=False,
+        pad_edge=False,
+    )
+    color_table.add_row(
+        (
+            "✓ [bold green]4-bit color[/]\n"
+            "✓ [bold blue]8-bit color[/]\n"
+            "✓ [bold magenta]Truecolor (16.7 million)[/]\n"
+            "✓ [bold yellow]Dumb terminals[/]\n"
+            "✓ [bold cyan]Automatic color conversion"
+        ),
+        ColorBox(),
+    )
+
+    table.add_row("Colors", color_table)
+
+    table.add_row(
+        "Styles",
+        "All ansi styles: [bold]bold[/], [dim]dim[/], [italic]italic[/italic], [underline]underline[/], [strike]strikethrough[/], [reverse]reverse[/], and even [blink]blink[/].",
+    )
+
+    lorem = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Quisque in metus sed sapien ultricies pretium a at justo. Maecenas luctus velit et auctor maximus."
+    lorem_table = Table.grid(padding=1, collapse_padding=True)
+    lorem_table.pad_edge = False
+    lorem_table.add_row(
+        Text(lorem, justify="left", style="green"),
+        Text(lorem, justify="center", style="yellow"),
+        Text(lorem, justify="right", style="blue"),
+        Text(lorem, justify="full", style="red"),
+    )
+    table.add_row(
+        "Text",
+        Group(
+            Text.from_markup(
+                """Word wrap text. Justify [green]left[/], [yellow]center[/], [blue]right[/] or [red]full[/].\n"""
+            ),
+            lorem_table,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    def comparison(renderable1: RenderableType, renderable2: RenderableType) -> Table:
+        table = Table(show_header=False, pad_edge=False, box=None, expand=True)
+        table.add_column("1", ratio=1)
+        table.add_column("2", ratio=1)
+        table.add_row(renderable1, renderable2)
+        return table
+
+    table.add_row(
+        "Asian\nlanguage\nsupport",
+        ":flag_for_china:  该库支持中文，日文和韩文文本！\n:flag_for_japan:  ライブラリは中国語、日本語、韓国語のテキストをサポートしています\n:flag_for_south_korea:  이 라이브러리는 중국어, 일본어 및 한국어 텍스트를 지원합니다",
+    )
+
+    markup_example = (
+        "[bold magenta]Rich[/] supports a simple [i]bbcode[/i]-like [b]markup[/b] for [yellow]color[/], [underline]style[/], and emoji! "
+        ":+1: :apple: :ant: :bear: :baguette_bread: :bus: "
+    )
+    table.add_row("Markup", markup_example)
+
+    example_table = Table(
+        show_edge=False,
+        show_header=True,
+        expand=False,
+        row_styles=["none", "dim"],
+        box=box.SIMPLE,
+    )
+    example_table.add_column("[green]Date", style="green", no_wrap=True)
+    example_table.add_column("[blue]Title", style="blue")
+    example_table.add_column(
+        "[cyan]Production Budget",
+        style="cyan",
+        justify="right",
+        no_wrap=True,
+    )
+    example_table.add_column(
+        "[magenta]Box Office",
+        style="magenta",
+        justify="right",
+        no_wrap=True,
+    )
+    example_table.add_row(
+        "Dec 20, 2019",
+        "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker",
+        "$275,000,000",
+        "$375,126,118",
+    )
+    example_table.add_row(
+        "May 25, 2018",
+        "[b]Solo[/]: A Star Wars Story",
+        "$275,000,000",
+        "$393,151,347",
+    )
+    example_table.add_row(
+        "Dec 15, 2017",
+        "Star Wars Ep. VIII: The Last Jedi",
+        "$262,000,000",
+        "[bold]$1,332,539,889[/bold]",
+    )
+    example_table.add_row(
+        "May 19, 1999",
+        "Star Wars Ep. [b]I[/b]: [i]The phantom Menace",
+        "$115,000,000",
+        "$1,027,044,677",
+    )
+
+    table.add_row("Tables", example_table)
+
+    code = '''\
+def iter_last(values: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, T]]:
+    """Iterate and generate a tuple with a flag for last value."""
+    iter_values = iter(values)
+    try:
+        previous_value = next(iter_values)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+    for value in iter_values:
+        yield False, previous_value
+        previous_value = value
+    yield True, previous_value'''
+
+    pretty_data = {
+        "foo": [
+            3.1427,
+            (
+                "Paul Atreides",
+                "Vladimir Harkonnen",
+                "Thufir Hawat",
+            ),
+        ],
+        "atomic": (False, True, None),
+    }
+    table.add_row(
+        "Syntax\nhighlighting\n&\npretty\nprinting",
+        comparison(
+            Syntax(code, "python3", line_numbers=True, indent_guides=True),
+            Pretty(pretty_data, indent_guides=True),
+        ),
+    )
+
+    markdown_example = """\
+# Markdown
+
+Supports much of the *markdown* __syntax__!
+
+- Headers
+- Basic formatting: **bold**, *italic*, `code`
+- Block quotes
+- Lists, and more...
+    """
+    table.add_row(
+        "Markdown", comparison("[cyan]" + markdown_example, Markdown(markdown_example))
+    )
+
+    table.add_row(
+        "+more!",
+        """Progress bars, columns, styled logging handler, tracebacks, etc...""",
+    )
+    return table
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    console = Console(
+        file=io.StringIO(),
+        force_terminal=True,
+    )
+    test_card = make_test_card()
+
+    # Print once to warm cache
+    start = process_time()
+    console.print(test_card)
+    pre_cache_taken = round((process_time() - start) * 1000.0, 1)
+
+    console.file = io.StringIO()
+
+    start = process_time()
+    console.print(test_card)
+    taken = round((process_time() - start) * 1000.0, 1)
+
+    c = Console(record=True)
+    c.print(test_card)
+
+    print(f"rendered in {pre_cache_taken}ms (cold cache)")
+    print(f"rendered in {taken}ms (warm cache)")
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.panel import Panel
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    sponsor_message = Table.grid(padding=1)
+    sponsor_message.add_column(style="green", justify="right")
+    sponsor_message.add_column(no_wrap=True)
+
+    sponsor_message.add_row(
+        "Textualize",
+        "[u blue link=https://github.com/textualize]https://github.com/textualize",
+    )
+    sponsor_message.add_row(
+        "Twitter",
+        "[u blue link=https://twitter.com/willmcgugan]https://twitter.com/willmcgugan",
+    )
+
+    intro_message = Text.from_markup(
+        """\
+We hope you enjoy using Rich!
+
+Rich is maintained with [red]:heart:[/] by [link=https://www.textualize.io]Textualize.io[/]
+
+- Will McGugan"""
+    )
+
+    message = Table.grid(padding=2)
+    message.add_column()
+    message.add_column(no_wrap=True)
+    message.add_row(intro_message, sponsor_message)
+
+    console.print(
+        Panel.fit(
+            message,
+            box=box.ROUNDED,
+            padding=(1, 2),
+            title="[b red]Thanks for trying out Rich!",
+            border_style="bright_blue",
+        ),
+        justify="center",
+    )
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__pycache__/tree.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/__pycache__/tree.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_cell_widths.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_cell_widths.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36286df3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_cell_widths.py
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+# Auto generated by make_terminal_widths.py
+
+CELL_WIDTHS = [
+    (0, 0, 0),
+    (1, 31, -1),
+    (127, 159, -1),
+    (768, 879, 0),
+    (1155, 1161, 0),
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_emoji_codes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_emoji_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f2877bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_emoji_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3610 @@
+EMOJI = {
+    "1st_place_medal": "🥇",
+    "2nd_place_medal": "🥈",
+    "3rd_place_medal": "🥉",
+    "ab_button_(blood_type)": "🆎",
+    "atm_sign": "🏧",
+    "a_button_(blood_type)": "🅰",
+    "afghanistan": "🇦🇫",
+    "albania": "🇦🇱",
+    "algeria": "🇩🇿",
+    "american_samoa": "🇦🇸",
+    "andorra": "🇦🇩",
+    "angola": "🇦🇴",
+    "anguilla": "🇦🇮",
+    "antarctica": "🇦🇶",
+    "antigua_&_barbuda": "🇦🇬",
+    "aquarius": "♒",
+    "argentina": "🇦🇷",
+    "aries": "♈",
+    "armenia": "🇦🇲",
+    "aruba": "🇦🇼",
+    "ascension_island": "🇦🇨",
+    "australia": "🇦🇺",
+    "austria": "🇦🇹",
+    "azerbaijan": "🇦🇿",
+    "back_arrow": "🔙",
+    "b_button_(blood_type)": "🅱",
+    "bahamas": "🇧🇸",
+    "bahrain": "🇧🇭",
+    "bangladesh": "🇧🇩",
+    "barbados": "🇧🇧",
+    "belarus": "🇧🇾",
+    "belgium": "🇧🇪",
+    "belize": "🇧🇿",
+    "benin": "🇧🇯",
+    "bermuda": "🇧🇲",
+    "bhutan": "🇧🇹",
+    "bolivia": "🇧🇴",
+    "bosnia_&_herzegovina": "🇧🇦",
+    "botswana": "🇧🇼",
+    "bouvet_island": "🇧🇻",
+    "brazil": "🇧🇷",
+    "british_indian_ocean_territory": "🇮🇴",
+    "british_virgin_islands": "🇻🇬",
+    "brunei": "🇧🇳",
+    "bulgaria": "🇧🇬",
+    "burkina_faso": "🇧🇫",
+    "burundi": "🇧🇮",
+    "cl_button": "🆑",
+    "cool_button": "🆒",
+    "cambodia": "🇰🇭",
+    "cameroon": "🇨🇲",
+    "canada": "🇨🇦",
+    "canary_islands": "🇮🇨",
+    "cancer": "♋",
+    "cape_verde": "🇨🇻",
+    "capricorn": "♑",
+    "caribbean_netherlands": "🇧🇶",
+    "cayman_islands": "🇰🇾",
+    "central_african_republic": "🇨🇫",
+    "ceuta_&_melilla": "🇪🇦",
+    "chad": "🇹🇩",
+    "chile": "🇨🇱",
+    "china": "🇨🇳",
+    "christmas_island": "🇨🇽",
+    "christmas_tree": "🎄",
+    "clipperton_island": "🇨🇵",
+    "cocos_(keeling)_islands": "🇨🇨",
+    "colombia": "🇨🇴",
+    "comoros": "🇰🇲",
+    "congo_-_brazzaville": "🇨🇬",
+    "congo_-_kinshasa": "🇨🇩",
+    "cook_islands": "🇨🇰",
+    "costa_rica": "🇨🇷",
+    "croatia": "🇭🇷",
+    "cuba": "🇨🇺",
+    "curaçao": "🇨🇼",
+    "cyprus": "🇨🇾",
+    "czechia": "🇨🇿",
+    "côte_d’ivoire": "🇨🇮",
+    "denmark": "🇩🇰",
+    "diego_garcia": "🇩🇬",
+    "djibouti": "🇩🇯",
+    "dominica": "🇩🇲",
+    "dominican_republic": "🇩🇴",
+    "end_arrow": "🔚",
+    "ecuador": "🇪🇨",
+    "egypt": "🇪🇬",
+    "el_salvador": "🇸🇻",
+    "england": "🏴\U000e0067\U000e0062\U000e0065\U000e006e\U000e0067\U000e007f",
+    "equatorial_guinea": "🇬🇶",
+    "eritrea": "🇪🇷",
+    "estonia": "🇪🇪",
+    "ethiopia": "🇪🇹",
+    "european_union": "🇪🇺",
+    "free_button": "🆓",
+    "falkland_islands": "🇫🇰",
+    "faroe_islands": "🇫🇴",
+    "fiji": "🇫🇯",
+    "finland": "🇫🇮",
+    "france": "🇫🇷",
+    "french_guiana": "🇬🇫",
+    "french_polynesia": "🇵🇫",
+    "french_southern_territories": "🇹🇫",
+    "gabon": "🇬🇦",
+    "gambia": "🇬🇲",
+    "gemini": "♊",
+    "georgia": "🇬🇪",
+    "germany": "🇩🇪",
+    "ghana": "🇬🇭",
+    "gibraltar": "🇬🇮",
+    "greece": "🇬🇷",
+    "greenland": "🇬🇱",
+    "grenada": "🇬🇩",
+    "guadeloupe": "🇬🇵",
+    "guam": "🇬🇺",
+    "guatemala": "🇬🇹",
+    "guernsey": "🇬🇬",
+    "guinea": "🇬🇳",
+    "guinea-bissau": "🇬🇼",
+    "guyana": "🇬🇾",
+    "haiti": "🇭🇹",
+    "heard_&_mcdonald_islands": "🇭🇲",
+    "honduras": "🇭🇳",
+    "hong_kong_sar_china": "🇭🇰",
+    "hungary": "🇭🇺",
+    "id_button": "🆔",
+    "iceland": "🇮🇸",
+    "india": "🇮🇳",
+    "indonesia": "🇮🇩",
+    "iran": "🇮🇷",
+    "iraq": "🇮🇶",
+    "ireland": "🇮🇪",
+    "isle_of_man": "🇮🇲",
+    "israel": "🇮🇱",
+    "italy": "🇮🇹",
+    "jamaica": "🇯🇲",
+    "japan": "🗾",
+    "japanese_acceptable_button": "🉑",
+    "japanese_application_button": "🈸",
+    "japanese_bargain_button": "🉐",
+    "japanese_castle": "🏯",
+    "japanese_congratulations_button": "㊗",
+    "japanese_discount_button": "🈹",
+    "japanese_dolls": "🎎",
+    "japanese_free_of_charge_button": "🈚",
+    "japanese_here_button": "🈁",
+    "japanese_monthly_amount_button": "🈷",
+    "japanese_no_vacancy_button": "🈵",
+    "japanese_not_free_of_charge_button": "🈶",
+    "japanese_open_for_business_button": "🈺",
+    "japanese_passing_grade_button": "🈴",
+    "japanese_post_office": "🏣",
+    "japanese_prohibited_button": "🈲",
+    "japanese_reserved_button": "🈯",
+    "japanese_secret_button": "㊙",
+    "japanese_service_charge_button": "🈂",
+    "japanese_symbol_for_beginner": "🔰",
+    "japanese_vacancy_button": "🈳",
+    "jersey": "🇯🇪",
+    "jordan": "🇯🇴",
+    "kazakhstan": "🇰🇿",
+    "kenya": "🇰🇪",
+    "kiribati": "🇰🇮",
+    "kosovo": "🇽🇰",
+    "kuwait": "🇰🇼",
+    "kyrgyzstan": "🇰🇬",
+    "laos": "🇱🇦",
+    "latvia": "🇱🇻",
+    "lebanon": "🇱🇧",
+    "leo": "♌",
+    "lesotho": "🇱🇸",
+    "liberia": "🇱🇷",
+    "libra": "♎",
+    "libya": "🇱🇾",
+    "liechtenstein": "🇱🇮",
+    "lithuania": "🇱🇹",
+    "luxembourg": "🇱🇺",
+    "macau_sar_china": "🇲🇴",
+    "macedonia": "🇲🇰",
+    "madagascar": "🇲🇬",
+    "malawi": "🇲🇼",
+    "malaysia": "🇲🇾",
+    "maldives": "🇲🇻",
+    "mali": "🇲🇱",
+    "malta": "🇲🇹",
+    "marshall_islands": "🇲🇭",
+    "martinique": "🇲🇶",
+    "mauritania": "🇲🇷",
+    "mauritius": "🇲🇺",
+    "mayotte": "🇾🇹",
+    "mexico": "🇲🇽",
+    "micronesia": "🇫🇲",
+    "moldova": "🇲🇩",
+    "monaco": "🇲🇨",
+    "mongolia": "🇲🇳",
+    "montenegro": "🇲🇪",
+    "montserrat": "🇲🇸",
+    "morocco": "🇲🇦",
+    "mozambique": "🇲🇿",
+    "mrs._claus": "🤶",
+    "mrs._claus_dark_skin_tone": "🤶🏿",
+    "mrs._claus_light_skin_tone": "🤶🏻",
+    "mrs._claus_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤶🏾",
+    "mrs._claus_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤶🏼",
+    "mrs._claus_medium_skin_tone": "🤶🏽",
+    "myanmar_(burma)": "🇲🇲",
+    "new_button": "🆕",
+    "ng_button": "🆖",
+    "namibia": "🇳🇦",
+    "nauru": "🇳🇷",
+    "nepal": "🇳🇵",
+    "netherlands": "🇳🇱",
+    "new_caledonia": "🇳🇨",
+    "new_zealand": "🇳🇿",
+    "nicaragua": "🇳🇮",
+    "niger": "🇳🇪",
+    "nigeria": "🇳🇬",
+    "niue": "🇳🇺",
+    "norfolk_island": "🇳🇫",
+    "north_korea": "🇰🇵",
+    "northern_mariana_islands": "🇲🇵",
+    "norway": "🇳🇴",
+    "ok_button": "🆗",
+    "ok_hand": "👌",
+    "ok_hand_dark_skin_tone": "👌🏿",
+    "ok_hand_light_skin_tone": "👌🏻",
+    "ok_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👌🏾",
+    "ok_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "👌🏼",
+    "ok_hand_medium_skin_tone": "👌🏽",
+    "on!_arrow": "🔛",
+    "o_button_(blood_type)": "🅾",
+    "oman": "🇴🇲",
+    "ophiuchus": "⛎",
+    "p_button": "🅿",
+    "pakistan": "🇵🇰",
+    "palau": "🇵🇼",
+    "palestinian_territories": "🇵🇸",
+    "panama": "🇵🇦",
+    "papua_new_guinea": "🇵🇬",
+    "paraguay": "🇵🇾",
+    "peru": "🇵🇪",
+    "philippines": "🇵🇭",
+    "pisces": "♓",
+    "pitcairn_islands": "🇵🇳",
+    "poland": "🇵🇱",
+    "portugal": "🇵🇹",
+    "puerto_rico": "🇵🇷",
+    "qatar": "🇶🇦",
+    "romania": "🇷🇴",
+    "russia": "🇷🇺",
+    "rwanda": "🇷🇼",
+    "réunion": "🇷🇪",
+    "soon_arrow": "🔜",
+    "sos_button": "🆘",
+    "sagittarius": "♐",
+    "samoa": "🇼🇸",
+    "san_marino": "🇸🇲",
+    "santa_claus": "🎅",
+    "santa_claus_dark_skin_tone": "🎅🏿",
+    "santa_claus_light_skin_tone": "🎅🏻",
+    "santa_claus_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🎅🏾",
+    "santa_claus_medium-light_skin_tone": "🎅🏼",
+    "santa_claus_medium_skin_tone": "🎅🏽",
+    "saudi_arabia": "🇸🇦",
+    "scorpio": "♏",
+    "scotland": "🏴\U000e0067\U000e0062\U000e0073\U000e0063\U000e0074\U000e007f",
+    "senegal": "🇸🇳",
+    "serbia": "🇷🇸",
+    "seychelles": "🇸🇨",
+    "sierra_leone": "🇸🇱",
+    "singapore": "🇸🇬",
+    "sint_maarten": "🇸🇽",
+    "slovakia": "🇸🇰",
+    "slovenia": "🇸🇮",
+    "solomon_islands": "🇸🇧",
+    "somalia": "🇸🇴",
+    "south_africa": "🇿🇦",
+    "south_georgia_&_south_sandwich_islands": "🇬🇸",
+    "south_korea": "🇰🇷",
+    "south_sudan": "🇸🇸",
+    "spain": "🇪🇸",
+    "sri_lanka": "🇱🇰",
+    "st._barthélemy": "🇧🇱",
+    "st._helena": "🇸🇭",
+    "st._kitts_&_nevis": "🇰🇳",
+    "st._lucia": "🇱🇨",
+    "st._martin": "🇲🇫",
+    "st._pierre_&_miquelon": "🇵🇲",
+    "st._vincent_&_grenadines": "🇻🇨",
+    "statue_of_liberty": "🗽",
+    "sudan": "🇸🇩",
+    "suriname": "🇸🇷",
+    "svalbard_&_jan_mayen": "🇸🇯",
+    "swaziland": "🇸🇿",
+    "sweden": "🇸🇪",
+    "switzerland": "🇨🇭",
+    "syria": "🇸🇾",
+    "são_tomé_&_príncipe": "🇸🇹",
+    "t-rex": "🦖",
+    "top_arrow": "🔝",
+    "taiwan": "🇹🇼",
+    "tajikistan": "🇹🇯",
+    "tanzania": "🇹🇿",
+    "taurus": "♉",
+    "thailand": "🇹🇭",
+    "timor-leste": "🇹🇱",
+    "togo": "🇹🇬",
+    "tokelau": "🇹🇰",
+    "tokyo_tower": "🗼",
+    "tonga": "🇹🇴",
+    "trinidad_&_tobago": "🇹🇹",
+    "tristan_da_cunha": "🇹🇦",
+    "tunisia": "🇹🇳",
+    "turkey": "🦃",
+    "turkmenistan": "🇹🇲",
+    "turks_&_caicos_islands": "🇹🇨",
+    "tuvalu": "🇹🇻",
+    "u.s._outlying_islands": "🇺🇲",
+    "u.s._virgin_islands": "🇻🇮",
+    "up!_button": "🆙",
+    "uganda": "🇺🇬",
+    "ukraine": "🇺🇦",
+    "united_arab_emirates": "🇦🇪",
+    "united_kingdom": "🇬🇧",
+    "united_nations": "🇺🇳",
+    "united_states": "🇺🇸",
+    "uruguay": "🇺🇾",
+    "uzbekistan": "🇺🇿",
+    "vs_button": "🆚",
+    "vanuatu": "🇻🇺",
+    "vatican_city": "🇻🇦",
+    "venezuela": "🇻🇪",
+    "vietnam": "🇻🇳",
+    "virgo": "♍",
+    "wales": "🏴\U000e0067\U000e0062\U000e0077\U000e006c\U000e0073\U000e007f",
+    "wallis_&_futuna": "🇼🇫",
+    "western_sahara": "🇪🇭",
+    "yemen": "🇾🇪",
+    "zambia": "🇿🇲",
+    "zimbabwe": "🇿🇼",
+    "abacus": "🧮",
+    "adhesive_bandage": "🩹",
+    "admission_tickets": "🎟",
+    "adult": "🧑",
+    "adult_dark_skin_tone": "🧑🏿",
+    "adult_light_skin_tone": "🧑🏻",
+    "adult_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧑🏾",
+    "adult_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧑🏼",
+    "adult_medium_skin_tone": "🧑🏽",
+    "aerial_tramway": "🚡",
+    "airplane": "✈",
+    "airplane_arrival": "🛬",
+    "airplane_departure": "🛫",
+    "alarm_clock": "⏰",
+    "alembic": "⚗",
+    "alien": "👽",
+    "alien_monster": "👾",
+    "ambulance": "🚑",
+    "american_football": "🏈",
+    "amphora": "🏺",
+    "anchor": "⚓",
+    "anger_symbol": "💢",
+    "angry_face": "😠",
+    "angry_face_with_horns": "👿",
+    "anguished_face": "😧",
+    "ant": "🐜",
+    "antenna_bars": "📶",
+    "anxious_face_with_sweat": "😰",
+    "articulated_lorry": "🚛",
+    "artist_palette": "🎨",
+    "astonished_face": "😲",
+    "atom_symbol": "⚛",
+    "auto_rickshaw": "🛺",
+    "automobile": "🚗",
+    "avocado": "🥑",
+    "axe": "🪓",
+    "baby": "👶",
+    "baby_angel": "👼",
+    "baby_angel_dark_skin_tone": "👼🏿",
+    "baby_angel_light_skin_tone": "👼🏻",
+    "baby_angel_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👼🏾",
+    "baby_angel_medium-light_skin_tone": "👼🏼",
+    "baby_angel_medium_skin_tone": "👼🏽",
+    "baby_bottle": "🍼",
+    "baby_chick": "🐤",
+    "baby_dark_skin_tone": "👶🏿",
+    "baby_light_skin_tone": "👶🏻",
+    "baby_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👶🏾",
+    "baby_medium-light_skin_tone": "👶🏼",
+    "baby_medium_skin_tone": "👶🏽",
+    "baby_symbol": "🚼",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_down": "👇",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_down_dark_skin_tone": "👇🏿",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_down_light_skin_tone": "👇🏻",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_down_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👇🏾",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_down_medium-light_skin_tone": "👇🏼",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_down_medium_skin_tone": "👇🏽",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_left": "👈",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_left_dark_skin_tone": "👈🏿",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_left_light_skin_tone": "👈🏻",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_left_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👈🏾",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_left_medium-light_skin_tone": "👈🏼",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_left_medium_skin_tone": "👈🏽",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_right": "👉",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_right_dark_skin_tone": "👉🏿",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_right_light_skin_tone": "👉🏻",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_right_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👉🏾",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_right_medium-light_skin_tone": "👉🏼",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_right_medium_skin_tone": "👉🏽",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_up": "👆",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_up_dark_skin_tone": "👆🏿",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_up_light_skin_tone": "👆🏻",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_up_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👆🏾",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_up_medium-light_skin_tone": "👆🏼",
+    "backhand_index_pointing_up_medium_skin_tone": "👆🏽",
+    "bacon": "🥓",
+    "badger": "🦡",
+    "badminton": "🏸",
+    "bagel": "🥯",
+    "baggage_claim": "🛄",
+    "baguette_bread": "🥖",
+    "balance_scale": "⚖",
+    "bald": "🦲",
+    "bald_man": "👨\u200d🦲",
+    "bald_woman": "👩\u200d🦲",
+    "ballet_shoes": "🩰",
+    "balloon": "🎈",
+    "ballot_box_with_ballot": "🗳",
+    "ballot_box_with_check": "☑",
+    "banana": "🍌",
+    "banjo": "🪕",
+    "bank": "🏦",
+    "bar_chart": "📊",
+    "barber_pole": "💈",
+    "baseball": "⚾",
+    "basket": "🧺",
+    "basketball": "🏀",
+    "bat": "🦇",
+    "bathtub": "🛁",
+    "battery": "🔋",
+    "beach_with_umbrella": "🏖",
+    "beaming_face_with_smiling_eyes": "😁",
+    "bear_face": "🐻",
+    "bearded_person": "🧔",
+    "bearded_person_dark_skin_tone": "🧔🏿",
+    "bearded_person_light_skin_tone": "🧔🏻",
+    "bearded_person_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧔🏾",
+    "bearded_person_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧔🏼",
+    "bearded_person_medium_skin_tone": "🧔🏽",
+    "beating_heart": "💓",
+    "bed": "🛏",
+    "beer_mug": "🍺",
+    "bell": "🔔",
+    "bell_with_slash": "🔕",
+    "bellhop_bell": "🛎",
+    "bento_box": "🍱",
+    "beverage_box": "🧃",
+    "bicycle": "🚲",
+    "bikini": "👙",
+    "billed_cap": "🧢",
+    "biohazard": "☣",
+    "bird": "🐦",
+    "birthday_cake": "🎂",
+    "black_circle": "⚫",
+    "black_flag": "🏴",
+    "black_heart": "🖤",
+    "black_large_square": "⬛",
+    "black_medium-small_square": "◾",
+    "black_medium_square": "◼",
+    "black_nib": "✒",
+    "black_small_square": "▪",
+    "black_square_button": "🔲",
+    "blond-haired_man": "👱\u200d♂️",
+    "blond-haired_man_dark_skin_tone": "👱🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "blond-haired_man_light_skin_tone": "👱🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "blond-haired_man_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👱🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "blond-haired_man_medium-light_skin_tone": "👱🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "blond-haired_man_medium_skin_tone": "👱🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "blond-haired_person": "👱",
+    "blond-haired_person_dark_skin_tone": "👱🏿",
+    "blond-haired_person_light_skin_tone": "👱🏻",
+    "blond-haired_person_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👱🏾",
+    "blond-haired_person_medium-light_skin_tone": "👱🏼",
+    "blond-haired_person_medium_skin_tone": "👱🏽",
+    "blond-haired_woman": "👱\u200d♀️",
+    "blond-haired_woman_dark_skin_tone": "👱🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "blond-haired_woman_light_skin_tone": "👱🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "blond-haired_woman_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👱🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "blond-haired_woman_medium-light_skin_tone": "👱🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "blond-haired_woman_medium_skin_tone": "👱🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "blossom": "🌼",
+    "blowfish": "🐡",
+    "blue_book": "📘",
+    "blue_circle": "🔵",
+    "blue_heart": "💙",
+    "blue_square": "🟦",
+    "boar": "🐗",
+    "bomb": "💣",
+    "bone": "🦴",
+    "bookmark": "🔖",
+    "bookmark_tabs": "📑",
+    "books": "📚",
+    "bottle_with_popping_cork": "🍾",
+    "bouquet": "💐",
+    "bow_and_arrow": "🏹",
+    "bowl_with_spoon": "🥣",
+    "bowling": "🎳",
+    "boxing_glove": "🥊",
+    "boy": "👦",
+    "boy_dark_skin_tone": "👦🏿",
+    "boy_light_skin_tone": "👦🏻",
+    "boy_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👦🏾",
+    "boy_medium-light_skin_tone": "👦🏼",
+    "boy_medium_skin_tone": "👦🏽",
+    "brain": "🧠",
+    "bread": "🍞",
+    "breast-feeding": "🤱",
+    "breast-feeding_dark_skin_tone": "🤱🏿",
+    "breast-feeding_light_skin_tone": "🤱🏻",
+    "breast-feeding_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤱🏾",
+    "breast-feeding_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤱🏼",
+    "breast-feeding_medium_skin_tone": "🤱🏽",
+    "brick": "🧱",
+    "bride_with_veil": "👰",
+    "bride_with_veil_dark_skin_tone": "👰🏿",
+    "bride_with_veil_light_skin_tone": "👰🏻",
+    "bride_with_veil_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👰🏾",
+    "bride_with_veil_medium-light_skin_tone": "👰🏼",
+    "bride_with_veil_medium_skin_tone": "👰🏽",
+    "bridge_at_night": "🌉",
+    "briefcase": "💼",
+    "briefs": "🩲",
+    "bright_button": "🔆",
+    "broccoli": "🥦",
+    "broken_heart": "💔",
+    "broom": "🧹",
+    "brown_circle": "🟤",
+    "brown_heart": "🤎",
+    "brown_square": "🟫",
+    "bug": "🐛",
+    "building_construction": "🏗",
+    "bullet_train": "🚅",
+    "burrito": "🌯",
+    "bus": "🚌",
+    "bus_stop": "🚏",
+    "bust_in_silhouette": "👤",
+    "busts_in_silhouette": "👥",
+    "butter": "🧈",
+    "butterfly": "🦋",
+    "cactus": "🌵",
+    "calendar": "📆",
+    "call_me_hand": "🤙",
+    "call_me_hand_dark_skin_tone": "🤙🏿",
+    "call_me_hand_light_skin_tone": "🤙🏻",
+    "call_me_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤙🏾",
+    "call_me_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤙🏼",
+    "call_me_hand_medium_skin_tone": "🤙🏽",
+    "camel": "🐫",
+    "camera": "📷",
+    "camera_with_flash": "📸",
+    "camping": "🏕",
+    "candle": "🕯",
+    "candy": "🍬",
+    "canned_food": "🥫",
+    "canoe": "🛶",
+    "card_file_box": "🗃",
+    "card_index": "📇",
+    "card_index_dividers": "🗂",
+    "carousel_horse": "🎠",
+    "carp_streamer": "🎏",
+    "carrot": "🥕",
+    "castle": "🏰",
+    "cat": "🐱",
+    "cat_face": "🐱",
+    "cat_face_with_tears_of_joy": "😹",
+    "cat_face_with_wry_smile": "😼",
+    "chains": "⛓",
+    "chair": "🪑",
+    "chart_decreasing": "📉",
+    "chart_increasing": "📈",
+    "chart_increasing_with_yen": "💹",
+    "cheese_wedge": "🧀",
+    "chequered_flag": "🏁",
+    "cherries": "🍒",
+    "cherry_blossom": "🌸",
+    "chess_pawn": "♟",
+    "chestnut": "🌰",
+    "chicken": "🐔",
+    "child": "🧒",
+    "child_dark_skin_tone": "🧒🏿",
+    "child_light_skin_tone": "🧒🏻",
+    "child_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧒🏾",
+    "child_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧒🏼",
+    "child_medium_skin_tone": "🧒🏽",
+    "children_crossing": "🚸",
+    "chipmunk": "🐿",
+    "chocolate_bar": "🍫",
+    "chopsticks": "🥢",
+    "church": "⛪",
+    "cigarette": "🚬",
+    "cinema": "🎦",
+    "circled_m": "Ⓜ",
+    "circus_tent": "🎪",
+    "cityscape": "🏙",
+    "cityscape_at_dusk": "🌆",
+    "clamp": "🗜",
+    "clapper_board": "🎬",
+    "clapping_hands": "👏",
+    "clapping_hands_dark_skin_tone": "👏🏿",
+    "clapping_hands_light_skin_tone": "👏🏻",
+    "clapping_hands_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👏🏾",
+    "clapping_hands_medium-light_skin_tone": "👏🏼",
+    "clapping_hands_medium_skin_tone": "👏🏽",
+    "classical_building": "🏛",
+    "clinking_beer_mugs": "🍻",
+    "clinking_glasses": "🥂",
+    "clipboard": "📋",
+    "clockwise_vertical_arrows": "🔃",
+    "closed_book": "📕",
+    "closed_mailbox_with_lowered_flag": "📪",
+    "closed_mailbox_with_raised_flag": "📫",
+    "closed_umbrella": "🌂",
+    "cloud": "☁",
+    "cloud_with_lightning": "🌩",
+    "cloud_with_lightning_and_rain": "⛈",
+    "cloud_with_rain": "🌧",
+    "cloud_with_snow": "🌨",
+    "clown_face": "🤡",
+    "club_suit": "♣",
+    "clutch_bag": "👝",
+    "coat": "🧥",
+    "cocktail_glass": "🍸",
+    "coconut": "🥥",
+    "coffin": "⚰",
+    "cold_face": "🥶",
+    "collision": "💥",
+    "comet": "☄",
+    "compass": "🧭",
+    "computer_disk": "💽",
+    "computer_mouse": "🖱",
+    "confetti_ball": "🎊",
+    "confounded_face": "😖",
+    "confused_face": "😕",
+    "construction": "🚧",
+    "construction_worker": "👷",
+    "construction_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👷🏿",
+    "construction_worker_light_skin_tone": "👷🏻",
+    "construction_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👷🏾",
+    "construction_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👷🏼",
+    "construction_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👷🏽",
+    "control_knobs": "🎛",
+    "convenience_store": "🏪",
+    "cooked_rice": "🍚",
+    "cookie": "🍪",
+    "cooking": "🍳",
+    "copyright": "©",
+    "couch_and_lamp": "🛋",
+    "counterclockwise_arrows_button": "🔄",
+    "couple_with_heart": "💑",
+    "couple_with_heart_man_man": "👨\u200d❤️\u200d👨",
+    "couple_with_heart_woman_man": "👩\u200d❤️\u200d👨",
+    "couple_with_heart_woman_woman": "👩\u200d❤️\u200d👩",
+    "cow": "🐮",
+    "cow_face": "🐮",
+    "cowboy_hat_face": "🤠",
+    "crab": "🦀",
+    "crayon": "🖍",
+    "credit_card": "💳",
+    "crescent_moon": "🌙",
+    "cricket": "🦗",
+    "cricket_game": "🏏",
+    "crocodile": "🐊",
+    "croissant": "🥐",
+    "cross_mark": "❌",
+    "cross_mark_button": "❎",
+    "crossed_fingers": "🤞",
+    "crossed_fingers_dark_skin_tone": "🤞🏿",
+    "crossed_fingers_light_skin_tone": "🤞🏻",
+    "crossed_fingers_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤞🏾",
+    "crossed_fingers_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤞🏼",
+    "crossed_fingers_medium_skin_tone": "🤞🏽",
+    "crossed_flags": "🎌",
+    "crossed_swords": "⚔",
+    "crown": "👑",
+    "crying_cat_face": "😿",
+    "crying_face": "😢",
+    "crystal_ball": "🔮",
+    "cucumber": "🥒",
+    "cupcake": "🧁",
+    "cup_with_straw": "🥤",
+    "curling_stone": "🥌",
+    "curly_hair": "🦱",
+    "curly-haired_man": "👨\u200d🦱",
+    "curly-haired_woman": "👩\u200d🦱",
+    "curly_loop": "➰",
+    "currency_exchange": "💱",
+    "curry_rice": "🍛",
+    "custard": "🍮",
+    "customs": "🛃",
+    "cut_of_meat": "🥩",
+    "cyclone": "🌀",
+    "dagger": "🗡",
+    "dango": "🍡",
+    "dashing_away": "💨",
+    "deaf_person": "🧏",
+    "deciduous_tree": "🌳",
+    "deer": "🦌",
+    "delivery_truck": "🚚",
+    "department_store": "🏬",
+    "derelict_house": "🏚",
+    "desert": "🏜",
+    "desert_island": "🏝",
+    "desktop_computer": "🖥",
+    "detective": "🕵",
+    "detective_dark_skin_tone": "🕵🏿",
+    "detective_light_skin_tone": "🕵🏻",
+    "detective_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🕵🏾",
+    "detective_medium-light_skin_tone": "🕵🏼",
+    "detective_medium_skin_tone": "🕵🏽",
+    "diamond_suit": "♦",
+    "diamond_with_a_dot": "💠",
+    "dim_button": "🔅",
+    "direct_hit": "🎯",
+    "disappointed_face": "😞",
+    "diving_mask": "🤿",
+    "diya_lamp": "🪔",
+    "dizzy": "💫",
+    "dizzy_face": "😵",
+    "dna": "🧬",
+    "dog": "🐶",
+    "dog_face": "🐶",
+    "dollar_banknote": "💵",
+    "dolphin": "🐬",
+    "door": "🚪",
+    "dotted_six-pointed_star": "🔯",
+    "double_curly_loop": "➿",
+    "double_exclamation_mark": "‼",
+    "doughnut": "🍩",
+    "dove": "🕊",
+    "down-left_arrow": "↙",
+    "down-right_arrow": "↘",
+    "down_arrow": "⬇",
+    "downcast_face_with_sweat": "😓",
+    "downwards_button": "🔽",
+    "dragon": "🐉",
+    "dragon_face": "🐲",
+    "dress": "👗",
+    "drooling_face": "🤤",
+    "drop_of_blood": "🩸",
+    "droplet": "💧",
+    "drum": "🥁",
+    "duck": "🦆",
+    "dumpling": "🥟",
+    "dvd": "📀",
+    "e-mail": "📧",
+    "eagle": "🦅",
+    "ear": "👂",
+    "ear_dark_skin_tone": "👂🏿",
+    "ear_light_skin_tone": "👂🏻",
+    "ear_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👂🏾",
+    "ear_medium-light_skin_tone": "👂🏼",
+    "ear_medium_skin_tone": "👂🏽",
+    "ear_of_corn": "🌽",
+    "ear_with_hearing_aid": "🦻",
+    "egg": "🍳",
+    "eggplant": "🍆",
+    "eight-pointed_star": "✴",
+    "eight-spoked_asterisk": "✳",
+    "eight-thirty": "🕣",
+    "eight_o’clock": "🕗",
+    "eject_button": "⏏",
+    "electric_plug": "🔌",
+    "elephant": "🐘",
+    "eleven-thirty": "🕦",
+    "eleven_o’clock": "🕚",
+    "elf": "🧝",
+    "elf_dark_skin_tone": "🧝🏿",
+    "elf_light_skin_tone": "🧝🏻",
+    "elf_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧝🏾",
+    "elf_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧝🏼",
+    "elf_medium_skin_tone": "🧝🏽",
+    "envelope": "✉",
+    "envelope_with_arrow": "📩",
+    "euro_banknote": "💶",
+    "evergreen_tree": "🌲",
+    "ewe": "🐑",
+    "exclamation_mark": "❗",
+    "exclamation_question_mark": "⁉",
+    "exploding_head": "🤯",
+    "expressionless_face": "😑",
+    "eye": "👁",
+    "eye_in_speech_bubble": "👁️\u200d🗨️",
+    "eyes": "👀",
+    "face_blowing_a_kiss": "😘",
+    "face_savoring_food": "😋",
+    "face_screaming_in_fear": "😱",
+    "face_vomiting": "🤮",
+    "face_with_hand_over_mouth": "🤭",
+    "face_with_head-bandage": "🤕",
+    "face_with_medical_mask": "😷",
+    "face_with_monocle": "🧐",
+    "face_with_open_mouth": "😮",
+    "face_with_raised_eyebrow": "🤨",
+    "face_with_rolling_eyes": "🙄",
+    "face_with_steam_from_nose": "😤",
+    "face_with_symbols_on_mouth": "🤬",
+    "face_with_tears_of_joy": "😂",
+    "face_with_thermometer": "🤒",
+    "face_with_tongue": "😛",
+    "face_without_mouth": "😶",
+    "factory": "🏭",
+    "fairy": "🧚",
+    "fairy_dark_skin_tone": "🧚🏿",
+    "fairy_light_skin_tone": "🧚🏻",
+    "fairy_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧚🏾",
+    "fairy_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧚🏼",
+    "fairy_medium_skin_tone": "🧚🏽",
+    "falafel": "🧆",
+    "fallen_leaf": "🍂",
+    "family": "👪",
+    "family_man_boy": "👨\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_boy_boy": "👨\u200d👦\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_girl": "👨\u200d👧",
+    "family_man_girl_boy": "👨\u200d👧\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_girl_girl": "👨\u200d👧\u200d👧",
+    "family_man_man_boy": "👨\u200d👨\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_man_boy_boy": "👨\u200d👨\u200d👦\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_man_girl": "👨\u200d👨\u200d👧",
+    "family_man_man_girl_boy": "👨\u200d👨\u200d👧\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_man_girl_girl": "👨\u200d👨\u200d👧\u200d👧",
+    "family_man_woman_boy": "👨\u200d👩\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_woman_boy_boy": "👨\u200d👩\u200d👦\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_woman_girl": "👨\u200d👩\u200d👧",
+    "family_man_woman_girl_boy": "👨\u200d👩\u200d👧\u200d👦",
+    "family_man_woman_girl_girl": "👨\u200d👩\u200d👧\u200d👧",
+    "family_woman_boy": "👩\u200d👦",
+    "family_woman_boy_boy": "👩\u200d👦\u200d👦",
+    "family_woman_girl": "👩\u200d👧",
+    "family_woman_girl_boy": "👩\u200d👧\u200d👦",
+    "family_woman_girl_girl": "👩\u200d👧\u200d👧",
+    "family_woman_woman_boy": "👩\u200d👩\u200d👦",
+    "family_woman_woman_boy_boy": "👩\u200d👩\u200d👦\u200d👦",
+    "family_woman_woman_girl": "👩\u200d👩\u200d👧",
+    "family_woman_woman_girl_boy": "👩\u200d👩\u200d👧\u200d👦",
+    "family_woman_woman_girl_girl": "👩\u200d👩\u200d👧\u200d👧",
+    "fast-forward_button": "⏩",
+    "fast_down_button": "⏬",
+    "fast_reverse_button": "⏪",
+    "fast_up_button": "⏫",
+    "fax_machine": "📠",
+    "fearful_face": "😨",
+    "female_sign": "♀",
+    "ferris_wheel": "🎡",
+    "ferry": "⛴",
+    "field_hockey": "🏑",
+    "file_cabinet": "🗄",
+    "file_folder": "📁",
+    "film_frames": "🎞",
+    "film_projector": "📽",
+    "fire": "🔥",
+    "fire_extinguisher": "🧯",
+    "firecracker": "🧨",
+    "fire_engine": "🚒",
+    "fireworks": "🎆",
+    "first_quarter_moon": "🌓",
+    "first_quarter_moon_face": "🌛",
+    "fish": "🐟",
+    "fish_cake_with_swirl": "🍥",
+    "fishing_pole": "🎣",
+    "five-thirty": "🕠",
+    "five_o’clock": "🕔",
+    "flag_in_hole": "⛳",
+    "flamingo": "🦩",
+    "flashlight": "🔦",
+    "flat_shoe": "🥿",
+    "fleur-de-lis": "⚜",
+    "flexed_biceps": "💪",
+    "flexed_biceps_dark_skin_tone": "💪🏿",
+    "flexed_biceps_light_skin_tone": "💪🏻",
+    "flexed_biceps_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💪🏾",
+    "flexed_biceps_medium-light_skin_tone": "💪🏼",
+    "flexed_biceps_medium_skin_tone": "💪🏽",
+    "floppy_disk": "💾",
+    "flower_playing_cards": "🎴",
+    "flushed_face": "😳",
+    "flying_disc": "🥏",
+    "flying_saucer": "🛸",
+    "fog": "🌫",
+    "foggy": "🌁",
+    "folded_hands": "🙏",
+    "folded_hands_dark_skin_tone": "🙏🏿",
+    "folded_hands_light_skin_tone": "🙏🏻",
+    "folded_hands_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙏🏾",
+    "folded_hands_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙏🏼",
+    "folded_hands_medium_skin_tone": "🙏🏽",
+    "foot": "🦶",
+    "footprints": "👣",
+    "fork_and_knife": "🍴",
+    "fork_and_knife_with_plate": "🍽",
+    "fortune_cookie": "🥠",
+    "fountain": "⛲",
+    "fountain_pen": "🖋",
+    "four-thirty": "🕟",
+    "four_leaf_clover": "🍀",
+    "four_o’clock": "🕓",
+    "fox_face": "🦊",
+    "framed_picture": "🖼",
+    "french_fries": "🍟",
+    "fried_shrimp": "🍤",
+    "frog_face": "🐸",
+    "front-facing_baby_chick": "🐥",
+    "frowning_face": "☹",
+    "frowning_face_with_open_mouth": "😦",
+    "fuel_pump": "⛽",
+    "full_moon": "🌕",
+    "full_moon_face": "🌝",
+    "funeral_urn": "⚱",
+    "game_die": "🎲",
+    "garlic": "🧄",
+    "gear": "⚙",
+    "gem_stone": "💎",
+    "genie": "🧞",
+    "ghost": "👻",
+    "giraffe": "🦒",
+    "girl": "👧",
+    "girl_dark_skin_tone": "👧🏿",
+    "girl_light_skin_tone": "👧🏻",
+    "girl_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👧🏾",
+    "girl_medium-light_skin_tone": "👧🏼",
+    "girl_medium_skin_tone": "👧🏽",
+    "glass_of_milk": "🥛",
+    "glasses": "👓",
+    "globe_showing_americas": "🌎",
+    "globe_showing_asia-australia": "🌏",
+    "globe_showing_europe-africa": "🌍",
+    "globe_with_meridians": "🌐",
+    "gloves": "🧤",
+    "glowing_star": "🌟",
+    "goal_net": "🥅",
+    "goat": "🐐",
+    "goblin": "👺",
+    "goggles": "🥽",
+    "gorilla": "🦍",
+    "graduation_cap": "🎓",
+    "grapes": "🍇",
+    "green_apple": "🍏",
+    "green_book": "📗",
+    "green_circle": "🟢",
+    "green_heart": "💚",
+    "green_salad": "🥗",
+    "green_square": "🟩",
+    "grimacing_face": "😬",
+    "grinning_cat_face": "😺",
+    "grinning_cat_face_with_smiling_eyes": "😸",
+    "grinning_face": "😀",
+    "grinning_face_with_big_eyes": "😃",
+    "grinning_face_with_smiling_eyes": "😄",
+    "grinning_face_with_sweat": "😅",
+    "grinning_squinting_face": "😆",
+    "growing_heart": "💗",
+    "guard": "💂",
+    "guard_dark_skin_tone": "💂🏿",
+    "guard_light_skin_tone": "💂🏻",
+    "guard_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💂🏾",
+    "guard_medium-light_skin_tone": "💂🏼",
+    "guard_medium_skin_tone": "💂🏽",
+    "guide_dog": "🦮",
+    "guitar": "🎸",
+    "hamburger": "🍔",
+    "hammer": "🔨",
+    "hammer_and_pick": "⚒",
+    "hammer_and_wrench": "🛠",
+    "hamster_face": "🐹",
+    "hand_with_fingers_splayed": "🖐",
+    "hand_with_fingers_splayed_dark_skin_tone": "🖐🏿",
+    "hand_with_fingers_splayed_light_skin_tone": "🖐🏻",
+    "hand_with_fingers_splayed_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🖐🏾",
+    "hand_with_fingers_splayed_medium-light_skin_tone": "🖐🏼",
+    "hand_with_fingers_splayed_medium_skin_tone": "🖐🏽",
+    "handbag": "👜",
+    "handshake": "🤝",
+    "hatching_chick": "🐣",
+    "headphone": "🎧",
+    "hear-no-evil_monkey": "🙉",
+    "heart_decoration": "💟",
+    "heart_suit": "♥",
+    "heart_with_arrow": "💘",
+    "heart_with_ribbon": "💝",
+    "heavy_check_mark": "✔",
+    "heavy_division_sign": "➗",
+    "heavy_dollar_sign": "💲",
+    "heavy_heart_exclamation": "❣",
+    "heavy_large_circle": "⭕",
+    "heavy_minus_sign": "➖",
+    "heavy_multiplication_x": "✖",
+    "heavy_plus_sign": "➕",
+    "hedgehog": "🦔",
+    "helicopter": "🚁",
+    "herb": "🌿",
+    "hibiscus": "🌺",
+    "high-heeled_shoe": "👠",
+    "high-speed_train": "🚄",
+    "high_voltage": "⚡",
+    "hiking_boot": "🥾",
+    "hindu_temple": "🛕",
+    "hippopotamus": "🦛",
+    "hole": "🕳",
+    "honey_pot": "🍯",
+    "honeybee": "🐝",
+    "horizontal_traffic_light": "🚥",
+    "horse": "🐴",
+    "horse_face": "🐴",
+    "horse_racing": "🏇",
+    "horse_racing_dark_skin_tone": "🏇🏿",
+    "horse_racing_light_skin_tone": "🏇🏻",
+    "horse_racing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏇🏾",
+    "horse_racing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏇🏼",
+    "horse_racing_medium_skin_tone": "🏇🏽",
+    "hospital": "🏥",
+    "hot_beverage": "☕",
+    "hot_dog": "🌭",
+    "hot_face": "🥵",
+    "hot_pepper": "🌶",
+    "hot_springs": "♨",
+    "hotel": "🏨",
+    "hourglass_done": "⌛",
+    "hourglass_not_done": "⏳",
+    "house": "🏠",
+    "house_with_garden": "🏡",
+    "houses": "🏘",
+    "hugging_face": "🤗",
+    "hundred_points": "💯",
+    "hushed_face": "😯",
+    "ice": "🧊",
+    "ice_cream": "🍨",
+    "ice_hockey": "🏒",
+    "ice_skate": "⛸",
+    "inbox_tray": "📥",
+    "incoming_envelope": "📨",
+    "index_pointing_up": "☝",
+    "index_pointing_up_dark_skin_tone": "☝🏿",
+    "index_pointing_up_light_skin_tone": "☝🏻",
+    "index_pointing_up_medium-dark_skin_tone": "☝🏾",
+    "index_pointing_up_medium-light_skin_tone": "☝🏼",
+    "index_pointing_up_medium_skin_tone": "☝🏽",
+    "infinity": "♾",
+    "information": "ℹ",
+    "input_latin_letters": "🔤",
+    "input_latin_lowercase": "🔡",
+    "input_latin_uppercase": "🔠",
+    "input_numbers": "🔢",
+    "input_symbols": "🔣",
+    "jack-o-lantern": "🎃",
+    "jeans": "👖",
+    "jigsaw": "🧩",
+    "joker": "🃏",
+    "joystick": "🕹",
+    "kaaba": "🕋",
+    "kangaroo": "🦘",
+    "key": "🔑",
+    "keyboard": "⌨",
+    "keycap_#": "#️⃣",
+    "keycap_*": "*️⃣",
+    "keycap_0": "0️⃣",
+    "keycap_1": "1️⃣",
+    "keycap_10": "🔟",
+    "keycap_2": "2️⃣",
+    "keycap_3": "3️⃣",
+    "keycap_4": "4️⃣",
+    "keycap_5": "5️⃣",
+    "keycap_6": "6️⃣",
+    "keycap_7": "7️⃣",
+    "keycap_8": "8️⃣",
+    "keycap_9": "9️⃣",
+    "kick_scooter": "🛴",
+    "kimono": "👘",
+    "kiss": "💋",
+    "kiss_man_man": "👨\u200d❤️\u200d💋\u200d👨",
+    "kiss_mark": "💋",
+    "kiss_woman_man": "👩\u200d❤️\u200d💋\u200d👨",
+    "kiss_woman_woman": "👩\u200d❤️\u200d💋\u200d👩",
+    "kissing_cat_face": "😽",
+    "kissing_face": "😗",
+    "kissing_face_with_closed_eyes": "😚",
+    "kissing_face_with_smiling_eyes": "😙",
+    "kitchen_knife": "🔪",
+    "kite": "🪁",
+    "kiwi_fruit": "🥝",
+    "koala": "🐨",
+    "lab_coat": "🥼",
+    "label": "🏷",
+    "lacrosse": "🥍",
+    "lady_beetle": "🐞",
+    "laptop_computer": "💻",
+    "large_blue_diamond": "🔷",
+    "large_orange_diamond": "🔶",
+    "last_quarter_moon": "🌗",
+    "last_quarter_moon_face": "🌜",
+    "last_track_button": "⏮",
+    "latin_cross": "✝",
+    "leaf_fluttering_in_wind": "🍃",
+    "leafy_green": "🥬",
+    "ledger": "📒",
+    "left-facing_fist": "🤛",
+    "left-facing_fist_dark_skin_tone": "🤛🏿",
+    "left-facing_fist_light_skin_tone": "🤛🏻",
+    "left-facing_fist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤛🏾",
+    "left-facing_fist_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤛🏼",
+    "left-facing_fist_medium_skin_tone": "🤛🏽",
+    "left-right_arrow": "↔",
+    "left_arrow": "⬅",
+    "left_arrow_curving_right": "↪",
+    "left_luggage": "🛅",
+    "left_speech_bubble": "🗨",
+    "leg": "🦵",
+    "lemon": "🍋",
+    "leopard": "🐆",
+    "level_slider": "🎚",
+    "light_bulb": "💡",
+    "light_rail": "🚈",
+    "link": "🔗",
+    "linked_paperclips": "🖇",
+    "lion_face": "🦁",
+    "lipstick": "💄",
+    "litter_in_bin_sign": "🚮",
+    "lizard": "🦎",
+    "llama": "🦙",
+    "lobster": "🦞",
+    "locked": "🔒",
+    "locked_with_key": "🔐",
+    "locked_with_pen": "🔏",
+    "locomotive": "🚂",
+    "lollipop": "🍭",
+    "lotion_bottle": "🧴",
+    "loudly_crying_face": "😭",
+    "loudspeaker": "📢",
+    "love-you_gesture": "🤟",
+    "love-you_gesture_dark_skin_tone": "🤟🏿",
+    "love-you_gesture_light_skin_tone": "🤟🏻",
+    "love-you_gesture_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤟🏾",
+    "love-you_gesture_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤟🏼",
+    "love-you_gesture_medium_skin_tone": "🤟🏽",
+    "love_hotel": "🏩",
+    "love_letter": "💌",
+    "luggage": "🧳",
+    "lying_face": "🤥",
+    "mage": "🧙",
+    "mage_dark_skin_tone": "🧙🏿",
+    "mage_light_skin_tone": "🧙🏻",
+    "mage_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧙🏾",
+    "mage_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧙🏼",
+    "mage_medium_skin_tone": "🧙🏽",
+    "magnet": "🧲",
+    "magnifying_glass_tilted_left": "🔍",
+    "magnifying_glass_tilted_right": "🔎",
+    "mahjong_red_dragon": "🀄",
+    "male_sign": "♂",
+    "man": "👨",
+    "man_and_woman_holding_hands": "👫",
+    "man_artist": "👨\u200d🎨",
+    "man_artist_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🎨",
+    "man_artist_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🎨",
+    "man_artist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🎨",
+    "man_artist_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🎨",
+    "man_artist_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🎨",
+    "man_astronaut": "👨\u200d🚀",
+    "man_astronaut_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🚀",
+    "man_astronaut_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🚀",
+    "man_astronaut_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🚀",
+    "man_astronaut_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🚀",
+    "man_astronaut_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🚀",
+    "man_biking": "🚴\u200d♂️",
+    "man_biking_dark_skin_tone": "🚴🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_biking_light_skin_tone": "🚴🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_biking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚴🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_biking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚴🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_biking_medium_skin_tone": "🚴🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bouncing_ball": "⛹️\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bouncing_ball_dark_skin_tone": "⛹🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bouncing_ball_light_skin_tone": "⛹🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bouncing_ball_medium-dark_skin_tone": "⛹🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bouncing_ball_medium-light_skin_tone": "⛹🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bouncing_ball_medium_skin_tone": "⛹🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bowing": "🙇\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bowing_dark_skin_tone": "🙇🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bowing_light_skin_tone": "🙇🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bowing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙇🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bowing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙇🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_bowing_medium_skin_tone": "🙇🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_cartwheeling": "🤸\u200d♂️",
+    "man_cartwheeling_dark_skin_tone": "🤸🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_cartwheeling_light_skin_tone": "🤸🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_cartwheeling_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤸🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_cartwheeling_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤸🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_cartwheeling_medium_skin_tone": "🤸🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_climbing": "🧗\u200d♂️",
+    "man_climbing_dark_skin_tone": "🧗🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_climbing_light_skin_tone": "🧗🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_climbing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧗🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_climbing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧗🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_climbing_medium_skin_tone": "🧗🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_construction_worker": "👷\u200d♂️",
+    "man_construction_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👷🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_construction_worker_light_skin_tone": "👷🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_construction_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👷🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_construction_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👷🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_construction_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👷🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_cook": "👨\u200d🍳",
+    "man_cook_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🍳",
+    "man_cook_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🍳",
+    "man_cook_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🍳",
+    "man_cook_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🍳",
+    "man_cook_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🍳",
+    "man_dancing": "🕺",
+    "man_dancing_dark_skin_tone": "🕺🏿",
+    "man_dancing_light_skin_tone": "🕺🏻",
+    "man_dancing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🕺🏾",
+    "man_dancing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🕺🏼",
+    "man_dancing_medium_skin_tone": "🕺🏽",
+    "man_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿",
+    "man_detective": "🕵️\u200d♂️",
+    "man_detective_dark_skin_tone": "🕵🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_detective_light_skin_tone": "🕵🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_detective_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🕵🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_detective_medium-light_skin_tone": "🕵🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_detective_medium_skin_tone": "🕵🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_elf": "🧝\u200d♂️",
+    "man_elf_dark_skin_tone": "🧝🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_elf_light_skin_tone": "🧝🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_elf_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧝🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_elf_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧝🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_elf_medium_skin_tone": "🧝🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_facepalming": "🤦\u200d♂️",
+    "man_facepalming_dark_skin_tone": "🤦🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_facepalming_light_skin_tone": "🤦🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_facepalming_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤦🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_facepalming_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤦🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_facepalming_medium_skin_tone": "🤦🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_factory_worker": "👨\u200d🏭",
+    "man_factory_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🏭",
+    "man_factory_worker_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🏭",
+    "man_factory_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🏭",
+    "man_factory_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🏭",
+    "man_factory_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🏭",
+    "man_fairy": "🧚\u200d♂️",
+    "man_fairy_dark_skin_tone": "🧚🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_fairy_light_skin_tone": "🧚🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_fairy_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧚🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_fairy_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧚🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_fairy_medium_skin_tone": "🧚🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_farmer": "👨\u200d🌾",
+    "man_farmer_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🌾",
+    "man_farmer_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🌾",
+    "man_farmer_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🌾",
+    "man_farmer_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🌾",
+    "man_farmer_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🌾",
+    "man_firefighter": "👨\u200d🚒",
+    "man_firefighter_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🚒",
+    "man_firefighter_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🚒",
+    "man_firefighter_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🚒",
+    "man_firefighter_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🚒",
+    "man_firefighter_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🚒",
+    "man_frowning": "🙍\u200d♂️",
+    "man_frowning_dark_skin_tone": "🙍🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_frowning_light_skin_tone": "🙍🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_frowning_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙍🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_frowning_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙍🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_frowning_medium_skin_tone": "🙍🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_genie": "🧞\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_no": "🙅\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_no_dark_skin_tone": "🙅🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_no_light_skin_tone": "🙅🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_no_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙅🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_no_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙅🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_no_medium_skin_tone": "🙅🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_ok": "🙆\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_ok_dark_skin_tone": "🙆🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_ok_light_skin_tone": "🙆🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_ok_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙆🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_ok_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙆🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_gesturing_ok_medium_skin_tone": "🙆🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_haircut": "💇\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_haircut_dark_skin_tone": "💇🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_haircut_light_skin_tone": "💇🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_haircut_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💇🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_haircut_medium-light_skin_tone": "💇🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_haircut_medium_skin_tone": "💇🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_massage": "💆\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_massage_dark_skin_tone": "💆🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_massage_light_skin_tone": "💆🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_massage_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💆🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_massage_medium-light_skin_tone": "💆🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_getting_massage_medium_skin_tone": "💆🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_golfing": "🏌️\u200d♂️",
+    "man_golfing_dark_skin_tone": "🏌🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_golfing_light_skin_tone": "🏌🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_golfing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏌🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_golfing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏌🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_golfing_medium_skin_tone": "🏌🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_guard": "💂\u200d♂️",
+    "man_guard_dark_skin_tone": "💂🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_guard_light_skin_tone": "💂🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_guard_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💂🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_guard_medium-light_skin_tone": "💂🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_guard_medium_skin_tone": "💂🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_health_worker": "👨\u200d⚕️",
+    "man_health_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d⚕️",
+    "man_health_worker_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d⚕️",
+    "man_health_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d⚕️",
+    "man_health_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d⚕️",
+    "man_health_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d⚕️",
+    "man_in_lotus_position": "🧘\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_lotus_position_dark_skin_tone": "🧘🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_lotus_position_light_skin_tone": "🧘🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_lotus_position_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧘🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_lotus_position_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧘🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_lotus_position_medium_skin_tone": "🧘🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_manual_wheelchair": "👨\u200d🦽",
+    "man_in_motorized_wheelchair": "👨\u200d🦼",
+    "man_in_steamy_room": "🧖\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_steamy_room_dark_skin_tone": "🧖🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_steamy_room_light_skin_tone": "🧖🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_steamy_room_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧖🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_steamy_room_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧖🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_steamy_room_medium_skin_tone": "🧖🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_in_suit_levitating": "🕴",
+    "man_in_suit_levitating_dark_skin_tone": "🕴🏿",
+    "man_in_suit_levitating_light_skin_tone": "🕴🏻",
+    "man_in_suit_levitating_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🕴🏾",
+    "man_in_suit_levitating_medium-light_skin_tone": "🕴🏼",
+    "man_in_suit_levitating_medium_skin_tone": "🕴🏽",
+    "man_in_tuxedo": "🤵",
+    "man_in_tuxedo_dark_skin_tone": "🤵🏿",
+    "man_in_tuxedo_light_skin_tone": "🤵🏻",
+    "man_in_tuxedo_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤵🏾",
+    "man_in_tuxedo_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤵🏼",
+    "man_in_tuxedo_medium_skin_tone": "🤵🏽",
+    "man_judge": "👨\u200d⚖️",
+    "man_judge_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d⚖️",
+    "man_judge_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d⚖️",
+    "man_judge_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d⚖️",
+    "man_judge_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d⚖️",
+    "man_judge_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d⚖️",
+    "man_juggling": "🤹\u200d♂️",
+    "man_juggling_dark_skin_tone": "🤹🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_juggling_light_skin_tone": "🤹🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_juggling_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤹🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_juggling_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤹🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_juggling_medium_skin_tone": "🤹🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_lifting_weights": "🏋️\u200d♂️",
+    "man_lifting_weights_dark_skin_tone": "🏋🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_lifting_weights_light_skin_tone": "🏋🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_lifting_weights_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏋🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_lifting_weights_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏋🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_lifting_weights_medium_skin_tone": "🏋🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻",
+    "man_mage": "🧙\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mage_dark_skin_tone": "🧙🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mage_light_skin_tone": "🧙🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mage_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧙🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mage_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧙🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mage_medium_skin_tone": "🧙🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mechanic": "👨\u200d🔧",
+    "man_mechanic_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🔧",
+    "man_mechanic_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🔧",
+    "man_mechanic_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🔧",
+    "man_mechanic_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🔧",
+    "man_mechanic_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🔧",
+    "man_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾",
+    "man_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼",
+    "man_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽",
+    "man_mountain_biking": "🚵\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mountain_biking_dark_skin_tone": "🚵🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mountain_biking_light_skin_tone": "🚵🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mountain_biking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚵🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mountain_biking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚵🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_mountain_biking_medium_skin_tone": "🚵🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_office_worker": "👨\u200d💼",
+    "man_office_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d💼",
+    "man_office_worker_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d💼",
+    "man_office_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d💼",
+    "man_office_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d💼",
+    "man_office_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d💼",
+    "man_pilot": "👨\u200d✈️",
+    "man_pilot_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d✈️",
+    "man_pilot_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d✈️",
+    "man_pilot_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d✈️",
+    "man_pilot_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d✈️",
+    "man_pilot_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d✈️",
+    "man_playing_handball": "🤾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_handball_dark_skin_tone": "🤾🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_handball_light_skin_tone": "🤾🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_handball_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤾🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_handball_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤾🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_handball_medium_skin_tone": "🤾🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_water_polo": "🤽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_water_polo_dark_skin_tone": "🤽🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_water_polo_light_skin_tone": "🤽🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_water_polo_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤽🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_water_polo_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤽🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_playing_water_polo_medium_skin_tone": "🤽🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_police_officer": "👮\u200d♂️",
+    "man_police_officer_dark_skin_tone": "👮🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_police_officer_light_skin_tone": "👮🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_police_officer_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👮🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_police_officer_medium-light_skin_tone": "👮🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_police_officer_medium_skin_tone": "👮🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_pouting": "🙎\u200d♂️",
+    "man_pouting_dark_skin_tone": "🙎🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_pouting_light_skin_tone": "🙎🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_pouting_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙎🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_pouting_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙎🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_pouting_medium_skin_tone": "🙎🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_raising_hand": "🙋\u200d♂️",
+    "man_raising_hand_dark_skin_tone": "🙋🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_raising_hand_light_skin_tone": "🙋🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_raising_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙋🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_raising_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙋🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_raising_hand_medium_skin_tone": "🙋🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_rowing_boat": "🚣\u200d♂️",
+    "man_rowing_boat_dark_skin_tone": "🚣🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_rowing_boat_light_skin_tone": "🚣🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_rowing_boat_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚣🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_rowing_boat_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚣🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_rowing_boat_medium_skin_tone": "🚣🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_running": "🏃\u200d♂️",
+    "man_running_dark_skin_tone": "🏃🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_running_light_skin_tone": "🏃🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_running_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏃🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_running_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏃🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_running_medium_skin_tone": "🏃🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_scientist": "👨\u200d🔬",
+    "man_scientist_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🔬",
+    "man_scientist_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🔬",
+    "man_scientist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🔬",
+    "man_scientist_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🔬",
+    "man_scientist_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🔬",
+    "man_shrugging": "🤷\u200d♂️",
+    "man_shrugging_dark_skin_tone": "🤷🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_shrugging_light_skin_tone": "🤷🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_shrugging_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤷🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_shrugging_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤷🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_shrugging_medium_skin_tone": "🤷🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_singer": "👨\u200d🎤",
+    "man_singer_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🎤",
+    "man_singer_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🎤",
+    "man_singer_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🎤",
+    "man_singer_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🎤",
+    "man_singer_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🎤",
+    "man_student": "👨\u200d🎓",
+    "man_student_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🎓",
+    "man_student_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🎓",
+    "man_student_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🎓",
+    "man_student_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🎓",
+    "man_student_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🎓",
+    "man_surfing": "🏄\u200d♂️",
+    "man_surfing_dark_skin_tone": "🏄🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_surfing_light_skin_tone": "🏄🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_surfing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏄🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_surfing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏄🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_surfing_medium_skin_tone": "🏄🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_swimming": "🏊\u200d♂️",
+    "man_swimming_dark_skin_tone": "🏊🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_swimming_light_skin_tone": "🏊🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_swimming_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏊🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_swimming_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏊🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_swimming_medium_skin_tone": "🏊🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_teacher": "👨\u200d🏫",
+    "man_teacher_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d🏫",
+    "man_teacher_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d🏫",
+    "man_teacher_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d🏫",
+    "man_teacher_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d🏫",
+    "man_teacher_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d🏫",
+    "man_technologist": "👨\u200d💻",
+    "man_technologist_dark_skin_tone": "👨🏿\u200d💻",
+    "man_technologist_light_skin_tone": "👨🏻\u200d💻",
+    "man_technologist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👨🏾\u200d💻",
+    "man_technologist_medium-light_skin_tone": "👨🏼\u200d💻",
+    "man_technologist_medium_skin_tone": "👨🏽\u200d💻",
+    "man_tipping_hand": "💁\u200d♂️",
+    "man_tipping_hand_dark_skin_tone": "💁🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_tipping_hand_light_skin_tone": "💁🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_tipping_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💁🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_tipping_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "💁🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_tipping_hand_medium_skin_tone": "💁🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_vampire": "🧛\u200d♂️",
+    "man_vampire_dark_skin_tone": "🧛🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_vampire_light_skin_tone": "🧛🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_vampire_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧛🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_vampire_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧛🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_vampire_medium_skin_tone": "🧛🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_walking": "🚶\u200d♂️",
+    "man_walking_dark_skin_tone": "🚶🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_walking_light_skin_tone": "🚶🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_walking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚶🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_walking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚶🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_walking_medium_skin_tone": "🚶🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_wearing_turban": "👳\u200d♂️",
+    "man_wearing_turban_dark_skin_tone": "👳🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "man_wearing_turban_light_skin_tone": "👳🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "man_wearing_turban_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👳🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "man_wearing_turban_medium-light_skin_tone": "👳🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "man_wearing_turban_medium_skin_tone": "👳🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "man_with_probing_cane": "👨\u200d🦯",
+    "man_with_chinese_cap": "👲",
+    "man_with_chinese_cap_dark_skin_tone": "👲🏿",
+    "man_with_chinese_cap_light_skin_tone": "👲🏻",
+    "man_with_chinese_cap_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👲🏾",
+    "man_with_chinese_cap_medium-light_skin_tone": "👲🏼",
+    "man_with_chinese_cap_medium_skin_tone": "👲🏽",
+    "man_zombie": "🧟\u200d♂️",
+    "mango": "🥭",
+    "mantelpiece_clock": "🕰",
+    "manual_wheelchair": "🦽",
+    "man’s_shoe": "👞",
+    "map_of_japan": "🗾",
+    "maple_leaf": "🍁",
+    "martial_arts_uniform": "🥋",
+    "mate": "🧉",
+    "meat_on_bone": "🍖",
+    "mechanical_arm": "🦾",
+    "mechanical_leg": "🦿",
+    "medical_symbol": "⚕",
+    "megaphone": "📣",
+    "melon": "🍈",
+    "memo": "📝",
+    "men_with_bunny_ears": "👯\u200d♂️",
+    "men_wrestling": "🤼\u200d♂️",
+    "menorah": "🕎",
+    "men’s_room": "🚹",
+    "mermaid": "🧜\u200d♀️",
+    "mermaid_dark_skin_tone": "🧜🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "mermaid_light_skin_tone": "🧜🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "mermaid_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧜🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "mermaid_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧜🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "mermaid_medium_skin_tone": "🧜🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "merman": "🧜\u200d♂️",
+    "merman_dark_skin_tone": "🧜🏿\u200d♂️",
+    "merman_light_skin_tone": "🧜🏻\u200d♂️",
+    "merman_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧜🏾\u200d♂️",
+    "merman_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧜🏼\u200d♂️",
+    "merman_medium_skin_tone": "🧜🏽\u200d♂️",
+    "merperson": "🧜",
+    "merperson_dark_skin_tone": "🧜🏿",
+    "merperson_light_skin_tone": "🧜🏻",
+    "merperson_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧜🏾",
+    "merperson_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧜🏼",
+    "merperson_medium_skin_tone": "🧜🏽",
+    "metro": "🚇",
+    "microbe": "🦠",
+    "microphone": "🎤",
+    "microscope": "🔬",
+    "middle_finger": "🖕",
+    "middle_finger_dark_skin_tone": "🖕🏿",
+    "middle_finger_light_skin_tone": "🖕🏻",
+    "middle_finger_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🖕🏾",
+    "middle_finger_medium-light_skin_tone": "🖕🏼",
+    "middle_finger_medium_skin_tone": "🖕🏽",
+    "military_medal": "🎖",
+    "milky_way": "🌌",
+    "minibus": "🚐",
+    "moai": "🗿",
+    "mobile_phone": "📱",
+    "mobile_phone_off": "📴",
+    "mobile_phone_with_arrow": "📲",
+    "money-mouth_face": "🤑",
+    "money_bag": "💰",
+    "money_with_wings": "💸",
+    "monkey": "🐒",
+    "monkey_face": "🐵",
+    "monorail": "🚝",
+    "moon_cake": "🥮",
+    "moon_viewing_ceremony": "🎑",
+    "mosque": "🕌",
+    "mosquito": "🦟",
+    "motor_boat": "🛥",
+    "motor_scooter": "🛵",
+    "motorcycle": "🏍",
+    "motorized_wheelchair": "🦼",
+    "motorway": "🛣",
+    "mount_fuji": "🗻",
+    "mountain": "⛰",
+    "mountain_cableway": "🚠",
+    "mountain_railway": "🚞",
+    "mouse": "🐭",
+    "mouse_face": "🐭",
+    "mouth": "👄",
+    "movie_camera": "🎥",
+    "mushroom": "🍄",
+    "musical_keyboard": "🎹",
+    "musical_note": "🎵",
+    "musical_notes": "🎶",
+    "musical_score": "🎼",
+    "muted_speaker": "🔇",
+    "nail_polish": "💅",
+    "nail_polish_dark_skin_tone": "💅🏿",
+    "nail_polish_light_skin_tone": "💅🏻",
+    "nail_polish_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💅🏾",
+    "nail_polish_medium-light_skin_tone": "💅🏼",
+    "nail_polish_medium_skin_tone": "💅🏽",
+    "name_badge": "📛",
+    "national_park": "🏞",
+    "nauseated_face": "🤢",
+    "nazar_amulet": "🧿",
+    "necktie": "👔",
+    "nerd_face": "🤓",
+    "neutral_face": "😐",
+    "new_moon": "🌑",
+    "new_moon_face": "🌚",
+    "newspaper": "📰",
+    "next_track_button": "⏭",
+    "night_with_stars": "🌃",
+    "nine-thirty": "🕤",
+    "nine_o’clock": "🕘",
+    "no_bicycles": "🚳",
+    "no_entry": "⛔",
+    "no_littering": "🚯",
+    "no_mobile_phones": "📵",
+    "no_one_under_eighteen": "🔞",
+    "no_pedestrians": "🚷",
+    "no_smoking": "🚭",
+    "non-potable_water": "🚱",
+    "nose": "👃",
+    "nose_dark_skin_tone": "👃🏿",
+    "nose_light_skin_tone": "👃🏻",
+    "nose_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👃🏾",
+    "nose_medium-light_skin_tone": "👃🏼",
+    "nose_medium_skin_tone": "👃🏽",
+    "notebook": "📓",
+    "notebook_with_decorative_cover": "📔",
+    "nut_and_bolt": "🔩",
+    "octopus": "🐙",
+    "oden": "🍢",
+    "office_building": "🏢",
+    "ogre": "👹",
+    "oil_drum": "🛢",
+    "old_key": "🗝",
+    "old_man": "👴",
+    "old_man_dark_skin_tone": "👴🏿",
+    "old_man_light_skin_tone": "👴🏻",
+    "old_man_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👴🏾",
+    "old_man_medium-light_skin_tone": "👴🏼",
+    "old_man_medium_skin_tone": "👴🏽",
+    "old_woman": "👵",
+    "old_woman_dark_skin_tone": "👵🏿",
+    "old_woman_light_skin_tone": "👵🏻",
+    "old_woman_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👵🏾",
+    "old_woman_medium-light_skin_tone": "👵🏼",
+    "old_woman_medium_skin_tone": "👵🏽",
+    "older_adult": "🧓",
+    "older_adult_dark_skin_tone": "🧓🏿",
+    "older_adult_light_skin_tone": "🧓🏻",
+    "older_adult_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧓🏾",
+    "older_adult_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧓🏼",
+    "older_adult_medium_skin_tone": "🧓🏽",
+    "om": "🕉",
+    "oncoming_automobile": "🚘",
+    "oncoming_bus": "🚍",
+    "oncoming_fist": "👊",
+    "oncoming_fist_dark_skin_tone": "👊🏿",
+    "oncoming_fist_light_skin_tone": "👊🏻",
+    "oncoming_fist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👊🏾",
+    "oncoming_fist_medium-light_skin_tone": "👊🏼",
+    "oncoming_fist_medium_skin_tone": "👊🏽",
+    "oncoming_police_car": "🚔",
+    "oncoming_taxi": "🚖",
+    "one-piece_swimsuit": "🩱",
+    "one-thirty": "🕜",
+    "one_o’clock": "🕐",
+    "onion": "🧅",
+    "open_book": "📖",
+    "open_file_folder": "📂",
+    "open_hands": "👐",
+    "open_hands_dark_skin_tone": "👐🏿",
+    "open_hands_light_skin_tone": "👐🏻",
+    "open_hands_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👐🏾",
+    "open_hands_medium-light_skin_tone": "👐🏼",
+    "open_hands_medium_skin_tone": "👐🏽",
+    "open_mailbox_with_lowered_flag": "📭",
+    "open_mailbox_with_raised_flag": "📬",
+    "optical_disk": "💿",
+    "orange_book": "📙",
+    "orange_circle": "🟠",
+    "orange_heart": "🧡",
+    "orange_square": "🟧",
+    "orangutan": "🦧",
+    "orthodox_cross": "☦",
+    "otter": "🦦",
+    "outbox_tray": "📤",
+    "owl": "🦉",
+    "ox": "🐂",
+    "oyster": "🦪",
+    "package": "📦",
+    "page_facing_up": "📄",
+    "page_with_curl": "📃",
+    "pager": "📟",
+    "paintbrush": "🖌",
+    "palm_tree": "🌴",
+    "palms_up_together": "🤲",
+    "palms_up_together_dark_skin_tone": "🤲🏿",
+    "palms_up_together_light_skin_tone": "🤲🏻",
+    "palms_up_together_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤲🏾",
+    "palms_up_together_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤲🏼",
+    "palms_up_together_medium_skin_tone": "🤲🏽",
+    "pancakes": "🥞",
+    "panda_face": "🐼",
+    "paperclip": "📎",
+    "parrot": "🦜",
+    "part_alternation_mark": "〽",
+    "party_popper": "🎉",
+    "partying_face": "🥳",
+    "passenger_ship": "🛳",
+    "passport_control": "🛂",
+    "pause_button": "⏸",
+    "paw_prints": "🐾",
+    "peace_symbol": "☮",
+    "peach": "🍑",
+    "peacock": "🦚",
+    "peanuts": "🥜",
+    "pear": "🍐",
+    "pen": "🖊",
+    "pencil": "📝",
+    "penguin": "🐧",
+    "pensive_face": "😔",
+    "people_holding_hands": "🧑\u200d🤝\u200d🧑",
+    "people_with_bunny_ears": "👯",
+    "people_wrestling": "🤼",
+    "performing_arts": "🎭",
+    "persevering_face": "😣",
+    "person_biking": "🚴",
+    "person_biking_dark_skin_tone": "🚴🏿",
+    "person_biking_light_skin_tone": "🚴🏻",
+    "person_biking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚴🏾",
+    "person_biking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚴🏼",
+    "person_biking_medium_skin_tone": "🚴🏽",
+    "person_bouncing_ball": "⛹",
+    "person_bouncing_ball_dark_skin_tone": "⛹🏿",
+    "person_bouncing_ball_light_skin_tone": "⛹🏻",
+    "person_bouncing_ball_medium-dark_skin_tone": "⛹🏾",
+    "person_bouncing_ball_medium-light_skin_tone": "⛹🏼",
+    "person_bouncing_ball_medium_skin_tone": "⛹🏽",
+    "person_bowing": "🙇",
+    "person_bowing_dark_skin_tone": "🙇🏿",
+    "person_bowing_light_skin_tone": "🙇🏻",
+    "person_bowing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙇🏾",
+    "person_bowing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙇🏼",
+    "person_bowing_medium_skin_tone": "🙇🏽",
+    "person_cartwheeling": "🤸",
+    "person_cartwheeling_dark_skin_tone": "🤸🏿",
+    "person_cartwheeling_light_skin_tone": "🤸🏻",
+    "person_cartwheeling_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤸🏾",
+    "person_cartwheeling_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤸🏼",
+    "person_cartwheeling_medium_skin_tone": "🤸🏽",
+    "person_climbing": "🧗",
+    "person_climbing_dark_skin_tone": "🧗🏿",
+    "person_climbing_light_skin_tone": "🧗🏻",
+    "person_climbing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧗🏾",
+    "person_climbing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧗🏼",
+    "person_climbing_medium_skin_tone": "🧗🏽",
+    "person_facepalming": "🤦",
+    "person_facepalming_dark_skin_tone": "🤦🏿",
+    "person_facepalming_light_skin_tone": "🤦🏻",
+    "person_facepalming_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤦🏾",
+    "person_facepalming_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤦🏼",
+    "person_facepalming_medium_skin_tone": "🤦🏽",
+    "person_fencing": "🤺",
+    "person_frowning": "🙍",
+    "person_frowning_dark_skin_tone": "🙍🏿",
+    "person_frowning_light_skin_tone": "🙍🏻",
+    "person_frowning_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙍🏾",
+    "person_frowning_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙍🏼",
+    "person_frowning_medium_skin_tone": "🙍🏽",
+    "person_gesturing_no": "🙅",
+    "person_gesturing_no_dark_skin_tone": "🙅🏿",
+    "person_gesturing_no_light_skin_tone": "🙅🏻",
+    "person_gesturing_no_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙅🏾",
+    "person_gesturing_no_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙅🏼",
+    "person_gesturing_no_medium_skin_tone": "🙅🏽",
+    "person_gesturing_ok": "🙆",
+    "person_gesturing_ok_dark_skin_tone": "🙆🏿",
+    "person_gesturing_ok_light_skin_tone": "🙆🏻",
+    "person_gesturing_ok_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙆🏾",
+    "person_gesturing_ok_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙆🏼",
+    "person_gesturing_ok_medium_skin_tone": "🙆🏽",
+    "person_getting_haircut": "💇",
+    "person_getting_haircut_dark_skin_tone": "💇🏿",
+    "person_getting_haircut_light_skin_tone": "💇🏻",
+    "person_getting_haircut_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💇🏾",
+    "person_getting_haircut_medium-light_skin_tone": "💇🏼",
+    "person_getting_haircut_medium_skin_tone": "💇🏽",
+    "person_getting_massage": "💆",
+    "person_getting_massage_dark_skin_tone": "💆🏿",
+    "person_getting_massage_light_skin_tone": "💆🏻",
+    "person_getting_massage_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💆🏾",
+    "person_getting_massage_medium-light_skin_tone": "💆🏼",
+    "person_getting_massage_medium_skin_tone": "💆🏽",
+    "person_golfing": "🏌",
+    "person_golfing_dark_skin_tone": "🏌🏿",
+    "person_golfing_light_skin_tone": "🏌🏻",
+    "person_golfing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏌🏾",
+    "person_golfing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏌🏼",
+    "person_golfing_medium_skin_tone": "🏌🏽",
+    "person_in_bed": "🛌",
+    "person_in_bed_dark_skin_tone": "🛌🏿",
+    "person_in_bed_light_skin_tone": "🛌🏻",
+    "person_in_bed_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🛌🏾",
+    "person_in_bed_medium-light_skin_tone": "🛌🏼",
+    "person_in_bed_medium_skin_tone": "🛌🏽",
+    "person_in_lotus_position": "🧘",
+    "person_in_lotus_position_dark_skin_tone": "🧘🏿",
+    "person_in_lotus_position_light_skin_tone": "🧘🏻",
+    "person_in_lotus_position_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧘🏾",
+    "person_in_lotus_position_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧘🏼",
+    "person_in_lotus_position_medium_skin_tone": "🧘🏽",
+    "person_in_steamy_room": "🧖",
+    "person_in_steamy_room_dark_skin_tone": "🧖🏿",
+    "person_in_steamy_room_light_skin_tone": "🧖🏻",
+    "person_in_steamy_room_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧖🏾",
+    "person_in_steamy_room_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧖🏼",
+    "person_in_steamy_room_medium_skin_tone": "🧖🏽",
+    "person_juggling": "🤹",
+    "person_juggling_dark_skin_tone": "🤹🏿",
+    "person_juggling_light_skin_tone": "🤹🏻",
+    "person_juggling_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤹🏾",
+    "person_juggling_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤹🏼",
+    "person_juggling_medium_skin_tone": "🤹🏽",
+    "person_kneeling": "🧎",
+    "person_lifting_weights": "🏋",
+    "person_lifting_weights_dark_skin_tone": "🏋🏿",
+    "person_lifting_weights_light_skin_tone": "🏋🏻",
+    "person_lifting_weights_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏋🏾",
+    "person_lifting_weights_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏋🏼",
+    "person_lifting_weights_medium_skin_tone": "🏋🏽",
+    "person_mountain_biking": "🚵",
+    "person_mountain_biking_dark_skin_tone": "🚵🏿",
+    "person_mountain_biking_light_skin_tone": "🚵🏻",
+    "person_mountain_biking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚵🏾",
+    "person_mountain_biking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚵🏼",
+    "person_mountain_biking_medium_skin_tone": "🚵🏽",
+    "person_playing_handball": "🤾",
+    "person_playing_handball_dark_skin_tone": "🤾🏿",
+    "person_playing_handball_light_skin_tone": "🤾🏻",
+    "person_playing_handball_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤾🏾",
+    "person_playing_handball_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤾🏼",
+    "person_playing_handball_medium_skin_tone": "🤾🏽",
+    "person_playing_water_polo": "🤽",
+    "person_playing_water_polo_dark_skin_tone": "🤽🏿",
+    "person_playing_water_polo_light_skin_tone": "🤽🏻",
+    "person_playing_water_polo_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤽🏾",
+    "person_playing_water_polo_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤽🏼",
+    "person_playing_water_polo_medium_skin_tone": "🤽🏽",
+    "person_pouting": "🙎",
+    "person_pouting_dark_skin_tone": "🙎🏿",
+    "person_pouting_light_skin_tone": "🙎🏻",
+    "person_pouting_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙎🏾",
+    "person_pouting_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙎🏼",
+    "person_pouting_medium_skin_tone": "🙎🏽",
+    "person_raising_hand": "🙋",
+    "person_raising_hand_dark_skin_tone": "🙋🏿",
+    "person_raising_hand_light_skin_tone": "🙋🏻",
+    "person_raising_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙋🏾",
+    "person_raising_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙋🏼",
+    "person_raising_hand_medium_skin_tone": "🙋🏽",
+    "person_rowing_boat": "🚣",
+    "person_rowing_boat_dark_skin_tone": "🚣🏿",
+    "person_rowing_boat_light_skin_tone": "🚣🏻",
+    "person_rowing_boat_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚣🏾",
+    "person_rowing_boat_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚣🏼",
+    "person_rowing_boat_medium_skin_tone": "🚣🏽",
+    "person_running": "🏃",
+    "person_running_dark_skin_tone": "🏃🏿",
+    "person_running_light_skin_tone": "🏃🏻",
+    "person_running_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏃🏾",
+    "person_running_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏃🏼",
+    "person_running_medium_skin_tone": "🏃🏽",
+    "person_shrugging": "🤷",
+    "person_shrugging_dark_skin_tone": "🤷🏿",
+    "person_shrugging_light_skin_tone": "🤷🏻",
+    "person_shrugging_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤷🏾",
+    "person_shrugging_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤷🏼",
+    "person_shrugging_medium_skin_tone": "🤷🏽",
+    "person_standing": "🧍",
+    "person_surfing": "🏄",
+    "person_surfing_dark_skin_tone": "🏄🏿",
+    "person_surfing_light_skin_tone": "🏄🏻",
+    "person_surfing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏄🏾",
+    "person_surfing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏄🏼",
+    "person_surfing_medium_skin_tone": "🏄🏽",
+    "person_swimming": "🏊",
+    "person_swimming_dark_skin_tone": "🏊🏿",
+    "person_swimming_light_skin_tone": "🏊🏻",
+    "person_swimming_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏊🏾",
+    "person_swimming_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏊🏼",
+    "person_swimming_medium_skin_tone": "🏊🏽",
+    "person_taking_bath": "🛀",
+    "person_taking_bath_dark_skin_tone": "🛀🏿",
+    "person_taking_bath_light_skin_tone": "🛀🏻",
+    "person_taking_bath_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🛀🏾",
+    "person_taking_bath_medium-light_skin_tone": "🛀🏼",
+    "person_taking_bath_medium_skin_tone": "🛀🏽",
+    "person_tipping_hand": "💁",
+    "person_tipping_hand_dark_skin_tone": "💁🏿",
+    "person_tipping_hand_light_skin_tone": "💁🏻",
+    "person_tipping_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💁🏾",
+    "person_tipping_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "💁🏼",
+    "person_tipping_hand_medium_skin_tone": "💁🏽",
+    "person_walking": "🚶",
+    "person_walking_dark_skin_tone": "🚶🏿",
+    "person_walking_light_skin_tone": "🚶🏻",
+    "person_walking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚶🏾",
+    "person_walking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚶🏼",
+    "person_walking_medium_skin_tone": "🚶🏽",
+    "person_wearing_turban": "👳",
+    "person_wearing_turban_dark_skin_tone": "👳🏿",
+    "person_wearing_turban_light_skin_tone": "👳🏻",
+    "person_wearing_turban_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👳🏾",
+    "person_wearing_turban_medium-light_skin_tone": "👳🏼",
+    "person_wearing_turban_medium_skin_tone": "👳🏽",
+    "petri_dish": "🧫",
+    "pick": "⛏",
+    "pie": "🥧",
+    "pig": "🐷",
+    "pig_face": "🐷",
+    "pig_nose": "🐽",
+    "pile_of_poo": "💩",
+    "pill": "💊",
+    "pinching_hand": "🤏",
+    "pine_decoration": "🎍",
+    "pineapple": "🍍",
+    "ping_pong": "🏓",
+    "pirate_flag": "🏴\u200d☠️",
+    "pistol": "🔫",
+    "pizza": "🍕",
+    "place_of_worship": "🛐",
+    "play_button": "▶",
+    "play_or_pause_button": "⏯",
+    "pleading_face": "🥺",
+    "police_car": "🚓",
+    "police_car_light": "🚨",
+    "police_officer": "👮",
+    "police_officer_dark_skin_tone": "👮🏿",
+    "police_officer_light_skin_tone": "👮🏻",
+    "police_officer_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👮🏾",
+    "police_officer_medium-light_skin_tone": "👮🏼",
+    "police_officer_medium_skin_tone": "👮🏽",
+    "poodle": "🐩",
+    "pool_8_ball": "🎱",
+    "popcorn": "🍿",
+    "post_office": "🏣",
+    "postal_horn": "📯",
+    "postbox": "📮",
+    "pot_of_food": "🍲",
+    "potable_water": "🚰",
+    "potato": "🥔",
+    "poultry_leg": "🍗",
+    "pound_banknote": "💷",
+    "pouting_cat_face": "😾",
+    "pouting_face": "😡",
+    "prayer_beads": "📿",
+    "pregnant_woman": "🤰",
+    "pregnant_woman_dark_skin_tone": "🤰🏿",
+    "pregnant_woman_light_skin_tone": "🤰🏻",
+    "pregnant_woman_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤰🏾",
+    "pregnant_woman_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤰🏼",
+    "pregnant_woman_medium_skin_tone": "🤰🏽",
+    "pretzel": "🥨",
+    "probing_cane": "🦯",
+    "prince": "🤴",
+    "prince_dark_skin_tone": "🤴🏿",
+    "prince_light_skin_tone": "🤴🏻",
+    "prince_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤴🏾",
+    "prince_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤴🏼",
+    "prince_medium_skin_tone": "🤴🏽",
+    "princess": "👸",
+    "princess_dark_skin_tone": "👸🏿",
+    "princess_light_skin_tone": "👸🏻",
+    "princess_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👸🏾",
+    "princess_medium-light_skin_tone": "👸🏼",
+    "princess_medium_skin_tone": "👸🏽",
+    "printer": "🖨",
+    "prohibited": "🚫",
+    "purple_circle": "🟣",
+    "purple_heart": "💜",
+    "purple_square": "🟪",
+    "purse": "👛",
+    "pushpin": "📌",
+    "question_mark": "❓",
+    "rabbit": "🐰",
+    "rabbit_face": "🐰",
+    "raccoon": "🦝",
+    "racing_car": "🏎",
+    "radio": "📻",
+    "radio_button": "🔘",
+    "radioactive": "☢",
+    "railway_car": "🚃",
+    "railway_track": "🛤",
+    "rainbow": "🌈",
+    "rainbow_flag": "🏳️\u200d🌈",
+    "raised_back_of_hand": "🤚",
+    "raised_back_of_hand_dark_skin_tone": "🤚🏿",
+    "raised_back_of_hand_light_skin_tone": "🤚🏻",
+    "raised_back_of_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤚🏾",
+    "raised_back_of_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤚🏼",
+    "raised_back_of_hand_medium_skin_tone": "🤚🏽",
+    "raised_fist": "✊",
+    "raised_fist_dark_skin_tone": "✊🏿",
+    "raised_fist_light_skin_tone": "✊🏻",
+    "raised_fist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "✊🏾",
+    "raised_fist_medium-light_skin_tone": "✊🏼",
+    "raised_fist_medium_skin_tone": "✊🏽",
+    "raised_hand": "✋",
+    "raised_hand_dark_skin_tone": "✋🏿",
+    "raised_hand_light_skin_tone": "✋🏻",
+    "raised_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "✋🏾",
+    "raised_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "✋🏼",
+    "raised_hand_medium_skin_tone": "✋🏽",
+    "raising_hands": "🙌",
+    "raising_hands_dark_skin_tone": "🙌🏿",
+    "raising_hands_light_skin_tone": "🙌🏻",
+    "raising_hands_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙌🏾",
+    "raising_hands_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙌🏼",
+    "raising_hands_medium_skin_tone": "🙌🏽",
+    "ram": "🐏",
+    "rat": "🐀",
+    "razor": "🪒",
+    "ringed_planet": "🪐",
+    "receipt": "🧾",
+    "record_button": "⏺",
+    "recycling_symbol": "♻",
+    "red_apple": "🍎",
+    "red_circle": "🔴",
+    "red_envelope": "🧧",
+    "red_hair": "🦰",
+    "red-haired_man": "👨\u200d🦰",
+    "red-haired_woman": "👩\u200d🦰",
+    "red_heart": "❤",
+    "red_paper_lantern": "🏮",
+    "red_square": "🟥",
+    "red_triangle_pointed_down": "🔻",
+    "red_triangle_pointed_up": "🔺",
+    "registered": "®",
+    "relieved_face": "😌",
+    "reminder_ribbon": "🎗",
+    "repeat_button": "🔁",
+    "repeat_single_button": "🔂",
+    "rescue_worker’s_helmet": "⛑",
+    "restroom": "🚻",
+    "reverse_button": "◀",
+    "revolving_hearts": "💞",
+    "rhinoceros": "🦏",
+    "ribbon": "🎀",
+    "rice_ball": "🍙",
+    "rice_cracker": "🍘",
+    "right-facing_fist": "🤜",
+    "right-facing_fist_dark_skin_tone": "🤜🏿",
+    "right-facing_fist_light_skin_tone": "🤜🏻",
+    "right-facing_fist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤜🏾",
+    "right-facing_fist_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤜🏼",
+    "right-facing_fist_medium_skin_tone": "🤜🏽",
+    "right_anger_bubble": "🗯",
+    "right_arrow": "➡",
+    "right_arrow_curving_down": "⤵",
+    "right_arrow_curving_left": "↩",
+    "right_arrow_curving_up": "⤴",
+    "ring": "💍",
+    "roasted_sweet_potato": "🍠",
+    "robot_face": "🤖",
+    "rocket": "🚀",
+    "roll_of_paper": "🧻",
+    "rolled-up_newspaper": "🗞",
+    "roller_coaster": "🎢",
+    "rolling_on_the_floor_laughing": "🤣",
+    "rooster": "🐓",
+    "rose": "🌹",
+    "rosette": "🏵",
+    "round_pushpin": "📍",
+    "rugby_football": "🏉",
+    "running_shirt": "🎽",
+    "running_shoe": "👟",
+    "sad_but_relieved_face": "😥",
+    "safety_pin": "🧷",
+    "safety_vest": "🦺",
+    "salt": "🧂",
+    "sailboat": "⛵",
+    "sake": "🍶",
+    "sandwich": "🥪",
+    "sari": "🥻",
+    "satellite": "📡",
+    "satellite_antenna": "📡",
+    "sauropod": "🦕",
+    "saxophone": "🎷",
+    "scarf": "🧣",
+    "school": "🏫",
+    "school_backpack": "🎒",
+    "scissors": "✂",
+    "scorpion": "🦂",
+    "scroll": "📜",
+    "seat": "💺",
+    "see-no-evil_monkey": "🙈",
+    "seedling": "🌱",
+    "selfie": "🤳",
+    "selfie_dark_skin_tone": "🤳🏿",
+    "selfie_light_skin_tone": "🤳🏻",
+    "selfie_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤳🏾",
+    "selfie_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤳🏼",
+    "selfie_medium_skin_tone": "🤳🏽",
+    "service_dog": "🐕\u200d🦺",
+    "seven-thirty": "🕢",
+    "seven_o’clock": "🕖",
+    "shallow_pan_of_food": "🥘",
+    "shamrock": "☘",
+    "shark": "🦈",
+    "shaved_ice": "🍧",
+    "sheaf_of_rice": "🌾",
+    "shield": "🛡",
+    "shinto_shrine": "⛩",
+    "ship": "🚢",
+    "shooting_star": "🌠",
+    "shopping_bags": "🛍",
+    "shopping_cart": "🛒",
+    "shortcake": "🍰",
+    "shorts": "🩳",
+    "shower": "🚿",
+    "shrimp": "🦐",
+    "shuffle_tracks_button": "🔀",
+    "shushing_face": "🤫",
+    "sign_of_the_horns": "🤘",
+    "sign_of_the_horns_dark_skin_tone": "🤘🏿",
+    "sign_of_the_horns_light_skin_tone": "🤘🏻",
+    "sign_of_the_horns_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤘🏾",
+    "sign_of_the_horns_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤘🏼",
+    "sign_of_the_horns_medium_skin_tone": "🤘🏽",
+    "six-thirty": "🕡",
+    "six_o’clock": "🕕",
+    "skateboard": "🛹",
+    "skier": "⛷",
+    "skis": "🎿",
+    "skull": "💀",
+    "skull_and_crossbones": "☠",
+    "skunk": "🦨",
+    "sled": "🛷",
+    "sleeping_face": "😴",
+    "sleepy_face": "😪",
+    "slightly_frowning_face": "🙁",
+    "slightly_smiling_face": "🙂",
+    "slot_machine": "🎰",
+    "sloth": "🦥",
+    "small_airplane": "🛩",
+    "small_blue_diamond": "🔹",
+    "small_orange_diamond": "🔸",
+    "smiling_cat_face_with_heart-eyes": "😻",
+    "smiling_face": "☺",
+    "smiling_face_with_halo": "😇",
+    "smiling_face_with_3_hearts": "🥰",
+    "smiling_face_with_heart-eyes": "😍",
+    "smiling_face_with_horns": "😈",
+    "smiling_face_with_smiling_eyes": "😊",
+    "smiling_face_with_sunglasses": "😎",
+    "smirking_face": "😏",
+    "snail": "🐌",
+    "snake": "🐍",
+    "sneezing_face": "🤧",
+    "snow-capped_mountain": "🏔",
+    "snowboarder": "🏂",
+    "snowboarder_dark_skin_tone": "🏂🏿",
+    "snowboarder_light_skin_tone": "🏂🏻",
+    "snowboarder_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏂🏾",
+    "snowboarder_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏂🏼",
+    "snowboarder_medium_skin_tone": "🏂🏽",
+    "snowflake": "❄",
+    "snowman": "☃",
+    "snowman_without_snow": "⛄",
+    "soap": "🧼",
+    "soccer_ball": "⚽",
+    "socks": "🧦",
+    "softball": "🥎",
+    "soft_ice_cream": "🍦",
+    "spade_suit": "♠",
+    "spaghetti": "🍝",
+    "sparkle": "❇",
+    "sparkler": "🎇",
+    "sparkles": "✨",
+    "sparkling_heart": "💖",
+    "speak-no-evil_monkey": "🙊",
+    "speaker_high_volume": "🔊",
+    "speaker_low_volume": "🔈",
+    "speaker_medium_volume": "🔉",
+    "speaking_head": "🗣",
+    "speech_balloon": "💬",
+    "speedboat": "🚤",
+    "spider": "🕷",
+    "spider_web": "🕸",
+    "spiral_calendar": "🗓",
+    "spiral_notepad": "🗒",
+    "spiral_shell": "🐚",
+    "spoon": "🥄",
+    "sponge": "🧽",
+    "sport_utility_vehicle": "🚙",
+    "sports_medal": "🏅",
+    "spouting_whale": "🐳",
+    "squid": "🦑",
+    "squinting_face_with_tongue": "😝",
+    "stadium": "🏟",
+    "star-struck": "🤩",
+    "star_and_crescent": "☪",
+    "star_of_david": "✡",
+    "station": "🚉",
+    "steaming_bowl": "🍜",
+    "stethoscope": "🩺",
+    "stop_button": "⏹",
+    "stop_sign": "🛑",
+    "stopwatch": "⏱",
+    "straight_ruler": "📏",
+    "strawberry": "🍓",
+    "studio_microphone": "🎙",
+    "stuffed_flatbread": "🥙",
+    "sun": "☀",
+    "sun_behind_cloud": "⛅",
+    "sun_behind_large_cloud": "🌥",
+    "sun_behind_rain_cloud": "🌦",
+    "sun_behind_small_cloud": "🌤",
+    "sun_with_face": "🌞",
+    "sunflower": "🌻",
+    "sunglasses": "😎",
+    "sunrise": "🌅",
+    "sunrise_over_mountains": "🌄",
+    "sunset": "🌇",
+    "superhero": "🦸",
+    "supervillain": "🦹",
+    "sushi": "🍣",
+    "suspension_railway": "🚟",
+    "swan": "🦢",
+    "sweat_droplets": "💦",
+    "synagogue": "🕍",
+    "syringe": "💉",
+    "t-shirt": "👕",
+    "taco": "🌮",
+    "takeout_box": "🥡",
+    "tanabata_tree": "🎋",
+    "tangerine": "🍊",
+    "taxi": "🚕",
+    "teacup_without_handle": "🍵",
+    "tear-off_calendar": "📆",
+    "teddy_bear": "🧸",
+    "telephone": "☎",
+    "telephone_receiver": "📞",
+    "telescope": "🔭",
+    "television": "📺",
+    "ten-thirty": "🕥",
+    "ten_o’clock": "🕙",
+    "tennis": "🎾",
+    "tent": "⛺",
+    "test_tube": "🧪",
+    "thermometer": "🌡",
+    "thinking_face": "🤔",
+    "thought_balloon": "💭",
+    "thread": "🧵",
+    "three-thirty": "🕞",
+    "three_o’clock": "🕒",
+    "thumbs_down": "👎",
+    "thumbs_down_dark_skin_tone": "👎🏿",
+    "thumbs_down_light_skin_tone": "👎🏻",
+    "thumbs_down_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👎🏾",
+    "thumbs_down_medium-light_skin_tone": "👎🏼",
+    "thumbs_down_medium_skin_tone": "👎🏽",
+    "thumbs_up": "👍",
+    "thumbs_up_dark_skin_tone": "👍🏿",
+    "thumbs_up_light_skin_tone": "👍🏻",
+    "thumbs_up_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👍🏾",
+    "thumbs_up_medium-light_skin_tone": "👍🏼",
+    "thumbs_up_medium_skin_tone": "👍🏽",
+    "ticket": "🎫",
+    "tiger": "🐯",
+    "tiger_face": "🐯",
+    "timer_clock": "⏲",
+    "tired_face": "😫",
+    "toolbox": "🧰",
+    "toilet": "🚽",
+    "tomato": "🍅",
+    "tongue": "👅",
+    "tooth": "🦷",
+    "top_hat": "🎩",
+    "tornado": "🌪",
+    "trackball": "🖲",
+    "tractor": "🚜",
+    "trade_mark": "™",
+    "train": "🚋",
+    "tram": "🚊",
+    "tram_car": "🚋",
+    "triangular_flag": "🚩",
+    "triangular_ruler": "📐",
+    "trident_emblem": "🔱",
+    "trolleybus": "🚎",
+    "trophy": "🏆",
+    "tropical_drink": "🍹",
+    "tropical_fish": "🐠",
+    "trumpet": "🎺",
+    "tulip": "🌷",
+    "tumbler_glass": "🥃",
+    "turtle": "🐢",
+    "twelve-thirty": "🕧",
+    "twelve_o’clock": "🕛",
+    "two-hump_camel": "🐫",
+    "two-thirty": "🕝",
+    "two_hearts": "💕",
+    "two_men_holding_hands": "👬",
+    "two_o’clock": "🕑",
+    "two_women_holding_hands": "👭",
+    "umbrella": "☂",
+    "umbrella_on_ground": "⛱",
+    "umbrella_with_rain_drops": "☔",
+    "unamused_face": "😒",
+    "unicorn_face": "🦄",
+    "unlocked": "🔓",
+    "up-down_arrow": "↕",
+    "up-left_arrow": "↖",
+    "up-right_arrow": "↗",
+    "up_arrow": "⬆",
+    "upside-down_face": "🙃",
+    "upwards_button": "🔼",
+    "vampire": "🧛",
+    "vampire_dark_skin_tone": "🧛🏿",
+    "vampire_light_skin_tone": "🧛🏻",
+    "vampire_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧛🏾",
+    "vampire_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧛🏼",
+    "vampire_medium_skin_tone": "🧛🏽",
+    "vertical_traffic_light": "🚦",
+    "vibration_mode": "📳",
+    "victory_hand": "✌",
+    "victory_hand_dark_skin_tone": "✌🏿",
+    "victory_hand_light_skin_tone": "✌🏻",
+    "victory_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "✌🏾",
+    "victory_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "✌🏼",
+    "victory_hand_medium_skin_tone": "✌🏽",
+    "video_camera": "📹",
+    "video_game": "🎮",
+    "videocassette": "📼",
+    "violin": "🎻",
+    "volcano": "🌋",
+    "volleyball": "🏐",
+    "vulcan_salute": "🖖",
+    "vulcan_salute_dark_skin_tone": "🖖🏿",
+    "vulcan_salute_light_skin_tone": "🖖🏻",
+    "vulcan_salute_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🖖🏾",
+    "vulcan_salute_medium-light_skin_tone": "🖖🏼",
+    "vulcan_salute_medium_skin_tone": "🖖🏽",
+    "waffle": "🧇",
+    "waning_crescent_moon": "🌘",
+    "waning_gibbous_moon": "🌖",
+    "warning": "⚠",
+    "wastebasket": "🗑",
+    "watch": "⌚",
+    "water_buffalo": "🐃",
+    "water_closet": "🚾",
+    "water_wave": "🌊",
+    "watermelon": "🍉",
+    "waving_hand": "👋",
+    "waving_hand_dark_skin_tone": "👋🏿",
+    "waving_hand_light_skin_tone": "👋🏻",
+    "waving_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👋🏾",
+    "waving_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "👋🏼",
+    "waving_hand_medium_skin_tone": "👋🏽",
+    "wavy_dash": "〰",
+    "waxing_crescent_moon": "🌒",
+    "waxing_gibbous_moon": "🌔",
+    "weary_cat_face": "🙀",
+    "weary_face": "😩",
+    "wedding": "💒",
+    "whale": "🐳",
+    "wheel_of_dharma": "☸",
+    "wheelchair_symbol": "♿",
+    "white_circle": "⚪",
+    "white_exclamation_mark": "❕",
+    "white_flag": "🏳",
+    "white_flower": "💮",
+    "white_hair": "🦳",
+    "white-haired_man": "👨\u200d🦳",
+    "white-haired_woman": "👩\u200d🦳",
+    "white_heart": "🤍",
+    "white_heavy_check_mark": "✅",
+    "white_large_square": "⬜",
+    "white_medium-small_square": "◽",
+    "white_medium_square": "◻",
+    "white_medium_star": "⭐",
+    "white_question_mark": "❔",
+    "white_small_square": "▫",
+    "white_square_button": "🔳",
+    "wilted_flower": "🥀",
+    "wind_chime": "🎐",
+    "wind_face": "🌬",
+    "wine_glass": "🍷",
+    "winking_face": "😉",
+    "winking_face_with_tongue": "😜",
+    "wolf_face": "🐺",
+    "woman": "👩",
+    "woman_artist": "👩\u200d🎨",
+    "woman_artist_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🎨",
+    "woman_artist_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🎨",
+    "woman_artist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🎨",
+    "woman_artist_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🎨",
+    "woman_artist_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🎨",
+    "woman_astronaut": "👩\u200d🚀",
+    "woman_astronaut_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🚀",
+    "woman_astronaut_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🚀",
+    "woman_astronaut_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🚀",
+    "woman_astronaut_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🚀",
+    "woman_astronaut_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🚀",
+    "woman_biking": "🚴\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_biking_dark_skin_tone": "🚴🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_biking_light_skin_tone": "🚴🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_biking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚴🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_biking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚴🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_biking_medium_skin_tone": "🚴🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bouncing_ball": "⛹️\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bouncing_ball_dark_skin_tone": "⛹🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bouncing_ball_light_skin_tone": "⛹🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bouncing_ball_medium-dark_skin_tone": "⛹🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bouncing_ball_medium-light_skin_tone": "⛹🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bouncing_ball_medium_skin_tone": "⛹🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bowing": "🙇\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bowing_dark_skin_tone": "🙇🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bowing_light_skin_tone": "🙇🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bowing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙇🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bowing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙇🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_bowing_medium_skin_tone": "🙇🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_cartwheeling": "🤸\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_cartwheeling_dark_skin_tone": "🤸🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_cartwheeling_light_skin_tone": "🤸🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_cartwheeling_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤸🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_cartwheeling_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤸🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_cartwheeling_medium_skin_tone": "🤸🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_climbing": "🧗\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_climbing_dark_skin_tone": "🧗🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_climbing_light_skin_tone": "🧗🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_climbing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧗🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_climbing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧗🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_climbing_medium_skin_tone": "🧗🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_construction_worker": "👷\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_construction_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👷🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_construction_worker_light_skin_tone": "👷🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_construction_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👷🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_construction_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👷🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_construction_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👷🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_cook": "👩\u200d🍳",
+    "woman_cook_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🍳",
+    "woman_cook_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🍳",
+    "woman_cook_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🍳",
+    "woman_cook_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🍳",
+    "woman_cook_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🍳",
+    "woman_dancing": "💃",
+    "woman_dancing_dark_skin_tone": "💃🏿",
+    "woman_dancing_light_skin_tone": "💃🏻",
+    "woman_dancing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💃🏾",
+    "woman_dancing_medium-light_skin_tone": "💃🏼",
+    "woman_dancing_medium_skin_tone": "💃🏽",
+    "woman_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿",
+    "woman_detective": "🕵️\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_detective_dark_skin_tone": "🕵🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_detective_light_skin_tone": "🕵🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_detective_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🕵🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_detective_medium-light_skin_tone": "🕵🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_detective_medium_skin_tone": "🕵🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_elf": "🧝\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_elf_dark_skin_tone": "🧝🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_elf_light_skin_tone": "🧝🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_elf_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧝🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_elf_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧝🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_elf_medium_skin_tone": "🧝🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_facepalming": "🤦\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_facepalming_dark_skin_tone": "🤦🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_facepalming_light_skin_tone": "🤦🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_facepalming_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤦🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_facepalming_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤦🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_facepalming_medium_skin_tone": "🤦🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_factory_worker": "👩\u200d🏭",
+    "woman_factory_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🏭",
+    "woman_factory_worker_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🏭",
+    "woman_factory_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🏭",
+    "woman_factory_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🏭",
+    "woman_factory_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🏭",
+    "woman_fairy": "🧚\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_fairy_dark_skin_tone": "🧚🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_fairy_light_skin_tone": "🧚🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_fairy_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧚🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_fairy_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧚🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_fairy_medium_skin_tone": "🧚🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_farmer": "👩\u200d🌾",
+    "woman_farmer_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🌾",
+    "woman_farmer_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🌾",
+    "woman_farmer_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🌾",
+    "woman_farmer_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🌾",
+    "woman_farmer_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🌾",
+    "woman_firefighter": "👩\u200d🚒",
+    "woman_firefighter_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🚒",
+    "woman_firefighter_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🚒",
+    "woman_firefighter_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🚒",
+    "woman_firefighter_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🚒",
+    "woman_firefighter_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🚒",
+    "woman_frowning": "🙍\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_frowning_dark_skin_tone": "🙍🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_frowning_light_skin_tone": "🙍🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_frowning_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙍🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_frowning_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙍🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_frowning_medium_skin_tone": "🙍🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_genie": "🧞\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_no": "🙅\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_no_dark_skin_tone": "🙅🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_no_light_skin_tone": "🙅🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_no_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙅🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_no_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙅🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_no_medium_skin_tone": "🙅🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_ok": "🙆\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_ok_dark_skin_tone": "🙆🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_ok_light_skin_tone": "🙆🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_ok_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙆🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_ok_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙆🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_gesturing_ok_medium_skin_tone": "🙆🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_haircut": "💇\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_haircut_dark_skin_tone": "💇🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_haircut_light_skin_tone": "💇🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_haircut_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💇🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_haircut_medium-light_skin_tone": "💇🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_haircut_medium_skin_tone": "💇🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_massage": "💆\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_massage_dark_skin_tone": "💆🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_massage_light_skin_tone": "💆🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_massage_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💆🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_massage_medium-light_skin_tone": "💆🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_getting_massage_medium_skin_tone": "💆🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_golfing": "🏌️\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_golfing_dark_skin_tone": "🏌🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_golfing_light_skin_tone": "🏌🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_golfing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏌🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_golfing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏌🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_golfing_medium_skin_tone": "🏌🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_guard": "💂\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_guard_dark_skin_tone": "💂🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_guard_light_skin_tone": "💂🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_guard_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💂🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_guard_medium-light_skin_tone": "💂🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_guard_medium_skin_tone": "💂🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_health_worker": "👩\u200d⚕️",
+    "woman_health_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d⚕️",
+    "woman_health_worker_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d⚕️",
+    "woman_health_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d⚕️",
+    "woman_health_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d⚕️",
+    "woman_health_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d⚕️",
+    "woman_in_lotus_position": "🧘\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_lotus_position_dark_skin_tone": "🧘🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_lotus_position_light_skin_tone": "🧘🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_lotus_position_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧘🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_lotus_position_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧘🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_lotus_position_medium_skin_tone": "🧘🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_manual_wheelchair": "👩\u200d🦽",
+    "woman_in_motorized_wheelchair": "👩\u200d🦼",
+    "woman_in_steamy_room": "🧖\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_steamy_room_dark_skin_tone": "🧖🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_steamy_room_light_skin_tone": "🧖🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_steamy_room_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧖🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_steamy_room_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧖🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_in_steamy_room_medium_skin_tone": "🧖🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_judge": "👩\u200d⚖️",
+    "woman_judge_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d⚖️",
+    "woman_judge_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d⚖️",
+    "woman_judge_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d⚖️",
+    "woman_judge_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d⚖️",
+    "woman_judge_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d⚖️",
+    "woman_juggling": "🤹\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_juggling_dark_skin_tone": "🤹🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_juggling_light_skin_tone": "🤹🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_juggling_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤹🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_juggling_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤹🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_juggling_medium_skin_tone": "🤹🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_lifting_weights": "🏋️\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_lifting_weights_dark_skin_tone": "🏋🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_lifting_weights_light_skin_tone": "🏋🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_lifting_weights_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏋🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_lifting_weights_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏋🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_lifting_weights_medium_skin_tone": "🏋🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻",
+    "woman_mage": "🧙\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mage_dark_skin_tone": "🧙🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mage_light_skin_tone": "🧙🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mage_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧙🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mage_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧙🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mage_medium_skin_tone": "🧙🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mechanic": "👩\u200d🔧",
+    "woman_mechanic_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🔧",
+    "woman_mechanic_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🔧",
+    "woman_mechanic_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🔧",
+    "woman_mechanic_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🔧",
+    "woman_mechanic_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🔧",
+    "woman_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾",
+    "woman_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼",
+    "woman_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽",
+    "woman_mountain_biking": "🚵\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mountain_biking_dark_skin_tone": "🚵🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mountain_biking_light_skin_tone": "🚵🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mountain_biking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚵🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mountain_biking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚵🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_mountain_biking_medium_skin_tone": "🚵🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_office_worker": "👩\u200d💼",
+    "woman_office_worker_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d💼",
+    "woman_office_worker_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d💼",
+    "woman_office_worker_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d💼",
+    "woman_office_worker_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d💼",
+    "woman_office_worker_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d💼",
+    "woman_pilot": "👩\u200d✈️",
+    "woman_pilot_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d✈️",
+    "woman_pilot_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d✈️",
+    "woman_pilot_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d✈️",
+    "woman_pilot_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d✈️",
+    "woman_pilot_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d✈️",
+    "woman_playing_handball": "🤾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_handball_dark_skin_tone": "🤾🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_handball_light_skin_tone": "🤾🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_handball_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤾🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_handball_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤾🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_handball_medium_skin_tone": "🤾🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_water_polo": "🤽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_water_polo_dark_skin_tone": "🤽🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_water_polo_light_skin_tone": "🤽🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_water_polo_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤽🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_water_polo_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤽🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_playing_water_polo_medium_skin_tone": "🤽🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_police_officer": "👮\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_police_officer_dark_skin_tone": "👮🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_police_officer_light_skin_tone": "👮🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_police_officer_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👮🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_police_officer_medium-light_skin_tone": "👮🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_police_officer_medium_skin_tone": "👮🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_pouting": "🙎\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_pouting_dark_skin_tone": "🙎🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_pouting_light_skin_tone": "🙎🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_pouting_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙎🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_pouting_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙎🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_pouting_medium_skin_tone": "🙎🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_raising_hand": "🙋\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_raising_hand_dark_skin_tone": "🙋🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_raising_hand_light_skin_tone": "🙋🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_raising_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🙋🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_raising_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "🙋🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_raising_hand_medium_skin_tone": "🙋🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_rowing_boat": "🚣\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_rowing_boat_dark_skin_tone": "🚣🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_rowing_boat_light_skin_tone": "🚣🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_rowing_boat_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚣🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_rowing_boat_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚣🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_rowing_boat_medium_skin_tone": "🚣🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_running": "🏃\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_running_dark_skin_tone": "🏃🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_running_light_skin_tone": "🏃🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_running_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏃🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_running_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏃🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_running_medium_skin_tone": "🏃🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_scientist": "👩\u200d🔬",
+    "woman_scientist_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🔬",
+    "woman_scientist_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🔬",
+    "woman_scientist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🔬",
+    "woman_scientist_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🔬",
+    "woman_scientist_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🔬",
+    "woman_shrugging": "🤷\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_shrugging_dark_skin_tone": "🤷🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_shrugging_light_skin_tone": "🤷🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_shrugging_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🤷🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_shrugging_medium-light_skin_tone": "🤷🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_shrugging_medium_skin_tone": "🤷🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_singer": "👩\u200d🎤",
+    "woman_singer_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🎤",
+    "woman_singer_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🎤",
+    "woman_singer_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🎤",
+    "woman_singer_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🎤",
+    "woman_singer_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🎤",
+    "woman_student": "👩\u200d🎓",
+    "woman_student_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🎓",
+    "woman_student_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🎓",
+    "woman_student_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🎓",
+    "woman_student_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🎓",
+    "woman_student_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🎓",
+    "woman_surfing": "🏄\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_surfing_dark_skin_tone": "🏄🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_surfing_light_skin_tone": "🏄🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_surfing_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏄🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_surfing_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏄🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_surfing_medium_skin_tone": "🏄🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_swimming": "🏊\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_swimming_dark_skin_tone": "🏊🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_swimming_light_skin_tone": "🏊🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_swimming_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🏊🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_swimming_medium-light_skin_tone": "🏊🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_swimming_medium_skin_tone": "🏊🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_teacher": "👩\u200d🏫",
+    "woman_teacher_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d🏫",
+    "woman_teacher_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d🏫",
+    "woman_teacher_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d🏫",
+    "woman_teacher_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d🏫",
+    "woman_teacher_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d🏫",
+    "woman_technologist": "👩\u200d💻",
+    "woman_technologist_dark_skin_tone": "👩🏿\u200d💻",
+    "woman_technologist_light_skin_tone": "👩🏻\u200d💻",
+    "woman_technologist_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👩🏾\u200d💻",
+    "woman_technologist_medium-light_skin_tone": "👩🏼\u200d💻",
+    "woman_technologist_medium_skin_tone": "👩🏽\u200d💻",
+    "woman_tipping_hand": "💁\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_tipping_hand_dark_skin_tone": "💁🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_tipping_hand_light_skin_tone": "💁🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_tipping_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "💁🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_tipping_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "💁🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_tipping_hand_medium_skin_tone": "💁🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_vampire": "🧛\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_vampire_dark_skin_tone": "🧛🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_vampire_light_skin_tone": "🧛🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_vampire_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧛🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_vampire_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧛🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_vampire_medium_skin_tone": "🧛🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_walking": "🚶\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_walking_dark_skin_tone": "🚶🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_walking_light_skin_tone": "🚶🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_walking_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🚶🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_walking_medium-light_skin_tone": "🚶🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_walking_medium_skin_tone": "🚶🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_wearing_turban": "👳\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_wearing_turban_dark_skin_tone": "👳🏿\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_wearing_turban_light_skin_tone": "👳🏻\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_wearing_turban_medium-dark_skin_tone": "👳🏾\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_wearing_turban_medium-light_skin_tone": "👳🏼\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_wearing_turban_medium_skin_tone": "👳🏽\u200d♀️",
+    "woman_with_headscarf": "🧕",
+    "woman_with_headscarf_dark_skin_tone": "🧕🏿",
+    "woman_with_headscarf_light_skin_tone": "🧕🏻",
+    "woman_with_headscarf_medium-dark_skin_tone": "🧕🏾",
+    "woman_with_headscarf_medium-light_skin_tone": "🧕🏼",
+    "woman_with_headscarf_medium_skin_tone": "🧕🏽",
+    "woman_with_probing_cane": "👩\u200d🦯",
+    "woman_zombie": "🧟\u200d♀️",
+    "woman’s_boot": "👢",
+    "woman’s_clothes": "👚",
+    "woman’s_hat": "👒",
+    "woman’s_sandal": "👡",
+    "women_with_bunny_ears": "👯\u200d♀️",
+    "women_wrestling": "🤼\u200d♀️",
+    "women’s_room": "🚺",
+    "woozy_face": "🥴",
+    "world_map": "🗺",
+    "worried_face": "😟",
+    "wrapped_gift": "🎁",
+    "wrench": "🔧",
+    "writing_hand": "✍",
+    "writing_hand_dark_skin_tone": "✍🏿",
+    "writing_hand_light_skin_tone": "✍🏻",
+    "writing_hand_medium-dark_skin_tone": "✍🏾",
+    "writing_hand_medium-light_skin_tone": "✍🏼",
+    "writing_hand_medium_skin_tone": "✍🏽",
+    "yarn": "🧶",
+    "yawning_face": "🥱",
+    "yellow_circle": "🟡",
+    "yellow_heart": "💛",
+    "yellow_square": "🟨",
+    "yen_banknote": "💴",
+    "yo-yo": "🪀",
+    "yin_yang": "☯",
+    "zany_face": "🤪",
+    "zebra": "🦓",
+    "zipper-mouth_face": "🤐",
+    "zombie": "🧟",
+    "zzz": "💤",
+    "åland_islands": "🇦🇽",
+    "keycap_asterisk": "*⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_eight": "8⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_five": "5⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_four": "4⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_nine": "9⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_one": "1⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_seven": "7⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_six": "6⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_three": "3⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_two": "2⃣",
+    "keycap_digit_zero": "0⃣",
+    "keycap_number_sign": "#⃣",
+    "light_skin_tone": "🏻",
+    "medium_light_skin_tone": "🏼",
+    "medium_skin_tone": "🏽",
+    "medium_dark_skin_tone": "🏾",
+    "dark_skin_tone": "🏿",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_a": "🇦",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_b": "🇧",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_c": "🇨",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_d": "🇩",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_e": "🇪",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_f": "🇫",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_g": "🇬",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_h": "🇭",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_i": "🇮",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_j": "🇯",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_k": "🇰",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_l": "🇱",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_m": "🇲",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_n": "🇳",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_o": "🇴",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_p": "🇵",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_q": "🇶",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_r": "🇷",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_s": "🇸",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_t": "🇹",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_u": "🇺",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_v": "🇻",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_w": "🇼",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_x": "🇽",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_y": "🇾",
+    "regional_indicator_symbol_letter_z": "🇿",
+    "airplane_arriving": "🛬",
+    "space_invader": "👾",
+    "football": "🏈",
+    "anger": "💢",
+    "angry": "😠",
+    "anguished": "😧",
+    "signal_strength": "📶",
+    "arrows_counterclockwise": "🔄",
+    "arrow_heading_down": "⤵",
+    "arrow_heading_up": "⤴",
+    "art": "🎨",
+    "astonished": "😲",
+    "athletic_shoe": "👟",
+    "atm": "🏧",
+    "car": "🚗",
+    "red_car": "🚗",
+    "angel": "👼",
+    "back": "🔙",
+    "badminton_racquet_and_shuttlecock": "🏸",
+    "dollar": "💵",
+    "euro": "💶",
+    "pound": "💷",
+    "yen": "💴",
+    "barber": "💈",
+    "bath": "🛀",
+    "bear": "🐻",
+    "heartbeat": "💓",
+    "beer": "🍺",
+    "no_bell": "🔕",
+    "bento": "🍱",
+    "bike": "🚲",
+    "bicyclist": "🚴",
+    "8ball": "🎱",
+    "biohazard_sign": "☣",
+    "birthday": "🎂",
+    "black_circle_for_record": "⏺",
+    "clubs": "♣",
+    "diamonds": "♦",
+    "arrow_double_down": "⏬",
+    "hearts": "♥",
+    "rewind": "⏪",
+    "black_left__pointing_double_triangle_with_vertical_bar": "⏮",
+    "arrow_backward": "◀",
+    "black_medium_small_square": "◾",
+    "question": "❓",
+    "fast_forward": "⏩",
+    "black_right__pointing_double_triangle_with_vertical_bar": "⏭",
+    "arrow_forward": "▶",
+    "black_right__pointing_triangle_with_double_vertical_bar": "⏯",
+    "arrow_right": "➡",
+    "spades": "♠",
+    "black_square_for_stop": "⏹",
+    "sunny": "☀",
+    "phone": "☎",
+    "recycle": "♻",
+    "arrow_double_up": "⏫",
+    "busstop": "🚏",
+    "date": "📅",
+    "flags": "🎏",
+    "cat2": "🐈",
+    "joy_cat": "😹",
+    "smirk_cat": "😼",
+    "chart_with_downwards_trend": "📉",
+    "chart_with_upwards_trend": "📈",
+    "chart": "💹",
+    "mega": "📣",
+    "checkered_flag": "🏁",
+    "accept": "🉑",
+    "ideograph_advantage": "🉐",
+    "congratulations": "㊗",
+    "secret": "㊙",
+    "m": "Ⓜ",
+    "city_sunset": "🌆",
+    "clapper": "🎬",
+    "clap": "👏",
+    "beers": "🍻",
+    "clock830": "🕣",
+    "clock8": "🕗",
+    "clock1130": "🕦",
+    "clock11": "🕚",
+    "clock530": "🕠",
+    "clock5": "🕔",
+    "clock430": "🕟",
+    "clock4": "🕓",
+    "clock930": "🕤",
+    "clock9": "🕘",
+    "clock130": "🕜",
+    "clock1": "🕐",
+    "clock730": "🕢",
+    "clock7": "🕖",
+    "clock630": "🕡",
+    "clock6": "🕕",
+    "clock1030": "🕥",
+    "clock10": "🕙",
+    "clock330": "🕞",
+    "clock3": "🕒",
+    "clock1230": "🕧",
+    "clock12": "🕛",
+    "clock230": "🕝",
+    "clock2": "🕑",
+    "arrows_clockwise": "🔃",
+    "repeat": "🔁",
+    "repeat_one": "🔂",
+    "closed_lock_with_key": "🔐",
+    "mailbox_closed": "📪",
+    "mailbox": "📫",
+    "cloud_with_tornado": "🌪",
+    "cocktail": "🍸",
+    "boom": "💥",
+    "compression": "🗜",
+    "confounded": "😖",
+    "confused": "😕",
+    "rice": "🍚",
+    "cow2": "🐄",
+    "cricket_bat_and_ball": "🏏",
+    "x": "❌",
+    "cry": "😢",
+    "curry": "🍛",
+    "dagger_knife": "🗡",
+    "dancer": "💃",
+    "dark_sunglasses": "🕶",
+    "dash": "💨",
+    "truck": "🚚",
+    "derelict_house_building": "🏚",
+    "diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside": "💠",
+    "dart": "🎯",
+    "disappointed_relieved": "😥",
+    "disappointed": "😞",
+    "do_not_litter": "🚯",
+    "dog2": "🐕",
+    "flipper": "🐬",
+    "loop": "➿",
+    "bangbang": "‼",
+    "double_vertical_bar": "⏸",
+    "dove_of_peace": "🕊",
+    "small_red_triangle_down": "🔻",
+    "arrow_down_small": "🔽",
+    "arrow_down": "⬇",
+    "dromedary_camel": "🐪",
+    "e__mail": "📧",
+    "corn": "🌽",
+    "ear_of_rice": "🌾",
+    "earth_americas": "🌎",
+    "earth_asia": "🌏",
+    "earth_africa": "🌍",
+    "eight_pointed_black_star": "✴",
+    "eight_spoked_asterisk": "✳",
+    "eject_symbol": "⏏",
+    "bulb": "💡",
+    "emoji_modifier_fitzpatrick_type__1__2": "🏻",
+    "emoji_modifier_fitzpatrick_type__3": "🏼",
+    "emoji_modifier_fitzpatrick_type__4": "🏽",
+    "emoji_modifier_fitzpatrick_type__5": "🏾",
+    "emoji_modifier_fitzpatrick_type__6": "🏿",
+    "end": "🔚",
+    "email": "✉",
+    "european_castle": "🏰",
+    "european_post_office": "🏤",
+    "interrobang": "⁉",
+    "expressionless": "😑",
+    "eyeglasses": "👓",
+    "massage": "💆",
+    "yum": "😋",
+    "scream": "😱",
+    "kissing_heart": "😘",
+    "sweat": "😓",
+    "face_with_head__bandage": "🤕",
+    "triumph": "😤",
+    "mask": "😷",
+    "no_good": "🙅",
+    "ok_woman": "🙆",
+    "open_mouth": "😮",
+    "cold_sweat": "😰",
+    "stuck_out_tongue": "😛",
+    "stuck_out_tongue_closed_eyes": "😝",
+    "stuck_out_tongue_winking_eye": "😜",
+    "joy": "😂",
+    "no_mouth": "😶",
+    "santa": "🎅",
+    "fax": "📠",
+    "fearful": "😨",
+    "field_hockey_stick_and_ball": "🏑",
+    "first_quarter_moon_with_face": "🌛",
+    "fish_cake": "🍥",
+    "fishing_pole_and_fish": "🎣",
+    "facepunch": "👊",
+    "punch": "👊",
+    "flag_for_afghanistan": "🇦🇫",
+    "flag_for_albania": "🇦🇱",
+    "flag_for_algeria": "🇩🇿",
+    "flag_for_american_samoa": "🇦🇸",
+    "flag_for_andorra": "🇦🇩",
+    "flag_for_angola": "🇦🇴",
+    "flag_for_anguilla": "🇦🇮",
+    "flag_for_antarctica": "🇦🇶",
+    "flag_for_antigua_&_barbuda": "🇦🇬",
+    "flag_for_argentina": "🇦🇷",
+    "flag_for_armenia": "🇦🇲",
+    "flag_for_aruba": "🇦🇼",
+    "flag_for_ascension_island": "🇦🇨",
+    "flag_for_australia": "🇦🇺",
+    "flag_for_austria": "🇦🇹",
+    "flag_for_azerbaijan": "🇦🇿",
+    "flag_for_bahamas": "🇧🇸",
+    "flag_for_bahrain": "🇧🇭",
+    "flag_for_bangladesh": "🇧🇩",
+    "flag_for_barbados": "🇧🇧",
+    "flag_for_belarus": "🇧🇾",
+    "flag_for_belgium": "🇧🇪",
+    "flag_for_belize": "🇧🇿",
+    "flag_for_benin": "🇧🇯",
+    "flag_for_bermuda": "🇧🇲",
+    "flag_for_bhutan": "🇧🇹",
+    "flag_for_bolivia": "🇧🇴",
+    "flag_for_bosnia_&_herzegovina": "🇧🇦",
+    "flag_for_botswana": "🇧🇼",
+    "flag_for_bouvet_island": "🇧🇻",
+    "flag_for_brazil": "🇧🇷",
+    "flag_for_british_indian_ocean_territory": "🇮🇴",
+    "flag_for_british_virgin_islands": "🇻🇬",
+    "flag_for_brunei": "🇧🇳",
+    "flag_for_bulgaria": "🇧🇬",
+    "flag_for_burkina_faso": "🇧🇫",
+    "flag_for_burundi": "🇧🇮",
+    "flag_for_cambodia": "🇰🇭",
+    "flag_for_cameroon": "🇨🇲",
+    "flag_for_canada": "🇨🇦",
+    "flag_for_canary_islands": "🇮🇨",
+    "flag_for_cape_verde": "🇨🇻",
+    "flag_for_caribbean_netherlands": "🇧🇶",
+    "flag_for_cayman_islands": "🇰🇾",
+    "flag_for_central_african_republic": "🇨🇫",
+    "flag_for_ceuta_&_melilla": "🇪🇦",
+    "flag_for_chad": "🇹🇩",
+    "flag_for_chile": "🇨🇱",
+    "flag_for_china": "🇨🇳",
+    "flag_for_christmas_island": "🇨🇽",
+    "flag_for_clipperton_island": "🇨🇵",
+    "flag_for_cocos__islands": "🇨🇨",
+    "flag_for_colombia": "🇨🇴",
+    "flag_for_comoros": "🇰🇲",
+    "flag_for_congo____brazzaville": "🇨🇬",
+    "flag_for_congo____kinshasa": "🇨🇩",
+    "flag_for_cook_islands": "🇨🇰",
+    "flag_for_costa_rica": "🇨🇷",
+    "flag_for_croatia": "🇭🇷",
+    "flag_for_cuba": "🇨🇺",
+    "flag_for_curaçao": "🇨🇼",
+    "flag_for_cyprus": "🇨🇾",
+    "flag_for_czech_republic": "🇨🇿",
+    "flag_for_côte_d’ivoire": "🇨🇮",
+    "flag_for_denmark": "🇩🇰",
+    "flag_for_diego_garcia": "🇩🇬",
+    "flag_for_djibouti": "🇩🇯",
+    "flag_for_dominica": "🇩🇲",
+    "flag_for_dominican_republic": "🇩🇴",
+    "flag_for_ecuador": "🇪🇨",
+    "flag_for_egypt": "🇪🇬",
+    "flag_for_el_salvador": "🇸🇻",
+    "flag_for_equatorial_guinea": "🇬🇶",
+    "flag_for_eritrea": "🇪🇷",
+    "flag_for_estonia": "🇪🇪",
+    "flag_for_ethiopia": "🇪🇹",
+    "flag_for_european_union": "🇪🇺",
+    "flag_for_falkland_islands": "🇫🇰",
+    "flag_for_faroe_islands": "🇫🇴",
+    "flag_for_fiji": "🇫🇯",
+    "flag_for_finland": "🇫🇮",
+    "flag_for_france": "🇫🇷",
+    "flag_for_french_guiana": "🇬🇫",
+    "flag_for_french_polynesia": "🇵🇫",
+    "flag_for_french_southern_territories": "🇹🇫",
+    "flag_for_gabon": "🇬🇦",
+    "flag_for_gambia": "🇬🇲",
+    "flag_for_georgia": "🇬🇪",
+    "flag_for_germany": "🇩🇪",
+    "flag_for_ghana": "🇬🇭",
+    "flag_for_gibraltar": "🇬🇮",
+    "flag_for_greece": "🇬🇷",
+    "flag_for_greenland": "🇬🇱",
+    "flag_for_grenada": "🇬🇩",
+    "flag_for_guadeloupe": "🇬🇵",
+    "flag_for_guam": "🇬🇺",
+    "flag_for_guatemala": "🇬🇹",
+    "flag_for_guernsey": "🇬🇬",
+    "flag_for_guinea": "🇬🇳",
+    "flag_for_guinea__bissau": "🇬🇼",
+    "flag_for_guyana": "🇬🇾",
+    "flag_for_haiti": "🇭🇹",
+    "flag_for_heard_&_mcdonald_islands": "🇭🇲",
+    "flag_for_honduras": "🇭🇳",
+    "flag_for_hong_kong": "🇭🇰",
+    "flag_for_hungary": "🇭🇺",
+    "flag_for_iceland": "🇮🇸",
+    "flag_for_india": "🇮🇳",
+    "flag_for_indonesia": "🇮🇩",
+    "flag_for_iran": "🇮🇷",
+    "flag_for_iraq": "🇮🇶",
+    "flag_for_ireland": "🇮🇪",
+    "flag_for_isle_of_man": "🇮🇲",
+    "flag_for_israel": "🇮🇱",
+    "flag_for_italy": "🇮🇹",
+    "flag_for_jamaica": "🇯🇲",
+    "flag_for_japan": "🇯🇵",
+    "flag_for_jersey": "🇯🇪",
+    "flag_for_jordan": "🇯🇴",
+    "flag_for_kazakhstan": "🇰🇿",
+    "flag_for_kenya": "🇰🇪",
+    "flag_for_kiribati": "🇰🇮",
+    "flag_for_kosovo": "🇽🇰",
+    "flag_for_kuwait": "🇰🇼",
+    "flag_for_kyrgyzstan": "🇰🇬",
+    "flag_for_laos": "🇱🇦",
+    "flag_for_latvia": "🇱🇻",
+    "flag_for_lebanon": "🇱🇧",
+    "flag_for_lesotho": "🇱🇸",
+    "flag_for_liberia": "🇱🇷",
+    "flag_for_libya": "🇱🇾",
+    "flag_for_liechtenstein": "🇱🇮",
+    "flag_for_lithuania": "🇱🇹",
+    "flag_for_luxembourg": "🇱🇺",
+    "flag_for_macau": "🇲🇴",
+    "flag_for_macedonia": "🇲🇰",
+    "flag_for_madagascar": "🇲🇬",
+    "flag_for_malawi": "🇲🇼",
+    "flag_for_malaysia": "🇲🇾",
+    "flag_for_maldives": "🇲🇻",
+    "flag_for_mali": "🇲🇱",
+    "flag_for_malta": "🇲🇹",
+    "flag_for_marshall_islands": "🇲🇭",
+    "flag_for_martinique": "🇲🇶",
+    "flag_for_mauritania": "🇲🇷",
+    "flag_for_mauritius": "🇲🇺",
+    "flag_for_mayotte": "🇾🇹",
+    "flag_for_mexico": "🇲🇽",
+    "flag_for_micronesia": "🇫🇲",
+    "flag_for_moldova": "🇲🇩",
+    "flag_for_monaco": "🇲🇨",
+    "flag_for_mongolia": "🇲🇳",
+    "flag_for_montenegro": "🇲🇪",
+    "flag_for_montserrat": "🇲🇸",
+    "flag_for_morocco": "🇲🇦",
+    "flag_for_mozambique": "🇲🇿",
+    "flag_for_myanmar": "🇲🇲",
+    "flag_for_namibia": "🇳🇦",
+    "flag_for_nauru": "🇳🇷",
+    "flag_for_nepal": "🇳🇵",
+    "flag_for_netherlands": "🇳🇱",
+    "flag_for_new_caledonia": "🇳🇨",
+    "flag_for_new_zealand": "🇳🇿",
+    "flag_for_nicaragua": "🇳🇮",
+    "flag_for_niger": "🇳🇪",
+    "flag_for_nigeria": "🇳🇬",
+    "flag_for_niue": "🇳🇺",
+    "flag_for_norfolk_island": "🇳🇫",
+    "flag_for_north_korea": "🇰🇵",
+    "flag_for_northern_mariana_islands": "🇲🇵",
+    "flag_for_norway": "🇳🇴",
+    "flag_for_oman": "🇴🇲",
+    "flag_for_pakistan": "🇵🇰",
+    "flag_for_palau": "🇵🇼",
+    "flag_for_palestinian_territories": "🇵🇸",
+    "flag_for_panama": "🇵🇦",
+    "flag_for_papua_new_guinea": "🇵🇬",
+    "flag_for_paraguay": "🇵🇾",
+    "flag_for_peru": "🇵🇪",
+    "flag_for_philippines": "🇵🇭",
+    "flag_for_pitcairn_islands": "🇵🇳",
+    "flag_for_poland": "🇵🇱",
+    "flag_for_portugal": "🇵🇹",
+    "flag_for_puerto_rico": "🇵🇷",
+    "flag_for_qatar": "🇶🇦",
+    "flag_for_romania": "🇷🇴",
+    "flag_for_russia": "🇷🇺",
+    "flag_for_rwanda": "🇷🇼",
+    "flag_for_réunion": "🇷🇪",
+    "flag_for_samoa": "🇼🇸",
+    "flag_for_san_marino": "🇸🇲",
+    "flag_for_saudi_arabia": "🇸🇦",
+    "flag_for_senegal": "🇸🇳",
+    "flag_for_serbia": "🇷🇸",
+    "flag_for_seychelles": "🇸🇨",
+    "flag_for_sierra_leone": "🇸🇱",
+    "flag_for_singapore": "🇸🇬",
+    "flag_for_sint_maarten": "🇸🇽",
+    "flag_for_slovakia": "🇸🇰",
+    "flag_for_slovenia": "🇸🇮",
+    "flag_for_solomon_islands": "🇸🇧",
+    "flag_for_somalia": "🇸🇴",
+    "flag_for_south_africa": "🇿🇦",
+    "flag_for_south_georgia_&_south_sandwich_islands": "🇬🇸",
+    "flag_for_south_korea": "🇰🇷",
+    "flag_for_south_sudan": "🇸🇸",
+    "flag_for_spain": "🇪🇸",
+    "flag_for_sri_lanka": "🇱🇰",
+    "flag_for_st._barthélemy": "🇧🇱",
+    "flag_for_st._helena": "🇸🇭",
+    "flag_for_st._kitts_&_nevis": "🇰🇳",
+    "flag_for_st._lucia": "🇱🇨",
+    "flag_for_st._martin": "🇲🇫",
+    "flag_for_st._pierre_&_miquelon": "🇵🇲",
+    "flag_for_st._vincent_&_grenadines": "🇻🇨",
+    "flag_for_sudan": "🇸🇩",
+    "flag_for_suriname": "🇸🇷",
+    "flag_for_svalbard_&_jan_mayen": "🇸🇯",
+    "flag_for_swaziland": "🇸🇿",
+    "flag_for_sweden": "🇸🇪",
+    "flag_for_switzerland": "🇨🇭",
+    "flag_for_syria": "🇸🇾",
+    "flag_for_são_tomé_&_príncipe": "🇸🇹",
+    "flag_for_taiwan": "🇹🇼",
+    "flag_for_tajikistan": "🇹🇯",
+    "flag_for_tanzania": "🇹🇿",
+    "flag_for_thailand": "🇹🇭",
+    "flag_for_timor__leste": "🇹🇱",
+    "flag_for_togo": "🇹🇬",
+    "flag_for_tokelau": "🇹🇰",
+    "flag_for_tonga": "🇹🇴",
+    "flag_for_trinidad_&_tobago": "🇹🇹",
+    "flag_for_tristan_da_cunha": "🇹🇦",
+    "flag_for_tunisia": "🇹🇳",
+    "flag_for_turkey": "🇹🇷",
+    "flag_for_turkmenistan": "🇹🇲",
+    "flag_for_turks_&_caicos_islands": "🇹🇨",
+    "flag_for_tuvalu": "🇹🇻",
+    "flag_for_u.s._outlying_islands": "🇺🇲",
+    "flag_for_u.s._virgin_islands": "🇻🇮",
+    "flag_for_uganda": "🇺🇬",
+    "flag_for_ukraine": "🇺🇦",
+    "flag_for_united_arab_emirates": "🇦🇪",
+    "flag_for_united_kingdom": "🇬🇧",
+    "flag_for_united_states": "🇺🇸",
+    "flag_for_uruguay": "🇺🇾",
+    "flag_for_uzbekistan": "🇺🇿",
+    "flag_for_vanuatu": "🇻🇺",
+    "flag_for_vatican_city": "🇻🇦",
+    "flag_for_venezuela": "🇻🇪",
+    "flag_for_vietnam": "🇻🇳",
+    "flag_for_wallis_&_futuna": "🇼🇫",
+    "flag_for_western_sahara": "🇪🇭",
+    "flag_for_yemen": "🇾🇪",
+    "flag_for_zambia": "🇿🇲",
+    "flag_for_zimbabwe": "🇿🇼",
+    "flag_for_åland_islands": "🇦🇽",
+    "golf": "⛳",
+    "fleur__de__lis": "⚜",
+    "muscle": "💪",
+    "flushed": "😳",
+    "frame_with_picture": "🖼",
+    "fries": "🍟",
+    "frog": "🐸",
+    "hatched_chick": "🐥",
+    "frowning": "😦",
+    "fuelpump": "⛽",
+    "full_moon_with_face": "🌝",
+    "gem": "💎",
+    "star2": "🌟",
+    "golfer": "🏌",
+    "mortar_board": "🎓",
+    "grimacing": "😬",
+    "smile_cat": "😸",
+    "grinning": "😀",
+    "grin": "😁",
+    "heartpulse": "💗",
+    "guardsman": "💂",
+    "haircut": "💇",
+    "hamster": "🐹",
+    "raising_hand": "🙋",
+    "headphones": "🎧",
+    "hear_no_evil": "🙉",
+    "cupid": "💘",
+    "gift_heart": "💝",
+    "heart": "❤",
+    "exclamation": "❗",
+    "heavy_exclamation_mark": "❗",
+    "heavy_heart_exclamation_mark_ornament": "❣",
+    "o": "⭕",
+    "helm_symbol": "⎈",
+    "helmet_with_white_cross": "⛑",
+    "high_heel": "👠",
+    "bullettrain_side": "🚄",
+    "bullettrain_front": "🚅",
+    "high_brightness": "🔆",
+    "zap": "⚡",
+    "hocho": "🔪",
+    "knife": "🔪",
+    "bee": "🐝",
+    "traffic_light": "🚥",
+    "racehorse": "🐎",
+    "coffee": "☕",
+    "hotsprings": "♨",
+    "hourglass": "⌛",
+    "hourglass_flowing_sand": "⏳",
+    "house_buildings": "🏘",
+    "100": "💯",
+    "hushed": "😯",
+    "ice_hockey_stick_and_puck": "🏒",
+    "imp": "👿",
+    "information_desk_person": "💁",
+    "information_source": "ℹ",
+    "capital_abcd": "🔠",
+    "abc": "🔤",
+    "abcd": "🔡",
+    "1234": "🔢",
+    "symbols": "🔣",
+    "izakaya_lantern": "🏮",
+    "lantern": "🏮",
+    "jack_o_lantern": "🎃",
+    "dolls": "🎎",
+    "japanese_goblin": "👺",
+    "japanese_ogre": "👹",
+    "beginner": "🔰",
+    "zero": "0️⃣",
+    "one": "1️⃣",
+    "ten": "🔟",
+    "two": "2️⃣",
+    "three": "3️⃣",
+    "four": "4️⃣",
+    "five": "5️⃣",
+    "six": "6️⃣",
+    "seven": "7️⃣",
+    "eight": "8️⃣",
+    "nine": "9️⃣",
+    "couplekiss": "💏",
+    "kissing_cat": "😽",
+    "kissing": "😗",
+    "kissing_closed_eyes": "😚",
+    "kissing_smiling_eyes": "😙",
+    "beetle": "🐞",
+    "large_blue_circle": "🔵",
+    "last_quarter_moon_with_face": "🌜",
+    "leaves": "🍃",
+    "mag": "🔍",
+    "left_right_arrow": "↔",
+    "leftwards_arrow_with_hook": "↩",
+    "arrow_left": "⬅",
+    "lock": "🔒",
+    "lock_with_ink_pen": "🔏",
+    "sob": "😭",
+    "low_brightness": "🔅",
+    "lower_left_ballpoint_pen": "🖊",
+    "lower_left_crayon": "🖍",
+    "lower_left_fountain_pen": "🖋",
+    "lower_left_paintbrush": "🖌",
+    "mahjong": "🀄",
+    "couple": "👫",
+    "man_in_business_suit_levitating": "🕴",
+    "man_with_gua_pi_mao": "👲",
+    "man_with_turban": "👳",
+    "mans_shoe": "👞",
+    "shoe": "👞",
+    "menorah_with_nine_branches": "🕎",
+    "mens": "🚹",
+    "minidisc": "💽",
+    "iphone": "📱",
+    "calling": "📲",
+    "money__mouth_face": "🤑",
+    "moneybag": "💰",
+    "rice_scene": "🎑",
+    "mountain_bicyclist": "🚵",
+    "mouse2": "🐁",
+    "lips": "👄",
+    "moyai": "🗿",
+    "notes": "🎶",
+    "nail_care": "💅",
+    "ab": "🆎",
+    "negative_squared_cross_mark": "❎",
+    "a": "🅰",
+    "b": "🅱",
+    "o2": "🅾",
+    "parking": "🅿",
+    "new_moon_with_face": "🌚",
+    "no_entry_sign": "🚫",
+    "underage": "🔞",
+    "non__potable_water": "🚱",
+    "arrow_upper_right": "↗",
+    "arrow_upper_left": "↖",
+    "office": "🏢",
+    "older_man": "👴",
+    "older_woman": "👵",
+    "om_symbol": "🕉",
+    "on": "🔛",
+    "book": "📖",
+    "unlock": "🔓",
+    "mailbox_with_no_mail": "📭",
+    "mailbox_with_mail": "📬",
+    "cd": "💿",
+    "tada": "🎉",
+    "feet": "🐾",
+    "walking": "🚶",
+    "pencil2": "✏",
+    "pensive": "😔",
+    "persevere": "😣",
+    "bow": "🙇",
+    "raised_hands": "🙌",
+    "person_with_ball": "⛹",
+    "person_with_blond_hair": "👱",
+    "pray": "🙏",
+    "person_with_pouting_face": "🙎",
+    "computer": "💻",
+    "pig2": "🐖",
+    "hankey": "💩",
+    "poop": "💩",
+    "shit": "💩",
+    "bamboo": "🎍",
+    "gun": "🔫",
+    "black_joker": "🃏",
+    "rotating_light": "🚨",
+    "cop": "👮",
+    "stew": "🍲",
+    "pouch": "👝",
+    "pouting_cat": "😾",
+    "rage": "😡",
+    "put_litter_in_its_place": "🚮",
+    "rabbit2": "🐇",
+    "racing_motorcycle": "🏍",
+    "radioactive_sign": "☢",
+    "fist": "✊",
+    "hand": "✋",
+    "raised_hand_with_fingers_splayed": "🖐",
+    "raised_hand_with_part_between_middle_and_ring_fingers": "🖖",
+    "blue_car": "🚙",
+    "apple": "🍎",
+    "relieved": "😌",
+    "reversed_hand_with_middle_finger_extended": "🖕",
+    "mag_right": "🔎",
+    "arrow_right_hook": "↪",
+    "sweet_potato": "🍠",
+    "robot": "🤖",
+    "rolled__up_newspaper": "🗞",
+    "rowboat": "🚣",
+    "runner": "🏃",
+    "running": "🏃",
+    "running_shirt_with_sash": "🎽",
+    "boat": "⛵",
+    "scales": "⚖",
+    "school_satchel": "🎒",
+    "scorpius": "♏",
+    "see_no_evil": "🙈",
+    "sheep": "🐑",
+    "stars": "🌠",
+    "cake": "🍰",
+    "six_pointed_star": "🔯",
+    "ski": "🎿",
+    "sleeping_accommodation": "🛌",
+    "sleeping": "😴",
+    "sleepy": "😪",
+    "sleuth_or_spy": "🕵",
+    "heart_eyes_cat": "😻",
+    "smiley_cat": "😺",
+    "innocent": "😇",
+    "heart_eyes": "😍",
+    "smiling_imp": "😈",
+    "smiley": "😃",
+    "sweat_smile": "😅",
+    "smile": "😄",
+    "laughing": "😆",
+    "satisfied": "😆",
+    "blush": "😊",
+    "smirk": "😏",
+    "smoking": "🚬",
+    "snow_capped_mountain": "🏔",
+    "soccer": "⚽",
+    "icecream": "🍦",
+    "soon": "🔜",
+    "arrow_lower_right": "↘",
+    "arrow_lower_left": "↙",
+    "speak_no_evil": "🙊",
+    "speaker": "🔈",
+    "mute": "🔇",
+    "sound": "🔉",
+    "loud_sound": "🔊",
+    "speaking_head_in_silhouette": "🗣",
+    "spiral_calendar_pad": "🗓",
+    "spiral_note_pad": "🗒",
+    "shell": "🐚",
+    "sweat_drops": "💦",
+    "u5272": "🈹",
+    "u5408": "🈴",
+    "u55b6": "🈺",
+    "u6307": "🈯",
+    "u6708": "🈷",
+    "u6709": "🈶",
+    "u6e80": "🈵",
+    "u7121": "🈚",
+    "u7533": "🈸",
+    "u7981": "🈲",
+    "u7a7a": "🈳",
+    "cl": "🆑",
+    "cool": "🆒",
+    "free": "🆓",
+    "id": "🆔",
+    "koko": "🈁",
+    "sa": "🈂",
+    "new": "🆕",
+    "ng": "🆖",
+    "ok": "🆗",
+    "sos": "🆘",
+    "up": "🆙",
+    "vs": "🆚",
+    "steam_locomotive": "🚂",
+    "ramen": "🍜",
+    "partly_sunny": "⛅",
+    "city_sunrise": "🌇",
+    "surfer": "🏄",
+    "swimmer": "🏊",
+    "shirt": "👕",
+    "tshirt": "👕",
+    "table_tennis_paddle_and_ball": "🏓",
+    "tea": "🍵",
+    "tv": "📺",
+    "three_button_mouse": "🖱",
+    "+1": "👍",
+    "thumbsup": "👍",
+    "__1": "👎",
+    "-1": "👎",
+    "thumbsdown": "👎",
+    "thunder_cloud_and_rain": "⛈",
+    "tiger2": "🐅",
+    "tophat": "🎩",
+    "top": "🔝",
+    "tm": "™",
+    "train2": "🚆",
+    "triangular_flag_on_post": "🚩",
+    "trident": "🔱",
+    "twisted_rightwards_arrows": "🔀",
+    "unamused": "😒",
+    "small_red_triangle": "🔺",
+    "arrow_up_small": "🔼",
+    "arrow_up_down": "↕",
+    "upside__down_face": "🙃",
+    "arrow_up": "⬆",
+    "v": "✌",
+    "vhs": "📼",
+    "wc": "🚾",
+    "ocean": "🌊",
+    "waving_black_flag": "🏴",
+    "wave": "👋",
+    "waving_white_flag": "🏳",
+    "moon": "🌔",
+    "scream_cat": "🙀",
+    "weary": "😩",
+    "weight_lifter": "🏋",
+    "whale2": "🐋",
+    "wheelchair": "♿",
+    "point_down": "👇",
+    "grey_exclamation": "❕",
+    "white_frowning_face": "☹",
+    "white_check_mark": "✅",
+    "point_left": "👈",
+    "white_medium_small_square": "◽",
+    "star": "⭐",
+    "grey_question": "❔",
+    "point_right": "👉",
+    "relaxed": "☺",
+    "white_sun_behind_cloud": "🌥",
+    "white_sun_behind_cloud_with_rain": "🌦",
+    "white_sun_with_small_cloud": "🌤",
+    "point_up_2": "👆",
+    "point_up": "☝",
+    "wind_blowing_face": "🌬",
+    "wink": "😉",
+    "wolf": "🐺",
+    "dancers": "👯",
+    "boot": "👢",
+    "womans_clothes": "👚",
+    "womans_hat": "👒",
+    "sandal": "👡",
+    "womens": "🚺",
+    "worried": "😟",
+    "gift": "🎁",
+    "zipper__mouth_face": "🤐",
+    "regional_indicator_a": "🇦",
+    "regional_indicator_b": "🇧",
+    "regional_indicator_c": "🇨",
+    "regional_indicator_d": "🇩",
+    "regional_indicator_e": "🇪",
+    "regional_indicator_f": "🇫",
+    "regional_indicator_g": "🇬",
+    "regional_indicator_h": "🇭",
+    "regional_indicator_i": "🇮",
+    "regional_indicator_j": "🇯",
+    "regional_indicator_k": "🇰",
+    "regional_indicator_l": "🇱",
+    "regional_indicator_m": "🇲",
+    "regional_indicator_n": "🇳",
+    "regional_indicator_o": "🇴",
+    "regional_indicator_p": "🇵",
+    "regional_indicator_q": "🇶",
+    "regional_indicator_r": "🇷",
+    "regional_indicator_s": "🇸",
+    "regional_indicator_t": "🇹",
+    "regional_indicator_u": "🇺",
+    "regional_indicator_v": "🇻",
+    "regional_indicator_w": "🇼",
+    "regional_indicator_x": "🇽",
+    "regional_indicator_y": "🇾",
+    "regional_indicator_z": "🇿",
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_emoji_replace.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_emoji_replace.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb2cafa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_emoji_replace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import Callable, Match, Optional
+import re
+
+from ._emoji_codes import EMOJI
+
+
+_ReStringMatch = Match[str]  # regex match object
+_ReSubCallable = Callable[[_ReStringMatch], str]  # Callable invoked by re.sub
+_EmojiSubMethod = Callable[[_ReSubCallable, str], str]  # Sub method of a compiled re
+
+
+def _emoji_replace(
+    text: str,
+    default_variant: Optional[str] = None,
+    _emoji_sub: _EmojiSubMethod = re.compile(r"(:(\S*?)(?:(?:\-)(emoji|text))?:)").sub,
+) -> str:
+    """Replace emoji code in text."""
+    get_emoji = EMOJI.__getitem__
+    variants = {"text": "\uFE0E", "emoji": "\uFE0F"}
+    get_variant = variants.get
+    default_variant_code = variants.get(default_variant, "") if default_variant else ""
+
+    def do_replace(match: Match[str]) -> str:
+        emoji_code, emoji_name, variant = match.groups()
+        try:
+            return get_emoji(emoji_name.lower()) + get_variant(
+                variant, default_variant_code
+            )
+        except KeyError:
+            return emoji_code
+
+    return _emoji_sub(do_replace, text)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_export_format.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_export_format.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..094d2dc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_export_format.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+CONSOLE_HTML_FORMAT = """\
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<head>
+<meta charset="UTF-8">
+<style>
+{stylesheet}
+body {{
+    color: {foreground};
+    background-color: {background};
+}}
+</style>
+</head>
+<html>
+<body>
+    <pre style="font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace"><code>{code}</code></pre>
+</body>
+</html>
+"""
+
+CONSOLE_SVG_FORMAT = """\
+<svg class="rich-terminal" viewBox="0 0 {width} {height}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+    <!-- Generated with Rich https://www.textualize.io -->
+    <style>
+
+    @font-face {{
+        font-family: "Fira Code";
+        src: local("FiraCode-Regular"),
+                url("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/firacode/6.2.0/woff2/FiraCode-Regular.woff2") format("woff2"),
+                url("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/firacode/6.2.0/woff/FiraCode-Regular.woff") format("woff");
+        font-style: normal;
+        font-weight: 400;
+    }}
+    @font-face {{
+        font-family: "Fira Code";
+        src: local("FiraCode-Bold"),
+                url("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/firacode/6.2.0/woff2/FiraCode-Bold.woff2") format("woff2"),
+                url("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/firacode/6.2.0/woff/FiraCode-Bold.woff") format("woff");
+        font-style: bold;
+        font-weight: 700;
+    }}
+
+    .{unique_id}-matrix {{
+        font-family: Fira Code, monospace;
+        font-size: {char_height}px;
+        line-height: {line_height}px;
+        font-variant-east-asian: full-width;
+    }}
+
+    .{unique_id}-title {{
+        font-size: 18px;
+        font-weight: bold;
+        font-family: arial;
+    }}
+
+    {styles}
+    </style>
+
+    <defs>
+    <clipPath id="{unique_id}-clip-terminal">
+      <rect x="0" y="0" width="{terminal_width}" height="{terminal_height}" />
+    </clipPath>
+    {lines}
+    </defs>
+
+    {chrome}
+    <g transform="translate({terminal_x}, {terminal_y})" clip-path="url(#{unique_id}-clip-terminal)">
+    {backgrounds}
+    <g class="{unique_id}-matrix">
+    {matrix}
+    </g>
+    </g>
+</svg>
+"""
+
+_SVG_FONT_FAMILY = "Rich Fira Code"
+_SVG_CLASSES_PREFIX = "rich-svg"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_extension.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_extension.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbd6da9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_extension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def load_ipython_extension(ip: Any) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+    # prevent circular import
+    from pip._vendor.rich.pretty import install
+    from pip._vendor.rich.traceback import install as tr_install
+
+    install()
+    tr_install()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_fileno.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_fileno.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b17ee651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_fileno.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import IO, Callable
+
+
+def get_fileno(file_like: IO[str]) -> int | None:
+    """Get fileno() from a file, accounting for poorly implemented file-like objects.
+
+    Args:
+        file_like (IO): A file-like object.
+
+    Returns:
+        int | None: The result of fileno if available, or None if operation failed.
+    """
+    fileno: Callable[[], int] | None = getattr(file_like, "fileno", None)
+    if fileno is not None:
+        try:
+            return fileno()
+        except Exception:
+            # `fileno` is documented as potentially raising a OSError
+            # Alas, from the issues, there are so many poorly implemented file-like objects,
+            # that `fileno()` can raise just about anything.
+            return None
+    return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_inspect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_inspect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30446ceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_inspect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import inspect
+from inspect import cleandoc, getdoc, getfile, isclass, ismodule, signature
+from typing import Any, Collection, Iterable, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from .console import Group, RenderableType
+from .control import escape_control_codes
+from .highlighter import ReprHighlighter
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .panel import Panel
+from .pretty import Pretty
+from .table import Table
+from .text import Text, TextType
+
+
+def _first_paragraph(doc: str) -> str:
+    """Get the first paragraph from a docstring."""
+    paragraph, _, _ = doc.partition("\n\n")
+    return paragraph
+
+
+class Inspect(JupyterMixin):
+    """A renderable to inspect any Python Object.
+
+    Args:
+        obj (Any): An object to inspect.
+        title (str, optional): Title to display over inspect result, or None use type. Defaults to None.
+        help (bool, optional): Show full help text rather than just first paragraph. Defaults to False.
+        methods (bool, optional): Enable inspection of callables. Defaults to False.
+        docs (bool, optional): Also render doc strings. Defaults to True.
+        private (bool, optional): Show private attributes (beginning with underscore). Defaults to False.
+        dunder (bool, optional): Show attributes starting with double underscore. Defaults to False.
+        sort (bool, optional): Sort attributes alphabetically. Defaults to True.
+        all (bool, optional): Show all attributes. Defaults to False.
+        value (bool, optional): Pretty print value of object. Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        obj: Any,
+        *,
+        title: Optional[TextType] = None,
+        help: bool = False,
+        methods: bool = False,
+        docs: bool = True,
+        private: bool = False,
+        dunder: bool = False,
+        sort: bool = True,
+        all: bool = True,
+        value: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.highlighter = ReprHighlighter()
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.title = title or self._make_title(obj)
+        if all:
+            methods = private = dunder = True
+        self.help = help
+        self.methods = methods
+        self.docs = docs or help
+        self.private = private or dunder
+        self.dunder = dunder
+        self.sort = sort
+        self.value = value
+
+    def _make_title(self, obj: Any) -> Text:
+        """Make a default title."""
+        title_str = (
+            str(obj)
+            if (isclass(obj) or callable(obj) or ismodule(obj))
+            else str(type(obj))
+        )
+        title_text = self.highlighter(title_str)
+        return title_text
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> Panel:
+        return Panel.fit(
+            Group(*self._render()),
+            title=self.title,
+            border_style="scope.border",
+            padding=(0, 1),
+        )
+
+    def _get_signature(self, name: str, obj: Any) -> Optional[Text]:
+        """Get a signature for a callable."""
+        try:
+            _signature = str(signature(obj)) + ":"
+        except ValueError:
+            _signature = "(...)"
+        except TypeError:
+            return None
+
+        source_filename: Optional[str] = None
+        try:
+            source_filename = getfile(obj)
+        except (OSError, TypeError):
+            # OSError is raised if obj has no source file, e.g. when defined in REPL.
+            pass
+
+        callable_name = Text(name, style="inspect.callable")
+        if source_filename:
+            callable_name.stylize(f"link file://{source_filename}")
+        signature_text = self.highlighter(_signature)
+
+        qualname = name or getattr(obj, "__qualname__", name)
+
+        # If obj is a module, there may be classes (which are callable) to display
+        if inspect.isclass(obj):
+            prefix = "class"
+        elif inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj):
+            prefix = "async def"
+        else:
+            prefix = "def"
+
+        qual_signature = Text.assemble(
+            (f"{prefix} ", f"inspect.{prefix.replace(' ', '_')}"),
+            (qualname, "inspect.callable"),
+            signature_text,
+        )
+
+        return qual_signature
+
+    def _render(self) -> Iterable[RenderableType]:
+        """Render object."""
+
+        def sort_items(item: Tuple[str, Any]) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+            key, (_error, value) = item
+            return (callable(value), key.strip("_").lower())
+
+        def safe_getattr(attr_name: str) -> Tuple[Any, Any]:
+            """Get attribute or any exception."""
+            try:
+                return (None, getattr(obj, attr_name))
+            except Exception as error:
+                return (error, None)
+
+        obj = self.obj
+        keys = dir(obj)
+        total_items = len(keys)
+        if not self.dunder:
+            keys = [key for key in keys if not key.startswith("__")]
+        if not self.private:
+            keys = [key for key in keys if not key.startswith("_")]
+        not_shown_count = total_items - len(keys)
+        items = [(key, safe_getattr(key)) for key in keys]
+        if self.sort:
+            items.sort(key=sort_items)
+
+        items_table = Table.grid(padding=(0, 1), expand=False)
+        items_table.add_column(justify="right")
+        add_row = items_table.add_row
+        highlighter = self.highlighter
+
+        if callable(obj):
+            signature = self._get_signature("", obj)
+            if signature is not None:
+                yield signature
+                yield ""
+
+        if self.docs:
+            _doc = self._get_formatted_doc(obj)
+            if _doc is not None:
+                doc_text = Text(_doc, style="inspect.help")
+                doc_text = highlighter(doc_text)
+                yield doc_text
+                yield ""
+
+        if self.value and not (isclass(obj) or callable(obj) or ismodule(obj)):
+            yield Panel(
+                Pretty(obj, indent_guides=True, max_length=10, max_string=60),
+                border_style="inspect.value.border",
+            )
+            yield ""
+
+        for key, (error, value) in items:
+            key_text = Text.assemble(
+                (
+                    key,
+                    "inspect.attr.dunder" if key.startswith("__") else "inspect.attr",
+                ),
+                (" =", "inspect.equals"),
+            )
+            if error is not None:
+                warning = key_text.copy()
+                warning.stylize("inspect.error")
+                add_row(warning, highlighter(repr(error)))
+                continue
+
+            if callable(value):
+                if not self.methods:
+                    continue
+
+                _signature_text = self._get_signature(key, value)
+                if _signature_text is None:
+                    add_row(key_text, Pretty(value, highlighter=highlighter))
+                else:
+                    if self.docs:
+                        docs = self._get_formatted_doc(value)
+                        if docs is not None:
+                            _signature_text.append("\n" if "\n" in docs else " ")
+                            doc = highlighter(docs)
+                            doc.stylize("inspect.doc")
+                            _signature_text.append(doc)
+
+                    add_row(key_text, _signature_text)
+            else:
+                add_row(key_text, Pretty(value, highlighter=highlighter))
+        if items_table.row_count:
+            yield items_table
+        elif not_shown_count:
+            yield Text.from_markup(
+                f"[b cyan]{not_shown_count}[/][i] attribute(s) not shown.[/i] "
+                f"Run [b][magenta]inspect[/]([not b]inspect[/])[/b] for options."
+            )
+
+    def _get_formatted_doc(self, object_: Any) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Extract the docstring of an object, process it and returns it.
+        The processing consists in cleaning up the doctring's indentation,
+        taking only its 1st paragraph if `self.help` is not True,
+        and escape its control codes.
+
+        Args:
+            object_ (Any): the object to get the docstring from.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[str]: the processed docstring, or None if no docstring was found.
+        """
+        docs = getdoc(object_)
+        if docs is None:
+            return None
+        docs = cleandoc(docs).strip()
+        if not self.help:
+            docs = _first_paragraph(docs)
+        return escape_control_codes(docs)
+
+
+def get_object_types_mro(obj: Union[object, Type[Any]]) -> Tuple[type, ...]:
+    """Returns the MRO of an object's class, or of the object itself if it's a class."""
+    if not hasattr(obj, "__mro__"):
+        # N.B. we cannot use `if type(obj) is type` here because it doesn't work with
+        # some types of classes, such as the ones that use abc.ABCMeta.
+        obj = type(obj)
+    return getattr(obj, "__mro__", ())
+
+
+def get_object_types_mro_as_strings(obj: object) -> Collection[str]:
+    """
+    Returns the MRO of an object's class as full qualified names, or of the object itself if it's a class.
+
+    Examples:
+        `object_types_mro_as_strings(JSONDecoder)` will return `['json.decoder.JSONDecoder', 'builtins.object']`
+    """
+    return [
+        f'{getattr(type_, "__module__", "")}.{getattr(type_, "__qualname__", "")}'
+        for type_ in get_object_types_mro(obj)
+    ]
+
+
+def is_object_one_of_types(
+    obj: object, fully_qualified_types_names: Collection[str]
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns `True` if the given object's class (or the object itself, if it's a class) has one of the
+    fully qualified names in its MRO.
+    """
+    for type_name in get_object_types_mro_as_strings(obj):
+        if type_name in fully_qualified_types_names:
+            return True
+    return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_log_render.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_log_render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc16c844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_log_render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING, Union, Callable
+
+
+from .text import Text, TextType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleRenderable, RenderableType
+    from .table import Table
+
+FormatTimeCallable = Callable[[datetime], Text]
+
+
+class LogRender:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        show_time: bool = True,
+        show_level: bool = False,
+        show_path: bool = True,
+        time_format: Union[str, FormatTimeCallable] = "[%x %X]",
+        omit_repeated_times: bool = True,
+        level_width: Optional[int] = 8,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.show_time = show_time
+        self.show_level = show_level
+        self.show_path = show_path
+        self.time_format = time_format
+        self.omit_repeated_times = omit_repeated_times
+        self.level_width = level_width
+        self._last_time: Optional[Text] = None
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        console: "Console",
+        renderables: Iterable["ConsoleRenderable"],
+        log_time: Optional[datetime] = None,
+        time_format: Optional[Union[str, FormatTimeCallable]] = None,
+        level: TextType = "",
+        path: Optional[str] = None,
+        line_no: Optional[int] = None,
+        link_path: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> "Table":
+        from .containers import Renderables
+        from .table import Table
+
+        output = Table.grid(padding=(0, 1))
+        output.expand = True
+        if self.show_time:
+            output.add_column(style="log.time")
+        if self.show_level:
+            output.add_column(style="log.level", width=self.level_width)
+        output.add_column(ratio=1, style="log.message", overflow="fold")
+        if self.show_path and path:
+            output.add_column(style="log.path")
+        row: List["RenderableType"] = []
+        if self.show_time:
+            log_time = log_time or console.get_datetime()
+            time_format = time_format or self.time_format
+            if callable(time_format):
+                log_time_display = time_format(log_time)
+            else:
+                log_time_display = Text(log_time.strftime(time_format))
+            if log_time_display == self._last_time and self.omit_repeated_times:
+                row.append(Text(" " * len(log_time_display)))
+            else:
+                row.append(log_time_display)
+                self._last_time = log_time_display
+        if self.show_level:
+            row.append(level)
+
+        row.append(Renderables(renderables))
+        if self.show_path and path:
+            path_text = Text()
+            path_text.append(
+                path, style=f"link file://{link_path}" if link_path else ""
+            )
+            if line_no:
+                path_text.append(":")
+                path_text.append(
+                    f"{line_no}",
+                    style=f"link file://{link_path}#{line_no}" if link_path else "",
+                )
+            row.append(path_text)
+
+        output.add_row(*row)
+        return output
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    c = Console()
+    c.print("[on blue]Hello", justify="right")
+    c.log("[on blue]hello", justify="right")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_loop.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_loop.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01c6cafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_loop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from typing import Iterable, Tuple, TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+def loop_first(values: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, T]]:
+    """Iterate and generate a tuple with a flag for first value."""
+    iter_values = iter(values)
+    try:
+        value = next(iter_values)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+    yield True, value
+    for value in iter_values:
+        yield False, value
+
+
+def loop_last(values: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, T]]:
+    """Iterate and generate a tuple with a flag for last value."""
+    iter_values = iter(values)
+    try:
+        previous_value = next(iter_values)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+    for value in iter_values:
+        yield False, previous_value
+        previous_value = value
+    yield True, previous_value
+
+
+def loop_first_last(values: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, bool, T]]:
+    """Iterate and generate a tuple with a flag for first and last value."""
+    iter_values = iter(values)
+    try:
+        previous_value = next(iter_values)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+    first = True
+    for value in iter_values:
+        yield first, False, previous_value
+        first = False
+        previous_value = value
+    yield first, True, previous_value
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_null_file.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_null_file.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b659673e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_null_file.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import IO, Iterable, Iterator, List, Optional, Type
+
+
+class NullFile(IO[str]):
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def isatty(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def read(self, __n: int = 1) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def readline(self, __limit: int = 1) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def readlines(self, __hint: int = 1) -> List[str]:
+        return []
+
+    def seek(self, __offset: int, __whence: int = 1) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def tell(self) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+    def truncate(self, __size: Optional[int] = 1) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def writelines(self, __lines: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __next__(self) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return iter([""])
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> IO[str]:
+        pass
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        __t: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        __value: Optional[BaseException],
+        __traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def write(self, text: str) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        return -1
+
+
+NULL_FILE = NullFile()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_palettes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_palettes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c748d33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_palettes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+from .palette import Palette
+
+
+# Taken from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code (Windows 10 column)
+WINDOWS_PALETTE = Palette(
+    [
+        (12, 12, 12),
+        (197, 15, 31),
+        (19, 161, 14),
+        (193, 156, 0),
+        (0, 55, 218),
+        (136, 23, 152),
+        (58, 150, 221),
+        (204, 204, 204),
+        (118, 118, 118),
+        (231, 72, 86),
+        (22, 198, 12),
+        (249, 241, 165),
+        (59, 120, 255),
+        (180, 0, 158),
+        (97, 214, 214),
+        (242, 242, 242),
+    ]
+)
+
+# # The standard ansi colors (including bright variants)
+STANDARD_PALETTE = Palette(
+    [
+        (0, 0, 0),
+        (170, 0, 0),
+        (0, 170, 0),
+        (170, 85, 0),
+        (0, 0, 170),
+        (170, 0, 170),
+        (0, 170, 170),
+        (170, 170, 170),
+        (85, 85, 85),
+        (255, 85, 85),
+        (85, 255, 85),
+        (255, 255, 85),
+        (85, 85, 255),
+        (255, 85, 255),
+        (85, 255, 255),
+        (255, 255, 255),
+    ]
+)
+
+
+# The 256 color palette
+EIGHT_BIT_PALETTE = Palette(
+    [
+        (0, 0, 0),
+        (128, 0, 0),
+        (0, 128, 0),
+        (128, 128, 0),
+        (0, 0, 128),
+        (128, 0, 128),
+        (0, 128, 128),
+        (192, 192, 192),
+        (128, 128, 128),
+        (255, 0, 0),
+        (0, 255, 0),
+        (255, 255, 0),
+        (0, 0, 255),
+        (255, 0, 255),
+        (0, 255, 255),
+        (255, 255, 255),
+        (0, 0, 0),
+        (0, 0, 95),
+        (0, 0, 135),
+        (0, 0, 175),
+        (0, 0, 215),
+        (0, 0, 255),
+        (0, 95, 0),
+        (0, 95, 95),
+        (0, 95, 135),
+        (0, 95, 175),
+        (0, 95, 215),
+        (0, 95, 255),
+        (0, 135, 0),
+        (0, 135, 95),
+        (0, 135, 135),
+        (0, 135, 175),
+        (0, 135, 215),
+        (0, 135, 255),
+        (0, 175, 0),
+        (0, 175, 95),
+        (0, 175, 135),
+        (0, 175, 175),
+        (0, 175, 215),
+        (0, 175, 255),
+        (0, 215, 0),
+        (0, 215, 95),
+        (0, 215, 135),
+        (0, 215, 175),
+        (0, 215, 215),
+        (0, 215, 255),
+        (0, 255, 0),
+        (0, 255, 95),
+        (0, 255, 135),
+        (0, 255, 175),
+        (0, 255, 215),
+        (0, 255, 255),
+        (95, 0, 0),
+        (95, 0, 95),
+        (95, 0, 135),
+        (95, 0, 175),
+        (95, 0, 215),
+        (95, 0, 255),
+        (95, 95, 0),
+        (95, 95, 95),
+        (95, 95, 135),
+        (95, 95, 175),
+        (95, 95, 215),
+        (95, 95, 255),
+        (95, 135, 0),
+        (95, 135, 95),
+        (95, 135, 135),
+        (95, 135, 175),
+        (95, 135, 215),
+        (95, 135, 255),
+        (95, 175, 0),
+        (95, 175, 95),
+        (95, 175, 135),
+        (95, 175, 175),
+        (95, 175, 215),
+        (95, 175, 255),
+        (95, 215, 0),
+        (95, 215, 95),
+        (95, 215, 135),
+        (95, 215, 175),
+        (95, 215, 215),
+        (95, 215, 255),
+        (95, 255, 0),
+        (95, 255, 95),
+        (95, 255, 135),
+        (95, 255, 175),
+        (95, 255, 215),
+        (95, 255, 255),
+        (135, 0, 0),
+        (135, 0, 95),
+        (135, 0, 135),
+        (135, 0, 175),
+        (135, 0, 215),
+        (135, 0, 255),
+        (135, 95, 0),
+        (135, 95, 95),
+        (135, 95, 135),
+        (135, 95, 175),
+        (135, 95, 215),
+        (135, 95, 255),
+        (135, 135, 0),
+        (135, 135, 95),
+        (135, 135, 135),
+        (135, 135, 175),
+        (135, 135, 215),
+        (135, 135, 255),
+        (135, 175, 0),
+        (135, 175, 95),
+        (135, 175, 135),
+        (135, 175, 175),
+        (135, 175, 215),
+        (135, 175, 255),
+        (135, 215, 0),
+        (135, 215, 95),
+        (135, 215, 135),
+        (135, 215, 175),
+        (135, 215, 215),
+        (135, 215, 255),
+        (135, 255, 0),
+        (135, 255, 95),
+        (135, 255, 135),
+        (135, 255, 175),
+        (135, 255, 215),
+        (135, 255, 255),
+        (175, 0, 0),
+        (175, 0, 95),
+        (175, 0, 135),
+        (175, 0, 175),
+        (175, 0, 215),
+        (175, 0, 255),
+        (175, 95, 0),
+        (175, 95, 95),
+        (175, 95, 135),
+        (175, 95, 175),
+        (175, 95, 215),
+        (175, 95, 255),
+        (175, 135, 0),
+        (175, 135, 95),
+        (175, 135, 135),
+        (175, 135, 175),
+        (175, 135, 215),
+        (175, 135, 255),
+        (175, 175, 0),
+        (175, 175, 95),
+        (175, 175, 135),
+        (175, 175, 175),
+        (175, 175, 215),
+        (175, 175, 255),
+        (175, 215, 0),
+        (175, 215, 95),
+        (175, 215, 135),
+        (175, 215, 175),
+        (175, 215, 215),
+        (175, 215, 255),
+        (175, 255, 0),
+        (175, 255, 95),
+        (175, 255, 135),
+        (175, 255, 175),
+        (175, 255, 215),
+        (175, 255, 255),
+        (215, 0, 0),
+        (215, 0, 95),
+        (215, 0, 135),
+        (215, 0, 175),
+        (215, 0, 215),
+        (215, 0, 255),
+        (215, 95, 0),
+        (215, 95, 95),
+        (215, 95, 135),
+        (215, 95, 175),
+        (215, 95, 215),
+        (215, 95, 255),
+        (215, 135, 0),
+        (215, 135, 95),
+        (215, 135, 135),
+        (215, 135, 175),
+        (215, 135, 215),
+        (215, 135, 255),
+        (215, 175, 0),
+        (215, 175, 95),
+        (215, 175, 135),
+        (215, 175, 175),
+        (215, 175, 215),
+        (215, 175, 255),
+        (215, 215, 0),
+        (215, 215, 95),
+        (215, 215, 135),
+        (215, 215, 175),
+        (215, 215, 215),
+        (215, 215, 255),
+        (215, 255, 0),
+        (215, 255, 95),
+        (215, 255, 135),
+        (215, 255, 175),
+        (215, 255, 215),
+        (215, 255, 255),
+        (255, 0, 0),
+        (255, 0, 95),
+        (255, 0, 135),
+        (255, 0, 175),
+        (255, 0, 215),
+        (255, 0, 255),
+        (255, 95, 0),
+        (255, 95, 95),
+        (255, 95, 135),
+        (255, 95, 175),
+        (255, 95, 215),
+        (255, 95, 255),
+        (255, 135, 0),
+        (255, 135, 95),
+        (255, 135, 135),
+        (255, 135, 175),
+        (255, 135, 215),
+        (255, 135, 255),
+        (255, 175, 0),
+        (255, 175, 95),
+        (255, 175, 135),
+        (255, 175, 175),
+        (255, 175, 215),
+        (255, 175, 255),
+        (255, 215, 0),
+        (255, 215, 95),
+        (255, 215, 135),
+        (255, 215, 175),
+        (255, 215, 215),
+        (255, 215, 255),
+        (255, 255, 0),
+        (255, 255, 95),
+        (255, 255, 135),
+        (255, 255, 175),
+        (255, 255, 215),
+        (255, 255, 255),
+        (8, 8, 8),
+        (18, 18, 18),
+        (28, 28, 28),
+        (38, 38, 38),
+        (48, 48, 48),
+        (58, 58, 58),
+        (68, 68, 68),
+        (78, 78, 78),
+        (88, 88, 88),
+        (98, 98, 98),
+        (108, 108, 108),
+        (118, 118, 118),
+        (128, 128, 128),
+        (138, 138, 138),
+        (148, 148, 148),
+        (158, 158, 158),
+        (168, 168, 168),
+        (178, 178, 178),
+        (188, 188, 188),
+        (198, 198, 198),
+        (208, 208, 208),
+        (218, 218, 218),
+        (228, 228, 228),
+        (238, 238, 238),
+    ]
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_pick.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_pick.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f6d8b2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_pick.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+
+def pick_bool(*values: Optional[bool]) -> bool:
+    """Pick the first non-none bool or return the last value.
+
+    Args:
+        *values (bool): Any number of boolean or None values.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: First non-none boolean.
+    """
+    assert values, "1 or more values required"
+    for value in values:
+        if value is not None:
+            return value
+    return bool(value)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_ratio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_ratio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8a3a674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_ratio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import sys
+from fractions import Fraction
+from math import ceil
+from typing import cast, List, Optional, Sequence
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Protocol
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Protocol  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class Edge(Protocol):
+    """Any object that defines an edge (such as Layout)."""
+
+    size: Optional[int] = None
+    ratio: int = 1
+    minimum_size: int = 1
+
+
+def ratio_resolve(total: int, edges: Sequence[Edge]) -> List[int]:
+    """Divide total space to satisfy size, ratio, and minimum_size, constraints.
+
+    The returned list of integers should add up to total in most cases, unless it is
+    impossible to satisfy all the constraints. For instance, if there are two edges
+    with a minimum size of 20 each and `total` is 30 then the returned list will be
+    greater than total. In practice, this would mean that a Layout object would
+    clip the rows that would overflow the screen height.
+
+    Args:
+        total (int): Total number of characters.
+        edges (List[Edge]): Edges within total space.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[int]: Number of characters for each edge.
+    """
+    # Size of edge or None for yet to be determined
+    sizes = [(edge.size or None) for edge in edges]
+
+    _Fraction = Fraction
+
+    # While any edges haven't been calculated
+    while None in sizes:
+        # Get flexible edges and index to map these back on to sizes list
+        flexible_edges = [
+            (index, edge)
+            for index, (size, edge) in enumerate(zip(sizes, edges))
+            if size is None
+        ]
+        # Remaining space in total
+        remaining = total - sum(size or 0 for size in sizes)
+        if remaining <= 0:
+            # No room for flexible edges
+            return [
+                ((edge.minimum_size or 1) if size is None else size)
+                for size, edge in zip(sizes, edges)
+            ]
+        # Calculate number of characters in a ratio portion
+        portion = _Fraction(
+            remaining, sum((edge.ratio or 1) for _, edge in flexible_edges)
+        )
+
+        # If any edges will be less than their minimum, replace size with the minimum
+        for index, edge in flexible_edges:
+            if portion * edge.ratio <= edge.minimum_size:
+                sizes[index] = edge.minimum_size
+                # New fixed size will invalidate calculations, so we need to repeat the process
+                break
+        else:
+            # Distribute flexible space and compensate for rounding error
+            # Since edge sizes can only be integers we need to add the remainder
+            # to the following line
+            remainder = _Fraction(0)
+            for index, edge in flexible_edges:
+                size, remainder = divmod(portion * edge.ratio + remainder, 1)
+                sizes[index] = size
+            break
+    # Sizes now contains integers only
+    return cast(List[int], sizes)
+
+
+def ratio_reduce(
+    total: int, ratios: List[int], maximums: List[int], values: List[int]
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Divide an integer total in to parts based on ratios.
+
+    Args:
+        total (int): The total to divide.
+        ratios (List[int]): A list of integer ratios.
+        maximums (List[int]): List of maximums values for each slot.
+        values (List[int]): List of values
+
+    Returns:
+        List[int]: A list of integers guaranteed to sum to total.
+    """
+    ratios = [ratio if _max else 0 for ratio, _max in zip(ratios, maximums)]
+    total_ratio = sum(ratios)
+    if not total_ratio:
+        return values[:]
+    total_remaining = total
+    result: List[int] = []
+    append = result.append
+    for ratio, maximum, value in zip(ratios, maximums, values):
+        if ratio and total_ratio > 0:
+            distributed = min(maximum, round(ratio * total_remaining / total_ratio))
+            append(value - distributed)
+            total_remaining -= distributed
+            total_ratio -= ratio
+        else:
+            append(value)
+    return result
+
+
+def ratio_distribute(
+    total: int, ratios: List[int], minimums: Optional[List[int]] = None
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Distribute an integer total in to parts based on ratios.
+
+    Args:
+        total (int): The total to divide.
+        ratios (List[int]): A list of integer ratios.
+        minimums (List[int]): List of minimum values for each slot.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[int]: A list of integers guaranteed to sum to total.
+    """
+    if minimums:
+        ratios = [ratio if _min else 0 for ratio, _min in zip(ratios, minimums)]
+    total_ratio = sum(ratios)
+    assert total_ratio > 0, "Sum of ratios must be > 0"
+
+    total_remaining = total
+    distributed_total: List[int] = []
+    append = distributed_total.append
+    if minimums is None:
+        _minimums = [0] * len(ratios)
+    else:
+        _minimums = minimums
+    for ratio, minimum in zip(ratios, _minimums):
+        if total_ratio > 0:
+            distributed = max(minimum, ceil(ratio * total_remaining / total_ratio))
+        else:
+            distributed = total_remaining
+        append(distributed)
+        total_ratio -= ratio
+        total_remaining -= distributed
+    return distributed_total
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+    @dataclass
+    class E:
+
+        size: Optional[int] = None
+        ratio: int = 1
+        minimum_size: int = 1
+
+    resolved = ratio_resolve(110, [E(None, 1, 1), E(None, 1, 1), E(None, 1, 1)])
+    print(sum(resolved))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_spinners.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_spinners.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0bb1fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_spinners.py
@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+"""
+Spinners are from:
+* cli-spinners:
+    MIT License
+    Copyright (c) Sindre Sorhus <sindresorhus@gmail.com> (sindresorhus.com)
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+    use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+    the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+    subject to the following conditions:
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+    in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
+    INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+    PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE
+    FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+    ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+    IN THE SOFTWARE.
+"""
+
+SPINNERS = {
+    "dots": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠋⠙⠹⠸⠼⠴⠦⠧⠇⠏",
+    },
+    "dots2": {"interval": 80, "frames": "⣾⣽⣻⢿⡿⣟⣯⣷"},
+    "dots3": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠋⠙⠚⠞⠖⠦⠴⠲⠳⠓",
+    },
+    "dots4": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠄⠆⠇⠋⠙⠸⠰⠠⠰⠸⠙⠋⠇⠆",
+    },
+    "dots5": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠋⠙⠚⠒⠂⠂⠒⠲⠴⠦⠖⠒⠐⠐⠒⠓⠋",
+    },
+    "dots6": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠁⠉⠙⠚⠒⠂⠂⠒⠲⠴⠤⠄⠄⠤⠴⠲⠒⠂⠂⠒⠚⠙⠉⠁",
+    },
+    "dots7": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠈⠉⠋⠓⠒⠐⠐⠒⠖⠦⠤⠠⠠⠤⠦⠖⠒⠐⠐⠒⠓⠋⠉⠈",
+    },
+    "dots8": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠁⠁⠉⠙⠚⠒⠂⠂⠒⠲⠴⠤⠄⠄⠤⠠⠠⠤⠦⠖⠒⠐⠐⠒⠓⠋⠉⠈⠈",
+    },
+    "dots9": {"interval": 80, "frames": "⢹⢺⢼⣸⣇⡧⡗⡏"},
+    "dots10": {"interval": 80, "frames": "⢄⢂⢁⡁⡈⡐⡠"},
+    "dots11": {"interval": 100, "frames": "⠁⠂⠄⡀⢀⠠⠐⠈"},
+    "dots12": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": [
+            "⢀⠀",
+            "⡀⠀",
+            "⠄⠀",
+            "⢂⠀",
+            "⡂⠀",
+            "⠅⠀",
+            "⢃⠀",
+            "⡃⠀",
+            "⠍⠀",
+            "⢋⠀",
+            "⡋⠀",
+            "⠍⠁",
+            "⢋⠁",
+            "⡋⠁",
+            "⠍⠉",
+            "⠋⠉",
+            "⠋⠉",
+            "⠉⠙",
+            "⠉⠙",
+            "⠉⠩",
+            "⠈⢙",
+            "⠈⡙",
+            "⢈⠩",
+            "⡀⢙",
+            "⠄⡙",
+            "⢂⠩",
+            "⡂⢘",
+            "⠅⡘",
+            "⢃⠨",
+            "⡃⢐",
+            "⠍⡐",
+            "⢋⠠",
+            "⡋⢀",
+            "⠍⡁",
+            "⢋⠁",
+            "⡋⠁",
+            "⠍⠉",
+            "⠋⠉",
+            "⠋⠉",
+            "⠉⠙",
+            "⠉⠙",
+            "⠉⠩",
+            "⠈⢙",
+            "⠈⡙",
+            "⠈⠩",
+            "⠀⢙",
+            "⠀⡙",
+            "⠀⠩",
+            "⠀⢘",
+            "⠀⡘",
+            "⠀⠨",
+            "⠀⢐",
+            "⠀⡐",
+            "⠀⠠",
+            "⠀⢀",
+            "⠀⡀",
+        ],
+    },
+    "dots8Bit": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": "⠀⠁⠂⠃⠄⠅⠆⠇⡀⡁⡂⡃⡄⡅⡆⡇⠈⠉⠊⠋⠌⠍⠎⠏⡈⡉⡊⡋⡌⡍⡎⡏⠐⠑⠒⠓⠔⠕⠖⠗⡐⡑⡒⡓⡔⡕⡖⡗⠘⠙⠚⠛⠜⠝⠞⠟⡘⡙"
+        "⡚⡛⡜⡝⡞⡟⠠⠡⠢⠣⠤⠥⠦⠧⡠⡡⡢⡣⡤⡥⡦⡧⠨⠩⠪⠫⠬⠭⠮⠯⡨⡩⡪⡫⡬⡭⡮⡯⠰⠱⠲⠳⠴⠵⠶⠷⡰⡱⡲⡳⡴⡵⡶⡷⠸⠹⠺⠻"
+        "⠼⠽⠾⠿⡸⡹⡺⡻⡼⡽⡾⡿⢀⢁⢂⢃⢄⢅⢆⢇⣀⣁⣂⣃⣄⣅⣆⣇⢈⢉⢊⢋⢌⢍⢎⢏⣈⣉⣊⣋⣌⣍⣎⣏⢐⢑⢒⢓⢔⢕⢖⢗⣐⣑⣒⣓⣔⣕"
+        "⣖⣗⢘⢙⢚⢛⢜⢝⢞⢟⣘⣙⣚⣛⣜⣝⣞⣟⢠⢡⢢⢣⢤⢥⢦⢧⣠⣡⣢⣣⣤⣥⣦⣧⢨⢩⢪⢫⢬⢭⢮⢯⣨⣩⣪⣫⣬⣭⣮⣯⢰⢱⢲⢳⢴⢵⢶⢷"
+        "⣰⣱⣲⣳⣴⣵⣶⣷⢸⢹⢺⢻⢼⢽⢾⢿⣸⣹⣺⣻⣼⣽⣾⣿",
+    },
+    "line": {"interval": 130, "frames": ["-", "\\", "|", "/"]},
+    "line2": {"interval": 100, "frames": "⠂-–—–-"},
+    "pipe": {"interval": 100, "frames": "┤┘┴└├┌┬┐"},
+    "simpleDots": {"interval": 400, "frames": [".  ", ".. ", "...", "   "]},
+    "simpleDotsScrolling": {
+        "interval": 200,
+        "frames": [".  ", ".. ", "...", " ..", "  .", "   "],
+    },
+    "star": {"interval": 70, "frames": "✶✸✹✺✹✷"},
+    "star2": {"interval": 80, "frames": "+x*"},
+    "flip": {
+        "interval": 70,
+        "frames": "___-``'´-___",
+    },
+    "hamburger": {"interval": 100, "frames": "☱☲☴"},
+    "growVertical": {
+        "interval": 120,
+        "frames": "▁▃▄▅▆▇▆▅▄▃",
+    },
+    "growHorizontal": {
+        "interval": 120,
+        "frames": "▏▎▍▌▋▊▉▊▋▌▍▎",
+    },
+    "balloon": {"interval": 140, "frames": " .oO@* "},
+    "balloon2": {"interval": 120, "frames": ".oO°Oo."},
+    "noise": {"interval": 100, "frames": "▓▒░"},
+    "bounce": {"interval": 120, "frames": "⠁⠂⠄⠂"},
+    "boxBounce": {"interval": 120, "frames": "▖▘▝▗"},
+    "boxBounce2": {"interval": 100, "frames": "▌▀▐▄"},
+    "triangle": {"interval": 50, "frames": "◢◣◤◥"},
+    "arc": {"interval": 100, "frames": "◜◠◝◞◡◟"},
+    "circle": {"interval": 120, "frames": "◡⊙◠"},
+    "squareCorners": {"interval": 180, "frames": "◰◳◲◱"},
+    "circleQuarters": {"interval": 120, "frames": "◴◷◶◵"},
+    "circleHalves": {"interval": 50, "frames": "◐◓◑◒"},
+    "squish": {"interval": 100, "frames": "╫╪"},
+    "toggle": {"interval": 250, "frames": "⊶⊷"},
+    "toggle2": {"interval": 80, "frames": "▫▪"},
+    "toggle3": {"interval": 120, "frames": "□■"},
+    "toggle4": {"interval": 100, "frames": "■□▪▫"},
+    "toggle5": {"interval": 100, "frames": "▮▯"},
+    "toggle6": {"interval": 300, "frames": "ဝ၀"},
+    "toggle7": {"interval": 80, "frames": "⦾⦿"},
+    "toggle8": {"interval": 100, "frames": "◍◌"},
+    "toggle9": {"interval": 100, "frames": "◉◎"},
+    "toggle10": {"interval": 100, "frames": "㊂㊀㊁"},
+    "toggle11": {"interval": 50, "frames": "⧇⧆"},
+    "toggle12": {"interval": 120, "frames": "☗☖"},
+    "toggle13": {"interval": 80, "frames": "=*-"},
+    "arrow": {"interval": 100, "frames": "←↖↑↗→↘↓↙"},
+    "arrow2": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": ["⬆️ ", "↗️ ", "➡️ ", "↘️ ", "⬇️ ", "↙️ ", "⬅️ ", "↖️ "],
+    },
+    "arrow3": {
+        "interval": 120,
+        "frames": ["▹▹▹▹▹", "▸▹▹▹▹", "▹▸▹▹▹", "▹▹▸▹▹", "▹▹▹▸▹", "▹▹▹▹▸"],
+    },
+    "bouncingBar": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": [
+            "[    ]",
+            "[=   ]",
+            "[==  ]",
+            "[=== ]",
+            "[ ===]",
+            "[  ==]",
+            "[   =]",
+            "[    ]",
+            "[   =]",
+            "[  ==]",
+            "[ ===]",
+            "[====]",
+            "[=== ]",
+            "[==  ]",
+            "[=   ]",
+        ],
+    },
+    "bouncingBall": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": [
+            "( ●    )",
+            "(  ●   )",
+            "(   ●  )",
+            "(    ● )",
+            "(     ●)",
+            "(    ● )",
+            "(   ●  )",
+            "(  ●   )",
+            "( ●    )",
+            "(●     )",
+        ],
+    },
+    "smiley": {"interval": 200, "frames": ["😄 ", "😝 "]},
+    "monkey": {"interval": 300, "frames": ["🙈 ", "🙈 ", "🙉 ", "🙊 "]},
+    "hearts": {"interval": 100, "frames": ["💛 ", "💙 ", "💜 ", "💚 ", "❤️ "]},
+    "clock": {
+        "interval": 100,
+        "frames": [
+            "🕛 ",
+            "🕐 ",
+            "🕑 ",
+            "🕒 ",
+            "🕓 ",
+            "🕔 ",
+            "🕕 ",
+            "🕖 ",
+            "🕗 ",
+            "🕘 ",
+            "🕙 ",
+            "🕚 ",
+        ],
+    },
+    "earth": {"interval": 180, "frames": ["🌍 ", "🌎 ", "🌏 "]},
+    "material": {
+        "interval": 17,
+        "frames": [
+            "█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "███▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "███████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "█████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "█████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "███████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "█████████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██████████████▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██████████████▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁██████████████▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁██████████████▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁██████████████▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁██████████████▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁██████████████▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁█████████████▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁██████████████▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁██████████████▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁██████████████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁██████████████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁██████████████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁██████████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁██████████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████",
+            "█▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████",
+            "██▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███",
+            "██▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███",
+            "███▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███",
+            "████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██",
+            "█████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█",
+            "█████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█",
+            "██████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█",
+            "████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "█████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "█████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "█████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "█████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "███████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "████████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "████████████▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██████████████▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "██████████████▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁██████████████▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁██████████████▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁█████████████▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁████████████▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁████████████▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁███████████▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████████▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████████▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████████▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████████▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███████▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁████",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁███",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁██",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁█",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+            "▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁",
+        ],
+    },
+    "moon": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": ["🌑 ", "🌒 ", "🌓 ", "🌔 ", "🌕 ", "🌖 ", "🌗 ", "🌘 "],
+    },
+    "runner": {"interval": 140, "frames": ["🚶 ", "🏃 "]},
+    "pong": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": [
+            "▐⠂       ▌",
+            "▐⠈       ▌",
+            "▐ ⠂      ▌",
+            "▐ ⠠      ▌",
+            "▐  ⡀     ▌",
+            "▐  ⠠     ▌",
+            "▐   ⠂    ▌",
+            "▐   ⠈    ▌",
+            "▐    ⠂   ▌",
+            "▐    ⠠   ▌",
+            "▐     ⡀  ▌",
+            "▐     ⠠  ▌",
+            "▐      ⠂ ▌",
+            "▐      ⠈ ▌",
+            "▐       ⠂▌",
+            "▐       ⠠▌",
+            "▐       ⡀▌",
+            "▐      ⠠ ▌",
+            "▐      ⠂ ▌",
+            "▐     ⠈  ▌",
+            "▐     ⠂  ▌",
+            "▐    ⠠   ▌",
+            "▐    ⡀   ▌",
+            "▐   ⠠    ▌",
+            "▐   ⠂    ▌",
+            "▐  ⠈     ▌",
+            "▐  ⠂     ▌",
+            "▐ ⠠      ▌",
+            "▐ ⡀      ▌",
+            "▐⠠       ▌",
+        ],
+    },
+    "shark": {
+        "interval": 120,
+        "frames": [
+            "▐|\\____________▌",
+            "▐_|\\___________▌",
+            "▐__|\\__________▌",
+            "▐___|\\_________▌",
+            "▐____|\\________▌",
+            "▐_____|\\_______▌",
+            "▐______|\\______▌",
+            "▐_______|\\_____▌",
+            "▐________|\\____▌",
+            "▐_________|\\___▌",
+            "▐__________|\\__▌",
+            "▐___________|\\_▌",
+            "▐____________|\\▌",
+            "▐____________/|▌",
+            "▐___________/|_▌",
+            "▐__________/|__▌",
+            "▐_________/|___▌",
+            "▐________/|____▌",
+            "▐_______/|_____▌",
+            "▐______/|______▌",
+            "▐_____/|_______▌",
+            "▐____/|________▌",
+            "▐___/|_________▌",
+            "▐__/|__________▌",
+            "▐_/|___________▌",
+            "▐/|____________▌",
+        ],
+    },
+    "dqpb": {"interval": 100, "frames": "dqpb"},
+    "weather": {
+        "interval": 100,
+        "frames": [
+            "☀️ ",
+            "☀️ ",
+            "☀️ ",
+            "🌤 ",
+            "⛅️ ",
+            "🌥 ",
+            "☁️ ",
+            "🌧 ",
+            "🌨 ",
+            "🌧 ",
+            "🌨 ",
+            "🌧 ",
+            "🌨 ",
+            "⛈ ",
+            "🌨 ",
+            "🌧 ",
+            "🌨 ",
+            "☁️ ",
+            "🌥 ",
+            "⛅️ ",
+            "🌤 ",
+            "☀️ ",
+            "☀️ ",
+        ],
+    },
+    "christmas": {"interval": 400, "frames": "🌲🎄"},
+    "grenade": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": [
+            "،   ",
+            "′   ",
+            " ´ ",
+            " ‾ ",
+            "  ⸌",
+            "  ⸊",
+            "  |",
+            "  ⁎",
+            "  ⁕",
+            " ෴ ",
+            "  ⁓",
+            "   ",
+            "   ",
+            "   ",
+        ],
+    },
+    "point": {"interval": 125, "frames": ["∙∙∙", "●∙∙", "∙●∙", "∙∙●", "∙∙∙"]},
+    "layer": {"interval": 150, "frames": "-=≡"},
+    "betaWave": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": [
+            "ρββββββ",
+            "βρβββββ",
+            "ββρββββ",
+            "βββρβββ",
+            "ββββρββ",
+            "βββββρβ",
+            "ββββββρ",
+        ],
+    },
+    "aesthetic": {
+        "interval": 80,
+        "frames": [
+            "▰▱▱▱▱▱▱",
+            "▰▰▱▱▱▱▱",
+            "▰▰▰▱▱▱▱",
+            "▰▰▰▰▱▱▱",
+            "▰▰▰▰▰▱▱",
+            "▰▰▰▰▰▰▱",
+            "▰▰▰▰▰▰▰",
+            "▰▱▱▱▱▱▱",
+        ],
+    },
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_stack.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_stack.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..194564e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_stack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from typing import List, TypeVar
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class Stack(List[T]):
+    """A small shim over builtin list."""
+
+    @property
+    def top(self) -> T:
+        """Get top of stack."""
+        return self[-1]
+
+    def push(self, item: T) -> None:
+        """Push an item on to the stack (append in stack nomenclature)."""
+        self.append(item)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_timer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_timer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2ca6be0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_timer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""
+Timer context manager, only used in debug.
+
+"""
+
+from time import time
+
+import contextlib
+from typing import Generator
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def timer(subject: str = "time") -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    """print the elapsed time. (only used in debugging)"""
+    start = time()
+    yield
+    elapsed = time() - start
+    elapsed_ms = elapsed * 1000
+    print(f"{subject} elapsed {elapsed_ms:.1f}ms")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_win32_console.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_win32_console.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81b10829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_win32_console.py
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
+"""Light wrapper around the Win32 Console API - this module should only be imported on Windows
+
+The API that this module wraps is documented at https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/console/console-functions
+"""
+import ctypes
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+
+windll: Any = None
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    windll = ctypes.LibraryLoader(ctypes.WinDLL)
+else:
+    raise ImportError(f"{__name__} can only be imported on Windows")
+
+import time
+from ctypes import Structure, byref, wintypes
+from typing import IO, NamedTuple, Type, cast
+
+from pip._vendor.rich.color import ColorSystem
+from pip._vendor.rich.style import Style
+
+STDOUT = -11
+ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 4
+
+COORD = wintypes._COORD
+
+
+class LegacyWindowsError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class WindowsCoordinates(NamedTuple):
+    """Coordinates in the Windows Console API are (y, x), not (x, y).
+    This class is intended to prevent that confusion.
+    Rows and columns are indexed from 0.
+    This class can be used in place of wintypes._COORD in arguments and argtypes.
+    """
+
+    row: int
+    col: int
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_param(cls, value: "WindowsCoordinates") -> COORD:
+        """Converts a WindowsCoordinates into a wintypes _COORD structure.
+        This classmethod is internally called by ctypes to perform the conversion.
+
+        Args:
+            value (WindowsCoordinates): The input coordinates to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            wintypes._COORD: The converted coordinates struct.
+        """
+        return COORD(value.col, value.row)
+
+
+class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("dwSize", COORD),
+        ("dwCursorPosition", COORD),
+        ("wAttributes", wintypes.WORD),
+        ("srWindow", wintypes.SMALL_RECT),
+        ("dwMaximumWindowSize", COORD),
+    ]
+
+
+class CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO(ctypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("dwSize", wintypes.DWORD), ("bVisible", wintypes.BOOL)]
+
+
+_GetStdHandle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle
+_GetStdHandle.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.DWORD,
+]
+_GetStdHandle.restype = wintypes.HANDLE
+
+
+def GetStdHandle(handle: int = STDOUT) -> wintypes.HANDLE:
+    """Retrieves a handle to the specified standard device (standard input, standard output, or standard error).
+
+    Args:
+        handle (int): Integer identifier for the handle. Defaults to -11 (stdout).
+
+    Returns:
+        wintypes.HANDLE: The handle
+    """
+    return cast(wintypes.HANDLE, _GetStdHandle(handle))
+
+
+_GetConsoleMode = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleMode
+_GetConsoleMode.argtypes = [wintypes.HANDLE, wintypes.LPDWORD]
+_GetConsoleMode.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def GetConsoleMode(std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE) -> int:
+    """Retrieves the current input mode of a console's input buffer
+    or the current output mode of a console screen buffer.
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+
+    Raises:
+        LegacyWindowsError: If any error occurs while calling the Windows console API.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: Value representing the current console mode as documented at
+            https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/console/getconsolemode#parameters
+    """
+
+    console_mode = wintypes.DWORD()
+    success = bool(_GetConsoleMode(std_handle, console_mode))
+    if not success:
+        raise LegacyWindowsError("Unable to get legacy Windows Console Mode")
+    return console_mode.value
+
+
+_FillConsoleOutputCharacterW = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputCharacterW
+_FillConsoleOutputCharacterW.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.HANDLE,
+    ctypes.c_char,
+    wintypes.DWORD,
+    cast(Type[COORD], WindowsCoordinates),
+    ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+]
+_FillConsoleOutputCharacterW.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def FillConsoleOutputCharacter(
+    std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE,
+    char: str,
+    length: int,
+    start: WindowsCoordinates,
+) -> int:
+    """Writes a character to the console screen buffer a specified number of times, beginning at the specified coordinates.
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+        char (str): The character to write. Must be a string of length 1.
+        length (int): The number of times to write the character.
+        start (WindowsCoordinates): The coordinates to start writing at.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: The number of characters written.
+    """
+    character = ctypes.c_char(char.encode())
+    num_characters = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+    num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+    _FillConsoleOutputCharacterW(
+        std_handle,
+        character,
+        num_characters,
+        start,
+        byref(num_written),
+    )
+    return num_written.value
+
+
+_FillConsoleOutputAttribute = windll.kernel32.FillConsoleOutputAttribute
+_FillConsoleOutputAttribute.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.HANDLE,
+    wintypes.WORD,
+    wintypes.DWORD,
+    cast(Type[COORD], WindowsCoordinates),
+    ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.DWORD),
+]
+_FillConsoleOutputAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+    std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE,
+    attributes: int,
+    length: int,
+    start: WindowsCoordinates,
+) -> int:
+    """Sets the character attributes for a specified number of character cells,
+    beginning at the specified coordinates in a screen buffer.
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+        attributes (int): Integer value representing the foreground and background colours of the cells.
+        length (int): The number of cells to set the output attribute of.
+        start (WindowsCoordinates): The coordinates of the first cell whose attributes are to be set.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: The number of cells whose attributes were actually set.
+    """
+    num_cells = wintypes.DWORD(length)
+    style_attrs = wintypes.WORD(attributes)
+    num_written = wintypes.DWORD(0)
+    _FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+        std_handle, style_attrs, num_cells, start, byref(num_written)
+    )
+    return num_written.value
+
+
+_SetConsoleTextAttribute = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTextAttribute
+_SetConsoleTextAttribute.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.HANDLE,
+    wintypes.WORD,
+]
+_SetConsoleTextAttribute.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def SetConsoleTextAttribute(
+    std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE, attributes: wintypes.WORD
+) -> bool:
+    """Set the colour attributes for all text written after this function is called.
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+        attributes (int): Integer value representing the foreground and background colours.
+
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the attribute was set successfully, otherwise False.
+    """
+    return bool(_SetConsoleTextAttribute(std_handle, attributes))
+
+
+_GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo
+_GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.HANDLE,
+    ctypes.POINTER(CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO),
+]
+_GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(
+    std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE,
+) -> CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO:
+    """Retrieves information about the specified console screen buffer.
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+
+    Returns:
+        CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO: A CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO ctype struct contain information about
+            screen size, cursor position, colour attributes, and more."""
+    console_screen_buffer_info = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+    _GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(std_handle, byref(console_screen_buffer_info))
+    return console_screen_buffer_info
+
+
+_SetConsoleCursorPosition = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorPosition
+_SetConsoleCursorPosition.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.HANDLE,
+    cast(Type[COORD], WindowsCoordinates),
+]
+_SetConsoleCursorPosition.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def SetConsoleCursorPosition(
+    std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE, coords: WindowsCoordinates
+) -> bool:
+    """Set the position of the cursor in the console screen
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+        coords (WindowsCoordinates): The coordinates to move the cursor to.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the function succeeds, otherwise False.
+    """
+    return bool(_SetConsoleCursorPosition(std_handle, coords))
+
+
+_GetConsoleCursorInfo = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleCursorInfo
+_GetConsoleCursorInfo.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.HANDLE,
+    ctypes.POINTER(CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO),
+]
+_GetConsoleCursorInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def GetConsoleCursorInfo(
+    std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE, cursor_info: CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO
+) -> bool:
+    """Get the cursor info - used to get cursor visibility and width
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+        cursor_info (CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO): CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO ctype struct that receives information
+            about the console's cursor.
+
+    Returns:
+          bool: True if the function succeeds, otherwise False.
+    """
+    return bool(_GetConsoleCursorInfo(std_handle, byref(cursor_info)))
+
+
+_SetConsoleCursorInfo = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleCursorInfo
+_SetConsoleCursorInfo.argtypes = [
+    wintypes.HANDLE,
+    ctypes.POINTER(CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO),
+]
+_SetConsoleCursorInfo.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def SetConsoleCursorInfo(
+    std_handle: wintypes.HANDLE, cursor_info: CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO
+) -> bool:
+    """Set the cursor info - used for adjusting cursor visibility and width
+
+    Args:
+        std_handle (wintypes.HANDLE): A handle to the console input buffer or the console screen buffer.
+        cursor_info (CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO): CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO ctype struct containing the new cursor info.
+
+    Returns:
+          bool: True if the function succeeds, otherwise False.
+    """
+    return bool(_SetConsoleCursorInfo(std_handle, byref(cursor_info)))
+
+
+_SetConsoleTitle = windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleW
+_SetConsoleTitle.argtypes = [wintypes.LPCWSTR]
+_SetConsoleTitle.restype = wintypes.BOOL
+
+
+def SetConsoleTitle(title: str) -> bool:
+    """Sets the title of the current console window
+
+    Args:
+        title (str): The new title of the console window.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the function succeeds, otherwise False.
+    """
+    return bool(_SetConsoleTitle(title))
+
+
+class LegacyWindowsTerm:
+    """This class allows interaction with the legacy Windows Console API. It should only be used in the context
+    of environments where virtual terminal processing is not available. However, if it is used in a Windows environment,
+    the entire API should work.
+
+    Args:
+        file (IO[str]): The file which the Windows Console API HANDLE is retrieved from, defaults to sys.stdout.
+    """
+
+    BRIGHT_BIT = 8
+
+    # Indices are ANSI color numbers, values are the corresponding Windows Console API color numbers
+    ANSI_TO_WINDOWS = [
+        0,  # black                      The Windows colours are defined in wincon.h as follows:
+        4,  # red                         define FOREGROUND_BLUE            0x0001 -- 0000 0001
+        2,  # green                       define FOREGROUND_GREEN           0x0002 -- 0000 0010
+        6,  # yellow                      define FOREGROUND_RED             0x0004 -- 0000 0100
+        1,  # blue                        define FOREGROUND_INTENSITY       0x0008 -- 0000 1000
+        5,  # magenta                     define BACKGROUND_BLUE            0x0010 -- 0001 0000
+        3,  # cyan                        define BACKGROUND_GREEN           0x0020 -- 0010 0000
+        7,  # white                       define BACKGROUND_RED             0x0040 -- 0100 0000
+        8,  # bright black (grey)         define BACKGROUND_INTENSITY       0x0080 -- 1000 0000
+        12,  # bright red
+        10,  # bright green
+        14,  # bright yellow
+        9,  # bright blue
+        13,  # bright magenta
+        11,  # bright cyan
+        15,  # bright white
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, file: "IO[str]") -> None:
+        handle = GetStdHandle(STDOUT)
+        self._handle = handle
+        default_text = GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(handle).wAttributes
+        self._default_text = default_text
+
+        self._default_fore = default_text & 7
+        self._default_back = (default_text >> 4) & 7
+        self._default_attrs = self._default_fore | (self._default_back << 4)
+
+        self._file = file
+        self.write = file.write
+        self.flush = file.flush
+
+    @property
+    def cursor_position(self) -> WindowsCoordinates:
+        """Returns the current position of the cursor (0-based)
+
+        Returns:
+            WindowsCoordinates: The current cursor position.
+        """
+        coord: COORD = GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(self._handle).dwCursorPosition
+        return WindowsCoordinates(row=cast(int, coord.Y), col=cast(int, coord.X))
+
+    @property
+    def screen_size(self) -> WindowsCoordinates:
+        """Returns the current size of the console screen buffer, in character columns and rows
+
+        Returns:
+            WindowsCoordinates: The width and height of the screen as WindowsCoordinates.
+        """
+        screen_size: COORD = GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(self._handle).dwSize
+        return WindowsCoordinates(
+            row=cast(int, screen_size.Y), col=cast(int, screen_size.X)
+        )
+
+    def write_text(self, text: str) -> None:
+        """Write text directly to the terminal without any modification of styles
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text to write to the console
+        """
+        self.write(text)
+        self.flush()
+
+    def write_styled(self, text: str, style: Style) -> None:
+        """Write styled text to the terminal.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): The text to write
+            style (Style): The style of the text
+        """
+        color = style.color
+        bgcolor = style.bgcolor
+        if style.reverse:
+            color, bgcolor = bgcolor, color
+
+        if color:
+            fore = color.downgrade(ColorSystem.WINDOWS).number
+            fore = fore if fore is not None else 7  # Default to ANSI 7: White
+            if style.bold:
+                fore = fore | self.BRIGHT_BIT
+            if style.dim:
+                fore = fore & ~self.BRIGHT_BIT
+            fore = self.ANSI_TO_WINDOWS[fore]
+        else:
+            fore = self._default_fore
+
+        if bgcolor:
+            back = bgcolor.downgrade(ColorSystem.WINDOWS).number
+            back = back if back is not None else 0  # Default to ANSI 0: Black
+            back = self.ANSI_TO_WINDOWS[back]
+        else:
+            back = self._default_back
+
+        assert fore is not None
+        assert back is not None
+
+        SetConsoleTextAttribute(
+            self._handle, attributes=ctypes.c_ushort(fore | (back << 4))
+        )
+        self.write_text(text)
+        SetConsoleTextAttribute(self._handle, attributes=self._default_text)
+
+    def move_cursor_to(self, new_position: WindowsCoordinates) -> None:
+        """Set the position of the cursor
+
+        Args:
+            new_position (WindowsCoordinates): The WindowsCoordinates representing the new position of the cursor.
+        """
+        if new_position.col < 0 or new_position.row < 0:
+            return
+        SetConsoleCursorPosition(self._handle, coords=new_position)
+
+    def erase_line(self) -> None:
+        """Erase all content on the line the cursor is currently located at"""
+        screen_size = self.screen_size
+        cursor_position = self.cursor_position
+        cells_to_erase = screen_size.col
+        start_coordinates = WindowsCoordinates(row=cursor_position.row, col=0)
+        FillConsoleOutputCharacter(
+            self._handle, " ", length=cells_to_erase, start=start_coordinates
+        )
+        FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+            self._handle,
+            self._default_attrs,
+            length=cells_to_erase,
+            start=start_coordinates,
+        )
+
+    def erase_end_of_line(self) -> None:
+        """Erase all content from the cursor position to the end of that line"""
+        cursor_position = self.cursor_position
+        cells_to_erase = self.screen_size.col - cursor_position.col
+        FillConsoleOutputCharacter(
+            self._handle, " ", length=cells_to_erase, start=cursor_position
+        )
+        FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+            self._handle,
+            self._default_attrs,
+            length=cells_to_erase,
+            start=cursor_position,
+        )
+
+    def erase_start_of_line(self) -> None:
+        """Erase all content from the cursor position to the start of that line"""
+        row, col = self.cursor_position
+        start = WindowsCoordinates(row, 0)
+        FillConsoleOutputCharacter(self._handle, " ", length=col, start=start)
+        FillConsoleOutputAttribute(
+            self._handle, self._default_attrs, length=col, start=start
+        )
+
+    def move_cursor_up(self) -> None:
+        """Move the cursor up a single cell"""
+        cursor_position = self.cursor_position
+        SetConsoleCursorPosition(
+            self._handle,
+            coords=WindowsCoordinates(
+                row=cursor_position.row - 1, col=cursor_position.col
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def move_cursor_down(self) -> None:
+        """Move the cursor down a single cell"""
+        cursor_position = self.cursor_position
+        SetConsoleCursorPosition(
+            self._handle,
+            coords=WindowsCoordinates(
+                row=cursor_position.row + 1,
+                col=cursor_position.col,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def move_cursor_forward(self) -> None:
+        """Move the cursor forward a single cell. Wrap to the next line if required."""
+        row, col = self.cursor_position
+        if col == self.screen_size.col - 1:
+            row += 1
+            col = 0
+        else:
+            col += 1
+        SetConsoleCursorPosition(
+            self._handle, coords=WindowsCoordinates(row=row, col=col)
+        )
+
+    def move_cursor_to_column(self, column: int) -> None:
+        """Move cursor to the column specified by the zero-based column index, staying on the same row
+
+        Args:
+            column (int): The zero-based column index to move the cursor to.
+        """
+        row, _ = self.cursor_position
+        SetConsoleCursorPosition(self._handle, coords=WindowsCoordinates(row, column))
+
+    def move_cursor_backward(self) -> None:
+        """Move the cursor backward a single cell. Wrap to the previous line if required."""
+        row, col = self.cursor_position
+        if col == 0:
+            row -= 1
+            col = self.screen_size.col - 1
+        else:
+            col -= 1
+        SetConsoleCursorPosition(
+            self._handle, coords=WindowsCoordinates(row=row, col=col)
+        )
+
+    def hide_cursor(self) -> None:
+        """Hide the cursor"""
+        current_cursor_size = self._get_cursor_size()
+        invisible_cursor = CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO(dwSize=current_cursor_size, bVisible=0)
+        SetConsoleCursorInfo(self._handle, cursor_info=invisible_cursor)
+
+    def show_cursor(self) -> None:
+        """Show the cursor"""
+        current_cursor_size = self._get_cursor_size()
+        visible_cursor = CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO(dwSize=current_cursor_size, bVisible=1)
+        SetConsoleCursorInfo(self._handle, cursor_info=visible_cursor)
+
+    def set_title(self, title: str) -> None:
+        """Set the title of the terminal window
+
+        Args:
+            title (str): The new title of the console window
+        """
+        assert len(title) < 255, "Console title must be less than 255 characters"
+        SetConsoleTitle(title)
+
+    def _get_cursor_size(self) -> int:
+        """Get the percentage of the character cell that is filled by the cursor"""
+        cursor_info = CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO()
+        GetConsoleCursorInfo(self._handle, cursor_info=cursor_info)
+        return int(cursor_info.dwSize)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    handle = GetStdHandle()
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    term = LegacyWindowsTerm(sys.stdout)
+    term.set_title("Win32 Console Examples")
+
+    style = Style(color="black", bgcolor="red")
+
+    heading = Style.parse("black on green")
+
+    # Check colour output
+    console.rule("Checking colour output")
+    console.print("[on red]on red!")
+    console.print("[blue]blue!")
+    console.print("[yellow]yellow!")
+    console.print("[bold yellow]bold yellow!")
+    console.print("[bright_yellow]bright_yellow!")
+    console.print("[dim bright_yellow]dim bright_yellow!")
+    console.print("[italic cyan]italic cyan!")
+    console.print("[bold white on blue]bold white on blue!")
+    console.print("[reverse bold white on blue]reverse bold white on blue!")
+    console.print("[bold black on cyan]bold black on cyan!")
+    console.print("[black on green]black on green!")
+    console.print("[blue on green]blue on green!")
+    console.print("[white on black]white on black!")
+    console.print("[black on white]black on white!")
+    console.print("[#1BB152 on #DA812D]#1BB152 on #DA812D!")
+
+    # Check cursor movement
+    console.rule("Checking cursor movement")
+    console.print()
+    term.move_cursor_backward()
+    term.move_cursor_backward()
+    term.write_text("went back and wrapped to prev line")
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.move_cursor_up()
+    term.write_text("we go up")
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.move_cursor_down()
+    term.write_text("and down")
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.move_cursor_up()
+    term.move_cursor_backward()
+    term.move_cursor_backward()
+    term.write_text("we went up and back 2")
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.move_cursor_down()
+    term.move_cursor_backward()
+    term.move_cursor_backward()
+    term.write_text("we went down and back 2")
+    time.sleep(1)
+
+    # Check erasing of lines
+    term.hide_cursor()
+    console.print()
+    console.rule("Checking line erasing")
+    console.print("\n...Deleting to the start of the line...")
+    term.write_text("The red arrow shows the cursor location, and direction of erase")
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.move_cursor_to_column(16)
+    term.write_styled("<", Style.parse("black on red"))
+    term.move_cursor_backward()
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.erase_start_of_line()
+    time.sleep(1)
+
+    console.print("\n\n...And to the end of the line...")
+    term.write_text("The red arrow shows the cursor location, and direction of erase")
+    time.sleep(1)
+
+    term.move_cursor_to_column(16)
+    term.write_styled(">", Style.parse("black on red"))
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.erase_end_of_line()
+    time.sleep(1)
+
+    console.print("\n\n...Now the whole line will be erased...")
+    term.write_styled("I'm going to disappear!", style=Style.parse("black on cyan"))
+    time.sleep(1)
+    term.erase_line()
+
+    term.show_cursor()
+    print("\n")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_windows.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_windows.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10fc0d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_windows.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass
+class WindowsConsoleFeatures:
+    """Windows features available."""
+
+    vt: bool = False
+    """The console supports VT codes."""
+    truecolor: bool = False
+    """The console supports truecolor."""
+
+
+try:
+    import ctypes
+    from ctypes import LibraryLoader
+
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        windll = LibraryLoader(ctypes.WinDLL)
+    else:
+        windll = None
+        raise ImportError("Not windows")
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich._win32_console import (
+        ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING,
+        GetConsoleMode,
+        GetStdHandle,
+        LegacyWindowsError,
+    )
+
+except (AttributeError, ImportError, ValueError):
+
+    # Fallback if we can't load the Windows DLL
+    def get_windows_console_features() -> WindowsConsoleFeatures:
+        features = WindowsConsoleFeatures()
+        return features
+
+else:
+
+    def get_windows_console_features() -> WindowsConsoleFeatures:
+        """Get windows console features.
+
+        Returns:
+            WindowsConsoleFeatures: An instance of WindowsConsoleFeatures.
+        """
+        handle = GetStdHandle()
+        try:
+            console_mode = GetConsoleMode(handle)
+            success = True
+        except LegacyWindowsError:
+            console_mode = 0
+            success = False
+        vt = bool(success and console_mode & ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING)
+        truecolor = False
+        if vt:
+            win_version = sys.getwindowsversion()
+            truecolor = win_version.major > 10 or (
+                win_version.major == 10 and win_version.build >= 15063
+            )
+        features = WindowsConsoleFeatures(vt=vt, truecolor=truecolor)
+        return features
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    import platform
+
+    features = get_windows_console_features()
+    from pip._vendor.rich import print
+
+    print(f'platform="{platform.system()}"')
+    print(repr(features))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_windows_renderer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_windows_renderer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ece0564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_windows_renderer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+from typing import Iterable, Sequence, Tuple, cast
+
+from pip._vendor.rich._win32_console import LegacyWindowsTerm, WindowsCoordinates
+from pip._vendor.rich.segment import ControlCode, ControlType, Segment
+
+
+def legacy_windows_render(buffer: Iterable[Segment], term: LegacyWindowsTerm) -> None:
+    """Makes appropriate Windows Console API calls based on the segments in the buffer.
+
+    Args:
+        buffer (Iterable[Segment]): Iterable of Segments to convert to Win32 API calls.
+        term (LegacyWindowsTerm): Used to call the Windows Console API.
+    """
+    for text, style, control in buffer:
+        if not control:
+            if style:
+                term.write_styled(text, style)
+            else:
+                term.write_text(text)
+        else:
+            control_codes: Sequence[ControlCode] = control
+            for control_code in control_codes:
+                control_type = control_code[0]
+                if control_type == ControlType.CURSOR_MOVE_TO:
+                    _, x, y = cast(Tuple[ControlType, int, int], control_code)
+                    term.move_cursor_to(WindowsCoordinates(row=y - 1, col=x - 1))
+                elif control_type == ControlType.CARRIAGE_RETURN:
+                    term.write_text("\r")
+                elif control_type == ControlType.HOME:
+                    term.move_cursor_to(WindowsCoordinates(0, 0))
+                elif control_type == ControlType.CURSOR_UP:
+                    term.move_cursor_up()
+                elif control_type == ControlType.CURSOR_DOWN:
+                    term.move_cursor_down()
+                elif control_type == ControlType.CURSOR_FORWARD:
+                    term.move_cursor_forward()
+                elif control_type == ControlType.CURSOR_BACKWARD:
+                    term.move_cursor_backward()
+                elif control_type == ControlType.CURSOR_MOVE_TO_COLUMN:
+                    _, column = cast(Tuple[ControlType, int], control_code)
+                    term.move_cursor_to_column(column - 1)
+                elif control_type == ControlType.HIDE_CURSOR:
+                    term.hide_cursor()
+                elif control_type == ControlType.SHOW_CURSOR:
+                    term.show_cursor()
+                elif control_type == ControlType.ERASE_IN_LINE:
+                    _, mode = cast(Tuple[ControlType, int], control_code)
+                    if mode == 0:
+                        term.erase_end_of_line()
+                    elif mode == 1:
+                        term.erase_start_of_line()
+                    elif mode == 2:
+                        term.erase_line()
+                elif control_type == ControlType.SET_WINDOW_TITLE:
+                    _, title = cast(Tuple[ControlType, str], control_code)
+                    term.set_title(title)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_wrap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_wrap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c45f193f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/_wrap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import re
+from typing import Iterable, List, Tuple
+
+from ._loop import loop_last
+from .cells import cell_len, chop_cells
+
+re_word = re.compile(r"\s*\S+\s*")
+
+
+def words(text: str) -> Iterable[Tuple[int, int, str]]:
+    position = 0
+    word_match = re_word.match(text, position)
+    while word_match is not None:
+        start, end = word_match.span()
+        word = word_match.group(0)
+        yield start, end, word
+        word_match = re_word.match(text, end)
+
+
+def divide_line(text: str, width: int, fold: bool = True) -> List[int]:
+    divides: List[int] = []
+    append = divides.append
+    line_position = 0
+    _cell_len = cell_len
+    for start, _end, word in words(text):
+        word_length = _cell_len(word.rstrip())
+        if line_position + word_length > width:
+            if word_length > width:
+                if fold:
+                    chopped_words = chop_cells(word, max_size=width, position=0)
+                    for last, line in loop_last(chopped_words):
+                        if start:
+                            append(start)
+
+                        if last:
+                            line_position = _cell_len(line)
+                        else:
+                            start += len(line)
+                else:
+                    if start:
+                        append(start)
+                    line_position = _cell_len(word)
+            elif line_position and start:
+                append(start)
+                line_position = _cell_len(word)
+        else:
+            line_position += _cell_len(word)
+    return divides
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from .console import Console
+
+    console = Console(width=10)
+    console.print("12345 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyxzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 12345")
+    print(chop_cells("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz", 10, position=2))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/abc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/abc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6e498ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/abc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from abc import ABC
+
+
+class RichRenderable(ABC):
+    """An abstract base class for Rich renderables.
+
+    Note that there is no need to extend this class, the intended use is to check if an
+    object supports the Rich renderable protocol. For example::
+
+        if isinstance(my_object, RichRenderable):
+            console.print(my_object)
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __subclasshook__(cls, other: type) -> bool:
+        """Check if this class supports the rich render protocol."""
+        return hasattr(other, "__rich_console__") or hasattr(other, "__rich__")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich.text import Text
+
+    t = Text()
+    print(isinstance(Text, RichRenderable))
+    print(isinstance(t, RichRenderable))
+
+    class Foo:
+        pass
+
+    f = Foo()
+    print(isinstance(f, RichRenderable))
+    print(isinstance("", RichRenderable))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/align.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/align.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c310b66e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/align.py
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+import sys
+from itertools import chain
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, Optional
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Literal
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Literal  # pragma: no cover
+
+from .constrain import Constrain
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import StyleType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType, RenderResult
+
+AlignMethod = Literal["left", "center", "right"]
+VerticalAlignMethod = Literal["top", "middle", "bottom"]
+
+
+class Align(JupyterMixin):
+    """Align a renderable by adding spaces if necessary.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): A console renderable.
+        align (AlignMethod): One of "left", "center", or "right""
+        style (StyleType, optional): An optional style to apply to the background.
+        vertical (Optional[VerticalAlginMethod], optional): Optional vertical align, one of "top", "middle", or "bottom". Defaults to None.
+        pad (bool, optional): Pad the right with spaces. Defaults to True.
+        width (int, optional): Restrict contents to given width, or None to use default width. Defaults to None.
+        height (int, optional): Set height of align renderable, or None to fit to contents. Defaults to None.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: if ``align`` is not one of the expected values.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        align: AlignMethod = "left",
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        *,
+        vertical: Optional[VerticalAlignMethod] = None,
+        pad: bool = True,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if align not in ("left", "center", "right"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'invalid value for align, expected "left", "center", or "right" (not {align!r})'
+            )
+        if vertical is not None and vertical not in ("top", "middle", "bottom"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'invalid value for vertical, expected "top", "middle", or "bottom" (not {vertical!r})'
+            )
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        self.align = align
+        self.style = style
+        self.vertical = vertical
+        self.pad = pad
+        self.width = width
+        self.height = height
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Align({self.renderable!r}, {self.align!r})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def left(
+        cls,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        *,
+        vertical: Optional[VerticalAlignMethod] = None,
+        pad: bool = True,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> "Align":
+        """Align a renderable to the left."""
+        return cls(
+            renderable,
+            "left",
+            style=style,
+            vertical=vertical,
+            pad=pad,
+            width=width,
+            height=height,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def center(
+        cls,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        *,
+        vertical: Optional[VerticalAlignMethod] = None,
+        pad: bool = True,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> "Align":
+        """Align a renderable to the center."""
+        return cls(
+            renderable,
+            "center",
+            style=style,
+            vertical=vertical,
+            pad=pad,
+            width=width,
+            height=height,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def right(
+        cls,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        *,
+        vertical: Optional[VerticalAlignMethod] = None,
+        pad: bool = True,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> "Align":
+        """Align a renderable to the right."""
+        return cls(
+            renderable,
+            "right",
+            style=style,
+            vertical=vertical,
+            pad=pad,
+            width=width,
+            height=height,
+        )
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        align = self.align
+        width = console.measure(self.renderable, options=options).maximum
+        rendered = console.render(
+            Constrain(
+                self.renderable, width if self.width is None else min(width, self.width)
+            ),
+            options.update(height=None),
+        )
+        lines = list(Segment.split_lines(rendered))
+        width, height = Segment.get_shape(lines)
+        lines = Segment.set_shape(lines, width, height)
+        new_line = Segment.line()
+        excess_space = options.max_width - width
+        style = console.get_style(self.style) if self.style is not None else None
+
+        def generate_segments() -> Iterable[Segment]:
+            if excess_space <= 0:
+                # Exact fit
+                for line in lines:
+                    yield from line
+                    yield new_line
+
+            elif align == "left":
+                # Pad on the right
+                pad = Segment(" " * excess_space, style) if self.pad else None
+                for line in lines:
+                    yield from line
+                    if pad:
+                        yield pad
+                    yield new_line
+
+            elif align == "center":
+                # Pad left and right
+                left = excess_space // 2
+                pad = Segment(" " * left, style)
+                pad_right = (
+                    Segment(" " * (excess_space - left), style) if self.pad else None
+                )
+                for line in lines:
+                    if left:
+                        yield pad
+                    yield from line
+                    if pad_right:
+                        yield pad_right
+                    yield new_line
+
+            elif align == "right":
+                # Padding on left
+                pad = Segment(" " * excess_space, style)
+                for line in lines:
+                    yield pad
+                    yield from line
+                    yield new_line
+
+        blank_line = (
+            Segment(f"{' ' * (self.width or options.max_width)}\n", style)
+            if self.pad
+            else Segment("\n")
+        )
+
+        def blank_lines(count: int) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+            if count > 0:
+                for _ in range(count):
+                    yield blank_line
+
+        vertical_height = self.height or options.height
+        iter_segments: Iterable[Segment]
+        if self.vertical and vertical_height is not None:
+            if self.vertical == "top":
+                bottom_space = vertical_height - height
+                iter_segments = chain(generate_segments(), blank_lines(bottom_space))
+            elif self.vertical == "middle":
+                top_space = (vertical_height - height) // 2
+                bottom_space = vertical_height - top_space - height
+                iter_segments = chain(
+                    blank_lines(top_space),
+                    generate_segments(),
+                    blank_lines(bottom_space),
+                )
+            else:  #  self.vertical == "bottom":
+                top_space = vertical_height - height
+                iter_segments = chain(blank_lines(top_space), generate_segments())
+        else:
+            iter_segments = generate_segments()
+        if self.style:
+            style = console.get_style(self.style)
+            iter_segments = Segment.apply_style(iter_segments, style)
+        yield from iter_segments
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        measurement = Measurement.get(console, options, self.renderable)
+        return measurement
+
+
+class VerticalCenter(JupyterMixin):
+    """Vertically aligns a renderable.
+
+    Warn:
+        This class is deprecated and may be removed in a future version. Use Align class with
+        `vertical="middle"`.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): A renderable object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        self.style = style
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"VerticalCenter({self.renderable!r})"
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        style = console.get_style(self.style) if self.style is not None else None
+        lines = console.render_lines(
+            self.renderable, options.update(height=None), pad=False
+        )
+        width, _height = Segment.get_shape(lines)
+        new_line = Segment.line()
+        height = options.height or options.size.height
+        top_space = (height - len(lines)) // 2
+        bottom_space = height - top_space - len(lines)
+        blank_line = Segment(f"{' ' * width}", style)
+
+        def blank_lines(count: int) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+            for _ in range(count):
+                yield blank_line
+                yield new_line
+
+        if top_space > 0:
+            yield from blank_lines(top_space)
+        for line in lines:
+            yield from line
+            yield new_line
+        if bottom_space > 0:
+            yield from blank_lines(bottom_space)
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        measurement = Measurement.get(console, options, self.renderable)
+        return measurement
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console, Group
+    from pip._vendor.rich.highlighter import ReprHighlighter
+    from pip._vendor.rich.panel import Panel
+
+    highlighter = ReprHighlighter()
+    console = Console()
+
+    panel = Panel(
+        Group(
+            Align.left(highlighter("align='left'")),
+            Align.center(highlighter("align='center'")),
+            Align.right(highlighter("align='right'")),
+        ),
+        width=60,
+        style="on dark_blue",
+        title="Align",
+    )
+
+    console.print(
+        Align.center(panel, vertical="middle", style="on red", height=console.height)
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/ansi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/ansi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66365e65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/ansi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+import re
+import sys
+from contextlib import suppress
+from typing import Iterable, NamedTuple, Optional
+
+from .color import Color
+from .style import Style
+from .text import Text
+
+re_ansi = re.compile(
+    r"""
+(?:\x1b\](.*?)\x1b\\)|
+(?:\x1b([(@-Z\\-_]|\[[0-?]*[ -/]*[@-~]))
+""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+class _AnsiToken(NamedTuple):
+    """Result of ansi tokenized string."""
+
+    plain: str = ""
+    sgr: Optional[str] = ""
+    osc: Optional[str] = ""
+
+
+def _ansi_tokenize(ansi_text: str) -> Iterable[_AnsiToken]:
+    """Tokenize a string in to plain text and ANSI codes.
+
+    Args:
+        ansi_text (str): A String containing ANSI codes.
+
+    Yields:
+        AnsiToken: A named tuple of (plain, sgr, osc)
+    """
+
+    position = 0
+    sgr: Optional[str]
+    osc: Optional[str]
+    for match in re_ansi.finditer(ansi_text):
+        start, end = match.span(0)
+        osc, sgr = match.groups()
+        if start > position:
+            yield _AnsiToken(ansi_text[position:start])
+        if sgr:
+            if sgr == "(":
+                position = end + 1
+                continue
+            if sgr.endswith("m"):
+                yield _AnsiToken("", sgr[1:-1], osc)
+        else:
+            yield _AnsiToken("", sgr, osc)
+        position = end
+    if position < len(ansi_text):
+        yield _AnsiToken(ansi_text[position:])
+
+
+SGR_STYLE_MAP = {
+    1: "bold",
+    2: "dim",
+    3: "italic",
+    4: "underline",
+    5: "blink",
+    6: "blink2",
+    7: "reverse",
+    8: "conceal",
+    9: "strike",
+    21: "underline2",
+    22: "not dim not bold",
+    23: "not italic",
+    24: "not underline",
+    25: "not blink",
+    26: "not blink2",
+    27: "not reverse",
+    28: "not conceal",
+    29: "not strike",
+    30: "color(0)",
+    31: "color(1)",
+    32: "color(2)",
+    33: "color(3)",
+    34: "color(4)",
+    35: "color(5)",
+    36: "color(6)",
+    37: "color(7)",
+    39: "default",
+    40: "on color(0)",
+    41: "on color(1)",
+    42: "on color(2)",
+    43: "on color(3)",
+    44: "on color(4)",
+    45: "on color(5)",
+    46: "on color(6)",
+    47: "on color(7)",
+    49: "on default",
+    51: "frame",
+    52: "encircle",
+    53: "overline",
+    54: "not frame not encircle",
+    55: "not overline",
+    90: "color(8)",
+    91: "color(9)",
+    92: "color(10)",
+    93: "color(11)",
+    94: "color(12)",
+    95: "color(13)",
+    96: "color(14)",
+    97: "color(15)",
+    100: "on color(8)",
+    101: "on color(9)",
+    102: "on color(10)",
+    103: "on color(11)",
+    104: "on color(12)",
+    105: "on color(13)",
+    106: "on color(14)",
+    107: "on color(15)",
+}
+
+
+class AnsiDecoder:
+    """Translate ANSI code in to styled Text."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.style = Style.null()
+
+    def decode(self, terminal_text: str) -> Iterable[Text]:
+        """Decode ANSI codes in an iterable of lines.
+
+        Args:
+            lines (Iterable[str]): An iterable of lines of terminal output.
+
+        Yields:
+            Text: Marked up Text.
+        """
+        for line in terminal_text.splitlines():
+            yield self.decode_line(line)
+
+    def decode_line(self, line: str) -> Text:
+        """Decode a line containing ansi codes.
+
+        Args:
+            line (str): A line of terminal output.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A Text instance marked up according to ansi codes.
+        """
+        from_ansi = Color.from_ansi
+        from_rgb = Color.from_rgb
+        _Style = Style
+        text = Text()
+        append = text.append
+        line = line.rsplit("\r", 1)[-1]
+        for plain_text, sgr, osc in _ansi_tokenize(line):
+            if plain_text:
+                append(plain_text, self.style or None)
+            elif osc is not None:
+                if osc.startswith("8;"):
+                    _params, semicolon, link = osc[2:].partition(";")
+                    if semicolon:
+                        self.style = self.style.update_link(link or None)
+            elif sgr is not None:
+                # Translate in to semi-colon separated codes
+                # Ignore invalid codes, because we want to be lenient
+                codes = [
+                    min(255, int(_code) if _code else 0)
+                    for _code in sgr.split(";")
+                    if _code.isdigit() or _code == ""
+                ]
+                iter_codes = iter(codes)
+                for code in iter_codes:
+                    if code == 0:
+                        # reset
+                        self.style = _Style.null()
+                    elif code in SGR_STYLE_MAP:
+                        # styles
+                        self.style += _Style.parse(SGR_STYLE_MAP[code])
+                    elif code == 38:
+                        #  Foreground
+                        with suppress(StopIteration):
+                            color_type = next(iter_codes)
+                            if color_type == 5:
+                                self.style += _Style.from_color(
+                                    from_ansi(next(iter_codes))
+                                )
+                            elif color_type == 2:
+                                self.style += _Style.from_color(
+                                    from_rgb(
+                                        next(iter_codes),
+                                        next(iter_codes),
+                                        next(iter_codes),
+                                    )
+                                )
+                    elif code == 48:
+                        # Background
+                        with suppress(StopIteration):
+                            color_type = next(iter_codes)
+                            if color_type == 5:
+                                self.style += _Style.from_color(
+                                    None, from_ansi(next(iter_codes))
+                                )
+                            elif color_type == 2:
+                                self.style += _Style.from_color(
+                                    None,
+                                    from_rgb(
+                                        next(iter_codes),
+                                        next(iter_codes),
+                                        next(iter_codes),
+                                    ),
+                                )
+
+        return text
+
+
+if sys.platform != "win32" and __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import io
+    import os
+    import pty
+    import sys
+
+    decoder = AnsiDecoder()
+
+    stdout = io.BytesIO()
+
+    def read(fd: int) -> bytes:
+        data = os.read(fd, 1024)
+        stdout.write(data)
+        return data
+
+    pty.spawn(sys.argv[1:], read)
+
+    from .console import Console
+
+    console = Console(record=True)
+
+    stdout_result = stdout.getvalue().decode("utf-8")
+    print(stdout_result)
+
+    for line in decoder.decode(stdout_result):
+        console.print(line)
+
+    console.save_html("stdout.html")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/bar.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/bar.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed86a552
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/bar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from .color import Color
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style
+
+# There are left-aligned characters for 1/8 to 7/8, but
+# the right-aligned characters exist only for 1/8 and 4/8.
+BEGIN_BLOCK_ELEMENTS = ["█", "█", "█", "▐", "▐", "▐", "▕", "▕"]
+END_BLOCK_ELEMENTS = [" ", "▏", "▎", "▍", "▌", "▋", "▊", "▉"]
+FULL_BLOCK = "█"
+
+
+class Bar(JupyterMixin):
+    """Renders a solid block bar.
+
+    Args:
+        size (float): Value for the end of the bar.
+        begin (float): Begin point (between 0 and size, inclusive).
+        end (float): End point (between 0 and size, inclusive).
+        width (int, optional): Width of the bar, or ``None`` for maximum width. Defaults to None.
+        color (Union[Color, str], optional): Color of the bar. Defaults to "default".
+        bgcolor (Union[Color, str], optional): Color of bar background. Defaults to "default".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        size: float,
+        begin: float,
+        end: float,
+        *,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        color: Union[Color, str] = "default",
+        bgcolor: Union[Color, str] = "default",
+    ):
+        self.size = size
+        self.begin = max(begin, 0)
+        self.end = min(end, size)
+        self.width = width
+        self.style = Style(color=color, bgcolor=bgcolor)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Bar({self.size}, {self.begin}, {self.end})"
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+
+        width = min(
+            self.width if self.width is not None else options.max_width,
+            options.max_width,
+        )
+
+        if self.begin >= self.end:
+            yield Segment(" " * width, self.style)
+            yield Segment.line()
+            return
+
+        prefix_complete_eights = int(width * 8 * self.begin / self.size)
+        prefix_bar_count = prefix_complete_eights // 8
+        prefix_eights_count = prefix_complete_eights % 8
+
+        body_complete_eights = int(width * 8 * self.end / self.size)
+        body_bar_count = body_complete_eights // 8
+        body_eights_count = body_complete_eights % 8
+
+        # When start and end fall into the same cell, we ideally should render
+        # a symbol that's "center-aligned", but there is no good symbol in Unicode.
+        # In this case, we fall back to right-aligned block symbol for simplicity.
+
+        prefix = " " * prefix_bar_count
+        if prefix_eights_count:
+            prefix += BEGIN_BLOCK_ELEMENTS[prefix_eights_count]
+
+        body = FULL_BLOCK * body_bar_count
+        if body_eights_count:
+            body += END_BLOCK_ELEMENTS[body_eights_count]
+
+        suffix = " " * (width - len(body))
+
+        yield Segment(prefix + body[len(prefix) :] + suffix, self.style)
+        yield Segment.line()
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        return (
+            Measurement(self.width, self.width)
+            if self.width is not None
+            else Measurement(4, options.max_width)
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/box.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/box.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97d2a944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/box.py
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, List
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Literal
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Literal  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+from ._loop import loop_last
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import ConsoleOptions
+
+
+class Box:
+    """Defines characters to render boxes.
+
+    ┌─┬┐ top
+    │ ││ head
+    ├─┼┤ head_row
+    │ ││ mid
+    ├─┼┤ row
+    ├─┼┤ foot_row
+    │ ││ foot
+    └─┴┘ bottom
+
+    Args:
+        box (str): Characters making up box.
+        ascii (bool, optional): True if this box uses ascii characters only. Default is False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, box: str, *, ascii: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._box = box
+        self.ascii = ascii
+        line1, line2, line3, line4, line5, line6, line7, line8 = box.splitlines()
+        # top
+        self.top_left, self.top, self.top_divider, self.top_right = iter(line1)
+        # head
+        self.head_left, _, self.head_vertical, self.head_right = iter(line2)
+        # head_row
+        (
+            self.head_row_left,
+            self.head_row_horizontal,
+            self.head_row_cross,
+            self.head_row_right,
+        ) = iter(line3)
+
+        # mid
+        self.mid_left, _, self.mid_vertical, self.mid_right = iter(line4)
+        # row
+        self.row_left, self.row_horizontal, self.row_cross, self.row_right = iter(line5)
+        # foot_row
+        (
+            self.foot_row_left,
+            self.foot_row_horizontal,
+            self.foot_row_cross,
+            self.foot_row_right,
+        ) = iter(line6)
+        # foot
+        self.foot_left, _, self.foot_vertical, self.foot_right = iter(line7)
+        # bottom
+        self.bottom_left, self.bottom, self.bottom_divider, self.bottom_right = iter(
+            line8
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Box(...)"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._box
+
+    def substitute(self, options: "ConsoleOptions", safe: bool = True) -> "Box":
+        """Substitute this box for another if it won't render due to platform issues.
+
+        Args:
+            options (ConsoleOptions): Console options used in rendering.
+            safe (bool, optional): Substitute this for another Box if there are known problems
+                displaying on the platform (currently only relevant on Windows). Default is True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Box: A different Box or the same Box.
+        """
+        box = self
+        if options.legacy_windows and safe:
+            box = LEGACY_WINDOWS_SUBSTITUTIONS.get(box, box)
+        if options.ascii_only and not box.ascii:
+            box = ASCII
+        return box
+
+    def get_plain_headed_box(self) -> "Box":
+        """If this box uses special characters for the borders of the header, then
+        return the equivalent box that does not.
+
+        Returns:
+            Box: The most similar Box that doesn't use header-specific box characters.
+                If the current Box already satisfies this criterion, then it's returned.
+        """
+        return PLAIN_HEADED_SUBSTITUTIONS.get(self, self)
+
+    def get_top(self, widths: Iterable[int]) -> str:
+        """Get the top of a simple box.
+
+        Args:
+            widths (List[int]): Widths of columns.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A string of box characters.
+        """
+
+        parts: List[str] = []
+        append = parts.append
+        append(self.top_left)
+        for last, width in loop_last(widths):
+            append(self.top * width)
+            if not last:
+                append(self.top_divider)
+        append(self.top_right)
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    def get_row(
+        self,
+        widths: Iterable[int],
+        level: Literal["head", "row", "foot", "mid"] = "row",
+        edge: bool = True,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get the top of a simple box.
+
+        Args:
+            width (List[int]): Widths of columns.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A string of box characters.
+        """
+        if level == "head":
+            left = self.head_row_left
+            horizontal = self.head_row_horizontal
+            cross = self.head_row_cross
+            right = self.head_row_right
+        elif level == "row":
+            left = self.row_left
+            horizontal = self.row_horizontal
+            cross = self.row_cross
+            right = self.row_right
+        elif level == "mid":
+            left = self.mid_left
+            horizontal = " "
+            cross = self.mid_vertical
+            right = self.mid_right
+        elif level == "foot":
+            left = self.foot_row_left
+            horizontal = self.foot_row_horizontal
+            cross = self.foot_row_cross
+            right = self.foot_row_right
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("level must be 'head', 'row' or 'foot'")
+
+        parts: List[str] = []
+        append = parts.append
+        if edge:
+            append(left)
+        for last, width in loop_last(widths):
+            append(horizontal * width)
+            if not last:
+                append(cross)
+        if edge:
+            append(right)
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+    def get_bottom(self, widths: Iterable[int]) -> str:
+        """Get the bottom of a simple box.
+
+        Args:
+            widths (List[int]): Widths of columns.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A string of box characters.
+        """
+
+        parts: List[str] = []
+        append = parts.append
+        append(self.bottom_left)
+        for last, width in loop_last(widths):
+            append(self.bottom * width)
+            if not last:
+                append(self.bottom_divider)
+        append(self.bottom_right)
+        return "".join(parts)
+
+
+ASCII: Box = Box(
+    """\
++--+
+| ||
+|-+|
+| ||
+|-+|
+|-+|
+| ||
++--+
+""",
+    ascii=True,
+)
+
+ASCII2: Box = Box(
+    """\
++-++
+| ||
++-++
+| ||
++-++
++-++
+| ||
++-++
+""",
+    ascii=True,
+)
+
+ASCII_DOUBLE_HEAD: Box = Box(
+    """\
++-++
+| ||
++=++
+| ||
++-++
++-++
+| ||
++-++
+""",
+    ascii=True,
+)
+
+SQUARE: Box = Box(
+    """\
+┌─┬┐
+│ ││
+├─┼┤
+│ ││
+├─┼┤
+├─┼┤
+│ ││
+└─┴┘
+"""
+)
+
+SQUARE_DOUBLE_HEAD: Box = Box(
+    """\
+┌─┬┐
+│ ││
+╞═╪╡
+│ ││
+├─┼┤
+├─┼┤
+│ ││
+└─┴┘
+"""
+)
+
+MINIMAL: Box = Box(
+    """\
+  ╷ 
+  │ 
+╶─┼╴
+  │ 
+╶─┼╴
+╶─┼╴
+  │ 
+  ╵ 
+"""
+)
+
+
+MINIMAL_HEAVY_HEAD: Box = Box(
+    """\
+  ╷ 
+  │ 
+╺━┿╸
+  │ 
+╶─┼╴
+╶─┼╴
+  │ 
+  ╵ 
+"""
+)
+
+MINIMAL_DOUBLE_HEAD: Box = Box(
+    """\
+  ╷ 
+  │ 
+ ═╪ 
+  │ 
+ ─┼ 
+ ─┼ 
+  │ 
+  ╵ 
+"""
+)
+
+
+SIMPLE: Box = Box(
+    """\
+    
+    
+ ── 
+    
+    
+ ── 
+    
+    
+"""
+)
+
+SIMPLE_HEAD: Box = Box(
+    """\
+    
+    
+ ── 
+    
+    
+    
+    
+    
+"""
+)
+
+
+SIMPLE_HEAVY: Box = Box(
+    """\
+    
+    
+ ━━ 
+    
+    
+ ━━ 
+    
+    
+"""
+)
+
+
+HORIZONTALS: Box = Box(
+    """\
+ ── 
+    
+ ── 
+    
+ ── 
+ ── 
+    
+ ── 
+"""
+)
+
+ROUNDED: Box = Box(
+    """\
+╭─┬╮
+│ ││
+├─┼┤
+│ ││
+├─┼┤
+├─┼┤
+│ ││
+╰─┴╯
+"""
+)
+
+HEAVY: Box = Box(
+    """\
+┏━┳┓
+┃ ┃┃
+┣━╋┫
+┃ ┃┃
+┣━╋┫
+┣━╋┫
+┃ ┃┃
+┗━┻┛
+"""
+)
+
+HEAVY_EDGE: Box = Box(
+    """\
+┏━┯┓
+┃ │┃
+┠─┼┨
+┃ │┃
+┠─┼┨
+┠─┼┨
+┃ │┃
+┗━┷┛
+"""
+)
+
+HEAVY_HEAD: Box = Box(
+    """\
+┏━┳┓
+┃ ┃┃
+┡━╇┩
+│ ││
+├─┼┤
+├─┼┤
+│ ││
+└─┴┘
+"""
+)
+
+DOUBLE: Box = Box(
+    """\
+╔═╦╗
+║ ║║
+╠═╬╣
+║ ║║
+╠═╬╣
+╠═╬╣
+║ ║║
+╚═╩╝
+"""
+)
+
+DOUBLE_EDGE: Box = Box(
+    """\
+╔═╤╗
+║ │║
+╟─┼╢
+║ │║
+╟─┼╢
+╟─┼╢
+║ │║
+╚═╧╝
+"""
+)
+
+MARKDOWN: Box = Box(
+    """\
+    
+| ||
+|-||
+| ||
+|-||
+|-||
+| ||
+    
+""",
+    ascii=True,
+)
+
+# Map Boxes that don't render with raster fonts on to equivalent that do
+LEGACY_WINDOWS_SUBSTITUTIONS = {
+    ROUNDED: SQUARE,
+    MINIMAL_HEAVY_HEAD: MINIMAL,
+    SIMPLE_HEAVY: SIMPLE,
+    HEAVY: SQUARE,
+    HEAVY_EDGE: SQUARE,
+    HEAVY_HEAD: SQUARE,
+}
+
+# Map headed boxes to their headerless equivalents
+PLAIN_HEADED_SUBSTITUTIONS = {
+    HEAVY_HEAD: SQUARE,
+    SQUARE_DOUBLE_HEAD: SQUARE,
+    MINIMAL_DOUBLE_HEAD: MINIMAL,
+    MINIMAL_HEAVY_HEAD: MINIMAL,
+    ASCII_DOUBLE_HEAD: ASCII2,
+}
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.columns import Columns
+    from pip._vendor.rich.panel import Panel
+
+    from . import box as box
+    from .console import Console
+    from .table import Table
+    from .text import Text
+
+    console = Console(record=True)
+
+    BOXES = [
+        "ASCII",
+        "ASCII2",
+        "ASCII_DOUBLE_HEAD",
+        "SQUARE",
+        "SQUARE_DOUBLE_HEAD",
+        "MINIMAL",
+        "MINIMAL_HEAVY_HEAD",
+        "MINIMAL_DOUBLE_HEAD",
+        "SIMPLE",
+        "SIMPLE_HEAD",
+        "SIMPLE_HEAVY",
+        "HORIZONTALS",
+        "ROUNDED",
+        "HEAVY",
+        "HEAVY_EDGE",
+        "HEAVY_HEAD",
+        "DOUBLE",
+        "DOUBLE_EDGE",
+        "MARKDOWN",
+    ]
+
+    console.print(Panel("[bold green]Box Constants", style="green"), justify="center")
+    console.print()
+
+    columns = Columns(expand=True, padding=2)
+    for box_name in sorted(BOXES):
+        table = Table(
+            show_footer=True, style="dim", border_style="not dim", expand=True
+        )
+        table.add_column("Header 1", "Footer 1")
+        table.add_column("Header 2", "Footer 2")
+        table.add_row("Cell", "Cell")
+        table.add_row("Cell", "Cell")
+        table.box = getattr(box, box_name)
+        table.title = Text(f"box.{box_name}", style="magenta")
+        columns.add_renderable(table)
+    console.print(columns)
+
+    # console.save_svg("box.svg")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/cells.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/cells.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9354f9e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/cells.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+import re
+from functools import lru_cache
+from typing import Callable, List
+
+from ._cell_widths import CELL_WIDTHS
+
+# Regex to match sequence of the most common character ranges
+_is_single_cell_widths = re.compile("^[\u0020-\u006f\u00a0\u02ff\u0370-\u0482]*$").match
+
+
+@lru_cache(4096)
+def cached_cell_len(text: str) -> int:
+    """Get the number of cells required to display text.
+
+    This method always caches, which may use up a lot of memory. It is recommended to use
+    `cell_len` over this method.
+
+    Args:
+        text (str): Text to display.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: Get the number of cells required to display text.
+    """
+    _get_size = get_character_cell_size
+    total_size = sum(_get_size(character) for character in text)
+    return total_size
+
+
+def cell_len(text: str, _cell_len: Callable[[str], int] = cached_cell_len) -> int:
+    """Get the number of cells required to display text.
+
+    Args:
+        text (str): Text to display.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: Get the number of cells required to display text.
+    """
+    if len(text) < 512:
+        return _cell_len(text)
+    _get_size = get_character_cell_size
+    total_size = sum(_get_size(character) for character in text)
+    return total_size
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=4096)
+def get_character_cell_size(character: str) -> int:
+    """Get the cell size of a character.
+
+    Args:
+        character (str): A single character.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: Number of cells (0, 1 or 2) occupied by that character.
+    """
+    return _get_codepoint_cell_size(ord(character))
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=4096)
+def _get_codepoint_cell_size(codepoint: int) -> int:
+    """Get the cell size of a character.
+
+    Args:
+        codepoint (int): Codepoint of a character.
+
+    Returns:
+        int: Number of cells (0, 1 or 2) occupied by that character.
+    """
+
+    _table = CELL_WIDTHS
+    lower_bound = 0
+    upper_bound = len(_table) - 1
+    index = (lower_bound + upper_bound) // 2
+    while True:
+        start, end, width = _table[index]
+        if codepoint < start:
+            upper_bound = index - 1
+        elif codepoint > end:
+            lower_bound = index + 1
+        else:
+            return 0 if width == -1 else width
+        if upper_bound < lower_bound:
+            break
+        index = (lower_bound + upper_bound) // 2
+    return 1
+
+
+def set_cell_size(text: str, total: int) -> str:
+    """Set the length of a string to fit within given number of cells."""
+
+    if _is_single_cell_widths(text):
+        size = len(text)
+        if size < total:
+            return text + " " * (total - size)
+        return text[:total]
+
+    if total <= 0:
+        return ""
+    cell_size = cell_len(text)
+    if cell_size == total:
+        return text
+    if cell_size < total:
+        return text + " " * (total - cell_size)
+
+    start = 0
+    end = len(text)
+
+    # Binary search until we find the right size
+    while True:
+        pos = (start + end) // 2
+        before = text[: pos + 1]
+        before_len = cell_len(before)
+        if before_len == total + 1 and cell_len(before[-1]) == 2:
+            return before[:-1] + " "
+        if before_len == total:
+            return before
+        if before_len > total:
+            end = pos
+        else:
+            start = pos
+
+
+# TODO: This is inefficient
+# TODO: This might not work with CWJ type characters
+def chop_cells(text: str, max_size: int, position: int = 0) -> List[str]:
+    """Break text in to equal (cell) length strings, returning the characters in reverse
+    order"""
+    _get_character_cell_size = get_character_cell_size
+    characters = [
+        (character, _get_character_cell_size(character)) for character in text
+    ]
+    total_size = position
+    lines: List[List[str]] = [[]]
+    append = lines[-1].append
+
+    for character, size in reversed(characters):
+        if total_size + size > max_size:
+            lines.append([character])
+            append = lines[-1].append
+            total_size = size
+        else:
+            total_size += size
+            append(character)
+
+    return ["".join(line) for line in lines]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    print(get_character_cell_size("😽"))
+    for line in chop_cells("""这是对亚洲语言支持的测试。面对模棱两可的想法，拒绝猜测的诱惑。""", 8):
+        print(line)
+    for n in range(80, 1, -1):
+        print(set_cell_size("""这是对亚洲语言支持的测试。面对模棱两可的想法，拒绝猜测的诱惑。""", n) + "|")
+        print("x" * n)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/color.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/color.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfe45593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/color.py
@@ -0,0 +1,622 @@
+import platform
+import re
+from colorsys import rgb_to_hls
+from enum import IntEnum
+from functools import lru_cache
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple
+
+from ._palettes import EIGHT_BIT_PALETTE, STANDARD_PALETTE, WINDOWS_PALETTE
+from .color_triplet import ColorTriplet
+from .repr import Result, rich_repr
+from .terminal_theme import DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from .terminal_theme import TerminalTheme
+    from .text import Text
+
+
+WINDOWS = platform.system() == "Windows"
+
+
+class ColorSystem(IntEnum):
+    """One of the 3 color system supported by terminals."""
+
+    STANDARD = 1
+    EIGHT_BIT = 2
+    TRUECOLOR = 3
+    WINDOWS = 4
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ColorSystem.{self.name}"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self)
+
+
+class ColorType(IntEnum):
+    """Type of color stored in Color class."""
+
+    DEFAULT = 0
+    STANDARD = 1
+    EIGHT_BIT = 2
+    TRUECOLOR = 3
+    WINDOWS = 4
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ColorType.{self.name}"
+
+
+ANSI_COLOR_NAMES = {
+    "black": 0,
+    "red": 1,
+    "green": 2,
+    "yellow": 3,
+    "blue": 4,
+    "magenta": 5,
+    "cyan": 6,
+    "white": 7,
+    "bright_black": 8,
+    "bright_red": 9,
+    "bright_green": 10,
+    "bright_yellow": 11,
+    "bright_blue": 12,
+    "bright_magenta": 13,
+    "bright_cyan": 14,
+    "bright_white": 15,
+    "grey0": 16,
+    "gray0": 16,
+    "navy_blue": 17,
+    "dark_blue": 18,
+    "blue3": 20,
+    "blue1": 21,
+    "dark_green": 22,
+    "deep_sky_blue4": 25,
+    "dodger_blue3": 26,
+    "dodger_blue2": 27,
+    "green4": 28,
+    "spring_green4": 29,
+    "turquoise4": 30,
+    "deep_sky_blue3": 32,
+    "dodger_blue1": 33,
+    "green3": 40,
+    "spring_green3": 41,
+    "dark_cyan": 36,
+    "light_sea_green": 37,
+    "deep_sky_blue2": 38,
+    "deep_sky_blue1": 39,
+    "spring_green2": 47,
+    "cyan3": 43,
+    "dark_turquoise": 44,
+    "turquoise2": 45,
+    "green1": 46,
+    "spring_green1": 48,
+    "medium_spring_green": 49,
+    "cyan2": 50,
+    "cyan1": 51,
+    "dark_red": 88,
+    "deep_pink4": 125,
+    "purple4": 55,
+    "purple3": 56,
+    "blue_violet": 57,
+    "orange4": 94,
+    "grey37": 59,
+    "gray37": 59,
+    "medium_purple4": 60,
+    "slate_blue3": 62,
+    "royal_blue1": 63,
+    "chartreuse4": 64,
+    "dark_sea_green4": 71,
+    "pale_turquoise4": 66,
+    "steel_blue": 67,
+    "steel_blue3": 68,
+    "cornflower_blue": 69,
+    "chartreuse3": 76,
+    "cadet_blue": 73,
+    "sky_blue3": 74,
+    "steel_blue1": 81,
+    "pale_green3": 114,
+    "sea_green3": 78,
+    "aquamarine3": 79,
+    "medium_turquoise": 80,
+    "chartreuse2": 112,
+    "sea_green2": 83,
+    "sea_green1": 85,
+    "aquamarine1": 122,
+    "dark_slate_gray2": 87,
+    "dark_magenta": 91,
+    "dark_violet": 128,
+    "purple": 129,
+    "light_pink4": 95,
+    "plum4": 96,
+    "medium_purple3": 98,
+    "slate_blue1": 99,
+    "yellow4": 106,
+    "wheat4": 101,
+    "grey53": 102,
+    "gray53": 102,
+    "light_slate_grey": 103,
+    "light_slate_gray": 103,
+    "medium_purple": 104,
+    "light_slate_blue": 105,
+    "dark_olive_green3": 149,
+    "dark_sea_green": 108,
+    "light_sky_blue3": 110,
+    "sky_blue2": 111,
+    "dark_sea_green3": 150,
+    "dark_slate_gray3": 116,
+    "sky_blue1": 117,
+    "chartreuse1": 118,
+    "light_green": 120,
+    "pale_green1": 156,
+    "dark_slate_gray1": 123,
+    "red3": 160,
+    "medium_violet_red": 126,
+    "magenta3": 164,
+    "dark_orange3": 166,
+    "indian_red": 167,
+    "hot_pink3": 168,
+    "medium_orchid3": 133,
+    "medium_orchid": 134,
+    "medium_purple2": 140,
+    "dark_goldenrod": 136,
+    "light_salmon3": 173,
+    "rosy_brown": 138,
+    "grey63": 139,
+    "gray63": 139,
+    "medium_purple1": 141,
+    "gold3": 178,
+    "dark_khaki": 143,
+    "navajo_white3": 144,
+    "grey69": 145,
+    "gray69": 145,
+    "light_steel_blue3": 146,
+    "light_steel_blue": 147,
+    "yellow3": 184,
+    "dark_sea_green2": 157,
+    "light_cyan3": 152,
+    "light_sky_blue1": 153,
+    "green_yellow": 154,
+    "dark_olive_green2": 155,
+    "dark_sea_green1": 193,
+    "pale_turquoise1": 159,
+    "deep_pink3": 162,
+    "magenta2": 200,
+    "hot_pink2": 169,
+    "orchid": 170,
+    "medium_orchid1": 207,
+    "orange3": 172,
+    "light_pink3": 174,
+    "pink3": 175,
+    "plum3": 176,
+    "violet": 177,
+    "light_goldenrod3": 179,
+    "tan": 180,
+    "misty_rose3": 181,
+    "thistle3": 182,
+    "plum2": 183,
+    "khaki3": 185,
+    "light_goldenrod2": 222,
+    "light_yellow3": 187,
+    "grey84": 188,
+    "gray84": 188,
+    "light_steel_blue1": 189,
+    "yellow2": 190,
+    "dark_olive_green1": 192,
+    "honeydew2": 194,
+    "light_cyan1": 195,
+    "red1": 196,
+    "deep_pink2": 197,
+    "deep_pink1": 199,
+    "magenta1": 201,
+    "orange_red1": 202,
+    "indian_red1": 204,
+    "hot_pink": 206,
+    "dark_orange": 208,
+    "salmon1": 209,
+    "light_coral": 210,
+    "pale_violet_red1": 211,
+    "orchid2": 212,
+    "orchid1": 213,
+    "orange1": 214,
+    "sandy_brown": 215,
+    "light_salmon1": 216,
+    "light_pink1": 217,
+    "pink1": 218,
+    "plum1": 219,
+    "gold1": 220,
+    "navajo_white1": 223,
+    "misty_rose1": 224,
+    "thistle1": 225,
+    "yellow1": 226,
+    "light_goldenrod1": 227,
+    "khaki1": 228,
+    "wheat1": 229,
+    "cornsilk1": 230,
+    "grey100": 231,
+    "gray100": 231,
+    "grey3": 232,
+    "gray3": 232,
+    "grey7": 233,
+    "gray7": 233,
+    "grey11": 234,
+    "gray11": 234,
+    "grey15": 235,
+    "gray15": 235,
+    "grey19": 236,
+    "gray19": 236,
+    "grey23": 237,
+    "gray23": 237,
+    "grey27": 238,
+    "gray27": 238,
+    "grey30": 239,
+    "gray30": 239,
+    "grey35": 240,
+    "gray35": 240,
+    "grey39": 241,
+    "gray39": 241,
+    "grey42": 242,
+    "gray42": 242,
+    "grey46": 243,
+    "gray46": 243,
+    "grey50": 244,
+    "gray50": 244,
+    "grey54": 245,
+    "gray54": 245,
+    "grey58": 246,
+    "gray58": 246,
+    "grey62": 247,
+    "gray62": 247,
+    "grey66": 248,
+    "gray66": 248,
+    "grey70": 249,
+    "gray70": 249,
+    "grey74": 250,
+    "gray74": 250,
+    "grey78": 251,
+    "gray78": 251,
+    "grey82": 252,
+    "gray82": 252,
+    "grey85": 253,
+    "gray85": 253,
+    "grey89": 254,
+    "gray89": 254,
+    "grey93": 255,
+    "gray93": 255,
+}
+
+
+class ColorParseError(Exception):
+    """The color could not be parsed."""
+
+
+RE_COLOR = re.compile(
+    r"""^
+\#([0-9a-f]{6})$|
+color\(([0-9]{1,3})\)$|
+rgb\(([\d\s,]+)\)$
+""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+@rich_repr
+class Color(NamedTuple):
+    """Terminal color definition."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The name of the color (typically the input to Color.parse)."""
+    type: ColorType
+    """The type of the color."""
+    number: Optional[int] = None
+    """The color number, if a standard color, or None."""
+    triplet: Optional[ColorTriplet] = None
+    """A triplet of color components, if an RGB color."""
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> "Text":
+        """Displays the actual color if Rich printed."""
+        from .style import Style
+        from .text import Text
+
+        return Text.assemble(
+            f"<color {self.name!r} ({self.type.name.lower()})",
+            ("⬤", Style(color=self)),
+            " >",
+        )
+
+    def __rich_repr__(self) -> Result:
+        yield self.name
+        yield self.type
+        yield "number", self.number, None
+        yield "triplet", self.triplet, None
+
+    @property
+    def system(self) -> ColorSystem:
+        """Get the native color system for this color."""
+        if self.type == ColorType.DEFAULT:
+            return ColorSystem.STANDARD
+        return ColorSystem(int(self.type))
+
+    @property
+    def is_system_defined(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the color is ultimately defined by the system."""
+        return self.system not in (ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT, ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR)
+
+    @property
+    def is_default(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the color is a default color."""
+        return self.type == ColorType.DEFAULT
+
+    def get_truecolor(
+        self, theme: Optional["TerminalTheme"] = None, foreground: bool = True
+    ) -> ColorTriplet:
+        """Get an equivalent color triplet for this color.
+
+        Args:
+            theme (TerminalTheme, optional): Optional terminal theme, or None to use default. Defaults to None.
+            foreground (bool, optional): True for a foreground color, or False for background. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            ColorTriplet: A color triplet containing RGB components.
+        """
+
+        if theme is None:
+            theme = DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME
+        if self.type == ColorType.TRUECOLOR:
+            assert self.triplet is not None
+            return self.triplet
+        elif self.type == ColorType.EIGHT_BIT:
+            assert self.number is not None
+            return EIGHT_BIT_PALETTE[self.number]
+        elif self.type == ColorType.STANDARD:
+            assert self.number is not None
+            return theme.ansi_colors[self.number]
+        elif self.type == ColorType.WINDOWS:
+            assert self.number is not None
+            return WINDOWS_PALETTE[self.number]
+        else:  # self.type == ColorType.DEFAULT:
+            assert self.number is None
+            return theme.foreground_color if foreground else theme.background_color
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_ansi(cls, number: int) -> "Color":
+        """Create a Color number from it's 8-bit ansi number.
+
+        Args:
+            number (int): A number between 0-255 inclusive.
+
+        Returns:
+            Color: A new Color instance.
+        """
+        return cls(
+            name=f"color({number})",
+            type=(ColorType.STANDARD if number < 16 else ColorType.EIGHT_BIT),
+            number=number,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_triplet(cls, triplet: "ColorTriplet") -> "Color":
+        """Create a truecolor RGB color from a triplet of values.
+
+        Args:
+            triplet (ColorTriplet): A color triplet containing red, green and blue components.
+
+        Returns:
+            Color: A new color object.
+        """
+        return cls(name=triplet.hex, type=ColorType.TRUECOLOR, triplet=triplet)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_rgb(cls, red: float, green: float, blue: float) -> "Color":
+        """Create a truecolor from three color components in the range(0->255).
+
+        Args:
+            red (float): Red component in range 0-255.
+            green (float): Green component in range 0-255.
+            blue (float): Blue component in range 0-255.
+
+        Returns:
+            Color: A new color object.
+        """
+        return cls.from_triplet(ColorTriplet(int(red), int(green), int(blue)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def default(cls) -> "Color":
+        """Get a Color instance representing the default color.
+
+        Returns:
+            Color: Default color.
+        """
+        return cls(name="default", type=ColorType.DEFAULT)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+    def parse(cls, color: str) -> "Color":
+        """Parse a color definition."""
+        original_color = color
+        color = color.lower().strip()
+
+        if color == "default":
+            return cls(color, type=ColorType.DEFAULT)
+
+        color_number = ANSI_COLOR_NAMES.get(color)
+        if color_number is not None:
+            return cls(
+                color,
+                type=(ColorType.STANDARD if color_number < 16 else ColorType.EIGHT_BIT),
+                number=color_number,
+            )
+
+        color_match = RE_COLOR.match(color)
+        if color_match is None:
+            raise ColorParseError(f"{original_color!r} is not a valid color")
+
+        color_24, color_8, color_rgb = color_match.groups()
+        if color_24:
+            triplet = ColorTriplet(
+                int(color_24[0:2], 16), int(color_24[2:4], 16), int(color_24[4:6], 16)
+            )
+            return cls(color, ColorType.TRUECOLOR, triplet=triplet)
+
+        elif color_8:
+            number = int(color_8)
+            if number > 255:
+                raise ColorParseError(f"color number must be <= 255 in {color!r}")
+            return cls(
+                color,
+                type=(ColorType.STANDARD if number < 16 else ColorType.EIGHT_BIT),
+                number=number,
+            )
+
+        else:  #  color_rgb:
+            components = color_rgb.split(",")
+            if len(components) != 3:
+                raise ColorParseError(
+                    f"expected three components in {original_color!r}"
+                )
+            red, green, blue = components
+            triplet = ColorTriplet(int(red), int(green), int(blue))
+            if not all(component <= 255 for component in triplet):
+                raise ColorParseError(
+                    f"color components must be <= 255 in {original_color!r}"
+                )
+            return cls(color, ColorType.TRUECOLOR, triplet=triplet)
+
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+    def get_ansi_codes(self, foreground: bool = True) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+        """Get the ANSI escape codes for this color."""
+        _type = self.type
+        if _type == ColorType.DEFAULT:
+            return ("39" if foreground else "49",)
+
+        elif _type == ColorType.WINDOWS:
+            number = self.number
+            assert number is not None
+            fore, back = (30, 40) if number < 8 else (82, 92)
+            return (str(fore + number if foreground else back + number),)
+
+        elif _type == ColorType.STANDARD:
+            number = self.number
+            assert number is not None
+            fore, back = (30, 40) if number < 8 else (82, 92)
+            return (str(fore + number if foreground else back + number),)
+
+        elif _type == ColorType.EIGHT_BIT:
+            assert self.number is not None
+            return ("38" if foreground else "48", "5", str(self.number))
+
+        else:  # self.standard == ColorStandard.TRUECOLOR:
+            assert self.triplet is not None
+            red, green, blue = self.triplet
+            return ("38" if foreground else "48", "2", str(red), str(green), str(blue))
+
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+    def downgrade(self, system: ColorSystem) -> "Color":
+        """Downgrade a color system to a system with fewer colors."""
+
+        if self.type in (ColorType.DEFAULT, system):
+            return self
+        # Convert to 8-bit color from truecolor color
+        if system == ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT and self.system == ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR:
+            assert self.triplet is not None
+            _h, l, s = rgb_to_hls(*self.triplet.normalized)
+            # If saturation is under 15% assume it is grayscale
+            if s < 0.15:
+                gray = round(l * 25.0)
+                if gray == 0:
+                    color_number = 16
+                elif gray == 25:
+                    color_number = 231
+                else:
+                    color_number = 231 + gray
+                return Color(self.name, ColorType.EIGHT_BIT, number=color_number)
+
+            red, green, blue = self.triplet
+            six_red = red / 95 if red < 95 else 1 + (red - 95) / 40
+            six_green = green / 95 if green < 95 else 1 + (green - 95) / 40
+            six_blue = blue / 95 if blue < 95 else 1 + (blue - 95) / 40
+
+            color_number = (
+                16 + 36 * round(six_red) + 6 * round(six_green) + round(six_blue)
+            )
+            return Color(self.name, ColorType.EIGHT_BIT, number=color_number)
+
+        # Convert to standard from truecolor or 8-bit
+        elif system == ColorSystem.STANDARD:
+            if self.system == ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR:
+                assert self.triplet is not None
+                triplet = self.triplet
+            else:  # self.system == ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT
+                assert self.number is not None
+                triplet = ColorTriplet(*EIGHT_BIT_PALETTE[self.number])
+
+            color_number = STANDARD_PALETTE.match(triplet)
+            return Color(self.name, ColorType.STANDARD, number=color_number)
+
+        elif system == ColorSystem.WINDOWS:
+            if self.system == ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR:
+                assert self.triplet is not None
+                triplet = self.triplet
+            else:  # self.system == ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT
+                assert self.number is not None
+                if self.number < 16:
+                    return Color(self.name, ColorType.WINDOWS, number=self.number)
+                triplet = ColorTriplet(*EIGHT_BIT_PALETTE[self.number])
+
+            color_number = WINDOWS_PALETTE.match(triplet)
+            return Color(self.name, ColorType.WINDOWS, number=color_number)
+
+        return self
+
+
+def parse_rgb_hex(hex_color: str) -> ColorTriplet:
+    """Parse six hex characters in to RGB triplet."""
+    assert len(hex_color) == 6, "must be 6 characters"
+    color = ColorTriplet(
+        int(hex_color[0:2], 16), int(hex_color[2:4], 16), int(hex_color[4:6], 16)
+    )
+    return color
+
+
+def blend_rgb(
+    color1: ColorTriplet, color2: ColorTriplet, cross_fade: float = 0.5
+) -> ColorTriplet:
+    """Blend one RGB color in to another."""
+    r1, g1, b1 = color1
+    r2, g2, b2 = color2
+    new_color = ColorTriplet(
+        int(r1 + (r2 - r1) * cross_fade),
+        int(g1 + (g2 - g1) * cross_fade),
+        int(b1 + (b2 - b1) * cross_fade),
+    )
+    return new_color
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    from .console import Console
+    from .table import Table
+    from .text import Text
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    table = Table(show_footer=False, show_edge=True)
+    table.add_column("Color", width=10, overflow="ellipsis")
+    table.add_column("Number", justify="right", style="yellow")
+    table.add_column("Name", style="green")
+    table.add_column("Hex", style="blue")
+    table.add_column("RGB", style="magenta")
+
+    colors = sorted((v, k) for k, v in ANSI_COLOR_NAMES.items())
+    for color_number, name in colors:
+        if "grey" in name:
+            continue
+        color_cell = Text(" " * 10, style=f"on {name}")
+        if color_number < 16:
+            table.add_row(color_cell, f"{color_number}", Text(f'"{name}"'))
+        else:
+            color = EIGHT_BIT_PALETTE[color_number]  # type: ignore[has-type]
+            table.add_row(
+                color_cell, str(color_number), Text(f'"{name}"'), color.hex, color.rgb
+            )
+
+    console.print(table)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/color_triplet.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/color_triplet.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02cab328
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/color_triplet.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from typing import NamedTuple, Tuple
+
+
+class ColorTriplet(NamedTuple):
+    """The red, green, and blue components of a color."""
+
+    red: int
+    """Red component in 0 to 255 range."""
+    green: int
+    """Green component in 0 to 255 range."""
+    blue: int
+    """Blue component in 0 to 255 range."""
+
+    @property
+    def hex(self) -> str:
+        """get the color triplet in CSS style."""
+        red, green, blue = self
+        return f"#{red:02x}{green:02x}{blue:02x}"
+
+    @property
+    def rgb(self) -> str:
+        """The color in RGB format.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: An rgb color, e.g. ``"rgb(100,23,255)"``.
+        """
+        red, green, blue = self
+        return f"rgb({red},{green},{blue})"
+
+    @property
+    def normalized(self) -> Tuple[float, float, float]:
+        """Convert components into floats between 0 and 1.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[float, float, float]: A tuple of three normalized colour components.
+        """
+        red, green, blue = self
+        return red / 255.0, green / 255.0, blue / 255.0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/columns.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/columns.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..669a3a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/columns.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import chain
+from operator import itemgetter
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from .align import Align, AlignMethod
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType, RenderResult
+from .constrain import Constrain
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .padding import Padding, PaddingDimensions
+from .table import Table
+from .text import TextType
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+
+
+class Columns(JupyterMixin):
+    """Display renderables in neat columns.
+
+    Args:
+        renderables (Iterable[RenderableType]): Any number of Rich renderables (including str).
+        width (int, optional): The desired width of the columns, or None to auto detect. Defaults to None.
+        padding (PaddingDimensions, optional): Optional padding around cells. Defaults to (0, 1).
+        expand (bool, optional): Expand columns to full width. Defaults to False.
+        equal (bool, optional): Arrange in to equal sized columns. Defaults to False.
+        column_first (bool, optional): Align items from top to bottom (rather than left to right). Defaults to False.
+        right_to_left (bool, optional): Start column from right hand side. Defaults to False.
+        align (str, optional): Align value ("left", "right", or "center") or None for default. Defaults to None.
+        title (TextType, optional): Optional title for Columns.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderables: Optional[Iterable[RenderableType]] = None,
+        padding: PaddingDimensions = (0, 1),
+        *,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        expand: bool = False,
+        equal: bool = False,
+        column_first: bool = False,
+        right_to_left: bool = False,
+        align: Optional[AlignMethod] = None,
+        title: Optional[TextType] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.renderables = list(renderables or [])
+        self.width = width
+        self.padding = padding
+        self.expand = expand
+        self.equal = equal
+        self.column_first = column_first
+        self.right_to_left = right_to_left
+        self.align: Optional[AlignMethod] = align
+        self.title = title
+
+    def add_renderable(self, renderable: RenderableType) -> None:
+        """Add a renderable to the columns.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): Any renderable object.
+        """
+        self.renderables.append(renderable)
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        render_str = console.render_str
+        renderables = [
+            render_str(renderable) if isinstance(renderable, str) else renderable
+            for renderable in self.renderables
+        ]
+        if not renderables:
+            return
+        _top, right, _bottom, left = Padding.unpack(self.padding)
+        width_padding = max(left, right)
+        max_width = options.max_width
+        widths: Dict[int, int] = defaultdict(int)
+        column_count = len(renderables)
+
+        get_measurement = Measurement.get
+        renderable_widths = [
+            get_measurement(console, options, renderable).maximum
+            for renderable in renderables
+        ]
+        if self.equal:
+            renderable_widths = [max(renderable_widths)] * len(renderable_widths)
+
+        def iter_renderables(
+            column_count: int,
+        ) -> Iterable[Tuple[int, Optional[RenderableType]]]:
+            item_count = len(renderables)
+            if self.column_first:
+                width_renderables = list(zip(renderable_widths, renderables))
+
+                column_lengths: List[int] = [item_count // column_count] * column_count
+                for col_no in range(item_count % column_count):
+                    column_lengths[col_no] += 1
+
+                row_count = (item_count + column_count - 1) // column_count
+                cells = [[-1] * column_count for _ in range(row_count)]
+                row = col = 0
+                for index in range(item_count):
+                    cells[row][col] = index
+                    column_lengths[col] -= 1
+                    if column_lengths[col]:
+                        row += 1
+                    else:
+                        col += 1
+                        row = 0
+                for index in chain.from_iterable(cells):
+                    if index == -1:
+                        break
+                    yield width_renderables[index]
+            else:
+                yield from zip(renderable_widths, renderables)
+            # Pad odd elements with spaces
+            if item_count % column_count:
+                for _ in range(column_count - (item_count % column_count)):
+                    yield 0, None
+
+        table = Table.grid(padding=self.padding, collapse_padding=True, pad_edge=False)
+        table.expand = self.expand
+        table.title = self.title
+
+        if self.width is not None:
+            column_count = (max_width) // (self.width + width_padding)
+            for _ in range(column_count):
+                table.add_column(width=self.width)
+        else:
+            while column_count > 1:
+                widths.clear()
+                column_no = 0
+                for renderable_width, _ in iter_renderables(column_count):
+                    widths[column_no] = max(widths[column_no], renderable_width)
+                    total_width = sum(widths.values()) + width_padding * (
+                        len(widths) - 1
+                    )
+                    if total_width > max_width:
+                        column_count = len(widths) - 1
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        column_no = (column_no + 1) % column_count
+                else:
+                    break
+
+        get_renderable = itemgetter(1)
+        _renderables = [
+            get_renderable(_renderable)
+            for _renderable in iter_renderables(column_count)
+        ]
+        if self.equal:
+            _renderables = [
+                None
+                if renderable is None
+                else Constrain(renderable, renderable_widths[0])
+                for renderable in _renderables
+            ]
+        if self.align:
+            align = self.align
+            _Align = Align
+            _renderables = [
+                None if renderable is None else _Align(renderable, align)
+                for renderable in _renderables
+            ]
+
+        right_to_left = self.right_to_left
+        add_row = table.add_row
+        for start in range(0, len(_renderables), column_count):
+            row = _renderables[start : start + column_count]
+            if right_to_left:
+                row = row[::-1]
+            add_row(*row)
+        yield table
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import os
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    files = [f"{i} {s}" for i, s in enumerate(sorted(os.listdir()))]
+    columns = Columns(files, padding=(0, 1), expand=False, equal=False)
+    console.print(columns)
+    console.rule()
+    columns.column_first = True
+    console.print(columns)
+    columns.right_to_left = True
+    console.rule()
+    console.print(columns)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/console.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/console.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e559cbb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/console.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2633 @@
+import inspect
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+import threading
+import zlib
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import datetime
+from functools import wraps
+from getpass import getpass
+from html import escape
+from inspect import isclass
+from itertools import islice
+from math import ceil
+from time import monotonic
+from types import FrameType, ModuleType, TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    IO,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.rich._null_file import NULL_FILE
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Literal, Protocol, runtime_checkable
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import (
+        Literal,
+        Protocol,
+        runtime_checkable,
+    )  # pragma: no cover
+
+from . import errors, themes
+from ._emoji_replace import _emoji_replace
+from ._export_format import CONSOLE_HTML_FORMAT, CONSOLE_SVG_FORMAT
+from ._fileno import get_fileno
+from ._log_render import FormatTimeCallable, LogRender
+from .align import Align, AlignMethod
+from .color import ColorSystem, blend_rgb
+from .control import Control
+from .emoji import EmojiVariant
+from .highlighter import NullHighlighter, ReprHighlighter
+from .markup import render as render_markup
+from .measure import Measurement, measure_renderables
+from .pager import Pager, SystemPager
+from .pretty import Pretty, is_expandable
+from .protocol import rich_cast
+from .region import Region
+from .scope import render_scope
+from .screen import Screen
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style, StyleType
+from .styled import Styled
+from .terminal_theme import DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME, SVG_EXPORT_THEME, TerminalTheme
+from .text import Text, TextType
+from .theme import Theme, ThemeStack
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._windows import WindowsConsoleFeatures
+    from .live import Live
+    from .status import Status
+
+JUPYTER_DEFAULT_COLUMNS = 115
+JUPYTER_DEFAULT_LINES = 100
+WINDOWS = platform.system() == "Windows"
+
+HighlighterType = Callable[[Union[str, "Text"]], "Text"]
+JustifyMethod = Literal["default", "left", "center", "right", "full"]
+OverflowMethod = Literal["fold", "crop", "ellipsis", "ignore"]
+
+
+class NoChange:
+    pass
+
+
+NO_CHANGE = NoChange()
+
+try:
+    _STDIN_FILENO = sys.__stdin__.fileno()
+except Exception:
+    _STDIN_FILENO = 0
+try:
+    _STDOUT_FILENO = sys.__stdout__.fileno()
+except Exception:
+    _STDOUT_FILENO = 1
+try:
+    _STDERR_FILENO = sys.__stderr__.fileno()
+except Exception:
+    _STDERR_FILENO = 2
+
+_STD_STREAMS = (_STDIN_FILENO, _STDOUT_FILENO, _STDERR_FILENO)
+_STD_STREAMS_OUTPUT = (_STDOUT_FILENO, _STDERR_FILENO)
+
+
+_TERM_COLORS = {
+    "kitty": ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT,
+    "256color": ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT,
+    "16color": ColorSystem.STANDARD,
+}
+
+
+class ConsoleDimensions(NamedTuple):
+    """Size of the terminal."""
+
+    width: int
+    """The width of the console in 'cells'."""
+    height: int
+    """The height of the console in lines."""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ConsoleOptions:
+    """Options for __rich_console__ method."""
+
+    size: ConsoleDimensions
+    """Size of console."""
+    legacy_windows: bool
+    """legacy_windows: flag for legacy windows."""
+    min_width: int
+    """Minimum width of renderable."""
+    max_width: int
+    """Maximum width of renderable."""
+    is_terminal: bool
+    """True if the target is a terminal, otherwise False."""
+    encoding: str
+    """Encoding of terminal."""
+    max_height: int
+    """Height of container (starts as terminal)"""
+    justify: Optional[JustifyMethod] = None
+    """Justify value override for renderable."""
+    overflow: Optional[OverflowMethod] = None
+    """Overflow value override for renderable."""
+    no_wrap: Optional[bool] = False
+    """Disable wrapping for text."""
+    highlight: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Highlight override for render_str."""
+    markup: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Enable markup when rendering strings."""
+    height: Optional[int] = None
+
+    @property
+    def ascii_only(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if renderables should use ascii only."""
+        return not self.encoding.startswith("utf")
+
+    def copy(self) -> "ConsoleOptions":
+        """Return a copy of the options.
+
+        Returns:
+            ConsoleOptions: a copy of self.
+        """
+        options: ConsoleOptions = ConsoleOptions.__new__(ConsoleOptions)
+        options.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return options
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        *,
+        width: Union[int, NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        min_width: Union[int, NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        max_width: Union[int, NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        justify: Union[Optional[JustifyMethod], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        overflow: Union[Optional[OverflowMethod], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        no_wrap: Union[Optional[bool], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        highlight: Union[Optional[bool], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        markup: Union[Optional[bool], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+        height: Union[Optional[int], NoChange] = NO_CHANGE,
+    ) -> "ConsoleOptions":
+        """Update values, return a copy."""
+        options = self.copy()
+        if not isinstance(width, NoChange):
+            options.min_width = options.max_width = max(0, width)
+        if not isinstance(min_width, NoChange):
+            options.min_width = min_width
+        if not isinstance(max_width, NoChange):
+            options.max_width = max_width
+        if not isinstance(justify, NoChange):
+            options.justify = justify
+        if not isinstance(overflow, NoChange):
+            options.overflow = overflow
+        if not isinstance(no_wrap, NoChange):
+            options.no_wrap = no_wrap
+        if not isinstance(highlight, NoChange):
+            options.highlight = highlight
+        if not isinstance(markup, NoChange):
+            options.markup = markup
+        if not isinstance(height, NoChange):
+            if height is not None:
+                options.max_height = height
+            options.height = None if height is None else max(0, height)
+        return options
+
+    def update_width(self, width: int) -> "ConsoleOptions":
+        """Update just the width, return a copy.
+
+        Args:
+            width (int): New width (sets both min_width and max_width)
+
+        Returns:
+            ~ConsoleOptions: New console options instance.
+        """
+        options = self.copy()
+        options.min_width = options.max_width = max(0, width)
+        return options
+
+    def update_height(self, height: int) -> "ConsoleOptions":
+        """Update the height, and return a copy.
+
+        Args:
+            height (int): New height
+
+        Returns:
+            ~ConsoleOptions: New Console options instance.
+        """
+        options = self.copy()
+        options.max_height = options.height = height
+        return options
+
+    def reset_height(self) -> "ConsoleOptions":
+        """Return a copy of the options with height set to ``None``.
+
+        Returns:
+            ~ConsoleOptions: New console options instance.
+        """
+        options = self.copy()
+        options.height = None
+        return options
+
+    def update_dimensions(self, width: int, height: int) -> "ConsoleOptions":
+        """Update the width and height, and return a copy.
+
+        Args:
+            width (int): New width (sets both min_width and max_width).
+            height (int): New height.
+
+        Returns:
+            ~ConsoleOptions: New console options instance.
+        """
+        options = self.copy()
+        options.min_width = options.max_width = max(0, width)
+        options.height = options.max_height = height
+        return options
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class RichCast(Protocol):
+    """An object that may be 'cast' to a console renderable."""
+
+    def __rich__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union["ConsoleRenderable", "RichCast", str]:  # pragma: no cover
+        ...
+
+
+@runtime_checkable
+class ConsoleRenderable(Protocol):
+    """An object that supports the console protocol."""
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":  # pragma: no cover
+        ...
+
+
+# A type that may be rendered by Console.
+RenderableType = Union[ConsoleRenderable, RichCast, str]
+
+# The result of calling a __rich_console__ method.
+RenderResult = Iterable[Union[RenderableType, Segment]]
+
+_null_highlighter = NullHighlighter()
+
+
+class CaptureError(Exception):
+    """An error in the Capture context manager."""
+
+
+class NewLine:
+    """A renderable to generate new line(s)"""
+
+    def __init__(self, count: int = 1) -> None:
+        self.count = count
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+        yield Segment("\n" * self.count)
+
+
+class ScreenUpdate:
+    """Render a list of lines at a given offset."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lines: List[List[Segment]], x: int, y: int) -> None:
+        self._lines = lines
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        x = self.x
+        move_to = Control.move_to
+        for offset, line in enumerate(self._lines, self.y):
+            yield move_to(x, offset)
+            yield from line
+
+
+class Capture:
+    """Context manager to capture the result of printing to the console.
+    See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.capture` for how to use.
+
+    Args:
+        console (Console): A console instance to capture output.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, console: "Console") -> None:
+        self._console = console
+        self._result: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Capture":
+        self._console.begin_capture()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._result = self._console.end_capture()
+
+    def get(self) -> str:
+        """Get the result of the capture."""
+        if self._result is None:
+            raise CaptureError(
+                "Capture result is not available until context manager exits."
+            )
+        return self._result
+
+
+class ThemeContext:
+    """A context manager to use a temporary theme. See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.use_theme` for usage."""
+
+    def __init__(self, console: "Console", theme: Theme, inherit: bool = True) -> None:
+        self.console = console
+        self.theme = theme
+        self.inherit = inherit
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "ThemeContext":
+        self.console.push_theme(self.theme)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.console.pop_theme()
+
+
+class PagerContext:
+    """A context manager that 'pages' content. See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.pager` for usage."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        console: "Console",
+        pager: Optional[Pager] = None,
+        styles: bool = False,
+        links: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._console = console
+        self.pager = SystemPager() if pager is None else pager
+        self.styles = styles
+        self.links = links
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "PagerContext":
+        self._console._enter_buffer()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        if exc_type is None:
+            with self._console._lock:
+                buffer: List[Segment] = self._console._buffer[:]
+                del self._console._buffer[:]
+                segments: Iterable[Segment] = buffer
+                if not self.styles:
+                    segments = Segment.strip_styles(segments)
+                elif not self.links:
+                    segments = Segment.strip_links(segments)
+                content = self._console._render_buffer(segments)
+            self.pager.show(content)
+        self._console._exit_buffer()
+
+
+class ScreenContext:
+    """A context manager that enables an alternative screen. See :meth:`~rich.console.Console.screen` for usage."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, console: "Console", hide_cursor: bool, style: StyleType = ""
+    ) -> None:
+        self.console = console
+        self.hide_cursor = hide_cursor
+        self.screen = Screen(style=style)
+        self._changed = False
+
+    def update(
+        self, *renderables: RenderableType, style: Optional[StyleType] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the screen.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType, optional): Optional renderable to replace current renderable,
+                or None for no change. Defaults to None.
+            style: (Style, optional): Replacement style, or None for no change. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        if renderables:
+            self.screen.renderable = (
+                Group(*renderables) if len(renderables) > 1 else renderables[0]
+            )
+        if style is not None:
+            self.screen.style = style
+        self.console.print(self.screen, end="")
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "ScreenContext":
+        self._changed = self.console.set_alt_screen(True)
+        if self._changed and self.hide_cursor:
+            self.console.show_cursor(False)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._changed:
+            self.console.set_alt_screen(False)
+            if self.hide_cursor:
+                self.console.show_cursor(True)
+
+
+class Group:
+    """Takes a group of renderables and returns a renderable object that renders the group.
+
+    Args:
+        renderables (Iterable[RenderableType]): An iterable of renderable objects.
+        fit (bool, optional): Fit dimension of group to contents, or fill available space. Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *renderables: "RenderableType", fit: bool = True) -> None:
+        self._renderables = renderables
+        self.fit = fit
+        self._render: Optional[List[RenderableType]] = None
+
+    @property
+    def renderables(self) -> List["RenderableType"]:
+        if self._render is None:
+            self._render = list(self._renderables)
+        return self._render
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        if self.fit:
+            return measure_renderables(console, options, self.renderables)
+        else:
+            return Measurement(options.max_width, options.max_width)
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        yield from self.renderables
+
+
+def group(fit: bool = True) -> Callable[..., Callable[..., Group]]:
+    """A decorator that turns an iterable of renderables in to a group.
+
+    Args:
+        fit (bool, optional): Fit dimension of group to contents, or fill available space. Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(
+        method: Callable[..., Iterable[RenderableType]]
+    ) -> Callable[..., Group]:
+        """Convert a method that returns an iterable of renderables in to a Group."""
+
+        @wraps(method)
+        def _replace(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Group:
+            renderables = method(*args, **kwargs)
+            return Group(*renderables, fit=fit)
+
+        return _replace
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def _is_jupyter() -> bool:  # pragma: no cover
+    """Check if we're running in a Jupyter notebook."""
+    try:
+        get_ipython  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+    except NameError:
+        return False
+    ipython = get_ipython()  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+    shell = ipython.__class__.__name__
+    if (
+        "google.colab" in str(ipython.__class__)
+        or os.getenv("DATABRICKS_RUNTIME_VERSION")
+        or shell == "ZMQInteractiveShell"
+    ):
+        return True  # Jupyter notebook or qtconsole
+    elif shell == "TerminalInteractiveShell":
+        return False  # Terminal running IPython
+    else:
+        return False  # Other type (?)
+
+
+COLOR_SYSTEMS = {
+    "standard": ColorSystem.STANDARD,
+    "256": ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT,
+    "truecolor": ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR,
+    "windows": ColorSystem.WINDOWS,
+}
+
+_COLOR_SYSTEMS_NAMES = {system: name for name, system in COLOR_SYSTEMS.items()}
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ConsoleThreadLocals(threading.local):
+    """Thread local values for Console context."""
+
+    theme_stack: ThemeStack
+    buffer: List[Segment] = field(default_factory=list)
+    buffer_index: int = 0
+
+
+class RenderHook(ABC):
+    """Provides hooks in to the render process."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def process_renderables(
+        self, renderables: List[ConsoleRenderable]
+    ) -> List[ConsoleRenderable]:
+        """Called with a list of objects to render.
+
+        This method can return a new list of renderables, or modify and return the same list.
+
+        Args:
+            renderables (List[ConsoleRenderable]): A number of renderable objects.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[ConsoleRenderable]: A replacement list of renderables.
+        """
+
+
+_windows_console_features: Optional["WindowsConsoleFeatures"] = None
+
+
+def get_windows_console_features() -> "WindowsConsoleFeatures":  # pragma: no cover
+    global _windows_console_features
+    if _windows_console_features is not None:
+        return _windows_console_features
+    from ._windows import get_windows_console_features
+
+    _windows_console_features = get_windows_console_features()
+    return _windows_console_features
+
+
+def detect_legacy_windows() -> bool:
+    """Detect legacy Windows."""
+    return WINDOWS and not get_windows_console_features().vt
+
+
+class Console:
+    """A high level console interface.
+
+    Args:
+        color_system (str, optional): The color system supported by your terminal,
+            either ``"standard"``, ``"256"`` or ``"truecolor"``. Leave as ``"auto"`` to autodetect.
+        force_terminal (Optional[bool], optional): Enable/disable terminal control codes, or None to auto-detect terminal. Defaults to None.
+        force_jupyter (Optional[bool], optional): Enable/disable Jupyter rendering, or None to auto-detect Jupyter. Defaults to None.
+        force_interactive (Optional[bool], optional): Enable/disable interactive mode, or None to auto detect. Defaults to None.
+        soft_wrap (Optional[bool], optional): Set soft wrap default on print method. Defaults to False.
+        theme (Theme, optional): An optional style theme object, or ``None`` for default theme.
+        stderr (bool, optional): Use stderr rather than stdout if ``file`` is not specified. Defaults to False.
+        file (IO, optional): A file object where the console should write to. Defaults to stdout.
+        quiet (bool, Optional): Boolean to suppress all output. Defaults to False.
+        width (int, optional): The width of the terminal. Leave as default to auto-detect width.
+        height (int, optional): The height of the terminal. Leave as default to auto-detect height.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style to apply to all output, or None for no style. Defaults to None.
+        no_color (Optional[bool], optional): Enabled no color mode, or None to auto detect. Defaults to None.
+        tab_size (int, optional): Number of spaces used to replace a tab character. Defaults to 8.
+        record (bool, optional): Boolean to enable recording of terminal output,
+            required to call :meth:`export_html`, :meth:`export_svg`, and :meth:`export_text`. Defaults to False.
+        markup (bool, optional): Boolean to enable :ref:`console_markup`. Defaults to True.
+        emoji (bool, optional): Enable emoji code. Defaults to True.
+        emoji_variant (str, optional): Optional emoji variant, either "text" or "emoji". Defaults to None.
+        highlight (bool, optional): Enable automatic highlighting. Defaults to True.
+        log_time (bool, optional): Boolean to enable logging of time by :meth:`log` methods. Defaults to True.
+        log_path (bool, optional): Boolean to enable the logging of the caller by :meth:`log`. Defaults to True.
+        log_time_format (Union[str, TimeFormatterCallable], optional): If ``log_time`` is enabled, either string for strftime or callable that formats the time. Defaults to "[%X] ".
+        highlighter (HighlighterType, optional): Default highlighter.
+        legacy_windows (bool, optional): Enable legacy Windows mode, or ``None`` to auto detect. Defaults to ``None``.
+        safe_box (bool, optional): Restrict box options that don't render on legacy Windows.
+        get_datetime (Callable[[], datetime], optional): Callable that gets the current time as a datetime.datetime object (used by Console.log),
+            or None for datetime.now.
+        get_time (Callable[[], time], optional): Callable that gets the current time in seconds, default uses time.monotonic.
+    """
+
+    _environ: Mapping[str, str] = os.environ
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        color_system: Optional[
+            Literal["auto", "standard", "256", "truecolor", "windows"]
+        ] = "auto",
+        force_terminal: Optional[bool] = None,
+        force_jupyter: Optional[bool] = None,
+        force_interactive: Optional[bool] = None,
+        soft_wrap: bool = False,
+        theme: Optional[Theme] = None,
+        stderr: bool = False,
+        file: Optional[IO[str]] = None,
+        quiet: bool = False,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        no_color: Optional[bool] = None,
+        tab_size: int = 8,
+        record: bool = False,
+        markup: bool = True,
+        emoji: bool = True,
+        emoji_variant: Optional[EmojiVariant] = None,
+        highlight: bool = True,
+        log_time: bool = True,
+        log_path: bool = True,
+        log_time_format: Union[str, FormatTimeCallable] = "[%X]",
+        highlighter: Optional["HighlighterType"] = ReprHighlighter(),
+        legacy_windows: Optional[bool] = None,
+        safe_box: bool = True,
+        get_datetime: Optional[Callable[[], datetime]] = None,
+        get_time: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None,
+        _environ: Optional[Mapping[str, str]] = None,
+    ):
+        # Copy of os.environ allows us to replace it for testing
+        if _environ is not None:
+            self._environ = _environ
+
+        self.is_jupyter = _is_jupyter() if force_jupyter is None else force_jupyter
+        if self.is_jupyter:
+            if width is None:
+                jupyter_columns = self._environ.get("JUPYTER_COLUMNS")
+                if jupyter_columns is not None and jupyter_columns.isdigit():
+                    width = int(jupyter_columns)
+                else:
+                    width = JUPYTER_DEFAULT_COLUMNS
+            if height is None:
+                jupyter_lines = self._environ.get("JUPYTER_LINES")
+                if jupyter_lines is not None and jupyter_lines.isdigit():
+                    height = int(jupyter_lines)
+                else:
+                    height = JUPYTER_DEFAULT_LINES
+
+        self.tab_size = tab_size
+        self.record = record
+        self._markup = markup
+        self._emoji = emoji
+        self._emoji_variant: Optional[EmojiVariant] = emoji_variant
+        self._highlight = highlight
+        self.legacy_windows: bool = (
+            (detect_legacy_windows() and not self.is_jupyter)
+            if legacy_windows is None
+            else legacy_windows
+        )
+
+        if width is None:
+            columns = self._environ.get("COLUMNS")
+            if columns is not None and columns.isdigit():
+                width = int(columns) - self.legacy_windows
+        if height is None:
+            lines = self._environ.get("LINES")
+            if lines is not None and lines.isdigit():
+                height = int(lines)
+
+        self.soft_wrap = soft_wrap
+        self._width = width
+        self._height = height
+
+        self._color_system: Optional[ColorSystem]
+
+        self._force_terminal = None
+        if force_terminal is not None:
+            self._force_terminal = force_terminal
+
+        self._file = file
+        self.quiet = quiet
+        self.stderr = stderr
+
+        if color_system is None:
+            self._color_system = None
+        elif color_system == "auto":
+            self._color_system = self._detect_color_system()
+        else:
+            self._color_system = COLOR_SYSTEMS[color_system]
+
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
+        self._log_render = LogRender(
+            show_time=log_time,
+            show_path=log_path,
+            time_format=log_time_format,
+        )
+        self.highlighter: HighlighterType = highlighter or _null_highlighter
+        self.safe_box = safe_box
+        self.get_datetime = get_datetime or datetime.now
+        self.get_time = get_time or monotonic
+        self.style = style
+        self.no_color = (
+            no_color if no_color is not None else "NO_COLOR" in self._environ
+        )
+        self.is_interactive = (
+            (self.is_terminal and not self.is_dumb_terminal)
+            if force_interactive is None
+            else force_interactive
+        )
+
+        self._record_buffer_lock = threading.RLock()
+        self._thread_locals = ConsoleThreadLocals(
+            theme_stack=ThemeStack(themes.DEFAULT if theme is None else theme)
+        )
+        self._record_buffer: List[Segment] = []
+        self._render_hooks: List[RenderHook] = []
+        self._live: Optional["Live"] = None
+        self._is_alt_screen = False
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<console width={self.width} {self._color_system!s}>"
+
+    @property
+    def file(self) -> IO[str]:
+        """Get the file object to write to."""
+        file = self._file or (sys.stderr if self.stderr else sys.stdout)
+        file = getattr(file, "rich_proxied_file", file)
+        if file is None:
+            file = NULL_FILE
+        return file
+
+    @file.setter
+    def file(self, new_file: IO[str]) -> None:
+        """Set a new file object."""
+        self._file = new_file
+
+    @property
+    def _buffer(self) -> List[Segment]:
+        """Get a thread local buffer."""
+        return self._thread_locals.buffer
+
+    @property
+    def _buffer_index(self) -> int:
+        """Get a thread local buffer."""
+        return self._thread_locals.buffer_index
+
+    @_buffer_index.setter
+    def _buffer_index(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self._thread_locals.buffer_index = value
+
+    @property
+    def _theme_stack(self) -> ThemeStack:
+        """Get the thread local theme stack."""
+        return self._thread_locals.theme_stack
+
+    def _detect_color_system(self) -> Optional[ColorSystem]:
+        """Detect color system from env vars."""
+        if self.is_jupyter:
+            return ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR
+        if not self.is_terminal or self.is_dumb_terminal:
+            return None
+        if WINDOWS:  # pragma: no cover
+            if self.legacy_windows:  # pragma: no cover
+                return ColorSystem.WINDOWS
+            windows_console_features = get_windows_console_features()
+            return (
+                ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR
+                if windows_console_features.truecolor
+                else ColorSystem.EIGHT_BIT
+            )
+        else:
+            color_term = self._environ.get("COLORTERM", "").strip().lower()
+            if color_term in ("truecolor", "24bit"):
+                return ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR
+            term = self._environ.get("TERM", "").strip().lower()
+            _term_name, _hyphen, colors = term.rpartition("-")
+            color_system = _TERM_COLORS.get(colors, ColorSystem.STANDARD)
+            return color_system
+
+    def _enter_buffer(self) -> None:
+        """Enter in to a buffer context, and buffer all output."""
+        self._buffer_index += 1
+
+    def _exit_buffer(self) -> None:
+        """Leave buffer context, and render content if required."""
+        self._buffer_index -= 1
+        self._check_buffer()
+
+    def set_live(self, live: "Live") -> None:
+        """Set Live instance. Used by Live context manager.
+
+        Args:
+            live (Live): Live instance using this Console.
+
+        Raises:
+            errors.LiveError: If this Console has a Live context currently active.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._live is not None:
+                raise errors.LiveError("Only one live display may be active at once")
+            self._live = live
+
+    def clear_live(self) -> None:
+        """Clear the Live instance."""
+        with self._lock:
+            self._live = None
+
+    def push_render_hook(self, hook: RenderHook) -> None:
+        """Add a new render hook to the stack.
+
+        Args:
+            hook (RenderHook): Render hook instance.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            self._render_hooks.append(hook)
+
+    def pop_render_hook(self) -> None:
+        """Pop the last renderhook from the stack."""
+        with self._lock:
+            self._render_hooks.pop()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Console":
+        """Own context manager to enter buffer context."""
+        self._enter_buffer()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type: Any, exc_value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        """Exit buffer context."""
+        self._exit_buffer()
+
+    def begin_capture(self) -> None:
+        """Begin capturing console output. Call :meth:`end_capture` to exit capture mode and return output."""
+        self._enter_buffer()
+
+    def end_capture(self) -> str:
+        """End capture mode and return captured string.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: Console output.
+        """
+        render_result = self._render_buffer(self._buffer)
+        del self._buffer[:]
+        self._exit_buffer()
+        return render_result
+
+    def push_theme(self, theme: Theme, *, inherit: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Push a new theme on to the top of the stack, replacing the styles from the previous theme.
+        Generally speaking, you should call :meth:`~rich.console.Console.use_theme` to get a context manager, rather
+        than calling this method directly.
+
+        Args:
+            theme (Theme): A theme instance.
+            inherit (bool, optional): Inherit existing styles. Defaults to True.
+        """
+        self._theme_stack.push_theme(theme, inherit=inherit)
+
+    def pop_theme(self) -> None:
+        """Remove theme from top of stack, restoring previous theme."""
+        self._theme_stack.pop_theme()
+
+    def use_theme(self, theme: Theme, *, inherit: bool = True) -> ThemeContext:
+        """Use a different theme for the duration of the context manager.
+
+        Args:
+            theme (Theme): Theme instance to user.
+            inherit (bool, optional): Inherit existing console styles. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            ThemeContext: [description]
+        """
+        return ThemeContext(self, theme, inherit)
+
+    @property
+    def color_system(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Get color system string.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[str]: "standard", "256" or "truecolor".
+        """
+
+        if self._color_system is not None:
+            return _COLOR_SYSTEMS_NAMES[self._color_system]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def encoding(self) -> str:
+        """Get the encoding of the console file, e.g. ``"utf-8"``.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A standard encoding string.
+        """
+        return (getattr(self.file, "encoding", "utf-8") or "utf-8").lower()
+
+    @property
+    def is_terminal(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the console is writing to a terminal.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the console writing to a device capable of
+            understanding terminal codes, otherwise False.
+        """
+        if self._force_terminal is not None:
+            return self._force_terminal
+
+        if hasattr(sys.stdin, "__module__") and sys.stdin.__module__.startswith(
+            "idlelib"
+        ):
+            # Return False for Idle which claims to be a tty but can't handle ansi codes
+            return False
+
+        if self.is_jupyter:
+            # return False for Jupyter, which may have FORCE_COLOR set
+            return False
+
+        # If FORCE_COLOR env var has any value at all, we assume a terminal.
+        force_color = self._environ.get("FORCE_COLOR")
+        if force_color is not None:
+            self._force_terminal = True
+            return True
+
+        isatty: Optional[Callable[[], bool]] = getattr(self.file, "isatty", None)
+        try:
+            return False if isatty is None else isatty()
+        except ValueError:
+            # in some situation (at the end of a pytest run for example) isatty() can raise
+            # ValueError: I/O operation on closed file
+            # return False because we aren't in a terminal anymore
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_dumb_terminal(self) -> bool:
+        """Detect dumb terminal.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if writing to a dumb terminal, otherwise False.
+
+        """
+        _term = self._environ.get("TERM", "")
+        is_dumb = _term.lower() in ("dumb", "unknown")
+        return self.is_terminal and is_dumb
+
+    @property
+    def options(self) -> ConsoleOptions:
+        """Get default console options."""
+        return ConsoleOptions(
+            max_height=self.size.height,
+            size=self.size,
+            legacy_windows=self.legacy_windows,
+            min_width=1,
+            max_width=self.width,
+            encoding=self.encoding,
+            is_terminal=self.is_terminal,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def size(self) -> ConsoleDimensions:
+        """Get the size of the console.
+
+        Returns:
+            ConsoleDimensions: A named tuple containing the dimensions.
+        """
+
+        if self._width is not None and self._height is not None:
+            return ConsoleDimensions(self._width - self.legacy_windows, self._height)
+
+        if self.is_dumb_terminal:
+            return ConsoleDimensions(80, 25)
+
+        width: Optional[int] = None
+        height: Optional[int] = None
+
+        if WINDOWS:  # pragma: no cover
+            try:
+                width, height = os.get_terminal_size()
+            except (AttributeError, ValueError, OSError):  # Probably not a terminal
+                pass
+        else:
+            for file_descriptor in _STD_STREAMS:
+                try:
+                    width, height = os.get_terminal_size(file_descriptor)
+                except (AttributeError, ValueError, OSError):
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    break
+
+        columns = self._environ.get("COLUMNS")
+        if columns is not None and columns.isdigit():
+            width = int(columns)
+        lines = self._environ.get("LINES")
+        if lines is not None and lines.isdigit():
+            height = int(lines)
+
+        # get_terminal_size can report 0, 0 if run from pseudo-terminal
+        width = width or 80
+        height = height or 25
+        return ConsoleDimensions(
+            width - self.legacy_windows if self._width is None else self._width,
+            height if self._height is None else self._height,
+        )
+
+    @size.setter
+    def size(self, new_size: Tuple[int, int]) -> None:
+        """Set a new size for the terminal.
+
+        Args:
+            new_size (Tuple[int, int]): New width and height.
+        """
+        width, height = new_size
+        self._width = width
+        self._height = height
+
+    @property
+    def width(self) -> int:
+        """Get the width of the console.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The width (in characters) of the console.
+        """
+        return self.size.width
+
+    @width.setter
+    def width(self, width: int) -> None:
+        """Set width.
+
+        Args:
+            width (int): New width.
+        """
+        self._width = width
+
+    @property
+    def height(self) -> int:
+        """Get the height of the console.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The height (in lines) of the console.
+        """
+        return self.size.height
+
+    @height.setter
+    def height(self, height: int) -> None:
+        """Set height.
+
+        Args:
+            height (int): new height.
+        """
+        self._height = height
+
+    def bell(self) -> None:
+        """Play a 'bell' sound (if supported by the terminal)."""
+        self.control(Control.bell())
+
+    def capture(self) -> Capture:
+        """A context manager to *capture* the result of print() or log() in a string,
+        rather than writing it to the console.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> from rich.console import Console
+            >>> console = Console()
+            >>> with console.capture() as capture:
+            ...     console.print("[bold magenta]Hello World[/]")
+            >>> print(capture.get())
+
+        Returns:
+            Capture: Context manager with disables writing to the terminal.
+        """
+        capture = Capture(self)
+        return capture
+
+    def pager(
+        self, pager: Optional[Pager] = None, styles: bool = False, links: bool = False
+    ) -> PagerContext:
+        """A context manager to display anything printed within a "pager". The pager application
+        is defined by the system and will typically support at least pressing a key to scroll.
+
+        Args:
+            pager (Pager, optional): A pager object, or None to use :class:`~rich.pager.SystemPager`. Defaults to None.
+            styles (bool, optional): Show styles in pager. Defaults to False.
+            links (bool, optional): Show links in pager. Defaults to False.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> from rich.console import Console
+            >>> from rich.__main__ import make_test_card
+            >>> console = Console()
+            >>> with console.pager():
+                    console.print(make_test_card())
+
+        Returns:
+            PagerContext: A context manager.
+        """
+        return PagerContext(self, pager=pager, styles=styles, links=links)
+
+    def line(self, count: int = 1) -> None:
+        """Write new line(s).
+
+        Args:
+            count (int, optional): Number of new lines. Defaults to 1.
+        """
+
+        assert count >= 0, "count must be >= 0"
+        self.print(NewLine(count))
+
+    def clear(self, home: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Clear the screen.
+
+        Args:
+            home (bool, optional): Also move the cursor to 'home' position. Defaults to True.
+        """
+        if home:
+            self.control(Control.clear(), Control.home())
+        else:
+            self.control(Control.clear())
+
+    def status(
+        self,
+        status: RenderableType,
+        *,
+        spinner: str = "dots",
+        spinner_style: StyleType = "status.spinner",
+        speed: float = 1.0,
+        refresh_per_second: float = 12.5,
+    ) -> "Status":
+        """Display a status and spinner.
+
+        Args:
+            status (RenderableType): A status renderable (str or Text typically).
+            spinner (str, optional): Name of spinner animation (see python -m rich.spinner). Defaults to "dots".
+            spinner_style (StyleType, optional): Style of spinner. Defaults to "status.spinner".
+            speed (float, optional): Speed factor for spinner animation. Defaults to 1.0.
+            refresh_per_second (float, optional): Number of refreshes per second. Defaults to 12.5.
+
+        Returns:
+            Status: A Status object that may be used as a context manager.
+        """
+        from .status import Status
+
+        status_renderable = Status(
+            status,
+            console=self,
+            spinner=spinner,
+            spinner_style=spinner_style,
+            speed=speed,
+            refresh_per_second=refresh_per_second,
+        )
+        return status_renderable
+
+    def show_cursor(self, show: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Show or hide the cursor.
+
+        Args:
+            show (bool, optional): Set visibility of the cursor.
+        """
+        if self.is_terminal:
+            self.control(Control.show_cursor(show))
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def set_alt_screen(self, enable: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Enables alternative screen mode.
+
+        Note, if you enable this mode, you should ensure that is disabled before
+        the application exits. See :meth:`~rich.Console.screen` for a context manager
+        that handles this for you.
+
+        Args:
+            enable (bool, optional): Enable (True) or disable (False) alternate screen. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the control codes were written.
+
+        """
+        changed = False
+        if self.is_terminal and not self.legacy_windows:
+            self.control(Control.alt_screen(enable))
+            changed = True
+            self._is_alt_screen = enable
+        return changed
+
+    @property
+    def is_alt_screen(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the alt screen was enabled.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the alt screen was enabled, otherwise False.
+        """
+        return self._is_alt_screen
+
+    def set_window_title(self, title: str) -> bool:
+        """Set the title of the console terminal window.
+
+        Warning: There is no means within Rich of "resetting" the window title to its
+        previous value, meaning the title you set will persist even after your application
+        exits.
+
+        ``fish`` shell resets the window title before and after each command by default,
+        negating this issue. Windows Terminal and command prompt will also reset the title for you.
+        Most other shells and terminals, however, do not do this.
+
+        Some terminals may require configuration changes before you can set the title.
+        Some terminals may not support setting the title at all.
+
+        Other software (including the terminal itself, the shell, custom prompts, plugins, etc.)
+        may also set the terminal window title. This could result in whatever value you write
+        using this method being overwritten.
+
+        Args:
+            title (str): The new title of the terminal window.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the control code to change the terminal title was
+                written, otherwise False. Note that a return value of True
+                does not guarantee that the window title has actually changed,
+                since the feature may be unsupported/disabled in some terminals.
+        """
+        if self.is_terminal:
+            self.control(Control.title(title))
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def screen(
+        self, hide_cursor: bool = True, style: Optional[StyleType] = None
+    ) -> "ScreenContext":
+        """Context manager to enable and disable 'alternative screen' mode.
+
+        Args:
+            hide_cursor (bool, optional): Also hide the cursor. Defaults to False.
+            style (Style, optional): Optional style for screen. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            ~ScreenContext: Context which enables alternate screen on enter, and disables it on exit.
+        """
+        return ScreenContext(self, hide_cursor=hide_cursor, style=style or "")
+
+    def measure(
+        self, renderable: RenderableType, *, options: Optional[ConsoleOptions] = None
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        """Measure a renderable. Returns a :class:`~rich.measure.Measurement` object which contains
+        information regarding the number of characters required to print the renderable.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): Any renderable or string.
+            options (Optional[ConsoleOptions], optional): Options to use when measuring, or None
+                to use default options. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement: A measurement of the renderable.
+        """
+        measurement = Measurement.get(self, options or self.options, renderable)
+        return measurement
+
+    def render(
+        self, renderable: RenderableType, options: Optional[ConsoleOptions] = None
+    ) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+        """Render an object in to an iterable of `Segment` instances.
+
+        This method contains the logic for rendering objects with the console protocol.
+        You are unlikely to need to use it directly, unless you are extending the library.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): An object supporting the console protocol, or
+                an object that may be converted to a string.
+            options (ConsoleOptions, optional): An options object, or None to use self.options. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterable[Segment]: An iterable of segments that may be rendered.
+        """
+
+        _options = options or self.options
+        if _options.max_width < 1:
+            # No space to render anything. This prevents potential recursion errors.
+            return
+        render_iterable: RenderResult
+
+        renderable = rich_cast(renderable)
+        if hasattr(renderable, "__rich_console__") and not isclass(renderable):
+            render_iterable = renderable.__rich_console__(self, _options)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        elif isinstance(renderable, str):
+            text_renderable = self.render_str(
+                renderable, highlight=_options.highlight, markup=_options.markup
+            )
+            render_iterable = text_renderable.__rich_console__(self, _options)
+        else:
+            raise errors.NotRenderableError(
+                f"Unable to render {renderable!r}; "
+                "A str, Segment or object with __rich_console__ method is required"
+            )
+
+        try:
+            iter_render = iter(render_iterable)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise errors.NotRenderableError(
+                f"object {render_iterable!r} is not renderable"
+            )
+        _Segment = Segment
+        _options = _options.reset_height()
+        for render_output in iter_render:
+            if isinstance(render_output, _Segment):
+                yield render_output
+            else:
+                yield from self.render(render_output, _options)
+
+    def render_lines(
+        self,
+        renderable: RenderableType,
+        options: Optional[ConsoleOptions] = None,
+        *,
+        style: Optional[Style] = None,
+        pad: bool = True,
+        new_lines: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[List[Segment]]:
+        """Render objects in to a list of lines.
+
+        The output of render_lines is useful when further formatting of rendered console text
+        is required, such as the Panel class which draws a border around any renderable object.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): Any object renderable in the console.
+            options (Optional[ConsoleOptions], optional): Console options, or None to use self.options. Default to ``None``.
+            style (Style, optional): Optional style to apply to renderables. Defaults to ``None``.
+            pad (bool, optional): Pad lines shorter than render width. Defaults to ``True``.
+            new_lines (bool, optional): Include "\n" characters at end of lines.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[List[Segment]]: A list of lines, where a line is a list of Segment objects.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            render_options = options or self.options
+            _rendered = self.render(renderable, render_options)
+            if style:
+                _rendered = Segment.apply_style(_rendered, style)
+
+            render_height = render_options.height
+            if render_height is not None:
+                render_height = max(0, render_height)
+
+            lines = list(
+                islice(
+                    Segment.split_and_crop_lines(
+                        _rendered,
+                        render_options.max_width,
+                        include_new_lines=new_lines,
+                        pad=pad,
+                        style=style,
+                    ),
+                    None,
+                    render_height,
+                )
+            )
+            if render_options.height is not None:
+                extra_lines = render_options.height - len(lines)
+                if extra_lines > 0:
+                    pad_line = [
+                        [Segment(" " * render_options.max_width, style), Segment("\n")]
+                        if new_lines
+                        else [Segment(" " * render_options.max_width, style)]
+                    ]
+                    lines.extend(pad_line * extra_lines)
+
+            return lines
+
+    def render_str(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        *,
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "",
+        justify: Optional[JustifyMethod] = None,
+        overflow: Optional[OverflowMethod] = None,
+        emoji: Optional[bool] = None,
+        markup: Optional[bool] = None,
+        highlight: Optional[bool] = None,
+        highlighter: Optional[HighlighterType] = None,
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Convert a string to a Text instance. This is called automatically if
+        you print or log a string.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): Text to render.
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style to apply to rendered text.
+            justify (str, optional): Justify method: "default", "left", "center", "full", or "right". Defaults to ``None``.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to ``None``.
+            emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji, or ``None`` to use Console default.
+            markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use Console default.
+            highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable highlighting, or ``None`` to use Console default.
+            highlighter (HighlighterType, optional): Optional highlighter to apply.
+        Returns:
+            ConsoleRenderable: Renderable object.
+
+        """
+        emoji_enabled = emoji or (emoji is None and self._emoji)
+        markup_enabled = markup or (markup is None and self._markup)
+        highlight_enabled = highlight or (highlight is None and self._highlight)
+
+        if markup_enabled:
+            rich_text = render_markup(
+                text,
+                style=style,
+                emoji=emoji_enabled,
+                emoji_variant=self._emoji_variant,
+            )
+            rich_text.justify = justify
+            rich_text.overflow = overflow
+        else:
+            rich_text = Text(
+                _emoji_replace(text, default_variant=self._emoji_variant)
+                if emoji_enabled
+                else text,
+                justify=justify,
+                overflow=overflow,
+                style=style,
+            )
+
+        _highlighter = (highlighter or self.highlighter) if highlight_enabled else None
+        if _highlighter is not None:
+            highlight_text = _highlighter(str(rich_text))
+            highlight_text.copy_styles(rich_text)
+            return highlight_text
+
+        return rich_text
+
+    def get_style(
+        self, name: Union[str, Style], *, default: Optional[Union[Style, str]] = None
+    ) -> Style:
+        """Get a Style instance by its theme name or parse a definition.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): The name of a style or a style definition.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: A Style object.
+
+        Raises:
+            MissingStyle: If no style could be parsed from name.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(name, Style):
+            return name
+
+        try:
+            style = self._theme_stack.get(name)
+            if style is None:
+                style = Style.parse(name)
+            return style.copy() if style.link else style
+        except errors.StyleSyntaxError as error:
+            if default is not None:
+                return self.get_style(default)
+            raise errors.MissingStyle(
+                f"Failed to get style {name!r}; {error}"
+            ) from None
+
+    def _collect_renderables(
+        self,
+        objects: Iterable[Any],
+        sep: str,
+        end: str,
+        *,
+        justify: Optional[JustifyMethod] = None,
+        emoji: Optional[bool] = None,
+        markup: Optional[bool] = None,
+        highlight: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> List[ConsoleRenderable]:
+        """Combine a number of renderables and text into one renderable.
+
+        Args:
+            objects (Iterable[Any]): Anything that Rich can render.
+            sep (str): String to write between print data.
+            end (str): String to write at end of print data.
+            justify (str, optional): One of "left", "right", "center", or "full". Defaults to ``None``.
+            emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji code, or ``None`` to use console default.
+            markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use console default.
+            highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use console default.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[ConsoleRenderable]: A list of things to render.
+        """
+        renderables: List[ConsoleRenderable] = []
+        _append = renderables.append
+        text: List[Text] = []
+        append_text = text.append
+
+        append = _append
+        if justify in ("left", "center", "right"):
+
+            def align_append(renderable: RenderableType) -> None:
+                _append(Align(renderable, cast(AlignMethod, justify)))
+
+            append = align_append
+
+        _highlighter: HighlighterType = _null_highlighter
+        if highlight or (highlight is None and self._highlight):
+            _highlighter = self.highlighter
+
+        def check_text() -> None:
+            if text:
+                sep_text = Text(sep, justify=justify, end=end)
+                append(sep_text.join(text))
+                text.clear()
+
+        for renderable in objects:
+            renderable = rich_cast(renderable)
+            if isinstance(renderable, str):
+                append_text(
+                    self.render_str(
+                        renderable, emoji=emoji, markup=markup, highlighter=_highlighter
+                    )
+                )
+            elif isinstance(renderable, Text):
+                append_text(renderable)
+            elif isinstance(renderable, ConsoleRenderable):
+                check_text()
+                append(renderable)
+            elif is_expandable(renderable):
+                check_text()
+                append(Pretty(renderable, highlighter=_highlighter))
+            else:
+                append_text(_highlighter(str(renderable)))
+
+        check_text()
+
+        if self.style is not None:
+            style = self.get_style(self.style)
+            renderables = [Styled(renderable, style) for renderable in renderables]
+
+        return renderables
+
+    def rule(
+        self,
+        title: TextType = "",
+        *,
+        characters: str = "─",
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "rule.line",
+        align: AlignMethod = "center",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Draw a line with optional centered title.
+
+        Args:
+            title (str, optional): Text to render over the rule. Defaults to "".
+            characters (str, optional): Character(s) to form the line. Defaults to "─".
+            style (str, optional): Style of line. Defaults to "rule.line".
+            align (str, optional): How to align the title, one of "left", "center", or "right". Defaults to "center".
+        """
+        from .rule import Rule
+
+        rule = Rule(title=title, characters=characters, style=style, align=align)
+        self.print(rule)
+
+    def control(self, *control: Control) -> None:
+        """Insert non-printing control codes.
+
+        Args:
+            control_codes (str): Control codes, such as those that may move the cursor.
+        """
+        if not self.is_dumb_terminal:
+            with self:
+                self._buffer.extend(_control.segment for _control in control)
+
+    def out(
+        self,
+        *objects: Any,
+        sep: str = " ",
+        end: str = "\n",
+        style: Optional[Union[str, Style]] = None,
+        highlight: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Output to the terminal. This is a low-level way of writing to the terminal which unlike
+        :meth:`~rich.console.Console.print` won't pretty print, wrap text, or apply markup, but will
+        optionally apply highlighting and a basic style.
+
+        Args:
+            sep (str, optional): String to write between print data. Defaults to " ".
+            end (str, optional): String to write at end of print data. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): A style to apply to output. Defaults to None.
+            highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use
+                console default. Defaults to ``None``.
+        """
+        raw_output: str = sep.join(str(_object) for _object in objects)
+        self.print(
+            raw_output,
+            style=style,
+            highlight=highlight,
+            emoji=False,
+            markup=False,
+            no_wrap=True,
+            overflow="ignore",
+            crop=False,
+            end=end,
+        )
+
+    def print(
+        self,
+        *objects: Any,
+        sep: str = " ",
+        end: str = "\n",
+        style: Optional[Union[str, Style]] = None,
+        justify: Optional[JustifyMethod] = None,
+        overflow: Optional[OverflowMethod] = None,
+        no_wrap: Optional[bool] = None,
+        emoji: Optional[bool] = None,
+        markup: Optional[bool] = None,
+        highlight: Optional[bool] = None,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+        crop: bool = True,
+        soft_wrap: Optional[bool] = None,
+        new_line_start: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Print to the console.
+
+        Args:
+            objects (positional args): Objects to log to the terminal.
+            sep (str, optional): String to write between print data. Defaults to " ".
+            end (str, optional): String to write at end of print data. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): A style to apply to output. Defaults to None.
+            justify (str, optional): Justify method: "default", "left", "right", "center", or "full". Defaults to ``None``.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "ignore", "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+            no_wrap (Optional[bool], optional): Disable word wrapping. Defaults to None.
+            emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji code, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to ``None``.
+            markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to ``None``.
+            highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to ``None``.
+            width (Optional[int], optional): Width of output, or ``None`` to auto-detect. Defaults to ``None``.
+            crop (Optional[bool], optional): Crop output to width of terminal. Defaults to True.
+            soft_wrap (bool, optional): Enable soft wrap mode which disables word wrapping and cropping of text or ``None`` for
+                Console default. Defaults to ``None``.
+            new_line_start (bool, False): Insert a new line at the start if the output contains more than one line. Defaults to ``False``.
+        """
+        if not objects:
+            objects = (NewLine(),)
+
+        if soft_wrap is None:
+            soft_wrap = self.soft_wrap
+        if soft_wrap:
+            if no_wrap is None:
+                no_wrap = True
+            if overflow is None:
+                overflow = "ignore"
+            crop = False
+        render_hooks = self._render_hooks[:]
+        with self:
+            renderables = self._collect_renderables(
+                objects,
+                sep,
+                end,
+                justify=justify,
+                emoji=emoji,
+                markup=markup,
+                highlight=highlight,
+            )
+            for hook in render_hooks:
+                renderables = hook.process_renderables(renderables)
+            render_options = self.options.update(
+                justify=justify,
+                overflow=overflow,
+                width=min(width, self.width) if width is not None else NO_CHANGE,
+                height=height,
+                no_wrap=no_wrap,
+                markup=markup,
+                highlight=highlight,
+            )
+
+            new_segments: List[Segment] = []
+            extend = new_segments.extend
+            render = self.render
+            if style is None:
+                for renderable in renderables:
+                    extend(render(renderable, render_options))
+            else:
+                for renderable in renderables:
+                    extend(
+                        Segment.apply_style(
+                            render(renderable, render_options), self.get_style(style)
+                        )
+                    )
+            if new_line_start:
+                if (
+                    len("".join(segment.text for segment in new_segments).splitlines())
+                    > 1
+                ):
+                    new_segments.insert(0, Segment.line())
+            if crop:
+                buffer_extend = self._buffer.extend
+                for line in Segment.split_and_crop_lines(
+                    new_segments, self.width, pad=False
+                ):
+                    buffer_extend(line)
+            else:
+                self._buffer.extend(new_segments)
+
+    def print_json(
+        self,
+        json: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        data: Any = None,
+        indent: Union[None, int, str] = 2,
+        highlight: bool = True,
+        skip_keys: bool = False,
+        ensure_ascii: bool = False,
+        check_circular: bool = True,
+        allow_nan: bool = True,
+        default: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        sort_keys: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Pretty prints JSON. Output will be valid JSON.
+
+        Args:
+            json (Optional[str]): A string containing JSON.
+            data (Any): If json is not supplied, then encode this data.
+            indent (Union[None, int, str], optional): Number of spaces to indent. Defaults to 2.
+            highlight (bool, optional): Enable highlighting of output: Defaults to True.
+            skip_keys (bool, optional): Skip keys not of a basic type. Defaults to False.
+            ensure_ascii (bool, optional): Escape all non-ascii characters. Defaults to False.
+            check_circular (bool, optional): Check for circular references. Defaults to True.
+            allow_nan (bool, optional): Allow NaN and Infinity values. Defaults to True.
+            default (Callable, optional): A callable that converts values that can not be encoded
+                in to something that can be JSON encoded. Defaults to None.
+            sort_keys (bool, optional): Sort dictionary keys. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        from pip._vendor.rich.json import JSON
+
+        if json is None:
+            json_renderable = JSON.from_data(
+                data,
+                indent=indent,
+                highlight=highlight,
+                skip_keys=skip_keys,
+                ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
+                check_circular=check_circular,
+                allow_nan=allow_nan,
+                default=default,
+                sort_keys=sort_keys,
+            )
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(json, str):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"json must be str. Did you mean print_json(data={json!r}) ?"
+                )
+            json_renderable = JSON(
+                json,
+                indent=indent,
+                highlight=highlight,
+                skip_keys=skip_keys,
+                ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
+                check_circular=check_circular,
+                allow_nan=allow_nan,
+                default=default,
+                sort_keys=sort_keys,
+            )
+        self.print(json_renderable, soft_wrap=True)
+
+    def update_screen(
+        self,
+        renderable: RenderableType,
+        *,
+        region: Optional[Region] = None,
+        options: Optional[ConsoleOptions] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the screen at a given offset.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): A Rich renderable.
+            region (Region, optional): Region of screen to update, or None for entire screen. Defaults to None.
+            x (int, optional): x offset. Defaults to 0.
+            y (int, optional): y offset. Defaults to 0.
+
+        Raises:
+            errors.NoAltScreen: If the Console isn't in alt screen mode.
+
+        """
+        if not self.is_alt_screen:
+            raise errors.NoAltScreen("Alt screen must be enabled to call update_screen")
+        render_options = options or self.options
+        if region is None:
+            x = y = 0
+            render_options = render_options.update_dimensions(
+                render_options.max_width, render_options.height or self.height
+            )
+        else:
+            x, y, width, height = region
+            render_options = render_options.update_dimensions(width, height)
+
+        lines = self.render_lines(renderable, options=render_options)
+        self.update_screen_lines(lines, x, y)
+
+    def update_screen_lines(
+        self, lines: List[List[Segment]], x: int = 0, y: int = 0
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update lines of the screen at a given offset.
+
+        Args:
+            lines (List[List[Segment]]): Rendered lines (as produced by :meth:`~rich.Console.render_lines`).
+            x (int, optional): x offset (column no). Defaults to 0.
+            y (int, optional): y offset (column no). Defaults to 0.
+
+        Raises:
+            errors.NoAltScreen: If the Console isn't in alt screen mode.
+        """
+        if not self.is_alt_screen:
+            raise errors.NoAltScreen("Alt screen must be enabled to call update_screen")
+        screen_update = ScreenUpdate(lines, x, y)
+        segments = self.render(screen_update)
+        self._buffer.extend(segments)
+        self._check_buffer()
+
+    def print_exception(
+        self,
+        *,
+        width: Optional[int] = 100,
+        extra_lines: int = 3,
+        theme: Optional[str] = None,
+        word_wrap: bool = False,
+        show_locals: bool = False,
+        suppress: Iterable[Union[str, ModuleType]] = (),
+        max_frames: int = 100,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Prints a rich render of the last exception and traceback.
+
+        Args:
+            width (Optional[int], optional): Number of characters used to render code. Defaults to 100.
+            extra_lines (int, optional): Additional lines of code to render. Defaults to 3.
+            theme (str, optional): Override pygments theme used in traceback
+            word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping of long lines. Defaults to False.
+            show_locals (bool, optional): Enable display of local variables. Defaults to False.
+            suppress (Iterable[Union[str, ModuleType]]): Optional sequence of modules or paths to exclude from traceback.
+            max_frames (int): Maximum number of frames to show in a traceback, 0 for no maximum. Defaults to 100.
+        """
+        from .traceback import Traceback
+
+        traceback = Traceback(
+            width=width,
+            extra_lines=extra_lines,
+            theme=theme,
+            word_wrap=word_wrap,
+            show_locals=show_locals,
+            suppress=suppress,
+            max_frames=max_frames,
+        )
+        self.print(traceback)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _caller_frame_info(
+        offset: int,
+        currentframe: Callable[[], Optional[FrameType]] = inspect.currentframe,
+    ) -> Tuple[str, int, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Get caller frame information.
+
+        Args:
+            offset (int): the caller offset within the current frame stack.
+            currentframe (Callable[[], Optional[FrameType]], optional): the callable to use to
+                retrieve the current frame. Defaults to ``inspect.currentframe``.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[str, int, Dict[str, Any]]: A tuple containing the filename, the line number and
+                the dictionary of local variables associated with the caller frame.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If the stack offset is invalid.
+        """
+        # Ignore the frame of this local helper
+        offset += 1
+
+        frame = currentframe()
+        if frame is not None:
+            # Use the faster currentframe where implemented
+            while offset and frame is not None:
+                frame = frame.f_back
+                offset -= 1
+            assert frame is not None
+            return frame.f_code.co_filename, frame.f_lineno, frame.f_locals
+        else:
+            # Fallback to the slower stack
+            frame_info = inspect.stack()[offset]
+            return frame_info.filename, frame_info.lineno, frame_info.frame.f_locals
+
+    def log(
+        self,
+        *objects: Any,
+        sep: str = " ",
+        end: str = "\n",
+        style: Optional[Union[str, Style]] = None,
+        justify: Optional[JustifyMethod] = None,
+        emoji: Optional[bool] = None,
+        markup: Optional[bool] = None,
+        highlight: Optional[bool] = None,
+        log_locals: bool = False,
+        _stack_offset: int = 1,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Log rich content to the terminal.
+
+        Args:
+            objects (positional args): Objects to log to the terminal.
+            sep (str, optional): String to write between print data. Defaults to " ".
+            end (str, optional): String to write at end of print data. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): A style to apply to output. Defaults to None.
+            justify (str, optional): One of "left", "right", "center", or "full". Defaults to ``None``.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+            emoji (Optional[bool], optional): Enable emoji code, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to None.
+            markup (Optional[bool], optional): Enable markup, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to None.
+            highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Enable automatic highlighting, or ``None`` to use console default. Defaults to None.
+            log_locals (bool, optional): Boolean to enable logging of locals where ``log()``
+                was called. Defaults to False.
+            _stack_offset (int, optional): Offset of caller from end of call stack. Defaults to 1.
+        """
+        if not objects:
+            objects = (NewLine(),)
+
+        render_hooks = self._render_hooks[:]
+
+        with self:
+            renderables = self._collect_renderables(
+                objects,
+                sep,
+                end,
+                justify=justify,
+                emoji=emoji,
+                markup=markup,
+                highlight=highlight,
+            )
+            if style is not None:
+                renderables = [Styled(renderable, style) for renderable in renderables]
+
+            filename, line_no, locals = self._caller_frame_info(_stack_offset)
+            link_path = None if filename.startswith("<") else os.path.abspath(filename)
+            path = filename.rpartition(os.sep)[-1]
+            if log_locals:
+                locals_map = {
+                    key: value
+                    for key, value in locals.items()
+                    if not key.startswith("__")
+                }
+                renderables.append(render_scope(locals_map, title="[i]locals"))
+
+            renderables = [
+                self._log_render(
+                    self,
+                    renderables,
+                    log_time=self.get_datetime(),
+                    path=path,
+                    line_no=line_no,
+                    link_path=link_path,
+                )
+            ]
+            for hook in render_hooks:
+                renderables = hook.process_renderables(renderables)
+            new_segments: List[Segment] = []
+            extend = new_segments.extend
+            render = self.render
+            render_options = self.options
+            for renderable in renderables:
+                extend(render(renderable, render_options))
+            buffer_extend = self._buffer.extend
+            for line in Segment.split_and_crop_lines(
+                new_segments, self.width, pad=False
+            ):
+                buffer_extend(line)
+
+    def _check_buffer(self) -> None:
+        """Check if the buffer may be rendered. Render it if it can (e.g. Console.quiet is False)
+        Rendering is supported on Windows, Unix and Jupyter environments. For
+        legacy Windows consoles, the win32 API is called directly.
+        This method will also record what it renders if recording is enabled via Console.record.
+        """
+        if self.quiet:
+            del self._buffer[:]
+            return
+        with self._lock:
+            if self.record:
+                with self._record_buffer_lock:
+                    self._record_buffer.extend(self._buffer[:])
+
+            if self._buffer_index == 0:
+                if self.is_jupyter:  # pragma: no cover
+                    from .jupyter import display
+
+                    display(self._buffer, self._render_buffer(self._buffer[:]))
+                    del self._buffer[:]
+                else:
+                    if WINDOWS:
+                        use_legacy_windows_render = False
+                        if self.legacy_windows:
+                            fileno = get_fileno(self.file)
+                            if fileno is not None:
+                                use_legacy_windows_render = (
+                                    fileno in _STD_STREAMS_OUTPUT
+                                )
+
+                        if use_legacy_windows_render:
+                            from pip._vendor.rich._win32_console import LegacyWindowsTerm
+                            from pip._vendor.rich._windows_renderer import legacy_windows_render
+
+                            buffer = self._buffer[:]
+                            if self.no_color and self._color_system:
+                                buffer = list(Segment.remove_color(buffer))
+
+                            legacy_windows_render(buffer, LegacyWindowsTerm(self.file))
+                        else:
+                            # Either a non-std stream on legacy Windows, or modern Windows.
+                            text = self._render_buffer(self._buffer[:])
+                            # https://bugs.python.org/issue37871
+                            # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/82052
+                            # We need to avoid writing more than 32Kb in a single write, due to the above bug
+                            write = self.file.write
+                            # Worse case scenario, every character is 4 bytes of utf-8
+                            MAX_WRITE = 32 * 1024 // 4
+                            try:
+                                if len(text) <= MAX_WRITE:
+                                    write(text)
+                                else:
+                                    batch: List[str] = []
+                                    batch_append = batch.append
+                                    size = 0
+                                    for line in text.splitlines(True):
+                                        if size + len(line) > MAX_WRITE and batch:
+                                            write("".join(batch))
+                                            batch.clear()
+                                            size = 0
+                                        batch_append(line)
+                                        size += len(line)
+                                    if batch:
+                                        write("".join(batch))
+                                        batch.clear()
+                            except UnicodeEncodeError as error:
+                                error.reason = f"{error.reason}\n*** You may need to add PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8 to your environment ***"
+                                raise
+                    else:
+                        text = self._render_buffer(self._buffer[:])
+                        try:
+                            self.file.write(text)
+                        except UnicodeEncodeError as error:
+                            error.reason = f"{error.reason}\n*** You may need to add PYTHONIOENCODING=utf-8 to your environment ***"
+                            raise
+
+                    self.file.flush()
+                    del self._buffer[:]
+
+    def _render_buffer(self, buffer: Iterable[Segment]) -> str:
+        """Render buffered output, and clear buffer."""
+        output: List[str] = []
+        append = output.append
+        color_system = self._color_system
+        legacy_windows = self.legacy_windows
+        not_terminal = not self.is_terminal
+        if self.no_color and color_system:
+            buffer = Segment.remove_color(buffer)
+        for text, style, control in buffer:
+            if style:
+                append(
+                    style.render(
+                        text,
+                        color_system=color_system,
+                        legacy_windows=legacy_windows,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif not (not_terminal and control):
+                append(text)
+
+        rendered = "".join(output)
+        return rendered
+
+    def input(
+        self,
+        prompt: TextType = "",
+        *,
+        markup: bool = True,
+        emoji: bool = True,
+        password: bool = False,
+        stream: Optional[TextIO] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Displays a prompt and waits for input from the user. The prompt may contain color / style.
+
+        It works in the same way as Python's builtin :func:`input` function and provides elaborate line editing and history features if Python's builtin :mod:`readline` module is previously loaded.
+
+        Args:
+            prompt (Union[str, Text]): Text to render in the prompt.
+            markup (bool, optional): Enable console markup (requires a str prompt). Defaults to True.
+            emoji (bool, optional): Enable emoji (requires a str prompt). Defaults to True.
+            password: (bool, optional): Hide typed text. Defaults to False.
+            stream: (TextIO, optional): Optional file to read input from (rather than stdin). Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: Text read from stdin.
+        """
+        if prompt:
+            self.print(prompt, markup=markup, emoji=emoji, end="")
+        if password:
+            result = getpass("", stream=stream)
+        else:
+            if stream:
+                result = stream.readline()
+            else:
+                result = input()
+        return result
+
+    def export_text(self, *, clear: bool = True, styles: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Generate text from console contents (requires record=True argument in constructor).
+
+        Args:
+            clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
+            styles (bool, optional): If ``True``, ansi escape codes will be included. ``False`` for plain text.
+                Defaults to ``False``.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: String containing console contents.
+
+        """
+        assert (
+            self.record
+        ), "To export console contents set record=True in the constructor or instance"
+
+        with self._record_buffer_lock:
+            if styles:
+                text = "".join(
+                    (style.render(text) if style else text)
+                    for text, style, _ in self._record_buffer
+                )
+            else:
+                text = "".join(
+                    segment.text
+                    for segment in self._record_buffer
+                    if not segment.control
+                )
+            if clear:
+                del self._record_buffer[:]
+        return text
+
+    def save_text(self, path: str, *, clear: bool = True, styles: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Generate text from console and save to a given location (requires record=True argument in constructor).
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): Path to write text files.
+            clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
+            styles (bool, optional): If ``True``, ansi style codes will be included. ``False`` for plain text.
+                Defaults to ``False``.
+
+        """
+        text = self.export_text(clear=clear, styles=styles)
+        with open(path, "wt", encoding="utf-8") as write_file:
+            write_file.write(text)
+
+    def export_html(
+        self,
+        *,
+        theme: Optional[TerminalTheme] = None,
+        clear: bool = True,
+        code_format: Optional[str] = None,
+        inline_styles: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Generate HTML from console contents (requires record=True argument in constructor).
+
+        Args:
+            theme (TerminalTheme, optional): TerminalTheme object containing console colors.
+            clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
+            code_format (str, optional): Format string to render HTML. In addition to '{foreground}',
+                '{background}', and '{code}', should contain '{stylesheet}' if inline_styles is ``False``.
+            inline_styles (bool, optional): If ``True`` styles will be inlined in to spans, which makes files
+                larger but easier to cut and paste markup. If ``False``, styles will be embedded in a style tag.
+                Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: String containing console contents as HTML.
+        """
+        assert (
+            self.record
+        ), "To export console contents set record=True in the constructor or instance"
+        fragments: List[str] = []
+        append = fragments.append
+        _theme = theme or DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME
+        stylesheet = ""
+
+        render_code_format = CONSOLE_HTML_FORMAT if code_format is None else code_format
+
+        with self._record_buffer_lock:
+            if inline_styles:
+                for text, style, _ in Segment.filter_control(
+                    Segment.simplify(self._record_buffer)
+                ):
+                    text = escape(text)
+                    if style:
+                        rule = style.get_html_style(_theme)
+                        if style.link:
+                            text = f'<a href="{style.link}">{text}</a>'
+                        text = f'<span style="{rule}">{text}</span>' if rule else text
+                    append(text)
+            else:
+                styles: Dict[str, int] = {}
+                for text, style, _ in Segment.filter_control(
+                    Segment.simplify(self._record_buffer)
+                ):
+                    text = escape(text)
+                    if style:
+                        rule = style.get_html_style(_theme)
+                        style_number = styles.setdefault(rule, len(styles) + 1)
+                        if style.link:
+                            text = f'<a class="r{style_number}" href="{style.link}">{text}</a>'
+                        else:
+                            text = f'<span class="r{style_number}">{text}</span>'
+                    append(text)
+                stylesheet_rules: List[str] = []
+                stylesheet_append = stylesheet_rules.append
+                for style_rule, style_number in styles.items():
+                    if style_rule:
+                        stylesheet_append(f".r{style_number} {{{style_rule}}}")
+                stylesheet = "\n".join(stylesheet_rules)
+
+            rendered_code = render_code_format.format(
+                code="".join(fragments),
+                stylesheet=stylesheet,
+                foreground=_theme.foreground_color.hex,
+                background=_theme.background_color.hex,
+            )
+            if clear:
+                del self._record_buffer[:]
+        return rendered_code
+
+    def save_html(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        theme: Optional[TerminalTheme] = None,
+        clear: bool = True,
+        code_format: str = CONSOLE_HTML_FORMAT,
+        inline_styles: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Generate HTML from console contents and write to a file (requires record=True argument in constructor).
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): Path to write html file.
+            theme (TerminalTheme, optional): TerminalTheme object containing console colors.
+            clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``.
+            code_format (str, optional): Format string to render HTML. In addition to '{foreground}',
+                '{background}', and '{code}', should contain '{stylesheet}' if inline_styles is ``False``.
+            inline_styles (bool, optional): If ``True`` styles will be inlined in to spans, which makes files
+                larger but easier to cut and paste markup. If ``False``, styles will be embedded in a style tag.
+                Defaults to False.
+
+        """
+        html = self.export_html(
+            theme=theme,
+            clear=clear,
+            code_format=code_format,
+            inline_styles=inline_styles,
+        )
+        with open(path, "wt", encoding="utf-8") as write_file:
+            write_file.write(html)
+
+    def export_svg(
+        self,
+        *,
+        title: str = "Rich",
+        theme: Optional[TerminalTheme] = None,
+        clear: bool = True,
+        code_format: str = CONSOLE_SVG_FORMAT,
+        font_aspect_ratio: float = 0.61,
+        unique_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Generate an SVG from the console contents (requires record=True in Console constructor).
+
+        Args:
+            title (str, optional): The title of the tab in the output image
+            theme (TerminalTheme, optional): The ``TerminalTheme`` object to use to style the terminal
+            clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``
+            code_format (str, optional): Format string used to generate the SVG. Rich will inject a number of variables
+                into the string in order to form the final SVG output. The default template used and the variables
+                injected by Rich can be found by inspecting the ``console.CONSOLE_SVG_FORMAT`` variable.
+            font_aspect_ratio (float, optional): The width to height ratio of the font used in the ``code_format``
+                string. Defaults to 0.61, which is the width to height ratio of Fira Code (the default font).
+                If you aren't specifying a different font inside ``code_format``, you probably don't need this.
+            unique_id (str, optional): unique id that is used as the prefix for various elements (CSS styles, node
+                ids). If not set, this defaults to a computed value based on the recorded content.
+        """
+
+        from pip._vendor.rich.cells import cell_len
+
+        style_cache: Dict[Style, str] = {}
+
+        def get_svg_style(style: Style) -> str:
+            """Convert a Style to CSS rules for SVG."""
+            if style in style_cache:
+                return style_cache[style]
+            css_rules = []
+            color = (
+                _theme.foreground_color
+                if (style.color is None or style.color.is_default)
+                else style.color.get_truecolor(_theme)
+            )
+            bgcolor = (
+                _theme.background_color
+                if (style.bgcolor is None or style.bgcolor.is_default)
+                else style.bgcolor.get_truecolor(_theme)
+            )
+            if style.reverse:
+                color, bgcolor = bgcolor, color
+            if style.dim:
+                color = blend_rgb(color, bgcolor, 0.4)
+            css_rules.append(f"fill: {color.hex}")
+            if style.bold:
+                css_rules.append("font-weight: bold")
+            if style.italic:
+                css_rules.append("font-style: italic;")
+            if style.underline:
+                css_rules.append("text-decoration: underline;")
+            if style.strike:
+                css_rules.append("text-decoration: line-through;")
+
+            css = ";".join(css_rules)
+            style_cache[style] = css
+            return css
+
+        _theme = theme or SVG_EXPORT_THEME
+
+        width = self.width
+        char_height = 20
+        char_width = char_height * font_aspect_ratio
+        line_height = char_height * 1.22
+
+        margin_top = 1
+        margin_right = 1
+        margin_bottom = 1
+        margin_left = 1
+
+        padding_top = 40
+        padding_right = 8
+        padding_bottom = 8
+        padding_left = 8
+
+        padding_width = padding_left + padding_right
+        padding_height = padding_top + padding_bottom
+        margin_width = margin_left + margin_right
+        margin_height = margin_top + margin_bottom
+
+        text_backgrounds: List[str] = []
+        text_group: List[str] = []
+        classes: Dict[str, int] = {}
+        style_no = 1
+
+        def escape_text(text: str) -> str:
+            """HTML escape text and replace spaces with nbsp."""
+            return escape(text).replace(" ", "&#160;")
+
+        def make_tag(
+            name: str, content: Optional[str] = None, **attribs: object
+        ) -> str:
+            """Make a tag from name, content, and attributes."""
+
+            def stringify(value: object) -> str:
+                if isinstance(value, (float)):
+                    return format(value, "g")
+                return str(value)
+
+            tag_attribs = " ".join(
+                f'{k.lstrip("_").replace("_", "-")}="{stringify(v)}"'
+                for k, v in attribs.items()
+            )
+            return (
+                f"<{name} {tag_attribs}>{content}</{name}>"
+                if content
+                else f"<{name} {tag_attribs}/>"
+            )
+
+        with self._record_buffer_lock:
+            segments = list(Segment.filter_control(self._record_buffer))
+            if clear:
+                self._record_buffer.clear()
+
+        if unique_id is None:
+            unique_id = "terminal-" + str(
+                zlib.adler32(
+                    ("".join(repr(segment) for segment in segments)).encode(
+                        "utf-8",
+                        "ignore",
+                    )
+                    + title.encode("utf-8", "ignore")
+                )
+            )
+        y = 0
+        for y, line in enumerate(Segment.split_and_crop_lines(segments, length=width)):
+            x = 0
+            for text, style, _control in line:
+                style = style or Style()
+                rules = get_svg_style(style)
+                if rules not in classes:
+                    classes[rules] = style_no
+                    style_no += 1
+                class_name = f"r{classes[rules]}"
+
+                if style.reverse:
+                    has_background = True
+                    background = (
+                        _theme.foreground_color.hex
+                        if style.color is None
+                        else style.color.get_truecolor(_theme).hex
+                    )
+                else:
+                    bgcolor = style.bgcolor
+                    has_background = bgcolor is not None and not bgcolor.is_default
+                    background = (
+                        _theme.background_color.hex
+                        if style.bgcolor is None
+                        else style.bgcolor.get_truecolor(_theme).hex
+                    )
+
+                text_length = cell_len(text)
+                if has_background:
+                    text_backgrounds.append(
+                        make_tag(
+                            "rect",
+                            fill=background,
+                            x=x * char_width,
+                            y=y * line_height + 1.5,
+                            width=char_width * text_length,
+                            height=line_height + 0.25,
+                            shape_rendering="crispEdges",
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                if text != " " * len(text):
+                    text_group.append(
+                        make_tag(
+                            "text",
+                            escape_text(text),
+                            _class=f"{unique_id}-{class_name}",
+                            x=x * char_width,
+                            y=y * line_height + char_height,
+                            textLength=char_width * len(text),
+                            clip_path=f"url(#{unique_id}-line-{y})",
+                        )
+                    )
+                x += cell_len(text)
+
+        line_offsets = [line_no * line_height + 1.5 for line_no in range(y)]
+        lines = "\n".join(
+            f"""<clipPath id="{unique_id}-line-{line_no}">
+    {make_tag("rect", x=0, y=offset, width=char_width * width, height=line_height + 0.25)}
+            </clipPath>"""
+            for line_no, offset in enumerate(line_offsets)
+        )
+
+        styles = "\n".join(
+            f".{unique_id}-r{rule_no} {{ {css} }}" for css, rule_no in classes.items()
+        )
+        backgrounds = "".join(text_backgrounds)
+        matrix = "".join(text_group)
+
+        terminal_width = ceil(width * char_width + padding_width)
+        terminal_height = (y + 1) * line_height + padding_height
+        chrome = make_tag(
+            "rect",
+            fill=_theme.background_color.hex,
+            stroke="rgba(255,255,255,0.35)",
+            stroke_width="1",
+            x=margin_left,
+            y=margin_top,
+            width=terminal_width,
+            height=terminal_height,
+            rx=8,
+        )
+
+        title_color = _theme.foreground_color.hex
+        if title:
+            chrome += make_tag(
+                "text",
+                escape_text(title),
+                _class=f"{unique_id}-title",
+                fill=title_color,
+                text_anchor="middle",
+                x=terminal_width // 2,
+                y=margin_top + char_height + 6,
+            )
+        chrome += f"""
+            <g transform="translate(26,22)">
+            <circle cx="0" cy="0" r="7" fill="#ff5f57"/>
+            <circle cx="22" cy="0" r="7" fill="#febc2e"/>
+            <circle cx="44" cy="0" r="7" fill="#28c840"/>
+            </g>
+        """
+
+        svg = code_format.format(
+            unique_id=unique_id,
+            char_width=char_width,
+            char_height=char_height,
+            line_height=line_height,
+            terminal_width=char_width * width - 1,
+            terminal_height=(y + 1) * line_height - 1,
+            width=terminal_width + margin_width,
+            height=terminal_height + margin_height,
+            terminal_x=margin_left + padding_left,
+            terminal_y=margin_top + padding_top,
+            styles=styles,
+            chrome=chrome,
+            backgrounds=backgrounds,
+            matrix=matrix,
+            lines=lines,
+        )
+        return svg
+
+    def save_svg(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        title: str = "Rich",
+        theme: Optional[TerminalTheme] = None,
+        clear: bool = True,
+        code_format: str = CONSOLE_SVG_FORMAT,
+        font_aspect_ratio: float = 0.61,
+        unique_id: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Generate an SVG file from the console contents (requires record=True in Console constructor).
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): The path to write the SVG to.
+            title (str, optional): The title of the tab in the output image
+            theme (TerminalTheme, optional): The ``TerminalTheme`` object to use to style the terminal
+            clear (bool, optional): Clear record buffer after exporting. Defaults to ``True``
+            code_format (str, optional): Format string used to generate the SVG. Rich will inject a number of variables
+                into the string in order to form the final SVG output. The default template used and the variables
+                injected by Rich can be found by inspecting the ``console.CONSOLE_SVG_FORMAT`` variable.
+            font_aspect_ratio (float, optional): The width to height ratio of the font used in the ``code_format``
+                string. Defaults to 0.61, which is the width to height ratio of Fira Code (the default font).
+                If you aren't specifying a different font inside ``code_format``, you probably don't need this.
+            unique_id (str, optional): unique id that is used as the prefix for various elements (CSS styles, node
+                ids). If not set, this defaults to a computed value based on the recorded content.
+        """
+        svg = self.export_svg(
+            title=title,
+            theme=theme,
+            clear=clear,
+            code_format=code_format,
+            font_aspect_ratio=font_aspect_ratio,
+            unique_id=unique_id,
+        )
+        with open(path, "wt", encoding="utf-8") as write_file:
+            write_file.write(svg)
+
+
+def _svg_hash(svg_main_code: str) -> str:
+    """Returns a unique hash for the given SVG main code.
+
+    Args:
+        svg_main_code (str): The content we're going to inject in the SVG envelope.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: a hash of the given content
+    """
+    return str(zlib.adler32(svg_main_code.encode()))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    console = Console(record=True)
+
+    console.log(
+        "JSONRPC [i]request[/i]",
+        5,
+        1.3,
+        True,
+        False,
+        None,
+        {
+            "jsonrpc": "2.0",
+            "method": "subtract",
+            "params": {"minuend": 42, "subtrahend": 23},
+            "id": 3,
+        },
+    )
+
+    console.log("Hello, World!", "{'a': 1}", repr(console))
+
+    console.print(
+        {
+            "name": None,
+            "empty": [],
+            "quiz": {
+                "sport": {
+                    "answered": True,
+                    "q1": {
+                        "question": "Which one is correct team name in NBA?",
+                        "options": [
+                            "New York Bulls",
+                            "Los Angeles Kings",
+                            "Golden State Warriors",
+                            "Huston Rocket",
+                        ],
+                        "answer": "Huston Rocket",
+                    },
+                },
+                "maths": {
+                    "answered": False,
+                    "q1": {
+                        "question": "5 + 7 = ?",
+                        "options": [10, 11, 12, 13],
+                        "answer": 12,
+                    },
+                    "q2": {
+                        "question": "12 - 8 = ?",
+                        "options": [1, 2, 3, 4],
+                        "answer": 4,
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        }
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/constrain.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/constrain.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65fdf563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/constrain.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+from typing import Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType, RenderResult
+
+
+class Constrain(JupyterMixin):
+    """Constrain the width of a renderable to a given number of characters.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): A renderable object.
+        width (int, optional): The maximum width (in characters) to render. Defaults to 80.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, renderable: "RenderableType", width: Optional[int] = 80) -> None:
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        self.width = width
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        if self.width is None:
+            yield self.renderable
+        else:
+            child_options = options.update_width(min(self.width, options.max_width))
+            yield from console.render(self.renderable, child_options)
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        if self.width is not None:
+            options = options.update_width(self.width)
+        measurement = Measurement.get(console, options, self.renderable)
+        return measurement
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/containers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/containers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e29cf368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/containers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+from itertools import zip_longest
+from typing import (
+    Iterator,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+    TypeVar,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import (
+        Console,
+        ConsoleOptions,
+        JustifyMethod,
+        OverflowMethod,
+        RenderResult,
+        RenderableType,
+    )
+    from .text import Text
+
+from .cells import cell_len
+from .measure import Measurement
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class Renderables:
+    """A list subclass which renders its contents to the console."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, renderables: Optional[Iterable["RenderableType"]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self._renderables: List["RenderableType"] = (
+            list(renderables) if renderables is not None else []
+        )
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        """Console render method to insert line-breaks."""
+        yield from self._renderables
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        dimensions = [
+            Measurement.get(console, options, renderable)
+            for renderable in self._renderables
+        ]
+        if not dimensions:
+            return Measurement(1, 1)
+        _min = max(dimension.minimum for dimension in dimensions)
+        _max = max(dimension.maximum for dimension in dimensions)
+        return Measurement(_min, _max)
+
+    def append(self, renderable: "RenderableType") -> None:
+        self._renderables.append(renderable)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterable["RenderableType"]:
+        return iter(self._renderables)
+
+
+class Lines:
+    """A list subclass which can render to the console."""
+
+    def __init__(self, lines: Iterable["Text"] = ()) -> None:
+        self._lines: List["Text"] = list(lines)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Lines({self._lines!r})"
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator["Text"]:
+        return iter(self._lines)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> "Text":
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> List["Text"]:
+        ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: Union[slice, int]) -> Union["Text", List["Text"]]:
+        return self._lines[index]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index: int, value: "Text") -> "Lines":
+        self._lines[index] = value
+        return self
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self._lines.__len__()
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        """Console render method to insert line-breaks."""
+        yield from self._lines
+
+    def append(self, line: "Text") -> None:
+        self._lines.append(line)
+
+    def extend(self, lines: Iterable["Text"]) -> None:
+        self._lines.extend(lines)
+
+    def pop(self, index: int = -1) -> "Text":
+        return self._lines.pop(index)
+
+    def justify(
+        self,
+        console: "Console",
+        width: int,
+        justify: "JustifyMethod" = "left",
+        overflow: "OverflowMethod" = "fold",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Justify and overflow text to a given width.
+
+        Args:
+            console (Console): Console instance.
+            width (int): Number of characters per line.
+            justify (str, optional): Default justify method for text: "left", "center", "full" or "right". Defaults to "left".
+            overflow (str, optional): Default overflow for text: "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to "fold".
+
+        """
+        from .text import Text
+
+        if justify == "left":
+            for line in self._lines:
+                line.truncate(width, overflow=overflow, pad=True)
+        elif justify == "center":
+            for line in self._lines:
+                line.rstrip()
+                line.truncate(width, overflow=overflow)
+                line.pad_left((width - cell_len(line.plain)) // 2)
+                line.pad_right(width - cell_len(line.plain))
+        elif justify == "right":
+            for line in self._lines:
+                line.rstrip()
+                line.truncate(width, overflow=overflow)
+                line.pad_left(width - cell_len(line.plain))
+        elif justify == "full":
+            for line_index, line in enumerate(self._lines):
+                if line_index == len(self._lines) - 1:
+                    break
+                words = line.split(" ")
+                words_size = sum(cell_len(word.plain) for word in words)
+                num_spaces = len(words) - 1
+                spaces = [1 for _ in range(num_spaces)]
+                index = 0
+                if spaces:
+                    while words_size + num_spaces < width:
+                        spaces[len(spaces) - index - 1] += 1
+                        num_spaces += 1
+                        index = (index + 1) % len(spaces)
+                tokens: List[Text] = []
+                for index, (word, next_word) in enumerate(
+                    zip_longest(words, words[1:])
+                ):
+                    tokens.append(word)
+                    if index < len(spaces):
+                        style = word.get_style_at_offset(console, -1)
+                        next_style = next_word.get_style_at_offset(console, 0)
+                        space_style = style if style == next_style else line.style
+                        tokens.append(Text(" " * spaces[index], style=space_style))
+                self[line_index] = Text("").join(tokens)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/control.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/control.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88fcb929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/control.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+import sys
+import time
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Union
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Final
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Final  # pragma: no cover
+
+from .segment import ControlCode, ControlType, Segment
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult
+
+STRIP_CONTROL_CODES: Final = [
+    7,  # Bell
+    8,  # Backspace
+    11,  # Vertical tab
+    12,  # Form feed
+    13,  # Carriage return
+]
+_CONTROL_STRIP_TRANSLATE: Final = {
+    _codepoint: None for _codepoint in STRIP_CONTROL_CODES
+}
+
+CONTROL_ESCAPE: Final = {
+    7: "\\a",
+    8: "\\b",
+    11: "\\v",
+    12: "\\f",
+    13: "\\r",
+}
+
+CONTROL_CODES_FORMAT: Dict[int, Callable[..., str]] = {
+    ControlType.BELL: lambda: "\x07",
+    ControlType.CARRIAGE_RETURN: lambda: "\r",
+    ControlType.HOME: lambda: "\x1b[H",
+    ControlType.CLEAR: lambda: "\x1b[2J",
+    ControlType.ENABLE_ALT_SCREEN: lambda: "\x1b[?1049h",
+    ControlType.DISABLE_ALT_SCREEN: lambda: "\x1b[?1049l",
+    ControlType.SHOW_CURSOR: lambda: "\x1b[?25h",
+    ControlType.HIDE_CURSOR: lambda: "\x1b[?25l",
+    ControlType.CURSOR_UP: lambda param: f"\x1b[{param}A",
+    ControlType.CURSOR_DOWN: lambda param: f"\x1b[{param}B",
+    ControlType.CURSOR_FORWARD: lambda param: f"\x1b[{param}C",
+    ControlType.CURSOR_BACKWARD: lambda param: f"\x1b[{param}D",
+    ControlType.CURSOR_MOVE_TO_COLUMN: lambda param: f"\x1b[{param+1}G",
+    ControlType.ERASE_IN_LINE: lambda param: f"\x1b[{param}K",
+    ControlType.CURSOR_MOVE_TO: lambda x, y: f"\x1b[{y+1};{x+1}H",
+    ControlType.SET_WINDOW_TITLE: lambda title: f"\x1b]0;{title}\x07",
+}
+
+
+class Control:
+    """A renderable that inserts a control code (non printable but may move cursor).
+
+    Args:
+        *codes (str): Positional arguments are either a :class:`~rich.segment.ControlType` enum or a
+            tuple of ControlType and an integer parameter
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ["segment"]
+
+    def __init__(self, *codes: Union[ControlType, ControlCode]) -> None:
+        control_codes: List[ControlCode] = [
+            (code,) if isinstance(code, ControlType) else code for code in codes
+        ]
+        _format_map = CONTROL_CODES_FORMAT
+        rendered_codes = "".join(
+            _format_map[code](*parameters) for code, *parameters in control_codes
+        )
+        self.segment = Segment(rendered_codes, None, control_codes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def bell(cls) -> "Control":
+        """Ring the 'bell'."""
+        return cls(ControlType.BELL)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def home(cls) -> "Control":
+        """Move cursor to 'home' position."""
+        return cls(ControlType.HOME)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def move(cls, x: int = 0, y: int = 0) -> "Control":
+        """Move cursor relative to current position.
+
+        Args:
+            x (int): X offset.
+            y (int): Y offset.
+
+        Returns:
+            ~Control: Control object.
+
+        """
+
+        def get_codes() -> Iterable[ControlCode]:
+            control = ControlType
+            if x:
+                yield (
+                    control.CURSOR_FORWARD if x > 0 else control.CURSOR_BACKWARD,
+                    abs(x),
+                )
+            if y:
+                yield (
+                    control.CURSOR_DOWN if y > 0 else control.CURSOR_UP,
+                    abs(y),
+                )
+
+        control = cls(*get_codes())
+        return control
+
+    @classmethod
+    def move_to_column(cls, x: int, y: int = 0) -> "Control":
+        """Move to the given column, optionally add offset to row.
+
+        Returns:
+            x (int): absolute x (column)
+            y (int): optional y offset (row)
+
+        Returns:
+            ~Control: Control object.
+        """
+
+        return (
+            cls(
+                (ControlType.CURSOR_MOVE_TO_COLUMN, x),
+                (
+                    ControlType.CURSOR_DOWN if y > 0 else ControlType.CURSOR_UP,
+                    abs(y),
+                ),
+            )
+            if y
+            else cls((ControlType.CURSOR_MOVE_TO_COLUMN, x))
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def move_to(cls, x: int, y: int) -> "Control":
+        """Move cursor to absolute position.
+
+        Args:
+            x (int): x offset (column)
+            y (int): y offset (row)
+
+        Returns:
+            ~Control: Control object.
+        """
+        return cls((ControlType.CURSOR_MOVE_TO, x, y))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def clear(cls) -> "Control":
+        """Clear the screen."""
+        return cls(ControlType.CLEAR)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def show_cursor(cls, show: bool) -> "Control":
+        """Show or hide the cursor."""
+        return cls(ControlType.SHOW_CURSOR if show else ControlType.HIDE_CURSOR)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def alt_screen(cls, enable: bool) -> "Control":
+        """Enable or disable alt screen."""
+        if enable:
+            return cls(ControlType.ENABLE_ALT_SCREEN, ControlType.HOME)
+        else:
+            return cls(ControlType.DISABLE_ALT_SCREEN)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def title(cls, title: str) -> "Control":
+        """Set the terminal window title
+
+        Args:
+            title (str): The new terminal window title
+        """
+        return cls((ControlType.SET_WINDOW_TITLE, title))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.segment.text
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        if self.segment.text:
+            yield self.segment
+
+
+def strip_control_codes(
+    text: str, _translate_table: Dict[int, None] = _CONTROL_STRIP_TRANSLATE
+) -> str:
+    """Remove control codes from text.
+
+    Args:
+        text (str): A string possibly contain control codes.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: String with control codes removed.
+    """
+    return text.translate(_translate_table)
+
+
+def escape_control_codes(
+    text: str,
+    _translate_table: Dict[int, str] = CONTROL_ESCAPE,
+) -> str:
+    """Replace control codes with their "escaped" equivalent in the given text.
+    (e.g. "\b" becomes "\\b")
+
+    Args:
+        text (str): A string possibly containing control codes.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: String with control codes replaced with their escaped version.
+    """
+    return text.translate(_translate_table)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+    console.print("Look at the title of your terminal window ^")
+    # console.print(Control((ControlType.SET_WINDOW_TITLE, "Hello, world!")))
+    for i in range(10):
+        console.set_window_title("🚀 Loading" + "." * i)
+        time.sleep(0.5)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/default_styles.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/default_styles.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dca37193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/default_styles.py
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+from typing import Dict
+
+from .style import Style
+
+DEFAULT_STYLES: Dict[str, Style] = {
+    "none": Style.null(),
+    "reset": Style(
+        color="default",
+        bgcolor="default",
+        dim=False,
+        bold=False,
+        italic=False,
+        underline=False,
+        blink=False,
+        blink2=False,
+        reverse=False,
+        conceal=False,
+        strike=False,
+    ),
+    "dim": Style(dim=True),
+    "bright": Style(dim=False),
+    "bold": Style(bold=True),
+    "strong": Style(bold=True),
+    "code": Style(reverse=True, bold=True),
+    "italic": Style(italic=True),
+    "emphasize": Style(italic=True),
+    "underline": Style(underline=True),
+    "blink": Style(blink=True),
+    "blink2": Style(blink2=True),
+    "reverse": Style(reverse=True),
+    "strike": Style(strike=True),
+    "black": Style(color="black"),
+    "red": Style(color="red"),
+    "green": Style(color="green"),
+    "yellow": Style(color="yellow"),
+    "magenta": Style(color="magenta"),
+    "cyan": Style(color="cyan"),
+    "white": Style(color="white"),
+    "inspect.attr": Style(color="yellow", italic=True),
+    "inspect.attr.dunder": Style(color="yellow", italic=True, dim=True),
+    "inspect.callable": Style(bold=True, color="red"),
+    "inspect.async_def": Style(italic=True, color="bright_cyan"),
+    "inspect.def": Style(italic=True, color="bright_cyan"),
+    "inspect.class": Style(italic=True, color="bright_cyan"),
+    "inspect.error": Style(bold=True, color="red"),
+    "inspect.equals": Style(),
+    "inspect.help": Style(color="cyan"),
+    "inspect.doc": Style(dim=True),
+    "inspect.value.border": Style(color="green"),
+    "live.ellipsis": Style(bold=True, color="red"),
+    "layout.tree.row": Style(dim=False, color="red"),
+    "layout.tree.column": Style(dim=False, color="blue"),
+    "logging.keyword": Style(bold=True, color="yellow"),
+    "logging.level.notset": Style(dim=True),
+    "logging.level.debug": Style(color="green"),
+    "logging.level.info": Style(color="blue"),
+    "logging.level.warning": Style(color="red"),
+    "logging.level.error": Style(color="red", bold=True),
+    "logging.level.critical": Style(color="red", bold=True, reverse=True),
+    "log.level": Style.null(),
+    "log.time": Style(color="cyan", dim=True),
+    "log.message": Style.null(),
+    "log.path": Style(dim=True),
+    "repr.ellipsis": Style(color="yellow"),
+    "repr.indent": Style(color="green", dim=True),
+    "repr.error": Style(color="red", bold=True),
+    "repr.str": Style(color="green", italic=False, bold=False),
+    "repr.brace": Style(bold=True),
+    "repr.comma": Style(bold=True),
+    "repr.ipv4": Style(bold=True, color="bright_green"),
+    "repr.ipv6": Style(bold=True, color="bright_green"),
+    "repr.eui48": Style(bold=True, color="bright_green"),
+    "repr.eui64": Style(bold=True, color="bright_green"),
+    "repr.tag_start": Style(bold=True),
+    "repr.tag_name": Style(color="bright_magenta", bold=True),
+    "repr.tag_contents": Style(color="default"),
+    "repr.tag_end": Style(bold=True),
+    "repr.attrib_name": Style(color="yellow", italic=False),
+    "repr.attrib_equal": Style(bold=True),
+    "repr.attrib_value": Style(color="magenta", italic=False),
+    "repr.number": Style(color="cyan", bold=True, italic=False),
+    "repr.number_complex": Style(color="cyan", bold=True, italic=False),  # same
+    "repr.bool_true": Style(color="bright_green", italic=True),
+    "repr.bool_false": Style(color="bright_red", italic=True),
+    "repr.none": Style(color="magenta", italic=True),
+    "repr.url": Style(underline=True, color="bright_blue", italic=False, bold=False),
+    "repr.uuid": Style(color="bright_yellow", bold=False),
+    "repr.call": Style(color="magenta", bold=True),
+    "repr.path": Style(color="magenta"),
+    "repr.filename": Style(color="bright_magenta"),
+    "rule.line": Style(color="bright_green"),
+    "rule.text": Style.null(),
+    "json.brace": Style(bold=True),
+    "json.bool_true": Style(color="bright_green", italic=True),
+    "json.bool_false": Style(color="bright_red", italic=True),
+    "json.null": Style(color="magenta", italic=True),
+    "json.number": Style(color="cyan", bold=True, italic=False),
+    "json.str": Style(color="green", italic=False, bold=False),
+    "json.key": Style(color="blue", bold=True),
+    "prompt": Style.null(),
+    "prompt.choices": Style(color="magenta", bold=True),
+    "prompt.default": Style(color="cyan", bold=True),
+    "prompt.invalid": Style(color="red"),
+    "prompt.invalid.choice": Style(color="red"),
+    "pretty": Style.null(),
+    "scope.border": Style(color="blue"),
+    "scope.key": Style(color="yellow", italic=True),
+    "scope.key.special": Style(color="yellow", italic=True, dim=True),
+    "scope.equals": Style(color="red"),
+    "table.header": Style(bold=True),
+    "table.footer": Style(bold=True),
+    "table.cell": Style.null(),
+    "table.title": Style(italic=True),
+    "table.caption": Style(italic=True, dim=True),
+    "traceback.error": Style(color="red", italic=True),
+    "traceback.border.syntax_error": Style(color="bright_red"),
+    "traceback.border": Style(color="red"),
+    "traceback.text": Style.null(),
+    "traceback.title": Style(color="red", bold=True),
+    "traceback.exc_type": Style(color="bright_red", bold=True),
+    "traceback.exc_value": Style.null(),
+    "traceback.offset": Style(color="bright_red", bold=True),
+    "bar.back": Style(color="grey23"),
+    "bar.complete": Style(color="rgb(249,38,114)"),
+    "bar.finished": Style(color="rgb(114,156,31)"),
+    "bar.pulse": Style(color="rgb(249,38,114)"),
+    "progress.description": Style.null(),
+    "progress.filesize": Style(color="green"),
+    "progress.filesize.total": Style(color="green"),
+    "progress.download": Style(color="green"),
+    "progress.elapsed": Style(color="yellow"),
+    "progress.percentage": Style(color="magenta"),
+    "progress.remaining": Style(color="cyan"),
+    "progress.data.speed": Style(color="red"),
+    "progress.spinner": Style(color="green"),
+    "status.spinner": Style(color="green"),
+    "tree": Style(),
+    "tree.line": Style(),
+    "markdown.paragraph": Style(),
+    "markdown.text": Style(),
+    "markdown.em": Style(italic=True),
+    "markdown.emph": Style(italic=True),  # For commonmark backwards compatibility
+    "markdown.strong": Style(bold=True),
+    "markdown.code": Style(bold=True, color="cyan", bgcolor="black"),
+    "markdown.code_block": Style(color="cyan", bgcolor="black"),
+    "markdown.block_quote": Style(color="magenta"),
+    "markdown.list": Style(color="cyan"),
+    "markdown.item": Style(),
+    "markdown.item.bullet": Style(color="yellow", bold=True),
+    "markdown.item.number": Style(color="yellow", bold=True),
+    "markdown.hr": Style(color="yellow"),
+    "markdown.h1.border": Style(),
+    "markdown.h1": Style(bold=True),
+    "markdown.h2": Style(bold=True, underline=True),
+    "markdown.h3": Style(bold=True),
+    "markdown.h4": Style(bold=True, dim=True),
+    "markdown.h5": Style(underline=True),
+    "markdown.h6": Style(italic=True),
+    "markdown.h7": Style(italic=True, dim=True),
+    "markdown.link": Style(color="bright_blue"),
+    "markdown.link_url": Style(color="blue", underline=True),
+    "markdown.s": Style(strike=True),
+    "iso8601.date": Style(color="blue"),
+    "iso8601.time": Style(color="magenta"),
+    "iso8601.timezone": Style(color="yellow"),
+}
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import argparse
+    import io
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+    from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table
+    from pip._vendor.rich.text import Text
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--html", action="store_true", help="Export as HTML table")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    html: bool = args.html
+    console = Console(record=True, width=70, file=io.StringIO()) if html else Console()
+
+    table = Table("Name", "Styling")
+
+    for style_name, style in DEFAULT_STYLES.items():
+        table.add_row(Text(style_name, style=style), str(style))
+
+    console.print(table)
+    if html:
+        print(console.export_html(inline_styles=True))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/diagnose.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/diagnose.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad361838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/diagnose.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import os
+import platform
+
+from pip._vendor.rich import inspect
+from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console, get_windows_console_features
+from pip._vendor.rich.panel import Panel
+from pip._vendor.rich.pretty import Pretty
+
+
+def report() -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+    """Print a report to the terminal with debugging information"""
+    console = Console()
+    inspect(console)
+    features = get_windows_console_features()
+    inspect(features)
+
+    env_names = (
+        "TERM",
+        "COLORTERM",
+        "CLICOLOR",
+        "NO_COLOR",
+        "TERM_PROGRAM",
+        "COLUMNS",
+        "LINES",
+        "JUPYTER_COLUMNS",
+        "JUPYTER_LINES",
+        "JPY_PARENT_PID",
+        "VSCODE_VERBOSE_LOGGING",
+    )
+    env = {name: os.getenv(name) for name in env_names}
+    console.print(Panel.fit((Pretty(env)), title="[b]Environment Variables"))
+
+    console.print(f'platform="{platform.system()}"')
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    report()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/emoji.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/emoji.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..791f0465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/emoji.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional, Union
+
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style
+from ._emoji_codes import EMOJI
+from ._emoji_replace import _emoji_replace
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Literal
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Literal  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult
+
+
+EmojiVariant = Literal["emoji", "text"]
+
+
+class NoEmoji(Exception):
+    """No emoji by that name."""
+
+
+class Emoji(JupyterMixin):
+    __slots__ = ["name", "style", "_char", "variant"]
+
+    VARIANTS = {"text": "\uFE0E", "emoji": "\uFE0F"}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "none",
+        variant: Optional[EmojiVariant] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """A single emoji character.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): Name of emoji.
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): Optional style. Defaults to None.
+
+        Raises:
+            NoEmoji: If the emoji doesn't exist.
+        """
+        self.name = name
+        self.style = style
+        self.variant = variant
+        try:
+            self._char = EMOJI[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise NoEmoji(f"No emoji called {name!r}")
+        if variant is not None:
+            self._char += self.VARIANTS.get(variant, "")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def replace(cls, text: str) -> str:
+        """Replace emoji markup with corresponding unicode characters.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): A string with emojis codes, e.g. "Hello :smiley:!"
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A string with emoji codes replaces with actual emoji.
+        """
+        return _emoji_replace(text)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<emoji {self.name!r}>"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._char
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        yield Segment(self._char, console.get_style(self.style))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import sys
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.columns import Columns
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    console = Console(record=True)
+
+    columns = Columns(
+        (f":{name}: {name}" for name in sorted(EMOJI.keys()) if "\u200D" not in name),
+        column_first=True,
+    )
+
+    console.print(columns)
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+        console.save_html(sys.argv[1])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/errors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bcbe53e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+class ConsoleError(Exception):
+    """An error in console operation."""
+
+
+class StyleError(Exception):
+    """An error in styles."""
+
+
+class StyleSyntaxError(ConsoleError):
+    """Style was badly formatted."""
+
+
+class MissingStyle(StyleError):
+    """No such style."""
+
+
+class StyleStackError(ConsoleError):
+    """Style stack is invalid."""
+
+
+class NotRenderableError(ConsoleError):
+    """Object is not renderable."""
+
+
+class MarkupError(ConsoleError):
+    """Markup was badly formatted."""
+
+
+class LiveError(ConsoleError):
+    """Error related to Live display."""
+
+
+class NoAltScreen(ConsoleError):
+    """Alt screen mode was required."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/file_proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/file_proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b0b0da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/file_proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import io
+from typing import IO, TYPE_CHECKING, Any, List
+
+from .ansi import AnsiDecoder
+from .text import Text
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console
+
+
+class FileProxy(io.TextIOBase):
+    """Wraps a file (e.g. sys.stdout) and redirects writes to a console."""
+
+    def __init__(self, console: "Console", file: IO[str]) -> None:
+        self.__console = console
+        self.__file = file
+        self.__buffer: List[str] = []
+        self.__ansi_decoder = AnsiDecoder()
+
+    @property
+    def rich_proxied_file(self) -> IO[str]:
+        """Get proxied file."""
+        return self.__file
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.__file, name)
+
+    def write(self, text: str) -> int:
+        if not isinstance(text, str):
+            raise TypeError(f"write() argument must be str, not {type(text).__name__}")
+        buffer = self.__buffer
+        lines: List[str] = []
+        while text:
+            line, new_line, text = text.partition("\n")
+            if new_line:
+                lines.append("".join(buffer) + line)
+                buffer.clear()
+            else:
+                buffer.append(line)
+                break
+        if lines:
+            console = self.__console
+            with console:
+                output = Text("\n").join(
+                    self.__ansi_decoder.decode_line(line) for line in lines
+                )
+                console.print(output)
+        return len(text)
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        output = "".join(self.__buffer)
+        if output:
+            self.__console.print(output)
+        del self.__buffer[:]
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        return self.__file.fileno()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/filesize.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/filesize.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99f118e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/filesize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+"""Functions for reporting filesizes. Borrowed from https://github.com/PyFilesystem/pyfilesystem2
+
+The functions declared in this module should cover the different
+use cases needed to generate a string representation of a file size
+using several different units. Since there are many standards regarding
+file size units, three different functions have been implemented.
+
+See Also:
+    * `Wikipedia: Binary prefix <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix>`_
+
+"""
+
+__all__ = ["decimal"]
+
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+
+def _to_str(
+    size: int,
+    suffixes: Iterable[str],
+    base: int,
+    *,
+    precision: Optional[int] = 1,
+    separator: Optional[str] = " ",
+) -> str:
+    if size == 1:
+        return "1 byte"
+    elif size < base:
+        return "{:,} bytes".format(size)
+
+    for i, suffix in enumerate(suffixes, 2):  # noqa: B007
+        unit = base**i
+        if size < unit:
+            break
+    return "{:,.{precision}f}{separator}{}".format(
+        (base * size / unit),
+        suffix,
+        precision=precision,
+        separator=separator,
+    )
+
+
+def pick_unit_and_suffix(size: int, suffixes: List[str], base: int) -> Tuple[int, str]:
+    """Pick a suffix and base for the given size."""
+    for i, suffix in enumerate(suffixes):
+        unit = base**i
+        if size < unit * base:
+            break
+    return unit, suffix
+
+
+def decimal(
+    size: int,
+    *,
+    precision: Optional[int] = 1,
+    separator: Optional[str] = " ",
+) -> str:
+    """Convert a filesize in to a string (powers of 1000, SI prefixes).
+
+    In this convention, ``1000 B = 1 kB``.
+
+    This is typically the format used to advertise the storage
+    capacity of USB flash drives and the like (*256 MB* meaning
+    actually a storage capacity of more than *256 000 000 B*),
+    or used by **Mac OS X** since v10.6 to report file sizes.
+
+    Arguments:
+        int (size): A file size.
+        int (precision): The number of decimal places to include (default = 1).
+        str (separator): The string to separate the value from the units (default = " ").
+
+    Returns:
+        `str`: A string containing a abbreviated file size and units.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> filesize.decimal(30000)
+        '30.0 kB'
+        >>> filesize.decimal(30000, precision=2, separator="")
+        '30.00kB'
+
+    """
+    return _to_str(
+        size,
+        ("kB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB", "EB", "ZB", "YB"),
+        1000,
+        precision=precision,
+        separator=separator,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/highlighter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/highlighter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2646794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/highlighter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+import re
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import List, Union
+
+from .text import Span, Text
+
+
+def _combine_regex(*regexes: str) -> str:
+    """Combine a number of regexes in to a single regex.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: New regex with all regexes ORed together.
+    """
+    return "|".join(regexes)
+
+
+class Highlighter(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for highlighters."""
+
+    def __call__(self, text: Union[str, Text]) -> Text:
+        """Highlight a str or Text instance.
+
+        Args:
+            text (Union[str, ~Text]): Text to highlight.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If not called with text or str.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A test instance with highlighting applied.
+        """
+        if isinstance(text, str):
+            highlight_text = Text(text)
+        elif isinstance(text, Text):
+            highlight_text = text.copy()
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"str or Text instance required, not {text!r}")
+        self.highlight(highlight_text)
+        return highlight_text
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def highlight(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """Apply highlighting in place to text.
+
+        Args:
+            text (~Text): A text object highlight.
+        """
+
+
+class NullHighlighter(Highlighter):
+    """A highlighter object that doesn't highlight.
+
+    May be used to disable highlighting entirely.
+
+    """
+
+    def highlight(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """Nothing to do"""
+
+
+class RegexHighlighter(Highlighter):
+    """Applies highlighting from a list of regular expressions."""
+
+    highlights: List[str] = []
+    base_style: str = ""
+
+    def highlight(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """Highlight :class:`rich.text.Text` using regular expressions.
+
+        Args:
+            text (~Text): Text to highlighted.
+
+        """
+
+        highlight_regex = text.highlight_regex
+        for re_highlight in self.highlights:
+            highlight_regex(re_highlight, style_prefix=self.base_style)
+
+
+class ReprHighlighter(RegexHighlighter):
+    """Highlights the text typically produced from ``__repr__`` methods."""
+
+    base_style = "repr."
+    highlights = [
+        r"(?P<tag_start><)(?P<tag_name>[-\w.:|]*)(?P<tag_contents>[\w\W]*)(?P<tag_end>>)",
+        r'(?P<attrib_name>[\w_]{1,50})=(?P<attrib_value>"?[\w_]+"?)?',
+        r"(?P<brace>[][{}()])",
+        _combine_regex(
+            r"(?P<ipv4>[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3})",
+            r"(?P<ipv6>([A-Fa-f0-9]{1,4}::?){1,7}[A-Fa-f0-9]{1,4})",
+            r"(?P<eui64>(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}-){7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}|(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}:){7}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}|(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{4}\.){3}[0-9A-Fa-f]{4})",
+            r"(?P<eui48>(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}-){5}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}|(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}:){5}[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,2}|(?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{4}\.){2}[0-9A-Fa-f]{4})",
+            r"(?P<uuid>[a-fA-F0-9]{8}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{4}-[a-fA-F0-9]{12})",
+            r"(?P<call>[\w.]*?)\(",
+            r"\b(?P<bool_true>True)\b|\b(?P<bool_false>False)\b|\b(?P<none>None)\b",
+            r"(?P<ellipsis>\.\.\.)",
+            r"(?P<number_complex>(?<!\w)(?:\-?[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*(?:e[-+]?\d+?)?)(?:[-+](?:[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*(?:e[-+]?\d+)?))?j)",
+            r"(?P<number>(?<!\w)\-?[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*(e[-+]?\d+?)?\b|0x[0-9a-fA-F]*)",
+            r"(?P<path>\B(/[-\w._+]+)*\/)(?P<filename>[-\w._+]*)?",
+            r"(?<![\\\w])(?P<str>b?'''.*?(?<!\\)'''|b?'.*?(?<!\\)'|b?\"\"\".*?(?<!\\)\"\"\"|b?\".*?(?<!\\)\")",
+            r"(?P<url>(file|https|http|ws|wss)://[-0-9a-zA-Z$_+!`(),.?/;:&=%#]*)",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+
+class JSONHighlighter(RegexHighlighter):
+    """Highlights JSON"""
+
+    # Captures the start and end of JSON strings, handling escaped quotes
+    JSON_STR = r"(?<![\\\w])(?P<str>b?\".*?(?<!\\)\")"
+    JSON_WHITESPACE = {" ", "\n", "\r", "\t"}
+
+    base_style = "json."
+    highlights = [
+        _combine_regex(
+            r"(?P<brace>[\{\[\(\)\]\}])",
+            r"\b(?P<bool_true>true)\b|\b(?P<bool_false>false)\b|\b(?P<null>null)\b",
+            r"(?P<number>(?<!\w)\-?[0-9]+\.?[0-9]*(e[\-\+]?\d+?)?\b|0x[0-9a-fA-F]*)",
+            JSON_STR,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    def highlight(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        super().highlight(text)
+
+        # Additional work to handle highlighting JSON keys
+        plain = text.plain
+        append = text.spans.append
+        whitespace = self.JSON_WHITESPACE
+        for match in re.finditer(self.JSON_STR, plain):
+            start, end = match.span()
+            cursor = end
+            while cursor < len(plain):
+                char = plain[cursor]
+                cursor += 1
+                if char == ":":
+                    append(Span(start, end, "json.key"))
+                elif char in whitespace:
+                    continue
+                break
+
+
+class ISO8601Highlighter(RegexHighlighter):
+    """Highlights the ISO8601 date time strings.
+    Regex reference: https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/regular-expressions-cookbook/9781449327453/ch04s07.html
+    """
+
+    base_style = "iso8601."
+    highlights = [
+        #
+        # Dates
+        #
+        # Calendar month (e.g. 2008-08). The hyphen is required
+        r"^(?P<year>[0-9]{4})-(?P<month>1[0-2]|0[1-9])$",
+        # Calendar date w/o hyphens (e.g. 20080830)
+        r"^(?P<date>(?P<year>[0-9]{4})(?P<month>1[0-2]|0[1-9])(?P<day>3[01]|0[1-9]|[12][0-9]))$",
+        # Ordinal date (e.g. 2008-243). The hyphen is optional
+        r"^(?P<date>(?P<year>[0-9]{4})-?(?P<day>36[0-6]|3[0-5][0-9]|[12][0-9]{2}|0[1-9][0-9]|00[1-9]))$",
+        #
+        # Weeks
+        #
+        # Week of the year (e.g., 2008-W35). The hyphen is optional
+        r"^(?P<date>(?P<year>[0-9]{4})-?W(?P<week>5[0-3]|[1-4][0-9]|0[1-9]))$",
+        # Week date (e.g., 2008-W35-6). The hyphens are optional
+        r"^(?P<date>(?P<year>[0-9]{4})-?W(?P<week>5[0-3]|[1-4][0-9]|0[1-9])-?(?P<day>[1-7]))$",
+        #
+        # Times
+        #
+        # Hours and minutes (e.g., 17:21). The colon is optional
+        r"^(?P<time>(?P<hour>2[0-3]|[01][0-9]):?(?P<minute>[0-5][0-9]))$",
+        # Hours, minutes, and seconds w/o colons (e.g., 172159)
+        r"^(?P<time>(?P<hour>2[0-3]|[01][0-9])(?P<minute>[0-5][0-9])(?P<second>[0-5][0-9]))$",
+        # Time zone designator (e.g., Z, +07 or +07:00). The colons and the minutes are optional
+        r"^(?P<timezone>(Z|[+-](?:2[0-3]|[01][0-9])(?::?(?:[0-5][0-9]))?))$",
+        # Hours, minutes, and seconds with time zone designator (e.g., 17:21:59+07:00).
+        # All the colons are optional. The minutes in the time zone designator are also optional
+        r"^(?P<time>(?P<hour>2[0-3]|[01][0-9])(?P<minute>[0-5][0-9])(?P<second>[0-5][0-9]))(?P<timezone>Z|[+-](?:2[0-3]|[01][0-9])(?::?(?:[0-5][0-9]))?)$",
+        #
+        # Date and Time
+        #
+        # Calendar date with hours, minutes, and seconds (e.g., 2008-08-30 17:21:59 or 20080830 172159).
+        # A space is required between the date and the time. The hyphens and colons are optional.
+        # This regex matches dates and times that specify some hyphens or colons but omit others.
+        # This does not follow ISO 8601
+        r"^(?P<date>(?P<year>[0-9]{4})(?P<hyphen>-)?(?P<month>1[0-2]|0[1-9])(?(hyphen)-)(?P<day>3[01]|0[1-9]|[12][0-9])) (?P<time>(?P<hour>2[0-3]|[01][0-9])(?(hyphen):)(?P<minute>[0-5][0-9])(?(hyphen):)(?P<second>[0-5][0-9]))$",
+        #
+        # XML Schema dates and times
+        #
+        # Date, with optional time zone (e.g., 2008-08-30 or 2008-08-30+07:00).
+        # Hyphens are required. This is the XML Schema 'date' type
+        r"^(?P<date>(?P<year>-?(?:[1-9][0-9]*)?[0-9]{4})-(?P<month>1[0-2]|0[1-9])-(?P<day>3[01]|0[1-9]|[12][0-9]))(?P<timezone>Z|[+-](?:2[0-3]|[01][0-9]):[0-5][0-9])?$",
+        # Time, with optional fractional seconds and time zone (e.g., 01:45:36 or 01:45:36.123+07:00).
+        # There is no limit on the number of digits for the fractional seconds. This is the XML Schema 'time' type
+        r"^(?P<time>(?P<hour>2[0-3]|[01][0-9]):(?P<minute>[0-5][0-9]):(?P<second>[0-5][0-9])(?P<frac>\.[0-9]+)?)(?P<timezone>Z|[+-](?:2[0-3]|[01][0-9]):[0-5][0-9])?$",
+        # Date and time, with optional fractional seconds and time zone (e.g., 2008-08-30T01:45:36 or 2008-08-30T01:45:36.123Z).
+        # This is the XML Schema 'dateTime' type
+        r"^(?P<date>(?P<year>-?(?:[1-9][0-9]*)?[0-9]{4})-(?P<month>1[0-2]|0[1-9])-(?P<day>3[01]|0[1-9]|[12][0-9]))T(?P<time>(?P<hour>2[0-3]|[01][0-9]):(?P<minute>[0-5][0-9]):(?P<second>[0-5][0-9])(?P<ms>\.[0-9]+)?)(?P<timezone>Z|[+-](?:2[0-3]|[01][0-9]):[0-5][0-9])?$",
+    ]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from .console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+    console.print("[bold green]hello world![/bold green]")
+    console.print("'[bold green]hello world![/bold green]'")
+
+    console.print(" /foo")
+    console.print("/foo/")
+    console.print("/foo/bar")
+    console.print("foo/bar/baz")
+
+    console.print("/foo/bar/baz?foo=bar+egg&egg=baz")
+    console.print("/foo/bar/baz/")
+    console.print("/foo/bar/baz/egg")
+    console.print("/foo/bar/baz/egg.py")
+    console.print("/foo/bar/baz/egg.py word")
+    console.print(" /foo/bar/baz/egg.py word")
+    console.print("foo /foo/bar/baz/egg.py word")
+    console.print("foo /foo/bar/ba._++z/egg+.py word")
+    console.print("https://example.org?foo=bar#header")
+
+    console.print(1234567.34)
+    console.print(1 / 2)
+    console.print(-1 / 123123123123)
+
+    console.print(
+        "127.0.1.1 bar 192.168.1.4 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 foo"
+    )
+    import json
+
+    console.print_json(json.dumps(obj={"name": "apple", "count": 1}), indent=None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ea94493f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+from json import loads, dumps
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union
+
+from .text import Text
+from .highlighter import JSONHighlighter, NullHighlighter
+
+
+class JSON:
+    """A renderable which pretty prints JSON.
+
+    Args:
+        json (str): JSON encoded data.
+        indent (Union[None, int, str], optional): Number of characters to indent by. Defaults to 2.
+        highlight (bool, optional): Enable highlighting. Defaults to True.
+        skip_keys (bool, optional): Skip keys not of a basic type. Defaults to False.
+        ensure_ascii (bool, optional): Escape all non-ascii characters. Defaults to False.
+        check_circular (bool, optional): Check for circular references. Defaults to True.
+        allow_nan (bool, optional): Allow NaN and Infinity values. Defaults to True.
+        default (Callable, optional): A callable that converts values that can not be encoded
+            in to something that can be JSON encoded. Defaults to None.
+        sort_keys (bool, optional): Sort dictionary keys. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        json: str,
+        indent: Union[None, int, str] = 2,
+        highlight: bool = True,
+        skip_keys: bool = False,
+        ensure_ascii: bool = False,
+        check_circular: bool = True,
+        allow_nan: bool = True,
+        default: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        sort_keys: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        data = loads(json)
+        json = dumps(
+            data,
+            indent=indent,
+            skipkeys=skip_keys,
+            ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
+            check_circular=check_circular,
+            allow_nan=allow_nan,
+            default=default,
+            sort_keys=sort_keys,
+        )
+        highlighter = JSONHighlighter() if highlight else NullHighlighter()
+        self.text = highlighter(json)
+        self.text.no_wrap = True
+        self.text.overflow = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_data(
+        cls,
+        data: Any,
+        indent: Union[None, int, str] = 2,
+        highlight: bool = True,
+        skip_keys: bool = False,
+        ensure_ascii: bool = False,
+        check_circular: bool = True,
+        allow_nan: bool = True,
+        default: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        sort_keys: bool = False,
+    ) -> "JSON":
+        """Encodes a JSON object from arbitrary data.
+
+        Args:
+            data (Any): An object that may be encoded in to JSON
+            indent (Union[None, int, str], optional): Number of characters to indent by. Defaults to 2.
+            highlight (bool, optional): Enable highlighting. Defaults to True.
+            default (Callable, optional): Optional callable which will be called for objects that cannot be serialized. Defaults to None.
+            skip_keys (bool, optional): Skip keys not of a basic type. Defaults to False.
+            ensure_ascii (bool, optional): Escape all non-ascii characters. Defaults to False.
+            check_circular (bool, optional): Check for circular references. Defaults to True.
+            allow_nan (bool, optional): Allow NaN and Infinity values. Defaults to True.
+            default (Callable, optional): A callable that converts values that can not be encoded
+                in to something that can be JSON encoded. Defaults to None.
+            sort_keys (bool, optional): Sort dictionary keys. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            JSON: New JSON object from the given data.
+        """
+        json_instance: "JSON" = cls.__new__(cls)
+        json = dumps(
+            data,
+            indent=indent,
+            skipkeys=skip_keys,
+            ensure_ascii=ensure_ascii,
+            check_circular=check_circular,
+            allow_nan=allow_nan,
+            default=default,
+            sort_keys=sort_keys,
+        )
+        highlighter = JSONHighlighter() if highlight else NullHighlighter()
+        json_instance.text = highlighter(json)
+        json_instance.text.no_wrap = True
+        json_instance.text.overflow = None
+        return json_instance
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> Text:
+        return self.text
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    import argparse
+    import sys
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Pretty print json")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "path",
+        metavar="PATH",
+        help="path to file, or - for stdin",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-i",
+        "--indent",
+        metavar="SPACES",
+        type=int,
+        help="Number of spaces in an indent",
+        default=2,
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+    error_console = Console(stderr=True)
+
+    try:
+        if args.path == "-":
+            json_data = sys.stdin.read()
+        else:
+            json_data = Path(args.path).read_text()
+    except Exception as error:
+        error_console.print(f"Unable to read {args.path!r}; {error}")
+        sys.exit(-1)
+
+    console.print(JSON(json_data, indent=args.indent), soft_wrap=True)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/jupyter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/jupyter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22f4d716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/jupyter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Sequence
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import ConsoleRenderable
+
+from . import get_console
+from .segment import Segment
+from .terminal_theme import DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import ConsoleRenderable
+
+JUPYTER_HTML_FORMAT = """\
+<pre style="white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace">{code}</pre>
+"""
+
+
+class JupyterRenderable:
+    """A shim to write html to Jupyter notebook."""
+
+    def __init__(self, html: str, text: str) -> None:
+        self.html = html
+        self.text = text
+
+    def _repr_mimebundle_(
+        self, include: Sequence[str], exclude: Sequence[str], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        data = {"text/plain": self.text, "text/html": self.html}
+        if include:
+            data = {k: v for (k, v) in data.items() if k in include}
+        if exclude:
+            data = {k: v for (k, v) in data.items() if k not in exclude}
+        return data
+
+
+class JupyterMixin:
+    """Add to an Rich renderable to make it render in Jupyter notebook."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _repr_mimebundle_(
+        self: "ConsoleRenderable",
+        include: Sequence[str],
+        exclude: Sequence[str],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        console = get_console()
+        segments = list(console.render(self, console.options))
+        html = _render_segments(segments)
+        text = console._render_buffer(segments)
+        data = {"text/plain": text, "text/html": html}
+        if include:
+            data = {k: v for (k, v) in data.items() if k in include}
+        if exclude:
+            data = {k: v for (k, v) in data.items() if k not in exclude}
+        return data
+
+
+def _render_segments(segments: Iterable[Segment]) -> str:
+    def escape(text: str) -> str:
+        """Escape html."""
+        return text.replace("&", "&amp;").replace("<", "&lt;").replace(">", "&gt;")
+
+    fragments: List[str] = []
+    append_fragment = fragments.append
+    theme = DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME
+    for text, style, control in Segment.simplify(segments):
+        if control:
+            continue
+        text = escape(text)
+        if style:
+            rule = style.get_html_style(theme)
+            text = f'<span style="{rule}">{text}</span>' if rule else text
+            if style.link:
+                text = f'<a href="{style.link}" target="_blank">{text}</a>'
+        append_fragment(text)
+
+    code = "".join(fragments)
+    html = JUPYTER_HTML_FORMAT.format(code=code)
+
+    return html
+
+
+def display(segments: Iterable[Segment], text: str) -> None:
+    """Render segments to Jupyter."""
+    html = _render_segments(segments)
+    jupyter_renderable = JupyterRenderable(html, text)
+    try:
+        from IPython.display import display as ipython_display
+
+        ipython_display(jupyter_renderable)
+    except ModuleNotFoundError:
+        # Handle the case where the Console has force_jupyter=True,
+        # but IPython is not installed.
+        pass
+
+
+def print(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+    """Proxy for Console print."""
+    console = get_console()
+    return console.print(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/layout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/layout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..849356ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/layout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from itertools import islice
+from operator import itemgetter
+from threading import RLock
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from ._ratio import ratio_resolve
+from .align import Align
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType, RenderResult
+from .highlighter import ReprHighlighter
+from .panel import Panel
+from .pretty import Pretty
+from .region import Region
+from .repr import Result, rich_repr
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import StyleType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.rich.tree import Tree
+
+
+class LayoutRender(NamedTuple):
+    """An individual layout render."""
+
+    region: Region
+    render: List[List[Segment]]
+
+
+RegionMap = Dict["Layout", Region]
+RenderMap = Dict["Layout", LayoutRender]
+
+
+class LayoutError(Exception):
+    """Layout related error."""
+
+
+class NoSplitter(LayoutError):
+    """Requested splitter does not exist."""
+
+
+class _Placeholder:
+    """An internal renderable used as a Layout placeholder."""
+
+    highlighter = ReprHighlighter()
+
+    def __init__(self, layout: "Layout", style: StyleType = "") -> None:
+        self.layout = layout
+        self.style = style
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        width = options.max_width
+        height = options.height or options.size.height
+        layout = self.layout
+        title = (
+            f"{layout.name!r} ({width} x {height})"
+            if layout.name
+            else f"({width} x {height})"
+        )
+        yield Panel(
+            Align.center(Pretty(layout), vertical="middle"),
+            style=self.style,
+            title=self.highlighter(title),
+            border_style="blue",
+            height=height,
+        )
+
+
+class Splitter(ABC):
+    """Base class for a splitter."""
+
+    name: str = ""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_tree_icon(self) -> str:
+        """Get the icon (emoji) used in layout.tree"""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def divide(
+        self, children: Sequence["Layout"], region: Region
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple["Layout", Region]]:
+        """Divide a region amongst several child layouts.
+
+        Args:
+            children (Sequence(Layout)): A number of child layouts.
+            region (Region): A rectangular region to divide.
+        """
+
+
+class RowSplitter(Splitter):
+    """Split a layout region in to rows."""
+
+    name = "row"
+
+    def get_tree_icon(self) -> str:
+        return "[layout.tree.row]⬌"
+
+    def divide(
+        self, children: Sequence["Layout"], region: Region
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple["Layout", Region]]:
+        x, y, width, height = region
+        render_widths = ratio_resolve(width, children)
+        offset = 0
+        _Region = Region
+        for child, child_width in zip(children, render_widths):
+            yield child, _Region(x + offset, y, child_width, height)
+            offset += child_width
+
+
+class ColumnSplitter(Splitter):
+    """Split a layout region in to columns."""
+
+    name = "column"
+
+    def get_tree_icon(self) -> str:
+        return "[layout.tree.column]⬍"
+
+    def divide(
+        self, children: Sequence["Layout"], region: Region
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple["Layout", Region]]:
+        x, y, width, height = region
+        render_heights = ratio_resolve(height, children)
+        offset = 0
+        _Region = Region
+        for child, child_height in zip(children, render_heights):
+            yield child, _Region(x, y + offset, width, child_height)
+            offset += child_height
+
+
+@rich_repr
+class Layout:
+    """A renderable to divide a fixed height in to rows or columns.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType, optional): Renderable content, or None for placeholder. Defaults to None.
+        name (str, optional): Optional identifier for Layout. Defaults to None.
+        size (int, optional): Optional fixed size of layout. Defaults to None.
+        minimum_size (int, optional): Minimum size of layout. Defaults to 1.
+        ratio (int, optional): Optional ratio for flexible layout. Defaults to 1.
+        visible (bool, optional): Visibility of layout. Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    splitters = {"row": RowSplitter, "column": ColumnSplitter}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderable: Optional[RenderableType] = None,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        size: Optional[int] = None,
+        minimum_size: int = 1,
+        ratio: int = 1,
+        visible: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._renderable = renderable or _Placeholder(self)
+        self.size = size
+        self.minimum_size = minimum_size
+        self.ratio = ratio
+        self.name = name
+        self.visible = visible
+        self.splitter: Splitter = self.splitters["column"]()
+        self._children: List[Layout] = []
+        self._render_map: RenderMap = {}
+        self._lock = RLock()
+
+    def __rich_repr__(self) -> Result:
+        yield "name", self.name, None
+        yield "size", self.size, None
+        yield "minimum_size", self.minimum_size, 1
+        yield "ratio", self.ratio, 1
+
+    @property
+    def renderable(self) -> RenderableType:
+        """Layout renderable."""
+        return self if self._children else self._renderable
+
+    @property
+    def children(self) -> List["Layout"]:
+        """Gets (visible) layout children."""
+        return [child for child in self._children if child.visible]
+
+    @property
+    def map(self) -> RenderMap:
+        """Get a map of the last render."""
+        return self._render_map
+
+    def get(self, name: str) -> Optional["Layout"]:
+        """Get a named layout, or None if it doesn't exist.
+
+        Args:
+            name (str): Name of layout.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Layout]: Layout instance or None if no layout was found.
+        """
+        if self.name == name:
+            return self
+        else:
+            for child in self._children:
+                named_layout = child.get(name)
+                if named_layout is not None:
+                    return named_layout
+        return None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> "Layout":
+        layout = self.get(name)
+        if layout is None:
+            raise KeyError(f"No layout with name {name!r}")
+        return layout
+
+    @property
+    def tree(self) -> "Tree":
+        """Get a tree renderable to show layout structure."""
+        from pip._vendor.rich.styled import Styled
+        from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table
+        from pip._vendor.rich.tree import Tree
+
+        def summary(layout: "Layout") -> Table:
+
+            icon = layout.splitter.get_tree_icon()
+
+            table = Table.grid(padding=(0, 1, 0, 0))
+
+            text: RenderableType = (
+                Pretty(layout) if layout.visible else Styled(Pretty(layout), "dim")
+            )
+            table.add_row(icon, text)
+            _summary = table
+            return _summary
+
+        layout = self
+        tree = Tree(
+            summary(layout),
+            guide_style=f"layout.tree.{layout.splitter.name}",
+            highlight=True,
+        )
+
+        def recurse(tree: "Tree", layout: "Layout") -> None:
+            for child in layout._children:
+                recurse(
+                    tree.add(
+                        summary(child),
+                        guide_style=f"layout.tree.{child.splitter.name}",
+                    ),
+                    child,
+                )
+
+        recurse(tree, self)
+        return tree
+
+    def split(
+        self,
+        *layouts: Union["Layout", RenderableType],
+        splitter: Union[Splitter, str] = "column",
+    ) -> None:
+        """Split the layout in to multiple sub-layouts.
+
+        Args:
+            *layouts (Layout): Positional arguments should be (sub) Layout instances.
+            splitter (Union[Splitter, str]): Splitter instance or name of splitter.
+        """
+        _layouts = [
+            layout if isinstance(layout, Layout) else Layout(layout)
+            for layout in layouts
+        ]
+        try:
+            self.splitter = (
+                splitter
+                if isinstance(splitter, Splitter)
+                else self.splitters[splitter]()
+            )
+        except KeyError:
+            raise NoSplitter(f"No splitter called {splitter!r}")
+        self._children[:] = _layouts
+
+    def add_split(self, *layouts: Union["Layout", RenderableType]) -> None:
+        """Add a new layout(s) to existing split.
+
+        Args:
+            *layouts (Union[Layout, RenderableType]): Positional arguments should be renderables or (sub) Layout instances.
+
+        """
+        _layouts = (
+            layout if isinstance(layout, Layout) else Layout(layout)
+            for layout in layouts
+        )
+        self._children.extend(_layouts)
+
+    def split_row(self, *layouts: Union["Layout", RenderableType]) -> None:
+        """Split the layout in to a row (layouts side by side).
+
+        Args:
+            *layouts (Layout): Positional arguments should be (sub) Layout instances.
+        """
+        self.split(*layouts, splitter="row")
+
+    def split_column(self, *layouts: Union["Layout", RenderableType]) -> None:
+        """Split the layout in to a column (layouts stacked on top of each other).
+
+        Args:
+            *layouts (Layout): Positional arguments should be (sub) Layout instances.
+        """
+        self.split(*layouts, splitter="column")
+
+    def unsplit(self) -> None:
+        """Reset splits to initial state."""
+        del self._children[:]
+
+    def update(self, renderable: RenderableType) -> None:
+        """Update renderable.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): New renderable object.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            self._renderable = renderable
+
+    def refresh_screen(self, console: "Console", layout_name: str) -> None:
+        """Refresh a sub-layout.
+
+        Args:
+            console (Console): Console instance where Layout is to be rendered.
+            layout_name (str): Name of layout.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            layout = self[layout_name]
+            region, _lines = self._render_map[layout]
+            (x, y, width, height) = region
+            lines = console.render_lines(
+                layout, console.options.update_dimensions(width, height)
+            )
+            self._render_map[layout] = LayoutRender(region, lines)
+            console.update_screen_lines(lines, x, y)
+
+    def _make_region_map(self, width: int, height: int) -> RegionMap:
+        """Create a dict that maps layout on to Region."""
+        stack: List[Tuple[Layout, Region]] = [(self, Region(0, 0, width, height))]
+        push = stack.append
+        pop = stack.pop
+        layout_regions: List[Tuple[Layout, Region]] = []
+        append_layout_region = layout_regions.append
+        while stack:
+            append_layout_region(pop())
+            layout, region = layout_regions[-1]
+            children = layout.children
+            if children:
+                for child_and_region in layout.splitter.divide(children, region):
+                    push(child_and_region)
+
+        region_map = {
+            layout: region
+            for layout, region in sorted(layout_regions, key=itemgetter(1))
+        }
+        return region_map
+
+    def render(self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions) -> RenderMap:
+        """Render the sub_layouts.
+
+        Args:
+            console (Console): Console instance.
+            options (ConsoleOptions): Console options.
+
+        Returns:
+            RenderMap: A dict that maps Layout on to a tuple of Region, lines
+        """
+        render_width = options.max_width
+        render_height = options.height or console.height
+        region_map = self._make_region_map(render_width, render_height)
+        layout_regions = [
+            (layout, region)
+            for layout, region in region_map.items()
+            if not layout.children
+        ]
+        render_map: Dict["Layout", "LayoutRender"] = {}
+        render_lines = console.render_lines
+        update_dimensions = options.update_dimensions
+
+        for layout, region in layout_regions:
+            lines = render_lines(
+                layout.renderable, update_dimensions(region.width, region.height)
+            )
+            render_map[layout] = LayoutRender(region, lines)
+        return render_map
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        with self._lock:
+            width = options.max_width or console.width
+            height = options.height or console.height
+            render_map = self.render(console, options.update_dimensions(width, height))
+            self._render_map = render_map
+            layout_lines: List[List[Segment]] = [[] for _ in range(height)]
+            _islice = islice
+            for (region, lines) in render_map.values():
+                _x, y, _layout_width, layout_height = region
+                for row, line in zip(
+                    _islice(layout_lines, y, y + layout_height), lines
+                ):
+                    row.extend(line)
+
+            new_line = Segment.line()
+            for layout_row in layout_lines:
+                yield from layout_row
+                yield new_line
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+    layout = Layout()
+
+    layout.split_column(
+        Layout(name="header", size=3),
+        Layout(ratio=1, name="main"),
+        Layout(size=10, name="footer"),
+    )
+
+    layout["main"].split_row(Layout(name="side"), Layout(name="body", ratio=2))
+
+    layout["body"].split_row(Layout(name="content", ratio=2), Layout(name="s2"))
+
+    layout["s2"].split_column(
+        Layout(name="top"), Layout(name="middle"), Layout(name="bottom")
+    )
+
+    layout["side"].split_column(Layout(layout.tree, name="left1"), Layout(name="left2"))
+
+    layout["content"].update("foo")
+
+    console.print(layout)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/live.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/live.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ebbbc4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/live.py
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+import sys
+from threading import Event, RLock, Thread
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import IO, Any, Callable, List, Optional, TextIO, Type, cast
+
+from . import get_console
+from .console import Console, ConsoleRenderable, RenderableType, RenderHook
+from .control import Control
+from .file_proxy import FileProxy
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .live_render import LiveRender, VerticalOverflowMethod
+from .screen import Screen
+from .text import Text
+
+
+class _RefreshThread(Thread):
+    """A thread that calls refresh() at regular intervals."""
+
+    def __init__(self, live: "Live", refresh_per_second: float) -> None:
+        self.live = live
+        self.refresh_per_second = refresh_per_second
+        self.done = Event()
+        super().__init__(daemon=True)
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        self.done.set()
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        while not self.done.wait(1 / self.refresh_per_second):
+            with self.live._lock:
+                if not self.done.is_set():
+                    self.live.refresh()
+
+
+class Live(JupyterMixin, RenderHook):
+    """Renders an auto-updating live display of any given renderable.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType, optional): The renderable to live display. Defaults to displaying nothing.
+        console (Console, optional): Optional Console instance. Default will an internal Console instance writing to stdout.
+        screen (bool, optional): Enable alternate screen mode. Defaults to False.
+        auto_refresh (bool, optional): Enable auto refresh. If disabled, you will need to call `refresh()` or `update()` with refresh flag. Defaults to True
+        refresh_per_second (float, optional): Number of times per second to refresh the live display. Defaults to 4.
+        transient (bool, optional): Clear the renderable on exit (has no effect when screen=True). Defaults to False.
+        redirect_stdout (bool, optional): Enable redirection of stdout, so ``print`` may be used. Defaults to True.
+        redirect_stderr (bool, optional): Enable redirection of stderr. Defaults to True.
+        vertical_overflow (VerticalOverflowMethod, optional): How to handle renderable when it is too tall for the console. Defaults to "ellipsis".
+        get_renderable (Callable[[], RenderableType], optional): Optional callable to get renderable. Defaults to None.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderable: Optional[RenderableType] = None,
+        *,
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        screen: bool = False,
+        auto_refresh: bool = True,
+        refresh_per_second: float = 4,
+        transient: bool = False,
+        redirect_stdout: bool = True,
+        redirect_stderr: bool = True,
+        vertical_overflow: VerticalOverflowMethod = "ellipsis",
+        get_renderable: Optional[Callable[[], RenderableType]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert refresh_per_second > 0, "refresh_per_second must be > 0"
+        self._renderable = renderable
+        self.console = console if console is not None else get_console()
+        self._screen = screen
+        self._alt_screen = False
+
+        self._redirect_stdout = redirect_stdout
+        self._redirect_stderr = redirect_stderr
+        self._restore_stdout: Optional[IO[str]] = None
+        self._restore_stderr: Optional[IO[str]] = None
+
+        self._lock = RLock()
+        self.ipy_widget: Optional[Any] = None
+        self.auto_refresh = auto_refresh
+        self._started: bool = False
+        self.transient = True if screen else transient
+
+        self._refresh_thread: Optional[_RefreshThread] = None
+        self.refresh_per_second = refresh_per_second
+
+        self.vertical_overflow = vertical_overflow
+        self._get_renderable = get_renderable
+        self._live_render = LiveRender(
+            self.get_renderable(), vertical_overflow=vertical_overflow
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def is_started(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if live display has been started."""
+        return self._started
+
+    def get_renderable(self) -> RenderableType:
+        renderable = (
+            self._get_renderable()
+            if self._get_renderable is not None
+            else self._renderable
+        )
+        return renderable or ""
+
+    def start(self, refresh: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Start live rendering display.
+
+        Args:
+            refresh (bool, optional): Also refresh. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            if self._started:
+                return
+            self.console.set_live(self)
+            self._started = True
+            if self._screen:
+                self._alt_screen = self.console.set_alt_screen(True)
+            self.console.show_cursor(False)
+            self._enable_redirect_io()
+            self.console.push_render_hook(self)
+            if refresh:
+                try:
+                    self.refresh()
+                except Exception:
+                    # If refresh fails, we want to stop the redirection of sys.stderr,
+                    # so the error stacktrace is properly displayed in the terminal.
+                    # (or, if the code that calls Rich captures the exception and wants to display something,
+                    # let this be displayed in the terminal).
+                    self.stop()
+                    raise
+            if self.auto_refresh:
+                self._refresh_thread = _RefreshThread(self, self.refresh_per_second)
+                self._refresh_thread.start()
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop live rendering display."""
+        with self._lock:
+            if not self._started:
+                return
+            self.console.clear_live()
+            self._started = False
+
+            if self.auto_refresh and self._refresh_thread is not None:
+                self._refresh_thread.stop()
+                self._refresh_thread = None
+            # allow it to fully render on the last even if overflow
+            self.vertical_overflow = "visible"
+            with self.console:
+                try:
+                    if not self._alt_screen and not self.console.is_jupyter:
+                        self.refresh()
+                finally:
+                    self._disable_redirect_io()
+                    self.console.pop_render_hook()
+                    if not self._alt_screen and self.console.is_terminal:
+                        self.console.line()
+                    self.console.show_cursor(True)
+                    if self._alt_screen:
+                        self.console.set_alt_screen(False)
+
+                    if self.transient and not self._alt_screen:
+                        self.console.control(self._live_render.restore_cursor())
+                    if self.ipy_widget is not None and self.transient:
+                        self.ipy_widget.close()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Live":
+        self.start(refresh=self._renderable is not None)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.stop()
+
+    def _enable_redirect_io(self) -> None:
+        """Enable redirecting of stdout / stderr."""
+        if self.console.is_terminal or self.console.is_jupyter:
+            if self._redirect_stdout and not isinstance(sys.stdout, FileProxy):
+                self._restore_stdout = sys.stdout
+                sys.stdout = cast("TextIO", FileProxy(self.console, sys.stdout))
+            if self._redirect_stderr and not isinstance(sys.stderr, FileProxy):
+                self._restore_stderr = sys.stderr
+                sys.stderr = cast("TextIO", FileProxy(self.console, sys.stderr))
+
+    def _disable_redirect_io(self) -> None:
+        """Disable redirecting of stdout / stderr."""
+        if self._restore_stdout:
+            sys.stdout = cast("TextIO", self._restore_stdout)
+            self._restore_stdout = None
+        if self._restore_stderr:
+            sys.stderr = cast("TextIO", self._restore_stderr)
+            self._restore_stderr = None
+
+    @property
+    def renderable(self) -> RenderableType:
+        """Get the renderable that is being displayed
+
+        Returns:
+            RenderableType: Displayed renderable.
+        """
+        renderable = self.get_renderable()
+        return Screen(renderable) if self._alt_screen else renderable
+
+    def update(self, renderable: RenderableType, *, refresh: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Update the renderable that is being displayed
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): New renderable to use.
+            refresh (bool, optional): Refresh the display. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        if isinstance(renderable, str):
+            renderable = self.console.render_str(renderable)
+        with self._lock:
+            self._renderable = renderable
+            if refresh:
+                self.refresh()
+
+    def refresh(self) -> None:
+        """Update the display of the Live Render."""
+        with self._lock:
+            self._live_render.set_renderable(self.renderable)
+            if self.console.is_jupyter:  # pragma: no cover
+                try:
+                    from IPython.display import display
+                    from ipywidgets import Output
+                except ImportError:
+                    import warnings
+
+                    warnings.warn('install "ipywidgets" for Jupyter support')
+                else:
+                    if self.ipy_widget is None:
+                        self.ipy_widget = Output()
+                        display(self.ipy_widget)
+
+                    with self.ipy_widget:
+                        self.ipy_widget.clear_output(wait=True)
+                        self.console.print(self._live_render.renderable)
+            elif self.console.is_terminal and not self.console.is_dumb_terminal:
+                with self.console:
+                    self.console.print(Control())
+            elif (
+                not self._started and not self.transient
+            ):  # if it is finished allow files or dumb-terminals to see final result
+                with self.console:
+                    self.console.print(Control())
+
+    def process_renderables(
+        self, renderables: List[ConsoleRenderable]
+    ) -> List[ConsoleRenderable]:
+        """Process renderables to restore cursor and display progress."""
+        self._live_render.vertical_overflow = self.vertical_overflow
+        if self.console.is_interactive:
+            # lock needs acquiring as user can modify live_render renderable at any time unlike in Progress.
+            with self._lock:
+                reset = (
+                    Control.home()
+                    if self._alt_screen
+                    else self._live_render.position_cursor()
+                )
+                renderables = [reset, *renderables, self._live_render]
+        elif (
+            not self._started and not self.transient
+        ):  # if it is finished render the final output for files or dumb_terminals
+            renderables = [*renderables, self._live_render]
+
+        return renderables
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import random
+    import time
+    from itertools import cycle
+    from typing import Dict, List, Tuple
+
+    from .align import Align
+    from .console import Console
+    from .live import Live as Live
+    from .panel import Panel
+    from .rule import Rule
+    from .syntax import Syntax
+    from .table import Table
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    syntax = Syntax(
+        '''def loop_last(values: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, T]]:
+    """Iterate and generate a tuple with a flag for last value."""
+    iter_values = iter(values)
+    try:
+        previous_value = next(iter_values)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+    for value in iter_values:
+        yield False, previous_value
+        previous_value = value
+    yield True, previous_value''',
+        "python",
+        line_numbers=True,
+    )
+
+    table = Table("foo", "bar", "baz")
+    table.add_row("1", "2", "3")
+
+    progress_renderables = [
+        "You can make the terminal shorter and taller to see the live table hide"
+        "Text may be printed while the progress bars are rendering.",
+        Panel("In fact, [i]any[/i] renderable will work"),
+        "Such as [magenta]tables[/]...",
+        table,
+        "Pretty printed structures...",
+        {"type": "example", "text": "Pretty printed"},
+        "Syntax...",
+        syntax,
+        Rule("Give it a try!"),
+    ]
+
+    examples = cycle(progress_renderables)
+
+    exchanges = [
+        "SGD",
+        "MYR",
+        "EUR",
+        "USD",
+        "AUD",
+        "JPY",
+        "CNH",
+        "HKD",
+        "CAD",
+        "INR",
+        "DKK",
+        "GBP",
+        "RUB",
+        "NZD",
+        "MXN",
+        "IDR",
+        "TWD",
+        "THB",
+        "VND",
+    ]
+    with Live(console=console) as live_table:
+        exchange_rate_dict: Dict[Tuple[str, str], float] = {}
+
+        for index in range(100):
+            select_exchange = exchanges[index % len(exchanges)]
+
+            for exchange in exchanges:
+                if exchange == select_exchange:
+                    continue
+                time.sleep(0.4)
+                if random.randint(0, 10) < 1:
+                    console.log(next(examples))
+                exchange_rate_dict[(select_exchange, exchange)] = 200 / (
+                    (random.random() * 320) + 1
+                )
+                if len(exchange_rate_dict) > len(exchanges) - 1:
+                    exchange_rate_dict.pop(list(exchange_rate_dict.keys())[0])
+                table = Table(title="Exchange Rates")
+
+                table.add_column("Source Currency")
+                table.add_column("Destination Currency")
+                table.add_column("Exchange Rate")
+
+                for ((source, dest), exchange_rate) in exchange_rate_dict.items():
+                    table.add_row(
+                        source,
+                        dest,
+                        Text(
+                            f"{exchange_rate:.4f}",
+                            style="red" if exchange_rate < 1.0 else "green",
+                        ),
+                    )
+
+                live_table.update(Align.center(table))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/live_render.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/live_render.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b90fbf7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/live_render.py
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import sys
+from typing import Optional, Tuple
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Literal
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Literal  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+from ._loop import loop_last
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType, RenderResult
+from .control import Control
+from .segment import ControlType, Segment
+from .style import StyleType
+from .text import Text
+
+VerticalOverflowMethod = Literal["crop", "ellipsis", "visible"]
+
+
+class LiveRender:
+    """Creates a renderable that may be updated.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): Any renderable object.
+        style (StyleType, optional): An optional style to apply to the renderable. Defaults to "".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderable: RenderableType,
+        style: StyleType = "",
+        vertical_overflow: VerticalOverflowMethod = "ellipsis",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        self.style = style
+        self.vertical_overflow = vertical_overflow
+        self._shape: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None
+
+    def set_renderable(self, renderable: RenderableType) -> None:
+        """Set a new renderable.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): Any renderable object, including str.
+        """
+        self.renderable = renderable
+
+    def position_cursor(self) -> Control:
+        """Get control codes to move cursor to beginning of live render.
+
+        Returns:
+            Control: A control instance that may be printed.
+        """
+        if self._shape is not None:
+            _, height = self._shape
+            return Control(
+                ControlType.CARRIAGE_RETURN,
+                (ControlType.ERASE_IN_LINE, 2),
+                *(
+                    (
+                        (ControlType.CURSOR_UP, 1),
+                        (ControlType.ERASE_IN_LINE, 2),
+                    )
+                    * (height - 1)
+                )
+            )
+        return Control()
+
+    def restore_cursor(self) -> Control:
+        """Get control codes to clear the render and restore the cursor to its previous position.
+
+        Returns:
+            Control: A Control instance that may be printed.
+        """
+        if self._shape is not None:
+            _, height = self._shape
+            return Control(
+                ControlType.CARRIAGE_RETURN,
+                *((ControlType.CURSOR_UP, 1), (ControlType.ERASE_IN_LINE, 2)) * height
+            )
+        return Control()
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+
+        renderable = self.renderable
+        style = console.get_style(self.style)
+        lines = console.render_lines(renderable, options, style=style, pad=False)
+        shape = Segment.get_shape(lines)
+
+        _, height = shape
+        if height > options.size.height:
+            if self.vertical_overflow == "crop":
+                lines = lines[: options.size.height]
+                shape = Segment.get_shape(lines)
+            elif self.vertical_overflow == "ellipsis":
+                lines = lines[: (options.size.height - 1)]
+                overflow_text = Text(
+                    "...",
+                    overflow="crop",
+                    justify="center",
+                    end="",
+                    style="live.ellipsis",
+                )
+                lines.append(list(console.render(overflow_text)))
+                shape = Segment.get_shape(lines)
+        self._shape = shape
+
+        new_line = Segment.line()
+        for last, line in loop_last(lines):
+            yield from line
+            if not last:
+                yield new_line
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/logging.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91368dda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+import logging
+from datetime import datetime
+from logging import Handler, LogRecord
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import ClassVar, Iterable, List, Optional, Type, Union
+
+from pip._vendor.rich._null_file import NullFile
+
+from . import get_console
+from ._log_render import FormatTimeCallable, LogRender
+from .console import Console, ConsoleRenderable
+from .highlighter import Highlighter, ReprHighlighter
+from .text import Text
+from .traceback import Traceback
+
+
+class RichHandler(Handler):
+    """A logging handler that renders output with Rich. The time / level / message and file are displayed in columns.
+    The level is color coded, and the message is syntax highlighted.
+
+    Note:
+        Be careful when enabling console markup in log messages if you have configured logging for libraries not
+        under your control. If a dependency writes messages containing square brackets, it may not produce the intended output.
+
+    Args:
+        level (Union[int, str], optional): Log level. Defaults to logging.NOTSET.
+        console (:class:`~rich.console.Console`, optional): Optional console instance to write logs.
+            Default will use a global console instance writing to stdout.
+        show_time (bool, optional): Show a column for the time. Defaults to True.
+        omit_repeated_times (bool, optional): Omit repetition of the same time. Defaults to True.
+        show_level (bool, optional): Show a column for the level. Defaults to True.
+        show_path (bool, optional): Show the path to the original log call. Defaults to True.
+        enable_link_path (bool, optional): Enable terminal link of path column to file. Defaults to True.
+        highlighter (Highlighter, optional): Highlighter to style log messages, or None to use ReprHighlighter. Defaults to None.
+        markup (bool, optional): Enable console markup in log messages. Defaults to False.
+        rich_tracebacks (bool, optional): Enable rich tracebacks with syntax highlighting and formatting. Defaults to False.
+        tracebacks_width (Optional[int], optional): Number of characters used to render tracebacks, or None for full width. Defaults to None.
+        tracebacks_extra_lines (int, optional): Additional lines of code to render tracebacks, or None for full width. Defaults to None.
+        tracebacks_theme (str, optional): Override pygments theme used in traceback.
+        tracebacks_word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping of long tracebacks lines. Defaults to True.
+        tracebacks_show_locals (bool, optional): Enable display of locals in tracebacks. Defaults to False.
+        tracebacks_suppress (Sequence[Union[str, ModuleType]]): Optional sequence of modules or paths to exclude from traceback.
+        locals_max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to 10.
+        locals_max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to 80.
+        log_time_format (Union[str, TimeFormatterCallable], optional): If ``log_time`` is enabled, either string for strftime or callable that formats the time. Defaults to "[%x %X] ".
+        keywords (List[str], optional): List of words to highlight instead of ``RichHandler.KEYWORDS``.
+    """
+
+    KEYWORDS: ClassVar[Optional[List[str]]] = [
+        "GET",
+        "POST",
+        "HEAD",
+        "PUT",
+        "DELETE",
+        "OPTIONS",
+        "TRACE",
+        "PATCH",
+    ]
+    HIGHLIGHTER_CLASS: ClassVar[Type[Highlighter]] = ReprHighlighter
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        level: Union[int, str] = logging.NOTSET,
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        *,
+        show_time: bool = True,
+        omit_repeated_times: bool = True,
+        show_level: bool = True,
+        show_path: bool = True,
+        enable_link_path: bool = True,
+        highlighter: Optional[Highlighter] = None,
+        markup: bool = False,
+        rich_tracebacks: bool = False,
+        tracebacks_width: Optional[int] = None,
+        tracebacks_extra_lines: int = 3,
+        tracebacks_theme: Optional[str] = None,
+        tracebacks_word_wrap: bool = True,
+        tracebacks_show_locals: bool = False,
+        tracebacks_suppress: Iterable[Union[str, ModuleType]] = (),
+        locals_max_length: int = 10,
+        locals_max_string: int = 80,
+        log_time_format: Union[str, FormatTimeCallable] = "[%x %X]",
+        keywords: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(level=level)
+        self.console = console or get_console()
+        self.highlighter = highlighter or self.HIGHLIGHTER_CLASS()
+        self._log_render = LogRender(
+            show_time=show_time,
+            show_level=show_level,
+            show_path=show_path,
+            time_format=log_time_format,
+            omit_repeated_times=omit_repeated_times,
+            level_width=None,
+        )
+        self.enable_link_path = enable_link_path
+        self.markup = markup
+        self.rich_tracebacks = rich_tracebacks
+        self.tracebacks_width = tracebacks_width
+        self.tracebacks_extra_lines = tracebacks_extra_lines
+        self.tracebacks_theme = tracebacks_theme
+        self.tracebacks_word_wrap = tracebacks_word_wrap
+        self.tracebacks_show_locals = tracebacks_show_locals
+        self.tracebacks_suppress = tracebacks_suppress
+        self.locals_max_length = locals_max_length
+        self.locals_max_string = locals_max_string
+        self.keywords = keywords
+
+    def get_level_text(self, record: LogRecord) -> Text:
+        """Get the level name from the record.
+
+        Args:
+            record (LogRecord): LogRecord instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A tuple of the style and level name.
+        """
+        level_name = record.levelname
+        level_text = Text.styled(
+            level_name.ljust(8), f"logging.level.{level_name.lower()}"
+        )
+        return level_text
+
+    def emit(self, record: LogRecord) -> None:
+        """Invoked by logging."""
+        message = self.format(record)
+        traceback = None
+        if (
+            self.rich_tracebacks
+            and record.exc_info
+            and record.exc_info != (None, None, None)
+        ):
+            exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = record.exc_info
+            assert exc_type is not None
+            assert exc_value is not None
+            traceback = Traceback.from_exception(
+                exc_type,
+                exc_value,
+                exc_traceback,
+                width=self.tracebacks_width,
+                extra_lines=self.tracebacks_extra_lines,
+                theme=self.tracebacks_theme,
+                word_wrap=self.tracebacks_word_wrap,
+                show_locals=self.tracebacks_show_locals,
+                locals_max_length=self.locals_max_length,
+                locals_max_string=self.locals_max_string,
+                suppress=self.tracebacks_suppress,
+            )
+            message = record.getMessage()
+            if self.formatter:
+                record.message = record.getMessage()
+                formatter = self.formatter
+                if hasattr(formatter, "usesTime") and formatter.usesTime():
+                    record.asctime = formatter.formatTime(record, formatter.datefmt)
+                message = formatter.formatMessage(record)
+
+        message_renderable = self.render_message(record, message)
+        log_renderable = self.render(
+            record=record, traceback=traceback, message_renderable=message_renderable
+        )
+        if isinstance(self.console.file, NullFile):
+            # Handles pythonw, where stdout/stderr are null, and we return NullFile
+            # instance from Console.file. In this case, we still want to make a log record
+            # even though we won't be writing anything to a file.
+            self.handleError(record)
+        else:
+            try:
+                self.console.print(log_renderable)
+            except Exception:
+                self.handleError(record)
+
+    def render_message(self, record: LogRecord, message: str) -> "ConsoleRenderable":
+        """Render message text in to Text.
+
+        Args:
+            record (LogRecord): logging Record.
+            message (str): String containing log message.
+
+        Returns:
+            ConsoleRenderable: Renderable to display log message.
+        """
+        use_markup = getattr(record, "markup", self.markup)
+        message_text = Text.from_markup(message) if use_markup else Text(message)
+
+        highlighter = getattr(record, "highlighter", self.highlighter)
+        if highlighter:
+            message_text = highlighter(message_text)
+
+        if self.keywords is None:
+            self.keywords = self.KEYWORDS
+
+        if self.keywords:
+            message_text.highlight_words(self.keywords, "logging.keyword")
+
+        return message_text
+
+    def render(
+        self,
+        *,
+        record: LogRecord,
+        traceback: Optional[Traceback],
+        message_renderable: "ConsoleRenderable",
+    ) -> "ConsoleRenderable":
+        """Render log for display.
+
+        Args:
+            record (LogRecord): logging Record.
+            traceback (Optional[Traceback]): Traceback instance or None for no Traceback.
+            message_renderable (ConsoleRenderable): Renderable (typically Text) containing log message contents.
+
+        Returns:
+            ConsoleRenderable: Renderable to display log.
+        """
+        path = Path(record.pathname).name
+        level = self.get_level_text(record)
+        time_format = None if self.formatter is None else self.formatter.datefmt
+        log_time = datetime.fromtimestamp(record.created)
+
+        log_renderable = self._log_render(
+            self.console,
+            [message_renderable] if not traceback else [message_renderable, traceback],
+            log_time=log_time,
+            time_format=time_format,
+            level=level,
+            path=path,
+            line_no=record.lineno,
+            link_path=record.pathname if self.enable_link_path else None,
+        )
+        return log_renderable
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from time import sleep
+
+    FORMAT = "%(message)s"
+    # FORMAT = "%(asctime)-15s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s"
+    logging.basicConfig(
+        level="NOTSET",
+        format=FORMAT,
+        datefmt="[%X]",
+        handlers=[RichHandler(rich_tracebacks=True, tracebacks_show_locals=True)],
+    )
+    log = logging.getLogger("rich")
+
+    log.info("Server starting...")
+    log.info("Listening on http://127.0.0.1:8080")
+    sleep(1)
+
+    log.info("GET /index.html 200 1298")
+    log.info("GET /imgs/backgrounds/back1.jpg 200 54386")
+    log.info("GET /css/styles.css 200 54386")
+    log.warning("GET /favicon.ico 404 242")
+    sleep(1)
+
+    log.debug(
+        "JSONRPC request\n--> %r\n<-- %r",
+        {
+            "version": "1.1",
+            "method": "confirmFruitPurchase",
+            "params": [["apple", "orange", "mangoes", "pomelo"], 1.123],
+            "id": "194521489",
+        },
+        {"version": "1.1", "result": True, "error": None, "id": "194521489"},
+    )
+    log.debug(
+        "Loading configuration file /adasd/asdasd/qeqwe/qwrqwrqwr/sdgsdgsdg/werwerwer/dfgerert/ertertert/ertetert/werwerwer"
+    )
+    log.error("Unable to find 'pomelo' in database!")
+    log.info("POST /jsonrpc/ 200 65532")
+    log.info("POST /admin/ 401 42234")
+    log.warning("password was rejected for admin site.")
+
+    def divide() -> None:
+        number = 1
+        divisor = 0
+        foos = ["foo"] * 100
+        log.debug("in divide")
+        try:
+            number / divisor
+        except:
+            log.exception("An error of some kind occurred!")
+
+    divide()
+    sleep(1)
+    log.critical("Out of memory!")
+    log.info("Server exited with code=-1")
+    log.info("[bold]EXITING...[/bold]", extra=dict(markup=True))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/markup.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/markup.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd80d8c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/markup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+import re
+from ast import literal_eval
+from operator import attrgetter
+from typing import Callable, Iterable, List, Match, NamedTuple, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from ._emoji_replace import _emoji_replace
+from .emoji import EmojiVariant
+from .errors import MarkupError
+from .style import Style
+from .text import Span, Text
+
+RE_TAGS = re.compile(
+    r"""((\\*)\[([a-z#/@][^[]*?)])""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+RE_HANDLER = re.compile(r"^([\w.]*?)(\(.*?\))?$")
+
+
+class Tag(NamedTuple):
+    """A tag in console markup."""
+
+    name: str
+    """The tag name. e.g. 'bold'."""
+    parameters: Optional[str]
+    """Any additional parameters after the name."""
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            self.name if self.parameters is None else f"{self.name} {self.parameters}"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def markup(self) -> str:
+        """Get the string representation of this tag."""
+        return (
+            f"[{self.name}]"
+            if self.parameters is None
+            else f"[{self.name}={self.parameters}]"
+        )
+
+
+_ReStringMatch = Match[str]  # regex match object
+_ReSubCallable = Callable[[_ReStringMatch], str]  # Callable invoked by re.sub
+_EscapeSubMethod = Callable[[_ReSubCallable, str], str]  # Sub method of a compiled re
+
+
+def escape(
+    markup: str,
+    _escape: _EscapeSubMethod = re.compile(r"(\\*)(\[[a-z#/@][^[]*?])").sub,
+) -> str:
+    """Escapes text so that it won't be interpreted as markup.
+
+    Args:
+        markup (str): Content to be inserted in to markup.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: Markup with square brackets escaped.
+    """
+
+    def escape_backslashes(match: Match[str]) -> str:
+        """Called by re.sub replace matches."""
+        backslashes, text = match.groups()
+        return f"{backslashes}{backslashes}\\{text}"
+
+    markup = _escape(escape_backslashes, markup)
+    return markup
+
+
+def _parse(markup: str) -> Iterable[Tuple[int, Optional[str], Optional[Tag]]]:
+    """Parse markup in to an iterable of tuples of (position, text, tag).
+
+    Args:
+        markup (str): A string containing console markup
+
+    """
+    position = 0
+    _divmod = divmod
+    _Tag = Tag
+    for match in RE_TAGS.finditer(markup):
+        full_text, escapes, tag_text = match.groups()
+        start, end = match.span()
+        if start > position:
+            yield start, markup[position:start], None
+        if escapes:
+            backslashes, escaped = _divmod(len(escapes), 2)
+            if backslashes:
+                # Literal backslashes
+                yield start, "\\" * backslashes, None
+                start += backslashes * 2
+            if escaped:
+                # Escape of tag
+                yield start, full_text[len(escapes) :], None
+                position = end
+                continue
+        text, equals, parameters = tag_text.partition("=")
+        yield start, None, _Tag(text, parameters if equals else None)
+        position = end
+    if position < len(markup):
+        yield position, markup[position:], None
+
+
+def render(
+    markup: str,
+    style: Union[str, Style] = "",
+    emoji: bool = True,
+    emoji_variant: Optional[EmojiVariant] = None,
+) -> Text:
+    """Render console markup in to a Text instance.
+
+    Args:
+        markup (str): A string containing console markup.
+        emoji (bool, optional): Also render emoji code. Defaults to True.
+
+    Raises:
+        MarkupError: If there is a syntax error in the markup.
+
+    Returns:
+        Text: A test instance.
+    """
+    emoji_replace = _emoji_replace
+    if "[" not in markup:
+        return Text(
+            emoji_replace(markup, default_variant=emoji_variant) if emoji else markup,
+            style=style,
+        )
+    text = Text(style=style)
+    append = text.append
+    normalize = Style.normalize
+
+    style_stack: List[Tuple[int, Tag]] = []
+    pop = style_stack.pop
+
+    spans: List[Span] = []
+    append_span = spans.append
+
+    _Span = Span
+    _Tag = Tag
+
+    def pop_style(style_name: str) -> Tuple[int, Tag]:
+        """Pop tag matching given style name."""
+        for index, (_, tag) in enumerate(reversed(style_stack), 1):
+            if tag.name == style_name:
+                return pop(-index)
+        raise KeyError(style_name)
+
+    for position, plain_text, tag in _parse(markup):
+        if plain_text is not None:
+            # Handle open brace escapes, where the brace is not part of a tag.
+            plain_text = plain_text.replace("\\[", "[")
+            append(emoji_replace(plain_text) if emoji else plain_text)
+        elif tag is not None:
+            if tag.name.startswith("/"):  # Closing tag
+                style_name = tag.name[1:].strip()
+
+                if style_name:  # explicit close
+                    style_name = normalize(style_name)
+                    try:
+                        start, open_tag = pop_style(style_name)
+                    except KeyError:
+                        raise MarkupError(
+                            f"closing tag '{tag.markup}' at position {position} doesn't match any open tag"
+                        ) from None
+                else:  # implicit close
+                    try:
+                        start, open_tag = pop()
+                    except IndexError:
+                        raise MarkupError(
+                            f"closing tag '[/]' at position {position} has nothing to close"
+                        ) from None
+
+                if open_tag.name.startswith("@"):
+                    if open_tag.parameters:
+                        handler_name = ""
+                        parameters = open_tag.parameters.strip()
+                        handler_match = RE_HANDLER.match(parameters)
+                        if handler_match is not None:
+                            handler_name, match_parameters = handler_match.groups()
+                            parameters = (
+                                "()" if match_parameters is None else match_parameters
+                            )
+
+                        try:
+                            meta_params = literal_eval(parameters)
+                        except SyntaxError as error:
+                            raise MarkupError(
+                                f"error parsing {parameters!r} in {open_tag.parameters!r}; {error.msg}"
+                            )
+                        except Exception as error:
+                            raise MarkupError(
+                                f"error parsing {open_tag.parameters!r}; {error}"
+                            ) from None
+
+                        if handler_name:
+                            meta_params = (
+                                handler_name,
+                                meta_params
+                                if isinstance(meta_params, tuple)
+                                else (meta_params,),
+                            )
+
+                    else:
+                        meta_params = ()
+
+                    append_span(
+                        _Span(
+                            start, len(text), Style(meta={open_tag.name: meta_params})
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    append_span(_Span(start, len(text), str(open_tag)))
+
+            else:  # Opening tag
+                normalized_tag = _Tag(normalize(tag.name), tag.parameters)
+                style_stack.append((len(text), normalized_tag))
+
+    text_length = len(text)
+    while style_stack:
+        start, tag = style_stack.pop()
+        style = str(tag)
+        if style:
+            append_span(_Span(start, text_length, style))
+
+    text.spans = sorted(spans[::-1], key=attrgetter("start"))
+    return text
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    MARKUP = [
+        "[red]Hello World[/red]",
+        "[magenta]Hello [b]World[/b]",
+        "[bold]Bold[italic] bold and italic [/bold]italic[/italic]",
+        "Click [link=https://www.willmcgugan.com]here[/link] to visit my Blog",
+        ":warning-emoji: [bold red blink] DANGER![/]",
+    ]
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich import print
+    from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table
+
+    grid = Table("Markup", "Result", padding=(0, 1))
+
+    for markup in MARKUP:
+        grid.add_row(Text(markup), markup)
+
+    print(grid)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/measure.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/measure.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a508ffa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/measure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from operator import itemgetter
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+
+from . import errors
+from .protocol import is_renderable, rich_cast
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType
+
+
+class Measurement(NamedTuple):
+    """Stores the minimum and maximum widths (in characters) required to render an object."""
+
+    minimum: int
+    """Minimum number of cells required to render."""
+    maximum: int
+    """Maximum number of cells required to render."""
+
+    @property
+    def span(self) -> int:
+        """Get difference between maximum and minimum."""
+        return self.maximum - self.minimum
+
+    def normalize(self) -> "Measurement":
+        """Get measurement that ensures that minimum <= maximum and minimum >= 0
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement: A normalized measurement.
+        """
+        minimum, maximum = self
+        minimum = min(max(0, minimum), maximum)
+        return Measurement(max(0, minimum), max(0, max(minimum, maximum)))
+
+    def with_maximum(self, width: int) -> "Measurement":
+        """Get a RenderableWith where the widths are <= width.
+
+        Args:
+            width (int): Maximum desired width.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement: New Measurement object.
+        """
+        minimum, maximum = self
+        return Measurement(min(minimum, width), min(maximum, width))
+
+    def with_minimum(self, width: int) -> "Measurement":
+        """Get a RenderableWith where the widths are >= width.
+
+        Args:
+            width (int): Minimum desired width.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement: New Measurement object.
+        """
+        minimum, maximum = self
+        width = max(0, width)
+        return Measurement(max(minimum, width), max(maximum, width))
+
+    def clamp(
+        self, min_width: Optional[int] = None, max_width: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        """Clamp a measurement within the specified range.
+
+        Args:
+            min_width (int): Minimum desired width, or ``None`` for no minimum. Defaults to None.
+            max_width (int): Maximum desired width, or ``None`` for no maximum. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement: New Measurement object.
+        """
+        measurement = self
+        if min_width is not None:
+            measurement = measurement.with_minimum(min_width)
+        if max_width is not None:
+            measurement = measurement.with_maximum(max_width)
+        return measurement
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get(
+        cls, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions", renderable: "RenderableType"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        """Get a measurement for a renderable.
+
+        Args:
+            console (~rich.console.Console): Console instance.
+            options (~rich.console.ConsoleOptions): Console options.
+            renderable (RenderableType): An object that may be rendered with Rich.
+
+        Raises:
+            errors.NotRenderableError: If the object is not renderable.
+
+        Returns:
+            Measurement: Measurement object containing range of character widths required to render the object.
+        """
+        _max_width = options.max_width
+        if _max_width < 1:
+            return Measurement(0, 0)
+        if isinstance(renderable, str):
+            renderable = console.render_str(
+                renderable, markup=options.markup, highlight=False
+            )
+        renderable = rich_cast(renderable)
+        if is_renderable(renderable):
+            get_console_width: Optional[
+                Callable[["Console", "ConsoleOptions"], "Measurement"]
+            ] = getattr(renderable, "__rich_measure__", None)
+            if get_console_width is not None:
+                render_width = (
+                    get_console_width(console, options)
+                    .normalize()
+                    .with_maximum(_max_width)
+                )
+                if render_width.maximum < 1:
+                    return Measurement(0, 0)
+                return render_width.normalize()
+            else:
+                return Measurement(0, _max_width)
+        else:
+            raise errors.NotRenderableError(
+                f"Unable to get render width for {renderable!r}; "
+                "a str, Segment, or object with __rich_console__ method is required"
+            )
+
+
+def measure_renderables(
+    console: "Console",
+    options: "ConsoleOptions",
+    renderables: Sequence["RenderableType"],
+) -> "Measurement":
+    """Get a measurement that would fit a number of renderables.
+
+    Args:
+        console (~rich.console.Console): Console instance.
+        options (~rich.console.ConsoleOptions): Console options.
+        renderables (Iterable[RenderableType]): One or more renderable objects.
+
+    Returns:
+        Measurement: Measurement object containing range of character widths required to
+            contain all given renderables.
+    """
+    if not renderables:
+        return Measurement(0, 0)
+    get_measurement = Measurement.get
+    measurements = [
+        get_measurement(console, options, renderable) for renderable in renderables
+    ]
+    measured_width = Measurement(
+        max(measurements, key=itemgetter(0)).minimum,
+        max(measurements, key=itemgetter(1)).maximum,
+    )
+    return measured_width
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/padding.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/padding.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b2204f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/padding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+from typing import cast, List, Optional, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import (
+        Console,
+        ConsoleOptions,
+        RenderableType,
+        RenderResult,
+    )
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .style import Style
+from .segment import Segment
+
+
+PaddingDimensions = Union[int, Tuple[int], Tuple[int, int], Tuple[int, int, int, int]]
+
+
+class Padding(JupyterMixin):
+    """Draw space around content.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> print(Padding("Hello", (2, 4), style="on blue"))
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): String or other renderable.
+        pad (Union[int, Tuple[int]]): Padding for top, right, bottom, and left borders.
+            May be specified with 1, 2, or 4 integers (CSS style).
+        style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style for padding characters. Defaults to "none".
+        expand (bool, optional): Expand padding to fit available width. Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        pad: "PaddingDimensions" = (0, 0, 0, 0),
+        *,
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "none",
+        expand: bool = True,
+    ):
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        self.top, self.right, self.bottom, self.left = self.unpack(pad)
+        self.style = style
+        self.expand = expand
+
+    @classmethod
+    def indent(cls, renderable: "RenderableType", level: int) -> "Padding":
+        """Make padding instance to render an indent.
+
+        Args:
+            renderable (RenderableType): String or other renderable.
+            level (int): Number of characters to indent.
+
+        Returns:
+            Padding: A Padding instance.
+        """
+
+        return Padding(renderable, pad=(0, 0, 0, level), expand=False)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def unpack(pad: "PaddingDimensions") -> Tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+        """Unpack padding specified in CSS style."""
+        if isinstance(pad, int):
+            return (pad, pad, pad, pad)
+        if len(pad) == 1:
+            _pad = pad[0]
+            return (_pad, _pad, _pad, _pad)
+        if len(pad) == 2:
+            pad_top, pad_right = cast(Tuple[int, int], pad)
+            return (pad_top, pad_right, pad_top, pad_right)
+        if len(pad) == 4:
+            top, right, bottom, left = cast(Tuple[int, int, int, int], pad)
+            return (top, right, bottom, left)
+        raise ValueError(f"1, 2 or 4 integers required for padding; {len(pad)} given")
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Padding({self.renderable!r}, ({self.top},{self.right},{self.bottom},{self.left}))"
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        style = console.get_style(self.style)
+        if self.expand:
+            width = options.max_width
+        else:
+            width = min(
+                Measurement.get(console, options, self.renderable).maximum
+                + self.left
+                + self.right,
+                options.max_width,
+            )
+        render_options = options.update_width(width - self.left - self.right)
+        if render_options.height is not None:
+            render_options = render_options.update_height(
+                height=render_options.height - self.top - self.bottom
+            )
+        lines = console.render_lines(
+            self.renderable, render_options, style=style, pad=True
+        )
+        _Segment = Segment
+
+        left = _Segment(" " * self.left, style) if self.left else None
+        right = (
+            [_Segment(f'{" " * self.right}', style), _Segment.line()]
+            if self.right
+            else [_Segment.line()]
+        )
+        blank_line: Optional[List[Segment]] = None
+        if self.top:
+            blank_line = [_Segment(f'{" " * width}\n', style)]
+            yield from blank_line * self.top
+        if left:
+            for line in lines:
+                yield left
+                yield from line
+                yield from right
+        else:
+            for line in lines:
+                yield from line
+                yield from right
+        if self.bottom:
+            blank_line = blank_line or [_Segment(f'{" " * width}\n', style)]
+            yield from blank_line * self.bottom
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        max_width = options.max_width
+        extra_width = self.left + self.right
+        if max_width - extra_width < 1:
+            return Measurement(max_width, max_width)
+        measure_min, measure_max = Measurement.get(console, options, self.renderable)
+        measurement = Measurement(measure_min + extra_width, measure_max + extra_width)
+        measurement = measurement.with_maximum(max_width)
+        return measurement
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  #  pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich import print
+
+    print(Padding("Hello, World", (2, 4), style="on blue"))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/pager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/pager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3f7aa62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/pager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any
+
+
+class Pager(ABC):
+    """Base class for a pager."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def show(self, content: str) -> None:
+        """Show content in pager.
+
+        Args:
+            content (str): Content to be displayed.
+        """
+
+
+class SystemPager(Pager):
+    """Uses the pager installed on the system."""
+
+    def _pager(self, content: str) -> Any:  #  pragma: no cover
+        return __import__("pydoc").pager(content)
+
+    def show(self, content: str) -> None:
+        """Use the same pager used by pydoc."""
+        self._pager(content)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from .__main__ import make_test_card
+    from .console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+    with console.pager(styles=True):
+        console.print(make_test_card())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/palette.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/palette.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa0c4dd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/palette.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from math import sqrt
+from functools import lru_cache
+from typing import Sequence, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .color_triplet import ColorTriplet
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table
+
+
+class Palette:
+    """A palette of available colors."""
+
+    def __init__(self, colors: Sequence[Tuple[int, int, int]]):
+        self._colors = colors
+
+    def __getitem__(self, number: int) -> ColorTriplet:
+        return ColorTriplet(*self._colors[number])
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> "Table":
+        from pip._vendor.rich.color import Color
+        from pip._vendor.rich.style import Style
+        from pip._vendor.rich.text import Text
+        from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table
+
+        table = Table(
+            "index",
+            "RGB",
+            "Color",
+            title="Palette",
+            caption=f"{len(self._colors)} colors",
+            highlight=True,
+            caption_justify="right",
+        )
+        for index, color in enumerate(self._colors):
+            table.add_row(
+                str(index),
+                repr(color),
+                Text(" " * 16, style=Style(bgcolor=Color.from_rgb(*color))),
+            )
+        return table
+
+    # This is somewhat inefficient and needs caching
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+    def match(self, color: Tuple[int, int, int]) -> int:
+        """Find a color from a palette that most closely matches a given color.
+
+        Args:
+            color (Tuple[int, int, int]): RGB components in range 0 > 255.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: Index of closes matching color.
+        """
+        red1, green1, blue1 = color
+        _sqrt = sqrt
+        get_color = self._colors.__getitem__
+
+        def get_color_distance(index: int) -> float:
+            """Get the distance to a color."""
+            red2, green2, blue2 = get_color(index)
+            red_mean = (red1 + red2) // 2
+            red = red1 - red2
+            green = green1 - green2
+            blue = blue1 - blue2
+            return _sqrt(
+                (((512 + red_mean) * red * red) >> 8)
+                + 4 * green * green
+                + (((767 - red_mean) * blue * blue) >> 8)
+            )
+
+        min_index = min(range(len(self._colors)), key=get_color_distance)
+        return min_index
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import colorsys
+    from typing import Iterable
+    from pip._vendor.rich.color import Color
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console, ConsoleOptions
+    from pip._vendor.rich.segment import Segment
+    from pip._vendor.rich.style import Style
+
+    class ColorBox:
+        def __rich_console__(
+            self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+        ) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+            height = console.size.height - 3
+            for y in range(0, height):
+                for x in range(options.max_width):
+                    h = x / options.max_width
+                    l = y / (height + 1)
+                    r1, g1, b1 = colorsys.hls_to_rgb(h, l, 1.0)
+                    r2, g2, b2 = colorsys.hls_to_rgb(h, l + (1 / height / 2), 1.0)
+                    bgcolor = Color.from_rgb(r1 * 255, g1 * 255, b1 * 255)
+                    color = Color.from_rgb(r2 * 255, g2 * 255, b2 * 255)
+                    yield Segment("▄", Style(color=color, bgcolor=bgcolor))
+                yield Segment.line()
+
+    console = Console()
+    console.print(ColorBox())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/panel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/panel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d522d80b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/panel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
+
+from .align import AlignMethod
+from .box import ROUNDED, Box
+from .cells import cell_len
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement, measure_renderables
+from .padding import Padding, PaddingDimensions
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style, StyleType
+from .text import Text, TextType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType, RenderResult
+
+
+class Panel(JupyterMixin):
+    """A console renderable that draws a border around its contents.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> console.print(Panel("Hello, World!"))
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): A console renderable object.
+        box (Box, optional): A Box instance that defines the look of the border (see :ref:`appendix_box`.
+            Defaults to box.ROUNDED.
+        safe_box (bool, optional): Disable box characters that don't display on windows legacy terminal with *raster* fonts. Defaults to True.
+        expand (bool, optional): If True the panel will stretch to fill the console
+            width, otherwise it will be sized to fit the contents. Defaults to True.
+        style (str, optional): The style of the panel (border and contents). Defaults to "none".
+        border_style (str, optional): The style of the border. Defaults to "none".
+        width (Optional[int], optional): Optional width of panel. Defaults to None to auto-detect.
+        height (Optional[int], optional): Optional height of panel. Defaults to None to auto-detect.
+        padding (Optional[PaddingDimensions]): Optional padding around renderable. Defaults to 0.
+        highlight (bool, optional): Enable automatic highlighting of panel title (if str). Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        box: Box = ROUNDED,
+        *,
+        title: Optional[TextType] = None,
+        title_align: AlignMethod = "center",
+        subtitle: Optional[TextType] = None,
+        subtitle_align: AlignMethod = "center",
+        safe_box: Optional[bool] = None,
+        expand: bool = True,
+        style: StyleType = "none",
+        border_style: StyleType = "none",
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+        padding: PaddingDimensions = (0, 1),
+        highlight: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        self.box = box
+        self.title = title
+        self.title_align: AlignMethod = title_align
+        self.subtitle = subtitle
+        self.subtitle_align = subtitle_align
+        self.safe_box = safe_box
+        self.expand = expand
+        self.style = style
+        self.border_style = border_style
+        self.width = width
+        self.height = height
+        self.padding = padding
+        self.highlight = highlight
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fit(
+        cls,
+        renderable: "RenderableType",
+        box: Box = ROUNDED,
+        *,
+        title: Optional[TextType] = None,
+        title_align: AlignMethod = "center",
+        subtitle: Optional[TextType] = None,
+        subtitle_align: AlignMethod = "center",
+        safe_box: Optional[bool] = None,
+        style: StyleType = "none",
+        border_style: StyleType = "none",
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        padding: PaddingDimensions = (0, 1),
+    ) -> "Panel":
+        """An alternative constructor that sets expand=False."""
+        return cls(
+            renderable,
+            box,
+            title=title,
+            title_align=title_align,
+            subtitle=subtitle,
+            subtitle_align=subtitle_align,
+            safe_box=safe_box,
+            style=style,
+            border_style=border_style,
+            width=width,
+            padding=padding,
+            expand=False,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _title(self) -> Optional[Text]:
+        if self.title:
+            title_text = (
+                Text.from_markup(self.title)
+                if isinstance(self.title, str)
+                else self.title.copy()
+            )
+            title_text.end = ""
+            title_text.plain = title_text.plain.replace("\n", " ")
+            title_text.no_wrap = True
+            title_text.expand_tabs()
+            title_text.pad(1)
+            return title_text
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def _subtitle(self) -> Optional[Text]:
+        if self.subtitle:
+            subtitle_text = (
+                Text.from_markup(self.subtitle)
+                if isinstance(self.subtitle, str)
+                else self.subtitle.copy()
+            )
+            subtitle_text.end = ""
+            subtitle_text.plain = subtitle_text.plain.replace("\n", " ")
+            subtitle_text.no_wrap = True
+            subtitle_text.expand_tabs()
+            subtitle_text.pad(1)
+            return subtitle_text
+        return None
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        _padding = Padding.unpack(self.padding)
+        renderable = (
+            Padding(self.renderable, _padding) if any(_padding) else self.renderable
+        )
+        style = console.get_style(self.style)
+        border_style = style + console.get_style(self.border_style)
+        width = (
+            options.max_width
+            if self.width is None
+            else min(options.max_width, self.width)
+        )
+
+        safe_box: bool = console.safe_box if self.safe_box is None else self.safe_box
+        box = self.box.substitute(options, safe=safe_box)
+
+        def align_text(
+            text: Text, width: int, align: str, character: str, style: Style
+        ) -> Text:
+            """Gets new aligned text.
+
+            Args:
+                text (Text): Title or subtitle text.
+                width (int): Desired width.
+                align (str): Alignment.
+                character (str): Character for alignment.
+                style (Style): Border style
+
+            Returns:
+                Text: New text instance
+            """
+            text = text.copy()
+            text.truncate(width)
+            excess_space = width - cell_len(text.plain)
+            if excess_space:
+                if align == "left":
+                    return Text.assemble(
+                        text,
+                        (character * excess_space, style),
+                        no_wrap=True,
+                        end="",
+                    )
+                elif align == "center":
+                    left = excess_space // 2
+                    return Text.assemble(
+                        (character * left, style),
+                        text,
+                        (character * (excess_space - left), style),
+                        no_wrap=True,
+                        end="",
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return Text.assemble(
+                        (character * excess_space, style),
+                        text,
+                        no_wrap=True,
+                        end="",
+                    )
+            return text
+
+        title_text = self._title
+        if title_text is not None:
+            title_text.stylize_before(border_style)
+
+        child_width = (
+            width - 2
+            if self.expand
+            else console.measure(
+                renderable, options=options.update_width(width - 2)
+            ).maximum
+        )
+        child_height = self.height or options.height or None
+        if child_height:
+            child_height -= 2
+        if title_text is not None:
+            child_width = min(
+                options.max_width - 2, max(child_width, title_text.cell_len + 2)
+            )
+
+        width = child_width + 2
+        child_options = options.update(
+            width=child_width, height=child_height, highlight=self.highlight
+        )
+        lines = console.render_lines(renderable, child_options, style=style)
+
+        line_start = Segment(box.mid_left, border_style)
+        line_end = Segment(f"{box.mid_right}", border_style)
+        new_line = Segment.line()
+        if title_text is None or width <= 4:
+            yield Segment(box.get_top([width - 2]), border_style)
+        else:
+            title_text = align_text(
+                title_text,
+                width - 4,
+                self.title_align,
+                box.top,
+                border_style,
+            )
+            yield Segment(box.top_left + box.top, border_style)
+            yield from console.render(title_text, child_options.update_width(width - 4))
+            yield Segment(box.top + box.top_right, border_style)
+
+        yield new_line
+        for line in lines:
+            yield line_start
+            yield from line
+            yield line_end
+            yield new_line
+
+        subtitle_text = self._subtitle
+        if subtitle_text is not None:
+            subtitle_text.stylize_before(border_style)
+
+        if subtitle_text is None or width <= 4:
+            yield Segment(box.get_bottom([width - 2]), border_style)
+        else:
+            subtitle_text = align_text(
+                subtitle_text,
+                width - 4,
+                self.subtitle_align,
+                box.bottom,
+                border_style,
+            )
+            yield Segment(box.bottom_left + box.bottom, border_style)
+            yield from console.render(
+                subtitle_text, child_options.update_width(width - 4)
+            )
+            yield Segment(box.bottom + box.bottom_right, border_style)
+
+        yield new_line
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        _title = self._title
+        _, right, _, left = Padding.unpack(self.padding)
+        padding = left + right
+        renderables = [self.renderable, _title] if _title else [self.renderable]
+
+        if self.width is None:
+            width = (
+                measure_renderables(
+                    console,
+                    options.update_width(options.max_width - padding - 2),
+                    renderables,
+                ).maximum
+                + padding
+                + 2
+            )
+        else:
+            width = self.width
+        return Measurement(width, width)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from .console import Console
+
+    c = Console()
+
+    from .box import DOUBLE, ROUNDED
+    from .padding import Padding
+
+    p = Panel(
+        "Hello, World!",
+        title="rich.Panel",
+        style="white on blue",
+        box=DOUBLE,
+        padding=1,
+    )
+
+    c.print()
+    c.print(p)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/pretty.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/pretty.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bd9eb00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/pretty.py
@@ -0,0 +1,994 @@
+import builtins
+import collections
+import dataclasses
+import inspect
+import os
+import sys
+from array import array
+from collections import Counter, UserDict, UserList, defaultdict, deque
+from dataclasses import dataclass, fields, is_dataclass
+from inspect import isclass
+from itertools import islice
+from types import MappingProxyType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    DefaultDict,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.rich.repr import RichReprResult
+
+try:
+    import attr as _attr_module
+
+    _has_attrs = hasattr(_attr_module, "ib")
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    _has_attrs = False
+
+from . import get_console
+from ._loop import loop_last
+from ._pick import pick_bool
+from .abc import RichRenderable
+from .cells import cell_len
+from .highlighter import ReprHighlighter
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin, JupyterRenderable
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .text import Text
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import (
+        Console,
+        ConsoleOptions,
+        HighlighterType,
+        JustifyMethod,
+        OverflowMethod,
+        RenderResult,
+    )
+
+
+def _is_attr_object(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check if an object was created with attrs module."""
+    return _has_attrs and _attr_module.has(type(obj))
+
+
+def _get_attr_fields(obj: Any) -> Sequence["_attr_module.Attribute[Any]"]:
+    """Get fields for an attrs object."""
+    return _attr_module.fields(type(obj)) if _has_attrs else []
+
+
+def _is_dataclass_repr(obj: object) -> bool:
+    """Check if an instance of a dataclass contains the default repr.
+
+    Args:
+        obj (object): A dataclass instance.
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the default repr is used, False if there is a custom repr.
+    """
+    # Digging in to a lot of internals here
+    # Catching all exceptions in case something is missing on a non CPython implementation
+    try:
+        return obj.__repr__.__code__.co_filename == dataclasses.__file__
+    except Exception:  # pragma: no coverage
+        return False
+
+
+_dummy_namedtuple = collections.namedtuple("_dummy_namedtuple", [])
+
+
+def _has_default_namedtuple_repr(obj: object) -> bool:
+    """Check if an instance of namedtuple contains the default repr
+
+    Args:
+        obj (object): A namedtuple
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the default repr is used, False if there's a custom repr.
+    """
+    obj_file = None
+    try:
+        obj_file = inspect.getfile(obj.__repr__)
+    except (OSError, TypeError):
+        # OSError handles case where object is defined in __main__ scope, e.g. REPL - no filename available.
+        # TypeError trapped defensively, in case of object without filename slips through.
+        pass
+    default_repr_file = inspect.getfile(_dummy_namedtuple.__repr__)
+    return obj_file == default_repr_file
+
+
+def _ipy_display_hook(
+    value: Any,
+    console: Optional["Console"] = None,
+    overflow: "OverflowMethod" = "ignore",
+    crop: bool = False,
+    indent_guides: bool = False,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_string: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    expand_all: bool = False,
+) -> Union[str, None]:
+    # needed here to prevent circular import:
+    from .console import ConsoleRenderable
+
+    # always skip rich generated jupyter renderables or None values
+    if _safe_isinstance(value, JupyterRenderable) or value is None:
+        return None
+
+    console = console or get_console()
+
+    with console.capture() as capture:
+        # certain renderables should start on a new line
+        if _safe_isinstance(value, ConsoleRenderable):
+            console.line()
+        console.print(
+            value
+            if _safe_isinstance(value, RichRenderable)
+            else Pretty(
+                value,
+                overflow=overflow,
+                indent_guides=indent_guides,
+                max_length=max_length,
+                max_string=max_string,
+                max_depth=max_depth,
+                expand_all=expand_all,
+                margin=12,
+            ),
+            crop=crop,
+            new_line_start=True,
+            end="",
+        )
+    # strip trailing newline, not usually part of a text repr
+    # I'm not sure if this should be prevented at a lower level
+    return capture.get().rstrip("\n")
+
+
+def _safe_isinstance(
+    obj: object, class_or_tuple: Union[type, Tuple[type, ...]]
+) -> bool:
+    """isinstance can fail in rare cases, for example types with no __class__"""
+    try:
+        return isinstance(obj, class_or_tuple)
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+
+def install(
+    console: Optional["Console"] = None,
+    overflow: "OverflowMethod" = "ignore",
+    crop: bool = False,
+    indent_guides: bool = False,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_string: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    expand_all: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Install automatic pretty printing in the Python REPL.
+
+    Args:
+        console (Console, optional): Console instance or ``None`` to use global console. Defaults to None.
+        overflow (Optional[OverflowMethod], optional): Overflow method. Defaults to "ignore".
+        crop (Optional[bool], optional): Enable cropping of long lines. Defaults to False.
+        indent_guides (bool, optional): Enable indentation guides. Defaults to False.
+        max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to None.
+        max_depth (int, optional): Maximum depth of nested data structures, or None for no maximum. Defaults to None.
+        expand_all (bool, optional): Expand all containers. Defaults to False.
+        max_frames (int): Maximum number of frames to show in a traceback, 0 for no maximum. Defaults to 100.
+    """
+    from pip._vendor.rich import get_console
+
+    console = console or get_console()
+    assert console is not None
+
+    def display_hook(value: Any) -> None:
+        """Replacement sys.displayhook which prettifies objects with Rich."""
+        if value is not None:
+            assert console is not None
+            builtins._ = None  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            console.print(
+                value
+                if _safe_isinstance(value, RichRenderable)
+                else Pretty(
+                    value,
+                    overflow=overflow,
+                    indent_guides=indent_guides,
+                    max_length=max_length,
+                    max_string=max_string,
+                    max_depth=max_depth,
+                    expand_all=expand_all,
+                ),
+                crop=crop,
+            )
+            builtins._ = value  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    if "get_ipython" in globals():
+        ip = get_ipython()  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        from IPython.core.formatters import BaseFormatter
+
+        class RichFormatter(BaseFormatter):  # type: ignore[misc]
+            pprint: bool = True
+
+            def __call__(self, value: Any) -> Any:
+                if self.pprint:
+                    return _ipy_display_hook(
+                        value,
+                        console=get_console(),
+                        overflow=overflow,
+                        indent_guides=indent_guides,
+                        max_length=max_length,
+                        max_string=max_string,
+                        max_depth=max_depth,
+                        expand_all=expand_all,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return repr(value)
+
+        # replace plain text formatter with rich formatter
+        rich_formatter = RichFormatter()
+        ip.display_formatter.formatters["text/plain"] = rich_formatter
+    else:
+        sys.displayhook = display_hook
+
+
+class Pretty(JupyterMixin):
+    """A rich renderable that pretty prints an object.
+
+    Args:
+        _object (Any): An object to pretty print.
+        highlighter (HighlighterType, optional): Highlighter object to apply to result, or None for ReprHighlighter. Defaults to None.
+        indent_size (int, optional): Number of spaces in indent. Defaults to 4.
+        justify (JustifyMethod, optional): Justify method, or None for default. Defaults to None.
+        overflow (OverflowMethod, optional): Overflow method, or None for default. Defaults to None.
+        no_wrap (Optional[bool], optional): Disable word wrapping. Defaults to False.
+        indent_guides (bool, optional): Enable indentation guides. Defaults to False.
+        max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to None.
+        max_depth (int, optional): Maximum depth of nested data structures, or None for no maximum. Defaults to None.
+        expand_all (bool, optional): Expand all containers. Defaults to False.
+        margin (int, optional): Subtrace a margin from width to force containers to expand earlier. Defaults to 0.
+        insert_line (bool, optional): Insert a new line if the output has multiple new lines. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        _object: Any,
+        highlighter: Optional["HighlighterType"] = None,
+        *,
+        indent_size: int = 4,
+        justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = None,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+        no_wrap: Optional[bool] = False,
+        indent_guides: bool = False,
+        max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_string: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        expand_all: bool = False,
+        margin: int = 0,
+        insert_line: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._object = _object
+        self.highlighter = highlighter or ReprHighlighter()
+        self.indent_size = indent_size
+        self.justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = justify
+        self.overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = overflow
+        self.no_wrap = no_wrap
+        self.indent_guides = indent_guides
+        self.max_length = max_length
+        self.max_string = max_string
+        self.max_depth = max_depth
+        self.expand_all = expand_all
+        self.margin = margin
+        self.insert_line = insert_line
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        pretty_str = pretty_repr(
+            self._object,
+            max_width=options.max_width - self.margin,
+            indent_size=self.indent_size,
+            max_length=self.max_length,
+            max_string=self.max_string,
+            max_depth=self.max_depth,
+            expand_all=self.expand_all,
+        )
+        pretty_text = Text.from_ansi(
+            pretty_str,
+            justify=self.justify or options.justify,
+            overflow=self.overflow or options.overflow,
+            no_wrap=pick_bool(self.no_wrap, options.no_wrap),
+            style="pretty",
+        )
+        pretty_text = (
+            self.highlighter(pretty_text)
+            if pretty_text
+            else Text(
+                f"{type(self._object)}.__repr__ returned empty string",
+                style="dim italic",
+            )
+        )
+        if self.indent_guides and not options.ascii_only:
+            pretty_text = pretty_text.with_indent_guides(
+                self.indent_size, style="repr.indent"
+            )
+        if self.insert_line and "\n" in pretty_text:
+            yield ""
+        yield pretty_text
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        pretty_str = pretty_repr(
+            self._object,
+            max_width=options.max_width,
+            indent_size=self.indent_size,
+            max_length=self.max_length,
+            max_string=self.max_string,
+            max_depth=self.max_depth,
+            expand_all=self.expand_all,
+        )
+        text_width = (
+            max(cell_len(line) for line in pretty_str.splitlines()) if pretty_str else 0
+        )
+        return Measurement(text_width, text_width)
+
+
+def _get_braces_for_defaultdict(_object: DefaultDict[Any, Any]) -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+    return (
+        f"defaultdict({_object.default_factory!r}, {{",
+        "})",
+        f"defaultdict({_object.default_factory!r}, {{}})",
+    )
+
+
+def _get_braces_for_array(_object: "array[Any]") -> Tuple[str, str, str]:
+    return (f"array({_object.typecode!r}, [", "])", f"array({_object.typecode!r})")
+
+
+_BRACES: Dict[type, Callable[[Any], Tuple[str, str, str]]] = {
+    os._Environ: lambda _object: ("environ({", "})", "environ({})"),
+    array: _get_braces_for_array,
+    defaultdict: _get_braces_for_defaultdict,
+    Counter: lambda _object: ("Counter({", "})", "Counter()"),
+    deque: lambda _object: ("deque([", "])", "deque()"),
+    dict: lambda _object: ("{", "}", "{}"),
+    UserDict: lambda _object: ("{", "}", "{}"),
+    frozenset: lambda _object: ("frozenset({", "})", "frozenset()"),
+    list: lambda _object: ("[", "]", "[]"),
+    UserList: lambda _object: ("[", "]", "[]"),
+    set: lambda _object: ("{", "}", "set()"),
+    tuple: lambda _object: ("(", ")", "()"),
+    MappingProxyType: lambda _object: ("mappingproxy({", "})", "mappingproxy({})"),
+}
+_CONTAINERS = tuple(_BRACES.keys())
+_MAPPING_CONTAINERS = (dict, os._Environ, MappingProxyType, UserDict)
+
+
+def is_expandable(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check if an object may be expanded by pretty print."""
+    return (
+        _safe_isinstance(obj, _CONTAINERS)
+        or (is_dataclass(obj))
+        or (hasattr(obj, "__rich_repr__"))
+        or _is_attr_object(obj)
+    ) and not isclass(obj)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Node:
+    """A node in a repr tree. May be atomic or a container."""
+
+    key_repr: str = ""
+    value_repr: str = ""
+    open_brace: str = ""
+    close_brace: str = ""
+    empty: str = ""
+    last: bool = False
+    is_tuple: bool = False
+    is_namedtuple: bool = False
+    children: Optional[List["Node"]] = None
+    key_separator: str = ": "
+    separator: str = ", "
+
+    def iter_tokens(self) -> Iterable[str]:
+        """Generate tokens for this node."""
+        if self.key_repr:
+            yield self.key_repr
+            yield self.key_separator
+        if self.value_repr:
+            yield self.value_repr
+        elif self.children is not None:
+            if self.children:
+                yield self.open_brace
+                if self.is_tuple and not self.is_namedtuple and len(self.children) == 1:
+                    yield from self.children[0].iter_tokens()
+                    yield ","
+                else:
+                    for child in self.children:
+                        yield from child.iter_tokens()
+                        if not child.last:
+                            yield self.separator
+                yield self.close_brace
+            else:
+                yield self.empty
+
+    def check_length(self, start_length: int, max_length: int) -> bool:
+        """Check the length fits within a limit.
+
+        Args:
+            start_length (int): Starting length of the line (indent, prefix, suffix).
+            max_length (int): Maximum length.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if the node can be rendered within max length, otherwise False.
+        """
+        total_length = start_length
+        for token in self.iter_tokens():
+            total_length += cell_len(token)
+            if total_length > max_length:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        repr_text = "".join(self.iter_tokens())
+        return repr_text
+
+    def render(
+        self, max_width: int = 80, indent_size: int = 4, expand_all: bool = False
+    ) -> str:
+        """Render the node to a pretty repr.
+
+        Args:
+            max_width (int, optional): Maximum width of the repr. Defaults to 80.
+            indent_size (int, optional): Size of indents. Defaults to 4.
+            expand_all (bool, optional): Expand all levels. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A repr string of the original object.
+        """
+        lines = [_Line(node=self, is_root=True)]
+        line_no = 0
+        while line_no < len(lines):
+            line = lines[line_no]
+            if line.expandable and not line.expanded:
+                if expand_all or not line.check_length(max_width):
+                    lines[line_no : line_no + 1] = line.expand(indent_size)
+            line_no += 1
+
+        repr_str = "\n".join(str(line) for line in lines)
+        return repr_str
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _Line:
+    """A line in repr output."""
+
+    parent: Optional["_Line"] = None
+    is_root: bool = False
+    node: Optional[Node] = None
+    text: str = ""
+    suffix: str = ""
+    whitespace: str = ""
+    expanded: bool = False
+    last: bool = False
+
+    @property
+    def expandable(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the line may be expanded."""
+        return bool(self.node is not None and self.node.children)
+
+    def check_length(self, max_length: int) -> bool:
+        """Check this line fits within a given number of cells."""
+        start_length = (
+            len(self.whitespace) + cell_len(self.text) + cell_len(self.suffix)
+        )
+        assert self.node is not None
+        return self.node.check_length(start_length, max_length)
+
+    def expand(self, indent_size: int) -> Iterable["_Line"]:
+        """Expand this line by adding children on their own line."""
+        node = self.node
+        assert node is not None
+        whitespace = self.whitespace
+        assert node.children
+        if node.key_repr:
+            new_line = yield _Line(
+                text=f"{node.key_repr}{node.key_separator}{node.open_brace}",
+                whitespace=whitespace,
+            )
+        else:
+            new_line = yield _Line(text=node.open_brace, whitespace=whitespace)
+        child_whitespace = self.whitespace + " " * indent_size
+        tuple_of_one = node.is_tuple and len(node.children) == 1
+        for last, child in loop_last(node.children):
+            separator = "," if tuple_of_one else node.separator
+            line = _Line(
+                parent=new_line,
+                node=child,
+                whitespace=child_whitespace,
+                suffix=separator,
+                last=last and not tuple_of_one,
+            )
+            yield line
+
+        yield _Line(
+            text=node.close_brace,
+            whitespace=whitespace,
+            suffix=self.suffix,
+            last=self.last,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.last:
+            return f"{self.whitespace}{self.text}{self.node or ''}"
+        else:
+            return (
+                f"{self.whitespace}{self.text}{self.node or ''}{self.suffix.rstrip()}"
+            )
+
+
+def _is_namedtuple(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Checks if an object is most likely a namedtuple. It is possible
+    to craft an object that passes this check and isn't a namedtuple, but
+    there is only a minuscule chance of this happening unintentionally.
+
+    Args:
+        obj (Any): The object to test
+
+    Returns:
+        bool: True if the object is a namedtuple. False otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        fields = getattr(obj, "_fields", None)
+    except Exception:
+        # Being very defensive - if we cannot get the attr then its not a namedtuple
+        return False
+    return isinstance(obj, tuple) and isinstance(fields, tuple)
+
+
+def traverse(
+    _object: Any,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_string: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> Node:
+    """Traverse object and generate a tree.
+
+    Args:
+        _object (Any): Object to be traversed.
+        max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable truncating.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_depth (int, optional): Maximum depth of data structures, or None for no maximum.
+            Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        Node: The root of a tree structure which can be used to render a pretty repr.
+    """
+
+    def to_repr(obj: Any) -> str:
+        """Get repr string for an object, but catch errors."""
+        if (
+            max_string is not None
+            and _safe_isinstance(obj, (bytes, str))
+            and len(obj) > max_string
+        ):
+            truncated = len(obj) - max_string
+            obj_repr = f"{obj[:max_string]!r}+{truncated}"
+        else:
+            try:
+                obj_repr = repr(obj)
+            except Exception as error:
+                obj_repr = f"<repr-error {str(error)!r}>"
+        return obj_repr
+
+    visited_ids: Set[int] = set()
+    push_visited = visited_ids.add
+    pop_visited = visited_ids.remove
+
+    def _traverse(obj: Any, root: bool = False, depth: int = 0) -> Node:
+        """Walk the object depth first."""
+
+        obj_id = id(obj)
+        if obj_id in visited_ids:
+            # Recursion detected
+            return Node(value_repr="...")
+
+        obj_type = type(obj)
+        children: List[Node]
+        reached_max_depth = max_depth is not None and depth >= max_depth
+
+        def iter_rich_args(rich_args: Any) -> Iterable[Union[Any, Tuple[str, Any]]]:
+            for arg in rich_args:
+                if _safe_isinstance(arg, tuple):
+                    if len(arg) == 3:
+                        key, child, default = arg
+                        if default == child:
+                            continue
+                        yield key, child
+                    elif len(arg) == 2:
+                        key, child = arg
+                        yield key, child
+                    elif len(arg) == 1:
+                        yield arg[0]
+                else:
+                    yield arg
+
+        try:
+            fake_attributes = hasattr(
+                obj, "awehoi234_wdfjwljet234_234wdfoijsdfmmnxpi492"
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            fake_attributes = False
+
+        rich_repr_result: Optional[RichReprResult] = None
+        if not fake_attributes:
+            try:
+                if hasattr(obj, "__rich_repr__") and not isclass(obj):
+                    rich_repr_result = obj.__rich_repr__()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        if rich_repr_result is not None:
+            push_visited(obj_id)
+            angular = getattr(obj.__rich_repr__, "angular", False)
+            args = list(iter_rich_args(rich_repr_result))
+            class_name = obj.__class__.__name__
+
+            if args:
+                children = []
+                append = children.append
+
+                if reached_max_depth:
+                    if angular:
+                        node = Node(value_repr=f"<{class_name}...>")
+                    else:
+                        node = Node(value_repr=f"{class_name}(...)")
+                else:
+                    if angular:
+                        node = Node(
+                            open_brace=f"<{class_name} ",
+                            close_brace=">",
+                            children=children,
+                            last=root,
+                            separator=" ",
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        node = Node(
+                            open_brace=f"{class_name}(",
+                            close_brace=")",
+                            children=children,
+                            last=root,
+                        )
+                    for last, arg in loop_last(args):
+                        if _safe_isinstance(arg, tuple):
+                            key, child = arg
+                            child_node = _traverse(child, depth=depth + 1)
+                            child_node.last = last
+                            child_node.key_repr = key
+                            child_node.key_separator = "="
+                            append(child_node)
+                        else:
+                            child_node = _traverse(arg, depth=depth + 1)
+                            child_node.last = last
+                            append(child_node)
+            else:
+                node = Node(
+                    value_repr=f"<{class_name}>" if angular else f"{class_name}()",
+                    children=[],
+                    last=root,
+                )
+            pop_visited(obj_id)
+        elif _is_attr_object(obj) and not fake_attributes:
+            push_visited(obj_id)
+            children = []
+            append = children.append
+
+            attr_fields = _get_attr_fields(obj)
+            if attr_fields:
+                if reached_max_depth:
+                    node = Node(value_repr=f"{obj.__class__.__name__}(...)")
+                else:
+                    node = Node(
+                        open_brace=f"{obj.__class__.__name__}(",
+                        close_brace=")",
+                        children=children,
+                        last=root,
+                    )
+
+                    def iter_attrs() -> Iterable[
+                        Tuple[str, Any, Optional[Callable[[Any], str]]]
+                    ]:
+                        """Iterate over attr fields and values."""
+                        for attr in attr_fields:
+                            if attr.repr:
+                                try:
+                                    value = getattr(obj, attr.name)
+                                except Exception as error:
+                                    # Can happen, albeit rarely
+                                    yield (attr.name, error, None)
+                                else:
+                                    yield (
+                                        attr.name,
+                                        value,
+                                        attr.repr if callable(attr.repr) else None,
+                                    )
+
+                    for last, (name, value, repr_callable) in loop_last(iter_attrs()):
+                        if repr_callable:
+                            child_node = Node(value_repr=str(repr_callable(value)))
+                        else:
+                            child_node = _traverse(value, depth=depth + 1)
+                        child_node.last = last
+                        child_node.key_repr = name
+                        child_node.key_separator = "="
+                        append(child_node)
+            else:
+                node = Node(
+                    value_repr=f"{obj.__class__.__name__}()", children=[], last=root
+                )
+            pop_visited(obj_id)
+        elif (
+            is_dataclass(obj)
+            and not _safe_isinstance(obj, type)
+            and not fake_attributes
+            and _is_dataclass_repr(obj)
+        ):
+            push_visited(obj_id)
+            children = []
+            append = children.append
+            if reached_max_depth:
+                node = Node(value_repr=f"{obj.__class__.__name__}(...)")
+            else:
+                node = Node(
+                    open_brace=f"{obj.__class__.__name__}(",
+                    close_brace=")",
+                    children=children,
+                    last=root,
+                    empty=f"{obj.__class__.__name__}()",
+                )
+
+                for last, field in loop_last(
+                    field for field in fields(obj) if field.repr
+                ):
+                    child_node = _traverse(getattr(obj, field.name), depth=depth + 1)
+                    child_node.key_repr = field.name
+                    child_node.last = last
+                    child_node.key_separator = "="
+                    append(child_node)
+
+            pop_visited(obj_id)
+        elif _is_namedtuple(obj) and _has_default_namedtuple_repr(obj):
+            push_visited(obj_id)
+            class_name = obj.__class__.__name__
+            if reached_max_depth:
+                # If we've reached the max depth, we still show the class name, but not its contents
+                node = Node(
+                    value_repr=f"{class_name}(...)",
+                )
+            else:
+                children = []
+                append = children.append
+                node = Node(
+                    open_brace=f"{class_name}(",
+                    close_brace=")",
+                    children=children,
+                    empty=f"{class_name}()",
+                )
+                for last, (key, value) in loop_last(obj._asdict().items()):
+                    child_node = _traverse(value, depth=depth + 1)
+                    child_node.key_repr = key
+                    child_node.last = last
+                    child_node.key_separator = "="
+                    append(child_node)
+            pop_visited(obj_id)
+        elif _safe_isinstance(obj, _CONTAINERS):
+            for container_type in _CONTAINERS:
+                if _safe_isinstance(obj, container_type):
+                    obj_type = container_type
+                    break
+
+            push_visited(obj_id)
+
+            open_brace, close_brace, empty = _BRACES[obj_type](obj)
+
+            if reached_max_depth:
+                node = Node(value_repr=f"{open_brace}...{close_brace}")
+            elif obj_type.__repr__ != type(obj).__repr__:
+                node = Node(value_repr=to_repr(obj), last=root)
+            elif obj:
+                children = []
+                node = Node(
+                    open_brace=open_brace,
+                    close_brace=close_brace,
+                    children=children,
+                    last=root,
+                )
+                append = children.append
+                num_items = len(obj)
+                last_item_index = num_items - 1
+
+                if _safe_isinstance(obj, _MAPPING_CONTAINERS):
+                    iter_items = iter(obj.items())
+                    if max_length is not None:
+                        iter_items = islice(iter_items, max_length)
+                    for index, (key, child) in enumerate(iter_items):
+                        child_node = _traverse(child, depth=depth + 1)
+                        child_node.key_repr = to_repr(key)
+                        child_node.last = index == last_item_index
+                        append(child_node)
+                else:
+                    iter_values = iter(obj)
+                    if max_length is not None:
+                        iter_values = islice(iter_values, max_length)
+                    for index, child in enumerate(iter_values):
+                        child_node = _traverse(child, depth=depth + 1)
+                        child_node.last = index == last_item_index
+                        append(child_node)
+                if max_length is not None and num_items > max_length:
+                    append(Node(value_repr=f"... +{num_items - max_length}", last=True))
+            else:
+                node = Node(empty=empty, children=[], last=root)
+
+            pop_visited(obj_id)
+        else:
+            node = Node(value_repr=to_repr(obj), last=root)
+        node.is_tuple = _safe_isinstance(obj, tuple)
+        node.is_namedtuple = _is_namedtuple(obj)
+        return node
+
+    node = _traverse(_object, root=True)
+    return node
+
+
+def pretty_repr(
+    _object: Any,
+    *,
+    max_width: int = 80,
+    indent_size: int = 4,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_string: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    expand_all: bool = False,
+) -> str:
+    """Prettify repr string by expanding on to new lines to fit within a given width.
+
+    Args:
+        _object (Any): Object to repr.
+        max_width (int, optional): Desired maximum width of repr string. Defaults to 80.
+        indent_size (int, optional): Number of spaces to indent. Defaults to 4.
+        max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable truncating.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_depth (int, optional): Maximum depth of nested data structure, or None for no depth.
+            Defaults to None.
+        expand_all (bool, optional): Expand all containers regardless of available width. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        str: A possibly multi-line representation of the object.
+    """
+
+    if _safe_isinstance(_object, Node):
+        node = _object
+    else:
+        node = traverse(
+            _object, max_length=max_length, max_string=max_string, max_depth=max_depth
+        )
+    repr_str: str = node.render(
+        max_width=max_width, indent_size=indent_size, expand_all=expand_all
+    )
+    return repr_str
+
+
+def pprint(
+    _object: Any,
+    *,
+    console: Optional["Console"] = None,
+    indent_guides: bool = True,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_string: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    expand_all: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """A convenience function for pretty printing.
+
+    Args:
+        _object (Any): Object to pretty print.
+        console (Console, optional): Console instance, or None to use default. Defaults to None.
+        max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of strings before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to None.
+        max_depth (int, optional): Maximum depth for nested data structures, or None for unlimited depth. Defaults to None.
+        indent_guides (bool, optional): Enable indentation guides. Defaults to True.
+        expand_all (bool, optional): Expand all containers. Defaults to False.
+    """
+    _console = get_console() if console is None else console
+    _console.print(
+        Pretty(
+            _object,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            max_string=max_string,
+            max_depth=max_depth,
+            indent_guides=indent_guides,
+            expand_all=expand_all,
+            overflow="ignore",
+        ),
+        soft_wrap=True,
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    class BrokenRepr:
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            1 / 0
+            return "this will fail"
+
+    from typing import NamedTuple
+
+    class StockKeepingUnit(NamedTuple):
+        name: str
+        description: str
+        price: float
+        category: str
+        reviews: List[str]
+
+    d = defaultdict(int)
+    d["foo"] = 5
+    data = {
+        "foo": [
+            1,
+            "Hello World!",
+            100.123,
+            323.232,
+            432324.0,
+            {5, 6, 7, (1, 2, 3, 4), 8},
+        ],
+        "bar": frozenset({1, 2, 3}),
+        "defaultdict": defaultdict(
+            list, {"crumble": ["apple", "rhubarb", "butter", "sugar", "flour"]}
+        ),
+        "counter": Counter(
+            [
+                "apple",
+                "orange",
+                "pear",
+                "kumquat",
+                "kumquat",
+                "durian" * 100,
+            ]
+        ),
+        "atomic": (False, True, None),
+        "namedtuple": StockKeepingUnit(
+            "Sparkling British Spring Water",
+            "Carbonated spring water",
+            0.9,
+            "water",
+            ["its amazing!", "its terrible!"],
+        ),
+        "Broken": BrokenRepr(),
+    }
+    data["foo"].append(data)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich import print
+
+    # print(Pretty(data, indent_guides=True, max_string=20))
+
+    class Thing:
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return "Hello\x1b[38;5;239m World!"
+
+    print(Pretty(Thing()))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/progress.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/progress.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b0a315f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/progress.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1702 @@
+import io
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections import deque
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import timedelta
+from io import RawIOBase, UnsupportedOperation
+from math import ceil
+from mmap import mmap
+from operator import length_hint
+from os import PathLike, stat
+from threading import Event, RLock, Thread
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    BinaryIO,
+    Callable,
+    ContextManager,
+    Deque,
+    Dict,
+    Generic,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    NewType,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    TextIO,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Literal
+else:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Literal  # pragma: no cover
+
+from . import filesize, get_console
+from .console import Console, Group, JustifyMethod, RenderableType
+from .highlighter import Highlighter
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .live import Live
+from .progress_bar import ProgressBar
+from .spinner import Spinner
+from .style import StyleType
+from .table import Column, Table
+from .text import Text, TextType
+
+TaskID = NewType("TaskID", int)
+
+ProgressType = TypeVar("ProgressType")
+
+GetTimeCallable = Callable[[], float]
+
+
+_I = typing.TypeVar("_I", TextIO, BinaryIO)
+
+
+class _TrackThread(Thread):
+    """A thread to periodically update progress."""
+
+    def __init__(self, progress: "Progress", task_id: "TaskID", update_period: float):
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.task_id = task_id
+        self.update_period = update_period
+        self.done = Event()
+
+        self.completed = 0
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        task_id = self.task_id
+        advance = self.progress.advance
+        update_period = self.update_period
+        last_completed = 0
+        wait = self.done.wait
+        while not wait(update_period):
+            completed = self.completed
+            if last_completed != completed:
+                advance(task_id, completed - last_completed)
+                last_completed = completed
+
+        self.progress.update(self.task_id, completed=self.completed, refresh=True)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "_TrackThread":
+        self.start()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.done.set()
+        self.join()
+
+
+def track(
+    sequence: Union[Sequence[ProgressType], Iterable[ProgressType]],
+    description: str = "Working...",
+    total: Optional[float] = None,
+    auto_refresh: bool = True,
+    console: Optional[Console] = None,
+    transient: bool = False,
+    get_time: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None,
+    refresh_per_second: float = 10,
+    style: StyleType = "bar.back",
+    complete_style: StyleType = "bar.complete",
+    finished_style: StyleType = "bar.finished",
+    pulse_style: StyleType = "bar.pulse",
+    update_period: float = 0.1,
+    disable: bool = False,
+    show_speed: bool = True,
+) -> Iterable[ProgressType]:
+    """Track progress by iterating over a sequence.
+
+    Args:
+        sequence (Iterable[ProgressType]): A sequence (must support "len") you wish to iterate over.
+        description (str, optional): Description of task show next to progress bar. Defaults to "Working".
+        total: (float, optional): Total number of steps. Default is len(sequence).
+        auto_refresh (bool, optional): Automatic refresh, disable to force a refresh after each iteration. Default is True.
+        transient: (bool, optional): Clear the progress on exit. Defaults to False.
+        console (Console, optional): Console to write to. Default creates internal Console instance.
+        refresh_per_second (float): Number of times per second to refresh the progress information. Defaults to 10.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style for the bar background. Defaults to "bar.back".
+        complete_style (StyleType, optional): Style for the completed bar. Defaults to "bar.complete".
+        finished_style (StyleType, optional): Style for a finished bar. Defaults to "bar.finished".
+        pulse_style (StyleType, optional): Style for pulsing bars. Defaults to "bar.pulse".
+        update_period (float, optional): Minimum time (in seconds) between calls to update(). Defaults to 0.1.
+        disable (bool, optional): Disable display of progress.
+        show_speed (bool, optional): Show speed if total isn't known. Defaults to True.
+    Returns:
+        Iterable[ProgressType]: An iterable of the values in the sequence.
+
+    """
+
+    columns: List["ProgressColumn"] = (
+        [TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}")] if description else []
+    )
+    columns.extend(
+        (
+            BarColumn(
+                style=style,
+                complete_style=complete_style,
+                finished_style=finished_style,
+                pulse_style=pulse_style,
+            ),
+            TaskProgressColumn(show_speed=show_speed),
+            TimeRemainingColumn(elapsed_when_finished=True),
+        )
+    )
+    progress = Progress(
+        *columns,
+        auto_refresh=auto_refresh,
+        console=console,
+        transient=transient,
+        get_time=get_time,
+        refresh_per_second=refresh_per_second or 10,
+        disable=disable,
+    )
+
+    with progress:
+        yield from progress.track(
+            sequence, total=total, description=description, update_period=update_period
+        )
+
+
+class _Reader(RawIOBase, BinaryIO):
+    """A reader that tracks progress while it's being read from."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        handle: BinaryIO,
+        progress: "Progress",
+        task: TaskID,
+        close_handle: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.handle = handle
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.task = task
+        self.close_handle = close_handle
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "_Reader":
+        self.handle.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> BinaryIO:
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self) -> bytes:
+        line = next(self.handle)
+        self.progress.advance(self.task, advance=len(line))
+        return line
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._closed
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        return self.handle.fileno()
+
+    def isatty(self) -> bool:
+        return self.handle.isatty()
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self) -> str:
+        return self.handle.mode
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self.handle.name
+
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.handle.readable()
+
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.handle.seekable()
+
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def read(self, size: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        block = self.handle.read(size)
+        self.progress.advance(self.task, advance=len(block))
+        return block
+
+    def readinto(self, b: Union[bytearray, memoryview, mmap]):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def, override]
+        n = self.handle.readinto(b)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        self.progress.advance(self.task, advance=n)
+        return n
+
+    def readline(self, size: int = -1) -> bytes:  # type: ignore[override]
+        line = self.handle.readline(size)
+        self.progress.advance(self.task, advance=len(line))
+        return line
+
+    def readlines(self, hint: int = -1) -> List[bytes]:
+        lines = self.handle.readlines(hint)
+        self.progress.advance(self.task, advance=sum(map(len, lines)))
+        return lines
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self.close_handle:
+            self.handle.close()
+        self._closed = True
+
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = 0) -> int:
+        pos = self.handle.seek(offset, whence)
+        self.progress.update(self.task, completed=pos)
+        return pos
+
+    def tell(self) -> int:
+        return self.handle.tell()
+
+    def write(self, s: Any) -> int:
+        raise UnsupportedOperation("write")
+
+
+class _ReadContext(ContextManager[_I], Generic[_I]):
+    """A utility class to handle a context for both a reader and a progress."""
+
+    def __init__(self, progress: "Progress", reader: _I) -> None:
+        self.progress = progress
+        self.reader: _I = reader
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> _I:
+        self.progress.start()
+        return self.reader.__enter__()
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.progress.stop()
+        self.reader.__exit__(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
+
+
+def wrap_file(
+    file: BinaryIO,
+    total: int,
+    *,
+    description: str = "Reading...",
+    auto_refresh: bool = True,
+    console: Optional[Console] = None,
+    transient: bool = False,
+    get_time: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None,
+    refresh_per_second: float = 10,
+    style: StyleType = "bar.back",
+    complete_style: StyleType = "bar.complete",
+    finished_style: StyleType = "bar.finished",
+    pulse_style: StyleType = "bar.pulse",
+    disable: bool = False,
+) -> ContextManager[BinaryIO]:
+    """Read bytes from a file while tracking progress.
+
+    Args:
+        file (Union[str, PathLike[str], BinaryIO]): The path to the file to read, or a file-like object in binary mode.
+        total (int): Total number of bytes to read.
+        description (str, optional): Description of task show next to progress bar. Defaults to "Reading".
+        auto_refresh (bool, optional): Automatic refresh, disable to force a refresh after each iteration. Default is True.
+        transient: (bool, optional): Clear the progress on exit. Defaults to False.
+        console (Console, optional): Console to write to. Default creates internal Console instance.
+        refresh_per_second (float): Number of times per second to refresh the progress information. Defaults to 10.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style for the bar background. Defaults to "bar.back".
+        complete_style (StyleType, optional): Style for the completed bar. Defaults to "bar.complete".
+        finished_style (StyleType, optional): Style for a finished bar. Defaults to "bar.finished".
+        pulse_style (StyleType, optional): Style for pulsing bars. Defaults to "bar.pulse".
+        disable (bool, optional): Disable display of progress.
+    Returns:
+        ContextManager[BinaryIO]: A context manager yielding a progress reader.
+
+    """
+
+    columns: List["ProgressColumn"] = (
+        [TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}")] if description else []
+    )
+    columns.extend(
+        (
+            BarColumn(
+                style=style,
+                complete_style=complete_style,
+                finished_style=finished_style,
+                pulse_style=pulse_style,
+            ),
+            DownloadColumn(),
+            TimeRemainingColumn(),
+        )
+    )
+    progress = Progress(
+        *columns,
+        auto_refresh=auto_refresh,
+        console=console,
+        transient=transient,
+        get_time=get_time,
+        refresh_per_second=refresh_per_second or 10,
+        disable=disable,
+    )
+
+    reader = progress.wrap_file(file, total=total, description=description)
+    return _ReadContext(progress, reader)
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def open(
+    file: Union[str, "PathLike[str]", bytes],
+    mode: Union[Literal["rt"], Literal["r"]],
+    buffering: int = -1,
+    encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+    errors: Optional[str] = None,
+    newline: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    total: Optional[int] = None,
+    description: str = "Reading...",
+    auto_refresh: bool = True,
+    console: Optional[Console] = None,
+    transient: bool = False,
+    get_time: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None,
+    refresh_per_second: float = 10,
+    style: StyleType = "bar.back",
+    complete_style: StyleType = "bar.complete",
+    finished_style: StyleType = "bar.finished",
+    pulse_style: StyleType = "bar.pulse",
+    disable: bool = False,
+) -> ContextManager[TextIO]:
+    pass
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def open(
+    file: Union[str, "PathLike[str]", bytes],
+    mode: Literal["rb"],
+    buffering: int = -1,
+    encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+    errors: Optional[str] = None,
+    newline: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    total: Optional[int] = None,
+    description: str = "Reading...",
+    auto_refresh: bool = True,
+    console: Optional[Console] = None,
+    transient: bool = False,
+    get_time: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None,
+    refresh_per_second: float = 10,
+    style: StyleType = "bar.back",
+    complete_style: StyleType = "bar.complete",
+    finished_style: StyleType = "bar.finished",
+    pulse_style: StyleType = "bar.pulse",
+    disable: bool = False,
+) -> ContextManager[BinaryIO]:
+    pass
+
+
+def open(
+    file: Union[str, "PathLike[str]", bytes],
+    mode: Union[Literal["rb"], Literal["rt"], Literal["r"]] = "r",
+    buffering: int = -1,
+    encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+    errors: Optional[str] = None,
+    newline: Optional[str] = None,
+    *,
+    total: Optional[int] = None,
+    description: str = "Reading...",
+    auto_refresh: bool = True,
+    console: Optional[Console] = None,
+    transient: bool = False,
+    get_time: Optional[Callable[[], float]] = None,
+    refresh_per_second: float = 10,
+    style: StyleType = "bar.back",
+    complete_style: StyleType = "bar.complete",
+    finished_style: StyleType = "bar.finished",
+    pulse_style: StyleType = "bar.pulse",
+    disable: bool = False,
+) -> Union[ContextManager[BinaryIO], ContextManager[TextIO]]:
+    """Read bytes from a file while tracking progress.
+
+    Args:
+        path (Union[str, PathLike[str], BinaryIO]): The path to the file to read, or a file-like object in binary mode.
+        mode (str): The mode to use to open the file. Only supports "r", "rb" or "rt".
+        buffering (int): The buffering strategy to use, see :func:`io.open`.
+        encoding (str, optional): The encoding to use when reading in text mode, see :func:`io.open`.
+        errors (str, optional): The error handling strategy for decoding errors, see :func:`io.open`.
+        newline (str, optional): The strategy for handling newlines in text mode, see :func:`io.open`
+        total: (int, optional): Total number of bytes to read. Must be provided if reading from a file handle. Default for a path is os.stat(file).st_size.
+        description (str, optional): Description of task show next to progress bar. Defaults to "Reading".
+        auto_refresh (bool, optional): Automatic refresh, disable to force a refresh after each iteration. Default is True.
+        transient: (bool, optional): Clear the progress on exit. Defaults to False.
+        console (Console, optional): Console to write to. Default creates internal Console instance.
+        refresh_per_second (float): Number of times per second to refresh the progress information. Defaults to 10.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style for the bar background. Defaults to "bar.back".
+        complete_style (StyleType, optional): Style for the completed bar. Defaults to "bar.complete".
+        finished_style (StyleType, optional): Style for a finished bar. Defaults to "bar.finished".
+        pulse_style (StyleType, optional): Style for pulsing bars. Defaults to "bar.pulse".
+        disable (bool, optional): Disable display of progress.
+        encoding (str, optional): The encoding to use when reading in text mode.
+
+    Returns:
+        ContextManager[BinaryIO]: A context manager yielding a progress reader.
+
+    """
+
+    columns: List["ProgressColumn"] = (
+        [TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}")] if description else []
+    )
+    columns.extend(
+        (
+            BarColumn(
+                style=style,
+                complete_style=complete_style,
+                finished_style=finished_style,
+                pulse_style=pulse_style,
+            ),
+            DownloadColumn(),
+            TimeRemainingColumn(),
+        )
+    )
+    progress = Progress(
+        *columns,
+        auto_refresh=auto_refresh,
+        console=console,
+        transient=transient,
+        get_time=get_time,
+        refresh_per_second=refresh_per_second or 10,
+        disable=disable,
+    )
+
+    reader = progress.open(
+        file,
+        mode=mode,
+        buffering=buffering,
+        encoding=encoding,
+        errors=errors,
+        newline=newline,
+        total=total,
+        description=description,
+    )
+    return _ReadContext(progress, reader)  # type: ignore[return-value, type-var]
+
+
+class ProgressColumn(ABC):
+    """Base class for a widget to use in progress display."""
+
+    max_refresh: Optional[float] = None
+
+    def __init__(self, table_column: Optional[Column] = None) -> None:
+        self._table_column = table_column
+        self._renderable_cache: Dict[TaskID, Tuple[float, RenderableType]] = {}
+        self._update_time: Optional[float] = None
+
+    def get_table_column(self) -> Column:
+        """Get a table column, used to build tasks table."""
+        return self._table_column or Column()
+
+    def __call__(self, task: "Task") -> RenderableType:
+        """Called by the Progress object to return a renderable for the given task.
+
+        Args:
+            task (Task): An object containing information regarding the task.
+
+        Returns:
+            RenderableType: Anything renderable (including str).
+        """
+        current_time = task.get_time()
+        if self.max_refresh is not None and not task.completed:
+            try:
+                timestamp, renderable = self._renderable_cache[task.id]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if timestamp + self.max_refresh > current_time:
+                    return renderable
+
+        renderable = self.render(task)
+        self._renderable_cache[task.id] = (current_time, renderable)
+        return renderable
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> RenderableType:
+        """Should return a renderable object."""
+
+
+class RenderableColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """A column to insert an arbitrary column.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType, optional): Any renderable. Defaults to empty string.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, renderable: RenderableType = "", *, table_column: Optional[Column] = None
+    ):
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        super().__init__(table_column=table_column)
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> RenderableType:
+        return self.renderable
+
+
+class SpinnerColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """A column with a 'spinner' animation.
+
+    Args:
+        spinner_name (str, optional): Name of spinner animation. Defaults to "dots".
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style of spinner. Defaults to "progress.spinner".
+        speed (float, optional): Speed factor of spinner. Defaults to 1.0.
+        finished_text (TextType, optional): Text used when task is finished. Defaults to " ".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        spinner_name: str = "dots",
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = "progress.spinner",
+        speed: float = 1.0,
+        finished_text: TextType = " ",
+        table_column: Optional[Column] = None,
+    ):
+        self.spinner = Spinner(spinner_name, style=style, speed=speed)
+        self.finished_text = (
+            Text.from_markup(finished_text)
+            if isinstance(finished_text, str)
+            else finished_text
+        )
+        super().__init__(table_column=table_column)
+
+    def set_spinner(
+        self,
+        spinner_name: str,
+        spinner_style: Optional[StyleType] = "progress.spinner",
+        speed: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a new spinner.
+
+        Args:
+            spinner_name (str): Spinner name, see python -m rich.spinner.
+            spinner_style (Optional[StyleType], optional): Spinner style. Defaults to "progress.spinner".
+            speed (float, optional): Speed factor of spinner. Defaults to 1.0.
+        """
+        self.spinner = Spinner(spinner_name, style=spinner_style, speed=speed)
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> RenderableType:
+        text = (
+            self.finished_text
+            if task.finished
+            else self.spinner.render(task.get_time())
+        )
+        return text
+
+
+class TextColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """A column containing text."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text_format: str,
+        style: StyleType = "none",
+        justify: JustifyMethod = "left",
+        markup: bool = True,
+        highlighter: Optional[Highlighter] = None,
+        table_column: Optional[Column] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.text_format = text_format
+        self.justify: JustifyMethod = justify
+        self.style = style
+        self.markup = markup
+        self.highlighter = highlighter
+        super().__init__(table_column=table_column or Column(no_wrap=True))
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        _text = self.text_format.format(task=task)
+        if self.markup:
+            text = Text.from_markup(_text, style=self.style, justify=self.justify)
+        else:
+            text = Text(_text, style=self.style, justify=self.justify)
+        if self.highlighter:
+            self.highlighter.highlight(text)
+        return text
+
+
+class BarColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders a visual progress bar.
+
+    Args:
+        bar_width (Optional[int], optional): Width of bar or None for full width. Defaults to 40.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style for the bar background. Defaults to "bar.back".
+        complete_style (StyleType, optional): Style for the completed bar. Defaults to "bar.complete".
+        finished_style (StyleType, optional): Style for a finished bar. Defaults to "bar.finished".
+        pulse_style (StyleType, optional): Style for pulsing bars. Defaults to "bar.pulse".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bar_width: Optional[int] = 40,
+        style: StyleType = "bar.back",
+        complete_style: StyleType = "bar.complete",
+        finished_style: StyleType = "bar.finished",
+        pulse_style: StyleType = "bar.pulse",
+        table_column: Optional[Column] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.bar_width = bar_width
+        self.style = style
+        self.complete_style = complete_style
+        self.finished_style = finished_style
+        self.pulse_style = pulse_style
+        super().__init__(table_column=table_column)
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> ProgressBar:
+        """Gets a progress bar widget for a task."""
+        return ProgressBar(
+            total=max(0, task.total) if task.total is not None else None,
+            completed=max(0, task.completed),
+            width=None if self.bar_width is None else max(1, self.bar_width),
+            pulse=not task.started,
+            animation_time=task.get_time(),
+            style=self.style,
+            complete_style=self.complete_style,
+            finished_style=self.finished_style,
+            pulse_style=self.pulse_style,
+        )
+
+
+class TimeElapsedColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders time elapsed."""
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        """Show time elapsed."""
+        elapsed = task.finished_time if task.finished else task.elapsed
+        if elapsed is None:
+            return Text("-:--:--", style="progress.elapsed")
+        delta = timedelta(seconds=int(elapsed))
+        return Text(str(delta), style="progress.elapsed")
+
+
+class TaskProgressColumn(TextColumn):
+    """Show task progress as a percentage.
+
+    Args:
+        text_format (str, optional): Format for percentage display. Defaults to "[progress.percentage]{task.percentage:>3.0f}%".
+        text_format_no_percentage (str, optional): Format if percentage is unknown. Defaults to "".
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style of output. Defaults to "none".
+        justify (JustifyMethod, optional): Text justification. Defaults to "left".
+        markup (bool, optional): Enable markup. Defaults to True.
+        highlighter (Optional[Highlighter], optional): Highlighter to apply to output. Defaults to None.
+        table_column (Optional[Column], optional): Table Column to use. Defaults to None.
+        show_speed (bool, optional): Show speed if total is unknown. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text_format: str = "[progress.percentage]{task.percentage:>3.0f}%",
+        text_format_no_percentage: str = "",
+        style: StyleType = "none",
+        justify: JustifyMethod = "left",
+        markup: bool = True,
+        highlighter: Optional[Highlighter] = None,
+        table_column: Optional[Column] = None,
+        show_speed: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+
+        self.text_format_no_percentage = text_format_no_percentage
+        self.show_speed = show_speed
+        super().__init__(
+            text_format=text_format,
+            style=style,
+            justify=justify,
+            markup=markup,
+            highlighter=highlighter,
+            table_column=table_column,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def render_speed(cls, speed: Optional[float]) -> Text:
+        """Render the speed in iterations per second.
+
+        Args:
+            task (Task): A Task object.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: Text object containing the task speed.
+        """
+        if speed is None:
+            return Text("", style="progress.percentage")
+        unit, suffix = filesize.pick_unit_and_suffix(
+            int(speed),
+            ["", "×10³", "×10⁶", "×10⁹", "×10¹²"],
+            1000,
+        )
+        data_speed = speed / unit
+        return Text(f"{data_speed:.1f}{suffix} it/s", style="progress.percentage")
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        if task.total is None and self.show_speed:
+            return self.render_speed(task.finished_speed or task.speed)
+        text_format = (
+            self.text_format_no_percentage if task.total is None else self.text_format
+        )
+        _text = text_format.format(task=task)
+        if self.markup:
+            text = Text.from_markup(_text, style=self.style, justify=self.justify)
+        else:
+            text = Text(_text, style=self.style, justify=self.justify)
+        if self.highlighter:
+            self.highlighter.highlight(text)
+        return text
+
+
+class TimeRemainingColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders estimated time remaining.
+
+    Args:
+        compact (bool, optional): Render MM:SS when time remaining is less than an hour. Defaults to False.
+        elapsed_when_finished (bool, optional): Render time elapsed when the task is finished. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    # Only refresh twice a second to prevent jitter
+    max_refresh = 0.5
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compact: bool = False,
+        elapsed_when_finished: bool = False,
+        table_column: Optional[Column] = None,
+    ):
+        self.compact = compact
+        self.elapsed_when_finished = elapsed_when_finished
+        super().__init__(table_column=table_column)
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        """Show time remaining."""
+        if self.elapsed_when_finished and task.finished:
+            task_time = task.finished_time
+            style = "progress.elapsed"
+        else:
+            task_time = task.time_remaining
+            style = "progress.remaining"
+
+        if task.total is None:
+            return Text("", style=style)
+
+        if task_time is None:
+            return Text("--:--" if self.compact else "-:--:--", style=style)
+
+        # Based on https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tqdm/std.py
+        minutes, seconds = divmod(int(task_time), 60)
+        hours, minutes = divmod(minutes, 60)
+
+        if self.compact and not hours:
+            formatted = f"{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}"
+        else:
+            formatted = f"{hours:d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}"
+
+        return Text(formatted, style=style)
+
+
+class FileSizeColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders completed filesize."""
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        """Show data completed."""
+        data_size = filesize.decimal(int(task.completed))
+        return Text(data_size, style="progress.filesize")
+
+
+class TotalFileSizeColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders total filesize."""
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        """Show data completed."""
+        data_size = filesize.decimal(int(task.total)) if task.total is not None else ""
+        return Text(data_size, style="progress.filesize.total")
+
+
+class MofNCompleteColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders completed count/total, e.g. '  10/1000'.
+
+    Best for bounded tasks with int quantities.
+
+    Space pads the completed count so that progress length does not change as task progresses
+    past powers of 10.
+
+    Args:
+        separator (str, optional): Text to separate completed and total values. Defaults to "/".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, separator: str = "/", table_column: Optional[Column] = None):
+        self.separator = separator
+        super().__init__(table_column=table_column)
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        """Show completed/total."""
+        completed = int(task.completed)
+        total = int(task.total) if task.total is not None else "?"
+        total_width = len(str(total))
+        return Text(
+            f"{completed:{total_width}d}{self.separator}{total}",
+            style="progress.download",
+        )
+
+
+class DownloadColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders file size downloaded and total, e.g. '0.5/2.3 GB'.
+
+    Args:
+        binary_units (bool, optional): Use binary units, KiB, MiB etc. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, binary_units: bool = False, table_column: Optional[Column] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.binary_units = binary_units
+        super().__init__(table_column=table_column)
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        """Calculate common unit for completed and total."""
+        completed = int(task.completed)
+
+        unit_and_suffix_calculation_base = (
+            int(task.total) if task.total is not None else completed
+        )
+        if self.binary_units:
+            unit, suffix = filesize.pick_unit_and_suffix(
+                unit_and_suffix_calculation_base,
+                ["bytes", "KiB", "MiB", "GiB", "TiB", "PiB", "EiB", "ZiB", "YiB"],
+                1024,
+            )
+        else:
+            unit, suffix = filesize.pick_unit_and_suffix(
+                unit_and_suffix_calculation_base,
+                ["bytes", "kB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB", "EB", "ZB", "YB"],
+                1000,
+            )
+        precision = 0 if unit == 1 else 1
+
+        completed_ratio = completed / unit
+        completed_str = f"{completed_ratio:,.{precision}f}"
+
+        if task.total is not None:
+            total = int(task.total)
+            total_ratio = total / unit
+            total_str = f"{total_ratio:,.{precision}f}"
+        else:
+            total_str = "?"
+
+        download_status = f"{completed_str}/{total_str} {suffix}"
+        download_text = Text(download_status, style="progress.download")
+        return download_text
+
+
+class TransferSpeedColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders human readable transfer speed."""
+
+    def render(self, task: "Task") -> Text:
+        """Show data transfer speed."""
+        speed = task.finished_speed or task.speed
+        if speed is None:
+            return Text("?", style="progress.data.speed")
+        data_speed = filesize.decimal(int(speed))
+        return Text(f"{data_speed}/s", style="progress.data.speed")
+
+
+class ProgressSample(NamedTuple):
+    """Sample of progress for a given time."""
+
+    timestamp: float
+    """Timestamp of sample."""
+    completed: float
+    """Number of steps completed."""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Task:
+    """Information regarding a progress task.
+
+    This object should be considered read-only outside of the :class:`~Progress` class.
+
+    """
+
+    id: TaskID
+    """Task ID associated with this task (used in Progress methods)."""
+
+    description: str
+    """str: Description of the task."""
+
+    total: Optional[float]
+    """Optional[float]: Total number of steps in this task."""
+
+    completed: float
+    """float: Number of steps completed"""
+
+    _get_time: GetTimeCallable
+    """Callable to get the current time."""
+
+    finished_time: Optional[float] = None
+    """float: Time task was finished."""
+
+    visible: bool = True
+    """bool: Indicates if this task is visible in the progress display."""
+
+    fields: Dict[str, Any] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    """dict: Arbitrary fields passed in via Progress.update."""
+
+    start_time: Optional[float] = field(default=None, init=False, repr=False)
+    """Optional[float]: Time this task was started, or None if not started."""
+
+    stop_time: Optional[float] = field(default=None, init=False, repr=False)
+    """Optional[float]: Time this task was stopped, or None if not stopped."""
+
+    finished_speed: Optional[float] = None
+    """Optional[float]: The last speed for a finished task."""
+
+    _progress: Deque[ProgressSample] = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: deque(maxlen=1000), init=False, repr=False
+    )
+
+    _lock: RLock = field(repr=False, default_factory=RLock)
+    """Thread lock."""
+
+    def get_time(self) -> float:
+        """float: Get the current time, in seconds."""
+        return self._get_time()
+
+    @property
+    def started(self) -> bool:
+        """bool: Check if the task as started."""
+        return self.start_time is not None
+
+    @property
+    def remaining(self) -> Optional[float]:
+        """Optional[float]: Get the number of steps remaining, if a non-None total was set."""
+        if self.total is None:
+            return None
+        return self.total - self.completed
+
+    @property
+    def elapsed(self) -> Optional[float]:
+        """Optional[float]: Time elapsed since task was started, or ``None`` if the task hasn't started."""
+        if self.start_time is None:
+            return None
+        if self.stop_time is not None:
+            return self.stop_time - self.start_time
+        return self.get_time() - self.start_time
+
+    @property
+    def finished(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the task has finished."""
+        return self.finished_time is not None
+
+    @property
+    def percentage(self) -> float:
+        """float: Get progress of task as a percentage. If a None total was set, returns 0"""
+        if not self.total:
+            return 0.0
+        completed = (self.completed / self.total) * 100.0
+        completed = min(100.0, max(0.0, completed))
+        return completed
+
+    @property
+    def speed(self) -> Optional[float]:
+        """Optional[float]: Get the estimated speed in steps per second."""
+        if self.start_time is None:
+            return None
+        with self._lock:
+            progress = self._progress
+            if not progress:
+                return None
+            total_time = progress[-1].timestamp - progress[0].timestamp
+            if total_time == 0:
+                return None
+            iter_progress = iter(progress)
+            next(iter_progress)
+            total_completed = sum(sample.completed for sample in iter_progress)
+            speed = total_completed / total_time
+            return speed
+
+    @property
+    def time_remaining(self) -> Optional[float]:
+        """Optional[float]: Get estimated time to completion, or ``None`` if no data."""
+        if self.finished:
+            return 0.0
+        speed = self.speed
+        if not speed:
+            return None
+        remaining = self.remaining
+        if remaining is None:
+            return None
+        estimate = ceil(remaining / speed)
+        return estimate
+
+    def _reset(self) -> None:
+        """Reset progress."""
+        self._progress.clear()
+        self.finished_time = None
+        self.finished_speed = None
+
+
+class Progress(JupyterMixin):
+    """Renders an auto-updating progress bar(s).
+
+    Args:
+        console (Console, optional): Optional Console instance. Default will an internal Console instance writing to stdout.
+        auto_refresh (bool, optional): Enable auto refresh. If disabled, you will need to call `refresh()`.
+        refresh_per_second (Optional[float], optional): Number of times per second to refresh the progress information or None to use default (10). Defaults to None.
+        speed_estimate_period: (float, optional): Period (in seconds) used to calculate the speed estimate. Defaults to 30.
+        transient: (bool, optional): Clear the progress on exit. Defaults to False.
+        redirect_stdout: (bool, optional): Enable redirection of stdout, so ``print`` may be used. Defaults to True.
+        redirect_stderr: (bool, optional): Enable redirection of stderr. Defaults to True.
+        get_time: (Callable, optional): A callable that gets the current time, or None to use Console.get_time. Defaults to None.
+        disable (bool, optional): Disable progress display. Defaults to False
+        expand (bool, optional): Expand tasks table to fit width. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: Union[str, ProgressColumn],
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        auto_refresh: bool = True,
+        refresh_per_second: float = 10,
+        speed_estimate_period: float = 30.0,
+        transient: bool = False,
+        redirect_stdout: bool = True,
+        redirect_stderr: bool = True,
+        get_time: Optional[GetTimeCallable] = None,
+        disable: bool = False,
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert refresh_per_second > 0, "refresh_per_second must be > 0"
+        self._lock = RLock()
+        self.columns = columns or self.get_default_columns()
+        self.speed_estimate_period = speed_estimate_period
+
+        self.disable = disable
+        self.expand = expand
+        self._tasks: Dict[TaskID, Task] = {}
+        self._task_index: TaskID = TaskID(0)
+        self.live = Live(
+            console=console or get_console(),
+            auto_refresh=auto_refresh,
+            refresh_per_second=refresh_per_second,
+            transient=transient,
+            redirect_stdout=redirect_stdout,
+            redirect_stderr=redirect_stderr,
+            get_renderable=self.get_renderable,
+        )
+        self.get_time = get_time or self.console.get_time
+        self.print = self.console.print
+        self.log = self.console.log
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_default_columns(cls) -> Tuple[ProgressColumn, ...]:
+        """Get the default columns used for a new Progress instance:
+           - a text column for the description (TextColumn)
+           - the bar itself (BarColumn)
+           - a text column showing completion percentage (TextColumn)
+           - an estimated-time-remaining column (TimeRemainingColumn)
+        If the Progress instance is created without passing a columns argument,
+        the default columns defined here will be used.
+
+        You can also create a Progress instance using custom columns before
+        and/or after the defaults, as in this example:
+
+            progress = Progress(
+                SpinnerColumn(),
+                *Progress.default_columns(),
+                "Elapsed:",
+                TimeElapsedColumn(),
+            )
+
+        This code shows the creation of a Progress display, containing
+        a spinner to the left, the default columns, and a labeled elapsed
+        time column.
+        """
+        return (
+            TextColumn("[progress.description]{task.description}"),
+            BarColumn(),
+            TaskProgressColumn(),
+            TimeRemainingColumn(),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def console(self) -> Console:
+        return self.live.console
+
+    @property
+    def tasks(self) -> List[Task]:
+        """Get a list of Task instances."""
+        with self._lock:
+            return list(self._tasks.values())
+
+    @property
+    def task_ids(self) -> List[TaskID]:
+        """A list of task IDs."""
+        with self._lock:
+            return list(self._tasks.keys())
+
+    @property
+    def finished(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if all tasks have been completed."""
+        with self._lock:
+            if not self._tasks:
+                return True
+            return all(task.finished for task in self._tasks.values())
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        """Start the progress display."""
+        if not self.disable:
+            self.live.start(refresh=True)
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop the progress display."""
+        self.live.stop()
+        if not self.console.is_interactive:
+            self.console.print()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Progress":
+        self.start()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.stop()
+
+    def track(
+        self,
+        sequence: Union[Iterable[ProgressType], Sequence[ProgressType]],
+        total: Optional[float] = None,
+        task_id: Optional[TaskID] = None,
+        description: str = "Working...",
+        update_period: float = 0.1,
+    ) -> Iterable[ProgressType]:
+        """Track progress by iterating over a sequence.
+
+        Args:
+            sequence (Sequence[ProgressType]): A sequence of values you want to iterate over and track progress.
+            total: (float, optional): Total number of steps. Default is len(sequence).
+            task_id: (TaskID): Task to track. Default is new task.
+            description: (str, optional): Description of task, if new task is created.
+            update_period (float, optional): Minimum time (in seconds) between calls to update(). Defaults to 0.1.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterable[ProgressType]: An iterable of values taken from the provided sequence.
+        """
+        if total is None:
+            total = float(length_hint(sequence)) or None
+
+        if task_id is None:
+            task_id = self.add_task(description, total=total)
+        else:
+            self.update(task_id, total=total)
+
+        if self.live.auto_refresh:
+            with _TrackThread(self, task_id, update_period) as track_thread:
+                for value in sequence:
+                    yield value
+                    track_thread.completed += 1
+        else:
+            advance = self.advance
+            refresh = self.refresh
+            for value in sequence:
+                yield value
+                advance(task_id, 1)
+                refresh()
+
+    def wrap_file(
+        self,
+        file: BinaryIO,
+        total: Optional[int] = None,
+        *,
+        task_id: Optional[TaskID] = None,
+        description: str = "Reading...",
+    ) -> BinaryIO:
+        """Track progress file reading from a binary file.
+
+        Args:
+            file (BinaryIO): A file-like object opened in binary mode.
+            total (int, optional): Total number of bytes to read. This must be provided unless a task with a total is also given.
+            task_id (TaskID): Task to track. Default is new task.
+            description (str, optional): Description of task, if new task is created.
+
+        Returns:
+            BinaryIO: A readable file-like object in binary mode.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: When no total value can be extracted from the arguments or the task.
+        """
+        # attempt to recover the total from the task
+        total_bytes: Optional[float] = None
+        if total is not None:
+            total_bytes = total
+        elif task_id is not None:
+            with self._lock:
+                total_bytes = self._tasks[task_id].total
+        if total_bytes is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"unable to get the total number of bytes, please specify 'total'"
+            )
+
+        # update total of task or create new task
+        if task_id is None:
+            task_id = self.add_task(description, total=total_bytes)
+        else:
+            self.update(task_id, total=total_bytes)
+
+        return _Reader(file, self, task_id, close_handle=False)
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def open(
+        self,
+        file: Union[str, "PathLike[str]", bytes],
+        mode: Literal["rb"],
+        buffering: int = -1,
+        encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+        errors: Optional[str] = None,
+        newline: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        total: Optional[int] = None,
+        task_id: Optional[TaskID] = None,
+        description: str = "Reading...",
+    ) -> BinaryIO:
+        pass
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def open(
+        self,
+        file: Union[str, "PathLike[str]", bytes],
+        mode: Union[Literal["r"], Literal["rt"]],
+        buffering: int = -1,
+        encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+        errors: Optional[str] = None,
+        newline: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        total: Optional[int] = None,
+        task_id: Optional[TaskID] = None,
+        description: str = "Reading...",
+    ) -> TextIO:
+        pass
+
+    def open(
+        self,
+        file: Union[str, "PathLike[str]", bytes],
+        mode: Union[Literal["rb"], Literal["rt"], Literal["r"]] = "r",
+        buffering: int = -1,
+        encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+        errors: Optional[str] = None,
+        newline: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        total: Optional[int] = None,
+        task_id: Optional[TaskID] = None,
+        description: str = "Reading...",
+    ) -> Union[BinaryIO, TextIO]:
+        """Track progress while reading from a binary file.
+
+        Args:
+            path (Union[str, PathLike[str]]): The path to the file to read.
+            mode (str): The mode to use to open the file. Only supports "r", "rb" or "rt".
+            buffering (int): The buffering strategy to use, see :func:`io.open`.
+            encoding (str, optional): The encoding to use when reading in text mode, see :func:`io.open`.
+            errors (str, optional): The error handling strategy for decoding errors, see :func:`io.open`.
+            newline (str, optional): The strategy for handling newlines in text mode, see :func:`io.open`.
+            total (int, optional): Total number of bytes to read. If none given, os.stat(path).st_size is used.
+            task_id (TaskID): Task to track. Default is new task.
+            description (str, optional): Description of task, if new task is created.
+
+        Returns:
+            BinaryIO: A readable file-like object in binary mode.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: When an invalid mode is given.
+        """
+        # normalize the mode (always rb, rt)
+        _mode = "".join(sorted(mode, reverse=False))
+        if _mode not in ("br", "rt", "r"):
+            raise ValueError("invalid mode {!r}".format(mode))
+
+        # patch buffering to provide the same behaviour as the builtin `open`
+        line_buffering = buffering == 1
+        if _mode == "br" and buffering == 1:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "line buffering (buffering=1) isn't supported in binary mode, the default buffer size will be used",
+                RuntimeWarning,
+            )
+            buffering = -1
+        elif _mode in ("rt", "r"):
+            if buffering == 0:
+                raise ValueError("can't have unbuffered text I/O")
+            elif buffering == 1:
+                buffering = -1
+
+        # attempt to get the total with `os.stat`
+        if total is None:
+            total = stat(file).st_size
+
+        # update total of task or create new task
+        if task_id is None:
+            task_id = self.add_task(description, total=total)
+        else:
+            self.update(task_id, total=total)
+
+        # open the file in binary mode,
+        handle = io.open(file, "rb", buffering=buffering)
+        reader = _Reader(handle, self, task_id, close_handle=True)
+
+        # wrap the reader in a `TextIOWrapper` if text mode
+        if mode in ("r", "rt"):
+            return io.TextIOWrapper(
+                reader,
+                encoding=encoding,
+                errors=errors,
+                newline=newline,
+                line_buffering=line_buffering,
+            )
+
+        return reader
+
+    def start_task(self, task_id: TaskID) -> None:
+        """Start a task.
+
+        Starts a task (used when calculating elapsed time). You may need to call this manually,
+        if you called ``add_task`` with ``start=False``.
+
+        Args:
+            task_id (TaskID): ID of task.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            task = self._tasks[task_id]
+            if task.start_time is None:
+                task.start_time = self.get_time()
+
+    def stop_task(self, task_id: TaskID) -> None:
+        """Stop a task.
+
+        This will freeze the elapsed time on the task.
+
+        Args:
+            task_id (TaskID): ID of task.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            task = self._tasks[task_id]
+            current_time = self.get_time()
+            if task.start_time is None:
+                task.start_time = current_time
+            task.stop_time = current_time
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        task_id: TaskID,
+        *,
+        total: Optional[float] = None,
+        completed: Optional[float] = None,
+        advance: Optional[float] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        visible: Optional[bool] = None,
+        refresh: bool = False,
+        **fields: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update information associated with a task.
+
+        Args:
+            task_id (TaskID): Task id (returned by add_task).
+            total (float, optional): Updates task.total if not None.
+            completed (float, optional): Updates task.completed if not None.
+            advance (float, optional): Add a value to task.completed if not None.
+            description (str, optional): Change task description if not None.
+            visible (bool, optional): Set visible flag if not None.
+            refresh (bool): Force a refresh of progress information. Default is False.
+            **fields (Any): Additional data fields required for rendering.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            task = self._tasks[task_id]
+            completed_start = task.completed
+
+            if total is not None and total != task.total:
+                task.total = total
+                task._reset()
+            if advance is not None:
+                task.completed += advance
+            if completed is not None:
+                task.completed = completed
+            if description is not None:
+                task.description = description
+            if visible is not None:
+                task.visible = visible
+            task.fields.update(fields)
+            update_completed = task.completed - completed_start
+
+            current_time = self.get_time()
+            old_sample_time = current_time - self.speed_estimate_period
+            _progress = task._progress
+
+            popleft = _progress.popleft
+            while _progress and _progress[0].timestamp < old_sample_time:
+                popleft()
+            if update_completed > 0:
+                _progress.append(ProgressSample(current_time, update_completed))
+            if (
+                task.total is not None
+                and task.completed >= task.total
+                and task.finished_time is None
+            ):
+                task.finished_time = task.elapsed
+
+        if refresh:
+            self.refresh()
+
+    def reset(
+        self,
+        task_id: TaskID,
+        *,
+        start: bool = True,
+        total: Optional[float] = None,
+        completed: int = 0,
+        visible: Optional[bool] = None,
+        description: Optional[str] = None,
+        **fields: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Reset a task so completed is 0 and the clock is reset.
+
+        Args:
+            task_id (TaskID): ID of task.
+            start (bool, optional): Start the task after reset. Defaults to True.
+            total (float, optional): New total steps in task, or None to use current total. Defaults to None.
+            completed (int, optional): Number of steps completed. Defaults to 0.
+            visible (bool, optional): Enable display of the task. Defaults to True.
+            description (str, optional): Change task description if not None. Defaults to None.
+            **fields (str): Additional data fields required for rendering.
+        """
+        current_time = self.get_time()
+        with self._lock:
+            task = self._tasks[task_id]
+            task._reset()
+            task.start_time = current_time if start else None
+            if total is not None:
+                task.total = total
+            task.completed = completed
+            if visible is not None:
+                task.visible = visible
+            if fields:
+                task.fields = fields
+            if description is not None:
+                task.description = description
+            task.finished_time = None
+        self.refresh()
+
+    def advance(self, task_id: TaskID, advance: float = 1) -> None:
+        """Advance task by a number of steps.
+
+        Args:
+            task_id (TaskID): ID of task.
+            advance (float): Number of steps to advance. Default is 1.
+        """
+        current_time = self.get_time()
+        with self._lock:
+            task = self._tasks[task_id]
+            completed_start = task.completed
+            task.completed += advance
+            update_completed = task.completed - completed_start
+            old_sample_time = current_time - self.speed_estimate_period
+            _progress = task._progress
+
+            popleft = _progress.popleft
+            while _progress and _progress[0].timestamp < old_sample_time:
+                popleft()
+            while len(_progress) > 1000:
+                popleft()
+            _progress.append(ProgressSample(current_time, update_completed))
+            if (
+                task.total is not None
+                and task.completed >= task.total
+                and task.finished_time is None
+            ):
+                task.finished_time = task.elapsed
+                task.finished_speed = task.speed
+
+    def refresh(self) -> None:
+        """Refresh (render) the progress information."""
+        if not self.disable and self.live.is_started:
+            self.live.refresh()
+
+    def get_renderable(self) -> RenderableType:
+        """Get a renderable for the progress display."""
+        renderable = Group(*self.get_renderables())
+        return renderable
+
+    def get_renderables(self) -> Iterable[RenderableType]:
+        """Get a number of renderables for the progress display."""
+        table = self.make_tasks_table(self.tasks)
+        yield table
+
+    def make_tasks_table(self, tasks: Iterable[Task]) -> Table:
+        """Get a table to render the Progress display.
+
+        Args:
+            tasks (Iterable[Task]): An iterable of Task instances, one per row of the table.
+
+        Returns:
+            Table: A table instance.
+        """
+        table_columns = (
+            (
+                Column(no_wrap=True)
+                if isinstance(_column, str)
+                else _column.get_table_column().copy()
+            )
+            for _column in self.columns
+        )
+        table = Table.grid(*table_columns, padding=(0, 1), expand=self.expand)
+
+        for task in tasks:
+            if task.visible:
+                table.add_row(
+                    *(
+                        (
+                            column.format(task=task)
+                            if isinstance(column, str)
+                            else column(task)
+                        )
+                        for column in self.columns
+                    )
+                )
+        return table
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> RenderableType:
+        """Makes the Progress class itself renderable."""
+        with self._lock:
+            return self.get_renderable()
+
+    def add_task(
+        self,
+        description: str,
+        start: bool = True,
+        total: Optional[float] = 100.0,
+        completed: int = 0,
+        visible: bool = True,
+        **fields: Any,
+    ) -> TaskID:
+        """Add a new 'task' to the Progress display.
+
+        Args:
+            description (str): A description of the task.
+            start (bool, optional): Start the task immediately (to calculate elapsed time). If set to False,
+                you will need to call `start` manually. Defaults to True.
+            total (float, optional): Number of total steps in the progress if known.
+                Set to None to render a pulsing animation. Defaults to 100.
+            completed (int, optional): Number of steps completed so far. Defaults to 0.
+            visible (bool, optional): Enable display of the task. Defaults to True.
+            **fields (str): Additional data fields required for rendering.
+
+        Returns:
+            TaskID: An ID you can use when calling `update`.
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            task = Task(
+                self._task_index,
+                description,
+                total,
+                completed,
+                visible=visible,
+                fields=fields,
+                _get_time=self.get_time,
+                _lock=self._lock,
+            )
+            self._tasks[self._task_index] = task
+            if start:
+                self.start_task(self._task_index)
+            new_task_index = self._task_index
+            self._task_index = TaskID(int(self._task_index) + 1)
+        self.refresh()
+        return new_task_index
+
+    def remove_task(self, task_id: TaskID) -> None:
+        """Delete a task if it exists.
+
+        Args:
+            task_id (TaskID): A task ID.
+
+        """
+        with self._lock:
+            del self._tasks[task_id]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no coverage
+
+    import random
+    import time
+
+    from .panel import Panel
+    from .rule import Rule
+    from .syntax import Syntax
+    from .table import Table
+
+    syntax = Syntax(
+        '''def loop_last(values: Iterable[T]) -> Iterable[Tuple[bool, T]]:
+    """Iterate and generate a tuple with a flag for last value."""
+    iter_values = iter(values)
+    try:
+        previous_value = next(iter_values)
+    except StopIteration:
+        return
+    for value in iter_values:
+        yield False, previous_value
+        previous_value = value
+    yield True, previous_value''',
+        "python",
+        line_numbers=True,
+    )
+
+    table = Table("foo", "bar", "baz")
+    table.add_row("1", "2", "3")
+
+    progress_renderables = [
+        "Text may be printed while the progress bars are rendering.",
+        Panel("In fact, [i]any[/i] renderable will work"),
+        "Such as [magenta]tables[/]...",
+        table,
+        "Pretty printed structures...",
+        {"type": "example", "text": "Pretty printed"},
+        "Syntax...",
+        syntax,
+        Rule("Give it a try!"),
+    ]
+
+    from itertools import cycle
+
+    examples = cycle(progress_renderables)
+
+    console = Console(record=True)
+
+    with Progress(
+        SpinnerColumn(),
+        *Progress.get_default_columns(),
+        TimeElapsedColumn(),
+        console=console,
+        transient=False,
+    ) as progress:
+
+        task1 = progress.add_task("[red]Downloading", total=1000)
+        task2 = progress.add_task("[green]Processing", total=1000)
+        task3 = progress.add_task("[yellow]Thinking", total=None)
+
+        while not progress.finished:
+            progress.update(task1, advance=0.5)
+            progress.update(task2, advance=0.3)
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+            if random.randint(0, 100) < 1:
+                progress.log(next(examples))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/progress_bar.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/progress_bar.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67361df2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/progress_bar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import math
+from functools import lru_cache
+from time import monotonic
+from typing import Iterable, List, Optional
+
+from .color import Color, blend_rgb
+from .color_triplet import ColorTriplet
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style, StyleType
+
+# Number of characters before 'pulse' animation repeats
+PULSE_SIZE = 20
+
+
+class ProgressBar(JupyterMixin):
+    """Renders a (progress) bar. Used by rich.progress.
+
+    Args:
+        total (float, optional): Number of steps in the bar. Defaults to 100. Set to None to render a pulsing animation.
+        completed (float, optional): Number of steps completed. Defaults to 0.
+        width (int, optional): Width of the bar, or ``None`` for maximum width. Defaults to None.
+        pulse (bool, optional): Enable pulse effect. Defaults to False. Will pulse if a None total was passed.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style for the bar background. Defaults to "bar.back".
+        complete_style (StyleType, optional): Style for the completed bar. Defaults to "bar.complete".
+        finished_style (StyleType, optional): Style for a finished bar. Defaults to "bar.finished".
+        pulse_style (StyleType, optional): Style for pulsing bars. Defaults to "bar.pulse".
+        animation_time (Optional[float], optional): Time in seconds to use for animation, or None to use system time.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        total: Optional[float] = 100.0,
+        completed: float = 0,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        pulse: bool = False,
+        style: StyleType = "bar.back",
+        complete_style: StyleType = "bar.complete",
+        finished_style: StyleType = "bar.finished",
+        pulse_style: StyleType = "bar.pulse",
+        animation_time: Optional[float] = None,
+    ):
+        self.total = total
+        self.completed = completed
+        self.width = width
+        self.pulse = pulse
+        self.style = style
+        self.complete_style = complete_style
+        self.finished_style = finished_style
+        self.pulse_style = pulse_style
+        self.animation_time = animation_time
+
+        self._pulse_segments: Optional[List[Segment]] = None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<Bar {self.completed!r} of {self.total!r}>"
+
+    @property
+    def percentage_completed(self) -> Optional[float]:
+        """Calculate percentage complete."""
+        if self.total is None:
+            return None
+        completed = (self.completed / self.total) * 100.0
+        completed = min(100, max(0.0, completed))
+        return completed
+
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=16)
+    def _get_pulse_segments(
+        self,
+        fore_style: Style,
+        back_style: Style,
+        color_system: str,
+        no_color: bool,
+        ascii: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[Segment]:
+        """Get a list of segments to render a pulse animation.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Segment]: A list of segments, one segment per character.
+        """
+        bar = "-" if ascii else "━"
+        segments: List[Segment] = []
+        if color_system not in ("standard", "eight_bit", "truecolor") or no_color:
+            segments += [Segment(bar, fore_style)] * (PULSE_SIZE // 2)
+            segments += [Segment(" " if no_color else bar, back_style)] * (
+                PULSE_SIZE - (PULSE_SIZE // 2)
+            )
+            return segments
+
+        append = segments.append
+        fore_color = (
+            fore_style.color.get_truecolor()
+            if fore_style.color
+            else ColorTriplet(255, 0, 255)
+        )
+        back_color = (
+            back_style.color.get_truecolor()
+            if back_style.color
+            else ColorTriplet(0, 0, 0)
+        )
+        cos = math.cos
+        pi = math.pi
+        _Segment = Segment
+        _Style = Style
+        from_triplet = Color.from_triplet
+
+        for index in range(PULSE_SIZE):
+            position = index / PULSE_SIZE
+            fade = 0.5 + cos((position * pi * 2)) / 2.0
+            color = blend_rgb(fore_color, back_color, cross_fade=fade)
+            append(_Segment(bar, _Style(color=from_triplet(color))))
+        return segments
+
+    def update(self, completed: float, total: Optional[float] = None) -> None:
+        """Update progress with new values.
+
+        Args:
+            completed (float): Number of steps completed.
+            total (float, optional): Total number of steps, or ``None`` to not change. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        self.completed = completed
+        self.total = total if total is not None else self.total
+
+    def _render_pulse(
+        self, console: Console, width: int, ascii: bool = False
+    ) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+        """Renders the pulse animation.
+
+        Args:
+            console (Console): Console instance.
+            width (int): Width in characters of pulse animation.
+
+        Returns:
+            RenderResult: [description]
+
+        Yields:
+            Iterator[Segment]: Segments to render pulse
+        """
+        fore_style = console.get_style(self.pulse_style, default="white")
+        back_style = console.get_style(self.style, default="black")
+
+        pulse_segments = self._get_pulse_segments(
+            fore_style, back_style, console.color_system, console.no_color, ascii=ascii
+        )
+        segment_count = len(pulse_segments)
+        current_time = (
+            monotonic() if self.animation_time is None else self.animation_time
+        )
+        segments = pulse_segments * (int(width / segment_count) + 2)
+        offset = int(-current_time * 15) % segment_count
+        segments = segments[offset : offset + width]
+        yield from segments
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+
+        width = min(self.width or options.max_width, options.max_width)
+        ascii = options.legacy_windows or options.ascii_only
+        should_pulse = self.pulse or self.total is None
+        if should_pulse:
+            yield from self._render_pulse(console, width, ascii=ascii)
+            return
+
+        completed: Optional[float] = (
+            min(self.total, max(0, self.completed)) if self.total is not None else None
+        )
+
+        bar = "-" if ascii else "━"
+        half_bar_right = " " if ascii else "╸"
+        half_bar_left = " " if ascii else "╺"
+        complete_halves = (
+            int(width * 2 * completed / self.total)
+            if self.total and completed is not None
+            else width * 2
+        )
+        bar_count = complete_halves // 2
+        half_bar_count = complete_halves % 2
+        style = console.get_style(self.style)
+        is_finished = self.total is None or self.completed >= self.total
+        complete_style = console.get_style(
+            self.finished_style if is_finished else self.complete_style
+        )
+        _Segment = Segment
+        if bar_count:
+            yield _Segment(bar * bar_count, complete_style)
+        if half_bar_count:
+            yield _Segment(half_bar_right * half_bar_count, complete_style)
+
+        if not console.no_color:
+            remaining_bars = width - bar_count - half_bar_count
+            if remaining_bars and console.color_system is not None:
+                if not half_bar_count and bar_count:
+                    yield _Segment(half_bar_left, style)
+                    remaining_bars -= 1
+                if remaining_bars:
+                    yield _Segment(bar * remaining_bars, style)
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        return (
+            Measurement(self.width, self.width)
+            if self.width is not None
+            else Measurement(4, options.max_width)
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    console = Console()
+    bar = ProgressBar(width=50, total=100)
+
+    import time
+
+    console.show_cursor(False)
+    for n in range(0, 101, 1):
+        bar.update(n)
+        console.print(bar)
+        console.file.write("\r")
+        time.sleep(0.05)
+    console.show_cursor(True)
+    console.print()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/prompt.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/prompt.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2bd0a772
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/prompt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+from typing import Any, Generic, List, Optional, TextIO, TypeVar, Union, overload
+
+from . import get_console
+from .console import Console
+from .text import Text, TextType
+
+PromptType = TypeVar("PromptType")
+DefaultType = TypeVar("DefaultType")
+
+
+class PromptError(Exception):
+    """Exception base class for prompt related errors."""
+
+
+class InvalidResponse(PromptError):
+    """Exception to indicate a response was invalid. Raise this within process_response() to indicate an error
+    and provide an error message.
+
+    Args:
+        message (Union[str, Text]): Error message.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: TextType) -> None:
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> TextType:
+        return self.message
+
+
+class PromptBase(Generic[PromptType]):
+    """Ask the user for input until a valid response is received. This is the base class, see one of
+    the concrete classes for examples.
+
+    Args:
+        prompt (TextType, optional): Prompt text. Defaults to "".
+        console (Console, optional): A Console instance or None to use global console. Defaults to None.
+        password (bool, optional): Enable password input. Defaults to False.
+        choices (List[str], optional): A list of valid choices. Defaults to None.
+        show_default (bool, optional): Show default in prompt. Defaults to True.
+        show_choices (bool, optional): Show choices in prompt. Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    response_type: type = str
+
+    validate_error_message = "[prompt.invalid]Please enter a valid value"
+    illegal_choice_message = (
+        "[prompt.invalid.choice]Please select one of the available options"
+    )
+    prompt_suffix = ": "
+
+    choices: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prompt: TextType = "",
+        *,
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        password: bool = False,
+        choices: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        show_default: bool = True,
+        show_choices: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.console = console or get_console()
+        self.prompt = (
+            Text.from_markup(prompt, style="prompt")
+            if isinstance(prompt, str)
+            else prompt
+        )
+        self.password = password
+        if choices is not None:
+            self.choices = choices
+        self.show_default = show_default
+        self.show_choices = show_choices
+
+    @classmethod
+    @overload
+    def ask(
+        cls,
+        prompt: TextType = "",
+        *,
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        password: bool = False,
+        choices: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        show_default: bool = True,
+        show_choices: bool = True,
+        default: DefaultType,
+        stream: Optional[TextIO] = None,
+    ) -> Union[DefaultType, PromptType]:
+        ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    @overload
+    def ask(
+        cls,
+        prompt: TextType = "",
+        *,
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        password: bool = False,
+        choices: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        show_default: bool = True,
+        show_choices: bool = True,
+        stream: Optional[TextIO] = None,
+    ) -> PromptType:
+        ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def ask(
+        cls,
+        prompt: TextType = "",
+        *,
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        password: bool = False,
+        choices: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        show_default: bool = True,
+        show_choices: bool = True,
+        default: Any = ...,
+        stream: Optional[TextIO] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Shortcut to construct and run a prompt loop and return the result.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> filename = Prompt.ask("Enter a filename")
+
+        Args:
+            prompt (TextType, optional): Prompt text. Defaults to "".
+            console (Console, optional): A Console instance or None to use global console. Defaults to None.
+            password (bool, optional): Enable password input. Defaults to False.
+            choices (List[str], optional): A list of valid choices. Defaults to None.
+            show_default (bool, optional): Show default in prompt. Defaults to True.
+            show_choices (bool, optional): Show choices in prompt. Defaults to True.
+            stream (TextIO, optional): Optional text file open for reading to get input. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        _prompt = cls(
+            prompt,
+            console=console,
+            password=password,
+            choices=choices,
+            show_default=show_default,
+            show_choices=show_choices,
+        )
+        return _prompt(default=default, stream=stream)
+
+    def render_default(self, default: DefaultType) -> Text:
+        """Turn the supplied default in to a Text instance.
+
+        Args:
+            default (DefaultType): Default value.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: Text containing rendering of default value.
+        """
+        return Text(f"({default})", "prompt.default")
+
+    def make_prompt(self, default: DefaultType) -> Text:
+        """Make prompt text.
+
+        Args:
+            default (DefaultType): Default value.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: Text to display in prompt.
+        """
+        prompt = self.prompt.copy()
+        prompt.end = ""
+
+        if self.show_choices and self.choices:
+            _choices = "/".join(self.choices)
+            choices = f"[{_choices}]"
+            prompt.append(" ")
+            prompt.append(choices, "prompt.choices")
+
+        if (
+            default != ...
+            and self.show_default
+            and isinstance(default, (str, self.response_type))
+        ):
+            prompt.append(" ")
+            _default = self.render_default(default)
+            prompt.append(_default)
+
+        prompt.append(self.prompt_suffix)
+
+        return prompt
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_input(
+        cls,
+        console: Console,
+        prompt: TextType,
+        password: bool,
+        stream: Optional[TextIO] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Get input from user.
+
+        Args:
+            console (Console): Console instance.
+            prompt (TextType): Prompt text.
+            password (bool): Enable password entry.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: String from user.
+        """
+        return console.input(prompt, password=password, stream=stream)
+
+    def check_choice(self, value: str) -> bool:
+        """Check value is in the list of valid choices.
+
+        Args:
+            value (str): Value entered by user.
+
+        Returns:
+            bool: True if choice was valid, otherwise False.
+        """
+        assert self.choices is not None
+        return value.strip() in self.choices
+
+    def process_response(self, value: str) -> PromptType:
+        """Process response from user, convert to prompt type.
+
+        Args:
+            value (str): String typed by user.
+
+        Raises:
+            InvalidResponse: If ``value`` is invalid.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptType: The value to be returned from ask method.
+        """
+        value = value.strip()
+        try:
+            return_value: PromptType = self.response_type(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise InvalidResponse(self.validate_error_message)
+
+        if self.choices is not None and not self.check_choice(value):
+            raise InvalidResponse(self.illegal_choice_message)
+
+        return return_value
+
+    def on_validate_error(self, value: str, error: InvalidResponse) -> None:
+        """Called to handle validation error.
+
+        Args:
+            value (str): String entered by user.
+            error (InvalidResponse): Exception instance the initiated the error.
+        """
+        self.console.print(error)
+
+    def pre_prompt(self) -> None:
+        """Hook to display something before the prompt."""
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, *, stream: Optional[TextIO] = None) -> PromptType:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self, *, default: DefaultType, stream: Optional[TextIO] = None
+    ) -> Union[PromptType, DefaultType]:
+        ...
+
+    def __call__(self, *, default: Any = ..., stream: Optional[TextIO] = None) -> Any:
+        """Run the prompt loop.
+
+        Args:
+            default (Any, optional): Optional default value.
+
+        Returns:
+            PromptType: Processed value.
+        """
+        while True:
+            self.pre_prompt()
+            prompt = self.make_prompt(default)
+            value = self.get_input(self.console, prompt, self.password, stream=stream)
+            if value == "" and default != ...:
+                return default
+            try:
+                return_value = self.process_response(value)
+            except InvalidResponse as error:
+                self.on_validate_error(value, error)
+                continue
+            else:
+                return return_value
+
+
+class Prompt(PromptBase[str]):
+    """A prompt that returns a str.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> name = Prompt.ask("Enter your name")
+
+
+    """
+
+    response_type = str
+
+
+class IntPrompt(PromptBase[int]):
+    """A prompt that returns an integer.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> burrito_count = IntPrompt.ask("How many burritos do you want to order")
+
+    """
+
+    response_type = int
+    validate_error_message = "[prompt.invalid]Please enter a valid integer number"
+
+
+class FloatPrompt(PromptBase[int]):
+    """A prompt that returns a float.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> temperature = FloatPrompt.ask("Enter desired temperature")
+
+    """
+
+    response_type = float
+    validate_error_message = "[prompt.invalid]Please enter a number"
+
+
+class Confirm(PromptBase[bool]):
+    """A yes / no confirmation prompt.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> if Confirm.ask("Continue"):
+                run_job()
+
+    """
+
+    response_type = bool
+    validate_error_message = "[prompt.invalid]Please enter Y or N"
+    choices: List[str] = ["y", "n"]
+
+    def render_default(self, default: DefaultType) -> Text:
+        """Render the default as (y) or (n) rather than True/False."""
+        yes, no = self.choices
+        return Text(f"({yes})" if default else f"({no})", style="prompt.default")
+
+    def process_response(self, value: str) -> bool:
+        """Convert choices to a bool."""
+        value = value.strip().lower()
+        if value not in self.choices:
+            raise InvalidResponse(self.validate_error_message)
+        return value == self.choices[0]
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich import print
+
+    if Confirm.ask("Run [i]prompt[/i] tests?", default=True):
+        while True:
+            result = IntPrompt.ask(
+                ":rocket: Enter a number between [b]1[/b] and [b]10[/b]", default=5
+            )
+            if result >= 1 and result <= 10:
+                break
+            print(":pile_of_poo: [prompt.invalid]Number must be between 1 and 10")
+        print(f"number={result}")
+
+        while True:
+            password = Prompt.ask(
+                "Please enter a password [cyan](must be at least 5 characters)",
+                password=True,
+            )
+            if len(password) >= 5:
+                break
+            print("[prompt.invalid]password too short")
+        print(f"password={password!r}")
+
+        fruit = Prompt.ask("Enter a fruit", choices=["apple", "orange", "pear"])
+        print(f"fruit={fruit!r}")
+
+    else:
+        print("[b]OK :loudly_crying_face:")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/protocol.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/protocol.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12ab2371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/protocol.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from typing import Any, cast, Set, TYPE_CHECKING
+from inspect import isclass
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import RenderableType
+
+_GIBBERISH = """aihwerij235234ljsdnp34ksodfipwoe234234jlskjdf"""
+
+
+def is_renderable(check_object: Any) -> bool:
+    """Check if an object may be rendered by Rich."""
+    return (
+        isinstance(check_object, str)
+        or hasattr(check_object, "__rich__")
+        or hasattr(check_object, "__rich_console__")
+    )
+
+
+def rich_cast(renderable: object) -> "RenderableType":
+    """Cast an object to a renderable by calling __rich__ if present.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (object): A potentially renderable object
+
+    Returns:
+        object: The result of recursively calling __rich__.
+    """
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import RenderableType
+
+    rich_visited_set: Set[type] = set()  # Prevent potential infinite loop
+    while hasattr(renderable, "__rich__") and not isclass(renderable):
+        # Detect object which claim to have all the attributes
+        if hasattr(renderable, _GIBBERISH):
+            return repr(renderable)
+        cast_method = getattr(renderable, "__rich__")
+        renderable = cast_method()
+        renderable_type = type(renderable)
+        if renderable_type in rich_visited_set:
+            break
+        rich_visited_set.add(renderable_type)
+
+    return cast(RenderableType, renderable)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/region.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/region.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75b3631c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/region.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+from typing import NamedTuple
+
+
+class Region(NamedTuple):
+    """Defines a rectangular region of the screen."""
+
+    x: int
+    y: int
+    width: int
+    height: int
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/repr.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/repr.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f284bcaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/repr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+import inspect
+from functools import partial
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    overload,
+)
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+Result = Iterable[Union[Any, Tuple[Any], Tuple[str, Any], Tuple[str, Any, Any]]]
+RichReprResult = Result
+
+
+class ReprError(Exception):
+    """An error occurred when attempting to build a repr."""
+
+
+@overload
+def auto(cls: Optional[Type[T]]) -> Type[T]:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def auto(*, angular: bool = False) -> Callable[[Type[T]], Type[T]]:
+    ...
+
+
+def auto(
+    cls: Optional[Type[T]] = None, *, angular: Optional[bool] = None
+) -> Union[Type[T], Callable[[Type[T]], Type[T]]]:
+    """Class decorator to create __repr__ from __rich_repr__"""
+
+    def do_replace(cls: Type[T], angular: Optional[bool] = None) -> Type[T]:
+        def auto_repr(self: T) -> str:
+            """Create repr string from __rich_repr__"""
+            repr_str: List[str] = []
+            append = repr_str.append
+
+            angular: bool = getattr(self.__rich_repr__, "angular", False)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            for arg in self.__rich_repr__():  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                if isinstance(arg, tuple):
+                    if len(arg) == 1:
+                        append(repr(arg[0]))
+                    else:
+                        key, value, *default = arg
+                        if key is None:
+                            append(repr(value))
+                        else:
+                            if default and default[0] == value:
+                                continue
+                            append(f"{key}={value!r}")
+                else:
+                    append(repr(arg))
+            if angular:
+                return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {' '.join(repr_str)}>"
+            else:
+                return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({', '.join(repr_str)})"
+
+        def auto_rich_repr(self: Type[T]) -> Result:
+            """Auto generate __rich_rep__ from signature of __init__"""
+            try:
+                signature = inspect.signature(self.__init__)
+                for name, param in signature.parameters.items():
+                    if param.kind == param.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
+                        yield getattr(self, name)
+                    elif param.kind in (
+                        param.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
+                        param.KEYWORD_ONLY,
+                    ):
+                        if param.default == param.empty:
+                            yield getattr(self, param.name)
+                        else:
+                            yield param.name, getattr(self, param.name), param.default
+            except Exception as error:
+                raise ReprError(
+                    f"Failed to auto generate __rich_repr__; {error}"
+                ) from None
+
+        if not hasattr(cls, "__rich_repr__"):
+            auto_rich_repr.__doc__ = "Build a rich repr"
+            cls.__rich_repr__ = auto_rich_repr  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        auto_repr.__doc__ = "Return repr(self)"
+        cls.__repr__ = auto_repr  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        if angular is not None:
+            cls.__rich_repr__.angular = angular  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return cls
+
+    if cls is None:
+        return partial(do_replace, angular=angular)
+    else:
+        return do_replace(cls, angular=angular)
+
+
+@overload
+def rich_repr(cls: Optional[Type[T]]) -> Type[T]:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def rich_repr(*, angular: bool = False) -> Callable[[Type[T]], Type[T]]:
+    ...
+
+
+def rich_repr(
+    cls: Optional[Type[T]] = None, *, angular: bool = False
+) -> Union[Type[T], Callable[[Type[T]], Type[T]]]:
+    if cls is None:
+        return auto(angular=angular)
+    else:
+        return auto(cls)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    @auto
+    class Foo:
+        def __rich_repr__(self) -> Result:
+            yield "foo"
+            yield "bar", {"shopping": ["eggs", "ham", "pineapple"]}
+            yield "buy", "hand sanitizer"
+
+    foo = Foo()
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    console.rule("Standard repr")
+    console.print(foo)
+
+    console.print(foo, width=60)
+    console.print(foo, width=30)
+
+    console.rule("Angular repr")
+    Foo.__rich_repr__.angular = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    console.print(foo)
+
+    console.print(foo, width=60)
+    console.print(foo, width=30)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/rule.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/rule.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd00ce6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/rule.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from .align import AlignMethod
+from .cells import cell_len, set_cell_size
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .style import Style
+from .text import Text
+
+
+class Rule(JupyterMixin):
+    """A console renderable to draw a horizontal rule (line).
+
+    Args:
+        title (Union[str, Text], optional): Text to render in the rule. Defaults to "".
+        characters (str, optional): Character(s) used to draw the line. Defaults to "─".
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style of Rule. Defaults to "rule.line".
+        end (str, optional): Character at end of Rule. defaults to "\\\\n"
+        align (str, optional): How to align the title, one of "left", "center", or "right". Defaults to "center".
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        title: Union[str, Text] = "",
+        *,
+        characters: str = "─",
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "rule.line",
+        end: str = "\n",
+        align: AlignMethod = "center",
+    ) -> None:
+        if cell_len(characters) < 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "'characters' argument must have a cell width of at least 1"
+            )
+        if align not in ("left", "center", "right"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'invalid value for align, expected "left", "center", "right" (not {align!r})'
+            )
+        self.title = title
+        self.characters = characters
+        self.style = style
+        self.end = end
+        self.align = align
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Rule({self.title!r}, {self.characters!r})"
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        width = options.max_width
+
+        characters = (
+            "-"
+            if (options.ascii_only and not self.characters.isascii())
+            else self.characters
+        )
+
+        chars_len = cell_len(characters)
+        if not self.title:
+            yield self._rule_line(chars_len, width)
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(self.title, Text):
+            title_text = self.title
+        else:
+            title_text = console.render_str(self.title, style="rule.text")
+
+        title_text.plain = title_text.plain.replace("\n", " ")
+        title_text.expand_tabs()
+
+        required_space = 4 if self.align == "center" else 2
+        truncate_width = max(0, width - required_space)
+        if not truncate_width:
+            yield self._rule_line(chars_len, width)
+            return
+
+        rule_text = Text(end=self.end)
+        if self.align == "center":
+            title_text.truncate(truncate_width, overflow="ellipsis")
+            side_width = (width - cell_len(title_text.plain)) // 2
+            left = Text(characters * (side_width // chars_len + 1))
+            left.truncate(side_width - 1)
+            right_length = width - cell_len(left.plain) - cell_len(title_text.plain)
+            right = Text(characters * (side_width // chars_len + 1))
+            right.truncate(right_length)
+            rule_text.append(left.plain + " ", self.style)
+            rule_text.append(title_text)
+            rule_text.append(" " + right.plain, self.style)
+        elif self.align == "left":
+            title_text.truncate(truncate_width, overflow="ellipsis")
+            rule_text.append(title_text)
+            rule_text.append(" ")
+            rule_text.append(characters * (width - rule_text.cell_len), self.style)
+        elif self.align == "right":
+            title_text.truncate(truncate_width, overflow="ellipsis")
+            rule_text.append(characters * (width - title_text.cell_len - 1), self.style)
+            rule_text.append(" ")
+            rule_text.append(title_text)
+
+        rule_text.plain = set_cell_size(rule_text.plain, width)
+        yield rule_text
+
+    def _rule_line(self, chars_len: int, width: int) -> Text:
+        rule_text = Text(self.characters * ((width // chars_len) + 1), self.style)
+        rule_text.truncate(width)
+        rule_text.plain = set_cell_size(rule_text.plain, width)
+        return rule_text
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        return Measurement(1, 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import sys
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    try:
+        text = sys.argv[1]
+    except IndexError:
+        text = "Hello, World"
+    console = Console()
+    console.print(Rule(title=text))
+
+    console = Console()
+    console.print(Rule("foo"), width=4)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/scope.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/scope.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c9d134cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/scope.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Optional, Tuple
+
+from .highlighter import ReprHighlighter
+from .panel import Panel
+from .pretty import Pretty
+from .table import Table
+from .text import Text, TextType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import ConsoleRenderable
+
+
+def render_scope(
+    scope: "Mapping[str, Any]",
+    *,
+    title: Optional[TextType] = None,
+    sort_keys: bool = True,
+    indent_guides: bool = False,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_string: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> "ConsoleRenderable":
+    """Render python variables in a given scope.
+
+    Args:
+        scope (Mapping): A mapping containing variable names and values.
+        title (str, optional): Optional title. Defaults to None.
+        sort_keys (bool, optional): Enable sorting of items. Defaults to True.
+        indent_guides (bool, optional): Enable indentation guides. Defaults to False.
+        max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to None.
+        max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        ConsoleRenderable: A renderable object.
+    """
+    highlighter = ReprHighlighter()
+    items_table = Table.grid(padding=(0, 1), expand=False)
+    items_table.add_column(justify="right")
+
+    def sort_items(item: Tuple[str, Any]) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+        """Sort special variables first, then alphabetically."""
+        key, _ = item
+        return (not key.startswith("__"), key.lower())
+
+    items = sorted(scope.items(), key=sort_items) if sort_keys else scope.items()
+    for key, value in items:
+        key_text = Text.assemble(
+            (key, "scope.key.special" if key.startswith("__") else "scope.key"),
+            (" =", "scope.equals"),
+        )
+        items_table.add_row(
+            key_text,
+            Pretty(
+                value,
+                highlighter=highlighter,
+                indent_guides=indent_guides,
+                max_length=max_length,
+                max_string=max_string,
+            ),
+        )
+    return Panel.fit(
+        items_table,
+        title=title,
+        border_style="scope.border",
+        padding=(0, 1),
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich import print
+
+    print()
+
+    def test(foo: float, bar: float) -> None:
+        list_of_things = [1, 2, 3, None, 4, True, False, "Hello World"]
+        dict_of_things = {
+            "version": "1.1",
+            "method": "confirmFruitPurchase",
+            "params": [["apple", "orange", "mangoes", "pomelo"], 1.123],
+            "id": "194521489",
+        }
+        print(render_scope(locals(), title="[i]locals", sort_keys=False))
+
+    test(20.3423, 3.1427)
+    print()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/screen.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/screen.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f416e1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/screen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+from typing import Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import StyleType
+from ._loop import loop_last
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import (
+        Console,
+        ConsoleOptions,
+        RenderResult,
+        RenderableType,
+        Group,
+    )
+
+
+class Screen:
+    """A renderable that fills the terminal screen and crops excess.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): Child renderable.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Optional background style. Defaults to None.
+    """
+
+    renderable: "RenderableType"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *renderables: "RenderableType",
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        application_mode: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        from pip._vendor.rich.console import Group
+
+        self.renderable = Group(*renderables)
+        self.style = style
+        self.application_mode = application_mode
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        width, height = options.size
+        style = console.get_style(self.style) if self.style else None
+        render_options = options.update(width=width, height=height)
+        lines = console.render_lines(
+            self.renderable or "", render_options, style=style, pad=True
+        )
+        lines = Segment.set_shape(lines, width, height, style=style)
+        new_line = Segment("\n\r") if self.application_mode else Segment.line()
+        for last, line in loop_last(lines):
+            yield from line
+            if not last:
+                yield new_line
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/segment.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/segment.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1257984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/segment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,739 @@
+from enum import IntEnum
+from functools import lru_cache
+from itertools import filterfalse
+from logging import getLogger
+from operator import attrgetter
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from .cells import (
+    _is_single_cell_widths,
+    cached_cell_len,
+    cell_len,
+    get_character_cell_size,
+    set_cell_size,
+)
+from .repr import Result, rich_repr
+from .style import Style
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult
+
+log = getLogger("rich")
+
+
+class ControlType(IntEnum):
+    """Non-printable control codes which typically translate to ANSI codes."""
+
+    BELL = 1
+    CARRIAGE_RETURN = 2
+    HOME = 3
+    CLEAR = 4
+    SHOW_CURSOR = 5
+    HIDE_CURSOR = 6
+    ENABLE_ALT_SCREEN = 7
+    DISABLE_ALT_SCREEN = 8
+    CURSOR_UP = 9
+    CURSOR_DOWN = 10
+    CURSOR_FORWARD = 11
+    CURSOR_BACKWARD = 12
+    CURSOR_MOVE_TO_COLUMN = 13
+    CURSOR_MOVE_TO = 14
+    ERASE_IN_LINE = 15
+    SET_WINDOW_TITLE = 16
+
+
+ControlCode = Union[
+    Tuple[ControlType],
+    Tuple[ControlType, Union[int, str]],
+    Tuple[ControlType, int, int],
+]
+
+
+@rich_repr()
+class Segment(NamedTuple):
+    """A piece of text with associated style. Segments are produced by the Console render process and
+    are ultimately converted in to strings to be written to the terminal.
+
+    Args:
+        text (str): A piece of text.
+        style (:class:`~rich.style.Style`, optional): An optional style to apply to the text.
+        control (Tuple[ControlCode], optional): Optional sequence of control codes.
+
+    Attributes:
+        cell_length (int): The cell length of this Segment.
+    """
+
+    text: str
+    style: Optional[Style] = None
+    control: Optional[Sequence[ControlCode]] = None
+
+    @property
+    def cell_length(self) -> int:
+        """The number of terminal cells required to display self.text.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: A number of cells.
+        """
+        text, _style, control = self
+        return 0 if control else cell_len(text)
+
+    def __rich_repr__(self) -> Result:
+        yield self.text
+        if self.control is None:
+            if self.style is not None:
+                yield self.style
+        else:
+            yield self.style
+            yield self.control
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the segment contains text."""
+        return bool(self.text)
+
+    @property
+    def is_control(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the segment contains control codes."""
+        return self.control is not None
+
+    @classmethod
+    @lru_cache(1024 * 16)
+    def _split_cells(cls, segment: "Segment", cut: int) -> Tuple["Segment", "Segment"]:
+
+        text, style, control = segment
+        _Segment = Segment
+
+        cell_length = segment.cell_length
+        if cut >= cell_length:
+            return segment, _Segment("", style, control)
+
+        cell_size = get_character_cell_size
+
+        pos = int((cut / cell_length) * (len(text) - 1))
+
+        before = text[:pos]
+        cell_pos = cell_len(before)
+        if cell_pos == cut:
+            return (
+                _Segment(before, style, control),
+                _Segment(text[pos:], style, control),
+            )
+        while pos < len(text):
+            char = text[pos]
+            pos += 1
+            cell_pos += cell_size(char)
+            before = text[:pos]
+            if cell_pos == cut:
+                return (
+                    _Segment(before, style, control),
+                    _Segment(text[pos:], style, control),
+                )
+            if cell_pos > cut:
+                return (
+                    _Segment(before[: pos - 1] + " ", style, control),
+                    _Segment(" " + text[pos:], style, control),
+                )
+
+        raise AssertionError("Will never reach here")
+
+    def split_cells(self, cut: int) -> Tuple["Segment", "Segment"]:
+        """Split segment in to two segments at the specified column.
+
+        If the cut point falls in the middle of a 2-cell wide character then it is replaced
+        by two spaces, to preserve the display width of the parent segment.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[Segment, Segment]: Two segments.
+        """
+        text, style, control = self
+
+        if _is_single_cell_widths(text):
+            # Fast path with all 1 cell characters
+            if cut >= len(text):
+                return self, Segment("", style, control)
+            return (
+                Segment(text[:cut], style, control),
+                Segment(text[cut:], style, control),
+            )
+
+        return self._split_cells(self, cut)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def line(cls) -> "Segment":
+        """Make a new line segment."""
+        return cls("\n")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def apply_style(
+        cls,
+        segments: Iterable["Segment"],
+        style: Optional[Style] = None,
+        post_style: Optional[Style] = None,
+    ) -> Iterable["Segment"]:
+        """Apply style(s) to an iterable of segments.
+
+        Returns an iterable of segments where the style is replaced by ``style + segment.style + post_style``.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): Segments to process.
+            style (Style, optional): Base style. Defaults to None.
+            post_style (Style, optional): Style to apply on top of segment style. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterable[Segments]: A new iterable of segments (possibly the same iterable).
+        """
+        result_segments = segments
+        if style:
+            apply = style.__add__
+            result_segments = (
+                cls(text, None if control else apply(_style), control)
+                for text, _style, control in result_segments
+            )
+        if post_style:
+            result_segments = (
+                cls(
+                    text,
+                    (
+                        None
+                        if control
+                        else (_style + post_style if _style else post_style)
+                    ),
+                    control,
+                )
+                for text, _style, control in result_segments
+            )
+        return result_segments
+
+    @classmethod
+    def filter_control(
+        cls, segments: Iterable["Segment"], is_control: bool = False
+    ) -> Iterable["Segment"]:
+        """Filter segments by ``is_control`` attribute.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): An iterable of Segment instances.
+            is_control (bool, optional): is_control flag to match in search.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterable[Segment]: And iterable of Segment instances.
+
+        """
+        if is_control:
+            return filter(attrgetter("control"), segments)
+        else:
+            return filterfalse(attrgetter("control"), segments)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def split_lines(cls, segments: Iterable["Segment"]) -> Iterable[List["Segment"]]:
+        """Split a sequence of segments in to a list of lines.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): Segments potentially containing line feeds.
+
+        Yields:
+            Iterable[List[Segment]]: Iterable of segment lists, one per line.
+        """
+        line: List[Segment] = []
+        append = line.append
+
+        for segment in segments:
+            if "\n" in segment.text and not segment.control:
+                text, style, _ = segment
+                while text:
+                    _text, new_line, text = text.partition("\n")
+                    if _text:
+                        append(cls(_text, style))
+                    if new_line:
+                        yield line
+                        line = []
+                        append = line.append
+            else:
+                append(segment)
+        if line:
+            yield line
+
+    @classmethod
+    def split_and_crop_lines(
+        cls,
+        segments: Iterable["Segment"],
+        length: int,
+        style: Optional[Style] = None,
+        pad: bool = True,
+        include_new_lines: bool = True,
+    ) -> Iterable[List["Segment"]]:
+        """Split segments in to lines, and crop lines greater than a given length.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): An iterable of segments, probably
+                generated from console.render.
+            length (int): Desired line length.
+            style (Style, optional): Style to use for any padding.
+            pad (bool): Enable padding of lines that are less than `length`.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterable[List[Segment]]: An iterable of lines of segments.
+        """
+        line: List[Segment] = []
+        append = line.append
+
+        adjust_line_length = cls.adjust_line_length
+        new_line_segment = cls("\n")
+
+        for segment in segments:
+            if "\n" in segment.text and not segment.control:
+                text, segment_style, _ = segment
+                while text:
+                    _text, new_line, text = text.partition("\n")
+                    if _text:
+                        append(cls(_text, segment_style))
+                    if new_line:
+                        cropped_line = adjust_line_length(
+                            line, length, style=style, pad=pad
+                        )
+                        if include_new_lines:
+                            cropped_line.append(new_line_segment)
+                        yield cropped_line
+                        line.clear()
+            else:
+                append(segment)
+        if line:
+            yield adjust_line_length(line, length, style=style, pad=pad)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adjust_line_length(
+        cls,
+        line: List["Segment"],
+        length: int,
+        style: Optional[Style] = None,
+        pad: bool = True,
+    ) -> List["Segment"]:
+        """Adjust a line to a given width (cropping or padding as required).
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): A list of segments in a single line.
+            length (int): The desired width of the line.
+            style (Style, optional): The style of padding if used (space on the end). Defaults to None.
+            pad (bool, optional): Pad lines with spaces if they are shorter than `length`. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[Segment]: A line of segments with the desired length.
+        """
+        line_length = sum(segment.cell_length for segment in line)
+        new_line: List[Segment]
+
+        if line_length < length:
+            if pad:
+                new_line = line + [cls(" " * (length - line_length), style)]
+            else:
+                new_line = line[:]
+        elif line_length > length:
+            new_line = []
+            append = new_line.append
+            line_length = 0
+            for segment in line:
+                segment_length = segment.cell_length
+                if line_length + segment_length < length or segment.control:
+                    append(segment)
+                    line_length += segment_length
+                else:
+                    text, segment_style, _ = segment
+                    text = set_cell_size(text, length - line_length)
+                    append(cls(text, segment_style))
+                    break
+        else:
+            new_line = line[:]
+        return new_line
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_line_length(cls, line: List["Segment"]) -> int:
+        """Get the length of list of segments.
+
+        Args:
+            line (List[Segment]): A line encoded as a list of Segments (assumes no '\\\\n' characters),
+
+        Returns:
+            int: The length of the line.
+        """
+        _cell_len = cell_len
+        return sum(_cell_len(text) for text, style, control in line if not control)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_shape(cls, lines: List[List["Segment"]]) -> Tuple[int, int]:
+        """Get the shape (enclosing rectangle) of a list of lines.
+
+        Args:
+            lines (List[List[Segment]]): A list of lines (no '\\\\n' characters).
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[int, int]: Width and height in characters.
+        """
+        get_line_length = cls.get_line_length
+        max_width = max(get_line_length(line) for line in lines) if lines else 0
+        return (max_width, len(lines))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_shape(
+        cls,
+        lines: List[List["Segment"]],
+        width: int,
+        height: Optional[int] = None,
+        style: Optional[Style] = None,
+        new_lines: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[List["Segment"]]:
+        """Set the shape of a list of lines (enclosing rectangle).
+
+        Args:
+            lines (List[List[Segment]]): A list of lines.
+            width (int): Desired width.
+            height (int, optional): Desired height or None for no change.
+            style (Style, optional): Style of any padding added.
+            new_lines (bool, optional): Padded lines should include "\n". Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[List[Segment]]: New list of lines.
+        """
+        _height = height or len(lines)
+
+        blank = (
+            [cls(" " * width + "\n", style)] if new_lines else [cls(" " * width, style)]
+        )
+
+        adjust_line_length = cls.adjust_line_length
+        shaped_lines = lines[:_height]
+        shaped_lines[:] = [
+            adjust_line_length(line, width, style=style) for line in lines
+        ]
+        if len(shaped_lines) < _height:
+            shaped_lines.extend([blank] * (_height - len(shaped_lines)))
+        return shaped_lines
+
+    @classmethod
+    def align_top(
+        cls: Type["Segment"],
+        lines: List[List["Segment"]],
+        width: int,
+        height: int,
+        style: Style,
+        new_lines: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[List["Segment"]]:
+        """Aligns lines to top (adds extra lines to bottom as required).
+
+        Args:
+            lines (List[List[Segment]]): A list of lines.
+            width (int): Desired width.
+            height (int, optional): Desired height or None for no change.
+            style (Style): Style of any padding added.
+            new_lines (bool, optional): Padded lines should include "\n". Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[List[Segment]]: New list of lines.
+        """
+        extra_lines = height - len(lines)
+        if not extra_lines:
+            return lines[:]
+        lines = lines[:height]
+        blank = cls(" " * width + "\n", style) if new_lines else cls(" " * width, style)
+        lines = lines + [[blank]] * extra_lines
+        return lines
+
+    @classmethod
+    def align_bottom(
+        cls: Type["Segment"],
+        lines: List[List["Segment"]],
+        width: int,
+        height: int,
+        style: Style,
+        new_lines: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[List["Segment"]]:
+        """Aligns render to bottom (adds extra lines above as required).
+
+        Args:
+            lines (List[List[Segment]]): A list of lines.
+            width (int): Desired width.
+            height (int, optional): Desired height or None for no change.
+            style (Style): Style of any padding added. Defaults to None.
+            new_lines (bool, optional): Padded lines should include "\n". Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[List[Segment]]: New list of lines.
+        """
+        extra_lines = height - len(lines)
+        if not extra_lines:
+            return lines[:]
+        lines = lines[:height]
+        blank = cls(" " * width + "\n", style) if new_lines else cls(" " * width, style)
+        lines = [[blank]] * extra_lines + lines
+        return lines
+
+    @classmethod
+    def align_middle(
+        cls: Type["Segment"],
+        lines: List[List["Segment"]],
+        width: int,
+        height: int,
+        style: Style,
+        new_lines: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[List["Segment"]]:
+        """Aligns lines to middle (adds extra lines to above and below as required).
+
+        Args:
+            lines (List[List[Segment]]): A list of lines.
+            width (int): Desired width.
+            height (int, optional): Desired height or None for no change.
+            style (Style): Style of any padding added.
+            new_lines (bool, optional): Padded lines should include "\n". Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[List[Segment]]: New list of lines.
+        """
+        extra_lines = height - len(lines)
+        if not extra_lines:
+            return lines[:]
+        lines = lines[:height]
+        blank = cls(" " * width + "\n", style) if new_lines else cls(" " * width, style)
+        top_lines = extra_lines // 2
+        bottom_lines = extra_lines - top_lines
+        lines = [[blank]] * top_lines + lines + [[blank]] * bottom_lines
+        return lines
+
+    @classmethod
+    def simplify(cls, segments: Iterable["Segment"]) -> Iterable["Segment"]:
+        """Simplify an iterable of segments by combining contiguous segments with the same style.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): An iterable of segments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterable[Segment]: A possibly smaller iterable of segments that will render the same way.
+        """
+        iter_segments = iter(segments)
+        try:
+            last_segment = next(iter_segments)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return
+
+        _Segment = Segment
+        for segment in iter_segments:
+            if last_segment.style == segment.style and not segment.control:
+                last_segment = _Segment(
+                    last_segment.text + segment.text, last_segment.style
+                )
+            else:
+                yield last_segment
+                last_segment = segment
+        yield last_segment
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strip_links(cls, segments: Iterable["Segment"]) -> Iterable["Segment"]:
+        """Remove all links from an iterable of styles.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): An iterable segments.
+
+        Yields:
+            Segment: Segments with link removed.
+        """
+        for segment in segments:
+            if segment.control or segment.style is None:
+                yield segment
+            else:
+                text, style, _control = segment
+                yield cls(text, style.update_link(None) if style else None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strip_styles(cls, segments: Iterable["Segment"]) -> Iterable["Segment"]:
+        """Remove all styles from an iterable of segments.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): An iterable segments.
+
+        Yields:
+            Segment: Segments with styles replace with None
+        """
+        for text, _style, control in segments:
+            yield cls(text, None, control)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def remove_color(cls, segments: Iterable["Segment"]) -> Iterable["Segment"]:
+        """Remove all color from an iterable of segments.
+
+        Args:
+            segments (Iterable[Segment]): An iterable segments.
+
+        Yields:
+            Segment: Segments with colorless style.
+        """
+
+        cache: Dict[Style, Style] = {}
+        for text, style, control in segments:
+            if style:
+                colorless_style = cache.get(style)
+                if colorless_style is None:
+                    colorless_style = style.without_color
+                    cache[style] = colorless_style
+                yield cls(text, colorless_style, control)
+            else:
+                yield cls(text, None, control)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def divide(
+        cls, segments: Iterable["Segment"], cuts: Iterable[int]
+    ) -> Iterable[List["Segment"]]:
+        """Divides an iterable of segments in to portions.
+
+        Args:
+            cuts (Iterable[int]): Cell positions where to divide.
+
+        Yields:
+            [Iterable[List[Segment]]]: An iterable of Segments in List.
+        """
+        split_segments: List["Segment"] = []
+        add_segment = split_segments.append
+
+        iter_cuts = iter(cuts)
+
+        while True:
+            cut = next(iter_cuts, -1)
+            if cut == -1:
+                return []
+            if cut != 0:
+                break
+            yield []
+        pos = 0
+
+        segments_clear = split_segments.clear
+        segments_copy = split_segments.copy
+
+        _cell_len = cached_cell_len
+        for segment in segments:
+            text, _style, control = segment
+            while text:
+                end_pos = pos if control else pos + _cell_len(text)
+                if end_pos < cut:
+                    add_segment(segment)
+                    pos = end_pos
+                    break
+
+                if end_pos == cut:
+                    add_segment(segment)
+                    yield segments_copy()
+                    segments_clear()
+                    pos = end_pos
+
+                    cut = next(iter_cuts, -1)
+                    if cut == -1:
+                        if split_segments:
+                            yield segments_copy()
+                        return
+
+                    break
+
+                else:
+                    before, segment = segment.split_cells(cut - pos)
+                    text, _style, control = segment
+                    add_segment(before)
+                    yield segments_copy()
+                    segments_clear()
+                    pos = cut
+
+                cut = next(iter_cuts, -1)
+                if cut == -1:
+                    if split_segments:
+                        yield segments_copy()
+                    return
+
+        yield segments_copy()
+
+
+class Segments:
+    """A simple renderable to render an iterable of segments. This class may be useful if
+    you want to print segments outside of a __rich_console__ method.
+
+    Args:
+        segments (Iterable[Segment]): An iterable of segments.
+        new_lines (bool, optional): Add new lines between segments. Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, segments: Iterable[Segment], new_lines: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.segments = list(segments)
+        self.new_lines = new_lines
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        if self.new_lines:
+            line = Segment.line()
+            for segment in self.segments:
+                yield segment
+                yield line
+        else:
+            yield from self.segments
+
+
+class SegmentLines:
+    def __init__(self, lines: Iterable[List[Segment]], new_lines: bool = False) -> None:
+        """A simple renderable containing a number of lines of segments. May be used as an intermediate
+        in rendering process.
+
+        Args:
+            lines (Iterable[List[Segment]]): Lists of segments forming lines.
+            new_lines (bool, optional): Insert new lines after each line. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        self.lines = list(lines)
+        self.new_lines = new_lines
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        if self.new_lines:
+            new_line = Segment.line()
+            for line in self.lines:
+                yield from line
+                yield new_line
+        else:
+            for line in self.lines:
+                yield from line
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+    from pip._vendor.rich.syntax import Syntax
+    from pip._vendor.rich.text import Text
+
+    code = """from rich.console import Console
+console = Console()
+text = Text.from_markup("Hello, [bold magenta]World[/]!")
+console.print(text)"""
+
+    text = Text.from_markup("Hello, [bold magenta]World[/]!")
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    console.rule("rich.Segment")
+    console.print(
+        "A Segment is the last step in the Rich render process before generating text with ANSI codes."
+    )
+    console.print("\nConsider the following code:\n")
+    console.print(Syntax(code, "python", line_numbers=True))
+    console.print()
+    console.print(
+        "When you call [b]print()[/b], Rich [i]renders[/i] the object in to the following:\n"
+    )
+    fragments = list(console.render(text))
+    console.print(fragments)
+    console.print()
+    console.print("The Segments are then processed to produce the following output:\n")
+    console.print(text)
+    console.print(
+        "\nYou will only need to know this if you are implementing your own Rich renderables."
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/spinner.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/spinner.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91ea630e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/spinner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from typing import cast, List, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+
+from ._spinners import SPINNERS
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .table import Table
+from .text import Text
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult, RenderableType
+    from .style import StyleType
+
+
+class Spinner:
+    """A spinner animation.
+
+    Args:
+        name (str): Name of spinner (run python -m rich.spinner).
+        text (RenderableType, optional): A renderable to display at the right of the spinner (str or Text typically). Defaults to "".
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style for spinner animation. Defaults to None.
+        speed (float, optional): Speed factor for animation. Defaults to 1.0.
+
+    Raises:
+        KeyError: If name isn't one of the supported spinner animations.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        text: "RenderableType" = "",
+        *,
+        style: Optional["StyleType"] = None,
+        speed: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            spinner = SPINNERS[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError(f"no spinner called {name!r}")
+        self.text: "Union[RenderableType, Text]" = (
+            Text.from_markup(text) if isinstance(text, str) else text
+        )
+        self.frames = cast(List[str], spinner["frames"])[:]
+        self.interval = cast(float, spinner["interval"])
+        self.start_time: Optional[float] = None
+        self.style = style
+        self.speed = speed
+        self.frame_no_offset: float = 0.0
+        self._update_speed = 0.0
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        yield self.render(console.get_time())
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        text = self.render(0)
+        return Measurement.get(console, options, text)
+
+    def render(self, time: float) -> "RenderableType":
+        """Render the spinner for a given time.
+
+        Args:
+            time (float): Time in seconds.
+
+        Returns:
+            RenderableType: A renderable containing animation frame.
+        """
+        if self.start_time is None:
+            self.start_time = time
+
+        frame_no = ((time - self.start_time) * self.speed) / (
+            self.interval / 1000.0
+        ) + self.frame_no_offset
+        frame = Text(
+            self.frames[int(frame_no) % len(self.frames)], style=self.style or ""
+        )
+
+        if self._update_speed:
+            self.frame_no_offset = frame_no
+            self.start_time = time
+            self.speed = self._update_speed
+            self._update_speed = 0.0
+
+        if not self.text:
+            return frame
+        elif isinstance(self.text, (str, Text)):
+            return Text.assemble(frame, " ", self.text)
+        else:
+            table = Table.grid(padding=1)
+            table.add_row(frame, self.text)
+            return table
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        *,
+        text: "RenderableType" = "",
+        style: Optional["StyleType"] = None,
+        speed: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Updates attributes of a spinner after it has been started.
+
+        Args:
+            text (RenderableType, optional): A renderable to display at the right of the spinner (str or Text typically). Defaults to "".
+            style (StyleType, optional): Style for spinner animation. Defaults to None.
+            speed (float, optional): Speed factor for animation. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        if text:
+            self.text = Text.from_markup(text) if isinstance(text, str) else text
+        if style:
+            self.style = style
+        if speed:
+            self._update_speed = speed
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from time import sleep
+
+    from .columns import Columns
+    from .panel import Panel
+    from .live import Live
+
+    all_spinners = Columns(
+        [
+            Spinner(spinner_name, text=Text(repr(spinner_name), style="green"))
+            for spinner_name in sorted(SPINNERS.keys())
+        ],
+        column_first=True,
+        expand=True,
+    )
+
+    with Live(
+        Panel(all_spinners, title="Spinners", border_style="blue"),
+        refresh_per_second=20,
+    ) as live:
+        while True:
+            sleep(0.1)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/status.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/status.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09eff405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/status.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import Optional, Type
+
+from .console import Console, RenderableType
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .live import Live
+from .spinner import Spinner
+from .style import StyleType
+
+
+class Status(JupyterMixin):
+    """Displays a status indicator with a 'spinner' animation.
+
+    Args:
+        status (RenderableType): A status renderable (str or Text typically).
+        console (Console, optional): Console instance to use, or None for global console. Defaults to None.
+        spinner (str, optional): Name of spinner animation (see python -m rich.spinner). Defaults to "dots".
+        spinner_style (StyleType, optional): Style of spinner. Defaults to "status.spinner".
+        speed (float, optional): Speed factor for spinner animation. Defaults to 1.0.
+        refresh_per_second (float, optional): Number of refreshes per second. Defaults to 12.5.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status: RenderableType,
+        *,
+        console: Optional[Console] = None,
+        spinner: str = "dots",
+        spinner_style: StyleType = "status.spinner",
+        speed: float = 1.0,
+        refresh_per_second: float = 12.5,
+    ):
+        self.status = status
+        self.spinner_style = spinner_style
+        self.speed = speed
+        self._spinner = Spinner(spinner, text=status, style=spinner_style, speed=speed)
+        self._live = Live(
+            self.renderable,
+            console=console,
+            refresh_per_second=refresh_per_second,
+            transient=True,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def renderable(self) -> Spinner:
+        return self._spinner
+
+    @property
+    def console(self) -> "Console":
+        """Get the Console used by the Status objects."""
+        return self._live.console
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        status: Optional[RenderableType] = None,
+        *,
+        spinner: Optional[str] = None,
+        spinner_style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        speed: Optional[float] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update status.
+
+        Args:
+            status (Optional[RenderableType], optional): New status renderable or None for no change. Defaults to None.
+            spinner (Optional[str], optional): New spinner or None for no change. Defaults to None.
+            spinner_style (Optional[StyleType], optional): New spinner style or None for no change. Defaults to None.
+            speed (Optional[float], optional): Speed factor for spinner animation or None for no change. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        if status is not None:
+            self.status = status
+        if spinner_style is not None:
+            self.spinner_style = spinner_style
+        if speed is not None:
+            self.speed = speed
+        if spinner is not None:
+            self._spinner = Spinner(
+                spinner, text=self.status, style=self.spinner_style, speed=self.speed
+            )
+            self._live.update(self.renderable, refresh=True)
+        else:
+            self._spinner.update(
+                text=self.status, style=self.spinner_style, speed=self.speed
+            )
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        """Start the status animation."""
+        self._live.start()
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        """Stop the spinner animation."""
+        self._live.stop()
+
+    def __rich__(self) -> RenderableType:
+        return self.renderable
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Status":
+        self.start()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.stop()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    from time import sleep
+
+    from .console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+    with console.status("[magenta]Covid detector booting up") as status:
+        sleep(3)
+        console.log("Importing advanced AI")
+        sleep(3)
+        console.log("Advanced Covid AI Ready")
+        sleep(3)
+        status.update(status="[bold blue] Scanning for Covid", spinner="earth")
+        sleep(3)
+        console.log("Found 10,000,000,000 copies of Covid32.exe")
+        sleep(3)
+        status.update(
+            status="[bold red]Moving Covid32.exe to Trash",
+            spinner="bouncingBall",
+            spinner_style="yellow",
+        )
+        sleep(5)
+    console.print("[bold green]Covid deleted successfully")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/style.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/style.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..313c8894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/style.py
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+import sys
+from functools import lru_cache
+from marshal import dumps, loads
+from random import randint
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Type, Union, cast
+
+from . import errors
+from .color import Color, ColorParseError, ColorSystem, blend_rgb
+from .repr import Result, rich_repr
+from .terminal_theme import DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME, TerminalTheme
+
+# Style instances and style definitions are often interchangeable
+StyleType = Union[str, "Style"]
+
+
+class _Bit:
+    """A descriptor to get/set a style attribute bit."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["bit"]
+
+    def __init__(self, bit_no: int) -> None:
+        self.bit = 1 << bit_no
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: "Style", objtype: Type["Style"]) -> Optional[bool]:
+        if obj._set_attributes & self.bit:
+            return obj._attributes & self.bit != 0
+        return None
+
+
+@rich_repr
+class Style:
+    """A terminal style.
+
+    A terminal style consists of a color (`color`), a background color (`bgcolor`), and a number of attributes, such
+    as bold, italic etc. The attributes have 3 states: they can either be on
+    (``True``), off (``False``), or not set (``None``).
+
+    Args:
+        color (Union[Color, str], optional): Color of terminal text. Defaults to None.
+        bgcolor (Union[Color, str], optional): Color of terminal background. Defaults to None.
+        bold (bool, optional): Enable bold text. Defaults to None.
+        dim (bool, optional): Enable dim text. Defaults to None.
+        italic (bool, optional): Enable italic text. Defaults to None.
+        underline (bool, optional): Enable underlined text. Defaults to None.
+        blink (bool, optional): Enabled blinking text. Defaults to None.
+        blink2 (bool, optional): Enable fast blinking text. Defaults to None.
+        reverse (bool, optional): Enabled reverse text. Defaults to None.
+        conceal (bool, optional): Enable concealed text. Defaults to None.
+        strike (bool, optional): Enable strikethrough text. Defaults to None.
+        underline2 (bool, optional): Enable doubly underlined text. Defaults to None.
+        frame (bool, optional): Enable framed text. Defaults to None.
+        encircle (bool, optional): Enable encircled text. Defaults to None.
+        overline (bool, optional): Enable overlined text. Defaults to None.
+        link (str, link): Link URL. Defaults to None.
+
+    """
+
+    _color: Optional[Color]
+    _bgcolor: Optional[Color]
+    _attributes: int
+    _set_attributes: int
+    _hash: Optional[int]
+    _null: bool
+    _meta: Optional[bytes]
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        "_color",
+        "_bgcolor",
+        "_attributes",
+        "_set_attributes",
+        "_link",
+        "_link_id",
+        "_ansi",
+        "_style_definition",
+        "_hash",
+        "_null",
+        "_meta",
+    ]
+
+    # maps bits on to SGR parameter
+    _style_map = {
+        0: "1",
+        1: "2",
+        2: "3",
+        3: "4",
+        4: "5",
+        5: "6",
+        6: "7",
+        7: "8",
+        8: "9",
+        9: "21",
+        10: "51",
+        11: "52",
+        12: "53",
+    }
+
+    STYLE_ATTRIBUTES = {
+        "dim": "dim",
+        "d": "dim",
+        "bold": "bold",
+        "b": "bold",
+        "italic": "italic",
+        "i": "italic",
+        "underline": "underline",
+        "u": "underline",
+        "blink": "blink",
+        "blink2": "blink2",
+        "reverse": "reverse",
+        "r": "reverse",
+        "conceal": "conceal",
+        "c": "conceal",
+        "strike": "strike",
+        "s": "strike",
+        "underline2": "underline2",
+        "uu": "underline2",
+        "frame": "frame",
+        "encircle": "encircle",
+        "overline": "overline",
+        "o": "overline",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        color: Optional[Union[Color, str]] = None,
+        bgcolor: Optional[Union[Color, str]] = None,
+        bold: Optional[bool] = None,
+        dim: Optional[bool] = None,
+        italic: Optional[bool] = None,
+        underline: Optional[bool] = None,
+        blink: Optional[bool] = None,
+        blink2: Optional[bool] = None,
+        reverse: Optional[bool] = None,
+        conceal: Optional[bool] = None,
+        strike: Optional[bool] = None,
+        underline2: Optional[bool] = None,
+        frame: Optional[bool] = None,
+        encircle: Optional[bool] = None,
+        overline: Optional[bool] = None,
+        link: Optional[str] = None,
+        meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self._ansi: Optional[str] = None
+        self._style_definition: Optional[str] = None
+
+        def _make_color(color: Union[Color, str]) -> Color:
+            return color if isinstance(color, Color) else Color.parse(color)
+
+        self._color = None if color is None else _make_color(color)
+        self._bgcolor = None if bgcolor is None else _make_color(bgcolor)
+        self._set_attributes = sum(
+            (
+                bold is not None,
+                dim is not None and 2,
+                italic is not None and 4,
+                underline is not None and 8,
+                blink is not None and 16,
+                blink2 is not None and 32,
+                reverse is not None and 64,
+                conceal is not None and 128,
+                strike is not None and 256,
+                underline2 is not None and 512,
+                frame is not None and 1024,
+                encircle is not None and 2048,
+                overline is not None and 4096,
+            )
+        )
+        self._attributes = (
+            sum(
+                (
+                    bold and 1 or 0,
+                    dim and 2 or 0,
+                    italic and 4 or 0,
+                    underline and 8 or 0,
+                    blink and 16 or 0,
+                    blink2 and 32 or 0,
+                    reverse and 64 or 0,
+                    conceal and 128 or 0,
+                    strike and 256 or 0,
+                    underline2 and 512 or 0,
+                    frame and 1024 or 0,
+                    encircle and 2048 or 0,
+                    overline and 4096 or 0,
+                )
+            )
+            if self._set_attributes
+            else 0
+        )
+
+        self._link = link
+        self._meta = None if meta is None else dumps(meta)
+        self._link_id = (
+            f"{randint(0, 999999)}{hash(self._meta)}" if (link or meta) else ""
+        )
+        self._hash: Optional[int] = None
+        self._null = not (self._set_attributes or color or bgcolor or link or meta)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def null(cls) -> "Style":
+        """Create an 'null' style, equivalent to Style(), but more performant."""
+        return NULL_STYLE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_color(
+        cls, color: Optional[Color] = None, bgcolor: Optional[Color] = None
+    ) -> "Style":
+        """Create a new style with colors and no attributes.
+
+        Returns:
+            color (Optional[Color]): A (foreground) color, or None for no color. Defaults to None.
+            bgcolor (Optional[Color]): A (background) color, or None for no color. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        style: Style = cls.__new__(Style)
+        style._ansi = None
+        style._style_definition = None
+        style._color = color
+        style._bgcolor = bgcolor
+        style._set_attributes = 0
+        style._attributes = 0
+        style._link = None
+        style._link_id = ""
+        style._meta = None
+        style._null = not (color or bgcolor)
+        style._hash = None
+        return style
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_meta(cls, meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) -> "Style":
+        """Create a new style with meta data.
+
+        Returns:
+            meta (Optional[Dict[str, Any]]): A dictionary of meta data. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        style: Style = cls.__new__(Style)
+        style._ansi = None
+        style._style_definition = None
+        style._color = None
+        style._bgcolor = None
+        style._set_attributes = 0
+        style._attributes = 0
+        style._link = None
+        style._meta = dumps(meta)
+        style._link_id = f"{randint(0, 999999)}{hash(style._meta)}"
+        style._hash = None
+        style._null = not (meta)
+        return style
+
+    @classmethod
+    def on(cls, meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, **handlers: Any) -> "Style":
+        """Create a blank style with meta information.
+
+        Example:
+            style = Style.on(click=self.on_click)
+
+        Args:
+            meta (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional): An optional dict of meta information.
+            **handlers (Any): Keyword arguments are translated in to handlers.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: A Style with meta information attached.
+        """
+        meta = {} if meta is None else meta
+        meta.update({f"@{key}": value for key, value in handlers.items()})
+        return cls.from_meta(meta)
+
+    bold = _Bit(0)
+    dim = _Bit(1)
+    italic = _Bit(2)
+    underline = _Bit(3)
+    blink = _Bit(4)
+    blink2 = _Bit(5)
+    reverse = _Bit(6)
+    conceal = _Bit(7)
+    strike = _Bit(8)
+    underline2 = _Bit(9)
+    frame = _Bit(10)
+    encircle = _Bit(11)
+    overline = _Bit(12)
+
+    @property
+    def link_id(self) -> str:
+        """Get a link id, used in ansi code for links."""
+        return self._link_id
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """Re-generate style definition from attributes."""
+        if self._style_definition is None:
+            attributes: List[str] = []
+            append = attributes.append
+            bits = self._set_attributes
+            if bits & 0b0000000001111:
+                if bits & 1:
+                    append("bold" if self.bold else "not bold")
+                if bits & (1 << 1):
+                    append("dim" if self.dim else "not dim")
+                if bits & (1 << 2):
+                    append("italic" if self.italic else "not italic")
+                if bits & (1 << 3):
+                    append("underline" if self.underline else "not underline")
+            if bits & 0b0000111110000:
+                if bits & (1 << 4):
+                    append("blink" if self.blink else "not blink")
+                if bits & (1 << 5):
+                    append("blink2" if self.blink2 else "not blink2")
+                if bits & (1 << 6):
+                    append("reverse" if self.reverse else "not reverse")
+                if bits & (1 << 7):
+                    append("conceal" if self.conceal else "not conceal")
+                if bits & (1 << 8):
+                    append("strike" if self.strike else "not strike")
+            if bits & 0b1111000000000:
+                if bits & (1 << 9):
+                    append("underline2" if self.underline2 else "not underline2")
+                if bits & (1 << 10):
+                    append("frame" if self.frame else "not frame")
+                if bits & (1 << 11):
+                    append("encircle" if self.encircle else "not encircle")
+                if bits & (1 << 12):
+                    append("overline" if self.overline else "not overline")
+            if self._color is not None:
+                append(self._color.name)
+            if self._bgcolor is not None:
+                append("on")
+                append(self._bgcolor.name)
+            if self._link:
+                append("link")
+                append(self._link)
+            self._style_definition = " ".join(attributes) or "none"
+        return self._style_definition
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """A Style is false if it has no attributes, colors, or links."""
+        return not self._null
+
+    def _make_ansi_codes(self, color_system: ColorSystem) -> str:
+        """Generate ANSI codes for this style.
+
+        Args:
+            color_system (ColorSystem): Color system.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: String containing codes.
+        """
+
+        if self._ansi is None:
+            sgr: List[str] = []
+            append = sgr.append
+            _style_map = self._style_map
+            attributes = self._attributes & self._set_attributes
+            if attributes:
+                if attributes & 1:
+                    append(_style_map[0])
+                if attributes & 2:
+                    append(_style_map[1])
+                if attributes & 4:
+                    append(_style_map[2])
+                if attributes & 8:
+                    append(_style_map[3])
+                if attributes & 0b0000111110000:
+                    for bit in range(4, 9):
+                        if attributes & (1 << bit):
+                            append(_style_map[bit])
+                if attributes & 0b1111000000000:
+                    for bit in range(9, 13):
+                        if attributes & (1 << bit):
+                            append(_style_map[bit])
+            if self._color is not None:
+                sgr.extend(self._color.downgrade(color_system).get_ansi_codes())
+            if self._bgcolor is not None:
+                sgr.extend(
+                    self._bgcolor.downgrade(color_system).get_ansi_codes(
+                        foreground=False
+                    )
+                )
+            self._ansi = ";".join(sgr)
+        return self._ansi
+
+    @classmethod
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+    def normalize(cls, style: str) -> str:
+        """Normalize a style definition so that styles with the same effect have the same string
+        representation.
+
+        Args:
+            style (str): A style definition.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: Normal form of style definition.
+        """
+        try:
+            return str(cls.parse(style))
+        except errors.StyleSyntaxError:
+            return style.strip().lower()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pick_first(cls, *values: Optional[StyleType]) -> StyleType:
+        """Pick first non-None style."""
+        for value in values:
+            if value is not None:
+                return value
+        raise ValueError("expected at least one non-None style")
+
+    def __rich_repr__(self) -> Result:
+        yield "color", self.color, None
+        yield "bgcolor", self.bgcolor, None
+        yield "bold", self.bold, None,
+        yield "dim", self.dim, None,
+        yield "italic", self.italic, None
+        yield "underline", self.underline, None,
+        yield "blink", self.blink, None
+        yield "blink2", self.blink2, None
+        yield "reverse", self.reverse, None
+        yield "conceal", self.conceal, None
+        yield "strike", self.strike, None
+        yield "underline2", self.underline2, None
+        yield "frame", self.frame, None
+        yield "encircle", self.encircle, None
+        yield "link", self.link, None
+        if self._meta:
+            yield "meta", self.meta
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Style):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__hash__() == other.__hash__()
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Style):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__hash__() != other.__hash__()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        if self._hash is not None:
+            return self._hash
+        self._hash = hash(
+            (
+                self._color,
+                self._bgcolor,
+                self._attributes,
+                self._set_attributes,
+                self._link,
+                self._meta,
+            )
+        )
+        return self._hash
+
+    @property
+    def color(self) -> Optional[Color]:
+        """The foreground color or None if it is not set."""
+        return self._color
+
+    @property
+    def bgcolor(self) -> Optional[Color]:
+        """The background color or None if it is not set."""
+        return self._bgcolor
+
+    @property
+    def link(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Link text, if set."""
+        return self._link
+
+    @property
+    def transparent_background(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the style specified a transparent background."""
+        return self.bgcolor is None or self.bgcolor.is_default
+
+    @property
+    def background_style(self) -> "Style":
+        """A Style with background only."""
+        return Style(bgcolor=self.bgcolor)
+
+    @property
+    def meta(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Get meta information (can not be changed after construction)."""
+        return {} if self._meta is None else cast(Dict[str, Any], loads(self._meta))
+
+    @property
+    def without_color(self) -> "Style":
+        """Get a copy of the style with color removed."""
+        if self._null:
+            return NULL_STYLE
+        style: Style = self.__new__(Style)
+        style._ansi = None
+        style._style_definition = None
+        style._color = None
+        style._bgcolor = None
+        style._attributes = self._attributes
+        style._set_attributes = self._set_attributes
+        style._link = self._link
+        style._link_id = f"{randint(0, 999999)}" if self._link else ""
+        style._null = False
+        style._meta = None
+        style._hash = None
+        return style
+
+    @classmethod
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=4096)
+    def parse(cls, style_definition: str) -> "Style":
+        """Parse a style definition.
+
+        Args:
+            style_definition (str): A string containing a style.
+
+        Raises:
+            errors.StyleSyntaxError: If the style definition syntax is invalid.
+
+        Returns:
+            `Style`: A Style instance.
+        """
+        if style_definition.strip() == "none" or not style_definition:
+            return cls.null()
+
+        STYLE_ATTRIBUTES = cls.STYLE_ATTRIBUTES
+        color: Optional[str] = None
+        bgcolor: Optional[str] = None
+        attributes: Dict[str, Optional[Any]] = {}
+        link: Optional[str] = None
+
+        words = iter(style_definition.split())
+        for original_word in words:
+            word = original_word.lower()
+            if word == "on":
+                word = next(words, "")
+                if not word:
+                    raise errors.StyleSyntaxError("color expected after 'on'")
+                try:
+                    Color.parse(word) is None
+                except ColorParseError as error:
+                    raise errors.StyleSyntaxError(
+                        f"unable to parse {word!r} as background color; {error}"
+                    ) from None
+                bgcolor = word
+
+            elif word == "not":
+                word = next(words, "")
+                attribute = STYLE_ATTRIBUTES.get(word)
+                if attribute is None:
+                    raise errors.StyleSyntaxError(
+                        f"expected style attribute after 'not', found {word!r}"
+                    )
+                attributes[attribute] = False
+
+            elif word == "link":
+                word = next(words, "")
+                if not word:
+                    raise errors.StyleSyntaxError("URL expected after 'link'")
+                link = word
+
+            elif word in STYLE_ATTRIBUTES:
+                attributes[STYLE_ATTRIBUTES[word]] = True
+
+            else:
+                try:
+                    Color.parse(word)
+                except ColorParseError as error:
+                    raise errors.StyleSyntaxError(
+                        f"unable to parse {word!r} as color; {error}"
+                    ) from None
+                color = word
+        style = Style(color=color, bgcolor=bgcolor, link=link, **attributes)
+        return style
+
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+    def get_html_style(self, theme: Optional[TerminalTheme] = None) -> str:
+        """Get a CSS style rule."""
+        theme = theme or DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME
+        css: List[str] = []
+        append = css.append
+
+        color = self.color
+        bgcolor = self.bgcolor
+        if self.reverse:
+            color, bgcolor = bgcolor, color
+        if self.dim:
+            foreground_color = (
+                theme.foreground_color if color is None else color.get_truecolor(theme)
+            )
+            color = Color.from_triplet(
+                blend_rgb(foreground_color, theme.background_color, 0.5)
+            )
+        if color is not None:
+            theme_color = color.get_truecolor(theme)
+            append(f"color: {theme_color.hex}")
+            append(f"text-decoration-color: {theme_color.hex}")
+        if bgcolor is not None:
+            theme_color = bgcolor.get_truecolor(theme, foreground=False)
+            append(f"background-color: {theme_color.hex}")
+        if self.bold:
+            append("font-weight: bold")
+        if self.italic:
+            append("font-style: italic")
+        if self.underline:
+            append("text-decoration: underline")
+        if self.strike:
+            append("text-decoration: line-through")
+        if self.overline:
+            append("text-decoration: overline")
+        return "; ".join(css)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def combine(cls, styles: Iterable["Style"]) -> "Style":
+        """Combine styles and get result.
+
+        Args:
+            styles (Iterable[Style]): Styles to combine.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: A new style instance.
+        """
+        iter_styles = iter(styles)
+        return sum(iter_styles, next(iter_styles))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def chain(cls, *styles: "Style") -> "Style":
+        """Combine styles from positional argument in to a single style.
+
+        Args:
+            *styles (Iterable[Style]): Styles to combine.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: A new style instance.
+        """
+        iter_styles = iter(styles)
+        return sum(iter_styles, next(iter_styles))
+
+    def copy(self) -> "Style":
+        """Get a copy of this style.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: A new Style instance with identical attributes.
+        """
+        if self._null:
+            return NULL_STYLE
+        style: Style = self.__new__(Style)
+        style._ansi = self._ansi
+        style._style_definition = self._style_definition
+        style._color = self._color
+        style._bgcolor = self._bgcolor
+        style._attributes = self._attributes
+        style._set_attributes = self._set_attributes
+        style._link = self._link
+        style._link_id = f"{randint(0, 999999)}" if self._link else ""
+        style._hash = self._hash
+        style._null = False
+        style._meta = self._meta
+        return style
+
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=128)
+    def clear_meta_and_links(self) -> "Style":
+        """Get a copy of this style with link and meta information removed.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: New style object.
+        """
+        if self._null:
+            return NULL_STYLE
+        style: Style = self.__new__(Style)
+        style._ansi = self._ansi
+        style._style_definition = self._style_definition
+        style._color = self._color
+        style._bgcolor = self._bgcolor
+        style._attributes = self._attributes
+        style._set_attributes = self._set_attributes
+        style._link = None
+        style._link_id = ""
+        style._hash = self._hash
+        style._null = False
+        style._meta = None
+        return style
+
+    def update_link(self, link: Optional[str] = None) -> "Style":
+        """Get a copy with a different value for link.
+
+        Args:
+            link (str, optional): New value for link. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: A new Style instance.
+        """
+        style: Style = self.__new__(Style)
+        style._ansi = self._ansi
+        style._style_definition = self._style_definition
+        style._color = self._color
+        style._bgcolor = self._bgcolor
+        style._attributes = self._attributes
+        style._set_attributes = self._set_attributes
+        style._link = link
+        style._link_id = f"{randint(0, 999999)}" if link else ""
+        style._hash = None
+        style._null = False
+        style._meta = self._meta
+        return style
+
+    def render(
+        self,
+        text: str = "",
+        *,
+        color_system: Optional[ColorSystem] = ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR,
+        legacy_windows: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Render the ANSI codes for the style.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str, optional): A string to style. Defaults to "".
+            color_system (Optional[ColorSystem], optional): Color system to render to. Defaults to ColorSystem.TRUECOLOR.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A string containing ANSI style codes.
+        """
+        if not text or color_system is None:
+            return text
+        attrs = self._ansi or self._make_ansi_codes(color_system)
+        rendered = f"\x1b[{attrs}m{text}\x1b[0m" if attrs else text
+        if self._link and not legacy_windows:
+            rendered = (
+                f"\x1b]8;id={self._link_id};{self._link}\x1b\\{rendered}\x1b]8;;\x1b\\"
+            )
+        return rendered
+
+    def test(self, text: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """Write text with style directly to terminal.
+
+        This method is for testing purposes only.
+
+        Args:
+            text (Optional[str], optional): Text to style or None for style name.
+
+        """
+        text = text or str(self)
+        sys.stdout.write(f"{self.render(text)}\n")
+
+    @lru_cache(maxsize=1024)
+    def _add(self, style: Optional["Style"]) -> "Style":
+        if style is None or style._null:
+            return self
+        if self._null:
+            return style
+        new_style: Style = self.__new__(Style)
+        new_style._ansi = None
+        new_style._style_definition = None
+        new_style._color = style._color or self._color
+        new_style._bgcolor = style._bgcolor or self._bgcolor
+        new_style._attributes = (self._attributes & ~style._set_attributes) | (
+            style._attributes & style._set_attributes
+        )
+        new_style._set_attributes = self._set_attributes | style._set_attributes
+        new_style._link = style._link or self._link
+        new_style._link_id = style._link_id or self._link_id
+        new_style._null = style._null
+        if self._meta and style._meta:
+            new_style._meta = dumps({**self.meta, **style.meta})
+        else:
+            new_style._meta = self._meta or style._meta
+        new_style._hash = None
+        return new_style
+
+    def __add__(self, style: Optional["Style"]) -> "Style":
+        combined_style = self._add(style)
+        return combined_style.copy() if combined_style.link else combined_style
+
+
+NULL_STYLE = Style()
+
+
+class StyleStack:
+    """A stack of styles."""
+
+    __slots__ = ["_stack"]
+
+    def __init__(self, default_style: "Style") -> None:
+        self._stack: List[Style] = [default_style]
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<stylestack {self._stack!r}>"
+
+    @property
+    def current(self) -> Style:
+        """Get the Style at the top of the stack."""
+        return self._stack[-1]
+
+    def push(self, style: Style) -> None:
+        """Push a new style on to the stack.
+
+        Args:
+            style (Style): New style to combine with current style.
+        """
+        self._stack.append(self._stack[-1] + style)
+
+    def pop(self) -> Style:
+        """Pop last style and discard.
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: New current style (also available as stack.current)
+        """
+        self._stack.pop()
+        return self._stack[-1]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/styled.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/styled.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91cd0db3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/styled.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import StyleType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderResult, RenderableType
+
+
+class Styled:
+    """Apply a style to a renderable.
+
+    Args:
+        renderable (RenderableType): Any renderable.
+        style (StyleType): A style to apply across the entire renderable.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, renderable: "RenderableType", style: "StyleType") -> None:
+        self.renderable = renderable
+        self.style = style
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        style = console.get_style(self.style)
+        rendered_segments = console.render(self.renderable, options)
+        segments = Segment.apply_style(rendered_segments, style)
+        return segments
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        return Measurement.get(console, options, self.renderable)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich import print
+    from pip._vendor.rich.panel import Panel
+
+    panel = Styled(Panel("hello"), "on blue")
+    print(panel)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/syntax.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/syntax.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57033766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/syntax.py
@@ -0,0 +1,948 @@
+import os.path
+import platform
+import re
+import sys
+import textwrap
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexer import Lexer
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name, guess_lexer_for_filename
+from pip._vendor.pygments.style import Style as PygmentsStyle
+from pip._vendor.pygments.styles import get_style_by_name
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import (
+    Comment,
+    Error,
+    Generic,
+    Keyword,
+    Name,
+    Number,
+    Operator,
+    String,
+    Token,
+    Whitespace,
+)
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import ClassNotFound
+
+from pip._vendor.rich.containers import Lines
+from pip._vendor.rich.padding import Padding, PaddingDimensions
+
+from ._loop import loop_first
+from .cells import cell_len
+from .color import Color, blend_rgb
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, JustifyMethod, RenderResult
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .segment import Segment, Segments
+from .style import Style, StyleType
+from .text import Text
+
+TokenType = Tuple[str, ...]
+
+WINDOWS = platform.system() == "Windows"
+DEFAULT_THEME = "monokai"
+
+# The following styles are based on https://github.com/pygments/pygments/blob/master/pygments/formatters/terminal.py
+# A few modifications were made
+
+ANSI_LIGHT: Dict[TokenType, Style] = {
+    Token: Style(),
+    Whitespace: Style(color="white"),
+    Comment: Style(dim=True),
+    Comment.Preproc: Style(color="cyan"),
+    Keyword: Style(color="blue"),
+    Keyword.Type: Style(color="cyan"),
+    Operator.Word: Style(color="magenta"),
+    Name.Builtin: Style(color="cyan"),
+    Name.Function: Style(color="green"),
+    Name.Namespace: Style(color="cyan", underline=True),
+    Name.Class: Style(color="green", underline=True),
+    Name.Exception: Style(color="cyan"),
+    Name.Decorator: Style(color="magenta", bold=True),
+    Name.Variable: Style(color="red"),
+    Name.Constant: Style(color="red"),
+    Name.Attribute: Style(color="cyan"),
+    Name.Tag: Style(color="bright_blue"),
+    String: Style(color="yellow"),
+    Number: Style(color="blue"),
+    Generic.Deleted: Style(color="bright_red"),
+    Generic.Inserted: Style(color="green"),
+    Generic.Heading: Style(bold=True),
+    Generic.Subheading: Style(color="magenta", bold=True),
+    Generic.Prompt: Style(bold=True),
+    Generic.Error: Style(color="bright_red"),
+    Error: Style(color="red", underline=True),
+}
+
+ANSI_DARK: Dict[TokenType, Style] = {
+    Token: Style(),
+    Whitespace: Style(color="bright_black"),
+    Comment: Style(dim=True),
+    Comment.Preproc: Style(color="bright_cyan"),
+    Keyword: Style(color="bright_blue"),
+    Keyword.Type: Style(color="bright_cyan"),
+    Operator.Word: Style(color="bright_magenta"),
+    Name.Builtin: Style(color="bright_cyan"),
+    Name.Function: Style(color="bright_green"),
+    Name.Namespace: Style(color="bright_cyan", underline=True),
+    Name.Class: Style(color="bright_green", underline=True),
+    Name.Exception: Style(color="bright_cyan"),
+    Name.Decorator: Style(color="bright_magenta", bold=True),
+    Name.Variable: Style(color="bright_red"),
+    Name.Constant: Style(color="bright_red"),
+    Name.Attribute: Style(color="bright_cyan"),
+    Name.Tag: Style(color="bright_blue"),
+    String: Style(color="yellow"),
+    Number: Style(color="bright_blue"),
+    Generic.Deleted: Style(color="bright_red"),
+    Generic.Inserted: Style(color="bright_green"),
+    Generic.Heading: Style(bold=True),
+    Generic.Subheading: Style(color="bright_magenta", bold=True),
+    Generic.Prompt: Style(bold=True),
+    Generic.Error: Style(color="bright_red"),
+    Error: Style(color="red", underline=True),
+}
+
+RICH_SYNTAX_THEMES = {"ansi_light": ANSI_LIGHT, "ansi_dark": ANSI_DARK}
+NUMBERS_COLUMN_DEFAULT_PADDING = 2
+
+
+class SyntaxTheme(ABC):
+    """Base class for a syntax theme."""
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_style_for_token(self, token_type: TokenType) -> Style:
+        """Get a style for a given Pygments token."""
+        raise NotImplementedError  # pragma: no cover
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_background_style(self) -> Style:
+        """Get the background color."""
+        raise NotImplementedError  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class PygmentsSyntaxTheme(SyntaxTheme):
+    """Syntax theme that delegates to Pygments theme."""
+
+    def __init__(self, theme: Union[str, Type[PygmentsStyle]]) -> None:
+        self._style_cache: Dict[TokenType, Style] = {}
+        if isinstance(theme, str):
+            try:
+                self._pygments_style_class = get_style_by_name(theme)
+            except ClassNotFound:
+                self._pygments_style_class = get_style_by_name("default")
+        else:
+            self._pygments_style_class = theme
+
+        self._background_color = self._pygments_style_class.background_color
+        self._background_style = Style(bgcolor=self._background_color)
+
+    def get_style_for_token(self, token_type: TokenType) -> Style:
+        """Get a style from a Pygments class."""
+        try:
+            return self._style_cache[token_type]
+        except KeyError:
+            try:
+                pygments_style = self._pygments_style_class.style_for_token(token_type)
+            except KeyError:
+                style = Style.null()
+            else:
+                color = pygments_style["color"]
+                bgcolor = pygments_style["bgcolor"]
+                style = Style(
+                    color="#" + color if color else "#000000",
+                    bgcolor="#" + bgcolor if bgcolor else self._background_color,
+                    bold=pygments_style["bold"],
+                    italic=pygments_style["italic"],
+                    underline=pygments_style["underline"],
+                )
+            self._style_cache[token_type] = style
+        return style
+
+    def get_background_style(self) -> Style:
+        return self._background_style
+
+
+class ANSISyntaxTheme(SyntaxTheme):
+    """Syntax theme to use standard colors."""
+
+    def __init__(self, style_map: Dict[TokenType, Style]) -> None:
+        self.style_map = style_map
+        self._missing_style = Style.null()
+        self._background_style = Style.null()
+        self._style_cache: Dict[TokenType, Style] = {}
+
+    def get_style_for_token(self, token_type: TokenType) -> Style:
+        """Look up style in the style map."""
+        try:
+            return self._style_cache[token_type]
+        except KeyError:
+            # Styles form a hierarchy
+            # We need to go from most to least specific
+            # e.g. ("foo", "bar", "baz") to ("foo", "bar")  to ("foo",)
+            get_style = self.style_map.get
+            token = tuple(token_type)
+            style = self._missing_style
+            while token:
+                _style = get_style(token)
+                if _style is not None:
+                    style = _style
+                    break
+                token = token[:-1]
+            self._style_cache[token_type] = style
+            return style
+
+    def get_background_style(self) -> Style:
+        return self._background_style
+
+
+SyntaxPosition = Tuple[int, int]
+
+
+class _SyntaxHighlightRange(NamedTuple):
+    """
+    A range to highlight in a Syntax object.
+    `start` and `end` are 2-integers tuples, where the first integer is the line number
+    (starting from 1) and the second integer is the column index (starting from 0).
+    """
+
+    style: StyleType
+    start: SyntaxPosition
+    end: SyntaxPosition
+
+
+class Syntax(JupyterMixin):
+    """Construct a Syntax object to render syntax highlighted code.
+
+    Args:
+        code (str): Code to highlight.
+        lexer (Lexer | str): Lexer to use (see https://pygments.org/docs/lexers/)
+        theme (str, optional): Color theme, aka Pygments style (see https://pygments.org/docs/styles/#getting-a-list-of-available-styles). Defaults to "monokai".
+        dedent (bool, optional): Enable stripping of initial whitespace. Defaults to False.
+        line_numbers (bool, optional): Enable rendering of line numbers. Defaults to False.
+        start_line (int, optional): Starting number for line numbers. Defaults to 1.
+        line_range (Tuple[int | None, int | None], optional): If given should be a tuple of the start and end line to render.
+            A value of None in the tuple indicates the range is open in that direction.
+        highlight_lines (Set[int]): A set of line numbers to highlight.
+        code_width: Width of code to render (not including line numbers), or ``None`` to use all available width.
+        tab_size (int, optional): Size of tabs. Defaults to 4.
+        word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping.
+        background_color (str, optional): Optional background color, or None to use theme color. Defaults to None.
+        indent_guides (bool, optional): Show indent guides. Defaults to False.
+        padding (PaddingDimensions): Padding to apply around the syntax. Defaults to 0 (no padding).
+    """
+
+    _pygments_style_class: Type[PygmentsStyle]
+    _theme: SyntaxTheme
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_theme(cls, name: Union[str, SyntaxTheme]) -> SyntaxTheme:
+        """Get a syntax theme instance."""
+        if isinstance(name, SyntaxTheme):
+            return name
+        theme: SyntaxTheme
+        if name in RICH_SYNTAX_THEMES:
+            theme = ANSISyntaxTheme(RICH_SYNTAX_THEMES[name])
+        else:
+            theme = PygmentsSyntaxTheme(name)
+        return theme
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        code: str,
+        lexer: Union[Lexer, str],
+        *,
+        theme: Union[str, SyntaxTheme] = DEFAULT_THEME,
+        dedent: bool = False,
+        line_numbers: bool = False,
+        start_line: int = 1,
+        line_range: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        highlight_lines: Optional[Set[int]] = None,
+        code_width: Optional[int] = None,
+        tab_size: int = 4,
+        word_wrap: bool = False,
+        background_color: Optional[str] = None,
+        indent_guides: bool = False,
+        padding: PaddingDimensions = 0,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.code = code
+        self._lexer = lexer
+        self.dedent = dedent
+        self.line_numbers = line_numbers
+        self.start_line = start_line
+        self.line_range = line_range
+        self.highlight_lines = highlight_lines or set()
+        self.code_width = code_width
+        self.tab_size = tab_size
+        self.word_wrap = word_wrap
+        self.background_color = background_color
+        self.background_style = (
+            Style(bgcolor=background_color) if background_color else Style()
+        )
+        self.indent_guides = indent_guides
+        self.padding = padding
+
+        self._theme = self.get_theme(theme)
+        self._stylized_ranges: List[_SyntaxHighlightRange] = []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_path(
+        cls,
+        path: str,
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        lexer: Optional[Union[Lexer, str]] = None,
+        theme: Union[str, SyntaxTheme] = DEFAULT_THEME,
+        dedent: bool = False,
+        line_numbers: bool = False,
+        line_range: Optional[Tuple[int, int]] = None,
+        start_line: int = 1,
+        highlight_lines: Optional[Set[int]] = None,
+        code_width: Optional[int] = None,
+        tab_size: int = 4,
+        word_wrap: bool = False,
+        background_color: Optional[str] = None,
+        indent_guides: bool = False,
+        padding: PaddingDimensions = 0,
+    ) -> "Syntax":
+        """Construct a Syntax object from a file.
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): Path to file to highlight.
+            encoding (str): Encoding of file.
+            lexer (str | Lexer, optional): Lexer to use. If None, lexer will be auto-detected from path/file content.
+            theme (str, optional): Color theme, aka Pygments style (see https://pygments.org/docs/styles/#getting-a-list-of-available-styles). Defaults to "emacs".
+            dedent (bool, optional): Enable stripping of initial whitespace. Defaults to True.
+            line_numbers (bool, optional): Enable rendering of line numbers. Defaults to False.
+            start_line (int, optional): Starting number for line numbers. Defaults to 1.
+            line_range (Tuple[int, int], optional): If given should be a tuple of the start and end line to render.
+            highlight_lines (Set[int]): A set of line numbers to highlight.
+            code_width: Width of code to render (not including line numbers), or ``None`` to use all available width.
+            tab_size (int, optional): Size of tabs. Defaults to 4.
+            word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping of code.
+            background_color (str, optional): Optional background color, or None to use theme color. Defaults to None.
+            indent_guides (bool, optional): Show indent guides. Defaults to False.
+            padding (PaddingDimensions): Padding to apply around the syntax. Defaults to 0 (no padding).
+
+        Returns:
+            [Syntax]: A Syntax object that may be printed to the console
+        """
+        code = Path(path).read_text(encoding=encoding)
+
+        if not lexer:
+            lexer = cls.guess_lexer(path, code=code)
+
+        return cls(
+            code,
+            lexer,
+            theme=theme,
+            dedent=dedent,
+            line_numbers=line_numbers,
+            line_range=line_range,
+            start_line=start_line,
+            highlight_lines=highlight_lines,
+            code_width=code_width,
+            tab_size=tab_size,
+            word_wrap=word_wrap,
+            background_color=background_color,
+            indent_guides=indent_guides,
+            padding=padding,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def guess_lexer(cls, path: str, code: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        """Guess the alias of the Pygments lexer to use based on a path and an optional string of code.
+        If code is supplied, it will use a combination of the code and the filename to determine the
+        best lexer to use. For example, if the file is ``index.html`` and the file contains Django
+        templating syntax, then "html+django" will be returned. If the file is ``index.html``, and no
+        templating language is used, the "html" lexer will be used. If no string of code
+        is supplied, the lexer will be chosen based on the file extension..
+
+        Args:
+             path (AnyStr): The path to the file containing the code you wish to know the lexer for.
+             code (str, optional): Optional string of code that will be used as a fallback if no lexer
+                is found for the supplied path.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: The name of the Pygments lexer that best matches the supplied path/code.
+        """
+        lexer: Optional[Lexer] = None
+        lexer_name = "default"
+        if code:
+            try:
+                lexer = guess_lexer_for_filename(path, code)
+            except ClassNotFound:
+                pass
+
+        if not lexer:
+            try:
+                _, ext = os.path.splitext(path)
+                if ext:
+                    extension = ext.lstrip(".").lower()
+                    lexer = get_lexer_by_name(extension)
+            except ClassNotFound:
+                pass
+
+        if lexer:
+            if lexer.aliases:
+                lexer_name = lexer.aliases[0]
+            else:
+                lexer_name = lexer.name
+
+        return lexer_name
+
+    def _get_base_style(self) -> Style:
+        """Get the base style."""
+        default_style = self._theme.get_background_style() + self.background_style
+        return default_style
+
+    def _get_token_color(self, token_type: TokenType) -> Optional[Color]:
+        """Get a color (if any) for the given token.
+
+        Args:
+            token_type (TokenType): A token type tuple from Pygments.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optional[Color]: Color from theme, or None for no color.
+        """
+        style = self._theme.get_style_for_token(token_type)
+        return style.color
+
+    @property
+    def lexer(self) -> Optional[Lexer]:
+        """The lexer for this syntax, or None if no lexer was found.
+
+        Tries to find the lexer by name if a string was passed to the constructor.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(self._lexer, Lexer):
+            return self._lexer
+        try:
+            return get_lexer_by_name(
+                self._lexer,
+                stripnl=False,
+                ensurenl=True,
+                tabsize=self.tab_size,
+            )
+        except ClassNotFound:
+            return None
+
+    def highlight(
+        self,
+        code: str,
+        line_range: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ) -> Text:
+        """Highlight code and return a Text instance.
+
+        Args:
+            code (str): Code to highlight.
+            line_range(Tuple[int, int], optional): Optional line range to highlight.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A text instance containing highlighted syntax.
+        """
+
+        base_style = self._get_base_style()
+        justify: JustifyMethod = (
+            "default" if base_style.transparent_background else "left"
+        )
+
+        text = Text(
+            justify=justify,
+            style=base_style,
+            tab_size=self.tab_size,
+            no_wrap=not self.word_wrap,
+        )
+        _get_theme_style = self._theme.get_style_for_token
+
+        lexer = self.lexer
+
+        if lexer is None:
+            text.append(code)
+        else:
+            if line_range:
+                # More complicated path to only stylize a portion of the code
+                # This speeds up further operations as there are less spans to process
+                line_start, line_end = line_range
+
+                def line_tokenize() -> Iterable[Tuple[Any, str]]:
+                    """Split tokens to one per line."""
+                    assert lexer  # required to make MyPy happy - we know lexer is not None at this point
+
+                    for token_type, token in lexer.get_tokens(code):
+                        while token:
+                            line_token, new_line, token = token.partition("\n")
+                            yield token_type, line_token + new_line
+
+                def tokens_to_spans() -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Optional[Style]]]:
+                    """Convert tokens to spans."""
+                    tokens = iter(line_tokenize())
+                    line_no = 0
+                    _line_start = line_start - 1 if line_start else 0
+
+                    # Skip over tokens until line start
+                    while line_no < _line_start:
+                        try:
+                            _token_type, token = next(tokens)
+                        except StopIteration:
+                            break
+                        yield (token, None)
+                        if token.endswith("\n"):
+                            line_no += 1
+                    # Generate spans until line end
+                    for token_type, token in tokens:
+                        yield (token, _get_theme_style(token_type))
+                        if token.endswith("\n"):
+                            line_no += 1
+                            if line_end and line_no >= line_end:
+                                break
+
+                text.append_tokens(tokens_to_spans())
+
+            else:
+                text.append_tokens(
+                    (token, _get_theme_style(token_type))
+                    for token_type, token in lexer.get_tokens(code)
+                )
+            if self.background_color is not None:
+                text.stylize(f"on {self.background_color}")
+
+        if self._stylized_ranges:
+            self._apply_stylized_ranges(text)
+
+        return text
+
+    def stylize_range(
+        self, style: StyleType, start: SyntaxPosition, end: SyntaxPosition
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Adds a custom style on a part of the code, that will be applied to the syntax display when it's rendered.
+        Line numbers are 1-based, while column indexes are 0-based.
+
+        Args:
+            style (StyleType): The style to apply.
+            start (Tuple[int, int]): The start of the range, in the form `[line number, column index]`.
+            end (Tuple[int, int]): The end of the range, in the form `[line number, column index]`.
+        """
+        self._stylized_ranges.append(_SyntaxHighlightRange(style, start, end))
+
+    def _get_line_numbers_color(self, blend: float = 0.3) -> Color:
+        background_style = self._theme.get_background_style() + self.background_style
+        background_color = background_style.bgcolor
+        if background_color is None or background_color.is_system_defined:
+            return Color.default()
+        foreground_color = self._get_token_color(Token.Text)
+        if foreground_color is None or foreground_color.is_system_defined:
+            return foreground_color or Color.default()
+        new_color = blend_rgb(
+            background_color.get_truecolor(),
+            foreground_color.get_truecolor(),
+            cross_fade=blend,
+        )
+        return Color.from_triplet(new_color)
+
+    @property
+    def _numbers_column_width(self) -> int:
+        """Get the number of characters used to render the numbers column."""
+        column_width = 0
+        if self.line_numbers:
+            column_width = (
+                len(str(self.start_line + self.code.count("\n")))
+                + NUMBERS_COLUMN_DEFAULT_PADDING
+            )
+        return column_width
+
+    def _get_number_styles(self, console: Console) -> Tuple[Style, Style, Style]:
+        """Get background, number, and highlight styles for line numbers."""
+        background_style = self._get_base_style()
+        if background_style.transparent_background:
+            return Style.null(), Style(dim=True), Style.null()
+        if console.color_system in ("256", "truecolor"):
+            number_style = Style.chain(
+                background_style,
+                self._theme.get_style_for_token(Token.Text),
+                Style(color=self._get_line_numbers_color()),
+                self.background_style,
+            )
+            highlight_number_style = Style.chain(
+                background_style,
+                self._theme.get_style_for_token(Token.Text),
+                Style(bold=True, color=self._get_line_numbers_color(0.9)),
+                self.background_style,
+            )
+        else:
+            number_style = background_style + Style(dim=True)
+            highlight_number_style = background_style + Style(dim=False)
+        return background_style, number_style, highlight_number_style
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        _, right, _, left = Padding.unpack(self.padding)
+        padding = left + right
+        if self.code_width is not None:
+            width = self.code_width + self._numbers_column_width + padding + 1
+            return Measurement(self._numbers_column_width, width)
+        lines = self.code.splitlines()
+        width = (
+            self._numbers_column_width
+            + padding
+            + (max(cell_len(line) for line in lines) if lines else 0)
+        )
+        if self.line_numbers:
+            width += 1
+        return Measurement(self._numbers_column_width, width)
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        segments = Segments(self._get_syntax(console, options))
+        if self.padding:
+            yield Padding(
+                segments, style=self._theme.get_background_style(), pad=self.padding
+            )
+        else:
+            yield segments
+
+    def _get_syntax(
+        self,
+        console: Console,
+        options: ConsoleOptions,
+    ) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+        """
+        Get the Segments for the Syntax object, excluding any vertical/horizontal padding
+        """
+        transparent_background = self._get_base_style().transparent_background
+        code_width = (
+            (
+                (options.max_width - self._numbers_column_width - 1)
+                if self.line_numbers
+                else options.max_width
+            )
+            if self.code_width is None
+            else self.code_width
+        )
+
+        ends_on_nl, processed_code = self._process_code(self.code)
+        text = self.highlight(processed_code, self.line_range)
+
+        if not self.line_numbers and not self.word_wrap and not self.line_range:
+            if not ends_on_nl:
+                text.remove_suffix("\n")
+            # Simple case of just rendering text
+            style = (
+                self._get_base_style()
+                + self._theme.get_style_for_token(Comment)
+                + Style(dim=True)
+                + self.background_style
+            )
+            if self.indent_guides and not options.ascii_only:
+                text = text.with_indent_guides(self.tab_size, style=style)
+                text.overflow = "crop"
+            if style.transparent_background:
+                yield from console.render(
+                    text, options=options.update(width=code_width)
+                )
+            else:
+                syntax_lines = console.render_lines(
+                    text,
+                    options.update(width=code_width, height=None, justify="left"),
+                    style=self.background_style,
+                    pad=True,
+                    new_lines=True,
+                )
+                for syntax_line in syntax_lines:
+                    yield from syntax_line
+            return
+
+        start_line, end_line = self.line_range or (None, None)
+        line_offset = 0
+        if start_line:
+            line_offset = max(0, start_line - 1)
+        lines: Union[List[Text], Lines] = text.split("\n", allow_blank=ends_on_nl)
+        if self.line_range:
+            if line_offset > len(lines):
+                return
+            lines = lines[line_offset:end_line]
+
+        if self.indent_guides and not options.ascii_only:
+            style = (
+                self._get_base_style()
+                + self._theme.get_style_for_token(Comment)
+                + Style(dim=True)
+                + self.background_style
+            )
+            lines = (
+                Text("\n")
+                .join(lines)
+                .with_indent_guides(self.tab_size, style=style + Style(italic=False))
+                .split("\n", allow_blank=True)
+            )
+
+        numbers_column_width = self._numbers_column_width
+        render_options = options.update(width=code_width)
+
+        highlight_line = self.highlight_lines.__contains__
+        _Segment = Segment
+        new_line = _Segment("\n")
+
+        line_pointer = "> " if options.legacy_windows else "❱ "
+
+        (
+            background_style,
+            number_style,
+            highlight_number_style,
+        ) = self._get_number_styles(console)
+
+        for line_no, line in enumerate(lines, self.start_line + line_offset):
+            if self.word_wrap:
+                wrapped_lines = console.render_lines(
+                    line,
+                    render_options.update(height=None, justify="left"),
+                    style=background_style,
+                    pad=not transparent_background,
+                )
+            else:
+                segments = list(line.render(console, end=""))
+                if options.no_wrap:
+                    wrapped_lines = [segments]
+                else:
+                    wrapped_lines = [
+                        _Segment.adjust_line_length(
+                            segments,
+                            render_options.max_width,
+                            style=background_style,
+                            pad=not transparent_background,
+                        )
+                    ]
+
+            if self.line_numbers:
+                wrapped_line_left_pad = _Segment(
+                    " " * numbers_column_width + " ", background_style
+                )
+                for first, wrapped_line in loop_first(wrapped_lines):
+                    if first:
+                        line_column = str(line_no).rjust(numbers_column_width - 2) + " "
+                        if highlight_line(line_no):
+                            yield _Segment(line_pointer, Style(color="red"))
+                            yield _Segment(line_column, highlight_number_style)
+                        else:
+                            yield _Segment("  ", highlight_number_style)
+                            yield _Segment(line_column, number_style)
+                    else:
+                        yield wrapped_line_left_pad
+                    yield from wrapped_line
+                    yield new_line
+            else:
+                for wrapped_line in wrapped_lines:
+                    yield from wrapped_line
+                    yield new_line
+
+    def _apply_stylized_ranges(self, text: Text) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply stylized ranges to a text instance,
+        using the given code to determine the right portion to apply the style to.
+
+        Args:
+            text (Text): Text instance to apply the style to.
+        """
+        code = text.plain
+        newlines_offsets = [
+            # Let's add outer boundaries at each side of the list:
+            0,
+            # N.B. using "\n" here is much faster than using metacharacters such as "^" or "\Z":
+            *[
+                match.start() + 1
+                for match in re.finditer("\n", code, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+            ],
+            len(code) + 1,
+        ]
+
+        for stylized_range in self._stylized_ranges:
+            start = _get_code_index_for_syntax_position(
+                newlines_offsets, stylized_range.start
+            )
+            end = _get_code_index_for_syntax_position(
+                newlines_offsets, stylized_range.end
+            )
+            if start is not None and end is not None:
+                text.stylize(stylized_range.style, start, end)
+
+    def _process_code(self, code: str) -> Tuple[bool, str]:
+        """
+        Applies various processing to a raw code string
+        (normalises it so it always ends with a line return, dedents it if necessary, etc.)
+
+        Args:
+            code (str): The raw code string to process
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple[bool, str]: the boolean indicates whether the raw code ends with a line return,
+                while the string is the processed code.
+        """
+        ends_on_nl = code.endswith("\n")
+        processed_code = code if ends_on_nl else code + "\n"
+        processed_code = (
+            textwrap.dedent(processed_code) if self.dedent else processed_code
+        )
+        processed_code = processed_code.expandtabs(self.tab_size)
+        return ends_on_nl, processed_code
+
+
+def _get_code_index_for_syntax_position(
+    newlines_offsets: Sequence[int], position: SyntaxPosition
+) -> Optional[int]:
+    """
+    Returns the index of the code string for the given positions.
+
+    Args:
+        newlines_offsets (Sequence[int]): The offset of each newline character found in the code snippet.
+        position (SyntaxPosition): The position to search for.
+
+    Returns:
+        Optional[int]: The index of the code string for this position, or `None`
+            if the given position's line number is out of range (if it's the column that is out of range
+            we silently clamp its value so that it reaches the end of the line)
+    """
+    lines_count = len(newlines_offsets)
+
+    line_number, column_index = position
+    if line_number > lines_count or len(newlines_offsets) < (line_number + 1):
+        return None  # `line_number` is out of range
+    line_index = line_number - 1
+    line_length = newlines_offsets[line_index + 1] - newlines_offsets[line_index] - 1
+    # If `column_index` is out of range: let's silently clamp it:
+    column_index = min(line_length, column_index)
+    return newlines_offsets[line_index] + column_index
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    import argparse
+    import sys
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Render syntax to the console with Rich"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "path",
+        metavar="PATH",
+        help="path to file, or - for stdin",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-c",
+        "--force-color",
+        dest="force_color",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=None,
+        help="force color for non-terminals",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-i",
+        "--indent-guides",
+        dest="indent_guides",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="display indent guides",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-l",
+        "--line-numbers",
+        dest="line_numbers",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="render line numbers",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-w",
+        "--width",
+        type=int,
+        dest="width",
+        default=None,
+        help="width of output (default will auto-detect)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-r",
+        "--wrap",
+        dest="word_wrap",
+        action="store_true",
+        default=False,
+        help="word wrap long lines",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-s",
+        "--soft-wrap",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="soft_wrap",
+        default=False,
+        help="enable soft wrapping mode",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-t", "--theme", dest="theme", default="monokai", help="pygments theme"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-b",
+        "--background-color",
+        dest="background_color",
+        default=None,
+        help="Override background color",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-x",
+        "--lexer",
+        default=None,
+        dest="lexer_name",
+        help="Lexer name",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-p", "--padding", type=int, default=0, dest="padding", help="Padding"
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--highlight-line",
+        type=int,
+        default=None,
+        dest="highlight_line",
+        help="The line number (not index!) to highlight",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    console = Console(force_terminal=args.force_color, width=args.width)
+
+    if args.path == "-":
+        code = sys.stdin.read()
+        syntax = Syntax(
+            code=code,
+            lexer=args.lexer_name,
+            line_numbers=args.line_numbers,
+            word_wrap=args.word_wrap,
+            theme=args.theme,
+            background_color=args.background_color,
+            indent_guides=args.indent_guides,
+            padding=args.padding,
+            highlight_lines={args.highlight_line},
+        )
+    else:
+        syntax = Syntax.from_path(
+            args.path,
+            lexer=args.lexer_name,
+            line_numbers=args.line_numbers,
+            word_wrap=args.word_wrap,
+            theme=args.theme,
+            background_color=args.background_color,
+            indent_guides=args.indent_guides,
+            padding=args.padding,
+            highlight_lines={args.highlight_line},
+        )
+    console.print(syntax, soft_wrap=args.soft_wrap)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/table.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/table.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17409f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/table.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1002 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from . import box, errors
+from ._loop import loop_first_last, loop_last
+from ._pick import pick_bool
+from ._ratio import ratio_distribute, ratio_reduce
+from .align import VerticalAlignMethod
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .padding import Padding, PaddingDimensions
+from .protocol import is_renderable
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style, StyleType
+from .text import Text, TextType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .console import (
+        Console,
+        ConsoleOptions,
+        JustifyMethod,
+        OverflowMethod,
+        RenderableType,
+        RenderResult,
+    )
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Column:
+    """Defines a column within a ~Table.
+
+    Args:
+        title (Union[str, Text], optional): The title of the table rendered at the top. Defaults to None.
+        caption (Union[str, Text], optional): The table caption rendered below. Defaults to None.
+        width (int, optional): The width in characters of the table, or ``None`` to automatically fit. Defaults to None.
+        min_width (Optional[int], optional): The minimum width of the table, or ``None`` for no minimum. Defaults to None.
+        box (box.Box, optional): One of the constants in box.py used to draw the edges (see :ref:`appendix_box`), or ``None`` for no box lines. Defaults to box.HEAVY_HEAD.
+        safe_box (Optional[bool], optional): Disable box characters that don't display on windows legacy terminal with *raster* fonts. Defaults to True.
+        padding (PaddingDimensions, optional): Padding for cells (top, right, bottom, left). Defaults to (0, 1).
+        collapse_padding (bool, optional): Enable collapsing of padding around cells. Defaults to False.
+        pad_edge (bool, optional): Enable padding of edge cells. Defaults to True.
+        expand (bool, optional): Expand the table to fit the available space if ``True``, otherwise the table width will be auto-calculated. Defaults to False.
+        show_header (bool, optional): Show a header row. Defaults to True.
+        show_footer (bool, optional): Show a footer row. Defaults to False.
+        show_edge (bool, optional): Draw a box around the outside of the table. Defaults to True.
+        show_lines (bool, optional): Draw lines between every row. Defaults to False.
+        leading (bool, optional): Number of blank lines between rows (precludes ``show_lines``). Defaults to 0.
+        style (Union[str, Style], optional): Default style for the table. Defaults to "none".
+        row_styles (List[Union, str], optional): Optional list of row styles, if more than one style is given then the styles will alternate. Defaults to None.
+        header_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the header. Defaults to "table.header".
+        footer_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the footer. Defaults to "table.footer".
+        border_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the border. Defaults to None.
+        title_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the title. Defaults to None.
+        caption_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the caption. Defaults to None.
+        title_justify (str, optional): Justify method for title. Defaults to "center".
+        caption_justify (str, optional): Justify method for caption. Defaults to "center".
+        highlight (bool, optional): Highlight cell contents (if str). Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    header: "RenderableType" = ""
+    """RenderableType: Renderable for the header (typically a string)"""
+
+    footer: "RenderableType" = ""
+    """RenderableType: Renderable for the footer (typically a string)"""
+
+    header_style: StyleType = ""
+    """StyleType: The style of the header."""
+
+    footer_style: StyleType = ""
+    """StyleType: The style of the footer."""
+
+    style: StyleType = ""
+    """StyleType: The style of the column."""
+
+    justify: "JustifyMethod" = "left"
+    """str: How to justify text within the column ("left", "center", "right", or "full")"""
+
+    vertical: "VerticalAlignMethod" = "top"
+    """str: How to vertically align content ("top", "middle", or "bottom")"""
+
+    overflow: "OverflowMethod" = "ellipsis"
+    """str: Overflow method."""
+
+    width: Optional[int] = None
+    """Optional[int]: Width of the column, or ``None`` (default) to auto calculate width."""
+
+    min_width: Optional[int] = None
+    """Optional[int]: Minimum width of column, or ``None`` for no minimum. Defaults to None."""
+
+    max_width: Optional[int] = None
+    """Optional[int]: Maximum width of column, or ``None`` for no maximum. Defaults to None."""
+
+    ratio: Optional[int] = None
+    """Optional[int]: Ratio to use when calculating column width, or ``None`` (default) to adapt to column contents."""
+
+    no_wrap: bool = False
+    """bool: Prevent wrapping of text within the column. Defaults to ``False``."""
+
+    _index: int = 0
+    """Index of column."""
+
+    _cells: List["RenderableType"] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+    def copy(self) -> "Column":
+        """Return a copy of this Column."""
+        return replace(self, _cells=[])
+
+    @property
+    def cells(self) -> Iterable["RenderableType"]:
+        """Get all cells in the column, not including header."""
+        yield from self._cells
+
+    @property
+    def flexible(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if this column is flexible."""
+        return self.ratio is not None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Row:
+    """Information regarding a row."""
+
+    style: Optional[StyleType] = None
+    """Style to apply to row."""
+
+    end_section: bool = False
+    """Indicated end of section, which will force a line beneath the row."""
+
+
+class _Cell(NamedTuple):
+    """A single cell in a table."""
+
+    style: StyleType
+    """Style to apply to cell."""
+    renderable: "RenderableType"
+    """Cell renderable."""
+    vertical: VerticalAlignMethod
+    """Cell vertical alignment."""
+
+
+class Table(JupyterMixin):
+    """A console renderable to draw a table.
+
+    Args:
+        *headers (Union[Column, str]): Column headers, either as a string, or :class:`~rich.table.Column` instance.
+        title (Union[str, Text], optional): The title of the table rendered at the top. Defaults to None.
+        caption (Union[str, Text], optional): The table caption rendered below. Defaults to None.
+        width (int, optional): The width in characters of the table, or ``None`` to automatically fit. Defaults to None.
+        min_width (Optional[int], optional): The minimum width of the table, or ``None`` for no minimum. Defaults to None.
+        box (box.Box, optional): One of the constants in box.py used to draw the edges (see :ref:`appendix_box`), or ``None`` for no box lines. Defaults to box.HEAVY_HEAD.
+        safe_box (Optional[bool], optional): Disable box characters that don't display on windows legacy terminal with *raster* fonts. Defaults to True.
+        padding (PaddingDimensions, optional): Padding for cells (top, right, bottom, left). Defaults to (0, 1).
+        collapse_padding (bool, optional): Enable collapsing of padding around cells. Defaults to False.
+        pad_edge (bool, optional): Enable padding of edge cells. Defaults to True.
+        expand (bool, optional): Expand the table to fit the available space if ``True``, otherwise the table width will be auto-calculated. Defaults to False.
+        show_header (bool, optional): Show a header row. Defaults to True.
+        show_footer (bool, optional): Show a footer row. Defaults to False.
+        show_edge (bool, optional): Draw a box around the outside of the table. Defaults to True.
+        show_lines (bool, optional): Draw lines between every row. Defaults to False.
+        leading (bool, optional): Number of blank lines between rows (precludes ``show_lines``). Defaults to 0.
+        style (Union[str, Style], optional): Default style for the table. Defaults to "none".
+        row_styles (List[Union, str], optional): Optional list of row styles, if more than one style is given then the styles will alternate. Defaults to None.
+        header_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the header. Defaults to "table.header".
+        footer_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the footer. Defaults to "table.footer".
+        border_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the border. Defaults to None.
+        title_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the title. Defaults to None.
+        caption_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style of the caption. Defaults to None.
+        title_justify (str, optional): Justify method for title. Defaults to "center".
+        caption_justify (str, optional): Justify method for caption. Defaults to "center".
+        highlight (bool, optional): Highlight cell contents (if str). Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    columns: List[Column]
+    rows: List[Row]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *headers: Union[Column, str],
+        title: Optional[TextType] = None,
+        caption: Optional[TextType] = None,
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        min_width: Optional[int] = None,
+        box: Optional[box.Box] = box.HEAVY_HEAD,
+        safe_box: Optional[bool] = None,
+        padding: PaddingDimensions = (0, 1),
+        collapse_padding: bool = False,
+        pad_edge: bool = True,
+        expand: bool = False,
+        show_header: bool = True,
+        show_footer: bool = False,
+        show_edge: bool = True,
+        show_lines: bool = False,
+        leading: int = 0,
+        style: StyleType = "none",
+        row_styles: Optional[Iterable[StyleType]] = None,
+        header_style: Optional[StyleType] = "table.header",
+        footer_style: Optional[StyleType] = "table.footer",
+        border_style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        title_style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        caption_style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        title_justify: "JustifyMethod" = "center",
+        caption_justify: "JustifyMethod" = "center",
+        highlight: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+
+        self.columns: List[Column] = []
+        self.rows: List[Row] = []
+        self.title = title
+        self.caption = caption
+        self.width = width
+        self.min_width = min_width
+        self.box = box
+        self.safe_box = safe_box
+        self._padding = Padding.unpack(padding)
+        self.pad_edge = pad_edge
+        self._expand = expand
+        self.show_header = show_header
+        self.show_footer = show_footer
+        self.show_edge = show_edge
+        self.show_lines = show_lines
+        self.leading = leading
+        self.collapse_padding = collapse_padding
+        self.style = style
+        self.header_style = header_style or ""
+        self.footer_style = footer_style or ""
+        self.border_style = border_style
+        self.title_style = title_style
+        self.caption_style = caption_style
+        self.title_justify: "JustifyMethod" = title_justify
+        self.caption_justify: "JustifyMethod" = caption_justify
+        self.highlight = highlight
+        self.row_styles: Sequence[StyleType] = list(row_styles or [])
+        append_column = self.columns.append
+        for header in headers:
+            if isinstance(header, str):
+                self.add_column(header=header)
+            else:
+                header._index = len(self.columns)
+                append_column(header)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def grid(
+        cls,
+        *headers: Union[Column, str],
+        padding: PaddingDimensions = 0,
+        collapse_padding: bool = True,
+        pad_edge: bool = False,
+        expand: bool = False,
+    ) -> "Table":
+        """Get a table with no lines, headers, or footer.
+
+        Args:
+            *headers (Union[Column, str]): Column headers, either as a string, or :class:`~rich.table.Column` instance.
+            padding (PaddingDimensions, optional): Get padding around cells. Defaults to 0.
+            collapse_padding (bool, optional): Enable collapsing of padding around cells. Defaults to True.
+            pad_edge (bool, optional): Enable padding around edges of table. Defaults to False.
+            expand (bool, optional): Expand the table to fit the available space if ``True``, otherwise the table width will be auto-calculated. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Table: A table instance.
+        """
+        return cls(
+            *headers,
+            box=None,
+            padding=padding,
+            collapse_padding=collapse_padding,
+            show_header=False,
+            show_footer=False,
+            show_edge=False,
+            pad_edge=pad_edge,
+            expand=expand,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def expand(self) -> bool:
+        """Setting a non-None self.width implies expand."""
+        return self._expand or self.width is not None
+
+    @expand.setter
+    def expand(self, expand: bool) -> None:
+        """Set expand."""
+        self._expand = expand
+
+    @property
+    def _extra_width(self) -> int:
+        """Get extra width to add to cell content."""
+        width = 0
+        if self.box and self.show_edge:
+            width += 2
+        if self.box:
+            width += len(self.columns) - 1
+        return width
+
+    @property
+    def row_count(self) -> int:
+        """Get the current number of rows."""
+        return len(self.rows)
+
+    def get_row_style(self, console: "Console", index: int) -> StyleType:
+        """Get the current row style."""
+        style = Style.null()
+        if self.row_styles:
+            style += console.get_style(self.row_styles[index % len(self.row_styles)])
+        row_style = self.rows[index].style
+        if row_style is not None:
+            style += console.get_style(row_style)
+        return style
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        max_width = options.max_width
+        if self.width is not None:
+            max_width = self.width
+        if max_width < 0:
+            return Measurement(0, 0)
+
+        extra_width = self._extra_width
+        max_width = sum(
+            self._calculate_column_widths(
+                console, options.update_width(max_width - extra_width)
+            )
+        )
+        _measure_column = self._measure_column
+
+        measurements = [
+            _measure_column(console, options.update_width(max_width), column)
+            for column in self.columns
+        ]
+        minimum_width = (
+            sum(measurement.minimum for measurement in measurements) + extra_width
+        )
+        maximum_width = (
+            sum(measurement.maximum for measurement in measurements) + extra_width
+            if (self.width is None)
+            else self.width
+        )
+        measurement = Measurement(minimum_width, maximum_width)
+        measurement = measurement.clamp(self.min_width)
+        return measurement
+
+    @property
+    def padding(self) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+        """Get cell padding."""
+        return self._padding
+
+    @padding.setter
+    def padding(self, padding: PaddingDimensions) -> "Table":
+        """Set cell padding."""
+        self._padding = Padding.unpack(padding)
+        return self
+
+    def add_column(
+        self,
+        header: "RenderableType" = "",
+        footer: "RenderableType" = "",
+        *,
+        header_style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        footer_style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        justify: "JustifyMethod" = "left",
+        vertical: "VerticalAlignMethod" = "top",
+        overflow: "OverflowMethod" = "ellipsis",
+        width: Optional[int] = None,
+        min_width: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_width: Optional[int] = None,
+        ratio: Optional[int] = None,
+        no_wrap: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a column to the table.
+
+        Args:
+            header (RenderableType, optional): Text or renderable for the header.
+                Defaults to "".
+            footer (RenderableType, optional): Text or renderable for the footer.
+                Defaults to "".
+            header_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style for the header, or None for default. Defaults to None.
+            footer_style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style for the footer, or None for default. Defaults to None.
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): Style for the column cells, or None for default. Defaults to None.
+            justify (JustifyMethod, optional): Alignment for cells. Defaults to "left".
+            vertical (VerticalAlignMethod, optional): Vertical alignment, one of "top", "middle", or "bottom". Defaults to "top".
+            overflow (OverflowMethod): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", "ellipsis". Defaults to "ellipsis".
+            width (int, optional): Desired width of column in characters, or None to fit to contents. Defaults to None.
+            min_width (Optional[int], optional): Minimum width of column, or ``None`` for no minimum. Defaults to None.
+            max_width (Optional[int], optional): Maximum width of column, or ``None`` for no maximum. Defaults to None.
+            ratio (int, optional): Flexible ratio for the column (requires ``Table.expand`` or ``Table.width``). Defaults to None.
+            no_wrap (bool, optional): Set to ``True`` to disable wrapping of this column.
+        """
+
+        column = Column(
+            _index=len(self.columns),
+            header=header,
+            footer=footer,
+            header_style=header_style or "",
+            footer_style=footer_style or "",
+            style=style or "",
+            justify=justify,
+            vertical=vertical,
+            overflow=overflow,
+            width=width,
+            min_width=min_width,
+            max_width=max_width,
+            ratio=ratio,
+            no_wrap=no_wrap,
+        )
+        self.columns.append(column)
+
+    def add_row(
+        self,
+        *renderables: Optional["RenderableType"],
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        end_section: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a row of renderables.
+
+        Args:
+            *renderables (None or renderable): Each cell in a row must be a renderable object (including str),
+                or ``None`` for a blank cell.
+            style (StyleType, optional): An optional style to apply to the entire row. Defaults to None.
+            end_section (bool, optional): End a section and draw a line. Defaults to False.
+
+        Raises:
+            errors.NotRenderableError: If you add something that can't be rendered.
+        """
+
+        def add_cell(column: Column, renderable: "RenderableType") -> None:
+            column._cells.append(renderable)
+
+        cell_renderables: List[Optional["RenderableType"]] = list(renderables)
+
+        columns = self.columns
+        if len(cell_renderables) < len(columns):
+            cell_renderables = [
+                *cell_renderables,
+                *[None] * (len(columns) - len(cell_renderables)),
+            ]
+        for index, renderable in enumerate(cell_renderables):
+            if index == len(columns):
+                column = Column(_index=index)
+                for _ in self.rows:
+                    add_cell(column, Text(""))
+                self.columns.append(column)
+            else:
+                column = columns[index]
+            if renderable is None:
+                add_cell(column, "")
+            elif is_renderable(renderable):
+                add_cell(column, renderable)
+            else:
+                raise errors.NotRenderableError(
+                    f"unable to render {type(renderable).__name__}; a string or other renderable object is required"
+                )
+        self.rows.append(Row(style=style, end_section=end_section))
+
+    def add_section(self) -> None:
+        """Add a new section (draw a line after current row)."""
+
+        if self.rows:
+            self.rows[-1].end_section = True
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+
+        if not self.columns:
+            yield Segment("\n")
+            return
+
+        max_width = options.max_width
+        if self.width is not None:
+            max_width = self.width
+
+        extra_width = self._extra_width
+        widths = self._calculate_column_widths(
+            console, options.update_width(max_width - extra_width)
+        )
+        table_width = sum(widths) + extra_width
+
+        render_options = options.update(
+            width=table_width, highlight=self.highlight, height=None
+        )
+
+        def render_annotation(
+            text: TextType, style: StyleType, justify: "JustifyMethod" = "center"
+        ) -> "RenderResult":
+            render_text = (
+                console.render_str(text, style=style, highlight=False)
+                if isinstance(text, str)
+                else text
+            )
+            return console.render(
+                render_text, options=render_options.update(justify=justify)
+            )
+
+        if self.title:
+            yield from render_annotation(
+                self.title,
+                style=Style.pick_first(self.title_style, "table.title"),
+                justify=self.title_justify,
+            )
+        yield from self._render(console, render_options, widths)
+        if self.caption:
+            yield from render_annotation(
+                self.caption,
+                style=Style.pick_first(self.caption_style, "table.caption"),
+                justify=self.caption_justify,
+            )
+
+    def _calculate_column_widths(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> List[int]:
+        """Calculate the widths of each column, including padding, not including borders."""
+        max_width = options.max_width
+        columns = self.columns
+        width_ranges = [
+            self._measure_column(console, options, column) for column in columns
+        ]
+        widths = [_range.maximum or 1 for _range in width_ranges]
+        get_padding_width = self._get_padding_width
+        extra_width = self._extra_width
+        if self.expand:
+            ratios = [col.ratio or 0 for col in columns if col.flexible]
+            if any(ratios):
+                fixed_widths = [
+                    0 if column.flexible else _range.maximum
+                    for _range, column in zip(width_ranges, columns)
+                ]
+                flex_minimum = [
+                    (column.width or 1) + get_padding_width(column._index)
+                    for column in columns
+                    if column.flexible
+                ]
+                flexible_width = max_width - sum(fixed_widths)
+                flex_widths = ratio_distribute(flexible_width, ratios, flex_minimum)
+                iter_flex_widths = iter(flex_widths)
+                for index, column in enumerate(columns):
+                    if column.flexible:
+                        widths[index] = fixed_widths[index] + next(iter_flex_widths)
+        table_width = sum(widths)
+
+        if table_width > max_width:
+            widths = self._collapse_widths(
+                widths,
+                [(column.width is None and not column.no_wrap) for column in columns],
+                max_width,
+            )
+            table_width = sum(widths)
+            # last resort, reduce columns evenly
+            if table_width > max_width:
+                excess_width = table_width - max_width
+                widths = ratio_reduce(excess_width, [1] * len(widths), widths, widths)
+                table_width = sum(widths)
+
+            width_ranges = [
+                self._measure_column(console, options.update_width(width), column)
+                for width, column in zip(widths, columns)
+            ]
+            widths = [_range.maximum or 0 for _range in width_ranges]
+
+        if (table_width < max_width and self.expand) or (
+            self.min_width is not None and table_width < (self.min_width - extra_width)
+        ):
+            _max_width = (
+                max_width
+                if self.min_width is None
+                else min(self.min_width - extra_width, max_width)
+            )
+            pad_widths = ratio_distribute(_max_width - table_width, widths)
+            widths = [_width + pad for _width, pad in zip(widths, pad_widths)]
+
+        return widths
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _collapse_widths(
+        cls, widths: List[int], wrapable: List[bool], max_width: int
+    ) -> List[int]:
+        """Reduce widths so that the total is under max_width.
+
+        Args:
+            widths (List[int]): List of widths.
+            wrapable (List[bool]): List of booleans that indicate if a column may shrink.
+            max_width (int): Maximum width to reduce to.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[int]: A new list of widths.
+        """
+        total_width = sum(widths)
+        excess_width = total_width - max_width
+        if any(wrapable):
+            while total_width and excess_width > 0:
+                max_column = max(
+                    width for width, allow_wrap in zip(widths, wrapable) if allow_wrap
+                )
+                second_max_column = max(
+                    width if allow_wrap and width != max_column else 0
+                    for width, allow_wrap in zip(widths, wrapable)
+                )
+                column_difference = max_column - second_max_column
+                ratios = [
+                    (1 if (width == max_column and allow_wrap) else 0)
+                    for width, allow_wrap in zip(widths, wrapable)
+                ]
+                if not any(ratios) or not column_difference:
+                    break
+                max_reduce = [min(excess_width, column_difference)] * len(widths)
+                widths = ratio_reduce(excess_width, ratios, max_reduce, widths)
+
+                total_width = sum(widths)
+                excess_width = total_width - max_width
+        return widths
+
+    def _get_cells(
+        self, console: "Console", column_index: int, column: Column
+    ) -> Iterable[_Cell]:
+        """Get all the cells with padding and optional header."""
+
+        collapse_padding = self.collapse_padding
+        pad_edge = self.pad_edge
+        padding = self.padding
+        any_padding = any(padding)
+
+        first_column = column_index == 0
+        last_column = column_index == len(self.columns) - 1
+
+        _padding_cache: Dict[Tuple[bool, bool], Tuple[int, int, int, int]] = {}
+
+        def get_padding(first_row: bool, last_row: bool) -> Tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+            cached = _padding_cache.get((first_row, last_row))
+            if cached:
+                return cached
+            top, right, bottom, left = padding
+
+            if collapse_padding:
+                if not first_column:
+                    left = max(0, left - right)
+                if not last_row:
+                    bottom = max(0, top - bottom)
+
+            if not pad_edge:
+                if first_column:
+                    left = 0
+                if last_column:
+                    right = 0
+                if first_row:
+                    top = 0
+                if last_row:
+                    bottom = 0
+            _padding = (top, right, bottom, left)
+            _padding_cache[(first_row, last_row)] = _padding
+            return _padding
+
+        raw_cells: List[Tuple[StyleType, "RenderableType"]] = []
+        _append = raw_cells.append
+        get_style = console.get_style
+        if self.show_header:
+            header_style = get_style(self.header_style or "") + get_style(
+                column.header_style
+            )
+            _append((header_style, column.header))
+        cell_style = get_style(column.style or "")
+        for cell in column.cells:
+            _append((cell_style, cell))
+        if self.show_footer:
+            footer_style = get_style(self.footer_style or "") + get_style(
+                column.footer_style
+            )
+            _append((footer_style, column.footer))
+
+        if any_padding:
+            _Padding = Padding
+            for first, last, (style, renderable) in loop_first_last(raw_cells):
+                yield _Cell(
+                    style,
+                    _Padding(renderable, get_padding(first, last)),
+                    getattr(renderable, "vertical", None) or column.vertical,
+                )
+        else:
+            for (style, renderable) in raw_cells:
+                yield _Cell(
+                    style,
+                    renderable,
+                    getattr(renderable, "vertical", None) or column.vertical,
+                )
+
+    def _get_padding_width(self, column_index: int) -> int:
+        """Get extra width from padding."""
+        _, pad_right, _, pad_left = self.padding
+        if self.collapse_padding:
+            if column_index > 0:
+                pad_left = max(0, pad_left - pad_right)
+        return pad_left + pad_right
+
+    def _measure_column(
+        self,
+        console: "Console",
+        options: "ConsoleOptions",
+        column: Column,
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        """Get the minimum and maximum width of the column."""
+
+        max_width = options.max_width
+        if max_width < 1:
+            return Measurement(0, 0)
+
+        padding_width = self._get_padding_width(column._index)
+
+        if column.width is not None:
+            # Fixed width column
+            return Measurement(
+                column.width + padding_width, column.width + padding_width
+            ).with_maximum(max_width)
+        # Flexible column, we need to measure contents
+        min_widths: List[int] = []
+        max_widths: List[int] = []
+        append_min = min_widths.append
+        append_max = max_widths.append
+        get_render_width = Measurement.get
+        for cell in self._get_cells(console, column._index, column):
+            _min, _max = get_render_width(console, options, cell.renderable)
+            append_min(_min)
+            append_max(_max)
+
+        measurement = Measurement(
+            max(min_widths) if min_widths else 1,
+            max(max_widths) if max_widths else max_width,
+        ).with_maximum(max_width)
+        measurement = measurement.clamp(
+            None if column.min_width is None else column.min_width + padding_width,
+            None if column.max_width is None else column.max_width + padding_width,
+        )
+        return measurement
+
+    def _render(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions", widths: List[int]
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+        table_style = console.get_style(self.style or "")
+
+        border_style = table_style + console.get_style(self.border_style or "")
+        _column_cells = (
+            self._get_cells(console, column_index, column)
+            for column_index, column in enumerate(self.columns)
+        )
+        row_cells: List[Tuple[_Cell, ...]] = list(zip(*_column_cells))
+        _box = (
+            self.box.substitute(
+                options, safe=pick_bool(self.safe_box, console.safe_box)
+            )
+            if self.box
+            else None
+        )
+        _box = _box.get_plain_headed_box() if _box and not self.show_header else _box
+
+        new_line = Segment.line()
+
+        columns = self.columns
+        show_header = self.show_header
+        show_footer = self.show_footer
+        show_edge = self.show_edge
+        show_lines = self.show_lines
+        leading = self.leading
+
+        _Segment = Segment
+        if _box:
+            box_segments = [
+                (
+                    _Segment(_box.head_left, border_style),
+                    _Segment(_box.head_right, border_style),
+                    _Segment(_box.head_vertical, border_style),
+                ),
+                (
+                    _Segment(_box.foot_left, border_style),
+                    _Segment(_box.foot_right, border_style),
+                    _Segment(_box.foot_vertical, border_style),
+                ),
+                (
+                    _Segment(_box.mid_left, border_style),
+                    _Segment(_box.mid_right, border_style),
+                    _Segment(_box.mid_vertical, border_style),
+                ),
+            ]
+            if show_edge:
+                yield _Segment(_box.get_top(widths), border_style)
+                yield new_line
+        else:
+            box_segments = []
+
+        get_row_style = self.get_row_style
+        get_style = console.get_style
+
+        for index, (first, last, row_cell) in enumerate(loop_first_last(row_cells)):
+            header_row = first and show_header
+            footer_row = last and show_footer
+            row = (
+                self.rows[index - show_header]
+                if (not header_row and not footer_row)
+                else None
+            )
+            max_height = 1
+            cells: List[List[List[Segment]]] = []
+            if header_row or footer_row:
+                row_style = Style.null()
+            else:
+                row_style = get_style(
+                    get_row_style(console, index - 1 if show_header else index)
+                )
+            for width, cell, column in zip(widths, row_cell, columns):
+                render_options = options.update(
+                    width=width,
+                    justify=column.justify,
+                    no_wrap=column.no_wrap,
+                    overflow=column.overflow,
+                    height=None,
+                )
+                lines = console.render_lines(
+                    cell.renderable,
+                    render_options,
+                    style=get_style(cell.style) + row_style,
+                )
+                max_height = max(max_height, len(lines))
+                cells.append(lines)
+
+            row_height = max(len(cell) for cell in cells)
+
+            def align_cell(
+                cell: List[List[Segment]],
+                vertical: "VerticalAlignMethod",
+                width: int,
+                style: Style,
+            ) -> List[List[Segment]]:
+                if header_row:
+                    vertical = "bottom"
+                elif footer_row:
+                    vertical = "top"
+
+                if vertical == "top":
+                    return _Segment.align_top(cell, width, row_height, style)
+                elif vertical == "middle":
+                    return _Segment.align_middle(cell, width, row_height, style)
+                return _Segment.align_bottom(cell, width, row_height, style)
+
+            cells[:] = [
+                _Segment.set_shape(
+                    align_cell(
+                        cell,
+                        _cell.vertical,
+                        width,
+                        get_style(_cell.style) + row_style,
+                    ),
+                    width,
+                    max_height,
+                )
+                for width, _cell, cell, column in zip(widths, row_cell, cells, columns)
+            ]
+
+            if _box:
+                if last and show_footer:
+                    yield _Segment(
+                        _box.get_row(widths, "foot", edge=show_edge), border_style
+                    )
+                    yield new_line
+                left, right, _divider = box_segments[0 if first else (2 if last else 1)]
+
+                # If the column divider is whitespace also style it with the row background
+                divider = (
+                    _divider
+                    if _divider.text.strip()
+                    else _Segment(
+                        _divider.text, row_style.background_style + _divider.style
+                    )
+                )
+                for line_no in range(max_height):
+                    if show_edge:
+                        yield left
+                    for last_cell, rendered_cell in loop_last(cells):
+                        yield from rendered_cell[line_no]
+                        if not last_cell:
+                            yield divider
+                    if show_edge:
+                        yield right
+                    yield new_line
+            else:
+                for line_no in range(max_height):
+                    for rendered_cell in cells:
+                        yield from rendered_cell[line_no]
+                    yield new_line
+            if _box and first and show_header:
+                yield _Segment(
+                    _box.get_row(widths, "head", edge=show_edge), border_style
+                )
+                yield new_line
+            end_section = row and row.end_section
+            if _box and (show_lines or leading or end_section):
+                if (
+                    not last
+                    and not (show_footer and index >= len(row_cells) - 2)
+                    and not (show_header and header_row)
+                ):
+                    if leading:
+                        yield _Segment(
+                            _box.get_row(widths, "mid", edge=show_edge) * leading,
+                            border_style,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        yield _Segment(
+                            _box.get_row(widths, "row", edge=show_edge), border_style
+                        )
+                    yield new_line
+
+        if _box and show_edge:
+            yield _Segment(_box.get_bottom(widths), border_style)
+            yield new_line
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+    from pip._vendor.rich.highlighter import ReprHighlighter
+    from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table as Table
+
+    from ._timer import timer
+
+    with timer("Table render"):
+        table = Table(
+            title="Star Wars Movies",
+            caption="Rich example table",
+            caption_justify="right",
+        )
+
+        table.add_column(
+            "Released", header_style="bright_cyan", style="cyan", no_wrap=True
+        )
+        table.add_column("Title", style="magenta")
+        table.add_column("Box Office", justify="right", style="green")
+
+        table.add_row(
+            "Dec 20, 2019",
+            "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker",
+            "$952,110,690",
+        )
+        table.add_row("May 25, 2018", "Solo: A Star Wars Story", "$393,151,347")
+        table.add_row(
+            "Dec 15, 2017",
+            "Star Wars Ep. V111: The Last Jedi",
+            "$1,332,539,889",
+            style="on black",
+            end_section=True,
+        )
+        table.add_row(
+            "Dec 16, 2016",
+            "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story",
+            "$1,332,439,889",
+        )
+
+        def header(text: str) -> None:
+            console.print()
+            console.rule(highlight(text))
+            console.print()
+
+        console = Console()
+        highlight = ReprHighlighter()
+        header("Example Table")
+        console.print(table, justify="center")
+
+        table.expand = True
+        header("expand=True")
+        console.print(table)
+
+        table.width = 50
+        header("width=50")
+
+        console.print(table, justify="center")
+
+        table.width = None
+        table.expand = False
+        table.row_styles = ["dim", "none"]
+        header("row_styles=['dim', 'none']")
+
+        console.print(table, justify="center")
+
+        table.width = None
+        table.expand = False
+        table.row_styles = ["dim", "none"]
+        table.leading = 1
+        header("leading=1, row_styles=['dim', 'none']")
+        console.print(table, justify="center")
+
+        table.width = None
+        table.expand = False
+        table.row_styles = ["dim", "none"]
+        table.show_lines = True
+        table.leading = 0
+        header("show_lines=True, row_styles=['dim', 'none']")
+        console.print(table, justify="center")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/terminal_theme.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/terminal_theme.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..565e9d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/terminal_theme.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from .color_triplet import ColorTriplet
+from .palette import Palette
+
+_ColorTuple = Tuple[int, int, int]
+
+
+class TerminalTheme:
+    """A color theme used when exporting console content.
+
+    Args:
+        background (Tuple[int, int, int]): The background color.
+        foreground (Tuple[int, int, int]): The foreground (text) color.
+        normal (List[Tuple[int, int, int]]): A list of 8 normal intensity colors.
+        bright (List[Tuple[int, int, int]], optional): A list of 8 bright colors, or None
+            to repeat normal intensity. Defaults to None.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        background: _ColorTuple,
+        foreground: _ColorTuple,
+        normal: List[_ColorTuple],
+        bright: Optional[List[_ColorTuple]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.background_color = ColorTriplet(*background)
+        self.foreground_color = ColorTriplet(*foreground)
+        self.ansi_colors = Palette(normal + (bright or normal))
+
+
+DEFAULT_TERMINAL_THEME = TerminalTheme(
+    (255, 255, 255),
+    (0, 0, 0),
+    [
+        (0, 0, 0),
+        (128, 0, 0),
+        (0, 128, 0),
+        (128, 128, 0),
+        (0, 0, 128),
+        (128, 0, 128),
+        (0, 128, 128),
+        (192, 192, 192),
+    ],
+    [
+        (128, 128, 128),
+        (255, 0, 0),
+        (0, 255, 0),
+        (255, 255, 0),
+        (0, 0, 255),
+        (255, 0, 255),
+        (0, 255, 255),
+        (255, 255, 255),
+    ],
+)
+
+MONOKAI = TerminalTheme(
+    (12, 12, 12),
+    (217, 217, 217),
+    [
+        (26, 26, 26),
+        (244, 0, 95),
+        (152, 224, 36),
+        (253, 151, 31),
+        (157, 101, 255),
+        (244, 0, 95),
+        (88, 209, 235),
+        (196, 197, 181),
+        (98, 94, 76),
+    ],
+    [
+        (244, 0, 95),
+        (152, 224, 36),
+        (224, 213, 97),
+        (157, 101, 255),
+        (244, 0, 95),
+        (88, 209, 235),
+        (246, 246, 239),
+    ],
+)
+DIMMED_MONOKAI = TerminalTheme(
+    (25, 25, 25),
+    (185, 188, 186),
+    [
+        (58, 61, 67),
+        (190, 63, 72),
+        (135, 154, 59),
+        (197, 166, 53),
+        (79, 118, 161),
+        (133, 92, 141),
+        (87, 143, 164),
+        (185, 188, 186),
+        (136, 137, 135),
+    ],
+    [
+        (251, 0, 31),
+        (15, 114, 47),
+        (196, 112, 51),
+        (24, 109, 227),
+        (251, 0, 103),
+        (46, 112, 109),
+        (253, 255, 185),
+    ],
+)
+NIGHT_OWLISH = TerminalTheme(
+    (255, 255, 255),
+    (64, 63, 83),
+    [
+        (1, 22, 39),
+        (211, 66, 62),
+        (42, 162, 152),
+        (218, 170, 1),
+        (72, 118, 214),
+        (64, 63, 83),
+        (8, 145, 106),
+        (122, 129, 129),
+        (122, 129, 129),
+    ],
+    [
+        (247, 110, 110),
+        (73, 208, 197),
+        (218, 194, 107),
+        (92, 167, 228),
+        (105, 112, 152),
+        (0, 201, 144),
+        (152, 159, 177),
+    ],
+)
+
+SVG_EXPORT_THEME = TerminalTheme(
+    (41, 41, 41),
+    (197, 200, 198),
+    [
+        (75, 78, 85),
+        (204, 85, 90),
+        (152, 168, 75),
+        (208, 179, 68),
+        (96, 138, 177),
+        (152, 114, 159),
+        (104, 160, 179),
+        (197, 200, 198),
+        (154, 155, 153),
+    ],
+    [
+        (255, 38, 39),
+        (0, 130, 61),
+        (208, 132, 66),
+        (25, 132, 233),
+        (255, 44, 122),
+        (57, 130, 128),
+        (253, 253, 197),
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/text.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/text.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..998cb87d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/text.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1307 @@
+import re
+from functools import partial, reduce
+from math import gcd
+from operator import itemgetter
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from ._loop import loop_last
+from ._pick import pick_bool
+from ._wrap import divide_line
+from .align import AlignMethod
+from .cells import cell_len, set_cell_size
+from .containers import Lines
+from .control import strip_control_codes
+from .emoji import EmojiVariant
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style, StyleType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover
+    from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, JustifyMethod, OverflowMethod
+
+DEFAULT_JUSTIFY: "JustifyMethod" = "default"
+DEFAULT_OVERFLOW: "OverflowMethod" = "fold"
+
+
+_re_whitespace = re.compile(r"\s+$")
+
+TextType = Union[str, "Text"]
+
+GetStyleCallable = Callable[[str], Optional[StyleType]]
+
+
+class Span(NamedTuple):
+    """A marked up region in some text."""
+
+    start: int
+    """Span start index."""
+    end: int
+    """Span end index."""
+    style: Union[str, Style]
+    """Style associated with the span."""
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Span({self.start}, {self.end}, {self.style!r})"
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return self.end > self.start
+
+    def split(self, offset: int) -> Tuple["Span", Optional["Span"]]:
+        """Split a span in to 2 from a given offset."""
+
+        if offset < self.start:
+            return self, None
+        if offset >= self.end:
+            return self, None
+
+        start, end, style = self
+        span1 = Span(start, min(end, offset), style)
+        span2 = Span(span1.end, end, style)
+        return span1, span2
+
+    def move(self, offset: int) -> "Span":
+        """Move start and end by a given offset.
+
+        Args:
+            offset (int): Number of characters to add to start and end.
+
+        Returns:
+            TextSpan: A new TextSpan with adjusted position.
+        """
+        start, end, style = self
+        return Span(start + offset, end + offset, style)
+
+    def right_crop(self, offset: int) -> "Span":
+        """Crop the span at the given offset.
+
+        Args:
+            offset (int): A value between start and end.
+
+        Returns:
+            Span: A new (possibly smaller) span.
+        """
+        start, end, style = self
+        if offset >= end:
+            return self
+        return Span(start, min(offset, end), style)
+
+
+class Text(JupyterMixin):
+    """Text with color / style.
+
+    Args:
+        text (str, optional): Default unstyled text. Defaults to "".
+        style (Union[str, Style], optional): Base style for text. Defaults to "".
+        justify (str, optional): Justify method: "left", "center", "full", "right". Defaults to None.
+        overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+        no_wrap (bool, optional): Disable text wrapping, or None for default. Defaults to None.
+        end (str, optional): Character to end text with. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+        tab_size (int): Number of spaces per tab, or ``None`` to use ``console.tab_size``. Defaults to 8.
+        spans (List[Span], optional). A list of predefined style spans. Defaults to None.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = [
+        "_text",
+        "style",
+        "justify",
+        "overflow",
+        "no_wrap",
+        "end",
+        "tab_size",
+        "_spans",
+        "_length",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text: str = "",
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "",
+        *,
+        justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = None,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+        no_wrap: Optional[bool] = None,
+        end: str = "\n",
+        tab_size: Optional[int] = 8,
+        spans: Optional[List[Span]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        sanitized_text = strip_control_codes(text)
+        self._text = [sanitized_text]
+        self.style = style
+        self.justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = justify
+        self.overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = overflow
+        self.no_wrap = no_wrap
+        self.end = end
+        self.tab_size = tab_size
+        self._spans: List[Span] = spans or []
+        self._length: int = len(sanitized_text)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self._length
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._length)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.plain
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"<text {self.plain!r} {self._spans!r}>"
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> "Text":
+        if isinstance(other, (str, Text)):
+            result = self.copy()
+            result.append(other)
+            return result
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Text):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.plain == other.plain and self._spans == other._spans
+
+    def __contains__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, str):
+            return other in self.plain
+        elif isinstance(other, Text):
+            return other.plain in self.plain
+        return False
+
+    def __getitem__(self, slice: Union[int, slice]) -> "Text":
+        def get_text_at(offset: int) -> "Text":
+            _Span = Span
+            text = Text(
+                self.plain[offset],
+                spans=[
+                    _Span(0, 1, style)
+                    for start, end, style in self._spans
+                    if end > offset >= start
+                ],
+                end="",
+            )
+            return text
+
+        if isinstance(slice, int):
+            return get_text_at(slice)
+        else:
+            start, stop, step = slice.indices(len(self.plain))
+            if step == 1:
+                lines = self.divide([start, stop])
+                return lines[1]
+            else:
+                # This would be a bit of work to implement efficiently
+                # For now, its not required
+                raise TypeError("slices with step!=1 are not supported")
+
+    @property
+    def cell_len(self) -> int:
+        """Get the number of cells required to render this text."""
+        return cell_len(self.plain)
+
+    @property
+    def markup(self) -> str:
+        """Get console markup to render this Text.
+
+        Returns:
+            str: A string potentially creating markup tags.
+        """
+        from .markup import escape
+
+        output: List[str] = []
+
+        plain = self.plain
+        markup_spans = [
+            (0, False, self.style),
+            *((span.start, False, span.style) for span in self._spans),
+            *((span.end, True, span.style) for span in self._spans),
+            (len(plain), True, self.style),
+        ]
+        markup_spans.sort(key=itemgetter(0, 1))
+        position = 0
+        append = output.append
+        for offset, closing, style in markup_spans:
+            if offset > position:
+                append(escape(plain[position:offset]))
+                position = offset
+            if style:
+                append(f"[/{style}]" if closing else f"[{style}]")
+        markup = "".join(output)
+        return markup
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_markup(
+        cls,
+        text: str,
+        *,
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "",
+        emoji: bool = True,
+        emoji_variant: Optional[EmojiVariant] = None,
+        justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = None,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+        end: str = "\n",
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Create Text instance from markup.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): A string containing console markup.
+            emoji (bool, optional): Also render emoji code. Defaults to True.
+            justify (str, optional): Justify method: "left", "center", "full", "right". Defaults to None.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+            end (str, optional): Character to end text with. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A Text instance with markup rendered.
+        """
+        from .markup import render
+
+        rendered_text = render(text, style, emoji=emoji, emoji_variant=emoji_variant)
+        rendered_text.justify = justify
+        rendered_text.overflow = overflow
+        rendered_text.end = end
+        return rendered_text
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_ansi(
+        cls,
+        text: str,
+        *,
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "",
+        justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = None,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+        no_wrap: Optional[bool] = None,
+        end: str = "\n",
+        tab_size: Optional[int] = 8,
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Create a Text object from a string containing ANSI escape codes.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): A string containing escape codes.
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): Base style for text. Defaults to "".
+            justify (str, optional): Justify method: "left", "center", "full", "right". Defaults to None.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+            no_wrap (bool, optional): Disable text wrapping, or None for default. Defaults to None.
+            end (str, optional): Character to end text with. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+            tab_size (int): Number of spaces per tab, or ``None`` to use ``console.tab_size``. Defaults to 8.
+        """
+        from .ansi import AnsiDecoder
+
+        joiner = Text(
+            "\n",
+            justify=justify,
+            overflow=overflow,
+            no_wrap=no_wrap,
+            end=end,
+            tab_size=tab_size,
+            style=style,
+        )
+        decoder = AnsiDecoder()
+        result = joiner.join(line for line in decoder.decode(text))
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def styled(
+        cls,
+        text: str,
+        style: StyleType = "",
+        *,
+        justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = None,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Construct a Text instance with a pre-applied styled. A style applied in this way won't be used
+        to pad the text when it is justified.
+
+        Args:
+            text (str): A string containing console markup.
+            style (Union[str, Style]): Style to apply to the text. Defaults to "".
+            justify (str, optional): Justify method: "left", "center", "full", "right". Defaults to None.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A text instance with a style applied to the entire string.
+        """
+        styled_text = cls(text, justify=justify, overflow=overflow)
+        styled_text.stylize(style)
+        return styled_text
+
+    @classmethod
+    def assemble(
+        cls,
+        *parts: Union[str, "Text", Tuple[str, StyleType]],
+        style: Union[str, Style] = "",
+        justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = None,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+        no_wrap: Optional[bool] = None,
+        end: str = "\n",
+        tab_size: int = 8,
+        meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Construct a text instance by combining a sequence of strings with optional styles.
+        The positional arguments should be either strings, or a tuple of string + style.
+
+        Args:
+            style (Union[str, Style], optional): Base style for text. Defaults to "".
+            justify (str, optional): Justify method: "left", "center", "full", "right". Defaults to None.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+            end (str, optional): Character to end text with. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+            tab_size (int): Number of spaces per tab, or ``None`` to use ``console.tab_size``. Defaults to 8.
+            meta (Dict[str, Any], optional). Meta data to apply to text, or None for no meta data. Default to None
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A new text instance.
+        """
+        text = cls(
+            style=style,
+            justify=justify,
+            overflow=overflow,
+            no_wrap=no_wrap,
+            end=end,
+            tab_size=tab_size,
+        )
+        append = text.append
+        _Text = Text
+        for part in parts:
+            if isinstance(part, (_Text, str)):
+                append(part)
+            else:
+                append(*part)
+        if meta:
+            text.apply_meta(meta)
+        return text
+
+    @property
+    def plain(self) -> str:
+        """Get the text as a single string."""
+        if len(self._text) != 1:
+            self._text[:] = ["".join(self._text)]
+        return self._text[0]
+
+    @plain.setter
+    def plain(self, new_text: str) -> None:
+        """Set the text to a new value."""
+        if new_text != self.plain:
+            sanitized_text = strip_control_codes(new_text)
+            self._text[:] = [sanitized_text]
+            old_length = self._length
+            self._length = len(sanitized_text)
+            if old_length > self._length:
+                self._trim_spans()
+
+    @property
+    def spans(self) -> List[Span]:
+        """Get a reference to the internal list of spans."""
+        return self._spans
+
+    @spans.setter
+    def spans(self, spans: List[Span]) -> None:
+        """Set spans."""
+        self._spans = spans[:]
+
+    def blank_copy(self, plain: str = "") -> "Text":
+        """Return a new Text instance with copied meta data (but not the string or spans)."""
+        copy_self = Text(
+            plain,
+            style=self.style,
+            justify=self.justify,
+            overflow=self.overflow,
+            no_wrap=self.no_wrap,
+            end=self.end,
+            tab_size=self.tab_size,
+        )
+        return copy_self
+
+    def copy(self) -> "Text":
+        """Return a copy of this instance."""
+        copy_self = Text(
+            self.plain,
+            style=self.style,
+            justify=self.justify,
+            overflow=self.overflow,
+            no_wrap=self.no_wrap,
+            end=self.end,
+            tab_size=self.tab_size,
+        )
+        copy_self._spans[:] = self._spans
+        return copy_self
+
+    def stylize(
+        self,
+        style: Union[str, Style],
+        start: int = 0,
+        end: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply a style to the text, or a portion of the text.
+
+        Args:
+            style (Union[str, Style]): Style instance or style definition to apply.
+            start (int): Start offset (negative indexing is supported). Defaults to 0.
+            end (Optional[int], optional): End offset (negative indexing is supported), or None for end of text. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        if style:
+            length = len(self)
+            if start < 0:
+                start = length + start
+            if end is None:
+                end = length
+            if end < 0:
+                end = length + end
+            if start >= length or end <= start:
+                # Span not in text or not valid
+                return
+            self._spans.append(Span(start, min(length, end), style))
+
+    def stylize_before(
+        self,
+        style: Union[str, Style],
+        start: int = 0,
+        end: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply a style to the text, or a portion of the text. Styles will be applied before other styles already present.
+
+        Args:
+            style (Union[str, Style]): Style instance or style definition to apply.
+            start (int): Start offset (negative indexing is supported). Defaults to 0.
+            end (Optional[int], optional): End offset (negative indexing is supported), or None for end of text. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        if style:
+            length = len(self)
+            if start < 0:
+                start = length + start
+            if end is None:
+                end = length
+            if end < 0:
+                end = length + end
+            if start >= length or end <= start:
+                # Span not in text or not valid
+                return
+            self._spans.insert(0, Span(start, min(length, end), style))
+
+    def apply_meta(
+        self, meta: Dict[str, Any], start: int = 0, end: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply meta data to the text, or a portion of the text.
+
+        Args:
+            meta (Dict[str, Any]): A dict of meta information.
+            start (int): Start offset (negative indexing is supported). Defaults to 0.
+            end (Optional[int], optional): End offset (negative indexing is supported), or None for end of text. Defaults to None.
+
+        """
+        style = Style.from_meta(meta)
+        self.stylize(style, start=start, end=end)
+
+    def on(self, meta: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, **handlers: Any) -> "Text":
+        """Apply event handlers (used by Textual project).
+
+        Example:
+            >>> from rich.text import Text
+            >>> text = Text("hello world")
+            >>> text.on(click="view.toggle('world')")
+
+        Args:
+            meta (Dict[str, Any]): Mapping of meta information.
+            **handlers: Keyword args are prefixed with "@" to defined handlers.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: Self is returned to method may be chained.
+        """
+        meta = {} if meta is None else meta
+        meta.update({f"@{key}": value for key, value in handlers.items()})
+        self.stylize(Style.from_meta(meta))
+        return self
+
+    def remove_suffix(self, suffix: str) -> None:
+        """Remove a suffix if it exists.
+
+        Args:
+            suffix (str): Suffix to remove.
+        """
+        if self.plain.endswith(suffix):
+            self.right_crop(len(suffix))
+
+    def get_style_at_offset(self, console: "Console", offset: int) -> Style:
+        """Get the style of a character at give offset.
+
+        Args:
+            console (~Console): Console where text will be rendered.
+            offset (int): Offset in to text (negative indexing supported)
+
+        Returns:
+            Style: A Style instance.
+        """
+        # TODO: This is a little inefficient, it is only used by full justify
+        if offset < 0:
+            offset = len(self) + offset
+        get_style = console.get_style
+        style = get_style(self.style).copy()
+        for start, end, span_style in self._spans:
+            if end > offset >= start:
+                style += get_style(span_style, default="")
+        return style
+
+    def highlight_regex(
+        self,
+        re_highlight: str,
+        style: Optional[Union[GetStyleCallable, StyleType]] = None,
+        *,
+        style_prefix: str = "",
+    ) -> int:
+        """Highlight text with a regular expression, where group names are
+        translated to styles.
+
+        Args:
+            re_highlight (str): A regular expression.
+            style (Union[GetStyleCallable, StyleType]): Optional style to apply to whole match, or a callable
+                which accepts the matched text and returns a style. Defaults to None.
+            style_prefix (str, optional): Optional prefix to add to style group names.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: Number of regex matches
+        """
+        count = 0
+        append_span = self._spans.append
+        _Span = Span
+        plain = self.plain
+        for match in re.finditer(re_highlight, plain):
+            get_span = match.span
+            if style:
+                start, end = get_span()
+                match_style = style(plain[start:end]) if callable(style) else style
+                if match_style is not None and end > start:
+                    append_span(_Span(start, end, match_style))
+
+            count += 1
+            for name in match.groupdict().keys():
+                start, end = get_span(name)
+                if start != -1 and end > start:
+                    append_span(_Span(start, end, f"{style_prefix}{name}"))
+        return count
+
+    def highlight_words(
+        self,
+        words: Iterable[str],
+        style: Union[str, Style],
+        *,
+        case_sensitive: bool = True,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Highlight words with a style.
+
+        Args:
+            words (Iterable[str]): Worlds to highlight.
+            style (Union[str, Style]): Style to apply.
+            case_sensitive (bool, optional): Enable case sensitive matchings. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: Number of words highlighted.
+        """
+        re_words = "|".join(re.escape(word) for word in words)
+        add_span = self._spans.append
+        count = 0
+        _Span = Span
+        for match in re.finditer(
+            re_words, self.plain, flags=0 if case_sensitive else re.IGNORECASE
+        ):
+            start, end = match.span(0)
+            add_span(_Span(start, end, style))
+            count += 1
+        return count
+
+    def rstrip(self) -> None:
+        """Strip whitespace from end of text."""
+        self.plain = self.plain.rstrip()
+
+    def rstrip_end(self, size: int) -> None:
+        """Remove whitespace beyond a certain width at the end of the text.
+
+        Args:
+            size (int): The desired size of the text.
+        """
+        text_length = len(self)
+        if text_length > size:
+            excess = text_length - size
+            whitespace_match = _re_whitespace.search(self.plain)
+            if whitespace_match is not None:
+                whitespace_count = len(whitespace_match.group(0))
+                self.right_crop(min(whitespace_count, excess))
+
+    def set_length(self, new_length: int) -> None:
+        """Set new length of the text, clipping or padding is required."""
+        length = len(self)
+        if length != new_length:
+            if length < new_length:
+                self.pad_right(new_length - length)
+            else:
+                self.right_crop(length - new_length)
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Iterable[Segment]:
+        tab_size: int = console.tab_size or self.tab_size or 8
+        justify = self.justify or options.justify or DEFAULT_JUSTIFY
+
+        overflow = self.overflow or options.overflow or DEFAULT_OVERFLOW
+
+        lines = self.wrap(
+            console,
+            options.max_width,
+            justify=justify,
+            overflow=overflow,
+            tab_size=tab_size or 8,
+            no_wrap=pick_bool(self.no_wrap, options.no_wrap, False),
+        )
+        all_lines = Text("\n").join(lines)
+        yield from all_lines.render(console, end=self.end)
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> Measurement:
+        text = self.plain
+        lines = text.splitlines()
+        max_text_width = max(cell_len(line) for line in lines) if lines else 0
+        words = text.split()
+        min_text_width = (
+            max(cell_len(word) for word in words) if words else max_text_width
+        )
+        return Measurement(min_text_width, max_text_width)
+
+    def render(self, console: "Console", end: str = "") -> Iterable["Segment"]:
+        """Render the text as Segments.
+
+        Args:
+            console (Console): Console instance.
+            end (Optional[str], optional): Optional end character.
+
+        Returns:
+            Iterable[Segment]: Result of render that may be written to the console.
+        """
+        _Segment = Segment
+        text = self.plain
+        if not self._spans:
+            yield Segment(text)
+            if end:
+                yield _Segment(end)
+            return
+        get_style = partial(console.get_style, default=Style.null())
+
+        enumerated_spans = list(enumerate(self._spans, 1))
+        style_map = {index: get_style(span.style) for index, span in enumerated_spans}
+        style_map[0] = get_style(self.style)
+
+        spans = [
+            (0, False, 0),
+            *((span.start, False, index) for index, span in enumerated_spans),
+            *((span.end, True, index) for index, span in enumerated_spans),
+            (len(text), True, 0),
+        ]
+        spans.sort(key=itemgetter(0, 1))
+
+        stack: List[int] = []
+        stack_append = stack.append
+        stack_pop = stack.remove
+
+        style_cache: Dict[Tuple[Style, ...], Style] = {}
+        style_cache_get = style_cache.get
+        combine = Style.combine
+
+        def get_current_style() -> Style:
+            """Construct current style from stack."""
+            styles = tuple(style_map[_style_id] for _style_id in sorted(stack))
+            cached_style = style_cache_get(styles)
+            if cached_style is not None:
+                return cached_style
+            current_style = combine(styles)
+            style_cache[styles] = current_style
+            return current_style
+
+        for (offset, leaving, style_id), (next_offset, _, _) in zip(spans, spans[1:]):
+            if leaving:
+                stack_pop(style_id)
+            else:
+                stack_append(style_id)
+            if next_offset > offset:
+                yield _Segment(text[offset:next_offset], get_current_style())
+        if end:
+            yield _Segment(end)
+
+    def join(self, lines: Iterable["Text"]) -> "Text":
+        """Join text together with this instance as the separator.
+
+        Args:
+            lines (Iterable[Text]): An iterable of Text instances to join.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: A new text instance containing join text.
+        """
+
+        new_text = self.blank_copy()
+
+        def iter_text() -> Iterable["Text"]:
+            if self.plain:
+                for last, line in loop_last(lines):
+                    yield line
+                    if not last:
+                        yield self
+            else:
+                yield from lines
+
+        extend_text = new_text._text.extend
+        append_span = new_text._spans.append
+        extend_spans = new_text._spans.extend
+        offset = 0
+        _Span = Span
+
+        for text in iter_text():
+            extend_text(text._text)
+            if text.style:
+                append_span(_Span(offset, offset + len(text), text.style))
+            extend_spans(
+                _Span(offset + start, offset + end, style)
+                for start, end, style in text._spans
+            )
+            offset += len(text)
+        new_text._length = offset
+        return new_text
+
+    def expand_tabs(self, tab_size: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
+        """Converts tabs to spaces.
+
+        Args:
+            tab_size (int, optional): Size of tabs. Defaults to 8.
+
+        """
+        if "\t" not in self.plain:
+            return
+        pos = 0
+        if tab_size is None:
+            tab_size = self.tab_size
+        assert tab_size is not None
+        result = self.blank_copy()
+        append = result.append
+
+        _style = self.style
+        for line in self.split("\n", include_separator=True):
+            parts = line.split("\t", include_separator=True)
+            for part in parts:
+                if part.plain.endswith("\t"):
+                    part._text = [part.plain[:-1] + " "]
+                    append(part)
+                    pos += len(part)
+                    spaces = tab_size - ((pos - 1) % tab_size) - 1
+                    if spaces:
+                        append(" " * spaces, _style)
+                        pos += spaces
+                else:
+                    append(part)
+        self._text = [result.plain]
+        self._length = len(self.plain)
+        self._spans[:] = result._spans
+
+    def truncate(
+        self,
+        max_width: int,
+        *,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+        pad: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Truncate text if it is longer that a given width.
+
+        Args:
+            max_width (int): Maximum number of characters in text.
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to None, to use self.overflow.
+            pad (bool, optional): Pad with spaces if the length is less than max_width. Defaults to False.
+        """
+        _overflow = overflow or self.overflow or DEFAULT_OVERFLOW
+        if _overflow != "ignore":
+            length = cell_len(self.plain)
+            if length > max_width:
+                if _overflow == "ellipsis":
+                    self.plain = set_cell_size(self.plain, max_width - 1) + "…"
+                else:
+                    self.plain = set_cell_size(self.plain, max_width)
+            if pad and length < max_width:
+                spaces = max_width - length
+                self._text = [f"{self.plain}{' ' * spaces}"]
+                self._length = len(self.plain)
+
+    def _trim_spans(self) -> None:
+        """Remove or modify any spans that are over the end of the text."""
+        max_offset = len(self.plain)
+        _Span = Span
+        self._spans[:] = [
+            (
+                span
+                if span.end < max_offset
+                else _Span(span.start, min(max_offset, span.end), span.style)
+            )
+            for span in self._spans
+            if span.start < max_offset
+        ]
+
+    def pad(self, count: int, character: str = " ") -> None:
+        """Pad left and right with a given number of characters.
+
+        Args:
+            count (int): Width of padding.
+        """
+        assert len(character) == 1, "Character must be a string of length 1"
+        if count:
+            pad_characters = character * count
+            self.plain = f"{pad_characters}{self.plain}{pad_characters}"
+            _Span = Span
+            self._spans[:] = [
+                _Span(start + count, end + count, style)
+                for start, end, style in self._spans
+            ]
+
+    def pad_left(self, count: int, character: str = " ") -> None:
+        """Pad the left with a given character.
+
+        Args:
+            count (int): Number of characters to pad.
+            character (str, optional): Character to pad with. Defaults to " ".
+        """
+        assert len(character) == 1, "Character must be a string of length 1"
+        if count:
+            self.plain = f"{character * count}{self.plain}"
+            _Span = Span
+            self._spans[:] = [
+                _Span(start + count, end + count, style)
+                for start, end, style in self._spans
+            ]
+
+    def pad_right(self, count: int, character: str = " ") -> None:
+        """Pad the right with a given character.
+
+        Args:
+            count (int): Number of characters to pad.
+            character (str, optional): Character to pad with. Defaults to " ".
+        """
+        assert len(character) == 1, "Character must be a string of length 1"
+        if count:
+            self.plain = f"{self.plain}{character * count}"
+
+    def align(self, align: AlignMethod, width: int, character: str = " ") -> None:
+        """Align text to a given width.
+
+        Args:
+            align (AlignMethod): One of "left", "center", or "right".
+            width (int): Desired width.
+            character (str, optional): Character to pad with. Defaults to " ".
+        """
+        self.truncate(width)
+        excess_space = width - cell_len(self.plain)
+        if excess_space:
+            if align == "left":
+                self.pad_right(excess_space, character)
+            elif align == "center":
+                left = excess_space // 2
+                self.pad_left(left, character)
+                self.pad_right(excess_space - left, character)
+            else:
+                self.pad_left(excess_space, character)
+
+    def append(
+        self, text: Union["Text", str], style: Optional[Union[str, "Style"]] = None
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Add text with an optional style.
+
+        Args:
+            text (Union[Text, str]): A str or Text to append.
+            style (str, optional): A style name. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: Returns self for chaining.
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(text, (str, Text)):
+            raise TypeError("Only str or Text can be appended to Text")
+
+        if len(text):
+            if isinstance(text, str):
+                sanitized_text = strip_control_codes(text)
+                self._text.append(sanitized_text)
+                offset = len(self)
+                text_length = len(sanitized_text)
+                if style is not None:
+                    self._spans.append(Span(offset, offset + text_length, style))
+                self._length += text_length
+            elif isinstance(text, Text):
+                _Span = Span
+                if style is not None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "style must not be set when appending Text instance"
+                    )
+                text_length = self._length
+                if text.style is not None:
+                    self._spans.append(
+                        _Span(text_length, text_length + len(text), text.style)
+                    )
+                self._text.append(text.plain)
+                self._spans.extend(
+                    _Span(start + text_length, end + text_length, style)
+                    for start, end, style in text._spans
+                )
+                self._length += len(text)
+        return self
+
+    def append_text(self, text: "Text") -> "Text":
+        """Append another Text instance. This method is more performant that Text.append, but
+        only works for Text.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: Returns self for chaining.
+        """
+        _Span = Span
+        text_length = self._length
+        if text.style is not None:
+            self._spans.append(_Span(text_length, text_length + len(text), text.style))
+        self._text.append(text.plain)
+        self._spans.extend(
+            _Span(start + text_length, end + text_length, style)
+            for start, end, style in text._spans
+        )
+        self._length += len(text)
+        return self
+
+    def append_tokens(
+        self, tokens: Iterable[Tuple[str, Optional[StyleType]]]
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Append iterable of str and style. Style may be a Style instance or a str style definition.
+
+        Args:
+            pairs (Iterable[Tuple[str, Optional[StyleType]]]): An iterable of tuples containing str content and style.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: Returns self for chaining.
+        """
+        append_text = self._text.append
+        append_span = self._spans.append
+        _Span = Span
+        offset = len(self)
+        for content, style in tokens:
+            append_text(content)
+            if style is not None:
+                append_span(_Span(offset, offset + len(content), style))
+            offset += len(content)
+        self._length = offset
+        return self
+
+    def copy_styles(self, text: "Text") -> None:
+        """Copy styles from another Text instance.
+
+        Args:
+            text (Text): A Text instance to copy styles from, must be the same length.
+        """
+        self._spans.extend(text._spans)
+
+    def split(
+        self,
+        separator: str = "\n",
+        *,
+        include_separator: bool = False,
+        allow_blank: bool = False,
+    ) -> Lines:
+        """Split rich text in to lines, preserving styles.
+
+        Args:
+            separator (str, optional): String to split on. Defaults to "\\\\n".
+            include_separator (bool, optional): Include the separator in the lines. Defaults to False.
+            allow_blank (bool, optional): Return a blank line if the text ends with a separator. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            List[RichText]: A list of rich text, one per line of the original.
+        """
+        assert separator, "separator must not be empty"
+
+        text = self.plain
+        if separator not in text:
+            return Lines([self.copy()])
+
+        if include_separator:
+            lines = self.divide(
+                match.end() for match in re.finditer(re.escape(separator), text)
+            )
+        else:
+
+            def flatten_spans() -> Iterable[int]:
+                for match in re.finditer(re.escape(separator), text):
+                    start, end = match.span()
+                    yield start
+                    yield end
+
+            lines = Lines(
+                line for line in self.divide(flatten_spans()) if line.plain != separator
+            )
+
+        if not allow_blank and text.endswith(separator):
+            lines.pop()
+
+        return lines
+
+    def divide(self, offsets: Iterable[int]) -> Lines:
+        """Divide text in to a number of lines at given offsets.
+
+        Args:
+            offsets (Iterable[int]): Offsets used to divide text.
+
+        Returns:
+            Lines: New RichText instances between offsets.
+        """
+        _offsets = list(offsets)
+
+        if not _offsets:
+            return Lines([self.copy()])
+
+        text = self.plain
+        text_length = len(text)
+        divide_offsets = [0, *_offsets, text_length]
+        line_ranges = list(zip(divide_offsets, divide_offsets[1:]))
+
+        style = self.style
+        justify = self.justify
+        overflow = self.overflow
+        _Text = Text
+        new_lines = Lines(
+            _Text(
+                text[start:end],
+                style=style,
+                justify=justify,
+                overflow=overflow,
+            )
+            for start, end in line_ranges
+        )
+        if not self._spans:
+            return new_lines
+
+        _line_appends = [line._spans.append for line in new_lines._lines]
+        line_count = len(line_ranges)
+        _Span = Span
+
+        for span_start, span_end, style in self._spans:
+
+            lower_bound = 0
+            upper_bound = line_count
+            start_line_no = (lower_bound + upper_bound) // 2
+
+            while True:
+                line_start, line_end = line_ranges[start_line_no]
+                if span_start < line_start:
+                    upper_bound = start_line_no - 1
+                elif span_start > line_end:
+                    lower_bound = start_line_no + 1
+                else:
+                    break
+                start_line_no = (lower_bound + upper_bound) // 2
+
+            if span_end < line_end:
+                end_line_no = start_line_no
+            else:
+                end_line_no = lower_bound = start_line_no
+                upper_bound = line_count
+
+                while True:
+                    line_start, line_end = line_ranges[end_line_no]
+                    if span_end < line_start:
+                        upper_bound = end_line_no - 1
+                    elif span_end > line_end:
+                        lower_bound = end_line_no + 1
+                    else:
+                        break
+                    end_line_no = (lower_bound + upper_bound) // 2
+
+            for line_no in range(start_line_no, end_line_no + 1):
+                line_start, line_end = line_ranges[line_no]
+                new_start = max(0, span_start - line_start)
+                new_end = min(span_end - line_start, line_end - line_start)
+                if new_end > new_start:
+                    _line_appends[line_no](_Span(new_start, new_end, style))
+
+        return new_lines
+
+    def right_crop(self, amount: int = 1) -> None:
+        """Remove a number of characters from the end of the text."""
+        max_offset = len(self.plain) - amount
+        _Span = Span
+        self._spans[:] = [
+            (
+                span
+                if span.end < max_offset
+                else _Span(span.start, min(max_offset, span.end), span.style)
+            )
+            for span in self._spans
+            if span.start < max_offset
+        ]
+        self._text = [self.plain[:-amount]]
+        self._length -= amount
+
+    def wrap(
+        self,
+        console: "Console",
+        width: int,
+        *,
+        justify: Optional["JustifyMethod"] = None,
+        overflow: Optional["OverflowMethod"] = None,
+        tab_size: int = 8,
+        no_wrap: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Lines:
+        """Word wrap the text.
+
+        Args:
+            console (Console): Console instance.
+            width (int): Number of characters per line.
+            emoji (bool, optional): Also render emoji code. Defaults to True.
+            justify (str, optional): Justify method: "default", "left", "center", "full", "right". Defaults to "default".
+            overflow (str, optional): Overflow method: "crop", "fold", or "ellipsis". Defaults to None.
+            tab_size (int, optional): Default tab size. Defaults to 8.
+            no_wrap (bool, optional): Disable wrapping, Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Lines: Number of lines.
+        """
+        wrap_justify = justify or self.justify or DEFAULT_JUSTIFY
+        wrap_overflow = overflow or self.overflow or DEFAULT_OVERFLOW
+
+        no_wrap = pick_bool(no_wrap, self.no_wrap, False) or overflow == "ignore"
+
+        lines = Lines()
+        for line in self.split(allow_blank=True):
+            if "\t" in line:
+                line.expand_tabs(tab_size)
+            if no_wrap:
+                new_lines = Lines([line])
+            else:
+                offsets = divide_line(str(line), width, fold=wrap_overflow == "fold")
+                new_lines = line.divide(offsets)
+            for line in new_lines:
+                line.rstrip_end(width)
+            if wrap_justify:
+                new_lines.justify(
+                    console, width, justify=wrap_justify, overflow=wrap_overflow
+                )
+            for line in new_lines:
+                line.truncate(width, overflow=wrap_overflow)
+            lines.extend(new_lines)
+        return lines
+
+    def fit(self, width: int) -> Lines:
+        """Fit the text in to given width by chopping in to lines.
+
+        Args:
+            width (int): Maximum characters in a line.
+
+        Returns:
+            Lines: Lines container.
+        """
+        lines: Lines = Lines()
+        append = lines.append
+        for line in self.split():
+            line.set_length(width)
+            append(line)
+        return lines
+
+    def detect_indentation(self) -> int:
+        """Auto-detect indentation of code.
+
+        Returns:
+            int: Number of spaces used to indent code.
+        """
+
+        _indentations = {
+            len(match.group(1))
+            for match in re.finditer(r"^( *)(.*)$", self.plain, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+        }
+
+        try:
+            indentation = (
+                reduce(gcd, [indent for indent in _indentations if not indent % 2]) or 1
+            )
+        except TypeError:
+            indentation = 1
+
+        return indentation
+
+    def with_indent_guides(
+        self,
+        indent_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        *,
+        character: str = "│",
+        style: StyleType = "dim green",
+    ) -> "Text":
+        """Adds indent guide lines to text.
+
+        Args:
+            indent_size (Optional[int]): Size of indentation, or None to auto detect. Defaults to None.
+            character (str, optional): Character to use for indentation. Defaults to "│".
+            style (Union[Style, str], optional): Style of indent guides.
+
+        Returns:
+            Text: New text with indentation guides.
+        """
+
+        _indent_size = self.detect_indentation() if indent_size is None else indent_size
+
+        text = self.copy()
+        text.expand_tabs()
+        indent_line = f"{character}{' ' * (_indent_size - 1)}"
+
+        re_indent = re.compile(r"^( *)(.*)$")
+        new_lines: List[Text] = []
+        add_line = new_lines.append
+        blank_lines = 0
+        for line in text.split(allow_blank=True):
+            match = re_indent.match(line.plain)
+            if not match or not match.group(2):
+                blank_lines += 1
+                continue
+            indent = match.group(1)
+            full_indents, remaining_space = divmod(len(indent), _indent_size)
+            new_indent = f"{indent_line * full_indents}{' ' * remaining_space}"
+            line.plain = new_indent + line.plain[len(new_indent) :]
+            line.stylize(style, 0, len(new_indent))
+            if blank_lines:
+                new_lines.extend([Text(new_indent, style=style)] * blank_lines)
+                blank_lines = 0
+            add_line(line)
+        if blank_lines:
+            new_lines.extend([Text("", style=style)] * blank_lines)
+
+        new_text = text.blank_copy("\n").join(new_lines)
+        return new_text
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Console
+
+    text = Text(
+        """\nLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.\n"""
+    )
+    text.highlight_words(["Lorem"], "bold")
+    text.highlight_words(["ipsum"], "italic")
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    console.rule("justify='left'")
+    console.print(text, style="red")
+    console.print()
+
+    console.rule("justify='center'")
+    console.print(text, style="green", justify="center")
+    console.print()
+
+    console.rule("justify='right'")
+    console.print(text, style="blue", justify="right")
+    console.print()
+
+    console.rule("justify='full'")
+    console.print(text, style="magenta", justify="full")
+    console.print()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/theme.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/theme.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..471dfb2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/theme.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+import configparser
+from typing import Dict, List, IO, Mapping, Optional
+
+from .default_styles import DEFAULT_STYLES
+from .style import Style, StyleType
+
+
+class Theme:
+    """A container for style information, used by :class:`~rich.console.Console`.
+
+    Args:
+        styles (Dict[str, Style], optional): A mapping of style names on to styles. Defaults to None for a theme with no styles.
+        inherit (bool, optional): Inherit default styles. Defaults to True.
+    """
+
+    styles: Dict[str, Style]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, styles: Optional[Mapping[str, StyleType]] = None, inherit: bool = True
+    ):
+        self.styles = DEFAULT_STYLES.copy() if inherit else {}
+        if styles is not None:
+            self.styles.update(
+                {
+                    name: style if isinstance(style, Style) else Style.parse(style)
+                    for name, style in styles.items()
+                }
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def config(self) -> str:
+        """Get contents of a config file for this theme."""
+        config = "[styles]\n" + "\n".join(
+            f"{name} = {style}" for name, style in sorted(self.styles.items())
+        )
+        return config
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_file(
+        cls, config_file: IO[str], source: Optional[str] = None, inherit: bool = True
+    ) -> "Theme":
+        """Load a theme from a text mode file.
+
+        Args:
+            config_file (IO[str]): An open conf file.
+            source (str, optional): The filename of the open file. Defaults to None.
+            inherit (bool, optional): Inherit default styles. Defaults to True.
+
+        Returns:
+            Theme: A New theme instance.
+        """
+        config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+        config.read_file(config_file, source=source)
+        styles = {name: Style.parse(value) for name, value in config.items("styles")}
+        theme = Theme(styles, inherit=inherit)
+        return theme
+
+    @classmethod
+    def read(
+        cls, path: str, inherit: bool = True, encoding: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> "Theme":
+        """Read a theme from a path.
+
+        Args:
+            path (str): Path to a config file readable by Python configparser module.
+            inherit (bool, optional): Inherit default styles. Defaults to True.
+            encoding (str, optional): Encoding of the config file. Defaults to None.
+
+        Returns:
+            Theme: A new theme instance.
+        """
+        with open(path, "rt", encoding=encoding) as config_file:
+            return cls.from_file(config_file, source=path, inherit=inherit)
+
+
+class ThemeStackError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for errors related to the theme stack."""
+
+
+class ThemeStack:
+    """A stack of themes.
+
+    Args:
+        theme (Theme): A theme instance
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, theme: Theme) -> None:
+        self._entries: List[Dict[str, Style]] = [theme.styles]
+        self.get = self._entries[-1].get
+
+    def push_theme(self, theme: Theme, inherit: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Push a theme on the top of the stack.
+
+        Args:
+            theme (Theme): A Theme instance.
+            inherit (boolean, optional): Inherit styles from current top of stack.
+        """
+        styles: Dict[str, Style]
+        styles = (
+            {**self._entries[-1], **theme.styles} if inherit else theme.styles.copy()
+        )
+        self._entries.append(styles)
+        self.get = self._entries[-1].get
+
+    def pop_theme(self) -> None:
+        """Pop (and discard) the top-most theme."""
+        if len(self._entries) == 1:
+            raise ThemeStackError("Unable to pop base theme")
+        self._entries.pop()
+        self.get = self._entries[-1].get
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+    theme = Theme()
+    print(theme.config)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/themes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/themes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf6db104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/themes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from .default_styles import DEFAULT_STYLES
+from .theme import Theme
+
+
+DEFAULT = Theme(DEFAULT_STYLES)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/traceback.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/traceback.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4ffe1f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/traceback.py
@@ -0,0 +1,756 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import linecache
+import os
+import platform
+import sys
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from traceback import walk_tb
+from types import ModuleType, TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from pip._vendor.pygments.lexers import guess_lexer_for_filename
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Comment, Keyword, Name, Number, Operator, String
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Text as TextToken
+from pip._vendor.pygments.token import Token
+from pip._vendor.pygments.util import ClassNotFound
+
+from . import pretty
+from ._loop import loop_last
+from .columns import Columns
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, ConsoleRenderable, RenderResult, group
+from .constrain import Constrain
+from .highlighter import RegexHighlighter, ReprHighlighter
+from .panel import Panel
+from .scope import render_scope
+from .style import Style
+from .syntax import Syntax
+from .text import Text
+from .theme import Theme
+
+WINDOWS = platform.system() == "Windows"
+
+LOCALS_MAX_LENGTH = 10
+LOCALS_MAX_STRING = 80
+
+
+def install(
+    *,
+    console: Optional[Console] = None,
+    width: Optional[int] = 100,
+    extra_lines: int = 3,
+    theme: Optional[str] = None,
+    word_wrap: bool = False,
+    show_locals: bool = False,
+    locals_max_length: int = LOCALS_MAX_LENGTH,
+    locals_max_string: int = LOCALS_MAX_STRING,
+    locals_hide_dunder: bool = True,
+    locals_hide_sunder: Optional[bool] = None,
+    indent_guides: bool = True,
+    suppress: Iterable[Union[str, ModuleType]] = (),
+    max_frames: int = 100,
+) -> Callable[[Type[BaseException], BaseException, Optional[TracebackType]], Any]:
+    """Install a rich traceback handler.
+
+    Once installed, any tracebacks will be printed with syntax highlighting and rich formatting.
+
+
+    Args:
+        console (Optional[Console], optional): Console to write exception to. Default uses internal Console instance.
+        width (Optional[int], optional): Width (in characters) of traceback. Defaults to 100.
+        extra_lines (int, optional): Extra lines of code. Defaults to 3.
+        theme (Optional[str], optional): Pygments theme to use in traceback. Defaults to ``None`` which will pick
+            a theme appropriate for the platform.
+        word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping of long lines. Defaults to False.
+        show_locals (bool, optional): Enable display of local variables. Defaults to False.
+        locals_max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to 10.
+        locals_max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to 80.
+        locals_hide_dunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with double underscore. Defaults to True.
+        locals_hide_sunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with single underscore. Defaults to False.
+        indent_guides (bool, optional): Enable indent guides in code and locals. Defaults to True.
+        suppress (Sequence[Union[str, ModuleType]]): Optional sequence of modules or paths to exclude from traceback.
+
+    Returns:
+        Callable: The previous exception handler that was replaced.
+
+    """
+    traceback_console = Console(stderr=True) if console is None else console
+
+    locals_hide_sunder = (
+        True
+        if (traceback_console.is_jupyter and locals_hide_sunder is None)
+        else locals_hide_sunder
+    )
+
+    def excepthook(
+        type_: Type[BaseException],
+        value: BaseException,
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        traceback_console.print(
+            Traceback.from_exception(
+                type_,
+                value,
+                traceback,
+                width=width,
+                extra_lines=extra_lines,
+                theme=theme,
+                word_wrap=word_wrap,
+                show_locals=show_locals,
+                locals_max_length=locals_max_length,
+                locals_max_string=locals_max_string,
+                locals_hide_dunder=locals_hide_dunder,
+                locals_hide_sunder=bool(locals_hide_sunder),
+                indent_guides=indent_guides,
+                suppress=suppress,
+                max_frames=max_frames,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def ipy_excepthook_closure(ip: Any) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        tb_data = {}  # store information about showtraceback call
+        default_showtraceback = ip.showtraceback  # keep reference of default traceback
+
+        def ipy_show_traceback(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            """wrap the default ip.showtraceback to store info for ip._showtraceback"""
+            nonlocal tb_data
+            tb_data = kwargs
+            default_showtraceback(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        def ipy_display_traceback(
+            *args: Any, is_syntax: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> None:
+            """Internally called traceback from ip._showtraceback"""
+            nonlocal tb_data
+            exc_tuple = ip._get_exc_info()
+
+            # do not display trace on syntax error
+            tb: Optional[TracebackType] = None if is_syntax else exc_tuple[2]
+
+            # determine correct tb_offset
+            compiled = tb_data.get("running_compiled_code", False)
+            tb_offset = tb_data.get("tb_offset", 1 if compiled else 0)
+            # remove ipython internal frames from trace with tb_offset
+            for _ in range(tb_offset):
+                if tb is None:
+                    break
+                tb = tb.tb_next
+
+            excepthook(exc_tuple[0], exc_tuple[1], tb)
+            tb_data = {}  # clear data upon usage
+
+        # replace _showtraceback instead of showtraceback to allow ipython features such as debugging to work
+        # this is also what the ipython docs recommends to modify when subclassing InteractiveShell
+        ip._showtraceback = ipy_display_traceback
+        # add wrapper to capture tb_data
+        ip.showtraceback = ipy_show_traceback
+        ip.showsyntaxerror = lambda *args, **kwargs: ipy_display_traceback(
+            *args, is_syntax=True, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    try:  # pragma: no cover
+        # if within ipython, use customized traceback
+        ip = get_ipython()  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        ipy_excepthook_closure(ip)
+        return sys.excepthook
+    except Exception:
+        # otherwise use default system hook
+        old_excepthook = sys.excepthook
+        sys.excepthook = excepthook
+        return old_excepthook
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Frame:
+    filename: str
+    lineno: int
+    name: str
+    line: str = ""
+    locals: Optional[Dict[str, pretty.Node]] = None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _SyntaxError:
+    offset: int
+    filename: str
+    line: str
+    lineno: int
+    msg: str
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Stack:
+    exc_type: str
+    exc_value: str
+    syntax_error: Optional[_SyntaxError] = None
+    is_cause: bool = False
+    frames: List[Frame] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Trace:
+    stacks: List[Stack]
+
+
+class PathHighlighter(RegexHighlighter):
+    highlights = [r"(?P<dim>.*/)(?P<bold>.+)"]
+
+
+class Traceback:
+    """A Console renderable that renders a traceback.
+
+    Args:
+        trace (Trace, optional): A `Trace` object produced from `extract`. Defaults to None, which uses
+            the last exception.
+        width (Optional[int], optional): Number of characters used to traceback. Defaults to 100.
+        extra_lines (int, optional): Additional lines of code to render. Defaults to 3.
+        theme (str, optional): Override pygments theme used in traceback.
+        word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping of long lines. Defaults to False.
+        show_locals (bool, optional): Enable display of local variables. Defaults to False.
+        indent_guides (bool, optional): Enable indent guides in code and locals. Defaults to True.
+        locals_max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+            Defaults to 10.
+        locals_max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to 80.
+        locals_hide_dunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with double underscore. Defaults to True.
+        locals_hide_sunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with single underscore. Defaults to False.
+        suppress (Sequence[Union[str, ModuleType]]): Optional sequence of modules or paths to exclude from traceback.
+        max_frames (int): Maximum number of frames to show in a traceback, 0 for no maximum. Defaults to 100.
+
+    """
+
+    LEXERS = {
+        "": "text",
+        ".py": "python",
+        ".pxd": "cython",
+        ".pyx": "cython",
+        ".pxi": "pyrex",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        trace: Optional[Trace] = None,
+        *,
+        width: Optional[int] = 100,
+        extra_lines: int = 3,
+        theme: Optional[str] = None,
+        word_wrap: bool = False,
+        show_locals: bool = False,
+        locals_max_length: int = LOCALS_MAX_LENGTH,
+        locals_max_string: int = LOCALS_MAX_STRING,
+        locals_hide_dunder: bool = True,
+        locals_hide_sunder: bool = False,
+        indent_guides: bool = True,
+        suppress: Iterable[Union[str, ModuleType]] = (),
+        max_frames: int = 100,
+    ):
+        if trace is None:
+            exc_type, exc_value, traceback = sys.exc_info()
+            if exc_type is None or exc_value is None or traceback is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Value for 'trace' required if not called in except: block"
+                )
+            trace = self.extract(
+                exc_type, exc_value, traceback, show_locals=show_locals
+            )
+        self.trace = trace
+        self.width = width
+        self.extra_lines = extra_lines
+        self.theme = Syntax.get_theme(theme or "ansi_dark")
+        self.word_wrap = word_wrap
+        self.show_locals = show_locals
+        self.indent_guides = indent_guides
+        self.locals_max_length = locals_max_length
+        self.locals_max_string = locals_max_string
+        self.locals_hide_dunder = locals_hide_dunder
+        self.locals_hide_sunder = locals_hide_sunder
+
+        self.suppress: Sequence[str] = []
+        for suppress_entity in suppress:
+            if not isinstance(suppress_entity, str):
+                assert (
+                    suppress_entity.__file__ is not None
+                ), f"{suppress_entity!r} must be a module with '__file__' attribute"
+                path = os.path.dirname(suppress_entity.__file__)
+            else:
+                path = suppress_entity
+            path = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(path))
+            self.suppress.append(path)
+        self.max_frames = max(4, max_frames) if max_frames > 0 else 0
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_exception(
+        cls,
+        exc_type: Type[Any],
+        exc_value: BaseException,
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+        *,
+        width: Optional[int] = 100,
+        extra_lines: int = 3,
+        theme: Optional[str] = None,
+        word_wrap: bool = False,
+        show_locals: bool = False,
+        locals_max_length: int = LOCALS_MAX_LENGTH,
+        locals_max_string: int = LOCALS_MAX_STRING,
+        locals_hide_dunder: bool = True,
+        locals_hide_sunder: bool = False,
+        indent_guides: bool = True,
+        suppress: Iterable[Union[str, ModuleType]] = (),
+        max_frames: int = 100,
+    ) -> "Traceback":
+        """Create a traceback from exception info
+
+        Args:
+            exc_type (Type[BaseException]): Exception type.
+            exc_value (BaseException): Exception value.
+            traceback (TracebackType): Python Traceback object.
+            width (Optional[int], optional): Number of characters used to traceback. Defaults to 100.
+            extra_lines (int, optional): Additional lines of code to render. Defaults to 3.
+            theme (str, optional): Override pygments theme used in traceback.
+            word_wrap (bool, optional): Enable word wrapping of long lines. Defaults to False.
+            show_locals (bool, optional): Enable display of local variables. Defaults to False.
+            indent_guides (bool, optional): Enable indent guides in code and locals. Defaults to True.
+            locals_max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+                Defaults to 10.
+            locals_max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to 80.
+            locals_hide_dunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with double underscore. Defaults to True.
+            locals_hide_sunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with single underscore. Defaults to False.
+            suppress (Iterable[Union[str, ModuleType]]): Optional sequence of modules or paths to exclude from traceback.
+            max_frames (int): Maximum number of frames to show in a traceback, 0 for no maximum. Defaults to 100.
+
+        Returns:
+            Traceback: A Traceback instance that may be printed.
+        """
+        rich_traceback = cls.extract(
+            exc_type,
+            exc_value,
+            traceback,
+            show_locals=show_locals,
+            locals_max_length=locals_max_length,
+            locals_max_string=locals_max_string,
+            locals_hide_dunder=locals_hide_dunder,
+            locals_hide_sunder=locals_hide_sunder,
+        )
+
+        return cls(
+            rich_traceback,
+            width=width,
+            extra_lines=extra_lines,
+            theme=theme,
+            word_wrap=word_wrap,
+            show_locals=show_locals,
+            indent_guides=indent_guides,
+            locals_max_length=locals_max_length,
+            locals_max_string=locals_max_string,
+            locals_hide_dunder=locals_hide_dunder,
+            locals_hide_sunder=locals_hide_sunder,
+            suppress=suppress,
+            max_frames=max_frames,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def extract(
+        cls,
+        exc_type: Type[BaseException],
+        exc_value: BaseException,
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+        *,
+        show_locals: bool = False,
+        locals_max_length: int = LOCALS_MAX_LENGTH,
+        locals_max_string: int = LOCALS_MAX_STRING,
+        locals_hide_dunder: bool = True,
+        locals_hide_sunder: bool = False,
+    ) -> Trace:
+        """Extract traceback information.
+
+        Args:
+            exc_type (Type[BaseException]): Exception type.
+            exc_value (BaseException): Exception value.
+            traceback (TracebackType): Python Traceback object.
+            show_locals (bool, optional): Enable display of local variables. Defaults to False.
+            locals_max_length (int, optional): Maximum length of containers before abbreviating, or None for no abbreviation.
+                Defaults to 10.
+            locals_max_string (int, optional): Maximum length of string before truncating, or None to disable. Defaults to 80.
+            locals_hide_dunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with double underscore. Defaults to True.
+            locals_hide_sunder (bool, optional): Hide locals prefixed with single underscore. Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Trace: A Trace instance which you can use to construct a `Traceback`.
+        """
+
+        stacks: List[Stack] = []
+        is_cause = False
+
+        from pip._vendor.rich import _IMPORT_CWD
+
+        def safe_str(_object: Any) -> str:
+            """Don't allow exceptions from __str__ to propagate."""
+            try:
+                return str(_object)
+            except Exception:
+                return "<exception str() failed>"
+
+        while True:
+            stack = Stack(
+                exc_type=safe_str(exc_type.__name__),
+                exc_value=safe_str(exc_value),
+                is_cause=is_cause,
+            )
+
+            if isinstance(exc_value, SyntaxError):
+                stack.syntax_error = _SyntaxError(
+                    offset=exc_value.offset or 0,
+                    filename=exc_value.filename or "?",
+                    lineno=exc_value.lineno or 0,
+                    line=exc_value.text or "",
+                    msg=exc_value.msg,
+                )
+
+            stacks.append(stack)
+            append = stack.frames.append
+
+            def get_locals(
+                iter_locals: Iterable[Tuple[str, object]]
+            ) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, object]]:
+                """Extract locals from an iterator of key pairs."""
+                if not (locals_hide_dunder or locals_hide_sunder):
+                    yield from iter_locals
+                    return
+                for key, value in iter_locals:
+                    if locals_hide_dunder and key.startswith("__"):
+                        continue
+                    if locals_hide_sunder and key.startswith("_"):
+                        continue
+                    yield key, value
+
+            for frame_summary, line_no in walk_tb(traceback):
+                filename = frame_summary.f_code.co_filename
+                if filename and not filename.startswith("<"):
+                    if not os.path.isabs(filename):
+                        filename = os.path.join(_IMPORT_CWD, filename)
+                if frame_summary.f_locals.get("_rich_traceback_omit", False):
+                    continue
+
+                frame = Frame(
+                    filename=filename or "?",
+                    lineno=line_no,
+                    name=frame_summary.f_code.co_name,
+                    locals={
+                        key: pretty.traverse(
+                            value,
+                            max_length=locals_max_length,
+                            max_string=locals_max_string,
+                        )
+                        for key, value in get_locals(frame_summary.f_locals.items())
+                    }
+                    if show_locals
+                    else None,
+                )
+                append(frame)
+                if frame_summary.f_locals.get("_rich_traceback_guard", False):
+                    del stack.frames[:]
+
+            cause = getattr(exc_value, "__cause__", None)
+            if cause:
+                exc_type = cause.__class__
+                exc_value = cause
+                # __traceback__ can be None, e.g. for exceptions raised by the
+                # 'multiprocessing' module
+                traceback = cause.__traceback__
+                is_cause = True
+                continue
+
+            cause = exc_value.__context__
+            if cause and not getattr(exc_value, "__suppress_context__", False):
+                exc_type = cause.__class__
+                exc_value = cause
+                traceback = cause.__traceback__
+                is_cause = False
+                continue
+            # No cover, code is reached but coverage doesn't recognize it.
+            break  # pragma: no cover
+
+        trace = Trace(stacks=stacks)
+        return trace
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: Console, options: ConsoleOptions
+    ) -> RenderResult:
+        theme = self.theme
+        background_style = theme.get_background_style()
+        token_style = theme.get_style_for_token
+
+        traceback_theme = Theme(
+            {
+                "pretty": token_style(TextToken),
+                "pygments.text": token_style(Token),
+                "pygments.string": token_style(String),
+                "pygments.function": token_style(Name.Function),
+                "pygments.number": token_style(Number),
+                "repr.indent": token_style(Comment) + Style(dim=True),
+                "repr.str": token_style(String),
+                "repr.brace": token_style(TextToken) + Style(bold=True),
+                "repr.number": token_style(Number),
+                "repr.bool_true": token_style(Keyword.Constant),
+                "repr.bool_false": token_style(Keyword.Constant),
+                "repr.none": token_style(Keyword.Constant),
+                "scope.border": token_style(String.Delimiter),
+                "scope.equals": token_style(Operator),
+                "scope.key": token_style(Name),
+                "scope.key.special": token_style(Name.Constant) + Style(dim=True),
+            },
+            inherit=False,
+        )
+
+        highlighter = ReprHighlighter()
+        for last, stack in loop_last(reversed(self.trace.stacks)):
+            if stack.frames:
+                stack_renderable: ConsoleRenderable = Panel(
+                    self._render_stack(stack),
+                    title="[traceback.title]Traceback [dim](most recent call last)",
+                    style=background_style,
+                    border_style="traceback.border",
+                    expand=True,
+                    padding=(0, 1),
+                )
+                stack_renderable = Constrain(stack_renderable, self.width)
+                with console.use_theme(traceback_theme):
+                    yield stack_renderable
+            if stack.syntax_error is not None:
+                with console.use_theme(traceback_theme):
+                    yield Constrain(
+                        Panel(
+                            self._render_syntax_error(stack.syntax_error),
+                            style=background_style,
+                            border_style="traceback.border.syntax_error",
+                            expand=True,
+                            padding=(0, 1),
+                            width=self.width,
+                        ),
+                        self.width,
+                    )
+                yield Text.assemble(
+                    (f"{stack.exc_type}: ", "traceback.exc_type"),
+                    highlighter(stack.syntax_error.msg),
+                )
+            elif stack.exc_value:
+                yield Text.assemble(
+                    (f"{stack.exc_type}: ", "traceback.exc_type"),
+                    highlighter(stack.exc_value),
+                )
+            else:
+                yield Text.assemble((f"{stack.exc_type}", "traceback.exc_type"))
+
+            if not last:
+                if stack.is_cause:
+                    yield Text.from_markup(
+                        "\n[i]The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n",
+                    )
+                else:
+                    yield Text.from_markup(
+                        "\n[i]During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n",
+                    )
+
+    @group()
+    def _render_syntax_error(self, syntax_error: _SyntaxError) -> RenderResult:
+        highlighter = ReprHighlighter()
+        path_highlighter = PathHighlighter()
+        if syntax_error.filename != "<stdin>":
+            if os.path.exists(syntax_error.filename):
+                text = Text.assemble(
+                    (f" {syntax_error.filename}", "pygments.string"),
+                    (":", "pygments.text"),
+                    (str(syntax_error.lineno), "pygments.number"),
+                    style="pygments.text",
+                )
+                yield path_highlighter(text)
+        syntax_error_text = highlighter(syntax_error.line.rstrip())
+        syntax_error_text.no_wrap = True
+        offset = min(syntax_error.offset - 1, len(syntax_error_text))
+        syntax_error_text.stylize("bold underline", offset, offset)
+        syntax_error_text += Text.from_markup(
+            "\n" + " " * offset + "[traceback.offset]▲[/]",
+            style="pygments.text",
+        )
+        yield syntax_error_text
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _guess_lexer(cls, filename: str, code: str) -> str:
+        ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[-1]
+        if not ext:
+            # No extension, look at first line to see if it is a hashbang
+            # Note, this is an educated guess and not a guarantee
+            # If it fails, the only downside is that the code is highlighted strangely
+            new_line_index = code.index("\n")
+            first_line = code[:new_line_index] if new_line_index != -1 else code
+            if first_line.startswith("#!") and "python" in first_line.lower():
+                return "python"
+        try:
+            return cls.LEXERS.get(ext) or guess_lexer_for_filename(filename, code).name
+        except ClassNotFound:
+            return "text"
+
+    @group()
+    def _render_stack(self, stack: Stack) -> RenderResult:
+        path_highlighter = PathHighlighter()
+        theme = self.theme
+
+        def read_code(filename: str) -> str:
+            """Read files, and cache results on filename.
+
+            Args:
+                filename (str): Filename to read
+
+            Returns:
+                str: Contents of file
+            """
+            return "".join(linecache.getlines(filename))
+
+        def render_locals(frame: Frame) -> Iterable[ConsoleRenderable]:
+            if frame.locals:
+                yield render_scope(
+                    frame.locals,
+                    title="locals",
+                    indent_guides=self.indent_guides,
+                    max_length=self.locals_max_length,
+                    max_string=self.locals_max_string,
+                )
+
+        exclude_frames: Optional[range] = None
+        if self.max_frames != 0:
+            exclude_frames = range(
+                self.max_frames // 2,
+                len(stack.frames) - self.max_frames // 2,
+            )
+
+        excluded = False
+        for frame_index, frame in enumerate(stack.frames):
+
+            if exclude_frames and frame_index in exclude_frames:
+                excluded = True
+                continue
+
+            if excluded:
+                assert exclude_frames is not None
+                yield Text(
+                    f"\n... {len(exclude_frames)} frames hidden ...",
+                    justify="center",
+                    style="traceback.error",
+                )
+                excluded = False
+
+            first = frame_index == 0
+            frame_filename = frame.filename
+            suppressed = any(frame_filename.startswith(path) for path in self.suppress)
+
+            if os.path.exists(frame.filename):
+                text = Text.assemble(
+                    path_highlighter(Text(frame.filename, style="pygments.string")),
+                    (":", "pygments.text"),
+                    (str(frame.lineno), "pygments.number"),
+                    " in ",
+                    (frame.name, "pygments.function"),
+                    style="pygments.text",
+                )
+            else:
+                text = Text.assemble(
+                    "in ",
+                    (frame.name, "pygments.function"),
+                    (":", "pygments.text"),
+                    (str(frame.lineno), "pygments.number"),
+                    style="pygments.text",
+                )
+            if not frame.filename.startswith("<") and not first:
+                yield ""
+            yield text
+            if frame.filename.startswith("<"):
+                yield from render_locals(frame)
+                continue
+            if not suppressed:
+                try:
+                    code = read_code(frame.filename)
+                    if not code:
+                        # code may be an empty string if the file doesn't exist, OR
+                        # if the traceback filename is generated dynamically
+                        continue
+                    lexer_name = self._guess_lexer(frame.filename, code)
+                    syntax = Syntax(
+                        code,
+                        lexer_name,
+                        theme=theme,
+                        line_numbers=True,
+                        line_range=(
+                            frame.lineno - self.extra_lines,
+                            frame.lineno + self.extra_lines,
+                        ),
+                        highlight_lines={frame.lineno},
+                        word_wrap=self.word_wrap,
+                        code_width=88,
+                        indent_guides=self.indent_guides,
+                        dedent=False,
+                    )
+                    yield ""
+                except Exception as error:
+                    yield Text.assemble(
+                        (f"\n{error}", "traceback.error"),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    yield (
+                        Columns(
+                            [
+                                syntax,
+                                *render_locals(frame),
+                            ],
+                            padding=1,
+                        )
+                        if frame.locals
+                        else syntax
+                    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    from .console import Console
+
+    console = Console()
+    import sys
+
+    def bar(a: Any) -> None:  # 这是对亚洲语言支持的测试。面对模棱两可的想法，拒绝猜测的诱惑
+        one = 1
+        print(one / a)
+
+    def foo(a: Any) -> None:
+        _rich_traceback_guard = True
+        zed = {
+            "characters": {
+                "Paul Atreides",
+                "Vladimir Harkonnen",
+                "Thufir Hawat",
+                "Duncan Idaho",
+            },
+            "atomic_types": (None, False, True),
+        }
+        bar(a)
+
+    def error() -> None:
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                foo(0)
+            except:
+                slfkjsldkfj  # type: ignore[name-defined]
+        except:
+            console.print_exception(show_locals=True)
+
+    error()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/tree.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/tree.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afe8da1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/rich/tree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+from typing import Iterator, List, Optional, Tuple
+
+from ._loop import loop_first, loop_last
+from .console import Console, ConsoleOptions, RenderableType, RenderResult
+from .jupyter import JupyterMixin
+from .measure import Measurement
+from .segment import Segment
+from .style import Style, StyleStack, StyleType
+from .styled import Styled
+
+
+class Tree(JupyterMixin):
+    """A renderable for a tree structure.
+
+    Args:
+        label (RenderableType): The renderable or str for the tree label.
+        style (StyleType, optional): Style of this tree. Defaults to "tree".
+        guide_style (StyleType, optional): Style of the guide lines. Defaults to "tree.line".
+        expanded (bool, optional): Also display children. Defaults to True.
+        highlight (bool, optional): Highlight renderable (if str). Defaults to False.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        label: RenderableType,
+        *,
+        style: StyleType = "tree",
+        guide_style: StyleType = "tree.line",
+        expanded: bool = True,
+        highlight: bool = False,
+        hide_root: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.label = label
+        self.style = style
+        self.guide_style = guide_style
+        self.children: List[Tree] = []
+        self.expanded = expanded
+        self.highlight = highlight
+        self.hide_root = hide_root
+
+    def add(
+        self,
+        label: RenderableType,
+        *,
+        style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        guide_style: Optional[StyleType] = None,
+        expanded: bool = True,
+        highlight: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> "Tree":
+        """Add a child tree.
+
+        Args:
+            label (RenderableType): The renderable or str for the tree label.
+            style (StyleType, optional): Style of this tree. Defaults to "tree".
+            guide_style (StyleType, optional): Style of the guide lines. Defaults to "tree.line".
+            expanded (bool, optional): Also display children. Defaults to True.
+            highlight (Optional[bool], optional): Highlight renderable (if str). Defaults to False.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tree: A new child Tree, which may be further modified.
+        """
+        node = Tree(
+            label,
+            style=self.style if style is None else style,
+            guide_style=self.guide_style if guide_style is None else guide_style,
+            expanded=expanded,
+            highlight=self.highlight if highlight is None else highlight,
+        )
+        self.children.append(node)
+        return node
+
+    def __rich_console__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "RenderResult":
+
+        stack: List[Iterator[Tuple[bool, Tree]]] = []
+        pop = stack.pop
+        push = stack.append
+        new_line = Segment.line()
+
+        get_style = console.get_style
+        null_style = Style.null()
+        guide_style = get_style(self.guide_style, default="") or null_style
+        SPACE, CONTINUE, FORK, END = range(4)
+
+        ASCII_GUIDES = ("    ", "|   ", "+-- ", "`-- ")
+        TREE_GUIDES = [
+            ("    ", "│   ", "├── ", "└── "),
+            ("    ", "┃   ", "┣━━ ", "┗━━ "),
+            ("    ", "║   ", "╠══ ", "╚══ "),
+        ]
+        _Segment = Segment
+
+        def make_guide(index: int, style: Style) -> Segment:
+            """Make a Segment for a level of the guide lines."""
+            if options.ascii_only:
+                line = ASCII_GUIDES[index]
+            else:
+                guide = 1 if style.bold else (2 if style.underline2 else 0)
+                line = TREE_GUIDES[0 if options.legacy_windows else guide][index]
+            return _Segment(line, style)
+
+        levels: List[Segment] = [make_guide(CONTINUE, guide_style)]
+        push(iter(loop_last([self])))
+
+        guide_style_stack = StyleStack(get_style(self.guide_style))
+        style_stack = StyleStack(get_style(self.style))
+        remove_guide_styles = Style(bold=False, underline2=False)
+
+        depth = 0
+
+        while stack:
+            stack_node = pop()
+            try:
+                last, node = next(stack_node)
+            except StopIteration:
+                levels.pop()
+                if levels:
+                    guide_style = levels[-1].style or null_style
+                    levels[-1] = make_guide(FORK, guide_style)
+                    guide_style_stack.pop()
+                    style_stack.pop()
+                continue
+            push(stack_node)
+            if last:
+                levels[-1] = make_guide(END, levels[-1].style or null_style)
+
+            guide_style = guide_style_stack.current + get_style(node.guide_style)
+            style = style_stack.current + get_style(node.style)
+            prefix = levels[(2 if self.hide_root else 1) :]
+            renderable_lines = console.render_lines(
+                Styled(node.label, style),
+                options.update(
+                    width=options.max_width
+                    - sum(level.cell_length for level in prefix),
+                    highlight=self.highlight,
+                    height=None,
+                ),
+                pad=options.justify is not None,
+            )
+
+            if not (depth == 0 and self.hide_root):
+                for first, line in loop_first(renderable_lines):
+                    if prefix:
+                        yield from _Segment.apply_style(
+                            prefix,
+                            style.background_style,
+                            post_style=remove_guide_styles,
+                        )
+                    yield from line
+                    yield new_line
+                    if first and prefix:
+                        prefix[-1] = make_guide(
+                            SPACE if last else CONTINUE, prefix[-1].style or null_style
+                        )
+
+            if node.expanded and node.children:
+                levels[-1] = make_guide(
+                    SPACE if last else CONTINUE, levels[-1].style or null_style
+                )
+                levels.append(
+                    make_guide(END if len(node.children) == 1 else FORK, guide_style)
+                )
+                style_stack.push(get_style(node.style))
+                guide_style_stack.push(get_style(node.guide_style))
+                push(iter(loop_last(node.children)))
+                depth += 1
+
+    def __rich_measure__(
+        self, console: "Console", options: "ConsoleOptions"
+    ) -> "Measurement":
+        stack: List[Iterator[Tree]] = [iter([self])]
+        pop = stack.pop
+        push = stack.append
+        minimum = 0
+        maximum = 0
+        measure = Measurement.get
+        level = 0
+        while stack:
+            iter_tree = pop()
+            try:
+                tree = next(iter_tree)
+            except StopIteration:
+                level -= 1
+                continue
+            push(iter_tree)
+            min_measure, max_measure = measure(console, options, tree.label)
+            indent = level * 4
+            minimum = max(min_measure + indent, minimum)
+            maximum = max(max_measure + indent, maximum)
+            if tree.expanded and tree.children:
+                push(iter(tree.children))
+                level += 1
+        return Measurement(minimum, maximum)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":  # pragma: no cover
+
+    from pip._vendor.rich.console import Group
+    from pip._vendor.rich.markdown import Markdown
+    from pip._vendor.rich.panel import Panel
+    from pip._vendor.rich.syntax import Syntax
+    from pip._vendor.rich.table import Table
+
+    table = Table(row_styles=["", "dim"])
+
+    table.add_column("Released", style="cyan", no_wrap=True)
+    table.add_column("Title", style="magenta")
+    table.add_column("Box Office", justify="right", style="green")
+
+    table.add_row("Dec 20, 2019", "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker", "$952,110,690")
+    table.add_row("May 25, 2018", "Solo: A Star Wars Story", "$393,151,347")
+    table.add_row("Dec 15, 2017", "Star Wars Ep. V111: The Last Jedi", "$1,332,539,889")
+    table.add_row("Dec 16, 2016", "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story", "$1,332,439,889")
+
+    code = """\
+class Segment(NamedTuple):
+    text: str = ""
+    style: Optional[Style] = None
+    is_control: bool = False
+"""
+    syntax = Syntax(code, "python", theme="monokai", line_numbers=True)
+
+    markdown = Markdown(
+        """\
+### example.md
+> Hello, World!
+>
+> Markdown _all_ the things
+"""
+    )
+
+    root = Tree("🌲 [b green]Rich Tree", highlight=True, hide_root=True)
+
+    node = root.add(":file_folder: Renderables", guide_style="red")
+    simple_node = node.add(":file_folder: [bold yellow]Atomic", guide_style="uu green")
+    simple_node.add(Group("📄 Syntax", syntax))
+    simple_node.add(Group("📄 Markdown", Panel(markdown, border_style="green")))
+
+    containers_node = node.add(
+        ":file_folder: [bold magenta]Containers", guide_style="bold magenta"
+    )
+    containers_node.expanded = True
+    panel = Panel.fit("Just a panel", border_style="red")
+    containers_node.add(Group("📄 Panels", panel))
+
+    containers_node.add(Group("📄 [b magenta]Table", table))
+
+    console = Console()
+
+    console.print(root)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e15675d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2020 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.16.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+if PY34:
+    from importlib.util import spec_from_loader
+else:
+    spec_from_loader = None
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+    def create_module(self, spec):
+        return self.load_module(spec.name)
+
+    def exec_module(self, module):
+        pass
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("getoutput", "commands", "subprocess"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("collections_abc", "collections", "collections.abc" if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) else "collections"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_ndbm", "dbm", "dbm.ndbm"),
+    MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread", "_dummy_thread" if sys.version_info < (3, 9) else "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_image", "email.MIMEImage", "email.mime.image"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_to_bytes", "urllib", "urllib.parse", "unquote", "unquote_to_bytes"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitvalue", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+                      "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+                      "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_http_list", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_keqv_list", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+                      "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+                      "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+                      "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+                      "moves.urllib")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iterlists,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    del io
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+        _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+        _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegex"
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertNotRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertNotRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        try:
+            if value is None:
+                value = tp()
+            if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+                raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+            raise value
+        finally:
+            value = None
+            tb = None
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    try:
+        raise tp, value, tb
+    finally:
+        tb = None
+""")
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] > (3,):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    try:
+        raise value from from_value
+    finally:
+        value = None
+""")
+else:
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (isinstance(fp, file) and
+                    isinstance(data, unicode) and
+                    fp.encoding is not None):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    # This does exactly the same what the :func:`py3:functools.update_wrapper`
+    # function does on Python versions after 3.2. It sets the ``__wrapped__``
+    # attribute on ``wrapper`` object and it doesn't raise an error if any of
+    # the attributes mentioned in ``assigned`` and ``updated`` are missing on
+    # ``wrapped`` object.
+    def _update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped,
+                        assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+                        updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        for attr in assigned:
+            try:
+                value = getattr(wrapped, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                continue
+            else:
+                setattr(wrapper, attr, value)
+        for attr in updated:
+            getattr(wrapper, attr).update(getattr(wrapped, attr, {}))
+        wrapper.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+        return wrapper
+    _update_wrapper.__doc__ = functools.update_wrapper.__doc__
+
+    def wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+              updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        return functools.partial(_update_wrapper, wrapped=wrapped,
+                                 assigned=assigned, updated=updated)
+    wraps.__doc__ = functools.wraps.__doc__
+
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(type):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+                # This version introduced PEP 560 that requires a bit
+                # of extra care (we mimic what is done by __build_class__).
+                resolved_bases = types.resolve_bases(bases)
+                if resolved_bases is not bases:
+                    d['__orig_bases__'] = bases
+            else:
+                resolved_bases = bases
+            return meta(name, resolved_bases, d)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __prepare__(cls, name, this_bases):
+            return meta.__prepare__(name, bases)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        if hasattr(cls, '__qualname__'):
+            orig_vars['__qualname__'] = cls.__qualname__
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def ensure_binary(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
+    """Coerce **s** to six.binary_type.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> encoded to `str`
+      - `str` -> `str`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> encoded to `bytes`
+      - `bytes` -> `bytes`
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s
+    if isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+
+
+def ensure_str(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
+    """Coerce *s* to `str`.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> encoded to `str`
+      - `str` -> `str`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> `str`
+      - `bytes` -> decoded to `str`
+    """
+    # Optimization: Fast return for the common case.
+    if type(s) is str:
+        return s
+    if PY2 and isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    elif PY3 and isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    elif not isinstance(s, (text_type, binary_type)):
+        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+    return s
+
+
+def ensure_text(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
+    """Coerce *s* to six.text_type.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> `unicode`
+      - `str` -> `unicode`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> `str`
+      - `bytes` -> decoded to `str`
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    elif isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A class decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
+                             klass.__name__)
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
+                importer.name == __name__):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f1603ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,608 @@
+# Copyright 2016-2018 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2017 Elisey Zanko
+# Copyright 2016 Étienne Bersac
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+import functools
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import typing as t
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from concurrent import futures
+from inspect import iscoroutinefunction
+
+# Import all built-in retry strategies for easier usage.
+from .retry import retry_base  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_all  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_always  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_any  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception_cause_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_not_exception_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_not_result  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_result  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_never  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_unless_exception_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception_message  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_not_exception_message  # noqa
+
+# Import all nap strategies for easier usage.
+from .nap import sleep  # noqa
+from .nap import sleep_using_event  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in stop strategies for easier usage.
+from .stop import stop_after_attempt  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_after_delay  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_all  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_any  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_never  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_when_event_set  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in wait strategies for easier usage.
+from .wait import wait_chain  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_combine  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_exponential  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_fixed  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_incrementing  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_none  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_random  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_random_exponential  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_random_exponential as wait_full_jitter  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_exponential_jitter  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in before strategies for easier usage.
+from .before import before_log  # noqa
+from .before import before_nothing  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in after strategies for easier usage.
+from .after import after_log  # noqa
+from .after import after_nothing  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in after strategies for easier usage.
+from .before_sleep import before_sleep_log  # noqa
+from .before_sleep import before_sleep_nothing  # noqa
+
+# Replace a conditional import with a hard-coded None so that pip does
+# not attempt to use tornado even if it is present in the environment.
+# If tornado is non-None, tenacity will attempt to execute some code
+# that is sensitive to the version of tornado, which could break pip
+# if an old version is found.
+tornado = None  # type: ignore
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import types
+
+    from .retry import RetryBaseT
+    from .stop import StopBaseT
+    from .wait import WaitBaseT
+
+
+WrappedFnReturnT = t.TypeVar("WrappedFnReturnT")
+WrappedFn = t.TypeVar("WrappedFn", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
+
+
+class TryAgain(Exception):
+    """Always retry the executed function when raised."""
+
+
+NO_RESULT = object()
+
+
+class DoAttempt:
+    pass
+
+
+class DoSleep(float):
+    pass
+
+
+class BaseAction:
+    """Base class for representing actions to take by retry object.
+
+    Concrete implementations must define:
+    - __init__: to initialize all necessary fields
+    - REPR_FIELDS: class variable specifying attributes to include in repr(self)
+    - NAME: for identification in retry object methods and callbacks
+    """
+
+    REPR_FIELDS: t.Sequence[str] = ()
+    NAME: t.Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        state_str = ", ".join(f"{field}={getattr(self, field)!r}" for field in self.REPR_FIELDS)
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({state_str})"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self)
+
+
+class RetryAction(BaseAction):
+    REPR_FIELDS = ("sleep",)
+    NAME = "retry"
+
+    def __init__(self, sleep: t.SupportsFloat) -> None:
+        self.sleep = float(sleep)
+
+
+_unset = object()
+
+
+def _first_set(first: t.Union[t.Any, object], second: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+    return second if first is _unset else first
+
+
+class RetryError(Exception):
+    """Encapsulates the last attempt instance right before giving up."""
+
+    def __init__(self, last_attempt: "Future") -> None:
+        self.last_attempt = last_attempt
+        super().__init__(last_attempt)
+
+    def reraise(self) -> "t.NoReturn":
+        if self.last_attempt.failed:
+            raise self.last_attempt.result()
+        raise self
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}[{self.last_attempt}]"
+
+
+class AttemptManager:
+    """Manage attempt context."""
+
+    def __init__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState"):
+        self.retry_state = retry_state
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: t.Optional[t.Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_value: t.Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: t.Optional["types.TracebackType"],
+    ) -> t.Optional[bool]:
+        if exc_type is not None and exc_value is not None:
+            self.retry_state.set_exception((exc_type, exc_value, traceback))
+            return True  # Swallow exception.
+        else:
+            # We don't have the result, actually.
+            self.retry_state.set_result(None)
+            return None
+
+
+class BaseRetrying(ABC):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sleep: t.Callable[[t.Union[int, float]], None] = sleep,
+        stop: "StopBaseT" = stop_never,
+        wait: "WaitBaseT" = wait_none(),
+        retry: "RetryBaseT" = retry_if_exception_type(),
+        before: t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None] = before_nothing,
+        after: t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None] = after_nothing,
+        before_sleep: t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]] = None,
+        reraise: bool = False,
+        retry_error_cls: t.Type[RetryError] = RetryError,
+        retry_error_callback: t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.sleep = sleep
+        self.stop = stop
+        self.wait = wait
+        self.retry = retry
+        self.before = before
+        self.after = after
+        self.before_sleep = before_sleep
+        self.reraise = reraise
+        self._local = threading.local()
+        self.retry_error_cls = retry_error_cls
+        self.retry_error_callback = retry_error_callback
+
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        sleep: t.Union[t.Callable[[t.Union[int, float]], None], object] = _unset,
+        stop: t.Union["StopBaseT", object] = _unset,
+        wait: t.Union["WaitBaseT", object] = _unset,
+        retry: t.Union[retry_base, object] = _unset,
+        before: t.Union[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None], object] = _unset,
+        after: t.Union[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None], object] = _unset,
+        before_sleep: t.Union[t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]], object] = _unset,
+        reraise: t.Union[bool, object] = _unset,
+        retry_error_cls: t.Union[t.Type[RetryError], object] = _unset,
+        retry_error_callback: t.Union[t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Any]], object] = _unset,
+    ) -> "BaseRetrying":
+        """Copy this object with some parameters changed if needed."""
+        return self.__class__(
+            sleep=_first_set(sleep, self.sleep),
+            stop=_first_set(stop, self.stop),
+            wait=_first_set(wait, self.wait),
+            retry=_first_set(retry, self.retry),
+            before=_first_set(before, self.before),
+            after=_first_set(after, self.after),
+            before_sleep=_first_set(before_sleep, self.before_sleep),
+            reraise=_first_set(reraise, self.reraise),
+            retry_error_cls=_first_set(retry_error_cls, self.retry_error_cls),
+            retry_error_callback=_first_set(retry_error_callback, self.retry_error_callback),
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} object at 0x{id(self):x} ("
+            f"stop={self.stop}, "
+            f"wait={self.wait}, "
+            f"sleep={self.sleep}, "
+            f"retry={self.retry}, "
+            f"before={self.before}, "
+            f"after={self.after})>"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def statistics(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
+        """Return a dictionary of runtime statistics.
+
+        This dictionary will be empty when the controller has never been
+        ran. When it is running or has ran previously it should have (but
+        may not) have useful and/or informational keys and values when
+        running is underway and/or completed.
+
+        .. warning:: The keys in this dictionary **should** be some what
+                     stable (not changing), but there existence **may**
+                     change between major releases as new statistics are
+                     gathered or removed so before accessing keys ensure that
+                     they actually exist and handle when they do not.
+
+        .. note:: The values in this dictionary are local to the thread
+                  running call (so if multiple threads share the same retrying
+                  object - either directly or indirectly) they will each have
+                  there own view of statistics they have collected (in the
+                  future we may provide a way to aggregate the various
+                  statistics from each thread).
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._local.statistics  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._local.statistics = t.cast(t.Dict[str, t.Any], {})
+            return self._local.statistics
+
+    def wraps(self, f: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn:
+        """Wrap a function for retrying.
+
+        :param f: A function to wraps for retrying.
+        """
+
+        @functools.wraps(f)
+        def wrapped_f(*args: t.Any, **kw: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+            return self(f, *args, **kw)
+
+        def retry_with(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> WrappedFn:
+            return self.copy(*args, **kwargs).wraps(f)
+
+        wrapped_f.retry = self  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        wrapped_f.retry_with = retry_with  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        return wrapped_f  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def begin(self) -> None:
+        self.statistics.clear()
+        self.statistics["start_time"] = time.monotonic()
+        self.statistics["attempt_number"] = 1
+        self.statistics["idle_for"] = 0
+
+    def iter(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> t.Union[DoAttempt, DoSleep, t.Any]:  # noqa
+        fut = retry_state.outcome
+        if fut is None:
+            if self.before is not None:
+                self.before(retry_state)
+            return DoAttempt()
+
+        is_explicit_retry = fut.failed and isinstance(fut.exception(), TryAgain)
+        if not (is_explicit_retry or self.retry(retry_state)):
+            return fut.result()
+
+        if self.after is not None:
+            self.after(retry_state)
+
+        self.statistics["delay_since_first_attempt"] = retry_state.seconds_since_start
+        if self.stop(retry_state):
+            if self.retry_error_callback:
+                return self.retry_error_callback(retry_state)
+            retry_exc = self.retry_error_cls(fut)
+            if self.reraise:
+                raise retry_exc.reraise()
+            raise retry_exc from fut.exception()
+
+        if self.wait:
+            sleep = self.wait(retry_state)
+        else:
+            sleep = 0.0
+        retry_state.next_action = RetryAction(sleep)
+        retry_state.idle_for += sleep
+        self.statistics["idle_for"] += sleep
+        self.statistics["attempt_number"] += 1
+
+        if self.before_sleep is not None:
+            self.before_sleep(retry_state)
+
+        return DoSleep(sleep)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> t.Generator[AttemptManager, None, None]:
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(self, fn=None, args=(), kwargs={})
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                yield AttemptManager(retry_state=retry_state)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                break
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        fn: t.Callable[..., WrappedFnReturnT],
+        *args: t.Any,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> WrappedFnReturnT:
+        pass
+
+
+class Retrying(BaseRetrying):
+    """Retrying controller."""
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        fn: t.Callable[..., WrappedFnReturnT],
+        *args: t.Any,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> WrappedFnReturnT:
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(retry_object=self, fn=fn, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                try:
+                    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+                except BaseException:  # noqa: B902
+                    retry_state.set_exception(sys.exc_info())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                else:
+                    retry_state.set_result(result)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                return do  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+if sys.version_info[1] >= 9:
+    FutureGenericT = futures.Future[t.Any]
+else:
+    FutureGenericT = futures.Future
+
+
+class Future(FutureGenericT):
+    """Encapsulates a (future or past) attempted call to a target function."""
+
+    def __init__(self, attempt_number: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.attempt_number = attempt_number
+
+    @property
+    def failed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether a exception is being held in this future."""
+        return self.exception() is not None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(cls, attempt_number: int, value: t.Any, has_exception: bool) -> "Future":
+        """Construct a new Future object."""
+        fut = cls(attempt_number)
+        if has_exception:
+            fut.set_exception(value)
+        else:
+            fut.set_result(value)
+        return fut
+
+
+class RetryCallState:
+    """State related to a single call wrapped with Retrying."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        retry_object: BaseRetrying,
+        fn: t.Optional[WrappedFn],
+        args: t.Any,
+        kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        #: Retry call start timestamp
+        self.start_time = time.monotonic()
+        #: Retry manager object
+        self.retry_object = retry_object
+        #: Function wrapped by this retry call
+        self.fn = fn
+        #: Arguments of the function wrapped by this retry call
+        self.args = args
+        #: Keyword arguments of the function wrapped by this retry call
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+        #: The number of the current attempt
+        self.attempt_number: int = 1
+        #: Last outcome (result or exception) produced by the function
+        self.outcome: t.Optional[Future] = None
+        #: Timestamp of the last outcome
+        self.outcome_timestamp: t.Optional[float] = None
+        #: Time spent sleeping in retries
+        self.idle_for: float = 0.0
+        #: Next action as decided by the retry manager
+        self.next_action: t.Optional[RetryAction] = None
+
+    @property
+    def seconds_since_start(self) -> t.Optional[float]:
+        if self.outcome_timestamp is None:
+            return None
+        return self.outcome_timestamp - self.start_time
+
+    def prepare_for_next_attempt(self) -> None:
+        self.outcome = None
+        self.outcome_timestamp = None
+        self.attempt_number += 1
+        self.next_action = None
+
+    def set_result(self, val: t.Any) -> None:
+        ts = time.monotonic()
+        fut = Future(self.attempt_number)
+        fut.set_result(val)
+        self.outcome, self.outcome_timestamp = fut, ts
+
+    def set_exception(
+        self, exc_info: t.Tuple[t.Type[BaseException], BaseException, "types.TracebackType| None"]
+    ) -> None:
+        ts = time.monotonic()
+        fut = Future(self.attempt_number)
+        fut.set_exception(exc_info[1])
+        self.outcome, self.outcome_timestamp = fut, ts
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.outcome is None:
+            result = "none yet"
+        elif self.outcome.failed:
+            exception = self.outcome.exception()
+            result = f"failed ({exception.__class__.__name__} {exception})"
+        else:
+            result = f"returned {self.outcome.result()}"
+
+        slept = float(round(self.idle_for, 2))
+        clsname = self.__class__.__name__
+        return f"<{clsname} {id(self)}: attempt #{self.attempt_number}; slept for {slept}; last result: {result}>"
+
+
+@t.overload
+def retry(func: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn:
+    ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def retry(
+    sleep: t.Callable[[t.Union[int, float]], None] = sleep,
+    stop: "StopBaseT" = stop_never,
+    wait: "WaitBaseT" = wait_none(),
+    retry: "RetryBaseT" = retry_if_exception_type(),
+    before: t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None] = before_nothing,
+    after: t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None] = after_nothing,
+    before_sleep: t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]] = None,
+    reraise: bool = False,
+    retry_error_cls: t.Type["RetryError"] = RetryError,
+    retry_error_callback: t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Any]] = None,
+) -> t.Callable[[WrappedFn], WrappedFn]:
+    ...
+
+
+def retry(*dargs: t.Any, **dkw: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+    """Wrap a function with a new `Retrying` object.
+
+    :param dargs: positional arguments passed to Retrying object
+    :param dkw: keyword arguments passed to the Retrying object
+    """
+    # support both @retry and @retry() as valid syntax
+    if len(dargs) == 1 and callable(dargs[0]):
+        return retry()(dargs[0])
+    else:
+
+        def wrap(f: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn:
+            if isinstance(f, retry_base):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Got retry_base instance ({f.__class__.__name__}) as callable argument, "
+                    f"this will probably hang indefinitely (did you mean retry={f.__class__.__name__}(...)?)"
+                )
+            r: "BaseRetrying"
+            if iscoroutinefunction(f):
+                r = AsyncRetrying(*dargs, **dkw)
+            elif tornado and hasattr(tornado.gen, "is_coroutine_function") and tornado.gen.is_coroutine_function(f):
+                r = TornadoRetrying(*dargs, **dkw)
+            else:
+                r = Retrying(*dargs, **dkw)
+
+            return r.wraps(f)
+
+        return wrap
+
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity._asyncio import AsyncRetrying  # noqa:E402,I100
+
+if tornado:
+    from pip._vendor.tenacity.tornadoweb import TornadoRetrying
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "retry_base",
+    "retry_all",
+    "retry_always",
+    "retry_any",
+    "retry_if_exception",
+    "retry_if_exception_type",
+    "retry_if_exception_cause_type",
+    "retry_if_not_exception_type",
+    "retry_if_not_result",
+    "retry_if_result",
+    "retry_never",
+    "retry_unless_exception_type",
+    "retry_if_exception_message",
+    "retry_if_not_exception_message",
+    "sleep",
+    "sleep_using_event",
+    "stop_after_attempt",
+    "stop_after_delay",
+    "stop_all",
+    "stop_any",
+    "stop_never",
+    "stop_when_event_set",
+    "wait_chain",
+    "wait_combine",
+    "wait_exponential",
+    "wait_fixed",
+    "wait_incrementing",
+    "wait_none",
+    "wait_random",
+    "wait_random_exponential",
+    "wait_full_jitter",
+    "wait_exponential_jitter",
+    "before_log",
+    "before_nothing",
+    "after_log",
+    "after_nothing",
+    "before_sleep_log",
+    "before_sleep_nothing",
+    "retry",
+    "WrappedFn",
+    "TryAgain",
+    "NO_RESULT",
+    "DoAttempt",
+    "DoSleep",
+    "BaseAction",
+    "RetryAction",
+    "RetryError",
+    "AttemptManager",
+    "BaseRetrying",
+    "Retrying",
+    "Future",
+    "RetryCallState",
+    "AsyncRetrying",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/__pycache__/wait.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/__pycache__/wait.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/_asyncio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/_asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e50cd7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/_asyncio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Étienne Bersac
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import functools
+import sys
+import typing as t
+from asyncio import sleep
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import AttemptManager
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import BaseRetrying
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import DoAttempt
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import DoSleep
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+WrappedFnReturnT = t.TypeVar("WrappedFnReturnT")
+WrappedFn = t.TypeVar("WrappedFn", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable[t.Any]])
+
+
+class AsyncRetrying(BaseRetrying):
+    sleep: t.Callable[[float], t.Awaitable[t.Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, sleep: t.Callable[[float], t.Awaitable[t.Any]] = sleep, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.sleep = sleep
+
+    async def __call__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, fn: WrappedFn, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> WrappedFnReturnT:
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(retry_object=self, fn=fn, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                try:
+                    result = await fn(*args, **kwargs)
+                except BaseException:  # noqa: B902
+                    retry_state.set_exception(sys.exc_info())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                else:
+                    retry_state.set_result(result)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                await self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                return do  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> t.Generator[AttemptManager, None, None]:
+        raise TypeError("AsyncRetrying object is not iterable")
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> "AsyncRetrying":
+        self.begin()
+        self._retry_state = RetryCallState(self, fn=None, args=(), kwargs={})
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> AttemptManager:
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=self._retry_state)
+            if do is None:
+                raise StopAsyncIteration
+            elif isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                return AttemptManager(retry_state=self._retry_state)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                self._retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                await self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                raise StopAsyncIteration
+
+    def wraps(self, fn: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn:
+        fn = super().wraps(fn)
+        # Ensure wrapper is recognized as a coroutine function.
+
+        @functools.wraps(fn)
+        async def async_wrapped(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+            return await fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Preserve attributes
+        async_wrapped.retry = fn.retry  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        async_wrapped.retry_with = fn.retry_with  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        return async_wrapped  # type: ignore[return-value]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f14ff320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import sys
+import typing
+from datetime import timedelta
+
+
+# sys.maxsize:
+# An integer giving the maximum value a variable of type Py_ssize_t can take.
+MAX_WAIT = sys.maxsize / 2
+
+
+def find_ordinal(pos_num: int) -> str:
+    # See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_numerals#Ordinal_numbers
+    if pos_num == 0:
+        return "th"
+    elif pos_num == 1:
+        return "st"
+    elif pos_num == 2:
+        return "nd"
+    elif pos_num == 3:
+        return "rd"
+    elif 4 <= pos_num <= 20:
+        return "th"
+    else:
+        return find_ordinal(pos_num % 10)
+
+
+def to_ordinal(pos_num: int) -> str:
+    return f"{pos_num}{find_ordinal(pos_num)}"
+
+
+def get_callback_name(cb: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]) -> str:
+    """Get a callback fully-qualified name.
+
+    If no name can be produced ``repr(cb)`` is called and returned.
+    """
+    segments = []
+    try:
+        segments.append(cb.__qualname__)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            segments.append(cb.__name__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+    if not segments:
+        return repr(cb)
+    else:
+        try:
+            # When running under sphinx it appears this can be none?
+            if cb.__module__:
+                segments.insert(0, cb.__module__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return ".".join(segments)
+
+
+time_unit_type = typing.Union[int, float, timedelta]
+
+
+def to_seconds(time_unit: time_unit_type) -> float:
+    return float(time_unit.total_seconds() if isinstance(time_unit, timedelta) else time_unit)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/after.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/after.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..574c9bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/after.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import typing
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+def after_nothing(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+    """After call strategy that does nothing."""
+
+
+def after_log(
+    logger: "logging.Logger",
+    log_level: int,
+    sec_format: str = "%0.3f",
+) -> typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]:
+    """After call strategy that logs to some logger the finished attempt."""
+
+    def log_it(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        if retry_state.fn is None:
+            # NOTE(sileht): can't really happen, but we must please mypy
+            fn_name = "<unknown>"
+        else:
+            fn_name = _utils.get_callback_name(retry_state.fn)
+        logger.log(
+            log_level,
+            f"Finished call to '{fn_name}' "
+            f"after {sec_format % retry_state.seconds_since_start}(s), "
+            f"this was the {_utils.to_ordinal(retry_state.attempt_number)} time calling it.",
+        )
+
+    return log_it
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/before.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/before.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfd7dc72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/before.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import typing
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+def before_nothing(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+    """Before call strategy that does nothing."""
+
+
+def before_log(logger: "logging.Logger", log_level: int) -> typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]:
+    """Before call strategy that logs to some logger the attempt."""
+
+    def log_it(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        if retry_state.fn is None:
+            # NOTE(sileht): can't really happen, but we must please mypy
+            fn_name = "<unknown>"
+        else:
+            fn_name = _utils.get_callback_name(retry_state.fn)
+        logger.log(
+            log_level,
+            f"Starting call to '{fn_name}', "
+            f"this is the {_utils.to_ordinal(retry_state.attempt_number)} time calling it.",
+        )
+
+    return log_it
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/before_sleep.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/before_sleep.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c6167fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/before_sleep.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import typing
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+def before_sleep_nothing(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+    """Before call strategy that does nothing."""
+
+
+def before_sleep_log(
+    logger: "logging.Logger",
+    log_level: int,
+    exc_info: bool = False,
+) -> typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]:
+    """Before call strategy that logs to some logger the attempt."""
+
+    def log_it(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        local_exc_info: BaseException | bool | None
+
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("log_it() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if retry_state.next_action is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("log_it() called before next_action was set")
+
+        if retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            ex = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            verb, value = "raised", f"{ex.__class__.__name__}: {ex}"
+
+            if exc_info:
+                local_exc_info = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            else:
+                local_exc_info = False
+        else:
+            verb, value = "returned", retry_state.outcome.result()
+            local_exc_info = False  # exc_info does not apply when no exception
+
+        if retry_state.fn is None:
+            # NOTE(sileht): can't really happen, but we must please mypy
+            fn_name = "<unknown>"
+        else:
+            fn_name = _utils.get_callback_name(retry_state.fn)
+
+        logger.log(
+            log_level,
+            f"Retrying {fn_name} " f"in {retry_state.next_action.sleep} seconds as it {verb} {value}.",
+            exc_info=local_exc_info,
+        )
+
+    return log_it
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/nap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/nap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72aa5bfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/nap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Étienne Bersac
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import time
+import typing
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import threading
+
+
+def sleep(seconds: float) -> None:
+    """
+    Sleep strategy that delays execution for a given number of seconds.
+
+    This is the default strategy, and may be mocked out for unit testing.
+    """
+    time.sleep(seconds)
+
+
+class sleep_using_event:
+    """Sleep strategy that waits on an event to be set."""
+
+    def __init__(self, event: "threading.Event") -> None:
+        self.event = event
+
+    def __call__(self, timeout: typing.Optional[float]) -> None:
+        # NOTE(harlowja): this may *not* actually wait for timeout
+        # seconds if the event is set (ie this may eject out early).
+        self.event.wait(timeout=timeout)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38988739
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+# Copyright 2016–2021 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import abc
+import re
+import typing
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+class retry_base(abc.ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for retry strategies."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    def __and__(self, other: "retry_base") -> "retry_all":
+        return retry_all(self, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other: "retry_base") -> "retry_any":
+        return retry_any(self, other)
+
+
+RetryBaseT = typing.Union[retry_base, typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], bool]]
+
+
+class _retry_never(retry_base):
+    """Retry strategy that never rejects any result."""
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+retry_never = _retry_never()
+
+
+class _retry_always(retry_base):
+    """Retry strategy that always rejects any result."""
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+retry_always = _retry_always()
+
+
+class retry_if_exception(retry_base):
+    """Retry strategy that retries if an exception verifies a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(self, predicate: typing.Callable[[BaseException], bool]) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            if exception is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("outcome failed but the exception is None")
+            return self.predicate(exception)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_if_exception_type(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries if an exception has been raised of one or more types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_types = exception_types
+        super().__init__(lambda e: isinstance(e, exception_types))
+
+
+class retry_if_not_exception_type(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries except an exception has been raised of one or more types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_types = exception_types
+        super().__init__(lambda e: not isinstance(e, exception_types))
+
+
+class retry_unless_exception_type(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries until an exception is raised of one or more types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_types = exception_types
+        super().__init__(lambda e: not isinstance(e, exception_types))
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        # always retry if no exception was raised
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return True
+
+        exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+        if exception is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("outcome failed but the exception is None")
+        return self.predicate(exception)
+
+
+class retry_if_exception_cause_type(retry_base):
+    """Retries if any of the causes of the raised exception is of one or more types.
+
+    The check on the type of the cause of the exception is done recursively (until finding
+    an exception in the chain that has no `__cause__`)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_cause_types = exception_types
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__ called before outcome was set")
+
+        if retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            exc = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            while exc is not None:
+                if isinstance(exc.__cause__, self.exception_cause_types):
+                    return True
+                exc = exc.__cause__
+
+        return False
+
+
+class retry_if_result(retry_base):
+    """Retries if the result verifies a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(self, predicate: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], bool]) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return self.predicate(retry_state.outcome.result())
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_if_not_result(retry_base):
+    """Retries if the result refutes a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(self, predicate: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], bool]) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return not self.predicate(retry_state.outcome.result())
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_if_exception_message(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries if an exception message equals or matches."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        match: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if message and match:
+            raise TypeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__}() takes either 'message' or 'match', not both")
+
+        # set predicate
+        if message:
+
+            def message_fnc(exception: BaseException) -> bool:
+                return message == str(exception)
+
+            predicate = message_fnc
+        elif match:
+            prog = re.compile(match)
+
+            def match_fnc(exception: BaseException) -> bool:
+                return bool(prog.match(str(exception)))
+
+            predicate = match_fnc
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__}() missing 1 required argument 'message' or 'match'")
+
+        super().__init__(predicate)
+
+
+class retry_if_not_exception_message(retry_if_exception_message):
+    """Retries until an exception message equals or matches."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        match: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, match)
+        # invert predicate
+        if_predicate = self.predicate
+        self.predicate = lambda *args_, **kwargs_: not if_predicate(*args_, **kwargs_)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return True
+
+        exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+        if exception is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("outcome failed but the exception is None")
+        return self.predicate(exception)
+
+
+class retry_any(retry_base):
+    """Retries if any of the retries condition is valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *retries: retry_base) -> None:
+        self.retries = retries
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return any(r(retry_state) for r in self.retries)
+
+
+class retry_all(retry_base):
+    """Retries if all the retries condition are valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *retries: retry_base) -> None:
+        self.retries = retries
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return all(r(retry_state) for r in self.retries)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/stop.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/stop.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb23effd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/stop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Copyright 2016–2021 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+import abc
+import typing
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import threading
+
+    from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+class stop_base(abc.ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for stop strategies."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    def __and__(self, other: "stop_base") -> "stop_all":
+        return stop_all(self, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other: "stop_base") -> "stop_any":
+        return stop_any(self, other)
+
+
+StopBaseT = typing.Union[stop_base, typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], bool]]
+
+
+class stop_any(stop_base):
+    """Stop if any of the stop condition is valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *stops: stop_base) -> None:
+        self.stops = stops
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return any(x(retry_state) for x in self.stops)
+
+
+class stop_all(stop_base):
+    """Stop if all the stop conditions are valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *stops: stop_base) -> None:
+        self.stops = stops
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return all(x(retry_state) for x in self.stops)
+
+
+class _stop_never(stop_base):
+    """Never stop."""
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+stop_never = _stop_never()
+
+
+class stop_when_event_set(stop_base):
+    """Stop when the given event is set."""
+
+    def __init__(self, event: "threading.Event") -> None:
+        self.event = event
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return self.event.is_set()
+
+
+class stop_after_attempt(stop_base):
+    """Stop when the previous attempt >= max_attempt."""
+
+    def __init__(self, max_attempt_number: int) -> None:
+        self.max_attempt_number = max_attempt_number
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return retry_state.attempt_number >= self.max_attempt_number
+
+
+class stop_after_delay(stop_base):
+    """Stop when the time from the first attempt >= limit."""
+
+    def __init__(self, max_delay: _utils.time_unit_type) -> None:
+        self.max_delay = _utils.to_seconds(max_delay)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.seconds_since_start is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called but seconds_since_start is not set")
+        return retry_state.seconds_since_start >= self.max_delay
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/tornadoweb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/tornadoweb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e19c30b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/tornadoweb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Copyright 2017 Elisey Zanko
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import sys
+import typing
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import BaseRetrying
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import DoAttempt
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import DoSleep
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+from tornado import gen
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tornado.concurrent import Future
+
+_RetValT = typing.TypeVar("_RetValT")
+
+
+class TornadoRetrying(BaseRetrying):
+    def __init__(self, sleep: "typing.Callable[[float], Future[None]]" = gen.sleep, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.sleep = sleep
+
+    @gen.coroutine  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        fn: "typing.Callable[..., typing.Union[typing.Generator[typing.Any, typing.Any, _RetValT], Future[_RetValT]]]",
+        *args: typing.Any,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> "typing.Generator[typing.Any, typing.Any, _RetValT]":
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(retry_object=self, fn=fn, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                try:
+                    result = yield fn(*args, **kwargs)
+                except BaseException:  # noqa: B902
+                    retry_state.set_exception(sys.exc_info())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                else:
+                    retry_state.set_result(result)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                yield self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                raise gen.Return(do)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/wait.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/wait.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9349c02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tenacity/wait.py
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+# Copyright 2016–2021 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import abc
+import random
+import typing
+
+from pip._vendor.tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+class wait_base(abc.ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for wait strategies."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        pass
+
+    def __add__(self, other: "wait_base") -> "wait_combine":
+        return wait_combine(self, other)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: "wait_base") -> typing.Union["wait_combine", "wait_base"]:
+        # make it possible to use multiple waits with the built-in sum function
+        if other == 0:  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+            return self
+        return self.__add__(other)
+
+
+WaitBaseT = typing.Union[wait_base, typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], typing.Union[float, int]]]
+
+
+class wait_fixed(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that waits a fixed amount of time between each retry."""
+
+    def __init__(self, wait: _utils.time_unit_type) -> None:
+        self.wait_fixed = _utils.to_seconds(wait)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        return self.wait_fixed
+
+
+class wait_none(wait_fixed):
+    """Wait strategy that doesn't wait at all before retrying."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(0)
+
+
+class wait_random(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that waits a random amount of time between min/max."""
+
+    def __init__(self, min: _utils.time_unit_type = 0, max: _utils.time_unit_type = 1) -> None:  # noqa
+        self.wait_random_min = _utils.to_seconds(min)
+        self.wait_random_max = _utils.to_seconds(max)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        return self.wait_random_min + (random.random() * (self.wait_random_max - self.wait_random_min))
+
+
+class wait_combine(wait_base):
+    """Combine several waiting strategies."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *strategies: wait_base) -> None:
+        self.wait_funcs = strategies
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        return sum(x(retry_state=retry_state) for x in self.wait_funcs)
+
+
+class wait_chain(wait_base):
+    """Chain two or more waiting strategies.
+
+    If all strategies are exhausted, the very last strategy is used
+    thereafter.
+
+    For example::
+
+        @retry(wait=wait_chain(*[wait_fixed(1) for i in range(3)] +
+                               [wait_fixed(2) for j in range(5)] +
+                               [wait_fixed(5) for k in range(4)))
+        def wait_chained():
+            print("Wait 1s for 3 attempts, 2s for 5 attempts and 5s
+                   thereafter.")
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *strategies: wait_base) -> None:
+        self.strategies = strategies
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        wait_func_no = min(max(retry_state.attempt_number, 1), len(self.strategies))
+        wait_func = self.strategies[wait_func_no - 1]
+        return wait_func(retry_state=retry_state)
+
+
+class wait_incrementing(wait_base):
+    """Wait an incremental amount of time after each attempt.
+
+    Starting at a starting value and incrementing by a value for each attempt
+    (and restricting the upper limit to some maximum value).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        start: _utils.time_unit_type = 0,
+        increment: _utils.time_unit_type = 100,
+        max: _utils.time_unit_type = _utils.MAX_WAIT,  # noqa
+    ) -> None:
+        self.start = _utils.to_seconds(start)
+        self.increment = _utils.to_seconds(increment)
+        self.max = _utils.to_seconds(max)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        result = self.start + (self.increment * (retry_state.attempt_number - 1))
+        return max(0, min(result, self.max))
+
+
+class wait_exponential(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that applies exponential backoff.
+
+    It allows for a customized multiplier and an ability to restrict the
+    upper and lower limits to some maximum and minimum value.
+
+    The intervals are fixed (i.e. there is no jitter), so this strategy is
+    suitable for balancing retries against latency when a required resource is
+    unavailable for an unknown duration, but *not* suitable for resolving
+    contention between multiple processes for a shared resource. Use
+    wait_random_exponential for the latter case.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        multiplier: typing.Union[int, float] = 1,
+        max: _utils.time_unit_type = _utils.MAX_WAIT,  # noqa
+        exp_base: typing.Union[int, float] = 2,
+        min: _utils.time_unit_type = 0,  # noqa
+    ) -> None:
+        self.multiplier = multiplier
+        self.min = _utils.to_seconds(min)
+        self.max = _utils.to_seconds(max)
+        self.exp_base = exp_base
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        try:
+            exp = self.exp_base ** (retry_state.attempt_number - 1)
+            result = self.multiplier * exp
+        except OverflowError:
+            return self.max
+        return max(max(0, self.min), min(result, self.max))
+
+
+class wait_random_exponential(wait_exponential):
+    """Random wait with exponentially widening window.
+
+    An exponential backoff strategy used to mediate contention between multiple
+    uncoordinated processes for a shared resource in distributed systems. This
+    is the sense in which "exponential backoff" is meant in e.g. Ethernet
+    networking, and corresponds to the "Full Jitter" algorithm described in
+    this blog post:
+
+    https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/exponential-backoff-and-jitter/
+
+    Each retry occurs at a random time in a geometrically expanding interval.
+    It allows for a custom multiplier and an ability to restrict the upper
+    limit of the random interval to some maximum value.
+
+    Example::
+
+        wait_random_exponential(multiplier=0.5,  # initial window 0.5s
+                                max=60)          # max 60s timeout
+
+    When waiting for an unavailable resource to become available again, as
+    opposed to trying to resolve contention for a shared resource, the
+    wait_exponential strategy (which uses a fixed interval) may be preferable.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        high = super().__call__(retry_state=retry_state)
+        return random.uniform(0, high)
+
+
+class wait_exponential_jitter(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that applies exponential backoff and jitter.
+
+    It allows for a customized initial wait, maximum wait and jitter.
+
+    This implements the strategy described here:
+    https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/retry-strategy
+
+    The wait time is min(initial * 2**n + random.uniform(0, jitter), maximum)
+    where n is the retry count.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        initial: float = 1,
+        max: float = _utils.MAX_WAIT,  # noqa
+        exp_base: float = 2,
+        jitter: float = 1,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.initial = initial
+        self.max = max
+        self.exp_base = exp_base
+        self.jitter = jitter
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        jitter = random.uniform(0, self.jitter)
+        try:
+            exp = self.exp_base ** (retry_state.attempt_number - 1)
+            result = self.initial * exp + jitter
+        except OverflowError:
+            result = self.max
+        return max(0, min(result, self.max))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4c6ec97e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+__all__ = ("loads", "load", "TOMLDecodeError")
+__version__ = "2.0.1"  # DO NOT EDIT THIS LINE MANUALLY. LET bump2version UTILITY DO IT
+
+from ._parser import TOMLDecodeError, load, loads
+
+# Pretend this exception was created here.
+TOMLDecodeError.__module__ = __name__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/__pycache__/_types.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/__pycache__/_types.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1bb0aa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,691 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+import string
+from types import MappingProxyType
+from typing import Any, BinaryIO, NamedTuple
+
+from ._re import (
+    RE_DATETIME,
+    RE_LOCALTIME,
+    RE_NUMBER,
+    match_to_datetime,
+    match_to_localtime,
+    match_to_number,
+)
+from ._types import Key, ParseFloat, Pos
+
+ASCII_CTRL = frozenset(chr(i) for i in range(32)) | frozenset(chr(127))
+
+# Neither of these sets include quotation mark or backslash. They are
+# currently handled as separate cases in the parser functions.
+ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS = ASCII_CTRL - frozenset("\t")
+ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_BASIC_STR_CHARS = ASCII_CTRL - frozenset("\t\n")
+
+ILLEGAL_LITERAL_STR_CHARS = ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_LITERAL_STR_CHARS = ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+
+ILLEGAL_COMMENT_CHARS = ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+
+TOML_WS = frozenset(" \t")
+TOML_WS_AND_NEWLINE = TOML_WS | frozenset("\n")
+BARE_KEY_CHARS = frozenset(string.ascii_letters + string.digits + "-_")
+KEY_INITIAL_CHARS = BARE_KEY_CHARS | frozenset("\"'")
+HEXDIGIT_CHARS = frozenset(string.hexdigits)
+
+BASIC_STR_ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = MappingProxyType(
+    {
+        "\\b": "\u0008",  # backspace
+        "\\t": "\u0009",  # tab
+        "\\n": "\u000A",  # linefeed
+        "\\f": "\u000C",  # form feed
+        "\\r": "\u000D",  # carriage return
+        '\\"': "\u0022",  # quote
+        "\\\\": "\u005C",  # backslash
+    }
+)
+
+
+class TOMLDecodeError(ValueError):
+    """An error raised if a document is not valid TOML."""
+
+
+def load(__fp: BinaryIO, *, parse_float: ParseFloat = float) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Parse TOML from a binary file object."""
+    b = __fp.read()
+    try:
+        s = b.decode()
+    except AttributeError:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "File must be opened in binary mode, e.g. use `open('foo.toml', 'rb')`"
+        ) from None
+    return loads(s, parse_float=parse_float)
+
+
+def loads(__s: str, *, parse_float: ParseFloat = float) -> dict[str, Any]:  # noqa: C901
+    """Parse TOML from a string."""
+
+    # The spec allows converting "\r\n" to "\n", even in string
+    # literals. Let's do so to simplify parsing.
+    src = __s.replace("\r\n", "\n")
+    pos = 0
+    out = Output(NestedDict(), Flags())
+    header: Key = ()
+    parse_float = make_safe_parse_float(parse_float)
+
+    # Parse one statement at a time
+    # (typically means one line in TOML source)
+    while True:
+        # 1. Skip line leading whitespace
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+
+        # 2. Parse rules. Expect one of the following:
+        #    - end of file
+        #    - end of line
+        #    - comment
+        #    - key/value pair
+        #    - append dict to list (and move to its namespace)
+        #    - create dict (and move to its namespace)
+        # Skip trailing whitespace when applicable.
+        try:
+            char = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            break
+        if char == "\n":
+            pos += 1
+            continue
+        if char in KEY_INITIAL_CHARS:
+            pos = key_value_rule(src, pos, out, header, parse_float)
+            pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        elif char == "[":
+            try:
+                second_char: str | None = src[pos + 1]
+            except IndexError:
+                second_char = None
+            out.flags.finalize_pending()
+            if second_char == "[":
+                pos, header = create_list_rule(src, pos, out)
+            else:
+                pos, header = create_dict_rule(src, pos, out)
+            pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        elif char != "#":
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid statement")
+
+        # 3. Skip comment
+        pos = skip_comment(src, pos)
+
+        # 4. Expect end of line or end of file
+        try:
+            char = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            break
+        if char != "\n":
+            raise suffixed_err(
+                src, pos, "Expected newline or end of document after a statement"
+            )
+        pos += 1
+
+    return out.data.dict
+
+
+class Flags:
+    """Flags that map to parsed keys/namespaces."""
+
+    # Marks an immutable namespace (inline array or inline table).
+    FROZEN = 0
+    # Marks a nest that has been explicitly created and can no longer
+    # be opened using the "[table]" syntax.
+    EXPLICIT_NEST = 1
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._flags: dict[str, dict] = {}
+        self._pending_flags: set[tuple[Key, int]] = set()
+
+    def add_pending(self, key: Key, flag: int) -> None:
+        self._pending_flags.add((key, flag))
+
+    def finalize_pending(self) -> None:
+        for key, flag in self._pending_flags:
+            self.set(key, flag, recursive=False)
+        self._pending_flags.clear()
+
+    def unset_all(self, key: Key) -> None:
+        cont = self._flags
+        for k in key[:-1]:
+            if k not in cont:
+                return
+            cont = cont[k]["nested"]
+        cont.pop(key[-1], None)
+
+    def set(self, key: Key, flag: int, *, recursive: bool) -> None:  # noqa: A003
+        cont = self._flags
+        key_parent, key_stem = key[:-1], key[-1]
+        for k in key_parent:
+            if k not in cont:
+                cont[k] = {"flags": set(), "recursive_flags": set(), "nested": {}}
+            cont = cont[k]["nested"]
+        if key_stem not in cont:
+            cont[key_stem] = {"flags": set(), "recursive_flags": set(), "nested": {}}
+        cont[key_stem]["recursive_flags" if recursive else "flags"].add(flag)
+
+    def is_(self, key: Key, flag: int) -> bool:
+        if not key:
+            return False  # document root has no flags
+        cont = self._flags
+        for k in key[:-1]:
+            if k not in cont:
+                return False
+            inner_cont = cont[k]
+            if flag in inner_cont["recursive_flags"]:
+                return True
+            cont = inner_cont["nested"]
+        key_stem = key[-1]
+        if key_stem in cont:
+            cont = cont[key_stem]
+            return flag in cont["flags"] or flag in cont["recursive_flags"]
+        return False
+
+
+class NestedDict:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # The parsed content of the TOML document
+        self.dict: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    def get_or_create_nest(
+        self,
+        key: Key,
+        *,
+        access_lists: bool = True,
+    ) -> dict:
+        cont: Any = self.dict
+        for k in key:
+            if k not in cont:
+                cont[k] = {}
+            cont = cont[k]
+            if access_lists and isinstance(cont, list):
+                cont = cont[-1]
+            if not isinstance(cont, dict):
+                raise KeyError("There is no nest behind this key")
+        return cont
+
+    def append_nest_to_list(self, key: Key) -> None:
+        cont = self.get_or_create_nest(key[:-1])
+        last_key = key[-1]
+        if last_key in cont:
+            list_ = cont[last_key]
+            if not isinstance(list_, list):
+                raise KeyError("An object other than list found behind this key")
+            list_.append({})
+        else:
+            cont[last_key] = [{}]
+
+
+class Output(NamedTuple):
+    data: NestedDict
+    flags: Flags
+
+
+def skip_chars(src: str, pos: Pos, chars: Iterable[str]) -> Pos:
+    try:
+        while src[pos] in chars:
+            pos += 1
+    except IndexError:
+        pass
+    return pos
+
+
+def skip_until(
+    src: str,
+    pos: Pos,
+    expect: str,
+    *,
+    error_on: frozenset[str],
+    error_on_eof: bool,
+) -> Pos:
+    try:
+        new_pos = src.index(expect, pos)
+    except ValueError:
+        new_pos = len(src)
+        if error_on_eof:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, new_pos, f"Expected {expect!r}") from None
+
+    if not error_on.isdisjoint(src[pos:new_pos]):
+        while src[pos] not in error_on:
+            pos += 1
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Found invalid character {src[pos]!r}")
+    return new_pos
+
+
+def skip_comment(src: str, pos: Pos) -> Pos:
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+    if char == "#":
+        return skip_until(
+            src, pos + 1, "\n", error_on=ILLEGAL_COMMENT_CHARS, error_on_eof=False
+        )
+    return pos
+
+
+def skip_comments_and_array_ws(src: str, pos: Pos) -> Pos:
+    while True:
+        pos_before_skip = pos
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS_AND_NEWLINE)
+        pos = skip_comment(src, pos)
+        if pos == pos_before_skip:
+            return pos
+
+
+def create_dict_rule(src: str, pos: Pos, out: Output) -> tuple[Pos, Key]:
+    pos += 1  # Skip "["
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    pos, key = parse_key(src, pos)
+
+    if out.flags.is_(key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST) or out.flags.is_(key, Flags.FROZEN):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot declare {key} twice")
+    out.flags.set(key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST, recursive=False)
+    try:
+        out.data.get_or_create_nest(key)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+
+    if not src.startswith("]", pos):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Expected ']' at the end of a table declaration")
+    return pos + 1, key
+
+
+def create_list_rule(src: str, pos: Pos, out: Output) -> tuple[Pos, Key]:
+    pos += 2  # Skip "[["
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    pos, key = parse_key(src, pos)
+
+    if out.flags.is_(key, Flags.FROZEN):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot mutate immutable namespace {key}")
+    # Free the namespace now that it points to another empty list item...
+    out.flags.unset_all(key)
+    # ...but this key precisely is still prohibited from table declaration
+    out.flags.set(key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST, recursive=False)
+    try:
+        out.data.append_nest_to_list(key)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+
+    if not src.startswith("]]", pos):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Expected ']]' at the end of an array declaration")
+    return pos + 2, key
+
+
+def key_value_rule(
+    src: str, pos: Pos, out: Output, header: Key, parse_float: ParseFloat
+) -> Pos:
+    pos, key, value = parse_key_value_pair(src, pos, parse_float)
+    key_parent, key_stem = key[:-1], key[-1]
+    abs_key_parent = header + key_parent
+
+    relative_path_cont_keys = (header + key[:i] for i in range(1, len(key)))
+    for cont_key in relative_path_cont_keys:
+        # Check that dotted key syntax does not redefine an existing table
+        if out.flags.is_(cont_key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST):
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot redefine namespace {cont_key}")
+        # Containers in the relative path can't be opened with the table syntax or
+        # dotted key/value syntax in following table sections.
+        out.flags.add_pending(cont_key, Flags.EXPLICIT_NEST)
+
+    if out.flags.is_(abs_key_parent, Flags.FROZEN):
+        raise suffixed_err(
+            src, pos, f"Cannot mutate immutable namespace {abs_key_parent}"
+        )
+
+    try:
+        nest = out.data.get_or_create_nest(abs_key_parent)
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+    if key_stem in nest:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value")
+    # Mark inline table and array namespaces recursively immutable
+    if isinstance(value, (dict, list)):
+        out.flags.set(header + key, Flags.FROZEN, recursive=True)
+    nest[key_stem] = value
+    return pos
+
+
+def parse_key_value_pair(
+    src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat
+) -> tuple[Pos, Key, Any]:
+    pos, key = parse_key(src, pos)
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+    if char != "=":
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Expected '=' after a key in a key/value pair")
+    pos += 1
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    pos, value = parse_value(src, pos, parse_float)
+    return pos, key, value
+
+
+def parse_key(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, Key]:
+    pos, key_part = parse_key_part(src, pos)
+    key: Key = (key_part,)
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    while True:
+        try:
+            char: str | None = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            char = None
+        if char != ".":
+            return pos, key
+        pos += 1
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        pos, key_part = parse_key_part(src, pos)
+        key += (key_part,)
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+
+
+def parse_key_part(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+    if char in BARE_KEY_CHARS:
+        start_pos = pos
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, BARE_KEY_CHARS)
+        return pos, src[start_pos:pos]
+    if char == "'":
+        return parse_literal_str(src, pos)
+    if char == '"':
+        return parse_one_line_basic_str(src, pos)
+    raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid initial character for a key part")
+
+
+def parse_one_line_basic_str(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    pos += 1
+    return parse_basic_str(src, pos, multiline=False)
+
+
+def parse_array(src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat) -> tuple[Pos, list]:
+    pos += 1
+    array: list = []
+
+    pos = skip_comments_and_array_ws(src, pos)
+    if src.startswith("]", pos):
+        return pos + 1, array
+    while True:
+        pos, val = parse_value(src, pos, parse_float)
+        array.append(val)
+        pos = skip_comments_and_array_ws(src, pos)
+
+        c = src[pos : pos + 1]
+        if c == "]":
+            return pos + 1, array
+        if c != ",":
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unclosed array")
+        pos += 1
+
+        pos = skip_comments_and_array_ws(src, pos)
+        if src.startswith("]", pos):
+            return pos + 1, array
+
+
+def parse_inline_table(src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat) -> tuple[Pos, dict]:
+    pos += 1
+    nested_dict = NestedDict()
+    flags = Flags()
+
+    pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+    if src.startswith("}", pos):
+        return pos + 1, nested_dict.dict
+    while True:
+        pos, key, value = parse_key_value_pair(src, pos, parse_float)
+        key_parent, key_stem = key[:-1], key[-1]
+        if flags.is_(key, Flags.FROZEN):
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Cannot mutate immutable namespace {key}")
+        try:
+            nest = nested_dict.get_or_create_nest(key_parent, access_lists=False)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Cannot overwrite a value") from None
+        if key_stem in nest:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Duplicate inline table key {key_stem!r}")
+        nest[key_stem] = value
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+        c = src[pos : pos + 1]
+        if c == "}":
+            return pos + 1, nested_dict.dict
+        if c != ",":
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unclosed inline table")
+        if isinstance(value, (dict, list)):
+            flags.set(key, Flags.FROZEN, recursive=True)
+        pos += 1
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+
+
+def parse_basic_str_escape(
+    src: str, pos: Pos, *, multiline: bool = False
+) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    escape_id = src[pos : pos + 2]
+    pos += 2
+    if multiline and escape_id in {"\\ ", "\\\t", "\\\n"}:
+        # Skip whitespace until next non-whitespace character or end of
+        # the doc. Error if non-whitespace is found before newline.
+        if escape_id != "\\\n":
+            pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS)
+            try:
+                char = src[pos]
+            except IndexError:
+                return pos, ""
+            if char != "\n":
+                raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unescaped '\\' in a string")
+            pos += 1
+        pos = skip_chars(src, pos, TOML_WS_AND_NEWLINE)
+        return pos, ""
+    if escape_id == "\\u":
+        return parse_hex_char(src, pos, 4)
+    if escape_id == "\\U":
+        return parse_hex_char(src, pos, 8)
+    try:
+        return pos, BASIC_STR_ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[escape_id]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unescaped '\\' in a string") from None
+
+
+def parse_basic_str_escape_multiline(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    return parse_basic_str_escape(src, pos, multiline=True)
+
+
+def parse_hex_char(src: str, pos: Pos, hex_len: int) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    hex_str = src[pos : pos + hex_len]
+    if len(hex_str) != hex_len or not HEXDIGIT_CHARS.issuperset(hex_str):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid hex value")
+    pos += hex_len
+    hex_int = int(hex_str, 16)
+    if not is_unicode_scalar_value(hex_int):
+        raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Escaped character is not a Unicode scalar value")
+    return pos, chr(hex_int)
+
+
+def parse_literal_str(src: str, pos: Pos) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    pos += 1  # Skip starting apostrophe
+    start_pos = pos
+    pos = skip_until(
+        src, pos, "'", error_on=ILLEGAL_LITERAL_STR_CHARS, error_on_eof=True
+    )
+    return pos + 1, src[start_pos:pos]  # Skip ending apostrophe
+
+
+def parse_multiline_str(src: str, pos: Pos, *, literal: bool) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    pos += 3
+    if src.startswith("\n", pos):
+        pos += 1
+
+    if literal:
+        delim = "'"
+        end_pos = skip_until(
+            src,
+            pos,
+            "'''",
+            error_on=ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_LITERAL_STR_CHARS,
+            error_on_eof=True,
+        )
+        result = src[pos:end_pos]
+        pos = end_pos + 3
+    else:
+        delim = '"'
+        pos, result = parse_basic_str(src, pos, multiline=True)
+
+    # Add at maximum two extra apostrophes/quotes if the end sequence
+    # is 4 or 5 chars long instead of just 3.
+    if not src.startswith(delim, pos):
+        return pos, result
+    pos += 1
+    if not src.startswith(delim, pos):
+        return pos, result + delim
+    pos += 1
+    return pos, result + (delim * 2)
+
+
+def parse_basic_str(src: str, pos: Pos, *, multiline: bool) -> tuple[Pos, str]:
+    if multiline:
+        error_on = ILLEGAL_MULTILINE_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+        parse_escapes = parse_basic_str_escape_multiline
+    else:
+        error_on = ILLEGAL_BASIC_STR_CHARS
+        parse_escapes = parse_basic_str_escape
+    result = ""
+    start_pos = pos
+    while True:
+        try:
+            char = src[pos]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Unterminated string") from None
+        if char == '"':
+            if not multiline:
+                return pos + 1, result + src[start_pos:pos]
+            if src.startswith('"""', pos):
+                return pos + 3, result + src[start_pos:pos]
+            pos += 1
+            continue
+        if char == "\\":
+            result += src[start_pos:pos]
+            pos, parsed_escape = parse_escapes(src, pos)
+            result += parsed_escape
+            start_pos = pos
+            continue
+        if char in error_on:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, f"Illegal character {char!r}")
+        pos += 1
+
+
+def parse_value(  # noqa: C901
+    src: str, pos: Pos, parse_float: ParseFloat
+) -> tuple[Pos, Any]:
+    try:
+        char: str | None = src[pos]
+    except IndexError:
+        char = None
+
+    # IMPORTANT: order conditions based on speed of checking and likelihood
+
+    # Basic strings
+    if char == '"':
+        if src.startswith('"""', pos):
+            return parse_multiline_str(src, pos, literal=False)
+        return parse_one_line_basic_str(src, pos)
+
+    # Literal strings
+    if char == "'":
+        if src.startswith("'''", pos):
+            return parse_multiline_str(src, pos, literal=True)
+        return parse_literal_str(src, pos)
+
+    # Booleans
+    if char == "t":
+        if src.startswith("true", pos):
+            return pos + 4, True
+    if char == "f":
+        if src.startswith("false", pos):
+            return pos + 5, False
+
+    # Arrays
+    if char == "[":
+        return parse_array(src, pos, parse_float)
+
+    # Inline tables
+    if char == "{":
+        return parse_inline_table(src, pos, parse_float)
+
+    # Dates and times
+    datetime_match = RE_DATETIME.match(src, pos)
+    if datetime_match:
+        try:
+            datetime_obj = match_to_datetime(datetime_match)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid date or datetime") from e
+        return datetime_match.end(), datetime_obj
+    localtime_match = RE_LOCALTIME.match(src, pos)
+    if localtime_match:
+        return localtime_match.end(), match_to_localtime(localtime_match)
+
+    # Integers and "normal" floats.
+    # The regex will greedily match any type starting with a decimal
+    # char, so needs to be located after handling of dates and times.
+    number_match = RE_NUMBER.match(src, pos)
+    if number_match:
+        return number_match.end(), match_to_number(number_match, parse_float)
+
+    # Special floats
+    first_three = src[pos : pos + 3]
+    if first_three in {"inf", "nan"}:
+        return pos + 3, parse_float(first_three)
+    first_four = src[pos : pos + 4]
+    if first_four in {"-inf", "+inf", "-nan", "+nan"}:
+        return pos + 4, parse_float(first_four)
+
+    raise suffixed_err(src, pos, "Invalid value")
+
+
+def suffixed_err(src: str, pos: Pos, msg: str) -> TOMLDecodeError:
+    """Return a `TOMLDecodeError` where error message is suffixed with
+    coordinates in source."""
+
+    def coord_repr(src: str, pos: Pos) -> str:
+        if pos >= len(src):
+            return "end of document"
+        line = src.count("\n", 0, pos) + 1
+        if line == 1:
+            column = pos + 1
+        else:
+            column = pos - src.rindex("\n", 0, pos)
+        return f"line {line}, column {column}"
+
+    return TOMLDecodeError(f"{msg} (at {coord_repr(src, pos)})")
+
+
+def is_unicode_scalar_value(codepoint: int) -> bool:
+    return (0 <= codepoint <= 55295) or (57344 <= codepoint <= 1114111)
+
+
+def make_safe_parse_float(parse_float: ParseFloat) -> ParseFloat:
+    """A decorator to make `parse_float` safe.
+
+    `parse_float` must not return dicts or lists, because these types
+    would be mixed with parsed TOML tables and arrays, thus confusing
+    the parser. The returned decorated callable raises `ValueError`
+    instead of returning illegal types.
+    """
+    # The default `float` callable never returns illegal types. Optimize it.
+    if parse_float is float:  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+        return float
+
+    def safe_parse_float(float_str: str) -> Any:
+        float_value = parse_float(float_str)
+        if isinstance(float_value, (dict, list)):
+            raise ValueError("parse_float must not return dicts or lists")
+        return float_value
+
+    return safe_parse_float
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_re.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_re.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..994bb749
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_re.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta, timezone, tzinfo
+from functools import lru_cache
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+from ._types import ParseFloat
+
+# E.g.
+# - 00:32:00.999999
+# - 00:32:00
+_TIME_RE_STR = r"([01][0-9]|2[0-3]):([0-5][0-9]):([0-5][0-9])(?:\.([0-9]{1,6})[0-9]*)?"
+
+RE_NUMBER = re.compile(
+    r"""
+0
+(?:
+    x[0-9A-Fa-f](?:_?[0-9A-Fa-f])*   # hex
+    |
+    b[01](?:_?[01])*                 # bin
+    |
+    o[0-7](?:_?[0-7])*               # oct
+)
+|
+[+-]?(?:0|[1-9](?:_?[0-9])*)         # dec, integer part
+(?P<floatpart>
+    (?:\.[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*)?         # optional fractional part
+    (?:[eE][+-]?[0-9](?:_?[0-9])*)?  # optional exponent part
+)
+""",
+    flags=re.VERBOSE,
+)
+RE_LOCALTIME = re.compile(_TIME_RE_STR)
+RE_DATETIME = re.compile(
+    rf"""
+([0-9]{{4}})-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])  # date, e.g. 1988-10-27
+(?:
+    [Tt ]
+    {_TIME_RE_STR}
+    (?:([Zz])|([+-])([01][0-9]|2[0-3]):([0-5][0-9]))?  # optional time offset
+)?
+""",
+    flags=re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+def match_to_datetime(match: re.Match) -> datetime | date:
+    """Convert a `RE_DATETIME` match to `datetime.datetime` or `datetime.date`.
+
+    Raises ValueError if the match does not correspond to a valid date
+    or datetime.
+    """
+    (
+        year_str,
+        month_str,
+        day_str,
+        hour_str,
+        minute_str,
+        sec_str,
+        micros_str,
+        zulu_time,
+        offset_sign_str,
+        offset_hour_str,
+        offset_minute_str,
+    ) = match.groups()
+    year, month, day = int(year_str), int(month_str), int(day_str)
+    if hour_str is None:
+        return date(year, month, day)
+    hour, minute, sec = int(hour_str), int(minute_str), int(sec_str)
+    micros = int(micros_str.ljust(6, "0")) if micros_str else 0
+    if offset_sign_str:
+        tz: tzinfo | None = cached_tz(
+            offset_hour_str, offset_minute_str, offset_sign_str
+        )
+    elif zulu_time:
+        tz = timezone.utc
+    else:  # local date-time
+        tz = None
+    return datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, sec, micros, tzinfo=tz)
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def cached_tz(hour_str: str, minute_str: str, sign_str: str) -> timezone:
+    sign = 1 if sign_str == "+" else -1
+    return timezone(
+        timedelta(
+            hours=sign * int(hour_str),
+            minutes=sign * int(minute_str),
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def match_to_localtime(match: re.Match) -> time:
+    hour_str, minute_str, sec_str, micros_str = match.groups()
+    micros = int(micros_str.ljust(6, "0")) if micros_str else 0
+    return time(int(hour_str), int(minute_str), int(sec_str), micros)
+
+
+def match_to_number(match: re.Match, parse_float: ParseFloat) -> Any:
+    if match.group("floatpart"):
+        return parse_float(match.group())
+    return int(match.group(), 0)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d949412e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Taneli Hukkinen
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+from typing import Any, Callable, Tuple
+
+# Type annotations
+ParseFloat = Callable[[str], Any]
+Key = Tuple[str, ...]
+Pos = int
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7632ecf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/tomli/py.typed
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Marker file for PEP 561
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59930f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""Verify certificates using native system trust stores"""
+
+import sys as _sys
+
+if _sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+    raise ImportError("truststore requires Python 3.10 or later")
+
+from ._api import SSLContext, extract_from_ssl, inject_into_ssl  # noqa: E402
+
+del _api, _sys  # type: ignore[name-defined] # noqa: F821
+
+__all__ = ["SSLContext", "inject_into_ssl", "extract_from_ssl"]
+__version__ = "0.8.0"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/_openssl.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/_openssl.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/_ssl_constants.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/_ssl_constants.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e592c3e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/_windows.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/__pycache__/_windows.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..829aff72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+import os
+import platform
+import socket
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+import _ssl  # type: ignore[import]
+
+from ._ssl_constants import (
+    _original_SSLContext,
+    _original_super_SSLContext,
+    _truststore_SSLContext_dunder_class,
+    _truststore_SSLContext_super_class,
+)
+
+if platform.system() == "Windows":
+    from ._windows import _configure_context, _verify_peercerts_impl
+elif platform.system() == "Darwin":
+    from ._macos import _configure_context, _verify_peercerts_impl
+else:
+    from ._openssl import _configure_context, _verify_peercerts_impl
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Buffer
+
+# From typeshed/stdlib/ssl.pyi
+_StrOrBytesPath: typing.TypeAlias = str | bytes | os.PathLike[str] | os.PathLike[bytes]
+_PasswordType: typing.TypeAlias = str | bytes | typing.Callable[[], str | bytes]
+
+
+def inject_into_ssl() -> None:
+    """Injects the :class:`truststore.SSLContext` into the ``ssl``
+    module by replacing :class:`ssl.SSLContext`.
+    """
+    setattr(ssl, "SSLContext", SSLContext)
+    # urllib3 holds on to its own reference of ssl.SSLContext
+    # so we need to replace that reference too.
+    try:
+        import pip._vendor.urllib3.util.ssl_ as urllib3_ssl
+
+        setattr(urllib3_ssl, "SSLContext", SSLContext)
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+def extract_from_ssl() -> None:
+    """Restores the :class:`ssl.SSLContext` class to its original state"""
+    setattr(ssl, "SSLContext", _original_SSLContext)
+    try:
+        import pip._vendor.urllib3.util.ssl_ as urllib3_ssl
+
+        urllib3_ssl.SSLContext = _original_SSLContext
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+
+class SSLContext(_truststore_SSLContext_super_class):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    """SSLContext API that uses system certificates on all platforms"""
+
+    @property  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def __class__(self) -> type:
+        # Dirty hack to get around isinstance() checks
+        # for ssl.SSLContext instances in aiohttp/trustme
+        # when using non-CPython implementations.
+        return _truststore_SSLContext_dunder_class or SSLContext
+
+    def __init__(self, protocol: int = None) -> None:  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self._ctx = _original_SSLContext(protocol)
+
+        class TruststoreSSLObject(ssl.SSLObject):
+            # This object exists because wrap_bio() doesn't
+            # immediately do the handshake so we need to do
+            # certificate verifications after SSLObject.do_handshake()
+
+            def do_handshake(self) -> None:
+                ret = super().do_handshake()
+                _verify_peercerts(self, server_hostname=self.server_hostname)
+                return ret
+
+        self._ctx.sslobject_class = TruststoreSSLObject
+
+    def wrap_socket(
+        self,
+        sock: socket.socket,
+        server_side: bool = False,
+        do_handshake_on_connect: bool = True,
+        suppress_ragged_eofs: bool = True,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        session: ssl.SSLSession | None = None,
+    ) -> ssl.SSLSocket:
+        # Use a context manager here because the
+        # inner SSLContext holds on to our state
+        # but also does the actual handshake.
+        with _configure_context(self._ctx):
+            ssl_sock = self._ctx.wrap_socket(
+                sock,
+                server_side=server_side,
+                server_hostname=server_hostname,
+                do_handshake_on_connect=do_handshake_on_connect,
+                suppress_ragged_eofs=suppress_ragged_eofs,
+                session=session,
+            )
+        try:
+            _verify_peercerts(ssl_sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+        except Exception:
+            ssl_sock.close()
+            raise
+        return ssl_sock
+
+    def wrap_bio(
+        self,
+        incoming: ssl.MemoryBIO,
+        outgoing: ssl.MemoryBIO,
+        server_side: bool = False,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        session: ssl.SSLSession | None = None,
+    ) -> ssl.SSLObject:
+        with _configure_context(self._ctx):
+            ssl_obj = self._ctx.wrap_bio(
+                incoming,
+                outgoing,
+                server_hostname=server_hostname,
+                server_side=server_side,
+                session=session,
+            )
+        return ssl_obj
+
+    def load_verify_locations(
+        self,
+        cafile: str | bytes | os.PathLike[str] | os.PathLike[bytes] | None = None,
+        capath: str | bytes | os.PathLike[str] | os.PathLike[bytes] | None = None,
+        cadata: typing.Union[str, "Buffer", None] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        return self._ctx.load_verify_locations(
+            cafile=cafile, capath=capath, cadata=cadata
+        )
+
+    def load_cert_chain(
+        self,
+        certfile: _StrOrBytesPath,
+        keyfile: _StrOrBytesPath | None = None,
+        password: _PasswordType | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        return self._ctx.load_cert_chain(
+            certfile=certfile, keyfile=keyfile, password=password
+        )
+
+    def load_default_certs(
+        self, purpose: ssl.Purpose = ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH
+    ) -> None:
+        return self._ctx.load_default_certs(purpose)
+
+    def set_alpn_protocols(self, alpn_protocols: typing.Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        return self._ctx.set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+    def set_npn_protocols(self, npn_protocols: typing.Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        return self._ctx.set_npn_protocols(npn_protocols)
+
+    def set_ciphers(self, __cipherlist: str) -> None:
+        return self._ctx.set_ciphers(__cipherlist)
+
+    def get_ciphers(self) -> typing.Any:
+        return self._ctx.get_ciphers()
+
+    def session_stats(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return self._ctx.session_stats()
+
+    def cert_store_stats(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def get_ca_certs(
+        self, binary_form: typing.Literal[False] = ...
+    ) -> list[typing.Any]:
+        ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def get_ca_certs(self, binary_form: typing.Literal[True] = ...) -> list[bytes]:
+        ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def get_ca_certs(self, binary_form: bool = ...) -> typing.Any:
+        ...
+
+    def get_ca_certs(self, binary_form: bool = False) -> list[typing.Any] | list[bytes]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def check_hostname(self) -> bool:
+        return self._ctx.check_hostname
+
+    @check_hostname.setter
+    def check_hostname(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._ctx.check_hostname = value
+
+    @property
+    def hostname_checks_common_name(self) -> bool:
+        return self._ctx.hostname_checks_common_name
+
+    @hostname_checks_common_name.setter
+    def hostname_checks_common_name(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._ctx.hostname_checks_common_name = value
+
+    @property
+    def keylog_filename(self) -> str:
+        return self._ctx.keylog_filename
+
+    @keylog_filename.setter
+    def keylog_filename(self, value: str) -> None:
+        self._ctx.keylog_filename = value
+
+    @property
+    def maximum_version(self) -> ssl.TLSVersion:
+        return self._ctx.maximum_version
+
+    @maximum_version.setter
+    def maximum_version(self, value: ssl.TLSVersion) -> None:
+        _original_super_SSLContext.maximum_version.__set__(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            self._ctx, value
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def minimum_version(self) -> ssl.TLSVersion:
+        return self._ctx.minimum_version
+
+    @minimum_version.setter
+    def minimum_version(self, value: ssl.TLSVersion) -> None:
+        _original_super_SSLContext.minimum_version.__set__(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            self._ctx, value
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def options(self) -> ssl.Options:
+        return self._ctx.options
+
+    @options.setter
+    def options(self, value: ssl.Options) -> None:
+        _original_super_SSLContext.options.__set__(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            self._ctx, value
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def post_handshake_auth(self) -> bool:
+        return self._ctx.post_handshake_auth
+
+    @post_handshake_auth.setter
+    def post_handshake_auth(self, value: bool) -> None:
+        self._ctx.post_handshake_auth = value
+
+    @property
+    def protocol(self) -> ssl._SSLMethod:
+        return self._ctx.protocol
+
+    @property
+    def security_level(self) -> int:
+        return self._ctx.security_level
+
+    @property
+    def verify_flags(self) -> ssl.VerifyFlags:
+        return self._ctx.verify_flags
+
+    @verify_flags.setter
+    def verify_flags(self, value: ssl.VerifyFlags) -> None:
+        _original_super_SSLContext.verify_flags.__set__(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            self._ctx, value
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def verify_mode(self) -> ssl.VerifyMode:
+        return self._ctx.verify_mode
+
+    @verify_mode.setter
+    def verify_mode(self, value: ssl.VerifyMode) -> None:
+        _original_super_SSLContext.verify_mode.__set__(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            self._ctx, value
+        )
+
+
+def _verify_peercerts(
+    sock_or_sslobj: ssl.SSLSocket | ssl.SSLObject, server_hostname: str | None
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Verifies the peer certificates from an SSLSocket or SSLObject
+    against the certificates in the OS trust store.
+    """
+    sslobj: ssl.SSLObject = sock_or_sslobj  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    try:
+        while not hasattr(sslobj, "get_unverified_chain"):
+            sslobj = sslobj._sslobj  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    # SSLObject.get_unverified_chain() returns 'None'
+    # if the peer sends no certificates. This is common
+    # for the server-side scenario.
+    unverified_chain: typing.Sequence[_ssl.Certificate] = (
+        sslobj.get_unverified_chain() or ()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    )
+    cert_bytes = [cert.public_bytes(_ssl.ENCODING_DER) for cert in unverified_chain]
+    _verify_peercerts_impl(
+        sock_or_sslobj.context, cert_bytes, server_hostname=server_hostname
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_macos.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_macos.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7dc440bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_macos.py
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+import contextlib
+import ctypes
+import platform
+import ssl
+import typing
+from ctypes import (
+    CDLL,
+    POINTER,
+    c_bool,
+    c_char_p,
+    c_int32,
+    c_long,
+    c_uint32,
+    c_ulong,
+    c_void_p,
+)
+from ctypes.util import find_library
+
+from ._ssl_constants import _set_ssl_context_verify_mode
+
+_mac_version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+_mac_version_info = tuple(map(int, _mac_version.split(".")))
+if _mac_version_info < (10, 8):
+    raise ImportError(
+        f"Only OS X 10.8 and newer are supported, not {_mac_version_info[0]}.{_mac_version_info[1]}"
+    )
+
+
+def _load_cdll(name: str, macos10_16_path: str) -> CDLL:
+    """Loads a CDLL by name, falling back to known path on 10.16+"""
+    try:
+        # Big Sur is technically 11 but we use 10.16 due to the Big Sur
+        # beta being labeled as 10.16.
+        path: str | None
+        if _mac_version_info >= (10, 16):
+            path = macos10_16_path
+        else:
+            path = find_library(name)
+        if not path:
+            raise OSError  # Caught and reraised as 'ImportError'
+        return CDLL(path, use_errno=True)
+    except OSError:
+        raise ImportError(f"The library {name} failed to load") from None
+
+
+Security = _load_cdll(
+    "Security", "/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Security"
+)
+CoreFoundation = _load_cdll(
+    "CoreFoundation",
+    "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation",
+)
+
+Boolean = c_bool
+CFIndex = c_long
+CFStringEncoding = c_uint32
+CFData = c_void_p
+CFString = c_void_p
+CFArray = c_void_p
+CFMutableArray = c_void_p
+CFError = c_void_p
+CFType = c_void_p
+CFTypeID = c_ulong
+CFTypeRef = POINTER(CFType)
+CFAllocatorRef = c_void_p
+
+OSStatus = c_int32
+
+CFErrorRef = POINTER(CFError)
+CFDataRef = POINTER(CFData)
+CFStringRef = POINTER(CFString)
+CFArrayRef = POINTER(CFArray)
+CFMutableArrayRef = POINTER(CFMutableArray)
+CFArrayCallBacks = c_void_p
+CFOptionFlags = c_uint32
+
+SecCertificateRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SecPolicyRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SecTrustRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SecTrustResultType = c_uint32
+SecTrustOptionFlags = c_uint32
+
+try:
+    Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData.argtypes = [CFAllocatorRef, CFDataRef]
+    Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData.restype = SecCertificateRef
+
+    Security.SecCertificateCopyData.argtypes = [SecCertificateRef]
+    Security.SecCertificateCopyData.restype = CFDataRef
+
+    Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.argtypes = [OSStatus, c_void_p]
+    Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.restype = CFStringRef
+
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, CFArrayRef]
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, Boolean]
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustEvaluate.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, POINTER(SecTrustResultType)]
+    Security.SecTrustEvaluate.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecPolicyCreateRevocation.argtypes = [CFOptionFlags]
+    Security.SecPolicyCreateRevocation.restype = SecPolicyRef
+
+    Security.SecPolicyCreateSSL.argtypes = [Boolean, CFStringRef]
+    Security.SecPolicyCreateSSL.restype = SecPolicyRef
+
+    Security.SecTrustCreateWithCertificates.argtypes = [
+        CFTypeRef,
+        CFTypeRef,
+        POINTER(SecTrustRef),
+    ]
+    Security.SecTrustCreateWithCertificates.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustGetTrustResult.argtypes = [
+        SecTrustRef,
+        POINTER(SecTrustResultType),
+    ]
+    Security.SecTrustGetTrustResult.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustRef = SecTrustRef  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    Security.SecTrustResultType = SecTrustResultType  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    Security.OSStatus = OSStatus  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    kSecRevocationUseAnyAvailableMethod = 3
+    kSecRevocationRequirePositiveResponse = 8
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFRelease.argtypes = [CFTypeRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFRelease.restype = None
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID.argtypes = [CFTypeRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        c_char_p,
+        CFStringEncoding,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString.restype = CFStringRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr.argtypes = [CFStringRef, CFStringEncoding]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr.restype = c_char_p
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString.argtypes = [
+        CFStringRef,
+        c_char_p,
+        CFIndex,
+        CFStringEncoding,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString.restype = c_bool
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate.argtypes = [CFAllocatorRef, c_char_p, CFIndex]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate.restype = CFDataRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetLength.argtypes = [CFDataRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetLength.restype = CFIndex
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetBytePtr.argtypes = [CFDataRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetBytePtr.restype = c_void_p
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreate.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        POINTER(CFTypeRef),
+        CFIndex,
+        CFArrayCallBacks,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreate.restype = CFArrayRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        CFIndex,
+        CFArrayCallBacks,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable.restype = CFMutableArrayRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue.argtypes = [CFMutableArrayRef, c_void_p]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue.restype = None
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetCount.argtypes = [CFArrayRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetCount.restype = CFIndex
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetValueAtIndex.argtypes = [CFArrayRef, CFIndex]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetValueAtIndex.restype = c_void_p
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFErrorGetCode.argtypes = [CFErrorRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFErrorGetCode.restype = CFIndex
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFErrorCopyDescription.argtypes = [CFErrorRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFErrorCopyDescription.restype = CFStringRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault = CFAllocatorRef.in_dll(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFAllocatorDefault"
+    )
+    CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks = c_void_p.in_dll(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFTypeArrayCallBacks"
+    )
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFTypeRef = CFTypeRef  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayRef = CFArrayRef  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringRef = CFStringRef  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    CoreFoundation.CFErrorRef = CFErrorRef  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+except AttributeError:
+    raise ImportError("Error initializing ctypes") from None
+
+
+def _handle_osstatus(result: OSStatus, _: typing.Any, args: typing.Any) -> typing.Any:
+    """
+    Raises an error if the OSStatus value is non-zero.
+    """
+    if int(result) == 0:
+        return args
+
+    # Returns a CFString which we need to transform
+    # into a UTF-8 Python string.
+    error_message_cfstring = None
+    try:
+        error_message_cfstring = Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString(result, None)
+
+        # First step is convert the CFString into a C string pointer.
+        # We try the fast no-copy way first.
+        error_message_cfstring_c_void_p = ctypes.cast(
+            error_message_cfstring, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_void_p)
+        )
+        message = CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr(
+            error_message_cfstring_c_void_p, CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8
+        )
+
+        # Quoting the Apple dev docs:
+        #
+        # "A pointer to a C string or NULL if the internal
+        # storage of theString does not allow this to be
+        # returned efficiently."
+        #
+        # So we need to get our hands dirty.
+        if message is None:
+            buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(1024)
+            result = CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString(
+                error_message_cfstring_c_void_p,
+                buffer,
+                1024,
+                CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8,
+            )
+            if not result:
+                raise OSError("Error copying C string from CFStringRef")
+            message = buffer.value
+
+    finally:
+        if error_message_cfstring is not None:
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(error_message_cfstring)
+
+    # If no message can be found for this status we come
+    # up with a generic one that forwards the status code.
+    if message is None or message == "":
+        message = f"SecureTransport operation returned a non-zero OSStatus: {result}"
+
+    raise ssl.SSLError(message)
+
+
+Security.SecTrustCreateWithCertificates.errcheck = _handle_osstatus  # type: ignore[assignment]
+Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates.errcheck = _handle_osstatus  # type: ignore[assignment]
+Security.SecTrustGetTrustResult.errcheck = _handle_osstatus  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+class CFConst:
+    """CoreFoundation constants"""
+
+    kCFStringEncodingUTF8 = CFStringEncoding(0x08000100)
+
+    errSecIncompleteCertRevocationCheck = -67635
+    errSecHostNameMismatch = -67602
+    errSecCertificateExpired = -67818
+    errSecNotTrusted = -67843
+
+
+def _bytes_to_cf_data_ref(value: bytes) -> CFDataRef:  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+    return CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate(  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault, value, len(value)
+    )
+
+
+def _bytes_to_cf_string(value: bytes) -> CFString:
+    """
+    Given a Python binary data, create a CFString.
+    The string must be CFReleased by the caller.
+    """
+    c_str = ctypes.c_char_p(value)
+    cf_str = CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString(
+        CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+        c_str,
+        CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8,
+    )
+    return cf_str  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+def _cf_string_ref_to_str(cf_string_ref: CFStringRef) -> str | None:  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+    """
+    Creates a Unicode string from a CFString object. Used entirely for error
+    reporting.
+    Yes, it annoys me quite a lot that this function is this complex.
+    """
+
+    string = CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr(
+        cf_string_ref, CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8
+    )
+    if string is None:
+        buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(1024)
+        result = CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString(
+            cf_string_ref, buffer, 1024, CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8
+        )
+        if not result:
+            raise OSError("Error copying C string from CFStringRef")
+        string = buffer.value
+    if string is not None:
+        string = string.decode("utf-8")
+    return string  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+def _der_certs_to_cf_cert_array(certs: list[bytes]) -> CFMutableArrayRef:  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+    """Builds a CFArray of SecCertificateRefs from a list of DER-encoded certificates.
+    Responsibility of the caller to call CoreFoundation.CFRelease on the CFArray.
+    """
+    cf_array = CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable(
+        CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+        0,
+        ctypes.byref(CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks),
+    )
+    if not cf_array:
+        raise MemoryError("Unable to allocate memory!")
+
+    for cert_data in certs:
+        cf_data = None
+        sec_cert_ref = None
+        try:
+            cf_data = _bytes_to_cf_data_ref(cert_data)
+            sec_cert_ref = Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData(
+                CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault, cf_data
+            )
+            CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue(cf_array, sec_cert_ref)
+        finally:
+            if cf_data:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cf_data)
+            if sec_cert_ref:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(sec_cert_ref)
+
+    return cf_array  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _configure_context(ctx: ssl.SSLContext) -> typing.Iterator[None]:
+    check_hostname = ctx.check_hostname
+    verify_mode = ctx.verify_mode
+    ctx.check_hostname = False
+    _set_ssl_context_verify_mode(ctx, ssl.CERT_NONE)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        ctx.check_hostname = check_hostname
+        _set_ssl_context_verify_mode(ctx, verify_mode)
+
+
+def _verify_peercerts_impl(
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+    cert_chain: list[bytes],
+    server_hostname: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    certs = None
+    policies = None
+    trust = None
+    cf_error = None
+    try:
+        if server_hostname is not None:
+            cf_str_hostname = None
+            try:
+                cf_str_hostname = _bytes_to_cf_string(server_hostname.encode("ascii"))
+                ssl_policy = Security.SecPolicyCreateSSL(True, cf_str_hostname)
+            finally:
+                if cf_str_hostname:
+                    CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cf_str_hostname)
+        else:
+            ssl_policy = Security.SecPolicyCreateSSL(True, None)
+
+        policies = ssl_policy
+        if ssl_context.verify_flags & ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN:
+            # Add explicit policy requiring positive revocation checks
+            policies = CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable(
+                CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+                0,
+                ctypes.byref(CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks),
+            )
+            CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue(policies, ssl_policy)
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(ssl_policy)
+            revocation_policy = Security.SecPolicyCreateRevocation(
+                kSecRevocationUseAnyAvailableMethod
+                | kSecRevocationRequirePositiveResponse
+            )
+            CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue(policies, revocation_policy)
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(revocation_policy)
+        elif ssl_context.verify_flags & ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF:
+            raise NotImplementedError("VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF not implemented for macOS")
+
+        certs = None
+        try:
+            certs = _der_certs_to_cf_cert_array(cert_chain)
+
+            # Now that we have certificates loaded and a SecPolicy
+            # we can finally create a SecTrust object!
+            trust = Security.SecTrustRef()
+            Security.SecTrustCreateWithCertificates(
+                certs, policies, ctypes.byref(trust)
+            )
+
+        finally:
+            # The certs are now being held by SecTrust so we can
+            # release our handles for the array.
+            if certs:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(certs)
+
+        # If there are additional trust anchors to load we need to transform
+        # the list of DER-encoded certificates into a CFArray. Otherwise
+        # pass 'None' to signal that we only want system / fetched certificates.
+        ctx_ca_certs_der: list[bytes] | None = ssl_context.get_ca_certs(
+            binary_form=True
+        )
+        if ctx_ca_certs_der:
+            ctx_ca_certs = None
+            try:
+                ctx_ca_certs = _der_certs_to_cf_cert_array(cert_chain)
+                Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates(trust, ctx_ca_certs)
+            finally:
+                if ctx_ca_certs:
+                    CoreFoundation.CFRelease(ctx_ca_certs)
+        else:
+            Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates(trust, None)
+
+        cf_error = CoreFoundation.CFErrorRef()
+        sec_trust_eval_result = Security.SecTrustEvaluateWithError(
+            trust, ctypes.byref(cf_error)
+        )
+        # sec_trust_eval_result is a bool (0 or 1)
+        # where 1 means that the certs are trusted.
+        if sec_trust_eval_result == 1:
+            is_trusted = True
+        elif sec_trust_eval_result == 0:
+            is_trusted = False
+        else:
+            raise ssl.SSLError(
+                f"Unknown result from Security.SecTrustEvaluateWithError: {sec_trust_eval_result!r}"
+            )
+
+        cf_error_code = 0
+        if not is_trusted:
+            cf_error_code = CoreFoundation.CFErrorGetCode(cf_error)
+
+            # If the error is a known failure that we're
+            # explicitly okay with from SSLContext configuration
+            # we can set is_trusted accordingly.
+            if ssl_context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_REQUIRED and (
+                cf_error_code == CFConst.errSecNotTrusted
+                or cf_error_code == CFConst.errSecCertificateExpired
+            ):
+                is_trusted = True
+            elif (
+                not ssl_context.check_hostname
+                and cf_error_code == CFConst.errSecHostNameMismatch
+            ):
+                is_trusted = True
+
+        # If we're still not trusted then we start to
+        # construct and raise the SSLCertVerificationError.
+        if not is_trusted:
+            cf_error_string_ref = None
+            try:
+                cf_error_string_ref = CoreFoundation.CFErrorCopyDescription(cf_error)
+
+                # Can this ever return 'None' if there's a CFError?
+                cf_error_message = (
+                    _cf_string_ref_to_str(cf_error_string_ref)
+                    or "Certificate verification failed"
+                )
+
+                # TODO: Not sure if we need the SecTrustResultType for anything?
+                # We only care whether or not it's a success or failure for now.
+                sec_trust_result_type = Security.SecTrustResultType()
+                Security.SecTrustGetTrustResult(
+                    trust, ctypes.byref(sec_trust_result_type)
+                )
+
+                err = ssl.SSLCertVerificationError(cf_error_message)
+                err.verify_message = cf_error_message
+                err.verify_code = cf_error_code
+                raise err
+            finally:
+                if cf_error_string_ref:
+                    CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cf_error_string_ref)
+
+    finally:
+        if policies:
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(policies)
+        if trust:
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(trust)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_openssl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_openssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9951cf75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_openssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import contextlib
+import os
+import re
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+# candidates based on https://github.com/tiran/certifi-system-store by Christian Heimes
+_CA_FILE_CANDIDATES = [
+    # Alpine, Arch, Fedora 34+, OpenWRT, RHEL 9+, BSD
+    "/etc/ssl/cert.pem",
+    # Fedora <= 34, RHEL <= 9, CentOS <= 9
+    "/etc/pki/tls/cert.pem",
+    # Debian, Ubuntu (requires ca-certificates)
+    "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt",
+    # SUSE
+    "/etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem",
+]
+
+_HASHED_CERT_FILENAME_RE = re.compile(r"^[0-9a-fA-F]{8}\.[0-9]$")
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _configure_context(ctx: ssl.SSLContext) -> typing.Iterator[None]:
+    # First, check whether the default locations from OpenSSL
+    # seem like they will give us a usable set of CA certs.
+    # ssl.get_default_verify_paths already takes care of:
+    # - getting cafile from either the SSL_CERT_FILE env var
+    #   or the path configured when OpenSSL was compiled,
+    #   and verifying that that path exists
+    # - getting capath from either the SSL_CERT_DIR env var
+    #   or the path configured when OpenSSL was compiled,
+    #   and verifying that that path exists
+    # In addition we'll check whether capath appears to contain certs.
+    defaults = ssl.get_default_verify_paths()
+    if defaults.cafile or (defaults.capath and _capath_contains_certs(defaults.capath)):
+        ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
+    else:
+        # cafile from OpenSSL doesn't exist
+        # and capath from OpenSSL doesn't contain certs.
+        # Let's search other common locations instead.
+        for cafile in _CA_FILE_CANDIDATES:
+            if os.path.isfile(cafile):
+                ctx.load_verify_locations(cafile=cafile)
+                break
+
+    yield
+
+
+def _capath_contains_certs(capath: str) -> bool:
+    """Check whether capath exists and contains certs in the expected format."""
+    if not os.path.isdir(capath):
+        return False
+    for name in os.listdir(capath):
+        if _HASHED_CERT_FILENAME_RE.match(name):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _verify_peercerts_impl(
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+    cert_chain: list[bytes],
+    server_hostname: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    # This is a no-op because we've enabled SSLContext's built-in
+    # verification via verify_mode=CERT_REQUIRED, and don't need to repeat it.
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_ssl_constants.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_ssl_constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1ee7a3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_ssl_constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import ssl
+import sys
+import typing
+
+# Hold on to the original class so we can create it consistently
+# even if we inject our own SSLContext into the ssl module.
+_original_SSLContext = ssl.SSLContext
+_original_super_SSLContext = super(_original_SSLContext, _original_SSLContext)
+
+# CPython is known to be good, but non-CPython implementations
+# may implement SSLContext differently so to be safe we don't
+# subclass the SSLContext.
+
+# This is returned by truststore.SSLContext.__class__()
+_truststore_SSLContext_dunder_class: typing.Optional[type]
+
+# This value is the superclass of truststore.SSLContext.
+_truststore_SSLContext_super_class: type
+
+if sys.implementation.name == "cpython":
+    _truststore_SSLContext_super_class = _original_SSLContext
+    _truststore_SSLContext_dunder_class = None
+else:
+    _truststore_SSLContext_super_class = object
+    _truststore_SSLContext_dunder_class = _original_SSLContext
+
+
+def _set_ssl_context_verify_mode(
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext, verify_mode: ssl.VerifyMode
+) -> None:
+    _original_super_SSLContext.verify_mode.__set__(ssl_context, verify_mode)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_windows.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_windows.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3de4960a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/_windows.py
@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+import contextlib
+import ssl
+import typing
+from ctypes import WinDLL  # type: ignore
+from ctypes import WinError  # type: ignore
+from ctypes import (
+    POINTER,
+    Structure,
+    c_char_p,
+    c_ulong,
+    c_void_p,
+    c_wchar_p,
+    cast,
+    create_unicode_buffer,
+    pointer,
+    sizeof,
+)
+from ctypes.wintypes import (
+    BOOL,
+    DWORD,
+    HANDLE,
+    LONG,
+    LPCSTR,
+    LPCVOID,
+    LPCWSTR,
+    LPFILETIME,
+    LPSTR,
+    LPWSTR,
+)
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from ._ssl_constants import _set_ssl_context_verify_mode
+
+HCERTCHAINENGINE = HANDLE
+HCERTSTORE = HANDLE
+HCRYPTPROV_LEGACY = HANDLE
+
+
+class CERT_CONTEXT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("dwCertEncodingType", DWORD),
+        ("pbCertEncoded", c_void_p),
+        ("cbCertEncoded", DWORD),
+        ("pCertInfo", c_void_p),
+        ("hCertStore", HCERTSTORE),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_CONTEXT = POINTER(CERT_CONTEXT)
+PCCERT_CONTEXT = POINTER(PCERT_CONTEXT)
+
+
+class CERT_ENHKEY_USAGE(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cUsageIdentifier", DWORD),
+        ("rgpszUsageIdentifier", POINTER(LPSTR)),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_ENHKEY_USAGE = POINTER(CERT_ENHKEY_USAGE)
+
+
+class CERT_USAGE_MATCH(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("dwType", DWORD),
+        ("Usage", CERT_ENHKEY_USAGE),
+    )
+
+
+class CERT_CHAIN_PARA(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("RequestedUsage", CERT_USAGE_MATCH),
+        ("RequestedIssuancePolicy", CERT_USAGE_MATCH),
+        ("dwUrlRetrievalTimeout", DWORD),
+        ("fCheckRevocationFreshnessTime", BOOL),
+        ("dwRevocationFreshnessTime", DWORD),
+        ("pftCacheResync", LPFILETIME),
+        ("pStrongSignPara", c_void_p),
+        ("dwStrongSignFlags", DWORD),
+    )
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PCERT_CHAIN_PARA = pointer[CERT_CHAIN_PARA]  # type: ignore[misc]
+else:
+    PCERT_CHAIN_PARA = POINTER(CERT_CHAIN_PARA)
+
+
+class CERT_TRUST_STATUS(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("dwErrorStatus", DWORD),
+        ("dwInfoStatus", DWORD),
+    )
+
+
+class CERT_CHAIN_ELEMENT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("pCertContext", PCERT_CONTEXT),
+        ("TrustStatus", CERT_TRUST_STATUS),
+        ("pRevocationInfo", c_void_p),
+        ("pIssuanceUsage", PCERT_ENHKEY_USAGE),
+        ("pApplicationUsage", PCERT_ENHKEY_USAGE),
+        ("pwszExtendedErrorInfo", LPCWSTR),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_CHAIN_ELEMENT = POINTER(CERT_CHAIN_ELEMENT)
+
+
+class CERT_SIMPLE_CHAIN(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("TrustStatus", CERT_TRUST_STATUS),
+        ("cElement", DWORD),
+        ("rgpElement", POINTER(PCERT_CHAIN_ELEMENT)),
+        ("pTrustListInfo", c_void_p),
+        ("fHasRevocationFreshnessTime", BOOL),
+        ("dwRevocationFreshnessTime", DWORD),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_SIMPLE_CHAIN = POINTER(CERT_SIMPLE_CHAIN)
+
+
+class CERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("TrustStatus", CERT_TRUST_STATUS),
+        ("cChain", DWORD),
+        ("rgpChain", POINTER(PCERT_SIMPLE_CHAIN)),
+        ("cLowerQualityChainContext", DWORD),
+        ("rgpLowerQualityChainContext", c_void_p),
+        ("fHasRevocationFreshnessTime", BOOL),
+        ("dwRevocationFreshnessTime", DWORD),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT = POINTER(CERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT)
+PCCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT = POINTER(PCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT)
+
+
+class SSL_EXTRA_CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("dwAuthType", DWORD),
+        ("fdwChecks", DWORD),
+        ("pwszServerName", LPCWSTR),
+    )
+
+
+class CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("dwFlags", DWORD),
+        ("pvExtraPolicyPara", c_void_p),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA = POINTER(CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA)
+
+
+class CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_STATUS(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("dwError", DWORD),
+        ("lChainIndex", LONG),
+        ("lElementIndex", LONG),
+        ("pvExtraPolicyStatus", c_void_p),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_CHAIN_POLICY_STATUS = POINTER(CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_STATUS)
+
+
+class CERT_CHAIN_ENGINE_CONFIG(Structure):
+    _fields_ = (
+        ("cbSize", DWORD),
+        ("hRestrictedRoot", HCERTSTORE),
+        ("hRestrictedTrust", HCERTSTORE),
+        ("hRestrictedOther", HCERTSTORE),
+        ("cAdditionalStore", DWORD),
+        ("rghAdditionalStore", c_void_p),
+        ("dwFlags", DWORD),
+        ("dwUrlRetrievalTimeout", DWORD),
+        ("MaximumCachedCertificates", DWORD),
+        ("CycleDetectionModulus", DWORD),
+        ("hExclusiveRoot", HCERTSTORE),
+        ("hExclusiveTrustedPeople", HCERTSTORE),
+        ("dwExclusiveFlags", DWORD),
+    )
+
+
+PCERT_CHAIN_ENGINE_CONFIG = POINTER(CERT_CHAIN_ENGINE_CONFIG)
+PHCERTCHAINENGINE = POINTER(HCERTCHAINENGINE)
+
+X509_ASN_ENCODING = 0x00000001
+PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING = 0x00010000
+CERT_STORE_PROV_MEMORY = b"Memory"
+CERT_STORE_ADD_USE_EXISTING = 2
+USAGE_MATCH_TYPE_OR = 1
+OID_PKIX_KP_SERVER_AUTH = c_char_p(b"1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1")
+CERT_CHAIN_REVOCATION_CHECK_END_CERT = 0x10000000
+CERT_CHAIN_REVOCATION_CHECK_CHAIN = 0x20000000
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_ALL_NOT_TIME_VALID_FLAGS = 0x00000007
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_INVALID_BASIC_CONSTRAINTS_FLAG = 0x00000008
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_CA_FLAG = 0x00000010
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_INVALID_NAME_FLAG = 0x00000040
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_WRONG_USAGE_FLAG = 0x00000020
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_INVALID_POLICY_FLAG = 0x00000080
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_ALL_REV_UNKNOWN_FLAGS = 0x00000F00
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_ALLOW_TESTROOT_FLAG = 0x00008000
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_TRUST_TESTROOT_FLAG = 0x00004000
+AUTHTYPE_SERVER = 2
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_SSL = 4
+FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM = 0x00001000
+FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS = 0x00000200
+
+# Flags to set for SSLContext.verify_mode=CERT_NONE
+CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_VERIFY_MODE_NONE_FLAGS = (
+    CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_ALL_NOT_TIME_VALID_FLAGS
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_INVALID_BASIC_CONSTRAINTS_FLAG
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_CA_FLAG
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_INVALID_NAME_FLAG
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_WRONG_USAGE_FLAG
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_INVALID_POLICY_FLAG
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_ALL_REV_UNKNOWN_FLAGS
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_ALLOW_TESTROOT_FLAG
+    | CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_TRUST_TESTROOT_FLAG
+)
+
+wincrypt = WinDLL("crypt32.dll")
+kernel32 = WinDLL("kernel32.dll")
+
+
+def _handle_win_error(result: bool, _: Any, args: Any) -> Any:
+    if not result:
+        # Note, actually raises OSError after calling GetLastError and FormatMessage
+        raise WinError()
+    return args
+
+
+CertCreateCertificateChainEngine = wincrypt.CertCreateCertificateChainEngine
+CertCreateCertificateChainEngine.argtypes = (
+    PCERT_CHAIN_ENGINE_CONFIG,
+    PHCERTCHAINENGINE,
+)
+CertCreateCertificateChainEngine.errcheck = _handle_win_error
+
+CertOpenStore = wincrypt.CertOpenStore
+CertOpenStore.argtypes = (LPCSTR, DWORD, HCRYPTPROV_LEGACY, DWORD, c_void_p)
+CertOpenStore.restype = HCERTSTORE
+CertOpenStore.errcheck = _handle_win_error
+
+CertAddEncodedCertificateToStore = wincrypt.CertAddEncodedCertificateToStore
+CertAddEncodedCertificateToStore.argtypes = (
+    HCERTSTORE,
+    DWORD,
+    c_char_p,
+    DWORD,
+    DWORD,
+    PCCERT_CONTEXT,
+)
+CertAddEncodedCertificateToStore.restype = BOOL
+
+CertCreateCertificateContext = wincrypt.CertCreateCertificateContext
+CertCreateCertificateContext.argtypes = (DWORD, c_char_p, DWORD)
+CertCreateCertificateContext.restype = PCERT_CONTEXT
+CertCreateCertificateContext.errcheck = _handle_win_error
+
+CertGetCertificateChain = wincrypt.CertGetCertificateChain
+CertGetCertificateChain.argtypes = (
+    HCERTCHAINENGINE,
+    PCERT_CONTEXT,
+    LPFILETIME,
+    HCERTSTORE,
+    PCERT_CHAIN_PARA,
+    DWORD,
+    c_void_p,
+    PCCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT,
+)
+CertGetCertificateChain.restype = BOOL
+CertGetCertificateChain.errcheck = _handle_win_error
+
+CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy = wincrypt.CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy
+CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy.argtypes = (
+    c_ulong,
+    PCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT,
+    PCERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA,
+    PCERT_CHAIN_POLICY_STATUS,
+)
+CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy.restype = BOOL
+
+CertCloseStore = wincrypt.CertCloseStore
+CertCloseStore.argtypes = (HCERTSTORE, DWORD)
+CertCloseStore.restype = BOOL
+CertCloseStore.errcheck = _handle_win_error
+
+CertFreeCertificateChain = wincrypt.CertFreeCertificateChain
+CertFreeCertificateChain.argtypes = (PCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT,)
+
+CertFreeCertificateContext = wincrypt.CertFreeCertificateContext
+CertFreeCertificateContext.argtypes = (PCERT_CONTEXT,)
+
+CertFreeCertificateChainEngine = wincrypt.CertFreeCertificateChainEngine
+CertFreeCertificateChainEngine.argtypes = (HCERTCHAINENGINE,)
+
+FormatMessageW = kernel32.FormatMessageW
+FormatMessageW.argtypes = (
+    DWORD,
+    LPCVOID,
+    DWORD,
+    DWORD,
+    LPWSTR,
+    DWORD,
+    c_void_p,
+)
+FormatMessageW.restype = DWORD
+
+
+def _verify_peercerts_impl(
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+    cert_chain: list[bytes],
+    server_hostname: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Verify the cert_chain from the server using Windows APIs."""
+    pCertContext = None
+    hIntermediateCertStore = CertOpenStore(CERT_STORE_PROV_MEMORY, 0, None, 0, None)
+    try:
+        # Add intermediate certs to an in-memory cert store
+        for cert_bytes in cert_chain[1:]:
+            CertAddEncodedCertificateToStore(
+                hIntermediateCertStore,
+                X509_ASN_ENCODING | PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING,
+                cert_bytes,
+                len(cert_bytes),
+                CERT_STORE_ADD_USE_EXISTING,
+                None,
+            )
+
+        # Cert context for leaf cert
+        leaf_cert = cert_chain[0]
+        pCertContext = CertCreateCertificateContext(
+            X509_ASN_ENCODING | PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING, leaf_cert, len(leaf_cert)
+        )
+
+        # Chain params to match certs for serverAuth extended usage
+        cert_enhkey_usage = CERT_ENHKEY_USAGE()
+        cert_enhkey_usage.cUsageIdentifier = 1
+        cert_enhkey_usage.rgpszUsageIdentifier = (c_char_p * 1)(OID_PKIX_KP_SERVER_AUTH)
+        cert_usage_match = CERT_USAGE_MATCH()
+        cert_usage_match.Usage = cert_enhkey_usage
+        chain_params = CERT_CHAIN_PARA()
+        chain_params.RequestedUsage = cert_usage_match
+        chain_params.cbSize = sizeof(chain_params)
+        pChainPara = pointer(chain_params)
+
+        if ssl_context.verify_flags & ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_CHAIN:
+            chain_flags = CERT_CHAIN_REVOCATION_CHECK_CHAIN
+        elif ssl_context.verify_flags & ssl.VERIFY_CRL_CHECK_LEAF:
+            chain_flags = CERT_CHAIN_REVOCATION_CHECK_END_CERT
+        else:
+            chain_flags = 0
+
+        try:
+            # First attempt to verify using the default Windows system trust roots
+            # (default chain engine).
+            _get_and_verify_cert_chain(
+                ssl_context,
+                None,
+                hIntermediateCertStore,
+                pCertContext,
+                pChainPara,
+                server_hostname,
+                chain_flags=chain_flags,
+            )
+        except ssl.SSLCertVerificationError:
+            # If that fails but custom CA certs have been added
+            # to the SSLContext using load_verify_locations,
+            # try verifying using a custom chain engine
+            # that trusts the custom CA certs.
+            custom_ca_certs: list[bytes] | None = ssl_context.get_ca_certs(
+                binary_form=True
+            )
+            if custom_ca_certs:
+                _verify_using_custom_ca_certs(
+                    ssl_context,
+                    custom_ca_certs,
+                    hIntermediateCertStore,
+                    pCertContext,
+                    pChainPara,
+                    server_hostname,
+                    chain_flags=chain_flags,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise
+    finally:
+        CertCloseStore(hIntermediateCertStore, 0)
+        if pCertContext:
+            CertFreeCertificateContext(pCertContext)
+
+
+def _get_and_verify_cert_chain(
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+    hChainEngine: HCERTCHAINENGINE | None,
+    hIntermediateCertStore: HCERTSTORE,
+    pPeerCertContext: c_void_p,
+    pChainPara: PCERT_CHAIN_PARA,  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+    server_hostname: str | None,
+    chain_flags: int,
+) -> None:
+    ppChainContext = None
+    try:
+        # Get cert chain
+        ppChainContext = pointer(PCERT_CHAIN_CONTEXT())
+        CertGetCertificateChain(
+            hChainEngine,  # chain engine
+            pPeerCertContext,  # leaf cert context
+            None,  # current system time
+            hIntermediateCertStore,  # additional in-memory cert store
+            pChainPara,  # chain-building parameters
+            chain_flags,
+            None,  # reserved
+            ppChainContext,  # the resulting chain context
+        )
+        pChainContext = ppChainContext.contents
+
+        # Verify cert chain
+        ssl_extra_cert_chain_policy_para = SSL_EXTRA_CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA()
+        ssl_extra_cert_chain_policy_para.cbSize = sizeof(
+            ssl_extra_cert_chain_policy_para
+        )
+        ssl_extra_cert_chain_policy_para.dwAuthType = AUTHTYPE_SERVER
+        ssl_extra_cert_chain_policy_para.fdwChecks = 0
+        if server_hostname:
+            ssl_extra_cert_chain_policy_para.pwszServerName = c_wchar_p(server_hostname)
+
+        chain_policy = CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_PARA()
+        chain_policy.pvExtraPolicyPara = cast(
+            pointer(ssl_extra_cert_chain_policy_para), c_void_p
+        )
+        if ssl_context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_NONE:
+            chain_policy.dwFlags |= CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_VERIFY_MODE_NONE_FLAGS
+        if not ssl_context.check_hostname:
+            chain_policy.dwFlags |= CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_IGNORE_INVALID_NAME_FLAG
+        chain_policy.cbSize = sizeof(chain_policy)
+
+        pPolicyPara = pointer(chain_policy)
+        policy_status = CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_STATUS()
+        policy_status.cbSize = sizeof(policy_status)
+        pPolicyStatus = pointer(policy_status)
+        CertVerifyCertificateChainPolicy(
+            CERT_CHAIN_POLICY_SSL,
+            pChainContext,
+            pPolicyPara,
+            pPolicyStatus,
+        )
+
+        # Check status
+        error_code = policy_status.dwError
+        if error_code:
+            # Try getting a human readable message for an error code.
+            error_message_buf = create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+            error_message_chars = FormatMessageW(
+                FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                None,
+                error_code,
+                0,
+                error_message_buf,
+                sizeof(error_message_buf),
+                None,
+            )
+
+            # See if we received a message for the error,
+            # otherwise we use a generic error with the
+            # error code and hope that it's search-able.
+            if error_message_chars <= 0:
+                error_message = f"Certificate chain policy error {error_code:#x} [{policy_status.lElementIndex}]"
+            else:
+                error_message = error_message_buf.value.strip()
+
+            err = ssl.SSLCertVerificationError(error_message)
+            err.verify_message = error_message
+            err.verify_code = error_code
+            raise err from None
+    finally:
+        if ppChainContext:
+            CertFreeCertificateChain(ppChainContext.contents)
+
+
+def _verify_using_custom_ca_certs(
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+    custom_ca_certs: list[bytes],
+    hIntermediateCertStore: HCERTSTORE,
+    pPeerCertContext: c_void_p,
+    pChainPara: PCERT_CHAIN_PARA,  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+    server_hostname: str | None,
+    chain_flags: int,
+) -> None:
+    hChainEngine = None
+    hRootCertStore = CertOpenStore(CERT_STORE_PROV_MEMORY, 0, None, 0, None)
+    try:
+        # Add custom CA certs to an in-memory cert store
+        for cert_bytes in custom_ca_certs:
+            CertAddEncodedCertificateToStore(
+                hRootCertStore,
+                X509_ASN_ENCODING | PKCS_7_ASN_ENCODING,
+                cert_bytes,
+                len(cert_bytes),
+                CERT_STORE_ADD_USE_EXISTING,
+                None,
+            )
+
+        # Create a custom cert chain engine which exclusively trusts
+        # certs from our hRootCertStore
+        cert_chain_engine_config = CERT_CHAIN_ENGINE_CONFIG()
+        cert_chain_engine_config.cbSize = sizeof(cert_chain_engine_config)
+        cert_chain_engine_config.hExclusiveRoot = hRootCertStore
+        pConfig = pointer(cert_chain_engine_config)
+        phChainEngine = pointer(HCERTCHAINENGINE())
+        CertCreateCertificateChainEngine(
+            pConfig,
+            phChainEngine,
+        )
+        hChainEngine = phChainEngine.contents
+
+        # Get and verify a cert chain using the custom chain engine
+        _get_and_verify_cert_chain(
+            ssl_context,
+            hChainEngine,
+            hIntermediateCertStore,
+            pPeerCertContext,
+            pChainPara,
+            server_hostname,
+            chain_flags,
+        )
+    finally:
+        if hChainEngine:
+            CertFreeCertificateChainEngine(hChainEngine)
+        CertCloseStore(hRootCertStore, 0)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _configure_context(ctx: ssl.SSLContext) -> typing.Iterator[None]:
+    check_hostname = ctx.check_hostname
+    verify_mode = ctx.verify_mode
+    ctx.check_hostname = False
+    _set_ssl_context_verify_mode(ctx, ssl.CERT_NONE)
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        ctx.check_hostname = check_hostname
+        _set_ssl_context_verify_mode(ctx, verify_mode)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/truststore/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/typing_extensions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/typing_extensions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4f93acff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/typing_extensions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3072 @@
+import abc
+import collections
+import collections.abc
+import functools
+import inspect
+import operator
+import sys
+import types as _types
+import typing
+import warnings
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Super-special typing primitives.
+    'Any',
+    'ClassVar',
+    'Concatenate',
+    'Final',
+    'LiteralString',
+    'ParamSpec',
+    'ParamSpecArgs',
+    'ParamSpecKwargs',
+    'Self',
+    'Type',
+    'TypeVar',
+    'TypeVarTuple',
+    'Unpack',
+
+    # ABCs (from collections.abc).
+    'Awaitable',
+    'AsyncIterator',
+    'AsyncIterable',
+    'Coroutine',
+    'AsyncGenerator',
+    'AsyncContextManager',
+    'Buffer',
+    'ChainMap',
+
+    # Concrete collection types.
+    'ContextManager',
+    'Counter',
+    'Deque',
+    'DefaultDict',
+    'NamedTuple',
+    'OrderedDict',
+    'TypedDict',
+
+    # Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
+    'SupportsAbs',
+    'SupportsBytes',
+    'SupportsComplex',
+    'SupportsFloat',
+    'SupportsIndex',
+    'SupportsInt',
+    'SupportsRound',
+
+    # One-off things.
+    'Annotated',
+    'assert_never',
+    'assert_type',
+    'clear_overloads',
+    'dataclass_transform',
+    'deprecated',
+    'get_overloads',
+    'final',
+    'get_args',
+    'get_origin',
+    'get_original_bases',
+    'get_protocol_members',
+    'get_type_hints',
+    'IntVar',
+    'is_protocol',
+    'is_typeddict',
+    'Literal',
+    'NewType',
+    'overload',
+    'override',
+    'Protocol',
+    'reveal_type',
+    'runtime',
+    'runtime_checkable',
+    'Text',
+    'TypeAlias',
+    'TypeAliasType',
+    'TypeGuard',
+    'TYPE_CHECKING',
+    'Never',
+    'NoReturn',
+    'Required',
+    'NotRequired',
+
+    # Pure aliases, have always been in typing
+    'AbstractSet',
+    'AnyStr',
+    'BinaryIO',
+    'Callable',
+    'Collection',
+    'Container',
+    'Dict',
+    'ForwardRef',
+    'FrozenSet',
+    'Generator',
+    'Generic',
+    'Hashable',
+    'IO',
+    'ItemsView',
+    'Iterable',
+    'Iterator',
+    'KeysView',
+    'List',
+    'Mapping',
+    'MappingView',
+    'Match',
+    'MutableMapping',
+    'MutableSequence',
+    'MutableSet',
+    'Optional',
+    'Pattern',
+    'Reversible',
+    'Sequence',
+    'Set',
+    'Sized',
+    'TextIO',
+    'Tuple',
+    'Union',
+    'ValuesView',
+    'cast',
+    'no_type_check',
+    'no_type_check_decorator',
+]
+
+# for backward compatibility
+PEP_560 = True
+GenericMeta = type
+
+# The functions below are modified copies of typing internal helpers.
+# They are needed by _ProtocolMeta and they provide support for PEP 646.
+
+
+class _Sentinel:
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<sentinel>"
+
+
+_marker = _Sentinel()
+
+
+def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen=_marker):
+    """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
+    This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
+    """
+    if not elen:
+        raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
+    if elen is _marker:
+        if not hasattr(cls, "__parameters__") or not cls.__parameters__:
+            raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
+        elen = len(cls.__parameters__)
+    alen = len(parameters)
+    if alen != elen:
+        if hasattr(cls, "__parameters__"):
+            parameters = [p for p in cls.__parameters__ if not _is_unpack(p)]
+            num_tv_tuples = sum(isinstance(p, TypeVarTuple) for p in parameters)
+            if (num_tv_tuples > 0) and (alen >= elen - num_tv_tuples):
+                return
+        raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} parameters for {cls};"
+                        f" actual {alen}, expected {elen}")
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+        return isinstance(
+            t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias, _types.UnionType)
+        )
+elif sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+        return isinstance(t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias))
+else:
+    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+        return isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias) and not t._special
+
+
+def _collect_type_vars(types, typevar_types=None):
+    """Collect all type variable contained in types in order of
+    first appearance (lexicographic order). For example::
+
+        _collect_type_vars((T, List[S, T])) == (T, S)
+    """
+    if typevar_types is None:
+        typevar_types = typing.TypeVar
+    tvars = []
+    for t in types:
+        if (
+            isinstance(t, typevar_types) and
+            t not in tvars and
+            not _is_unpack(t)
+        ):
+            tvars.append(t)
+        if _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+            tvars.extend([t for t in t.__parameters__ if t not in tvars])
+    return tuple(tvars)
+
+
+NoReturn = typing.NoReturn
+
+# Some unconstrained type variables.  These are used by the container types.
+# (These are not for export.)
+T = typing.TypeVar('T')  # Any type.
+KT = typing.TypeVar('KT')  # Key type.
+VT = typing.TypeVar('VT')  # Value type.
+T_co = typing.TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)  # Any type covariant containers.
+T_contra = typing.TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)  # Ditto contravariant.
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import Any
+else:
+
+    class _AnyMeta(type):
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            if self is Any:
+                raise TypeError("typing_extensions.Any cannot be used with isinstance()")
+            return super().__instancecheck__(obj)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            if self is Any:
+                return "typing_extensions.Any"
+            return super().__repr__()
+
+    class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta):
+        """Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
+        - Any is compatible with every type.
+        - Any assumed to have all methods.
+        - All values assumed to be instances of Any.
+        Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
+        static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
+        checks.
+        """
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            if cls is Any:
+                raise TypeError("Any cannot be instantiated")
+            return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+ClassVar = typing.ClassVar
+
+
+class _ExtensionsSpecialForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+
+# On older versions of typing there is an internal class named "Final".
+# 3.8+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Final') and sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+    Final = typing.Final
+# 3.7
+else:
+    class _FinalForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    Final = _FinalForm('Final',
+                       doc="""A special typing construct to indicate that a name
+                       cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
+                       For example:
+
+                           MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
+                           MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+                           class Connection:
+                               TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
+                           class FastConnector(Connection):
+                               TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker
+
+                       There is no runtime checking of these properties.""")
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    final = typing.final
+else:
+    # @final exists in 3.8+, but we backport it for all versions
+    # before 3.11 to keep support for the __final__ attribute.
+    # See https://bugs.python.org/issue46342
+    def final(f):
+        """This decorator can be used to indicate to type checkers that
+        the decorated method cannot be overridden, and decorated class
+        cannot be subclassed. For example:
+
+            class Base:
+                @final
+                def done(self) -> None:
+                    ...
+            class Sub(Base):
+                def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
+                    ...
+            @final
+            class Leaf:
+                ...
+            class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
+                ...
+
+        There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
+        sets the ``__final__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object
+        to allow runtime introspection.
+        """
+        try:
+            f.__final__ = True
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+            # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+            # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+            pass
+        return f
+
+
+def IntVar(name):
+    return typing.TypeVar(name)
+
+
+# A Literal bug was fixed in 3.11.0, 3.10.1 and 3.9.8
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 1):
+    Literal = typing.Literal
+else:
+    def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
+        """An internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters"""
+        params = []
+        for p in parameters:
+            if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias):
+                params.extend(p.__args__)
+            else:
+                params.append(p)
+        return tuple(params)
+
+    def _value_and_type_iter(params):
+        for p in params:
+            yield p, type(p)
+
+    class _LiteralGenericAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias):
+                return NotImplemented
+            these_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__))
+            other_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(other.__args__))
+            return these_args_deduped == other_args_deduped
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash(frozenset(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)))
+
+    class _LiteralForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __init__(self, doc: str):
+            self._name = 'Literal'
+            self._doc = self.__doc__ = doc
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+                parameters = (parameters,)
+
+            parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters)
+
+            val_type_pairs = list(_value_and_type_iter(parameters))
+            try:
+                deduped_pairs = set(val_type_pairs)
+            except TypeError:
+                # unhashable parameters
+                pass
+            else:
+                # similar logic to typing._deduplicate on Python 3.9+
+                if len(deduped_pairs) < len(val_type_pairs):
+                    new_parameters = []
+                    for pair in val_type_pairs:
+                        if pair in deduped_pairs:
+                            new_parameters.append(pair[0])
+                            deduped_pairs.remove(pair)
+                    assert not deduped_pairs, deduped_pairs
+                    parameters = tuple(new_parameters)
+
+            return _LiteralGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+
+    Literal = _LiteralForm(doc="""\
+                           A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers
+                           that the corresponding value has a value literally equivalent
+                           to the provided parameter. For example:
+
+                               var: Literal[4] = 4
+
+                           The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to
+                           the value 4 and no other value.
+
+                           Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime
+                           checking verifying that the parameter is actually a value
+                           instead of a type.""")
+
+
+_overload_dummy = typing._overload_dummy
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "get_overloads"):  # 3.11+
+    overload = typing.overload
+    get_overloads = typing.get_overloads
+    clear_overloads = typing.clear_overloads
+else:
+    # {module: {qualname: {firstlineno: func}}}
+    _overload_registry = collections.defaultdict(
+        functools.partial(collections.defaultdict, dict)
+    )
+
+    def overload(func):
+        """Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
+
+        In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
+        function in a row, each decorated with @overload.  For example:
+
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+
+        In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
+        follow it with an implementation.  The implementation should *not*
+        be decorated with @overload.  For example:
+
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+        def utf8(value):
+            # implementation goes here
+
+        The overloads for a function can be retrieved at runtime using the
+        get_overloads() function.
+        """
+        # classmethod and staticmethod
+        f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+        try:
+            _overload_registry[f.__module__][f.__qualname__][
+                f.__code__.co_firstlineno
+            ] = func
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Not a normal function; ignore.
+            pass
+        return _overload_dummy
+
+    def get_overloads(func):
+        """Return all defined overloads for *func* as a sequence."""
+        # classmethod and staticmethod
+        f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+        if f.__module__ not in _overload_registry:
+            return []
+        mod_dict = _overload_registry[f.__module__]
+        if f.__qualname__ not in mod_dict:
+            return []
+        return list(mod_dict[f.__qualname__].values())
+
+    def clear_overloads():
+        """Clear all overloads in the registry."""
+        _overload_registry.clear()
+
+
+# This is not a real generic class.  Don't use outside annotations.
+Type = typing.Type
+
+# Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc.
+# A few are simply re-exported for completeness.
+
+
+Awaitable = typing.Awaitable
+Coroutine = typing.Coroutine
+AsyncIterable = typing.AsyncIterable
+AsyncIterator = typing.AsyncIterator
+Deque = typing.Deque
+ContextManager = typing.ContextManager
+AsyncContextManager = typing.AsyncContextManager
+DefaultDict = typing.DefaultDict
+
+# 3.7.2+
+if hasattr(typing, 'OrderedDict'):
+    OrderedDict = typing.OrderedDict
+# 3.7.0-3.7.2
+else:
+    OrderedDict = typing._alias(collections.OrderedDict, (KT, VT))
+
+Counter = typing.Counter
+ChainMap = typing.ChainMap
+AsyncGenerator = typing.AsyncGenerator
+Text = typing.Text
+TYPE_CHECKING = typing.TYPE_CHECKING
+
+
+_PROTO_ALLOWLIST = {
+    'collections.abc': [
+        'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
+        'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible', 'Buffer',
+    ],
+    'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
+    'typing_extensions': ['Buffer'],
+}
+
+
+_EXCLUDED_ATTRS = {
+    "__abstractmethods__", "__annotations__", "__weakref__", "_is_protocol",
+    "_is_runtime_protocol", "__dict__", "__slots__", "__parameters__",
+    "__orig_bases__", "__module__", "_MutableMapping__marker", "__doc__",
+    "__subclasshook__", "__orig_class__", "__init__", "__new__",
+    "__protocol_attrs__", "__callable_proto_members_only__",
+}
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    _EXCLUDED_ATTRS |= {
+        "_gorg", "__next_in_mro__", "__extra__", "__tree_hash__", "__args__",
+        "__origin__"
+    }
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    _EXCLUDED_ATTRS.add("__class_getitem__")
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    _EXCLUDED_ATTRS.add("__type_params__")
+
+_EXCLUDED_ATTRS = frozenset(_EXCLUDED_ATTRS)
+
+
+def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
+    attrs = set()
+    for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]:  # without object
+        if base.__name__ in {'Protocol', 'Generic'}:
+            continue
+        annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+        for attr in (*base.__dict__, *annotations):
+            if (not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in _EXCLUDED_ATTRS):
+                attrs.add(attr)
+    return attrs
+
+
+def _maybe_adjust_parameters(cls):
+    """Helper function used in Protocol.__init_subclass__ and _TypedDictMeta.__new__.
+
+    The contents of this function are very similar
+    to logic found in typing.Generic.__init_subclass__
+    on the CPython main branch.
+    """
+    tvars = []
+    if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+        tvars = _collect_type_vars(cls.__orig_bases__)
+        # Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn] or Protocol[T1, ..., Tn].
+        # If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
+        # If not found, tvars is it.
+        # Also check for and reject plain Generic,
+        # and reject multiple Generic[...] and/or Protocol[...].
+        gvars = None
+        for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
+            if (isinstance(base, typing._GenericAlias) and
+                    base.__origin__ in (typing.Generic, Protocol)):
+                # for error messages
+                the_base = base.__origin__.__name__
+                if gvars is not None:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Cannot inherit from Generic[...]"
+                        " and/or Protocol[...] multiple types.")
+                gvars = base.__parameters__
+        if gvars is None:
+            gvars = tvars
+        else:
+            tvarset = set(tvars)
+            gvarset = set(gvars)
+            if not tvarset <= gvarset:
+                s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
+                s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
+                raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
+                                f" not listed in {the_base}[{s_args}]")
+            tvars = gvars
+    cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)
+
+
+def _caller(depth=2):
+    try:
+        return sys._getframe(depth).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe()
+        return None
+
+
+# The performance of runtime-checkable protocols is significantly improved on Python 3.12,
+# so we backport the 3.12 version of Protocol to Python <=3.11
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    Protocol = typing.Protocol
+else:
+    def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=3):
+        """Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
+        The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and
+        issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
+        """
+        return _caller(depth) in {'abc', 'functools', None}
+
+    def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if type(self)._is_protocol:
+            raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+        # Inheriting from typing._ProtocolMeta isn't actually desirable,
+        # but is necessary to allow typing.Protocol and typing_extensions.Protocol
+        # to mix without getting TypeErrors about "metaclass conflict"
+        _typing_Protocol = typing.Protocol
+        _ProtocolMetaBase = type(_typing_Protocol)
+    else:
+        _typing_Protocol = _marker
+        _ProtocolMetaBase = abc.ABCMeta
+
+    class _ProtocolMeta(_ProtocolMetaBase):
+        # This metaclass is somewhat unfortunate,
+        # but is necessary for several reasons...
+        #
+        # NOTE: DO NOT call super() in any methods in this class
+        # That would call the methods on typing._ProtocolMeta on Python 3.8-3.11
+        # and those are slow
+        def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
+            if name == "Protocol" and len(bases) < 2:
+                pass
+            elif {Protocol, _typing_Protocol} & set(bases):
+                for base in bases:
+                    if not (
+                        base in {object, typing.Generic, Protocol, _typing_Protocol}
+                        or base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST.get(base.__module__, [])
+                        or is_protocol(base)
+                    ):
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            f"Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, "
+                            f"got {base!r}"
+                        )
+            return abc.ABCMeta.__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
+
+        def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            abc.ABCMeta.__init__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+            if getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+                cls.__protocol_attrs__ = _get_protocol_attrs(cls)
+                # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass()
+                # with protocols that have non-method members.
+                cls.__callable_proto_members_only__ = all(
+                    callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__
+                )
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
+            if cls is Protocol:
+                return type.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)
+            if (
+                getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False)
+                and not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
+            ):
+                if not isinstance(other, type):
+                    # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
+                    raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
+                if (
+                    not cls.__callable_proto_members_only__
+                    and cls.__dict__.get("__subclasshook__") is _proto_hook
+                ):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()"
+                    )
+                if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Instance and class checks can only be used with "
+                        "@runtime_checkable protocols"
+                    )
+            return abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)
+
+        def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
+            # We need this method for situations where attributes are
+            # assigned in __init__.
+            if cls is Protocol:
+                return type.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)
+            if not getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+                # i.e., it's a concrete subclass of a protocol
+                return abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)
+
+            if (
+                not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False) and
+                not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
+            ):
+                raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
+                                " @runtime_checkable protocols")
+
+            if abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance):
+                return True
+
+            for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+                try:
+                    val = inspect.getattr_static(instance, attr)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    break
+                if val is None and callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)):
+                    break
+            else:
+                return True
+
+            return False
+
+        def __eq__(cls, other):
+            # Hack so that typing.Generic.__class_getitem__
+            # treats typing_extensions.Protocol
+            # as equivalent to typing.Protocol on Python 3.8+
+            if abc.ABCMeta.__eq__(cls, other) is True:
+                return True
+            return (
+                cls is Protocol and other is getattr(typing, "Protocol", object())
+            )
+
+        # This has to be defined, or the abc-module cache
+        # complains about classes with this metaclass being unhashable,
+        # if we define only __eq__!
+        def __hash__(cls) -> int:
+            return type.__hash__(cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _proto_hook(cls, other):
+        if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+            for base in other.__mro__:
+                # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
+                if attr in base.__dict__:
+                    if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                    break
+
+                # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
+                annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+                if (
+                    isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping)
+                    and attr in annotations
+                    and is_protocol(other)
+                ):
+                    break
+            else:
+                return NotImplemented
+        return True
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+        class Protocol(typing.Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
+            __doc__ = typing.Protocol.__doc__
+            __slots__ = ()
+            _is_protocol = True
+            _is_runtime_protocol = False
+
+            def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
+                if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
+                    cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
+
+                # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
+                if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
+                    cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
+
+                # Prohibit instantiation for protocol classes
+                if cls._is_protocol and cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
+                    cls.__init__ = _no_init
+
+    else:
+        class Protocol(metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
+            # There is quite a lot of overlapping code with typing.Generic.
+            # Unfortunately it is hard to avoid this on Python <3.8,
+            # as the typing module on Python 3.7 doesn't let us subclass typing.Generic!
+            """Base class for protocol classes. Protocol classes are defined as::
+
+                class Proto(Protocol):
+                    def meth(self) -> int:
+                        ...
+
+            Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
+            structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
+
+                class C:
+                    def meth(self) -> int:
+                        return 0
+
+                def func(x: Proto) -> int:
+                    return x.meth()
+
+                func(C())  # Passes static type check
+
+            See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
+            @typing_extensions.runtime_checkable act
+            as simple-minded runtime-checkable protocols that check
+            only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
+
+            Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
+
+                class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
+                    def meth(self) -> T:
+                        ...
+            """
+            __slots__ = ()
+            _is_protocol = True
+            _is_runtime_protocol = False
+
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+                if cls is Protocol:
+                    raise TypeError("Type Protocol cannot be instantiated; "
+                                    "it can only be used as a base class")
+                return super().__new__(cls)
+
+            @typing._tp_cache
+            def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
+                if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+                    params = (params,)
+                if not params and cls is not typing.Tuple:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty")
+                msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
+                params = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
+                if cls is Protocol:
+                    # Generic can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
+                    if not all(isinstance(p, typing.TypeVar) for p in params):
+                        i = 0
+                        while isinstance(params[i], typing.TypeVar):
+                            i += 1
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            "Parameters to Protocol[...] must all be type variables."
+                            f" Parameter {i + 1} is {params[i]}")
+                    if len(set(params)) != len(params):
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            "Parameters to Protocol[...] must all be unique")
+                else:
+                    # Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
+                    _check_generic(cls, params, len(cls.__parameters__))
+                return typing._GenericAlias(cls, params)
+
+            def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+                    error = typing.Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
+                else:
+                    error = typing.Generic in cls.__bases__
+                if error:
+                    raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
+                _maybe_adjust_parameters(cls)
+
+                # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
+                if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', None):
+                    cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
+
+                # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
+                if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
+                    cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
+
+                # Prohibit instantiation for protocol classes
+                if cls._is_protocol and cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
+                    cls.__init__ = _no_init
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    runtime_checkable = typing.runtime_checkable
+else:
+    def runtime_checkable(cls):
+        """Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol, so that it
+        can be used with isinstance() and issubclass(). Raise TypeError
+        if applied to a non-protocol class.
+
+        This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to the
+        one-offs in collections.abc such as Hashable.
+        """
+        if not (
+            (isinstance(cls, _ProtocolMeta) or issubclass(cls, typing.Generic))
+            and getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
+                            f' got {cls!r}')
+        cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
+        return cls
+
+
+# Exists for backwards compatibility.
+runtime = runtime_checkable
+
+
+# Our version of runtime-checkable protocols is faster on Python 3.7-3.11
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    SupportsInt = typing.SupportsInt
+    SupportsFloat = typing.SupportsFloat
+    SupportsComplex = typing.SupportsComplex
+    SupportsBytes = typing.SupportsBytes
+    SupportsIndex = typing.SupportsIndex
+    SupportsAbs = typing.SupportsAbs
+    SupportsRound = typing.SupportsRound
+else:
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsInt(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __int__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __int__(self) -> int:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsFloat(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __float__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __float__(self) -> float:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsComplex(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __complex__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __complex__(self) -> complex:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsBytes(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __index__(self) -> int:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsAbs(Protocol[T_co]):
+        """
+        An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type.
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __abs__(self) -> T_co:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsRound(Protocol[T_co]):
+        """
+        An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type.
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T_co:
+            pass
+
+
+def _ensure_subclassable(mro_entries):
+    def inner(func):
+        if sys.implementation.name == "pypy" and sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+            cls_dict = {
+                "__call__": staticmethod(func),
+                "__mro_entries__": staticmethod(mro_entries)
+            }
+            t = type(func.__name__, (), cls_dict)
+            return functools.update_wrapper(t(), func)
+        else:
+            func.__mro_entries__ = mro_entries
+            return func
+    return inner
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.8 does not store runtime information
+    # about which (if any) keys are optional.  See https://bugs.python.org/issue38834
+    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.9.0/1 does not honour the "total"
+    # keyword with old-style TypedDict().  See https://bugs.python.org/issue42059
+    # The standard library TypedDict below Python 3.11 does not store runtime
+    # information about optional and required keys when using Required or NotRequired.
+    # Generic TypedDicts are also impossible using typing.TypedDict on Python <3.11.
+    # Aaaand on 3.12 we add __orig_bases__ to TypedDict
+    # to enable better runtime introspection.
+    # On 3.13 we deprecate some odd ways of creating TypedDicts.
+    TypedDict = typing.TypedDict
+    _TypedDictMeta = typing._TypedDictMeta
+    is_typeddict = typing.is_typeddict
+else:
+    # 3.10.0 and later
+    _TAKES_MODULE = "module" in inspect.signature(typing._type_check).parameters
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+        _fake_name = "Protocol"
+    else:
+        _fake_name = "_Protocol"
+
+    class _TypedDictMeta(type):
+        def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
+            """Create new typed dict class object.
+
+            This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed,
+            or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
+            TypedDict supports all three syntax forms described in its docstring.
+            Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries.
+            """
+            for base in bases:
+                if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta and base is not typing.Generic:
+                    raise TypeError('cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type '
+                                    'and a non-TypedDict base class')
+
+            if any(issubclass(b, typing.Generic) for b in bases):
+                generic_base = (typing.Generic,)
+            else:
+                generic_base = ()
+
+            # typing.py generally doesn't let you inherit from plain Generic, unless
+            # the name of the class happens to be "Protocol" (or "_Protocol" on 3.7).
+            tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, _fake_name, (*generic_base, dict), ns)
+            tp_dict.__name__ = name
+            if tp_dict.__qualname__ == _fake_name:
+                tp_dict.__qualname__ = name
+
+            if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__orig_bases__'):
+                tp_dict.__orig_bases__ = bases
+
+            annotations = {}
+            own_annotations = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
+            msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
+            if _TAKES_MODULE:
+                own_annotations = {
+                    n: typing._type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__)
+                    for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                own_annotations = {
+                    n: typing._type_check(tp, msg)
+                    for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
+                }
+            required_keys = set()
+            optional_keys = set()
+
+            for base in bases:
+                annotations.update(base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {}))
+                required_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__required_keys__', ()))
+                optional_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__optional_keys__', ()))
+
+            annotations.update(own_annotations)
+            for annotation_key, annotation_type in own_annotations.items():
+                annotation_origin = get_origin(annotation_type)
+                if annotation_origin is Annotated:
+                    annotation_args = get_args(annotation_type)
+                    if annotation_args:
+                        annotation_type = annotation_args[0]
+                        annotation_origin = get_origin(annotation_type)
+
+                if annotation_origin is Required:
+                    required_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                elif annotation_origin is NotRequired:
+                    optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                elif total:
+                    required_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                else:
+                    optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
+
+            tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations
+            tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
+            tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
+            if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__total__'):
+                tp_dict.__total__ = total
+            return tp_dict
+
+        __call__ = dict  # static method
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
+            # Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping.
+            raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks')
+
+        __instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__
+
+    _TypedDict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, 'TypedDict', (), {})
+
+    @_ensure_subclassable(lambda bases: (_TypedDict,))
+    def TypedDict(__typename, __fields=_marker, *, total=True, **kwargs):
+        """A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
+
+        TypedDict creates a dictionary type such that a type checker will expect all
+        instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is
+        associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
+        is not checked at runtime.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            class Point2D(TypedDict):
+                x: int
+                y: int
+                label: str
+
+            a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'}  # OK
+            b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'}           # Fails type check
+
+            assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
+
+        The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
+        the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
+        TypedDict supports an additional equivalent form::
+
+            Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
+
+        By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
+        to override this by specifying totality::
+
+            class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
+                x: int
+                y: int
+
+        This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type
+        checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
+        the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
+        class body be required.
+
+        The Required and NotRequired special forms can also be used to mark
+        individual keys as being required or not required::
+
+            class Point2D(TypedDict):
+                x: int  # the "x" key must always be present (Required is the default)
+                y: NotRequired[int]  # the "y" key can be omitted
+
+        See PEP 655 for more details on Required and NotRequired.
+        """
+        if __fields is _marker or __fields is None:
+            if __fields is _marker:
+                deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+            else:
+                deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+
+            example = f"`{__typename} = TypedDict({__typename!r}, {{}})`"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                f"{deprecated_thing} is deprecated and will be disallowed in "
+                "Python 3.15. To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields "
+                "using the functional syntax, pass an empty dictionary, e.g. "
+            ) + example + "."
+            warnings.warn(deprecation_msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            __fields = kwargs
+        elif kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments,"
+                            " but not both")
+        if kwargs:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The kwargs-based syntax for TypedDict definitions is deprecated "
+                "in Python 3.11, will be removed in Python 3.13, and may not be "
+                "understood by third-party type checkers.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        ns = {'__annotations__': dict(__fields)}
+        module = _caller()
+        if module is not None:
+            # Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
+            ns['__module__'] = module
+
+        td = _TypedDictMeta(__typename, (), ns, total=total)
+        td.__orig_bases__ = (TypedDict,)
+        return td
+
+    if hasattr(typing, "_TypedDictMeta"):
+        _TYPEDDICT_TYPES = (typing._TypedDictMeta, _TypedDictMeta)
+    else:
+        _TYPEDDICT_TYPES = (_TypedDictMeta,)
+
+    def is_typeddict(tp):
+        """Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class
+
+        For example::
+            class Film(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: int
+
+            is_typeddict(Film)  # => True
+            is_typeddict(Union[list, str])  # => False
+        """
+        # On 3.8, this would otherwise return True
+        if hasattr(typing, "TypedDict") and tp is typing.TypedDict:
+            return False
+        return isinstance(tp, _TYPEDDICT_TYPES)
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "assert_type"):
+    assert_type = typing.assert_type
+
+else:
+    def assert_type(__val, __typ):
+        """Assert (to the type checker) that the value is of the given type.
+
+        When the type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it
+        emits an error if the value is not of the specified type::
+
+            def greet(name: str) -> None:
+                assert_type(name, str)  # ok
+                assert_type(name, int)  # type checker error
+
+        At runtime this returns the first argument unchanged and otherwise
+        does nothing.
+        """
+        return __val
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "Required"):
+    get_type_hints = typing.get_type_hints
+else:
+    # replaces _strip_annotations()
+    def _strip_extras(t):
+        """Strips Annotated, Required and NotRequired from a given type."""
+        if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return _strip_extras(t.__origin__)
+        if hasattr(t, "__origin__") and t.__origin__ in (Required, NotRequired):
+            return _strip_extras(t.__args__[0])
+        if isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias):
+            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
+            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+                return t
+            return t.copy_with(stripped_args)
+        if hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias") and isinstance(t, _types.GenericAlias):
+            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
+            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+                return t
+            return _types.GenericAlias(t.__origin__, stripped_args)
+        if hasattr(_types, "UnionType") and isinstance(t, _types.UnionType):
+            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
+            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+                return t
+            return functools.reduce(operator.or_, stripped_args)
+
+        return t
+
+    def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
+        """Return type hints for an object.
+
+        This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
+        forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
+        default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
+        'Annotated[T, ...]', 'Required[T]' or 'NotRequired[T]' with 'T'
+        (unless 'include_extras=True').
+
+        The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
+        are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
+        inherited members.
+
+        TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
+        annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
+        present.
+
+        BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
+        (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work).  The
+        search order is locals first, then globals.
+
+        - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
+          globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
+          and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear
+          to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.
+
+        - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
+          locals.
+
+        - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
+          locals, respectively.
+        """
+        if hasattr(typing, "Annotated"):
+            hint = typing.get_type_hints(
+                obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns, include_extras=True
+            )
+        else:
+            hint = typing.get_type_hints(obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+        if include_extras:
+            return hint
+        return {k: _strip_extras(t) for k, t in hint.items()}
+
+
+# Python 3.9+ has PEP 593 (Annotated)
+if hasattr(typing, 'Annotated'):
+    Annotated = typing.Annotated
+    # Not exported and not a public API, but needed for get_origin() and get_args()
+    # to work.
+    _AnnotatedAlias = typing._AnnotatedAlias
+# 3.7-3.8
+else:
+    class _AnnotatedAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        """Runtime representation of an annotated type.
+
+        At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
+        with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
+        instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
+        it to types is also the same.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
+            if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
+                metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
+                origin = origin.__origin__
+            super().__init__(origin, origin)
+            self.__metadata__ = metadata
+
+        def copy_with(self, params):
+            assert len(params) == 1
+            new_type = params[0]
+            return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return (f"typing_extensions.Annotated[{typing._type_repr(self.__origin__)}, "
+                    f"{', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)}]")
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return operator.getitem, (
+                Annotated, (self.__origin__,) + self.__metadata__
+            )
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
+                return NotImplemented
+            if self.__origin__ != other.__origin__:
+                return False
+            return self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))
+
+    class Annotated:
+        """Add context specific metadata to a type.
+
+        Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
+        hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
+        Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
+        this type as int.
+
+        The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type (and will be in
+        the __origin__ field), the remaining arguments are kept as a tuple in
+        the __extra__ field.
+
+        Details:
+
+        - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
+        - Nested Annotated are flattened::
+
+            Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
+
+        - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
+        underlying type::
+
+            Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
+
+        - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
+
+            Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
+            Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
+
+            OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
+            OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
+            if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
+                raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
+                                "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
+                                "annotation).")
+            allowed_special_forms = (ClassVar, Final)
+            if get_origin(params[0]) in allowed_special_forms:
+                origin = params[0]
+            else:
+                msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
+                origin = typing._type_check(params[0], msg)
+            metadata = tuple(params[1:])
+            return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Cannot subclass {cls.__module__}.Annotated"
+            )
+
+# Python 3.8 has get_origin() and get_args() but those implementations aren't
+# Annotated-aware, so we can't use those. Python 3.9's versions don't support
+# ParamSpecArgs and ParamSpecKwargs, so only Python 3.10's versions will do.
+if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
+    get_origin = typing.get_origin
+    get_args = typing.get_args
+# 3.7-3.9
+else:
+    try:
+        # 3.9+
+        from typing import _BaseGenericAlias
+    except ImportError:
+        _BaseGenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
+    try:
+        # 3.9+
+        from typing import GenericAlias as _typing_GenericAlias
+    except ImportError:
+        _typing_GenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
+
+    def get_origin(tp):
+        """Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
+
+        This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
+        and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
+
+            get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
+            get_origin(int) is None
+            get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
+            get_origin(Generic) is Generic
+            get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
+            get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
+            get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
+            get_origin(P.args) is P
+        """
+        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return Annotated
+        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, _typing_GenericAlias, _BaseGenericAlias,
+                           ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
+            return tp.__origin__
+        if tp is typing.Generic:
+            return typing.Generic
+        return None
+
+    def get_args(tp):
+        """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
+
+        For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
+        Examples::
+            get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
+            get_args(int) == ()
+            get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
+            get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
+            get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
+        """
+        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return (tp.__origin__,) + tp.__metadata__
+        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, _typing_GenericAlias)):
+            if getattr(tp, "_special", False):
+                return ()
+            res = tp.__args__
+            if get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Callable and res[0] is not Ellipsis:
+                res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
+            return res
+        return ()
+
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeAlias'):
+    TypeAlias = typing.TypeAlias
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
+        """Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+        checkers.
+
+        For example::
+
+            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
+        """
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+# 3.7-3.8
+else:
+    TypeAlias = _ExtensionsSpecialForm(
+        'TypeAlias',
+        doc="""Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+        checkers.
+
+        For example::
+
+            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example
+        above."""
+    )
+
+
+def _set_default(type_param, default):
+    if isinstance(default, (tuple, list)):
+        type_param.__default__ = tuple((typing._type_check(d, "Default must be a type")
+                                        for d in default))
+    elif default != _marker:
+        type_param.__default__ = typing._type_check(default, "Default must be a type")
+    else:
+        type_param.__default__ = None
+
+
+def _set_module(typevarlike):
+    # for pickling:
+    def_mod = _caller(depth=3)
+    if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+        typevarlike.__module__ = def_mod
+
+
+class _DefaultMixin:
+    """Mixin for TypeVarLike defaults."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __init__ = _set_default
+
+
+# Classes using this metaclass must provide a _backported_typevarlike ClassVar
+class _TypeVarLikeMeta(type):
+    def __instancecheck__(cls, __instance: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(__instance, cls._backported_typevarlike)
+
+
+# Add default and infer_variance parameters from PEP 696 and 695
+class TypeVar(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
+    """Type variable."""
+
+    _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVar
+
+    def __new__(cls, name, *constraints, bound=None,
+                covariant=False, contravariant=False,
+                default=_marker, infer_variance=False):
+        if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
+            # PEP 695 implemented, can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar
+            typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound,
+                                     covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant,
+                                     infer_variance=infer_variance)
+        else:
+            typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound,
+                                     covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant)
+            if infer_variance and (covariant or contravariant):
+                raise ValueError("Variance cannot be specified with infer_variance.")
+            typevar.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance
+        _set_default(typevar, default)
+        _set_module(typevar)
+        return typevar
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.TypeVar' is not an acceptable base type")
+
+
+# Python 3.10+ has PEP 612
+if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpecArgs'):
+    ParamSpecArgs = typing.ParamSpecArgs
+    ParamSpecKwargs = typing.ParamSpecKwargs
+# 3.7-3.9
+else:
+    class _Immutable:
+        """Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __copy__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+            return self
+
+    class ParamSpecArgs(_Immutable):
+        """The args for a ParamSpec object.
+
+        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
+
+        ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+
+        P.args.__origin__ is P
+
+        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
+        static type checkers.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin):
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecArgs):
+                return NotImplemented
+            return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+
+    class ParamSpecKwargs(_Immutable):
+        """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
+
+        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
+
+        ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+
+        P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
+
+        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
+        static type checkers.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin):
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecKwargs):
+                return NotImplemented
+            return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpec'):
+
+    # Add default parameter - PEP 696
+    class ParamSpec(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
+        """Parameter specification."""
+
+        _backported_typevarlike = typing.ParamSpec
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, *, bound=None,
+                    covariant=False, contravariant=False,
+                    infer_variance=False, default=_marker):
+            if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
+                # PEP 695 implemented, can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar
+                paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound,
+                                             covariant=covariant,
+                                             contravariant=contravariant,
+                                             infer_variance=infer_variance)
+            else:
+                paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound,
+                                             covariant=covariant,
+                                             contravariant=contravariant)
+                paramspec.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance
+
+            _set_default(paramspec, default)
+            _set_module(paramspec)
+            return paramspec
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+            raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.ParamSpec' is not an acceptable base type")
+
+# 3.7-3.9
+else:
+
+    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
+    class ParamSpec(list, _DefaultMixin):
+        """Parameter specification variable.
+
+        Usage::
+
+           P = ParamSpec('P')
+
+        Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
+        type checkers.  They are used to forward the parameter types of one
+        callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
+        functions and decorators.  They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
+        or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher,
+        they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime.
+        See class Generic for more information on generic types.  An
+        example for annotating a decorator::
+
+           T = TypeVar('T')
+           P = ParamSpec('P')
+
+           def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
+               '''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
+               def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
+                   logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
+                   return f(*args, **kwargs)
+               return inner
+
+           @add_logging
+           def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
+               '''Add two numbers together.'''
+               return x + y
+
+        Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
+        contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
+        generic types.  These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
+        are yet to be decided.  See PEP 612 for details.
+
+        Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
+
+           P.__name__ == 'T'
+           P.__bound__ == None
+           P.__covariant__ == False
+           P.__contravariant__ == False
+
+        Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
+        be pickled.
+        """
+
+        # Trick Generic __parameters__.
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+        @property
+        def args(self):
+            return ParamSpecArgs(self)
+
+        @property
+        def kwargs(self):
+            return ParamSpecKwargs(self)
+
+        def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False,
+                     infer_variance=False, default=_marker):
+            super().__init__([self])
+            self.__name__ = name
+            self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
+            self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
+            self.__infer_variance__ = bool(infer_variance)
+            if bound:
+                self.__bound__ = typing._type_check(bound, 'Bound must be a type.')
+            else:
+                self.__bound__ = None
+            _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default)
+
+            # for pickling:
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            if self.__infer_variance__:
+                prefix = ''
+            elif self.__covariant__:
+                prefix = '+'
+            elif self.__contravariant__:
+                prefix = '-'
+            else:
+                prefix = '~'
+            return prefix + self.__name__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return object.__hash__(self)
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self is other
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass.
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+
+# 3.7-3.9
+if not hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
+    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
+    class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(list):
+
+        # Trick Generic into looking into this for __parameters__.
+        __class__ = typing._GenericAlias
+
+        # Flag in 3.8.
+        _special = False
+
+        def __init__(self, origin, args):
+            super().__init__(args)
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+            self.__args__ = args
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            _type_repr = typing._type_repr
+            return (f'{_type_repr(self.__origin__)}'
+                    f'[{", ".join(_type_repr(arg) for arg in self.__args__)}]')
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))
+
+        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass in Generic.
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+        @property
+        def __parameters__(self):
+            return tuple(
+                tp for tp in self.__args__ if isinstance(tp, (typing.TypeVar, ParamSpec))
+            )
+
+
+# 3.7-3.9
+@typing._tp_cache
+def _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters):
+    if parameters == ():
+        raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
+    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+        parameters = (parameters,)
+    if not isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec):
+        raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
+                        "ParamSpec variable.")
+    msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
+    parameters = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters)
+    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
+    Concatenate = typing.Concatenate
+    _ConcatenateGenericAlias = typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias  # noqa: F811
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def Concatenate(self, parameters):
+        """Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
+        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
+        callable.
+
+        For example::
+
+           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+        """
+        return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
+# 3.7-8
+else:
+    class _ConcatenateForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
+
+    Concatenate = _ConcatenateForm(
+        'Concatenate',
+        doc="""Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
+        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
+        callable.
+
+        For example::
+
+           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+        """)
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeGuard'):
+    TypeGuard = typing.TypeGuard
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
+        """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
+                # "isinstance" type guard
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
+                    ...
+                else:
+                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
+                    ...
+
+        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
+        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+# 3.7-3.8
+else:
+    class _TypeGuardForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    TypeGuard = _TypeGuardForm(
+        'TypeGuard',
+        doc="""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
+                # "isinstance" type guard
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
+                    ...
+                else:
+                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
+                    ...
+
+        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
+        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+        """)
+
+
+# Vendored from cpython typing._SpecialFrom
+class _SpecialForm(typing._Final, _root=True):
+    __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')
+
+    def __init__(self, getitem):
+        self._getitem = getitem
+        self._name = getitem.__name__
+        self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
+            return self._name
+
+        raise AttributeError(item)
+
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'typing_extensions.{self._name}'
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return typing.Union[self, other]
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return typing.Union[other, self]
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")
+
+    @typing._tp_cache
+    def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+        return self._getitem(self, parameters)
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "LiteralString"):
+    LiteralString = typing.LiteralString
+else:
+    @_SpecialForm
+    def LiteralString(self, params):
+        """Represents an arbitrary literal string.
+
+        Example::
+
+          from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import LiteralString
+
+          def query(sql: LiteralString) -> ...:
+              ...
+
+          query("SELECT * FROM table")  # ok
+          query(f"SELECT * FROM {input()}")  # not ok
+
+        See PEP 675 for details.
+
+        """
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "Self"):
+    Self = typing.Self
+else:
+    @_SpecialForm
+    def Self(self, params):
+        """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
+
+        Example::
+
+          from typing import Self
+
+          class ReturnsSelf:
+              def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
+                  ...
+                  return self
+
+        """
+
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "Never"):
+    Never = typing.Never
+else:
+    @_SpecialForm
+    def Never(self, params):
+        """The bottom type, a type that has no members.
+
+        This can be used to define a function that should never be
+        called, or a function that never returns::
+
+            from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import Never
+
+            def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
+                pass
+
+            def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+                never_call_me(arg)  # type checker error
+                match arg:
+                    case int():
+                        print("It's an int")
+                    case str():
+                        print("It's a str")
+                    case _:
+                        never_call_me(arg)  # ok, arg is of type Never
+
+        """
+
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Required'):
+    Required = typing.Required
+    NotRequired = typing.NotRequired
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def Required(self, parameters):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
+        as required. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+                title: Required[str]
+                year: int
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+
+        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def NotRequired(self, parameters):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
+        potentially missing. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: NotRequired[int]
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+else:
+    class _RequiredForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    Required = _RequiredForm(
+        'Required',
+        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
+        as required. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+                title: Required[str]
+                year: int
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+
+        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+        """)
+    NotRequired = _RequiredForm(
+        'NotRequired',
+        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
+        potentially missing. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: NotRequired[int]
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+        """)
+
+
+_UNPACK_DOC = """\
+Type unpack operator.
+
+The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type,
+such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'. For
+example:
+
+  # For some generic class `Foo`:
+  Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]]  # Equivalent to Foo[int, str]
+
+  Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+  # Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types.
+  # (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual
+  #  `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the
+  #  `Generic[]`.)
+  class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
+  Bar[int]  # Valid
+  Bar[int, str]  # Also valid
+
+From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator:
+
+    Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
+    class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+
+The operator can also be used along with a `TypedDict` to annotate
+`**kwargs` in a function signature. For instance:
+
+  class Movie(TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    year: int
+
+  # This function expects two keyword arguments - *name* of type `str` and
+  # *year* of type `int`.
+  def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...
+
+Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not
+everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers.
+
+For more information, see PEP 646 and PEP 692.
+"""
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):  # PEP 692 changed the repr of Unpack[]
+    Unpack = typing.Unpack
+
+    def _is_unpack(obj):
+        return get_origin(obj) is Unpack
+
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    class _UnpackSpecialForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __init__(self, getitem):
+            super().__init__(getitem)
+            self.__doc__ = _UNPACK_DOC
+
+    class _UnpackAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+    @_UnpackSpecialForm
+    def Unpack(self, parameters):
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+        return _UnpackAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    def _is_unpack(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, _UnpackAlias)
+
+else:
+    class _UnpackAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+    class _UnpackForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+            return _UnpackAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    Unpack = _UnpackForm('Unpack', doc=_UNPACK_DOC)
+
+    def _is_unpack(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, _UnpackAlias)
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"):  # 3.11+
+
+    # Add default parameter - PEP 696
+    class TypeVarTuple(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
+        """Type variable tuple."""
+
+        _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVarTuple
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, *, default=_marker):
+            tvt = typing.TypeVarTuple(name)
+            _set_default(tvt, default)
+            _set_module(tvt)
+            return tvt
+
+        def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")
+
+else:
+    class TypeVarTuple(_DefaultMixin):
+        """Type variable tuple.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        In the same way that a normal type variable is a stand-in for a single
+        type such as ``int``, a type variable *tuple* is a stand-in for a *tuple*
+        type such as ``Tuple[int, str]``.
+
+        Type variable tuples can be used in ``Generic`` declarations.
+        Consider the following example::
+
+            class Array(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+
+        The ``Ts`` type variable tuple here behaves like ``tuple[T1, T2]``,
+        where ``T1`` and ``T2`` are type variables. To use these type variables
+        as type parameters of ``Array``, we must *unpack* the type variable tuple using
+        the star operator: ``*Ts``. The signature of ``Array`` then behaves
+        as if we had simply written ``class Array(Generic[T1, T2]): ...``.
+        In contrast to ``Generic[T1, T2]``, however, ``Generic[*Shape]`` allows
+        us to parameterise the class with an *arbitrary* number of type parameters.
+
+        Type variable tuples can be used anywhere a normal ``TypeVar`` can.
+        This includes class definitions, as shown above, as well as function
+        signatures and variable annotations::
+
+            class Array(Generic[*Ts]):
+
+                def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[*Ts]):
+                    self._shape: Tuple[*Ts] = shape
+
+                def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[*Ts]:
+                    return self._shape
+
+            shape = (Height(480), Width(640))
+            x: Array[Height, Width] = Array(shape)
+            y = abs(x)  # Inferred type is Array[Height, Width]
+            z = x + x   #        ...    is Array[Height, Width]
+            x.get_shape()  #     ...    is tuple[Height, Width]
+
+        """
+
+        # Trick Generic __parameters__.
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            yield self.__unpacked__
+
+        def __init__(self, name, *, default=_marker):
+            self.__name__ = name
+            _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default)
+
+            # for pickling:
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+            self.__unpacked__ = Unpack[self]
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return object.__hash__(self)
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self is other
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            if '_root' not in kwds:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "reveal_type"):
+    reveal_type = typing.reveal_type
+else:
+    def reveal_type(__obj: T) -> T:
+        """Reveal the inferred type of a variable.
+
+        When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``,
+        it will emit the inferred type of the argument::
+
+            x: int = 1
+            reveal_type(x)
+
+        Running a static type checker (e.g., ``mypy``) on this example
+        will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'.
+
+        At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the
+        argument and returns it unchanged.
+
+        """
+        print(f"Runtime type is {type(__obj).__name__!r}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return __obj
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "assert_never"):
+    assert_never = typing.assert_never
+else:
+    def assert_never(__arg: Never) -> Never:
+        """Assert to the type checker that a line of code is unreachable.
+
+        Example::
+
+            def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+                match arg:
+                    case int():
+                        print("It's an int")
+                    case str():
+                        print("It's a str")
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(arg)
+
+        If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is
+        reachable, it will emit an error.
+
+        At runtime, this throws an exception when called.
+
+        """
+        raise AssertionError("Expected code to be unreachable")
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    # dataclass_transform exists in 3.11 but lacks the frozen_default parameter
+    dataclass_transform = typing.dataclass_transform
+else:
+    def dataclass_transform(
+        *,
+        eq_default: bool = True,
+        order_default: bool = False,
+        kw_only_default: bool = False,
+        frozen_default: bool = False,
+        field_specifiers: typing.Tuple[
+            typing.Union[typing.Type[typing.Any], typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]],
+            ...
+        ] = (),
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> typing.Callable[[T], T]:
+        """Decorator that marks a function, class, or metaclass as providing
+        dataclass-like behavior.
+
+        Example:
+
+            from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import dataclass_transform
+
+            _T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+            # Used on a decorator function
+            @dataclass_transform()
+            def create_model(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]:
+                ...
+                return cls
+
+            @create_model
+            class CustomerModel:
+                id: int
+                name: str
+
+            # Used on a base class
+            @dataclass_transform()
+            class ModelBase: ...
+
+            class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+                id: int
+                name: str
+
+            # Used on a metaclass
+            @dataclass_transform()
+            class ModelMeta(type): ...
+
+            class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...
+
+            class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+                id: int
+                name: str
+
+        Each of the ``CustomerModel`` classes defined in this example will now
+        behave similarly to a dataclass created with the ``@dataclasses.dataclass``
+        decorator. For example, the type checker will synthesize an ``__init__``
+        method.
+
+        The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior:
+        - ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be
+          True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is
+          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is
+          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``frozen_default`` indicates whether the ``frozen`` parameter is
+          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes
+          or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``.
+
+        At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the
+        ``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object.
+
+        See PEP 681 for details.
+
+        """
+        def decorator(cls_or_fn):
+            cls_or_fn.__dataclass_transform__ = {
+                "eq_default": eq_default,
+                "order_default": order_default,
+                "kw_only_default": kw_only_default,
+                "frozen_default": frozen_default,
+                "field_specifiers": field_specifiers,
+                "kwargs": kwargs,
+            }
+            return cls_or_fn
+        return decorator
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "override"):
+    override = typing.override
+else:
+    _F = typing.TypeVar("_F", bound=typing.Callable[..., typing.Any])
+
+    def override(__arg: _F) -> _F:
+        """Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class.
+
+        Usage:
+
+            class Base:
+                def method(self) -> None: ...
+                    pass
+
+            class Child(Base):
+                @override
+                def method(self) -> None:
+                    super().method()
+
+        When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will
+        validate that it overrides a method with the same name on a base class.
+        This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is changed
+        without an equivalent change to a child class.
+
+        There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
+        sets the ``__override__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object
+        to allow runtime introspection.
+
+        See PEP 698 for details.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            __arg.__override__ = True
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+            # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+            # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+            pass
+        return __arg
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "deprecated"):
+    deprecated = typing.deprecated
+else:
+    _T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
+
+    def deprecated(
+        __msg: str,
+        *,
+        category: typing.Optional[typing.Type[Warning]] = DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel: int = 1,
+    ) -> typing.Callable[[_T], _T]:
+        """Indicate that a class, function or overload is deprecated.
+
+        Usage:
+
+            @deprecated("Use B instead")
+            class A:
+                pass
+
+            @deprecated("Use g instead")
+            def f():
+                pass
+
+            @overload
+            @deprecated("int support is deprecated")
+            def g(x: int) -> int: ...
+            @overload
+            def g(x: str) -> int: ...
+
+        When this decorator is applied to an object, the type checker
+        will generate a diagnostic on usage of the deprecated object.
+
+        The warning specified by ``category`` will be emitted on use
+        of deprecated objects. For functions, that happens on calls;
+        for classes, on instantiation. If the ``category`` is ``None``,
+        no warning is emitted. The ``stacklevel`` determines where the
+        warning is emitted. If it is ``1`` (the default), the warning
+        is emitted at the direct caller of the deprecated object; if it
+        is higher, it is emitted further up the stack.
+
+        The decorator sets the ``__deprecated__``
+        attribute on the decorated object to the deprecation message
+        passed to the decorator. If applied to an overload, the decorator
+        must be after the ``@overload`` decorator for the attribute to
+        exist on the overload as returned by ``get_overloads()``.
+
+        See PEP 702 for details.
+
+        """
+        def decorator(__arg: _T) -> _T:
+            if category is None:
+                __arg.__deprecated__ = __msg
+                return __arg
+            elif isinstance(__arg, type):
+                original_new = __arg.__new__
+                has_init = __arg.__init__ is not object.__init__
+
+                @functools.wraps(original_new)
+                def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                    warnings.warn(__msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+                    if original_new is not object.__new__:
+                        return original_new(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+                    # Mirrors a similar check in object.__new__.
+                    elif not has_init and (args or kwargs):
+                        raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__}() takes no arguments")
+                    else:
+                        return original_new(cls)
+
+                __arg.__new__ = staticmethod(__new__)
+                __arg.__deprecated__ = __new__.__deprecated__ = __msg
+                return __arg
+            elif callable(__arg):
+                @functools.wraps(__arg)
+                def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+                    warnings.warn(__msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+                    return __arg(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                __arg.__deprecated__ = wrapper.__deprecated__ = __msg
+                return wrapper
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "@deprecated decorator with non-None category must be applied to "
+                    f"a class or callable, not {__arg!r}"
+                )
+
+        return decorator
+
+
+# We have to do some monkey patching to deal with the dual nature of
+# Unpack/TypeVarTuple:
+# - We want Unpack to be a kind of TypeVar so it gets accepted in
+#   Generic[Unpack[Ts]]
+# - We want it to *not* be treated as a TypeVar for the purposes of
+#   counting generic parameters, so that when we subscript a generic,
+#   the runtime doesn't try to substitute the Unpack with the subscripted type.
+if not hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"):
+    typing._collect_type_vars = _collect_type_vars
+    typing._check_generic = _check_generic
+
+
+# Backport typing.NamedTuple as it exists in Python 3.12.
+# In 3.11, the ability to define generic `NamedTuple`s was supported.
+# This was explicitly disallowed in 3.9-3.10, and only half-worked in <=3.8.
+# On 3.12, we added __orig_bases__ to call-based NamedTuples
+# On 3.13, we deprecated kwargs-based NamedTuples
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    NamedTuple = typing.NamedTuple
+else:
+    def _make_nmtuple(name, types, module, defaults=()):
+        fields = [n for n, t in types]
+        annotations = {n: typing._type_check(t, f"field {n} annotation must be a type")
+                       for n, t in types}
+        nm_tpl = collections.namedtuple(name, fields,
+                                        defaults=defaults, module=module)
+        nm_tpl.__annotations__ = nm_tpl.__new__.__annotations__ = annotations
+        # The `_field_types` attribute was removed in 3.9;
+        # in earlier versions, it is the same as the `__annotations__` attribute
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+            nm_tpl._field_types = annotations
+        return nm_tpl
+
+    _prohibited_namedtuple_fields = typing._prohibited
+    _special_namedtuple_fields = frozenset({'__module__', '__name__', '__annotations__'})
+
+    class _NamedTupleMeta(type):
+        def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns):
+            assert _NamedTuple in bases
+            for base in bases:
+                if base is not _NamedTuple and base is not typing.Generic:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        'can only inherit from a NamedTuple type and Generic')
+            bases = tuple(tuple if base is _NamedTuple else base for base in bases)
+            types = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
+            default_names = []
+            for field_name in types:
+                if field_name in ns:
+                    default_names.append(field_name)
+                elif default_names:
+                    raise TypeError(f"Non-default namedtuple field {field_name} "
+                                    f"cannot follow default field"
+                                    f"{'s' if len(default_names) > 1 else ''} "
+                                    f"{', '.join(default_names)}")
+            nm_tpl = _make_nmtuple(
+                typename, types.items(),
+                defaults=[ns[n] for n in default_names],
+                module=ns['__module__']
+            )
+            nm_tpl.__bases__ = bases
+            if typing.Generic in bases:
+                if hasattr(typing, '_generic_class_getitem'):  # 3.12+
+                    nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(typing._generic_class_getitem)
+                else:
+                    class_getitem = typing.Generic.__class_getitem__.__func__
+                    nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(class_getitem)
+            # update from user namespace without overriding special namedtuple attributes
+            for key in ns:
+                if key in _prohibited_namedtuple_fields:
+                    raise AttributeError("Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute " + key)
+                elif key not in _special_namedtuple_fields and key not in nm_tpl._fields:
+                    setattr(nm_tpl, key, ns[key])
+            if typing.Generic in bases:
+                nm_tpl.__init_subclass__()
+            return nm_tpl
+
+    _NamedTuple = type.__new__(_NamedTupleMeta, 'NamedTuple', (), {})
+
+    def _namedtuple_mro_entries(bases):
+        assert NamedTuple in bases
+        return (_NamedTuple,)
+
+    @_ensure_subclassable(_namedtuple_mro_entries)
+    def NamedTuple(__typename, __fields=_marker, **kwargs):
+        """Typed version of namedtuple.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            class Employee(NamedTuple):
+                name: str
+                id: int
+
+        This is equivalent to::
+
+            Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])
+
+        The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
+        dict that maps field names to types.  (The field names are also in
+        the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
+        An alternative equivalent functional syntax is also accepted::
+
+            Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
+        """
+        if __fields is _marker:
+            if kwargs:
+                deprecated_thing = "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments"
+                deprecation_msg = (
+                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                    "Use the class-based or functional syntax instead."
+                )
+            else:
+                deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+                example = f"`{__typename} = NamedTuple({__typename!r}, [])`"
+                deprecation_msg = (
+                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                    "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                    "using the functional syntax, "
+                    "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+                ) + example + "."
+        elif __fields is None:
+            if kwargs:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter "
+                    "and also specify fields using keyword arguments"
+                )
+            else:
+                deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+                example = f"`{__typename} = NamedTuple({__typename!r}, [])`"
+                deprecation_msg = (
+                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                    "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                    "using the functional syntax, "
+                    "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+                ) + example + "."
+        elif kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("Either list of fields or keywords"
+                            " can be provided to NamedTuple, not both")
+        if __fields is _marker or __fields is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                deprecation_msg.format(name=deprecated_thing, remove="3.15"),
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            __fields = kwargs.items()
+        nt = _make_nmtuple(__typename, __fields, module=_caller())
+        nt.__orig_bases__ = (NamedTuple,)
+        return nt
+
+    # On 3.8+, alter the signature so that it matches typing.NamedTuple.
+    # The signature of typing.NamedTuple on >=3.8 is invalid syntax in Python 3.7,
+    # so just leave the signature as it is on 3.7.
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+        _new_signature = '(typename, fields=None, /, **kwargs)'
+        if isinstance(NamedTuple, _types.FunctionType):
+            NamedTuple.__text_signature__ = _new_signature
+        else:
+            NamedTuple.__call__.__text_signature__ = _new_signature
+
+
+if hasattr(collections.abc, "Buffer"):
+    Buffer = collections.abc.Buffer
+else:
+    class Buffer(abc.ABC):
+        """Base class for classes that implement the buffer protocol.
+
+        The buffer protocol allows Python objects to expose a low-level
+        memory buffer interface. Before Python 3.12, it is not possible
+        to implement the buffer protocol in pure Python code, or even
+        to check whether a class implements the buffer protocol. In
+        Python 3.12 and higher, the ``__buffer__`` method allows access
+        to the buffer protocol from Python code, and the
+        ``collections.abc.Buffer`` ABC allows checking whether a class
+        implements the buffer protocol.
+
+        To indicate support for the buffer protocol in earlier versions,
+        inherit from this ABC, either in a stub file or at runtime,
+        or use ABC registration. This ABC provides no methods, because
+        there is no Python-accessible methods shared by pre-3.12 buffer
+        classes. It is useful primarily for static checks.
+
+        """
+
+    # As a courtesy, register the most common stdlib buffer classes.
+    Buffer.register(memoryview)
+    Buffer.register(bytearray)
+    Buffer.register(bytes)
+
+
+# Backport of types.get_original_bases, available on 3.12+ in CPython
+if hasattr(_types, "get_original_bases"):
+    get_original_bases = _types.get_original_bases
+else:
+    def get_original_bases(__cls):
+        """Return the class's "original" bases prior to modification by `__mro_entries__`.
+
+        Examples::
+
+            from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+            from pip._vendor.typing_extensions import NamedTuple, TypedDict
+
+            T = TypeVar("T")
+            class Foo(Generic[T]): ...
+            class Bar(Foo[int], float): ...
+            class Baz(list[str]): ...
+            Eggs = NamedTuple("Eggs", [("a", int), ("b", str)])
+            Spam = TypedDict("Spam", {"a": int, "b": str})
+
+            assert get_original_bases(Bar) == (Foo[int], float)
+            assert get_original_bases(Baz) == (list[str],)
+            assert get_original_bases(Eggs) == (NamedTuple,)
+            assert get_original_bases(Spam) == (TypedDict,)
+            assert get_original_bases(int) == (object,)
+        """
+        try:
+            return __cls.__orig_bases__
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                return __cls.__bases__
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f'Expected an instance of type, not {type(__cls).__name__!r}'
+                ) from None
+
+
+# NewType is a class on Python 3.10+, making it pickleable
+# The error message for subclassing instances of NewType was improved on 3.11+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    NewType = typing.NewType
+else:
+    class NewType:
+        """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
+        runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
+        by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
+        a dummy callable that simply returns its argument. Usage::
+            UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
+            def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
+                ...
+            UserId('user')          # Fails type check
+            name_by_id(42)          # Fails type check
+            name_by_id(UserId(42))  # OK
+            num = UserId(5) + 1     # type: int
+        """
+
+        def __call__(self, obj):
+            return obj
+
+        def __init__(self, name, tp):
+            self.__qualname__ = name
+            if '.' in name:
+                name = name.rpartition('.')[-1]
+            self.__name__ = name
+            self.__supertype__ = tp
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+        def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+            # We defined __mro_entries__ to get a better error message
+            # if a user attempts to subclass a NewType instance. bpo-46170
+            supercls_name = self.__name__
+
+            class Dummy:
+                def __init_subclass__(cls):
+                    subcls_name = cls.__name__
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Cannot subclass an instance of NewType. "
+                        f"Perhaps you were looking for: "
+                        f"`{subcls_name} = NewType({subcls_name!r}, {supercls_name})`"
+                    )
+
+            return (Dummy,)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f'{self.__module__}.{self.__qualname__}'
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__qualname__
+
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+            # PEP 604 methods
+            # It doesn't make sense to have these methods on Python <3.10
+
+            def __or__(self, other):
+                return typing.Union[self, other]
+
+            def __ror__(self, other):
+                return typing.Union[other, self]
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
+    TypeAliasType = typing.TypeAliasType
+else:
+    def _is_unionable(obj):
+        """Corresponds to is_unionable() in unionobject.c in CPython."""
+        return obj is None or isinstance(obj, (
+            type,
+            _types.GenericAlias,
+            _types.UnionType,
+            TypeAliasType,
+        ))
+
+    class TypeAliasType:
+        """Create named, parameterized type aliases.
+
+        This provides a backport of the new `type` statement in Python 3.12:
+
+            type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]
+
+        is equivalent to:
+
+            T = TypeVar("T")
+            ListOrSet = TypeAliasType("ListOrSet", list[T] | set[T], type_params=(T,))
+
+        The name ListOrSet can then be used as an alias for the type it refers to.
+
+        The type_params argument should contain all the type parameters used
+        in the value of the type alias. If the alias is not generic, this
+        argument is omitted.
+
+        Static type checkers should only support type aliases declared using
+        TypeAliasType that follow these rules:
+
+        - The first argument (the name) must be a string literal.
+        - The TypeAliasType instance must be immediately assigned to a variable
+          of the same name. (For example, 'X = TypeAliasType("Y", int)' is invalid,
+          as is 'X, Y = TypeAliasType("X", int), TypeAliasType("Y", int)').
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, name: str, value, *, type_params=()):
+            if not isinstance(name, str):
+                raise TypeError("TypeAliasType name must be a string")
+            self.__value__ = value
+            self.__type_params__ = type_params
+
+            parameters = []
+            for type_param in type_params:
+                if isinstance(type_param, TypeVarTuple):
+                    parameters.extend(type_param)
+                else:
+                    parameters.append(type_param)
+            self.__parameters__ = tuple(parameters)
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+            # Setting this attribute closes the TypeAliasType from further modification
+            self.__name__ = name
+
+        def __setattr__(self, __name: str, __value: object) -> None:
+            if hasattr(self, "__name__"):
+                self._raise_attribute_error(__name)
+            super().__setattr__(__name, __value)
+
+        def __delattr__(self, __name: str) -> Never:
+            self._raise_attribute_error(__name)
+
+        def _raise_attribute_error(self, name: str) -> Never:
+            # Match the Python 3.12 error messages exactly
+            if name == "__name__":
+                raise AttributeError("readonly attribute")
+            elif name in {"__value__", "__type_params__", "__parameters__", "__module__"}:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f"attribute '{name}' of 'typing.TypeAliasType' objects "
+                    "is not writable"
+                )
+            else:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f"'typing.TypeAliasType' object has no attribute '{name}'"
+                )
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return self.__name__
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+                parameters = (parameters,)
+            parameters = [
+                typing._type_check(
+                    item, f'Subscripting {self.__name__} requires a type.'
+                )
+                for item in parameters
+            ]
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, tuple(parameters))
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "type 'typing_extensions.TypeAliasType' is not an acceptable base type"
+            )
+
+        # The presence of this method convinces typing._type_check
+        # that TypeAliasTypes are types.
+        def __call__(self):
+            raise TypeError("Type alias is not callable")
+
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+            def __or__(self, right):
+                # For forward compatibility with 3.12, reject Unions
+                # that are not accepted by the built-in Union.
+                if not _is_unionable(right):
+                    return NotImplemented
+                return typing.Union[self, right]
+
+            def __ror__(self, left):
+                if not _is_unionable(left):
+                    return NotImplemented
+                return typing.Union[left, self]
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "is_protocol"):
+    is_protocol = typing.is_protocol
+    get_protocol_members = typing.get_protocol_members
+else:
+    def is_protocol(__tp: type) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given type is a Protocol.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, is_protocol
+            >>> class P(Protocol):
+            ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
+            ...     b: int
+            >>> is_protocol(P)
+            True
+            >>> is_protocol(int)
+            False
+        """
+        return (
+            isinstance(__tp, type)
+            and getattr(__tp, '_is_protocol', False)
+            and __tp is not Protocol
+            and __tp is not getattr(typing, "Protocol", object())
+        )
+
+    def get_protocol_members(__tp: type) -> typing.FrozenSet[str]:
+        """Return the set of members defined in a Protocol.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, get_protocol_members
+            >>> class P(Protocol):
+            ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
+            ...     b: int
+            >>> get_protocol_members(P)
+            frozenset({'a', 'b'})
+
+        Raise a TypeError for arguments that are not Protocols.
+        """
+        if not is_protocol(__tp):
+            raise TypeError(f'{__tp!r} is not a Protocol')
+        if hasattr(__tp, '__protocol_attrs__'):
+            return frozenset(__tp.__protocol_attrs__)
+        return frozenset(_get_protocol_attrs(__tp))
+
+
+# Aliases for items that have always been in typing.
+# Explicitly assign these (rather than using `from typing import *` at the top),
+# so that we get a CI error if one of these is deleted from typing.py
+# in a future version of Python
+AbstractSet = typing.AbstractSet
+AnyStr = typing.AnyStr
+BinaryIO = typing.BinaryIO
+Callable = typing.Callable
+Collection = typing.Collection
+Container = typing.Container
+Dict = typing.Dict
+ForwardRef = typing.ForwardRef
+FrozenSet = typing.FrozenSet
+Generator = typing.Generator
+Generic = typing.Generic
+Hashable = typing.Hashable
+IO = typing.IO
+ItemsView = typing.ItemsView
+Iterable = typing.Iterable
+Iterator = typing.Iterator
+KeysView = typing.KeysView
+List = typing.List
+Mapping = typing.Mapping
+MappingView = typing.MappingView
+Match = typing.Match
+MutableMapping = typing.MutableMapping
+MutableSequence = typing.MutableSequence
+MutableSet = typing.MutableSet
+Optional = typing.Optional
+Pattern = typing.Pattern
+Reversible = typing.Reversible
+Sequence = typing.Sequence
+Set = typing.Set
+Sized = typing.Sized
+TextIO = typing.TextIO
+Tuple = typing.Tuple
+Union = typing.Union
+ValuesView = typing.ValuesView
+cast = typing.cast
+no_type_check = typing.no_type_check
+no_type_check_decorator = typing.no_type_check_decorator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6fa3821
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+"""
+Python HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post support, user friendly, and more
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+import warnings
+from logging import NullHandler
+
+from . import exceptions
+from ._version import __version__
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool, connection_from_url
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+from .util.request import make_headers
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import get_host
+
+# === NOTE TO REPACKAGERS AND VENDORS ===
+# Please delete this block, this logic is only
+# for urllib3 being distributed via PyPI.
+# See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2680
+try:
+    import urllib3_secure_extra  # type: ignore # noqa: F401
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    warnings.warn(
+        "'urllib3[secure]' extra is deprecated and will be removed "
+        "in a future release of urllib3 2.x. Read more in this issue: "
+        "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2680",
+        category=DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+
+__author__ = "Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)"
+__license__ = "MIT"
+__version__ = __version__
+
+__all__ = (
+    "HTTPConnectionPool",
+    "HTTPSConnectionPool",
+    "PoolManager",
+    "ProxyManager",
+    "HTTPResponse",
+    "Retry",
+    "Timeout",
+    "add_stderr_logger",
+    "connection_from_url",
+    "disable_warnings",
+    "encode_multipart_formdata",
+    "get_host",
+    "make_headers",
+    "proxy_from_url",
+)
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+
+def add_stderr_logger(level=logging.DEBUG):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly adding a StreamHandler to the logger. Useful for
+    debugging.
+
+    Returns the handler after adding it.
+    """
+    # This method needs to be in this __init__.py to get the __name__ correct
+    # even if urllib3 is vendored within another package.
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s"))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+    logger.setLevel(level)
+    logger.debug("Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s", __name__)
+    return handler
+
+
+# ... Clean up.
+del NullHandler
+
+
+# All warning filters *must* be appended unless you're really certain that they
+# shouldn't be: otherwise, it's very hard for users to use most Python
+# mechanisms to silence them.
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter("always", exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+# SubjectAltNameWarning's should go off once per host
+warnings.simplefilter("default", exceptions.SubjectAltNameWarning, append=True)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter("default", exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning, append=True)
+# SNIMissingWarnings should go off only once.
+warnings.simplefilter("default", exceptions.SNIMissingWarning, append=True)
+
+
+def disable_warnings(category=exceptions.HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
+    """
+    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/_collections.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da9857e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
+except ImportError:
+    from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
+try:
+    from threading import RLock
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: No threads available
+
+    class RLock:
+        def __enter__(self):
+            pass
+
+        def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+            pass
+
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from .exceptions import InvalidHeader
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six import iterkeys, itervalues
+
+__all__ = ["RecentlyUsedContainer", "HTTPHeaderDict"]
+
+
+_Null = object()
+
+
+class RecentlyUsedContainer(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    Provides a thread-safe dict-like container which maintains up to
+    ``maxsize`` keys while throwing away the least-recently-used keys beyond
+    ``maxsize``.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Maximum number of recent elements to retain.
+
+    :param dispose_func:
+        Every time an item is evicted from the container,
+        ``dispose_func(value)`` is called.  Callback which will get called
+    """
+
+    ContainerCls = OrderedDict
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=10, dispose_func=None):
+        self._maxsize = maxsize
+        self.dispose_func = dispose_func
+
+        self._container = self.ContainerCls()
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # Re-insert the item, moving it to the end of the eviction line.
+        with self.lock:
+            item = self._container.pop(key)
+            self._container[key] = item
+            return item
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        evicted_value = _Null
+        with self.lock:
+            # Possibly evict the existing value of 'key'
+            evicted_value = self._container.get(key, _Null)
+            self._container[key] = value
+
+            # If we didn't evict an existing value, we might have to evict the
+            # least recently used item from the beginning of the container.
+            if len(self._container) > self._maxsize:
+                _key, evicted_value = self._container.popitem(last=False)
+
+        if self.dispose_func and evicted_value is not _Null:
+            self.dispose_func(evicted_value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        with self.lock:
+            value = self._container.pop(key)
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Iteration over this class is unlikely to be threadsafe."
+        )
+
+    def clear(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            # Copy pointers to all values, then wipe the mapping
+            values = list(itervalues(self._container))
+            self._container.clear()
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            for value in values:
+                self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def keys(self):
+        with self.lock:
+            return list(iterkeys(self._container))
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    :param headers:
+        An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
+        when compared case-insensitively.
+
+    :param kwargs:
+        Additional field-value pairs to pass in to ``dict.update``.
+
+    A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
+
+    Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    case-insensitive pair.
+
+    Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
+    case-insensitively in order to maintain ``dict``'s api. For fields that
+    compare equal, instead create a new ``HTTPHeaderDict`` and use ``.add``
+    in a loop.
+
+    If multiple fields that are equal case-insensitively are passed to the
+    constructor or ``.update``, the behavior is undefined and some will be
+    lost.
+
+    >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
+    >>> headers.add('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar')
+    >>> headers.add('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')
+    >>> headers['content-length'] = '7'
+    >>> headers['SET-cookie']
+    'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
+    >>> headers['Content-Length']
+    '7'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
+        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
+        self._container = OrderedDict()
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        self._container[key.lower()] = [key, val]
+        return self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = self._container[key.lower()]
+        return ", ".join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key.lower() in self._container
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            other = type(self)(other)
+        return dict((k.lower(), v) for k, v in self.itermerged()) == dict(
+            (k.lower(), v) for k, v in other.itermerged()
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    if six.PY2:  # Python 2
+        iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
+        itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Only provide the originally cased names
+        for vals in self._container.values():
+            yield vals[0]
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        """D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
+        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
+        """
+        # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private marker.
+        # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
+        # So let's reinvent the wheel.
+        try:
+            value = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+            return value
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key, val):
+        """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
+        exists.
+
+        >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict(foo='bar')
+        >>> headers.add('Foo', 'baz')
+        >>> headers['foo']
+        'bar, baz'
+        """
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = [key, val]
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = self._container.setdefault(key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            vals.append(val)
+
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                "arguments ({0} given)".format(len(args))
+            )
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            for key in other:
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    def getlist(self, key, default=__marker):
+        """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
+        empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
+        try:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                return []
+            return default
+        else:
+            return vals[1:]
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for http.cookiejar
+    get_all = getlist
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
+
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = other.getlist(key)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                # Don't need to convert tuples
+                val = list(val)
+            self._container[key.lower()] = [key] + val
+
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self):
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = self._container[key.lower()]
+            yield val[0], ", ".join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(cls, message):  # Python 2
+        """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        obs_fold_continued_leaders = (" ", "\t")
+        headers = []
+
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith(obs_fold_continued_leaders):
+                if not headers:
+                    # We received a header line that starts with OWS as described
+                    # in RFC-7230 S3.2.4. This indicates a multiline header, but
+                    # there exists no previous header to which we can attach it.
+                    raise InvalidHeader(
+                        "Header continuation with no previous header: %s" % line
+                    )
+                else:
+                    key, value = headers[-1]
+                    headers[-1] = (key, value + " " + line.strip())
+                    continue
+
+            key, value = line.split(":", 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/_version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/_version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cad75fb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/_version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# This file is protected via CODEOWNERS
+__version__ = "1.26.17"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54b96b19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import datetime
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import warnings
+from socket import error as SocketError
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six.moves.http_client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+from .packages.six.moves.http_client import HTTPException  # noqa: F401
+from .util.proxy import create_proxy_ssl_context
+
+try:  # Compiled with SSL?
+    import ssl
+
+    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # Platform-specific: No SSL.
+    ssl = None
+
+    class BaseSSLError(BaseException):
+        pass
+
+
+try:
+    # Python 3: not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+    ConnectionError = ConnectionError
+except NameError:
+    # Python 2
+    class ConnectionError(Exception):
+        pass
+
+
+try:  # Python 3:
+    # Not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+    BrokenPipeError = BrokenPipeError
+except NameError:  # Python 2:
+
+    class BrokenPipeError(Exception):
+        pass
+
+
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict  # noqa (historical, removed in v2)
+from ._version import __version__
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    SubjectAltNameWarning,
+    SystemTimeWarning,
+)
+from .util import SKIP_HEADER, SKIPPABLE_HEADERS, connection
+from .util.ssl_ import (
+    assert_fingerprint,
+    create_urllib3_context,
+    is_ipaddress,
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+)
+from .util.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError, match_hostname
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+port_by_scheme = {"http": 80, "https": 443}
+
+# When it comes time to update this value as a part of regular maintenance
+# (ie test_recent_date is failing) update it to ~6 months before the current date.
+RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2022, 1, 1)
+
+_CONTAINS_CONTROL_CHAR_RE = re.compile(r"[^-!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9a-zA-Z]")
+
+
+class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection, object):
+    """
+    Based on :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection` but provides an extra constructor
+    backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.
+
+    Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection.
+    Accepted parameters include:
+
+    - ``strict``: See the documentation on :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    - ``source_address``: Set the source address for the current connection.
+    - ``socket_options``: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then
+      defaults are loaded from ``HTTPConnection.default_socket_options`` which includes disabling
+      Nagle's algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.
+
+      For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults,
+      you might pass:
+
+      .. code-block:: python
+
+         HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
+             (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
+         ]
+
+      Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
+    """
+
+    default_port = port_by_scheme["http"]
+
+    #: Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
+    #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
+    default_socket_options = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+
+    #: Whether this connection verifies the host's certificate.
+    is_verified = False
+
+    #: Whether this proxy connection (if used) verifies the proxy host's
+    #: certificate.
+    proxy_is_verified = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        if not six.PY2:
+            kw.pop("strict", None)
+
+        # Pre-set source_address.
+        self.source_address = kw.get("source_address")
+
+        #: The socket options provided by the user. If no options are
+        #: provided, we use the default options.
+        self.socket_options = kw.pop("socket_options", self.default_socket_options)
+
+        # Proxy options provided by the user.
+        self.proxy = kw.pop("proxy", None)
+        self.proxy_config = kw.pop("proxy_config", None)
+
+        _HTTPConnection.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def host(self):
+        """
+        Getter method to remove any trailing dots that indicate the hostname is an FQDN.
+
+        In general, SSL certificates don't include the trailing dot indicating a
+        fully-qualified domain name, and thus, they don't validate properly when
+        checked against a domain name that includes the dot. In addition, some
+        servers may not expect to receive the trailing dot when provided.
+
+        However, the hostname with trailing dot is critical to DNS resolution; doing a
+        lookup with the trailing dot will properly only resolve the appropriate FQDN,
+        whereas a lookup without a trailing dot will search the system's search domain
+        list. Thus, it's important to keep the original host around for use only in
+        those cases where it's appropriate (i.e., when doing DNS lookup to establish the
+        actual TCP connection across which we're going to send HTTP requests).
+        """
+        return self._dns_host.rstrip(".")
+
+    @host.setter
+    def host(self, value):
+        """
+        Setter for the `host` property.
+
+        We assume that only urllib3 uses the _dns_host attribute; httplib itself
+        only uses `host`, and it seems reasonable that other libraries follow suit.
+        """
+        self._dns_host = value
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
+
+        :return: New socket connection.
+        """
+        extra_kw = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
+
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = connection.create_connection(
+                (self._dns_host, self.port), self.timeout, **extra_kw
+            )
+
+        except SocketTimeout:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self,
+                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                % (self.host, self.timeout),
+            )
+
+        except SocketError as e:
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
+            )
+
+        return conn
+
+    def _is_using_tunnel(self):
+        # Google App Engine's httplib does not define _tunnel_host
+        return getattr(self, "_tunnel_host", None)
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        self.sock = conn
+        if self._is_using_tunnel():
+            # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+    def connect(self):
+        conn = self._new_conn()
+        self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+    def putrequest(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ """
+        # Empty docstring because the indentation of CPython's implementation
+        # is broken but we don't want this method in our documentation.
+        match = _CONTAINS_CONTROL_CHAR_RE.search(method)
+        if match:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Method cannot contain non-token characters %r (found at least %r)"
+                % (method, match.group())
+            )
+
+        return _HTTPConnection.putrequest(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def putheader(self, header, *values):
+        """ """
+        if not any(isinstance(v, str) and v == SKIP_HEADER for v in values):
+            _HTTPConnection.putheader(self, header, *values)
+        elif six.ensure_str(header.lower()) not in SKIPPABLE_HEADERS:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "urllib3.util.SKIP_HEADER only supports '%s'"
+                % ("', '".join(map(str.title, sorted(SKIPPABLE_HEADERS))),)
+            )
+
+    def request(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
+        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
+        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
+        if getattr(self, "sock", None) is not None:
+            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+        else:
+            # Avoid modifying the headers passed into .request()
+            headers = headers.copy()
+        if "user-agent" not in (six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers):
+            headers["User-Agent"] = _get_default_user_agent()
+        super(HTTPConnection, self).request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers)
+
+    def request_chunked(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None):
+        """
+        Alternative to the common request method, which sends the
+        body with chunked encoding and not as one block
+        """
+        headers = headers or {}
+        header_keys = set([six.ensure_str(k.lower()) for k in headers])
+        skip_accept_encoding = "accept-encoding" in header_keys
+        skip_host = "host" in header_keys
+        self.putrequest(
+            method, url, skip_accept_encoding=skip_accept_encoding, skip_host=skip_host
+        )
+        if "user-agent" not in header_keys:
+            self.putheader("User-Agent", _get_default_user_agent())
+        for header, value in headers.items():
+            self.putheader(header, value)
+        if "transfer-encoding" not in header_keys:
+            self.putheader("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked")
+        self.endheaders()
+
+        if body is not None:
+            stringish_types = six.string_types + (bytes,)
+            if isinstance(body, stringish_types):
+                body = (body,)
+            for chunk in body:
+                if not chunk:
+                    continue
+                if not isinstance(chunk, bytes):
+                    chunk = chunk.encode("utf8")
+                len_str = hex(len(chunk))[2:]
+                to_send = bytearray(len_str.encode())
+                to_send += b"\r\n"
+                to_send += chunk
+                to_send += b"\r\n"
+                self.send(to_send)
+
+        # After the if clause, to always have a closed body
+        self.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
+
+
+class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+    """
+    Many of the parameters to this constructor are passed to the underlying SSL
+    socket by means of :py:func:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket`.
+    """
+
+    default_port = port_by_scheme["https"]
+
+    cert_reqs = None
+    ca_certs = None
+    ca_cert_dir = None
+    ca_cert_data = None
+    ssl_version = None
+    assert_fingerprint = None
+    tls_in_tls_required = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host,
+        port=None,
+        key_file=None,
+        cert_file=None,
+        key_password=None,
+        strict=None,
+        timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        ssl_context=None,
+        server_hostname=None,
+        **kw
+    ):
+
+        HTTPConnection.__init__(self, host, port, strict=strict, timeout=timeout, **kw)
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.key_password = key_password
+        self.ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self.server_hostname = server_hostname
+
+        # Required property for Google AppEngine 1.9.0 which otherwise causes
+        # HTTPS requests to go out as HTTP. (See Issue #356)
+        self._protocol = "https"
+
+    def set_cert(
+        self,
+        key_file=None,
+        cert_file=None,
+        cert_reqs=None,
+        key_password=None,
+        ca_certs=None,
+        assert_hostname=None,
+        assert_fingerprint=None,
+        ca_cert_dir=None,
+        ca_cert_data=None,
+    ):
+        """
+        This method should only be called once, before the connection is used.
+        """
+        # If cert_reqs is not provided we'll assume CERT_REQUIRED unless we also
+        # have an SSLContext object in which case we'll use its verify_mode.
+        if cert_reqs is None:
+            if self.ssl_context is not None:
+                cert_reqs = self.ssl_context.verify_mode
+            else:
+                cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(None)
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.key_password = key_password
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
+        self.ca_cert_data = ca_cert_data
+
+    def connect(self):
+        # Add certificate verification
+        self.sock = conn = self._new_conn()
+        hostname = self.host
+        tls_in_tls = False
+
+        if self._is_using_tunnel():
+            if self.tls_in_tls_required:
+                self.sock = conn = self._connect_tls_proxy(hostname, conn)
+                tls_in_tls = True
+
+            # Calls self._set_hostport(), so self.host is
+            # self._tunnel_host below.
+            self._tunnel()
+            # Mark this connection as not reusable
+            self.auto_open = 0
+
+            # Override the host with the one we're requesting data from.
+            hostname = self._tunnel_host
+
+        server_hostname = hostname
+        if self.server_hostname is not None:
+            server_hostname = self.server_hostname
+
+        is_time_off = datetime.date.today() < RECENT_DATE
+        if is_time_off:
+            warnings.warn(
+                (
+                    "System time is way off (before {0}). This will probably "
+                    "lead to SSL verification errors"
+                ).format(RECENT_DATE),
+                SystemTimeWarning,
+            )
+
+        # Wrap socket using verification with the root certs in
+        # trusted_root_certs
+        default_ssl_context = False
+        if self.ssl_context is None:
+            default_ssl_context = True
+            self.ssl_context = create_urllib3_context(
+                ssl_version=resolve_ssl_version(self.ssl_version),
+                cert_reqs=resolve_cert_reqs(self.cert_reqs),
+            )
+
+        context = self.ssl_context
+        context.verify_mode = resolve_cert_reqs(self.cert_reqs)
+
+        # Try to load OS default certs if none are given.
+        # Works well on Windows (requires Python3.4+)
+        if (
+            not self.ca_certs
+            and not self.ca_cert_dir
+            and not self.ca_cert_data
+            and default_ssl_context
+            and hasattr(context, "load_default_certs")
+        ):
+            context.load_default_certs()
+
+        self.sock = ssl_wrap_socket(
+            sock=conn,
+            keyfile=self.key_file,
+            certfile=self.cert_file,
+            key_password=self.key_password,
+            ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+            ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+            ca_cert_data=self.ca_cert_data,
+            server_hostname=server_hostname,
+            ssl_context=context,
+            tls_in_tls=tls_in_tls,
+        )
+
+        # If we're using all defaults and the connection
+        # is TLSv1 or TLSv1.1 we throw a DeprecationWarning
+        # for the host.
+        if (
+            default_ssl_context
+            and self.ssl_version is None
+            and hasattr(self.sock, "version")
+            and self.sock.version() in {"TLSv1", "TLSv1.1"}
+        ):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Negotiating TLSv1/TLSv1.1 by default is deprecated "
+                "and will be disabled in urllib3 v2.0.0. Connecting to "
+                "'%s' with '%s' can be enabled by explicitly opting-in "
+                "with 'ssl_version'" % (self.host, self.sock.version()),
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+
+        if self.assert_fingerprint:
+            assert_fingerprint(
+                self.sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True), self.assert_fingerprint
+            )
+        elif (
+            context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE
+            and not getattr(context, "check_hostname", False)
+            and self.assert_hostname is not False
+        ):
+            # While urllib3 attempts to always turn off hostname matching from
+            # the TLS library, this cannot always be done. So we check whether
+            # the TLS Library still thinks it's matching hostnames.
+            cert = self.sock.getpeercert()
+            if not cert.get("subjectAltName", ()):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        "Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a "
+                        "`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and "
+                        "deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/497 "
+                        "for details.)".format(hostname)
+                    ),
+                    SubjectAltNameWarning,
+                )
+            _match_hostname(cert, self.assert_hostname or server_hostname)
+
+        self.is_verified = (
+            context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+            or self.assert_fingerprint is not None
+        )
+
+    def _connect_tls_proxy(self, hostname, conn):
+        """
+        Establish a TLS connection to the proxy using the provided SSL context.
+        """
+        proxy_config = self.proxy_config
+        ssl_context = proxy_config.ssl_context
+        if ssl_context:
+            # If the user provided a proxy context, we assume CA and client
+            # certificates have already been set
+            return ssl_wrap_socket(
+                sock=conn,
+                server_hostname=hostname,
+                ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            )
+
+        ssl_context = create_proxy_ssl_context(
+            self.ssl_version,
+            self.cert_reqs,
+            self.ca_certs,
+            self.ca_cert_dir,
+            self.ca_cert_data,
+        )
+
+        # If no cert was provided, use only the default options for server
+        # certificate validation
+        socket = ssl_wrap_socket(
+            sock=conn,
+            ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+            ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+            ca_cert_data=self.ca_cert_data,
+            server_hostname=hostname,
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+        )
+
+        if ssl_context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE and not getattr(
+            ssl_context, "check_hostname", False
+        ):
+            # While urllib3 attempts to always turn off hostname matching from
+            # the TLS library, this cannot always be done. So we check whether
+            # the TLS Library still thinks it's matching hostnames.
+            cert = socket.getpeercert()
+            if not cert.get("subjectAltName", ()):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        "Certificate for {0} has no `subjectAltName`, falling back to check for a "
+                        "`commonName` for now. This feature is being removed by major browsers and "
+                        "deprecated by RFC 2818. (See https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/497 "
+                        "for details.)".format(hostname)
+                    ),
+                    SubjectAltNameWarning,
+                )
+            _match_hostname(cert, hostname)
+
+        self.proxy_is_verified = ssl_context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+        return socket
+
+
+def _match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname):
+    # Our upstream implementation of ssl.match_hostname()
+    # only applies this normalization to IP addresses so it doesn't
+    # match DNS SANs so we do the same thing!
+    stripped_hostname = asserted_hostname.strip("u[]")
+    if is_ipaddress(stripped_hostname):
+        asserted_hostname = stripped_hostname
+
+    try:
+        match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname)
+    except CertificateError as e:
+        log.warning(
+            "Certificate did not match expected hostname: %s. Certificate: %s",
+            asserted_hostname,
+            cert,
+        )
+        # Add cert to exception and reraise so client code can inspect
+        # the cert when catching the exception, if they want to
+        e._peer_cert = cert
+        raise
+
+
+def _get_default_user_agent():
+    return "python-urllib3/%s" % __version__
+
+
+class DummyConnection(object):
+    """Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+if not ssl:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection  # noqa: F811
+
+
+VerifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/connectionpool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/connectionpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96844d93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/connectionpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1132 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import errno
+import logging
+import re
+import socket
+import sys
+import warnings
+from socket import error as SocketError
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+
+from .connection import (
+    BaseSSLError,
+    BrokenPipeError,
+    DummyConnection,
+    HTTPConnection,
+    HTTPException,
+    HTTPSConnection,
+    VerifiedHTTPSConnection,
+    port_by_scheme,
+)
+from .exceptions import (
+    ClosedPoolError,
+    EmptyPoolError,
+    HeaderParsingError,
+    HostChangedError,
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    SSLError,
+    TimeoutError,
+)
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six.moves import queue
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .response import HTTPResponse
+from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.proxy import connection_requires_http_tunnel
+from .util.queue import LifoQueue
+from .util.request import set_file_position
+from .util.response import assert_header_parsing
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import Url, _encode_target
+from .util.url import _normalize_host as normalize_host
+from .util.url import get_host, parse_url
+
+try:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+    import weakref
+
+    weakref_finalize = weakref.finalize
+except AttributeError:  # Platform-specific: Python 2
+    from .packages.backports.weakref_finalize import weakref_finalize
+
+xrange = six.moves.xrange
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_Default = object()
+
+
+# Pool objects
+class ConnectionPool(object):
+    """
+    Base class for all connection pools, such as
+    :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool` and :class:`.HTTPSConnectionPool`.
+
+    .. note::
+       ConnectionPool.urlopen() does not normalize or percent-encode target URIs
+       which is useful if your target server doesn't support percent-encoded
+       target URIs.
+    """
+
+    scheme = None
+    QueueCls = LifoQueue
+
+    def __init__(self, host, port=None):
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        self.host = _normalize_host(host, scheme=self.scheme)
+        self._proxy_host = host.lower()
+        self.port = port
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "%s(host=%r, port=%r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.host, self.port)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def close(self):
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+# This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
+_blocking_errnos = {errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK}
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Thread-safe connection pool for one host.
+
+    :param host:
+        Host used for this HTTP Connection (e.g. "localhost"), passed into
+        :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param port:
+        Port used for this HTTP Connection (None is equivalent to 80), passed
+        into :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param strict:
+        Causes BadStatusLine to be raised if the status line can't be parsed
+        as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line, passed into
+        :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection`.
+
+        .. note::
+           Only works in Python 2. This parameter is ignored in Python 3.
+
+    :param timeout:
+        Socket timeout in seconds for each individual connection. This can
+        be a float or integer, which sets the timeout for the HTTP request,
+        or an instance of :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` which gives you more
+        fine-grained control over request timeouts. After the constructor has
+        been parsed, this is always a `urllib3.util.Timeout` object.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful
+        in multithreaded situations. If ``block`` is set to False, more
+        connections will be created but they will not be saved once they've
+        been used.
+
+    :param block:
+        If set to True, no more than ``maxsize`` connections will be used at
+        a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block
+        until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for
+        particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more
+        than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param retries:
+        Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool.
+
+    :param _proxy:
+        Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see
+        :class:`urllib3.ProxyManager`
+
+    :param _proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly,
+        instead, see :class:`urllib3.ProxyManager`
+
+    :param \\**conn_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
+        :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
+    """
+
+    scheme = "http"
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPConnection
+    ResponseCls = HTTPResponse
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host,
+        port=None,
+        strict=False,
+        timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        maxsize=1,
+        block=False,
+        headers=None,
+        retries=None,
+        _proxy=None,
+        _proxy_headers=None,
+        _proxy_config=None,
+        **conn_kw
+    ):
+        ConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port)
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+
+        self.strict = strict
+
+        if not isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            timeout = Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = Retry.DEFAULT
+
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.retries = retries
+
+        self.pool = self.QueueCls(maxsize)
+        self.block = block
+
+        self.proxy = _proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = _proxy_headers or {}
+        self.proxy_config = _proxy_config
+
+        # Fill the queue up so that doing get() on it will block properly
+        for _ in xrange(maxsize):
+            self.pool.put(None)
+
+        # These are mostly for testing and debugging purposes.
+        self.num_connections = 0
+        self.num_requests = 0
+        self.conn_kw = conn_kw
+
+        if self.proxy:
+            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
+            # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
+            # list.
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault("socket_options", [])
+
+            self.conn_kw["proxy"] = self.proxy
+            self.conn_kw["proxy_config"] = self.proxy_config
+
+        # Do not pass 'self' as callback to 'finalize'.
+        # Then the 'finalize' would keep an endless living (leak) to self.
+        # By just passing a reference to the pool allows the garbage collector
+        # to free self if nobody else has a reference to it.
+        pool = self.pool
+
+        # Close all the HTTPConnections in the pool before the
+        # HTTPConnectionPool object is garbage collected.
+        weakref_finalize(self, _close_pool_connections, pool)
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`HTTPConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug(
+            "Starting new HTTP connection (%d): %s:%s",
+            self.num_connections,
+            self.host,
+            self.port or "80",
+        )
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(
+            host=self.host,
+            port=self.port,
+            timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+            strict=self.strict,
+            **self.conn_kw
+        )
+        return conn
+
+    def _get_conn(self, timeout=None):
+        """
+        Get a connection. Will return a pooled connection if one is available.
+
+        If no connections are available and :prop:`.block` is ``False``, then a
+        fresh connection is returned.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Seconds to wait before giving up and raising
+            :class:`urllib3.exceptions.EmptyPoolError` if the pool is empty and
+            :prop:`.block` is ``True``.
+        """
+        conn = None
+        try:
+            conn = self.pool.get(block=self.block, timeout=timeout)
+
+        except AttributeError:  # self.pool is None
+            raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.")
+
+        except queue.Empty:
+            if self.block:
+                raise EmptyPoolError(
+                    self,
+                    "Pool reached maximum size and no more connections are allowed.",
+                )
+            pass  # Oh well, we'll create a new connection then
+
+        # If this is a persistent connection, check if it got disconnected
+        if conn and is_connection_dropped(conn):
+            log.debug("Resetting dropped connection: %s", self.host)
+            conn.close()
+            if getattr(conn, "auto_open", 1) == 0:
+                # This is a proxied connection that has been mutated by
+                # http.client._tunnel() and cannot be reused (since it would
+                # attempt to bypass the proxy)
+                conn = None
+
+        return conn or self._new_conn()
+
+    def _put_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Put a connection back into the pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            Connection object for the current host and port as returned by
+            :meth:`._new_conn` or :meth:`._get_conn`.
+
+        If the pool is already full, the connection is closed and discarded
+        because we exceeded maxsize. If connections are discarded frequently,
+        then maxsize should be increased.
+
+        If the pool is closed, then the connection will be closed and discarded.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.pool.put(conn, block=False)
+            return  # Everything is dandy, done.
+        except AttributeError:
+            # self.pool is None.
+            pass
+        except queue.Full:
+            # This should never happen if self.block == True
+            log.warning(
+                "Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s. Connection pool size: %s",
+                self.host,
+                self.pool.qsize(),
+            )
+        # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
+        if conn:
+            conn.close()
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        # Nothing to do for HTTP connections.
+        pass
+
+    def _get_timeout(self, timeout):
+        """Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`"""
+        if timeout is _Default:
+            return self.timeout.clone()
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            return timeout.clone()
+        else:
+            # User passed us an int/float. This is for backwards compatibility,
+            # can be removed later
+            return Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+    def _raise_timeout(self, err, url, timeout_value):
+        """Is the error actually a timeout? Will raise a ReadTimeout or pass"""
+
+        if isinstance(err, SocketTimeout):
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value
+            )
+
+        # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3. In Python 2 we have
+        # to specifically catch it and throw the timeout error
+        if hasattr(err, "errno") and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value
+            )
+
+        # Catch possible read timeouts thrown as SSL errors. If not the
+        # case, rethrow the original. We need to do this because of:
+        # http://bugs.python.org/issue10272
+        if "timed out" in str(err) or "did not complete (read)" in str(
+            err
+        ):  # Python < 2.7.4
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % timeout_value
+            )
+
+    def _make_request(
+        self, conn, method, url, timeout=_Default, chunked=False, **httplib_request_kw
+    ):
+        """
+        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
+        pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            a connection from one of our connection pools
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Socket timeout in seconds for the request. This can be a
+            float or integer, which will set the same timeout value for
+            the socket connect and the socket read, or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`, which gives you more fine-grained
+            control over your timeouts.
+        """
+        self.num_requests += 1
+
+        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+        timeout_obj.start_connect()
+        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
+
+        # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
+        try:
+            self._validate_conn(conn)
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
+            # Py2 raises this as a BaseSSLError, Py3 raises it as socket timeout.
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
+        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
+        try:
+            if chunked:
+                conn.request_chunked(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
+            else:
+                conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
+
+        # We are swallowing BrokenPipeError (errno.EPIPE) since the server is
+        # legitimately able to close the connection after sending a valid response.
+        # With this behaviour, the received response is still readable.
+        except BrokenPipeError:
+            # Python 3
+            pass
+        except IOError as e:
+            # Python 2 and macOS/Linux
+            # EPIPE and ESHUTDOWN are BrokenPipeError on Python 2, and EPROTOTYPE is needed on macOS
+            # https://erickt.github.io/blog/2014/11/19/adventures-in-debugging-a-potential-osx-kernel-bug/
+            if e.errno not in {
+                errno.EPIPE,
+                errno.ESHUTDOWN,
+                errno.EPROTOTYPE,
+            }:
+                raise
+
+        # Reset the timeout for the recv() on the socket
+        read_timeout = timeout_obj.read_timeout
+
+        # App Engine doesn't have a sock attr
+        if getattr(conn, "sock", None):
+            # In Python 3 socket.py will catch EAGAIN and return None when you
+            # try and read into the file pointer created by http.client, which
+            # instead raises a BadStatusLine exception. Instead of catching
+            # the exception and assuming all BadStatusLine exceptions are read
+            # timeouts, check for a zero timeout before making the request.
+            if read_timeout == 0:
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                    self, url, "Read timed out. (read timeout=%s)" % read_timeout
+                )
+            if read_timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                conn.sock.settimeout(socket.getdefaulttimeout())
+            else:  # None or a value
+                conn.sock.settimeout(read_timeout)
+
+        # Receive the response from the server
+        try:
+            try:
+                # Python 2.7, use buffering of HTTP responses
+                httplib_response = conn.getresponse(buffering=True)
+            except TypeError:
+                # Python 3
+                try:
+                    httplib_response = conn.getresponse()
+                except BaseException as e:
+                    # Remove the TypeError from the exception chain in
+                    # Python 3 (including for exceptions like SystemExit).
+                    # Otherwise it looks like a bug in the code.
+                    six.raise_from(e, None)
+        except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError, SocketError) as e:
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # AppEngine doesn't have a version attr.
+        http_version = getattr(conn, "_http_vsn_str", "HTTP/?")
+        log.debug(
+            '%s://%s:%s "%s %s %s" %s %s',
+            self.scheme,
+            self.host,
+            self.port,
+            method,
+            url,
+            http_version,
+            httplib_response.status,
+            httplib_response.length,
+        )
+
+        try:
+            assert_header_parsing(httplib_response.msg)
+        except (HeaderParsingError, TypeError) as hpe:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+            log.warning(
+                "Failed to parse headers (url=%s): %s",
+                self._absolute_url(url),
+                hpe,
+                exc_info=True,
+            )
+
+        return httplib_response
+
+    def _absolute_url(self, path):
+        return Url(scheme=self.scheme, host=self.host, port=self.port, path=path).url
+
+    def close(self):
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        if self.pool is None:
+            return
+        # Disable access to the pool
+        old_pool, self.pool = self.pool, None
+
+        # Close all the HTTPConnections in the pool.
+        _close_pool_connections(old_pool)
+
+    def is_same_host(self, url):
+        """
+        Check if the given ``url`` is a member of the same host as this
+        connection pool.
+        """
+        if url.startswith("/"):
+            return True
+
+        # TODO: Add optional support for socket.gethostbyname checking.
+        scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+        if host is not None:
+            host = _normalize_host(host, scheme=scheme)
+
+        # Use explicit default port for comparison when none is given
+        if self.port and not port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(scheme)
+        elif not self.port and port == port_by_scheme.get(scheme):
+            port = None
+
+        return (scheme, host, port) == (self.scheme, self.host, self.port)
+
+    def urlopen(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        body=None,
+        headers=None,
+        retries=None,
+        redirect=True,
+        assert_same_host=True,
+        timeout=_Default,
+        pool_timeout=None,
+        release_conn=None,
+        chunked=False,
+        body_pos=None,
+        **response_kw
+    ):
+        """
+        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
+        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
+        the raw details.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method provided
+           by :class:`.RequestMethods`, such as :meth:`request`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
+           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
+           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
+           breaking backwards compatibility.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param url:
+            The URL to perform the request on.
+
+        :param body:
+            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
+            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param retries:
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
+
+        :param redirect:
+            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
+            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
+            will disable redirect, too.
+
+        :param assert_same_host:
+            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
+            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
+            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
+            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
+
+        :param pool_timeout:
+            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
+            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
+            connection is available within the time period.
+
+        :param release_conn:
+            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
+            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
+            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
+            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
+            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
+            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
+            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of
+            ``response_kw.get('preload_content', True)``.
+
+        :param chunked:
+            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
+            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
+            content-length form. Defaults to False.
+
+        :param int body_pos:
+            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
+            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
+            auto-populate the value when needed.
+
+        :param \\**response_kw:
+            Additional parameters are passed to
+            :meth:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib`
+        """
+
+        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
+        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
+
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if release_conn is None:
+            release_conn = response_kw.get("preload_content", True)
+
+        # Check host
+        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
+            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
+
+        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
+        if url.startswith("/"):
+            url = six.ensure_str(_encode_target(url))
+        else:
+            url = six.ensure_str(parsed_url.url)
+
+        conn = None
+
+        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
+        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
+        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
+        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
+        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
+        #
+        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
+        #
+        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
+        release_this_conn = release_conn
+
+        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
+            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
+        )
+
+        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
+        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
+        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
+        if not http_tunnel_required:
+            headers = headers.copy()
+            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)
+
+        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
+        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
+        err = None
+
+        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
+        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
+        clean_exit = False
+
+        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
+        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
+        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
+
+        try:
+            # Request a connection from the queue.
+            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
+
+            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout
+
+            is_new_proxy_conn = self.proxy is not None and not getattr(
+                conn, "sock", None
+            )
+            if is_new_proxy_conn and http_tunnel_required:
+                self._prepare_proxy(conn)
+
+            # Make the request on the httplib connection object.
+            httplib_response = self._make_request(
+                conn,
+                method,
+                url,
+                timeout=timeout_obj,
+                body=body,
+                headers=headers,
+                chunked=chunked,
+            )
+
+            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
+            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
+            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
+            # mess.
+            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
+
+            # Pass method to Response for length checking
+            response_kw["request_method"] = method
+
+            # Import httplib's response into our own wrapper object
+            response = self.ResponseCls.from_httplib(
+                httplib_response,
+                pool=self,
+                connection=response_conn,
+                retries=retries,
+                **response_kw
+            )
+
+            # Everything went great!
+            clean_exit = True
+
+        except EmptyPoolError:
+            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
+            clean_exit = True
+            release_this_conn = False
+            raise
+
+        except (
+            TimeoutError,
+            HTTPException,
+            SocketError,
+            ProtocolError,
+            BaseSSLError,
+            SSLError,
+            CertificateError,
+        ) as e:
+            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
+            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
+            clean_exit = False
+
+            def _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(ssl_error):
+                # We're trying to detect the message 'WRONG_VERSION_NUMBER' but
+                # SSLErrors are kinda all over the place when it comes to the message,
+                # so we try to cover our bases here!
+                message = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(ssl_error).lower()))
+                return (
+                    "wrong version number" in message or "unknown protocol" in message
+                )
+
+            # Try to detect a common user error with proxies which is to
+            # set an HTTP proxy to be HTTPS when it should be 'http://'
+            # (ie {'http': 'http://proxy', 'https': 'https://proxy'})
+            # Instead we add a nice error message and point to a URL.
+            if (
+                isinstance(e, BaseSSLError)
+                and self.proxy
+                and _is_ssl_error_message_from_http_proxy(e)
+                and conn.proxy
+                and conn.proxy.scheme == "https"
+            ):
+                e = ProxyError(
+                    "Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
+                    "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
+                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
+                    "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy",
+                    SSLError(e),
+                )
+            elif isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
+                e = SSLError(e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, NewConnectionError)) and self.proxy:
+                e = ProxyError("Cannot connect to proxy.", e)
+            elif isinstance(e, (SocketError, HTTPException)):
+                e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", e)
+
+            retries = retries.increment(
+                method, url, error=e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
+            )
+            retries.sleep()
+
+            # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
+            err = e
+
+        finally:
+            if not clean_exit:
+                # We hit some kind of exception, handled or otherwise. We need
+                # to throw the connection away unless explicitly told not to.
+                # Close the connection, set the variable to None, and make sure
+                # we put the None back in the pool to avoid leaking it.
+                conn = conn and conn.close()
+                release_this_conn = True
+
+            if release_this_conn:
+                # Put the connection back to be reused. If the connection is
+                # expired then it will be None, which will get replaced with a
+                # fresh connection during _get_conn.
+                self._put_conn(conn)
+
+        if not conn:
+            # Try again
+            log.warning(
+                "Retrying (%r) after connection broken by '%r': %s", retries, err, url
+            )
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method,
+                url,
+                body,
+                headers,
+                retries,
+                redirect,
+                assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                body_pos=body_pos,
+                **response_kw
+            )
+
+        # Handle redirect?
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if redirect_location:
+            if response.status == 303:
+                method = "GET"
+
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    response.drain_conn()
+                    raise
+                return response
+
+            response.drain_conn()
+            retries.sleep_for_retry(response)
+            log.debug("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method,
+                redirect_location,
+                body,
+                headers,
+                retries=retries,
+                redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                body_pos=body_pos,
+                **response_kw
+            )
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        has_retry_after = bool(response.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+        if retries.is_retry(method, response.status, has_retry_after):
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_status:
+                    response.drain_conn()
+                    raise
+                return response
+
+            response.drain_conn()
+            retries.sleep(response)
+            log.debug("Retry: %s", url)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method,
+                url,
+                body,
+                headers,
+                retries=retries,
+                redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                body_pos=body_pos,
+                **response_kw
+            )
+
+        return response
+
+
+class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Same as :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool`, but HTTPS.
+
+    :class:`.HTTPSConnection` uses one of ``assert_fingerprint``,
+    ``assert_hostname`` and ``host`` in this order to verify connections.
+    If ``assert_hostname`` is False, no verification is done.
+
+    The ``key_file``, ``cert_file``, ``cert_reqs``, ``ca_certs``,
+    ``ca_cert_dir``, ``ssl_version``, ``key_password`` are only used if :mod:`ssl`
+    is available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
+    the connection socket into an SSL socket.
+    """
+
+    scheme = "https"
+    ConnectionCls = HTTPSConnection
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host,
+        port=None,
+        strict=False,
+        timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        maxsize=1,
+        block=False,
+        headers=None,
+        retries=None,
+        _proxy=None,
+        _proxy_headers=None,
+        key_file=None,
+        cert_file=None,
+        cert_reqs=None,
+        key_password=None,
+        ca_certs=None,
+        ssl_version=None,
+        assert_hostname=None,
+        assert_fingerprint=None,
+        ca_cert_dir=None,
+        **conn_kw
+    ):
+
+        HTTPConnectionPool.__init__(
+            self,
+            host,
+            port,
+            strict,
+            timeout,
+            maxsize,
+            block,
+            headers,
+            retries,
+            _proxy,
+            _proxy_headers,
+            **conn_kw
+        )
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.key_password = key_password
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+
+    def _prepare_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Prepare the ``connection`` for :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket`
+        and establish the tunnel if proxy is used.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(conn, VerifiedHTTPSConnection):
+            conn.set_cert(
+                key_file=self.key_file,
+                key_password=self.key_password,
+                cert_file=self.cert_file,
+                cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
+                ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
+                assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint,
+            )
+            conn.ssl_version = self.ssl_version
+        return conn
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn):
+        """
+        Establishes a tunnel connection through HTTP CONNECT.
+
+        Tunnel connection is established early because otherwise httplib would
+        improperly set Host: header to proxy's IP:port.
+        """
+
+        conn.set_tunnel(self._proxy_host, self.port, self.proxy_headers)
+
+        if self.proxy.scheme == "https":
+            conn.tls_in_tls_required = True
+
+        conn.connect()
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`http.client.HTTPSConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug(
+            "Starting new HTTPS connection (%d): %s:%s",
+            self.num_connections,
+            self.host,
+            self.port or "443",
+        )
+
+        if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:
+            raise SSLError(
+                "Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available."
+            )
+
+        actual_host = self.host
+        actual_port = self.port
+        if self.proxy is not None:
+            actual_host = self.proxy.host
+            actual_port = self.proxy.port
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(
+            host=actual_host,
+            port=actual_port,
+            timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+            strict=self.strict,
+            cert_file=self.cert_file,
+            key_file=self.key_file,
+            key_password=self.key_password,
+            **self.conn_kw
+        )
+
+        return self._prepare_conn(conn)
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn):
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        super(HTTPSConnectionPool, self)._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # Force connect early to allow us to validate the connection.
+        if not getattr(conn, "sock", None):  # AppEngine might not have  `.sock`
+            conn.connect()
+
+        if not conn.is_verified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                (
+                    "Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host '%s'. "
+                    "Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: "
+                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
+                    "#ssl-warnings" % conn.host
+                ),
+                InsecureRequestWarning,
+            )
+
+        if getattr(conn, "proxy_is_verified", None) is False:
+            warnings.warn(
+                (
+                    "Unverified HTTPS connection done to an HTTPS proxy. "
+                    "Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: "
+                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
+                    "#ssl-warnings"
+                ),
+                InsecureRequestWarning,
+            )
+
+
+def connection_from_url(url, **kw):
+    """
+    Given a url, return an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance of its host.
+
+    This is a shortcut for not having to parse out the scheme, host, and port
+    of the url before creating an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance.
+
+    :param url:
+        Absolute URL string that must include the scheme. Port is optional.
+
+    :param \\**kw:
+        Passes additional parameters to the constructor of the appropriate
+        :class:`.ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like
+        timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')
+    """
+    scheme, host, port = get_host(url)
+    port = port or port_by_scheme.get(scheme, 80)
+    if scheme == "https":
+        return HTTPSConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
+    else:
+        return HTTPConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)
+
+
+def _normalize_host(host, scheme):
+    """
+    Normalize hosts for comparisons and use with sockets.
+    """
+
+    host = normalize_host(host, scheme)
+
+    # httplib doesn't like it when we include brackets in IPv6 addresses
+    # Specifically, if we include brackets but also pass the port then
+    # httplib crazily doubles up the square brackets on the Host header.
+    # Instead, we need to make sure we never pass ``None`` as the port.
+    # However, for backward compatibility reasons we can't actually
+    # *assert* that.  See http://bugs.python.org/issue28539
+    if host.startswith("[") and host.endswith("]"):
+        host = host[1:-1]
+    return host
+
+
+def _close_pool_connections(pool):
+    """Drains a queue of connections and closes each one."""
+    try:
+        while True:
+            conn = pool.get(block=False)
+            if conn:
+                conn.close()
+    except queue.Empty:
+        pass  # Done.
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/_appengine_environ.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/_appengine_environ.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8765b907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/_appengine_environ.py
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+"""
+This module provides means to detect the App Engine environment.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+
+def is_appengine():
+    return is_local_appengine() or is_prod_appengine()
+
+
+def is_appengine_sandbox():
+    """Reports if the app is running in the first generation sandbox.
+
+    The second generation runtimes are technically still in a sandbox, but it
+    is much less restrictive, so generally you shouldn't need to check for it.
+    see https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/standard/runtimes
+    """
+    return is_appengine() and os.environ["APPENGINE_RUNTIME"] == "python27"
+
+
+def is_local_appengine():
+    return "APPENGINE_RUNTIME" in os.environ and os.environ.get(
+        "SERVER_SOFTWARE", ""
+    ).startswith("Development/")
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine():
+    return "APPENGINE_RUNTIME" in os.environ and os.environ.get(
+        "SERVER_SOFTWARE", ""
+    ).startswith("Google App Engine/")
+
+
+def is_prod_appengine_mvms():
+    """Deprecated."""
+    return False
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..264d564d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/_securetransport/bindings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,519 @@
+"""
+This module uses ctypes to bind a whole bunch of functions and constants from
+SecureTransport. The goal here is to provide the low-level API to
+SecureTransport. These are essentially the C-level functions and constants, and
+they're pretty gross to work with.
+
+This code is a bastardised version of the code found in Will Bond's oscrypto
+library. An enormous debt is owed to him for blazing this trail for us. For
+that reason, this code should be considered to be covered both by urllib3's
+license and by oscrypto's:
+
+    Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Will Bond <will@wbond.net>
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+    copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+    to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+    the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+    and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+    Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+    FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+    DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import platform
+from ctypes import (
+    CDLL,
+    CFUNCTYPE,
+    POINTER,
+    c_bool,
+    c_byte,
+    c_char_p,
+    c_int32,
+    c_long,
+    c_size_t,
+    c_uint32,
+    c_ulong,
+    c_void_p,
+)
+from ctypes.util import find_library
+
+from ...packages.six import raise_from
+
+if platform.system() != "Darwin":
+    raise ImportError("Only macOS is supported")
+
+version = platform.mac_ver()[0]
+version_info = tuple(map(int, version.split(".")))
+if version_info < (10, 8):
+    raise OSError(
+        "Only OS X 10.8 and newer are supported, not %s.%s"
+        % (version_info[0], version_info[1])
+    )
+
+
+def load_cdll(name, macos10_16_path):
+    """Loads a CDLL by name, falling back to known path on 10.16+"""
+    try:
+        # Big Sur is technically 11 but we use 10.16 due to the Big Sur
+        # beta being labeled as 10.16.
+        if version_info >= (10, 16):
+            path = macos10_16_path
+        else:
+            path = find_library(name)
+        if not path:
+            raise OSError  # Caught and reraised as 'ImportError'
+        return CDLL(path, use_errno=True)
+    except OSError:
+        raise_from(ImportError("The library %s failed to load" % name), None)
+
+
+Security = load_cdll(
+    "Security", "/System/Library/Frameworks/Security.framework/Security"
+)
+CoreFoundation = load_cdll(
+    "CoreFoundation",
+    "/System/Library/Frameworks/CoreFoundation.framework/CoreFoundation",
+)
+
+
+Boolean = c_bool
+CFIndex = c_long
+CFStringEncoding = c_uint32
+CFData = c_void_p
+CFString = c_void_p
+CFArray = c_void_p
+CFMutableArray = c_void_p
+CFDictionary = c_void_p
+CFError = c_void_p
+CFType = c_void_p
+CFTypeID = c_ulong
+
+CFTypeRef = POINTER(CFType)
+CFAllocatorRef = c_void_p
+
+OSStatus = c_int32
+
+CFDataRef = POINTER(CFData)
+CFStringRef = POINTER(CFString)
+CFArrayRef = POINTER(CFArray)
+CFMutableArrayRef = POINTER(CFMutableArray)
+CFDictionaryRef = POINTER(CFDictionary)
+CFArrayCallBacks = c_void_p
+CFDictionaryKeyCallBacks = c_void_p
+CFDictionaryValueCallBacks = c_void_p
+
+SecCertificateRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SecExternalFormat = c_uint32
+SecExternalItemType = c_uint32
+SecIdentityRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SecItemImportExportFlags = c_uint32
+SecItemImportExportKeyParameters = c_void_p
+SecKeychainRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SSLProtocol = c_uint32
+SSLCipherSuite = c_uint32
+SSLContextRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SecTrustRef = POINTER(c_void_p)
+SSLConnectionRef = c_uint32
+SecTrustResultType = c_uint32
+SecTrustOptionFlags = c_uint32
+SSLProtocolSide = c_uint32
+SSLConnectionType = c_uint32
+SSLSessionOption = c_uint32
+
+
+try:
+    Security.SecItemImport.argtypes = [
+        CFDataRef,
+        CFStringRef,
+        POINTER(SecExternalFormat),
+        POINTER(SecExternalItemType),
+        SecItemImportExportFlags,
+        POINTER(SecItemImportExportKeyParameters),
+        SecKeychainRef,
+        POINTER(CFArrayRef),
+    ]
+    Security.SecItemImport.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecCertificateGetTypeID.argtypes = []
+    Security.SecCertificateGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
+
+    Security.SecIdentityGetTypeID.argtypes = []
+    Security.SecIdentityGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
+
+    Security.SecKeyGetTypeID.argtypes = []
+    Security.SecKeyGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
+
+    Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData.argtypes = [CFAllocatorRef, CFDataRef]
+    Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData.restype = SecCertificateRef
+
+    Security.SecCertificateCopyData.argtypes = [SecCertificateRef]
+    Security.SecCertificateCopyData.restype = CFDataRef
+
+    Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.argtypes = [OSStatus, c_void_p]
+    Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.restype = CFStringRef
+
+    Security.SecIdentityCreateWithCertificate.argtypes = [
+        CFTypeRef,
+        SecCertificateRef,
+        POINTER(SecIdentityRef),
+    ]
+    Security.SecIdentityCreateWithCertificate.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecKeychainCreate.argtypes = [
+        c_char_p,
+        c_uint32,
+        c_void_p,
+        Boolean,
+        c_void_p,
+        POINTER(SecKeychainRef),
+    ]
+    Security.SecKeychainCreate.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecKeychainDelete.argtypes = [SecKeychainRef]
+    Security.SecKeychainDelete.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecPKCS12Import.argtypes = [
+        CFDataRef,
+        CFDictionaryRef,
+        POINTER(CFArrayRef),
+    ]
+    Security.SecPKCS12Import.restype = OSStatus
+
+    SSLReadFunc = CFUNCTYPE(OSStatus, SSLConnectionRef, c_void_p, POINTER(c_size_t))
+    SSLWriteFunc = CFUNCTYPE(
+        OSStatus, SSLConnectionRef, POINTER(c_byte), POINTER(c_size_t)
+    )
+
+    Security.SSLSetIOFuncs.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLReadFunc, SSLWriteFunc]
+    Security.SSLSetIOFuncs.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetPeerID.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t]
+    Security.SSLSetPeerID.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetCertificate.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, CFArrayRef]
+    Security.SSLSetCertificate.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetCertificateAuthorities.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, CFTypeRef, Boolean]
+    Security.SSLSetCertificateAuthorities.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetConnection.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLConnectionRef]
+    Security.SSLSetConnection.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetPeerDomainName.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t]
+    Security.SSLSetPeerDomainName.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLHandshake.argtypes = [SSLContextRef]
+    Security.SSLHandshake.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLRead.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t, POINTER(c_size_t)]
+    Security.SSLRead.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLWrite.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, c_char_p, c_size_t, POINTER(c_size_t)]
+    Security.SSLWrite.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLClose.argtypes = [SSLContextRef]
+    Security.SSLClose.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLGetNumberSupportedCiphers.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(c_size_t)]
+    Security.SSLGetNumberSupportedCiphers.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLGetSupportedCiphers.argtypes = [
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLCipherSuite),
+        POINTER(c_size_t),
+    ]
+    Security.SSLGetSupportedCiphers.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetEnabledCiphers.argtypes = [
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLCipherSuite),
+        c_size_t,
+    ]
+    Security.SSLSetEnabledCiphers.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLGetNumberEnabledCiphers.argtype = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(c_size_t)]
+    Security.SSLGetNumberEnabledCiphers.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLGetEnabledCiphers.argtypes = [
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLCipherSuite),
+        POINTER(c_size_t),
+    ]
+    Security.SSLGetEnabledCiphers.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLGetNegotiatedCipher.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(SSLCipherSuite)]
+    Security.SSLGetNegotiatedCipher.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLGetNegotiatedProtocolVersion.argtypes = [
+        SSLContextRef,
+        POINTER(SSLProtocol),
+    ]
+    Security.SSLGetNegotiatedProtocolVersion.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, POINTER(SecTrustRef)]
+    Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, CFArrayRef]
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly.argstypes = [SecTrustRef, Boolean]
+    Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustEvaluate.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, POINTER(SecTrustResultType)]
+    Security.SecTrustEvaluate.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SecTrustGetCertificateCount.argtypes = [SecTrustRef]
+    Security.SecTrustGetCertificateCount.restype = CFIndex
+
+    Security.SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex.argtypes = [SecTrustRef, CFIndex]
+    Security.SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex.restype = SecCertificateRef
+
+    Security.SSLCreateContext.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        SSLProtocolSide,
+        SSLConnectionType,
+    ]
+    Security.SSLCreateContext.restype = SSLContextRef
+
+    Security.SSLSetSessionOption.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLSessionOption, Boolean]
+    Security.SSLSetSessionOption.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMin.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLProtocol]
+    Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMin.restype = OSStatus
+
+    Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMax.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, SSLProtocol]
+    Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMax.restype = OSStatus
+
+    try:
+        Security.SSLSetALPNProtocols.argtypes = [SSLContextRef, CFArrayRef]
+        Security.SSLSetALPNProtocols.restype = OSStatus
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Supported only in 10.12+
+        pass
+
+    Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.argtypes = [OSStatus, c_void_p]
+    Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString.restype = CFStringRef
+
+    Security.SSLReadFunc = SSLReadFunc
+    Security.SSLWriteFunc = SSLWriteFunc
+    Security.SSLContextRef = SSLContextRef
+    Security.SSLProtocol = SSLProtocol
+    Security.SSLCipherSuite = SSLCipherSuite
+    Security.SecIdentityRef = SecIdentityRef
+    Security.SecKeychainRef = SecKeychainRef
+    Security.SecTrustRef = SecTrustRef
+    Security.SecTrustResultType = SecTrustResultType
+    Security.SecExternalFormat = SecExternalFormat
+    Security.OSStatus = OSStatus
+
+    Security.kSecImportExportPassphrase = CFStringRef.in_dll(
+        Security, "kSecImportExportPassphrase"
+    )
+    Security.kSecImportItemIdentity = CFStringRef.in_dll(
+        Security, "kSecImportItemIdentity"
+    )
+
+    # CoreFoundation time!
+    CoreFoundation.CFRetain.argtypes = [CFTypeRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFRetain.restype = CFTypeRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFRelease.argtypes = [CFTypeRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFRelease.restype = None
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID.argtypes = [CFTypeRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID.restype = CFTypeID
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        c_char_p,
+        CFStringEncoding,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString.restype = CFStringRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr.argtypes = [CFStringRef, CFStringEncoding]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr.restype = c_char_p
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString.argtypes = [
+        CFStringRef,
+        c_char_p,
+        CFIndex,
+        CFStringEncoding,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString.restype = c_bool
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate.argtypes = [CFAllocatorRef, c_char_p, CFIndex]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate.restype = CFDataRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetLength.argtypes = [CFDataRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetLength.restype = CFIndex
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetBytePtr.argtypes = [CFDataRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDataGetBytePtr.restype = c_void_p
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryCreate.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        POINTER(CFTypeRef),
+        POINTER(CFTypeRef),
+        CFIndex,
+        CFDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
+        CFDictionaryValueCallBacks,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryCreate.restype = CFDictionaryRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryGetValue.argtypes = [CFDictionaryRef, CFTypeRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryGetValue.restype = CFTypeRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreate.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        POINTER(CFTypeRef),
+        CFIndex,
+        CFArrayCallBacks,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreate.restype = CFArrayRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable.argtypes = [
+        CFAllocatorRef,
+        CFIndex,
+        CFArrayCallBacks,
+    ]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable.restype = CFMutableArrayRef
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue.argtypes = [CFMutableArrayRef, c_void_p]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue.restype = None
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetCount.argtypes = [CFArrayRef]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetCount.restype = CFIndex
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetValueAtIndex.argtypes = [CFArrayRef, CFIndex]
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetValueAtIndex.restype = c_void_p
+
+    CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault = CFAllocatorRef.in_dll(
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFAllocatorDefault"
+    )
+    CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks = c_void_p.in_dll(
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFTypeArrayCallBacks"
+    )
+    CoreFoundation.kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks = c_void_p.in_dll(
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks"
+    )
+    CoreFoundation.kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks = c_void_p.in_dll(
+        CoreFoundation, "kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks"
+    )
+
+    CoreFoundation.CFTypeRef = CFTypeRef
+    CoreFoundation.CFArrayRef = CFArrayRef
+    CoreFoundation.CFStringRef = CFStringRef
+    CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryRef = CFDictionaryRef
+
+except (AttributeError):
+    raise ImportError("Error initializing ctypes")
+
+
+class CFConst(object):
+    """
+    A class object that acts as essentially a namespace for CoreFoundation
+    constants.
+    """
+
+    kCFStringEncodingUTF8 = CFStringEncoding(0x08000100)
+
+
+class SecurityConst(object):
+    """
+    A class object that acts as essentially a namespace for Security constants.
+    """
+
+    kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth = 0
+
+    kSSLProtocol2 = 1
+    kSSLProtocol3 = 2
+    kTLSProtocol1 = 4
+    kTLSProtocol11 = 7
+    kTLSProtocol12 = 8
+    # SecureTransport does not support TLS 1.3 even if there's a constant for it
+    kTLSProtocol13 = 10
+    kTLSProtocolMaxSupported = 999
+
+    kSSLClientSide = 1
+    kSSLStreamType = 0
+
+    kSecFormatPEMSequence = 10
+
+    kSecTrustResultInvalid = 0
+    kSecTrustResultProceed = 1
+    # This gap is present on purpose: this was kSecTrustResultConfirm, which
+    # is deprecated.
+    kSecTrustResultDeny = 3
+    kSecTrustResultUnspecified = 4
+    kSecTrustResultRecoverableTrustFailure = 5
+    kSecTrustResultFatalTrustFailure = 6
+    kSecTrustResultOtherError = 7
+
+    errSSLProtocol = -9800
+    errSSLWouldBlock = -9803
+    errSSLClosedGraceful = -9805
+    errSSLClosedNoNotify = -9816
+    errSSLClosedAbort = -9806
+
+    errSSLXCertChainInvalid = -9807
+    errSSLCrypto = -9809
+    errSSLInternal = -9810
+    errSSLCertExpired = -9814
+    errSSLCertNotYetValid = -9815
+    errSSLUnknownRootCert = -9812
+    errSSLNoRootCert = -9813
+    errSSLHostNameMismatch = -9843
+    errSSLPeerHandshakeFail = -9824
+    errSSLPeerUserCancelled = -9839
+    errSSLWeakPeerEphemeralDHKey = -9850
+    errSSLServerAuthCompleted = -9841
+    errSSLRecordOverflow = -9847
+
+    errSecVerifyFailed = -67808
+    errSecNoTrustSettings = -25263
+    errSecItemNotFound = -25300
+    errSecInvalidTrustSettings = -25262
+
+    # Cipher suites. We only pick the ones our default cipher string allows.
+    # Source: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/1550981-ssl_cipher_suite_values
+    TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 0xC02C
+    TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 0xC030
+    TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 = 0xC02B
+    TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 = 0xC02F
+    TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 = 0xCCA9
+    TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 = 0xCCA8
+    TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 0x009F
+    TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 = 0x009E
+    TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 = 0xC024
+    TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 = 0xC028
+    TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = 0xC00A
+    TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = 0xC014
+    TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 = 0x006B
+    TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = 0x0039
+    TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = 0xC023
+    TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = 0xC027
+    TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = 0xC009
+    TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = 0xC013
+    TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = 0x0067
+    TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = 0x0033
+    TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 0x009D
+    TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 = 0x009C
+    TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 = 0x003D
+    TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 = 0x003C
+    TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = 0x0035
+    TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = 0x002F
+    TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 = 0x1301
+    TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 = 0x1302
+    TLS_AES_128_CCM_8_SHA256 = 0x1305
+    TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256 = 0x1304
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/_securetransport/low_level.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/_securetransport/low_level.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa0b245d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/_securetransport/low_level.py
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+"""
+Low-level helpers for the SecureTransport bindings.
+
+These are Python functions that are not directly related to the high-level APIs
+but are necessary to get them to work. They include a whole bunch of low-level
+CoreFoundation messing about and memory management. The concerns in this module
+are almost entirely about trying to avoid memory leaks and providing
+appropriate and useful assistance to the higher-level code.
+"""
+import base64
+import ctypes
+import itertools
+import os
+import re
+import ssl
+import struct
+import tempfile
+
+from .bindings import CFConst, CoreFoundation, Security
+
+# This regular expression is used to grab PEM data out of a PEM bundle.
+_PEM_CERTS_RE = re.compile(
+    b"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n(.*?)\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----", re.DOTALL
+)
+
+
+def _cf_data_from_bytes(bytestring):
+    """
+    Given a bytestring, create a CFData object from it. This CFData object must
+    be CFReleased by the caller.
+    """
+    return CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate(
+        CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault, bytestring, len(bytestring)
+    )
+
+
+def _cf_dictionary_from_tuples(tuples):
+    """
+    Given a list of Python tuples, create an associated CFDictionary.
+    """
+    dictionary_size = len(tuples)
+
+    # We need to get the dictionary keys and values out in the same order.
+    keys = (t[0] for t in tuples)
+    values = (t[1] for t in tuples)
+    cf_keys = (CoreFoundation.CFTypeRef * dictionary_size)(*keys)
+    cf_values = (CoreFoundation.CFTypeRef * dictionary_size)(*values)
+
+    return CoreFoundation.CFDictionaryCreate(
+        CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+        cf_keys,
+        cf_values,
+        dictionary_size,
+        CoreFoundation.kCFTypeDictionaryKeyCallBacks,
+        CoreFoundation.kCFTypeDictionaryValueCallBacks,
+    )
+
+
+def _cfstr(py_bstr):
+    """
+    Given a Python binary data, create a CFString.
+    The string must be CFReleased by the caller.
+    """
+    c_str = ctypes.c_char_p(py_bstr)
+    cf_str = CoreFoundation.CFStringCreateWithCString(
+        CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+        c_str,
+        CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8,
+    )
+    return cf_str
+
+
+def _create_cfstring_array(lst):
+    """
+    Given a list of Python binary data, create an associated CFMutableArray.
+    The array must be CFReleased by the caller.
+
+    Raises an ssl.SSLError on failure.
+    """
+    cf_arr = None
+    try:
+        cf_arr = CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable(
+            CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+            0,
+            ctypes.byref(CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks),
+        )
+        if not cf_arr:
+            raise MemoryError("Unable to allocate memory!")
+        for item in lst:
+            cf_str = _cfstr(item)
+            if not cf_str:
+                raise MemoryError("Unable to allocate memory!")
+            try:
+                CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue(cf_arr, cf_str)
+            finally:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cf_str)
+    except BaseException as e:
+        if cf_arr:
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cf_arr)
+        raise ssl.SSLError("Unable to allocate array: %s" % (e,))
+    return cf_arr
+
+
+def _cf_string_to_unicode(value):
+    """
+    Creates a Unicode string from a CFString object. Used entirely for error
+    reporting.
+
+    Yes, it annoys me quite a lot that this function is this complex.
+    """
+    value_as_void_p = ctypes.cast(value, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_void_p))
+
+    string = CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCStringPtr(
+        value_as_void_p, CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8
+    )
+    if string is None:
+        buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(1024)
+        result = CoreFoundation.CFStringGetCString(
+            value_as_void_p, buffer, 1024, CFConst.kCFStringEncodingUTF8
+        )
+        if not result:
+            raise OSError("Error copying C string from CFStringRef")
+        string = buffer.value
+    if string is not None:
+        string = string.decode("utf-8")
+    return string
+
+
+def _assert_no_error(error, exception_class=None):
+    """
+    Checks the return code and throws an exception if there is an error to
+    report
+    """
+    if error == 0:
+        return
+
+    cf_error_string = Security.SecCopyErrorMessageString(error, None)
+    output = _cf_string_to_unicode(cf_error_string)
+    CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cf_error_string)
+
+    if output is None or output == u"":
+        output = u"OSStatus %s" % error
+
+    if exception_class is None:
+        exception_class = ssl.SSLError
+
+    raise exception_class(output)
+
+
+def _cert_array_from_pem(pem_bundle):
+    """
+    Given a bundle of certs in PEM format, turns them into a CFArray of certs
+    that can be used to validate a cert chain.
+    """
+    # Normalize the PEM bundle's line endings.
+    pem_bundle = pem_bundle.replace(b"\r\n", b"\n")
+
+    der_certs = [
+        base64.b64decode(match.group(1)) for match in _PEM_CERTS_RE.finditer(pem_bundle)
+    ]
+    if not der_certs:
+        raise ssl.SSLError("No root certificates specified")
+
+    cert_array = CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable(
+        CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+        0,
+        ctypes.byref(CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks),
+    )
+    if not cert_array:
+        raise ssl.SSLError("Unable to allocate memory!")
+
+    try:
+        for der_bytes in der_certs:
+            certdata = _cf_data_from_bytes(der_bytes)
+            if not certdata:
+                raise ssl.SSLError("Unable to allocate memory!")
+            cert = Security.SecCertificateCreateWithData(
+                CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault, certdata
+            )
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(certdata)
+            if not cert:
+                raise ssl.SSLError("Unable to build cert object!")
+
+            CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue(cert_array, cert)
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cert)
+    except Exception:
+        # We need to free the array before the exception bubbles further.
+        # We only want to do that if an error occurs: otherwise, the caller
+        # should free.
+        CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cert_array)
+        raise
+
+    return cert_array
+
+
+def _is_cert(item):
+    """
+    Returns True if a given CFTypeRef is a certificate.
+    """
+    expected = Security.SecCertificateGetTypeID()
+    return CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID(item) == expected
+
+
+def _is_identity(item):
+    """
+    Returns True if a given CFTypeRef is an identity.
+    """
+    expected = Security.SecIdentityGetTypeID()
+    return CoreFoundation.CFGetTypeID(item) == expected
+
+
+def _temporary_keychain():
+    """
+    This function creates a temporary Mac keychain that we can use to work with
+    credentials. This keychain uses a one-time password and a temporary file to
+    store the data. We expect to have one keychain per socket. The returned
+    SecKeychainRef must be freed by the caller, including calling
+    SecKeychainDelete.
+
+    Returns a tuple of the SecKeychainRef and the path to the temporary
+    directory that contains it.
+    """
+    # Unfortunately, SecKeychainCreate requires a path to a keychain. This
+    # means we cannot use mkstemp to use a generic temporary file. Instead,
+    # we're going to create a temporary directory and a filename to use there.
+    # This filename will be 8 random bytes expanded into base64. We also need
+    # some random bytes to password-protect the keychain we're creating, so we
+    # ask for 40 random bytes.
+    random_bytes = os.urandom(40)
+    filename = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[:8]).decode("utf-8")
+    password = base64.b16encode(random_bytes[8:])  # Must be valid UTF-8
+    tempdirectory = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+
+    keychain_path = os.path.join(tempdirectory, filename).encode("utf-8")
+
+    # We now want to create the keychain itself.
+    keychain = Security.SecKeychainRef()
+    status = Security.SecKeychainCreate(
+        keychain_path, len(password), password, False, None, ctypes.byref(keychain)
+    )
+    _assert_no_error(status)
+
+    # Having created the keychain, we want to pass it off to the caller.
+    return keychain, tempdirectory
+
+
+def _load_items_from_file(keychain, path):
+    """
+    Given a single file, loads all the trust objects from it into arrays and
+    the keychain.
+    Returns a tuple of lists: the first list is a list of identities, the
+    second a list of certs.
+    """
+    certificates = []
+    identities = []
+    result_array = None
+
+    with open(path, "rb") as f:
+        raw_filedata = f.read()
+
+    try:
+        filedata = CoreFoundation.CFDataCreate(
+            CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault, raw_filedata, len(raw_filedata)
+        )
+        result_array = CoreFoundation.CFArrayRef()
+        result = Security.SecItemImport(
+            filedata,  # cert data
+            None,  # Filename, leaving it out for now
+            None,  # What the type of the file is, we don't care
+            None,  # what's in the file, we don't care
+            0,  # import flags
+            None,  # key params, can include passphrase in the future
+            keychain,  # The keychain to insert into
+            ctypes.byref(result_array),  # Results
+        )
+        _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # A CFArray is not very useful to us as an intermediary
+        # representation, so we are going to extract the objects we want
+        # and then free the array. We don't need to keep hold of keys: the
+        # keychain already has them!
+        result_count = CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetCount(result_array)
+        for index in range(result_count):
+            item = CoreFoundation.CFArrayGetValueAtIndex(result_array, index)
+            item = ctypes.cast(item, CoreFoundation.CFTypeRef)
+
+            if _is_cert(item):
+                CoreFoundation.CFRetain(item)
+                certificates.append(item)
+            elif _is_identity(item):
+                CoreFoundation.CFRetain(item)
+                identities.append(item)
+    finally:
+        if result_array:
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(result_array)
+
+        CoreFoundation.CFRelease(filedata)
+
+    return (identities, certificates)
+
+
+def _load_client_cert_chain(keychain, *paths):
+    """
+    Load certificates and maybe keys from a number of files. Has the end goal
+    of returning a CFArray containing one SecIdentityRef, and then zero or more
+    SecCertificateRef objects, suitable for use as a client certificate trust
+    chain.
+    """
+    # Ok, the strategy.
+    #
+    # This relies on knowing that macOS will not give you a SecIdentityRef
+    # unless you have imported a key into a keychain. This is a somewhat
+    # artificial limitation of macOS (for example, it doesn't necessarily
+    # affect iOS), but there is nothing inside Security.framework that lets you
+    # get a SecIdentityRef without having a key in a keychain.
+    #
+    # So the policy here is we take all the files and iterate them in order.
+    # Each one will use SecItemImport to have one or more objects loaded from
+    # it. We will also point at a keychain that macOS can use to work with the
+    # private key.
+    #
+    # Once we have all the objects, we'll check what we actually have. If we
+    # already have a SecIdentityRef in hand, fab: we'll use that. Otherwise,
+    # we'll take the first certificate (which we assume to be our leaf) and
+    # ask the keychain to give us a SecIdentityRef with that cert's associated
+    # key.
+    #
+    # We'll then return a CFArray containing the trust chain: one
+    # SecIdentityRef and then zero-or-more SecCertificateRef objects. The
+    # responsibility for freeing this CFArray will be with the caller. This
+    # CFArray must remain alive for the entire connection, so in practice it
+    # will be stored with a single SSLSocket, along with the reference to the
+    # keychain.
+    certificates = []
+    identities = []
+
+    # Filter out bad paths.
+    paths = (path for path in paths if path)
+
+    try:
+        for file_path in paths:
+            new_identities, new_certs = _load_items_from_file(keychain, file_path)
+            identities.extend(new_identities)
+            certificates.extend(new_certs)
+
+        # Ok, we have everything. The question is: do we have an identity? If
+        # not, we want to grab one from the first cert we have.
+        if not identities:
+            new_identity = Security.SecIdentityRef()
+            status = Security.SecIdentityCreateWithCertificate(
+                keychain, certificates[0], ctypes.byref(new_identity)
+            )
+            _assert_no_error(status)
+            identities.append(new_identity)
+
+            # We now want to release the original certificate, as we no longer
+            # need it.
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(certificates.pop(0))
+
+        # We now need to build a new CFArray that holds the trust chain.
+        trust_chain = CoreFoundation.CFArrayCreateMutable(
+            CoreFoundation.kCFAllocatorDefault,
+            0,
+            ctypes.byref(CoreFoundation.kCFTypeArrayCallBacks),
+        )
+        for item in itertools.chain(identities, certificates):
+            # ArrayAppendValue does a CFRetain on the item. That's fine,
+            # because the finally block will release our other refs to them.
+            CoreFoundation.CFArrayAppendValue(trust_chain, item)
+
+        return trust_chain
+    finally:
+        for obj in itertools.chain(identities, certificates):
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(obj)
+
+
+TLS_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS = {
+    "SSLv2": (0, 2),
+    "SSLv3": (3, 0),
+    "TLSv1": (3, 1),
+    "TLSv1.1": (3, 2),
+    "TLSv1.2": (3, 3),
+}
+
+
+def _build_tls_unknown_ca_alert(version):
+    """
+    Builds a TLS alert record for an unknown CA.
+    """
+    ver_maj, ver_min = TLS_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS[version]
+    severity_fatal = 0x02
+    description_unknown_ca = 0x30
+    msg = struct.pack(">BB", severity_fatal, description_unknown_ca)
+    msg_len = len(msg)
+    record_type_alert = 0x15
+    record = struct.pack(">BBBH", record_type_alert, ver_maj, ver_min, msg_len) + msg
+    return record
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1717ee22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/appengine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+"""
+This module provides a pool manager that uses Google App Engine's
+`URLFetch Service <https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/urlfetch>`_.
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3 import PoolManager
+    from pip._vendor.urllib3.contrib.appengine import AppEngineManager, is_appengine_sandbox
+
+    if is_appengine_sandbox():
+        # AppEngineManager uses AppEngine's URLFetch API behind the scenes
+        http = AppEngineManager()
+    else:
+        # PoolManager uses a socket-level API behind the scenes
+        http = PoolManager()
+
+    r = http.request('GET', 'https://google.com/')
+
+There are `limitations <https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/\
+urlfetch/#Python_Quotas_and_limits>`_ to the URLFetch service and it may not be
+the best choice for your application. There are three options for using
+urllib3 on Google App Engine:
+
+1. You can use :class:`AppEngineManager` with URLFetch. URLFetch is
+   cost-effective in many circumstances as long as your usage is within the
+   limitations.
+2. You can use a normal :class:`~urllib3.PoolManager` by enabling sockets.
+   Sockets also have `limitations and restrictions
+   <https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/sockets/\
+   #limitations-and-restrictions>`_ and have a lower free quota than URLFetch.
+   To use sockets, be sure to specify the following in your ``app.yaml``::
+
+        env_variables:
+            GAE_USE_SOCKETS_HTTPLIB : 'true'
+
+3. If you are using `App Engine Flexible
+<https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/flexible/>`_, you can use the standard
+:class:`PoolManager` without any configuration or special environment variables.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import io
+import logging
+import warnings
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    HTTPError,
+    HTTPWarning,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    SSLError,
+    TimeoutError,
+)
+from ..packages.six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
+from ..request import RequestMethods
+from ..response import HTTPResponse
+from ..util.retry import Retry
+from ..util.timeout import Timeout
+from . import _appengine_environ
+
+try:
+    from google.appengine.api import urlfetch
+except ImportError:
+    urlfetch = None
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEnginePlatformError(HTTPError):
+    pass
+
+
+class AppEngineManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Connection manager for Google App Engine sandbox applications.
+
+    This manager uses the URLFetch service directly instead of using the
+    emulated httplib, and is subject to URLFetch limitations as described in
+    the App Engine documentation `here
+    <https://cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/python/urlfetch>`_.
+
+    Notably it will raise an :class:`AppEnginePlatformError` if:
+        * URLFetch is not available.
+        * If you attempt to use this on App Engine Flexible, as full socket
+          support is available.
+        * If a request size is more than 10 megabytes.
+        * If a response size is more than 32 megabytes.
+        * If you use an unsupported request method such as OPTIONS.
+
+    Beyond those cases, it will raise normal urllib3 errors.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers=None,
+        retries=None,
+        validate_certificate=True,
+        urlfetch_retries=True,
+    ):
+        if not urlfetch:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch is not available in this environment."
+            )
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "urllib3 is using URLFetch on Google App Engine sandbox instead "
+            "of sockets. To use sockets directly instead of URLFetch see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/reference/urllib3.contrib.html.",
+            AppEnginePlatformWarning,
+        )
+
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.validate_certificate = validate_certificate
+        self.urlfetch_retries = urlfetch_retries
+
+        self.retries = retries or Retry.DEFAULT
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def urlopen(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        body=None,
+        headers=None,
+        retries=None,
+        redirect=True,
+        timeout=Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        **response_kw
+    ):
+
+        retries = self._get_retries(retries, redirect)
+
+        try:
+            follow_redirects = redirect and retries.redirect != 0 and retries.total
+            response = urlfetch.fetch(
+                url,
+                payload=body,
+                method=method,
+                headers=headers or {},
+                allow_truncated=False,
+                follow_redirects=self.urlfetch_retries and follow_redirects,
+                deadline=self._get_absolute_timeout(timeout),
+                validate_certificate=self.validate_certificate,
+            )
+        except urlfetch.DeadlineExceededError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(self, e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidURLError as e:
+            if "too large" in str(e):
+                raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                    "URLFetch request too large, URLFetch only "
+                    "supports requests up to 10mb in size.",
+                    e,
+                )
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.DownloadError as e:
+            if "Too many redirects" in str(e):
+                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, reason=e)
+            raise ProtocolError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.ResponseTooLargeError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch response too large, URLFetch only supports"
+                "responses up to 32mb in size.",
+                e,
+            )
+
+        except urlfetch.SSLCertificateError as e:
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+        except urlfetch.InvalidMethodError as e:
+            raise AppEnginePlatformError(
+                "URLFetch does not support method: %s" % method, e
+            )
+
+        http_response = self._urlfetch_response_to_http_response(
+            response, retries=retries, **response_kw
+        )
+
+        # Handle redirect?
+        redirect_location = redirect and http_response.get_redirect_location()
+        if redirect_location:
+            # Check for redirect response
+            if self.urlfetch_retries and retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
+            else:
+                if http_response.status == 303:
+                    method = "GET"
+
+                try:
+                    retries = retries.increment(
+                        method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self
+                    )
+                except MaxRetryError:
+                    if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                        raise MaxRetryError(self, url, "too many redirects")
+                    return http_response
+
+                retries.sleep_for_retry(http_response)
+                log.debug("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
+                redirect_url = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
+                return self.urlopen(
+                    method,
+                    redirect_url,
+                    body,
+                    headers,
+                    retries=retries,
+                    redirect=redirect,
+                    timeout=timeout,
+                    **response_kw
+                )
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        has_retry_after = bool(http_response.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+        if retries.is_retry(method, http_response.status, has_retry_after):
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=http_response, _pool=self)
+            log.debug("Retry: %s", url)
+            retries.sleep(http_response)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method,
+                url,
+                body=body,
+                headers=headers,
+                retries=retries,
+                redirect=redirect,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                **response_kw
+            )
+
+        return http_response
+
+    def _urlfetch_response_to_http_response(self, urlfetch_resp, **response_kw):
+
+        if is_prod_appengine():
+            # Production GAE handles deflate encoding automatically, but does
+            # not remove the encoding header.
+            content_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get("content-encoding")
+
+            if content_encoding == "deflate":
+                del urlfetch_resp.headers["content-encoding"]
+
+        transfer_encoding = urlfetch_resp.headers.get("transfer-encoding")
+        # We have a full response's content,
+        # so let's make sure we don't report ourselves as chunked data.
+        if transfer_encoding == "chunked":
+            encodings = transfer_encoding.split(",")
+            encodings.remove("chunked")
+            urlfetch_resp.headers["transfer-encoding"] = ",".join(encodings)
+
+        original_response = HTTPResponse(
+            # In order for decoding to work, we must present the content as
+            # a file-like object.
+            body=io.BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
+            msg=urlfetch_resp.header_msg,
+            headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
+            status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
+            **response_kw
+        )
+
+        return HTTPResponse(
+            body=io.BytesIO(urlfetch_resp.content),
+            headers=urlfetch_resp.headers,
+            status=urlfetch_resp.status_code,
+            original_response=original_response,
+            **response_kw
+        )
+
+    def _get_absolute_timeout(self, timeout):
+        if timeout is Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return None  # Defer to URLFetch's default.
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            if timeout._read is not None or timeout._connect is not None:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "URLFetch does not support granular timeout settings, "
+                    "reverting to total or default URLFetch timeout.",
+                    AppEnginePlatformWarning,
+                )
+            return timeout.total
+        return timeout
+
+    def _get_retries(self, retries, redirect):
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if retries.connect or retries.read or retries.redirect:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "URLFetch only supports total retries and does not "
+                "recognize connect, read, or redirect retry parameters.",
+                AppEnginePlatformWarning,
+            )
+
+        return retries
+
+
+# Alias methods from _appengine_environ to maintain public API interface.
+
+is_appengine = _appengine_environ.is_appengine
+is_appengine_sandbox = _appengine_environ.is_appengine_sandbox
+is_local_appengine = _appengine_environ.is_local_appengine
+is_prod_appengine = _appengine_environ.is_prod_appengine
+is_prod_appengine_mvms = _appengine_environ.is_prod_appengine_mvms
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47166575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/ntlmpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+"""
+NTLM authenticating pool, contributed by erikcederstran
+
+Issue #10, see: http://code.google.com/p/urllib3/issues/detail?id=10
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import warnings
+from logging import getLogger
+
+from ntlm import ntlm
+
+from .. import HTTPSConnectionPool
+from ..packages.six.moves.http_client import HTTPSConnection
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "The 'urllib3.contrib.ntlmpool' module is deprecated and will be removed "
+    "in urllib3 v2.0 release, urllib3 is not able to support it properly due "
+    "to reasons listed in issue: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2282. "
+    "If you are a user of this module please comment in the mentioned issue.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+)
+
+log = getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class NTLMConnectionPool(HTTPSConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Implements an NTLM authentication version of an urllib3 connection pool
+    """
+
+    scheme = "https"
+
+    def __init__(self, user, pw, authurl, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        authurl is a random URL on the server that is protected by NTLM.
+        user is the Windows user, probably in the DOMAIN\\username format.
+        pw is the password for the user.
+        """
+        super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.authurl = authurl
+        self.rawuser = user
+        user_parts = user.split("\\", 1)
+        self.domain = user_parts[0].upper()
+        self.user = user_parts[1]
+        self.pw = pw
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        # Performs the NTLM handshake that secures the connection. The socket
+        # must be kept open while requests are performed.
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug(
+            "Starting NTLM HTTPS connection no. %d: https://%s%s",
+            self.num_connections,
+            self.host,
+            self.authurl,
+        )
+
+        headers = {"Connection": "Keep-Alive"}
+        req_header = "Authorization"
+        resp_header = "www-authenticate"
+
+        conn = HTTPSConnection(host=self.host, port=self.port)
+
+        # Send negotiation message
+        headers[req_header] = "NTLM %s" % ntlm.create_NTLM_NEGOTIATE_MESSAGE(
+            self.rawuser
+        )
+        log.debug("Request headers: %s", headers)
+        conn.request("GET", self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        reshdr = dict(res.headers)
+        log.debug("Response status: %s %s", res.status, res.reason)
+        log.debug("Response headers: %s", reshdr)
+        log.debug("Response data: %s [...]", res.read(100))
+
+        # Remove the reference to the socket, so that it can not be closed by
+        # the response object (we want to keep the socket open)
+        res.fp = None
+
+        # Server should respond with a challenge message
+        auth_header_values = reshdr[resp_header].split(", ")
+        auth_header_value = None
+        for s in auth_header_values:
+            if s[:5] == "NTLM ":
+                auth_header_value = s[5:]
+        if auth_header_value is None:
+            raise Exception(
+                "Unexpected %s response header: %s" % (resp_header, reshdr[resp_header])
+            )
+
+        # Send authentication message
+        ServerChallenge, NegotiateFlags = ntlm.parse_NTLM_CHALLENGE_MESSAGE(
+            auth_header_value
+        )
+        auth_msg = ntlm.create_NTLM_AUTHENTICATE_MESSAGE(
+            ServerChallenge, self.user, self.domain, self.pw, NegotiateFlags
+        )
+        headers[req_header] = "NTLM %s" % auth_msg
+        log.debug("Request headers: %s", headers)
+        conn.request("GET", self.authurl, None, headers)
+        res = conn.getresponse()
+        log.debug("Response status: %s %s", res.status, res.reason)
+        log.debug("Response headers: %s", dict(res.headers))
+        log.debug("Response data: %s [...]", res.read()[:100])
+        if res.status != 200:
+            if res.status == 401:
+                raise Exception("Server rejected request: wrong username or password")
+            raise Exception("Wrong server response: %s %s" % (res.status, res.reason))
+
+        res.fp = None
+        log.debug("Connection established")
+        return conn
+
+    def urlopen(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        body=None,
+        headers=None,
+        retries=3,
+        redirect=True,
+        assert_same_host=True,
+    ):
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+        headers["Connection"] = "Keep-Alive"
+        return super(NTLMConnectionPool, self).urlopen(
+            method, url, body, headers, retries, redirect, assert_same_host
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19e4aa97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,518 @@
+"""
+TLS with SNI_-support for Python 2. Follow these instructions if you would
+like to verify TLS certificates in Python 2. Note, the default libraries do
+*not* do certificate checking; you need to do additional work to validate
+certificates yourself.
+
+This needs the following packages installed:
+
+* `pyOpenSSL`_ (tested with 16.0.0)
+* `cryptography`_ (minimum 1.3.4, from pyopenssl)
+* `idna`_ (minimum 2.0, from cryptography)
+
+However, pyopenssl depends on cryptography, which depends on idna, so while we
+use all three directly here we end up having relatively few packages required.
+
+You can install them with the following command:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ python -m pip install pyopenssl cryptography idna
+
+To activate certificate checking, call
+:func:`~urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3` from your Python code
+before you begin making HTTP requests. This can be done in a ``sitecustomize``
+module, or at any other time before your application begins using ``urllib3``,
+like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    try:
+        import pip._vendor.urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl as pyopenssl
+        pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+Now you can use :mod:`urllib3` as you normally would, and it will support SNI
+when the required modules are installed.
+
+Activating this module also has the positive side effect of disabling SSL/TLS
+compression in Python 2 (see `CRIME attack`_).
+
+.. _sni: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Name_Indication
+.. _crime attack: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRIME_(security_exploit)
+.. _pyopenssl: https://www.pyopenssl.org
+.. _cryptography: https://cryptography.io
+.. _idna: https://github.com/kjd/idna
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import OpenSSL.crypto
+import OpenSSL.SSL
+from cryptography import x509
+from cryptography.hazmat.backends.openssl import backend as openssl_backend
+
+try:
+    from cryptography.x509 import UnsupportedExtension
+except ImportError:
+    # UnsupportedExtension is gone in cryptography >= 2.1.0
+    class UnsupportedExtension(Exception):
+        pass
+
+
+from io import BytesIO
+from socket import error as SocketError
+from socket import timeout
+
+try:  # Platform-specific: Python 2
+    from socket import _fileobject
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+    _fileobject = None
+    from ..packages.backports.makefile import backport_makefile
+
+import logging
+import ssl
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from .. import util
+from ..packages import six
+from ..util.ssl_ import PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "'urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl' module is deprecated and will be removed "
+    "in a future release of urllib3 2.x. Read more in this issue: "
+    "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2680",
+    category=DeprecationWarning,
+    stacklevel=2,
+)
+
+__all__ = ["inject_into_urllib3", "extract_from_urllib3"]
+
+# SNI always works.
+HAS_SNI = True
+
+# Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
+_openssl_versions = {
+    util.PROTOCOL_TLS: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
+    PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
+}
+
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_SSLv3") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "SSLv3_METHOD"):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3] = OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv3_METHOD
+
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_1_METHOD"):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
+
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_2_METHOD"):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
+
+
+_stdlib_to_openssl_verify = {
+    ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
+    ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
+    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER
+    + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
+}
+_openssl_to_stdlib_verify = dict((v, k) for k, v in _stdlib_to_openssl_verify.items())
+
+# OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
+SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
+orig_util_SSLContext = util.ssl_.SSLContext
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3():
+    "Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support."
+
+    _validate_dependencies_met()
+
+    util.SSLContext = PyOpenSSLContext
+    util.ssl_.SSLContext = PyOpenSSLContext
+    util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
+    util.ssl_.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
+    util.IS_PYOPENSSL = True
+    util.ssl_.IS_PYOPENSSL = True
+
+
+def extract_from_urllib3():
+    "Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`."
+
+    util.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
+    util.ssl_.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
+    util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
+    util.ssl_.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
+    util.IS_PYOPENSSL = False
+    util.ssl_.IS_PYOPENSSL = False
+
+
+def _validate_dependencies_met():
+    """
+    Verifies that PyOpenSSL's package-level dependencies have been met.
+    Throws `ImportError` if they are not met.
+    """
+    # Method added in `cryptography==1.1`; not available in older versions
+    from cryptography.x509.extensions import Extensions
+
+    if getattr(Extensions, "get_extension_for_class", None) is None:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "'cryptography' module missing required functionality.  "
+            "Try upgrading to v1.3.4 or newer."
+        )
+
+    # pyOpenSSL 0.14 and above use cryptography for OpenSSL bindings. The _x509
+    # attribute is only present on those versions.
+    from OpenSSL.crypto import X509
+
+    x509 = X509()
+    if getattr(x509, "_x509", None) is None:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "'pyOpenSSL' module missing required functionality. "
+            "Try upgrading to v0.14 or newer."
+        )
+
+
+def _dnsname_to_stdlib(name):
+    """
+    Converts a dNSName SubjectAlternativeName field to the form used by the
+    standard library on the given Python version.
+
+    Cryptography produces a dNSName as a unicode string that was idna-decoded
+    from ASCII bytes. We need to idna-encode that string to get it back, and
+    then on Python 3 we also need to convert to unicode via UTF-8 (the stdlib
+    uses PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize on it, which decodes via UTF-8).
+
+    If the name cannot be idna-encoded then we return None signalling that
+    the name given should be skipped.
+    """
+
+    def idna_encode(name):
+        """
+        Borrowed wholesale from the Python Cryptography Project. It turns out
+        that we can't just safely call `idna.encode`: it can explode for
+        wildcard names. This avoids that problem.
+        """
+        from pip._vendor import idna
+
+        try:
+            for prefix in [u"*.", u"."]:
+                if name.startswith(prefix):
+                    name = name[len(prefix) :]
+                    return prefix.encode("ascii") + idna.encode(name)
+            return idna.encode(name)
+        except idna.core.IDNAError:
+            return None
+
+    # Don't send IPv6 addresses through the IDNA encoder.
+    if ":" in name:
+        return name
+
+    name = idna_encode(name)
+    if name is None:
+        return None
+    elif sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
+        name = name.decode("utf-8")
+    return name
+
+
+def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert):
+    """
+    Given an PyOpenSSL certificate, provides all the subject alternative names.
+    """
+    # Pass the cert to cryptography, which has much better APIs for this.
+    if hasattr(peer_cert, "to_cryptography"):
+        cert = peer_cert.to_cryptography()
+    else:
+        der = OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, peer_cert)
+        cert = x509.load_der_x509_certificate(der, openssl_backend)
+
+    # We want to find the SAN extension. Ask Cryptography to locate it (it's
+    # faster than looping in Python)
+    try:
+        ext = cert.extensions.get_extension_for_class(x509.SubjectAlternativeName).value
+    except x509.ExtensionNotFound:
+        # No such extension, return the empty list.
+        return []
+    except (
+        x509.DuplicateExtension,
+        UnsupportedExtension,
+        x509.UnsupportedGeneralNameType,
+        UnicodeError,
+    ) as e:
+        # A problem has been found with the quality of the certificate. Assume
+        # no SAN field is present.
+        log.warning(
+            "A problem was encountered with the certificate that prevented "
+            "urllib3 from finding the SubjectAlternativeName field. This can "
+            "affect certificate validation. The error was %s",
+            e,
+        )
+        return []
+
+    # We want to return dNSName and iPAddress fields. We need to cast the IPs
+    # back to strings because the match_hostname function wants them as
+    # strings.
+    # Sadly the DNS names need to be idna encoded and then, on Python 3, UTF-8
+    # decoded. This is pretty frustrating, but that's what the standard library
+    # does with certificates, and so we need to attempt to do the same.
+    # We also want to skip over names which cannot be idna encoded.
+    names = [
+        ("DNS", name)
+        for name in map(_dnsname_to_stdlib, ext.get_values_for_type(x509.DNSName))
+        if name is not None
+    ]
+    names.extend(
+        ("IP Address", str(name)) for name in ext.get_values_for_type(x509.IPAddress)
+    )
+
+    return names
+
+
+class WrappedSocket(object):
+    """API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class.
+
+    Note: _makefile_refs, _drop() and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
+    collector of pypy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection, socket, suppress_ragged_eofs=True):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.socket = socket
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self._makefile_refs = 0
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    # Copy-pasted from Python 3.5 source code
+    def _decref_socketios(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs > 0:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+        if self._closed:
+            self.close()
+
+    def recv(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
+                return b""
+            else:
+                raise SocketError(str(e))
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return b""
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            if not util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
+                raise timeout("The read operation timed out")
+            else:
+                return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError("read error: %r" % e)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    def recv_into(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            return self.connection.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
+                return 0
+            else:
+                raise SocketError(str(e))
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return 0
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+            if not util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
+                raise timeout("The read operation timed out")
+            else:
+                return self.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError("read error: %r" % e)
+
+    def settimeout(self, timeout):
+        return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
+
+    def _send_until_done(self, data):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.send(data)
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError:
+                if not util.wait_for_write(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
+                    raise timeout()
+                continue
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+                raise SocketError(str(e))
+
+    def sendall(self, data):
+        total_sent = 0
+        while total_sent < len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(
+                data[total_sent : total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE]
+            )
+            total_sent += sent
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        # FIXME rethrow compatible exceptions should we ever use this
+        self.connection.shutdown()
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            try:
+                self._closed = True
+                return self.connection.close()
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.Error:
+                return
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
+        x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
+
+        if not x509:
+            return x509
+
+        if binary_form:
+            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, x509)
+
+        return {
+            "subject": ((("commonName", x509.get_subject().CN),),),
+            "subjectAltName": get_subj_alt_name(x509),
+        }
+
+    def version(self):
+        return self.connection.get_protocol_version_name()
+
+    def _reuse(self):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+
+    def _drop(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+
+if _fileobject:  # Platform-specific: Python 2
+
+    def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+        return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
+
+else:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+    makefile = backport_makefile
+
+WrappedSocket.makefile = makefile
+
+
+class PyOpenSSLContext(object):
+    """
+    I am a wrapper class for the PyOpenSSL ``Context`` object. I am responsible
+    for translating the interface of the standard library ``SSLContext`` object
+    to calls into PyOpenSSL.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, protocol):
+        self.protocol = _openssl_versions[protocol]
+        self._ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(self.protocol)
+        self._options = 0
+        self.check_hostname = False
+
+    @property
+    def options(self):
+        return self._options
+
+    @options.setter
+    def options(self, value):
+        self._options = value
+        self._ctx.set_options(value)
+
+    @property
+    def verify_mode(self):
+        return _openssl_to_stdlib_verify[self._ctx.get_verify_mode()]
+
+    @verify_mode.setter
+    def verify_mode(self, value):
+        self._ctx.set_verify(_stdlib_to_openssl_verify[value], _verify_callback)
+
+    def set_default_verify_paths(self):
+        self._ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
+
+    def set_ciphers(self, ciphers):
+        if isinstance(ciphers, six.text_type):
+            ciphers = ciphers.encode("utf-8")
+        self._ctx.set_cipher_list(ciphers)
+
+    def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None):
+        if cafile is not None:
+            cafile = cafile.encode("utf-8")
+        if capath is not None:
+            capath = capath.encode("utf-8")
+        try:
+            self._ctx.load_verify_locations(cafile, capath)
+            if cadata is not None:
+                self._ctx.load_verify_locations(BytesIO(cadata))
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError("unable to load trusted certificates: %r" % e)
+
+    def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile=None, password=None):
+        self._ctx.use_certificate_chain_file(certfile)
+        if password is not None:
+            if not isinstance(password, six.binary_type):
+                password = password.encode("utf-8")
+            self._ctx.set_passwd_cb(lambda *_: password)
+        self._ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile or certfile)
+
+    def set_alpn_protocols(self, protocols):
+        protocols = [six.ensure_binary(p) for p in protocols]
+        return self._ctx.set_alpn_protos(protocols)
+
+    def wrap_socket(
+        self,
+        sock,
+        server_side=False,
+        do_handshake_on_connect=True,
+        suppress_ragged_eofs=True,
+        server_hostname=None,
+    ):
+        cnx = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(self._ctx, sock)
+
+        if isinstance(server_hostname, six.text_type):  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+            server_hostname = server_hostname.encode("utf-8")
+
+        if server_hostname is not None:
+            cnx.set_tlsext_host_name(server_hostname)
+
+        cnx.set_connect_state()
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                cnx.do_handshake()
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError:
+                if not util.wait_for_read(sock, sock.gettimeout()):
+                    raise timeout("select timed out")
+                continue
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+                raise ssl.SSLError("bad handshake: %r" % e)
+            break
+
+        return WrappedSocket(cnx, sock)
+
+
+def _verify_callback(cnx, x509, err_no, err_depth, return_code):
+    return err_no == 0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/securetransport.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/securetransport.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a06bc69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/securetransport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,921 @@
+"""
+SecureTranport support for urllib3 via ctypes.
+
+This makes platform-native TLS available to urllib3 users on macOS without the
+use of a compiler. This is an important feature because the Python Package
+Index is moving to become a TLSv1.2-or-higher server, and the default OpenSSL
+that ships with macOS is not capable of doing TLSv1.2. The only way to resolve
+this is to give macOS users an alternative solution to the problem, and that
+solution is to use SecureTransport.
+
+We use ctypes here because this solution must not require a compiler. That's
+because pip is not allowed to require a compiler either.
+
+This is not intended to be a seriously long-term solution to this problem.
+The hope is that PEP 543 will eventually solve this issue for us, at which
+point we can retire this contrib module. But in the short term, we need to
+solve the impending tire fire that is Python on Mac without this kind of
+contrib module. So...here we are.
+
+To use this module, simply import and inject it::
+
+    import pip._vendor.urllib3.contrib.securetransport as securetransport
+    securetransport.inject_into_urllib3()
+
+Happy TLSing!
+
+This code is a bastardised version of the code found in Will Bond's oscrypto
+library. An enormous debt is owed to him for blazing this trail for us. For
+that reason, this code should be considered to be covered both by urllib3's
+license and by oscrypto's:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Will Bond <will@wbond.net>
+
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
+    copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
+    to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
+    the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
+    and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+    Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+    FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+    DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import contextlib
+import ctypes
+import errno
+import os.path
+import shutil
+import socket
+import ssl
+import struct
+import threading
+import weakref
+
+from pip._vendor import six
+
+from .. import util
+from ..util.ssl_ import PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
+from ._securetransport.bindings import CoreFoundation, Security, SecurityConst
+from ._securetransport.low_level import (
+    _assert_no_error,
+    _build_tls_unknown_ca_alert,
+    _cert_array_from_pem,
+    _create_cfstring_array,
+    _load_client_cert_chain,
+    _temporary_keychain,
+)
+
+try:  # Platform-specific: Python 2
+    from socket import _fileobject
+except ImportError:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+    _fileobject = None
+    from ..packages.backports.makefile import backport_makefile
+
+__all__ = ["inject_into_urllib3", "extract_from_urllib3"]
+
+# SNI always works
+HAS_SNI = True
+
+orig_util_HAS_SNI = util.HAS_SNI
+orig_util_SSLContext = util.ssl_.SSLContext
+
+# This dictionary is used by the read callback to obtain a handle to the
+# calling wrapped socket. This is a pretty silly approach, but for now it'll
+# do. I feel like I should be able to smuggle a handle to the wrapped socket
+# directly in the SSLConnectionRef, but for now this approach will work I
+# guess.
+#
+# We need to lock around this structure for inserts, but we don't do it for
+# reads/writes in the callbacks. The reasoning here goes as follows:
+#
+#    1. It is not possible to call into the callbacks before the dictionary is
+#       populated, so once in the callback the id must be in the dictionary.
+#    2. The callbacks don't mutate the dictionary, they only read from it, and
+#       so cannot conflict with any of the insertions.
+#
+# This is good: if we had to lock in the callbacks we'd drastically slow down
+# the performance of this code.
+_connection_refs = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+_connection_ref_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+# Limit writes to 16kB. This is OpenSSL's limit, but we'll cargo-cult it over
+# for no better reason than we need *a* limit, and this one is right there.
+SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+# This is our equivalent of util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS, but expanded out to
+# individual cipher suites. We need to do this because this is how
+# SecureTransport wants them.
+CIPHER_SUITES = [
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_AES_128_CCM_8_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA,
+    SecurityConst.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,
+]
+
+# Basically this is simple: for PROTOCOL_SSLv23 we turn it into a low of
+# TLSv1 and a high of TLSv1.2. For everything else, we pin to that version.
+# TLSv1 to 1.2 are supported on macOS 10.8+
+_protocol_to_min_max = {
+    util.PROTOCOL_TLS: (SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1, SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12),
+    PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT: (SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1, SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12),
+}
+
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_SSLv2"):
+    _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2] = (
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol2,
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol2,
+    )
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_SSLv3"):
+    _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3] = (
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol3,
+        SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol3,
+    )
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1"):
+    _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1] = (
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1,
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1,
+    )
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1"):
+    _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = (
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol11,
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol11,
+    )
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2"):
+    _protocol_to_min_max[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = (
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12,
+        SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12,
+    )
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3():
+    """
+    Monkey-patch urllib3 with SecureTransport-backed SSL-support.
+    """
+    util.SSLContext = SecureTransportContext
+    util.ssl_.SSLContext = SecureTransportContext
+    util.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
+    util.ssl_.HAS_SNI = HAS_SNI
+    util.IS_SECURETRANSPORT = True
+    util.ssl_.IS_SECURETRANSPORT = True
+
+
+def extract_from_urllib3():
+    """
+    Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`.
+    """
+    util.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
+    util.ssl_.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
+    util.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
+    util.ssl_.HAS_SNI = orig_util_HAS_SNI
+    util.IS_SECURETRANSPORT = False
+    util.ssl_.IS_SECURETRANSPORT = False
+
+
+def _read_callback(connection_id, data_buffer, data_length_pointer):
+    """
+    SecureTransport read callback. This is called by ST to request that data
+    be returned from the socket.
+    """
+    wrapped_socket = None
+    try:
+        wrapped_socket = _connection_refs.get(connection_id)
+        if wrapped_socket is None:
+            return SecurityConst.errSSLInternal
+        base_socket = wrapped_socket.socket
+
+        requested_length = data_length_pointer[0]
+
+        timeout = wrapped_socket.gettimeout()
+        error = None
+        read_count = 0
+
+        try:
+            while read_count < requested_length:
+                if timeout is None or timeout >= 0:
+                    if not util.wait_for_read(base_socket, timeout):
+                        raise socket.error(errno.EAGAIN, "timed out")
+
+                remaining = requested_length - read_count
+                buffer = (ctypes.c_char * remaining).from_address(
+                    data_buffer + read_count
+                )
+                chunk_size = base_socket.recv_into(buffer, remaining)
+                read_count += chunk_size
+                if not chunk_size:
+                    if not read_count:
+                        return SecurityConst.errSSLClosedGraceful
+                    break
+        except (socket.error) as e:
+            error = e.errno
+
+            if error is not None and error != errno.EAGAIN:
+                data_length_pointer[0] = read_count
+                if error == errno.ECONNRESET or error == errno.EPIPE:
+                    return SecurityConst.errSSLClosedAbort
+                raise
+
+        data_length_pointer[0] = read_count
+
+        if read_count != requested_length:
+            return SecurityConst.errSSLWouldBlock
+
+        return 0
+    except Exception as e:
+        if wrapped_socket is not None:
+            wrapped_socket._exception = e
+        return SecurityConst.errSSLInternal
+
+
+def _write_callback(connection_id, data_buffer, data_length_pointer):
+    """
+    SecureTransport write callback. This is called by ST to request that data
+    actually be sent on the network.
+    """
+    wrapped_socket = None
+    try:
+        wrapped_socket = _connection_refs.get(connection_id)
+        if wrapped_socket is None:
+            return SecurityConst.errSSLInternal
+        base_socket = wrapped_socket.socket
+
+        bytes_to_write = data_length_pointer[0]
+        data = ctypes.string_at(data_buffer, bytes_to_write)
+
+        timeout = wrapped_socket.gettimeout()
+        error = None
+        sent = 0
+
+        try:
+            while sent < bytes_to_write:
+                if timeout is None or timeout >= 0:
+                    if not util.wait_for_write(base_socket, timeout):
+                        raise socket.error(errno.EAGAIN, "timed out")
+                chunk_sent = base_socket.send(data)
+                sent += chunk_sent
+
+                # This has some needless copying here, but I'm not sure there's
+                # much value in optimising this data path.
+                data = data[chunk_sent:]
+        except (socket.error) as e:
+            error = e.errno
+
+            if error is not None and error != errno.EAGAIN:
+                data_length_pointer[0] = sent
+                if error == errno.ECONNRESET or error == errno.EPIPE:
+                    return SecurityConst.errSSLClosedAbort
+                raise
+
+        data_length_pointer[0] = sent
+
+        if sent != bytes_to_write:
+            return SecurityConst.errSSLWouldBlock
+
+        return 0
+    except Exception as e:
+        if wrapped_socket is not None:
+            wrapped_socket._exception = e
+        return SecurityConst.errSSLInternal
+
+
+# We need to keep these two objects references alive: if they get GC'd while
+# in use then SecureTransport could attempt to call a function that is in freed
+# memory. That would be...uh...bad. Yeah, that's the word. Bad.
+_read_callback_pointer = Security.SSLReadFunc(_read_callback)
+_write_callback_pointer = Security.SSLWriteFunc(_write_callback)
+
+
+class WrappedSocket(object):
+    """
+    API-compatibility wrapper for Python's OpenSSL wrapped socket object.
+
+    Note: _makefile_refs, _drop(), and _reuse() are needed for the garbage
+    collector of PyPy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, socket):
+        self.socket = socket
+        self.context = None
+        self._makefile_refs = 0
+        self._closed = False
+        self._exception = None
+        self._keychain = None
+        self._keychain_dir = None
+        self._client_cert_chain = None
+
+        # We save off the previously-configured timeout and then set it to
+        # zero. This is done because we use select and friends to handle the
+        # timeouts, but if we leave the timeout set on the lower socket then
+        # Python will "kindly" call select on that socket again for us. Avoid
+        # that by forcing the timeout to zero.
+        self._timeout = self.socket.gettimeout()
+        self.socket.settimeout(0)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _raise_on_error(self):
+        """
+        A context manager that can be used to wrap calls that do I/O from
+        SecureTransport. If any of the I/O callbacks hit an exception, this
+        context manager will correctly propagate the exception after the fact.
+        This avoids silently swallowing those exceptions.
+
+        It also correctly forces the socket closed.
+        """
+        self._exception = None
+
+        # We explicitly don't catch around this yield because in the unlikely
+        # event that an exception was hit in the block we don't want to swallow
+        # it.
+        yield
+        if self._exception is not None:
+            exception, self._exception = self._exception, None
+            self.close()
+            raise exception
+
+    def _set_ciphers(self):
+        """
+        Sets up the allowed ciphers. By default this matches the set in
+        util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS, at least as supported by macOS. This is done
+        custom and doesn't allow changing at this time, mostly because parsing
+        OpenSSL cipher strings is going to be a freaking nightmare.
+        """
+        ciphers = (Security.SSLCipherSuite * len(CIPHER_SUITES))(*CIPHER_SUITES)
+        result = Security.SSLSetEnabledCiphers(
+            self.context, ciphers, len(CIPHER_SUITES)
+        )
+        _assert_no_error(result)
+
+    def _set_alpn_protocols(self, protocols):
+        """
+        Sets up the ALPN protocols on the context.
+        """
+        if not protocols:
+            return
+        protocols_arr = _create_cfstring_array(protocols)
+        try:
+            result = Security.SSLSetALPNProtocols(self.context, protocols_arr)
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+        finally:
+            CoreFoundation.CFRelease(protocols_arr)
+
+    def _custom_validate(self, verify, trust_bundle):
+        """
+        Called when we have set custom validation. We do this in two cases:
+        first, when cert validation is entirely disabled; and second, when
+        using a custom trust DB.
+        Raises an SSLError if the connection is not trusted.
+        """
+        # If we disabled cert validation, just say: cool.
+        if not verify:
+            return
+
+        successes = (
+            SecurityConst.kSecTrustResultUnspecified,
+            SecurityConst.kSecTrustResultProceed,
+        )
+        try:
+            trust_result = self._evaluate_trust(trust_bundle)
+            if trust_result in successes:
+                return
+            reason = "error code: %d" % (trust_result,)
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Do not trust on error
+            reason = "exception: %r" % (e,)
+
+        # SecureTransport does not send an alert nor shuts down the connection.
+        rec = _build_tls_unknown_ca_alert(self.version())
+        self.socket.sendall(rec)
+        # close the connection immediately
+        # l_onoff = 1, activate linger
+        # l_linger = 0, linger for 0 seoncds
+        opts = struct.pack("ii", 1, 0)
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_LINGER, opts)
+        self.close()
+        raise ssl.SSLError("certificate verify failed, %s" % reason)
+
+    def _evaluate_trust(self, trust_bundle):
+        # We want data in memory, so load it up.
+        if os.path.isfile(trust_bundle):
+            with open(trust_bundle, "rb") as f:
+                trust_bundle = f.read()
+
+        cert_array = None
+        trust = Security.SecTrustRef()
+
+        try:
+            # Get a CFArray that contains the certs we want.
+            cert_array = _cert_array_from_pem(trust_bundle)
+
+            # Ok, now the hard part. We want to get the SecTrustRef that ST has
+            # created for this connection, shove our CAs into it, tell ST to
+            # ignore everything else it knows, and then ask if it can build a
+            # chain. This is a buuuunch of code.
+            result = Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust(self.context, ctypes.byref(trust))
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+            if not trust:
+                raise ssl.SSLError("Failed to copy trust reference")
+
+            result = Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificates(trust, cert_array)
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+
+            result = Security.SecTrustSetAnchorCertificatesOnly(trust, True)
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+
+            trust_result = Security.SecTrustResultType()
+            result = Security.SecTrustEvaluate(trust, ctypes.byref(trust_result))
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+        finally:
+            if trust:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(trust)
+
+            if cert_array is not None:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(cert_array)
+
+        return trust_result.value
+
+    def handshake(
+        self,
+        server_hostname,
+        verify,
+        trust_bundle,
+        min_version,
+        max_version,
+        client_cert,
+        client_key,
+        client_key_passphrase,
+        alpn_protocols,
+    ):
+        """
+        Actually performs the TLS handshake. This is run automatically by
+        wrapped socket, and shouldn't be needed in user code.
+        """
+        # First, we do the initial bits of connection setup. We need to create
+        # a context, set its I/O funcs, and set the connection reference.
+        self.context = Security.SSLCreateContext(
+            None, SecurityConst.kSSLClientSide, SecurityConst.kSSLStreamType
+        )
+        result = Security.SSLSetIOFuncs(
+            self.context, _read_callback_pointer, _write_callback_pointer
+        )
+        _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # Here we need to compute the handle to use. We do this by taking the
+        # id of self modulo 2**31 - 1. If this is already in the dictionary, we
+        # just keep incrementing by one until we find a free space.
+        with _connection_ref_lock:
+            handle = id(self) % 2147483647
+            while handle in _connection_refs:
+                handle = (handle + 1) % 2147483647
+            _connection_refs[handle] = self
+
+        result = Security.SSLSetConnection(self.context, handle)
+        _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # If we have a server hostname, we should set that too.
+        if server_hostname:
+            if not isinstance(server_hostname, bytes):
+                server_hostname = server_hostname.encode("utf-8")
+
+            result = Security.SSLSetPeerDomainName(
+                self.context, server_hostname, len(server_hostname)
+            )
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # Setup the ciphers.
+        self._set_ciphers()
+
+        # Setup the ALPN protocols.
+        self._set_alpn_protocols(alpn_protocols)
+
+        # Set the minimum and maximum TLS versions.
+        result = Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMin(self.context, min_version)
+        _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        result = Security.SSLSetProtocolVersionMax(self.context, max_version)
+        _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # If there's a trust DB, we need to use it. We do that by telling
+        # SecureTransport to break on server auth. We also do that if we don't
+        # want to validate the certs at all: we just won't actually do any
+        # authing in that case.
+        if not verify or trust_bundle is not None:
+            result = Security.SSLSetSessionOption(
+                self.context, SecurityConst.kSSLSessionOptionBreakOnServerAuth, True
+            )
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # If there's a client cert, we need to use it.
+        if client_cert:
+            self._keychain, self._keychain_dir = _temporary_keychain()
+            self._client_cert_chain = _load_client_cert_chain(
+                self._keychain, client_cert, client_key
+            )
+            result = Security.SSLSetCertificate(self.context, self._client_cert_chain)
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        while True:
+            with self._raise_on_error():
+                result = Security.SSLHandshake(self.context)
+
+                if result == SecurityConst.errSSLWouldBlock:
+                    raise socket.timeout("handshake timed out")
+                elif result == SecurityConst.errSSLServerAuthCompleted:
+                    self._custom_validate(verify, trust_bundle)
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    _assert_no_error(result)
+                    break
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    # Copy-pasted from Python 3.5 source code
+    def _decref_socketios(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs > 0:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+        if self._closed:
+            self.close()
+
+    def recv(self, bufsiz):
+        buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(bufsiz)
+        bytes_read = self.recv_into(buffer, bufsiz)
+        data = buffer[:bytes_read]
+        return data
+
+    def recv_into(self, buffer, nbytes=None):
+        # Read short on EOF.
+        if self._closed:
+            return 0
+
+        if nbytes is None:
+            nbytes = len(buffer)
+
+        buffer = (ctypes.c_char * nbytes).from_buffer(buffer)
+        processed_bytes = ctypes.c_size_t(0)
+
+        with self._raise_on_error():
+            result = Security.SSLRead(
+                self.context, buffer, nbytes, ctypes.byref(processed_bytes)
+            )
+
+        # There are some result codes that we want to treat as "not always
+        # errors". Specifically, those are errSSLWouldBlock,
+        # errSSLClosedGraceful, and errSSLClosedNoNotify.
+        if result == SecurityConst.errSSLWouldBlock:
+            # If we didn't process any bytes, then this was just a time out.
+            # However, we can get errSSLWouldBlock in situations when we *did*
+            # read some data, and in those cases we should just read "short"
+            # and return.
+            if processed_bytes.value == 0:
+                # Timed out, no data read.
+                raise socket.timeout("recv timed out")
+        elif result in (
+            SecurityConst.errSSLClosedGraceful,
+            SecurityConst.errSSLClosedNoNotify,
+        ):
+            # The remote peer has closed this connection. We should do so as
+            # well. Note that we don't actually return here because in
+            # principle this could actually be fired along with return data.
+            # It's unlikely though.
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # Ok, we read and probably succeeded. We should return whatever data
+        # was actually read.
+        return processed_bytes.value
+
+    def settimeout(self, timeout):
+        self._timeout = timeout
+
+    def gettimeout(self):
+        return self._timeout
+
+    def send(self, data):
+        processed_bytes = ctypes.c_size_t(0)
+
+        with self._raise_on_error():
+            result = Security.SSLWrite(
+                self.context, data, len(data), ctypes.byref(processed_bytes)
+            )
+
+        if result == SecurityConst.errSSLWouldBlock and processed_bytes.value == 0:
+            # Timed out
+            raise socket.timeout("send timed out")
+        else:
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+
+        # We sent, and probably succeeded. Tell them how much we sent.
+        return processed_bytes.value
+
+    def sendall(self, data):
+        total_sent = 0
+        while total_sent < len(data):
+            sent = self.send(data[total_sent : total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE])
+            total_sent += sent
+
+    def shutdown(self):
+        with self._raise_on_error():
+            Security.SSLClose(self.context)
+
+    def close(self):
+        # TODO: should I do clean shutdown here? Do I have to?
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self._closed = True
+            if self.context:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(self.context)
+                self.context = None
+            if self._client_cert_chain:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(self._client_cert_chain)
+                self._client_cert_chain = None
+            if self._keychain:
+                Security.SecKeychainDelete(self._keychain)
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(self._keychain)
+                shutil.rmtree(self._keychain_dir)
+                self._keychain = self._keychain_dir = None
+            return self.socket.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
+        # Urgh, annoying.
+        #
+        # Here's how we do this:
+        #
+        # 1. Call SSLCopyPeerTrust to get hold of the trust object for this
+        #    connection.
+        # 2. Call SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex for index 0 to get the leaf.
+        # 3. To get the CN, call SecCertificateCopyCommonName and process that
+        #    string so that it's of the appropriate type.
+        # 4. To get the SAN, we need to do something a bit more complex:
+        #    a. Call SecCertificateCopyValues to get the data, requesting
+        #       kSecOIDSubjectAltName.
+        #    b. Mess about with this dictionary to try to get the SANs out.
+        #
+        # This is gross. Really gross. It's going to be a few hundred LoC extra
+        # just to repeat something that SecureTransport can *already do*. So my
+        # operating assumption at this time is that what we want to do is
+        # instead to just flag to urllib3 that it shouldn't do its own hostname
+        # validation when using SecureTransport.
+        if not binary_form:
+            raise ValueError("SecureTransport only supports dumping binary certs")
+        trust = Security.SecTrustRef()
+        certdata = None
+        der_bytes = None
+
+        try:
+            # Grab the trust store.
+            result = Security.SSLCopyPeerTrust(self.context, ctypes.byref(trust))
+            _assert_no_error(result)
+            if not trust:
+                # Probably we haven't done the handshake yet. No biggie.
+                return None
+
+            cert_count = Security.SecTrustGetCertificateCount(trust)
+            if not cert_count:
+                # Also a case that might happen if we haven't handshaked.
+                # Handshook? Handshaken?
+                return None
+
+            leaf = Security.SecTrustGetCertificateAtIndex(trust, 0)
+            assert leaf
+
+            # Ok, now we want the DER bytes.
+            certdata = Security.SecCertificateCopyData(leaf)
+            assert certdata
+
+            data_length = CoreFoundation.CFDataGetLength(certdata)
+            data_buffer = CoreFoundation.CFDataGetBytePtr(certdata)
+            der_bytes = ctypes.string_at(data_buffer, data_length)
+        finally:
+            if certdata:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(certdata)
+            if trust:
+                CoreFoundation.CFRelease(trust)
+
+        return der_bytes
+
+    def version(self):
+        protocol = Security.SSLProtocol()
+        result = Security.SSLGetNegotiatedProtocolVersion(
+            self.context, ctypes.byref(protocol)
+        )
+        _assert_no_error(result)
+        if protocol.value == SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol13:
+            raise ssl.SSLError("SecureTransport does not support TLS 1.3")
+        elif protocol.value == SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol12:
+            return "TLSv1.2"
+        elif protocol.value == SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol11:
+            return "TLSv1.1"
+        elif protocol.value == SecurityConst.kTLSProtocol1:
+            return "TLSv1"
+        elif protocol.value == SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol3:
+            return "SSLv3"
+        elif protocol.value == SecurityConst.kSSLProtocol2:
+            return "SSLv2"
+        else:
+            raise ssl.SSLError("Unknown TLS version: %r" % protocol)
+
+    def _reuse(self):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+
+    def _drop(self):
+        if self._makefile_refs < 1:
+            self.close()
+        else:
+            self._makefile_refs -= 1
+
+
+if _fileobject:  # Platform-specific: Python 2
+
+    def makefile(self, mode, bufsize=-1):
+        self._makefile_refs += 1
+        return _fileobject(self, mode, bufsize, close=True)
+
+else:  # Platform-specific: Python 3
+
+    def makefile(self, mode="r", buffering=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        # We disable buffering with SecureTransport because it conflicts with
+        # the buffering that ST does internally (see issue #1153 for more).
+        buffering = 0
+        return backport_makefile(self, mode, buffering, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+WrappedSocket.makefile = makefile
+
+
+class SecureTransportContext(object):
+    """
+    I am a wrapper class for the SecureTransport library, to translate the
+    interface of the standard library ``SSLContext`` object to calls into
+    SecureTransport.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, protocol):
+        self._min_version, self._max_version = _protocol_to_min_max[protocol]
+        self._options = 0
+        self._verify = False
+        self._trust_bundle = None
+        self._client_cert = None
+        self._client_key = None
+        self._client_key_passphrase = None
+        self._alpn_protocols = None
+
+    @property
+    def check_hostname(self):
+        """
+        SecureTransport cannot have its hostname checking disabled. For more,
+        see the comment on getpeercert() in this file.
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @check_hostname.setter
+    def check_hostname(self, value):
+        """
+        SecureTransport cannot have its hostname checking disabled. For more,
+        see the comment on getpeercert() in this file.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def options(self):
+        # TODO: Well, crap.
+        #
+        # So this is the bit of the code that is the most likely to cause us
+        # trouble. Essentially we need to enumerate all of the SSL options that
+        # users might want to use and try to see if we can sensibly translate
+        # them, or whether we should just ignore them.
+        return self._options
+
+    @options.setter
+    def options(self, value):
+        # TODO: Update in line with above.
+        self._options = value
+
+    @property
+    def verify_mode(self):
+        return ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if self._verify else ssl.CERT_NONE
+
+    @verify_mode.setter
+    def verify_mode(self, value):
+        self._verify = True if value == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED else False
+
+    def set_default_verify_paths(self):
+        # So, this has to do something a bit weird. Specifically, what it does
+        # is nothing.
+        #
+        # This means that, if we had previously had load_verify_locations
+        # called, this does not undo that. We need to do that because it turns
+        # out that the rest of the urllib3 code will attempt to load the
+        # default verify paths if it hasn't been told about any paths, even if
+        # the context itself was sometime earlier. We resolve that by just
+        # ignoring it.
+        pass
+
+    def load_default_certs(self):
+        return self.set_default_verify_paths()
+
+    def set_ciphers(self, ciphers):
+        # For now, we just require the default cipher string.
+        if ciphers != util.ssl_.DEFAULT_CIPHERS:
+            raise ValueError("SecureTransport doesn't support custom cipher strings")
+
+    def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None):
+        # OK, we only really support cadata and cafile.
+        if capath is not None:
+            raise ValueError("SecureTransport does not support cert directories")
+
+        # Raise if cafile does not exist.
+        if cafile is not None:
+            with open(cafile):
+                pass
+
+        self._trust_bundle = cafile or cadata
+
+    def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile=None, password=None):
+        self._client_cert = certfile
+        self._client_key = keyfile
+        self._client_cert_passphrase = password
+
+    def set_alpn_protocols(self, protocols):
+        """
+        Sets the ALPN protocols that will later be set on the context.
+
+        Raises a NotImplementedError if ALPN is not supported.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(Security, "SSLSetALPNProtocols"):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "SecureTransport supports ALPN only in macOS 10.12+"
+            )
+        self._alpn_protocols = [six.ensure_binary(p) for p in protocols]
+
+    def wrap_socket(
+        self,
+        sock,
+        server_side=False,
+        do_handshake_on_connect=True,
+        suppress_ragged_eofs=True,
+        server_hostname=None,
+    ):
+        # So, what do we do here? Firstly, we assert some properties. This is a
+        # stripped down shim, so there is some functionality we don't support.
+        # See PEP 543 for the real deal.
+        assert not server_side
+        assert do_handshake_on_connect
+        assert suppress_ragged_eofs
+
+        # Ok, we're good to go. Now we want to create the wrapped socket object
+        # and store it in the appropriate place.
+        wrapped_socket = WrappedSocket(sock)
+
+        # Now we can handshake
+        wrapped_socket.handshake(
+            server_hostname,
+            self._verify,
+            self._trust_bundle,
+            self._min_version,
+            self._max_version,
+            self._client_cert,
+            self._client_key,
+            self._client_key_passphrase,
+            self._alpn_protocols,
+        )
+        return wrapped_socket
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/socks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/socks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c326e80d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/contrib/socks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+This module contains provisional support for SOCKS proxies from within
+urllib3. This module supports SOCKS4, SOCKS4A (an extension of SOCKS4), and
+SOCKS5. To enable its functionality, either install PySocks or install this
+module with the ``socks`` extra.
+
+The SOCKS implementation supports the full range of urllib3 features. It also
+supports the following SOCKS features:
+
+- SOCKS4A (``proxy_url='socks4a://...``)
+- SOCKS4 (``proxy_url='socks4://...``)
+- SOCKS5 with remote DNS (``proxy_url='socks5h://...``)
+- SOCKS5 with local DNS (``proxy_url='socks5://...``)
+- Usernames and passwords for the SOCKS proxy
+
+.. note::
+   It is recommended to use ``socks5h://`` or ``socks4a://`` schemes in
+   your ``proxy_url`` to ensure that DNS resolution is done from the remote
+   server instead of client-side when connecting to a domain name.
+
+SOCKS4 supports IPv4 and domain names with the SOCKS4A extension. SOCKS5
+supports IPv4, IPv6, and domain names.
+
+When connecting to a SOCKS4 proxy the ``username`` portion of the ``proxy_url``
+will be sent as the ``userid`` section of the SOCKS request:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    proxy_url="socks4a://<userid>@proxy-host"
+
+When connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy the ``username`` and ``password`` portion
+of the ``proxy_url`` will be sent as the username/password to authenticate
+with the proxy:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    proxy_url="socks5h://<username>:<password>@proxy-host"
+
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+try:
+    import socks
+except ImportError:
+    import warnings
+
+    from ..exceptions import DependencyWarning
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "SOCKS support in urllib3 requires the installation of optional "
+            "dependencies: specifically, PySocks.  For more information, see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/contrib.html#socks-proxies"
+        ),
+        DependencyWarning,
+    )
+    raise
+
+from socket import error as SocketError
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+
+from ..connection import HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection
+from ..connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
+from ..exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError, NewConnectionError
+from ..poolmanager import PoolManager
+from ..util.url import parse_url
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    ssl = None
+
+
+class SOCKSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+    """
+    A plain-text HTTP connection that connects via a SOCKS proxy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._socks_options = kwargs.pop("_socks_options")
+        super(SOCKSConnection, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _new_conn(self):
+        """
+        Establish a new connection via the SOCKS proxy.
+        """
+        extra_kw = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
+
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = socks.create_connection(
+                (self.host, self.port),
+                proxy_type=self._socks_options["socks_version"],
+                proxy_addr=self._socks_options["proxy_host"],
+                proxy_port=self._socks_options["proxy_port"],
+                proxy_username=self._socks_options["username"],
+                proxy_password=self._socks_options["password"],
+                proxy_rdns=self._socks_options["rdns"],
+                timeout=self.timeout,
+                **extra_kw
+            )
+
+        except SocketTimeout:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self,
+                "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                % (self.host, self.timeout),
+            )
+
+        except socks.ProxyError as e:
+            # This is fragile as hell, but it seems to be the only way to raise
+            # useful errors here.
+            if e.socket_err:
+                error = e.socket_err
+                if isinstance(error, SocketTimeout):
+                    raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                        self,
+                        "Connection to %s timed out. (connect timeout=%s)"
+                        % (self.host, self.timeout),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise NewConnectionError(
+                        self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % error
+                    )
+            else:
+                raise NewConnectionError(
+                    self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
+                )
+
+        except SocketError as e:  # Defensive: PySocks should catch all these.
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, "Failed to establish a new connection: %s" % e
+            )
+
+        return conn
+
+
+# We don't need to duplicate the Verified/Unverified distinction from
+# urllib3/connection.py here because the HTTPSConnection will already have been
+# correctly set to either the Verified or Unverified form by that module. This
+# means the SOCKSHTTPSConnection will automatically be the correct type.
+class SOCKSHTTPSConnection(SOCKSConnection, HTTPSConnection):
+    pass
+
+
+class SOCKSHTTPConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
+    ConnectionCls = SOCKSConnection
+
+
+class SOCKSHTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPSConnectionPool):
+    ConnectionCls = SOCKSHTTPSConnection
+
+
+class SOCKSProxyManager(PoolManager):
+    """
+    A version of the urllib3 ProxyManager that routes connections via the
+    defined SOCKS proxy.
+    """
+
+    pool_classes_by_scheme = {
+        "http": SOCKSHTTPConnectionPool,
+        "https": SOCKSHTTPSConnectionPool,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url,
+        username=None,
+        password=None,
+        num_pools=10,
+        headers=None,
+        **connection_pool_kw
+    ):
+        parsed = parse_url(proxy_url)
+
+        if username is None and password is None and parsed.auth is not None:
+            split = parsed.auth.split(":")
+            if len(split) == 2:
+                username, password = split
+        if parsed.scheme == "socks5":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5
+            rdns = False
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks5h":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5
+            rdns = True
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks4":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4
+            rdns = False
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks4a":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4
+            rdns = True
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unable to determine SOCKS version from %s" % proxy_url)
+
+        self.proxy_url = proxy_url
+
+        socks_options = {
+            "socks_version": socks_version,
+            "proxy_host": parsed.host,
+            "proxy_port": parsed.port,
+            "username": username,
+            "password": password,
+            "rdns": rdns,
+        }
+        connection_pool_kw["_socks_options"] = socks_options
+
+        super(SOCKSProxyManager, self).__init__(
+            num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw
+        )
+
+        self.pool_classes_by_scheme = SOCKSProxyManager.pool_classes_by_scheme
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cba6f3f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from .packages.six.moves.http_client import IncompleteRead as httplib_IncompleteRead
+
+# Base Exceptions
+
+
+class HTTPError(Exception):
+    """Base exception used by this module."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning used by this module."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class PoolError(HTTPError):
+    """Base exception for errors caused within a pool."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, message):
+        self.pool = pool
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, "%s: %s" % (pool, message))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, None)
+
+
+class RequestError(PoolError):
+    """Base exception for PoolErrors that have associated URLs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, message):
+        self.url = url
+        PoolError.__init__(self, pool, message)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.url, None)
+
+
+class SSLError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when SSL certificate fails in an HTTPS connection."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxyError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when the connection to a proxy fails."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message, error, *args):
+        super(ProxyError, self).__init__(message, error, *args)
+        self.original_error = error
+
+
+class DecodeError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+#: Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.
+ConnectionError = ProtocolError
+
+
+# Leaf Exceptions
+
+
+class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
+    """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
+
+    :param pool: The connection pool
+    :type pool: :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    :param string url: The requested Url
+    :param exceptions.Exception reason: The underlying error
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, reason=None):
+        self.reason = reason
+
+        message = "Max retries exceeded with url: %s (Caused by %r)" % (url, reason)
+
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+
+
+class HostChangedError(RequestError):
+    """Raised when an existing pool gets a request for a foreign host."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pool, url, retries=3):
+        message = "Tried to open a foreign host with url: %s" % url
+        RequestError.__init__(self, pool, url, message)
+        self.retries = retries
+
+
+class TimeoutStateError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when passing an invalid state to a timeout"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class TimeoutError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when a socket timeout error occurs.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both :exc:`ReadTimeoutErrors
+    <ReadTimeoutError>` and :exc:`ConnectTimeoutErrors <ConnectTimeoutError>`.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadTimeoutError(TimeoutError, RequestError):
+    """Raised when a socket timeout occurs while receiving data from a server"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+# This timeout error does not have a URL attached and needs to inherit from the
+# base HTTPError
+class ConnectTimeoutError(TimeoutError):
+    """Raised when a socket timeout occurs while connecting to a server"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class NewConnectionError(ConnectTimeoutError, PoolError):
+    """Raised when we fail to establish a new connection. Usually ECONNREFUSED."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class EmptyPoolError(PoolError):
+    """Raised when a pool runs out of connections and no more are allowed."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ClosedPoolError(PoolError):
+    """Raised when a request enters a pool after the pool has been closed."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationValueError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+    """Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
+    """Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input."""
+
+    def __init__(self, location):
+        message = "Failed to parse: %s" % location
+        HTTPError.__init__(self, message)
+
+        self.location = location
+
+
+class URLSchemeUnknown(LocationValueError):
+    """Raised when a URL input has an unsupported scheme."""
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme):
+        message = "Not supported URL scheme %s" % scheme
+        super(URLSchemeUnknown, self).__init__(message)
+
+        self.scheme = scheme
+
+
+class ResponseError(HTTPError):
+    """Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."""
+
+    GENERIC_ERROR = "too many error responses"
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = "too many {status_code} error responses"
+
+
+class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    """Warned when performing security reducing actions"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SubjectAltNameWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when connecting to a host with a certificate missing a SAN."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when certain TLS/SSL configuration is not available on a platform."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SNIMissingWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    """Warned when making a HTTPS request without SNI available."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class DependencyWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Warned when an attempt is made to import a module with missing optional
+    dependencies.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    """Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class BodyNotHttplibCompatible(HTTPError):
+    """
+    Body should be :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` like
+    (have an fp attribute which returns raw chunks) for read_chunked().
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class IncompleteRead(HTTPError, httplib_IncompleteRead):
+    """
+    Response length doesn't match expected Content-Length
+
+    Subclass of :class:`http.client.IncompleteRead` to allow int value
+    for ``partial`` to avoid creating large objects on streamed reads.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, partial, expected):
+        super(IncompleteRead, self).__init__(partial, expected)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "IncompleteRead(%i bytes read, %i more expected)" % (
+            self.partial,
+            self.expected,
+        )
+
+
+class InvalidChunkLength(HTTPError, httplib_IncompleteRead):
+    """Invalid chunk length in a chunked response."""
+
+    def __init__(self, response, length):
+        super(InvalidChunkLength, self).__init__(
+            response.tell(), response.length_remaining
+        )
+        self.response = response
+        self.length = length
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "InvalidChunkLength(got length %r, %i bytes read)" % (
+            self.length,
+            self.partial,
+        )
+
+
+class InvalidHeader(HTTPError):
+    """The header provided was somehow invalid."""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnknown(AssertionError, URLSchemeUnknown):
+    """ProxyManager does not support the supplied scheme"""
+
+    # TODO(t-8ch): Stop inheriting from AssertionError in v2.0.
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme):
+        # 'localhost' is here because our URL parser parses
+        # localhost:8080 -> scheme=localhost, remove if we fix this.
+        if scheme == "localhost":
+            scheme = None
+        if scheme is None:
+            message = "Proxy URL had no scheme, should start with http:// or https://"
+        else:
+            message = (
+                "Proxy URL had unsupported scheme %s, should use http:// or https://"
+                % scheme
+            )
+        super(ProxySchemeUnknown, self).__init__(message)
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnsupported(ValueError):
+    """Fetching HTTPS resources through HTTPS proxies is unsupported"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+class HeaderParsingError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, defects, unparsed_data):
+        message = "%s, unparsed data: %r" % (defects or "Unknown", unparsed_data)
+        super(HeaderParsingError, self).__init__(message)
+
+
+class UnrewindableBodyError(HTTPError):
+    """urllib3 encountered an error when trying to rewind a body"""
+
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/fields.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d630f49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import email.utils
+import mimetypes
+import re
+
+from .packages import six
+
+
+def guess_content_type(filename, default="application/octet-stream"):
+    """
+    Guess the "Content-Type" of a file.
+
+    :param filename:
+        The filename to guess the "Content-Type" of using :mod:`mimetypes`.
+    :param default:
+        If no "Content-Type" can be guessed, default to `default`.
+    """
+    if filename:
+        return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or default
+    return default
+
+
+def format_header_param_rfc2231(name, value):
+    """
+    Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter using the
+    strategy defined in RFC 2231.
+
+    Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain
+    non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows
+    `RFC 2388 Section 4.4 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2388#section-4.4>`_.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+    :param value:
+        The value of the parameter, provided as ``bytes`` or `str``.
+    :ret:
+        An RFC-2231-formatted unicode string.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, six.binary_type):
+        value = value.decode("utf-8")
+
+    if not any(ch in value for ch in '"\\\r\n'):
+        result = u'%s="%s"' % (name, value)
+        try:
+            result.encode("ascii")
+        except (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    if six.PY2:  # Python 2:
+        value = value.encode("utf-8")
+
+    # encode_rfc2231 accepts an encoded string and returns an ascii-encoded
+    # string in Python 2 but accepts and returns unicode strings in Python 3
+    value = email.utils.encode_rfc2231(value, "utf-8")
+    value = "%s*=%s" % (name, value)
+
+    if six.PY2:  # Python 2:
+        value = value.decode("utf-8")
+
+    return value
+
+
+_HTML5_REPLACEMENTS = {
+    u"\u0022": u"%22",
+    # Replace "\" with "\\".
+    u"\u005C": u"\u005C\u005C",
+}
+
+# All control characters from 0x00 to 0x1F *except* 0x1B.
+_HTML5_REPLACEMENTS.update(
+    {
+        six.unichr(cc): u"%{:02X}".format(cc)
+        for cc in range(0x00, 0x1F + 1)
+        if cc not in (0x1B,)
+    }
+)
+
+
+def _replace_multiple(value, needles_and_replacements):
+    def replacer(match):
+        return needles_and_replacements[match.group(0)]
+
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r"|".join([re.escape(needle) for needle in needles_and_replacements.keys()])
+    )
+
+    result = pattern.sub(replacer, value)
+
+    return result
+
+
+def format_header_param_html5(name, value):
+    """
+    Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter using the
+    HTML5 strategy.
+
+    Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain
+    non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows the `HTML5 Working Draft
+    Section 4.10.22.7`_ and matches the behavior of curl and modern browsers.
+
+    .. _HTML5 Working Draft Section 4.10.22.7:
+        https://w3c.github.io/html/sec-forms.html#multipart-form-data
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+    :param value:
+        The value of the parameter, provided as ``bytes`` or `str``.
+    :ret:
+        A unicode string, stripped of troublesome characters.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, six.binary_type):
+        value = value.decode("utf-8")
+
+    value = _replace_multiple(value, _HTML5_REPLACEMENTS)
+
+    return u'%s="%s"' % (name, value)
+
+
+# For backwards-compatibility.
+format_header_param = format_header_param_html5
+
+
+class RequestField(object):
+    """
+    A data container for request body parameters.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of this request field. Must be unicode.
+    :param data:
+        The data/value body.
+    :param filename:
+        An optional filename of the request field. Must be unicode.
+    :param headers:
+        An optional dict-like object of headers to initially use for the field.
+    :param header_formatter:
+        An optional callable that is used to encode and format the headers. By
+        default, this is :func:`format_header_param_html5`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name,
+        data,
+        filename=None,
+        headers=None,
+        header_formatter=format_header_param_html5,
+    ):
+        self._name = name
+        self._filename = filename
+        self.data = data
+        self.headers = {}
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = dict(headers)
+        self.header_formatter = header_formatter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_tuples(cls, fieldname, value, header_formatter=format_header_param_html5):
+        """
+        A :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.
+
+        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from
+        parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a
+        (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional.
+        For example::
+
+            'foo': 'bar',
+            'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+            'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+            'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(), 'image/jpeg'),
+            'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+
+        Field names and filenames must be unicode.
+        """
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            if len(value) == 3:
+                filename, data, content_type = value
+            else:
+                filename, data = value
+                content_type = guess_content_type(filename)
+        else:
+            filename = None
+            content_type = None
+            data = value
+
+        request_param = cls(
+            fieldname, data, filename=filename, header_formatter=header_formatter
+        )
+        request_param.make_multipart(content_type=content_type)
+
+        return request_param
+
+    def _render_part(self, name, value):
+        """
+        Overridable helper function to format a single header parameter. By
+        default, this calls ``self.header_formatter``.
+
+        :param name:
+            The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+        :param value:
+            The value of the parameter, provided as a unicode string.
+        """
+
+        return self.header_formatter(name, value)
+
+    def _render_parts(self, header_parts):
+        """
+        Helper function to format and quote a single header.
+
+        Useful for single headers that are composed of multiple items. E.g.,
+        'Content-Disposition' fields.
+
+        :param header_parts:
+            A sequence of (k, v) tuples or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format
+            as `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
+        """
+        parts = []
+        iterable = header_parts
+        if isinstance(header_parts, dict):
+            iterable = header_parts.items()
+
+        for name, value in iterable:
+            if value is not None:
+                parts.append(self._render_part(name, value))
+
+        return u"; ".join(parts)
+
+    def render_headers(self):
+        """
+        Renders the headers for this request field.
+        """
+        lines = []
+
+        sort_keys = ["Content-Disposition", "Content-Type", "Content-Location"]
+        for sort_key in sort_keys:
+            if self.headers.get(sort_key, False):
+                lines.append(u"%s: %s" % (sort_key, self.headers[sort_key]))
+
+        for header_name, header_value in self.headers.items():
+            if header_name not in sort_keys:
+                if header_value:
+                    lines.append(u"%s: %s" % (header_name, header_value))
+
+        lines.append(u"\r\n")
+        return u"\r\n".join(lines)
+
+    def make_multipart(
+        self, content_disposition=None, content_type=None, content_location=None
+    ):
+        """
+        Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
+
+        This method overrides "Content-Disposition", "Content-Type" and
+        "Content-Location" headers to the request parameter.
+
+        :param content_type:
+            The 'Content-Type' of the request body.
+        :param content_location:
+            The 'Content-Location' of the request body.
+
+        """
+        self.headers["Content-Disposition"] = content_disposition or u"form-data"
+        self.headers["Content-Disposition"] += u"; ".join(
+            [
+                u"",
+                self._render_parts(
+                    ((u"name", self._name), (u"filename", self._filename))
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+        self.headers["Content-Location"] = content_location
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/filepost.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/filepost.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36c9252c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/filepost.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import binascii
+import codecs
+import os
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from .fields import RequestField
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six import b
+
+writer = codecs.lookup("utf-8")[3]
+
+
+def choose_boundary():
+    """
+    Our embarrassingly-simple replacement for mimetools.choose_boundary.
+    """
+    boundary = binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(16))
+    if not six.PY2:
+        boundary = boundary.decode("ascii")
+    return boundary
+
+
+def iter_field_objects(fields):
+    """
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts, and lists of
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`.
+
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        i = six.iteritems(fields)
+    else:
+        i = iter(fields)
+
+    for field in i:
+        if isinstance(field, RequestField):
+            yield field
+        else:
+            yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
+
+
+def iter_fields(fields):
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 1.6
+
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    The addition of :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` makes this function
+    obsolete. Instead, use :func:`iter_field_objects`, which returns
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` objects.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts.
+    """
+    if isinstance(fields, dict):
+        return ((k, v) for k, v in six.iteritems(fields))
+
+    return ((k, v) for k, v in fields)
+
+
+def encode_multipart_formdata(fields, boundary=None):
+    """
+    Encode a dictionary of ``fields`` using the multipart/form-data MIME format.
+
+    :param fields:
+        Dictionary of fields or list of (key, :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`).
+
+    :param boundary:
+        If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using
+        :func:`urllib3.filepost.choose_boundary`.
+    """
+    body = BytesIO()
+    if boundary is None:
+        boundary = choose_boundary()
+
+    for field in iter_field_objects(fields):
+        body.write(b("--%s\r\n" % (boundary)))
+
+        writer(body).write(field.render_headers())
+        data = field.data
+
+        if isinstance(data, int):
+            data = str(data)  # Backwards compatibility
+
+        if isinstance(data, six.text_type):
+            writer(body).write(data)
+        else:
+            body.write(data)
+
+        body.write(b"\r\n")
+
+    body.write(b("--%s--\r\n" % (boundary)))
+
+    content_type = str("multipart/form-data; boundary=%s" % boundary)
+
+    return body.getvalue(), content_type
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/backports/makefile.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/backports/makefile.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8fb2154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/backports/makefile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+backports.makefile
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Backports the Python 3 ``socket.makefile`` method for use with anything that
+wants to create a "fake" socket object.
+"""
+import io
+from socket import SocketIO
+
+
+def backport_makefile(
+    self, mode="r", buffering=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None
+):
+    """
+    Backport of ``socket.makefile`` from Python 3.5.
+    """
+    if not set(mode) <= {"r", "w", "b"}:
+        raise ValueError("invalid mode %r (only r, w, b allowed)" % (mode,))
+    writing = "w" in mode
+    reading = "r" in mode or not writing
+    assert reading or writing
+    binary = "b" in mode
+    rawmode = ""
+    if reading:
+        rawmode += "r"
+    if writing:
+        rawmode += "w"
+    raw = SocketIO(self, rawmode)
+    self._makefile_refs += 1
+    if buffering is None:
+        buffering = -1
+    if buffering < 0:
+        buffering = io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+    if buffering == 0:
+        if not binary:
+            raise ValueError("unbuffered streams must be binary")
+        return raw
+    if reading and writing:
+        buffer = io.BufferedRWPair(raw, raw, buffering)
+    elif reading:
+        buffer = io.BufferedReader(raw, buffering)
+    else:
+        assert writing
+        buffer = io.BufferedWriter(raw, buffering)
+    if binary:
+        return buffer
+    text = io.TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding, errors, newline)
+    text.mode = mode
+    return text
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/backports/weakref_finalize.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/backports/weakref_finalize.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2f2966e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/backports/weakref_finalize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+backports.weakref_finalize
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Backports the Python 3 ``weakref.finalize`` method.
+"""
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import itertools
+import sys
+from weakref import ref
+
+__all__ = ["weakref_finalize"]
+
+
+class weakref_finalize(object):
+    """Class for finalization of weakrefable objects
+    finalize(obj, func, *args, **kwargs) returns a callable finalizer
+    object which will be called when obj is garbage collected. The
+    first time the finalizer is called it evaluates func(*arg, **kwargs)
+    and returns the result. After this the finalizer is dead, and
+    calling it just returns None.
+    When the program exits any remaining finalizers for which the
+    atexit attribute is true will be run in reverse order of creation.
+    By default atexit is true.
+    """
+
+    # Finalizer objects don't have any state of their own.  They are
+    # just used as keys to lookup _Info objects in the registry.  This
+    # ensures that they cannot be part of a ref-cycle.
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _registry = {}
+    _shutdown = False
+    _index_iter = itertools.count()
+    _dirty = False
+    _registered_with_atexit = False
+
+    class _Info(object):
+        __slots__ = ("weakref", "func", "args", "kwargs", "atexit", "index")
+
+    def __init__(self, obj, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self._registered_with_atexit:
+            # We may register the exit function more than once because
+            # of a thread race, but that is harmless
+            import atexit
+
+            atexit.register(self._exitfunc)
+            weakref_finalize._registered_with_atexit = True
+        info = self._Info()
+        info.weakref = ref(obj, self)
+        info.func = func
+        info.args = args
+        info.kwargs = kwargs or None
+        info.atexit = True
+        info.index = next(self._index_iter)
+        self._registry[self] = info
+        weakref_finalize._dirty = True
+
+    def __call__(self, _=None):
+        """If alive then mark as dead and return func(*args, **kwargs);
+        otherwise return None"""
+        info = self._registry.pop(self, None)
+        if info and not self._shutdown:
+            return info.func(*info.args, **(info.kwargs or {}))
+
+    def detach(self):
+        """If alive then mark as dead and return (obj, func, args, kwargs);
+        otherwise return None"""
+        info = self._registry.get(self)
+        obj = info and info.weakref()
+        if obj is not None and self._registry.pop(self, None):
+            return (obj, info.func, info.args, info.kwargs or {})
+
+    def peek(self):
+        """If alive then return (obj, func, args, kwargs);
+        otherwise return None"""
+        info = self._registry.get(self)
+        obj = info and info.weakref()
+        if obj is not None:
+            return (obj, info.func, info.args, info.kwargs or {})
+
+    @property
+    def alive(self):
+        """Whether finalizer is alive"""
+        return self in self._registry
+
+    @property
+    def atexit(self):
+        """Whether finalizer should be called at exit"""
+        info = self._registry.get(self)
+        return bool(info) and info.atexit
+
+    @atexit.setter
+    def atexit(self, value):
+        info = self._registry.get(self)
+        if info:
+            info.atexit = bool(value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        info = self._registry.get(self)
+        obj = info and info.weakref()
+        if obj is None:
+            return "<%s object at %#x; dead>" % (type(self).__name__, id(self))
+        else:
+            return "<%s object at %#x; for %r at %#x>" % (
+                type(self).__name__,
+                id(self),
+                type(obj).__name__,
+                id(obj),
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _select_for_exit(cls):
+        # Return live finalizers marked for exit, oldest first
+        L = [(f, i) for (f, i) in cls._registry.items() if i.atexit]
+        L.sort(key=lambda item: item[1].index)
+        return [f for (f, i) in L]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _exitfunc(cls):
+        # At shutdown invoke finalizers for which atexit is true.
+        # This is called once all other non-daemonic threads have been
+        # joined.
+        reenable_gc = False
+        try:
+            if cls._registry:
+                import gc
+
+                if gc.isenabled():
+                    reenable_gc = True
+                    gc.disable()
+                pending = None
+                while True:
+                    if pending is None or weakref_finalize._dirty:
+                        pending = cls._select_for_exit()
+                        weakref_finalize._dirty = False
+                    if not pending:
+                        break
+                    f = pending.pop()
+                    try:
+                        # gc is disabled, so (assuming no daemonic
+                        # threads) the following is the only line in
+                        # this function which might trigger creation
+                        # of a new finalizer
+                        f()
+                    except Exception:
+                        sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info())
+                    assert f not in cls._registry
+        finally:
+            # prevent any more finalizers from executing during shutdown
+            weakref_finalize._shutdown = True
+            if reenable_gc:
+                gc.enable()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/six.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/six.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f099a3dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/packages/six.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1076 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2020 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.16.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = (str,)
+    integer_types = (int,)
+    class_types = (type,)
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = (basestring,)
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+if PY34:
+    from importlib.util import spec_from_loader
+else:
+    spec_from_loader = None
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+    def create_module(self, spec):
+        return self.load_module(spec.name)
+
+    def exec_module(self, module):
+        pass
+
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute(
+        "filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"
+    ),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("getoutput", "commands", "subprocess"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute(
+        "reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"
+    ),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute(
+        "zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"
+    ),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule(
+        "collections_abc",
+        "collections",
+        "collections.abc" if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) else "collections",
+    ),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_ndbm", "dbm", "dbm.ndbm"),
+    MovedModule(
+        "_dummy_thread",
+        "dummy_thread",
+        "_dummy_thread" if sys.version_info < (3, 9) else "_thread",
+    ),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_image", "email.MIMEImage", "email.mime.image"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule(
+        "email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"
+    ),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser", "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog", "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute(
+        "unquote_to_bytes", "urllib", "urllib.parse", "unquote", "unquote_to_bytes"
+    ),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitvalue", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(
+    Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+    "moves.urllib_parse",
+    "moves.urllib.parse",
+)
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(
+    Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+    "moves.urllib_error",
+    "moves.urllib.error",
+)
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_http_list", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_keqv_list", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(
+    Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+    "moves.urllib_request",
+    "moves.urllib.request",
+)
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(
+    Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+    "moves.urllib_response",
+    "moves.urllib.response",
+)
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = (
+    _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+)
+
+_importer._add_module(
+    Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+    "moves.urllib_robotparser",
+    "moves.urllib.robotparser",
+)
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ["parse", "error", "request", "response", "robotparser"]
+
+
+_importer._add_module(
+    Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"), "moves.urllib"
+)
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+
+
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(
+    get_unbound_function, """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function"""
+)
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems, "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(
+    iterlists, "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary."
+)
+
+
+if PY3:
+
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    del io
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+        _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+        _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegex"
+else:
+
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r"\\", r"\\\\"), "unicode_escape")
+
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertNotRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertNotRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        try:
+            if value is None:
+                value = tp()
+            if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+                raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+            raise value
+        finally:
+            value = None
+            tb = None
+
+else:
+
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec ("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_(
+        """def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    try:
+        raise tp, value, tb
+    finally:
+        tb = None
+"""
+    )
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] > (3,):
+    exec_(
+        """def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    try:
+        raise value from from_value
+    finally:
+        value = None
+"""
+    )
+else:
+
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (
+                isinstance(fp, file)
+                and isinstance(data, unicode)
+                and fp.encoding is not None
+            ):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    # This does exactly the same what the :func:`py3:functools.update_wrapper`
+    # function does on Python versions after 3.2. It sets the ``__wrapped__``
+    # attribute on ``wrapper`` object and it doesn't raise an error if any of
+    # the attributes mentioned in ``assigned`` and ``updated`` are missing on
+    # ``wrapped`` object.
+    def _update_wrapper(
+        wrapper,
+        wrapped,
+        assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+        updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES,
+    ):
+        for attr in assigned:
+            try:
+                value = getattr(wrapped, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                continue
+            else:
+                setattr(wrapper, attr, value)
+        for attr in updated:
+            getattr(wrapper, attr).update(getattr(wrapped, attr, {}))
+        wrapper.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+        return wrapper
+
+    _update_wrapper.__doc__ = functools.update_wrapper.__doc__
+
+    def wraps(
+        wrapped,
+        assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+        updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES,
+    ):
+        return functools.partial(
+            _update_wrapper, wrapped=wrapped, assigned=assigned, updated=updated
+        )
+
+    wraps.__doc__ = functools.wraps.__doc__
+
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(type):
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+                # This version introduced PEP 560 that requires a bit
+                # of extra care (we mimic what is done by __build_class__).
+                resolved_bases = types.resolve_bases(bases)
+                if resolved_bases is not bases:
+                    d["__orig_bases__"] = bases
+            else:
+                resolved_bases = bases
+            return meta(name, resolved_bases, d)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __prepare__(cls, name, this_bases):
+            return meta.__prepare__(name, bases)
+
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, "temporary_class", (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get("__slots__")
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop("__dict__", None)
+        orig_vars.pop("__weakref__", None)
+        if hasattr(cls, "__qualname__"):
+            orig_vars["__qualname__"] = cls.__qualname__
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def ensure_binary(s, encoding="utf-8", errors="strict"):
+    """Coerce **s** to six.binary_type.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> encoded to `str`
+      - `str` -> `str`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> encoded to `bytes`
+      - `bytes` -> `bytes`
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s
+    if isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+
+
+def ensure_str(s, encoding="utf-8", errors="strict"):
+    """Coerce *s* to `str`.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> encoded to `str`
+      - `str` -> `str`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> `str`
+      - `bytes` -> decoded to `str`
+    """
+    # Optimization: Fast return for the common case.
+    if type(s) is str:
+        return s
+    if PY2 and isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    elif PY3 and isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    elif not isinstance(s, (text_type, binary_type)):
+        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+    return s
+
+
+def ensure_text(s, encoding="utf-8", errors="strict"):
+    """Coerce *s* to six.text_type.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> `unicode`
+      - `str` -> `unicode`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> `str`
+      - `bytes` -> decoded to `str`
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    elif isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A class decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if "__str__" not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." % klass.__name__
+            )
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode("utf-8")
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (
+            type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter"
+            and importer.name == __name__
+        ):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/poolmanager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/poolmanager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14b10daf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/poolmanager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import collections
+import functools
+import logging
+
+from ._collections import RecentlyUsedContainer
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool, port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import (
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProxySchemeUnknown,
+    ProxySchemeUnsupported,
+    URLSchemeUnknown,
+)
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
+from .request import RequestMethods
+from .util.proxy import connection_requires_http_tunnel
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.url import parse_url
+
+__all__ = ["PoolManager", "ProxyManager", "proxy_from_url"]
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+SSL_KEYWORDS = (
+    "key_file",
+    "cert_file",
+    "cert_reqs",
+    "ca_certs",
+    "ssl_version",
+    "ca_cert_dir",
+    "ssl_context",
+    "key_password",
+    "server_hostname",
+)
+
+# All known keyword arguments that could be provided to the pool manager, its
+# pools, or the underlying connections. This is used to construct a pool key.
+_key_fields = (
+    "key_scheme",  # str
+    "key_host",  # str
+    "key_port",  # int
+    "key_timeout",  # int or float or Timeout
+    "key_retries",  # int or Retry
+    "key_strict",  # bool
+    "key_block",  # bool
+    "key_source_address",  # str
+    "key_key_file",  # str
+    "key_key_password",  # str
+    "key_cert_file",  # str
+    "key_cert_reqs",  # str
+    "key_ca_certs",  # str
+    "key_ssl_version",  # str
+    "key_ca_cert_dir",  # str
+    "key_ssl_context",  # instance of ssl.SSLContext or urllib3.util.ssl_.SSLContext
+    "key_maxsize",  # int
+    "key_headers",  # dict
+    "key__proxy",  # parsed proxy url
+    "key__proxy_headers",  # dict
+    "key__proxy_config",  # class
+    "key_socket_options",  # list of (level (int), optname (int), value (int or str)) tuples
+    "key__socks_options",  # dict
+    "key_assert_hostname",  # bool or string
+    "key_assert_fingerprint",  # str
+    "key_server_hostname",  # str
+)
+
+#: The namedtuple class used to construct keys for the connection pool.
+#: All custom key schemes should include the fields in this key at a minimum.
+PoolKey = collections.namedtuple("PoolKey", _key_fields)
+
+_proxy_config_fields = ("ssl_context", "use_forwarding_for_https")
+ProxyConfig = collections.namedtuple("ProxyConfig", _proxy_config_fields)
+
+
+def _default_key_normalizer(key_class, request_context):
+    """
+    Create a pool key out of a request context dictionary.
+
+    According to RFC 3986, both the scheme and host are case-insensitive.
+    Therefore, this function normalizes both before constructing the pool
+    key for an HTTPS request. If you wish to change this behaviour, provide
+    alternate callables to ``key_fn_by_scheme``.
+
+    :param key_class:
+        The class to use when constructing the key. This should be a namedtuple
+        with the ``scheme`` and ``host`` keys at a minimum.
+    :type  key_class: namedtuple
+    :param request_context:
+        A dictionary-like object that contain the context for a request.
+    :type  request_context: dict
+
+    :return: A namedtuple that can be used as a connection pool key.
+    :rtype:  PoolKey
+    """
+    # Since we mutate the dictionary, make a copy first
+    context = request_context.copy()
+    context["scheme"] = context["scheme"].lower()
+    context["host"] = context["host"].lower()
+
+    # These are both dictionaries and need to be transformed into frozensets
+    for key in ("headers", "_proxy_headers", "_socks_options"):
+        if key in context and context[key] is not None:
+            context[key] = frozenset(context[key].items())
+
+    # The socket_options key may be a list and needs to be transformed into a
+    # tuple.
+    socket_opts = context.get("socket_options")
+    if socket_opts is not None:
+        context["socket_options"] = tuple(socket_opts)
+
+    # Map the kwargs to the names in the namedtuple - this is necessary since
+    # namedtuples can't have fields starting with '_'.
+    for key in list(context.keys()):
+        context["key_" + key] = context.pop(key)
+
+    # Default to ``None`` for keys missing from the context
+    for field in key_class._fields:
+        if field not in context:
+            context[field] = None
+
+    return key_class(**context)
+
+
+#: A dictionary that maps a scheme to a callable that creates a pool key.
+#: This can be used to alter the way pool keys are constructed, if desired.
+#: Each PoolManager makes a copy of this dictionary so they can be configured
+#: globally here, or individually on the instance.
+key_fn_by_scheme = {
+    "http": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
+    "https": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
+}
+
+pool_classes_by_scheme = {"http": HTTPConnectionPool, "https": HTTPSConnectionPool}
+
+
+class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of
+    necessary connection pools for you.
+
+    :param num_pools:
+        Number of connection pools to cache before discarding the least
+        recently used pool.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param \\**connection_pool_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/mail')
+        >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://yahoo.com/')
+        >>> len(manager.pools)
+        2
+
+    """
+
+    proxy = None
+    proxy_config = None
+
+    def __init__(self, num_pools=10, headers=None, **connection_pool_kw):
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+        self.connection_pool_kw = connection_pool_kw
+        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools)
+
+        # Locally set the pool classes and keys so other PoolManagers can
+        # override them.
+        self.pool_classes_by_scheme = pool_classes_by_scheme
+        self.key_fn_by_scheme = key_fn_by_scheme.copy()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.clear()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def _new_pool(self, scheme, host, port, request_context=None):
+        """
+        Create a new :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on host, port, scheme, and
+        any additional pool keyword arguments.
+
+        If ``request_context`` is provided, it is provided as keyword arguments
+        to the pool class used. This method is used to actually create the
+        connection pools handed out by :meth:`connection_from_url` and
+        companion methods. It is intended to be overridden for customization.
+        """
+        pool_cls = self.pool_classes_by_scheme[scheme]
+        if request_context is None:
+            request_context = self.connection_pool_kw.copy()
+
+        # Although the context has everything necessary to create the pool,
+        # this function has historically only used the scheme, host, and port
+        # in the positional args. When an API change is acceptable these can
+        # be removed.
+        for key in ("scheme", "host", "port"):
+            request_context.pop(key, None)
+
+        if scheme == "http":
+            for kw in SSL_KEYWORDS:
+                request_context.pop(kw, None)
+
+        return pool_cls(host, port, **request_context)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Empty our store of pools and direct them all to close.
+
+        This will not affect in-flight connections, but they will not be
+        re-used after completion.
+        """
+        self.pools.clear()
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme="http", pool_kwargs=None):
+        """
+        Get a :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.
+
+        If ``port`` isn't given, it will be derived from the ``scheme`` using
+        ``urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme``. If ``pool_kwargs`` is
+        provided, it is merged with the instance's ``connection_pool_kw``
+        variable and used to create the new connection pool, if one is
+        needed.
+        """
+
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        request_context = self._merge_pool_kwargs(pool_kwargs)
+        request_context["scheme"] = scheme or "http"
+        if not port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(request_context["scheme"].lower(), 80)
+        request_context["port"] = port
+        request_context["host"] = host
+
+        return self.connection_from_context(request_context)
+
+    def connection_from_context(self, request_context):
+        """
+        Get a :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on the request context.
+
+        ``request_context`` must at least contain the ``scheme`` key and its
+        value must be a key in ``key_fn_by_scheme`` instance variable.
+        """
+        scheme = request_context["scheme"].lower()
+        pool_key_constructor = self.key_fn_by_scheme.get(scheme)
+        if not pool_key_constructor:
+            raise URLSchemeUnknown(scheme)
+        pool_key = pool_key_constructor(request_context)
+
+        return self.connection_from_pool_key(pool_key, request_context=request_context)
+
+    def connection_from_pool_key(self, pool_key, request_context=None):
+        """
+        Get a :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on the provided pool key.
+
+        ``pool_key`` should be a namedtuple that only contains immutable
+        objects. At a minimum it must have the ``scheme``, ``host``, and
+        ``port`` fields.
+        """
+        with self.pools.lock:
+            # If the scheme, host, or port doesn't match existing open
+            # connections, open a new ConnectionPool.
+            pool = self.pools.get(pool_key)
+            if pool:
+                return pool
+
+            # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
+            scheme = request_context["scheme"]
+            host = request_context["host"]
+            port = request_context["port"]
+            pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port, request_context=request_context)
+            self.pools[pool_key] = pool
+
+        return pool
+
+    def connection_from_url(self, url, pool_kwargs=None):
+        """
+        Similar to :func:`urllib3.connectionpool.connection_from_url`.
+
+        If ``pool_kwargs`` is not provided and a new pool needs to be
+        constructed, ``self.connection_pool_kw`` is used to initialize
+        the :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool`. If ``pool_kwargs``
+        is provided, it is used instead. Note that if a new pool does not
+        need to be created for the request, the provided ``pool_kwargs`` are
+        not used.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        return self.connection_from_host(
+            u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _merge_pool_kwargs(self, override):
+        """
+        Merge a dictionary of override values for self.connection_pool_kw.
+
+        This does not modify self.connection_pool_kw and returns a new dict.
+        Any keys in the override dictionary with a value of ``None`` are
+        removed from the merged dictionary.
+        """
+        base_pool_kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw.copy()
+        if override:
+            for key, value in override.items():
+                if value is None:
+                    try:
+                        del base_pool_kwargs[key]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    base_pool_kwargs[key] = value
+        return base_pool_kwargs
+
+    def _proxy_requires_url_absolute_form(self, parsed_url):
+        """
+        Indicates if the proxy requires the complete destination URL in the
+        request.  Normally this is only needed when not using an HTTP CONNECT
+        tunnel.
+        """
+        if self.proxy is None:
+            return False
+
+        return not connection_requires_http_tunnel(
+            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, parsed_url.scheme
+        )
+
+    def _validate_proxy_scheme_url_selection(self, url_scheme):
+        """
+        Validates that were not attempting to do TLS in TLS connections on
+        Python2 or with unsupported SSL implementations.
+        """
+        if self.proxy is None or url_scheme != "https":
+            return
+
+        if self.proxy.scheme != "https":
+            return
+
+        if six.PY2 and not self.proxy_config.use_forwarding_for_https:
+            raise ProxySchemeUnsupported(
+                "Contacting HTTPS destinations through HTTPS proxies "
+                "'via CONNECT tunnels' is not supported in Python 2"
+            )
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        """
+        Same as :meth:`urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen`
+        with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri
+        portion of the ``url``.
+
+        The given ``url`` parameter must be absolute, such that an appropriate
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` can be chosen for it.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        self._validate_proxy_scheme_url_selection(u.scheme)
+
+        conn = self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+        kw["assert_same_host"] = False
+        kw["redirect"] = False
+
+        if "headers" not in kw:
+            kw["headers"] = self.headers.copy()
+
+        if self._proxy_requires_url_absolute_form(u):
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, url, **kw)
+        else:
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, u.request_uri, **kw)
+
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if not redirect_location:
+            return response
+
+        # Support relative URLs for redirecting.
+        redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
+
+        # RFC 7231, Section 6.4.4
+        if response.status == 303:
+            method = "GET"
+
+        retries = kw.get("retries")
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
+
+        # Strip headers marked as unsafe to forward to the redirected location.
+        # Check remove_headers_on_redirect to avoid a potential network call within
+        # conn.is_same_host() which may use socket.gethostbyname() in the future.
+        if retries.remove_headers_on_redirect and not conn.is_same_host(
+            redirect_location
+        ):
+            headers = list(six.iterkeys(kw["headers"]))
+            for header in headers:
+                if header.lower() in retries.remove_headers_on_redirect:
+                    kw["headers"].pop(header, None)
+
+        try:
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
+        except MaxRetryError:
+            if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                response.drain_conn()
+                raise
+            return response
+
+        kw["retries"] = retries
+        kw["redirect"] = redirect
+
+        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
+
+        response.drain_conn()
+        return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
+
+
+class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
+    """
+    Behaves just like :class:`PoolManager`, but sends all requests through
+    the defined proxy, using the CONNECT method for HTTPS URLs.
+
+    :param proxy_url:
+        The URL of the proxy to be used.
+
+    :param proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary containing headers that will be sent to the proxy. In case
+        of HTTP they are being sent with each request, while in the
+        HTTPS/CONNECT case they are sent only once. Could be used for proxy
+        authentication.
+
+    :param proxy_ssl_context:
+        The proxy SSL context is used to establish the TLS connection to the
+        proxy when using HTTPS proxies.
+
+    :param use_forwarding_for_https:
+        (Defaults to False) If set to True will forward requests to the HTTPS
+        proxy to be made on behalf of the client instead of creating a TLS
+        tunnel via the CONNECT method. **Enabling this flag means that request
+        and response headers and content will be visible from the HTTPS proxy**
+        whereas tunneling keeps request and response headers and content
+        private.  IP address, target hostname, SNI, and port are always visible
+        to an HTTPS proxy even when this flag is disabled.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager('http://localhost:3128/')
+        >>> r1 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
+        >>> r2 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        1
+        >>> r3 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/')
+        >>> r4 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://twitter.com/')
+        >>> len(proxy.pools)
+        3
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url,
+        num_pools=10,
+        headers=None,
+        proxy_headers=None,
+        proxy_ssl_context=None,
+        use_forwarding_for_https=False,
+        **connection_pool_kw
+    ):
+
+        if isinstance(proxy_url, HTTPConnectionPool):
+            proxy_url = "%s://%s:%i" % (
+                proxy_url.scheme,
+                proxy_url.host,
+                proxy_url.port,
+            )
+        proxy = parse_url(proxy_url)
+
+        if proxy.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+            raise ProxySchemeUnknown(proxy.scheme)
+
+        if not proxy.port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
+            proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
+
+        self.proxy = proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
+        self.proxy_ssl_context = proxy_ssl_context
+        self.proxy_config = ProxyConfig(proxy_ssl_context, use_forwarding_for_https)
+
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy"] = self.proxy
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy_headers"] = self.proxy_headers
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy_config"] = self.proxy_config
+
+        super(ProxyManager, self).__init__(num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
+
+    def connection_from_host(self, host, port=None, scheme="http", pool_kwargs=None):
+        if scheme == "https":
+            return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+                host, port, scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+            )
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).connection_from_host(
+            self.proxy.host, self.proxy.port, self.proxy.scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _set_proxy_headers(self, url, headers=None):
+        """
+        Sets headers needed by proxies: specifically, the Accept and Host
+        headers. Only sets headers not provided by the user.
+        """
+        headers_ = {"Accept": "*/*"}
+
+        netloc = parse_url(url).netloc
+        if netloc:
+            headers_["Host"] = netloc
+
+        if headers:
+            headers_.update(headers)
+        return headers_
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, redirect=True, **kw):
+        "Same as HTTP(S)ConnectionPool.urlopen, ``url`` must be absolute."
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        if not connection_requires_http_tunnel(self.proxy, self.proxy_config, u.scheme):
+            # For connections using HTTP CONNECT, httplib sets the necessary
+            # headers on the CONNECT to the proxy. If we're not using CONNECT,
+            # we'll definitely need to set 'Host' at the very least.
+            headers = kw.get("headers", self.headers)
+            kw["headers"] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
+
+        return super(ProxyManager, self).urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
+
+
+def proxy_from_url(url, **kw):
+    return ProxyManager(proxy_url=url, **kw)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/request.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b4cf999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import sys
+
+from .filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from .packages import six
+from .packages.six.moves.urllib.parse import urlencode
+
+__all__ = ["RequestMethods"]
+
+
+class RequestMethods(object):
+    """
+    Convenience mixin for classes who implement a :meth:`urlopen` method, such
+    as :class:`urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool` and
+    :class:`urllib3.PoolManager`.
+
+    Provides behavior for making common types of HTTP request methods and
+    decides which type of request field encoding to use.
+
+    Specifically,
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_body` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the *body* of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded
+    (such as for POST, PUT, PATCH).
+
+    :meth:`.request` is for making any kind of request, it will look up the
+    appropriate encoding format and use one of the above two methods to make
+    the request.
+
+    Initializer parameters:
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+    """
+
+    _encode_url_methods = {"DELETE", "GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"}
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None):
+        self.headers = headers or {}
+
+    def urlopen(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        body=None,
+        headers=None,
+        encode_multipart=True,
+        multipart_boundary=None,
+        **kw
+    ):  # Abstract
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Classes extending RequestMethods must implement "
+            "their own ``urlopen`` method."
+        )
+
+    def request(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the appropriate encoding of
+        ``fields`` based on the ``method`` used.
+
+        This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual
+        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the
+        option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
+        :meth:`request_encode_url`, :meth:`request_encode_body`,
+        or even the lowest level :meth:`urlopen`.
+        """
+        method = method.upper()
+
+        urlopen_kw["request_url"] = url
+
+        if method in self._encode_url_methods:
+            return self.request_encode_url(
+                method, url, fields=fields, headers=headers, **urlopen_kw
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.request_encode_body(
+                method, url, fields=fields, headers=headers, **urlopen_kw
+            )
+
+    def request_encode_url(self, method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {"headers": headers}
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        if fields:
+            url += "?" + urlencode(fields)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_body(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        fields=None,
+        headers=None,
+        encode_multipart=True,
+        multipart_boundary=None,
+        **urlopen_kw
+    ):
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.
+
+        When ``encode_multipart=True`` (default), then
+        :func:`urllib3.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode
+        the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
+        :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode` is used with the
+        'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type.
+
+        Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it's reasonably
+        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request
+        signing, such as with OAuth.
+
+        Supports an optional ``fields`` parameter of key/value strings AND
+        key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where
+        the MIME type is optional. For example::
+
+            fields = {
+                'foo': 'bar',
+                'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+                'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+                'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(),
+                              'image/jpeg'),
+                'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+            }
+
+        When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the
+        tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimic behavior of browsers.
+
+        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will
+        be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
+        which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
+        string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw = {"headers": {}}
+
+        if fields:
+            if "body" in urlopen_kw:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "request got values for both 'fields' and 'body', can only specify one."
+                )
+
+            if encode_multipart:
+                body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(
+                    fields, boundary=multipart_boundary
+                )
+            else:
+                body, content_type = (
+                    urlencode(fields),
+                    "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                )
+
+            extra_kw["body"] = body
+            extra_kw["headers"] = {"Content-Type": content_type}
+
+        extra_kw["headers"].update(headers)
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
+
+
+if not six.PY2:
+
+    class RequestModule(sys.modules[__name__].__class__):
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            """
+            If user tries to call this module directly urllib3 v2.x style raise an error to the user
+            suggesting they may need urllib3 v2
+            """
+            raise TypeError(
+                "'module' object is not callable\n"
+                "urllib3.request() method is not supported in this release, "
+                "upgrade to urllib3 v2 to use it\n"
+                "see https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/stable/v2-migration-guide.html"
+            )
+
+    sys.modules[__name__].__class__ = RequestModule
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8909f845
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,879 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import io
+import logging
+import sys
+import warnings
+import zlib
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from socket import error as SocketError
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+
+brotli = None
+
+from . import util
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from .connection import BaseSSLError, HTTPException
+from .exceptions import (
+    BodyNotHttplibCompatible,
+    DecodeError,
+    HTTPError,
+    IncompleteRead,
+    InvalidChunkLength,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseNotChunked,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from .packages import six
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed, is_response_to_head
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class DeflateDecoder(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._first_try = True
+        self._data = b""
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        if not data:
+            return data
+
+        if not self._first_try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+        self._data += data
+        try:
+            decompressed = self._obj.decompress(data)
+            if decompressed:
+                self._first_try = False
+                self._data = None
+            return decompressed
+        except zlib.error:
+            self._first_try = False
+            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+            try:
+                return self.decompress(self._data)
+            finally:
+                self._data = None
+
+
+class GzipDecoderState(object):
+
+    FIRST_MEMBER = 0
+    OTHER_MEMBERS = 1
+    SWALLOW_DATA = 2
+
+
+class GzipDecoder(object):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        self._state = GzipDecoderState.FIRST_MEMBER
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._obj, name)
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        ret = bytearray()
+        if self._state == GzipDecoderState.SWALLOW_DATA or not data:
+            return bytes(ret)
+        while True:
+            try:
+                ret += self._obj.decompress(data)
+            except zlib.error:
+                previous_state = self._state
+                # Ignore data after the first error
+                self._state = GzipDecoderState.SWALLOW_DATA
+                if previous_state == GzipDecoderState.OTHER_MEMBERS:
+                    # Allow trailing garbage acceptable in other gzip clients
+                    return bytes(ret)
+                raise
+            data = self._obj.unused_data
+            if not data:
+                return bytes(ret)
+            self._state = GzipDecoderState.OTHER_MEMBERS
+            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+
+
+if brotli is not None:
+
+    class BrotliDecoder(object):
+        # Supports both 'brotlipy' and 'Brotli' packages
+        # since they share an import name. The top branches
+        # are for 'brotlipy' and bottom branches for 'Brotli'
+        def __init__(self):
+            self._obj = brotli.Decompressor()
+            if hasattr(self._obj, "decompress"):
+                self.decompress = self._obj.decompress
+            else:
+                self.decompress = self._obj.process
+
+        def flush(self):
+            if hasattr(self._obj, "flush"):
+                return self._obj.flush()
+            return b""
+
+
+class MultiDecoder(object):
+    """
+    From RFC7231:
+        If one or more encodings have been applied to a representation, the
+        sender that applied the encodings MUST generate a Content-Encoding
+        header field that lists the content codings in the order in which
+        they were applied.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, modes):
+        self._decoders = [_get_decoder(m.strip()) for m in modes.split(",")]
+
+    def flush(self):
+        return self._decoders[0].flush()
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        for d in reversed(self._decoders):
+            data = d.decompress(data)
+        return data
+
+
+def _get_decoder(mode):
+    if "," in mode:
+        return MultiDecoder(mode)
+
+    if mode == "gzip":
+        return GzipDecoder()
+
+    if brotli is not None and mode == "br":
+        return BrotliDecoder()
+
+    return DeflateDecoder()
+
+
+class HTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
+    """
+    HTTP Response container.
+
+    Backwards-compatible with :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` but the response ``body`` is
+    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
+    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
+    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
+    framework.
+
+    Extra parameters for behaviour not present in :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse`:
+
+    :param preload_content:
+        If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction.
+
+    :param decode_content:
+        If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+        'content-encoding' header.
+
+    :param original_response:
+        When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse`
+        object, it's convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It's
+        otherwise unused.
+
+    :param retries:
+        The retries contains the last :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` that
+        was used during the request.
+
+    :param enforce_content_length:
+        Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match
+        value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error.
+    """
+
+    CONTENT_DECODERS = ["gzip", "deflate"]
+    if brotli is not None:
+        CONTENT_DECODERS += ["br"]
+    REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        body="",
+        headers=None,
+        status=0,
+        version=0,
+        reason=None,
+        strict=0,
+        preload_content=True,
+        decode_content=True,
+        original_response=None,
+        pool=None,
+        connection=None,
+        msg=None,
+        retries=None,
+        enforce_content_length=False,
+        request_method=None,
+        request_url=None,
+        auto_close=True,
+    ):
+
+        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            self.headers = headers
+        else:
+            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)
+        self.status = status
+        self.version = version
+        self.reason = reason
+        self.strict = strict
+        self.decode_content = decode_content
+        self.retries = retries
+        self.enforce_content_length = enforce_content_length
+        self.auto_close = auto_close
+
+        self._decoder = None
+        self._body = None
+        self._fp = None
+        self._original_response = original_response
+        self._fp_bytes_read = 0
+        self.msg = msg
+        self._request_url = request_url
+
+        if body and isinstance(body, (six.string_types, bytes)):
+            self._body = body
+
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._connection = connection
+
+        if hasattr(body, "read"):
+            self._fp = body
+
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunked = False
+        self.chunk_left = None
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get("transfer-encoding", "").lower()
+        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
+        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
+        if "chunked" in encodings:
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        # Determine length of response
+        self.length_remaining = self._init_length(request_method)
+
+        # If requested, preload the body.
+        if preload_content and not self._body:
+            self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
+
+    def get_redirect_location(self):
+        """
+        Should we redirect and where to?
+
+        :returns: Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status
+            code and valid location. ``None`` if redirect status and no
+            location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
+        """
+        if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+            return self.headers.get("location")
+
+        return False
+
+    def release_conn(self):
+        if not self._pool or not self._connection:
+            return
+
+        self._pool._put_conn(self._connection)
+        self._connection = None
+
+    def drain_conn(self):
+        """
+        Read and discard any remaining HTTP response data in the response connection.
+
+        Unread data in the HTTPResponse connection blocks the connection from being released back to the pool.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.read()
+        except (HTTPError, SocketError, BaseSSLError, HTTPException):
+            pass
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        # For backwards-compat with earlier urllib3 0.4 and earlier.
+        if self._body:
+            return self._body
+
+        if self._fp:
+            return self.read(cache_content=True)
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self._connection
+
+    def isclosed(self):
+        return is_fp_closed(self._fp)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """
+        Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from
+        the amount of content returned by :meth:``urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.read``
+        if bytes are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).
+        """
+        return self._fp_bytes_read
+
+    def _init_length(self, request_method):
+        """
+        Set initial length value for Response content if available.
+        """
+        length = self.headers.get("content-length")
+
+        if length is not None:
+            if self.chunked:
+                # This Response will fail with an IncompleteRead if it can't be
+                # received as chunked. This method falls back to attempt reading
+                # the response before raising an exception.
+                log.warning(
+                    "Received response with both Content-Length and "
+                    "Transfer-Encoding set. This is expressly forbidden "
+                    "by RFC 7230 sec 3.3.2. Ignoring Content-Length and "
+                    "attempting to process response as Transfer-Encoding: "
+                    "chunked."
+                )
+                return None
+
+            try:
+                # RFC 7230 section 3.3.2 specifies multiple content lengths can
+                # be sent in a single Content-Length header
+                # (e.g. Content-Length: 42, 42). This line ensures the values
+                # are all valid ints and that as long as the `set` length is 1,
+                # all values are the same. Otherwise, the header is invalid.
+                lengths = set([int(val) for val in length.split(",")])
+                if len(lengths) > 1:
+                    raise InvalidHeader(
+                        "Content-Length contained multiple "
+                        "unmatching values (%s)" % length
+                    )
+                length = lengths.pop()
+            except ValueError:
+                length = None
+            else:
+                if length < 0:
+                    length = None
+
+        # Convert status to int for comparison
+        # In some cases, httplib returns a status of "_UNKNOWN"
+        try:
+            status = int(self.status)
+        except ValueError:
+            status = 0
+
+        # Check for responses that shouldn't include a body
+        if status in (204, 304) or 100 <= status < 200 or request_method == "HEAD":
+            length = 0
+
+        return length
+
+    def _init_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessary.
+        """
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
+        if self._decoder is None:
+            if content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
+                self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+            elif "," in content_encoding:
+                encodings = [
+                    e.strip()
+                    for e in content_encoding.split(",")
+                    if e.strip() in self.CONTENT_DECODERS
+                ]
+                if len(encodings):
+                    self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+
+    DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES = (IOError, zlib.error)
+    if brotli is not None:
+        DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES += (brotli.error,)
+
+    def _decode(self, data, decode_content, flush_decoder):
+        """
+        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
+        """
+        if not decode_content:
+            return data
+
+        try:
+            if self._decoder:
+                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
+        except self.DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES as e:
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
+            raise DecodeError(
+                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
+                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding,
+                e,
+            )
+        if flush_decoder:
+            data += self._flush_decoder()
+
+        return data
+
+    def _flush_decoder(self):
+        """
+        Flushes the decoder. Should only be called if the decoder is actually
+        being used.
+        """
+        if self._decoder:
+            buf = self._decoder.decompress(b"")
+            return buf + self._decoder.flush()
+
+        return b""
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _error_catcher(self):
+        """
+        Catch low-level python exceptions, instead re-raising urllib3
+        variants, so that low-level exceptions are not leaked in the
+        high-level api.
+
+        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
+        """
+        clean_exit = False
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                yield
+
+            except SocketTimeout:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if "read operation timed out" not in str(e):
+                    # SSL errors related to framing/MAC get wrapped and reraised here
+                    raise SSLError(e)
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
+
+            except (HTTPException, SocketError) as e:
+                # This includes IncompleteRead.
+                raise ProtocolError("Connection broken: %r" % e, e)
+
+            # If no exception is thrown, we should avoid cleaning up
+            # unnecessarily.
+            clean_exit = True
+        finally:
+            # If we didn't terminate cleanly, we need to throw away our
+            # connection.
+            if not clean_exit:
+                # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it
+                # anymore so close it now to ensure that the connection is
+                # released back to the pool.
+                if self._original_response:
+                    self._original_response.close()
+
+                # Closing the response may not actually be sufficient to close
+                # everything, so if we have a hold of the connection close that
+                # too.
+                if self._connection:
+                    self._connection.close()
+
+            # If we hold the original response but it's closed now, we should
+            # return the connection back to the pool.
+            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self.release_conn()
+
+    def _fp_read(self, amt):
+        """
+        Read a response with the thought that reading the number of bytes
+        larger than can fit in a 32-bit int at a time via SSL in some
+        known cases leads to an overflow error that has to be prevented
+        if `amt` or `self.length_remaining` indicate that a problem may
+        happen.
+
+        The known cases:
+          * 3.8 <= CPython < 3.9.7 because of a bug
+            https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2513#issuecomment-1152559900.
+          * urllib3 injected with pyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.
+          * CPython < 3.10 only when `amt` does not fit 32-bit int.
+        """
+        assert self._fp
+        c_int_max = 2 ** 31 - 1
+        if (
+            (
+                (amt and amt > c_int_max)
+                or (self.length_remaining and self.length_remaining > c_int_max)
+            )
+            and not util.IS_SECURETRANSPORT
+            and (util.IS_PYOPENSSL or sys.version_info < (3, 10))
+        ):
+            buffer = io.BytesIO()
+            # Besides `max_chunk_amt` being a maximum chunk size, it
+            # affects memory overhead of reading a response by this
+            # method in CPython.
+            # `c_int_max` equal to 2 GiB - 1 byte is the actual maximum
+            # chunk size that does not lead to an overflow error, but
+            # 256 MiB is a compromise.
+            max_chunk_amt = 2 ** 28
+            while amt is None or amt != 0:
+                if amt is not None:
+                    chunk_amt = min(amt, max_chunk_amt)
+                    amt -= chunk_amt
+                else:
+                    chunk_amt = max_chunk_amt
+                data = self._fp.read(chunk_amt)
+                if not data:
+                    break
+                buffer.write(data)
+                del data  # to reduce peak memory usage by `max_chunk_amt`.
+            return buffer.getvalue()
+        else:
+            # StringIO doesn't like amt=None
+            return self._fp.read(amt) if amt is not None else self._fp.read()
+
+    def read(self, amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`http.client.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
+        parameters: ``decode_content`` and ``cache_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
+            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
+            response.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+
+        :param cache_content:
+            If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is
+            returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This
+            is useful if you want the ``.data`` property to continue working
+            after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
+            set.)
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        if decode_content is None:
+            decode_content = self.decode_content
+
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return
+
+        flush_decoder = False
+        fp_closed = getattr(self._fp, "closed", False)
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            data = self._fp_read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
+            if amt is None:
+                flush_decoder = True
+            else:
+                cache_content = False
+                if (
+                    amt != 0 and not data
+                ):  # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                    # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                    #
+                    # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                    # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                    # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                    # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                    # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                    self._fp.close()
+                    flush_decoder = True
+                    if self.enforce_content_length and self.length_remaining not in (
+                        0,
+                        None,
+                    ):
+                        # This is an edge case that httplib failed to cover due
+                        # to concerns of backward compatibility. We're
+                        # addressing it here to make sure IncompleteRead is
+                        # raised during streaming, so all calls with incorrect
+                        # Content-Length are caught.
+                        raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)
+
+        if data:
+            self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
+            if self.length_remaining is not None:
+                self.length_remaining -= len(data)
+
+            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+
+            if cache_content:
+                self._body = data
+
+        return data
+
+    def stream(self, amt=2 ** 16, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until
+        ``amt`` bytes have been read from the connection or until the
+        connection is closed.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to
+            much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly
+            likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will
+            never be returned.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        if self.chunked and self.supports_chunked_reads():
+            for line in self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content):
+                yield line
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp):
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+
+                if data:
+                    yield data
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(ResponseCls, r, **response_kw):
+        """
+        Given an :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` instance ``r``, return a
+        corresponding :class:`urllib3.response.HTTPResponse` object.
+
+        Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along
+        with ``original_response=r``.
+        """
+        headers = r.msg
+
+        if not isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            if six.PY2:
+                # Python 2.7
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict.from_httplib(headers)
+            else:
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers.items())
+
+        # HTTPResponse objects in Python 3 don't have a .strict attribute
+        strict = getattr(r, "strict", 0)
+        resp = ResponseCls(
+            body=r,
+            headers=headers,
+            status=r.status,
+            version=r.version,
+            reason=r.reason,
+            strict=strict,
+            original_response=r,
+            **response_kw
+        )
+        return resp
+
+    # Backwards-compatibility methods for http.client.HTTPResponse
+    def getheaders(self):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "HTTPResponse.getheaders() is deprecated and will be removed "
+            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead access HTTPResponse.headers directly.",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.headers
+
+    def getheader(self, name, default=None):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "HTTPResponse.getheader() is deprecated and will be removed "
+            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead use HTTPResponse.headers.get(name, default).",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.headers.get(name, default)
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for http.cookiejar
+    def info(self):
+        return self.headers
+
+    # Overrides from io.IOBase
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            self._fp.close()
+
+        if self._connection:
+            self._connection.close()
+
+        if not self.auto_close:
+            io.IOBase.close(self)
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        if not self.auto_close:
+            return io.IOBase.closed.__get__(self)
+        elif self._fp is None:
+            return True
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "isclosed"):
+            return self._fp.isclosed()
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "closed"):
+            return self._fp.closed
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        if self._fp is None:
+            raise IOError("HTTPResponse has no file to get a fileno from")
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
+            return self._fp.fileno()
+        else:
+            raise IOError(
+                "The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
+                "around has no file descriptor"
+            )
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if (
+            self._fp is not None
+            and hasattr(self._fp, "flush")
+            and not getattr(self._fp, "closed", False)
+        ):
+            return self._fp.flush()
+
+    def readable(self):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        return True
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        # This method is required for `io` module compatibility.
+        temp = self.read(len(b))
+        if len(temp) == 0:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            b[: len(temp)] = temp
+            return len(temp)
+
+    def supports_chunked_reads(self):
+        """
+        Checks if the underlying file-like object looks like a
+        :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` object. We do this by testing for
+        the fp attribute. If it is present we assume it returns raw chunks as
+        processed by read_chunked().
+        """
+        return hasattr(self._fp, "fp")
+
+    def _update_chunk_length(self):
+        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+        # we'll try to read it from socket.
+        if self.chunk_left is not None:
+            return
+        line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+        line = line.split(b";", 1)[0]
+        try:
+            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+            self.close()
+            raise InvalidChunkLength(self, line)
+
+    def _handle_chunk(self, amt):
+        returned_chunk = None
+        if amt is None:
+            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            returned_chunk = chunk
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        elif amt < self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+            returned_chunk = value
+        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+            returned_chunk = value
+        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        return returned_chunk
+
+    def read_chunked(self, amt=None, decode_content=None):
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
+        parameter: ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
+            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
+            response.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked(
+                "Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing."
+            )
+        if not self.supports_chunked_reads():
+            raise BodyNotHttplibCompatible(
+                "Body should be http.client.HTTPResponse like. "
+                "It should have have an fp attribute which returns raw chunks."
+            )
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
+            if self._original_response and is_response_to_head(self._original_response):
+                self._original_response.close()
+                return
+
+            # If a response is already read and closed
+            # then return immediately.
+            if self._fp.fp is None:
+                return
+
+            while True:
+                self._update_chunk_length()
+                if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+                chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
+                decoded = self._decode(
+                    chunk, decode_content=decode_content, flush_decoder=False
+                )
+                if decoded:
+                    yield decoded
+
+            if decode_content:
+                # On CPython and PyPy, we should never need to flush the
+                # decoder. However, on Jython we *might* need to, so
+                # lets defensively do it anyway.
+                decoded = self._flush_decoder()
+                if decoded:  # Platform-specific: Jython.
+                    yield decoded
+
+            # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+            while True:
+                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                    break
+                if line == b"\r\n":
+                    break
+
+            # We read everything; close the "file".
+            if self._original_response:
+                self._original_response.close()
+
+    def geturl(self):
+        """
+        Returns the URL that was the source of this response.
+        If the request that generated this response redirected, this method
+        will return the final redirect location.
+        """
+        if self.retries is not None and len(self.retries.history):
+            return self.retries.history[-1].redirect_location
+        else:
+            return self._request_url
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        buffer = []
+        for chunk in self.stream(decode_content=True):
+            if b"\n" in chunk:
+                chunk = chunk.split(b"\n")
+                yield b"".join(buffer) + chunk[0] + b"\n"
+                for x in chunk[1:-1]:
+                    yield x + b"\n"
+                if chunk[-1]:
+                    buffer = [chunk[-1]]
+                else:
+                    buffer = []
+            else:
+                buffer.append(chunk)
+        if buffer:
+            yield b"".join(buffer)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4547fc52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+# For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
+from .connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .request import SKIP_HEADER, SKIPPABLE_HEADERS, make_headers
+from .response import is_fp_closed
+from .retry import Retry
+from .ssl_ import (
+    ALPN_PROTOCOLS,
+    HAS_SNI,
+    IS_PYOPENSSL,
+    IS_SECURETRANSPORT,
+    PROTOCOL_TLS,
+    SSLContext,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+)
+from .timeout import Timeout, current_time
+from .url import Url, get_host, parse_url, split_first
+from .wait import wait_for_read, wait_for_write
+
+__all__ = (
+    "HAS_SNI",
+    "IS_PYOPENSSL",
+    "IS_SECURETRANSPORT",
+    "SSLContext",
+    "PROTOCOL_TLS",
+    "ALPN_PROTOCOLS",
+    "Retry",
+    "Timeout",
+    "Url",
+    "assert_fingerprint",
+    "current_time",
+    "is_connection_dropped",
+    "is_fp_closed",
+    "get_host",
+    "parse_url",
+    "make_headers",
+    "resolve_cert_reqs",
+    "resolve_ssl_version",
+    "split_first",
+    "ssl_wrap_socket",
+    "wait_for_read",
+    "wait_for_write",
+    "SKIP_HEADER",
+    "SKIPPABLE_HEADERS",
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6af1138f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import socket
+
+from ..contrib import _appengine_environ
+from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
+from ..packages import six
+from .wait import NoWayToWaitForSocketError, wait_for_read
+
+
+def is_connection_dropped(conn):  # Platform-specific
+    """
+    Returns True if the connection is dropped and should be closed.
+
+    :param conn:
+        :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection` object.
+
+    Note: For platforms like AppEngine, this will always return ``False`` to
+    let the platform handle connection recycling transparently for us.
+    """
+    sock = getattr(conn, "sock", False)
+    if sock is False:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+        return False
+    if sock is None:  # Connection already closed (such as by httplib).
+        return True
+    try:
+        # Returns True if readable, which here means it's been dropped
+        return wait_for_read(sock, timeout=0.0)
+    except NoWayToWaitForSocketError:  # Platform-specific: AppEngine
+        return False
+
+
+# This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
+# library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
+# One additional modification is that we avoid binding to IPv6 servers
+# discovered in DNS if the system doesn't have IPv6 functionality.
+def create_connection(
+    address,
+    timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+    source_address=None,
+    socket_options=None,
+):
+    """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
+
+    Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
+    port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
+    *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
+    before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
+    global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
+    is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
+    for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
+    An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    """
+
+    host, port = address
+    if host.startswith("["):
+        host = host.strip("[]")
+    err = None
+
+    # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
+    # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
+    # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
+    family = allowed_gai_family()
+
+    try:
+        host.encode("idna")
+    except UnicodeError:
+        return six.raise_from(
+            LocationParseError(u"'%s', label empty or too long" % host), None
+        )
+
+    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+
+            # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
+            _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
+
+            if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            if source_address:
+                sock.bind(source_address)
+            sock.connect(sa)
+            return sock
+
+        except socket.error as e:
+            err = e
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+                sock = None
+
+    if err is not None:
+        raise err
+
+    raise socket.error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+
+def _set_socket_options(sock, options):
+    if options is None:
+        return
+
+    for opt in options:
+        sock.setsockopt(*opt)
+
+
+def allowed_gai_family():
+    """This function is designed to work in the context of
+    getaddrinfo, where family=socket.AF_UNSPEC is the default and
+    will perform a DNS search for both IPv6 and IPv4 records."""
+
+    family = socket.AF_INET
+    if HAS_IPV6:
+        family = socket.AF_UNSPEC
+    return family
+
+
+def _has_ipv6(host):
+    """Returns True if the system can bind an IPv6 address."""
+    sock = None
+    has_ipv6 = False
+
+    # App Engine doesn't support IPV6 sockets and actually has a quota on the
+    # number of sockets that can be used, so just early out here instead of
+    # creating a socket needlessly.
+    # See https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/1446
+    if _appengine_environ.is_appengine_sandbox():
+        return False
+
+    if socket.has_ipv6:
+        # has_ipv6 returns true if cPython was compiled with IPv6 support.
+        # It does not tell us if the system has IPv6 support enabled. To
+        # determine that we must bind to an IPv6 address.
+        # https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/611
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue658327
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6)
+            sock.bind((host, 0))
+            has_ipv6 = True
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    if sock:
+        sock.close()
+    return has_ipv6
+
+
+HAS_IPV6 = _has_ipv6("::1")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2199cc7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from .ssl_ import create_urllib3_context, resolve_cert_reqs, resolve_ssl_version
+
+
+def connection_requires_http_tunnel(
+    proxy_url=None, proxy_config=None, destination_scheme=None
+):
+    """
+    Returns True if the connection requires an HTTP CONNECT through the proxy.
+
+    :param URL proxy_url:
+        URL of the proxy.
+    :param ProxyConfig proxy_config:
+        Proxy configuration from poolmanager.py
+    :param str destination_scheme:
+        The scheme of the destination. (i.e https, http, etc)
+    """
+    # If we're not using a proxy, no way to use a tunnel.
+    if proxy_url is None:
+        return False
+
+    # HTTP destinations never require tunneling, we always forward.
+    if destination_scheme == "http":
+        return False
+
+    # Support for forwarding with HTTPS proxies and HTTPS destinations.
+    if (
+        proxy_url.scheme == "https"
+        and proxy_config
+        and proxy_config.use_forwarding_for_https
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    # Otherwise always use a tunnel.
+    return True
+
+
+def create_proxy_ssl_context(
+    ssl_version, cert_reqs, ca_certs=None, ca_cert_dir=None, ca_cert_data=None
+):
+    """
+    Generates a default proxy ssl context if one hasn't been provided by the
+    user.
+    """
+    ssl_context = create_urllib3_context(
+        ssl_version=resolve_ssl_version(ssl_version),
+        cert_reqs=resolve_cert_reqs(cert_reqs),
+    )
+
+    if (
+        not ca_certs
+        and not ca_cert_dir
+        and not ca_cert_data
+        and hasattr(ssl_context, "load_default_certs")
+    ):
+        ssl_context.load_default_certs()
+
+    return ssl_context
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/queue.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/queue.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41784104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/queue.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import collections
+
+from ..packages import six
+from ..packages.six.moves import queue
+
+if six.PY2:
+    # Queue is imported for side effects on MS Windows. See issue #229.
+    import Queue as _unused_module_Queue  # noqa: F401
+
+
+class LifoQueue(queue.Queue):
+    def _init(self, _):
+        self.queue = collections.deque()
+
+    def _qsize(self, len=len):
+        return len(self.queue)
+
+    def _put(self, item):
+        self.queue.append(item)
+
+    def _get(self):
+        return self.queue.pop()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/request.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..330766ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from ..exceptions import UnrewindableBodyError
+from ..packages.six import b, integer_types
+
+# Pass as a value within ``headers`` to skip
+# emitting some HTTP headers that are added automatically.
+# The only headers that are supported are ``Accept-Encoding``,
+# ``Host``, and ``User-Agent``.
+SKIP_HEADER = "@@@SKIP_HEADER@@@"
+SKIPPABLE_HEADERS = frozenset(["accept-encoding", "host", "user-agent"])
+
+ACCEPT_ENCODING = "gzip,deflate"
+
+_FAILEDTELL = object()
+
+
+def make_headers(
+    keep_alive=None,
+    accept_encoding=None,
+    user_agent=None,
+    basic_auth=None,
+    proxy_basic_auth=None,
+    disable_cache=None,
+):
+    """
+    Shortcuts for generating request headers.
+
+    :param keep_alive:
+        If ``True``, adds 'connection: keep-alive' header.
+
+    :param accept_encoding:
+        Can be a boolean, list, or string.
+        ``True`` translates to 'gzip,deflate'.
+        List will get joined by comma.
+        String will be used as provided.
+
+    :param user_agent:
+        String representing the user-agent you want, such as
+        "python-urllib3/0.6"
+
+    :param basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param proxy_basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'proxy-authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param disable_cache:
+        If ``True``, adds 'cache-control: no-cache' header.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0")
+        {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
+        >>> make_headers(accept_encoding=True)
+        {'accept-encoding': 'gzip,deflate'}
+    """
+    headers = {}
+    if accept_encoding:
+        if isinstance(accept_encoding, str):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(accept_encoding, list):
+            accept_encoding = ",".join(accept_encoding)
+        else:
+            accept_encoding = ACCEPT_ENCODING
+        headers["accept-encoding"] = accept_encoding
+
+    if user_agent:
+        headers["user-agent"] = user_agent
+
+    if keep_alive:
+        headers["connection"] = "keep-alive"
+
+    if basic_auth:
+        headers["authorization"] = "Basic " + b64encode(b(basic_auth)).decode("utf-8")
+
+    if proxy_basic_auth:
+        headers["proxy-authorization"] = "Basic " + b64encode(
+            b(proxy_basic_auth)
+        ).decode("utf-8")
+
+    if disable_cache:
+        headers["cache-control"] = "no-cache"
+
+    return headers
+
+
+def set_file_position(body, pos):
+    """
+    If a position is provided, move file to that point.
+    Otherwise, we'll attempt to record a position for future use.
+    """
+    if pos is not None:
+        rewind_body(body, pos)
+    elif getattr(body, "tell", None) is not None:
+        try:
+            pos = body.tell()
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            # This differentiates from None, allowing us to catch
+            # a failed `tell()` later when trying to rewind the body.
+            pos = _FAILEDTELL
+
+    return pos
+
+
+def rewind_body(body, body_pos):
+    """
+    Attempt to rewind body to a certain position.
+    Primarily used for request redirects and retries.
+
+    :param body:
+        File-like object that supports seek.
+
+    :param int pos:
+        Position to seek to in file.
+    """
+    body_seek = getattr(body, "seek", None)
+    if body_seek is not None and isinstance(body_pos, integer_types):
+        try:
+            body_seek(body_pos)
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            raise UnrewindableBodyError(
+                "An error occurred when rewinding request body for redirect/retry."
+            )
+    elif body_pos is _FAILEDTELL:
+        raise UnrewindableBodyError(
+            "Unable to record file position for rewinding "
+            "request body during a redirect/retry."
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "body_pos must be of type integer, instead it was %s." % type(body_pos)
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ea609cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+from email.errors import MultipartInvariantViolationDefect, StartBoundaryNotFoundDefect
+
+from ..exceptions import HeaderParsingError
+from ..packages.six.moves import http_client as httplib
+
+
+def is_fp_closed(obj):
+    """
+    Checks whether a given file-like object is closed.
+
+    :param obj:
+        The file-like object to check.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        # Check `isclosed()` first, in case Python3 doesn't set `closed`.
+        # GH Issue #928
+        return obj.isclosed()
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check via the official file-like-object way.
+        return obj.closed
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check if the object is a container for another file-like object that
+        # gets released on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse).
+        return obj.fp is None
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")
+
+
+def assert_header_parsing(headers):
+    """
+    Asserts whether all headers have been successfully parsed.
+    Extracts encountered errors from the result of parsing headers.
+
+    Only works on Python 3.
+
+    :param http.client.HTTPMessage headers: Headers to verify.
+
+    :raises urllib3.exceptions.HeaderParsingError:
+        If parsing errors are found.
+    """
+
+    # This will fail silently if we pass in the wrong kind of parameter.
+    # To make debugging easier add an explicit check.
+    if not isinstance(headers, httplib.HTTPMessage):
+        raise TypeError("expected httplib.Message, got {0}.".format(type(headers)))
+
+    defects = getattr(headers, "defects", None)
+    get_payload = getattr(headers, "get_payload", None)
+
+    unparsed_data = None
+    if get_payload:
+        # get_payload is actually email.message.Message.get_payload;
+        # we're only interested in the result if it's not a multipart message
+        if not headers.is_multipart():
+            payload = get_payload()
+
+            if isinstance(payload, (bytes, str)):
+                unparsed_data = payload
+    if defects:
+        # httplib is assuming a response body is available
+        # when parsing headers even when httplib only sends
+        # header data to parse_headers() This results in
+        # defects on multipart responses in particular.
+        # See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/800
+
+        # So we ignore the following defects:
+        # - StartBoundaryNotFoundDefect:
+        #     The claimed start boundary was never found.
+        # - MultipartInvariantViolationDefect:
+        #     A message claimed to be a multipart but no subparts were found.
+        defects = [
+            defect
+            for defect in defects
+            if not isinstance(
+                defect, (StartBoundaryNotFoundDefect, MultipartInvariantViolationDefect)
+            )
+        ]
+
+    if defects or unparsed_data:
+        raise HeaderParsingError(defects=defects, unparsed_data=unparsed_data)
+
+
+def is_response_to_head(response):
+    """
+    Checks whether the request of a response has been a HEAD-request.
+    Handles the quirks of AppEngine.
+
+    :param http.client.HTTPResponse response:
+        Response to check if the originating request
+        used 'HEAD' as a method.
+    """
+    # FIXME: Can we do this somehow without accessing private httplib _method?
+    method = response._method
+    if isinstance(method, int):  # Platform-specific: Appengine
+        return method == 3
+    return method.upper() == "HEAD"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60ef6c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,620 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import email
+import logging
+import re
+import time
+import warnings
+from collections import namedtuple
+from itertools import takewhile
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
+)
+from ..packages import six
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# Data structure for representing the metadata of requests that result in a retry.
+RequestHistory = namedtuple(
+    "RequestHistory", ["method", "url", "error", "status", "redirect_location"]
+)
+
+
+# TODO: In v2 we can remove this sentinel and metaclass with deprecated options.
+_Default = object()
+
+
+class _RetryMeta(type):
+    @property
+    def DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST(cls):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Using 'Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST' is deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'Retry.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS' instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        return cls.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS
+
+    @DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST.setter
+    def DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST(cls, value):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Using 'Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST' is deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'Retry.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS' instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        cls.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS = value
+
+    @property
+    def DEFAULT_REDIRECT_HEADERS_BLACKLIST(cls):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Using 'Retry.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_HEADERS_BLACKLIST' is deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'Retry.DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT' instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        return cls.DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT
+
+    @DEFAULT_REDIRECT_HEADERS_BLACKLIST.setter
+    def DEFAULT_REDIRECT_HEADERS_BLACKLIST(cls, value):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Using 'Retry.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_HEADERS_BLACKLIST' is deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'Retry.DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT' instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        cls.DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT = value
+
+    @property
+    def BACKOFF_MAX(cls):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Using 'Retry.BACKOFF_MAX' is deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'Retry.DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX' instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        return cls.DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX
+
+    @BACKOFF_MAX.setter
+    def BACKOFF_MAX(cls, value):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Using 'Retry.BACKOFF_MAX' is deprecated and "
+            "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'Retry.DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX' instead",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        cls.DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX = value
+
+
+@six.add_metaclass(_RetryMeta)
+class Retry(object):
+    """Retry configuration.
+
+    Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so
+    they can be safely reused.
+
+    Retries can be defined as a default for a pool::
+
+        retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
+        http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool)::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=Retry(10))
+
+    Retries can be disabled by passing ``False``::
+
+        response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=False)
+
+    Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
+    retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
+
+    :param int total:
+        Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
+
+        Set to ``None`` to remove this constraint and fall back on other
+        counts.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int connect:
+        How many connection-related errors to retry on.
+
+        These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server,
+        which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int read:
+        How many times to retry on read errors.
+
+        These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request may have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int redirect:
+        How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect
+        loops.
+
+        A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or
+        308.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int status:
+        How many times to retry on bad status codes.
+
+        These are retries made on responses, where status code matches
+        ``status_forcelist``.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int other:
+        How many times to retry on other errors.
+
+        Other errors are errors that are not connect, read, redirect or status errors.
+        These errors might be raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request might have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        If ``total`` is not set, it's a good idea to set this to 0 to account
+        for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops.
+
+    :param iterable allowed_methods:
+        Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
+
+        By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be
+        idempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the
+        same state). See :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS`.
+
+        Set to a ``False`` value to retry on any verb.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Previously this parameter was named ``method_whitelist``, that
+            usage is deprecated in v1.26.0 and will be removed in v2.0.
+
+    :param iterable status_forcelist:
+        A set of integer HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
+        A retry is initiated if the request method is in ``allowed_methods``
+        and the response status code is in ``status_forcelist``.
+
+        By default, this is disabled with ``None``.
+
+    :param float backoff_factor:
+        A backoff factor to apply between attempts after the second try
+        (most errors are resolved immediately by a second try without a
+        delay). urllib3 will sleep for::
+
+            {backoff factor} * (2 ** ({number of total retries} - 1))
+
+        seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`.sleep` will sleep
+        for [0.0s, 0.2s, 0.4s, ...] between retries. It will never be longer
+        than :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX`.
+
+        By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0).
+
+    :param bool raise_on_redirect: Whether, if the number of redirects is
+        exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a
+        response code in the 3xx range.
+
+    :param bool raise_on_status: Similar meaning to ``raise_on_redirect``:
+        whether we should raise an exception, or return a response,
+        if status falls in ``status_forcelist`` range and retries have
+        been exhausted.
+
+    :param tuple history: The history of the request encountered during
+        each call to :meth:`~Retry.increment`. The list is in the order
+        the requests occurred. Each list item is of class :class:`RequestHistory`.
+
+    :param bool respect_retry_after_header:
+        Whether to respect Retry-After header on status codes defined as
+        :attr:`Retry.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES` or not.
+
+    :param iterable remove_headers_on_redirect:
+        Sequence of headers to remove from the request when a response
+        indicating a redirect is returned before firing off the redirected
+        request.
+    """
+
+    #: Default methods to be used for ``allowed_methods``
+    DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS = frozenset(
+        ["HEAD", "GET", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS", "TRACE"]
+    )
+
+    #: Default status codes to be used for ``status_forcelist``
+    RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES = frozenset([413, 429, 503])
+
+    #: Default headers to be used for ``remove_headers_on_redirect``
+    DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT = frozenset(["Cookie", "Authorization"])
+
+    #: Maximum backoff time.
+    DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX = 120
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        total=10,
+        connect=None,
+        read=None,
+        redirect=None,
+        status=None,
+        other=None,
+        allowed_methods=_Default,
+        status_forcelist=None,
+        backoff_factor=0,
+        raise_on_redirect=True,
+        raise_on_status=True,
+        history=None,
+        respect_retry_after_header=True,
+        remove_headers_on_redirect=_Default,
+        # TODO: Deprecated, remove in v2.0
+        method_whitelist=_Default,
+    ):
+
+        if method_whitelist is not _Default:
+            if allowed_methods is not _Default:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Using both 'allowed_methods' and "
+                    "'method_whitelist' together is not allowed. "
+                    "Instead only use 'allowed_methods'"
+                )
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Using 'method_whitelist' with Retry is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'allowed_methods' instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            allowed_methods = method_whitelist
+        if allowed_methods is _Default:
+            allowed_methods = self.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS
+        if remove_headers_on_redirect is _Default:
+            remove_headers_on_redirect = self.DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT
+
+        self.total = total
+        self.connect = connect
+        self.read = read
+        self.status = status
+        self.other = other
+
+        if redirect is False or total is False:
+            redirect = 0
+            raise_on_redirect = False
+
+        self.redirect = redirect
+        self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or set()
+        self.allowed_methods = allowed_methods
+        self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+        self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
+        self.raise_on_status = raise_on_status
+        self.history = history or tuple()
+        self.respect_retry_after_header = respect_retry_after_header
+        self.remove_headers_on_redirect = frozenset(
+            [h.lower() for h in remove_headers_on_redirect]
+        )
+
+    def new(self, **kw):
+        params = dict(
+            total=self.total,
+            connect=self.connect,
+            read=self.read,
+            redirect=self.redirect,
+            status=self.status,
+            other=self.other,
+            status_forcelist=self.status_forcelist,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            raise_on_redirect=self.raise_on_redirect,
+            raise_on_status=self.raise_on_status,
+            history=self.history,
+            remove_headers_on_redirect=self.remove_headers_on_redirect,
+            respect_retry_after_header=self.respect_retry_after_header,
+        )
+
+        # TODO: If already given in **kw we use what's given to us
+        # If not given we need to figure out what to pass. We decide
+        # based on whether our class has the 'method_whitelist' property
+        # and if so we pass the deprecated 'method_whitelist' otherwise
+        # we use 'allowed_methods'. Remove in v2.0
+        if "method_whitelist" not in kw and "allowed_methods" not in kw:
+            if "method_whitelist" in self.__dict__:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "Using 'method_whitelist' with Retry is deprecated and "
+                    "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'allowed_methods' instead",
+                    DeprecationWarning,
+                )
+                params["method_whitelist"] = self.allowed_methods
+            else:
+                params["allowed_methods"] = self.allowed_methods
+
+        params.update(kw)
+        return type(self)(**params)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_int(cls, retries, redirect=True, default=None):
+        """Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format."""
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = default if default is not None else cls.DEFAULT
+
+        if isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            return retries
+
+        redirect = bool(redirect) and None
+        new_retries = cls(retries, redirect=redirect)
+        log.debug("Converted retries value: %r -> %r", retries, new_retries)
+        return new_retries
+
+    def get_backoff_time(self):
+        """Formula for computing the current backoff
+
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        # We want to consider only the last consecutive errors sequence (Ignore redirects).
+        consecutive_errors_len = len(
+            list(
+                takewhile(lambda x: x.redirect_location is None, reversed(self.history))
+            )
+        )
+        if consecutive_errors_len <= 1:
+            return 0
+
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (consecutive_errors_len - 1))
+        return min(self.DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX, backoff_value)
+
+    def parse_retry_after(self, retry_after):
+        # Whitespace: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2.4
+        if re.match(r"^\s*[0-9]+\s*$", retry_after):
+            seconds = int(retry_after)
+        else:
+            retry_date_tuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(retry_after)
+            if retry_date_tuple is None:
+                raise InvalidHeader("Invalid Retry-After header: %s" % retry_after)
+            if retry_date_tuple[9] is None:  # Python 2
+                # Assume UTC if no timezone was specified
+                # On Python2.7, parsedate_tz returns None for a timezone offset
+                # instead of 0 if no timezone is given, where mktime_tz treats
+                # a None timezone offset as local time.
+                retry_date_tuple = retry_date_tuple[:9] + (0,) + retry_date_tuple[10:]
+
+            retry_date = email.utils.mktime_tz(retry_date_tuple)
+            seconds = retry_date - time.time()
+
+        if seconds < 0:
+            seconds = 0
+
+        return seconds
+
+    def get_retry_after(self, response):
+        """Get the value of Retry-After in seconds."""
+
+        retry_after = response.headers.get("Retry-After")
+
+        if retry_after is None:
+            return None
+
+        return self.parse_retry_after(retry_after)
+
+    def sleep_for_retry(self, response=None):
+        retry_after = self.get_retry_after(response)
+        if retry_after:
+            time.sleep(retry_after)
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def _sleep_backoff(self):
+        backoff = self.get_backoff_time()
+        if backoff <= 0:
+            return
+        time.sleep(backoff)
+
+    def sleep(self, response=None):
+        """Sleep between retry attempts.
+
+        This method will respect a server's ``Retry-After`` response header
+        and sleep the duration of the time requested. If that is not present, it
+        will use an exponential backoff. By default, the backoff factor is 0 and
+        this method will return immediately.
+        """
+
+        if self.respect_retry_after_header and response:
+            slept = self.sleep_for_retry(response)
+            if slept:
+                return
+
+        self._sleep_backoff()
+
+    def _is_connection_error(self, err):
+        """Errors when we're fairly sure that the server did not receive the
+        request, so it should be safe to retry.
+        """
+        if isinstance(err, ProxyError):
+            err = err.original_error
+        return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
+
+    def _is_read_error(self, err):
+        """Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we should
+        assume that the server began processing it.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
+
+    def _is_method_retryable(self, method):
+        """Checks if a given HTTP method should be retried upon, depending if
+        it is included in the allowed_methods
+        """
+        # TODO: For now favor if the Retry implementation sets its own method_whitelist
+        # property outside of our constructor to avoid breaking custom implementations.
+        if "method_whitelist" in self.__dict__:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Using 'method_whitelist' with Retry is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'allowed_methods' instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            allowed_methods = self.method_whitelist
+        else:
+            allowed_methods = self.allowed_methods
+
+        if allowed_methods and method.upper() not in allowed_methods:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def is_retry(self, method, status_code, has_retry_after=False):
+        """Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on allowlists and control
+        variables such as the number of total retries to allow, whether to
+        respect the Retry-After header, whether this header is present, and
+        whether the returned status code is on the list of status codes to
+        be retried upon on the presence of the aforementioned header)
+        """
+        if not self._is_method_retryable(method):
+            return False
+
+        if self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist:
+            return True
+
+        return (
+            self.total
+            and self.respect_retry_after_header
+            and has_retry_after
+            and (status_code in self.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES)
+        )
+
+    def is_exhausted(self):
+        """Are we out of retries?"""
+        retry_counts = (
+            self.total,
+            self.connect,
+            self.read,
+            self.redirect,
+            self.status,
+            self.other,
+        )
+        retry_counts = list(filter(None, retry_counts))
+        if not retry_counts:
+            return False
+
+        return min(retry_counts) < 0
+
+    def increment(
+        self,
+        method=None,
+        url=None,
+        response=None,
+        error=None,
+        _pool=None,
+        _stacktrace=None,
+    ):
+        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
+
+        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
+            return a response.
+        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`
+        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
+            None if the response was received successfully.
+
+        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
+        """
+        if self.total is False and error:
+            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
+            raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+
+        total = self.total
+        if total is not None:
+            total -= 1
+
+        connect = self.connect
+        read = self.read
+        redirect = self.redirect
+        status_count = self.status
+        other = self.other
+        cause = "unknown"
+        status = None
+        redirect_location = None
+
+        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
+            # Connect retry?
+            if connect is False:
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif connect is not None:
+                connect -= 1
+
+        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
+            # Read retry?
+            if read is False or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
+                raise six.reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif read is not None:
+                read -= 1
+
+        elif error:
+            # Other retry?
+            if other is not None:
+                other -= 1
+
+        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
+            # Redirect retry?
+            if redirect is not None:
+                redirect -= 1
+            cause = "too many redirects"
+            redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
+            status = response.status
+
+        else:
+            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
+            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
+            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
+            if response and response.status:
+                if status_count is not None:
+                    status_count -= 1
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
+                status = response.status
+
+        history = self.history + (
+            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
+        )
+
+        new_retry = self.new(
+            total=total,
+            connect=connect,
+            read=read,
+            redirect=redirect,
+            status=status_count,
+            other=other,
+            history=history,
+        )
+
+        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, error or ResponseError(cause))
+
+        log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r", url, new_retry)
+
+        return new_retry
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            "{cls.__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, "
+            "read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect}, status={self.status})"
+        ).format(cls=type(self), self=self)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item == "method_whitelist":
+            # TODO: Remove this deprecated alias in v2.0
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Using 'method_whitelist' with Retry is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in v2.0. Use 'allowed_methods' instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            return self.allowed_methods
+        try:
+            return getattr(super(Retry, self), item)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return getattr(Retry, item)
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
+Retry.DEFAULT = Retry(3)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssl_.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2b45d391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import hmac
+import os
+import sys
+import warnings
+from binascii import hexlify, unhexlify
+from hashlib import md5, sha1, sha256
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    InsecurePlatformWarning,
+    ProxySchemeUnsupported,
+    SNIMissingWarning,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from ..packages import six
+from .url import BRACELESS_IPV6_ADDRZ_RE, IPV4_RE
+
+SSLContext = None
+SSLTransport = None
+HAS_SNI = False
+IS_PYOPENSSL = False
+IS_SECURETRANSPORT = False
+ALPN_PROTOCOLS = ["http/1.1"]
+
+# Maps the length of a digest to a possible hash function producing this digest
+HASHFUNC_MAP = {32: md5, 40: sha1, 64: sha256}
+
+
+def _const_compare_digest_backport(a, b):
+    """
+    Compare two digests of equal length in constant time.
+
+    The digests must be of type str/bytes.
+    Returns True if the digests match, and False otherwise.
+    """
+    result = abs(len(a) - len(b))
+    for left, right in zip(bytearray(a), bytearray(b)):
+        result |= left ^ right
+    return result == 0
+
+
+_const_compare_digest = getattr(hmac, "compare_digest", _const_compare_digest_backport)
+
+try:  # Test for SSL features
+    import ssl
+    from ssl import CERT_REQUIRED, wrap_socket
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    from ssl import HAS_SNI  # Has SNI?
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+try:
+    from .ssltransport import SSLTransport
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+try:  # Platform-specific: Python 3.6
+    from ssl import PROTOCOL_TLS
+
+    PROTOCOL_SSLv23 = PROTOCOL_TLS
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from ssl import PROTOCOL_SSLv23 as PROTOCOL_TLS
+
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 = PROTOCOL_TLS
+    except ImportError:
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 = PROTOCOL_TLS = 2
+
+try:
+    from ssl import PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
+except ImportError:
+    PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT = PROTOCOL_TLS
+
+
+try:
+    from ssl import OP_NO_COMPRESSION, OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_SSLv2, OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x1000000, 0x2000000
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000
+
+
+try:  # OP_NO_TICKET was added in Python 3.6
+    from ssl import OP_NO_TICKET
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_TICKET = 0x4000
+
+
+# A secure default.
+# Sources for more information on TLS ciphers:
+#
+# - https://wiki.mozilla.org/Security/Server_Side_TLS
+# - https://www.ssllabs.com/projects/best-practices/index.html
+# - https://hynek.me/articles/hardening-your-web-servers-ssl-ciphers/
+#
+# The general intent is:
+# - prefer cipher suites that offer perfect forward secrecy (DHE/ECDHE),
+# - prefer ECDHE over DHE for better performance,
+# - prefer any AES-GCM and ChaCha20 over any AES-CBC for better performance and
+#   security,
+# - prefer AES-GCM over ChaCha20 because hardware-accelerated AES is common,
+# - disable NULL authentication, MD5 MACs, DSS, and other
+#   insecure ciphers for security reasons.
+# - NOTE: TLS 1.3 cipher suites are managed through a different interface
+#   not exposed by CPython (yet!) and are enabled by default if they're available.
+DEFAULT_CIPHERS = ":".join(
+    [
+        "ECDHE+AESGCM",
+        "ECDHE+CHACHA20",
+        "DHE+AESGCM",
+        "DHE+CHACHA20",
+        "ECDH+AESGCM",
+        "DH+AESGCM",
+        "ECDH+AES",
+        "DH+AES",
+        "RSA+AESGCM",
+        "RSA+AES",
+        "!aNULL",
+        "!eNULL",
+        "!MD5",
+        "!DSS",
+    ]
+)
+
+try:
+    from ssl import SSLContext  # Modern SSL?
+except ImportError:
+
+    class SSLContext(object):  # Platform-specific: Python 2
+        def __init__(self, protocol_version):
+            self.protocol = protocol_version
+            # Use default values from a real SSLContext
+            self.check_hostname = False
+            self.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+            self.ca_certs = None
+            self.options = 0
+            self.certfile = None
+            self.keyfile = None
+            self.ciphers = None
+
+        def load_cert_chain(self, certfile, keyfile):
+            self.certfile = certfile
+            self.keyfile = keyfile
+
+        def load_verify_locations(self, cafile=None, capath=None, cadata=None):
+            self.ca_certs = cafile
+
+            if capath is not None:
+                raise SSLError("CA directories not supported in older Pythons")
+
+            if cadata is not None:
+                raise SSLError("CA data not supported in older Pythons")
+
+        def set_ciphers(self, cipher_suite):
+            self.ciphers = cipher_suite
+
+        def wrap_socket(self, socket, server_hostname=None, server_side=False):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents "
+                "urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause "
+                "certain SSL connections to fail. You can upgrade to a newer "
+                "version of Python to solve this. For more information, see "
+                "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
+                "#ssl-warnings",
+                InsecurePlatformWarning,
+            )
+            kwargs = {
+                "keyfile": self.keyfile,
+                "certfile": self.certfile,
+                "ca_certs": self.ca_certs,
+                "cert_reqs": self.verify_mode,
+                "ssl_version": self.protocol,
+                "server_side": server_side,
+            }
+            return wrap_socket(socket, ciphers=self.ciphers, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_fingerprint(cert, fingerprint):
+    """
+    Checks if given fingerprint matches the supplied certificate.
+
+    :param cert:
+        Certificate as bytes object.
+    :param fingerprint:
+        Fingerprint as string of hexdigits, can be interspersed by colons.
+    """
+
+    fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(":", "").lower()
+    digest_length = len(fingerprint)
+    hashfunc = HASHFUNC_MAP.get(digest_length)
+    if not hashfunc:
+        raise SSLError("Fingerprint of invalid length: {0}".format(fingerprint))
+
+    # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
+    fingerprint_bytes = unhexlify(fingerprint.encode())
+
+    cert_digest = hashfunc(cert).digest()
+
+    if not _const_compare_digest(cert_digest, fingerprint_bytes):
+        raise SSLError(
+            'Fingerprints did not match. Expected "{0}", got "{1}".'.format(
+                fingerprint, hexlify(cert_digest)
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def resolve_cert_reqs(candidate):
+    """
+    Resolves the argument to a numeric constant, which can be passed to
+    the wrap_socket function/method from the ssl module.
+    Defaults to :data:`ssl.CERT_REQUIRED`.
+    If given a string it is assumed to be the name of the constant in the
+    :mod:`ssl` module or its abbreviation.
+    (So you can specify `REQUIRED` instead of `CERT_REQUIRED`.
+    If it's neither `None` nor a string we assume it is already the numeric
+    constant which can directly be passed to wrap_socket.
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return CERT_REQUIRED
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, "CERT_" + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def resolve_ssl_version(candidate):
+    """
+    like resolve_cert_reqs
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return PROTOCOL_TLS
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_" + candidate)
+        return res
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def create_urllib3_context(
+    ssl_version=None, cert_reqs=None, options=None, ciphers=None
+):
+    """All arguments have the same meaning as ``ssl_wrap_socket``.
+
+    By default, this function does a lot of the same work that
+    ``ssl.create_default_context`` does on Python 3.4+. It:
+
+    - Disables SSLv2, SSLv3, and compression
+    - Sets a restricted set of server ciphers
+
+    If you wish to enable SSLv3, you can do::
+
+        from pip._vendor.urllib3.util import ssl_
+        context = ssl_.create_urllib3_context()
+        context.options &= ~ssl_.OP_NO_SSLv3
+
+    You can do the same to enable compression (substituting ``COMPRESSION``
+    for ``SSLv3`` in the last line above).
+
+    :param ssl_version:
+        The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+        the server and your installation of OpenSSL support.
+    :param cert_reqs:
+        Whether to require the certificate verification. This defaults to
+        ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``.
+    :param options:
+        Specific OpenSSL options. These default to ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2``,
+        ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3``, ``ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION``, and ``ssl.OP_NO_TICKET``.
+    :param ciphers:
+        Which cipher suites to allow the server to select.
+    :returns:
+        Constructed SSLContext object with specified options
+    :rtype: SSLContext
+    """
+    # PROTOCOL_TLS is deprecated in Python 3.10
+    if not ssl_version or ssl_version == PROTOCOL_TLS:
+        ssl_version = PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
+
+    context = SSLContext(ssl_version)
+
+    context.set_ciphers(ciphers or DEFAULT_CIPHERS)
+
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = 0
+        # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv2
+        # SSLv3 has several problems and is now dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv3
+        # Disable compression to prevent CRIME attacks for OpenSSL 1.0+
+        # (issue #309)
+        options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+        # TLSv1.2 only. Unless set explicitly, do not request tickets.
+        # This may save some bandwidth on wire, and although the ticket is encrypted,
+        # there is a risk associated with it being on wire,
+        # if the server is not rotating its ticketing keys properly.
+        options |= OP_NO_TICKET
+
+    context.options |= options
+
+    # Enable post-handshake authentication for TLS 1.3, see GH #1634. PHA is
+    # necessary for conditional client cert authentication with TLS 1.3.
+    # The attribute is None for OpenSSL <= 1.1.0 or does not exist in older
+    # versions of Python.  We only enable on Python 3.7.4+ or if certificate
+    # verification is enabled to work around Python issue #37428
+    # See: https://bugs.python.org/issue37428
+    if (cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED or sys.version_info >= (3, 7, 4)) and getattr(
+        context, "post_handshake_auth", None
+    ) is not None:
+        context.post_handshake_auth = True
+
+    def disable_check_hostname():
+        if (
+            getattr(context, "check_hostname", None) is not None
+        ):  # Platform-specific: Python 3.2
+            # We do our own verification, including fingerprints and alternative
+            # hostnames. So disable it here
+            context.check_hostname = False
+
+    # The order of the below lines setting verify_mode and check_hostname
+    # matter due to safe-guards SSLContext has to prevent an SSLContext with
+    # check_hostname=True, verify_mode=NONE/OPTIONAL. This is made even more
+    # complex because we don't know whether PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT will be used
+    # or not so we don't know the initial state of the freshly created SSLContext.
+    if cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED:
+        context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+        disable_check_hostname()
+    else:
+        disable_check_hostname()
+        context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+
+    # Enable logging of TLS session keys via defacto standard environment variable
+    # 'SSLKEYLOGFILE', if the feature is available (Python 3.8+). Skip empty values.
+    if hasattr(context, "keylog_filename"):
+        sslkeylogfile = os.environ.get("SSLKEYLOGFILE")
+        if sslkeylogfile:
+            context.keylog_filename = sslkeylogfile
+
+    return context
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(
+    sock,
+    keyfile=None,
+    certfile=None,
+    cert_reqs=None,
+    ca_certs=None,
+    server_hostname=None,
+    ssl_version=None,
+    ciphers=None,
+    ssl_context=None,
+    ca_cert_dir=None,
+    key_password=None,
+    ca_cert_data=None,
+    tls_in_tls=False,
+):
+    """
+    All arguments except for server_hostname, ssl_context, and ca_cert_dir have
+    the same meaning as they do when using :func:`ssl.wrap_socket`.
+
+    :param server_hostname:
+        When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
+    :param ssl_context:
+        A pre-made :class:`SSLContext` object. If none is provided, one will
+        be created using :func:`create_urllib3_context`.
+    :param ciphers:
+        A string of ciphers we wish the client to support.
+    :param ca_cert_dir:
+        A directory containing CA certificates in multiple separate files, as
+        supported by OpenSSL's -CApath flag or the capath argument to
+        SSLContext.load_verify_locations().
+    :param key_password:
+        Optional password if the keyfile is encrypted.
+    :param ca_cert_data:
+        Optional string containing CA certificates in PEM format suitable for
+        passing as the cadata parameter to SSLContext.load_verify_locations()
+    :param tls_in_tls:
+        Use SSLTransport to wrap the existing socket.
+    """
+    context = ssl_context
+    if context is None:
+        # Note: This branch of code and all the variables in it are no longer
+        # used by urllib3 itself. We should consider deprecating and removing
+        # this code.
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs, ciphers=ciphers)
+
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir or ca_cert_data:
+        try:
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir, ca_cert_data)
+        except (IOError, OSError) as e:
+            raise SSLError(e)
+
+    elif ssl_context is None and hasattr(context, "load_default_certs"):
+        # try to load OS default certs; works well on Windows (require Python3.4+)
+        context.load_default_certs()
+
+    # Attempt to detect if we get the goofy behavior of the
+    # keyfile being encrypted and OpenSSL asking for the
+    # passphrase via the terminal and instead error out.
+    if keyfile and key_password is None and _is_key_file_encrypted(keyfile):
+        raise SSLError("Client private key is encrypted, password is required")
+
+    if certfile:
+        if key_password is None:
+            context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
+        else:
+            context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile, key_password)
+
+    try:
+        if hasattr(context, "set_alpn_protocols"):
+            context.set_alpn_protocols(ALPN_PROTOCOLS)
+    except NotImplementedError:  # Defensive: in CI, we always have set_alpn_protocols
+        pass
+
+    # If we detect server_hostname is an IP address then the SNI
+    # extension should not be used according to RFC3546 Section 3.1
+    use_sni_hostname = server_hostname and not is_ipaddress(server_hostname)
+    # SecureTransport uses server_hostname in certificate verification.
+    send_sni = (use_sni_hostname and HAS_SNI) or (
+        IS_SECURETRANSPORT and server_hostname
+    )
+    # Do not warn the user if server_hostname is an invalid SNI hostname.
+    if not HAS_SNI and use_sni_hostname:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "An HTTPS request has been made, but the SNI (Server Name "
+            "Indication) extension to TLS is not available on this platform. "
+            "This may cause the server to present an incorrect TLS "
+            "certificate, which can cause validation failures. You can upgrade to "
+            "a newer version of Python to solve this. For more information, see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/1.26.x/advanced-usage.html"
+            "#ssl-warnings",
+            SNIMissingWarning,
+        )
+
+    if send_sni:
+        ssl_sock = _ssl_wrap_socket_impl(
+            sock, context, tls_in_tls, server_hostname=server_hostname
+        )
+    else:
+        ssl_sock = _ssl_wrap_socket_impl(sock, context, tls_in_tls)
+    return ssl_sock
+
+
+def is_ipaddress(hostname):
+    """Detects whether the hostname given is an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
+    Also detects IPv6 addresses with Zone IDs.
+
+    :param str hostname: Hostname to examine.
+    :return: True if the hostname is an IP address, False otherwise.
+    """
+    if not six.PY2 and isinstance(hostname, bytes):
+        # IDN A-label bytes are ASCII compatible.
+        hostname = hostname.decode("ascii")
+    return bool(IPV4_RE.match(hostname) or BRACELESS_IPV6_ADDRZ_RE.match(hostname))
+
+
+def _is_key_file_encrypted(key_file):
+    """Detects if a key file is encrypted or not."""
+    with open(key_file, "r") as f:
+        for line in f:
+            # Look for Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
+            if "ENCRYPTED" in line:
+                return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def _ssl_wrap_socket_impl(sock, ssl_context, tls_in_tls, server_hostname=None):
+    if tls_in_tls:
+        if not SSLTransport:
+            # Import error, ssl is not available.
+            raise ProxySchemeUnsupported(
+                "TLS in TLS requires support for the 'ssl' module"
+            )
+
+        SSLTransport._validate_ssl_context_for_tls_in_tls(ssl_context)
+        return SSLTransport(sock, ssl_context, server_hostname)
+
+    if server_hostname:
+        return ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+    else:
+        return ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssl_match_hostname.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssl_match_hostname.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1dd950c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssl_match_hostname.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+"""The match_hostname() function from Python 3.3.3, essential when using SSL."""
+
+# Note: This file is under the PSF license as the code comes from the python
+# stdlib.   http://docs.python.org/3/license.html
+
+import re
+import sys
+
+# ipaddress has been backported to 2.6+ in pypi.  If it is installed on the
+# system, use it to handle IPAddress ServerAltnames (this was added in
+# python-3.5) otherwise only do DNS matching.  This allows
+# util.ssl_match_hostname to continue to be used in Python 2.7.
+try:
+    import ipaddress
+except ImportError:
+    ipaddress = None
+
+__version__ = "3.5.0.1"
+
+
+class CertificateError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _dnsname_match(dn, hostname, max_wildcards=1):
+    """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+    """
+    pats = []
+    if not dn:
+        return False
+
+    # Ported from python3-syntax:
+    # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+    parts = dn.split(r".")
+    leftmost = parts[0]
+    remainder = parts[1:]
+
+    wildcards = leftmost.count("*")
+    if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+        # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+        # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+        # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+        # reasonable choice.
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn)
+        )
+
+    # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+    if not wildcards:
+        return dn.lower() == hostname.lower()
+
+    # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+    # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+    # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+    if leftmost == "*":
+        # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+        # fragment.
+        pats.append("[^.]+")
+    elif leftmost.startswith("xn--") or hostname.startswith("xn--"):
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+        # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+        # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+    else:
+        # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r"\*", "[^.]*"))
+
+    # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+    for frag in remainder:
+        pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+    pat = re.compile(r"\A" + r"\.".join(pats) + r"\Z", re.IGNORECASE)
+    return pat.match(hostname)
+
+
+def _to_unicode(obj):
+    if isinstance(obj, str) and sys.version_info < (3,):
+        # ignored flake8 # F821 to support python 2.7 function
+        obj = unicode(obj, encoding="ascii", errors="strict")  # noqa: F821
+    return obj
+
+
+def _ipaddress_match(ipname, host_ip):
+    """Exact matching of IP addresses.
+
+    RFC 6125 explicitly doesn't define an algorithm for this
+    (section 1.7.2 - "Out of Scope").
+    """
+    # OpenSSL may add a trailing newline to a subjectAltName's IP address
+    # Divergence from upstream: ipaddress can't handle byte str
+    ip = ipaddress.ip_address(_to_unicode(ipname).rstrip())
+    return ip == host_ip
+
+
+def match_hostname(cert, hostname):
+    """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+    SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+    rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+    CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+    returns nothing.
+    """
+    if not cert:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "empty or no certificate, match_hostname needs a "
+            "SSL socket or SSL context with either "
+            "CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED"
+        )
+    try:
+        # Divergence from upstream: ipaddress can't handle byte str
+        host_ip = ipaddress.ip_address(_to_unicode(hostname))
+    except (UnicodeError, ValueError):
+        # ValueError: Not an IP address (common case)
+        # UnicodeError: Divergence from upstream: Have to deal with ipaddress not taking
+        # byte strings.  addresses should be all ascii, so we consider it not
+        # an ipaddress in this case
+        host_ip = None
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Divergence from upstream: Make ipaddress library optional
+        if ipaddress is None:
+            host_ip = None
+        else:  # Defensive
+            raise
+    dnsnames = []
+    san = cert.get("subjectAltName", ())
+    for key, value in san:
+        if key == "DNS":
+            if host_ip is None and _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                return
+            dnsnames.append(value)
+        elif key == "IP Address":
+            if host_ip is not None and _ipaddress_match(value, host_ip):
+                return
+            dnsnames.append(value)
+    if not dnsnames:
+        # The subject is only checked when there is no dNSName entry
+        # in subjectAltName
+        for sub in cert.get("subject", ()):
+            for key, value in sub:
+                # XXX according to RFC 2818, the most specific Common Name
+                # must be used.
+                if key == "commonName":
+                    if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                        return
+                    dnsnames.append(value)
+    if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match either of %s" % (hostname, ", ".join(map(repr, dnsnames)))
+        )
+    elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+        raise CertificateError("hostname %r doesn't match %r" % (hostname, dnsnames[0]))
+    else:
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "no appropriate commonName or subjectAltName fields were found"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssltransport.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssltransport.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a7105d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/ssltransport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+import io
+import socket
+import ssl
+
+from ..exceptions import ProxySchemeUnsupported
+from ..packages import six
+
+SSL_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+
+class SSLTransport:
+    """
+    The SSLTransport wraps an existing socket and establishes an SSL connection.
+
+    Contrary to Python's implementation of SSLSocket, it allows you to chain
+    multiple TLS connections together. It's particularly useful if you need to
+    implement TLS within TLS.
+
+    The class supports most of the socket API operations.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_ssl_context_for_tls_in_tls(ssl_context):
+        """
+        Raises a ProxySchemeUnsupported if the provided ssl_context can't be used
+        for TLS in TLS.
+
+        The only requirement is that the ssl_context provides the 'wrap_bio'
+        methods.
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(ssl_context, "wrap_bio"):
+            if six.PY2:
+                raise ProxySchemeUnsupported(
+                    "TLS in TLS requires SSLContext.wrap_bio() which isn't "
+                    "supported on Python 2"
+                )
+            else:
+                raise ProxySchemeUnsupported(
+                    "TLS in TLS requires SSLContext.wrap_bio() which isn't "
+                    "available on non-native SSLContext"
+                )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, socket, ssl_context, server_hostname=None, suppress_ragged_eofs=True
+    ):
+        """
+        Create an SSLTransport around socket using the provided ssl_context.
+        """
+        self.incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        self.outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self.socket = socket
+
+        self.sslobj = ssl_context.wrap_bio(
+            self.incoming, self.outgoing, server_hostname=server_hostname
+        )
+
+        # Perform initial handshake.
+        self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.do_handshake)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *_):
+        self.close()
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    def read(self, len=1024, buffer=None):
+        return self._wrap_ssl_read(len, buffer)
+
+    def recv(self, len=1024, flags=0):
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to recv")
+        return self._wrap_ssl_read(len)
+
+    def recv_into(self, buffer, nbytes=None, flags=0):
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to recv_into")
+        if buffer and (nbytes is None):
+            nbytes = len(buffer)
+        elif nbytes is None:
+            nbytes = 1024
+        return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
+
+    def sendall(self, data, flags=0):
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to sendall")
+        count = 0
+        with memoryview(data) as view, view.cast("B") as byte_view:
+            amount = len(byte_view)
+            while count < amount:
+                v = self.send(byte_view[count:])
+                count += v
+
+    def send(self, data, flags=0):
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to send")
+        response = self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.write, data)
+        return response
+
+    def makefile(
+        self, mode="r", buffering=None, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None
+    ):
+        """
+        Python's httpclient uses makefile and buffered io when reading HTTP
+        messages and we need to support it.
+
+        This is unfortunately a copy and paste of socket.py makefile with small
+        changes to point to the socket directly.
+        """
+        if not set(mode) <= {"r", "w", "b"}:
+            raise ValueError("invalid mode %r (only r, w, b allowed)" % (mode,))
+
+        writing = "w" in mode
+        reading = "r" in mode or not writing
+        assert reading or writing
+        binary = "b" in mode
+        rawmode = ""
+        if reading:
+            rawmode += "r"
+        if writing:
+            rawmode += "w"
+        raw = socket.SocketIO(self, rawmode)
+        self.socket._io_refs += 1
+        if buffering is None:
+            buffering = -1
+        if buffering < 0:
+            buffering = io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+        if buffering == 0:
+            if not binary:
+                raise ValueError("unbuffered streams must be binary")
+            return raw
+        if reading and writing:
+            buffer = io.BufferedRWPair(raw, raw, buffering)
+        elif reading:
+            buffer = io.BufferedReader(raw, buffering)
+        else:
+            assert writing
+            buffer = io.BufferedWriter(raw, buffering)
+        if binary:
+            return buffer
+        text = io.TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding, errors, newline)
+        text.mode = mode
+        return text
+
+    def unwrap(self):
+        self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.unwrap)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.socket.close()
+
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form=False):
+        return self.sslobj.getpeercert(binary_form)
+
+    def version(self):
+        return self.sslobj.version()
+
+    def cipher(self):
+        return self.sslobj.cipher()
+
+    def selected_alpn_protocol(self):
+        return self.sslobj.selected_alpn_protocol()
+
+    def selected_npn_protocol(self):
+        return self.sslobj.selected_npn_protocol()
+
+    def shared_ciphers(self):
+        return self.sslobj.shared_ciphers()
+
+    def compression(self):
+        return self.sslobj.compression()
+
+    def settimeout(self, value):
+        self.socket.settimeout(value)
+
+    def gettimeout(self):
+        return self.socket.gettimeout()
+
+    def _decref_socketios(self):
+        self.socket._decref_socketios()
+
+    def _wrap_ssl_read(self, len, buffer=None):
+        try:
+            return self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.read, len, buffer)
+        except ssl.SSLError as e:
+            if e.errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF and self.suppress_ragged_eofs:
+                return 0  # eof, return 0.
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def _ssl_io_loop(self, func, *args):
+        """Performs an I/O loop between incoming/outgoing and the socket."""
+        should_loop = True
+        ret = None
+
+        while should_loop:
+            errno = None
+            try:
+                ret = func(*args)
+            except ssl.SSLError as e:
+                if e.errno not in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE):
+                    # WANT_READ, and WANT_WRITE are expected, others are not.
+                    raise e
+                errno = e.errno
+
+            buf = self.outgoing.read()
+            self.socket.sendall(buf)
+
+            if errno is None:
+                should_loop = False
+            elif errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
+                buf = self.socket.recv(SSL_BLOCKSIZE)
+                if buf:
+                    self.incoming.write(buf)
+                else:
+                    self.incoming.write_eof()
+        return ret
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/timeout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/timeout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78e18a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/timeout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import time
+
+# The default socket timeout, used by httplib to indicate that no timeout was; specified by the user
+from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, getdefaulttimeout
+
+from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
+
+# A sentinel value to indicate that no timeout was specified by the user in
+# urllib3
+_Default = object()
+
+
+# Use time.monotonic if available.
+current_time = getattr(time, "monotonic", time.time)
+
+
+class Timeout(object):
+    """Timeout configuration.
+
+    Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+       timeout = Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
+       http = PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
+       response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool):
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+       response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', timeout=Timeout(10))
+
+    Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to ``None``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+       no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
+       response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/, timeout=no_timeout)
+
+
+    :param total:
+        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
+        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
+        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
+        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
+
+        Defaults to None.
+
+    :type total: int, float, or None
+
+    :param connect:
+        The maximum amount of time (in seconds) to wait for a connection
+        attempt to a server to succeed. Omitting the parameter will default the
+        connect timeout to the system default, probably `the global default
+        timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout for connection attempts.
+
+    :type connect: int, float, or None
+
+    :param read:
+        The maximum amount of time (in seconds) to wait between consecutive
+        read operations for a response from the server. Omitting the parameter
+        will default the read timeout to the system default, probably `the
+        global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout.
+
+    :type read: int, float, or None
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return
+        an HTTP response.
+
+        For example, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified
+        on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include
+        high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level,
+        or other behaviors.
+
+        In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between
+        read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server,
+        not the total amount of time for the request to return a complete
+        response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server
+        has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always
+        the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout
+        of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take
+        several minutes to complete.
+
+        If your goal is to cut off any request after a set amount of wall clock
+        time, consider having a second "watcher" thread to cut off a slow
+        request.
+    """
+
+    #: A sentinel object representing the default timeout value
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+    def __init__(self, total=None, connect=_Default, read=_Default):
+        self._connect = self._validate_timeout(connect, "connect")
+        self._read = self._validate_timeout(read, "read")
+        self.total = self._validate_timeout(total, "total")
+        self._start_connect = None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(connect=%r, read=%r, total=%r)" % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            self._connect,
+            self._read,
+            self.total,
+        )
+
+    # __str__ provided for backwards compatibility
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    @classmethod
+    def resolve_default_timeout(cls, timeout):
+        return getdefaulttimeout() if timeout is cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT else timeout
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_timeout(cls, value, name):
+        """Check that a timeout attribute is valid.
+
+        :param value: The timeout value to validate
+        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is
+            used to specify in error messages.
+        :return: The validated and casted version of the given value.
+        :raises ValueError: If it is a numeric value less than or equal to
+            zero, or the type is not an integer, float, or None.
+        """
+        if value is _Default:
+            return cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if value is None or value is cls.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return value
+
+        if isinstance(value, bool):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Timeout cannot be a boolean value. It must "
+                "be an int, float or None."
+            )
+        try:
+            float(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                "int, float or None." % (name, value)
+            )
+
+        try:
+            if value <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Attempted to set %s timeout to %s, but the "
+                    "timeout cannot be set to a value less "
+                    "than or equal to 0." % (name, value)
+                )
+        except TypeError:
+            # Python 3
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                "int, float or None." % (name, value)
+            )
+
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_float(cls, timeout):
+        """Create a new Timeout from a legacy timeout value.
+
+        The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the
+        connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a :class:`Timeout`
+        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value
+        passed to this function.
+
+        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value.
+        :type timeout: integer, float, sentinel default object, or None
+        :return: Timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        return Timeout(read=timeout, connect=timeout)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Create a copy of the timeout object
+
+        Timeout properties are stored per-pool but each request needs a fresh
+        Timeout object to ensure each one has its own start/stop configured.
+
+        :return: a copy of the timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        # We can't use copy.deepcopy because that will also create a new object
+        # for _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, which socket.py uses as a sentinel to
+        # detect the user default.
+        return Timeout(connect=self._connect, read=self._read, total=self.total)
+
+    def start_connect(self):
+        """Start the timeout clock, used during a connect() attempt
+
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to start a timer that has been started already.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is not None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Timeout timer has already been started.")
+        self._start_connect = current_time()
+        return self._start_connect
+
+    def get_connect_duration(self):
+        """Gets the time elapsed since the call to :meth:`start_connect`.
+
+        :return: Elapsed time in seconds.
+        :rtype: float
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to get duration for a timer that hasn't been started.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError(
+                "Can't get connect duration for timer that has not started."
+            )
+        return current_time() - self._start_connect
+
+    @property
+    def connect_timeout(self):
+        """Get the value to use when setting a connection timeout.
+
+        This will be a positive float or integer, the value None
+        (never timeout), or the default system timeout.
+
+        :return: Connect timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        """
+        if self.total is None:
+            return self._connect
+
+        if self._connect is None or self._connect is self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return self.total
+
+        return min(self._connect, self.total)
+
+    @property
+    def read_timeout(self):
+        """Get the value for the read timeout.
+
+        This assumes some time has elapsed in the connection timeout and
+        computes the read timeout appropriately.
+
+        If self.total is set, the read timeout is dependent on the amount of
+        time taken by the connect timeout. If the connection time has not been
+        established, a :exc:`~urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError` will be
+        raised.
+
+        :return: Value to use for the read timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: If :meth:`start_connect`
+            has not yet been called on this object.
+        """
+        if (
+            self.total is not None
+            and self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+            and self._read is not None
+            and self._read is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+        ):
+            # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
+            if self._start_connect is None:
+                return self._read
+            return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(), self._read))
+        elif self.total is not None and self.total is not self.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return max(0, self.total - self.get_connect_duration())
+        else:
+            return self._read
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/url.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a960b2f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import re
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
+from ..packages import six
+
+url_attrs = ["scheme", "auth", "host", "port", "path", "query", "fragment"]
+
+# We only want to normalize urls with an HTTP(S) scheme.
+# urllib3 infers URLs without a scheme (None) to be http.
+NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES = ("http", "https", None)
+
+# Almost all of these patterns were derived from the
+# 'rfc3986' module: https://github.com/python-hyper/rfc3986
+PERCENT_RE = re.compile(r"%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}")
+SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r"^(?:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+-]*:|/)")
+URI_RE = re.compile(
+    r"^(?:([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+.-]*):)?"
+    r"(?://([^\\/?#]*))?"
+    r"([^?#]*)"
+    r"(?:\?([^#]*))?"
+    r"(?:#(.*))?$",
+    re.UNICODE | re.DOTALL,
+)
+
+IPV4_PAT = r"(?:[0-9]{1,3}\.){3}[0-9]{1,3}"
+HEX_PAT = "[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}"
+LS32_PAT = "(?:{hex}:{hex}|{ipv4})".format(hex=HEX_PAT, ipv4=IPV4_PAT)
+_subs = {"hex": HEX_PAT, "ls32": LS32_PAT}
+_variations = [
+    #                            6( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:%(hex)s:){6}%(ls32)s",
+    #                       "::" 5( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "::(?:%(hex)s:){5}%(ls32)s",
+    # [               h16 ] "::" 4( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:%(hex)s)?::(?:%(hex)s:){4}%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *1( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" 3( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:)?%(hex)s)?::(?:%(hex)s:){3}%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *2( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" 2( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,2}%(hex)s)?::(?:%(hex)s:){2}%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *3( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"    h16 ":"   ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,3}%(hex)s)?::%(hex)s:%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *4( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"              ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,4}%(hex)s)?::%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *5( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"              h16
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,5}%(hex)s)?::%(hex)s",
+    # [ *6( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,6}%(hex)s)?::",
+]
+
+UNRESERVED_PAT = r"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789._\-~"
+IPV6_PAT = "(?:" + "|".join([x % _subs for x in _variations]) + ")"
+ZONE_ID_PAT = "(?:%25|%)(?:[" + UNRESERVED_PAT + "]|%[a-fA-F0-9]{2})+"
+IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT = r"\[" + IPV6_PAT + r"(?:" + ZONE_ID_PAT + r")?\]"
+REG_NAME_PAT = r"(?:[^\[\]%:/?#]|%[a-fA-F0-9]{2})*"
+TARGET_RE = re.compile(r"^(/[^?#]*)(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#.*)?$")
+
+IPV4_RE = re.compile("^" + IPV4_PAT + "$")
+IPV6_RE = re.compile("^" + IPV6_PAT + "$")
+IPV6_ADDRZ_RE = re.compile("^" + IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT + "$")
+BRACELESS_IPV6_ADDRZ_RE = re.compile("^" + IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT[2:-2] + "$")
+ZONE_ID_RE = re.compile("(" + ZONE_ID_PAT + r")\]$")
+
+_HOST_PORT_PAT = ("^(%s|%s|%s)(?::0*?(|0|[1-9][0-9]{0,4}))?$") % (
+    REG_NAME_PAT,
+    IPV4_PAT,
+    IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT,
+)
+_HOST_PORT_RE = re.compile(_HOST_PORT_PAT, re.UNICODE | re.DOTALL)
+
+UNRESERVED_CHARS = set(
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789._-~"
+)
+SUB_DELIM_CHARS = set("!$&'()*+,;=")
+USERINFO_CHARS = UNRESERVED_CHARS | SUB_DELIM_CHARS | {":"}
+PATH_CHARS = USERINFO_CHARS | {"@", "/"}
+QUERY_CHARS = FRAGMENT_CHARS = PATH_CHARS | {"?"}
+
+
+class Url(namedtuple("Url", url_attrs)):
+    """
+    Data structure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
+    :func:`parse_url`. Both the scheme and host are normalized as they are
+    both case-insensitive according to RFC 3986.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        scheme=None,
+        auth=None,
+        host=None,
+        port=None,
+        path=None,
+        query=None,
+        fragment=None,
+    ):
+        if path and not path.startswith("/"):
+            path = "/" + path
+        if scheme is not None:
+            scheme = scheme.lower()
+        return super(Url, cls).__new__(
+            cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def hostname(self):
+        """For backwards-compatibility with urlparse. We're nice like that."""
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def request_uri(self):
+        """Absolute path including the query string."""
+        uri = self.path or "/"
+
+        if self.query is not None:
+            uri += "?" + self.query
+
+        return uri
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self):
+        """Network location including host and port"""
+        if self.port:
+            return "%s:%d" % (self.host, self.port)
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def url(self):
+        """
+        Convert self into a url
+
+        This function should more or less round-trip with :func:`.parse_url`. The
+        returned url may not be exactly the same as the url inputted to
+        :func:`.parse_url`, but it should be equivalent by the RFC (e.g., urls
+        with a blank port will have : removed).
+
+        Example: ::
+
+            >>> U = parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+            >>> U.url
+            'http://google.com/mail/'
+            >>> Url('http', 'username:password', 'host.com', 80,
+            ... '/path', 'query', 'fragment').url
+            'http://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment'
+        """
+        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
+        url = u""
+
+        # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
+        if scheme is not None:
+            url += scheme + u"://"
+        if auth is not None:
+            url += auth + u"@"
+        if host is not None:
+            url += host
+        if port is not None:
+            url += u":" + str(port)
+        if path is not None:
+            url += path
+        if query is not None:
+            url += u"?" + query
+        if fragment is not None:
+            url += u"#" + fragment
+
+        return url
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.url
+
+
+def split_first(s, delims):
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 1.25
+
+    Given a string and an iterable of delimiters, split on the first found
+    delimiter. Return two split parts and the matched delimiter.
+
+    If not found, then the first part is the full input string.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '?/=')
+        ('foo', 'bar?baz', '/')
+        >>> split_first('foo/bar?baz', '123')
+        ('foo/bar?baz', '', None)
+
+    Scales linearly with number of delims. Not ideal for large number of delims.
+    """
+    min_idx = None
+    min_delim = None
+    for d in delims:
+        idx = s.find(d)
+        if idx < 0:
+            continue
+
+        if min_idx is None or idx < min_idx:
+            min_idx = idx
+            min_delim = d
+
+    if min_idx is None or min_idx < 0:
+        return s, "", None
+
+    return s[:min_idx], s[min_idx + 1 :], min_delim
+
+
+def _encode_invalid_chars(component, allowed_chars, encoding="utf-8"):
+    """Percent-encodes a URI component without reapplying
+    onto an already percent-encoded component.
+    """
+    if component is None:
+        return component
+
+    component = six.ensure_text(component)
+
+    # Normalize existing percent-encoded bytes.
+    # Try to see if the component we're encoding is already percent-encoded
+    # so we can skip all '%' characters but still encode all others.
+    component, percent_encodings = PERCENT_RE.subn(
+        lambda match: match.group(0).upper(), component
+    )
+
+    uri_bytes = component.encode("utf-8", "surrogatepass")
+    is_percent_encoded = percent_encodings == uri_bytes.count(b"%")
+    encoded_component = bytearray()
+
+    for i in range(0, len(uri_bytes)):
+        # Will return a single character bytestring on both Python 2 & 3
+        byte = uri_bytes[i : i + 1]
+        byte_ord = ord(byte)
+        if (is_percent_encoded and byte == b"%") or (
+            byte_ord < 128 and byte.decode() in allowed_chars
+        ):
+            encoded_component += byte
+            continue
+        encoded_component.extend(b"%" + (hex(byte_ord)[2:].encode().zfill(2).upper()))
+
+    return encoded_component.decode(encoding)
+
+
+def _remove_path_dot_segments(path):
+    # See http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2.4 for pseudo-code
+    segments = path.split("/")  # Turn the path into a list of segments
+    output = []  # Initialize the variable to use to store output
+
+    for segment in segments:
+        # '.' is the current directory, so ignore it, it is superfluous
+        if segment == ".":
+            continue
+        # Anything other than '..', should be appended to the output
+        elif segment != "..":
+            output.append(segment)
+        # In this case segment == '..', if we can, we should pop the last
+        # element
+        elif output:
+            output.pop()
+
+    # If the path starts with '/' and the output is empty or the first string
+    # is non-empty
+    if path.startswith("/") and (not output or output[0]):
+        output.insert(0, "")
+
+    # If the path starts with '/.' or '/..' ensure we add one more empty
+    # string to add a trailing '/'
+    if path.endswith(("/.", "/..")):
+        output.append("")
+
+    return "/".join(output)
+
+
+def _normalize_host(host, scheme):
+    if host:
+        if isinstance(host, six.binary_type):
+            host = six.ensure_str(host)
+
+        if scheme in NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES:
+            is_ipv6 = IPV6_ADDRZ_RE.match(host)
+            if is_ipv6:
+                # IPv6 hosts of the form 'a::b%zone' are encoded in a URL as
+                # such per RFC 6874: 'a::b%25zone'. Unquote the ZoneID
+                # separator as necessary to return a valid RFC 4007 scoped IP.
+                match = ZONE_ID_RE.search(host)
+                if match:
+                    start, end = match.span(1)
+                    zone_id = host[start:end]
+
+                    if zone_id.startswith("%25") and zone_id != "%25":
+                        zone_id = zone_id[3:]
+                    else:
+                        zone_id = zone_id[1:]
+                    zone_id = "%" + _encode_invalid_chars(zone_id, UNRESERVED_CHARS)
+                    return host[:start].lower() + zone_id + host[end:]
+                else:
+                    return host.lower()
+            elif not IPV4_RE.match(host):
+                return six.ensure_str(
+                    b".".join([_idna_encode(label) for label in host.split(".")])
+                )
+    return host
+
+
+def _idna_encode(name):
+    if name and any(ord(x) >= 128 for x in name):
+        try:
+            from pip._vendor import idna
+        except ImportError:
+            six.raise_from(
+                LocationParseError("Unable to parse URL without the 'idna' module"),
+                None,
+            )
+        try:
+            return idna.encode(name.lower(), strict=True, std3_rules=True)
+        except idna.IDNAError:
+            six.raise_from(
+                LocationParseError(u"Name '%s' is not a valid IDNA label" % name), None
+            )
+    return name.lower().encode("ascii")
+
+
+def _encode_target(target):
+    """Percent-encodes a request target so that there are no invalid characters"""
+    path, query = TARGET_RE.match(target).groups()
+    target = _encode_invalid_chars(path, PATH_CHARS)
+    query = _encode_invalid_chars(query, QUERY_CHARS)
+    if query is not None:
+        target += "?" + query
+    return target
+
+
+def parse_url(url):
+    """
+    Given a url, return a parsed :class:`.Url` namedtuple. Best-effort is
+    performed to parse incomplete urls. Fields not provided will be None.
+    This parser is RFC 3986 and RFC 6874 compliant.
+
+    The parser logic and helper functions are based heavily on
+    work done in the ``rfc3986`` module.
+
+    :param str url: URL to parse into a :class:`.Url` namedtuple.
+
+    Partly backwards-compatible with :mod:`urlparse`.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> parse_url('http://google.com/mail/')
+        Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/mail/', ...)
+        >>> parse_url('google.com:80')
+        Url(scheme=None, host='google.com', port=80, path=None, ...)
+        >>> parse_url('/foo?bar')
+        Url(scheme=None, host=None, port=None, path='/foo', query='bar', ...)
+    """
+    if not url:
+        # Empty
+        return Url()
+
+    source_url = url
+    if not SCHEME_RE.search(url):
+        url = "//" + url
+
+    try:
+        scheme, authority, path, query, fragment = URI_RE.match(url).groups()
+        normalize_uri = scheme is None or scheme.lower() in NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES
+
+        if scheme:
+            scheme = scheme.lower()
+
+        if authority:
+            auth, _, host_port = authority.rpartition("@")
+            auth = auth or None
+            host, port = _HOST_PORT_RE.match(host_port).groups()
+            if auth and normalize_uri:
+                auth = _encode_invalid_chars(auth, USERINFO_CHARS)
+            if port == "":
+                port = None
+        else:
+            auth, host, port = None, None, None
+
+        if port is not None:
+            port = int(port)
+            if not (0 <= port <= 65535):
+                raise LocationParseError(url)
+
+        host = _normalize_host(host, scheme)
+
+        if normalize_uri and path:
+            path = _remove_path_dot_segments(path)
+            path = _encode_invalid_chars(path, PATH_CHARS)
+        if normalize_uri and query:
+            query = _encode_invalid_chars(query, QUERY_CHARS)
+        if normalize_uri and fragment:
+            fragment = _encode_invalid_chars(fragment, FRAGMENT_CHARS)
+
+    except (ValueError, AttributeError):
+        return six.raise_from(LocationParseError(source_url), None)
+
+    # For the sake of backwards compatibility we put empty
+    # string values for path if there are any defined values
+    # beyond the path in the URL.
+    # TODO: Remove this when we break backwards compatibility.
+    if not path:
+        if query is not None or fragment is not None:
+            path = ""
+        else:
+            path = None
+
+    # Ensure that each part of the URL is a `str` for
+    # backwards compatibility.
+    if isinstance(url, six.text_type):
+        ensure_func = six.ensure_text
+    else:
+        ensure_func = six.ensure_str
+
+    def ensure_type(x):
+        return x if x is None else ensure_func(x)
+
+    return Url(
+        scheme=ensure_type(scheme),
+        auth=ensure_type(auth),
+        host=ensure_type(host),
+        port=port,
+        path=ensure_type(path),
+        query=ensure_type(query),
+        fragment=ensure_type(fragment),
+    )
+
+
+def get_host(url):
+    """
+    Deprecated. Use :func:`parse_url` instead.
+    """
+    p = parse_url(url)
+    return p.scheme or "http", p.hostname, p.port
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/wait.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/wait.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21b4590b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/urllib3/util/wait.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+import errno
+import select
+import sys
+from functools import partial
+
+try:
+    from time import monotonic
+except ImportError:
+    from time import time as monotonic
+
+__all__ = ["NoWayToWaitForSocketError", "wait_for_read", "wait_for_write"]
+
+
+class NoWayToWaitForSocketError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+# How should we wait on sockets?
+#
+# There are two types of APIs you can use for waiting on sockets: the fancy
+# modern stateful APIs like epoll/kqueue, and the older stateless APIs like
+# select/poll. The stateful APIs are more efficient when you have a lots of
+# sockets to keep track of, because you can set them up once and then use them
+# lots of times. But we only ever want to wait on a single socket at a time
+# and don't want to keep track of state, so the stateless APIs are actually
+# more efficient. So we want to use select() or poll().
+#
+# Now, how do we choose between select() and poll()? On traditional Unixes,
+# select() has a strange calling convention that makes it slow, or fail
+# altogether, for high-numbered file descriptors. The point of poll() is to fix
+# that, so on Unixes, we prefer poll().
+#
+# On Windows, there is no poll() (or at least Python doesn't provide a wrapper
+# for it), but that's OK, because on Windows, select() doesn't have this
+# strange calling convention; plain select() works fine.
+#
+# So: on Windows we use select(), and everywhere else we use poll(). We also
+# fall back to select() in case poll() is somehow broken or missing.
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 5):
+    # Modern Python, that retries syscalls by default
+    def _retry_on_intr(fn, timeout):
+        return fn(timeout)
+
+else:
+    # Old and broken Pythons.
+    def _retry_on_intr(fn, timeout):
+        if timeout is None:
+            deadline = float("inf")
+        else:
+            deadline = monotonic() + timeout
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return fn(timeout)
+            # OSError for 3 <= pyver < 3.5, select.error for pyver <= 2.7
+            except (OSError, select.error) as e:
+                # 'e.args[0]' incantation works for both OSError and select.error
+                if e.args[0] != errno.EINTR:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    timeout = deadline - monotonic()
+                    if timeout < 0:
+                        timeout = 0
+                    if timeout == float("inf"):
+                        timeout = None
+                    continue
+
+
+def select_wait_for_socket(sock, read=False, write=False, timeout=None):
+    if not read and not write:
+        raise RuntimeError("must specify at least one of read=True, write=True")
+    rcheck = []
+    wcheck = []
+    if read:
+        rcheck.append(sock)
+    if write:
+        wcheck.append(sock)
+    # When doing a non-blocking connect, most systems signal success by
+    # marking the socket writable. Windows, though, signals success by marked
+    # it as "exceptional". We paper over the difference by checking the write
+    # sockets for both conditions. (The stdlib selectors module does the same
+    # thing.)
+    fn = partial(select.select, rcheck, wcheck, wcheck)
+    rready, wready, xready = _retry_on_intr(fn, timeout)
+    return bool(rready or wready or xready)
+
+
+def poll_wait_for_socket(sock, read=False, write=False, timeout=None):
+    if not read and not write:
+        raise RuntimeError("must specify at least one of read=True, write=True")
+    mask = 0
+    if read:
+        mask |= select.POLLIN
+    if write:
+        mask |= select.POLLOUT
+    poll_obj = select.poll()
+    poll_obj.register(sock, mask)
+
+    # For some reason, poll() takes timeout in milliseconds
+    def do_poll(t):
+        if t is not None:
+            t *= 1000
+        return poll_obj.poll(t)
+
+    return bool(_retry_on_intr(do_poll, timeout))
+
+
+def null_wait_for_socket(*args, **kwargs):
+    raise NoWayToWaitForSocketError("no select-equivalent available")
+
+
+def _have_working_poll():
+    # Apparently some systems have a select.poll that fails as soon as you try
+    # to use it, either due to strange configuration or broken monkeypatching
+    # from libraries like eventlet/greenlet.
+    try:
+        poll_obj = select.poll()
+        _retry_on_intr(poll_obj.poll, 0)
+    except (AttributeError, OSError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def wait_for_socket(*args, **kwargs):
+    # We delay choosing which implementation to use until the first time we're
+    # called. We could do it at import time, but then we might make the wrong
+    # decision if someone goes wild with monkeypatching select.poll after
+    # we're imported.
+    global wait_for_socket
+    if _have_working_poll():
+        wait_for_socket = poll_wait_for_socket
+    elif hasattr(select, "select"):
+        wait_for_socket = select_wait_for_socket
+    else:  # Platform-specific: Appengine.
+        wait_for_socket = null_wait_for_socket
+    return wait_for_socket(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def wait_for_read(sock, timeout=None):
+    """Waits for reading to be available on a given socket.
+    Returns True if the socket is readable, or False if the timeout expired.
+    """
+    return wait_for_socket(sock, read=True, timeout=timeout)
+
+
+def wait_for_write(sock, timeout=None):
+    """Waits for writing to be available on a given socket.
+    Returns True if the socket is readable, or False if the timeout expired.
+    """
+    return wait_for_socket(sock, write=True, timeout=timeout)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/vendor.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/vendor.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5554c38e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/vendor.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+CacheControl==0.13.1  # Make sure to update the license in pyproject.toml for this.
+colorama==0.4.6
+distlib==0.3.8
+distro==1.8.0
+msgpack==1.0.5
+packaging==21.3
+platformdirs==3.8.1
+pyparsing==3.1.0
+pyproject-hooks==1.0.0
+requests==2.31.0
+    certifi==2023.7.22
+    chardet==5.1.0
+    idna==3.4
+    urllib3==1.26.17
+rich==13.4.2
+    pygments==2.15.1
+    typing_extensions==4.7.1
+resolvelib==1.0.1
+setuptools==68.0.0
+six==1.16.0
+tenacity==8.2.2
+tomli==2.0.1
+truststore==0.8.0
+webencodings==0.5.1
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d21d697c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+"""
+
+    webencodings
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    This is a Python implementation of the `WHATWG Encoding standard
+    <http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/>`. See README for details.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2012 by Simon Sapin
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import codecs
+
+from .labels import LABELS
+
+
+VERSION = '0.5.1'
+
+
+# Some names in Encoding are not valid Python aliases. Remap these.
+PYTHON_NAMES = {
+    'iso-8859-8-i': 'iso-8859-8',
+    'x-mac-cyrillic': 'mac-cyrillic',
+    'macintosh': 'mac-roman',
+    'windows-874': 'cp874'}
+
+CACHE = {}
+
+
+def ascii_lower(string):
+    r"""Transform (only) ASCII letters to lower case: A-Z is mapped to a-z.
+
+    :param string: An Unicode string.
+    :returns: A new Unicode string.
+
+    This is used for `ASCII case-insensitive
+    <http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#ascii-case-insensitive>`_
+    matching of encoding labels.
+    The same matching is also used, among other things,
+    for `CSS keywords <http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css-values/#keywords>`_.
+
+    This is different from the :meth:`~py:str.lower` method of Unicode strings
+    which also affect non-ASCII characters,
+    sometimes mapping them into the ASCII range:
+
+        >>> keyword = u'Bac\N{KELVIN SIGN}ground'
+        >>> assert keyword.lower() == u'background'
+        >>> assert ascii_lower(keyword) != keyword.lower()
+        >>> assert ascii_lower(keyword) == u'bac\N{KELVIN SIGN}ground'
+
+    """
+    # This turns out to be faster than unicode.translate()
+    return string.encode('utf8').lower().decode('utf8')
+
+
+def lookup(label):
+    """
+    Look for an encoding by its label.
+    This is the spec’s `get an encoding
+    <http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-encoding-get>`_ algorithm.
+    Supported labels are listed there.
+
+    :param label: A string.
+    :returns:
+        An :class:`Encoding` object, or :obj:`None` for an unknown label.
+
+    """
+    # Only strip ASCII whitespace: U+0009, U+000A, U+000C, U+000D, and U+0020.
+    label = ascii_lower(label.strip('\t\n\f\r '))
+    name = LABELS.get(label)
+    if name is None:
+        return None
+    encoding = CACHE.get(name)
+    if encoding is None:
+        if name == 'x-user-defined':
+            from .x_user_defined import codec_info
+        else:
+            python_name = PYTHON_NAMES.get(name, name)
+            # Any python_name value that gets to here should be valid.
+            codec_info = codecs.lookup(python_name)
+        encoding = Encoding(name, codec_info)
+        CACHE[name] = encoding
+    return encoding
+
+
+def _get_encoding(encoding_or_label):
+    """
+    Accept either an encoding object or label.
+
+    :param encoding: An :class:`Encoding` object or a label string.
+    :returns: An :class:`Encoding` object.
+    :raises: :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` for an unknown label.
+
+    """
+    if hasattr(encoding_or_label, 'codec_info'):
+        return encoding_or_label
+
+    encoding = lookup(encoding_or_label)
+    if encoding is None:
+        raise LookupError('Unknown encoding label: %r' % encoding_or_label)
+    return encoding
+
+
+class Encoding(object):
+    """Reresents a character encoding such as UTF-8,
+    that can be used for decoding or encoding.
+
+    .. attribute:: name
+
+        Canonical name of the encoding
+
+    .. attribute:: codec_info
+
+        The actual implementation of the encoding,
+        a stdlib :class:`~codecs.CodecInfo` object.
+        See :func:`codecs.register`.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, name, codec_info):
+        self.name = name
+        self.codec_info = codec_info
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<Encoding %s>' % self.name
+
+
+#: The UTF-8 encoding. Should be used for new content and formats.
+UTF8 = lookup('utf-8')
+
+_UTF16LE = lookup('utf-16le')
+_UTF16BE = lookup('utf-16be')
+
+
+def decode(input, fallback_encoding, errors='replace'):
+    """
+    Decode a single string.
+
+    :param input: A byte string
+    :param fallback_encoding:
+        An :class:`Encoding` object or a label string.
+        The encoding to use if :obj:`input` does note have a BOM.
+    :param errors: Type of error handling. See :func:`codecs.register`.
+    :raises: :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` for an unknown encoding label.
+    :return:
+        A ``(output, encoding)`` tuple of an Unicode string
+        and an :obj:`Encoding`.
+
+    """
+    # Fail early if `encoding` is an invalid label.
+    fallback_encoding = _get_encoding(fallback_encoding)
+    bom_encoding, input = _detect_bom(input)
+    encoding = bom_encoding or fallback_encoding
+    return encoding.codec_info.decode(input, errors)[0], encoding
+
+
+def _detect_bom(input):
+    """Return (bom_encoding, input), with any BOM removed from the input."""
+    if input.startswith(b'\xFF\xFE'):
+        return _UTF16LE, input[2:]
+    if input.startswith(b'\xFE\xFF'):
+        return _UTF16BE, input[2:]
+    if input.startswith(b'\xEF\xBB\xBF'):
+        return UTF8, input[3:]
+    return None, input
+
+
+def encode(input, encoding=UTF8, errors='strict'):
+    """
+    Encode a single string.
+
+    :param input: An Unicode string.
+    :param encoding: An :class:`Encoding` object or a label string.
+    :param errors: Type of error handling. See :func:`codecs.register`.
+    :raises: :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` for an unknown encoding label.
+    :return: A byte string.
+
+    """
+    return _get_encoding(encoding).codec_info.encode(input, errors)[0]
+
+
+def iter_decode(input, fallback_encoding, errors='replace'):
+    """
+    "Pull"-based decoder.
+
+    :param input:
+        An iterable of byte strings.
+
+        The input is first consumed just enough to determine the encoding
+        based on the precense of a BOM,
+        then consumed on demand when the return value is.
+    :param fallback_encoding:
+        An :class:`Encoding` object or a label string.
+        The encoding to use if :obj:`input` does note have a BOM.
+    :param errors: Type of error handling. See :func:`codecs.register`.
+    :raises: :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` for an unknown encoding label.
+    :returns:
+        An ``(output, encoding)`` tuple.
+        :obj:`output` is an iterable of Unicode strings,
+        :obj:`encoding` is the :obj:`Encoding` that is being used.
+
+    """
+
+    decoder = IncrementalDecoder(fallback_encoding, errors)
+    generator = _iter_decode_generator(input, decoder)
+    encoding = next(generator)
+    return generator, encoding
+
+
+def _iter_decode_generator(input, decoder):
+    """Return a generator that first yields the :obj:`Encoding`,
+    then yields output chukns as Unicode strings.
+
+    """
+    decode = decoder.decode
+    input = iter(input)
+    for chunck in input:
+        output = decode(chunck)
+        if output:
+            assert decoder.encoding is not None
+            yield decoder.encoding
+            yield output
+            break
+    else:
+        # Input exhausted without determining the encoding
+        output = decode(b'', final=True)
+        assert decoder.encoding is not None
+        yield decoder.encoding
+        if output:
+            yield output
+        return
+
+    for chunck in input:
+        output = decode(chunck)
+        if output:
+            yield output
+    output = decode(b'', final=True)
+    if output:
+        yield output
+
+
+def iter_encode(input, encoding=UTF8, errors='strict'):
+    """
+    “Pull”-based encoder.
+
+    :param input: An iterable of Unicode strings.
+    :param encoding: An :class:`Encoding` object or a label string.
+    :param errors: Type of error handling. See :func:`codecs.register`.
+    :raises: :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` for an unknown encoding label.
+    :returns: An iterable of byte strings.
+
+    """
+    # Fail early if `encoding` is an invalid label.
+    encode = IncrementalEncoder(encoding, errors).encode
+    return _iter_encode_generator(input, encode)
+
+
+def _iter_encode_generator(input, encode):
+    for chunck in input:
+        output = encode(chunck)
+        if output:
+            yield output
+    output = encode('', final=True)
+    if output:
+        yield output
+
+
+class IncrementalDecoder(object):
+    """
+    “Push”-based decoder.
+
+    :param fallback_encoding:
+        An :class:`Encoding` object or a label string.
+        The encoding to use if :obj:`input` does note have a BOM.
+    :param errors: Type of error handling. See :func:`codecs.register`.
+    :raises: :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` for an unknown encoding label.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, fallback_encoding, errors='replace'):
+        # Fail early if `encoding` is an invalid label.
+        self._fallback_encoding = _get_encoding(fallback_encoding)
+        self._errors = errors
+        self._buffer = b''
+        self._decoder = None
+        #: The actual :class:`Encoding` that is being used,
+        #: or :obj:`None` if that is not determined yet.
+        #: (Ie. if there is not enough input yet to determine
+        #: if there is a BOM.)
+        self.encoding = None  # Not known yet.
+
+    def decode(self, input, final=False):
+        """Decode one chunk of the input.
+
+        :param input: A byte string.
+        :param final:
+            Indicate that no more input is available.
+            Must be :obj:`True` if this is the last call.
+        :returns: An Unicode string.
+
+        """
+        decoder = self._decoder
+        if decoder is not None:
+            return decoder(input, final)
+
+        input = self._buffer + input
+        encoding, input = _detect_bom(input)
+        if encoding is None:
+            if len(input) < 3 and not final:  # Not enough data yet.
+                self._buffer = input
+                return ''
+            else:  # No BOM
+                encoding = self._fallback_encoding
+        decoder = encoding.codec_info.incrementaldecoder(self._errors).decode
+        self._decoder = decoder
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        return decoder(input, final)
+
+
+class IncrementalEncoder(object):
+    """
+    “Push”-based encoder.
+
+    :param encoding: An :class:`Encoding` object or a label string.
+    :param errors: Type of error handling. See :func:`codecs.register`.
+    :raises: :exc:`~exceptions.LookupError` for an unknown encoding label.
+
+    .. method:: encode(input, final=False)
+
+        :param input: An Unicode string.
+        :param final:
+            Indicate that no more input is available.
+            Must be :obj:`True` if this is the last call.
+        :returns: A byte string.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, encoding=UTF8, errors='strict'):
+        encoding = _get_encoding(encoding)
+        self.encode = encoding.codec_info.incrementalencoder(errors).encode
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/__pycache__/x_user_defined.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/__pycache__/x_user_defined.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/labels.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/labels.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29cbf91e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/labels.py
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+"""
+
+    webencodings.labels
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Map encoding labels to their name.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2012 by Simon Sapin
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+
+"""
+
+# XXX Do not edit!
+# This file is automatically generated by mklabels.py
+
+LABELS = {
+    'unicode-1-1-utf-8':   'utf-8',
+    'utf-8':               'utf-8',
+    'utf8':                'utf-8',
+    '866':                 'ibm866',
+    'cp866':               'ibm866',
+    'csibm866':            'ibm866',
+    'ibm866':              'ibm866',
+    'csisolatin2':         'iso-8859-2',
+    'iso-8859-2':          'iso-8859-2',
+    'iso-ir-101':          'iso-8859-2',
+    'iso8859-2':           'iso-8859-2',
+    'iso88592':            'iso-8859-2',
+    'iso_8859-2':          'iso-8859-2',
+    'iso_8859-2:1987':     'iso-8859-2',
+    'l2':                  'iso-8859-2',
+    'latin2':              'iso-8859-2',
+    'csisolatin3':         'iso-8859-3',
+    'iso-8859-3':          'iso-8859-3',
+    'iso-ir-109':          'iso-8859-3',
+    'iso8859-3':           'iso-8859-3',
+    'iso88593':            'iso-8859-3',
+    'iso_8859-3':          'iso-8859-3',
+    'iso_8859-3:1988':     'iso-8859-3',
+    'l3':                  'iso-8859-3',
+    'latin3':              'iso-8859-3',
+    'csisolatin4':         'iso-8859-4',
+    'iso-8859-4':          'iso-8859-4',
+    'iso-ir-110':          'iso-8859-4',
+    'iso8859-4':           'iso-8859-4',
+    'iso88594':            'iso-8859-4',
+    'iso_8859-4':          'iso-8859-4',
+    'iso_8859-4:1988':     'iso-8859-4',
+    'l4':                  'iso-8859-4',
+    'latin4':              'iso-8859-4',
+    'csisolatincyrillic':  'iso-8859-5',
+    'cyrillic':            'iso-8859-5',
+    'iso-8859-5':          'iso-8859-5',
+    'iso-ir-144':          'iso-8859-5',
+    'iso8859-5':           'iso-8859-5',
+    'iso88595':            'iso-8859-5',
+    'iso_8859-5':          'iso-8859-5',
+    'iso_8859-5:1988':     'iso-8859-5',
+    'arabic':              'iso-8859-6',
+    'asmo-708':            'iso-8859-6',
+    'csiso88596e':         'iso-8859-6',
+    'csiso88596i':         'iso-8859-6',
+    'csisolatinarabic':    'iso-8859-6',
+    'ecma-114':            'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso-8859-6':          'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso-8859-6-e':        'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso-8859-6-i':        'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso-ir-127':          'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso8859-6':           'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso88596':            'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso_8859-6':          'iso-8859-6',
+    'iso_8859-6:1987':     'iso-8859-6',
+    'csisolatingreek':     'iso-8859-7',
+    'ecma-118':            'iso-8859-7',
+    'elot_928':            'iso-8859-7',
+    'greek':               'iso-8859-7',
+    'greek8':              'iso-8859-7',
+    'iso-8859-7':          'iso-8859-7',
+    'iso-ir-126':          'iso-8859-7',
+    'iso8859-7':           'iso-8859-7',
+    'iso88597':            'iso-8859-7',
+    'iso_8859-7':          'iso-8859-7',
+    'iso_8859-7:1987':     'iso-8859-7',
+    'sun_eu_greek':        'iso-8859-7',
+    'csiso88598e':         'iso-8859-8',
+    'csisolatinhebrew':    'iso-8859-8',
+    'hebrew':              'iso-8859-8',
+    'iso-8859-8':          'iso-8859-8',
+    'iso-8859-8-e':        'iso-8859-8',
+    'iso-ir-138':          'iso-8859-8',
+    'iso8859-8':           'iso-8859-8',
+    'iso88598':            'iso-8859-8',
+    'iso_8859-8':          'iso-8859-8',
+    'iso_8859-8:1988':     'iso-8859-8',
+    'visual':              'iso-8859-8',
+    'csiso88598i':         'iso-8859-8-i',
+    'iso-8859-8-i':        'iso-8859-8-i',
+    'logical':             'iso-8859-8-i',
+    'csisolatin6':         'iso-8859-10',
+    'iso-8859-10':         'iso-8859-10',
+    'iso-ir-157':          'iso-8859-10',
+    'iso8859-10':          'iso-8859-10',
+    'iso885910':           'iso-8859-10',
+    'l6':                  'iso-8859-10',
+    'latin6':              'iso-8859-10',
+    'iso-8859-13':         'iso-8859-13',
+    'iso8859-13':          'iso-8859-13',
+    'iso885913':           'iso-8859-13',
+    'iso-8859-14':         'iso-8859-14',
+    'iso8859-14':          'iso-8859-14',
+    'iso885914':           'iso-8859-14',
+    'csisolatin9':         'iso-8859-15',
+    'iso-8859-15':         'iso-8859-15',
+    'iso8859-15':          'iso-8859-15',
+    'iso885915':           'iso-8859-15',
+    'iso_8859-15':         'iso-8859-15',
+    'l9':                  'iso-8859-15',
+    'iso-8859-16':         'iso-8859-16',
+    'cskoi8r':             'koi8-r',
+    'koi':                 'koi8-r',
+    'koi8':                'koi8-r',
+    'koi8-r':              'koi8-r',
+    'koi8_r':              'koi8-r',
+    'koi8-u':              'koi8-u',
+    'csmacintosh':         'macintosh',
+    'mac':                 'macintosh',
+    'macintosh':           'macintosh',
+    'x-mac-roman':         'macintosh',
+    'dos-874':             'windows-874',
+    'iso-8859-11':         'windows-874',
+    'iso8859-11':          'windows-874',
+    'iso885911':           'windows-874',
+    'tis-620':             'windows-874',
+    'windows-874':         'windows-874',
+    'cp1250':              'windows-1250',
+    'windows-1250':        'windows-1250',
+    'x-cp1250':            'windows-1250',
+    'cp1251':              'windows-1251',
+    'windows-1251':        'windows-1251',
+    'x-cp1251':            'windows-1251',
+    'ansi_x3.4-1968':      'windows-1252',
+    'ascii':               'windows-1252',
+    'cp1252':              'windows-1252',
+    'cp819':               'windows-1252',
+    'csisolatin1':         'windows-1252',
+    'ibm819':              'windows-1252',
+    'iso-8859-1':          'windows-1252',
+    'iso-ir-100':          'windows-1252',
+    'iso8859-1':           'windows-1252',
+    'iso88591':            'windows-1252',
+    'iso_8859-1':          'windows-1252',
+    'iso_8859-1:1987':     'windows-1252',
+    'l1':                  'windows-1252',
+    'latin1':              'windows-1252',
+    'us-ascii':            'windows-1252',
+    'windows-1252':        'windows-1252',
+    'x-cp1252':            'windows-1252',
+    'cp1253':              'windows-1253',
+    'windows-1253':        'windows-1253',
+    'x-cp1253':            'windows-1253',
+    'cp1254':              'windows-1254',
+    'csisolatin5':         'windows-1254',
+    'iso-8859-9':          'windows-1254',
+    'iso-ir-148':          'windows-1254',
+    'iso8859-9':           'windows-1254',
+    'iso88599':            'windows-1254',
+    'iso_8859-9':          'windows-1254',
+    'iso_8859-9:1989':     'windows-1254',
+    'l5':                  'windows-1254',
+    'latin5':              'windows-1254',
+    'windows-1254':        'windows-1254',
+    'x-cp1254':            'windows-1254',
+    'cp1255':              'windows-1255',
+    'windows-1255':        'windows-1255',
+    'x-cp1255':            'windows-1255',
+    'cp1256':              'windows-1256',
+    'windows-1256':        'windows-1256',
+    'x-cp1256':            'windows-1256',
+    'cp1257':              'windows-1257',
+    'windows-1257':        'windows-1257',
+    'x-cp1257':            'windows-1257',
+    'cp1258':              'windows-1258',
+    'windows-1258':        'windows-1258',
+    'x-cp1258':            'windows-1258',
+    'x-mac-cyrillic':      'x-mac-cyrillic',
+    'x-mac-ukrainian':     'x-mac-cyrillic',
+    'chinese':             'gbk',
+    'csgb2312':            'gbk',
+    'csiso58gb231280':     'gbk',
+    'gb2312':              'gbk',
+    'gb_2312':             'gbk',
+    'gb_2312-80':          'gbk',
+    'gbk':                 'gbk',
+    'iso-ir-58':           'gbk',
+    'x-gbk':               'gbk',
+    'gb18030':             'gb18030',
+    'hz-gb-2312':          'hz-gb-2312',
+    'big5':                'big5',
+    'big5-hkscs':          'big5',
+    'cn-big5':             'big5',
+    'csbig5':              'big5',
+    'x-x-big5':            'big5',
+    'cseucpkdfmtjapanese': 'euc-jp',
+    'euc-jp':              'euc-jp',
+    'x-euc-jp':            'euc-jp',
+    'csiso2022jp':         'iso-2022-jp',
+    'iso-2022-jp':         'iso-2022-jp',
+    'csshiftjis':          'shift_jis',
+    'ms_kanji':            'shift_jis',
+    'shift-jis':           'shift_jis',
+    'shift_jis':           'shift_jis',
+    'sjis':                'shift_jis',
+    'windows-31j':         'shift_jis',
+    'x-sjis':              'shift_jis',
+    'cseuckr':             'euc-kr',
+    'csksc56011987':       'euc-kr',
+    'euc-kr':              'euc-kr',
+    'iso-ir-149':          'euc-kr',
+    'korean':              'euc-kr',
+    'ks_c_5601-1987':      'euc-kr',
+    'ks_c_5601-1989':      'euc-kr',
+    'ksc5601':             'euc-kr',
+    'ksc_5601':            'euc-kr',
+    'windows-949':         'euc-kr',
+    'csiso2022kr':         'iso-2022-kr',
+    'iso-2022-kr':         'iso-2022-kr',
+    'utf-16be':            'utf-16be',
+    'utf-16':              'utf-16le',
+    'utf-16le':            'utf-16le',
+    'x-user-defined':      'x-user-defined',
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/mklabels.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/mklabels.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..295dc928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/mklabels.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+"""
+
+    webencodings.mklabels
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Regenarate the webencodings.labels module.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2012 by Simon Sapin
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+
+"""
+
+import json
+try:
+    from urllib import urlopen
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib.request import urlopen
+
+
+def assert_lower(string):
+    assert string == string.lower()
+    return string
+
+
+def generate(url):
+    parts = ['''\
+"""
+
+    webencodings.labels
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    Map encoding labels to their name.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2012 by Simon Sapin
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+
+"""
+
+# XXX Do not edit!
+# This file is automatically generated by mklabels.py
+
+LABELS = {
+''']
+    labels = [
+        (repr(assert_lower(label)).lstrip('u'),
+         repr(encoding['name']).lstrip('u'))
+        for category in json.loads(urlopen(url).read().decode('ascii'))
+        for encoding in category['encodings']
+        for label in encoding['labels']]
+    max_len = max(len(label) for label, name in labels)
+    parts.extend(
+        '    %s:%s %s,\n' % (label, ' ' * (max_len - len(label)), name)
+        for label, name in labels)
+    parts.append('}')
+    return ''.join(parts)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(generate('http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/encodings.json'))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/tests.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e12c10d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+"""
+
+    webencodings.tests
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    A basic test suite for Encoding.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2012 by Simon Sapin
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+from . import (lookup, LABELS, decode, encode, iter_decode, iter_encode,
+               IncrementalDecoder, IncrementalEncoder, UTF8)
+
+
+def assert_raises(exception, function, *args, **kwargs):
+    try:
+        function(*args, **kwargs)
+    except exception:
+        return
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        raise AssertionError('Did not raise %s.' % exception)
+
+
+def test_labels():
+    assert lookup('utf-8').name == 'utf-8'
+    assert lookup('Utf-8').name == 'utf-8'
+    assert lookup('UTF-8').name == 'utf-8'
+    assert lookup('utf8').name == 'utf-8'
+    assert lookup('utf8').name == 'utf-8'
+    assert lookup('utf8 ').name == 'utf-8'
+    assert lookup(' \r\nutf8\t').name == 'utf-8'
+    assert lookup('u8') is None  # Python label.
+    assert lookup('utf-8 ') is None  # Non-ASCII white space.
+
+    assert lookup('US-ASCII').name == 'windows-1252'
+    assert lookup('iso-8859-1').name == 'windows-1252'
+    assert lookup('latin1').name == 'windows-1252'
+    assert lookup('LATIN1').name == 'windows-1252'
+    assert lookup('latin-1') is None
+    assert lookup('LATİN1') is None  # ASCII-only case insensitivity.
+
+
+def test_all_labels():
+    for label in LABELS:
+        assert decode(b'', label) == ('', lookup(label))
+        assert encode('', label) == b''
+        for repeat in [0, 1, 12]:
+            output, _ = iter_decode([b''] * repeat, label)
+            assert list(output) == []
+            assert list(iter_encode([''] * repeat, label)) == []
+        decoder = IncrementalDecoder(label)
+        assert decoder.decode(b'') == ''
+        assert decoder.decode(b'', final=True) == ''
+        encoder = IncrementalEncoder(label)
+        assert encoder.encode('') == b''
+        assert encoder.encode('', final=True) == b''
+    # All encoding names are valid labels too:
+    for name in set(LABELS.values()):
+        assert lookup(name).name == name
+
+
+def test_invalid_label():
+    assert_raises(LookupError, decode, b'\xEF\xBB\xBF\xc3\xa9', 'invalid')
+    assert_raises(LookupError, encode, 'é', 'invalid')
+    assert_raises(LookupError, iter_decode, [], 'invalid')
+    assert_raises(LookupError, iter_encode, [], 'invalid')
+    assert_raises(LookupError, IncrementalDecoder, 'invalid')
+    assert_raises(LookupError, IncrementalEncoder, 'invalid')
+
+
+def test_decode():
+    assert decode(b'\x80', 'latin1') == ('€', lookup('latin1'))
+    assert decode(b'\x80', lookup('latin1')) == ('€', lookup('latin1'))
+    assert decode(b'\xc3\xa9', 'utf8') == ('é', lookup('utf8'))
+    assert decode(b'\xc3\xa9', UTF8) == ('é', lookup('utf8'))
+    assert decode(b'\xc3\xa9', 'ascii') == ('é', lookup('ascii'))
+    assert decode(b'\xEF\xBB\xBF\xc3\xa9', 'ascii') == ('é', lookup('utf8'))  # UTF-8 with BOM
+
+    assert decode(b'\xFE\xFF\x00\xe9', 'ascii') == ('é', lookup('utf-16be'))  # UTF-16-BE with BOM
+    assert decode(b'\xFF\xFE\xe9\x00', 'ascii') == ('é', lookup('utf-16le'))  # UTF-16-LE with BOM
+    assert decode(b'\xFE\xFF\xe9\x00', 'ascii') == ('\ue900', lookup('utf-16be'))
+    assert decode(b'\xFF\xFE\x00\xe9', 'ascii') == ('\ue900', lookup('utf-16le'))
+
+    assert decode(b'\x00\xe9', 'UTF-16BE') == ('é', lookup('utf-16be'))
+    assert decode(b'\xe9\x00', 'UTF-16LE') == ('é', lookup('utf-16le'))
+    assert decode(b'\xe9\x00', 'UTF-16') == ('é', lookup('utf-16le'))
+
+    assert decode(b'\xe9\x00', 'UTF-16BE') == ('\ue900', lookup('utf-16be'))
+    assert decode(b'\x00\xe9', 'UTF-16LE') == ('\ue900', lookup('utf-16le'))
+    assert decode(b'\x00\xe9', 'UTF-16') == ('\ue900', lookup('utf-16le'))
+
+
+def test_encode():
+    assert encode('é', 'latin1') == b'\xe9'
+    assert encode('é', 'utf8') == b'\xc3\xa9'
+    assert encode('é', 'utf8') == b'\xc3\xa9'
+    assert encode('é', 'utf-16') == b'\xe9\x00'
+    assert encode('é', 'utf-16le') == b'\xe9\x00'
+    assert encode('é', 'utf-16be') == b'\x00\xe9'
+
+
+def test_iter_decode():
+    def iter_decode_to_string(input, fallback_encoding):
+        output, _encoding = iter_decode(input, fallback_encoding)
+        return ''.join(output)
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([], 'latin1') == ''
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b''], 'latin1') == ''
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'\xe9'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'hello'], 'latin1') == 'hello'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'he', b'llo'], 'latin1') == 'hello'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'hell', b'o'], 'latin1') == 'hello'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'\xc3\xa9'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'\xEF\xBB\xBF\xc3\xa9'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([
+        b'\xEF\xBB\xBF', b'\xc3', b'\xa9'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([
+        b'\xEF\xBB\xBF', b'a', b'\xc3'], 'latin1') == 'a\uFFFD'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([
+        b'', b'\xEF', b'', b'', b'\xBB\xBF\xc3', b'\xa9'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'\xEF\xBB\xBF'], 'latin1') == ''
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'\xEF\xBB'], 'latin1') == 'ï»'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'\xFE\xFF\x00\xe9'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([b'\xFF\xFE\xe9\x00'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([
+        b'', b'\xFF', b'', b'', b'\xFE\xe9', b'\x00'], 'latin1') == 'é'
+    assert iter_decode_to_string([
+        b'', b'h\xe9', b'llo'], 'x-user-defined') == 'h\uF7E9llo'
+
+
+def test_iter_encode():
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode([], 'latin1')) == b''
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode([''], 'latin1')) == b''
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode(['é'], 'latin1')) == b'\xe9'
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode(['', 'é', '', ''], 'latin1')) == b'\xe9'
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode(['', 'é', '', ''], 'utf-16')) == b'\xe9\x00'
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode(['', 'é', '', ''], 'utf-16le')) == b'\xe9\x00'
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode(['', 'é', '', ''], 'utf-16be')) == b'\x00\xe9'
+    assert b''.join(iter_encode([
+        '', 'h\uF7E9', '', 'llo'], 'x-user-defined')) == b'h\xe9llo'
+
+
+def test_x_user_defined():
+    encoded = b'2,\x0c\x0b\x1aO\xd9#\xcb\x0f\xc9\xbbt\xcf\xa8\xca'
+    decoded = '2,\x0c\x0b\x1aO\uf7d9#\uf7cb\x0f\uf7c9\uf7bbt\uf7cf\uf7a8\uf7ca'
+    encoded = b'aa'
+    decoded = 'aa'
+    assert decode(encoded, 'x-user-defined') == (decoded, lookup('x-user-defined'))
+    assert encode(decoded, 'x-user-defined') == encoded
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/x_user_defined.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/x_user_defined.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d16e3260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/_vendor/webencodings/x_user_defined.py
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+"""
+
+    webencodings.x_user_defined
+    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+    An implementation of the x-user-defined encoding.
+
+    :copyright: Copyright 2012 by Simon Sapin
+    :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import codecs
+
+
+### Codec APIs
+
+class Codec(codecs.Codec):
+
+    def encode(self, input, errors='strict'):
+        return codecs.charmap_encode(input, errors, encoding_table)
+
+    def decode(self, input, errors='strict'):
+        return codecs.charmap_decode(input, errors, decoding_table)
+
+
+class IncrementalEncoder(codecs.IncrementalEncoder):
+    def encode(self, input, final=False):
+        return codecs.charmap_encode(input, self.errors, encoding_table)[0]
+
+
+class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.IncrementalDecoder):
+    def decode(self, input, final=False):
+        return codecs.charmap_decode(input, self.errors, decoding_table)[0]
+
+
+class StreamWriter(Codec, codecs.StreamWriter):
+    pass
+
+
+class StreamReader(Codec, codecs.StreamReader):
+    pass
+
+
+### encodings module API
+
+codec_info = codecs.CodecInfo(
+    name='x-user-defined',
+    encode=Codec().encode,
+    decode=Codec().decode,
+    incrementalencoder=IncrementalEncoder,
+    incrementaldecoder=IncrementalDecoder,
+    streamreader=StreamReader,
+    streamwriter=StreamWriter,
+)
+
+
+### Decoding Table
+
+# Python 3:
+# for c in range(256): print('    %r' % chr(c if c < 128 else c + 0xF700))
+decoding_table = (
+    '\x00'
+    '\x01'
+    '\x02'
+    '\x03'
+    '\x04'
+    '\x05'
+    '\x06'
+    '\x07'
+    '\x08'
+    '\t'
+    '\n'
+    '\x0b'
+    '\x0c'
+    '\r'
+    '\x0e'
+    '\x0f'
+    '\x10'
+    '\x11'
+    '\x12'
+    '\x13'
+    '\x14'
+    '\x15'
+    '\x16'
+    '\x17'
+    '\x18'
+    '\x19'
+    '\x1a'
+    '\x1b'
+    '\x1c'
+    '\x1d'
+    '\x1e'
+    '\x1f'
+    ' '
+    '!'
+    '"'
+    '#'
+    '$'
+    '%'
+    '&'
+    "'"
+    '('
+    ')'
+    '*'
+    '+'
+    ','
+    '-'
+    '.'
+    '/'
+    '0'
+    '1'
+    '2'
+    '3'
+    '4'
+    '5'
+    '6'
+    '7'
+    '8'
+    '9'
+    ':'
+    ';'
+    '<'
+    '='
+    '>'
+    '?'
+    '@'
+    'A'
+    'B'
+    'C'
+    'D'
+    'E'
+    'F'
+    'G'
+    'H'
+    'I'
+    'J'
+    'K'
+    'L'
+    'M'
+    'N'
+    'O'
+    'P'
+    'Q'
+    'R'
+    'S'
+    'T'
+    'U'
+    'V'
+    'W'
+    'X'
+    'Y'
+    'Z'
+    '['
+    '\\'
+    ']'
+    '^'
+    '_'
+    '`'
+    'a'
+    'b'
+    'c'
+    'd'
+    'e'
+    'f'
+    'g'
+    'h'
+    'i'
+    'j'
+    'k'
+    'l'
+    'm'
+    'n'
+    'o'
+    'p'
+    'q'
+    'r'
+    's'
+    't'
+    'u'
+    'v'
+    'w'
+    'x'
+    'y'
+    'z'
+    '{'
+    '|'
+    '}'
+    '~'
+    '\x7f'
+    '\uf780'
+    '\uf781'
+    '\uf782'
+    '\uf783'
+    '\uf784'
+    '\uf785'
+    '\uf786'
+    '\uf787'
+    '\uf788'
+    '\uf789'
+    '\uf78a'
+    '\uf78b'
+    '\uf78c'
+    '\uf78d'
+    '\uf78e'
+    '\uf78f'
+    '\uf790'
+    '\uf791'
+    '\uf792'
+    '\uf793'
+    '\uf794'
+    '\uf795'
+    '\uf796'
+    '\uf797'
+    '\uf798'
+    '\uf799'
+    '\uf79a'
+    '\uf79b'
+    '\uf79c'
+    '\uf79d'
+    '\uf79e'
+    '\uf79f'
+    '\uf7a0'
+    '\uf7a1'
+    '\uf7a2'
+    '\uf7a3'
+    '\uf7a4'
+    '\uf7a5'
+    '\uf7a6'
+    '\uf7a7'
+    '\uf7a8'
+    '\uf7a9'
+    '\uf7aa'
+    '\uf7ab'
+    '\uf7ac'
+    '\uf7ad'
+    '\uf7ae'
+    '\uf7af'
+    '\uf7b0'
+    '\uf7b1'
+    '\uf7b2'
+    '\uf7b3'
+    '\uf7b4'
+    '\uf7b5'
+    '\uf7b6'
+    '\uf7b7'
+    '\uf7b8'
+    '\uf7b9'
+    '\uf7ba'
+    '\uf7bb'
+    '\uf7bc'
+    '\uf7bd'
+    '\uf7be'
+    '\uf7bf'
+    '\uf7c0'
+    '\uf7c1'
+    '\uf7c2'
+    '\uf7c3'
+    '\uf7c4'
+    '\uf7c5'
+    '\uf7c6'
+    '\uf7c7'
+    '\uf7c8'
+    '\uf7c9'
+    '\uf7ca'
+    '\uf7cb'
+    '\uf7cc'
+    '\uf7cd'
+    '\uf7ce'
+    '\uf7cf'
+    '\uf7d0'
+    '\uf7d1'
+    '\uf7d2'
+    '\uf7d3'
+    '\uf7d4'
+    '\uf7d5'
+    '\uf7d6'
+    '\uf7d7'
+    '\uf7d8'
+    '\uf7d9'
+    '\uf7da'
+    '\uf7db'
+    '\uf7dc'
+    '\uf7dd'
+    '\uf7de'
+    '\uf7df'
+    '\uf7e0'
+    '\uf7e1'
+    '\uf7e2'
+    '\uf7e3'
+    '\uf7e4'
+    '\uf7e5'
+    '\uf7e6'
+    '\uf7e7'
+    '\uf7e8'
+    '\uf7e9'
+    '\uf7ea'
+    '\uf7eb'
+    '\uf7ec'
+    '\uf7ed'
+    '\uf7ee'
+    '\uf7ef'
+    '\uf7f0'
+    '\uf7f1'
+    '\uf7f2'
+    '\uf7f3'
+    '\uf7f4'
+    '\uf7f5'
+    '\uf7f6'
+    '\uf7f7'
+    '\uf7f8'
+    '\uf7f9'
+    '\uf7fa'
+    '\uf7fb'
+    '\uf7fc'
+    '\uf7fd'
+    '\uf7fe'
+    '\uf7ff'
+)
+
+### Encoding table
+encoding_table = codecs.charmap_build(decoding_table)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..493b53e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pip/py.typed
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pip is a command line program. While it is implemented in Python, and so is
+available for import, you must not use pip's internal APIs in this way. Typing
+information is provided as a convenience only and is not a guarantee. Expect
+unannounced changes to the API and types in releases.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c08e56df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,734 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: pydantic
+Version: 2.11.4
+Summary: Data validation using Python type hints
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://docs.pydantic.dev
+Project-URL: Funding, https://github.com/sponsors/samuelcolvin
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/changelog/
+Author-email: Samuel Colvin <s@muelcolvin.com>, Eric Jolibois <em.jolibois@gmail.com>, Hasan Ramezani <hasan.r67@gmail.com>, Adrian Garcia Badaracco <1755071+adriangb@users.noreply.github.com>, Terrence Dorsey <terry@pydantic.dev>, David Montague <david@pydantic.dev>, Serge Matveenko <lig@countzero.co>, Marcelo Trylesinski <marcelotryle@gmail.com>, Sydney Runkle <sydneymarierunkle@gmail.com>, David Hewitt <mail@davidhewitt.io>, Alex Hall <alex.mojaki@gmail.com>, Victorien Plot <contact@vctrn.dev>
+License-Expression: MIT
+License-File: LICENSE
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Framework :: Hypothesis
+Classifier: Framework :: Pydantic
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Requires-Dist: annotated-types>=0.6.0
+Requires-Dist: pydantic-core==2.33.2
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.12.2
+Requires-Dist: typing-inspection>=0.4.0
+Provides-Extra: email
+Requires-Dist: email-validator>=2.0.0; extra == 'email'
+Provides-Extra: timezone
+Requires-Dist: tzdata; (python_version >= '3.9' and platform_system == 'Windows') and extra == 'timezone'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# Pydantic
+[![CI](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/pydantic/pydantic/ci.yml?branch=main&logo=github&label=CI)](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/actions?query=event%3Apush+branch%3Amain+workflow%3ACI)
+[![Coverage](https://coverage-badge.samuelcolvin.workers.dev/pydantic/pydantic.svg)](https://coverage-badge.samuelcolvin.workers.dev/redirect/pydantic/pydantic)
+[![pypi](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pydantic.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pydantic)
+[![CondaForge](https://img.shields.io/conda/v/conda-forge/pydantic.svg)](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/pydantic)
+[![downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/pydantic/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/pydantic)
+[![versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pydantic.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic)
+[![license](https://img.shields.io/github/license/pydantic/pydantic.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/blob/main/LICENSE)
+[![Pydantic v2](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pydantic/pydantic/main/docs/badge/v2.json)](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/contributing/#badges)
+[![llms.txt](https://img.shields.io/badge/llms.txt-green)](https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/llms.txt)
+
+
+Data validation using Python type hints.
+
+Fast and extensible, Pydantic plays nicely with your linters/IDE/brain.
+Define how data should be in pure, canonical Python 3.9+; validate it with Pydantic.
+
+## Pydantic Logfire :fire:
+
+We've recently launched Pydantic Logfire to help you monitor your applications.
+[Learn more](https://pydantic.dev/articles/logfire-announcement)
+
+## Pydantic V1.10 vs. V2
+
+Pydantic V2 is a ground-up rewrite that offers many new features, performance improvements, and some breaking changes compared to Pydantic V1.
+
+If you're using Pydantic V1 you may want to look at the
+[pydantic V1.10 Documentation](https://docs.pydantic.dev/) or,
+[`1.10.X-fixes` git branch](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/tree/1.10.X-fixes). Pydantic V2 also ships with the latest version of Pydantic V1 built in so that you can incrementally upgrade your code base and projects: `from pydantic import v1 as pydantic_v1`.
+
+## Help
+
+See [documentation](https://docs.pydantic.dev/) for more details.
+
+## Installation
+
+Install using `pip install -U pydantic` or `conda install pydantic -c conda-forge`.
+For more installation options to make Pydantic even faster,
+see the [Install](https://docs.pydantic.dev/install/) section in the documentation.
+
+## A Simple Example
+
+```python
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Optional
+from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+class User(BaseModel):
+    id: int
+    name: str = 'John Doe'
+    signup_ts: Optional[datetime] = None
+    friends: list[int] = []
+
+external_data = {'id': '123', 'signup_ts': '2017-06-01 12:22', 'friends': [1, '2', b'3']}
+user = User(**external_data)
+print(user)
+#> User id=123 name='John Doe' signup_ts=datetime.datetime(2017, 6, 1, 12, 22) friends=[1, 2, 3]
+print(user.id)
+#> 123
+```
+
+## Contributing
+
+For guidance on setting up a development environment and how to make a
+contribution to Pydantic, see
+[Contributing to Pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev/contributing/).
+
+## Reporting a Security Vulnerability
+
+See our [security policy](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/security/policy).
+
+## Changelog
+
+## v2.11.4 (2025-04-29)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.4)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump `mkdocs-llmstxt` to v0.2.0 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11725](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11725)
+
+#### Changes
+
+* Allow config and bases to be specified together in `create_model()` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11714](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11714).
+  This change was backported as it was previously possible (although not meant to be supported)
+  to provide `model_config` as a field, which would make it possible to provide both configuration
+  and bases.
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Remove generics cache workaround by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11755](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11755)
+* Remove coercion of decimal constraints by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11772](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11772)
+* Fix crash when expanding root type in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11735](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11735)
+* Fix issue with recursive generic models by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11775](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11775)
+* Traverse `function-before` schemas during schema gathering by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11801](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11801)
+
+## v2.11.3 (2025-04-08)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.3)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Update V1 copy to v1.10.21 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11706](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11706)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Preserve field description when rebuilding model fields by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11698](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11698)
+
+## v2.11.2 (2025-04-03)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.2)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to v2.33.1 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11678](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11678)
+* Make sure `__pydantic_private__` exists before setting private attributes by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11666](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11666)
+* Do not override `FieldInfo._complete` when using field from parent class by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11668](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11668)
+* Provide the available definitions when applying discriminated unions by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11670](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11670)
+* Do not expand root type in the mypy plugin for variables by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11676](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11676)
+* Mention the attribute name in model fields deprecation message by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11674](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11674)
+* Properly validate parameterized mappings by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11658](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11658)
+
+## v2.11.1 (2025-03-28)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.1)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Do not override `'definitions-ref'` schemas containing serialization schemas or metadata by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11644](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11644)
+
+## v2.11.0 (2025-03-27)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.0)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+Pydantic v2.11 is a version strongly focused on build time performance of Pydantic models (and core schema generation in general).
+See the [blog post](https://pydantic.dev/articles/pydantic-v2-11-release) for more details.
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to v2.33.0 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11631](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11631)
+
+#### New Features
+
+* Add `encoded_string()` method to the URL types by [@YassinNouh21](https://github.com/YassinNouh21) in [#11580](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11580)
+* Add support for `defer_build` with `@validate_call` decorator by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11584](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11584)
+* Allow `@with_config` decorator to be used with keyword arguments by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11608](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11608)
+* Simplify customization of default value inclusion in JSON Schema generation by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11634](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11634)
+* Add `generate_arguments_schema()` function by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11572](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11572)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Allow generic typed dictionaries to be used for unpacked variadic keyword parameters by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11571](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11571)
+* Fix runtime error when computing model string representation involving cached properties and self-referenced models by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11579](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11579)
+* Preserve other steps when using the ellipsis in the pipeline API by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11626](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11626)
+* Fix deferred discriminator application logic by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11591](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11591)
+
+### New Contributors
+
+* [@cmenon12](https://github.com/cmenon12) made their first contribution in [#11562](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11562)
+* [@Jeukoh](https://github.com/Jeukoh) made their first contribution in [#11611](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11611)
+
+## v2.11.0b2 (2025-03-17)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.0b2)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to v2.32.0 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11567](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11567)
+
+#### New Features
+
+* Add experimental support for free threading by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11516](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11516)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Fix `NotRequired` qualifier not taken into account in stringified annotation by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11559](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11559)
+
+### New Contributors
+
+* [@joren485](https://github.com/joren485) made their first contribution in [#11547](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11547)
+
+## v2.11.0b1 (2025-03-06)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.0b1)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Add a `check_pydantic_core_version()` function by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11324
+* Remove `greenlet` development dependency by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11351
+* Use the `typing-inspection` library by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11479
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to `v2.31.1` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11526
+
+#### New Features
+
+* Support unsubstituted type variables with both a default and a bound or constraints by [@FyZzyss](https://github.com/FyZzyss) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10789
+* Add a `default_factory_takes_validated_data` property to `FieldInfo` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11034
+* Raise a better error when a generic alias is used inside `type[]` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11088
+* Properly support PEP 695 generics syntax by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11189
+* Properly support type variable defaults by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11332
+* Add support for validating v6, v7, v8 UUIDs by [@astei](https://github.com/astei) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11436
+* Improve alias configuration APIs by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11468
+
+#### Changes
+
+* Rework `create_model` field definitions format by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11032
+* Raise a deprecation warning when a field is annotated as final with a default value by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11168
+* Deprecate accessing `model_fields` and `model_computed_fields` on instances by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11169
+* **Breaking Change:** Move core schema generation logic for path types inside the `GenerateSchema` class by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10846
+* Remove Python 3.8 Support by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11258
+* Optimize calls to `get_type_ref` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10863
+* Disable `pydantic-core` core schema validation by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11271
+
+#### Performance
+
+* Only evaluate `FieldInfo` annotations if required during schema building by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10769
+* Improve `__setattr__` performance of Pydantic models by caching setter functions by [@MarkusSintonen](https://github.com/MarkusSintonen) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10868
+* Improve annotation application performance by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11186
+* Improve performance of `_typing_extra` module by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11255
+* Refactor and optimize schema cleaning logic by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11244
+* Create a single dictionary when creating a `CoreConfig` instance by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11384
+* Bump `pydantic-core` and thus use `SchemaValidator` and `SchemaSerializer` caching by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11402
+* Reuse cached core schemas for parametrized generic Pydantic models by [@MarkusSintonen](https://github.com/MarkusSintonen) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11434
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Improve `TypeAdapter` instance repr by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10872
+* Use the correct frame when instantiating a parametrized `TypeAdapter` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10893
+* Infer final fields with a default value as class variables in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11121
+* Recursively unpack `Literal` values if using PEP 695 type aliases by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11114
+* Override `__subclasscheck__` on `ModelMetaclass` to avoid memory leak and performance issues by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11116
+* Remove unused `_extract_get_pydantic_json_schema()` parameter by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11155
+* Improve discriminated union error message for invalid union variants by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11161
+* Unpack PEP 695 type aliases if using the `Annotated` form by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11109
+* Add missing stacklevel in `deprecated_instance_property` warning by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11200
+* Copy `WithJsonSchema` schema to avoid sharing mutated data by [@thejcannon](https://github.com/thejcannon) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11014
+* Do not cache parametrized models when in the process of parametrizing another model by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10704
+* Add discriminated union related metadata entries to the `CoreMetadata` definition by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11216
+* Consolidate schema definitions logic in the `_Definitions` class by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11208
+* Support initializing root model fields with values of the `root` type in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11212
+* Fix various issues with dataclasses and `use_attribute_docstrings` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11246
+* Only compute normalized decimal places if necessary in `decimal_places_validator` by [@misrasaurabh1](https://github.com/misrasaurabh1) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11281
+* Add support for `validation_alias` in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11295
+* Fix JSON Schema reference collection with `"examples"` keys by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11305
+* Do not transform model serializer functions as class methods in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11298
+* Simplify `GenerateJsonSchema.literal_schema()` implementation by [@misrasaurabh1](https://github.com/misrasaurabh1) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11321
+* Add additional allowed schemes for `ClickHouseDsn` by [@Maze21127](https://github.com/Maze21127) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11319
+* Coerce decimal constraints to `Decimal` instances by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11350
+* Use the correct JSON Schema mode when handling function schemas by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11367
+* Improve exception message when encountering recursion errors during type evaluation by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11356
+* Always include `additionalProperties: True` for arbitrary dictionary schemas by [@austinyu](https://github.com/austinyu) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11392
+* Expose `fallback` parameter in serialization methods by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11398
+* Fix path serialization behavior by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11416
+* Do not reuse validators and serializers during model rebuild by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11429
+* Collect model fields when rebuilding a model by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11388
+* Allow cached properties to be altered on frozen models by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11432
+* Fix tuple serialization for `Sequence` types by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11435
+* Fix: do not check for `__get_validators__` on classes where `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` is also defined by [@tlambert03](https://github.com/tlambert03) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11444
+* Allow callable instances to be used as serializers by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11451
+* Improve error thrown when overriding field with a property by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11459
+* Fix JSON Schema generation with referenceable core schemas holding JSON metadata by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11475
+* Support strict specification on union member types by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11481
+* Implicitly set `validate_by_name` to `True` when `validate_by_alias` is `False` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11503
+* Change type of `Any` when synthesizing `BaseSettings.__init__` signature in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11497
+* Support type variable defaults referencing other type variables by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11520
+* Fix `ValueError` on year zero by [@davidhewitt](https://github.com/davidhewitt) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1583
+* `dataclass` `InitVar` shouldn't be required on serialization by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1602
+
+## New Contributors
+* [@FyZzyss](https://github.com/FyZzyss) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10789
+* [@tamird](https://github.com/tamird) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10948
+* [@felixxm](https://github.com/felixxm) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11077
+* [@alexprabhat99](https://github.com/alexprabhat99) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11082
+* [@Kharianne](https://github.com/Kharianne) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11111
+* [@mdaffad](https://github.com/mdaffad) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11177
+* [@thejcannon](https://github.com/thejcannon) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11014
+* [@thomasfrimannkoren](https://github.com/thomasfrimannkoren) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11251
+* [@usernameMAI](https://github.com/usernameMAI) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11275
+* [@ananiavito](https://github.com/ananiavito) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11302
+* [@pawamoy](https://github.com/pawamoy) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11311
+* [@Maze21127](https://github.com/Maze21127) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11319
+* [@kauabh](https://github.com/kauabh) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11369
+* [@jaceklaskowski](https://github.com/jaceklaskowski) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11353
+* [@tmpbeing](https://github.com/tmpbeing) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11375
+* [@petyosi](https://github.com/petyosi) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11405
+* [@austinyu](https://github.com/austinyu) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11392
+* [@mikeedjones](https://github.com/mikeedjones) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11402
+* [@astei](https://github.com/astei) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11436
+* [@dsayling](https://github.com/dsayling) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11522
+* [@sobolevn](https://github.com/sobolevn) made their first contribution in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1645
+
+## v2.11.0a2 (2025-02-10)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.0a2)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+Pydantic v2.11 is a version strongly focused on build time performance of Pydantic models (and core schema generation in general).
+This is another early alpha release, meant to collect early feedback from users having issues with core schema builds.
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump `ruff` from 0.9.2 to 0.9.5 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11407](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11407)
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to v2.29.0 by [@mikeedjones](https://github.com/mikeedjones) in [#11402](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11402)
+* Use locally-built rust with symbols & pgo by [@davidhewitt](https://github.com/davidhewitt) in [#11403](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11403)
+
+
+#### Performance
+
+* Create a single dictionary when creating a `CoreConfig` instance by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11384](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11384)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Use the correct JSON Schema mode when handling function schemas by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11367](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11367)
+* Fix JSON Schema reference logic with `examples` keys by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11366](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11366)
+* Improve exception message when encountering recursion errors during type evaluation by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11356](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11356)
+* Always include `additionalProperties: True` for arbitrary dictionary schemas by [@austinyu](https://github.com/austinyu) in [#11392](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11392)
+* Expose `fallback` parameter in serialization methods by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11398](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11398)
+* Fix path serialization behavior by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11416](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11416)
+
+### New Contributors
+
+* [@kauabh](https://github.com/kauabh) made their first contribution in [#11369](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11369)
+* [@jaceklaskowski](https://github.com/jaceklaskowski) made their first contribution in [#11353](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11353)
+* [@tmpbeing](https://github.com/tmpbeing) made their first contribution in [#11375](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11375)
+* [@petyosi](https://github.com/petyosi) made their first contribution in [#11405](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11405)
+* [@austinyu](https://github.com/austinyu) made their first contribution in [#11392](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11392)
+* [@mikeedjones](https://github.com/mikeedjones) made their first contribution in [#11402](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11402)
+
+## v2.11.0a1 (2025-01-30)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.11.0a1)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+Pydantic v2.11 is a version strongly focused on build time performance of Pydantic models (and core schema generation in general).
+This is an early alpha release, meant to collect early feedback from users having issues with core schema builds.
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump dawidd6/action-download-artifact from 6 to 7 by [@dependabot](https://github.com/dependabot) in [#11018](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11018)
+* Re-enable memray related tests on Python 3.12+ by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11191](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11191)
+* Bump astral-sh/setup-uv to 5 by [@dependabot](https://github.com/dependabot) in [#11205](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11205)
+* Bump `ruff` to v0.9.0 by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11254](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11254)
+* Regular `uv.lock` deps update by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11333](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11333)
+* Add a `check_pydantic_core_version()` function by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11324](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11324)
+* Remove `greenlet` development dependency by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11351](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11351)
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to v2.28.0 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11364](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11364)
+
+#### New Features
+
+* Support unsubstituted type variables with both a default and a bound or constraints by [@FyZzyss](https://github.com/FyZzyss) in [#10789](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10789)
+* Add a `default_factory_takes_validated_data` property to `FieldInfo` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11034](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11034)
+* Raise a better error when a generic alias is used inside `type[]` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11088](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11088)
+* Properly support PEP 695 generics syntax by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11189](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11189)
+* Properly support type variable defaults by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11332](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11332)
+
+#### Changes
+
+* Rework `create_model` field definitions format by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11032](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11032)
+* Raise a deprecation warning when a field is annotated as final with a default value by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11168](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11168)
+* Deprecate accessing `model_fields` and `model_computed_fields` on instances by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11169](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11169)
+* Move core schema generation logic for path types inside the `GenerateSchema` class by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10846](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10846)
+* Move `deque` schema gen to `GenerateSchema` class by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11239](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11239)
+* Move `Mapping` schema gen to `GenerateSchema` to complete removal of `prepare_annotations_for_known_type` workaround by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11247](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11247)
+* Remove Python 3.8 Support by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11258](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11258)
+* Disable `pydantic-core` core schema validation by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11271](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11271)
+
+#### Performance
+
+* Only evaluate `FieldInfo` annotations if required during schema building by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10769](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10769)
+* Optimize calls to `get_type_ref` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10863](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10863)
+* Improve `__setattr__` performance of Pydantic models by caching setter functions by [@MarkusSintonen](https://github.com/MarkusSintonen) in [#10868](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10868)
+* Improve annotation application performance by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11186](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11186)
+* Improve performance of `_typing_extra` module by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11255](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11255)
+* Refactor and optimize schema cleaning logic by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) and [@MarkusSintonen](https://github.com/MarkusSintonen) in [#11244](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11244)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Add validation tests for `_internal/_validators.py` by [@tkasuz](https://github.com/tkasuz) in [#10763](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10763)
+* Improve `TypeAdapter` instance repr by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10872](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10872)
+* Revert "ci: use locally built pydantic-core with debug symbols by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10942](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10942)
+* Re-enable all FastAPI tests by [@tamird](https://github.com/tamird) in [#10948](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10948)
+* Fix typo in HISTORY.md. by [@felixxm](https://github.com/felixxm) in [#11077](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11077)
+* Infer final fields with a default value as class variables in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11121](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11121)
+* Recursively unpack `Literal` values if using PEP 695 type aliases by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11114](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11114)
+* Override `__subclasscheck__` on `ModelMetaclass` to avoid memory leak and performance issues by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11116](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11116)
+* Remove unused `_extract_get_pydantic_json_schema()` parameter by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11155](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11155)
+* Add FastAPI and SQLModel to third-party tests by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11044](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11044)
+* Fix conditional expressions syntax for third-party tests by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11162](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11162)
+* Move FastAPI tests to third-party workflow by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11164](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11164)
+* Improve discriminated union error message for invalid union variants by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11161](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11161)
+* Unpack PEP 695 type aliases if using the `Annotated` form by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11109](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11109)
+* Include `openapi-python-client` check in issue creation for third-party failures, use `main` branch by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11182](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11182)
+* Add pandera third-party tests by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11193](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11193)
+* Add ODMantic third-party tests by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11197](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11197)
+* Add missing stacklevel in `deprecated_instance_property` warning by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11200](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11200)
+* Copy `WithJsonSchema` schema to avoid sharing mutated data by [@thejcannon](https://github.com/thejcannon) in [#11014](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11014)
+* Do not cache parametrized models when in the process of parametrizing another model by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10704](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10704)
+* Re-enable Beanie third-party tests by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11214](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11214)
+* Add discriminated union related metadata entries to the `CoreMetadata` definition by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11216](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11216)
+* Consolidate schema definitions logic in the `_Definitions` class by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11208](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11208)
+* Support initializing root model fields with values of the `root` type in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11212](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11212)
+* Fix various issues with dataclasses and `use_attribute_docstrings` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11246](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11246)
+* Only compute normalized decimal places if necessary in `decimal_places_validator` by [@misrasaurabh1](https://github.com/misrasaurabh1) in [#11281](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11281)
+* Fix two misplaced sentences in validation errors documentation by [@ananiavito](https://github.com/ananiavito) in [#11302](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11302)
+* Fix mkdocstrings inventory example in documentation by [@pawamoy](https://github.com/pawamoy) in [#11311](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11311)
+* Add support for `validation_alias` in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11295](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11295)
+* Do not transform model serializer functions as class methods in the mypy plugin by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11298](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11298)
+* Simplify `GenerateJsonSchema.literal_schema()` implementation by [@misrasaurabh1](https://github.com/misrasaurabh1) in [#11321](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11321)
+* Add additional allowed schemes for `ClickHouseDsn` by [@Maze21127](https://github.com/Maze21127) in [#11319](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11319)
+* Coerce decimal constraints to `Decimal` instances by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11350](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11350)
+* Fix `ValueError` on year zero by [@davidhewitt](https://github.com/davidhewitt) in [pydantic-core#1583](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1583)
+
+### New Contributors
+
+* [@FyZzyss](https://github.com/FyZzyss) made their first contribution in [#10789](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10789)
+* [@tamird](https://github.com/tamird) made their first contribution in [#10948](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10948)
+* [@felixxm](https://github.com/felixxm) made their first contribution in [#11077](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11077)
+* [@alexprabhat99](https://github.com/alexprabhat99) made their first contribution in [#11082](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11082)
+* [@Kharianne](https://github.com/Kharianne) made their first contribution in [#11111](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11111)
+* [@mdaffad](https://github.com/mdaffad) made their first contribution in [#11177](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11177)
+* [@thejcannon](https://github.com/thejcannon) made their first contribution in [#11014](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11014)
+* [@thomasfrimannkoren](https://github.com/thomasfrimannkoren) made their first contribution in [#11251](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11251)
+* [@usernameMAI](https://github.com/usernameMAI) made their first contribution in [#11275](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11275)
+* [@ananiavito](https://github.com/ananiavito) made their first contribution in [#11302](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11302)
+* [@pawamoy](https://github.com/pawamoy) made their first contribution in [#11311](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11311)
+* [@Maze21127](https://github.com/Maze21127) made their first contribution in [#11319](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11319)
+
+## v2.10.6 (2025-01-23)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.6)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Fix JSON Schema reference collection with `'examples'` keys by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11325](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11325)
+* Fix url python serialization by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11331](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11331)
+
+## v2.10.5 (2025-01-08)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.5)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Remove custom MRO implementation of Pydantic models by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11184](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11184)
+* Fix URL serialization for unions by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11233](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11233)
+
+## v2.10.4 (2024-12-18)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.4)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to v2.27.2 by [@davidhewitt](https://github.com/davidhewitt) in [#11138](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11138)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Fix for comparison of `AnyUrl` objects by [@alexprabhat99](https://github.com/alexprabhat99) in [#11082](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11082)
+* Properly fetch PEP 695 type params for functions, do not fetch annotations from signature by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11093](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11093)
+* Include JSON Schema input core schema in function schemas by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11085](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11085)
+* Add `len` to `_BaseUrl` to avoid TypeError by [@Kharianne](https://github.com/Kharianne) in [#11111](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11111)
+* Make sure the type reference is removed from the seen references by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11143](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11143)
+
+### New Contributors
+
+* [@FyZzyss](https://github.com/FyZzyss) made their first contribution in [#10789](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10789)
+* [@tamird](https://github.com/tamird) made their first contribution in [#10948](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10948)
+* [@felixxm](https://github.com/felixxm) made their first contribution in [#11077](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11077)
+* [@alexprabhat99](https://github.com/alexprabhat99) made their first contribution in [#11082](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11082)
+* [@Kharianne](https://github.com/Kharianne) made their first contribution in [#11111](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11111)
+
+## v2.10.3 (2024-12-03)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.3)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Set fields when `defer_build` is set on Pydantic dataclasses by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10984](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10984)
+* Do not resolve the JSON Schema reference for `dict` core schema keys by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10989](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10989)
+* Use the globals of the function when evaluating the return type for `PlainSerializer` and `WrapSerializer` functions by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11008](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11008)
+* Fix host required enforcement for urls to be compatible with v2.9 behavior by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11027](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11027)
+* Add a `default_factory_takes_validated_data` property to `FieldInfo` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#11034](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11034)
+* Fix url json schema in `serialization` mode by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#11035](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/11035)
+
+## v2.10.2 (2024-11-25)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.2)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Only evaluate FieldInfo annotations if required during schema building by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10769](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10769)
+* Do not evaluate annotations for private fields by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10962](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10962)
+* Support serialization as any for `Secret` types and `Url` types by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10947](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10947)
+* Fix type hint of `Field.default` to be compatible with Python 3.8 and 3.9 by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10972](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10972)
+* Add hashing support for URL types by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10975](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10975)
+* Hide `BaseModel.__replace__` definition from type checkers by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10979](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10979)
+
+## v2.10.1 (2024-11-21)
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.1)
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump `pydantic-core` version to `v2.27.1` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10938](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10938)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Use the correct frame when instantiating a parametrized `TypeAdapter` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10893](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10893)
+* Relax check for validated data in `default_factory` utils by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10909](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10909)
+* Fix type checking issue with `model_fields` and `model_computed_fields` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10911](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10911)
+* Use the parent configuration during schema generation for stdlib `dataclass`es by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10928](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10928)
+* Use the `globals` of the function when evaluating the return type of serializers and `computed_field`s by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10929](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10929)
+* Fix URL constraint application by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10922](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10922)
+* Fix URL equality with different validation methods by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10934](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10934)
+* Fix JSON schema title when specified as `''` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10936](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10936)
+* Fix `python` mode serialization for `complex` inference by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [pydantic-core#1549](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1549)
+
+### New Contributors
+
+## v2.10.0 (2024-11-20)
+
+The code released in v2.10.0 is practically identical to that of v2.10.0b2.
+
+[GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.0)
+
+See the [v2.10 release blog post](https://pydantic.dev/articles/pydantic-v2-10-release) for the highlights!
+
+### What's Changed
+
+#### Packaging
+
+* Bump `pydantic-core` to `v2.27.0` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10825](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10825)
+* Replaced pdm with uv by [@frfahim](https://github.com/frfahim) in [#10727](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10727)
+
+#### New Features
+
+* Support `fractions.Fraction` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10318](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10318)
+* Support `Hashable` for json validation by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10324](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10324)
+* Add a `SocketPath` type for `linux` systems by [@theunkn0wn1](https://github.com/theunkn0wn1) in [#10378](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10378)
+* Allow arbitrary refs in JSON schema `examples` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10417](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10417)
+* Support `defer_build` for Pydantic dataclasses by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10313](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10313)
+* Adding v1 / v2 incompatibility warning for nested v1 model by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10431](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10431)
+* Add support for unpacked `TypedDict` to type hint variadic keyword arguments with `@validate_call` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10416](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10416)
+* Support compiled patterns in `protected_namespaces` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10522](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10522)
+* Add support for `propertyNames` in JSON schema by [@FlorianSW](https://github.com/FlorianSW) in [#10478](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10478)
+* Adding `__replace__` protocol for Python 3.13+ support by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10596](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10596)
+* Expose public `sort` method for JSON schema generation by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10595](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10595)
+* Add runtime validation of `@validate_call` callable argument by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10627](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10627)
+* Add `experimental_allow_partial` support by [@samuelcolvin](https://github.com/samuelcolvin) in [#10748](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10748)
+* Support default factories taking validated data as an argument by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10678](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10678)
+* Allow subclassing `ValidationError` and `PydanticCustomError` by [@Youssefares](https://github.com/Youssefares) in [pydantic/pydantic-core#1413](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1413)
+* Add `trailing-strings` support to `experimental_allow_partial` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10825](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10825)
+* Add `rebuild()` method for `TypeAdapter` and simplify `defer_build` patterns by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10537](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10537)
+* Improve `TypeAdapter` instance repr by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10872](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10872)
+
+#### Changes
+
+* Don't allow customization of `SchemaGenerator` until interface is more stable by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10303](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10303)
+* Cleanly `defer_build` on `TypeAdapters`, removing experimental flag by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10329](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10329)
+* Fix `mro` of generic subclass  by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10100](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10100)
+* Strip whitespaces on JSON Schema title generation by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10404](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10404)
+* Use `b64decode` and `b64encode` for `Base64Bytes` type by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10486](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10486)
+* Relax protected namespace config default by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10441](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10441)
+* Revalidate parametrized generics if instance's origin is subclass of OG class by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10666](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10666)
+* Warn if configuration is specified on the `@dataclass` decorator and with the `__pydantic_config__` attribute by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10406](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10406)
+* Recommend against using `Ellipsis` (...) with `Field` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10661](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10661)
+* Migrate to subclassing instead of annotated approach for pydantic url types by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10662](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10662)
+* Change JSON schema generation of `Literal`s and `Enums` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10692](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10692)
+* Simplify unions involving `Any` or `Never` when replacing type variables by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10338](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10338)
+* Do not require padding when decoding `base64` bytes by [@bschoenmaeckers](https://github.com/bschoenmaeckers) in [pydantic/pydantic-core#1448](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1448)
+* Support dates all the way to 1BC by [@changhc](https://github.com/changhc) in [pydantic/speedate#77](https://github.com/pydantic/speedate/pull/77)
+
+#### Performance
+
+* Schema cleaning: skip unnecessary copies during schema walking by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10286](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10286)
+* Refactor namespace logic for annotations evaluation by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10530](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10530)
+* Improve email regexp on edge cases by [@AlekseyLobanov](https://github.com/AlekseyLobanov) in [#10601](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10601)
+* `CoreMetadata` refactor with an emphasis on documentation, schema build time performance, and reducing complexity by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10675](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10675)
+
+#### Fixes
+
+* Remove guarding check on `computed_field` with `field_serializer` by [@nix010](https://github.com/nix010) in [#10390](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10390)
+* Fix `Predicate` issue in `v2.9.0` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10321](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10321)
+* Fixing `annotated-types` bound by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10327](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10327)
+* Turn `tzdata` install requirement into optional `timezone` dependency by [@jakob-keller](https://github.com/jakob-keller) in [#10331](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10331)
+* Use correct types namespace when building `namedtuple` core schemas by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10337](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10337)
+* Fix evaluation of stringified annotations during namespace inspection by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10347](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10347)
+* Fix `IncEx` type alias definition by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10339](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10339)
+* Do not error when trying to evaluate annotations of private attributes by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10358](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10358)
+* Fix nested type statement by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10369](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10369)
+* Improve typing of `ModelMetaclass.mro` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10372](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10372)
+* Fix class access of deprecated `computed_field`s by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10391](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10391)
+* Make sure `inspect.iscoroutinefunction` works on coroutines decorated with `@validate_call` by [@MovisLi](https://github.com/MovisLi) in [#10374](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10374)
+* Fix `NameError` when using `validate_call` with PEP 695 on a class by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10380](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10380)
+* Fix `ZoneInfo` with various invalid types by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10408](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10408)
+* Fix `PydanticUserError` on empty `model_config` with annotations by [@cdwilson](https://github.com/cdwilson) in [#10412](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10412)
+* Fix variance issue in `_IncEx` type alias, only allow `True` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10414](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10414)
+* Fix serialization schema generation when using `PlainValidator` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10427](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10427)
+* Fix schema generation error when serialization schema holds references by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10444](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10444)
+* Inline references if possible when generating schema for `json_schema_input_type` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10439](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10439)
+* Fix recursive arguments in `Representation` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10480](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10480)
+* Fix representation for builtin function types by [@kschwab](https://github.com/kschwab) in [#10479](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10479)
+* Add python validators for decimal constraints (`max_digits` and `decimal_places`) by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10506](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10506)
+* Only fetch `__pydantic_core_schema__` from the current class during schema generation by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10518](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10518)
+* Fix `stacklevel` on deprecation warnings for `BaseModel` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10520](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10520)
+* Fix warning `stacklevel` in `BaseModel.__init__` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10526](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10526)
+* Improve error handling for in-evaluable refs for discriminator application by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10440](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10440)
+* Change the signature of `ConfigWrapper.core_config` to take the title directly by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10562](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10562)
+* Do not use the previous config from the stack for dataclasses without config by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10576](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10576)
+* Fix serialization for IP types with `mode='python'` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10594](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10594)
+* Support constraint application for `Base64Etc` types by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10584](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10584)
+* Fix `validate_call` ignoring `Field` in `Annotated` by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10610](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10610)
+* Raise an error when `Self` is invalid by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10609](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10609)
+* Using `core_schema.InvalidSchema` instead of metadata injection + checks by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10523](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10523)
+* Tweak type alias logic by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10643](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10643)
+* Support usage of `type` with `typing.Self` and type aliases by [@kc0506](https://github.com/kc0506) in [#10621](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10621)
+* Use overloads for `Field` and `PrivateAttr` functions by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10651](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10651)
+* Clean up the `mypy` plugin implementation by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10669](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10669)
+* Properly check for `typing_extensions` variant of `TypeAliasType` by [@Daraan](https://github.com/Daraan) in [#10713](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10713)
+* Allow any mapping in `BaseModel.model_copy()` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10751](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10751)
+* Fix `isinstance` behavior for urls by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10766](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10766)
+* Ensure `cached_property` can be set on Pydantic models by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10774](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10774)
+* Fix equality checks for primitives in literals by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [pydantic/pydantic-core#1459](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1459)
+* Properly enforce `host_required` for URLs by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [pydantic/pydantic-core#1488](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1488)
+* Fix when `coerce_numbers_to_str` enabled and string has invalid Unicode character by [@andrey-berenda](https://github.com/andrey-berenda) in [pydantic/pydantic-core#1515](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1515)
+* Fix serializing `complex` values in `Enum`s by [@changhc](https://github.com/changhc) in [pydantic/pydantic-core#1524](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1524)
+* Refactor `_typing_extra` module by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10725](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10725)
+* Support intuitive equality for urls by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10798](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10798)
+* Add `bytearray` to `TypeAdapter.validate_json` signature by [@samuelcolvin](https://github.com/samuelcolvin) in [#10802](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10802)
+* Ensure class access of method descriptors is performed when used as a default with `Field` by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10816](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10816)
+* Fix circular import with `validate_call` by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10807](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10807)
+* Fix error when using type aliases referencing other type aliases by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10809](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10809)
+* Fix `IncEx` type alias to be compatible with mypy by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10813](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10813)
+* Make `__signature__` a lazy property, do not deepcopy defaults by [@Viicos](https://github.com/Viicos) in [#10818](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10818)
+* Make `__signature__` lazy for dataclasses, too by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10832](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10832)
+* Subclass all single host url classes from `AnyUrl` to preserve behavior from v2.9 by [@sydney-runkle](https://github.com/sydney-runkle) in [#10856](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10856)
+
+### New Contributors
+
+* [@jakob-keller](https://github.com/jakob-keller) made their first contribution in [#10331](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10331)
+* [@MovisLi](https://github.com/MovisLi) made their first contribution in [#10374](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10374)
+* [@joaopalmeiro](https://github.com/joaopalmeiro) made their first contribution in [#10405](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10405)
+* [@theunkn0wn1](https://github.com/theunkn0wn1) made their first contribution in [#10378](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10378)
+* [@cdwilson](https://github.com/cdwilson) made their first contribution in [#10412](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10412)
+* [@dlax](https://github.com/dlax) made their first contribution in [#10421](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10421)
+* [@kschwab](https://github.com/kschwab) made their first contribution in [#10479](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10479)
+* [@santibreo](https://github.com/santibreo) made their first contribution in [#10453](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10453)
+* [@FlorianSW](https://github.com/FlorianSW) made their first contribution in [#10478](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10478)
+* [@tkasuz](https://github.com/tkasuz) made their first contribution in [#10555](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10555)
+* [@AlekseyLobanov](https://github.com/AlekseyLobanov) made their first contribution in [#10601](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10601)
+* [@NiclasvanEyk](https://github.com/NiclasvanEyk) made their first contribution in [#10667](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10667)
+* [@mschoettle](https://github.com/mschoettle) made their first contribution in [#10677](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10677)
+* [@Daraan](https://github.com/Daraan) made their first contribution in [#10713](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10713)
+* [@k4nar](https://github.com/k4nar) made their first contribution in [#10736](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10736)
+* [@UriyaHarpeness](https://github.com/UriyaHarpeness) made their first contribution in [#10740](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10740)
+* [@frfahim](https://github.com/frfahim) made their first contribution in [#10727](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10727)
+
+## v2.10.0b2 (2024-11-13)
+
+Pre-release, see [the GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.0b2) for details.
+
+## v2.10.0b1 (2024-11-06)
+
+Pre-release, see [the GitHub release](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.10.0b1) for details.
+
+
+... see [here](https://docs.pydantic.dev/changelog/#v0322-2019-08-17) for earlier changes.
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/REQUESTED b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/REQUESTED
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12228d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..488c6260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic-2.11.4.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2017 to present Pydantic Services Inc. and individual contributors.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..716ca403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,445 @@
+import typing
+from importlib import import_module
+from warnings import warn
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+from .version import VERSION
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # import of virtually everything is supported via `__getattr__` below,
+    # but we need them here for type checking and IDE support
+    import pydantic_core
+    from pydantic_core.core_schema import (
+        FieldSerializationInfo,
+        SerializationInfo,
+        SerializerFunctionWrapHandler,
+        ValidationInfo,
+        ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
+    )
+
+    from . import dataclasses
+    from .aliases import AliasChoices, AliasGenerator, AliasPath
+    from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler, GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    from .config import ConfigDict, with_config
+    from .errors import *
+    from .fields import Field, PrivateAttr, computed_field
+    from .functional_serializers import (
+        PlainSerializer,
+        SerializeAsAny,
+        WrapSerializer,
+        field_serializer,
+        model_serializer,
+    )
+    from .functional_validators import (
+        AfterValidator,
+        BeforeValidator,
+        InstanceOf,
+        ModelWrapValidatorHandler,
+        PlainValidator,
+        SkipValidation,
+        WrapValidator,
+        field_validator,
+        model_validator,
+    )
+    from .json_schema import WithJsonSchema
+    from .main import *
+    from .networks import *
+    from .type_adapter import TypeAdapter
+    from .types import *
+    from .validate_call_decorator import validate_call
+    from .warnings import (
+        PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        PydanticDeprecatedSince26,
+        PydanticDeprecatedSince29,
+        PydanticDeprecatedSince210,
+        PydanticDeprecatedSince211,
+        PydanticDeprecationWarning,
+        PydanticExperimentalWarning,
+    )
+
+    # this encourages pycharm to import `ValidationError` from here, not pydantic_core
+    ValidationError = pydantic_core.ValidationError
+    from .deprecated.class_validators import root_validator, validator
+    from .deprecated.config import BaseConfig, Extra
+    from .deprecated.tools import *
+    from .root_model import RootModel
+
+__version__ = VERSION
+__all__ = (
+    # dataclasses
+    'dataclasses',
+    # functional validators
+    'field_validator',
+    'model_validator',
+    'AfterValidator',
+    'BeforeValidator',
+    'PlainValidator',
+    'WrapValidator',
+    'SkipValidation',
+    'InstanceOf',
+    'ModelWrapValidatorHandler',
+    # JSON Schema
+    'WithJsonSchema',
+    # deprecated V1 functional validators, these are imported via `__getattr__` below
+    'root_validator',
+    'validator',
+    # functional serializers
+    'field_serializer',
+    'model_serializer',
+    'PlainSerializer',
+    'SerializeAsAny',
+    'WrapSerializer',
+    # config
+    'ConfigDict',
+    'with_config',
+    # deprecated V1 config, these are imported via `__getattr__` below
+    'BaseConfig',
+    'Extra',
+    # validate_call
+    'validate_call',
+    # errors
+    'PydanticErrorCodes',
+    'PydanticUserError',
+    'PydanticSchemaGenerationError',
+    'PydanticImportError',
+    'PydanticUndefinedAnnotation',
+    'PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema',
+    'PydanticForbiddenQualifier',
+    # fields
+    'Field',
+    'computed_field',
+    'PrivateAttr',
+    # alias
+    'AliasChoices',
+    'AliasGenerator',
+    'AliasPath',
+    # main
+    'BaseModel',
+    'create_model',
+    # network
+    'AnyUrl',
+    'AnyHttpUrl',
+    'FileUrl',
+    'HttpUrl',
+    'FtpUrl',
+    'WebsocketUrl',
+    'AnyWebsocketUrl',
+    'UrlConstraints',
+    'EmailStr',
+    'NameEmail',
+    'IPvAnyAddress',
+    'IPvAnyInterface',
+    'IPvAnyNetwork',
+    'PostgresDsn',
+    'CockroachDsn',
+    'AmqpDsn',
+    'RedisDsn',
+    'MongoDsn',
+    'KafkaDsn',
+    'NatsDsn',
+    'MySQLDsn',
+    'MariaDBDsn',
+    'ClickHouseDsn',
+    'SnowflakeDsn',
+    'validate_email',
+    # root_model
+    'RootModel',
+    # deprecated tools, these are imported via `__getattr__` below
+    'parse_obj_as',
+    'schema_of',
+    'schema_json_of',
+    # types
+    'Strict',
+    'StrictStr',
+    'conbytes',
+    'conlist',
+    'conset',
+    'confrozenset',
+    'constr',
+    'StringConstraints',
+    'ImportString',
+    'conint',
+    'PositiveInt',
+    'NegativeInt',
+    'NonNegativeInt',
+    'NonPositiveInt',
+    'confloat',
+    'PositiveFloat',
+    'NegativeFloat',
+    'NonNegativeFloat',
+    'NonPositiveFloat',
+    'FiniteFloat',
+    'condecimal',
+    'condate',
+    'UUID1',
+    'UUID3',
+    'UUID4',
+    'UUID5',
+    'UUID6',
+    'UUID7',
+    'UUID8',
+    'FilePath',
+    'DirectoryPath',
+    'NewPath',
+    'Json',
+    'Secret',
+    'SecretStr',
+    'SecretBytes',
+    'SocketPath',
+    'StrictBool',
+    'StrictBytes',
+    'StrictInt',
+    'StrictFloat',
+    'PaymentCardNumber',
+    'ByteSize',
+    'PastDate',
+    'FutureDate',
+    'PastDatetime',
+    'FutureDatetime',
+    'AwareDatetime',
+    'NaiveDatetime',
+    'AllowInfNan',
+    'EncoderProtocol',
+    'EncodedBytes',
+    'EncodedStr',
+    'Base64Encoder',
+    'Base64Bytes',
+    'Base64Str',
+    'Base64UrlBytes',
+    'Base64UrlStr',
+    'GetPydanticSchema',
+    'Tag',
+    'Discriminator',
+    'JsonValue',
+    'FailFast',
+    # type_adapter
+    'TypeAdapter',
+    # version
+    '__version__',
+    'VERSION',
+    # warnings
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince20',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince26',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince29',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince210',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince211',
+    'PydanticDeprecationWarning',
+    'PydanticExperimentalWarning',
+    # annotated handlers
+    'GetCoreSchemaHandler',
+    'GetJsonSchemaHandler',
+    # pydantic_core
+    'ValidationError',
+    'ValidationInfo',
+    'SerializationInfo',
+    'ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler',
+    'FieldSerializationInfo',
+    'SerializerFunctionWrapHandler',
+    'OnErrorOmit',
+)
+
+# A mapping of {<member name>: (package, <module name>)} defining dynamic imports
+_dynamic_imports: 'dict[str, tuple[str, str]]' = {
+    'dataclasses': (__spec__.parent, '__module__'),
+    # functional validators
+    'field_validator': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'model_validator': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'AfterValidator': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'BeforeValidator': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'PlainValidator': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'WrapValidator': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'SkipValidation': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'InstanceOf': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    'ModelWrapValidatorHandler': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_validators'),
+    # JSON Schema
+    'WithJsonSchema': (__spec__.parent, '.json_schema'),
+    # functional serializers
+    'field_serializer': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_serializers'),
+    'model_serializer': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_serializers'),
+    'PlainSerializer': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_serializers'),
+    'SerializeAsAny': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_serializers'),
+    'WrapSerializer': (__spec__.parent, '.functional_serializers'),
+    # config
+    'ConfigDict': (__spec__.parent, '.config'),
+    'with_config': (__spec__.parent, '.config'),
+    # validate call
+    'validate_call': (__spec__.parent, '.validate_call_decorator'),
+    # errors
+    'PydanticErrorCodes': (__spec__.parent, '.errors'),
+    'PydanticUserError': (__spec__.parent, '.errors'),
+    'PydanticSchemaGenerationError': (__spec__.parent, '.errors'),
+    'PydanticImportError': (__spec__.parent, '.errors'),
+    'PydanticUndefinedAnnotation': (__spec__.parent, '.errors'),
+    'PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema': (__spec__.parent, '.errors'),
+    'PydanticForbiddenQualifier': (__spec__.parent, '.errors'),
+    # fields
+    'Field': (__spec__.parent, '.fields'),
+    'computed_field': (__spec__.parent, '.fields'),
+    'PrivateAttr': (__spec__.parent, '.fields'),
+    # alias
+    'AliasChoices': (__spec__.parent, '.aliases'),
+    'AliasGenerator': (__spec__.parent, '.aliases'),
+    'AliasPath': (__spec__.parent, '.aliases'),
+    # main
+    'BaseModel': (__spec__.parent, '.main'),
+    'create_model': (__spec__.parent, '.main'),
+    # network
+    'AnyUrl': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'AnyHttpUrl': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'FileUrl': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'HttpUrl': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'FtpUrl': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'WebsocketUrl': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'AnyWebsocketUrl': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'UrlConstraints': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'EmailStr': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'NameEmail': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'IPvAnyAddress': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'IPvAnyInterface': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'IPvAnyNetwork': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'PostgresDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'CockroachDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'AmqpDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'RedisDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'MongoDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'KafkaDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'NatsDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'MySQLDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'MariaDBDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'ClickHouseDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'SnowflakeDsn': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    'validate_email': (__spec__.parent, '.networks'),
+    # root_model
+    'RootModel': (__spec__.parent, '.root_model'),
+    # types
+    'Strict': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'StrictStr': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'conbytes': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'conlist': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'conset': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'confrozenset': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'constr': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'StringConstraints': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'ImportString': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'conint': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'PositiveInt': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NegativeInt': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NonNegativeInt': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NonPositiveInt': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'confloat': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'PositiveFloat': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NegativeFloat': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NonNegativeFloat': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NonPositiveFloat': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'FiniteFloat': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'condecimal': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'condate': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'UUID1': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'UUID3': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'UUID4': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'UUID5': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'UUID6': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'UUID7': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'UUID8': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'FilePath': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'DirectoryPath': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NewPath': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Json': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Secret': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'SecretStr': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'SecretBytes': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'StrictBool': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'StrictBytes': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'StrictInt': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'StrictFloat': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'PaymentCardNumber': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'ByteSize': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'PastDate': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'SocketPath': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'FutureDate': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'PastDatetime': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'FutureDatetime': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'AwareDatetime': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'NaiveDatetime': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'AllowInfNan': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'EncoderProtocol': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'EncodedBytes': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'EncodedStr': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Base64Encoder': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Base64Bytes': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Base64Str': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Base64UrlBytes': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Base64UrlStr': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'GetPydanticSchema': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Tag': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'Discriminator': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'JsonValue': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'OnErrorOmit': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    'FailFast': (__spec__.parent, '.types'),
+    # type_adapter
+    'TypeAdapter': (__spec__.parent, '.type_adapter'),
+    # warnings
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince20': (__spec__.parent, '.warnings'),
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince26': (__spec__.parent, '.warnings'),
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince29': (__spec__.parent, '.warnings'),
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince210': (__spec__.parent, '.warnings'),
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince211': (__spec__.parent, '.warnings'),
+    'PydanticDeprecationWarning': (__spec__.parent, '.warnings'),
+    'PydanticExperimentalWarning': (__spec__.parent, '.warnings'),
+    # annotated handlers
+    'GetCoreSchemaHandler': (__spec__.parent, '.annotated_handlers'),
+    'GetJsonSchemaHandler': (__spec__.parent, '.annotated_handlers'),
+    # pydantic_core stuff
+    'ValidationError': ('pydantic_core', '.'),
+    'ValidationInfo': ('pydantic_core', '.core_schema'),
+    'SerializationInfo': ('pydantic_core', '.core_schema'),
+    'ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler': ('pydantic_core', '.core_schema'),
+    'FieldSerializationInfo': ('pydantic_core', '.core_schema'),
+    'SerializerFunctionWrapHandler': ('pydantic_core', '.core_schema'),
+    # deprecated, mostly not included in __all__
+    'root_validator': (__spec__.parent, '.deprecated.class_validators'),
+    'validator': (__spec__.parent, '.deprecated.class_validators'),
+    'BaseConfig': (__spec__.parent, '.deprecated.config'),
+    'Extra': (__spec__.parent, '.deprecated.config'),
+    'parse_obj_as': (__spec__.parent, '.deprecated.tools'),
+    'schema_of': (__spec__.parent, '.deprecated.tools'),
+    'schema_json_of': (__spec__.parent, '.deprecated.tools'),
+    # deprecated dynamic imports
+    'FieldValidationInfo': ('pydantic_core', '.core_schema'),
+    'GenerateSchema': (__spec__.parent, '._internal._generate_schema'),
+}
+_deprecated_dynamic_imports = {'FieldValidationInfo', 'GenerateSchema'}
+
+_getattr_migration = getattr_migration(__name__)
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    if attr_name in _deprecated_dynamic_imports:
+        warn(
+            f'Importing {attr_name} from `pydantic` is deprecated. This feature is either no longer supported, or is not public.',
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+    dynamic_attr = _dynamic_imports.get(attr_name)
+    if dynamic_attr is None:
+        return _getattr_migration(attr_name)
+
+    package, module_name = dynamic_attr
+
+    if module_name == '__module__':
+        result = import_module(f'.{attr_name}', package=package)
+        globals()[attr_name] = result
+        return result
+    else:
+        module = import_module(module_name, package=package)
+        result = getattr(module, attr_name)
+        g = globals()
+        for k, (_, v_module_name) in _dynamic_imports.items():
+            if v_module_name == module_name and k not in _deprecated_dynamic_imports:
+                g[k] = getattr(module, k)
+        return result
+
+
+def __dir__() -> 'list[str]':
+    return list(__all__)
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import warnings
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from pydantic_core import core_schema
+from typing_extensions import Self
+
+from ..aliases import AliasGenerator
+from ..config import ConfigDict, ExtraValues, JsonDict, JsonEncoder, JsonSchemaExtraCallable
+from ..errors import PydanticUserError
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20, PydanticDeprecatedSince210
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .._internal._schema_generation_shared import GenerateSchema
+    from ..fields import ComputedFieldInfo, FieldInfo
+
+DEPRECATION_MESSAGE = 'Support for class-based `config` is deprecated, use ConfigDict instead.'
+
+
+class ConfigWrapper:
+    """Internal wrapper for Config which exposes ConfigDict items as attributes."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('config_dict',)
+
+    config_dict: ConfigDict
+
+    # all annotations are copied directly from ConfigDict, and should be kept up to date, a test will fail if they
+    # stop matching
+    title: str | None
+    str_to_lower: bool
+    str_to_upper: bool
+    str_strip_whitespace: bool
+    str_min_length: int
+    str_max_length: int | None
+    extra: ExtraValues | None
+    frozen: bool
+    populate_by_name: bool
+    use_enum_values: bool
+    validate_assignment: bool
+    arbitrary_types_allowed: bool
+    from_attributes: bool
+    # whether to use the actual key provided in the data (e.g. alias or first alias for "field required" errors) instead of field_names
+    # to construct error `loc`s, default `True`
+    loc_by_alias: bool
+    alias_generator: Callable[[str], str] | AliasGenerator | None
+    model_title_generator: Callable[[type], str] | None
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo | ComputedFieldInfo], str] | None
+    ignored_types: tuple[type, ...]
+    allow_inf_nan: bool
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | JsonSchemaExtraCallable | None
+    json_encoders: dict[type[object], JsonEncoder] | None
+
+    # new in V2
+    strict: bool
+    # whether instances of models and dataclasses (including subclass instances) should re-validate, default 'never'
+    revalidate_instances: Literal['always', 'never', 'subclass-instances']
+    ser_json_timedelta: Literal['iso8601', 'float']
+    ser_json_bytes: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex']
+    val_json_bytes: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex']
+    ser_json_inf_nan: Literal['null', 'constants', 'strings']
+    # whether to validate default values during validation, default False
+    validate_default: bool
+    validate_return: bool
+    protected_namespaces: tuple[str | Pattern[str], ...]
+    hide_input_in_errors: bool
+    defer_build: bool
+    plugin_settings: dict[str, object] | None
+    schema_generator: type[GenerateSchema] | None
+    json_schema_serialization_defaults_required: bool
+    json_schema_mode_override: Literal['validation', 'serialization', None]
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool
+    regex_engine: Literal['rust-regex', 'python-re']
+    validation_error_cause: bool
+    use_attribute_docstrings: bool
+    cache_strings: bool | Literal['all', 'keys', 'none']
+    validate_by_alias: bool
+    validate_by_name: bool
+    serialize_by_alias: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, config: ConfigDict | dict[str, Any] | type[Any] | None, *, check: bool = True):
+        if check:
+            self.config_dict = prepare_config(config)
+        else:
+            self.config_dict = cast(ConfigDict, config)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def for_model(cls, bases: tuple[type[Any], ...], namespace: dict[str, Any], kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> Self:
+        """Build a new `ConfigWrapper` instance for a `BaseModel`.
+
+        The config wrapper built based on (in descending order of priority):
+        - options from `kwargs`
+        - options from the `namespace`
+        - options from the base classes (`bases`)
+
+        Args:
+            bases: A tuple of base classes.
+            namespace: The namespace of the class being created.
+            kwargs: The kwargs passed to the class being created.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `ConfigWrapper` instance for `BaseModel`.
+        """
+        config_new = ConfigDict()
+        for base in bases:
+            config = getattr(base, 'model_config', None)
+            if config:
+                config_new.update(config.copy())
+
+        config_class_from_namespace = namespace.get('Config')
+        config_dict_from_namespace = namespace.get('model_config')
+
+        raw_annotations = namespace.get('__annotations__', {})
+        if raw_annotations.get('model_config') and config_dict_from_namespace is None:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                '`model_config` cannot be used as a model field name. Use `model_config` for model configuration.',
+                code='model-config-invalid-field-name',
+            )
+
+        if config_class_from_namespace and config_dict_from_namespace:
+            raise PydanticUserError('"Config" and "model_config" cannot be used together', code='config-both')
+
+        config_from_namespace = config_dict_from_namespace or prepare_config(config_class_from_namespace)
+
+        config_new.update(config_from_namespace)
+
+        for k in list(kwargs.keys()):
+            if k in config_keys:
+                config_new[k] = kwargs.pop(k)
+
+        return cls(config_new)
+
+    # we don't show `__getattr__` to type checkers so missing attributes cause errors
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no branch
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+            try:
+                return self.config_dict[name]
+            except KeyError:
+                try:
+                    return config_defaults[name]
+                except KeyError:
+                    raise AttributeError(f'Config has no attribute {name!r}') from None
+
+    def core_config(self, title: str | None) -> core_schema.CoreConfig:
+        """Create a pydantic-core config.
+
+        We don't use getattr here since we don't want to populate with defaults.
+
+        Args:
+            title: The title to use if not set in config.
+
+        Returns:
+            A `CoreConfig` object created from config.
+        """
+        config = self.config_dict
+
+        if config.get('schema_generator') is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                'The `schema_generator` setting has been deprecated since v2.10. This setting no longer has any effect.',
+                PydanticDeprecatedSince210,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        if (populate_by_name := config.get('populate_by_name')) is not None:
+            # We include this patch for backwards compatibility purposes, but this config setting will be deprecated in v3.0, and likely removed in v4.0.
+            # Thus, the above warning and this patch can be removed then as well.
+            if config.get('validate_by_name') is None:
+                config['validate_by_alias'] = True
+                config['validate_by_name'] = populate_by_name
+
+        # We dynamically patch validate_by_name to be True if validate_by_alias is set to False
+        # and validate_by_name is not explicitly set.
+        if config.get('validate_by_alias') is False and config.get('validate_by_name') is None:
+            config['validate_by_name'] = True
+
+        if (not config.get('validate_by_alias', True)) and (not config.get('validate_by_name', False)):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'At least one of `validate_by_alias` or `validate_by_name` must be set to True.',
+                code='validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+            )
+
+        return core_schema.CoreConfig(
+            **{  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+                k: v
+                for k, v in (
+                    ('title', config.get('title') or title or None),
+                    ('extra_fields_behavior', config.get('extra')),
+                    ('allow_inf_nan', config.get('allow_inf_nan')),
+                    ('str_strip_whitespace', config.get('str_strip_whitespace')),
+                    ('str_to_lower', config.get('str_to_lower')),
+                    ('str_to_upper', config.get('str_to_upper')),
+                    ('strict', config.get('strict')),
+                    ('ser_json_timedelta', config.get('ser_json_timedelta')),
+                    ('ser_json_bytes', config.get('ser_json_bytes')),
+                    ('val_json_bytes', config.get('val_json_bytes')),
+                    ('ser_json_inf_nan', config.get('ser_json_inf_nan')),
+                    ('from_attributes', config.get('from_attributes')),
+                    ('loc_by_alias', config.get('loc_by_alias')),
+                    ('revalidate_instances', config.get('revalidate_instances')),
+                    ('validate_default', config.get('validate_default')),
+                    ('str_max_length', config.get('str_max_length')),
+                    ('str_min_length', config.get('str_min_length')),
+                    ('hide_input_in_errors', config.get('hide_input_in_errors')),
+                    ('coerce_numbers_to_str', config.get('coerce_numbers_to_str')),
+                    ('regex_engine', config.get('regex_engine')),
+                    ('validation_error_cause', config.get('validation_error_cause')),
+                    ('cache_strings', config.get('cache_strings')),
+                    ('validate_by_alias', config.get('validate_by_alias')),
+                    ('validate_by_name', config.get('validate_by_name')),
+                    ('serialize_by_alias', config.get('serialize_by_alias')),
+                )
+                if v is not None
+            }
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        c = ', '.join(f'{k}={v!r}' for k, v in self.config_dict.items())
+        return f'ConfigWrapper({c})'
+
+
+class ConfigWrapperStack:
+    """A stack of `ConfigWrapper` instances."""
+
+    def __init__(self, config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper):
+        self._config_wrapper_stack: list[ConfigWrapper] = [config_wrapper]
+
+    @property
+    def tail(self) -> ConfigWrapper:
+        return self._config_wrapper_stack[-1]
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def push(self, config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper | ConfigDict | None):
+        if config_wrapper is None:
+            yield
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(config_wrapper, ConfigWrapper):
+            config_wrapper = ConfigWrapper(config_wrapper, check=False)
+
+        self._config_wrapper_stack.append(config_wrapper)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._config_wrapper_stack.pop()
+
+
+config_defaults = ConfigDict(
+    title=None,
+    str_to_lower=False,
+    str_to_upper=False,
+    str_strip_whitespace=False,
+    str_min_length=0,
+    str_max_length=None,
+    # let the model / dataclass decide how to handle it
+    extra=None,
+    frozen=False,
+    populate_by_name=False,
+    use_enum_values=False,
+    validate_assignment=False,
+    arbitrary_types_allowed=False,
+    from_attributes=False,
+    loc_by_alias=True,
+    alias_generator=None,
+    model_title_generator=None,
+    field_title_generator=None,
+    ignored_types=(),
+    allow_inf_nan=True,
+    json_schema_extra=None,
+    strict=False,
+    revalidate_instances='never',
+    ser_json_timedelta='iso8601',
+    ser_json_bytes='utf8',
+    val_json_bytes='utf8',
+    ser_json_inf_nan='null',
+    validate_default=False,
+    validate_return=False,
+    protected_namespaces=('model_validate', 'model_dump'),
+    hide_input_in_errors=False,
+    json_encoders=None,
+    defer_build=False,
+    schema_generator=None,
+    plugin_settings=None,
+    json_schema_serialization_defaults_required=False,
+    json_schema_mode_override=None,
+    coerce_numbers_to_str=False,
+    regex_engine='rust-regex',
+    validation_error_cause=False,
+    use_attribute_docstrings=False,
+    cache_strings=True,
+    validate_by_alias=True,
+    validate_by_name=False,
+    serialize_by_alias=False,
+)
+
+
+def prepare_config(config: ConfigDict | dict[str, Any] | type[Any] | None) -> ConfigDict:
+    """Create a `ConfigDict` instance from an existing dict, a class (e.g. old class-based config) or None.
+
+    Args:
+        config: The input config.
+
+    Returns:
+        A ConfigDict object created from config.
+    """
+    if config is None:
+        return ConfigDict()
+
+    if not isinstance(config, dict):
+        warnings.warn(DEPRECATION_MESSAGE, DeprecationWarning)
+        config = {k: getattr(config, k) for k in dir(config) if not k.startswith('__')}
+
+    config_dict = cast(ConfigDict, config)
+    check_deprecated(config_dict)
+    return config_dict
+
+
+config_keys = set(ConfigDict.__annotations__.keys())
+
+
+V2_REMOVED_KEYS = {
+    'allow_mutation',
+    'error_msg_templates',
+    'fields',
+    'getter_dict',
+    'smart_union',
+    'underscore_attrs_are_private',
+    'json_loads',
+    'json_dumps',
+    'copy_on_model_validation',
+    'post_init_call',
+}
+V2_RENAMED_KEYS = {
+    'allow_population_by_field_name': 'validate_by_name',
+    'anystr_lower': 'str_to_lower',
+    'anystr_strip_whitespace': 'str_strip_whitespace',
+    'anystr_upper': 'str_to_upper',
+    'keep_untouched': 'ignored_types',
+    'max_anystr_length': 'str_max_length',
+    'min_anystr_length': 'str_min_length',
+    'orm_mode': 'from_attributes',
+    'schema_extra': 'json_schema_extra',
+    'validate_all': 'validate_default',
+}
+
+
+def check_deprecated(config_dict: ConfigDict) -> None:
+    """Check for deprecated config keys and warn the user.
+
+    Args:
+        config_dict: The input config.
+    """
+    deprecated_removed_keys = V2_REMOVED_KEYS & config_dict.keys()
+    deprecated_renamed_keys = V2_RENAMED_KEYS.keys() & config_dict.keys()
+    if deprecated_removed_keys or deprecated_renamed_keys:
+        renamings = {k: V2_RENAMED_KEYS[k] for k in sorted(deprecated_renamed_keys)}
+        renamed_bullets = [f'* {k!r} has been renamed to {v!r}' for k, v in renamings.items()]
+        removed_bullets = [f'* {k!r} has been removed' for k in sorted(deprecated_removed_keys)]
+        message = '\n'.join(['Valid config keys have changed in V2:'] + renamed_bullets + removed_bullets)
+        warnings.warn(message, UserWarning)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_core_metadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_core_metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f2510c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_core_metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, TypedDict, cast
+from warnings import warn
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..config import JsonDict, JsonSchemaExtraCallable
+    from ._schema_generation_shared import (
+        GetJsonSchemaFunction,
+    )
+
+
+class CoreMetadata(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """A `TypedDict` for holding the metadata dict of the schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        pydantic_js_functions: List of JSON schema functions that resolve refs during application.
+        pydantic_js_annotation_functions: List of JSON schema functions that don't resolve refs during application.
+        pydantic_js_prefer_positional_arguments: Whether JSON schema generator will
+            prefer positional over keyword arguments for an 'arguments' schema.
+            custom validation function. Only applies to before, plain, and wrap validators.
+        pydantic_js_updates: key / value pair updates to apply to the JSON schema for a type.
+        pydantic_js_extra: WIP, either key/value pair updates to apply to the JSON schema, or a custom callable.
+        pydantic_internal_union_tag_key: Used internally by the `Tag` metadata to specify the tag used for a discriminated union.
+        pydantic_internal_union_discriminator: Used internally to specify the discriminator value for a discriminated union
+            when the discriminator was applied to a `'definition-ref'` schema, and that reference was missing at the time
+            of the annotation application.
+
+    TODO: Perhaps we should move this structure to pydantic-core. At the moment, though,
+    it's easier to iterate on if we leave it in pydantic until we feel there is a semi-stable API.
+
+    TODO: It's unfortunate how functionally oriented JSON schema generation is, especially that which occurs during
+    the core schema generation process. It's inevitable that we need to store some json schema related information
+    on core schemas, given that we generate JSON schemas directly from core schemas. That being said, debugging related
+    issues is quite difficult when JSON schema information is disguised via dynamically defined functions.
+    """
+
+    pydantic_js_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction]
+    pydantic_js_annotation_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction]
+    pydantic_js_prefer_positional_arguments: bool
+    pydantic_js_updates: JsonDict
+    pydantic_js_extra: JsonDict | JsonSchemaExtraCallable
+    pydantic_internal_union_tag_key: str
+    pydantic_internal_union_discriminator: str
+
+
+def update_core_metadata(
+    core_metadata: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    pydantic_js_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction] | None = None,
+    pydantic_js_annotation_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction] | None = None,
+    pydantic_js_updates: JsonDict | None = None,
+    pydantic_js_extra: JsonDict | JsonSchemaExtraCallable | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    from ..json_schema import PydanticJsonSchemaWarning
+
+    """Update CoreMetadata instance in place. When we make modifications in this function, they
+    take effect on the `core_metadata` reference passed in as the first (and only) positional argument.
+
+    First, cast to `CoreMetadata`, then finish with a cast to `dict[str, Any]` for core schema compatibility.
+    We do this here, instead of before / after each call to this function so that this typing hack
+    can be easily removed if/when we move `CoreMetadata` to `pydantic-core`.
+
+    For parameter descriptions, see `CoreMetadata` above.
+    """
+    core_metadata = cast(CoreMetadata, core_metadata)
+
+    if pydantic_js_functions:
+        core_metadata.setdefault('pydantic_js_functions', []).extend(pydantic_js_functions)
+
+    if pydantic_js_annotation_functions:
+        core_metadata.setdefault('pydantic_js_annotation_functions', []).extend(pydantic_js_annotation_functions)
+
+    if pydantic_js_updates:
+        if (existing_updates := core_metadata.get('pydantic_js_updates')) is not None:
+            core_metadata['pydantic_js_updates'] = {**existing_updates, **pydantic_js_updates}
+        else:
+            core_metadata['pydantic_js_updates'] = pydantic_js_updates
+
+    if pydantic_js_extra is not None:
+        existing_pydantic_js_extra = core_metadata.get('pydantic_js_extra')
+        if existing_pydantic_js_extra is None:
+            core_metadata['pydantic_js_extra'] = pydantic_js_extra
+        if isinstance(existing_pydantic_js_extra, dict):
+            if isinstance(pydantic_js_extra, dict):
+                core_metadata['pydantic_js_extra'] = {**existing_pydantic_js_extra, **pydantic_js_extra}
+            if callable(pydantic_js_extra):
+                warn(
+                    'Composing `dict` and `callable` type `json_schema_extra` is not supported.'
+                    'The `callable` type is being ignored.'
+                    "If you'd like support for this behavior, please open an issue on pydantic.",
+                    PydanticJsonSchemaWarning,
+                )
+        if callable(existing_pydantic_js_extra):
+            # if ever there's a case of a callable, we'll just keep the last json schema extra spec
+            core_metadata['pydantic_js_extra'] = pydantic_js_extra
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_core_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_core_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf8cf7c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_core_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import os
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, core_schema
+from pydantic_core import validate_core_schema as _validate_core_schema
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard, get_args, get_origin
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+
+from . import _repr
+from ._typing_extra import is_generic_alias
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from rich.console import Console
+
+AnyFunctionSchema = Union[
+    core_schema.AfterValidatorFunctionSchema,
+    core_schema.BeforeValidatorFunctionSchema,
+    core_schema.WrapValidatorFunctionSchema,
+    core_schema.PlainValidatorFunctionSchema,
+]
+
+
+FunctionSchemaWithInnerSchema = Union[
+    core_schema.AfterValidatorFunctionSchema,
+    core_schema.BeforeValidatorFunctionSchema,
+    core_schema.WrapValidatorFunctionSchema,
+]
+
+CoreSchemaField = Union[
+    core_schema.ModelField, core_schema.DataclassField, core_schema.TypedDictField, core_schema.ComputedField
+]
+CoreSchemaOrField = Union[core_schema.CoreSchema, CoreSchemaField]
+
+_CORE_SCHEMA_FIELD_TYPES = {'typed-dict-field', 'dataclass-field', 'model-field', 'computed-field'}
+_FUNCTION_WITH_INNER_SCHEMA_TYPES = {'function-before', 'function-after', 'function-wrap'}
+_LIST_LIKE_SCHEMA_WITH_ITEMS_TYPES = {'list', 'set', 'frozenset'}
+
+
+def is_core_schema(
+    schema: CoreSchemaOrField,
+) -> TypeGuard[CoreSchema]:
+    return schema['type'] not in _CORE_SCHEMA_FIELD_TYPES
+
+
+def is_core_schema_field(
+    schema: CoreSchemaOrField,
+) -> TypeGuard[CoreSchemaField]:
+    return schema['type'] in _CORE_SCHEMA_FIELD_TYPES
+
+
+def is_function_with_inner_schema(
+    schema: CoreSchemaOrField,
+) -> TypeGuard[FunctionSchemaWithInnerSchema]:
+    return schema['type'] in _FUNCTION_WITH_INNER_SCHEMA_TYPES
+
+
+def is_list_like_schema_with_items_schema(
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+) -> TypeGuard[core_schema.ListSchema | core_schema.SetSchema | core_schema.FrozenSetSchema]:
+    return schema['type'] in _LIST_LIKE_SCHEMA_WITH_ITEMS_TYPES
+
+
+def get_type_ref(type_: Any, args_override: tuple[type[Any], ...] | None = None) -> str:
+    """Produces the ref to be used for this type by pydantic_core's core schemas.
+
+    This `args_override` argument was added for the purpose of creating valid recursive references
+    when creating generic models without needing to create a concrete class.
+    """
+    origin = get_origin(type_) or type_
+
+    args = get_args(type_) if is_generic_alias(type_) else (args_override or ())
+    generic_metadata = getattr(type_, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', None)
+    if generic_metadata:
+        origin = generic_metadata['origin'] or origin
+        args = generic_metadata['args'] or args
+
+    module_name = getattr(origin, '__module__', '<No __module__>')
+    if typing_objects.is_typealiastype(origin):
+        type_ref = f'{module_name}.{origin.__name__}:{id(origin)}'
+    else:
+        try:
+            qualname = getattr(origin, '__qualname__', f'<No __qualname__: {origin}>')
+        except Exception:
+            qualname = getattr(origin, '__qualname__', '<No __qualname__>')
+        type_ref = f'{module_name}.{qualname}:{id(origin)}'
+
+    arg_refs: list[str] = []
+    for arg in args:
+        if isinstance(arg, str):
+            # Handle string literals as a special case; we may be able to remove this special handling if we
+            # wrap them in a ForwardRef at some point.
+            arg_ref = f'{arg}:str-{id(arg)}'
+        else:
+            arg_ref = f'{_repr.display_as_type(arg)}:{id(arg)}'
+        arg_refs.append(arg_ref)
+    if arg_refs:
+        type_ref = f'{type_ref}[{",".join(arg_refs)}]'
+    return type_ref
+
+
+def get_ref(s: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> None | str:
+    """Get the ref from the schema if it has one.
+    This exists just for type checking to work correctly.
+    """
+    return s.get('ref', None)
+
+
+def validate_core_schema(schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+    if os.getenv('PYDANTIC_VALIDATE_CORE_SCHEMAS'):
+        return _validate_core_schema(schema)
+    return schema
+
+
+def _clean_schema_for_pretty_print(obj: Any, strip_metadata: bool = True) -> Any:  # pragma: no cover
+    """A utility function to remove irrelevant information from a core schema."""
+    if isinstance(obj, Mapping):
+        new_dct = {}
+        for k, v in obj.items():
+            if k == 'metadata' and strip_metadata:
+                new_metadata = {}
+
+                for meta_k, meta_v in v.items():
+                    if meta_k in ('pydantic_js_functions', 'pydantic_js_annotation_functions'):
+                        new_metadata['js_metadata'] = '<stripped>'
+                    else:
+                        new_metadata[meta_k] = _clean_schema_for_pretty_print(meta_v, strip_metadata=strip_metadata)
+
+                if list(new_metadata.keys()) == ['js_metadata']:
+                    new_metadata = {'<stripped>'}
+
+                new_dct[k] = new_metadata
+            # Remove some defaults:
+            elif k in ('custom_init', 'root_model') and not v:
+                continue
+            else:
+                new_dct[k] = _clean_schema_for_pretty_print(v, strip_metadata=strip_metadata)
+
+        return new_dct
+    elif isinstance(obj, Sequence) and not isinstance(obj, str):
+        return [_clean_schema_for_pretty_print(v, strip_metadata=strip_metadata) for v in obj]
+    else:
+        return obj
+
+
+def pretty_print_core_schema(
+    val: Any,
+    *,
+    console: Console | None = None,
+    max_depth: int | None = None,
+    strip_metadata: bool = True,
+) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+    """Pretty-print a core schema using the `rich` library.
+
+    Args:
+        val: The core schema to print, or a Pydantic model/dataclass/type adapter
+            (in which case the cached core schema is fetched and printed).
+        console: A rich console to use when printing. Defaults to the global rich console instance.
+        max_depth: The number of nesting levels which may be printed.
+        strip_metadata: Whether to strip metadata in the output. If `True` any known core metadata
+            attributes will be stripped (but custom attributes are kept). Defaults to `True`.
+    """
+    # lazy import:
+    from rich.pretty import pprint
+
+    # circ. imports:
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, TypeAdapter
+    from pydantic.dataclasses import is_pydantic_dataclass
+
+    if (inspect.isclass(val) and issubclass(val, BaseModel)) or is_pydantic_dataclass(val):
+        val = val.__pydantic_core_schema__
+    if isinstance(val, TypeAdapter):
+        val = val.core_schema
+    cleaned_schema = _clean_schema_for_pretty_print(val, strip_metadata=strip_metadata)
+
+    pprint(cleaned_schema, console=console, max_depth=max_depth)
+
+
+pps = pretty_print_core_schema
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_dataclasses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_dataclasses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..954ab32f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_dataclasses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+"""Private logic for creating pydantic dataclasses."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import typing
+import warnings
+from functools import partial, wraps
+from typing import Any, ClassVar
+
+from pydantic_core import (
+    ArgsKwargs,
+    SchemaSerializer,
+    SchemaValidator,
+    core_schema,
+)
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+from ..errors import PydanticUndefinedAnnotation
+from ..plugin._schema_validator import PluggableSchemaValidator, create_schema_validator
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+from . import _config, _decorators
+from ._fields import collect_dataclass_fields
+from ._generate_schema import GenerateSchema, InvalidSchemaError
+from ._generics import get_standard_typevars_map
+from ._mock_val_ser import set_dataclass_mocks
+from ._namespace_utils import NsResolver
+from ._signature import generate_pydantic_signature
+from ._utils import LazyClassAttribute
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from _typeshed import DataclassInstance as StandardDataclass
+
+    from ..config import ConfigDict
+    from ..fields import FieldInfo
+
+    class PydanticDataclass(StandardDataclass, typing.Protocol):
+        """A protocol containing attributes only available once a class has been decorated as a Pydantic dataclass.
+
+        Attributes:
+            __pydantic_config__: Pydantic-specific configuration settings for the dataclass.
+            __pydantic_complete__: Whether dataclass building is completed, or if there are still undefined fields.
+            __pydantic_core_schema__: The pydantic-core schema used to build the SchemaValidator and SchemaSerializer.
+            __pydantic_decorators__: Metadata containing the decorators defined on the dataclass.
+            __pydantic_fields__: Metadata about the fields defined on the dataclass.
+            __pydantic_serializer__: The pydantic-core SchemaSerializer used to dump instances of the dataclass.
+            __pydantic_validator__: The pydantic-core SchemaValidator used to validate instances of the dataclass.
+        """
+
+        __pydantic_config__: ClassVar[ConfigDict]
+        __pydantic_complete__: ClassVar[bool]
+        __pydantic_core_schema__: ClassVar[core_schema.CoreSchema]
+        __pydantic_decorators__: ClassVar[_decorators.DecoratorInfos]
+        __pydantic_fields__: ClassVar[dict[str, FieldInfo]]
+        __pydantic_serializer__: ClassVar[SchemaSerializer]
+        __pydantic_validator__: ClassVar[SchemaValidator | PluggableSchemaValidator]
+
+else:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+
+def set_dataclass_fields(
+    cls: type[StandardDataclass],
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+    config_wrapper: _config.ConfigWrapper | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Collect and set `cls.__pydantic_fields__`.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The class.
+        ns_resolver: Namespace resolver to use when getting dataclass annotations.
+        config_wrapper: The config wrapper instance, defaults to `None`.
+    """
+    typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(cls)
+    fields = collect_dataclass_fields(
+        cls, ns_resolver=ns_resolver, typevars_map=typevars_map, config_wrapper=config_wrapper
+    )
+
+    cls.__pydantic_fields__ = fields  # type: ignore
+
+
+def complete_dataclass(
+    cls: type[Any],
+    config_wrapper: _config.ConfigWrapper,
+    *,
+    raise_errors: bool = True,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+    _force_build: bool = False,
+) -> bool:
+    """Finish building a pydantic dataclass.
+
+    This logic is called on a class which has already been wrapped in `dataclasses.dataclass()`.
+
+    This is somewhat analogous to `pydantic._internal._model_construction.complete_model_class`.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The class.
+        config_wrapper: The config wrapper instance.
+        raise_errors: Whether to raise errors, defaults to `True`.
+        ns_resolver: The namespace resolver instance to use when collecting dataclass fields
+            and during schema building.
+        _force_build: Whether to force building the dataclass, no matter if
+            [`defer_build`][pydantic.config.ConfigDict.defer_build] is set.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if building a pydantic dataclass is successfully completed, `False` otherwise.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticUndefinedAnnotation: If `raise_error` is `True` and there is an undefined annotations.
+    """
+    original_init = cls.__init__
+
+    # dataclass.__init__ must be defined here so its `__qualname__` can be changed since functions can't be copied,
+    # and so that the mock validator is used if building was deferred:
+    def __init__(__dataclass_self__: PydanticDataclass, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        s = __dataclass_self__
+        s.__pydantic_validator__.validate_python(ArgsKwargs(args, kwargs), self_instance=s)
+
+    __init__.__qualname__ = f'{cls.__qualname__}.__init__'
+
+    cls.__init__ = __init__  # type: ignore
+    cls.__pydantic_config__ = config_wrapper.config_dict  # type: ignore
+
+    set_dataclass_fields(cls, ns_resolver, config_wrapper=config_wrapper)
+
+    if not _force_build and config_wrapper.defer_build:
+        set_dataclass_mocks(cls)
+        return False
+
+    if hasattr(cls, '__post_init_post_parse__'):
+        warnings.warn(
+            'Support for `__post_init_post_parse__` has been dropped, the method will not be called', DeprecationWarning
+        )
+
+    typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(cls)
+    gen_schema = GenerateSchema(
+        config_wrapper,
+        ns_resolver=ns_resolver,
+        typevars_map=typevars_map,
+    )
+
+    # set __signature__ attr only for the class, but not for its instances
+    # (because instances can define `__call__`, and `inspect.signature` shouldn't
+    # use the `__signature__` attribute and instead generate from `__call__`).
+    cls.__signature__ = LazyClassAttribute(
+        '__signature__',
+        partial(
+            generate_pydantic_signature,
+            # It's important that we reference the `original_init` here,
+            # as it is the one synthesized by the stdlib `dataclass` module:
+            init=original_init,
+            fields=cls.__pydantic_fields__,  # type: ignore
+            validate_by_name=config_wrapper.validate_by_name,
+            extra=config_wrapper.extra,
+            is_dataclass=True,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    try:
+        schema = gen_schema.generate_schema(cls)
+    except PydanticUndefinedAnnotation as e:
+        if raise_errors:
+            raise
+        set_dataclass_mocks(cls, f'`{e.name}`')
+        return False
+
+    core_config = config_wrapper.core_config(title=cls.__name__)
+
+    try:
+        schema = gen_schema.clean_schema(schema)
+    except InvalidSchemaError:
+        set_dataclass_mocks(cls)
+        return False
+
+    # We are about to set all the remaining required properties expected for this cast;
+    # __pydantic_decorators__ and __pydantic_fields__ should already be set
+    cls = typing.cast('type[PydanticDataclass]', cls)
+    # debug(schema)
+
+    cls.__pydantic_core_schema__ = schema
+    cls.__pydantic_validator__ = validator = create_schema_validator(
+        schema, cls, cls.__module__, cls.__qualname__, 'dataclass', core_config, config_wrapper.plugin_settings
+    )
+    cls.__pydantic_serializer__ = SchemaSerializer(schema, core_config)
+
+    if config_wrapper.validate_assignment:
+
+        @wraps(cls.__setattr__)
+        def validated_setattr(instance: Any, field: str, value: str, /) -> None:
+            validator.validate_assignment(instance, field, value)
+
+        cls.__setattr__ = validated_setattr.__get__(None, cls)  # type: ignore
+
+    cls.__pydantic_complete__ = True
+    return True
+
+
+def is_builtin_dataclass(_cls: type[Any]) -> TypeGuard[type[StandardDataclass]]:
+    """Returns True if a class is a stdlib dataclass and *not* a pydantic dataclass.
+
+    We check that
+    - `_cls` is a dataclass
+    - `_cls` does not inherit from a processed pydantic dataclass (and thus have a `__pydantic_validator__`)
+    - `_cls` does not have any annotations that are not dataclass fields
+    e.g.
+    ```python
+    import dataclasses
+
+    import pydantic.dataclasses
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class A:
+        x: int
+
+    @pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass
+    class B(A):
+        y: int
+    ```
+    In this case, when we first check `B`, we make an extra check and look at the annotations ('y'),
+    which won't be a superset of all the dataclass fields (only the stdlib fields i.e. 'x')
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The class.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if the class is a stdlib dataclass, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    return (
+        dataclasses.is_dataclass(_cls)
+        and not hasattr(_cls, '__pydantic_validator__')
+        and set(_cls.__dataclass_fields__).issuperset(set(getattr(_cls, '__annotations__', {})))
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_decorators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_decorators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92880a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_decorators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,838 @@
+"""Logic related to validators applied to models etc. via the `@field_validator` and `@model_validator` decorators."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import types
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from functools import cached_property, partial, partialmethod
+from inspect import Parameter, Signature, isdatadescriptor, ismethoddescriptor, signature
+from itertools import islice
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, ClassVar, Generic, Literal, TypeVar, Union
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined, PydanticUndefinedType, core_schema
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, is_typeddict
+
+from ..errors import PydanticUserError
+from ._core_utils import get_type_ref
+from ._internal_dataclass import slots_true
+from ._namespace_utils import GlobalsNamespace, MappingNamespace
+from ._typing_extra import get_function_type_hints
+from ._utils import can_be_positional
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..fields import ComputedFieldInfo
+    from ..functional_validators import FieldValidatorModes
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class ValidatorDecoratorInfo:
+    """A container for data from `@validator` so that we can access it
+    while building the pydantic-core schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        decorator_repr: A class variable representing the decorator string, '@validator'.
+        fields: A tuple of field names the validator should be called on.
+        mode: The proposed validator mode.
+        each_item: For complex objects (sets, lists etc.) whether to validate individual
+            elements rather than the whole object.
+        always: Whether this method and other validators should be called even if the value is missing.
+        check_fields: Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.
+    """
+
+    decorator_repr: ClassVar[str] = '@validator'
+
+    fields: tuple[str, ...]
+    mode: Literal['before', 'after']
+    each_item: bool
+    always: bool
+    check_fields: bool | None
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo:
+    """A container for data from `@field_validator` so that we can access it
+    while building the pydantic-core schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        decorator_repr: A class variable representing the decorator string, '@field_validator'.
+        fields: A tuple of field names the validator should be called on.
+        mode: The proposed validator mode.
+        check_fields: Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.
+        json_schema_input_type: The input type of the function. This is only used to generate
+            the appropriate JSON Schema (in validation mode) and can only specified
+            when `mode` is either `'before'`, `'plain'` or `'wrap'`.
+    """
+
+    decorator_repr: ClassVar[str] = '@field_validator'
+
+    fields: tuple[str, ...]
+    mode: FieldValidatorModes
+    check_fields: bool | None
+    json_schema_input_type: Any
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class RootValidatorDecoratorInfo:
+    """A container for data from `@root_validator` so that we can access it
+    while building the pydantic-core schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        decorator_repr: A class variable representing the decorator string, '@root_validator'.
+        mode: The proposed validator mode.
+    """
+
+    decorator_repr: ClassVar[str] = '@root_validator'
+    mode: Literal['before', 'after']
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo:
+    """A container for data from `@field_serializer` so that we can access it
+    while building the pydantic-core schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        decorator_repr: A class variable representing the decorator string, '@field_serializer'.
+        fields: A tuple of field names the serializer should be called on.
+        mode: The proposed serializer mode.
+        return_type: The type of the serializer's return value.
+        when_used: The serialization condition. Accepts a string with values `'always'`, `'unless-none'`, `'json'`,
+            and `'json-unless-none'`.
+        check_fields: Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.
+    """
+
+    decorator_repr: ClassVar[str] = '@field_serializer'
+    fields: tuple[str, ...]
+    mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap']
+    return_type: Any
+    when_used: core_schema.WhenUsed
+    check_fields: bool | None
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo:
+    """A container for data from `@model_serializer` so that we can access it
+    while building the pydantic-core schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        decorator_repr: A class variable representing the decorator string, '@model_serializer'.
+        mode: The proposed serializer mode.
+        return_type: The type of the serializer's return value.
+        when_used: The serialization condition. Accepts a string with values `'always'`, `'unless-none'`, `'json'`,
+            and `'json-unless-none'`.
+    """
+
+    decorator_repr: ClassVar[str] = '@model_serializer'
+    mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap']
+    return_type: Any
+    when_used: core_schema.WhenUsed
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo:
+    """A container for data from `@model_validator` so that we can access it
+    while building the pydantic-core schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        decorator_repr: A class variable representing the decorator string, '@model_validator'.
+        mode: The proposed serializer mode.
+    """
+
+    decorator_repr: ClassVar[str] = '@model_validator'
+    mode: Literal['wrap', 'before', 'after']
+
+
+DecoratorInfo: TypeAlias = """Union[
+    ValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    RootValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo,
+    ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo,
+    ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    ComputedFieldInfo,
+]"""
+
+ReturnType = TypeVar('ReturnType')
+DecoratedType: TypeAlias = (
+    'Union[classmethod[Any, Any, ReturnType], staticmethod[Any, ReturnType], Callable[..., ReturnType], property]'
+)
+
+
+@dataclass  # can't use slots here since we set attributes on `__post_init__`
+class PydanticDescriptorProxy(Generic[ReturnType]):
+    """Wrap a classmethod, staticmethod, property or unbound function
+    and act as a descriptor that allows us to detect decorated items
+    from the class' attributes.
+
+    This class' __get__ returns the wrapped item's __get__ result,
+    which makes it transparent for classmethods and staticmethods.
+
+    Attributes:
+        wrapped: The decorator that has to be wrapped.
+        decorator_info: The decorator info.
+        shim: A wrapper function to wrap V1 style function.
+    """
+
+    wrapped: DecoratedType[ReturnType]
+    decorator_info: DecoratorInfo
+    shim: Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | None = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self):
+        for attr in 'setter', 'deleter':
+            if hasattr(self.wrapped, attr):
+                f = partial(self._call_wrapped_attr, name=attr)
+                setattr(self, attr, f)
+
+    def _call_wrapped_attr(self, func: Callable[[Any], None], *, name: str) -> PydanticDescriptorProxy[ReturnType]:
+        self.wrapped = getattr(self.wrapped, name)(func)
+        if isinstance(self.wrapped, property):
+            # update ComputedFieldInfo.wrapped_property
+            from ..fields import ComputedFieldInfo
+
+            if isinstance(self.decorator_info, ComputedFieldInfo):
+                self.decorator_info.wrapped_property = self.wrapped
+        return self
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: object | None, obj_type: type[object] | None = None) -> PydanticDescriptorProxy[ReturnType]:
+        try:
+            return self.wrapped.__get__(obj, obj_type)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # not a descriptor, e.g. a partial object
+            return self.wrapped  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def __set_name__(self, instance: Any, name: str) -> None:
+        if hasattr(self.wrapped, '__set_name__'):
+            self.wrapped.__set_name__(instance, name)  # pyright: ignore[reportFunctionMemberAccess]
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str, /) -> Any:
+        """Forward checks for __isabstractmethod__ and such."""
+        return getattr(self.wrapped, name)
+
+
+DecoratorInfoType = TypeVar('DecoratorInfoType', bound=DecoratorInfo)
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class Decorator(Generic[DecoratorInfoType]):
+    """A generic container class to join together the decorator metadata
+    (metadata from decorator itself, which we have when the
+    decorator is called but not when we are building the core-schema)
+    and the bound function (which we have after the class itself is created).
+
+    Attributes:
+        cls_ref: The class ref.
+        cls_var_name: The decorated function name.
+        func: The decorated function.
+        shim: A wrapper function to wrap V1 style function.
+        info: The decorator info.
+    """
+
+    cls_ref: str
+    cls_var_name: str
+    func: Callable[..., Any]
+    shim: Callable[[Any], Any] | None
+    info: DecoratorInfoType
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def build(
+        cls_: Any,
+        *,
+        cls_var_name: str,
+        shim: Callable[[Any], Any] | None,
+        info: DecoratorInfoType,
+    ) -> Decorator[DecoratorInfoType]:
+        """Build a new decorator.
+
+        Args:
+            cls_: The class.
+            cls_var_name: The decorated function name.
+            shim: A wrapper function to wrap V1 style function.
+            info: The decorator info.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new decorator instance.
+        """
+        func = get_attribute_from_bases(cls_, cls_var_name)
+        if shim is not None:
+            func = shim(func)
+        func = unwrap_wrapped_function(func, unwrap_partial=False)
+        if not callable(func):
+            # This branch will get hit for classmethod properties
+            attribute = get_attribute_from_base_dicts(cls_, cls_var_name)  # prevents the binding call to `__get__`
+            if isinstance(attribute, PydanticDescriptorProxy):
+                func = unwrap_wrapped_function(attribute.wrapped)
+        return Decorator(
+            cls_ref=get_type_ref(cls_),
+            cls_var_name=cls_var_name,
+            func=func,
+            shim=shim,
+            info=info,
+        )
+
+    def bind_to_cls(self, cls: Any) -> Decorator[DecoratorInfoType]:
+        """Bind the decorator to a class.
+
+        Args:
+            cls: the class.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new decorator instance.
+        """
+        return self.build(
+            cls,
+            cls_var_name=self.cls_var_name,
+            shim=self.shim,
+            info=self.info,
+        )
+
+
+def get_bases(tp: type[Any]) -> tuple[type[Any], ...]:
+    """Get the base classes of a class or typeddict.
+
+    Args:
+        tp: The type or class to get the bases.
+
+    Returns:
+        The base classes.
+    """
+    if is_typeddict(tp):
+        return tp.__orig_bases__  # type: ignore
+    try:
+        return tp.__bases__
+    except AttributeError:
+        return ()
+
+
+def mro(tp: type[Any]) -> tuple[type[Any], ...]:
+    """Calculate the Method Resolution Order of bases using the C3 algorithm.
+
+    See https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/
+    """
+    # try to use the existing mro, for performance mainly
+    # but also because it helps verify the implementation below
+    if not is_typeddict(tp):
+        try:
+            return tp.__mro__
+        except AttributeError:
+            # GenericAlias and some other cases
+            pass
+
+    bases = get_bases(tp)
+    return (tp,) + mro_for_bases(bases)
+
+
+def mro_for_bases(bases: tuple[type[Any], ...]) -> tuple[type[Any], ...]:
+    def merge_seqs(seqs: list[deque[type[Any]]]) -> Iterable[type[Any]]:
+        while True:
+            non_empty = [seq for seq in seqs if seq]
+            if not non_empty:
+                # Nothing left to process, we're done.
+                return
+            candidate: type[Any] | None = None
+            for seq in non_empty:  # Find merge candidates among seq heads.
+                candidate = seq[0]
+                not_head = [s for s in non_empty if candidate in islice(s, 1, None)]
+                if not_head:
+                    # Reject the candidate.
+                    candidate = None
+                else:
+                    break
+            if not candidate:
+                raise TypeError('Inconsistent hierarchy, no C3 MRO is possible')
+            yield candidate
+            for seq in non_empty:
+                # Remove candidate.
+                if seq[0] == candidate:
+                    seq.popleft()
+
+    seqs = [deque(mro(base)) for base in bases] + [deque(bases)]
+    return tuple(merge_seqs(seqs))
+
+
+_sentinel = object()
+
+
+def get_attribute_from_bases(tp: type[Any] | tuple[type[Any], ...], name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get the attribute from the next class in the MRO that has it,
+    aiming to simulate calling the method on the actual class.
+
+    The reason for iterating over the mro instead of just getting
+    the attribute (which would do that for us) is to support TypedDict,
+    which lacks a real __mro__, but can have a virtual one constructed
+    from its bases (as done here).
+
+    Args:
+        tp: The type or class to search for the attribute. If a tuple, this is treated as a set of base classes.
+        name: The name of the attribute to retrieve.
+
+    Returns:
+        Any: The attribute value, if found.
+
+    Raises:
+        AttributeError: If the attribute is not found in any class in the MRO.
+    """
+    if isinstance(tp, tuple):
+        for base in mro_for_bases(tp):
+            attribute = base.__dict__.get(name, _sentinel)
+            if attribute is not _sentinel:
+                attribute_get = getattr(attribute, '__get__', None)
+                if attribute_get is not None:
+                    return attribute_get(None, tp)
+                return attribute
+        raise AttributeError(f'{name} not found in {tp}')
+    else:
+        try:
+            return getattr(tp, name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return get_attribute_from_bases(mro(tp), name)
+
+
+def get_attribute_from_base_dicts(tp: type[Any], name: str) -> Any:
+    """Get an attribute out of the `__dict__` following the MRO.
+    This prevents the call to `__get__` on the descriptor, and allows
+    us to get the original function for classmethod properties.
+
+    Args:
+        tp: The type or class to search for the attribute.
+        name: The name of the attribute to retrieve.
+
+    Returns:
+        Any: The attribute value, if found.
+
+    Raises:
+        KeyError: If the attribute is not found in any class's `__dict__` in the MRO.
+    """
+    for base in reversed(mro(tp)):
+        if name in base.__dict__:
+            return base.__dict__[name]
+    return tp.__dict__[name]  # raise the error
+
+
+@dataclass(**slots_true)
+class DecoratorInfos:
+    """Mapping of name in the class namespace to decorator info.
+
+    note that the name in the class namespace is the function or attribute name
+    not the field name!
+    """
+
+    validators: dict[str, Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    field_validators: dict[str, Decorator[FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    root_validators: dict[str, Decorator[RootValidatorDecoratorInfo]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    field_serializers: dict[str, Decorator[FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    model_serializers: dict[str, Decorator[ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    model_validators: dict[str, Decorator[ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    computed_fields: dict[str, Decorator[ComputedFieldInfo]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def build(model_dc: type[Any]) -> DecoratorInfos:  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+        """We want to collect all DecFunc instances that exist as
+        attributes in the namespace of the class (a BaseModel or dataclass)
+        that called us
+        But we want to collect these in the order of the bases
+        So instead of getting them all from the leaf class (the class that called us),
+        we traverse the bases from root (the oldest ancestor class) to leaf
+        and collect all of the instances as we go, taking care to replace
+        any duplicate ones with the last one we see to mimic how function overriding
+        works with inheritance.
+        If we do replace any functions we put the replacement into the position
+        the replaced function was in; that is, we maintain the order.
+        """
+        # reminder: dicts are ordered and replacement does not alter the order
+        res = DecoratorInfos()
+        for base in reversed(mro(model_dc)[1:]):
+            existing: DecoratorInfos | None = base.__dict__.get('__pydantic_decorators__')
+            if existing is None:
+                existing = DecoratorInfos.build(base)
+            res.validators.update({k: v.bind_to_cls(model_dc) for k, v in existing.validators.items()})
+            res.field_validators.update({k: v.bind_to_cls(model_dc) for k, v in existing.field_validators.items()})
+            res.root_validators.update({k: v.bind_to_cls(model_dc) for k, v in existing.root_validators.items()})
+            res.field_serializers.update({k: v.bind_to_cls(model_dc) for k, v in existing.field_serializers.items()})
+            res.model_serializers.update({k: v.bind_to_cls(model_dc) for k, v in existing.model_serializers.items()})
+            res.model_validators.update({k: v.bind_to_cls(model_dc) for k, v in existing.model_validators.items()})
+            res.computed_fields.update({k: v.bind_to_cls(model_dc) for k, v in existing.computed_fields.items()})
+
+        to_replace: list[tuple[str, Any]] = []
+
+        for var_name, var_value in vars(model_dc).items():
+            if isinstance(var_value, PydanticDescriptorProxy):
+                info = var_value.decorator_info
+                if isinstance(info, ValidatorDecoratorInfo):
+                    res.validators[var_name] = Decorator.build(
+                        model_dc, cls_var_name=var_name, shim=var_value.shim, info=info
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(info, FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo):
+                    res.field_validators[var_name] = Decorator.build(
+                        model_dc, cls_var_name=var_name, shim=var_value.shim, info=info
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(info, RootValidatorDecoratorInfo):
+                    res.root_validators[var_name] = Decorator.build(
+                        model_dc, cls_var_name=var_name, shim=var_value.shim, info=info
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(info, FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo):
+                    # check whether a serializer function is already registered for fields
+                    for field_serializer_decorator in res.field_serializers.values():
+                        # check that each field has at most one serializer function.
+                        # serializer functions for the same field in subclasses are allowed,
+                        # and are treated as overrides
+                        if field_serializer_decorator.cls_var_name == var_name:
+                            continue
+                        for f in info.fields:
+                            if f in field_serializer_decorator.info.fields:
+                                raise PydanticUserError(
+                                    'Multiple field serializer functions were defined '
+                                    f'for field {f!r}, this is not allowed.',
+                                    code='multiple-field-serializers',
+                                )
+                    res.field_serializers[var_name] = Decorator.build(
+                        model_dc, cls_var_name=var_name, shim=var_value.shim, info=info
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(info, ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo):
+                    res.model_validators[var_name] = Decorator.build(
+                        model_dc, cls_var_name=var_name, shim=var_value.shim, info=info
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(info, ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo):
+                    res.model_serializers[var_name] = Decorator.build(
+                        model_dc, cls_var_name=var_name, shim=var_value.shim, info=info
+                    )
+                else:
+                    from ..fields import ComputedFieldInfo
+
+                    isinstance(var_value, ComputedFieldInfo)
+                    res.computed_fields[var_name] = Decorator.build(
+                        model_dc, cls_var_name=var_name, shim=None, info=info
+                    )
+                to_replace.append((var_name, var_value.wrapped))
+        if to_replace:
+            # If we can save `__pydantic_decorators__` on the class we'll be able to check for it above
+            # so then we don't need to re-process the type, which means we can discard our descriptor wrappers
+            # and replace them with the thing they are wrapping (see the other setattr call below)
+            # which allows validator class methods to also function as regular class methods
+            model_dc.__pydantic_decorators__ = res
+            for name, value in to_replace:
+                setattr(model_dc, name, value)
+        return res
+
+
+def inspect_validator(validator: Callable[..., Any], mode: FieldValidatorModes) -> bool:
+    """Look at a field or model validator function and determine whether it takes an info argument.
+
+    An error is raised if the function has an invalid signature.
+
+    Args:
+        validator: The validator function to inspect.
+        mode: The proposed validator mode.
+
+    Returns:
+        Whether the validator takes an info argument.
+    """
+    try:
+        sig = signature(validator)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        # `inspect.signature` might not be able to infer a signature, e.g. with C objects.
+        # In this case, we assume no info argument is present:
+        return False
+    n_positional = count_positional_required_params(sig)
+    if mode == 'wrap':
+        if n_positional == 3:
+            return True
+        elif n_positional == 2:
+            return False
+    else:
+        assert mode in {'before', 'after', 'plain'}, f"invalid mode: {mode!r}, expected 'before', 'after' or 'plain"
+        if n_positional == 2:
+            return True
+        elif n_positional == 1:
+            return False
+
+    raise PydanticUserError(
+        f'Unrecognized field_validator function signature for {validator} with `mode={mode}`:{sig}',
+        code='validator-signature',
+    )
+
+
+def inspect_field_serializer(serializer: Callable[..., Any], mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap']) -> tuple[bool, bool]:
+    """Look at a field serializer function and determine if it is a field serializer,
+    and whether it takes an info argument.
+
+    An error is raised if the function has an invalid signature.
+
+    Args:
+        serializer: The serializer function to inspect.
+        mode: The serializer mode, either 'plain' or 'wrap'.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (is_field_serializer, info_arg).
+    """
+    try:
+        sig = signature(serializer)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        # `inspect.signature` might not be able to infer a signature, e.g. with C objects.
+        # In this case, we assume no info argument is present and this is not a method:
+        return (False, False)
+
+    first = next(iter(sig.parameters.values()), None)
+    is_field_serializer = first is not None and first.name == 'self'
+
+    n_positional = count_positional_required_params(sig)
+    if is_field_serializer:
+        # -1 to correct for self parameter
+        info_arg = _serializer_info_arg(mode, n_positional - 1)
+    else:
+        info_arg = _serializer_info_arg(mode, n_positional)
+
+    if info_arg is None:
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            f'Unrecognized field_serializer function signature for {serializer} with `mode={mode}`:{sig}',
+            code='field-serializer-signature',
+        )
+
+    return is_field_serializer, info_arg
+
+
+def inspect_annotated_serializer(serializer: Callable[..., Any], mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap']) -> bool:
+    """Look at a serializer function used via `Annotated` and determine whether it takes an info argument.
+
+    An error is raised if the function has an invalid signature.
+
+    Args:
+        serializer: The serializer function to check.
+        mode: The serializer mode, either 'plain' or 'wrap'.
+
+    Returns:
+        info_arg
+    """
+    try:
+        sig = signature(serializer)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        # `inspect.signature` might not be able to infer a signature, e.g. with C objects.
+        # In this case, we assume no info argument is present:
+        return False
+    info_arg = _serializer_info_arg(mode, count_positional_required_params(sig))
+    if info_arg is None:
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            f'Unrecognized field_serializer function signature for {serializer} with `mode={mode}`:{sig}',
+            code='field-serializer-signature',
+        )
+    else:
+        return info_arg
+
+
+def inspect_model_serializer(serializer: Callable[..., Any], mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap']) -> bool:
+    """Look at a model serializer function and determine whether it takes an info argument.
+
+    An error is raised if the function has an invalid signature.
+
+    Args:
+        serializer: The serializer function to check.
+        mode: The serializer mode, either 'plain' or 'wrap'.
+
+    Returns:
+        `info_arg` - whether the function expects an info argument.
+    """
+    if isinstance(serializer, (staticmethod, classmethod)) or not is_instance_method_from_sig(serializer):
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            '`@model_serializer` must be applied to instance methods', code='model-serializer-instance-method'
+        )
+
+    sig = signature(serializer)
+    info_arg = _serializer_info_arg(mode, count_positional_required_params(sig))
+    if info_arg is None:
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            f'Unrecognized model_serializer function signature for {serializer} with `mode={mode}`:{sig}',
+            code='model-serializer-signature',
+        )
+    else:
+        return info_arg
+
+
+def _serializer_info_arg(mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap'], n_positional: int) -> bool | None:
+    if mode == 'plain':
+        if n_positional == 1:
+            # (input_value: Any, /) -> Any
+            return False
+        elif n_positional == 2:
+            # (model: Any, input_value: Any, /) -> Any
+            return True
+    else:
+        assert mode == 'wrap', f"invalid mode: {mode!r}, expected 'plain' or 'wrap'"
+        if n_positional == 2:
+            # (input_value: Any, serializer: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, /) -> Any
+            return False
+        elif n_positional == 3:
+            # (input_value: Any, serializer: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, info: SerializationInfo, /) -> Any
+            return True
+
+    return None
+
+
+AnyDecoratorCallable: TypeAlias = (
+    'Union[classmethod[Any, Any, Any], staticmethod[Any, Any], partialmethod[Any], Callable[..., Any]]'
+)
+
+
+def is_instance_method_from_sig(function: AnyDecoratorCallable) -> bool:
+    """Whether the function is an instance method.
+
+    It will consider a function as instance method if the first parameter of
+    function is `self`.
+
+    Args:
+        function: The function to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if the function is an instance method, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    sig = signature(unwrap_wrapped_function(function))
+    first = next(iter(sig.parameters.values()), None)
+    if first and first.name == 'self':
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(function: AnyDecoratorCallable) -> Any:
+    """Apply the `@classmethod` decorator on the function.
+
+    Args:
+        function: The function to apply the decorator on.
+
+    Return:
+        The `@classmethod` decorator applied function.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(
+        unwrap_wrapped_function(function, unwrap_class_static_method=False), classmethod
+    ) and _is_classmethod_from_sig(function):
+        return classmethod(function)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return function
+
+
+def _is_classmethod_from_sig(function: AnyDecoratorCallable) -> bool:
+    sig = signature(unwrap_wrapped_function(function))
+    first = next(iter(sig.parameters.values()), None)
+    if first and first.name == 'cls':
+        return True
+    return False
+
+
+def unwrap_wrapped_function(
+    func: Any,
+    *,
+    unwrap_partial: bool = True,
+    unwrap_class_static_method: bool = True,
+) -> Any:
+    """Recursively unwraps a wrapped function until the underlying function is reached.
+    This handles property, functools.partial, functools.partialmethod, staticmethod, and classmethod.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to unwrap.
+        unwrap_partial: If True (default), unwrap partial and partialmethod decorators.
+        unwrap_class_static_method: If True (default), also unwrap classmethod and staticmethod
+            decorators. If False, only unwrap partial and partialmethod decorators.
+
+    Returns:
+        The underlying function of the wrapped function.
+    """
+    # Define the types we want to check against as a single tuple.
+    unwrap_types = (
+        (property, cached_property)
+        + ((partial, partialmethod) if unwrap_partial else ())
+        + ((staticmethod, classmethod) if unwrap_class_static_method else ())
+    )
+
+    while isinstance(func, unwrap_types):
+        if unwrap_class_static_method and isinstance(func, (classmethod, staticmethod)):
+            func = func.__func__
+        elif isinstance(func, (partial, partialmethod)):
+            func = func.func
+        elif isinstance(func, property):
+            func = func.fget  # arbitrary choice, convenient for computed fields
+        else:
+            # Make coverage happy as it can only get here in the last possible case
+            assert isinstance(func, cached_property)
+            func = func.func  # type: ignore
+
+    return func
+
+
+_function_like = (
+    partial,
+    partialmethod,
+    types.FunctionType,
+    types.BuiltinFunctionType,
+    types.MethodType,
+    types.WrapperDescriptorType,
+    types.MethodWrapperType,
+    types.MemberDescriptorType,
+)
+
+
+def get_callable_return_type(
+    callable_obj: Any,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+) -> Any | PydanticUndefinedType:
+    """Get the callable return type.
+
+    Args:
+        callable_obj: The callable to analyze.
+        globalns: The globals namespace to use during type annotation evaluation.
+        localns: The locals namespace to use during type annotation evaluation.
+
+    Returns:
+        The function return type.
+    """
+    if isinstance(callable_obj, type):
+        # types are callables, and we assume the return type
+        # is the type itself (e.g. `int()` results in an instance of `int`).
+        return callable_obj
+
+    if not isinstance(callable_obj, _function_like):
+        call_func = getattr(type(callable_obj), '__call__', None)  # noqa: B004
+        if call_func is not None:
+            callable_obj = call_func
+
+    hints = get_function_type_hints(
+        unwrap_wrapped_function(callable_obj),
+        include_keys={'return'},
+        globalns=globalns,
+        localns=localns,
+    )
+    return hints.get('return', PydanticUndefined)
+
+
+def count_positional_required_params(sig: Signature) -> int:
+    """Get the number of positional (required) arguments of a signature.
+
+    This function should only be used to inspect signatures of validation and serialization functions.
+    The first argument (the value being serialized or validated) is counted as a required argument
+    even if a default value exists.
+
+    Returns:
+        The number of positional arguments of a signature.
+    """
+    parameters = list(sig.parameters.values())
+    return sum(
+        1
+        for param in parameters
+        if can_be_positional(param)
+        # First argument is the value being validated/serialized, and can have a default value
+        # (e.g. `float`, which has signature `(x=0, /)`). We assume other parameters (the info arg
+        # for instance) should be required, and thus without any default value.
+        and (param.default is Parameter.empty or param is parameters[0])
+    )
+
+
+def ensure_property(f: Any) -> Any:
+    """Ensure that a function is a `property` or `cached_property`, or is a valid descriptor.
+
+    Args:
+        f: The function to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        The function, or a `property` or `cached_property` instance wrapping the function.
+    """
+    if ismethoddescriptor(f) or isdatadescriptor(f):
+        return f
+    else:
+        return property(f)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_decorators_v1.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_decorators_v1.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34273779
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_decorators_v1.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+"""Logic for V1 validators, e.g. `@validator` and `@root_validator`."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from inspect import Parameter, signature
+from typing import Any, Union, cast
+
+from pydantic_core import core_schema
+from typing_extensions import Protocol
+
+from ..errors import PydanticUserError
+from ._utils import can_be_positional
+
+
+class V1OnlyValueValidator(Protocol):
+    """A simple validator, supported for V1 validators and V2 validators."""
+
+    def __call__(self, __value: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class V1ValidatorWithValues(Protocol):
+    """A validator with `values` argument, supported for V1 validators and V2 validators."""
+
+    def __call__(self, __value: Any, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class V1ValidatorWithValuesKwOnly(Protocol):
+    """A validator with keyword only `values` argument, supported for V1 validators and V2 validators."""
+
+    def __call__(self, __value: Any, *, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class V1ValidatorWithKwargs(Protocol):
+    """A validator with `kwargs` argument, supported for V1 validators and V2 validators."""
+
+    def __call__(self, __value: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class V1ValidatorWithValuesAndKwargs(Protocol):
+    """A validator with `values` and `kwargs` arguments, supported for V1 validators and V2 validators."""
+
+    def __call__(self, __value: Any, values: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+
+V1Validator = Union[
+    V1ValidatorWithValues, V1ValidatorWithValuesKwOnly, V1ValidatorWithKwargs, V1ValidatorWithValuesAndKwargs
+]
+
+
+def can_be_keyword(param: Parameter) -> bool:
+    return param.kind in (Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD, Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY)
+
+
+def make_generic_v1_field_validator(validator: V1Validator) -> core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction:
+    """Wrap a V1 style field validator for V2 compatibility.
+
+    Args:
+        validator: The V1 style field validator.
+
+    Returns:
+        A wrapped V2 style field validator.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticUserError: If the signature is not supported or the parameters are
+            not available in Pydantic V2.
+    """
+    sig = signature(validator)
+
+    needs_values_kw = False
+
+    for param_num, (param_name, parameter) in enumerate(sig.parameters.items()):
+        if can_be_keyword(parameter) and param_name in ('field', 'config'):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'The `field` and `config` parameters are not available in Pydantic V2, '
+                'please use the `info` parameter instead.',
+                code='validator-field-config-info',
+            )
+        if parameter.kind is Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD:
+            needs_values_kw = True
+        elif can_be_keyword(parameter) and param_name == 'values':
+            needs_values_kw = True
+        elif can_be_positional(parameter) and param_num == 0:
+            # value
+            continue
+        elif parameter.default is Parameter.empty:  # ignore params with defaults e.g. bound by functools.partial
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'Unsupported signature for V1 style validator {validator}: {sig} is not supported.',
+                code='validator-v1-signature',
+            )
+
+    if needs_values_kw:
+        # (v, **kwargs), (v, values, **kwargs), (v, *, values, **kwargs) or (v, *, values)
+        val1 = cast(V1ValidatorWithValues, validator)
+
+        def wrapper1(value: Any, info: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Any:
+            return val1(value, values=info.data)
+
+        return wrapper1
+    else:
+        val2 = cast(V1OnlyValueValidator, validator)
+
+        def wrapper2(value: Any, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Any:
+            return val2(value)
+
+        return wrapper2
+
+
+RootValidatorValues = dict[str, Any]
+# technically tuple[model_dict, model_extra, fields_set] | tuple[dataclass_dict, init_vars]
+RootValidatorFieldsTuple = tuple[Any, ...]
+
+
+class V1RootValidatorFunction(Protocol):
+    """A simple root validator, supported for V1 validators and V2 validators."""
+
+    def __call__(self, __values: RootValidatorValues) -> RootValidatorValues: ...
+
+
+class V2CoreBeforeRootValidator(Protocol):
+    """V2 validator with mode='before'."""
+
+    def __call__(self, __values: RootValidatorValues, __info: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> RootValidatorValues: ...
+
+
+class V2CoreAfterRootValidator(Protocol):
+    """V2 validator with mode='after'."""
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, __fields_tuple: RootValidatorFieldsTuple, __info: core_schema.ValidationInfo
+    ) -> RootValidatorFieldsTuple: ...
+
+
+def make_v1_generic_root_validator(
+    validator: V1RootValidatorFunction, pre: bool
+) -> V2CoreBeforeRootValidator | V2CoreAfterRootValidator:
+    """Wrap a V1 style root validator for V2 compatibility.
+
+    Args:
+        validator: The V1 style field validator.
+        pre: Whether the validator is a pre validator.
+
+    Returns:
+        A wrapped V2 style validator.
+    """
+    if pre is True:
+        # mode='before' for pydantic-core
+        def _wrapper1(values: RootValidatorValues, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> RootValidatorValues:
+            return validator(values)
+
+        return _wrapper1
+
+    # mode='after' for pydantic-core
+    def _wrapper2(fields_tuple: RootValidatorFieldsTuple, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> RootValidatorFieldsTuple:
+        if len(fields_tuple) == 2:
+            # dataclass, this is easy
+            values, init_vars = fields_tuple
+            values = validator(values)
+            return values, init_vars
+        else:
+            # ugly hack: to match v1 behaviour, we merge values and model_extra, then split them up based on fields
+            # afterwards
+            model_dict, model_extra, fields_set = fields_tuple
+            if model_extra:
+                fields = set(model_dict.keys())
+                model_dict.update(model_extra)
+                model_dict_new = validator(model_dict)
+                for k in list(model_dict_new.keys()):
+                    if k not in fields:
+                        model_extra[k] = model_dict_new.pop(k)
+            else:
+                model_dict_new = validator(model_dict)
+            return model_dict_new, model_extra, fields_set
+
+    return _wrapper2
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_discriminated_union.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_discriminated_union.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5dd6fdaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_discriminated_union.py
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Hashable, Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, core_schema
+
+from ..errors import PydanticUserError
+from . import _core_utils
+from ._core_utils import (
+    CoreSchemaField,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..types import Discriminator
+    from ._core_metadata import CoreMetadata
+
+
+class MissingDefinitionForUnionRef(Exception):
+    """Raised when applying a discriminated union discriminator to a schema
+    requires a definition that is not yet defined
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, ref: str) -> None:
+        self.ref = ref
+        super().__init__(f'Missing definition for ref {self.ref!r}')
+
+
+def set_discriminator_in_metadata(schema: CoreSchema, discriminator: Any) -> None:
+    metadata = cast('CoreMetadata', schema.setdefault('metadata', {}))
+    metadata['pydantic_internal_union_discriminator'] = discriminator
+
+
+def apply_discriminator(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    discriminator: str | Discriminator,
+    definitions: dict[str, core_schema.CoreSchema] | None = None,
+) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    """Applies the discriminator and returns a new core schema.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The input schema.
+        discriminator: The name of the field which will serve as the discriminator.
+        definitions: A mapping of schema ref to schema.
+
+    Returns:
+        The new core schema.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError:
+            - If `discriminator` is used with invalid union variant.
+            - If `discriminator` is used with `Union` type with one variant.
+            - If `discriminator` value mapped to multiple choices.
+        MissingDefinitionForUnionRef:
+            If the definition for ref is missing.
+        PydanticUserError:
+            - If a model in union doesn't have a discriminator field.
+            - If discriminator field has a non-string alias.
+            - If discriminator fields have different aliases.
+            - If discriminator field not of type `Literal`.
+    """
+    from ..types import Discriminator
+
+    if isinstance(discriminator, Discriminator):
+        if isinstance(discriminator.discriminator, str):
+            discriminator = discriminator.discriminator
+        else:
+            return discriminator._convert_schema(schema)
+
+    return _ApplyInferredDiscriminator(discriminator, definitions or {}).apply(schema)
+
+
+class _ApplyInferredDiscriminator:
+    """This class is used to convert an input schema containing a union schema into one where that union is
+    replaced with a tagged-union, with all the associated debugging and performance benefits.
+
+    This is done by:
+    * Validating that the input schema is compatible with the provided discriminator
+    * Introspecting the schema to determine which discriminator values should map to which union choices
+    * Handling various edge cases such as 'definitions', 'default', 'nullable' schemas, and more
+
+    I have chosen to implement the conversion algorithm in this class, rather than a function,
+    to make it easier to maintain state while recursively walking the provided CoreSchema.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, discriminator: str, definitions: dict[str, core_schema.CoreSchema]):
+        # `discriminator` should be the name of the field which will serve as the discriminator.
+        # It must be the python name of the field, and *not* the field's alias. Note that as of now,
+        # all members of a discriminated union _must_ use a field with the same name as the discriminator.
+        # This may change if/when we expose a way to manually specify the TaggedUnionSchema's choices.
+        self.discriminator = discriminator
+
+        # `definitions` should contain a mapping of schema ref to schema for all schemas which might
+        # be referenced by some choice
+        self.definitions = definitions
+
+        # `_discriminator_alias` will hold the value, if present, of the alias for the discriminator
+        #
+        # Note: following the v1 implementation, we currently disallow the use of different aliases
+        # for different choices. This is not a limitation of pydantic_core, but if we try to handle
+        # this, the inference logic gets complicated very quickly, and could result in confusing
+        # debugging challenges for users making subtle mistakes.
+        #
+        # Rather than trying to do the most powerful inference possible, I think we should eventually
+        # expose a way to more-manually control the way the TaggedUnionSchema is constructed through
+        # the use of a new type which would be placed as an Annotation on the Union type. This would
+        # provide the full flexibility/power of pydantic_core's TaggedUnionSchema where necessary for
+        # more complex cases, without over-complicating the inference logic for the common cases.
+        self._discriminator_alias: str | None = None
+
+        # `_should_be_nullable` indicates whether the converted union has `None` as an allowed value.
+        # If `None` is an acceptable value of the (possibly-wrapped) union, we ignore it while
+        # constructing the TaggedUnionSchema, but set the `_should_be_nullable` attribute to True.
+        # Once we have constructed the TaggedUnionSchema, if `_should_be_nullable` is True, we ensure
+        # that the final schema gets wrapped as a NullableSchema. This has the same semantics on the
+        # python side, but resolves the issue that `None` cannot correspond to any discriminator values.
+        self._should_be_nullable = False
+
+        # `_is_nullable` is used to track if the final produced schema will definitely be nullable;
+        # we set it to True if the input schema is wrapped in a nullable schema that we know will be preserved
+        # as an indication that, even if None is discovered as one of the union choices, we will not need to wrap
+        # the final value in another nullable schema.
+        #
+        # This is more complicated than just checking for the final outermost schema having type 'nullable' thanks
+        # to the possible presence of other wrapper schemas such as DefinitionsSchema, WithDefaultSchema, etc.
+        self._is_nullable = False
+
+        # `_choices_to_handle` serves as a stack of choices to add to the tagged union. Initially, choices
+        # from the union in the wrapped schema will be appended to this list, and the recursive choice-handling
+        # algorithm may add more choices to this stack as (nested) unions are encountered.
+        self._choices_to_handle: list[core_schema.CoreSchema] = []
+
+        # `_tagged_union_choices` is built during the call to `apply`, and will hold the choices to be included
+        # in the output TaggedUnionSchema that will replace the union from the input schema
+        self._tagged_union_choices: dict[Hashable, core_schema.CoreSchema] = {}
+
+        # `_used` is changed to True after applying the discriminator to prevent accidental reuse
+        self._used = False
+
+    def apply(self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Return a new CoreSchema based on `schema` that uses a tagged-union with the discriminator provided
+        to this class.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The input schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new core schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError:
+                - If `discriminator` is used with invalid union variant.
+                - If `discriminator` is used with `Union` type with one variant.
+                - If `discriminator` value mapped to multiple choices.
+            ValueError:
+                If the definition for ref is missing.
+            PydanticUserError:
+                - If a model in union doesn't have a discriminator field.
+                - If discriminator field has a non-string alias.
+                - If discriminator fields have different aliases.
+                - If discriminator field not of type `Literal`.
+        """
+        assert not self._used
+        schema = self._apply_to_root(schema)
+        if self._should_be_nullable and not self._is_nullable:
+            schema = core_schema.nullable_schema(schema)
+        self._used = True
+        return schema
+
+    def _apply_to_root(self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """This method handles the outer-most stage of recursion over the input schema:
+        unwrapping nullable or definitions schemas, and calling the `_handle_choice`
+        method iteratively on the choices extracted (recursively) from the possibly-wrapped union.
+        """
+        if schema['type'] == 'nullable':
+            self._is_nullable = True
+            wrapped = self._apply_to_root(schema['schema'])
+            nullable_wrapper = schema.copy()
+            nullable_wrapper['schema'] = wrapped
+            return nullable_wrapper
+
+        if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+            wrapped = self._apply_to_root(schema['schema'])
+            definitions_wrapper = schema.copy()
+            definitions_wrapper['schema'] = wrapped
+            return definitions_wrapper
+
+        if schema['type'] != 'union':
+            # If the schema is not a union, it probably means it just had a single member and
+            # was flattened by pydantic_core.
+            # However, it still may make sense to apply the discriminator to this schema,
+            # as a way to get discriminated-union-style error messages, so we allow this here.
+            schema = core_schema.union_schema([schema])
+
+        # Reverse the choices list before extending the stack so that they get handled in the order they occur
+        choices_schemas = [v[0] if isinstance(v, tuple) else v for v in schema['choices'][::-1]]
+        self._choices_to_handle.extend(choices_schemas)
+        while self._choices_to_handle:
+            choice = self._choices_to_handle.pop()
+            self._handle_choice(choice)
+
+        if self._discriminator_alias is not None and self._discriminator_alias != self.discriminator:
+            # * We need to annotate `discriminator` as a union here to handle both branches of this conditional
+            # * We need to annotate `discriminator` as list[list[str | int]] and not list[list[str]] due to the
+            #   invariance of list, and because list[list[str | int]] is the type of the discriminator argument
+            #   to tagged_union_schema below
+            # * See the docstring of pydantic_core.core_schema.tagged_union_schema for more details about how to
+            #   interpret the value of the discriminator argument to tagged_union_schema. (The list[list[str]] here
+            #   is the appropriate way to provide a list of fallback attributes to check for a discriminator value.)
+            discriminator: str | list[list[str | int]] = [[self.discriminator], [self._discriminator_alias]]
+        else:
+            discriminator = self.discriminator
+        return core_schema.tagged_union_schema(
+            choices=self._tagged_union_choices,
+            discriminator=discriminator,
+            custom_error_type=schema.get('custom_error_type'),
+            custom_error_message=schema.get('custom_error_message'),
+            custom_error_context=schema.get('custom_error_context'),
+            strict=False,
+            from_attributes=True,
+            ref=schema.get('ref'),
+            metadata=schema.get('metadata'),
+            serialization=schema.get('serialization'),
+        )
+
+    def _handle_choice(self, choice: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> None:
+        """This method handles the "middle" stage of recursion over the input schema.
+        Specifically, it is responsible for handling each choice of the outermost union
+        (and any "coalesced" choices obtained from inner unions).
+
+        Here, "handling" entails:
+        * Coalescing nested unions and compatible tagged-unions
+        * Tracking the presence of 'none' and 'nullable' schemas occurring as choices
+        * Validating that each allowed discriminator value maps to a unique choice
+        * Updating the _tagged_union_choices mapping that will ultimately be used to build the TaggedUnionSchema.
+        """
+        if choice['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+            if choice['schema_ref'] not in self.definitions:
+                raise MissingDefinitionForUnionRef(choice['schema_ref'])
+
+        if choice['type'] == 'none':
+            self._should_be_nullable = True
+        elif choice['type'] == 'definitions':
+            self._handle_choice(choice['schema'])
+        elif choice['type'] == 'nullable':
+            self._should_be_nullable = True
+            self._handle_choice(choice['schema'])  # unwrap the nullable schema
+        elif choice['type'] == 'union':
+            # Reverse the choices list before extending the stack so that they get handled in the order they occur
+            choices_schemas = [v[0] if isinstance(v, tuple) else v for v in choice['choices'][::-1]]
+            self._choices_to_handle.extend(choices_schemas)
+        elif choice['type'] not in {
+            'model',
+            'typed-dict',
+            'tagged-union',
+            'lax-or-strict',
+            'dataclass',
+            'dataclass-args',
+            'definition-ref',
+        } and not _core_utils.is_function_with_inner_schema(choice):
+            # We should eventually handle 'definition-ref' as well
+            err_str = f'The core schema type {choice["type"]!r} is not a valid discriminated union variant.'
+            if choice['type'] == 'list':
+                err_str += (
+                    ' If you are making use of a list of union types, make sure the discriminator is applied to the '
+                    'union type and not the list (e.g. `list[Annotated[<T> | <U>, Field(discriminator=...)]]`).'
+                )
+            raise TypeError(err_str)
+        else:
+            if choice['type'] == 'tagged-union' and self._is_discriminator_shared(choice):
+                # In this case, this inner tagged-union is compatible with the outer tagged-union,
+                # and its choices can be coalesced into the outer TaggedUnionSchema.
+                subchoices = [x for x in choice['choices'].values() if not isinstance(x, (str, int))]
+                # Reverse the choices list before extending the stack so that they get handled in the order they occur
+                self._choices_to_handle.extend(subchoices[::-1])
+                return
+
+            inferred_discriminator_values = self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice, source_name=None)
+            self._set_unique_choice_for_values(choice, inferred_discriminator_values)
+
+    def _is_discriminator_shared(self, choice: core_schema.TaggedUnionSchema) -> bool:
+        """This method returns a boolean indicating whether the discriminator for the `choice`
+        is the same as that being used for the outermost tagged union. This is used to
+        determine whether this TaggedUnionSchema choice should be "coalesced" into the top level,
+        or whether it should be treated as a separate (nested) choice.
+        """
+        inner_discriminator = choice['discriminator']
+        return inner_discriminator == self.discriminator or (
+            isinstance(inner_discriminator, list)
+            and (self.discriminator in inner_discriminator or [self.discriminator] in inner_discriminator)
+        )
+
+    def _infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(  # noqa C901
+        self, choice: core_schema.CoreSchema, source_name: str | None
+    ) -> list[str | int]:
+        """This function recurses over `choice`, extracting all discriminator values that should map to this choice.
+
+        `model_name` is accepted for the purpose of producing useful error messages.
+        """
+        if choice['type'] == 'definitions':
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice['schema'], source_name=source_name)
+
+        elif _core_utils.is_function_with_inner_schema(choice):
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice['schema'], source_name=source_name)
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'lax-or-strict':
+            return sorted(
+                set(
+                    self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice['lax_schema'], source_name=None)
+                    + self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice['strict_schema'], source_name=None)
+                )
+            )
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'tagged-union':
+            values: list[str | int] = []
+            # Ignore str/int "choices" since these are just references to other choices
+            subchoices = [x for x in choice['choices'].values() if not isinstance(x, (str, int))]
+            for subchoice in subchoices:
+                subchoice_values = self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(subchoice, source_name=None)
+                values.extend(subchoice_values)
+            return values
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'union':
+            values = []
+            for subchoice in choice['choices']:
+                subchoice_schema = subchoice[0] if isinstance(subchoice, tuple) else subchoice
+                subchoice_values = self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(subchoice_schema, source_name=None)
+                values.extend(subchoice_values)
+            return values
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'nullable':
+            self._should_be_nullable = True
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice['schema'], source_name=None)
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'model':
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice['schema'], source_name=choice['cls'].__name__)
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'dataclass':
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(choice['schema'], source_name=choice['cls'].__name__)
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'model-fields':
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_model_choice(choice, source_name=source_name)
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'dataclass-args':
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_dataclass_choice(choice, source_name=source_name)
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'typed-dict':
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_typed_dict_choice(choice, source_name=source_name)
+
+        elif choice['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+            schema_ref = choice['schema_ref']
+            if schema_ref not in self.definitions:
+                raise MissingDefinitionForUnionRef(schema_ref)
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_choice(self.definitions[schema_ref], source_name=source_name)
+        else:
+            err_str = f'The core schema type {choice["type"]!r} is not a valid discriminated union variant.'
+            if choice['type'] == 'list':
+                err_str += (
+                    ' If you are making use of a list of union types, make sure the discriminator is applied to the '
+                    'union type and not the list (e.g. `list[Annotated[<T> | <U>, Field(discriminator=...)]]`).'
+                )
+            raise TypeError(err_str)
+
+    def _infer_discriminator_values_for_typed_dict_choice(
+        self, choice: core_schema.TypedDictSchema, source_name: str | None = None
+    ) -> list[str | int]:
+        """This method just extracts the _infer_discriminator_values_for_choice logic specific to TypedDictSchema
+        for the sake of readability.
+        """
+        source = 'TypedDict' if source_name is None else f'TypedDict {source_name!r}'
+        field = choice['fields'].get(self.discriminator)
+        if field is None:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'{source} needs a discriminator field for key {self.discriminator!r}', code='discriminator-no-field'
+            )
+        return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_field(field, source)
+
+    def _infer_discriminator_values_for_model_choice(
+        self, choice: core_schema.ModelFieldsSchema, source_name: str | None = None
+    ) -> list[str | int]:
+        source = 'ModelFields' if source_name is None else f'Model {source_name!r}'
+        field = choice['fields'].get(self.discriminator)
+        if field is None:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'{source} needs a discriminator field for key {self.discriminator!r}', code='discriminator-no-field'
+            )
+        return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_field(field, source)
+
+    def _infer_discriminator_values_for_dataclass_choice(
+        self, choice: core_schema.DataclassArgsSchema, source_name: str | None = None
+    ) -> list[str | int]:
+        source = 'DataclassArgs' if source_name is None else f'Dataclass {source_name!r}'
+        for field in choice['fields']:
+            if field['name'] == self.discriminator:
+                break
+        else:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'{source} needs a discriminator field for key {self.discriminator!r}', code='discriminator-no-field'
+            )
+        return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_field(field, source)
+
+    def _infer_discriminator_values_for_field(self, field: CoreSchemaField, source: str) -> list[str | int]:
+        if field['type'] == 'computed-field':
+            # This should never occur as a discriminator, as it is only relevant to serialization
+            return []
+        alias = field.get('validation_alias', self.discriminator)
+        if not isinstance(alias, str):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'Alias {alias!r} is not supported in a discriminated union', code='discriminator-alias-type'
+            )
+        if self._discriminator_alias is None:
+            self._discriminator_alias = alias
+        elif self._discriminator_alias != alias:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'Aliases for discriminator {self.discriminator!r} must be the same '
+                f'(got {alias}, {self._discriminator_alias})',
+                code='discriminator-alias',
+            )
+        return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_inner_schema(field['schema'], source)
+
+    def _infer_discriminator_values_for_inner_schema(
+        self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, source: str
+    ) -> list[str | int]:
+        """When inferring discriminator values for a field, we typically extract the expected values from a literal
+        schema. This function does that, but also handles nested unions and defaults.
+        """
+        if schema['type'] == 'literal':
+            return schema['expected']
+
+        elif schema['type'] == 'union':
+            # Generally when multiple values are allowed they should be placed in a single `Literal`, but
+            # we add this case to handle the situation where a field is annotated as a `Union` of `Literal`s.
+            # For example, this lets us handle `Union[Literal['key'], Union[Literal['Key'], Literal['KEY']]]`
+            values: list[Any] = []
+            for choice in schema['choices']:
+                choice_schema = choice[0] if isinstance(choice, tuple) else choice
+                choice_values = self._infer_discriminator_values_for_inner_schema(choice_schema, source)
+                values.extend(choice_values)
+            return values
+
+        elif schema['type'] == 'default':
+            # This will happen if the field has a default value; we ignore it while extracting the discriminator values
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_inner_schema(schema['schema'], source)
+
+        elif schema['type'] == 'function-after':
+            # After validators don't affect the discriminator values
+            return self._infer_discriminator_values_for_inner_schema(schema['schema'], source)
+
+        elif schema['type'] in {'function-before', 'function-wrap', 'function-plain'}:
+            validator_type = repr(schema['type'].split('-')[1])
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'Cannot use a mode={validator_type} validator in the'
+                f' discriminator field {self.discriminator!r} of {source}',
+                code='discriminator-validator',
+            )
+
+        else:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'{source} needs field {self.discriminator!r} to be of type `Literal`',
+                code='discriminator-needs-literal',
+            )
+
+    def _set_unique_choice_for_values(self, choice: core_schema.CoreSchema, values: Sequence[str | int]) -> None:
+        """This method updates `self.tagged_union_choices` so that all provided (discriminator) `values` map to the
+        provided `choice`, validating that none of these values already map to another (different) choice.
+        """
+        for discriminator_value in values:
+            if discriminator_value in self._tagged_union_choices:
+                # It is okay if `value` is already in tagged_union_choices as long as it maps to the same value.
+                # Because tagged_union_choices may map values to other values, we need to walk the choices dict
+                # until we get to a "real" choice, and confirm that is equal to the one assigned.
+                existing_choice = self._tagged_union_choices[discriminator_value]
+                if existing_choice != choice:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f'Value {discriminator_value!r} for discriminator '
+                        f'{self.discriminator!r} mapped to multiple choices'
+                    )
+            else:
+                self._tagged_union_choices[discriminator_value] = choice
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_docs_extraction.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_docs_extraction.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b5f310f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_docs_extraction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+"""Utilities related to attribute docstring extraction."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+import inspect
+import textwrap
+from typing import Any
+
+
+class DocstringVisitor(ast.NodeVisitor):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.target: str | None = None
+        self.attrs: dict[str, str] = {}
+        self.previous_node_type: type[ast.AST] | None = None
+
+    def visit(self, node: ast.AST) -> Any:
+        node_result = super().visit(node)
+        self.previous_node_type = type(node)
+        return node_result
+
+    def visit_AnnAssign(self, node: ast.AnnAssign) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(node.target, ast.Name):
+            self.target = node.target.id
+
+    def visit_Expr(self, node: ast.Expr) -> Any:
+        if (
+            isinstance(node.value, ast.Constant)
+            and isinstance(node.value.value, str)
+            and self.previous_node_type is ast.AnnAssign
+        ):
+            docstring = inspect.cleandoc(node.value.value)
+            if self.target:
+                self.attrs[self.target] = docstring
+            self.target = None
+
+
+def _dedent_source_lines(source: list[str]) -> str:
+    # Required for nested class definitions, e.g. in a function block
+    dedent_source = textwrap.dedent(''.join(source))
+    if dedent_source.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+        # We are in the case where there's a dedented (usually multiline) string
+        # at a lower indentation level than the class itself. We wrap our class
+        # in a function as a workaround.
+        dedent_source = f'def dedent_workaround():\n{dedent_source}'
+    return dedent_source
+
+
+def _extract_source_from_frame(cls: type[Any]) -> list[str] | None:
+    frame = inspect.currentframe()
+
+    while frame:
+        if inspect.getmodule(frame) is inspect.getmodule(cls):
+            lnum = frame.f_lineno
+            try:
+                lines, _ = inspect.findsource(frame)
+            except OSError:  # pragma: no cover
+                # Source can't be retrieved (maybe because running in an interactive terminal),
+                # we don't want to error here.
+                pass
+            else:
+                block_lines = inspect.getblock(lines[lnum - 1 :])
+                dedent_source = _dedent_source_lines(block_lines)
+                try:
+                    block_tree = ast.parse(dedent_source)
+                except SyntaxError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    stmt = block_tree.body[0]
+                    if isinstance(stmt, ast.FunctionDef) and stmt.name == 'dedent_workaround':
+                        # `_dedent_source_lines` wrapped the class around the workaround function
+                        stmt = stmt.body[0]
+                    if isinstance(stmt, ast.ClassDef) and stmt.name == cls.__name__:
+                        return block_lines
+
+        frame = frame.f_back
+
+
+def extract_docstrings_from_cls(cls: type[Any], use_inspect: bool = False) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """Map model attributes and their corresponding docstring.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The class of the Pydantic model to inspect.
+        use_inspect: Whether to skip usage of frames to find the object and use
+            the `inspect` module instead.
+
+    Returns:
+        A mapping containing attribute names and their corresponding docstring.
+    """
+    if use_inspect:
+        # Might not work as expected if two classes have the same name in the same source file.
+        try:
+            source, _ = inspect.getsourcelines(cls)
+        except OSError:  # pragma: no cover
+            return {}
+    else:
+        source = _extract_source_from_frame(cls)
+
+    if not source:
+        return {}
+
+    dedent_source = _dedent_source_lines(source)
+
+    visitor = DocstringVisitor()
+    visitor.visit(ast.parse(dedent_source))
+    return visitor.attrs
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_fields.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9a7995c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,460 @@
+"""Private logic related to fields (the `Field()` function and `FieldInfo` class), and arguments to `Annotated`."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from copy import copy
+from functools import cache
+from inspect import Parameter, ismethoddescriptor, signature
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, TypeVar
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+from typing_extensions import TypeIs, get_origin
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+from typing_inspection.introspection import AnnotationSource
+
+from pydantic import PydanticDeprecatedSince211
+from pydantic.errors import PydanticUserError
+
+from . import _generics, _typing_extra
+from ._config import ConfigWrapper
+from ._docs_extraction import extract_docstrings_from_cls
+from ._import_utils import import_cached_base_model, import_cached_field_info
+from ._namespace_utils import NsResolver
+from ._repr import Representation
+from ._utils import can_be_positional
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from annotated_types import BaseMetadata
+
+    from ..fields import FieldInfo
+    from ..main import BaseModel
+    from ._dataclasses import StandardDataclass
+    from ._decorators import DecoratorInfos
+
+
+class PydanticMetadata(Representation):
+    """Base class for annotation markers like `Strict`."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+def pydantic_general_metadata(**metadata: Any) -> BaseMetadata:
+    """Create a new `_PydanticGeneralMetadata` class with the given metadata.
+
+    Args:
+        **metadata: The metadata to add.
+
+    Returns:
+        The new `_PydanticGeneralMetadata` class.
+    """
+    return _general_metadata_cls()(metadata)  # type: ignore
+
+
+@cache
+def _general_metadata_cls() -> type[BaseMetadata]:
+    """Do it this way to avoid importing `annotated_types` at import time."""
+    from annotated_types import BaseMetadata
+
+    class _PydanticGeneralMetadata(PydanticMetadata, BaseMetadata):
+        """Pydantic general metadata like `max_digits`."""
+
+        def __init__(self, metadata: Any):
+            self.__dict__ = metadata
+
+    return _PydanticGeneralMetadata  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _update_fields_from_docstrings(cls: type[Any], fields: dict[str, FieldInfo], use_inspect: bool = False) -> None:
+    fields_docs = extract_docstrings_from_cls(cls, use_inspect=use_inspect)
+    for ann_name, field_info in fields.items():
+        if field_info.description is None and ann_name in fields_docs:
+            field_info.description = fields_docs[ann_name]
+
+
+def collect_model_fields(  # noqa: C901
+    cls: type[BaseModel],
+    config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None,
+    *,
+    typevars_map: Mapping[TypeVar, Any] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[dict[str, FieldInfo], set[str]]:
+    """Collect the fields and class variables names of a nascent Pydantic model.
+
+    The fields collection process is *lenient*, meaning it won't error if string annotations
+    fail to evaluate. If this happens, the original annotation (and assigned value, if any)
+    is stored on the created `FieldInfo` instance.
+
+    The `rebuild_model_fields()` should be called at a later point (e.g. when rebuilding the model),
+    and will make use of these stored attributes.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: BaseModel or dataclass.
+        config_wrapper: The config wrapper instance.
+        ns_resolver: Namespace resolver to use when getting model annotations.
+        typevars_map: A dictionary mapping type variables to their concrete types.
+
+    Returns:
+        A two-tuple containing model fields and class variables names.
+
+    Raises:
+        NameError:
+            - If there is a conflict between a field name and protected namespaces.
+            - If there is a field other than `root` in `RootModel`.
+            - If a field shadows an attribute in the parent model.
+    """
+    BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+    FieldInfo_ = import_cached_field_info()
+
+    bases = cls.__bases__
+    parent_fields_lookup: dict[str, FieldInfo] = {}
+    for base in reversed(bases):
+        if model_fields := getattr(base, '__pydantic_fields__', None):
+            parent_fields_lookup.update(model_fields)
+
+    type_hints = _typing_extra.get_model_type_hints(cls, ns_resolver=ns_resolver)
+
+    # https://docs.python.org/3/howto/annotations.html#accessing-the-annotations-dict-of-an-object-in-python-3-9-and-older
+    # annotations is only used for finding fields in parent classes
+    annotations = cls.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {})
+    fields: dict[str, FieldInfo] = {}
+
+    class_vars: set[str] = set()
+    for ann_name, (ann_type, evaluated) in type_hints.items():
+        if ann_name == 'model_config':
+            # We never want to treat `model_config` as a field
+            # Note: we may need to change this logic if/when we introduce a `BareModel` class with no
+            # protected namespaces (where `model_config` might be allowed as a field name)
+            continue
+
+        for protected_namespace in config_wrapper.protected_namespaces:
+            ns_violation: bool = False
+            if isinstance(protected_namespace, Pattern):
+                ns_violation = protected_namespace.match(ann_name) is not None
+            elif isinstance(protected_namespace, str):
+                ns_violation = ann_name.startswith(protected_namespace)
+
+            if ns_violation:
+                for b in bases:
+                    if hasattr(b, ann_name):
+                        if not (issubclass(b, BaseModel) and ann_name in getattr(b, '__pydantic_fields__', {})):
+                            raise NameError(
+                                f'Field "{ann_name}" conflicts with member {getattr(b, ann_name)}'
+                                f' of protected namespace "{protected_namespace}".'
+                            )
+                else:
+                    valid_namespaces = ()
+                    for pn in config_wrapper.protected_namespaces:
+                        if isinstance(pn, Pattern):
+                            if not pn.match(ann_name):
+                                valid_namespaces += (f're.compile({pn.pattern})',)
+                        else:
+                            if not ann_name.startswith(pn):
+                                valid_namespaces += (pn,)
+
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        f'Field "{ann_name}" in {cls.__name__} has conflict with protected namespace "{protected_namespace}".'
+                        '\n\nYou may be able to resolve this warning by setting'
+                        f" `model_config['protected_namespaces'] = {valid_namespaces}`.",
+                        UserWarning,
+                    )
+        if _typing_extra.is_classvar_annotation(ann_type):
+            class_vars.add(ann_name)
+            continue
+
+        assigned_value = getattr(cls, ann_name, PydanticUndefined)
+
+        if not is_valid_field_name(ann_name):
+            continue
+        if cls.__pydantic_root_model__ and ann_name != 'root':
+            raise NameError(
+                f"Unexpected field with name {ann_name!r}; only 'root' is allowed as a field of a `RootModel`"
+            )
+
+        # when building a generic model with `MyModel[int]`, the generic_origin check makes sure we don't get
+        # "... shadows an attribute" warnings
+        generic_origin = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', {}).get('origin')
+        for base in bases:
+            dataclass_fields = {
+                field.name for field in (dataclasses.fields(base) if dataclasses.is_dataclass(base) else ())
+            }
+            if hasattr(base, ann_name):
+                if base is generic_origin:
+                    # Don't warn when "shadowing" of attributes in parametrized generics
+                    continue
+
+                if ann_name in dataclass_fields:
+                    # Don't warn when inheriting stdlib dataclasses whose fields are "shadowed" by defaults being set
+                    # on the class instance.
+                    continue
+
+                if ann_name not in annotations:
+                    # Don't warn when a field exists in a parent class but has not been defined in the current class
+                    continue
+
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f'Field name "{ann_name}" in "{cls.__qualname__}" shadows an attribute in parent '
+                    f'"{base.__qualname__}"',
+                    UserWarning,
+                )
+
+        if assigned_value is PydanticUndefined:  # no assignment, just a plain annotation
+            if ann_name in annotations or ann_name not in parent_fields_lookup:
+                # field is either:
+                # - present in the current model's annotations (and *not* from parent classes)
+                # - not found on any base classes; this seems to be caused by fields bot getting
+                #   generated due to models not being fully defined while initializing recursive models.
+                #   Nothing stops us from just creating a `FieldInfo` for this type hint, so we do this.
+                field_info = FieldInfo_.from_annotation(ann_type, _source=AnnotationSource.CLASS)
+                if not evaluated:
+                    field_info._complete = False
+                    # Store the original annotation that should be used to rebuild
+                    # the field info later:
+                    field_info._original_annotation = ann_type
+            else:
+                # The field was present on one of the (possibly multiple) base classes
+                # copy the field to make sure typevar substitutions don't cause issues with the base classes
+                field_info = copy(parent_fields_lookup[ann_name])
+
+        else:  # An assigned value is present (either the default value, or a `Field()` function)
+            _warn_on_nested_alias_in_annotation(ann_type, ann_name)
+            if isinstance(assigned_value, FieldInfo_) and ismethoddescriptor(assigned_value.default):
+                # `assigned_value` was fetched using `getattr`, which triggers a call to `__get__`
+                # for descriptors, so we do the same if the `= field(default=...)` form is used.
+                # Note that we only do this for method descriptors for now, we might want to
+                # extend this to any descriptor in the future (by simply checking for
+                # `hasattr(assigned_value.default, '__get__')`).
+                assigned_value.default = assigned_value.default.__get__(None, cls)
+
+            # The `from_annotated_attribute()` call below mutates the assigned `Field()`, so make a copy:
+            original_assignment = (
+                copy(assigned_value) if not evaluated and isinstance(assigned_value, FieldInfo_) else assigned_value
+            )
+
+            field_info = FieldInfo_.from_annotated_attribute(ann_type, assigned_value, _source=AnnotationSource.CLASS)
+            if not evaluated:
+                field_info._complete = False
+                # Store the original annotation and assignment value that should be used to rebuild
+                # the field info later:
+                field_info._original_annotation = ann_type
+                field_info._original_assignment = original_assignment
+            elif 'final' in field_info._qualifiers and not field_info.is_required():
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f'Annotation {ann_name!r} is marked as final and has a default value. Pydantic treats {ann_name!r} as a '
+                    'class variable, but it will be considered as a normal field in V3 to be aligned with dataclasses. If you '
+                    f'still want {ann_name!r} to be considered as a class variable, annotate it as: `ClassVar[<type>] = <default>.`',
+                    category=PydanticDeprecatedSince211,
+                    # Incorrect when `create_model` is used, but the chance that final with a default is used is low in that case:
+                    stacklevel=4,
+                )
+                class_vars.add(ann_name)
+                continue
+
+            # attributes which are fields are removed from the class namespace:
+            # 1. To match the behaviour of annotation-only fields
+            # 2. To avoid false positives in the NameError check above
+            try:
+                delattr(cls, ann_name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass  # indicates the attribute was on a parent class
+
+        # Use cls.__dict__['__pydantic_decorators__'] instead of cls.__pydantic_decorators__
+        # to make sure the decorators have already been built for this exact class
+        decorators: DecoratorInfos = cls.__dict__['__pydantic_decorators__']
+        if ann_name in decorators.computed_fields:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'Field {ann_name!r} of class {cls.__name__!r} overrides symbol of same name in a parent class. '
+                'This override with a computed_field is incompatible.'
+            )
+        fields[ann_name] = field_info
+
+    if typevars_map:
+        for field in fields.values():
+            if field._complete:
+                field.apply_typevars_map(typevars_map)
+
+    if config_wrapper.use_attribute_docstrings:
+        _update_fields_from_docstrings(cls, fields)
+    return fields, class_vars
+
+
+def _warn_on_nested_alias_in_annotation(ann_type: type[Any], ann_name: str) -> None:
+    FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+    args = getattr(ann_type, '__args__', None)
+    if args:
+        for anno_arg in args:
+            if typing_objects.is_annotated(get_origin(anno_arg)):
+                for anno_type_arg in _typing_extra.get_args(anno_arg):
+                    if isinstance(anno_type_arg, FieldInfo) and anno_type_arg.alias is not None:
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            f'`alias` specification on field "{ann_name}" must be set on outermost annotation to take effect.',
+                            UserWarning,
+                        )
+                        return
+
+
+def rebuild_model_fields(
+    cls: type[BaseModel],
+    *,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver,
+    typevars_map: Mapping[TypeVar, Any],
+) -> dict[str, FieldInfo]:
+    """Rebuild the (already present) model fields by trying to reevaluate annotations.
+
+    This function should be called whenever a model with incomplete fields is encountered.
+
+    Note:
+        This function *doesn't* mutate the model fields in place, as it can be called during
+        schema generation, where you don't want to mutate other model's fields.
+    """
+    FieldInfo_ = import_cached_field_info()
+
+    rebuilt_fields: dict[str, FieldInfo] = {}
+    with ns_resolver.push(cls):
+        for f_name, field_info in cls.__pydantic_fields__.items():
+            if field_info._complete:
+                rebuilt_fields[f_name] = field_info
+            else:
+                existing_desc = field_info.description
+                ann = _typing_extra.eval_type(
+                    field_info._original_annotation,
+                    *ns_resolver.types_namespace,
+                )
+                ann = _generics.replace_types(ann, typevars_map)
+
+                if (assign := field_info._original_assignment) is PydanticUndefined:
+                    new_field = FieldInfo_.from_annotation(ann, _source=AnnotationSource.CLASS)
+                else:
+                    new_field = FieldInfo_.from_annotated_attribute(ann, assign, _source=AnnotationSource.CLASS)
+                # The description might come from the docstring if `use_attribute_docstrings` was `True`:
+                new_field.description = new_field.description if new_field.description is not None else existing_desc
+                rebuilt_fields[f_name] = new_field
+
+    return rebuilt_fields
+
+
+def collect_dataclass_fields(
+    cls: type[StandardDataclass],
+    *,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+    typevars_map: dict[Any, Any] | None = None,
+    config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, FieldInfo]:
+    """Collect the fields of a dataclass.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: dataclass.
+        ns_resolver: Namespace resolver to use when getting dataclass annotations.
+            Defaults to an empty instance.
+        typevars_map: A dictionary mapping type variables to their concrete types.
+        config_wrapper: The config wrapper instance.
+
+    Returns:
+        The dataclass fields.
+    """
+    FieldInfo_ = import_cached_field_info()
+
+    fields: dict[str, FieldInfo] = {}
+    ns_resolver = ns_resolver or NsResolver()
+    dataclass_fields = cls.__dataclass_fields__
+
+    # The logic here is similar to `_typing_extra.get_cls_type_hints`,
+    # although we do it manually as stdlib dataclasses already have annotations
+    # collected in each class:
+    for base in reversed(cls.__mro__):
+        if not dataclasses.is_dataclass(base):
+            continue
+
+        with ns_resolver.push(base):
+            for ann_name, dataclass_field in dataclass_fields.items():
+                if ann_name not in base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {}):
+                    # `__dataclass_fields__`contains every field, even the ones from base classes.
+                    # Only collect the ones defined on `base`.
+                    continue
+
+                globalns, localns = ns_resolver.types_namespace
+                ann_type, _ = _typing_extra.try_eval_type(dataclass_field.type, globalns, localns)
+
+                if _typing_extra.is_classvar_annotation(ann_type):
+                    continue
+
+                if (
+                    not dataclass_field.init
+                    and dataclass_field.default is dataclasses.MISSING
+                    and dataclass_field.default_factory is dataclasses.MISSING
+                ):
+                    # TODO: We should probably do something with this so that validate_assignment behaves properly
+                    #   Issue: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/5470
+                    continue
+
+                if isinstance(dataclass_field.default, FieldInfo_):
+                    if dataclass_field.default.init_var:
+                        if dataclass_field.default.init is False:
+                            raise PydanticUserError(
+                                f'Dataclass field {ann_name} has init=False and init_var=True, but these are mutually exclusive.',
+                                code='clashing-init-and-init-var',
+                            )
+
+                        # TODO: same note as above re validate_assignment
+                        continue
+                    field_info = FieldInfo_.from_annotated_attribute(
+                        ann_type, dataclass_field.default, _source=AnnotationSource.DATACLASS
+                    )
+                else:
+                    field_info = FieldInfo_.from_annotated_attribute(
+                        ann_type, dataclass_field, _source=AnnotationSource.DATACLASS
+                    )
+
+                fields[ann_name] = field_info
+
+                if field_info.default is not PydanticUndefined and isinstance(
+                    getattr(cls, ann_name, field_info), FieldInfo_
+                ):
+                    # We need this to fix the default when the "default" from __dataclass_fields__ is a pydantic.FieldInfo
+                    setattr(cls, ann_name, field_info.default)
+
+    if typevars_map:
+        for field in fields.values():
+            # We don't pass any ns, as `field.annotation`
+            # was already evaluated. TODO: is this method relevant?
+            # Can't we juste use `_generics.replace_types`?
+            field.apply_typevars_map(typevars_map)
+
+    if config_wrapper is not None and config_wrapper.use_attribute_docstrings:
+        _update_fields_from_docstrings(
+            cls,
+            fields,
+            # We can't rely on the (more reliable) frame inspection method
+            # for stdlib dataclasses:
+            use_inspect=not hasattr(cls, '__is_pydantic_dataclass__'),
+        )
+
+    return fields
+
+
+def is_valid_field_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    return not name.startswith('_')
+
+
+def is_valid_privateattr_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    return name.startswith('_') and not name.startswith('__')
+
+
+def takes_validated_data_argument(
+    default_factory: Callable[[], Any] | Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any],
+) -> TypeIs[Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any]]:
+    """Whether the provided default factory callable has a validated data parameter."""
+    try:
+        sig = signature(default_factory)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        # `inspect.signature` might not be able to infer a signature, e.g. with C objects.
+        # In this case, we assume no data argument is present:
+        return False
+
+    parameters = list(sig.parameters.values())
+
+    return len(parameters) == 1 and can_be_positional(parameters[0]) and parameters[0].default is Parameter.empty
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_forward_ref.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_forward_ref.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..231f81d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_forward_ref.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Union
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PydanticRecursiveRef:
+    type_ref: str
+
+    __name__ = 'PydanticRecursiveRef'
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __call__(self) -> None:
+        """Defining __call__ is necessary for the `typing` module to let you use an instance of
+        this class as the result of resolving a standard ForwardRef.
+        """
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return Union[self, other]  # type: ignore
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return Union[other, self]  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_generate_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_generate_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..faefc498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_generate_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2886 @@
+"""Convert python types to pydantic-core schema."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import collections.abc
+import dataclasses
+import datetime
+import inspect
+import os
+import pathlib
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from copy import copy
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from fractions import Fraction
+from functools import partial
+from inspect import Parameter, _ParameterKind, signature
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from itertools import chain
+from operator import attrgetter
+from types import FunctionType, GenericAlias, LambdaType, MethodType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Final,
+    ForwardRef,
+    Literal,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+from warnings import warn
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+
+import typing_extensions
+from pydantic_core import (
+    CoreSchema,
+    MultiHostUrl,
+    PydanticCustomError,
+    PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue,
+    PydanticUndefined,
+    Url,
+    core_schema,
+    to_jsonable_python,
+)
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, TypeAliasType, TypedDict, get_args, get_origin, is_typeddict
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+from typing_inspection.introspection import AnnotationSource, get_literal_values, is_union_origin
+
+from ..aliases import AliasChoices, AliasGenerator, AliasPath
+from ..annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler, GetJsonSchemaHandler
+from ..config import ConfigDict, JsonDict, JsonEncoder, JsonSchemaExtraCallable
+from ..errors import PydanticSchemaGenerationError, PydanticUndefinedAnnotation, PydanticUserError
+from ..functional_validators import AfterValidator, BeforeValidator, FieldValidatorModes, PlainValidator, WrapValidator
+from ..json_schema import JsonSchemaValue
+from ..version import version_short
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+from . import _decorators, _discriminated_union, _known_annotated_metadata, _repr, _typing_extra
+from ._config import ConfigWrapper, ConfigWrapperStack
+from ._core_metadata import CoreMetadata, update_core_metadata
+from ._core_utils import (
+    get_ref,
+    get_type_ref,
+    is_list_like_schema_with_items_schema,
+    validate_core_schema,
+)
+from ._decorators import (
+    Decorator,
+    DecoratorInfos,
+    FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo,
+    FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo,
+    ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    RootValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    ValidatorDecoratorInfo,
+    get_attribute_from_bases,
+    inspect_field_serializer,
+    inspect_model_serializer,
+    inspect_validator,
+)
+from ._docs_extraction import extract_docstrings_from_cls
+from ._fields import collect_dataclass_fields, rebuild_model_fields, takes_validated_data_argument
+from ._forward_ref import PydanticRecursiveRef
+from ._generics import get_standard_typevars_map, replace_types
+from ._import_utils import import_cached_base_model, import_cached_field_info
+from ._mock_val_ser import MockCoreSchema
+from ._namespace_utils import NamespacesTuple, NsResolver
+from ._schema_gather import MissingDefinitionError, gather_schemas_for_cleaning
+from ._schema_generation_shared import CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler
+from ._utils import lenient_issubclass, smart_deepcopy
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..fields import ComputedFieldInfo, FieldInfo
+    from ..main import BaseModel
+    from ..types import Discriminator
+    from ._dataclasses import StandardDataclass
+    from ._schema_generation_shared import GetJsonSchemaFunction
+
+_SUPPORTS_TYPEDDICT = sys.version_info >= (3, 12)
+
+FieldDecoratorInfo = Union[ValidatorDecoratorInfo, FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo, FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo]
+FieldDecoratorInfoType = TypeVar('FieldDecoratorInfoType', bound=FieldDecoratorInfo)
+AnyFieldDecorator = Union[
+    Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo],
+    Decorator[FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo],
+    Decorator[FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo],
+]
+
+ModifyCoreSchemaWrapHandler: TypeAlias = GetCoreSchemaHandler
+GetCoreSchemaFunction: TypeAlias = Callable[[Any, ModifyCoreSchemaWrapHandler], core_schema.CoreSchema]
+ParametersCallback: TypeAlias = "Callable[[int, str, Any], Literal['skip'] | None]"
+
+TUPLE_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Tuple, tuple]  # noqa: UP006
+LIST_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.List, list, collections.abc.MutableSequence]  # noqa: UP006
+SET_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Set, set, collections.abc.MutableSet]  # noqa: UP006
+FROZEN_SET_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.FrozenSet, frozenset, collections.abc.Set]  # noqa: UP006
+DICT_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Dict, dict]  # noqa: UP006
+IP_TYPES: list[type] = [IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network]
+SEQUENCE_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Sequence, collections.abc.Sequence]
+ITERABLE_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Iterable, collections.abc.Iterable, typing.Generator, collections.abc.Generator]
+TYPE_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Type, type]  # noqa: UP006
+PATTERN_TYPES: list[type] = [typing.Pattern, re.Pattern]
+PATH_TYPES: list[type] = [
+    os.PathLike,
+    pathlib.Path,
+    pathlib.PurePath,
+    pathlib.PosixPath,
+    pathlib.PurePosixPath,
+    pathlib.PureWindowsPath,
+]
+MAPPING_TYPES = [
+    typing.Mapping,
+    typing.MutableMapping,
+    collections.abc.Mapping,
+    collections.abc.MutableMapping,
+    collections.OrderedDict,
+    typing_extensions.OrderedDict,
+    typing.DefaultDict,  # noqa: UP006
+    collections.defaultdict,
+]
+COUNTER_TYPES = [collections.Counter, typing.Counter]
+DEQUE_TYPES: list[type] = [collections.deque, typing.Deque]  # noqa: UP006
+
+# Note: This does not play very well with type checkers. For example,
+# `a: LambdaType = lambda x: x` will raise a type error by Pyright.
+ValidateCallSupportedTypes = Union[
+    LambdaType,
+    FunctionType,
+    MethodType,
+    partial,
+]
+
+VALIDATE_CALL_SUPPORTED_TYPES = get_args(ValidateCallSupportedTypes)
+
+_mode_to_validator: dict[
+    FieldValidatorModes, type[BeforeValidator | AfterValidator | PlainValidator | WrapValidator]
+] = {'before': BeforeValidator, 'after': AfterValidator, 'plain': PlainValidator, 'wrap': WrapValidator}
+
+
+def check_validator_fields_against_field_name(
+    info: FieldDecoratorInfo,
+    field: str,
+) -> bool:
+    """Check if field name is in validator fields.
+
+    Args:
+        info: The field info.
+        field: The field name to check.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if field name is in validator fields, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    fields = info.fields
+    return '*' in fields or field in fields
+
+
+def check_decorator_fields_exist(decorators: Iterable[AnyFieldDecorator], fields: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+    """Check if the defined fields in decorators exist in `fields` param.
+
+    It ignores the check for a decorator if the decorator has `*` as field or `check_fields=False`.
+
+    Args:
+        decorators: An iterable of decorators.
+        fields: An iterable of fields name.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticUserError: If one of the field names does not exist in `fields` param.
+    """
+    fields = set(fields)
+    for dec in decorators:
+        if '*' in dec.info.fields:
+            continue
+        if dec.info.check_fields is False:
+            continue
+        for field in dec.info.fields:
+            if field not in fields:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'Decorators defined with incorrect fields: {dec.cls_ref}.{dec.cls_var_name}'
+                    " (use check_fields=False if you're inheriting from the model and intended this)",
+                    code='decorator-missing-field',
+                )
+
+
+def filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(
+    validator_functions: Iterable[Decorator[FieldDecoratorInfoType]], field: str
+) -> list[Decorator[FieldDecoratorInfoType]]:
+    return [dec for dec in validator_functions if check_validator_fields_against_field_name(dec.info, field)]
+
+
+def apply_each_item_validators(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    each_item_validators: list[Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo]],
+    field_name: str | None,
+) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    # This V1 compatibility shim should eventually be removed
+
+    # fail early if each_item_validators is empty
+    if not each_item_validators:
+        return schema
+
+    # push down any `each_item=True` validators
+    # note that this won't work for any Annotated types that get wrapped by a function validator
+    # but that's okay because that didn't exist in V1
+    if schema['type'] == 'nullable':
+        schema['schema'] = apply_each_item_validators(schema['schema'], each_item_validators, field_name)
+        return schema
+    elif schema['type'] == 'tuple':
+        if (variadic_item_index := schema.get('variadic_item_index')) is not None:
+            schema['items_schema'][variadic_item_index] = apply_validators(
+                schema['items_schema'][variadic_item_index],
+                each_item_validators,
+                field_name,
+            )
+    elif is_list_like_schema_with_items_schema(schema):
+        inner_schema = schema.get('items_schema', core_schema.any_schema())
+        schema['items_schema'] = apply_validators(inner_schema, each_item_validators, field_name)
+    elif schema['type'] == 'dict':
+        inner_schema = schema.get('values_schema', core_schema.any_schema())
+        schema['values_schema'] = apply_validators(inner_schema, each_item_validators, field_name)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'`@validator(..., each_item=True)` cannot be applied to fields with a schema of {schema["type"]}'
+        )
+    return schema
+
+
+def _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(
+    info: FieldInfo | ComputedFieldInfo,
+) -> tuple[JsonDict | None, JsonDict | JsonSchemaExtraCallable | None]:
+    json_schema_updates = {
+        'title': info.title,
+        'description': info.description,
+        'deprecated': bool(info.deprecated) or info.deprecated == '' or None,
+        'examples': to_jsonable_python(info.examples),
+    }
+    json_schema_updates = {k: v for k, v in json_schema_updates.items() if v is not None}
+    return (json_schema_updates or None, info.json_schema_extra)
+
+
+JsonEncoders = dict[type[Any], JsonEncoder]
+
+
+def _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(
+    json_encoders: JsonEncoders | None, tp: Any, schema: CoreSchema
+) -> CoreSchema:
+    """Iterate over the json_encoders and add the first matching encoder to the schema.
+
+    Args:
+        json_encoders: A dictionary of types and their encoder functions.
+        tp: The type to check for a matching encoder.
+        schema: The schema to add the encoder to.
+    """
+    if not json_encoders:
+        return schema
+    if 'serialization' in schema:
+        return schema
+    # Check the class type and its superclasses for a matching encoder
+    # Decimal.__class__.__mro__ (and probably other cases) doesn't include Decimal itself
+    # if the type is a GenericAlias (e.g. from list[int]) we need to use __class__ instead of .__mro__
+    for base in (tp, *getattr(tp, '__mro__', tp.__class__.__mro__)[:-1]):
+        encoder = json_encoders.get(base)
+        if encoder is None:
+            continue
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            f'`json_encoders` is deprecated. See https://docs.pydantic.dev/{version_short()}/concepts/serialization/#custom-serializers for alternatives',
+            PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        )
+
+        # TODO: in theory we should check that the schema accepts a serialization key
+        schema['serialization'] = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(encoder, when_used='json')
+        return schema
+
+    return schema
+
+
+def _get_first_non_null(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    """Return the first argument if it is not None, otherwise return the second argument.
+
+    Use case: serialization_alias (argument a) and alias (argument b) are both defined, and serialization_alias is ''.
+    This function will return serialization_alias, which is the first argument, even though it is an empty string.
+    """
+    return a if a is not None else b
+
+
+class InvalidSchemaError(Exception):
+    """The core schema is invalid."""
+
+
+class GenerateSchema:
+    """Generate core schema for a Pydantic model, dataclass and types like `str`, `datetime`, ... ."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        '_config_wrapper_stack',
+        '_ns_resolver',
+        '_typevars_map',
+        'field_name_stack',
+        'model_type_stack',
+        'defs',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper,
+        ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+        typevars_map: Mapping[TypeVar, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # we need a stack for recursing into nested models
+        self._config_wrapper_stack = ConfigWrapperStack(config_wrapper)
+        self._ns_resolver = ns_resolver or NsResolver()
+        self._typevars_map = typevars_map
+        self.field_name_stack = _FieldNameStack()
+        self.model_type_stack = _ModelTypeStack()
+        self.defs = _Definitions()
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+        warnings.warn(
+            'Subclassing `GenerateSchema` is not supported. The API is highly subject to change in minor versions.',
+            UserWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _config_wrapper(self) -> ConfigWrapper:
+        return self._config_wrapper_stack.tail
+
+    @property
+    def _types_namespace(self) -> NamespacesTuple:
+        return self._ns_resolver.types_namespace
+
+    @property
+    def _arbitrary_types(self) -> bool:
+        return self._config_wrapper.arbitrary_types_allowed
+
+    # the following methods can be overridden but should be considered
+    # unstable / private APIs
+    def _list_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.list_schema(self.generate_schema(items_type))
+
+    def _dict_schema(self, keys_type: Any, values_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.dict_schema(self.generate_schema(keys_type), self.generate_schema(values_type))
+
+    def _set_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.set_schema(self.generate_schema(items_type))
+
+    def _frozenset_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.frozenset_schema(self.generate_schema(items_type))
+
+    def _enum_schema(self, enum_type: type[Enum]) -> CoreSchema:
+        cases: list[Any] = list(enum_type.__members__.values())
+
+        enum_ref = get_type_ref(enum_type)
+        description = None if not enum_type.__doc__ else inspect.cleandoc(enum_type.__doc__)
+        if (
+            description == 'An enumeration.'
+        ):  # This is the default value provided by enum.EnumMeta.__new__; don't use it
+            description = None
+        js_updates = {'title': enum_type.__name__, 'description': description}
+        js_updates = {k: v for k, v in js_updates.items() if v is not None}
+
+        sub_type: Literal['str', 'int', 'float'] | None = None
+        if issubclass(enum_type, int):
+            sub_type = 'int'
+            value_ser_type: core_schema.SerSchema = core_schema.simple_ser_schema('int')
+        elif issubclass(enum_type, str):
+            # this handles `StrEnum` (3.11 only), and also `Foobar(str, Enum)`
+            sub_type = 'str'
+            value_ser_type = core_schema.simple_ser_schema('str')
+        elif issubclass(enum_type, float):
+            sub_type = 'float'
+            value_ser_type = core_schema.simple_ser_schema('float')
+        else:
+            # TODO this is an ugly hack, how do we trigger an Any schema for serialization?
+            value_ser_type = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(lambda x: x)
+
+        if cases:
+
+            def get_json_schema(schema: CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                json_schema = handler(schema)
+                original_schema = handler.resolve_ref_schema(json_schema)
+                original_schema.update(js_updates)
+                return json_schema
+
+            # we don't want to add the missing to the schema if it's the default one
+            default_missing = getattr(enum_type._missing_, '__func__', None) is Enum._missing_.__func__  # pyright: ignore[reportFunctionMemberAccess]
+            enum_schema = core_schema.enum_schema(
+                enum_type,
+                cases,
+                sub_type=sub_type,
+                missing=None if default_missing else enum_type._missing_,
+                ref=enum_ref,
+                metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [get_json_schema]},
+            )
+
+            if self._config_wrapper.use_enum_values:
+                enum_schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                    attrgetter('value'), enum_schema, serialization=value_ser_type
+                )
+
+            return enum_schema
+
+        else:
+
+            def get_json_schema_no_cases(_, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                json_schema = handler(core_schema.enum_schema(enum_type, cases, sub_type=sub_type, ref=enum_ref))
+                original_schema = handler.resolve_ref_schema(json_schema)
+                original_schema.update(js_updates)
+                return json_schema
+
+            # Use an isinstance check for enums with no cases.
+            # The most important use case for this is creating TypeVar bounds for generics that should
+            # be restricted to enums. This is more consistent than it might seem at first, since you can only
+            # subclass enum.Enum (or subclasses of enum.Enum) if all parent classes have no cases.
+            # We use the get_json_schema function when an Enum subclass has been declared with no cases
+            # so that we can still generate a valid json schema.
+            return core_schema.is_instance_schema(
+                enum_type,
+                metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [get_json_schema_no_cases]},
+            )
+
+    def _ip_schema(self, tp: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        from ._validators import IP_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP, IpType
+
+        ip_type_json_schema_format: dict[type[IpType], str] = {
+            IPv4Address: 'ipv4',
+            IPv4Network: 'ipv4network',
+            IPv4Interface: 'ipv4interface',
+            IPv6Address: 'ipv6',
+            IPv6Network: 'ipv6network',
+            IPv6Interface: 'ipv6interface',
+        }
+
+        def ser_ip(ip: Any, info: core_schema.SerializationInfo) -> str | IpType:
+            if not isinstance(ip, (tp, str)):
+                raise PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(
+                    f"Expected `{tp}` but got `{type(ip)}` with value `'{ip}'` - serialized value may not be as expected."
+                )
+            if info.mode == 'python':
+                return ip
+            return str(ip)
+
+        return core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+            lax_schema=core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(IP_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP[tp]),
+            strict_schema=core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(tp, core_schema.str_schema()),
+                python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(tp),
+            ),
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(ser_ip, info_arg=True, when_used='always'),
+            metadata={
+                'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda _1, _2: {'type': 'string', 'format': ip_type_json_schema_format[tp]}]
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _path_schema(self, tp: Any, path_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        if tp is os.PathLike and (path_type not in {str, bytes} and not typing_objects.is_any(path_type)):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                '`os.PathLike` can only be used with `str`, `bytes` or `Any`', code='schema-for-unknown-type'
+            )
+
+        path_constructor = pathlib.PurePath if tp is os.PathLike else tp
+        strict_inner_schema = (
+            core_schema.bytes_schema(strict=True) if (path_type is bytes) else core_schema.str_schema(strict=True)
+        )
+        lax_inner_schema = core_schema.bytes_schema() if (path_type is bytes) else core_schema.str_schema()
+
+        def path_validator(input_value: str | bytes) -> os.PathLike[Any]:  # type: ignore
+            try:
+                if path_type is bytes:
+                    if isinstance(input_value, bytes):
+                        try:
+                            input_value = input_value.decode()
+                        except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
+                            raise PydanticCustomError('bytes_type', 'Input must be valid bytes') from e
+                    else:
+                        raise PydanticCustomError('bytes_type', 'Input must be bytes')
+                elif not isinstance(input_value, str):
+                    raise PydanticCustomError('path_type', 'Input is not a valid path')
+
+                return path_constructor(input_value)  # type: ignore
+            except TypeError as e:
+                raise PydanticCustomError('path_type', 'Input is not a valid path') from e
+
+        def ser_path(path: Any, info: core_schema.SerializationInfo) -> str | os.PathLike[Any]:
+            if not isinstance(path, (tp, str)):
+                raise PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(
+                    f"Expected `{tp}` but got `{type(path)}` with value `'{path}'` - serialized value may not be as expected."
+                )
+            if info.mode == 'python':
+                return path
+            return str(path)
+
+        instance_schema = core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+            json_schema=core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(path_validator, lax_inner_schema),
+            python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(tp),
+        )
+
+        schema = core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+            lax_schema=core_schema.union_schema(
+                [
+                    instance_schema,
+                    core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(path_validator, strict_inner_schema),
+                ],
+                custom_error_type='path_type',
+                custom_error_message=f'Input is not a valid path for {tp}',
+            ),
+            strict_schema=instance_schema,
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(ser_path, info_arg=True, when_used='always'),
+            metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda source, handler: {**handler(source), 'format': 'path'}]},
+        )
+        return schema
+
+    def _deque_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        from ._serializers import serialize_sequence_via_list
+        from ._validators import deque_validator
+
+        item_type_schema = self.generate_schema(items_type)
+
+        # we have to use a lax list schema here, because we need to validate the deque's
+        # items via a list schema, but it's ok if the deque itself is not a list
+        list_schema = core_schema.list_schema(item_type_schema, strict=False)
+
+        check_instance = core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+            json_schema=list_schema,
+            python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(collections.deque, cls_repr='Deque'),
+        )
+
+        lax_schema = core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(deque_validator, list_schema)
+
+        return core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+            lax_schema=lax_schema,
+            strict_schema=core_schema.chain_schema([check_instance, lax_schema]),
+            serialization=core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                serialize_sequence_via_list, schema=item_type_schema, info_arg=True
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _mapping_schema(self, tp: Any, keys_type: Any, values_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        from ._validators import MAPPING_ORIGIN_MAP, defaultdict_validator, get_defaultdict_default_default_factory
+
+        mapped_origin = MAPPING_ORIGIN_MAP[tp]
+        keys_schema = self.generate_schema(keys_type)
+        values_schema = self.generate_schema(values_type)
+        dict_schema = core_schema.dict_schema(keys_schema, values_schema, strict=False)
+
+        if mapped_origin is dict:
+            schema = dict_schema
+        else:
+            check_instance = core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=dict_schema,
+                python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(mapped_origin),
+            )
+
+            if tp is collections.defaultdict:
+                default_default_factory = get_defaultdict_default_default_factory(values_type)
+                coerce_instance_wrap = partial(
+                    core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function,
+                    partial(defaultdict_validator, default_default_factory=default_default_factory),
+                )
+            else:
+                coerce_instance_wrap = partial(core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function, mapped_origin)
+
+            lax_schema = coerce_instance_wrap(dict_schema)
+            strict_schema = core_schema.chain_schema([check_instance, lax_schema])
+
+            schema = core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+                lax_schema=lax_schema,
+                strict_schema=strict_schema,
+                serialization=core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    lambda v, h: h(v), schema=dict_schema, info_arg=False
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return schema
+
+    def _fraction_schema(self) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Support for [`fractions.Fraction`][fractions.Fraction]."""
+        from ._validators import fraction_validator
+
+        # TODO: note, this is a fairly common pattern, re lax / strict for attempted type coercion,
+        # can we use a helper function to reduce boilerplate?
+        return core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+            lax_schema=core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(fraction_validator),
+            strict_schema=core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(fraction_validator),
+                python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(Fraction),
+            ),
+            # use str serialization to guarantee round trip behavior
+            serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema(when_used='always'),
+            metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda _1, _2: {'type': 'string', 'format': 'fraction'}]},
+        )
+
+    def _arbitrary_type_schema(self, tp: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        if not isinstance(tp, type):
+            warn(
+                f'{tp!r} is not a Python type (it may be an instance of an object),'
+                ' Pydantic will allow any object with no validation since we cannot even'
+                ' enforce that the input is an instance of the given type.'
+                ' To get rid of this error wrap the type with `pydantic.SkipValidation`.',
+                UserWarning,
+            )
+            return core_schema.any_schema()
+        return core_schema.is_instance_schema(tp)
+
+    def _unknown_type_schema(self, obj: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        raise PydanticSchemaGenerationError(
+            f'Unable to generate pydantic-core schema for {obj!r}. '
+            'Set `arbitrary_types_allowed=True` in the model_config to ignore this error'
+            ' or implement `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` on your type to fully support it.'
+            '\n\nIf you got this error by calling handler(<some type>) within'
+            ' `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` then you likely need to call'
+            ' `handler.generate_schema(<some type>)` since we do not call'
+            ' `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` on `<some type>` otherwise to avoid infinite recursion.'
+        )
+
+    def _apply_discriminator_to_union(
+        self, schema: CoreSchema, discriminator: str | Discriminator | None
+    ) -> CoreSchema:
+        if discriminator is None:
+            return schema
+        try:
+            return _discriminated_union.apply_discriminator(
+                schema,
+                discriminator,
+                self.defs._definitions,
+            )
+        except _discriminated_union.MissingDefinitionForUnionRef:
+            # defer until defs are resolved
+            _discriminated_union.set_discriminator_in_metadata(
+                schema,
+                discriminator,
+            )
+            return schema
+
+    def clean_schema(self, schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+        schema = self.defs.finalize_schema(schema)
+        schema = validate_core_schema(schema)
+        return schema
+
+    def _add_js_function(self, metadata_schema: CoreSchema, js_function: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+        metadata = metadata_schema.get('metadata', {})
+        pydantic_js_functions = metadata.setdefault('pydantic_js_functions', [])
+        # because of how we generate core schemas for nested generic models
+        # we can end up adding `BaseModel.__get_pydantic_json_schema__` multiple times
+        # this check may fail to catch duplicates if the function is a `functools.partial`
+        # or something like that, but if it does it'll fail by inserting the duplicate
+        if js_function not in pydantic_js_functions:
+            pydantic_js_functions.append(js_function)
+        metadata_schema['metadata'] = metadata
+
+    def generate_schema(
+        self,
+        obj: Any,
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate core schema.
+
+        Args:
+            obj: The object to generate core schema for.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated core schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            PydanticUndefinedAnnotation:
+                If it is not possible to evaluate forward reference.
+            PydanticSchemaGenerationError:
+                If it is not possible to generate pydantic-core schema.
+            TypeError:
+                - If `alias_generator` returns a disallowed type (must be str, AliasPath or AliasChoices).
+                - If V1 style validator with `each_item=True` applied on a wrong field.
+            PydanticUserError:
+                - If `typing.TypedDict` is used instead of `typing_extensions.TypedDict` on Python < 3.12.
+                - If `__modify_schema__` method is used instead of `__get_pydantic_json_schema__`.
+        """
+        schema = self._generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(obj, obj)
+
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self._generate_schema_inner(obj)
+
+        metadata_js_function = _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(obj)
+        if metadata_js_function is not None:
+            metadata_schema = resolve_original_schema(schema, self.defs)
+            if metadata_schema:
+                self._add_js_function(metadata_schema, metadata_js_function)
+
+        schema = _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(self._config_wrapper.json_encoders, obj, schema)
+
+        return schema
+
+    def _model_schema(self, cls: type[BaseModel]) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Pydantic model."""
+        BaseModel_ = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        with self.defs.get_schema_or_ref(cls) as (model_ref, maybe_schema):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            schema = cls.__dict__.get('__pydantic_core_schema__')
+            if schema is not None and not isinstance(schema, MockCoreSchema):
+                if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                    schema = self.defs.unpack_definitions(schema)
+                ref = get_ref(schema)
+                if ref:
+                    return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+                else:
+                    return schema
+
+            config_wrapper = ConfigWrapper(cls.model_config, check=False)
+
+            with self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config_wrapper), self._ns_resolver.push(cls):
+                core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=cls.__name__)
+
+                if cls.__pydantic_fields_complete__ or cls is BaseModel_:
+                    fields = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_fields__', {})
+                else:
+                    if not hasattr(cls, '__pydantic_fields__'):
+                        # This happens when we have a loop in the schema generation:
+                        # class Base[T](BaseModel):
+                        #     t: T
+                        #
+                        # class Other(BaseModel):
+                        #     b: 'Base[Other]'
+                        # When we build fields for `Other`, we evaluate the forward annotation.
+                        # At this point, `Other` doesn't have the model fields set. We create
+                        # `Base[Other]`; model fields are successfully built, and we try to generate
+                        # a schema for `t: Other`. As `Other.__pydantic_fields__` aren't set, we abort.
+                        raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation(
+                            name=cls.__name__,
+                            message=f'Class {cls.__name__!r} is not defined',
+                        )
+                    try:
+                        fields = rebuild_model_fields(
+                            cls,
+                            ns_resolver=self._ns_resolver,
+                            typevars_map=self._typevars_map or {},
+                        )
+                    except NameError as e:
+                        raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+                decorators = cls.__pydantic_decorators__
+                computed_fields = decorators.computed_fields
+                check_decorator_fields_exist(
+                    chain(
+                        decorators.field_validators.values(),
+                        decorators.field_serializers.values(),
+                        decorators.validators.values(),
+                    ),
+                    {*fields.keys(), *computed_fields.keys()},
+                )
+
+                model_validators = decorators.model_validators.values()
+
+                extras_schema = None
+                extras_keys_schema = None
+                if core_config.get('extra_fields_behavior') == 'allow':
+                    assert cls.__mro__[0] is cls
+                    assert cls.__mro__[-1] is object
+                    for candidate_cls in cls.__mro__[:-1]:
+                        extras_annotation = getattr(candidate_cls, '__annotations__', {}).get(
+                            '__pydantic_extra__', None
+                        )
+                        if extras_annotation is not None:
+                            if isinstance(extras_annotation, str):
+                                extras_annotation = _typing_extra.eval_type_backport(
+                                    _typing_extra._make_forward_ref(
+                                        extras_annotation, is_argument=False, is_class=True
+                                    ),
+                                    *self._types_namespace,
+                                )
+                            tp = get_origin(extras_annotation)
+                            if tp not in DICT_TYPES:
+                                raise PydanticSchemaGenerationError(
+                                    'The type annotation for `__pydantic_extra__` must be `dict[str, ...]`'
+                                )
+                            extra_keys_type, extra_items_type = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(
+                                extras_annotation,
+                                required=True,
+                            )
+                            if extra_keys_type is not str:
+                                extras_keys_schema = self.generate_schema(extra_keys_type)
+                            if not typing_objects.is_any(extra_items_type):
+                                extras_schema = self.generate_schema(extra_items_type)
+                            if extras_keys_schema is not None or extras_schema is not None:
+                                break
+
+                generic_origin: type[BaseModel] | None = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', {}).get('origin')
+
+                if cls.__pydantic_root_model__:
+                    root_field = self._common_field_schema('root', fields['root'], decorators)
+                    inner_schema = root_field['schema']
+                    inner_schema = apply_model_validators(inner_schema, model_validators, 'inner')
+                    model_schema = core_schema.model_schema(
+                        cls,
+                        inner_schema,
+                        generic_origin=generic_origin,
+                        custom_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_custom_init__', None),
+                        root_model=True,
+                        post_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_post_init__', None),
+                        config=core_config,
+                        ref=model_ref,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    fields_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema = core_schema.model_fields_schema(
+                        {k: self._generate_md_field_schema(k, v, decorators) for k, v in fields.items()},
+                        computed_fields=[
+                            self._computed_field_schema(d, decorators.field_serializers)
+                            for d in computed_fields.values()
+                        ],
+                        extras_schema=extras_schema,
+                        extras_keys_schema=extras_keys_schema,
+                        model_name=cls.__name__,
+                    )
+                    inner_schema = apply_validators(fields_schema, decorators.root_validators.values(), None)
+                    inner_schema = apply_model_validators(inner_schema, model_validators, 'inner')
+
+                    model_schema = core_schema.model_schema(
+                        cls,
+                        inner_schema,
+                        generic_origin=generic_origin,
+                        custom_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_custom_init__', None),
+                        root_model=False,
+                        post_init=getattr(cls, '__pydantic_post_init__', None),
+                        config=core_config,
+                        ref=model_ref,
+                    )
+
+                schema = self._apply_model_serializers(model_schema, decorators.model_serializers.values())
+                schema = apply_model_validators(schema, model_validators, 'outer')
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _resolve_self_type(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        obj = self.model_type_stack.get()
+        if obj is None:
+            raise PydanticUserError('`typing.Self` is invalid in this context', code='invalid-self-type')
+        return obj
+
+    def _generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(self, obj: Any, source: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema | None:
+        BaseModel_ = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        get_schema = getattr(obj, '__get_pydantic_core_schema__', None)
+        is_base_model_get_schema = (
+            getattr(get_schema, '__func__', None) is BaseModel_.__get_pydantic_core_schema__.__func__  # pyright: ignore[reportFunctionMemberAccess]
+        )
+
+        if (
+            get_schema is not None
+            # BaseModel.__get_pydantic_core_schema__ is defined for backwards compatibility,
+            # to allow existing code to call `super().__get_pydantic_core_schema__` in Pydantic
+            # model that overrides `__get_pydantic_core_schema__`. However, it raises a deprecation
+            # warning stating that the method will be removed, and during the core schema gen we actually
+            # don't call the method:
+            and not is_base_model_get_schema
+        ):
+            # Some referenceable types might have a `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` method
+            # defined on it by users (e.g. on a dataclass). This generally doesn't play well
+            # as these types are already recognized by the `GenerateSchema` class and isn't ideal
+            # as we might end up calling `get_schema_or_ref` (expensive) on types that are actually
+            # not referenceable:
+            with self.defs.get_schema_or_ref(obj) as (_, maybe_schema):
+                if maybe_schema is not None:
+                    return maybe_schema
+
+            if obj is source:
+                ref_mode = 'unpack'
+            else:
+                ref_mode = 'to-def'
+            schema = get_schema(
+                source, CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler(self._generate_schema_inner, self, ref_mode=ref_mode)
+            )
+            if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                schema = self.defs.unpack_definitions(schema)
+
+            ref = get_ref(schema)
+            if ref:
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+            # Note: if schema is of type `'definition-ref'`, we might want to copy it as a
+            # safety measure (because these are inlined in place -- i.e. mutated directly)
+            return schema
+
+        if get_schema is None and (validators := getattr(obj, '__get_validators__', None)) is not None:
+            from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel as BaseModelV1
+
+            if issubclass(obj, BaseModelV1):
+                warn(
+                    f'Mixing V1 models and V2 models (or constructs, like `TypeAdapter`) is not supported. Please upgrade `{obj.__name__}` to V2.',
+                    UserWarning,
+                )
+            else:
+                warn(
+                    '`__get_validators__` is deprecated and will be removed, use `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` instead.',
+                    PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+                )
+            return core_schema.chain_schema([core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(v) for v in validators()])
+
+    def _resolve_forward_ref(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        # we assume that types_namespace has the target of forward references in its scope,
+        # but this could fail, for example, if calling Validator on an imported type which contains
+        # forward references to other types only defined in the module from which it was imported
+        # `Validator(SomeImportedTypeAliasWithAForwardReference)`
+        # or the equivalent for BaseModel
+        # class Model(BaseModel):
+        #   x: SomeImportedTypeAliasWithAForwardReference
+        try:
+            obj = _typing_extra.eval_type_backport(obj, *self._types_namespace)
+        except NameError as e:
+            raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+        # if obj is still a ForwardRef, it means we can't evaluate it, raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation
+        if isinstance(obj, ForwardRef):
+            raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation(obj.__forward_arg__, f'Unable to evaluate forward reference {obj}')
+
+        if self._typevars_map:
+            obj = replace_types(obj, self._typevars_map)
+
+        return obj
+
+    @overload
+    def _get_args_resolving_forward_refs(self, obj: Any, required: Literal[True]) -> tuple[Any, ...]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _get_args_resolving_forward_refs(self, obj: Any) -> tuple[Any, ...] | None: ...
+
+    def _get_args_resolving_forward_refs(self, obj: Any, required: bool = False) -> tuple[Any, ...] | None:
+        args = get_args(obj)
+        if args:
+            if isinstance(obj, GenericAlias):
+                # PEP 585 generic aliases don't convert args to ForwardRefs, unlike `typing.List/Dict` etc.
+                args = (_typing_extra._make_forward_ref(a) if isinstance(a, str) else a for a in args)
+            args = tuple(self._resolve_forward_ref(a) if isinstance(a, ForwardRef) else a for a in args)
+        elif required:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise TypeError(f'Expected {obj} to have generic parameters but it had none')
+        return args
+
+    def _get_first_arg_or_any(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(obj)
+        if not args:
+            return Any
+        return args[0]
+
+    def _get_first_two_args_or_any(self, obj: Any) -> tuple[Any, Any]:
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(obj)
+        if not args:
+            return (Any, Any)
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            origin = get_origin(obj)
+            raise TypeError(f'Expected two type arguments for {origin}, got 1')
+        return args[0], args[1]
+
+    def _generate_schema_inner(self, obj: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        if typing_objects.is_self(obj):
+            obj = self._resolve_self_type(obj)
+
+        if typing_objects.is_annotated(get_origin(obj)):
+            return self._annotated_schema(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, dict):
+            # we assume this is already a valid schema
+            return obj  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+        if isinstance(obj, str):
+            obj = ForwardRef(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, ForwardRef):
+            return self.generate_schema(self._resolve_forward_ref(obj))
+
+        BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        if lenient_issubclass(obj, BaseModel):
+            with self.model_type_stack.push(obj):
+                return self._model_schema(obj)
+
+        if isinstance(obj, PydanticRecursiveRef):
+            return core_schema.definition_reference_schema(schema_ref=obj.type_ref)
+
+        return self.match_type(obj)
+
+    def match_type(self, obj: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:  # noqa: C901
+        """Main mapping of types to schemas.
+
+        The general structure is a series of if statements starting with the simple cases
+        (non-generic primitive types) and then handling generics and other more complex cases.
+
+        Each case either generates a schema directly, calls into a public user-overridable method
+        (like `GenerateSchema.tuple_variable_schema`) or calls into a private method that handles some
+        boilerplate before calling into the user-facing method (e.g. `GenerateSchema._tuple_schema`).
+
+        The idea is that we'll evolve this into adding more and more user facing methods over time
+        as they get requested and we figure out what the right API for them is.
+        """
+        if obj is str:
+            return core_schema.str_schema()
+        elif obj is bytes:
+            return core_schema.bytes_schema()
+        elif obj is int:
+            return core_schema.int_schema()
+        elif obj is float:
+            return core_schema.float_schema()
+        elif obj is bool:
+            return core_schema.bool_schema()
+        elif obj is complex:
+            return core_schema.complex_schema()
+        elif typing_objects.is_any(obj) or obj is object:
+            return core_schema.any_schema()
+        elif obj is datetime.date:
+            return core_schema.date_schema()
+        elif obj is datetime.datetime:
+            return core_schema.datetime_schema()
+        elif obj is datetime.time:
+            return core_schema.time_schema()
+        elif obj is datetime.timedelta:
+            return core_schema.timedelta_schema()
+        elif obj is Decimal:
+            return core_schema.decimal_schema()
+        elif obj is UUID:
+            return core_schema.uuid_schema()
+        elif obj is Url:
+            return core_schema.url_schema()
+        elif obj is Fraction:
+            return self._fraction_schema()
+        elif obj is MultiHostUrl:
+            return core_schema.multi_host_url_schema()
+        elif obj is None or obj is _typing_extra.NoneType:
+            return core_schema.none_schema()
+        elif obj in IP_TYPES:
+            return self._ip_schema(obj)
+        elif obj in TUPLE_TYPES:
+            return self._tuple_schema(obj)
+        elif obj in LIST_TYPES:
+            return self._list_schema(Any)
+        elif obj in SET_TYPES:
+            return self._set_schema(Any)
+        elif obj in FROZEN_SET_TYPES:
+            return self._frozenset_schema(Any)
+        elif obj in SEQUENCE_TYPES:
+            return self._sequence_schema(Any)
+        elif obj in ITERABLE_TYPES:
+            return self._iterable_schema(obj)
+        elif obj in DICT_TYPES:
+            return self._dict_schema(Any, Any)
+        elif obj in PATH_TYPES:
+            return self._path_schema(obj, Any)
+        elif obj in DEQUE_TYPES:
+            return self._deque_schema(Any)
+        elif obj in MAPPING_TYPES:
+            return self._mapping_schema(obj, Any, Any)
+        elif obj in COUNTER_TYPES:
+            return self._mapping_schema(obj, Any, int)
+        elif typing_objects.is_typealiastype(obj):
+            return self._type_alias_type_schema(obj)
+        elif obj is type:
+            return self._type_schema()
+        elif _typing_extra.is_callable(obj):
+            return core_schema.callable_schema()
+        elif typing_objects.is_literal(get_origin(obj)):
+            return self._literal_schema(obj)
+        elif is_typeddict(obj):
+            return self._typed_dict_schema(obj, None)
+        elif _typing_extra.is_namedtuple(obj):
+            return self._namedtuple_schema(obj, None)
+        elif typing_objects.is_newtype(obj):
+            # NewType, can't use isinstance because it fails <3.10
+            return self.generate_schema(obj.__supertype__)
+        elif obj in PATTERN_TYPES:
+            return self._pattern_schema(obj)
+        elif _typing_extra.is_hashable(obj):
+            return self._hashable_schema()
+        elif isinstance(obj, typing.TypeVar):
+            return self._unsubstituted_typevar_schema(obj)
+        elif _typing_extra.is_finalvar(obj):
+            if obj is Final:
+                return core_schema.any_schema()
+            return self.generate_schema(
+                self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj),
+            )
+        elif isinstance(obj, VALIDATE_CALL_SUPPORTED_TYPES):
+            return self._call_schema(obj)
+        elif inspect.isclass(obj) and issubclass(obj, Enum):
+            return self._enum_schema(obj)
+        elif obj is ZoneInfo:
+            return self._zoneinfo_schema()
+
+        # dataclasses.is_dataclass coerces dc instances to types, but we only handle
+        # the case of a dc type here
+        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj):
+            return self._dataclass_schema(obj, None)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+
+        origin = get_origin(obj)
+        if origin is not None:
+            return self._match_generic_type(obj, origin)
+
+        if self._arbitrary_types:
+            return self._arbitrary_type_schema(obj)
+        return self._unknown_type_schema(obj)
+
+    def _match_generic_type(self, obj: Any, origin: Any) -> CoreSchema:  # noqa: C901
+        # Need to handle generic dataclasses before looking for the schema properties because attribute accesses
+        # on _GenericAlias delegate to the origin type, so lose the information about the concrete parametrization
+        # As a result, currently, there is no way to cache the schema for generic dataclasses. This may be possible
+        # to resolve by modifying the value returned by `Generic.__class_getitem__`, but that is a dangerous game.
+        if dataclasses.is_dataclass(origin):
+            return self._dataclass_schema(obj, origin)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+        if _typing_extra.is_namedtuple(origin):
+            return self._namedtuple_schema(obj, origin)
+
+        schema = self._generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(origin, obj)
+        if schema is not None:
+            return schema
+
+        if typing_objects.is_typealiastype(origin):
+            return self._type_alias_type_schema(obj)
+        elif is_union_origin(origin):
+            return self._union_schema(obj)
+        elif origin in TUPLE_TYPES:
+            return self._tuple_schema(obj)
+        elif origin in LIST_TYPES:
+            return self._list_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in SET_TYPES:
+            return self._set_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in FROZEN_SET_TYPES:
+            return self._frozenset_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in DICT_TYPES:
+            return self._dict_schema(*self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in PATH_TYPES:
+            return self._path_schema(origin, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in DEQUE_TYPES:
+            return self._deque_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in MAPPING_TYPES:
+            return self._mapping_schema(origin, *self._get_first_two_args_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in COUNTER_TYPES:
+            return self._mapping_schema(origin, self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj), int)
+        elif is_typeddict(origin):
+            return self._typed_dict_schema(obj, origin)
+        elif origin in TYPE_TYPES:
+            return self._subclass_schema(obj)
+        elif origin in SEQUENCE_TYPES:
+            return self._sequence_schema(self._get_first_arg_or_any(obj))
+        elif origin in ITERABLE_TYPES:
+            return self._iterable_schema(obj)
+        elif origin in PATTERN_TYPES:
+            return self._pattern_schema(obj)
+
+        if self._arbitrary_types:
+            return self._arbitrary_type_schema(origin)
+        return self._unknown_type_schema(obj)
+
+    def _generate_td_field_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_info: FieldInfo,
+        decorators: DecoratorInfos,
+        *,
+        required: bool = True,
+    ) -> core_schema.TypedDictField:
+        """Prepare a TypedDictField to represent a model or typeddict field."""
+        common_field = self._common_field_schema(name, field_info, decorators)
+        return core_schema.typed_dict_field(
+            common_field['schema'],
+            required=False if not field_info.is_required() else required,
+            serialization_exclude=common_field['serialization_exclude'],
+            validation_alias=common_field['validation_alias'],
+            serialization_alias=common_field['serialization_alias'],
+            metadata=common_field['metadata'],
+        )
+
+    def _generate_md_field_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_info: FieldInfo,
+        decorators: DecoratorInfos,
+    ) -> core_schema.ModelField:
+        """Prepare a ModelField to represent a model field."""
+        common_field = self._common_field_schema(name, field_info, decorators)
+        return core_schema.model_field(
+            common_field['schema'],
+            serialization_exclude=common_field['serialization_exclude'],
+            validation_alias=common_field['validation_alias'],
+            serialization_alias=common_field['serialization_alias'],
+            frozen=common_field['frozen'],
+            metadata=common_field['metadata'],
+        )
+
+    def _generate_dc_field_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        field_info: FieldInfo,
+        decorators: DecoratorInfos,
+    ) -> core_schema.DataclassField:
+        """Prepare a DataclassField to represent the parameter/field, of a dataclass."""
+        common_field = self._common_field_schema(name, field_info, decorators)
+        return core_schema.dataclass_field(
+            name,
+            common_field['schema'],
+            init=field_info.init,
+            init_only=field_info.init_var or None,
+            kw_only=None if field_info.kw_only else False,
+            serialization_exclude=common_field['serialization_exclude'],
+            validation_alias=common_field['validation_alias'],
+            serialization_alias=common_field['serialization_alias'],
+            frozen=common_field['frozen'],
+            metadata=common_field['metadata'],
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _apply_alias_generator_to_field_info(
+        alias_generator: Callable[[str], str] | AliasGenerator, field_info: FieldInfo, field_name: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply an alias_generator to aliases on a FieldInfo instance if appropriate.
+
+        Args:
+            alias_generator: A callable that takes a string and returns a string, or an AliasGenerator instance.
+            field_info: The FieldInfo instance to which the alias_generator is (maybe) applied.
+            field_name: The name of the field from which to generate the alias.
+        """
+        # Apply an alias_generator if
+        # 1. An alias is not specified
+        # 2. An alias is specified, but the priority is <= 1
+        if (
+            field_info.alias_priority is None
+            or field_info.alias_priority <= 1
+            or field_info.alias is None
+            or field_info.validation_alias is None
+            or field_info.serialization_alias is None
+        ):
+            alias, validation_alias, serialization_alias = None, None, None
+
+            if isinstance(alias_generator, AliasGenerator):
+                alias, validation_alias, serialization_alias = alias_generator.generate_aliases(field_name)
+            elif isinstance(alias_generator, Callable):
+                alias = alias_generator(field_name)
+                if not isinstance(alias, str):
+                    raise TypeError(f'alias_generator {alias_generator} must return str, not {alias.__class__}')
+
+            # if priority is not set, we set to 1
+            # which supports the case where the alias_generator from a child class is used
+            # to generate an alias for a field in a parent class
+            if field_info.alias_priority is None or field_info.alias_priority <= 1:
+                field_info.alias_priority = 1
+
+            # if the priority is 1, then we set the aliases to the generated alias
+            if field_info.alias_priority == 1:
+                field_info.serialization_alias = _get_first_non_null(serialization_alias, alias)
+                field_info.validation_alias = _get_first_non_null(validation_alias, alias)
+                field_info.alias = alias
+
+            # if any of the aliases are not set, then we set them to the corresponding generated alias
+            if field_info.alias is None:
+                field_info.alias = alias
+            if field_info.serialization_alias is None:
+                field_info.serialization_alias = _get_first_non_null(serialization_alias, alias)
+            if field_info.validation_alias is None:
+                field_info.validation_alias = _get_first_non_null(validation_alias, alias)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _apply_alias_generator_to_computed_field_info(
+        alias_generator: Callable[[str], str] | AliasGenerator,
+        computed_field_info: ComputedFieldInfo,
+        computed_field_name: str,
+    ):
+        """Apply an alias_generator to alias on a ComputedFieldInfo instance if appropriate.
+
+        Args:
+            alias_generator: A callable that takes a string and returns a string, or an AliasGenerator instance.
+            computed_field_info: The ComputedFieldInfo instance to which the alias_generator is (maybe) applied.
+            computed_field_name: The name of the computed field from which to generate the alias.
+        """
+        # Apply an alias_generator if
+        # 1. An alias is not specified
+        # 2. An alias is specified, but the priority is <= 1
+
+        if (
+            computed_field_info.alias_priority is None
+            or computed_field_info.alias_priority <= 1
+            or computed_field_info.alias is None
+        ):
+            alias, validation_alias, serialization_alias = None, None, None
+
+            if isinstance(alias_generator, AliasGenerator):
+                alias, validation_alias, serialization_alias = alias_generator.generate_aliases(computed_field_name)
+            elif isinstance(alias_generator, Callable):
+                alias = alias_generator(computed_field_name)
+                if not isinstance(alias, str):
+                    raise TypeError(f'alias_generator {alias_generator} must return str, not {alias.__class__}')
+
+            # if priority is not set, we set to 1
+            # which supports the case where the alias_generator from a child class is used
+            # to generate an alias for a field in a parent class
+            if computed_field_info.alias_priority is None or computed_field_info.alias_priority <= 1:
+                computed_field_info.alias_priority = 1
+
+            # if the priority is 1, then we set the aliases to the generated alias
+            # note that we use the serialization_alias with priority over alias, as computed_field
+            # aliases are used for serialization only (not validation)
+            if computed_field_info.alias_priority == 1:
+                computed_field_info.alias = _get_first_non_null(serialization_alias, alias)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _apply_field_title_generator_to_field_info(
+        config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper, field_info: FieldInfo | ComputedFieldInfo, field_name: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply a field_title_generator on a FieldInfo or ComputedFieldInfo instance if appropriate
+        Args:
+            config_wrapper: The config of the model
+            field_info: The FieldInfo or ComputedField instance to which the title_generator is (maybe) applied.
+            field_name: The name of the field from which to generate the title.
+        """
+        field_title_generator = field_info.field_title_generator or config_wrapper.field_title_generator
+
+        if field_title_generator is None:
+            return
+
+        if field_info.title is None:
+            title = field_title_generator(field_name, field_info)  # type: ignore
+            if not isinstance(title, str):
+                raise TypeError(f'field_title_generator {field_title_generator} must return str, not {title.__class__}')
+
+            field_info.title = title
+
+    def _common_field_schema(  # C901
+        self, name: str, field_info: FieldInfo, decorators: DecoratorInfos
+    ) -> _CommonField:
+        source_type, annotations = field_info.annotation, field_info.metadata
+
+        def set_discriminator(schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+            schema = self._apply_discriminator_to_union(schema, field_info.discriminator)
+            return schema
+
+        # Convert `@field_validator` decorators to `Before/After/Plain/WrapValidator` instances:
+        validators_from_decorators = []
+        for decorator in filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(decorators.field_validators.values(), name):
+            validators_from_decorators.append(_mode_to_validator[decorator.info.mode]._from_decorator(decorator))
+
+        with self.field_name_stack.push(name):
+            if field_info.discriminator is not None:
+                schema = self._apply_annotations(
+                    source_type, annotations + validators_from_decorators, transform_inner_schema=set_discriminator
+                )
+            else:
+                schema = self._apply_annotations(
+                    source_type,
+                    annotations + validators_from_decorators,
+                )
+
+        # This V1 compatibility shim should eventually be removed
+        # push down any `each_item=True` validators
+        # note that this won't work for any Annotated types that get wrapped by a function validator
+        # but that's okay because that didn't exist in V1
+        this_field_validators = filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(decorators.validators.values(), name)
+        if _validators_require_validate_default(this_field_validators):
+            field_info.validate_default = True
+        each_item_validators = [v for v in this_field_validators if v.info.each_item is True]
+        this_field_validators = [v for v in this_field_validators if v not in each_item_validators]
+        schema = apply_each_item_validators(schema, each_item_validators, name)
+
+        schema = apply_validators(schema, this_field_validators, name)
+
+        # the default validator needs to go outside of any other validators
+        # so that it is the topmost validator for the field validator
+        # which uses it to check if the field has a default value or not
+        if not field_info.is_required():
+            schema = wrap_default(field_info, schema)
+
+        schema = self._apply_field_serializers(
+            schema, filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(decorators.field_serializers.values(), name)
+        )
+        self._apply_field_title_generator_to_field_info(self._config_wrapper, field_info, name)
+
+        pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra = _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(field_info)
+        core_metadata: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        update_core_metadata(
+            core_metadata, pydantic_js_updates=pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra=pydantic_js_extra
+        )
+
+        alias_generator = self._config_wrapper.alias_generator
+        if alias_generator is not None:
+            self._apply_alias_generator_to_field_info(alias_generator, field_info, name)
+
+        if isinstance(field_info.validation_alias, (AliasChoices, AliasPath)):
+            validation_alias = field_info.validation_alias.convert_to_aliases()
+        else:
+            validation_alias = field_info.validation_alias
+
+        return _common_field(
+            schema,
+            serialization_exclude=True if field_info.exclude else None,
+            validation_alias=validation_alias,
+            serialization_alias=field_info.serialization_alias,
+            frozen=field_info.frozen,
+            metadata=core_metadata,
+        )
+
+    def _union_schema(self, union_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Union."""
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(union_type, required=True)
+        choices: list[CoreSchema] = []
+        nullable = False
+        for arg in args:
+            if arg is None or arg is _typing_extra.NoneType:
+                nullable = True
+            else:
+                choices.append(self.generate_schema(arg))
+
+        if len(choices) == 1:
+            s = choices[0]
+        else:
+            choices_with_tags: list[CoreSchema | tuple[CoreSchema, str]] = []
+            for choice in choices:
+                tag = cast(CoreMetadata, choice.get('metadata', {})).get('pydantic_internal_union_tag_key')
+                if tag is not None:
+                    choices_with_tags.append((choice, tag))
+                else:
+                    choices_with_tags.append(choice)
+            s = core_schema.union_schema(choices_with_tags)
+
+        if nullable:
+            s = core_schema.nullable_schema(s)
+        return s
+
+    def _type_alias_type_schema(self, obj: TypeAliasType) -> CoreSchema:
+        with self.defs.get_schema_or_ref(obj) as (ref, maybe_schema):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            origin: TypeAliasType = get_origin(obj) or obj
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(obj)
+
+            with self._ns_resolver.push(origin):
+                try:
+                    annotation = _typing_extra.eval_type(origin.__value__, *self._types_namespace)
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+                annotation = replace_types(annotation, typevars_map)
+                schema = self.generate_schema(annotation)
+                assert schema['type'] != 'definitions'
+                schema['ref'] = ref  # type: ignore
+            return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _literal_schema(self, literal_type: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Literal."""
+        expected = list(get_literal_values(literal_type, type_check=False, unpack_type_aliases='eager'))
+        assert expected, f'literal "expected" cannot be empty, obj={literal_type}'
+        schema = core_schema.literal_schema(expected)
+
+        if self._config_wrapper.use_enum_values and any(isinstance(v, Enum) for v in expected):
+            schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                lambda v: v.value if isinstance(v, Enum) else v, schema
+            )
+
+        return schema
+
+    def _typed_dict_schema(self, typed_dict_cls: Any, origin: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate a core schema for a `TypedDict` class.
+
+        To be able to build a `DecoratorInfos` instance for the `TypedDict` class (which will include
+        validators, serializers, etc.), we need to have access to the original bases of the class
+        (see https://docs.python.org/3/library/types.html#types.get_original_bases).
+        However, the `__orig_bases__` attribute was only added in 3.12 (https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/103698).
+
+        For this reason, we require Python 3.12 (or using the `typing_extensions` backport).
+        """
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        with (
+            self.model_type_stack.push(typed_dict_cls),
+            self.defs.get_schema_or_ref(typed_dict_cls) as (
+                typed_dict_ref,
+                maybe_schema,
+            ),
+        ):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(typed_dict_cls)
+            if origin is not None:
+                typed_dict_cls = origin
+
+            if not _SUPPORTS_TYPEDDICT and type(typed_dict_cls).__module__ == 'typing':
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    'Please use `typing_extensions.TypedDict` instead of `typing.TypedDict` on Python < 3.12.',
+                    code='typed-dict-version',
+                )
+
+            try:
+                # if a typed dictionary class doesn't have config, we use the parent's config, hence a default of `None`
+                # see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/10917
+                config: ConfigDict | None = get_attribute_from_bases(typed_dict_cls, '__pydantic_config__')
+            except AttributeError:
+                config = None
+
+            with self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config):
+                core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=typed_dict_cls.__name__)
+
+                required_keys: frozenset[str] = typed_dict_cls.__required_keys__
+
+                fields: dict[str, core_schema.TypedDictField] = {}
+
+                decorators = DecoratorInfos.build(typed_dict_cls)
+
+                if self._config_wrapper.use_attribute_docstrings:
+                    field_docstrings = extract_docstrings_from_cls(typed_dict_cls, use_inspect=True)
+                else:
+                    field_docstrings = None
+
+                try:
+                    annotations = _typing_extra.get_cls_type_hints(typed_dict_cls, ns_resolver=self._ns_resolver)
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+                readonly_fields: list[str] = []
+
+                for field_name, annotation in annotations.items():
+                    field_info = FieldInfo.from_annotation(annotation, _source=AnnotationSource.TYPED_DICT)
+                    field_info.annotation = replace_types(field_info.annotation, typevars_map)
+
+                    required = (
+                        field_name in required_keys or 'required' in field_info._qualifiers
+                    ) and 'not_required' not in field_info._qualifiers
+                    if 'read_only' in field_info._qualifiers:
+                        readonly_fields.append(field_name)
+
+                    if (
+                        field_docstrings is not None
+                        and field_info.description is None
+                        and field_name in field_docstrings
+                    ):
+                        field_info.description = field_docstrings[field_name]
+                    self._apply_field_title_generator_to_field_info(self._config_wrapper, field_info, field_name)
+                    fields[field_name] = self._generate_td_field_schema(
+                        field_name, field_info, decorators, required=required
+                    )
+
+                if readonly_fields:
+                    fields_repr = ', '.join(repr(f) for f in readonly_fields)
+                    plural = len(readonly_fields) >= 2
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        f'Item{"s" if plural else ""} {fields_repr} on TypedDict class {typed_dict_cls.__name__!r} '
+                        f'{"are" if plural else "is"} using the `ReadOnly` qualifier. Pydantic will not protect items '
+                        'from any mutation on dictionary instances.',
+                        UserWarning,
+                    )
+
+                td_schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema(
+                    fields,
+                    cls=typed_dict_cls,
+                    computed_fields=[
+                        self._computed_field_schema(d, decorators.field_serializers)
+                        for d in decorators.computed_fields.values()
+                    ],
+                    ref=typed_dict_ref,
+                    config=core_config,
+                )
+
+                schema = self._apply_model_serializers(td_schema, decorators.model_serializers.values())
+                schema = apply_model_validators(schema, decorators.model_validators.values(), 'all')
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _namedtuple_schema(self, namedtuple_cls: Any, origin: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a NamedTuple."""
+        with (
+            self.model_type_stack.push(namedtuple_cls),
+            self.defs.get_schema_or_ref(namedtuple_cls) as (
+                namedtuple_ref,
+                maybe_schema,
+            ),
+        ):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(namedtuple_cls)
+            if origin is not None:
+                namedtuple_cls = origin
+
+            try:
+                annotations = _typing_extra.get_cls_type_hints(namedtuple_cls, ns_resolver=self._ns_resolver)
+            except NameError as e:
+                raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+            if not annotations:
+                # annotations is empty, happens if namedtuple_cls defined via collections.namedtuple(...)
+                annotations: dict[str, Any] = {k: Any for k in namedtuple_cls._fields}
+
+            if typevars_map:
+                annotations = {
+                    field_name: replace_types(annotation, typevars_map)
+                    for field_name, annotation in annotations.items()
+                }
+
+            arguments_schema = core_schema.arguments_schema(
+                [
+                    self._generate_parameter_schema(
+                        field_name,
+                        annotation,
+                        source=AnnotationSource.NAMED_TUPLE,
+                        default=namedtuple_cls._field_defaults.get(field_name, Parameter.empty),
+                    )
+                    for field_name, annotation in annotations.items()
+                ],
+                metadata={'pydantic_js_prefer_positional_arguments': True},
+            )
+            schema = core_schema.call_schema(arguments_schema, namedtuple_cls, ref=namedtuple_ref)
+            return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _generate_parameter_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        annotation: type[Any],
+        source: AnnotationSource,
+        default: Any = Parameter.empty,
+        mode: Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'keyword_only'] | None = None,
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsParameter:
+        """Generate the definition of a field in a namedtuple or a parameter in a function signature.
+
+        This definition is meant to be used for the `'arguments'` core schema, which will be replaced
+        in V3 by the `'arguments-v3`'.
+        """
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if default is Parameter.empty:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotation(annotation, _source=source)
+        else:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotated_attribute(annotation, default, _source=source)
+        assert field.annotation is not None, 'field.annotation should not be None when generating a schema'
+        with self.field_name_stack.push(name):
+            schema = self._apply_annotations(field.annotation, [field])
+
+        if not field.is_required():
+            schema = wrap_default(field, schema)
+
+        parameter_schema = core_schema.arguments_parameter(name, schema)
+        if mode is not None:
+            parameter_schema['mode'] = mode
+        if field.alias is not None:
+            parameter_schema['alias'] = field.alias
+        else:
+            alias_generator = self._config_wrapper.alias_generator
+            if isinstance(alias_generator, AliasGenerator) and alias_generator.alias is not None:
+                parameter_schema['alias'] = alias_generator.alias(name)
+            elif callable(alias_generator):
+                parameter_schema['alias'] = alias_generator(name)
+        return parameter_schema
+
+    def _generate_parameter_v3_schema(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        annotation: Any,
+        source: AnnotationSource,
+        mode: Literal[
+            'positional_only',
+            'positional_or_keyword',
+            'keyword_only',
+            'var_args',
+            'var_kwargs_uniform',
+            'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict',
+        ],
+        default: Any = Parameter.empty,
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsV3Parameter:
+        """Generate the definition of a parameter in a function signature.
+
+        This definition is meant to be used for the `'arguments-v3'` core schema, which will replace
+        the `'arguments`' schema in V3.
+        """
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if default is Parameter.empty:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotation(annotation, _source=source)
+        else:
+            field = FieldInfo.from_annotated_attribute(annotation, default, _source=source)
+
+        with self.field_name_stack.push(name):
+            schema = self._apply_annotations(field.annotation, [field])
+
+        if not field.is_required():
+            schema = wrap_default(field, schema)
+
+        parameter_schema = core_schema.arguments_v3_parameter(
+            name=name,
+            schema=schema,
+            mode=mode,
+        )
+        if field.alias is not None:
+            parameter_schema['alias'] = field.alias
+        else:
+            alias_generator = self._config_wrapper.alias_generator
+            if isinstance(alias_generator, AliasGenerator) and alias_generator.alias is not None:
+                parameter_schema['alias'] = alias_generator.alias(name)
+            elif callable(alias_generator):
+                parameter_schema['alias'] = alias_generator(name)
+
+        return parameter_schema
+
+    def _tuple_schema(self, tuple_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Tuple, e.g. `tuple[int, str]` or `tuple[int, ...]`."""
+        # TODO: do we really need to resolve type vars here?
+        typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(tuple_type)
+        params = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(tuple_type)
+
+        if typevars_map and params:
+            params = tuple(replace_types(param, typevars_map) for param in params)
+
+        # NOTE: subtle difference: `tuple[()]` gives `params=()`, whereas `typing.Tuple[()]` gives `params=((),)`
+        # This is only true for <3.11, on Python 3.11+ `typing.Tuple[()]` gives `params=()`
+        if not params:
+            if tuple_type in TUPLE_TYPES:
+                return core_schema.tuple_schema([core_schema.any_schema()], variadic_item_index=0)
+            else:
+                # special case for `tuple[()]` which means `tuple[]` - an empty tuple
+                return core_schema.tuple_schema([])
+        elif params[-1] is Ellipsis:
+            if len(params) == 2:
+                return core_schema.tuple_schema([self.generate_schema(params[0])], variadic_item_index=0)
+            else:
+                # TODO: something like https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/5952
+                raise ValueError('Variable tuples can only have one type')
+        elif len(params) == 1 and params[0] == ():
+            # special case for `tuple[()]` which means `tuple[]` - an empty tuple
+            # NOTE: This conditional can be removed when we drop support for Python 3.10.
+            return core_schema.tuple_schema([])
+        else:
+            return core_schema.tuple_schema([self.generate_schema(param) for param in params])
+
+    def _type_schema(self) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.custom_error_schema(
+            core_schema.is_instance_schema(type),
+            custom_error_type='is_type',
+            custom_error_message='Input should be a type',
+        )
+
+    def _zoneinfo_schema(self) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a zone_info.ZoneInfo object"""
+        from ._validators import validate_str_is_valid_iana_tz
+
+        metadata = {'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda _1, _2: {'type': 'string', 'format': 'zoneinfo'}]}
+        return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+            validate_str_is_valid_iana_tz,
+            serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema(),
+            metadata=metadata,
+        )
+
+    def _union_is_subclass_schema(self, union_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for `type[Union[X, ...]]`."""
+        args = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(union_type, required=True)
+        return core_schema.union_schema([self.generate_schema(type[args]) for args in args])
+
+    def _subclass_schema(self, type_: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a type, e.g. `type[int]`."""
+        type_param = self._get_first_arg_or_any(type_)
+
+        # Assume `type[Annotated[<typ>, ...]]` is equivalent to `type[<typ>]`:
+        type_param = _typing_extra.annotated_type(type_param) or type_param
+
+        if typing_objects.is_any(type_param):
+            return self._type_schema()
+        elif typing_objects.is_typealiastype(type_param):
+            return self.generate_schema(type[type_param.__value__])
+        elif typing_objects.is_typevar(type_param):
+            if type_param.__bound__:
+                if is_union_origin(get_origin(type_param.__bound__)):
+                    return self._union_is_subclass_schema(type_param.__bound__)
+                return core_schema.is_subclass_schema(type_param.__bound__)
+            elif type_param.__constraints__:
+                return core_schema.union_schema([self.generate_schema(type[c]) for c in type_param.__constraints__])
+            else:
+                return self._type_schema()
+        elif is_union_origin(get_origin(type_param)):
+            return self._union_is_subclass_schema(type_param)
+        else:
+            if typing_objects.is_self(type_param):
+                type_param = self._resolve_self_type(type_param)
+            if _typing_extra.is_generic_alias(type_param):
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    'Subscripting `type[]` with an already parametrized type is not supported. '
+                    f'Instead of using type[{type_param!r}], use type[{_repr.display_as_type(get_origin(type_param))}].',
+                    code=None,
+                )
+            if not inspect.isclass(type_param):
+                # when using type[None], this doesn't type convert to type[NoneType], and None isn't a class
+                # so we handle it manually here
+                if type_param is None:
+                    return core_schema.is_subclass_schema(_typing_extra.NoneType)
+                raise TypeError(f'Expected a class, got {type_param!r}')
+            return core_schema.is_subclass_schema(type_param)
+
+    def _sequence_schema(self, items_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Sequence, e.g. `Sequence[int]`."""
+        from ._serializers import serialize_sequence_via_list
+
+        item_type_schema = self.generate_schema(items_type)
+        list_schema = core_schema.list_schema(item_type_schema)
+
+        json_schema = smart_deepcopy(list_schema)
+        python_schema = core_schema.is_instance_schema(typing.Sequence, cls_repr='Sequence')
+        if not typing_objects.is_any(items_type):
+            from ._validators import sequence_validator
+
+            python_schema = core_schema.chain_schema(
+                [python_schema, core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(sequence_validator, list_schema)],
+            )
+
+        serialization = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+            serialize_sequence_via_list, schema=item_type_schema, info_arg=True
+        )
+        return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+            json_schema=json_schema, python_schema=python_schema, serialization=serialization
+        )
+
+    def _iterable_schema(self, type_: Any) -> core_schema.GeneratorSchema:
+        """Generate a schema for an `Iterable`."""
+        item_type = self._get_first_arg_or_any(type_)
+
+        return core_schema.generator_schema(self.generate_schema(item_type))
+
+    def _pattern_schema(self, pattern_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        from . import _validators
+
+        metadata = {'pydantic_js_functions': [lambda _1, _2: {'type': 'string', 'format': 'regex'}]}
+        ser = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+            attrgetter('pattern'), when_used='json', return_schema=core_schema.str_schema()
+        )
+        if pattern_type is typing.Pattern or pattern_type is re.Pattern:
+            # bare type
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                _validators.pattern_either_validator, serialization=ser, metadata=metadata
+            )
+
+        param = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(
+            pattern_type,
+            required=True,
+        )[0]
+        if param is str:
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                _validators.pattern_str_validator, serialization=ser, metadata=metadata
+            )
+        elif param is bytes:
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                _validators.pattern_bytes_validator, serialization=ser, metadata=metadata
+            )
+        else:
+            raise PydanticSchemaGenerationError(f'Unable to generate pydantic-core schema for {pattern_type!r}.')
+
+    def _hashable_schema(self) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.custom_error_schema(
+            schema=core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=core_schema.chain_schema(
+                    [core_schema.any_schema(), core_schema.is_instance_schema(collections.abc.Hashable)]
+                ),
+                python_schema=core_schema.is_instance_schema(collections.abc.Hashable),
+            ),
+            custom_error_type='is_hashable',
+            custom_error_message='Input should be hashable',
+        )
+
+    def _dataclass_schema(
+        self, dataclass: type[StandardDataclass], origin: type[StandardDataclass] | None
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a dataclass."""
+        with (
+            self.model_type_stack.push(dataclass),
+            self.defs.get_schema_or_ref(dataclass) as (
+                dataclass_ref,
+                maybe_schema,
+            ),
+        ):
+            if maybe_schema is not None:
+                return maybe_schema
+
+            schema = dataclass.__dict__.get('__pydantic_core_schema__')
+            if schema is not None and not isinstance(schema, MockCoreSchema):
+                if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                    schema = self.defs.unpack_definitions(schema)
+                ref = get_ref(schema)
+                if ref:
+                    return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+                else:
+                    return schema
+
+            typevars_map = get_standard_typevars_map(dataclass)
+            if origin is not None:
+                dataclass = origin
+
+            # if (plain) dataclass doesn't have config, we use the parent's config, hence a default of `None`
+            # (Pydantic dataclasses have an empty dict config by default).
+            # see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/10917
+            config = getattr(dataclass, '__pydantic_config__', None)
+
+            from ..dataclasses import is_pydantic_dataclass
+
+            with self._ns_resolver.push(dataclass), self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config):
+                if is_pydantic_dataclass(dataclass):
+                    # Copy the field info instances to avoid mutating the `FieldInfo` instances
+                    # of the generic dataclass generic origin (e.g. `apply_typevars_map` below).
+                    # Note that we don't apply `deepcopy` on `__pydantic_fields__` because we
+                    # don't want to copy the `FieldInfo` attributes:
+                    fields = {f_name: copy(field_info) for f_name, field_info in dataclass.__pydantic_fields__.items()}
+                    if typevars_map:
+                        for field in fields.values():
+                            field.apply_typevars_map(typevars_map, *self._types_namespace)
+                else:
+                    fields = collect_dataclass_fields(
+                        dataclass,
+                        typevars_map=typevars_map,
+                        config_wrapper=self._config_wrapper,
+                    )
+
+                if self._config_wrapper.extra == 'allow':
+                    # disallow combination of init=False on a dataclass field and extra='allow' on a dataclass
+                    for field_name, field in fields.items():
+                        if field.init is False:
+                            raise PydanticUserError(
+                                f'Field {field_name} has `init=False` and dataclass has config setting `extra="allow"`. '
+                                f'This combination is not allowed.',
+                                code='dataclass-init-false-extra-allow',
+                            )
+
+                decorators = dataclass.__dict__.get('__pydantic_decorators__') or DecoratorInfos.build(dataclass)
+                # Move kw_only=False args to the start of the list, as this is how vanilla dataclasses work.
+                # Note that when kw_only is missing or None, it is treated as equivalent to kw_only=True
+                args = sorted(
+                    (self._generate_dc_field_schema(k, v, decorators) for k, v in fields.items()),
+                    key=lambda a: a.get('kw_only') is not False,
+                )
+                has_post_init = hasattr(dataclass, '__post_init__')
+                has_slots = hasattr(dataclass, '__slots__')
+
+                args_schema = core_schema.dataclass_args_schema(
+                    dataclass.__name__,
+                    args,
+                    computed_fields=[
+                        self._computed_field_schema(d, decorators.field_serializers)
+                        for d in decorators.computed_fields.values()
+                    ],
+                    collect_init_only=has_post_init,
+                )
+
+                inner_schema = apply_validators(args_schema, decorators.root_validators.values(), None)
+
+                model_validators = decorators.model_validators.values()
+                inner_schema = apply_model_validators(inner_schema, model_validators, 'inner')
+
+                core_config = self._config_wrapper.core_config(title=dataclass.__name__)
+
+                dc_schema = core_schema.dataclass_schema(
+                    dataclass,
+                    inner_schema,
+                    generic_origin=origin,
+                    post_init=has_post_init,
+                    ref=dataclass_ref,
+                    fields=[field.name for field in dataclasses.fields(dataclass)],
+                    slots=has_slots,
+                    config=core_config,
+                    # we don't use a custom __setattr__ for dataclasses, so we must
+                    # pass along the frozen config setting to the pydantic-core schema
+                    frozen=self._config_wrapper_stack.tail.frozen,
+                )
+                schema = self._apply_model_serializers(dc_schema, decorators.model_serializers.values())
+                schema = apply_model_validators(schema, model_validators, 'outer')
+                return self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+    def _call_schema(self, function: ValidateCallSupportedTypes) -> core_schema.CallSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Callable.
+
+        TODO support functional validators once we support them in Config
+        """
+        arguments_schema = self._arguments_schema(function)
+
+        return_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema | None = None
+        config_wrapper = self._config_wrapper
+        if config_wrapper.validate_return:
+            sig = signature(function)
+            return_hint = sig.return_annotation
+            if return_hint is not sig.empty:
+                globalns, localns = self._types_namespace
+                type_hints = _typing_extra.get_function_type_hints(
+                    function, globalns=globalns, localns=localns, include_keys={'return'}
+                )
+                return_schema = self.generate_schema(type_hints['return'])
+
+        return core_schema.call_schema(
+            arguments_schema,
+            function,
+            return_schema=return_schema,
+        )
+
+    def _arguments_schema(
+        self, function: ValidateCallSupportedTypes, parameters_callback: ParametersCallback | None = None
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsSchema:
+        """Generate schema for a Signature."""
+        mode_lookup: dict[_ParameterKind, Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'keyword_only']] = {
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY: 'positional_only',
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD: 'positional_or_keyword',
+            Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY: 'keyword_only',
+        }
+
+        sig = signature(function)
+        globalns, localns = self._types_namespace
+        type_hints = _typing_extra.get_function_type_hints(function, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+
+        arguments_list: list[core_schema.ArgumentsParameter] = []
+        var_args_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema | None = None
+        var_kwargs_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema | None = None
+        var_kwargs_mode: core_schema.VarKwargsMode | None = None
+
+        for i, (name, p) in enumerate(sig.parameters.items()):
+            if p.annotation is sig.empty:
+                annotation = typing.cast(Any, Any)
+            else:
+                annotation = type_hints[name]
+
+            if parameters_callback is not None:
+                result = parameters_callback(i, name, annotation)
+                if result == 'skip':
+                    continue
+
+            parameter_mode = mode_lookup.get(p.kind)
+            if parameter_mode is not None:
+                arg_schema = self._generate_parameter_schema(
+                    name, annotation, AnnotationSource.FUNCTION, p.default, parameter_mode
+                )
+                arguments_list.append(arg_schema)
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
+                var_args_schema = self.generate_schema(annotation)
+            else:
+                assert p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, p.kind
+
+                unpack_type = _typing_extra.unpack_type(annotation)
+                if unpack_type is not None:
+                    origin = get_origin(unpack_type) or unpack_type
+                    if not is_typeddict(origin):
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Expected a `TypedDict` class inside `Unpack[...]`, got {unpack_type!r}',
+                            code='unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+                    non_pos_only_param_names = {
+                        name for name, p in sig.parameters.items() if p.kind != Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
+                    }
+                    overlapping_params = non_pos_only_param_names.intersection(origin.__annotations__)
+                    if overlapping_params:
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Typed dictionary {origin.__name__!r} overlaps with parameter'
+                            f'{"s" if len(overlapping_params) >= 2 else ""} '
+                            f'{", ".join(repr(p) for p in sorted(overlapping_params))}',
+                            code='overlapping-unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+
+                    var_kwargs_mode = 'unpacked-typed-dict'
+                    var_kwargs_schema = self._typed_dict_schema(unpack_type, get_origin(unpack_type))
+                else:
+                    var_kwargs_mode = 'uniform'
+                    var_kwargs_schema = self.generate_schema(annotation)
+
+        return core_schema.arguments_schema(
+            arguments_list,
+            var_args_schema=var_args_schema,
+            var_kwargs_mode=var_kwargs_mode,
+            var_kwargs_schema=var_kwargs_schema,
+            validate_by_name=self._config_wrapper.validate_by_name,
+        )
+
+    def _arguments_v3_schema(
+        self, function: ValidateCallSupportedTypes, parameters_callback: ParametersCallback | None = None
+    ) -> core_schema.ArgumentsV3Schema:
+        mode_lookup: dict[
+            _ParameterKind, Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'var_args', 'keyword_only']
+        ] = {
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY: 'positional_only',
+            Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD: 'positional_or_keyword',
+            Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL: 'var_args',
+            Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY: 'keyword_only',
+        }
+
+        sig = signature(function)
+        globalns, localns = self._types_namespace
+        type_hints = _typing_extra.get_function_type_hints(function, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+
+        parameters_list: list[core_schema.ArgumentsV3Parameter] = []
+
+        for i, (name, p) in enumerate(sig.parameters.items()):
+            if parameters_callback is not None:
+                result = parameters_callback(i, name, p.annotation)
+                if result == 'skip':
+                    continue
+
+            if p.annotation is Parameter.empty:
+                annotation = typing.cast(Any, Any)
+            else:
+                annotation = type_hints[name]
+
+            parameter_mode = mode_lookup.get(p.kind)
+            if parameter_mode is None:
+                assert p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, p.kind
+
+                unpack_type = _typing_extra.unpack_type(annotation)
+                if unpack_type is not None:
+                    origin = get_origin(unpack_type) or unpack_type
+                    if not is_typeddict(origin):
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Expected a `TypedDict` class inside `Unpack[...]`, got {unpack_type!r}',
+                            code='unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+                    non_pos_only_param_names = {
+                        name for name, p in sig.parameters.items() if p.kind != Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY
+                    }
+                    overlapping_params = non_pos_only_param_names.intersection(origin.__annotations__)
+                    if overlapping_params:
+                        raise PydanticUserError(
+                            f'Typed dictionary {origin.__name__!r} overlaps with parameter'
+                            f'{"s" if len(overlapping_params) >= 2 else ""} '
+                            f'{", ".join(repr(p) for p in sorted(overlapping_params))}',
+                            code='overlapping-unpack-typed-dict',
+                        )
+                    parameter_mode = 'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict'
+                    annotation = unpack_type
+                else:
+                    parameter_mode = 'var_kwargs_uniform'
+
+            parameters_list.append(
+                self._generate_parameter_v3_schema(
+                    name, annotation, AnnotationSource.FUNCTION, parameter_mode, default=p.default
+                )
+            )
+
+        return core_schema.arguments_v3_schema(
+            parameters_list,
+            validate_by_name=self._config_wrapper.validate_by_name,
+        )
+
+    def _unsubstituted_typevar_schema(self, typevar: typing.TypeVar) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        try:
+            has_default = typevar.has_default()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Happens if using `typing.TypeVar` (and not `typing_extensions`) on Python < 3.13
+            pass
+        else:
+            if has_default:
+                return self.generate_schema(typevar.__default__)
+
+        if constraints := typevar.__constraints__:
+            return self._union_schema(typing.Union[constraints])
+
+        if bound := typevar.__bound__:
+            schema = self.generate_schema(bound)
+            schema['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                lambda x, h: h(x),
+                schema=core_schema.any_schema(),
+            )
+            return schema
+
+        return core_schema.any_schema()
+
+    def _computed_field_schema(
+        self,
+        d: Decorator[ComputedFieldInfo],
+        field_serializers: dict[str, Decorator[FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo]],
+    ) -> core_schema.ComputedField:
+        if d.info.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+            return_type = d.info.return_type
+        else:
+            try:
+                # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(d.func, localns=self._types_namespace.locals)
+            except NameError as e:
+                raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+        if return_type is PydanticUndefined:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'Computed field is missing return type annotation or specifying `return_type`'
+                ' to the `@computed_field` decorator (e.g. `@computed_field(return_type=int | str)`)',
+                code='model-field-missing-annotation',
+            )
+
+        return_type = replace_types(return_type, self._typevars_map)
+        # Create a new ComputedFieldInfo so that different type parametrizations of the same
+        # generic model's computed field can have different return types.
+        d.info = dataclasses.replace(d.info, return_type=return_type)
+        return_type_schema = self.generate_schema(return_type)
+        # Apply serializers to computed field if there exist
+        return_type_schema = self._apply_field_serializers(
+            return_type_schema,
+            filter_field_decorator_info_by_field(field_serializers.values(), d.cls_var_name),
+        )
+
+        alias_generator = self._config_wrapper.alias_generator
+        if alias_generator is not None:
+            self._apply_alias_generator_to_computed_field_info(
+                alias_generator=alias_generator, computed_field_info=d.info, computed_field_name=d.cls_var_name
+            )
+        self._apply_field_title_generator_to_field_info(self._config_wrapper, d.info, d.cls_var_name)
+
+        pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra = _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(d.info)
+        core_metadata: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        update_core_metadata(
+            core_metadata,
+            pydantic_js_updates={'readOnly': True, **(pydantic_js_updates if pydantic_js_updates else {})},
+            pydantic_js_extra=pydantic_js_extra,
+        )
+        return core_schema.computed_field(
+            d.cls_var_name, return_schema=return_type_schema, alias=d.info.alias, metadata=core_metadata
+        )
+
+    def _annotated_schema(self, annotated_type: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate schema for an Annotated type, e.g. `Annotated[int, Field(...)]` or `Annotated[int, Gt(0)]`."""
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+        source_type, *annotations = self._get_args_resolving_forward_refs(
+            annotated_type,
+            required=True,
+        )
+        schema = self._apply_annotations(source_type, annotations)
+        # put the default validator last so that TypeAdapter.get_default_value() works
+        # even if there are function validators involved
+        for annotation in annotations:
+            if isinstance(annotation, FieldInfo):
+                schema = wrap_default(annotation, schema)
+        return schema
+
+    def _apply_annotations(
+        self,
+        source_type: Any,
+        annotations: list[Any],
+        transform_inner_schema: Callable[[CoreSchema], CoreSchema] = lambda x: x,
+    ) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Apply arguments from `Annotated` or from `FieldInfo` to a schema.
+
+        This gets called by `GenerateSchema._annotated_schema` but differs from it in that it does
+        not expect `source_type` to be an `Annotated` object, it expects it to be  the first argument of that
+        (in other words, `GenerateSchema._annotated_schema` just unpacks `Annotated`, this process it).
+        """
+        annotations = list(_known_annotated_metadata.expand_grouped_metadata(annotations))
+
+        pydantic_js_annotation_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction] = []
+
+        def inner_handler(obj: Any) -> CoreSchema:
+            schema = self._generate_schema_from_get_schema_method(obj, source_type)
+
+            if schema is None:
+                schema = self._generate_schema_inner(obj)
+
+            metadata_js_function = _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(obj)
+            if metadata_js_function is not None:
+                metadata_schema = resolve_original_schema(schema, self.defs)
+                if metadata_schema is not None:
+                    self._add_js_function(metadata_schema, metadata_js_function)
+            return transform_inner_schema(schema)
+
+        get_inner_schema = CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler(inner_handler, self)
+
+        for annotation in annotations:
+            if annotation is None:
+                continue
+            get_inner_schema = self._get_wrapped_inner_schema(
+                get_inner_schema, annotation, pydantic_js_annotation_functions
+            )
+
+        schema = get_inner_schema(source_type)
+        if pydantic_js_annotation_functions:
+            core_metadata = schema.setdefault('metadata', {})
+            update_core_metadata(core_metadata, pydantic_js_annotation_functions=pydantic_js_annotation_functions)
+        return _add_custom_serialization_from_json_encoders(self._config_wrapper.json_encoders, source_type, schema)
+
+    def _apply_single_annotation(self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, metadata: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if isinstance(metadata, FieldInfo):
+            for field_metadata in metadata.metadata:
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation(schema, field_metadata)
+
+            if metadata.discriminator is not None:
+                schema = self._apply_discriminator_to_union(schema, metadata.discriminator)
+            return schema
+
+        if schema['type'] == 'nullable':
+            # for nullable schemas, metadata is automatically applied to the inner schema
+            inner = schema.get('schema', core_schema.any_schema())
+            inner = self._apply_single_annotation(inner, metadata)
+            if inner:
+                schema['schema'] = inner
+            return schema
+
+        original_schema = schema
+        ref = schema.get('ref')
+        if ref is not None:
+            schema = schema.copy()
+            new_ref = ref + f'_{repr(metadata)}'
+            if (existing := self.defs.get_schema_from_ref(new_ref)) is not None:
+                return existing
+            schema['ref'] = new_ref  # pyright: ignore[reportGeneralTypeIssues]
+        elif schema['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+            ref = schema['schema_ref']
+            if (referenced_schema := self.defs.get_schema_from_ref(ref)) is not None:
+                schema = referenced_schema.copy()
+                new_ref = ref + f'_{repr(metadata)}'
+                if (existing := self.defs.get_schema_from_ref(new_ref)) is not None:
+                    return existing
+                schema['ref'] = new_ref  # pyright: ignore[reportGeneralTypeIssues]
+
+        maybe_updated_schema = _known_annotated_metadata.apply_known_metadata(metadata, schema)
+
+        if maybe_updated_schema is not None:
+            return maybe_updated_schema
+        return original_schema
+
+    def _apply_single_annotation_json_schema(
+        self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, metadata: Any
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+        if isinstance(metadata, FieldInfo):
+            for field_metadata in metadata.metadata:
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation_json_schema(schema, field_metadata)
+
+            pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra = _extract_json_schema_info_from_field_info(metadata)
+            core_metadata = schema.setdefault('metadata', {})
+            update_core_metadata(
+                core_metadata, pydantic_js_updates=pydantic_js_updates, pydantic_js_extra=pydantic_js_extra
+            )
+        return schema
+
+    def _get_wrapped_inner_schema(
+        self,
+        get_inner_schema: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+        annotation: Any,
+        pydantic_js_annotation_functions: list[GetJsonSchemaFunction],
+    ) -> CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler:
+        annotation_get_schema: GetCoreSchemaFunction | None = getattr(annotation, '__get_pydantic_core_schema__', None)
+
+        def new_handler(source: Any) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if annotation_get_schema is not None:
+                schema = annotation_get_schema(source, get_inner_schema)
+            else:
+                schema = get_inner_schema(source)
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation(schema, annotation)
+                schema = self._apply_single_annotation_json_schema(schema, annotation)
+
+            metadata_js_function = _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(annotation)
+            if metadata_js_function is not None:
+                pydantic_js_annotation_functions.append(metadata_js_function)
+            return schema
+
+        return CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler(new_handler, self)
+
+    def _apply_field_serializers(
+        self,
+        schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+        serializers: list[Decorator[FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo]],
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Apply field serializers to a schema."""
+        if serializers:
+            schema = copy(schema)
+            if schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+                inner_schema = schema['schema']
+                schema['schema'] = self._apply_field_serializers(inner_schema, serializers)
+                return schema
+            elif 'ref' in schema:
+                schema = self.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+
+            # use the last serializer to make it easy to override a serializer set on a parent model
+            serializer = serializers[-1]
+            is_field_serializer, info_arg = inspect_field_serializer(serializer.func, serializer.info.mode)
+
+            if serializer.info.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+                return_type = serializer.info.return_type
+            else:
+                try:
+                    # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                    # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                    # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                    return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(
+                        serializer.func, localns=self._types_namespace.locals
+                    )
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+            if return_type is PydanticUndefined:
+                return_schema = None
+            else:
+                return_schema = self.generate_schema(return_type)
+
+            if serializer.info.mode == 'wrap':
+                schema['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    is_field_serializer=is_field_serializer,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+            else:
+                assert serializer.info.mode == 'plain'
+                schema['serialization'] = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    is_field_serializer=is_field_serializer,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+        return schema
+
+    def _apply_model_serializers(
+        self, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, serializers: Iterable[Decorator[ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo]]
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Apply model serializers to a schema."""
+        ref: str | None = schema.pop('ref', None)  # type: ignore
+        if serializers:
+            serializer = list(serializers)[-1]
+            info_arg = inspect_model_serializer(serializer.func, serializer.info.mode)
+
+            if serializer.info.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+                return_type = serializer.info.return_type
+            else:
+                try:
+                    # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                    # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                    # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                    return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(
+                        serializer.func, localns=self._types_namespace.locals
+                    )
+                except NameError as e:
+                    raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+            if return_type is PydanticUndefined:
+                return_schema = None
+            else:
+                return_schema = self.generate_schema(return_type)
+
+            if serializer.info.mode == 'wrap':
+                ser_schema: core_schema.SerSchema = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+            else:
+                # plain
+                ser_schema = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    serializer.func,
+                    info_arg=info_arg,
+                    return_schema=return_schema,
+                    when_used=serializer.info.when_used,
+                )
+            schema['serialization'] = ser_schema
+        if ref:
+            schema['ref'] = ref  # type: ignore
+        return schema
+
+
+_VALIDATOR_F_MATCH: Mapping[
+    tuple[FieldValidatorModes, Literal['no-info', 'with-info']],
+    Callable[[Callable[..., Any], core_schema.CoreSchema, str | None], core_schema.CoreSchema],
+] = {
+    ('before', 'no-info'): lambda f, schema, _: core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('after', 'no-info'): lambda f, schema, _: core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('plain', 'no-info'): lambda f, _1, _2: core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(f),
+    ('wrap', 'no-info'): lambda f, schema, _: core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(f, schema),
+    ('before', 'with-info'): lambda f, schema, field_name: core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(
+        f, schema, field_name=field_name
+    ),
+    ('after', 'with-info'): lambda f, schema, field_name: core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(
+        f, schema, field_name=field_name
+    ),
+    ('plain', 'with-info'): lambda f, _, field_name: core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(
+        f, field_name=field_name
+    ),
+    ('wrap', 'with-info'): lambda f, schema, field_name: core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(
+        f, schema, field_name=field_name
+    ),
+}
+
+
+# TODO V3: this function is only used for deprecated decorators. It should
+# be removed once we drop support for those.
+def apply_validators(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    validators: Iterable[Decorator[RootValidatorDecoratorInfo]]
+    | Iterable[Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo]]
+    | Iterable[Decorator[FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo]],
+    field_name: str | None,
+) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    """Apply validators to a schema.
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to apply validators on.
+        validators: An iterable of validators.
+        field_name: The name of the field if validators are being applied to a model field.
+
+    Returns:
+        The updated schema.
+    """
+    for validator in validators:
+        info_arg = inspect_validator(validator.func, validator.info.mode)
+        val_type = 'with-info' if info_arg else 'no-info'
+
+        schema = _VALIDATOR_F_MATCH[(validator.info.mode, val_type)](validator.func, schema, field_name)
+    return schema
+
+
+def _validators_require_validate_default(validators: Iterable[Decorator[ValidatorDecoratorInfo]]) -> bool:
+    """In v1, if any of the validators for a field had `always=True`, the default value would be validated.
+
+    This serves as an auxiliary function for re-implementing that logic, by looping over a provided
+    collection of (v1-style) ValidatorDecoratorInfo's and checking if any of them have `always=True`.
+
+    We should be able to drop this function and the associated logic calling it once we drop support
+    for v1-style validator decorators. (Or we can extend it and keep it if we add something equivalent
+    to the v1-validator `always` kwarg to `field_validator`.)
+    """
+    for validator in validators:
+        if validator.info.always:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def apply_model_validators(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    validators: Iterable[Decorator[ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]],
+    mode: Literal['inner', 'outer', 'all'],
+) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    """Apply model validators to a schema.
+
+    If mode == 'inner', only "before" validators are applied
+    If mode == 'outer', validators other than "before" are applied
+    If mode == 'all', all validators are applied
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to apply validators on.
+        validators: An iterable of validators.
+        mode: The validator mode.
+
+    Returns:
+        The updated schema.
+    """
+    ref: str | None = schema.pop('ref', None)  # type: ignore
+    for validator in validators:
+        if mode == 'inner' and validator.info.mode != 'before':
+            continue
+        if mode == 'outer' and validator.info.mode == 'before':
+            continue
+        info_arg = inspect_validator(validator.func, validator.info.mode)
+        if validator.info.mode == 'wrap':
+            if info_arg:
+                schema = core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+            else:
+                schema = core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+        elif validator.info.mode == 'before':
+            if info_arg:
+                schema = core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+            else:
+                schema = core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+        else:
+            assert validator.info.mode == 'after'
+            if info_arg:
+                schema = core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+            else:
+                schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(function=validator.func, schema=schema)
+    if ref:
+        schema['ref'] = ref  # type: ignore
+    return schema
+
+
+def wrap_default(field_info: FieldInfo, schema: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+    """Wrap schema with default schema if default value or `default_factory` are available.
+
+    Args:
+        field_info: The field info object.
+        schema: The schema to apply default on.
+
+    Returns:
+        Updated schema by default value or `default_factory`.
+    """
+    if field_info.default_factory:
+        return core_schema.with_default_schema(
+            schema,
+            default_factory=field_info.default_factory,
+            default_factory_takes_data=takes_validated_data_argument(field_info.default_factory),
+            validate_default=field_info.validate_default,
+        )
+    elif field_info.default is not PydanticUndefined:
+        return core_schema.with_default_schema(
+            schema, default=field_info.default, validate_default=field_info.validate_default
+        )
+    else:
+        return schema
+
+
+def _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(tp: Any) -> GetJsonSchemaFunction | None:
+    """Extract `__get_pydantic_json_schema__` from a type, handling the deprecated `__modify_schema__`."""
+    js_modify_function = getattr(tp, '__get_pydantic_json_schema__', None)
+
+    if hasattr(tp, '__modify_schema__'):
+        BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        has_custom_v2_modify_js_func = (
+            js_modify_function is not None
+            and BaseModel.__get_pydantic_json_schema__.__func__  # type: ignore
+            not in (js_modify_function, getattr(js_modify_function, '__func__', None))
+        )
+
+        if not has_custom_v2_modify_js_func:
+            cls_name = getattr(tp, '__name__', None)
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'The `__modify_schema__` method is not supported in Pydantic v2. '
+                f'Use `__get_pydantic_json_schema__` instead{f" in class `{cls_name}`" if cls_name else ""}.',
+                code='custom-json-schema',
+            )
+
+    if (origin := get_origin(tp)) is not None:
+        # Generic aliases proxy attribute access to the origin, *except* dunder attributes,
+        # such as `__get_pydantic_json_schema__`, hence the explicit check.
+        return _extract_get_pydantic_json_schema(origin)
+
+    if js_modify_function is None:
+        return None
+
+    return js_modify_function
+
+
+class _CommonField(TypedDict):
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema
+    validation_alias: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None
+    serialization_alias: str | None
+    serialization_exclude: bool | None
+    frozen: bool | None
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def _common_field(
+    schema: core_schema.CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    validation_alias: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None = None,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = None,
+    serialization_exclude: bool | None = None,
+    frozen: bool | None = None,
+    metadata: Any = None,
+) -> _CommonField:
+    return {
+        'schema': schema,
+        'validation_alias': validation_alias,
+        'serialization_alias': serialization_alias,
+        'serialization_exclude': serialization_exclude,
+        'frozen': frozen,
+        'metadata': metadata,
+    }
+
+
+def resolve_original_schema(schema: CoreSchema, definitions: _Definitions) -> CoreSchema | None:
+    if schema['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+        return definitions.get_schema_from_ref(schema['schema_ref'])
+    elif schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+        return schema['schema']
+    else:
+        return schema
+
+
+def _inlining_behavior(
+    def_ref: core_schema.DefinitionReferenceSchema,
+) -> Literal['inline', 'keep', 'preserve_metadata']:
+    """Determine the inlining behavior of the `'definition-ref'` schema.
+
+    - If no `'serialization'` schema and no metadata is attached, the schema can safely be inlined.
+    - If it has metadata but only related to the deferred discriminator application, it can be inlined
+      provided that such metadata is kept.
+    - Otherwise, the schema should not be inlined. Doing so would remove the `'serialization'` schema or metadata.
+    """
+    if 'serialization' in def_ref:
+        return 'keep'
+    metadata = def_ref.get('metadata')
+    if not metadata:
+        return 'inline'
+    if len(metadata) == 1 and 'pydantic_internal_union_discriminator' in metadata:
+        return 'preserve_metadata'
+    return 'keep'
+
+
+class _Definitions:
+    """Keeps track of references and definitions."""
+
+    _recursively_seen: set[str]
+    """A set of recursively seen references.
+
+    When a referenceable type is encountered, the `get_schema_or_ref` context manager is
+    entered to compute the reference. If the type references itself by some way (e.g. for
+    a dataclass a Pydantic model, the class can be referenced as a field annotation),
+    entering the context manager again will yield a `'definition-ref'` schema that should
+    short-circuit the normal generation process, as the reference was already in this set.
+    """
+
+    _definitions: dict[str, core_schema.CoreSchema]
+    """A mapping of references to their corresponding schema.
+
+    When a schema for a referenceable type is generated, it is stored in this mapping. If the
+    same type is encountered again, the reference is yielded by the `get_schema_or_ref` context
+    manager.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._recursively_seen = set()
+        self._definitions = {}
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def get_schema_or_ref(self, tp: Any, /) -> Generator[tuple[str, core_schema.DefinitionReferenceSchema | None]]:
+        """Get a definition for `tp` if one exists.
+
+        If a definition exists, a tuple of `(ref_string, CoreSchema)` is returned.
+        If no definition exists yet, a tuple of `(ref_string, None)` is returned.
+
+        Note that the returned `CoreSchema` will always be a `DefinitionReferenceSchema`,
+        not the actual definition itself.
+
+        This should be called for any type that can be identified by reference.
+        This includes any recursive types.
+
+        At present the following types can be named/recursive:
+
+        - Pydantic model
+        - Pydantic and stdlib dataclasses
+        - Typed dictionaries
+        - Named tuples
+        - `TypeAliasType` instances
+        - Enums
+        """
+        ref = get_type_ref(tp)
+        # return the reference if we're either (1) in a cycle or (2) it the reference was already encountered:
+        if ref in self._recursively_seen or ref in self._definitions:
+            yield (ref, core_schema.definition_reference_schema(ref))
+        else:
+            self._recursively_seen.add(ref)
+            try:
+                yield (ref, None)
+            finally:
+                self._recursively_seen.discard(ref)
+
+    def get_schema_from_ref(self, ref: str) -> CoreSchema | None:
+        """Resolve the schema from the given reference."""
+        return self._definitions.get(ref)
+
+    def create_definition_reference_schema(self, schema: CoreSchema) -> core_schema.DefinitionReferenceSchema:
+        """Store the schema as a definition and return a `'definition-reference'` schema pointing to it.
+
+        The schema must have a reference attached to it.
+        """
+        ref = schema['ref']  # pyright: ignore
+        self._definitions[ref] = schema
+        return core_schema.definition_reference_schema(ref)
+
+    def unpack_definitions(self, schema: core_schema.DefinitionsSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Store the definitions of the `'definitions'` core schema and return the inner core schema."""
+        for def_schema in schema['definitions']:
+            self._definitions[def_schema['ref']] = def_schema  # pyright: ignore
+        return schema['schema']
+
+    def finalize_schema(self, schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema:
+        """Finalize the core schema.
+
+        This traverses the core schema and referenced definitions, replaces `'definition-ref'` schemas
+        by the referenced definition if possible, and applies deferred discriminators.
+        """
+        definitions = self._definitions
+        try:
+            gather_result = gather_schemas_for_cleaning(
+                schema,
+                definitions=definitions,
+            )
+        except MissingDefinitionError as e:
+            raise InvalidSchemaError from e
+
+        remaining_defs: dict[str, CoreSchema] = {}
+
+        # Note: this logic doesn't play well when core schemas with deferred discriminator metadata
+        # and references are encountered. See the `test_deferred_discriminated_union_and_references()` test.
+        for ref, inlinable_def_ref in gather_result['collected_references'].items():
+            if inlinable_def_ref is not None and (inlining_behavior := _inlining_behavior(inlinable_def_ref)) != 'keep':
+                if inlining_behavior == 'inline':
+                    # `ref` was encountered, and only once:
+                    #  - `inlinable_def_ref` is a `'definition-ref'` schema and is guaranteed to be
+                    #    the only one. Transform it into the definition it points to.
+                    #  - Do not store the definition in the `remaining_defs`.
+                    inlinable_def_ref.clear()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+                    inlinable_def_ref.update(self._resolve_definition(ref, definitions))  # pyright: ignore
+                elif inlining_behavior == 'preserve_metadata':
+                    # `ref` was encountered, and only once, but contains discriminator metadata.
+                    # We will do the same thing as if `inlining_behavior` was `'inline'`, but make
+                    # sure to keep the metadata for the deferred discriminator application logic below.
+                    meta = inlinable_def_ref.pop('metadata')
+                    inlinable_def_ref.clear()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+                    inlinable_def_ref.update(self._resolve_definition(ref, definitions))  # pyright: ignore
+                    inlinable_def_ref['metadata'] = meta
+            else:
+                # `ref` was encountered, at least two times (or only once, but with metadata or a serialization schema):
+                # - Do not inline the `'definition-ref'` schemas (they are not provided in the gather result anyway).
+                # - Store the the definition in the `remaining_defs`
+                remaining_defs[ref] = self._resolve_definition(ref, definitions)
+
+        for cs in gather_result['deferred_discriminator_schemas']:
+            discriminator: str | None = cs['metadata'].pop('pydantic_internal_union_discriminator', None)  # pyright: ignore[reportTypedDictNotRequiredAccess]
+            if discriminator is None:
+                # This can happen in rare scenarios, when a deferred schema is present multiple times in the
+                # gather result (e.g. when using the `Sequence` type -- see `test_sequence_discriminated_union()`).
+                # In this case, a previous loop iteration applied the discriminator and so we can just skip it here.
+                continue
+            applied = _discriminated_union.apply_discriminator(cs.copy(), discriminator, remaining_defs)
+            # Mutate the schema directly to have the discriminator applied
+            cs.clear()  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+            cs.update(applied)  # pyright: ignore
+
+        if remaining_defs:
+            schema = core_schema.definitions_schema(schema=schema, definitions=[*remaining_defs.values()])
+        return schema
+
+    def _resolve_definition(self, ref: str, definitions: dict[str, CoreSchema]) -> CoreSchema:
+        definition = definitions[ref]
+        if definition['type'] != 'definition-ref':
+            return definition
+
+        # Some `'definition-ref'` schemas might act as "intermediate" references (e.g. when using
+        # a PEP 695 type alias (which is referenceable) that references another PEP 695 type alias):
+        visited: set[str] = set()
+        while definition['type'] == 'definition-ref' and _inlining_behavior(definition) == 'inline':
+            schema_ref = definition['schema_ref']
+            if schema_ref in visited:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'{ref} contains a circular reference to itself.', code='circular-reference-schema'
+                )
+            visited.add(schema_ref)
+            definition = definitions[schema_ref]
+        return {**definition, 'ref': ref}  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+class _FieldNameStack:
+    __slots__ = ('_stack',)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._stack: list[str] = []
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def push(self, field_name: str) -> Iterator[None]:
+        self._stack.append(field_name)
+        yield
+        self._stack.pop()
+
+    def get(self) -> str | None:
+        if self._stack:
+            return self._stack[-1]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class _ModelTypeStack:
+    __slots__ = ('_stack',)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._stack: list[type] = []
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def push(self, type_obj: type) -> Iterator[None]:
+        self._stack.append(type_obj)
+        yield
+        self._stack.pop()
+
+    def get(self) -> type | None:
+        if self._stack:
+            return self._stack[-1]
+        else:
+            return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_generics.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_generics.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80136766
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_generics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import types
+import typing
+from collections import ChainMap
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+from itertools import zip_longest
+from types import prepare_class
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, TypeVar
+from weakref import WeakValueDictionary
+
+import typing_extensions
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+from typing_inspection.introspection import is_union_origin
+
+from . import _typing_extra
+from ._core_utils import get_type_ref
+from ._forward_ref import PydanticRecursiveRef
+from ._utils import all_identical, is_model_class
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import _UnionGenericAlias  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..main import BaseModel
+
+GenericTypesCacheKey = tuple[Any, Any, tuple[Any, ...]]
+
+# Note: We want to remove LimitedDict, but to do this, we'd need to improve the handling of generics caching.
+#   Right now, to handle recursive generics, we some types must remain cached for brief periods without references.
+#   By chaining the WeakValuesDict with a LimitedDict, we have a way to retain caching for all types with references,
+#   while also retaining a limited number of types even without references. This is generally enough to build
+#   specific recursive generic models without losing required items out of the cache.
+
+KT = TypeVar('KT')
+VT = TypeVar('VT')
+_LIMITED_DICT_SIZE = 100
+
+
+class LimitedDict(dict[KT, VT]):
+    def __init__(self, size_limit: int = _LIMITED_DICT_SIZE) -> None:
+        self.size_limit = size_limit
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: KT, value: VT, /) -> None:
+        super().__setitem__(key, value)
+        if len(self) > self.size_limit:
+            excess = len(self) - self.size_limit + self.size_limit // 10
+            to_remove = list(self.keys())[:excess]
+            for k in to_remove:
+                del self[k]
+
+
+# weak dictionaries allow the dynamically created parametrized versions of generic models to get collected
+# once they are no longer referenced by the caller.
+GenericTypesCache = WeakValueDictionary[GenericTypesCacheKey, 'type[BaseModel]']
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    class DeepChainMap(ChainMap[KT, VT]):  # type: ignore
+        ...
+
+else:
+
+    class DeepChainMap(ChainMap):
+        """Variant of ChainMap that allows direct updates to inner scopes.
+
+        Taken from https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.html#collections.ChainMap,
+        with some light modifications for this use case.
+        """
+
+        def clear(self) -> None:
+            for mapping in self.maps:
+                mapping.clear()
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key: KT, value: VT) -> None:
+            for mapping in self.maps:
+                mapping[key] = value
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key: KT) -> None:
+            hit = False
+            for mapping in self.maps:
+                if key in mapping:
+                    del mapping[key]
+                    hit = True
+            if not hit:
+                raise KeyError(key)
+
+
+# Despite the fact that LimitedDict _seems_ no longer necessary, I'm very nervous to actually remove it
+# and discover later on that we need to re-add all this infrastructure...
+# _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE = DeepChainMap(GenericTypesCache(), LimitedDict())
+
+_GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE: ContextVar[GenericTypesCache | None] = ContextVar('_GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE', default=None)
+
+
+class PydanticGenericMetadata(typing_extensions.TypedDict):
+    origin: type[BaseModel] | None  # analogous to typing._GenericAlias.__origin__
+    args: tuple[Any, ...]  # analogous to typing._GenericAlias.__args__
+    parameters: tuple[TypeVar, ...]  # analogous to typing.Generic.__parameters__
+
+
+def create_generic_submodel(
+    model_name: str, origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...], params: tuple[Any, ...]
+) -> type[BaseModel]:
+    """Dynamically create a submodel of a provided (generic) BaseModel.
+
+    This is used when producing concrete parametrizations of generic models. This function
+    only *creates* the new subclass; the schema/validators/serialization must be updated to
+    reflect a concrete parametrization elsewhere.
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: The name of the newly created model.
+        origin: The base class for the new model to inherit from.
+        args: A tuple of generic metadata arguments.
+        params: A tuple of generic metadata parameters.
+
+    Returns:
+        The created submodel.
+    """
+    namespace: dict[str, Any] = {'__module__': origin.__module__}
+    bases = (origin,)
+    meta, ns, kwds = prepare_class(model_name, bases)
+    namespace.update(ns)
+    created_model = meta(
+        model_name,
+        bases,
+        namespace,
+        __pydantic_generic_metadata__={
+            'origin': origin,
+            'args': args,
+            'parameters': params,
+        },
+        __pydantic_reset_parent_namespace__=False,
+        **kwds,
+    )
+
+    model_module, called_globally = _get_caller_frame_info(depth=3)
+    if called_globally:  # create global reference and therefore allow pickling
+        object_by_reference = None
+        reference_name = model_name
+        reference_module_globals = sys.modules[created_model.__module__].__dict__
+        while object_by_reference is not created_model:
+            object_by_reference = reference_module_globals.setdefault(reference_name, created_model)
+            reference_name += '_'
+
+    return created_model
+
+
+def _get_caller_frame_info(depth: int = 2) -> tuple[str | None, bool]:
+    """Used inside a function to check whether it was called globally.
+
+    Args:
+        depth: The depth to get the frame.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple contains `module_name` and `called_globally`.
+
+    Raises:
+        RuntimeError: If the function is not called inside a function.
+    """
+    try:
+        previous_caller_frame = sys._getframe(depth)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise RuntimeError('This function must be used inside another function') from e
+    except AttributeError:  # sys module does not have _getframe function, so there's nothing we can do about it
+        return None, False
+    frame_globals = previous_caller_frame.f_globals
+    return frame_globals.get('__name__'), previous_caller_frame.f_locals is frame_globals
+
+
+DictValues: type[Any] = {}.values().__class__
+
+
+def iter_contained_typevars(v: Any) -> Iterator[TypeVar]:
+    """Recursively iterate through all subtypes and type args of `v` and yield any typevars that are found.
+
+    This is inspired as an alternative to directly accessing the `__parameters__` attribute of a GenericAlias,
+    since __parameters__ of (nested) generic BaseModel subclasses won't show up in that list.
+    """
+    if isinstance(v, TypeVar):
+        yield v
+    elif is_model_class(v):
+        yield from v.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters']
+    elif isinstance(v, (DictValues, list)):
+        for var in v:
+            yield from iter_contained_typevars(var)
+    else:
+        args = get_args(v)
+        for arg in args:
+            yield from iter_contained_typevars(arg)
+
+
+def get_args(v: Any) -> Any:
+    pydantic_generic_metadata: PydanticGenericMetadata | None = getattr(v, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', None)
+    if pydantic_generic_metadata:
+        return pydantic_generic_metadata.get('args')
+    return typing_extensions.get_args(v)
+
+
+def get_origin(v: Any) -> Any:
+    pydantic_generic_metadata: PydanticGenericMetadata | None = getattr(v, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', None)
+    if pydantic_generic_metadata:
+        return pydantic_generic_metadata.get('origin')
+    return typing_extensions.get_origin(v)
+
+
+def get_standard_typevars_map(cls: Any) -> dict[TypeVar, Any] | None:
+    """Package a generic type's typevars and parametrization (if present) into a dictionary compatible with the
+    `replace_types` function. Specifically, this works with standard typing generics and typing._GenericAlias.
+    """
+    origin = get_origin(cls)
+    if origin is None:
+        return None
+    if not hasattr(origin, '__parameters__'):
+        return None
+
+    # In this case, we know that cls is a _GenericAlias, and origin is the generic type
+    # So it is safe to access cls.__args__ and origin.__parameters__
+    args: tuple[Any, ...] = cls.__args__  # type: ignore
+    parameters: tuple[TypeVar, ...] = origin.__parameters__
+    return dict(zip(parameters, args))
+
+
+def get_model_typevars_map(cls: type[BaseModel]) -> dict[TypeVar, Any]:
+    """Package a generic BaseModel's typevars and concrete parametrization (if present) into a dictionary compatible
+    with the `replace_types` function.
+
+    Since BaseModel.__class_getitem__ does not produce a typing._GenericAlias, and the BaseModel generic info is
+    stored in the __pydantic_generic_metadata__ attribute, we need special handling here.
+    """
+    # TODO: This could be unified with `get_standard_typevars_map` if we stored the generic metadata
+    #   in the __origin__, __args__, and __parameters__ attributes of the model.
+    generic_metadata = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__
+    origin = generic_metadata['origin']
+    args = generic_metadata['args']
+    if not args:
+        # No need to go into `iter_contained_typevars`:
+        return {}
+    return dict(zip(iter_contained_typevars(origin), args))
+
+
+def replace_types(type_: Any, type_map: Mapping[TypeVar, Any] | None) -> Any:
+    """Return type with all occurrences of `type_map` keys recursively replaced with their values.
+
+    Args:
+        type_: The class or generic alias.
+        type_map: Mapping from `TypeVar` instance to concrete types.
+
+    Returns:
+        A new type representing the basic structure of `type_` with all
+        `typevar_map` keys recursively replaced.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import List, Union
+
+        from pydantic._internal._generics import replace_types
+
+        replace_types(tuple[str, Union[List[str], float]], {str: int})
+        #> tuple[int, Union[List[int], float]]
+        ```
+    """
+    if not type_map:
+        return type_
+
+    type_args = get_args(type_)
+    origin_type = get_origin(type_)
+
+    if typing_objects.is_annotated(origin_type):
+        annotated_type, *annotations = type_args
+        annotated_type = replace_types(annotated_type, type_map)
+        # TODO remove parentheses when we drop support for Python 3.10:
+        return Annotated[(annotated_type, *annotations)]
+
+    # Having type args is a good indicator that this is a typing special form
+    # instance or a generic alias of some sort.
+    if type_args:
+        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(arg, type_map) for arg in type_args)
+        if all_identical(type_args, resolved_type_args):
+            # If all arguments are the same, there is no need to modify the
+            # type or create a new object at all
+            return type_
+
+        if (
+            origin_type is not None
+            and isinstance(type_, _typing_extra.typing_base)
+            and not isinstance(origin_type, _typing_extra.typing_base)
+            and getattr(type_, '_name', None) is not None
+        ):
+            # In python < 3.9 generic aliases don't exist so any of these like `list`,
+            # `type` or `collections.abc.Callable` need to be translated.
+            # See: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0585
+            origin_type = getattr(typing, type_._name)
+        assert origin_type is not None
+
+        if is_union_origin(origin_type):
+            if any(typing_objects.is_any(arg) for arg in resolved_type_args):
+                # `Any | T` ~ `Any`:
+                resolved_type_args = (Any,)
+            # `Never | T` ~ `T`:
+            resolved_type_args = tuple(
+                arg
+                for arg in resolved_type_args
+                if not (typing_objects.is_noreturn(arg) or typing_objects.is_never(arg))
+            )
+
+        # PEP-604 syntax (Ex.: list | str) is represented with a types.UnionType object that does not have __getitem__.
+        # We also cannot use isinstance() since we have to compare types.
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) and origin_type is types.UnionType:
+            return _UnionGenericAlias(origin_type, resolved_type_args)
+        # NotRequired[T] and Required[T] don't support tuple type resolved_type_args, hence the condition below
+        return origin_type[resolved_type_args[0] if len(resolved_type_args) == 1 else resolved_type_args]
+
+    # We handle pydantic generic models separately as they don't have the same
+    # semantics as "typing" classes or generic aliases
+
+    if not origin_type and is_model_class(type_):
+        parameters = type_.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters']
+        if not parameters:
+            return type_
+        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(t, type_map) for t in parameters)
+        if all_identical(parameters, resolved_type_args):
+            return type_
+        return type_[resolved_type_args]
+
+    # Handle special case for typehints that can have lists as arguments.
+    # `typing.Callable[[int, str], int]` is an example for this.
+    if isinstance(type_, list):
+        resolved_list = [replace_types(element, type_map) for element in type_]
+        if all_identical(type_, resolved_list):
+            return type_
+        return resolved_list
+
+    # If all else fails, we try to resolve the type directly and otherwise just
+    # return the input with no modifications.
+    return type_map.get(type_, type_)
+
+
+def map_generic_model_arguments(cls: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...]) -> dict[TypeVar, Any]:
+    """Return a mapping between the parameters of a generic model and the provided arguments during parameterization.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the number of arguments does not match the parameters (i.e. if providing too few or too many arguments).
+
+    Example:
+        ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+        class Model[T, U, V = int](BaseModel): ...
+
+        map_generic_model_arguments(Model, (str, bytes))
+        #> {T: str, U: bytes, V: int}
+
+        map_generic_model_arguments(Model, (str,))
+        #> TypeError: Too few arguments for <class '__main__.Model'>; actual 1, expected at least 2
+
+        map_generic_model_arguments(Model, (str, bytes, int, complex))
+        #> TypeError: Too many arguments for <class '__main__.Model'>; actual 4, expected 3
+        ```
+
+    Note:
+        This function is analogous to the private `typing._check_generic_specialization` function.
+    """
+    parameters = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters']
+    expected_len = len(parameters)
+    typevars_map: dict[TypeVar, Any] = {}
+
+    _missing = object()
+    for parameter, argument in zip_longest(parameters, args, fillvalue=_missing):
+        if parameter is _missing:
+            raise TypeError(f'Too many arguments for {cls}; actual {len(args)}, expected {expected_len}')
+
+        if argument is _missing:
+            param = typing.cast(TypeVar, parameter)
+            try:
+                has_default = param.has_default()
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Happens if using `typing.TypeVar` (and not `typing_extensions`) on Python < 3.13.
+                has_default = False
+            if has_default:
+                # The default might refer to other type parameters. For an example, see:
+                # https://typing.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spec/generics.html#type-parameters-as-parameters-to-generics
+                typevars_map[param] = replace_types(param.__default__, typevars_map)
+            else:
+                expected_len -= sum(hasattr(p, 'has_default') and p.has_default() for p in parameters)
+                raise TypeError(f'Too few arguments for {cls}; actual {len(args)}, expected at least {expected_len}')
+        else:
+            param = typing.cast(TypeVar, parameter)
+            typevars_map[param] = argument
+
+    return typevars_map
+
+
+_generic_recursion_cache: ContextVar[set[str] | None] = ContextVar('_generic_recursion_cache', default=None)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def generic_recursion_self_type(
+    origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...]
+) -> Iterator[PydanticRecursiveRef | None]:
+    """This contextmanager should be placed around the recursive calls used to build a generic type,
+    and accept as arguments the generic origin type and the type arguments being passed to it.
+
+    If the same origin and arguments are observed twice, it implies that a self-reference placeholder
+    can be used while building the core schema, and will produce a schema_ref that will be valid in the
+    final parent schema.
+    """
+    previously_seen_type_refs = _generic_recursion_cache.get()
+    if previously_seen_type_refs is None:
+        previously_seen_type_refs = set()
+        token = _generic_recursion_cache.set(previously_seen_type_refs)
+    else:
+        token = None
+
+    try:
+        type_ref = get_type_ref(origin, args_override=args)
+        if type_ref in previously_seen_type_refs:
+            self_type = PydanticRecursiveRef(type_ref=type_ref)
+            yield self_type
+        else:
+            previously_seen_type_refs.add(type_ref)
+            yield
+            previously_seen_type_refs.remove(type_ref)
+    finally:
+        if token:
+            _generic_recursion_cache.reset(token)
+
+
+def recursively_defined_type_refs() -> set[str]:
+    visited = _generic_recursion_cache.get()
+    if not visited:
+        return set()  # not in a generic recursion, so there are no types
+
+    return visited.copy()  # don't allow modifications
+
+
+def get_cached_generic_type_early(parent: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any) -> type[BaseModel] | None:
+    """The use of a two-stage cache lookup approach was necessary to have the highest performance possible for
+    repeated calls to `__class_getitem__` on generic types (which may happen in tighter loops during runtime),
+    while still ensuring that certain alternative parametrizations ultimately resolve to the same type.
+
+    As a concrete example, this approach was necessary to make Model[List[T]][int] equal to Model[List[int]].
+    The approach could be modified to not use two different cache keys at different points, but the
+    _early_cache_key is optimized to be as quick to compute as possible (for repeated-access speed), and the
+    _late_cache_key is optimized to be as "correct" as possible, so that two types that will ultimately be the
+    same after resolving the type arguments will always produce cache hits.
+
+    If we wanted to move to only using a single cache key per type, we would either need to always use the
+    slower/more computationally intensive logic associated with _late_cache_key, or would need to accept
+    that Model[List[T]][int] is a different type than Model[List[T]][int]. Because we rely on subclass relationships
+    during validation, I think it is worthwhile to ensure that types that are functionally equivalent are actually
+    equal.
+    """
+    generic_types_cache = _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.get()
+    if generic_types_cache is None:
+        generic_types_cache = GenericTypesCache()
+        _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.set(generic_types_cache)
+    return generic_types_cache.get(_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values))
+
+
+def get_cached_generic_type_late(
+    parent: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any, origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...]
+) -> type[BaseModel] | None:
+    """See the docstring of `get_cached_generic_type_early` for more information about the two-stage cache lookup."""
+    generic_types_cache = _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.get()
+    if (
+        generic_types_cache is None
+    ):  # pragma: no cover (early cache is guaranteed to run first and initialize the cache)
+        generic_types_cache = GenericTypesCache()
+        _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.set(generic_types_cache)
+    cached = generic_types_cache.get(_late_cache_key(origin, args, typevar_values))
+    if cached is not None:
+        set_cached_generic_type(parent, typevar_values, cached, origin, args)
+    return cached
+
+
+def set_cached_generic_type(
+    parent: type[BaseModel],
+    typevar_values: tuple[Any, ...],
+    type_: type[BaseModel],
+    origin: type[BaseModel] | None = None,
+    args: tuple[Any, ...] | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """See the docstring of `get_cached_generic_type_early` for more information about why items are cached with
+    two different keys.
+    """
+    generic_types_cache = _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.get()
+    if (
+        generic_types_cache is None
+    ):  # pragma: no cover (cache lookup is guaranteed to run first and initialize the cache)
+        generic_types_cache = GenericTypesCache()
+        _GENERIC_TYPES_CACHE.set(generic_types_cache)
+    generic_types_cache[_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values)] = type_
+    if len(typevar_values) == 1:
+        generic_types_cache[_early_cache_key(parent, typevar_values[0])] = type_
+    if origin and args:
+        generic_types_cache[_late_cache_key(origin, args, typevar_values)] = type_
+
+
+def _union_orderings_key(typevar_values: Any) -> Any:
+    """This is intended to help differentiate between Union types with the same arguments in different order.
+
+    Thanks to caching internal to the `typing` module, it is not possible to distinguish between
+    List[Union[int, float]] and List[Union[float, int]] (and similarly for other "parent" origins besides List)
+    because `typing` considers Union[int, float] to be equal to Union[float, int].
+
+    However, you _can_ distinguish between (top-level) Union[int, float] vs. Union[float, int].
+    Because we parse items as the first Union type that is successful, we get slightly more consistent behavior
+    if we make an effort to distinguish the ordering of items in a union. It would be best if we could _always_
+    get the exact-correct order of items in the union, but that would require a change to the `typing` module itself.
+    (See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86483 for reference.)
+    """
+    if isinstance(typevar_values, tuple):
+        args_data = []
+        for value in typevar_values:
+            args_data.append(_union_orderings_key(value))
+        return tuple(args_data)
+    elif typing_objects.is_union(typing_extensions.get_origin(typevar_values)):
+        return get_args(typevar_values)
+    else:
+        return ()
+
+
+def _early_cache_key(cls: type[BaseModel], typevar_values: Any) -> GenericTypesCacheKey:
+    """This is intended for minimal computational overhead during lookups of cached types.
+
+    Note that this is overly simplistic, and it's possible that two different cls/typevar_values
+    inputs would ultimately result in the same type being created in BaseModel.__class_getitem__.
+    To handle this, we have a fallback _late_cache_key that is checked later if the _early_cache_key
+    lookup fails, and should result in a cache hit _precisely_ when the inputs to __class_getitem__
+    would result in the same type.
+    """
+    return cls, typevar_values, _union_orderings_key(typevar_values)
+
+
+def _late_cache_key(origin: type[BaseModel], args: tuple[Any, ...], typevar_values: Any) -> GenericTypesCacheKey:
+    """This is intended for use later in the process of creating a new type, when we have more information
+    about the exact args that will be passed. If it turns out that a different set of inputs to
+    __class_getitem__ resulted in the same inputs to the generic type creation process, we can still
+    return the cached type, and update the cache with the _early_cache_key as well.
+    """
+    # The _union_orderings_key is placed at the start here to ensure there cannot be a collision with an
+    # _early_cache_key, as that function will always produce a BaseModel subclass as the first item in the key,
+    # whereas this function will always produce a tuple as the first item in the key.
+    return _union_orderings_key(typevar_values), origin, args
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_git.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_git.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96dcda28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_git.py
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+"""Git utilities, adopted from mypy's git utilities (https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/master/mypy/git.py)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+def is_git_repo(dir: Path) -> bool:
+    """Is the given directory version-controlled with git?"""
+    return dir.joinpath('.git').exists()
+
+
+def have_git() -> bool:  # pragma: no cover
+    """Can we run the git executable?"""
+    try:
+        subprocess.check_output(['git', '--help'])
+        return True
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        return False
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+
+
+def git_revision(dir: Path) -> str:
+    """Get the SHA-1 of the HEAD of a git repository."""
+    return subprocess.check_output(['git', 'rev-parse', '--short', 'HEAD'], cwd=dir).decode('utf-8').strip()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_import_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_import_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..638102f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_import_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from functools import cache
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+
+
+@cache
+def import_cached_base_model() -> type['BaseModel']:
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    return BaseModel
+
+
+@cache
+def import_cached_field_info() -> type['FieldInfo']:
+    from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+
+    return FieldInfo
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_internal_dataclass.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_internal_dataclass.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33e152cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_internal_dataclass.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import sys
+
+# `slots` is available on Python >= 3.10
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    slots_true = {'slots': True}
+else:
+    slots_true = {}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_known_annotated_metadata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_known_annotated_metadata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c127e27a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_known_annotated_metadata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from copy import copy
+from functools import lru_cache, partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, PydanticCustomError, ValidationError, to_jsonable_python
+from pydantic_core import core_schema as cs
+
+from ._fields import PydanticMetadata
+from ._import_utils import import_cached_field_info
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    pass
+
+STRICT = {'strict'}
+FAIL_FAST = {'fail_fast'}
+LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS = {'min_length', 'max_length'}
+INEQUALITY = {'le', 'ge', 'lt', 'gt'}
+NUMERIC_CONSTRAINTS = {'multiple_of', *INEQUALITY}
+ALLOW_INF_NAN = {'allow_inf_nan'}
+
+STR_CONSTRAINTS = {
+    *LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS,
+    *STRICT,
+    'strip_whitespace',
+    'to_lower',
+    'to_upper',
+    'pattern',
+    'coerce_numbers_to_str',
+}
+BYTES_CONSTRAINTS = {*LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT}
+
+LIST_CONSTRAINTS = {*LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT, *FAIL_FAST}
+TUPLE_CONSTRAINTS = {*LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT, *FAIL_FAST}
+SET_CONSTRAINTS = {*LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT, *FAIL_FAST}
+DICT_CONSTRAINTS = {*LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT}
+GENERATOR_CONSTRAINTS = {*LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT}
+SEQUENCE_CONSTRAINTS = {*LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS, *FAIL_FAST}
+
+FLOAT_CONSTRAINTS = {*NUMERIC_CONSTRAINTS, *ALLOW_INF_NAN, *STRICT}
+DECIMAL_CONSTRAINTS = {'max_digits', 'decimal_places', *FLOAT_CONSTRAINTS}
+INT_CONSTRAINTS = {*NUMERIC_CONSTRAINTS, *ALLOW_INF_NAN, *STRICT}
+BOOL_CONSTRAINTS = STRICT
+UUID_CONSTRAINTS = STRICT
+
+DATE_TIME_CONSTRAINTS = {*NUMERIC_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT}
+TIMEDELTA_CONSTRAINTS = {*NUMERIC_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT}
+TIME_CONSTRAINTS = {*NUMERIC_CONSTRAINTS, *STRICT}
+LAX_OR_STRICT_CONSTRAINTS = STRICT
+ENUM_CONSTRAINTS = STRICT
+COMPLEX_CONSTRAINTS = STRICT
+
+UNION_CONSTRAINTS = {'union_mode'}
+URL_CONSTRAINTS = {
+    'max_length',
+    'allowed_schemes',
+    'host_required',
+    'default_host',
+    'default_port',
+    'default_path',
+}
+
+TEXT_SCHEMA_TYPES = ('str', 'bytes', 'url', 'multi-host-url')
+SEQUENCE_SCHEMA_TYPES = ('list', 'tuple', 'set', 'frozenset', 'generator', *TEXT_SCHEMA_TYPES)
+NUMERIC_SCHEMA_TYPES = ('float', 'int', 'date', 'time', 'timedelta', 'datetime')
+
+CONSTRAINTS_TO_ALLOWED_SCHEMAS: dict[str, set[str]] = defaultdict(set)
+
+constraint_schema_pairings: list[tuple[set[str], tuple[str, ...]]] = [
+    (STR_CONSTRAINTS, TEXT_SCHEMA_TYPES),
+    (BYTES_CONSTRAINTS, ('bytes',)),
+    (LIST_CONSTRAINTS, ('list',)),
+    (TUPLE_CONSTRAINTS, ('tuple',)),
+    (SET_CONSTRAINTS, ('set', 'frozenset')),
+    (DICT_CONSTRAINTS, ('dict',)),
+    (GENERATOR_CONSTRAINTS, ('generator',)),
+    (FLOAT_CONSTRAINTS, ('float',)),
+    (INT_CONSTRAINTS, ('int',)),
+    (DATE_TIME_CONSTRAINTS, ('date', 'time', 'datetime', 'timedelta')),
+    # TODO: this is a bit redundant, we could probably avoid some of these
+    (STRICT, (*TEXT_SCHEMA_TYPES, *SEQUENCE_SCHEMA_TYPES, *NUMERIC_SCHEMA_TYPES, 'typed-dict', 'model')),
+    (UNION_CONSTRAINTS, ('union',)),
+    (URL_CONSTRAINTS, ('url', 'multi-host-url')),
+    (BOOL_CONSTRAINTS, ('bool',)),
+    (UUID_CONSTRAINTS, ('uuid',)),
+    (LAX_OR_STRICT_CONSTRAINTS, ('lax-or-strict',)),
+    (ENUM_CONSTRAINTS, ('enum',)),
+    (DECIMAL_CONSTRAINTS, ('decimal',)),
+    (COMPLEX_CONSTRAINTS, ('complex',)),
+]
+
+for constraints, schemas in constraint_schema_pairings:
+    for c in constraints:
+        CONSTRAINTS_TO_ALLOWED_SCHEMAS[c].update(schemas)
+
+
+def as_jsonable_value(v: Any) -> Any:
+    if type(v) not in (int, str, float, bytes, bool, type(None)):
+        return to_jsonable_python(v)
+    return v
+
+
+def expand_grouped_metadata(annotations: Iterable[Any]) -> Iterable[Any]:
+    """Expand the annotations.
+
+    Args:
+        annotations: An iterable of annotations.
+
+    Returns:
+        An iterable of expanded annotations.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from annotated_types import Ge, Len
+
+        from pydantic._internal._known_annotated_metadata import expand_grouped_metadata
+
+        print(list(expand_grouped_metadata([Ge(4), Len(5)])))
+        #> [Ge(ge=4), MinLen(min_length=5)]
+        ```
+    """
+    import annotated_types as at
+
+    FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+    for annotation in annotations:
+        if isinstance(annotation, at.GroupedMetadata):
+            yield from annotation
+        elif isinstance(annotation, FieldInfo):
+            yield from annotation.metadata
+            # this is a bit problematic in that it results in duplicate metadata
+            # all of our "consumers" can handle it, but it is not ideal
+            # we probably should split up FieldInfo into:
+            # - annotated types metadata
+            # - individual metadata known only to Pydantic
+            annotation = copy(annotation)
+            annotation.metadata = []
+            yield annotation
+        else:
+            yield annotation
+
+
+@lru_cache
+def _get_at_to_constraint_map() -> dict[type, str]:
+    """Return a mapping of annotated types to constraints.
+
+    Normally, we would define a mapping like this in the module scope, but we can't do that
+    because we don't permit module level imports of `annotated_types`, in an attempt to speed up
+    the import time of `pydantic`. We still only want to have this dictionary defined in one place,
+    so we use this function to cache the result.
+    """
+    import annotated_types as at
+
+    return {
+        at.Gt: 'gt',
+        at.Ge: 'ge',
+        at.Lt: 'lt',
+        at.Le: 'le',
+        at.MultipleOf: 'multiple_of',
+        at.MinLen: 'min_length',
+        at.MaxLen: 'max_length',
+    }
+
+
+def apply_known_metadata(annotation: Any, schema: CoreSchema) -> CoreSchema | None:  # noqa: C901
+    """Apply `annotation` to `schema` if it is an annotation we know about (Gt, Le, etc.).
+    Otherwise return `None`.
+
+    This does not handle all known annotations. If / when it does, it can always
+    return a CoreSchema and return the unmodified schema if the annotation should be ignored.
+
+    Assumes that GroupedMetadata has already been expanded via `expand_grouped_metadata`.
+
+    Args:
+        annotation: The annotation.
+        schema: The schema.
+
+    Returns:
+        An updated schema with annotation if it is an annotation we know about, `None` otherwise.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticCustomError: If `Predicate` fails.
+    """
+    import annotated_types as at
+
+    from ._validators import NUMERIC_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP, forbid_inf_nan_check
+
+    schema = schema.copy()
+    schema_update, other_metadata = collect_known_metadata([annotation])
+    schema_type = schema['type']
+
+    chain_schema_constraints: set[str] = {
+        'pattern',
+        'strip_whitespace',
+        'to_lower',
+        'to_upper',
+        'coerce_numbers_to_str',
+    }
+    chain_schema_steps: list[CoreSchema] = []
+
+    for constraint, value in schema_update.items():
+        if constraint not in CONSTRAINTS_TO_ALLOWED_SCHEMAS:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unknown constraint {constraint}')
+        allowed_schemas = CONSTRAINTS_TO_ALLOWED_SCHEMAS[constraint]
+
+        # if it becomes necessary to handle more than one constraint
+        # in this recursive case with function-after or function-wrap, we should refactor
+        # this is a bit challenging because we sometimes want to apply constraints to the inner schema,
+        # whereas other times we want to wrap the existing schema with a new one that enforces a new constraint.
+        if schema_type in {'function-before', 'function-wrap', 'function-after'} and constraint == 'strict':
+            schema['schema'] = apply_known_metadata(annotation, schema['schema'])  # type: ignore  # schema is function schema
+            return schema
+
+        # if we're allowed to apply constraint directly to the schema, like le to int, do that
+        if schema_type in allowed_schemas:
+            if constraint == 'union_mode' and schema_type == 'union':
+                schema['mode'] = value  # type: ignore  # schema is UnionSchema
+            else:
+                schema[constraint] = value
+            continue
+
+        #  else, apply a function after validator to the schema to enforce the corresponding constraint
+        if constraint in chain_schema_constraints:
+
+            def _apply_constraint_with_incompatibility_info(
+                value: Any, handler: cs.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler
+            ) -> Any:
+                try:
+                    x = handler(value)
+                except ValidationError as ve:
+                    # if the error is about the type, it's likely that the constraint is incompatible the type of the field
+                    # for example, the following invalid schema wouldn't be caught during schema build, but rather at this point
+                    # with a cryptic 'string_type' error coming from the string validator,
+                    # that we'd rather express as a constraint incompatibility error (TypeError)
+                    # Annotated[list[int], Field(pattern='abc')]
+                    if 'type' in ve.errors()[0]['type']:
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            f"Unable to apply constraint '{constraint}' to supplied value {value} for schema of type '{schema_type}'"  # noqa: B023
+                        )
+                    raise ve
+                return x
+
+            chain_schema_steps.append(
+                cs.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
+                    _apply_constraint_with_incompatibility_info, cs.str_schema(**{constraint: value})
+                )
+            )
+        elif constraint in NUMERIC_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP:
+            if constraint in LENGTH_CONSTRAINTS:
+                inner_schema = schema
+                while inner_schema['type'] in {'function-before', 'function-wrap', 'function-after'}:
+                    inner_schema = inner_schema['schema']  # type: ignore
+                inner_schema_type = inner_schema['type']
+                if inner_schema_type == 'list' or (
+                    inner_schema_type == 'json-or-python' and inner_schema['json_schema']['type'] == 'list'  # type: ignore
+                ):
+                    js_constraint_key = 'minItems' if constraint == 'min_length' else 'maxItems'
+                else:
+                    js_constraint_key = 'minLength' if constraint == 'min_length' else 'maxLength'
+            else:
+                js_constraint_key = constraint
+
+            schema = cs.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                partial(NUMERIC_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP[constraint], **{constraint: value}), schema
+            )
+            metadata = schema.get('metadata', {})
+            if (existing_json_schema_updates := metadata.get('pydantic_js_updates')) is not None:
+                metadata['pydantic_js_updates'] = {
+                    **existing_json_schema_updates,
+                    **{js_constraint_key: as_jsonable_value(value)},
+                }
+            else:
+                metadata['pydantic_js_updates'] = {js_constraint_key: as_jsonable_value(value)}
+            schema['metadata'] = metadata
+        elif constraint == 'allow_inf_nan' and value is False:
+            schema = cs.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                forbid_inf_nan_check,
+                schema,
+            )
+        else:
+            # It's rare that we'd get here, but it's possible if we add a new constraint and forget to handle it
+            # Most constraint errors are caught at runtime during attempted application
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Unable to apply constraint '{constraint}' to schema of type '{schema_type}'")
+
+    for annotation in other_metadata:
+        if (annotation_type := type(annotation)) in (at_to_constraint_map := _get_at_to_constraint_map()):
+            constraint = at_to_constraint_map[annotation_type]
+            validator = NUMERIC_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP.get(constraint)
+            if validator is None:
+                raise ValueError(f'Unknown constraint {constraint}')
+            schema = cs.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                partial(validator, {constraint: getattr(annotation, constraint)}), schema
+            )
+            continue
+        elif isinstance(annotation, (at.Predicate, at.Not)):
+            predicate_name = f'{annotation.func.__qualname__}' if hasattr(annotation.func, '__qualname__') else ''
+
+            def val_func(v: Any) -> Any:
+                predicate_satisfied = annotation.func(v)  # noqa: B023
+
+                # annotation.func may also raise an exception, let it pass through
+                if isinstance(annotation, at.Predicate):  # noqa: B023
+                    if not predicate_satisfied:
+                        raise PydanticCustomError(
+                            'predicate_failed',
+                            f'Predicate {predicate_name} failed',  # type: ignore  # noqa: B023
+                        )
+                else:
+                    if predicate_satisfied:
+                        raise PydanticCustomError(
+                            'not_operation_failed',
+                            f'Not of {predicate_name} failed',  # type: ignore  # noqa: B023
+                        )
+
+                return v
+
+            schema = cs.no_info_after_validator_function(val_func, schema)
+        else:
+            # ignore any other unknown metadata
+            return None
+
+    if chain_schema_steps:
+        chain_schema_steps = [schema] + chain_schema_steps
+        return cs.chain_schema(chain_schema_steps)
+
+    return schema
+
+
+def collect_known_metadata(annotations: Iterable[Any]) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], list[Any]]:
+    """Split `annotations` into known metadata and unknown annotations.
+
+    Args:
+        annotations: An iterable of annotations.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple contains a dict of known metadata and a list of unknown annotations.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from annotated_types import Gt, Len
+
+        from pydantic._internal._known_annotated_metadata import collect_known_metadata
+
+        print(collect_known_metadata([Gt(1), Len(42), ...]))
+        #> ({'gt': 1, 'min_length': 42}, [Ellipsis])
+        ```
+    """
+    annotations = expand_grouped_metadata(annotations)
+
+    res: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    remaining: list[Any] = []
+
+    for annotation in annotations:
+        # isinstance(annotation, PydanticMetadata) also covers ._fields:_PydanticGeneralMetadata
+        if isinstance(annotation, PydanticMetadata):
+            res.update(annotation.__dict__)
+        # we don't use dataclasses.asdict because that recursively calls asdict on the field values
+        elif (annotation_type := type(annotation)) in (at_to_constraint_map := _get_at_to_constraint_map()):
+            constraint = at_to_constraint_map[annotation_type]
+            res[constraint] = getattr(annotation, constraint)
+        elif isinstance(annotation, type) and issubclass(annotation, PydanticMetadata):
+            # also support PydanticMetadata classes being used without initialisation,
+            # e.g. `Annotated[int, Strict]` as well as `Annotated[int, Strict()]`
+            res.update({k: v for k, v in vars(annotation).items() if not k.startswith('_')})
+        else:
+            remaining.append(annotation)
+    # Nones can sneak in but pydantic-core will reject them
+    # it'd be nice to clean things up so we don't put in None (we probably don't _need_ to, it was just easier)
+    # but this is simple enough to kick that can down the road
+    res = {k: v for k, v in res.items() if v is not None}
+    return res, remaining
+
+
+def check_metadata(metadata: dict[str, Any], allowed: Iterable[str], source_type: Any) -> None:
+    """A small utility function to validate that the given metadata can be applied to the target.
+    More than saving lines of code, this gives us a consistent error message for all of our internal implementations.
+
+    Args:
+        metadata: A dict of metadata.
+        allowed: An iterable of allowed metadata.
+        source_type: The source type.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If there is metadatas that can't be applied on source type.
+    """
+    unknown = metadata.keys() - set(allowed)
+    if unknown:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f'The following constraints cannot be applied to {source_type!r}: {", ".join([f"{k!r}" for k in unknown])}'
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_mock_val_ser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_mock_val_ser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9125ab32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_mock_val_ser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterator, Mapping
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Generic, Literal, TypeVar, Union
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, SchemaSerializer, SchemaValidator
+
+from ..errors import PydanticErrorCodes, PydanticUserError
+from ..plugin._schema_validator import PluggableSchemaValidator
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..dataclasses import PydanticDataclass
+    from ..main import BaseModel
+    from ..type_adapter import TypeAdapter
+
+
+ValSer = TypeVar('ValSer', bound=Union[SchemaValidator, PluggableSchemaValidator, SchemaSerializer])
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+class MockCoreSchema(Mapping[str, Any]):
+    """Mocker for `pydantic_core.CoreSchema` which optionally attempts to
+    rebuild the thing it's mocking when one of its methods is accessed and raises an error if that fails.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = '_error_message', '_code', '_attempt_rebuild', '_built_memo'
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        error_message: str,
+        *,
+        code: PydanticErrorCodes,
+        attempt_rebuild: Callable[[], CoreSchema | None] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._error_message = error_message
+        self._code: PydanticErrorCodes = code
+        self._attempt_rebuild = attempt_rebuild
+        self._built_memo: CoreSchema | None = None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        return self._get_built().__getitem__(key)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self._get_built().__len__()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return self._get_built().__iter__()
+
+    def _get_built(self) -> CoreSchema:
+        if self._built_memo is not None:
+            return self._built_memo
+
+        if self._attempt_rebuild:
+            schema = self._attempt_rebuild()
+            if schema is not None:
+                self._built_memo = schema
+                return schema
+        raise PydanticUserError(self._error_message, code=self._code)
+
+    def rebuild(self) -> CoreSchema | None:
+        self._built_memo = None
+        if self._attempt_rebuild:
+            schema = self._attempt_rebuild()
+            if schema is not None:
+                return schema
+            else:
+                raise PydanticUserError(self._error_message, code=self._code)
+        return None
+
+
+class MockValSer(Generic[ValSer]):
+    """Mocker for `pydantic_core.SchemaValidator` or `pydantic_core.SchemaSerializer` which optionally attempts to
+    rebuild the thing it's mocking when one of its methods is accessed and raises an error if that fails.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = '_error_message', '_code', '_val_or_ser', '_attempt_rebuild'
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        error_message: str,
+        *,
+        code: PydanticErrorCodes,
+        val_or_ser: Literal['validator', 'serializer'],
+        attempt_rebuild: Callable[[], ValSer | None] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._error_message = error_message
+        self._val_or_ser = SchemaValidator if val_or_ser == 'validator' else SchemaSerializer
+        self._code: PydanticErrorCodes = code
+        self._attempt_rebuild = attempt_rebuild
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> None:
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        if self._attempt_rebuild:
+            val_ser = self._attempt_rebuild()
+            if val_ser is not None:
+                return getattr(val_ser, item)
+
+        # raise an AttributeError if `item` doesn't exist
+        getattr(self._val_or_ser, item)
+        raise PydanticUserError(self._error_message, code=self._code)
+
+    def rebuild(self) -> ValSer | None:
+        if self._attempt_rebuild:
+            val_ser = self._attempt_rebuild()
+            if val_ser is not None:
+                return val_ser
+            else:
+                raise PydanticUserError(self._error_message, code=self._code)
+        return None
+
+
+def set_type_adapter_mocks(adapter: TypeAdapter) -> None:
+    """Set `core_schema`, `validator` and `serializer` to mock core types on a type adapter instance.
+
+    Args:
+        adapter: The type adapter instance to set the mocks on
+    """
+    type_repr = str(adapter._type)
+    undefined_type_error_message = (
+        f'`TypeAdapter[{type_repr}]` is not fully defined; you should define `{type_repr}` and all referenced types,'
+        f' then call `.rebuild()` on the instance.'
+    )
+
+    def attempt_rebuild_fn(attr_fn: Callable[[TypeAdapter], T]) -> Callable[[], T | None]:
+        def handler() -> T | None:
+            if adapter.rebuild(raise_errors=False, _parent_namespace_depth=5) is not False:
+                return attr_fn(adapter)
+            return None
+
+        return handler
+
+    adapter.core_schema = MockCoreSchema(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda ta: ta.core_schema),
+    )
+    adapter.validator = MockValSer(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        val_or_ser='validator',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda ta: ta.validator),
+    )
+    adapter.serializer = MockValSer(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        val_or_ser='serializer',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda ta: ta.serializer),
+    )
+
+
+def set_model_mocks(cls: type[BaseModel], undefined_name: str = 'all referenced types') -> None:
+    """Set `__pydantic_core_schema__`, `__pydantic_validator__` and `__pydantic_serializer__` to mock core types on a model.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The model class to set the mocks on
+        undefined_name: Name of the undefined thing, used in error messages
+    """
+    undefined_type_error_message = (
+        f'`{cls.__name__}` is not fully defined; you should define {undefined_name},'
+        f' then call `{cls.__name__}.model_rebuild()`.'
+    )
+
+    def attempt_rebuild_fn(attr_fn: Callable[[type[BaseModel]], T]) -> Callable[[], T | None]:
+        def handler() -> T | None:
+            if cls.model_rebuild(raise_errors=False, _parent_namespace_depth=5) is not False:
+                return attr_fn(cls)
+            return None
+
+        return handler
+
+    cls.__pydantic_core_schema__ = MockCoreSchema(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda c: c.__pydantic_core_schema__),
+    )
+    cls.__pydantic_validator__ = MockValSer(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        val_or_ser='validator',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda c: c.__pydantic_validator__),
+    )
+    cls.__pydantic_serializer__ = MockValSer(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        val_or_ser='serializer',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda c: c.__pydantic_serializer__),
+    )
+
+
+def set_dataclass_mocks(cls: type[PydanticDataclass], undefined_name: str = 'all referenced types') -> None:
+    """Set `__pydantic_validator__` and `__pydantic_serializer__` to `MockValSer`s on a dataclass.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The model class to set the mocks on
+        undefined_name: Name of the undefined thing, used in error messages
+    """
+    from ..dataclasses import rebuild_dataclass
+
+    undefined_type_error_message = (
+        f'`{cls.__name__}` is not fully defined; you should define {undefined_name},'
+        f' then call `pydantic.dataclasses.rebuild_dataclass({cls.__name__})`.'
+    )
+
+    def attempt_rebuild_fn(attr_fn: Callable[[type[PydanticDataclass]], T]) -> Callable[[], T | None]:
+        def handler() -> T | None:
+            if rebuild_dataclass(cls, raise_errors=False, _parent_namespace_depth=5) is not False:
+                return attr_fn(cls)
+            return None
+
+        return handler
+
+    cls.__pydantic_core_schema__ = MockCoreSchema(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda c: c.__pydantic_core_schema__),
+    )
+    cls.__pydantic_validator__ = MockValSer(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        val_or_ser='validator',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda c: c.__pydantic_validator__),
+    )
+    cls.__pydantic_serializer__ = MockValSer(  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+        undefined_type_error_message,
+        code='class-not-fully-defined',
+        val_or_ser='serializer',
+        attempt_rebuild=attempt_rebuild_fn(lambda c: c.__pydantic_serializer__),
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_model_construction.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_model_construction.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd5d68b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_model_construction.py
@@ -0,0 +1,792 @@
+"""Private logic for creating models."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import builtins
+import operator
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+import weakref
+from abc import ABCMeta
+from functools import cache, partial, wraps
+from types import FunctionType
+from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, Literal, NoReturn, cast
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined, SchemaSerializer
+from typing_extensions import TypeAliasType, dataclass_transform, deprecated, get_args, get_origin
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+
+from ..errors import PydanticUndefinedAnnotation, PydanticUserError
+from ..plugin._schema_validator import create_schema_validator
+from ..warnings import GenericBeforeBaseModelWarning, PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+from ._config import ConfigWrapper
+from ._decorators import DecoratorInfos, PydanticDescriptorProxy, get_attribute_from_bases, unwrap_wrapped_function
+from ._fields import collect_model_fields, is_valid_field_name, is_valid_privateattr_name
+from ._generate_schema import GenerateSchema, InvalidSchemaError
+from ._generics import PydanticGenericMetadata, get_model_typevars_map
+from ._import_utils import import_cached_base_model, import_cached_field_info
+from ._mock_val_ser import set_model_mocks
+from ._namespace_utils import NsResolver
+from ._signature import generate_pydantic_signature
+from ._typing_extra import (
+    _make_forward_ref,
+    eval_type_backport,
+    is_classvar_annotation,
+    parent_frame_namespace,
+)
+from ._utils import LazyClassAttribute, SafeGetItemProxy
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..fields import Field as PydanticModelField
+    from ..fields import FieldInfo, ModelPrivateAttr
+    from ..fields import PrivateAttr as PydanticModelPrivateAttr
+    from ..main import BaseModel
+else:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+    PydanticModelField = object()
+    PydanticModelPrivateAttr = object()
+
+object_setattr = object.__setattr__
+
+
+class _ModelNamespaceDict(dict):
+    """A dictionary subclass that intercepts attribute setting on model classes and
+    warns about overriding of decorators.
+    """
+
+    def __setitem__(self, k: str, v: object) -> None:
+        existing: Any = self.get(k, None)
+        if existing and v is not existing and isinstance(existing, PydanticDescriptorProxy):
+            warnings.warn(f'`{k}` overrides an existing Pydantic `{existing.decorator_info.decorator_repr}` decorator')
+
+        return super().__setitem__(k, v)
+
+
+def NoInitField(
+    *,
+    init: Literal[False] = False,
+) -> Any:
+    """Only for typing purposes. Used as default value of `__pydantic_fields_set__`,
+    `__pydantic_extra__`, `__pydantic_private__`, so they could be ignored when
+    synthesizing the `__init__` signature.
+    """
+
+
+@dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True, field_specifiers=(PydanticModelField, PydanticModelPrivateAttr, NoInitField))
+class ModelMetaclass(ABCMeta):
+    def __new__(
+        mcs,
+        cls_name: str,
+        bases: tuple[type[Any], ...],
+        namespace: dict[str, Any],
+        __pydantic_generic_metadata__: PydanticGenericMetadata | None = None,
+        __pydantic_reset_parent_namespace__: bool = True,
+        _create_model_module: str | None = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> type:
+        """Metaclass for creating Pydantic models.
+
+        Args:
+            cls_name: The name of the class to be created.
+            bases: The base classes of the class to be created.
+            namespace: The attribute dictionary of the class to be created.
+            __pydantic_generic_metadata__: Metadata for generic models.
+            __pydantic_reset_parent_namespace__: Reset parent namespace.
+            _create_model_module: The module of the class to be created, if created by `create_model`.
+            **kwargs: Catch-all for any other keyword arguments.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new class created by the metaclass.
+        """
+        # Note `ModelMetaclass` refers to `BaseModel`, but is also used to *create* `BaseModel`, so we rely on the fact
+        # that `BaseModel` itself won't have any bases, but any subclass of it will, to determine whether the `__new__`
+        # call we're in the middle of is for the `BaseModel` class.
+        if bases:
+            base_field_names, class_vars, base_private_attributes = mcs._collect_bases_data(bases)
+
+            config_wrapper = ConfigWrapper.for_model(bases, namespace, kwargs)
+            namespace['model_config'] = config_wrapper.config_dict
+            private_attributes = inspect_namespace(
+                namespace, config_wrapper.ignored_types, class_vars, base_field_names
+            )
+            if private_attributes or base_private_attributes:
+                original_model_post_init = get_model_post_init(namespace, bases)
+                if original_model_post_init is not None:
+                    # if there are private_attributes and a model_post_init function, we handle both
+
+                    @wraps(original_model_post_init)
+                    def wrapped_model_post_init(self: BaseModel, context: Any, /) -> None:
+                        """We need to both initialize private attributes and call the user-defined model_post_init
+                        method.
+                        """
+                        init_private_attributes(self, context)
+                        original_model_post_init(self, context)
+
+                    namespace['model_post_init'] = wrapped_model_post_init
+                else:
+                    namespace['model_post_init'] = init_private_attributes
+
+            namespace['__class_vars__'] = class_vars
+            namespace['__private_attributes__'] = {**base_private_attributes, **private_attributes}
+
+            cls = cast('type[BaseModel]', super().__new__(mcs, cls_name, bases, namespace, **kwargs))
+            BaseModel_ = import_cached_base_model()
+
+            mro = cls.__mro__
+            if Generic in mro and mro.index(Generic) < mro.index(BaseModel_):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    GenericBeforeBaseModelWarning(
+                        'Classes should inherit from `BaseModel` before generic classes (e.g. `typing.Generic[T]`) '
+                        'for pydantic generics to work properly.'
+                    ),
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
+
+            cls.__pydantic_custom_init__ = not getattr(cls.__init__, '__pydantic_base_init__', False)
+            cls.__pydantic_post_init__ = (
+                None if cls.model_post_init is BaseModel_.model_post_init else 'model_post_init'
+            )
+
+            cls.__pydantic_setattr_handlers__ = {}
+
+            cls.__pydantic_decorators__ = DecoratorInfos.build(cls)
+
+            # Use the getattr below to grab the __parameters__ from the `typing.Generic` parent class
+            if __pydantic_generic_metadata__:
+                cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__ = __pydantic_generic_metadata__
+            else:
+                parent_parameters = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_generic_metadata__', {}).get('parameters', ())
+                parameters = getattr(cls, '__parameters__', None) or parent_parameters
+                if parameters and parent_parameters and not all(x in parameters for x in parent_parameters):
+                    from ..root_model import RootModelRootType
+
+                    missing_parameters = tuple(x for x in parameters if x not in parent_parameters)
+                    if RootModelRootType in parent_parameters and RootModelRootType not in parameters:
+                        # This is a special case where the user has subclassed `RootModel`, but has not parametrized
+                        # RootModel with the generic type identifiers being used. Ex:
+                        # class MyModel(RootModel, Generic[T]):
+                        #    root: T
+                        # Should instead just be:
+                        # class MyModel(RootModel[T]):
+                        #   root: T
+                        parameters_str = ', '.join([x.__name__ for x in missing_parameters])
+                        error_message = (
+                            f'{cls.__name__} is a subclass of `RootModel`, but does not include the generic type identifier(s) '
+                            f'{parameters_str} in its parameters. '
+                            f'You should parametrize RootModel directly, e.g., `class {cls.__name__}(RootModel[{parameters_str}]): ...`.'
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        combined_parameters = parent_parameters + missing_parameters
+                        parameters_str = ', '.join([str(x) for x in combined_parameters])
+                        generic_type_label = f'typing.Generic[{parameters_str}]'
+                        error_message = (
+                            f'All parameters must be present on typing.Generic;'
+                            f' you should inherit from {generic_type_label}.'
+                        )
+                        if Generic not in bases:  # pragma: no cover
+                            # We raise an error here not because it is desirable, but because some cases are mishandled.
+                            # It would be nice to remove this error and still have things behave as expected, it's just
+                            # challenging because we are using a custom `__class_getitem__` to parametrize generic models,
+                            # and not returning a typing._GenericAlias from it.
+                            bases_str = ', '.join([x.__name__ for x in bases] + [generic_type_label])
+                            error_message += (
+                                f' Note: `typing.Generic` must go last: `class {cls.__name__}({bases_str}): ...`)'
+                            )
+                    raise TypeError(error_message)
+
+                cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__ = {
+                    'origin': None,
+                    'args': (),
+                    'parameters': parameters,
+                }
+
+            cls.__pydantic_complete__ = False  # Ensure this specific class gets completed
+
+            # preserve `__set_name__` protocol defined in https://peps.python.org/pep-0487
+            # for attributes not in `new_namespace` (e.g. private attributes)
+            for name, obj in private_attributes.items():
+                obj.__set_name__(cls, name)
+
+            if __pydantic_reset_parent_namespace__:
+                cls.__pydantic_parent_namespace__ = build_lenient_weakvaluedict(parent_frame_namespace())
+            parent_namespace: dict[str, Any] | None = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_parent_namespace__', None)
+            if isinstance(parent_namespace, dict):
+                parent_namespace = unpack_lenient_weakvaluedict(parent_namespace)
+
+            ns_resolver = NsResolver(parent_namespace=parent_namespace)
+
+            set_model_fields(cls, config_wrapper=config_wrapper, ns_resolver=ns_resolver)
+
+            # This is also set in `complete_model_class()`, after schema gen because they are recreated.
+            # We set them here as well for backwards compatibility:
+            cls.__pydantic_computed_fields__ = {
+                k: v.info for k, v in cls.__pydantic_decorators__.computed_fields.items()
+            }
+
+            if config_wrapper.defer_build:
+                # TODO we can also stop there if `__pydantic_fields_complete__` is False.
+                # However, `set_model_fields()` is currently lenient and we don't have access to the `NameError`.
+                # (which is useful as we can provide the name in the error message: `set_model_mock(cls, e.name)`)
+                set_model_mocks(cls)
+            else:
+                # Any operation that requires accessing the field infos instances should be put inside
+                # `complete_model_class()`:
+                complete_model_class(
+                    cls,
+                    config_wrapper,
+                    raise_errors=False,
+                    ns_resolver=ns_resolver,
+                    create_model_module=_create_model_module,
+                )
+
+            if config_wrapper.frozen and '__hash__' not in namespace:
+                set_default_hash_func(cls, bases)
+
+            # using super(cls, cls) on the next line ensures we only call the parent class's __pydantic_init_subclass__
+            # I believe the `type: ignore` is only necessary because mypy doesn't realize that this code branch is
+            # only hit for _proper_ subclasses of BaseModel
+            super(cls, cls).__pydantic_init_subclass__(**kwargs)  # type: ignore[misc]
+            return cls
+        else:
+            # These are instance variables, but have been assigned to `NoInitField` to trick the type checker.
+            for instance_slot in '__pydantic_fields_set__', '__pydantic_extra__', '__pydantic_private__':
+                namespace.pop(
+                    instance_slot,
+                    None,  # In case the metaclass is used with a class other than `BaseModel`.
+                )
+            namespace.get('__annotations__', {}).clear()
+            return super().__new__(mcs, cls_name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no branch
+        # We put `__getattr__` in a non-TYPE_CHECKING block because otherwise, mypy allows arbitrary attribute access
+
+        def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+            """This is necessary to keep attribute access working for class attribute access."""
+            private_attributes = self.__dict__.get('__private_attributes__')
+            if private_attributes and item in private_attributes:
+                return private_attributes[item]
+            raise AttributeError(item)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __prepare__(cls, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return _ModelNamespaceDict()
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, instance: Any) -> bool:
+        """Avoid calling ABC _abc_instancecheck unless we're pretty sure.
+
+        See #3829 and python/cpython#92810
+        """
+        return hasattr(instance, '__pydantic_decorators__') and super().__instancecheck__(instance)
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, subclass: type[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Avoid calling ABC _abc_subclasscheck unless we're pretty sure.
+
+        See #3829 and python/cpython#92810
+        """
+        return hasattr(subclass, '__pydantic_decorators__') and super().__subclasscheck__(subclass)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _collect_bases_data(bases: tuple[type[Any], ...]) -> tuple[set[str], set[str], dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr]]:
+        BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+        field_names: set[str] = set()
+        class_vars: set[str] = set()
+        private_attributes: dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr] = {}
+        for base in bases:
+            if issubclass(base, BaseModel) and base is not BaseModel:
+                # model_fields might not be defined yet in the case of generics, so we use getattr here:
+                field_names.update(getattr(base, '__pydantic_fields__', {}).keys())
+                class_vars.update(base.__class_vars__)
+                private_attributes.update(base.__private_attributes__)
+        return field_names, class_vars, private_attributes
+
+    @property
+    @deprecated('The `__fields__` attribute is deprecated, use `model_fields` instead.', category=None)
+    def __fields__(self) -> dict[str, FieldInfo]:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `__fields__` attribute is deprecated, use `model_fields` instead.',
+            PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return getattr(self, '__pydantic_fields__', {})
+
+    @property
+    def __pydantic_fields_complete__(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the fields where successfully collected (i.e. type hints were successfully resolves).
+
+        This is a private attribute, not meant to be used outside Pydantic.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(self, '__pydantic_fields__'):
+            return False
+
+        field_infos = cast('dict[str, FieldInfo]', self.__pydantic_fields__)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+
+        return all(field_info._complete for field_info in field_infos.values())
+
+    def __dir__(self) -> list[str]:
+        attributes = list(super().__dir__())
+        if '__fields__' in attributes:
+            attributes.remove('__fields__')
+        return attributes
+
+
+def init_private_attributes(self: BaseModel, context: Any, /) -> None:
+    """This function is meant to behave like a BaseModel method to initialise private attributes.
+
+    It takes context as an argument since that's what pydantic-core passes when calling it.
+
+    Args:
+        self: The BaseModel instance.
+        context: The context.
+    """
+    if getattr(self, '__pydantic_private__', None) is None:
+        pydantic_private = {}
+        for name, private_attr in self.__private_attributes__.items():
+            default = private_attr.get_default()
+            if default is not PydanticUndefined:
+                pydantic_private[name] = default
+        object_setattr(self, '__pydantic_private__', pydantic_private)
+
+
+def get_model_post_init(namespace: dict[str, Any], bases: tuple[type[Any], ...]) -> Callable[..., Any] | None:
+    """Get the `model_post_init` method from the namespace or the class bases, or `None` if not defined."""
+    if 'model_post_init' in namespace:
+        return namespace['model_post_init']
+
+    BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+    model_post_init = get_attribute_from_bases(bases, 'model_post_init')
+    if model_post_init is not BaseModel.model_post_init:
+        return model_post_init
+
+
+def inspect_namespace(  # noqa C901
+    namespace: dict[str, Any],
+    ignored_types: tuple[type[Any], ...],
+    base_class_vars: set[str],
+    base_class_fields: set[str],
+) -> dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr]:
+    """Iterate over the namespace and:
+    * gather private attributes
+    * check for items which look like fields but are not (e.g. have no annotation) and warn.
+
+    Args:
+        namespace: The attribute dictionary of the class to be created.
+        ignored_types: A tuple of ignore types.
+        base_class_vars: A set of base class class variables.
+        base_class_fields: A set of base class fields.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dict contains private attributes info.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If there is a `__root__` field in model.
+        NameError: If private attribute name is invalid.
+        PydanticUserError:
+            - If a field does not have a type annotation.
+            - If a field on base class was overridden by a non-annotated attribute.
+    """
+    from ..fields import ModelPrivateAttr, PrivateAttr
+
+    FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+    all_ignored_types = ignored_types + default_ignored_types()
+
+    private_attributes: dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr] = {}
+    raw_annotations = namespace.get('__annotations__', {})
+
+    if '__root__' in raw_annotations or '__root__' in namespace:
+        raise TypeError("To define root models, use `pydantic.RootModel` rather than a field called '__root__'")
+
+    ignored_names: set[str] = set()
+    for var_name, value in list(namespace.items()):
+        if var_name == 'model_config' or var_name == '__pydantic_extra__':
+            continue
+        elif (
+            isinstance(value, type)
+            and value.__module__ == namespace['__module__']
+            and '__qualname__' in namespace
+            and value.__qualname__.startswith(namespace['__qualname__'])
+        ):
+            # `value` is a nested type defined in this namespace; don't error
+            continue
+        elif isinstance(value, all_ignored_types) or value.__class__.__module__ == 'functools':
+            ignored_names.add(var_name)
+            continue
+        elif isinstance(value, ModelPrivateAttr):
+            if var_name.startswith('__'):
+                raise NameError(
+                    'Private attributes must not use dunder names;'
+                    f' use a single underscore prefix instead of {var_name!r}.'
+                )
+            elif is_valid_field_name(var_name):
+                raise NameError(
+                    'Private attributes must not use valid field names;'
+                    f' use sunder names, e.g. {"_" + var_name!r} instead of {var_name!r}.'
+                )
+            private_attributes[var_name] = value
+            del namespace[var_name]
+        elif isinstance(value, FieldInfo) and not is_valid_field_name(var_name):
+            suggested_name = var_name.lstrip('_') or 'my_field'  # don't suggest '' for all-underscore name
+            raise NameError(
+                f'Fields must not use names with leading underscores;'
+                f' e.g., use {suggested_name!r} instead of {var_name!r}.'
+            )
+
+        elif var_name.startswith('__'):
+            continue
+        elif is_valid_privateattr_name(var_name):
+            if var_name not in raw_annotations or not is_classvar_annotation(raw_annotations[var_name]):
+                private_attributes[var_name] = cast(ModelPrivateAttr, PrivateAttr(default=value))
+                del namespace[var_name]
+        elif var_name in base_class_vars:
+            continue
+        elif var_name not in raw_annotations:
+            if var_name in base_class_fields:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'Field {var_name!r} defined on a base class was overridden by a non-annotated attribute. '
+                    f'All field definitions, including overrides, require a type annotation.',
+                    code='model-field-overridden',
+                )
+            elif isinstance(value, FieldInfo):
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'Field {var_name!r} requires a type annotation', code='model-field-missing-annotation'
+                )
+            else:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'A non-annotated attribute was detected: `{var_name} = {value!r}`. All model fields require a '
+                    f'type annotation; if `{var_name}` is not meant to be a field, you may be able to resolve this '
+                    f"error by annotating it as a `ClassVar` or updating `model_config['ignored_types']`.",
+                    code='model-field-missing-annotation',
+                )
+
+    for ann_name, ann_type in raw_annotations.items():
+        if (
+            is_valid_privateattr_name(ann_name)
+            and ann_name not in private_attributes
+            and ann_name not in ignored_names
+            # This condition can be a false negative when `ann_type` is stringified,
+            # but it is handled in most cases in `set_model_fields`:
+            and not is_classvar_annotation(ann_type)
+            and ann_type not in all_ignored_types
+            and getattr(ann_type, '__module__', None) != 'functools'
+        ):
+            if isinstance(ann_type, str):
+                # Walking up the frames to get the module namespace where the model is defined
+                # (as the model class wasn't created yet, we unfortunately can't use `cls.__module__`):
+                frame = sys._getframe(2)
+                if frame is not None:
+                    try:
+                        ann_type = eval_type_backport(
+                            _make_forward_ref(ann_type, is_argument=False, is_class=True),
+                            globalns=frame.f_globals,
+                            localns=frame.f_locals,
+                        )
+                    except (NameError, TypeError):
+                        pass
+
+            if typing_objects.is_annotated(get_origin(ann_type)):
+                _, *metadata = get_args(ann_type)
+                private_attr = next((v for v in metadata if isinstance(v, ModelPrivateAttr)), None)
+                if private_attr is not None:
+                    private_attributes[ann_name] = private_attr
+                    continue
+            private_attributes[ann_name] = PrivateAttr()
+
+    return private_attributes
+
+
+def set_default_hash_func(cls: type[BaseModel], bases: tuple[type[Any], ...]) -> None:
+    base_hash_func = get_attribute_from_bases(bases, '__hash__')
+    new_hash_func = make_hash_func(cls)
+    if base_hash_func in {None, object.__hash__} or getattr(base_hash_func, '__code__', None) == new_hash_func.__code__:
+        # If `__hash__` is some default, we generate a hash function.
+        # It will be `None` if not overridden from BaseModel.
+        # It may be `object.__hash__` if there is another
+        # parent class earlier in the bases which doesn't override `__hash__` (e.g. `typing.Generic`).
+        # It may be a value set by `set_default_hash_func` if `cls` is a subclass of another frozen model.
+        # In the last case we still need a new hash function to account for new `model_fields`.
+        cls.__hash__ = new_hash_func
+
+
+def make_hash_func(cls: type[BaseModel]) -> Any:
+    getter = operator.itemgetter(*cls.__pydantic_fields__.keys()) if cls.__pydantic_fields__ else lambda _: 0
+
+    def hash_func(self: Any) -> int:
+        try:
+            return hash(getter(self.__dict__))
+        except KeyError:
+            # In rare cases (such as when using the deprecated copy method), the __dict__ may not contain
+            # all model fields, which is how we can get here.
+            # getter(self.__dict__) is much faster than any 'safe' method that accounts for missing keys,
+            # and wrapping it in a `try` doesn't slow things down much in the common case.
+            return hash(getter(SafeGetItemProxy(self.__dict__)))
+
+    return hash_func
+
+
+def set_model_fields(
+    cls: type[BaseModel],
+    config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None,
+) -> None:
+    """Collect and set `cls.__pydantic_fields__` and `cls.__class_vars__`.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: BaseModel or dataclass.
+        config_wrapper: The config wrapper instance.
+        ns_resolver: Namespace resolver to use when getting model annotations.
+    """
+    typevars_map = get_model_typevars_map(cls)
+    fields, class_vars = collect_model_fields(cls, config_wrapper, ns_resolver, typevars_map=typevars_map)
+
+    cls.__pydantic_fields__ = fields
+    cls.__class_vars__.update(class_vars)
+
+    for k in class_vars:
+        # Class vars should not be private attributes
+        #     We remove them _here_ and not earlier because we rely on inspecting the class to determine its classvars,
+        #     but private attributes are determined by inspecting the namespace _prior_ to class creation.
+        #     In the case that a classvar with a leading-'_' is defined via a ForwardRef (e.g., when using
+        #     `__future__.annotations`), we want to remove the private attribute which was detected _before_ we knew it
+        #     evaluated to a classvar
+
+        value = cls.__private_attributes__.pop(k, None)
+        if value is not None and value.default is not PydanticUndefined:
+            setattr(cls, k, value.default)
+
+
+def complete_model_class(
+    cls: type[BaseModel],
+    config_wrapper: ConfigWrapper,
+    *,
+    raise_errors: bool = True,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+    create_model_module: str | None = None,
+) -> bool:
+    """Finish building a model class.
+
+    This logic must be called after class has been created since validation functions must be bound
+    and `get_type_hints` requires a class object.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: BaseModel or dataclass.
+        config_wrapper: The config wrapper instance.
+        raise_errors: Whether to raise errors.
+        ns_resolver: The namespace resolver instance to use during schema building.
+        create_model_module: The module of the class to be created, if created by `create_model`.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if the model is successfully completed, else `False`.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticUndefinedAnnotation: If `PydanticUndefinedAnnotation` occurs in`__get_pydantic_core_schema__`
+            and `raise_errors=True`.
+    """
+    typevars_map = get_model_typevars_map(cls)
+    gen_schema = GenerateSchema(
+        config_wrapper,
+        ns_resolver,
+        typevars_map,
+    )
+
+    try:
+        schema = gen_schema.generate_schema(cls)
+    except PydanticUndefinedAnnotation as e:
+        if raise_errors:
+            raise
+        set_model_mocks(cls, f'`{e.name}`')
+        return False
+
+    core_config = config_wrapper.core_config(title=cls.__name__)
+
+    try:
+        schema = gen_schema.clean_schema(schema)
+    except InvalidSchemaError:
+        set_model_mocks(cls)
+        return False
+
+    # This needs to happen *after* model schema generation, as the return type
+    # of the properties are evaluated and the `ComputedFieldInfo` are recreated:
+    cls.__pydantic_computed_fields__ = {k: v.info for k, v in cls.__pydantic_decorators__.computed_fields.items()}
+
+    set_deprecated_descriptors(cls)
+
+    cls.__pydantic_core_schema__ = schema
+
+    cls.__pydantic_validator__ = create_schema_validator(
+        schema,
+        cls,
+        create_model_module or cls.__module__,
+        cls.__qualname__,
+        'create_model' if create_model_module else 'BaseModel',
+        core_config,
+        config_wrapper.plugin_settings,
+    )
+    cls.__pydantic_serializer__ = SchemaSerializer(schema, core_config)
+    cls.__pydantic_complete__ = True
+
+    # set __signature__ attr only for model class, but not for its instances
+    # (because instances can define `__call__`, and `inspect.signature` shouldn't
+    # use the `__signature__` attribute and instead generate from `__call__`).
+    cls.__signature__ = LazyClassAttribute(
+        '__signature__',
+        partial(
+            generate_pydantic_signature,
+            init=cls.__init__,
+            fields=cls.__pydantic_fields__,
+            validate_by_name=config_wrapper.validate_by_name,
+            extra=config_wrapper.extra,
+        ),
+    )
+    return True
+
+
+def set_deprecated_descriptors(cls: type[BaseModel]) -> None:
+    """Set data descriptors on the class for deprecated fields."""
+    for field, field_info in cls.__pydantic_fields__.items():
+        if (msg := field_info.deprecation_message) is not None:
+            desc = _DeprecatedFieldDescriptor(msg)
+            desc.__set_name__(cls, field)
+            setattr(cls, field, desc)
+
+    for field, computed_field_info in cls.__pydantic_computed_fields__.items():
+        if (
+            (msg := computed_field_info.deprecation_message) is not None
+            # Avoid having two warnings emitted:
+            and not hasattr(unwrap_wrapped_function(computed_field_info.wrapped_property), '__deprecated__')
+        ):
+            desc = _DeprecatedFieldDescriptor(msg, computed_field_info.wrapped_property)
+            desc.__set_name__(cls, field)
+            setattr(cls, field, desc)
+
+
+class _DeprecatedFieldDescriptor:
+    """Read-only data descriptor used to emit a runtime deprecation warning before accessing a deprecated field.
+
+    Attributes:
+        msg: The deprecation message to be emitted.
+        wrapped_property: The property instance if the deprecated field is a computed field, or `None`.
+        field_name: The name of the field being deprecated.
+    """
+
+    field_name: str
+
+    def __init__(self, msg: str, wrapped_property: property | None = None) -> None:
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.wrapped_property = wrapped_property
+
+    def __set_name__(self, cls: type[BaseModel], name: str) -> None:
+        self.field_name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: BaseModel | None, obj_type: type[BaseModel] | None = None) -> Any:
+        if obj is None:
+            if self.wrapped_property is not None:
+                return self.wrapped_property.__get__(None, obj_type)
+            raise AttributeError(self.field_name)
+
+        warnings.warn(self.msg, builtins.DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+        if self.wrapped_property is not None:
+            return self.wrapped_property.__get__(obj, obj_type)
+        return obj.__dict__[self.field_name]
+
+    # Defined to make it a data descriptor and take precedence over the instance's dictionary.
+    # Note that it will not be called when setting a value on a model instance
+    # as `BaseModel.__setattr__` is defined and takes priority.
+    def __set__(self, obj: Any, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise AttributeError(self.field_name)
+
+
+class _PydanticWeakRef:
+    """Wrapper for `weakref.ref` that enables `pickle` serialization.
+
+    Cloudpickle fails to serialize `weakref.ref` objects due to an arcane error related
+    to abstract base classes (`abc.ABC`). This class works around the issue by wrapping
+    `weakref.ref` instead of subclassing it.
+
+    See https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/6763 for context.
+
+    Semantics:
+        - If not pickled, behaves the same as a `weakref.ref`.
+        - If pickled along with the referenced object, the same `weakref.ref` behavior
+          will be maintained between them after unpickling.
+        - If pickled without the referenced object, after unpickling the underlying
+          reference will be cleared (`__call__` will always return `None`).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, obj: Any):
+        if obj is None:
+            # The object will be `None` upon deserialization if the serialized weakref
+            # had lost its underlying object.
+            self._wr = None
+        else:
+            self._wr = weakref.ref(obj)
+
+    def __call__(self) -> Any:
+        if self._wr is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._wr()
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> tuple[Callable, tuple[weakref.ReferenceType | None]]:
+        return _PydanticWeakRef, (self(),)
+
+
+def build_lenient_weakvaluedict(d: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Takes an input dictionary, and produces a new value that (invertibly) replaces the values with weakrefs.
+
+    We can't just use a WeakValueDictionary because many types (including int, str, etc.) can't be stored as values
+    in a WeakValueDictionary.
+
+    The `unpack_lenient_weakvaluedict` function can be used to reverse this operation.
+    """
+    if d is None:
+        return None
+    result = {}
+    for k, v in d.items():
+        try:
+            proxy = _PydanticWeakRef(v)
+        except TypeError:
+            proxy = v
+        result[k] = proxy
+    return result
+
+
+def unpack_lenient_weakvaluedict(d: dict[str, Any] | None) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Inverts the transform performed by `build_lenient_weakvaluedict`."""
+    if d is None:
+        return None
+
+    result = {}
+    for k, v in d.items():
+        if isinstance(v, _PydanticWeakRef):
+            v = v()
+            if v is not None:
+                result[k] = v
+        else:
+            result[k] = v
+    return result
+
+
+@cache
+def default_ignored_types() -> tuple[type[Any], ...]:
+    from ..fields import ComputedFieldInfo
+
+    ignored_types = [
+        FunctionType,
+        property,
+        classmethod,
+        staticmethod,
+        PydanticDescriptorProxy,
+        ComputedFieldInfo,
+        TypeAliasType,  # from `typing_extensions`
+    ]
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        ignored_types.append(typing.TypeAliasType)
+
+    return tuple(ignored_types)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_namespace_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_namespace_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..781dfa2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_namespace_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Generator, Iterator, Mapping
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import Any, Callable, NamedTuple, TypeVar
+
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, TypeAlias, TypeAliasType, TypeVarTuple
+
+GlobalsNamespace: TypeAlias = 'dict[str, Any]'
+"""A global namespace.
+
+In most cases, this is a reference to the `__dict__` attribute of a module.
+This namespace type is expected as the `globals` argument during annotations evaluation.
+"""
+
+MappingNamespace: TypeAlias = Mapping[str, Any]
+"""Any kind of namespace.
+
+In most cases, this is a local namespace (e.g. the `__dict__` attribute of a class,
+the [`f_locals`][frame.f_locals] attribute of a frame object, when dealing with types
+defined inside functions).
+This namespace type is expected as the `locals` argument during annotations evaluation.
+"""
+
+_TypeVarLike: TypeAlias = 'TypeVar | ParamSpec | TypeVarTuple'
+
+
+class NamespacesTuple(NamedTuple):
+    """A tuple of globals and locals to be used during annotations evaluation.
+
+    This datastructure is defined as a named tuple so that it can easily be unpacked:
+
+    ```python {lint="skip" test="skip"}
+    def eval_type(typ: type[Any], ns: NamespacesTuple) -> None:
+        return eval(typ, *ns)
+    ```
+    """
+
+    globals: GlobalsNamespace
+    """The namespace to be used as the `globals` argument during annotations evaluation."""
+
+    locals: MappingNamespace
+    """The namespace to be used as the `locals` argument during annotations evaluation."""
+
+
+def get_module_ns_of(obj: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Get the namespace of the module where the object is defined.
+
+    Caution: this function does not return a copy of the module namespace, so the result
+    should not be mutated. The burden of enforcing this is on the caller.
+    """
+    module_name = getattr(obj, '__module__', None)
+    if module_name:
+        try:
+            return sys.modules[module_name].__dict__
+        except KeyError:
+            # happens occasionally, see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/2363
+            return {}
+    return {}
+
+
+# Note that this class is almost identical to `collections.ChainMap`, but need to enforce
+# immutable mappings here:
+class LazyLocalNamespace(Mapping[str, Any]):
+    """A lazily evaluated mapping, to be used as the `locals` argument during annotations evaluation.
+
+    While the [`eval`][eval] function expects a mapping as the `locals` argument, it only
+    performs `__getitem__` calls. The [`Mapping`][collections.abc.Mapping] abstract base class
+    is fully implemented only for type checking purposes.
+
+    Args:
+        *namespaces: The namespaces to consider, in ascending order of priority.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python {lint="skip" test="skip"}
+        ns = LazyLocalNamespace({'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3})
+        ns['a']
+        #> 3
+        ns['b']
+        #> 2
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *namespaces: MappingNamespace) -> None:
+        self._namespaces = namespaces
+
+    @cached_property
+    def data(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return {k: v for ns in self._namespaces for k, v in ns.items()}
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.data)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        return self.data[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        return key in self.data
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+
+def ns_for_function(obj: Callable[..., Any], parent_namespace: MappingNamespace | None = None) -> NamespacesTuple:
+    """Return the global and local namespaces to be used when evaluating annotations for the provided function.
+
+    The global namespace will be the `__dict__` attribute of the module the function was defined in.
+    The local namespace will contain the `__type_params__` introduced by PEP 695.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The object to use when building namespaces.
+        parent_namespace: Optional namespace to be added with the lowest priority in the local namespace.
+            If the passed function is a method, the `parent_namespace` will be the namespace of the class
+            the method is defined in. Thus, we also fetch type `__type_params__` from there (i.e. the
+            class-scoped type variables).
+    """
+    locals_list: list[MappingNamespace] = []
+    if parent_namespace is not None:
+        locals_list.append(parent_namespace)
+
+    # Get the `__type_params__` attribute introduced by PEP 695.
+    # Note that the `typing._eval_type` function expects type params to be
+    # passed as a separate argument. However, internally, `_eval_type` calls
+    # `ForwardRef._evaluate` which will merge type params with the localns,
+    # essentially mimicking what we do here.
+    type_params: tuple[_TypeVarLike, ...] = getattr(obj, '__type_params__', ())
+    if parent_namespace is not None:
+        # We also fetch type params from the parent namespace. If present, it probably
+        # means the function was defined in a class. This is to support the following:
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/124089.
+        type_params += parent_namespace.get('__type_params__', ())
+
+    locals_list.append({t.__name__: t for t in type_params})
+
+    # What about short-cirtuiting to `obj.__globals__`?
+    globalns = get_module_ns_of(obj)
+
+    return NamespacesTuple(globalns, LazyLocalNamespace(*locals_list))
+
+
+class NsResolver:
+    """A class responsible for the namespaces resolving logic for annotations evaluation.
+
+    This class handles the namespace logic when evaluating annotations mainly for class objects.
+
+    It holds a stack of classes that are being inspected during the core schema building,
+    and the `types_namespace` property exposes the globals and locals to be used for
+    type annotation evaluation. Additionally -- if no class is present in the stack -- a
+    fallback globals and locals can be provided using the `namespaces_tuple` argument
+    (this is useful when generating a schema for a simple annotation, e.g. when using
+    `TypeAdapter`).
+
+    The namespace creation logic is unfortunately flawed in some cases, for backwards
+    compatibility reasons and to better support valid edge cases. See the description
+    for the `parent_namespace` argument and the example for more details.
+
+    Args:
+        namespaces_tuple: The default globals and locals to use if no class is present
+            on the stack. This can be useful when using the `GenerateSchema` class
+            with `TypeAdapter`, where the "type" being analyzed is a simple annotation.
+        parent_namespace: An optional parent namespace that will be added to the locals
+            with the lowest priority. For a given class defined in a function, the locals
+            of this function are usually used as the parent namespace:
+
+            ```python {lint="skip" test="skip"}
+            from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+            def func() -> None:
+                SomeType = int
+
+                class Model(BaseModel):
+                    f: 'SomeType'
+
+                # when collecting fields, an namespace resolver instance will be created
+                # this way:
+                # ns_resolver = NsResolver(parent_namespace={'SomeType': SomeType})
+            ```
+
+            For backwards compatibility reasons and to support valid edge cases, this parent
+            namespace will be used for *every* type being pushed to the stack. In the future,
+            we might want to be smarter by only doing so when the type being pushed is defined
+            in the same module as the parent namespace.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python {lint="skip" test="skip"}
+        ns_resolver = NsResolver(
+            parent_namespace={'fallback': 1},
+        )
+
+        class Sub:
+            m: 'Model'
+
+        class Model:
+            some_local = 1
+            sub: Sub
+
+        ns_resolver = NsResolver()
+
+        # This is roughly what happens when we build a core schema for `Model`:
+        with ns_resolver.push(Model):
+            ns_resolver.types_namespace
+            #> NamespacesTuple({'Sub': Sub}, {'Model': Model, 'some_local': 1})
+            # First thing to notice here, the model being pushed is added to the locals.
+            # Because `NsResolver` is being used during the model definition, it is not
+            # yet added to the globals. This is useful when resolving self-referencing annotations.
+
+            with ns_resolver.push(Sub):
+                ns_resolver.types_namespace
+                #> NamespacesTuple({'Sub': Sub}, {'Sub': Sub, 'Model': Model})
+                # Second thing to notice: `Sub` is present in both the globals and locals.
+                # This is not an issue, just that as described above, the model being pushed
+                # is added to the locals, but it happens to be present in the globals as well
+                # because it is already defined.
+                # Third thing to notice: `Model` is also added in locals. This is a backwards
+                # compatibility workaround that allows for `Sub` to be able to resolve `'Model'`
+                # correctly (as otherwise models would have to be rebuilt even though this
+                # doesn't look necessary).
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        namespaces_tuple: NamespacesTuple | None = None,
+        parent_namespace: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._base_ns_tuple = namespaces_tuple or NamespacesTuple({}, {})
+        self._parent_ns = parent_namespace
+        self._types_stack: list[type[Any] | TypeAliasType] = []
+
+    @cached_property
+    def types_namespace(self) -> NamespacesTuple:
+        """The current global and local namespaces to be used for annotations evaluation."""
+        if not self._types_stack:
+            # TODO: should we merge the parent namespace here?
+            # This is relevant for TypeAdapter, where there are no types on the stack, and we might
+            # need access to the parent_ns. Right now, we sidestep this in `type_adapter.py` by passing
+            # locals to both parent_ns and the base_ns_tuple, but this is a bit hacky.
+            # we might consider something like:
+            # if self._parent_ns is not None:
+            #     # Hacky workarounds, see class docstring:
+            #     # An optional parent namespace that will be added to the locals with the lowest priority
+            #     locals_list: list[MappingNamespace] = [self._parent_ns, self._base_ns_tuple.locals]
+            #     return NamespacesTuple(self._base_ns_tuple.globals, LazyLocalNamespace(*locals_list))
+            return self._base_ns_tuple
+
+        typ = self._types_stack[-1]
+
+        globalns = get_module_ns_of(typ)
+
+        locals_list: list[MappingNamespace] = []
+        # Hacky workarounds, see class docstring:
+        # An optional parent namespace that will be added to the locals with the lowest priority
+        if self._parent_ns is not None:
+            locals_list.append(self._parent_ns)
+        if len(self._types_stack) > 1:
+            first_type = self._types_stack[0]
+            locals_list.append({first_type.__name__: first_type})
+
+        # Adding `__type_params__` *before* `vars(typ)`, as the latter takes priority
+        # (see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/120272).
+        # TODO `typ.__type_params__` when we drop support for Python 3.11:
+        type_params: tuple[_TypeVarLike, ...] = getattr(typ, '__type_params__', ())
+        if type_params:
+            # Adding `__type_params__` is mostly useful for generic classes defined using
+            # PEP 695 syntax *and* using forward annotations (see the example in
+            # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/114053). For TypeAliasType instances,
+            # it is way less common, but still required if using a string annotation in the alias
+            # value, e.g. `type A[T] = 'T'` (which is not necessary in most cases).
+            locals_list.append({t.__name__: t for t in type_params})
+
+        # TypeAliasType instances don't have a `__dict__` attribute, so the check
+        # is necessary:
+        if hasattr(typ, '__dict__'):
+            locals_list.append(vars(typ))
+
+        # The `len(self._types_stack) > 1` check above prevents this from being added twice:
+        locals_list.append({typ.__name__: typ})
+
+        return NamespacesTuple(globalns, LazyLocalNamespace(*locals_list))
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def push(self, typ: type[Any] | TypeAliasType, /) -> Generator[None]:
+        """Push a type to the stack."""
+        self._types_stack.append(typ)
+        # Reset the cached property:
+        self.__dict__.pop('types_namespace', None)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self._types_stack.pop()
+            self.__dict__.pop('types_namespace', None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_repr.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_repr.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf3cae53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_repr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+"""Tools to provide pretty/human-readable display of objects."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+
+import typing_extensions
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+from typing_inspection.introspection import is_union_origin
+
+from . import _typing_extra
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    ReprArgs: typing_extensions.TypeAlias = 'typing.Iterable[tuple[str | None, Any]]'
+    RichReprResult: typing_extensions.TypeAlias = (
+        'typing.Iterable[Any | tuple[Any] | tuple[str, Any] | tuple[str, Any, Any]]'
+    )
+
+
+class PlainRepr(str):
+    """String class where repr doesn't include quotes. Useful with Representation when you want to return a string
+    representation of something that is valid (or pseudo-valid) python.
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+class Representation:
+    # Mixin to provide `__str__`, `__repr__`, and `__pretty__` and `__rich_repr__` methods.
+    # `__pretty__` is used by [devtools](https://python-devtools.helpmanual.io/).
+    # `__rich_repr__` is used by [rich](https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/stable/pretty.html).
+    # (this is not a docstring to avoid adding a docstring to classes which inherit from Representation)
+
+    # we don't want to use a type annotation here as it can break get_type_hints
+    __slots__ = ()  # type: typing.Collection[str]
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> ReprArgs:
+        """Returns the attributes to show in __str__, __repr__, and __pretty__ this is generally overridden.
+
+        Can either return:
+        * name - value pairs, e.g.: `[('foo_name', 'foo'), ('bar_name', ['b', 'a', 'r'])]`
+        * or, just values, e.g.: `[(None, 'foo'), (None, ['b', 'a', 'r'])]`
+        """
+        attrs_names = self.__slots__
+        if not attrs_names and hasattr(self, '__dict__'):
+            attrs_names = self.__dict__.keys()
+        attrs = ((s, getattr(self, s)) for s in attrs_names)
+        return [(a, v if v is not self else self.__repr_recursion__(v)) for a, v in attrs if v is not None]
+
+    def __repr_name__(self) -> str:
+        """Name of the instance's class, used in __repr__."""
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def __repr_recursion__(self, object: Any) -> str:
+        """Returns the string representation of a recursive object."""
+        # This is copied over from the stdlib `pprint` module:
+        return f'<Recursion on {type(object).__name__} with id={id(object)}>'
+
+    def __repr_str__(self, join_str: str) -> str:
+        return join_str.join(repr(v) if a is None else f'{a}={v!r}' for a, v in self.__repr_args__())
+
+    def __pretty__(self, fmt: typing.Callable[[Any], Any], **kwargs: Any) -> typing.Generator[Any, None, None]:
+        """Used by devtools (https://python-devtools.helpmanual.io/) to pretty print objects."""
+        yield self.__repr_name__() + '('
+        yield 1
+        for name, value in self.__repr_args__():
+            if name is not None:
+                yield name + '='
+            yield fmt(value)
+            yield ','
+            yield 0
+        yield -1
+        yield ')'
+
+    def __rich_repr__(self) -> RichReprResult:
+        """Used by Rich (https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/stable/pretty.html) to pretty print objects."""
+        for name, field_repr in self.__repr_args__():
+            if name is None:
+                yield field_repr
+            else:
+                yield name, field_repr
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.__repr_str__(' ')
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__repr_name__()}({self.__repr_str__(", ")})'
+
+
+def display_as_type(obj: Any) -> str:
+    """Pretty representation of a type, should be as close as possible to the original type definition string.
+
+    Takes some logic from `typing._type_repr`.
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, (types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType)):
+        return obj.__name__
+    elif obj is ...:
+        return '...'
+    elif isinstance(obj, Representation):
+        return repr(obj)
+    elif isinstance(obj, typing.ForwardRef) or typing_objects.is_typealiastype(obj):
+        return str(obj)
+
+    if not isinstance(obj, (_typing_extra.typing_base, _typing_extra.WithArgsTypes, type)):
+        obj = obj.__class__
+
+    if is_union_origin(typing_extensions.get_origin(obj)):
+        args = ', '.join(map(display_as_type, typing_extensions.get_args(obj)))
+        return f'Union[{args}]'
+    elif isinstance(obj, _typing_extra.WithArgsTypes):
+        if typing_objects.is_literal(typing_extensions.get_origin(obj)):
+            args = ', '.join(map(repr, typing_extensions.get_args(obj)))
+        else:
+            args = ', '.join(map(display_as_type, typing_extensions.get_args(obj)))
+        try:
+            return f'{obj.__qualname__}[{args}]'
+        except AttributeError:
+            return str(obj).replace('typing.', '').replace('typing_extensions.', '')  # handles TypeAliasType in 3.12
+    elif isinstance(obj, type):
+        return obj.__qualname__
+    else:
+        return repr(obj).replace('typing.', '').replace('typing_extensions.', '')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_schema_gather.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_schema_gather.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc2d806e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_schema_gather.py
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+# pyright: reportTypedDictNotRequiredAccess=false, reportGeneralTypeIssues=false, reportArgumentType=false, reportAttributeAccessIssue=false
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import TypedDict
+
+from pydantic_core.core_schema import ComputedField, CoreSchema, DefinitionReferenceSchema, SerSchema
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+AllSchemas: TypeAlias = 'CoreSchema | SerSchema | ComputedField'
+
+
+class GatherResult(TypedDict):
+    """Schema traversing result."""
+
+    collected_references: dict[str, DefinitionReferenceSchema | None]
+    """The collected definition references.
+
+    If a definition reference schema can be inlined, it means that there is
+    only one in the whole core schema. As such, it is stored as the value.
+    Otherwise, the value is set to `None`.
+    """
+
+    deferred_discriminator_schemas: list[CoreSchema]
+    """The list of core schemas having the discriminator application deferred."""
+
+
+class MissingDefinitionError(LookupError):
+    """A reference was pointing to a non-existing core schema."""
+
+    def __init__(self, schema_reference: str, /) -> None:
+        self.schema_reference = schema_reference
+
+
+@dataclass
+class GatherContext:
+    """The current context used during core schema traversing.
+
+    Context instances should only be used during schema traversing.
+    """
+
+    definitions: dict[str, CoreSchema]
+    """The available definitions."""
+
+    deferred_discriminator_schemas: list[CoreSchema] = field(init=False, default_factory=list)
+    """The list of core schemas having the discriminator application deferred.
+
+    Internally, these core schemas have a specific key set in the core metadata dict.
+    """
+
+    collected_references: dict[str, DefinitionReferenceSchema | None] = field(init=False, default_factory=dict)
+    """The collected definition references.
+
+    If a definition reference schema can be inlined, it means that there is
+    only one in the whole core schema. As such, it is stored as the value.
+    Otherwise, the value is set to `None`.
+
+    During schema traversing, definition reference schemas can be added as candidates, or removed
+    (by setting the value to `None`).
+    """
+
+
+def traverse_metadata(schema: AllSchemas, ctx: GatherContext) -> None:
+    meta = schema.get('metadata')
+    if meta is not None and 'pydantic_internal_union_discriminator' in meta:
+        ctx.deferred_discriminator_schemas.append(schema)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+
+
+def traverse_definition_ref(def_ref_schema: DefinitionReferenceSchema, ctx: GatherContext) -> None:
+    schema_ref = def_ref_schema['schema_ref']
+
+    if schema_ref not in ctx.collected_references:
+        definition = ctx.definitions.get(schema_ref)
+        if definition is None:
+            raise MissingDefinitionError(schema_ref)
+
+        # The `'definition-ref'` schema was only encountered once, make it
+        # a candidate to be inlined:
+        ctx.collected_references[schema_ref] = def_ref_schema
+        traverse_schema(definition, ctx)
+        if 'serialization' in def_ref_schema:
+            traverse_schema(def_ref_schema['serialization'], ctx)
+        traverse_metadata(def_ref_schema, ctx)
+    else:
+        # The `'definition-ref'` schema was already encountered, meaning
+        # the previously encountered schema (and this one) can't be inlined:
+        ctx.collected_references[schema_ref] = None
+
+
+def traverse_schema(schema: AllSchemas, context: GatherContext) -> None:
+    # TODO When we drop 3.9, use a match statement to get better type checking and remove
+    # file-level type ignore.
+    # (the `'type'` could also be fetched in every `if/elif` statement, but this alters performance).
+    schema_type = schema['type']
+
+    if schema_type == 'definition-ref':
+        traverse_definition_ref(schema, context)
+        # `traverse_definition_ref` handles the possible serialization and metadata schemas:
+        return
+    elif schema_type == 'definitions':
+        traverse_schema(schema['schema'], context)
+        for definition in schema['definitions']:
+            traverse_schema(definition, context)
+    elif schema_type in {'list', 'set', 'frozenset', 'generator'}:
+        if 'items_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['items_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'tuple':
+        if 'items_schema' in schema:
+            for s in schema['items_schema']:
+                traverse_schema(s, context)
+    elif schema_type == 'dict':
+        if 'keys_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['keys_schema'], context)
+        if 'values_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['values_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'union':
+        for choice in schema['choices']:
+            if isinstance(choice, tuple):
+                traverse_schema(choice[0], context)
+            else:
+                traverse_schema(choice, context)
+    elif schema_type == 'tagged-union':
+        for v in schema['choices'].values():
+            traverse_schema(v, context)
+    elif schema_type == 'chain':
+        for step in schema['steps']:
+            traverse_schema(step, context)
+    elif schema_type == 'lax-or-strict':
+        traverse_schema(schema['lax_schema'], context)
+        traverse_schema(schema['strict_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'json-or-python':
+        traverse_schema(schema['json_schema'], context)
+        traverse_schema(schema['python_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type in {'model-fields', 'typed-dict'}:
+        if 'extras_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['extras_schema'], context)
+        if 'computed_fields' in schema:
+            for s in schema['computed_fields']:
+                traverse_schema(s, context)
+        for s in schema['fields'].values():
+            traverse_schema(s, context)
+    elif schema_type == 'dataclass-args':
+        if 'computed_fields' in schema:
+            for s in schema['computed_fields']:
+                traverse_schema(s, context)
+        for s in schema['fields']:
+            traverse_schema(s, context)
+    elif schema_type == 'arguments':
+        for s in schema['arguments_schema']:
+            traverse_schema(s['schema'], context)
+        if 'var_args_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['var_args_schema'], context)
+        if 'var_kwargs_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['var_kwargs_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'arguments-v3':
+        for s in schema['arguments_schema']:
+            traverse_schema(s['schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'call':
+        traverse_schema(schema['arguments_schema'], context)
+        if 'return_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['return_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'computed-field':
+        traverse_schema(schema['return_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'function-before':
+        if 'schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['schema'], context)
+        if 'json_schema_input_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['json_schema_input_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'function-plain':
+        # TODO duplicate schema types for serializers and validators, needs to be deduplicated.
+        if 'return_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['return_schema'], context)
+        if 'json_schema_input_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['json_schema_input_schema'], context)
+    elif schema_type == 'function-wrap':
+        # TODO duplicate schema types for serializers and validators, needs to be deduplicated.
+        if 'return_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['return_schema'], context)
+        if 'schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['schema'], context)
+        if 'json_schema_input_schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['json_schema_input_schema'], context)
+    else:
+        if 'schema' in schema:
+            traverse_schema(schema['schema'], context)
+
+    if 'serialization' in schema:
+        traverse_schema(schema['serialization'], context)
+    traverse_metadata(schema, context)
+
+
+def gather_schemas_for_cleaning(schema: CoreSchema, definitions: dict[str, CoreSchema]) -> GatherResult:
+    """Traverse the core schema and definitions and return the necessary information for schema cleaning.
+
+    During the core schema traversing, any `'definition-ref'` schema is:
+
+    - Validated: the reference must point to an existing definition. If this is not the case, a
+      `MissingDefinitionError` exception is raised.
+    - Stored in the context: the actual reference is stored in the context. Depending on whether
+      the `'definition-ref'` schema is encountered more that once, the schema itself is also
+      saved in the context to be inlined (i.e. replaced by the definition it points to).
+    """
+    context = GatherContext(definitions)
+    traverse_schema(schema, context)
+
+    return {
+        'collected_references': context.collected_references,
+        'deferred_discriminator_schemas': context.deferred_discriminator_schemas,
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_schema_generation_shared.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_schema_generation_shared.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b231a82e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_schema_generation_shared.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+"""Types and utility functions used by various other internal tools."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal
+
+from pydantic_core import core_schema
+
+from ..annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler, GetJsonSchemaHandler
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..json_schema import GenerateJsonSchema, JsonSchemaValue
+    from ._core_utils import CoreSchemaOrField
+    from ._generate_schema import GenerateSchema
+    from ._namespace_utils import NamespacesTuple
+
+    GetJsonSchemaFunction = Callable[[CoreSchemaOrField, GetJsonSchemaHandler], JsonSchemaValue]
+    HandlerOverride = Callable[[CoreSchemaOrField], JsonSchemaValue]
+
+
+class GenerateJsonSchemaHandler(GetJsonSchemaHandler):
+    """JsonSchemaHandler implementation that doesn't do ref unwrapping by default.
+
+    This is used for any Annotated metadata so that we don't end up with conflicting
+    modifications to the definition schema.
+
+    Used internally by Pydantic, please do not rely on this implementation.
+    See `GetJsonSchemaHandler` for the handler API.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, generate_json_schema: GenerateJsonSchema, handler_override: HandlerOverride | None) -> None:
+        self.generate_json_schema = generate_json_schema
+        self.handler = handler_override or generate_json_schema.generate_inner
+        self.mode = generate_json_schema.mode
+
+    def __call__(self, core_schema: CoreSchemaOrField, /) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        return self.handler(core_schema)
+
+    def resolve_ref_schema(self, maybe_ref_json_schema: JsonSchemaValue) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Resolves `$ref` in the json schema.
+
+        This returns the input json schema if there is no `$ref` in json schema.
+
+        Args:
+            maybe_ref_json_schema: The input json schema that may contains `$ref`.
+
+        Returns:
+            Resolved json schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            LookupError: If it can't find the definition for `$ref`.
+        """
+        if '$ref' not in maybe_ref_json_schema:
+            return maybe_ref_json_schema
+        ref = maybe_ref_json_schema['$ref']
+        json_schema = self.generate_json_schema.get_schema_from_definitions(ref)
+        if json_schema is None:
+            raise LookupError(
+                f'Could not find a ref for {ref}.'
+                ' Maybe you tried to call resolve_ref_schema from within a recursive model?'
+            )
+        return json_schema
+
+
+class CallbackGetCoreSchemaHandler(GetCoreSchemaHandler):
+    """Wrapper to use an arbitrary function as a `GetCoreSchemaHandler`.
+
+    Used internally by Pydantic, please do not rely on this implementation.
+    See `GetCoreSchemaHandler` for the handler API.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        handler: Callable[[Any], core_schema.CoreSchema],
+        generate_schema: GenerateSchema,
+        ref_mode: Literal['to-def', 'unpack'] = 'to-def',
+    ) -> None:
+        self._handler = handler
+        self._generate_schema = generate_schema
+        self._ref_mode = ref_mode
+
+    def __call__(self, source_type: Any, /) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        schema = self._handler(source_type)
+        if self._ref_mode == 'to-def':
+            ref = schema.get('ref')
+            if ref is not None:
+                return self._generate_schema.defs.create_definition_reference_schema(schema)
+            return schema
+        else:  # ref_mode = 'unpack'
+            return self.resolve_ref_schema(schema)
+
+    def _get_types_namespace(self) -> NamespacesTuple:
+        return self._generate_schema._types_namespace
+
+    def generate_schema(self, source_type: Any, /) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return self._generate_schema.generate_schema(source_type)
+
+    @property
+    def field_name(self) -> str | None:
+        return self._generate_schema.field_name_stack.get()
+
+    def resolve_ref_schema(self, maybe_ref_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Resolves reference in the core schema.
+
+        Args:
+            maybe_ref_schema: The input core schema that may contains reference.
+
+        Returns:
+            Resolved core schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            LookupError: If it can't find the definition for reference.
+        """
+        if maybe_ref_schema['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+            ref = maybe_ref_schema['schema_ref']
+            definition = self._generate_schema.defs.get_schema_from_ref(ref)
+            if definition is None:
+                raise LookupError(
+                    f'Could not find a ref for {ref}.'
+                    ' Maybe you tried to call resolve_ref_schema from within a recursive model?'
+                )
+            return definition
+        elif maybe_ref_schema['type'] == 'definitions':
+            return self.resolve_ref_schema(maybe_ref_schema['schema'])
+        return maybe_ref_schema
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_serializers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_serializers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0593218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_serializers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import collections.abc
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticOmit, core_schema
+
+SEQUENCE_ORIGIN_MAP: dict[Any, Any] = {
+    typing.Deque: collections.deque,  # noqa: UP006
+    collections.deque: collections.deque,
+    list: list,
+    typing.List: list,  # noqa: UP006
+    tuple: tuple,
+    typing.Tuple: tuple,  # noqa: UP006
+    set: set,
+    typing.AbstractSet: set,
+    typing.Set: set,  # noqa: UP006
+    frozenset: frozenset,
+    typing.FrozenSet: frozenset,  # noqa: UP006
+    typing.Sequence: list,
+    typing.MutableSequence: list,
+    typing.MutableSet: set,
+    # this doesn't handle subclasses of these
+    # parametrized typing.Set creates one of these
+    collections.abc.MutableSet: set,
+    collections.abc.Set: frozenset,
+}
+
+
+def serialize_sequence_via_list(
+    v: Any, handler: core_schema.SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, info: core_schema.SerializationInfo
+) -> Any:
+    items: list[Any] = []
+
+    mapped_origin = SEQUENCE_ORIGIN_MAP.get(type(v), None)
+    if mapped_origin is None:
+        # we shouldn't hit this branch, should probably add a serialization error or something
+        return v
+
+    for index, item in enumerate(v):
+        try:
+            v = handler(item, index)
+        except PydanticOmit:
+            pass
+        else:
+            items.append(v)
+
+    if info.mode_is_json():
+        return items
+    else:
+        return mapped_origin(items)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_signature.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_signature.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..977e5d29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_signature.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from inspect import Parameter, Signature, signature
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+
+from ._utils import is_valid_identifier
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..config import ExtraValues
+    from ..fields import FieldInfo
+
+
+# Copied over from stdlib dataclasses
+class _HAS_DEFAULT_FACTORY_CLASS:
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<factory>'
+
+
+_HAS_DEFAULT_FACTORY = _HAS_DEFAULT_FACTORY_CLASS()
+
+
+def _field_name_for_signature(field_name: str, field_info: FieldInfo) -> str:
+    """Extract the correct name to use for the field when generating a signature.
+
+    Assuming the field has a valid alias, this will return the alias. Otherwise, it will return the field name.
+    First priority is given to the alias, then the validation_alias, then the field name.
+
+    Args:
+        field_name: The name of the field
+        field_info: The corresponding FieldInfo object.
+
+    Returns:
+        The correct name to use when generating a signature.
+    """
+    if isinstance(field_info.alias, str) and is_valid_identifier(field_info.alias):
+        return field_info.alias
+    if isinstance(field_info.validation_alias, str) and is_valid_identifier(field_info.validation_alias):
+        return field_info.validation_alias
+
+    return field_name
+
+
+def _process_param_defaults(param: Parameter) -> Parameter:
+    """Modify the signature for a parameter in a dataclass where the default value is a FieldInfo instance.
+
+    Args:
+        param (Parameter): The parameter
+
+    Returns:
+        Parameter: The custom processed parameter
+    """
+    from ..fields import FieldInfo
+
+    param_default = param.default
+    if isinstance(param_default, FieldInfo):
+        annotation = param.annotation
+        # Replace the annotation if appropriate
+        # inspect does "clever" things to show annotations as strings because we have
+        # `from __future__ import annotations` in main, we don't want that
+        if annotation == 'Any':
+            annotation = Any
+
+        # Replace the field default
+        default = param_default.default
+        if default is PydanticUndefined:
+            if param_default.default_factory is PydanticUndefined:
+                default = Signature.empty
+            else:
+                # this is used by dataclasses to indicate a factory exists:
+                default = dataclasses._HAS_DEFAULT_FACTORY  # type: ignore
+        return param.replace(
+            annotation=annotation, name=_field_name_for_signature(param.name, param_default), default=default
+        )
+    return param
+
+
+def _generate_signature_parameters(  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity, could use a refactor)
+    init: Callable[..., None],
+    fields: dict[str, FieldInfo],
+    validate_by_name: bool,
+    extra: ExtraValues | None,
+) -> dict[str, Parameter]:
+    """Generate a mapping of parameter names to Parameter objects for a pydantic BaseModel or dataclass."""
+    from itertools import islice
+
+    present_params = signature(init).parameters.values()
+    merged_params: dict[str, Parameter] = {}
+    var_kw = None
+    use_var_kw = False
+
+    for param in islice(present_params, 1, None):  # skip self arg
+        # inspect does "clever" things to show annotations as strings because we have
+        # `from __future__ import annotations` in main, we don't want that
+        if fields.get(param.name):
+            # exclude params with init=False
+            if getattr(fields[param.name], 'init', True) is False:
+                continue
+            param = param.replace(name=_field_name_for_signature(param.name, fields[param.name]))
+        if param.annotation == 'Any':
+            param = param.replace(annotation=Any)
+        if param.kind is param.VAR_KEYWORD:
+            var_kw = param
+            continue
+        merged_params[param.name] = param
+
+    if var_kw:  # if custom init has no var_kw, fields which are not declared in it cannot be passed through
+        allow_names = validate_by_name
+        for field_name, field in fields.items():
+            # when alias is a str it should be used for signature generation
+            param_name = _field_name_for_signature(field_name, field)
+
+            if field_name in merged_params or param_name in merged_params:
+                continue
+
+            if not is_valid_identifier(param_name):
+                if allow_names:
+                    param_name = field_name
+                else:
+                    use_var_kw = True
+                    continue
+
+            if field.is_required():
+                default = Parameter.empty
+            elif field.default_factory is not None:
+                # Mimics stdlib dataclasses:
+                default = _HAS_DEFAULT_FACTORY
+            else:
+                default = field.default
+            merged_params[param_name] = Parameter(
+                param_name,
+                Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY,
+                annotation=field.rebuild_annotation(),
+                default=default,
+            )
+
+    if extra == 'allow':
+        use_var_kw = True
+
+    if var_kw and use_var_kw:
+        # Make sure the parameter for extra kwargs
+        # does not have the same name as a field
+        default_model_signature = [
+            ('self', Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY),
+            ('data', Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD),
+        ]
+        if [(p.name, p.kind) for p in present_params] == default_model_signature:
+            # if this is the standard model signature, use extra_data as the extra args name
+            var_kw_name = 'extra_data'
+        else:
+            # else start from var_kw
+            var_kw_name = var_kw.name
+
+        # generate a name that's definitely unique
+        while var_kw_name in fields:
+            var_kw_name += '_'
+        merged_params[var_kw_name] = var_kw.replace(name=var_kw_name)
+
+    return merged_params
+
+
+def generate_pydantic_signature(
+    init: Callable[..., None],
+    fields: dict[str, FieldInfo],
+    validate_by_name: bool,
+    extra: ExtraValues | None,
+    is_dataclass: bool = False,
+) -> Signature:
+    """Generate signature for a pydantic BaseModel or dataclass.
+
+    Args:
+        init: The class init.
+        fields: The model fields.
+        validate_by_name: The `validate_by_name` value of the config.
+        extra: The `extra` value of the config.
+        is_dataclass: Whether the model is a dataclass.
+
+    Returns:
+        The dataclass/BaseModel subclass signature.
+    """
+    merged_params = _generate_signature_parameters(init, fields, validate_by_name, extra)
+
+    if is_dataclass:
+        merged_params = {k: _process_param_defaults(v) for k, v in merged_params.items()}
+
+    return Signature(parameters=list(merged_params.values()), return_annotation=None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_typing_extra.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_typing_extra.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4be1a09c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_typing_extra.py
@@ -0,0 +1,714 @@
+"""Logic for interacting with type annotations, mostly extensions, shims and hacks to wrap Python's typing module."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc
+import re
+import sys
+import types
+import typing
+from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, cast
+
+import typing_extensions
+from typing_extensions import deprecated, get_args, get_origin
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+from typing_inspection.introspection import is_union_origin
+
+from pydantic.version import version_short
+
+from ._namespace_utils import GlobalsNamespace, MappingNamespace, NsResolver, get_module_ns_of
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+    NoneType = type(None)
+    EllipsisType = type(Ellipsis)
+else:
+    from types import EllipsisType as EllipsisType
+    from types import NoneType as NoneType
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+# As per https://typing-extensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#runtime-use-of-types,
+# always check for both `typing` and `typing_extensions` variants of a typing construct.
+# (this is implemented differently than the suggested approach in the `typing_extensions`
+# docs for performance).
+
+
+_t_annotated = typing.Annotated
+_te_annotated = typing_extensions.Annotated
+
+
+def is_annotated(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the provided argument is a `Annotated` special form.
+
+    ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+    is_annotated(Annotated[int, ...])
+    #> True
+    ```
+    """
+    origin = get_origin(tp)
+    return origin is _t_annotated or origin is _te_annotated
+
+
+def annotated_type(tp: Any, /) -> Any | None:
+    """Return the type of the `Annotated` special form, or `None`."""
+    return tp.__origin__ if typing_objects.is_annotated(get_origin(tp)) else None
+
+
+def unpack_type(tp: Any, /) -> Any | None:
+    """Return the type wrapped by the `Unpack` special form, or `None`."""
+    return get_args(tp)[0] if typing_objects.is_unpack(get_origin(tp)) else None
+
+
+def is_hashable(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the provided argument is the `Hashable` class.
+
+    ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+    is_hashable(Hashable)
+    #> True
+    ```
+    """
+    # `get_origin` is documented as normalizing any typing-module aliases to `collections` classes,
+    # hence the second check:
+    return tp is collections.abc.Hashable or get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Hashable
+
+
+def is_callable(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the provided argument is a `Callable`, parametrized or not.
+
+    ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+    is_callable(Callable[[int], str])
+    #> True
+    is_callable(typing.Callable)
+    #> True
+    is_callable(collections.abc.Callable)
+    #> True
+    ```
+    """
+    # `get_origin` is documented as normalizing any typing-module aliases to `collections` classes,
+    # hence the second check:
+    return tp is collections.abc.Callable or get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Callable
+
+
+_classvar_re = re.compile(r'((\w+\.)?Annotated\[)?(\w+\.)?ClassVar\[')
+
+
+def is_classvar_annotation(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the provided argument represents a class variable annotation.
+
+    Although not explicitly stated by the typing specification, `ClassVar` can be used
+    inside `Annotated` and as such, this function checks for this specific scenario.
+
+    Because this function is used to detect class variables before evaluating forward references
+    (or because evaluation failed), we also implement a naive regex match implementation. This is
+    required because class variables are inspected before fields are collected, so we try to be
+    as accurate as possible.
+    """
+    if typing_objects.is_classvar(tp):
+        return True
+
+    origin = get_origin(tp)
+
+    if typing_objects.is_classvar(origin):
+        return True
+
+    if typing_objects.is_annotated(origin):
+        annotated_type = tp.__origin__
+        if typing_objects.is_classvar(annotated_type) or typing_objects.is_classvar(get_origin(annotated_type)):
+            return True
+
+    str_ann: str | None = None
+    if isinstance(tp, typing.ForwardRef):
+        str_ann = tp.__forward_arg__
+    if isinstance(tp, str):
+        str_ann = tp
+
+    if str_ann is not None and _classvar_re.match(str_ann):
+        # stdlib dataclasses do something similar, although a bit more advanced
+        # (see `dataclass._is_type`).
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+_t_final = typing.Final
+_te_final = typing_extensions.Final
+
+
+# TODO implement `is_finalvar_annotation` as Final can be wrapped with other special forms:
+def is_finalvar(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the provided argument is a `Final` special form, parametrized or not.
+
+    ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+    is_finalvar(Final[int])
+    #> True
+    is_finalvar(Final)
+    #> True
+    """
+    # Final is not necessarily parametrized:
+    if tp is _t_final or tp is _te_final:
+        return True
+    origin = get_origin(tp)
+    return origin is _t_final or origin is _te_final
+
+
+_NONE_TYPES: tuple[Any, ...] = (None, NoneType, typing.Literal[None], typing_extensions.Literal[None])
+
+
+def is_none_type(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the argument represents the `None` type as part of an annotation.
+
+    ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+    is_none_type(None)
+    #> True
+    is_none_type(NoneType)
+    #> True
+    is_none_type(Literal[None])
+    #> True
+    is_none_type(type[None])
+    #> False
+    """
+    return tp in _NONE_TYPES
+
+
+def is_namedtuple(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the provided argument is a named tuple class.
+
+    The class can be created using `typing.NamedTuple` or `collections.namedtuple`.
+    Parametrized generic classes are *not* assumed to be named tuples.
+    """
+    from ._utils import lenient_issubclass  # circ. import
+
+    return lenient_issubclass(tp, tuple) and hasattr(tp, '_fields')
+
+
+# TODO In 2.12, delete this export. It is currently defined only to not break
+# pydantic-settings which relies on it:
+origin_is_union = is_union_origin
+
+
+def is_generic_alias(tp: Any, /) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(tp, (types.GenericAlias, typing._GenericAlias))  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+
+
+# TODO: Ideally, we should avoid relying on the private `typing` constructs:
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+    WithArgsTypes: tuple[Any, ...] = (typing._GenericAlias, types.GenericAlias)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+else:
+    WithArgsTypes: tuple[Any, ...] = (typing._GenericAlias, types.GenericAlias, types.UnionType)  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+
+
+# Similarly, we shouldn't rely on this `_Final` class, which is even more private than `_GenericAlias`:
+typing_base: Any = typing._Final  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+
+
+### Annotation evaluations functions:
+
+
+def parent_frame_namespace(*, parent_depth: int = 2, force: bool = False) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Fetch the local namespace of the parent frame where this function is called.
+
+    Using this function is mostly useful to resolve forward annotations pointing to members defined in a local namespace,
+    such as assignments inside a function. Using the standard library tools, it is currently not possible to resolve
+    such annotations:
+
+    ```python {lint="skip" test="skip"}
+    from typing import get_type_hints
+
+    def func() -> None:
+        Alias = int
+
+        class C:
+            a: 'Alias'
+
+        # Raises a `NameError: 'Alias' is not defined`
+        get_type_hints(C)
+    ```
+
+    Pydantic uses this function when a Pydantic model is being defined to fetch the parent frame locals. However,
+    this only allows us to fetch the parent frame namespace and not other parents (e.g. a model defined in a function,
+    itself defined in another function). Inspecting the next outer frames (using `f_back`) is not reliable enough
+    (see https://discuss.python.org/t/20659).
+
+    Because this function is mostly used to better resolve forward annotations, nothing is returned if the parent frame's
+    code object is defined at the module level. In this case, the locals of the frame will be the same as the module
+    globals where the class is defined (see `_namespace_utils.get_module_ns_of`). However, if you still want to fetch
+    the module globals (e.g. when rebuilding a model, where the frame where the rebuild call is performed might contain
+    members that you want to use for forward annotations evaluation), you can use the `force` parameter.
+
+    Args:
+        parent_depth: The depth at which to get the frame. Defaults to 2, meaning the parent frame where this function
+            is called will be used.
+        force: Whether to always return the frame locals, even if the frame's code object is defined at the module level.
+
+    Returns:
+        The locals of the namespace, or `None` if it was skipped as per the described logic.
+    """
+    frame = sys._getframe(parent_depth)
+
+    if frame.f_code.co_name.startswith('<generic parameters of'):
+        # As `parent_frame_namespace` is mostly called in `ModelMetaclass.__new__`,
+        # the parent frame can be the annotation scope if the PEP 695 generic syntax is used.
+        # (see https://docs.python.org/3/reference/executionmodel.html#annotation-scopes,
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#generic-classes).
+        # In this case, the code name is set to `<generic parameters of MyClass>`,
+        # and we need to skip this frame as it is irrelevant.
+        frame = cast(types.FrameType, frame.f_back)  # guaranteed to not be `None`
+
+    # note, we don't copy frame.f_locals here (or during the last return call), because we don't expect the namespace to be
+    # modified down the line if this becomes a problem, we could implement some sort of frozen mapping structure to enforce this.
+    if force:
+        return frame.f_locals
+
+    # If either of the following conditions are true, the class is defined at the top module level.
+    # To better understand why we need both of these checks, see
+    # https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/10113#discussion_r1714981531.
+    if frame.f_back is None or frame.f_code.co_name == '<module>':
+        return None
+
+    return frame.f_locals
+
+
+def _type_convert(arg: Any) -> Any:
+    """Convert `None` to `NoneType` and strings to `ForwardRef` instances.
+
+    This is a backport of the private `typing._type_convert` function. When
+    evaluating a type, `ForwardRef._evaluate` ends up being called, and is
+    responsible for making this conversion. However, we still have to apply
+    it for the first argument passed to our type evaluation functions, similarly
+    to the `typing.get_type_hints` function.
+    """
+    if arg is None:
+        return NoneType
+    if isinstance(arg, str):
+        # Like `typing.get_type_hints`, assume the arg can be in any context,
+        # hence the proper `is_argument` and `is_class` args:
+        return _make_forward_ref(arg, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
+    return arg
+
+
+def get_model_type_hints(
+    obj: type[BaseModel],
+    *,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[Any, bool]]:
+    """Collect annotations from a Pydantic model class, including those from parent classes.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The Pydantic model to inspect.
+        ns_resolver: A namespace resolver instance to use. Defaults to an empty instance.
+
+    Returns:
+        A dictionary mapping annotation names to a two-tuple: the first element is the evaluated
+        type or the original annotation if a `NameError` occurred, the second element is a boolean
+        indicating if whether the evaluation succeeded.
+    """
+    hints: dict[str, Any] | dict[str, tuple[Any, bool]] = {}
+    ns_resolver = ns_resolver or NsResolver()
+
+    for base in reversed(obj.__mro__):
+        ann: dict[str, Any] | None = base.__dict__.get('__annotations__')
+        if not ann or isinstance(ann, types.GetSetDescriptorType):
+            continue
+        with ns_resolver.push(base):
+            globalns, localns = ns_resolver.types_namespace
+            for name, value in ann.items():
+                if name.startswith('_'):
+                    # For private attributes, we only need the annotation to detect the `ClassVar` special form.
+                    # For this reason, we still try to evaluate it, but we also catch any possible exception (on
+                    # top of the `NameError`s caught in `try_eval_type`) that could happen so that users are free
+                    # to use any kind of forward annotation for private fields (e.g. circular imports, new typing
+                    # syntax, etc).
+                    try:
+                        hints[name] = try_eval_type(value, globalns, localns)
+                    except Exception:
+                        hints[name] = (value, False)
+                else:
+                    hints[name] = try_eval_type(value, globalns, localns)
+    return hints
+
+
+def get_cls_type_hints(
+    obj: type[Any],
+    *,
+    ns_resolver: NsResolver | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Collect annotations from a class, including those from parent classes.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: The class to inspect.
+        ns_resolver: A namespace resolver instance to use. Defaults to an empty instance.
+    """
+    hints: dict[str, Any] | dict[str, tuple[Any, bool]] = {}
+    ns_resolver = ns_resolver or NsResolver()
+
+    for base in reversed(obj.__mro__):
+        ann: dict[str, Any] | None = base.__dict__.get('__annotations__')
+        if not ann or isinstance(ann, types.GetSetDescriptorType):
+            continue
+        with ns_resolver.push(base):
+            globalns, localns = ns_resolver.types_namespace
+            for name, value in ann.items():
+                hints[name] = eval_type(value, globalns, localns)
+    return hints
+
+
+def try_eval_type(
+    value: Any,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Any, bool]:
+    """Try evaluating the annotation using the provided namespaces.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The value to evaluate. If `None`, it will be replaced by `type[None]`. If an instance
+            of `str`, it will be converted to a `ForwardRef`.
+        localns: The global namespace to use during annotation evaluation.
+        globalns: The local namespace to use during annotation evaluation.
+
+    Returns:
+        A two-tuple containing the possibly evaluated type and a boolean indicating
+            whether the evaluation succeeded or not.
+    """
+    value = _type_convert(value)
+
+    try:
+        return eval_type_backport(value, globalns, localns), True
+    except NameError:
+        return value, False
+
+
+def eval_type(
+    value: Any,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """Evaluate the annotation using the provided namespaces.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The value to evaluate. If `None`, it will be replaced by `type[None]`. If an instance
+            of `str`, it will be converted to a `ForwardRef`.
+        localns: The global namespace to use during annotation evaluation.
+        globalns: The local namespace to use during annotation evaluation.
+    """
+    value = _type_convert(value)
+    return eval_type_backport(value, globalns, localns)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    '`eval_type_lenient` is deprecated, use `try_eval_type` instead.',
+    category=None,
+)
+def eval_type_lenient(
+    value: Any,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+) -> Any:
+    ev, _ = try_eval_type(value, globalns, localns)
+    return ev
+
+
+def eval_type_backport(
+    value: Any,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+    type_params: tuple[Any, ...] | None = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """An enhanced version of `typing._eval_type` which will fall back to using the `eval_type_backport`
+    package if it's installed to let older Python versions use newer typing constructs.
+
+    Specifically, this transforms `X | Y` into `typing.Union[X, Y]` and `list[X]` into `typing.List[X]`
+    (as well as all the types made generic in PEP 585) if the original syntax is not supported in the
+    current Python version.
+
+    This function will also display a helpful error if the value passed fails to evaluate.
+    """
+    try:
+        return _eval_type_backport(value, globalns, localns, type_params)
+    except TypeError as e:
+        if 'Unable to evaluate type annotation' in str(e):
+            raise
+
+        # If it is a `TypeError` and value isn't a `ForwardRef`, it would have failed during annotation definition.
+        # Thus we assert here for type checking purposes:
+        assert isinstance(value, typing.ForwardRef)
+
+        message = f'Unable to evaluate type annotation {value.__forward_arg__!r}.'
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+            e.add_note(message)
+            raise
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(message) from e
+    except RecursionError as e:
+        # TODO ideally recursion errors should be checked in `eval_type` above, but `eval_type_backport`
+        # is used directly in some places.
+        message = (
+            "If you made use of an implicit recursive type alias (e.g. `MyType = list['MyType']), "
+            'consider using PEP 695 type aliases instead. For more details, refer to the documentation: '
+            f'https://docs.pydantic.dev/{version_short()}/concepts/types/#named-recursive-types'
+        )
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+            e.add_note(message)
+            raise
+        else:
+            raise RecursionError(f'{e.args[0]}\n{message}')
+
+
+def _eval_type_backport(
+    value: Any,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+    type_params: tuple[Any, ...] | None = None,
+) -> Any:
+    try:
+        return _eval_type(value, globalns, localns, type_params)
+    except TypeError as e:
+        if not (isinstance(value, typing.ForwardRef) and is_backport_fixable_error(e)):
+            raise
+
+        try:
+            from eval_type_backport import eval_type_backport
+        except ImportError:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'Unable to evaluate type annotation {value.__forward_arg__!r}. If you are making use '
+                'of the new typing syntax (unions using `|` since Python 3.10 or builtins subscripting '
+                'since Python 3.9), you should either replace the use of new syntax with the existing '
+                '`typing` constructs or install the `eval_type_backport` package.'
+            ) from e
+
+        return eval_type_backport(
+            value,
+            globalns,
+            localns,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType], waiting on a new `eval_type_backport` release.
+            try_default=False,
+        )
+
+
+def _eval_type(
+    value: Any,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+    type_params: tuple[Any, ...] | None = None,
+) -> Any:
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+        return typing._eval_type(  # type: ignore
+            value, globalns, localns, type_params=type_params
+        )
+    else:
+        return typing._eval_type(  # type: ignore
+            value, globalns, localns
+        )
+
+
+def is_backport_fixable_error(e: TypeError) -> bool:
+    msg = str(e)
+
+    return sys.version_info < (3, 10) and msg.startswith('unsupported operand type(s) for |: ')
+
+
+def get_function_type_hints(
+    function: Callable[..., Any],
+    *,
+    include_keys: set[str] | None = None,
+    globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+    localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Return type hints for a function.
+
+    This is similar to the `typing.get_type_hints` function, with a few differences:
+    - Support `functools.partial` by using the underlying `func` attribute.
+    - Do not wrap type annotation of a parameter with `Optional` if it has a default value of `None`
+      (related bug: https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/90353, only fixed in 3.11+).
+    """
+    try:
+        if isinstance(function, partial):
+            annotations = function.func.__annotations__
+        else:
+            annotations = function.__annotations__
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Some functions (e.g. builtins) don't have annotations:
+        return {}
+
+    if globalns is None:
+        globalns = get_module_ns_of(function)
+    type_params: tuple[Any, ...] | None = None
+    if localns is None:
+        # If localns was specified, it is assumed to already contain type params. This is because
+        # Pydantic has more advanced logic to do so (see `_namespace_utils.ns_for_function`).
+        type_params = getattr(function, '__type_params__', ())
+
+    type_hints = {}
+    for name, value in annotations.items():
+        if include_keys is not None and name not in include_keys:
+            continue
+        if value is None:
+            value = NoneType
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            value = _make_forward_ref(value)
+
+        type_hints[name] = eval_type_backport(value, globalns, localns, type_params)
+
+    return type_hints
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9, 8) or (3, 10) <= sys.version_info < (3, 10, 1):
+
+    def _make_forward_ref(
+        arg: Any,
+        is_argument: bool = True,
+        *,
+        is_class: bool = False,
+    ) -> typing.ForwardRef:
+        """Wrapper for ForwardRef that accounts for the `is_class` argument missing in older versions.
+        The `module` argument is omitted as it breaks <3.9.8, =3.10.0 and isn't used in the calls below.
+
+        See https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/28560 for some background.
+        The backport happened on 3.9.8, see:
+        https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/discussions/6244#discussioncomment-6275458,
+        and on 3.10.1 for the 3.10 branch, see:
+        https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/6912
+
+        Implemented as EAFP with memory.
+        """
+        return typing.ForwardRef(arg, is_argument)
+
+else:
+    _make_forward_ref = typing.ForwardRef
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    get_type_hints = typing.get_type_hints
+
+else:
+    """
+    For older versions of python, we have a custom implementation of `get_type_hints` which is a close as possible to
+    the implementation in CPython 3.10.8.
+    """
+
+    @typing.no_type_check
+    def get_type_hints(  # noqa: C901
+        obj: Any,
+        globalns: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        localns: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        include_extras: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:  # pragma: no cover
+        """Taken verbatim from python 3.10.8 unchanged, except:
+        * type annotations of the function definition above.
+        * prefixing `typing.` where appropriate
+        * Use `_make_forward_ref` instead of `typing.ForwardRef` to handle the `is_class` argument.
+
+        https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/aaaf5174241496afca7ce4d4584570190ff972fe/Lib/typing.py#L1773-L1875
+
+        DO NOT CHANGE THIS METHOD UNLESS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY.
+        ======================================================
+
+        Return type hints for an object.
+
+        This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
+        forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
+        default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
+        'Annotated[T, ...]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True').
+
+        The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
+        are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
+        inherited members.
+
+        TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
+        annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
+        present.
+
+        BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
+        (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work).  The
+        search order is locals first, then globals.
+
+        - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
+          globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
+          and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear
+          to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.  For classes, the search
+          order is globals first then locals.
+
+        - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
+          locals.
+
+        - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
+          locals, respectively.
+        """
+        if getattr(obj, '__no_type_check__', None):
+            return {}
+        # Classes require a special treatment.
+        if isinstance(obj, type):
+            hints = {}
+            for base in reversed(obj.__mro__):
+                if globalns is None:
+                    base_globals = getattr(sys.modules.get(base.__module__, None), '__dict__', {})
+                else:
+                    base_globals = globalns
+                ann = base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {})
+                if isinstance(ann, types.GetSetDescriptorType):
+                    ann = {}
+                base_locals = dict(vars(base)) if localns is None else localns
+                if localns is None and globalns is None:
+                    # This is surprising, but required.  Before Python 3.10,
+                    # get_type_hints only evaluated the globalns of
+                    # a class.  To maintain backwards compatibility, we reverse
+                    # the globalns and localns order so that eval() looks into
+                    # *base_globals* first rather than *base_locals*.
+                    # This only affects ForwardRefs.
+                    base_globals, base_locals = base_locals, base_globals
+                for name, value in ann.items():
+                    if value is None:
+                        value = type(None)
+                    if isinstance(value, str):
+                        value = _make_forward_ref(value, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
+
+                    value = eval_type_backport(value, base_globals, base_locals)
+                    hints[name] = value
+            if not include_extras and hasattr(typing, '_strip_annotations'):
+                return {
+                    k: typing._strip_annotations(t)  # type: ignore
+                    for k, t in hints.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                return hints
+
+        if globalns is None:
+            if isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):
+                globalns = obj.__dict__
+            else:
+                nsobj = obj
+                # Find globalns for the unwrapped object.
+                while hasattr(nsobj, '__wrapped__'):
+                    nsobj = nsobj.__wrapped__
+                globalns = getattr(nsobj, '__globals__', {})
+            if localns is None:
+                localns = globalns
+        elif localns is None:
+            localns = globalns
+        hints = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)
+        if hints is None:
+            # Return empty annotations for something that _could_ have them.
+            if isinstance(obj, typing._allowed_types):  # type: ignore
+                return {}
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(f'{obj!r} is not a module, class, method, or function.')
+        defaults = typing._get_defaults(obj)  # type: ignore
+        hints = dict(hints)
+        for name, value in hints.items():
+            if value is None:
+                value = type(None)
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                # class-level forward refs were handled above, this must be either
+                # a module-level annotation or a function argument annotation
+
+                value = _make_forward_ref(
+                    value,
+                    is_argument=not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType),
+                    is_class=False,
+                )
+            value = eval_type_backport(value, globalns, localns)
+            if name in defaults and defaults[name] is None:
+                value = typing.Optional[value]
+            hints[name] = value
+        return hints if include_extras else {k: typing._strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3346498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+"""Bucket of reusable internal utilities.
+
+This should be reduced as much as possible with functions only used in one place, moved to that place.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import keyword
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+import weakref
+from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict, deque
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from copy import deepcopy
+from functools import cached_property
+from inspect import Parameter
+from itertools import zip_longest
+from types import BuiltinFunctionType, CodeType, FunctionType, GeneratorType, LambdaType, ModuleType
+from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, TypeVar, overload
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, TypeGuard, deprecated
+
+from pydantic import PydanticDeprecatedSince211
+
+from . import _repr, _typing_extra
+from ._import_utils import import_cached_base_model
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    MappingIntStrAny: TypeAlias = 'typing.Mapping[int, Any] | typing.Mapping[str, Any]'
+    AbstractSetIntStr: TypeAlias = 'typing.AbstractSet[int] | typing.AbstractSet[str]'
+    from ..main import BaseModel
+
+
+# these are types that are returned unchanged by deepcopy
+IMMUTABLE_NON_COLLECTIONS_TYPES: set[type[Any]] = {
+    int,
+    float,
+    complex,
+    str,
+    bool,
+    bytes,
+    type,
+    _typing_extra.NoneType,
+    FunctionType,
+    BuiltinFunctionType,
+    LambdaType,
+    weakref.ref,
+    CodeType,
+    # note: including ModuleType will differ from behaviour of deepcopy by not producing error.
+    # It might be not a good idea in general, but considering that this function used only internally
+    # against default values of fields, this will allow to actually have a field with module as default value
+    ModuleType,
+    NotImplemented.__class__,
+    Ellipsis.__class__,
+}
+
+# these are types that if empty, might be copied with simple copy() instead of deepcopy()
+BUILTIN_COLLECTIONS: set[type[Any]] = {
+    list,
+    set,
+    tuple,
+    frozenset,
+    dict,
+    OrderedDict,
+    defaultdict,
+    deque,
+}
+
+
+def can_be_positional(param: Parameter) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the parameter accepts a positional argument.
+
+    ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+    def func(a, /, b, *, c):
+        pass
+
+    params = inspect.signature(func).parameters
+    can_be_positional(params['a'])
+    #> True
+    can_be_positional(params['b'])
+    #> True
+    can_be_positional(params['c'])
+    #> False
+    ```
+    """
+    return param.kind in (Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY, Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
+
+
+def sequence_like(v: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(v, (list, tuple, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, deque))
+
+
+def lenient_isinstance(o: Any, class_or_tuple: type[Any] | tuple[type[Any], ...] | None) -> bool:  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        return isinstance(o, class_or_tuple)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    except TypeError:
+        return False
+
+
+def lenient_issubclass(cls: Any, class_or_tuple: Any) -> bool:  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        return isinstance(cls, type) and issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple)
+    except TypeError:
+        if isinstance(cls, _typing_extra.WithArgsTypes):
+            return False
+        raise  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def is_model_class(cls: Any) -> TypeGuard[type[BaseModel]]:
+    """Returns true if cls is a _proper_ subclass of BaseModel, and provides proper type-checking,
+    unlike raw calls to lenient_issubclass.
+    """
+    BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+    return lenient_issubclass(cls, BaseModel) and cls is not BaseModel
+
+
+def is_valid_identifier(identifier: str) -> bool:
+    """Checks that a string is a valid identifier and not a Python keyword.
+    :param identifier: The identifier to test.
+    :return: True if the identifier is valid.
+    """
+    return identifier.isidentifier() and not keyword.iskeyword(identifier)
+
+
+KeyType = TypeVar('KeyType')
+
+
+def deep_update(mapping: dict[KeyType, Any], *updating_mappings: dict[KeyType, Any]) -> dict[KeyType, Any]:
+    updated_mapping = mapping.copy()
+    for updating_mapping in updating_mappings:
+        for k, v in updating_mapping.items():
+            if k in updated_mapping and isinstance(updated_mapping[k], dict) and isinstance(v, dict):
+                updated_mapping[k] = deep_update(updated_mapping[k], v)
+            else:
+                updated_mapping[k] = v
+    return updated_mapping
+
+
+def update_not_none(mapping: dict[Any, Any], **update: Any) -> None:
+    mapping.update({k: v for k, v in update.items() if v is not None})
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+def unique_list(
+    input_list: list[T] | tuple[T, ...],
+    *,
+    name_factory: typing.Callable[[T], str] = str,
+) -> list[T]:
+    """Make a list unique while maintaining order.
+    We update the list if another one with the same name is set
+    (e.g. model validator overridden in subclass).
+    """
+    result: list[T] = []
+    result_names: list[str] = []
+    for v in input_list:
+        v_name = name_factory(v)
+        if v_name not in result_names:
+            result_names.append(v_name)
+            result.append(v)
+        else:
+            result[result_names.index(v_name)] = v
+
+    return result
+
+
+class ValueItems(_repr.Representation):
+    """Class for more convenient calculation of excluded or included fields on values."""
+
+    __slots__ = ('_items', '_type')
+
+    def __init__(self, value: Any, items: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny) -> None:
+        items = self._coerce_items(items)
+
+        if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            items = self._normalize_indexes(items, len(value))  # type: ignore
+
+        self._items: MappingIntStrAny = items  # type: ignore
+
+    def is_excluded(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        """Check if item is fully excluded.
+
+        :param item: key or index of a value
+        """
+        return self.is_true(self._items.get(item))
+
+    def is_included(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        """Check if value is contained in self._items.
+
+        :param item: key or index of value
+        """
+        return item in self._items
+
+    def for_element(self, e: int | str) -> AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None:
+        """:param e: key or index of element on value
+        :return: raw values for element if self._items is dict and contain needed element
+        """
+        item = self._items.get(e)  # type: ignore
+        return item if not self.is_true(item) else None
+
+    def _normalize_indexes(self, items: MappingIntStrAny, v_length: int) -> dict[int | str, Any]:
+        """:param items: dict or set of indexes which will be normalized
+        :param v_length: length of sequence indexes of which will be
+
+        >>> self._normalize_indexes({0: True, -2: True, -1: True}, 4)
+        {0: True, 2: True, 3: True}
+        >>> self._normalize_indexes({'__all__': True}, 4)
+        {0: True, 1: True, 2: True, 3: True}
+        """
+        normalized_items: dict[int | str, Any] = {}
+        all_items = None
+        for i, v in items.items():
+            if not (isinstance(v, typing.Mapping) or isinstance(v, typing.AbstractSet) or self.is_true(v)):
+                raise TypeError(f'Unexpected type of exclude value for index "{i}" {v.__class__}')
+            if i == '__all__':
+                all_items = self._coerce_value(v)
+                continue
+            if not isinstance(i, int):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'Excluding fields from a sequence of sub-models or dicts must be performed index-wise: '
+                    'expected integer keys or keyword "__all__"'
+                )
+            normalized_i = v_length + i if i < 0 else i
+            normalized_items[normalized_i] = self.merge(v, normalized_items.get(normalized_i))
+
+        if not all_items:
+            return normalized_items
+        if self.is_true(all_items):
+            for i in range(v_length):
+                normalized_items.setdefault(i, ...)
+            return normalized_items
+        for i in range(v_length):
+            normalized_item = normalized_items.setdefault(i, {})
+            if not self.is_true(normalized_item):
+                normalized_items[i] = self.merge(all_items, normalized_item)
+        return normalized_items
+
+    @classmethod
+    def merge(cls, base: Any, override: Any, intersect: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """Merge a `base` item with an `override` item.
+
+        Both `base` and `override` are converted to dictionaries if possible.
+        Sets are converted to dictionaries with the sets entries as keys and
+        Ellipsis as values.
+
+        Each key-value pair existing in `base` is merged with `override`,
+        while the rest of the key-value pairs are updated recursively with this function.
+
+        Merging takes place based on the "union" of keys if `intersect` is
+        set to `False` (default) and on the intersection of keys if
+        `intersect` is set to `True`.
+        """
+        override = cls._coerce_value(override)
+        base = cls._coerce_value(base)
+        if override is None:
+            return base
+        if cls.is_true(base) or base is None:
+            return override
+        if cls.is_true(override):
+            return base if intersect else override
+
+        # intersection or union of keys while preserving ordering:
+        if intersect:
+            merge_keys = [k for k in base if k in override] + [k for k in override if k in base]
+        else:
+            merge_keys = list(base) + [k for k in override if k not in base]
+
+        merged: dict[int | str, Any] = {}
+        for k in merge_keys:
+            merged_item = cls.merge(base.get(k), override.get(k), intersect=intersect)
+            if merged_item is not None:
+                merged[k] = merged_item
+
+        return merged
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _coerce_items(items: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny) -> MappingIntStrAny:
+        if isinstance(items, typing.Mapping):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(items, typing.AbstractSet):
+            items = dict.fromkeys(items, ...)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            class_name = getattr(items, '__class__', '???')
+            raise TypeError(f'Unexpected type of exclude value {class_name}')
+        return items  # type: ignore
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _coerce_value(cls, value: Any) -> Any:
+        if value is None or cls.is_true(value):
+            return value
+        return cls._coerce_items(value)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_true(v: Any) -> bool:
+        return v is True or v is ...
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> _repr.ReprArgs:
+        return [(None, self._items)]
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def LazyClassAttribute(name: str, get_value: Callable[[], T]) -> T: ...
+
+else:
+
+    class LazyClassAttribute:
+        """A descriptor exposing an attribute only accessible on a class (hidden from instances).
+
+        The attribute is lazily computed and cached during the first access.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, name: str, get_value: Callable[[], Any]) -> None:
+            self.name = name
+            self.get_value = get_value
+
+        @cached_property
+        def value(self) -> Any:
+            return self.get_value()
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: type[Any]) -> None:
+            if instance is None:
+                return self.value
+            raise AttributeError(f'{self.name!r} attribute of {owner.__name__!r} is class-only')
+
+
+Obj = TypeVar('Obj')
+
+
+def smart_deepcopy(obj: Obj) -> Obj:
+    """Return type as is for immutable built-in types
+    Use obj.copy() for built-in empty collections
+    Use copy.deepcopy() for non-empty collections and unknown objects.
+    """
+    obj_type = obj.__class__
+    if obj_type in IMMUTABLE_NON_COLLECTIONS_TYPES:
+        return obj  # fastest case: obj is immutable and not collection therefore will not be copied anyway
+    try:
+        if not obj and obj_type in BUILTIN_COLLECTIONS:
+            # faster way for empty collections, no need to copy its members
+            return obj if obj_type is tuple else obj.copy()  # tuple doesn't have copy method  # type: ignore
+    except (TypeError, ValueError, RuntimeError):
+        # do we really dare to catch ALL errors? Seems a bit risky
+        pass
+
+    return deepcopy(obj)  # slowest way when we actually might need a deepcopy
+
+
+_SENTINEL = object()
+
+
+def all_identical(left: typing.Iterable[Any], right: typing.Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+    """Check that the items of `left` are the same objects as those in `right`.
+
+    >>> a, b = object(), object()
+    >>> all_identical([a, b, a], [a, b, a])
+    True
+    >>> all_identical([a, b, [a]], [a, b, [a]])  # new list object, while "equal" is not "identical"
+    False
+    """
+    for left_item, right_item in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=_SENTINEL):
+        if left_item is not right_item:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SafeGetItemProxy:
+    """Wrapper redirecting `__getitem__` to `get` with a sentinel value as default
+
+    This makes is safe to use in `operator.itemgetter` when some keys may be missing
+    """
+
+    # Define __slots__manually for performances
+    # @dataclasses.dataclass() only support slots=True in python>=3.10
+    __slots__ = ('wrapped',)
+
+    wrapped: Mapping[str, Any]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str, /) -> Any:
+        return self.wrapped.get(key, _SENTINEL)
+
+    # required to pass the object to operator.itemgetter() instances due to a quirk of typeshed
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/13713
+    # https://github.com/python/typeshed/pull/8785
+    # Since this is typing-only, hide it in a typing.TYPE_CHECKING block
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __contains__(self, key: str, /) -> bool:
+            return self.wrapped.__contains__(key)
+
+
+_ModelT = TypeVar('_ModelT', bound='BaseModel')
+_RT = TypeVar('_RT')
+
+
+class deprecated_instance_property(Generic[_ModelT, _RT]):
+    """A decorator exposing the decorated class method as a property, with a warning on instance access.
+
+    This decorator takes a class method defined on the `BaseModel` class and transforms it into
+    an attribute. The attribute can be accessed on both the class and instances of the class. If accessed
+    via an instance, a deprecation warning is emitted stating that instance access will be removed in V3.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fget: Callable[[type[_ModelT]], _RT], /) -> None:
+        # Note: fget should be a classmethod:
+        self.fget = fget
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: None, objtype: type[_ModelT]) -> _RT: ...
+    @overload
+    @deprecated(
+        'Accessing this attribute on the instance is deprecated, and will be removed in Pydantic V3. '
+        'Instead, you should access this attribute from the model class.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def __get__(self, instance: _ModelT, objtype: type[_ModelT]) -> _RT: ...
+    def __get__(self, instance: _ModelT | None, objtype: type[_ModelT]) -> _RT:
+        if instance is not None:
+            attr_name = self.fget.__name__ if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) else self.fget.__func__.__name__
+            warnings.warn(
+                f'Accessing the {attr_name!r} attribute on the instance is deprecated. '
+                'Instead, you should access this attribute from the model class.',
+                category=PydanticDeprecatedSince211,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        return self.fget.__get__(instance, objtype)()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_validate_call.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_validate_call.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab82832f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_validate_call.py
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import functools
+import inspect
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from functools import partial
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+import pydantic_core
+
+from ..config import ConfigDict
+from ..plugin._schema_validator import create_schema_validator
+from ._config import ConfigWrapper
+from ._generate_schema import GenerateSchema, ValidateCallSupportedTypes
+from ._namespace_utils import MappingNamespace, NsResolver, ns_for_function
+
+
+def extract_function_name(func: ValidateCallSupportedTypes) -> str:
+    """Extract the name of a `ValidateCallSupportedTypes` object."""
+    return f'partial({func.func.__name__})' if isinstance(func, functools.partial) else func.__name__
+
+
+def extract_function_qualname(func: ValidateCallSupportedTypes) -> str:
+    """Extract the qualname of a `ValidateCallSupportedTypes` object."""
+    return f'partial({func.func.__qualname__})' if isinstance(func, functools.partial) else func.__qualname__
+
+
+def update_wrapper_attributes(wrapped: ValidateCallSupportedTypes, wrapper: Callable[..., Any]):
+    """Update the `wrapper` function with the attributes of the `wrapped` function. Return the updated function."""
+    if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(wrapped):
+
+        @functools.wraps(wrapped)
+        async def wrapper_function(*args, **kwargs):  # type: ignore
+            return await wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
+    else:
+
+        @functools.wraps(wrapped)
+        def wrapper_function(*args, **kwargs):
+            return wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    # We need to manually update this because `partial` object has no `__name__` and `__qualname__`.
+    wrapper_function.__name__ = extract_function_name(wrapped)
+    wrapper_function.__qualname__ = extract_function_qualname(wrapped)
+    wrapper_function.raw_function = wrapped  # type: ignore
+
+    return wrapper_function
+
+
+class ValidateCallWrapper:
+    """This is a wrapper around a function that validates the arguments passed to it, and optionally the return value."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'function',
+        'validate_return',
+        'schema_type',
+        'module',
+        'qualname',
+        'ns_resolver',
+        'config_wrapper',
+        '__pydantic_complete__',
+        '__pydantic_validator__',
+        '__return_pydantic_validator__',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        function: ValidateCallSupportedTypes,
+        config: ConfigDict | None,
+        validate_return: bool,
+        parent_namespace: MappingNamespace | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.function = function
+        self.validate_return = validate_return
+        if isinstance(function, partial):
+            self.schema_type = function.func
+            self.module = function.func.__module__
+        else:
+            self.schema_type = function
+            self.module = function.__module__
+        self.qualname = extract_function_qualname(function)
+
+        self.ns_resolver = NsResolver(
+            namespaces_tuple=ns_for_function(self.schema_type, parent_namespace=parent_namespace)
+        )
+        self.config_wrapper = ConfigWrapper(config)
+        if not self.config_wrapper.defer_build:
+            self._create_validators()
+        else:
+            self.__pydantic_complete__ = False
+
+    def _create_validators(self) -> None:
+        gen_schema = GenerateSchema(self.config_wrapper, self.ns_resolver)
+        schema = gen_schema.clean_schema(gen_schema.generate_schema(self.function))
+        core_config = self.config_wrapper.core_config(title=self.qualname)
+
+        self.__pydantic_validator__ = create_schema_validator(
+            schema,
+            self.schema_type,
+            self.module,
+            self.qualname,
+            'validate_call',
+            core_config,
+            self.config_wrapper.plugin_settings,
+        )
+        if self.validate_return:
+            signature = inspect.signature(self.function)
+            return_type = signature.return_annotation if signature.return_annotation is not signature.empty else Any
+            gen_schema = GenerateSchema(self.config_wrapper, self.ns_resolver)
+            schema = gen_schema.clean_schema(gen_schema.generate_schema(return_type))
+            validator = create_schema_validator(
+                schema,
+                self.schema_type,
+                self.module,
+                self.qualname,
+                'validate_call',
+                core_config,
+                self.config_wrapper.plugin_settings,
+            )
+            if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(self.function):
+
+                async def return_val_wrapper(aw: Awaitable[Any]) -> None:
+                    return validator.validate_python(await aw)
+
+                self.__return_pydantic_validator__ = return_val_wrapper
+            else:
+                self.__return_pydantic_validator__ = validator.validate_python
+        else:
+            self.__return_pydantic_validator__ = None
+
+        self.__pydantic_complete__ = True
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        if not self.__pydantic_complete__:
+            self._create_validators()
+
+        res = self.__pydantic_validator__.validate_python(pydantic_core.ArgsKwargs(args, kwargs))
+        if self.__return_pydantic_validator__:
+            return self.__return_pydantic_validator__(res)
+        else:
+            return res
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..803363ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_internal/_validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+"""Validator functions for standard library types.
+
+Import of this module is deferred since it contains imports of many standard library modules.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import collections.abc
+import math
+import re
+import typing
+from decimal import Decimal
+from fractions import Fraction
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from typing import Any, Callable, Union, cast, get_origin
+from zoneinfo import ZoneInfo, ZoneInfoNotFoundError
+
+import typing_extensions
+from pydantic_core import PydanticCustomError, core_schema
+from pydantic_core._pydantic_core import PydanticKnownError
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+
+from pydantic._internal._import_utils import import_cached_field_info
+from pydantic.errors import PydanticSchemaGenerationError
+
+
+def sequence_validator(
+    input_value: typing.Sequence[Any],
+    /,
+    validator: core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
+) -> typing.Sequence[Any]:
+    """Validator for `Sequence` types, isinstance(v, Sequence) has already been called."""
+    value_type = type(input_value)
+
+    # We don't accept any plain string as a sequence
+    # Relevant issue: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/5595
+    if issubclass(value_type, (str, bytes)):
+        raise PydanticCustomError(
+            'sequence_str',
+            "'{type_name}' instances are not allowed as a Sequence value",
+            {'type_name': value_type.__name__},
+        )
+
+    # TODO: refactor sequence validation to validate with either a list or a tuple
+    # schema, depending on the type of the value.
+    # Additionally, we should be able to remove one of either this validator or the
+    # SequenceValidator in _std_types_schema.py (preferably this one, while porting over some logic).
+    # Effectively, a refactor for sequence validation is needed.
+    if value_type is tuple:
+        input_value = list(input_value)
+
+    v_list = validator(input_value)
+
+    # the rest of the logic is just re-creating the original type from `v_list`
+    if value_type is list:
+        return v_list
+    elif issubclass(value_type, range):
+        # return the list as we probably can't re-create the range
+        return v_list
+    elif value_type is tuple:
+        return tuple(v_list)
+    else:
+        # best guess at how to re-create the original type, more custom construction logic might be required
+        return value_type(v_list)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+
+def import_string(value: Any) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        try:
+            return _import_string_logic(value)
+        except ImportError as e:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('import_error', 'Invalid python path: {error}', {'error': str(e)}) from e
+    else:
+        # otherwise we just return the value and let the next validator do the rest of the work
+        return value
+
+
+def _import_string_logic(dotted_path: str) -> Any:
+    """Inspired by uvicorn — dotted paths should include a colon before the final item if that item is not a module.
+    (This is necessary to distinguish between a submodule and an attribute when there is a conflict.).
+
+    If the dotted path does not include a colon and the final item is not a valid module, importing as an attribute
+    rather than a submodule will be attempted automatically.
+
+    So, for example, the following values of `dotted_path` result in the following returned values:
+    * 'collections': <module 'collections'>
+    * 'collections.abc': <module 'collections.abc'>
+    * 'collections.abc:Mapping': <class 'collections.abc.Mapping'>
+    * `collections.abc.Mapping`: <class 'collections.abc.Mapping'> (though this is a bit slower than the previous line)
+
+    An error will be raised under any of the following scenarios:
+    * `dotted_path` contains more than one colon (e.g., 'collections:abc:Mapping')
+    * the substring of `dotted_path` before the colon is not a valid module in the environment (e.g., '123:Mapping')
+    * the substring of `dotted_path` after the colon is not an attribute of the module (e.g., 'collections:abc123')
+    """
+    from importlib import import_module
+
+    components = dotted_path.strip().split(':')
+    if len(components) > 2:
+        raise ImportError(f"Import strings should have at most one ':'; received {dotted_path!r}")
+
+    module_path = components[0]
+    if not module_path:
+        raise ImportError(f'Import strings should have a nonempty module name; received {dotted_path!r}')
+
+    try:
+        module = import_module(module_path)
+    except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
+        if '.' in module_path:
+            # Check if it would be valid if the final item was separated from its module with a `:`
+            maybe_module_path, maybe_attribute = dotted_path.strip().rsplit('.', 1)
+            try:
+                return _import_string_logic(f'{maybe_module_path}:{maybe_attribute}')
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+            raise ImportError(f'No module named {module_path!r}') from e
+        raise e
+
+    if len(components) > 1:
+        attribute = components[1]
+        try:
+            return getattr(module, attribute)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise ImportError(f'cannot import name {attribute!r} from {module_path!r}') from e
+    else:
+        return module
+
+
+def pattern_either_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> typing.Pattern[Any]:
+    if isinstance(input_value, typing.Pattern):
+        return input_value
+    elif isinstance(input_value, (str, bytes)):
+        # todo strict mode
+        return compile_pattern(input_value)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_type', 'Input should be a valid pattern')
+
+
+def pattern_str_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> typing.Pattern[str]:
+    if isinstance(input_value, typing.Pattern):
+        if isinstance(input_value.pattern, str):
+            return input_value
+        else:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_str_type', 'Input should be a string pattern')
+    elif isinstance(input_value, str):
+        return compile_pattern(input_value)
+    elif isinstance(input_value, bytes):
+        raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_str_type', 'Input should be a string pattern')
+    else:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_type', 'Input should be a valid pattern')
+
+
+def pattern_bytes_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> typing.Pattern[bytes]:
+    if isinstance(input_value, typing.Pattern):
+        if isinstance(input_value.pattern, bytes):
+            return input_value
+        else:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_bytes_type', 'Input should be a bytes pattern')
+    elif isinstance(input_value, bytes):
+        return compile_pattern(input_value)
+    elif isinstance(input_value, str):
+        raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_bytes_type', 'Input should be a bytes pattern')
+    else:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_type', 'Input should be a valid pattern')
+
+
+PatternType = typing.TypeVar('PatternType', str, bytes)
+
+
+def compile_pattern(pattern: PatternType) -> typing.Pattern[PatternType]:
+    try:
+        return re.compile(pattern)
+    except re.error:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('pattern_regex', 'Input should be a valid regular expression')
+
+
+def ip_v4_address_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> IPv4Address:
+    if isinstance(input_value, IPv4Address):
+        return input_value
+
+    try:
+        return IPv4Address(input_value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('ip_v4_address', 'Input is not a valid IPv4 address')
+
+
+def ip_v6_address_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> IPv6Address:
+    if isinstance(input_value, IPv6Address):
+        return input_value
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Address(input_value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('ip_v6_address', 'Input is not a valid IPv6 address')
+
+
+def ip_v4_network_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> IPv4Network:
+    """Assume IPv4Network initialised with a default `strict` argument.
+
+    See more:
+    https://docs.python.org/library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Network
+    """
+    if isinstance(input_value, IPv4Network):
+        return input_value
+
+    try:
+        return IPv4Network(input_value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('ip_v4_network', 'Input is not a valid IPv4 network')
+
+
+def ip_v6_network_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> IPv6Network:
+    """Assume IPv6Network initialised with a default `strict` argument.
+
+    See more:
+    https://docs.python.org/library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv6Network
+    """
+    if isinstance(input_value, IPv6Network):
+        return input_value
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Network(input_value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('ip_v6_network', 'Input is not a valid IPv6 network')
+
+
+def ip_v4_interface_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> IPv4Interface:
+    if isinstance(input_value, IPv4Interface):
+        return input_value
+
+    try:
+        return IPv4Interface(input_value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('ip_v4_interface', 'Input is not a valid IPv4 interface')
+
+
+def ip_v6_interface_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> IPv6Interface:
+    if isinstance(input_value, IPv6Interface):
+        return input_value
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Interface(input_value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('ip_v6_interface', 'Input is not a valid IPv6 interface')
+
+
+def fraction_validator(input_value: Any, /) -> Fraction:
+    if isinstance(input_value, Fraction):
+        return input_value
+
+    try:
+        return Fraction(input_value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('fraction_parsing', 'Input is not a valid fraction')
+
+
+def forbid_inf_nan_check(x: Any) -> Any:
+    if not math.isfinite(x):
+        raise PydanticKnownError('finite_number')
+    return x
+
+
+def _safe_repr(v: Any) -> int | float | str:
+    """The context argument for `PydanticKnownError` requires a number or str type, so we do a simple repr() coercion for types like timedelta.
+
+    See tests/test_types.py::test_annotated_metadata_any_order for some context.
+    """
+    if isinstance(v, (int, float, str)):
+        return v
+    return repr(v)
+
+
+def greater_than_validator(x: Any, gt: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if not (x > gt):
+            raise PydanticKnownError('greater_than', {'gt': _safe_repr(gt)})
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'gt' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def greater_than_or_equal_validator(x: Any, ge: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if not (x >= ge):
+            raise PydanticKnownError('greater_than_equal', {'ge': _safe_repr(ge)})
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'ge' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def less_than_validator(x: Any, lt: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if not (x < lt):
+            raise PydanticKnownError('less_than', {'lt': _safe_repr(lt)})
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'lt' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def less_than_or_equal_validator(x: Any, le: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if not (x <= le):
+            raise PydanticKnownError('less_than_equal', {'le': _safe_repr(le)})
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'le' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def multiple_of_validator(x: Any, multiple_of: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if x % multiple_of:
+            raise PydanticKnownError('multiple_of', {'multiple_of': _safe_repr(multiple_of)})
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'multiple_of' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def min_length_validator(x: Any, min_length: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if not (len(x) >= min_length):
+            raise PydanticKnownError(
+                'too_short', {'field_type': 'Value', 'min_length': min_length, 'actual_length': len(x)}
+            )
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'min_length' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def max_length_validator(x: Any, max_length: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        if len(x) > max_length:
+            raise PydanticKnownError(
+                'too_long',
+                {'field_type': 'Value', 'max_length': max_length, 'actual_length': len(x)},
+            )
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'max_length' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def _extract_decimal_digits_info(decimal: Decimal) -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """Compute the total number of digits and decimal places for a given [`Decimal`][decimal.Decimal] instance.
+
+    This function handles both normalized and non-normalized Decimal instances.
+    Example: Decimal('1.230') -> 4 digits, 3 decimal places
+
+    Args:
+        decimal (Decimal): The decimal number to analyze.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple[int, int]: A tuple containing the number of decimal places and total digits.
+
+    Though this could be divided into two separate functions, the logic is easier to follow if we couple the computation
+    of the number of decimals and digits together.
+    """
+    try:
+        decimal_tuple = decimal.as_tuple()
+
+        assert isinstance(decimal_tuple.exponent, int)
+
+        exponent = decimal_tuple.exponent
+        num_digits = len(decimal_tuple.digits)
+
+        if exponent >= 0:
+            # A positive exponent adds that many trailing zeros
+            # Ex: digit_tuple=(1, 2, 3), exponent=2 -> 12300 -> 0 decimal places, 5 digits
+            num_digits += exponent
+            decimal_places = 0
+        else:
+            # If the absolute value of the negative exponent is larger than the
+            # number of digits, then it's the same as the number of digits,
+            # because it'll consume all the digits in digit_tuple and then
+            # add abs(exponent) - len(digit_tuple) leading zeros after the decimal point.
+            # Ex: digit_tuple=(1, 2, 3), exponent=-2 -> 1.23 -> 2 decimal places, 3 digits
+            # Ex: digit_tuple=(1, 2, 3), exponent=-4 -> 0.0123 -> 4 decimal places, 4 digits
+            decimal_places = abs(exponent)
+            num_digits = max(num_digits, decimal_places)
+
+        return decimal_places, num_digits
+    except (AssertionError, AttributeError):
+        raise TypeError(f'Unable to extract decimal digits info from supplied value {decimal}')
+
+
+def max_digits_validator(x: Any, max_digits: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        _, num_digits = _extract_decimal_digits_info(x)
+        _, normalized_num_digits = _extract_decimal_digits_info(x.normalize())
+        if (num_digits > max_digits) and (normalized_num_digits > max_digits):
+            raise PydanticKnownError(
+                'decimal_max_digits',
+                {'max_digits': max_digits},
+            )
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'max_digits' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def decimal_places_validator(x: Any, decimal_places: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        decimal_places_, _ = _extract_decimal_digits_info(x)
+        if decimal_places_ > decimal_places:
+            normalized_decimal_places, _ = _extract_decimal_digits_info(x.normalize())
+            if normalized_decimal_places > decimal_places:
+                raise PydanticKnownError(
+                    'decimal_max_places',
+                    {'decimal_places': decimal_places},
+                )
+        return x
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unable to apply constraint 'decimal_places' to supplied value {x}")
+
+
+def deque_validator(input_value: Any, handler: core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler) -> collections.deque[Any]:
+    return collections.deque(handler(input_value), maxlen=getattr(input_value, 'maxlen', None))
+
+
+def defaultdict_validator(
+    input_value: Any, handler: core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, default_default_factory: Callable[[], Any]
+) -> collections.defaultdict[Any, Any]:
+    if isinstance(input_value, collections.defaultdict):
+        default_factory = input_value.default_factory
+        return collections.defaultdict(default_factory, handler(input_value))
+    else:
+        return collections.defaultdict(default_default_factory, handler(input_value))
+
+
+def get_defaultdict_default_default_factory(values_source_type: Any) -> Callable[[], Any]:
+    FieldInfo = import_cached_field_info()
+
+    values_type_origin = get_origin(values_source_type)
+
+    def infer_default() -> Callable[[], Any]:
+        allowed_default_types: dict[Any, Any] = {
+            tuple: tuple,
+            collections.abc.Sequence: tuple,
+            collections.abc.MutableSequence: list,
+            list: list,
+            typing.Sequence: list,
+            set: set,
+            typing.MutableSet: set,
+            collections.abc.MutableSet: set,
+            collections.abc.Set: frozenset,
+            typing.MutableMapping: dict,
+            typing.Mapping: dict,
+            collections.abc.Mapping: dict,
+            collections.abc.MutableMapping: dict,
+            float: float,
+            int: int,
+            str: str,
+            bool: bool,
+        }
+        values_type = values_type_origin or values_source_type
+        instructions = 'set using `DefaultDict[..., Annotated[..., Field(default_factory=...)]]`'
+        if typing_objects.is_typevar(values_type):
+
+            def type_var_default_factory() -> None:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    'Generic defaultdict cannot be used without a concrete value type or an'
+                    ' explicit default factory, ' + instructions
+                )
+
+            return type_var_default_factory
+        elif values_type not in allowed_default_types:
+            # a somewhat subjective set of types that have reasonable default values
+            allowed_msg = ', '.join([t.__name__ for t in set(allowed_default_types.values())])
+            raise PydanticSchemaGenerationError(
+                f'Unable to infer a default factory for keys of type {values_source_type}.'
+                f' Only {allowed_msg} are supported, other types require an explicit default factory'
+                ' ' + instructions
+            )
+        return allowed_default_types[values_type]
+
+    # Assume Annotated[..., Field(...)]
+    if typing_objects.is_annotated(values_type_origin):
+        field_info = next((v for v in typing_extensions.get_args(values_source_type) if isinstance(v, FieldInfo)), None)
+    else:
+        field_info = None
+    if field_info and field_info.default_factory:
+        # Assume the default factory does not take any argument:
+        default_default_factory = cast(Callable[[], Any], field_info.default_factory)
+    else:
+        default_default_factory = infer_default()
+    return default_default_factory
+
+
+def validate_str_is_valid_iana_tz(value: Any, /) -> ZoneInfo:
+    if isinstance(value, ZoneInfo):
+        return value
+    try:
+        return ZoneInfo(value)
+    except (ZoneInfoNotFoundError, ValueError, TypeError):
+        raise PydanticCustomError('zoneinfo_str', 'invalid timezone: {value}', {'value': value})
+
+
+NUMERIC_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP: dict[str, Callable] = {
+    'gt': greater_than_validator,
+    'ge': greater_than_or_equal_validator,
+    'lt': less_than_validator,
+    'le': less_than_or_equal_validator,
+    'multiple_of': multiple_of_validator,
+    'min_length': min_length_validator,
+    'max_length': max_length_validator,
+    'max_digits': max_digits_validator,
+    'decimal_places': decimal_places_validator,
+}
+
+IpType = Union[IPv4Address, IPv6Address, IPv4Network, IPv6Network, IPv4Interface, IPv6Interface]
+
+IP_VALIDATOR_LOOKUP: dict[type[IpType], Callable] = {
+    IPv4Address: ip_v4_address_validator,
+    IPv6Address: ip_v6_address_validator,
+    IPv4Network: ip_v4_network_validator,
+    IPv6Network: ip_v6_network_validator,
+    IPv4Interface: ip_v4_interface_validator,
+    IPv6Interface: ip_v6_interface_validator,
+}
+
+MAPPING_ORIGIN_MAP: dict[Any, Any] = {
+    typing.DefaultDict: collections.defaultdict,  # noqa: UP006
+    collections.defaultdict: collections.defaultdict,
+    typing.OrderedDict: collections.OrderedDict,  # noqa: UP006
+    collections.OrderedDict: collections.OrderedDict,
+    typing_extensions.OrderedDict: collections.OrderedDict,
+    typing.Counter: collections.Counter,
+    collections.Counter: collections.Counter,
+    # this doesn't handle subclasses of these
+    typing.Mapping: dict,
+    typing.MutableMapping: dict,
+    # parametrized typing.{Mutable}Mapping creates one of these
+    collections.abc.Mapping: dict,
+    collections.abc.MutableMapping: dict,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_migration.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_migration.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..980dfd23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/_migration.py
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from .version import version_short
+
+MOVED_IN_V2 = {
+    'pydantic.utils:version_info': 'pydantic.version:version_info',
+    'pydantic.error_wrappers:ValidationError': 'pydantic:ValidationError',
+    'pydantic.utils:to_camel': 'pydantic.alias_generators:to_pascal',
+    'pydantic.utils:to_lower_camel': 'pydantic.alias_generators:to_camel',
+    'pydantic:PyObject': 'pydantic.types:ImportString',
+    'pydantic.types:PyObject': 'pydantic.types:ImportString',
+    'pydantic.generics:GenericModel': 'pydantic.BaseModel',
+}
+
+DEPRECATED_MOVED_IN_V2 = {
+    'pydantic.tools:schema_of': 'pydantic.deprecated.tools:schema_of',
+    'pydantic.tools:parse_obj_as': 'pydantic.deprecated.tools:parse_obj_as',
+    'pydantic.tools:schema_json_of': 'pydantic.deprecated.tools:schema_json_of',
+    'pydantic.json:pydantic_encoder': 'pydantic.deprecated.json:pydantic_encoder',
+    'pydantic:validate_arguments': 'pydantic.deprecated.decorator:validate_arguments',
+    'pydantic.json:custom_pydantic_encoder': 'pydantic.deprecated.json:custom_pydantic_encoder',
+    'pydantic.json:timedelta_isoformat': 'pydantic.deprecated.json:timedelta_isoformat',
+    'pydantic.decorator:validate_arguments': 'pydantic.deprecated.decorator:validate_arguments',
+    'pydantic.class_validators:validator': 'pydantic.deprecated.class_validators:validator',
+    'pydantic.class_validators:root_validator': 'pydantic.deprecated.class_validators:root_validator',
+    'pydantic.config:BaseConfig': 'pydantic.deprecated.config:BaseConfig',
+    'pydantic.config:Extra': 'pydantic.deprecated.config:Extra',
+}
+
+REDIRECT_TO_V1 = {
+    f'pydantic.utils:{obj}': f'pydantic.v1.utils:{obj}'
+    for obj in (
+        'deep_update',
+        'GetterDict',
+        'lenient_issubclass',
+        'lenient_isinstance',
+        'is_valid_field',
+        'update_not_none',
+        'import_string',
+        'Representation',
+        'ROOT_KEY',
+        'smart_deepcopy',
+        'sequence_like',
+    )
+}
+
+
+REMOVED_IN_V2 = {
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedBytes',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedDate',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedDecimal',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedFloat',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedFrozenSet',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedInt',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedList',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedSet',
+    'pydantic:ConstrainedStr',
+    'pydantic:JsonWrapper',
+    'pydantic:NoneBytes',
+    'pydantic:NoneStr',
+    'pydantic:NoneStrBytes',
+    'pydantic:Protocol',
+    'pydantic:Required',
+    'pydantic:StrBytes',
+    'pydantic:compiled',
+    'pydantic.config:get_config',
+    'pydantic.config:inherit_config',
+    'pydantic.config:prepare_config',
+    'pydantic:create_model_from_namedtuple',
+    'pydantic:create_model_from_typeddict',
+    'pydantic.dataclasses:create_pydantic_model_from_dataclass',
+    'pydantic.dataclasses:make_dataclass_validator',
+    'pydantic.dataclasses:set_validation',
+    'pydantic.datetime_parse:parse_date',
+    'pydantic.datetime_parse:parse_time',
+    'pydantic.datetime_parse:parse_datetime',
+    'pydantic.datetime_parse:parse_duration',
+    'pydantic.error_wrappers:ErrorWrapper',
+    'pydantic.errors:AnyStrMaxLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:AnyStrMinLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ArbitraryTypeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:BoolError',
+    'pydantic.errors:BytesError',
+    'pydantic.errors:CallableError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ClassError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ColorError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ConfigError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DataclassTypeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DateError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DateNotInTheFutureError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DateNotInThePastError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DateTimeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DecimalError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DecimalIsNotFiniteError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DecimalMaxDigitsError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DecimalMaxPlacesError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DecimalWholeDigitsError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DictError',
+    'pydantic.errors:DurationError',
+    'pydantic.errors:EmailError',
+    'pydantic.errors:EnumError',
+    'pydantic.errors:EnumMemberError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ExtraError',
+    'pydantic.errors:FloatError',
+    'pydantic.errors:FrozenSetError',
+    'pydantic.errors:FrozenSetMaxLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:FrozenSetMinLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:HashableError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPv4AddressError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPv4InterfaceError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPv4NetworkError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPv6AddressError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPv6InterfaceError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPv6NetworkError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPvAnyAddressError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPvAnyInterfaceError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IPvAnyNetworkError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IntEnumError',
+    'pydantic.errors:IntegerError',
+    'pydantic.errors:InvalidByteSize',
+    'pydantic.errors:InvalidByteSizeUnit',
+    'pydantic.errors:InvalidDiscriminator',
+    'pydantic.errors:InvalidLengthForBrand',
+    'pydantic.errors:JsonError',
+    'pydantic.errors:JsonTypeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ListError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ListMaxLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ListMinLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:ListUniqueItemsError',
+    'pydantic.errors:LuhnValidationError',
+    'pydantic.errors:MissingDiscriminator',
+    'pydantic.errors:MissingError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NoneIsAllowedError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NoneIsNotAllowedError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NotDigitError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NotNoneError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NumberNotGeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NumberNotGtError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NumberNotLeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NumberNotLtError',
+    'pydantic.errors:NumberNotMultipleError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PathError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PathNotADirectoryError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PathNotAFileError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PathNotExistsError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PatternError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PyObjectError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PydanticTypeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:PydanticValueError',
+    'pydantic.errors:SequenceError',
+    'pydantic.errors:SetError',
+    'pydantic.errors:SetMaxLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:SetMinLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:StrError',
+    'pydantic.errors:StrRegexError',
+    'pydantic.errors:StrictBoolError',
+    'pydantic.errors:SubclassError',
+    'pydantic.errors:TimeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:TupleError',
+    'pydantic.errors:TupleLengthError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UUIDError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UUIDVersionError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlExtraError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlHostError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlHostTldError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlPortError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlSchemeError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlSchemePermittedError',
+    'pydantic.errors:UrlUserInfoError',
+    'pydantic.errors:WrongConstantError',
+    'pydantic.main:validate_model',
+    'pydantic.networks:stricturl',
+    'pydantic:parse_file_as',
+    'pydantic:parse_raw_as',
+    'pydantic:stricturl',
+    'pydantic.tools:parse_file_as',
+    'pydantic.tools:parse_raw_as',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedBytes',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedDate',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedDecimal',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedFloat',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedFrozenSet',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedInt',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedList',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedSet',
+    'pydantic.types:ConstrainedStr',
+    'pydantic.types:JsonWrapper',
+    'pydantic.types:NoneBytes',
+    'pydantic.types:NoneStr',
+    'pydantic.types:NoneStrBytes',
+    'pydantic.types:StrBytes',
+    'pydantic.typing:evaluate_forwardref',
+    'pydantic.typing:AbstractSetIntStr',
+    'pydantic.typing:AnyCallable',
+    'pydantic.typing:AnyClassMethod',
+    'pydantic.typing:CallableGenerator',
+    'pydantic.typing:DictAny',
+    'pydantic.typing:DictIntStrAny',
+    'pydantic.typing:DictStrAny',
+    'pydantic.typing:IntStr',
+    'pydantic.typing:ListStr',
+    'pydantic.typing:MappingIntStrAny',
+    'pydantic.typing:NoArgAnyCallable',
+    'pydantic.typing:NoneType',
+    'pydantic.typing:ReprArgs',
+    'pydantic.typing:SetStr',
+    'pydantic.typing:StrPath',
+    'pydantic.typing:TupleGenerator',
+    'pydantic.typing:WithArgsTypes',
+    'pydantic.typing:all_literal_values',
+    'pydantic.typing:display_as_type',
+    'pydantic.typing:get_all_type_hints',
+    'pydantic.typing:get_args',
+    'pydantic.typing:get_origin',
+    'pydantic.typing:get_sub_types',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_callable_type',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_classvar',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_finalvar',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_literal_type',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_namedtuple',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_new_type',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_none_type',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_typeddict',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_typeddict_special',
+    'pydantic.typing:is_union',
+    'pydantic.typing:new_type_supertype',
+    'pydantic.typing:resolve_annotations',
+    'pydantic.typing:typing_base',
+    'pydantic.typing:update_field_forward_refs',
+    'pydantic.typing:update_model_forward_refs',
+    'pydantic.utils:ClassAttribute',
+    'pydantic.utils:DUNDER_ATTRIBUTES',
+    'pydantic.utils:PyObjectStr',
+    'pydantic.utils:ValueItems',
+    'pydantic.utils:almost_equal_floats',
+    'pydantic.utils:get_discriminator_alias_and_values',
+    'pydantic.utils:get_model',
+    'pydantic.utils:get_unique_discriminator_alias',
+    'pydantic.utils:in_ipython',
+    'pydantic.utils:is_valid_identifier',
+    'pydantic.utils:path_type',
+    'pydantic.utils:validate_field_name',
+    'pydantic:validate_model',
+}
+
+
+def getattr_migration(module: str) -> Callable[[str], Any]:
+    """Implement PEP 562 for objects that were either moved or removed on the migration
+    to V2.
+
+    Args:
+        module: The module name.
+
+    Returns:
+        A callable that will raise an error if the object is not found.
+    """
+    # This avoids circular import with errors.py.
+    from .errors import PydanticImportError
+
+    def wrapper(name: str) -> object:
+        """Raise an error if the object is not found, or warn if it was moved.
+
+        In case it was moved, it still returns the object.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The object name.
+
+        Returns:
+            The object.
+        """
+        if name == '__path__':
+            raise AttributeError(f'module {module!r} has no attribute {name!r}')
+
+        import warnings
+
+        from ._internal._validators import import_string
+
+        import_path = f'{module}:{name}'
+        if import_path in MOVED_IN_V2.keys():
+            new_location = MOVED_IN_V2[import_path]
+            warnings.warn(f'`{import_path}` has been moved to `{new_location}`.')
+            return import_string(MOVED_IN_V2[import_path])
+        if import_path in DEPRECATED_MOVED_IN_V2:
+            # skip the warning here because a deprecation warning will be raised elsewhere
+            return import_string(DEPRECATED_MOVED_IN_V2[import_path])
+        if import_path in REDIRECT_TO_V1:
+            new_location = REDIRECT_TO_V1[import_path]
+            warnings.warn(
+                f'`{import_path}` has been removed. We are importing from `{new_location}` instead.'
+                'See the migration guide for more details: https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/migration/'
+            )
+            return import_string(REDIRECT_TO_V1[import_path])
+        if import_path == 'pydantic:BaseSettings':
+            raise PydanticImportError(
+                '`BaseSettings` has been moved to the `pydantic-settings` package. '
+                f'See https://docs.pydantic.dev/{version_short()}/migration/#basesettings-has-moved-to-pydantic-settings '
+                'for more details.'
+            )
+        if import_path in REMOVED_IN_V2:
+            raise PydanticImportError(f'`{import_path}` has been removed in V2.')
+        globals: dict[str, Any] = sys.modules[module].__dict__
+        if name in globals:
+            return globals[name]
+        raise AttributeError(f'module {module!r} has no attribute {name!r}')
+
+    return wrapper
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/alias_generators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/alias_generators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b7653f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/alias_generators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""Alias generators for converting between different capitalization conventions."""
+
+import re
+
+__all__ = ('to_pascal', 'to_camel', 'to_snake')
+
+# TODO: in V3, change the argument names to be more descriptive
+# Generally, don't only convert from snake_case, or name the functions
+# more specifically like snake_to_camel.
+
+
+def to_pascal(snake: str) -> str:
+    """Convert a snake_case string to PascalCase.
+
+    Args:
+        snake: The string to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The PascalCase string.
+    """
+    camel = snake.title()
+    return re.sub('([0-9A-Za-z])_(?=[0-9A-Z])', lambda m: m.group(1), camel)
+
+
+def to_camel(snake: str) -> str:
+    """Convert a snake_case string to camelCase.
+
+    Args:
+        snake: The string to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The converted camelCase string.
+    """
+    # If the string is already in camelCase and does not contain a digit followed
+    # by a lowercase letter, return it as it is
+    if re.match('^[a-z]+[A-Za-z0-9]*$', snake) and not re.search(r'\d[a-z]', snake):
+        return snake
+
+    camel = to_pascal(snake)
+    return re.sub('(^_*[A-Z])', lambda m: m.group(1).lower(), camel)
+
+
+def to_snake(camel: str) -> str:
+    """Convert a PascalCase, camelCase, or kebab-case string to snake_case.
+
+    Args:
+        camel: The string to convert.
+
+    Returns:
+        The converted string in snake_case.
+    """
+    # Handle the sequence of uppercase letters followed by a lowercase letter
+    snake = re.sub(r'([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])', lambda m: f'{m.group(1)}_{m.group(2)}', camel)
+    # Insert an underscore between a lowercase letter and an uppercase letter
+    snake = re.sub(r'([a-z])([A-Z])', lambda m: f'{m.group(1)}_{m.group(2)}', snake)
+    # Insert an underscore between a digit and an uppercase letter
+    snake = re.sub(r'([0-9])([A-Z])', lambda m: f'{m.group(1)}_{m.group(2)}', snake)
+    # Insert an underscore between a lowercase letter and a digit
+    snake = re.sub(r'([a-z])([0-9])', lambda m: f'{m.group(1)}_{m.group(2)}', snake)
+    # Replace hyphens with underscores to handle kebab-case
+    snake = snake.replace('-', '_')
+    return snake.lower()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/aliases.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/aliases.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac227370
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/aliases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+"""Support for alias configurations."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+
+from ._internal import _internal_dataclass
+
+__all__ = ('AliasGenerator', 'AliasPath', 'AliasChoices')
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class AliasPath:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [`AliasPath` and `AliasChoices`](../concepts/alias.md#aliaspath-and-aliaschoices)
+
+    A data class used by `validation_alias` as a convenience to create aliases.
+
+    Attributes:
+        path: A list of string or integer aliases.
+    """
+
+    path: list[int | str]
+
+    def __init__(self, first_arg: str, *args: str | int) -> None:
+        self.path = [first_arg] + list(args)
+
+    def convert_to_aliases(self) -> list[str | int]:
+        """Converts arguments to a list of string or integer aliases.
+
+        Returns:
+            The list of aliases.
+        """
+        return self.path
+
+    def search_dict_for_path(self, d: dict) -> Any:
+        """Searches a dictionary for the path specified by the alias.
+
+        Returns:
+            The value at the specified path, or `PydanticUndefined` if the path is not found.
+        """
+        v = d
+        for k in self.path:
+            if isinstance(v, str):
+                # disallow indexing into a str, like for AliasPath('x', 0) and x='abc'
+                return PydanticUndefined
+            try:
+                v = v[k]
+            except (KeyError, IndexError, TypeError):
+                return PydanticUndefined
+        return v
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class AliasChoices:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [`AliasPath` and `AliasChoices`](../concepts/alias.md#aliaspath-and-aliaschoices)
+
+    A data class used by `validation_alias` as a convenience to create aliases.
+
+    Attributes:
+        choices: A list containing a string or `AliasPath`.
+    """
+
+    choices: list[str | AliasPath]
+
+    def __init__(self, first_choice: str | AliasPath, *choices: str | AliasPath) -> None:
+        self.choices = [first_choice] + list(choices)
+
+    def convert_to_aliases(self) -> list[list[str | int]]:
+        """Converts arguments to a list of lists containing string or integer aliases.
+
+        Returns:
+            The list of aliases.
+        """
+        aliases: list[list[str | int]] = []
+        for c in self.choices:
+            if isinstance(c, AliasPath):
+                aliases.append(c.convert_to_aliases())
+            else:
+                aliases.append([c])
+        return aliases
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class AliasGenerator:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Using an `AliasGenerator`](../concepts/alias.md#using-an-aliasgenerator)
+
+    A data class used by `alias_generator` as a convenience to create various aliases.
+
+    Attributes:
+        alias: A callable that takes a field name and returns an alias for it.
+        validation_alias: A callable that takes a field name and returns a validation alias for it.
+        serialization_alias: A callable that takes a field name and returns a serialization alias for it.
+    """
+
+    alias: Callable[[str], str] | None = None
+    validation_alias: Callable[[str], str | AliasPath | AliasChoices] | None = None
+    serialization_alias: Callable[[str], str] | None = None
+
+    def _generate_alias(
+        self,
+        alias_kind: Literal['alias', 'validation_alias', 'serialization_alias'],
+        allowed_types: tuple[type[str] | type[AliasPath] | type[AliasChoices], ...],
+        field_name: str,
+    ) -> str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None:
+        """Generate an alias of the specified kind. Returns None if the alias generator is None.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If the alias generator produces an invalid type.
+        """
+        alias = None
+        if alias_generator := getattr(self, alias_kind):
+            alias = alias_generator(field_name)
+            if alias and not isinstance(alias, allowed_types):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f'Invalid `{alias_kind}` type. `{alias_kind}` generator must produce one of `{allowed_types}`'
+                )
+        return alias
+
+    def generate_aliases(self, field_name: str) -> tuple[str | None, str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None, str | None]:
+        """Generate `alias`, `validation_alias`, and `serialization_alias` for a field.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of three aliases - validation, alias, and serialization.
+        """
+        alias = self._generate_alias('alias', (str,), field_name)
+        validation_alias = self._generate_alias('validation_alias', (str, AliasChoices, AliasPath), field_name)
+        serialization_alias = self._generate_alias('serialization_alias', (str,), field_name)
+
+        return alias, validation_alias, serialization_alias  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/annotated_handlers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/annotated_handlers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0cb5d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/annotated_handlers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+"""Type annotations to use with `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` and `__get_pydantic_json_schema__`."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Union
+
+from pydantic_core import core_schema
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._internal._namespace_utils import NamespacesTuple
+    from .json_schema import JsonSchemaMode, JsonSchemaValue
+
+    CoreSchemaOrField = Union[
+        core_schema.CoreSchema,
+        core_schema.ModelField,
+        core_schema.DataclassField,
+        core_schema.TypedDictField,
+        core_schema.ComputedField,
+    ]
+
+__all__ = 'GetJsonSchemaHandler', 'GetCoreSchemaHandler'
+
+
+class GetJsonSchemaHandler:
+    """Handler to call into the next JSON schema generation function.
+
+    Attributes:
+        mode: Json schema mode, can be `validation` or `serialization`.
+    """
+
+    mode: JsonSchemaMode
+
+    def __call__(self, core_schema: CoreSchemaOrField, /) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Call the inner handler and get the JsonSchemaValue it returns.
+        This will call the next JSON schema modifying function up until it calls
+        into `pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema`, which will raise a
+        `pydantic.errors.PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema` error if it cannot generate
+        a JSON schema.
+
+        Args:
+            core_schema: A `pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreSchema`.
+
+        Returns:
+            JsonSchemaValue: The JSON schema generated by the inner JSON schema modify
+            functions.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def resolve_ref_schema(self, maybe_ref_json_schema: JsonSchemaValue, /) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Get the real schema for a `{"$ref": ...}` schema.
+        If the schema given is not a `$ref` schema, it will be returned as is.
+        This means you don't have to check before calling this function.
+
+        Args:
+            maybe_ref_json_schema: A JsonSchemaValue which may be a `$ref` schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            LookupError: If the ref is not found.
+
+        Returns:
+            JsonSchemaValue: A JsonSchemaValue that has no `$ref`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class GetCoreSchemaHandler:
+    """Handler to call into the next CoreSchema schema generation function."""
+
+    def __call__(self, source_type: Any, /) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Call the inner handler and get the CoreSchema it returns.
+        This will call the next CoreSchema modifying function up until it calls
+        into Pydantic's internal schema generation machinery, which will raise a
+        `pydantic.errors.PydanticSchemaGenerationError` error if it cannot generate
+        a CoreSchema for the given source type.
+
+        Args:
+            source_type: The input type.
+
+        Returns:
+            CoreSchema: The `pydantic-core` CoreSchema generated.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def generate_schema(self, source_type: Any, /) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Generate a schema unrelated to the current context.
+        Use this function if e.g. you are handling schema generation for a sequence
+        and want to generate a schema for its items.
+        Otherwise, you may end up doing something like applying a `min_length` constraint
+        that was intended for the sequence itself to its items!
+
+        Args:
+            source_type: The input type.
+
+        Returns:
+            CoreSchema: The `pydantic-core` CoreSchema generated.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def resolve_ref_schema(self, maybe_ref_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, /) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Get the real schema for a `definition-ref` schema.
+        If the schema given is not a `definition-ref` schema, it will be returned as is.
+        This means you don't have to check before calling this function.
+
+        Args:
+            maybe_ref_schema: A `CoreSchema`, `ref`-based or not.
+
+        Raises:
+            LookupError: If the `ref` is not found.
+
+        Returns:
+            A concrete `CoreSchema`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def field_name(self) -> str | None:
+        """Get the name of the closest field to this validator."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def _get_types_namespace(self) -> NamespacesTuple:
+        """Internal method used during type resolution for serializer annotations."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/class_validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/class_validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9977150c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/class_validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""`class_validators` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/color.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/color.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a42d586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/color.py
@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+"""Color definitions are used as per the CSS3
+[CSS Color Module Level 3](http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#svg-color) specification.
+
+A few colors have multiple names referring to the sames colors, eg. `grey` and `gray` or `aqua` and `cyan`.
+
+In these cases the _last_ color when sorted alphabetically takes preferences,
+eg. `Color((0, 255, 255)).as_named() == 'cyan'` because "cyan" comes after "aqua".
+
+Warning: Deprecated
+    The `Color` class is deprecated, use `pydantic_extra_types` instead.
+    See [`pydantic-extra-types.Color`](../usage/types/extra_types/color_types.md)
+    for more information.
+"""
+
+import math
+import re
+from colorsys import hls_to_rgb, rgb_to_hls
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Union, cast
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, PydanticCustomError, core_schema
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
+
+from ._internal import _repr
+from ._internal._schema_generation_shared import GetJsonSchemaHandler as _GetJsonSchemaHandler
+from .json_schema import JsonSchemaValue
+from .warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+ColorTuple = Union[tuple[int, int, int], tuple[int, int, int, float]]
+ColorType = Union[ColorTuple, str]
+HslColorTuple = Union[tuple[float, float, float], tuple[float, float, float, float]]
+
+
+class RGBA:
+    """Internal use only as a representation of a color."""
+
+    __slots__ = 'r', 'g', 'b', 'alpha', '_tuple'
+
+    def __init__(self, r: float, g: float, b: float, alpha: Optional[float]):
+        self.r = r
+        self.g = g
+        self.b = b
+        self.alpha = alpha
+
+        self._tuple: tuple[float, float, float, Optional[float]] = (r, g, b, alpha)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._tuple[item]
+
+
+# these are not compiled here to avoid import slowdown, they'll be compiled the first time they're used, then cached
+_r_255 = r'(\d{1,3}(?:\.\d+)?)'
+_r_comma = r'\s*,\s*'
+_r_alpha = r'(\d(?:\.\d+)?|\.\d+|\d{1,2}%)'
+_r_h = r'(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?|-?\.\d+)(deg|rad|turn)?'
+_r_sl = r'(\d{1,3}(?:\.\d+)?)%'
+r_hex_short = r'\s*(?:#|0x)?([0-9a-f])([0-9a-f])([0-9a-f])([0-9a-f])?\s*'
+r_hex_long = r'\s*(?:#|0x)?([0-9a-f]{2})([0-9a-f]{2})([0-9a-f]{2})([0-9a-f]{2})?\s*'
+# CSS3 RGB examples: rgb(0, 0, 0), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5), rgba(0, 0, 0, 50%)
+r_rgb = rf'\s*rgba?\(\s*{_r_255}{_r_comma}{_r_255}{_r_comma}{_r_255}(?:{_r_comma}{_r_alpha})?\s*\)\s*'
+# CSS3 HSL examples: hsl(270, 60%, 50%), hsla(270, 60%, 50%, 0.5), hsla(270, 60%, 50%, 50%)
+r_hsl = rf'\s*hsla?\(\s*{_r_h}{_r_comma}{_r_sl}{_r_comma}{_r_sl}(?:{_r_comma}{_r_alpha})?\s*\)\s*'
+# CSS4 RGB examples: rgb(0 0 0), rgb(0 0 0 / 0.5), rgb(0 0 0 / 50%), rgba(0 0 0 / 50%)
+r_rgb_v4_style = rf'\s*rgba?\(\s*{_r_255}\s+{_r_255}\s+{_r_255}(?:\s*/\s*{_r_alpha})?\s*\)\s*'
+# CSS4 HSL examples: hsl(270 60% 50%), hsl(270 60% 50% / 0.5), hsl(270 60% 50% / 50%), hsla(270 60% 50% / 50%)
+r_hsl_v4_style = rf'\s*hsla?\(\s*{_r_h}\s+{_r_sl}\s+{_r_sl}(?:\s*/\s*{_r_alpha})?\s*\)\s*'
+
+# colors where the two hex characters are the same, if all colors match this the short version of hex colors can be used
+repeat_colors = {int(c * 2, 16) for c in '0123456789abcdef'}
+rads = 2 * math.pi
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    'The `Color` class is deprecated, use `pydantic_extra_types` instead. '
+    'See https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/pydantic_extra_types_color/.',
+    category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+)
+class Color(_repr.Representation):
+    """Represents a color."""
+
+    __slots__ = '_original', '_rgba'
+
+    def __init__(self, value: ColorType) -> None:
+        self._rgba: RGBA
+        self._original: ColorType
+        if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+            self._rgba = parse_tuple(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            self._rgba = parse_str(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, Color):
+            self._rgba = value._rgba
+            value = value._original
+        else:
+            raise PydanticCustomError(
+                'color_error', 'value is not a valid color: value must be a tuple, list or string'
+            )
+
+        # if we've got here value must be a valid color
+        self._original = value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        field_schema = {}
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='color')
+        return field_schema
+
+    def original(self) -> ColorType:
+        """Original value passed to `Color`."""
+        return self._original
+
+    def as_named(self, *, fallback: bool = False) -> str:
+        """Returns the name of the color if it can be found in `COLORS_BY_VALUE` dictionary,
+        otherwise returns the hexadecimal representation of the color or raises `ValueError`.
+
+        Args:
+            fallback: If True, falls back to returning the hexadecimal representation of
+                the color instead of raising a ValueError when no named color is found.
+
+        Returns:
+            The name of the color, or the hexadecimal representation of the color.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: When no named color is found and fallback is `False`.
+        """
+        if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+            rgb = cast(tuple[int, int, int], self.as_rgb_tuple())
+            try:
+                return COLORS_BY_VALUE[rgb]
+            except KeyError as e:
+                if fallback:
+                    return self.as_hex()
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError('no named color found, use fallback=True, as_hex() or as_rgb()') from e
+        else:
+            return self.as_hex()
+
+    def as_hex(self) -> str:
+        """Returns the hexadecimal representation of the color.
+
+        Hex string representing the color can be 3, 4, 6, or 8 characters depending on whether the string
+        a "short" representation of the color is possible and whether there's an alpha channel.
+
+        Returns:
+            The hexadecimal representation of the color.
+        """
+        values = [float_to_255(c) for c in self._rgba[:3]]
+        if self._rgba.alpha is not None:
+            values.append(float_to_255(self._rgba.alpha))
+
+        as_hex = ''.join(f'{v:02x}' for v in values)
+        if all(c in repeat_colors for c in values):
+            as_hex = ''.join(as_hex[c] for c in range(0, len(as_hex), 2))
+        return '#' + as_hex
+
+    def as_rgb(self) -> str:
+        """Color as an `rgb(<r>, <g>, <b>)` or `rgba(<r>, <g>, <b>, <a>)` string."""
+        if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+            return f'rgb({float_to_255(self._rgba.r)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.g)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.b)})'
+        else:
+            return (
+                f'rgba({float_to_255(self._rgba.r)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.g)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.b)}, '
+                f'{round(self._alpha_float(), 2)})'
+            )
+
+    def as_rgb_tuple(self, *, alpha: Optional[bool] = None) -> ColorTuple:
+        """Returns the color as an RGB or RGBA tuple.
+
+        Args:
+            alpha: Whether to include the alpha channel. There are three options for this input:
+
+                - `None` (default): Include alpha only if it's set. (e.g. not `None`)
+                - `True`: Always include alpha.
+                - `False`: Always omit alpha.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple that contains the values of the red, green, and blue channels in the range 0 to 255.
+                If alpha is included, it is in the range 0 to 1.
+        """
+        r, g, b = (float_to_255(c) for c in self._rgba[:3])
+        if alpha is None:
+            if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+                return r, g, b
+            else:
+                return r, g, b, self._alpha_float()
+        elif alpha:
+            return r, g, b, self._alpha_float()
+        else:
+            # alpha is False
+            return r, g, b
+
+    def as_hsl(self) -> str:
+        """Color as an `hsl(<h>, <s>, <l>)` or `hsl(<h>, <s>, <l>, <a>)` string."""
+        if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+            h, s, li = self.as_hsl_tuple(alpha=False)  # type: ignore
+            return f'hsl({h * 360:0.0f}, {s:0.0%}, {li:0.0%})'
+        else:
+            h, s, li, a = self.as_hsl_tuple(alpha=True)  # type: ignore
+            return f'hsl({h * 360:0.0f}, {s:0.0%}, {li:0.0%}, {round(a, 2)})'
+
+    def as_hsl_tuple(self, *, alpha: Optional[bool] = None) -> HslColorTuple:
+        """Returns the color as an HSL or HSLA tuple.
+
+        Args:
+            alpha: Whether to include the alpha channel.
+
+                - `None` (default): Include the alpha channel only if it's set (e.g. not `None`).
+                - `True`: Always include alpha.
+                - `False`: Always omit alpha.
+
+        Returns:
+            The color as a tuple of hue, saturation, lightness, and alpha (if included).
+                All elements are in the range 0 to 1.
+
+        Note:
+            This is HSL as used in HTML and most other places, not HLS as used in Python's `colorsys`.
+        """
+        h, l, s = rgb_to_hls(self._rgba.r, self._rgba.g, self._rgba.b)  # noqa: E741
+        if alpha is None:
+            if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+                return h, s, l
+            else:
+                return h, s, l, self._alpha_float()
+        if alpha:
+            return h, s, l, self._alpha_float()
+        else:
+            # alpha is False
+            return h, s, l
+
+    def _alpha_float(self) -> float:
+        return 1 if self._rgba.alpha is None else self._rgba.alpha
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+        cls, source: type[Any], handler: Callable[[Any], CoreSchema]
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(
+            cls._validate, serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema()
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate(cls, __input_value: Any, _: Any) -> 'Color':
+        return cls(__input_value)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.as_named(fallback=True)
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> '_repr.ReprArgs':
+        return [(None, self.as_named(fallback=True))] + [('rgb', self.as_rgb_tuple())]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, Color) and self.as_rgb_tuple() == other.as_rgb_tuple()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.as_rgb_tuple())
+
+
+def parse_tuple(value: tuple[Any, ...]) -> RGBA:
+    """Parse a tuple or list to get RGBA values.
+
+    Args:
+        value: A tuple or list.
+
+    Returns:
+        An `RGBA` tuple parsed from the input tuple.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticCustomError: If tuple is not valid.
+    """
+    if len(value) == 3:
+        r, g, b = (parse_color_value(v) for v in value)
+        return RGBA(r, g, b, None)
+    elif len(value) == 4:
+        r, g, b = (parse_color_value(v) for v in value[:3])
+        return RGBA(r, g, b, parse_float_alpha(value[3]))
+    else:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('color_error', 'value is not a valid color: tuples must have length 3 or 4')
+
+
+def parse_str(value: str) -> RGBA:
+    """Parse a string representing a color to an RGBA tuple.
+
+    Possible formats for the input string include:
+
+    * named color, see `COLORS_BY_NAME`
+    * hex short eg. `<prefix>fff` (prefix can be `#`, `0x` or nothing)
+    * hex long eg. `<prefix>ffffff` (prefix can be `#`, `0x` or nothing)
+    * `rgb(<r>, <g>, <b>)`
+    * `rgba(<r>, <g>, <b>, <a>)`
+
+    Args:
+        value: A string representing a color.
+
+    Returns:
+        An `RGBA` tuple parsed from the input string.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the input string cannot be parsed to an RGBA tuple.
+    """
+    value_lower = value.lower()
+    try:
+        r, g, b = COLORS_BY_NAME[value_lower]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return ints_to_rgba(r, g, b, None)
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_hex_short, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        *rgb, a = m.groups()
+        r, g, b = (int(v * 2, 16) for v in rgb)
+        if a:
+            alpha: Optional[float] = int(a * 2, 16) / 255
+        else:
+            alpha = None
+        return ints_to_rgba(r, g, b, alpha)
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_hex_long, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        *rgb, a = m.groups()
+        r, g, b = (int(v, 16) for v in rgb)
+        if a:
+            alpha = int(a, 16) / 255
+        else:
+            alpha = None
+        return ints_to_rgba(r, g, b, alpha)
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_rgb, value_lower) or re.fullmatch(r_rgb_v4_style, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        return ints_to_rgba(*m.groups())  # type: ignore
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_hsl, value_lower) or re.fullmatch(r_hsl_v4_style, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        return parse_hsl(*m.groups())  # type: ignore
+
+    raise PydanticCustomError('color_error', 'value is not a valid color: string not recognised as a valid color')
+
+
+def ints_to_rgba(r: Union[int, str], g: Union[int, str], b: Union[int, str], alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> RGBA:
+    """Converts integer or string values for RGB color and an optional alpha value to an `RGBA` object.
+
+    Args:
+        r: An integer or string representing the red color value.
+        g: An integer or string representing the green color value.
+        b: An integer or string representing the blue color value.
+        alpha: A float representing the alpha value. Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        An instance of the `RGBA` class with the corresponding color and alpha values.
+    """
+    return RGBA(parse_color_value(r), parse_color_value(g), parse_color_value(b), parse_float_alpha(alpha))
+
+
+def parse_color_value(value: Union[int, str], max_val: int = 255) -> float:
+    """Parse the color value provided and return a number between 0 and 1.
+
+    Args:
+        value: An integer or string color value.
+        max_val: Maximum range value. Defaults to 255.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticCustomError: If the value is not a valid color.
+
+    Returns:
+        A number between 0 and 1.
+    """
+    try:
+        color = float(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('color_error', 'value is not a valid color: color values must be a valid number')
+    if 0 <= color <= max_val:
+        return color / max_val
+    else:
+        raise PydanticCustomError(
+            'color_error',
+            'value is not a valid color: color values must be in the range 0 to {max_val}',
+            {'max_val': max_val},
+        )
+
+
+def parse_float_alpha(value: Union[None, str, float, int]) -> Optional[float]:
+    """Parse an alpha value checking it's a valid float in the range 0 to 1.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The input value to parse.
+
+    Returns:
+        The parsed value as a float, or `None` if the value was None or equal 1.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticCustomError: If the input value cannot be successfully parsed as a float in the expected range.
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        if isinstance(value, str) and value.endswith('%'):
+            alpha = float(value[:-1]) / 100
+        else:
+            alpha = float(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('color_error', 'value is not a valid color: alpha values must be a valid float')
+
+    if math.isclose(alpha, 1):
+        return None
+    elif 0 <= alpha <= 1:
+        return alpha
+    else:
+        raise PydanticCustomError('color_error', 'value is not a valid color: alpha values must be in the range 0 to 1')
+
+
+def parse_hsl(h: str, h_units: str, sat: str, light: str, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> RGBA:
+    """Parse raw hue, saturation, lightness, and alpha values and convert to RGBA.
+
+    Args:
+        h: The hue value.
+        h_units: The unit for hue value.
+        sat: The saturation value.
+        light: The lightness value.
+        alpha: Alpha value.
+
+    Returns:
+        An instance of `RGBA`.
+    """
+    s_value, l_value = parse_color_value(sat, 100), parse_color_value(light, 100)
+
+    h_value = float(h)
+    if h_units in {None, 'deg'}:
+        h_value = h_value % 360 / 360
+    elif h_units == 'rad':
+        h_value = h_value % rads / rads
+    else:
+        # turns
+        h_value = h_value % 1
+
+    r, g, b = hls_to_rgb(h_value, l_value, s_value)
+    return RGBA(r, g, b, parse_float_alpha(alpha))
+
+
+def float_to_255(c: float) -> int:
+    """Converts a float value between 0 and 1 (inclusive) to an integer between 0 and 255 (inclusive).
+
+    Args:
+        c: The float value to be converted. Must be between 0 and 1 (inclusive).
+
+    Returns:
+        The integer equivalent of the given float value rounded to the nearest whole number.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the given float value is outside the acceptable range of 0 to 1 (inclusive).
+    """
+    return int(round(c * 255))
+
+
+COLORS_BY_NAME = {
+    'aliceblue': (240, 248, 255),
+    'antiquewhite': (250, 235, 215),
+    'aqua': (0, 255, 255),
+    'aquamarine': (127, 255, 212),
+    'azure': (240, 255, 255),
+    'beige': (245, 245, 220),
+    'bisque': (255, 228, 196),
+    'black': (0, 0, 0),
+    'blanchedalmond': (255, 235, 205),
+    'blue': (0, 0, 255),
+    'blueviolet': (138, 43, 226),
+    'brown': (165, 42, 42),
+    'burlywood': (222, 184, 135),
+    'cadetblue': (95, 158, 160),
+    'chartreuse': (127, 255, 0),
+    'chocolate': (210, 105, 30),
+    'coral': (255, 127, 80),
+    'cornflowerblue': (100, 149, 237),
+    'cornsilk': (255, 248, 220),
+    'crimson': (220, 20, 60),
+    'cyan': (0, 255, 255),
+    'darkblue': (0, 0, 139),
+    'darkcyan': (0, 139, 139),
+    'darkgoldenrod': (184, 134, 11),
+    'darkgray': (169, 169, 169),
+    'darkgreen': (0, 100, 0),
+    'darkgrey': (169, 169, 169),
+    'darkkhaki': (189, 183, 107),
+    'darkmagenta': (139, 0, 139),
+    'darkolivegreen': (85, 107, 47),
+    'darkorange': (255, 140, 0),
+    'darkorchid': (153, 50, 204),
+    'darkred': (139, 0, 0),
+    'darksalmon': (233, 150, 122),
+    'darkseagreen': (143, 188, 143),
+    'darkslateblue': (72, 61, 139),
+    'darkslategray': (47, 79, 79),
+    'darkslategrey': (47, 79, 79),
+    'darkturquoise': (0, 206, 209),
+    'darkviolet': (148, 0, 211),
+    'deeppink': (255, 20, 147),
+    'deepskyblue': (0, 191, 255),
+    'dimgray': (105, 105, 105),
+    'dimgrey': (105, 105, 105),
+    'dodgerblue': (30, 144, 255),
+    'firebrick': (178, 34, 34),
+    'floralwhite': (255, 250, 240),
+    'forestgreen': (34, 139, 34),
+    'fuchsia': (255, 0, 255),
+    'gainsboro': (220, 220, 220),
+    'ghostwhite': (248, 248, 255),
+    'gold': (255, 215, 0),
+    'goldenrod': (218, 165, 32),
+    'gray': (128, 128, 128),
+    'green': (0, 128, 0),
+    'greenyellow': (173, 255, 47),
+    'grey': (128, 128, 128),
+    'honeydew': (240, 255, 240),
+    'hotpink': (255, 105, 180),
+    'indianred': (205, 92, 92),
+    'indigo': (75, 0, 130),
+    'ivory': (255, 255, 240),
+    'khaki': (240, 230, 140),
+    'lavender': (230, 230, 250),
+    'lavenderblush': (255, 240, 245),
+    'lawngreen': (124, 252, 0),
+    'lemonchiffon': (255, 250, 205),
+    'lightblue': (173, 216, 230),
+    'lightcoral': (240, 128, 128),
+    'lightcyan': (224, 255, 255),
+    'lightgoldenrodyellow': (250, 250, 210),
+    'lightgray': (211, 211, 211),
+    'lightgreen': (144, 238, 144),
+    'lightgrey': (211, 211, 211),
+    'lightpink': (255, 182, 193),
+    'lightsalmon': (255, 160, 122),
+    'lightseagreen': (32, 178, 170),
+    'lightskyblue': (135, 206, 250),
+    'lightslategray': (119, 136, 153),
+    'lightslategrey': (119, 136, 153),
+    'lightsteelblue': (176, 196, 222),
+    'lightyellow': (255, 255, 224),
+    'lime': (0, 255, 0),
+    'limegreen': (50, 205, 50),
+    'linen': (250, 240, 230),
+    'magenta': (255, 0, 255),
+    'maroon': (128, 0, 0),
+    'mediumaquamarine': (102, 205, 170),
+    'mediumblue': (0, 0, 205),
+    'mediumorchid': (186, 85, 211),
+    'mediumpurple': (147, 112, 219),
+    'mediumseagreen': (60, 179, 113),
+    'mediumslateblue': (123, 104, 238),
+    'mediumspringgreen': (0, 250, 154),
+    'mediumturquoise': (72, 209, 204),
+    'mediumvioletred': (199, 21, 133),
+    'midnightblue': (25, 25, 112),
+    'mintcream': (245, 255, 250),
+    'mistyrose': (255, 228, 225),
+    'moccasin': (255, 228, 181),
+    'navajowhite': (255, 222, 173),
+    'navy': (0, 0, 128),
+    'oldlace': (253, 245, 230),
+    'olive': (128, 128, 0),
+    'olivedrab': (107, 142, 35),
+    'orange': (255, 165, 0),
+    'orangered': (255, 69, 0),
+    'orchid': (218, 112, 214),
+    'palegoldenrod': (238, 232, 170),
+    'palegreen': (152, 251, 152),
+    'paleturquoise': (175, 238, 238),
+    'palevioletred': (219, 112, 147),
+    'papayawhip': (255, 239, 213),
+    'peachpuff': (255, 218, 185),
+    'peru': (205, 133, 63),
+    'pink': (255, 192, 203),
+    'plum': (221, 160, 221),
+    'powderblue': (176, 224, 230),
+    'purple': (128, 0, 128),
+    'red': (255, 0, 0),
+    'rosybrown': (188, 143, 143),
+    'royalblue': (65, 105, 225),
+    'saddlebrown': (139, 69, 19),
+    'salmon': (250, 128, 114),
+    'sandybrown': (244, 164, 96),
+    'seagreen': (46, 139, 87),
+    'seashell': (255, 245, 238),
+    'sienna': (160, 82, 45),
+    'silver': (192, 192, 192),
+    'skyblue': (135, 206, 235),
+    'slateblue': (106, 90, 205),
+    'slategray': (112, 128, 144),
+    'slategrey': (112, 128, 144),
+    'snow': (255, 250, 250),
+    'springgreen': (0, 255, 127),
+    'steelblue': (70, 130, 180),
+    'tan': (210, 180, 140),
+    'teal': (0, 128, 128),
+    'thistle': (216, 191, 216),
+    'tomato': (255, 99, 71),
+    'turquoise': (64, 224, 208),
+    'violet': (238, 130, 238),
+    'wheat': (245, 222, 179),
+    'white': (255, 255, 255),
+    'whitesmoke': (245, 245, 245),
+    'yellow': (255, 255, 0),
+    'yellowgreen': (154, 205, 50),
+}
+
+COLORS_BY_VALUE = {v: k for k, v in COLORS_BY_NAME.items()}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12fef106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1213 @@
+"""Configuration for Pydantic models."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import warnings
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar, Union, cast, overload
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, TypedDict, Unpack, deprecated
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+from .aliases import AliasGenerator
+from .errors import PydanticUserError
+from .warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince211
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._internal._generate_schema import GenerateSchema as _GenerateSchema
+    from .fields import ComputedFieldInfo, FieldInfo
+
+__all__ = ('ConfigDict', 'with_config')
+
+
+JsonValue: TypeAlias = Union[int, float, str, bool, None, list['JsonValue'], 'JsonDict']
+JsonDict: TypeAlias = dict[str, JsonValue]
+
+JsonEncoder = Callable[[Any], Any]
+
+JsonSchemaExtraCallable: TypeAlias = Union[
+    Callable[[JsonDict], None],
+    Callable[[JsonDict, type[Any]], None],
+]
+
+ExtraValues = Literal['allow', 'ignore', 'forbid']
+
+
+class ConfigDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """A TypedDict for configuring Pydantic behaviour."""
+
+    title: str | None
+    """The title for the generated JSON schema, defaults to the model's name"""
+
+    model_title_generator: Callable[[type], str] | None
+    """A callable that takes a model class and returns the title for it. Defaults to `None`."""
+
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo | ComputedFieldInfo], str] | None
+    """A callable that takes a field's name and info and returns title for it. Defaults to `None`."""
+
+    str_to_lower: bool
+    """Whether to convert all characters to lowercase for str types. Defaults to `False`."""
+
+    str_to_upper: bool
+    """Whether to convert all characters to uppercase for str types. Defaults to `False`."""
+
+    str_strip_whitespace: bool
+    """Whether to strip leading and trailing whitespace for str types."""
+
+    str_min_length: int
+    """The minimum length for str types. Defaults to `None`."""
+
+    str_max_length: int | None
+    """The maximum length for str types. Defaults to `None`."""
+
+    extra: ExtraValues | None
+    '''
+    Whether to ignore, allow, or forbid extra data during model initialization. Defaults to `'ignore'`.
+
+    Three configuration values are available:
+
+    - `'ignore'`: Providing extra data is ignored (the default):
+      ```python
+      from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+      class User(BaseModel):
+          model_config = ConfigDict(extra='ignore')  # (1)!
+
+          name: str
+
+      user = User(name='John Doe', age=20)  # (2)!
+      print(user)
+      #> name='John Doe'
+      ```
+
+        1. This is the default behaviour.
+        2. The `age` argument is ignored.
+
+    - `'forbid'`: Providing extra data is not permitted, and a [`ValidationError`][pydantic_core.ValidationError]
+      will be raised if this is the case:
+      ```python
+      from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, ValidationError
+
+
+      class Model(BaseModel):
+          x: int
+
+          model_config = ConfigDict(extra='forbid')
+
+
+      try:
+          Model(x=1, y='a')
+      except ValidationError as exc:
+          print(exc)
+          """
+          1 validation error for Model
+          y
+            Extra inputs are not permitted [type=extra_forbidden, input_value='a', input_type=str]
+          """
+      ```
+
+    - `'allow'`: Providing extra data is allowed and stored in the `__pydantic_extra__` dictionary attribute:
+      ```python
+      from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+
+      class Model(BaseModel):
+          x: int
+
+          model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
+
+
+      m = Model(x=1, y='a')
+      assert m.__pydantic_extra__ == {'y': 'a'}
+      ```
+      By default, no validation will be applied to these extra items, but you can set a type for the values by overriding
+      the type annotation for `__pydantic_extra__`:
+      ```python
+      from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, ValidationError
+
+
+      class Model(BaseModel):
+          __pydantic_extra__: dict[str, int] = Field(init=False)  # (1)!
+
+          x: int
+
+          model_config = ConfigDict(extra='allow')
+
+
+      try:
+          Model(x=1, y='a')
+      except ValidationError as exc:
+          print(exc)
+          """
+          1 validation error for Model
+          y
+            Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer [type=int_parsing, input_value='a', input_type=str]
+          """
+
+      m = Model(x=1, y='2')
+      assert m.x == 1
+      assert m.y == 2
+      assert m.model_dump() == {'x': 1, 'y': 2}
+      assert m.__pydantic_extra__ == {'y': 2}
+      ```
+
+        1. The `= Field(init=False)` does not have any effect at runtime, but prevents the `__pydantic_extra__` field from
+           being included as a parameter to the model's `__init__` method by type checkers.
+    '''
+
+    frozen: bool
+    """
+    Whether models are faux-immutable, i.e. whether `__setattr__` is allowed, and also generates
+    a `__hash__()` method for the model. This makes instances of the model potentially hashable if all the
+    attributes are hashable. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    Note:
+        On V1, the inverse of this setting was called `allow_mutation`, and was `True` by default.
+    """
+
+    populate_by_name: bool
+    """
+    Whether an aliased field may be populated by its name as given by the model
+    attribute, as well as the alias. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    !!! warning
+        `populate_by_name` usage is not recommended in v2.11+ and will be deprecated in v3.
+        Instead, you should use the [`validate_by_name`][pydantic.config.ConfigDict.validate_by_name] configuration setting.
+
+        When `validate_by_name=True` and `validate_by_alias=True`, this is strictly equivalent to the
+        previous behavior of `populate_by_name=True`.
+
+        In v2.11, we also introduced a [`validate_by_alias`][pydantic.config.ConfigDict.validate_by_alias] setting that introduces more fine grained
+        control for validation behavior.
+
+        Here's how you might go about using the new settings to achieve the same behavior:
+
+        ```python
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            model_config = ConfigDict(validate_by_name=True, validate_by_alias=True)
+
+            my_field: str = Field(alias='my_alias')  # (1)!
+
+        m = Model(my_alias='foo')  # (2)!
+        print(m)
+        #> my_field='foo'
+
+        m = Model(my_alias='foo')  # (3)!
+        print(m)
+        #> my_field='foo'
+        ```
+
+        1. The field `'my_field'` has an alias `'my_alias'`.
+        2. The model is populated by the alias `'my_alias'`.
+        3. The model is populated by the attribute name `'my_field'`.
+    """
+
+    use_enum_values: bool
+    """
+    Whether to populate models with the `value` property of enums, rather than the raw enum.
+    This may be useful if you want to serialize `model.model_dump()` later. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    !!! note
+        If you have an `Optional[Enum]` value that you set a default for, you need to use `validate_default=True`
+        for said Field to ensure that the `use_enum_values` flag takes effect on the default, as extracting an
+        enum's value occurs during validation, not serialization.
+
+    ```python
+    from enum import Enum
+    from typing import Optional
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+    class SomeEnum(Enum):
+        FOO = 'foo'
+        BAR = 'bar'
+        BAZ = 'baz'
+
+    class SomeModel(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(use_enum_values=True)
+
+        some_enum: SomeEnum
+        another_enum: Optional[SomeEnum] = Field(
+            default=SomeEnum.FOO, validate_default=True
+        )
+
+    model1 = SomeModel(some_enum=SomeEnum.BAR)
+    print(model1.model_dump())
+    #> {'some_enum': 'bar', 'another_enum': 'foo'}
+
+    model2 = SomeModel(some_enum=SomeEnum.BAR, another_enum=SomeEnum.BAZ)
+    print(model2.model_dump())
+    #> {'some_enum': 'bar', 'another_enum': 'baz'}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    validate_assignment: bool
+    """
+    Whether to validate the data when the model is changed. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    The default behavior of Pydantic is to validate the data when the model is created.
+
+    In case the user changes the data after the model is created, the model is _not_ revalidated.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    class User(BaseModel):
+        name: str
+
+    user = User(name='John Doe')  # (1)!
+    print(user)
+    #> name='John Doe'
+    user.name = 123  # (1)!
+    print(user)
+    #> name=123
+    ```
+
+    1. The validation happens only when the model is created.
+    2. The validation does not happen when the data is changed.
+
+    In case you want to revalidate the model when the data is changed, you can use `validate_assignment=True`:
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError
+
+    class User(BaseModel, validate_assignment=True):  # (1)!
+        name: str
+
+    user = User(name='John Doe')  # (2)!
+    print(user)
+    #> name='John Doe'
+    try:
+        user.name = 123  # (3)!
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for User
+        name
+          Input should be a valid string [type=string_type, input_value=123, input_type=int]
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    1. You can either use class keyword arguments, or `model_config` to set `validate_assignment=True`.
+    2. The validation happens when the model is created.
+    3. The validation _also_ happens when the data is changed.
+    """
+
+    arbitrary_types_allowed: bool
+    """
+    Whether arbitrary types are allowed for field types. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, ValidationError
+
+    # This is not a pydantic model, it's an arbitrary class
+    class Pet:
+        def __init__(self, name: str):
+            self.name = name
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+
+        pet: Pet
+        owner: str
+
+    pet = Pet(name='Hedwig')
+    # A simple check of instance type is used to validate the data
+    model = Model(owner='Harry', pet=pet)
+    print(model)
+    #> pet=<__main__.Pet object at 0x0123456789ab> owner='Harry'
+    print(model.pet)
+    #> <__main__.Pet object at 0x0123456789ab>
+    print(model.pet.name)
+    #> Hedwig
+    print(type(model.pet))
+    #> <class '__main__.Pet'>
+    try:
+        # If the value is not an instance of the type, it's invalid
+        Model(owner='Harry', pet='Hedwig')
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        pet
+          Input should be an instance of Pet [type=is_instance_of, input_value='Hedwig', input_type=str]
+        '''
+
+    # Nothing in the instance of the arbitrary type is checked
+    # Here name probably should have been a str, but it's not validated
+    pet2 = Pet(name=42)
+    model2 = Model(owner='Harry', pet=pet2)
+    print(model2)
+    #> pet=<__main__.Pet object at 0x0123456789ab> owner='Harry'
+    print(model2.pet)
+    #> <__main__.Pet object at 0x0123456789ab>
+    print(model2.pet.name)
+    #> 42
+    print(type(model2.pet))
+    #> <class '__main__.Pet'>
+    ```
+    """
+
+    from_attributes: bool
+    """
+    Whether to build models and look up discriminators of tagged unions using python object attributes.
+    """
+
+    loc_by_alias: bool
+    """Whether to use the actual key provided in the data (e.g. alias) for error `loc`s rather than the field's name. Defaults to `True`."""
+
+    alias_generator: Callable[[str], str] | AliasGenerator | None
+    """
+    A callable that takes a field name and returns an alias for it
+    or an instance of [`AliasGenerator`][pydantic.aliases.AliasGenerator]. Defaults to `None`.
+
+    When using a callable, the alias generator is used for both validation and serialization.
+    If you want to use different alias generators for validation and serialization, you can use
+    [`AliasGenerator`][pydantic.aliases.AliasGenerator] instead.
+
+    If data source field names do not match your code style (e. g. CamelCase fields),
+    you can automatically generate aliases using `alias_generator`. Here's an example with
+    a basic callable:
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+    from pydantic.alias_generators import to_pascal
+
+    class Voice(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(alias_generator=to_pascal)
+
+        name: str
+        language_code: str
+
+    voice = Voice(Name='Filiz', LanguageCode='tr-TR')
+    print(voice.language_code)
+    #> tr-TR
+    print(voice.model_dump(by_alias=True))
+    #> {'Name': 'Filiz', 'LanguageCode': 'tr-TR'}
+    ```
+
+    If you want to use different alias generators for validation and serialization, you can use
+    [`AliasGenerator`][pydantic.aliases.AliasGenerator].
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import AliasGenerator, BaseModel, ConfigDict
+    from pydantic.alias_generators import to_camel, to_pascal
+
+    class Athlete(BaseModel):
+        first_name: str
+        last_name: str
+        sport: str
+
+        model_config = ConfigDict(
+            alias_generator=AliasGenerator(
+                validation_alias=to_camel,
+                serialization_alias=to_pascal,
+            )
+        )
+
+    athlete = Athlete(firstName='John', lastName='Doe', sport='track')
+    print(athlete.model_dump(by_alias=True))
+    #> {'FirstName': 'John', 'LastName': 'Doe', 'Sport': 'track'}
+    ```
+
+    Note:
+        Pydantic offers three built-in alias generators: [`to_pascal`][pydantic.alias_generators.to_pascal],
+        [`to_camel`][pydantic.alias_generators.to_camel], and [`to_snake`][pydantic.alias_generators.to_snake].
+    """
+
+    ignored_types: tuple[type, ...]
+    """A tuple of types that may occur as values of class attributes without annotations. This is
+    typically used for custom descriptors (classes that behave like `property`). If an attribute is set on a
+    class without an annotation and has a type that is not in this tuple (or otherwise recognized by
+    _pydantic_), an error will be raised. Defaults to `()`.
+    """
+
+    allow_inf_nan: bool
+    """Whether to allow infinity (`+inf` an `-inf`) and NaN values to float and decimal fields. Defaults to `True`."""
+
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | JsonSchemaExtraCallable | None
+    """A dict or callable to provide extra JSON schema properties. Defaults to `None`."""
+
+    json_encoders: dict[type[object], JsonEncoder] | None
+    """
+    A `dict` of custom JSON encoders for specific types. Defaults to `None`.
+
+    !!! warning "Deprecated"
+        This config option is a carryover from v1.
+        We originally planned to remove it in v2 but didn't have a 1:1 replacement so we are keeping it for now.
+        It is still deprecated and will likely be removed in the future.
+    """
+
+    # new in V2
+    strict: bool
+    """
+    _(new in V2)_ If `True`, strict validation is applied to all fields on the model.
+
+    By default, Pydantic attempts to coerce values to the correct type, when possible.
+
+    There are situations in which you may want to disable this behavior, and instead raise an error if a value's type
+    does not match the field's type annotation.
+
+    To configure strict mode for all fields on a model, you can set `strict=True` on the model.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(strict=True)
+
+        name: str
+        age: int
+    ```
+
+    See [Strict Mode](../concepts/strict_mode.md) for more details.
+
+    See the [Conversion Table](../concepts/conversion_table.md) for more details on how Pydantic converts data in both
+    strict and lax modes.
+    """
+    # whether instances of models and dataclasses (including subclass instances) should re-validate, default 'never'
+    revalidate_instances: Literal['always', 'never', 'subclass-instances']
+    """
+    When and how to revalidate models and dataclasses during validation. Accepts the string
+    values of `'never'`, `'always'` and `'subclass-instances'`. Defaults to `'never'`.
+
+    - `'never'` will not revalidate models and dataclasses during validation
+    - `'always'` will revalidate models and dataclasses during validation
+    - `'subclass-instances'` will revalidate models and dataclasses during validation if the instance is a
+        subclass of the model or dataclass
+
+    By default, model and dataclass instances are not revalidated during validation.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    class User(BaseModel, revalidate_instances='never'):  # (1)!
+        hobbies: list[str]
+
+    class SubUser(User):
+        sins: list[str]
+
+    class Transaction(BaseModel):
+        user: User
+
+    my_user = User(hobbies=['reading'])
+    t = Transaction(user=my_user)
+    print(t)
+    #> user=User(hobbies=['reading'])
+
+    my_user.hobbies = [1]  # (2)!
+    t = Transaction(user=my_user)  # (3)!
+    print(t)
+    #> user=User(hobbies=[1])
+
+    my_sub_user = SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])
+    t = Transaction(user=my_sub_user)
+    print(t)
+    #> user=SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])
+    ```
+
+    1. `revalidate_instances` is set to `'never'` by **default.
+    2. The assignment is not validated, unless you set `validate_assignment` to `True` in the model's config.
+    3. Since `revalidate_instances` is set to `never`, this is not revalidated.
+
+    If you want to revalidate instances during validation, you can set `revalidate_instances` to `'always'`
+    in the model's config.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError
+
+    class User(BaseModel, revalidate_instances='always'):  # (1)!
+        hobbies: list[str]
+
+    class SubUser(User):
+        sins: list[str]
+
+    class Transaction(BaseModel):
+        user: User
+
+    my_user = User(hobbies=['reading'])
+    t = Transaction(user=my_user)
+    print(t)
+    #> user=User(hobbies=['reading'])
+
+    my_user.hobbies = [1]
+    try:
+        t = Transaction(user=my_user)  # (2)!
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Transaction
+        user.hobbies.0
+          Input should be a valid string [type=string_type, input_value=1, input_type=int]
+        '''
+
+    my_sub_user = SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])
+    t = Transaction(user=my_sub_user)
+    print(t)  # (3)!
+    #> user=User(hobbies=['scuba diving'])
+    ```
+
+    1. `revalidate_instances` is set to `'always'`.
+    2. The model is revalidated, since `revalidate_instances` is set to `'always'`.
+    3. Using `'never'` we would have gotten `user=SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])`.
+
+    It's also possible to set `revalidate_instances` to `'subclass-instances'` to only revalidate instances
+    of subclasses of the model.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    class User(BaseModel, revalidate_instances='subclass-instances'):  # (1)!
+        hobbies: list[str]
+
+    class SubUser(User):
+        sins: list[str]
+
+    class Transaction(BaseModel):
+        user: User
+
+    my_user = User(hobbies=['reading'])
+    t = Transaction(user=my_user)
+    print(t)
+    #> user=User(hobbies=['reading'])
+
+    my_user.hobbies = [1]
+    t = Transaction(user=my_user)  # (2)!
+    print(t)
+    #> user=User(hobbies=[1])
+
+    my_sub_user = SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])
+    t = Transaction(user=my_sub_user)
+    print(t)  # (3)!
+    #> user=User(hobbies=['scuba diving'])
+    ```
+
+    1. `revalidate_instances` is set to `'subclass-instances'`.
+    2. This is not revalidated, since `my_user` is not a subclass of `User`.
+    3. Using `'never'` we would have gotten `user=SubUser(hobbies=['scuba diving'], sins=['lying'])`.
+    """
+
+    ser_json_timedelta: Literal['iso8601', 'float']
+    """
+    The format of JSON serialized timedeltas. Accepts the string values of `'iso8601'` and
+    `'float'`. Defaults to `'iso8601'`.
+
+    - `'iso8601'` will serialize timedeltas to ISO 8601 durations.
+    - `'float'` will serialize timedeltas to the total number of seconds.
+    """
+
+    ser_json_bytes: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex']
+    """
+    The encoding of JSON serialized bytes. Defaults to `'utf8'`.
+    Set equal to `val_json_bytes` to get back an equal value after serialization round trip.
+
+    - `'utf8'` will serialize bytes to UTF-8 strings.
+    - `'base64'` will serialize bytes to URL safe base64 strings.
+    - `'hex'` will serialize bytes to hexadecimal strings.
+    """
+
+    val_json_bytes: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex']
+    """
+    The encoding of JSON serialized bytes to decode. Defaults to `'utf8'`.
+    Set equal to `ser_json_bytes` to get back an equal value after serialization round trip.
+
+    - `'utf8'` will deserialize UTF-8 strings to bytes.
+    - `'base64'` will deserialize URL safe base64 strings to bytes.
+    - `'hex'` will deserialize hexadecimal strings to bytes.
+    """
+
+    ser_json_inf_nan: Literal['null', 'constants', 'strings']
+    """
+    The encoding of JSON serialized infinity and NaN float values. Defaults to `'null'`.
+
+    - `'null'` will serialize infinity and NaN values as `null`.
+    - `'constants'` will serialize infinity and NaN values as `Infinity` and `NaN`.
+    - `'strings'` will serialize infinity as string `"Infinity"` and NaN as string `"NaN"`.
+    """
+
+    # whether to validate default values during validation, default False
+    validate_default: bool
+    """Whether to validate default values during validation. Defaults to `False`."""
+
+    validate_return: bool
+    """Whether to validate the return value from call validators. Defaults to `False`."""
+
+    protected_namespaces: tuple[str | Pattern[str], ...]
+    """
+    A `tuple` of strings and/or patterns that prevent models from having fields with names that conflict with them.
+    For strings, we match on a prefix basis. Ex, if 'dog' is in the protected namespace, 'dog_name' will be protected.
+    For patterns, we match on the entire field name. Ex, if `re.compile(r'^dog$')` is in the protected namespace, 'dog' will be protected, but 'dog_name' will not be.
+    Defaults to `('model_validate', 'model_dump',)`.
+
+    The reason we've selected these is to prevent collisions with other validation / dumping formats
+    in the future - ex, `model_validate_{some_newly_supported_format}`.
+
+    Before v2.10, Pydantic used `('model_',)` as the default value for this setting to
+    prevent collisions between model attributes and `BaseModel`'s own methods. This was changed
+    in v2.10 given feedback that this restriction was limiting in AI and data science contexts,
+    where it is common to have fields with names like `model_id`, `model_input`, `model_output`, etc.
+
+    For more details, see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/10315.
+
+    ```python
+    import warnings
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+    warnings.filterwarnings('error')  # Raise warnings as errors
+
+    try:
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            model_dump_something: str
+
+    except UserWarning as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        Field "model_dump_something" in Model has conflict with protected namespace "model_dump".
+
+        You may be able to resolve this warning by setting `model_config['protected_namespaces'] = ('model_validate',)`.
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    You can customize this behavior using the `protected_namespaces` setting:
+
+    ```python {test="skip"}
+    import re
+    import warnings
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as caught_warnings:
+        warnings.simplefilter('always')  # Catch all warnings
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            safe_field: str
+            also_protect_field: str
+            protect_this: str
+
+            model_config = ConfigDict(
+                protected_namespaces=(
+                    'protect_me_',
+                    'also_protect_',
+                    re.compile('^protect_this$'),
+                )
+            )
+
+    for warning in caught_warnings:
+        print(f'{warning.message}')
+        '''
+        Field "also_protect_field" in Model has conflict with protected namespace "also_protect_".
+        You may be able to resolve this warning by setting `model_config['protected_namespaces'] = ('protect_me_', re.compile('^protect_this$'))`.
+
+        Field "protect_this" in Model has conflict with protected namespace "re.compile('^protect_this$')".
+        You may be able to resolve this warning by setting `model_config['protected_namespaces'] = ('protect_me_', 'also_protect_')`.
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    While Pydantic will only emit a warning when an item is in a protected namespace but does not actually have a collision,
+    an error _is_ raised if there is an actual collision with an existing attribute:
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+    try:
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            model_validate: str
+
+            model_config = ConfigDict(protected_namespaces=('model_',))
+
+    except NameError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        Field "model_validate" conflicts with member <bound method BaseModel.model_validate of <class 'pydantic.main.BaseModel'>> of protected namespace "model_".
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    hide_input_in_errors: bool
+    """
+    Whether to hide inputs when printing errors. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    Pydantic shows the input value and type when it raises `ValidationError` during the validation.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        a: str
+
+    try:
+        Model(a=123)
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        a
+          Input should be a valid string [type=string_type, input_value=123, input_type=int]
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    You can hide the input value and type by setting the `hide_input_in_errors` config to `True`.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, ValidationError
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        a: str
+        model_config = ConfigDict(hide_input_in_errors=True)
+
+    try:
+        Model(a=123)
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        a
+          Input should be a valid string [type=string_type]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    defer_build: bool
+    """
+    Whether to defer model validator and serializer construction until the first model validation. Defaults to False.
+
+    This can be useful to avoid the overhead of building models which are only
+    used nested within other models, or when you want to manually define type namespace via
+    [`Model.model_rebuild(_types_namespace=...)`][pydantic.BaseModel.model_rebuild].
+
+    Since v2.10, this setting also applies to pydantic dataclasses and TypeAdapter instances.
+    """
+
+    plugin_settings: dict[str, object] | None
+    """A `dict` of settings for plugins. Defaults to `None`."""
+
+    schema_generator: type[_GenerateSchema] | None
+    """
+    !!! warning
+        `schema_generator` is deprecated in v2.10.
+
+        Prior to v2.10, this setting was advertised as highly subject to change.
+        It's possible that this interface may once again become public once the internal core schema generation
+        API is more stable, but that will likely come after significant performance improvements have been made.
+    """
+
+    json_schema_serialization_defaults_required: bool
+    """
+    Whether fields with default values should be marked as required in the serialization schema. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    This ensures that the serialization schema will reflect the fact a field with a default will always be present
+    when serializing the model, even though it is not required for validation.
+
+    However, there are scenarios where this may be undesirable — in particular, if you want to share the schema
+    between validation and serialization, and don't mind fields with defaults being marked as not required during
+    serialization. See [#7209](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/7209) for more details.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        a: str = 'a'
+
+        model_config = ConfigDict(json_schema_serialization_defaults_required=True)
+
+    print(Model.model_json_schema(mode='validation'))
+    '''
+    {
+        'properties': {'a': {'default': 'a', 'title': 'A', 'type': 'string'}},
+        'title': 'Model',
+        'type': 'object',
+    }
+    '''
+    print(Model.model_json_schema(mode='serialization'))
+    '''
+    {
+        'properties': {'a': {'default': 'a', 'title': 'A', 'type': 'string'}},
+        'required': ['a'],
+        'title': 'Model',
+        'type': 'object',
+    }
+    '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    json_schema_mode_override: Literal['validation', 'serialization', None]
+    """
+    If not `None`, the specified mode will be used to generate the JSON schema regardless of what `mode` was passed to
+    the function call. Defaults to `None`.
+
+    This provides a way to force the JSON schema generation to reflect a specific mode, e.g., to always use the
+    validation schema.
+
+    It can be useful when using frameworks (such as FastAPI) that may generate different schemas for validation
+    and serialization that must both be referenced from the same schema; when this happens, we automatically append
+    `-Input` to the definition reference for the validation schema and `-Output` to the definition reference for the
+    serialization schema. By specifying a `json_schema_mode_override` though, this prevents the conflict between
+    the validation and serialization schemas (since both will use the specified schema), and so prevents the suffixes
+    from being added to the definition references.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Json
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        a: Json[int]  # requires a string to validate, but will dump an int
+
+    print(Model.model_json_schema(mode='serialization'))
+    '''
+    {
+        'properties': {'a': {'title': 'A', 'type': 'integer'}},
+        'required': ['a'],
+        'title': 'Model',
+        'type': 'object',
+    }
+    '''
+
+    class ForceInputModel(Model):
+        # the following ensures that even with mode='serialization', we
+        # will get the schema that would be generated for validation.
+        model_config = ConfigDict(json_schema_mode_override='validation')
+
+    print(ForceInputModel.model_json_schema(mode='serialization'))
+    '''
+    {
+        'properties': {
+            'a': {
+                'contentMediaType': 'application/json',
+                'contentSchema': {'type': 'integer'},
+                'title': 'A',
+                'type': 'string',
+            }
+        },
+        'required': ['a'],
+        'title': 'ForceInputModel',
+        'type': 'object',
+    }
+    '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool
+    """
+    If `True`, enables automatic coercion of any `Number` type to `str` in "lax" (non-strict) mode. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    Pydantic doesn't allow number types (`int`, `float`, `Decimal`) to be coerced as type `str` by default.
+
+    ```python
+    from decimal import Decimal
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, ValidationError
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        value: str
+
+    try:
+        print(Model(value=42))
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        value
+          Input should be a valid string [type=string_type, input_value=42, input_type=int]
+        '''
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(coerce_numbers_to_str=True)
+
+        value: str
+
+    repr(Model(value=42).value)
+    #> "42"
+    repr(Model(value=42.13).value)
+    #> "42.13"
+    repr(Model(value=Decimal('42.13')).value)
+    #> "42.13"
+    ```
+    """
+
+    regex_engine: Literal['rust-regex', 'python-re']
+    """
+    The regex engine to be used for pattern validation.
+    Defaults to `'rust-regex'`.
+
+    - `rust-regex` uses the [`regex`](https://docs.rs/regex) Rust crate,
+      which is non-backtracking and therefore more DDoS resistant, but does not support all regex features.
+    - `python-re` use the [`re`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html) module,
+      which supports all regex features, but may be slower.
+
+    !!! note
+        If you use a compiled regex pattern, the python-re engine will be used regardless of this setting.
+        This is so that flags such as `re.IGNORECASE` are respected.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field, ValidationError
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(regex_engine='python-re')
+
+        value: str = Field(pattern=r'^abc(?=def)')
+
+    print(Model(value='abcdef').value)
+    #> abcdef
+
+    try:
+        print(Model(value='abxyzcdef'))
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        value
+          String should match pattern '^abc(?=def)' [type=string_pattern_mismatch, input_value='abxyzcdef', input_type=str]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    validation_error_cause: bool
+    """
+    If `True`, Python exceptions that were part of a validation failure will be shown as an exception group as a cause. Can be useful for debugging. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    Note:
+        Python 3.10 and older don't support exception groups natively. <=3.10, backport must be installed: `pip install exceptiongroup`.
+
+    Note:
+        The structure of validation errors are likely to change in future Pydantic versions. Pydantic offers no guarantees about their structure. Should be used for visual traceback debugging only.
+    """
+
+    use_attribute_docstrings: bool
+    '''
+    Whether docstrings of attributes (bare string literals immediately following the attribute declaration)
+    should be used for field descriptions. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    Available in Pydantic v2.7+.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(use_attribute_docstrings=True)
+
+        x: str
+        """
+        Example of an attribute docstring
+        """
+
+        y: int = Field(description="Description in Field")
+        """
+        Description in Field overrides attribute docstring
+        """
+
+
+    print(Model.model_fields["x"].description)
+    # > Example of an attribute docstring
+    print(Model.model_fields["y"].description)
+    # > Description in Field
+    ```
+    This requires the source code of the class to be available at runtime.
+
+    !!! warning "Usage with `TypedDict` and stdlib dataclasses"
+        Due to current limitations, attribute docstrings detection may not work as expected when using
+        [`TypedDict`][typing.TypedDict] and stdlib dataclasses, in particular when:
+
+        - inheritance is being used.
+        - multiple classes have the same name in the same source file.
+    '''
+
+    cache_strings: bool | Literal['all', 'keys', 'none']
+    """
+    Whether to cache strings to avoid constructing new Python objects. Defaults to True.
+
+    Enabling this setting should significantly improve validation performance while increasing memory usage slightly.
+
+    - `True` or `'all'` (the default): cache all strings
+    - `'keys'`: cache only dictionary keys
+    - `False` or `'none'`: no caching
+
+    !!! note
+        `True` or `'all'` is required to cache strings during general validation because
+        validators don't know if they're in a key or a value.
+
+    !!! tip
+        If repeated strings are rare, it's recommended to use `'keys'` or `'none'` to reduce memory usage,
+        as the performance difference is minimal if repeated strings are rare.
+    """
+
+    validate_by_alias: bool
+    """
+    Whether an aliased field may be populated by its alias. Defaults to `True`.
+
+    !!! note
+        In v2.11, `validate_by_alias` was introduced in conjunction with [`validate_by_name`][pydantic.ConfigDict.validate_by_name]
+        to empower users with more fine grained validation control. In <v2.11, disabling validation by alias was not possible.
+
+    Here's an example of disabling validation by alias:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(validate_by_name=True, validate_by_alias=False)
+
+        my_field: str = Field(validation_alias='my_alias')  # (1)!
+
+    m = Model(my_field='foo')  # (2)!
+    print(m)
+    #> my_field='foo'
+    ```
+
+    1. The field `'my_field'` has an alias `'my_alias'`.
+    2. The model can only be populated by the attribute name `'my_field'`.
+
+    !!! warning
+        You cannot set both `validate_by_alias` and `validate_by_name` to `False`.
+        This would make it impossible to populate an attribute.
+
+        See [usage errors](../errors/usage_errors.md#validate-by-alias-and-name-false) for an example.
+
+        If you set `validate_by_alias` to `False`, under the hood, Pydantic dynamically sets
+        `validate_by_name` to `True` to ensure that validation can still occur.
+    """
+
+    validate_by_name: bool
+    """
+    Whether an aliased field may be populated by its name as given by the model
+    attribute. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    !!! note
+        In v2.0-v2.10, the `populate_by_name` configuration setting was used to specify
+        whether or not a field could be populated by its name **and** alias.
+
+        In v2.11, `validate_by_name` was introduced in conjunction with [`validate_by_alias`][pydantic.ConfigDict.validate_by_alias]
+        to empower users with more fine grained validation behavior control.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(validate_by_name=True, validate_by_alias=True)
+
+        my_field: str = Field(validation_alias='my_alias')  # (1)!
+
+    m = Model(my_alias='foo')  # (2)!
+    print(m)
+    #> my_field='foo'
+
+    m = Model(my_field='foo')  # (3)!
+    print(m)
+    #> my_field='foo'
+    ```
+
+    1. The field `'my_field'` has an alias `'my_alias'`.
+    2. The model is populated by the alias `'my_alias'`.
+    3. The model is populated by the attribute name `'my_field'`.
+
+    !!! warning
+        You cannot set both `validate_by_alias` and `validate_by_name` to `False`.
+        This would make it impossible to populate an attribute.
+
+        See [usage errors](../errors/usage_errors.md#validate-by-alias-and-name-false) for an example.
+    """
+
+    serialize_by_alias: bool
+    """
+    Whether an aliased field should be serialized by its alias. Defaults to `False`.
+
+    Note: In v2.11, `serialize_by_alias` was introduced to address the
+    [popular request](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/8379)
+    for consistency with alias behavior for validation and serialization settings.
+    In v3, the default value is expected to change to `True` for consistency with the validation default.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        model_config = ConfigDict(serialize_by_alias=True)
+
+        my_field: str = Field(serialization_alias='my_alias')  # (1)!
+
+    m = Model(my_field='foo')
+    print(m.model_dump())  # (2)!
+    #> {'my_alias': 'foo'}
+    ```
+
+    1. The field `'my_field'` has an alias `'my_alias'`.
+    2. The model is serialized using the alias `'my_alias'` for the `'my_field'` attribute.
+    """
+
+
+_TypeT = TypeVar('_TypeT', bound=type)
+
+
+@overload
+@deprecated('Passing `config` as a keyword argument is deprecated. Pass `config` as a positional argument instead.')
+def with_config(*, config: ConfigDict) -> Callable[[_TypeT], _TypeT]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def with_config(config: ConfigDict, /) -> Callable[[_TypeT], _TypeT]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def with_config(**config: Unpack[ConfigDict]) -> Callable[[_TypeT], _TypeT]: ...
+
+
+def with_config(config: ConfigDict | None = None, /, **kwargs: Any) -> Callable[[_TypeT], _TypeT]:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Configuration with other types](../concepts/config.md#configuration-on-other-supported-types)
+
+    A convenience decorator to set a [Pydantic configuration](config.md) on a `TypedDict` or a `dataclass` from the standard library.
+
+    Although the configuration can be set using the `__pydantic_config__` attribute, it does not play well with type checkers,
+    especially with `TypedDict`.
+
+    !!! example "Usage"
+
+        ```python
+        from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+        from pydantic import ConfigDict, TypeAdapter, with_config
+
+        @with_config(ConfigDict(str_to_lower=True))
+        class TD(TypedDict):
+            x: str
+
+        ta = TypeAdapter(TD)
+
+        print(ta.validate_python({'x': 'ABC'}))
+        #> {'x': 'abc'}
+        ```
+    """
+    if config is not None and kwargs:
+        raise ValueError('Cannot specify both `config` and keyword arguments')
+
+    if len(kwargs) == 1 and (kwargs_conf := kwargs.get('config')) is not None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'Passing `config` as a keyword argument is deprecated. Pass `config` as a positional argument instead',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince211,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        final_config = cast(ConfigDict, kwargs_conf)
+    else:
+        final_config = config if config is not None else cast(ConfigDict, kwargs)
+
+    def inner(class_: _TypeT, /) -> _TypeT:
+        # Ideally, we would check for `class_` to either be a `TypedDict` or a stdlib dataclass.
+        # However, the `@with_config` decorator can be applied *after* `@dataclass`. To avoid
+        # common mistakes, we at least check for `class_` to not be a Pydantic model.
+        from ._internal._utils import is_model_class
+
+        if is_model_class(class_):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'Cannot use `with_config` on {class_.__name__} as it is a Pydantic model',
+                code='with-config-on-model',
+            )
+        class_.__pydantic_config__ = final_config
+        return class_
+
+    return inner
+
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/dataclasses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/dataclasses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1ac051d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/dataclasses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+"""Provide an enhanced dataclass that performs validation."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import sys
+import types
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Generic, Literal, NoReturn, TypeVar, overload
+from warnings import warn
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeGuard, dataclass_transform
+
+from ._internal import _config, _decorators, _namespace_utils, _typing_extra
+from ._internal import _dataclasses as _pydantic_dataclasses
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+from .config import ConfigDict
+from .errors import PydanticUserError
+from .fields import Field, FieldInfo, PrivateAttr
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._internal._dataclasses import PydanticDataclass
+    from ._internal._namespace_utils import MappingNamespace
+
+__all__ = 'dataclass', 'rebuild_dataclass'
+
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field, PrivateAttr))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        *,
+        init: Literal[False] = False,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool = False,
+        config: ConfigDict | type[object] | None = None,
+        validate_on_init: bool | None = None,
+        kw_only: bool = ...,
+        slots: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Callable[[type[_T]], type[PydanticDataclass]]:  # type: ignore
+        ...
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field, PrivateAttr))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        _cls: type[_T],  # type: ignore
+        *,
+        init: Literal[False] = False,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool | None = None,
+        config: ConfigDict | type[object] | None = None,
+        validate_on_init: bool | None = None,
+        kw_only: bool = ...,
+        slots: bool = ...,
+    ) -> type[PydanticDataclass]: ...
+
+else:
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field, PrivateAttr))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        *,
+        init: Literal[False] = False,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool | None = None,
+        config: ConfigDict | type[object] | None = None,
+        validate_on_init: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[type[_T]], type[PydanticDataclass]]:  # type: ignore
+        ...
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field, PrivateAttr))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        _cls: type[_T],  # type: ignore
+        *,
+        init: Literal[False] = False,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool | None = None,
+        config: ConfigDict | type[object] | None = None,
+        validate_on_init: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> type[PydanticDataclass]: ...
+
+
+@dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field, PrivateAttr))
+def dataclass(
+    _cls: type[_T] | None = None,
+    *,
+    init: Literal[False] = False,
+    repr: bool = True,
+    eq: bool = True,
+    order: bool = False,
+    unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+    frozen: bool | None = None,
+    config: ConfigDict | type[object] | None = None,
+    validate_on_init: bool | None = None,
+    kw_only: bool = False,
+    slots: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[type[_T]], type[PydanticDataclass]] | type[PydanticDataclass]:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [`dataclasses`](../concepts/dataclasses.md)
+
+    A decorator used to create a Pydantic-enhanced dataclass, similar to the standard Python `dataclass`,
+    but with added validation.
+
+    This function should be used similarly to `dataclasses.dataclass`.
+
+    Args:
+        _cls: The target `dataclass`.
+        init: Included for signature compatibility with `dataclasses.dataclass`, and is passed through to
+            `dataclasses.dataclass` when appropriate. If specified, must be set to `False`, as pydantic inserts its
+            own  `__init__` function.
+        repr: A boolean indicating whether to include the field in the `__repr__` output.
+        eq: Determines if a `__eq__` method should be generated for the class.
+        order: Determines if comparison magic methods should be generated, such as `__lt__`, but not `__eq__`.
+        unsafe_hash: Determines if a `__hash__` method should be included in the class, as in `dataclasses.dataclass`.
+        frozen: Determines if the generated class should be a 'frozen' `dataclass`, which does not allow its
+            attributes to be modified after it has been initialized. If not set, the value from the provided `config` argument will be used (and will default to `False` otherwise).
+        config: The Pydantic config to use for the `dataclass`.
+        validate_on_init: A deprecated parameter included for backwards compatibility; in V2, all Pydantic dataclasses
+            are validated on init.
+        kw_only: Determines if `__init__` method parameters must be specified by keyword only. Defaults to `False`.
+        slots: Determines if the generated class should be a 'slots' `dataclass`, which does not allow the addition of
+            new attributes after instantiation.
+
+    Returns:
+        A decorator that accepts a class as its argument and returns a Pydantic `dataclass`.
+
+    Raises:
+        AssertionError: Raised if `init` is not `False` or `validate_on_init` is `False`.
+    """
+    assert init is False, 'pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass only supports init=False'
+    assert validate_on_init is not False, 'validate_on_init=False is no longer supported'
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+        kwargs = {'kw_only': kw_only, 'slots': slots}
+    else:
+        kwargs = {}
+
+    def make_pydantic_fields_compatible(cls: type[Any]) -> None:
+        """Make sure that stdlib `dataclasses` understands `Field` kwargs like `kw_only`
+        To do that, we simply change
+          `x: int = pydantic.Field(..., kw_only=True)`
+        into
+          `x: int = dataclasses.field(default=pydantic.Field(..., kw_only=True), kw_only=True)`
+        """
+        for annotation_cls in cls.__mro__:
+            annotations: dict[str, Any] = getattr(annotation_cls, '__annotations__', {})
+            for field_name in annotations:
+                field_value = getattr(cls, field_name, None)
+                # Process only if this is an instance of `FieldInfo`.
+                if not isinstance(field_value, FieldInfo):
+                    continue
+
+                # Initialize arguments for the standard `dataclasses.field`.
+                field_args: dict = {'default': field_value}
+
+                # Handle `kw_only` for Python 3.10+
+                if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) and field_value.kw_only:
+                    field_args['kw_only'] = True
+
+                # Set `repr` attribute if it's explicitly specified to be not `True`.
+                if field_value.repr is not True:
+                    field_args['repr'] = field_value.repr
+
+                setattr(cls, field_name, dataclasses.field(**field_args))
+                # In Python 3.9, when subclassing, information is pulled from cls.__dict__['__annotations__']
+                # for annotations, so we must make sure it's initialized before we add to it.
+                if cls.__dict__.get('__annotations__') is None:
+                    cls.__annotations__ = {}
+                cls.__annotations__[field_name] = annotations[field_name]
+
+    def create_dataclass(cls: type[Any]) -> type[PydanticDataclass]:
+        """Create a Pydantic dataclass from a regular dataclass.
+
+        Args:
+            cls: The class to create the Pydantic dataclass from.
+
+        Returns:
+            A Pydantic dataclass.
+        """
+        from ._internal._utils import is_model_class
+
+        if is_model_class(cls):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'Cannot create a Pydantic dataclass from {cls.__name__} as it is already a Pydantic model',
+                code='dataclass-on-model',
+            )
+
+        original_cls = cls
+
+        # we warn on conflicting config specifications, but only if the class doesn't have a dataclass base
+        # because a dataclass base might provide a __pydantic_config__ attribute that we don't want to warn about
+        has_dataclass_base = any(dataclasses.is_dataclass(base) for base in cls.__bases__)
+        if not has_dataclass_base and config is not None and hasattr(cls, '__pydantic_config__'):
+            warn(
+                f'`config` is set via both the `dataclass` decorator and `__pydantic_config__` for dataclass {cls.__name__}. '
+                f'The `config` specification from `dataclass` decorator will take priority.',
+                category=UserWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        # if config is not explicitly provided, try to read it from the type
+        config_dict = config if config is not None else getattr(cls, '__pydantic_config__', None)
+        config_wrapper = _config.ConfigWrapper(config_dict)
+        decorators = _decorators.DecoratorInfos.build(cls)
+
+        # Keep track of the original __doc__ so that we can restore it after applying the dataclasses decorator
+        # Otherwise, classes with no __doc__ will have their signature added into the JSON schema description,
+        # since dataclasses.dataclass will set this as the __doc__
+        original_doc = cls.__doc__
+
+        if _pydantic_dataclasses.is_builtin_dataclass(cls):
+            # Don't preserve the docstring for vanilla dataclasses, as it may include the signature
+            # This matches v1 behavior, and there was an explicit test for it
+            original_doc = None
+
+            # We don't want to add validation to the existing std lib dataclass, so we will subclass it
+            #   If the class is generic, we need to make sure the subclass also inherits from Generic
+            #   with all the same parameters.
+            bases = (cls,)
+            if issubclass(cls, Generic):
+                generic_base = Generic[cls.__parameters__]  # type: ignore
+                bases = bases + (generic_base,)
+            cls = types.new_class(cls.__name__, bases)
+
+        make_pydantic_fields_compatible(cls)
+
+        # Respect frozen setting from dataclass constructor and fallback to config setting if not provided
+        if frozen is not None:
+            frozen_ = frozen
+            if config_wrapper.frozen:
+                # It's not recommended to define both, as the setting from the dataclass decorator will take priority.
+                warn(
+                    f'`frozen` is set via both the `dataclass` decorator and `config` for dataclass {cls.__name__!r}.'
+                    'This is not recommended. The `frozen` specification on `dataclass` will take priority.',
+                    category=UserWarning,
+                    stacklevel=2,
+                )
+        else:
+            frozen_ = config_wrapper.frozen or False
+
+        cls = dataclasses.dataclass(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+            cls,
+            # the value of init here doesn't affect anything except that it makes it easier to generate a signature
+            init=True,
+            repr=repr,
+            eq=eq,
+            order=order,
+            unsafe_hash=unsafe_hash,
+            frozen=frozen_,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        # This is an undocumented attribute to distinguish stdlib/Pydantic dataclasses.
+        # It should be set as early as possible:
+        cls.__is_pydantic_dataclass__ = True
+
+        cls.__pydantic_decorators__ = decorators  # type: ignore
+        cls.__doc__ = original_doc
+        cls.__module__ = original_cls.__module__
+        cls.__qualname__ = original_cls.__qualname__
+        cls.__pydantic_complete__ = False  # `complete_dataclass` will set it to `True` if successful.
+        # TODO `parent_namespace` is currently None, but we could do the same thing as Pydantic models:
+        # fetch the parent ns using `parent_frame_namespace` (if the dataclass was defined in a function),
+        # and possibly cache it (see the `__pydantic_parent_namespace__` logic for models).
+        _pydantic_dataclasses.complete_dataclass(cls, config_wrapper, raise_errors=False)
+        return cls
+
+    return create_dataclass if _cls is None else create_dataclass(_cls)
+
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    # Monkeypatch dataclasses.InitVar so that typing doesn't error if it occurs as a type when evaluating type hints
+    # Starting in 3.11, typing.get_type_hints will not raise an error if the retrieved type hints are not callable.
+
+    def _call_initvar(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        """This function does nothing but raise an error that is as similar as possible to what you'd get
+        if you were to try calling `InitVar[int]()` without this monkeypatch. The whole purpose is just
+        to ensure typing._type_check does not error if the type hint evaluates to `InitVar[<parameter>]`.
+        """
+        raise TypeError("'InitVar' object is not callable")
+
+    dataclasses.InitVar.__call__ = _call_initvar
+
+
+def rebuild_dataclass(
+    cls: type[PydanticDataclass],
+    *,
+    force: bool = False,
+    raise_errors: bool = True,
+    _parent_namespace_depth: int = 2,
+    _types_namespace: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+) -> bool | None:
+    """Try to rebuild the pydantic-core schema for the dataclass.
+
+    This may be necessary when one of the annotations is a ForwardRef which could not be resolved during
+    the initial attempt to build the schema, and automatic rebuilding fails.
+
+    This is analogous to `BaseModel.model_rebuild`.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The class to rebuild the pydantic-core schema for.
+        force: Whether to force the rebuilding of the schema, defaults to `False`.
+        raise_errors: Whether to raise errors, defaults to `True`.
+        _parent_namespace_depth: The depth level of the parent namespace, defaults to 2.
+        _types_namespace: The types namespace, defaults to `None`.
+
+    Returns:
+        Returns `None` if the schema is already "complete" and rebuilding was not required.
+        If rebuilding _was_ required, returns `True` if rebuilding was successful, otherwise `False`.
+    """
+    if not force and cls.__pydantic_complete__:
+        return None
+
+    for attr in ('__pydantic_core_schema__', '__pydantic_validator__', '__pydantic_serializer__'):
+        if attr in cls.__dict__:
+            # Deleting the validator/serializer is necessary as otherwise they can get reused in
+            # pydantic-core. Same applies for the core schema that can be reused in schema generation.
+            delattr(cls, attr)
+
+    cls.__pydantic_complete__ = False
+
+    if _types_namespace is not None:
+        rebuild_ns = _types_namespace
+    elif _parent_namespace_depth > 0:
+        rebuild_ns = _typing_extra.parent_frame_namespace(parent_depth=_parent_namespace_depth, force=True) or {}
+    else:
+        rebuild_ns = {}
+
+    ns_resolver = _namespace_utils.NsResolver(
+        parent_namespace=rebuild_ns,
+    )
+
+    return _pydantic_dataclasses.complete_dataclass(
+        cls,
+        _config.ConfigWrapper(cls.__pydantic_config__, check=False),
+        raise_errors=raise_errors,
+        ns_resolver=ns_resolver,
+        # We could provide a different config instead (with `'defer_build'` set to `True`)
+        # of this explicit `_force_build` argument, but because config can come from the
+        # decorator parameter or the `__pydantic_config__` attribute, `complete_dataclass`
+        # will overwrite `__pydantic_config__` with the provided config above:
+        _force_build=True,
+    )
+
+
+def is_pydantic_dataclass(class_: type[Any], /) -> TypeGuard[type[PydanticDataclass]]:
+    """Whether a class is a pydantic dataclass.
+
+    Args:
+        class_: The class.
+
+    Returns:
+        `True` if the class is a pydantic dataclass, `False` otherwise.
+    """
+    try:
+        return '__is_pydantic_dataclass__' in class_.__dict__ and dataclasses.is_dataclass(class_)
+    except AttributeError:
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/datetime_parse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/datetime_parse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53d52649
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/datetime_parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `datetime_parse` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/decorator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d97560c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `decorator` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/class_validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/class_validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ad92864c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/class_validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+"""Old `@validator` and `@root_validator` function validators from V1."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from functools import partial, partialmethod
+from types import FunctionType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar, Union, overload
+from warnings import warn
+
+from typing_extensions import Protocol, TypeAlias, deprecated
+
+from .._internal import _decorators, _decorators_v1
+from ..errors import PydanticUserError
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+_ALLOW_REUSE_WARNING_MESSAGE = '`allow_reuse` is deprecated and will be ignored; it should no longer be necessary'
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    class _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, __value: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _V1ValidatorWithValuesClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, __value: Any, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _V1ValidatorWithValuesKwOnlyClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, __value: Any, *, values: dict[str, Any]) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _V1ValidatorWithKwargsClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _V1ValidatorWithValuesAndKwargsClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, __cls: Any, values: dict[str, Any], **kwargs: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _V1RootValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(
+            self, __cls: Any, __values: _decorators_v1.RootValidatorValues
+        ) -> _decorators_v1.RootValidatorValues: ...
+
+    V1Validator = Union[
+        _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod,
+        _V1ValidatorWithValuesClsMethod,
+        _V1ValidatorWithValuesKwOnlyClsMethod,
+        _V1ValidatorWithKwargsClsMethod,
+        _V1ValidatorWithValuesAndKwargsClsMethod,
+        _decorators_v1.V1ValidatorWithValues,
+        _decorators_v1.V1ValidatorWithValuesKwOnly,
+        _decorators_v1.V1ValidatorWithKwargs,
+        _decorators_v1.V1ValidatorWithValuesAndKwargs,
+    ]
+
+    V1RootValidator = Union[
+        _V1RootValidatorClsMethod,
+        _decorators_v1.V1RootValidatorFunction,
+    ]
+
+    _PartialClsOrStaticMethod: TypeAlias = Union[classmethod[Any, Any, Any], staticmethod[Any, Any], partialmethod[Any]]
+
+    # Allow both a V1 (assumed pre=False) or V2 (assumed mode='after') validator
+    # We lie to type checkers and say we return the same thing we get
+    # but in reality we return a proxy object that _mostly_ behaves like the wrapped thing
+    _V1ValidatorType = TypeVar('_V1ValidatorType', V1Validator, _PartialClsOrStaticMethod)
+    _V1RootValidatorFunctionType = TypeVar(
+        '_V1RootValidatorFunctionType',
+        _decorators_v1.V1RootValidatorFunction,
+        _V1RootValidatorClsMethod,
+        _PartialClsOrStaticMethod,
+    )
+else:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    'Pydantic V1 style `@validator` validators are deprecated.'
+    ' You should migrate to Pydantic V2 style `@field_validator` validators,'
+    ' see the migration guide for more details',
+    category=None,
+)
+def validator(
+    __field: str,
+    *fields: str,
+    pre: bool = False,
+    each_item: bool = False,
+    always: bool = False,
+    check_fields: bool | None = None,
+    allow_reuse: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[_V1ValidatorType], _V1ValidatorType]:
+    """Decorate methods on the class indicating that they should be used to validate fields.
+
+    Args:
+        __field (str): The first field the validator should be called on; this is separate
+            from `fields` to ensure an error is raised if you don't pass at least one.
+        *fields (str): Additional field(s) the validator should be called on.
+        pre (bool, optional): Whether this validator should be called before the standard
+            validators (else after). Defaults to False.
+        each_item (bool, optional): For complex objects (sets, lists etc.) whether to validate
+            individual elements rather than the whole object. Defaults to False.
+        always (bool, optional): Whether this method and other validators should be called even if
+            the value is missing. Defaults to False.
+        check_fields (bool | None, optional): Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.
+            Defaults to None.
+        allow_reuse (bool, optional): Whether to track and raise an error if another validator refers to
+            the decorated function. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        Callable: A decorator that can be used to decorate a
+            function to be used as a validator.
+    """
+    warn(
+        'Pydantic V1 style `@validator` validators are deprecated.'
+        ' You should migrate to Pydantic V2 style `@field_validator` validators,'
+        ' see the migration guide for more details',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+
+    if allow_reuse is True:  # pragma: no cover
+        warn(_ALLOW_REUSE_WARNING_MESSAGE, DeprecationWarning)
+    fields = __field, *fields
+    if isinstance(fields[0], FunctionType):
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            '`@validator` should be used with fields and keyword arguments, not bare. '
+            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name>', ...)`",
+            code='validator-no-fields',
+        )
+    elif not all(isinstance(field, str) for field in fields):
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            '`@validator` fields should be passed as separate string args. '
+            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name_1>', '<field_name_2>', ...)`",
+            code='validator-invalid-fields',
+        )
+
+    mode: Literal['before', 'after'] = 'before' if pre is True else 'after'
+
+    def dec(f: Any) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
+        if _decorators.is_instance_method_from_sig(f):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                '`@validator` cannot be applied to instance methods', code='validator-instance-method'
+            )
+        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
+        f = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)
+        wrap = _decorators_v1.make_generic_v1_field_validator
+        validator_wrapper_info = _decorators.ValidatorDecoratorInfo(
+            fields=fields,
+            mode=mode,
+            each_item=each_item,
+            always=always,
+            check_fields=check_fields,
+        )
+        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, validator_wrapper_info, shim=wrap)
+
+    return dec  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+@overload
+def root_validator(
+    *,
+    # if you don't specify `pre` the default is `pre=False`
+    # which means you need to specify `skip_on_failure=True`
+    skip_on_failure: Literal[True],
+    allow_reuse: bool = ...,
+) -> Callable[
+    [_V1RootValidatorFunctionType],
+    _V1RootValidatorFunctionType,
+]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def root_validator(
+    *,
+    # if you specify `pre=True` then you don't need to specify
+    # `skip_on_failure`, in fact it is not allowed as an argument!
+    pre: Literal[True],
+    allow_reuse: bool = ...,
+) -> Callable[
+    [_V1RootValidatorFunctionType],
+    _V1RootValidatorFunctionType,
+]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def root_validator(
+    *,
+    # if you explicitly specify `pre=False` then you
+    # MUST specify `skip_on_failure=True`
+    pre: Literal[False],
+    skip_on_failure: Literal[True],
+    allow_reuse: bool = ...,
+) -> Callable[
+    [_V1RootValidatorFunctionType],
+    _V1RootValidatorFunctionType,
+]: ...
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    'Pydantic V1 style `@root_validator` validators are deprecated.'
+    ' You should migrate to Pydantic V2 style `@model_validator` validators,'
+    ' see the migration guide for more details',
+    category=None,
+)
+def root_validator(
+    *__args,
+    pre: bool = False,
+    skip_on_failure: bool = False,
+    allow_reuse: bool = False,
+) -> Any:
+    """Decorate methods on a model indicating that they should be used to validate (and perhaps
+    modify) data either before or after standard model parsing/validation is performed.
+
+    Args:
+        pre (bool, optional): Whether this validator should be called before the standard
+            validators (else after). Defaults to False.
+        skip_on_failure (bool, optional): Whether to stop validation and return as soon as a
+            failure is encountered. Defaults to False.
+        allow_reuse (bool, optional): Whether to track and raise an error if another validator
+            refers to the decorated function. Defaults to False.
+
+    Returns:
+        Any: A decorator that can be used to decorate a function to be used as a root_validator.
+    """
+    warn(
+        'Pydantic V1 style `@root_validator` validators are deprecated.'
+        ' You should migrate to Pydantic V2 style `@model_validator` validators,'
+        ' see the migration guide for more details',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+
+    if __args:
+        # Ensure a nice error is raised if someone attempts to use the bare decorator
+        return root_validator()(*__args)  # type: ignore
+
+    if allow_reuse is True:  # pragma: no cover
+        warn(_ALLOW_REUSE_WARNING_MESSAGE, DeprecationWarning)
+    mode: Literal['before', 'after'] = 'before' if pre is True else 'after'
+    if pre is False and skip_on_failure is not True:
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            'If you use `@root_validator` with pre=False (the default) you MUST specify `skip_on_failure=True`.'
+            ' Note that `@root_validator` is deprecated and should be replaced with `@model_validator`.',
+            code='root-validator-pre-skip',
+        )
+
+    wrap = partial(_decorators_v1.make_v1_generic_root_validator, pre=pre)
+
+    def dec(f: Callable[..., Any] | classmethod[Any, Any, Any] | staticmethod[Any, Any]) -> Any:
+        if _decorators.is_instance_method_from_sig(f):
+            raise TypeError('`@root_validator` cannot be applied to instance methods')
+        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
+        res = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)
+        dec_info = _decorators.RootValidatorDecoratorInfo(mode=mode)
+        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(res, dec_info, shim=wrap)
+
+    return dec
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd4692ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal
+
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
+
+from .._internal import _config
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+__all__ = 'BaseConfig', 'Extra'
+
+
+class _ConfigMetaclass(type):
+    def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            obj = _config.config_defaults[item]
+            warnings.warn(_config.DEPRECATION_MESSAGE, DeprecationWarning)
+            return obj
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            raise AttributeError(f"type object '{self.__name__}' has no attribute {exc}") from exc
+
+
+@deprecated('BaseConfig is deprecated. Use the `pydantic.ConfigDict` instead.', category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20)
+class BaseConfig(metaclass=_ConfigMetaclass):
+    """This class is only retained for backwards compatibility.
+
+    !!! Warning "Deprecated"
+        BaseConfig is deprecated. Use the [`pydantic.ConfigDict`][pydantic.ConfigDict] instead.
+    """
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            obj = super().__getattribute__(item)
+            warnings.warn(_config.DEPRECATION_MESSAGE, DeprecationWarning)
+            return obj
+        except AttributeError as exc:
+            try:
+                return getattr(type(self), item)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # re-raising changes the displayed text to reflect that `self` is not a type
+                raise AttributeError(str(exc)) from exc
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        warnings.warn(_config.DEPRECATION_MESSAGE, DeprecationWarning)
+        return super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class _ExtraMeta(type):
+    def __getattribute__(self, __name: str) -> Any:
+        # The @deprecated decorator accesses other attributes, so we only emit a warning for the expected ones
+        if __name in {'allow', 'ignore', 'forbid'}:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "`pydantic.config.Extra` is deprecated, use literal values instead (e.g. `extra='allow'`)",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        return super().__getattribute__(__name)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    "Extra is deprecated. Use literal values instead (e.g. `extra='allow'`)", category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+)
+class Extra(metaclass=_ExtraMeta):
+    allow: Literal['allow'] = 'allow'
+    ignore: Literal['ignore'] = 'ignore'
+    forbid: Literal['forbid'] = 'forbid'
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/copy_internals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/copy_internals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b0dc125
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/copy_internals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import typing
+from copy import deepcopy
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any
+
+import typing_extensions
+
+from .._internal import (
+    _model_construction,
+    _typing_extra,
+    _utils,
+)
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .. import BaseModel
+    from .._internal._utils import AbstractSetIntStr, MappingIntStrAny
+
+    AnyClassMethod = classmethod[Any, Any, Any]
+    TupleGenerator = typing.Generator[tuple[str, Any], None, None]
+    Model = typing.TypeVar('Model', bound='BaseModel')
+    # should be `set[int] | set[str] | dict[int, IncEx] | dict[str, IncEx] | None`, but mypy can't cope
+    IncEx: typing_extensions.TypeAlias = 'set[int] | set[str] | dict[int, Any] | dict[str, Any] | None'
+
+_object_setattr = _model_construction.object_setattr
+
+
+def _iter(
+    self: BaseModel,
+    to_dict: bool = False,
+    by_alias: bool = False,
+    include: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None = None,
+    exclude: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None = None,
+    exclude_unset: bool = False,
+    exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+    exclude_none: bool = False,
+) -> TupleGenerator:
+    # Merge field set excludes with explicit exclude parameter with explicit overriding field set options.
+    # The extra "is not None" guards are not logically necessary but optimizes performance for the simple case.
+    if exclude is not None:
+        exclude = _utils.ValueItems.merge(
+            {k: v.exclude for k, v in self.__pydantic_fields__.items() if v.exclude is not None}, exclude
+        )
+
+    if include is not None:
+        include = _utils.ValueItems.merge({k: True for k in self.__pydantic_fields__}, include, intersect=True)
+
+    allowed_keys = _calculate_keys(self, include=include, exclude=exclude, exclude_unset=exclude_unset)  # type: ignore
+    if allowed_keys is None and not (to_dict or by_alias or exclude_unset or exclude_defaults or exclude_none):
+        # huge boost for plain _iter()
+        yield from self.__dict__.items()
+        if self.__pydantic_extra__:
+            yield from self.__pydantic_extra__.items()
+        return
+
+    value_exclude = _utils.ValueItems(self, exclude) if exclude is not None else None
+    value_include = _utils.ValueItems(self, include) if include is not None else None
+
+    if self.__pydantic_extra__ is None:
+        items = self.__dict__.items()
+    else:
+        items = list(self.__dict__.items()) + list(self.__pydantic_extra__.items())
+
+    for field_key, v in items:
+        if (allowed_keys is not None and field_key not in allowed_keys) or (exclude_none and v is None):
+            continue
+
+        if exclude_defaults:
+            try:
+                field = self.__pydantic_fields__[field_key]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if not field.is_required() and field.default == v:
+                    continue
+
+        if by_alias and field_key in self.__pydantic_fields__:
+            dict_key = self.__pydantic_fields__[field_key].alias or field_key
+        else:
+            dict_key = field_key
+
+        if to_dict or value_include or value_exclude:
+            v = _get_value(
+                type(self),
+                v,
+                to_dict=to_dict,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                include=value_include and value_include.for_element(field_key),
+                exclude=value_exclude and value_exclude.for_element(field_key),
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+        yield dict_key, v
+
+
+def _copy_and_set_values(
+    self: Model,
+    values: dict[str, Any],
+    fields_set: set[str],
+    extra: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    private: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    *,
+    deep: bool,  # UP006
+) -> Model:
+    if deep:
+        # chances of having empty dict here are quite low for using smart_deepcopy
+        values = deepcopy(values)
+        extra = deepcopy(extra)
+        private = deepcopy(private)
+
+    cls = self.__class__
+    m = cls.__new__(cls)
+    _object_setattr(m, '__dict__', values)
+    _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_extra__', extra)
+    _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_fields_set__', fields_set)
+    _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_private__', private)
+
+    return m
+
+
+@typing.no_type_check
+def _get_value(
+    cls: type[BaseModel],
+    v: Any,
+    to_dict: bool,
+    by_alias: bool,
+    include: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None,
+    exclude: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None,
+    exclude_unset: bool,
+    exclude_defaults: bool,
+    exclude_none: bool,
+) -> Any:
+    from .. import BaseModel
+
+    if isinstance(v, BaseModel):
+        if to_dict:
+            return v.model_dump(
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                include=include,  # type: ignore
+                exclude=exclude,  # type: ignore
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+        else:
+            return v.copy(include=include, exclude=exclude)
+
+    value_exclude = _utils.ValueItems(v, exclude) if exclude else None
+    value_include = _utils.ValueItems(v, include) if include else None
+
+    if isinstance(v, dict):
+        return {
+            k_: _get_value(
+                cls,
+                v_,
+                to_dict=to_dict,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                include=value_include and value_include.for_element(k_),
+                exclude=value_exclude and value_exclude.for_element(k_),
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+            for k_, v_ in v.items()
+            if (not value_exclude or not value_exclude.is_excluded(k_))
+            and (not value_include or value_include.is_included(k_))
+        }
+
+    elif _utils.sequence_like(v):
+        seq_args = (
+            _get_value(
+                cls,
+                v_,
+                to_dict=to_dict,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                include=value_include and value_include.for_element(i),
+                exclude=value_exclude and value_exclude.for_element(i),
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+            for i, v_ in enumerate(v)
+            if (not value_exclude or not value_exclude.is_excluded(i))
+            and (not value_include or value_include.is_included(i))
+        )
+
+        return v.__class__(*seq_args) if _typing_extra.is_namedtuple(v.__class__) else v.__class__(seq_args)
+
+    elif isinstance(v, Enum) and getattr(cls.model_config, 'use_enum_values', False):
+        return v.value
+
+    else:
+        return v
+
+
+def _calculate_keys(
+    self: BaseModel,
+    include: MappingIntStrAny | None,
+    exclude: MappingIntStrAny | None,
+    exclude_unset: bool,
+    update: dict[str, Any] | None = None,  # noqa UP006
+) -> typing.AbstractSet[str] | None:
+    if include is None and exclude is None and exclude_unset is False:
+        return None
+
+    keys: typing.AbstractSet[str]
+    if exclude_unset:
+        keys = self.__pydantic_fields_set__.copy()
+    else:
+        keys = set(self.__dict__.keys())
+        keys = keys | (self.__pydantic_extra__ or {}).keys()
+
+    if include is not None:
+        keys &= include.keys()
+
+    if update:
+        keys -= update.keys()
+
+    if exclude:
+        keys -= {k for k, v in exclude.items() if _utils.ValueItems.is_true(v)}
+
+    return keys
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/decorator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e73ad209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, TypeVar, Union, overload
+
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
+
+from .._internal import _config, _typing_extra
+from ..alias_generators import to_pascal
+from ..errors import PydanticUserError
+from ..functional_validators import field_validator
+from ..main import BaseModel, create_model
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+__all__ = ('validate_arguments',)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    AnyCallable = Callable[..., Any]
+
+    AnyCallableT = TypeVar('AnyCallableT', bound=AnyCallable)
+    ConfigType = Union[None, type[Any], dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+@overload
+def validate_arguments(
+    func: None = None, *, config: 'ConfigType' = None
+) -> Callable[['AnyCallableT'], 'AnyCallableT']: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def validate_arguments(func: 'AnyCallableT') -> 'AnyCallableT': ...
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    'The `validate_arguments` method is deprecated; use `validate_call` instead.',
+    category=None,
+)
+def validate_arguments(func: Optional['AnyCallableT'] = None, *, config: 'ConfigType' = None) -> Any:
+    """Decorator to validate the arguments passed to a function."""
+    warnings.warn(
+        'The `validate_arguments` method is deprecated; use `validate_call` instead.',
+        PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+
+    def validate(_func: 'AnyCallable') -> 'AnyCallable':
+        vd = ValidatedFunction(_func, config)
+
+        @wraps(_func)
+        def wrapper_function(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            return vd.call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        wrapper_function.vd = vd  # type: ignore
+        wrapper_function.validate = vd.init_model_instance  # type: ignore
+        wrapper_function.raw_function = vd.raw_function  # type: ignore
+        wrapper_function.model = vd.model  # type: ignore
+        return wrapper_function
+
+    if func:
+        return validate(func)
+    else:
+        return validate
+
+
+ALT_V_ARGS = 'v__args'
+ALT_V_KWARGS = 'v__kwargs'
+V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME = 'v__positional_only'
+V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS = 'v__duplicate_kwargs'
+
+
+class ValidatedFunction:
+    def __init__(self, function: 'AnyCallable', config: 'ConfigType'):
+        from inspect import Parameter, signature
+
+        parameters: Mapping[str, Parameter] = signature(function).parameters
+
+        if parameters.keys() & {ALT_V_ARGS, ALT_V_KWARGS, V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME, V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS}:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f'"{ALT_V_ARGS}", "{ALT_V_KWARGS}", "{V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME}" and "{V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS}" '
+                f'are not permitted as argument names when using the "{validate_arguments.__name__}" decorator',
+                code=None,
+            )
+
+        self.raw_function = function
+        self.arg_mapping: dict[int, str] = {}
+        self.positional_only_args: set[str] = set()
+        self.v_args_name = 'args'
+        self.v_kwargs_name = 'kwargs'
+
+        type_hints = _typing_extra.get_type_hints(function, include_extras=True)
+        takes_args = False
+        takes_kwargs = False
+        fields: dict[str, tuple[Any, Any]] = {}
+        for i, (name, p) in enumerate(parameters.items()):
+            if p.annotation is p.empty:
+                annotation = Any
+            else:
+                annotation = type_hints[name]
+
+            default = ... if p.default is p.empty else p.default
+            if p.kind == Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
+                self.arg_mapping[i] = name
+                fields[name] = annotation, default
+                fields[V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME] = list[str], None
+                self.positional_only_args.add(name)
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
+                self.arg_mapping[i] = name
+                fields[name] = annotation, default
+                fields[V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS] = list[str], None
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY:
+                fields[name] = annotation, default
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
+                self.v_args_name = name
+                fields[name] = tuple[annotation, ...], None
+                takes_args = True
+            else:
+                assert p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, p.kind
+                self.v_kwargs_name = name
+                fields[name] = dict[str, annotation], None
+                takes_kwargs = True
+
+        # these checks avoid a clash between "args" and a field with that name
+        if not takes_args and self.v_args_name in fields:
+            self.v_args_name = ALT_V_ARGS
+
+        # same with "kwargs"
+        if not takes_kwargs and self.v_kwargs_name in fields:
+            self.v_kwargs_name = ALT_V_KWARGS
+
+        if not takes_args:
+            # we add the field so validation below can raise the correct exception
+            fields[self.v_args_name] = list[Any], None
+
+        if not takes_kwargs:
+            # same with kwargs
+            fields[self.v_kwargs_name] = dict[Any, Any], None
+
+        self.create_model(fields, takes_args, takes_kwargs, config)
+
+    def init_model_instance(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseModel:
+        values = self.build_values(args, kwargs)
+        return self.model(**values)
+
+    def call(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        m = self.init_model_instance(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.execute(m)
+
+    def build_values(self, args: tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        values: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if args:
+            arg_iter = enumerate(args)
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    i, a = next(arg_iter)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    break
+                arg_name = self.arg_mapping.get(i)
+                if arg_name is not None:
+                    values[arg_name] = a
+                else:
+                    values[self.v_args_name] = [a] + [a for _, a in arg_iter]
+                    break
+
+        var_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        wrong_positional_args = []
+        duplicate_kwargs = []
+        fields_alias = [
+            field.alias
+            for name, field in self.model.__pydantic_fields__.items()
+            if name not in (self.v_args_name, self.v_kwargs_name)
+        ]
+        non_var_fields = set(self.model.__pydantic_fields__) - {self.v_args_name, self.v_kwargs_name}
+        for k, v in kwargs.items():
+            if k in non_var_fields or k in fields_alias:
+                if k in self.positional_only_args:
+                    wrong_positional_args.append(k)
+                if k in values:
+                    duplicate_kwargs.append(k)
+                values[k] = v
+            else:
+                var_kwargs[k] = v
+
+        if var_kwargs:
+            values[self.v_kwargs_name] = var_kwargs
+        if wrong_positional_args:
+            values[V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME] = wrong_positional_args
+        if duplicate_kwargs:
+            values[V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS] = duplicate_kwargs
+        return values
+
+    def execute(self, m: BaseModel) -> Any:
+        d = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in m.__dict__.items()
+            if k in m.__pydantic_fields_set__ or m.__pydantic_fields__[k].default_factory
+        }
+        var_kwargs = d.pop(self.v_kwargs_name, {})
+
+        if self.v_args_name in d:
+            args_: list[Any] = []
+            in_kwargs = False
+            kwargs = {}
+            for name, value in d.items():
+                if in_kwargs:
+                    kwargs[name] = value
+                elif name == self.v_args_name:
+                    args_ += value
+                    in_kwargs = True
+                else:
+                    args_.append(value)
+            return self.raw_function(*args_, **kwargs, **var_kwargs)
+        elif self.positional_only_args:
+            args_ = []
+            kwargs = {}
+            for name, value in d.items():
+                if name in self.positional_only_args:
+                    args_.append(value)
+                else:
+                    kwargs[name] = value
+            return self.raw_function(*args_, **kwargs, **var_kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.raw_function(**d, **var_kwargs)
+
+    def create_model(self, fields: dict[str, Any], takes_args: bool, takes_kwargs: bool, config: 'ConfigType') -> None:
+        pos_args = len(self.arg_mapping)
+
+        config_wrapper = _config.ConfigWrapper(config)
+
+        if config_wrapper.alias_generator:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'Setting the "alias_generator" property on custom Config for '
+                '@validate_arguments is not yet supported, please remove.',
+                code=None,
+            )
+        if config_wrapper.extra is None:
+            config_wrapper.config_dict['extra'] = 'forbid'
+
+        class DecoratorBaseModel(BaseModel):
+            @field_validator(self.v_args_name, check_fields=False)
+            @classmethod
+            def check_args(cls, v: Optional[list[Any]]) -> Optional[list[Any]]:
+                if takes_args or v is None:
+                    return v
+
+                raise TypeError(f'{pos_args} positional arguments expected but {pos_args + len(v)} given')
+
+            @field_validator(self.v_kwargs_name, check_fields=False)
+            @classmethod
+            def check_kwargs(cls, v: Optional[dict[str, Any]]) -> Optional[dict[str, Any]]:
+                if takes_kwargs or v is None:
+                    return v
+
+                plural = '' if len(v) == 1 else 's'
+                keys = ', '.join(map(repr, v.keys()))
+                raise TypeError(f'unexpected keyword argument{plural}: {keys}')
+
+            @field_validator(V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME, check_fields=False)
+            @classmethod
+            def check_positional_only(cls, v: Optional[list[str]]) -> None:
+                if v is None:
+                    return
+
+                plural = '' if len(v) == 1 else 's'
+                keys = ', '.join(map(repr, v))
+                raise TypeError(f'positional-only argument{plural} passed as keyword argument{plural}: {keys}')
+
+            @field_validator(V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS, check_fields=False)
+            @classmethod
+            def check_duplicate_kwargs(cls, v: Optional[list[str]]) -> None:
+                if v is None:
+                    return
+
+                plural = '' if len(v) == 1 else 's'
+                keys = ', '.join(map(repr, v))
+                raise TypeError(f'multiple values for argument{plural}: {keys}')
+
+            model_config = config_wrapper.config_dict
+
+        self.model = create_model(to_pascal(self.raw_function.__name__), __base__=DecoratorBaseModel, **fields)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e216a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import datetime
+import warnings
+from collections import deque
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from pathlib import Path
+from re import Pattern
+from types import GeneratorType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Union
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
+
+from .._internal._import_utils import import_cached_base_model
+from ..color import Color
+from ..networks import NameEmail
+from ..types import SecretBytes, SecretStr
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+__all__ = 'pydantic_encoder', 'custom_pydantic_encoder', 'timedelta_isoformat'
+
+
+def isoformat(o: Union[datetime.date, datetime.time]) -> str:
+    return o.isoformat()
+
+
+def decimal_encoder(dec_value: Decimal) -> Union[int, float]:
+    """Encodes a Decimal as int of there's no exponent, otherwise float.
+
+    This is useful when we use ConstrainedDecimal to represent Numeric(x,0)
+    where a integer (but not int typed) is used. Encoding this as a float
+    results in failed round-tripping between encode and parse.
+    Our Id type is a prime example of this.
+
+    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1.0"))
+    1.0
+
+    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1"))
+    1
+    """
+    exponent = dec_value.as_tuple().exponent
+    if isinstance(exponent, int) and exponent >= 0:
+        return int(dec_value)
+    else:
+        return float(dec_value)
+
+
+ENCODERS_BY_TYPE: dict[type[Any], Callable[[Any], Any]] = {
+    bytes: lambda o: o.decode(),
+    Color: str,
+    datetime.date: isoformat,
+    datetime.datetime: isoformat,
+    datetime.time: isoformat,
+    datetime.timedelta: lambda td: td.total_seconds(),
+    Decimal: decimal_encoder,
+    Enum: lambda o: o.value,
+    frozenset: list,
+    deque: list,
+    GeneratorType: list,
+    IPv4Address: str,
+    IPv4Interface: str,
+    IPv4Network: str,
+    IPv6Address: str,
+    IPv6Interface: str,
+    IPv6Network: str,
+    NameEmail: str,
+    Path: str,
+    Pattern: lambda o: o.pattern,
+    SecretBytes: str,
+    SecretStr: str,
+    set: list,
+    UUID: str,
+}
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    '`pydantic_encoder` is deprecated, use `pydantic_core.to_jsonable_python` instead.',
+    category=None,
+)
+def pydantic_encoder(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`pydantic_encoder` is deprecated, use `pydantic_core.to_jsonable_python` instead.',
+        category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    from dataclasses import asdict, is_dataclass
+
+    BaseModel = import_cached_base_model()
+
+    if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
+        return obj.model_dump()
+    elif is_dataclass(obj):
+        return asdict(obj)  # type: ignore
+
+    # Check the class type and its superclasses for a matching encoder
+    for base in obj.__class__.__mro__[:-1]:
+        try:
+            encoder = ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[base]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+        return encoder(obj)
+    else:  # We have exited the for loop without finding a suitable encoder
+        raise TypeError(f"Object of type '{obj.__class__.__name__}' is not JSON serializable")
+
+
+# TODO: Add a suggested migration path once there is a way to use custom encoders
+@deprecated(
+    '`custom_pydantic_encoder` is deprecated, use `BaseModel.model_dump` instead.',
+    category=None,
+)
+def custom_pydantic_encoder(type_encoders: dict[Any, Callable[[type[Any]], Any]], obj: Any) -> Any:
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`custom_pydantic_encoder` is deprecated, use `BaseModel.model_dump` instead.',
+        category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    # Check the class type and its superclasses for a matching encoder
+    for base in obj.__class__.__mro__[:-1]:
+        try:
+            encoder = type_encoders[base]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+
+        return encoder(obj)
+    else:  # We have exited the for loop without finding a suitable encoder
+        return pydantic_encoder(obj)
+
+
+@deprecated('`timedelta_isoformat` is deprecated.', category=None)
+def timedelta_isoformat(td: datetime.timedelta) -> str:
+    """ISO 8601 encoding for Python timedelta object."""
+    warnings.warn('`timedelta_isoformat` is deprecated.', category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20, stacklevel=2)
+    minutes, seconds = divmod(td.seconds, 60)
+    hours, minutes = divmod(minutes, 60)
+    return f'{"-" if td.days < 0 else ""}P{abs(td.days)}DT{hours:d}H{minutes:d}M{seconds:d}.{td.microseconds:06d}S'
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/parse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/parse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a92e62b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import pickle
+import warnings
+from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable
+
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
+
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+
+class Protocol(str, Enum):
+    json = 'json'
+    pickle = 'pickle'
+
+
+@deprecated('`load_str_bytes` is deprecated.', category=None)
+def load_str_bytes(
+    b: str | bytes,
+    *,
+    content_type: str | None = None,
+    encoding: str = 'utf8',
+    proto: Protocol | None = None,
+    allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    json_loads: Callable[[str], Any] = json.loads,
+) -> Any:
+    warnings.warn('`load_str_bytes` is deprecated.', category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20, stacklevel=2)
+    if proto is None and content_type:
+        if content_type.endswith(('json', 'javascript')):
+            pass
+        elif allow_pickle and content_type.endswith('pickle'):
+            proto = Protocol.pickle
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f'Unknown content-type: {content_type}')
+
+    proto = proto or Protocol.json
+
+    if proto == Protocol.json:
+        if isinstance(b, bytes):
+            b = b.decode(encoding)
+        return json_loads(b)  # type: ignore
+    elif proto == Protocol.pickle:
+        if not allow_pickle:
+            raise RuntimeError('Trying to decode with pickle with allow_pickle=False')
+        bb = b if isinstance(b, bytes) else b.encode()  # type: ignore
+        return pickle.loads(bb)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f'Unknown protocol: {proto}')
+
+
+@deprecated('`load_file` is deprecated.', category=None)
+def load_file(
+    path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    content_type: str | None = None,
+    encoding: str = 'utf8',
+    proto: Protocol | None = None,
+    allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    json_loads: Callable[[str], Any] = json.loads,
+) -> Any:
+    warnings.warn('`load_file` is deprecated.', category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20, stacklevel=2)
+    path = Path(path)
+    b = path.read_bytes()
+    if content_type is None:
+        if path.suffix in ('.js', '.json'):
+            proto = Protocol.json
+        elif path.suffix == '.pkl':
+            proto = Protocol.pickle
+
+    return load_str_bytes(
+        b, proto=proto, content_type=content_type, encoding=encoding, allow_pickle=allow_pickle, json_loads=json_loads
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ad7faef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/deprecated/tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import warnings
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, TypeVar, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
+
+from ..json_schema import DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE, GenerateJsonSchema
+from ..type_adapter import TypeAdapter
+from ..warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+__all__ = 'parse_obj_as', 'schema_of', 'schema_json_of'
+
+NameFactory = Union[str, Callable[[type[Any]], str]]
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    '`parse_obj_as` is deprecated. Use `pydantic.TypeAdapter.validate_python` instead.',
+    category=None,
+)
+def parse_obj_as(type_: type[T], obj: Any, type_name: NameFactory | None = None) -> T:
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`parse_obj_as` is deprecated. Use `pydantic.TypeAdapter.validate_python` instead.',
+        category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    if type_name is not None:  # pragma: no cover
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The type_name parameter is deprecated. parse_obj_as no longer creates temporary models',
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+    return TypeAdapter(type_).validate_python(obj)
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    '`schema_of` is deprecated. Use `pydantic.TypeAdapter.json_schema` instead.',
+    category=None,
+)
+def schema_of(
+    type_: Any,
+    *,
+    title: NameFactory | None = None,
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+    schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Generate a JSON schema (as dict) for the passed model or dynamically generated one."""
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`schema_of` is deprecated. Use `pydantic.TypeAdapter.json_schema` instead.',
+        category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    res = TypeAdapter(type_).json_schema(
+        by_alias=by_alias,
+        schema_generator=schema_generator,
+        ref_template=ref_template,
+    )
+    if title is not None:
+        if isinstance(title, str):
+            res['title'] = title
+        else:
+            warnings.warn(
+                'Passing a callable for the `title` parameter is deprecated and no longer supported',
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            res['title'] = title(type_)
+    return res
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    '`schema_json_of` is deprecated. Use `pydantic.TypeAdapter.json_schema` instead.',
+    category=None,
+)
+def schema_json_of(
+    type_: Any,
+    *,
+    title: NameFactory | None = None,
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+    schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+    **dumps_kwargs: Any,
+) -> str:
+    """Generate a JSON schema (as JSON) for the passed model or dynamically generated one."""
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`schema_json_of` is deprecated. Use `pydantic.TypeAdapter.json_schema` instead.',
+        category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return json.dumps(
+        schema_of(type_, title=title, by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template, schema_generator=schema_generator),
+        **dumps_kwargs,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/env_settings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/env_settings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd0b04e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/env_settings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `env_settings` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/error_wrappers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/error_wrappers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2985419a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/error_wrappers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `error_wrappers` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/errors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2270682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+"""Pydantic-specific errors."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Literal
+
+from typing_extensions import Self
+from typing_inspection.introspection import Qualifier
+
+from pydantic._internal import _repr
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+from .version import version_short
+
+__all__ = (
+    'PydanticUserError',
+    'PydanticUndefinedAnnotation',
+    'PydanticImportError',
+    'PydanticSchemaGenerationError',
+    'PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema',
+    'PydanticForbiddenQualifier',
+    'PydanticErrorCodes',
+)
+
+# We use this URL to allow for future flexibility about how we host the docs, while allowing for Pydantic
+# code in the while with "old" URLs to still work.
+# 'u' refers to "user errors" - e.g. errors caused by developers using pydantic, as opposed to validation errors.
+DEV_ERROR_DOCS_URL = f'https://errors.pydantic.dev/{version_short()}/u/'
+PydanticErrorCodes = Literal[
+    'class-not-fully-defined',
+    'custom-json-schema',
+    'decorator-missing-field',
+    'discriminator-no-field',
+    'discriminator-alias-type',
+    'discriminator-needs-literal',
+    'discriminator-alias',
+    'discriminator-validator',
+    'callable-discriminator-no-tag',
+    'typed-dict-version',
+    'model-field-overridden',
+    'model-field-missing-annotation',
+    'config-both',
+    'removed-kwargs',
+    'circular-reference-schema',
+    'invalid-for-json-schema',
+    'json-schema-already-used',
+    'base-model-instantiated',
+    'undefined-annotation',
+    'schema-for-unknown-type',
+    'import-error',
+    'create-model-field-definitions',
+    'validator-no-fields',
+    'validator-invalid-fields',
+    'validator-instance-method',
+    'validator-input-type',
+    'root-validator-pre-skip',
+    'model-serializer-instance-method',
+    'validator-field-config-info',
+    'validator-v1-signature',
+    'validator-signature',
+    'field-serializer-signature',
+    'model-serializer-signature',
+    'multiple-field-serializers',
+    'invalid-annotated-type',
+    'type-adapter-config-unused',
+    'root-model-extra',
+    'unevaluable-type-annotation',
+    'dataclass-init-false-extra-allow',
+    'clashing-init-and-init-var',
+    'model-config-invalid-field-name',
+    'with-config-on-model',
+    'dataclass-on-model',
+    'validate-call-type',
+    'unpack-typed-dict',
+    'overlapping-unpack-typed-dict',
+    'invalid-self-type',
+    'validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+]
+
+
+class PydanticErrorMixin:
+    """A mixin class for common functionality shared by all Pydantic-specific errors.
+
+    Attributes:
+        message: A message describing the error.
+        code: An optional error code from PydanticErrorCodes enum.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *, code: PydanticErrorCodes | None) -> None:
+        self.message = message
+        self.code = code
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.code is None:
+            return self.message
+        else:
+            return f'{self.message}\n\nFor further information visit {DEV_ERROR_DOCS_URL}{self.code}'
+
+
+class PydanticUserError(PydanticErrorMixin, TypeError):
+    """An error raised due to incorrect use of Pydantic."""
+
+
+class PydanticUndefinedAnnotation(PydanticErrorMixin, NameError):
+    """A subclass of `NameError` raised when handling undefined annotations during `CoreSchema` generation.
+
+    Attributes:
+        name: Name of the error.
+        message: Description of the error.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, message: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        super().__init__(message=message, code='undefined-annotation')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_name_error(cls, name_error: NameError) -> Self:
+        """Convert a `NameError` to a `PydanticUndefinedAnnotation` error.
+
+        Args:
+            name_error: `NameError` to be converted.
+
+        Returns:
+            Converted `PydanticUndefinedAnnotation` error.
+        """
+        try:
+            name = name_error.name  # type: ignore  # python > 3.10
+        except AttributeError:
+            name = re.search(r".*'(.+?)'", str(name_error)).group(1)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        return cls(name=name, message=str(name_error))
+
+
+class PydanticImportError(PydanticErrorMixin, ImportError):
+    """An error raised when an import fails due to module changes between V1 and V2.
+
+    Attributes:
+        message: Description of the error.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, code='import-error')
+
+
+class PydanticSchemaGenerationError(PydanticUserError):
+    """An error raised during failures to generate a `CoreSchema` for some type.
+
+    Attributes:
+        message: Description of the error.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, code='schema-for-unknown-type')
+
+
+class PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema(PydanticUserError):
+    """An error raised during failures to generate a JSON schema for some `CoreSchema`.
+
+    Attributes:
+        message: Description of the error.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, code='invalid-for-json-schema')
+
+
+class PydanticForbiddenQualifier(PydanticUserError):
+    """An error raised if a forbidden type qualifier is found in a type annotation."""
+
+    _qualifier_repr_map: ClassVar[dict[Qualifier, str]] = {
+        'required': 'typing.Required',
+        'not_required': 'typing.NotRequired',
+        'read_only': 'typing.ReadOnly',
+        'class_var': 'typing.ClassVar',
+        'init_var': 'dataclasses.InitVar',
+        'final': 'typing.Final',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, qualifier: Qualifier, annotation: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            message=(
+                f'The annotation {_repr.display_as_type(annotation)!r} contains the {self._qualifier_repr_map[qualifier]!r} '
+                f'type qualifier, which is invalid in the context it is defined.'
+            ),
+            code=None,
+        )
+
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4aa58c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+"""The "experimental" module of pydantic contains potential new features that are subject to change."""
+
+import warnings
+
+from pydantic.warnings import PydanticExperimentalWarning
+
+warnings.warn(
+    'This module is experimental, its contents are subject to change and deprecation.',
+    category=PydanticExperimentalWarning,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70fcc061
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__pycache__/arguments_schema.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__pycache__/arguments_schema.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bca38f42
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__pycache__/pipeline.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/__pycache__/pipeline.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5fc4e735
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/arguments_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/arguments_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af4a8f3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/arguments_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+"""Experimental module exposing a function to generate a core schema that validates callable arguments."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from typing import Any, Literal
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema
+
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+from pydantic._internal import _config, _generate_schema, _namespace_utils
+
+
+def generate_arguments_schema(
+    func: Callable[..., Any],
+    schema_type: Literal['arguments', 'arguments-v3'] = 'arguments-v3',
+    parameters_callback: Callable[[int, str, Any], Literal['skip'] | None] | None = None,
+    config: ConfigDict | None = None,
+) -> CoreSchema:
+    """Generate the schema for the arguments of a function.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to generate the schema for.
+        schema_type: The type of schema to generate.
+        parameters_callback: A callable that will be invoked for each parameter. The callback
+            should take three required arguments: the index, the name and the type annotation
+            (or [`Parameter.empty`][inspect.Parameter.empty] if not annotated) of the parameter.
+            The callback can optionally return `'skip'`, so that the parameter gets excluded
+            from the resulting schema.
+        config: The configuration to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        The generated schema.
+    """
+    generate_schema = _generate_schema.GenerateSchema(
+        _config.ConfigWrapper(config),
+        ns_resolver=_namespace_utils.NsResolver(namespaces_tuple=_namespace_utils.ns_for_function(func)),
+    )
+
+    if schema_type == 'arguments':
+        schema = generate_schema._arguments_schema(func, parameters_callback)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+    else:
+        schema = generate_schema._arguments_v3_schema(func, parameters_callback)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+    return generate_schema.clean_schema(schema)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/pipeline.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/pipeline.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd63d98c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/experimental/pipeline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,667 @@
+"""Experimental pipeline API functionality. Be careful with this API, it's subject to change."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import operator
+import re
+import sys
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Container
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from decimal import Decimal
+from functools import cached_property, partial
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, Callable, Generic, Protocol, TypeVar, Union, overload
+
+import annotated_types
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema as cs
+
+    from pydantic import GetCoreSchemaHandler
+
+from pydantic._internal._internal_dataclass import slots_true as _slots_true
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+    EllipsisType = type(Ellipsis)
+else:
+    from types import EllipsisType
+
+__all__ = ['validate_as', 'validate_as_deferred', 'transform']
+
+_slots_frozen = {**_slots_true, 'frozen': True}
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _ValidateAs:
+    tp: type[Any]
+    strict: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _ValidateAsDefer:
+    func: Callable[[], type[Any]]
+
+    @cached_property
+    def tp(self) -> type[Any]:
+        return self.func()
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _Transform:
+    func: Callable[[Any], Any]
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _PipelineOr:
+    left: _Pipeline[Any, Any]
+    right: _Pipeline[Any, Any]
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _PipelineAnd:
+    left: _Pipeline[Any, Any]
+    right: _Pipeline[Any, Any]
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _Eq:
+    value: Any
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _NotEq:
+    value: Any
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _In:
+    values: Container[Any]
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _NotIn:
+    values: Container[Any]
+
+
+_ConstraintAnnotation = Union[
+    annotated_types.Le,
+    annotated_types.Ge,
+    annotated_types.Lt,
+    annotated_types.Gt,
+    annotated_types.Len,
+    annotated_types.MultipleOf,
+    annotated_types.Timezone,
+    annotated_types.Interval,
+    annotated_types.Predicate,
+    # common predicates not included in annotated_types
+    _Eq,
+    _NotEq,
+    _In,
+    _NotIn,
+    # regular expressions
+    Pattern[str],
+]
+
+
+@dataclass(**_slots_frozen)
+class _Constraint:
+    constraint: _ConstraintAnnotation
+
+
+_Step = Union[_ValidateAs, _ValidateAsDefer, _Transform, _PipelineOr, _PipelineAnd, _Constraint]
+
+_InT = TypeVar('_InT')
+_OutT = TypeVar('_OutT')
+_NewOutT = TypeVar('_NewOutT')
+
+
+class _FieldTypeMarker:
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO: ultimately, make this public, see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/9459#discussion_r1628197626
+# Also, make this frozen eventually, but that doesn't work right now because of the generic base
+# Which attempts to modify __orig_base__ and such.
+# We could go with a manual freeze, but that seems overkill for now.
+@dataclass(**_slots_true)
+class _Pipeline(Generic[_InT, _OutT]):
+    """Abstract representation of a chain of validation, transformation, and parsing steps."""
+
+    _steps: tuple[_Step, ...]
+
+    def transform(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[[_OutT], _NewOutT],
+    ) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT]:
+        """Transform the output of the previous step.
+
+        If used as the first step in a pipeline, the type of the field is used.
+        That is, the transformation is applied to after the value is parsed to the field's type.
+        """
+        return _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT](self._steps + (_Transform(func),))
+
+    @overload
+    def validate_as(self, tp: type[_NewOutT], *, strict: bool = ...) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def validate_as(self, tp: EllipsisType, *, strict: bool = ...) -> _Pipeline[_InT, Any]:  # type: ignore
+        ...
+
+    def validate_as(self, tp: type[_NewOutT] | EllipsisType, *, strict: bool = False) -> _Pipeline[_InT, Any]:  # type: ignore
+        """Validate / parse the input into a new type.
+
+        If no type is provided, the type of the field is used.
+
+        Types are parsed in Pydantic's `lax` mode by default,
+        but you can enable `strict` mode by passing `strict=True`.
+        """
+        if isinstance(tp, EllipsisType):
+            return _Pipeline[_InT, Any](self._steps + (_ValidateAs(_FieldTypeMarker, strict=strict),))
+        return _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT](self._steps + (_ValidateAs(tp, strict=strict),))
+
+    def validate_as_deferred(self, func: Callable[[], type[_NewOutT]]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT]:
+        """Parse the input into a new type, deferring resolution of the type until the current class
+        is fully defined.
+
+        This is useful when you need to reference the class in it's own type annotations.
+        """
+        return _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT](self._steps + (_ValidateAsDefer(func),))
+
+    # constraints
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGe], constraint: annotated_types.Ge) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGe]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGt], constraint: annotated_types.Gt) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGt]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLe], constraint: annotated_types.Le) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLe]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLt], constraint: annotated_types.Lt) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLt]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(
+        self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLen], constraint: annotated_types.Len
+    ) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLen]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(
+        self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT], constraint: annotated_types.MultipleOf
+    ) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(
+        self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutDatetime], constraint: annotated_types.Timezone
+    ) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutDatetime]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], constraint: annotated_types.Predicate) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(
+        self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutInterval], constraint: annotated_types.Interval
+    ) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutInterval]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], constraint: _Eq) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], constraint: _NotEq) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], constraint: _In) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], constraint: _NotIn) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def constrain(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT], constraint: Pattern[str]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT]: ...
+
+    def constrain(self, constraint: _ConstraintAnnotation) -> Any:
+        """Constrain a value to meet a certain condition.
+
+        We support most conditions from `annotated_types`, as well as regular expressions.
+
+        Most of the time you'll be calling a shortcut method like `gt`, `lt`, `len`, etc
+        so you don't need to call this directly.
+        """
+        return _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT](self._steps + (_Constraint(constraint),))
+
+    def predicate(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT], func: Callable[[_NewOutT], bool]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutT]:
+        """Constrain a value to meet a certain predicate."""
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Predicate(func))
+
+    def gt(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGt], gt: _NewOutGt) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGt]:
+        """Constrain a value to be greater than a certain value."""
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Gt(gt))
+
+    def lt(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLt], lt: _NewOutLt) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLt]:
+        """Constrain a value to be less than a certain value."""
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Lt(lt))
+
+    def ge(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGe], ge: _NewOutGe) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutGe]:
+        """Constrain a value to be greater than or equal to a certain value."""
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Ge(ge))
+
+    def le(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLe], le: _NewOutLe) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLe]:
+        """Constrain a value to be less than or equal to a certain value."""
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Le(le))
+
+    def len(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLen], min_len: int, max_len: int | None = None) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutLen]:
+        """Constrain a value to have a certain length."""
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Len(min_len, max_len))
+
+    @overload
+    def multiple_of(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutDiv], multiple_of: _NewOutDiv) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutDiv]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def multiple_of(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutMod], multiple_of: _NewOutMod) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _NewOutMod]: ...
+
+    def multiple_of(self: _Pipeline[_InT, Any], multiple_of: Any) -> _Pipeline[_InT, Any]:
+        """Constrain a value to be a multiple of a certain number."""
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.MultipleOf(multiple_of))
+
+    def eq(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], value: _OutT) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]:
+        """Constrain a value to be equal to a certain value."""
+        return self.constrain(_Eq(value))
+
+    def not_eq(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], value: _OutT) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]:
+        """Constrain a value to not be equal to a certain value."""
+        return self.constrain(_NotEq(value))
+
+    def in_(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], values: Container[_OutT]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]:
+        """Constrain a value to be in a certain set."""
+        return self.constrain(_In(values))
+
+    def not_in(self: _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT], values: Container[_OutT]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OutT]:
+        """Constrain a value to not be in a certain set."""
+        return self.constrain(_NotIn(values))
+
+    # timezone methods
+    def datetime_tz_naive(self: _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime]:
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Timezone(None))
+
+    def datetime_tz_aware(self: _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime]:
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Timezone(...))
+
+    def datetime_tz(
+        self: _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime], tz: datetime.tzinfo
+    ) -> _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime]:
+        return self.constrain(annotated_types.Timezone(tz))  # type: ignore
+
+    def datetime_with_tz(
+        self: _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime], tz: datetime.tzinfo | None
+    ) -> _Pipeline[_InT, datetime.datetime]:
+        return self.transform(partial(datetime.datetime.replace, tzinfo=tz))
+
+    # string methods
+    def str_lower(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.transform(str.lower)
+
+    def str_upper(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.transform(str.upper)
+
+    def str_title(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.transform(str.title)
+
+    def str_strip(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.transform(str.strip)
+
+    def str_pattern(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str], pattern: str) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.constrain(re.compile(pattern))
+
+    def str_contains(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str], substring: str) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.predicate(lambda v: substring in v)
+
+    def str_starts_with(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str], prefix: str) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.predicate(lambda v: v.startswith(prefix))
+
+    def str_ends_with(self: _Pipeline[_InT, str], suffix: str) -> _Pipeline[_InT, str]:
+        return self.predicate(lambda v: v.endswith(suffix))
+
+    # operators
+    def otherwise(self, other: _Pipeline[_OtherIn, _OtherOut]) -> _Pipeline[_InT | _OtherIn, _OutT | _OtherOut]:
+        """Combine two validation chains, returning the result of the first chain if it succeeds, and the second chain if it fails."""
+        return _Pipeline((_PipelineOr(self, other),))
+
+    __or__ = otherwise
+
+    def then(self, other: _Pipeline[_OutT, _OtherOut]) -> _Pipeline[_InT, _OtherOut]:
+        """Pipe the result of one validation chain into another."""
+        return _Pipeline((_PipelineAnd(self, other),))
+
+    __and__ = then
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> cs.CoreSchema:
+        from pydantic_core import core_schema as cs
+
+        queue = deque(self._steps)
+
+        s = None
+
+        while queue:
+            step = queue.popleft()
+            s = _apply_step(step, s, handler, source_type)
+
+        s = s or cs.any_schema()
+        return s
+
+    def __supports_type__(self, _: _OutT) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+validate_as = _Pipeline[Any, Any](()).validate_as
+validate_as_deferred = _Pipeline[Any, Any](()).validate_as_deferred
+transform = _Pipeline[Any, Any]((_ValidateAs(_FieldTypeMarker),)).transform
+
+
+def _check_func(
+    func: Callable[[Any], bool], predicate_err: str | Callable[[], str], s: cs.CoreSchema | None
+) -> cs.CoreSchema:
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema as cs
+
+    def handler(v: Any) -> Any:
+        if func(v):
+            return v
+        raise ValueError(f'Expected {predicate_err if isinstance(predicate_err, str) else predicate_err()}')
+
+    if s is None:
+        return cs.no_info_plain_validator_function(handler)
+    else:
+        return cs.no_info_after_validator_function(handler, s)
+
+
+def _apply_step(step: _Step, s: cs.CoreSchema | None, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler, source_type: Any) -> cs.CoreSchema:
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema as cs
+
+    if isinstance(step, _ValidateAs):
+        s = _apply_parse(s, step.tp, step.strict, handler, source_type)
+    elif isinstance(step, _ValidateAsDefer):
+        s = _apply_parse(s, step.tp, False, handler, source_type)
+    elif isinstance(step, _Transform):
+        s = _apply_transform(s, step.func, handler)
+    elif isinstance(step, _Constraint):
+        s = _apply_constraint(s, step.constraint)
+    elif isinstance(step, _PipelineOr):
+        s = cs.union_schema([handler(step.left), handler(step.right)])
+    else:
+        assert isinstance(step, _PipelineAnd)
+        s = cs.chain_schema([handler(step.left), handler(step.right)])
+    return s
+
+
+def _apply_parse(
+    s: cs.CoreSchema | None,
+    tp: type[Any],
+    strict: bool,
+    handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+    source_type: Any,
+) -> cs.CoreSchema:
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema as cs
+
+    from pydantic import Strict
+
+    if tp is _FieldTypeMarker:
+        return cs.chain_schema([s, handler(source_type)]) if s else handler(source_type)
+
+    if strict:
+        tp = Annotated[tp, Strict()]  # type: ignore
+
+    if s and s['type'] == 'any':
+        return handler(tp)
+    else:
+        return cs.chain_schema([s, handler(tp)]) if s else handler(tp)
+
+
+def _apply_transform(
+    s: cs.CoreSchema | None, func: Callable[[Any], Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+) -> cs.CoreSchema:
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema as cs
+
+    if s is None:
+        return cs.no_info_plain_validator_function(func)
+
+    if s['type'] == 'str':
+        if func is str.strip:
+            s = s.copy()
+            s['strip_whitespace'] = True
+            return s
+        elif func is str.lower:
+            s = s.copy()
+            s['to_lower'] = True
+            return s
+        elif func is str.upper:
+            s = s.copy()
+            s['to_upper'] = True
+            return s
+
+    return cs.no_info_after_validator_function(func, s)
+
+
+def _apply_constraint(  # noqa: C901
+    s: cs.CoreSchema | None, constraint: _ConstraintAnnotation
+) -> cs.CoreSchema:
+    """Apply a single constraint to a schema."""
+    if isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Gt):
+        gt = constraint.gt
+        if s and s['type'] in {'int', 'float', 'decimal'}:
+            s = s.copy()
+            if s['type'] == 'int' and isinstance(gt, int):
+                s['gt'] = gt
+            elif s['type'] == 'float' and isinstance(gt, float):
+                s['gt'] = gt
+            elif s['type'] == 'decimal' and isinstance(gt, Decimal):
+                s['gt'] = gt
+        else:
+
+            def check_gt(v: Any) -> bool:
+                return v > gt
+
+            s = _check_func(check_gt, f'> {gt}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Ge):
+        ge = constraint.ge
+        if s and s['type'] in {'int', 'float', 'decimal'}:
+            s = s.copy()
+            if s['type'] == 'int' and isinstance(ge, int):
+                s['ge'] = ge
+            elif s['type'] == 'float' and isinstance(ge, float):
+                s['ge'] = ge
+            elif s['type'] == 'decimal' and isinstance(ge, Decimal):
+                s['ge'] = ge
+
+        def check_ge(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return v >= ge
+
+        s = _check_func(check_ge, f'>= {ge}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Lt):
+        lt = constraint.lt
+        if s and s['type'] in {'int', 'float', 'decimal'}:
+            s = s.copy()
+            if s['type'] == 'int' and isinstance(lt, int):
+                s['lt'] = lt
+            elif s['type'] == 'float' and isinstance(lt, float):
+                s['lt'] = lt
+            elif s['type'] == 'decimal' and isinstance(lt, Decimal):
+                s['lt'] = lt
+
+        def check_lt(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return v < lt
+
+        s = _check_func(check_lt, f'< {lt}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Le):
+        le = constraint.le
+        if s and s['type'] in {'int', 'float', 'decimal'}:
+            s = s.copy()
+            if s['type'] == 'int' and isinstance(le, int):
+                s['le'] = le
+            elif s['type'] == 'float' and isinstance(le, float):
+                s['le'] = le
+            elif s['type'] == 'decimal' and isinstance(le, Decimal):
+                s['le'] = le
+
+        def check_le(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return v <= le
+
+        s = _check_func(check_le, f'<= {le}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Len):
+        min_len = constraint.min_length
+        max_len = constraint.max_length
+
+        if s and s['type'] in {'str', 'list', 'tuple', 'set', 'frozenset', 'dict'}:
+            assert (
+                s['type'] == 'str'
+                or s['type'] == 'list'
+                or s['type'] == 'tuple'
+                or s['type'] == 'set'
+                or s['type'] == 'dict'
+                or s['type'] == 'frozenset'
+            )
+            s = s.copy()
+            if min_len != 0:
+                s['min_length'] = min_len
+            if max_len is not None:
+                s['max_length'] = max_len
+
+        def check_len(v: Any) -> bool:
+            if max_len is not None:
+                return (min_len <= len(v)) and (len(v) <= max_len)
+            return min_len <= len(v)
+
+        s = _check_func(check_len, f'length >= {min_len} and length <= {max_len}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.MultipleOf):
+        multiple_of = constraint.multiple_of
+        if s and s['type'] in {'int', 'float', 'decimal'}:
+            s = s.copy()
+            if s['type'] == 'int' and isinstance(multiple_of, int):
+                s['multiple_of'] = multiple_of
+            elif s['type'] == 'float' and isinstance(multiple_of, float):
+                s['multiple_of'] = multiple_of
+            elif s['type'] == 'decimal' and isinstance(multiple_of, Decimal):
+                s['multiple_of'] = multiple_of
+
+        def check_multiple_of(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return v % multiple_of == 0
+
+        s = _check_func(check_multiple_of, f'% {multiple_of} == 0', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Timezone):
+        tz = constraint.tz
+
+        if tz is ...:
+            if s and s['type'] == 'datetime':
+                s = s.copy()
+                s['tz_constraint'] = 'aware'
+            else:
+
+                def check_tz_aware(v: object) -> bool:
+                    assert isinstance(v, datetime.datetime)
+                    return v.tzinfo is not None
+
+                s = _check_func(check_tz_aware, 'timezone aware', s)
+        elif tz is None:
+            if s and s['type'] == 'datetime':
+                s = s.copy()
+                s['tz_constraint'] = 'naive'
+            else:
+
+                def check_tz_naive(v: object) -> bool:
+                    assert isinstance(v, datetime.datetime)
+                    return v.tzinfo is None
+
+                s = _check_func(check_tz_naive, 'timezone naive', s)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError('Constraining to a specific timezone is not yet supported')
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Interval):
+        if constraint.ge:
+            s = _apply_constraint(s, annotated_types.Ge(constraint.ge))
+        if constraint.gt:
+            s = _apply_constraint(s, annotated_types.Gt(constraint.gt))
+        if constraint.le:
+            s = _apply_constraint(s, annotated_types.Le(constraint.le))
+        if constraint.lt:
+            s = _apply_constraint(s, annotated_types.Lt(constraint.lt))
+        assert s is not None
+    elif isinstance(constraint, annotated_types.Predicate):
+        func = constraint.func
+
+        if func.__name__ == '<lambda>':
+            # attempt to extract the source code for a lambda function
+            # to use as the function name in error messages
+            # TODO: is there a better way? should we just not do this?
+            import inspect
+
+            try:
+                source = inspect.getsource(func).strip()
+                source = source.removesuffix(')')
+                lambda_source_code = '`' + ''.join(''.join(source.split('lambda ')[1:]).split(':')[1:]).strip() + '`'
+            except OSError:
+                # stringified annotations
+                lambda_source_code = 'lambda'
+
+            s = _check_func(func, lambda_source_code, s)
+        else:
+            s = _check_func(func, func.__name__, s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, _NotEq):
+        value = constraint.value
+
+        def check_not_eq(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return operator.__ne__(v, value)
+
+        s = _check_func(check_not_eq, f'!= {value}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, _Eq):
+        value = constraint.value
+
+        def check_eq(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return operator.__eq__(v, value)
+
+        s = _check_func(check_eq, f'== {value}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, _In):
+        values = constraint.values
+
+        def check_in(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return operator.__contains__(values, v)
+
+        s = _check_func(check_in, f'in {values}', s)
+    elif isinstance(constraint, _NotIn):
+        values = constraint.values
+
+        def check_not_in(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return operator.__not__(operator.__contains__(values, v))
+
+        s = _check_func(check_not_in, f'not in {values}', s)
+    else:
+        assert isinstance(constraint, Pattern)
+        if s and s['type'] == 'str':
+            s = s.copy()
+            s['pattern'] = constraint.pattern
+        else:
+
+            def check_pattern(v: object) -> bool:
+                assert isinstance(v, str)
+                return constraint.match(v) is not None
+
+            s = _check_func(check_pattern, f'~ {constraint.pattern}', s)
+    return s
+
+
+class _SupportsRange(annotated_types.SupportsLe, annotated_types.SupportsGe, Protocol):
+    pass
+
+
+class _SupportsLen(Protocol):
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+
+
+_NewOutGt = TypeVar('_NewOutGt', bound=annotated_types.SupportsGt)
+_NewOutGe = TypeVar('_NewOutGe', bound=annotated_types.SupportsGe)
+_NewOutLt = TypeVar('_NewOutLt', bound=annotated_types.SupportsLt)
+_NewOutLe = TypeVar('_NewOutLe', bound=annotated_types.SupportsLe)
+_NewOutLen = TypeVar('_NewOutLen', bound=_SupportsLen)
+_NewOutDiv = TypeVar('_NewOutDiv', bound=annotated_types.SupportsDiv)
+_NewOutMod = TypeVar('_NewOutMod', bound=annotated_types.SupportsMod)
+_NewOutDatetime = TypeVar('_NewOutDatetime', bound=datetime.datetime)
+_NewOutInterval = TypeVar('_NewOutInterval', bound=_SupportsRange)
+_OtherIn = TypeVar('_OtherIn')
+_OtherOut = TypeVar('_OtherOut')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/fields.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e9f9f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1542 @@
+"""Defining fields on models."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import inspect
+import sys
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from copy import copy
+from dataclasses import Field as DataclassField
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import Annotated, Any, Callable, ClassVar, Literal, TypeVar, cast, overload
+from warnings import warn
+
+import annotated_types
+import typing_extensions
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, Unpack, deprecated
+from typing_inspection import typing_objects
+from typing_inspection.introspection import UNKNOWN, AnnotationSource, ForbiddenQualifier, Qualifier, inspect_annotation
+
+from . import types
+from ._internal import _decorators, _fields, _generics, _internal_dataclass, _repr, _typing_extra, _utils
+from ._internal._namespace_utils import GlobalsNamespace, MappingNamespace
+from .aliases import AliasChoices, AliasPath
+from .config import JsonDict
+from .errors import PydanticForbiddenQualifier, PydanticUserError
+from .json_schema import PydanticJsonSchemaWarning
+from .warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._internal._repr import ReprArgs
+else:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+__all__ = 'Field', 'PrivateAttr', 'computed_field'
+
+
+_Unset: Any = PydanticUndefined
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    import warnings
+
+    Deprecated: TypeAlias = warnings.deprecated | deprecated
+else:
+    Deprecated: TypeAlias = deprecated
+
+
+class _FromFieldInfoInputs(typing_extensions.TypedDict, total=False):
+    """This class exists solely to add type checking for the `**kwargs` in `FieldInfo.from_field`."""
+
+    # TODO PEP 747: use TypeForm:
+    annotation: type[Any] | None
+    default_factory: Callable[[], Any] | Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any] | None
+    alias: str | None
+    alias_priority: int | None
+    validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    serialization_alias: str | None
+    title: str | None
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo], str] | None
+    description: str | None
+    examples: list[Any] | None
+    exclude: bool | None
+    gt: annotated_types.SupportsGt | None
+    ge: annotated_types.SupportsGe | None
+    lt: annotated_types.SupportsLt | None
+    le: annotated_types.SupportsLe | None
+    multiple_of: float | None
+    strict: bool | None
+    min_length: int | None
+    max_length: int | None
+    pattern: str | typing.Pattern[str] | None
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None
+    max_digits: int | None
+    decimal_places: int | None
+    union_mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right'] | None
+    discriminator: str | types.Discriminator | None
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None
+    frozen: bool | None
+    validate_default: bool | None
+    repr: bool
+    init: bool | None
+    init_var: bool | None
+    kw_only: bool | None
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool | None
+    fail_fast: bool | None
+
+
+class _FieldInfoInputs(_FromFieldInfoInputs, total=False):
+    """This class exists solely to add type checking for the `**kwargs` in `FieldInfo.__init__`."""
+
+    default: Any
+
+
+class FieldInfo(_repr.Representation):
+    """This class holds information about a field.
+
+    `FieldInfo` is used for any field definition regardless of whether the [`Field()`][pydantic.fields.Field]
+    function is explicitly used.
+
+    !!! warning
+        You generally shouldn't be creating `FieldInfo` directly, you'll only need to use it when accessing
+        [`BaseModel`][pydantic.main.BaseModel] `.model_fields` internals.
+
+    Attributes:
+        annotation: The type annotation of the field.
+        default: The default value of the field.
+        default_factory: A callable to generate the default value. The callable can either take 0 arguments
+            (in which case it is called as is) or a single argument containing the already validated data.
+        alias: The alias name of the field.
+        alias_priority: The priority of the field's alias.
+        validation_alias: The validation alias of the field.
+        serialization_alias: The serialization alias of the field.
+        title: The title of the field.
+        field_title_generator: A callable that takes a field name and returns title for it.
+        description: The description of the field.
+        examples: List of examples of the field.
+        exclude: Whether to exclude the field from the model serialization.
+        discriminator: Field name or Discriminator for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+        deprecated: A deprecation message, an instance of `warnings.deprecated` or the `typing_extensions.deprecated` backport,
+            or a boolean. If `True`, a default deprecation message will be emitted when accessing the field.
+        json_schema_extra: A dict or callable to provide extra JSON schema properties.
+        frozen: Whether the field is frozen.
+        validate_default: Whether to validate the default value of the field.
+        repr: Whether to include the field in representation of the model.
+        init: Whether the field should be included in the constructor of the dataclass.
+        init_var: Whether the field should _only_ be included in the constructor of the dataclass, and not stored.
+        kw_only: Whether the field should be a keyword-only argument in the constructor of the dataclass.
+        metadata: List of metadata constraints.
+    """
+
+    annotation: type[Any] | None
+    default: Any
+    default_factory: Callable[[], Any] | Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any] | None
+    alias: str | None
+    alias_priority: int | None
+    validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None
+    serialization_alias: str | None
+    title: str | None
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo], str] | None
+    description: str | None
+    examples: list[Any] | None
+    exclude: bool | None
+    discriminator: str | types.Discriminator | None
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None
+    frozen: bool | None
+    validate_default: bool | None
+    repr: bool
+    init: bool | None
+    init_var: bool | None
+    kw_only: bool | None
+    metadata: list[Any]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'annotation',
+        'default',
+        'default_factory',
+        'alias',
+        'alias_priority',
+        'validation_alias',
+        'serialization_alias',
+        'title',
+        'field_title_generator',
+        'description',
+        'examples',
+        'exclude',
+        'discriminator',
+        'deprecated',
+        'json_schema_extra',
+        'frozen',
+        'validate_default',
+        'repr',
+        'init',
+        'init_var',
+        'kw_only',
+        'metadata',
+        '_attributes_set',
+        '_qualifiers',
+        '_complete',
+        '_original_assignment',
+        '_original_annotation',
+    )
+
+    # used to convert kwargs to metadata/constraints,
+    # None has a special meaning - these items are collected into a `PydanticGeneralMetadata`
+    metadata_lookup: ClassVar[dict[str, typing.Callable[[Any], Any] | None]] = {
+        'strict': types.Strict,
+        'gt': annotated_types.Gt,
+        'ge': annotated_types.Ge,
+        'lt': annotated_types.Lt,
+        'le': annotated_types.Le,
+        'multiple_of': annotated_types.MultipleOf,
+        'min_length': annotated_types.MinLen,
+        'max_length': annotated_types.MaxLen,
+        'pattern': None,
+        'allow_inf_nan': None,
+        'max_digits': None,
+        'decimal_places': None,
+        'union_mode': None,
+        'coerce_numbers_to_str': None,
+        'fail_fast': types.FailFast,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Unpack[_FieldInfoInputs]) -> None:
+        """This class should generally not be initialized directly; instead, use the `pydantic.fields.Field` function
+        or one of the constructor classmethods.
+
+        See the signature of `pydantic.fields.Field` for more details about the expected arguments.
+        """
+        self._attributes_set = {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not _Unset}
+        kwargs = {k: _DefaultValues.get(k) if v is _Unset else v for k, v in kwargs.items()}  # type: ignore
+        self.annotation = kwargs.get('annotation')
+
+        default = kwargs.pop('default', PydanticUndefined)
+        if default is Ellipsis:
+            self.default = PydanticUndefined
+            self._attributes_set.pop('default', None)
+        else:
+            self.default = default
+
+        self.default_factory = kwargs.pop('default_factory', None)
+
+        if self.default is not PydanticUndefined and self.default_factory is not None:
+            raise TypeError('cannot specify both default and default_factory')
+
+        self.alias = kwargs.pop('alias', None)
+        self.validation_alias = kwargs.pop('validation_alias', None)
+        self.serialization_alias = kwargs.pop('serialization_alias', None)
+        alias_is_set = any(alias is not None for alias in (self.alias, self.validation_alias, self.serialization_alias))
+        self.alias_priority = kwargs.pop('alias_priority', None) or 2 if alias_is_set else None
+        self.title = kwargs.pop('title', None)
+        self.field_title_generator = kwargs.pop('field_title_generator', None)
+        self.description = kwargs.pop('description', None)
+        self.examples = kwargs.pop('examples', None)
+        self.exclude = kwargs.pop('exclude', None)
+        self.discriminator = kwargs.pop('discriminator', None)
+        # For compatibility with FastAPI<=0.110.0, we preserve the existing value if it is not overridden
+        self.deprecated = kwargs.pop('deprecated', getattr(self, 'deprecated', None))
+        self.repr = kwargs.pop('repr', True)
+        self.json_schema_extra = kwargs.pop('json_schema_extra', None)
+        self.validate_default = kwargs.pop('validate_default', None)
+        self.frozen = kwargs.pop('frozen', None)
+        # currently only used on dataclasses
+        self.init = kwargs.pop('init', None)
+        self.init_var = kwargs.pop('init_var', None)
+        self.kw_only = kwargs.pop('kw_only', None)
+
+        self.metadata = self._collect_metadata(kwargs)  # type: ignore
+
+        # Private attributes:
+        self._qualifiers: set[Qualifier] = set()
+        # Used to rebuild FieldInfo instances:
+        self._complete = True
+        self._original_annotation: Any = PydanticUndefined
+        self._original_assignment: Any = PydanticUndefined
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_field(default: Any = PydanticUndefined, **kwargs: Unpack[_FromFieldInfoInputs]) -> FieldInfo:
+        """Create a new `FieldInfo` object with the `Field` function.
+
+        Args:
+            default: The default value for the field. Defaults to Undefined.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments dictionary.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If 'annotation' is passed as a keyword argument.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new FieldInfo object with the given parameters.
+
+        Example:
+            This is how you can create a field with default value like this:
+
+            ```python
+            import pydantic
+
+            class MyModel(pydantic.BaseModel):
+                foo: int = pydantic.Field(4)
+            ```
+        """
+        if 'annotation' in kwargs:
+            raise TypeError('"annotation" is not permitted as a Field keyword argument')
+        return FieldInfo(default=default, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_annotation(annotation: type[Any], *, _source: AnnotationSource = AnnotationSource.ANY) -> FieldInfo:
+        """Creates a `FieldInfo` instance from a bare annotation.
+
+        This function is used internally to create a `FieldInfo` from a bare annotation like this:
+
+        ```python
+        import pydantic
+
+        class MyModel(pydantic.BaseModel):
+            foo: int  # <-- like this
+        ```
+
+        We also account for the case where the annotation can be an instance of `Annotated` and where
+        one of the (not first) arguments in `Annotated` is an instance of `FieldInfo`, e.g.:
+
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+
+        import annotated_types
+
+        import pydantic
+
+        class MyModel(pydantic.BaseModel):
+            foo: Annotated[int, annotated_types.Gt(42)]
+            bar: Annotated[int, pydantic.Field(gt=42)]
+        ```
+
+        Args:
+            annotation: An annotation object.
+
+        Returns:
+            An instance of the field metadata.
+        """
+        try:
+            inspected_ann = inspect_annotation(
+                annotation,
+                annotation_source=_source,
+                unpack_type_aliases='skip',
+            )
+        except ForbiddenQualifier as e:
+            raise PydanticForbiddenQualifier(e.qualifier, annotation)
+
+        # TODO check for classvar and error?
+
+        # No assigned value, this happens when using a bare `Final` qualifier (also for other
+        # qualifiers, but they shouldn't appear here). In this case we infer the type as `Any`
+        # because we don't have any assigned value.
+        type_expr: Any = Any if inspected_ann.type is UNKNOWN else inspected_ann.type
+        final = 'final' in inspected_ann.qualifiers
+        metadata = inspected_ann.metadata
+
+        if not metadata:
+            # No metadata, e.g. `field: int`, or `field: Final[str]`:
+            field_info = FieldInfo(annotation=type_expr, frozen=final or None)
+            field_info._qualifiers = inspected_ann.qualifiers
+            return field_info
+
+        # With metadata, e.g. `field: Annotated[int, Field(...), Gt(1)]`:
+        field_info_annotations = [a for a in metadata if isinstance(a, FieldInfo)]
+        field_info = FieldInfo.merge_field_infos(*field_info_annotations, annotation=type_expr)
+
+        new_field_info = copy(field_info)
+        new_field_info.annotation = type_expr
+        new_field_info.frozen = final or field_info.frozen
+        field_metadata: list[Any] = []
+        for a in metadata:
+            if typing_objects.is_deprecated(a):
+                new_field_info.deprecated = a.message
+            elif not isinstance(a, FieldInfo):
+                field_metadata.append(a)
+            else:
+                field_metadata.extend(a.metadata)
+            new_field_info.metadata = field_metadata
+        new_field_info._qualifiers = inspected_ann.qualifiers
+        return new_field_info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_annotated_attribute(
+        annotation: type[Any], default: Any, *, _source: AnnotationSource = AnnotationSource.ANY
+    ) -> FieldInfo:
+        """Create `FieldInfo` from an annotation with a default value.
+
+        This is used in cases like the following:
+
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+
+        import annotated_types
+
+        import pydantic
+
+        class MyModel(pydantic.BaseModel):
+            foo: int = 4  # <-- like this
+            bar: Annotated[int, annotated_types.Gt(4)] = 4  # <-- or this
+            spam: Annotated[int, pydantic.Field(gt=4)] = 4  # <-- or this
+        ```
+
+        Args:
+            annotation: The type annotation of the field.
+            default: The default value of the field.
+
+        Returns:
+            A field object with the passed values.
+        """
+        if annotation is default:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'Error when building FieldInfo from annotated attribute. '
+                "Make sure you don't have any field name clashing with a type annotation.",
+                code='unevaluable-type-annotation',
+            )
+
+        try:
+            inspected_ann = inspect_annotation(
+                annotation,
+                annotation_source=_source,
+                unpack_type_aliases='skip',
+            )
+        except ForbiddenQualifier as e:
+            raise PydanticForbiddenQualifier(e.qualifier, annotation)
+
+        # TODO check for classvar and error?
+
+        # TODO infer from the default, this can be done in v3 once we treat final fields with
+        # a default as proper fields and not class variables:
+        type_expr: Any = Any if inspected_ann.type is UNKNOWN else inspected_ann.type
+        final = 'final' in inspected_ann.qualifiers
+        metadata = inspected_ann.metadata
+
+        if isinstance(default, FieldInfo):
+            # e.g. `field: int = Field(...)`
+            default.annotation = type_expr
+            default.metadata += metadata
+            merged_default = FieldInfo.merge_field_infos(
+                *[x for x in metadata if isinstance(x, FieldInfo)],
+                default,
+                annotation=default.annotation,
+            )
+            merged_default.frozen = final or merged_default.frozen
+            merged_default._qualifiers = inspected_ann.qualifiers
+            return merged_default
+
+        if isinstance(default, dataclasses.Field):
+            # `collect_dataclass_fields()` passes the dataclass Field as a default.
+            pydantic_field = FieldInfo._from_dataclass_field(default)
+            pydantic_field.annotation = type_expr
+            pydantic_field.metadata += metadata
+            pydantic_field = FieldInfo.merge_field_infos(
+                *[x for x in metadata if isinstance(x, FieldInfo)],
+                pydantic_field,
+                annotation=pydantic_field.annotation,
+            )
+            pydantic_field.frozen = final or pydantic_field.frozen
+            pydantic_field.init_var = 'init_var' in inspected_ann.qualifiers
+            pydantic_field.init = getattr(default, 'init', None)
+            pydantic_field.kw_only = getattr(default, 'kw_only', None)
+            pydantic_field._qualifiers = inspected_ann.qualifiers
+            return pydantic_field
+
+        if not metadata:
+            # No metadata, e.g. `field: int = ...`, or `field: Final[str] = ...`:
+            field_info = FieldInfo(annotation=type_expr, default=default, frozen=final or None)
+            field_info._qualifiers = inspected_ann.qualifiers
+            return field_info
+
+        # With metadata, e.g. `field: Annotated[int, Field(...), Gt(1)] = ...`:
+        field_infos = [a for a in metadata if isinstance(a, FieldInfo)]
+        field_info = FieldInfo.merge_field_infos(*field_infos, annotation=type_expr, default=default)
+        field_metadata: list[Any] = []
+        for a in metadata:
+            if typing_objects.is_deprecated(a):
+                field_info.deprecated = a.message
+            elif not isinstance(a, FieldInfo):
+                field_metadata.append(a)
+            else:
+                field_metadata.extend(a.metadata)
+        field_info.metadata = field_metadata
+        field_info._qualifiers = inspected_ann.qualifiers
+        return field_info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def merge_field_infos(*field_infos: FieldInfo, **overrides: Any) -> FieldInfo:
+        """Merge `FieldInfo` instances keeping only explicitly set attributes.
+
+        Later `FieldInfo` instances override earlier ones.
+
+        Returns:
+            FieldInfo: A merged FieldInfo instance.
+        """
+        if len(field_infos) == 1:
+            # No merging necessary, but we still need to make a copy and apply the overrides
+            field_info = copy(field_infos[0])
+            field_info._attributes_set.update(overrides)
+
+            default_override = overrides.pop('default', PydanticUndefined)
+            if default_override is Ellipsis:
+                default_override = PydanticUndefined
+            if default_override is not PydanticUndefined:
+                field_info.default = default_override
+
+            for k, v in overrides.items():
+                setattr(field_info, k, v)
+            return field_info  # type: ignore
+
+        merged_field_info_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        metadata = {}
+        for field_info in field_infos:
+            attributes_set = field_info._attributes_set.copy()
+
+            try:
+                json_schema_extra = attributes_set.pop('json_schema_extra')
+                existing_json_schema_extra = merged_field_info_kwargs.get('json_schema_extra')
+
+                if existing_json_schema_extra is None:
+                    merged_field_info_kwargs['json_schema_extra'] = json_schema_extra
+                if isinstance(existing_json_schema_extra, dict):
+                    if isinstance(json_schema_extra, dict):
+                        merged_field_info_kwargs['json_schema_extra'] = {
+                            **existing_json_schema_extra,
+                            **json_schema_extra,
+                        }
+                    if callable(json_schema_extra):
+                        warn(
+                            'Composing `dict` and `callable` type `json_schema_extra` is not supported.'
+                            'The `callable` type is being ignored.'
+                            "If you'd like support for this behavior, please open an issue on pydantic.",
+                            PydanticJsonSchemaWarning,
+                        )
+                elif callable(json_schema_extra):
+                    # if ever there's a case of a callable, we'll just keep the last json schema extra spec
+                    merged_field_info_kwargs['json_schema_extra'] = json_schema_extra
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+            # later FieldInfo instances override everything except json_schema_extra from earlier FieldInfo instances
+            merged_field_info_kwargs.update(attributes_set)
+
+            for x in field_info.metadata:
+                if not isinstance(x, FieldInfo):
+                    metadata[type(x)] = x
+
+        merged_field_info_kwargs.update(overrides)
+        field_info = FieldInfo(**merged_field_info_kwargs)
+        field_info.metadata = list(metadata.values())
+        return field_info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _from_dataclass_field(dc_field: DataclassField[Any]) -> FieldInfo:
+        """Return a new `FieldInfo` instance from a `dataclasses.Field` instance.
+
+        Args:
+            dc_field: The `dataclasses.Field` instance to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            The corresponding `FieldInfo` instance.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If any of the `FieldInfo` kwargs does not match the `dataclass.Field` kwargs.
+        """
+        default = dc_field.default
+        if default is dataclasses.MISSING:
+            default = _Unset
+
+        if dc_field.default_factory is dataclasses.MISSING:
+            default_factory = _Unset
+        else:
+            default_factory = dc_field.default_factory
+
+        # use the `Field` function so in correct kwargs raise the correct `TypeError`
+        dc_field_metadata = {k: v for k, v in dc_field.metadata.items() if k in _FIELD_ARG_NAMES}
+        return Field(default=default, default_factory=default_factory, repr=dc_field.repr, **dc_field_metadata)  # pyright: ignore[reportCallIssue]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _collect_metadata(kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> list[Any]:
+        """Collect annotations from kwargs.
+
+        Args:
+            kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the function.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of metadata objects - a combination of `annotated_types.BaseMetadata` and
+                `PydanticMetadata`.
+        """
+        metadata: list[Any] = []
+        general_metadata = {}
+        for key, value in list(kwargs.items()):
+            try:
+                marker = FieldInfo.metadata_lookup[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                continue
+
+            del kwargs[key]
+            if value is not None:
+                if marker is None:
+                    general_metadata[key] = value
+                else:
+                    metadata.append(marker(value))
+        if general_metadata:
+            metadata.append(_fields.pydantic_general_metadata(**general_metadata))
+        return metadata
+
+    @property
+    def deprecation_message(self) -> str | None:
+        """The deprecation message to be emitted, or `None` if not set."""
+        if self.deprecated is None:
+            return None
+        if isinstance(self.deprecated, bool):
+            return 'deprecated' if self.deprecated else None
+        return self.deprecated if isinstance(self.deprecated, str) else self.deprecated.message
+
+    @property
+    def default_factory_takes_validated_data(self) -> bool | None:
+        """Whether the provided default factory callable has a validated data parameter.
+
+        Returns `None` if no default factory is set.
+        """
+        if self.default_factory is not None:
+            return _fields.takes_validated_data_argument(self.default_factory)
+
+    @overload
+    def get_default(
+        self, *, call_default_factory: Literal[True], validated_data: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_default(self, *, call_default_factory: Literal[False] = ...) -> Any: ...
+
+    def get_default(self, *, call_default_factory: bool = False, validated_data: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> Any:
+        """Get the default value.
+
+        We expose an option for whether to call the default_factory (if present), as calling it may
+        result in side effects that we want to avoid. However, there are times when it really should
+        be called (namely, when instantiating a model via `model_construct`).
+
+        Args:
+            call_default_factory: Whether to call the default factory or not.
+            validated_data: The already validated data to be passed to the default factory.
+
+        Returns:
+            The default value, calling the default factory if requested or `None` if not set.
+        """
+        if self.default_factory is None:
+            return _utils.smart_deepcopy(self.default)
+        elif call_default_factory:
+            if self.default_factory_takes_validated_data:
+                fac = cast('Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any]', self.default_factory)
+                if validated_data is None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "The default factory requires the 'validated_data' argument, which was not provided when calling 'get_default'."
+                    )
+                return fac(validated_data)
+            else:
+                fac = cast('Callable[[], Any]', self.default_factory)
+                return fac()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def is_required(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the field is required (i.e., does not have a default value or factory).
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if the field is required, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        return self.default is PydanticUndefined and self.default_factory is None
+
+    def rebuild_annotation(self) -> Any:
+        """Attempts to rebuild the original annotation for use in function signatures.
+
+        If metadata is present, it adds it to the original annotation using
+        `Annotated`. Otherwise, it returns the original annotation as-is.
+
+        Note that because the metadata has been flattened, the original annotation
+        may not be reconstructed exactly as originally provided, e.g. if the original
+        type had unrecognized annotations, or was annotated with a call to `pydantic.Field`.
+
+        Returns:
+            The rebuilt annotation.
+        """
+        if not self.metadata:
+            return self.annotation
+        else:
+            # Annotated arguments must be a tuple
+            return Annotated[(self.annotation, *self.metadata)]  # type: ignore
+
+    def apply_typevars_map(
+        self,
+        typevars_map: Mapping[TypeVar, Any] | None,
+        globalns: GlobalsNamespace | None = None,
+        localns: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply a `typevars_map` to the annotation.
+
+        This method is used when analyzing parametrized generic types to replace typevars with their concrete types.
+
+        This method applies the `typevars_map` to the annotation in place.
+
+        Args:
+            typevars_map: A dictionary mapping type variables to their concrete types.
+            globalns: The globals namespace to use during type annotation evaluation.
+            localns: The locals namespace to use during type annotation evaluation.
+
+        See Also:
+            pydantic._internal._generics.replace_types is used for replacing the typevars with
+                their concrete types.
+        """
+        annotation, _ = _typing_extra.try_eval_type(self.annotation, globalns, localns)
+        self.annotation = _generics.replace_types(annotation, typevars_map)
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> ReprArgs:
+        yield 'annotation', _repr.PlainRepr(_repr.display_as_type(self.annotation))
+        yield 'required', self.is_required()
+
+        for s in self.__slots__:
+            # TODO: properly make use of the protocol (https://rich.readthedocs.io/en/stable/pretty.html#rich-repr-protocol)
+            # By yielding a three-tuple:
+            if s in (
+                'annotation',
+                '_attributes_set',
+                '_qualifiers',
+                '_complete',
+                '_original_assignment',
+                '_original_annotation',
+            ):
+                continue
+            elif s == 'metadata' and not self.metadata:
+                continue
+            elif s == 'repr' and self.repr is True:
+                continue
+            if s == 'frozen' and self.frozen is False:
+                continue
+            if s == 'validation_alias' and self.validation_alias == self.alias:
+                continue
+            if s == 'serialization_alias' and self.serialization_alias == self.alias:
+                continue
+            if s == 'default' and self.default is not PydanticUndefined:
+                yield 'default', self.default
+            elif s == 'default_factory' and self.default_factory is not None:
+                yield 'default_factory', _repr.PlainRepr(_repr.display_as_type(self.default_factory))
+            else:
+                value = getattr(self, s)
+                if value is not None and value is not PydanticUndefined:
+                    yield s, value
+
+
+class _EmptyKwargs(typing_extensions.TypedDict):
+    """This class exists solely to ensure that type checking warns about passing `**extra` in `Field`."""
+
+
+_DefaultValues = {
+    'default': ...,
+    'default_factory': None,
+    'alias': None,
+    'alias_priority': None,
+    'validation_alias': None,
+    'serialization_alias': None,
+    'title': None,
+    'description': None,
+    'examples': None,
+    'exclude': None,
+    'discriminator': None,
+    'json_schema_extra': None,
+    'frozen': None,
+    'validate_default': None,
+    'repr': True,
+    'init': None,
+    'init_var': None,
+    'kw_only': None,
+    'pattern': None,
+    'strict': None,
+    'gt': None,
+    'ge': None,
+    'lt': None,
+    'le': None,
+    'multiple_of': None,
+    'allow_inf_nan': None,
+    'max_digits': None,
+    'decimal_places': None,
+    'min_length': None,
+    'max_length': None,
+    'coerce_numbers_to_str': None,
+}
+
+
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+
+
+# NOTE: Actual return type is 'FieldInfo', but we want to help type checkers
+# to understand the magic that happens at runtime with the following overloads:
+@overload  # type hint the return value as `Any` to avoid type checking regressions when using `...`.
+def Field(
+    default: ellipsis,  # noqa: F821  # TODO: use `_typing_extra.EllipsisType` when we drop Py3.9
+    *,
+    alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    alias_priority: int | None = _Unset,
+    validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None = _Unset,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    title: str | None = _Unset,
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo], str] | None = _Unset,
+    description: str | None = _Unset,
+    examples: list[Any] | None = _Unset,
+    exclude: bool | None = _Unset,
+    discriminator: str | types.Discriminator | None = _Unset,
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None = _Unset,
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None = _Unset,
+    frozen: bool | None = _Unset,
+    validate_default: bool | None = _Unset,
+    repr: bool = _Unset,
+    init: bool | None = _Unset,
+    init_var: bool | None = _Unset,
+    kw_only: bool | None = _Unset,
+    pattern: str | typing.Pattern[str] | None = _Unset,
+    strict: bool | None = _Unset,
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool | None = _Unset,
+    gt: annotated_types.SupportsGt | None = _Unset,
+    ge: annotated_types.SupportsGe | None = _Unset,
+    lt: annotated_types.SupportsLt | None = _Unset,
+    le: annotated_types.SupportsLe | None = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: float | None = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = _Unset,
+    max_digits: int | None = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: int | None = _Unset,
+    min_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    max_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    union_mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right'] = _Unset,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = _Unset,
+    **extra: Unpack[_EmptyKwargs],
+) -> Any: ...
+@overload  # `default` argument set
+def Field(
+    default: _T,
+    *,
+    alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    alias_priority: int | None = _Unset,
+    validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None = _Unset,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    title: str | None = _Unset,
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo], str] | None = _Unset,
+    description: str | None = _Unset,
+    examples: list[Any] | None = _Unset,
+    exclude: bool | None = _Unset,
+    discriminator: str | types.Discriminator | None = _Unset,
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None = _Unset,
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None = _Unset,
+    frozen: bool | None = _Unset,
+    validate_default: bool | None = _Unset,
+    repr: bool = _Unset,
+    init: bool | None = _Unset,
+    init_var: bool | None = _Unset,
+    kw_only: bool | None = _Unset,
+    pattern: str | typing.Pattern[str] | None = _Unset,
+    strict: bool | None = _Unset,
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool | None = _Unset,
+    gt: annotated_types.SupportsGt | None = _Unset,
+    ge: annotated_types.SupportsGe | None = _Unset,
+    lt: annotated_types.SupportsLt | None = _Unset,
+    le: annotated_types.SupportsLe | None = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: float | None = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = _Unset,
+    max_digits: int | None = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: int | None = _Unset,
+    min_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    max_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    union_mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right'] = _Unset,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = _Unset,
+    **extra: Unpack[_EmptyKwargs],
+) -> _T: ...
+@overload  # `default_factory` argument set
+def Field(
+    *,
+    default_factory: Callable[[], _T] | Callable[[dict[str, Any]], _T],
+    alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    alias_priority: int | None = _Unset,
+    validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None = _Unset,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    title: str | None = _Unset,
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo], str] | None = _Unset,
+    description: str | None = _Unset,
+    examples: list[Any] | None = _Unset,
+    exclude: bool | None = _Unset,
+    discriminator: str | types.Discriminator | None = _Unset,
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None = _Unset,
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None = _Unset,
+    frozen: bool | None = _Unset,
+    validate_default: bool | None = _Unset,
+    repr: bool = _Unset,
+    init: bool | None = _Unset,
+    init_var: bool | None = _Unset,
+    kw_only: bool | None = _Unset,
+    pattern: str | typing.Pattern[str] | None = _Unset,
+    strict: bool | None = _Unset,
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool | None = _Unset,
+    gt: annotated_types.SupportsGt | None = _Unset,
+    ge: annotated_types.SupportsGe | None = _Unset,
+    lt: annotated_types.SupportsLt | None = _Unset,
+    le: annotated_types.SupportsLe | None = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: float | None = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = _Unset,
+    max_digits: int | None = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: int | None = _Unset,
+    min_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    max_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    union_mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right'] = _Unset,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = _Unset,
+    **extra: Unpack[_EmptyKwargs],
+) -> _T: ...
+@overload
+def Field(  # No default set
+    *,
+    alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    alias_priority: int | None = _Unset,
+    validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None = _Unset,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    title: str | None = _Unset,
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo], str] | None = _Unset,
+    description: str | None = _Unset,
+    examples: list[Any] | None = _Unset,
+    exclude: bool | None = _Unset,
+    discriminator: str | types.Discriminator | None = _Unset,
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None = _Unset,
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None = _Unset,
+    frozen: bool | None = _Unset,
+    validate_default: bool | None = _Unset,
+    repr: bool = _Unset,
+    init: bool | None = _Unset,
+    init_var: bool | None = _Unset,
+    kw_only: bool | None = _Unset,
+    pattern: str | typing.Pattern[str] | None = _Unset,
+    strict: bool | None = _Unset,
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool | None = _Unset,
+    gt: annotated_types.SupportsGt | None = _Unset,
+    ge: annotated_types.SupportsGe | None = _Unset,
+    lt: annotated_types.SupportsLt | None = _Unset,
+    le: annotated_types.SupportsLe | None = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: float | None = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = _Unset,
+    max_digits: int | None = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: int | None = _Unset,
+    min_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    max_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    union_mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right'] = _Unset,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = _Unset,
+    **extra: Unpack[_EmptyKwargs],
+) -> Any: ...
+def Field(  # noqa: C901
+    default: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Callable[[], Any] | Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any] | None = _Unset,
+    alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    alias_priority: int | None = _Unset,
+    validation_alias: str | AliasPath | AliasChoices | None = _Unset,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = _Unset,
+    title: str | None = _Unset,
+    field_title_generator: Callable[[str, FieldInfo], str] | None = _Unset,
+    description: str | None = _Unset,
+    examples: list[Any] | None = _Unset,
+    exclude: bool | None = _Unset,
+    discriminator: str | types.Discriminator | None = _Unset,
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None = _Unset,
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None = _Unset,
+    frozen: bool | None = _Unset,
+    validate_default: bool | None = _Unset,
+    repr: bool = _Unset,
+    init: bool | None = _Unset,
+    init_var: bool | None = _Unset,
+    kw_only: bool | None = _Unset,
+    pattern: str | typing.Pattern[str] | None = _Unset,
+    strict: bool | None = _Unset,
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool | None = _Unset,
+    gt: annotated_types.SupportsGt | None = _Unset,
+    ge: annotated_types.SupportsGe | None = _Unset,
+    lt: annotated_types.SupportsLt | None = _Unset,
+    le: annotated_types.SupportsLe | None = _Unset,
+    multiple_of: float | None = _Unset,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = _Unset,
+    max_digits: int | None = _Unset,
+    decimal_places: int | None = _Unset,
+    min_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    max_length: int | None = _Unset,
+    union_mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right'] = _Unset,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = _Unset,
+    **extra: Unpack[_EmptyKwargs],
+) -> Any:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Fields](../concepts/fields.md)
+
+    Create a field for objects that can be configured.
+
+    Used to provide extra information about a field, either for the model schema or complex validation. Some arguments
+    apply only to number fields (`int`, `float`, `Decimal`) and some apply only to `str`.
+
+    Note:
+        - Any `_Unset` objects will be replaced by the corresponding value defined in the `_DefaultValues` dictionary. If a key for the `_Unset` object is not found in the `_DefaultValues` dictionary, it will default to `None`
+
+    Args:
+        default: Default value if the field is not set.
+        default_factory: A callable to generate the default value. The callable can either take 0 arguments
+            (in which case it is called as is) or a single argument containing the already validated data.
+        alias: The name to use for the attribute when validating or serializing by alias.
+            This is often used for things like converting between snake and camel case.
+        alias_priority: Priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+        validation_alias: Like `alias`, but only affects validation, not serialization.
+        serialization_alias: Like `alias`, but only affects serialization, not validation.
+        title: Human-readable title.
+        field_title_generator: A callable that takes a field name and returns title for it.
+        description: Human-readable description.
+        examples: Example values for this field.
+        exclude: Whether to exclude the field from the model serialization.
+        discriminator: Field name or Discriminator for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+        deprecated: A deprecation message, an instance of `warnings.deprecated` or the `typing_extensions.deprecated` backport,
+            or a boolean. If `True`, a default deprecation message will be emitted when accessing the field.
+        json_schema_extra: A dict or callable to provide extra JSON schema properties.
+        frozen: Whether the field is frozen. If true, attempts to change the value on an instance will raise an error.
+        validate_default: If `True`, apply validation to the default value every time you create an instance.
+            Otherwise, for performance reasons, the default value of the field is trusted and not validated.
+        repr: A boolean indicating whether to include the field in the `__repr__` output.
+        init: Whether the field should be included in the constructor of the dataclass.
+            (Only applies to dataclasses.)
+        init_var: Whether the field should _only_ be included in the constructor of the dataclass.
+            (Only applies to dataclasses.)
+        kw_only: Whether the field should be a keyword-only argument in the constructor of the dataclass.
+            (Only applies to dataclasses.)
+        coerce_numbers_to_str: Whether to enable coercion of any `Number` type to `str` (not applicable in `strict` mode).
+        strict: If `True`, strict validation is applied to the field.
+            See [Strict Mode](../concepts/strict_mode.md) for details.
+        gt: Greater than. If set, value must be greater than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+        ge: Greater than or equal. If set, value must be greater than or equal to this. Only applicable to numbers.
+        lt: Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
+        le: Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this. Only applicable to numbers.
+        multiple_of: Value must be a multiple of this. Only applicable to numbers.
+        min_length: Minimum length for iterables.
+        max_length: Maximum length for iterables.
+        pattern: Pattern for strings (a regular expression).
+        allow_inf_nan: Allow `inf`, `-inf`, `nan`. Only applicable to float and [`Decimal`][decimal.Decimal] numbers.
+        max_digits: Maximum number of allow digits for strings.
+        decimal_places: Maximum number of decimal places allowed for numbers.
+        union_mode: The strategy to apply when validating a union. Can be `smart` (the default), or `left_to_right`.
+            See [Union Mode](../concepts/unions.md#union-modes) for details.
+        fail_fast: If `True`, validation will stop on the first error. If `False`, all validation errors will be collected.
+            This option can be applied only to iterable types (list, tuple, set, and frozenset).
+        extra: (Deprecated) Extra fields that will be included in the JSON schema.
+
+            !!! warning Deprecated
+                The `extra` kwargs is deprecated. Use `json_schema_extra` instead.
+
+    Returns:
+        A new [`FieldInfo`][pydantic.fields.FieldInfo]. The return annotation is `Any` so `Field` can be used on
+            type-annotated fields without causing a type error.
+    """
+    # Check deprecated and removed params from V1. This logic should eventually be removed.
+    const = extra.pop('const', None)  # type: ignore
+    if const is not None:
+        raise PydanticUserError('`const` is removed, use `Literal` instead', code='removed-kwargs')
+
+    min_items = extra.pop('min_items', None)  # type: ignore
+    if min_items is not None:
+        warn('`min_items` is deprecated and will be removed, use `min_length` instead', DeprecationWarning)
+        if min_length in (None, _Unset):
+            min_length = min_items  # type: ignore
+
+    max_items = extra.pop('max_items', None)  # type: ignore
+    if max_items is not None:
+        warn('`max_items` is deprecated and will be removed, use `max_length` instead', DeprecationWarning)
+        if max_length in (None, _Unset):
+            max_length = max_items  # type: ignore
+
+    unique_items = extra.pop('unique_items', None)  # type: ignore
+    if unique_items is not None:
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            (
+                '`unique_items` is removed, use `Set` instead'
+                '(this feature is discussed in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/issues/296)'
+            ),
+            code='removed-kwargs',
+        )
+
+    allow_mutation = extra.pop('allow_mutation', None)  # type: ignore
+    if allow_mutation is not None:
+        warn('`allow_mutation` is deprecated and will be removed. use `frozen` instead', DeprecationWarning)
+        if allow_mutation is False:
+            frozen = True
+
+    regex = extra.pop('regex', None)  # type: ignore
+    if regex is not None:
+        raise PydanticUserError('`regex` is removed. use `pattern` instead', code='removed-kwargs')
+
+    if extra:
+        warn(
+            'Using extra keyword arguments on `Field` is deprecated and will be removed.'
+            ' Use `json_schema_extra` instead.'
+            f' (Extra keys: {", ".join(k.__repr__() for k in extra.keys())})',
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        if not json_schema_extra or json_schema_extra is _Unset:
+            json_schema_extra = extra  # type: ignore
+
+    if (
+        validation_alias
+        and validation_alias is not _Unset
+        and not isinstance(validation_alias, (str, AliasChoices, AliasPath))
+    ):
+        raise TypeError('Invalid `validation_alias` type. it should be `str`, `AliasChoices`, or `AliasPath`')
+
+    if serialization_alias in (_Unset, None) and isinstance(alias, str):
+        serialization_alias = alias
+
+    if validation_alias in (_Unset, None):
+        validation_alias = alias
+
+    include = extra.pop('include', None)  # type: ignore
+    if include is not None:
+        warn('`include` is deprecated and does nothing. It will be removed, use `exclude` instead', DeprecationWarning)
+
+    return FieldInfo.from_field(
+        default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        alias=alias,
+        alias_priority=alias_priority,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        title=title,
+        field_title_generator=field_title_generator,
+        description=description,
+        examples=examples,
+        exclude=exclude,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        deprecated=deprecated,
+        json_schema_extra=json_schema_extra,
+        frozen=frozen,
+        pattern=pattern,
+        validate_default=validate_default,
+        repr=repr,
+        init=init,
+        init_var=init_var,
+        kw_only=kw_only,
+        coerce_numbers_to_str=coerce_numbers_to_str,
+        strict=strict,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        union_mode=union_mode,
+        fail_fast=fail_fast,
+    )
+
+
+_FIELD_ARG_NAMES = set(inspect.signature(Field).parameters)
+_FIELD_ARG_NAMES.remove('extra')  # do not include the varkwargs parameter
+
+
+class ModelPrivateAttr(_repr.Representation):
+    """A descriptor for private attributes in class models.
+
+    !!! warning
+        You generally shouldn't be creating `ModelPrivateAttr` instances directly, instead use
+        `pydantic.fields.PrivateAttr`. (This is similar to `FieldInfo` vs. `Field`.)
+
+    Attributes:
+        default: The default value of the attribute if not provided.
+        default_factory: A callable function that generates the default value of the
+            attribute if not provided.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('default', 'default_factory')
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, default: Any = PydanticUndefined, *, default_factory: typing.Callable[[], Any] | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if default is Ellipsis:
+            self.default = PydanticUndefined
+        else:
+            self.default = default
+        self.default_factory = default_factory
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # We put `__getattr__` in a non-TYPE_CHECKING block because otherwise, mypy allows arbitrary attribute access
+
+        def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+            """This function improves compatibility with custom descriptors by ensuring delegation happens
+            as expected when the default value of a private attribute is a descriptor.
+            """
+            if item in {'__get__', '__set__', '__delete__'}:
+                if hasattr(self.default, item):
+                    return getattr(self.default, item)
+            raise AttributeError(f'{type(self).__name__!r} object has no attribute {item!r}')
+
+    def __set_name__(self, cls: type[Any], name: str) -> None:
+        """Preserve `__set_name__` protocol defined in https://peps.python.org/pep-0487."""
+        default = self.default
+        if default is PydanticUndefined:
+            return
+        set_name = getattr(default, '__set_name__', None)
+        if callable(set_name):
+            set_name(cls, name)
+
+    def get_default(self) -> Any:
+        """Retrieve the default value of the object.
+
+        If `self.default_factory` is `None`, the method will return a deep copy of the `self.default` object.
+
+        If `self.default_factory` is not `None`, it will call `self.default_factory` and return the value returned.
+
+        Returns:
+            The default value of the object.
+        """
+        return _utils.smart_deepcopy(self.default) if self.default_factory is None else self.default_factory()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) and (self.default, self.default_factory) == (
+            other.default,
+            other.default_factory,
+        )
+
+
+# NOTE: Actual return type is 'ModelPrivateAttr', but we want to help type checkers
+# to understand the magic that happens at runtime.
+@overload  # `default` argument set
+def PrivateAttr(
+    default: _T,
+    *,
+    init: Literal[False] = False,
+) -> _T: ...
+@overload  # `default_factory` argument set
+def PrivateAttr(
+    *,
+    default_factory: Callable[[], _T],
+    init: Literal[False] = False,
+) -> _T: ...
+@overload  # No default set
+def PrivateAttr(
+    *,
+    init: Literal[False] = False,
+) -> Any: ...
+def PrivateAttr(
+    default: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Callable[[], Any] | None = None,
+    init: Literal[False] = False,
+) -> Any:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Private Model Attributes](../concepts/models.md#private-model-attributes)
+
+    Indicates that an attribute is intended for private use and not handled during normal validation/serialization.
+
+    Private attributes are not validated by Pydantic, so it's up to you to ensure they are used in a type-safe manner.
+
+    Private attributes are stored in `__private_attributes__` on the model.
+
+    Args:
+        default: The attribute's default value. Defaults to Undefined.
+        default_factory: Callable that will be
+            called when a default value is needed for this attribute.
+            If both `default` and `default_factory` are set, an error will be raised.
+        init: Whether the attribute should be included in the constructor of the dataclass. Always `False`.
+
+    Returns:
+        An instance of [`ModelPrivateAttr`][pydantic.fields.ModelPrivateAttr] class.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If both `default` and `default_factory` are set.
+    """
+    if default is not PydanticUndefined and default_factory is not None:
+        raise TypeError('cannot specify both default and default_factory')
+
+    return ModelPrivateAttr(
+        default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+    )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class ComputedFieldInfo:
+    """A container for data from `@computed_field` so that we can access it while building the pydantic-core schema.
+
+    Attributes:
+        decorator_repr: A class variable representing the decorator string, '@computed_field'.
+        wrapped_property: The wrapped computed field property.
+        return_type: The type of the computed field property's return value.
+        alias: The alias of the property to be used during serialization.
+        alias_priority: The priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used.
+        title: Title of the computed field to include in the serialization JSON schema.
+        field_title_generator: A callable that takes a field name and returns title for it.
+        description: Description of the computed field to include in the serialization JSON schema.
+        deprecated: A deprecation message, an instance of `warnings.deprecated` or the `typing_extensions.deprecated` backport,
+            or a boolean. If `True`, a default deprecation message will be emitted when accessing the field.
+        examples: Example values of the computed field to include in the serialization JSON schema.
+        json_schema_extra: A dict or callable to provide extra JSON schema properties.
+        repr: A boolean indicating whether to include the field in the __repr__ output.
+    """
+
+    decorator_repr: ClassVar[str] = '@computed_field'
+    wrapped_property: property
+    return_type: Any
+    alias: str | None
+    alias_priority: int | None
+    title: str | None
+    field_title_generator: typing.Callable[[str, ComputedFieldInfo], str] | None
+    description: str | None
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None
+    examples: list[Any] | None
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | typing.Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None
+    repr: bool
+
+    @property
+    def deprecation_message(self) -> str | None:
+        """The deprecation message to be emitted, or `None` if not set."""
+        if self.deprecated is None:
+            return None
+        if isinstance(self.deprecated, bool):
+            return 'deprecated' if self.deprecated else None
+        return self.deprecated if isinstance(self.deprecated, str) else self.deprecated.message
+
+
+def _wrapped_property_is_private(property_: cached_property | property) -> bool:  # type: ignore
+    """Returns true if provided property is private, False otherwise."""
+    wrapped_name: str = ''
+
+    if isinstance(property_, property):
+        wrapped_name = getattr(property_.fget, '__name__', '')
+    elif isinstance(property_, cached_property):  # type: ignore
+        wrapped_name = getattr(property_.func, '__name__', '')  # type: ignore
+
+    return wrapped_name.startswith('_') and not wrapped_name.startswith('__')
+
+
+# this should really be `property[T], cached_property[T]` but property is not generic unlike cached_property
+# See https://github.com/python/typing/issues/985 and linked issues
+PropertyT = typing.TypeVar('PropertyT')
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def computed_field(func: PropertyT, /) -> PropertyT: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def computed_field(
+    *,
+    alias: str | None = None,
+    alias_priority: int | None = None,
+    title: str | None = None,
+    field_title_generator: typing.Callable[[str, ComputedFieldInfo], str] | None = None,
+    description: str | None = None,
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None = None,
+    examples: list[Any] | None = None,
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | typing.Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None = None,
+    repr: bool = True,
+    return_type: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+) -> typing.Callable[[PropertyT], PropertyT]: ...
+
+
+def computed_field(
+    func: PropertyT | None = None,
+    /,
+    *,
+    alias: str | None = None,
+    alias_priority: int | None = None,
+    title: str | None = None,
+    field_title_generator: typing.Callable[[str, ComputedFieldInfo], str] | None = None,
+    description: str | None = None,
+    deprecated: Deprecated | str | bool | None = None,
+    examples: list[Any] | None = None,
+    json_schema_extra: JsonDict | typing.Callable[[JsonDict], None] | None = None,
+    repr: bool | None = None,
+    return_type: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+) -> PropertyT | typing.Callable[[PropertyT], PropertyT]:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [The `computed_field` decorator](../concepts/fields.md#the-computed_field-decorator)
+
+    Decorator to include `property` and `cached_property` when serializing models or dataclasses.
+
+    This is useful for fields that are computed from other fields, or for fields that are expensive to compute and should be cached.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, computed_field
+
+    class Rectangle(BaseModel):
+        width: int
+        length: int
+
+        @computed_field
+        @property
+        def area(self) -> int:
+            return self.width * self.length
+
+    print(Rectangle(width=3, length=2).model_dump())
+    #> {'width': 3, 'length': 2, 'area': 6}
+    ```
+
+    If applied to functions not yet decorated with `@property` or `@cached_property`, the function is
+    automatically wrapped with `property`. Although this is more concise, you will lose IntelliSense in your IDE,
+    and confuse static type checkers, thus explicit use of `@property` is recommended.
+
+    !!! warning "Mypy Warning"
+        Even with the `@property` or `@cached_property` applied to your function before `@computed_field`,
+        mypy may throw a `Decorated property not supported` error.
+        See [mypy issue #1362](https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/1362), for more information.
+        To avoid this error message, add `# type: ignore[prop-decorator]` to the `@computed_field` line.
+
+        [pyright](https://github.com/microsoft/pyright) supports `@computed_field` without error.
+
+    ```python
+    import random
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, computed_field
+
+    class Square(BaseModel):
+        width: float
+
+        @computed_field
+        def area(self) -> float:  # converted to a `property` by `computed_field`
+            return round(self.width**2, 2)
+
+        @area.setter
+        def area(self, new_area: float) -> None:
+            self.width = new_area**0.5
+
+        @computed_field(alias='the magic number', repr=False)
+        def random_number(self) -> int:
+            return random.randint(0, 1_000)
+
+    square = Square(width=1.3)
+
+    # `random_number` does not appear in representation
+    print(repr(square))
+    #> Square(width=1.3, area=1.69)
+
+    print(square.random_number)
+    #> 3
+
+    square.area = 4
+
+    print(square.model_dump_json(by_alias=True))
+    #> {"width":2.0,"area":4.0,"the magic number":3}
+    ```
+
+    !!! warning "Overriding with `computed_field`"
+        You can't override a field from a parent class with a `computed_field` in the child class.
+        `mypy` complains about this behavior if allowed, and `dataclasses` doesn't allow this pattern either.
+        See the example below:
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, computed_field
+
+    class Parent(BaseModel):
+        a: str
+
+    try:
+
+        class Child(Parent):
+            @computed_field
+            @property
+            def a(self) -> str:
+                return 'new a'
+
+    except TypeError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        Field 'a' of class 'Child' overrides symbol of same name in a parent class. This override with a computed_field is incompatible.
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    Private properties decorated with `@computed_field` have `repr=False` by default.
+
+    ```python
+    from functools import cached_property
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, computed_field
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        foo: int
+
+        @computed_field
+        @cached_property
+        def _private_cached_property(self) -> int:
+            return -self.foo
+
+        @computed_field
+        @property
+        def _private_property(self) -> int:
+            return -self.foo
+
+    m = Model(foo=1)
+    print(repr(m))
+    #> Model(foo=1)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        func: the function to wrap.
+        alias: alias to use when serializing this computed field, only used when `by_alias=True`
+        alias_priority: priority of the alias. This affects whether an alias generator is used
+        title: Title to use when including this computed field in JSON Schema
+        field_title_generator: A callable that takes a field name and returns title for it.
+        description: Description to use when including this computed field in JSON Schema, defaults to the function's
+            docstring
+        deprecated: A deprecation message (or an instance of `warnings.deprecated` or the `typing_extensions.deprecated` backport).
+            to be emitted when accessing the field. Or a boolean. This will automatically be set if the property is decorated with the
+            `deprecated` decorator.
+        examples: Example values to use when including this computed field in JSON Schema
+        json_schema_extra: A dict or callable to provide extra JSON schema properties.
+        repr: whether to include this computed field in model repr.
+            Default is `False` for private properties and `True` for public properties.
+        return_type: optional return for serialization logic to expect when serializing to JSON, if included
+            this must be correct, otherwise a `TypeError` is raised.
+            If you don't include a return type Any is used, which does runtime introspection to handle arbitrary
+            objects.
+
+    Returns:
+        A proxy wrapper for the property.
+    """
+
+    def dec(f: Any) -> Any:
+        nonlocal description, deprecated, return_type, alias_priority
+        unwrapped = _decorators.unwrap_wrapped_function(f)
+
+        if description is None and unwrapped.__doc__:
+            description = inspect.cleandoc(unwrapped.__doc__)
+
+        if deprecated is None and hasattr(unwrapped, '__deprecated__'):
+            deprecated = unwrapped.__deprecated__
+
+        # if the function isn't already decorated with `@property` (or another descriptor), then we wrap it now
+        f = _decorators.ensure_property(f)
+        alias_priority = (alias_priority or 2) if alias is not None else None
+
+        if repr is None:
+            repr_: bool = not _wrapped_property_is_private(property_=f)
+        else:
+            repr_ = repr
+
+        dec_info = ComputedFieldInfo(
+            f,
+            return_type,
+            alias,
+            alias_priority,
+            title,
+            field_title_generator,
+            description,
+            deprecated,
+            examples,
+            json_schema_extra,
+            repr_,
+        )
+        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)
+
+    if func is None:
+        return dec
+    else:
+        return dec(func)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/functional_serializers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/functional_serializers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b065e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/functional_serializers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+"""This module contains related classes and functions for serialization."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from functools import partial, partialmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar, overload
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined, core_schema
+from pydantic_core.core_schema import SerializationInfo, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, WhenUsed
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+
+from . import PydanticUndefinedAnnotation
+from ._internal import _decorators, _internal_dataclass
+from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true, frozen=True)
+class PlainSerializer:
+    """Plain serializers use a function to modify the output of serialization.
+
+    This is particularly helpful when you want to customize the serialization for annotated types.
+    Consider an input of `list`, which will be serialized into a space-delimited string.
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, PlainSerializer
+
+    CustomStr = Annotated[
+        list, PlainSerializer(lambda x: ' '.join(x), return_type=str)
+    ]
+
+    class StudentModel(BaseModel):
+        courses: CustomStr
+
+    student = StudentModel(courses=['Math', 'Chemistry', 'English'])
+    print(student.model_dump())
+    #> {'courses': 'Math Chemistry English'}
+    ```
+
+    Attributes:
+        func: The serializer function.
+        return_type: The return type for the function. If omitted it will be inferred from the type annotation.
+        when_used: Determines when this serializer should be used. Accepts a string with values `'always'`,
+            `'unless-none'`, `'json'`, and `'json-unless-none'`. Defaults to 'always'.
+    """
+
+    func: core_schema.SerializerFunction
+    return_type: Any = PydanticUndefined
+    when_used: WhenUsed = 'always'
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """Gets the Pydantic core schema.
+
+        Args:
+            source_type: The source type.
+            handler: The `GetCoreSchemaHandler` instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            The Pydantic core schema.
+        """
+        schema = handler(source_type)
+        if self.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+            return_type = self.return_type
+        else:
+            try:
+                # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(
+                    self.func,
+                    localns=handler._get_types_namespace().locals,
+                )
+            except NameError as e:
+                raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+        return_schema = None if return_type is PydanticUndefined else handler.generate_schema(return_type)
+        schema['serialization'] = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+            function=self.func,
+            info_arg=_decorators.inspect_annotated_serializer(self.func, 'plain'),
+            return_schema=return_schema,
+            when_used=self.when_used,
+        )
+        return schema
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true, frozen=True)
+class WrapSerializer:
+    """Wrap serializers receive the raw inputs along with a handler function that applies the standard serialization
+    logic, and can modify the resulting value before returning it as the final output of serialization.
+
+    For example, here's a scenario in which a wrap serializer transforms timezones to UTC **and** utilizes the existing `datetime` serialization logic.
+
+    ```python
+    from datetime import datetime, timezone
+    from typing import Annotated, Any
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, WrapSerializer
+
+    class EventDatetime(BaseModel):
+        start: datetime
+        end: datetime
+
+    def convert_to_utc(value: Any, handler, info) -> dict[str, datetime]:
+        # Note that `handler` can actually help serialize the `value` for
+        # further custom serialization in case it's a subclass.
+        partial_result = handler(value, info)
+        if info.mode == 'json':
+            return {
+                k: datetime.fromisoformat(v).astimezone(timezone.utc)
+                for k, v in partial_result.items()
+            }
+        return {k: v.astimezone(timezone.utc) for k, v in partial_result.items()}
+
+    UTCEventDatetime = Annotated[EventDatetime, WrapSerializer(convert_to_utc)]
+
+    class EventModel(BaseModel):
+        event_datetime: UTCEventDatetime
+
+    dt = EventDatetime(
+        start='2024-01-01T07:00:00-08:00', end='2024-01-03T20:00:00+06:00'
+    )
+    event = EventModel(event_datetime=dt)
+    print(event.model_dump())
+    '''
+    {
+        'event_datetime': {
+            'start': datetime.datetime(
+                2024, 1, 1, 15, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            ),
+            'end': datetime.datetime(
+                2024, 1, 3, 14, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+    '''
+
+    print(event.model_dump_json())
+    '''
+    {"event_datetime":{"start":"2024-01-01T15:00:00Z","end":"2024-01-03T14:00:00Z"}}
+    '''
+    ```
+
+    Attributes:
+        func: The serializer function to be wrapped.
+        return_type: The return type for the function. If omitted it will be inferred from the type annotation.
+        when_used: Determines when this serializer should be used. Accepts a string with values `'always'`,
+            `'unless-none'`, `'json'`, and `'json-unless-none'`. Defaults to 'always'.
+    """
+
+    func: core_schema.WrapSerializerFunction
+    return_type: Any = PydanticUndefined
+    when_used: WhenUsed = 'always'
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        """This method is used to get the Pydantic core schema of the class.
+
+        Args:
+            source_type: Source type.
+            handler: Core schema handler.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated core schema of the class.
+        """
+        schema = handler(source_type)
+        if self.return_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+            return_type = self.return_type
+        else:
+            try:
+                # Do not pass in globals as the function could be defined in a different module.
+                # Instead, let `get_callable_return_type` infer the globals to use, but still pass
+                # in locals that may contain a parent/rebuild namespace:
+                return_type = _decorators.get_callable_return_type(
+                    self.func,
+                    localns=handler._get_types_namespace().locals,
+                )
+            except NameError as e:
+                raise PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e) from e
+
+        return_schema = None if return_type is PydanticUndefined else handler.generate_schema(return_type)
+        schema['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+            function=self.func,
+            info_arg=_decorators.inspect_annotated_serializer(self.func, 'wrap'),
+            return_schema=return_schema,
+            when_used=self.when_used,
+        )
+        return schema
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _Partial: TypeAlias = 'partial[Any] | partialmethod[Any]'
+
+    FieldPlainSerializer: TypeAlias = 'core_schema.SerializerFunction | _Partial'
+    """A field serializer method or function in `plain` mode."""
+
+    FieldWrapSerializer: TypeAlias = 'core_schema.WrapSerializerFunction | _Partial'
+    """A field serializer method or function in `wrap` mode."""
+
+    FieldSerializer: TypeAlias = 'FieldPlainSerializer | FieldWrapSerializer'
+    """A field serializer method or function."""
+
+    _FieldPlainSerializerT = TypeVar('_FieldPlainSerializerT', bound=FieldPlainSerializer)
+    _FieldWrapSerializerT = TypeVar('_FieldWrapSerializerT', bound=FieldWrapSerializer)
+
+
+@overload
+def field_serializer(
+    field: str,
+    /,
+    *fields: str,
+    mode: Literal['wrap'],
+    return_type: Any = ...,
+    when_used: WhenUsed = ...,
+    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
+) -> Callable[[_FieldWrapSerializerT], _FieldWrapSerializerT]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def field_serializer(
+    field: str,
+    /,
+    *fields: str,
+    mode: Literal['plain'] = ...,
+    return_type: Any = ...,
+    when_used: WhenUsed = ...,
+    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
+) -> Callable[[_FieldPlainSerializerT], _FieldPlainSerializerT]: ...
+
+
+def field_serializer(
+    *fields: str,
+    mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap'] = 'plain',
+    return_type: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+    when_used: WhenUsed = 'always',
+    check_fields: bool | None = None,
+) -> (
+    Callable[[_FieldWrapSerializerT], _FieldWrapSerializerT]
+    | Callable[[_FieldPlainSerializerT], _FieldPlainSerializerT]
+):
+    """Decorator that enables custom field serialization.
+
+    In the below example, a field of type `set` is used to mitigate duplication. A `field_serializer` is used to serialize the data as a sorted list.
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Set
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, field_serializer
+
+    class StudentModel(BaseModel):
+        name: str = 'Jane'
+        courses: Set[str]
+
+        @field_serializer('courses', when_used='json')
+        def serialize_courses_in_order(self, courses: Set[str]):
+            return sorted(courses)
+
+    student = StudentModel(courses={'Math', 'Chemistry', 'English'})
+    print(student.model_dump_json())
+    #> {"name":"Jane","courses":["Chemistry","English","Math"]}
+    ```
+
+    See [Custom serializers](../concepts/serialization.md#custom-serializers) for more information.
+
+    Four signatures are supported:
+
+    - `(self, value: Any, info: FieldSerializationInfo)`
+    - `(self, value: Any, nxt: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, info: FieldSerializationInfo)`
+    - `(value: Any, info: SerializationInfo)`
+    - `(value: Any, nxt: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, info: SerializationInfo)`
+
+    Args:
+        fields: Which field(s) the method should be called on.
+        mode: The serialization mode.
+
+            - `plain` means the function will be called instead of the default serialization logic,
+            - `wrap` means the function will be called with an argument to optionally call the
+               default serialization logic.
+        return_type: Optional return type for the function, if omitted it will be inferred from the type annotation.
+        when_used: Determines the serializer will be used for serialization.
+        check_fields: Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.
+
+    Returns:
+        The decorator function.
+    """
+
+    def dec(f: FieldSerializer) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
+        dec_info = _decorators.FieldSerializerDecoratorInfo(
+            fields=fields,
+            mode=mode,
+            return_type=return_type,
+            when_used=when_used,
+            check_fields=check_fields,
+        )
+        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+
+    return dec  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # The first argument in the following callables represent the `self` type:
+
+    ModelPlainSerializerWithInfo: TypeAlias = Callable[[Any, SerializationInfo], Any]
+    """A model serializer method with the `info` argument, in `plain` mode."""
+
+    ModelPlainSerializerWithoutInfo: TypeAlias = Callable[[Any], Any]
+    """A model serializer method without the `info` argument, in `plain` mode."""
+
+    ModelPlainSerializer: TypeAlias = 'ModelPlainSerializerWithInfo | ModelPlainSerializerWithoutInfo'
+    """A model serializer method in `plain` mode."""
+
+    ModelWrapSerializerWithInfo: TypeAlias = Callable[[Any, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, SerializationInfo], Any]
+    """A model serializer method with the `info` argument, in `wrap` mode."""
+
+    ModelWrapSerializerWithoutInfo: TypeAlias = Callable[[Any, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler], Any]
+    """A model serializer method without the `info` argument, in `wrap` mode."""
+
+    ModelWrapSerializer: TypeAlias = 'ModelWrapSerializerWithInfo | ModelWrapSerializerWithoutInfo'
+    """A model serializer method in `wrap` mode."""
+
+    ModelSerializer: TypeAlias = 'ModelPlainSerializer | ModelWrapSerializer'
+
+    _ModelPlainSerializerT = TypeVar('_ModelPlainSerializerT', bound=ModelPlainSerializer)
+    _ModelWrapSerializerT = TypeVar('_ModelWrapSerializerT', bound=ModelWrapSerializer)
+
+
+@overload
+def model_serializer(f: _ModelPlainSerializerT, /) -> _ModelPlainSerializerT: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def model_serializer(
+    *, mode: Literal['wrap'], when_used: WhenUsed = 'always', return_type: Any = ...
+) -> Callable[[_ModelWrapSerializerT], _ModelWrapSerializerT]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def model_serializer(
+    *,
+    mode: Literal['plain'] = ...,
+    when_used: WhenUsed = 'always',
+    return_type: Any = ...,
+) -> Callable[[_ModelPlainSerializerT], _ModelPlainSerializerT]: ...
+
+
+def model_serializer(
+    f: _ModelPlainSerializerT | _ModelWrapSerializerT | None = None,
+    /,
+    *,
+    mode: Literal['plain', 'wrap'] = 'plain',
+    when_used: WhenUsed = 'always',
+    return_type: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+) -> (
+    _ModelPlainSerializerT
+    | Callable[[_ModelWrapSerializerT], _ModelWrapSerializerT]
+    | Callable[[_ModelPlainSerializerT], _ModelPlainSerializerT]
+):
+    """Decorator that enables custom model serialization.
+
+    This is useful when a model need to be serialized in a customized manner, allowing for flexibility beyond just specific fields.
+
+    An example would be to serialize temperature to the same temperature scale, such as degrees Celsius.
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Literal
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, model_serializer
+
+    class TemperatureModel(BaseModel):
+        unit: Literal['C', 'F']
+        value: int
+
+        @model_serializer()
+        def serialize_model(self):
+            if self.unit == 'F':
+                return {'unit': 'C', 'value': int((self.value - 32) / 1.8)}
+            return {'unit': self.unit, 'value': self.value}
+
+    temperature = TemperatureModel(unit='F', value=212)
+    print(temperature.model_dump())
+    #> {'unit': 'C', 'value': 100}
+    ```
+
+    Two signatures are supported for `mode='plain'`, which is the default:
+
+    - `(self)`
+    - `(self, info: SerializationInfo)`
+
+    And two other signatures for `mode='wrap'`:
+
+    - `(self, nxt: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler)`
+    - `(self, nxt: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, info: SerializationInfo)`
+
+        See [Custom serializers](../concepts/serialization.md#custom-serializers) for more information.
+
+    Args:
+        f: The function to be decorated.
+        mode: The serialization mode.
+
+            - `'plain'` means the function will be called instead of the default serialization logic
+            - `'wrap'` means the function will be called with an argument to optionally call the default
+                serialization logic.
+        when_used: Determines when this serializer should be used.
+        return_type: The return type for the function. If omitted it will be inferred from the type annotation.
+
+    Returns:
+        The decorator function.
+    """
+
+    def dec(f: ModelSerializer) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
+        dec_info = _decorators.ModelSerializerDecoratorInfo(mode=mode, return_type=return_type, when_used=when_used)
+        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)
+
+    if f is None:
+        return dec  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+    else:
+        return dec(f)  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+AnyType = TypeVar('AnyType')
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    SerializeAsAny = Annotated[AnyType, ...]  # SerializeAsAny[list[str]] will be treated by type checkers as list[str]
+    """Force serialization to ignore whatever is defined in the schema and instead ask the object
+    itself how it should be serialized.
+    In particular, this means that when model subclasses are serialized, fields present in the subclass
+    but not in the original schema will be included.
+    """
+else:
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+    class SerializeAsAny:  # noqa: D101
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any) -> Any:
+            return Annotated[item, SerializeAsAny()]
+
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            schema = handler(source_type)
+            schema_to_update = schema
+            while schema_to_update['type'] == 'definitions':
+                schema_to_update = schema_to_update.copy()
+                schema_to_update = schema_to_update['schema']
+            schema_to_update['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                lambda x, h: h(x), schema=core_schema.any_schema()
+            )
+            return schema
+
+        __hash__ = object.__hash__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/functional_validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/functional_validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eed4ef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/functional_validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,828 @@
+"""This module contains related classes and functions for validation."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import sys
+from functools import partialmethod
+from types import FunctionType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar, Union, cast, overload
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined, core_schema
+from pydantic_core import core_schema as _core_schema
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
+
+from ._internal import _decorators, _generics, _internal_dataclass
+from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler
+from .errors import PydanticUserError
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from typing_extensions import Protocol
+else:
+    from typing import Protocol
+
+_inspect_validator = _decorators.inspect_validator
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class AfterValidator:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [field *after* validators](../concepts/validators.md#field-after-validator)
+
+    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **after** the inner validation logic.
+
+    Attributes:
+        func: The validator function.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+
+        from pydantic import AfterValidator, BaseModel, ValidationError
+
+        MyInt = Annotated[int, AfterValidator(lambda v: v + 1)]
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            a: MyInt
+
+        print(Model(a=1).a)
+        #> 2
+
+        try:
+            Model(a='a')
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            print(e.json(indent=2))
+            '''
+            [
+              {
+                "type": "int_parsing",
+                "loc": [
+                  "a"
+                ],
+                "msg": "Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer",
+                "input": "a",
+                "url": "https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/int_parsing"
+              }
+            ]
+            '''
+        ```
+    """
+
+    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        schema = handler(source_type)
+        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'after')
+        if info_arg:
+            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(func, schema=schema, field_name=handler.field_name)
+        else:
+            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(func, schema=schema)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_decorator(cls, decorator: _decorators.Decorator[_decorators.FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo]) -> Self:
+        return cls(func=decorator.func)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class BeforeValidator:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [field *before* validators](../concepts/validators.md#field-before-validator)
+
+    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **before** the inner validation logic.
+
+    Attributes:
+        func: The validator function.
+        json_schema_input_type: The input type of the function. This is only used to generate the appropriate
+            JSON Schema (in validation mode).
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, BeforeValidator
+
+        MyInt = Annotated[int, BeforeValidator(lambda v: v + 1)]
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            a: MyInt
+
+        print(Model(a=1).a)
+        #> 2
+
+        try:
+            Model(a='a')
+        except TypeError as e:
+            print(e)
+            #> can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
+        ```
+    """
+
+    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction
+    json_schema_input_type: Any = PydanticUndefined
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        schema = handler(source_type)
+        input_schema = (
+            None
+            if self.json_schema_input_type is PydanticUndefined
+            else handler.generate_schema(self.json_schema_input_type)
+        )
+
+        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'before')
+        if info_arg:
+            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(
+                func,
+                schema=schema,
+                field_name=handler.field_name,
+                json_schema_input_schema=input_schema,
+            )
+        else:
+            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(
+                func, schema=schema, json_schema_input_schema=input_schema
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_decorator(cls, decorator: _decorators.Decorator[_decorators.FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo]) -> Self:
+        return cls(
+            func=decorator.func,
+            json_schema_input_type=decorator.info.json_schema_input_type,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class PlainValidator:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [field *plain* validators](../concepts/validators.md#field-plain-validator)
+
+    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **instead** of the inner validation logic.
+
+    !!! note
+        Before v2.9, `PlainValidator` wasn't always compatible with JSON Schema generation for `mode='validation'`.
+        You can now use the `json_schema_input_type` argument to specify the input type of the function
+        to be used in the JSON schema when `mode='validation'` (the default). See the example below for more details.
+
+    Attributes:
+        func: The validator function.
+        json_schema_input_type: The input type of the function. This is only used to generate the appropriate
+            JSON Schema (in validation mode). If not provided, will default to `Any`.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated, Union
+
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, PlainValidator
+
+        MyInt = Annotated[
+            int,
+            PlainValidator(
+                lambda v: int(v) + 1, json_schema_input_type=Union[str, int]  # (1)!
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            a: MyInt
+
+        print(Model(a='1').a)
+        #> 2
+
+        print(Model(a=1).a)
+        #> 2
+        ```
+
+        1. In this example, we've specified the `json_schema_input_type` as `Union[str, int]` which indicates to the JSON schema
+        generator that in validation mode, the input type for the `a` field can be either a `str` or an `int`.
+    """
+
+    func: core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction
+    json_schema_input_type: Any = Any
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        # Note that for some valid uses of PlainValidator, it is not possible to generate a core schema for the
+        # source_type, so calling `handler(source_type)` will error, which prevents us from generating a proper
+        # serialization schema. To work around this for use cases that will not involve serialization, we simply
+        # catch any PydanticSchemaGenerationError that may be raised while attempting to build the serialization schema
+        # and abort any attempts to handle special serialization.
+        from pydantic import PydanticSchemaGenerationError
+
+        try:
+            schema = handler(source_type)
+            # TODO if `schema['serialization']` is one of `'include-exclude-dict/sequence',
+            # schema validation will fail. That's why we use 'type ignore' comments below.
+            serialization = schema.get(
+                'serialization',
+                core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    function=lambda v, h: h(v),
+                    schema=schema,
+                    return_schema=handler.generate_schema(source_type),
+                ),
+            )
+        except PydanticSchemaGenerationError:
+            serialization = None
+
+        input_schema = handler.generate_schema(self.json_schema_input_type)
+
+        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'plain')
+        if info_arg:
+            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(
+                func,
+                field_name=handler.field_name,
+                serialization=serialization,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+                json_schema_input_schema=input_schema,
+            )
+        else:
+            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                func,
+                serialization=serialization,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+                json_schema_input_schema=input_schema,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_decorator(cls, decorator: _decorators.Decorator[_decorators.FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo]) -> Self:
+        return cls(
+            func=decorator.func,
+            json_schema_input_type=decorator.info.json_schema_input_type,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class WrapValidator:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [field *wrap* validators](../concepts/validators.md#field-wrap-validator)
+
+    A metadata class that indicates that a validation should be applied **around** the inner validation logic.
+
+    Attributes:
+        func: The validator function.
+        json_schema_input_type: The input type of the function. This is only used to generate the appropriate
+            JSON Schema (in validation mode).
+
+    ```python
+    from datetime import datetime
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, WrapValidator
+
+    def validate_timestamp(v, handler):
+        if v == 'now':
+            # we don't want to bother with further validation, just return the new value
+            return datetime.now()
+        try:
+            return handler(v)
+        except ValidationError:
+            # validation failed, in this case we want to return a default value
+            return datetime(2000, 1, 1)
+
+    MyTimestamp = Annotated[datetime, WrapValidator(validate_timestamp)]
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        a: MyTimestamp
+
+    print(Model(a='now').a)
+    #> 2032-01-02 03:04:05.000006
+    print(Model(a='invalid').a)
+    #> 2000-01-01 00:00:00
+    ```
+    """
+
+    func: core_schema.NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction | core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction
+    json_schema_input_type: Any = PydanticUndefined
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        schema = handler(source_type)
+        input_schema = (
+            None
+            if self.json_schema_input_type is PydanticUndefined
+            else handler.generate_schema(self.json_schema_input_type)
+        )
+
+        info_arg = _inspect_validator(self.func, 'wrap')
+        if info_arg:
+            func = cast(core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(
+                func,
+                schema=schema,
+                field_name=handler.field_name,
+                json_schema_input_schema=input_schema,
+            )
+        else:
+            func = cast(core_schema.NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction, self.func)
+            return core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
+                func,
+                schema=schema,
+                json_schema_input_schema=input_schema,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_decorator(cls, decorator: _decorators.Decorator[_decorators.FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo]) -> Self:
+        return cls(
+            func=decorator.func,
+            json_schema_input_type=decorator.info.json_schema_input_type,
+        )
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    class _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, cls: Any, value: Any, /) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _V2ValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, cls: Any, value: Any, info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo, /) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _OnlyValueWrapValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, cls: Any, value: Any, handler: _core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, /) -> Any: ...
+
+    class _V2WrapValidatorClsMethod(Protocol):
+        def __call__(
+            self,
+            cls: Any,
+            value: Any,
+            handler: _core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
+            info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
+            /,
+        ) -> Any: ...
+
+    _V2Validator = Union[
+        _V2ValidatorClsMethod,
+        _core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction,
+        _OnlyValueValidatorClsMethod,
+        _core_schema.NoInfoValidatorFunction,
+    ]
+
+    _V2WrapValidator = Union[
+        _V2WrapValidatorClsMethod,
+        _core_schema.WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction,
+        _OnlyValueWrapValidatorClsMethod,
+        _core_schema.NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction,
+    ]
+
+    _PartialClsOrStaticMethod: TypeAlias = Union[classmethod[Any, Any, Any], staticmethod[Any, Any], partialmethod[Any]]
+
+    _V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType = TypeVar(
+        '_V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType',
+        bound=Union[_V2Validator, _PartialClsOrStaticMethod],
+    )
+    _V2WrapValidatorType = TypeVar('_V2WrapValidatorType', bound=Union[_V2WrapValidator, _PartialClsOrStaticMethod])
+
+FieldValidatorModes: TypeAlias = Literal['before', 'after', 'wrap', 'plain']
+
+
+@overload
+def field_validator(
+    field: str,
+    /,
+    *fields: str,
+    mode: Literal['wrap'],
+    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
+    json_schema_input_type: Any = ...,
+) -> Callable[[_V2WrapValidatorType], _V2WrapValidatorType]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def field_validator(
+    field: str,
+    /,
+    *fields: str,
+    mode: Literal['before', 'plain'],
+    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
+    json_schema_input_type: Any = ...,
+) -> Callable[[_V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType], _V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def field_validator(
+    field: str,
+    /,
+    *fields: str,
+    mode: Literal['after'] = ...,
+    check_fields: bool | None = ...,
+) -> Callable[[_V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType], _V2BeforeAfterOrPlainValidatorType]: ...
+
+
+def field_validator(
+    field: str,
+    /,
+    *fields: str,
+    mode: FieldValidatorModes = 'after',
+    check_fields: bool | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_type: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [field validators](../concepts/validators.md#field-validators)
+
+    Decorate methods on the class indicating that they should be used to validate fields.
+
+    Example usage:
+    ```python
+    from typing import Any
+
+    from pydantic import (
+        BaseModel,
+        ValidationError,
+        field_validator,
+    )
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        a: str
+
+        @field_validator('a')
+        @classmethod
+        def ensure_foobar(cls, v: Any):
+            if 'foobar' not in v:
+                raise ValueError('"foobar" not found in a')
+            return v
+
+    print(repr(Model(a='this is foobar good')))
+    #> Model(a='this is foobar good')
+
+    try:
+        Model(a='snap')
+    except ValidationError as exc_info:
+        print(exc_info)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        a
+          Value error, "foobar" not found in a [type=value_error, input_value='snap', input_type=str]
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    For more in depth examples, see [Field Validators](../concepts/validators.md#field-validators).
+
+    Args:
+        field: The first field the `field_validator` should be called on; this is separate
+            from `fields` to ensure an error is raised if you don't pass at least one.
+        *fields: Additional field(s) the `field_validator` should be called on.
+        mode: Specifies whether to validate the fields before or after validation.
+        check_fields: Whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model.
+        json_schema_input_type: The input type of the function. This is only used to generate
+            the appropriate JSON Schema (in validation mode) and can only specified
+            when `mode` is either `'before'`, `'plain'` or `'wrap'`.
+
+    Returns:
+        A decorator that can be used to decorate a function to be used as a field_validator.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticUserError:
+            - If `@field_validator` is used bare (with no fields).
+            - If the args passed to `@field_validator` as fields are not strings.
+            - If `@field_validator` applied to instance methods.
+    """
+    if isinstance(field, FunctionType):
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            '`@field_validator` should be used with fields and keyword arguments, not bare. '
+            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name>', ...)`",
+            code='validator-no-fields',
+        )
+
+    if mode not in ('before', 'plain', 'wrap') and json_schema_input_type is not PydanticUndefined:
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            f"`json_schema_input_type` can't be used when mode is set to {mode!r}",
+            code='validator-input-type',
+        )
+
+    if json_schema_input_type is PydanticUndefined and mode == 'plain':
+        json_schema_input_type = Any
+
+    fields = field, *fields
+    if not all(isinstance(field, str) for field in fields):
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            '`@field_validator` fields should be passed as separate string args. '
+            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name_1>', '<field_name_2>', ...)`",
+            code='validator-invalid-fields',
+        )
+
+    def dec(
+        f: Callable[..., Any] | staticmethod[Any, Any] | classmethod[Any, Any, Any],
+    ) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
+        if _decorators.is_instance_method_from_sig(f):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                '`@field_validator` cannot be applied to instance methods', code='validator-instance-method'
+            )
+
+        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
+        f = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)
+
+        dec_info = _decorators.FieldValidatorDecoratorInfo(
+            fields=fields, mode=mode, check_fields=check_fields, json_schema_input_type=json_schema_input_type
+        )
+        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)
+
+    return dec
+
+
+_ModelType = TypeVar('_ModelType')
+_ModelTypeCo = TypeVar('_ModelTypeCo', covariant=True)
+
+
+class ModelWrapValidatorHandler(_core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, Protocol[_ModelTypeCo]):
+    """`@model_validator` decorated function handler argument type. This is used when `mode='wrap'`."""
+
+    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        value: Any,
+        outer_location: str | int | None = None,
+        /,
+    ) -> _ModelTypeCo:  # pragma: no cover
+        ...
+
+
+class ModelWrapValidatorWithoutInfo(Protocol[_ModelType]):
+    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature.
+    This is used when `mode='wrap'` and the function does not have info argument.
+    """
+
+    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        cls: type[_ModelType],
+        # this can be a dict, a model instance
+        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
+        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
+        value: Any,
+        handler: ModelWrapValidatorHandler[_ModelType],
+        /,
+    ) -> _ModelType: ...
+
+
+class ModelWrapValidator(Protocol[_ModelType]):
+    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='wrap'`."""
+
+    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        cls: type[_ModelType],
+        # this can be a dict, a model instance
+        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
+        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
+        value: Any,
+        handler: ModelWrapValidatorHandler[_ModelType],
+        info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
+        /,
+    ) -> _ModelType: ...
+
+
+class FreeModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo(Protocol):
+    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature.
+    This is used when `mode='before'` and the function does not have info argument.
+    """
+
+    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        # this can be a dict, a model instance
+        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
+        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
+        value: Any,
+        /,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo(Protocol):
+    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature.
+    This is used when `mode='before'` and the function does not have info argument.
+    """
+
+    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        cls: Any,
+        # this can be a dict, a model instance
+        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
+        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
+        value: Any,
+        /,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class FreeModelBeforeValidator(Protocol):
+    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='before'`."""
+
+    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        # this can be a dict, a model instance
+        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
+        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
+        value: Any,
+        info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
+        /,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ModelBeforeValidator(Protocol):
+    """A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='before'`."""
+
+    def __call__(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        cls: Any,
+        # this can be a dict, a model instance
+        # or anything else that gets passed to validate_python
+        # thus validators _must_ handle all cases
+        value: Any,
+        info: _core_schema.ValidationInfo,
+        /,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+ModelAfterValidatorWithoutInfo = Callable[[_ModelType], _ModelType]
+"""A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='after'` and the function does not
+have info argument.
+"""
+
+ModelAfterValidator = Callable[[_ModelType, _core_schema.ValidationInfo], _ModelType]
+"""A `@model_validator` decorated function signature. This is used when `mode='after'`."""
+
+_AnyModelWrapValidator = Union[ModelWrapValidator[_ModelType], ModelWrapValidatorWithoutInfo[_ModelType]]
+_AnyModelBeforeValidator = Union[
+    FreeModelBeforeValidator, ModelBeforeValidator, FreeModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo, ModelBeforeValidatorWithoutInfo
+]
+_AnyModelAfterValidator = Union[ModelAfterValidator[_ModelType], ModelAfterValidatorWithoutInfo[_ModelType]]
+
+
+@overload
+def model_validator(
+    *,
+    mode: Literal['wrap'],
+) -> Callable[
+    [_AnyModelWrapValidator[_ModelType]], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]
+]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def model_validator(
+    *,
+    mode: Literal['before'],
+) -> Callable[
+    [_AnyModelBeforeValidator], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]
+]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def model_validator(
+    *,
+    mode: Literal['after'],
+) -> Callable[
+    [_AnyModelAfterValidator[_ModelType]], _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[_decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo]
+]: ...
+
+
+def model_validator(
+    *,
+    mode: Literal['wrap', 'before', 'after'],
+) -> Any:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Model Validators](../concepts/validators.md#model-validators)
+
+    Decorate model methods for validation purposes.
+
+    Example usage:
+    ```python
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, model_validator
+
+    class Square(BaseModel):
+        width: float
+        height: float
+
+        @model_validator(mode='after')
+        def verify_square(self) -> Self:
+            if self.width != self.height:
+                raise ValueError('width and height do not match')
+            return self
+
+    s = Square(width=1, height=1)
+    print(repr(s))
+    #> Square(width=1.0, height=1.0)
+
+    try:
+        Square(width=1, height=2)
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Square
+          Value error, width and height do not match [type=value_error, input_value={'width': 1, 'height': 2}, input_type=dict]
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    For more in depth examples, see [Model Validators](../concepts/validators.md#model-validators).
+
+    Args:
+        mode: A required string literal that specifies the validation mode.
+            It can be one of the following: 'wrap', 'before', or 'after'.
+
+    Returns:
+        A decorator that can be used to decorate a function to be used as a model validator.
+    """
+
+    def dec(f: Any) -> _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy[Any]:
+        # auto apply the @classmethod decorator
+        f = _decorators.ensure_classmethod_based_on_signature(f)
+        dec_info = _decorators.ModelValidatorDecoratorInfo(mode=mode)
+        return _decorators.PydanticDescriptorProxy(f, dec_info)
+
+    return dec
+
+
+AnyType = TypeVar('AnyType')
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # If we add configurable attributes to IsInstance, we'd probably need to stop hiding it from type checkers like this
+    InstanceOf = Annotated[AnyType, ...]  # `IsInstance[Sequence]` will be recognized by type checkers as `Sequence`
+
+else:
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+    class InstanceOf:
+        '''Generic type for annotating a type that is an instance of a given class.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, InstanceOf
+
+            class Foo:
+                ...
+
+            class Bar(BaseModel):
+                foo: InstanceOf[Foo]
+
+            Bar(foo=Foo())
+            try:
+                Bar(foo=42)
+            except ValidationError as e:
+                print(e)
+                """
+                [
+                │   {
+                │   │   'type': 'is_instance_of',
+                │   │   'loc': ('foo',),
+                │   │   'msg': 'Input should be an instance of Foo',
+                │   │   'input': 42,
+                │   │   'ctx': {'class': 'Foo'},
+                │   │   'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/0.38.0/v/is_instance_of'
+                │   }
+                ]
+                """
+            ```
+        '''
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: AnyType) -> AnyType:
+            return Annotated[item, cls()]
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            from pydantic import PydanticSchemaGenerationError
+
+            # use the generic _origin_ as the second argument to isinstance when appropriate
+            instance_of_schema = core_schema.is_instance_schema(_generics.get_origin(source) or source)
+
+            try:
+                # Try to generate the "standard" schema, which will be used when loading from JSON
+                original_schema = handler(source)
+            except PydanticSchemaGenerationError:
+                # If that fails, just produce a schema that can validate from python
+                return instance_of_schema
+            else:
+                # Use the "original" approach to serialization
+                instance_of_schema['serialization'] = core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    function=lambda v, h: h(v), schema=original_schema
+                )
+                return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(python_schema=instance_of_schema, json_schema=original_schema)
+
+        __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    SkipValidation = Annotated[AnyType, ...]  # SkipValidation[list[str]] will be treated by type checkers as list[str]
+else:
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+    class SkipValidation:
+        """If this is applied as an annotation (e.g., via `x: Annotated[int, SkipValidation]`), validation will be
+            skipped. You can also use `SkipValidation[int]` as a shorthand for `Annotated[int, SkipValidation]`.
+
+        This can be useful if you want to use a type annotation for documentation/IDE/type-checking purposes,
+        and know that it is safe to skip validation for one or more of the fields.
+
+        Because this converts the validation schema to `any_schema`, subsequent annotation-applied transformations
+        may not have the expected effects. Therefore, when used, this annotation should generally be the final
+        annotation applied to a type.
+        """
+
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any) -> Any:
+            return Annotated[item, SkipValidation()]
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            original_schema = handler(source)
+            metadata = {'pydantic_js_annotation_functions': [lambda _c, h: h(original_schema)]}
+            return core_schema.any_schema(
+                metadata=metadata,
+                serialization=core_schema.wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    function=lambda v, h: h(v), schema=original_schema
+                ),
+            )
+
+        __hash__ = object.__hash__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/generics.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/generics.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3f1070d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/generics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `generics` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bcaff9f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `json` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/json_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/json_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be9595c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/json_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2695 @@
+"""!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+    [JSON Schema](../concepts/json_schema.md)
+
+The `json_schema` module contains classes and functions to allow the way [JSON Schema](https://json-schema.org/)
+is generated to be customized.
+
+In general you shouldn't need to use this module directly; instead, you can use
+[`BaseModel.model_json_schema`][pydantic.BaseModel.model_json_schema] and
+[`TypeAdapter.json_schema`][pydantic.TypeAdapter.json_schema].
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import inspect
+import math
+import os
+import re
+import warnings
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict
+from collections.abc import Hashable, Iterable, Sequence
+from copy import deepcopy
+from enum import Enum
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Literal,
+    NewType,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+import pydantic_core
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, PydanticOmit, core_schema, to_jsonable_python
+from pydantic_core.core_schema import ComputedField
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, assert_never, deprecated, final
+from typing_inspection.introspection import get_literal_values
+
+from pydantic.warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince26, PydanticDeprecatedSince29
+
+from ._internal import (
+    _config,
+    _core_metadata,
+    _core_utils,
+    _decorators,
+    _internal_dataclass,
+    _mock_val_ser,
+    _schema_generation_shared,
+)
+from .annotated_handlers import GetJsonSchemaHandler
+from .config import JsonDict, JsonValue
+from .errors import PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema, PydanticSchemaGenerationError, PydanticUserError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import ConfigDict
+    from ._internal._core_utils import CoreSchemaField, CoreSchemaOrField
+    from ._internal._dataclasses import PydanticDataclass
+    from ._internal._schema_generation_shared import GetJsonSchemaFunction
+    from .main import BaseModel
+
+
+CoreSchemaOrFieldType = Literal[core_schema.CoreSchemaType, core_schema.CoreSchemaFieldType]
+"""
+A type alias for defined schema types that represents a union of
+`core_schema.CoreSchemaType` and
+`core_schema.CoreSchemaFieldType`.
+"""
+
+JsonSchemaValue = dict[str, Any]
+"""
+A type alias for a JSON schema value. This is a dictionary of string keys to arbitrary JSON values.
+"""
+
+JsonSchemaMode = Literal['validation', 'serialization']
+"""
+A type alias that represents the mode of a JSON schema; either 'validation' or 'serialization'.
+
+For some types, the inputs to validation differ from the outputs of serialization. For example,
+computed fields will only be present when serializing, and should not be provided when
+validating. This flag provides a way to indicate whether you want the JSON schema required
+for validation inputs, or that will be matched by serialization outputs.
+"""
+
+_MODE_TITLE_MAPPING: dict[JsonSchemaMode, str] = {'validation': 'Input', 'serialization': 'Output'}
+
+
+JsonSchemaWarningKind = Literal['skipped-choice', 'non-serializable-default', 'skipped-discriminator']
+"""
+A type alias representing the kinds of warnings that can be emitted during JSON schema generation.
+
+See [`GenerateJsonSchema.render_warning_message`][pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema.render_warning_message]
+for more details.
+"""
+
+
+class PydanticJsonSchemaWarning(UserWarning):
+    """This class is used to emit warnings produced during JSON schema generation.
+    See the [`GenerateJsonSchema.emit_warning`][pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema.emit_warning] and
+    [`GenerateJsonSchema.render_warning_message`][pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema.render_warning_message]
+    methods for more details; these can be overridden to control warning behavior.
+    """
+
+
+NoDefault = object()
+"""A sentinel value used to indicate that no default value should be used when generating a JSON Schema
+for a core schema with a default value.
+"""
+
+
+# ##### JSON Schema Generation #####
+DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE = '#/$defs/{model}'
+"""The default format string used to generate reference names."""
+
+# There are three types of references relevant to building JSON schemas:
+#   1. core_schema "ref" values; these are not exposed as part of the JSON schema
+#       * these might look like the fully qualified path of a model, its id, or something similar
+CoreRef = NewType('CoreRef', str)
+#   2. keys of the "definitions" object that will eventually go into the JSON schema
+#       * by default, these look like "MyModel", though may change in the presence of collisions
+#       * eventually, we may want to make it easier to modify the way these names are generated
+DefsRef = NewType('DefsRef', str)
+#   3. the values corresponding to the "$ref" key in the schema
+#       * By default, these look like "#/$defs/MyModel", as in {"$ref": "#/$defs/MyModel"}
+JsonRef = NewType('JsonRef', str)
+
+CoreModeRef = tuple[CoreRef, JsonSchemaMode]
+JsonSchemaKeyT = TypeVar('JsonSchemaKeyT', bound=Hashable)
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class _DefinitionsRemapping:
+    defs_remapping: dict[DefsRef, DefsRef]
+    json_remapping: dict[JsonRef, JsonRef]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_prioritized_choices(
+        prioritized_choices: dict[DefsRef, list[DefsRef]],
+        defs_to_json: dict[DefsRef, JsonRef],
+        definitions: dict[DefsRef, JsonSchemaValue],
+    ) -> _DefinitionsRemapping:
+        """
+        This function should produce a remapping that replaces complex DefsRef with the simpler ones from the
+        prioritized_choices such that applying the name remapping would result in an equivalent JSON schema.
+        """
+        # We need to iteratively simplify the definitions until we reach a fixed point.
+        # The reason for this is that outer definitions may reference inner definitions that get simplified
+        # into an equivalent reference, and the outer definitions won't be equivalent until we've simplified
+        # the inner definitions.
+        copied_definitions = deepcopy(definitions)
+        definitions_schema = {'$defs': copied_definitions}
+        for _iter in range(100):  # prevent an infinite loop in the case of a bug, 100 iterations should be enough
+            # For every possible remapped DefsRef, collect all schemas that that DefsRef might be used for:
+            schemas_for_alternatives: dict[DefsRef, list[JsonSchemaValue]] = defaultdict(list)
+            for defs_ref in copied_definitions:
+                alternatives = prioritized_choices[defs_ref]
+                for alternative in alternatives:
+                    schemas_for_alternatives[alternative].append(copied_definitions[defs_ref])
+
+            # Deduplicate the schemas for each alternative; the idea is that we only want to remap to a new DefsRef
+            # if it introduces no ambiguity, i.e., there is only one distinct schema for that DefsRef.
+            for defs_ref in schemas_for_alternatives:
+                schemas_for_alternatives[defs_ref] = _deduplicate_schemas(schemas_for_alternatives[defs_ref])
+
+            # Build the remapping
+            defs_remapping: dict[DefsRef, DefsRef] = {}
+            json_remapping: dict[JsonRef, JsonRef] = {}
+            for original_defs_ref in definitions:
+                alternatives = prioritized_choices[original_defs_ref]
+                # Pick the first alternative that has only one schema, since that means there is no collision
+                remapped_defs_ref = next(x for x in alternatives if len(schemas_for_alternatives[x]) == 1)
+                defs_remapping[original_defs_ref] = remapped_defs_ref
+                json_remapping[defs_to_json[original_defs_ref]] = defs_to_json[remapped_defs_ref]
+            remapping = _DefinitionsRemapping(defs_remapping, json_remapping)
+            new_definitions_schema = remapping.remap_json_schema({'$defs': copied_definitions})
+            if definitions_schema == new_definitions_schema:
+                # We've reached the fixed point
+                return remapping
+            definitions_schema = new_definitions_schema
+
+        raise PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema('Failed to simplify the JSON schema definitions')
+
+    def remap_defs_ref(self, ref: DefsRef) -> DefsRef:
+        return self.defs_remapping.get(ref, ref)
+
+    def remap_json_ref(self, ref: JsonRef) -> JsonRef:
+        return self.json_remapping.get(ref, ref)
+
+    def remap_json_schema(self, schema: Any) -> Any:
+        """
+        Recursively update the JSON schema replacing all $refs
+        """
+        if isinstance(schema, str):
+            # Note: this may not really be a JsonRef; we rely on having no collisions between JsonRefs and other strings
+            return self.remap_json_ref(JsonRef(schema))
+        elif isinstance(schema, list):
+            return [self.remap_json_schema(item) for item in schema]
+        elif isinstance(schema, dict):
+            for key, value in schema.items():
+                if key == '$ref' and isinstance(value, str):
+                    schema['$ref'] = self.remap_json_ref(JsonRef(value))
+                elif key == '$defs':
+                    schema['$defs'] = {
+                        self.remap_defs_ref(DefsRef(key)): self.remap_json_schema(value)
+                        for key, value in schema['$defs'].items()
+                    }
+                else:
+                    schema[key] = self.remap_json_schema(value)
+        return schema
+
+
+class GenerateJsonSchema:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Customizing the JSON Schema Generation Process](../concepts/json_schema.md#customizing-the-json-schema-generation-process)
+
+    A class for generating JSON schemas.
+
+    This class generates JSON schemas based on configured parameters. The default schema dialect
+    is [https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema](https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema).
+    The class uses `by_alias` to configure how fields with
+    multiple names are handled and `ref_template` to format reference names.
+
+    Attributes:
+        schema_dialect: The JSON schema dialect used to generate the schema. See
+            [Declaring a Dialect](https://json-schema.org/understanding-json-schema/reference/schema.html#id4)
+            in the JSON Schema documentation for more information about dialects.
+        ignored_warning_kinds: Warnings to ignore when generating the schema. `self.render_warning_message` will
+            do nothing if its argument `kind` is in `ignored_warning_kinds`;
+            this value can be modified on subclasses to easily control which warnings are emitted.
+        by_alias: Whether to use field aliases when generating the schema.
+        ref_template: The format string used when generating reference names.
+        core_to_json_refs: A mapping of core refs to JSON refs.
+        core_to_defs_refs: A mapping of core refs to definition refs.
+        defs_to_core_refs: A mapping of definition refs to core refs.
+        json_to_defs_refs: A mapping of JSON refs to definition refs.
+        definitions: Definitions in the schema.
+
+    Args:
+        by_alias: Whether to use field aliases in the generated schemas.
+        ref_template: The format string to use when generating reference names.
+
+    Raises:
+        JsonSchemaError: If the instance of the class is inadvertently reused after generating a schema.
+    """
+
+    schema_dialect = 'https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema'
+
+    # `self.render_warning_message` will do nothing if its argument `kind` is in `ignored_warning_kinds`;
+    # this value can be modified on subclasses to easily control which warnings are emitted
+    ignored_warning_kinds: set[JsonSchemaWarningKind] = {'skipped-choice'}
+
+    def __init__(self, by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE):
+        self.by_alias = by_alias
+        self.ref_template = ref_template
+
+        self.core_to_json_refs: dict[CoreModeRef, JsonRef] = {}
+        self.core_to_defs_refs: dict[CoreModeRef, DefsRef] = {}
+        self.defs_to_core_refs: dict[DefsRef, CoreModeRef] = {}
+        self.json_to_defs_refs: dict[JsonRef, DefsRef] = {}
+
+        self.definitions: dict[DefsRef, JsonSchemaValue] = {}
+        self._config_wrapper_stack = _config.ConfigWrapperStack(_config.ConfigWrapper({}))
+
+        self._mode: JsonSchemaMode = 'validation'
+
+        # The following includes a mapping of a fully-unique defs ref choice to a list of preferred
+        # alternatives, which are generally simpler, such as only including the class name.
+        # At the end of schema generation, we use these to produce a JSON schema with more human-readable
+        # definitions, which would also work better in a generated OpenAPI client, etc.
+        self._prioritized_defsref_choices: dict[DefsRef, list[DefsRef]] = {}
+        self._collision_counter: dict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
+        self._collision_index: dict[str, int] = {}
+
+        self._schema_type_to_method = self.build_schema_type_to_method()
+
+        # When we encounter definitions we need to try to build them immediately
+        # so that they are available schemas that reference them
+        # But it's possible that CoreSchema was never going to be used
+        # (e.g. because the CoreSchema that references short circuits is JSON schema generation without needing
+        #  the reference) so instead of failing altogether if we can't build a definition we
+        # store the error raised and re-throw it if we end up needing that def
+        self._core_defs_invalid_for_json_schema: dict[DefsRef, PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema] = {}
+
+        # This changes to True after generating a schema, to prevent issues caused by accidental reuse
+        # of a single instance of a schema generator
+        self._used = False
+
+    @property
+    def _config(self) -> _config.ConfigWrapper:
+        return self._config_wrapper_stack.tail
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self) -> JsonSchemaMode:
+        if self._config.json_schema_mode_override is not None:
+            return self._config.json_schema_mode_override
+        else:
+            return self._mode
+
+    def build_schema_type_to_method(
+        self,
+    ) -> dict[CoreSchemaOrFieldType, Callable[[CoreSchemaOrField], JsonSchemaValue]]:
+        """Builds a dictionary mapping fields to methods for generating JSON schemas.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary containing the mapping of `CoreSchemaOrFieldType` to a handler method.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If no method has been defined for generating a JSON schema for a given pydantic core schema type.
+        """
+        mapping: dict[CoreSchemaOrFieldType, Callable[[CoreSchemaOrField], JsonSchemaValue]] = {}
+        core_schema_types: list[CoreSchemaOrFieldType] = list(get_literal_values(CoreSchemaOrFieldType))
+        for key in core_schema_types:
+            method_name = f'{key.replace("-", "_")}_schema'
+            try:
+                mapping[key] = getattr(self, method_name)
+            except AttributeError as e:  # pragma: no cover
+                if os.getenv('PYDANTIC_PRIVATE_ALLOW_UNHANDLED_SCHEMA_TYPES'):
+                    continue
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f'No method for generating JsonSchema for core_schema.type={key!r} '
+                    f'(expected: {type(self).__name__}.{method_name})'
+                ) from e
+        return mapping
+
+    def generate_definitions(
+        self, inputs: Sequence[tuple[JsonSchemaKeyT, JsonSchemaMode, core_schema.CoreSchema]]
+    ) -> tuple[dict[tuple[JsonSchemaKeyT, JsonSchemaMode], JsonSchemaValue], dict[DefsRef, JsonSchemaValue]]:
+        """Generates JSON schema definitions from a list of core schemas, pairing the generated definitions with a
+        mapping that links the input keys to the definition references.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: A sequence of tuples, where:
+
+                - The first element is a JSON schema key type.
+                - The second element is the JSON mode: either 'validation' or 'serialization'.
+                - The third element is a core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple where:
+
+                - The first element is a dictionary whose keys are tuples of JSON schema key type and JSON mode, and
+                    whose values are the JSON schema corresponding to that pair of inputs. (These schemas may have
+                    JsonRef references to definitions that are defined in the second returned element.)
+                - The second element is a dictionary whose keys are definition references for the JSON schemas
+                    from the first returned element, and whose values are the actual JSON schema definitions.
+
+        Raises:
+            PydanticUserError: Raised if the JSON schema generator has already been used to generate a JSON schema.
+        """
+        if self._used:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'This JSON schema generator has already been used to generate a JSON schema. '
+                f'You must create a new instance of {type(self).__name__} to generate a new JSON schema.',
+                code='json-schema-already-used',
+            )
+
+        for _, mode, schema in inputs:
+            self._mode = mode
+            self.generate_inner(schema)
+
+        definitions_remapping = self._build_definitions_remapping()
+
+        json_schemas_map: dict[tuple[JsonSchemaKeyT, JsonSchemaMode], DefsRef] = {}
+        for key, mode, schema in inputs:
+            self._mode = mode
+            json_schema = self.generate_inner(schema)
+            json_schemas_map[(key, mode)] = definitions_remapping.remap_json_schema(json_schema)
+
+        json_schema = {'$defs': self.definitions}
+        json_schema = definitions_remapping.remap_json_schema(json_schema)
+        self._used = True
+        return json_schemas_map, self.sort(json_schema['$defs'])  # type: ignore
+
+    def generate(self, schema: CoreSchema, mode: JsonSchemaMode = 'validation') -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema for a specified schema in a specified mode.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: A Pydantic model.
+            mode: The mode in which to generate the schema. Defaults to 'validation'.
+
+        Returns:
+            A JSON schema representing the specified schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            PydanticUserError: If the JSON schema generator has already been used to generate a JSON schema.
+        """
+        self._mode = mode
+        if self._used:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'This JSON schema generator has already been used to generate a JSON schema. '
+                f'You must create a new instance of {type(self).__name__} to generate a new JSON schema.',
+                code='json-schema-already-used',
+            )
+
+        json_schema: JsonSchemaValue = self.generate_inner(schema)
+        json_ref_counts = self.get_json_ref_counts(json_schema)
+
+        ref = cast(JsonRef, json_schema.get('$ref'))
+        while ref is not None:  # may need to unpack multiple levels
+            ref_json_schema = self.get_schema_from_definitions(ref)
+            if json_ref_counts[ref] == 1 and ref_json_schema is not None and len(json_schema) == 1:
+                # "Unpack" the ref since this is the only reference and there are no sibling keys
+                json_schema = ref_json_schema.copy()  # copy to prevent recursive dict reference
+                json_ref_counts[ref] -= 1
+                ref = cast(JsonRef, json_schema.get('$ref'))
+            ref = None
+
+        self._garbage_collect_definitions(json_schema)
+        definitions_remapping = self._build_definitions_remapping()
+
+        if self.definitions:
+            json_schema['$defs'] = self.definitions
+
+        json_schema = definitions_remapping.remap_json_schema(json_schema)
+
+        # For now, we will not set the $schema key. However, if desired, this can be easily added by overriding
+        # this method and adding the following line after a call to super().generate(schema):
+        # json_schema['$schema'] = self.schema_dialect
+
+        self._used = True
+        return self.sort(json_schema)
+
+    def generate_inner(self, schema: CoreSchemaOrField) -> JsonSchemaValue:  # noqa: C901
+        """Generates a JSON schema for a given core schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The given core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+
+        TODO: the nested function definitions here seem like bad practice, I'd like to unpack these
+        in a future PR. It'd be great if we could shorten the call stack a bit for JSON schema generation,
+        and I think there's potential for that here.
+        """
+        # If a schema with the same CoreRef has been handled, just return a reference to it
+        # Note that this assumes that it will _never_ be the case that the same CoreRef is used
+        # on types that should have different JSON schemas
+        if 'ref' in schema:
+            core_ref = CoreRef(schema['ref'])  # type: ignore[typeddict-item]
+            core_mode_ref = (core_ref, self.mode)
+            if core_mode_ref in self.core_to_defs_refs and self.core_to_defs_refs[core_mode_ref] in self.definitions:
+                return {'$ref': self.core_to_json_refs[core_mode_ref]}
+
+        def populate_defs(core_schema: CoreSchema, json_schema: JsonSchemaValue) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            if 'ref' in core_schema:
+                core_ref = CoreRef(core_schema['ref'])  # type: ignore[typeddict-item]
+                defs_ref, ref_json_schema = self.get_cache_defs_ref_schema(core_ref)
+                json_ref = JsonRef(ref_json_schema['$ref'])
+                # Replace the schema if it's not a reference to itself
+                # What we want to avoid is having the def be just a ref to itself
+                # which is what would happen if we blindly assigned any
+                if json_schema.get('$ref', None) != json_ref:
+                    self.definitions[defs_ref] = json_schema
+                    self._core_defs_invalid_for_json_schema.pop(defs_ref, None)
+                json_schema = ref_json_schema
+            return json_schema
+
+        def handler_func(schema_or_field: CoreSchemaOrField) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            """Generate a JSON schema based on the input schema.
+
+            Args:
+                schema_or_field: The core schema to generate a JSON schema from.
+
+            Returns:
+                The generated JSON schema.
+
+            Raises:
+                TypeError: If an unexpected schema type is encountered.
+            """
+            # Generate the core-schema-type-specific bits of the schema generation:
+            json_schema: JsonSchemaValue | None = None
+            if self.mode == 'serialization' and 'serialization' in schema_or_field:
+                # In this case, we skip the JSON Schema generation of the schema
+                # and use the `'serialization'` schema instead (canonical example:
+                # `Annotated[int, PlainSerializer(str)]`).
+                ser_schema = schema_or_field['serialization']  # type: ignore
+                json_schema = self.ser_schema(ser_schema)
+
+                # It might be that the 'serialization'` is skipped depending on `when_used`.
+                # This is only relevant for `nullable` schemas though, so we special case here.
+                if (
+                    json_schema is not None
+                    and ser_schema.get('when_used') in ('unless-none', 'json-unless-none')
+                    and schema_or_field['type'] == 'nullable'
+                ):
+                    json_schema = self.get_flattened_anyof([{'type': 'null'}, json_schema])
+            if json_schema is None:
+                if _core_utils.is_core_schema(schema_or_field) or _core_utils.is_core_schema_field(schema_or_field):
+                    generate_for_schema_type = self._schema_type_to_method[schema_or_field['type']]
+                    json_schema = generate_for_schema_type(schema_or_field)
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(f'Unexpected schema type: schema={schema_or_field}')
+
+            return json_schema
+
+        current_handler = _schema_generation_shared.GenerateJsonSchemaHandler(self, handler_func)
+
+        metadata = cast(_core_metadata.CoreMetadata, schema.get('metadata', {}))
+
+        # TODO: I dislike that we have to wrap these basic dict updates in callables, is there any way around this?
+
+        if js_updates := metadata.get('pydantic_js_updates'):
+
+            def js_updates_handler_func(
+                schema_or_field: CoreSchemaOrField,
+                current_handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler = current_handler,
+            ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                json_schema = {**current_handler(schema_or_field), **js_updates}
+                return json_schema
+
+            current_handler = _schema_generation_shared.GenerateJsonSchemaHandler(self, js_updates_handler_func)
+
+        if js_extra := metadata.get('pydantic_js_extra'):
+
+            def js_extra_handler_func(
+                schema_or_field: CoreSchemaOrField,
+                current_handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler = current_handler,
+            ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                json_schema = current_handler(schema_or_field)
+                if isinstance(js_extra, dict):
+                    json_schema.update(to_jsonable_python(js_extra))
+                elif callable(js_extra):
+                    # similar to typing issue in _update_class_schema when we're working with callable js extra
+                    js_extra(json_schema)  # type: ignore
+                return json_schema
+
+            current_handler = _schema_generation_shared.GenerateJsonSchemaHandler(self, js_extra_handler_func)
+
+        for js_modify_function in metadata.get('pydantic_js_functions', ()):
+
+            def new_handler_func(
+                schema_or_field: CoreSchemaOrField,
+                current_handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler = current_handler,
+                js_modify_function: GetJsonSchemaFunction = js_modify_function,
+            ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                json_schema = js_modify_function(schema_or_field, current_handler)
+                if _core_utils.is_core_schema(schema_or_field):
+                    json_schema = populate_defs(schema_or_field, json_schema)
+                original_schema = current_handler.resolve_ref_schema(json_schema)
+                ref = json_schema.pop('$ref', None)
+                if ref and json_schema:
+                    original_schema.update(json_schema)
+                return original_schema
+
+            current_handler = _schema_generation_shared.GenerateJsonSchemaHandler(self, new_handler_func)
+
+        for js_modify_function in metadata.get('pydantic_js_annotation_functions', ()):
+
+            def new_handler_func(
+                schema_or_field: CoreSchemaOrField,
+                current_handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler = current_handler,
+                js_modify_function: GetJsonSchemaFunction = js_modify_function,
+            ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                return js_modify_function(schema_or_field, current_handler)
+
+            current_handler = _schema_generation_shared.GenerateJsonSchemaHandler(self, new_handler_func)
+
+        json_schema = current_handler(schema)
+        if _core_utils.is_core_schema(schema):
+            json_schema = populate_defs(schema, json_schema)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def sort(self, value: JsonSchemaValue, parent_key: str | None = None) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Override this method to customize the sorting of the JSON schema (e.g., don't sort at all, sort all keys unconditionally, etc.)
+
+        By default, alphabetically sort the keys in the JSON schema, skipping the 'properties' and 'default' keys to preserve field definition order.
+        This sort is recursive, so it will sort all nested dictionaries as well.
+        """
+        sorted_dict: dict[str, JsonSchemaValue] = {}
+        keys = value.keys()
+        if parent_key not in ('properties', 'default'):
+            keys = sorted(keys)
+        for key in keys:
+            sorted_dict[key] = self._sort_recursive(value[key], parent_key=key)
+        return sorted_dict
+
+    def _sort_recursive(self, value: Any, parent_key: str | None = None) -> Any:
+        """Recursively sort a JSON schema value."""
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            sorted_dict: dict[str, JsonSchemaValue] = {}
+            keys = value.keys()
+            if parent_key not in ('properties', 'default'):
+                keys = sorted(keys)
+            for key in keys:
+                sorted_dict[key] = self._sort_recursive(value[key], parent_key=key)
+            return sorted_dict
+        elif isinstance(value, list):
+            sorted_list: list[JsonSchemaValue] = []
+            for item in value:
+                sorted_list.append(self._sort_recursive(item, parent_key))
+            return sorted_list
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    # ### Schema generation methods
+
+    def invalid_schema(self, schema: core_schema.InvalidSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Placeholder - should never be called."""
+
+        raise RuntimeError('Cannot generate schema for invalid_schema. This is a bug! Please report it.')
+
+    def any_schema(self, schema: core_schema.AnySchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches any value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def none_schema(self, schema: core_schema.NoneSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches `None`.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {'type': 'null'}
+
+    def bool_schema(self, schema: core_schema.BoolSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a bool value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {'type': 'boolean'}
+
+    def int_schema(self, schema: core_schema.IntSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches an int value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema: dict[str, Any] = {'type': 'integer'}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.numeric)
+        json_schema = {k: v for k, v in json_schema.items() if v not in {math.inf, -math.inf}}
+        return json_schema
+
+    def float_schema(self, schema: core_schema.FloatSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a float value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema: dict[str, Any] = {'type': 'number'}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.numeric)
+        json_schema = {k: v for k, v in json_schema.items() if v not in {math.inf, -math.inf}}
+        return json_schema
+
+    def decimal_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DecimalSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a decimal value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema = self.str_schema(core_schema.str_schema())
+        if self.mode == 'validation':
+            multiple_of = schema.get('multiple_of')
+            le = schema.get('le')
+            ge = schema.get('ge')
+            lt = schema.get('lt')
+            gt = schema.get('gt')
+            json_schema = {
+                'anyOf': [
+                    self.float_schema(
+                        core_schema.float_schema(
+                            allow_inf_nan=schema.get('allow_inf_nan'),
+                            multiple_of=None if multiple_of is None else float(multiple_of),
+                            le=None if le is None else float(le),
+                            ge=None if ge is None else float(ge),
+                            lt=None if lt is None else float(lt),
+                            gt=None if gt is None else float(gt),
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    json_schema,
+                ],
+            }
+        return json_schema
+
+    def str_schema(self, schema: core_schema.StringSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a string value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema = {'type': 'string'}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.string)
+        if isinstance(json_schema.get('pattern'), Pattern):
+            # TODO: should we add regex flags to the pattern?
+            json_schema['pattern'] = json_schema.get('pattern').pattern  # type: ignore
+        return json_schema
+
+    def bytes_schema(self, schema: core_schema.BytesSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a bytes value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema = {'type': 'string', 'format': 'base64url' if self._config.ser_json_bytes == 'base64' else 'binary'}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.bytes)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def date_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DateSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a date value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {'type': 'string', 'format': 'date'}
+
+    def time_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TimeSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a time value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {'type': 'string', 'format': 'time'}
+
+    def datetime_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DatetimeSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a datetime value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {'type': 'string', 'format': 'date-time'}
+
+    def timedelta_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TimedeltaSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a timedelta value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        if self._config.ser_json_timedelta == 'float':
+            return {'type': 'number'}
+        return {'type': 'string', 'format': 'duration'}
+
+    def literal_schema(self, schema: core_schema.LiteralSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a literal value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        expected = [to_jsonable_python(v.value if isinstance(v, Enum) else v) for v in schema['expected']]
+
+        result: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if len(expected) == 1:
+            result['const'] = expected[0]
+        else:
+            result['enum'] = expected
+
+        types = {type(e) for e in expected}
+        if types == {str}:
+            result['type'] = 'string'
+        elif types == {int}:
+            result['type'] = 'integer'
+        elif types == {float}:
+            result['type'] = 'number'
+        elif types == {bool}:
+            result['type'] = 'boolean'
+        elif types == {list}:
+            result['type'] = 'array'
+        elif types == {type(None)}:
+            result['type'] = 'null'
+        return result
+
+    def enum_schema(self, schema: core_schema.EnumSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches an Enum value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        enum_type = schema['cls']
+        description = None if not enum_type.__doc__ else inspect.cleandoc(enum_type.__doc__)
+        if (
+            description == 'An enumeration.'
+        ):  # This is the default value provided by enum.EnumMeta.__new__; don't use it
+            description = None
+        result: dict[str, Any] = {'title': enum_type.__name__, 'description': description}
+        result = {k: v for k, v in result.items() if v is not None}
+
+        expected = [to_jsonable_python(v.value) for v in schema['members']]
+
+        result['enum'] = expected
+
+        types = {type(e) for e in expected}
+        if isinstance(enum_type, str) or types == {str}:
+            result['type'] = 'string'
+        elif isinstance(enum_type, int) or types == {int}:
+            result['type'] = 'integer'
+        elif isinstance(enum_type, float) or types == {float}:
+            result['type'] = 'number'
+        elif types == {bool}:
+            result['type'] = 'boolean'
+        elif types == {list}:
+            result['type'] = 'array'
+
+        return result
+
+    def is_instance_schema(self, schema: core_schema.IsInstanceSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Handles JSON schema generation for a core schema that checks if a value is an instance of a class.
+
+        Unless overridden in a subclass, this raises an error.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.handle_invalid_for_json_schema(schema, f'core_schema.IsInstanceSchema ({schema["cls"]})')
+
+    def is_subclass_schema(self, schema: core_schema.IsSubclassSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Handles JSON schema generation for a core schema that checks if a value is a subclass of a class.
+
+        For backwards compatibility with v1, this does not raise an error, but can be overridden to change this.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        # Note: This is for compatibility with V1; you can override if you want different behavior.
+        return {}
+
+    def callable_schema(self, schema: core_schema.CallableSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a callable value.
+
+        Unless overridden in a subclass, this raises an error.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.handle_invalid_for_json_schema(schema, 'core_schema.CallableSchema')
+
+    def list_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ListSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Returns a schema that matches a list schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        items_schema = {} if 'items_schema' not in schema else self.generate_inner(schema['items_schema'])
+        json_schema = {'type': 'array', 'items': items_schema}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.array)
+        return json_schema
+
+    @deprecated('`tuple_positional_schema` is deprecated. Use `tuple_schema` instead.', category=None)
+    @final
+    def tuple_positional_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TupleSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Replaced by `tuple_schema`."""
+        warnings.warn(
+            '`tuple_positional_schema` is deprecated. Use `tuple_schema` instead.',
+            PydanticDeprecatedSince26,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.tuple_schema(schema)
+
+    @deprecated('`tuple_variable_schema` is deprecated. Use `tuple_schema` instead.', category=None)
+    @final
+    def tuple_variable_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TupleSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Replaced by `tuple_schema`."""
+        warnings.warn(
+            '`tuple_variable_schema` is deprecated. Use `tuple_schema` instead.',
+            PydanticDeprecatedSince26,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.tuple_schema(schema)
+
+    def tuple_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TupleSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a tuple schema e.g. `tuple[int,
+        str, bool]` or `tuple[int, ...]`.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema: JsonSchemaValue = {'type': 'array'}
+        if 'variadic_item_index' in schema:
+            variadic_item_index = schema['variadic_item_index']
+            if variadic_item_index > 0:
+                json_schema['minItems'] = variadic_item_index
+                json_schema['prefixItems'] = [
+                    self.generate_inner(item) for item in schema['items_schema'][:variadic_item_index]
+                ]
+            if variadic_item_index + 1 == len(schema['items_schema']):
+                # if the variadic item is the last item, then represent it faithfully
+                json_schema['items'] = self.generate_inner(schema['items_schema'][variadic_item_index])
+            else:
+                # otherwise, 'items' represents the schema for the variadic
+                # item plus the suffix, so just allow anything for simplicity
+                # for now
+                json_schema['items'] = True
+        else:
+            prefixItems = [self.generate_inner(item) for item in schema['items_schema']]
+            if prefixItems:
+                json_schema['prefixItems'] = prefixItems
+            json_schema['minItems'] = len(prefixItems)
+            json_schema['maxItems'] = len(prefixItems)
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.array)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def set_schema(self, schema: core_schema.SetSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a set schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self._common_set_schema(schema)
+
+    def frozenset_schema(self, schema: core_schema.FrozenSetSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a frozenset schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self._common_set_schema(schema)
+
+    def _common_set_schema(self, schema: core_schema.SetSchema | core_schema.FrozenSetSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        items_schema = {} if 'items_schema' not in schema else self.generate_inner(schema['items_schema'])
+        json_schema = {'type': 'array', 'uniqueItems': True, 'items': items_schema}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.array)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def generator_schema(self, schema: core_schema.GeneratorSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Returns a JSON schema that represents the provided GeneratorSchema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        items_schema = {} if 'items_schema' not in schema else self.generate_inner(schema['items_schema'])
+        json_schema = {'type': 'array', 'items': items_schema}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.array)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def dict_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DictSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a dict schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema: JsonSchemaValue = {'type': 'object'}
+
+        keys_schema = self.generate_inner(schema['keys_schema']).copy() if 'keys_schema' in schema else {}
+        if '$ref' not in keys_schema:
+            keys_pattern = keys_schema.pop('pattern', None)
+            # Don't give a title to patternProperties/propertyNames:
+            keys_schema.pop('title', None)
+        else:
+            # Here, we assume that if the keys schema is a definition reference,
+            # it can't be a simple string core schema (and thus no pattern can exist).
+            # However, this is only in practice (in theory, a definition reference core
+            # schema could be generated for a simple string schema).
+            # Note that we avoid calling `self.resolve_ref_schema`, as it might not exist yet.
+            keys_pattern = None
+
+        values_schema = self.generate_inner(schema['values_schema']).copy() if 'values_schema' in schema else {}
+        # don't give a title to additionalProperties:
+        values_schema.pop('title', None)
+
+        if values_schema or keys_pattern is not None:
+            if keys_pattern is None:
+                json_schema['additionalProperties'] = values_schema
+            else:
+                json_schema['patternProperties'] = {keys_pattern: values_schema}
+        else:  # for `dict[str, Any]`, we allow any key and any value, since `str` is the default key type
+            json_schema['additionalProperties'] = True
+
+        if (
+            # The len check indicates that constraints are probably present:
+            (keys_schema.get('type') == 'string' and len(keys_schema) > 1)
+            # If this is a definition reference schema, it most likely has constraints:
+            or '$ref' in keys_schema
+        ):
+            keys_schema.pop('type', None)
+            json_schema['propertyNames'] = keys_schema
+
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.object)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def function_before_schema(self, schema: core_schema.BeforeValidatorFunctionSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a function-before schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        if self.mode == 'validation' and (input_schema := schema.get('json_schema_input_schema')):
+            return self.generate_inner(input_schema)
+
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def function_after_schema(self, schema: core_schema.AfterValidatorFunctionSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a function-after schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def function_plain_schema(self, schema: core_schema.PlainValidatorFunctionSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a function-plain schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        if self.mode == 'validation' and (input_schema := schema.get('json_schema_input_schema')):
+            return self.generate_inner(input_schema)
+
+        return self.handle_invalid_for_json_schema(
+            schema, f'core_schema.PlainValidatorFunctionSchema ({schema["function"]})'
+        )
+
+    def function_wrap_schema(self, schema: core_schema.WrapValidatorFunctionSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a function-wrap schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        if self.mode == 'validation' and (input_schema := schema.get('json_schema_input_schema')):
+            return self.generate_inner(input_schema)
+
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def default_schema(self, schema: core_schema.WithDefaultSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema with a default value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema = self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+        default = self.get_default_value(schema)
+        if default is NoDefault:
+            return json_schema
+
+        # we reflect the application of custom plain, no-info serializers to defaults for
+        # JSON Schemas viewed in serialization mode:
+        # TODO: improvements along with https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/8208
+        if (
+            self.mode == 'serialization'
+            and (ser_schema := schema['schema'].get('serialization'))
+            and (ser_func := ser_schema.get('function'))
+            and ser_schema.get('type') == 'function-plain'
+            and not ser_schema.get('info_arg')
+            and not (default is None and ser_schema.get('when_used') in ('unless-none', 'json-unless-none'))
+        ):
+            try:
+                default = ser_func(default)  # type: ignore
+            except Exception:
+                # It might be that the provided default needs to be validated (read: parsed) first
+                # (assuming `validate_default` is enabled). However, we can't perform
+                # such validation during JSON Schema generation so we don't support
+                # this pattern for now.
+                # (One example is when using `foo: ByteSize = '1MB'`, which validates and
+                # serializes as an int. In this case, `ser_func` is `int` and `int('1MB')` fails).
+                self.emit_warning(
+                    'non-serializable-default',
+                    f'Unable to serialize value {default!r} with the plain serializer; excluding default from JSON schema',
+                )
+                return json_schema
+
+        try:
+            encoded_default = self.encode_default(default)
+        except pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError:
+            self.emit_warning(
+                'non-serializable-default',
+                f'Default value {default} is not JSON serializable; excluding default from JSON schema',
+            )
+            # Return the inner schema, as though there was no default
+            return json_schema
+
+        json_schema['default'] = encoded_default
+        return json_schema
+
+    def get_default_value(self, schema: core_schema.WithDefaultSchema) -> Any:
+        """Get the default value to be used when generating a JSON Schema for a core schema with a default.
+
+        The default implementation is to use the statically defined default value. This method can be overridden
+        if you want to make use of the default factory.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The `'with-default'` core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The default value to use, or [`NoDefault`][pydantic.json_schema.NoDefault] if no default
+                value is available.
+        """
+        return schema.get('default', NoDefault)
+
+    def nullable_schema(self, schema: core_schema.NullableSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that allows null values.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        null_schema = {'type': 'null'}
+        inner_json_schema = self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+        if inner_json_schema == null_schema:
+            return null_schema
+        else:
+            # Thanks to the equality check against `null_schema` above, I think 'oneOf' would also be valid here;
+            # I'll use 'anyOf' for now, but it could be changed it if it would work better with some external tooling
+            return self.get_flattened_anyof([inner_json_schema, null_schema])
+
+    def union_schema(self, schema: core_schema.UnionSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that allows values matching any of the given schemas.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        generated: list[JsonSchemaValue] = []
+
+        choices = schema['choices']
+        for choice in choices:
+            # choice will be a tuple if an explicit label was provided
+            choice_schema = choice[0] if isinstance(choice, tuple) else choice
+            try:
+                generated.append(self.generate_inner(choice_schema))
+            except PydanticOmit:
+                continue
+            except PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema as exc:
+                self.emit_warning('skipped-choice', exc.message)
+        if len(generated) == 1:
+            return generated[0]
+        return self.get_flattened_anyof(generated)
+
+    def tagged_union_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TaggedUnionSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that allows values matching any of the given schemas, where
+        the schemas are tagged with a discriminator field that indicates which schema should be used to validate
+        the value.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        generated: dict[str, JsonSchemaValue] = {}
+        for k, v in schema['choices'].items():
+            if isinstance(k, Enum):
+                k = k.value
+            try:
+                # Use str(k) since keys must be strings for json; while not technically correct,
+                # it's the closest that can be represented in valid JSON
+                generated[str(k)] = self.generate_inner(v).copy()
+            except PydanticOmit:
+                continue
+            except PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema as exc:
+                self.emit_warning('skipped-choice', exc.message)
+
+        one_of_choices = _deduplicate_schemas(generated.values())
+        json_schema: JsonSchemaValue = {'oneOf': one_of_choices}
+
+        # This reflects the v1 behavior; TODO: we should make it possible to exclude OpenAPI stuff from the JSON schema
+        openapi_discriminator = self._extract_discriminator(schema, one_of_choices)
+        if openapi_discriminator is not None:
+            json_schema['discriminator'] = {
+                'propertyName': openapi_discriminator,
+                'mapping': {k: v.get('$ref', v) for k, v in generated.items()},
+            }
+
+        return json_schema
+
+    def _extract_discriminator(
+        self, schema: core_schema.TaggedUnionSchema, one_of_choices: list[JsonDict]
+    ) -> str | None:
+        """Extract a compatible OpenAPI discriminator from the schema and one_of choices that end up in the final
+        schema."""
+        openapi_discriminator: str | None = None
+
+        if isinstance(schema['discriminator'], str):
+            return schema['discriminator']
+
+        if isinstance(schema['discriminator'], list):
+            # If the discriminator is a single item list containing a string, that is equivalent to the string case
+            if len(schema['discriminator']) == 1 and isinstance(schema['discriminator'][0], str):
+                return schema['discriminator'][0]
+            # When an alias is used that is different from the field name, the discriminator will be a list of single
+            # str lists, one for the attribute and one for the actual alias. The logic here will work even if there is
+            # more than one possible attribute, and looks for whether a single alias choice is present as a documented
+            # property on all choices. If so, that property will be used as the OpenAPI discriminator.
+            for alias_path in schema['discriminator']:
+                if not isinstance(alias_path, list):
+                    break  # this means that the discriminator is not a list of alias paths
+                if len(alias_path) != 1:
+                    continue  # this means that the "alias" does not represent a single field
+                alias = alias_path[0]
+                if not isinstance(alias, str):
+                    continue  # this means that the "alias" does not represent a field
+                alias_is_present_on_all_choices = True
+                for choice in one_of_choices:
+                    try:
+                        choice = self.resolve_ref_schema(choice)
+                    except RuntimeError as exc:
+                        # TODO: fixme - this is a workaround for the fact that we can't always resolve refs
+                        # for tagged union choices at this point in the schema gen process, we might need to do
+                        # another pass at the end like we do for core schemas
+                        self.emit_warning('skipped-discriminator', str(exc))
+                        choice = {}
+                    properties = choice.get('properties', {})
+                    if not isinstance(properties, dict) or alias not in properties:
+                        alias_is_present_on_all_choices = False
+                        break
+                if alias_is_present_on_all_choices:
+                    openapi_discriminator = alias
+                    break
+        return openapi_discriminator
+
+    def chain_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ChainSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a core_schema.ChainSchema.
+
+        When generating a schema for validation, we return the validation JSON schema for the first step in the chain.
+        For serialization, we return the serialization JSON schema for the last step in the chain.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        step_index = 0 if self.mode == 'validation' else -1  # use first step for validation, last for serialization
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['steps'][step_index])
+
+    def lax_or_strict_schema(self, schema: core_schema.LaxOrStrictSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that allows values matching either the lax schema or the
+        strict schema.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        # TODO: Need to read the default value off of model config or whatever
+        use_strict = schema.get('strict', False)  # TODO: replace this default False
+        # If your JSON schema fails to generate it is probably
+        # because one of the following two branches failed.
+        if use_strict:
+            return self.generate_inner(schema['strict_schema'])
+        else:
+            return self.generate_inner(schema['lax_schema'])
+
+    def json_or_python_schema(self, schema: core_schema.JsonOrPythonSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that allows values matching either the JSON schema or the
+        Python schema.
+
+        The JSON schema is used instead of the Python schema. If you want to use the Python schema, you should override
+        this method.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['json_schema'])
+
+    def typed_dict_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TypedDictSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a typed dict.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        total = schema.get('total', True)
+        named_required_fields: list[tuple[str, bool, CoreSchemaField]] = [
+            (name, self.field_is_required(field, total), field)
+            for name, field in schema['fields'].items()
+            if self.field_is_present(field)
+        ]
+        if self.mode == 'serialization':
+            named_required_fields.extend(self._name_required_computed_fields(schema.get('computed_fields', [])))
+        cls = schema.get('cls')
+        config = _get_typed_dict_config(cls)
+        with self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config):
+            json_schema = self._named_required_fields_schema(named_required_fields)
+
+        if cls is not None:
+            self._update_class_schema(json_schema, cls, config)
+        else:
+            extra = config.get('extra')
+            if extra == 'forbid':
+                json_schema['additionalProperties'] = False
+            elif extra == 'allow':
+                json_schema['additionalProperties'] = True
+
+        return json_schema
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _name_required_computed_fields(
+        computed_fields: list[ComputedField],
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, bool, core_schema.ComputedField]]:
+        return [(field['property_name'], True, field) for field in computed_fields]
+
+    def _named_required_fields_schema(
+        self, named_required_fields: Sequence[tuple[str, bool, CoreSchemaField]]
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        properties: dict[str, JsonSchemaValue] = {}
+        required_fields: list[str] = []
+        for name, required, field in named_required_fields:
+            if self.by_alias:
+                name = self._get_alias_name(field, name)
+            try:
+                field_json_schema = self.generate_inner(field).copy()
+            except PydanticOmit:
+                continue
+            if 'title' not in field_json_schema and self.field_title_should_be_set(field):
+                title = self.get_title_from_name(name)
+                field_json_schema['title'] = title
+            field_json_schema = self.handle_ref_overrides(field_json_schema)
+            properties[name] = field_json_schema
+            if required:
+                required_fields.append(name)
+
+        json_schema = {'type': 'object', 'properties': properties}
+        if required_fields:
+            json_schema['required'] = required_fields
+        return json_schema
+
+    def _get_alias_name(self, field: CoreSchemaField, name: str) -> str:
+        if field['type'] == 'computed-field':
+            alias: Any = field.get('alias', name)
+        elif self.mode == 'validation':
+            alias = field.get('validation_alias', name)
+        else:
+            alias = field.get('serialization_alias', name)
+        if isinstance(alias, str):
+            name = alias
+        elif isinstance(alias, list):
+            alias = cast('list[str] | str', alias)
+            for path in alias:
+                if isinstance(path, list) and len(path) == 1 and isinstance(path[0], str):
+                    # Use the first valid single-item string path; the code that constructs the alias array
+                    # should ensure the first such item is what belongs in the JSON schema
+                    name = path[0]
+                    break
+        else:
+            assert_never(alias)
+        return name
+
+    def typed_dict_field_schema(self, schema: core_schema.TypedDictField) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a typed dict field.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def dataclass_field_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DataclassField) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a dataclass field.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def model_field_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ModelField) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a model field.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def computed_field_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ComputedField) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a computed field.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['return_schema'])
+
+    def model_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ModelSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a model.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        # We do not use schema['model'].model_json_schema() here
+        # because it could lead to inconsistent refs handling, etc.
+        cls = cast('type[BaseModel]', schema['cls'])
+        config = cls.model_config
+
+        with self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config):
+            json_schema = self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+        self._update_class_schema(json_schema, cls, config)
+
+        return json_schema
+
+    def _update_class_schema(self, json_schema: JsonSchemaValue, cls: type[Any], config: ConfigDict) -> None:
+        """Update json_schema with the following, extracted from `config` and `cls`:
+
+        * title
+        * description
+        * additional properties
+        * json_schema_extra
+        * deprecated
+
+        Done in place, hence there's no return value as the original json_schema is mutated.
+        No ref resolving is involved here, as that's not appropriate for simple updates.
+        """
+        from .main import BaseModel
+        from .root_model import RootModel
+
+        if (config_title := config.get('title')) is not None:
+            json_schema.setdefault('title', config_title)
+        elif model_title_generator := config.get('model_title_generator'):
+            title = model_title_generator(cls)
+            if not isinstance(title, str):
+                raise TypeError(f'model_title_generator {model_title_generator} must return str, not {title.__class__}')
+            json_schema.setdefault('title', title)
+        if 'title' not in json_schema:
+            json_schema['title'] = cls.__name__
+
+        # BaseModel and dataclasses; don't use cls.__doc__ as it will contain the verbose class signature by default
+        docstring = None if cls is BaseModel or dataclasses.is_dataclass(cls) else cls.__doc__
+
+        if docstring:
+            json_schema.setdefault('description', inspect.cleandoc(docstring))
+        elif issubclass(cls, RootModel) and (root_description := cls.__pydantic_fields__['root'].description):
+            json_schema.setdefault('description', root_description)
+
+        extra = config.get('extra')
+        if 'additionalProperties' not in json_schema:
+            if extra == 'allow':
+                json_schema['additionalProperties'] = True
+            elif extra == 'forbid':
+                json_schema['additionalProperties'] = False
+
+        json_schema_extra = config.get('json_schema_extra')
+        if issubclass(cls, BaseModel) and cls.__pydantic_root_model__:
+            root_json_schema_extra = cls.model_fields['root'].json_schema_extra
+            if json_schema_extra and root_json_schema_extra:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    '"model_config[\'json_schema_extra\']" and "Field.json_schema_extra" on "RootModel.root"'
+                    ' field must not be set simultaneously'
+                )
+            if root_json_schema_extra:
+                json_schema_extra = root_json_schema_extra
+
+        if isinstance(json_schema_extra, (staticmethod, classmethod)):
+            # In older versions of python, this is necessary to ensure staticmethod/classmethods are callable
+            json_schema_extra = json_schema_extra.__get__(cls)
+
+        if isinstance(json_schema_extra, dict):
+            json_schema.update(json_schema_extra)
+        elif callable(json_schema_extra):
+            # FIXME: why are there type ignores here? We support two signatures for json_schema_extra callables...
+            if len(inspect.signature(json_schema_extra).parameters) > 1:
+                json_schema_extra(json_schema, cls)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                json_schema_extra(json_schema)  # type: ignore
+        elif json_schema_extra is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"model_config['json_schema_extra']={json_schema_extra} should be a dict, callable, or None"
+            )
+
+        if hasattr(cls, '__deprecated__'):
+            json_schema['deprecated'] = True
+
+    def resolve_ref_schema(self, json_schema: JsonSchemaValue) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Resolve a JsonSchemaValue to the non-ref schema if it is a $ref schema.
+
+        Args:
+            json_schema: The schema to resolve.
+
+        Returns:
+            The resolved schema.
+
+        Raises:
+            RuntimeError: If the schema reference can't be found in definitions.
+        """
+        while '$ref' in json_schema:
+            ref = json_schema['$ref']
+            schema_to_update = self.get_schema_from_definitions(JsonRef(ref))
+            if schema_to_update is None:
+                raise RuntimeError(f'Cannot update undefined schema for $ref={ref}')
+            json_schema = schema_to_update
+        return json_schema
+
+    def model_fields_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ModelFieldsSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a model's fields.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        named_required_fields: list[tuple[str, bool, CoreSchemaField]] = [
+            (name, self.field_is_required(field, total=True), field)
+            for name, field in schema['fields'].items()
+            if self.field_is_present(field)
+        ]
+        if self.mode == 'serialization':
+            named_required_fields.extend(self._name_required_computed_fields(schema.get('computed_fields', [])))
+        json_schema = self._named_required_fields_schema(named_required_fields)
+        extras_schema = schema.get('extras_schema', None)
+        if extras_schema is not None:
+            schema_to_update = self.resolve_ref_schema(json_schema)
+            schema_to_update['additionalProperties'] = self.generate_inner(extras_schema)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def field_is_present(self, field: CoreSchemaField) -> bool:
+        """Whether the field should be included in the generated JSON schema.
+
+        Args:
+            field: The schema for the field itself.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if the field should be included in the generated JSON schema, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        if self.mode == 'serialization':
+            # If you still want to include the field in the generated JSON schema,
+            # override this method and return True
+            return not field.get('serialization_exclude')
+        elif self.mode == 'validation':
+            return True
+        else:
+            assert_never(self.mode)
+
+    def field_is_required(
+        self,
+        field: core_schema.ModelField | core_schema.DataclassField | core_schema.TypedDictField,
+        total: bool,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Whether the field should be marked as required in the generated JSON schema.
+        (Note that this is irrelevant if the field is not present in the JSON schema.).
+
+        Args:
+            field: The schema for the field itself.
+            total: Only applies to `TypedDictField`s.
+                Indicates if the `TypedDict` this field belongs to is total, in which case any fields that don't
+                explicitly specify `required=False` are required.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if the field should be marked as required in the generated JSON schema, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        if self.mode == 'serialization' and self._config.json_schema_serialization_defaults_required:
+            return not field.get('serialization_exclude')
+        else:
+            if field['type'] == 'typed-dict-field':
+                return field.get('required', total)
+            else:
+                return field['schema']['type'] != 'default'
+
+    def dataclass_args_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DataclassArgsSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a dataclass's constructor arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        named_required_fields: list[tuple[str, bool, CoreSchemaField]] = [
+            (field['name'], self.field_is_required(field, total=True), field)
+            for field in schema['fields']
+            if self.field_is_present(field)
+        ]
+        if self.mode == 'serialization':
+            named_required_fields.extend(self._name_required_computed_fields(schema.get('computed_fields', [])))
+        return self._named_required_fields_schema(named_required_fields)
+
+    def dataclass_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DataclassSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a dataclass.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        from ._internal._dataclasses import is_builtin_dataclass
+
+        cls = schema['cls']
+        config: ConfigDict = getattr(cls, '__pydantic_config__', cast('ConfigDict', {}))
+
+        with self._config_wrapper_stack.push(config):
+            json_schema = self.generate_inner(schema['schema']).copy()
+
+        self._update_class_schema(json_schema, cls, config)
+
+        # Dataclass-specific handling of description
+        if is_builtin_dataclass(cls):
+            # vanilla dataclass; don't use cls.__doc__ as it will contain the class signature by default
+            description = None
+        else:
+            description = None if cls.__doc__ is None else inspect.cleandoc(cls.__doc__)
+        if description:
+            json_schema['description'] = description
+
+        return json_schema
+
+    def arguments_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ArgumentsSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a function's arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        prefer_positional = schema.get('metadata', {}).get('pydantic_js_prefer_positional_arguments')
+
+        arguments = schema['arguments_schema']
+        kw_only_arguments = [a for a in arguments if a.get('mode') == 'keyword_only']
+        kw_or_p_arguments = [a for a in arguments if a.get('mode') in {'positional_or_keyword', None}]
+        p_only_arguments = [a for a in arguments if a.get('mode') == 'positional_only']
+        var_args_schema = schema.get('var_args_schema')
+        var_kwargs_schema = schema.get('var_kwargs_schema')
+
+        if prefer_positional:
+            positional_possible = not kw_only_arguments and not var_kwargs_schema
+            if positional_possible:
+                return self.p_arguments_schema(p_only_arguments + kw_or_p_arguments, var_args_schema)
+
+        keyword_possible = not p_only_arguments and not var_args_schema
+        if keyword_possible:
+            return self.kw_arguments_schema(kw_or_p_arguments + kw_only_arguments, var_kwargs_schema)
+
+        if not prefer_positional:
+            positional_possible = not kw_only_arguments and not var_kwargs_schema
+            if positional_possible:
+                return self.p_arguments_schema(p_only_arguments + kw_or_p_arguments, var_args_schema)
+
+        raise PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema(
+            'Unable to generate JSON schema for arguments validator with positional-only and keyword-only arguments'
+        )
+
+    def kw_arguments_schema(
+        self, arguments: list[core_schema.ArgumentsParameter], var_kwargs_schema: CoreSchema | None
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a function's keyword arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            arguments: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        properties: dict[str, JsonSchemaValue] = {}
+        required: list[str] = []
+        for argument in arguments:
+            name = self.get_argument_name(argument)
+            argument_schema = self.generate_inner(argument['schema']).copy()
+            argument_schema['title'] = self.get_title_from_name(name)
+            properties[name] = argument_schema
+
+            if argument['schema']['type'] != 'default':
+                # This assumes that if the argument has a default value,
+                # the inner schema must be of type WithDefaultSchema.
+                # I believe this is true, but I am not 100% sure
+                required.append(name)
+
+        json_schema: JsonSchemaValue = {'type': 'object', 'properties': properties}
+        if required:
+            json_schema['required'] = required
+
+        if var_kwargs_schema:
+            additional_properties_schema = self.generate_inner(var_kwargs_schema)
+            if additional_properties_schema:
+                json_schema['additionalProperties'] = additional_properties_schema
+        else:
+            json_schema['additionalProperties'] = False
+        return json_schema
+
+    def p_arguments_schema(
+        self, arguments: list[core_schema.ArgumentsParameter], var_args_schema: CoreSchema | None
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a function's positional arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            arguments: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        prefix_items: list[JsonSchemaValue] = []
+        min_items = 0
+
+        for argument in arguments:
+            name = self.get_argument_name(argument)
+
+            argument_schema = self.generate_inner(argument['schema']).copy()
+            argument_schema['title'] = self.get_title_from_name(name)
+            prefix_items.append(argument_schema)
+
+            if argument['schema']['type'] != 'default':
+                # This assumes that if the argument has a default value,
+                # the inner schema must be of type WithDefaultSchema.
+                # I believe this is true, but I am not 100% sure
+                min_items += 1
+
+        json_schema: JsonSchemaValue = {'type': 'array'}
+        if prefix_items:
+            json_schema['prefixItems'] = prefix_items
+        if min_items:
+            json_schema['minItems'] = min_items
+
+        if var_args_schema:
+            items_schema = self.generate_inner(var_args_schema)
+            if items_schema:
+                json_schema['items'] = items_schema
+        else:
+            json_schema['maxItems'] = len(prefix_items)
+
+        return json_schema
+
+    def get_argument_name(self, argument: core_schema.ArgumentsParameter | core_schema.ArgumentsV3Parameter) -> str:
+        """Retrieves the name of an argument.
+
+        Args:
+            argument: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The name of the argument.
+        """
+        name = argument['name']
+        if self.by_alias:
+            alias = argument.get('alias')
+            if isinstance(alias, str):
+                name = alias
+            else:
+                pass  # might want to do something else?
+        return name
+
+    def arguments_v3_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ArgumentsV3Schema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a function's arguments.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        arguments = schema['arguments_schema']
+        properties: dict[str, JsonSchemaValue] = {}
+        required: list[str] = []
+        for argument in arguments:
+            mode = argument.get('mode', 'positional_or_keyword')
+            name = self.get_argument_name(argument)
+            argument_schema = self.generate_inner(argument['schema']).copy()
+            if mode == 'var_args':
+                argument_schema = {'type': 'array', 'items': argument_schema}
+            elif mode == 'var_kwargs_uniform':
+                argument_schema = {'type': 'object', 'additionalProperties': argument_schema}
+
+            argument_schema.setdefault('title', self.get_title_from_name(name))
+            properties[name] = argument_schema
+
+            if (
+                (mode == 'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict' and 'required' in argument_schema)
+                or mode not in {'var_args', 'var_kwargs_uniform', 'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict'}
+                and argument['schema']['type'] != 'default'
+            ):
+                # This assumes that if the argument has a default value,
+                # the inner schema must be of type WithDefaultSchema.
+                # I believe this is true, but I am not 100% sure
+                required.append(name)
+
+        json_schema: JsonSchemaValue = {'type': 'object', 'properties': properties}
+        if required:
+            json_schema['required'] = required
+        return json_schema
+
+    def call_schema(self, schema: core_schema.CallSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a function call.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['arguments_schema'])
+
+    def custom_error_schema(self, schema: core_schema.CustomErrorSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a custom error.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def json_schema(self, schema: core_schema.JsonSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a JSON object.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        content_core_schema = schema.get('schema') or core_schema.any_schema()
+        content_json_schema = self.generate_inner(content_core_schema)
+        if self.mode == 'validation':
+            return {'type': 'string', 'contentMediaType': 'application/json', 'contentSchema': content_json_schema}
+        else:
+            # self.mode == 'serialization'
+            return content_json_schema
+
+    def url_schema(self, schema: core_schema.UrlSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a URL.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        json_schema = {'type': 'string', 'format': 'uri', 'minLength': 1}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.string)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def multi_host_url_schema(self, schema: core_schema.MultiHostUrlSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a URL that can be used with multiple hosts.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        # Note: 'multi-host-uri' is a custom/pydantic-specific format, not part of the JSON Schema spec
+        json_schema = {'type': 'string', 'format': 'multi-host-uri', 'minLength': 1}
+        self.update_with_validations(json_schema, schema, self.ValidationsMapping.string)
+        return json_schema
+
+    def uuid_schema(self, schema: core_schema.UuidSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a UUID.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {'type': 'string', 'format': 'uuid'}
+
+    def definitions_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DefinitionsSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a JSON object with definitions.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        for definition in schema['definitions']:
+            try:
+                self.generate_inner(definition)
+            except PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema as e:
+                core_ref: CoreRef = CoreRef(definition['ref'])  # type: ignore
+                self._core_defs_invalid_for_json_schema[self.get_defs_ref((core_ref, self.mode))] = e
+                continue
+        return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+
+    def definition_ref_schema(self, schema: core_schema.DefinitionReferenceSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that references a definition.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        core_ref = CoreRef(schema['schema_ref'])
+        _, ref_json_schema = self.get_cache_defs_ref_schema(core_ref)
+        return ref_json_schema
+
+    def ser_schema(
+        self, schema: core_schema.SerSchema | core_schema.IncExSeqSerSchema | core_schema.IncExDictSerSchema
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue | None:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a schema that defines a serialized object.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        schema_type = schema['type']
+        if schema_type == 'function-plain' or schema_type == 'function-wrap':
+            # PlainSerializerFunctionSerSchema or WrapSerializerFunctionSerSchema
+            return_schema = schema.get('return_schema')
+            if return_schema is not None:
+                return self.generate_inner(return_schema)
+        elif schema_type == 'format' or schema_type == 'to-string':
+            # FormatSerSchema or ToStringSerSchema
+            return self.str_schema(core_schema.str_schema())
+        elif schema['type'] == 'model':
+            # ModelSerSchema
+            return self.generate_inner(schema['schema'])
+        return None
+
+    def complex_schema(self, schema: core_schema.ComplexSchema) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Generates a JSON schema that matches a complex number.
+
+        JSON has no standard way to represent complex numbers. Complex number is not a numeric
+        type. Here we represent complex number as strings following the rule defined by Python.
+        For instance, '1+2j' is an accepted complex string. Details can be found in
+        [Python's `complex` documentation][complex].
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The core schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The generated JSON schema.
+        """
+        return {'type': 'string'}
+
+    # ### Utility methods
+
+    def get_title_from_name(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """Retrieves a title from a name.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name to retrieve a title from.
+
+        Returns:
+            The title.
+        """
+        return name.title().replace('_', ' ').strip()
+
+    def field_title_should_be_set(self, schema: CoreSchemaOrField) -> bool:
+        """Returns true if a field with the given schema should have a title set based on the field name.
+
+        Intuitively, we want this to return true for schemas that wouldn't otherwise provide their own title
+        (e.g., int, float, str), and false for those that would (e.g., BaseModel subclasses).
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The schema to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if the field should have a title set, `False` otherwise.
+        """
+        if _core_utils.is_core_schema_field(schema):
+            if schema['type'] == 'computed-field':
+                field_schema = schema['return_schema']
+            else:
+                field_schema = schema['schema']
+            return self.field_title_should_be_set(field_schema)
+
+        elif _core_utils.is_core_schema(schema):
+            if schema.get('ref'):  # things with refs, such as models and enums, should not have titles set
+                return False
+            if schema['type'] in {'default', 'nullable', 'definitions'}:
+                return self.field_title_should_be_set(schema['schema'])  # type: ignore[typeddict-item]
+            if _core_utils.is_function_with_inner_schema(schema):
+                return self.field_title_should_be_set(schema['schema'])
+            if schema['type'] == 'definition-ref':
+                # Referenced schemas should not have titles set for the same reason
+                # schemas with refs should not
+                return False
+            return True  # anything else should have title set
+
+        else:
+            raise PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema(f'Unexpected schema type: schema={schema}')  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """Normalizes a name to be used as a key in a dictionary.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name to normalize.
+
+        Returns:
+            The normalized name.
+        """
+        return re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9.\-_]', '_', name).replace('.', '__')
+
+    def get_defs_ref(self, core_mode_ref: CoreModeRef) -> DefsRef:
+        """Override this method to change the way that definitions keys are generated from a core reference.
+
+        Args:
+            core_mode_ref: The core reference.
+
+        Returns:
+            The definitions key.
+        """
+        # Split the core ref into "components"; generic origins and arguments are each separate components
+        core_ref, mode = core_mode_ref
+        components = re.split(r'([\][,])', core_ref)
+        # Remove IDs from each component
+        components = [x.rsplit(':', 1)[0] for x in components]
+        core_ref_no_id = ''.join(components)
+        # Remove everything before the last period from each "component"
+        components = [re.sub(r'(?:[^.[\]]+\.)+((?:[^.[\]]+))', r'\1', x) for x in components]
+        short_ref = ''.join(components)
+
+        mode_title = _MODE_TITLE_MAPPING[mode]
+
+        # It is important that the generated defs_ref values be such that at least one choice will not
+        # be generated for any other core_ref. Currently, this should be the case because we include
+        # the id of the source type in the core_ref
+        name = DefsRef(self.normalize_name(short_ref))
+        name_mode = DefsRef(self.normalize_name(short_ref) + f'-{mode_title}')
+        module_qualname = DefsRef(self.normalize_name(core_ref_no_id))
+        module_qualname_mode = DefsRef(f'{module_qualname}-{mode_title}')
+        module_qualname_id = DefsRef(self.normalize_name(core_ref))
+        occurrence_index = self._collision_index.get(module_qualname_id)
+        if occurrence_index is None:
+            self._collision_counter[module_qualname] += 1
+            occurrence_index = self._collision_index[module_qualname_id] = self._collision_counter[module_qualname]
+
+        module_qualname_occurrence = DefsRef(f'{module_qualname}__{occurrence_index}')
+        module_qualname_occurrence_mode = DefsRef(f'{module_qualname_mode}__{occurrence_index}')
+
+        self._prioritized_defsref_choices[module_qualname_occurrence_mode] = [
+            name,
+            name_mode,
+            module_qualname,
+            module_qualname_mode,
+            module_qualname_occurrence,
+            module_qualname_occurrence_mode,
+        ]
+
+        return module_qualname_occurrence_mode
+
+    def get_cache_defs_ref_schema(self, core_ref: CoreRef) -> tuple[DefsRef, JsonSchemaValue]:
+        """This method wraps the get_defs_ref method with some cache-lookup/population logic,
+        and returns both the produced defs_ref and the JSON schema that will refer to the right definition.
+
+        Args:
+            core_ref: The core reference to get the definitions reference for.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of the definitions reference and the JSON schema that will refer to it.
+        """
+        core_mode_ref = (core_ref, self.mode)
+        maybe_defs_ref = self.core_to_defs_refs.get(core_mode_ref)
+        if maybe_defs_ref is not None:
+            json_ref = self.core_to_json_refs[core_mode_ref]
+            return maybe_defs_ref, {'$ref': json_ref}
+
+        defs_ref = self.get_defs_ref(core_mode_ref)
+
+        # populate the ref translation mappings
+        self.core_to_defs_refs[core_mode_ref] = defs_ref
+        self.defs_to_core_refs[defs_ref] = core_mode_ref
+
+        json_ref = JsonRef(self.ref_template.format(model=defs_ref))
+        self.core_to_json_refs[core_mode_ref] = json_ref
+        self.json_to_defs_refs[json_ref] = defs_ref
+        ref_json_schema = {'$ref': json_ref}
+        return defs_ref, ref_json_schema
+
+    def handle_ref_overrides(self, json_schema: JsonSchemaValue) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Remove any sibling keys that are redundant with the referenced schema.
+
+        Args:
+            json_schema: The schema to remove redundant sibling keys from.
+
+        Returns:
+            The schema with redundant sibling keys removed.
+        """
+        if '$ref' in json_schema:
+            # prevent modifications to the input; this copy may be safe to drop if there is significant overhead
+            json_schema = json_schema.copy()
+
+            referenced_json_schema = self.get_schema_from_definitions(JsonRef(json_schema['$ref']))
+            if referenced_json_schema is None:
+                # This can happen when building schemas for models with not-yet-defined references.
+                # It may be a good idea to do a recursive pass at the end of the generation to remove
+                # any redundant override keys.
+                return json_schema
+            for k, v in list(json_schema.items()):
+                if k == '$ref':
+                    continue
+                if k in referenced_json_schema and referenced_json_schema[k] == v:
+                    del json_schema[k]  # redundant key
+
+        return json_schema
+
+    def get_schema_from_definitions(self, json_ref: JsonRef) -> JsonSchemaValue | None:
+        try:
+            def_ref = self.json_to_defs_refs[json_ref]
+            if def_ref in self._core_defs_invalid_for_json_schema:
+                raise self._core_defs_invalid_for_json_schema[def_ref]
+            return self.definitions.get(def_ref, None)
+        except KeyError:
+            if json_ref.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
+                return None
+            raise
+
+    def encode_default(self, dft: Any) -> Any:
+        """Encode a default value to a JSON-serializable value.
+
+        This is used to encode default values for fields in the generated JSON schema.
+
+        Args:
+            dft: The default value to encode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The encoded default value.
+        """
+        from .type_adapter import TypeAdapter, _type_has_config
+
+        config = self._config
+        try:
+            default = (
+                dft
+                if _type_has_config(type(dft))
+                else TypeAdapter(type(dft), config=config.config_dict).dump_python(
+                    dft, by_alias=self.by_alias, mode='json'
+                )
+            )
+        except PydanticSchemaGenerationError:
+            raise pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError(f'Unable to encode default value {dft}')
+
+        return pydantic_core.to_jsonable_python(
+            default, timedelta_mode=config.ser_json_timedelta, bytes_mode=config.ser_json_bytes, by_alias=self.by_alias
+        )
+
+    def update_with_validations(
+        self, json_schema: JsonSchemaValue, core_schema: CoreSchema, mapping: dict[str, str]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the json_schema with the corresponding validations specified in the core_schema,
+        using the provided mapping to translate keys in core_schema to the appropriate keys for a JSON schema.
+
+        Args:
+            json_schema: The JSON schema to update.
+            core_schema: The core schema to get the validations from.
+            mapping: A mapping from core_schema attribute names to the corresponding JSON schema attribute names.
+        """
+        for core_key, json_schema_key in mapping.items():
+            if core_key in core_schema:
+                json_schema[json_schema_key] = core_schema[core_key]
+
+    class ValidationsMapping:
+        """This class just contains mappings from core_schema attribute names to the corresponding
+        JSON schema attribute names. While I suspect it is unlikely to be necessary, you can in
+        principle override this class in a subclass of GenerateJsonSchema (by inheriting from
+        GenerateJsonSchema.ValidationsMapping) to change these mappings.
+        """
+
+        numeric = {
+            'multiple_of': 'multipleOf',
+            'le': 'maximum',
+            'ge': 'minimum',
+            'lt': 'exclusiveMaximum',
+            'gt': 'exclusiveMinimum',
+        }
+        bytes = {
+            'min_length': 'minLength',
+            'max_length': 'maxLength',
+        }
+        string = {
+            'min_length': 'minLength',
+            'max_length': 'maxLength',
+            'pattern': 'pattern',
+        }
+        array = {
+            'min_length': 'minItems',
+            'max_length': 'maxItems',
+        }
+        object = {
+            'min_length': 'minProperties',
+            'max_length': 'maxProperties',
+        }
+
+    def get_flattened_anyof(self, schemas: list[JsonSchemaValue]) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        members = []
+        for schema in schemas:
+            if len(schema) == 1 and 'anyOf' in schema:
+                members.extend(schema['anyOf'])
+            else:
+                members.append(schema)
+        members = _deduplicate_schemas(members)
+        if len(members) == 1:
+            return members[0]
+        return {'anyOf': members}
+
+    def get_json_ref_counts(self, json_schema: JsonSchemaValue) -> dict[JsonRef, int]:
+        """Get all values corresponding to the key '$ref' anywhere in the json_schema."""
+        json_refs: dict[JsonRef, int] = Counter()
+
+        def _add_json_refs(schema: Any) -> None:
+            if isinstance(schema, dict):
+                if '$ref' in schema:
+                    json_ref = JsonRef(schema['$ref'])
+                    if not isinstance(json_ref, str):
+                        return  # in this case, '$ref' might have been the name of a property
+                    already_visited = json_ref in json_refs
+                    json_refs[json_ref] += 1
+                    if already_visited:
+                        return  # prevent recursion on a definition that was already visited
+                    try:
+                        defs_ref = self.json_to_defs_refs[json_ref]
+                        if defs_ref in self._core_defs_invalid_for_json_schema:
+                            raise self._core_defs_invalid_for_json_schema[defs_ref]
+                        _add_json_refs(self.definitions[defs_ref])
+                    except KeyError:
+                        if not json_ref.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
+                            raise
+
+                for k, v in schema.items():
+                    if k == 'examples' and isinstance(v, list):
+                        # Skip examples that may contain arbitrary values and references
+                        # (see the comment in `_get_all_json_refs` for more details).
+                        continue
+                    _add_json_refs(v)
+            elif isinstance(schema, list):
+                for v in schema:
+                    _add_json_refs(v)
+
+        _add_json_refs(json_schema)
+        return json_refs
+
+    def handle_invalid_for_json_schema(self, schema: CoreSchemaOrField, error_info: str) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        raise PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema(f'Cannot generate a JsonSchema for {error_info}')
+
+    def emit_warning(self, kind: JsonSchemaWarningKind, detail: str) -> None:
+        """This method simply emits PydanticJsonSchemaWarnings based on handling in the `warning_message` method."""
+        message = self.render_warning_message(kind, detail)
+        if message is not None:
+            warnings.warn(message, PydanticJsonSchemaWarning)
+
+    def render_warning_message(self, kind: JsonSchemaWarningKind, detail: str) -> str | None:
+        """This method is responsible for ignoring warnings as desired, and for formatting the warning messages.
+
+        You can override the value of `ignored_warning_kinds` in a subclass of GenerateJsonSchema
+        to modify what warnings are generated. If you want more control, you can override this method;
+        just return None in situations where you don't want warnings to be emitted.
+
+        Args:
+            kind: The kind of warning to render. It can be one of the following:
+
+                - 'skipped-choice': A choice field was skipped because it had no valid choices.
+                - 'non-serializable-default': A default value was skipped because it was not JSON-serializable.
+            detail: A string with additional details about the warning.
+
+        Returns:
+            The formatted warning message, or `None` if no warning should be emitted.
+        """
+        if kind in self.ignored_warning_kinds:
+            return None
+        return f'{detail} [{kind}]'
+
+    def _build_definitions_remapping(self) -> _DefinitionsRemapping:
+        defs_to_json: dict[DefsRef, JsonRef] = {}
+        for defs_refs in self._prioritized_defsref_choices.values():
+            for defs_ref in defs_refs:
+                json_ref = JsonRef(self.ref_template.format(model=defs_ref))
+                defs_to_json[defs_ref] = json_ref
+
+        return _DefinitionsRemapping.from_prioritized_choices(
+            self._prioritized_defsref_choices, defs_to_json, self.definitions
+        )
+
+    def _garbage_collect_definitions(self, schema: JsonSchemaValue) -> None:
+        visited_defs_refs: set[DefsRef] = set()
+        unvisited_json_refs = _get_all_json_refs(schema)
+        while unvisited_json_refs:
+            next_json_ref = unvisited_json_refs.pop()
+            try:
+                next_defs_ref = self.json_to_defs_refs[next_json_ref]
+                if next_defs_ref in visited_defs_refs:
+                    continue
+                visited_defs_refs.add(next_defs_ref)
+                unvisited_json_refs.update(_get_all_json_refs(self.definitions[next_defs_ref]))
+            except KeyError:
+                if not next_json_ref.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
+                    raise
+
+        self.definitions = {k: v for k, v in self.definitions.items() if k in visited_defs_refs}
+
+
+# ##### Start JSON Schema Generation Functions #####
+
+
+def model_json_schema(
+    cls: type[BaseModel] | type[PydanticDataclass],
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+    schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+    mode: JsonSchemaMode = 'validation',
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Utility function to generate a JSON Schema for a model.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The model class to generate a JSON Schema for.
+        by_alias: If `True` (the default), fields will be serialized according to their alias.
+            If `False`, fields will be serialized according to their attribute name.
+        ref_template: The template to use for generating JSON Schema references.
+        schema_generator: The class to use for generating the JSON Schema.
+        mode: The mode to use for generating the JSON Schema. It can be one of the following:
+
+            - 'validation': Generate a JSON Schema for validating data.
+            - 'serialization': Generate a JSON Schema for serializing data.
+
+    Returns:
+        The generated JSON Schema.
+    """
+    from .main import BaseModel
+
+    schema_generator_instance = schema_generator(by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template)
+
+    if isinstance(cls.__pydantic_core_schema__, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema):
+        cls.__pydantic_core_schema__.rebuild()
+
+    if cls is BaseModel:
+        raise AttributeError('model_json_schema() must be called on a subclass of BaseModel, not BaseModel itself.')
+
+    assert not isinstance(cls.__pydantic_core_schema__, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema), 'this is a bug! please report it'
+    return schema_generator_instance.generate(cls.__pydantic_core_schema__, mode=mode)
+
+
+def models_json_schema(
+    models: Sequence[tuple[type[BaseModel] | type[PydanticDataclass], JsonSchemaMode]],
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    title: str | None = None,
+    description: str | None = None,
+    ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+    schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+) -> tuple[dict[tuple[type[BaseModel] | type[PydanticDataclass], JsonSchemaMode], JsonSchemaValue], JsonSchemaValue]:
+    """Utility function to generate a JSON Schema for multiple models.
+
+    Args:
+        models: A sequence of tuples of the form (model, mode).
+        by_alias: Whether field aliases should be used as keys in the generated JSON Schema.
+        title: The title of the generated JSON Schema.
+        description: The description of the generated JSON Schema.
+        ref_template: The reference template to use for generating JSON Schema references.
+        schema_generator: The schema generator to use for generating the JSON Schema.
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple where:
+            - The first element is a dictionary whose keys are tuples of JSON schema key type and JSON mode, and
+                whose values are the JSON schema corresponding to that pair of inputs. (These schemas may have
+                JsonRef references to definitions that are defined in the second returned element.)
+            - The second element is a JSON schema containing all definitions referenced in the first returned
+                    element, along with the optional title and description keys.
+    """
+    for cls, _ in models:
+        if isinstance(cls.__pydantic_core_schema__, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema):
+            cls.__pydantic_core_schema__.rebuild()
+
+    instance = schema_generator(by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template)
+    inputs: list[tuple[type[BaseModel] | type[PydanticDataclass], JsonSchemaMode, CoreSchema]] = [
+        (m, mode, m.__pydantic_core_schema__) for m, mode in models
+    ]
+    json_schemas_map, definitions = instance.generate_definitions(inputs)
+
+    json_schema: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if definitions:
+        json_schema['$defs'] = definitions
+    if title:
+        json_schema['title'] = title
+    if description:
+        json_schema['description'] = description
+
+    return json_schemas_map, json_schema
+
+
+# ##### End JSON Schema Generation Functions #####
+
+
+_HashableJsonValue: TypeAlias = Union[
+    int, float, str, bool, None, tuple['_HashableJsonValue', ...], tuple[tuple[str, '_HashableJsonValue'], ...]
+]
+
+
+def _deduplicate_schemas(schemas: Iterable[JsonDict]) -> list[JsonDict]:
+    return list({_make_json_hashable(schema): schema for schema in schemas}.values())
+
+
+def _make_json_hashable(value: JsonValue) -> _HashableJsonValue:
+    if isinstance(value, dict):
+        return tuple(sorted((k, _make_json_hashable(v)) for k, v in value.items()))
+    elif isinstance(value, list):
+        return tuple(_make_json_hashable(v) for v in value)
+    else:
+        return value
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class WithJsonSchema:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [`WithJsonSchema` Annotation](../concepts/json_schema.md#withjsonschema-annotation)
+
+    Add this as an annotation on a field to override the (base) JSON schema that would be generated for that field.
+    This provides a way to set a JSON schema for types that would otherwise raise errors when producing a JSON schema,
+    such as Callable, or types that have an is-instance core schema, without needing to go so far as creating a
+    custom subclass of pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema.
+    Note that any _modifications_ to the schema that would normally be made (such as setting the title for model fields)
+    will still be performed.
+
+    If `mode` is set this will only apply to that schema generation mode, allowing you
+    to set different json schemas for validation and serialization.
+    """
+
+    json_schema: JsonSchemaValue | None
+    mode: Literal['validation', 'serialization'] | None = None
+
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        self, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        mode = self.mode or handler.mode
+        if mode != handler.mode:
+            return handler(core_schema)
+        if self.json_schema is None:
+            # This exception is handled in pydantic.json_schema.GenerateJsonSchema._named_required_fields_schema
+            raise PydanticOmit
+        else:
+            return self.json_schema.copy()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(type(self.mode))
+
+
+class Examples:
+    """Add examples to a JSON schema.
+
+    If the JSON Schema already contains examples, the provided examples
+    will be appended.
+
+    If `mode` is set this will only apply to that schema generation mode,
+    allowing you to add different examples for validation and serialization.
+    """
+
+    @overload
+    @deprecated('Using a dict for `examples` is deprecated since v2.9 and will be removed in v3.0. Use a list instead.')
+    def __init__(
+        self, examples: dict[str, Any], mode: Literal['validation', 'serialization'] | None = None
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, examples: list[Any], mode: Literal['validation', 'serialization'] | None = None) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, examples: dict[str, Any] | list[Any], mode: Literal['validation', 'serialization'] | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(examples, dict):
+            warnings.warn(
+                'Using a dict for `examples` is deprecated, use a list instead.',
+                PydanticDeprecatedSince29,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+        self.examples = examples
+        self.mode = mode
+
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        self, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        mode = self.mode or handler.mode
+        json_schema = handler(core_schema)
+        if mode != handler.mode:
+            return json_schema
+        examples = json_schema.get('examples')
+        if examples is None:
+            json_schema['examples'] = to_jsonable_python(self.examples)
+        if isinstance(examples, dict):
+            if isinstance(self.examples, list):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    'Updating existing JSON Schema examples of type dict with examples of type list. '
+                    'Only the existing examples values will be retained. Note that dict support for '
+                    'examples is deprecated and will be removed in v3.0.',
+                    UserWarning,
+                )
+                json_schema['examples'] = to_jsonable_python(
+                    [ex for value in examples.values() for ex in value] + self.examples
+                )
+            else:
+                json_schema['examples'] = to_jsonable_python({**examples, **self.examples})
+        if isinstance(examples, list):
+            if isinstance(self.examples, list):
+                json_schema['examples'] = to_jsonable_python(examples + self.examples)
+            elif isinstance(self.examples, dict):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    'Updating existing JSON Schema examples of type list with examples of type dict. '
+                    'Only the examples values will be retained. Note that dict support for '
+                    'examples is deprecated and will be removed in v3.0.',
+                    UserWarning,
+                )
+                json_schema['examples'] = to_jsonable_python(
+                    examples + [ex for value in self.examples.values() for ex in value]
+                )
+
+        return json_schema
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(type(self.mode))
+
+
+def _get_all_json_refs(item: Any) -> set[JsonRef]:
+    """Get all the definitions references from a JSON schema."""
+    refs: set[JsonRef] = set()
+    stack = [item]
+
+    while stack:
+        current = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(current, dict):
+            for key, value in current.items():
+                if key == 'examples' and isinstance(value, list):
+                    # Skip examples that may contain arbitrary values and references
+                    # (e.g. `{"examples": [{"$ref": "..."}]}`). Note: checking for value
+                    # of type list is necessary to avoid skipping valid portions of the schema,
+                    # for instance when "examples" is used as a property key. A more robust solution
+                    # could be found, but would require more advanced JSON Schema parsing logic.
+                    continue
+                if key == '$ref' and isinstance(value, str):
+                    refs.add(JsonRef(value))
+                elif isinstance(value, dict):
+                    stack.append(value)
+                elif isinstance(value, list):
+                    stack.extend(value)
+        elif isinstance(current, list):
+            stack.extend(current)
+
+    return refs
+
+
+AnyType = TypeVar('AnyType')
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    SkipJsonSchema = Annotated[AnyType, ...]
+else:
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+    class SkipJsonSchema:
+        """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+            [`SkipJsonSchema` Annotation](../concepts/json_schema.md#skipjsonschema-annotation)
+
+        Add this as an annotation on a field to skip generating a JSON schema for that field.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            from pprint import pprint
+            from typing import Union
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel
+            from pydantic.json_schema import SkipJsonSchema
+
+            class Model(BaseModel):
+                a: Union[int, None] = None  # (1)!
+                b: Union[int, SkipJsonSchema[None]] = None  # (2)!
+                c: SkipJsonSchema[Union[int, None]] = None  # (3)!
+
+            pprint(Model.model_json_schema())
+            '''
+            {
+                'properties': {
+                    'a': {
+                        'anyOf': [
+                            {'type': 'integer'},
+                            {'type': 'null'}
+                        ],
+                        'default': None,
+                        'title': 'A'
+                    },
+                    'b': {
+                        'default': None,
+                        'title': 'B',
+                        'type': 'integer'
+                    }
+                },
+                'title': 'Model',
+                'type': 'object'
+            }
+            '''
+            ```
+
+            1. The integer and null types are both included in the schema for `a`.
+            2. The integer type is the only type included in the schema for `b`.
+            3. The entirety of the `c` field is omitted from the schema.
+        """
+
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: AnyType) -> AnyType:
+            return Annotated[item, cls()]
+
+        def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+            self, core_schema: CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+        ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            raise PydanticOmit
+
+        def __hash__(self) -> int:
+            return hash(type(self))
+
+
+def _get_typed_dict_config(cls: type[Any] | None) -> ConfigDict:
+    if cls is not None:
+        try:
+            return _decorators.get_attribute_from_bases(cls, '__pydantic_config__')
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+    return {}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..820f34f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1771 @@
+"""Logic for creating models."""
+
+# Because `dict` is in the local namespace of the `BaseModel` class, we use `Dict` for annotations.
+# TODO v3 fallback to `dict` when the deprecated `dict` method gets removed.
+# ruff: noqa: UP035
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+import typing
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Generator, Mapping
+from copy import copy, deepcopy
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    ClassVar,
+    Dict,
+    Literal,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+
+import pydantic_core
+import typing_extensions
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined, ValidationError
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias, Unpack
+
+from . import PydanticDeprecatedSince20, PydanticDeprecatedSince211
+from ._internal import (
+    _config,
+    _decorators,
+    _fields,
+    _forward_ref,
+    _generics,
+    _mock_val_ser,
+    _model_construction,
+    _namespace_utils,
+    _repr,
+    _typing_extra,
+    _utils,
+)
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+from .aliases import AliasChoices, AliasPath
+from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler, GetJsonSchemaHandler
+from .config import ConfigDict
+from .errors import PydanticUndefinedAnnotation, PydanticUserError
+from .json_schema import DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE, GenerateJsonSchema, JsonSchemaMode, JsonSchemaValue, model_json_schema
+from .plugin._schema_validator import PluggableSchemaValidator
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from inspect import Signature
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, SchemaSerializer, SchemaValidator
+
+    from ._internal._namespace_utils import MappingNamespace
+    from ._internal._utils import AbstractSetIntStr, MappingIntStrAny
+    from .deprecated.parse import Protocol as DeprecatedParseProtocol
+    from .fields import ComputedFieldInfo, FieldInfo, ModelPrivateAttr
+else:
+    # See PyCharm issues https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-21915
+    # and https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/PY-51428
+    DeprecationWarning = PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+__all__ = 'BaseModel', 'create_model'
+
+# Keep these type aliases available at runtime:
+TupleGenerator: TypeAlias = Generator[tuple[str, Any], None, None]
+# NOTE: In reality, `bool` should be replaced by `Literal[True]` but mypy fails to correctly apply bidirectional
+# type inference (e.g. when using `{'a': {'b': True}}`):
+# NOTE: Keep this type alias in sync with the stub definition in `pydantic-core`:
+IncEx: TypeAlias = Union[set[int], set[str], Mapping[int, Union['IncEx', bool]], Mapping[str, Union['IncEx', bool]]]
+
+_object_setattr = _model_construction.object_setattr
+
+
+def _check_frozen(model_cls: type[BaseModel], name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+    if model_cls.model_config.get('frozen'):
+        error_type = 'frozen_instance'
+    elif getattr(model_cls.__pydantic_fields__.get(name), 'frozen', False):
+        error_type = 'frozen_field'
+    else:
+        return
+
+    raise ValidationError.from_exception_data(
+        model_cls.__name__, [{'type': error_type, 'loc': (name,), 'input': value}]
+    )
+
+
+def _model_field_setattr_handler(model: BaseModel, name: str, val: Any) -> None:
+    model.__dict__[name] = val
+    model.__pydantic_fields_set__.add(name)
+
+
+def _private_setattr_handler(model: BaseModel, name: str, val: Any) -> None:
+    if getattr(model, '__pydantic_private__', None) is None:
+        # While the attribute should be present at this point, this may not be the case if
+        # users do unusual stuff with `model_post_init()` (which is where the  `__pydantic_private__`
+        # is initialized, by wrapping the user-defined `model_post_init()`), e.g. if they mock
+        # the `model_post_init()` call. Ideally we should find a better way to init private attrs.
+        object.__setattr__(model, '__pydantic_private__', {})
+    model.__pydantic_private__[name] = val  # pyright: ignore[reportOptionalSubscript]
+
+
+_SIMPLE_SETATTR_HANDLERS: Mapping[str, Callable[[BaseModel, str, Any], None]] = {
+    'model_field': _model_field_setattr_handler,
+    'validate_assignment': lambda model, name, val: model.__pydantic_validator__.validate_assignment(model, name, val),  # pyright: ignore[reportAssignmentType]
+    'private': _private_setattr_handler,
+    'cached_property': lambda model, name, val: model.__dict__.__setitem__(name, val),
+    'extra_known': lambda model, name, val: _object_setattr(model, name, val),
+}
+
+
+class BaseModel(metaclass=_model_construction.ModelMetaclass):
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Models](../concepts/models.md)
+
+    A base class for creating Pydantic models.
+
+    Attributes:
+        __class_vars__: The names of the class variables defined on the model.
+        __private_attributes__: Metadata about the private attributes of the model.
+        __signature__: The synthesized `__init__` [`Signature`][inspect.Signature] of the model.
+
+        __pydantic_complete__: Whether model building is completed, or if there are still undefined fields.
+        __pydantic_core_schema__: The core schema of the model.
+        __pydantic_custom_init__: Whether the model has a custom `__init__` function.
+        __pydantic_decorators__: Metadata containing the decorators defined on the model.
+            This replaces `Model.__validators__` and `Model.__root_validators__` from Pydantic V1.
+        __pydantic_generic_metadata__: Metadata for generic models; contains data used for a similar purpose to
+            __args__, __origin__, __parameters__ in typing-module generics. May eventually be replaced by these.
+        __pydantic_parent_namespace__: Parent namespace of the model, used for automatic rebuilding of models.
+        __pydantic_post_init__: The name of the post-init method for the model, if defined.
+        __pydantic_root_model__: Whether the model is a [`RootModel`][pydantic.root_model.RootModel].
+        __pydantic_serializer__: The `pydantic-core` `SchemaSerializer` used to dump instances of the model.
+        __pydantic_validator__: The `pydantic-core` `SchemaValidator` used to validate instances of the model.
+
+        __pydantic_fields__: A dictionary of field names and their corresponding [`FieldInfo`][pydantic.fields.FieldInfo] objects.
+        __pydantic_computed_fields__: A dictionary of computed field names and their corresponding [`ComputedFieldInfo`][pydantic.fields.ComputedFieldInfo] objects.
+
+        __pydantic_extra__: A dictionary containing extra values, if [`extra`][pydantic.config.ConfigDict.extra]
+            is set to `'allow'`.
+        __pydantic_fields_set__: The names of fields explicitly set during instantiation.
+        __pydantic_private__: Values of private attributes set on the model instance.
+    """
+
+    # Note: Many of the below class vars are defined in the metaclass, but we define them here for type checking purposes.
+
+    model_config: ClassVar[ConfigDict] = ConfigDict()
+    """
+    Configuration for the model, should be a dictionary conforming to [`ConfigDict`][pydantic.config.ConfigDict].
+    """
+
+    __class_vars__: ClassVar[set[str]]
+    """The names of the class variables defined on the model."""
+
+    __private_attributes__: ClassVar[Dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr]]  # noqa: UP006
+    """Metadata about the private attributes of the model."""
+
+    __signature__: ClassVar[Signature]
+    """The synthesized `__init__` [`Signature`][inspect.Signature] of the model."""
+
+    __pydantic_complete__: ClassVar[bool] = False
+    """Whether model building is completed, or if there are still undefined fields."""
+
+    __pydantic_core_schema__: ClassVar[CoreSchema]
+    """The core schema of the model."""
+
+    __pydantic_custom_init__: ClassVar[bool]
+    """Whether the model has a custom `__init__` method."""
+
+    # Must be set for `GenerateSchema.model_schema` to work for a plain `BaseModel` annotation.
+    __pydantic_decorators__: ClassVar[_decorators.DecoratorInfos] = _decorators.DecoratorInfos()
+    """Metadata containing the decorators defined on the model.
+    This replaces `Model.__validators__` and `Model.__root_validators__` from Pydantic V1."""
+
+    __pydantic_generic_metadata__: ClassVar[_generics.PydanticGenericMetadata]
+    """Metadata for generic models; contains data used for a similar purpose to
+    __args__, __origin__, __parameters__ in typing-module generics. May eventually be replaced by these."""
+
+    __pydantic_parent_namespace__: ClassVar[Dict[str, Any] | None] = None  # noqa: UP006
+    """Parent namespace of the model, used for automatic rebuilding of models."""
+
+    __pydantic_post_init__: ClassVar[None | Literal['model_post_init']]
+    """The name of the post-init method for the model, if defined."""
+
+    __pydantic_root_model__: ClassVar[bool] = False
+    """Whether the model is a [`RootModel`][pydantic.root_model.RootModel]."""
+
+    __pydantic_serializer__: ClassVar[SchemaSerializer]
+    """The `pydantic-core` `SchemaSerializer` used to dump instances of the model."""
+
+    __pydantic_validator__: ClassVar[SchemaValidator | PluggableSchemaValidator]
+    """The `pydantic-core` `SchemaValidator` used to validate instances of the model."""
+
+    __pydantic_fields__: ClassVar[Dict[str, FieldInfo]]  # noqa: UP006
+    """A dictionary of field names and their corresponding [`FieldInfo`][pydantic.fields.FieldInfo] objects.
+    This replaces `Model.__fields__` from Pydantic V1.
+    """
+
+    __pydantic_setattr_handlers__: ClassVar[Dict[str, Callable[[BaseModel, str, Any], None]]]  # noqa: UP006
+    """`__setattr__` handlers. Memoizing the handlers leads to a dramatic performance improvement in `__setattr__`"""
+
+    __pydantic_computed_fields__: ClassVar[Dict[str, ComputedFieldInfo]]  # noqa: UP006
+    """A dictionary of computed field names and their corresponding [`ComputedFieldInfo`][pydantic.fields.ComputedFieldInfo] objects."""
+
+    __pydantic_extra__: dict[str, Any] | None = _model_construction.NoInitField(init=False)
+    """A dictionary containing extra values, if [`extra`][pydantic.config.ConfigDict.extra] is set to `'allow'`."""
+
+    __pydantic_fields_set__: set[str] = _model_construction.NoInitField(init=False)
+    """The names of fields explicitly set during instantiation."""
+
+    __pydantic_private__: dict[str, Any] | None = _model_construction.NoInitField(init=False)
+    """Values of private attributes set on the model instance."""
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # Prevent `BaseModel` from being instantiated directly
+        # (defined in an `if not TYPE_CHECKING` block for clarity and to avoid type checking errors):
+        __pydantic_core_schema__ = _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema(
+            'Pydantic models should inherit from BaseModel, BaseModel cannot be instantiated directly',
+            code='base-model-instantiated',
+        )
+        __pydantic_validator__ = _mock_val_ser.MockValSer(
+            'Pydantic models should inherit from BaseModel, BaseModel cannot be instantiated directly',
+            val_or_ser='validator',
+            code='base-model-instantiated',
+        )
+        __pydantic_serializer__ = _mock_val_ser.MockValSer(
+            'Pydantic models should inherit from BaseModel, BaseModel cannot be instantiated directly',
+            val_or_ser='serializer',
+            code='base-model-instantiated',
+        )
+
+    __slots__ = '__dict__', '__pydantic_fields_set__', '__pydantic_extra__', '__pydantic_private__'
+
+    def __init__(self, /, **data: Any) -> None:
+        """Create a new model by parsing and validating input data from keyword arguments.
+
+        Raises [`ValidationError`][pydantic_core.ValidationError] if the input data cannot be
+        validated to form a valid model.
+
+        `self` is explicitly positional-only to allow `self` as a field name.
+        """
+        # `__tracebackhide__` tells pytest and some other tools to omit this function from tracebacks
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        validated_self = self.__pydantic_validator__.validate_python(data, self_instance=self)
+        if self is not validated_self:
+            warnings.warn(
+                'A custom validator is returning a value other than `self`.\n'
+                "Returning anything other than `self` from a top level model validator isn't supported when validating via `__init__`.\n"
+                'See the `model_validator` docs (https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/validators/#model-validators) for more details.',
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+    # The following line sets a flag that we use to determine when `__init__` gets overridden by the user
+    __init__.__pydantic_base_init__ = True  # pyright: ignore[reportFunctionMemberAccess]
+
+    @_utils.deprecated_instance_property
+    @classmethod
+    def model_fields(cls) -> dict[str, FieldInfo]:
+        """A mapping of field names to their respective [`FieldInfo`][pydantic.fields.FieldInfo] instances.
+
+        !!! warning
+            Accessing this attribute from a model instance is deprecated, and will not work in Pydantic V3.
+            Instead, you should access this attribute from the model class.
+        """
+        return getattr(cls, '__pydantic_fields__', {})
+
+    @_utils.deprecated_instance_property
+    @classmethod
+    def model_computed_fields(cls) -> dict[str, ComputedFieldInfo]:
+        """A mapping of computed field names to their respective [`ComputedFieldInfo`][pydantic.fields.ComputedFieldInfo] instances.
+
+        !!! warning
+            Accessing this attribute from a model instance is deprecated, and will not work in Pydantic V3.
+            Instead, you should access this attribute from the model class.
+        """
+        return getattr(cls, '__pydantic_computed_fields__', {})
+
+    @property
+    def model_extra(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        """Get extra fields set during validation.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary of extra fields, or `None` if `config.extra` is not set to `"allow"`.
+        """
+        return self.__pydantic_extra__
+
+    @property
+    def model_fields_set(self) -> set[str]:
+        """Returns the set of fields that have been explicitly set on this model instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            A set of strings representing the fields that have been set,
+                i.e. that were not filled from defaults.
+        """
+        return self.__pydantic_fields_set__
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_construct(cls, _fields_set: set[str] | None = None, **values: Any) -> Self:  # noqa: C901
+        """Creates a new instance of the `Model` class with validated data.
+
+        Creates a new model setting `__dict__` and `__pydantic_fields_set__` from trusted or pre-validated data.
+        Default values are respected, but no other validation is performed.
+
+        !!! note
+            `model_construct()` generally respects the `model_config.extra` setting on the provided model.
+            That is, if `model_config.extra == 'allow'`, then all extra passed values are added to the model instance's `__dict__`
+            and `__pydantic_extra__` fields. If `model_config.extra == 'ignore'` (the default), then all extra passed values are ignored.
+            Because no validation is performed with a call to `model_construct()`, having `model_config.extra == 'forbid'` does not result in
+            an error if extra values are passed, but they will be ignored.
+
+        Args:
+            _fields_set: A set of field names that were originally explicitly set during instantiation. If provided,
+                this is directly used for the [`model_fields_set`][pydantic.BaseModel.model_fields_set] attribute.
+                Otherwise, the field names from the `values` argument will be used.
+            values: Trusted or pre-validated data dictionary.
+
+        Returns:
+            A new instance of the `Model` class with validated data.
+        """
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        fields_values: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        fields_set = set()
+
+        for name, field in cls.__pydantic_fields__.items():
+            if field.alias is not None and field.alias in values:
+                fields_values[name] = values.pop(field.alias)
+                fields_set.add(name)
+
+            if (name not in fields_set) and (field.validation_alias is not None):
+                validation_aliases: list[str | AliasPath] = (
+                    field.validation_alias.choices
+                    if isinstance(field.validation_alias, AliasChoices)
+                    else [field.validation_alias]
+                )
+
+                for alias in validation_aliases:
+                    if isinstance(alias, str) and alias in values:
+                        fields_values[name] = values.pop(alias)
+                        fields_set.add(name)
+                        break
+                    elif isinstance(alias, AliasPath):
+                        value = alias.search_dict_for_path(values)
+                        if value is not PydanticUndefined:
+                            fields_values[name] = value
+                            fields_set.add(name)
+                            break
+
+            if name not in fields_set:
+                if name in values:
+                    fields_values[name] = values.pop(name)
+                    fields_set.add(name)
+                elif not field.is_required():
+                    fields_values[name] = field.get_default(call_default_factory=True, validated_data=fields_values)
+        if _fields_set is None:
+            _fields_set = fields_set
+
+        _extra: dict[str, Any] | None = values if cls.model_config.get('extra') == 'allow' else None
+        _object_setattr(m, '__dict__', fields_values)
+        _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_fields_set__', _fields_set)
+        if not cls.__pydantic_root_model__:
+            _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_extra__', _extra)
+
+        if cls.__pydantic_post_init__:
+            m.model_post_init(None)
+            # update private attributes with values set
+            if hasattr(m, '__pydantic_private__') and m.__pydantic_private__ is not None:
+                for k, v in values.items():
+                    if k in m.__private_attributes__:
+                        m.__pydantic_private__[k] = v
+
+        elif not cls.__pydantic_root_model__:
+            # Note: if there are any private attributes, cls.__pydantic_post_init__ would exist
+            # Since it doesn't, that means that `__pydantic_private__` should be set to None
+            _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_private__', None)
+
+        return m
+
+    def model_copy(self, *, update: Mapping[str, Any] | None = None, deep: bool = False) -> Self:
+        """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+            [`model_copy`](../concepts/serialization.md#model_copy)
+
+        Returns a copy of the model.
+
+        !!! note
+            The underlying instance's [`__dict__`][object.__dict__] attribute is copied. This
+            might have unexpected side effects if you store anything in it, on top of the model
+            fields (e.g. the value of [cached properties][functools.cached_property]).
+
+        Args:
+            update: Values to change/add in the new model. Note: the data is not validated
+                before creating the new model. You should trust this data.
+            deep: Set to `True` to make a deep copy of the model.
+
+        Returns:
+            New model instance.
+        """
+        copied = self.__deepcopy__() if deep else self.__copy__()
+        if update:
+            if self.model_config.get('extra') == 'allow':
+                for k, v in update.items():
+                    if k in self.__pydantic_fields__:
+                        copied.__dict__[k] = v
+                    else:
+                        if copied.__pydantic_extra__ is None:
+                            copied.__pydantic_extra__ = {}
+                        copied.__pydantic_extra__[k] = v
+            else:
+                copied.__dict__.update(update)
+            copied.__pydantic_fields_set__.update(update.keys())
+        return copied
+
+    def model_dump(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mode: Literal['json', 'python'] | str = 'python',
+        include: IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        round_trip: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True,
+        fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+        serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+            [`model_dump`](../concepts/serialization.md#modelmodel_dump)
+
+        Generate a dictionary representation of the model, optionally specifying which fields to include or exclude.
+
+        Args:
+            mode: The mode in which `to_python` should run.
+                If mode is 'json', the output will only contain JSON serializable types.
+                If mode is 'python', the output may contain non-JSON-serializable Python objects.
+            include: A set of fields to include in the output.
+            exclude: A set of fields to exclude from the output.
+            context: Additional context to pass to the serializer.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias in the dictionary key if defined.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that have not been explicitly set.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that are set to their default value.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+            round_trip: If True, dumped values should be valid as input for non-idempotent types such as Json[T].
+            warnings: How to handle serialization errors. False/"none" ignores them, True/"warn" logs errors,
+                "error" raises a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].
+            fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered. If not provided,
+                a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+            serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+
+        Returns:
+            A dictionary representation of the model.
+        """
+        return self.__pydantic_serializer__.to_python(
+            self,
+            mode=mode,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            context=context,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            round_trip=round_trip,
+            warnings=warnings,
+            fallback=fallback,
+            serialize_as_any=serialize_as_any,
+        )
+
+    def model_dump_json(
+        self,
+        *,
+        indent: int | None = None,
+        include: IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        round_trip: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True,
+        fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+        serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+            [`model_dump_json`](../concepts/serialization.md#modelmodel_dump_json)
+
+        Generates a JSON representation of the model using Pydantic's `to_json` method.
+
+        Args:
+            indent: Indentation to use in the JSON output. If None is passed, the output will be compact.
+            include: Field(s) to include in the JSON output.
+            exclude: Field(s) to exclude from the JSON output.
+            context: Additional context to pass to the serializer.
+            by_alias: Whether to serialize using field aliases.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that have not been explicitly set.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that are set to their default value.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+            round_trip: If True, dumped values should be valid as input for non-idempotent types such as Json[T].
+            warnings: How to handle serialization errors. False/"none" ignores them, True/"warn" logs errors,
+                "error" raises a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].
+            fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered. If not provided,
+                a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+            serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+
+        Returns:
+            A JSON string representation of the model.
+        """
+        return self.__pydantic_serializer__.to_json(
+            self,
+            indent=indent,
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            context=context,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            round_trip=round_trip,
+            warnings=warnings,
+            fallback=fallback,
+            serialize_as_any=serialize_as_any,
+        ).decode()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_json_schema(
+        cls,
+        by_alias: bool = True,
+        ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+        schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+        mode: JsonSchemaMode = 'validation',
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Generates a JSON schema for a model class.
+
+        Args:
+            by_alias: Whether to use attribute aliases or not.
+            ref_template: The reference template.
+            schema_generator: To override the logic used to generate the JSON schema, as a subclass of
+                `GenerateJsonSchema` with your desired modifications
+            mode: The mode in which to generate the schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            The JSON schema for the given model class.
+        """
+        return model_json_schema(
+            cls, by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template, schema_generator=schema_generator, mode=mode
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_parametrized_name(cls, params: tuple[type[Any], ...]) -> str:
+        """Compute the class name for parametrizations of generic classes.
+
+        This method can be overridden to achieve a custom naming scheme for generic BaseModels.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Tuple of types of the class. Given a generic class
+                `Model` with 2 type variables and a concrete model `Model[str, int]`,
+                the value `(str, int)` would be passed to `params`.
+
+        Returns:
+            String representing the new class where `params` are passed to `cls` as type variables.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: Raised when trying to generate concrete names for non-generic models.
+        """
+        if not issubclass(cls, typing.Generic):
+            raise TypeError('Concrete names should only be generated for generic models.')
+
+        # Any strings received should represent forward references, so we handle them specially below.
+        # If we eventually move toward wrapping them in a ForwardRef in __class_getitem__ in the future,
+        # we may be able to remove this special case.
+        param_names = [param if isinstance(param, str) else _repr.display_as_type(param) for param in params]
+        params_component = ', '.join(param_names)
+        return f'{cls.__name__}[{params_component}]'
+
+    def model_post_init(self, context: Any, /) -> None:
+        """Override this method to perform additional initialization after `__init__` and `model_construct`.
+        This is useful if you want to do some validation that requires the entire model to be initialized.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_rebuild(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        force: bool = False,
+        raise_errors: bool = True,
+        _parent_namespace_depth: int = 2,
+        _types_namespace: MappingNamespace | None = None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        """Try to rebuild the pydantic-core schema for the model.
+
+        This may be necessary when one of the annotations is a ForwardRef which could not be resolved during
+        the initial attempt to build the schema, and automatic rebuilding fails.
+
+        Args:
+            force: Whether to force the rebuilding of the model schema, defaults to `False`.
+            raise_errors: Whether to raise errors, defaults to `True`.
+            _parent_namespace_depth: The depth level of the parent namespace, defaults to 2.
+            _types_namespace: The types namespace, defaults to `None`.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns `None` if the schema is already "complete" and rebuilding was not required.
+            If rebuilding _was_ required, returns `True` if rebuilding was successful, otherwise `False`.
+        """
+        if not force and cls.__pydantic_complete__:
+            return None
+
+        for attr in ('__pydantic_core_schema__', '__pydantic_validator__', '__pydantic_serializer__'):
+            if attr in cls.__dict__:
+                # Deleting the validator/serializer is necessary as otherwise they can get reused in
+                # pydantic-core. Same applies for the core schema that can be reused in schema generation.
+                delattr(cls, attr)
+
+        cls.__pydantic_complete__ = False
+
+        if _types_namespace is not None:
+            rebuild_ns = _types_namespace
+        elif _parent_namespace_depth > 0:
+            rebuild_ns = _typing_extra.parent_frame_namespace(parent_depth=_parent_namespace_depth, force=True) or {}
+        else:
+            rebuild_ns = {}
+
+        parent_ns = _model_construction.unpack_lenient_weakvaluedict(cls.__pydantic_parent_namespace__) or {}
+
+        ns_resolver = _namespace_utils.NsResolver(
+            parent_namespace={**rebuild_ns, **parent_ns},
+        )
+
+        if not cls.__pydantic_fields_complete__:
+            typevars_map = _generics.get_model_typevars_map(cls)
+            try:
+                cls.__pydantic_fields__ = _fields.rebuild_model_fields(
+                    cls,
+                    ns_resolver=ns_resolver,
+                    typevars_map=typevars_map,
+                )
+            except NameError as e:
+                exc = PydanticUndefinedAnnotation.from_name_error(e)
+                _mock_val_ser.set_model_mocks(cls, f'`{exc.name}`')
+                if raise_errors:
+                    raise exc from e
+
+            if not raise_errors and not cls.__pydantic_fields_complete__:
+                # No need to continue with schema gen, it is guaranteed to fail
+                return False
+
+            assert cls.__pydantic_fields_complete__
+
+        return _model_construction.complete_model_class(
+            cls,
+            _config.ConfigWrapper(cls.model_config, check=False),
+            raise_errors=raise_errors,
+            ns_resolver=ns_resolver,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_validate(
+        cls,
+        obj: Any,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Validate a pydantic model instance.
+
+        Args:
+            obj: The object to validate.
+            strict: Whether to enforce types strictly.
+            from_attributes: Whether to extract data from object attributes.
+            context: Additional context to pass to the validator.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValidationError: If the object could not be validated.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated model instance.
+        """
+        # `__tracebackhide__` tells pytest and some other tools to omit this function from tracebacks
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+
+        if by_alias is False and by_name is not True:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'At least one of `by_alias` or `by_name` must be set to True.',
+                code='validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+            )
+
+        return cls.__pydantic_validator__.validate_python(
+            obj, strict=strict, from_attributes=from_attributes, context=context, by_alias=by_alias, by_name=by_name
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_validate_json(
+        cls,
+        json_data: str | bytes | bytearray,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+            [JSON Parsing](../concepts/json.md#json-parsing)
+
+        Validate the given JSON data against the Pydantic model.
+
+        Args:
+            json_data: The JSON data to validate.
+            strict: Whether to enforce types strictly.
+            context: Extra variables to pass to the validator.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated Pydantic model.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValidationError: If `json_data` is not a JSON string or the object could not be validated.
+        """
+        # `__tracebackhide__` tells pytest and some other tools to omit this function from tracebacks
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+
+        if by_alias is False and by_name is not True:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'At least one of `by_alias` or `by_name` must be set to True.',
+                code='validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+            )
+
+        return cls.__pydantic_validator__.validate_json(
+            json_data, strict=strict, context=context, by_alias=by_alias, by_name=by_name
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_validate_strings(
+        cls,
+        obj: Any,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Validate the given object with string data against the Pydantic model.
+
+        Args:
+            obj: The object containing string data to validate.
+            strict: Whether to enforce types strictly.
+            context: Extra variables to pass to the validator.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated Pydantic model.
+        """
+        # `__tracebackhide__` tells pytest and some other tools to omit this function from tracebacks
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+
+        if by_alias is False and by_name is not True:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'At least one of `by_alias` or `by_name` must be set to True.',
+                code='validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+            )
+
+        return cls.__pydantic_validator__.validate_strings(
+            obj, strict=strict, context=context, by_alias=by_alias, by_name=by_name
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: type[BaseModel], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler, /) -> CoreSchema:
+        # This warning is only emitted when calling `super().__get_pydantic_core_schema__` from a model subclass.
+        # In the generate schema logic, this method (`BaseModel.__get_pydantic_core_schema__`) is special cased to
+        # *not* be called if not overridden.
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` method of the `BaseModel` class is deprecated. If you are calling '
+            '`super().__get_pydantic_core_schema__` when overriding the method on a Pydantic model, consider using '
+            '`handler(source)` instead. However, note that overriding this method on models can lead to unexpected '
+            'side effects.',
+            PydanticDeprecatedSince211,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        # Logic copied over from `GenerateSchema._model_schema`:
+        schema = cls.__dict__.get('__pydantic_core_schema__')
+        if schema is not None and not isinstance(schema, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema):
+            return cls.__pydantic_core_schema__
+
+        return handler(source)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        cls,
+        core_schema: CoreSchema,
+        handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler,
+        /,
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        """Hook into generating the model's JSON schema.
+
+        Args:
+            core_schema: A `pydantic-core` CoreSchema.
+                You can ignore this argument and call the handler with a new CoreSchema,
+                wrap this CoreSchema (`{'type': 'nullable', 'schema': current_schema}`),
+                or just call the handler with the original schema.
+            handler: Call into Pydantic's internal JSON schema generation.
+                This will raise a `pydantic.errors.PydanticInvalidForJsonSchema` if JSON schema
+                generation fails.
+                Since this gets called by `BaseModel.model_json_schema` you can override the
+                `schema_generator` argument to that function to change JSON schema generation globally
+                for a type.
+
+        Returns:
+            A JSON schema, as a Python object.
+        """
+        return handler(core_schema)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __pydantic_init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """This is intended to behave just like `__init_subclass__`, but is called by `ModelMetaclass`
+        only after the class is actually fully initialized. In particular, attributes like `model_fields` will
+        be present when this is called.
+
+        This is necessary because `__init_subclass__` will always be called by `type.__new__`,
+        and it would require a prohibitively large refactor to the `ModelMetaclass` to ensure that
+        `type.__new__` was called in such a manner that the class would already be sufficiently initialized.
+
+        This will receive the same `kwargs` that would be passed to the standard `__init_subclass__`, namely,
+        any kwargs passed to the class definition that aren't used internally by pydantic.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Any keyword arguments passed to the class definition that aren't used internally
+                by pydantic.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def __class_getitem__(
+        cls, typevar_values: type[Any] | tuple[type[Any], ...]
+    ) -> type[BaseModel] | _forward_ref.PydanticRecursiveRef:
+        cached = _generics.get_cached_generic_type_early(cls, typevar_values)
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+
+        if cls is BaseModel:
+            raise TypeError('Type parameters should be placed on typing.Generic, not BaseModel')
+        if not hasattr(cls, '__parameters__'):
+            raise TypeError(f'{cls} cannot be parametrized because it does not inherit from typing.Generic')
+        if not cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['parameters'] and typing.Generic not in cls.__bases__:
+            raise TypeError(f'{cls} is not a generic class')
+
+        if not isinstance(typevar_values, tuple):
+            typevar_values = (typevar_values,)
+
+        # For a model `class Model[T, U, V = int](BaseModel): ...` parametrized with `(str, bool)`,
+        # this gives us `{T: str, U: bool, V: int}`:
+        typevars_map = _generics.map_generic_model_arguments(cls, typevar_values)
+        # We also update the provided args to use defaults values (`(str, bool)` becomes `(str, bool, int)`):
+        typevar_values = tuple(v for v in typevars_map.values())
+
+        if _utils.all_identical(typevars_map.keys(), typevars_map.values()) and typevars_map:
+            submodel = cls  # if arguments are equal to parameters it's the same object
+            _generics.set_cached_generic_type(cls, typevar_values, submodel)
+        else:
+            parent_args = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['args']
+            if not parent_args:
+                args = typevar_values
+            else:
+                args = tuple(_generics.replace_types(arg, typevars_map) for arg in parent_args)
+
+            origin = cls.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['origin'] or cls
+            model_name = origin.model_parametrized_name(args)
+            params = tuple(
+                {param: None for param in _generics.iter_contained_typevars(typevars_map.values())}
+            )  # use dict as ordered set
+
+            with _generics.generic_recursion_self_type(origin, args) as maybe_self_type:
+                cached = _generics.get_cached_generic_type_late(cls, typevar_values, origin, args)
+                if cached is not None:
+                    return cached
+
+                if maybe_self_type is not None:
+                    return maybe_self_type
+
+                # Attempt to rebuild the origin in case new types have been defined
+                try:
+                    # depth 2 gets you above this __class_getitem__ call.
+                    # Note that we explicitly provide the parent ns, otherwise
+                    # `model_rebuild` will use the parent ns no matter if it is the ns of a module.
+                    # We don't want this here, as this has unexpected effects when a model
+                    # is being parametrized during a forward annotation evaluation.
+                    parent_ns = _typing_extra.parent_frame_namespace(parent_depth=2) or {}
+                    origin.model_rebuild(_types_namespace=parent_ns)
+                except PydanticUndefinedAnnotation:
+                    # It's okay if it fails, it just means there are still undefined types
+                    # that could be evaluated later.
+                    pass
+
+                submodel = _generics.create_generic_submodel(model_name, origin, args, params)
+
+                _generics.set_cached_generic_type(cls, typevar_values, submodel, origin, args)
+
+        return submodel
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> Self:
+        """Returns a shallow copy of the model."""
+        cls = type(self)
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        _object_setattr(m, '__dict__', copy(self.__dict__))
+        _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_extra__', copy(self.__pydantic_extra__))
+        _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_fields_set__', copy(self.__pydantic_fields_set__))
+
+        if not hasattr(self, '__pydantic_private__') or self.__pydantic_private__ is None:
+            _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_private__', None)
+        else:
+            _object_setattr(
+                m,
+                '__pydantic_private__',
+                {k: v for k, v in self.__pydantic_private__.items() if v is not PydanticUndefined},
+            )
+
+        return m
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict[int, Any] | None = None) -> Self:
+        """Returns a deep copy of the model."""
+        cls = type(self)
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        _object_setattr(m, '__dict__', deepcopy(self.__dict__, memo=memo))
+        _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_extra__', deepcopy(self.__pydantic_extra__, memo=memo))
+        # This next line doesn't need a deepcopy because __pydantic_fields_set__ is a set[str],
+        # and attempting a deepcopy would be marginally slower.
+        _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_fields_set__', copy(self.__pydantic_fields_set__))
+
+        if not hasattr(self, '__pydantic_private__') or self.__pydantic_private__ is None:
+            _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_private__', None)
+        else:
+            _object_setattr(
+                m,
+                '__pydantic_private__',
+                deepcopy({k: v for k, v in self.__pydantic_private__.items() if v is not PydanticUndefined}, memo=memo),
+            )
+
+        return m
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # We put `__getattr__` in a non-TYPE_CHECKING block because otherwise, mypy allows arbitrary attribute access
+        # The same goes for __setattr__ and __delattr__, see: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/8643
+
+        def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+            private_attributes = object.__getattribute__(self, '__private_attributes__')
+            if item in private_attributes:
+                attribute = private_attributes[item]
+                if hasattr(attribute, '__get__'):
+                    return attribute.__get__(self, type(self))  # type: ignore
+
+                try:
+                    # Note: self.__pydantic_private__ cannot be None if self.__private_attributes__ has items
+                    return self.__pydantic_private__[item]  # type: ignore
+                except KeyError as exc:
+                    raise AttributeError(f'{type(self).__name__!r} object has no attribute {item!r}') from exc
+            else:
+                # `__pydantic_extra__` can fail to be set if the model is not yet fully initialized.
+                # See `BaseModel.__repr_args__` for more details
+                try:
+                    pydantic_extra = object.__getattribute__(self, '__pydantic_extra__')
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pydantic_extra = None
+
+                if pydantic_extra:
+                    try:
+                        return pydantic_extra[item]
+                    except KeyError as exc:
+                        raise AttributeError(f'{type(self).__name__!r} object has no attribute {item!r}') from exc
+                else:
+                    if hasattr(self.__class__, item):
+                        return super().__getattribute__(item)  # Raises AttributeError if appropriate
+                    else:
+                        # this is the current error
+                        raise AttributeError(f'{type(self).__name__!r} object has no attribute {item!r}')
+
+        def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+            if (setattr_handler := self.__pydantic_setattr_handlers__.get(name)) is not None:
+                setattr_handler(self, name, value)
+            # if None is returned from _setattr_handler, the attribute was set directly
+            elif (setattr_handler := self._setattr_handler(name, value)) is not None:
+                setattr_handler(self, name, value)  # call here to not memo on possibly unknown fields
+                self.__pydantic_setattr_handlers__[name] = setattr_handler  # memoize the handler for faster access
+
+        def _setattr_handler(self, name: str, value: Any) -> Callable[[BaseModel, str, Any], None] | None:
+            """Get a handler for setting an attribute on the model instance.
+
+            Returns:
+                A handler for setting an attribute on the model instance. Used for memoization of the handler.
+                Memoizing the handlers leads to a dramatic performance improvement in `__setattr__`
+                Returns `None` when memoization is not safe, then the attribute is set directly.
+            """
+            cls = self.__class__
+            if name in cls.__class_vars__:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f'{name!r} is a ClassVar of `{cls.__name__}` and cannot be set on an instance. '
+                    f'If you want to set a value on the class, use `{cls.__name__}.{name} = value`.'
+                )
+            elif not _fields.is_valid_field_name(name):
+                if (attribute := cls.__private_attributes__.get(name)) is not None:
+                    if hasattr(attribute, '__set__'):
+                        return lambda model, _name, val: attribute.__set__(model, val)
+                    else:
+                        return _SIMPLE_SETATTR_HANDLERS['private']
+                else:
+                    _object_setattr(self, name, value)
+                    return None  # Can not return memoized handler with possibly freeform attr names
+
+            attr = getattr(cls, name, None)
+            # NOTE: We currently special case properties and `cached_property`, but we might need
+            # to generalize this to all data/non-data descriptors at some point. For non-data descriptors
+            # (such as `cached_property`), it isn't obvious though. `cached_property` caches the value
+            # to the instance's `__dict__`, but other non-data descriptors might do things differently.
+            if isinstance(attr, cached_property):
+                return _SIMPLE_SETATTR_HANDLERS['cached_property']
+
+            _check_frozen(cls, name, value)
+
+            # We allow properties to be set only on non frozen models for now (to match dataclasses).
+            # This can be changed if it ever gets requested.
+            if isinstance(attr, property):
+                return lambda model, _name, val: attr.__set__(model, val)
+            elif cls.model_config.get('validate_assignment'):
+                return _SIMPLE_SETATTR_HANDLERS['validate_assignment']
+            elif name not in cls.__pydantic_fields__:
+                if cls.model_config.get('extra') != 'allow':
+                    # TODO - matching error
+                    raise ValueError(f'"{cls.__name__}" object has no field "{name}"')
+                elif attr is None:
+                    # attribute does not exist, so put it in extra
+                    self.__pydantic_extra__[name] = value
+                    return None  # Can not return memoized handler with possibly freeform attr names
+                else:
+                    # attribute _does_ exist, and was not in extra, so update it
+                    return _SIMPLE_SETATTR_HANDLERS['extra_known']
+            else:
+                return _SIMPLE_SETATTR_HANDLERS['model_field']
+
+        def __delattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+            cls = self.__class__
+
+            if item in self.__private_attributes__:
+                attribute = self.__private_attributes__[item]
+                if hasattr(attribute, '__delete__'):
+                    attribute.__delete__(self)  # type: ignore
+                    return
+
+                try:
+                    # Note: self.__pydantic_private__ cannot be None if self.__private_attributes__ has items
+                    del self.__pydantic_private__[item]  # type: ignore
+                    return
+                except KeyError as exc:
+                    raise AttributeError(f'{cls.__name__!r} object has no attribute {item!r}') from exc
+
+            # Allow cached properties to be deleted (even if the class is frozen):
+            attr = getattr(cls, item, None)
+            if isinstance(attr, cached_property):
+                return object.__delattr__(self, item)
+
+            _check_frozen(cls, name=item, value=None)
+
+            if item in self.__pydantic_fields__:
+                object.__delattr__(self, item)
+            elif self.__pydantic_extra__ is not None and item in self.__pydantic_extra__:
+                del self.__pydantic_extra__[item]
+            else:
+                try:
+                    object.__delattr__(self, item)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    raise AttributeError(f'{type(self).__name__!r} object has no attribute {item!r}')
+
+        # Because we make use of `@dataclass_transform()`, `__replace__` is already synthesized by
+        # type checkers, so we define the implementation in this `if not TYPE_CHECKING:` block:
+        def __replace__(self, **changes: Any) -> Self:
+            return self.model_copy(update=changes)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> dict[Any, Any]:
+        private = self.__pydantic_private__
+        if private:
+            private = {k: v for k, v in private.items() if v is not PydanticUndefined}
+        return {
+            '__dict__': self.__dict__,
+            '__pydantic_extra__': self.__pydantic_extra__,
+            '__pydantic_fields_set__': self.__pydantic_fields_set__,
+            '__pydantic_private__': private,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: dict[Any, Any]) -> None:
+        _object_setattr(self, '__pydantic_fields_set__', state.get('__pydantic_fields_set__', {}))
+        _object_setattr(self, '__pydantic_extra__', state.get('__pydantic_extra__', {}))
+        _object_setattr(self, '__pydantic_private__', state.get('__pydantic_private__', {}))
+        _object_setattr(self, '__dict__', state.get('__dict__', {}))
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+            if isinstance(other, BaseModel):
+                # When comparing instances of generic types for equality, as long as all field values are equal,
+                # only require their generic origin types to be equal, rather than exact type equality.
+                # This prevents headaches like MyGeneric(x=1) != MyGeneric[Any](x=1).
+                self_type = self.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['origin'] or self.__class__
+                other_type = other.__pydantic_generic_metadata__['origin'] or other.__class__
+
+                # Perform common checks first
+                if not (
+                    self_type == other_type
+                    and getattr(self, '__pydantic_private__', None) == getattr(other, '__pydantic_private__', None)
+                    and self.__pydantic_extra__ == other.__pydantic_extra__
+                ):
+                    return False
+
+                # We only want to compare pydantic fields but ignoring fields is costly.
+                # We'll perform a fast check first, and fallback only when needed
+                # See GH-7444 and GH-7825 for rationale and a performance benchmark
+
+                # First, do the fast (and sometimes faulty) __dict__ comparison
+                if self.__dict__ == other.__dict__:
+                    # If the check above passes, then pydantic fields are equal, we can return early
+                    return True
+
+                # We don't want to trigger unnecessary costly filtering of __dict__ on all unequal objects, so we return
+                # early if there are no keys to ignore (we would just return False later on anyway)
+                model_fields = type(self).__pydantic_fields__.keys()
+                if self.__dict__.keys() <= model_fields and other.__dict__.keys() <= model_fields:
+                    return False
+
+                # If we reach here, there are non-pydantic-fields keys, mapped to unequal values, that we need to ignore
+                # Resort to costly filtering of the __dict__ objects
+                # We use operator.itemgetter because it is much faster than dict comprehensions
+                # NOTE: Contrary to standard python class and instances, when the Model class has a default value for an
+                # attribute and the model instance doesn't have a corresponding attribute, accessing the missing attribute
+                # raises an error in BaseModel.__getattr__ instead of returning the class attribute
+                # So we can use operator.itemgetter() instead of operator.attrgetter()
+                getter = operator.itemgetter(*model_fields) if model_fields else lambda _: _utils._SENTINEL
+                try:
+                    return getter(self.__dict__) == getter(other.__dict__)
+                except KeyError:
+                    # In rare cases (such as when using the deprecated BaseModel.copy() method),
+                    # the __dict__ may not contain all model fields, which is how we can get here.
+                    # getter(self.__dict__) is much faster than any 'safe' method that accounts
+                    # for missing keys, and wrapping it in a `try` doesn't slow things down much
+                    # in the common case.
+                    self_fields_proxy = _utils.SafeGetItemProxy(self.__dict__)
+                    other_fields_proxy = _utils.SafeGetItemProxy(other.__dict__)
+                    return getter(self_fields_proxy) == getter(other_fields_proxy)
+
+            # other instance is not a BaseModel
+            else:
+                return NotImplemented  # delegate to the other item in the comparison
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # We put `__init_subclass__` in a TYPE_CHECKING block because, even though we want the type-checking benefits
+        # described in the signature of `__init_subclass__` below, we don't want to modify the default behavior of
+        # subclass initialization.
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs: Unpack[ConfigDict]):
+            """This signature is included purely to help type-checkers check arguments to class declaration, which
+            provides a way to conveniently set model_config key/value pairs.
+
+            ```python
+            from pydantic import BaseModel
+
+            class MyModel(BaseModel, extra='allow'): ...
+            ```
+
+            However, this may be deceiving, since the _actual_ calls to `__init_subclass__` will not receive any
+            of the config arguments, and will only receive any keyword arguments passed during class initialization
+            that are _not_ expected keys in ConfigDict. (This is due to the way `ModelMetaclass.__new__` works.)
+
+            Args:
+                **kwargs: Keyword arguments passed to the class definition, which set model_config
+
+            Note:
+                You may want to override `__pydantic_init_subclass__` instead, which behaves similarly but is called
+                *after* the class is fully initialized.
+            """
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> TupleGenerator:
+        """So `dict(model)` works."""
+        yield from [(k, v) for (k, v) in self.__dict__.items() if not k.startswith('_')]
+        extra = self.__pydantic_extra__
+        if extra:
+            yield from extra.items()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__repr_name__()}({self.__repr_str__(", ")})'
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> _repr.ReprArgs:
+        # Eagerly create the repr of computed fields, as this may trigger access of cached properties and as such
+        # modify the instance's `__dict__`. If we don't do it now, it could happen when iterating over the `__dict__`
+        # below if the instance happens to be referenced in a field, and would modify the `__dict__` size *during* iteration.
+        computed_fields_repr_args = [
+            (k, getattr(self, k)) for k, v in self.__pydantic_computed_fields__.items() if v.repr
+        ]
+
+        for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
+            field = self.__pydantic_fields__.get(k)
+            if field and field.repr:
+                if v is not self:
+                    yield k, v
+                else:
+                    yield k, self.__repr_recursion__(v)
+        # `__pydantic_extra__` can fail to be set if the model is not yet fully initialized.
+        # This can happen if a `ValidationError` is raised during initialization and the instance's
+        # repr is generated as part of the exception handling. Therefore, we use `getattr` here
+        # with a fallback, even though the type hints indicate the attribute will always be present.
+        try:
+            pydantic_extra = object.__getattribute__(self, '__pydantic_extra__')
+        except AttributeError:
+            pydantic_extra = None
+
+        if pydantic_extra is not None:
+            yield from ((k, v) for k, v in pydantic_extra.items())
+        yield from computed_fields_repr_args
+
+    # take logic from `_repr.Representation` without the side effects of inheritance, see #5740
+    __repr_name__ = _repr.Representation.__repr_name__
+    __repr_recursion__ = _repr.Representation.__repr_recursion__
+    __repr_str__ = _repr.Representation.__repr_str__
+    __pretty__ = _repr.Representation.__pretty__
+    __rich_repr__ = _repr.Representation.__rich_repr__
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.__repr_str__(' ')
+
+    # ##### Deprecated methods from v1 #####
+    @property
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `__fields__` attribute is deprecated, use `model_fields` instead.', category=None
+    )
+    def __fields__(self) -> dict[str, FieldInfo]:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `__fields__` attribute is deprecated, use `model_fields` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return getattr(type(self), '__pydantic_fields__', {})
+
+    @property
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `__fields_set__` attribute is deprecated, use `model_fields_set` instead.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def __fields_set__(self) -> set[str]:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `__fields_set__` attribute is deprecated, use `model_fields_set` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.__pydantic_fields_set__
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated('The `dict` method is deprecated; use `model_dump` instead.', category=None)
+    def dict(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        *,
+        include: IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool = False,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:  # noqa UP006
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `dict` method is deprecated; use `model_dump` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.model_dump(
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+        )
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated('The `json` method is deprecated; use `model_dump_json` instead.', category=None)
+    def json(  # noqa: D102
+        self,
+        *,
+        include: IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool = False,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        encoder: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = PydanticUndefined,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        models_as_dict: bool = PydanticUndefined,  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        **dumps_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `json` method is deprecated; use `model_dump_json` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        if encoder is not PydanticUndefined:
+            raise TypeError('The `encoder` argument is no longer supported; use field serializers instead.')
+        if models_as_dict is not PydanticUndefined:
+            raise TypeError('The `models_as_dict` argument is no longer supported; use a model serializer instead.')
+        if dumps_kwargs:
+            raise TypeError('`dumps_kwargs` keyword arguments are no longer supported.')
+        return self.model_dump_json(
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated('The `parse_obj` method is deprecated; use `model_validate` instead.', category=None)
+    def parse_obj(cls, obj: Any) -> Self:  # noqa: D102
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `parse_obj` method is deprecated; use `model_validate` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return cls.model_validate(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `parse_raw` method is deprecated; if your data is JSON use `model_validate_json`, '
+        'otherwise load the data then use `model_validate` instead.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def parse_raw(  # noqa: D102
+        cls,
+        b: str | bytes,
+        *,
+        content_type: str | None = None,
+        encoding: str = 'utf8',
+        proto: DeprecatedParseProtocol | None = None,
+        allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:  # pragma: no cover
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `parse_raw` method is deprecated; if your data is JSON use `model_validate_json`, '
+            'otherwise load the data then use `model_validate` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        from .deprecated import parse
+
+        try:
+            obj = parse.load_str_bytes(
+                b,
+                proto=proto,
+                content_type=content_type,
+                encoding=encoding,
+                allow_pickle=allow_pickle,
+            )
+        except (ValueError, TypeError) as exc:
+            import json
+
+            # try to match V1
+            if isinstance(exc, UnicodeDecodeError):
+                type_str = 'value_error.unicodedecode'
+            elif isinstance(exc, json.JSONDecodeError):
+                type_str = 'value_error.jsondecode'
+            elif isinstance(exc, ValueError):
+                type_str = 'value_error'
+            else:
+                type_str = 'type_error'
+
+            # ctx is missing here, but since we've added `input` to the error, we're not pretending it's the same
+            error: pydantic_core.InitErrorDetails = {
+                # The type: ignore on the next line is to ignore the requirement of LiteralString
+                'type': pydantic_core.PydanticCustomError(type_str, str(exc)),  # type: ignore
+                'loc': ('__root__',),
+                'input': b,
+            }
+            raise pydantic_core.ValidationError.from_exception_data(cls.__name__, [error])
+        return cls.model_validate(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `parse_file` method is deprecated; load the data from file, then if your data is JSON '
+        'use `model_validate_json`, otherwise `model_validate` instead.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def parse_file(  # noqa: D102
+        cls,
+        path: str | Path,
+        *,
+        content_type: str | None = None,
+        encoding: str = 'utf8',
+        proto: DeprecatedParseProtocol | None = None,
+        allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `parse_file` method is deprecated; load the data from file, then if your data is JSON '
+            'use `model_validate_json`, otherwise `model_validate` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        from .deprecated import parse
+
+        obj = parse.load_file(
+            path,
+            proto=proto,
+            content_type=content_type,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            allow_pickle=allow_pickle,
+        )
+        return cls.parse_obj(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `from_orm` method is deprecated; set '
+        "`model_config['from_attributes']=True` and use `model_validate` instead.",
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def from_orm(cls, obj: Any) -> Self:  # noqa: D102
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `from_orm` method is deprecated; set '
+            "`model_config['from_attributes']=True` and use `model_validate` instead.",
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        if not cls.model_config.get('from_attributes', None):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'You must set the config attribute `from_attributes=True` to use from_orm', code=None
+            )
+        return cls.model_validate(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated('The `construct` method is deprecated; use `model_construct` instead.', category=None)
+    def construct(cls, _fields_set: set[str] | None = None, **values: Any) -> Self:  # noqa: D102
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `construct` method is deprecated; use `model_construct` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return cls.model_construct(_fields_set=_fields_set, **values)
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `copy` method is deprecated; use `model_copy` instead. '
+        'See the docstring of `BaseModel.copy` for details about how to handle `include` and `exclude`.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        include: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None = None,
+        exclude: AbstractSetIntStr | MappingIntStrAny | None = None,
+        update: Dict[str, Any] | None = None,  # noqa UP006
+        deep: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:  # pragma: no cover
+        """Returns a copy of the model.
+
+        !!! warning "Deprecated"
+            This method is now deprecated; use `model_copy` instead.
+
+        If you need `include` or `exclude`, use:
+
+        ```python {test="skip" lint="skip"}
+        data = self.model_dump(include=include, exclude=exclude, round_trip=True)
+        data = {**data, **(update or {})}
+        copied = self.model_validate(data)
+        ```
+
+        Args:
+            include: Optional set or mapping specifying which fields to include in the copied model.
+            exclude: Optional set or mapping specifying which fields to exclude in the copied model.
+            update: Optional dictionary of field-value pairs to override field values in the copied model.
+            deep: If True, the values of fields that are Pydantic models will be deep-copied.
+
+        Returns:
+            A copy of the model with included, excluded and updated fields as specified.
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `copy` method is deprecated; use `model_copy` instead. '
+            'See the docstring of `BaseModel.copy` for details about how to handle `include` and `exclude`.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        from .deprecated import copy_internals
+
+        values = dict(
+            copy_internals._iter(
+                self, to_dict=False, by_alias=False, include=include, exclude=exclude, exclude_unset=False
+            ),
+            **(update or {}),
+        )
+        if self.__pydantic_private__ is None:
+            private = None
+        else:
+            private = {k: v for k, v in self.__pydantic_private__.items() if v is not PydanticUndefined}
+
+        if self.__pydantic_extra__ is None:
+            extra: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+        else:
+            extra = self.__pydantic_extra__.copy()
+            for k in list(self.__pydantic_extra__):
+                if k not in values:  # k was in the exclude
+                    extra.pop(k)
+            for k in list(values):
+                if k in self.__pydantic_extra__:  # k must have come from extra
+                    extra[k] = values.pop(k)
+
+        # new `__pydantic_fields_set__` can have unset optional fields with a set value in `update` kwarg
+        if update:
+            fields_set = self.__pydantic_fields_set__ | update.keys()
+        else:
+            fields_set = set(self.__pydantic_fields_set__)
+
+        # removing excluded fields from `__pydantic_fields_set__`
+        if exclude:
+            fields_set -= set(exclude)
+
+        return copy_internals._copy_and_set_values(self, values, fields_set, extra, private, deep=deep)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated('The `schema` method is deprecated; use `model_json_schema` instead.', category=None)
+    def schema(  # noqa: D102
+        cls, by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:  # noqa UP006
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `schema` method is deprecated; use `model_json_schema` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return cls.model_json_schema(by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `schema_json` method is deprecated; use `model_json_schema` and json.dumps instead.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def schema_json(  # noqa: D102
+        cls, *, by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE, **dumps_kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:  # pragma: no cover
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `schema_json` method is deprecated; use `model_json_schema` and json.dumps instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        import json
+
+        from .deprecated.json import pydantic_encoder
+
+        return json.dumps(
+            cls.model_json_schema(by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template),
+            default=pydantic_encoder,
+            **dumps_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated('The `validate` method is deprecated; use `model_validate` instead.', category=None)
+    def validate(cls, value: Any) -> Self:  # noqa: D102
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `validate` method is deprecated; use `model_validate` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return cls.model_validate(value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The `update_forward_refs` method is deprecated; use `model_rebuild` instead.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def update_forward_refs(cls, **localns: Any) -> None:  # noqa: D102
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The `update_forward_refs` method is deprecated; use `model_rebuild` instead.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        if localns:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise TypeError('`localns` arguments are not longer accepted.')
+        cls.model_rebuild(force=True)
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The private method `_iter` will be removed and should no longer be used.', category=None
+    )
+    def _iter(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The private method `_iter` will be removed and should no longer be used.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        from .deprecated import copy_internals
+
+        return copy_internals._iter(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The private method `_copy_and_set_values` will be removed and should no longer be used.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def _copy_and_set_values(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The private method `_copy_and_set_values` will be removed and should no longer be used.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        from .deprecated import copy_internals
+
+        return copy_internals._copy_and_set_values(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The private method `_get_value` will be removed and should no longer be used.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def _get_value(cls, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The private method `_get_value` will be removed and should no longer be used.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        from .deprecated import copy_internals
+
+        return copy_internals._get_value(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    @typing_extensions.deprecated(
+        'The private method `_calculate_keys` will be removed and should no longer be used.',
+        category=None,
+    )
+    def _calculate_keys(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The private method `_calculate_keys` will be removed and should no longer be used.',
+            category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        from .deprecated import copy_internals
+
+        return copy_internals._calculate_keys(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+ModelT = TypeVar('ModelT', bound=BaseModel)
+
+
+@overload
+def create_model(
+    model_name: str,
+    /,
+    *,
+    __config__: ConfigDict | None = None,
+    __doc__: str | None = None,
+    __base__: None = None,
+    __module__: str = __name__,
+    __validators__: dict[str, Callable[..., Any]] | None = None,
+    __cls_kwargs__: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    **field_definitions: Any | tuple[str, Any],
+) -> type[BaseModel]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def create_model(
+    model_name: str,
+    /,
+    *,
+    __config__: ConfigDict | None = None,
+    __doc__: str | None = None,
+    __base__: type[ModelT] | tuple[type[ModelT], ...],
+    __module__: str = __name__,
+    __validators__: dict[str, Callable[..., Any]] | None = None,
+    __cls_kwargs__: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    **field_definitions: Any | tuple[str, Any],
+) -> type[ModelT]: ...
+
+
+def create_model(  # noqa: C901
+    model_name: str,
+    /,
+    *,
+    __config__: ConfigDict | None = None,
+    __doc__: str | None = None,
+    __base__: type[ModelT] | tuple[type[ModelT], ...] | None = None,
+    __module__: str | None = None,
+    __validators__: dict[str, Callable[..., Any]] | None = None,
+    __cls_kwargs__: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    # TODO PEP 747: replace `Any` by the TypeForm:
+    **field_definitions: Any | tuple[str, Any],
+) -> type[ModelT]:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Dynamic Model Creation](../concepts/models.md#dynamic-model-creation)
+
+    Dynamically creates and returns a new Pydantic model, in other words, `create_model` dynamically creates a
+    subclass of [`BaseModel`][pydantic.BaseModel].
+
+    Args:
+        model_name: The name of the newly created model.
+        __config__: The configuration of the new model.
+        __doc__: The docstring of the new model.
+        __base__: The base class or classes for the new model.
+        __module__: The name of the module that the model belongs to;
+            if `None`, the value is taken from `sys._getframe(1)`
+        __validators__: A dictionary of methods that validate fields. The keys are the names of the validation methods to
+            be added to the model, and the values are the validation methods themselves. You can read more about functional
+            validators [here](https://docs.pydantic.dev/2.9/concepts/validators/#field-validators).
+        __cls_kwargs__: A dictionary of keyword arguments for class creation, such as `metaclass`.
+        **field_definitions: Field definitions of the new model. Either:
+
+            - a single element, representing the type annotation of the field.
+            - a two-tuple, the first element being the type and the second element the assigned value
+              (either a default or the [`Field()`][pydantic.Field] function).
+
+    Returns:
+        The new [model][pydantic.BaseModel].
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticUserError: If `__base__` and `__config__` are both passed.
+    """
+    if __base__ is None:
+        __base__ = (cast('type[ModelT]', BaseModel),)
+    elif not isinstance(__base__, tuple):
+        __base__ = (__base__,)
+
+    __cls_kwargs__ = __cls_kwargs__ or {}
+
+    fields: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    annotations: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    for f_name, f_def in field_definitions.items():
+        if isinstance(f_def, tuple):
+            if len(f_def) != 2:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'Field definition for {f_name!r} should a single element representing the type or a two-tuple, the first element '
+                    'being the type and the second element the assigned value (either a default or the `Field()` function).',
+                    code='create-model-field-definitions',
+                )
+
+            annotations[f_name] = f_def[0]
+            fields[f_name] = f_def[1]
+        else:
+            annotations[f_name] = f_def
+
+    if __module__ is None:
+        f = sys._getframe(1)
+        __module__ = f.f_globals['__name__']
+
+    namespace: dict[str, Any] = {'__annotations__': annotations, '__module__': __module__}
+    if __doc__:
+        namespace.update({'__doc__': __doc__})
+    if __validators__:
+        namespace.update(__validators__)
+    namespace.update(fields)
+    if __config__:
+        namespace['model_config'] = __config__
+    resolved_bases = types.resolve_bases(__base__)
+    meta, ns, kwds = types.prepare_class(model_name, resolved_bases, kwds=__cls_kwargs__)
+    if resolved_bases is not __base__:
+        ns['__orig_bases__'] = __base__
+    namespace.update(ns)
+
+    return meta(
+        model_name,
+        resolved_bases,
+        namespace,
+        __pydantic_reset_parent_namespace__=False,
+        _create_model_module=__module__,
+        **kwds,
+    )
+
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/mypy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/mypy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fcb54dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/mypy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@
+"""This module includes classes and functions designed specifically for use with the mypy plugin."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+from mypy.errorcodes import ErrorCode
+from mypy.expandtype import expand_type, expand_type_by_instance
+from mypy.nodes import (
+    ARG_NAMED,
+    ARG_NAMED_OPT,
+    ARG_OPT,
+    ARG_POS,
+    ARG_STAR2,
+    INVARIANT,
+    MDEF,
+    Argument,
+    AssignmentStmt,
+    Block,
+    CallExpr,
+    ClassDef,
+    Context,
+    Decorator,
+    DictExpr,
+    EllipsisExpr,
+    Expression,
+    FuncDef,
+    IfStmt,
+    JsonDict,
+    MemberExpr,
+    NameExpr,
+    PassStmt,
+    PlaceholderNode,
+    RefExpr,
+    Statement,
+    StrExpr,
+    SymbolTableNode,
+    TempNode,
+    TypeAlias,
+    TypeInfo,
+    Var,
+)
+from mypy.options import Options
+from mypy.plugin import (
+    CheckerPluginInterface,
+    ClassDefContext,
+    MethodContext,
+    Plugin,
+    ReportConfigContext,
+    SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+)
+from mypy.plugins.common import (
+    deserialize_and_fixup_type,
+)
+from mypy.semanal import set_callable_name
+from mypy.server.trigger import make_wildcard_trigger
+from mypy.state import state
+from mypy.type_visitor import TypeTranslator
+from mypy.typeops import map_type_from_supertype
+from mypy.types import (
+    AnyType,
+    CallableType,
+    Instance,
+    NoneType,
+    Type,
+    TypeOfAny,
+    TypeType,
+    TypeVarType,
+    UnionType,
+    get_proper_type,
+)
+from mypy.typevars import fill_typevars
+from mypy.util import get_unique_redefinition_name
+from mypy.version import __version__ as mypy_version
+
+from pydantic._internal import _fields
+from pydantic.version import parse_mypy_version
+
+CONFIGFILE_KEY = 'pydantic-mypy'
+METADATA_KEY = 'pydantic-mypy-metadata'
+BASEMODEL_FULLNAME = 'pydantic.main.BaseModel'
+BASESETTINGS_FULLNAME = 'pydantic_settings.main.BaseSettings'
+ROOT_MODEL_FULLNAME = 'pydantic.root_model.RootModel'
+MODEL_METACLASS_FULLNAME = 'pydantic._internal._model_construction.ModelMetaclass'
+FIELD_FULLNAME = 'pydantic.fields.Field'
+DATACLASS_FULLNAME = 'pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass'
+MODEL_VALIDATOR_FULLNAME = 'pydantic.functional_validators.model_validator'
+DECORATOR_FULLNAMES = {
+    'pydantic.functional_validators.field_validator',
+    'pydantic.functional_validators.model_validator',
+    'pydantic.functional_serializers.serializer',
+    'pydantic.functional_serializers.model_serializer',
+    'pydantic.deprecated.class_validators.validator',
+    'pydantic.deprecated.class_validators.root_validator',
+}
+IMPLICIT_CLASSMETHOD_DECORATOR_FULLNAMES = DECORATOR_FULLNAMES - {'pydantic.functional_serializers.model_serializer'}
+
+
+MYPY_VERSION_TUPLE = parse_mypy_version(mypy_version)
+BUILTINS_NAME = 'builtins'
+
+# Increment version if plugin changes and mypy caches should be invalidated
+__version__ = 2
+
+
+def plugin(version: str) -> type[Plugin]:
+    """`version` is the mypy version string.
+
+    We might want to use this to print a warning if the mypy version being used is
+    newer, or especially older, than we expect (or need).
+
+    Args:
+        version: The mypy version string.
+
+    Return:
+        The Pydantic mypy plugin type.
+    """
+    return PydanticPlugin
+
+
+class PydanticPlugin(Plugin):
+    """The Pydantic mypy plugin."""
+
+    def __init__(self, options: Options) -> None:
+        self.plugin_config = PydanticPluginConfig(options)
+        self._plugin_data = self.plugin_config.to_data()
+        super().__init__(options)
+
+    def get_base_class_hook(self, fullname: str) -> Callable[[ClassDefContext], None] | None:
+        """Update Pydantic model class."""
+        sym = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fullname)
+        if sym and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):  # pragma: no branch
+            # No branching may occur if the mypy cache has not been cleared
+            if sym.node.has_base(BASEMODEL_FULLNAME):
+                return self._pydantic_model_class_maker_callback
+        return None
+
+    def get_metaclass_hook(self, fullname: str) -> Callable[[ClassDefContext], None] | None:
+        """Update Pydantic `ModelMetaclass` definition."""
+        if fullname == MODEL_METACLASS_FULLNAME:
+            return self._pydantic_model_metaclass_marker_callback
+        return None
+
+    def get_method_hook(self, fullname: str) -> Callable[[MethodContext], Type] | None:
+        """Adjust return type of `from_orm` method call."""
+        if fullname.endswith('.from_orm'):
+            return from_attributes_callback
+        return None
+
+    def report_config_data(self, ctx: ReportConfigContext) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return all plugin config data.
+
+        Used by mypy to determine if cache needs to be discarded.
+        """
+        return self._plugin_data
+
+    def _pydantic_model_class_maker_callback(self, ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+        transformer = PydanticModelTransformer(ctx.cls, ctx.reason, ctx.api, self.plugin_config)
+        transformer.transform()
+
+    def _pydantic_model_metaclass_marker_callback(self, ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+        """Reset dataclass_transform_spec attribute of ModelMetaclass.
+
+        Let the plugin handle it. This behavior can be disabled
+        if 'debug_dataclass_transform' is set to True', for testing purposes.
+        """
+        if self.plugin_config.debug_dataclass_transform:
+            return
+        info_metaclass = ctx.cls.info.declared_metaclass
+        assert info_metaclass, "callback not passed from 'get_metaclass_hook'"
+        if getattr(info_metaclass.type, 'dataclass_transform_spec', None):
+            info_metaclass.type.dataclass_transform_spec = None
+
+
+class PydanticPluginConfig:
+    """A Pydantic mypy plugin config holder.
+
+    Attributes:
+        init_forbid_extra: Whether to add a `**kwargs` at the end of the generated `__init__` signature.
+        init_typed: Whether to annotate fields in the generated `__init__`.
+        warn_required_dynamic_aliases: Whether to raise required dynamic aliases error.
+        debug_dataclass_transform: Whether to not reset `dataclass_transform_spec` attribute
+            of `ModelMetaclass` for testing purposes.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'init_forbid_extra',
+        'init_typed',
+        'warn_required_dynamic_aliases',
+        'debug_dataclass_transform',
+    )
+    init_forbid_extra: bool
+    init_typed: bool
+    warn_required_dynamic_aliases: bool
+    debug_dataclass_transform: bool  # undocumented
+
+    def __init__(self, options: Options) -> None:
+        if options.config_file is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            return
+
+        toml_config = parse_toml(options.config_file)
+        if toml_config is not None:
+            config = toml_config.get('tool', {}).get('pydantic-mypy', {})
+            for key in self.__slots__:
+                setting = config.get(key, False)
+                if not isinstance(setting, bool):
+                    raise ValueError(f'Configuration value must be a boolean for key: {key}')
+                setattr(self, key, setting)
+        else:
+            plugin_config = ConfigParser()
+            plugin_config.read(options.config_file)
+            for key in self.__slots__:
+                setting = plugin_config.getboolean(CONFIGFILE_KEY, key, fallback=False)
+                setattr(self, key, setting)
+
+    def to_data(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Returns a dict of config names to their values."""
+        return {key: getattr(self, key) for key in self.__slots__}
+
+
+def from_attributes_callback(ctx: MethodContext) -> Type:
+    """Raise an error if from_attributes is not enabled."""
+    model_type: Instance
+    ctx_type = ctx.type
+    if isinstance(ctx_type, TypeType):
+        ctx_type = ctx_type.item
+    if isinstance(ctx_type, CallableType) and isinstance(ctx_type.ret_type, Instance):
+        model_type = ctx_type.ret_type  # called on the class
+    elif isinstance(ctx_type, Instance):
+        model_type = ctx_type  # called on an instance (unusual, but still valid)
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        detail = f'ctx.type: {ctx_type} (of type {ctx_type.__class__.__name__})'
+        error_unexpected_behavior(detail, ctx.api, ctx.context)
+        return ctx.default_return_type
+    pydantic_metadata = model_type.type.metadata.get(METADATA_KEY)
+    if pydantic_metadata is None:
+        return ctx.default_return_type
+    if not model_type.type.has_base(BASEMODEL_FULLNAME):
+        # not a Pydantic v2 model
+        return ctx.default_return_type
+    from_attributes = pydantic_metadata.get('config', {}).get('from_attributes')
+    if from_attributes is not True:
+        error_from_attributes(model_type.type.name, ctx.api, ctx.context)
+    return ctx.default_return_type
+
+
+class PydanticModelField:
+    """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        alias: str | None,
+        is_frozen: bool,
+        has_dynamic_alias: bool,
+        has_default: bool,
+        strict: bool | None,
+        line: int,
+        column: int,
+        type: Type | None,
+        info: TypeInfo,
+    ):
+        self.name = name
+        self.alias = alias
+        self.is_frozen = is_frozen
+        self.has_dynamic_alias = has_dynamic_alias
+        self.has_default = has_default
+        self.strict = strict
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.type = type
+        self.info = info
+
+    def to_argument(
+        self,
+        current_info: TypeInfo,
+        typed: bool,
+        model_strict: bool,
+        force_optional: bool,
+        use_alias: bool,
+        api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+        force_typevars_invariant: bool,
+        is_root_model_root: bool,
+    ) -> Argument:
+        """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.to_argument."""
+        variable = self.to_var(current_info, api, use_alias, force_typevars_invariant)
+
+        strict = model_strict if self.strict is None else self.strict
+        if typed or strict:
+            type_annotation = self.expand_type(current_info, api, include_root_type=True)
+        else:
+            type_annotation = AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit)
+
+        return Argument(
+            variable=variable,
+            type_annotation=type_annotation,
+            initializer=None,
+            kind=ARG_OPT
+            if is_root_model_root
+            else (ARG_NAMED_OPT if force_optional or self.has_default else ARG_NAMED),
+        )
+
+    def expand_type(
+        self,
+        current_info: TypeInfo,
+        api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+        force_typevars_invariant: bool = False,
+        include_root_type: bool = False,
+    ) -> Type | None:
+        """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.expand_type."""
+        if force_typevars_invariant:
+            # In some cases, mypy will emit an error "Cannot use a covariant type variable as a parameter"
+            # To prevent that, we add an option to replace typevars with invariant ones while building certain
+            # method signatures (in particular, `__init__`). There may be a better way to do this, if this causes
+            # us problems in the future, we should look into why the dataclasses plugin doesn't have this issue.
+            if isinstance(self.type, TypeVarType):
+                modified_type = self.type.copy_modified()
+                modified_type.variance = INVARIANT
+                self.type = modified_type
+
+        if self.type is not None and self.info.self_type is not None:
+            # In general, it is not safe to call `expand_type()` during semantic analysis,
+            # however this plugin is called very late, so all types should be fully ready.
+            # Also, it is tricky to avoid eager expansion of Self types here (e.g. because
+            # we serialize attributes).
+            with state.strict_optional_set(api.options.strict_optional):
+                filled_with_typevars = fill_typevars(current_info)
+                # Cannot be TupleType as current_info represents a Pydantic model:
+                assert isinstance(filled_with_typevars, Instance)
+                if force_typevars_invariant:
+                    for arg in filled_with_typevars.args:
+                        if isinstance(arg, TypeVarType):
+                            arg.variance = INVARIANT
+
+                expanded_type = expand_type(self.type, {self.info.self_type.id: filled_with_typevars})
+                if include_root_type and isinstance(expanded_type, Instance) and is_root_model(expanded_type.type):
+                    # When a root model is used as a field, Pydantic allows both an instance of the root model
+                    # as well as instances of the `root` field type:
+                    root_type = expanded_type.type['root'].type
+                    if root_type is None:
+                        # Happens if the hint for 'root' has unsolved forward references
+                        return expanded_type
+                    expanded_root_type = expand_type_by_instance(root_type, expanded_type)
+                    expanded_type = UnionType([expanded_type, expanded_root_type])
+                return expanded_type
+        return self.type
+
+    def to_var(
+        self,
+        current_info: TypeInfo,
+        api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+        use_alias: bool,
+        force_typevars_invariant: bool = False,
+    ) -> Var:
+        """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.to_var."""
+        if use_alias and self.alias is not None:
+            name = self.alias
+        else:
+            name = self.name
+
+        return Var(name, self.expand_type(current_info, api, force_typevars_invariant))
+
+    def serialize(self) -> JsonDict:
+        """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.serialize."""
+        assert self.type
+        return {
+            'name': self.name,
+            'alias': self.alias,
+            'is_frozen': self.is_frozen,
+            'has_dynamic_alias': self.has_dynamic_alias,
+            'has_default': self.has_default,
+            'strict': self.strict,
+            'line': self.line,
+            'column': self.column,
+            'type': self.type.serialize(),
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, info: TypeInfo, data: JsonDict, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface) -> PydanticModelField:
+        """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.deserialize."""
+        data = data.copy()
+        typ = deserialize_and_fixup_type(data.pop('type'), api)
+        return cls(type=typ, info=info, **data)
+
+    def expand_typevar_from_subtype(self, sub_type: TypeInfo, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface) -> None:
+        """Expands type vars in the context of a subtype when an attribute is inherited
+        from a generic super type.
+        """
+        if self.type is not None:
+            with state.strict_optional_set(api.options.strict_optional):
+                self.type = map_type_from_supertype(self.type, sub_type, self.info)
+
+
+class PydanticModelClassVar:
+    """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.
+
+    ClassVars are ignored by subclasses.
+
+    Attributes:
+        name: the ClassVar name
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, data: JsonDict) -> PydanticModelClassVar:
+        """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.deserialize."""
+        data = data.copy()
+        return cls(**data)
+
+    def serialize(self) -> JsonDict:
+        """Based on mypy.plugins.dataclasses.DataclassAttribute.serialize."""
+        return {
+            'name': self.name,
+        }
+
+
+class PydanticModelTransformer:
+    """Transform the BaseModel subclass according to the plugin settings.
+
+    Attributes:
+        tracked_config_fields: A set of field configs that the plugin has to track their value.
+    """
+
+    tracked_config_fields: set[str] = {
+        'extra',
+        'frozen',
+        'from_attributes',
+        'populate_by_name',
+        'validate_by_alias',
+        'validate_by_name',
+        'alias_generator',
+        'strict',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cls: ClassDef,
+        reason: Expression | Statement,
+        api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+        plugin_config: PydanticPluginConfig,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._cls = cls
+        self._reason = reason
+        self._api = api
+
+        self.plugin_config = plugin_config
+
+    def transform(self) -> bool:
+        """Configures the BaseModel subclass according to the plugin settings.
+
+        In particular:
+
+        * determines the model config and fields,
+        * adds a fields-aware signature for the initializer and construct methods
+        * freezes the class if frozen = True
+        * stores the fields, config, and if the class is settings in the mypy metadata for access by subclasses
+        """
+        info = self._cls.info
+        is_a_root_model = is_root_model(info)
+        config = self.collect_config()
+        fields, class_vars = self.collect_fields_and_class_vars(config, is_a_root_model)
+        if fields is None or class_vars is None:
+            # Some definitions are not ready. We need another pass.
+            return False
+        for field in fields:
+            if field.type is None:
+                return False
+
+        is_settings = info.has_base(BASESETTINGS_FULLNAME)
+        self.add_initializer(fields, config, is_settings, is_a_root_model)
+        self.add_model_construct_method(fields, config, is_settings, is_a_root_model)
+        self.set_frozen(fields, self._api, frozen=config.frozen is True)
+
+        self.adjust_decorator_signatures()
+
+        info.metadata[METADATA_KEY] = {
+            'fields': {field.name: field.serialize() for field in fields},
+            'class_vars': {class_var.name: class_var.serialize() for class_var in class_vars},
+            'config': config.get_values_dict(),
+        }
+
+        return True
+
+    def adjust_decorator_signatures(self) -> None:
+        """When we decorate a function `f` with `pydantic.validator(...)`, `pydantic.field_validator`
+        or `pydantic.serializer(...)`, mypy sees `f` as a regular method taking a `self` instance,
+        even though pydantic internally wraps `f` with `classmethod` if necessary.
+
+        Teach mypy this by marking any function whose outermost decorator is a `validator()`,
+        `field_validator()` or `serializer()` call as a `classmethod`.
+        """
+        for sym in self._cls.info.names.values():
+            if isinstance(sym.node, Decorator):
+                first_dec = sym.node.original_decorators[0]
+                if (
+                    isinstance(first_dec, CallExpr)
+                    and isinstance(first_dec.callee, NameExpr)
+                    and first_dec.callee.fullname in IMPLICIT_CLASSMETHOD_DECORATOR_FULLNAMES
+                    # @model_validator(mode="after") is an exception, it expects a regular method
+                    and not (
+                        first_dec.callee.fullname == MODEL_VALIDATOR_FULLNAME
+                        and any(
+                            first_dec.arg_names[i] == 'mode' and isinstance(arg, StrExpr) and arg.value == 'after'
+                            for i, arg in enumerate(first_dec.args)
+                        )
+                    )
+                ):
+                    # TODO: Only do this if the first argument of the decorated function is `cls`
+                    sym.node.func.is_class = True
+
+    def collect_config(self) -> ModelConfigData:  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+        """Collects the values of the config attributes that are used by the plugin, accounting for parent classes."""
+        cls = self._cls
+        config = ModelConfigData()
+
+        has_config_kwargs = False
+        has_config_from_namespace = False
+
+        # Handle `class MyModel(BaseModel, <name>=<expr>, ...):`
+        for name, expr in cls.keywords.items():
+            config_data = self.get_config_update(name, expr)
+            if config_data:
+                has_config_kwargs = True
+                config.update(config_data)
+
+        # Handle `model_config`
+        stmt: Statement | None = None
+        for stmt in cls.defs.body:
+            if not isinstance(stmt, (AssignmentStmt, ClassDef)):
+                continue
+
+            if isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt):
+                lhs = stmt.lvalues[0]
+                if not isinstance(lhs, NameExpr) or lhs.name != 'model_config':
+                    continue
+
+                if isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr):  # calls to `dict` or `ConfigDict`
+                    for arg_name, arg in zip(stmt.rvalue.arg_names, stmt.rvalue.args):
+                        if arg_name is None:
+                            continue
+                        config.update(self.get_config_update(arg_name, arg, lax_extra=True))
+                elif isinstance(stmt.rvalue, DictExpr):  # dict literals
+                    for key_expr, value_expr in stmt.rvalue.items:
+                        if not isinstance(key_expr, StrExpr):
+                            continue
+                        config.update(self.get_config_update(key_expr.value, value_expr))
+
+            elif isinstance(stmt, ClassDef):
+                if stmt.name != 'Config':  # 'deprecated' Config-class
+                    continue
+                for substmt in stmt.defs.body:
+                    if not isinstance(substmt, AssignmentStmt):
+                        continue
+                    lhs = substmt.lvalues[0]
+                    if not isinstance(lhs, NameExpr):
+                        continue
+                    config.update(self.get_config_update(lhs.name, substmt.rvalue))
+
+            if has_config_kwargs:
+                self._api.fail(
+                    'Specifying config in two places is ambiguous, use either Config attribute or class kwargs',
+                    cls,
+                )
+                break
+
+            has_config_from_namespace = True
+
+        if has_config_kwargs or has_config_from_namespace:
+            if (
+                stmt
+                and config.has_alias_generator
+                and not (config.validate_by_name or config.populate_by_name)
+                and self.plugin_config.warn_required_dynamic_aliases
+            ):
+                error_required_dynamic_aliases(self._api, stmt)
+
+        for info in cls.info.mro[1:]:  # 0 is the current class
+            if METADATA_KEY not in info.metadata:
+                continue
+
+            # Each class depends on the set of fields in its ancestors
+            self._api.add_plugin_dependency(make_wildcard_trigger(info.fullname))
+            for name, value in info.metadata[METADATA_KEY]['config'].items():
+                config.setdefault(name, value)
+        return config
+
+    def collect_fields_and_class_vars(
+        self, model_config: ModelConfigData, is_root_model: bool
+    ) -> tuple[list[PydanticModelField] | None, list[PydanticModelClassVar] | None]:
+        """Collects the fields for the model, accounting for parent classes."""
+        cls = self._cls
+
+        # First, collect fields and ClassVars belonging to any class in the MRO, ignoring duplicates.
+        #
+        # We iterate through the MRO in reverse because attrs defined in the parent must appear
+        # earlier in the attributes list than attrs defined in the child. See:
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/library/dataclasses.html#inheritance
+        #
+        # However, we also want fields defined in the subtype to override ones defined
+        # in the parent. We can implement this via a dict without disrupting the attr order
+        # because dicts preserve insertion order in Python 3.7+.
+        found_fields: dict[str, PydanticModelField] = {}
+        found_class_vars: dict[str, PydanticModelClassVar] = {}
+        for info in reversed(cls.info.mro[1:-1]):  # 0 is the current class, -2 is BaseModel, -1 is object
+            # if BASEMODEL_METADATA_TAG_KEY in info.metadata and BASEMODEL_METADATA_KEY not in info.metadata:
+            #     # We haven't processed the base class yet. Need another pass.
+            #     return None, None
+            if METADATA_KEY not in info.metadata:
+                continue
+
+            # Each class depends on the set of attributes in its dataclass ancestors.
+            self._api.add_plugin_dependency(make_wildcard_trigger(info.fullname))
+
+            for name, data in info.metadata[METADATA_KEY]['fields'].items():
+                field = PydanticModelField.deserialize(info, data, self._api)
+                # (The following comment comes directly from the dataclasses plugin)
+                # TODO: We shouldn't be performing type operations during the main
+                #       semantic analysis pass, since some TypeInfo attributes might
+                #       still be in flux. This should be performed in a later phase.
+                field.expand_typevar_from_subtype(cls.info, self._api)
+                found_fields[name] = field
+
+                sym_node = cls.info.names.get(name)
+                if sym_node and sym_node.node and not isinstance(sym_node.node, Var):
+                    self._api.fail(
+                        'BaseModel field may only be overridden by another field',
+                        sym_node.node,
+                    )
+            # Collect ClassVars
+            for name, data in info.metadata[METADATA_KEY]['class_vars'].items():
+                found_class_vars[name] = PydanticModelClassVar.deserialize(data)
+
+        # Second, collect fields and ClassVars belonging to the current class.
+        current_field_names: set[str] = set()
+        current_class_vars_names: set[str] = set()
+        for stmt in self._get_assignment_statements_from_block(cls.defs):
+            maybe_field = self.collect_field_or_class_var_from_stmt(stmt, model_config, found_class_vars)
+            if maybe_field is None:
+                continue
+
+            lhs = stmt.lvalues[0]
+            assert isinstance(lhs, NameExpr)  # collect_field_or_class_var_from_stmt guarantees this
+            if isinstance(maybe_field, PydanticModelField):
+                if is_root_model and lhs.name != 'root':
+                    error_extra_fields_on_root_model(self._api, stmt)
+                else:
+                    current_field_names.add(lhs.name)
+                    found_fields[lhs.name] = maybe_field
+            elif isinstance(maybe_field, PydanticModelClassVar):
+                current_class_vars_names.add(lhs.name)
+                found_class_vars[lhs.name] = maybe_field
+
+        return list(found_fields.values()), list(found_class_vars.values())
+
+    def _get_assignment_statements_from_if_statement(self, stmt: IfStmt) -> Iterator[AssignmentStmt]:
+        for body in stmt.body:
+            if not body.is_unreachable:
+                yield from self._get_assignment_statements_from_block(body)
+        if stmt.else_body is not None and not stmt.else_body.is_unreachable:
+            yield from self._get_assignment_statements_from_block(stmt.else_body)
+
+    def _get_assignment_statements_from_block(self, block: Block) -> Iterator[AssignmentStmt]:
+        for stmt in block.body:
+            if isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt):
+                yield stmt
+            elif isinstance(stmt, IfStmt):
+                yield from self._get_assignment_statements_from_if_statement(stmt)
+
+    def collect_field_or_class_var_from_stmt(  # noqa C901
+        self, stmt: AssignmentStmt, model_config: ModelConfigData, class_vars: dict[str, PydanticModelClassVar]
+    ) -> PydanticModelField | PydanticModelClassVar | None:
+        """Get pydantic model field from statement.
+
+        Args:
+            stmt: The statement.
+            model_config: Configuration settings for the model.
+            class_vars: ClassVars already known to be defined on the model.
+
+        Returns:
+            A pydantic model field if it could find the field in statement. Otherwise, `None`.
+        """
+        cls = self._cls
+
+        lhs = stmt.lvalues[0]
+        if not isinstance(lhs, NameExpr) or not _fields.is_valid_field_name(lhs.name) or lhs.name == 'model_config':
+            return None
+
+        if not stmt.new_syntax:
+            if (
+                isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+                and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.callee, CallExpr)
+                and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.callee.callee, NameExpr)
+                and stmt.rvalue.callee.callee.fullname in DECORATOR_FULLNAMES
+            ):
+                # This is a (possibly-reused) validator or serializer, not a field
+                # In particular, it looks something like: my_validator = validator('my_field')(f)
+                # Eventually, we may want to attempt to respect model_config['ignored_types']
+                return None
+
+            if lhs.name in class_vars:
+                # Class vars are not fields and are not required to be annotated
+                return None
+
+            # The assignment does not have an annotation, and it's not anything else we recognize
+            error_untyped_fields(self._api, stmt)
+            return None
+
+        lhs = stmt.lvalues[0]
+        if not isinstance(lhs, NameExpr):
+            return None
+
+        if not _fields.is_valid_field_name(lhs.name) or lhs.name == 'model_config':
+            return None
+
+        sym = cls.info.names.get(lhs.name)
+        if sym is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            # This is likely due to a star import (see the dataclasses plugin for a more detailed explanation)
+            # This is the same logic used in the dataclasses plugin
+            return None
+
+        node = sym.node
+        if isinstance(node, PlaceholderNode):  # pragma: no cover
+            # See the PlaceholderNode docstring for more detail about how this can occur
+            # Basically, it is an edge case when dealing with complex import logic
+
+            # The dataclasses plugin now asserts this cannot happen, but I'd rather not error if it does..
+            return None
+
+        if isinstance(node, TypeAlias):
+            self._api.fail(
+                'Type aliases inside BaseModel definitions are not supported at runtime',
+                node,
+            )
+            # Skip processing this node. This doesn't match the runtime behaviour,
+            # but the only alternative would be to modify the SymbolTable,
+            # and it's a little hairy to do that in a plugin.
+            return None
+
+        if not isinstance(node, Var):  # pragma: no cover
+            # Don't know if this edge case still happens with the `is_valid_field` check above
+            # but better safe than sorry
+
+            # The dataclasses plugin now asserts this cannot happen, but I'd rather not error if it does..
+            return None
+
+        # x: ClassVar[int] is not a field
+        if node.is_classvar:
+            return PydanticModelClassVar(lhs.name)
+
+        # x: InitVar[int] is not supported in BaseModel
+        node_type = get_proper_type(node.type)
+        if isinstance(node_type, Instance) and node_type.type.fullname == 'dataclasses.InitVar':
+            self._api.fail(
+                'InitVar is not supported in BaseModel',
+                node,
+            )
+
+        has_default = self.get_has_default(stmt)
+        strict = self.get_strict(stmt)
+
+        if sym.type is None and node.is_final and node.is_inferred:
+            # This follows the logic from the dataclasses plugin. The following comment is taken verbatim:
+            #
+            # This is a special case, assignment like x: Final = 42 is classified
+            # annotated above, but mypy strips the `Final` turning it into x = 42.
+            # We do not support inferred types in dataclasses, so we can try inferring
+            # type for simple literals, and otherwise require an explicit type
+            # argument for Final[...].
+            typ = self._api.analyze_simple_literal_type(stmt.rvalue, is_final=True)
+            if typ:
+                node.type = typ
+            else:
+                self._api.fail(
+                    'Need type argument for Final[...] with non-literal default in BaseModel',
+                    stmt,
+                )
+                node.type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_error)
+
+        if node.is_final and has_default:
+            # TODO this path should be removed (see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/11119)
+            return PydanticModelClassVar(lhs.name)
+
+        alias, has_dynamic_alias = self.get_alias_info(stmt)
+        if (
+            has_dynamic_alias
+            and not (model_config.validate_by_name or model_config.populate_by_name)
+            and self.plugin_config.warn_required_dynamic_aliases
+        ):
+            error_required_dynamic_aliases(self._api, stmt)
+        is_frozen = self.is_field_frozen(stmt)
+
+        init_type = self._infer_dataclass_attr_init_type(sym, lhs.name, stmt)
+        return PydanticModelField(
+            name=lhs.name,
+            has_dynamic_alias=has_dynamic_alias,
+            has_default=has_default,
+            strict=strict,
+            alias=alias,
+            is_frozen=is_frozen,
+            line=stmt.line,
+            column=stmt.column,
+            type=init_type,
+            info=cls.info,
+        )
+
+    def _infer_dataclass_attr_init_type(self, sym: SymbolTableNode, name: str, context: Context) -> Type | None:
+        """Infer __init__ argument type for an attribute.
+
+        In particular, possibly use the signature of __set__.
+        """
+        default = sym.type
+        if sym.implicit:
+            return default
+        t = get_proper_type(sym.type)
+
+        # Perform a simple-minded inference from the signature of __set__, if present.
+        # We can't use mypy.checkmember here, since this plugin runs before type checking.
+        # We only support some basic scanerios here, which is hopefully sufficient for
+        # the vast majority of use cases.
+        if not isinstance(t, Instance):
+            return default
+        setter = t.type.get('__set__')
+        if setter:
+            if isinstance(setter.node, FuncDef):
+                super_info = t.type.get_containing_type_info('__set__')
+                assert super_info
+                if setter.type:
+                    setter_type = get_proper_type(map_type_from_supertype(setter.type, t.type, super_info))
+                else:
+                    return AnyType(TypeOfAny.unannotated)
+                if isinstance(setter_type, CallableType) and setter_type.arg_kinds == [
+                    ARG_POS,
+                    ARG_POS,
+                    ARG_POS,
+                ]:
+                    return expand_type_by_instance(setter_type.arg_types[2], t)
+                else:
+                    self._api.fail(f'Unsupported signature for "__set__" in "{t.type.name}"', context)
+            else:
+                self._api.fail(f'Unsupported "__set__" in "{t.type.name}"', context)
+
+        return default
+
+    def add_initializer(
+        self, fields: list[PydanticModelField], config: ModelConfigData, is_settings: bool, is_root_model: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Adds a fields-aware `__init__` method to the class.
+
+        The added `__init__` will be annotated with types vs. all `Any` depending on the plugin settings.
+        """
+        if '__init__' in self._cls.info.names and not self._cls.info.names['__init__'].plugin_generated:
+            return  # Don't generate an __init__ if one already exists
+
+        typed = self.plugin_config.init_typed
+        model_strict = bool(config.strict)
+        use_alias = not (config.validate_by_name or config.populate_by_name) and config.validate_by_alias is not False
+        requires_dynamic_aliases = bool(config.has_alias_generator and not config.validate_by_name)
+        args = self.get_field_arguments(
+            fields,
+            typed=typed,
+            model_strict=model_strict,
+            requires_dynamic_aliases=requires_dynamic_aliases,
+            use_alias=use_alias,
+            is_settings=is_settings,
+            is_root_model=is_root_model,
+            force_typevars_invariant=True,
+        )
+
+        if is_settings:
+            base_settings_node = self._api.lookup_fully_qualified(BASESETTINGS_FULLNAME).node
+            assert isinstance(base_settings_node, TypeInfo)
+            if '__init__' in base_settings_node.names:
+                base_settings_init_node = base_settings_node.names['__init__'].node
+                assert isinstance(base_settings_init_node, FuncDef)
+                if base_settings_init_node is not None and base_settings_init_node.type is not None:
+                    func_type = base_settings_init_node.type
+                    assert isinstance(func_type, CallableType)
+                    for arg_idx, arg_name in enumerate(func_type.arg_names):
+                        if arg_name is None or arg_name.startswith('__') or not arg_name.startswith('_'):
+                            continue
+                        analyzed_variable_type = self._api.anal_type(func_type.arg_types[arg_idx])
+                        if analyzed_variable_type is not None and arg_name == '_cli_settings_source':
+                            # _cli_settings_source is defined as CliSettingsSource[Any], and as such
+                            # the Any causes issues with --disallow-any-explicit. As a workaround, change
+                            # the Any type (as if CliSettingsSource was left unparameterized):
+                            analyzed_variable_type = analyzed_variable_type.accept(
+                                ChangeExplicitTypeOfAny(TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics)
+                            )
+                        variable = Var(arg_name, analyzed_variable_type)
+                        args.append(Argument(variable, analyzed_variable_type, None, ARG_OPT))
+
+        if not self.should_init_forbid_extra(fields, config):
+            var = Var('kwargs')
+            args.append(Argument(var, AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit), None, ARG_STAR2))
+
+        add_method(self._api, self._cls, '__init__', args=args, return_type=NoneType())
+
+    def add_model_construct_method(
+        self,
+        fields: list[PydanticModelField],
+        config: ModelConfigData,
+        is_settings: bool,
+        is_root_model: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Adds a fully typed `model_construct` classmethod to the class.
+
+        Similar to the fields-aware __init__ method, but always uses the field names (not aliases),
+        and does not treat settings fields as optional.
+        """
+        set_str = self._api.named_type(f'{BUILTINS_NAME}.set', [self._api.named_type(f'{BUILTINS_NAME}.str')])
+        optional_set_str = UnionType([set_str, NoneType()])
+        fields_set_argument = Argument(Var('_fields_set', optional_set_str), optional_set_str, None, ARG_OPT)
+        with state.strict_optional_set(self._api.options.strict_optional):
+            args = self.get_field_arguments(
+                fields,
+                typed=True,
+                model_strict=bool(config.strict),
+                requires_dynamic_aliases=False,
+                use_alias=False,
+                is_settings=is_settings,
+                is_root_model=is_root_model,
+            )
+        if not self.should_init_forbid_extra(fields, config):
+            var = Var('kwargs')
+            args.append(Argument(var, AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit), None, ARG_STAR2))
+
+        args = args + [fields_set_argument] if is_root_model else [fields_set_argument] + args
+
+        add_method(
+            self._api,
+            self._cls,
+            'model_construct',
+            args=args,
+            return_type=fill_typevars(self._cls.info),
+            is_classmethod=True,
+        )
+
+    def set_frozen(self, fields: list[PydanticModelField], api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, frozen: bool) -> None:
+        """Marks all fields as properties so that attempts to set them trigger mypy errors.
+
+        This is the same approach used by the attrs and dataclasses plugins.
+        """
+        info = self._cls.info
+        for field in fields:
+            sym_node = info.names.get(field.name)
+            if sym_node is not None:
+                var = sym_node.node
+                if isinstance(var, Var):
+                    var.is_property = frozen or field.is_frozen
+                elif isinstance(var, PlaceholderNode) and not self._api.final_iteration:
+                    # See https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/5191 to hit this branch for test coverage
+                    self._api.defer()
+                else:  # pragma: no cover
+                    # I don't know whether it's possible to hit this branch, but I've added it for safety
+                    try:
+                        var_str = str(var)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        # This happens for PlaceholderNode; perhaps it will happen for other types in the future..
+                        var_str = repr(var)
+                    detail = f'sym_node.node: {var_str} (of type {var.__class__})'
+                    error_unexpected_behavior(detail, self._api, self._cls)
+            else:
+                var = field.to_var(info, api, use_alias=False)
+                var.info = info
+                var.is_property = frozen
+                var._fullname = info.fullname + '.' + var.name
+                info.names[var.name] = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, var)
+
+    def get_config_update(self, name: str, arg: Expression, lax_extra: bool = False) -> ModelConfigData | None:
+        """Determines the config update due to a single kwarg in the ConfigDict definition.
+
+        Warns if a tracked config attribute is set to a value the plugin doesn't know how to interpret (e.g., an int)
+        """
+        if name not in self.tracked_config_fields:
+            return None
+        if name == 'extra':
+            if isinstance(arg, StrExpr):
+                forbid_extra = arg.value == 'forbid'
+            elif isinstance(arg, MemberExpr):
+                forbid_extra = arg.name == 'forbid'
+            else:
+                if not lax_extra:
+                    # Only emit an error for other types of `arg` (e.g., `NameExpr`, `ConditionalExpr`, etc.) when
+                    # reading from a config class, etc. If a ConfigDict is used, then we don't want to emit an error
+                    # because you'll get type checking from the ConfigDict itself.
+                    #
+                    # It would be nice if we could introspect the types better otherwise, but I don't know what the API
+                    # is to evaluate an expr into its type and then check if that type is compatible with the expected
+                    # type. Note that you can still get proper type checking via: `model_config = ConfigDict(...)`, just
+                    # if you don't use an explicit string, the plugin won't be able to infer whether extra is forbidden.
+                    error_invalid_config_value(name, self._api, arg)
+                return None
+            return ModelConfigData(forbid_extra=forbid_extra)
+        if name == 'alias_generator':
+            has_alias_generator = True
+            if isinstance(arg, NameExpr) and arg.fullname == 'builtins.None':
+                has_alias_generator = False
+            return ModelConfigData(has_alias_generator=has_alias_generator)
+        if isinstance(arg, NameExpr) and arg.fullname in ('builtins.True', 'builtins.False'):
+            return ModelConfigData(**{name: arg.fullname == 'builtins.True'})
+        error_invalid_config_value(name, self._api, arg)
+        return None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_has_default(stmt: AssignmentStmt) -> bool:
+        """Returns a boolean indicating whether the field defined in `stmt` is a required field."""
+        expr = stmt.rvalue
+        if isinstance(expr, TempNode):
+            # TempNode means annotation-only, so has no default
+            return False
+        if isinstance(expr, CallExpr) and isinstance(expr.callee, RefExpr) and expr.callee.fullname == FIELD_FULLNAME:
+            # The "default value" is a call to `Field`; at this point, the field has a default if and only if:
+            # * there is a positional argument that is not `...`
+            # * there is a keyword argument named "default" that is not `...`
+            # * there is a "default_factory" that is not `None`
+            for arg, name in zip(expr.args, expr.arg_names):
+                # If name is None, then this arg is the default because it is the only positional argument.
+                if name is None or name == 'default':
+                    return arg.__class__ is not EllipsisExpr
+                if name == 'default_factory':
+                    return not (isinstance(arg, NameExpr) and arg.fullname == 'builtins.None')
+            return False
+        # Has no default if the "default value" is Ellipsis (i.e., `field_name: Annotation = ...`)
+        return not isinstance(expr, EllipsisExpr)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_strict(stmt: AssignmentStmt) -> bool | None:
+        """Returns a the `strict` value of a field if defined, otherwise `None`."""
+        expr = stmt.rvalue
+        if isinstance(expr, CallExpr) and isinstance(expr.callee, RefExpr) and expr.callee.fullname == FIELD_FULLNAME:
+            for arg, name in zip(expr.args, expr.arg_names):
+                if name != 'strict':
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(arg, NameExpr):
+                    if arg.fullname == 'builtins.True':
+                        return True
+                    elif arg.fullname == 'builtins.False':
+                        return False
+                return None
+        return None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_alias_info(stmt: AssignmentStmt) -> tuple[str | None, bool]:
+        """Returns a pair (alias, has_dynamic_alias), extracted from the declaration of the field defined in `stmt`.
+
+        `has_dynamic_alias` is True if and only if an alias is provided, but not as a string literal.
+        If `has_dynamic_alias` is True, `alias` will be None.
+        """
+        expr = stmt.rvalue
+        if isinstance(expr, TempNode):
+            # TempNode means annotation-only
+            return None, False
+
+        if not (
+            isinstance(expr, CallExpr) and isinstance(expr.callee, RefExpr) and expr.callee.fullname == FIELD_FULLNAME
+        ):
+            # Assigned value is not a call to pydantic.fields.Field
+            return None, False
+
+        if 'validation_alias' in expr.arg_names:
+            arg = expr.args[expr.arg_names.index('validation_alias')]
+        elif 'alias' in expr.arg_names:
+            arg = expr.args[expr.arg_names.index('alias')]
+        else:
+            return None, False
+
+        if isinstance(arg, StrExpr):
+            return arg.value, False
+        else:
+            return None, True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_field_frozen(stmt: AssignmentStmt) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether the field is frozen, extracted from the declaration of the field defined in `stmt`.
+
+        Note that this is only whether the field was declared to be frozen in a `<field_name> = Field(frozen=True)`
+        sense; this does not determine whether the field is frozen because the entire model is frozen; that is
+        handled separately.
+        """
+        expr = stmt.rvalue
+        if isinstance(expr, TempNode):
+            # TempNode means annotation-only
+            return False
+
+        if not (
+            isinstance(expr, CallExpr) and isinstance(expr.callee, RefExpr) and expr.callee.fullname == FIELD_FULLNAME
+        ):
+            # Assigned value is not a call to pydantic.fields.Field
+            return False
+
+        for i, arg_name in enumerate(expr.arg_names):
+            if arg_name == 'frozen':
+                arg = expr.args[i]
+                return isinstance(arg, NameExpr) and arg.fullname == 'builtins.True'
+        return False
+
+    def get_field_arguments(
+        self,
+        fields: list[PydanticModelField],
+        typed: bool,
+        model_strict: bool,
+        use_alias: bool,
+        requires_dynamic_aliases: bool,
+        is_settings: bool,
+        is_root_model: bool,
+        force_typevars_invariant: bool = False,
+    ) -> list[Argument]:
+        """Helper function used during the construction of the `__init__` and `model_construct` method signatures.
+
+        Returns a list of mypy Argument instances for use in the generated signatures.
+        """
+        info = self._cls.info
+        arguments = [
+            field.to_argument(
+                info,
+                typed=typed,
+                model_strict=model_strict,
+                force_optional=requires_dynamic_aliases or is_settings,
+                use_alias=use_alias,
+                api=self._api,
+                force_typevars_invariant=force_typevars_invariant,
+                is_root_model_root=is_root_model and field.name == 'root',
+            )
+            for field in fields
+            if not (use_alias and field.has_dynamic_alias)
+        ]
+        return arguments
+
+    def should_init_forbid_extra(self, fields: list[PydanticModelField], config: ModelConfigData) -> bool:
+        """Indicates whether the generated `__init__` should get a `**kwargs` at the end of its signature.
+
+        We disallow arbitrary kwargs if the extra config setting is "forbid", or if the plugin config says to,
+        *unless* a required dynamic alias is present (since then we can't determine a valid signature).
+        """
+        if not (config.validate_by_name or config.populate_by_name):
+            if self.is_dynamic_alias_present(fields, bool(config.has_alias_generator)):
+                return False
+        if config.forbid_extra:
+            return True
+        return self.plugin_config.init_forbid_extra
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_dynamic_alias_present(fields: list[PydanticModelField], has_alias_generator: bool) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether any fields on the model have a "dynamic alias", i.e., an alias that cannot be
+        determined during static analysis.
+        """
+        for field in fields:
+            if field.has_dynamic_alias:
+                return True
+        if has_alias_generator:
+            for field in fields:
+                if field.alias is None:
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+
+class ChangeExplicitTypeOfAny(TypeTranslator):
+    """A type translator used to change type of Any's, if explicit."""
+
+    def __init__(self, type_of_any: int) -> None:
+        self._type_of_any = type_of_any
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def visit_any(self, t: AnyType) -> Type:  # noqa: D102
+        if t.type_of_any == TypeOfAny.explicit:
+            return t.copy_modified(type_of_any=self._type_of_any)
+        else:
+            return t
+
+
+class ModelConfigData:
+    """Pydantic mypy plugin model config class."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        forbid_extra: bool | None = None,
+        frozen: bool | None = None,
+        from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+        populate_by_name: bool | None = None,
+        validate_by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        validate_by_name: bool | None = None,
+        has_alias_generator: bool | None = None,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.forbid_extra = forbid_extra
+        self.frozen = frozen
+        self.from_attributes = from_attributes
+        self.populate_by_name = populate_by_name
+        self.validate_by_alias = validate_by_alias
+        self.validate_by_name = validate_by_name
+        self.has_alias_generator = has_alias_generator
+        self.strict = strict
+
+    def get_values_dict(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Returns a dict of Pydantic model config names to their values.
+
+        It includes the config if config value is not `None`.
+        """
+        return {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if v is not None}
+
+    def update(self, config: ModelConfigData | None) -> None:
+        """Update Pydantic model config values."""
+        if config is None:
+            return
+        for k, v in config.get_values_dict().items():
+            setattr(self, k, v)
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        """Set default value for Pydantic model config if config value is `None`."""
+        if getattr(self, key) is None:
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+
+def is_root_model(info: TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the type info is a root model subclass (or the `RootModel` class itself)."""
+    return info.has_base(ROOT_MODEL_FULLNAME)
+
+
+ERROR_ORM = ErrorCode('pydantic-orm', 'Invalid from_attributes call', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_CONFIG = ErrorCode('pydantic-config', 'Invalid config value', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_ALIAS = ErrorCode('pydantic-alias', 'Dynamic alias disallowed', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_UNEXPECTED = ErrorCode('pydantic-unexpected', 'Unexpected behavior', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_UNTYPED = ErrorCode('pydantic-field', 'Untyped field disallowed', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_FIELD_DEFAULTS = ErrorCode('pydantic-field', 'Invalid Field defaults', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_EXTRA_FIELD_ROOT_MODEL = ErrorCode('pydantic-field', 'Extra field on RootModel subclass', 'Pydantic')
+
+
+def error_from_attributes(model_name: str, api: CheckerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    """Emits an error when the model does not have `from_attributes=True`."""
+    api.fail(f'"{model_name}" does not have from_attributes=True', context, code=ERROR_ORM)
+
+
+def error_invalid_config_value(name: str, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    """Emits an error when the config value is invalid."""
+    api.fail(f'Invalid value for "Config.{name}"', context, code=ERROR_CONFIG)
+
+
+def error_required_dynamic_aliases(api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    """Emits required dynamic aliases error.
+
+    This will be called when `warn_required_dynamic_aliases=True`.
+    """
+    api.fail('Required dynamic aliases disallowed', context, code=ERROR_ALIAS)
+
+
+def error_unexpected_behavior(
+    detail: str, api: CheckerPluginInterface | SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, context: Context
+) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+    """Emits unexpected behavior error."""
+    # Can't think of a good way to test this, but I confirmed it renders as desired by adding to a non-error path
+    link = 'https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/new/choose'
+    full_message = f'The pydantic mypy plugin ran into unexpected behavior: {detail}\n'
+    full_message += f'Please consider reporting this bug at {link} so we can try to fix it!'
+    api.fail(full_message, context, code=ERROR_UNEXPECTED)
+
+
+def error_untyped_fields(api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    """Emits an error when there is an untyped field in the model."""
+    api.fail('Untyped fields disallowed', context, code=ERROR_UNTYPED)
+
+
+def error_extra_fields_on_root_model(api: CheckerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    """Emits an error when there is more than just a root field defined for a subclass of RootModel."""
+    api.fail('Only `root` is allowed as a field of a `RootModel`', context, code=ERROR_EXTRA_FIELD_ROOT_MODEL)
+
+
+def add_method(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface | CheckerPluginInterface,
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    name: str,
+    args: list[Argument],
+    return_type: Type,
+    self_type: Type | None = None,
+    tvar_def: TypeVarType | None = None,
+    is_classmethod: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Very closely related to `mypy.plugins.common.add_method_to_class`, with a few pydantic-specific changes."""
+    info = cls.info
+
+    # First remove any previously generated methods with the same name
+    # to avoid clashes and problems in the semantic analyzer.
+    if name in info.names:
+        sym = info.names[name]
+        if sym.plugin_generated and isinstance(sym.node, FuncDef):
+            cls.defs.body.remove(sym.node)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    if isinstance(api, SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface):
+        function_type = api.named_type('builtins.function')
+    else:
+        function_type = api.named_generic_type('builtins.function', [])
+
+    if is_classmethod:
+        self_type = self_type or TypeType(fill_typevars(info))
+        first = [Argument(Var('_cls'), self_type, None, ARG_POS, True)]
+    else:
+        self_type = self_type or fill_typevars(info)
+        # `self` is positional *ONLY* here, but this can't be expressed
+        # fully in the mypy internal API. ARG_POS is the closest we can get.
+        # Using ARG_POS will, however, give mypy errors if a `self` field
+        # is present on a model:
+        #
+        #     Name "self" already defined (possibly by an import)  [no-redef]
+        #
+        # As a workaround, we give this argument a name that will
+        # never conflict. By its positional nature, this name will not
+        # be used or exposed to users.
+        first = [Argument(Var('__pydantic_self__'), self_type, None, ARG_POS)]
+    args = first + args
+
+    arg_types, arg_names, arg_kinds = [], [], []
+    for arg in args:
+        assert arg.type_annotation, 'All arguments must be fully typed.'
+        arg_types.append(arg.type_annotation)
+        arg_names.append(arg.variable.name)
+        arg_kinds.append(arg.kind)
+
+    signature = CallableType(arg_types, arg_kinds, arg_names, return_type, function_type)
+    if tvar_def:
+        signature.variables = [tvar_def]
+
+    func = FuncDef(name, args, Block([PassStmt()]))
+    func.info = info
+    func.type = set_callable_name(signature, func)
+    func.is_class = is_classmethod
+    func._fullname = info.fullname + '.' + name
+    func.line = info.line
+
+    # NOTE: we would like the plugin generated node to dominate, but we still
+    # need to keep any existing definitions so they get semantically analyzed.
+    if name in info.names:
+        # Get a nice unique name instead.
+        r_name = get_unique_redefinition_name(name, info.names)
+        info.names[r_name] = info.names[name]
+
+    # Add decorator for is_classmethod
+    # The dataclasses plugin claims this is unnecessary for classmethods, but not including it results in a
+    # signature incompatible with the superclass, which causes mypy errors to occur for every subclass of BaseModel.
+    if is_classmethod:
+        func.is_decorated = True
+        v = Var(name, func.type)
+        v.info = info
+        v._fullname = func._fullname
+        v.is_classmethod = True
+        dec = Decorator(func, [NameExpr('classmethod')], v)
+        dec.line = info.line
+        sym = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, dec)
+    else:
+        sym = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, func)
+    sym.plugin_generated = True
+    info.names[name] = sym
+
+    info.defn.defs.body.append(func)
+
+
+def parse_toml(config_file: str) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+    """Returns a dict of config keys to values.
+
+    It reads configs from toml file and returns `None` if the file is not a toml file.
+    """
+    if not config_file.endswith('.toml'):
+        return None
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+        import tomllib as toml_
+    else:
+        try:
+            import tomli as toml_
+        except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+            import warnings
+
+            warnings.warn('No TOML parser installed, cannot read configuration from `pyproject.toml`.')
+            return None
+
+    with open(config_file, 'rb') as rf:
+        return toml_.load(rf)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/networks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/networks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22215787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/networks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1312 @@
+"""The networks module contains types for common network-related fields."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import dataclasses as _dataclasses
+import re
+from dataclasses import fields
+from functools import lru_cache
+from importlib.metadata import version
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, ClassVar
+
+from pydantic_core import (
+    MultiHostHost,
+    PydanticCustomError,
+    PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue,
+    SchemaSerializer,
+    core_schema,
+)
+from pydantic_core import MultiHostUrl as _CoreMultiHostUrl
+from pydantic_core import Url as _CoreUrl
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
+
+from pydantic.errors import PydanticUserError
+
+from ._internal import _repr, _schema_generation_shared
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler
+from .json_schema import JsonSchemaValue
+from .type_adapter import TypeAdapter
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import email_validator
+
+    NetworkType: TypeAlias = 'str | bytes | int | tuple[str | bytes | int, str | int]'
+
+else:
+    email_validator = None
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'AnyUrl',
+    'AnyHttpUrl',
+    'FileUrl',
+    'FtpUrl',
+    'HttpUrl',
+    'WebsocketUrl',
+    'AnyWebsocketUrl',
+    'UrlConstraints',
+    'EmailStr',
+    'NameEmail',
+    'IPvAnyAddress',
+    'IPvAnyInterface',
+    'IPvAnyNetwork',
+    'PostgresDsn',
+    'CockroachDsn',
+    'AmqpDsn',
+    'RedisDsn',
+    'MongoDsn',
+    'KafkaDsn',
+    'NatsDsn',
+    'validate_email',
+    'MySQLDsn',
+    'MariaDBDsn',
+    'ClickHouseDsn',
+    'SnowflakeDsn',
+]
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass
+class UrlConstraints:
+    """Url constraints.
+
+    Attributes:
+        max_length: The maximum length of the url. Defaults to `None`.
+        allowed_schemes: The allowed schemes. Defaults to `None`.
+        host_required: Whether the host is required. Defaults to `None`.
+        default_host: The default host. Defaults to `None`.
+        default_port: The default port. Defaults to `None`.
+        default_path: The default path. Defaults to `None`.
+    """
+
+    max_length: int | None = None
+    allowed_schemes: list[str] | None = None
+    host_required: bool | None = None
+    default_host: str | None = None
+    default_port: int | None = None
+    default_path: str | None = None
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(
+            (
+                self.max_length,
+                tuple(self.allowed_schemes) if self.allowed_schemes is not None else None,
+                self.host_required,
+                self.default_host,
+                self.default_port,
+                self.default_path,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def defined_constraints(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Fetch a key / value mapping of constraints to values that are not None. Used for core schema updates."""
+        return {field.name: value for field in fields(self) if (value := getattr(self, field.name)) is not None}
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        schema = handler(source)
+
+        # for function-wrap schemas, url constraints is applied to the inner schema
+        # because when we generate schemas for urls, we wrap a core_schema.url_schema() with a function-wrap schema
+        # that helps with validation on initialization, see _BaseUrl and _BaseMultiHostUrl below.
+        schema_to_mutate = schema['schema'] if schema['type'] == 'function-wrap' else schema
+        if annotated_type := schema_to_mutate['type'] not in ('url', 'multi-host-url'):
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f"'UrlConstraints' cannot annotate '{annotated_type}'.", code='invalid-annotated-type'
+            )
+        for constraint_key, constraint_value in self.defined_constraints.items():
+            schema_to_mutate[constraint_key] = constraint_value
+        return schema
+
+
+class _BaseUrl:
+    _constraints: ClassVar[UrlConstraints] = UrlConstraints()
+    _url: _CoreUrl
+
+    def __init__(self, url: str | _CoreUrl | _BaseUrl) -> None:
+        self._url = _build_type_adapter(self.__class__).validate_python(url)._url
+
+    @property
+    def scheme(self) -> str:
+        """The scheme part of the URL.
+
+        e.g. `https` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.scheme
+
+    @property
+    def username(self) -> str | None:
+        """The username part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `user` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.username
+
+    @property
+    def password(self) -> str | None:
+        """The password part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `pass` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.password
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str | None:
+        """The host part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        If the URL must be punycode encoded, this is the encoded host, e.g if the input URL is `https://£££.com`,
+        `host` will be `xn--9aaa.com`
+        """
+        return self._url.host
+
+    def unicode_host(self) -> str | None:
+        """The host part of the URL as a unicode string, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `host` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+
+        If the URL must be punycode encoded, this is the decoded host, e.g if the input URL is `https://£££.com`,
+        `unicode_host()` will be `£££.com`
+        """
+        return self._url.unicode_host()
+
+    @property
+    def port(self) -> int | None:
+        """The port part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `port` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.port
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str | None:
+        """The path part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `/path` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.path
+
+    @property
+    def query(self) -> str | None:
+        """The query part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `query` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.query
+
+    def query_params(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        """The query part of the URL as a list of key-value pairs.
+
+        e.g. `[('foo', 'bar')]` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?foo=bar#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.query_params()
+
+    @property
+    def fragment(self) -> str | None:
+        """The fragment part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `fragment` in `https://user:pass@host:port/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.fragment
+
+    def unicode_string(self) -> str:
+        """The URL as a unicode string, unlike `__str__()` this will not punycode encode the host.
+
+        If the URL must be punycode encoded, this is the decoded string, e.g if the input URL is `https://£££.com`,
+        `unicode_string()` will be `https://£££.com`
+        """
+        return self._url.unicode_string()
+
+    def encoded_string(self) -> str:
+        """The URL's encoded string representation via __str__().
+
+        This returns the punycode-encoded host version of the URL as a string.
+        """
+        return str(self)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """The URL as a string, this will punycode encode the host if required."""
+        return str(self._url)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self._url)!r})'
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict) -> Self:
+        return self.__class__(self._url)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.__class__ is other.__class__ and self._url == other._url
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.__class__ is other.__class__ and self._url < other._url
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.__class__ is other.__class__ and self._url > other._url
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.__class__ is other.__class__ and self._url <= other._url
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.__class__ is other.__class__ and self._url >= other._url
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._url)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(str(self._url))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        scheme: str,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        query: str | None = None,
+        fragment: str | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Build a new `Url` instance from its component parts.
+
+        Args:
+            scheme: The scheme part of the URL.
+            username: The username part of the URL, or omit for no username.
+            password: The password part of the URL, or omit for no password.
+            host: The host part of the URL.
+            port: The port part of the URL, or omit for no port.
+            path: The path part of the URL, or omit for no path.
+            query: The query part of the URL, or omit for no query.
+            fragment: The fragment part of the URL, or omit for no fragment.
+
+        Returns:
+            An instance of URL
+        """
+        return cls(
+            _CoreUrl.build(
+                scheme=scheme,
+                username=username,
+                password=password,
+                host=host,
+                port=port,
+                path=path,
+                query=query,
+                fragment=fragment,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def serialize_url(cls, url: Any, info: core_schema.SerializationInfo) -> str | Self:
+        if not isinstance(url, cls):
+            raise PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(
+                f"Expected `{cls}` but got `{type(url)}` with value `'{url}'` - serialized value may not be as expected."
+            )
+        if info.mode == 'json':
+            return str(url)
+        return url
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+        cls, source: type[_BaseUrl], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        def wrap_val(v, h):
+            if isinstance(v, source):
+                return v
+            if isinstance(v, _BaseUrl):
+                v = str(v)
+            core_url = h(v)
+            instance = source.__new__(source)
+            instance._url = core_url
+            return instance
+
+        return core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
+            wrap_val,
+            schema=core_schema.url_schema(**cls._constraints.defined_constraints),
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                cls.serialize_url, info_arg=True, when_used='always'
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _schema_generation_shared.GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        # we use the url schema for json schema generation, but we might have to extract it from
+        # the function-wrap schema we use as a tool for validation on initialization
+        inner_schema = core_schema['schema'] if core_schema['type'] == 'function-wrap' else core_schema
+        return handler(inner_schema)
+
+    __pydantic_serializer__ = SchemaSerializer(core_schema.any_schema(serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema()))
+
+
+class _BaseMultiHostUrl:
+    _constraints: ClassVar[UrlConstraints] = UrlConstraints()
+    _url: _CoreMultiHostUrl
+
+    def __init__(self, url: str | _CoreMultiHostUrl | _BaseMultiHostUrl) -> None:
+        self._url = _build_type_adapter(self.__class__).validate_python(url)._url
+
+    @property
+    def scheme(self) -> str:
+        """The scheme part of the URL.
+
+        e.g. `https` in `https://foo.com,bar.com/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.scheme
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str | None:
+        """The path part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `/path` in `https://foo.com,bar.com/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.path
+
+    @property
+    def query(self) -> str | None:
+        """The query part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `query` in `https://foo.com,bar.com/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.query
+
+    def query_params(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+        """The query part of the URL as a list of key-value pairs.
+
+        e.g. `[('foo', 'bar')]` in `https://foo.com,bar.com/path?foo=bar#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.query_params()
+
+    @property
+    def fragment(self) -> str | None:
+        """The fragment part of the URL, or `None`.
+
+        e.g. `fragment` in `https://foo.com,bar.com/path?query#fragment`
+        """
+        return self._url.fragment
+
+    def hosts(self) -> list[MultiHostHost]:
+        '''The hosts of the `MultiHostUrl` as [`MultiHostHost`][pydantic_core.MultiHostHost] typed dicts.
+
+        ```python
+        from pydantic_core import MultiHostUrl
+
+        mhu = MultiHostUrl('https://foo.com:123,foo:bar@bar.com/path')
+        print(mhu.hosts())
+        """
+        [
+            {'username': None, 'password': None, 'host': 'foo.com', 'port': 123},
+            {'username': 'foo', 'password': 'bar', 'host': 'bar.com', 'port': 443}
+        ]
+        ```
+        Returns:
+            A list of dicts, each representing a host.
+        '''
+        return self._url.hosts()
+
+    def encoded_string(self) -> str:
+        """The URL's encoded string representation via __str__().
+
+        This returns the punycode-encoded host version of the URL as a string.
+        """
+        return str(self)
+
+    def unicode_string(self) -> str:
+        """The URL as a unicode string, unlike `__str__()` this will not punycode encode the hosts."""
+        return self._url.unicode_string()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """The URL as a string, this will punycode encode the host if required."""
+        return str(self._url)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({str(self._url)!r})'
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict) -> Self:
+        return self.__class__(self._url)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.__class__ is other.__class__ and self._url == other._url
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._url)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(str(self._url))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        scheme: str,
+        hosts: list[MultiHostHost] | None = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        query: str | None = None,
+        fragment: str | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Build a new `MultiHostUrl` instance from its component parts.
+
+        This method takes either `hosts` - a list of `MultiHostHost` typed dicts, or the individual components
+        `username`, `password`, `host` and `port`.
+
+        Args:
+            scheme: The scheme part of the URL.
+            hosts: Multiple hosts to build the URL from.
+            username: The username part of the URL.
+            password: The password part of the URL.
+            host: The host part of the URL.
+            port: The port part of the URL.
+            path: The path part of the URL.
+            query: The query part of the URL, or omit for no query.
+            fragment: The fragment part of the URL, or omit for no fragment.
+
+        Returns:
+            An instance of `MultiHostUrl`
+        """
+        return cls(
+            _CoreMultiHostUrl.build(
+                scheme=scheme,
+                hosts=hosts,
+                username=username,
+                password=password,
+                host=host,
+                port=port,
+                path=path,
+                query=query,
+                fragment=fragment,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def serialize_url(cls, url: Any, info: core_schema.SerializationInfo) -> str | Self:
+        if not isinstance(url, cls):
+            raise PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(
+                f"Expected `{cls}` but got `{type(url)}` with value `'{url}'` - serialized value may not be as expected."
+            )
+        if info.mode == 'json':
+            return str(url)
+        return url
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+        cls, source: type[_BaseMultiHostUrl], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        def wrap_val(v, h):
+            if isinstance(v, source):
+                return v
+            if isinstance(v, _BaseMultiHostUrl):
+                v = str(v)
+            core_url = h(v)
+            instance = source.__new__(source)
+            instance._url = core_url
+            return instance
+
+        return core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
+            wrap_val,
+            schema=core_schema.multi_host_url_schema(**cls._constraints.defined_constraints),
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                cls.serialize_url, info_arg=True, when_used='always'
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _schema_generation_shared.GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        # we use the url schema for json schema generation, but we might have to extract it from
+        # the function-wrap schema we use as a tool for validation on initialization
+        inner_schema = core_schema['schema'] if core_schema['type'] == 'function-wrap' else core_schema
+        return handler(inner_schema)
+
+    __pydantic_serializer__ = SchemaSerializer(core_schema.any_schema(serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema()))
+
+
+@lru_cache
+def _build_type_adapter(cls: type[_BaseUrl | _BaseMultiHostUrl]) -> TypeAdapter:
+    return TypeAdapter(cls)
+
+
+class AnyUrl(_BaseUrl):
+    """Base type for all URLs.
+
+    * Any scheme allowed
+    * Top-level domain (TLD) not required
+    * Host not required
+
+    Assuming an input URL of `http://samuel:pass@example.com:8000/the/path/?query=here#fragment=is;this=bit`,
+    the types export the following properties:
+
+    - `scheme`: the URL scheme (`http`), always set.
+    - `host`: the URL host (`example.com`).
+    - `username`: optional username if included (`samuel`).
+    - `password`: optional password if included (`pass`).
+    - `port`: optional port (`8000`).
+    - `path`: optional path (`/the/path/`).
+    - `query`: optional URL query (for example, `GET` arguments or "search string", such as `query=here`).
+    - `fragment`: optional fragment (`fragment=is;this=bit`).
+    """
+
+
+# Note: all single host urls inherit from `AnyUrl` to preserve compatibility with pre-v2.10 code
+# Where urls were annotated variants of `AnyUrl`, which was an alias to `pydantic_core.Url`
+
+
+class AnyHttpUrl(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any http or https URL.
+
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['http', 'https'])
+
+
+class HttpUrl(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any http or https URL.
+
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    * Max length 2083
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl, ValidationError
+
+    class MyModel(BaseModel):
+        url: HttpUrl
+
+    m = MyModel(url='http://www.example.com')  # (1)!
+    print(m.url)
+    #> http://www.example.com/
+
+    try:
+        MyModel(url='ftp://invalid.url')
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for MyModel
+        url
+          URL scheme should be 'http' or 'https' [type=url_scheme, input_value='ftp://invalid.url', input_type=str]
+        '''
+
+    try:
+        MyModel(url='not a url')
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for MyModel
+        url
+          Input should be a valid URL, relative URL without a base [type=url_parsing, input_value='not a url', input_type=str]
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    1. Note: mypy would prefer `m = MyModel(url=HttpUrl('http://www.example.com'))`, but Pydantic will convert the string to an HttpUrl instance anyway.
+
+    "International domains" (e.g. a URL where the host or TLD includes non-ascii characters) will be encoded via
+    [punycode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punycode) (see
+    [this article](https://www.xudongz.com/blog/2017/idn-phishing/) for a good description of why this is important):
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl
+
+    class MyModel(BaseModel):
+        url: HttpUrl
+
+    m1 = MyModel(url='http://puny£code.com')
+    print(m1.url)
+    #> http://xn--punycode-eja.com/
+    m2 = MyModel(url='https://www.аррӏе.com/')
+    print(m2.url)
+    #> https://www.xn--80ak6aa92e.com/
+    m3 = MyModel(url='https://www.example.珠宝/')
+    print(m3.url)
+    #> https://www.example.xn--pbt977c/
+    ```
+
+
+    !!! warning "Underscores in Hostnames"
+        In Pydantic, underscores are allowed in all parts of a domain except the TLD.
+        Technically this might be wrong - in theory the hostname cannot have underscores, but subdomains can.
+
+        To explain this; consider the following two cases:
+
+        - `exam_ple.co.uk`: the hostname is `exam_ple`, which should not be allowed since it contains an underscore.
+        - `foo_bar.example.com` the hostname is `example`, which should be allowed since the underscore is in the subdomain.
+
+        Without having an exhaustive list of TLDs, it would be impossible to differentiate between these two. Therefore
+        underscores are allowed, but you can always do further validation in a validator if desired.
+
+        Also, Chrome, Firefox, and Safari all currently accept `http://exam_ple.com` as a URL, so we're in good
+        (or at least big) company.
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(max_length=2083, allowed_schemes=['http', 'https'])
+
+
+class AnyWebsocketUrl(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any ws or wss URL.
+
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['ws', 'wss'])
+
+
+class WebsocketUrl(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any ws or wss URL.
+
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    * Max length 2083
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(max_length=2083, allowed_schemes=['ws', 'wss'])
+
+
+class FileUrl(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any file URL.
+
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['file'])
+
+
+class FtpUrl(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept ftp URL.
+
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['ftp'])
+
+
+class PostgresDsn(_BaseMultiHostUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any Postgres DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host required
+    * Supports multiple hosts
+
+    If further validation is required, these properties can be used by validators to enforce specific behaviour:
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import (
+        BaseModel,
+        HttpUrl,
+        PostgresDsn,
+        ValidationError,
+        field_validator,
+    )
+
+    class MyModel(BaseModel):
+        url: HttpUrl
+
+    m = MyModel(url='http://www.example.com')
+
+    # the repr() method for a url will display all properties of the url
+    print(repr(m.url))
+    #> HttpUrl('http://www.example.com/')
+    print(m.url.scheme)
+    #> http
+    print(m.url.host)
+    #> www.example.com
+    print(m.url.port)
+    #> 80
+
+    class MyDatabaseModel(BaseModel):
+        db: PostgresDsn
+
+        @field_validator('db')
+        def check_db_name(cls, v):
+            assert v.path and len(v.path) > 1, 'database must be provided'
+            return v
+
+    m = MyDatabaseModel(db='postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/foobar')
+    print(m.db)
+    #> postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/foobar
+
+    try:
+        MyDatabaseModel(db='postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432')
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for MyDatabaseModel
+        db
+          Assertion failed, database must be provided
+        assert (None)
+         +  where None = PostgresDsn('postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432').path [type=assertion_error, input_value='postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432', input_type=str]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        host_required=True,
+        allowed_schemes=[
+            'postgres',
+            'postgresql',
+            'postgresql+asyncpg',
+            'postgresql+pg8000',
+            'postgresql+psycopg',
+            'postgresql+psycopg2',
+            'postgresql+psycopg2cffi',
+            'postgresql+py-postgresql',
+            'postgresql+pygresql',
+        ],
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str:
+        """The required URL host."""
+        return self._url.host  # pyright: ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+
+
+class CockroachDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any Cockroach DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        host_required=True,
+        allowed_schemes=[
+            'cockroachdb',
+            'cockroachdb+psycopg2',
+            'cockroachdb+asyncpg',
+        ],
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str:
+        """The required URL host."""
+        return self._url.host  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+class AmqpDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any AMQP DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['amqp', 'amqps'])
+
+
+class RedisDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any Redis DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host required (e.g., `rediss://:pass@localhost`)
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        allowed_schemes=['redis', 'rediss'],
+        default_host='localhost',
+        default_port=6379,
+        default_path='/0',
+        host_required=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str:
+        """The required URL host."""
+        return self._url.host  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+class MongoDsn(_BaseMultiHostUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any MongoDB DSN.
+
+    * User info not required
+    * Database name not required
+    * Port not required
+    * User info may be passed without user part (e.g., `mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017`).
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['mongodb', 'mongodb+srv'], default_port=27017)
+
+
+class KafkaDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any Kafka DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['kafka'], default_host='localhost', default_port=9092)
+
+
+class NatsDsn(_BaseMultiHostUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any NATS DSN.
+
+    NATS is a connective technology built for the ever increasingly hyper-connected world.
+    It is a single technology that enables applications to securely communicate across
+    any combination of cloud vendors, on-premise, edge, web and mobile, and devices.
+    More: https://nats.io
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        allowed_schemes=['nats', 'tls', 'ws', 'wss'], default_host='localhost', default_port=4222
+    )
+
+
+class MySQLDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any MySQL DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        allowed_schemes=[
+            'mysql',
+            'mysql+mysqlconnector',
+            'mysql+aiomysql',
+            'mysql+asyncmy',
+            'mysql+mysqldb',
+            'mysql+pymysql',
+            'mysql+cymysql',
+            'mysql+pyodbc',
+        ],
+        default_port=3306,
+        host_required=True,
+    )
+
+
+class MariaDBDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any MariaDB DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        allowed_schemes=['mariadb', 'mariadb+mariadbconnector', 'mariadb+pymysql'],
+        default_port=3306,
+    )
+
+
+class ClickHouseDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any ClickHouse DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host not required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        allowed_schemes=[
+            'clickhouse+native',
+            'clickhouse+asynch',
+            'clickhouse+http',
+            'clickhouse',
+            'clickhouses',
+            'clickhousedb',
+        ],
+        default_host='localhost',
+        default_port=9000,
+    )
+
+
+class SnowflakeDsn(AnyUrl):
+    """A type that will accept any Snowflake DSN.
+
+    * User info required
+    * TLD not required
+    * Host required
+    """
+
+    _constraints = UrlConstraints(
+        allowed_schemes=['snowflake'],
+        host_required=True,
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str:
+        """The required URL host."""
+        return self._url.host  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+def import_email_validator() -> None:
+    global email_validator
+    try:
+        import email_validator
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError('email-validator is not installed, run `pip install pydantic[email]`') from e
+    if not version('email-validator').partition('.')[0] == '2':
+        raise ImportError('email-validator version >= 2.0 required, run pip install -U email-validator')
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    EmailStr = Annotated[str, ...]
+else:
+
+    class EmailStr:
+        """
+        Info:
+            To use this type, you need to install the optional
+            [`email-validator`](https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator) package:
+
+            ```bash
+            pip install email-validator
+            ```
+
+        Validate email addresses.
+
+        ```python
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr
+
+        class Model(BaseModel):
+            email: EmailStr
+
+        print(Model(email='contact@mail.com'))
+        #> email='contact@mail.com'
+        ```
+        """  # noqa: D212
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls,
+            _source: type[Any],
+            _handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            import_email_validator()
+            return core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(cls._validate, core_schema.str_schema())
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+            cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _schema_generation_shared.GetJsonSchemaHandler
+        ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            field_schema = handler(core_schema)
+            field_schema.update(type='string', format='email')
+            return field_schema
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _validate(cls, input_value: str, /) -> str:
+            return validate_email(input_value)[1]
+
+
+class NameEmail(_repr.Representation):
+    """
+    Info:
+        To use this type, you need to install the optional
+        [`email-validator`](https://github.com/JoshData/python-email-validator) package:
+
+        ```bash
+        pip install email-validator
+        ```
+
+    Validate a name and email address combination, as specified by
+    [RFC 5322](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5322#section-3.4).
+
+    The `NameEmail` has two properties: `name` and `email`.
+    In case the `name` is not provided, it's inferred from the email address.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, NameEmail
+
+    class User(BaseModel):
+        email: NameEmail
+
+    user = User(email='Fred Bloggs <fred.bloggs@example.com>')
+    print(user.email)
+    #> Fred Bloggs <fred.bloggs@example.com>
+    print(user.email.name)
+    #> Fred Bloggs
+
+    user = User(email='fred.bloggs@example.com')
+    print(user.email)
+    #> fred.bloggs <fred.bloggs@example.com>
+    print(user.email.name)
+    #> fred.bloggs
+    ```
+    """  # noqa: D212
+
+    __slots__ = 'name', 'email'
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, email: str):
+        self.name = name
+        self.email = email
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, NameEmail) and (self.name, self.email) == (other.name, other.email)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _schema_generation_shared.GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        field_schema = handler(core_schema)
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='name-email')
+        return field_schema
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+        cls,
+        _source: type[Any],
+        _handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+    ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        import_email_validator()
+
+        return core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(
+            cls._validate,
+            core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                json_schema=core_schema.str_schema(),
+                python_schema=core_schema.union_schema(
+                    [core_schema.is_instance_schema(cls), core_schema.str_schema()],
+                    custom_error_type='name_email_type',
+                    custom_error_message='Input is not a valid NameEmail',
+                ),
+                serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema(),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate(cls, input_value: Self | str, /) -> Self:
+        if isinstance(input_value, str):
+            name, email = validate_email(input_value)
+            return cls(name, email)
+        else:
+            return input_value
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if '@' in self.name:
+            return f'"{self.name}" <{self.email}>'
+
+        return f'{self.name} <{self.email}>'
+
+
+IPvAnyAddressType: TypeAlias = 'IPv4Address | IPv6Address'
+IPvAnyInterfaceType: TypeAlias = 'IPv4Interface | IPv6Interface'
+IPvAnyNetworkType: TypeAlias = 'IPv4Network | IPv6Network'
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    IPvAnyAddress = IPvAnyAddressType
+    IPvAnyInterface = IPvAnyInterfaceType
+    IPvAnyNetwork = IPvAnyNetworkType
+else:
+
+    class IPvAnyAddress:
+        """Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
+
+        ```python
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+        from pydantic.networks import IPvAnyAddress
+
+        class IpModel(BaseModel):
+            ip: IPvAnyAddress
+
+        print(IpModel(ip='127.0.0.1'))
+        #> ip=IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
+
+        try:
+            IpModel(ip='http://www.example.com')
+        except ValueError as e:
+            print(e.errors())
+            '''
+            [
+                {
+                    'type': 'ip_any_address',
+                    'loc': ('ip',),
+                    'msg': 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address',
+                    'input': 'http://www.example.com',
+                }
+            ]
+            '''
+        ```
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, value: Any) -> IPvAnyAddressType:
+            """Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 address."""
+            try:
+                return IPv4Address(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                return IPv6Address(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise PydanticCustomError('ip_any_address', 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address')
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+            cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _schema_generation_shared.GetJsonSchemaHandler
+        ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            field_schema = {}
+            field_schema.update(type='string', format='ipvanyaddress')
+            return field_schema
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls,
+            _source: type[Any],
+            _handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                cls._validate, serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema()
+            )
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _validate(cls, input_value: Any, /) -> IPvAnyAddressType:
+            return cls(input_value)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    class IPvAnyInterface:
+        """Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 interface."""
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, value: NetworkType) -> IPvAnyInterfaceType:
+            """Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 interface."""
+            try:
+                return IPv4Interface(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                return IPv6Interface(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise PydanticCustomError('ip_any_interface', 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 interface')
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+            cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _schema_generation_shared.GetJsonSchemaHandler
+        ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            field_schema = {}
+            field_schema.update(type='string', format='ipvanyinterface')
+            return field_schema
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls,
+            _source: type[Any],
+            _handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                cls._validate, serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema()
+            )
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _validate(cls, input_value: NetworkType, /) -> IPvAnyInterfaceType:
+            return cls(input_value)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    class IPvAnyNetwork:
+        """Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 network."""
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, value: NetworkType) -> IPvAnyNetworkType:
+            """Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 network."""
+            # Assume IP Network is defined with a default value for `strict` argument.
+            # Define your own class if you want to specify network address check strictness.
+            try:
+                return IPv4Network(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                return IPv6Network(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise PydanticCustomError('ip_any_network', 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 network')
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+            cls, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: _schema_generation_shared.GetJsonSchemaHandler
+        ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            field_schema = {}
+            field_schema.update(type='string', format='ipvanynetwork')
+            return field_schema
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls,
+            _source: type[Any],
+            _handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler,
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                cls._validate, serialization=core_schema.to_string_ser_schema()
+            )
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _validate(cls, input_value: NetworkType, /) -> IPvAnyNetworkType:
+            return cls(input_value)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def _build_pretty_email_regex() -> re.Pattern[str]:
+    name_chars = r'[\w!#$%&\'*+\-/=?^_`{|}~]'
+    unquoted_name_group = rf'((?:{name_chars}+\s+)*{name_chars}+)'
+    quoted_name_group = r'"((?:[^"]|\")+)"'
+    email_group = r'<(.+)>'
+    return re.compile(rf'\s*(?:{unquoted_name_group}|{quoted_name_group})?\s*{email_group}\s*')
+
+
+pretty_email_regex = _build_pretty_email_regex()
+
+MAX_EMAIL_LENGTH = 2048
+"""Maximum length for an email.
+A somewhat arbitrary but very generous number compared to what is allowed by most implementations.
+"""
+
+
+def validate_email(value: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    """Email address validation using [email-validator](https://pypi.org/project/email-validator/).
+
+    Returns:
+        A tuple containing the local part of the email (or the name for "pretty" email addresses)
+            and the normalized email.
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticCustomError: If the email is invalid.
+
+    Note:
+        Note that:
+
+        * Raw IP address (literal) domain parts are not allowed.
+        * `"John Doe <local_part@domain.com>"` style "pretty" email addresses are processed.
+        * Spaces are striped from the beginning and end of addresses, but no error is raised.
+    """
+    if email_validator is None:
+        import_email_validator()
+
+    if len(value) > MAX_EMAIL_LENGTH:
+        raise PydanticCustomError(
+            'value_error',
+            'value is not a valid email address: {reason}',
+            {'reason': f'Length must not exceed {MAX_EMAIL_LENGTH} characters'},
+        )
+
+    m = pretty_email_regex.fullmatch(value)
+    name: str | None = None
+    if m:
+        unquoted_name, quoted_name, value = m.groups()
+        name = unquoted_name or quoted_name
+
+    email = value.strip()
+
+    try:
+        parts = email_validator.validate_email(email, check_deliverability=False)
+    except email_validator.EmailNotValidError as e:
+        raise PydanticCustomError(
+            'value_error', 'value is not a valid email address: {reason}', {'reason': str(e.args[0])}
+        ) from e
+
+    email = parts.normalized
+    assert email is not None
+    name = name or parts.local_part
+    return name, email
+
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/parse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/parse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68b7f046
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `parse` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36203058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+"""!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+    [Build a Plugin](../concepts/plugins.md#build-a-plugin)
+
+Plugin interface for Pydantic plugins, and related types.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, NamedTuple
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreConfig, CoreSchema, ValidationError
+from typing_extensions import Protocol, TypeAlias
+
+__all__ = (
+    'PydanticPluginProtocol',
+    'BaseValidateHandlerProtocol',
+    'ValidatePythonHandlerProtocol',
+    'ValidateJsonHandlerProtocol',
+    'ValidateStringsHandlerProtocol',
+    'NewSchemaReturns',
+    'SchemaTypePath',
+    'SchemaKind',
+)
+
+NewSchemaReturns: TypeAlias = 'tuple[ValidatePythonHandlerProtocol | None, ValidateJsonHandlerProtocol | None, ValidateStringsHandlerProtocol | None]'
+
+
+class SchemaTypePath(NamedTuple):
+    """Path defining where `schema_type` was defined, or where `TypeAdapter` was called."""
+
+    module: str
+    name: str
+
+
+SchemaKind: TypeAlias = Literal['BaseModel', 'TypeAdapter', 'dataclass', 'create_model', 'validate_call']
+
+
+class PydanticPluginProtocol(Protocol):
+    """Protocol defining the interface for Pydantic plugins."""
+
+    def new_schema_validator(
+        self,
+        schema: CoreSchema,
+        schema_type: Any,
+        schema_type_path: SchemaTypePath,
+        schema_kind: SchemaKind,
+        config: CoreConfig | None,
+        plugin_settings: dict[str, object],
+    ) -> tuple[
+        ValidatePythonHandlerProtocol | None, ValidateJsonHandlerProtocol | None, ValidateStringsHandlerProtocol | None
+    ]:
+        """This method is called for each plugin every time a new [`SchemaValidator`][pydantic_core.SchemaValidator]
+        is created.
+
+        It should return an event handler for each of the three validation methods, or `None` if the plugin does not
+        implement that method.
+
+        Args:
+            schema: The schema to validate against.
+            schema_type: The original type which the schema was created from, e.g. the model class.
+            schema_type_path: Path defining where `schema_type` was defined, or where `TypeAdapter` was called.
+            schema_kind: The kind of schema to validate against.
+            config: The config to use for validation.
+            plugin_settings: Any plugin settings.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple of optional event handlers for each of the three validation methods -
+                `validate_python`, `validate_json`, `validate_strings`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError('Pydantic plugins should implement `new_schema_validator`.')
+
+
+class BaseValidateHandlerProtocol(Protocol):
+    """Base class for plugin callbacks protocols.
+
+    You shouldn't implement this protocol directly, instead use one of the subclasses with adds the correctly
+    typed `on_error` method.
+    """
+
+    on_enter: Callable[..., None]
+    """`on_enter` is changed to be more specific on all subclasses"""
+
+    def on_success(self, result: Any) -> None:
+        """Callback to be notified of successful validation.
+
+        Args:
+            result: The result of the validation.
+        """
+        return
+
+    def on_error(self, error: ValidationError) -> None:
+        """Callback to be notified of validation errors.
+
+        Args:
+            error: The validation error.
+        """
+        return
+
+    def on_exception(self, exception: Exception) -> None:
+        """Callback to be notified of validation exceptions.
+
+        Args:
+            exception: The exception raised during validation.
+        """
+        return
+
+
+class ValidatePythonHandlerProtocol(BaseValidateHandlerProtocol, Protocol):
+    """Event handler for `SchemaValidator.validate_python`."""
+
+    def on_enter(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        self_instance: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Callback to be notified of validation start, and create an instance of the event handler.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The input to be validated.
+            strict: Whether to validate the object in strict mode.
+            from_attributes: Whether to validate objects as inputs by extracting attributes.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators.
+            self_instance: An instance of a model to set attributes on from validation, this is used when running
+                validation from the `__init__` method of a model.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias to match the input data to an attribute.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name to match the input data to an attribute.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class ValidateJsonHandlerProtocol(BaseValidateHandlerProtocol, Protocol):
+    """Event handler for `SchemaValidator.validate_json`."""
+
+    def on_enter(
+        self,
+        input: str | bytes | bytearray,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        self_instance: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Callback to be notified of validation start, and create an instance of the event handler.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The JSON data to be validated.
+            strict: Whether to validate the object in strict mode.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators.
+            self_instance: An instance of a model to set attributes on from validation, this is used when running
+                validation from the `__init__` method of a model.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias to match the input data to an attribute.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name to match the input data to an attribute.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+StringInput: TypeAlias = 'dict[str, StringInput]'
+
+
+class ValidateStringsHandlerProtocol(BaseValidateHandlerProtocol, Protocol):
+    """Event handler for `SchemaValidator.validate_strings`."""
+
+    def on_enter(
+        self,
+        input: StringInput,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Callback to be notified of validation start, and create an instance of the event handler.
+
+        Args:
+            input: The string data to be validated.
+            strict: Whether to validate the object in strict mode.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias to match the input data to an attribute.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name to match the input data to an attribute.
+        """
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__pycache__/_loader.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__pycache__/_loader.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__pycache__/_schema_validator.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/__pycache__/_schema_validator.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe456e15
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/_loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/_loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d1f0f29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/_loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib.metadata as importlib_metadata
+import os
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Final
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import PydanticPluginProtocol
+
+
+PYDANTIC_ENTRY_POINT_GROUP: Final[str] = 'pydantic'
+
+# cache of plugins
+_plugins: dict[str, PydanticPluginProtocol] | None = None
+# return no plugins while loading plugins to avoid recursion and errors while import plugins
+# this means that if plugins use pydantic
+_loading_plugins: bool = False
+
+
+def get_plugins() -> Iterable[PydanticPluginProtocol]:
+    """Load plugins for Pydantic.
+
+    Inspired by: https://github.com/pytest-dev/pluggy/blob/1.3.0/src/pluggy/_manager.py#L376-L402
+    """
+    disabled_plugins = os.getenv('PYDANTIC_DISABLE_PLUGINS')
+    global _plugins, _loading_plugins
+    if _loading_plugins:
+        # this happens when plugins themselves use pydantic, we return no plugins
+        return ()
+    elif disabled_plugins in ('__all__', '1', 'true'):
+        return ()
+    elif _plugins is None:
+        _plugins = {}
+        # set _loading_plugins so any plugins that use pydantic don't themselves use plugins
+        _loading_plugins = True
+        try:
+            for dist in importlib_metadata.distributions():
+                for entry_point in dist.entry_points:
+                    if entry_point.group != PYDANTIC_ENTRY_POINT_GROUP:
+                        continue
+                    if entry_point.value in _plugins:
+                        continue
+                    if disabled_plugins is not None and entry_point.name in disabled_plugins.split(','):
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        _plugins[entry_point.value] = entry_point.load()
+                    except (ImportError, AttributeError) as e:
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            f'{e.__class__.__name__} while loading the `{entry_point.name}` Pydantic plugin, '
+                            f'this plugin will not be installed.\n\n{e!r}'
+                        )
+        finally:
+            _loading_plugins = False
+
+    return _plugins.values()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/_schema_validator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/_schema_validator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83f2562b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/plugin/_schema_validator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+"""Pluggable schema validator for pydantic."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreConfig, CoreSchema, SchemaValidator, ValidationError
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import BaseValidateHandlerProtocol, PydanticPluginProtocol, SchemaKind, SchemaTypePath
+
+
+P = ParamSpec('P')
+R = TypeVar('R')
+Event = Literal['on_validate_python', 'on_validate_json', 'on_validate_strings']
+events: list[Event] = list(Event.__args__)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def create_schema_validator(
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    schema_type: Any,
+    schema_type_module: str,
+    schema_type_name: str,
+    schema_kind: SchemaKind,
+    config: CoreConfig | None = None,
+    plugin_settings: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> SchemaValidator | PluggableSchemaValidator:
+    """Create a `SchemaValidator` or `PluggableSchemaValidator` if plugins are installed.
+
+    Returns:
+        If plugins are installed then return `PluggableSchemaValidator`, otherwise return `SchemaValidator`.
+    """
+    from . import SchemaTypePath
+    from ._loader import get_plugins
+
+    plugins = get_plugins()
+    if plugins:
+        return PluggableSchemaValidator(
+            schema,
+            schema_type,
+            SchemaTypePath(schema_type_module, schema_type_name),
+            schema_kind,
+            config,
+            plugins,
+            plugin_settings or {},
+        )
+    else:
+        return SchemaValidator(schema, config)
+
+
+class PluggableSchemaValidator:
+    """Pluggable schema validator."""
+
+    __slots__ = '_schema_validator', 'validate_json', 'validate_python', 'validate_strings'
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        schema: CoreSchema,
+        schema_type: Any,
+        schema_type_path: SchemaTypePath,
+        schema_kind: SchemaKind,
+        config: CoreConfig | None,
+        plugins: Iterable[PydanticPluginProtocol],
+        plugin_settings: dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._schema_validator = SchemaValidator(schema, config)
+
+        python_event_handlers: list[BaseValidateHandlerProtocol] = []
+        json_event_handlers: list[BaseValidateHandlerProtocol] = []
+        strings_event_handlers: list[BaseValidateHandlerProtocol] = []
+        for plugin in plugins:
+            try:
+                p, j, s = plugin.new_schema_validator(
+                    schema, schema_type, schema_type_path, schema_kind, config, plugin_settings
+                )
+            except TypeError as e:  # pragma: no cover
+                raise TypeError(f'Error using plugin `{plugin.__module__}:{plugin.__class__.__name__}`: {e}') from e
+            if p is not None:
+                python_event_handlers.append(p)
+            if j is not None:
+                json_event_handlers.append(j)
+            if s is not None:
+                strings_event_handlers.append(s)
+
+        self.validate_python = build_wrapper(self._schema_validator.validate_python, python_event_handlers)
+        self.validate_json = build_wrapper(self._schema_validator.validate_json, json_event_handlers)
+        self.validate_strings = build_wrapper(self._schema_validator.validate_strings, strings_event_handlers)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self._schema_validator, name)
+
+
+def build_wrapper(func: Callable[P, R], event_handlers: list[BaseValidateHandlerProtocol]) -> Callable[P, R]:
+    if not event_handlers:
+        return func
+    else:
+        on_enters = tuple(h.on_enter for h in event_handlers if filter_handlers(h, 'on_enter'))
+        on_successes = tuple(h.on_success for h in event_handlers if filter_handlers(h, 'on_success'))
+        on_errors = tuple(h.on_error for h in event_handlers if filter_handlers(h, 'on_error'))
+        on_exceptions = tuple(h.on_exception for h in event_handlers if filter_handlers(h, 'on_exception'))
+
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> R:
+            for on_enter_handler in on_enters:
+                on_enter_handler(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            try:
+                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
+            except ValidationError as error:
+                for on_error_handler in on_errors:
+                    on_error_handler(error)
+                raise
+            except Exception as exception:
+                for on_exception_handler in on_exceptions:
+                    on_exception_handler(exception)
+                raise
+            else:
+                for on_success_handler in on_successes:
+                    on_success_handler(result)
+                return result
+
+        return wrapper
+
+
+def filter_handlers(handler_cls: BaseValidateHandlerProtocol, method_name: str) -> bool:
+    """Filter out handler methods which are not implemented by the plugin directly - e.g. are missing
+    or are inherited from the protocol.
+    """
+    handler = getattr(handler_cls, method_name, None)
+    if handler is None:
+        return False
+    elif handler.__module__ == 'pydantic.plugin':
+        # this is the original handler, from the protocol due to runtime inheritance
+        # we don't want to call it
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/root_model.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/root_model.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b3ff014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/root_model.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+"""RootModel class and type definitions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import typing
+from copy import copy, deepcopy
+
+from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+
+from . import PydanticUserError
+from ._internal import _model_construction, _repr
+from .main import BaseModel, _object_setattr
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Any, Literal
+
+    from typing_extensions import Self, dataclass_transform
+
+    from .fields import Field as PydanticModelField
+    from .fields import PrivateAttr as PydanticModelPrivateAttr
+
+    # dataclass_transform could be applied to RootModel directly, but `ModelMetaclass`'s dataclass_transform
+    # takes priority (at least with pyright). We trick type checkers into thinking we apply dataclass_transform
+    # on a new metaclass.
+    @dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=False, field_specifiers=(PydanticModelField, PydanticModelPrivateAttr))
+    class _RootModelMetaclass(_model_construction.ModelMetaclass): ...
+else:
+    _RootModelMetaclass = _model_construction.ModelMetaclass
+
+__all__ = ('RootModel',)
+
+RootModelRootType = typing.TypeVar('RootModelRootType')
+
+
+class RootModel(BaseModel, typing.Generic[RootModelRootType], metaclass=_RootModelMetaclass):
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [`RootModel` and Custom Root Types](../concepts/models.md#rootmodel-and-custom-root-types)
+
+    A Pydantic `BaseModel` for the root object of the model.
+
+    Attributes:
+        root: The root object of the model.
+        __pydantic_root_model__: Whether the model is a RootModel.
+        __pydantic_private__: Private fields in the model.
+        __pydantic_extra__: Extra fields in the model.
+
+    """
+
+    __pydantic_root_model__ = True
+    __pydantic_private__ = None
+    __pydantic_extra__ = None
+
+    root: RootModelRootType
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
+        extra = cls.model_config.get('extra')
+        if extra is not None:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                "`RootModel` does not support setting `model_config['extra']`", code='root-model-extra'
+            )
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(self, /, root: RootModelRootType = PydanticUndefined, **data) -> None:  # type: ignore
+        __tracebackhide__ = True
+        if data:
+            if root is not PydanticUndefined:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    '"RootModel.__init__" accepts either a single positional argument or arbitrary keyword arguments'
+                )
+            root = data  # type: ignore
+        self.__pydantic_validator__.validate_python(root, self_instance=self)
+
+    __init__.__pydantic_base_init__ = True  # pyright: ignore[reportFunctionMemberAccess]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def model_construct(cls, root: RootModelRootType, _fields_set: set[str] | None = None) -> Self:  # type: ignore
+        """Create a new model using the provided root object and update fields set.
+
+        Args:
+            root: The root object of the model.
+            _fields_set: The set of fields to be updated.
+
+        Returns:
+            The new model.
+
+        Raises:
+            NotImplemented: If the model is not a subclass of `RootModel`.
+        """
+        return super().model_construct(root=root, _fields_set=_fields_set)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> dict[Any, Any]:
+        return {
+            '__dict__': self.__dict__,
+            '__pydantic_fields_set__': self.__pydantic_fields_set__,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: dict[Any, Any]) -> None:
+        _object_setattr(self, '__pydantic_fields_set__', state['__pydantic_fields_set__'])
+        _object_setattr(self, '__dict__', state['__dict__'])
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> Self:
+        """Returns a shallow copy of the model."""
+        cls = type(self)
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        _object_setattr(m, '__dict__', copy(self.__dict__))
+        _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_fields_set__', copy(self.__pydantic_fields_set__))
+        return m
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict[int, Any] | None = None) -> Self:
+        """Returns a deep copy of the model."""
+        cls = type(self)
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        _object_setattr(m, '__dict__', deepcopy(self.__dict__, memo=memo))
+        # This next line doesn't need a deepcopy because __pydantic_fields_set__ is a set[str],
+        # and attempting a deepcopy would be marginally slower.
+        _object_setattr(m, '__pydantic_fields_set__', copy(self.__pydantic_fields_set__))
+        return m
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def model_dump(  # type: ignore
+            self,
+            *,
+            mode: Literal['json', 'python'] | str = 'python',
+            include: Any = None,
+            exclude: Any = None,
+            context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+            by_alias: bool | None = None,
+            exclude_unset: bool = False,
+            exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+            exclude_none: bool = False,
+            round_trip: bool = False,
+            warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True,
+            serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+        ) -> Any:
+            """This method is included just to get a more accurate return type for type checkers.
+            It is included in this `if TYPE_CHECKING:` block since no override is actually necessary.
+
+            See the documentation of `BaseModel.model_dump` for more details about the arguments.
+
+            Generally, this method will have a return type of `RootModelRootType`, assuming that `RootModelRootType` is
+            not a `BaseModel` subclass. If `RootModelRootType` is a `BaseModel` subclass, then the return
+            type will likely be `dict[str, Any]`, as `model_dump` calls are recursive. The return type could
+            even be something different, in the case of a custom serializer.
+            Thus, `Any` is used here to catch all of these cases.
+            """
+            ...
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, RootModel):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__pydantic_fields__['root'].annotation == other.__pydantic_fields__[
+            'root'
+        ].annotation and super().__eq__(other)
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> _repr.ReprArgs:
+        yield 'root', self.root
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3245a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `schema` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fdc68c4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `tools` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/type_adapter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/type_adapter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6cdaba8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/type_adapter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,727 @@
+"""Type adapter specification."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable
+from dataclasses import is_dataclass
+from types import FrameType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Generic,
+    Literal,
+    TypeVar,
+    cast,
+    final,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, SchemaSerializer, SchemaValidator, Some
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, is_typeddict
+
+from pydantic.errors import PydanticUserError
+from pydantic.main import BaseModel, IncEx
+
+from ._internal import _config, _generate_schema, _mock_val_ser, _namespace_utils, _repr, _typing_extra, _utils
+from .config import ConfigDict
+from .errors import PydanticUndefinedAnnotation
+from .json_schema import (
+    DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+    GenerateJsonSchema,
+    JsonSchemaKeyT,
+    JsonSchemaMode,
+    JsonSchemaValue,
+)
+from .plugin._schema_validator import PluggableSchemaValidator, create_schema_validator
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+R = TypeVar('R')
+P = ParamSpec('P')
+TypeAdapterT = TypeVar('TypeAdapterT', bound='TypeAdapter')
+
+
+def _getattr_no_parents(obj: Any, attribute: str) -> Any:
+    """Returns the attribute value without attempting to look up attributes from parent types."""
+    if hasattr(obj, '__dict__'):
+        try:
+            return obj.__dict__[attribute]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    slots = getattr(obj, '__slots__', None)
+    if slots is not None and attribute in slots:
+        return getattr(obj, attribute)
+    else:
+        raise AttributeError(attribute)
+
+
+def _type_has_config(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    """Returns whether the type has config."""
+    type_ = _typing_extra.annotated_type(type_) or type_
+    try:
+        return issubclass(type_, BaseModel) or is_dataclass(type_) or is_typeddict(type_)
+    except TypeError:
+        # type is not a class
+        return False
+
+
+@final
+class TypeAdapter(Generic[T]):
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [`TypeAdapter`](../concepts/type_adapter.md)
+
+    Type adapters provide a flexible way to perform validation and serialization based on a Python type.
+
+    A `TypeAdapter` instance exposes some of the functionality from `BaseModel` instance methods
+    for types that do not have such methods (such as dataclasses, primitive types, and more).
+
+    **Note:** `TypeAdapter` instances are not types, and cannot be used as type annotations for fields.
+
+    Args:
+        type: The type associated with the `TypeAdapter`.
+        config: Configuration for the `TypeAdapter`, should be a dictionary conforming to
+            [`ConfigDict`][pydantic.config.ConfigDict].
+
+            !!! note
+                You cannot provide a configuration when instantiating a `TypeAdapter` if the type you're using
+                has its own config that cannot be overridden (ex: `BaseModel`, `TypedDict`, and `dataclass`). A
+                [`type-adapter-config-unused`](../errors/usage_errors.md#type-adapter-config-unused) error will
+                be raised in this case.
+        _parent_depth: Depth at which to search for the [parent frame][frame-objects]. This frame is used when
+            resolving forward annotations during schema building, by looking for the globals and locals of this
+            frame. Defaults to 2, which will result in the frame where the `TypeAdapter` was instantiated.
+
+            !!! note
+                This parameter is named with an underscore to suggest its private nature and discourage use.
+                It may be deprecated in a minor version, so we only recommend using it if you're comfortable
+                with potential change in behavior/support. It's default value is 2 because internally,
+                the `TypeAdapter` class makes another call to fetch the frame.
+        module: The module that passes to plugin if provided.
+
+    Attributes:
+        core_schema: The core schema for the type.
+        validator: The schema validator for the type.
+        serializer: The schema serializer for the type.
+        pydantic_complete: Whether the core schema for the type is successfully built.
+
+    ??? tip "Compatibility with `mypy`"
+        Depending on the type used, `mypy` might raise an error when instantiating a `TypeAdapter`. As a workaround, you can explicitly
+        annotate your variable:
+
+        ```py
+        from typing import Union
+
+        from pydantic import TypeAdapter
+
+        ta: TypeAdapter[Union[str, int]] = TypeAdapter(Union[str, int])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        ```
+
+    ??? info "Namespace management nuances and implementation details"
+
+        Here, we collect some notes on namespace management, and subtle differences from `BaseModel`:
+
+        `BaseModel` uses its own `__module__` to find out where it was defined
+        and then looks for symbols to resolve forward references in those globals.
+        On the other hand, `TypeAdapter` can be initialized with arbitrary objects,
+        which may not be types and thus do not have a `__module__` available.
+        So instead we look at the globals in our parent stack frame.
+
+        It is expected that the `ns_resolver` passed to this function will have the correct
+        namespace for the type we're adapting. See the source code for `TypeAdapter.__init__`
+        and `TypeAdapter.rebuild` for various ways to construct this namespace.
+
+        This works for the case where this function is called in a module that
+        has the target of forward references in its scope, but
+        does not always work for more complex cases.
+
+        For example, take the following:
+
+        ```python {title="a.py"}
+        IntList = list[int]
+        OuterDict = dict[str, 'IntList']
+        ```
+
+        ```python {test="skip" title="b.py"}
+        from a import OuterDict
+
+        from pydantic import TypeAdapter
+
+        IntList = int  # replaces the symbol the forward reference is looking for
+        v = TypeAdapter(OuterDict)
+        v({'x': 1})  # should fail but doesn't
+        ```
+
+        If `OuterDict` were a `BaseModel`, this would work because it would resolve
+        the forward reference within the `a.py` namespace.
+        But `TypeAdapter(OuterDict)` can't determine what module `OuterDict` came from.
+
+        In other words, the assumption that _all_ forward references exist in the
+        module we are being called from is not technically always true.
+        Although most of the time it is and it works fine for recursive models and such,
+        `BaseModel`'s behavior isn't perfect either and _can_ break in similar ways,
+        so there is no right or wrong between the two.
+
+        But at the very least this behavior is _subtly_ different from `BaseModel`'s.
+    """
+
+    core_schema: CoreSchema
+    validator: SchemaValidator | PluggableSchemaValidator
+    serializer: SchemaSerializer
+    pydantic_complete: bool
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        type: type[T],
+        *,
+        config: ConfigDict | None = ...,
+        _parent_depth: int = ...,
+        module: str | None = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    # This second overload is for unsupported special forms (such as Annotated, Union, etc.)
+    # Currently there is no way to type this correctly
+    # See https://github.com/python/typing/pull/1618
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        type: Any,
+        *,
+        config: ConfigDict | None = ...,
+        _parent_depth: int = ...,
+        module: str | None = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        type: Any,
+        *,
+        config: ConfigDict | None = None,
+        _parent_depth: int = 2,
+        module: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if _type_has_config(type) and config is not None:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'Cannot use `config` when the type is a BaseModel, dataclass or TypedDict.'
+                ' These types can have their own config and setting the config via the `config`'
+                ' parameter to TypeAdapter will not override it, thus the `config` you passed to'
+                ' TypeAdapter becomes meaningless, which is probably not what you want.',
+                code='type-adapter-config-unused',
+            )
+
+        self._type = type
+        self._config = config
+        self._parent_depth = _parent_depth
+        self.pydantic_complete = False
+
+        parent_frame = self._fetch_parent_frame()
+        if parent_frame is not None:
+            globalns = parent_frame.f_globals
+            # Do not provide a local ns if the type adapter happens to be instantiated at the module level:
+            localns = parent_frame.f_locals if parent_frame.f_locals is not globalns else {}
+        else:
+            globalns = {}
+            localns = {}
+
+        self._module_name = module or cast(str, globalns.get('__name__', ''))
+        self._init_core_attrs(
+            ns_resolver=_namespace_utils.NsResolver(
+                namespaces_tuple=_namespace_utils.NamespacesTuple(locals=localns, globals=globalns),
+                parent_namespace=localns,
+            ),
+            force=False,
+        )
+
+    def _fetch_parent_frame(self) -> FrameType | None:
+        frame = sys._getframe(self._parent_depth)
+        if frame.f_globals.get('__name__') == 'typing':
+            # Because `TypeAdapter` is generic, explicitly parametrizing the class results
+            # in a `typing._GenericAlias` instance, which proxies instantiation calls to the
+            # "real" `TypeAdapter` class and thus adding an extra frame to the call. To avoid
+            # pulling anything from the `typing` module, use the correct frame (the one before):
+            return frame.f_back
+
+        return frame
+
+    def _init_core_attrs(
+        self, ns_resolver: _namespace_utils.NsResolver, force: bool, raise_errors: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Initialize the core schema, validator, and serializer for the type.
+
+        Args:
+            ns_resolver: The namespace resolver to use when building the core schema for the adapted type.
+            force: Whether to force the construction of the core schema, validator, and serializer.
+                If `force` is set to `False` and `_defer_build` is `True`, the core schema, validator, and serializer will be set to mocks.
+            raise_errors: Whether to raise errors if initializing any of the core attrs fails.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if the core schema, validator, and serializer were successfully initialized, otherwise `False`.
+
+        Raises:
+            PydanticUndefinedAnnotation: If `PydanticUndefinedAnnotation` occurs in`__get_pydantic_core_schema__`
+                and `raise_errors=True`.
+        """
+        if not force and self._defer_build:
+            _mock_val_ser.set_type_adapter_mocks(self)
+            self.pydantic_complete = False
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            self.core_schema = _getattr_no_parents(self._type, '__pydantic_core_schema__')
+            self.validator = _getattr_no_parents(self._type, '__pydantic_validator__')
+            self.serializer = _getattr_no_parents(self._type, '__pydantic_serializer__')
+
+            # TODO: we don't go through the rebuild logic here directly because we don't want
+            # to repeat all of the namespace fetching logic that we've already done
+            # so we simply skip to the block below that does the actual schema generation
+            if (
+                isinstance(self.core_schema, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema)
+                or isinstance(self.validator, _mock_val_ser.MockValSer)
+                or isinstance(self.serializer, _mock_val_ser.MockValSer)
+            ):
+                raise AttributeError()
+        except AttributeError:
+            config_wrapper = _config.ConfigWrapper(self._config)
+
+            schema_generator = _generate_schema.GenerateSchema(config_wrapper, ns_resolver=ns_resolver)
+
+            try:
+                core_schema = schema_generator.generate_schema(self._type)
+            except PydanticUndefinedAnnotation:
+                if raise_errors:
+                    raise
+                _mock_val_ser.set_type_adapter_mocks(self)
+                return False
+
+            try:
+                self.core_schema = schema_generator.clean_schema(core_schema)
+            except _generate_schema.InvalidSchemaError:
+                _mock_val_ser.set_type_adapter_mocks(self)
+                return False
+
+            core_config = config_wrapper.core_config(None)
+
+            self.validator = create_schema_validator(
+                schema=self.core_schema,
+                schema_type=self._type,
+                schema_type_module=self._module_name,
+                schema_type_name=str(self._type),
+                schema_kind='TypeAdapter',
+                config=core_config,
+                plugin_settings=config_wrapper.plugin_settings,
+            )
+            self.serializer = SchemaSerializer(self.core_schema, core_config)
+
+        self.pydantic_complete = True
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def _defer_build(self) -> bool:
+        config = self._config if self._config is not None else self._model_config
+        if config:
+            return config.get('defer_build') is True
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def _model_config(self) -> ConfigDict | None:
+        type_: Any = _typing_extra.annotated_type(self._type) or self._type  # Eg FastAPI heavily uses Annotated
+        if _utils.lenient_issubclass(type_, BaseModel):
+            return type_.model_config
+        return getattr(type_, '__pydantic_config__', None)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'TypeAdapter({_repr.display_as_type(self._type)})'
+
+    def rebuild(
+        self,
+        *,
+        force: bool = False,
+        raise_errors: bool = True,
+        _parent_namespace_depth: int = 2,
+        _types_namespace: _namespace_utils.MappingNamespace | None = None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        """Try to rebuild the pydantic-core schema for the adapter's type.
+
+        This may be necessary when one of the annotations is a ForwardRef which could not be resolved during
+        the initial attempt to build the schema, and automatic rebuilding fails.
+
+        Args:
+            force: Whether to force the rebuilding of the type adapter's schema, defaults to `False`.
+            raise_errors: Whether to raise errors, defaults to `True`.
+            _parent_namespace_depth: Depth at which to search for the [parent frame][frame-objects]. This
+                frame is used when resolving forward annotations during schema rebuilding, by looking for
+                the locals of this frame. Defaults to 2, which will result in the frame where the method
+                was called.
+            _types_namespace: An explicit types namespace to use, instead of using the local namespace
+                from the parent frame. Defaults to `None`.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns `None` if the schema is already "complete" and rebuilding was not required.
+            If rebuilding _was_ required, returns `True` if rebuilding was successful, otherwise `False`.
+        """
+        if not force and self.pydantic_complete:
+            return None
+
+        if _types_namespace is not None:
+            rebuild_ns = _types_namespace
+        elif _parent_namespace_depth > 0:
+            rebuild_ns = _typing_extra.parent_frame_namespace(parent_depth=_parent_namespace_depth, force=True) or {}
+        else:
+            rebuild_ns = {}
+
+        # we have to manually fetch globals here because there's no type on the stack of the NsResolver
+        # and so we skip the globalns = get_module_ns_of(typ) call that would normally happen
+        globalns = sys._getframe(max(_parent_namespace_depth - 1, 1)).f_globals
+        ns_resolver = _namespace_utils.NsResolver(
+            namespaces_tuple=_namespace_utils.NamespacesTuple(locals=rebuild_ns, globals=globalns),
+            parent_namespace=rebuild_ns,
+        )
+        return self._init_core_attrs(ns_resolver=ns_resolver, force=True, raise_errors=raise_errors)
+
+    def validate_python(
+        self,
+        object: Any,
+        /,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        experimental_allow_partial: bool | Literal['off', 'on', 'trailing-strings'] = False,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> T:
+        """Validate a Python object against the model.
+
+        Args:
+            object: The Python object to validate against the model.
+            strict: Whether to strictly check types.
+            from_attributes: Whether to extract data from object attributes.
+            context: Additional context to pass to the validator.
+            experimental_allow_partial: **Experimental** whether to enable
+                [partial validation](../concepts/experimental.md#partial-validation), e.g. to process streams.
+                * False / 'off': Default behavior, no partial validation.
+                * True / 'on': Enable partial validation.
+                * 'trailing-strings': Enable partial validation and allow trailing strings in the input.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        !!! note
+            When using `TypeAdapter` with a Pydantic `dataclass`, the use of the `from_attributes`
+            argument is not supported.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated object.
+        """
+        if by_alias is False and by_name is not True:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'At least one of `by_alias` or `by_name` must be set to True.',
+                code='validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+            )
+
+        return self.validator.validate_python(
+            object,
+            strict=strict,
+            from_attributes=from_attributes,
+            context=context,
+            allow_partial=experimental_allow_partial,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            by_name=by_name,
+        )
+
+    def validate_json(
+        self,
+        data: str | bytes | bytearray,
+        /,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        experimental_allow_partial: bool | Literal['off', 'on', 'trailing-strings'] = False,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> T:
+        """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+            [JSON Parsing](../concepts/json.md#json-parsing)
+
+        Validate a JSON string or bytes against the model.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The JSON data to validate against the model.
+            strict: Whether to strictly check types.
+            context: Additional context to use during validation.
+            experimental_allow_partial: **Experimental** whether to enable
+                [partial validation](../concepts/experimental.md#partial-validation), e.g. to process streams.
+                * False / 'off': Default behavior, no partial validation.
+                * True / 'on': Enable partial validation.
+                * 'trailing-strings': Enable partial validation and allow trailing strings in the input.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated object.
+        """
+        if by_alias is False and by_name is not True:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'At least one of `by_alias` or `by_name` must be set to True.',
+                code='validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+            )
+
+        return self.validator.validate_json(
+            data,
+            strict=strict,
+            context=context,
+            allow_partial=experimental_allow_partial,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            by_name=by_name,
+        )
+
+    def validate_strings(
+        self,
+        obj: Any,
+        /,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        experimental_allow_partial: bool | Literal['off', 'on', 'trailing-strings'] = False,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> T:
+        """Validate object contains string data against the model.
+
+        Args:
+            obj: The object contains string data to validate.
+            strict: Whether to strictly check types.
+            context: Additional context to use during validation.
+            experimental_allow_partial: **Experimental** whether to enable
+                [partial validation](../concepts/experimental.md#partial-validation), e.g. to process streams.
+                * False / 'off': Default behavior, no partial validation.
+                * True / 'on': Enable partial validation.
+                * 'trailing-strings': Enable partial validation and allow trailing strings in the input.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated object.
+        """
+        if by_alias is False and by_name is not True:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                'At least one of `by_alias` or `by_name` must be set to True.',
+                code='validate-by-alias-and-name-false',
+            )
+
+        return self.validator.validate_strings(
+            obj,
+            strict=strict,
+            context=context,
+            allow_partial=experimental_allow_partial,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            by_name=by_name,
+        )
+
+    def get_default_value(self, *, strict: bool | None = None, context: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> Some[T] | None:
+        """Get the default value for the wrapped type.
+
+        Args:
+            strict: Whether to strictly check types.
+            context: Additional context to pass to the validator.
+
+        Returns:
+            The default value wrapped in a `Some` if there is one or None if not.
+        """
+        return self.validator.get_default_value(strict=strict, context=context)
+
+    def dump_python(
+        self,
+        instance: T,
+        /,
+        *,
+        mode: Literal['json', 'python'] = 'python',
+        include: IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        round_trip: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True,
+        fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+        serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Dump an instance of the adapted type to a Python object.
+
+        Args:
+            instance: The Python object to serialize.
+            mode: The output format.
+            include: Fields to include in the output.
+            exclude: Fields to exclude from the output.
+            by_alias: Whether to use alias names for field names.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude unset fields.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields with default values.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields with None values.
+            round_trip: Whether to output the serialized data in a way that is compatible with deserialization.
+            warnings: How to handle serialization errors. False/"none" ignores them, True/"warn" logs errors,
+                "error" raises a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].
+            fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered. If not provided,
+                a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+            serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+            context: Additional context to pass to the serializer.
+
+        Returns:
+            The serialized object.
+        """
+        return self.serializer.to_python(
+            instance,
+            mode=mode,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            round_trip=round_trip,
+            warnings=warnings,
+            fallback=fallback,
+            serialize_as_any=serialize_as_any,
+            context=context,
+        )
+
+    def dump_json(
+        self,
+        instance: T,
+        /,
+        *,
+        indent: int | None = None,
+        include: IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: IncEx | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        round_trip: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True,
+        fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+        serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+        context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+            [JSON Serialization](../concepts/json.md#json-serialization)
+
+        Serialize an instance of the adapted type to JSON.
+
+        Args:
+            instance: The instance to be serialized.
+            indent: Number of spaces for JSON indentation.
+            include: Fields to include.
+            exclude: Fields to exclude.
+            by_alias: Whether to use alias names for field names.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude unset fields.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields with default values.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields with a value of `None`.
+            round_trip: Whether to serialize and deserialize the instance to ensure round-tripping.
+            warnings: How to handle serialization errors. False/"none" ignores them, True/"warn" logs errors,
+                "error" raises a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].
+            fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered. If not provided,
+                a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+            serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+            context: Additional context to pass to the serializer.
+
+        Returns:
+            The JSON representation of the given instance as bytes.
+        """
+        return self.serializer.to_json(
+            instance,
+            indent=indent,
+            include=include,
+            exclude=exclude,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+            exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+            exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            round_trip=round_trip,
+            warnings=warnings,
+            fallback=fallback,
+            serialize_as_any=serialize_as_any,
+            context=context,
+        )
+
+    def json_schema(
+        self,
+        *,
+        by_alias: bool = True,
+        ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+        schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+        mode: JsonSchemaMode = 'validation',
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Generate a JSON schema for the adapted type.
+
+        Args:
+            by_alias: Whether to use alias names for field names.
+            ref_template: The format string used for generating $ref strings.
+            schema_generator: The generator class used for creating the schema.
+            mode: The mode to use for schema generation.
+
+        Returns:
+            The JSON schema for the model as a dictionary.
+        """
+        schema_generator_instance = schema_generator(by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template)
+        if isinstance(self.core_schema, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema):
+            self.core_schema.rebuild()
+            assert not isinstance(self.core_schema, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema), 'this is a bug! please report it'
+        return schema_generator_instance.generate(self.core_schema, mode=mode)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def json_schemas(
+        inputs: Iterable[tuple[JsonSchemaKeyT, JsonSchemaMode, TypeAdapter[Any]]],
+        /,
+        *,
+        by_alias: bool = True,
+        title: str | None = None,
+        description: str | None = None,
+        ref_template: str = DEFAULT_REF_TEMPLATE,
+        schema_generator: type[GenerateJsonSchema] = GenerateJsonSchema,
+    ) -> tuple[dict[tuple[JsonSchemaKeyT, JsonSchemaMode], JsonSchemaValue], JsonSchemaValue]:
+        """Generate a JSON schema including definitions from multiple type adapters.
+
+        Args:
+            inputs: Inputs to schema generation. The first two items will form the keys of the (first)
+                output mapping; the type adapters will provide the core schemas that get converted into
+                definitions in the output JSON schema.
+            by_alias: Whether to use alias names.
+            title: The title for the schema.
+            description: The description for the schema.
+            ref_template: The format string used for generating $ref strings.
+            schema_generator: The generator class used for creating the schema.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple where:
+
+                - The first element is a dictionary whose keys are tuples of JSON schema key type and JSON mode, and
+                    whose values are the JSON schema corresponding to that pair of inputs. (These schemas may have
+                    JsonRef references to definitions that are defined in the second returned element.)
+                - The second element is a JSON schema containing all definitions referenced in the first returned
+                    element, along with the optional title and description keys.
+
+        """
+        schema_generator_instance = schema_generator(by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template)
+
+        inputs_ = []
+        for key, mode, adapter in inputs:
+            # This is the same pattern we follow for model json schemas - we attempt a core schema rebuild if we detect a mock
+            if isinstance(adapter.core_schema, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema):
+                adapter.core_schema.rebuild()
+                assert not isinstance(adapter.core_schema, _mock_val_ser.MockCoreSchema), (
+                    'this is a bug! please report it'
+                )
+            inputs_.append((key, mode, adapter.core_schema))
+
+        json_schemas_map, definitions = schema_generator_instance.generate_definitions(inputs_)
+
+        json_schema: dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if definitions:
+            json_schema['$defs'] = definitions
+        if title:
+            json_schema['title'] = title
+        if description:
+            json_schema['description'] = description
+
+        return json_schemas_map, json_schema
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5c4fd60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3285 @@
+"""The types module contains custom types used by pydantic."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import base64
+import dataclasses as _dataclasses
+import re
+from collections.abc import Hashable, Iterator
+from datetime import date, datetime
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import Path
+from re import Pattern
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Annotated,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    ClassVar,
+    Generic,
+    Literal,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+
+import annotated_types
+from annotated_types import BaseMetadata, MaxLen, MinLen
+from pydantic_core import CoreSchema, PydanticCustomError, SchemaSerializer, core_schema
+from typing_extensions import Protocol, TypeAlias, TypeAliasType, deprecated, get_args, get_origin
+from typing_inspection.introspection import is_union_origin
+
+from ._internal import _fields, _internal_dataclass, _utils, _validators
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+from .annotated_handlers import GetCoreSchemaHandler, GetJsonSchemaHandler
+from .errors import PydanticUserError
+from .json_schema import JsonSchemaValue
+from .warnings import PydanticDeprecatedSince20
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._internal._core_metadata import CoreMetadata
+
+__all__ = (
+    'Strict',
+    'StrictStr',
+    'SocketPath',
+    'conbytes',
+    'conlist',
+    'conset',
+    'confrozenset',
+    'constr',
+    'ImportString',
+    'conint',
+    'PositiveInt',
+    'NegativeInt',
+    'NonNegativeInt',
+    'NonPositiveInt',
+    'confloat',
+    'PositiveFloat',
+    'NegativeFloat',
+    'NonNegativeFloat',
+    'NonPositiveFloat',
+    'FiniteFloat',
+    'condecimal',
+    'UUID1',
+    'UUID3',
+    'UUID4',
+    'UUID5',
+    'UUID6',
+    'UUID7',
+    'UUID8',
+    'FilePath',
+    'DirectoryPath',
+    'NewPath',
+    'Json',
+    'Secret',
+    'SecretStr',
+    'SecretBytes',
+    'StrictBool',
+    'StrictBytes',
+    'StrictInt',
+    'StrictFloat',
+    'PaymentCardNumber',
+    'ByteSize',
+    'PastDate',
+    'FutureDate',
+    'PastDatetime',
+    'FutureDatetime',
+    'condate',
+    'AwareDatetime',
+    'NaiveDatetime',
+    'AllowInfNan',
+    'EncoderProtocol',
+    'EncodedBytes',
+    'EncodedStr',
+    'Base64Encoder',
+    'Base64Bytes',
+    'Base64Str',
+    'Base64UrlBytes',
+    'Base64UrlStr',
+    'GetPydanticSchema',
+    'StringConstraints',
+    'Tag',
+    'Discriminator',
+    'JsonValue',
+    'OnErrorOmit',
+    'FailFast',
+)
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass
+class Strict(_fields.PydanticMetadata, BaseMetadata):
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Strict Mode with `Annotated` `Strict`](../concepts/strict_mode.md#strict-mode-with-annotated-strict)
+
+    A field metadata class to indicate that a field should be validated in strict mode.
+    Use this class as an annotation via [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated), as seen below.
+
+    Attributes:
+        strict: Whether to validate the field in strict mode.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+
+        from pydantic.types import Strict
+
+        StrictBool = Annotated[bool, Strict()]
+        ```
+    """
+
+    strict: bool = True
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.strict)
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BOOLEAN TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+StrictBool = Annotated[bool, Strict()]
+"""A boolean that must be either ``True`` or ``False``."""
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ INTEGER TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+def conint(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    gt: int | None = None,
+    ge: int | None = None,
+    lt: int | None = None,
+    le: int | None = None,
+    multiple_of: int | None = None,
+) -> type[int]:
+    """
+    !!! warning "Discouraged"
+        This function is **discouraged** in favor of using
+        [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated) with
+        [`Field`][pydantic.fields.Field] instead.
+
+        This function will be **deprecated** in Pydantic 3.0.
+
+        The reason is that `conint` returns a type, which doesn't play well with static analysis tools.
+
+        === ":x: Don't do this"
+            ```python
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, conint
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: conint(strict=True, gt=0)
+            ```
+
+        === ":white_check_mark: Do this"
+            ```python
+            from typing import Annotated
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: Annotated[int, Field(strict=True, gt=0)]
+            ```
+
+    A wrapper around `int` that allows for additional constraints.
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether to validate the integer in strict mode. Defaults to `None`.
+        gt: The value must be greater than this.
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this.
+        lt: The value must be less than this.
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this.
+        multiple_of: The value must be a multiple of this.
+
+    Returns:
+        The wrapped integer type.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, conint
+
+    class ConstrainedExample(BaseModel):
+        constrained_int: conint(gt=1)
+
+    m = ConstrainedExample(constrained_int=2)
+    print(repr(m))
+    #> ConstrainedExample(constrained_int=2)
+
+    try:
+        ConstrainedExample(constrained_int=0)
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e.errors())
+        '''
+        [
+            {
+                'type': 'greater_than',
+                'loc': ('constrained_int',),
+                'msg': 'Input should be greater than 1',
+                'input': 0,
+                'ctx': {'gt': 1},
+                'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/greater_than',
+            }
+        ]
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    """  # noqa: D212
+    return Annotated[  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+        int,
+        Strict(strict) if strict is not None else None,
+        annotated_types.Interval(gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le),
+        annotated_types.MultipleOf(multiple_of) if multiple_of is not None else None,
+    ]
+
+
+PositiveInt = Annotated[int, annotated_types.Gt(0)]
+"""An integer that must be greater than zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, PositiveInt, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    positive_int: PositiveInt
+
+m = Model(positive_int=1)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(positive_int=1)
+
+try:
+    Model(positive_int=-1)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'greater_than',
+            'loc': ('positive_int',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be greater than 0',
+            'input': -1,
+            'ctx': {'gt': 0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/greater_than',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+NegativeInt = Annotated[int, annotated_types.Lt(0)]
+"""An integer that must be less than zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, NegativeInt, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    negative_int: NegativeInt
+
+m = Model(negative_int=-1)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(negative_int=-1)
+
+try:
+    Model(negative_int=1)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'less_than',
+            'loc': ('negative_int',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be less than 0',
+            'input': 1,
+            'ctx': {'lt': 0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/less_than',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+NonPositiveInt = Annotated[int, annotated_types.Le(0)]
+"""An integer that must be less than or equal to zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, NonPositiveInt, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    non_positive_int: NonPositiveInt
+
+m = Model(non_positive_int=0)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(non_positive_int=0)
+
+try:
+    Model(non_positive_int=1)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'less_than_equal',
+            'loc': ('non_positive_int',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be less than or equal to 0',
+            'input': 1,
+            'ctx': {'le': 0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/less_than_equal',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+NonNegativeInt = Annotated[int, annotated_types.Ge(0)]
+"""An integer that must be greater than or equal to zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, NonNegativeInt, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    non_negative_int: NonNegativeInt
+
+m = Model(non_negative_int=0)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(non_negative_int=0)
+
+try:
+    Model(non_negative_int=-1)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'greater_than_equal',
+            'loc': ('non_negative_int',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be greater than or equal to 0',
+            'input': -1,
+            'ctx': {'ge': 0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/greater_than_equal',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+StrictInt = Annotated[int, Strict()]
+"""An integer that must be validated in strict mode.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, StrictInt, ValidationError
+
+class StrictIntModel(BaseModel):
+    strict_int: StrictInt
+
+try:
+    StrictIntModel(strict_int=3.14159)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for StrictIntModel
+    strict_int
+      Input should be a valid integer [type=int_type, input_value=3.14159, input_type=float]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FLOAT TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass
+class AllowInfNan(_fields.PydanticMetadata):
+    """A field metadata class to indicate that a field should allow `-inf`, `inf`, and `nan`.
+
+    Use this class as an annotation via [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated), as seen below.
+
+    Attributes:
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow `-inf`, `inf`, and `nan`. Defaults to `True`.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+
+        from pydantic.types import AllowInfNan
+
+        LaxFloat = Annotated[float, AllowInfNan()]
+        ```
+    """
+
+    allow_inf_nan: bool = True
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.allow_inf_nan)
+
+
+def confloat(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    gt: float | None = None,
+    ge: float | None = None,
+    lt: float | None = None,
+    le: float | None = None,
+    multiple_of: float | None = None,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = None,
+) -> type[float]:
+    """
+    !!! warning "Discouraged"
+        This function is **discouraged** in favor of using
+        [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated) with
+        [`Field`][pydantic.fields.Field] instead.
+
+        This function will be **deprecated** in Pydantic 3.0.
+
+        The reason is that `confloat` returns a type, which doesn't play well with static analysis tools.
+
+        === ":x: Don't do this"
+            ```python
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, confloat
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: confloat(strict=True, gt=0)
+            ```
+
+        === ":white_check_mark: Do this"
+            ```python
+            from typing import Annotated
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: Annotated[float, Field(strict=True, gt=0)]
+            ```
+
+    A wrapper around `float` that allows for additional constraints.
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether to validate the float in strict mode.
+        gt: The value must be greater than this.
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this.
+        lt: The value must be less than this.
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this.
+        multiple_of: The value must be a multiple of this.
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow `-inf`, `inf`, and `nan`.
+
+    Returns:
+        The wrapped float type.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, confloat
+
+    class ConstrainedExample(BaseModel):
+        constrained_float: confloat(gt=1.0)
+
+    m = ConstrainedExample(constrained_float=1.1)
+    print(repr(m))
+    #> ConstrainedExample(constrained_float=1.1)
+
+    try:
+        ConstrainedExample(constrained_float=0.9)
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e.errors())
+        '''
+        [
+            {
+                'type': 'greater_than',
+                'loc': ('constrained_float',),
+                'msg': 'Input should be greater than 1',
+                'input': 0.9,
+                'ctx': {'gt': 1.0},
+                'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/greater_than',
+            }
+        ]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """  # noqa: D212
+    return Annotated[  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+        float,
+        Strict(strict) if strict is not None else None,
+        annotated_types.Interval(gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le),
+        annotated_types.MultipleOf(multiple_of) if multiple_of is not None else None,
+        AllowInfNan(allow_inf_nan) if allow_inf_nan is not None else None,
+    ]
+
+
+PositiveFloat = Annotated[float, annotated_types.Gt(0)]
+"""A float that must be greater than zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, PositiveFloat, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    positive_float: PositiveFloat
+
+m = Model(positive_float=1.0)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(positive_float=1.0)
+
+try:
+    Model(positive_float=-1.0)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'greater_than',
+            'loc': ('positive_float',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be greater than 0',
+            'input': -1.0,
+            'ctx': {'gt': 0.0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/greater_than',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+NegativeFloat = Annotated[float, annotated_types.Lt(0)]
+"""A float that must be less than zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, NegativeFloat, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    negative_float: NegativeFloat
+
+m = Model(negative_float=-1.0)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(negative_float=-1.0)
+
+try:
+    Model(negative_float=1.0)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'less_than',
+            'loc': ('negative_float',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be less than 0',
+            'input': 1.0,
+            'ctx': {'lt': 0.0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/less_than',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+NonPositiveFloat = Annotated[float, annotated_types.Le(0)]
+"""A float that must be less than or equal to zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, NonPositiveFloat, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    non_positive_float: NonPositiveFloat
+
+m = Model(non_positive_float=0.0)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(non_positive_float=0.0)
+
+try:
+    Model(non_positive_float=1.0)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'less_than_equal',
+            'loc': ('non_positive_float',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be less than or equal to 0',
+            'input': 1.0,
+            'ctx': {'le': 0.0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/less_than_equal',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+NonNegativeFloat = Annotated[float, annotated_types.Ge(0)]
+"""A float that must be greater than or equal to zero.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, NonNegativeFloat, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    non_negative_float: NonNegativeFloat
+
+m = Model(non_negative_float=0.0)
+print(repr(m))
+#> Model(non_negative_float=0.0)
+
+try:
+    Model(non_negative_float=-1.0)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e.errors())
+    '''
+    [
+        {
+            'type': 'greater_than_equal',
+            'loc': ('non_negative_float',),
+            'msg': 'Input should be greater than or equal to 0',
+            'input': -1.0,
+            'ctx': {'ge': 0.0},
+            'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/greater_than_equal',
+        }
+    ]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+StrictFloat = Annotated[float, Strict(True)]
+"""A float that must be validated in strict mode.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, StrictFloat, ValidationError
+
+class StrictFloatModel(BaseModel):
+    strict_float: StrictFloat
+
+try:
+    StrictFloatModel(strict_float='1.0')
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for StrictFloatModel
+    strict_float
+      Input should be a valid number [type=float_type, input_value='1.0', input_type=str]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+FiniteFloat = Annotated[float, AllowInfNan(False)]
+"""A float that must be finite (not ``-inf``, ``inf``, or ``nan``).
+
+```python
+from pydantic import BaseModel, FiniteFloat
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    finite: FiniteFloat
+
+m = Model(finite=1.0)
+print(m)
+#> finite=1.0
+```
+"""
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BYTES TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+def conbytes(
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+) -> type[bytes]:
+    """A wrapper around `bytes` that allows for additional constraints.
+
+    Args:
+        min_length: The minimum length of the bytes.
+        max_length: The maximum length of the bytes.
+        strict: Whether to validate the bytes in strict mode.
+
+    Returns:
+        The wrapped bytes type.
+    """
+    return Annotated[  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+        bytes,
+        Strict(strict) if strict is not None else None,
+        annotated_types.Len(min_length or 0, max_length),
+    ]
+
+
+StrictBytes = Annotated[bytes, Strict()]
+"""A bytes that must be validated in strict mode."""
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ STRING TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class StringConstraints(annotated_types.GroupedMetadata):
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [`StringConstraints`](../concepts/fields.md#string-constraints)
+
+    A field metadata class to apply constraints to `str` types.
+    Use this class as an annotation via [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated), as seen below.
+
+    Attributes:
+        strip_whitespace: Whether to remove leading and trailing whitespace.
+        to_upper: Whether to convert the string to uppercase.
+        to_lower: Whether to convert the string to lowercase.
+        strict: Whether to validate the string in strict mode.
+        min_length: The minimum length of the string.
+        max_length: The maximum length of the string.
+        pattern: A regex pattern that the string must match.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+
+        from pydantic.types import StringConstraints
+
+        ConstrainedStr = Annotated[str, StringConstraints(min_length=1, max_length=10)]
+        ```
+    """
+
+    strip_whitespace: bool | None = None
+    to_upper: bool | None = None
+    to_lower: bool | None = None
+    strict: bool | None = None
+    min_length: int | None = None
+    max_length: int | None = None
+    pattern: str | Pattern[str] | None = None
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[BaseMetadata]:
+        if self.min_length is not None:
+            yield MinLen(self.min_length)
+        if self.max_length is not None:
+            yield MaxLen(self.max_length)
+        if self.strict is not None:
+            yield Strict(self.strict)
+        if (
+            self.strip_whitespace is not None
+            or self.pattern is not None
+            or self.to_lower is not None
+            or self.to_upper is not None
+        ):
+            yield _fields.pydantic_general_metadata(
+                strip_whitespace=self.strip_whitespace,
+                to_upper=self.to_upper,
+                to_lower=self.to_lower,
+                pattern=self.pattern,
+            )
+
+
+def constr(
+    *,
+    strip_whitespace: bool | None = None,
+    to_upper: bool | None = None,
+    to_lower: bool | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    pattern: str | Pattern[str] | None = None,
+) -> type[str]:
+    """
+    !!! warning "Discouraged"
+        This function is **discouraged** in favor of using
+        [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated) with
+        [`StringConstraints`][pydantic.types.StringConstraints] instead.
+
+        This function will be **deprecated** in Pydantic 3.0.
+
+        The reason is that `constr` returns a type, which doesn't play well with static analysis tools.
+
+        === ":x: Don't do this"
+            ```python
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, constr
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: constr(strip_whitespace=True, to_upper=True, pattern=r'^[A-Z]+$')
+            ```
+
+        === ":white_check_mark: Do this"
+            ```python
+            from typing import Annotated
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, StringConstraints
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: Annotated[
+                    str,
+                    StringConstraints(
+                        strip_whitespace=True, to_upper=True, pattern=r'^[A-Z]+$'
+                    ),
+                ]
+            ```
+
+    A wrapper around `str` that allows for additional constraints.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, constr
+
+    class Foo(BaseModel):
+        bar: constr(strip_whitespace=True, to_upper=True)
+
+    foo = Foo(bar='  hello  ')
+    print(foo)
+    #> bar='HELLO'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        strip_whitespace: Whether to remove leading and trailing whitespace.
+        to_upper: Whether to turn all characters to uppercase.
+        to_lower: Whether to turn all characters to lowercase.
+        strict: Whether to validate the string in strict mode.
+        min_length: The minimum length of the string.
+        max_length: The maximum length of the string.
+        pattern: A regex pattern to validate the string against.
+
+    Returns:
+        The wrapped string type.
+    """  # noqa: D212
+    return Annotated[  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+        str,
+        StringConstraints(
+            strip_whitespace=strip_whitespace,
+            to_upper=to_upper,
+            to_lower=to_lower,
+            strict=strict,
+            min_length=min_length,
+            max_length=max_length,
+            pattern=pattern,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+
+StrictStr = Annotated[str, Strict()]
+"""A string that must be validated in strict mode."""
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ COLLECTION TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+HashableItemType = TypeVar('HashableItemType', bound=Hashable)
+
+
+def conset(
+    item_type: type[HashableItemType], *, min_length: int | None = None, max_length: int | None = None
+) -> type[set[HashableItemType]]:
+    """A wrapper around `typing.Set` that allows for additional constraints.
+
+    Args:
+        item_type: The type of the items in the set.
+        min_length: The minimum length of the set.
+        max_length: The maximum length of the set.
+
+    Returns:
+        The wrapped set type.
+    """
+    return Annotated[set[item_type], annotated_types.Len(min_length or 0, max_length)]  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+def confrozenset(
+    item_type: type[HashableItemType], *, min_length: int | None = None, max_length: int | None = None
+) -> type[frozenset[HashableItemType]]:
+    """A wrapper around `typing.FrozenSet` that allows for additional constraints.
+
+    Args:
+        item_type: The type of the items in the frozenset.
+        min_length: The minimum length of the frozenset.
+        max_length: The maximum length of the frozenset.
+
+    Returns:
+        The wrapped frozenset type.
+    """
+    return Annotated[frozenset[item_type], annotated_types.Len(min_length or 0, max_length)]  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+AnyItemType = TypeVar('AnyItemType')
+
+
+def conlist(
+    item_type: type[AnyItemType],
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    unique_items: bool | None = None,
+) -> type[list[AnyItemType]]:
+    """A wrapper around [`list`][] that adds validation.
+
+    Args:
+        item_type: The type of the items in the list.
+        min_length: The minimum length of the list. Defaults to None.
+        max_length: The maximum length of the list. Defaults to None.
+        unique_items: Whether the items in the list must be unique. Defaults to None.
+            !!! warning Deprecated
+                The `unique_items` parameter is deprecated, use `Set` instead.
+                See [this issue](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/issues/296) for more details.
+
+    Returns:
+        The wrapped list type.
+    """
+    if unique_items is not None:
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            (
+                '`unique_items` is removed, use `Set` instead'
+                '(this feature is discussed in https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/issues/296)'
+            ),
+            code='removed-kwargs',
+        )
+    return Annotated[list[item_type], annotated_types.Len(min_length or 0, max_length)]  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IMPORT STRING TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+AnyType = TypeVar('AnyType')
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    ImportString = Annotated[AnyType, ...]
+else:
+
+    class ImportString:
+        """A type that can be used to import a Python object from a string.
+
+        `ImportString` expects a string and loads the Python object importable at that dotted path.
+        Attributes of modules may be separated from the module by `:` or `.`, e.g. if `'math:cos'` is provided,
+        the resulting field value would be the function `cos`. If a `.` is used and both an attribute and submodule
+        are present at the same path, the module will be preferred.
+
+        On model instantiation, pointers will be evaluated and imported. There is
+        some nuance to this behavior, demonstrated in the examples below.
+
+        ```python
+        import math
+
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, ImportString, ValidationError
+
+        class ImportThings(BaseModel):
+            obj: ImportString
+
+        # A string value will cause an automatic import
+        my_cos = ImportThings(obj='math.cos')
+
+        # You can use the imported function as you would expect
+        cos_of_0 = my_cos.obj(0)
+        assert cos_of_0 == 1
+
+        # A string whose value cannot be imported will raise an error
+        try:
+            ImportThings(obj='foo.bar')
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            print(e)
+            '''
+            1 validation error for ImportThings
+            obj
+              Invalid python path: No module named 'foo.bar' [type=import_error, input_value='foo.bar', input_type=str]
+            '''
+
+        # Actual python objects can be assigned as well
+        my_cos = ImportThings(obj=math.cos)
+        my_cos_2 = ImportThings(obj='math.cos')
+        my_cos_3 = ImportThings(obj='math:cos')
+        assert my_cos == my_cos_2 == my_cos_3
+
+        # You can set default field value either as Python object:
+        class ImportThingsDefaultPyObj(BaseModel):
+            obj: ImportString = math.cos
+
+        # or as a string value (but only if used with `validate_default=True`)
+        class ImportThingsDefaultString(BaseModel):
+            obj: ImportString = Field(default='math.cos', validate_default=True)
+
+        my_cos_default1 = ImportThingsDefaultPyObj()
+        my_cos_default2 = ImportThingsDefaultString()
+        assert my_cos_default1.obj == my_cos_default2.obj == math.cos
+
+        # note: this will not work!
+        class ImportThingsMissingValidateDefault(BaseModel):
+            obj: ImportString = 'math.cos'
+
+        my_cos_default3 = ImportThingsMissingValidateDefault()
+        assert my_cos_default3.obj == 'math.cos'  # just string, not evaluated
+        ```
+
+        Serializing an `ImportString` type to json is also possible.
+
+        ```python
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, ImportString
+
+        class ImportThings(BaseModel):
+            obj: ImportString
+
+        # Create an instance
+        m = ImportThings(obj='math.cos')
+        print(m)
+        #> obj=<built-in function cos>
+        print(m.model_dump_json())
+        #> {"obj":"math.cos"}
+        ```
+        """
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: AnyType) -> AnyType:
+            return Annotated[item, cls()]
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            serializer = core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(cls._serialize, when_used='json')
+            if cls is source:
+                # Treat bare usage of ImportString (`schema is None`) as the same as ImportString[Any]
+                return core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(
+                    function=_validators.import_string, serialization=serializer
+                )
+            else:
+                return core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(
+                    function=_validators.import_string, schema=handler(source), serialization=serializer
+                )
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(cls, cs: CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            return handler(core_schema.str_schema())
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def _serialize(v: Any) -> str:
+            if isinstance(v, ModuleType):
+                return v.__name__
+            elif hasattr(v, '__module__') and hasattr(v, '__name__'):
+                return f'{v.__module__}.{v.__name__}'
+            # Handle special cases for sys.XXX streams
+            # if we see more of these, we should consider a more general solution
+            elif hasattr(v, 'name'):
+                if v.name == '<stdout>':
+                    return 'sys.stdout'
+                elif v.name == '<stdin>':
+                    return 'sys.stdin'
+                elif v.name == '<stderr>':
+                    return 'sys.stderr'
+            else:
+                return v
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'ImportString'
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECIMAL TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+def condecimal(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    gt: int | Decimal | None = None,
+    ge: int | Decimal | None = None,
+    lt: int | Decimal | None = None,
+    le: int | Decimal | None = None,
+    multiple_of: int | Decimal | None = None,
+    max_digits: int | None = None,
+    decimal_places: int | None = None,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = None,
+) -> type[Decimal]:
+    """
+    !!! warning "Discouraged"
+        This function is **discouraged** in favor of using
+        [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated) with
+        [`Field`][pydantic.fields.Field] instead.
+
+        This function will be **deprecated** in Pydantic 3.0.
+
+        The reason is that `condecimal` returns a type, which doesn't play well with static analysis tools.
+
+        === ":x: Don't do this"
+            ```python
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, condecimal
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: condecimal(strict=True, allow_inf_nan=True)
+            ```
+
+        === ":white_check_mark: Do this"
+            ```python
+            from decimal import Decimal
+            from typing import Annotated
+
+            from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
+
+            class Foo(BaseModel):
+                bar: Annotated[Decimal, Field(strict=True, allow_inf_nan=True)]
+            ```
+
+    A wrapper around Decimal that adds validation.
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether to validate the value in strict mode. Defaults to `None`.
+        gt: The value must be greater than this. Defaults to `None`.
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this. Defaults to `None`.
+        lt: The value must be less than this. Defaults to `None`.
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this. Defaults to `None`.
+        multiple_of: The value must be a multiple of this. Defaults to `None`.
+        max_digits: The maximum number of digits. Defaults to `None`.
+        decimal_places: The number of decimal places. Defaults to `None`.
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow infinity and NaN. Defaults to `None`.
+
+    ```python
+    from decimal import Decimal
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ValidationError, condecimal
+
+    class ConstrainedExample(BaseModel):
+        constrained_decimal: condecimal(gt=Decimal('1.0'))
+
+    m = ConstrainedExample(constrained_decimal=Decimal('1.1'))
+    print(repr(m))
+    #> ConstrainedExample(constrained_decimal=Decimal('1.1'))
+
+    try:
+        ConstrainedExample(constrained_decimal=Decimal('0.9'))
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e.errors())
+        '''
+        [
+            {
+                'type': 'greater_than',
+                'loc': ('constrained_decimal',),
+                'msg': 'Input should be greater than 1.0',
+                'input': Decimal('0.9'),
+                'ctx': {'gt': Decimal('1.0')},
+                'url': 'https://errors.pydantic.dev/2/v/greater_than',
+            }
+        ]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """  # noqa: D212
+    return Annotated[  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+        Decimal,
+        Strict(strict) if strict is not None else None,
+        annotated_types.Interval(gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le),
+        annotated_types.MultipleOf(multiple_of) if multiple_of is not None else None,
+        _fields.pydantic_general_metadata(max_digits=max_digits, decimal_places=decimal_places),
+        AllowInfNan(allow_inf_nan) if allow_inf_nan is not None else None,
+    ]
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UUID TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class UuidVersion:
+    """A field metadata class to indicate a [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) version.
+
+    Use this class as an annotation via [`Annotated`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Annotated), as seen below.
+
+    Attributes:
+        uuid_version: The version of the UUID. Must be one of 1, 3, 4, 5, or 7.
+
+    Example:
+        ```python
+        from typing import Annotated
+        from uuid import UUID
+
+        from pydantic.types import UuidVersion
+
+        UUID1 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(1)]
+        ```
+    """
+
+    uuid_version: Literal[1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        self, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        field_schema = handler(core_schema)
+        field_schema.pop('anyOf', None)  # remove the bytes/str union
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format=f'uuid{self.uuid_version}')
+        return field_schema
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        if isinstance(self, source):
+            # used directly as a type
+            return core_schema.uuid_schema(version=self.uuid_version)
+        else:
+            # update existing schema with self.uuid_version
+            schema = handler(source)
+            _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'uuid', self.__class__.__name__)
+            schema['version'] = self.uuid_version  # type: ignore
+            return schema
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(type(self.uuid_version))
+
+
+UUID1 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(1)]
+"""A [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) that must be version 1.
+
+```python
+import uuid
+
+from pydantic import UUID1, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    uuid1: UUID1
+
+Model(uuid1=uuid.uuid1())
+```
+"""
+UUID3 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(3)]
+"""A [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) that must be version 3.
+
+```python
+import uuid
+
+from pydantic import UUID3, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    uuid3: UUID3
+
+Model(uuid3=uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'pydantic.org'))
+```
+"""
+UUID4 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(4)]
+"""A [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) that must be version 4.
+
+```python
+import uuid
+
+from pydantic import UUID4, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    uuid4: UUID4
+
+Model(uuid4=uuid.uuid4())
+```
+"""
+UUID5 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(5)]
+"""A [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) that must be version 5.
+
+```python
+import uuid
+
+from pydantic import UUID5, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    uuid5: UUID5
+
+Model(uuid5=uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'pydantic.org'))
+```
+"""
+UUID6 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(6)]
+"""A [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) that must be version 6.
+
+```python
+import uuid
+
+from pydantic import UUID6, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    uuid6: UUID6
+
+Model(uuid6=uuid.UUID('1efea953-c2d6-6790-aa0a-69db8c87df97'))
+```
+"""
+UUID7 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(7)]
+"""A [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) that must be version 7.
+
+```python
+import uuid
+
+from pydantic import UUID7, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    uuid7: UUID7
+
+Model(uuid7=uuid.UUID('0194fdcb-1c47-7a09-b52c-561154de0b4a'))
+```
+"""
+UUID8 = Annotated[UUID, UuidVersion(8)]
+"""A [UUID](https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html) that must be version 8.
+
+```python
+import uuid
+
+from pydantic import UUID8, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    uuid8: UUID8
+
+Model(uuid8=uuid.UUID('81a0b92e-6078-8551-9c81-8ccb666bdab8'))
+```
+"""
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PATH TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass
+class PathType:
+    path_type: Literal['file', 'dir', 'new', 'socket']
+
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        self, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        field_schema = handler(core_schema)
+        format_conversion = {'file': 'file-path', 'dir': 'directory-path'}
+        field_schema.update(format=format_conversion.get(self.path_type, 'path'), type='string')
+        return field_schema
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        function_lookup = {
+            'file': cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.validate_file),
+            'dir': cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.validate_directory),
+            'new': cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.validate_new),
+            'socket': cast(core_schema.WithInfoValidatorFunction, self.validate_socket),
+        }
+
+        return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(
+            function_lookup[self.path_type],
+            handler(source),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate_file(path: Path, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Path:
+        if path.is_file():
+            return path
+        else:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('path_not_file', 'Path does not point to a file')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate_socket(path: Path, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Path:
+        if path.is_socket():
+            return path
+        else:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('path_not_socket', 'Path does not point to a socket')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate_directory(path: Path, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Path:
+        if path.is_dir():
+            return path
+        else:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('path_not_directory', 'Path does not point to a directory')
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate_new(path: Path, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> Path:
+        if path.exists():
+            raise PydanticCustomError('path_exists', 'Path already exists')
+        elif not path.parent.exists():
+            raise PydanticCustomError('parent_does_not_exist', 'Parent directory does not exist')
+        else:
+            return path
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(type(self.path_type))
+
+
+FilePath = Annotated[Path, PathType('file')]
+"""A path that must point to a file.
+
+```python
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, FilePath, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    f: FilePath
+
+path = Path('text.txt')
+path.touch()
+m = Model(f='text.txt')
+print(m.model_dump())
+#> {'f': PosixPath('text.txt')}
+path.unlink()
+
+path = Path('directory')
+path.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
+try:
+    Model(f='directory')  # directory
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for Model
+    f
+      Path does not point to a file [type=path_not_file, input_value='directory', input_type=str]
+    '''
+path.rmdir()
+
+try:
+    Model(f='not-exists-file')
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for Model
+    f
+      Path does not point to a file [type=path_not_file, input_value='not-exists-file', input_type=str]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+DirectoryPath = Annotated[Path, PathType('dir')]
+"""A path that must point to a directory.
+
+```python
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from pydantic import BaseModel, DirectoryPath, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    f: DirectoryPath
+
+path = Path('directory/')
+path.mkdir()
+m = Model(f='directory/')
+print(m.model_dump())
+#> {'f': PosixPath('directory')}
+path.rmdir()
+
+path = Path('file.txt')
+path.touch()
+try:
+    Model(f='file.txt')  # file
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for Model
+    f
+      Path does not point to a directory [type=path_not_directory, input_value='file.txt', input_type=str]
+    '''
+path.unlink()
+
+try:
+    Model(f='not-exists-directory')
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for Model
+    f
+      Path does not point to a directory [type=path_not_directory, input_value='not-exists-directory', input_type=str]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+NewPath = Annotated[Path, PathType('new')]
+"""A path for a new file or directory that must not already exist. The parent directory must already exist."""
+
+SocketPath = Annotated[Path, PathType('socket')]
+"""A path to an existing socket file"""
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JSON TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # Json[list[str]] will be recognized by type checkers as list[str]
+    Json = Annotated[AnyType, ...]
+
+else:
+
+    class Json:
+        """A special type wrapper which loads JSON before parsing.
+
+        You can use the `Json` data type to make Pydantic first load a raw JSON string before
+        validating the loaded data into the parametrized type:
+
+        ```python
+        from typing import Any
+
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, Json, ValidationError
+
+        class AnyJsonModel(BaseModel):
+            json_obj: Json[Any]
+
+        class ConstrainedJsonModel(BaseModel):
+            json_obj: Json[list[int]]
+
+        print(AnyJsonModel(json_obj='{"b": 1}'))
+        #> json_obj={'b': 1}
+        print(ConstrainedJsonModel(json_obj='[1, 2, 3]'))
+        #> json_obj=[1, 2, 3]
+
+        try:
+            ConstrainedJsonModel(json_obj=12)
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            print(e)
+            '''
+            1 validation error for ConstrainedJsonModel
+            json_obj
+              JSON input should be string, bytes or bytearray [type=json_type, input_value=12, input_type=int]
+            '''
+
+        try:
+            ConstrainedJsonModel(json_obj='[a, b]')
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            print(e)
+            '''
+            1 validation error for ConstrainedJsonModel
+            json_obj
+              Invalid JSON: expected value at line 1 column 2 [type=json_invalid, input_value='[a, b]', input_type=str]
+            '''
+
+        try:
+            ConstrainedJsonModel(json_obj='["a", "b"]')
+        except ValidationError as e:
+            print(e)
+            '''
+            2 validation errors for ConstrainedJsonModel
+            json_obj.0
+              Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer [type=int_parsing, input_value='a', input_type=str]
+            json_obj.1
+              Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer [type=int_parsing, input_value='b', input_type=str]
+            '''
+        ```
+
+        When you dump the model using `model_dump` or `model_dump_json`, the dumped value will be the result of validation,
+        not the original JSON string. However, you can use the argument `round_trip=True` to get the original JSON string back:
+
+        ```python
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, Json
+
+        class ConstrainedJsonModel(BaseModel):
+            json_obj: Json[list[int]]
+
+        print(ConstrainedJsonModel(json_obj='[1, 2, 3]').model_dump_json())
+        #> {"json_obj":[1,2,3]}
+        print(
+            ConstrainedJsonModel(json_obj='[1, 2, 3]').model_dump_json(round_trip=True)
+        )
+        #> {"json_obj":"[1,2,3]"}
+        ```
+        """
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, item: AnyType) -> AnyType:
+            return Annotated[item, cls()]
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if cls is source:
+                return core_schema.json_schema(None)
+            else:
+                return core_schema.json_schema(handler(source))
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'Json'
+
+        def __hash__(self) -> int:
+            return hash(type(self))
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+            return type(other) is type(self)
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SECRET TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+SecretType = TypeVar('SecretType')
+
+
+class _SecretBase(Generic[SecretType]):
+    def __init__(self, secret_value: SecretType) -> None:
+        self._secret_value: SecretType = secret_value
+
+    def get_secret_value(self) -> SecretType:
+        """Get the secret value.
+
+        Returns:
+            The secret value.
+        """
+        return self._secret_value
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) and self.get_secret_value() == other.get_secret_value()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.get_secret_value())
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self._display())
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self._display()!r})'
+
+    def _display(self) -> str | bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+def _serialize_secret(value: Secret[SecretType], info: core_schema.SerializationInfo) -> str | Secret[SecretType]:
+    if info.mode == 'json':
+        return str(value)
+    else:
+        return value
+
+
+class Secret(_SecretBase[SecretType]):
+    """A generic base class used for defining a field with sensitive information that you do not want to be visible in logging or tracebacks.
+
+    You may either directly parametrize `Secret` with a type, or subclass from `Secret` with a parametrized type. The benefit of subclassing
+    is that you can define a custom `_display` method, which will be used for `repr()` and `str()` methods. The examples below demonstrate both
+    ways of using `Secret` to create a new secret type.
+
+    1. Directly parametrizing `Secret` with a type:
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, Secret
+
+    SecretBool = Secret[bool]
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        secret_bool: SecretBool
+
+    m = Model(secret_bool=True)
+    print(m.model_dump())
+    #> {'secret_bool': Secret('**********')}
+
+    print(m.model_dump_json())
+    #> {"secret_bool":"**********"}
+
+    print(m.secret_bool.get_secret_value())
+    #> True
+    ```
+
+    2. Subclassing from parametrized `Secret`:
+
+    ```python
+    from datetime import date
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, Secret
+
+    class SecretDate(Secret[date]):
+        def _display(self) -> str:
+            return '****/**/**'
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        secret_date: SecretDate
+
+    m = Model(secret_date=date(2022, 1, 1))
+    print(m.model_dump())
+    #> {'secret_date': SecretDate('****/**/**')}
+
+    print(m.model_dump_json())
+    #> {"secret_date":"****/**/**"}
+
+    print(m.secret_date.get_secret_value())
+    #> 2022-01-01
+    ```
+
+    The value returned by the `_display` method will be used for `repr()` and `str()`.
+
+    You can enforce constraints on the underlying type through annotations:
+    For example:
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, Secret, ValidationError
+
+    SecretPosInt = Secret[Annotated[int, Field(gt=0, strict=True)]]
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        sensitive_int: SecretPosInt
+
+    m = Model(sensitive_int=42)
+    print(m.model_dump())
+    #> {'sensitive_int': Secret('**********')}
+
+    try:
+        m = Model(sensitive_int=-42)  # (1)!
+    except ValidationError as exc_info:
+        print(exc_info.errors(include_url=False, include_input=False))
+        '''
+        [
+            {
+                'type': 'greater_than',
+                'loc': ('sensitive_int',),
+                'msg': 'Input should be greater than 0',
+                'ctx': {'gt': 0},
+            }
+        ]
+        '''
+
+    try:
+        m = Model(sensitive_int='42')  # (2)!
+    except ValidationError as exc_info:
+        print(exc_info.errors(include_url=False, include_input=False))
+        '''
+        [
+            {
+                'type': 'int_type',
+                'loc': ('sensitive_int',),
+                'msg': 'Input should be a valid integer',
+            }
+        ]
+        '''
+    ```
+
+    1. The input value is not greater than 0, so it raises a validation error.
+    2. The input value is not an integer, so it raises a validation error because the `SecretPosInt` type has strict mode enabled.
+    """
+
+    def _display(self) -> str | bytes:
+        return '**********' if self.get_secret_value() else ''
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        inner_type = None
+        # if origin_type is Secret, then cls is a GenericAlias, and we can extract the inner type directly
+        origin_type = get_origin(source)
+        if origin_type is not None:
+            inner_type = get_args(source)[0]
+        # otherwise, we need to get the inner type from the base class
+        else:
+            bases = getattr(cls, '__orig_bases__', getattr(cls, '__bases__', []))
+            for base in bases:
+                if get_origin(base) is Secret:
+                    inner_type = get_args(base)[0]
+            if bases == [] or inner_type is None:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Can't get secret type from {cls.__name__}. "
+                    'Please use Secret[<type>], or subclass from Secret[<type>] instead.'
+                )
+
+        inner_schema = handler.generate_schema(inner_type)  # type: ignore
+
+        def validate_secret_value(value, handler) -> Secret[SecretType]:
+            if isinstance(value, Secret):
+                value = value.get_secret_value()
+            validated_inner = handler(value)
+            return cls(validated_inner)
+
+        return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+            python_schema=core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
+                validate_secret_value,
+                inner_schema,
+            ),
+            json_schema=core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(lambda x: cls(x), inner_schema),
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                _serialize_secret,
+                info_arg=True,
+                when_used='always',
+            ),
+        )
+
+    __pydantic_serializer__ = SchemaSerializer(
+        core_schema.any_schema(
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                _serialize_secret,
+                info_arg=True,
+                when_used='always',
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _secret_display(value: SecretType) -> str:  # type: ignore
+    return '**********' if value else ''
+
+
+def _serialize_secret_field(
+    value: _SecretField[SecretType], info: core_schema.SerializationInfo
+) -> str | _SecretField[SecretType]:
+    if info.mode == 'json':
+        # we want the output to always be string without the `b'` prefix for bytes,
+        # hence we just use `secret_display`
+        return _secret_display(value.get_secret_value())
+    else:
+        return value
+
+
+class _SecretField(_SecretBase[SecretType]):
+    _inner_schema: ClassVar[CoreSchema]
+    _error_kind: ClassVar[str]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        def get_json_schema(_core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+            json_schema = handler(cls._inner_schema)
+            _utils.update_not_none(
+                json_schema,
+                type='string',
+                writeOnly=True,
+                format='password',
+            )
+            return json_schema
+
+        def get_secret_schema(strict: bool) -> CoreSchema:
+            inner_schema = {**cls._inner_schema, 'strict': strict}
+            json_schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(
+                source,  # construct the type
+                inner_schema,  # pyright: ignore[reportArgumentType]
+            )
+            return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+                python_schema=core_schema.union_schema(
+                    [
+                        core_schema.is_instance_schema(source),
+                        json_schema,
+                    ],
+                    custom_error_type=cls._error_kind,
+                ),
+                json_schema=json_schema,
+                serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                    _serialize_secret_field,
+                    info_arg=True,
+                    when_used='always',
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+            lax_schema=get_secret_schema(strict=False),
+            strict_schema=get_secret_schema(strict=True),
+            metadata={'pydantic_js_functions': [get_json_schema]},
+        )
+
+    __pydantic_serializer__ = SchemaSerializer(
+        core_schema.any_schema(
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                _serialize_secret_field,
+                info_arg=True,
+                when_used='always',
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+
+class SecretStr(_SecretField[str]):
+    """A string used for storing sensitive information that you do not want to be visible in logging or tracebacks.
+
+    When the secret value is nonempty, it is displayed as `'**********'` instead of the underlying value in
+    calls to `repr()` and `str()`. If the value _is_ empty, it is displayed as `''`.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, SecretStr
+
+    class User(BaseModel):
+        username: str
+        password: SecretStr
+
+    user = User(username='scolvin', password='password1')
+
+    print(user)
+    #> username='scolvin' password=SecretStr('**********')
+    print(user.password.get_secret_value())
+    #> password1
+    print((SecretStr('password'), SecretStr('')))
+    #> (SecretStr('**********'), SecretStr(''))
+    ```
+
+    As seen above, by default, [`SecretStr`][pydantic.types.SecretStr] (and [`SecretBytes`][pydantic.types.SecretBytes])
+    will be serialized as `**********` when serializing to json.
+
+    You can use the [`field_serializer`][pydantic.functional_serializers.field_serializer] to dump the
+    secret as plain-text when serializing to json.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, SecretBytes, SecretStr, field_serializer
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        password: SecretStr
+        password_bytes: SecretBytes
+
+        @field_serializer('password', 'password_bytes', when_used='json')
+        def dump_secret(self, v):
+            return v.get_secret_value()
+
+    model = Model(password='IAmSensitive', password_bytes=b'IAmSensitiveBytes')
+    print(model)
+    #> password=SecretStr('**********') password_bytes=SecretBytes(b'**********')
+    print(model.password)
+    #> **********
+    print(model.model_dump())
+    '''
+    {
+        'password': SecretStr('**********'),
+        'password_bytes': SecretBytes(b'**********'),
+    }
+    '''
+    print(model.model_dump_json())
+    #> {"password":"IAmSensitive","password_bytes":"IAmSensitiveBytes"}
+    ```
+    """
+
+    _inner_schema: ClassVar[CoreSchema] = core_schema.str_schema()
+    _error_kind: ClassVar[str] = 'string_type'
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._secret_value)
+
+    def _display(self) -> str:
+        return _secret_display(self._secret_value)
+
+
+class SecretBytes(_SecretField[bytes]):
+    """A bytes used for storing sensitive information that you do not want to be visible in logging or tracebacks.
+
+    It displays `b'**********'` instead of the string value on `repr()` and `str()` calls.
+    When the secret value is nonempty, it is displayed as `b'**********'` instead of the underlying value in
+    calls to `repr()` and `str()`. If the value _is_ empty, it is displayed as `b''`.
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, SecretBytes
+
+    class User(BaseModel):
+        username: str
+        password: SecretBytes
+
+    user = User(username='scolvin', password=b'password1')
+    #> username='scolvin' password=SecretBytes(b'**********')
+    print(user.password.get_secret_value())
+    #> b'password1'
+    print((SecretBytes(b'password'), SecretBytes(b'')))
+    #> (SecretBytes(b'**********'), SecretBytes(b''))
+    ```
+    """
+
+    _inner_schema: ClassVar[CoreSchema] = core_schema.bytes_schema()
+    _error_kind: ClassVar[str] = 'bytes_type'
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._secret_value)
+
+    def _display(self) -> bytes:
+        return _secret_display(self._secret_value).encode()
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PAYMENT CARD TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class PaymentCardBrand(str, Enum):
+    amex = 'American Express'
+    mastercard = 'Mastercard'
+    visa = 'Visa'
+    other = 'other'
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+
+@deprecated(
+    'The `PaymentCardNumber` class is deprecated, use `pydantic_extra_types` instead. '
+    'See https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/api/pydantic_extra_types_payment/#pydantic_extra_types.payment.PaymentCardNumber.',
+    category=PydanticDeprecatedSince20,
+)
+class PaymentCardNumber(str):
+    """Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number."""
+
+    strip_whitespace: ClassVar[bool] = True
+    min_length: ClassVar[int] = 12
+    max_length: ClassVar[int] = 19
+    bin: str
+    last4: str
+    brand: PaymentCardBrand
+
+    def __init__(self, card_number: str):
+        self.validate_digits(card_number)
+
+        card_number = self.validate_luhn_check_digit(card_number)
+
+        self.bin = card_number[:6]
+        self.last4 = card_number[-4:]
+        self.brand = self.validate_brand(card_number)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(
+            cls.validate,
+            core_schema.str_schema(
+                min_length=cls.min_length, max_length=cls.max_length, strip_whitespace=cls.strip_whitespace
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, input_value: str, /, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> PaymentCardNumber:
+        """Validate the card number and return a `PaymentCardNumber` instance."""
+        return cls(input_value)
+
+    @property
+    def masked(self) -> str:
+        """Mask all but the last 4 digits of the card number.
+
+        Returns:
+            A masked card number string.
+        """
+        num_masked = len(self) - 10  # len(bin) + len(last4) == 10
+        return f'{self.bin}{"*" * num_masked}{self.last4}'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_digits(cls, card_number: str) -> None:
+        """Validate that the card number is all digits."""
+        if not card_number.isdigit():
+            raise PydanticCustomError('payment_card_number_digits', 'Card number is not all digits')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_luhn_check_digit(cls, card_number: str) -> str:
+        """Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm."""
+        sum_ = int(card_number[-1])
+        length = len(card_number)
+        parity = length % 2
+        for i in range(length - 1):
+            digit = int(card_number[i])
+            if i % 2 == parity:
+                digit *= 2
+            if digit > 9:
+                digit -= 9
+            sum_ += digit
+        valid = sum_ % 10 == 0
+        if not valid:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('payment_card_number_luhn', 'Card number is not luhn valid')
+        return card_number
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate_brand(card_number: str) -> PaymentCardBrand:
+        """Validate length based on BIN for major brands:
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number#Issuer_identification_number_(IIN).
+        """
+        if card_number[0] == '4':
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.visa
+        elif 51 <= int(card_number[:2]) <= 55:
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.mastercard
+        elif card_number[:2] in {'34', '37'}:
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.amex
+        else:
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.other
+
+        required_length: None | int | str = None
+        if brand in PaymentCardBrand.mastercard:
+            required_length = 16
+            valid = len(card_number) == required_length
+        elif brand == PaymentCardBrand.visa:
+            required_length = '13, 16 or 19'
+            valid = len(card_number) in {13, 16, 19}
+        elif brand == PaymentCardBrand.amex:
+            required_length = 15
+            valid = len(card_number) == required_length
+        else:
+            valid = True
+
+        if not valid:
+            raise PydanticCustomError(
+                'payment_card_number_brand',
+                'Length for a {brand} card must be {required_length}',
+                {'brand': brand, 'required_length': required_length},
+            )
+        return brand
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BYTE SIZE TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class ByteSize(int):
+    """Converts a string representing a number of bytes with units (such as `'1KB'` or `'11.5MiB'`) into an integer.
+
+    You can use the `ByteSize` data type to (case-insensitively) convert a string representation of a number of bytes into
+    an integer, and also to print out human-readable strings representing a number of bytes.
+
+    In conformance with [IEC 80000-13 Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000) we interpret `'1KB'` to mean 1000 bytes,
+    and `'1KiB'` to mean 1024 bytes. In general, including a middle `'i'` will cause the unit to be interpreted as a power of 2,
+    rather than a power of 10 (so, for example, `'1 MB'` is treated as `1_000_000` bytes, whereas `'1 MiB'` is treated as `1_048_576` bytes).
+
+    !!! info
+        Note that `1b` will be parsed as "1 byte" and not "1 bit".
+
+    ```python
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, ByteSize
+
+    class MyModel(BaseModel):
+        size: ByteSize
+
+    print(MyModel(size=52000).size)
+    #> 52000
+    print(MyModel(size='3000 KiB').size)
+    #> 3072000
+
+    m = MyModel(size='50 PB')
+    print(m.size.human_readable())
+    #> 44.4PiB
+    print(m.size.human_readable(decimal=True))
+    #> 50.0PB
+    print(m.size.human_readable(separator=' '))
+    #> 44.4 PiB
+
+    print(m.size.to('TiB'))
+    #> 45474.73508864641
+    ```
+    """
+
+    byte_sizes = {
+        'b': 1,
+        'kb': 10**3,
+        'mb': 10**6,
+        'gb': 10**9,
+        'tb': 10**12,
+        'pb': 10**15,
+        'eb': 10**18,
+        'kib': 2**10,
+        'mib': 2**20,
+        'gib': 2**30,
+        'tib': 2**40,
+        'pib': 2**50,
+        'eib': 2**60,
+        'bit': 1 / 8,
+        'kbit': 10**3 / 8,
+        'mbit': 10**6 / 8,
+        'gbit': 10**9 / 8,
+        'tbit': 10**12 / 8,
+        'pbit': 10**15 / 8,
+        'ebit': 10**18 / 8,
+        'kibit': 2**10 / 8,
+        'mibit': 2**20 / 8,
+        'gibit': 2**30 / 8,
+        'tibit': 2**40 / 8,
+        'pibit': 2**50 / 8,
+        'eibit': 2**60 / 8,
+    }
+    byte_sizes.update({k.lower()[0]: v for k, v in byte_sizes.items() if 'i' not in k})
+
+    byte_string_pattern = r'^\s*(\d*\.?\d+)\s*(\w+)?'
+    byte_string_re = re.compile(byte_string_pattern, re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(
+            function=cls._validate,
+            schema=core_schema.union_schema(
+                [
+                    core_schema.str_schema(pattern=cls.byte_string_pattern),
+                    core_schema.int_schema(ge=0),
+                ],
+                custom_error_type='byte_size',
+                custom_error_message='could not parse value and unit from byte string',
+            ),
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+                int, return_schema=core_schema.int_schema(ge=0)
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate(cls, input_value: Any, /, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> ByteSize:
+        try:
+            return cls(int(input_value))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        str_match = cls.byte_string_re.match(str(input_value))
+        if str_match is None:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('byte_size', 'could not parse value and unit from byte string')
+
+        scalar, unit = str_match.groups()
+        if unit is None:
+            unit = 'b'
+
+        try:
+            unit_mult = cls.byte_sizes[unit.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('byte_size_unit', 'could not interpret byte unit: {unit}', {'unit': unit})
+
+        return cls(int(float(scalar) * unit_mult))
+
+    def human_readable(self, decimal: bool = False, separator: str = '') -> str:
+        """Converts a byte size to a human readable string.
+
+        Args:
+            decimal: If True, use decimal units (e.g. 1000 bytes per KB). If False, use binary units
+                (e.g. 1024 bytes per KiB).
+            separator: A string used to split the value and unit. Defaults to an empty string ('').
+
+        Returns:
+            A human readable string representation of the byte size.
+        """
+        if decimal:
+            divisor = 1000
+            units = 'B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB'
+            final_unit = 'EB'
+        else:
+            divisor = 1024
+            units = 'B', 'KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB'
+            final_unit = 'EiB'
+
+        num = float(self)
+        for unit in units:
+            if abs(num) < divisor:
+                if unit == 'B':
+                    return f'{num:0.0f}{separator}{unit}'
+                else:
+                    return f'{num:0.1f}{separator}{unit}'
+            num /= divisor
+
+        return f'{num:0.1f}{separator}{final_unit}'
+
+    def to(self, unit: str) -> float:
+        """Converts a byte size to another unit, including both byte and bit units.
+
+        Args:
+            unit: The unit to convert to. Must be one of the following: B, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB, EB,
+                KiB, MiB, GiB, TiB, PiB, EiB (byte units) and
+                bit, kbit, mbit, gbit, tbit, pbit, ebit,
+                kibit, mibit, gibit, tibit, pibit, eibit (bit units).
+
+        Returns:
+            The byte size in the new unit.
+        """
+        try:
+            unit_div = self.byte_sizes[unit.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('byte_size_unit', 'Could not interpret byte unit: {unit}', {'unit': unit})
+
+        return self / unit_div
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DATE TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+def _check_annotated_type(annotated_type: str, expected_type: str, annotation: str) -> None:
+    if annotated_type != expected_type:
+        raise PydanticUserError(f"'{annotation}' cannot annotate '{annotated_type}'.", code='invalid-annotated-type')
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PastDate = Annotated[date, ...]
+    FutureDate = Annotated[date, ...]
+else:
+
+    class PastDate:
+        """A date in the past."""
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if cls is source:
+                # used directly as a type
+                return core_schema.date_schema(now_op='past')
+            else:
+                schema = handler(source)
+                _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'date', cls.__name__)
+                schema['now_op'] = 'past'
+                return schema
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'PastDate'
+
+    class FutureDate:
+        """A date in the future."""
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if cls is source:
+                # used directly as a type
+                return core_schema.date_schema(now_op='future')
+            else:
+                schema = handler(source)
+                _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'date', cls.__name__)
+                schema['now_op'] = 'future'
+                return schema
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'FutureDate'
+
+
+def condate(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    gt: date | None = None,
+    ge: date | None = None,
+    lt: date | None = None,
+    le: date | None = None,
+) -> type[date]:
+    """A wrapper for date that adds constraints.
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether to validate the date value in strict mode. Defaults to `None`.
+        gt: The value must be greater than this. Defaults to `None`.
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this. Defaults to `None`.
+        lt: The value must be less than this. Defaults to `None`.
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this. Defaults to `None`.
+
+    Returns:
+        A date type with the specified constraints.
+    """
+    return Annotated[  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
+        date,
+        Strict(strict) if strict is not None else None,
+        annotated_types.Interval(gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le),
+    ]
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DATETIME TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    AwareDatetime = Annotated[datetime, ...]
+    NaiveDatetime = Annotated[datetime, ...]
+    PastDatetime = Annotated[datetime, ...]
+    FutureDatetime = Annotated[datetime, ...]
+
+else:
+
+    class AwareDatetime:
+        """A datetime that requires timezone info."""
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if cls is source:
+                # used directly as a type
+                return core_schema.datetime_schema(tz_constraint='aware')
+            else:
+                schema = handler(source)
+                _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'datetime', cls.__name__)
+                schema['tz_constraint'] = 'aware'
+                return schema
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'AwareDatetime'
+
+    class NaiveDatetime:
+        """A datetime that doesn't require timezone info."""
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if cls is source:
+                # used directly as a type
+                return core_schema.datetime_schema(tz_constraint='naive')
+            else:
+                schema = handler(source)
+                _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'datetime', cls.__name__)
+                schema['tz_constraint'] = 'naive'
+                return schema
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'NaiveDatetime'
+
+    class PastDatetime:
+        """A datetime that must be in the past."""
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if cls is source:
+                # used directly as a type
+                return core_schema.datetime_schema(now_op='past')
+            else:
+                schema = handler(source)
+                _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'datetime', cls.__name__)
+                schema['now_op'] = 'past'
+                return schema
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'PastDatetime'
+
+    class FutureDatetime:
+        """A datetime that must be in the future."""
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(
+            cls, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler
+        ) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+            if cls is source:
+                # used directly as a type
+                return core_schema.datetime_schema(now_op='future')
+            else:
+                schema = handler(source)
+                _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'datetime', cls.__name__)
+                schema['now_op'] = 'future'
+                return schema
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return 'FutureDatetime'
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Encoded TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class EncoderProtocol(Protocol):
+    """Protocol for encoding and decoding data to and from bytes."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def decode(cls, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Decode the data using the encoder.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data to decode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The decoded data.
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def encode(cls, value: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Encode the data using the encoder.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The data to encode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The encoded data.
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_json_format(cls) -> str:
+        """Get the JSON format for the encoded data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The JSON format for the encoded data.
+        """
+        ...
+
+
+class Base64Encoder(EncoderProtocol):
+    """Standard (non-URL-safe) Base64 encoder."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def decode(cls, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Decode the data from base64 encoded bytes to original bytes data.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data to decode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The decoded data.
+        """
+        try:
+            return base64.b64decode(data)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('base64_decode', "Base64 decoding error: '{error}'", {'error': str(e)})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def encode(cls, value: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Encode the data from bytes to a base64 encoded bytes.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The data to encode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The encoded data.
+        """
+        return base64.b64encode(value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_json_format(cls) -> Literal['base64']:
+        """Get the JSON format for the encoded data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The JSON format for the encoded data.
+        """
+        return 'base64'
+
+
+class Base64UrlEncoder(EncoderProtocol):
+    """URL-safe Base64 encoder."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def decode(cls, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Decode the data from base64 encoded bytes to original bytes data.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data to decode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The decoded data.
+        """
+        try:
+            return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(data)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise PydanticCustomError('base64_decode', "Base64 decoding error: '{error}'", {'error': str(e)})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def encode(cls, value: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Encode the data from bytes to a base64 encoded bytes.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The data to encode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The encoded data.
+        """
+        return base64.urlsafe_b64encode(value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_json_format(cls) -> Literal['base64url']:
+        """Get the JSON format for the encoded data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The JSON format for the encoded data.
+        """
+        return 'base64url'
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class EncodedBytes:
+    """A bytes type that is encoded and decoded using the specified encoder.
+
+    `EncodedBytes` needs an encoder that implements `EncoderProtocol` to operate.
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, EncodedBytes, EncoderProtocol, ValidationError
+
+    class MyEncoder(EncoderProtocol):
+        @classmethod
+        def decode(cls, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+            if data == b'**undecodable**':
+                raise ValueError('Cannot decode data')
+            return data[13:]
+
+        @classmethod
+        def encode(cls, value: bytes) -> bytes:
+            return b'**encoded**: ' + value
+
+        @classmethod
+        def get_json_format(cls) -> str:
+            return 'my-encoder'
+
+    MyEncodedBytes = Annotated[bytes, EncodedBytes(encoder=MyEncoder)]
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        my_encoded_bytes: MyEncodedBytes
+
+    # Initialize the model with encoded data
+    m = Model(my_encoded_bytes=b'**encoded**: some bytes')
+
+    # Access decoded value
+    print(m.my_encoded_bytes)
+    #> b'some bytes'
+
+    # Serialize into the encoded form
+    print(m.model_dump())
+    #> {'my_encoded_bytes': b'**encoded**: some bytes'}
+
+    # Validate encoded data
+    try:
+        Model(my_encoded_bytes=b'**undecodable**')
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        my_encoded_bytes
+          Value error, Cannot decode data [type=value_error, input_value=b'**undecodable**', input_type=bytes]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    encoder: type[EncoderProtocol]
+
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        self, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        field_schema = handler(core_schema)
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format=self.encoder.get_json_format())
+        return field_schema
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        schema = handler(source)
+        _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'bytes', self.__class__.__name__)
+        return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(
+            function=self.decode,
+            schema=schema,
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(function=self.encode),
+        )
+
+    def decode(self, data: bytes, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> bytes:
+        """Decode the data using the specified encoder.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data to decode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The decoded data.
+        """
+        return self.encoder.decode(data)
+
+    def encode(self, value: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Encode the data using the specified encoder.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The data to encode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The encoded data.
+        """
+        return self.encoder.encode(value)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.encoder)
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class EncodedStr:
+    """A str type that is encoded and decoded using the specified encoder.
+
+    `EncodedStr` needs an encoder that implements `EncoderProtocol` to operate.
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, EncodedStr, EncoderProtocol, ValidationError
+
+    class MyEncoder(EncoderProtocol):
+        @classmethod
+        def decode(cls, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+            if data == b'**undecodable**':
+                raise ValueError('Cannot decode data')
+            return data[13:]
+
+        @classmethod
+        def encode(cls, value: bytes) -> bytes:
+            return b'**encoded**: ' + value
+
+        @classmethod
+        def get_json_format(cls) -> str:
+            return 'my-encoder'
+
+    MyEncodedStr = Annotated[str, EncodedStr(encoder=MyEncoder)]
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        my_encoded_str: MyEncodedStr
+
+    # Initialize the model with encoded data
+    m = Model(my_encoded_str='**encoded**: some str')
+
+    # Access decoded value
+    print(m.my_encoded_str)
+    #> some str
+
+    # Serialize into the encoded form
+    print(m.model_dump())
+    #> {'my_encoded_str': '**encoded**: some str'}
+
+    # Validate encoded data
+    try:
+        Model(my_encoded_str='**undecodable**')
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        my_encoded_str
+          Value error, Cannot decode data [type=value_error, input_value='**undecodable**', input_type=str]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    encoder: type[EncoderProtocol]
+
+    def __get_pydantic_json_schema__(
+        self, core_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema, handler: GetJsonSchemaHandler
+    ) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+        field_schema = handler(core_schema)
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format=self.encoder.get_json_format())
+        return field_schema
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source: type[Any], handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> core_schema.CoreSchema:
+        schema = handler(source)
+        _check_annotated_type(schema['type'], 'str', self.__class__.__name__)
+        return core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(
+            function=self.decode_str,
+            schema=schema,
+            serialization=core_schema.plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(function=self.encode_str),
+        )
+
+    def decode_str(self, data: str, _: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> str:
+        """Decode the data using the specified encoder.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data to decode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The decoded data.
+        """
+        return self.encoder.decode(data.encode()).decode()
+
+    def encode_str(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Encode the data using the specified encoder.
+
+        Args:
+            value: The data to encode.
+
+        Returns:
+            The encoded data.
+        """
+        return self.encoder.encode(value.encode()).decode()  # noqa: UP008
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.encoder)
+
+
+Base64Bytes = Annotated[bytes, EncodedBytes(encoder=Base64Encoder)]
+"""A bytes type that is encoded and decoded using the standard (non-URL-safe) base64 encoder.
+
+Note:
+    Under the hood, `Base64Bytes` uses the standard library `base64.b64encode` and `base64.b64decode` functions.
+
+    As a result, attempting to decode url-safe base64 data using the `Base64Bytes` type may fail or produce an incorrect
+    decoding.
+
+Warning:
+    In versions of Pydantic prior to v2.10, `Base64Bytes` used [`base64.encodebytes`][base64.encodebytes]
+    and [`base64.decodebytes`][base64.decodebytes] functions. According to the [base64 documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/base64.html),
+    these methods are considered legacy implementation, and thus, Pydantic v2.10+ now uses the modern
+    [`base64.b64encode`][base64.b64encode] and [`base64.b64decode`][base64.b64decode] functions.
+
+    If you'd still like to use these legacy encoders / decoders, you can achieve this by creating a custom annotated type,
+    like follows:
+
+    ```python
+    import base64
+    from typing import Annotated, Literal
+
+    from pydantic_core import PydanticCustomError
+
+    from pydantic import EncodedBytes, EncoderProtocol
+
+    class LegacyBase64Encoder(EncoderProtocol):
+        @classmethod
+        def decode(cls, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+            try:
+                return base64.decodebytes(data)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                raise PydanticCustomError(
+                    'base64_decode',
+                    "Base64 decoding error: '{error}'",
+                    {'error': str(e)},
+                )
+
+        @classmethod
+        def encode(cls, value: bytes) -> bytes:
+            return base64.encodebytes(value)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def get_json_format(cls) -> Literal['base64']:
+            return 'base64'
+
+    LegacyBase64Bytes = Annotated[bytes, EncodedBytes(encoder=LegacyBase64Encoder)]
+    ```
+
+```python
+from pydantic import Base64Bytes, BaseModel, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    base64_bytes: Base64Bytes
+
+# Initialize the model with base64 data
+m = Model(base64_bytes=b'VGhpcyBpcyB0aGUgd2F5')
+
+# Access decoded value
+print(m.base64_bytes)
+#> b'This is the way'
+
+# Serialize into the base64 form
+print(m.model_dump())
+#> {'base64_bytes': b'VGhpcyBpcyB0aGUgd2F5'}
+
+# Validate base64 data
+try:
+    print(Model(base64_bytes=b'undecodable').base64_bytes)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for Model
+    base64_bytes
+      Base64 decoding error: 'Incorrect padding' [type=base64_decode, input_value=b'undecodable', input_type=bytes]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+Base64Str = Annotated[str, EncodedStr(encoder=Base64Encoder)]
+"""A str type that is encoded and decoded using the standard (non-URL-safe) base64 encoder.
+
+Note:
+    Under the hood, `Base64Str` uses the standard library `base64.b64encode` and `base64.b64decode` functions.
+
+    As a result, attempting to decode url-safe base64 data using the `Base64Str` type may fail or produce an incorrect
+    decoding.
+
+Warning:
+    In versions of Pydantic prior to v2.10, `Base64Str` used [`base64.encodebytes`][base64.encodebytes]
+    and [`base64.decodebytes`][base64.decodebytes] functions. According to the [base64 documentation](https://docs.python.org/3/library/base64.html),
+    these methods are considered legacy implementation, and thus, Pydantic v2.10+ now uses the modern
+    [`base64.b64encode`][base64.b64encode] and [`base64.b64decode`][base64.b64decode] functions.
+
+    See the [`Base64Bytes`][pydantic.types.Base64Bytes] type for more information on how to
+    replicate the old behavior with the legacy encoders / decoders.
+
+```python
+from pydantic import Base64Str, BaseModel, ValidationError
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    base64_str: Base64Str
+
+# Initialize the model with base64 data
+m = Model(base64_str='VGhlc2UgYXJlbid0IHRoZSBkcm9pZHMgeW91J3JlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9y')
+
+# Access decoded value
+print(m.base64_str)
+#> These aren't the droids you're looking for
+
+# Serialize into the base64 form
+print(m.model_dump())
+#> {'base64_str': 'VGhlc2UgYXJlbid0IHRoZSBkcm9pZHMgeW91J3JlIGxvb2tpbmcgZm9y'}
+
+# Validate base64 data
+try:
+    print(Model(base64_str='undecodable').base64_str)
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    '''
+    1 validation error for Model
+    base64_str
+      Base64 decoding error: 'Incorrect padding' [type=base64_decode, input_value='undecodable', input_type=str]
+    '''
+```
+"""
+Base64UrlBytes = Annotated[bytes, EncodedBytes(encoder=Base64UrlEncoder)]
+"""A bytes type that is encoded and decoded using the URL-safe base64 encoder.
+
+Note:
+    Under the hood, `Base64UrlBytes` use standard library `base64.urlsafe_b64encode` and `base64.urlsafe_b64decode`
+    functions.
+
+    As a result, the `Base64UrlBytes` type can be used to faithfully decode "vanilla" base64 data
+    (using `'+'` and `'/'`).
+
+```python
+from pydantic import Base64UrlBytes, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    base64url_bytes: Base64UrlBytes
+
+# Initialize the model with base64 data
+m = Model(base64url_bytes=b'SHc_dHc-TXc==')
+print(m)
+#> base64url_bytes=b'Hw?tw>Mw'
+```
+"""
+Base64UrlStr = Annotated[str, EncodedStr(encoder=Base64UrlEncoder)]
+"""A str type that is encoded and decoded using the URL-safe base64 encoder.
+
+Note:
+    Under the hood, `Base64UrlStr` use standard library `base64.urlsafe_b64encode` and `base64.urlsafe_b64decode`
+    functions.
+
+    As a result, the `Base64UrlStr` type can be used to faithfully decode "vanilla" base64 data (using `'+'` and `'/'`).
+
+```python
+from pydantic import Base64UrlStr, BaseModel
+
+class Model(BaseModel):
+    base64url_str: Base64UrlStr
+
+# Initialize the model with base64 data
+m = Model(base64url_str='SHc_dHc-TXc==')
+print(m)
+#> base64url_str='Hw?tw>Mw'
+```
+"""
+
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true)
+class GetPydanticSchema:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Using `GetPydanticSchema` to Reduce Boilerplate](../concepts/types.md#using-getpydanticschema-to-reduce-boilerplate)
+
+    A convenience class for creating an annotation that provides pydantic custom type hooks.
+
+    This class is intended to eliminate the need to create a custom "marker" which defines the
+     `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` and `__get_pydantic_json_schema__` custom hook methods.
+
+    For example, to have a field treated by type checkers as `int`, but by pydantic as `Any`, you can do:
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated, Any
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, GetPydanticSchema
+
+    HandleAsAny = GetPydanticSchema(lambda _s, h: h(Any))
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        x: Annotated[int, HandleAsAny]  # pydantic sees `x: Any`
+
+    print(repr(Model(x='abc').x))
+    #> 'abc'
+    ```
+    """
+
+    get_pydantic_core_schema: Callable[[Any, GetCoreSchemaHandler], CoreSchema] | None = None
+    get_pydantic_json_schema: Callable[[Any, GetJsonSchemaHandler], JsonSchemaValue] | None = None
+
+    # Note: we may want to consider adding a convenience staticmethod `def for_type(type_: Any) -> GetPydanticSchema:`
+    #   which returns `GetPydanticSchema(lambda _s, h: h(type_))`
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # We put `__getattr__` in a non-TYPE_CHECKING block because otherwise, mypy allows arbitrary attribute access
+
+        def __getattr__(self, item: str) -> Any:
+            """Use this rather than defining `__get_pydantic_core_schema__` etc. to reduce the number of nested calls."""
+            if item == '__get_pydantic_core_schema__' and self.get_pydantic_core_schema:
+                return self.get_pydantic_core_schema
+            elif item == '__get_pydantic_json_schema__' and self.get_pydantic_json_schema:
+                return self.get_pydantic_json_schema
+            else:
+                return object.__getattribute__(self, item)
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true, frozen=True)
+class Tag:
+    """Provides a way to specify the expected tag to use for a case of a (callable) discriminated union.
+
+    Also provides a way to label a union case in error messages.
+
+    When using a callable `Discriminator`, attach a `Tag` to each case in the `Union` to specify the tag that
+    should be used to identify that case. For example, in the below example, the `Tag` is used to specify that
+    if `get_discriminator_value` returns `'apple'`, the input should be validated as an `ApplePie`, and if it
+    returns `'pumpkin'`, the input should be validated as a `PumpkinPie`.
+
+    The primary role of the `Tag` here is to map the return value from the callable `Discriminator` function to
+    the appropriate member of the `Union` in question.
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated, Any, Literal, Union
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, Discriminator, Tag
+
+    class Pie(BaseModel):
+        time_to_cook: int
+        num_ingredients: int
+
+    class ApplePie(Pie):
+        fruit: Literal['apple'] = 'apple'
+
+    class PumpkinPie(Pie):
+        filling: Literal['pumpkin'] = 'pumpkin'
+
+    def get_discriminator_value(v: Any) -> str:
+        if isinstance(v, dict):
+            return v.get('fruit', v.get('filling'))
+        return getattr(v, 'fruit', getattr(v, 'filling', None))
+
+    class ThanksgivingDinner(BaseModel):
+        dessert: Annotated[
+            Union[
+                Annotated[ApplePie, Tag('apple')],
+                Annotated[PumpkinPie, Tag('pumpkin')],
+            ],
+            Discriminator(get_discriminator_value),
+        ]
+
+    apple_variation = ThanksgivingDinner.model_validate(
+        {'dessert': {'fruit': 'apple', 'time_to_cook': 60, 'num_ingredients': 8}}
+    )
+    print(repr(apple_variation))
+    '''
+    ThanksgivingDinner(dessert=ApplePie(time_to_cook=60, num_ingredients=8, fruit='apple'))
+    '''
+
+    pumpkin_variation = ThanksgivingDinner.model_validate(
+        {
+            'dessert': {
+                'filling': 'pumpkin',
+                'time_to_cook': 40,
+                'num_ingredients': 6,
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    print(repr(pumpkin_variation))
+    '''
+    ThanksgivingDinner(dessert=PumpkinPie(time_to_cook=40, num_ingredients=6, filling='pumpkin'))
+    '''
+    ```
+
+    !!! note
+        You must specify a `Tag` for every case in a `Tag` that is associated with a
+        callable `Discriminator`. Failing to do so will result in a `PydanticUserError` with code
+        [`callable-discriminator-no-tag`](../errors/usage_errors.md#callable-discriminator-no-tag).
+
+    See the [Discriminated Unions] concepts docs for more details on how to use `Tag`s.
+
+    [Discriminated Unions]: ../concepts/unions.md#discriminated-unions
+    """
+
+    tag: str
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
+        schema = handler(source_type)
+        metadata = cast('CoreMetadata', schema.setdefault('metadata', {}))
+        metadata['pydantic_internal_union_tag_key'] = self.tag
+        return schema
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass(**_internal_dataclass.slots_true, frozen=True)
+class Discriminator:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Discriminated Unions with `Callable` `Discriminator`](../concepts/unions.md#discriminated-unions-with-callable-discriminator)
+
+    Provides a way to use a custom callable as the way to extract the value of a union discriminator.
+
+    This allows you to get validation behavior like you'd get from `Field(discriminator=<field_name>)`,
+    but without needing to have a single shared field across all the union choices. This also makes it
+    possible to handle unions of models and primitive types with discriminated-union-style validation errors.
+    Finally, this allows you to use a custom callable as the way to identify which member of a union a value
+    belongs to, while still seeing all the performance benefits of a discriminated union.
+
+    Consider this example, which is much more performant with the use of `Discriminator` and thus a `TaggedUnion`
+    than it would be as a normal `Union`.
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated, Any, Literal, Union
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, Discriminator, Tag
+
+    class Pie(BaseModel):
+        time_to_cook: int
+        num_ingredients: int
+
+    class ApplePie(Pie):
+        fruit: Literal['apple'] = 'apple'
+
+    class PumpkinPie(Pie):
+        filling: Literal['pumpkin'] = 'pumpkin'
+
+    def get_discriminator_value(v: Any) -> str:
+        if isinstance(v, dict):
+            return v.get('fruit', v.get('filling'))
+        return getattr(v, 'fruit', getattr(v, 'filling', None))
+
+    class ThanksgivingDinner(BaseModel):
+        dessert: Annotated[
+            Union[
+                Annotated[ApplePie, Tag('apple')],
+                Annotated[PumpkinPie, Tag('pumpkin')],
+            ],
+            Discriminator(get_discriminator_value),
+        ]
+
+    apple_variation = ThanksgivingDinner.model_validate(
+        {'dessert': {'fruit': 'apple', 'time_to_cook': 60, 'num_ingredients': 8}}
+    )
+    print(repr(apple_variation))
+    '''
+    ThanksgivingDinner(dessert=ApplePie(time_to_cook=60, num_ingredients=8, fruit='apple'))
+    '''
+
+    pumpkin_variation = ThanksgivingDinner.model_validate(
+        {
+            'dessert': {
+                'filling': 'pumpkin',
+                'time_to_cook': 40,
+                'num_ingredients': 6,
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    print(repr(pumpkin_variation))
+    '''
+    ThanksgivingDinner(dessert=PumpkinPie(time_to_cook=40, num_ingredients=6, filling='pumpkin'))
+    '''
+    ```
+
+    See the [Discriminated Unions] concepts docs for more details on how to use `Discriminator`s.
+
+    [Discriminated Unions]: ../concepts/unions.md#discriminated-unions
+    """
+
+    discriminator: str | Callable[[Any], Hashable]
+    """The callable or field name for discriminating the type in a tagged union.
+
+    A `Callable` discriminator must extract the value of the discriminator from the input.
+    A `str` discriminator must be the name of a field to discriminate against.
+    """
+    custom_error_type: str | None = None
+    """Type to use in [custom errors](../errors/errors.md) replacing the standard discriminated union
+    validation errors.
+    """
+    custom_error_message: str | None = None
+    """Message to use in custom errors."""
+    custom_error_context: dict[str, int | str | float] | None = None
+    """Context to use in custom errors."""
+
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(self, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
+        if not is_union_origin(get_origin(source_type)):
+            raise TypeError(f'{type(self).__name__} must be used with a Union type, not {source_type}')
+
+        if isinstance(self.discriminator, str):
+            from pydantic import Field
+
+            return handler(Annotated[source_type, Field(discriminator=self.discriminator)])
+        else:
+            original_schema = handler(source_type)
+            return self._convert_schema(original_schema)
+
+    def _convert_schema(self, original_schema: core_schema.CoreSchema) -> core_schema.TaggedUnionSchema:
+        if original_schema['type'] != 'union':
+            # This likely indicates that the schema was a single-item union that was simplified.
+            # In this case, we do the same thing we do in
+            # `pydantic._internal._discriminated_union._ApplyInferredDiscriminator._apply_to_root`, namely,
+            # package the generated schema back into a single-item union.
+            original_schema = core_schema.union_schema([original_schema])
+
+        tagged_union_choices = {}
+        for choice in original_schema['choices']:
+            tag = None
+            if isinstance(choice, tuple):
+                choice, tag = choice
+            metadata = cast('CoreMetadata | None', choice.get('metadata'))
+            if metadata is not None:
+                tag = metadata.get('pydantic_internal_union_tag_key') or tag
+            if tag is None:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'`Tag` not provided for choice {choice} used with `Discriminator`',
+                    code='callable-discriminator-no-tag',
+                )
+            tagged_union_choices[tag] = choice
+
+        # Have to do these verbose checks to ensure falsy values ('' and {}) don't get ignored
+        custom_error_type = self.custom_error_type
+        if custom_error_type is None:
+            custom_error_type = original_schema.get('custom_error_type')
+
+        custom_error_message = self.custom_error_message
+        if custom_error_message is None:
+            custom_error_message = original_schema.get('custom_error_message')
+
+        custom_error_context = self.custom_error_context
+        if custom_error_context is None:
+            custom_error_context = original_schema.get('custom_error_context')
+
+        custom_error_type = original_schema.get('custom_error_type') if custom_error_type is None else custom_error_type
+        return core_schema.tagged_union_schema(
+            tagged_union_choices,
+            self.discriminator,
+            custom_error_type=custom_error_type,
+            custom_error_message=custom_error_message,
+            custom_error_context=custom_error_context,
+            strict=original_schema.get('strict'),
+            ref=original_schema.get('ref'),
+            metadata=original_schema.get('metadata'),
+            serialization=original_schema.get('serialization'),
+        )
+
+
+_JSON_TYPES = {int, float, str, bool, list, dict, type(None)}
+
+
+def _get_type_name(x: Any) -> str:
+    type_ = type(x)
+    if type_ in _JSON_TYPES:
+        return type_.__name__
+
+    # Handle proper subclasses; note we don't need to handle None or bool here
+    if isinstance(x, int):
+        return 'int'
+    if isinstance(x, float):
+        return 'float'
+    if isinstance(x, str):
+        return 'str'
+    if isinstance(x, list):
+        return 'list'
+    if isinstance(x, dict):
+        return 'dict'
+
+    # Fail by returning the type's actual name
+    return getattr(type_, '__name__', '<no type name>')
+
+
+class _AllowAnyJson:
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
+        python_schema = handler(source_type)
+        return core_schema.json_or_python_schema(json_schema=core_schema.any_schema(), python_schema=python_schema)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # This seems to only be necessary for mypy
+    JsonValue: TypeAlias = Union[
+        list['JsonValue'],
+        dict[str, 'JsonValue'],
+        str,
+        bool,
+        int,
+        float,
+        None,
+    ]
+    """A `JsonValue` is used to represent a value that can be serialized to JSON.
+
+    It may be one of:
+
+    * `list['JsonValue']`
+    * `dict[str, 'JsonValue']`
+    * `str`
+    * `bool`
+    * `int`
+    * `float`
+    * `None`
+
+    The following example demonstrates how to use `JsonValue` to validate JSON data,
+    and what kind of errors to expect when input data is not json serializable.
+
+    ```python
+    import json
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, JsonValue, ValidationError
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        j: JsonValue
+
+    valid_json_data = {'j': {'a': {'b': {'c': 1, 'd': [2, None]}}}}
+    invalid_json_data = {'j': {'a': {'b': ...}}}
+
+    print(repr(Model.model_validate(valid_json_data)))
+    #> Model(j={'a': {'b': {'c': 1, 'd': [2, None]}}})
+    print(repr(Model.model_validate_json(json.dumps(valid_json_data))))
+    #> Model(j={'a': {'b': {'c': 1, 'd': [2, None]}}})
+
+    try:
+        Model.model_validate(invalid_json_data)
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        j.dict.a.dict.b
+          input was not a valid JSON value [type=invalid-json-value, input_value=Ellipsis, input_type=ellipsis]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+else:
+    JsonValue = TypeAliasType(
+        'JsonValue',
+        Annotated[
+            Union[
+                Annotated[list['JsonValue'], Tag('list')],
+                Annotated[dict[str, 'JsonValue'], Tag('dict')],
+                Annotated[str, Tag('str')],
+                Annotated[bool, Tag('bool')],
+                Annotated[int, Tag('int')],
+                Annotated[float, Tag('float')],
+                Annotated[None, Tag('NoneType')],
+            ],
+            Discriminator(
+                _get_type_name,
+                custom_error_type='invalid-json-value',
+                custom_error_message='input was not a valid JSON value',
+            ),
+            _AllowAnyJson,
+        ],
+    )
+
+
+class _OnErrorOmit:
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_pydantic_core_schema__(cls, source_type: Any, handler: GetCoreSchemaHandler) -> CoreSchema:
+        # there is no actual default value here but we use with_default_schema since it already has the on_error
+        # behavior implemented and it would be no more efficient to implement it on every other validator
+        # or as a standalone validator
+        return core_schema.with_default_schema(schema=handler(source_type), on_error='omit')
+
+
+OnErrorOmit = Annotated[T, _OnErrorOmit]
+"""
+When used as an item in a list, the key type in a dict, optional values of a TypedDict, etc.
+this annotation omits the item from the iteration if there is any error validating it.
+That is, instead of a [`ValidationError`][pydantic_core.ValidationError] being propagated up and the entire iterable being discarded
+any invalid items are discarded and the valid ones are returned.
+"""
+
+
+@_dataclasses.dataclass
+class FailFast(_fields.PydanticMetadata, BaseMetadata):
+    """A `FailFast` annotation can be used to specify that validation should stop at the first error.
+
+    This can be useful when you want to validate a large amount of data and you only need to know if it's valid or not.
+
+    You might want to enable this setting if you want to validate your data faster (basically, if you use this,
+    validation will be more performant with the caveat that you get less information).
+
+    ```python
+    from typing import Annotated
+
+    from pydantic import BaseModel, FailFast, ValidationError
+
+    class Model(BaseModel):
+        x: Annotated[list[int], FailFast()]
+
+    # This will raise a single error for the first invalid value and stop validation
+    try:
+        obj = Model(x=[1, 2, 'a', 4, 5, 'b', 7, 8, 9, 'c'])
+    except ValidationError as e:
+        print(e)
+        '''
+        1 validation error for Model
+        x.2
+          Input should be a valid integer, unable to parse string as an integer [type=int_parsing, input_value='a', input_type=str]
+        '''
+    ```
+    """
+
+    fail_fast: bool = True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bda22d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""`typing` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d1e2a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `utils` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ad3f466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+# flake8: noqa
+from pydantic.v1 import dataclasses
+from pydantic.v1.annotated_types import create_model_from_namedtuple, create_model_from_typeddict
+from pydantic.v1.class_validators import root_validator, validator
+from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig, ConfigDict, Extra
+from pydantic.v1.decorator import validate_arguments
+from pydantic.v1.env_settings import BaseSettings
+from pydantic.v1.error_wrappers import ValidationError
+from pydantic.v1.errors import *
+from pydantic.v1.fields import Field, PrivateAttr, Required
+from pydantic.v1.main import *
+from pydantic.v1.networks import *
+from pydantic.v1.parse import Protocol
+from pydantic.v1.tools import *
+from pydantic.v1.types import *
+from pydantic.v1.version import VERSION, compiled
+
+__version__ = VERSION
+
+# WARNING __all__ from pydantic.errors is not included here, it will be removed as an export here in v2
+# please use "from pydantic.v1.errors import ..." instead
+__all__ = [
+    # annotated types utils
+    'create_model_from_namedtuple',
+    'create_model_from_typeddict',
+    # dataclasses
+    'dataclasses',
+    # class_validators
+    'root_validator',
+    'validator',
+    # config
+    'BaseConfig',
+    'ConfigDict',
+    'Extra',
+    # decorator
+    'validate_arguments',
+    # env_settings
+    'BaseSettings',
+    # error_wrappers
+    'ValidationError',
+    # fields
+    'Field',
+    'Required',
+    # main
+    'BaseModel',
+    'create_model',
+    'validate_model',
+    # network
+    'AnyUrl',
+    'AnyHttpUrl',
+    'FileUrl',
+    'HttpUrl',
+    'stricturl',
+    'EmailStr',
+    'NameEmail',
+    'IPvAnyAddress',
+    'IPvAnyInterface',
+    'IPvAnyNetwork',
+    'PostgresDsn',
+    'CockroachDsn',
+    'AmqpDsn',
+    'RedisDsn',
+    'MongoDsn',
+    'KafkaDsn',
+    'validate_email',
+    # parse
+    'Protocol',
+    # tools
+    'parse_file_as',
+    'parse_obj_as',
+    'parse_raw_as',
+    'schema_of',
+    'schema_json_of',
+    # types
+    'NoneStr',
+    'NoneBytes',
+    'StrBytes',
+    'NoneStrBytes',
+    'StrictStr',
+    'ConstrainedBytes',
+    'conbytes',
+    'ConstrainedList',
+    'conlist',
+    'ConstrainedSet',
+    'conset',
+    'ConstrainedFrozenSet',
+    'confrozenset',
+    'ConstrainedStr',
+    'constr',
+    'PyObject',
+    'ConstrainedInt',
+    'conint',
+    'PositiveInt',
+    'NegativeInt',
+    'NonNegativeInt',
+    'NonPositiveInt',
+    'ConstrainedFloat',
+    'confloat',
+    'PositiveFloat',
+    'NegativeFloat',
+    'NonNegativeFloat',
+    'NonPositiveFloat',
+    'FiniteFloat',
+    'ConstrainedDecimal',
+    'condecimal',
+    'ConstrainedDate',
+    'condate',
+    'UUID1',
+    'UUID3',
+    'UUID4',
+    'UUID5',
+    'FilePath',
+    'DirectoryPath',
+    'Json',
+    'JsonWrapper',
+    'SecretField',
+    'SecretStr',
+    'SecretBytes',
+    'StrictBool',
+    'StrictBytes',
+    'StrictInt',
+    'StrictFloat',
+    'PaymentCardNumber',
+    'PrivateAttr',
+    'ByteSize',
+    'PastDate',
+    'FutureDate',
+    # version
+    'compiled',
+    'VERSION',
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/_hypothesis_plugin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/_hypothesis_plugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b62234d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/_hypothesis_plugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,391 @@
+"""
+Register Hypothesis strategies for Pydantic custom types.
+
+This enables fully-automatic generation of test data for most Pydantic classes.
+
+Note that this module has *no* runtime impact on Pydantic itself; instead it
+is registered as a setuptools entry point and Hypothesis will import it if
+Pydantic is installed.  See also:
+
+https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/strategies.html#registering-strategies-via-setuptools-entry-points
+https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/data.html#hypothesis.strategies.register_type_strategy
+https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/strategies.html#interaction-with-pytest-cov
+https://docs.pydantic.dev/usage/types/#pydantic-types
+
+Note that because our motivation is to *improve user experience*, the strategies
+are always sound (never generate invalid data) but sacrifice completeness for
+maintainability (ie may be unable to generate some tricky but valid data).
+
+Finally, this module makes liberal use of `# type: ignore[<code>]` pragmas.
+This is because Hypothesis annotates `register_type_strategy()` with
+`(T, SearchStrategy[T])`, but in most cases we register e.g. `ConstrainedInt`
+to generate instances of the builtin `int` type which match the constraints.
+"""
+
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import ipaddress
+import json
+import math
+from fractions import Fraction
+from typing import Callable, Dict, Type, Union, cast, overload
+
+import hypothesis.strategies as st
+
+import pydantic
+import pydantic.color
+import pydantic.types
+from pydantic.v1.utils import lenient_issubclass
+
+# FilePath and DirectoryPath are explicitly unsupported, as we'd have to create
+# them on-disk, and that's unsafe in general without being told *where* to do so.
+#
+# URLs are unsupported because it's easy for users to define their own strategy for
+# "normal" URLs, and hard for us to define a general strategy which includes "weird"
+# URLs but doesn't also have unpredictable performance problems.
+#
+# conlist() and conset() are unsupported for now, because the workarounds for
+# Cython and Hypothesis to handle parametrized generic types are incompatible.
+# We are rethinking Hypothesis compatibility in Pydantic v2.
+
+# Emails
+try:
+    import email_validator
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    pass
+else:
+
+    def is_valid_email(s: str) -> bool:
+        # Hypothesis' st.emails() occasionally generates emails like 0@A0--0.ac
+        # that are invalid according to email-validator, so we filter those out.
+        try:
+            email_validator.validate_email(s, check_deliverability=False)
+            return True
+        except email_validator.EmailNotValidError:  # pragma: no cover
+            return False
+
+    # Note that these strategies deliberately stay away from any tricky Unicode
+    # or other encoding issues; we're just trying to generate *something* valid.
+    st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.EmailStr, st.emails().filter(is_valid_email))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    st.register_type_strategy(
+        pydantic.NameEmail,
+        st.builds(
+            '{} <{}>'.format,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            st.from_regex('[A-Za-z0-9_]+( [A-Za-z0-9_]+){0,5}', fullmatch=True),
+            st.emails().filter(is_valid_email),
+        ),
+    )
+
+# PyObject - dotted names, in this case taken from the math module.
+st.register_type_strategy(
+    pydantic.PyObject,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    st.sampled_from(
+        [cast(pydantic.PyObject, f'math.{name}') for name in sorted(vars(math)) if not name.startswith('_')]
+    ),
+)
+
+# CSS3 Colors; as name, hex, rgb(a) tuples or strings, or hsl strings
+_color_regexes = (
+    '|'.join(
+        (
+            pydantic.color.r_hex_short,
+            pydantic.color.r_hex_long,
+            pydantic.color.r_rgb,
+            pydantic.color.r_rgba,
+            pydantic.color.r_hsl,
+            pydantic.color.r_hsla,
+        )
+    )
+    # Use more precise regex patterns to avoid value-out-of-range errors
+    .replace(pydantic.color._r_sl, r'(?:(\d\d?(?:\.\d+)?|100(?:\.0+)?)%)')
+    .replace(pydantic.color._r_alpha, r'(?:(0(?:\.\d+)?|1(?:\.0+)?|\.\d+|\d{1,2}%))')
+    .replace(pydantic.color._r_255, r'(?:((?:\d|\d\d|[01]\d\d|2[0-4]\d|25[0-4])(?:\.\d+)?|255(?:\.0+)?))')
+)
+st.register_type_strategy(
+    pydantic.color.Color,
+    st.one_of(
+        st.sampled_from(sorted(pydantic.color.COLORS_BY_NAME)),
+        st.tuples(
+            st.integers(0, 255),
+            st.integers(0, 255),
+            st.integers(0, 255),
+            st.none() | st.floats(0, 1) | st.floats(0, 100).map('{}%'.format),
+        ),
+        st.from_regex(_color_regexes, fullmatch=True),
+    ),
+)
+
+
+# Card numbers, valid according to the Luhn algorithm
+
+
+def add_luhn_digit(card_number: str) -> str:
+    # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm
+    for digit in '0123456789':
+        with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+            pydantic.PaymentCardNumber.validate_luhn_check_digit(card_number + digit)
+            return card_number + digit
+    raise AssertionError('Unreachable')  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+card_patterns = (
+    # Note that these patterns omit the Luhn check digit; that's added by the function above
+    '4[0-9]{14}',  # Visa
+    '5[12345][0-9]{13}',  # Mastercard
+    '3[47][0-9]{12}',  # American Express
+    '[0-26-9][0-9]{10,17}',  # other (incomplete to avoid overlap)
+)
+st.register_type_strategy(
+    pydantic.PaymentCardNumber,
+    st.from_regex('|'.join(card_patterns), fullmatch=True).map(add_luhn_digit),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+)
+
+# UUIDs
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.UUID1, st.uuids(version=1))
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.UUID3, st.uuids(version=3))
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.UUID4, st.uuids(version=4))
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.UUID5, st.uuids(version=5))
+
+# Secrets
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.SecretBytes, st.binary().map(pydantic.SecretBytes))
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.SecretStr, st.text().map(pydantic.SecretStr))
+
+# IP addresses, networks, and interfaces
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.IPvAnyAddress, st.ip_addresses())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+st.register_type_strategy(
+    pydantic.IPvAnyInterface,
+    st.from_type(ipaddress.IPv4Interface) | st.from_type(ipaddress.IPv6Interface),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+)
+st.register_type_strategy(
+    pydantic.IPvAnyNetwork,
+    st.from_type(ipaddress.IPv4Network) | st.from_type(ipaddress.IPv6Network),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+)
+
+# We hook into the con***() functions and the ConstrainedNumberMeta metaclass,
+# so here we only have to register subclasses for other constrained types which
+# don't go via those mechanisms.  Then there are the registration hooks below.
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.StrictBool, st.booleans())
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.StrictStr, st.text())
+
+
+# FutureDate, PastDate
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.FutureDate, st.dates(min_value=datetime.date.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=1)))
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.PastDate, st.dates(max_value=datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)))
+
+
+# Constrained-type resolver functions
+#
+# For these ones, we actually want to inspect the type in order to work out a
+# satisfying strategy.  First up, the machinery for tracking resolver functions:
+
+RESOLVERS: Dict[type, Callable[[type], st.SearchStrategy]] = {}  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+
+
+@overload
+def _registered(typ: Type[pydantic.types.T]) -> Type[pydantic.types.T]:
+    pass
+
+
+@overload
+def _registered(typ: pydantic.types.ConstrainedNumberMeta) -> pydantic.types.ConstrainedNumberMeta:
+    pass
+
+
+def _registered(
+    typ: Union[Type[pydantic.types.T], pydantic.types.ConstrainedNumberMeta]
+) -> Union[Type[pydantic.types.T], pydantic.types.ConstrainedNumberMeta]:
+    # This function replaces the version in `pydantic.types`, in order to
+    # effect the registration of new constrained types so that Hypothesis
+    # can generate valid examples.
+    pydantic.types._DEFINED_TYPES.add(typ)
+    for supertype, resolver in RESOLVERS.items():
+        if issubclass(typ, supertype):
+            st.register_type_strategy(typ, resolver(typ))  # type: ignore
+            return typ
+    raise NotImplementedError(f'Unknown type {typ!r} has no resolver to register')  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def resolves(
+    typ: Union[type, pydantic.types.ConstrainedNumberMeta]
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., st.SearchStrategy]], Callable[..., st.SearchStrategy]]:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+    def inner(f):  # type: ignore
+        assert f not in RESOLVERS
+        RESOLVERS[typ] = f
+        return f
+
+    return inner
+
+
+# Type-to-strategy resolver functions
+
+
+@resolves(pydantic.JsonWrapper)
+def resolve_json(cls):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    try:
+        inner = st.none() if cls.inner_type is None else st.from_type(cls.inner_type)
+    except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
+        finite = st.floats(allow_infinity=False, allow_nan=False)
+        inner = st.recursive(
+            base=st.one_of(st.none(), st.booleans(), st.integers(), finite, st.text()),
+            extend=lambda x: st.lists(x) | st.dictionaries(st.text(), x),  # type: ignore
+        )
+    inner_type = getattr(cls, 'inner_type', None)
+    return st.builds(
+        cls.inner_type.json if lenient_issubclass(inner_type, pydantic.BaseModel) else json.dumps,
+        inner,
+        ensure_ascii=st.booleans(),
+        indent=st.none() | st.integers(0, 16),
+        sort_keys=st.booleans(),
+    )
+
+
+@resolves(pydantic.ConstrainedBytes)
+def resolve_conbytes(cls):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]  # pragma: no cover
+    min_size = cls.min_length or 0
+    max_size = cls.max_length
+    if not cls.strip_whitespace:
+        return st.binary(min_size=min_size, max_size=max_size)
+    # Fun with regex to ensure we neither start nor end with whitespace
+    repeats = '{{{},{}}}'.format(
+        min_size - 2 if min_size > 2 else 0,
+        max_size - 2 if (max_size or 0) > 2 else '',
+    )
+    if min_size >= 2:
+        pattern = rf'\W.{repeats}\W'
+    elif min_size == 1:
+        pattern = rf'\W(.{repeats}\W)?'
+    else:
+        assert min_size == 0
+        pattern = rf'(\W(.{repeats}\W)?)?'
+    return st.from_regex(pattern.encode(), fullmatch=True)
+
+
+@resolves(pydantic.ConstrainedDecimal)
+def resolve_condecimal(cls):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    min_value = cls.ge
+    max_value = cls.le
+    if cls.gt is not None:
+        assert min_value is None, 'Set `gt` or `ge`, but not both'
+        min_value = cls.gt
+    if cls.lt is not None:
+        assert max_value is None, 'Set `lt` or `le`, but not both'
+        max_value = cls.lt
+    s = st.decimals(min_value, max_value, allow_nan=False, places=cls.decimal_places)
+    if cls.lt is not None:
+        s = s.filter(lambda d: d < cls.lt)
+    if cls.gt is not None:
+        s = s.filter(lambda d: cls.gt < d)
+    return s
+
+
+@resolves(pydantic.ConstrainedFloat)
+def resolve_confloat(cls):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    min_value = cls.ge
+    max_value = cls.le
+    exclude_min = False
+    exclude_max = False
+
+    if cls.gt is not None:
+        assert min_value is None, 'Set `gt` or `ge`, but not both'
+        min_value = cls.gt
+        exclude_min = True
+    if cls.lt is not None:
+        assert max_value is None, 'Set `lt` or `le`, but not both'
+        max_value = cls.lt
+        exclude_max = True
+
+    if cls.multiple_of is None:
+        return st.floats(min_value, max_value, exclude_min=exclude_min, exclude_max=exclude_max, allow_nan=False)
+
+    if min_value is not None:
+        min_value = math.ceil(min_value / cls.multiple_of)
+        if exclude_min:
+            min_value = min_value + 1
+    if max_value is not None:
+        assert max_value >= cls.multiple_of, 'Cannot build model with max value smaller than multiple of'
+        max_value = math.floor(max_value / cls.multiple_of)
+        if exclude_max:
+            max_value = max_value - 1
+
+    return st.integers(min_value, max_value).map(lambda x: x * cls.multiple_of)
+
+
+@resolves(pydantic.ConstrainedInt)
+def resolve_conint(cls):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    min_value = cls.ge
+    max_value = cls.le
+    if cls.gt is not None:
+        assert min_value is None, 'Set `gt` or `ge`, but not both'
+        min_value = cls.gt + 1
+    if cls.lt is not None:
+        assert max_value is None, 'Set `lt` or `le`, but not both'
+        max_value = cls.lt - 1
+
+    if cls.multiple_of is None or cls.multiple_of == 1:
+        return st.integers(min_value, max_value)
+
+    # These adjustments and the .map handle integer-valued multiples, while the
+    # .filter handles trickier cases as for confloat.
+    if min_value is not None:
+        min_value = math.ceil(Fraction(min_value) / Fraction(cls.multiple_of))
+    if max_value is not None:
+        max_value = math.floor(Fraction(max_value) / Fraction(cls.multiple_of))
+    return st.integers(min_value, max_value).map(lambda x: x * cls.multiple_of)
+
+
+@resolves(pydantic.ConstrainedDate)
+def resolve_condate(cls):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    if cls.ge is not None:
+        assert cls.gt is None, 'Set `gt` or `ge`, but not both'
+        min_value = cls.ge
+    elif cls.gt is not None:
+        min_value = cls.gt + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+    else:
+        min_value = datetime.date.min
+    if cls.le is not None:
+        assert cls.lt is None, 'Set `lt` or `le`, but not both'
+        max_value = cls.le
+    elif cls.lt is not None:
+        max_value = cls.lt - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+    else:
+        max_value = datetime.date.max
+    return st.dates(min_value, max_value)
+
+
+@resolves(pydantic.ConstrainedStr)
+def resolve_constr(cls):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]  # pragma: no cover
+    min_size = cls.min_length or 0
+    max_size = cls.max_length
+
+    if cls.regex is None and not cls.strip_whitespace:
+        return st.text(min_size=min_size, max_size=max_size)
+
+    if cls.regex is not None:
+        strategy = st.from_regex(cls.regex)
+        if cls.strip_whitespace:
+            strategy = strategy.filter(lambda s: s == s.strip())
+    elif cls.strip_whitespace:
+        repeats = '{{{},{}}}'.format(
+            min_size - 2 if min_size > 2 else 0,
+            max_size - 2 if (max_size or 0) > 2 else '',
+        )
+        if min_size >= 2:
+            strategy = st.from_regex(rf'\W.{repeats}\W')
+        elif min_size == 1:
+            strategy = st.from_regex(rf'\W(.{repeats}\W)?')
+        else:
+            assert min_size == 0
+            strategy = st.from_regex(rf'(\W(.{repeats}\W)?)?')
+
+    if min_size == 0 and max_size is None:
+        return strategy
+    elif max_size is None:
+        return strategy.filter(lambda s: min_size <= len(s))
+    return strategy.filter(lambda s: min_size <= len(s) <= max_size)
+
+
+# Finally, register all previously-defined types, and patch in our new function
+for typ in list(pydantic.types._DEFINED_TYPES):
+    _registered(typ)
+pydantic.types._registered = _registered
+st.register_type_strategy(pydantic.Json, resolve_json)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/annotated_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/annotated_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9eaaafd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/annotated_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, FrozenSet, NamedTuple, Type
+
+from pydantic.v1.fields import Required
+from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel, create_model
+from pydantic.v1.typing import is_typeddict, is_typeddict_special
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+
+    def is_legacy_typeddict(typeddict_cls: Type['TypedDict']) -> bool:  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+        return is_typeddict(typeddict_cls) and type(typeddict_cls).__module__ == 'typing'
+
+else:
+
+    def is_legacy_typeddict(_: Any) -> Any:
+        return False
+
+
+def create_model_from_typeddict(
+    # Mypy bug: `Type[TypedDict]` is resolved as `Any` https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/11030
+    typeddict_cls: Type['TypedDict'],  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Type['BaseModel']:
+    """
+    Create a `BaseModel` based on the fields of a `TypedDict`.
+    Since `typing.TypedDict` in Python 3.8 does not store runtime information about optional keys,
+    we raise an error if this happens (see https://bugs.python.org/issue38834).
+    """
+    field_definitions: Dict[str, Any]
+
+    # Best case scenario: with python 3.9+ or when `TypedDict` is imported from `typing_extensions`
+    if not hasattr(typeddict_cls, '__required_keys__'):
+        raise TypeError(
+            'You should use `typing_extensions.TypedDict` instead of `typing.TypedDict` with Python < 3.9.2. '
+            'Without it, there is no way to differentiate required and optional fields when subclassed.'
+        )
+
+    if is_legacy_typeddict(typeddict_cls) and any(
+        is_typeddict_special(t) for t in typeddict_cls.__annotations__.values()
+    ):
+        raise TypeError(
+            'You should use `typing_extensions.TypedDict` instead of `typing.TypedDict` with Python < 3.11. '
+            'Without it, there is no way to reflect Required/NotRequired keys.'
+        )
+
+    required_keys: FrozenSet[str] = typeddict_cls.__required_keys__  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    field_definitions = {
+        field_name: (field_type, Required if field_name in required_keys else None)
+        for field_name, field_type in typeddict_cls.__annotations__.items()
+    }
+
+    return create_model(typeddict_cls.__name__, **kwargs, **field_definitions)
+
+
+def create_model_from_namedtuple(namedtuple_cls: Type['NamedTuple'], **kwargs: Any) -> Type['BaseModel']:
+    """
+    Create a `BaseModel` based on the fields of a named tuple.
+    A named tuple can be created with `typing.NamedTuple` and declared annotations
+    but also with `collections.namedtuple`, in this case we consider all fields
+    to have type `Any`.
+    """
+    # With python 3.10+, `__annotations__` always exists but can be empty hence the `getattr... or...` logic
+    namedtuple_annotations: Dict[str, Type[Any]] = getattr(namedtuple_cls, '__annotations__', None) or {
+        k: Any for k in namedtuple_cls._fields
+    }
+    field_definitions: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        field_name: (field_type, Required) for field_name, field_type in namedtuple_annotations.items()
+    }
+    return create_model(namedtuple_cls.__name__, **kwargs, **field_definitions)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/class_validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/class_validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f68fc86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/class_validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+import warnings
+from collections import ChainMap
+from functools import partial, partialmethod, wraps
+from itertools import chain
+from types import FunctionType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type, Union, overload
+
+from pydantic.v1.errors import ConfigError
+from pydantic.v1.typing import AnyCallable
+from pydantic.v1.utils import ROOT_KEY, in_ipython
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import AnyClassMethod
+
+
+class Validator:
+    __slots__ = 'func', 'pre', 'each_item', 'always', 'check_fields', 'skip_on_failure'
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: AnyCallable,
+        pre: bool = False,
+        each_item: bool = False,
+        always: bool = False,
+        check_fields: bool = False,
+        skip_on_failure: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.func = func
+        self.pre = pre
+        self.each_item = each_item
+        self.always = always
+        self.check_fields = check_fields
+        self.skip_on_failure = skip_on_failure
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from inspect import Signature
+
+    from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig
+    from pydantic.v1.fields import ModelField
+    from pydantic.v1.types import ModelOrDc
+
+    ValidatorCallable = Callable[[Optional[ModelOrDc], Any, Dict[str, Any], ModelField, Type[BaseConfig]], Any]
+    ValidatorsList = List[ValidatorCallable]
+    ValidatorListDict = Dict[str, List[Validator]]
+
+_FUNCS: Set[str] = set()
+VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY = '__validator_config__'
+ROOT_VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY = '__root_validator_config__'
+
+
+def validator(
+    *fields: str,
+    pre: bool = False,
+    each_item: bool = False,
+    always: bool = False,
+    check_fields: bool = True,
+    whole: Optional[bool] = None,
+    allow_reuse: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[AnyCallable], 'AnyClassMethod']:
+    """
+    Decorate methods on the class indicating that they should be used to validate fields
+    :param fields: which field(s) the method should be called on
+    :param pre: whether or not this validator should be called before the standard validators (else after)
+    :param each_item: for complex objects (sets, lists etc.) whether to validate individual elements rather than the
+      whole object
+    :param always: whether this method and other validators should be called even if the value is missing
+    :param check_fields: whether to check that the fields actually exist on the model
+    :param allow_reuse: whether to track and raise an error if another validator refers to the decorated function
+    """
+    if not fields:
+        raise ConfigError('validator with no fields specified')
+    elif isinstance(fields[0], FunctionType):
+        raise ConfigError(
+            "validators should be used with fields and keyword arguments, not bare. "  # noqa: Q000
+            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name>', ...)`"
+        )
+    elif not all(isinstance(field, str) for field in fields):
+        raise ConfigError(
+            "validator fields should be passed as separate string args. "  # noqa: Q000
+            "E.g. usage should be `@validator('<field_name_1>', '<field_name_2>', ...)`"
+        )
+
+    if whole is not None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            'The "whole" keyword argument is deprecated, use "each_item" (inverse meaning, default False) instead',
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        assert each_item is False, '"each_item" and "whole" conflict, remove "whole"'
+        each_item = not whole
+
+    def dec(f: AnyCallable) -> 'AnyClassMethod':
+        f_cls = _prepare_validator(f, allow_reuse)
+        setattr(
+            f_cls,
+            VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY,
+            (
+                fields,
+                Validator(func=f_cls.__func__, pre=pre, each_item=each_item, always=always, check_fields=check_fields),
+            ),
+        )
+        return f_cls
+
+    return dec
+
+
+@overload
+def root_validator(_func: AnyCallable) -> 'AnyClassMethod':
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def root_validator(
+    *, pre: bool = False, allow_reuse: bool = False, skip_on_failure: bool = False
+) -> Callable[[AnyCallable], 'AnyClassMethod']:
+    ...
+
+
+def root_validator(
+    _func: Optional[AnyCallable] = None, *, pre: bool = False, allow_reuse: bool = False, skip_on_failure: bool = False
+) -> Union['AnyClassMethod', Callable[[AnyCallable], 'AnyClassMethod']]:
+    """
+    Decorate methods on a model indicating that they should be used to validate (and perhaps modify) data either
+    before or after standard model parsing/validation is performed.
+    """
+    if _func:
+        f_cls = _prepare_validator(_func, allow_reuse)
+        setattr(
+            f_cls, ROOT_VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY, Validator(func=f_cls.__func__, pre=pre, skip_on_failure=skip_on_failure)
+        )
+        return f_cls
+
+    def dec(f: AnyCallable) -> 'AnyClassMethod':
+        f_cls = _prepare_validator(f, allow_reuse)
+        setattr(
+            f_cls, ROOT_VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY, Validator(func=f_cls.__func__, pre=pre, skip_on_failure=skip_on_failure)
+        )
+        return f_cls
+
+    return dec
+
+
+def _prepare_validator(function: AnyCallable, allow_reuse: bool) -> 'AnyClassMethod':
+    """
+    Avoid validators with duplicated names since without this, validators can be overwritten silently
+    which generally isn't the intended behaviour, don't run in ipython (see #312) or if allow_reuse is False.
+    """
+    f_cls = function if isinstance(function, classmethod) else classmethod(function)
+    if not in_ipython() and not allow_reuse:
+        ref = (
+            getattr(f_cls.__func__, '__module__', '<No __module__>')
+            + '.'
+            + getattr(f_cls.__func__, '__qualname__', f'<No __qualname__: id:{id(f_cls.__func__)}>')
+        )
+        if ref in _FUNCS:
+            raise ConfigError(f'duplicate validator function "{ref}"; if this is intended, set `allow_reuse=True`')
+        _FUNCS.add(ref)
+    return f_cls
+
+
+class ValidatorGroup:
+    def __init__(self, validators: 'ValidatorListDict') -> None:
+        self.validators = validators
+        self.used_validators = {'*'}
+
+    def get_validators(self, name: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Validator]]:
+        self.used_validators.add(name)
+        validators = self.validators.get(name, [])
+        if name != ROOT_KEY:
+            validators += self.validators.get('*', [])
+        if validators:
+            return {getattr(v.func, '__name__', f'<No __name__: id:{id(v.func)}>'): v for v in validators}
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def check_for_unused(self) -> None:
+        unused_validators = set(
+            chain.from_iterable(
+                (
+                    getattr(v.func, '__name__', f'<No __name__: id:{id(v.func)}>')
+                    for v in self.validators[f]
+                    if v.check_fields
+                )
+                for f in (self.validators.keys() - self.used_validators)
+            )
+        )
+        if unused_validators:
+            fn = ', '.join(unused_validators)
+            raise ConfigError(
+                f"Validators defined with incorrect fields: {fn} "  # noqa: Q000
+                f"(use check_fields=False if you're inheriting from the model and intended this)"
+            )
+
+
+def extract_validators(namespace: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, List[Validator]]:
+    validators: Dict[str, List[Validator]] = {}
+    for var_name, value in namespace.items():
+        validator_config = getattr(value, VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY, None)
+        if validator_config:
+            fields, v = validator_config
+            for field in fields:
+                if field in validators:
+                    validators[field].append(v)
+                else:
+                    validators[field] = [v]
+    return validators
+
+
+def extract_root_validators(namespace: Dict[str, Any]) -> Tuple[List[AnyCallable], List[Tuple[bool, AnyCallable]]]:
+    from inspect import signature
+
+    pre_validators: List[AnyCallable] = []
+    post_validators: List[Tuple[bool, AnyCallable]] = []
+    for name, value in namespace.items():
+        validator_config: Optional[Validator] = getattr(value, ROOT_VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY, None)
+        if validator_config:
+            sig = signature(validator_config.func)
+            args = list(sig.parameters.keys())
+            if args[0] == 'self':
+                raise ConfigError(
+                    f'Invalid signature for root validator {name}: {sig}, "self" not permitted as first argument, '
+                    f'should be: (cls, values).'
+                )
+            if len(args) != 2:
+                raise ConfigError(f'Invalid signature for root validator {name}: {sig}, should be: (cls, values).')
+            # check function signature
+            if validator_config.pre:
+                pre_validators.append(validator_config.func)
+            else:
+                post_validators.append((validator_config.skip_on_failure, validator_config.func))
+    return pre_validators, post_validators
+
+
+def inherit_validators(base_validators: 'ValidatorListDict', validators: 'ValidatorListDict') -> 'ValidatorListDict':
+    for field, field_validators in base_validators.items():
+        if field not in validators:
+            validators[field] = []
+        validators[field] += field_validators
+    return validators
+
+
+def make_generic_validator(validator: AnyCallable) -> 'ValidatorCallable':
+    """
+    Make a generic function which calls a validator with the right arguments.
+
+    Unfortunately other approaches (eg. return a partial of a function that builds the arguments) is slow,
+    hence this laborious way of doing things.
+
+    It's done like this so validators don't all need **kwargs in their signature, eg. any combination of
+    the arguments "values", "fields" and/or "config" are permitted.
+    """
+    from inspect import signature
+
+    if not isinstance(validator, (partial, partialmethod)):
+        # This should be the default case, so overhead is reduced
+        sig = signature(validator)
+        args = list(sig.parameters.keys())
+    else:
+        # Fix the generated argument lists of partial methods
+        sig = signature(validator.func)
+        args = [
+            k
+            for k in signature(validator.func).parameters.keys()
+            if k not in validator.args | validator.keywords.keys()
+        ]
+
+    first_arg = args.pop(0)
+    if first_arg == 'self':
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'Invalid signature for validator {validator}: {sig}, "self" not permitted as first argument, '
+            f'should be: (cls, value, values, config, field), "values", "config" and "field" are all optional.'
+        )
+    elif first_arg == 'cls':
+        # assume the second argument is value
+        return wraps(validator)(_generic_validator_cls(validator, sig, set(args[1:])))
+    else:
+        # assume the first argument was value which has already been removed
+        return wraps(validator)(_generic_validator_basic(validator, sig, set(args)))
+
+
+def prep_validators(v_funcs: Iterable[AnyCallable]) -> 'ValidatorsList':
+    return [make_generic_validator(f) for f in v_funcs if f]
+
+
+all_kwargs = {'values', 'field', 'config'}
+
+
+def _generic_validator_cls(validator: AnyCallable, sig: 'Signature', args: Set[str]) -> 'ValidatorCallable':
+    # assume the first argument is value
+    has_kwargs = False
+    if 'kwargs' in args:
+        has_kwargs = True
+        args -= {'kwargs'}
+
+    if not args.issubset(all_kwargs):
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'Invalid signature for validator {validator}: {sig}, should be: '
+            f'(cls, value, values, config, field), "values", "config" and "field" are all optional.'
+        )
+
+    if has_kwargs:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, values=values, field=field, config=config)
+    elif args == set():
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v)
+    elif args == {'values'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, values=values)
+    elif args == {'field'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, field=field)
+    elif args == {'config'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, config=config)
+    elif args == {'values', 'field'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, values=values, field=field)
+    elif args == {'values', 'config'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, values=values, config=config)
+    elif args == {'field', 'config'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, field=field, config=config)
+    else:
+        # args == {'values', 'field', 'config'}
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(cls, v, values=values, field=field, config=config)
+
+
+def _generic_validator_basic(validator: AnyCallable, sig: 'Signature', args: Set[str]) -> 'ValidatorCallable':
+    has_kwargs = False
+    if 'kwargs' in args:
+        has_kwargs = True
+        args -= {'kwargs'}
+
+    if not args.issubset(all_kwargs):
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'Invalid signature for validator {validator}: {sig}, should be: '
+            f'(value, values, config, field), "values", "config" and "field" are all optional.'
+        )
+
+    if has_kwargs:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, values=values, field=field, config=config)
+    elif args == set():
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v)
+    elif args == {'values'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, values=values)
+    elif args == {'field'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, field=field)
+    elif args == {'config'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, config=config)
+    elif args == {'values', 'field'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, values=values, field=field)
+    elif args == {'values', 'config'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, values=values, config=config)
+    elif args == {'field', 'config'}:
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, field=field, config=config)
+    else:
+        # args == {'values', 'field', 'config'}
+        return lambda cls, v, values, field, config: validator(v, values=values, field=field, config=config)
+
+
+def gather_all_validators(type_: 'ModelOrDc') -> Dict[str, 'AnyClassMethod']:
+    all_attributes = ChainMap(*[cls.__dict__ for cls in type_.__mro__])  # type: ignore[arg-type,var-annotated]
+    return {
+        k: v
+        for k, v in all_attributes.items()
+        if hasattr(v, VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY) or hasattr(v, ROOT_VALIDATOR_CONFIG_KEY)
+    }
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/color.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/color.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0bbf78f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/color.py
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+"""
+Color definitions are  used as per CSS3 specification:
+http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#svg-color
+
+A few colors have multiple names referring to the sames colors, eg. `grey` and `gray` or `aqua` and `cyan`.
+
+In these cases the LAST color when sorted alphabetically takes preferences,
+eg. Color((0, 255, 255)).as_named() == 'cyan' because "cyan" comes after "aqua".
+"""
+import math
+import re
+from colorsys import hls_to_rgb, rgb_to_hls
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union, cast
+
+from pydantic.v1.errors import ColorError
+from pydantic.v1.utils import Representation, almost_equal_floats
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import CallableGenerator, ReprArgs
+
+ColorTuple = Union[Tuple[int, int, int], Tuple[int, int, int, float]]
+ColorType = Union[ColorTuple, str]
+HslColorTuple = Union[Tuple[float, float, float], Tuple[float, float, float, float]]
+
+
+class RGBA:
+    """
+    Internal use only as a representation of a color.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = 'r', 'g', 'b', 'alpha', '_tuple'
+
+    def __init__(self, r: float, g: float, b: float, alpha: Optional[float]):
+        self.r = r
+        self.g = g
+        self.b = b
+        self.alpha = alpha
+
+        self._tuple: Tuple[float, float, float, Optional[float]] = (r, g, b, alpha)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._tuple[item]
+
+
+# these are not compiled here to avoid import slowdown, they'll be compiled the first time they're used, then cached
+r_hex_short = r'\s*(?:#|0x)?([0-9a-f])([0-9a-f])([0-9a-f])([0-9a-f])?\s*'
+r_hex_long = r'\s*(?:#|0x)?([0-9a-f]{2})([0-9a-f]{2})([0-9a-f]{2})([0-9a-f]{2})?\s*'
+_r_255 = r'(\d{1,3}(?:\.\d+)?)'
+_r_comma = r'\s*,\s*'
+r_rgb = fr'\s*rgb\(\s*{_r_255}{_r_comma}{_r_255}{_r_comma}{_r_255}\)\s*'
+_r_alpha = r'(\d(?:\.\d+)?|\.\d+|\d{1,2}%)'
+r_rgba = fr'\s*rgba\(\s*{_r_255}{_r_comma}{_r_255}{_r_comma}{_r_255}{_r_comma}{_r_alpha}\s*\)\s*'
+_r_h = r'(-?\d+(?:\.\d+)?|-?\.\d+)(deg|rad|turn)?'
+_r_sl = r'(\d{1,3}(?:\.\d+)?)%'
+r_hsl = fr'\s*hsl\(\s*{_r_h}{_r_comma}{_r_sl}{_r_comma}{_r_sl}\s*\)\s*'
+r_hsla = fr'\s*hsl\(\s*{_r_h}{_r_comma}{_r_sl}{_r_comma}{_r_sl}{_r_comma}{_r_alpha}\s*\)\s*'
+
+# colors where the two hex characters are the same, if all colors match this the short version of hex colors can be used
+repeat_colors = {int(c * 2, 16) for c in '0123456789abcdef'}
+rads = 2 * math.pi
+
+
+class Color(Representation):
+    __slots__ = '_original', '_rgba'
+
+    def __init__(self, value: ColorType) -> None:
+        self._rgba: RGBA
+        self._original: ColorType
+        if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
+            self._rgba = parse_tuple(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            self._rgba = parse_str(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, Color):
+            self._rgba = value._rgba
+            value = value._original
+        else:
+            raise ColorError(reason='value must be a tuple, list or string')
+
+        # if we've got here value must be a valid color
+        self._original = value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='color')
+
+    def original(self) -> ColorType:
+        """
+        Original value passed to Color
+        """
+        return self._original
+
+    def as_named(self, *, fallback: bool = False) -> str:
+        if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+            rgb = cast(Tuple[int, int, int], self.as_rgb_tuple())
+            try:
+                return COLORS_BY_VALUE[rgb]
+            except KeyError as e:
+                if fallback:
+                    return self.as_hex()
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError('no named color found, use fallback=True, as_hex() or as_rgb()') from e
+        else:
+            return self.as_hex()
+
+    def as_hex(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Hex string representing the color can be 3, 4, 6 or 8 characters depending on whether the string
+        a "short" representation of the color is possible and whether there's an alpha channel.
+        """
+        values = [float_to_255(c) for c in self._rgba[:3]]
+        if self._rgba.alpha is not None:
+            values.append(float_to_255(self._rgba.alpha))
+
+        as_hex = ''.join(f'{v:02x}' for v in values)
+        if all(c in repeat_colors for c in values):
+            as_hex = ''.join(as_hex[c] for c in range(0, len(as_hex), 2))
+        return '#' + as_hex
+
+    def as_rgb(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Color as an rgb(<r>, <g>, <b>) or rgba(<r>, <g>, <b>, <a>) string.
+        """
+        if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+            return f'rgb({float_to_255(self._rgba.r)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.g)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.b)})'
+        else:
+            return (
+                f'rgba({float_to_255(self._rgba.r)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.g)}, {float_to_255(self._rgba.b)}, '
+                f'{round(self._alpha_float(), 2)})'
+            )
+
+    def as_rgb_tuple(self, *, alpha: Optional[bool] = None) -> ColorTuple:
+        """
+        Color as an RGB or RGBA tuple; red, green and blue are in the range 0 to 255, alpha if included is
+        in the range 0 to 1.
+
+        :param alpha: whether to include the alpha channel, options are
+          None - (default) include alpha only if it's set (e.g. not None)
+          True - always include alpha,
+          False - always omit alpha,
+        """
+        r, g, b = (float_to_255(c) for c in self._rgba[:3])
+        if alpha is None:
+            if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+                return r, g, b
+            else:
+                return r, g, b, self._alpha_float()
+        elif alpha:
+            return r, g, b, self._alpha_float()
+        else:
+            # alpha is False
+            return r, g, b
+
+    def as_hsl(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Color as an hsl(<h>, <s>, <l>) or hsl(<h>, <s>, <l>, <a>) string.
+        """
+        if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+            h, s, li = self.as_hsl_tuple(alpha=False)  # type: ignore
+            return f'hsl({h * 360:0.0f}, {s:0.0%}, {li:0.0%})'
+        else:
+            h, s, li, a = self.as_hsl_tuple(alpha=True)  # type: ignore
+            return f'hsl({h * 360:0.0f}, {s:0.0%}, {li:0.0%}, {round(a, 2)})'
+
+    def as_hsl_tuple(self, *, alpha: Optional[bool] = None) -> HslColorTuple:
+        """
+        Color as an HSL or HSLA tuple, e.g. hue, saturation, lightness and optionally alpha; all elements are in
+        the range 0 to 1.
+
+        NOTE: this is HSL as used in HTML and most other places, not HLS as used in python's colorsys.
+
+        :param alpha: whether to include the alpha channel, options are
+          None - (default) include alpha only if it's set (e.g. not None)
+          True - always include alpha,
+          False - always omit alpha,
+        """
+        h, l, s = rgb_to_hls(self._rgba.r, self._rgba.g, self._rgba.b)
+        if alpha is None:
+            if self._rgba.alpha is None:
+                return h, s, l
+            else:
+                return h, s, l, self._alpha_float()
+        if alpha:
+            return h, s, l, self._alpha_float()
+        else:
+            # alpha is False
+            return h, s, l
+
+    def _alpha_float(self) -> float:
+        return 1 if self._rgba.alpha is None else self._rgba.alpha
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.as_named(fallback=True)
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        return [(None, self.as_named(fallback=True))] + [('rgb', self.as_rgb_tuple())]  # type: ignore
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, Color) and self.as_rgb_tuple() == other.as_rgb_tuple()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.as_rgb_tuple())
+
+
+def parse_tuple(value: Tuple[Any, ...]) -> RGBA:
+    """
+    Parse a tuple or list as a color.
+    """
+    if len(value) == 3:
+        r, g, b = (parse_color_value(v) for v in value)
+        return RGBA(r, g, b, None)
+    elif len(value) == 4:
+        r, g, b = (parse_color_value(v) for v in value[:3])
+        return RGBA(r, g, b, parse_float_alpha(value[3]))
+    else:
+        raise ColorError(reason='tuples must have length 3 or 4')
+
+
+def parse_str(value: str) -> RGBA:
+    """
+    Parse a string to an RGBA tuple, trying the following formats (in this order):
+    * named color, see COLORS_BY_NAME below
+    * hex short eg. `<prefix>fff` (prefix can be `#`, `0x` or nothing)
+    * hex long eg. `<prefix>ffffff` (prefix can be `#`, `0x` or nothing)
+    * `rgb(<r>, <g>, <b>) `
+    * `rgba(<r>, <g>, <b>, <a>)`
+    """
+    value_lower = value.lower()
+    try:
+        r, g, b = COLORS_BY_NAME[value_lower]
+    except KeyError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return ints_to_rgba(r, g, b, None)
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_hex_short, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        *rgb, a = m.groups()
+        r, g, b = (int(v * 2, 16) for v in rgb)
+        if a:
+            alpha: Optional[float] = int(a * 2, 16) / 255
+        else:
+            alpha = None
+        return ints_to_rgba(r, g, b, alpha)
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_hex_long, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        *rgb, a = m.groups()
+        r, g, b = (int(v, 16) for v in rgb)
+        if a:
+            alpha = int(a, 16) / 255
+        else:
+            alpha = None
+        return ints_to_rgba(r, g, b, alpha)
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_rgb, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        return ints_to_rgba(*m.groups(), None)  # type: ignore
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_rgba, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        return ints_to_rgba(*m.groups())  # type: ignore
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_hsl, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        h, h_units, s, l_ = m.groups()
+        return parse_hsl(h, h_units, s, l_)
+
+    m = re.fullmatch(r_hsla, value_lower)
+    if m:
+        h, h_units, s, l_, a = m.groups()
+        return parse_hsl(h, h_units, s, l_, parse_float_alpha(a))
+
+    raise ColorError(reason='string not recognised as a valid color')
+
+
+def ints_to_rgba(r: Union[int, str], g: Union[int, str], b: Union[int, str], alpha: Optional[float]) -> RGBA:
+    return RGBA(parse_color_value(r), parse_color_value(g), parse_color_value(b), parse_float_alpha(alpha))
+
+
+def parse_color_value(value: Union[int, str], max_val: int = 255) -> float:
+    """
+    Parse a value checking it's a valid int in the range 0 to max_val and divide by max_val to give a number
+    in the range 0 to 1
+    """
+    try:
+        color = float(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise ColorError(reason='color values must be a valid number')
+    if 0 <= color <= max_val:
+        return color / max_val
+    else:
+        raise ColorError(reason=f'color values must be in the range 0 to {max_val}')
+
+
+def parse_float_alpha(value: Union[None, str, float, int]) -> Optional[float]:
+    """
+    Parse a value checking it's a valid float in the range 0 to 1
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        if isinstance(value, str) and value.endswith('%'):
+            alpha = float(value[:-1]) / 100
+        else:
+            alpha = float(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise ColorError(reason='alpha values must be a valid float')
+
+    if almost_equal_floats(alpha, 1):
+        return None
+    elif 0 <= alpha <= 1:
+        return alpha
+    else:
+        raise ColorError(reason='alpha values must be in the range 0 to 1')
+
+
+def parse_hsl(h: str, h_units: str, sat: str, light: str, alpha: Optional[float] = None) -> RGBA:
+    """
+    Parse raw hue, saturation, lightness and alpha values and convert to RGBA.
+    """
+    s_value, l_value = parse_color_value(sat, 100), parse_color_value(light, 100)
+
+    h_value = float(h)
+    if h_units in {None, 'deg'}:
+        h_value = h_value % 360 / 360
+    elif h_units == 'rad':
+        h_value = h_value % rads / rads
+    else:
+        # turns
+        h_value = h_value % 1
+
+    r, g, b = hls_to_rgb(h_value, l_value, s_value)
+    return RGBA(r, g, b, alpha)
+
+
+def float_to_255(c: float) -> int:
+    return int(round(c * 255))
+
+
+COLORS_BY_NAME = {
+    'aliceblue': (240, 248, 255),
+    'antiquewhite': (250, 235, 215),
+    'aqua': (0, 255, 255),
+    'aquamarine': (127, 255, 212),
+    'azure': (240, 255, 255),
+    'beige': (245, 245, 220),
+    'bisque': (255, 228, 196),
+    'black': (0, 0, 0),
+    'blanchedalmond': (255, 235, 205),
+    'blue': (0, 0, 255),
+    'blueviolet': (138, 43, 226),
+    'brown': (165, 42, 42),
+    'burlywood': (222, 184, 135),
+    'cadetblue': (95, 158, 160),
+    'chartreuse': (127, 255, 0),
+    'chocolate': (210, 105, 30),
+    'coral': (255, 127, 80),
+    'cornflowerblue': (100, 149, 237),
+    'cornsilk': (255, 248, 220),
+    'crimson': (220, 20, 60),
+    'cyan': (0, 255, 255),
+    'darkblue': (0, 0, 139),
+    'darkcyan': (0, 139, 139),
+    'darkgoldenrod': (184, 134, 11),
+    'darkgray': (169, 169, 169),
+    'darkgreen': (0, 100, 0),
+    'darkgrey': (169, 169, 169),
+    'darkkhaki': (189, 183, 107),
+    'darkmagenta': (139, 0, 139),
+    'darkolivegreen': (85, 107, 47),
+    'darkorange': (255, 140, 0),
+    'darkorchid': (153, 50, 204),
+    'darkred': (139, 0, 0),
+    'darksalmon': (233, 150, 122),
+    'darkseagreen': (143, 188, 143),
+    'darkslateblue': (72, 61, 139),
+    'darkslategray': (47, 79, 79),
+    'darkslategrey': (47, 79, 79),
+    'darkturquoise': (0, 206, 209),
+    'darkviolet': (148, 0, 211),
+    'deeppink': (255, 20, 147),
+    'deepskyblue': (0, 191, 255),
+    'dimgray': (105, 105, 105),
+    'dimgrey': (105, 105, 105),
+    'dodgerblue': (30, 144, 255),
+    'firebrick': (178, 34, 34),
+    'floralwhite': (255, 250, 240),
+    'forestgreen': (34, 139, 34),
+    'fuchsia': (255, 0, 255),
+    'gainsboro': (220, 220, 220),
+    'ghostwhite': (248, 248, 255),
+    'gold': (255, 215, 0),
+    'goldenrod': (218, 165, 32),
+    'gray': (128, 128, 128),
+    'green': (0, 128, 0),
+    'greenyellow': (173, 255, 47),
+    'grey': (128, 128, 128),
+    'honeydew': (240, 255, 240),
+    'hotpink': (255, 105, 180),
+    'indianred': (205, 92, 92),
+    'indigo': (75, 0, 130),
+    'ivory': (255, 255, 240),
+    'khaki': (240, 230, 140),
+    'lavender': (230, 230, 250),
+    'lavenderblush': (255, 240, 245),
+    'lawngreen': (124, 252, 0),
+    'lemonchiffon': (255, 250, 205),
+    'lightblue': (173, 216, 230),
+    'lightcoral': (240, 128, 128),
+    'lightcyan': (224, 255, 255),
+    'lightgoldenrodyellow': (250, 250, 210),
+    'lightgray': (211, 211, 211),
+    'lightgreen': (144, 238, 144),
+    'lightgrey': (211, 211, 211),
+    'lightpink': (255, 182, 193),
+    'lightsalmon': (255, 160, 122),
+    'lightseagreen': (32, 178, 170),
+    'lightskyblue': (135, 206, 250),
+    'lightslategray': (119, 136, 153),
+    'lightslategrey': (119, 136, 153),
+    'lightsteelblue': (176, 196, 222),
+    'lightyellow': (255, 255, 224),
+    'lime': (0, 255, 0),
+    'limegreen': (50, 205, 50),
+    'linen': (250, 240, 230),
+    'magenta': (255, 0, 255),
+    'maroon': (128, 0, 0),
+    'mediumaquamarine': (102, 205, 170),
+    'mediumblue': (0, 0, 205),
+    'mediumorchid': (186, 85, 211),
+    'mediumpurple': (147, 112, 219),
+    'mediumseagreen': (60, 179, 113),
+    'mediumslateblue': (123, 104, 238),
+    'mediumspringgreen': (0, 250, 154),
+    'mediumturquoise': (72, 209, 204),
+    'mediumvioletred': (199, 21, 133),
+    'midnightblue': (25, 25, 112),
+    'mintcream': (245, 255, 250),
+    'mistyrose': (255, 228, 225),
+    'moccasin': (255, 228, 181),
+    'navajowhite': (255, 222, 173),
+    'navy': (0, 0, 128),
+    'oldlace': (253, 245, 230),
+    'olive': (128, 128, 0),
+    'olivedrab': (107, 142, 35),
+    'orange': (255, 165, 0),
+    'orangered': (255, 69, 0),
+    'orchid': (218, 112, 214),
+    'palegoldenrod': (238, 232, 170),
+    'palegreen': (152, 251, 152),
+    'paleturquoise': (175, 238, 238),
+    'palevioletred': (219, 112, 147),
+    'papayawhip': (255, 239, 213),
+    'peachpuff': (255, 218, 185),
+    'peru': (205, 133, 63),
+    'pink': (255, 192, 203),
+    'plum': (221, 160, 221),
+    'powderblue': (176, 224, 230),
+    'purple': (128, 0, 128),
+    'red': (255, 0, 0),
+    'rosybrown': (188, 143, 143),
+    'royalblue': (65, 105, 225),
+    'saddlebrown': (139, 69, 19),
+    'salmon': (250, 128, 114),
+    'sandybrown': (244, 164, 96),
+    'seagreen': (46, 139, 87),
+    'seashell': (255, 245, 238),
+    'sienna': (160, 82, 45),
+    'silver': (192, 192, 192),
+    'skyblue': (135, 206, 235),
+    'slateblue': (106, 90, 205),
+    'slategray': (112, 128, 144),
+    'slategrey': (112, 128, 144),
+    'snow': (255, 250, 250),
+    'springgreen': (0, 255, 127),
+    'steelblue': (70, 130, 180),
+    'tan': (210, 180, 140),
+    'teal': (0, 128, 128),
+    'thistle': (216, 191, 216),
+    'tomato': (255, 99, 71),
+    'turquoise': (64, 224, 208),
+    'violet': (238, 130, 238),
+    'wheat': (245, 222, 179),
+    'white': (255, 255, 255),
+    'whitesmoke': (245, 245, 245),
+    'yellow': (255, 255, 0),
+    'yellowgreen': (154, 205, 50),
+}
+
+COLORS_BY_VALUE = {v: k for k, v in COLORS_BY_NAME.items()}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18f7c999
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+import json
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, ForwardRef, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import Literal, Protocol
+
+from pydantic.v1.typing import AnyArgTCallable, AnyCallable
+from pydantic.v1.utils import GetterDict
+from pydantic.v1.version import compiled
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import overload
+
+    from pydantic.v1.fields import ModelField
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+    ConfigType = Type['BaseConfig']
+
+    class SchemaExtraCallable(Protocol):
+        @overload
+        def __call__(self, schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            pass
+
+        @overload
+        def __call__(self, schema: Dict[str, Any], model_class: Type[BaseModel]) -> None:
+            pass
+
+else:
+    SchemaExtraCallable = Callable[..., None]
+
+__all__ = 'BaseConfig', 'ConfigDict', 'get_config', 'Extra', 'inherit_config', 'prepare_config'
+
+
+class Extra(str, Enum):
+    allow = 'allow'
+    ignore = 'ignore'
+    forbid = 'forbid'
+
+
+# https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/4003
+# Fixed in Cython 3 and Pydantic v1 won't support Cython 3.
+# Pydantic v2 doesn't depend on Cython at all.
+if not compiled:
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+    class ConfigDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+        title: Optional[str]
+        anystr_lower: bool
+        anystr_strip_whitespace: bool
+        min_anystr_length: int
+        max_anystr_length: Optional[int]
+        validate_all: bool
+        extra: Extra
+        allow_mutation: bool
+        frozen: bool
+        allow_population_by_field_name: bool
+        use_enum_values: bool
+        fields: Dict[str, Union[str, Dict[str, str]]]
+        validate_assignment: bool
+        error_msg_templates: Dict[str, str]
+        arbitrary_types_allowed: bool
+        orm_mode: bool
+        getter_dict: Type[GetterDict]
+        alias_generator: Optional[Callable[[str], str]]
+        keep_untouched: Tuple[type, ...]
+        schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, object], 'SchemaExtraCallable']
+        json_loads: Callable[[str], object]
+        json_dumps: AnyArgTCallable[str]
+        json_encoders: Dict[Type[object], AnyCallable]
+        underscore_attrs_are_private: bool
+        allow_inf_nan: bool
+        copy_on_model_validation: Literal['none', 'deep', 'shallow']
+        # whether dataclass `__post_init__` should be run after validation
+        post_init_call: Literal['before_validation', 'after_validation']
+
+else:
+    ConfigDict = dict  # type: ignore
+
+
+class BaseConfig:
+    title: Optional[str] = None
+    anystr_lower: bool = False
+    anystr_upper: bool = False
+    anystr_strip_whitespace: bool = False
+    min_anystr_length: int = 0
+    max_anystr_length: Optional[int] = None
+    validate_all: bool = False
+    extra: Extra = Extra.ignore
+    allow_mutation: bool = True
+    frozen: bool = False
+    allow_population_by_field_name: bool = False
+    use_enum_values: bool = False
+    fields: Dict[str, Union[str, Dict[str, str]]] = {}
+    validate_assignment: bool = False
+    error_msg_templates: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    arbitrary_types_allowed: bool = False
+    orm_mode: bool = False
+    getter_dict: Type[GetterDict] = GetterDict
+    alias_generator: Optional[Callable[[str], str]] = None
+    keep_untouched: Tuple[type, ...] = ()
+    schema_extra: Union[Dict[str, Any], 'SchemaExtraCallable'] = {}
+    json_loads: Callable[[str], Any] = json.loads
+    json_dumps: Callable[..., str] = json.dumps
+    json_encoders: Dict[Union[Type[Any], str, ForwardRef], AnyCallable] = {}
+    underscore_attrs_are_private: bool = False
+    allow_inf_nan: bool = True
+
+    # whether inherited models as fields should be reconstructed as base model,
+    # and whether such a copy should be shallow or deep
+    copy_on_model_validation: Literal['none', 'deep', 'shallow'] = 'shallow'
+
+    # whether `Union` should check all allowed types before even trying to coerce
+    smart_union: bool = False
+    # whether dataclass `__post_init__` should be run before or after validation
+    post_init_call: Literal['before_validation', 'after_validation'] = 'before_validation'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_field_info(cls, name: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Get properties of FieldInfo from the `fields` property of the config class.
+        """
+
+        fields_value = cls.fields.get(name)
+
+        if isinstance(fields_value, str):
+            field_info: Dict[str, Any] = {'alias': fields_value}
+        elif isinstance(fields_value, dict):
+            field_info = fields_value
+        else:
+            field_info = {}
+
+        if 'alias' in field_info:
+            field_info.setdefault('alias_priority', 2)
+
+        if field_info.get('alias_priority', 0) <= 1 and cls.alias_generator:
+            alias = cls.alias_generator(name)
+            if not isinstance(alias, str):
+                raise TypeError(f'Config.alias_generator must return str, not {alias.__class__}')
+            field_info.update(alias=alias, alias_priority=1)
+        return field_info
+
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare_field(cls, field: 'ModelField') -> None:
+        """
+        Optional hook to check or modify fields during model creation.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+def get_config(config: Union[ConfigDict, Type[object], None]) -> Type[BaseConfig]:
+    if config is None:
+        return BaseConfig
+
+    else:
+        config_dict = (
+            config
+            if isinstance(config, dict)
+            else {k: getattr(config, k) for k in dir(config) if not k.startswith('__')}
+        )
+
+        class Config(BaseConfig):
+            ...
+
+        for k, v in config_dict.items():
+            setattr(Config, k, v)
+        return Config
+
+
+def inherit_config(self_config: 'ConfigType', parent_config: 'ConfigType', **namespace: Any) -> 'ConfigType':
+    if not self_config:
+        base_classes: Tuple['ConfigType', ...] = (parent_config,)
+    elif self_config == parent_config:
+        base_classes = (self_config,)
+    else:
+        base_classes = self_config, parent_config
+
+    namespace['json_encoders'] = {
+        **getattr(parent_config, 'json_encoders', {}),
+        **getattr(self_config, 'json_encoders', {}),
+        **namespace.get('json_encoders', {}),
+    }
+
+    return type('Config', base_classes, namespace)
+
+
+def prepare_config(config: Type[BaseConfig], cls_name: str) -> None:
+    if not isinstance(config.extra, Extra):
+        try:
+            config.extra = Extra(config.extra)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError(f'"{cls_name}": {config.extra} is not a valid value for "extra"')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/dataclasses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/dataclasses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd167029
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/dataclasses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,500 @@
+"""
+The main purpose is to enhance stdlib dataclasses by adding validation
+A pydantic dataclass can be generated from scratch or from a stdlib one.
+
+Behind the scene, a pydantic dataclass is just like a regular one on which we attach
+a `BaseModel` and magic methods to trigger the validation of the data.
+`__init__` and `__post_init__` are hence overridden and have extra logic to be
+able to validate input data.
+
+When a pydantic dataclass is generated from scratch, it's just a plain dataclass
+with validation triggered at initialization
+
+The tricky part if for stdlib dataclasses that are converted after into pydantic ones e.g.
+
+```py
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class M:
+    x: int
+
+ValidatedM = pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass(M)
+```
+
+We indeed still want to support equality, hashing, repr, ... as if it was the stdlib one!
+
+```py
+assert isinstance(ValidatedM(x=1), M)
+assert ValidatedM(x=1) == M(x=1)
+```
+
+This means we **don't want to create a new dataclass that inherits from it**
+The trick is to create a wrapper around `M` that will act as a proxy to trigger
+validation without altering default `M` behaviour.
+"""
+import copy
+import dataclasses
+import sys
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import wraps
+
+try:
+    from functools import cached_property
+except ImportError:
+    # cached_property available only for python3.8+
+    pass
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, ClassVar, Dict, Generator, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union, overload
+
+from typing_extensions import dataclass_transform
+
+from pydantic.v1.class_validators import gather_all_validators
+from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig, ConfigDict, Extra, get_config
+from pydantic.v1.error_wrappers import ValidationError
+from pydantic.v1.errors import DataclassTypeError
+from pydantic.v1.fields import Field, FieldInfo, Required, Undefined
+from pydantic.v1.main import create_model, validate_model
+from pydantic.v1.utils import ClassAttribute
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import CallableGenerator, NoArgAnyCallable
+
+    DataclassT = TypeVar('DataclassT', bound='Dataclass')
+
+    DataclassClassOrWrapper = Union[Type['Dataclass'], 'DataclassProxy']
+
+    class Dataclass:
+        # stdlib attributes
+        __dataclass_fields__: ClassVar[Dict[str, Any]]
+        __dataclass_params__: ClassVar[Any]  # in reality `dataclasses._DataclassParams`
+        __post_init__: ClassVar[Callable[..., None]]
+
+        # Added by pydantic
+        __pydantic_run_validation__: ClassVar[bool]
+        __post_init_post_parse__: ClassVar[Callable[..., None]]
+        __pydantic_initialised__: ClassVar[bool]
+        __pydantic_model__: ClassVar[Type[BaseModel]]
+        __pydantic_validate_values__: ClassVar[Callable[['Dataclass'], None]]
+        __pydantic_has_field_info_default__: ClassVar[bool]  # whether a `pydantic.Field` is used as default value
+
+        def __init__(self, *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> None:
+            pass
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls: Type['Dataclass']) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+            pass
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __validate__(cls: Type['DataclassT'], v: Any) -> 'DataclassT':
+            pass
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'dataclass',
+    'set_validation',
+    'create_pydantic_model_from_dataclass',
+    'is_builtin_dataclass',
+    'make_dataclass_validator',
+]
+
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        *,
+        init: bool = True,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool = False,
+        config: Union[ConfigDict, Type[object], None] = None,
+        validate_on_init: Optional[bool] = None,
+        use_proxy: Optional[bool] = None,
+        kw_only: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], 'DataclassClassOrWrapper']:
+        ...
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        _cls: Type[_T],
+        *,
+        init: bool = True,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool = False,
+        config: Union[ConfigDict, Type[object], None] = None,
+        validate_on_init: Optional[bool] = None,
+        use_proxy: Optional[bool] = None,
+        kw_only: bool = ...,
+    ) -> 'DataclassClassOrWrapper':
+        ...
+
+else:
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        *,
+        init: bool = True,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool = False,
+        config: Union[ConfigDict, Type[object], None] = None,
+        validate_on_init: Optional[bool] = None,
+        use_proxy: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], 'DataclassClassOrWrapper']:
+        ...
+
+    @dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field))
+    @overload
+    def dataclass(
+        _cls: Type[_T],
+        *,
+        init: bool = True,
+        repr: bool = True,
+        eq: bool = True,
+        order: bool = False,
+        unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+        frozen: bool = False,
+        config: Union[ConfigDict, Type[object], None] = None,
+        validate_on_init: Optional[bool] = None,
+        use_proxy: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> 'DataclassClassOrWrapper':
+        ...
+
+
+@dataclass_transform(field_specifiers=(dataclasses.field, Field))
+def dataclass(
+    _cls: Optional[Type[_T]] = None,
+    *,
+    init: bool = True,
+    repr: bool = True,
+    eq: bool = True,
+    order: bool = False,
+    unsafe_hash: bool = False,
+    frozen: bool = False,
+    config: Union[ConfigDict, Type[object], None] = None,
+    validate_on_init: Optional[bool] = None,
+    use_proxy: Optional[bool] = None,
+    kw_only: bool = False,
+) -> Union[Callable[[Type[_T]], 'DataclassClassOrWrapper'], 'DataclassClassOrWrapper']:
+    """
+    Like the python standard lib dataclasses but with type validation.
+    The result is either a pydantic dataclass that will validate input data
+    or a wrapper that will trigger validation around a stdlib dataclass
+    to avoid modifying it directly
+    """
+    the_config = get_config(config)
+
+    def wrap(cls: Type[Any]) -> 'DataclassClassOrWrapper':
+        should_use_proxy = (
+            use_proxy
+            if use_proxy is not None
+            else (
+                is_builtin_dataclass(cls)
+                and (cls.__bases__[0] is object or set(dir(cls)) == set(dir(cls.__bases__[0])))
+            )
+        )
+        if should_use_proxy:
+            dc_cls_doc = ''
+            dc_cls = DataclassProxy(cls)
+            default_validate_on_init = False
+        else:
+            dc_cls_doc = cls.__doc__ or ''  # needs to be done before generating dataclass
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+                dc_cls = dataclasses.dataclass(
+                    cls,
+                    init=init,
+                    repr=repr,
+                    eq=eq,
+                    order=order,
+                    unsafe_hash=unsafe_hash,
+                    frozen=frozen,
+                    kw_only=kw_only,
+                )
+            else:
+                dc_cls = dataclasses.dataclass(  # type: ignore
+                    cls, init=init, repr=repr, eq=eq, order=order, unsafe_hash=unsafe_hash, frozen=frozen
+                )
+            default_validate_on_init = True
+
+        should_validate_on_init = default_validate_on_init if validate_on_init is None else validate_on_init
+        _add_pydantic_validation_attributes(cls, the_config, should_validate_on_init, dc_cls_doc)
+        dc_cls.__pydantic_model__.__try_update_forward_refs__(**{cls.__name__: cls})
+        return dc_cls
+
+    if _cls is None:
+        return wrap
+
+    return wrap(_cls)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def set_validation(cls: Type['DataclassT'], value: bool) -> Generator[Type['DataclassT'], None, None]:
+    original_run_validation = cls.__pydantic_run_validation__
+    try:
+        cls.__pydantic_run_validation__ = value
+        yield cls
+    finally:
+        cls.__pydantic_run_validation__ = original_run_validation
+
+
+class DataclassProxy:
+    __slots__ = '__dataclass__'
+
+    def __init__(self, dc_cls: Type['Dataclass']) -> None:
+        object.__setattr__(self, '__dataclass__', dc_cls)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        with set_validation(self.__dataclass__, True):
+            return self.__dataclass__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.__dataclass__, name)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, __name: str, __value: Any) -> None:
+        return setattr(self.__dataclass__, __name, __value)
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, instance: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(instance, self.__dataclass__)
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> 'DataclassProxy':
+        return DataclassProxy(copy.copy(self.__dataclass__))
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: Any) -> 'DataclassProxy':
+        return DataclassProxy(copy.deepcopy(self.__dataclass__, memo))
+
+
+def _add_pydantic_validation_attributes(  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+    dc_cls: Type['Dataclass'],
+    config: Type[BaseConfig],
+    validate_on_init: bool,
+    dc_cls_doc: str,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    We need to replace the right method. If no `__post_init__` has been set in the stdlib dataclass
+    it won't even exist (code is generated on the fly by `dataclasses`)
+    By default, we run validation after `__init__` or `__post_init__` if defined
+    """
+    init = dc_cls.__init__
+
+    @wraps(init)
+    def handle_extra_init(self: 'Dataclass', *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if config.extra == Extra.ignore:
+            init(self, *args, **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in self.__dataclass_fields__})
+
+        elif config.extra == Extra.allow:
+            for k, v in kwargs.items():
+                self.__dict__.setdefault(k, v)
+            init(self, *args, **{k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if k in self.__dataclass_fields__})
+
+        else:
+            init(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    if hasattr(dc_cls, '__post_init__'):
+        try:
+            post_init = dc_cls.__post_init__.__wrapped__  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        except AttributeError:
+            post_init = dc_cls.__post_init__
+
+        @wraps(post_init)
+        def new_post_init(self: 'Dataclass', *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            if config.post_init_call == 'before_validation':
+                post_init(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            if self.__class__.__pydantic_run_validation__:
+                self.__pydantic_validate_values__()
+                if hasattr(self, '__post_init_post_parse__'):
+                    self.__post_init_post_parse__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            if config.post_init_call == 'after_validation':
+                post_init(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        setattr(dc_cls, '__init__', handle_extra_init)
+        setattr(dc_cls, '__post_init__', new_post_init)
+
+    else:
+
+        @wraps(init)
+        def new_init(self: 'Dataclass', *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            handle_extra_init(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            if self.__class__.__pydantic_run_validation__:
+                self.__pydantic_validate_values__()
+
+            if hasattr(self, '__post_init_post_parse__'):
+                # We need to find again the initvars. To do that we use `__dataclass_fields__` instead of
+                # public method `dataclasses.fields`
+
+                # get all initvars and their default values
+                initvars_and_values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+                for i, f in enumerate(self.__class__.__dataclass_fields__.values()):
+                    if f._field_type is dataclasses._FIELD_INITVAR:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                        try:
+                            # set arg value by default
+                            initvars_and_values[f.name] = args[i]
+                        except IndexError:
+                            initvars_and_values[f.name] = kwargs.get(f.name, f.default)
+
+                self.__post_init_post_parse__(**initvars_and_values)
+
+        setattr(dc_cls, '__init__', new_init)
+
+    setattr(dc_cls, '__pydantic_run_validation__', ClassAttribute('__pydantic_run_validation__', validate_on_init))
+    setattr(dc_cls, '__pydantic_initialised__', False)
+    setattr(dc_cls, '__pydantic_model__', create_pydantic_model_from_dataclass(dc_cls, config, dc_cls_doc))
+    setattr(dc_cls, '__pydantic_validate_values__', _dataclass_validate_values)
+    setattr(dc_cls, '__validate__', classmethod(_validate_dataclass))
+    setattr(dc_cls, '__get_validators__', classmethod(_get_validators))
+
+    if dc_cls.__pydantic_model__.__config__.validate_assignment and not dc_cls.__dataclass_params__.frozen:
+        setattr(dc_cls, '__setattr__', _dataclass_validate_assignment_setattr)
+
+
+def _get_validators(cls: 'DataclassClassOrWrapper') -> 'CallableGenerator':
+    yield cls.__validate__
+
+
+def _validate_dataclass(cls: Type['DataclassT'], v: Any) -> 'DataclassT':
+    with set_validation(cls, True):
+        if isinstance(v, cls):
+            v.__pydantic_validate_values__()
+            return v
+        elif isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
+            return cls(*v)
+        elif isinstance(v, dict):
+            return cls(**v)
+        else:
+            raise DataclassTypeError(class_name=cls.__name__)
+
+
+def create_pydantic_model_from_dataclass(
+    dc_cls: Type['Dataclass'],
+    config: Type[Any] = BaseConfig,
+    dc_cls_doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Type['BaseModel']:
+    field_definitions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    for field in dataclasses.fields(dc_cls):
+        default: Any = Undefined
+        default_factory: Optional['NoArgAnyCallable'] = None
+        field_info: FieldInfo
+
+        if field.default is not dataclasses.MISSING:
+            default = field.default
+        elif field.default_factory is not dataclasses.MISSING:
+            default_factory = field.default_factory
+        else:
+            default = Required
+
+        if isinstance(default, FieldInfo):
+            field_info = default
+            dc_cls.__pydantic_has_field_info_default__ = True
+        else:
+            field_info = Field(default=default, default_factory=default_factory, **field.metadata)
+
+        field_definitions[field.name] = (field.type, field_info)
+
+    validators = gather_all_validators(dc_cls)
+    model: Type['BaseModel'] = create_model(
+        dc_cls.__name__,
+        __config__=config,
+        __module__=dc_cls.__module__,
+        __validators__=validators,
+        __cls_kwargs__={'__resolve_forward_refs__': False},
+        **field_definitions,
+    )
+    model.__doc__ = dc_cls_doc if dc_cls_doc is not None else dc_cls.__doc__ or ''
+    return model
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+
+    def _is_field_cached_property(obj: 'Dataclass', k: str) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(getattr(type(obj), k, None), cached_property)
+
+else:
+
+    def _is_field_cached_property(obj: 'Dataclass', k: str) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+def _dataclass_validate_values(self: 'Dataclass') -> None:
+    # validation errors can occur if this function is called twice on an already initialised dataclass.
+    # for example if Extra.forbid is enabled, it would consider __pydantic_initialised__ an invalid extra property
+    if getattr(self, '__pydantic_initialised__'):
+        return
+    if getattr(self, '__pydantic_has_field_info_default__', False):
+        # We need to remove `FieldInfo` values since they are not valid as input
+        # It's ok to do that because they are obviously the default values!
+        input_data = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in self.__dict__.items()
+            if not (isinstance(v, FieldInfo) or _is_field_cached_property(self, k))
+        }
+    else:
+        input_data = {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if not _is_field_cached_property(self, k)}
+    d, _, validation_error = validate_model(self.__pydantic_model__, input_data, cls=self.__class__)
+    if validation_error:
+        raise validation_error
+    self.__dict__.update(d)
+    object.__setattr__(self, '__pydantic_initialised__', True)
+
+
+def _dataclass_validate_assignment_setattr(self: 'Dataclass', name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+    if self.__pydantic_initialised__:
+        d = dict(self.__dict__)
+        d.pop(name, None)
+        known_field = self.__pydantic_model__.__fields__.get(name, None)
+        if known_field:
+            value, error_ = known_field.validate(value, d, loc=name, cls=self.__class__)
+            if error_:
+                raise ValidationError([error_], self.__class__)
+
+    object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+
+def is_builtin_dataclass(_cls: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Whether a class is a stdlib dataclass
+    (useful to discriminated a pydantic dataclass that is actually a wrapper around a stdlib dataclass)
+
+    we check that
+    - `_cls` is a dataclass
+    - `_cls` is not a processed pydantic dataclass (with a basemodel attached)
+    - `_cls` is not a pydantic dataclass inheriting directly from a stdlib dataclass
+    e.g.
+    ```
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class A:
+        x: int
+
+    @pydantic.dataclasses.dataclass
+    class B(A):
+        y: int
+    ```
+    In this case, when we first check `B`, we make an extra check and look at the annotations ('y'),
+    which won't be a superset of all the dataclass fields (only the stdlib fields i.e. 'x')
+    """
+    return (
+        dataclasses.is_dataclass(_cls)
+        and not hasattr(_cls, '__pydantic_model__')
+        and set(_cls.__dataclass_fields__).issuperset(set(getattr(_cls, '__annotations__', {})))
+    )
+
+
+def make_dataclass_validator(dc_cls: Type['Dataclass'], config: Type[BaseConfig]) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+    """
+    Create a pydantic.dataclass from a builtin dataclass to add type validation
+    and yield the validators
+    It retrieves the parameters of the dataclass and forwards them to the newly created dataclass
+    """
+    yield from _get_validators(dataclass(dc_cls, config=config, use_proxy=True))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/datetime_parse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/datetime_parse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7598fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/datetime_parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+"""
+Functions to parse datetime objects.
+
+We're using regular expressions rather than time.strptime because:
+- They provide both validation and parsing.
+- They're more flexible for datetimes.
+- The date/datetime/time constructors produce friendlier error messages.
+
+Stolen from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/django/django/main/django/utils/dateparse.py at
+9718fa2e8abe430c3526a9278dd976443d4ae3c6
+
+Changed to:
+* use standard python datetime types not django.utils.timezone
+* raise ValueError when regex doesn't match rather than returning None
+* support parsing unix timestamps for dates and datetimes
+"""
+import re
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta, timezone
+from typing import Dict, Optional, Type, Union
+
+from pydantic.v1 import errors
+
+date_expr = r'(?P<year>\d{4})-(?P<month>\d{1,2})-(?P<day>\d{1,2})'
+time_expr = (
+    r'(?P<hour>\d{1,2}):(?P<minute>\d{1,2})'
+    r'(?::(?P<second>\d{1,2})(?:\.(?P<microsecond>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?)?'
+    r'(?P<tzinfo>Z|[+-]\d{2}(?::?\d{2})?)?$'
+)
+
+date_re = re.compile(f'{date_expr}$')
+time_re = re.compile(time_expr)
+datetime_re = re.compile(f'{date_expr}[T ]{time_expr}')
+
+standard_duration_re = re.compile(
+    r'^'
+    r'(?:(?P<days>-?\d+) (days?, )?)?'
+    r'((?:(?P<hours>-?\d+):)(?=\d+:\d+))?'
+    r'(?:(?P<minutes>-?\d+):)?'
+    r'(?P<seconds>-?\d+)'
+    r'(?:\.(?P<microseconds>\d{1,6})\d{0,6})?'
+    r'$'
+)
+
+# Support the sections of ISO 8601 date representation that are accepted by timedelta
+iso8601_duration_re = re.compile(
+    r'^(?P<sign>[-+]?)'
+    r'P'
+    r'(?:(?P<days>\d+(.\d+)?)D)?'
+    r'(?:T'
+    r'(?:(?P<hours>\d+(.\d+)?)H)?'
+    r'(?:(?P<minutes>\d+(.\d+)?)M)?'
+    r'(?:(?P<seconds>\d+(.\d+)?)S)?'
+    r')?'
+    r'$'
+)
+
+EPOCH = datetime(1970, 1, 1)
+# if greater than this, the number is in ms, if less than or equal it's in seconds
+# (in seconds this is 11th October 2603, in ms it's 20th August 1970)
+MS_WATERSHED = int(2e10)
+# slightly more than datetime.max in ns - (datetime.max - EPOCH).total_seconds() * 1e9
+MAX_NUMBER = int(3e20)
+StrBytesIntFloat = Union[str, bytes, int, float]
+
+
+def get_numeric(value: StrBytesIntFloat, native_expected_type: str) -> Union[None, int, float]:
+    if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+        return value
+    try:
+        return float(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError(f'invalid type; expected {native_expected_type}, string, bytes, int or float')
+
+
+def from_unix_seconds(seconds: Union[int, float]) -> datetime:
+    if seconds > MAX_NUMBER:
+        return datetime.max
+    elif seconds < -MAX_NUMBER:
+        return datetime.min
+
+    while abs(seconds) > MS_WATERSHED:
+        seconds /= 1000
+    dt = EPOCH + timedelta(seconds=seconds)
+    return dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+
+
+def _parse_timezone(value: Optional[str], error: Type[Exception]) -> Union[None, int, timezone]:
+    if value == 'Z':
+        return timezone.utc
+    elif value is not None:
+        offset_mins = int(value[-2:]) if len(value) > 3 else 0
+        offset = 60 * int(value[1:3]) + offset_mins
+        if value[0] == '-':
+            offset = -offset
+        try:
+            return timezone(timedelta(minutes=offset))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise error()
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def parse_date(value: Union[date, StrBytesIntFloat]) -> date:
+    """
+    Parse a date/int/float/string and return a datetime.date.
+
+    Raise ValueError if the input is well formatted but not a valid date.
+    Raise ValueError if the input isn't well formatted.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, date):
+        if isinstance(value, datetime):
+            return value.date()
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    number = get_numeric(value, 'date')
+    if number is not None:
+        return from_unix_seconds(number).date()
+
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode()
+
+    match = date_re.match(value)  # type: ignore
+    if match is None:
+        raise errors.DateError()
+
+    kw = {k: int(v) for k, v in match.groupdict().items()}
+
+    try:
+        return date(**kw)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.DateError()
+
+
+def parse_time(value: Union[time, StrBytesIntFloat]) -> time:
+    """
+    Parse a time/string and return a datetime.time.
+
+    Raise ValueError if the input is well formatted but not a valid time.
+    Raise ValueError if the input isn't well formatted, in particular if it contains an offset.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, time):
+        return value
+
+    number = get_numeric(value, 'time')
+    if number is not None:
+        if number >= 86400:
+            # doesn't make sense since the time time loop back around to 0
+            raise errors.TimeError()
+        return (datetime.min + timedelta(seconds=number)).time()
+
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode()
+
+    match = time_re.match(value)  # type: ignore
+    if match is None:
+        raise errors.TimeError()
+
+    kw = match.groupdict()
+    if kw['microsecond']:
+        kw['microsecond'] = kw['microsecond'].ljust(6, '0')
+
+    tzinfo = _parse_timezone(kw.pop('tzinfo'), errors.TimeError)
+    kw_: Dict[str, Union[None, int, timezone]] = {k: int(v) for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None}
+    kw_['tzinfo'] = tzinfo
+
+    try:
+        return time(**kw_)  # type: ignore
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.TimeError()
+
+
+def parse_datetime(value: Union[datetime, StrBytesIntFloat]) -> datetime:
+    """
+    Parse a datetime/int/float/string and return a datetime.datetime.
+
+    This function supports time zone offsets. When the input contains one,
+    the output uses a timezone with a fixed offset from UTC.
+
+    Raise ValueError if the input is well formatted but not a valid datetime.
+    Raise ValueError if the input isn't well formatted.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, datetime):
+        return value
+
+    number = get_numeric(value, 'datetime')
+    if number is not None:
+        return from_unix_seconds(number)
+
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode()
+
+    match = datetime_re.match(value)  # type: ignore
+    if match is None:
+        raise errors.DateTimeError()
+
+    kw = match.groupdict()
+    if kw['microsecond']:
+        kw['microsecond'] = kw['microsecond'].ljust(6, '0')
+
+    tzinfo = _parse_timezone(kw.pop('tzinfo'), errors.DateTimeError)
+    kw_: Dict[str, Union[None, int, timezone]] = {k: int(v) for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None}
+    kw_['tzinfo'] = tzinfo
+
+    try:
+        return datetime(**kw_)  # type: ignore
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.DateTimeError()
+
+
+def parse_duration(value: StrBytesIntFloat) -> timedelta:
+    """
+    Parse a duration int/float/string and return a datetime.timedelta.
+
+    The preferred format for durations in Django is '%d %H:%M:%S.%f'.
+
+    Also supports ISO 8601 representation.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, timedelta):
+        return value
+
+    if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+        # below code requires a string
+        value = f'{value:f}'
+    elif isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode()
+
+    try:
+        match = standard_duration_re.match(value) or iso8601_duration_re.match(value)
+    except TypeError:
+        raise TypeError('invalid type; expected timedelta, string, bytes, int or float')
+
+    if not match:
+        raise errors.DurationError()
+
+    kw = match.groupdict()
+    sign = -1 if kw.pop('sign', '+') == '-' else 1
+    if kw.get('microseconds'):
+        kw['microseconds'] = kw['microseconds'].ljust(6, '0')
+
+    if kw.get('seconds') and kw.get('microseconds') and kw['seconds'].startswith('-'):
+        kw['microseconds'] = '-' + kw['microseconds']
+
+    kw_ = {k: float(v) for k, v in kw.items() if v is not None}
+
+    return sign * timedelta(**kw_)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/decorator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c7c2c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Type, TypeVar, Union, overload
+
+from pydantic.v1 import validator
+from pydantic.v1.config import Extra
+from pydantic.v1.errors import ConfigError
+from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel, create_model
+from pydantic.v1.typing import get_all_type_hints
+from pydantic.v1.utils import to_camel
+
+__all__ = ('validate_arguments',)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import AnyCallable
+
+    AnyCallableT = TypeVar('AnyCallableT', bound=AnyCallable)
+    ConfigType = Union[None, Type[Any], Dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+@overload
+def validate_arguments(func: None = None, *, config: 'ConfigType' = None) -> Callable[['AnyCallableT'], 'AnyCallableT']:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def validate_arguments(func: 'AnyCallableT') -> 'AnyCallableT':
+    ...
+
+
+def validate_arguments(func: Optional['AnyCallableT'] = None, *, config: 'ConfigType' = None) -> Any:
+    """
+    Decorator to validate the arguments passed to a function.
+    """
+
+    def validate(_func: 'AnyCallable') -> 'AnyCallable':
+        vd = ValidatedFunction(_func, config)
+
+        @wraps(_func)
+        def wrapper_function(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+            return vd.call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        wrapper_function.vd = vd  # type: ignore
+        wrapper_function.validate = vd.init_model_instance  # type: ignore
+        wrapper_function.raw_function = vd.raw_function  # type: ignore
+        wrapper_function.model = vd.model  # type: ignore
+        return wrapper_function
+
+    if func:
+        return validate(func)
+    else:
+        return validate
+
+
+ALT_V_ARGS = 'v__args'
+ALT_V_KWARGS = 'v__kwargs'
+V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME = 'v__positional_only'
+V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS = 'v__duplicate_kwargs'
+
+
+class ValidatedFunction:
+    def __init__(self, function: 'AnyCallableT', config: 'ConfigType'):  # noqa C901
+        from inspect import Parameter, signature
+
+        parameters: Mapping[str, Parameter] = signature(function).parameters
+
+        if parameters.keys() & {ALT_V_ARGS, ALT_V_KWARGS, V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME, V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS}:
+            raise ConfigError(
+                f'"{ALT_V_ARGS}", "{ALT_V_KWARGS}", "{V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME}" and "{V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS}" '
+                f'are not permitted as argument names when using the "{validate_arguments.__name__}" decorator'
+            )
+
+        self.raw_function = function
+        self.arg_mapping: Dict[int, str] = {}
+        self.positional_only_args = set()
+        self.v_args_name = 'args'
+        self.v_kwargs_name = 'kwargs'
+
+        type_hints = get_all_type_hints(function)
+        takes_args = False
+        takes_kwargs = False
+        fields: Dict[str, Tuple[Any, Any]] = {}
+        for i, (name, p) in enumerate(parameters.items()):
+            if p.annotation is p.empty:
+                annotation = Any
+            else:
+                annotation = type_hints[name]
+
+            default = ... if p.default is p.empty else p.default
+            if p.kind == Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY:
+                self.arg_mapping[i] = name
+                fields[name] = annotation, default
+                fields[V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME] = List[str], None
+                self.positional_only_args.add(name)
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD:
+                self.arg_mapping[i] = name
+                fields[name] = annotation, default
+                fields[V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS] = List[str], None
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY:
+                fields[name] = annotation, default
+            elif p.kind == Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL:
+                self.v_args_name = name
+                fields[name] = Tuple[annotation, ...], None
+                takes_args = True
+            else:
+                assert p.kind == Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD, p.kind
+                self.v_kwargs_name = name
+                fields[name] = Dict[str, annotation], None  # type: ignore
+                takes_kwargs = True
+
+        # these checks avoid a clash between "args" and a field with that name
+        if not takes_args and self.v_args_name in fields:
+            self.v_args_name = ALT_V_ARGS
+
+        # same with "kwargs"
+        if not takes_kwargs and self.v_kwargs_name in fields:
+            self.v_kwargs_name = ALT_V_KWARGS
+
+        if not takes_args:
+            # we add the field so validation below can raise the correct exception
+            fields[self.v_args_name] = List[Any], None
+
+        if not takes_kwargs:
+            # same with kwargs
+            fields[self.v_kwargs_name] = Dict[Any, Any], None
+
+        self.create_model(fields, takes_args, takes_kwargs, config)
+
+    def init_model_instance(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> BaseModel:
+        values = self.build_values(args, kwargs)
+        return self.model(**values)
+
+    def call(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        m = self.init_model_instance(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.execute(m)
+
+    def build_values(self, args: Tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if args:
+            arg_iter = enumerate(args)
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    i, a = next(arg_iter)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    break
+                arg_name = self.arg_mapping.get(i)
+                if arg_name is not None:
+                    values[arg_name] = a
+                else:
+                    values[self.v_args_name] = [a] + [a for _, a in arg_iter]
+                    break
+
+        var_kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        wrong_positional_args = []
+        duplicate_kwargs = []
+        fields_alias = [
+            field.alias
+            for name, field in self.model.__fields__.items()
+            if name not in (self.v_args_name, self.v_kwargs_name)
+        ]
+        non_var_fields = set(self.model.__fields__) - {self.v_args_name, self.v_kwargs_name}
+        for k, v in kwargs.items():
+            if k in non_var_fields or k in fields_alias:
+                if k in self.positional_only_args:
+                    wrong_positional_args.append(k)
+                if k in values:
+                    duplicate_kwargs.append(k)
+                values[k] = v
+            else:
+                var_kwargs[k] = v
+
+        if var_kwargs:
+            values[self.v_kwargs_name] = var_kwargs
+        if wrong_positional_args:
+            values[V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME] = wrong_positional_args
+        if duplicate_kwargs:
+            values[V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS] = duplicate_kwargs
+        return values
+
+    def execute(self, m: BaseModel) -> Any:
+        d = {k: v for k, v in m._iter() if k in m.__fields_set__ or m.__fields__[k].default_factory}
+        var_kwargs = d.pop(self.v_kwargs_name, {})
+
+        if self.v_args_name in d:
+            args_: List[Any] = []
+            in_kwargs = False
+            kwargs = {}
+            for name, value in d.items():
+                if in_kwargs:
+                    kwargs[name] = value
+                elif name == self.v_args_name:
+                    args_ += value
+                    in_kwargs = True
+                else:
+                    args_.append(value)
+            return self.raw_function(*args_, **kwargs, **var_kwargs)
+        elif self.positional_only_args:
+            args_ = []
+            kwargs = {}
+            for name, value in d.items():
+                if name in self.positional_only_args:
+                    args_.append(value)
+                else:
+                    kwargs[name] = value
+            return self.raw_function(*args_, **kwargs, **var_kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.raw_function(**d, **var_kwargs)
+
+    def create_model(self, fields: Dict[str, Any], takes_args: bool, takes_kwargs: bool, config: 'ConfigType') -> None:
+        pos_args = len(self.arg_mapping)
+
+        class CustomConfig:
+            pass
+
+        if not TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no branch
+            if isinstance(config, dict):
+                CustomConfig = type('Config', (), config)  # noqa: F811
+            elif config is not None:
+                CustomConfig = config  # noqa: F811
+
+        if hasattr(CustomConfig, 'fields') or hasattr(CustomConfig, 'alias_generator'):
+            raise ConfigError(
+                'Setting the "fields" and "alias_generator" property on custom Config for '
+                '@validate_arguments is not yet supported, please remove.'
+            )
+
+        class DecoratorBaseModel(BaseModel):
+            @validator(self.v_args_name, check_fields=False, allow_reuse=True)
+            def check_args(cls, v: Optional[List[Any]]) -> Optional[List[Any]]:
+                if takes_args or v is None:
+                    return v
+
+                raise TypeError(f'{pos_args} positional arguments expected but {pos_args + len(v)} given')
+
+            @validator(self.v_kwargs_name, check_fields=False, allow_reuse=True)
+            def check_kwargs(cls, v: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+                if takes_kwargs or v is None:
+                    return v
+
+                plural = '' if len(v) == 1 else 's'
+                keys = ', '.join(map(repr, v.keys()))
+                raise TypeError(f'unexpected keyword argument{plural}: {keys}')
+
+            @validator(V_POSITIONAL_ONLY_NAME, check_fields=False, allow_reuse=True)
+            def check_positional_only(cls, v: Optional[List[str]]) -> None:
+                if v is None:
+                    return
+
+                plural = '' if len(v) == 1 else 's'
+                keys = ', '.join(map(repr, v))
+                raise TypeError(f'positional-only argument{plural} passed as keyword argument{plural}: {keys}')
+
+            @validator(V_DUPLICATE_KWARGS, check_fields=False, allow_reuse=True)
+            def check_duplicate_kwargs(cls, v: Optional[List[str]]) -> None:
+                if v is None:
+                    return
+
+                plural = '' if len(v) == 1 else 's'
+                keys = ', '.join(map(repr, v))
+                raise TypeError(f'multiple values for argument{plural}: {keys}')
+
+            class Config(CustomConfig):
+                extra = getattr(CustomConfig, 'extra', Extra.forbid)
+
+        self.model = create_model(to_camel(self.raw_function.__name__), __base__=DecoratorBaseModel, **fields)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/env_settings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/env_settings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f6f2175
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/env_settings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+import os
+import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import AbstractSet, Any, Callable, ClassVar, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig, Extra
+from pydantic.v1.fields import ModelField
+from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+from pydantic.v1.types import JsonWrapper
+from pydantic.v1.typing import StrPath, display_as_type, get_origin, is_union
+from pydantic.v1.utils import deep_update, lenient_issubclass, path_type, sequence_like
+
+env_file_sentinel = str(object())
+
+SettingsSourceCallable = Callable[['BaseSettings'], Dict[str, Any]]
+DotenvType = Union[StrPath, List[StrPath], Tuple[StrPath, ...]]
+
+
+class SettingsError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class BaseSettings(BaseModel):
+    """
+    Base class for settings, allowing values to be overridden by environment variables.
+
+    This is useful in production for secrets you do not wish to save in code, it plays nicely with docker(-compose),
+    Heroku and any 12 factor app design.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        __pydantic_self__,
+        _env_file: Optional[DotenvType] = env_file_sentinel,
+        _env_file_encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+        _env_nested_delimiter: Optional[str] = None,
+        _secrets_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+        **values: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Uses something other than `self` the first arg to allow "self" as a settable attribute
+        super().__init__(
+            **__pydantic_self__._build_values(
+                values,
+                _env_file=_env_file,
+                _env_file_encoding=_env_file_encoding,
+                _env_nested_delimiter=_env_nested_delimiter,
+                _secrets_dir=_secrets_dir,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _build_values(
+        self,
+        init_kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
+        _env_file: Optional[DotenvType] = None,
+        _env_file_encoding: Optional[str] = None,
+        _env_nested_delimiter: Optional[str] = None,
+        _secrets_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        # Configure built-in sources
+        init_settings = InitSettingsSource(init_kwargs=init_kwargs)
+        env_settings = EnvSettingsSource(
+            env_file=(_env_file if _env_file != env_file_sentinel else self.__config__.env_file),
+            env_file_encoding=(
+                _env_file_encoding if _env_file_encoding is not None else self.__config__.env_file_encoding
+            ),
+            env_nested_delimiter=(
+                _env_nested_delimiter if _env_nested_delimiter is not None else self.__config__.env_nested_delimiter
+            ),
+            env_prefix_len=len(self.__config__.env_prefix),
+        )
+        file_secret_settings = SecretsSettingsSource(secrets_dir=_secrets_dir or self.__config__.secrets_dir)
+        # Provide a hook to set built-in sources priority and add / remove sources
+        sources = self.__config__.customise_sources(
+            init_settings=init_settings, env_settings=env_settings, file_secret_settings=file_secret_settings
+        )
+        if sources:
+            return deep_update(*reversed([source(self) for source in sources]))
+        else:
+            # no one should mean to do this, but I think returning an empty dict is marginally preferable
+            # to an informative error and much better than a confusing error
+            return {}
+
+    class Config(BaseConfig):
+        env_prefix: str = ''
+        env_file: Optional[DotenvType] = None
+        env_file_encoding: Optional[str] = None
+        env_nested_delimiter: Optional[str] = None
+        secrets_dir: Optional[StrPath] = None
+        validate_all: bool = True
+        extra: Extra = Extra.forbid
+        arbitrary_types_allowed: bool = True
+        case_sensitive: bool = False
+
+        @classmethod
+        def prepare_field(cls, field: ModelField) -> None:
+            env_names: Union[List[str], AbstractSet[str]]
+            field_info_from_config = cls.get_field_info(field.name)
+
+            env = field_info_from_config.get('env') or field.field_info.extra.get('env')
+            if env is None:
+                if field.has_alias:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        'aliases are no longer used by BaseSettings to define which environment variables to read. '
+                        'Instead use the "env" field setting. '
+                        'See https://pydantic-docs.helpmanual.io/usage/settings/#environment-variable-names',
+                        FutureWarning,
+                    )
+                env_names = {cls.env_prefix + field.name}
+            elif isinstance(env, str):
+                env_names = {env}
+            elif isinstance(env, (set, frozenset)):
+                env_names = env
+            elif sequence_like(env):
+                env_names = list(env)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(f'invalid field env: {env!r} ({display_as_type(env)}); should be string, list or set')
+
+            if not cls.case_sensitive:
+                env_names = env_names.__class__(n.lower() for n in env_names)
+            field.field_info.extra['env_names'] = env_names
+
+        @classmethod
+        def customise_sources(
+            cls,
+            init_settings: SettingsSourceCallable,
+            env_settings: SettingsSourceCallable,
+            file_secret_settings: SettingsSourceCallable,
+        ) -> Tuple[SettingsSourceCallable, ...]:
+            return init_settings, env_settings, file_secret_settings
+
+        @classmethod
+        def parse_env_var(cls, field_name: str, raw_val: str) -> Any:
+            return cls.json_loads(raw_val)
+
+    # populated by the metaclass using the Config class defined above, annotated here to help IDEs only
+    __config__: ClassVar[Type[Config]]
+
+
+class InitSettingsSource:
+    __slots__ = ('init_kwargs',)
+
+    def __init__(self, init_kwargs: Dict[str, Any]):
+        self.init_kwargs = init_kwargs
+
+    def __call__(self, settings: BaseSettings) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return self.init_kwargs
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'InitSettingsSource(init_kwargs={self.init_kwargs!r})'
+
+
+class EnvSettingsSource:
+    __slots__ = ('env_file', 'env_file_encoding', 'env_nested_delimiter', 'env_prefix_len')
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        env_file: Optional[DotenvType],
+        env_file_encoding: Optional[str],
+        env_nested_delimiter: Optional[str] = None,
+        env_prefix_len: int = 0,
+    ):
+        self.env_file: Optional[DotenvType] = env_file
+        self.env_file_encoding: Optional[str] = env_file_encoding
+        self.env_nested_delimiter: Optional[str] = env_nested_delimiter
+        self.env_prefix_len: int = env_prefix_len
+
+    def __call__(self, settings: BaseSettings) -> Dict[str, Any]:  # noqa C901
+        """
+        Build environment variables suitable for passing to the Model.
+        """
+        d: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if settings.__config__.case_sensitive:
+            env_vars: Mapping[str, Optional[str]] = os.environ
+        else:
+            env_vars = {k.lower(): v for k, v in os.environ.items()}
+
+        dotenv_vars = self._read_env_files(settings.__config__.case_sensitive)
+        if dotenv_vars:
+            env_vars = {**dotenv_vars, **env_vars}
+
+        for field in settings.__fields__.values():
+            env_val: Optional[str] = None
+            for env_name in field.field_info.extra['env_names']:
+                env_val = env_vars.get(env_name)
+                if env_val is not None:
+                    break
+
+            is_complex, allow_parse_failure = self.field_is_complex(field)
+            if is_complex:
+                if env_val is None:
+                    # field is complex but no value found so far, try explode_env_vars
+                    env_val_built = self.explode_env_vars(field, env_vars)
+                    if env_val_built:
+                        d[field.alias] = env_val_built
+                else:
+                    # field is complex and there's a value, decode that as JSON, then add explode_env_vars
+                    try:
+                        env_val = settings.__config__.parse_env_var(field.name, env_val)
+                    except ValueError as e:
+                        if not allow_parse_failure:
+                            raise SettingsError(f'error parsing env var "{env_name}"') from e
+
+                    if isinstance(env_val, dict):
+                        d[field.alias] = deep_update(env_val, self.explode_env_vars(field, env_vars))
+                    else:
+                        d[field.alias] = env_val
+            elif env_val is not None:
+                # simplest case, field is not complex, we only need to add the value if it was found
+                d[field.alias] = env_val
+
+        return d
+
+    def _read_env_files(self, case_sensitive: bool) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+        env_files = self.env_file
+        if env_files is None:
+            return {}
+
+        if isinstance(env_files, (str, os.PathLike)):
+            env_files = [env_files]
+
+        dotenv_vars = {}
+        for env_file in env_files:
+            env_path = Path(env_file).expanduser()
+            if env_path.is_file():
+                dotenv_vars.update(
+                    read_env_file(env_path, encoding=self.env_file_encoding, case_sensitive=case_sensitive)
+                )
+
+        return dotenv_vars
+
+    def field_is_complex(self, field: ModelField) -> Tuple[bool, bool]:
+        """
+        Find out if a field is complex, and if so whether JSON errors should be ignored
+        """
+        if lenient_issubclass(field.annotation, JsonWrapper):
+            return False, False
+
+        if field.is_complex():
+            allow_parse_failure = False
+        elif is_union(get_origin(field.type_)) and field.sub_fields and any(f.is_complex() for f in field.sub_fields):
+            allow_parse_failure = True
+        else:
+            return False, False
+
+        return True, allow_parse_failure
+
+    def explode_env_vars(self, field: ModelField, env_vars: Mapping[str, Optional[str]]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Process env_vars and extract the values of keys containing env_nested_delimiter into nested dictionaries.
+
+        This is applied to a single field, hence filtering by env_var prefix.
+        """
+        prefixes = [f'{env_name}{self.env_nested_delimiter}' for env_name in field.field_info.extra['env_names']]
+        result: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        for env_name, env_val in env_vars.items():
+            if not any(env_name.startswith(prefix) for prefix in prefixes):
+                continue
+            # we remove the prefix before splitting in case the prefix has characters in common with the delimiter
+            env_name_without_prefix = env_name[self.env_prefix_len :]
+            _, *keys, last_key = env_name_without_prefix.split(self.env_nested_delimiter)
+            env_var = result
+            for key in keys:
+                env_var = env_var.setdefault(key, {})
+            env_var[last_key] = env_val
+
+        return result
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f'EnvSettingsSource(env_file={self.env_file!r}, env_file_encoding={self.env_file_encoding!r}, '
+            f'env_nested_delimiter={self.env_nested_delimiter!r})'
+        )
+
+
+class SecretsSettingsSource:
+    __slots__ = ('secrets_dir',)
+
+    def __init__(self, secrets_dir: Optional[StrPath]):
+        self.secrets_dir: Optional[StrPath] = secrets_dir
+
+    def __call__(self, settings: BaseSettings) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Build fields from "secrets" files.
+        """
+        secrets: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = {}
+
+        if self.secrets_dir is None:
+            return secrets
+
+        secrets_path = Path(self.secrets_dir).expanduser()
+
+        if not secrets_path.exists():
+            warnings.warn(f'directory "{secrets_path}" does not exist')
+            return secrets
+
+        if not secrets_path.is_dir():
+            raise SettingsError(f'secrets_dir must reference a directory, not a {path_type(secrets_path)}')
+
+        for field in settings.__fields__.values():
+            for env_name in field.field_info.extra['env_names']:
+                path = find_case_path(secrets_path, env_name, settings.__config__.case_sensitive)
+                if not path:
+                    # path does not exist, we currently don't return a warning for this
+                    continue
+
+                if path.is_file():
+                    secret_value = path.read_text().strip()
+                    if field.is_complex():
+                        try:
+                            secret_value = settings.__config__.parse_env_var(field.name, secret_value)
+                        except ValueError as e:
+                            raise SettingsError(f'error parsing env var "{env_name}"') from e
+
+                    secrets[field.alias] = secret_value
+                else:
+                    warnings.warn(
+                        f'attempted to load secret file "{path}" but found a {path_type(path)} instead.',
+                        stacklevel=4,
+                    )
+        return secrets
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'SecretsSettingsSource(secrets_dir={self.secrets_dir!r})'
+
+
+def read_env_file(
+    file_path: StrPath, *, encoding: str = None, case_sensitive: bool = False
+) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+    try:
+        from dotenv import dotenv_values
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError('python-dotenv is not installed, run `pip install pydantic[dotenv]`') from e
+
+    file_vars: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = dotenv_values(file_path, encoding=encoding or 'utf8')
+    if not case_sensitive:
+        return {k.lower(): v for k, v in file_vars.items()}
+    else:
+        return file_vars
+
+
+def find_case_path(dir_path: Path, file_name: str, case_sensitive: bool) -> Optional[Path]:
+    """
+    Find a file within path's directory matching filename, optionally ignoring case.
+    """
+    for f in dir_path.iterdir():
+        if f.name == file_name:
+            return f
+        elif not case_sensitive and f.name.lower() == file_name.lower():
+            return f
+    return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/error_wrappers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/error_wrappers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc7f2631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/error_wrappers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+import json
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Generator, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from pydantic.v1.json import pydantic_encoder
+from pydantic.v1.utils import Representation
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+    from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig
+    from pydantic.v1.types import ModelOrDc
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import ReprArgs
+
+    Loc = Tuple[Union[int, str], ...]
+
+    class _ErrorDictRequired(TypedDict):
+        loc: Loc
+        msg: str
+        type: str
+
+    class ErrorDict(_ErrorDictRequired, total=False):
+        ctx: Dict[str, Any]
+
+
+__all__ = 'ErrorWrapper', 'ValidationError'
+
+
+class ErrorWrapper(Representation):
+    __slots__ = 'exc', '_loc'
+
+    def __init__(self, exc: Exception, loc: Union[str, 'Loc']) -> None:
+        self.exc = exc
+        self._loc = loc
+
+    def loc_tuple(self) -> 'Loc':
+        if isinstance(self._loc, tuple):
+            return self._loc
+        else:
+            return (self._loc,)
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        return [('exc', self.exc), ('loc', self.loc_tuple())]
+
+
+# ErrorList is something like Union[List[Union[List[ErrorWrapper], ErrorWrapper]], ErrorWrapper]
+# but recursive, therefore just use:
+ErrorList = Union[Sequence[Any], ErrorWrapper]
+
+
+class ValidationError(Representation, ValueError):
+    __slots__ = 'raw_errors', 'model', '_error_cache'
+
+    def __init__(self, errors: Sequence[ErrorList], model: 'ModelOrDc') -> None:
+        self.raw_errors = errors
+        self.model = model
+        self._error_cache: Optional[List['ErrorDict']] = None
+
+    def errors(self) -> List['ErrorDict']:
+        if self._error_cache is None:
+            try:
+                config = self.model.__config__  # type: ignore
+            except AttributeError:
+                config = self.model.__pydantic_model__.__config__  # type: ignore
+            self._error_cache = list(flatten_errors(self.raw_errors, config))
+        return self._error_cache
+
+    def json(self, *, indent: Union[None, int, str] = 2) -> str:
+        return json.dumps(self.errors(), indent=indent, default=pydantic_encoder)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        errors = self.errors()
+        no_errors = len(errors)
+        return (
+            f'{no_errors} validation error{"" if no_errors == 1 else "s"} for {self.model.__name__}\n'
+            f'{display_errors(errors)}'
+        )
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        return [('model', self.model.__name__), ('errors', self.errors())]
+
+
+def display_errors(errors: List['ErrorDict']) -> str:
+    return '\n'.join(f'{_display_error_loc(e)}\n  {e["msg"]} ({_display_error_type_and_ctx(e)})' for e in errors)
+
+
+def _display_error_loc(error: 'ErrorDict') -> str:
+    return ' -> '.join(str(e) for e in error['loc'])
+
+
+def _display_error_type_and_ctx(error: 'ErrorDict') -> str:
+    t = 'type=' + error['type']
+    ctx = error.get('ctx')
+    if ctx:
+        return t + ''.join(f'; {k}={v}' for k, v in ctx.items())
+    else:
+        return t
+
+
+def flatten_errors(
+    errors: Sequence[Any], config: Type['BaseConfig'], loc: Optional['Loc'] = None
+) -> Generator['ErrorDict', None, None]:
+    for error in errors:
+        if isinstance(error, ErrorWrapper):
+            if loc:
+                error_loc = loc + error.loc_tuple()
+            else:
+                error_loc = error.loc_tuple()
+
+            if isinstance(error.exc, ValidationError):
+                yield from flatten_errors(error.exc.raw_errors, config, error_loc)
+            else:
+                yield error_dict(error.exc, config, error_loc)
+        elif isinstance(error, list):
+            yield from flatten_errors(error, config, loc=loc)
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(f'Unknown error object: {error}')
+
+
+def error_dict(exc: Exception, config: Type['BaseConfig'], loc: 'Loc') -> 'ErrorDict':
+    type_ = get_exc_type(exc.__class__)
+    msg_template = config.error_msg_templates.get(type_) or getattr(exc, 'msg_template', None)
+    ctx = exc.__dict__
+    if msg_template:
+        msg = msg_template.format(**ctx)
+    else:
+        msg = str(exc)
+
+    d: 'ErrorDict' = {'loc': loc, 'msg': msg, 'type': type_}
+
+    if ctx:
+        d['ctx'] = ctx
+
+    return d
+
+
+_EXC_TYPE_CACHE: Dict[Type[Exception], str] = {}
+
+
+def get_exc_type(cls: Type[Exception]) -> str:
+    # slightly more efficient than using lru_cache since we don't need to worry about the cache filling up
+    try:
+        return _EXC_TYPE_CACHE[cls]
+    except KeyError:
+        r = _get_exc_type(cls)
+        _EXC_TYPE_CACHE[cls] = r
+        return r
+
+
+def _get_exc_type(cls: Type[Exception]) -> str:
+    if issubclass(cls, AssertionError):
+        return 'assertion_error'
+
+    base_name = 'type_error' if issubclass(cls, TypeError) else 'value_error'
+    if cls in (TypeError, ValueError):
+        # just TypeError or ValueError, no extra code
+        return base_name
+
+    # if it's not a TypeError or ValueError, we just take the lowercase of the exception name
+    # no chaining or snake case logic, use "code" for more complex error types.
+    code = getattr(cls, 'code', None) or cls.__name__.replace('Error', '').lower()
+    return base_name + '.' + code
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/errors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e864425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
+from decimal import Decimal
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Sequence, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
+
+from pydantic.v1.typing import display_as_type
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import DictStrAny
+
+# explicitly state exports to avoid "from pydantic.v1.errors import *" also importing Decimal, Path etc.
+__all__ = (
+    'PydanticTypeError',
+    'PydanticValueError',
+    'ConfigError',
+    'MissingError',
+    'ExtraError',
+    'NoneIsNotAllowedError',
+    'NoneIsAllowedError',
+    'WrongConstantError',
+    'NotNoneError',
+    'BoolError',
+    'BytesError',
+    'DictError',
+    'EmailError',
+    'UrlError',
+    'UrlSchemeError',
+    'UrlSchemePermittedError',
+    'UrlUserInfoError',
+    'UrlHostError',
+    'UrlHostTldError',
+    'UrlPortError',
+    'UrlExtraError',
+    'EnumError',
+    'IntEnumError',
+    'EnumMemberError',
+    'IntegerError',
+    'FloatError',
+    'PathError',
+    'PathNotExistsError',
+    'PathNotAFileError',
+    'PathNotADirectoryError',
+    'PyObjectError',
+    'SequenceError',
+    'ListError',
+    'SetError',
+    'FrozenSetError',
+    'TupleError',
+    'TupleLengthError',
+    'ListMinLengthError',
+    'ListMaxLengthError',
+    'ListUniqueItemsError',
+    'SetMinLengthError',
+    'SetMaxLengthError',
+    'FrozenSetMinLengthError',
+    'FrozenSetMaxLengthError',
+    'AnyStrMinLengthError',
+    'AnyStrMaxLengthError',
+    'StrError',
+    'StrRegexError',
+    'NumberNotGtError',
+    'NumberNotGeError',
+    'NumberNotLtError',
+    'NumberNotLeError',
+    'NumberNotMultipleError',
+    'DecimalError',
+    'DecimalIsNotFiniteError',
+    'DecimalMaxDigitsError',
+    'DecimalMaxPlacesError',
+    'DecimalWholeDigitsError',
+    'DateTimeError',
+    'DateError',
+    'DateNotInThePastError',
+    'DateNotInTheFutureError',
+    'TimeError',
+    'DurationError',
+    'HashableError',
+    'UUIDError',
+    'UUIDVersionError',
+    'ArbitraryTypeError',
+    'ClassError',
+    'SubclassError',
+    'JsonError',
+    'JsonTypeError',
+    'PatternError',
+    'DataclassTypeError',
+    'CallableError',
+    'IPvAnyAddressError',
+    'IPvAnyInterfaceError',
+    'IPvAnyNetworkError',
+    'IPv4AddressError',
+    'IPv6AddressError',
+    'IPv4NetworkError',
+    'IPv6NetworkError',
+    'IPv4InterfaceError',
+    'IPv6InterfaceError',
+    'ColorError',
+    'StrictBoolError',
+    'NotDigitError',
+    'LuhnValidationError',
+    'InvalidLengthForBrand',
+    'InvalidByteSize',
+    'InvalidByteSizeUnit',
+    'MissingDiscriminator',
+    'InvalidDiscriminator',
+)
+
+
+def cls_kwargs(cls: Type['PydanticErrorMixin'], ctx: 'DictStrAny') -> 'PydanticErrorMixin':
+    """
+    For built-in exceptions like ValueError or TypeError, we need to implement
+    __reduce__ to override the default behaviour (instead of __getstate__/__setstate__)
+    By default pickle protocol 2 calls `cls.__new__(cls, *args)`.
+    Since we only use kwargs, we need a little constructor to change that.
+    Note: the callable can't be a lambda as pickle looks in the namespace to find it
+    """
+    return cls(**ctx)
+
+
+class PydanticErrorMixin:
+    code: str
+    msg_template: str
+
+    def __init__(self, **ctx: Any) -> None:
+        self.__dict__ = ctx
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.msg_template.format(**self.__dict__)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Tuple[Callable[..., 'PydanticErrorMixin'], Tuple[Type['PydanticErrorMixin'], 'DictStrAny']]:
+        return cls_kwargs, (self.__class__, self.__dict__)
+
+
+class PydanticTypeError(PydanticErrorMixin, TypeError):
+    pass
+
+
+class PydanticValueError(PydanticErrorMixin, ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class ConfigError(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
+class MissingError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'field required'
+
+
+class ExtraError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'extra fields not permitted'
+
+
+class NoneIsNotAllowedError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'none.not_allowed'
+    msg_template = 'none is not an allowed value'
+
+
+class NoneIsAllowedError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'none.allowed'
+    msg_template = 'value is not none'
+
+
+class WrongConstantError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'const'
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        permitted = ', '.join(repr(v) for v in self.permitted)  # type: ignore
+        return f'unexpected value; permitted: {permitted}'
+
+
+class NotNoneError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'not_none'
+    msg_template = 'value is not None'
+
+
+class BoolError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value could not be parsed to a boolean'
+
+
+class BytesError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'byte type expected'
+
+
+class DictError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid dict'
+
+
+class EmailError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid email address'
+
+
+class UrlError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'url'
+
+
+class UrlSchemeError(UrlError):
+    code = 'url.scheme'
+    msg_template = 'invalid or missing URL scheme'
+
+
+class UrlSchemePermittedError(UrlError):
+    code = 'url.scheme'
+    msg_template = 'URL scheme not permitted'
+
+    def __init__(self, allowed_schemes: Set[str]):
+        super().__init__(allowed_schemes=allowed_schemes)
+
+
+class UrlUserInfoError(UrlError):
+    code = 'url.userinfo'
+    msg_template = 'userinfo required in URL but missing'
+
+
+class UrlHostError(UrlError):
+    code = 'url.host'
+    msg_template = 'URL host invalid'
+
+
+class UrlHostTldError(UrlError):
+    code = 'url.host'
+    msg_template = 'URL host invalid, top level domain required'
+
+
+class UrlPortError(UrlError):
+    code = 'url.port'
+    msg_template = 'URL port invalid, port cannot exceed 65535'
+
+
+class UrlExtraError(UrlError):
+    code = 'url.extra'
+    msg_template = 'URL invalid, extra characters found after valid URL: {extra!r}'
+
+
+class EnumMemberError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'enum'
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        permitted = ', '.join(repr(v.value) for v in self.enum_values)  # type: ignore
+        return f'value is not a valid enumeration member; permitted: {permitted}'
+
+
+class IntegerError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid integer'
+
+
+class FloatError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid float'
+
+
+class PathError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid path'
+
+
+class _PathValueError(PydanticValueError):
+    def __init__(self, *, path: Path) -> None:
+        super().__init__(path=str(path))
+
+
+class PathNotExistsError(_PathValueError):
+    code = 'path.not_exists'
+    msg_template = 'file or directory at path "{path}" does not exist'
+
+
+class PathNotAFileError(_PathValueError):
+    code = 'path.not_a_file'
+    msg_template = 'path "{path}" does not point to a file'
+
+
+class PathNotADirectoryError(_PathValueError):
+    code = 'path.not_a_directory'
+    msg_template = 'path "{path}" does not point to a directory'
+
+
+class PyObjectError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value contains valid import path or valid callable: {error_message}'
+
+
+class SequenceError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid sequence'
+
+
+class IterableError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid iterable'
+
+
+class ListError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid list'
+
+
+class SetError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid set'
+
+
+class FrozenSetError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid frozenset'
+
+
+class DequeError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid deque'
+
+
+class TupleError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid tuple'
+
+
+class TupleLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'tuple.length'
+    msg_template = 'wrong tuple length {actual_length}, expected {expected_length}'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, actual_length: int, expected_length: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(actual_length=actual_length, expected_length=expected_length)
+
+
+class ListMinLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'list.min_items'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at least {limit_value} items'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class ListMaxLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'list.max_items'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at most {limit_value} items'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class ListUniqueItemsError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'list.unique_items'
+    msg_template = 'the list has duplicated items'
+
+
+class SetMinLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'set.min_items'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at least {limit_value} items'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class SetMaxLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'set.max_items'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at most {limit_value} items'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class FrozenSetMinLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'frozenset.min_items'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at least {limit_value} items'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class FrozenSetMaxLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'frozenset.max_items'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at most {limit_value} items'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class AnyStrMinLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'any_str.min_length'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at least {limit_value} characters'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class AnyStrMaxLengthError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'any_str.max_length'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value has at most {limit_value} characters'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class StrError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'str type expected'
+
+
+class StrRegexError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'str.regex'
+    msg_template = 'string does not match regex "{pattern}"'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, pattern: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(pattern=pattern)
+
+
+class _NumberBoundError(PydanticValueError):
+    def __init__(self, *, limit_value: Union[int, float, Decimal]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(limit_value=limit_value)
+
+
+class NumberNotGtError(_NumberBoundError):
+    code = 'number.not_gt'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value is greater than {limit_value}'
+
+
+class NumberNotGeError(_NumberBoundError):
+    code = 'number.not_ge'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value is greater than or equal to {limit_value}'
+
+
+class NumberNotLtError(_NumberBoundError):
+    code = 'number.not_lt'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value is less than {limit_value}'
+
+
+class NumberNotLeError(_NumberBoundError):
+    code = 'number.not_le'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value is less than or equal to {limit_value}'
+
+
+class NumberNotFiniteError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'number.not_finite_number'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value is a finite number'
+
+
+class NumberNotMultipleError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'number.not_multiple'
+    msg_template = 'ensure this value is a multiple of {multiple_of}'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, multiple_of: Union[int, float, Decimal]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(multiple_of=multiple_of)
+
+
+class DecimalError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid decimal'
+
+
+class DecimalIsNotFiniteError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'decimal.not_finite'
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid decimal'
+
+
+class DecimalMaxDigitsError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'decimal.max_digits'
+    msg_template = 'ensure that there are no more than {max_digits} digits in total'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, max_digits: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(max_digits=max_digits)
+
+
+class DecimalMaxPlacesError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'decimal.max_places'
+    msg_template = 'ensure that there are no more than {decimal_places} decimal places'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, decimal_places: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(decimal_places=decimal_places)
+
+
+class DecimalWholeDigitsError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'decimal.whole_digits'
+    msg_template = 'ensure that there are no more than {whole_digits} digits before the decimal point'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, whole_digits: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(whole_digits=whole_digits)
+
+
+class DateTimeError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'invalid datetime format'
+
+
+class DateError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'invalid date format'
+
+
+class DateNotInThePastError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'date.not_in_the_past'
+    msg_template = 'date is not in the past'
+
+
+class DateNotInTheFutureError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'date.not_in_the_future'
+    msg_template = 'date is not in the future'
+
+
+class TimeError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'invalid time format'
+
+
+class DurationError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'invalid duration format'
+
+
+class HashableError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid hashable'
+
+
+class UUIDError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid uuid'
+
+
+class UUIDVersionError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'uuid.version'
+    msg_template = 'uuid version {required_version} expected'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, required_version: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__(required_version=required_version)
+
+
+class ArbitraryTypeError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'arbitrary_type'
+    msg_template = 'instance of {expected_arbitrary_type} expected'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, expected_arbitrary_type: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(expected_arbitrary_type=display_as_type(expected_arbitrary_type))
+
+
+class ClassError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'class'
+    msg_template = 'a class is expected'
+
+
+class SubclassError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'subclass'
+    msg_template = 'subclass of {expected_class} expected'
+
+    def __init__(self, *, expected_class: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(expected_class=display_as_type(expected_class))
+
+
+class JsonError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'Invalid JSON'
+
+
+class JsonTypeError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'json'
+    msg_template = 'JSON object must be str, bytes or bytearray'
+
+
+class PatternError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'regex_pattern'
+    msg_template = 'Invalid regular expression'
+
+
+class DataclassTypeError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'dataclass'
+    msg_template = 'instance of {class_name}, tuple or dict expected'
+
+
+class CallableError(PydanticTypeError):
+    msg_template = '{value} is not callable'
+
+
+class EnumError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'enum_instance'
+    msg_template = '{value} is not a valid Enum instance'
+
+
+class IntEnumError(PydanticTypeError):
+    code = 'int_enum_instance'
+    msg_template = '{value} is not a valid IntEnum instance'
+
+
+class IPvAnyAddressError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address'
+
+
+class IPvAnyInterfaceError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 interface'
+
+
+class IPvAnyNetworkError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 network'
+
+
+class IPv4AddressError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv4 address'
+
+
+class IPv6AddressError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv6 address'
+
+
+class IPv4NetworkError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv4 network'
+
+
+class IPv6NetworkError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv6 network'
+
+
+class IPv4InterfaceError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv4 interface'
+
+
+class IPv6InterfaceError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid IPv6 interface'
+
+
+class ColorError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid color: {reason}'
+
+
+class StrictBoolError(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'value is not a valid boolean'
+
+
+class NotDigitError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'payment_card_number.digits'
+    msg_template = 'card number is not all digits'
+
+
+class LuhnValidationError(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'payment_card_number.luhn_check'
+    msg_template = 'card number is not luhn valid'
+
+
+class InvalidLengthForBrand(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'payment_card_number.invalid_length_for_brand'
+    msg_template = 'Length for a {brand} card must be {required_length}'
+
+
+class InvalidByteSize(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'could not parse value and unit from byte string'
+
+
+class InvalidByteSizeUnit(PydanticValueError):
+    msg_template = 'could not interpret byte unit: {unit}'
+
+
+class MissingDiscriminator(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'discriminated_union.missing_discriminator'
+    msg_template = 'Discriminator {discriminator_key!r} is missing in value'
+
+
+class InvalidDiscriminator(PydanticValueError):
+    code = 'discriminated_union.invalid_discriminator'
+    msg_template = (
+        'No match for discriminator {discriminator_key!r} and value {discriminator_value!r} '
+        '(allowed values: {allowed_values})'
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *, discriminator_key: str, discriminator_value: Any, allowed_values: Sequence[Any]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            discriminator_key=discriminator_key,
+            discriminator_value=discriminator_value,
+            allowed_values=', '.join(map(repr, allowed_values)),
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/fields.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..002b60cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1253 @@
+import copy
+import re
+from collections import Counter as CollectionCounter, defaultdict, deque
+from collections.abc import Callable, Hashable as CollectionsHashable, Iterable as CollectionsIterable
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Counter,
+    DefaultDict,
+    Deque,
+    Dict,
+    ForwardRef,
+    FrozenSet,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Pattern,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Final
+
+from pydantic.v1 import errors as errors_
+from pydantic.v1.class_validators import Validator, make_generic_validator, prep_validators
+from pydantic.v1.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper
+from pydantic.v1.errors import ConfigError, InvalidDiscriminator, MissingDiscriminator, NoneIsNotAllowedError
+from pydantic.v1.types import Json, JsonWrapper
+from pydantic.v1.typing import (
+    NoArgAnyCallable,
+    convert_generics,
+    display_as_type,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    is_finalvar,
+    is_literal_type,
+    is_new_type,
+    is_none_type,
+    is_typeddict,
+    is_typeddict_special,
+    is_union,
+    new_type_supertype,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.utils import (
+    PyObjectStr,
+    Representation,
+    ValueItems,
+    get_discriminator_alias_and_values,
+    get_unique_discriminator_alias,
+    lenient_isinstance,
+    lenient_issubclass,
+    sequence_like,
+    smart_deepcopy,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.validators import constant_validator, dict_validator, find_validators, validate_json
+
+Required: Any = Ellipsis
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+class UndefinedType:
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return 'PydanticUndefined'
+
+    def __copy__(self: T) -> T:
+        return self
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> str:
+        return 'Undefined'
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self: T, _: Any) -> T:
+        return self
+
+
+Undefined = UndefinedType()
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.class_validators import ValidatorsList
+    from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig
+    from pydantic.v1.error_wrappers import ErrorList
+    from pydantic.v1.types import ModelOrDc
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import AbstractSetIntStr, MappingIntStrAny, ReprArgs
+
+    ValidateReturn = Tuple[Optional[Any], Optional[ErrorList]]
+    LocStr = Union[Tuple[Union[int, str], ...], str]
+    BoolUndefined = Union[bool, UndefinedType]
+
+
+class FieldInfo(Representation):
+    """
+    Captures extra information about a field.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'default',
+        'default_factory',
+        'alias',
+        'alias_priority',
+        'title',
+        'description',
+        'exclude',
+        'include',
+        'const',
+        'gt',
+        'ge',
+        'lt',
+        'le',
+        'multiple_of',
+        'allow_inf_nan',
+        'max_digits',
+        'decimal_places',
+        'min_items',
+        'max_items',
+        'unique_items',
+        'min_length',
+        'max_length',
+        'allow_mutation',
+        'repr',
+        'regex',
+        'discriminator',
+        'extra',
+    )
+
+    # field constraints with the default value, it's also used in update_from_config below
+    __field_constraints__ = {
+        'min_length': None,
+        'max_length': None,
+        'regex': None,
+        'gt': None,
+        'lt': None,
+        'ge': None,
+        'le': None,
+        'multiple_of': None,
+        'allow_inf_nan': None,
+        'max_digits': None,
+        'decimal_places': None,
+        'min_items': None,
+        'max_items': None,
+        'unique_items': None,
+        'allow_mutation': True,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, default: Any = Undefined, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.default = default
+        self.default_factory = kwargs.pop('default_factory', None)
+        self.alias = kwargs.pop('alias', None)
+        self.alias_priority = kwargs.pop('alias_priority', 2 if self.alias is not None else None)
+        self.title = kwargs.pop('title', None)
+        self.description = kwargs.pop('description', None)
+        self.exclude = kwargs.pop('exclude', None)
+        self.include = kwargs.pop('include', None)
+        self.const = kwargs.pop('const', None)
+        self.gt = kwargs.pop('gt', None)
+        self.ge = kwargs.pop('ge', None)
+        self.lt = kwargs.pop('lt', None)
+        self.le = kwargs.pop('le', None)
+        self.multiple_of = kwargs.pop('multiple_of', None)
+        self.allow_inf_nan = kwargs.pop('allow_inf_nan', None)
+        self.max_digits = kwargs.pop('max_digits', None)
+        self.decimal_places = kwargs.pop('decimal_places', None)
+        self.min_items = kwargs.pop('min_items', None)
+        self.max_items = kwargs.pop('max_items', None)
+        self.unique_items = kwargs.pop('unique_items', None)
+        self.min_length = kwargs.pop('min_length', None)
+        self.max_length = kwargs.pop('max_length', None)
+        self.allow_mutation = kwargs.pop('allow_mutation', True)
+        self.regex = kwargs.pop('regex', None)
+        self.discriminator = kwargs.pop('discriminator', None)
+        self.repr = kwargs.pop('repr', True)
+        self.extra = kwargs
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        field_defaults_to_hide: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            'repr': True,
+            **self.__field_constraints__,
+        }
+
+        attrs = ((s, getattr(self, s)) for s in self.__slots__)
+        return [(a, v) for a, v in attrs if v != field_defaults_to_hide.get(a, None)]
+
+    def get_constraints(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """
+        Gets the constraints set on the field by comparing the constraint value with its default value
+
+        :return: the constraints set on field_info
+        """
+        return {attr for attr, default in self.__field_constraints__.items() if getattr(self, attr) != default}
+
+    def update_from_config(self, from_config: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """
+        Update this FieldInfo based on a dict from get_field_info, only fields which have not been set are dated.
+        """
+        for attr_name, value in from_config.items():
+            try:
+                current_value = getattr(self, attr_name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                # attr_name is not an attribute of FieldInfo, it should therefore be added to extra
+                # (except if extra already has this value!)
+                self.extra.setdefault(attr_name, value)
+            else:
+                if current_value is self.__field_constraints__.get(attr_name, None):
+                    setattr(self, attr_name, value)
+                elif attr_name == 'exclude':
+                    self.exclude = ValueItems.merge(value, current_value)
+                elif attr_name == 'include':
+                    self.include = ValueItems.merge(value, current_value, intersect=True)
+
+    def _validate(self) -> None:
+        if self.default is not Undefined and self.default_factory is not None:
+            raise ValueError('cannot specify both default and default_factory')
+
+
+def Field(
+    default: Any = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Optional[NoArgAnyCallable] = None,
+    alias: Optional[str] = None,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    exclude: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny', Any]] = None,
+    include: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny', Any]] = None,
+    const: Optional[bool] = None,
+    gt: Optional[float] = None,
+    ge: Optional[float] = None,
+    lt: Optional[float] = None,
+    le: Optional[float] = None,
+    multiple_of: Optional[float] = None,
+    allow_inf_nan: Optional[bool] = None,
+    max_digits: Optional[int] = None,
+    decimal_places: Optional[int] = None,
+    min_items: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_items: Optional[int] = None,
+    unique_items: Optional[bool] = None,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    allow_mutation: bool = True,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
+    discriminator: Optional[str] = None,
+    repr: bool = True,
+    **extra: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Used to provide extra information about a field, either for the model schema or complex validation. Some arguments
+    apply only to number fields (``int``, ``float``, ``Decimal``) and some apply only to ``str``.
+
+    :param default: since this is replacing the field’s default, its first argument is used
+      to set the default, use ellipsis (``...``) to indicate the field is required
+    :param default_factory: callable that will be called when a default value is needed for this field
+      If both `default` and `default_factory` are set, an error is raised.
+    :param alias: the public name of the field
+    :param title: can be any string, used in the schema
+    :param description: can be any string, used in the schema
+    :param exclude: exclude this field while dumping.
+      Takes same values as the ``include`` and ``exclude`` arguments on the ``.dict`` method.
+    :param include: include this field while dumping.
+      Takes same values as the ``include`` and ``exclude`` arguments on the ``.dict`` method.
+    :param const: this field is required and *must* take it's default value
+    :param gt: only applies to numbers, requires the field to be "greater than". The schema
+      will have an ``exclusiveMinimum`` validation keyword
+    :param ge: only applies to numbers, requires the field to be "greater than or equal to". The
+      schema will have a ``minimum`` validation keyword
+    :param lt: only applies to numbers, requires the field to be "less than". The schema
+      will have an ``exclusiveMaximum`` validation keyword
+    :param le: only applies to numbers, requires the field to be "less than or equal to". The
+      schema will have a ``maximum`` validation keyword
+    :param multiple_of: only applies to numbers, requires the field to be "a multiple of". The
+      schema will have a ``multipleOf`` validation keyword
+    :param allow_inf_nan: only applies to numbers, allows the field to be NaN or infinity (+inf or -inf),
+        which is a valid Python float. Default True, set to False for compatibility with JSON.
+    :param max_digits: only applies to Decimals, requires the field to have a maximum number
+      of digits within the decimal. It does not include a zero before the decimal point or trailing decimal zeroes.
+    :param decimal_places: only applies to Decimals, requires the field to have at most a number of decimal places
+      allowed. It does not include trailing decimal zeroes.
+    :param min_items: only applies to lists, requires the field to have a minimum number of
+      elements. The schema will have a ``minItems`` validation keyword
+    :param max_items: only applies to lists, requires the field to have a maximum number of
+      elements. The schema will have a ``maxItems`` validation keyword
+    :param unique_items: only applies to lists, requires the field not to have duplicated
+      elements. The schema will have a ``uniqueItems`` validation keyword
+    :param min_length: only applies to strings, requires the field to have a minimum length. The
+      schema will have a ``minLength`` validation keyword
+    :param max_length: only applies to strings, requires the field to have a maximum length. The
+      schema will have a ``maxLength`` validation keyword
+    :param allow_mutation: a boolean which defaults to True. When False, the field raises a TypeError if the field is
+      assigned on an instance.  The BaseModel Config must set validate_assignment to True
+    :param regex: only applies to strings, requires the field match against a regular expression
+      pattern string. The schema will have a ``pattern`` validation keyword
+    :param discriminator: only useful with a (discriminated a.k.a. tagged) `Union` of sub models with a common field.
+      The `discriminator` is the name of this common field to shorten validation and improve generated schema
+    :param repr: show this field in the representation
+    :param **extra: any additional keyword arguments will be added as is to the schema
+    """
+    field_info = FieldInfo(
+        default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        alias=alias,
+        title=title,
+        description=description,
+        exclude=exclude,
+        include=include,
+        const=const,
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        min_items=min_items,
+        max_items=max_items,
+        unique_items=unique_items,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        allow_mutation=allow_mutation,
+        regex=regex,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        repr=repr,
+        **extra,
+    )
+    field_info._validate()
+    return field_info
+
+
+# used to be an enum but changed to int's for small performance improvement as less access overhead
+SHAPE_SINGLETON = 1
+SHAPE_LIST = 2
+SHAPE_SET = 3
+SHAPE_MAPPING = 4
+SHAPE_TUPLE = 5
+SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS = 6
+SHAPE_SEQUENCE = 7
+SHAPE_FROZENSET = 8
+SHAPE_ITERABLE = 9
+SHAPE_GENERIC = 10
+SHAPE_DEQUE = 11
+SHAPE_DICT = 12
+SHAPE_DEFAULTDICT = 13
+SHAPE_COUNTER = 14
+SHAPE_NAME_LOOKUP = {
+    SHAPE_LIST: 'List[{}]',
+    SHAPE_SET: 'Set[{}]',
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS: 'Tuple[{}, ...]',
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE: 'Sequence[{}]',
+    SHAPE_FROZENSET: 'FrozenSet[{}]',
+    SHAPE_ITERABLE: 'Iterable[{}]',
+    SHAPE_DEQUE: 'Deque[{}]',
+    SHAPE_DICT: 'Dict[{}]',
+    SHAPE_DEFAULTDICT: 'DefaultDict[{}]',
+    SHAPE_COUNTER: 'Counter[{}]',
+}
+
+MAPPING_LIKE_SHAPES: Set[int] = {SHAPE_DEFAULTDICT, SHAPE_DICT, SHAPE_MAPPING, SHAPE_COUNTER}
+
+
+class ModelField(Representation):
+    __slots__ = (
+        'type_',
+        'outer_type_',
+        'annotation',
+        'sub_fields',
+        'sub_fields_mapping',
+        'key_field',
+        'validators',
+        'pre_validators',
+        'post_validators',
+        'default',
+        'default_factory',
+        'required',
+        'final',
+        'model_config',
+        'name',
+        'alias',
+        'has_alias',
+        'field_info',
+        'discriminator_key',
+        'discriminator_alias',
+        'validate_always',
+        'allow_none',
+        'shape',
+        'class_validators',
+        'parse_json',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        type_: Type[Any],
+        class_validators: Optional[Dict[str, Validator]],
+        model_config: Type['BaseConfig'],
+        default: Any = None,
+        default_factory: Optional[NoArgAnyCallable] = None,
+        required: 'BoolUndefined' = Undefined,
+        final: bool = False,
+        alias: Optional[str] = None,
+        field_info: Optional[FieldInfo] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name: str = name
+        self.has_alias: bool = alias is not None
+        self.alias: str = alias if alias is not None else name
+        self.annotation = type_
+        self.type_: Any = convert_generics(type_)
+        self.outer_type_: Any = type_
+        self.class_validators = class_validators or {}
+        self.default: Any = default
+        self.default_factory: Optional[NoArgAnyCallable] = default_factory
+        self.required: 'BoolUndefined' = required
+        self.final: bool = final
+        self.model_config = model_config
+        self.field_info: FieldInfo = field_info or FieldInfo(default)
+        self.discriminator_key: Optional[str] = self.field_info.discriminator
+        self.discriminator_alias: Optional[str] = self.discriminator_key
+
+        self.allow_none: bool = False
+        self.validate_always: bool = False
+        self.sub_fields: Optional[List[ModelField]] = None
+        self.sub_fields_mapping: Optional[Dict[str, 'ModelField']] = None  # used for discriminated union
+        self.key_field: Optional[ModelField] = None
+        self.validators: 'ValidatorsList' = []
+        self.pre_validators: Optional['ValidatorsList'] = None
+        self.post_validators: Optional['ValidatorsList'] = None
+        self.parse_json: bool = False
+        self.shape: int = SHAPE_SINGLETON
+        self.model_config.prepare_field(self)
+        self.prepare()
+
+    def get_default(self) -> Any:
+        return smart_deepcopy(self.default) if self.default_factory is None else self.default_factory()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_field_info(
+        field_name: str, annotation: Any, value: Any, config: Type['BaseConfig']
+    ) -> Tuple[FieldInfo, Any]:
+        """
+        Get a FieldInfo from a root typing.Annotated annotation, value, or config default.
+
+        The FieldInfo may be set in typing.Annotated or the value, but not both. If neither contain
+        a FieldInfo, a new one will be created using the config.
+
+        :param field_name: name of the field for use in error messages
+        :param annotation: a type hint such as `str` or `Annotated[str, Field(..., min_length=5)]`
+        :param value: the field's assigned value
+        :param config: the model's config object
+        :return: the FieldInfo contained in the `annotation`, the value, or a new one from the config.
+        """
+        field_info_from_config = config.get_field_info(field_name)
+
+        field_info = None
+        if get_origin(annotation) is Annotated:
+            field_infos = [arg for arg in get_args(annotation)[1:] if isinstance(arg, FieldInfo)]
+            if len(field_infos) > 1:
+                raise ValueError(f'cannot specify multiple `Annotated` `Field`s for {field_name!r}')
+            field_info = next(iter(field_infos), None)
+            if field_info is not None:
+                field_info = copy.copy(field_info)
+                field_info.update_from_config(field_info_from_config)
+                if field_info.default not in (Undefined, Required):
+                    raise ValueError(f'`Field` default cannot be set in `Annotated` for {field_name!r}')
+                if value is not Undefined and value is not Required:
+                    # check also `Required` because of `validate_arguments` that sets `...` as default value
+                    field_info.default = value
+
+        if isinstance(value, FieldInfo):
+            if field_info is not None:
+                raise ValueError(f'cannot specify `Annotated` and value `Field`s together for {field_name!r}')
+            field_info = value
+            field_info.update_from_config(field_info_from_config)
+        elif field_info is None:
+            field_info = FieldInfo(value, **field_info_from_config)
+        value = None if field_info.default_factory is not None else field_info.default
+        field_info._validate()
+        return field_info, value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def infer(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        value: Any,
+        annotation: Any,
+        class_validators: Optional[Dict[str, Validator]],
+        config: Type['BaseConfig'],
+    ) -> 'ModelField':
+        from pydantic.v1.schema import get_annotation_from_field_info
+
+        field_info, value = cls._get_field_info(name, annotation, value, config)
+        required: 'BoolUndefined' = Undefined
+        if value is Required:
+            required = True
+            value = None
+        elif value is not Undefined:
+            required = False
+        annotation = get_annotation_from_field_info(annotation, field_info, name, config.validate_assignment)
+
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            type_=annotation,
+            alias=field_info.alias,
+            class_validators=class_validators,
+            default=value,
+            default_factory=field_info.default_factory,
+            required=required,
+            model_config=config,
+            field_info=field_info,
+        )
+
+    def set_config(self, config: Type['BaseConfig']) -> None:
+        self.model_config = config
+        info_from_config = config.get_field_info(self.name)
+        config.prepare_field(self)
+        new_alias = info_from_config.get('alias')
+        new_alias_priority = info_from_config.get('alias_priority') or 0
+        if new_alias and new_alias_priority >= (self.field_info.alias_priority or 0):
+            self.field_info.alias = new_alias
+            self.field_info.alias_priority = new_alias_priority
+            self.alias = new_alias
+        new_exclude = info_from_config.get('exclude')
+        if new_exclude is not None:
+            self.field_info.exclude = ValueItems.merge(self.field_info.exclude, new_exclude)
+        new_include = info_from_config.get('include')
+        if new_include is not None:
+            self.field_info.include = ValueItems.merge(self.field_info.include, new_include, intersect=True)
+
+    @property
+    def alt_alias(self) -> bool:
+        return self.name != self.alias
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Prepare the field but inspecting self.default, self.type_ etc.
+
+        Note: this method is **not** idempotent (because _type_analysis is not idempotent),
+        e.g. calling it it multiple times may modify the field and configure it incorrectly.
+        """
+        self._set_default_and_type()
+        if self.type_.__class__ is ForwardRef or self.type_.__class__ is DeferredType:
+            # self.type_ is currently a ForwardRef and there's nothing we can do now,
+            # user will need to call model.update_forward_refs()
+            return
+
+        self._type_analysis()
+        if self.required is Undefined:
+            self.required = True
+        if self.default is Undefined and self.default_factory is None:
+            self.default = None
+        self.populate_validators()
+
+    def _set_default_and_type(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the default value, infer the type if needed and check if `None` value is valid.
+        """
+        if self.default_factory is not None:
+            if self.type_ is Undefined:
+                raise errors_.ConfigError(
+                    f'you need to set the type of field {self.name!r} when using `default_factory`'
+                )
+            return
+
+        default_value = self.get_default()
+
+        if default_value is not None and self.type_ is Undefined:
+            self.type_ = default_value.__class__
+            self.outer_type_ = self.type_
+            self.annotation = self.type_
+
+        if self.type_ is Undefined:
+            raise errors_.ConfigError(f'unable to infer type for attribute "{self.name}"')
+
+        if self.required is False and default_value is None:
+            self.allow_none = True
+
+    def _type_analysis(self) -> None:  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+        # typing interface is horrible, we have to do some ugly checks
+        if lenient_issubclass(self.type_, JsonWrapper):
+            self.type_ = self.type_.inner_type
+            self.parse_json = True
+        elif lenient_issubclass(self.type_, Json):
+            self.type_ = Any
+            self.parse_json = True
+        elif isinstance(self.type_, TypeVar):
+            if self.type_.__bound__:
+                self.type_ = self.type_.__bound__
+            elif self.type_.__constraints__:
+                self.type_ = Union[self.type_.__constraints__]
+            else:
+                self.type_ = Any
+        elif is_new_type(self.type_):
+            self.type_ = new_type_supertype(self.type_)
+
+        if self.type_ is Any or self.type_ is object:
+            if self.required is Undefined:
+                self.required = False
+            self.allow_none = True
+            return
+        elif self.type_ is Pattern or self.type_ is re.Pattern:
+            # python 3.7 only, Pattern is a typing object but without sub fields
+            return
+        elif is_literal_type(self.type_):
+            return
+        elif is_typeddict(self.type_):
+            return
+
+        if is_finalvar(self.type_):
+            self.final = True
+
+            if self.type_ is Final:
+                self.type_ = Any
+            else:
+                self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+
+            self._type_analysis()
+            return
+
+        origin = get_origin(self.type_)
+
+        if origin is Annotated or is_typeddict_special(origin):
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self._type_analysis()
+            return
+
+        if self.discriminator_key is not None and not is_union(origin):
+            raise TypeError('`discriminator` can only be used with `Union` type with more than one variant')
+
+        # add extra check for `collections.abc.Hashable` for python 3.10+ where origin is not `None`
+        if origin is None or origin is CollectionsHashable:
+            # field is not "typing" object eg. Union, Dict, List etc.
+            # allow None for virtual superclasses of NoneType, e.g. Hashable
+            if isinstance(self.type_, type) and isinstance(None, self.type_):
+                self.allow_none = True
+            return
+        elif origin is Callable:
+            return
+        elif is_union(origin):
+            types_ = []
+            for type_ in get_args(self.type_):
+                if is_none_type(type_) or type_ is Any or type_ is object:
+                    if self.required is Undefined:
+                        self.required = False
+                    self.allow_none = True
+                if is_none_type(type_):
+                    continue
+                types_.append(type_)
+
+            if len(types_) == 1:
+                # Optional[]
+                self.type_ = types_[0]
+                # this is the one case where the "outer type" isn't just the original type
+                self.outer_type_ = self.type_
+                # re-run to correctly interpret the new self.type_
+                self._type_analysis()
+            else:
+                self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(t, f'{self.name}_{display_as_type(t)}') for t in types_]
+
+                if self.discriminator_key is not None:
+                    self.prepare_discriminated_union_sub_fields()
+            return
+        elif issubclass(origin, Tuple):  # type: ignore
+            # origin == Tuple without item type
+            args = get_args(self.type_)
+            if not args:  # plain tuple
+                self.type_ = Any
+                self.shape = SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS
+            elif len(args) == 2 and args[1] is Ellipsis:  # e.g. Tuple[int, ...]
+                self.type_ = args[0]
+                self.shape = SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS
+                self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(args[0], f'{self.name}_0')]
+            elif args == ((),):  # Tuple[()] means empty tuple
+                self.shape = SHAPE_TUPLE
+                self.type_ = Any
+                self.sub_fields = []
+            else:
+                self.shape = SHAPE_TUPLE
+                self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(t, f'{self.name}_{i}') for i, t in enumerate(args)]
+            return
+        elif issubclass(origin, List):
+            # Create self validators
+            get_validators = getattr(self.type_, '__get_validators__', None)
+            if get_validators:
+                self.class_validators.update(
+                    {f'list_{i}': Validator(validator, pre=True) for i, validator in enumerate(get_validators())}
+                )
+
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_LIST
+        elif issubclass(origin, Set):
+            # Create self validators
+            get_validators = getattr(self.type_, '__get_validators__', None)
+            if get_validators:
+                self.class_validators.update(
+                    {f'set_{i}': Validator(validator, pre=True) for i, validator in enumerate(get_validators())}
+                )
+
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_SET
+        elif issubclass(origin, FrozenSet):
+            # Create self validators
+            get_validators = getattr(self.type_, '__get_validators__', None)
+            if get_validators:
+                self.class_validators.update(
+                    {f'frozenset_{i}': Validator(validator, pre=True) for i, validator in enumerate(get_validators())}
+                )
+
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_FROZENSET
+        elif issubclass(origin, Deque):
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_DEQUE
+        elif issubclass(origin, Sequence):
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_SEQUENCE
+        # priority to most common mapping: dict
+        elif origin is dict or origin is Dict:
+            self.key_field = self._create_sub_type(get_args(self.type_)[0], 'key_' + self.name, for_keys=True)
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[1]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_DICT
+        elif issubclass(origin, DefaultDict):
+            self.key_field = self._create_sub_type(get_args(self.type_)[0], 'key_' + self.name, for_keys=True)
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[1]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_DEFAULTDICT
+        elif issubclass(origin, Counter):
+            self.key_field = self._create_sub_type(get_args(self.type_)[0], 'key_' + self.name, for_keys=True)
+            self.type_ = int
+            self.shape = SHAPE_COUNTER
+        elif issubclass(origin, Mapping):
+            self.key_field = self._create_sub_type(get_args(self.type_)[0], 'key_' + self.name, for_keys=True)
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[1]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_MAPPING
+        # Equality check as almost everything inherits form Iterable, including str
+        # check for Iterable and CollectionsIterable, as it could receive one even when declared with the other
+        elif origin in {Iterable, CollectionsIterable}:
+            self.type_ = get_args(self.type_)[0]
+            self.shape = SHAPE_ITERABLE
+            self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(self.type_, f'{self.name}_type')]
+        elif issubclass(origin, Type):  # type: ignore
+            return
+        elif hasattr(origin, '__get_validators__') or self.model_config.arbitrary_types_allowed:
+            # Is a Pydantic-compatible generic that handles itself
+            # or we have arbitrary_types_allowed = True
+            self.shape = SHAPE_GENERIC
+            self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(t, f'{self.name}_{i}') for i, t in enumerate(get_args(self.type_))]
+            self.type_ = origin
+            return
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f'Fields of type "{origin}" are not supported.')
+
+        # type_ has been refined eg. as the type of a List and sub_fields needs to be populated
+        self.sub_fields = [self._create_sub_type(self.type_, '_' + self.name)]
+
+    def prepare_discriminated_union_sub_fields(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Prepare the mapping <discriminator key> -> <ModelField> and update `sub_fields`
+        Note that this process can be aborted if a `ForwardRef` is encountered
+        """
+        assert self.discriminator_key is not None
+
+        if self.type_.__class__ is DeferredType:
+            return
+
+        assert self.sub_fields is not None
+        sub_fields_mapping: Dict[str, 'ModelField'] = {}
+        all_aliases: Set[str] = set()
+
+        for sub_field in self.sub_fields:
+            t = sub_field.type_
+            if t.__class__ is ForwardRef:
+                # Stopping everything...will need to call `update_forward_refs`
+                return
+
+            alias, discriminator_values = get_discriminator_alias_and_values(t, self.discriminator_key)
+            all_aliases.add(alias)
+            for discriminator_value in discriminator_values:
+                sub_fields_mapping[discriminator_value] = sub_field
+
+        self.sub_fields_mapping = sub_fields_mapping
+        self.discriminator_alias = get_unique_discriminator_alias(all_aliases, self.discriminator_key)
+
+    def _create_sub_type(self, type_: Type[Any], name: str, *, for_keys: bool = False) -> 'ModelField':
+        if for_keys:
+            class_validators = None
+        else:
+            # validators for sub items should not have `each_item` as we want to check only the first sublevel
+            class_validators = {
+                k: Validator(
+                    func=v.func,
+                    pre=v.pre,
+                    each_item=False,
+                    always=v.always,
+                    check_fields=v.check_fields,
+                    skip_on_failure=v.skip_on_failure,
+                )
+                for k, v in self.class_validators.items()
+                if v.each_item
+            }
+
+        field_info, _ = self._get_field_info(name, type_, None, self.model_config)
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            type_=type_,
+            name=name,
+            class_validators=class_validators,
+            model_config=self.model_config,
+            field_info=field_info,
+        )
+
+    def populate_validators(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Prepare self.pre_validators, self.validators, and self.post_validators based on self.type_'s  __get_validators__
+        and class validators. This method should be idempotent, e.g. it should be safe to call multiple times
+        without mis-configuring the field.
+        """
+        self.validate_always = getattr(self.type_, 'validate_always', False) or any(
+            v.always for v in self.class_validators.values()
+        )
+
+        class_validators_ = self.class_validators.values()
+        if not self.sub_fields or self.shape == SHAPE_GENERIC:
+            get_validators = getattr(self.type_, '__get_validators__', None)
+            v_funcs = (
+                *[v.func for v in class_validators_ if v.each_item and v.pre],
+                *(get_validators() if get_validators else list(find_validators(self.type_, self.model_config))),
+                *[v.func for v in class_validators_ if v.each_item and not v.pre],
+            )
+            self.validators = prep_validators(v_funcs)
+
+        self.pre_validators = []
+        self.post_validators = []
+
+        if self.field_info and self.field_info.const:
+            self.post_validators.append(make_generic_validator(constant_validator))
+
+        if class_validators_:
+            self.pre_validators += prep_validators(v.func for v in class_validators_ if not v.each_item and v.pre)
+            self.post_validators += prep_validators(v.func for v in class_validators_ if not v.each_item and not v.pre)
+
+        if self.parse_json:
+            self.pre_validators.append(make_generic_validator(validate_json))
+
+        self.pre_validators = self.pre_validators or None
+        self.post_validators = self.post_validators or None
+
+    def validate(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], *, loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc'] = None
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        assert self.type_.__class__ is not DeferredType
+
+        if self.type_.__class__ is ForwardRef:
+            assert cls is not None
+            raise ConfigError(
+                f'field "{self.name}" not yet prepared so type is still a ForwardRef, '
+                f'you might need to call {cls.__name__}.update_forward_refs().'
+            )
+
+        errors: Optional['ErrorList']
+        if self.pre_validators:
+            v, errors = self._apply_validators(v, values, loc, cls, self.pre_validators)
+            if errors:
+                return v, errors
+
+        if v is None:
+            if is_none_type(self.type_):
+                # keep validating
+                pass
+            elif self.allow_none:
+                if self.post_validators:
+                    return self._apply_validators(v, values, loc, cls, self.post_validators)
+                else:
+                    return None, None
+            else:
+                return v, ErrorWrapper(NoneIsNotAllowedError(), loc)
+
+        if self.shape == SHAPE_SINGLETON:
+            v, errors = self._validate_singleton(v, values, loc, cls)
+        elif self.shape in MAPPING_LIKE_SHAPES:
+            v, errors = self._validate_mapping_like(v, values, loc, cls)
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_TUPLE:
+            v, errors = self._validate_tuple(v, values, loc, cls)
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_ITERABLE:
+            v, errors = self._validate_iterable(v, values, loc, cls)
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_GENERIC:
+            v, errors = self._apply_validators(v, values, loc, cls, self.validators)
+        else:
+            #  sequence, list, set, generator, tuple with ellipsis, frozen set
+            v, errors = self._validate_sequence_like(v, values, loc, cls)
+
+        if not errors and self.post_validators:
+            v, errors = self._apply_validators(v, values, loc, cls, self.post_validators)
+        return v, errors
+
+    def _validate_sequence_like(  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        """
+        Validate sequence-like containers: lists, tuples, sets and generators
+        Note that large if-else blocks are necessary to enable Cython
+        optimization, which is why we disable the complexity check above.
+        """
+        if not sequence_like(v):
+            e: errors_.PydanticTypeError
+            if self.shape == SHAPE_LIST:
+                e = errors_.ListError()
+            elif self.shape in (SHAPE_TUPLE, SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS):
+                e = errors_.TupleError()
+            elif self.shape == SHAPE_SET:
+                e = errors_.SetError()
+            elif self.shape == SHAPE_FROZENSET:
+                e = errors_.FrozenSetError()
+            else:
+                e = errors_.SequenceError()
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(e, loc)
+
+        loc = loc if isinstance(loc, tuple) else (loc,)
+        result = []
+        errors: List[ErrorList] = []
+        for i, v_ in enumerate(v):
+            v_loc = *loc, i
+            r, ee = self._validate_singleton(v_, values, v_loc, cls)
+            if ee:
+                errors.append(ee)
+            else:
+                result.append(r)
+
+        if errors:
+            return v, errors
+
+        converted: Union[List[Any], Set[Any], FrozenSet[Any], Tuple[Any, ...], Iterator[Any], Deque[Any]] = result
+
+        if self.shape == SHAPE_SET:
+            converted = set(result)
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_FROZENSET:
+            converted = frozenset(result)
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS:
+            converted = tuple(result)
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_DEQUE:
+            converted = deque(result, maxlen=getattr(v, 'maxlen', None))
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_SEQUENCE:
+            if isinstance(v, tuple):
+                converted = tuple(result)
+            elif isinstance(v, set):
+                converted = set(result)
+            elif isinstance(v, Generator):
+                converted = iter(result)
+            elif isinstance(v, deque):
+                converted = deque(result, maxlen=getattr(v, 'maxlen', None))
+        return converted, None
+
+    def _validate_iterable(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        """
+        Validate Iterables.
+
+        This intentionally doesn't validate values to allow infinite generators.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            iterable = iter(v)
+        except TypeError:
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(errors_.IterableError(), loc)
+        return iterable, None
+
+    def _validate_tuple(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        e: Optional[Exception] = None
+        if not sequence_like(v):
+            e = errors_.TupleError()
+        else:
+            actual_length, expected_length = len(v), len(self.sub_fields)  # type: ignore
+            if actual_length != expected_length:
+                e = errors_.TupleLengthError(actual_length=actual_length, expected_length=expected_length)
+
+        if e:
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(e, loc)
+
+        loc = loc if isinstance(loc, tuple) else (loc,)
+        result = []
+        errors: List[ErrorList] = []
+        for i, (v_, field) in enumerate(zip(v, self.sub_fields)):  # type: ignore
+            v_loc = *loc, i
+            r, ee = field.validate(v_, values, loc=v_loc, cls=cls)
+            if ee:
+                errors.append(ee)
+            else:
+                result.append(r)
+
+        if errors:
+            return v, errors
+        else:
+            return tuple(result), None
+
+    def _validate_mapping_like(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        try:
+            v_iter = dict_validator(v)
+        except TypeError as exc:
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(exc, loc)
+
+        loc = loc if isinstance(loc, tuple) else (loc,)
+        result, errors = {}, []
+        for k, v_ in v_iter.items():
+            v_loc = *loc, '__key__'
+            key_result, key_errors = self.key_field.validate(k, values, loc=v_loc, cls=cls)  # type: ignore
+            if key_errors:
+                errors.append(key_errors)
+                continue
+
+            v_loc = *loc, k
+            value_result, value_errors = self._validate_singleton(v_, values, v_loc, cls)
+            if value_errors:
+                errors.append(value_errors)
+                continue
+
+            result[key_result] = value_result
+        if errors:
+            return v, errors
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_DICT:
+            return result, None
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_DEFAULTDICT:
+            return defaultdict(self.type_, result), None
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_COUNTER:
+            return CollectionCounter(result), None
+        else:
+            return self._get_mapping_value(v, result), None
+
+    def _get_mapping_value(self, original: T, converted: Dict[Any, Any]) -> Union[T, Dict[Any, Any]]:
+        """
+        When type is `Mapping[KT, KV]` (or another unsupported mapping), we try to avoid
+        coercing to `dict` unwillingly.
+        """
+        original_cls = original.__class__
+
+        if original_cls == dict or original_cls == Dict:
+            return converted
+        elif original_cls in {defaultdict, DefaultDict}:
+            return defaultdict(self.type_, converted)
+        else:
+            try:
+                # Counter, OrderedDict, UserDict, ...
+                return original_cls(converted)  # type: ignore
+            except TypeError:
+                raise RuntimeError(f'Could not convert dictionary to {original_cls.__name__!r}') from None
+
+    def _validate_singleton(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        if self.sub_fields:
+            if self.discriminator_key is not None:
+                return self._validate_discriminated_union(v, values, loc, cls)
+
+            errors = []
+
+            if self.model_config.smart_union and is_union(get_origin(self.type_)):
+                # 1st pass: check if the value is an exact instance of one of the Union types
+                # (e.g. to avoid coercing a bool into an int)
+                for field in self.sub_fields:
+                    if v.__class__ is field.outer_type_:
+                        return v, None
+
+                # 2nd pass: check if the value is an instance of any subclass of the Union types
+                for field in self.sub_fields:
+                    # This whole logic will be improved later on to support more complex `isinstance` checks
+                    # It will probably be done once a strict mode is added and be something like:
+                    # ```
+                    #     value, error = field.validate(v, values, strict=True)
+                    #     if error is None:
+                    #         return value, None
+                    # ```
+                    try:
+                        if isinstance(v, field.outer_type_):
+                            return v, None
+                    except TypeError:
+                        # compound type
+                        if lenient_isinstance(v, get_origin(field.outer_type_)):
+                            value, error = field.validate(v, values, loc=loc, cls=cls)
+                            if not error:
+                                return value, None
+
+            # 1st pass by default or 3rd pass with `smart_union` enabled:
+            # check if the value can be coerced into one of the Union types
+            for field in self.sub_fields:
+                value, error = field.validate(v, values, loc=loc, cls=cls)
+                if error:
+                    errors.append(error)
+                else:
+                    return value, None
+            return v, errors
+        else:
+            return self._apply_validators(v, values, loc, cls, self.validators)
+
+    def _validate_discriminated_union(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc']
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        assert self.discriminator_key is not None
+        assert self.discriminator_alias is not None
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                discriminator_value = v[self.discriminator_alias]
+            except KeyError:
+                if self.model_config.allow_population_by_field_name:
+                    discriminator_value = v[self.discriminator_key]
+                else:
+                    raise
+        except KeyError:
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(MissingDiscriminator(discriminator_key=self.discriminator_key), loc)
+        except TypeError:
+            try:
+                # BaseModel or dataclass
+                discriminator_value = getattr(v, self.discriminator_key)
+            except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+                return v, ErrorWrapper(MissingDiscriminator(discriminator_key=self.discriminator_key), loc)
+
+        if self.sub_fields_mapping is None:
+            assert cls is not None
+            raise ConfigError(
+                f'field "{self.name}" not yet prepared so type is still a ForwardRef, '
+                f'you might need to call {cls.__name__}.update_forward_refs().'
+            )
+
+        try:
+            sub_field = self.sub_fields_mapping[discriminator_value]
+        except (KeyError, TypeError):
+            # KeyError: `discriminator_value` is not in the dictionary.
+            # TypeError: `discriminator_value` is unhashable.
+            assert self.sub_fields_mapping is not None
+            return v, ErrorWrapper(
+                InvalidDiscriminator(
+                    discriminator_key=self.discriminator_key,
+                    discriminator_value=discriminator_value,
+                    allowed_values=list(self.sub_fields_mapping),
+                ),
+                loc,
+            )
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(loc, tuple):
+                loc = (loc,)
+            return sub_field.validate(v, values, loc=(*loc, display_as_type(sub_field.type_)), cls=cls)
+
+    def _apply_validators(
+        self, v: Any, values: Dict[str, Any], loc: 'LocStr', cls: Optional['ModelOrDc'], validators: 'ValidatorsList'
+    ) -> 'ValidateReturn':
+        for validator in validators:
+            try:
+                v = validator(cls, v, values, self, self.model_config)
+            except (ValueError, TypeError, AssertionError) as exc:
+                return v, ErrorWrapper(exc, loc)
+        return v, None
+
+    def is_complex(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Whether the field is "complex" eg. env variables should be parsed as JSON.
+        """
+        from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+        return (
+            self.shape != SHAPE_SINGLETON
+            or hasattr(self.type_, '__pydantic_model__')
+            or lenient_issubclass(self.type_, (BaseModel, list, set, frozenset, dict))
+        )
+
+    def _type_display(self) -> PyObjectStr:
+        t = display_as_type(self.type_)
+
+        if self.shape in MAPPING_LIKE_SHAPES:
+            t = f'Mapping[{display_as_type(self.key_field.type_)}, {t}]'  # type: ignore
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_TUPLE:
+            t = 'Tuple[{}]'.format(', '.join(display_as_type(f.type_) for f in self.sub_fields))  # type: ignore
+        elif self.shape == SHAPE_GENERIC:
+            assert self.sub_fields
+            t = '{}[{}]'.format(
+                display_as_type(self.type_), ', '.join(display_as_type(f.type_) for f in self.sub_fields)
+            )
+        elif self.shape != SHAPE_SINGLETON:
+            t = SHAPE_NAME_LOOKUP[self.shape].format(t)
+
+        if self.allow_none and (self.shape != SHAPE_SINGLETON or not self.sub_fields):
+            t = f'Optional[{t}]'
+        return PyObjectStr(t)
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        args = [('name', self.name), ('type', self._type_display()), ('required', self.required)]
+
+        if not self.required:
+            if self.default_factory is not None:
+                args.append(('default_factory', f'<function {self.default_factory.__name__}>'))
+            else:
+                args.append(('default', self.default))
+
+        if self.alt_alias:
+            args.append(('alias', self.alias))
+        return args
+
+
+class ModelPrivateAttr(Representation):
+    __slots__ = ('default', 'default_factory')
+
+    def __init__(self, default: Any = Undefined, *, default_factory: Optional[NoArgAnyCallable] = None) -> None:
+        self.default = default
+        self.default_factory = default_factory
+
+    def get_default(self) -> Any:
+        return smart_deepcopy(self.default) if self.default_factory is None else self.default_factory()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) and (self.default, self.default_factory) == (
+            other.default,
+            other.default_factory,
+        )
+
+
+def PrivateAttr(
+    default: Any = Undefined,
+    *,
+    default_factory: Optional[NoArgAnyCallable] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Indicates that attribute is only used internally and never mixed with regular fields.
+
+    Types or values of private attrs are not checked by pydantic and it's up to you to keep them relevant.
+
+    Private attrs are stored in model __slots__.
+
+    :param default: the attribute’s default value
+    :param default_factory: callable that will be called when a default value is needed for this attribute
+      If both `default` and `default_factory` are set, an error is raised.
+    """
+    if default is not Undefined and default_factory is not None:
+        raise ValueError('cannot specify both default and default_factory')
+
+    return ModelPrivateAttr(
+        default,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+    )
+
+
+class DeferredType:
+    """
+    Used to postpone field preparation, while creating recursive generic models.
+    """
+
+
+def is_finalvar_with_default_val(type_: Type[Any], val: Any) -> bool:
+    return is_finalvar(type_) and val is not Undefined and not isinstance(val, FieldInfo)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/generics.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/generics.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a69f2b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/generics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+import sys
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    ClassVar,
+    Dict,
+    ForwardRef,
+    Generic,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary, WeakValueDictionary
+
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal as ExtLiteral
+
+from pydantic.v1.class_validators import gather_all_validators
+from pydantic.v1.fields import DeferredType
+from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel, create_model
+from pydantic.v1.types import JsonWrapper
+from pydantic.v1.typing import display_as_type, get_all_type_hints, get_args, get_origin, typing_base
+from pydantic.v1.utils import all_identical, lenient_issubclass
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from typing import _UnionGenericAlias
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 8):
+    from typing import Literal
+
+GenericModelT = TypeVar('GenericModelT', bound='GenericModel')
+TypeVarType = Any  # since mypy doesn't allow the use of TypeVar as a type
+
+CacheKey = Tuple[Type[Any], Any, Tuple[Any, ...]]
+Parametrization = Mapping[TypeVarType, Type[Any]]
+
+# weak dictionaries allow the dynamically created parametrized versions of generic models to get collected
+# once they are no longer referenced by the caller.
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):  # Typing for weak dictionaries available at 3.9
+    GenericTypesCache = WeakValueDictionary[CacheKey, Type[BaseModel]]
+    AssignedParameters = WeakKeyDictionary[Type[BaseModel], Parametrization]
+else:
+    GenericTypesCache = WeakValueDictionary
+    AssignedParameters = WeakKeyDictionary
+
+# _generic_types_cache is a Mapping from __class_getitem__ arguments to the parametrized version of generic models.
+# This ensures multiple calls of e.g. A[B] return always the same class.
+_generic_types_cache = GenericTypesCache()
+
+# _assigned_parameters is a Mapping from parametrized version of generic models to assigned types of parametrizations
+# as captured during construction of the class (not instances).
+# E.g., for generic model `Model[A, B]`, when parametrized model `Model[int, str]` is created,
+# `Model[int, str]`: {A: int, B: str}` will be stored in `_assigned_parameters`.
+# (This information is only otherwise available after creation from the class name string).
+_assigned_parameters = AssignedParameters()
+
+
+class GenericModel(BaseModel):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __concrete__: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # Putting this in a TYPE_CHECKING block allows us to replace `if Generic not in cls.__bases__` with
+        # `not hasattr(cls, "__parameters__")`. This means we don't need to force non-concrete subclasses of
+        # `GenericModel` to also inherit from `Generic`, which would require changes to the use of `create_model` below.
+        __parameters__: ClassVar[Tuple[TypeVarType, ...]]
+
+    # Setting the return type as Type[Any] instead of Type[BaseModel] prevents PyCharm warnings
+    def __class_getitem__(cls: Type[GenericModelT], params: Union[Type[Any], Tuple[Type[Any], ...]]) -> Type[Any]:
+        """Instantiates a new class from a generic class `cls` and type variables `params`.
+
+        :param params: Tuple of types the class . Given a generic class
+            `Model` with 2 type variables and a concrete model `Model[str, int]`,
+            the value `(str, int)` would be passed to `params`.
+        :return: New model class inheriting from `cls` with instantiated
+            types described by `params`. If no parameters are given, `cls` is
+            returned as is.
+
+        """
+
+        def _cache_key(_params: Any) -> CacheKey:
+            args = get_args(_params)
+            # python returns a list for Callables, which is not hashable
+            if len(args) == 2 and isinstance(args[0], list):
+                args = (tuple(args[0]), args[1])
+            return cls, _params, args
+
+        cached = _generic_types_cache.get(_cache_key(params))
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+        if cls.__concrete__ and Generic not in cls.__bases__:
+            raise TypeError('Cannot parameterize a concrete instantiation of a generic model')
+        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+            params = (params,)
+        if cls is GenericModel and any(isinstance(param, TypeVar) for param in params):
+            raise TypeError('Type parameters should be placed on typing.Generic, not GenericModel')
+        if not hasattr(cls, '__parameters__'):
+            raise TypeError(f'Type {cls.__name__} must inherit from typing.Generic before being parameterized')
+
+        check_parameters_count(cls, params)
+        # Build map from generic typevars to passed params
+        typevars_map: Dict[TypeVarType, Type[Any]] = dict(zip(cls.__parameters__, params))
+        if all_identical(typevars_map.keys(), typevars_map.values()) and typevars_map:
+            return cls  # if arguments are equal to parameters it's the same object
+
+        # Create new model with original model as parent inserting fields with DeferredType.
+        model_name = cls.__concrete_name__(params)
+        validators = gather_all_validators(cls)
+
+        type_hints = get_all_type_hints(cls).items()
+        instance_type_hints = {k: v for k, v in type_hints if get_origin(v) is not ClassVar}
+
+        fields = {k: (DeferredType(), cls.__fields__[k].field_info) for k in instance_type_hints if k in cls.__fields__}
+
+        model_module, called_globally = get_caller_frame_info()
+        created_model = cast(
+            Type[GenericModel],  # casting ensures mypy is aware of the __concrete__ and __parameters__ attributes
+            create_model(
+                model_name,
+                __module__=model_module or cls.__module__,
+                __base__=(cls,) + tuple(cls.__parameterized_bases__(typevars_map)),
+                __config__=None,
+                __validators__=validators,
+                __cls_kwargs__=None,
+                **fields,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        _assigned_parameters[created_model] = typevars_map
+
+        if called_globally:  # create global reference and therefore allow pickling
+            object_by_reference = None
+            reference_name = model_name
+            reference_module_globals = sys.modules[created_model.__module__].__dict__
+            while object_by_reference is not created_model:
+                object_by_reference = reference_module_globals.setdefault(reference_name, created_model)
+                reference_name += '_'
+
+        created_model.Config = cls.Config
+
+        # Find any typevars that are still present in the model.
+        # If none are left, the model is fully "concrete", otherwise the new
+        # class is a generic class as well taking the found typevars as
+        # parameters.
+        new_params = tuple(
+            {param: None for param in iter_contained_typevars(typevars_map.values())}
+        )  # use dict as ordered set
+        created_model.__concrete__ = not new_params
+        if new_params:
+            created_model.__parameters__ = new_params
+
+        # Save created model in cache so we don't end up creating duplicate
+        # models that should be identical.
+        _generic_types_cache[_cache_key(params)] = created_model
+        if len(params) == 1:
+            _generic_types_cache[_cache_key(params[0])] = created_model
+
+        # Recursively walk class type hints and replace generic typevars
+        # with concrete types that were passed.
+        _prepare_model_fields(created_model, fields, instance_type_hints, typevars_map)
+
+        return created_model
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __concrete_name__(cls: Type[Any], params: Tuple[Type[Any], ...]) -> str:
+        """Compute class name for child classes.
+
+        :param params: Tuple of types the class . Given a generic class
+            `Model` with 2 type variables and a concrete model `Model[str, int]`,
+            the value `(str, int)` would be passed to `params`.
+        :return: String representing a the new class where `params` are
+            passed to `cls` as type variables.
+
+        This method can be overridden to achieve a custom naming scheme for GenericModels.
+        """
+        param_names = [display_as_type(param) for param in params]
+        params_component = ', '.join(param_names)
+        return f'{cls.__name__}[{params_component}]'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __parameterized_bases__(cls, typevars_map: Parametrization) -> Iterator[Type[Any]]:
+        """
+        Returns unbound bases of cls parameterised to given type variables
+
+        :param typevars_map: Dictionary of type applications for binding subclasses.
+            Given a generic class `Model` with 2 type variables [S, T]
+            and a concrete model `Model[str, int]`,
+            the value `{S: str, T: int}` would be passed to `typevars_map`.
+        :return: an iterator of generic sub classes, parameterised by `typevars_map`
+            and other assigned parameters of `cls`
+
+        e.g.:
+        ```
+        class A(GenericModel, Generic[T]):
+            ...
+
+        class B(A[V], Generic[V]):
+            ...
+
+        assert A[int] in B.__parameterized_bases__({V: int})
+        ```
+        """
+
+        def build_base_model(
+            base_model: Type[GenericModel], mapped_types: Parametrization
+        ) -> Iterator[Type[GenericModel]]:
+            base_parameters = tuple(mapped_types[param] for param in base_model.__parameters__)
+            parameterized_base = base_model.__class_getitem__(base_parameters)
+            if parameterized_base is base_model or parameterized_base is cls:
+                # Avoid duplication in MRO
+                return
+            yield parameterized_base
+
+        for base_model in cls.__bases__:
+            if not issubclass(base_model, GenericModel):
+                # not a class that can be meaningfully parameterized
+                continue
+            elif not getattr(base_model, '__parameters__', None):
+                # base_model is "GenericModel"  (and has no __parameters__)
+                # or
+                # base_model is already concrete, and will be included transitively via cls.
+                continue
+            elif cls in _assigned_parameters:
+                if base_model in _assigned_parameters:
+                    # cls is partially parameterised but not from base_model
+                    # e.g. cls = B[S], base_model = A[S]
+                    # B[S][int] should subclass A[int],  (and will be transitively via B[int])
+                    # but it's not viable to consistently subclass types with arbitrary construction
+                    # So don't attempt to include A[S][int]
+                    continue
+                else:  # base_model not in _assigned_parameters:
+                    # cls is partially parameterized, base_model is original generic
+                    # e.g.  cls = B[str, T], base_model = B[S, T]
+                    # Need to determine the mapping for the base_model parameters
+                    mapped_types: Parametrization = {
+                        key: typevars_map.get(value, value) for key, value in _assigned_parameters[cls].items()
+                    }
+                    yield from build_base_model(base_model, mapped_types)
+            else:
+                # cls is base generic, so base_class has a distinct base
+                # can construct the Parameterised base model using typevars_map directly
+                yield from build_base_model(base_model, typevars_map)
+
+
+def replace_types(type_: Any, type_map: Mapping[Any, Any]) -> Any:
+    """Return type with all occurrences of `type_map` keys recursively replaced with their values.
+
+    :param type_: Any type, class or generic alias
+    :param type_map: Mapping from `TypeVar` instance to concrete types.
+    :return: New type representing the basic structure of `type_` with all
+        `typevar_map` keys recursively replaced.
+
+    >>> replace_types(Tuple[str, Union[List[str], float]], {str: int})
+    Tuple[int, Union[List[int], float]]
+
+    """
+    if not type_map:
+        return type_
+
+    type_args = get_args(type_)
+    origin_type = get_origin(type_)
+
+    if origin_type is Annotated:
+        annotated_type, *annotations = type_args
+        return Annotated[replace_types(annotated_type, type_map), tuple(annotations)]
+
+    if (origin_type is ExtLiteral) or (sys.version_info >= (3, 8) and origin_type is Literal):
+        return type_map.get(type_, type_)
+    # Having type args is a good indicator that this is a typing module
+    # class instantiation or a generic alias of some sort.
+    if type_args:
+        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(arg, type_map) for arg in type_args)
+        if all_identical(type_args, resolved_type_args):
+            # If all arguments are the same, there is no need to modify the
+            # type or create a new object at all
+            return type_
+        if (
+            origin_type is not None
+            and isinstance(type_, typing_base)
+            and not isinstance(origin_type, typing_base)
+            and getattr(type_, '_name', None) is not None
+        ):
+            # In python < 3.9 generic aliases don't exist so any of these like `list`,
+            # `type` or `collections.abc.Callable` need to be translated.
+            # See: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0585
+            origin_type = getattr(typing, type_._name)
+        assert origin_type is not None
+        # PEP-604 syntax (Ex.: list | str) is represented with a types.UnionType object that does not have __getitem__.
+        # We also cannot use isinstance() since we have to compare types.
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) and origin_type is types.UnionType:  # noqa: E721
+            return _UnionGenericAlias(origin_type, resolved_type_args)
+        return origin_type[resolved_type_args]
+
+    # We handle pydantic generic models separately as they don't have the same
+    # semantics as "typing" classes or generic aliases
+    if not origin_type and lenient_issubclass(type_, GenericModel) and not type_.__concrete__:
+        type_args = type_.__parameters__
+        resolved_type_args = tuple(replace_types(t, type_map) for t in type_args)
+        if all_identical(type_args, resolved_type_args):
+            return type_
+        return type_[resolved_type_args]
+
+    # Handle special case for typehints that can have lists as arguments.
+    # `typing.Callable[[int, str], int]` is an example for this.
+    if isinstance(type_, (List, list)):
+        resolved_list = list(replace_types(element, type_map) for element in type_)
+        if all_identical(type_, resolved_list):
+            return type_
+        return resolved_list
+
+    # For JsonWrapperValue, need to handle its inner type to allow correct parsing
+    # of generic Json arguments like Json[T]
+    if not origin_type and lenient_issubclass(type_, JsonWrapper):
+        type_.inner_type = replace_types(type_.inner_type, type_map)
+        return type_
+
+    # If all else fails, we try to resolve the type directly and otherwise just
+    # return the input with no modifications.
+    new_type = type_map.get(type_, type_)
+    # Convert string to ForwardRef
+    if isinstance(new_type, str):
+        return ForwardRef(new_type)
+    else:
+        return new_type
+
+
+def check_parameters_count(cls: Type[GenericModel], parameters: Tuple[Any, ...]) -> None:
+    actual = len(parameters)
+    expected = len(cls.__parameters__)
+    if actual != expected:
+        description = 'many' if actual > expected else 'few'
+        raise TypeError(f'Too {description} parameters for {cls.__name__}; actual {actual}, expected {expected}')
+
+
+DictValues: Type[Any] = {}.values().__class__
+
+
+def iter_contained_typevars(v: Any) -> Iterator[TypeVarType]:
+    """Recursively iterate through all subtypes and type args of `v` and yield any typevars that are found."""
+    if isinstance(v, TypeVar):
+        yield v
+    elif hasattr(v, '__parameters__') and not get_origin(v) and lenient_issubclass(v, GenericModel):
+        yield from v.__parameters__
+    elif isinstance(v, (DictValues, list)):
+        for var in v:
+            yield from iter_contained_typevars(var)
+    else:
+        args = get_args(v)
+        for arg in args:
+            yield from iter_contained_typevars(arg)
+
+
+def get_caller_frame_info() -> Tuple[Optional[str], bool]:
+    """
+    Used inside a function to check whether it was called globally
+
+    Will only work against non-compiled code, therefore used only in pydantic.generics
+
+    :returns Tuple[module_name, called_globally]
+    """
+    try:
+        previous_caller_frame = sys._getframe(2)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise RuntimeError('This function must be used inside another function') from e
+    except AttributeError:  # sys module does not have _getframe function, so there's nothing we can do about it
+        return None, False
+    frame_globals = previous_caller_frame.f_globals
+    return frame_globals.get('__name__'), previous_caller_frame.f_locals is frame_globals
+
+
+def _prepare_model_fields(
+    created_model: Type[GenericModel],
+    fields: Mapping[str, Any],
+    instance_type_hints: Mapping[str, type],
+    typevars_map: Mapping[Any, type],
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Replace DeferredType fields with concrete type hints and prepare them.
+    """
+
+    for key, field in created_model.__fields__.items():
+        if key not in fields:
+            assert field.type_.__class__ is not DeferredType
+            # https://github.com/nedbat/coveragepy/issues/198
+            continue  # pragma: no cover
+
+        assert field.type_.__class__ is DeferredType, field.type_.__class__
+
+        field_type_hint = instance_type_hints[key]
+        concrete_type = replace_types(field_type_hint, typevars_map)
+        field.type_ = concrete_type
+        field.outer_type_ = concrete_type
+        field.prepare()
+        created_model.__annotations__[key] = concrete_type
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41d0d5fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import datetime
+from collections import deque
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from pathlib import Path
+from re import Pattern
+from types import GeneratorType
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Type, Union
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from pydantic.v1.color import Color
+from pydantic.v1.networks import NameEmail
+from pydantic.v1.types import SecretBytes, SecretStr
+
+__all__ = 'pydantic_encoder', 'custom_pydantic_encoder', 'timedelta_isoformat'
+
+
+def isoformat(o: Union[datetime.date, datetime.time]) -> str:
+    return o.isoformat()
+
+
+def decimal_encoder(dec_value: Decimal) -> Union[int, float]:
+    """
+    Encodes a Decimal as int of there's no exponent, otherwise float
+
+    This is useful when we use ConstrainedDecimal to represent Numeric(x,0)
+    where a integer (but not int typed) is used. Encoding this as a float
+    results in failed round-tripping between encode and parse.
+    Our Id type is a prime example of this.
+
+    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1.0"))
+    1.0
+
+    >>> decimal_encoder(Decimal("1"))
+    1
+    """
+    if dec_value.as_tuple().exponent >= 0:
+        return int(dec_value)
+    else:
+        return float(dec_value)
+
+
+ENCODERS_BY_TYPE: Dict[Type[Any], Callable[[Any], Any]] = {
+    bytes: lambda o: o.decode(),
+    Color: str,
+    datetime.date: isoformat,
+    datetime.datetime: isoformat,
+    datetime.time: isoformat,
+    datetime.timedelta: lambda td: td.total_seconds(),
+    Decimal: decimal_encoder,
+    Enum: lambda o: o.value,
+    frozenset: list,
+    deque: list,
+    GeneratorType: list,
+    IPv4Address: str,
+    IPv4Interface: str,
+    IPv4Network: str,
+    IPv6Address: str,
+    IPv6Interface: str,
+    IPv6Network: str,
+    NameEmail: str,
+    Path: str,
+    Pattern: lambda o: o.pattern,
+    SecretBytes: str,
+    SecretStr: str,
+    set: list,
+    UUID: str,
+}
+
+
+def pydantic_encoder(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    from dataclasses import asdict, is_dataclass
+
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+    if isinstance(obj, BaseModel):
+        return obj.dict()
+    elif is_dataclass(obj):
+        return asdict(obj)
+
+    # Check the class type and its superclasses for a matching encoder
+    for base in obj.__class__.__mro__[:-1]:
+        try:
+            encoder = ENCODERS_BY_TYPE[base]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+        return encoder(obj)
+    else:  # We have exited the for loop without finding a suitable encoder
+        raise TypeError(f"Object of type '{obj.__class__.__name__}' is not JSON serializable")
+
+
+def custom_pydantic_encoder(type_encoders: Dict[Any, Callable[[Type[Any]], Any]], obj: Any) -> Any:
+    # Check the class type and its superclasses for a matching encoder
+    for base in obj.__class__.__mro__[:-1]:
+        try:
+            encoder = type_encoders[base]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+
+        return encoder(obj)
+    else:  # We have exited the for loop without finding a suitable encoder
+        return pydantic_encoder(obj)
+
+
+def timedelta_isoformat(td: datetime.timedelta) -> str:
+    """
+    ISO 8601 encoding for Python timedelta object.
+    """
+    minutes, seconds = divmod(td.seconds, 60)
+    hours, minutes = divmod(minutes, 60)
+    return f'{"-" if td.days < 0 else ""}P{abs(td.days)}DT{hours:d}H{minutes:d}M{seconds:d}.{td.microseconds:06d}S'
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8000967e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1113 @@
+import warnings
+from abc import ABCMeta
+from copy import deepcopy
+from enum import Enum
+from functools import partial
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import FunctionType, prepare_class, resolve_bases
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    AbstractSet,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    ClassVar,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    no_type_check,
+    overload,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import dataclass_transform
+
+from pydantic.v1.class_validators import ValidatorGroup, extract_root_validators, extract_validators, inherit_validators
+from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig, Extra, inherit_config, prepare_config
+from pydantic.v1.error_wrappers import ErrorWrapper, ValidationError
+from pydantic.v1.errors import ConfigError, DictError, ExtraError, MissingError
+from pydantic.v1.fields import (
+    MAPPING_LIKE_SHAPES,
+    Field,
+    ModelField,
+    ModelPrivateAttr,
+    PrivateAttr,
+    Undefined,
+    is_finalvar_with_default_val,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.json import custom_pydantic_encoder, pydantic_encoder
+from pydantic.v1.parse import Protocol, load_file, load_str_bytes
+from pydantic.v1.schema import default_ref_template, model_schema
+from pydantic.v1.types import PyObject, StrBytes
+from pydantic.v1.typing import (
+    AnyCallable,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    is_classvar,
+    is_namedtuple,
+    is_union,
+    resolve_annotations,
+    update_model_forward_refs,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.utils import (
+    DUNDER_ATTRIBUTES,
+    ROOT_KEY,
+    ClassAttribute,
+    GetterDict,
+    Representation,
+    ValueItems,
+    generate_model_signature,
+    is_valid_field,
+    is_valid_private_name,
+    lenient_issubclass,
+    sequence_like,
+    smart_deepcopy,
+    unique_list,
+    validate_field_name,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from inspect import Signature
+
+    from pydantic.v1.class_validators import ValidatorListDict
+    from pydantic.v1.types import ModelOrDc
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import (
+        AbstractSetIntStr,
+        AnyClassMethod,
+        CallableGenerator,
+        DictAny,
+        DictStrAny,
+        MappingIntStrAny,
+        ReprArgs,
+        SetStr,
+        TupleGenerator,
+    )
+
+    Model = TypeVar('Model', bound='BaseModel')
+
+__all__ = 'BaseModel', 'create_model', 'validate_model'
+
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+
+
+def validate_custom_root_type(fields: Dict[str, ModelField]) -> None:
+    if len(fields) > 1:
+        raise ValueError(f'{ROOT_KEY} cannot be mixed with other fields')
+
+
+def generate_hash_function(frozen: bool) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], int]]:
+    def hash_function(self_: Any) -> int:
+        return hash(self_.__class__) + hash(tuple(self_.__dict__.values()))
+
+    return hash_function if frozen else None
+
+
+# If a field is of type `Callable`, its default value should be a function and cannot to ignored.
+ANNOTATED_FIELD_UNTOUCHED_TYPES: Tuple[Any, ...] = (property, type, classmethod, staticmethod)
+# When creating a `BaseModel` instance, we bypass all the methods, properties... added to the model
+UNTOUCHED_TYPES: Tuple[Any, ...] = (FunctionType,) + ANNOTATED_FIELD_UNTOUCHED_TYPES
+# Note `ModelMetaclass` refers to `BaseModel`, but is also used to *create* `BaseModel`, so we need to add this extra
+# (somewhat hacky) boolean to keep track of whether we've created the `BaseModel` class yet, and therefore whether it's
+# safe to refer to it. If it *hasn't* been created, we assume that the `__new__` call we're in the middle of is for
+# the `BaseModel` class, since that's defined immediately after the metaclass.
+_is_base_model_class_defined = False
+
+
+@dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True, field_specifiers=(Field,))
+class ModelMetaclass(ABCMeta):
+    @no_type_check  # noqa C901
+    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):  # noqa C901
+        fields: Dict[str, ModelField] = {}
+        config = BaseConfig
+        validators: 'ValidatorListDict' = {}
+
+        pre_root_validators, post_root_validators = [], []
+        private_attributes: Dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr] = {}
+        base_private_attributes: Dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr] = {}
+        slots: SetStr = namespace.get('__slots__', ())
+        slots = {slots} if isinstance(slots, str) else set(slots)
+        class_vars: SetStr = set()
+        hash_func: Optional[Callable[[Any], int]] = None
+
+        for base in reversed(bases):
+            if _is_base_model_class_defined and issubclass(base, BaseModel) and base != BaseModel:
+                fields.update(smart_deepcopy(base.__fields__))
+                config = inherit_config(base.__config__, config)
+                validators = inherit_validators(base.__validators__, validators)
+                pre_root_validators += base.__pre_root_validators__
+                post_root_validators += base.__post_root_validators__
+                base_private_attributes.update(base.__private_attributes__)
+                class_vars.update(base.__class_vars__)
+                hash_func = base.__hash__
+
+        resolve_forward_refs = kwargs.pop('__resolve_forward_refs__', True)
+        allowed_config_kwargs: SetStr = {
+            key
+            for key in dir(config)
+            if not (key.startswith('__') and key.endswith('__'))  # skip dunder methods and attributes
+        }
+        config_kwargs = {key: kwargs.pop(key) for key in kwargs.keys() & allowed_config_kwargs}
+        config_from_namespace = namespace.get('Config')
+        if config_kwargs and config_from_namespace:
+            raise TypeError('Specifying config in two places is ambiguous, use either Config attribute or class kwargs')
+        config = inherit_config(config_from_namespace, config, **config_kwargs)
+
+        validators = inherit_validators(extract_validators(namespace), validators)
+        vg = ValidatorGroup(validators)
+
+        for f in fields.values():
+            f.set_config(config)
+            extra_validators = vg.get_validators(f.name)
+            if extra_validators:
+                f.class_validators.update(extra_validators)
+                # re-run prepare to add extra validators
+                f.populate_validators()
+
+        prepare_config(config, name)
+
+        untouched_types = ANNOTATED_FIELD_UNTOUCHED_TYPES
+
+        def is_untouched(v: Any) -> bool:
+            return isinstance(v, untouched_types) or v.__class__.__name__ == 'cython_function_or_method'
+
+        if (namespace.get('__module__'), namespace.get('__qualname__')) != ('pydantic.main', 'BaseModel'):
+            annotations = resolve_annotations(namespace.get('__annotations__', {}), namespace.get('__module__', None))
+            # annotation only fields need to come first in fields
+            for ann_name, ann_type in annotations.items():
+                if is_classvar(ann_type):
+                    class_vars.add(ann_name)
+                elif is_finalvar_with_default_val(ann_type, namespace.get(ann_name, Undefined)):
+                    class_vars.add(ann_name)
+                elif is_valid_field(ann_name):
+                    validate_field_name(bases, ann_name)
+                    value = namespace.get(ann_name, Undefined)
+                    allowed_types = get_args(ann_type) if is_union(get_origin(ann_type)) else (ann_type,)
+                    if (
+                        is_untouched(value)
+                        and ann_type != PyObject
+                        and not any(
+                            lenient_issubclass(get_origin(allowed_type), Type) for allowed_type in allowed_types
+                        )
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    fields[ann_name] = ModelField.infer(
+                        name=ann_name,
+                        value=value,
+                        annotation=ann_type,
+                        class_validators=vg.get_validators(ann_name),
+                        config=config,
+                    )
+                elif ann_name not in namespace and config.underscore_attrs_are_private:
+                    private_attributes[ann_name] = PrivateAttr()
+
+            untouched_types = UNTOUCHED_TYPES + config.keep_untouched
+            for var_name, value in namespace.items():
+                can_be_changed = var_name not in class_vars and not is_untouched(value)
+                if isinstance(value, ModelPrivateAttr):
+                    if not is_valid_private_name(var_name):
+                        raise NameError(
+                            f'Private attributes "{var_name}" must not be a valid field name; '
+                            f'Use sunder or dunder names, e. g. "_{var_name}" or "__{var_name}__"'
+                        )
+                    private_attributes[var_name] = value
+                elif config.underscore_attrs_are_private and is_valid_private_name(var_name) and can_be_changed:
+                    private_attributes[var_name] = PrivateAttr(default=value)
+                elif is_valid_field(var_name) and var_name not in annotations and can_be_changed:
+                    validate_field_name(bases, var_name)
+                    inferred = ModelField.infer(
+                        name=var_name,
+                        value=value,
+                        annotation=annotations.get(var_name, Undefined),
+                        class_validators=vg.get_validators(var_name),
+                        config=config,
+                    )
+                    if var_name in fields:
+                        if lenient_issubclass(inferred.type_, fields[var_name].type_):
+                            inferred.type_ = fields[var_name].type_
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError(
+                                f'The type of {name}.{var_name} differs from the new default value; '
+                                f'if you wish to change the type of this field, please use a type annotation'
+                            )
+                    fields[var_name] = inferred
+
+        _custom_root_type = ROOT_KEY in fields
+        if _custom_root_type:
+            validate_custom_root_type(fields)
+        vg.check_for_unused()
+        if config.json_encoders:
+            json_encoder = partial(custom_pydantic_encoder, config.json_encoders)
+        else:
+            json_encoder = pydantic_encoder
+        pre_rv_new, post_rv_new = extract_root_validators(namespace)
+
+        if hash_func is None:
+            hash_func = generate_hash_function(config.frozen)
+
+        exclude_from_namespace = fields | private_attributes.keys() | {'__slots__'}
+        new_namespace = {
+            '__config__': config,
+            '__fields__': fields,
+            '__exclude_fields__': {
+                name: field.field_info.exclude for name, field in fields.items() if field.field_info.exclude is not None
+            }
+            or None,
+            '__include_fields__': {
+                name: field.field_info.include for name, field in fields.items() if field.field_info.include is not None
+            }
+            or None,
+            '__validators__': vg.validators,
+            '__pre_root_validators__': unique_list(
+                pre_root_validators + pre_rv_new,
+                name_factory=lambda v: v.__name__,
+            ),
+            '__post_root_validators__': unique_list(
+                post_root_validators + post_rv_new,
+                name_factory=lambda skip_on_failure_and_v: skip_on_failure_and_v[1].__name__,
+            ),
+            '__schema_cache__': {},
+            '__json_encoder__': staticmethod(json_encoder),
+            '__custom_root_type__': _custom_root_type,
+            '__private_attributes__': {**base_private_attributes, **private_attributes},
+            '__slots__': slots | private_attributes.keys(),
+            '__hash__': hash_func,
+            '__class_vars__': class_vars,
+            **{n: v for n, v in namespace.items() if n not in exclude_from_namespace},
+        }
+
+        cls = super().__new__(mcs, name, bases, new_namespace, **kwargs)
+        # set __signature__ attr only for model class, but not for its instances
+        cls.__signature__ = ClassAttribute('__signature__', generate_model_signature(cls.__init__, fields, config))
+
+        if not _is_base_model_class_defined:
+            # Cython does not understand the `if TYPE_CHECKING:` condition in the
+            # BaseModel's body (where annotations are set), so clear them manually:
+            getattr(cls, '__annotations__', {}).clear()
+
+        if resolve_forward_refs:
+            cls.__try_update_forward_refs__()
+
+        # preserve `__set_name__` protocol defined in https://peps.python.org/pep-0487
+        # for attributes not in `new_namespace` (e.g. private attributes)
+        for name, obj in namespace.items():
+            if name not in new_namespace:
+                set_name = getattr(obj, '__set_name__', None)
+                if callable(set_name):
+                    set_name(cls, name)
+
+        return cls
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, instance: Any) -> bool:
+        """
+        Avoid calling ABC _abc_subclasscheck unless we're pretty sure.
+
+        See #3829 and python/cpython#92810
+        """
+        return hasattr(instance, '__post_root_validators__') and super().__instancecheck__(instance)
+
+
+object_setattr = object.__setattr__
+
+
+class BaseModel(Representation, metaclass=ModelMetaclass):
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # populated by the metaclass, defined here to help IDEs only
+        __fields__: ClassVar[Dict[str, ModelField]] = {}
+        __include_fields__: ClassVar[Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]] = None
+        __exclude_fields__: ClassVar[Optional[Mapping[str, Any]]] = None
+        __validators__: ClassVar[Dict[str, AnyCallable]] = {}
+        __pre_root_validators__: ClassVar[List[AnyCallable]]
+        __post_root_validators__: ClassVar[List[Tuple[bool, AnyCallable]]]
+        __config__: ClassVar[Type[BaseConfig]] = BaseConfig
+        __json_encoder__: ClassVar[Callable[[Any], Any]] = lambda x: x
+        __schema_cache__: ClassVar['DictAny'] = {}
+        __custom_root_type__: ClassVar[bool] = False
+        __signature__: ClassVar['Signature']
+        __private_attributes__: ClassVar[Dict[str, ModelPrivateAttr]]
+        __class_vars__: ClassVar[SetStr]
+        __fields_set__: ClassVar[SetStr] = set()
+
+    Config = BaseConfig
+    __slots__ = ('__dict__', '__fields_set__')
+    __doc__ = ''  # Null out the Representation docstring
+
+    def __init__(__pydantic_self__, **data: Any) -> None:
+        """
+        Create a new model by parsing and validating input data from keyword arguments.
+
+        Raises ValidationError if the input data cannot be parsed to form a valid model.
+        """
+        # Uses something other than `self` the first arg to allow "self" as a settable attribute
+        values, fields_set, validation_error = validate_model(__pydantic_self__.__class__, data)
+        if validation_error:
+            raise validation_error
+        try:
+            object_setattr(__pydantic_self__, '__dict__', values)
+        except TypeError as e:
+            raise TypeError(
+                'Model values must be a dict; you may not have returned a dictionary from a root validator'
+            ) from e
+        object_setattr(__pydantic_self__, '__fields_set__', fields_set)
+        __pydantic_self__._init_private_attributes()
+
+    @no_type_check
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+        if name in self.__private_attributes__ or name in DUNDER_ATTRIBUTES:
+            return object_setattr(self, name, value)
+
+        if self.__config__.extra is not Extra.allow and name not in self.__fields__:
+            raise ValueError(f'"{self.__class__.__name__}" object has no field "{name}"')
+        elif not self.__config__.allow_mutation or self.__config__.frozen:
+            raise TypeError(f'"{self.__class__.__name__}" is immutable and does not support item assignment')
+        elif name in self.__fields__ and self.__fields__[name].final:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'"{self.__class__.__name__}" object "{name}" field is final and does not support reassignment'
+            )
+        elif self.__config__.validate_assignment:
+            new_values = {**self.__dict__, name: value}
+
+            for validator in self.__pre_root_validators__:
+                try:
+                    new_values = validator(self.__class__, new_values)
+                except (ValueError, TypeError, AssertionError) as exc:
+                    raise ValidationError([ErrorWrapper(exc, loc=ROOT_KEY)], self.__class__)
+
+            known_field = self.__fields__.get(name, None)
+            if known_field:
+                # We want to
+                # - make sure validators are called without the current value for this field inside `values`
+                # - keep other values (e.g. submodels) untouched (using `BaseModel.dict()` will change them into dicts)
+                # - keep the order of the fields
+                if not known_field.field_info.allow_mutation:
+                    raise TypeError(f'"{known_field.name}" has allow_mutation set to False and cannot be assigned')
+                dict_without_original_value = {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if k != name}
+                value, error_ = known_field.validate(value, dict_without_original_value, loc=name, cls=self.__class__)
+                if error_:
+                    raise ValidationError([error_], self.__class__)
+                else:
+                    new_values[name] = value
+
+            errors = []
+            for skip_on_failure, validator in self.__post_root_validators__:
+                if skip_on_failure and errors:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    new_values = validator(self.__class__, new_values)
+                except (ValueError, TypeError, AssertionError) as exc:
+                    errors.append(ErrorWrapper(exc, loc=ROOT_KEY))
+            if errors:
+                raise ValidationError(errors, self.__class__)
+
+            # update the whole __dict__ as other values than just `value`
+            # may be changed (e.g. with `root_validator`)
+            object_setattr(self, '__dict__', new_values)
+        else:
+            self.__dict__[name] = value
+
+        self.__fields_set__.add(name)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> 'DictAny':
+        private_attrs = ((k, getattr(self, k, Undefined)) for k in self.__private_attributes__)
+        return {
+            '__dict__': self.__dict__,
+            '__fields_set__': self.__fields_set__,
+            '__private_attribute_values__': {k: v for k, v in private_attrs if v is not Undefined},
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: 'DictAny') -> None:
+        object_setattr(self, '__dict__', state['__dict__'])
+        object_setattr(self, '__fields_set__', state['__fields_set__'])
+        for name, value in state.get('__private_attribute_values__', {}).items():
+            object_setattr(self, name, value)
+
+    def _init_private_attributes(self) -> None:
+        for name, private_attr in self.__private_attributes__.items():
+            default = private_attr.get_default()
+            if default is not Undefined:
+                object_setattr(self, name, default)
+
+    def dict(
+        self,
+        *,
+        include: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        exclude: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        by_alias: bool = False,
+        skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+    ) -> 'DictStrAny':
+        """
+        Generate a dictionary representation of the model, optionally specifying which fields to include or exclude.
+
+        """
+        if skip_defaults is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f'{self.__class__.__name__}.dict(): "skip_defaults" is deprecated and replaced by "exclude_unset"',
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            exclude_unset = skip_defaults
+
+        return dict(
+            self._iter(
+                to_dict=True,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def json(
+        self,
+        *,
+        include: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        exclude: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        by_alias: bool = False,
+        skip_defaults: Optional[bool] = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        encoder: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None,
+        models_as_dict: bool = True,
+        **dumps_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Generate a JSON representation of the model, `include` and `exclude` arguments as per `dict()`.
+
+        `encoder` is an optional function to supply as `default` to json.dumps(), other arguments as per `json.dumps()`.
+        """
+        if skip_defaults is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                f'{self.__class__.__name__}.json(): "skip_defaults" is deprecated and replaced by "exclude_unset"',
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            exclude_unset = skip_defaults
+        encoder = cast(Callable[[Any], Any], encoder or self.__json_encoder__)
+
+        # We don't directly call `self.dict()`, which does exactly this with `to_dict=True`
+        # because we want to be able to keep raw `BaseModel` instances and not as `dict`.
+        # This allows users to write custom JSON encoders for given `BaseModel` classes.
+        data = dict(
+            self._iter(
+                to_dict=models_as_dict,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                include=include,
+                exclude=exclude,
+                exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                exclude_none=exclude_none,
+            )
+        )
+        if self.__custom_root_type__:
+            data = data[ROOT_KEY]
+        return self.__config__.json_dumps(data, default=encoder, **dumps_kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _enforce_dict_if_root(cls, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        if cls.__custom_root_type__ and (
+            not (isinstance(obj, dict) and obj.keys() == {ROOT_KEY})
+            and not (isinstance(obj, BaseModel) and obj.__fields__.keys() == {ROOT_KEY})
+            or cls.__fields__[ROOT_KEY].shape in MAPPING_LIKE_SHAPES
+        ):
+            return {ROOT_KEY: obj}
+        else:
+            return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_obj(cls: Type['Model'], obj: Any) -> 'Model':
+        obj = cls._enforce_dict_if_root(obj)
+        if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+            try:
+                obj = dict(obj)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
+                exc = TypeError(f'{cls.__name__} expected dict not {obj.__class__.__name__}')
+                raise ValidationError([ErrorWrapper(exc, loc=ROOT_KEY)], cls) from e
+        return cls(**obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_raw(
+        cls: Type['Model'],
+        b: StrBytes,
+        *,
+        content_type: str = None,
+        encoding: str = 'utf8',
+        proto: Protocol = None,
+        allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    ) -> 'Model':
+        try:
+            obj = load_str_bytes(
+                b,
+                proto=proto,
+                content_type=content_type,
+                encoding=encoding,
+                allow_pickle=allow_pickle,
+                json_loads=cls.__config__.json_loads,
+            )
+        except (ValueError, TypeError, UnicodeDecodeError) as e:
+            raise ValidationError([ErrorWrapper(e, loc=ROOT_KEY)], cls)
+        return cls.parse_obj(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_file(
+        cls: Type['Model'],
+        path: Union[str, Path],
+        *,
+        content_type: str = None,
+        encoding: str = 'utf8',
+        proto: Protocol = None,
+        allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    ) -> 'Model':
+        obj = load_file(
+            path,
+            proto=proto,
+            content_type=content_type,
+            encoding=encoding,
+            allow_pickle=allow_pickle,
+            json_loads=cls.__config__.json_loads,
+        )
+        return cls.parse_obj(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_orm(cls: Type['Model'], obj: Any) -> 'Model':
+        if not cls.__config__.orm_mode:
+            raise ConfigError('You must have the config attribute orm_mode=True to use from_orm')
+        obj = {ROOT_KEY: obj} if cls.__custom_root_type__ else cls._decompose_class(obj)
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        values, fields_set, validation_error = validate_model(cls, obj)
+        if validation_error:
+            raise validation_error
+        object_setattr(m, '__dict__', values)
+        object_setattr(m, '__fields_set__', fields_set)
+        m._init_private_attributes()
+        return m
+
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(cls: Type['Model'], _fields_set: Optional['SetStr'] = None, **values: Any) -> 'Model':
+        """
+        Creates a new model setting __dict__ and __fields_set__ from trusted or pre-validated data.
+        Default values are respected, but no other validation is performed.
+        Behaves as if `Config.extra = 'allow'` was set since it adds all passed values
+        """
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        fields_values: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        for name, field in cls.__fields__.items():
+            if field.alt_alias and field.alias in values:
+                fields_values[name] = values[field.alias]
+            elif name in values:
+                fields_values[name] = values[name]
+            elif not field.required:
+                fields_values[name] = field.get_default()
+        fields_values.update(values)
+        object_setattr(m, '__dict__', fields_values)
+        if _fields_set is None:
+            _fields_set = set(values.keys())
+        object_setattr(m, '__fields_set__', _fields_set)
+        m._init_private_attributes()
+        return m
+
+    def _copy_and_set_values(self: 'Model', values: 'DictStrAny', fields_set: 'SetStr', *, deep: bool) -> 'Model':
+        if deep:
+            # chances of having empty dict here are quite low for using smart_deepcopy
+            values = deepcopy(values)
+
+        cls = self.__class__
+        m = cls.__new__(cls)
+        object_setattr(m, '__dict__', values)
+        object_setattr(m, '__fields_set__', fields_set)
+        for name in self.__private_attributes__:
+            value = getattr(self, name, Undefined)
+            if value is not Undefined:
+                if deep:
+                    value = deepcopy(value)
+                object_setattr(m, name, value)
+
+        return m
+
+    def copy(
+        self: 'Model',
+        *,
+        include: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        exclude: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        update: Optional['DictStrAny'] = None,
+        deep: bool = False,
+    ) -> 'Model':
+        """
+        Duplicate a model, optionally choose which fields to include, exclude and change.
+
+        :param include: fields to include in new model
+        :param exclude: fields to exclude from new model, as with values this takes precedence over include
+        :param update: values to change/add in the new model. Note: the data is not validated before creating
+            the new model: you should trust this data
+        :param deep: set to `True` to make a deep copy of the model
+        :return: new model instance
+        """
+
+        values = dict(
+            self._iter(to_dict=False, by_alias=False, include=include, exclude=exclude, exclude_unset=False),
+            **(update or {}),
+        )
+
+        # new `__fields_set__` can have unset optional fields with a set value in `update` kwarg
+        if update:
+            fields_set = self.__fields_set__ | update.keys()
+        else:
+            fields_set = set(self.__fields_set__)
+
+        return self._copy_and_set_values(values, fields_set, deep=deep)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def schema(cls, by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = default_ref_template) -> 'DictStrAny':
+        cached = cls.__schema_cache__.get((by_alias, ref_template))
+        if cached is not None:
+            return cached
+        s = model_schema(cls, by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template)
+        cls.__schema_cache__[(by_alias, ref_template)] = s
+        return s
+
+    @classmethod
+    def schema_json(
+        cls, *, by_alias: bool = True, ref_template: str = default_ref_template, **dumps_kwargs: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        from pydantic.v1.json import pydantic_encoder
+
+        return cls.__config__.json_dumps(
+            cls.schema(by_alias=by_alias, ref_template=ref_template), default=pydantic_encoder, **dumps_kwargs
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls: Type['Model'], value: Any) -> 'Model':
+        if isinstance(value, cls):
+            copy_on_model_validation = cls.__config__.copy_on_model_validation
+            # whether to deep or shallow copy the model on validation, None means do not copy
+            deep_copy: Optional[bool] = None
+            if copy_on_model_validation not in {'deep', 'shallow', 'none'}:
+                # Warn about deprecated behavior
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "`copy_on_model_validation` should be a string: 'deep', 'shallow' or 'none'", DeprecationWarning
+                )
+                if copy_on_model_validation:
+                    deep_copy = False
+
+            if copy_on_model_validation == 'shallow':
+                # shallow copy
+                deep_copy = False
+            elif copy_on_model_validation == 'deep':
+                # deep copy
+                deep_copy = True
+
+            if deep_copy is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return value._copy_and_set_values(value.__dict__, value.__fields_set__, deep=deep_copy)
+
+        value = cls._enforce_dict_if_root(value)
+
+        if isinstance(value, dict):
+            return cls(**value)
+        elif cls.__config__.orm_mode:
+            return cls.from_orm(value)
+        else:
+            try:
+                value_as_dict = dict(value)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
+                raise DictError() from e
+            return cls(**value_as_dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _decompose_class(cls: Type['Model'], obj: Any) -> GetterDict:
+        if isinstance(obj, GetterDict):
+            return obj
+        return cls.__config__.getter_dict(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @no_type_check
+    def _get_value(
+        cls,
+        v: Any,
+        to_dict: bool,
+        by_alias: bool,
+        include: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']],
+        exclude: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']],
+        exclude_unset: bool,
+        exclude_defaults: bool,
+        exclude_none: bool,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(v, BaseModel):
+            if to_dict:
+                v_dict = v.dict(
+                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                    exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                    include=include,
+                    exclude=exclude,
+                    exclude_none=exclude_none,
+                )
+                if ROOT_KEY in v_dict:
+                    return v_dict[ROOT_KEY]
+                return v_dict
+            else:
+                return v.copy(include=include, exclude=exclude)
+
+        value_exclude = ValueItems(v, exclude) if exclude else None
+        value_include = ValueItems(v, include) if include else None
+
+        if isinstance(v, dict):
+            return {
+                k_: cls._get_value(
+                    v_,
+                    to_dict=to_dict,
+                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                    exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                    include=value_include and value_include.for_element(k_),
+                    exclude=value_exclude and value_exclude.for_element(k_),
+                    exclude_none=exclude_none,
+                )
+                for k_, v_ in v.items()
+                if (not value_exclude or not value_exclude.is_excluded(k_))
+                and (not value_include or value_include.is_included(k_))
+            }
+
+        elif sequence_like(v):
+            seq_args = (
+                cls._get_value(
+                    v_,
+                    to_dict=to_dict,
+                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                    exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                    include=value_include and value_include.for_element(i),
+                    exclude=value_exclude and value_exclude.for_element(i),
+                    exclude_none=exclude_none,
+                )
+                for i, v_ in enumerate(v)
+                if (not value_exclude or not value_exclude.is_excluded(i))
+                and (not value_include or value_include.is_included(i))
+            )
+
+            return v.__class__(*seq_args) if is_namedtuple(v.__class__) else v.__class__(seq_args)
+
+        elif isinstance(v, Enum) and getattr(cls.Config, 'use_enum_values', False):
+            return v.value
+
+        else:
+            return v
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __try_update_forward_refs__(cls, **localns: Any) -> None:
+        """
+        Same as update_forward_refs but will not raise exception
+        when forward references are not defined.
+        """
+        update_model_forward_refs(cls, cls.__fields__.values(), cls.__config__.json_encoders, localns, (NameError,))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def update_forward_refs(cls, **localns: Any) -> None:
+        """
+        Try to update ForwardRefs on fields based on this Model, globalns and localns.
+        """
+        update_model_forward_refs(cls, cls.__fields__.values(), cls.__config__.json_encoders, localns)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> 'TupleGenerator':
+        """
+        so `dict(model)` works
+        """
+        yield from self.__dict__.items()
+
+    def _iter(
+        self,
+        to_dict: bool = False,
+        by_alias: bool = False,
+        include: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        exclude: Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']] = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+    ) -> 'TupleGenerator':
+        # Merge field set excludes with explicit exclude parameter with explicit overriding field set options.
+        # The extra "is not None" guards are not logically necessary but optimizes performance for the simple case.
+        if exclude is not None or self.__exclude_fields__ is not None:
+            exclude = ValueItems.merge(self.__exclude_fields__, exclude)
+
+        if include is not None or self.__include_fields__ is not None:
+            include = ValueItems.merge(self.__include_fields__, include, intersect=True)
+
+        allowed_keys = self._calculate_keys(
+            include=include, exclude=exclude, exclude_unset=exclude_unset  # type: ignore
+        )
+        if allowed_keys is None and not (to_dict or by_alias or exclude_unset or exclude_defaults or exclude_none):
+            # huge boost for plain _iter()
+            yield from self.__dict__.items()
+            return
+
+        value_exclude = ValueItems(self, exclude) if exclude is not None else None
+        value_include = ValueItems(self, include) if include is not None else None
+
+        for field_key, v in self.__dict__.items():
+            if (allowed_keys is not None and field_key not in allowed_keys) or (exclude_none and v is None):
+                continue
+
+            if exclude_defaults:
+                model_field = self.__fields__.get(field_key)
+                if not getattr(model_field, 'required', True) and getattr(model_field, 'default', _missing) == v:
+                    continue
+
+            if by_alias and field_key in self.__fields__:
+                dict_key = self.__fields__[field_key].alias
+            else:
+                dict_key = field_key
+
+            if to_dict or value_include or value_exclude:
+                v = self._get_value(
+                    v,
+                    to_dict=to_dict,
+                    by_alias=by_alias,
+                    include=value_include and value_include.for_element(field_key),
+                    exclude=value_exclude and value_exclude.for_element(field_key),
+                    exclude_unset=exclude_unset,
+                    exclude_defaults=exclude_defaults,
+                    exclude_none=exclude_none,
+                )
+            yield dict_key, v
+
+    def _calculate_keys(
+        self,
+        include: Optional['MappingIntStrAny'],
+        exclude: Optional['MappingIntStrAny'],
+        exclude_unset: bool,
+        update: Optional['DictStrAny'] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[AbstractSet[str]]:
+        if include is None and exclude is None and exclude_unset is False:
+            return None
+
+        keys: AbstractSet[str]
+        if exclude_unset:
+            keys = self.__fields_set__.copy()
+        else:
+            keys = self.__dict__.keys()
+
+        if include is not None:
+            keys &= include.keys()
+
+        if update:
+            keys -= update.keys()
+
+        if exclude:
+            keys -= {k for k, v in exclude.items() if ValueItems.is_true(v)}
+
+        return keys
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, BaseModel):
+            return self.dict() == other.dict()
+        else:
+            return self.dict() == other
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        return [
+            (k, v)
+            for k, v in self.__dict__.items()
+            if k not in DUNDER_ATTRIBUTES and (k not in self.__fields__ or self.__fields__[k].field_info.repr)
+        ]
+
+
+_is_base_model_class_defined = True
+
+
+@overload
+def create_model(
+    __model_name: str,
+    *,
+    __config__: Optional[Type[BaseConfig]] = None,
+    __base__: None = None,
+    __module__: str = __name__,
+    __validators__: Dict[str, 'AnyClassMethod'] = None,
+    __cls_kwargs__: Dict[str, Any] = None,
+    **field_definitions: Any,
+) -> Type['BaseModel']:
+    ...
+
+
+@overload
+def create_model(
+    __model_name: str,
+    *,
+    __config__: Optional[Type[BaseConfig]] = None,
+    __base__: Union[Type['Model'], Tuple[Type['Model'], ...]],
+    __module__: str = __name__,
+    __validators__: Dict[str, 'AnyClassMethod'] = None,
+    __cls_kwargs__: Dict[str, Any] = None,
+    **field_definitions: Any,
+) -> Type['Model']:
+    ...
+
+
+def create_model(
+    __model_name: str,
+    *,
+    __config__: Optional[Type[BaseConfig]] = None,
+    __base__: Union[None, Type['Model'], Tuple[Type['Model'], ...]] = None,
+    __module__: str = __name__,
+    __validators__: Dict[str, 'AnyClassMethod'] = None,
+    __cls_kwargs__: Dict[str, Any] = None,
+    __slots__: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = None,
+    **field_definitions: Any,
+) -> Type['Model']:
+    """
+    Dynamically create a model.
+    :param __model_name: name of the created model
+    :param __config__: config class to use for the new model
+    :param __base__: base class for the new model to inherit from
+    :param __module__: module of the created model
+    :param __validators__: a dict of method names and @validator class methods
+    :param __cls_kwargs__: a dict for class creation
+    :param __slots__: Deprecated, `__slots__` should not be passed to `create_model`
+    :param field_definitions: fields of the model (or extra fields if a base is supplied)
+        in the format `<name>=(<type>, <default default>)` or `<name>=<default value>, e.g.
+        `foobar=(str, ...)` or `foobar=123`, or, for complex use-cases, in the format
+        `<name>=<Field>` or `<name>=(<type>, <FieldInfo>)`, e.g.
+        `foo=Field(datetime, default_factory=datetime.utcnow, alias='bar')` or
+        `foo=(str, FieldInfo(title='Foo'))`
+    """
+    if __slots__ is not None:
+        # __slots__ will be ignored from here on
+        warnings.warn('__slots__ should not be passed to create_model', RuntimeWarning)
+
+    if __base__ is not None:
+        if __config__ is not None:
+            raise ConfigError('to avoid confusion __config__ and __base__ cannot be used together')
+        if not isinstance(__base__, tuple):
+            __base__ = (__base__,)
+    else:
+        __base__ = (cast(Type['Model'], BaseModel),)
+
+    __cls_kwargs__ = __cls_kwargs__ or {}
+
+    fields = {}
+    annotations = {}
+
+    for f_name, f_def in field_definitions.items():
+        if not is_valid_field(f_name):
+            warnings.warn(f'fields may not start with an underscore, ignoring "{f_name}"', RuntimeWarning)
+        if isinstance(f_def, tuple):
+            try:
+                f_annotation, f_value = f_def
+            except ValueError as e:
+                raise ConfigError(
+                    'field definitions should either be a tuple of (<type>, <default>) or just a '
+                    'default value, unfortunately this means tuples as '
+                    'default values are not allowed'
+                ) from e
+        else:
+            f_annotation, f_value = None, f_def
+
+        if f_annotation:
+            annotations[f_name] = f_annotation
+        fields[f_name] = f_value
+
+    namespace: 'DictStrAny' = {'__annotations__': annotations, '__module__': __module__}
+    if __validators__:
+        namespace.update(__validators__)
+    namespace.update(fields)
+    if __config__:
+        namespace['Config'] = inherit_config(__config__, BaseConfig)
+    resolved_bases = resolve_bases(__base__)
+    meta, ns, kwds = prepare_class(__model_name, resolved_bases, kwds=__cls_kwargs__)
+    if resolved_bases is not __base__:
+        ns['__orig_bases__'] = __base__
+    namespace.update(ns)
+    return meta(__model_name, resolved_bases, namespace, **kwds)
+
+
+_missing = object()
+
+
+def validate_model(  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+    model: Type[BaseModel], input_data: 'DictStrAny', cls: 'ModelOrDc' = None
+) -> Tuple['DictStrAny', 'SetStr', Optional[ValidationError]]:
+    """
+    validate data against a model.
+    """
+    values = {}
+    errors = []
+    # input_data names, possibly alias
+    names_used = set()
+    # field names, never aliases
+    fields_set = set()
+    config = model.__config__
+    check_extra = config.extra is not Extra.ignore
+    cls_ = cls or model
+
+    for validator in model.__pre_root_validators__:
+        try:
+            input_data = validator(cls_, input_data)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError, AssertionError) as exc:
+            return {}, set(), ValidationError([ErrorWrapper(exc, loc=ROOT_KEY)], cls_)
+
+    for name, field in model.__fields__.items():
+        value = input_data.get(field.alias, _missing)
+        using_name = False
+        if value is _missing and config.allow_population_by_field_name and field.alt_alias:
+            value = input_data.get(field.name, _missing)
+            using_name = True
+
+        if value is _missing:
+            if field.required:
+                errors.append(ErrorWrapper(MissingError(), loc=field.alias))
+                continue
+
+            value = field.get_default()
+
+            if not config.validate_all and not field.validate_always:
+                values[name] = value
+                continue
+        else:
+            fields_set.add(name)
+            if check_extra:
+                names_used.add(field.name if using_name else field.alias)
+
+        v_, errors_ = field.validate(value, values, loc=field.alias, cls=cls_)
+        if isinstance(errors_, ErrorWrapper):
+            errors.append(errors_)
+        elif isinstance(errors_, list):
+            errors.extend(errors_)
+        else:
+            values[name] = v_
+
+    if check_extra:
+        if isinstance(input_data, GetterDict):
+            extra = input_data.extra_keys() - names_used
+        else:
+            extra = input_data.keys() - names_used
+        if extra:
+            fields_set |= extra
+            if config.extra is Extra.allow:
+                for f in extra:
+                    values[f] = input_data[f]
+            else:
+                for f in sorted(extra):
+                    errors.append(ErrorWrapper(ExtraError(), loc=f))
+
+    for skip_on_failure, validator in model.__post_root_validators__:
+        if skip_on_failure and errors:
+            continue
+        try:
+            values = validator(cls_, values)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError, AssertionError) as exc:
+            errors.append(ErrorWrapper(exc, loc=ROOT_KEY))
+
+    if errors:
+        return values, fields_set, ValidationError(errors, cls_)
+    else:
+        return values, fields_set, None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/mypy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/mypy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4e27ab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/mypy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,949 @@
+import sys
+from configparser import ConfigParser
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type as TypingType, Union
+
+from mypy.errorcodes import ErrorCode
+from mypy.nodes import (
+    ARG_NAMED,
+    ARG_NAMED_OPT,
+    ARG_OPT,
+    ARG_POS,
+    ARG_STAR2,
+    MDEF,
+    Argument,
+    AssignmentStmt,
+    Block,
+    CallExpr,
+    ClassDef,
+    Context,
+    Decorator,
+    EllipsisExpr,
+    FuncBase,
+    FuncDef,
+    JsonDict,
+    MemberExpr,
+    NameExpr,
+    PassStmt,
+    PlaceholderNode,
+    RefExpr,
+    StrExpr,
+    SymbolNode,
+    SymbolTableNode,
+    TempNode,
+    TypeInfo,
+    TypeVarExpr,
+    Var,
+)
+from mypy.options import Options
+from mypy.plugin import (
+    CheckerPluginInterface,
+    ClassDefContext,
+    FunctionContext,
+    MethodContext,
+    Plugin,
+    ReportConfigContext,
+    SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+)
+from mypy.plugins import dataclasses
+from mypy.semanal import set_callable_name  # type: ignore
+from mypy.server.trigger import make_wildcard_trigger
+from mypy.types import (
+    AnyType,
+    CallableType,
+    Instance,
+    NoneType,
+    Overloaded,
+    ProperType,
+    Type,
+    TypeOfAny,
+    TypeType,
+    TypeVarId,
+    TypeVarType,
+    UnionType,
+    get_proper_type,
+)
+from mypy.typevars import fill_typevars
+from mypy.util import get_unique_redefinition_name
+from mypy.version import __version__ as mypy_version
+
+from pydantic.v1.utils import is_valid_field
+
+try:
+    from mypy.types import TypeVarDef  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Backward-compatible with TypeVarDef from Mypy 0.910.
+    from mypy.types import TypeVarType as TypeVarDef
+
+CONFIGFILE_KEY = 'pydantic-mypy'
+METADATA_KEY = 'pydantic-mypy-metadata'
+_NAMESPACE = __name__[:-5]  # 'pydantic' in 1.10.X, 'pydantic.v1' in v2.X
+BASEMODEL_FULLNAME = f'{_NAMESPACE}.main.BaseModel'
+BASESETTINGS_FULLNAME = f'{_NAMESPACE}.env_settings.BaseSettings'
+MODEL_METACLASS_FULLNAME = f'{_NAMESPACE}.main.ModelMetaclass'
+FIELD_FULLNAME = f'{_NAMESPACE}.fields.Field'
+DATACLASS_FULLNAME = f'{_NAMESPACE}.dataclasses.dataclass'
+
+
+def parse_mypy_version(version: str) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
+    return tuple(map(int, version.partition('+')[0].split('.')))
+
+
+MYPY_VERSION_TUPLE = parse_mypy_version(mypy_version)
+BUILTINS_NAME = 'builtins' if MYPY_VERSION_TUPLE >= (0, 930) else '__builtins__'
+
+# Increment version if plugin changes and mypy caches should be invalidated
+__version__ = 2
+
+
+def plugin(version: str) -> 'TypingType[Plugin]':
+    """
+    `version` is the mypy version string
+
+    We might want to use this to print a warning if the mypy version being used is
+    newer, or especially older, than we expect (or need).
+    """
+    return PydanticPlugin
+
+
+class PydanticPlugin(Plugin):
+    def __init__(self, options: Options) -> None:
+        self.plugin_config = PydanticPluginConfig(options)
+        self._plugin_data = self.plugin_config.to_data()
+        super().__init__(options)
+
+    def get_base_class_hook(self, fullname: str) -> 'Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]':
+        sym = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fullname)
+        if sym and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):  # pragma: no branch
+            # No branching may occur if the mypy cache has not been cleared
+            if any(get_fullname(base) == BASEMODEL_FULLNAME for base in sym.node.mro):
+                return self._pydantic_model_class_maker_callback
+        return None
+
+    def get_metaclass_hook(self, fullname: str) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        if fullname == MODEL_METACLASS_FULLNAME:
+            return self._pydantic_model_metaclass_marker_callback
+        return None
+
+    def get_function_hook(self, fullname: str) -> 'Optional[Callable[[FunctionContext], Type]]':
+        sym = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fullname)
+        if sym and sym.fullname == FIELD_FULLNAME:
+            return self._pydantic_field_callback
+        return None
+
+    def get_method_hook(self, fullname: str) -> Optional[Callable[[MethodContext], Type]]:
+        if fullname.endswith('.from_orm'):
+            return from_orm_callback
+        return None
+
+    def get_class_decorator_hook(self, fullname: str) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        """Mark pydantic.dataclasses as dataclass.
+
+        Mypy version 1.1.1 added support for `@dataclass_transform` decorator.
+        """
+        if fullname == DATACLASS_FULLNAME and MYPY_VERSION_TUPLE < (1, 1):
+            return dataclasses.dataclass_class_maker_callback  # type: ignore[return-value]
+        return None
+
+    def report_config_data(self, ctx: ReportConfigContext) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return all plugin config data.
+
+        Used by mypy to determine if cache needs to be discarded.
+        """
+        return self._plugin_data
+
+    def _pydantic_model_class_maker_callback(self, ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+        transformer = PydanticModelTransformer(ctx, self.plugin_config)
+        transformer.transform()
+
+    def _pydantic_model_metaclass_marker_callback(self, ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+        """Reset dataclass_transform_spec attribute of ModelMetaclass.
+
+        Let the plugin handle it. This behavior can be disabled
+        if 'debug_dataclass_transform' is set to True', for testing purposes.
+        """
+        if self.plugin_config.debug_dataclass_transform:
+            return
+        info_metaclass = ctx.cls.info.declared_metaclass
+        assert info_metaclass, "callback not passed from 'get_metaclass_hook'"
+        if getattr(info_metaclass.type, 'dataclass_transform_spec', None):
+            info_metaclass.type.dataclass_transform_spec = None  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def _pydantic_field_callback(self, ctx: FunctionContext) -> 'Type':
+        """
+        Extract the type of the `default` argument from the Field function, and use it as the return type.
+
+        In particular:
+        * Check whether the default and default_factory argument is specified.
+        * Output an error if both are specified.
+        * Retrieve the type of the argument which is specified, and use it as return type for the function.
+        """
+        default_any_type = ctx.default_return_type
+
+        assert ctx.callee_arg_names[0] == 'default', '"default" is no longer first argument in Field()'
+        assert ctx.callee_arg_names[1] == 'default_factory', '"default_factory" is no longer second argument in Field()'
+        default_args = ctx.args[0]
+        default_factory_args = ctx.args[1]
+
+        if default_args and default_factory_args:
+            error_default_and_default_factory_specified(ctx.api, ctx.context)
+            return default_any_type
+
+        if default_args:
+            default_type = ctx.arg_types[0][0]
+            default_arg = default_args[0]
+
+            # Fallback to default Any type if the field is required
+            if not isinstance(default_arg, EllipsisExpr):
+                return default_type
+
+        elif default_factory_args:
+            default_factory_type = ctx.arg_types[1][0]
+
+            # Functions which use `ParamSpec` can be overloaded, exposing the callable's types as a parameter
+            # Pydantic calls the default factory without any argument, so we retrieve the first item
+            if isinstance(default_factory_type, Overloaded):
+                if MYPY_VERSION_TUPLE > (0, 910):
+                    default_factory_type = default_factory_type.items[0]
+                else:
+                    # Mypy0.910 exposes the items of overloaded types in a function
+                    default_factory_type = default_factory_type.items()[0]  # type: ignore[operator]
+
+            if isinstance(default_factory_type, CallableType):
+                ret_type = default_factory_type.ret_type
+                # mypy doesn't think `ret_type` has `args`, you'd think mypy should know,
+                # add this check in case it varies by version
+                args = getattr(ret_type, 'args', None)
+                if args:
+                    if all(isinstance(arg, TypeVarType) for arg in args):
+                        # Looks like the default factory is a type like `list` or `dict`, replace all args with `Any`
+                        ret_type.args = tuple(default_any_type for _ in args)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                return ret_type
+
+        return default_any_type
+
+
+class PydanticPluginConfig:
+    __slots__ = (
+        'init_forbid_extra',
+        'init_typed',
+        'warn_required_dynamic_aliases',
+        'warn_untyped_fields',
+        'debug_dataclass_transform',
+    )
+    init_forbid_extra: bool
+    init_typed: bool
+    warn_required_dynamic_aliases: bool
+    warn_untyped_fields: bool
+    debug_dataclass_transform: bool  # undocumented
+
+    def __init__(self, options: Options) -> None:
+        if options.config_file is None:  # pragma: no cover
+            return
+
+        toml_config = parse_toml(options.config_file)
+        if toml_config is not None:
+            config = toml_config.get('tool', {}).get('pydantic-mypy', {})
+            for key in self.__slots__:
+                setting = config.get(key, False)
+                if not isinstance(setting, bool):
+                    raise ValueError(f'Configuration value must be a boolean for key: {key}')
+                setattr(self, key, setting)
+        else:
+            plugin_config = ConfigParser()
+            plugin_config.read(options.config_file)
+            for key in self.__slots__:
+                setting = plugin_config.getboolean(CONFIGFILE_KEY, key, fallback=False)
+                setattr(self, key, setting)
+
+    def to_data(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {key: getattr(self, key) for key in self.__slots__}
+
+
+def from_orm_callback(ctx: MethodContext) -> Type:
+    """
+    Raise an error if orm_mode is not enabled
+    """
+    model_type: Instance
+    ctx_type = ctx.type
+    if isinstance(ctx_type, TypeType):
+        ctx_type = ctx_type.item
+    if isinstance(ctx_type, CallableType) and isinstance(ctx_type.ret_type, Instance):
+        model_type = ctx_type.ret_type  # called on the class
+    elif isinstance(ctx_type, Instance):
+        model_type = ctx_type  # called on an instance (unusual, but still valid)
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        detail = f'ctx.type: {ctx_type} (of type {ctx_type.__class__.__name__})'
+        error_unexpected_behavior(detail, ctx.api, ctx.context)
+        return ctx.default_return_type
+    pydantic_metadata = model_type.type.metadata.get(METADATA_KEY)
+    if pydantic_metadata is None:
+        return ctx.default_return_type
+    orm_mode = pydantic_metadata.get('config', {}).get('orm_mode')
+    if orm_mode is not True:
+        error_from_orm(get_name(model_type.type), ctx.api, ctx.context)
+    return ctx.default_return_type
+
+
+class PydanticModelTransformer:
+    tracked_config_fields: Set[str] = {
+        'extra',
+        'allow_mutation',
+        'frozen',
+        'orm_mode',
+        'allow_population_by_field_name',
+        'alias_generator',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, ctx: ClassDefContext, plugin_config: PydanticPluginConfig) -> None:
+        self._ctx = ctx
+        self.plugin_config = plugin_config
+
+    def transform(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Configures the BaseModel subclass according to the plugin settings.
+
+        In particular:
+        * determines the model config and fields,
+        * adds a fields-aware signature for the initializer and construct methods
+        * freezes the class if allow_mutation = False or frozen = True
+        * stores the fields, config, and if the class is settings in the mypy metadata for access by subclasses
+        """
+        ctx = self._ctx
+        info = ctx.cls.info
+
+        self.adjust_validator_signatures()
+        config = self.collect_config()
+        fields = self.collect_fields(config)
+        is_settings = any(get_fullname(base) == BASESETTINGS_FULLNAME for base in info.mro[:-1])
+        self.add_initializer(fields, config, is_settings)
+        self.add_construct_method(fields)
+        self.set_frozen(fields, frozen=config.allow_mutation is False or config.frozen is True)
+        info.metadata[METADATA_KEY] = {
+            'fields': {field.name: field.serialize() for field in fields},
+            'config': config.set_values_dict(),
+        }
+
+    def adjust_validator_signatures(self) -> None:
+        """When we decorate a function `f` with `pydantic.validator(...), mypy sees
+        `f` as a regular method taking a `self` instance, even though pydantic
+        internally wraps `f` with `classmethod` if necessary.
+
+        Teach mypy this by marking any function whose outermost decorator is a
+        `validator()` call as a classmethod.
+        """
+        for name, sym in self._ctx.cls.info.names.items():
+            if isinstance(sym.node, Decorator):
+                first_dec = sym.node.original_decorators[0]
+                if (
+                    isinstance(first_dec, CallExpr)
+                    and isinstance(first_dec.callee, NameExpr)
+                    and first_dec.callee.fullname == f'{_NAMESPACE}.class_validators.validator'
+                ):
+                    sym.node.func.is_class = True
+
+    def collect_config(self) -> 'ModelConfigData':
+        """
+        Collects the values of the config attributes that are used by the plugin, accounting for parent classes.
+        """
+        ctx = self._ctx
+        cls = ctx.cls
+        config = ModelConfigData()
+        for stmt in cls.defs.body:
+            if not isinstance(stmt, ClassDef):
+                continue
+            if stmt.name == 'Config':
+                for substmt in stmt.defs.body:
+                    if not isinstance(substmt, AssignmentStmt):
+                        continue
+                    config.update(self.get_config_update(substmt))
+                if (
+                    config.has_alias_generator
+                    and not config.allow_population_by_field_name
+                    and self.plugin_config.warn_required_dynamic_aliases
+                ):
+                    error_required_dynamic_aliases(ctx.api, stmt)
+        for info in cls.info.mro[1:]:  # 0 is the current class
+            if METADATA_KEY not in info.metadata:
+                continue
+
+            # Each class depends on the set of fields in its ancestors
+            ctx.api.add_plugin_dependency(make_wildcard_trigger(get_fullname(info)))
+            for name, value in info.metadata[METADATA_KEY]['config'].items():
+                config.setdefault(name, value)
+        return config
+
+    def collect_fields(self, model_config: 'ModelConfigData') -> List['PydanticModelField']:
+        """
+        Collects the fields for the model, accounting for parent classes
+        """
+        # First, collect fields belonging to the current class.
+        ctx = self._ctx
+        cls = self._ctx.cls
+        fields = []  # type: List[PydanticModelField]
+        known_fields = set()  # type: Set[str]
+        for stmt in cls.defs.body:
+            if not isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt):  # `and stmt.new_syntax` to require annotation
+                continue
+
+            lhs = stmt.lvalues[0]
+            if not isinstance(lhs, NameExpr) or not is_valid_field(lhs.name):
+                continue
+
+            if not stmt.new_syntax and self.plugin_config.warn_untyped_fields:
+                error_untyped_fields(ctx.api, stmt)
+
+            # if lhs.name == '__config__':  # BaseConfig not well handled; I'm not sure why yet
+            #     continue
+
+            sym = cls.info.names.get(lhs.name)
+            if sym is None:  # pragma: no cover
+                # This is likely due to a star import (see the dataclasses plugin for a more detailed explanation)
+                # This is the same logic used in the dataclasses plugin
+                continue
+
+            node = sym.node
+            if isinstance(node, PlaceholderNode):  # pragma: no cover
+                # See the PlaceholderNode docstring for more detail about how this can occur
+                # Basically, it is an edge case when dealing with complex import logic
+                # This is the same logic used in the dataclasses plugin
+                continue
+            if not isinstance(node, Var):  # pragma: no cover
+                # Don't know if this edge case still happens with the `is_valid_field` check above
+                # but better safe than sorry
+                continue
+
+            # x: ClassVar[int] is ignored by dataclasses.
+            if node.is_classvar:
+                continue
+
+            is_required = self.get_is_required(cls, stmt, lhs)
+            alias, has_dynamic_alias = self.get_alias_info(stmt)
+            if (
+                has_dynamic_alias
+                and not model_config.allow_population_by_field_name
+                and self.plugin_config.warn_required_dynamic_aliases
+            ):
+                error_required_dynamic_aliases(ctx.api, stmt)
+            fields.append(
+                PydanticModelField(
+                    name=lhs.name,
+                    is_required=is_required,
+                    alias=alias,
+                    has_dynamic_alias=has_dynamic_alias,
+                    line=stmt.line,
+                    column=stmt.column,
+                )
+            )
+            known_fields.add(lhs.name)
+        all_fields = fields.copy()
+        for info in cls.info.mro[1:]:  # 0 is the current class, -2 is BaseModel, -1 is object
+            if METADATA_KEY not in info.metadata:
+                continue
+
+            superclass_fields = []
+            # Each class depends on the set of fields in its ancestors
+            ctx.api.add_plugin_dependency(make_wildcard_trigger(get_fullname(info)))
+
+            for name, data in info.metadata[METADATA_KEY]['fields'].items():
+                if name not in known_fields:
+                    field = PydanticModelField.deserialize(info, data)
+                    known_fields.add(name)
+                    superclass_fields.append(field)
+                else:
+                    (field,) = (a for a in all_fields if a.name == name)
+                    all_fields.remove(field)
+                    superclass_fields.append(field)
+            all_fields = superclass_fields + all_fields
+        return all_fields
+
+    def add_initializer(self, fields: List['PydanticModelField'], config: 'ModelConfigData', is_settings: bool) -> None:
+        """
+        Adds a fields-aware `__init__` method to the class.
+
+        The added `__init__` will be annotated with types vs. all `Any` depending on the plugin settings.
+        """
+        ctx = self._ctx
+        typed = self.plugin_config.init_typed
+        use_alias = config.allow_population_by_field_name is not True
+        force_all_optional = is_settings or bool(
+            config.has_alias_generator and not config.allow_population_by_field_name
+        )
+        init_arguments = self.get_field_arguments(
+            fields, typed=typed, force_all_optional=force_all_optional, use_alias=use_alias
+        )
+        if not self.should_init_forbid_extra(fields, config):
+            var = Var('kwargs')
+            init_arguments.append(Argument(var, AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit), None, ARG_STAR2))
+
+        if '__init__' not in ctx.cls.info.names:
+            add_method(ctx, '__init__', init_arguments, NoneType())
+
+    def add_construct_method(self, fields: List['PydanticModelField']) -> None:
+        """
+        Adds a fully typed `construct` classmethod to the class.
+
+        Similar to the fields-aware __init__ method, but always uses the field names (not aliases),
+        and does not treat settings fields as optional.
+        """
+        ctx = self._ctx
+        set_str = ctx.api.named_type(f'{BUILTINS_NAME}.set', [ctx.api.named_type(f'{BUILTINS_NAME}.str')])
+        optional_set_str = UnionType([set_str, NoneType()])
+        fields_set_argument = Argument(Var('_fields_set', optional_set_str), optional_set_str, None, ARG_OPT)
+        construct_arguments = self.get_field_arguments(fields, typed=True, force_all_optional=False, use_alias=False)
+        construct_arguments = [fields_set_argument] + construct_arguments
+
+        obj_type = ctx.api.named_type(f'{BUILTINS_NAME}.object')
+        self_tvar_name = '_PydanticBaseModel'  # Make sure it does not conflict with other names in the class
+        tvar_fullname = ctx.cls.fullname + '.' + self_tvar_name
+        if MYPY_VERSION_TUPLE >= (1, 4):
+            tvd = TypeVarType(
+                self_tvar_name,
+                tvar_fullname,
+                (
+                    TypeVarId(-1, namespace=ctx.cls.fullname + '.construct')
+                    if MYPY_VERSION_TUPLE >= (1, 11)
+                    else TypeVarId(-1)
+                ),
+                [],
+                obj_type,
+                AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+            self_tvar_expr = TypeVarExpr(
+                self_tvar_name,
+                tvar_fullname,
+                [],
+                obj_type,
+                AnyType(TypeOfAny.from_omitted_generics),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+        else:
+            tvd = TypeVarDef(self_tvar_name, tvar_fullname, -1, [], obj_type)
+            self_tvar_expr = TypeVarExpr(self_tvar_name, tvar_fullname, [], obj_type)
+        ctx.cls.info.names[self_tvar_name] = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, self_tvar_expr)
+
+        # Backward-compatible with TypeVarDef from Mypy 0.910.
+        if isinstance(tvd, TypeVarType):
+            self_type = tvd
+        else:
+            self_type = TypeVarType(tvd)
+
+        add_method(
+            ctx,
+            'construct',
+            construct_arguments,
+            return_type=self_type,
+            self_type=self_type,
+            tvar_def=tvd,
+            is_classmethod=True,
+        )
+
+    def set_frozen(self, fields: List['PydanticModelField'], frozen: bool) -> None:
+        """
+        Marks all fields as properties so that attempts to set them trigger mypy errors.
+
+        This is the same approach used by the attrs and dataclasses plugins.
+        """
+        ctx = self._ctx
+        info = ctx.cls.info
+        for field in fields:
+            sym_node = info.names.get(field.name)
+            if sym_node is not None:
+                var = sym_node.node
+                if isinstance(var, Var):
+                    var.is_property = frozen
+                elif isinstance(var, PlaceholderNode) and not ctx.api.final_iteration:
+                    # See https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/5191 to hit this branch for test coverage
+                    ctx.api.defer()
+                else:  # pragma: no cover
+                    # I don't know whether it's possible to hit this branch, but I've added it for safety
+                    try:
+                        var_str = str(var)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        # This happens for PlaceholderNode; perhaps it will happen for other types in the future..
+                        var_str = repr(var)
+                    detail = f'sym_node.node: {var_str} (of type {var.__class__})'
+                    error_unexpected_behavior(detail, ctx.api, ctx.cls)
+            else:
+                var = field.to_var(info, use_alias=False)
+                var.info = info
+                var.is_property = frozen
+                var._fullname = get_fullname(info) + '.' + get_name(var)
+                info.names[get_name(var)] = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, var)
+
+    def get_config_update(self, substmt: AssignmentStmt) -> Optional['ModelConfigData']:
+        """
+        Determines the config update due to a single statement in the Config class definition.
+
+        Warns if a tracked config attribute is set to a value the plugin doesn't know how to interpret (e.g., an int)
+        """
+        lhs = substmt.lvalues[0]
+        if not (isinstance(lhs, NameExpr) and lhs.name in self.tracked_config_fields):
+            return None
+        if lhs.name == 'extra':
+            if isinstance(substmt.rvalue, StrExpr):
+                forbid_extra = substmt.rvalue.value == 'forbid'
+            elif isinstance(substmt.rvalue, MemberExpr):
+                forbid_extra = substmt.rvalue.name == 'forbid'
+            else:
+                error_invalid_config_value(lhs.name, self._ctx.api, substmt)
+                return None
+            return ModelConfigData(forbid_extra=forbid_extra)
+        if lhs.name == 'alias_generator':
+            has_alias_generator = True
+            if isinstance(substmt.rvalue, NameExpr) and substmt.rvalue.fullname == 'builtins.None':
+                has_alias_generator = False
+            return ModelConfigData(has_alias_generator=has_alias_generator)
+        if isinstance(substmt.rvalue, NameExpr) and substmt.rvalue.fullname in ('builtins.True', 'builtins.False'):
+            return ModelConfigData(**{lhs.name: substmt.rvalue.fullname == 'builtins.True'})
+        error_invalid_config_value(lhs.name, self._ctx.api, substmt)
+        return None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_is_required(cls: ClassDef, stmt: AssignmentStmt, lhs: NameExpr) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns a boolean indicating whether the field defined in `stmt` is a required field.
+        """
+        expr = stmt.rvalue
+        if isinstance(expr, TempNode):
+            # TempNode means annotation-only, so only non-required if Optional
+            value_type = get_proper_type(cls.info[lhs.name].type)
+            return not PydanticModelTransformer.type_has_implicit_default(value_type)
+        if isinstance(expr, CallExpr) and isinstance(expr.callee, RefExpr) and expr.callee.fullname == FIELD_FULLNAME:
+            # The "default value" is a call to `Field`; at this point, the field is
+            # only required if default is Ellipsis (i.e., `field_name: Annotation = Field(...)`) or if default_factory
+            # is specified.
+            for arg, name in zip(expr.args, expr.arg_names):
+                # If name is None, then this arg is the default because it is the only positional argument.
+                if name is None or name == 'default':
+                    return arg.__class__ is EllipsisExpr
+                if name == 'default_factory':
+                    return False
+            # In this case, default and default_factory are not specified, so we need to look at the annotation
+            value_type = get_proper_type(cls.info[lhs.name].type)
+            return not PydanticModelTransformer.type_has_implicit_default(value_type)
+        # Only required if the "default value" is Ellipsis (i.e., `field_name: Annotation = ...`)
+        return isinstance(expr, EllipsisExpr)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def type_has_implicit_default(type_: Optional[ProperType]) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if the passed type will be given an implicit default value.
+
+        In pydantic v1, this is the case for Optional types and Any (with default value None).
+        """
+        if isinstance(type_, AnyType):
+            # Annotated as Any
+            return True
+        if isinstance(type_, UnionType) and any(
+            isinstance(item, NoneType) or isinstance(item, AnyType) for item in type_.items
+        ):
+            # Annotated as Optional, or otherwise having NoneType or AnyType in the union
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_alias_info(stmt: AssignmentStmt) -> Tuple[Optional[str], bool]:
+        """
+        Returns a pair (alias, has_dynamic_alias), extracted from the declaration of the field defined in `stmt`.
+
+        `has_dynamic_alias` is True if and only if an alias is provided, but not as a string literal.
+        If `has_dynamic_alias` is True, `alias` will be None.
+        """
+        expr = stmt.rvalue
+        if isinstance(expr, TempNode):
+            # TempNode means annotation-only
+            return None, False
+
+        if not (
+            isinstance(expr, CallExpr) and isinstance(expr.callee, RefExpr) and expr.callee.fullname == FIELD_FULLNAME
+        ):
+            # Assigned value is not a call to pydantic.fields.Field
+            return None, False
+
+        for i, arg_name in enumerate(expr.arg_names):
+            if arg_name != 'alias':
+                continue
+            arg = expr.args[i]
+            if isinstance(arg, StrExpr):
+                return arg.value, False
+            else:
+                return None, True
+        return None, False
+
+    def get_field_arguments(
+        self, fields: List['PydanticModelField'], typed: bool, force_all_optional: bool, use_alias: bool
+    ) -> List[Argument]:
+        """
+        Helper function used during the construction of the `__init__` and `construct` method signatures.
+
+        Returns a list of mypy Argument instances for use in the generated signatures.
+        """
+        info = self._ctx.cls.info
+        arguments = [
+            field.to_argument(info, typed=typed, force_optional=force_all_optional, use_alias=use_alias)
+            for field in fields
+            if not (use_alias and field.has_dynamic_alias)
+        ]
+        return arguments
+
+    def should_init_forbid_extra(self, fields: List['PydanticModelField'], config: 'ModelConfigData') -> bool:
+        """
+        Indicates whether the generated `__init__` should get a `**kwargs` at the end of its signature
+
+        We disallow arbitrary kwargs if the extra config setting is "forbid", or if the plugin config says to,
+        *unless* a required dynamic alias is present (since then we can't determine a valid signature).
+        """
+        if not config.allow_population_by_field_name:
+            if self.is_dynamic_alias_present(fields, bool(config.has_alias_generator)):
+                return False
+        if config.forbid_extra:
+            return True
+        return self.plugin_config.init_forbid_extra
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_dynamic_alias_present(fields: List['PydanticModelField'], has_alias_generator: bool) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns whether any fields on the model have a "dynamic alias", i.e., an alias that cannot be
+        determined during static analysis.
+        """
+        for field in fields:
+            if field.has_dynamic_alias:
+                return True
+        if has_alias_generator:
+            for field in fields:
+                if field.alias is None:
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+
+class PydanticModelField:
+    def __init__(
+        self, name: str, is_required: bool, alias: Optional[str], has_dynamic_alias: bool, line: int, column: int
+    ):
+        self.name = name
+        self.is_required = is_required
+        self.alias = alias
+        self.has_dynamic_alias = has_dynamic_alias
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+
+    def to_var(self, info: TypeInfo, use_alias: bool) -> Var:
+        name = self.name
+        if use_alias and self.alias is not None:
+            name = self.alias
+        return Var(name, info[self.name].type)
+
+    def to_argument(self, info: TypeInfo, typed: bool, force_optional: bool, use_alias: bool) -> Argument:
+        if typed and info[self.name].type is not None:
+            type_annotation = info[self.name].type
+        else:
+            type_annotation = AnyType(TypeOfAny.explicit)
+        return Argument(
+            variable=self.to_var(info, use_alias),
+            type_annotation=type_annotation,
+            initializer=None,
+            kind=ARG_NAMED_OPT if force_optional or not self.is_required else ARG_NAMED,
+        )
+
+    def serialize(self) -> JsonDict:
+        return self.__dict__
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, info: TypeInfo, data: JsonDict) -> 'PydanticModelField':
+        return cls(**data)
+
+
+class ModelConfigData:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        forbid_extra: Optional[bool] = None,
+        allow_mutation: Optional[bool] = None,
+        frozen: Optional[bool] = None,
+        orm_mode: Optional[bool] = None,
+        allow_population_by_field_name: Optional[bool] = None,
+        has_alias_generator: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        self.forbid_extra = forbid_extra
+        self.allow_mutation = allow_mutation
+        self.frozen = frozen
+        self.orm_mode = orm_mode
+        self.allow_population_by_field_name = allow_population_by_field_name
+        self.has_alias_generator = has_alias_generator
+
+    def set_values_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if v is not None}
+
+    def update(self, config: Optional['ModelConfigData']) -> None:
+        if config is None:
+            return
+        for k, v in config.set_values_dict().items():
+            setattr(self, k, v)
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        if getattr(self, key) is None:
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+
+ERROR_ORM = ErrorCode('pydantic-orm', 'Invalid from_orm call', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_CONFIG = ErrorCode('pydantic-config', 'Invalid config value', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_ALIAS = ErrorCode('pydantic-alias', 'Dynamic alias disallowed', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_UNEXPECTED = ErrorCode('pydantic-unexpected', 'Unexpected behavior', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_UNTYPED = ErrorCode('pydantic-field', 'Untyped field disallowed', 'Pydantic')
+ERROR_FIELD_DEFAULTS = ErrorCode('pydantic-field', 'Invalid Field defaults', 'Pydantic')
+
+
+def error_from_orm(model_name: str, api: CheckerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    api.fail(f'"{model_name}" does not have orm_mode=True', context, code=ERROR_ORM)
+
+
+def error_invalid_config_value(name: str, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    api.fail(f'Invalid value for "Config.{name}"', context, code=ERROR_CONFIG)
+
+
+def error_required_dynamic_aliases(api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    api.fail('Required dynamic aliases disallowed', context, code=ERROR_ALIAS)
+
+
+def error_unexpected_behavior(
+    detail: str, api: Union[CheckerPluginInterface, SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface], context: Context
+) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+    # Can't think of a good way to test this, but I confirmed it renders as desired by adding to a non-error path
+    link = 'https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/new/choose'
+    full_message = f'The pydantic mypy plugin ran into unexpected behavior: {detail}\n'
+    full_message += f'Please consider reporting this bug at {link} so we can try to fix it!'
+    api.fail(full_message, context, code=ERROR_UNEXPECTED)
+
+
+def error_untyped_fields(api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    api.fail('Untyped fields disallowed', context, code=ERROR_UNTYPED)
+
+
+def error_default_and_default_factory_specified(api: CheckerPluginInterface, context: Context) -> None:
+    api.fail('Field default and default_factory cannot be specified together', context, code=ERROR_FIELD_DEFAULTS)
+
+
+def add_method(
+    ctx: ClassDefContext,
+    name: str,
+    args: List[Argument],
+    return_type: Type,
+    self_type: Optional[Type] = None,
+    tvar_def: Optional[TypeVarDef] = None,
+    is_classmethod: bool = False,
+    is_new: bool = False,
+    # is_staticmethod: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Adds a new method to a class.
+
+    This can be dropped if/when https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/7301 is merged
+    """
+    info = ctx.cls.info
+
+    # First remove any previously generated methods with the same name
+    # to avoid clashes and problems in the semantic analyzer.
+    if name in info.names:
+        sym = info.names[name]
+        if sym.plugin_generated and isinstance(sym.node, FuncDef):
+            ctx.cls.defs.body.remove(sym.node)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    self_type = self_type or fill_typevars(info)
+    if is_classmethod or is_new:
+        first = [Argument(Var('_cls'), TypeType.make_normalized(self_type), None, ARG_POS)]
+    # elif is_staticmethod:
+    #     first = []
+    else:
+        self_type = self_type or fill_typevars(info)
+        first = [Argument(Var('__pydantic_self__'), self_type, None, ARG_POS)]
+    args = first + args
+    arg_types, arg_names, arg_kinds = [], [], []
+    for arg in args:
+        assert arg.type_annotation, 'All arguments must be fully typed.'
+        arg_types.append(arg.type_annotation)
+        arg_names.append(get_name(arg.variable))
+        arg_kinds.append(arg.kind)
+
+    function_type = ctx.api.named_type(f'{BUILTINS_NAME}.function')
+    signature = CallableType(arg_types, arg_kinds, arg_names, return_type, function_type)
+    if tvar_def:
+        signature.variables = [tvar_def]
+
+    func = FuncDef(name, args, Block([PassStmt()]))
+    func.info = info
+    func.type = set_callable_name(signature, func)
+    func.is_class = is_classmethod
+    # func.is_static = is_staticmethod
+    func._fullname = get_fullname(info) + '.' + name
+    func.line = info.line
+
+    # NOTE: we would like the plugin generated node to dominate, but we still
+    # need to keep any existing definitions so they get semantically analyzed.
+    if name in info.names:
+        # Get a nice unique name instead.
+        r_name = get_unique_redefinition_name(name, info.names)
+        info.names[r_name] = info.names[name]
+
+    if is_classmethod:  # or is_staticmethod:
+        func.is_decorated = True
+        v = Var(name, func.type)
+        v.info = info
+        v._fullname = func._fullname
+        # if is_classmethod:
+        v.is_classmethod = True
+        dec = Decorator(func, [NameExpr('classmethod')], v)
+        # else:
+        #     v.is_staticmethod = True
+        #     dec = Decorator(func, [NameExpr('staticmethod')], v)
+
+        dec.line = info.line
+        sym = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, dec)
+    else:
+        sym = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, func)
+    sym.plugin_generated = True
+
+    info.names[name] = sym
+    info.defn.defs.body.append(func)
+
+
+def get_fullname(x: Union[FuncBase, SymbolNode]) -> str:
+    """
+    Used for compatibility with mypy 0.740; can be dropped once support for 0.740 is dropped.
+    """
+    fn = x.fullname
+    if callable(fn):  # pragma: no cover
+        return fn()
+    return fn
+
+
+def get_name(x: Union[FuncBase, SymbolNode]) -> str:
+    """
+    Used for compatibility with mypy 0.740; can be dropped once support for 0.740 is dropped.
+    """
+    fn = x.name
+    if callable(fn):  # pragma: no cover
+        return fn()
+    return fn
+
+
+def parse_toml(config_file: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    if not config_file.endswith('.toml'):
+        return None
+
+    read_mode = 'rb'
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+        import tomllib as toml_
+    else:
+        try:
+            import tomli as toml_
+        except ImportError:
+            # older versions of mypy have toml as a dependency, not tomli
+            read_mode = 'r'
+            try:
+                import toml as toml_  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+            except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+                import warnings
+
+                warnings.warn('No TOML parser installed, cannot read configuration from `pyproject.toml`.')
+                return None
+
+    with open(config_file, read_mode) as rf:
+        return toml_.load(rf)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/networks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/networks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba07b748
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/networks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+import re
+from ipaddress import (
+    IPv4Address,
+    IPv4Interface,
+    IPv4Network,
+    IPv6Address,
+    IPv6Interface,
+    IPv6Network,
+    _BaseAddress,
+    _BaseNetwork,
+)
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Collection,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    List,
+    Match,
+    Optional,
+    Pattern,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    no_type_check,
+)
+
+from pydantic.v1 import errors
+from pydantic.v1.utils import Representation, update_not_none
+from pydantic.v1.validators import constr_length_validator, str_validator
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import email_validator
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+    from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig
+    from pydantic.v1.fields import ModelField
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import AnyCallable
+
+    CallableGenerator = Generator[AnyCallable, None, None]
+
+    class Parts(TypedDict, total=False):
+        scheme: str
+        user: Optional[str]
+        password: Optional[str]
+        ipv4: Optional[str]
+        ipv6: Optional[str]
+        domain: Optional[str]
+        port: Optional[str]
+        path: Optional[str]
+        query: Optional[str]
+        fragment: Optional[str]
+
+    class HostParts(TypedDict, total=False):
+        host: str
+        tld: Optional[str]
+        host_type: Optional[str]
+        port: Optional[str]
+        rebuild: bool
+
+else:
+    email_validator = None
+
+    class Parts(dict):
+        pass
+
+
+NetworkType = Union[str, bytes, int, Tuple[Union[str, bytes, int], Union[str, int]]]
+
+__all__ = [
+    'AnyUrl',
+    'AnyHttpUrl',
+    'FileUrl',
+    'HttpUrl',
+    'stricturl',
+    'EmailStr',
+    'NameEmail',
+    'IPvAnyAddress',
+    'IPvAnyInterface',
+    'IPvAnyNetwork',
+    'PostgresDsn',
+    'CockroachDsn',
+    'AmqpDsn',
+    'RedisDsn',
+    'MongoDsn',
+    'KafkaDsn',
+    'validate_email',
+]
+
+_url_regex_cache = None
+_multi_host_url_regex_cache = None
+_ascii_domain_regex_cache = None
+_int_domain_regex_cache = None
+_host_regex_cache = None
+
+_host_regex = (
+    r'(?:'
+    r'(?P<ipv4>(?:\d{1,3}\.){3}\d{1,3})(?=$|[/:#?])|'  # ipv4
+    r'(?P<ipv6>\[[A-F0-9]*:[A-F0-9:]+\])(?=$|[/:#?])|'  # ipv6
+    r'(?P<domain>[^\s/:?#]+)'  # domain, validation occurs later
+    r')?'
+    r'(?::(?P<port>\d+))?'  # port
+)
+_scheme_regex = r'(?:(?P<scheme>[a-z][a-z0-9+\-.]+)://)?'  # scheme https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#appendix-A
+_user_info_regex = r'(?:(?P<user>[^\s:/]*)(?::(?P<password>[^\s/]*))?@)?'
+_path_regex = r'(?P<path>/[^\s?#]*)?'
+_query_regex = r'(?:\?(?P<query>[^\s#]*))?'
+_fragment_regex = r'(?:#(?P<fragment>[^\s#]*))?'
+
+
+def url_regex() -> Pattern[str]:
+    global _url_regex_cache
+    if _url_regex_cache is None:
+        _url_regex_cache = re.compile(
+            rf'{_scheme_regex}{_user_info_regex}{_host_regex}{_path_regex}{_query_regex}{_fragment_regex}',
+            re.IGNORECASE,
+        )
+    return _url_regex_cache
+
+
+def multi_host_url_regex() -> Pattern[str]:
+    """
+    Compiled multi host url regex.
+
+    Additionally to `url_regex` it allows to match multiple hosts.
+    E.g. host1.db.net,host2.db.net
+    """
+    global _multi_host_url_regex_cache
+    if _multi_host_url_regex_cache is None:
+        _multi_host_url_regex_cache = re.compile(
+            rf'{_scheme_regex}{_user_info_regex}'
+            r'(?P<hosts>([^/]*))'  # validation occurs later
+            rf'{_path_regex}{_query_regex}{_fragment_regex}',
+            re.IGNORECASE,
+        )
+    return _multi_host_url_regex_cache
+
+
+def ascii_domain_regex() -> Pattern[str]:
+    global _ascii_domain_regex_cache
+    if _ascii_domain_regex_cache is None:
+        ascii_chunk = r'[_0-9a-z](?:[-_0-9a-z]{0,61}[_0-9a-z])?'
+        ascii_domain_ending = r'(?P<tld>\.[a-z]{2,63})?\.?'
+        _ascii_domain_regex_cache = re.compile(
+            fr'(?:{ascii_chunk}\.)*?{ascii_chunk}{ascii_domain_ending}', re.IGNORECASE
+        )
+    return _ascii_domain_regex_cache
+
+
+def int_domain_regex() -> Pattern[str]:
+    global _int_domain_regex_cache
+    if _int_domain_regex_cache is None:
+        int_chunk = r'[_0-9a-\U00040000](?:[-_0-9a-\U00040000]{0,61}[_0-9a-\U00040000])?'
+        int_domain_ending = r'(?P<tld>(\.[^\W\d_]{2,63})|(\.(?:xn--)[_0-9a-z-]{2,63}))?\.?'
+        _int_domain_regex_cache = re.compile(fr'(?:{int_chunk}\.)*?{int_chunk}{int_domain_ending}', re.IGNORECASE)
+    return _int_domain_regex_cache
+
+
+def host_regex() -> Pattern[str]:
+    global _host_regex_cache
+    if _host_regex_cache is None:
+        _host_regex_cache = re.compile(
+            _host_regex,
+            re.IGNORECASE,
+        )
+    return _host_regex_cache
+
+
+class AnyUrl(str):
+    strip_whitespace = True
+    min_length = 1
+    max_length = 2**16
+    allowed_schemes: Optional[Collection[str]] = None
+    tld_required: bool = False
+    user_required: bool = False
+    host_required: bool = True
+    hidden_parts: Set[str] = set()
+
+    __slots__ = ('scheme', 'user', 'password', 'host', 'tld', 'host_type', 'port', 'path', 'query', 'fragment')
+
+    @no_type_check
+    def __new__(cls, url: Optional[str], **kwargs) -> object:
+        return str.__new__(cls, cls.build(**kwargs) if url is None else url)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: str,
+        *,
+        scheme: str,
+        user: Optional[str] = None,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        tld: Optional[str] = None,
+        host_type: str = 'domain',
+        port: Optional[str] = None,
+        path: Optional[str] = None,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
+        fragment: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        str.__init__(url)
+        self.scheme = scheme
+        self.user = user
+        self.password = password
+        self.host = host
+        self.tld = tld
+        self.host_type = host_type
+        self.port = port
+        self.path = path
+        self.query = query
+        self.fragment = fragment
+
+    @classmethod
+    def build(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        scheme: str,
+        user: Optional[str] = None,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: str,
+        port: Optional[str] = None,
+        path: Optional[str] = None,
+        query: Optional[str] = None,
+        fragment: Optional[str] = None,
+        **_kwargs: str,
+    ) -> str:
+        parts = Parts(
+            scheme=scheme,
+            user=user,
+            password=password,
+            host=host,
+            port=port,
+            path=path,
+            query=query,
+            fragment=fragment,
+            **_kwargs,  # type: ignore[misc]
+        )
+
+        url = scheme + '://'
+        if user:
+            url += user
+        if password:
+            url += ':' + password
+        if user or password:
+            url += '@'
+        url += host
+        if port and ('port' not in cls.hidden_parts or cls.get_default_parts(parts).get('port') != port):
+            url += ':' + port
+        if path:
+            url += path
+        if query:
+            url += '?' + query
+        if fragment:
+            url += '#' + fragment
+        return url
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(field_schema, minLength=cls.min_length, maxLength=cls.max_length, format='uri')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Any, field: 'ModelField', config: 'BaseConfig') -> 'AnyUrl':
+        if value.__class__ == cls:
+            return value
+        value = str_validator(value)
+        if cls.strip_whitespace:
+            value = value.strip()
+        url: str = cast(str, constr_length_validator(value, field, config))
+
+        m = cls._match_url(url)
+        # the regex should always match, if it doesn't please report with details of the URL tried
+        assert m, 'URL regex failed unexpectedly'
+
+        original_parts = cast('Parts', m.groupdict())
+        parts = cls.apply_default_parts(original_parts)
+        parts = cls.validate_parts(parts)
+
+        if m.end() != len(url):
+            raise errors.UrlExtraError(extra=url[m.end() :])
+
+        return cls._build_url(m, url, parts)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_url(cls, m: Match[str], url: str, parts: 'Parts') -> 'AnyUrl':
+        """
+        Validate hosts and build the AnyUrl object. Split from `validate` so this method
+        can be altered in `MultiHostDsn`.
+        """
+        host, tld, host_type, rebuild = cls.validate_host(parts)
+
+        return cls(
+            None if rebuild else url,
+            scheme=parts['scheme'],
+            user=parts['user'],
+            password=parts['password'],
+            host=host,
+            tld=tld,
+            host_type=host_type,
+            port=parts['port'],
+            path=parts['path'],
+            query=parts['query'],
+            fragment=parts['fragment'],
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _match_url(url: str) -> Optional[Match[str]]:
+        return url_regex().match(url)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_port(port: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        if port is not None and int(port) > 65_535:
+            raise errors.UrlPortError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_parts(cls, parts: 'Parts', validate_port: bool = True) -> 'Parts':
+        """
+        A method used to validate parts of a URL.
+        Could be overridden to set default values for parts if missing
+        """
+        scheme = parts['scheme']
+        if scheme is None:
+            raise errors.UrlSchemeError()
+
+        if cls.allowed_schemes and scheme.lower() not in cls.allowed_schemes:
+            raise errors.UrlSchemePermittedError(set(cls.allowed_schemes))
+
+        if validate_port:
+            cls._validate_port(parts['port'])
+
+        user = parts['user']
+        if cls.user_required and user is None:
+            raise errors.UrlUserInfoError()
+
+        return parts
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_host(cls, parts: 'Parts') -> Tuple[str, Optional[str], str, bool]:
+        tld, host_type, rebuild = None, None, False
+        for f in ('domain', 'ipv4', 'ipv6'):
+            host = parts[f]  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+            if host:
+                host_type = f
+                break
+
+        if host is None:
+            if cls.host_required:
+                raise errors.UrlHostError()
+        elif host_type == 'domain':
+            is_international = False
+            d = ascii_domain_regex().fullmatch(host)
+            if d is None:
+                d = int_domain_regex().fullmatch(host)
+                if d is None:
+                    raise errors.UrlHostError()
+                is_international = True
+
+            tld = d.group('tld')
+            if tld is None and not is_international:
+                d = int_domain_regex().fullmatch(host)
+                assert d is not None
+                tld = d.group('tld')
+                is_international = True
+
+            if tld is not None:
+                tld = tld[1:]
+            elif cls.tld_required:
+                raise errors.UrlHostTldError()
+
+            if is_international:
+                host_type = 'int_domain'
+                rebuild = True
+                host = host.encode('idna').decode('ascii')
+                if tld is not None:
+                    tld = tld.encode('idna').decode('ascii')
+
+        return host, tld, host_type, rebuild  # type: ignore
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_default_parts(parts: 'Parts') -> 'Parts':
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def apply_default_parts(cls, parts: 'Parts') -> 'Parts':
+        for key, value in cls.get_default_parts(parts).items():
+            if not parts[key]:  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+                parts[key] = value  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+        return parts
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        extra = ', '.join(f'{n}={getattr(self, n)!r}' for n in self.__slots__ if getattr(self, n) is not None)
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({super().__repr__()}, {extra})'
+
+
+class AnyHttpUrl(AnyUrl):
+    allowed_schemes = {'http', 'https'}
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class HttpUrl(AnyHttpUrl):
+    tld_required = True
+    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/417142/what-is-the-maximum-length-of-a-url-in-different-browsers
+    max_length = 2083
+    hidden_parts = {'port'}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_default_parts(parts: 'Parts') -> 'Parts':
+        return {'port': '80' if parts['scheme'] == 'http' else '443'}
+
+
+class FileUrl(AnyUrl):
+    allowed_schemes = {'file'}
+    host_required = False
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class MultiHostDsn(AnyUrl):
+    __slots__ = AnyUrl.__slots__ + ('hosts',)
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, hosts: Optional[List['HostParts']] = None, **kwargs: Any):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.hosts = hosts
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _match_url(url: str) -> Optional[Match[str]]:
+        return multi_host_url_regex().match(url)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_parts(cls, parts: 'Parts', validate_port: bool = True) -> 'Parts':
+        return super().validate_parts(parts, validate_port=False)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _build_url(cls, m: Match[str], url: str, parts: 'Parts') -> 'MultiHostDsn':
+        hosts_parts: List['HostParts'] = []
+        host_re = host_regex()
+        for host in m.groupdict()['hosts'].split(','):
+            d: Parts = host_re.match(host).groupdict()  # type: ignore
+            host, tld, host_type, rebuild = cls.validate_host(d)
+            port = d.get('port')
+            cls._validate_port(port)
+            hosts_parts.append(
+                {
+                    'host': host,
+                    'host_type': host_type,
+                    'tld': tld,
+                    'rebuild': rebuild,
+                    'port': port,
+                }
+            )
+
+        if len(hosts_parts) > 1:
+            return cls(
+                None if any([hp['rebuild'] for hp in hosts_parts]) else url,
+                scheme=parts['scheme'],
+                user=parts['user'],
+                password=parts['password'],
+                path=parts['path'],
+                query=parts['query'],
+                fragment=parts['fragment'],
+                host_type=None,
+                hosts=hosts_parts,
+            )
+        else:
+            # backwards compatibility with single host
+            host_part = hosts_parts[0]
+            return cls(
+                None if host_part['rebuild'] else url,
+                scheme=parts['scheme'],
+                user=parts['user'],
+                password=parts['password'],
+                host=host_part['host'],
+                tld=host_part['tld'],
+                host_type=host_part['host_type'],
+                port=host_part.get('port'),
+                path=parts['path'],
+                query=parts['query'],
+                fragment=parts['fragment'],
+            )
+
+
+class PostgresDsn(MultiHostDsn):
+    allowed_schemes = {
+        'postgres',
+        'postgresql',
+        'postgresql+asyncpg',
+        'postgresql+pg8000',
+        'postgresql+psycopg',
+        'postgresql+psycopg2',
+        'postgresql+psycopg2cffi',
+        'postgresql+py-postgresql',
+        'postgresql+pygresql',
+    }
+    user_required = True
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class CockroachDsn(AnyUrl):
+    allowed_schemes = {
+        'cockroachdb',
+        'cockroachdb+psycopg2',
+        'cockroachdb+asyncpg',
+    }
+    user_required = True
+
+
+class AmqpDsn(AnyUrl):
+    allowed_schemes = {'amqp', 'amqps'}
+    host_required = False
+
+
+class RedisDsn(AnyUrl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    allowed_schemes = {'redis', 'rediss'}
+    host_required = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_default_parts(parts: 'Parts') -> 'Parts':
+        return {
+            'domain': 'localhost' if not (parts['ipv4'] or parts['ipv6']) else '',
+            'port': '6379',
+            'path': '/0',
+        }
+
+
+class MongoDsn(AnyUrl):
+    allowed_schemes = {'mongodb'}
+
+    # TODO: Needed to generic "Parts" for "Replica Set", "Sharded Cluster", and other mongodb deployment modes
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_default_parts(parts: 'Parts') -> 'Parts':
+        return {
+            'port': '27017',
+        }
+
+
+class KafkaDsn(AnyUrl):
+    allowed_schemes = {'kafka'}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_default_parts(parts: 'Parts') -> 'Parts':
+        return {
+            'domain': 'localhost',
+            'port': '9092',
+        }
+
+
+def stricturl(
+    *,
+    strip_whitespace: bool = True,
+    min_length: int = 1,
+    max_length: int = 2**16,
+    tld_required: bool = True,
+    host_required: bool = True,
+    allowed_schemes: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+) -> Type[AnyUrl]:
+    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
+    namespace = dict(
+        strip_whitespace=strip_whitespace,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        tld_required=tld_required,
+        host_required=host_required,
+        allowed_schemes=allowed_schemes,
+    )
+    return type('UrlValue', (AnyUrl,), namespace)
+
+
+def import_email_validator() -> None:
+    global email_validator
+    try:
+        import email_validator
+    except ImportError as e:
+        raise ImportError('email-validator is not installed, run `pip install pydantic[email]`') from e
+
+
+class EmailStr(str):
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='email')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        # included here and below so the error happens straight away
+        import_email_validator()
+
+        yield str_validator
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Union[str]) -> str:
+        return validate_email(value)[1]
+
+
+class NameEmail(Representation):
+    __slots__ = 'name', 'email'
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, email: str):
+        self.name = name
+        self.email = email
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, NameEmail) and (self.name, self.email) == (other.name, other.email)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='name-email')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        import_email_validator()
+
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Any) -> 'NameEmail':
+        if value.__class__ == cls:
+            return value
+        value = str_validator(value)
+        return cls(*validate_email(value))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.name} <{self.email}>'
+
+
+class IPvAnyAddress(_BaseAddress):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='ipvanyaddress')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Union[str, bytes, int]) -> Union[IPv4Address, IPv6Address]:
+        try:
+            return IPv4Address(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            return IPv6Address(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise errors.IPvAnyAddressError()
+
+
+class IPvAnyInterface(_BaseAddress):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='ipvanyinterface')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: NetworkType) -> Union[IPv4Interface, IPv6Interface]:
+        try:
+            return IPv4Interface(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            return IPv6Interface(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise errors.IPvAnyInterfaceError()
+
+
+class IPvAnyNetwork(_BaseNetwork):  # type: ignore
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        field_schema.update(type='string', format='ipvanynetwork')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: NetworkType) -> Union[IPv4Network, IPv6Network]:
+        # Assume IP Network is defined with a default value for ``strict`` argument.
+        # Define your own class if you want to specify network address check strictness.
+        try:
+            return IPv4Network(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            return IPv6Network(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise errors.IPvAnyNetworkError()
+
+
+pretty_email_regex = re.compile(r'([\w ]*?) *<(.*)> *')
+MAX_EMAIL_LENGTH = 2048
+"""Maximum length for an email.
+A somewhat arbitrary but very generous number compared to what is allowed by most implementations.
+"""
+
+
+def validate_email(value: Union[str]) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    """
+    Email address validation using https://pypi.org/project/email-validator/
+    Notes:
+    * raw ip address (literal) domain parts are not allowed.
+    * "John Doe <local_part@domain.com>" style "pretty" email addresses are processed
+    * spaces are striped from the beginning and end of addresses but no error is raised
+    """
+    if email_validator is None:
+        import_email_validator()
+
+    if len(value) > MAX_EMAIL_LENGTH:
+        raise errors.EmailError()
+
+    m = pretty_email_regex.fullmatch(value)
+    name: Union[str, None] = None
+    if m:
+        name, value = m.groups()
+    email = value.strip()
+    try:
+        parts = email_validator.validate_email(email, check_deliverability=False)
+    except email_validator.EmailNotValidError as e:
+        raise errors.EmailError from e
+
+    if hasattr(parts, 'normalized'):
+        # email-validator >= 2
+        email = parts.normalized
+        assert email is not None
+        name = name or parts.local_part
+        return name, email
+    else:
+        # email-validator >1, <2
+        at_index = email.index('@')
+        local_part = email[:at_index]  # RFC 5321, local part must be case-sensitive.
+        global_part = email[at_index:].lower()
+
+        return name or local_part, local_part + global_part
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/parse.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/parse.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..431d75a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import json
+import pickle
+from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Callable, Union
+
+from pydantic.v1.types import StrBytes
+
+
+class Protocol(str, Enum):
+    json = 'json'
+    pickle = 'pickle'
+
+
+def load_str_bytes(
+    b: StrBytes,
+    *,
+    content_type: str = None,
+    encoding: str = 'utf8',
+    proto: Protocol = None,
+    allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    json_loads: Callable[[str], Any] = json.loads,
+) -> Any:
+    if proto is None and content_type:
+        if content_type.endswith(('json', 'javascript')):
+            pass
+        elif allow_pickle and content_type.endswith('pickle'):
+            proto = Protocol.pickle
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f'Unknown content-type: {content_type}')
+
+    proto = proto or Protocol.json
+
+    if proto == Protocol.json:
+        if isinstance(b, bytes):
+            b = b.decode(encoding)
+        return json_loads(b)
+    elif proto == Protocol.pickle:
+        if not allow_pickle:
+            raise RuntimeError('Trying to decode with pickle with allow_pickle=False')
+        bb = b if isinstance(b, bytes) else b.encode()
+        return pickle.loads(bb)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f'Unknown protocol: {proto}')
+
+
+def load_file(
+    path: Union[str, Path],
+    *,
+    content_type: str = None,
+    encoding: str = 'utf8',
+    proto: Protocol = None,
+    allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    json_loads: Callable[[str], Any] = json.loads,
+) -> Any:
+    path = Path(path)
+    b = path.read_bytes()
+    if content_type is None:
+        if path.suffix in ('.js', '.json'):
+            proto = Protocol.json
+        elif path.suffix == '.pkl':
+            proto = Protocol.pickle
+
+    return load_str_bytes(
+        b, proto=proto, content_type=content_type, encoding=encoding, allow_pickle=allow_pickle, json_loads=json_loads
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a91fe2cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1163 @@
+import re
+import warnings
+from collections import defaultdict
+from dataclasses import is_dataclass
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    ForwardRef,
+    FrozenSet,
+    Generic,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Pattern,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+
+from typing_extensions import Annotated, Literal
+
+from pydantic.v1.fields import (
+    MAPPING_LIKE_SHAPES,
+    SHAPE_DEQUE,
+    SHAPE_FROZENSET,
+    SHAPE_GENERIC,
+    SHAPE_ITERABLE,
+    SHAPE_LIST,
+    SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+    SHAPE_SET,
+    SHAPE_SINGLETON,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE,
+    SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
+    FieldInfo,
+    ModelField,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.json import pydantic_encoder
+from pydantic.v1.networks import AnyUrl, EmailStr
+from pydantic.v1.types import (
+    ConstrainedDecimal,
+    ConstrainedFloat,
+    ConstrainedFrozenSet,
+    ConstrainedInt,
+    ConstrainedList,
+    ConstrainedSet,
+    ConstrainedStr,
+    SecretBytes,
+    SecretStr,
+    StrictBytes,
+    StrictStr,
+    conbytes,
+    condecimal,
+    confloat,
+    confrozenset,
+    conint,
+    conlist,
+    conset,
+    constr,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.typing import (
+    all_literal_values,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    get_sub_types,
+    is_callable_type,
+    is_literal_type,
+    is_namedtuple,
+    is_none_type,
+    is_union,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.utils import ROOT_KEY, get_model, lenient_issubclass
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.dataclasses import Dataclass
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+default_prefix = '#/definitions/'
+default_ref_template = '#/definitions/{model}'
+
+TypeModelOrEnum = Union[Type['BaseModel'], Type[Enum]]
+TypeModelSet = Set[TypeModelOrEnum]
+
+
+def _apply_modify_schema(
+    modify_schema: Callable[..., None], field: Optional[ModelField], field_schema: Dict[str, Any]
+) -> None:
+    from inspect import signature
+
+    sig = signature(modify_schema)
+    args = set(sig.parameters.keys())
+    if 'field' in args or 'kwargs' in args:
+        modify_schema(field_schema, field=field)
+    else:
+        modify_schema(field_schema)
+
+
+def schema(
+    models: Sequence[Union[Type['BaseModel'], Type['Dataclass']]],
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    title: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    ref_template: str = default_ref_template,
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Process a list of models and generate a single JSON Schema with all of them defined in the ``definitions``
+    top-level JSON key, including their sub-models.
+
+    :param models: a list of models to include in the generated JSON Schema
+    :param by_alias: generate the schemas using the aliases defined, if any
+    :param title: title for the generated schema that includes the definitions
+    :param description: description for the generated schema
+    :param ref_prefix: the JSON Pointer prefix for schema references with ``$ref``, if None, will be set to the
+      default of ``#/definitions/``. Update it if you want the schemas to reference the definitions somewhere
+      else, e.g. for OpenAPI use ``#/components/schemas/``. The resulting generated schemas will still be at the
+      top-level key ``definitions``, so you can extract them from there. But all the references will have the set
+      prefix.
+    :param ref_template: Use a ``string.format()`` template for ``$ref`` instead of a prefix. This can be useful
+      for references that cannot be represented by ``ref_prefix`` such as a definition stored in another file. For
+      a sibling json file in a ``/schemas`` directory use ``"/schemas/${model}.json#"``.
+    :return: dict with the JSON Schema with a ``definitions`` top-level key including the schema definitions for
+      the models and sub-models passed in ``models``.
+    """
+    clean_models = [get_model(model) for model in models]
+    flat_models = get_flat_models_from_models(clean_models)
+    model_name_map = get_model_name_map(flat_models)
+    definitions = {}
+    output_schema: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if title:
+        output_schema['title'] = title
+    if description:
+        output_schema['description'] = description
+    for model in clean_models:
+        m_schema, m_definitions, m_nested_models = model_process_schema(
+            model,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+            ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+        )
+        definitions.update(m_definitions)
+        model_name = model_name_map[model]
+        definitions[model_name] = m_schema
+    if definitions:
+        output_schema['definitions'] = definitions
+    return output_schema
+
+
+def model_schema(
+    model: Union[Type['BaseModel'], Type['Dataclass']],
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    ref_template: str = default_ref_template,
+) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Generate a JSON Schema for one model. With all the sub-models defined in the ``definitions`` top-level
+    JSON key.
+
+    :param model: a Pydantic model (a class that inherits from BaseModel)
+    :param by_alias: generate the schemas using the aliases defined, if any
+    :param ref_prefix: the JSON Pointer prefix for schema references with ``$ref``, if None, will be set to the
+      default of ``#/definitions/``. Update it if you want the schemas to reference the definitions somewhere
+      else, e.g. for OpenAPI use ``#/components/schemas/``. The resulting generated schemas will still be at the
+      top-level key ``definitions``, so you can extract them from there. But all the references will have the set
+      prefix.
+    :param ref_template: Use a ``string.format()`` template for ``$ref`` instead of a prefix. This can be useful for
+      references that cannot be represented by ``ref_prefix`` such as a definition stored in another file. For a
+      sibling json file in a ``/schemas`` directory use ``"/schemas/${model}.json#"``.
+    :return: dict with the JSON Schema for the passed ``model``
+    """
+    model = get_model(model)
+    flat_models = get_flat_models_from_model(model)
+    model_name_map = get_model_name_map(flat_models)
+    model_name = model_name_map[model]
+    m_schema, m_definitions, nested_models = model_process_schema(
+        model, by_alias=by_alias, model_name_map=model_name_map, ref_prefix=ref_prefix, ref_template=ref_template
+    )
+    if model_name in nested_models:
+        # model_name is in Nested models, it has circular references
+        m_definitions[model_name] = m_schema
+        m_schema = get_schema_ref(model_name, ref_prefix, ref_template, False)
+    if m_definitions:
+        m_schema.update({'definitions': m_definitions})
+    return m_schema
+
+
+def get_field_info_schema(field: ModelField, schema_overrides: bool = False) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], bool]:
+    # If no title is explicitly set, we don't set title in the schema for enums.
+    # The behaviour is the same as `BaseModel` reference, where the default title
+    # is in the definitions part of the schema.
+    schema_: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if field.field_info.title or not lenient_issubclass(field.type_, Enum):
+        schema_['title'] = field.field_info.title or field.alias.title().replace('_', ' ')
+
+    if field.field_info.title:
+        schema_overrides = True
+
+    if field.field_info.description:
+        schema_['description'] = field.field_info.description
+        schema_overrides = True
+
+    if not field.required and field.default is not None and not is_callable_type(field.outer_type_):
+        schema_['default'] = encode_default(field.default)
+        schema_overrides = True
+
+    return schema_, schema_overrides
+
+
+def field_schema(
+    field: ModelField,
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    model_name_map: Dict[TypeModelOrEnum, str],
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    ref_template: str = default_ref_template,
+    known_models: Optional[TypeModelSet] = None,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any], Set[str]]:
+    """
+    Process a Pydantic field and return a tuple with a JSON Schema for it as the first item.
+    Also return a dictionary of definitions with models as keys and their schemas as values. If the passed field
+    is a model and has sub-models, and those sub-models don't have overrides (as ``title``, ``default``, etc), they
+    will be included in the definitions and referenced in the schema instead of included recursively.
+
+    :param field: a Pydantic ``ModelField``
+    :param by_alias: use the defined alias (if any) in the returned schema
+    :param model_name_map: used to generate the JSON Schema references to other models included in the definitions
+    :param ref_prefix: the JSON Pointer prefix to use for references to other schemas, if None, the default of
+      #/definitions/ will be used
+    :param ref_template: Use a ``string.format()`` template for ``$ref`` instead of a prefix. This can be useful for
+      references that cannot be represented by ``ref_prefix`` such as a definition stored in another file. For a
+      sibling json file in a ``/schemas`` directory use ``"/schemas/${model}.json#"``.
+    :param known_models: used to solve circular references
+    :return: tuple of the schema for this field and additional definitions
+    """
+    s, schema_overrides = get_field_info_schema(field)
+
+    validation_schema = get_field_schema_validations(field)
+    if validation_schema:
+        s.update(validation_schema)
+        schema_overrides = True
+
+    f_schema, f_definitions, f_nested_models = field_type_schema(
+        field,
+        by_alias=by_alias,
+        model_name_map=model_name_map,
+        schema_overrides=schema_overrides,
+        ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+        ref_template=ref_template,
+        known_models=known_models or set(),
+    )
+
+    # $ref will only be returned when there are no schema_overrides
+    if '$ref' in f_schema:
+        return f_schema, f_definitions, f_nested_models
+    else:
+        s.update(f_schema)
+        return s, f_definitions, f_nested_models
+
+
+numeric_types = (int, float, Decimal)
+_str_types_attrs: Tuple[Tuple[str, Union[type, Tuple[type, ...]], str], ...] = (
+    ('max_length', numeric_types, 'maxLength'),
+    ('min_length', numeric_types, 'minLength'),
+    ('regex', str, 'pattern'),
+)
+
+_numeric_types_attrs: Tuple[Tuple[str, Union[type, Tuple[type, ...]], str], ...] = (
+    ('gt', numeric_types, 'exclusiveMinimum'),
+    ('lt', numeric_types, 'exclusiveMaximum'),
+    ('ge', numeric_types, 'minimum'),
+    ('le', numeric_types, 'maximum'),
+    ('multiple_of', numeric_types, 'multipleOf'),
+)
+
+
+def get_field_schema_validations(field: ModelField) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Get the JSON Schema validation keywords for a ``field`` with an annotation of
+    a Pydantic ``FieldInfo`` with validation arguments.
+    """
+    f_schema: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    if lenient_issubclass(field.type_, Enum):
+        # schema is already updated by `enum_process_schema`; just update with field extra
+        if field.field_info.extra:
+            f_schema.update(field.field_info.extra)
+        return f_schema
+
+    if lenient_issubclass(field.type_, (str, bytes)):
+        for attr_name, t, keyword in _str_types_attrs:
+            attr = getattr(field.field_info, attr_name, None)
+            if isinstance(attr, t):
+                f_schema[keyword] = attr
+    if lenient_issubclass(field.type_, numeric_types) and not issubclass(field.type_, bool):
+        for attr_name, t, keyword in _numeric_types_attrs:
+            attr = getattr(field.field_info, attr_name, None)
+            if isinstance(attr, t):
+                f_schema[keyword] = attr
+    if field.field_info is not None and field.field_info.const:
+        f_schema['const'] = field.default
+    if field.field_info.extra:
+        f_schema.update(field.field_info.extra)
+    modify_schema = getattr(field.outer_type_, '__modify_schema__', None)
+    if modify_schema:
+        _apply_modify_schema(modify_schema, field, f_schema)
+    return f_schema
+
+
+def get_model_name_map(unique_models: TypeModelSet) -> Dict[TypeModelOrEnum, str]:
+    """
+    Process a set of models and generate unique names for them to be used as keys in the JSON Schema
+    definitions. By default the names are the same as the class name. But if two models in different Python
+    modules have the same name (e.g. "users.Model" and "items.Model"), the generated names will be
+    based on the Python module path for those conflicting models to prevent name collisions.
+
+    :param unique_models: a Python set of models
+    :return: dict mapping models to names
+    """
+    name_model_map = {}
+    conflicting_names: Set[str] = set()
+    for model in unique_models:
+        model_name = normalize_name(model.__name__)
+        if model_name in conflicting_names:
+            model_name = get_long_model_name(model)
+            name_model_map[model_name] = model
+        elif model_name in name_model_map:
+            conflicting_names.add(model_name)
+            conflicting_model = name_model_map.pop(model_name)
+            name_model_map[get_long_model_name(conflicting_model)] = conflicting_model
+            name_model_map[get_long_model_name(model)] = model
+        else:
+            name_model_map[model_name] = model
+    return {v: k for k, v in name_model_map.items()}
+
+
+def get_flat_models_from_model(model: Type['BaseModel'], known_models: Optional[TypeModelSet] = None) -> TypeModelSet:
+    """
+    Take a single ``model`` and generate a set with itself and all the sub-models in the tree. I.e. if you pass
+    model ``Foo`` (subclass of Pydantic ``BaseModel``) as ``model``, and it has a field of type ``Bar`` (also
+    subclass of ``BaseModel``) and that model ``Bar`` has a field of type ``Baz`` (also subclass of ``BaseModel``),
+    the return value will be ``set([Foo, Bar, Baz])``.
+
+    :param model: a Pydantic ``BaseModel`` subclass
+    :param known_models: used to solve circular references
+    :return: a set with the initial model and all its sub-models
+    """
+    known_models = known_models or set()
+    flat_models: TypeModelSet = set()
+    flat_models.add(model)
+    known_models |= flat_models
+    fields = cast(Sequence[ModelField], model.__fields__.values())
+    flat_models |= get_flat_models_from_fields(fields, known_models=known_models)
+    return flat_models
+
+
+def get_flat_models_from_field(field: ModelField, known_models: TypeModelSet) -> TypeModelSet:
+    """
+    Take a single Pydantic ``ModelField`` (from a model) that could have been declared as a subclass of BaseModel
+    (so, it could be a submodel), and generate a set with its model and all the sub-models in the tree.
+    I.e. if you pass a field that was declared to be of type ``Foo`` (subclass of BaseModel) as ``field``, and that
+    model ``Foo`` has a field of type ``Bar`` (also subclass of ``BaseModel``) and that model ``Bar`` has a field of
+    type ``Baz`` (also subclass of ``BaseModel``), the return value will be ``set([Foo, Bar, Baz])``.
+
+    :param field: a Pydantic ``ModelField``
+    :param known_models: used to solve circular references
+    :return: a set with the model used in the declaration for this field, if any, and all its sub-models
+    """
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+    flat_models: TypeModelSet = set()
+
+    field_type = field.type_
+    if lenient_issubclass(getattr(field_type, '__pydantic_model__', None), BaseModel):
+        field_type = field_type.__pydantic_model__
+
+    if field.sub_fields and not lenient_issubclass(field_type, BaseModel):
+        flat_models |= get_flat_models_from_fields(field.sub_fields, known_models=known_models)
+    elif lenient_issubclass(field_type, BaseModel) and field_type not in known_models:
+        flat_models |= get_flat_models_from_model(field_type, known_models=known_models)
+    elif lenient_issubclass(field_type, Enum):
+        flat_models.add(field_type)
+    return flat_models
+
+
+def get_flat_models_from_fields(fields: Sequence[ModelField], known_models: TypeModelSet) -> TypeModelSet:
+    """
+    Take a list of Pydantic  ``ModelField``s (from a model) that could have been declared as subclasses of ``BaseModel``
+    (so, any of them could be a submodel), and generate a set with their models and all the sub-models in the tree.
+    I.e. if you pass a the fields of a model ``Foo`` (subclass of ``BaseModel``) as ``fields``, and on of them has a
+    field of type ``Bar`` (also subclass of ``BaseModel``) and that model ``Bar`` has a field of type ``Baz`` (also
+    subclass of ``BaseModel``), the return value will be ``set([Foo, Bar, Baz])``.
+
+    :param fields: a list of Pydantic ``ModelField``s
+    :param known_models: used to solve circular references
+    :return: a set with any model declared in the fields, and all their sub-models
+    """
+    flat_models: TypeModelSet = set()
+    for field in fields:
+        flat_models |= get_flat_models_from_field(field, known_models=known_models)
+    return flat_models
+
+
+def get_flat_models_from_models(models: Sequence[Type['BaseModel']]) -> TypeModelSet:
+    """
+    Take a list of ``models`` and generate a set with them and all their sub-models in their trees. I.e. if you pass
+    a list of two models, ``Foo`` and ``Bar``, both subclasses of Pydantic ``BaseModel`` as models, and ``Bar`` has
+    a field of type ``Baz`` (also subclass of ``BaseModel``), the return value will be ``set([Foo, Bar, Baz])``.
+    """
+    flat_models: TypeModelSet = set()
+    for model in models:
+        flat_models |= get_flat_models_from_model(model)
+    return flat_models
+
+
+def get_long_model_name(model: TypeModelOrEnum) -> str:
+    return f'{model.__module__}__{model.__qualname__}'.replace('.', '__')
+
+
+def field_type_schema(
+    field: ModelField,
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool,
+    model_name_map: Dict[TypeModelOrEnum, str],
+    ref_template: str,
+    schema_overrides: bool = False,
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    known_models: TypeModelSet,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any], Set[str]]:
+    """
+    Used by ``field_schema()``, you probably should be using that function.
+
+    Take a single ``field`` and generate the schema for its type only, not including additional
+    information as title, etc. Also return additional schema definitions, from sub-models.
+    """
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel  # noqa: F811
+
+    definitions = {}
+    nested_models: Set[str] = set()
+    f_schema: Dict[str, Any]
+    if field.shape in {
+        SHAPE_LIST,
+        SHAPE_TUPLE_ELLIPSIS,
+        SHAPE_SEQUENCE,
+        SHAPE_SET,
+        SHAPE_FROZENSET,
+        SHAPE_ITERABLE,
+        SHAPE_DEQUE,
+    }:
+        items_schema, f_definitions, f_nested_models = field_singleton_schema(
+            field,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+            ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+            known_models=known_models,
+        )
+        definitions.update(f_definitions)
+        nested_models.update(f_nested_models)
+        f_schema = {'type': 'array', 'items': items_schema}
+        if field.shape in {SHAPE_SET, SHAPE_FROZENSET}:
+            f_schema['uniqueItems'] = True
+
+    elif field.shape in MAPPING_LIKE_SHAPES:
+        f_schema = {'type': 'object'}
+        key_field = cast(ModelField, field.key_field)
+        regex = getattr(key_field.type_, 'regex', None)
+        items_schema, f_definitions, f_nested_models = field_singleton_schema(
+            field,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+            ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+            known_models=known_models,
+        )
+        definitions.update(f_definitions)
+        nested_models.update(f_nested_models)
+        if regex:
+            # Dict keys have a regex pattern
+            # items_schema might be a schema or empty dict, add it either way
+            f_schema['patternProperties'] = {ConstrainedStr._get_pattern(regex): items_schema}
+        if items_schema:
+            # The dict values are not simply Any, so they need a schema
+            f_schema['additionalProperties'] = items_schema
+    elif field.shape == SHAPE_TUPLE or (field.shape == SHAPE_GENERIC and not issubclass(field.type_, BaseModel)):
+        sub_schema = []
+        sub_fields = cast(List[ModelField], field.sub_fields)
+        for sf in sub_fields:
+            sf_schema, sf_definitions, sf_nested_models = field_type_schema(
+                sf,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+                ref_template=ref_template,
+                known_models=known_models,
+            )
+            definitions.update(sf_definitions)
+            nested_models.update(sf_nested_models)
+            sub_schema.append(sf_schema)
+
+        sub_fields_len = len(sub_fields)
+        if field.shape == SHAPE_GENERIC:
+            all_of_schemas = sub_schema[0] if sub_fields_len == 1 else {'type': 'array', 'items': sub_schema}
+            f_schema = {'allOf': [all_of_schemas]}
+        else:
+            f_schema = {
+                'type': 'array',
+                'minItems': sub_fields_len,
+                'maxItems': sub_fields_len,
+            }
+            if sub_fields_len >= 1:
+                f_schema['items'] = sub_schema
+    else:
+        assert field.shape in {SHAPE_SINGLETON, SHAPE_GENERIC}, field.shape
+        f_schema, f_definitions, f_nested_models = field_singleton_schema(
+            field,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+            schema_overrides=schema_overrides,
+            ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+            known_models=known_models,
+        )
+        definitions.update(f_definitions)
+        nested_models.update(f_nested_models)
+
+    # check field type to avoid repeated calls to the same __modify_schema__ method
+    if field.type_ != field.outer_type_:
+        if field.shape == SHAPE_GENERIC:
+            field_type = field.type_
+        else:
+            field_type = field.outer_type_
+        modify_schema = getattr(field_type, '__modify_schema__', None)
+        if modify_schema:
+            _apply_modify_schema(modify_schema, field, f_schema)
+    return f_schema, definitions, nested_models
+
+
+def model_process_schema(
+    model: TypeModelOrEnum,
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    model_name_map: Dict[TypeModelOrEnum, str],
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    ref_template: str = default_ref_template,
+    known_models: Optional[TypeModelSet] = None,
+    field: Optional[ModelField] = None,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any], Set[str]]:
+    """
+    Used by ``model_schema()``, you probably should be using that function.
+
+    Take a single ``model`` and generate its schema. Also return additional schema definitions, from sub-models. The
+    sub-models of the returned schema will be referenced, but their definitions will not be included in the schema. All
+    the definitions are returned as the second value.
+    """
+    from inspect import getdoc, signature
+
+    known_models = known_models or set()
+    if lenient_issubclass(model, Enum):
+        model = cast(Type[Enum], model)
+        s = enum_process_schema(model, field=field)
+        return s, {}, set()
+    model = cast(Type['BaseModel'], model)
+    s = {'title': model.__config__.title or model.__name__}
+    doc = getdoc(model)
+    if doc:
+        s['description'] = doc
+    known_models.add(model)
+    m_schema, m_definitions, nested_models = model_type_schema(
+        model,
+        by_alias=by_alias,
+        model_name_map=model_name_map,
+        ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+        ref_template=ref_template,
+        known_models=known_models,
+    )
+    s.update(m_schema)
+    schema_extra = model.__config__.schema_extra
+    if callable(schema_extra):
+        if len(signature(schema_extra).parameters) == 1:
+            schema_extra(s)
+        else:
+            schema_extra(s, model)
+    else:
+        s.update(schema_extra)
+    return s, m_definitions, nested_models
+
+
+def model_type_schema(
+    model: Type['BaseModel'],
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool,
+    model_name_map: Dict[TypeModelOrEnum, str],
+    ref_template: str,
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    known_models: TypeModelSet,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any], Set[str]]:
+    """
+    You probably should be using ``model_schema()``, this function is indirectly used by that function.
+
+    Take a single ``model`` and generate the schema for its type only, not including additional
+    information as title, etc. Also return additional schema definitions, from sub-models.
+    """
+    properties = {}
+    required = []
+    definitions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    nested_models: Set[str] = set()
+    for k, f in model.__fields__.items():
+        try:
+            f_schema, f_definitions, f_nested_models = field_schema(
+                f,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+                ref_template=ref_template,
+                known_models=known_models,
+            )
+        except SkipField as skip:
+            warnings.warn(skip.message, UserWarning)
+            continue
+        definitions.update(f_definitions)
+        nested_models.update(f_nested_models)
+        if by_alias:
+            properties[f.alias] = f_schema
+            if f.required:
+                required.append(f.alias)
+        else:
+            properties[k] = f_schema
+            if f.required:
+                required.append(k)
+    if ROOT_KEY in properties:
+        out_schema = properties[ROOT_KEY]
+        out_schema['title'] = model.__config__.title or model.__name__
+    else:
+        out_schema = {'type': 'object', 'properties': properties}
+        if required:
+            out_schema['required'] = required
+    if model.__config__.extra == 'forbid':
+        out_schema['additionalProperties'] = False
+    return out_schema, definitions, nested_models
+
+
+def enum_process_schema(enum: Type[Enum], *, field: Optional[ModelField] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Take a single `enum` and generate its schema.
+
+    This is similar to the `model_process_schema` function, but applies to ``Enum`` objects.
+    """
+    import inspect
+
+    schema_: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        'title': enum.__name__,
+        # Python assigns all enums a default docstring value of 'An enumeration', so
+        # all enums will have a description field even if not explicitly provided.
+        'description': inspect.cleandoc(enum.__doc__ or 'An enumeration.'),
+        # Add enum values and the enum field type to the schema.
+        'enum': [item.value for item in cast(Iterable[Enum], enum)],
+    }
+
+    add_field_type_to_schema(enum, schema_)
+
+    modify_schema = getattr(enum, '__modify_schema__', None)
+    if modify_schema:
+        _apply_modify_schema(modify_schema, field, schema_)
+
+    return schema_
+
+
+def field_singleton_sub_fields_schema(
+    field: ModelField,
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool,
+    model_name_map: Dict[TypeModelOrEnum, str],
+    ref_template: str,
+    schema_overrides: bool = False,
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    known_models: TypeModelSet,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any], Set[str]]:
+    """
+    This function is indirectly used by ``field_schema()``, you probably should be using that function.
+
+    Take a list of Pydantic ``ModelField`` from the declaration of a type with parameters, and generate their
+    schema. I.e., fields used as "type parameters", like ``str`` and ``int`` in ``Tuple[str, int]``.
+    """
+    sub_fields = cast(List[ModelField], field.sub_fields)
+    definitions = {}
+    nested_models: Set[str] = set()
+    if len(sub_fields) == 1:
+        return field_type_schema(
+            sub_fields[0],
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+            schema_overrides=schema_overrides,
+            ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+            known_models=known_models,
+        )
+    else:
+        s: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        # https://github.com/OAI/OpenAPI-Specification/blob/master/versions/3.0.2.md#discriminator-object
+        field_has_discriminator: bool = field.discriminator_key is not None
+        if field_has_discriminator:
+            assert field.sub_fields_mapping is not None
+
+            discriminator_models_refs: Dict[str, Union[str, Dict[str, Any]]] = {}
+
+            for discriminator_value, sub_field in field.sub_fields_mapping.items():
+                if isinstance(discriminator_value, Enum):
+                    discriminator_value = str(discriminator_value.value)
+                # sub_field is either a `BaseModel` or directly an `Annotated` `Union` of many
+                if is_union(get_origin(sub_field.type_)):
+                    sub_models = get_sub_types(sub_field.type_)
+                    discriminator_models_refs[discriminator_value] = {
+                        model_name_map[sub_model]: get_schema_ref(
+                            model_name_map[sub_model], ref_prefix, ref_template, False
+                        )
+                        for sub_model in sub_models
+                    }
+                else:
+                    sub_field_type = sub_field.type_
+                    if hasattr(sub_field_type, '__pydantic_model__'):
+                        sub_field_type = sub_field_type.__pydantic_model__
+
+                    discriminator_model_name = model_name_map[sub_field_type]
+                    discriminator_model_ref = get_schema_ref(discriminator_model_name, ref_prefix, ref_template, False)
+                    discriminator_models_refs[discriminator_value] = discriminator_model_ref['$ref']
+
+            s['discriminator'] = {
+                'propertyName': field.discriminator_alias if by_alias else field.discriminator_key,
+                'mapping': discriminator_models_refs,
+            }
+
+        sub_field_schemas = []
+        for sf in sub_fields:
+            sub_schema, sub_definitions, sub_nested_models = field_type_schema(
+                sf,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                schema_overrides=schema_overrides,
+                ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+                ref_template=ref_template,
+                known_models=known_models,
+            )
+            definitions.update(sub_definitions)
+            if schema_overrides and 'allOf' in sub_schema:
+                # if the sub_field is a referenced schema we only need the referenced
+                # object. Otherwise we will end up with several allOf inside anyOf/oneOf.
+                # See https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/1209
+                sub_schema = sub_schema['allOf'][0]
+
+            if sub_schema.keys() == {'discriminator', 'oneOf'}:
+                # we don't want discriminator information inside oneOf choices, this is dealt with elsewhere
+                sub_schema.pop('discriminator')
+            sub_field_schemas.append(sub_schema)
+            nested_models.update(sub_nested_models)
+        s['oneOf' if field_has_discriminator else 'anyOf'] = sub_field_schemas
+        return s, definitions, nested_models
+
+
+# Order is important, e.g. subclasses of str must go before str
+# this is used only for standard library types, custom types should use __modify_schema__ instead
+field_class_to_schema: Tuple[Tuple[Any, Dict[str, Any]], ...] = (
+    (Path, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'path'}),
+    (datetime, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'date-time'}),
+    (date, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'date'}),
+    (time, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'time'}),
+    (timedelta, {'type': 'number', 'format': 'time-delta'}),
+    (IPv4Network, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'ipv4network'}),
+    (IPv6Network, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'ipv6network'}),
+    (IPv4Interface, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'ipv4interface'}),
+    (IPv6Interface, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'ipv6interface'}),
+    (IPv4Address, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'ipv4'}),
+    (IPv6Address, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'ipv6'}),
+    (Pattern, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'regex'}),
+    (str, {'type': 'string'}),
+    (bytes, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'binary'}),
+    (bool, {'type': 'boolean'}),
+    (int, {'type': 'integer'}),
+    (float, {'type': 'number'}),
+    (Decimal, {'type': 'number'}),
+    (UUID, {'type': 'string', 'format': 'uuid'}),
+    (dict, {'type': 'object'}),
+    (list, {'type': 'array', 'items': {}}),
+    (tuple, {'type': 'array', 'items': {}}),
+    (set, {'type': 'array', 'items': {}, 'uniqueItems': True}),
+    (frozenset, {'type': 'array', 'items': {}, 'uniqueItems': True}),
+)
+
+json_scheme = {'type': 'string', 'format': 'json-string'}
+
+
+def add_field_type_to_schema(field_type: Any, schema_: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+    """
+    Update the given `schema` with the type-specific metadata for the given `field_type`.
+
+    This function looks through `field_class_to_schema` for a class that matches the given `field_type`,
+    and then modifies the given `schema` with the information from that type.
+    """
+    for type_, t_schema in field_class_to_schema:
+        # Fallback for `typing.Pattern` and `re.Pattern` as they are not a valid class
+        if lenient_issubclass(field_type, type_) or field_type is type_ is Pattern:
+            schema_.update(t_schema)
+            break
+
+
+def get_schema_ref(name: str, ref_prefix: Optional[str], ref_template: str, schema_overrides: bool) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    if ref_prefix:
+        schema_ref = {'$ref': ref_prefix + name}
+    else:
+        schema_ref = {'$ref': ref_template.format(model=name)}
+    return {'allOf': [schema_ref]} if schema_overrides else schema_ref
+
+
+def field_singleton_schema(  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+    field: ModelField,
+    *,
+    by_alias: bool,
+    model_name_map: Dict[TypeModelOrEnum, str],
+    ref_template: str,
+    schema_overrides: bool = False,
+    ref_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+    known_models: TypeModelSet,
+) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, Any], Set[str]]:
+    """
+    This function is indirectly used by ``field_schema()``, you should probably be using that function.
+
+    Take a single Pydantic ``ModelField``, and return its schema and any additional definitions from sub-models.
+    """
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+    definitions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    nested_models: Set[str] = set()
+    field_type = field.type_
+
+    # Recurse into this field if it contains sub_fields and is NOT a
+    # BaseModel OR that BaseModel is a const
+    if field.sub_fields and (
+        (field.field_info and field.field_info.const) or not lenient_issubclass(field_type, BaseModel)
+    ):
+        return field_singleton_sub_fields_schema(
+            field,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+            schema_overrides=schema_overrides,
+            ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+            known_models=known_models,
+        )
+    if field_type is Any or field_type is object or field_type.__class__ == TypeVar or get_origin(field_type) is type:
+        return {}, definitions, nested_models  # no restrictions
+    if is_none_type(field_type):
+        return {'type': 'null'}, definitions, nested_models
+    if is_callable_type(field_type):
+        raise SkipField(f'Callable {field.name} was excluded from schema since JSON schema has no equivalent type.')
+    f_schema: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    if field.field_info is not None and field.field_info.const:
+        f_schema['const'] = field.default
+
+    if is_literal_type(field_type):
+        values = tuple(x.value if isinstance(x, Enum) else x for x in all_literal_values(field_type))
+
+        if len({v.__class__ for v in values}) > 1:
+            return field_schema(
+                multitypes_literal_field_for_schema(values, field),
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+                ref_template=ref_template,
+                known_models=known_models,
+            )
+
+        # All values have the same type
+        field_type = values[0].__class__
+        f_schema['enum'] = list(values)
+        add_field_type_to_schema(field_type, f_schema)
+    elif lenient_issubclass(field_type, Enum):
+        enum_name = model_name_map[field_type]
+        f_schema, schema_overrides = get_field_info_schema(field, schema_overrides)
+        f_schema.update(get_schema_ref(enum_name, ref_prefix, ref_template, schema_overrides))
+        definitions[enum_name] = enum_process_schema(field_type, field=field)
+    elif is_namedtuple(field_type):
+        sub_schema, *_ = model_process_schema(
+            field_type.__pydantic_model__,
+            by_alias=by_alias,
+            model_name_map=model_name_map,
+            ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+            ref_template=ref_template,
+            known_models=known_models,
+            field=field,
+        )
+        items_schemas = list(sub_schema['properties'].values())
+        f_schema.update(
+            {
+                'type': 'array',
+                'items': items_schemas,
+                'minItems': len(items_schemas),
+                'maxItems': len(items_schemas),
+            }
+        )
+    elif not hasattr(field_type, '__pydantic_model__'):
+        add_field_type_to_schema(field_type, f_schema)
+
+        modify_schema = getattr(field_type, '__modify_schema__', None)
+        if modify_schema:
+            _apply_modify_schema(modify_schema, field, f_schema)
+
+    if f_schema:
+        return f_schema, definitions, nested_models
+
+    # Handle dataclass-based models
+    if lenient_issubclass(getattr(field_type, '__pydantic_model__', None), BaseModel):
+        field_type = field_type.__pydantic_model__
+
+    if issubclass(field_type, BaseModel):
+        model_name = model_name_map[field_type]
+        if field_type not in known_models:
+            sub_schema, sub_definitions, sub_nested_models = model_process_schema(
+                field_type,
+                by_alias=by_alias,
+                model_name_map=model_name_map,
+                ref_prefix=ref_prefix,
+                ref_template=ref_template,
+                known_models=known_models,
+                field=field,
+            )
+            definitions.update(sub_definitions)
+            definitions[model_name] = sub_schema
+            nested_models.update(sub_nested_models)
+        else:
+            nested_models.add(model_name)
+        schema_ref = get_schema_ref(model_name, ref_prefix, ref_template, schema_overrides)
+        return schema_ref, definitions, nested_models
+
+    # For generics with no args
+    args = get_args(field_type)
+    if args is not None and not args and Generic in field_type.__bases__:
+        return f_schema, definitions, nested_models
+
+    raise ValueError(f'Value not declarable with JSON Schema, field: {field}')
+
+
+def multitypes_literal_field_for_schema(values: Tuple[Any, ...], field: ModelField) -> ModelField:
+    """
+    To support `Literal` with values of different types, we split it into multiple `Literal` with same type
+    e.g. `Literal['qwe', 'asd', 1, 2]` becomes `Union[Literal['qwe', 'asd'], Literal[1, 2]]`
+    """
+    literal_distinct_types = defaultdict(list)
+    for v in values:
+        literal_distinct_types[v.__class__].append(v)
+    distinct_literals = (Literal[tuple(same_type_values)] for same_type_values in literal_distinct_types.values())
+
+    return ModelField(
+        name=field.name,
+        type_=Union[tuple(distinct_literals)],  # type: ignore
+        class_validators=field.class_validators,
+        model_config=field.model_config,
+        default=field.default,
+        required=field.required,
+        alias=field.alias,
+        field_info=field.field_info,
+    )
+
+
+def encode_default(dft: Any) -> Any:
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+    if isinstance(dft, BaseModel) or is_dataclass(dft):
+        dft = cast('dict[str, Any]', pydantic_encoder(dft))
+
+    if isinstance(dft, dict):
+        return {encode_default(k): encode_default(v) for k, v in dft.items()}
+    elif isinstance(dft, Enum):
+        return dft.value
+    elif isinstance(dft, (int, float, str)):
+        return dft
+    elif isinstance(dft, (list, tuple)):
+        t = dft.__class__
+        seq_args = (encode_default(v) for v in dft)
+        return t(*seq_args) if is_namedtuple(t) else t(seq_args)
+    elif dft is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return pydantic_encoder(dft)
+
+
+_map_types_constraint: Dict[Any, Callable[..., type]] = {int: conint, float: confloat, Decimal: condecimal}
+
+
+def get_annotation_from_field_info(
+    annotation: Any, field_info: FieldInfo, field_name: str, validate_assignment: bool = False
+) -> Type[Any]:
+    """
+    Get an annotation with validation implemented for numbers and strings based on the field_info.
+    :param annotation: an annotation from a field specification, as ``str``, ``ConstrainedStr``
+    :param field_info: an instance of FieldInfo, possibly with declarations for validations and JSON Schema
+    :param field_name: name of the field for use in error messages
+    :param validate_assignment: default False, flag for BaseModel Config value of validate_assignment
+    :return: the same ``annotation`` if unmodified or a new annotation with validation in place
+    """
+    constraints = field_info.get_constraints()
+    used_constraints: Set[str] = set()
+    if constraints:
+        annotation, used_constraints = get_annotation_with_constraints(annotation, field_info)
+    if validate_assignment:
+        used_constraints.add('allow_mutation')
+
+    unused_constraints = constraints - used_constraints
+    if unused_constraints:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f'On field "{field_name}" the following field constraints are set but not enforced: '
+            f'{", ".join(unused_constraints)}. '
+            f'\nFor more details see https://docs.pydantic.dev/usage/schema/#unenforced-field-constraints'
+        )
+
+    return annotation
+
+
+def get_annotation_with_constraints(annotation: Any, field_info: FieldInfo) -> Tuple[Type[Any], Set[str]]:  # noqa: C901
+    """
+    Get an annotation with used constraints implemented for numbers and strings based on the field_info.
+
+    :param annotation: an annotation from a field specification, as ``str``, ``ConstrainedStr``
+    :param field_info: an instance of FieldInfo, possibly with declarations for validations and JSON Schema
+    :return: the same ``annotation`` if unmodified or a new annotation along with the used constraints.
+    """
+    used_constraints: Set[str] = set()
+
+    def go(type_: Any) -> Type[Any]:
+        if (
+            is_literal_type(type_)
+            or isinstance(type_, ForwardRef)
+            or lenient_issubclass(type_, (ConstrainedList, ConstrainedSet, ConstrainedFrozenSet))
+        ):
+            return type_
+        origin = get_origin(type_)
+        if origin is not None:
+            args: Tuple[Any, ...] = get_args(type_)
+            if any(isinstance(a, ForwardRef) for a in args):
+                # forward refs cause infinite recursion below
+                return type_
+
+            if origin is Annotated:
+                return go(args[0])
+            if is_union(origin):
+                return Union[tuple(go(a) for a in args)]  # type: ignore
+
+            if issubclass(origin, List) and (
+                field_info.min_items is not None
+                or field_info.max_items is not None
+                or field_info.unique_items is not None
+            ):
+                used_constraints.update({'min_items', 'max_items', 'unique_items'})
+                return conlist(
+                    go(args[0]),
+                    min_items=field_info.min_items,
+                    max_items=field_info.max_items,
+                    unique_items=field_info.unique_items,
+                )
+
+            if issubclass(origin, Set) and (field_info.min_items is not None or field_info.max_items is not None):
+                used_constraints.update({'min_items', 'max_items'})
+                return conset(go(args[0]), min_items=field_info.min_items, max_items=field_info.max_items)
+
+            if issubclass(origin, FrozenSet) and (field_info.min_items is not None or field_info.max_items is not None):
+                used_constraints.update({'min_items', 'max_items'})
+                return confrozenset(go(args[0]), min_items=field_info.min_items, max_items=field_info.max_items)
+
+            for t in (Tuple, List, Set, FrozenSet, Sequence):
+                if issubclass(origin, t):  # type: ignore
+                    return t[tuple(go(a) for a in args)]  # type: ignore
+
+            if issubclass(origin, Dict):
+                return Dict[args[0], go(args[1])]  # type: ignore
+
+        attrs: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = None
+        constraint_func: Optional[Callable[..., type]] = None
+        if isinstance(type_, type):
+            if issubclass(type_, (SecretStr, SecretBytes)):
+                attrs = ('max_length', 'min_length')
+
+                def constraint_func(**kw: Any) -> Type[Any]:  # noqa: F811
+                    return type(type_.__name__, (type_,), kw)
+
+            elif issubclass(type_, str) and not issubclass(type_, (EmailStr, AnyUrl)):
+                attrs = ('max_length', 'min_length', 'regex')
+                if issubclass(type_, StrictStr):
+
+                    def constraint_func(**kw: Any) -> Type[Any]:
+                        return type(type_.__name__, (type_,), kw)
+
+                else:
+                    constraint_func = constr
+            elif issubclass(type_, bytes):
+                attrs = ('max_length', 'min_length', 'regex')
+                if issubclass(type_, StrictBytes):
+
+                    def constraint_func(**kw: Any) -> Type[Any]:
+                        return type(type_.__name__, (type_,), kw)
+
+                else:
+                    constraint_func = conbytes
+            elif issubclass(type_, numeric_types) and not issubclass(
+                type_,
+                (
+                    ConstrainedInt,
+                    ConstrainedFloat,
+                    ConstrainedDecimal,
+                    ConstrainedList,
+                    ConstrainedSet,
+                    ConstrainedFrozenSet,
+                    bool,
+                ),
+            ):
+                # Is numeric type
+                attrs = ('gt', 'lt', 'ge', 'le', 'multiple_of')
+                if issubclass(type_, float):
+                    attrs += ('allow_inf_nan',)
+                if issubclass(type_, Decimal):
+                    attrs += ('max_digits', 'decimal_places')
+                numeric_type = next(t for t in numeric_types if issubclass(type_, t))  # pragma: no branch
+                constraint_func = _map_types_constraint[numeric_type]
+
+        if attrs:
+            used_constraints.update(set(attrs))
+            kwargs = {
+                attr_name: attr
+                for attr_name, attr in ((attr_name, getattr(field_info, attr_name)) for attr_name in attrs)
+                if attr is not None
+            }
+            if kwargs:
+                constraint_func = cast(Callable[..., type], constraint_func)
+                return constraint_func(**kwargs)
+        return type_
+
+    return go(annotation), used_constraints
+
+
+def normalize_name(name: str) -> str:
+    """
+    Normalizes the given name. This can be applied to either a model *or* enum.
+    """
+    return re.sub(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9.\-_]', '_', name)
+
+
+class SkipField(Exception):
+    """
+    Utility exception used to exclude fields from schema.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        self.message = message
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/tools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/tools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6838a23e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/tools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import json
+from functools import lru_cache
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
+
+from pydantic.v1.parse import Protocol, load_file, load_str_bytes
+from pydantic.v1.types import StrBytes
+from pydantic.v1.typing import display_as_type
+
+__all__ = ('parse_file_as', 'parse_obj_as', 'parse_raw_as', 'schema_of', 'schema_json_of')
+
+NameFactory = Union[str, Callable[[Type[Any]], str]]
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import DictStrAny
+
+
+def _generate_parsing_type_name(type_: Any) -> str:
+    return f'ParsingModel[{display_as_type(type_)}]'
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=2048)
+def _get_parsing_type(type_: Any, *, type_name: Optional[NameFactory] = None) -> Any:
+    from pydantic.v1.main import create_model
+
+    if type_name is None:
+        type_name = _generate_parsing_type_name
+    if not isinstance(type_name, str):
+        type_name = type_name(type_)
+    return create_model(type_name, __root__=(type_, ...))
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+def parse_obj_as(type_: Type[T], obj: Any, *, type_name: Optional[NameFactory] = None) -> T:
+    model_type = _get_parsing_type(type_, type_name=type_name)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    return model_type(__root__=obj).__root__
+
+
+def parse_file_as(
+    type_: Type[T],
+    path: Union[str, Path],
+    *,
+    content_type: str = None,
+    encoding: str = 'utf8',
+    proto: Protocol = None,
+    allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    json_loads: Callable[[str], Any] = json.loads,
+    type_name: Optional[NameFactory] = None,
+) -> T:
+    obj = load_file(
+        path,
+        proto=proto,
+        content_type=content_type,
+        encoding=encoding,
+        allow_pickle=allow_pickle,
+        json_loads=json_loads,
+    )
+    return parse_obj_as(type_, obj, type_name=type_name)
+
+
+def parse_raw_as(
+    type_: Type[T],
+    b: StrBytes,
+    *,
+    content_type: str = None,
+    encoding: str = 'utf8',
+    proto: Protocol = None,
+    allow_pickle: bool = False,
+    json_loads: Callable[[str], Any] = json.loads,
+    type_name: Optional[NameFactory] = None,
+) -> T:
+    obj = load_str_bytes(
+        b,
+        proto=proto,
+        content_type=content_type,
+        encoding=encoding,
+        allow_pickle=allow_pickle,
+        json_loads=json_loads,
+    )
+    return parse_obj_as(type_, obj, type_name=type_name)
+
+
+def schema_of(type_: Any, *, title: Optional[NameFactory] = None, **schema_kwargs: Any) -> 'DictStrAny':
+    """Generate a JSON schema (as dict) for the passed model or dynamically generated one"""
+    return _get_parsing_type(type_, type_name=title).schema(**schema_kwargs)
+
+
+def schema_json_of(type_: Any, *, title: Optional[NameFactory] = None, **schema_json_kwargs: Any) -> str:
+    """Generate a JSON schema (as JSON) for the passed model or dynamically generated one"""
+    return _get_parsing_type(type_, type_name=title).schema_json(**schema_json_kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cd789a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1205 @@
+import abc
+import math
+import re
+import warnings
+from datetime import date
+from decimal import Decimal, InvalidOperation
+from enum import Enum
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import new_class
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    ClassVar,
+    Dict,
+    FrozenSet,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Pattern,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+from weakref import WeakSet
+
+from pydantic.v1 import errors
+from pydantic.v1.datetime_parse import parse_date
+from pydantic.v1.utils import import_string, update_not_none
+from pydantic.v1.validators import (
+    bytes_validator,
+    constr_length_validator,
+    constr_lower,
+    constr_strip_whitespace,
+    constr_upper,
+    decimal_validator,
+    float_finite_validator,
+    float_validator,
+    frozenset_validator,
+    int_validator,
+    list_validator,
+    number_multiple_validator,
+    number_size_validator,
+    path_exists_validator,
+    path_validator,
+    set_validator,
+    str_validator,
+    strict_bytes_validator,
+    strict_float_validator,
+    strict_int_validator,
+    strict_str_validator,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    'NoneStr',
+    'NoneBytes',
+    'StrBytes',
+    'NoneStrBytes',
+    'StrictStr',
+    'ConstrainedBytes',
+    'conbytes',
+    'ConstrainedList',
+    'conlist',
+    'ConstrainedSet',
+    'conset',
+    'ConstrainedFrozenSet',
+    'confrozenset',
+    'ConstrainedStr',
+    'constr',
+    'PyObject',
+    'ConstrainedInt',
+    'conint',
+    'PositiveInt',
+    'NegativeInt',
+    'NonNegativeInt',
+    'NonPositiveInt',
+    'ConstrainedFloat',
+    'confloat',
+    'PositiveFloat',
+    'NegativeFloat',
+    'NonNegativeFloat',
+    'NonPositiveFloat',
+    'FiniteFloat',
+    'ConstrainedDecimal',
+    'condecimal',
+    'UUID1',
+    'UUID3',
+    'UUID4',
+    'UUID5',
+    'FilePath',
+    'DirectoryPath',
+    'Json',
+    'JsonWrapper',
+    'SecretField',
+    'SecretStr',
+    'SecretBytes',
+    'StrictBool',
+    'StrictBytes',
+    'StrictInt',
+    'StrictFloat',
+    'PaymentCardNumber',
+    'ByteSize',
+    'PastDate',
+    'FutureDate',
+    'ConstrainedDate',
+    'condate',
+]
+
+NoneStr = Optional[str]
+NoneBytes = Optional[bytes]
+StrBytes = Union[str, bytes]
+NoneStrBytes = Optional[StrBytes]
+OptionalInt = Optional[int]
+OptionalIntFloat = Union[OptionalInt, float]
+OptionalIntFloatDecimal = Union[OptionalIntFloat, Decimal]
+OptionalDate = Optional[date]
+StrIntFloat = Union[str, int, float]
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+    from pydantic.v1.dataclasses import Dataclass
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import CallableGenerator
+
+    ModelOrDc = Type[Union[BaseModel, Dataclass]]
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+_DEFINED_TYPES: 'WeakSet[type]' = WeakSet()
+
+
+@overload
+def _registered(typ: Type[T]) -> Type[T]:
+    pass
+
+
+@overload
+def _registered(typ: 'ConstrainedNumberMeta') -> 'ConstrainedNumberMeta':
+    pass
+
+
+def _registered(typ: Union[Type[T], 'ConstrainedNumberMeta']) -> Union[Type[T], 'ConstrainedNumberMeta']:
+    # In order to generate valid examples of constrained types, Hypothesis needs
+    # to inspect the type object - so we keep a weakref to each contype object
+    # until it can be registered.  When (or if) our Hypothesis plugin is loaded,
+    # it monkeypatches this function.
+    # If Hypothesis is never used, the total effect is to keep a weak reference
+    # which has minimal memory usage and doesn't even affect garbage collection.
+    _DEFINED_TYPES.add(typ)
+    return typ
+
+
+class ConstrainedNumberMeta(type):
+    def __new__(cls, name: str, bases: Any, dct: Dict[str, Any]) -> 'ConstrainedInt':  # type: ignore
+        new_cls = cast('ConstrainedInt', type.__new__(cls, name, bases, dct))
+
+        if new_cls.gt is not None and new_cls.ge is not None:
+            raise errors.ConfigError('bounds gt and ge cannot be specified at the same time')
+        if new_cls.lt is not None and new_cls.le is not None:
+            raise errors.ConfigError('bounds lt and le cannot be specified at the same time')
+
+        return _registered(new_cls)  # type: ignore
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BOOLEAN TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    StrictBool = bool
+else:
+
+    class StrictBool(int):
+        """
+        StrictBool to allow for bools which are not type-coerced.
+        """
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            field_schema.update(type='boolean')
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, value: Any) -> bool:
+            """
+            Ensure that we only allow bools.
+            """
+            if isinstance(value, bool):
+                return value
+
+            raise errors.StrictBoolError()
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ INTEGER TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class ConstrainedInt(int, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
+    strict: bool = False
+    gt: OptionalInt = None
+    ge: OptionalInt = None
+    lt: OptionalInt = None
+    le: OptionalInt = None
+    multiple_of: OptionalInt = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(
+            field_schema,
+            exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt,
+            exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt,
+            minimum=cls.ge,
+            maximum=cls.le,
+            multipleOf=cls.multiple_of,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield strict_int_validator if cls.strict else int_validator
+        yield number_size_validator
+        yield number_multiple_validator
+
+
+def conint(
+    *,
+    strict: bool = False,
+    gt: Optional[int] = None,
+    ge: Optional[int] = None,
+    lt: Optional[int] = None,
+    le: Optional[int] = None,
+    multiple_of: Optional[int] = None,
+) -> Type[int]:
+    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
+    namespace = dict(strict=strict, gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le, multiple_of=multiple_of)
+    return type('ConstrainedIntValue', (ConstrainedInt,), namespace)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PositiveInt = int
+    NegativeInt = int
+    NonPositiveInt = int
+    NonNegativeInt = int
+    StrictInt = int
+else:
+
+    class PositiveInt(ConstrainedInt):
+        gt = 0
+
+    class NegativeInt(ConstrainedInt):
+        lt = 0
+
+    class NonPositiveInt(ConstrainedInt):
+        le = 0
+
+    class NonNegativeInt(ConstrainedInt):
+        ge = 0
+
+    class StrictInt(ConstrainedInt):
+        strict = True
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FLOAT TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class ConstrainedFloat(float, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
+    strict: bool = False
+    gt: OptionalIntFloat = None
+    ge: OptionalIntFloat = None
+    lt: OptionalIntFloat = None
+    le: OptionalIntFloat = None
+    multiple_of: OptionalIntFloat = None
+    allow_inf_nan: Optional[bool] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(
+            field_schema,
+            exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt,
+            exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt,
+            minimum=cls.ge,
+            maximum=cls.le,
+            multipleOf=cls.multiple_of,
+        )
+        # Modify constraints to account for differences between IEEE floats and JSON
+        if field_schema.get('exclusiveMinimum') == -math.inf:
+            del field_schema['exclusiveMinimum']
+        if field_schema.get('minimum') == -math.inf:
+            del field_schema['minimum']
+        if field_schema.get('exclusiveMaximum') == math.inf:
+            del field_schema['exclusiveMaximum']
+        if field_schema.get('maximum') == math.inf:
+            del field_schema['maximum']
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield strict_float_validator if cls.strict else float_validator
+        yield number_size_validator
+        yield number_multiple_validator
+        yield float_finite_validator
+
+
+def confloat(
+    *,
+    strict: bool = False,
+    gt: float = None,
+    ge: float = None,
+    lt: float = None,
+    le: float = None,
+    multiple_of: float = None,
+    allow_inf_nan: Optional[bool] = None,
+) -> Type[float]:
+    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
+    namespace = dict(strict=strict, gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le, multiple_of=multiple_of, allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan)
+    return type('ConstrainedFloatValue', (ConstrainedFloat,), namespace)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PositiveFloat = float
+    NegativeFloat = float
+    NonPositiveFloat = float
+    NonNegativeFloat = float
+    StrictFloat = float
+    FiniteFloat = float
+else:
+
+    class PositiveFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
+        gt = 0
+
+    class NegativeFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
+        lt = 0
+
+    class NonPositiveFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
+        le = 0
+
+    class NonNegativeFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
+        ge = 0
+
+    class StrictFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
+        strict = True
+
+    class FiniteFloat(ConstrainedFloat):
+        allow_inf_nan = False
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BYTES TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class ConstrainedBytes(bytes):
+    strip_whitespace = False
+    to_upper = False
+    to_lower = False
+    min_length: OptionalInt = None
+    max_length: OptionalInt = None
+    strict: bool = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(field_schema, minLength=cls.min_length, maxLength=cls.max_length)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield strict_bytes_validator if cls.strict else bytes_validator
+        yield constr_strip_whitespace
+        yield constr_upper
+        yield constr_lower
+        yield constr_length_validator
+
+
+def conbytes(
+    *,
+    strip_whitespace: bool = False,
+    to_upper: bool = False,
+    to_lower: bool = False,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    strict: bool = False,
+) -> Type[bytes]:
+    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
+    namespace = dict(
+        strip_whitespace=strip_whitespace,
+        to_upper=to_upper,
+        to_lower=to_lower,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        strict=strict,
+    )
+    return _registered(type('ConstrainedBytesValue', (ConstrainedBytes,), namespace))
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    StrictBytes = bytes
+else:
+
+    class StrictBytes(ConstrainedBytes):
+        strict = True
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ STRING TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class ConstrainedStr(str):
+    strip_whitespace = False
+    to_upper = False
+    to_lower = False
+    min_length: OptionalInt = None
+    max_length: OptionalInt = None
+    curtail_length: OptionalInt = None
+    regex: Optional[Union[str, Pattern[str]]] = None
+    strict = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(
+            field_schema,
+            minLength=cls.min_length,
+            maxLength=cls.max_length,
+            pattern=cls.regex and cls._get_pattern(cls.regex),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield strict_str_validator if cls.strict else str_validator
+        yield constr_strip_whitespace
+        yield constr_upper
+        yield constr_lower
+        yield constr_length_validator
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Union[str]) -> Union[str]:
+        if cls.curtail_length and len(value) > cls.curtail_length:
+            value = value[: cls.curtail_length]
+
+        if cls.regex:
+            if not re.match(cls.regex, value):
+                raise errors.StrRegexError(pattern=cls._get_pattern(cls.regex))
+
+        return value
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_pattern(regex: Union[str, Pattern[str]]) -> str:
+        return regex if isinstance(regex, str) else regex.pattern
+
+
+def constr(
+    *,
+    strip_whitespace: bool = False,
+    to_upper: bool = False,
+    to_lower: bool = False,
+    strict: bool = False,
+    min_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    max_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    curtail_length: Optional[int] = None,
+    regex: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Type[str]:
+    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
+    namespace = dict(
+        strip_whitespace=strip_whitespace,
+        to_upper=to_upper,
+        to_lower=to_lower,
+        strict=strict,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        curtail_length=curtail_length,
+        regex=regex and re.compile(regex),
+    )
+    return _registered(type('ConstrainedStrValue', (ConstrainedStr,), namespace))
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    StrictStr = str
+else:
+
+    class StrictStr(ConstrainedStr):
+        strict = True
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SET TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+# This types superclass should be Set[T], but cython chokes on that...
+class ConstrainedSet(set):  # type: ignore
+    # Needed for pydantic to detect that this is a set
+    __origin__ = set
+    __args__: Set[Type[T]]  # type: ignore
+
+    min_items: Optional[int] = None
+    max_items: Optional[int] = None
+    item_type: Type[T]  # type: ignore
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.set_length_validator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(field_schema, minItems=cls.min_items, maxItems=cls.max_items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_length_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[Set[T]]') -> 'Optional[Set[T]]':
+        if v is None:
+            return None
+
+        v = set_validator(v)
+        v_len = len(v)
+
+        if cls.min_items is not None and v_len < cls.min_items:
+            raise errors.SetMinLengthError(limit_value=cls.min_items)
+
+        if cls.max_items is not None and v_len > cls.max_items:
+            raise errors.SetMaxLengthError(limit_value=cls.max_items)
+
+        return v
+
+
+def conset(item_type: Type[T], *, min_items: Optional[int] = None, max_items: Optional[int] = None) -> Type[Set[T]]:
+    # __args__ is needed to conform to typing generics api
+    namespace = {'min_items': min_items, 'max_items': max_items, 'item_type': item_type, '__args__': [item_type]}
+    # We use new_class to be able to deal with Generic types
+    return new_class('ConstrainedSetValue', (ConstrainedSet,), {}, lambda ns: ns.update(namespace))
+
+
+# This types superclass should be FrozenSet[T], but cython chokes on that...
+class ConstrainedFrozenSet(frozenset):  # type: ignore
+    # Needed for pydantic to detect that this is a set
+    __origin__ = frozenset
+    __args__: FrozenSet[Type[T]]  # type: ignore
+
+    min_items: Optional[int] = None
+    max_items: Optional[int] = None
+    item_type: Type[T]  # type: ignore
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.frozenset_length_validator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(field_schema, minItems=cls.min_items, maxItems=cls.max_items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def frozenset_length_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[FrozenSet[T]]') -> 'Optional[FrozenSet[T]]':
+        if v is None:
+            return None
+
+        v = frozenset_validator(v)
+        v_len = len(v)
+
+        if cls.min_items is not None and v_len < cls.min_items:
+            raise errors.FrozenSetMinLengthError(limit_value=cls.min_items)
+
+        if cls.max_items is not None and v_len > cls.max_items:
+            raise errors.FrozenSetMaxLengthError(limit_value=cls.max_items)
+
+        return v
+
+
+def confrozenset(
+    item_type: Type[T], *, min_items: Optional[int] = None, max_items: Optional[int] = None
+) -> Type[FrozenSet[T]]:
+    # __args__ is needed to conform to typing generics api
+    namespace = {'min_items': min_items, 'max_items': max_items, 'item_type': item_type, '__args__': [item_type]}
+    # We use new_class to be able to deal with Generic types
+    return new_class('ConstrainedFrozenSetValue', (ConstrainedFrozenSet,), {}, lambda ns: ns.update(namespace))
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LIST TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+# This types superclass should be List[T], but cython chokes on that...
+class ConstrainedList(list):  # type: ignore
+    # Needed for pydantic to detect that this is a list
+    __origin__ = list
+    __args__: Tuple[Type[T], ...]  # type: ignore
+
+    min_items: Optional[int] = None
+    max_items: Optional[int] = None
+    unique_items: Optional[bool] = None
+    item_type: Type[T]  # type: ignore
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.list_length_validator
+        if cls.unique_items:
+            yield cls.unique_items_validator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(field_schema, minItems=cls.min_items, maxItems=cls.max_items, uniqueItems=cls.unique_items)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def list_length_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[List[T]]') -> 'Optional[List[T]]':
+        if v is None:
+            return None
+
+        v = list_validator(v)
+        v_len = len(v)
+
+        if cls.min_items is not None and v_len < cls.min_items:
+            raise errors.ListMinLengthError(limit_value=cls.min_items)
+
+        if cls.max_items is not None and v_len > cls.max_items:
+            raise errors.ListMaxLengthError(limit_value=cls.max_items)
+
+        return v
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unique_items_validator(cls, v: 'Optional[List[T]]') -> 'Optional[List[T]]':
+        if v is None:
+            return None
+
+        for i, value in enumerate(v, start=1):
+            if value in v[i:]:
+                raise errors.ListUniqueItemsError()
+
+        return v
+
+
+def conlist(
+    item_type: Type[T], *, min_items: Optional[int] = None, max_items: Optional[int] = None, unique_items: bool = None
+) -> Type[List[T]]:
+    # __args__ is needed to conform to typing generics api
+    namespace = dict(
+        min_items=min_items, max_items=max_items, unique_items=unique_items, item_type=item_type, __args__=(item_type,)
+    )
+    # We use new_class to be able to deal with Generic types
+    return new_class('ConstrainedListValue', (ConstrainedList,), {}, lambda ns: ns.update(namespace))
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PYOBJECT TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PyObject = Callable[..., Any]
+else:
+
+    class PyObject:
+        validate_always = True
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, value: Any) -> Any:
+            if isinstance(value, Callable):
+                return value
+
+            try:
+                value = str_validator(value)
+            except errors.StrError:
+                raise errors.PyObjectError(error_message='value is neither a valid import path not a valid callable')
+
+            try:
+                return import_string(value)
+            except ImportError as e:
+                raise errors.PyObjectError(error_message=str(e))
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DECIMAL TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class ConstrainedDecimal(Decimal, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
+    gt: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
+    ge: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
+    lt: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
+    le: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
+    max_digits: OptionalInt = None
+    decimal_places: OptionalInt = None
+    multiple_of: OptionalIntFloatDecimal = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(
+            field_schema,
+            exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt,
+            exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt,
+            minimum=cls.ge,
+            maximum=cls.le,
+            multipleOf=cls.multiple_of,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield decimal_validator
+        yield number_size_validator
+        yield number_multiple_validator
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Decimal) -> Decimal:
+        try:
+            normalized_value = value.normalize()
+        except InvalidOperation:
+            normalized_value = value
+        digit_tuple, exponent = normalized_value.as_tuple()[1:]
+        if exponent in {'F', 'n', 'N'}:
+            raise errors.DecimalIsNotFiniteError()
+
+        if exponent >= 0:
+            # A positive exponent adds that many trailing zeros.
+            digits = len(digit_tuple) + exponent
+            decimals = 0
+        else:
+            # If the absolute value of the negative exponent is larger than the
+            # number of digits, then it's the same as the number of digits,
+            # because it'll consume all of the digits in digit_tuple and then
+            # add abs(exponent) - len(digit_tuple) leading zeros after the
+            # decimal point.
+            if abs(exponent) > len(digit_tuple):
+                digits = decimals = abs(exponent)
+            else:
+                digits = len(digit_tuple)
+                decimals = abs(exponent)
+        whole_digits = digits - decimals
+
+        if cls.max_digits is not None and digits > cls.max_digits:
+            raise errors.DecimalMaxDigitsError(max_digits=cls.max_digits)
+
+        if cls.decimal_places is not None and decimals > cls.decimal_places:
+            raise errors.DecimalMaxPlacesError(decimal_places=cls.decimal_places)
+
+        if cls.max_digits is not None and cls.decimal_places is not None:
+            expected = cls.max_digits - cls.decimal_places
+            if whole_digits > expected:
+                raise errors.DecimalWholeDigitsError(whole_digits=expected)
+
+        return value
+
+
+def condecimal(
+    *,
+    gt: Decimal = None,
+    ge: Decimal = None,
+    lt: Decimal = None,
+    le: Decimal = None,
+    max_digits: Optional[int] = None,
+    decimal_places: Optional[int] = None,
+    multiple_of: Decimal = None,
+) -> Type[Decimal]:
+    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
+    namespace = dict(
+        gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le, max_digits=max_digits, decimal_places=decimal_places, multiple_of=multiple_of
+    )
+    return type('ConstrainedDecimalValue', (ConstrainedDecimal,), namespace)
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ UUID TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    UUID1 = UUID
+    UUID3 = UUID
+    UUID4 = UUID
+    UUID5 = UUID
+else:
+
+    class UUID1(UUID):
+        _required_version = 1
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            field_schema.update(type='string', format=f'uuid{cls._required_version}')
+
+    class UUID3(UUID1):
+        _required_version = 3
+
+    class UUID4(UUID1):
+        _required_version = 4
+
+    class UUID5(UUID1):
+        _required_version = 5
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PATH TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    FilePath = Path
+    DirectoryPath = Path
+else:
+
+    class FilePath(Path):
+        @classmethod
+        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            field_schema.update(format='file-path')
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+            yield path_validator
+            yield path_exists_validator
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, value: Path) -> Path:
+            if not value.is_file():
+                raise errors.PathNotAFileError(path=value)
+
+            return value
+
+    class DirectoryPath(Path):
+        @classmethod
+        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            field_schema.update(format='directory-path')
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+            yield path_validator
+            yield path_exists_validator
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, value: Path) -> Path:
+            if not value.is_dir():
+                raise errors.PathNotADirectoryError(path=value)
+
+            return value
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JSON TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class JsonWrapper:
+    pass
+
+
+class JsonMeta(type):
+    def __getitem__(self, t: Type[Any]) -> Type[JsonWrapper]:
+        if t is Any:
+            return Json  # allow Json[Any] to replecate plain Json
+        return _registered(type('JsonWrapperValue', (JsonWrapper,), {'inner_type': t}))
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    Json = Annotated[T, ...]  # Json[list[str]] will be recognized by type checkers as list[str]
+
+else:
+
+    class Json(metaclass=JsonMeta):
+        @classmethod
+        def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            field_schema.update(type='string', format='json-string')
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SECRET TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class SecretField(abc.ABC):
+    """
+    Note: this should be implemented as a generic like `SecretField(ABC, Generic[T])`,
+          the `__init__()` should be part of the abstract class and the
+          `get_secret_value()` method should use the generic `T` type.
+
+          However Cython doesn't support very well generics at the moment and
+          the generated code fails to be imported (see
+          https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2753).
+    """
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) and self.get_secret_value() == other.get_secret_value()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return '**********' if self.get_secret_value() else ''
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self.get_secret_value())
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get_secret_value(self) -> Any:  # pragma: no cover
+        ...
+
+
+class SecretStr(SecretField):
+    min_length: OptionalInt = None
+    max_length: OptionalInt = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(
+            field_schema,
+            type='string',
+            writeOnly=True,
+            format='password',
+            minLength=cls.min_length,
+            maxLength=cls.max_length,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+        yield constr_length_validator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Any) -> 'SecretStr':
+        if isinstance(value, cls):
+            return value
+        value = str_validator(value)
+        return cls(value)
+
+    def __init__(self, value: str):
+        self._secret_value = value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"SecretStr('{self}')"
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._secret_value)
+
+    def display(self) -> str:
+        warnings.warn('`secret_str.display()` is deprecated, use `str(secret_str)` instead', DeprecationWarning)
+        return str(self)
+
+    def get_secret_value(self) -> str:
+        return self._secret_value
+
+
+class SecretBytes(SecretField):
+    min_length: OptionalInt = None
+    max_length: OptionalInt = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(
+            field_schema,
+            type='string',
+            writeOnly=True,
+            format='password',
+            minLength=cls.min_length,
+            maxLength=cls.max_length,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+        yield constr_length_validator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, value: Any) -> 'SecretBytes':
+        if isinstance(value, cls):
+            return value
+        value = bytes_validator(value)
+        return cls(value)
+
+    def __init__(self, value: bytes):
+        self._secret_value = value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"SecretBytes(b'{self}')"
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._secret_value)
+
+    def display(self) -> str:
+        warnings.warn('`secret_bytes.display()` is deprecated, use `str(secret_bytes)` instead', DeprecationWarning)
+        return str(self)
+
+    def get_secret_value(self) -> bytes:
+        return self._secret_value
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ PAYMENT CARD TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+
+class PaymentCardBrand(str, Enum):
+    # If you add another card type, please also add it to the
+    # Hypothesis strategy in `pydantic._hypothesis_plugin`.
+    amex = 'American Express'
+    mastercard = 'Mastercard'
+    visa = 'Visa'
+    other = 'other'
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+
+class PaymentCardNumber(str):
+    """
+    Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number
+    """
+
+    strip_whitespace: ClassVar[bool] = True
+    min_length: ClassVar[int] = 12
+    max_length: ClassVar[int] = 19
+    bin: str
+    last4: str
+    brand: PaymentCardBrand
+
+    def __init__(self, card_number: str):
+        self.bin = card_number[:6]
+        self.last4 = card_number[-4:]
+        self.brand = self._get_brand(card_number)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield str_validator
+        yield constr_strip_whitespace
+        yield constr_length_validator
+        yield cls.validate_digits
+        yield cls.validate_luhn_check_digit
+        yield cls
+        yield cls.validate_length_for_brand
+
+    @property
+    def masked(self) -> str:
+        num_masked = len(self) - 10  # len(bin) + len(last4) == 10
+        return f'{self.bin}{"*" * num_masked}{self.last4}'
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_digits(cls, card_number: str) -> str:
+        if not card_number.isdigit():
+            raise errors.NotDigitError
+        return card_number
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_luhn_check_digit(cls, card_number: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm
+        """
+        sum_ = int(card_number[-1])
+        length = len(card_number)
+        parity = length % 2
+        for i in range(length - 1):
+            digit = int(card_number[i])
+            if i % 2 == parity:
+                digit *= 2
+            if digit > 9:
+                digit -= 9
+            sum_ += digit
+        valid = sum_ % 10 == 0
+        if not valid:
+            raise errors.LuhnValidationError
+        return card_number
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate_length_for_brand(cls, card_number: 'PaymentCardNumber') -> 'PaymentCardNumber':
+        """
+        Validate length based on BIN for major brands:
+        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_card_number#Issuer_identification_number_(IIN)
+        """
+        required_length: Union[None, int, str] = None
+        if card_number.brand in PaymentCardBrand.mastercard:
+            required_length = 16
+            valid = len(card_number) == required_length
+        elif card_number.brand == PaymentCardBrand.visa:
+            required_length = '13, 16 or 19'
+            valid = len(card_number) in {13, 16, 19}
+        elif card_number.brand == PaymentCardBrand.amex:
+            required_length = 15
+            valid = len(card_number) == required_length
+        else:
+            valid = True
+        if not valid:
+            raise errors.InvalidLengthForBrand(brand=card_number.brand, required_length=required_length)
+        return card_number
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_brand(card_number: str) -> PaymentCardBrand:
+        if card_number[0] == '4':
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.visa
+        elif 51 <= int(card_number[:2]) <= 55:
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.mastercard
+        elif card_number[:2] in {'34', '37'}:
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.amex
+        else:
+            brand = PaymentCardBrand.other
+        return brand
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ BYTE SIZE TYPE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+BYTE_SIZES = {
+    'b': 1,
+    'kb': 10**3,
+    'mb': 10**6,
+    'gb': 10**9,
+    'tb': 10**12,
+    'pb': 10**15,
+    'eb': 10**18,
+    'kib': 2**10,
+    'mib': 2**20,
+    'gib': 2**30,
+    'tib': 2**40,
+    'pib': 2**50,
+    'eib': 2**60,
+}
+BYTE_SIZES.update({k.lower()[0]: v for k, v in BYTE_SIZES.items() if 'i' not in k})
+byte_string_re = re.compile(r'^\s*(\d*\.?\d+)\s*(\w+)?', re.IGNORECASE)
+
+
+class ByteSize(int):
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield cls.validate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def validate(cls, v: StrIntFloat) -> 'ByteSize':
+        try:
+            return cls(int(v))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        str_match = byte_string_re.match(str(v))
+        if str_match is None:
+            raise errors.InvalidByteSize()
+
+        scalar, unit = str_match.groups()
+        if unit is None:
+            unit = 'b'
+
+        try:
+            unit_mult = BYTE_SIZES[unit.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise errors.InvalidByteSizeUnit(unit=unit)
+
+        return cls(int(float(scalar) * unit_mult))
+
+    def human_readable(self, decimal: bool = False) -> str:
+        if decimal:
+            divisor = 1000
+            units = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB', 'TB', 'PB']
+            final_unit = 'EB'
+        else:
+            divisor = 1024
+            units = ['B', 'KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB']
+            final_unit = 'EiB'
+
+        num = float(self)
+        for unit in units:
+            if abs(num) < divisor:
+                return f'{num:0.1f}{unit}'
+            num /= divisor
+
+        return f'{num:0.1f}{final_unit}'
+
+    def to(self, unit: str) -> float:
+        try:
+            unit_div = BYTE_SIZES[unit.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise errors.InvalidByteSizeUnit(unit=unit)
+
+        return self / unit_div
+
+
+# ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DATE TYPES ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    PastDate = date
+    FutureDate = date
+else:
+
+    class PastDate(date):
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+            yield parse_date
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, value: date) -> date:
+            if value >= date.today():
+                raise errors.DateNotInThePastError()
+
+            return value
+
+    class FutureDate(date):
+        @classmethod
+        def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+            yield parse_date
+            yield cls.validate
+
+        @classmethod
+        def validate(cls, value: date) -> date:
+            if value <= date.today():
+                raise errors.DateNotInTheFutureError()
+
+            return value
+
+
+class ConstrainedDate(date, metaclass=ConstrainedNumberMeta):
+    gt: OptionalDate = None
+    ge: OptionalDate = None
+    lt: OptionalDate = None
+    le: OptionalDate = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __modify_schema__(cls, field_schema: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        update_not_none(field_schema, exclusiveMinimum=cls.gt, exclusiveMaximum=cls.lt, minimum=cls.ge, maximum=cls.le)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __get_validators__(cls) -> 'CallableGenerator':
+        yield parse_date
+        yield number_size_validator
+
+
+def condate(
+    *,
+    gt: date = None,
+    ge: date = None,
+    lt: date = None,
+    le: date = None,
+) -> Type[date]:
+    # use kwargs then define conf in a dict to aid with IDE type hinting
+    namespace = dict(gt=gt, ge=ge, lt=lt, le=le)
+    return type('ConstrainedDateValue', (ConstrainedDate,), namespace)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3038ccda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,615 @@
+import sys
+import typing
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from os import PathLike
+from typing import (  # type: ignore
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    AbstractSet,
+    Any,
+    Callable as TypingCallable,
+    ClassVar,
+    Dict,
+    ForwardRef,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    NewType,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    _eval_type,
+    cast,
+    get_type_hints,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import (
+    Annotated,
+    Final,
+    Literal,
+    NotRequired as TypedDictNotRequired,
+    Required as TypedDictRequired,
+)
+
+try:
+    from typing import _TypingBase as typing_base  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    from typing import _Final as typing_base  # type: ignore
+
+try:
+    from typing import GenericAlias as TypingGenericAlias  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    # python < 3.9 does not have GenericAlias (list[int], tuple[str, ...] and so on)
+    TypingGenericAlias = ()
+
+try:
+    from types import UnionType as TypesUnionType  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    # python < 3.10 does not have UnionType (str | int, byte | bool and so on)
+    TypesUnionType = ()
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+
+    def evaluate_forwardref(type_: ForwardRef, globalns: Any, localns: Any) -> Any:
+        return type_._evaluate(globalns, localns)
+
+elif sys.version_info < (3, 12, 4):
+
+    def evaluate_forwardref(type_: ForwardRef, globalns: Any, localns: Any) -> Any:
+        # Even though it is the right signature for python 3.9, mypy complains with
+        # `error: Too many arguments for "_evaluate" of "ForwardRef"` hence the cast...
+        # Python 3.13/3.12.4+ made `recursive_guard` a kwarg, so name it explicitly to avoid:
+        # TypeError: ForwardRef._evaluate() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'recursive_guard'
+        return cast(Any, type_)._evaluate(globalns, localns, recursive_guard=set())
+
+else:
+
+    def evaluate_forwardref(type_: ForwardRef, globalns: Any, localns: Any) -> Any:
+        # Pydantic 1.x will not support PEP 695 syntax, but provide `type_params` to avoid
+        # warnings:
+        return cast(Any, type_)._evaluate(globalns, localns, type_params=(), recursive_guard=set())
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+    # Ensure we always get all the whole `Annotated` hint, not just the annotated type.
+    # For 3.7 to 3.8, `get_type_hints` doesn't recognize `typing_extensions.Annotated`,
+    # so it already returns the full annotation
+    get_all_type_hints = get_type_hints
+
+else:
+
+    def get_all_type_hints(obj: Any, globalns: Any = None, localns: Any = None) -> Any:
+        return get_type_hints(obj, globalns, localns, include_extras=True)
+
+
+_T = TypeVar('_T')
+
+AnyCallable = TypingCallable[..., Any]
+NoArgAnyCallable = TypingCallable[[], Any]
+
+# workaround for https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/9496
+AnyArgTCallable = TypingCallable[..., _T]
+
+
+# Annotated[...] is implemented by returning an instance of one of these classes, depending on
+# python/typing_extensions version.
+AnnotatedTypeNames = {'AnnotatedMeta', '_AnnotatedAlias'}
+
+
+LITERAL_TYPES: Set[Any] = {Literal}
+if hasattr(typing, 'Literal'):
+    LITERAL_TYPES.add(typing.Literal)
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+
+    def get_origin(t: Type[Any]) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+        if type(t).__name__ in AnnotatedTypeNames:
+            # weirdly this is a runtime requirement, as well as for mypy
+            return cast(Type[Any], Annotated)
+        return getattr(t, '__origin__', None)
+
+else:
+    from typing import get_origin as _typing_get_origin
+
+    def get_origin(tp: Type[Any]) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+        """
+        We can't directly use `typing.get_origin` since we need a fallback to support
+        custom generic classes like `ConstrainedList`
+        It should be useless once https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3537 is
+        solved and https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/1753 is merged.
+        """
+        if type(tp).__name__ in AnnotatedTypeNames:
+            return cast(Type[Any], Annotated)  # mypy complains about _SpecialForm
+        return _typing_get_origin(tp) or getattr(tp, '__origin__', None)
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    from typing import _GenericAlias
+
+    def get_args(t: Type[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """Compatibility version of get_args for python 3.7.
+
+        Mostly compatible with the python 3.8 `typing` module version
+        and able to handle almost all use cases.
+        """
+        if type(t).__name__ in AnnotatedTypeNames:
+            return t.__args__ + t.__metadata__
+        if isinstance(t, _GenericAlias):
+            res = t.__args__
+            if t.__origin__ is Callable and res and res[0] is not Ellipsis:
+                res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
+            return res
+        return getattr(t, '__args__', ())
+
+else:
+    from typing import get_args as _typing_get_args
+
+    def _generic_get_args(tp: Type[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """
+        In python 3.9, `typing.Dict`, `typing.List`, ...
+        do have an empty `__args__` by default (instead of the generic ~T for example).
+        In order to still support `Dict` for example and consider it as `Dict[Any, Any]`,
+        we retrieve the `_nparams` value that tells us how many parameters it needs.
+        """
+        if hasattr(tp, '_nparams'):
+            return (Any,) * tp._nparams
+        # Special case for `tuple[()]`, which used to return ((),) with `typing.Tuple`
+        # in python 3.10- but now returns () for `tuple` and `Tuple`.
+        # This will probably be clarified in pydantic v2
+        try:
+            if tp == Tuple[()] or sys.version_info >= (3, 9) and tp == tuple[()]:  # type: ignore[misc]
+                return ((),)
+        # there is a TypeError when compiled with cython
+        except TypeError:  # pragma: no cover
+            pass
+        return ()
+
+    def get_args(tp: Type[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
+
+        For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
+        Examples::
+            get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
+            get_args(int) == ()
+            get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
+            get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
+            get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
+        """
+        if type(tp).__name__ in AnnotatedTypeNames:
+            return tp.__args__ + tp.__metadata__
+        # the fallback is needed for the same reasons as `get_origin` (see above)
+        return _typing_get_args(tp) or getattr(tp, '__args__', ()) or _generic_get_args(tp)
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+
+    def convert_generics(tp: Type[Any]) -> Type[Any]:
+        """Python 3.9 and older only supports generics from `typing` module.
+        They convert strings to ForwardRef automatically.
+
+        Examples::
+            typing.List['Hero'] == typing.List[ForwardRef('Hero')]
+        """
+        return tp
+
+else:
+    from typing import _UnionGenericAlias  # type: ignore
+
+    from typing_extensions import _AnnotatedAlias
+
+    def convert_generics(tp: Type[Any]) -> Type[Any]:
+        """
+        Recursively searches for `str` type hints and replaces them with ForwardRef.
+
+        Examples::
+            convert_generics(list['Hero']) == list[ForwardRef('Hero')]
+            convert_generics(dict['Hero', 'Team']) == dict[ForwardRef('Hero'), ForwardRef('Team')]
+            convert_generics(typing.Dict['Hero', 'Team']) == typing.Dict[ForwardRef('Hero'), ForwardRef('Team')]
+            convert_generics(list[str | 'Hero'] | int) == list[str | ForwardRef('Hero')] | int
+        """
+        origin = get_origin(tp)
+        if not origin or not hasattr(tp, '__args__'):
+            return tp
+
+        args = get_args(tp)
+
+        # typing.Annotated needs special treatment
+        if origin is Annotated:
+            return _AnnotatedAlias(convert_generics(args[0]), args[1:])
+
+        # recursively replace `str` instances inside of `GenericAlias` with `ForwardRef(arg)`
+        converted = tuple(
+            ForwardRef(arg) if isinstance(arg, str) and isinstance(tp, TypingGenericAlias) else convert_generics(arg)
+            for arg in args
+        )
+
+        if converted == args:
+            return tp
+        elif isinstance(tp, TypingGenericAlias):
+            return TypingGenericAlias(origin, converted)
+        elif isinstance(tp, TypesUnionType):
+            # recreate types.UnionType (PEP604, Python >= 3.10)
+            return _UnionGenericAlias(origin, converted)
+        else:
+            try:
+                setattr(tp, '__args__', converted)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            return tp
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+
+    def is_union(tp: Optional[Type[Any]]) -> bool:
+        return tp is Union
+
+    WithArgsTypes = (TypingGenericAlias,)
+
+else:
+    import types
+    import typing
+
+    def is_union(tp: Optional[Type[Any]]) -> bool:
+        return tp is Union or tp is types.UnionType  # noqa: E721
+
+    WithArgsTypes = (typing._GenericAlias, types.GenericAlias, types.UnionType)
+
+
+StrPath = Union[str, PathLike]
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic.v1.fields import ModelField
+
+    TupleGenerator = Generator[Tuple[str, Any], None, None]
+    DictStrAny = Dict[str, Any]
+    DictAny = Dict[Any, Any]
+    SetStr = Set[str]
+    ListStr = List[str]
+    IntStr = Union[int, str]
+    AbstractSetIntStr = AbstractSet[IntStr]
+    DictIntStrAny = Dict[IntStr, Any]
+    MappingIntStrAny = Mapping[IntStr, Any]
+    CallableGenerator = Generator[AnyCallable, None, None]
+    ReprArgs = Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Any]]
+
+    MYPY = False
+    if MYPY:
+        AnyClassMethod = classmethod[Any]
+    else:
+        # classmethod[TargetType, CallableParamSpecType, CallableReturnType]
+        AnyClassMethod = classmethod[Any, Any, Any]
+
+__all__ = (
+    'AnyCallable',
+    'NoArgAnyCallable',
+    'NoneType',
+    'is_none_type',
+    'display_as_type',
+    'resolve_annotations',
+    'is_callable_type',
+    'is_literal_type',
+    'all_literal_values',
+    'is_namedtuple',
+    'is_typeddict',
+    'is_typeddict_special',
+    'is_new_type',
+    'new_type_supertype',
+    'is_classvar',
+    'is_finalvar',
+    'update_field_forward_refs',
+    'update_model_forward_refs',
+    'TupleGenerator',
+    'DictStrAny',
+    'DictAny',
+    'SetStr',
+    'ListStr',
+    'IntStr',
+    'AbstractSetIntStr',
+    'DictIntStrAny',
+    'CallableGenerator',
+    'ReprArgs',
+    'AnyClassMethod',
+    'CallableGenerator',
+    'WithArgsTypes',
+    'get_args',
+    'get_origin',
+    'get_sub_types',
+    'typing_base',
+    'get_all_type_hints',
+    'is_union',
+    'StrPath',
+    'MappingIntStrAny',
+)
+
+
+NoneType = None.__class__
+
+
+NONE_TYPES: Tuple[Any, Any, Any] = (None, NoneType, Literal[None])
+
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
+    # Even though this implementation is slower, we need it for python 3.7:
+    # In python 3.7 "Literal" is not a builtin type and uses a different
+    # mechanism.
+    # for this reason `Literal[None] is Literal[None]` evaluates to `False`,
+    # breaking the faster implementation used for the other python versions.
+
+    def is_none_type(type_: Any) -> bool:
+        return type_ in NONE_TYPES
+
+elif sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 8):
+
+    def is_none_type(type_: Any) -> bool:
+        for none_type in NONE_TYPES:
+            if type_ is none_type:
+                return True
+        # With python 3.8, specifically 3.8.10, Literal "is" check sare very flakey
+        # can change on very subtle changes like use of types in other modules,
+        # hopefully this check avoids that issue.
+        if is_literal_type(type_):  # pragma: no cover
+            return all_literal_values(type_) == (None,)
+        return False
+
+else:
+
+    def is_none_type(type_: Any) -> bool:
+        return type_ in NONE_TYPES
+
+
+def display_as_type(v: Type[Any]) -> str:
+    if not isinstance(v, typing_base) and not isinstance(v, WithArgsTypes) and not isinstance(v, type):
+        v = v.__class__
+
+    if is_union(get_origin(v)):
+        return f'Union[{", ".join(map(display_as_type, get_args(v)))}]'
+
+    if isinstance(v, WithArgsTypes):
+        # Generic alias are constructs like `list[int]`
+        return str(v).replace('typing.', '')
+
+    try:
+        return v.__name__
+    except AttributeError:
+        # happens with typing objects
+        return str(v).replace('typing.', '')
+
+
+def resolve_annotations(raw_annotations: Dict[str, Type[Any]], module_name: Optional[str]) -> Dict[str, Type[Any]]:
+    """
+    Partially taken from typing.get_type_hints.
+
+    Resolve string or ForwardRef annotations into type objects if possible.
+    """
+    base_globals: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+    if module_name:
+        try:
+            module = sys.modules[module_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            # happens occasionally, see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/2363
+            pass
+        else:
+            base_globals = module.__dict__
+
+    annotations = {}
+    for name, value in raw_annotations.items():
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            if (3, 10) > sys.version_info >= (3, 9, 8) or sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 1):
+                value = ForwardRef(value, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
+            else:
+                value = ForwardRef(value, is_argument=False)
+        try:
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+                value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, None, type_params=())
+            else:
+                value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, None)
+        except NameError:
+            # this is ok, it can be fixed with update_forward_refs
+            pass
+        annotations[name] = value
+    return annotations
+
+
+def is_callable_type(type_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    return type_ is Callable or get_origin(type_) is Callable
+
+
+def is_literal_type(type_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    return Literal is not None and get_origin(type_) in LITERAL_TYPES
+
+
+def literal_values(type_: Type[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    return get_args(type_)
+
+
+def all_literal_values(type_: Type[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """
+    This method is used to retrieve all Literal values as
+    Literal can be used recursively (see https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0586)
+    e.g. `Literal[Literal[Literal[1, 2, 3], "foo"], 5, None]`
+    """
+    if not is_literal_type(type_):
+        return (type_,)
+
+    values = literal_values(type_)
+    return tuple(x for value in values for x in all_literal_values(value))
+
+
+def is_namedtuple(type_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a given class is a named tuple.
+    It can be either a `typing.NamedTuple` or `collections.namedtuple`
+    """
+    from pydantic.v1.utils import lenient_issubclass
+
+    return lenient_issubclass(type_, tuple) and hasattr(type_, '_fields')
+
+
+def is_typeddict(type_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a given class is a typed dict (from `typing` or `typing_extensions`)
+    In 3.10, there will be a public method (https://docs.python.org/3.10/library/typing.html#typing.is_typeddict)
+    """
+    from pydantic.v1.utils import lenient_issubclass
+
+    return lenient_issubclass(type_, dict) and hasattr(type_, '__total__')
+
+
+def _check_typeddict_special(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    return type_ is TypedDictRequired or type_ is TypedDictNotRequired
+
+
+def is_typeddict_special(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if type is a TypedDict special form (Required or NotRequired).
+    """
+    return _check_typeddict_special(type_) or _check_typeddict_special(get_origin(type_))
+
+
+test_type = NewType('test_type', str)
+
+
+def is_new_type(type_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check whether type_ was created using typing.NewType
+    """
+    return isinstance(type_, test_type.__class__) and hasattr(type_, '__supertype__')  # type: ignore
+
+
+def new_type_supertype(type_: Type[Any]) -> Type[Any]:
+    while hasattr(type_, '__supertype__'):
+        type_ = type_.__supertype__
+    return type_
+
+
+def _check_classvar(v: Optional[Type[Any]]) -> bool:
+    if v is None:
+        return False
+
+    return v.__class__ == ClassVar.__class__ and getattr(v, '_name', None) == 'ClassVar'
+
+
+def _check_finalvar(v: Optional[Type[Any]]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check if a given type is a `typing.Final` type.
+    """
+    if v is None:
+        return False
+
+    return v.__class__ == Final.__class__ and (sys.version_info < (3, 8) or getattr(v, '_name', None) == 'Final')
+
+
+def is_classvar(ann_type: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    if _check_classvar(ann_type) or _check_classvar(get_origin(ann_type)):
+        return True
+
+    # this is an ugly workaround for class vars that contain forward references and are therefore themselves
+    # forward references, see #3679
+    if ann_type.__class__ == ForwardRef and ann_type.__forward_arg__.startswith('ClassVar['):
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def is_finalvar(ann_type: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    return _check_finalvar(ann_type) or _check_finalvar(get_origin(ann_type))
+
+
+def update_field_forward_refs(field: 'ModelField', globalns: Any, localns: Any) -> None:
+    """
+    Try to update ForwardRefs on fields based on this ModelField, globalns and localns.
+    """
+    prepare = False
+    if field.type_.__class__ == ForwardRef:
+        prepare = True
+        field.type_ = evaluate_forwardref(field.type_, globalns, localns or None)
+    if field.outer_type_.__class__ == ForwardRef:
+        prepare = True
+        field.outer_type_ = evaluate_forwardref(field.outer_type_, globalns, localns or None)
+    if prepare:
+        field.prepare()
+
+    if field.sub_fields:
+        for sub_f in field.sub_fields:
+            update_field_forward_refs(sub_f, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+
+    if field.discriminator_key is not None:
+        field.prepare_discriminated_union_sub_fields()
+
+
+def update_model_forward_refs(
+    model: Type[Any],
+    fields: Iterable['ModelField'],
+    json_encoders: Dict[Union[Type[Any], str, ForwardRef], AnyCallable],
+    localns: 'DictStrAny',
+    exc_to_suppress: Tuple[Type[BaseException], ...] = (),
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Try to update model fields ForwardRefs based on model and localns.
+    """
+    if model.__module__ in sys.modules:
+        globalns = sys.modules[model.__module__].__dict__.copy()
+    else:
+        globalns = {}
+
+    globalns.setdefault(model.__name__, model)
+
+    for f in fields:
+        try:
+            update_field_forward_refs(f, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+        except exc_to_suppress:
+            pass
+
+    for key in set(json_encoders.keys()):
+        if isinstance(key, str):
+            fr: ForwardRef = ForwardRef(key)
+        elif isinstance(key, ForwardRef):
+            fr = key
+        else:
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            new_key = evaluate_forwardref(fr, globalns, localns or None)
+        except exc_to_suppress:  # pragma: no cover
+            continue
+
+        json_encoders[new_key] = json_encoders.pop(key)
+
+
+def get_class(type_: Type[Any]) -> Union[None, bool, Type[Any]]:
+    """
+    Tries to get the class of a Type[T] annotation. Returns True if Type is used
+    without brackets. Otherwise returns None.
+    """
+    if type_ is type:
+        return True
+
+    if get_origin(type_) is None:
+        return None
+
+    args = get_args(type_)
+    if not args or not isinstance(args[0], type):
+        return True
+    else:
+        return args[0]
+
+
+def get_sub_types(tp: Any) -> List[Any]:
+    """
+    Return all the types that are allowed by type `tp`
+    `tp` can be a `Union` of allowed types or an `Annotated` type
+    """
+    origin = get_origin(tp)
+    if origin is Annotated:
+        return get_sub_types(get_args(tp)[0])
+    elif is_union(origin):
+        return [x for t in get_args(tp) for x in get_sub_types(t)]
+    else:
+        return [tp]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02543fd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,806 @@
+import keyword
+import warnings
+import weakref
+from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict, deque
+from copy import deepcopy
+from itertools import islice, zip_longest
+from types import BuiltinFunctionType, CodeType, FunctionType, GeneratorType, LambdaType, ModuleType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    AbstractSet,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Collection,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    NoReturn,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+from pydantic.v1.errors import ConfigError
+from pydantic.v1.typing import (
+    NoneType,
+    WithArgsTypes,
+    all_literal_values,
+    display_as_type,
+    get_args,
+    get_origin,
+    is_literal_type,
+    is_union,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.version import version_info
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from inspect import Signature
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig
+    from pydantic.v1.dataclasses import Dataclass
+    from pydantic.v1.fields import ModelField
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+    from pydantic.v1.typing import AbstractSetIntStr, DictIntStrAny, IntStr, MappingIntStrAny, ReprArgs
+
+    RichReprResult = Iterable[Union[Any, Tuple[Any], Tuple[str, Any], Tuple[str, Any, Any]]]
+
+__all__ = (
+    'import_string',
+    'sequence_like',
+    'validate_field_name',
+    'lenient_isinstance',
+    'lenient_issubclass',
+    'in_ipython',
+    'is_valid_identifier',
+    'deep_update',
+    'update_not_none',
+    'almost_equal_floats',
+    'get_model',
+    'to_camel',
+    'to_lower_camel',
+    'is_valid_field',
+    'smart_deepcopy',
+    'PyObjectStr',
+    'Representation',
+    'GetterDict',
+    'ValueItems',
+    'version_info',  # required here to match behaviour in v1.3
+    'ClassAttribute',
+    'path_type',
+    'ROOT_KEY',
+    'get_unique_discriminator_alias',
+    'get_discriminator_alias_and_values',
+    'DUNDER_ATTRIBUTES',
+)
+
+ROOT_KEY = '__root__'
+# these are types that are returned unchanged by deepcopy
+IMMUTABLE_NON_COLLECTIONS_TYPES: Set[Type[Any]] = {
+    int,
+    float,
+    complex,
+    str,
+    bool,
+    bytes,
+    type,
+    NoneType,
+    FunctionType,
+    BuiltinFunctionType,
+    LambdaType,
+    weakref.ref,
+    CodeType,
+    # note: including ModuleType will differ from behaviour of deepcopy by not producing error.
+    # It might be not a good idea in general, but considering that this function used only internally
+    # against default values of fields, this will allow to actually have a field with module as default value
+    ModuleType,
+    NotImplemented.__class__,
+    Ellipsis.__class__,
+}
+
+# these are types that if empty, might be copied with simple copy() instead of deepcopy()
+BUILTIN_COLLECTIONS: Set[Type[Any]] = {
+    list,
+    set,
+    tuple,
+    frozenset,
+    dict,
+    OrderedDict,
+    defaultdict,
+    deque,
+}
+
+
+def import_string(dotted_path: str) -> Any:
+    """
+    Stolen approximately from django. Import a dotted module path and return the attribute/class designated by the
+    last name in the path. Raise ImportError if the import fails.
+    """
+    from importlib import import_module
+
+    try:
+        module_path, class_name = dotted_path.strip(' ').rsplit('.', 1)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise ImportError(f'"{dotted_path}" doesn\'t look like a module path') from e
+
+    module = import_module(module_path)
+    try:
+        return getattr(module, class_name)
+    except AttributeError as e:
+        raise ImportError(f'Module "{module_path}" does not define a "{class_name}" attribute') from e
+
+
+def truncate(v: Union[str], *, max_len: int = 80) -> str:
+    """
+    Truncate a value and add a unicode ellipsis (three dots) to the end if it was too long
+    """
+    warnings.warn('`truncate` is no-longer used by pydantic and is deprecated', DeprecationWarning)
+    if isinstance(v, str) and len(v) > (max_len - 2):
+        # -3 so quote + string + … + quote has correct length
+        return (v[: (max_len - 3)] + '…').__repr__()
+    try:
+        v = v.__repr__()
+    except TypeError:
+        v = v.__class__.__repr__(v)  # in case v is a type
+    if len(v) > max_len:
+        v = v[: max_len - 1] + '…'
+    return v
+
+
+def sequence_like(v: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(v, (list, tuple, set, frozenset, GeneratorType, deque))
+
+
+def validate_field_name(bases: Iterable[Type[Any]], field_name: str) -> None:
+    """
+    Ensure that the field's name does not shadow an existing attribute of the model.
+    """
+    for base in bases:
+        if getattr(base, field_name, None):
+            raise NameError(
+                f'Field name "{field_name}" shadows a BaseModel attribute; '
+                f'use a different field name with "alias=\'{field_name}\'".'
+            )
+
+
+def lenient_isinstance(o: Any, class_or_tuple: Union[Type[Any], Tuple[Type[Any], ...], None]) -> bool:
+    try:
+        return isinstance(o, class_or_tuple)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    except TypeError:
+        return False
+
+
+def lenient_issubclass(cls: Any, class_or_tuple: Union[Type[Any], Tuple[Type[Any], ...], None]) -> bool:
+    try:
+        return isinstance(cls, type) and issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    except TypeError:
+        if isinstance(cls, WithArgsTypes):
+            return False
+        raise  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def in_ipython() -> bool:
+    """
+    Check whether we're in an ipython environment, including jupyter notebooks.
+    """
+    try:
+        eval('__IPYTHON__')
+    except NameError:
+        return False
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        return True
+
+
+def is_valid_identifier(identifier: str) -> bool:
+    """
+    Checks that a string is a valid identifier and not a Python keyword.
+    :param identifier: The identifier to test.
+    :return: True if the identifier is valid.
+    """
+    return identifier.isidentifier() and not keyword.iskeyword(identifier)
+
+
+KeyType = TypeVar('KeyType')
+
+
+def deep_update(mapping: Dict[KeyType, Any], *updating_mappings: Dict[KeyType, Any]) -> Dict[KeyType, Any]:
+    updated_mapping = mapping.copy()
+    for updating_mapping in updating_mappings:
+        for k, v in updating_mapping.items():
+            if k in updated_mapping and isinstance(updated_mapping[k], dict) and isinstance(v, dict):
+                updated_mapping[k] = deep_update(updated_mapping[k], v)
+            else:
+                updated_mapping[k] = v
+    return updated_mapping
+
+
+def update_not_none(mapping: Dict[Any, Any], **update: Any) -> None:
+    mapping.update({k: v for k, v in update.items() if v is not None})
+
+
+def almost_equal_floats(value_1: float, value_2: float, *, delta: float = 1e-8) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return True if two floats are almost equal
+    """
+    return abs(value_1 - value_2) <= delta
+
+
+def generate_model_signature(
+    init: Callable[..., None], fields: Dict[str, 'ModelField'], config: Type['BaseConfig']
+) -> 'Signature':
+    """
+    Generate signature for model based on its fields
+    """
+    from inspect import Parameter, Signature, signature
+
+    from pydantic.v1.config import Extra
+
+    present_params = signature(init).parameters.values()
+    merged_params: Dict[str, Parameter] = {}
+    var_kw = None
+    use_var_kw = False
+
+    for param in islice(present_params, 1, None):  # skip self arg
+        if param.kind is param.VAR_KEYWORD:
+            var_kw = param
+            continue
+        merged_params[param.name] = param
+
+    if var_kw:  # if custom init has no var_kw, fields which are not declared in it cannot be passed through
+        allow_names = config.allow_population_by_field_name
+        for field_name, field in fields.items():
+            param_name = field.alias
+            if field_name in merged_params or param_name in merged_params:
+                continue
+            elif not is_valid_identifier(param_name):
+                if allow_names and is_valid_identifier(field_name):
+                    param_name = field_name
+                else:
+                    use_var_kw = True
+                    continue
+
+            # TODO: replace annotation with actual expected types once #1055 solved
+            kwargs = {'default': field.default} if not field.required else {}
+            merged_params[param_name] = Parameter(
+                param_name, Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, annotation=field.annotation, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    if config.extra is Extra.allow:
+        use_var_kw = True
+
+    if var_kw and use_var_kw:
+        # Make sure the parameter for extra kwargs
+        # does not have the same name as a field
+        default_model_signature = [
+            ('__pydantic_self__', Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD),
+            ('data', Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD),
+        ]
+        if [(p.name, p.kind) for p in present_params] == default_model_signature:
+            # if this is the standard model signature, use extra_data as the extra args name
+            var_kw_name = 'extra_data'
+        else:
+            # else start from var_kw
+            var_kw_name = var_kw.name
+
+        # generate a name that's definitely unique
+        while var_kw_name in fields:
+            var_kw_name += '_'
+        merged_params[var_kw_name] = var_kw.replace(name=var_kw_name)
+
+    return Signature(parameters=list(merged_params.values()), return_annotation=None)
+
+
+def get_model(obj: Union[Type['BaseModel'], Type['Dataclass']]) -> Type['BaseModel']:
+    from pydantic.v1.main import BaseModel
+
+    try:
+        model_cls = obj.__pydantic_model__  # type: ignore
+    except AttributeError:
+        model_cls = obj
+
+    if not issubclass(model_cls, BaseModel):
+        raise TypeError('Unsupported type, must be either BaseModel or dataclass')
+    return model_cls
+
+
+def to_camel(string: str) -> str:
+    return ''.join(word.capitalize() for word in string.split('_'))
+
+
+def to_lower_camel(string: str) -> str:
+    if len(string) >= 1:
+        pascal_string = to_camel(string)
+        return pascal_string[0].lower() + pascal_string[1:]
+    return string.lower()
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+def unique_list(
+    input_list: Union[List[T], Tuple[T, ...]],
+    *,
+    name_factory: Callable[[T], str] = str,
+) -> List[T]:
+    """
+    Make a list unique while maintaining order.
+    We update the list if another one with the same name is set
+    (e.g. root validator overridden in subclass)
+    """
+    result: List[T] = []
+    result_names: List[str] = []
+    for v in input_list:
+        v_name = name_factory(v)
+        if v_name not in result_names:
+            result_names.append(v_name)
+            result.append(v)
+        else:
+            result[result_names.index(v_name)] = v
+
+    return result
+
+
+class PyObjectStr(str):
+    """
+    String class where repr doesn't include quotes. Useful with Representation when you want to return a string
+    representation of something that valid (or pseudo-valid) python.
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self)
+
+
+class Representation:
+    """
+    Mixin to provide __str__, __repr__, and __pretty__ methods. See #884 for more details.
+
+    __pretty__ is used by [devtools](https://python-devtools.helpmanual.io/) to provide human readable representations
+    of objects.
+    """
+
+    __slots__: Tuple[str, ...] = tuple()
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        """
+        Returns the attributes to show in __str__, __repr__, and __pretty__ this is generally overridden.
+
+        Can either return:
+        * name - value pairs, e.g.: `[('foo_name', 'foo'), ('bar_name', ['b', 'a', 'r'])]`
+        * or, just values, e.g.: `[(None, 'foo'), (None, ['b', 'a', 'r'])]`
+        """
+        attrs = ((s, getattr(self, s)) for s in self.__slots__)
+        return [(a, v) for a, v in attrs if v is not None]
+
+    def __repr_name__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Name of the instance's class, used in __repr__.
+        """
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def __repr_str__(self, join_str: str) -> str:
+        return join_str.join(repr(v) if a is None else f'{a}={v!r}' for a, v in self.__repr_args__())
+
+    def __pretty__(self, fmt: Callable[[Any], Any], **kwargs: Any) -> Generator[Any, None, None]:
+        """
+        Used by devtools (https://python-devtools.helpmanual.io/) to provide a human readable representations of objects
+        """
+        yield self.__repr_name__() + '('
+        yield 1
+        for name, value in self.__repr_args__():
+            if name is not None:
+                yield name + '='
+            yield fmt(value)
+            yield ','
+            yield 0
+        yield -1
+        yield ')'
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.__repr_str__(' ')
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f'{self.__repr_name__()}({self.__repr_str__(", ")})'
+
+    def __rich_repr__(self) -> 'RichReprResult':
+        """Get fields for Rich library"""
+        for name, field_repr in self.__repr_args__():
+            if name is None:
+                yield field_repr
+            else:
+                yield name, field_repr
+
+
+class GetterDict(Representation):
+    """
+    Hack to make object's smell just enough like dicts for validate_model.
+
+    We can't inherit from Mapping[str, Any] because it upsets cython so we have to implement all methods ourselves.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_obj',)
+
+    def __init__(self, obj: Any):
+        self._obj = obj
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return getattr(self._obj, key)
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise KeyError(key) from e
+
+    def get(self, key: Any, default: Any = None) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self._obj, key, default)
+
+    def extra_keys(self) -> Set[Any]:
+        """
+        We don't want to get any other attributes of obj if the model didn't explicitly ask for them
+        """
+        return set()
+
+    def keys(self) -> List[Any]:
+        """
+        Keys of the pseudo dictionary, uses a list not set so order information can be maintained like python
+        dictionaries.
+        """
+        return list(self)
+
+    def values(self) -> List[Any]:
+        return [self[k] for k in self]
+
+    def items(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, Any]]:
+        for k in self:
+            yield k, self.get(k)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        for name in dir(self._obj):
+            if not name.startswith('_'):
+                yield name
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for _ in self)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        return item in self.keys()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return dict(self) == dict(other.items())
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        return [(None, dict(self))]
+
+    def __repr_name__(self) -> str:
+        return f'GetterDict[{display_as_type(self._obj)}]'
+
+
+class ValueItems(Representation):
+    """
+    Class for more convenient calculation of excluded or included fields on values.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_items', '_type')
+
+    def __init__(self, value: Any, items: Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']) -> None:
+        items = self._coerce_items(items)
+
+        if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+            items = self._normalize_indexes(items, len(value))
+
+        self._items: 'MappingIntStrAny' = items
+
+    def is_excluded(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if item is fully excluded.
+
+        :param item: key or index of a value
+        """
+        return self.is_true(self._items.get(item))
+
+    def is_included(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if value is contained in self._items
+
+        :param item: key or index of value
+        """
+        return item in self._items
+
+    def for_element(self, e: 'IntStr') -> Optional[Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']]:
+        """
+        :param e: key or index of element on value
+        :return: raw values for element if self._items is dict and contain needed element
+        """
+
+        item = self._items.get(e)
+        return item if not self.is_true(item) else None
+
+    def _normalize_indexes(self, items: 'MappingIntStrAny', v_length: int) -> 'DictIntStrAny':
+        """
+        :param items: dict or set of indexes which will be normalized
+        :param v_length: length of sequence indexes of which will be
+
+        >>> self._normalize_indexes({0: True, -2: True, -1: True}, 4)
+        {0: True, 2: True, 3: True}
+        >>> self._normalize_indexes({'__all__': True}, 4)
+        {0: True, 1: True, 2: True, 3: True}
+        """
+
+        normalized_items: 'DictIntStrAny' = {}
+        all_items = None
+        for i, v in items.items():
+            if not (isinstance(v, Mapping) or isinstance(v, AbstractSet) or self.is_true(v)):
+                raise TypeError(f'Unexpected type of exclude value for index "{i}" {v.__class__}')
+            if i == '__all__':
+                all_items = self._coerce_value(v)
+                continue
+            if not isinstance(i, int):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'Excluding fields from a sequence of sub-models or dicts must be performed index-wise: '
+                    'expected integer keys or keyword "__all__"'
+                )
+            normalized_i = v_length + i if i < 0 else i
+            normalized_items[normalized_i] = self.merge(v, normalized_items.get(normalized_i))
+
+        if not all_items:
+            return normalized_items
+        if self.is_true(all_items):
+            for i in range(v_length):
+                normalized_items.setdefault(i, ...)
+            return normalized_items
+        for i in range(v_length):
+            normalized_item = normalized_items.setdefault(i, {})
+            if not self.is_true(normalized_item):
+                normalized_items[i] = self.merge(all_items, normalized_item)
+        return normalized_items
+
+    @classmethod
+    def merge(cls, base: Any, override: Any, intersect: bool = False) -> Any:
+        """
+        Merge a ``base`` item with an ``override`` item.
+
+        Both ``base`` and ``override`` are converted to dictionaries if possible.
+        Sets are converted to dictionaries with the sets entries as keys and
+        Ellipsis as values.
+
+        Each key-value pair existing in ``base`` is merged with ``override``,
+        while the rest of the key-value pairs are updated recursively with this function.
+
+        Merging takes place based on the "union" of keys if ``intersect`` is
+        set to ``False`` (default) and on the intersection of keys if
+        ``intersect`` is set to ``True``.
+        """
+        override = cls._coerce_value(override)
+        base = cls._coerce_value(base)
+        if override is None:
+            return base
+        if cls.is_true(base) or base is None:
+            return override
+        if cls.is_true(override):
+            return base if intersect else override
+
+        # intersection or union of keys while preserving ordering:
+        if intersect:
+            merge_keys = [k for k in base if k in override] + [k for k in override if k in base]
+        else:
+            merge_keys = list(base) + [k for k in override if k not in base]
+
+        merged: 'DictIntStrAny' = {}
+        for k in merge_keys:
+            merged_item = cls.merge(base.get(k), override.get(k), intersect=intersect)
+            if merged_item is not None:
+                merged[k] = merged_item
+
+        return merged
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _coerce_items(items: Union['AbstractSetIntStr', 'MappingIntStrAny']) -> 'MappingIntStrAny':
+        if isinstance(items, Mapping):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(items, AbstractSet):
+            items = dict.fromkeys(items, ...)
+        else:
+            class_name = getattr(items, '__class__', '???')
+            assert_never(
+                items,
+                f'Unexpected type of exclude value {class_name}',
+            )
+        return items
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _coerce_value(cls, value: Any) -> Any:
+        if value is None or cls.is_true(value):
+            return value
+        return cls._coerce_items(value)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_true(v: Any) -> bool:
+        return v is True or v is ...
+
+    def __repr_args__(self) -> 'ReprArgs':
+        return [(None, self._items)]
+
+
+class ClassAttribute:
+    """
+    Hide class attribute from its instances
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        'name',
+        'value',
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.value
+        raise AttributeError(f'{self.name!r} attribute of {owner.__name__!r} is class-only')
+
+
+path_types = {
+    'is_dir': 'directory',
+    'is_file': 'file',
+    'is_mount': 'mount point',
+    'is_symlink': 'symlink',
+    'is_block_device': 'block device',
+    'is_char_device': 'char device',
+    'is_fifo': 'FIFO',
+    'is_socket': 'socket',
+}
+
+
+def path_type(p: 'Path') -> str:
+    """
+    Find out what sort of thing a path is.
+    """
+    assert p.exists(), 'path does not exist'
+    for method, name in path_types.items():
+        if getattr(p, method)():
+            return name
+
+    return 'unknown'
+
+
+Obj = TypeVar('Obj')
+
+
+def smart_deepcopy(obj: Obj) -> Obj:
+    """
+    Return type as is for immutable built-in types
+    Use obj.copy() for built-in empty collections
+    Use copy.deepcopy() for non-empty collections and unknown objects
+    """
+
+    obj_type = obj.__class__
+    if obj_type in IMMUTABLE_NON_COLLECTIONS_TYPES:
+        return obj  # fastest case: obj is immutable and not collection therefore will not be copied anyway
+    try:
+        if not obj and obj_type in BUILTIN_COLLECTIONS:
+            # faster way for empty collections, no need to copy its members
+            return obj if obj_type is tuple else obj.copy()  # type: ignore  # tuple doesn't have copy method
+    except (TypeError, ValueError, RuntimeError):
+        # do we really dare to catch ALL errors? Seems a bit risky
+        pass
+
+    return deepcopy(obj)  # slowest way when we actually might need a deepcopy
+
+
+def is_valid_field(name: str) -> bool:
+    if not name.startswith('_'):
+        return True
+    return ROOT_KEY == name
+
+
+DUNDER_ATTRIBUTES = {
+    '__annotations__',
+    '__classcell__',
+    '__doc__',
+    '__module__',
+    '__orig_bases__',
+    '__orig_class__',
+    '__qualname__',
+    '__firstlineno__',
+    '__static_attributes__',
+}
+
+
+def is_valid_private_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    return not is_valid_field(name) and name not in DUNDER_ATTRIBUTES
+
+
+_EMPTY = object()
+
+
+def all_identical(left: Iterable[Any], right: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+    """
+    Check that the items of `left` are the same objects as those in `right`.
+
+    >>> a, b = object(), object()
+    >>> all_identical([a, b, a], [a, b, a])
+    True
+    >>> all_identical([a, b, [a]], [a, b, [a]])  # new list object, while "equal" is not "identical"
+    False
+    """
+    for left_item, right_item in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=_EMPTY):
+        if left_item is not right_item:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def assert_never(obj: NoReturn, msg: str) -> NoReturn:
+    """
+    Helper to make sure that we have covered all possible types.
+
+    This is mostly useful for ``mypy``, docs:
+    https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/literal_types.html#exhaustive-checks
+    """
+    raise TypeError(msg)
+
+
+def get_unique_discriminator_alias(all_aliases: Collection[str], discriminator_key: str) -> str:
+    """Validate that all aliases are the same and if that's the case return the alias"""
+    unique_aliases = set(all_aliases)
+    if len(unique_aliases) > 1:
+        raise ConfigError(
+            f'Aliases for discriminator {discriminator_key!r} must be the same (got {", ".join(sorted(all_aliases))})'
+        )
+    return unique_aliases.pop()
+
+
+def get_discriminator_alias_and_values(tp: Any, discriminator_key: str) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[str, ...]]:
+    """
+    Get alias and all valid values in the `Literal` type of the discriminator field
+    `tp` can be a `BaseModel` class or directly an `Annotated` `Union` of many.
+    """
+    is_root_model = getattr(tp, '__custom_root_type__', False)
+
+    if get_origin(tp) is Annotated:
+        tp = get_args(tp)[0]
+
+    if hasattr(tp, '__pydantic_model__'):
+        tp = tp.__pydantic_model__
+
+    if is_union(get_origin(tp)):
+        alias, all_values = _get_union_alias_and_all_values(tp, discriminator_key)
+        return alias, tuple(v for values in all_values for v in values)
+    elif is_root_model:
+        union_type = tp.__fields__[ROOT_KEY].type_
+        alias, all_values = _get_union_alias_and_all_values(union_type, discriminator_key)
+
+        if len(set(all_values)) > 1:
+            raise ConfigError(
+                f'Field {discriminator_key!r} is not the same for all submodels of {display_as_type(tp)!r}'
+            )
+
+        return alias, all_values[0]
+
+    else:
+        try:
+            t_discriminator_type = tp.__fields__[discriminator_key].type_
+        except AttributeError as e:
+            raise TypeError(f'Type {tp.__name__!r} is not a valid `BaseModel` or `dataclass`') from e
+        except KeyError as e:
+            raise ConfigError(f'Model {tp.__name__!r} needs a discriminator field for key {discriminator_key!r}') from e
+
+        if not is_literal_type(t_discriminator_type):
+            raise ConfigError(f'Field {discriminator_key!r} of model {tp.__name__!r} needs to be a `Literal`')
+
+        return tp.__fields__[discriminator_key].alias, all_literal_values(t_discriminator_type)
+
+
+def _get_union_alias_and_all_values(
+    union_type: Type[Any], discriminator_key: str
+) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[Tuple[str, ...], ...]]:
+    zipped_aliases_values = [get_discriminator_alias_and_values(t, discriminator_key) for t in get_args(union_type)]
+    # unzip: [('alias_a',('v1', 'v2)), ('alias_b', ('v3',))] => [('alias_a', 'alias_b'), (('v1', 'v2'), ('v3',))]
+    all_aliases, all_values = zip(*zipped_aliases_values)
+    return get_unique_discriminator_alias(all_aliases, discriminator_key), all_values
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0940e81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
+import math
+import re
+from collections import OrderedDict, deque
+from collections.abc import Hashable as CollectionsHashable
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta
+from decimal import Decimal, DecimalException
+from enum import Enum, IntEnum
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv4Interface, IPv4Network, IPv6Address, IPv6Interface, IPv6Network
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Deque,
+    Dict,
+    ForwardRef,
+    FrozenSet,
+    Generator,
+    Hashable,
+    List,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Pattern,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+from uuid import UUID
+from warnings import warn
+
+from pydantic.v1 import errors
+from pydantic.v1.datetime_parse import parse_date, parse_datetime, parse_duration, parse_time
+from pydantic.v1.typing import (
+    AnyCallable,
+    all_literal_values,
+    display_as_type,
+    get_class,
+    is_callable_type,
+    is_literal_type,
+    is_namedtuple,
+    is_none_type,
+    is_typeddict,
+)
+from pydantic.v1.utils import almost_equal_floats, lenient_issubclass, sequence_like
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Literal, TypedDict
+
+    from pydantic.v1.config import BaseConfig
+    from pydantic.v1.fields import ModelField
+    from pydantic.v1.types import ConstrainedDecimal, ConstrainedFloat, ConstrainedInt
+
+    ConstrainedNumber = Union[ConstrainedDecimal, ConstrainedFloat, ConstrainedInt]
+    AnyOrderedDict = OrderedDict[Any, Any]
+    Number = Union[int, float, Decimal]
+    StrBytes = Union[str, bytes]
+
+
+def str_validator(v: Any) -> Union[str]:
+    if isinstance(v, str):
+        if isinstance(v, Enum):
+            return v.value
+        else:
+            return v
+    elif isinstance(v, (float, int, Decimal)):
+        # is there anything else we want to add here? If you think so, create an issue.
+        return str(v)
+    elif isinstance(v, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        return v.decode()
+    else:
+        raise errors.StrError()
+
+
+def strict_str_validator(v: Any) -> Union[str]:
+    if isinstance(v, str) and not isinstance(v, Enum):
+        return v
+    raise errors.StrError()
+
+
+def bytes_validator(v: Any) -> Union[bytes]:
+    if isinstance(v, bytes):
+        return v
+    elif isinstance(v, bytearray):
+        return bytes(v)
+    elif isinstance(v, str):
+        return v.encode()
+    elif isinstance(v, (float, int, Decimal)):
+        return str(v).encode()
+    else:
+        raise errors.BytesError()
+
+
+def strict_bytes_validator(v: Any) -> Union[bytes]:
+    if isinstance(v, bytes):
+        return v
+    elif isinstance(v, bytearray):
+        return bytes(v)
+    else:
+        raise errors.BytesError()
+
+
+BOOL_FALSE = {0, '0', 'off', 'f', 'false', 'n', 'no'}
+BOOL_TRUE = {1, '1', 'on', 't', 'true', 'y', 'yes'}
+
+
+def bool_validator(v: Any) -> bool:
+    if v is True or v is False:
+        return v
+    if isinstance(v, bytes):
+        v = v.decode()
+    if isinstance(v, str):
+        v = v.lower()
+    try:
+        if v in BOOL_TRUE:
+            return True
+        if v in BOOL_FALSE:
+            return False
+    except TypeError:
+        raise errors.BoolError()
+    raise errors.BoolError()
+
+
+# matches the default limit cpython, see https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/96500
+max_str_int = 4_300
+
+
+def int_validator(v: Any) -> int:
+    if isinstance(v, int) and not (v is True or v is False):
+        return v
+
+    # see https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/issues/1477 and in turn, https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/95778
+    # this check should be unnecessary once patch releases are out for 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 and 3.10
+    # but better to check here until then.
+    # NOTICE: this does not fully protect user from the DOS risk since the standard library JSON implementation
+    # (and other std lib modules like xml) use `int()` and are likely called before this, the best workaround is to
+    # 1. update to the latest patch release of python once released, 2. use a different JSON library like ujson
+    if isinstance(v, (str, bytes, bytearray)) and len(v) > max_str_int:
+        raise errors.IntegerError()
+
+    try:
+        return int(v)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError, OverflowError):
+        raise errors.IntegerError()
+
+
+def strict_int_validator(v: Any) -> int:
+    if isinstance(v, int) and not (v is True or v is False):
+        return v
+    raise errors.IntegerError()
+
+
+def float_validator(v: Any) -> float:
+    if isinstance(v, float):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return float(v)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        raise errors.FloatError()
+
+
+def strict_float_validator(v: Any) -> float:
+    if isinstance(v, float):
+        return v
+    raise errors.FloatError()
+
+
+def float_finite_validator(v: 'Number', field: 'ModelField', config: 'BaseConfig') -> 'Number':
+    allow_inf_nan = getattr(field.type_, 'allow_inf_nan', None)
+    if allow_inf_nan is None:
+        allow_inf_nan = config.allow_inf_nan
+
+    if allow_inf_nan is False and (math.isnan(v) or math.isinf(v)):
+        raise errors.NumberNotFiniteError()
+    return v
+
+
+def number_multiple_validator(v: 'Number', field: 'ModelField') -> 'Number':
+    field_type: ConstrainedNumber = field.type_
+    if field_type.multiple_of is not None:
+        mod = float(v) / float(field_type.multiple_of) % 1
+        if not almost_equal_floats(mod, 0.0) and not almost_equal_floats(mod, 1.0):
+            raise errors.NumberNotMultipleError(multiple_of=field_type.multiple_of)
+    return v
+
+
+def number_size_validator(v: 'Number', field: 'ModelField') -> 'Number':
+    field_type: ConstrainedNumber = field.type_
+    if field_type.gt is not None and not v > field_type.gt:
+        raise errors.NumberNotGtError(limit_value=field_type.gt)
+    elif field_type.ge is not None and not v >= field_type.ge:
+        raise errors.NumberNotGeError(limit_value=field_type.ge)
+
+    if field_type.lt is not None and not v < field_type.lt:
+        raise errors.NumberNotLtError(limit_value=field_type.lt)
+    if field_type.le is not None and not v <= field_type.le:
+        raise errors.NumberNotLeError(limit_value=field_type.le)
+
+    return v
+
+
+def constant_validator(v: 'Any', field: 'ModelField') -> 'Any':
+    """Validate ``const`` fields.
+
+    The value provided for a ``const`` field must be equal to the default value
+    of the field. This is to support the keyword of the same name in JSON
+    Schema.
+    """
+    if v != field.default:
+        raise errors.WrongConstantError(given=v, permitted=[field.default])
+
+    return v
+
+
+def anystr_length_validator(v: 'StrBytes', config: 'BaseConfig') -> 'StrBytes':
+    v_len = len(v)
+
+    min_length = config.min_anystr_length
+    if v_len < min_length:
+        raise errors.AnyStrMinLengthError(limit_value=min_length)
+
+    max_length = config.max_anystr_length
+    if max_length is not None and v_len > max_length:
+        raise errors.AnyStrMaxLengthError(limit_value=max_length)
+
+    return v
+
+
+def anystr_strip_whitespace(v: 'StrBytes') -> 'StrBytes':
+    return v.strip()
+
+
+def anystr_upper(v: 'StrBytes') -> 'StrBytes':
+    return v.upper()
+
+
+def anystr_lower(v: 'StrBytes') -> 'StrBytes':
+    return v.lower()
+
+
+def ordered_dict_validator(v: Any) -> 'AnyOrderedDict':
+    if isinstance(v, OrderedDict):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return OrderedDict(v)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        raise errors.DictError()
+
+
+def dict_validator(v: Any) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
+    if isinstance(v, dict):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return dict(v)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        raise errors.DictError()
+
+
+def list_validator(v: Any) -> List[Any]:
+    if isinstance(v, list):
+        return v
+    elif sequence_like(v):
+        return list(v)
+    else:
+        raise errors.ListError()
+
+
+def tuple_validator(v: Any) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    if isinstance(v, tuple):
+        return v
+    elif sequence_like(v):
+        return tuple(v)
+    else:
+        raise errors.TupleError()
+
+
+def set_validator(v: Any) -> Set[Any]:
+    if isinstance(v, set):
+        return v
+    elif sequence_like(v):
+        return set(v)
+    else:
+        raise errors.SetError()
+
+
+def frozenset_validator(v: Any) -> FrozenSet[Any]:
+    if isinstance(v, frozenset):
+        return v
+    elif sequence_like(v):
+        return frozenset(v)
+    else:
+        raise errors.FrozenSetError()
+
+
+def deque_validator(v: Any) -> Deque[Any]:
+    if isinstance(v, deque):
+        return v
+    elif sequence_like(v):
+        return deque(v)
+    else:
+        raise errors.DequeError()
+
+
+def enum_member_validator(v: Any, field: 'ModelField', config: 'BaseConfig') -> Enum:
+    try:
+        enum_v = field.type_(v)
+    except ValueError:
+        # field.type_ should be an enum, so will be iterable
+        raise errors.EnumMemberError(enum_values=list(field.type_))
+    return enum_v.value if config.use_enum_values else enum_v
+
+
+def uuid_validator(v: Any, field: 'ModelField') -> UUID:
+    try:
+        if isinstance(v, str):
+            v = UUID(v)
+        elif isinstance(v, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            try:
+                v = UUID(v.decode())
+            except ValueError:
+                # 16 bytes in big-endian order as the bytes argument fail
+                # the above check
+                v = UUID(bytes=v)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.UUIDError()
+
+    if not isinstance(v, UUID):
+        raise errors.UUIDError()
+
+    required_version = getattr(field.type_, '_required_version', None)
+    if required_version and v.version != required_version:
+        raise errors.UUIDVersionError(required_version=required_version)
+
+    return v
+
+
+def decimal_validator(v: Any) -> Decimal:
+    if isinstance(v, Decimal):
+        return v
+    elif isinstance(v, (bytes, bytearray)):
+        v = v.decode()
+
+    v = str(v).strip()
+
+    try:
+        v = Decimal(v)
+    except DecimalException:
+        raise errors.DecimalError()
+
+    if not v.is_finite():
+        raise errors.DecimalIsNotFiniteError()
+
+    return v
+
+
+def hashable_validator(v: Any) -> Hashable:
+    if isinstance(v, Hashable):
+        return v
+
+    raise errors.HashableError()
+
+
+def ip_v4_address_validator(v: Any) -> IPv4Address:
+    if isinstance(v, IPv4Address):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return IPv4Address(v)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.IPv4AddressError()
+
+
+def ip_v6_address_validator(v: Any) -> IPv6Address:
+    if isinstance(v, IPv6Address):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Address(v)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.IPv6AddressError()
+
+
+def ip_v4_network_validator(v: Any) -> IPv4Network:
+    """
+    Assume IPv4Network initialised with a default ``strict`` argument
+
+    See more:
+    https://docs.python.org/library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Network
+    """
+    if isinstance(v, IPv4Network):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return IPv4Network(v)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.IPv4NetworkError()
+
+
+def ip_v6_network_validator(v: Any) -> IPv6Network:
+    """
+    Assume IPv6Network initialised with a default ``strict`` argument
+
+    See more:
+    https://docs.python.org/library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv6Network
+    """
+    if isinstance(v, IPv6Network):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Network(v)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.IPv6NetworkError()
+
+
+def ip_v4_interface_validator(v: Any) -> IPv4Interface:
+    if isinstance(v, IPv4Interface):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return IPv4Interface(v)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.IPv4InterfaceError()
+
+
+def ip_v6_interface_validator(v: Any) -> IPv6Interface:
+    if isinstance(v, IPv6Interface):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return IPv6Interface(v)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.IPv6InterfaceError()
+
+
+def path_validator(v: Any) -> Path:
+    if isinstance(v, Path):
+        return v
+
+    try:
+        return Path(v)
+    except TypeError:
+        raise errors.PathError()
+
+
+def path_exists_validator(v: Any) -> Path:
+    if not v.exists():
+        raise errors.PathNotExistsError(path=v)
+
+    return v
+
+
+def callable_validator(v: Any) -> AnyCallable:
+    """
+    Perform a simple check if the value is callable.
+
+    Note: complete matching of argument type hints and return types is not performed
+    """
+    if callable(v):
+        return v
+
+    raise errors.CallableError(value=v)
+
+
+def enum_validator(v: Any) -> Enum:
+    if isinstance(v, Enum):
+        return v
+
+    raise errors.EnumError(value=v)
+
+
+def int_enum_validator(v: Any) -> IntEnum:
+    if isinstance(v, IntEnum):
+        return v
+
+    raise errors.IntEnumError(value=v)
+
+
+def make_literal_validator(type_: Any) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
+    permitted_choices = all_literal_values(type_)
+
+    # To have a O(1) complexity and still return one of the values set inside the `Literal`,
+    # we create a dict with the set values (a set causes some problems with the way intersection works).
+    # In some cases the set value and checked value can indeed be different (see `test_literal_validator_str_enum`)
+    allowed_choices = {v: v for v in permitted_choices}
+
+    def literal_validator(v: Any) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return allowed_choices[v]
+        except (KeyError, TypeError):
+            raise errors.WrongConstantError(given=v, permitted=permitted_choices)
+
+    return literal_validator
+
+
+def constr_length_validator(v: 'StrBytes', field: 'ModelField', config: 'BaseConfig') -> 'StrBytes':
+    v_len = len(v)
+
+    min_length = field.type_.min_length if field.type_.min_length is not None else config.min_anystr_length
+    if v_len < min_length:
+        raise errors.AnyStrMinLengthError(limit_value=min_length)
+
+    max_length = field.type_.max_length if field.type_.max_length is not None else config.max_anystr_length
+    if max_length is not None and v_len > max_length:
+        raise errors.AnyStrMaxLengthError(limit_value=max_length)
+
+    return v
+
+
+def constr_strip_whitespace(v: 'StrBytes', field: 'ModelField', config: 'BaseConfig') -> 'StrBytes':
+    strip_whitespace = field.type_.strip_whitespace or config.anystr_strip_whitespace
+    if strip_whitespace:
+        v = v.strip()
+
+    return v
+
+
+def constr_upper(v: 'StrBytes', field: 'ModelField', config: 'BaseConfig') -> 'StrBytes':
+    upper = field.type_.to_upper or config.anystr_upper
+    if upper:
+        v = v.upper()
+
+    return v
+
+
+def constr_lower(v: 'StrBytes', field: 'ModelField', config: 'BaseConfig') -> 'StrBytes':
+    lower = field.type_.to_lower or config.anystr_lower
+    if lower:
+        v = v.lower()
+    return v
+
+
+def validate_json(v: Any, config: 'BaseConfig') -> Any:
+    if v is None:
+        # pass None through to other validators
+        return v
+    try:
+        return config.json_loads(v)  # type: ignore
+    except ValueError:
+        raise errors.JsonError()
+    except TypeError:
+        raise errors.JsonTypeError()
+
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+def make_arbitrary_type_validator(type_: Type[T]) -> Callable[[T], T]:
+    def arbitrary_type_validator(v: Any) -> T:
+        if isinstance(v, type_):
+            return v
+        raise errors.ArbitraryTypeError(expected_arbitrary_type=type_)
+
+    return arbitrary_type_validator
+
+
+def make_class_validator(type_: Type[T]) -> Callable[[Any], Type[T]]:
+    def class_validator(v: Any) -> Type[T]:
+        if lenient_issubclass(v, type_):
+            return v
+        raise errors.SubclassError(expected_class=type_)
+
+    return class_validator
+
+
+def any_class_validator(v: Any) -> Type[T]:
+    if isinstance(v, type):
+        return v
+    raise errors.ClassError()
+
+
+def none_validator(v: Any) -> 'Literal[None]':
+    if v is None:
+        return v
+    raise errors.NotNoneError()
+
+
+def pattern_validator(v: Any) -> Pattern[str]:
+    if isinstance(v, Pattern):
+        return v
+
+    str_value = str_validator(v)
+
+    try:
+        return re.compile(str_value)
+    except re.error:
+        raise errors.PatternError()
+
+
+NamedTupleT = TypeVar('NamedTupleT', bound=NamedTuple)
+
+
+def make_namedtuple_validator(
+    namedtuple_cls: Type[NamedTupleT], config: Type['BaseConfig']
+) -> Callable[[Tuple[Any, ...]], NamedTupleT]:
+    from pydantic.v1.annotated_types import create_model_from_namedtuple
+
+    NamedTupleModel = create_model_from_namedtuple(
+        namedtuple_cls,
+        __config__=config,
+        __module__=namedtuple_cls.__module__,
+    )
+    namedtuple_cls.__pydantic_model__ = NamedTupleModel  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def namedtuple_validator(values: Tuple[Any, ...]) -> NamedTupleT:
+        annotations = NamedTupleModel.__annotations__
+
+        if len(values) > len(annotations):
+            raise errors.ListMaxLengthError(limit_value=len(annotations))
+
+        dict_values: Dict[str, Any] = dict(zip(annotations, values))
+        validated_dict_values: Dict[str, Any] = dict(NamedTupleModel(**dict_values))
+        return namedtuple_cls(**validated_dict_values)
+
+    return namedtuple_validator
+
+
+def make_typeddict_validator(
+    typeddict_cls: Type['TypedDict'], config: Type['BaseConfig']  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+) -> Callable[[Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+    from pydantic.v1.annotated_types import create_model_from_typeddict
+
+    TypedDictModel = create_model_from_typeddict(
+        typeddict_cls,
+        __config__=config,
+        __module__=typeddict_cls.__module__,
+    )
+    typeddict_cls.__pydantic_model__ = TypedDictModel  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def typeddict_validator(values: 'TypedDict') -> Dict[str, Any]:  # type: ignore[valid-type]
+        return TypedDictModel.parse_obj(values).dict(exclude_unset=True)
+
+    return typeddict_validator
+
+
+class IfConfig:
+    def __init__(self, validator: AnyCallable, *config_attr_names: str, ignored_value: Any = False) -> None:
+        self.validator = validator
+        self.config_attr_names = config_attr_names
+        self.ignored_value = ignored_value
+
+    def check(self, config: Type['BaseConfig']) -> bool:
+        return any(getattr(config, name) not in {None, self.ignored_value} for name in self.config_attr_names)
+
+
+# order is important here, for example: bool is a subclass of int so has to come first, datetime before date same,
+# IPv4Interface before IPv4Address, etc
+_VALIDATORS: List[Tuple[Type[Any], List[Any]]] = [
+    (IntEnum, [int_validator, enum_member_validator]),
+    (Enum, [enum_member_validator]),
+    (
+        str,
+        [
+            str_validator,
+            IfConfig(anystr_strip_whitespace, 'anystr_strip_whitespace'),
+            IfConfig(anystr_upper, 'anystr_upper'),
+            IfConfig(anystr_lower, 'anystr_lower'),
+            IfConfig(anystr_length_validator, 'min_anystr_length', 'max_anystr_length'),
+        ],
+    ),
+    (
+        bytes,
+        [
+            bytes_validator,
+            IfConfig(anystr_strip_whitespace, 'anystr_strip_whitespace'),
+            IfConfig(anystr_upper, 'anystr_upper'),
+            IfConfig(anystr_lower, 'anystr_lower'),
+            IfConfig(anystr_length_validator, 'min_anystr_length', 'max_anystr_length'),
+        ],
+    ),
+    (bool, [bool_validator]),
+    (int, [int_validator]),
+    (float, [float_validator, IfConfig(float_finite_validator, 'allow_inf_nan', ignored_value=True)]),
+    (Path, [path_validator]),
+    (datetime, [parse_datetime]),
+    (date, [parse_date]),
+    (time, [parse_time]),
+    (timedelta, [parse_duration]),
+    (OrderedDict, [ordered_dict_validator]),
+    (dict, [dict_validator]),
+    (list, [list_validator]),
+    (tuple, [tuple_validator]),
+    (set, [set_validator]),
+    (frozenset, [frozenset_validator]),
+    (deque, [deque_validator]),
+    (UUID, [uuid_validator]),
+    (Decimal, [decimal_validator]),
+    (IPv4Interface, [ip_v4_interface_validator]),
+    (IPv6Interface, [ip_v6_interface_validator]),
+    (IPv4Address, [ip_v4_address_validator]),
+    (IPv6Address, [ip_v6_address_validator]),
+    (IPv4Network, [ip_v4_network_validator]),
+    (IPv6Network, [ip_v6_network_validator]),
+]
+
+
+def find_validators(  # noqa: C901 (ignore complexity)
+    type_: Type[Any], config: Type['BaseConfig']
+) -> Generator[AnyCallable, None, None]:
+    from pydantic.v1.dataclasses import is_builtin_dataclass, make_dataclass_validator
+
+    if type_ is Any or type_ is object:
+        return
+    type_type = type_.__class__
+    if type_type == ForwardRef or type_type == TypeVar:
+        return
+
+    if is_none_type(type_):
+        yield none_validator
+        return
+    if type_ is Pattern or type_ is re.Pattern:
+        yield pattern_validator
+        return
+    if type_ is Hashable or type_ is CollectionsHashable:
+        yield hashable_validator
+        return
+    if is_callable_type(type_):
+        yield callable_validator
+        return
+    if is_literal_type(type_):
+        yield make_literal_validator(type_)
+        return
+    if is_builtin_dataclass(type_):
+        yield from make_dataclass_validator(type_, config)
+        return
+    if type_ is Enum:
+        yield enum_validator
+        return
+    if type_ is IntEnum:
+        yield int_enum_validator
+        return
+    if is_namedtuple(type_):
+        yield tuple_validator
+        yield make_namedtuple_validator(type_, config)
+        return
+    if is_typeddict(type_):
+        yield make_typeddict_validator(type_, config)
+        return
+
+    class_ = get_class(type_)
+    if class_ is not None:
+        if class_ is not Any and isinstance(class_, type):
+            yield make_class_validator(class_)
+        else:
+            yield any_class_validator
+        return
+
+    for val_type, validators in _VALIDATORS:
+        try:
+            if issubclass(type_, val_type):
+                for v in validators:
+                    if isinstance(v, IfConfig):
+                        if v.check(config):
+                            yield v.validator
+                    else:
+                        yield v
+                return
+        except TypeError:
+            raise RuntimeError(f'error checking inheritance of {type_!r} (type: {display_as_type(type_)})')
+
+    if config.arbitrary_types_allowed:
+        yield make_arbitrary_type_validator(type_)
+    else:
+        if hasattr(type_, '__pydantic_core_schema__'):
+            warn(f'Mixing V1 and V2 models is not supported. `{type_.__name__}` is a V2 model.', UserWarning)
+        raise RuntimeError(f'no validator found for {type_}, see `arbitrary_types_allowed` in Config')
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c77cde12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/v1/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+__all__ = 'compiled', 'VERSION', 'version_info'
+
+VERSION = '1.10.21'
+
+try:
+    import cython  # type: ignore
+except ImportError:
+    compiled: bool = False
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        compiled = cython.compiled
+    except AttributeError:
+        compiled = False
+
+
+def version_info() -> str:
+    import platform
+    import sys
+    from importlib import import_module
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    optional_deps = []
+    for p in ('devtools', 'dotenv', 'email-validator', 'typing-extensions'):
+        try:
+            import_module(p.replace('-', '_'))
+        except ImportError:
+            continue
+        optional_deps.append(p)
+
+    info = {
+        'pydantic version': VERSION,
+        'pydantic compiled': compiled,
+        'install path': Path(__file__).resolve().parent,
+        'python version': sys.version,
+        'platform': platform.platform(),
+        'optional deps. installed': optional_deps,
+    }
+    return '\n'.join('{:>30} {}'.format(k + ':', str(v).replace('\n', ' ')) for k, v in info.items())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/validate_call_decorator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/validate_call_decorator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe4d9c9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/validate_call_decorator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+"""Decorator for validating function calls."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import inspect
+from functools import partial
+from types import BuiltinFunctionType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, TypeVar, cast, overload
+
+from ._internal import _generate_schema, _typing_extra, _validate_call
+from .errors import PydanticUserError
+
+__all__ = ('validate_call',)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .config import ConfigDict
+
+    AnyCallableT = TypeVar('AnyCallableT', bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE = 'validate-call-type'
+
+
+def _check_function_type(function: object) -> None:
+    """Check if the input function is a supported type for `validate_call`."""
+    if isinstance(function, _generate_schema.VALIDATE_CALL_SUPPORTED_TYPES):
+        try:
+            inspect.signature(cast(_generate_schema.ValidateCallSupportedTypes, function))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise PydanticUserError(
+                f"Input function `{function}` doesn't have a valid signature", code=_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(function, partial):
+            try:
+                assert not isinstance(partial.func, partial), 'Partial of partial'
+                _check_function_type(function.func)
+            except PydanticUserError as e:
+                raise PydanticUserError(
+                    f'Partial of `{function.func}` is invalid because the type of `{function.func}` is not supported by `validate_call`',
+                    code=_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE,
+                ) from e
+
+        return
+
+    if isinstance(function, BuiltinFunctionType):
+        raise PydanticUserError(f'Input built-in function `{function}` is not supported', code=_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE)
+    if isinstance(function, (classmethod, staticmethod, property)):
+        name = type(function).__name__
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            f'The `@{name}` decorator should be applied after `@validate_call` (put `@{name}` on top)',
+            code=_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE,
+        )
+
+    if inspect.isclass(function):
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            f'Unable to validate {function}: `validate_call` should be applied to functions, not classes (put `@validate_call` on top of `__init__` or `__new__` instead)',
+            code=_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE,
+        )
+    if callable(function):
+        raise PydanticUserError(
+            f'Unable to validate {function}: `validate_call` should be applied to functions, not instances or other callables. Use `validate_call` explicitly on `__call__` instead.',
+            code=_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE,
+        )
+
+    raise PydanticUserError(
+        f'Unable to validate {function}: `validate_call` should be applied to one of the following: function, method, partial, or lambda',
+        code=_INVALID_TYPE_ERROR_CODE,
+    )
+
+
+@overload
+def validate_call(
+    *, config: ConfigDict | None = None, validate_return: bool = False
+) -> Callable[[AnyCallableT], AnyCallableT]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def validate_call(func: AnyCallableT, /) -> AnyCallableT: ...
+
+
+def validate_call(
+    func: AnyCallableT | None = None,
+    /,
+    *,
+    config: ConfigDict | None = None,
+    validate_return: bool = False,
+) -> AnyCallableT | Callable[[AnyCallableT], AnyCallableT]:
+    """!!! abstract "Usage Documentation"
+        [Validation Decorator](../concepts/validation_decorator.md)
+
+    Returns a decorated wrapper around the function that validates the arguments and, optionally, the return value.
+
+    Usage may be either as a plain decorator `@validate_call` or with arguments `@validate_call(...)`.
+
+    Args:
+        func: The function to be decorated.
+        config: The configuration dictionary.
+        validate_return: Whether to validate the return value.
+
+    Returns:
+        The decorated function.
+    """
+    parent_namespace = _typing_extra.parent_frame_namespace()
+
+    def validate(function: AnyCallableT) -> AnyCallableT:
+        _check_function_type(function)
+        validate_call_wrapper = _validate_call.ValidateCallWrapper(
+            cast(_generate_schema.ValidateCallSupportedTypes, function), config, validate_return, parent_namespace
+        )
+        return _validate_call.update_wrapper_attributes(function, validate_call_wrapper.__call__)  # type: ignore
+
+    if func is not None:
+        return validate(func)
+    else:
+        return validate
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/validators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7921b04f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"""The `validators` module is a backport module from V1."""
+
+from ._migration import getattr_migration
+
+__getattr__ = getattr_migration(__name__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0396a7c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+"""The `version` module holds the version information for Pydantic."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from pydantic_core import __version__ as __pydantic_core_version__
+
+__all__ = 'VERSION', 'version_info'
+
+VERSION = '2.11.4'
+"""The version of Pydantic."""
+
+
+def version_short() -> str:
+    """Return the `major.minor` part of Pydantic version.
+
+    It returns '2.1' if Pydantic version is '2.1.1'.
+    """
+    return '.'.join(VERSION.split('.')[:2])
+
+
+def version_info() -> str:
+    """Return complete version information for Pydantic and its dependencies."""
+    import importlib.metadata
+    import platform
+    import sys
+    from pathlib import Path
+
+    import pydantic_core._pydantic_core as pdc
+
+    from ._internal import _git as git
+
+    # get data about packages that are closely related to pydantic, use pydantic or often conflict with pydantic
+    package_names = {
+        'email-validator',
+        'fastapi',
+        'mypy',
+        'pydantic-extra-types',
+        'pydantic-settings',
+        'pyright',
+        'typing_extensions',
+    }
+    related_packages = []
+
+    for dist in importlib.metadata.distributions():
+        name = dist.metadata['Name']
+        if name in package_names:
+            related_packages.append(f'{name}-{dist.version}')
+
+    pydantic_dir = Path(__file__).parents[1].resolve()
+    most_recent_commit = (
+        git.git_revision(pydantic_dir) if git.is_git_repo(pydantic_dir) and git.have_git() else 'unknown'
+    )
+
+    info = {
+        'pydantic version': VERSION,
+        'pydantic-core version': pdc.__version__,
+        'pydantic-core build': getattr(pdc, 'build_info', None) or pdc.build_profile,
+        'python version': sys.version,
+        'platform': platform.platform(),
+        'related packages': ' '.join(related_packages),
+        'commit': most_recent_commit,
+    }
+    return '\n'.join('{:>30} {}'.format(k + ':', str(v).replace('\n', ' ')) for k, v in info.items())
+
+
+def check_pydantic_core_version() -> bool:
+    """Check that the installed `pydantic-core` dependency is compatible."""
+    # Keep this in sync with the version constraint in the `pyproject.toml` dependencies:
+    return __pydantic_core_version__ == '2.33.2'
+
+
+def parse_mypy_version(version: str) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
+    """Parse `mypy` string version to a 3-tuple of ints.
+
+    It parses normal version like `1.11.0` and extra info followed by a `+` sign
+    like `1.11.0+dev.d6d9d8cd4f27c52edac1f537e236ec48a01e54cb.dirty`.
+
+    Args:
+        version: The mypy version string.
+
+    Returns:
+        A triple of ints, e.g. `(1, 11, 0)`.
+    """
+    return tuple(map(int, version.partition('+')[0].split('.')))  # pyright: ignore[reportReturnType]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/warnings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e874dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic/warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+"""Pydantic-specific warnings."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+from .version import version_short
+
+__all__ = (
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince20',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince26',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince29',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince210',
+    'PydanticDeprecatedSince211',
+    'PydanticDeprecationWarning',
+    'PydanticExperimentalWarning',
+)
+
+
+class PydanticDeprecationWarning(DeprecationWarning):
+    """A Pydantic specific deprecation warning.
+
+    This warning is raised when using deprecated functionality in Pydantic. It provides information on when the
+    deprecation was introduced and the expected version in which the corresponding functionality will be removed.
+
+    Attributes:
+        message: Description of the warning.
+        since: Pydantic version in what the deprecation was introduced.
+        expected_removal: Pydantic version in what the corresponding functionality expected to be removed.
+    """
+
+    message: str
+    since: tuple[int, int]
+    expected_removal: tuple[int, int]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, message: str, *args: object, since: tuple[int, int], expected_removal: tuple[int, int] | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, *args)
+        self.message = message.rstrip('.')
+        self.since = since
+        self.expected_removal = expected_removal if expected_removal is not None else (since[0] + 1, 0)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        message = (
+            f'{self.message}. Deprecated in Pydantic V{self.since[0]}.{self.since[1]}'
+            f' to be removed in V{self.expected_removal[0]}.{self.expected_removal[1]}.'
+        )
+        if self.since == (2, 0):
+            message += f' See Pydantic V2 Migration Guide at https://errors.pydantic.dev/{version_short()}/migration/'
+        return message
+
+
+class PydanticDeprecatedSince20(PydanticDeprecationWarning):
+    """A specific `PydanticDeprecationWarning` subclass defining functionality deprecated since Pydantic 2.0."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *args: object) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, *args, since=(2, 0), expected_removal=(3, 0))
+
+
+class PydanticDeprecatedSince26(PydanticDeprecationWarning):
+    """A specific `PydanticDeprecationWarning` subclass defining functionality deprecated since Pydantic 2.6."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *args: object) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, *args, since=(2, 6), expected_removal=(3, 0))
+
+
+class PydanticDeprecatedSince29(PydanticDeprecationWarning):
+    """A specific `PydanticDeprecationWarning` subclass defining functionality deprecated since Pydantic 2.9."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *args: object) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, *args, since=(2, 9), expected_removal=(3, 0))
+
+
+class PydanticDeprecatedSince210(PydanticDeprecationWarning):
+    """A specific `PydanticDeprecationWarning` subclass defining functionality deprecated since Pydantic 2.10."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *args: object) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, *args, since=(2, 10), expected_removal=(3, 0))
+
+
+class PydanticDeprecatedSince211(PydanticDeprecationWarning):
+    """A specific `PydanticDeprecationWarning` subclass defining functionality deprecated since Pydantic 2.11."""
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, *args: object) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, *args, since=(2, 11), expected_removal=(3, 0))
+
+
+class GenericBeforeBaseModelWarning(Warning):
+    pass
+
+
+class PydanticExperimentalWarning(Warning):
+    """A Pydantic specific experimental functionality warning.
+
+    This warning is raised when using experimental functionality in Pydantic.
+    It is raised to warn users that the functionality may change or be removed in future versions of Pydantic.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b98dfcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: pydantic_core
+Version: 2.33.2
+Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Rust
+Classifier: Framework :: Pydantic
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Information Technology
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.6.0,!=4.7.0
+License-File: LICENSE
+Summary: Core functionality for Pydantic validation and serialization
+Home-Page: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core
+Author-email: Samuel Colvin <s@muelcolvin.com>, Adrian Garcia Badaracco <1755071+adriangb@users.noreply.github.com>, David Montague <david@pydantic.dev>, David Hewitt <mail@davidhewitt.dev>, Sydney Runkle <sydneymarierunkle@gmail.com>, Victorien Plot <contact@vctrn.dev>
+License: MIT
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown; charset=UTF-8; variant=GFM
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core
+Project-URL: Funding, https://github.com/sponsors/samuelcolvin
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core
+
+# pydantic-core
+
+[![CI](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/workflows/ci/badge.svg?event=push)](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/actions?query=event%3Apush+branch%3Amain+workflow%3Aci)
+[![Coverage](https://codecov.io/gh/pydantic/pydantic-core/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/pydantic/pydantic-core)
+[![pypi](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/pydantic-core.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pydantic-core)
+[![versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/pydantic-core.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core)
+[![license](https://img.shields.io/github/license/pydantic/pydantic-core.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/blob/main/LICENSE)
+
+This package provides the core functionality for [pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev) validation and serialization.
+
+Pydantic-core is currently around 17x faster than pydantic V1.
+See [`tests/benchmarks/`](./tests/benchmarks/) for details.
+
+## Example of direct usage
+
+_NOTE: You should not need to use pydantic-core directly; instead, use pydantic, which in turn uses pydantic-core._
+
+```py
+from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, ValidationError
+
+
+v = SchemaValidator(
+    {
+        'type': 'typed-dict',
+        'fields': {
+            'name': {
+                'type': 'typed-dict-field',
+                'schema': {
+                    'type': 'str',
+                },
+            },
+            'age': {
+                'type': 'typed-dict-field',
+                'schema': {
+                    'type': 'int',
+                    'ge': 18,
+                },
+            },
+            'is_developer': {
+                'type': 'typed-dict-field',
+                'schema': {
+                    'type': 'default',
+                    'schema': {'type': 'bool'},
+                    'default': True,
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    }
+)
+
+r1 = v.validate_python({'name': 'Samuel', 'age': 35})
+assert r1 == {'name': 'Samuel', 'age': 35, 'is_developer': True}
+
+# pydantic-core can also validate JSON directly
+r2 = v.validate_json('{"name": "Samuel", "age": 35}')
+assert r1 == r2
+
+try:
+    v.validate_python({'name': 'Samuel', 'age': 11})
+except ValidationError as e:
+    print(e)
+    """
+    1 validation error for model
+    age
+      Input should be greater than or equal to 18
+      [type=greater_than_equal, context={ge: 18}, input_value=11, input_type=int]
+    """
+```
+
+## Getting Started
+
+You'll need rust stable [installed](https://rustup.rs/), or rust nightly if you want to generate accurate coverage.
+
+With rust and python 3.9+ installed, compiling pydantic-core should be possible with roughly the following:
+
+```bash
+# clone this repo or your fork
+git clone git@github.com:pydantic/pydantic-core.git
+cd pydantic-core
+# create a new virtual env
+python3 -m venv env
+source env/bin/activate
+# install dependencies and install pydantic-core
+make install
+```
+
+That should be it, the example shown above should now run.
+
+You might find it useful to look at [`python/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.pyi`](./python/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.pyi) and
+[`python/pydantic_core/core_schema.py`](./python/pydantic_core/core_schema.py) for more information on the python API,
+beyond that, [`tests/`](./tests) provide a large number of examples of usage.
+
+If you want to contribute to pydantic-core, you'll want to use some other make commands:
+* `make build-dev` to build the package during development
+* `make build-prod` to perform an optimised build for benchmarking
+* `make test` to run the tests
+* `make testcov` to run the tests and generate a coverage report
+* `make lint` to run the linter
+* `make format` to format python and rust code
+* `make` to run `format build-dev lint test`
+
+## Profiling
+
+It's possible to profile the code using the [`flamegraph` utility from `flamegraph-rs`](https://github.com/flamegraph-rs/flamegraph). (Tested on Linux.) You can install this with `cargo install flamegraph`.
+
+Run `make build-profiling` to install a release build with debugging symbols included (needed for profiling).
+
+Once that is built, you can profile pytest benchmarks with (e.g.):
+
+```bash
+flamegraph -- pytest tests/benchmarks/test_micro_benchmarks.py -k test_list_of_ints_core_py --benchmark-enable
+```
+The `flamegraph` command will produce an interactive SVG at `flamegraph.svg`.
+
+## Releasing
+
+1. Bump package version locally. Do not just edit `Cargo.toml` on Github, you need both `Cargo.toml` and `Cargo.lock` to be updated.
+2. Make a PR for the version bump and merge it.
+3. Go to https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/releases and click "Draft a new release"
+4. In the "Choose a tag" dropdown enter the new tag `v<the.new.version>` and select "Create new tag on publish" when the option appears.
+5. Enter the release title in the form "v<the.new.version> <YYYY-MM-DD>"
+6. Click Generate release notes button
+7. Click Publish release
+8. Go to https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/actions and ensure that all build for release are done successfully.
+9. Go to https://pypi.org/project/pydantic-core/ and ensure that the latest release is published.
+10. Done 🎉
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecfdefff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=kEKXIAFJ46fZAfTe5HqUsrpIGbiMG3DinWzxgJAo4ko,6883
+pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
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+pydantic_core/__init__.py,sha256=l_umiyEyjUrwgWeFutkc_0mA0vHVOUNhBoEVmdCAH1c,4547
+pydantic_core/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+pydantic_core/core_schema.py,sha256=Dd6XdTw7E4wePWYat9Wu2G_LifaDids4bjhpE0YmrOI,153980
+pydantic_core/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26e0cfad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: maturin (1.8.3)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0716871c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core-2.33.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2022 Samuel Colvin
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98b64b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys as _sys
+from typing import Any as _Any
+
+from ._pydantic_core import (
+    ArgsKwargs,
+    MultiHostUrl,
+    PydanticCustomError,
+    PydanticKnownError,
+    PydanticOmit,
+    PydanticSerializationError,
+    PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue,
+    PydanticUndefined,
+    PydanticUndefinedType,
+    PydanticUseDefault,
+    SchemaError,
+    SchemaSerializer,
+    SchemaValidator,
+    Some,
+    TzInfo,
+    Url,
+    ValidationError,
+    __version__,
+    from_json,
+    to_json,
+    to_jsonable_python,
+    validate_core_schema,
+)
+from .core_schema import CoreConfig, CoreSchema, CoreSchemaType, ErrorType
+
+if _sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired as _NotRequired
+else:
+    from typing import NotRequired as _NotRequired
+
+if _sys.version_info < (3, 12):
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict as _TypedDict
+else:
+    from typing import TypedDict as _TypedDict
+
+__all__ = [
+    '__version__',
+    'CoreConfig',
+    'CoreSchema',
+    'CoreSchemaType',
+    'SchemaValidator',
+    'SchemaSerializer',
+    'Some',
+    'Url',
+    'MultiHostUrl',
+    'ArgsKwargs',
+    'PydanticUndefined',
+    'PydanticUndefinedType',
+    'SchemaError',
+    'ErrorDetails',
+    'InitErrorDetails',
+    'ValidationError',
+    'PydanticCustomError',
+    'PydanticKnownError',
+    'PydanticOmit',
+    'PydanticUseDefault',
+    'PydanticSerializationError',
+    'PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue',
+    'TzInfo',
+    'to_json',
+    'from_json',
+    'to_jsonable_python',
+    'validate_core_schema',
+]
+
+
+class ErrorDetails(_TypedDict):
+    type: str
+    """
+    The type of error that occurred, this is an identifier designed for
+    programmatic use that will change rarely or never.
+
+    `type` is unique for each error message, and can hence be used as an identifier to build custom error messages.
+    """
+    loc: tuple[int | str, ...]
+    """Tuple of strings and ints identifying where in the schema the error occurred."""
+    msg: str
+    """A human readable error message."""
+    input: _Any
+    """The input data at this `loc` that caused the error."""
+    ctx: _NotRequired[dict[str, _Any]]
+    """
+    Values which are required to render the error message, and could hence be useful in rendering custom error messages.
+    Also useful for passing custom error data forward.
+    """
+    url: _NotRequired[str]
+    """
+    The documentation URL giving information about the error. No URL is available if
+    a [`PydanticCustomError`][pydantic_core.PydanticCustomError] is used.
+    """
+
+
+class InitErrorDetails(_TypedDict):
+    type: str | PydanticCustomError
+    """The type of error that occurred, this should be a "slug" identifier that changes rarely or never."""
+    loc: _NotRequired[tuple[int | str, ...]]
+    """Tuple of strings and ints identifying where in the schema the error occurred."""
+    input: _Any
+    """The input data at this `loc` that caused the error."""
+    ctx: _NotRequired[dict[str, _Any]]
+    """
+    Values which are required to render the error message, and could hence be useful in rendering custom error messages.
+    Also useful for passing custom error data forward.
+    """
+
+
+class ErrorTypeInfo(_TypedDict):
+    """
+    Gives information about errors.
+    """
+
+    type: ErrorType
+    """The type of error that occurred, this should a "slug" identifier that changes rarely or never."""
+    message_template_python: str
+    """String template to render a human readable error message from using context, when the input is Python."""
+    example_message_python: str
+    """Example of a human readable error message, when the input is Python."""
+    message_template_json: _NotRequired[str]
+    """String template to render a human readable error message from using context, when the input is JSON data."""
+    example_message_json: _NotRequired[str]
+    """Example of a human readable error message, when the input is JSON data."""
+    example_context: dict[str, _Any] | None
+    """Example of context values."""
+
+
+class MultiHostHost(_TypedDict):
+    """
+    A host part of a multi-host URL.
+    """
+
+    username: str | None
+    """The username part of this host, or `None`."""
+    password: str | None
+    """The password part of this host, or `None`."""
+    host: str | None
+    """The host part of this host, or `None`."""
+    port: int | None
+    """The port part of this host, or `None`."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/__pycache__/core_schema.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/__pycache__/core_schema.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7cdab451
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6d39b1c
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.pyi b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..17098cca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/_pydantic_core.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,1039 @@
+import datetime
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from typing import Any, Callable, Generic, Literal, TypeVar, final
+
+from _typeshed import SupportsAllComparisons
+from typing_extensions import LiteralString, Self, TypeAlias
+
+from pydantic_core import ErrorDetails, ErrorTypeInfo, InitErrorDetails, MultiHostHost
+from pydantic_core.core_schema import CoreConfig, CoreSchema, ErrorType
+
+__all__ = [
+    '__version__',
+    'build_profile',
+    'build_info',
+    '_recursion_limit',
+    'ArgsKwargs',
+    'SchemaValidator',
+    'SchemaSerializer',
+    'Url',
+    'MultiHostUrl',
+    'SchemaError',
+    'ValidationError',
+    'PydanticCustomError',
+    'PydanticKnownError',
+    'PydanticOmit',
+    'PydanticUseDefault',
+    'PydanticSerializationError',
+    'PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue',
+    'PydanticUndefined',
+    'PydanticUndefinedType',
+    'Some',
+    'to_json',
+    'from_json',
+    'to_jsonable_python',
+    'list_all_errors',
+    'TzInfo',
+    'validate_core_schema',
+]
+__version__: str
+build_profile: str
+build_info: str
+_recursion_limit: int
+
+_T = TypeVar('_T', default=Any, covariant=True)
+
+_StringInput: TypeAlias = 'dict[str, _StringInput]'
+
+@final
+class Some(Generic[_T]):
+    """
+    Similar to Rust's [`Option::Some`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html) type, this
+    identifies a value as being present, and provides a way to access it.
+
+    Generally used in a union with `None` to different between "some value which could be None" and no value.
+    """
+
+    __match_args__ = ('value',)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> _T:
+        """
+        Returns the value wrapped by `Some`.
+        """
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any, /) -> type[Self]: ...
+
+@final
+class SchemaValidator:
+    """
+    `SchemaValidator` is the Python wrapper for `pydantic-core`'s Rust validation logic, internally it owns one
+    `CombinedValidator` which may in turn own more `CombinedValidator`s which make up the full schema validator.
+    """
+
+    # note: pyo3 currently supports __new__, but not __init__, though we include __init__ stubs
+    # and docstrings here (and in the following classes) for documentation purposes
+
+    def __init__(self, schema: CoreSchema, config: CoreConfig | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initializes the `SchemaValidator`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: The `CoreSchema` to use for validation.
+            config: Optionally a [`CoreConfig`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] to configure validation.
+        """
+
+    def __new__(cls, schema: CoreSchema, config: CoreConfig | None = None) -> Self: ...
+    @property
+    def title(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The title of the schema, as used in the heading of [`ValidationError.__str__()`][pydantic_core.ValidationError].
+        """
+    def validate_python(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        self_instance: Any | None = None,
+        allow_partial: bool | Literal['off', 'on', 'trailing-strings'] = False,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Validate a Python object against the schema and return the validated object.
+
+        Arguments:
+            input: The Python object to validate.
+            strict: Whether to validate the object in strict mode.
+                If `None`, the value of [`CoreConfig.strict`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] is used.
+            from_attributes: Whether to validate objects as inputs to models by extracting attributes.
+                If `None`, the value of [`CoreConfig.from_attributes`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] is used.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators as
+                [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.ValidationInfo.context].
+            self_instance: An instance of a model set attributes on from validation, this is used when running
+                validation from the `__init__` method of a model.
+            allow_partial: Whether to allow partial validation; if `True` errors in the last element of sequences
+                and mappings are ignored.
+                `'trailing-strings'` means any final unfinished JSON string is included in the result.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValidationError: If validation fails.
+            Exception: Other error types maybe raised if internal errors occur.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated object.
+        """
+    def isinstance_python(
+        self,
+        input: Any,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        self_instance: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """
+        Similar to [`validate_python()`][pydantic_core.SchemaValidator.validate_python] but returns a boolean.
+
+        Arguments match `validate_python()`. This method will not raise `ValidationError`s but will raise internal
+        errors.
+
+        Returns:
+            `True` if validation succeeds, `False` if validation fails.
+        """
+    def validate_json(
+        self,
+        input: str | bytes | bytearray,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        self_instance: Any | None = None,
+        allow_partial: bool | Literal['off', 'on', 'trailing-strings'] = False,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Validate JSON data directly against the schema and return the validated Python object.
+
+        This method should be significantly faster than `validate_python(json.loads(json_data))` as it avoids the
+        need to create intermediate Python objects
+
+        It also handles constructing the correct Python type even in strict mode, where
+        `validate_python(json.loads(json_data))` would fail validation.
+
+        Arguments:
+            input: The JSON data to validate.
+            strict: Whether to validate the object in strict mode.
+                If `None`, the value of [`CoreConfig.strict`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] is used.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators as
+                [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.ValidationInfo.context].
+            self_instance: An instance of a model set attributes on from validation.
+            allow_partial: Whether to allow partial validation; if `True` incomplete JSON will be parsed successfully
+                and errors in the last element of sequences and mappings are ignored.
+                `'trailing-strings'` means any final unfinished JSON string is included in the result.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValidationError: If validation fails or if the JSON data is invalid.
+            Exception: Other error types maybe raised if internal errors occur.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated Python object.
+        """
+    def validate_strings(
+        self,
+        input: _StringInput,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        allow_partial: bool | Literal['off', 'on', 'trailing-strings'] = False,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Validate a string against the schema and return the validated Python object.
+
+        This is similar to `validate_json` but applies to scenarios where the input will be a string but not
+        JSON data, e.g. URL fragments, query parameters, etc.
+
+        Arguments:
+            input: The input as a string, or bytes/bytearray if `strict=False`.
+            strict: Whether to validate the object in strict mode.
+                If `None`, the value of [`CoreConfig.strict`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] is used.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators as
+                [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.ValidationInfo.context].
+            allow_partial: Whether to allow partial validation; if `True` errors in the last element of sequences
+                and mappings are ignored.
+                `'trailing-strings'` means any final unfinished JSON string is included in the result.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValidationError: If validation fails or if the JSON data is invalid.
+            Exception: Other error types maybe raised if internal errors occur.
+
+        Returns:
+            The validated Python object.
+        """
+    def validate_assignment(
+        self,
+        obj: Any,
+        field_name: str,
+        field_value: Any,
+        *,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        by_name: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, Any] | tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any] | None, set[str]]:
+        """
+        Validate an assignment to a field on a model.
+
+        Arguments:
+            obj: The model instance being assigned to.
+            field_name: The name of the field to validate assignment for.
+            field_value: The value to assign to the field.
+            strict: Whether to validate the object in strict mode.
+                If `None`, the value of [`CoreConfig.strict`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] is used.
+            from_attributes: Whether to validate objects as inputs to models by extracting attributes.
+                If `None`, the value of [`CoreConfig.from_attributes`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] is used.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators as
+                [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.ValidationInfo.context].
+            by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data.
+            by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValidationError: If validation fails.
+            Exception: Other error types maybe raised if internal errors occur.
+
+        Returns:
+            Either the model dict or a tuple of `(model_data, model_extra, fields_set)`
+        """
+    def get_default_value(self, *, strict: bool | None = None, context: Any = None) -> Some | None:
+        """
+        Get the default value for the schema, including running default value validation.
+
+        Arguments:
+            strict: Whether to validate the default value in strict mode.
+                If `None`, the value of [`CoreConfig.strict`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] is used.
+            context: The context to use for validation, this is passed to functional validators as
+                [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.ValidationInfo.context].
+
+        Raises:
+            ValidationError: If validation fails.
+            Exception: Other error types maybe raised if internal errors occur.
+
+        Returns:
+            `None` if the schema has no default value, otherwise a [`Some`][pydantic_core.Some] containing the default.
+        """
+
+# In reality, `bool` should be replaced by `Literal[True]` but mypy fails to correctly apply bidirectional type inference
+# (e.g. when using `{'a': {'b': True}}`).
+_IncEx: TypeAlias = set[int] | set[str] | Mapping[int, _IncEx | bool] | Mapping[str, _IncEx | bool]
+
+@final
+class SchemaSerializer:
+    """
+    `SchemaSerializer` is the Python wrapper for `pydantic-core`'s Rust serialization logic, internally it owns one
+    `CombinedSerializer` which may in turn own more `CombinedSerializer`s which make up the full schema serializer.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, schema: CoreSchema, config: CoreConfig | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initializes the `SchemaSerializer`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            schema: The `CoreSchema` to use for serialization.
+            config: Optionally a [`CoreConfig`][pydantic_core.core_schema.CoreConfig] to to configure serialization.
+        """
+
+    def __new__(cls, schema: CoreSchema, config: CoreConfig | None = None) -> Self: ...
+    def to_python(
+        self,
+        value: Any,
+        *,
+        mode: str | None = None,
+        include: _IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: _IncEx | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        round_trip: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True,
+        fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+        serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """
+        Serialize/marshal a Python object to a Python object including transforming and filtering data.
+
+        Arguments:
+            value: The Python object to serialize.
+            mode: The serialization mode to use, either `'python'` or `'json'`, defaults to `'python'`. In JSON mode,
+                all values are converted to JSON compatible types, e.g. `None`, `int`, `float`, `str`, `list`, `dict`.
+            include: A set of fields to include, if `None` all fields are included.
+            exclude: A set of fields to exclude, if `None` no fields are excluded.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the alias names of fields.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that are not set,
+                e.g. are not included in `__pydantic_fields_set__`.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that are equal to their default value.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+            round_trip: Whether to enable serialization and validation round-trip support.
+            warnings: How to handle invalid fields. False/"none" ignores them, True/"warn" logs errors,
+                "error" raises a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].
+            fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered,
+                if `None` a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+            serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+            context: The context to use for serialization, this is passed to functional serializers as
+                [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.SerializationInfo.context].
+
+        Raises:
+            PydanticSerializationError: If serialization fails and no `fallback` function is provided.
+
+        Returns:
+            The serialized Python object.
+        """
+    def to_json(
+        self,
+        value: Any,
+        *,
+        indent: int | None = None,
+        include: _IncEx | None = None,
+        exclude: _IncEx | None = None,
+        by_alias: bool | None = None,
+        exclude_unset: bool = False,
+        exclude_defaults: bool = False,
+        exclude_none: bool = False,
+        round_trip: bool = False,
+        warnings: bool | Literal['none', 'warn', 'error'] = True,
+        fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+        serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+        context: Any | None = None,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Serialize a Python object to JSON including transforming and filtering data.
+
+        Arguments:
+            value: The Python object to serialize.
+            indent: If `None`, the JSON will be compact, otherwise it will be pretty-printed with the indent provided.
+            include: A set of fields to include, if `None` all fields are included.
+            exclude: A set of fields to exclude, if `None` no fields are excluded.
+            by_alias: Whether to use the alias names of fields.
+            exclude_unset: Whether to exclude fields that are not set,
+                e.g. are not included in `__pydantic_fields_set__`.
+            exclude_defaults: Whether to exclude fields that are equal to their default value.
+            exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+            round_trip: Whether to enable serialization and validation round-trip support.
+            warnings: How to handle invalid fields. False/"none" ignores them, True/"warn" logs errors,
+                "error" raises a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError].
+            fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered,
+                if `None` a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+            serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+            context: The context to use for serialization, this is passed to functional serializers as
+                [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.SerializationInfo.context].
+
+        Raises:
+            PydanticSerializationError: If serialization fails and no `fallback` function is provided.
+
+        Returns:
+           JSON bytes.
+        """
+
+def to_json(
+    value: Any,
+    *,
+    indent: int | None = None,
+    include: _IncEx | None = None,
+    exclude: _IncEx | None = None,
+    # Note: In Pydantic 2.11, the default value of `by_alias` on `SchemaSerializer` was changed from `True` to `None`,
+    # to be consistent with the Pydantic "dump" methods. However, the default of `True` was kept here for
+    # backwards compatibility. In Pydantic V3, `by_alias` is expected to default to `True` everywhere:
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    exclude_none: bool = False,
+    round_trip: bool = False,
+    timedelta_mode: Literal['iso8601', 'float'] = 'iso8601',
+    bytes_mode: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex'] = 'utf8',
+    inf_nan_mode: Literal['null', 'constants', 'strings'] = 'constants',
+    serialize_unknown: bool = False,
+    fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+    serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+    context: Any | None = None,
+) -> bytes:
+    """
+    Serialize a Python object to JSON including transforming and filtering data.
+
+    This is effectively a standalone version of [`SchemaSerializer.to_json`][pydantic_core.SchemaSerializer.to_json].
+
+    Arguments:
+        value: The Python object to serialize.
+        indent: If `None`, the JSON will be compact, otherwise it will be pretty-printed with the indent provided.
+        include: A set of fields to include, if `None` all fields are included.
+        exclude: A set of fields to exclude, if `None` no fields are excluded.
+        by_alias: Whether to use the alias names of fields.
+        exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+        round_trip: Whether to enable serialization and validation round-trip support.
+        timedelta_mode: How to serialize `timedelta` objects, either `'iso8601'` or `'float'`.
+        bytes_mode: How to serialize `bytes` objects, either `'utf8'`, `'base64'`, or `'hex'`.
+        inf_nan_mode: How to serialize `Infinity`, `-Infinity` and `NaN` values, either `'null'`, `'constants'`, or `'strings'`.
+        serialize_unknown: Attempt to serialize unknown types, `str(value)` will be used, if that fails
+            `"<Unserializable {value_type} object>"` will be used.
+        fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered,
+            if `None` a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+        serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+        context: The context to use for serialization, this is passed to functional serializers as
+            [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.SerializationInfo.context].
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticSerializationError: If serialization fails and no `fallback` function is provided.
+
+    Returns:
+       JSON bytes.
+    """
+
+def from_json(
+    data: str | bytes | bytearray,
+    *,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool = True,
+    cache_strings: bool | Literal['all', 'keys', 'none'] = True,
+    allow_partial: bool | Literal['off', 'on', 'trailing-strings'] = False,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Deserialize JSON data to a Python object.
+
+    This is effectively a faster version of `json.loads()`, with some extra functionality.
+
+    Arguments:
+        data: The JSON data to deserialize.
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow `Infinity`, `-Infinity` and `NaN` values as `json.loads()` does by default.
+        cache_strings: Whether to cache strings to avoid constructing new Python objects,
+            this should have a significant impact on performance while increasing memory usage slightly,
+            `all/True` means cache all strings, `keys` means cache only dict keys, `none/False` means no caching.
+        allow_partial: Whether to allow partial deserialization, if `True` JSON data is returned if the end of the
+            input is reached before the full object is deserialized, e.g. `["aa", "bb", "c` would return `['aa', 'bb']`.
+            `'trailing-strings'` means any final unfinished JSON string is included in the result.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If deserialization fails.
+
+    Returns:
+        The deserialized Python object.
+    """
+
+def to_jsonable_python(
+    value: Any,
+    *,
+    include: _IncEx | None = None,
+    exclude: _IncEx | None = None,
+    # Note: In Pydantic 2.11, the default value of `by_alias` on `SchemaSerializer` was changed from `True` to `None`,
+    # to be consistent with the Pydantic "dump" methods. However, the default of `True` was kept here for
+    # backwards compatibility. In Pydantic V3, `by_alias` is expected to default to `True` everywhere:
+    by_alias: bool = True,
+    exclude_none: bool = False,
+    round_trip: bool = False,
+    timedelta_mode: Literal['iso8601', 'float'] = 'iso8601',
+    bytes_mode: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex'] = 'utf8',
+    inf_nan_mode: Literal['null', 'constants', 'strings'] = 'constants',
+    serialize_unknown: bool = False,
+    fallback: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+    serialize_as_any: bool = False,
+    context: Any | None = None,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Serialize/marshal a Python object to a JSON-serializable Python object including transforming and filtering data.
+
+    This is effectively a standalone version of
+    [`SchemaSerializer.to_python(mode='json')`][pydantic_core.SchemaSerializer.to_python].
+
+    Args:
+        value: The Python object to serialize.
+        include: A set of fields to include, if `None` all fields are included.
+        exclude: A set of fields to exclude, if `None` no fields are excluded.
+        by_alias: Whether to use the alias names of fields.
+        exclude_none: Whether to exclude fields that have a value of `None`.
+        round_trip: Whether to enable serialization and validation round-trip support.
+        timedelta_mode: How to serialize `timedelta` objects, either `'iso8601'` or `'float'`.
+        bytes_mode: How to serialize `bytes` objects, either `'utf8'`, `'base64'`, or `'hex'`.
+        inf_nan_mode: How to serialize `Infinity`, `-Infinity` and `NaN` values, either `'null'`, `'constants'`, or `'strings'`.
+        serialize_unknown: Attempt to serialize unknown types, `str(value)` will be used, if that fails
+            `"<Unserializable {value_type} object>"` will be used.
+        fallback: A function to call when an unknown value is encountered,
+            if `None` a [`PydanticSerializationError`][pydantic_core.PydanticSerializationError] error is raised.
+        serialize_as_any: Whether to serialize fields with duck-typing serialization behavior.
+        context: The context to use for serialization, this is passed to functional serializers as
+            [`info.context`][pydantic_core.core_schema.SerializationInfo.context].
+
+    Raises:
+        PydanticSerializationError: If serialization fails and no `fallback` function is provided.
+
+    Returns:
+        The serialized Python object.
+    """
+
+class Url(SupportsAllComparisons):
+    """
+    A URL type, internal logic uses the [url rust crate](https://docs.rs/url/latest/url/) originally developed
+    by Mozilla.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, url: str) -> None: ...
+    def __new__(cls, url: str) -> Self: ...
+    @property
+    def scheme(self) -> str: ...
+    @property
+    def username(self) -> str | None: ...
+    @property
+    def password(self) -> str | None: ...
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str | None: ...
+    def unicode_host(self) -> str | None: ...
+    @property
+    def port(self) -> int | None: ...
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str | None: ...
+    @property
+    def query(self) -> str | None: ...
+    def query_params(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]: ...
+    @property
+    def fragment(self) -> str | None: ...
+    def unicode_string(self) -> str: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
+    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict) -> str: ...
+    @classmethod
+    def build(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        scheme: str,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        query: str | None = None,
+        fragment: str | None = None,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+class MultiHostUrl(SupportsAllComparisons):
+    """
+    A URL type with support for multiple hosts, as used by some databases for DSNs, e.g. `https://foo.com,bar.com/path`.
+
+    Internal URL logic uses the [url rust crate](https://docs.rs/url/latest/url/) originally developed
+    by Mozilla.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, url: str) -> None: ...
+    def __new__(cls, url: str) -> Self: ...
+    @property
+    def scheme(self) -> str: ...
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str | None: ...
+    @property
+    def query(self) -> str | None: ...
+    def query_params(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]: ...
+    @property
+    def fragment(self) -> str | None: ...
+    def hosts(self) -> list[MultiHostHost]: ...
+    def unicode_string(self) -> str: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
+    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: dict) -> Self: ...
+    @classmethod
+    def build(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        scheme: str,
+        hosts: list[MultiHostHost] | None = None,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        query: str | None = None,
+        fragment: str | None = None,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+@final
+class SchemaError(Exception):
+    """
+    Information about errors that occur while building a [`SchemaValidator`][pydantic_core.SchemaValidator]
+    or [`SchemaSerializer`][pydantic_core.SchemaSerializer].
+    """
+
+    def error_count(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            The number of errors in the schema.
+        """
+    def errors(self) -> list[ErrorDetails]:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            A list of [`ErrorDetails`][pydantic_core.ErrorDetails] for each error in the schema.
+        """
+
+class ValidationError(ValueError):
+    """
+    `ValidationError` is the exception raised by `pydantic-core` when validation fails, it contains a list of errors
+    which detail why validation failed.
+    """
+    @classmethod
+    def from_exception_data(
+        cls,
+        title: str,
+        line_errors: list[InitErrorDetails],
+        input_type: Literal['python', 'json'] = 'python',
+        hide_input: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Python constructor for a Validation Error.
+
+        The API for constructing validation errors will probably change in the future,
+        hence the static method rather than `__init__`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            title: The title of the error, as used in the heading of `str(validation_error)`
+            line_errors: A list of [`InitErrorDetails`][pydantic_core.InitErrorDetails] which contain information
+                about errors that occurred during validation.
+            input_type: Whether the error is for a Python object or JSON.
+            hide_input: Whether to hide the input value in the error message.
+        """
+    @property
+    def title(self) -> str:
+        """
+        The title of the error, as used in the heading of `str(validation_error)`.
+        """
+    def error_count(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns:
+            The number of errors in the validation error.
+        """
+    def errors(
+        self, *, include_url: bool = True, include_context: bool = True, include_input: bool = True
+    ) -> list[ErrorDetails]:
+        """
+        Details about each error in the validation error.
+
+        Args:
+            include_url: Whether to include a URL to documentation on the error each error.
+            include_context: Whether to include the context of each error.
+            include_input: Whether to include the input value of each error.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of [`ErrorDetails`][pydantic_core.ErrorDetails] for each error in the validation error.
+        """
+    def json(
+        self,
+        *,
+        indent: int | None = None,
+        include_url: bool = True,
+        include_context: bool = True,
+        include_input: bool = True,
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Same as [`errors()`][pydantic_core.ValidationError.errors] but returns a JSON string.
+
+        Args:
+            indent: The number of spaces to indent the JSON by, or `None` for no indentation - compact JSON.
+            include_url: Whether to include a URL to documentation on the error each error.
+            include_context: Whether to include the context of each error.
+            include_input: Whether to include the input value of each error.
+
+        Returns:
+            a JSON string.
+        """
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        """
+        A string representation of the validation error.
+
+        Whether or not documentation URLs are included in the repr is controlled by the
+        environment variable `PYDANTIC_ERRORS_INCLUDE_URL` being set to `1` or
+        `true`; by default, URLs are shown.
+
+        Due to implementation details, this environment variable can only be set once,
+        before the first validation error is created.
+        """
+
+class PydanticCustomError(ValueError):
+    """A custom exception providing flexible error handling for Pydantic validators.
+
+    You can raise this error in custom validators when you'd like flexibility in regards to the error type, message, and context.
+
+    Example:
+        ```py
+        from pydantic_core import PydanticCustomError
+
+        def custom_validator(v) -> None:
+            if v <= 10:
+                raise PydanticCustomError('custom_value_error', 'Value must be greater than {value}', {'value': 10, 'extra_context': 'extra_data'})
+            return v
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, error_type: LiteralString, message_template: LiteralString, context: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initializes the `PydanticCustomError`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            error_type: The error type.
+            message_template: The message template.
+            context: The data to inject into the message template.
+        """
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, error_type: LiteralString, message_template: LiteralString, context: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+    ) -> Self: ...
+    @property
+    def context(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        """Values which are required to render the error message, and could hence be useful in passing error data forward."""
+
+    @property
+    def type(self) -> str:
+        """The error type associated with the error. For consistency with Pydantic, this is typically a snake_case string."""
+
+    @property
+    def message_template(self) -> str:
+        """The message template associated with the error. This is a string that can be formatted with context variables in `{curly_braces}`."""
+
+    def message(self) -> str:
+        """The formatted message associated with the error. This presents as the message template with context variables appropriately injected."""
+
+@final
+class PydanticKnownError(ValueError):
+    """A helper class for raising exceptions that mimic Pydantic's built-in exceptions, with more flexibility in regards to context.
+
+    Unlike [`PydanticCustomError`][pydantic_core.PydanticCustomError], the `error_type` argument must be a known `ErrorType`.
+
+    Example:
+        ```py
+        from pydantic_core import PydanticKnownError
+
+        def custom_validator(v) -> None:
+            if v <= 10:
+                raise PydanticKnownError(error_type='greater_than', context={'gt': 10})
+            return v
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, error_type: ErrorType, context: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initializes the `PydanticKnownError`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            error_type: The error type.
+            context: The data to inject into the message template.
+        """
+
+    def __new__(cls, error_type: ErrorType, context: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> Self: ...
+    @property
+    def context(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        """Values which are required to render the error message, and could hence be useful in passing error data forward."""
+
+    @property
+    def type(self) -> ErrorType:
+        """The type of the error."""
+
+    @property
+    def message_template(self) -> str:
+        """The message template associated with the provided error type. This is a string that can be formatted with context variables in `{curly_braces}`."""
+
+    def message(self) -> str:
+        """The formatted message associated with the error. This presents as the message template with context variables appropriately injected."""
+
+@final
+class PydanticOmit(Exception):
+    """An exception to signal that a field should be omitted from a generated result.
+
+    This could span from omitting a field from a JSON Schema to omitting a field from a serialized result.
+    Upcoming: more robust support for using PydanticOmit in custom serializers is still in development.
+    Right now, this is primarily used in the JSON Schema generation process.
+
+    Example:
+        ```py
+        from typing import Callable
+
+        from pydantic_core import PydanticOmit
+
+        from pydantic import BaseModel
+        from pydantic.json_schema import GenerateJsonSchema, JsonSchemaValue
+
+
+        class MyGenerateJsonSchema(GenerateJsonSchema):
+            def handle_invalid_for_json_schema(self, schema, error_info) -> JsonSchemaValue:
+                raise PydanticOmit
+
+
+        class Predicate(BaseModel):
+            name: str = 'no-op'
+            func: Callable = lambda x: x
+
+
+        instance_example = Predicate()
+
+        validation_schema = instance_example.model_json_schema(schema_generator=MyGenerateJsonSchema, mode='validation')
+        print(validation_schema)
+        '''
+        {'properties': {'name': {'default': 'no-op', 'title': 'Name', 'type': 'string'}}, 'title': 'Predicate', 'type': 'object'}
+        '''
+        ```
+
+    For a more in depth example / explanation, see the [customizing JSON schema](../concepts/json_schema.md#customizing-the-json-schema-generation-process) docs.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls) -> Self: ...
+
+@final
+class PydanticUseDefault(Exception):
+    """An exception to signal that standard validation either failed or should be skipped, and the default value should be used instead.
+
+    This warning can be raised in custom valiation functions to redirect the flow of validation.
+
+    Example:
+        ```py
+        from pydantic_core import PydanticUseDefault
+        from datetime import datetime
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, field_validator
+
+
+        class Event(BaseModel):
+            name: str = 'meeting'
+            time: datetime
+
+            @field_validator('name', mode='plain')
+            def name_must_be_present(cls, v) -> str:
+                if not v or not isinstance(v, str):
+                    raise PydanticUseDefault()
+                return v
+
+
+        event1 = Event(name='party', time=datetime(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0))
+        print(repr(event1))
+        # > Event(name='party', time=datetime.datetime(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0))
+        event2 = Event(time=datetime(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0))
+        print(repr(event2))
+        # > Event(name='meeting', time=datetime.datetime(2024, 1, 1, 12, 0))
+        ```
+
+    For an additional example, see the [validating partial json data](../concepts/json.md#partial-json-parsing) section of the Pydantic documentation.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls) -> Self: ...
+
+@final
+class PydanticSerializationError(ValueError):
+    """An error raised when an issue occurs during serialization.
+
+    In custom serializers, this error can be used to indicate that serialization has failed.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        """Initializes the `PydanticSerializationError`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            message: The message associated with the error.
+        """
+
+    def __new__(cls, message: str) -> Self: ...
+
+@final
+class PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(ValueError):
+    """An error raised when an unexpected value is encountered during serialization.
+
+    This error is often caught and coerced into a warning, as `pydantic-core` generally makes a best attempt
+    at serializing values, in contrast with validation where errors are eagerly raised.
+
+    Example:
+        ```py
+        from pydantic import BaseModel, field_serializer
+        from pydantic_core import PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue
+
+        class BasicPoint(BaseModel):
+            x: int
+            y: int
+
+            @field_serializer('*')
+            def serialize(self, v):
+                if not isinstance(v, int):
+                    raise PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(f'Expected type `int`, got {type(v)} with value {v}')
+                return v
+
+        point = BasicPoint(x=1, y=2)
+        # some sort of mutation
+        point.x = 'a'
+
+        print(point.model_dump())
+        '''
+        UserWarning: Pydantic serializer warnings:
+        PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue(Expected type `int`, got <class 'str'> with value a)
+        return self.__pydantic_serializer__.to_python(
+        {'x': 'a', 'y': 2}
+        '''
+        ```
+
+    This is often used internally in `pydantic-core` when unexpected types are encountered during serialization,
+    but it can also be used by users in custom serializers, as seen above.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        """Initializes the `PydanticSerializationUnexpectedValue`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            message: The message associated with the unexpected value.
+        """
+
+    def __new__(cls, message: str | None = None) -> Self: ...
+
+@final
+class ArgsKwargs:
+    """A construct used to store arguments and keyword arguments for a function call.
+
+    This data structure is generally used to store information for core schemas associated with functions (like in an arguments schema).
+    This data structure is also currently used for some validation against dataclasses.
+
+    Example:
+        ```py
+        from pydantic.dataclasses import dataclass
+        from pydantic import model_validator
+
+
+        @dataclass
+        class Model:
+            a: int
+            b: int
+
+            @model_validator(mode="before")
+            @classmethod
+            def no_op_validator(cls, values):
+                print(values)
+                return values
+
+        Model(1, b=2)
+        #> ArgsKwargs((1,), {"b": 2})
+
+        Model(1, 2)
+        #> ArgsKwargs((1, 2), {})
+
+        Model(a=1, b=2)
+        #> ArgsKwargs((), {"a": 1, "b": 2})
+        ```
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, args: tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> None:
+        """Initializes the `ArgsKwargs`.
+
+        Arguments:
+            args: The arguments (inherently ordered) for a function call.
+            kwargs: The keyword arguments for a function call
+        """
+
+    def __new__(cls, args: tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> Self: ...
+    @property
+    def args(self) -> tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """The arguments (inherently ordered) for a function call."""
+
+    @property
+    def kwargs(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None:
+        """The keyword arguments for a function call."""
+
+@final
+class PydanticUndefinedType:
+    """A type used as a sentinel for undefined values."""
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> Self: ...
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: Any) -> Self: ...
+
+PydanticUndefined: PydanticUndefinedType
+
+def list_all_errors() -> list[ErrorTypeInfo]:
+    """
+    Get information about all built-in errors.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of `ErrorTypeInfo` typed dicts.
+    """
+@final
+class TzInfo(datetime.tzinfo):
+    """An `pydantic-core` implementation of the abstract [`datetime.tzinfo`][] class."""
+
+    # def __new__(cls, seconds: float) -> Self: ...
+
+    # Docstrings for attributes sourced from the abstract base class, [`datetime.tzinfo`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.tzinfo).
+
+    def tzname(self, dt: datetime.datetime | None) -> str | None:
+        """Return the time zone name corresponding to the [`datetime`][datetime.datetime] object _dt_, as a string.
+
+        For more info, see [`tzinfo.tzname`][datetime.tzinfo.tzname].
+        """
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt: datetime.datetime | None) -> datetime.timedelta | None:
+        """Return offset of local time from UTC, as a [`timedelta`][datetime.timedelta] object that is positive east of UTC. If local time is west of UTC, this should be negative.
+
+        More info can be found at [`tzinfo.utcoffset`][datetime.tzinfo.utcoffset].
+        """
+
+    def dst(self, dt: datetime.datetime | None) -> datetime.timedelta | None:
+        """Return the daylight saving time (DST) adjustment, as a [`timedelta`][datetime.timedelta] object or `None` if DST information isn’t known.
+
+        More info can be found at[`tzinfo.dst`][datetime.tzinfo.dst]."""
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt: datetime.datetime) -> datetime.datetime:
+        """Adjust the date and time data associated datetime object _dt_, returning an equivalent datetime in self’s local time.
+
+        More info can be found at [`tzinfo.fromutc`][datetime.tzinfo.fromutc]."""
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, _memo: dict[Any, Any]) -> TzInfo: ...
+
+def validate_core_schema(schema: CoreSchema, *, strict: bool | None = None) -> CoreSchema:
+    """Validate a core schema.
+
+    This currently uses lax mode for validation (i.e. will coerce strings to dates and such)
+    but may use strict mode in the future.
+    We may also remove this function altogether, do not rely on it being present if you are
+    using pydantic-core directly.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/core_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/core_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0ab3dd94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/core_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4325 @@
+"""
+This module contains definitions to build schemas which `pydantic_core` can
+validate and serialize.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations as _annotations
+
+import sys
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Hashable, Mapping
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta
+from decimal import Decimal
+from re import Pattern
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, Union
+
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 12):
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+else:
+    from typing import TypedDict
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from typing_extensions import Protocol, Required, TypeAlias
+else:
+    from typing import Protocol, Required, TypeAlias
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+else:
+    # The initial build of pydantic_core requires PydanticUndefined to generate
+    # the core schema; so we need to conditionally skip it. mypy doesn't like
+    # this at all, hence the TYPE_CHECKING branch above.
+    try:
+        from pydantic_core import PydanticUndefined
+    except ImportError:
+        PydanticUndefined = object()
+
+
+ExtraBehavior = Literal['allow', 'forbid', 'ignore']
+
+
+class CoreConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """
+    Base class for schema configuration options.
+
+    Attributes:
+        title: The name of the configuration.
+        strict: Whether the configuration should strictly adhere to specified rules.
+        extra_fields_behavior: The behavior for handling extra fields.
+        typed_dict_total: Whether the TypedDict should be considered total. Default is `True`.
+        from_attributes: Whether to use attributes for models, dataclasses, and tagged union keys.
+        loc_by_alias: Whether to use the used alias (or first alias for "field required" errors) instead of
+            `field_names` to construct error `loc`s. Default is `True`.
+        revalidate_instances: Whether instances of models and dataclasses should re-validate. Default is 'never'.
+        validate_default: Whether to validate default values during validation. Default is `False`.
+        str_max_length: The maximum length for string fields.
+        str_min_length: The minimum length for string fields.
+        str_strip_whitespace: Whether to strip whitespace from string fields.
+        str_to_lower: Whether to convert string fields to lowercase.
+        str_to_upper: Whether to convert string fields to uppercase.
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow infinity and NaN values for float fields. Default is `True`.
+        ser_json_timedelta: The serialization option for `timedelta` values. Default is 'iso8601'.
+        ser_json_bytes: The serialization option for `bytes` values. Default is 'utf8'.
+        ser_json_inf_nan: The serialization option for infinity and NaN values
+            in float fields. Default is 'null'.
+        val_json_bytes: The validation option for `bytes` values, complementing ser_json_bytes. Default is 'utf8'.
+        hide_input_in_errors: Whether to hide input data from `ValidationError` representation.
+        validation_error_cause: Whether to add user-python excs to the __cause__ of a ValidationError.
+            Requires exceptiongroup backport pre Python 3.11.
+        coerce_numbers_to_str: Whether to enable coercion of any `Number` type to `str` (not applicable in `strict` mode).
+        regex_engine: The regex engine to use for regex pattern validation. Default is 'rust-regex'. See `StringSchema`.
+        cache_strings: Whether to cache strings. Default is `True`, `True` or `'all'` is required to cache strings
+            during general validation since validators don't know if they're in a key or a value.
+        validate_by_alias: Whether to use the field's alias when validating against the provided input data. Default is `True`.
+        validate_by_name: Whether to use the field's name when validating against the provided input data. Default is `False`. Replacement for `populate_by_name`.
+        serialize_by_alias: Whether to serialize by alias. Default is `False`, expected to change to `True` in V3.
+    """
+
+    title: str
+    strict: bool
+    # settings related to typed dicts, model fields, dataclass fields
+    extra_fields_behavior: ExtraBehavior
+    typed_dict_total: bool  # default: True
+    # used for models, dataclasses, and tagged union keys
+    from_attributes: bool
+    # whether to use the used alias (or first alias for "field required" errors) instead of field_names
+    # to construct error `loc`s, default True
+    loc_by_alias: bool
+    # whether instances of models and dataclasses (including subclass instances) should re-validate, default 'never'
+    revalidate_instances: Literal['always', 'never', 'subclass-instances']
+    # whether to validate default values during validation, default False
+    validate_default: bool
+    # used on typed-dicts and arguments
+    # fields related to string fields only
+    str_max_length: int
+    str_min_length: int
+    str_strip_whitespace: bool
+    str_to_lower: bool
+    str_to_upper: bool
+    # fields related to float fields only
+    allow_inf_nan: bool  # default: True
+    # the config options are used to customise serialization to JSON
+    ser_json_timedelta: Literal['iso8601', 'float']  # default: 'iso8601'
+    ser_json_bytes: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex']  # default: 'utf8'
+    ser_json_inf_nan: Literal['null', 'constants', 'strings']  # default: 'null'
+    val_json_bytes: Literal['utf8', 'base64', 'hex']  # default: 'utf8'
+    # used to hide input data from ValidationError repr
+    hide_input_in_errors: bool
+    validation_error_cause: bool  # default: False
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool  # default: False
+    regex_engine: Literal['rust-regex', 'python-re']  # default: 'rust-regex'
+    cache_strings: Union[bool, Literal['all', 'keys', 'none']]  # default: 'True'
+    validate_by_alias: bool  # default: True
+    validate_by_name: bool  # default: False
+    serialize_by_alias: bool  # default: False
+
+
+IncExCall: TypeAlias = 'set[int | str] | dict[int | str, IncExCall] | None'
+
+
+class SerializationInfo(Protocol):
+    @property
+    def include(self) -> IncExCall: ...
+
+    @property
+    def exclude(self) -> IncExCall: ...
+
+    @property
+    def context(self) -> Any | None:
+        """Current serialization context."""
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self) -> str: ...
+
+    @property
+    def by_alias(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    @property
+    def exclude_unset(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    @property
+    def exclude_defaults(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    @property
+    def exclude_none(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    @property
+    def serialize_as_any(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    @property
+    def round_trip(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    def mode_is_json(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str: ...
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
+
+
+class FieldSerializationInfo(SerializationInfo, Protocol):
+    @property
+    def field_name(self) -> str: ...
+
+
+class ValidationInfo(Protocol):
+    """
+    Argument passed to validation functions.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def context(self) -> Any | None:
+        """Current validation context."""
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def config(self) -> CoreConfig | None:
+        """The CoreConfig that applies to this validation."""
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self) -> Literal['python', 'json']:
+        """The type of input data we are currently validating"""
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """The data being validated for this model."""
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def field_name(self) -> str | None:
+        """
+        The name of the current field being validated if this validator is
+        attached to a model field.
+        """
+        ...
+
+
+ExpectedSerializationTypes = Literal[
+    'none',
+    'int',
+    'bool',
+    'float',
+    'str',
+    'bytes',
+    'bytearray',
+    'list',
+    'tuple',
+    'set',
+    'frozenset',
+    'generator',
+    'dict',
+    'datetime',
+    'date',
+    'time',
+    'timedelta',
+    'url',
+    'multi-host-url',
+    'json',
+    'uuid',
+    'any',
+]
+
+
+class SimpleSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[ExpectedSerializationTypes]
+
+
+def simple_ser_schema(type: ExpectedSerializationTypes) -> SimpleSerSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for serialization with a custom type.
+
+    Args:
+        type: The type to use for serialization
+    """
+    return SimpleSerSchema(type=type)
+
+
+# (input_value: Any, /) -> Any
+GeneralPlainNoInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any], Any]
+# (input_value: Any, info: FieldSerializationInfo, /) -> Any
+GeneralPlainInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any, SerializationInfo], Any]
+# (model: Any, input_value: Any, /) -> Any
+FieldPlainNoInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any, Any], Any]
+# (model: Any, input_value: Any, info: FieldSerializationInfo, /) -> Any
+FieldPlainInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any, Any, FieldSerializationInfo], Any]
+SerializerFunction = Union[
+    GeneralPlainNoInfoSerializerFunction,
+    GeneralPlainInfoSerializerFunction,
+    FieldPlainNoInfoSerializerFunction,
+    FieldPlainInfoSerializerFunction,
+]
+
+WhenUsed = Literal['always', 'unless-none', 'json', 'json-unless-none']
+"""
+Values have the following meanings:
+
+* `'always'` means always use
+* `'unless-none'` means use unless the value is `None`
+* `'json'` means use when serializing to JSON
+* `'json-unless-none'` means use when serializing to JSON and the value is not `None`
+"""
+
+
+class PlainSerializerFunctionSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['function-plain']]
+    function: Required[SerializerFunction]
+    is_field_serializer: bool  # default False
+    info_arg: bool  # default False
+    return_schema: CoreSchema  # if omitted, AnySchema is used
+    when_used: WhenUsed  # default: 'always'
+
+
+def plain_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+    function: SerializerFunction,
+    *,
+    is_field_serializer: bool | None = None,
+    info_arg: bool | None = None,
+    return_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    when_used: WhenUsed = 'always',
+) -> PlainSerializerFunctionSerSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for serialization with a function, can be either a "general" or "field" function.
+
+    Args:
+        function: The function to use for serialization
+        is_field_serializer: Whether the serializer is for a field, e.g. takes `model` as the first argument,
+            and `info` includes `field_name`
+        info_arg: Whether the function takes an `info` argument
+        return_schema: Schema to use for serializing return value
+        when_used: When the function should be called
+    """
+    if when_used == 'always':
+        # just to avoid extra elements in schema, and to use the actual default defined in rust
+        when_used = None  # type: ignore
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-plain',
+        function=function,
+        is_field_serializer=is_field_serializer,
+        info_arg=info_arg,
+        return_schema=return_schema,
+        when_used=when_used,
+    )
+
+
+class SerializerFunctionWrapHandler(Protocol):  # pragma: no cover
+    def __call__(self, input_value: Any, index_key: int | str | None = None, /) -> Any: ...
+
+
+# (input_value: Any, serializer: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, /) -> Any
+GeneralWrapNoInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler], Any]
+# (input_value: Any, serializer: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, info: SerializationInfo, /) -> Any
+GeneralWrapInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, SerializationInfo], Any]
+# (model: Any, input_value: Any, serializer: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, /) -> Any
+FieldWrapNoInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any, Any, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler], Any]
+# (model: Any, input_value: Any, serializer: SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, info: FieldSerializationInfo, /) -> Any
+FieldWrapInfoSerializerFunction = Callable[[Any, Any, SerializerFunctionWrapHandler, FieldSerializationInfo], Any]
+WrapSerializerFunction = Union[
+    GeneralWrapNoInfoSerializerFunction,
+    GeneralWrapInfoSerializerFunction,
+    FieldWrapNoInfoSerializerFunction,
+    FieldWrapInfoSerializerFunction,
+]
+
+
+class WrapSerializerFunctionSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['function-wrap']]
+    function: Required[WrapSerializerFunction]
+    is_field_serializer: bool  # default False
+    info_arg: bool  # default False
+    schema: CoreSchema  # if omitted, the schema on which this serializer is defined is used
+    return_schema: CoreSchema  # if omitted, AnySchema is used
+    when_used: WhenUsed  # default: 'always'
+
+
+def wrap_serializer_function_ser_schema(
+    function: WrapSerializerFunction,
+    *,
+    is_field_serializer: bool | None = None,
+    info_arg: bool | None = None,
+    schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    return_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    when_used: WhenUsed = 'always',
+) -> WrapSerializerFunctionSerSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for serialization with a wrap function, can be either a "general" or "field" function.
+
+    Args:
+        function: The function to use for serialization
+        is_field_serializer: Whether the serializer is for a field, e.g. takes `model` as the first argument,
+            and `info` includes `field_name`
+        info_arg: Whether the function takes an `info` argument
+        schema: The schema to use for the inner serialization
+        return_schema: Schema to use for serializing return value
+        when_used: When the function should be called
+    """
+    if when_used == 'always':
+        # just to avoid extra elements in schema, and to use the actual default defined in rust
+        when_used = None  # type: ignore
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-wrap',
+        function=function,
+        is_field_serializer=is_field_serializer,
+        info_arg=info_arg,
+        schema=schema,
+        return_schema=return_schema,
+        when_used=when_used,
+    )
+
+
+class FormatSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['format']]
+    formatting_string: Required[str]
+    when_used: WhenUsed  # default: 'json-unless-none'
+
+
+def format_ser_schema(formatting_string: str, *, when_used: WhenUsed = 'json-unless-none') -> FormatSerSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for serialization using python's `format` method.
+
+    Args:
+        formatting_string: String defining the format to use
+        when_used: Same meaning as for [general_function_plain_ser_schema], but with a different default
+    """
+    if when_used == 'json-unless-none':
+        # just to avoid extra elements in schema, and to use the actual default defined in rust
+        when_used = None  # type: ignore
+    return _dict_not_none(type='format', formatting_string=formatting_string, when_used=when_used)
+
+
+class ToStringSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['to-string']]
+    when_used: WhenUsed  # default: 'json-unless-none'
+
+
+def to_string_ser_schema(*, when_used: WhenUsed = 'json-unless-none') -> ToStringSerSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for serialization using python's `str()` / `__str__` method.
+
+    Args:
+        when_used: Same meaning as for [general_function_plain_ser_schema], but with a different default
+    """
+    s = dict(type='to-string')
+    if when_used != 'json-unless-none':
+        # just to avoid extra elements in schema, and to use the actual default defined in rust
+        s['when_used'] = when_used
+    return s  # type: ignore
+
+
+class ModelSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['model']]
+    cls: Required[type[Any]]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+
+
+def model_ser_schema(cls: type[Any], schema: CoreSchema) -> ModelSerSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for serialization using a model.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The expected class type, used to generate warnings if the wrong type is passed
+        schema: Internal schema to use to serialize the model dict
+    """
+    return ModelSerSchema(type='model', cls=cls, schema=schema)
+
+
+SerSchema = Union[
+    SimpleSerSchema,
+    PlainSerializerFunctionSerSchema,
+    WrapSerializerFunctionSerSchema,
+    FormatSerSchema,
+    ToStringSerSchema,
+    ModelSerSchema,
+]
+
+
+class InvalidSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['invalid']]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    # note, we never plan to use this, but include it for type checking purposes to match
+    # all other CoreSchema union members
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def invalid_schema(ref: str | None = None, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> InvalidSchema:
+    """
+    Returns an invalid schema, used to indicate that a schema is invalid.
+
+        Returns a schema that matches any value, e.g.:
+
+    Args:
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+    """
+
+    return _dict_not_none(type='invalid', ref=ref, metadata=metadata)
+
+
+class ComputedField(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['computed-field']]
+    property_name: Required[str]
+    return_schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    alias: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def computed_field(
+    property_name: str, return_schema: CoreSchema, *, alias: str | None = None, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None
+) -> ComputedField:
+    """
+    ComputedFields are properties of a model or dataclass that are included in serialization.
+
+    Args:
+        property_name: The name of the property on the model or dataclass
+        return_schema: The schema used for the type returned by the computed field
+        alias: The name to use in the serialized output
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='computed-field', property_name=property_name, return_schema=return_schema, alias=alias, metadata=metadata
+    )
+
+
+class AnySchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['any']]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def any_schema(
+    *, ref: str | None = None, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None, serialization: SerSchema | None = None
+) -> AnySchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches any value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.any_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(1) == 1
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(type='any', ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization)
+
+
+class NoneSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['none']]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def none_schema(
+    *, ref: str | None = None, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None, serialization: SerSchema | None = None
+) -> NoneSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a None value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.none_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(None) is None
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(type='none', ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization)
+
+
+class BoolSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['bool']]
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def bool_schema(
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> BoolSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a bool value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.bool_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('True') is True
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether the value should be a bool or a value that can be converted to a bool
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(type='bool', strict=strict, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization)
+
+
+class IntSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['int']]
+    multiple_of: int
+    le: int
+    ge: int
+    lt: int
+    gt: int
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def int_schema(
+    *,
+    multiple_of: int | None = None,
+    le: int | None = None,
+    ge: int | None = None,
+    lt: int | None = None,
+    gt: int | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> IntSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a int value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.int_schema(multiple_of=2, le=6, ge=2)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('4') == 4
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        multiple_of: The value must be a multiple of this number
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this number
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this number
+        lt: The value must be strictly less than this number
+        gt: The value must be strictly greater than this number
+        strict: Whether the value should be a int or a value that can be converted to a int
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='int',
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        le=le,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        gt=gt,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class FloatSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['float']]
+    allow_inf_nan: bool  # whether 'NaN', '+inf', '-inf' should be forbidden. default: True
+    multiple_of: float
+    le: float
+    ge: float
+    lt: float
+    gt: float
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def float_schema(
+    *,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = None,
+    multiple_of: float | None = None,
+    le: float | None = None,
+    ge: float | None = None,
+    lt: float | None = None,
+    gt: float | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> FloatSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a float value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.float_schema(le=0.8, ge=0.2)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('0.5') == 0.5
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow inf and nan values
+        multiple_of: The value must be a multiple of this number
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this number
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this number
+        lt: The value must be strictly less than this number
+        gt: The value must be strictly greater than this number
+        strict: Whether the value should be a float or a value that can be converted to a float
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='float',
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        le=le,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        gt=gt,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class DecimalSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['decimal']]
+    allow_inf_nan: bool  # whether 'NaN', '+inf', '-inf' should be forbidden. default: False
+    multiple_of: Decimal
+    le: Decimal
+    ge: Decimal
+    lt: Decimal
+    gt: Decimal
+    max_digits: int
+    decimal_places: int
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def decimal_schema(
+    *,
+    allow_inf_nan: bool | None = None,
+    multiple_of: Decimal | None = None,
+    le: Decimal | None = None,
+    ge: Decimal | None = None,
+    lt: Decimal | None = None,
+    gt: Decimal | None = None,
+    max_digits: int | None = None,
+    decimal_places: int | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> DecimalSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a decimal value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from decimal import Decimal
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.decimal_schema(le=0.8, ge=0.2)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('0.5') == Decimal('0.5')
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        allow_inf_nan: Whether to allow inf and nan values
+        multiple_of: The value must be a multiple of this number
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this number
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this number
+        lt: The value must be strictly less than this number
+        gt: The value must be strictly greater than this number
+        max_digits: The maximum number of decimal digits allowed
+        decimal_places: The maximum number of decimal places allowed
+        strict: Whether the value should be a float or a value that can be converted to a float
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='decimal',
+        gt=gt,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        le=le,
+        max_digits=max_digits,
+        decimal_places=decimal_places,
+        multiple_of=multiple_of,
+        allow_inf_nan=allow_inf_nan,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class ComplexSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['complex']]
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def complex_schema(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> ComplexSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a complex value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.complex_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('1+2j') == complex(1, 2)
+    assert v.validate_python(complex(1, 2)) == complex(1, 2)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether the value should be a complex object instance or a value that can be converted to a complex object
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='complex',
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class StringSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['str']]
+    pattern: Union[str, Pattern[str]]
+    max_length: int
+    min_length: int
+    strip_whitespace: bool
+    to_lower: bool
+    to_upper: bool
+    regex_engine: Literal['rust-regex', 'python-re']  # default: 'rust-regex'
+    strict: bool
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def str_schema(
+    *,
+    pattern: str | Pattern[str] | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    strip_whitespace: bool | None = None,
+    to_lower: bool | None = None,
+    to_upper: bool | None = None,
+    regex_engine: Literal['rust-regex', 'python-re'] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    coerce_numbers_to_str: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> StringSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a string value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.str_schema(max_length=10, min_length=2)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello') == 'hello'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        pattern: A regex pattern that the value must match
+        max_length: The value must be at most this length
+        min_length: The value must be at least this length
+        strip_whitespace: Whether to strip whitespace from the value
+        to_lower: Whether to convert the value to lowercase
+        to_upper: Whether to convert the value to uppercase
+        regex_engine: The regex engine to use for pattern validation. Default is 'rust-regex'.
+            - `rust-regex` uses the [`regex`](https://docs.rs/regex) Rust
+              crate, which is non-backtracking and therefore more DDoS
+              resistant, but does not support all regex features.
+            - `python-re` use the [`re`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html) module,
+              which supports all regex features, but may be slower.
+        strict: Whether the value should be a string or a value that can be converted to a string
+        coerce_numbers_to_str: Whether to enable coercion of any `Number` type to `str` (not applicable in `strict` mode).
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='str',
+        pattern=pattern,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        strip_whitespace=strip_whitespace,
+        to_lower=to_lower,
+        to_upper=to_upper,
+        regex_engine=regex_engine,
+        strict=strict,
+        coerce_numbers_to_str=coerce_numbers_to_str,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class BytesSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['bytes']]
+    max_length: int
+    min_length: int
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def bytes_schema(
+    *,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> BytesSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a bytes value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.bytes_schema(max_length=10, min_length=2)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(b'hello') == b'hello'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        max_length: The value must be at most this length
+        min_length: The value must be at least this length
+        strict: Whether the value should be a bytes or a value that can be converted to a bytes
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='bytes',
+        max_length=max_length,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class DateSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['date']]
+    strict: bool
+    le: date
+    ge: date
+    lt: date
+    gt: date
+    now_op: Literal['past', 'future']
+    # defaults to current local utc offset from `time.localtime().tm_gmtoff`
+    # value is restricted to -86_400 < offset < 86_400 by bounds in generate_self_schema.py
+    now_utc_offset: int
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def date_schema(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    le: date | None = None,
+    ge: date | None = None,
+    lt: date | None = None,
+    gt: date | None = None,
+    now_op: Literal['past', 'future'] | None = None,
+    now_utc_offset: int | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> DateSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a date value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from datetime import date
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.date_schema(le=date(2020, 1, 1), ge=date(2019, 1, 1))
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(date(2019, 6, 1)) == date(2019, 6, 1)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether the value should be a date or a value that can be converted to a date
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this date
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this date
+        lt: The value must be strictly less than this date
+        gt: The value must be strictly greater than this date
+        now_op: The value must be in the past or future relative to the current date
+        now_utc_offset: The value must be in the past or future relative to the current date with this utc offset
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='date',
+        strict=strict,
+        le=le,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        gt=gt,
+        now_op=now_op,
+        now_utc_offset=now_utc_offset,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class TimeSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['time']]
+    strict: bool
+    le: time
+    ge: time
+    lt: time
+    gt: time
+    tz_constraint: Union[Literal['aware', 'naive'], int]
+    microseconds_precision: Literal['truncate', 'error']
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def time_schema(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    le: time | None = None,
+    ge: time | None = None,
+    lt: time | None = None,
+    gt: time | None = None,
+    tz_constraint: Literal['aware', 'naive'] | int | None = None,
+    microseconds_precision: Literal['truncate', 'error'] = 'truncate',
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> TimeSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a time value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from datetime import time
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.time_schema(le=time(12, 0, 0), ge=time(6, 0, 0))
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(time(9, 0, 0)) == time(9, 0, 0)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether the value should be a time or a value that can be converted to a time
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this time
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this time
+        lt: The value must be strictly less than this time
+        gt: The value must be strictly greater than this time
+        tz_constraint: The value must be timezone aware or naive, or an int to indicate required tz offset
+        microseconds_precision: The behavior when seconds have more than 6 digits or microseconds is too large
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='time',
+        strict=strict,
+        le=le,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        gt=gt,
+        tz_constraint=tz_constraint,
+        microseconds_precision=microseconds_precision,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class DatetimeSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['datetime']]
+    strict: bool
+    le: datetime
+    ge: datetime
+    lt: datetime
+    gt: datetime
+    now_op: Literal['past', 'future']
+    tz_constraint: Union[Literal['aware', 'naive'], int]
+    # defaults to current local utc offset from `time.localtime().tm_gmtoff`
+    # value is restricted to -86_400 < offset < 86_400 by bounds in generate_self_schema.py
+    now_utc_offset: int
+    microseconds_precision: Literal['truncate', 'error']  # default: 'truncate'
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def datetime_schema(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    le: datetime | None = None,
+    ge: datetime | None = None,
+    lt: datetime | None = None,
+    gt: datetime | None = None,
+    now_op: Literal['past', 'future'] | None = None,
+    tz_constraint: Literal['aware', 'naive'] | int | None = None,
+    now_utc_offset: int | None = None,
+    microseconds_precision: Literal['truncate', 'error'] = 'truncate',
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> DatetimeSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a datetime value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from datetime import datetime
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.datetime_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    now = datetime.now()
+    assert v.validate_python(str(now)) == now
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether the value should be a datetime or a value that can be converted to a datetime
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this datetime
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this datetime
+        lt: The value must be strictly less than this datetime
+        gt: The value must be strictly greater than this datetime
+        now_op: The value must be in the past or future relative to the current datetime
+        tz_constraint: The value must be timezone aware or naive, or an int to indicate required tz offset
+            TODO: use of a tzinfo where offset changes based on the datetime is not yet supported
+        now_utc_offset: The value must be in the past or future relative to the current datetime with this utc offset
+        microseconds_precision: The behavior when seconds have more than 6 digits or microseconds is too large
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='datetime',
+        strict=strict,
+        le=le,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        gt=gt,
+        now_op=now_op,
+        tz_constraint=tz_constraint,
+        now_utc_offset=now_utc_offset,
+        microseconds_precision=microseconds_precision,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class TimedeltaSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['timedelta']]
+    strict: bool
+    le: timedelta
+    ge: timedelta
+    lt: timedelta
+    gt: timedelta
+    microseconds_precision: Literal['truncate', 'error']
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def timedelta_schema(
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    le: timedelta | None = None,
+    ge: timedelta | None = None,
+    lt: timedelta | None = None,
+    gt: timedelta | None = None,
+    microseconds_precision: Literal['truncate', 'error'] = 'truncate',
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> TimedeltaSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a timedelta value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from datetime import timedelta
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.timedelta_schema(le=timedelta(days=1), ge=timedelta(days=0))
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(timedelta(hours=12)) == timedelta(hours=12)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        strict: Whether the value should be a timedelta or a value that can be converted to a timedelta
+        le: The value must be less than or equal to this timedelta
+        ge: The value must be greater than or equal to this timedelta
+        lt: The value must be strictly less than this timedelta
+        gt: The value must be strictly greater than this timedelta
+        microseconds_precision: The behavior when seconds have more than 6 digits or microseconds is too large
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='timedelta',
+        strict=strict,
+        le=le,
+        ge=ge,
+        lt=lt,
+        gt=gt,
+        microseconds_precision=microseconds_precision,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class LiteralSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['literal']]
+    expected: Required[list[Any]]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def literal_schema(
+    expected: list[Any],
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> LiteralSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a literal value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.literal_schema(['hello', 'world'])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello') == 'hello'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        expected: The value must be one of these values
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(type='literal', expected=expected, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization)
+
+
+class EnumSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['enum']]
+    cls: Required[Any]
+    members: Required[list[Any]]
+    sub_type: Literal['str', 'int', 'float']
+    missing: Callable[[Any], Any]
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def enum_schema(
+    cls: Any,
+    members: list[Any],
+    *,
+    sub_type: Literal['str', 'int', 'float'] | None = None,
+    missing: Callable[[Any], Any] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> EnumSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches an enum value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from enum import Enum
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    class Color(Enum):
+        RED = 1
+        GREEN = 2
+        BLUE = 3
+
+    schema = core_schema.enum_schema(Color, list(Color.__members__.values()))
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(2) is Color.GREEN
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The enum class
+        members: The members of the enum, generally `list(MyEnum.__members__.values())`
+        sub_type: The type of the enum, either 'str' or 'int' or None for plain enums
+        missing: A function to use when the value is not found in the enum, from `_missing_`
+        strict: Whether to use strict mode, defaults to False
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='enum',
+        cls=cls,
+        members=members,
+        sub_type=sub_type,
+        missing=missing,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+# must match input/parse_json.rs::JsonType::try_from
+JsonType = Literal['null', 'bool', 'int', 'float', 'str', 'list', 'dict']
+
+
+class IsInstanceSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['is-instance']]
+    cls: Required[Any]
+    cls_repr: str
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def is_instance_schema(
+    cls: Any,
+    *,
+    cls_repr: str | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> IsInstanceSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that checks if a value is an instance of a class, equivalent to python's `isinstance` method, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    class A:
+        pass
+
+    schema = core_schema.is_instance_schema(cls=A)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    v.validate_python(A())
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The value must be an instance of this class
+        cls_repr: If provided this string is used in the validator name instead of `repr(cls)`
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='is-instance', cls=cls, cls_repr=cls_repr, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization
+    )
+
+
+class IsSubclassSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['is-subclass']]
+    cls: Required[type[Any]]
+    cls_repr: str
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def is_subclass_schema(
+    cls: type[Any],
+    *,
+    cls_repr: str | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> IsInstanceSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that checks if a value is a subtype of a class, equivalent to python's `issubclass` method, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    class A:
+        pass
+
+    class B(A):
+        pass
+
+    schema = core_schema.is_subclass_schema(cls=A)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    v.validate_python(B)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The value must be a subclass of this class
+        cls_repr: If provided this string is used in the validator name instead of `repr(cls)`
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='is-subclass', cls=cls, cls_repr=cls_repr, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization
+    )
+
+
+class CallableSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['callable']]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def callable_schema(
+    *, ref: str | None = None, metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None, serialization: SerSchema | None = None
+) -> CallableSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that checks if a value is callable, equivalent to python's `callable` method, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.callable_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    v.validate_python(min)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(type='callable', ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization)
+
+
+class UuidSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['uuid']]
+    version: Literal[1, 3, 4, 5, 7]
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def uuid_schema(
+    *,
+    version: Literal[1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> UuidSchema:
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='uuid', version=version, strict=strict, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization
+    )
+
+
+class IncExSeqSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['include-exclude-sequence']]
+    include: set[int]
+    exclude: set[int]
+
+
+def filter_seq_schema(*, include: set[int] | None = None, exclude: set[int] | None = None) -> IncExSeqSerSchema:
+    return _dict_not_none(type='include-exclude-sequence', include=include, exclude=exclude)
+
+
+IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema = Union[IncExSeqSerSchema, SerSchema]
+
+
+class ListSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['list']]
+    items_schema: CoreSchema
+    min_length: int
+    max_length: int
+    fail_fast: bool
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema
+
+
+def list_schema(
+    items_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema | None = None,
+) -> ListSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a list value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.list_schema(core_schema.int_schema(), min_length=0, max_length=10)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(['4']) == [4]
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        items_schema: The value must be a list of items that match this schema
+        min_length: The value must be a list with at least this many items
+        max_length: The value must be a list with at most this many items
+        fail_fast: Stop validation on the first error
+        strict: The value must be a list with exactly this many items
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='list',
+        items_schema=items_schema,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        fail_fast=fail_fast,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+# @deprecated('tuple_positional_schema is deprecated. Use pydantic_core.core_schema.tuple_schema instead.')
+def tuple_positional_schema(
+    items_schema: list[CoreSchema],
+    *,
+    extras_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema | None = None,
+) -> TupleSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a tuple of schemas, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.tuple_positional_schema(
+        [core_schema.int_schema(), core_schema.str_schema()]
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python((1, 'hello')) == (1, 'hello')
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        items_schema: The value must be a tuple with items that match these schemas
+        extras_schema: The value must be a tuple with items that match this schema
+            This was inspired by JSON schema's `prefixItems` and `items` fields.
+            In python's `typing.Tuple`, you can't specify a type for "extra" items -- they must all be the same type
+            if the length is variable. So this field won't be set from a `typing.Tuple` annotation on a pydantic model.
+        strict: The value must be a tuple with exactly this many items
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    if extras_schema is not None:
+        variadic_item_index = len(items_schema)
+        items_schema = items_schema + [extras_schema]
+    else:
+        variadic_item_index = None
+    return tuple_schema(
+        items_schema=items_schema,
+        variadic_item_index=variadic_item_index,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+# @deprecated('tuple_variable_schema is deprecated. Use pydantic_core.core_schema.tuple_schema instead.')
+def tuple_variable_schema(
+    items_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema | None = None,
+) -> TupleSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a tuple of a given schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.tuple_variable_schema(
+        items_schema=core_schema.int_schema(), min_length=0, max_length=10
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(('1', 2, 3)) == (1, 2, 3)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        items_schema: The value must be a tuple with items that match this schema
+        min_length: The value must be a tuple with at least this many items
+        max_length: The value must be a tuple with at most this many items
+        strict: The value must be a tuple with exactly this many items
+        ref: Optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return tuple_schema(
+        items_schema=[items_schema or any_schema()],
+        variadic_item_index=0,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class TupleSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['tuple']]
+    items_schema: Required[list[CoreSchema]]
+    variadic_item_index: int
+    min_length: int
+    max_length: int
+    fail_fast: bool
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema
+
+
+def tuple_schema(
+    items_schema: list[CoreSchema],
+    *,
+    variadic_item_index: int | None = None,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema | None = None,
+) -> TupleSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a tuple of schemas, with an optional variadic item, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.tuple_schema(
+        [core_schema.int_schema(), core_schema.str_schema(), core_schema.float_schema()],
+        variadic_item_index=1,
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python((1, 'hello', 'world', 1.5)) == (1, 'hello', 'world', 1.5)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        items_schema: The value must be a tuple with items that match these schemas
+        variadic_item_index: The index of the schema in `items_schema` to be treated as variadic (following PEP 646)
+        min_length: The value must be a tuple with at least this many items
+        max_length: The value must be a tuple with at most this many items
+        fail_fast: Stop validation on the first error
+        strict: The value must be a tuple with exactly this many items
+        ref: Optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='tuple',
+        items_schema=items_schema,
+        variadic_item_index=variadic_item_index,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        fail_fast=fail_fast,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class SetSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['set']]
+    items_schema: CoreSchema
+    min_length: int
+    max_length: int
+    fail_fast: bool
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def set_schema(
+    items_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> SetSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a set of a given schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.set_schema(
+        items_schema=core_schema.int_schema(), min_length=0, max_length=10
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({1, '2', 3}) == {1, 2, 3}
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        items_schema: The value must be a set with items that match this schema
+        min_length: The value must be a set with at least this many items
+        max_length: The value must be a set with at most this many items
+        fail_fast: Stop validation on the first error
+        strict: The value must be a set with exactly this many items
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='set',
+        items_schema=items_schema,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        fail_fast=fail_fast,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class FrozenSetSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['frozenset']]
+    items_schema: CoreSchema
+    min_length: int
+    max_length: int
+    fail_fast: bool
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def frozenset_schema(
+    items_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    fail_fast: bool | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> FrozenSetSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a frozenset of a given schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.frozenset_schema(
+        items_schema=core_schema.int_schema(), min_length=0, max_length=10
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(frozenset(range(3))) == frozenset({0, 1, 2})
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        items_schema: The value must be a frozenset with items that match this schema
+        min_length: The value must be a frozenset with at least this many items
+        max_length: The value must be a frozenset with at most this many items
+        fail_fast: Stop validation on the first error
+        strict: The value must be a frozenset with exactly this many items
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='frozenset',
+        items_schema=items_schema,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        fail_fast=fail_fast,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class GeneratorSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['generator']]
+    items_schema: CoreSchema
+    min_length: int
+    max_length: int
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema
+
+
+def generator_schema(
+    items_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: IncExSeqOrElseSerSchema | None = None,
+) -> GeneratorSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a generator value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from typing import Iterator
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def gen() -> Iterator[int]:
+        yield 1
+
+    schema = core_schema.generator_schema(items_schema=core_schema.int_schema())
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    v.validate_python(gen())
+    ```
+
+    Unlike other types, validated generators do not raise ValidationErrors eagerly,
+    but instead will raise a ValidationError when a violating value is actually read from the generator.
+    This is to ensure that "validated" generators retain the benefit of lazy evaluation.
+
+    Args:
+        items_schema: The value must be a generator with items that match this schema
+        min_length: The value must be a generator that yields at least this many items
+        max_length: The value must be a generator that yields at most this many items
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='generator',
+        items_schema=items_schema,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+IncExDict = set[Union[int, str]]
+
+
+class IncExDictSerSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['include-exclude-dict']]
+    include: IncExDict
+    exclude: IncExDict
+
+
+def filter_dict_schema(*, include: IncExDict | None = None, exclude: IncExDict | None = None) -> IncExDictSerSchema:
+    return _dict_not_none(type='include-exclude-dict', include=include, exclude=exclude)
+
+
+IncExDictOrElseSerSchema = Union[IncExDictSerSchema, SerSchema]
+
+
+class DictSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['dict']]
+    keys_schema: CoreSchema  # default: AnySchema
+    values_schema: CoreSchema  # default: AnySchema
+    min_length: int
+    max_length: int
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: IncExDictOrElseSerSchema
+
+
+def dict_schema(
+    keys_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    values_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    *,
+    min_length: int | None = None,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> DictSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a dict value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.dict_schema(
+        keys_schema=core_schema.str_schema(), values_schema=core_schema.int_schema()
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': '1', 'b': 2}) == {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        keys_schema: The value must be a dict with keys that match this schema
+        values_schema: The value must be a dict with values that match this schema
+        min_length: The value must be a dict with at least this many items
+        max_length: The value must be a dict with at most this many items
+        strict: Whether the keys and values should be validated with strict mode
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='dict',
+        keys_schema=keys_schema,
+        values_schema=values_schema,
+        min_length=min_length,
+        max_length=max_length,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+# (input_value: Any, /) -> Any
+NoInfoValidatorFunction = Callable[[Any], Any]
+
+
+class NoInfoValidatorFunctionSchema(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal['no-info']
+    function: NoInfoValidatorFunction
+
+
+# (input_value: Any, info: ValidationInfo, /) -> Any
+WithInfoValidatorFunction = Callable[[Any, ValidationInfo], Any]
+
+
+class WithInfoValidatorFunctionSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['with-info']]
+    function: Required[WithInfoValidatorFunction]
+    field_name: str
+
+
+ValidationFunction = Union[NoInfoValidatorFunctionSchema, WithInfoValidatorFunctionSchema]
+
+
+class _ValidatorFunctionSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    function: Required[ValidationFunction]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+class BeforeValidatorFunctionSchema(_ValidatorFunctionSchema, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['function-before']]
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema
+
+
+def no_info_before_validator_function(
+    function: NoInfoValidatorFunction,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> BeforeValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that calls a validator function before validating, no `info` argument is provided, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: bytes) -> str:
+        return v.decode() + 'world'
+
+    func_schema = core_schema.no_info_before_validator_function(
+        function=fn, schema=core_schema.str_schema()
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema({'a': core_schema.typed_dict_field(func_schema)})
+
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': b'hello '}) == {'a': 'hello world'}
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call
+        schema: The schema to validate the output of the validator function
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        json_schema_input_schema: The core schema to be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema input type
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-before',
+        function={'type': 'no-info', 'function': function},
+        schema=schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        json_schema_input_schema=json_schema_input_schema,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+def with_info_before_validator_function(
+    function: WithInfoValidatorFunction,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    field_name: str | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> BeforeValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that calls a validator function before validation, the function is called with
+    an `info` argument, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: bytes, info: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> str:
+        assert info.data is not None
+        assert info.field_name is not None
+        return v.decode() + 'world'
+
+    func_schema = core_schema.with_info_before_validator_function(
+        function=fn, schema=core_schema.str_schema(), field_name='a'
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema({'a': core_schema.typed_dict_field(func_schema)})
+
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': b'hello '}) == {'a': 'hello world'}
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call
+        field_name: The name of the field
+        schema: The schema to validate the output of the validator function
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        json_schema_input_schema: The core schema to be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema input type
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-before',
+        function=_dict_not_none(type='with-info', function=function, field_name=field_name),
+        schema=schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        json_schema_input_schema=json_schema_input_schema,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class AfterValidatorFunctionSchema(_ValidatorFunctionSchema, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['function-after']]
+
+
+def no_info_after_validator_function(
+    function: NoInfoValidatorFunction,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> AfterValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that calls a validator function after validating, no `info` argument is provided, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: str) -> str:
+        return v + 'world'
+
+    func_schema = core_schema.no_info_after_validator_function(fn, core_schema.str_schema())
+    schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema({'a': core_schema.typed_dict_field(func_schema)})
+
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': b'hello '}) == {'a': 'hello world'}
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call after the schema is validated
+        schema: The schema to validate before the validator function
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        json_schema_input_schema: The core schema to be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema input type
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-after',
+        function={'type': 'no-info', 'function': function},
+        schema=schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        json_schema_input_schema=json_schema_input_schema,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+def with_info_after_validator_function(
+    function: WithInfoValidatorFunction,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    field_name: str | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> AfterValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that calls a validator function after validation, the function is called with
+    an `info` argument, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: str, info: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> str:
+        assert info.data is not None
+        assert info.field_name is not None
+        return v + 'world'
+
+    func_schema = core_schema.with_info_after_validator_function(
+        function=fn, schema=core_schema.str_schema(), field_name='a'
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema({'a': core_schema.typed_dict_field(func_schema)})
+
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': b'hello '}) == {'a': 'hello world'}
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call after the schema is validated
+        schema: The schema to validate before the validator function
+        field_name: The name of the field this validators is applied to, if any
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-after',
+        function=_dict_not_none(type='with-info', function=function, field_name=field_name),
+        schema=schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, input_value: Any, outer_location: str | int | None = None, /) -> Any:  # pragma: no cover
+        ...
+
+
+# (input_value: Any, validator: ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, /) -> Any
+NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction = Callable[[Any, ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler], Any]
+
+
+class NoInfoWrapValidatorFunctionSchema(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal['no-info']
+    function: NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction
+
+
+# (input_value: Any, validator: ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, info: ValidationInfo, /) -> Any
+WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction = Callable[[Any, ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler, ValidationInfo], Any]
+
+
+class WithInfoWrapValidatorFunctionSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['with-info']]
+    function: Required[WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction]
+    field_name: str
+
+
+WrapValidatorFunction = Union[NoInfoWrapValidatorFunctionSchema, WithInfoWrapValidatorFunctionSchema]
+
+
+class WrapValidatorFunctionSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['function-wrap']]
+    function: Required[WrapValidatorFunction]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    ref: str
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def no_info_wrap_validator_function(
+    function: NoInfoWrapValidatorFunction,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> WrapValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema which calls a function with a `validator` callable argument which can
+    optionally be used to call inner validation with the function logic, this is much like the
+    "onion" implementation of middleware in many popular web frameworks, no `info` argument is passed, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(
+        v: str,
+        validator: core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
+    ) -> str:
+        return validator(input_value=v) + 'world'
+
+    schema = core_schema.no_info_wrap_validator_function(
+        function=fn, schema=core_schema.str_schema()
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello ') == 'hello world'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call
+        schema: The schema to validate the output of the validator function
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        json_schema_input_schema: The core schema to be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema input type
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-wrap',
+        function={'type': 'no-info', 'function': function},
+        schema=schema,
+        json_schema_input_schema=json_schema_input_schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+def with_info_wrap_validator_function(
+    function: WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    field_name: str | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> WrapValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema which calls a function with a `validator` callable argument which can
+    optionally be used to call inner validation with the function logic, this is much like the
+    "onion" implementation of middleware in many popular web frameworks, an `info` argument is also passed, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(
+        v: str,
+        validator: core_schema.ValidatorFunctionWrapHandler,
+        info: core_schema.ValidationInfo,
+    ) -> str:
+        return validator(input_value=v) + 'world'
+
+    schema = core_schema.with_info_wrap_validator_function(
+        function=fn, schema=core_schema.str_schema()
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello ') == 'hello world'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call
+        schema: The schema to validate the output of the validator function
+        field_name: The name of the field this validators is applied to, if any
+        json_schema_input_schema: The core schema to be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema input type
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-wrap',
+        function=_dict_not_none(type='with-info', function=function, field_name=field_name),
+        schema=schema,
+        json_schema_input_schema=json_schema_input_schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class PlainValidatorFunctionSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['function-plain']]
+    function: Required[ValidationFunction]
+    ref: str
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def no_info_plain_validator_function(
+    function: NoInfoValidatorFunction,
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> PlainValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that uses the provided function for validation, no `info` argument is passed, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: str) -> str:
+        assert 'hello' in v
+        return v + 'world'
+
+    schema = core_schema.no_info_plain_validator_function(function=fn)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello ') == 'hello world'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        json_schema_input_schema: The core schema to be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema input type
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-plain',
+        function={'type': 'no-info', 'function': function},
+        ref=ref,
+        json_schema_input_schema=json_schema_input_schema,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+def with_info_plain_validator_function(
+    function: WithInfoValidatorFunction,
+    *,
+    field_name: str | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    json_schema_input_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> PlainValidatorFunctionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that uses the provided function for validation, an `info` argument is passed, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: str, info: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> str:
+        assert 'hello' in v
+        return v + 'world'
+
+    schema = core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(function=fn)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello ') == 'hello world'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        function: The validator function to call
+        field_name: The name of the field this validators is applied to, if any
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        json_schema_input_schema: The core schema to be used to generate the corresponding JSON Schema input type
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='function-plain',
+        function=_dict_not_none(type='with-info', function=function, field_name=field_name),
+        ref=ref,
+        json_schema_input_schema=json_schema_input_schema,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class WithDefaultSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['default']]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    default: Any
+    default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any]]
+    default_factory_takes_data: bool
+    on_error: Literal['raise', 'omit', 'default']  # default: 'raise'
+    validate_default: bool  # default: False
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def with_default_schema(
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    default: Any = PydanticUndefined,
+    default_factory: Union[Callable[[], Any], Callable[[dict[str, Any]], Any], None] = None,
+    default_factory_takes_data: bool | None = None,
+    on_error: Literal['raise', 'omit', 'default'] | None = None,
+    validate_default: bool | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> WithDefaultSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that adds a default value to the given schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.with_default_schema(core_schema.str_schema(), default='hello')
+    wrapper_schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema(
+        {'a': core_schema.typed_dict_field(schema)}
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(wrapper_schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({}) == v.validate_python({'a': 'hello'})
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to add a default value to
+        default: The default value to use
+        default_factory: A callable that returns the default value to use
+        default_factory_takes_data: Whether the default factory takes a validated data argument
+        on_error: What to do if the schema validation fails. One of 'raise', 'omit', 'default'
+        validate_default: Whether the default value should be validated
+        strict: Whether the underlying schema should be validated with strict mode
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    s = _dict_not_none(
+        type='default',
+        schema=schema,
+        default_factory=default_factory,
+        default_factory_takes_data=default_factory_takes_data,
+        on_error=on_error,
+        validate_default=validate_default,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+    if default is not PydanticUndefined:
+        s['default'] = default
+    return s
+
+
+class NullableSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['nullable']]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def nullable_schema(
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> NullableSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a nullable value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.nullable_schema(core_schema.str_schema())
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(None) is None
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to wrap
+        strict: Whether the underlying schema should be validated with strict mode
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='nullable', schema=schema, strict=strict, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization
+    )
+
+
+class UnionSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['union']]
+    choices: Required[list[Union[CoreSchema, tuple[CoreSchema, str]]]]
+    # default true, whether to automatically collapse unions with one element to the inner validator
+    auto_collapse: bool
+    custom_error_type: str
+    custom_error_message: str
+    custom_error_context: dict[str, Union[str, int, float]]
+    mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right']  # default: 'smart'
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def union_schema(
+    choices: list[CoreSchema | tuple[CoreSchema, str]],
+    *,
+    auto_collapse: bool | None = None,
+    custom_error_type: str | None = None,
+    custom_error_message: str | None = None,
+    custom_error_context: dict[str, str | int] | None = None,
+    mode: Literal['smart', 'left_to_right'] | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> UnionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a union value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.union_schema([core_schema.str_schema(), core_schema.int_schema()])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello') == 'hello'
+    assert v.validate_python(1) == 1
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        choices: The schemas to match. If a tuple, the second item is used as the label for the case.
+        auto_collapse: whether to automatically collapse unions with one element to the inner validator, default true
+        custom_error_type: The custom error type to use if the validation fails
+        custom_error_message: The custom error message to use if the validation fails
+        custom_error_context: The custom error context to use if the validation fails
+        mode: How to select which choice to return
+            * `smart` (default) will try to return the choice which is the closest match to the input value
+            * `left_to_right` will return the first choice in `choices` which succeeds validation
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='union',
+        choices=choices,
+        auto_collapse=auto_collapse,
+        custom_error_type=custom_error_type,
+        custom_error_message=custom_error_message,
+        custom_error_context=custom_error_context,
+        mode=mode,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class TaggedUnionSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['tagged-union']]
+    choices: Required[dict[Hashable, CoreSchema]]
+    discriminator: Required[Union[str, list[Union[str, int]], list[list[Union[str, int]]], Callable[[Any], Hashable]]]
+    custom_error_type: str
+    custom_error_message: str
+    custom_error_context: dict[str, Union[str, int, float]]
+    strict: bool
+    from_attributes: bool  # default: True
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def tagged_union_schema(
+    choices: dict[Any, CoreSchema],
+    discriminator: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | Callable[[Any], Any],
+    *,
+    custom_error_type: str | None = None,
+    custom_error_message: str | None = None,
+    custom_error_context: dict[str, int | str | float] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> TaggedUnionSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a tagged union value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    apple_schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema(
+        {
+            'foo': core_schema.typed_dict_field(core_schema.str_schema()),
+            'bar': core_schema.typed_dict_field(core_schema.int_schema()),
+        }
+    )
+    banana_schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema(
+        {
+            'foo': core_schema.typed_dict_field(core_schema.str_schema()),
+            'spam': core_schema.typed_dict_field(
+                core_schema.list_schema(items_schema=core_schema.int_schema())
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.tagged_union_schema(
+        choices={
+            'apple': apple_schema,
+            'banana': banana_schema,
+        },
+        discriminator='foo',
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'foo': 'apple', 'bar': '123'}) == {'foo': 'apple', 'bar': 123}
+    assert v.validate_python({'foo': 'banana', 'spam': [1, 2, 3]}) == {
+        'foo': 'banana',
+        'spam': [1, 2, 3],
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        choices: The schemas to match
+            When retrieving a schema from `choices` using the discriminator value, if the value is a str,
+            it should be fed back into the `choices` map until a schema is obtained
+            (This approach is to prevent multiple ownership of a single schema in Rust)
+        discriminator: The discriminator to use to determine the schema to use
+            * If `discriminator` is a str, it is the name of the attribute to use as the discriminator
+            * If `discriminator` is a list of int/str, it should be used as a "path" to access the discriminator
+            * If `discriminator` is a list of lists, each inner list is a path, and the first path that exists is used
+            * If `discriminator` is a callable, it should return the discriminator when called on the value to validate;
+              the callable can return `None` to indicate that there is no matching discriminator present on the input
+        custom_error_type: The custom error type to use if the validation fails
+        custom_error_message: The custom error message to use if the validation fails
+        custom_error_context: The custom error context to use if the validation fails
+        strict: Whether the underlying schemas should be validated with strict mode
+        from_attributes: Whether to use the attributes of the object to retrieve the discriminator value
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='tagged-union',
+        choices=choices,
+        discriminator=discriminator,
+        custom_error_type=custom_error_type,
+        custom_error_message=custom_error_message,
+        custom_error_context=custom_error_context,
+        strict=strict,
+        from_attributes=from_attributes,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class ChainSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['chain']]
+    steps: Required[list[CoreSchema]]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def chain_schema(
+    steps: list[CoreSchema],
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> ChainSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that chains the provided validation schemas, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: str, info: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> str:
+        assert 'hello' in v
+        return v + ' world'
+
+    fn_schema = core_schema.with_info_plain_validator_function(function=fn)
+    schema = core_schema.chain_schema(
+        [fn_schema, fn_schema, fn_schema, core_schema.str_schema()]
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('hello') == 'hello world world world'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        steps: The schemas to chain
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(type='chain', steps=steps, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization)
+
+
+class LaxOrStrictSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['lax-or-strict']]
+    lax_schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    strict_schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def lax_or_strict_schema(
+    lax_schema: CoreSchema,
+    strict_schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> LaxOrStrictSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that uses the lax or strict schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    def fn(v: str, info: core_schema.ValidationInfo) -> str:
+        assert 'hello' in v
+        return v + ' world'
+
+    lax_schema = core_schema.int_schema(strict=False)
+    strict_schema = core_schema.int_schema(strict=True)
+
+    schema = core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+        lax_schema=lax_schema, strict_schema=strict_schema, strict=True
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(123) == 123
+
+    schema = core_schema.lax_or_strict_schema(
+        lax_schema=lax_schema, strict_schema=strict_schema, strict=False
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python('123') == 123
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        lax_schema: The lax schema to use
+        strict_schema: The strict schema to use
+        strict: Whether the strict schema should be used
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='lax-or-strict',
+        lax_schema=lax_schema,
+        strict_schema=strict_schema,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class JsonOrPythonSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['json-or-python']]
+    json_schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    python_schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def json_or_python_schema(
+    json_schema: CoreSchema,
+    python_schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> JsonOrPythonSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that uses the Json or Python schema depending on the input:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, ValidationError, core_schema
+
+    v = SchemaValidator(
+        core_schema.json_or_python_schema(
+            json_schema=core_schema.int_schema(),
+            python_schema=core_schema.int_schema(strict=True),
+        )
+    )
+
+    assert v.validate_json('"123"') == 123
+
+    try:
+        v.validate_python('123')
+    except ValidationError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        raise AssertionError('Validation should have failed')
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        json_schema: The schema to use for Json inputs
+        python_schema: The schema to use for Python inputs
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='json-or-python',
+        json_schema=json_schema,
+        python_schema=python_schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class TypedDictField(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['typed-dict-field']]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    required: bool
+    validation_alias: Union[str, list[Union[str, int]], list[list[Union[str, int]]]]
+    serialization_alias: str
+    serialization_exclude: bool  # default: False
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def typed_dict_field(
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    required: bool | None = None,
+    validation_alias: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None = None,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = None,
+    serialization_exclude: bool | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> TypedDictField:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a typed dict field, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema
+
+    field = core_schema.typed_dict_field(schema=core_schema.int_schema(), required=True)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to use for the field
+        required: Whether the field is required, otherwise uses the value from `total` on the typed dict
+        validation_alias: The alias(es) to use to find the field in the validation data
+        serialization_alias: The alias to use as a key when serializing
+        serialization_exclude: Whether to exclude the field when serializing
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='typed-dict-field',
+        schema=schema,
+        required=required,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        serialization_exclude=serialization_exclude,
+        metadata=metadata,
+    )
+
+
+class TypedDictSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['typed-dict']]
+    fields: Required[dict[str, TypedDictField]]
+    cls: type[Any]
+    cls_name: str
+    computed_fields: list[ComputedField]
+    strict: bool
+    extras_schema: CoreSchema
+    # all these values can be set via config, equivalent fields have `typed_dict_` prefix
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior
+    total: bool  # default: True
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+    config: CoreConfig
+
+
+def typed_dict_schema(
+    fields: dict[str, TypedDictField],
+    *,
+    cls: type[Any] | None = None,
+    cls_name: str | None = None,
+    computed_fields: list[ComputedField] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    extras_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior | None = None,
+    total: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+    config: CoreConfig | None = None,
+) -> TypedDictSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a typed dict, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict
+
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    class MyTypedDict(TypedDict):
+        a: str
+
+    wrapper_schema = core_schema.typed_dict_schema(
+        {'a': core_schema.typed_dict_field(core_schema.str_schema())}, cls=MyTypedDict
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(wrapper_schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': 'hello'}) == {'a': 'hello'}
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        fields: The fields to use for the typed dict
+        cls: The class to use for the typed dict
+        cls_name: The name to use in error locations. Falls back to `cls.__name__`, or the validator name if no class
+            is provided.
+        computed_fields: Computed fields to use when serializing the model, only applies when directly inside a model
+        strict: Whether the typed dict is strict
+        extras_schema: The extra validator to use for the typed dict
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        extra_behavior: The extra behavior to use for the typed dict
+        total: Whether the typed dict is total, otherwise uses `typed_dict_total` from config
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='typed-dict',
+        fields=fields,
+        cls=cls,
+        cls_name=cls_name,
+        computed_fields=computed_fields,
+        strict=strict,
+        extras_schema=extras_schema,
+        extra_behavior=extra_behavior,
+        total=total,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+        config=config,
+    )
+
+
+class ModelField(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['model-field']]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    validation_alias: Union[str, list[Union[str, int]], list[list[Union[str, int]]]]
+    serialization_alias: str
+    serialization_exclude: bool  # default: False
+    frozen: bool
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def model_field(
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    validation_alias: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None = None,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = None,
+    serialization_exclude: bool | None = None,
+    frozen: bool | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+) -> ModelField:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for a model field, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import core_schema
+
+    field = core_schema.model_field(schema=core_schema.int_schema())
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to use for the field
+        validation_alias: The alias(es) to use to find the field in the validation data
+        serialization_alias: The alias to use as a key when serializing
+        serialization_exclude: Whether to exclude the field when serializing
+        frozen: Whether the field is frozen
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='model-field',
+        schema=schema,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        serialization_exclude=serialization_exclude,
+        frozen=frozen,
+        metadata=metadata,
+    )
+
+
+class ModelFieldsSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['model-fields']]
+    fields: Required[dict[str, ModelField]]
+    model_name: str
+    computed_fields: list[ComputedField]
+    strict: bool
+    extras_schema: CoreSchema
+    extras_keys_schema: CoreSchema
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior
+    from_attributes: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def model_fields_schema(
+    fields: dict[str, ModelField],
+    *,
+    model_name: str | None = None,
+    computed_fields: list[ComputedField] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    extras_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    extras_keys_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior | None = None,
+    from_attributes: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> ModelFieldsSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches the fields of a Pydantic model, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    wrapper_schema = core_schema.model_fields_schema(
+        {'a': core_schema.model_field(core_schema.str_schema())}
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(wrapper_schema)
+    print(v.validate_python({'a': 'hello'}))
+    #> ({'a': 'hello'}, None, {'a'})
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        fields: The fields of the model
+        model_name: The name of the model, used for error messages, defaults to "Model"
+        computed_fields: Computed fields to use when serializing the model, only applies when directly inside a model
+        strict: Whether the model is strict
+        extras_schema: The schema to use when validating extra input data
+        extras_keys_schema: The schema to use when validating the keys of extra input data
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        extra_behavior: The extra behavior to use for the model fields
+        from_attributes: Whether the model fields should be populated from attributes
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='model-fields',
+        fields=fields,
+        model_name=model_name,
+        computed_fields=computed_fields,
+        strict=strict,
+        extras_schema=extras_schema,
+        extras_keys_schema=extras_keys_schema,
+        extra_behavior=extra_behavior,
+        from_attributes=from_attributes,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class ModelSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['model']]
+    cls: Required[type[Any]]
+    generic_origin: type[Any]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    custom_init: bool
+    root_model: bool
+    post_init: str
+    revalidate_instances: Literal['always', 'never', 'subclass-instances']  # default: 'never'
+    strict: bool
+    frozen: bool
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior
+    config: CoreConfig
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def model_schema(
+    cls: type[Any],
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    generic_origin: type[Any] | None = None,
+    custom_init: bool | None = None,
+    root_model: bool | None = None,
+    post_init: str | None = None,
+    revalidate_instances: Literal['always', 'never', 'subclass-instances'] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    frozen: bool | None = None,
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior | None = None,
+    config: CoreConfig | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> ModelSchema:
+    """
+    A model schema generally contains a typed-dict schema.
+    It will run the typed dict validator, then create a new class
+    and set the dict and fields set returned from the typed dict validator
+    to `__dict__` and `__pydantic_fields_set__` respectively.
+
+    Example:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import CoreConfig, SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    class MyModel:
+        __slots__ = (
+            '__dict__',
+            '__pydantic_fields_set__',
+            '__pydantic_extra__',
+            '__pydantic_private__',
+        )
+
+    schema = core_schema.model_schema(
+        cls=MyModel,
+        config=CoreConfig(str_max_length=5),
+        schema=core_schema.model_fields_schema(
+            fields={'a': core_schema.model_field(core_schema.str_schema())},
+        ),
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.isinstance_python({'a': 'hello'}) is True
+    assert v.isinstance_python({'a': 'too long'}) is False
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The class to use for the model
+        schema: The schema to use for the model
+        generic_origin: The origin type used for this model, if it's a parametrized generic. Ex,
+            if this model schema represents `SomeModel[int]`, generic_origin is `SomeModel`
+        custom_init: Whether the model has a custom init method
+        root_model: Whether the model is a `RootModel`
+        post_init: The call after init to use for the model
+        revalidate_instances: whether instances of models and dataclasses (including subclass instances)
+            should re-validate defaults to config.revalidate_instances, else 'never'
+        strict: Whether the model is strict
+        frozen: Whether the model is frozen
+        extra_behavior: The extra behavior to use for the model, used in serialization
+        config: The config to use for the model
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='model',
+        cls=cls,
+        generic_origin=generic_origin,
+        schema=schema,
+        custom_init=custom_init,
+        root_model=root_model,
+        post_init=post_init,
+        revalidate_instances=revalidate_instances,
+        strict=strict,
+        frozen=frozen,
+        extra_behavior=extra_behavior,
+        config=config,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class DataclassField(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['dataclass-field']]
+    name: Required[str]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    kw_only: bool  # default: True
+    init: bool  # default: True
+    init_only: bool  # default: False
+    frozen: bool  # default: False
+    validation_alias: Union[str, list[Union[str, int]], list[list[Union[str, int]]]]
+    serialization_alias: str
+    serialization_exclude: bool  # default: False
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def dataclass_field(
+    name: str,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    kw_only: bool | None = None,
+    init: bool | None = None,
+    init_only: bool | None = None,
+    validation_alias: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None = None,
+    serialization_alias: str | None = None,
+    serialization_exclude: bool | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    frozen: bool | None = None,
+) -> DataclassField:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for a dataclass field, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    field = core_schema.dataclass_field(
+        name='a', schema=core_schema.str_schema(), kw_only=False
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.dataclass_args_schema('Foobar', [field])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': 'hello'}) == ({'a': 'hello'}, None)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name to use for the argument parameter
+        schema: The schema to use for the argument parameter
+        kw_only: Whether the field can be set with a positional argument as well as a keyword argument
+        init: Whether the field should be validated during initialization
+        init_only: Whether the field should be omitted  from `__dict__` and passed to `__post_init__`
+        validation_alias: The alias(es) to use to find the field in the validation data
+        serialization_alias: The alias to use as a key when serializing
+        serialization_exclude: Whether to exclude the field when serializing
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        frozen: Whether the field is frozen
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='dataclass-field',
+        name=name,
+        schema=schema,
+        kw_only=kw_only,
+        init=init,
+        init_only=init_only,
+        validation_alias=validation_alias,
+        serialization_alias=serialization_alias,
+        serialization_exclude=serialization_exclude,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        frozen=frozen,
+    )
+
+
+class DataclassArgsSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['dataclass-args']]
+    dataclass_name: Required[str]
+    fields: Required[list[DataclassField]]
+    computed_fields: list[ComputedField]
+    collect_init_only: bool  # default: False
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior
+
+
+def dataclass_args_schema(
+    dataclass_name: str,
+    fields: list[DataclassField],
+    *,
+    computed_fields: list[ComputedField] | None = None,
+    collect_init_only: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+    extra_behavior: ExtraBehavior | None = None,
+) -> DataclassArgsSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for validating dataclass arguments, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    field_a = core_schema.dataclass_field(
+        name='a', schema=core_schema.str_schema(), kw_only=False
+    )
+    field_b = core_schema.dataclass_field(
+        name='b', schema=core_schema.bool_schema(), kw_only=False
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.dataclass_args_schema('Foobar', [field_a, field_b])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': 'hello', 'b': True}) == ({'a': 'hello', 'b': True}, None)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        dataclass_name: The name of the dataclass being validated
+        fields: The fields to use for the dataclass
+        computed_fields: Computed fields to use when serializing the dataclass
+        collect_init_only: Whether to collect init only fields into a dict to pass to `__post_init__`
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+        extra_behavior: How to handle extra fields
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='dataclass-args',
+        dataclass_name=dataclass_name,
+        fields=fields,
+        computed_fields=computed_fields,
+        collect_init_only=collect_init_only,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+        extra_behavior=extra_behavior,
+    )
+
+
+class DataclassSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['dataclass']]
+    cls: Required[type[Any]]
+    generic_origin: type[Any]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    fields: Required[list[str]]
+    cls_name: str
+    post_init: bool  # default: False
+    revalidate_instances: Literal['always', 'never', 'subclass-instances']  # default: 'never'
+    strict: bool  # default: False
+    frozen: bool  # default False
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+    slots: bool
+    config: CoreConfig
+
+
+def dataclass_schema(
+    cls: type[Any],
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    fields: list[str],
+    *,
+    generic_origin: type[Any] | None = None,
+    cls_name: str | None = None,
+    post_init: bool | None = None,
+    revalidate_instances: Literal['always', 'never', 'subclass-instances'] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+    frozen: bool | None = None,
+    slots: bool | None = None,
+    config: CoreConfig | None = None,
+) -> DataclassSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema for a dataclass. As with `ModelSchema`, this schema can only be used as a field within
+    another schema, not as the root type.
+
+    Args:
+        cls: The dataclass type, used to perform subclass checks
+        schema: The schema to use for the dataclass fields
+        fields: Fields of the dataclass, this is used in serialization and in validation during re-validation
+            and while validating assignment
+        generic_origin: The origin type used for this dataclass, if it's a parametrized generic. Ex,
+            if this model schema represents `SomeDataclass[int]`, generic_origin is `SomeDataclass`
+        cls_name: The name to use in error locs, etc; this is useful for generics (default: `cls.__name__`)
+        post_init: Whether to call `__post_init__` after validation
+        revalidate_instances: whether instances of models and dataclasses (including subclass instances)
+            should re-validate defaults to config.revalidate_instances, else 'never'
+        strict: Whether to require an exact instance of `cls`
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+        frozen: Whether the dataclass is frozen
+        slots: Whether `slots=True` on the dataclass, means each field is assigned independently, rather than
+            simply setting `__dict__`, default false
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='dataclass',
+        cls=cls,
+        generic_origin=generic_origin,
+        fields=fields,
+        cls_name=cls_name,
+        schema=schema,
+        post_init=post_init,
+        revalidate_instances=revalidate_instances,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+        frozen=frozen,
+        slots=slots,
+        config=config,
+    )
+
+
+class ArgumentsParameter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    mode: Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'keyword_only']  # default positional_or_keyword
+    alias: Union[str, list[Union[str, int]], list[list[Union[str, int]]]]
+
+
+def arguments_parameter(
+    name: str,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    mode: Literal['positional_only', 'positional_or_keyword', 'keyword_only'] | None = None,
+    alias: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None = None,
+) -> ArgumentsParameter:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches an argument parameter, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    param = core_schema.arguments_parameter(
+        name='a', schema=core_schema.str_schema(), mode='positional_only'
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.arguments_schema([param])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(('hello',)) == (('hello',), {})
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name to use for the argument parameter
+        schema: The schema to use for the argument parameter
+        mode: The mode to use for the argument parameter
+        alias: The alias to use for the argument parameter
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(name=name, schema=schema, mode=mode, alias=alias)
+
+
+VarKwargsMode: TypeAlias = Literal['uniform', 'unpacked-typed-dict']
+
+
+class ArgumentsSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['arguments']]
+    arguments_schema: Required[list[ArgumentsParameter]]
+    validate_by_name: bool
+    validate_by_alias: bool
+    var_args_schema: CoreSchema
+    var_kwargs_mode: VarKwargsMode
+    var_kwargs_schema: CoreSchema
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def arguments_schema(
+    arguments: list[ArgumentsParameter],
+    *,
+    validate_by_name: bool | None = None,
+    validate_by_alias: bool | None = None,
+    var_args_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    var_kwargs_mode: VarKwargsMode | None = None,
+    var_kwargs_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> ArgumentsSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches an arguments schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    param_a = core_schema.arguments_parameter(
+        name='a', schema=core_schema.str_schema(), mode='positional_only'
+    )
+    param_b = core_schema.arguments_parameter(
+        name='b', schema=core_schema.bool_schema(), mode='positional_only'
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.arguments_schema([param_a, param_b])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python(('hello', True)) == (('hello', True), {})
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        arguments: The arguments to use for the arguments schema
+        validate_by_name: Whether to populate by the parameter names, defaults to `False`.
+        validate_by_alias: Whether to populate by the parameter aliases, defaults to `True`.
+        var_args_schema: The variable args schema to use for the arguments schema
+        var_kwargs_mode: The validation mode to use for variadic keyword arguments. If `'uniform'`, every value of the
+            keyword arguments will be validated against the `var_kwargs_schema` schema. If `'unpacked-typed-dict'`,
+            the `var_kwargs_schema` argument must be a [`typed_dict_schema`][pydantic_core.core_schema.typed_dict_schema]
+        var_kwargs_schema: The variable kwargs schema to use for the arguments schema
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='arguments',
+        arguments_schema=arguments,
+        validate_by_name=validate_by_name,
+        validate_by_alias=validate_by_alias,
+        var_args_schema=var_args_schema,
+        var_kwargs_mode=var_kwargs_mode,
+        var_kwargs_schema=var_kwargs_schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class ArgumentsV3Parameter(TypedDict, total=False):
+    name: Required[str]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    mode: Literal[
+        'positional_only',
+        'positional_or_keyword',
+        'keyword_only',
+        'var_args',
+        'var_kwargs_uniform',
+        'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict',
+    ]  # default positional_or_keyword
+    alias: Union[str, list[Union[str, int]], list[list[Union[str, int]]]]
+
+
+def arguments_v3_parameter(
+    name: str,
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    *,
+    mode: Literal[
+        'positional_only',
+        'positional_or_keyword',
+        'keyword_only',
+        'var_args',
+        'var_kwargs_uniform',
+        'var_kwargs_unpacked_typed_dict',
+    ]
+    | None = None,
+    alias: str | list[str | int] | list[list[str | int]] | None = None,
+) -> ArgumentsV3Parameter:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches an argument parameter, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    param = core_schema.arguments_v3_parameter(
+        name='a', schema=core_schema.str_schema(), mode='positional_only'
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.arguments_v3_schema([param])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': 'hello'}) == (('hello',), {})
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        name: The name to use for the argument parameter
+        schema: The schema to use for the argument parameter
+        mode: The mode to use for the argument parameter
+        alias: The alias to use for the argument parameter
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(name=name, schema=schema, mode=mode, alias=alias)
+
+
+class ArgumentsV3Schema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['arguments-v3']]
+    arguments_schema: Required[list[ArgumentsV3Parameter]]
+    validate_by_name: bool
+    validate_by_alias: bool
+    extra_behavior: Literal['forbid', 'ignore']  # 'allow' doesn't make sense here.
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def arguments_v3_schema(
+    arguments: list[ArgumentsV3Parameter],
+    *,
+    validate_by_name: bool | None = None,
+    validate_by_alias: bool | None = None,
+    extra_behavior: Literal['forbid', 'ignore'] | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> ArgumentsV3Schema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches an arguments schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    param_a = core_schema.arguments_v3_parameter(
+        name='a', schema=core_schema.str_schema(), mode='positional_only'
+    )
+    param_b = core_schema.arguments_v3_parameter(
+        name='kwargs', schema=core_schema.bool_schema(), mode='var_kwargs_uniform'
+    )
+    schema = core_schema.arguments_v3_schema([param_a, param_b])
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python({'a': 'hi', 'kwargs': {'b': True}}) == (('hi',), {'b': True})
+    ```
+
+    This schema is currently not used by other Pydantic components. In V3, it will most likely
+    become the default arguments schema for the `'call'` schema.
+
+    Args:
+        arguments: The arguments to use for the arguments schema.
+        validate_by_name: Whether to populate by the parameter names, defaults to `False`.
+        validate_by_alias: Whether to populate by the parameter aliases, defaults to `True`.
+        extra_behavior: The extra behavior to use.
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places.
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core.
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema.
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='arguments-v3',
+        arguments_schema=arguments,
+        validate_by_name=validate_by_name,
+        validate_by_alias=validate_by_alias,
+        extra_behavior=extra_behavior,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class CallSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['call']]
+    arguments_schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    function: Required[Callable[..., Any]]
+    function_name: str  # default function.__name__
+    return_schema: CoreSchema
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def call_schema(
+    arguments: CoreSchema,
+    function: Callable[..., Any],
+    *,
+    function_name: str | None = None,
+    return_schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> CallSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches an arguments schema, then calls a function, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    param_a = core_schema.arguments_parameter(
+        name='a', schema=core_schema.str_schema(), mode='positional_only'
+    )
+    param_b = core_schema.arguments_parameter(
+        name='b', schema=core_schema.bool_schema(), mode='positional_only'
+    )
+    args_schema = core_schema.arguments_schema([param_a, param_b])
+
+    schema = core_schema.call_schema(
+        arguments=args_schema,
+        function=lambda a, b: a + str(not b),
+        return_schema=core_schema.str_schema(),
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python((('hello', True))) == 'helloFalse'
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        arguments: The arguments to use for the arguments schema
+        function: The function to use for the call schema
+        function_name: The function name to use for the call schema, if not provided `function.__name__` is used
+        return_schema: The return schema to use for the call schema
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='call',
+        arguments_schema=arguments,
+        function=function,
+        function_name=function_name,
+        return_schema=return_schema,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class CustomErrorSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['custom-error']]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    custom_error_type: Required[str]
+    custom_error_message: str
+    custom_error_context: dict[str, Union[str, int, float]]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def custom_error_schema(
+    schema: CoreSchema,
+    custom_error_type: str,
+    *,
+    custom_error_message: str | None = None,
+    custom_error_context: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> CustomErrorSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a custom error value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.custom_error_schema(
+        schema=core_schema.int_schema(),
+        custom_error_type='MyError',
+        custom_error_message='Error msg',
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    v.validate_python(1)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to use for the custom error schema
+        custom_error_type: The custom error type to use for the custom error schema
+        custom_error_message: The custom error message to use for the custom error schema
+        custom_error_context: The custom error context to use for the custom error schema
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='custom-error',
+        schema=schema,
+        custom_error_type=custom_error_type,
+        custom_error_message=custom_error_message,
+        custom_error_context=custom_error_context,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class JsonSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['json']]
+    schema: CoreSchema
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def json_schema(
+    schema: CoreSchema | None = None,
+    *,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> JsonSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a JSON value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    dict_schema = core_schema.model_fields_schema(
+        {
+            'field_a': core_schema.model_field(core_schema.str_schema()),
+            'field_b': core_schema.model_field(core_schema.bool_schema()),
+        },
+    )
+
+    class MyModel:
+        __slots__ = (
+            '__dict__',
+            '__pydantic_fields_set__',
+            '__pydantic_extra__',
+            '__pydantic_private__',
+        )
+        field_a: str
+        field_b: bool
+
+    json_schema = core_schema.json_schema(schema=dict_schema)
+    schema = core_schema.model_schema(cls=MyModel, schema=json_schema)
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    m = v.validate_python('{"field_a": "hello", "field_b": true}')
+    assert isinstance(m, MyModel)
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The schema to use for the JSON schema
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(type='json', schema=schema, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization)
+
+
+class UrlSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['url']]
+    max_length: int
+    allowed_schemes: list[str]
+    host_required: bool  # default False
+    default_host: str
+    default_port: int
+    default_path: str
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def url_schema(
+    *,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    allowed_schemes: list[str] | None = None,
+    host_required: bool | None = None,
+    default_host: str | None = None,
+    default_port: int | None = None,
+    default_path: str | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> UrlSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a URL value, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.url_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    print(v.validate_python('https://example.com'))
+    #> https://example.com/
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        max_length: The maximum length of the URL
+        allowed_schemes: The allowed URL schemes
+        host_required: Whether the URL must have a host
+        default_host: The default host to use if the URL does not have a host
+        default_port: The default port to use if the URL does not have a port
+        default_path: The default path to use if the URL does not have a path
+        strict: Whether to use strict URL parsing
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='url',
+        max_length=max_length,
+        allowed_schemes=allowed_schemes,
+        host_required=host_required,
+        default_host=default_host,
+        default_port=default_port,
+        default_path=default_path,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class MultiHostUrlSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['multi-host-url']]
+    max_length: int
+    allowed_schemes: list[str]
+    host_required: bool  # default False
+    default_host: str
+    default_port: int
+    default_path: str
+    strict: bool
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def multi_host_url_schema(
+    *,
+    max_length: int | None = None,
+    allowed_schemes: list[str] | None = None,
+    host_required: bool | None = None,
+    default_host: str | None = None,
+    default_port: int | None = None,
+    default_path: str | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> MultiHostUrlSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that matches a URL value with possibly multiple hosts, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.multi_host_url_schema()
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    print(v.validate_python('redis://localhost,0.0.0.0,127.0.0.1'))
+    #> redis://localhost,0.0.0.0,127.0.0.1
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        max_length: The maximum length of the URL
+        allowed_schemes: The allowed URL schemes
+        host_required: Whether the URL must have a host
+        default_host: The default host to use if the URL does not have a host
+        default_port: The default port to use if the URL does not have a port
+        default_path: The default path to use if the URL does not have a path
+        strict: Whether to use strict URL parsing
+        ref: optional unique identifier of the schema, used to reference the schema in other places
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='multi-host-url',
+        max_length=max_length,
+        allowed_schemes=allowed_schemes,
+        host_required=host_required,
+        default_host=default_host,
+        default_port=default_port,
+        default_path=default_path,
+        strict=strict,
+        ref=ref,
+        metadata=metadata,
+        serialization=serialization,
+    )
+
+
+class DefinitionsSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['definitions']]
+    schema: Required[CoreSchema]
+    definitions: Required[list[CoreSchema]]
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def definitions_schema(schema: CoreSchema, definitions: list[CoreSchema]) -> DefinitionsSchema:
+    """
+    Build a schema that contains both an inner schema and a list of definitions which can be used
+    within the inner schema.
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema = core_schema.definitions_schema(
+        core_schema.list_schema(core_schema.definition_reference_schema('foobar')),
+        [core_schema.int_schema(ref='foobar')],
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python([1, 2, '3']) == [1, 2, 3]
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema: The inner schema
+        definitions: List of definitions which can be referenced within inner schema
+    """
+    return DefinitionsSchema(type='definitions', schema=schema, definitions=definitions)
+
+
+class DefinitionReferenceSchema(TypedDict, total=False):
+    type: Required[Literal['definition-ref']]
+    schema_ref: Required[str]
+    ref: str
+    metadata: dict[str, Any]
+    serialization: SerSchema
+
+
+def definition_reference_schema(
+    schema_ref: str,
+    ref: str | None = None,
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+    serialization: SerSchema | None = None,
+) -> DefinitionReferenceSchema:
+    """
+    Returns a schema that points to a schema stored in "definitions", this is useful for nested recursive
+    models and also when you want to define validators separately from the main schema, e.g.:
+
+    ```py
+    from pydantic_core import SchemaValidator, core_schema
+
+    schema_definition = core_schema.definition_reference_schema('list-schema')
+    schema = core_schema.definitions_schema(
+        schema=schema_definition,
+        definitions=[
+            core_schema.list_schema(items_schema=schema_definition, ref='list-schema'),
+        ],
+    )
+    v = SchemaValidator(schema)
+    assert v.validate_python([()]) == [[]]
+    ```
+
+    Args:
+        schema_ref: The schema ref to use for the definition reference schema
+        metadata: Any other information you want to include with the schema, not used by pydantic-core
+        serialization: Custom serialization schema
+    """
+    return _dict_not_none(
+        type='definition-ref', schema_ref=schema_ref, ref=ref, metadata=metadata, serialization=serialization
+    )
+
+
+MYPY = False
+# See https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14034 for details, in summary mypy is extremely slow to process this
+# union which kills performance not just for pydantic, but even for code using pydantic
+if not MYPY:
+    CoreSchema = Union[
+        InvalidSchema,
+        AnySchema,
+        NoneSchema,
+        BoolSchema,
+        IntSchema,
+        FloatSchema,
+        DecimalSchema,
+        StringSchema,
+        BytesSchema,
+        DateSchema,
+        TimeSchema,
+        DatetimeSchema,
+        TimedeltaSchema,
+        LiteralSchema,
+        EnumSchema,
+        IsInstanceSchema,
+        IsSubclassSchema,
+        CallableSchema,
+        ListSchema,
+        TupleSchema,
+        SetSchema,
+        FrozenSetSchema,
+        GeneratorSchema,
+        DictSchema,
+        AfterValidatorFunctionSchema,
+        BeforeValidatorFunctionSchema,
+        WrapValidatorFunctionSchema,
+        PlainValidatorFunctionSchema,
+        WithDefaultSchema,
+        NullableSchema,
+        UnionSchema,
+        TaggedUnionSchema,
+        ChainSchema,
+        LaxOrStrictSchema,
+        JsonOrPythonSchema,
+        TypedDictSchema,
+        ModelFieldsSchema,
+        ModelSchema,
+        DataclassArgsSchema,
+        DataclassSchema,
+        ArgumentsSchema,
+        ArgumentsV3Schema,
+        CallSchema,
+        CustomErrorSchema,
+        JsonSchema,
+        UrlSchema,
+        MultiHostUrlSchema,
+        DefinitionsSchema,
+        DefinitionReferenceSchema,
+        UuidSchema,
+        ComplexSchema,
+    ]
+elif False:
+    CoreSchema: TypeAlias = Mapping[str, Any]
+
+
+# to update this, call `pytest -k test_core_schema_type_literal` and copy the output
+CoreSchemaType = Literal[
+    'invalid',
+    'any',
+    'none',
+    'bool',
+    'int',
+    'float',
+    'decimal',
+    'str',
+    'bytes',
+    'date',
+    'time',
+    'datetime',
+    'timedelta',
+    'literal',
+    'enum',
+    'is-instance',
+    'is-subclass',
+    'callable',
+    'list',
+    'tuple',
+    'set',
+    'frozenset',
+    'generator',
+    'dict',
+    'function-after',
+    'function-before',
+    'function-wrap',
+    'function-plain',
+    'default',
+    'nullable',
+    'union',
+    'tagged-union',
+    'chain',
+    'lax-or-strict',
+    'json-or-python',
+    'typed-dict',
+    'model-fields',
+    'model',
+    'dataclass-args',
+    'dataclass',
+    'arguments',
+    'arguments-v3',
+    'call',
+    'custom-error',
+    'json',
+    'url',
+    'multi-host-url',
+    'definitions',
+    'definition-ref',
+    'uuid',
+    'complex',
+]
+
+CoreSchemaFieldType = Literal['model-field', 'dataclass-field', 'typed-dict-field', 'computed-field']
+
+
+# used in _pydantic_core.pyi::PydanticKnownError
+# to update this, call `pytest -k test_all_errors` and copy the output
+ErrorType = Literal[
+    'no_such_attribute',
+    'json_invalid',
+    'json_type',
+    'needs_python_object',
+    'recursion_loop',
+    'missing',
+    'frozen_field',
+    'frozen_instance',
+    'extra_forbidden',
+    'invalid_key',
+    'get_attribute_error',
+    'model_type',
+    'model_attributes_type',
+    'dataclass_type',
+    'dataclass_exact_type',
+    'none_required',
+    'greater_than',
+    'greater_than_equal',
+    'less_than',
+    'less_than_equal',
+    'multiple_of',
+    'finite_number',
+    'too_short',
+    'too_long',
+    'iterable_type',
+    'iteration_error',
+    'string_type',
+    'string_sub_type',
+    'string_unicode',
+    'string_too_short',
+    'string_too_long',
+    'string_pattern_mismatch',
+    'enum',
+    'dict_type',
+    'mapping_type',
+    'list_type',
+    'tuple_type',
+    'set_type',
+    'set_item_not_hashable',
+    'bool_type',
+    'bool_parsing',
+    'int_type',
+    'int_parsing',
+    'int_parsing_size',
+    'int_from_float',
+    'float_type',
+    'float_parsing',
+    'bytes_type',
+    'bytes_too_short',
+    'bytes_too_long',
+    'bytes_invalid_encoding',
+    'value_error',
+    'assertion_error',
+    'literal_error',
+    'date_type',
+    'date_parsing',
+    'date_from_datetime_parsing',
+    'date_from_datetime_inexact',
+    'date_past',
+    'date_future',
+    'time_type',
+    'time_parsing',
+    'datetime_type',
+    'datetime_parsing',
+    'datetime_object_invalid',
+    'datetime_from_date_parsing',
+    'datetime_past',
+    'datetime_future',
+    'timezone_naive',
+    'timezone_aware',
+    'timezone_offset',
+    'time_delta_type',
+    'time_delta_parsing',
+    'frozen_set_type',
+    'is_instance_of',
+    'is_subclass_of',
+    'callable_type',
+    'union_tag_invalid',
+    'union_tag_not_found',
+    'arguments_type',
+    'missing_argument',
+    'unexpected_keyword_argument',
+    'missing_keyword_only_argument',
+    'unexpected_positional_argument',
+    'missing_positional_only_argument',
+    'multiple_argument_values',
+    'url_type',
+    'url_parsing',
+    'url_syntax_violation',
+    'url_too_long',
+    'url_scheme',
+    'uuid_type',
+    'uuid_parsing',
+    'uuid_version',
+    'decimal_type',
+    'decimal_parsing',
+    'decimal_max_digits',
+    'decimal_max_places',
+    'decimal_whole_digits',
+    'complex_type',
+    'complex_str_parsing',
+]
+
+
+def _dict_not_none(**kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+    return {k: v for k, v in kwargs.items() if v is not None}
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# All this stuff is deprecated by #980 and will be removed eventually
+# They're kept because some code external code will be using them
+
+
+@deprecated('`field_before_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_before_validator_function` instead.')
+def field_before_validator_function(function: WithInfoValidatorFunction, field_name: str, schema: CoreSchema, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`field_before_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_before_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_before_validator_function(function, schema, field_name=field_name, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated('`general_before_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_before_validator_function` instead.')
+def general_before_validator_function(*args, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`general_before_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_before_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_before_validator_function(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated('`field_after_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_after_validator_function` instead.')
+def field_after_validator_function(function: WithInfoValidatorFunction, field_name: str, schema: CoreSchema, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`field_after_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_after_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_after_validator_function(function, schema, field_name=field_name, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated('`general_after_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_after_validator_function` instead.')
+def general_after_validator_function(*args, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`general_after_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_after_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_after_validator_function(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated('`field_wrap_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_wrap_validator_function` instead.')
+def field_wrap_validator_function(
+    function: WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction, field_name: str, schema: CoreSchema, **kwargs
+):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`field_wrap_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_wrap_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_wrap_validator_function(function, schema, field_name=field_name, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated('`general_wrap_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_wrap_validator_function` instead.')
+def general_wrap_validator_function(*args, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`general_wrap_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_wrap_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_wrap_validator_function(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated('`field_plain_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_plain_validator_function` instead.')
+def field_plain_validator_function(function: WithInfoValidatorFunction, field_name: str, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`field_plain_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_plain_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_plain_validator_function(function, field_name=field_name, **kwargs)
+
+
+@deprecated('`general_plain_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_plain_validator_function` instead.')
+def general_plain_validator_function(*args, **kwargs):
+    warnings.warn(
+        '`general_plain_validator_function` is deprecated, use `with_info_plain_validator_function` instead.',
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    return with_info_plain_validator_function(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+_deprecated_import_lookup = {
+    'FieldValidationInfo': ValidationInfo,
+    'FieldValidatorFunction': WithInfoValidatorFunction,
+    'GeneralValidatorFunction': WithInfoValidatorFunction,
+    'FieldWrapValidatorFunction': WithInfoWrapValidatorFunction,
+}
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    FieldValidationInfo = ValidationInfo
+
+
+def __getattr__(attr_name: str) -> object:
+    new_attr = _deprecated_import_lookup.get(attr_name)
+    if new_attr is None:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module 'pydantic_core' has no attribute '{attr_name}'")
+    else:
+        import warnings
+
+        msg = f'`{attr_name}` is deprecated, use `{new_attr.__name__}` instead.'
+        warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=1)
+        return new_attr
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/pydantic_core/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc928e33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: redis
+Version: 6.0.0
+Summary: Python client for Redis database and key-value store
+Project-URL: Changes, https://github.com/redis/redis-py/releases
+Project-URL: Code, https://github.com/redis/redis-py
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/redis/redis-py
+Project-URL: Issue tracker, https://github.com/redis/redis-py/issues
+Author-email: "Redis Inc." <oss@redis.com>
+License-Expression: MIT
+License-File: LICENSE
+Keywords: Redis,database,key-value-store
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Requires-Dist: async-timeout>=4.0.3; python_full_version < '3.11.3'
+Provides-Extra: hiredis
+Requires-Dist: hiredis>=3.0.0; extra == 'hiredis'
+Provides-Extra: jwt
+Requires-Dist: pyjwt~=2.9.0; extra == 'jwt'
+Provides-Extra: ocsp
+Requires-Dist: cryptography>=36.0.1; extra == 'ocsp'
+Requires-Dist: pyopenssl>=20.0.1; extra == 'ocsp'
+Requires-Dist: requests>=2.31.0; extra == 'ocsp'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# redis-py
+
+The Python interface to the Redis key-value store.
+
+[![CI](https://github.com/redis/redis-py/workflows/CI/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://github.com/redis/redis-py/actions?query=workflow%3ACI+branch%3Amaster)
+[![docs](https://readthedocs.org/projects/redis/badge/?version=stable&style=flat)](https://redis-py.readthedocs.io/en/stable/)
+[![MIT licensed](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg)](./LICENSE)
+[![pypi](https://badge.fury.io/py/redis.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/redis/)
+[![pre-release](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/redis/redis-py?include_prereleases&label=latest-prerelease)](https://github.com/redis/redis-py/releases)
+[![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/redis/redis-py/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?token=yenl5fzxxr)](https://codecov.io/gh/redis/redis-py)
+
+[Installation](#installation) |  [Usage](#usage) | [Advanced Topics](#advanced-topics) | [Contributing](https://github.com/redis/redis-py/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
+---------------------------------------------
+
+**Note:** redis-py 5.0 will be the last version of redis-py to support Python 3.7, as it has reached [end of life](https://devguide.python.org/versions/). redis-py 5.1 will support Python 3.8+.
+
+---------------------------------------------
+
+## How do I Redis?
+
+[Learn for free at Redis University](https://redis.io/learn/university)
+
+[Try the Redis Cloud](https://redis.io/try-free/)
+
+[Dive in developer tutorials](https://redis.io/learn)
+
+[Join the Redis community](https://redis.io/community/)
+
+[Work at Redis](https://redis.io/careers/)
+
+## Installation
+
+Start a redis via docker:
+
+``` bash
+docker run -p 6379:6379 -it redis/redis-stack:latest
+```
+
+To install redis-py, simply:
+
+``` bash
+$ pip install redis
+```
+
+For faster performance, install redis with hiredis support, this provides a compiled response parser, and *for most cases* requires zero code changes.
+By default, if hiredis >= 1.0 is available, redis-py will attempt to use it for response parsing.
+
+``` bash
+$ pip install "redis[hiredis]"
+```
+
+Looking for a high-level library to handle object mapping? See [redis-om-python](https://github.com/redis/redis-om-python)!
+
+## Supported Redis Versions
+
+The most recent version of this library supports redis version [7.2](https://github.com/redis/redis/blob/7.2/00-RELEASENOTES), [7.4](https://github.com/redis/redis/blob/7.4/00-RELEASENOTES) and [8.0](https://github.com/redis/redis/blob/8.0/00-RELEASENOTES).
+
+The table below highlights version compatibility of the most-recent library versions and redis versions.
+
+| Library version | Supported redis versions |
+|-----------------|-------------------|
+| 3.5.3 | <= 6.2 Family of releases |
+| >= 4.5.0 | Version 5.0 to 7.0 |
+| >= 5.0.0 | Version 5.0 to 7.4 |
+| >= 6.0.0 | Version 7.2 to current |
+
+
+## Usage
+
+### Basic Example
+
+``` python
+>>> import redis
+>>> r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
+>>> r.set('foo', 'bar')
+True
+>>> r.get('foo')
+b'bar'
+```
+
+The above code connects to localhost on port 6379, sets a value in Redis, and retrieves it. All responses are returned as bytes in Python, to receive decoded strings, set *decode_responses=True*.  For this, and more connection options, see [these examples](https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples.html).
+
+
+#### RESP3 Support
+To enable support for RESP3, ensure you have at least version 5.0 of the client, and change your connection object to include *protocol=3*
+
+``` python
+>>> import redis
+>>> r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0, protocol=3)
+```
+
+### Connection Pools
+
+By default, redis-py uses a connection pool to manage connections. Each instance of a Redis class receives its own connection pool. You can however define your own [redis.ConnectionPool](https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/connections.html#connection-pools).
+
+``` python
+>>> pool = redis.ConnectionPool(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
+>>> r = redis.Redis(connection_pool=pool)
+```
+
+Alternatively, you might want to look at [Async connections](https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/examples/asyncio_examples.html), or [Cluster connections](https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/connections.html#cluster-client), or even [Async Cluster connections](https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/connections.html#async-cluster-client).
+
+### Redis Commands
+
+There is built-in support for all of the [out-of-the-box Redis commands](https://redis.io/commands). They are exposed using the raw Redis command names (`HSET`, `HGETALL`, etc.) except where a word (i.e. del) is reserved by the language. The complete set of commands can be found [here](https://github.com/redis/redis-py/tree/master/redis/commands), or [the documentation](https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/commands.html).
+
+## Advanced Topics
+
+The [official Redis command documentation](https://redis.io/commands)
+does a great job of explaining each command in detail. redis-py attempts
+to adhere to the official command syntax. There are a few exceptions:
+
+-   **MULTI/EXEC**: These are implemented as part of the Pipeline class.
+    The pipeline is wrapped with the MULTI and EXEC statements by
+    default when it is executed, which can be disabled by specifying
+    transaction=False. See more about Pipelines below.
+
+-   **SUBSCRIBE/LISTEN**: Similar to pipelines, PubSub is implemented as
+    a separate class as it places the underlying connection in a state
+    where it can\'t execute non-pubsub commands. Calling the pubsub
+    method from the Redis client will return a PubSub instance where you
+    can subscribe to channels and listen for messages. You can only call
+    PUBLISH from the Redis client (see [this comment on issue
+    #151](https://github.com/redis/redis-py/issues/151#issuecomment-1545015)
+    for details).
+
+For more details, please see the documentation on [advanced topics page](https://redis.readthedocs.io/en/stable/advanced_features.html).
+
+### Pipelines
+
+The following is a basic example of a [Redis pipeline](https://redis.io/docs/manual/pipelining/), a method to optimize round-trip calls, by batching Redis commands, and receiving their results as a list.
+
+
+``` python
+>>> pipe = r.pipeline()
+>>> pipe.set('foo', 5)
+>>> pipe.set('bar', 18.5)
+>>> pipe.set('blee', "hello world!")
+>>> pipe.execute()
+[True, True, True]
+```
+
+### PubSub
+
+The following example shows how to utilize [Redis Pub/Sub](https://redis.io/docs/manual/pubsub/) to subscribe to specific channels.
+
+``` python
+>>> r = redis.Redis(...)
+>>> p = r.pubsub()
+>>> p.subscribe('my-first-channel', 'my-second-channel', ...)
+>>> p.get_message()
+{'pattern': None, 'type': 'subscribe', 'channel': b'my-second-channel', 'data': 1}
+```
+
+### Redis’ search and query capabilities default dialect
+
+Release 6.0.0 introduces a client-side default dialect for Redis’ search and query capabilities.  
+By default, the client now overrides the server-side dialect with version 2, automatically appending *DIALECT 2* to commands like *FT.AGGREGATE* and *FT.SEARCH*.  
+
+**Important**: Be aware that the query dialect may impact the results returned. If needed, you can revert to a different dialect version by configuring the client accordingly.
+
+``` python
+>>> from redis.commands.search.field import TextField
+>>> from redis.commands.search.query import Query
+>>> from redis.commands.search.index_definition import IndexDefinition
+>>> import redis
+
+>>> r = redis.Redis(host='localhost', port=6379, db=0)
+>>> r.ft().create_index(
+>>>     (TextField("name"), TextField("lastname")),
+>>>     definition=IndexDefinition(prefix=["test:"]),
+>>> )
+
+>>> r.hset("test:1", "name", "James")
+>>> r.hset("test:1", "lastname", "Brown")
+
+>>> # Query with default DIALECT 2
+>>> query = "@name: James Brown"
+>>> q = Query(query)
+>>> res = r.ft().search(q)
+
+>>> # Query with explicit DIALECT 1
+>>> query = "@name: James Brown"
+>>> q = Query(query).dialect(1)
+>>> res = r.ft().search(q)
+```
+
+You can find further details in the [query dialect documentation](https://redis.io/docs/latest/develop/interact/search-and-query/advanced-concepts/dialects/).
+
+---------------------------------------------
+
+### Author
+
+redis-py is developed and maintained by [Redis Inc](https://redis.io). It can be found [here](
+https://github.com/redis/redis-py), or downloaded from [pypi](https://pypi.org/project/redis/).
+
+Special thanks to:
+
+-   Andy McCurdy (<sedrik@gmail.com>) the original author of redis-py.
+-   Ludovico Magnocavallo, author of the original Python Redis client,
+    from which some of the socket code is still used.
+-   Alexander Solovyov for ideas on the generic response callback
+    system.
+-   Paul Hubbard for initial packaging support.
+
+[![Redis](./docs/_static/logo-redis.svg)](https://redis.io)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae5cc075
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+redis-6.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+redis-6.0.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=leo2cHlSJphUhY-yaz94tv1h1oUPN1P4mYxdHjqbZRA,10508
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+redis-6.0.0.dist-info/REQUESTED,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+redis-6.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=qtCwoSJWgHk21S1Kb4ihdzI2rlJ1ZKaIurTj_ngOhyQ,87
+redis-6.0.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=pXslClvwPXr-VbdAYzE_Ktt7ANVGwKsUmok5gzP-PMg,1074
+redis/__init__.py,sha256=fT6kJp1ykDbfHxR2G9Ej4R2h3YAWKAipZGFOwX260sI,1822
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+redis/retry.py,sha256=n-YU-pmjhaIKn3Vgh-eVf5TMu3ubsmgxD3CSn5z--m8,2469
+redis/sentinel.py,sha256=DBphu6uNp6ZCSaVDSVC8nFhSxG93a12DnzgGWpyeh64,14757
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/REQUESTED b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/REQUESTED
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12228d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8509ccd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis-6.0.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2022-2023, Redis, inc.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d2570d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from redis import asyncio  # noqa
+from redis.backoff import default_backoff
+from redis.client import Redis, StrictRedis
+from redis.cluster import RedisCluster
+from redis.connection import (
+    BlockingConnectionPool,
+    Connection,
+    ConnectionPool,
+    SSLConnection,
+    UnixDomainSocketConnection,
+)
+from redis.credentials import CredentialProvider, UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider
+from redis.exceptions import (
+    AuthenticationError,
+    AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
+    BusyLoadingError,
+    ChildDeadlockedError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    DataError,
+    InvalidResponse,
+    OutOfMemoryError,
+    PubSubError,
+    ReadOnlyError,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    WatchError,
+)
+from redis.sentinel import (
+    Sentinel,
+    SentinelConnectionPool,
+    SentinelManagedConnection,
+    SentinelManagedSSLConnection,
+)
+from redis.utils import from_url
+
+
+def int_or_str(value):
+    try:
+        return int(value)
+    except ValueError:
+        return value
+
+
+__version__ = "6.0.0"
+VERSION = tuple(map(int_or_str, __version__.split(".")))
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AuthenticationError",
+    "AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError",
+    "BlockingConnectionPool",
+    "BusyLoadingError",
+    "ChildDeadlockedError",
+    "Connection",
+    "ConnectionError",
+    "ConnectionPool",
+    "CredentialProvider",
+    "DataError",
+    "from_url",
+    "default_backoff",
+    "InvalidResponse",
+    "OutOfMemoryError",
+    "PubSubError",
+    "ReadOnlyError",
+    "Redis",
+    "RedisCluster",
+    "RedisError",
+    "ResponseError",
+    "Sentinel",
+    "SentinelConnectionPool",
+    "SentinelManagedConnection",
+    "SentinelManagedSSLConnection",
+    "SSLConnection",
+    "UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider",
+    "StrictRedis",
+    "TimeoutError",
+    "UnixDomainSocketConnection",
+    "WatchError",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cc32e3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from .base import BaseParser, _AsyncRESPBase
+from .commands import AsyncCommandsParser, CommandsParser
+from .encoders import Encoder
+from .hiredis import _AsyncHiredisParser, _HiredisParser
+from .resp2 import _AsyncRESP2Parser, _RESP2Parser
+from .resp3 import _AsyncRESP3Parser, _RESP3Parser
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AsyncCommandsParser",
+    "_AsyncHiredisParser",
+    "_AsyncRESPBase",
+    "_AsyncRESP2Parser",
+    "_AsyncRESP3Parser",
+    "CommandsParser",
+    "Encoder",
+    "BaseParser",
+    "_HiredisParser",
+    "_RESP2Parser",
+    "_RESP3Parser",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebc8313c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+import sys
+from abc import ABC
+from asyncio import IncompleteReadError, StreamReader, TimeoutError
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
+
+if sys.version_info.major >= 3 and sys.version_info.minor >= 11:
+    from asyncio import timeout as async_timeout
+else:
+    from async_timeout import timeout as async_timeout
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    AskError,
+    AuthenticationError,
+    AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
+    BusyLoadingError,
+    ClusterCrossSlotError,
+    ClusterDownError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    ExecAbortError,
+    MasterDownError,
+    ModuleError,
+    MovedError,
+    NoPermissionError,
+    NoScriptError,
+    OutOfMemoryError,
+    ReadOnlyError,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    TryAgainError,
+)
+from ..typing import EncodableT
+from .encoders import Encoder
+from .socket import SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR, SocketBuffer
+
+MODULE_LOAD_ERROR = "Error loading the extension. Please check the server logs."
+NO_SUCH_MODULE_ERROR = "Error unloading module: no such module with that name"
+MODULE_UNLOAD_NOT_POSSIBLE_ERROR = "Error unloading module: operation not possible."
+MODULE_EXPORTS_DATA_TYPES_ERROR = (
+    "Error unloading module: the module "
+    "exports one or more module-side data "
+    "types, can't unload"
+)
+# user send an AUTH cmd to a server without authorization configured
+NO_AUTH_SET_ERROR = {
+    # Redis >= 6.0
+    "AUTH <password> called without any password "
+    "configured for the default user. Are you sure "
+    "your configuration is correct?": AuthenticationError,
+    # Redis < 6.0
+    "Client sent AUTH, but no password is set": AuthenticationError,
+}
+
+
+class BaseParser(ABC):
+    EXCEPTION_CLASSES = {
+        "ERR": {
+            "max number of clients reached": ConnectionError,
+            "invalid password": AuthenticationError,
+            # some Redis server versions report invalid command syntax
+            # in lowercase
+            "wrong number of arguments "
+            "for 'auth' command": AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
+            # some Redis server versions report invalid command syntax
+            # in uppercase
+            "wrong number of arguments "
+            "for 'AUTH' command": AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
+            MODULE_LOAD_ERROR: ModuleError,
+            MODULE_EXPORTS_DATA_TYPES_ERROR: ModuleError,
+            NO_SUCH_MODULE_ERROR: ModuleError,
+            MODULE_UNLOAD_NOT_POSSIBLE_ERROR: ModuleError,
+            **NO_AUTH_SET_ERROR,
+        },
+        "OOM": OutOfMemoryError,
+        "WRONGPASS": AuthenticationError,
+        "EXECABORT": ExecAbortError,
+        "LOADING": BusyLoadingError,
+        "NOSCRIPT": NoScriptError,
+        "READONLY": ReadOnlyError,
+        "NOAUTH": AuthenticationError,
+        "NOPERM": NoPermissionError,
+        "ASK": AskError,
+        "TRYAGAIN": TryAgainError,
+        "MOVED": MovedError,
+        "CLUSTERDOWN": ClusterDownError,
+        "CROSSSLOT": ClusterCrossSlotError,
+        "MASTERDOWN": MasterDownError,
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse_error(cls, response):
+        "Parse an error response"
+        error_code = response.split(" ")[0]
+        if error_code in cls.EXCEPTION_CLASSES:
+            response = response[len(error_code) + 1 :]
+            exception_class = cls.EXCEPTION_CLASSES[error_code]
+            if isinstance(exception_class, dict):
+                exception_class = exception_class.get(response, ResponseError)
+            return exception_class(response)
+        return ResponseError(response)
+
+    def on_disconnect(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def on_connect(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _RESPBase(BaseParser):
+    """Base class for sync-based resp parsing"""
+
+    def __init__(self, socket_read_size):
+        self.socket_read_size = socket_read_size
+        self.encoder = None
+        self._sock = None
+        self._buffer = None
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.on_disconnect()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def on_connect(self, connection):
+        "Called when the socket connects"
+        self._sock = connection._sock
+        self._buffer = SocketBuffer(
+            self._sock, self.socket_read_size, connection.socket_timeout
+        )
+        self.encoder = connection.encoder
+
+    def on_disconnect(self):
+        "Called when the socket disconnects"
+        self._sock = None
+        if self._buffer is not None:
+            self._buffer.close()
+            self._buffer = None
+        self.encoder = None
+
+    def can_read(self, timeout):
+        return self._buffer and self._buffer.can_read(timeout)
+
+
+class AsyncBaseParser(BaseParser):
+    """Base parsing class for the python-backed async parser"""
+
+    __slots__ = "_stream", "_read_size"
+
+    def __init__(self, socket_read_size: int):
+        self._stream: Optional[StreamReader] = None
+        self._read_size = socket_read_size
+
+    async def can_read_destructive(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    async def read_response(
+        self, disable_decoding: bool = False
+    ) -> Union[EncodableT, ResponseError, None, List[EncodableT]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _AsyncRESPBase(AsyncBaseParser):
+    """Base class for async resp parsing"""
+
+    __slots__ = AsyncBaseParser.__slots__ + ("encoder", "_buffer", "_pos", "_chunks")
+
+    def __init__(self, socket_read_size: int):
+        super().__init__(socket_read_size)
+        self.encoder: Optional[Encoder] = None
+        self._buffer = b""
+        self._chunks = []
+        self._pos = 0
+
+    def _clear(self):
+        self._buffer = b""
+        self._chunks.clear()
+
+    def on_connect(self, connection):
+        """Called when the stream connects"""
+        self._stream = connection._reader
+        if self._stream is None:
+            raise RedisError("Buffer is closed.")
+        self.encoder = connection.encoder
+        self._clear()
+        self._connected = True
+
+    def on_disconnect(self):
+        """Called when the stream disconnects"""
+        self._connected = False
+
+    async def can_read_destructive(self) -> bool:
+        if not self._connected:
+            raise RedisError("Buffer is closed.")
+        if self._buffer:
+            return True
+        try:
+            async with async_timeout(0):
+                return self._stream.at_eof()
+        except TimeoutError:
+            return False
+
+    async def _read(self, length: int) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read `length` bytes of data.  These are assumed to be followed
+        by a '\r\n' terminator which is subsequently discarded.
+        """
+        want = length + 2
+        end = self._pos + want
+        if len(self._buffer) >= end:
+            result = self._buffer[self._pos : end - 2]
+        else:
+            tail = self._buffer[self._pos :]
+            try:
+                data = await self._stream.readexactly(want - len(tail))
+            except IncompleteReadError as error:
+                raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR) from error
+            result = (tail + data)[:-2]
+            self._chunks.append(data)
+        self._pos += want
+        return result
+
+    async def _readline(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        read an unknown number of bytes up to the next '\r\n'
+        line separator, which is discarded.
+        """
+        found = self._buffer.find(b"\r\n", self._pos)
+        if found >= 0:
+            result = self._buffer[self._pos : found]
+        else:
+            tail = self._buffer[self._pos :]
+            data = await self._stream.readline()
+            if not data.endswith(b"\r\n"):
+                raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+            result = (tail + data)[:-2]
+            self._chunks.append(data)
+        self._pos += len(result) + 2
+        return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/commands.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5109252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from redis.exceptions import RedisError, ResponseError
+from redis.utils import str_if_bytes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis.asyncio.cluster import ClusterNode
+
+
+class AbstractCommandsParser:
+    def _get_pubsub_keys(self, *args):
+        """
+        Get the keys from pubsub command.
+        Although PubSub commands have predetermined key locations, they are not
+        supported in the 'COMMAND's output, so the key positions are hardcoded
+        in this method
+        """
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            # The command has no keys in it
+            return None
+        args = [str_if_bytes(arg) for arg in args]
+        command = args[0].upper()
+        keys = None
+        if command == "PUBSUB":
+            # the second argument is a part of the command name, e.g.
+            # ['PUBSUB', 'NUMSUB', 'foo'].
+            pubsub_type = args[1].upper()
+            if pubsub_type in ["CHANNELS", "NUMSUB", "SHARDCHANNELS", "SHARDNUMSUB"]:
+                keys = args[2:]
+        elif command in ["SUBSCRIBE", "PSUBSCRIBE", "UNSUBSCRIBE", "PUNSUBSCRIBE"]:
+            # format example:
+            # SUBSCRIBE channel [channel ...]
+            keys = list(args[1:])
+        elif command in ["PUBLISH", "SPUBLISH"]:
+            # format example:
+            # PUBLISH channel message
+            keys = [args[1]]
+        return keys
+
+    def parse_subcommand(self, command, **options):
+        cmd_dict = {}
+        cmd_name = str_if_bytes(command[0])
+        cmd_dict["name"] = cmd_name
+        cmd_dict["arity"] = int(command[1])
+        cmd_dict["flags"] = [str_if_bytes(flag) for flag in command[2]]
+        cmd_dict["first_key_pos"] = command[3]
+        cmd_dict["last_key_pos"] = command[4]
+        cmd_dict["step_count"] = command[5]
+        if len(command) > 7:
+            cmd_dict["tips"] = command[7]
+            cmd_dict["key_specifications"] = command[8]
+            cmd_dict["subcommands"] = command[9]
+        return cmd_dict
+
+
+class CommandsParser(AbstractCommandsParser):
+    """
+    Parses Redis commands to get command keys.
+    COMMAND output is used to determine key locations.
+    Commands that do not have a predefined key location are flagged with
+    'movablekeys', and these commands' keys are determined by the command
+    'COMMAND GETKEYS'.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, redis_connection):
+        self.commands = {}
+        self.initialize(redis_connection)
+
+    def initialize(self, r):
+        commands = r.command()
+        uppercase_commands = []
+        for cmd in commands:
+            if any(x.isupper() for x in cmd):
+                uppercase_commands.append(cmd)
+        for cmd in uppercase_commands:
+            commands[cmd.lower()] = commands.pop(cmd)
+        self.commands = commands
+
+    # As soon as this PR is merged into Redis, we should reimplement
+    # our logic to use COMMAND INFO changes to determine the key positions
+    # https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/8324
+    def get_keys(self, redis_conn, *args):
+        """
+        Get the keys from the passed command.
+
+        NOTE: Due to a bug in redis<7.0, this function does not work properly
+        for EVAL or EVALSHA when the `numkeys` arg is 0.
+         - issue: https://github.com/redis/redis/issues/9493
+         - fix: https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/9733
+
+        So, don't use this function with EVAL or EVALSHA.
+        """
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            # The command has no keys in it
+            return None
+
+        cmd_name = args[0].lower()
+        if cmd_name not in self.commands:
+            # try to split the command name and to take only the main command,
+            # e.g. 'memory' for 'memory usage'
+            cmd_name_split = cmd_name.split()
+            cmd_name = cmd_name_split[0]
+            if cmd_name in self.commands:
+                # save the splitted command to args
+                args = cmd_name_split + list(args[1:])
+            else:
+                # We'll try to reinitialize the commands cache, if the engine
+                # version has changed, the commands may not be current
+                self.initialize(redis_conn)
+                if cmd_name not in self.commands:
+                    raise RedisError(
+                        f"{cmd_name.upper()} command doesn't exist in Redis commands"
+                    )
+
+        command = self.commands.get(cmd_name)
+        if "movablekeys" in command["flags"]:
+            keys = self._get_moveable_keys(redis_conn, *args)
+        elif "pubsub" in command["flags"] or command["name"] == "pubsub":
+            keys = self._get_pubsub_keys(*args)
+        else:
+            if (
+                command["step_count"] == 0
+                and command["first_key_pos"] == 0
+                and command["last_key_pos"] == 0
+            ):
+                is_subcmd = False
+                if "subcommands" in command:
+                    subcmd_name = f"{cmd_name}|{args[1].lower()}"
+                    for subcmd in command["subcommands"]:
+                        if str_if_bytes(subcmd[0]) == subcmd_name:
+                            command = self.parse_subcommand(subcmd)
+                            is_subcmd = True
+
+                # The command doesn't have keys in it
+                if not is_subcmd:
+                    return None
+            last_key_pos = command["last_key_pos"]
+            if last_key_pos < 0:
+                last_key_pos = len(args) - abs(last_key_pos)
+            keys_pos = list(
+                range(command["first_key_pos"], last_key_pos + 1, command["step_count"])
+            )
+            keys = [args[pos] for pos in keys_pos]
+
+        return keys
+
+    def _get_moveable_keys(self, redis_conn, *args):
+        """
+        NOTE: Due to a bug in redis<7.0, this function does not work properly
+        for EVAL or EVALSHA when the `numkeys` arg is 0.
+         - issue: https://github.com/redis/redis/issues/9493
+         - fix: https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/9733
+
+        So, don't use this function with EVAL or EVALSHA.
+        """
+        # The command name should be splitted into separate arguments,
+        # e.g. 'MEMORY USAGE' will be splitted into ['MEMORY', 'USAGE']
+        pieces = args[0].split() + list(args[1:])
+        try:
+            keys = redis_conn.execute_command("COMMAND GETKEYS", *pieces)
+        except ResponseError as e:
+            message = e.__str__()
+            if (
+                "Invalid arguments" in message
+                or "The command has no key arguments" in message
+            ):
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise e
+        return keys
+
+
+class AsyncCommandsParser(AbstractCommandsParser):
+    """
+    Parses Redis commands to get command keys.
+
+    COMMAND output is used to determine key locations.
+    Commands that do not have a predefined key location are flagged with 'movablekeys',
+    and these commands' keys are determined by the command 'COMMAND GETKEYS'.
+
+    NOTE: Due to a bug in redis<7.0, this does not work properly
+    for EVAL or EVALSHA when the `numkeys` arg is 0.
+     - issue: https://github.com/redis/redis/issues/9493
+     - fix: https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/9733
+
+    So, don't use this with EVAL or EVALSHA.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("commands", "node")
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.commands: Dict[str, Union[int, Dict[str, Any]]] = {}
+
+    async def initialize(self, node: Optional["ClusterNode"] = None) -> None:
+        if node:
+            self.node = node
+
+        commands = await self.node.execute_command("COMMAND")
+        self.commands = {cmd.lower(): command for cmd, command in commands.items()}
+
+    # As soon as this PR is merged into Redis, we should reimplement
+    # our logic to use COMMAND INFO changes to determine the key positions
+    # https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/8324
+    async def get_keys(self, *args: Any) -> Optional[Tuple[str, ...]]:
+        """
+        Get the keys from the passed command.
+
+        NOTE: Due to a bug in redis<7.0, this function does not work properly
+        for EVAL or EVALSHA when the `numkeys` arg is 0.
+         - issue: https://github.com/redis/redis/issues/9493
+         - fix: https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/9733
+
+        So, don't use this function with EVAL or EVALSHA.
+        """
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            # The command has no keys in it
+            return None
+
+        cmd_name = args[0].lower()
+        if cmd_name not in self.commands:
+            # try to split the command name and to take only the main command,
+            # e.g. 'memory' for 'memory usage'
+            cmd_name_split = cmd_name.split()
+            cmd_name = cmd_name_split[0]
+            if cmd_name in self.commands:
+                # save the splitted command to args
+                args = cmd_name_split + list(args[1:])
+            else:
+                # We'll try to reinitialize the commands cache, if the engine
+                # version has changed, the commands may not be current
+                await self.initialize()
+                if cmd_name not in self.commands:
+                    raise RedisError(
+                        f"{cmd_name.upper()} command doesn't exist in Redis commands"
+                    )
+
+        command = self.commands.get(cmd_name)
+        if "movablekeys" in command["flags"]:
+            keys = await self._get_moveable_keys(*args)
+        elif "pubsub" in command["flags"] or command["name"] == "pubsub":
+            keys = self._get_pubsub_keys(*args)
+        else:
+            if (
+                command["step_count"] == 0
+                and command["first_key_pos"] == 0
+                and command["last_key_pos"] == 0
+            ):
+                is_subcmd = False
+                if "subcommands" in command:
+                    subcmd_name = f"{cmd_name}|{args[1].lower()}"
+                    for subcmd in command["subcommands"]:
+                        if str_if_bytes(subcmd[0]) == subcmd_name:
+                            command = self.parse_subcommand(subcmd)
+                            is_subcmd = True
+
+                # The command doesn't have keys in it
+                if not is_subcmd:
+                    return None
+            last_key_pos = command["last_key_pos"]
+            if last_key_pos < 0:
+                last_key_pos = len(args) - abs(last_key_pos)
+            keys_pos = list(
+                range(command["first_key_pos"], last_key_pos + 1, command["step_count"])
+            )
+            keys = [args[pos] for pos in keys_pos]
+
+        return keys
+
+    async def _get_moveable_keys(self, *args: Any) -> Optional[Tuple[str, ...]]:
+        try:
+            keys = await self.node.execute_command("COMMAND GETKEYS", *args)
+        except ResponseError as e:
+            message = e.__str__()
+            if (
+                "Invalid arguments" in message
+                or "The command has no key arguments" in message
+            ):
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise e
+        return keys
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/encoders.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/encoders.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6fdf0ad8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/encoders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from ..exceptions import DataError
+
+
+class Encoder:
+    "Encode strings to bytes-like and decode bytes-like to strings"
+
+    __slots__ = "encoding", "encoding_errors", "decode_responses"
+
+    def __init__(self, encoding, encoding_errors, decode_responses):
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.encoding_errors = encoding_errors
+        self.decode_responses = decode_responses
+
+    def encode(self, value):
+        "Return a bytestring or bytes-like representation of the value"
+        if isinstance(value, (bytes, memoryview)):
+            return value
+        elif isinstance(value, bool):
+            # special case bool since it is a subclass of int
+            raise DataError(
+                "Invalid input of type: 'bool'. Convert to a "
+                "bytes, string, int or float first."
+            )
+        elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+            value = repr(value).encode()
+        elif not isinstance(value, str):
+            # a value we don't know how to deal with. throw an error
+            typename = type(value).__name__
+            raise DataError(
+                f"Invalid input of type: '{typename}'. "
+                f"Convert to a bytes, string, int or float first."
+            )
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            value = value.encode(self.encoding, self.encoding_errors)
+        return value
+
+    def decode(self, value, force=False):
+        "Return a unicode string from the bytes-like representation"
+        if self.decode_responses or force:
+            if isinstance(value, memoryview):
+                value = value.tobytes()
+            if isinstance(value, bytes):
+                value = value.decode(self.encoding, self.encoding_errors)
+        return value
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/helpers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5468addf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
+import datetime
+
+from redis.utils import str_if_bytes
+
+
+def timestamp_to_datetime(response):
+    "Converts a unix timestamp to a Python datetime object"
+    if not response:
+        return None
+    try:
+        response = int(response)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+    return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(response)
+
+
+def parse_debug_object(response):
+    "Parse the results of Redis's DEBUG OBJECT command into a Python dict"
+    # The 'type' of the object is the first item in the response, but isn't
+    # prefixed with a name
+    response = str_if_bytes(response)
+    response = "type:" + response
+    response = dict(kv.split(":") for kv in response.split())
+
+    # parse some expected int values from the string response
+    # note: this cmd isn't spec'd so these may not appear in all redis versions
+    int_fields = ("refcount", "serializedlength", "lru", "lru_seconds_idle")
+    for field in int_fields:
+        if field in response:
+            response[field] = int(response[field])
+
+    return response
+
+
+def parse_info(response):
+    """Parse the result of Redis's INFO command into a Python dict"""
+    info = {}
+    response = str_if_bytes(response)
+
+    def get_value(value):
+        if "," not in value and "=" not in value:
+            try:
+                if "." in value:
+                    return float(value)
+                else:
+                    return int(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                return value
+        elif "=" not in value:
+            return [get_value(v) for v in value.split(",") if v]
+        else:
+            sub_dict = {}
+            for item in value.split(","):
+                if not item:
+                    continue
+                if "=" in item:
+                    k, v = item.rsplit("=", 1)
+                    sub_dict[k] = get_value(v)
+                else:
+                    sub_dict[item] = True
+            return sub_dict
+
+    for line in response.splitlines():
+        if line and not line.startswith("#"):
+            if line.find(":") != -1:
+                # Split, the info fields keys and values.
+                # Note that the value may contain ':'. but the 'host:'
+                # pseudo-command is the only case where the key contains ':'
+                key, value = line.split(":", 1)
+                if key == "cmdstat_host":
+                    key, value = line.rsplit(":", 1)
+
+                if key == "module":
+                    # Hardcode a list for key 'modules' since there could be
+                    # multiple lines that started with 'module'
+                    info.setdefault("modules", []).append(get_value(value))
+                else:
+                    info[key] = get_value(value)
+            else:
+                # if the line isn't splittable, append it to the "__raw__" key
+                info.setdefault("__raw__", []).append(line)
+
+    return info
+
+
+def parse_memory_stats(response, **kwargs):
+    """Parse the results of MEMORY STATS"""
+    stats = pairs_to_dict(response, decode_keys=True, decode_string_values=True)
+    for key, value in stats.items():
+        if key.startswith("db.") and isinstance(value, list):
+            stats[key] = pairs_to_dict(
+                value, decode_keys=True, decode_string_values=True
+            )
+    return stats
+
+
+SENTINEL_STATE_TYPES = {
+    "can-failover-its-master": int,
+    "config-epoch": int,
+    "down-after-milliseconds": int,
+    "failover-timeout": int,
+    "info-refresh": int,
+    "last-hello-message": int,
+    "last-ok-ping-reply": int,
+    "last-ping-reply": int,
+    "last-ping-sent": int,
+    "master-link-down-time": int,
+    "master-port": int,
+    "num-other-sentinels": int,
+    "num-slaves": int,
+    "o-down-time": int,
+    "pending-commands": int,
+    "parallel-syncs": int,
+    "port": int,
+    "quorum": int,
+    "role-reported-time": int,
+    "s-down-time": int,
+    "slave-priority": int,
+    "slave-repl-offset": int,
+    "voted-leader-epoch": int,
+}
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_state(item):
+    result = pairs_to_dict_typed(item, SENTINEL_STATE_TYPES)
+    flags = set(result["flags"].split(","))
+    for name, flag in (
+        ("is_master", "master"),
+        ("is_slave", "slave"),
+        ("is_sdown", "s_down"),
+        ("is_odown", "o_down"),
+        ("is_sentinel", "sentinel"),
+        ("is_disconnected", "disconnected"),
+        ("is_master_down", "master_down"),
+    ):
+        result[name] = flag in flags
+    return result
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_master(response):
+    return parse_sentinel_state(map(str_if_bytes, response))
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_state_resp3(response):
+    result = {}
+    for key in response:
+        try:
+            value = SENTINEL_STATE_TYPES[key](str_if_bytes(response[key]))
+            result[str_if_bytes(key)] = value
+        except Exception:
+            result[str_if_bytes(key)] = response[str_if_bytes(key)]
+    flags = set(result["flags"].split(","))
+    result["flags"] = flags
+    return result
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_masters(response):
+    result = {}
+    for item in response:
+        state = parse_sentinel_state(map(str_if_bytes, item))
+        result[state["name"]] = state
+    return result
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_masters_resp3(response):
+    return [parse_sentinel_state(master) for master in response]
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_slaves_and_sentinels(response):
+    return [parse_sentinel_state(map(str_if_bytes, item)) for item in response]
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_slaves_and_sentinels_resp3(response):
+    return [parse_sentinel_state_resp3(item) for item in response]
+
+
+def parse_sentinel_get_master(response):
+    return response and (response[0], int(response[1])) or None
+
+
+def pairs_to_dict(response, decode_keys=False, decode_string_values=False):
+    """Create a dict given a list of key/value pairs"""
+    if response is None:
+        return {}
+    if decode_keys or decode_string_values:
+        # the iter form is faster, but I don't know how to make that work
+        # with a str_if_bytes() map
+        keys = response[::2]
+        if decode_keys:
+            keys = map(str_if_bytes, keys)
+        values = response[1::2]
+        if decode_string_values:
+            values = map(str_if_bytes, values)
+        return dict(zip(keys, values))
+    else:
+        it = iter(response)
+        return dict(zip(it, it))
+
+
+def pairs_to_dict_typed(response, type_info):
+    it = iter(response)
+    result = {}
+    for key, value in zip(it, it):
+        if key in type_info:
+            try:
+                value = type_info[key](value)
+            except Exception:
+                # if for some reason the value can't be coerced, just use
+                # the string value
+                pass
+        result[key] = value
+    return result
+
+
+def zset_score_pairs(response, **options):
+    """
+    If ``withscores`` is specified in the options, return the response as
+    a list of (value, score) pairs
+    """
+    if not response or not options.get("withscores"):
+        return response
+    score_cast_func = options.get("score_cast_func", float)
+    it = iter(response)
+    return list(zip(it, map(score_cast_func, it)))
+
+
+def sort_return_tuples(response, **options):
+    """
+    If ``groups`` is specified, return the response as a list of
+    n-element tuples with n being the value found in options['groups']
+    """
+    if not response or not options.get("groups"):
+        return response
+    n = options["groups"]
+    return list(zip(*[response[i::n] for i in range(n)]))
+
+
+def parse_stream_list(response):
+    if response is None:
+        return None
+    data = []
+    for r in response:
+        if r is not None:
+            data.append((r[0], pairs_to_dict(r[1])))
+        else:
+            data.append((None, None))
+    return data
+
+
+def pairs_to_dict_with_str_keys(response):
+    return pairs_to_dict(response, decode_keys=True)
+
+
+def parse_list_of_dicts(response):
+    return list(map(pairs_to_dict_with_str_keys, response))
+
+
+def parse_xclaim(response, **options):
+    if options.get("parse_justid", False):
+        return response
+    return parse_stream_list(response)
+
+
+def parse_xautoclaim(response, **options):
+    if options.get("parse_justid", False):
+        return response[1]
+    response[1] = parse_stream_list(response[1])
+    return response
+
+
+def parse_xinfo_stream(response, **options):
+    if isinstance(response, list):
+        data = pairs_to_dict(response, decode_keys=True)
+    else:
+        data = {str_if_bytes(k): v for k, v in response.items()}
+    if not options.get("full", False):
+        first = data.get("first-entry")
+        if first is not None and first[0] is not None:
+            data["first-entry"] = (first[0], pairs_to_dict(first[1]))
+        last = data["last-entry"]
+        if last is not None and last[0] is not None:
+            data["last-entry"] = (last[0], pairs_to_dict(last[1]))
+    else:
+        data["entries"] = {_id: pairs_to_dict(entry) for _id, entry in data["entries"]}
+        if len(data["groups"]) > 0 and isinstance(data["groups"][0], list):
+            data["groups"] = [
+                pairs_to_dict(group, decode_keys=True) for group in data["groups"]
+            ]
+            for g in data["groups"]:
+                if g["consumers"] and g["consumers"][0] is not None:
+                    g["consumers"] = [
+                        pairs_to_dict(c, decode_keys=True) for c in g["consumers"]
+                    ]
+        else:
+            data["groups"] = [
+                {str_if_bytes(k): v for k, v in group.items()}
+                for group in data["groups"]
+            ]
+    return data
+
+
+def parse_xread(response):
+    if response is None:
+        return []
+    return [[r[0], parse_stream_list(r[1])] for r in response]
+
+
+def parse_xread_resp3(response):
+    if response is None:
+        return {}
+    return {key: [parse_stream_list(value)] for key, value in response.items()}
+
+
+def parse_xpending(response, **options):
+    if options.get("parse_detail", False):
+        return parse_xpending_range(response)
+    consumers = [{"name": n, "pending": int(p)} for n, p in response[3] or []]
+    return {
+        "pending": response[0],
+        "min": response[1],
+        "max": response[2],
+        "consumers": consumers,
+    }
+
+
+def parse_xpending_range(response):
+    k = ("message_id", "consumer", "time_since_delivered", "times_delivered")
+    return [dict(zip(k, r)) for r in response]
+
+
+def float_or_none(response):
+    if response is None:
+        return None
+    return float(response)
+
+
+def bool_ok(response, **options):
+    return str_if_bytes(response) == "OK"
+
+
+def parse_zadd(response, **options):
+    if response is None:
+        return None
+    if options.get("as_score"):
+        return float(response)
+    return int(response)
+
+
+def parse_client_list(response, **options):
+    clients = []
+    for c in str_if_bytes(response).splitlines():
+        # Values might contain '='
+        clients.append(dict(pair.split("=", 1) for pair in c.split(" ")))
+    return clients
+
+
+def parse_config_get(response, **options):
+    response = [str_if_bytes(i) if i is not None else None for i in response]
+    return response and pairs_to_dict(response) or {}
+
+
+def parse_scan(response, **options):
+    cursor, r = response
+    return int(cursor), r
+
+
+def parse_hscan(response, **options):
+    cursor, r = response
+    no_values = options.get("no_values", False)
+    if no_values:
+        payload = r or []
+    else:
+        payload = r and pairs_to_dict(r) or {}
+    return int(cursor), payload
+
+
+def parse_zscan(response, **options):
+    score_cast_func = options.get("score_cast_func", float)
+    cursor, r = response
+    it = iter(r)
+    return int(cursor), list(zip(it, map(score_cast_func, it)))
+
+
+def parse_zmscore(response, **options):
+    # zmscore: list of scores (double precision floating point number) or nil
+    return [float(score) if score is not None else None for score in response]
+
+
+def parse_slowlog_get(response, **options):
+    space = " " if options.get("decode_responses", False) else b" "
+
+    def parse_item(item):
+        result = {"id": item[0], "start_time": int(item[1]), "duration": int(item[2])}
+        # Redis Enterprise injects another entry at index [3], which has
+        # the complexity info (i.e. the value N in case the command has
+        # an O(N) complexity) instead of the command.
+        if isinstance(item[3], list):
+            result["command"] = space.join(item[3])
+
+            # These fields are optional, depends on environment.
+            if len(item) >= 6:
+                result["client_address"] = item[4]
+                result["client_name"] = item[5]
+        else:
+            result["complexity"] = item[3]
+            result["command"] = space.join(item[4])
+
+            # These fields are optional, depends on environment.
+            if len(item) >= 7:
+                result["client_address"] = item[5]
+                result["client_name"] = item[6]
+
+        return result
+
+    return [parse_item(item) for item in response]
+
+
+def parse_stralgo(response, **options):
+    """
+    Parse the response from `STRALGO` command.
+    Without modifiers the returned value is string.
+    When LEN is given the command returns the length of the result
+    (i.e integer).
+    When IDX is given the command returns a dictionary with the LCS
+    length and all the ranges in both the strings, start and end
+    offset for each string, where there are matches.
+    When WITHMATCHLEN is given, each array representing a match will
+    also have the length of the match at the beginning of the array.
+    """
+    if options.get("len", False):
+        return int(response)
+    if options.get("idx", False):
+        if options.get("withmatchlen", False):
+            matches = [
+                [(int(match[-1]))] + list(map(tuple, match[:-1]))
+                for match in response[1]
+            ]
+        else:
+            matches = [list(map(tuple, match)) for match in response[1]]
+        return {
+            str_if_bytes(response[0]): matches,
+            str_if_bytes(response[2]): int(response[3]),
+        }
+    return str_if_bytes(response)
+
+
+def parse_cluster_info(response, **options):
+    response = str_if_bytes(response)
+    return dict(line.split(":") for line in response.splitlines() if line)
+
+
+def _parse_node_line(line):
+    line_items = line.split(" ")
+    node_id, addr, flags, master_id, ping, pong, epoch, connected = line.split(" ")[:8]
+    ip = addr.split("@")[0]
+    hostname = addr.split("@")[1].split(",")[1] if "@" in addr and "," in addr else ""
+    node_dict = {
+        "node_id": node_id,
+        "hostname": hostname,
+        "flags": flags,
+        "master_id": master_id,
+        "last_ping_sent": ping,
+        "last_pong_rcvd": pong,
+        "epoch": epoch,
+        "slots": [],
+        "migrations": [],
+        "connected": True if connected == "connected" else False,
+    }
+    if len(line_items) >= 9:
+        slots, migrations = _parse_slots(line_items[8:])
+        node_dict["slots"], node_dict["migrations"] = slots, migrations
+    return ip, node_dict
+
+
+def _parse_slots(slot_ranges):
+    slots, migrations = [], []
+    for s_range in slot_ranges:
+        if "->-" in s_range:
+            slot_id, dst_node_id = s_range[1:-1].split("->-", 1)
+            migrations.append(
+                {"slot": slot_id, "node_id": dst_node_id, "state": "migrating"}
+            )
+        elif "-<-" in s_range:
+            slot_id, src_node_id = s_range[1:-1].split("-<-", 1)
+            migrations.append(
+                {"slot": slot_id, "node_id": src_node_id, "state": "importing"}
+            )
+        else:
+            s_range = [sl for sl in s_range.split("-")]
+            slots.append(s_range)
+
+    return slots, migrations
+
+
+def parse_cluster_nodes(response, **options):
+    """
+    @see: https://redis.io/commands/cluster-nodes  # string / bytes
+    @see: https://redis.io/commands/cluster-replicas # list of string / bytes
+    """
+    if isinstance(response, (str, bytes)):
+        response = response.splitlines()
+    return dict(_parse_node_line(str_if_bytes(node)) for node in response)
+
+
+def parse_geosearch_generic(response, **options):
+    """
+    Parse the response of 'GEOSEARCH', GEORADIUS' and 'GEORADIUSBYMEMBER'
+    commands according to 'withdist', 'withhash' and 'withcoord' labels.
+    """
+    try:
+        if options["store"] or options["store_dist"]:
+            # `store` and `store_dist` cant be combined
+            # with other command arguments.
+            # relevant to 'GEORADIUS' and 'GEORADIUSBYMEMBER'
+            return response
+    except KeyError:  # it means the command was sent via execute_command
+        return response
+
+    if not isinstance(response, list):
+        response_list = [response]
+    else:
+        response_list = response
+
+    if not options["withdist"] and not options["withcoord"] and not options["withhash"]:
+        # just a bunch of places
+        return response_list
+
+    cast = {
+        "withdist": float,
+        "withcoord": lambda ll: (float(ll[0]), float(ll[1])),
+        "withhash": int,
+    }
+
+    # zip all output results with each casting function to get
+    # the properly native Python value.
+    f = [lambda x: x]
+    f += [cast[o] for o in ["withdist", "withhash", "withcoord"] if options[o]]
+    return [list(map(lambda fv: fv[0](fv[1]), zip(f, r))) for r in response_list]
+
+
+def parse_command(response, **options):
+    commands = {}
+    for command in response:
+        cmd_dict = {}
+        cmd_name = str_if_bytes(command[0])
+        cmd_dict["name"] = cmd_name
+        cmd_dict["arity"] = int(command[1])
+        cmd_dict["flags"] = [str_if_bytes(flag) for flag in command[2]]
+        cmd_dict["first_key_pos"] = command[3]
+        cmd_dict["last_key_pos"] = command[4]
+        cmd_dict["step_count"] = command[5]
+        if len(command) > 7:
+            cmd_dict["tips"] = command[7]
+            cmd_dict["key_specifications"] = command[8]
+            cmd_dict["subcommands"] = command[9]
+        commands[cmd_name] = cmd_dict
+    return commands
+
+
+def parse_command_resp3(response, **options):
+    commands = {}
+    for command in response:
+        cmd_dict = {}
+        cmd_name = str_if_bytes(command[0])
+        cmd_dict["name"] = cmd_name
+        cmd_dict["arity"] = command[1]
+        cmd_dict["flags"] = {str_if_bytes(flag) for flag in command[2]}
+        cmd_dict["first_key_pos"] = command[3]
+        cmd_dict["last_key_pos"] = command[4]
+        cmd_dict["step_count"] = command[5]
+        cmd_dict["acl_categories"] = command[6]
+        if len(command) > 7:
+            cmd_dict["tips"] = command[7]
+            cmd_dict["key_specifications"] = command[8]
+            cmd_dict["subcommands"] = command[9]
+
+        commands[cmd_name] = cmd_dict
+    return commands
+
+
+def parse_pubsub_numsub(response, **options):
+    return list(zip(response[0::2], response[1::2]))
+
+
+def parse_client_kill(response, **options):
+    if isinstance(response, int):
+        return response
+    return str_if_bytes(response) == "OK"
+
+
+def parse_acl_getuser(response, **options):
+    if response is None:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(response, list):
+        data = pairs_to_dict(response, decode_keys=True)
+    else:
+        data = {str_if_bytes(key): value for key, value in response.items()}
+
+    # convert everything but user-defined data in 'keys' to native strings
+    data["flags"] = list(map(str_if_bytes, data["flags"]))
+    data["passwords"] = list(map(str_if_bytes, data["passwords"]))
+    data["commands"] = str_if_bytes(data["commands"])
+    if isinstance(data["keys"], str) or isinstance(data["keys"], bytes):
+        data["keys"] = list(str_if_bytes(data["keys"]).split(" "))
+    if data["keys"] == [""]:
+        data["keys"] = []
+    if "channels" in data:
+        if isinstance(data["channels"], str) or isinstance(data["channels"], bytes):
+            data["channels"] = list(str_if_bytes(data["channels"]).split(" "))
+        if data["channels"] == [""]:
+            data["channels"] = []
+    if "selectors" in data:
+        if data["selectors"] != [] and isinstance(data["selectors"][0], list):
+            data["selectors"] = [
+                list(map(str_if_bytes, selector)) for selector in data["selectors"]
+            ]
+        elif data["selectors"] != []:
+            data["selectors"] = [
+                {str_if_bytes(k): str_if_bytes(v) for k, v in selector.items()}
+                for selector in data["selectors"]
+            ]
+
+    # split 'commands' into separate 'categories' and 'commands' lists
+    commands, categories = [], []
+    for command in data["commands"].split(" "):
+        categories.append(command) if "@" in command else commands.append(command)
+
+    data["commands"] = commands
+    data["categories"] = categories
+    data["enabled"] = "on" in data["flags"]
+    return data
+
+
+def parse_acl_log(response, **options):
+    if response is None:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(response, list):
+        data = []
+        for log in response:
+            log_data = pairs_to_dict(log, True, True)
+            client_info = log_data.get("client-info", "")
+            log_data["client-info"] = parse_client_info(client_info)
+
+            # float() is lossy comparing to the "double" in C
+            log_data["age-seconds"] = float(log_data["age-seconds"])
+            data.append(log_data)
+    else:
+        data = bool_ok(response)
+    return data
+
+
+def parse_client_info(value):
+    """
+    Parsing client-info in ACL Log in following format.
+    "key1=value1 key2=value2 key3=value3"
+    """
+    client_info = {}
+    for info in str_if_bytes(value).strip().split():
+        key, value = info.split("=")
+        client_info[key] = value
+
+    # Those fields are defined as int in networking.c
+    for int_key in {
+        "id",
+        "age",
+        "idle",
+        "db",
+        "sub",
+        "psub",
+        "multi",
+        "qbuf",
+        "qbuf-free",
+        "obl",
+        "argv-mem",
+        "oll",
+        "omem",
+        "tot-mem",
+    }:
+        client_info[int_key] = int(client_info[int_key])
+    return client_info
+
+
+def parse_set_result(response, **options):
+    """
+    Handle SET result since GET argument is available since Redis 6.2.
+    Parsing SET result into:
+    - BOOL
+    - String when GET argument is used
+    """
+    if options.get("get"):
+        # Redis will return a getCommand result.
+        # See `setGenericCommand` in t_string.c
+        return response
+    return response and str_if_bytes(response) == "OK"
+
+
+def string_keys_to_dict(key_string, callback):
+    return dict.fromkeys(key_string.split(), callback)
+
+
+_RedisCallbacks = {
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "AUTH COPY EXPIRE EXPIREAT HEXISTS HMSET MOVE MSETNX PERSIST PSETEX "
+        "PEXPIRE PEXPIREAT RENAMENX SETEX SETNX SMOVE",
+        bool,
+    ),
+    **string_keys_to_dict("HINCRBYFLOAT INCRBYFLOAT", float),
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "ASKING FLUSHALL FLUSHDB LSET LTRIM MSET PFMERGE READONLY READWRITE "
+        "RENAME SAVE SELECT SHUTDOWN SLAVEOF SWAPDB WATCH UNWATCH",
+        bool_ok,
+    ),
+    **string_keys_to_dict("XREAD XREADGROUP", parse_xread),
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "GEORADIUS GEORADIUSBYMEMBER GEOSEARCH",
+        parse_geosearch_generic,
+    ),
+    **string_keys_to_dict("XRANGE XREVRANGE", parse_stream_list),
+    "ACL GETUSER": parse_acl_getuser,
+    "ACL LOAD": bool_ok,
+    "ACL LOG": parse_acl_log,
+    "ACL SETUSER": bool_ok,
+    "ACL SAVE": bool_ok,
+    "CLIENT INFO": parse_client_info,
+    "CLIENT KILL": parse_client_kill,
+    "CLIENT LIST": parse_client_list,
+    "CLIENT PAUSE": bool_ok,
+    "CLIENT SETINFO": bool_ok,
+    "CLIENT SETNAME": bool_ok,
+    "CLIENT UNBLOCK": bool,
+    "CLUSTER ADDSLOTS": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER ADDSLOTSRANGE": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER DELSLOTS": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER DELSLOTSRANGE": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER FAILOVER": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER FORGET": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER INFO": parse_cluster_info,
+    "CLUSTER MEET": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER NODES": parse_cluster_nodes,
+    "CLUSTER REPLICAS": parse_cluster_nodes,
+    "CLUSTER REPLICATE": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER RESET": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER SAVECONFIG": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER SET-CONFIG-EPOCH": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER SETSLOT": bool_ok,
+    "CLUSTER SLAVES": parse_cluster_nodes,
+    "COMMAND": parse_command,
+    "CONFIG RESETSTAT": bool_ok,
+    "CONFIG SET": bool_ok,
+    "FUNCTION DELETE": bool_ok,
+    "FUNCTION FLUSH": bool_ok,
+    "FUNCTION RESTORE": bool_ok,
+    "GEODIST": float_or_none,
+    "HSCAN": parse_hscan,
+    "INFO": parse_info,
+    "LASTSAVE": timestamp_to_datetime,
+    "MEMORY PURGE": bool_ok,
+    "MODULE LOAD": bool,
+    "MODULE UNLOAD": bool,
+    "PING": lambda r: str_if_bytes(r) == "PONG",
+    "PUBSUB NUMSUB": parse_pubsub_numsub,
+    "PUBSUB SHARDNUMSUB": parse_pubsub_numsub,
+    "QUIT": bool_ok,
+    "SET": parse_set_result,
+    "SCAN": parse_scan,
+    "SCRIPT EXISTS": lambda r: list(map(bool, r)),
+    "SCRIPT FLUSH": bool_ok,
+    "SCRIPT KILL": bool_ok,
+    "SCRIPT LOAD": str_if_bytes,
+    "SENTINEL CKQUORUM": bool_ok,
+    "SENTINEL FAILOVER": bool_ok,
+    "SENTINEL FLUSHCONFIG": bool_ok,
+    "SENTINEL GET-MASTER-ADDR-BY-NAME": parse_sentinel_get_master,
+    "SENTINEL MONITOR": bool_ok,
+    "SENTINEL RESET": bool_ok,
+    "SENTINEL REMOVE": bool_ok,
+    "SENTINEL SET": bool_ok,
+    "SLOWLOG GET": parse_slowlog_get,
+    "SLOWLOG RESET": bool_ok,
+    "SORT": sort_return_tuples,
+    "SSCAN": parse_scan,
+    "TIME": lambda x: (int(x[0]), int(x[1])),
+    "XAUTOCLAIM": parse_xautoclaim,
+    "XCLAIM": parse_xclaim,
+    "XGROUP CREATE": bool_ok,
+    "XGROUP DESTROY": bool,
+    "XGROUP SETID": bool_ok,
+    "XINFO STREAM": parse_xinfo_stream,
+    "XPENDING": parse_xpending,
+    "ZSCAN": parse_zscan,
+}
+
+
+_RedisCallbacksRESP2 = {
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "SDIFF SINTER SMEMBERS SUNION", lambda r: r and set(r) or set()
+    ),
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "ZDIFF ZINTER ZPOPMAX ZPOPMIN ZRANGE ZRANGEBYSCORE ZRANK ZREVRANGE "
+        "ZREVRANGEBYSCORE ZREVRANK ZUNION",
+        zset_score_pairs,
+    ),
+    **string_keys_to_dict("ZINCRBY ZSCORE", float_or_none),
+    **string_keys_to_dict("BGREWRITEAOF BGSAVE", lambda r: True),
+    **string_keys_to_dict("BLPOP BRPOP", lambda r: r and tuple(r) or None),
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "BZPOPMAX BZPOPMIN", lambda r: r and (r[0], r[1], float(r[2])) or None
+    ),
+    "ACL CAT": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "ACL GENPASS": str_if_bytes,
+    "ACL HELP": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "ACL LIST": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "ACL USERS": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "ACL WHOAMI": str_if_bytes,
+    "CLIENT GETNAME": str_if_bytes,
+    "CLIENT TRACKINGINFO": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "CLUSTER GETKEYSINSLOT": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "COMMAND GETKEYS": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "CONFIG GET": parse_config_get,
+    "DEBUG OBJECT": parse_debug_object,
+    "GEOHASH": lambda r: list(map(str_if_bytes, r)),
+    "GEOPOS": lambda r: list(
+        map(lambda ll: (float(ll[0]), float(ll[1])) if ll is not None else None, r)
+    ),
+    "HGETALL": lambda r: r and pairs_to_dict(r) or {},
+    "MEMORY STATS": parse_memory_stats,
+    "MODULE LIST": lambda r: [pairs_to_dict(m) for m in r],
+    "RESET": str_if_bytes,
+    "SENTINEL MASTER": parse_sentinel_master,
+    "SENTINEL MASTERS": parse_sentinel_masters,
+    "SENTINEL SENTINELS": parse_sentinel_slaves_and_sentinels,
+    "SENTINEL SLAVES": parse_sentinel_slaves_and_sentinels,
+    "STRALGO": parse_stralgo,
+    "XINFO CONSUMERS": parse_list_of_dicts,
+    "XINFO GROUPS": parse_list_of_dicts,
+    "ZADD": parse_zadd,
+    "ZMSCORE": parse_zmscore,
+}
+
+
+_RedisCallbacksRESP3 = {
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "SDIFF SINTER SMEMBERS SUNION", lambda r: r and set(r) or set()
+    ),
+    **string_keys_to_dict(
+        "ZRANGE ZINTER ZPOPMAX ZPOPMIN ZRANGEBYSCORE ZREVRANGE ZREVRANGEBYSCORE "
+        "ZUNION HGETALL XREADGROUP",
+        lambda r, **kwargs: r,
+    ),
+    **string_keys_to_dict("XREAD XREADGROUP", parse_xread_resp3),
+    "ACL LOG": lambda r: (
+        [
+            {str_if_bytes(key): str_if_bytes(value) for key, value in x.items()}
+            for x in r
+        ]
+        if isinstance(r, list)
+        else bool_ok(r)
+    ),
+    "COMMAND": parse_command_resp3,
+    "CONFIG GET": lambda r: {
+        str_if_bytes(key) if key is not None else None: (
+            str_if_bytes(value) if value is not None else None
+        )
+        for key, value in r.items()
+    },
+    "MEMORY STATS": lambda r: {str_if_bytes(key): value for key, value in r.items()},
+    "SENTINEL MASTER": parse_sentinel_state_resp3,
+    "SENTINEL MASTERS": parse_sentinel_masters_resp3,
+    "SENTINEL SENTINELS": parse_sentinel_slaves_and_sentinels_resp3,
+    "SENTINEL SLAVES": parse_sentinel_slaves_and_sentinels_resp3,
+    "STRALGO": lambda r, **options: (
+        {str_if_bytes(key): str_if_bytes(value) for key, value in r.items()}
+        if isinstance(r, dict)
+        else str_if_bytes(r)
+    ),
+    "XINFO CONSUMERS": lambda r: [
+        {str_if_bytes(key): value for key, value in x.items()} for x in r
+    ],
+    "XINFO GROUPS": lambda r: [
+        {str_if_bytes(key): value for key, value in d.items()} for d in r
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/hiredis.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/hiredis.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c807bd90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/hiredis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+import asyncio
+import socket
+import sys
+from typing import Callable, List, Optional, TypedDict, Union
+
+if sys.version_info.major >= 3 and sys.version_info.minor >= 11:
+    from asyncio import timeout as async_timeout
+else:
+    from async_timeout import timeout as async_timeout
+
+from ..exceptions import ConnectionError, InvalidResponse, RedisError
+from ..typing import EncodableT
+from ..utils import HIREDIS_AVAILABLE
+from .base import AsyncBaseParser, BaseParser
+from .socket import (
+    NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS,
+    NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTIONS,
+    SENTINEL,
+    SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR,
+)
+
+# Used to signal that hiredis-py does not have enough data to parse.
+# Using `False` or `None` is not reliable, given that the parser can
+# return `False` or `None` for legitimate reasons from RESP payloads.
+NOT_ENOUGH_DATA = object()
+
+
+class _HiredisReaderArgs(TypedDict, total=False):
+    protocolError: Callable[[str], Exception]
+    replyError: Callable[[str], Exception]
+    encoding: Optional[str]
+    errors: Optional[str]
+
+
+class _HiredisParser(BaseParser):
+    "Parser class for connections using Hiredis"
+
+    def __init__(self, socket_read_size):
+        if not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+            raise RedisError("Hiredis is not installed")
+        self.socket_read_size = socket_read_size
+        self._buffer = bytearray(socket_read_size)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.on_disconnect()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def on_connect(self, connection, **kwargs):
+        import hiredis
+
+        self._sock = connection._sock
+        self._socket_timeout = connection.socket_timeout
+        kwargs = {
+            "protocolError": InvalidResponse,
+            "replyError": self.parse_error,
+            "errors": connection.encoder.encoding_errors,
+            "notEnoughData": NOT_ENOUGH_DATA,
+        }
+
+        if connection.encoder.decode_responses:
+            kwargs["encoding"] = connection.encoder.encoding
+        self._reader = hiredis.Reader(**kwargs)
+        self._next_response = NOT_ENOUGH_DATA
+
+    def on_disconnect(self):
+        self._sock = None
+        self._reader = None
+        self._next_response = NOT_ENOUGH_DATA
+
+    def can_read(self, timeout):
+        if not self._reader:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+
+        if self._next_response is NOT_ENOUGH_DATA:
+            self._next_response = self._reader.gets()
+            if self._next_response is NOT_ENOUGH_DATA:
+                return self.read_from_socket(timeout=timeout, raise_on_timeout=False)
+        return True
+
+    def read_from_socket(self, timeout=SENTINEL, raise_on_timeout=True):
+        sock = self._sock
+        custom_timeout = timeout is not SENTINEL
+        try:
+            if custom_timeout:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            bufflen = self._sock.recv_into(self._buffer)
+            if bufflen == 0:
+                raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+            self._reader.feed(self._buffer, 0, bufflen)
+            # data was read from the socket and added to the buffer.
+            # return True to indicate that data was read.
+            return True
+        except socket.timeout:
+            if raise_on_timeout:
+                raise TimeoutError("Timeout reading from socket")
+            return False
+        except NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTIONS as ex:
+            # if we're in nonblocking mode and the recv raises a
+            # blocking error, simply return False indicating that
+            # there's no data to be read. otherwise raise the
+            # original exception.
+            allowed = NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS.get(ex.__class__, -1)
+            if not raise_on_timeout and ex.errno == allowed:
+                return False
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Error while reading from socket: {ex.args}")
+        finally:
+            if custom_timeout:
+                sock.settimeout(self._socket_timeout)
+
+    def read_response(self, disable_decoding=False):
+        if not self._reader:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+
+        # _next_response might be cached from a can_read() call
+        if self._next_response is not NOT_ENOUGH_DATA:
+            response = self._next_response
+            self._next_response = NOT_ENOUGH_DATA
+            return response
+
+        if disable_decoding:
+            response = self._reader.gets(False)
+        else:
+            response = self._reader.gets()
+
+        while response is NOT_ENOUGH_DATA:
+            self.read_from_socket()
+            if disable_decoding:
+                response = self._reader.gets(False)
+            else:
+                response = self._reader.gets()
+        # if the response is a ConnectionError or the response is a list and
+        # the first item is a ConnectionError, raise it as something bad
+        # happened
+        if isinstance(response, ConnectionError):
+            raise response
+        elif (
+            isinstance(response, list)
+            and response
+            and isinstance(response[0], ConnectionError)
+        ):
+            raise response[0]
+        return response
+
+
+class _AsyncHiredisParser(AsyncBaseParser):
+    """Async implementation of parser class for connections using Hiredis"""
+
+    __slots__ = ("_reader",)
+
+    def __init__(self, socket_read_size: int):
+        if not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+            raise RedisError("Hiredis is not available.")
+        super().__init__(socket_read_size=socket_read_size)
+        self._reader = None
+
+    def on_connect(self, connection):
+        import hiredis
+
+        self._stream = connection._reader
+        kwargs: _HiredisReaderArgs = {
+            "protocolError": InvalidResponse,
+            "replyError": self.parse_error,
+            "notEnoughData": NOT_ENOUGH_DATA,
+        }
+        if connection.encoder.decode_responses:
+            kwargs["encoding"] = connection.encoder.encoding
+            kwargs["errors"] = connection.encoder.encoding_errors
+
+        self._reader = hiredis.Reader(**kwargs)
+        self._connected = True
+
+    def on_disconnect(self):
+        self._connected = False
+
+    async def can_read_destructive(self):
+        if not self._connected:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+        if self._reader.gets() is not NOT_ENOUGH_DATA:
+            return True
+        try:
+            async with async_timeout(0):
+                return await self.read_from_socket()
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            return False
+
+    async def read_from_socket(self):
+        buffer = await self._stream.read(self._read_size)
+        if not buffer or not isinstance(buffer, bytes):
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR) from None
+        self._reader.feed(buffer)
+        # data was read from the socket and added to the buffer.
+        # return True to indicate that data was read.
+        return True
+
+    async def read_response(
+        self, disable_decoding: bool = False
+    ) -> Union[EncodableT, List[EncodableT]]:
+        # If `on_disconnect()` has been called, prohibit any more reads
+        # even if they could happen because data might be present.
+        # We still allow reads in progress to finish
+        if not self._connected:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR) from None
+
+        if disable_decoding:
+            response = self._reader.gets(False)
+        else:
+            response = self._reader.gets()
+        while response is NOT_ENOUGH_DATA:
+            await self.read_from_socket()
+            if disable_decoding:
+                response = self._reader.gets(False)
+            else:
+                response = self._reader.gets()
+
+        # if the response is a ConnectionError or the response is a list and
+        # the first item is a ConnectionError, raise it as something bad
+        # happened
+        if isinstance(response, ConnectionError):
+            raise response
+        elif (
+            isinstance(response, list)
+            and response
+            and isinstance(response[0], ConnectionError)
+        ):
+            raise response[0]
+        return response
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5adc1a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from ..exceptions import ConnectionError, InvalidResponse, ResponseError
+from ..typing import EncodableT
+from .base import _AsyncRESPBase, _RESPBase
+from .socket import SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR
+
+
+class _RESP2Parser(_RESPBase):
+    """RESP2 protocol implementation"""
+
+    def read_response(self, disable_decoding=False):
+        pos = self._buffer.get_pos() if self._buffer else None
+        try:
+            result = self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+        except BaseException:
+            if self._buffer:
+                self._buffer.rewind(pos)
+            raise
+        else:
+            self._buffer.purge()
+            return result
+
+    def _read_response(self, disable_decoding=False):
+        raw = self._buffer.readline()
+        if not raw:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+
+        byte, response = raw[:1], raw[1:]
+
+        # server returned an error
+        if byte == b"-":
+            response = response.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            error = self.parse_error(response)
+            # if the error is a ConnectionError, raise immediately so the user
+            # is notified
+            if isinstance(error, ConnectionError):
+                raise error
+            # otherwise, we're dealing with a ResponseError that might belong
+            # inside a pipeline response. the connection's read_response()
+            # and/or the pipeline's execute() will raise this error if
+            # necessary, so just return the exception instance here.
+            return error
+        # single value
+        elif byte == b"+":
+            pass
+        # int value
+        elif byte == b":":
+            return int(response)
+        # bulk response
+        elif byte == b"$" and response == b"-1":
+            return None
+        elif byte == b"$":
+            response = self._buffer.read(int(response))
+        # multi-bulk response
+        elif byte == b"*" and response == b"-1":
+            return None
+        elif byte == b"*":
+            response = [
+                self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+                for i in range(int(response))
+            ]
+        else:
+            raise InvalidResponse(f"Protocol Error: {raw!r}")
+
+        if disable_decoding is False:
+            response = self.encoder.decode(response)
+        return response
+
+
+class _AsyncRESP2Parser(_AsyncRESPBase):
+    """Async class for the RESP2 protocol"""
+
+    async def read_response(self, disable_decoding: bool = False):
+        if not self._connected:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+        if self._chunks:
+            # augment parsing buffer with previously read data
+            self._buffer += b"".join(self._chunks)
+            self._chunks.clear()
+        self._pos = 0
+        response = await self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+        # Successfully parsing a response allows us to clear our parsing buffer
+        self._clear()
+        return response
+
+    async def _read_response(
+        self, disable_decoding: bool = False
+    ) -> Union[EncodableT, ResponseError, None]:
+        raw = await self._readline()
+        response: Any
+        byte, response = raw[:1], raw[1:]
+
+        # server returned an error
+        if byte == b"-":
+            response = response.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            error = self.parse_error(response)
+            # if the error is a ConnectionError, raise immediately so the user
+            # is notified
+            if isinstance(error, ConnectionError):
+                self._clear()  # Successful parse
+                raise error
+            # otherwise, we're dealing with a ResponseError that might belong
+            # inside a pipeline response. the connection's read_response()
+            # and/or the pipeline's execute() will raise this error if
+            # necessary, so just return the exception instance here.
+            return error
+        # single value
+        elif byte == b"+":
+            pass
+        # int value
+        elif byte == b":":
+            return int(response)
+        # bulk response
+        elif byte == b"$" and response == b"-1":
+            return None
+        elif byte == b"$":
+            response = await self._read(int(response))
+        # multi-bulk response
+        elif byte == b"*" and response == b"-1":
+            return None
+        elif byte == b"*":
+            response = [
+                (await self._read_response(disable_decoding))
+                for _ in range(int(response))  # noqa
+            ]
+        else:
+            raise InvalidResponse(f"Protocol Error: {raw!r}")
+
+        if disable_decoding is False:
+            response = self.encoder.decode(response)
+        return response
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp3.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp3.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce4c59fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/resp3.py
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+from logging import getLogger
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from ..exceptions import ConnectionError, InvalidResponse, ResponseError
+from ..typing import EncodableT
+from .base import _AsyncRESPBase, _RESPBase
+from .socket import SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR
+
+_INVALIDATION_MESSAGE = [b"invalidate", "invalidate"]
+
+
+class _RESP3Parser(_RESPBase):
+    """RESP3 protocol implementation"""
+
+    def __init__(self, socket_read_size):
+        super().__init__(socket_read_size)
+        self.pubsub_push_handler_func = self.handle_pubsub_push_response
+        self.invalidation_push_handler_func = None
+
+    def handle_pubsub_push_response(self, response):
+        logger = getLogger("push_response")
+        logger.debug("Push response: " + str(response))
+        return response
+
+    def read_response(self, disable_decoding=False, push_request=False):
+        pos = self._buffer.get_pos() if self._buffer else None
+        try:
+            result = self._read_response(
+                disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+            )
+        except BaseException:
+            if self._buffer:
+                self._buffer.rewind(pos)
+            raise
+        else:
+            self._buffer.purge()
+            return result
+
+    def _read_response(self, disable_decoding=False, push_request=False):
+        raw = self._buffer.readline()
+        if not raw:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+
+        byte, response = raw[:1], raw[1:]
+
+        # server returned an error
+        if byte in (b"-", b"!"):
+            if byte == b"!":
+                response = self._buffer.read(int(response))
+            response = response.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            error = self.parse_error(response)
+            # if the error is a ConnectionError, raise immediately so the user
+            # is notified
+            if isinstance(error, ConnectionError):
+                raise error
+            # otherwise, we're dealing with a ResponseError that might belong
+            # inside a pipeline response. the connection's read_response()
+            # and/or the pipeline's execute() will raise this error if
+            # necessary, so just return the exception instance here.
+            return error
+        # single value
+        elif byte == b"+":
+            pass
+        # null value
+        elif byte == b"_":
+            return None
+        # int and big int values
+        elif byte in (b":", b"("):
+            return int(response)
+        # double value
+        elif byte == b",":
+            return float(response)
+        # bool value
+        elif byte == b"#":
+            return response == b"t"
+        # bulk response
+        elif byte == b"$":
+            response = self._buffer.read(int(response))
+        # verbatim string response
+        elif byte == b"=":
+            response = self._buffer.read(int(response))[4:]
+        # array response
+        elif byte == b"*":
+            response = [
+                self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+                for _ in range(int(response))
+            ]
+        # set response
+        elif byte == b"~":
+            # redis can return unhashable types (like dict) in a set,
+            # so we return sets as list, all the time, for predictability
+            response = [
+                self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+                for _ in range(int(response))
+            ]
+        # map response
+        elif byte == b"%":
+            # We cannot use a dict-comprehension to parse stream.
+            # Evaluation order of key:val expression in dict comprehension only
+            # became defined to be left-right in version 3.8
+            resp_dict = {}
+            for _ in range(int(response)):
+                key = self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+                resp_dict[key] = self._read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                )
+            response = resp_dict
+        # push response
+        elif byte == b">":
+            response = [
+                self._read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                )
+                for _ in range(int(response))
+            ]
+            response = self.handle_push_response(
+                response, disable_decoding, push_request
+            )
+            if not push_request:
+                return self._read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                )
+            else:
+                return response
+        else:
+            raise InvalidResponse(f"Protocol Error: {raw!r}")
+
+        if isinstance(response, bytes) and disable_decoding is False:
+            response = self.encoder.decode(response)
+        return response
+
+    def handle_push_response(self, response, disable_decoding, push_request):
+        if response[0] not in _INVALIDATION_MESSAGE:
+            return self.pubsub_push_handler_func(response)
+        if self.invalidation_push_handler_func:
+            return self.invalidation_push_handler_func(response)
+
+    def set_pubsub_push_handler(self, pubsub_push_handler_func):
+        self.pubsub_push_handler_func = pubsub_push_handler_func
+
+    def set_invalidation_push_handler(self, invalidation_push_handler_func):
+        self.invalidation_push_handler_func = invalidation_push_handler_func
+
+
+class _AsyncRESP3Parser(_AsyncRESPBase):
+    def __init__(self, socket_read_size):
+        super().__init__(socket_read_size)
+        self.pubsub_push_handler_func = self.handle_pubsub_push_response
+        self.invalidation_push_handler_func = None
+
+    async def handle_pubsub_push_response(self, response):
+        logger = getLogger("push_response")
+        logger.debug("Push response: " + str(response))
+        return response
+
+    async def read_response(
+        self, disable_decoding: bool = False, push_request: bool = False
+    ):
+        if self._chunks:
+            # augment parsing buffer with previously read data
+            self._buffer += b"".join(self._chunks)
+            self._chunks.clear()
+        self._pos = 0
+        response = await self._read_response(
+            disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+        )
+        # Successfully parsing a response allows us to clear our parsing buffer
+        self._clear()
+        return response
+
+    async def _read_response(
+        self, disable_decoding: bool = False, push_request: bool = False
+    ) -> Union[EncodableT, ResponseError, None]:
+        if not self._stream or not self.encoder:
+            raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+        raw = await self._readline()
+        response: Any
+        byte, response = raw[:1], raw[1:]
+
+        # if byte not in (b"-", b"+", b":", b"$", b"*"):
+        #     raise InvalidResponse(f"Protocol Error: {raw!r}")
+
+        # server returned an error
+        if byte in (b"-", b"!"):
+            if byte == b"!":
+                response = await self._read(int(response))
+            response = response.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+            error = self.parse_error(response)
+            # if the error is a ConnectionError, raise immediately so the user
+            # is notified
+            if isinstance(error, ConnectionError):
+                self._clear()  # Successful parse
+                raise error
+            # otherwise, we're dealing with a ResponseError that might belong
+            # inside a pipeline response. the connection's read_response()
+            # and/or the pipeline's execute() will raise this error if
+            # necessary, so just return the exception instance here.
+            return error
+        # single value
+        elif byte == b"+":
+            pass
+        # null value
+        elif byte == b"_":
+            return None
+        # int and big int values
+        elif byte in (b":", b"("):
+            return int(response)
+        # double value
+        elif byte == b",":
+            return float(response)
+        # bool value
+        elif byte == b"#":
+            return response == b"t"
+        # bulk response
+        elif byte == b"$":
+            response = await self._read(int(response))
+        # verbatim string response
+        elif byte == b"=":
+            response = (await self._read(int(response)))[4:]
+        # array response
+        elif byte == b"*":
+            response = [
+                (await self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding))
+                for _ in range(int(response))
+            ]
+        # set response
+        elif byte == b"~":
+            # redis can return unhashable types (like dict) in a set,
+            # so we always convert to a list, to have predictable return types
+            response = [
+                (await self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding))
+                for _ in range(int(response))
+            ]
+        # map response
+        elif byte == b"%":
+            # We cannot use a dict-comprehension to parse stream.
+            # Evaluation order of key:val expression in dict comprehension only
+            # became defined to be left-right in version 3.8
+            resp_dict = {}
+            for _ in range(int(response)):
+                key = await self._read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+                resp_dict[key] = await self._read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                )
+            response = resp_dict
+        # push response
+        elif byte == b">":
+            response = [
+                (
+                    await self._read_response(
+                        disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                    )
+                )
+                for _ in range(int(response))
+            ]
+            response = await self.handle_push_response(
+                response, disable_decoding, push_request
+            )
+            if not push_request:
+                return await self._read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                )
+            else:
+                return response
+        else:
+            raise InvalidResponse(f"Protocol Error: {raw!r}")
+
+        if isinstance(response, bytes) and disable_decoding is False:
+            response = self.encoder.decode(response)
+        return response
+
+    async def handle_push_response(self, response, disable_decoding, push_request):
+        if response[0] not in _INVALIDATION_MESSAGE:
+            return await self.pubsub_push_handler_func(response)
+        if self.invalidation_push_handler_func:
+            return await self.invalidation_push_handler_func(response)
+
+    def set_pubsub_push_handler(self, pubsub_push_handler_func):
+        self.pubsub_push_handler_func = pubsub_push_handler_func
+
+    def set_invalidation_push_handler(self, invalidation_push_handler_func):
+        self.invalidation_push_handler_func = invalidation_push_handler_func
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/socket.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/socket.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8147243b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/_parsers/socket.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+import errno
+import io
+import socket
+from io import SEEK_END
+from typing import Optional, Union
+
+from ..exceptions import ConnectionError, TimeoutError
+from ..utils import SSL_AVAILABLE
+
+NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS = {BlockingIOError: errno.EWOULDBLOCK}
+
+if SSL_AVAILABLE:
+    import ssl
+
+    if hasattr(ssl, "SSLWantReadError"):
+        NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS[ssl.SSLWantReadError] = 2
+        NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS[ssl.SSLWantWriteError] = 2
+    else:
+        NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS[ssl.SSLError] = 2
+
+NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTIONS = tuple(NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS.keys())
+
+SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR = "Connection closed by server."
+SENTINEL = object()
+
+SYM_CRLF = b"\r\n"
+
+
+class SocketBuffer:
+    def __init__(
+        self, socket: socket.socket, socket_read_size: int, socket_timeout: float
+    ):
+        self._sock = socket
+        self.socket_read_size = socket_read_size
+        self.socket_timeout = socket_timeout
+        self._buffer = io.BytesIO()
+
+    def unread_bytes(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Remaining unread length of buffer
+        """
+        pos = self._buffer.tell()
+        end = self._buffer.seek(0, SEEK_END)
+        self._buffer.seek(pos)
+        return end - pos
+
+    def _read_from_socket(
+        self,
+        length: Optional[int] = None,
+        timeout: Union[float, object] = SENTINEL,
+        raise_on_timeout: Optional[bool] = True,
+    ) -> bool:
+        sock = self._sock
+        socket_read_size = self.socket_read_size
+        marker = 0
+        custom_timeout = timeout is not SENTINEL
+
+        buf = self._buffer
+        current_pos = buf.tell()
+        buf.seek(0, SEEK_END)
+        if custom_timeout:
+            sock.settimeout(timeout)
+        try:
+            while True:
+                data = self._sock.recv(socket_read_size)
+                # an empty string indicates the server shutdown the socket
+                if isinstance(data, bytes) and len(data) == 0:
+                    raise ConnectionError(SERVER_CLOSED_CONNECTION_ERROR)
+                buf.write(data)
+                data_length = len(data)
+                marker += data_length
+
+                if length is not None and length > marker:
+                    continue
+                return True
+        except socket.timeout:
+            if raise_on_timeout:
+                raise TimeoutError("Timeout reading from socket")
+            return False
+        except NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTIONS as ex:
+            # if we're in nonblocking mode and the recv raises a
+            # blocking error, simply return False indicating that
+            # there's no data to be read. otherwise raise the
+            # original exception.
+            allowed = NONBLOCKING_EXCEPTION_ERROR_NUMBERS.get(ex.__class__, -1)
+            if not raise_on_timeout and ex.errno == allowed:
+                return False
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Error while reading from socket: {ex.args}")
+        finally:
+            buf.seek(current_pos)
+            if custom_timeout:
+                sock.settimeout(self.socket_timeout)
+
+    def can_read(self, timeout: float) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.unread_bytes()) or self._read_from_socket(
+            timeout=timeout, raise_on_timeout=False
+        )
+
+    def read(self, length: int) -> bytes:
+        length = length + 2  # make sure to read the \r\n terminator
+        # BufferIO will return less than requested if buffer is short
+        data = self._buffer.read(length)
+        missing = length - len(data)
+        if missing:
+            # fill up the buffer and read the remainder
+            self._read_from_socket(missing)
+            data += self._buffer.read(missing)
+        return data[:-2]
+
+    def readline(self) -> bytes:
+        buf = self._buffer
+        data = buf.readline()
+        while not data.endswith(SYM_CRLF):
+            # there's more data in the socket that we need
+            self._read_from_socket()
+            data += buf.readline()
+
+        return data[:-2]
+
+    def get_pos(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Get current read position
+        """
+        return self._buffer.tell()
+
+    def rewind(self, pos: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Rewind the buffer to a specific position, to re-start reading
+        """
+        self._buffer.seek(pos)
+
+    def purge(self) -> None:
+        """
+        After a successful read, purge the read part of buffer
+        """
+        unread = self.unread_bytes()
+
+        # Only if we have read all of the buffer do we truncate, to
+        # reduce the amount of memory thrashing.  This heuristic
+        # can be changed or removed later.
+        if unread > 0:
+            return
+
+        if unread > 0:
+            # move unread data to the front
+            view = self._buffer.getbuffer()
+            view[:unread] = view[-unread:]
+        self._buffer.truncate(unread)
+        self._buffer.seek(0)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._buffer.close()
+        except Exception:
+            # issue #633 suggests the purge/close somehow raised a
+            # BadFileDescriptor error. Perhaps the client ran out of
+            # memory or something else? It's probably OK to ignore
+            # any error being raised from purge/close since we're
+            # removing the reference to the instance below.
+            pass
+        self._buffer = None
+        self._sock = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3545ab44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from redis.asyncio.client import Redis, StrictRedis
+from redis.asyncio.cluster import RedisCluster
+from redis.asyncio.connection import (
+    BlockingConnectionPool,
+    Connection,
+    ConnectionPool,
+    SSLConnection,
+    UnixDomainSocketConnection,
+)
+from redis.asyncio.sentinel import (
+    Sentinel,
+    SentinelConnectionPool,
+    SentinelManagedConnection,
+    SentinelManagedSSLConnection,
+)
+from redis.asyncio.utils import from_url
+from redis.backoff import default_backoff
+from redis.exceptions import (
+    AuthenticationError,
+    AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
+    BusyLoadingError,
+    ChildDeadlockedError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    DataError,
+    InvalidResponse,
+    OutOfMemoryError,
+    PubSubError,
+    ReadOnlyError,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    WatchError,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AuthenticationError",
+    "AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError",
+    "BlockingConnectionPool",
+    "BusyLoadingError",
+    "ChildDeadlockedError",
+    "Connection",
+    "ConnectionError",
+    "ConnectionPool",
+    "DataError",
+    "from_url",
+    "default_backoff",
+    "InvalidResponse",
+    "PubSubError",
+    "OutOfMemoryError",
+    "ReadOnlyError",
+    "Redis",
+    "RedisCluster",
+    "RedisError",
+    "ResponseError",
+    "Sentinel",
+    "SentinelConnectionPool",
+    "SentinelManagedConnection",
+    "SentinelManagedSSLConnection",
+    "SSLConnection",
+    "StrictRedis",
+    "TimeoutError",
+    "UnixDomainSocketConnection",
+    "WatchError",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cb28e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1619 @@
+import asyncio
+import copy
+import inspect
+import re
+import warnings
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    MutableMapping,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+    cast,
+)
+
+from redis._parsers.helpers import (
+    _RedisCallbacks,
+    _RedisCallbacksRESP2,
+    _RedisCallbacksRESP3,
+    bool_ok,
+)
+from redis.asyncio.connection import (
+    Connection,
+    ConnectionPool,
+    SSLConnection,
+    UnixDomainSocketConnection,
+)
+from redis.asyncio.lock import Lock
+from redis.asyncio.retry import Retry
+from redis.backoff import ExponentialWithJitterBackoff
+from redis.client import (
+    EMPTY_RESPONSE,
+    NEVER_DECODE,
+    AbstractRedis,
+    CaseInsensitiveDict,
+)
+from redis.commands import (
+    AsyncCoreCommands,
+    AsyncRedisModuleCommands,
+    AsyncSentinelCommands,
+    list_or_args,
+)
+from redis.credentials import CredentialProvider
+from redis.event import (
+    AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent,
+    AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent,
+    AfterSingleConnectionInstantiationEvent,
+    ClientType,
+    EventDispatcher,
+)
+from redis.exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ExecAbortError,
+    PubSubError,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    WatchError,
+)
+from redis.typing import ChannelT, EncodableT, KeyT
+from redis.utils import (
+    HIREDIS_AVAILABLE,
+    SSL_AVAILABLE,
+    _set_info_logger,
+    deprecated_args,
+    deprecated_function,
+    get_lib_version,
+    safe_str,
+    str_if_bytes,
+    truncate_text,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING and SSL_AVAILABLE:
+    from ssl import TLSVersion, VerifyMode
+else:
+    TLSVersion = None
+    VerifyMode = None
+
+PubSubHandler = Callable[[Dict[str, str]], Awaitable[None]]
+_KeyT = TypeVar("_KeyT", bound=KeyT)
+_ArgT = TypeVar("_ArgT", KeyT, EncodableT)
+_RedisT = TypeVar("_RedisT", bound="Redis")
+_NormalizeKeysT = TypeVar("_NormalizeKeysT", bound=Mapping[ChannelT, object])
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis.commands.core import Script
+
+
+class ResponseCallbackProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, response: Any, **kwargs): ...
+
+
+class AsyncResponseCallbackProtocol(Protocol):
+    async def __call__(self, response: Any, **kwargs): ...
+
+
+ResponseCallbackT = Union[ResponseCallbackProtocol, AsyncResponseCallbackProtocol]
+
+
+class Redis(
+    AbstractRedis, AsyncRedisModuleCommands, AsyncCoreCommands, AsyncSentinelCommands
+):
+    """
+    Implementation of the Redis protocol.
+
+    This abstract class provides a Python interface to all Redis commands
+    and an implementation of the Redis protocol.
+
+    Pipelines derive from this, implementing how
+    the commands are sent and received to the Redis server. Based on
+    configuration, an instance will either use a ConnectionPool, or
+    Connection object to talk to redis.
+    """
+
+    response_callbacks: MutableMapping[Union[str, bytes], ResponseCallbackT]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(
+        cls,
+        url: str,
+        single_connection_client: bool = False,
+        auto_close_connection_pool: Optional[bool] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Return a Redis client object configured from the given URL
+
+        For example::
+
+            redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            unix://[username@]/path/to/socket.sock?db=0[&password=password]
+
+        Three URL schemes are supported:
+
+        - `redis://` creates a TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>
+        - `rediss://` creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>
+        - ``unix://``: creates a Unix Domain Socket connection.
+
+        The username, password, hostname, path and all querystring values
+        are passed through urllib.parse.unquote in order to replace any
+        percent-encoded values with their corresponding characters.
+
+        There are several ways to specify a database number. The first value
+        found will be used:
+
+        1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
+
+        2. If using the redis:// or rediss:// schemes, the path argument
+               of the url, e.g. redis://localhost/0
+
+        3. A ``db`` keyword argument to this function.
+
+        If none of these options are specified, the default db=0 is used.
+
+        All querystring options are cast to their appropriate Python types.
+        Boolean arguments can be specified with string values "True"/"False"
+        or "Yes"/"No". Values that cannot be properly cast cause a
+        ``ValueError`` to be raised. Once parsed, the querystring arguments
+        and keyword arguments are passed to the ``ConnectionPool``'s
+        class initializer. In the case of conflicting arguments, querystring
+        arguments always win.
+
+        """
+        connection_pool = ConnectionPool.from_url(url, **kwargs)
+        client = cls(
+            connection_pool=connection_pool,
+            single_connection_client=single_connection_client,
+        )
+        if auto_close_connection_pool is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                DeprecationWarning(
+                    '"auto_close_connection_pool" is deprecated '
+                    "since version 5.0.1. "
+                    "Please create a ConnectionPool explicitly and "
+                    "provide to the Redis() constructor instead."
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            auto_close_connection_pool = True
+        client.auto_close_connection_pool = auto_close_connection_pool
+        return client
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_pool(
+        cls: Type["Redis"],
+        connection_pool: ConnectionPool,
+    ) -> "Redis":
+        """
+        Return a Redis client from the given connection pool.
+        The Redis client will take ownership of the connection pool and
+        close it when the Redis client is closed.
+        """
+        client = cls(
+            connection_pool=connection_pool,
+        )
+        client.auto_close_connection_pool = True
+        return client
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["retry_on_timeout"],
+        reason="TimeoutError is included by default.",
+        version="6.0.0",
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        host: str = "localhost",
+        port: int = 6379,
+        db: Union[str, int] = 0,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        socket_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        socket_connect_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        socket_keepalive: Optional[bool] = None,
+        socket_keepalive_options: Optional[Mapping[int, Union[int, bytes]]] = None,
+        connection_pool: Optional[ConnectionPool] = None,
+        unix_socket_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        encoding_errors: str = "strict",
+        decode_responses: bool = False,
+        retry_on_timeout: bool = False,
+        retry: Retry = Retry(
+            backoff=ExponentialWithJitterBackoff(base=1, cap=10), retries=3
+        ),
+        retry_on_error: Optional[list] = None,
+        ssl: bool = False,
+        ssl_keyfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_certfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_cert_reqs: Union[str, VerifyMode] = "required",
+        ssl_ca_certs: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_ca_data: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_check_hostname: bool = True,
+        ssl_min_version: Optional[TLSVersion] = None,
+        ssl_ciphers: Optional[str] = None,
+        max_connections: Optional[int] = None,
+        single_connection_client: bool = False,
+        health_check_interval: int = 0,
+        client_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        lib_name: Optional[str] = "redis-py",
+        lib_version: Optional[str] = get_lib_version(),
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        auto_close_connection_pool: Optional[bool] = None,
+        redis_connect_func=None,
+        credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
+        protocol: Optional[int] = 2,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize a new Redis client.
+
+        To specify a retry policy for specific errors, you have two options:
+
+        1. Set the `retry_on_error` to a list of the error/s to retry on, and
+        you can also set `retry` to a valid `Retry` object(in case the default
+        one is not appropriate) - with this approach the retries will be triggered
+        on the default errors specified in the Retry object enriched with the
+        errors specified in `retry_on_error`.
+
+        2. Define a `Retry` object with configured 'supported_errors' and set
+        it to the `retry` parameter - with this approach you completely redefine
+        the errors on which retries will happen.
+
+        `retry_on_timeout` is deprecated - please include the TimeoutError
+        either in the Retry object or in the `retry_on_error` list.
+
+        When 'connection_pool' is provided - the retry configuration of the
+        provided pool will be used.
+        """
+        kwargs: Dict[str, Any]
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        # auto_close_connection_pool only has an effect if connection_pool is
+        # None. It is assumed that if connection_pool is not None, the user
+        # wants to manage the connection pool themselves.
+        if auto_close_connection_pool is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                DeprecationWarning(
+                    '"auto_close_connection_pool" is deprecated '
+                    "since version 5.0.1. "
+                    "Please create a ConnectionPool explicitly and "
+                    "provide to the Redis() constructor instead."
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            auto_close_connection_pool = True
+
+        if not connection_pool:
+            # Create internal connection pool, expected to be closed by Redis instance
+            if not retry_on_error:
+                retry_on_error = []
+            kwargs = {
+                "db": db,
+                "username": username,
+                "password": password,
+                "credential_provider": credential_provider,
+                "socket_timeout": socket_timeout,
+                "encoding": encoding,
+                "encoding_errors": encoding_errors,
+                "decode_responses": decode_responses,
+                "retry_on_error": retry_on_error,
+                "retry": copy.deepcopy(retry),
+                "max_connections": max_connections,
+                "health_check_interval": health_check_interval,
+                "client_name": client_name,
+                "lib_name": lib_name,
+                "lib_version": lib_version,
+                "redis_connect_func": redis_connect_func,
+                "protocol": protocol,
+            }
+            # based on input, setup appropriate connection args
+            if unix_socket_path is not None:
+                kwargs.update(
+                    {
+                        "path": unix_socket_path,
+                        "connection_class": UnixDomainSocketConnection,
+                    }
+                )
+            else:
+                # TCP specific options
+                kwargs.update(
+                    {
+                        "host": host,
+                        "port": port,
+                        "socket_connect_timeout": socket_connect_timeout,
+                        "socket_keepalive": socket_keepalive,
+                        "socket_keepalive_options": socket_keepalive_options,
+                    }
+                )
+
+                if ssl:
+                    kwargs.update(
+                        {
+                            "connection_class": SSLConnection,
+                            "ssl_keyfile": ssl_keyfile,
+                            "ssl_certfile": ssl_certfile,
+                            "ssl_cert_reqs": ssl_cert_reqs,
+                            "ssl_ca_certs": ssl_ca_certs,
+                            "ssl_ca_data": ssl_ca_data,
+                            "ssl_check_hostname": ssl_check_hostname,
+                            "ssl_min_version": ssl_min_version,
+                            "ssl_ciphers": ssl_ciphers,
+                        }
+                    )
+            # This arg only used if no pool is passed in
+            self.auto_close_connection_pool = auto_close_connection_pool
+            connection_pool = ConnectionPool(**kwargs)
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent(
+                    [connection_pool], ClientType.ASYNC, credential_provider
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            # If a pool is passed in, do not close it
+            self.auto_close_connection_pool = False
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent(
+                    [connection_pool], ClientType.ASYNC, credential_provider
+                )
+            )
+
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.single_connection_client = single_connection_client
+        self.connection: Optional[Connection] = None
+
+        self.response_callbacks = CaseInsensitiveDict(_RedisCallbacks)
+
+        if self.connection_pool.connection_kwargs.get("protocol") in ["3", 3]:
+            self.response_callbacks.update(_RedisCallbacksRESP3)
+        else:
+            self.response_callbacks.update(_RedisCallbacksRESP2)
+
+        # If using a single connection client, we need to lock creation-of and use-of
+        # the client in order to avoid race conditions such as using asyncio.gather
+        # on a set of redis commands
+        self._single_conn_lock = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}"
+            f"({self.connection_pool!r})>"
+        )
+
+    def __await__(self):
+        return self.initialize().__await__()
+
+    async def initialize(self: _RedisT) -> _RedisT:
+        if self.single_connection_client:
+            async with self._single_conn_lock:
+                if self.connection is None:
+                    self.connection = await self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterSingleConnectionInstantiationEvent(
+                    self.connection, ClientType.ASYNC, self._single_conn_lock
+                )
+            )
+        return self
+
+    def set_response_callback(self, command: str, callback: ResponseCallbackT):
+        """Set a custom Response Callback"""
+        self.response_callbacks[command] = callback
+
+    def get_encoder(self):
+        """Get the connection pool's encoder"""
+        return self.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+
+    def get_connection_kwargs(self):
+        """Get the connection's key-word arguments"""
+        return self.connection_pool.connection_kwargs
+
+    def get_retry(self) -> Optional[Retry]:
+        return self.get_connection_kwargs().get("retry")
+
+    def set_retry(self, retry: Retry) -> None:
+        self.get_connection_kwargs().update({"retry": retry})
+        self.connection_pool.set_retry(retry)
+
+    def load_external_module(self, funcname, func):
+        """
+        This function can be used to add externally defined redis modules,
+        and their namespaces to the redis client.
+
+        funcname - A string containing the name of the function to create
+        func - The function, being added to this class.
+
+        ex: Assume that one has a custom redis module named foomod that
+        creates command named 'foo.dothing' and 'foo.anotherthing' in redis.
+        To load function functions into this namespace:
+
+        from redis import Redis
+        from foomodule import F
+        r = Redis()
+        r.load_external_module("foo", F)
+        r.foo().dothing('your', 'arguments')
+
+        For a concrete example see the reimport of the redisjson module in
+        tests/test_connection.py::test_loading_external_modules
+        """
+        setattr(self, funcname, func)
+
+    def pipeline(
+        self, transaction: bool = True, shard_hint: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> "Pipeline":
+        """
+        Return a new pipeline object that can queue multiple commands for
+        later execution. ``transaction`` indicates whether all commands
+        should be executed atomically. Apart from making a group of operations
+        atomic, pipelines are useful for reducing the back-and-forth overhead
+        between the client and server.
+        """
+        return Pipeline(
+            self.connection_pool, self.response_callbacks, transaction, shard_hint
+        )
+
+    async def transaction(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[["Pipeline"], Union[Any, Awaitable[Any]]],
+        *watches: KeyT,
+        shard_hint: Optional[str] = None,
+        value_from_callable: bool = False,
+        watch_delay: Optional[float] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Convenience method for executing the callable `func` as a transaction
+        while watching all keys specified in `watches`. The 'func' callable
+        should expect a single argument which is a Pipeline object.
+        """
+        pipe: Pipeline
+        async with self.pipeline(True, shard_hint) as pipe:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    if watches:
+                        await pipe.watch(*watches)
+                    func_value = func(pipe)
+                    if inspect.isawaitable(func_value):
+                        func_value = await func_value
+                    exec_value = await pipe.execute()
+                    return func_value if value_from_callable else exec_value
+                except WatchError:
+                    if watch_delay is not None and watch_delay > 0:
+                        await asyncio.sleep(watch_delay)
+                    continue
+
+    def lock(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        sleep: float = 0.1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        blocking_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        lock_class: Optional[Type[Lock]] = None,
+        thread_local: bool = True,
+        raise_on_release_error: bool = True,
+    ) -> Lock:
+        """
+        Return a new Lock object using key ``name`` that mimics
+        the behavior of threading.Lock.
+
+        If specified, ``timeout`` indicates a maximum life for the lock.
+        By default, it will remain locked until release() is called.
+
+        ``sleep`` indicates the amount of time to sleep per loop iteration
+        when the lock is in blocking mode and another client is currently
+        holding the lock.
+
+        ``blocking`` indicates whether calling ``acquire`` should block until
+        the lock has been acquired or to fail immediately, causing ``acquire``
+        to return False and the lock not being acquired. Defaults to True.
+        Note this value can be overridden by passing a ``blocking``
+        argument to ``acquire``.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` indicates the maximum amount of time in seconds to
+        spend trying to acquire the lock. A value of ``None`` indicates
+        continue trying forever. ``blocking_timeout`` can be specified as a
+        float or integer, both representing the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``lock_class`` forces the specified lock implementation. Note that as
+        of redis-py 3.0, the only lock class we implement is ``Lock`` (which is
+        a Lua-based lock). So, it's unlikely you'll need this parameter, unless
+        you have created your own custom lock class.
+
+        ``thread_local`` indicates whether the lock token is placed in
+        thread-local storage. By default, the token is placed in thread local
+        storage so that a thread only sees its token, not a token set by
+        another thread. Consider the following timeline:
+
+            time: 0, thread-1 acquires `my-lock`, with a timeout of 5 seconds.
+                     thread-1 sets the token to "abc"
+            time: 1, thread-2 blocks trying to acquire `my-lock` using the
+                     Lock instance.
+            time: 5, thread-1 has not yet completed. redis expires the lock
+                     key.
+            time: 5, thread-2 acquired `my-lock` now that it's available.
+                     thread-2 sets the token to "xyz"
+            time: 6, thread-1 finishes its work and calls release(). if the
+                     token is *not* stored in thread local storage, then
+                     thread-1 would see the token value as "xyz" and would be
+                     able to successfully release the thread-2's lock.
+
+        ``raise_on_release_error`` indicates whether to raise an exception when
+        the lock is no longer owned when exiting the context manager. By default,
+        this is True, meaning an exception will be raised. If False, the warning
+        will be logged and the exception will be suppressed.
+
+        In some use cases it's necessary to disable thread local storage. For
+        example, if you have code where one thread acquires a lock and passes
+        that lock instance to a worker thread to release later. If thread
+        local storage isn't disabled in this case, the worker thread won't see
+        the token set by the thread that acquired the lock. Our assumption
+        is that these cases aren't common and as such default to using
+        thread local storage."""
+        if lock_class is None:
+            lock_class = Lock
+        return lock_class(
+            self,
+            name,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            sleep=sleep,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            blocking_timeout=blocking_timeout,
+            thread_local=thread_local,
+            raise_on_release_error=raise_on_release_error,
+        )
+
+    def pubsub(self, **kwargs) -> "PubSub":
+        """
+        Return a Publish/Subscribe object. With this object, you can
+        subscribe to channels and listen for messages that get published to
+        them.
+        """
+        return PubSub(
+            self.connection_pool, event_dispatcher=self._event_dispatcher, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def monitor(self) -> "Monitor":
+        return Monitor(self.connection_pool)
+
+    def client(self) -> "Redis":
+        return self.__class__(
+            connection_pool=self.connection_pool, single_connection_client=True
+        )
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: _RedisT) -> _RedisT:
+        return await self.initialize()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    _DEL_MESSAGE = "Unclosed Redis client"
+
+    # passing _warnings and _grl as argument default since they may be gone
+    # by the time __del__ is called at shutdown
+    def __del__(
+        self,
+        _warn: Any = warnings.warn,
+        _grl: Any = asyncio.get_running_loop,
+    ) -> None:
+        if hasattr(self, "connection") and (self.connection is not None):
+            _warn(f"Unclosed client session {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            try:
+                context = {"client": self, "message": self._DEL_MESSAGE}
+                _grl().call_exception_handler(context)
+            except RuntimeError:
+                pass
+            self.connection._close()
+
+    async def aclose(self, close_connection_pool: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Closes Redis client connection
+
+        Args:
+            close_connection_pool:
+                decides whether to close the connection pool used by this Redis client,
+                overriding Redis.auto_close_connection_pool.
+                By default, let Redis.auto_close_connection_pool decide
+                whether to close the connection pool.
+        """
+        conn = self.connection
+        if conn:
+            self.connection = None
+            await self.connection_pool.release(conn)
+        if close_connection_pool or (
+            close_connection_pool is None and self.auto_close_connection_pool
+        ):
+            await self.connection_pool.disconnect()
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="5.0.1", reason="Use aclose() instead", name="close")
+    async def close(self, close_connection_pool: Optional[bool] = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Alias for aclose(), for backwards compatibility
+        """
+        await self.aclose(close_connection_pool)
+
+    async def _send_command_parse_response(self, conn, command_name, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Send a command and parse the response
+        """
+        await conn.send_command(*args)
+        return await self.parse_response(conn, command_name, **options)
+
+    async def _close_connection(self, conn: Connection):
+        """
+        Close the connection before retrying.
+
+        The supported exceptions are already checked in the
+        retry object so we don't need to do it here.
+
+        After we disconnect the connection, it will try to reconnect and
+        do a health check as part of the send_command logic(on connection level).
+        """
+        await conn.disconnect()
+
+    # COMMAND EXECUTION AND PROTOCOL PARSING
+    async def execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        """Execute a command and return a parsed response"""
+        await self.initialize()
+        pool = self.connection_pool
+        command_name = args[0]
+        conn = self.connection or await pool.get_connection()
+
+        if self.single_connection_client:
+            await self._single_conn_lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            return await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: self._send_command_parse_response(
+                    conn, command_name, *args, **options
+                ),
+                lambda _: self._close_connection(conn),
+            )
+        finally:
+            if self.single_connection_client:
+                self._single_conn_lock.release()
+            if not self.connection:
+                await pool.release(conn)
+
+    async def parse_response(
+        self, connection: Connection, command_name: Union[str, bytes], **options
+    ):
+        """Parses a response from the Redis server"""
+        try:
+            if NEVER_DECODE in options:
+                response = await connection.read_response(disable_decoding=True)
+                options.pop(NEVER_DECODE)
+            else:
+                response = await connection.read_response()
+        except ResponseError:
+            if EMPTY_RESPONSE in options:
+                return options[EMPTY_RESPONSE]
+            raise
+
+        if EMPTY_RESPONSE in options:
+            options.pop(EMPTY_RESPONSE)
+
+        # Remove keys entry, it needs only for cache.
+        options.pop("keys", None)
+
+        if command_name in self.response_callbacks:
+            # Mypy bug: https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10977
+            command_name = cast(str, command_name)
+            retval = self.response_callbacks[command_name](response, **options)
+            return await retval if inspect.isawaitable(retval) else retval
+        return response
+
+
+StrictRedis = Redis
+
+
+class MonitorCommandInfo(TypedDict):
+    time: float
+    db: int
+    client_address: str
+    client_port: str
+    client_type: str
+    command: str
+
+
+class Monitor:
+    """
+    Monitor is useful for handling the MONITOR command to the redis server.
+    next_command() method returns one command from monitor
+    listen() method yields commands from monitor.
+    """
+
+    monitor_re = re.compile(r"\[(\d+) (.*?)\] (.*)")
+    command_re = re.compile(r'"(.*?)(?<!\\)"')
+
+    def __init__(self, connection_pool: ConnectionPool):
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.connection: Optional[Connection] = None
+
+    async def connect(self):
+        if self.connection is None:
+            self.connection = await self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        await self.connect()
+        await self.connection.send_command("MONITOR")
+        # check that monitor returns 'OK', but don't return it to user
+        response = await self.connection.read_response()
+        if not bool_ok(response):
+            raise RedisError(f"MONITOR failed: {response}")
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *args):
+        await self.connection.disconnect()
+        await self.connection_pool.release(self.connection)
+
+    async def next_command(self) -> MonitorCommandInfo:
+        """Parse the response from a monitor command"""
+        await self.connect()
+        response = await self.connection.read_response()
+        if isinstance(response, bytes):
+            response = self.connection.encoder.decode(response, force=True)
+        command_time, command_data = response.split(" ", 1)
+        m = self.monitor_re.match(command_data)
+        db_id, client_info, command = m.groups()
+        command = " ".join(self.command_re.findall(command))
+        # Redis escapes double quotes because each piece of the command
+        # string is surrounded by double quotes. We don't have that
+        # requirement so remove the escaping and leave the quote.
+        command = command.replace('\\"', '"')
+
+        if client_info == "lua":
+            client_address = "lua"
+            client_port = ""
+            client_type = "lua"
+        elif client_info.startswith("unix"):
+            client_address = "unix"
+            client_port = client_info[5:]
+            client_type = "unix"
+        else:
+            # use rsplit as ipv6 addresses contain colons
+            client_address, client_port = client_info.rsplit(":", 1)
+            client_type = "tcp"
+        return {
+            "time": float(command_time),
+            "db": int(db_id),
+            "client_address": client_address,
+            "client_port": client_port,
+            "client_type": client_type,
+            "command": command,
+        }
+
+    async def listen(self) -> AsyncIterator[MonitorCommandInfo]:
+        """Listen for commands coming to the server."""
+        while True:
+            yield await self.next_command()
+
+
+class PubSub:
+    """
+    PubSub provides publish, subscribe and listen support to Redis channels.
+
+    After subscribing to one or more channels, the listen() method will block
+    until a message arrives on one of the subscribed channels. That message
+    will be returned and it's safe to start listening again.
+    """
+
+    PUBLISH_MESSAGE_TYPES = ("message", "pmessage")
+    UNSUBSCRIBE_MESSAGE_TYPES = ("unsubscribe", "punsubscribe")
+    HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE = "redis-py-health-check"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection_pool: ConnectionPool,
+        shard_hint: Optional[str] = None,
+        ignore_subscribe_messages: bool = False,
+        encoder=None,
+        push_handler_func: Optional[Callable] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional["EventDispatcher"] = None,
+    ):
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.shard_hint = shard_hint
+        self.ignore_subscribe_messages = ignore_subscribe_messages
+        self.connection = None
+        # we need to know the encoding options for this connection in order
+        # to lookup channel and pattern names for callback handlers.
+        self.encoder = encoder
+        self.push_handler_func = push_handler_func
+        if self.encoder is None:
+            self.encoder = self.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+        if self.encoder.decode_responses:
+            self.health_check_response = [
+                ["pong", self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE],
+                self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE,
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.health_check_response = [
+                [b"pong", self.encoder.encode(self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE)],
+                self.encoder.encode(self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE),
+            ]
+        if self.push_handler_func is None:
+            _set_info_logger()
+        self.channels = {}
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels = set()
+        self.patterns = {}
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns = set()
+        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if self.connection:
+            self.connection.deregister_connect_callback(self.on_connect)
+
+    async def aclose(self):
+        # In case a connection property does not yet exist
+        # (due to a crash earlier in the Redis() constructor), return
+        # immediately as there is nothing to clean-up.
+        if not hasattr(self, "connection"):
+            return
+        async with self._lock:
+            if self.connection:
+                await self.connection.disconnect()
+                self.connection.deregister_connect_callback(self.on_connect)
+                await self.connection_pool.release(self.connection)
+                self.connection = None
+            self.channels = {}
+            self.pending_unsubscribe_channels = set()
+            self.patterns = {}
+            self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns = set()
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="5.0.1", reason="Use aclose() instead", name="close")
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Alias for aclose(), for backwards compatibility"""
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="5.0.1", reason="Use aclose() instead", name="reset")
+    async def reset(self) -> None:
+        """Alias for aclose(), for backwards compatibility"""
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    async def on_connect(self, connection: Connection):
+        """Re-subscribe to any channels and patterns previously subscribed to"""
+        # NOTE: for python3, we can't pass bytestrings as keyword arguments
+        # so we need to decode channel/pattern names back to unicode strings
+        # before passing them to [p]subscribe.
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.clear()
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.clear()
+        if self.channels:
+            channels = {}
+            for k, v in self.channels.items():
+                channels[self.encoder.decode(k, force=True)] = v
+            await self.subscribe(**channels)
+        if self.patterns:
+            patterns = {}
+            for k, v in self.patterns.items():
+                patterns[self.encoder.decode(k, force=True)] = v
+            await self.psubscribe(**patterns)
+
+    @property
+    def subscribed(self):
+        """Indicates if there are subscriptions to any channels or patterns"""
+        return bool(self.channels or self.patterns)
+
+    async def execute_command(self, *args: EncodableT):
+        """Execute a publish/subscribe command"""
+
+        # NOTE: don't parse the response in this function -- it could pull a
+        # legitimate message off the stack if the connection is already
+        # subscribed to one or more channels
+
+        await self.connect()
+        connection = self.connection
+        kwargs = {"check_health": not self.subscribed}
+        await self._execute(connection, connection.send_command, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    async def connect(self):
+        """
+        Ensure that the PubSub is connected
+        """
+        if self.connection is None:
+            self.connection = await self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            # register a callback that re-subscribes to any channels we
+            # were listening to when we were disconnected
+            self.connection.register_connect_callback(self.on_connect)
+        else:
+            await self.connection.connect()
+        if self.push_handler_func is not None and not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+            self.connection._parser.set_pubsub_push_handler(self.push_handler_func)
+
+        self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+            AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent(
+                self.connection, self.connection_pool, ClientType.ASYNC, self._lock
+            )
+        )
+
+    async def _reconnect(self, conn):
+        """
+        Try to reconnect
+        """
+        await conn.disconnect()
+        await conn.connect()
+
+    async def _execute(self, conn, command, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Connect manually upon disconnection. If the Redis server is down,
+        this will fail and raise a ConnectionError as desired.
+        After reconnection, the ``on_connect`` callback should have been
+        called by the # connection to resubscribe us to any channels and
+        patterns we were previously listening to
+        """
+        return await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+            lambda: command(*args, **kwargs),
+            lambda _: self._reconnect(conn),
+        )
+
+    async def parse_response(self, block: bool = True, timeout: float = 0):
+        """Parse the response from a publish/subscribe command"""
+        conn = self.connection
+        if conn is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "pubsub connection not set: "
+                "did you forget to call subscribe() or psubscribe()?"
+            )
+
+        await self.check_health()
+
+        if not conn.is_connected:
+            await conn.connect()
+
+        read_timeout = None if block else timeout
+        response = await self._execute(
+            conn,
+            conn.read_response,
+            timeout=read_timeout,
+            disconnect_on_error=False,
+            push_request=True,
+        )
+
+        if conn.health_check_interval and response in self.health_check_response:
+            # ignore the health check message as user might not expect it
+            return None
+        return response
+
+    async def check_health(self):
+        conn = self.connection
+        if conn is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "pubsub connection not set: "
+                "did you forget to call subscribe() or psubscribe()?"
+            )
+
+        if (
+            conn.health_check_interval
+            and asyncio.get_running_loop().time() > conn.next_health_check
+        ):
+            await conn.send_command(
+                "PING", self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE, check_health=False
+            )
+
+    def _normalize_keys(self, data: _NormalizeKeysT) -> _NormalizeKeysT:
+        """
+        normalize channel/pattern names to be either bytes or strings
+        based on whether responses are automatically decoded. this saves us
+        from coercing the value for each message coming in.
+        """
+        encode = self.encoder.encode
+        decode = self.encoder.decode
+        return {decode(encode(k)): v for k, v in data.items()}  # type: ignore[return-value]  # noqa: E501
+
+    async def psubscribe(self, *args: ChannelT, **kwargs: PubSubHandler):
+        """
+        Subscribe to channel patterns. Patterns supplied as keyword arguments
+        expect a pattern name as the key and a callable as the value. A
+        pattern's callable will be invoked automatically when a message is
+        received on that pattern rather than producing a message via
+        ``listen()``.
+        """
+        parsed_args = list_or_args((args[0],), args[1:]) if args else args
+        new_patterns: Dict[ChannelT, PubSubHandler] = dict.fromkeys(parsed_args)
+        # Mypy bug: https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10970
+        new_patterns.update(kwargs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        ret_val = await self.execute_command("PSUBSCRIBE", *new_patterns.keys())
+        # update the patterns dict AFTER we send the command. we don't want to
+        # subscribe twice to these patterns, once for the command and again
+        # for the reconnection.
+        new_patterns = self._normalize_keys(new_patterns)
+        self.patterns.update(new_patterns)
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.difference_update(new_patterns)
+        return ret_val
+
+    def punsubscribe(self, *args: ChannelT) -> Awaitable:
+        """
+        Unsubscribe from the supplied patterns. If empty, unsubscribe from
+        all patterns.
+        """
+        patterns: Iterable[ChannelT]
+        if args:
+            parsed_args = list_or_args((args[0],), args[1:])
+            patterns = self._normalize_keys(dict.fromkeys(parsed_args)).keys()
+        else:
+            parsed_args = []
+            patterns = self.patterns
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.update(patterns)
+        return self.execute_command("PUNSUBSCRIBE", *parsed_args)
+
+    async def subscribe(self, *args: ChannelT, **kwargs: Callable):
+        """
+        Subscribe to channels. Channels supplied as keyword arguments expect
+        a channel name as the key and a callable as the value. A channel's
+        callable will be invoked automatically when a message is received on
+        that channel rather than producing a message via ``listen()`` or
+        ``get_message()``.
+        """
+        parsed_args = list_or_args((args[0],), args[1:]) if args else ()
+        new_channels = dict.fromkeys(parsed_args)
+        # Mypy bug: https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10970
+        new_channels.update(kwargs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        ret_val = await self.execute_command("SUBSCRIBE", *new_channels.keys())
+        # update the channels dict AFTER we send the command. we don't want to
+        # subscribe twice to these channels, once for the command and again
+        # for the reconnection.
+        new_channels = self._normalize_keys(new_channels)
+        self.channels.update(new_channels)
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.difference_update(new_channels)
+        return ret_val
+
+    def unsubscribe(self, *args) -> Awaitable:
+        """
+        Unsubscribe from the supplied channels. If empty, unsubscribe from
+        all channels
+        """
+        if args:
+            parsed_args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+            channels = self._normalize_keys(dict.fromkeys(parsed_args))
+        else:
+            parsed_args = []
+            channels = self.channels
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.update(channels)
+        return self.execute_command("UNSUBSCRIBE", *parsed_args)
+
+    async def listen(self) -> AsyncIterator:
+        """Listen for messages on channels this client has been subscribed to"""
+        while self.subscribed:
+            response = await self.handle_message(await self.parse_response(block=True))
+            if response is not None:
+                yield response
+
+    async def get_message(
+        self, ignore_subscribe_messages: bool = False, timeout: Optional[float] = 0.0
+    ):
+        """
+        Get the next message if one is available, otherwise None.
+
+        If timeout is specified, the system will wait for `timeout` seconds
+        before returning. Timeout should be specified as a floating point
+        number or None to wait indefinitely.
+        """
+        response = await self.parse_response(block=(timeout is None), timeout=timeout)
+        if response:
+            return await self.handle_message(response, ignore_subscribe_messages)
+        return None
+
+    def ping(self, message=None) -> Awaitable:
+        """
+        Ping the Redis server
+        """
+        args = ["PING", message] if message is not None else ["PING"]
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    async def handle_message(self, response, ignore_subscribe_messages=False):
+        """
+        Parses a pub/sub message. If the channel or pattern was subscribed to
+        with a message handler, the handler is invoked instead of a parsed
+        message being returned.
+        """
+        if response is None:
+            return None
+        if isinstance(response, bytes):
+            response = [b"pong", response] if response != b"PONG" else [b"pong", b""]
+        message_type = str_if_bytes(response[0])
+        if message_type == "pmessage":
+            message = {
+                "type": message_type,
+                "pattern": response[1],
+                "channel": response[2],
+                "data": response[3],
+            }
+        elif message_type == "pong":
+            message = {
+                "type": message_type,
+                "pattern": None,
+                "channel": None,
+                "data": response[1],
+            }
+        else:
+            message = {
+                "type": message_type,
+                "pattern": None,
+                "channel": response[1],
+                "data": response[2],
+            }
+
+        # if this is an unsubscribe message, remove it from memory
+        if message_type in self.UNSUBSCRIBE_MESSAGE_TYPES:
+            if message_type == "punsubscribe":
+                pattern = response[1]
+                if pattern in self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns:
+                    self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.remove(pattern)
+                    self.patterns.pop(pattern, None)
+            else:
+                channel = response[1]
+                if channel in self.pending_unsubscribe_channels:
+                    self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.remove(channel)
+                    self.channels.pop(channel, None)
+
+        if message_type in self.PUBLISH_MESSAGE_TYPES:
+            # if there's a message handler, invoke it
+            if message_type == "pmessage":
+                handler = self.patterns.get(message["pattern"], None)
+            else:
+                handler = self.channels.get(message["channel"], None)
+            if handler:
+                if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(handler):
+                    await handler(message)
+                else:
+                    handler(message)
+                return None
+        elif message_type != "pong":
+            # this is a subscribe/unsubscribe message. ignore if we don't
+            # want them
+            if ignore_subscribe_messages or self.ignore_subscribe_messages:
+                return None
+
+        return message
+
+    async def run(
+        self,
+        *,
+        exception_handler: Optional["PSWorkerThreadExcHandlerT"] = None,
+        poll_timeout: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Process pub/sub messages using registered callbacks.
+
+        This is the equivalent of :py:meth:`redis.PubSub.run_in_thread` in
+        redis-py, but it is a coroutine. To launch it as a separate task, use
+        ``asyncio.create_task``:
+
+            >>> task = asyncio.create_task(pubsub.run())
+
+        To shut it down, use asyncio cancellation:
+
+            >>> task.cancel()
+            >>> await task
+        """
+        for channel, handler in self.channels.items():
+            if handler is None:
+                raise PubSubError(f"Channel: '{channel}' has no handler registered")
+        for pattern, handler in self.patterns.items():
+            if handler is None:
+                raise PubSubError(f"Pattern: '{pattern}' has no handler registered")
+
+        await self.connect()
+        while True:
+            try:
+                await self.get_message(
+                    ignore_subscribe_messages=True, timeout=poll_timeout
+                )
+            except asyncio.CancelledError:
+                raise
+            except BaseException as e:
+                if exception_handler is None:
+                    raise
+                res = exception_handler(e, self)
+                if inspect.isawaitable(res):
+                    await res
+            # Ensure that other tasks on the event loop get a chance to run
+            # if we didn't have to block for I/O anywhere.
+            await asyncio.sleep(0)
+
+
+class PubsubWorkerExceptionHandler(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, e: BaseException, pubsub: PubSub): ...
+
+
+class AsyncPubsubWorkerExceptionHandler(Protocol):
+    async def __call__(self, e: BaseException, pubsub: PubSub): ...
+
+
+PSWorkerThreadExcHandlerT = Union[
+    PubsubWorkerExceptionHandler, AsyncPubsubWorkerExceptionHandler
+]
+
+
+CommandT = Tuple[Tuple[Union[str, bytes], ...], Mapping[str, Any]]
+CommandStackT = List[CommandT]
+
+
+class Pipeline(Redis):  # lgtm [py/init-calls-subclass]
+    """
+    Pipelines provide a way to transmit multiple commands to the Redis server
+    in one transmission.  This is convenient for batch processing, such as
+    saving all the values in a list to Redis.
+
+    All commands executed within a pipeline(when running in transactional mode,
+    which is the default behavior) are wrapped with MULTI and EXEC
+    calls. This guarantees all commands executed in the pipeline will be
+    executed atomically.
+
+    Any command raising an exception does *not* halt the execution of
+    subsequent commands in the pipeline. Instead, the exception is caught
+    and its instance is placed into the response list returned by execute().
+    Code iterating over the response list should be able to deal with an
+    instance of an exception as a potential value. In general, these will be
+    ResponseError exceptions, such as those raised when issuing a command
+    on a key of a different datatype.
+    """
+
+    UNWATCH_COMMANDS = {"DISCARD", "EXEC", "UNWATCH"}
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection_pool: ConnectionPool,
+        response_callbacks: MutableMapping[Union[str, bytes], ResponseCallbackT],
+        transaction: bool,
+        shard_hint: Optional[str],
+    ):
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.connection = None
+        self.response_callbacks = response_callbacks
+        self.is_transaction = transaction
+        self.shard_hint = shard_hint
+        self.watching = False
+        self.command_stack: CommandStackT = []
+        self.scripts: Set[Script] = set()
+        self.explicit_transaction = False
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: _RedisT) -> _RedisT:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        await self.reset()
+
+    def __await__(self):
+        return self._async_self().__await__()
+
+    _DEL_MESSAGE = "Unclosed Pipeline client"
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.command_stack)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Pipeline instances should always evaluate to True"""
+        return True
+
+    async def _async_self(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def reset(self):
+        self.command_stack = []
+        self.scripts = set()
+        # make sure to reset the connection state in the event that we were
+        # watching something
+        if self.watching and self.connection:
+            try:
+                # call this manually since our unwatch or
+                # immediate_execute_command methods can call reset()
+                await self.connection.send_command("UNWATCH")
+                await self.connection.read_response()
+            except ConnectionError:
+                # disconnect will also remove any previous WATCHes
+                if self.connection:
+                    await self.connection.disconnect()
+        # clean up the other instance attributes
+        self.watching = False
+        self.explicit_transaction = False
+        # we can safely return the connection to the pool here since we're
+        # sure we're no longer WATCHing anything
+        if self.connection:
+            await self.connection_pool.release(self.connection)
+            self.connection = None
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """Alias for reset(), a standard method name for cleanup"""
+        await self.reset()
+
+    def multi(self):
+        """
+        Start a transactional block of the pipeline after WATCH commands
+        are issued. End the transactional block with `execute`.
+        """
+        if self.explicit_transaction:
+            raise RedisError("Cannot issue nested calls to MULTI")
+        if self.command_stack:
+            raise RedisError(
+                "Commands without an initial WATCH have already been issued"
+            )
+        self.explicit_transaction = True
+
+    def execute_command(
+        self, *args, **kwargs
+    ) -> Union["Pipeline", Awaitable["Pipeline"]]:
+        if (self.watching or args[0] == "WATCH") and not self.explicit_transaction:
+            return self.immediate_execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.pipeline_execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    async def _disconnect_reset_raise_on_watching(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        error: Exception,
+    ):
+        """
+        Close the connection reset watching state and
+        raise an exception if we were watching.
+
+        The supported exceptions are already checked in the
+        retry object so we don't need to do it here.
+
+        After we disconnect the connection, it will try to reconnect and
+        do a health check as part of the send_command logic(on connection level).
+        """
+        await conn.disconnect()
+        # if we were already watching a variable, the watch is no longer
+        # valid since this connection has died. raise a WatchError, which
+        # indicates the user should retry this transaction.
+        if self.watching:
+            await self.reset()
+            raise WatchError(
+                f"A {type(error).__name__} occurred while watching one or more keys"
+            )
+
+    async def immediate_execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Execute a command immediately, but don't auto-retry on the supported
+        errors for retry if we're already WATCHing a variable.
+        Used when issuing WATCH or subsequent commands retrieving their values but before
+        MULTI is called.
+        """
+        command_name = args[0]
+        conn = self.connection
+        # if this is the first call, we need a connection
+        if not conn:
+            conn = await self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            self.connection = conn
+
+        return await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+            lambda: self._send_command_parse_response(
+                conn, command_name, *args, **options
+            ),
+            lambda error: self._disconnect_reset_raise_on_watching(conn, error),
+        )
+
+    def pipeline_execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Stage a command to be executed when execute() is next called
+
+        Returns the current Pipeline object back so commands can be
+        chained together, such as:
+
+        pipe = pipe.set('foo', 'bar').incr('baz').decr('bang')
+
+        At some other point, you can then run: pipe.execute(),
+        which will execute all commands queued in the pipe.
+        """
+        self.command_stack.append((args, options))
+        return self
+
+    async def _execute_transaction(  # noqa: C901
+        self, connection: Connection, commands: CommandStackT, raise_on_error
+    ):
+        pre: CommandT = (("MULTI",), {})
+        post: CommandT = (("EXEC",), {})
+        cmds = (pre, *commands, post)
+        all_cmds = connection.pack_commands(
+            args for args, options in cmds if EMPTY_RESPONSE not in options
+        )
+        await connection.send_packed_command(all_cmds)
+        errors = []
+
+        # parse off the response for MULTI
+        # NOTE: we need to handle ResponseErrors here and continue
+        # so that we read all the additional command messages from
+        # the socket
+        try:
+            await self.parse_response(connection, "_")
+        except ResponseError as err:
+            errors.append((0, err))
+
+        # and all the other commands
+        for i, command in enumerate(commands):
+            if EMPTY_RESPONSE in command[1]:
+                errors.append((i, command[1][EMPTY_RESPONSE]))
+            else:
+                try:
+                    await self.parse_response(connection, "_")
+                except ResponseError as err:
+                    self.annotate_exception(err, i + 1, command[0])
+                    errors.append((i, err))
+
+        # parse the EXEC.
+        try:
+            response = await self.parse_response(connection, "_")
+        except ExecAbortError as err:
+            if errors:
+                raise errors[0][1] from err
+            raise
+
+        # EXEC clears any watched keys
+        self.watching = False
+
+        if response is None:
+            raise WatchError("Watched variable changed.") from None
+
+        # put any parse errors into the response
+        for i, e in errors:
+            response.insert(i, e)
+
+        if len(response) != len(commands):
+            if self.connection:
+                await self.connection.disconnect()
+            raise ResponseError(
+                "Wrong number of response items from pipeline execution"
+            ) from None
+
+        # find any errors in the response and raise if necessary
+        if raise_on_error:
+            self.raise_first_error(commands, response)
+
+        # We have to run response callbacks manually
+        data = []
+        for r, cmd in zip(response, commands):
+            if not isinstance(r, Exception):
+                args, options = cmd
+                command_name = args[0]
+
+                # Remove keys entry, it needs only for cache.
+                options.pop("keys", None)
+
+                if command_name in self.response_callbacks:
+                    r = self.response_callbacks[command_name](r, **options)
+                    if inspect.isawaitable(r):
+                        r = await r
+            data.append(r)
+        return data
+
+    async def _execute_pipeline(
+        self, connection: Connection, commands: CommandStackT, raise_on_error: bool
+    ):
+        # build up all commands into a single request to increase network perf
+        all_cmds = connection.pack_commands([args for args, _ in commands])
+        await connection.send_packed_command(all_cmds)
+
+        response = []
+        for args, options in commands:
+            try:
+                response.append(
+                    await self.parse_response(connection, args[0], **options)
+                )
+            except ResponseError as e:
+                response.append(e)
+
+        if raise_on_error:
+            self.raise_first_error(commands, response)
+        return response
+
+    def raise_first_error(self, commands: CommandStackT, response: Iterable[Any]):
+        for i, r in enumerate(response):
+            if isinstance(r, ResponseError):
+                self.annotate_exception(r, i + 1, commands[i][0])
+                raise r
+
+    def annotate_exception(
+        self, exception: Exception, number: int, command: Iterable[object]
+    ) -> None:
+        cmd = " ".join(map(safe_str, command))
+        msg = (
+            f"Command # {number} ({truncate_text(cmd)}) "
+            "of pipeline caused error: {exception.args}"
+        )
+        exception.args = (msg,) + exception.args[1:]
+
+    async def parse_response(
+        self, connection: Connection, command_name: Union[str, bytes], **options
+    ):
+        result = await super().parse_response(connection, command_name, **options)
+        if command_name in self.UNWATCH_COMMANDS:
+            self.watching = False
+        elif command_name == "WATCH":
+            self.watching = True
+        return result
+
+    async def load_scripts(self):
+        # make sure all scripts that are about to be run on this pipeline exist
+        scripts = list(self.scripts)
+        immediate = self.immediate_execute_command
+        shas = [s.sha for s in scripts]
+        # we can't use the normal script_* methods because they would just
+        # get buffered in the pipeline.
+        exists = await immediate("SCRIPT EXISTS", *shas)
+        if not all(exists):
+            for s, exist in zip(scripts, exists):
+                if not exist:
+                    s.sha = await immediate("SCRIPT LOAD", s.script)
+
+    async def _disconnect_raise_on_watching(self, conn: Connection, error: Exception):
+        """
+        Close the connection, raise an exception if we were watching.
+
+        The supported exceptions are already checked in the
+        retry object so we don't need to do it here.
+
+        After we disconnect the connection, it will try to reconnect and
+        do a health check as part of the send_command logic(on connection level).
+        """
+        await conn.disconnect()
+        # if we were watching a variable, the watch is no longer valid
+        # since this connection has died. raise a WatchError, which
+        # indicates the user should retry this transaction.
+        if self.watching:
+            raise WatchError(
+                f"A {type(error).__name__} occurred while watching one or more keys"
+            )
+
+    async def execute(self, raise_on_error: bool = True) -> List[Any]:
+        """Execute all the commands in the current pipeline"""
+        stack = self.command_stack
+        if not stack and not self.watching:
+            return []
+        if self.scripts:
+            await self.load_scripts()
+        if self.is_transaction or self.explicit_transaction:
+            execute = self._execute_transaction
+        else:
+            execute = self._execute_pipeline
+
+        conn = self.connection
+        if not conn:
+            conn = await self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            # assign to self.connection so reset() releases the connection
+            # back to the pool after we're done
+            self.connection = conn
+        conn = cast(Connection, conn)
+
+        try:
+            return await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: execute(conn, stack, raise_on_error),
+                lambda error: self._disconnect_raise_on_watching(conn, error),
+            )
+        finally:
+            await self.reset()
+
+    async def discard(self):
+        """Flushes all previously queued commands
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/DISCARD
+        """
+        await self.execute_command("DISCARD")
+
+    async def watch(self, *names: KeyT):
+        """Watches the values at keys ``names``"""
+        if self.explicit_transaction:
+            raise RedisError("Cannot issue a WATCH after a MULTI")
+        return await self.execute_command("WATCH", *names)
+
+    async def unwatch(self):
+        """Unwatches all previously specified keys"""
+        return self.watching and await self.execute_command("UNWATCH") or True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/cluster.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/cluster.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b066a100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/cluster.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1725 @@
+import asyncio
+import collections
+import random
+import socket
+import warnings
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Deque,
+    Dict,
+    Generator,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from redis._parsers import AsyncCommandsParser, Encoder
+from redis._parsers.helpers import (
+    _RedisCallbacks,
+    _RedisCallbacksRESP2,
+    _RedisCallbacksRESP3,
+)
+from redis.asyncio.client import ResponseCallbackT
+from redis.asyncio.connection import Connection, SSLConnection, parse_url
+from redis.asyncio.lock import Lock
+from redis.asyncio.retry import Retry
+from redis.auth.token import TokenInterface
+from redis.backoff import ExponentialWithJitterBackoff, NoBackoff
+from redis.client import EMPTY_RESPONSE, NEVER_DECODE, AbstractRedis
+from redis.cluster import (
+    PIPELINE_BLOCKED_COMMANDS,
+    PRIMARY,
+    REPLICA,
+    SLOT_ID,
+    AbstractRedisCluster,
+    LoadBalancer,
+    LoadBalancingStrategy,
+    block_pipeline_command,
+    get_node_name,
+    parse_cluster_slots,
+)
+from redis.commands import READ_COMMANDS, AsyncRedisClusterCommands
+from redis.crc import REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS, key_slot
+from redis.credentials import CredentialProvider
+from redis.event import AfterAsyncClusterInstantiationEvent, EventDispatcher
+from redis.exceptions import (
+    AskError,
+    BusyLoadingError,
+    ClusterDownError,
+    ClusterError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    DataError,
+    MaxConnectionsError,
+    MovedError,
+    RedisClusterException,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    SlotNotCoveredError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    TryAgainError,
+)
+from redis.typing import AnyKeyT, EncodableT, KeyT
+from redis.utils import (
+    SSL_AVAILABLE,
+    deprecated_args,
+    deprecated_function,
+    get_lib_version,
+    safe_str,
+    str_if_bytes,
+    truncate_text,
+)
+
+if SSL_AVAILABLE:
+    from ssl import TLSVersion, VerifyMode
+else:
+    TLSVersion = None
+    VerifyMode = None
+
+TargetNodesT = TypeVar(
+    "TargetNodesT", str, "ClusterNode", List["ClusterNode"], Dict[Any, "ClusterNode"]
+)
+
+
+class RedisCluster(AbstractRedis, AbstractRedisCluster, AsyncRedisClusterCommands):
+    """
+    Create a new RedisCluster client.
+
+    Pass one of parameters:
+
+      - `host` & `port`
+      - `startup_nodes`
+
+    | Use ``await`` :meth:`initialize` to find cluster nodes & create connections.
+    | Use ``await`` :meth:`close` to disconnect connections & close client.
+
+    Many commands support the target_nodes kwarg. It can be one of the
+    :attr:`NODE_FLAGS`:
+
+      - :attr:`PRIMARIES`
+      - :attr:`REPLICAS`
+      - :attr:`ALL_NODES`
+      - :attr:`RANDOM`
+      - :attr:`DEFAULT_NODE`
+
+    Note: This client is not thread/process/fork safe.
+
+    :param host:
+        | Can be used to point to a startup node
+    :param port:
+        | Port used if **host** is provided
+    :param startup_nodes:
+        | :class:`~.ClusterNode` to used as a startup node
+    :param require_full_coverage:
+        | When set to ``False``: the client will not require a full coverage of
+          the slots. However, if not all slots are covered, and at least one node
+          has ``cluster-require-full-coverage`` set to ``yes``, the server will throw
+          a :class:`~.ClusterDownError` for some key-based commands.
+        | When set to ``True``: all slots must be covered to construct the cluster
+          client. If not all slots are covered, :class:`~.RedisClusterException` will be
+          thrown.
+        | See:
+          https://redis.io/docs/manual/scaling/#redis-cluster-configuration-parameters
+    :param read_from_replicas:
+        | @deprecated - please use load_balancing_strategy instead
+        | Enable read from replicas in READONLY mode.
+          When set to true, read commands will be assigned between the primary and
+          its replications in a Round-Robin manner.
+          The data read from replicas is eventually consistent with the data in primary nodes.
+    :param load_balancing_strategy:
+        | Enable read from replicas in READONLY mode and defines the load balancing
+          strategy that will be used for cluster node selection.
+          The data read from replicas is eventually consistent with the data in primary nodes.
+    :param reinitialize_steps:
+        | Specifies the number of MOVED errors that need to occur before reinitializing
+          the whole cluster topology. If a MOVED error occurs and the cluster does not
+          need to be reinitialized on this current error handling, only the MOVED slot
+          will be patched with the redirected node.
+          To reinitialize the cluster on every MOVED error, set reinitialize_steps to 1.
+          To avoid reinitializing the cluster on moved errors, set reinitialize_steps to
+          0.
+    :param cluster_error_retry_attempts:
+        | @deprecated - Please configure the 'retry' object instead
+          In case 'retry' object is set - this argument is ignored!
+
+          Number of times to retry before raising an error when :class:`~.TimeoutError`,
+          :class:`~.ConnectionError`, :class:`~.SlotNotCoveredError`
+          or :class:`~.ClusterDownError` are encountered
+    :param retry:
+        | A retry object that defines the retry strategy and the number of
+          retries for the cluster client.
+          In current implementation for the cluster client (starting form redis-py version 6.0.0)
+          the retry object is not yet fully utilized, instead it is used just to determine
+          the number of retries for the cluster client.
+          In the future releases the retry object will be used to handle the cluster client retries!
+    :param max_connections:
+        | Maximum number of connections per node. If there are no free connections & the
+          maximum number of connections are already created, a
+          :class:`~.MaxConnectionsError` is raised.
+    :param address_remap:
+        | An optional callable which, when provided with an internal network
+          address of a node, e.g. a `(host, port)` tuple, will return the address
+          where the node is reachable.  This can be used to map the addresses at
+          which the nodes _think_ they are, to addresses at which a client may
+          reach them, such as when they sit behind a proxy.
+
+    | Rest of the arguments will be passed to the
+      :class:`~redis.asyncio.connection.Connection` instances when created
+
+    :raises RedisClusterException:
+        if any arguments are invalid or unknown. Eg:
+
+        - `db` != 0 or None
+        - `path` argument for unix socket connection
+        - none of the `host`/`port` & `startup_nodes` were provided
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls, url: str, **kwargs: Any) -> "RedisCluster":
+        """
+        Return a Redis client object configured from the given URL.
+
+        For example::
+
+            redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+
+        Three URL schemes are supported:
+
+        - `redis://` creates a TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>
+        - `rediss://` creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>
+
+        The username, password, hostname, path and all querystring values are passed
+        through ``urllib.parse.unquote`` in order to replace any percent-encoded values
+        with their corresponding characters.
+
+        All querystring options are cast to their appropriate Python types. Boolean
+        arguments can be specified with string values "True"/"False" or "Yes"/"No".
+        Values that cannot be properly cast cause a ``ValueError`` to be raised. Once
+        parsed, the querystring arguments and keyword arguments are passed to
+        :class:`~redis.asyncio.connection.Connection` when created.
+        In the case of conflicting arguments, querystring arguments are used.
+        """
+        kwargs.update(parse_url(url))
+        if kwargs.pop("connection_class", None) is SSLConnection:
+            kwargs["ssl"] = True
+        return cls(**kwargs)
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_initialize",
+        "_lock",
+        "retry",
+        "command_flags",
+        "commands_parser",
+        "connection_kwargs",
+        "encoder",
+        "node_flags",
+        "nodes_manager",
+        "read_from_replicas",
+        "reinitialize_counter",
+        "reinitialize_steps",
+        "response_callbacks",
+        "result_callbacks",
+    )
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["read_from_replicas"],
+        reason="Please configure the 'load_balancing_strategy' instead",
+        version="5.3.0",
+    )
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=[
+            "cluster_error_retry_attempts",
+        ],
+        reason="Please configure the 'retry' object instead",
+        version="6.0.0",
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Union[str, int] = 6379,
+        # Cluster related kwargs
+        startup_nodes: Optional[List["ClusterNode"]] = None,
+        require_full_coverage: bool = True,
+        read_from_replicas: bool = False,
+        load_balancing_strategy: Optional[LoadBalancingStrategy] = None,
+        reinitialize_steps: int = 5,
+        cluster_error_retry_attempts: int = 3,
+        max_connections: int = 2**31,
+        retry: Optional["Retry"] = None,
+        retry_on_error: Optional[List[Type[Exception]]] = None,
+        # Client related kwargs
+        db: Union[str, int] = 0,
+        path: Optional[str] = None,
+        credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        client_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        lib_name: Optional[str] = "redis-py",
+        lib_version: Optional[str] = get_lib_version(),
+        # Encoding related kwargs
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        encoding_errors: str = "strict",
+        decode_responses: bool = False,
+        # Connection related kwargs
+        health_check_interval: float = 0,
+        socket_connect_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        socket_keepalive: bool = False,
+        socket_keepalive_options: Optional[Mapping[int, Union[int, bytes]]] = None,
+        socket_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        # SSL related kwargs
+        ssl: bool = False,
+        ssl_ca_certs: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_ca_data: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_cert_reqs: Union[str, VerifyMode] = "required",
+        ssl_certfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_check_hostname: bool = True,
+        ssl_keyfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_min_version: Optional[TLSVersion] = None,
+        ssl_ciphers: Optional[str] = None,
+        protocol: Optional[int] = 2,
+        address_remap: Optional[Callable[[Tuple[str, int]], Tuple[str, int]]] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if db:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "Argument 'db' must be 0 or None in cluster mode"
+            )
+
+        if path:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "Unix domain socket is not supported in cluster mode"
+            )
+
+        if (not host or not port) and not startup_nodes:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "RedisCluster requires at least one node to discover the cluster.\n"
+                "Please provide one of the following or use RedisCluster.from_url:\n"
+                '   - host and port: RedisCluster(host="localhost", port=6379)\n'
+                "   - startup_nodes: RedisCluster(startup_nodes=["
+                'ClusterNode("localhost", 6379), ClusterNode("localhost", 6380)])'
+            )
+
+        kwargs: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "max_connections": max_connections,
+            "connection_class": Connection,
+            # Client related kwargs
+            "credential_provider": credential_provider,
+            "username": username,
+            "password": password,
+            "client_name": client_name,
+            "lib_name": lib_name,
+            "lib_version": lib_version,
+            # Encoding related kwargs
+            "encoding": encoding,
+            "encoding_errors": encoding_errors,
+            "decode_responses": decode_responses,
+            # Connection related kwargs
+            "health_check_interval": health_check_interval,
+            "socket_connect_timeout": socket_connect_timeout,
+            "socket_keepalive": socket_keepalive,
+            "socket_keepalive_options": socket_keepalive_options,
+            "socket_timeout": socket_timeout,
+            "protocol": protocol,
+        }
+
+        if ssl:
+            # SSL related kwargs
+            kwargs.update(
+                {
+                    "connection_class": SSLConnection,
+                    "ssl_ca_certs": ssl_ca_certs,
+                    "ssl_ca_data": ssl_ca_data,
+                    "ssl_cert_reqs": ssl_cert_reqs,
+                    "ssl_certfile": ssl_certfile,
+                    "ssl_check_hostname": ssl_check_hostname,
+                    "ssl_keyfile": ssl_keyfile,
+                    "ssl_min_version": ssl_min_version,
+                    "ssl_ciphers": ssl_ciphers,
+                }
+            )
+
+        if read_from_replicas or load_balancing_strategy:
+            # Call our on_connect function to configure READONLY mode
+            kwargs["redis_connect_func"] = self.on_connect
+
+        if retry:
+            self.retry = retry
+        else:
+            self.retry = Retry(
+                backoff=ExponentialWithJitterBackoff(base=1, cap=10),
+                retries=cluster_error_retry_attempts,
+            )
+        if retry_on_error:
+            self.retry.update_supported_errors(retry_on_error)
+
+        kwargs["response_callbacks"] = _RedisCallbacks.copy()
+        if kwargs.get("protocol") in ["3", 3]:
+            kwargs["response_callbacks"].update(_RedisCallbacksRESP3)
+        else:
+            kwargs["response_callbacks"].update(_RedisCallbacksRESP2)
+        self.connection_kwargs = kwargs
+
+        if startup_nodes:
+            passed_nodes = []
+            for node in startup_nodes:
+                passed_nodes.append(
+                    ClusterNode(node.host, node.port, **self.connection_kwargs)
+                )
+            startup_nodes = passed_nodes
+        else:
+            startup_nodes = []
+        if host and port:
+            startup_nodes.append(ClusterNode(host, port, **self.connection_kwargs))
+
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+
+        self.nodes_manager = NodesManager(
+            startup_nodes,
+            require_full_coverage,
+            kwargs,
+            address_remap=address_remap,
+            event_dispatcher=self._event_dispatcher,
+        )
+        self.encoder = Encoder(encoding, encoding_errors, decode_responses)
+        self.read_from_replicas = read_from_replicas
+        self.load_balancing_strategy = load_balancing_strategy
+        self.reinitialize_steps = reinitialize_steps
+        self.reinitialize_counter = 0
+        self.commands_parser = AsyncCommandsParser()
+        self.node_flags = self.__class__.NODE_FLAGS.copy()
+        self.command_flags = self.__class__.COMMAND_FLAGS.copy()
+        self.response_callbacks = kwargs["response_callbacks"]
+        self.result_callbacks = self.__class__.RESULT_CALLBACKS.copy()
+        self.result_callbacks["CLUSTER SLOTS"] = (
+            lambda cmd, res, **kwargs: parse_cluster_slots(
+                list(res.values())[0], **kwargs
+            )
+        )
+
+        self._initialize = True
+        self._lock: Optional[asyncio.Lock] = None
+
+    async def initialize(self) -> "RedisCluster":
+        """Get all nodes from startup nodes & creates connections if not initialized."""
+        if self._initialize:
+            if not self._lock:
+                self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+            async with self._lock:
+                if self._initialize:
+                    try:
+                        await self.nodes_manager.initialize()
+                        await self.commands_parser.initialize(
+                            self.nodes_manager.default_node
+                        )
+                        self._initialize = False
+                    except BaseException:
+                        await self.nodes_manager.aclose()
+                        await self.nodes_manager.aclose("startup_nodes")
+                        raise
+        return self
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """Close all connections & client if initialized."""
+        if not self._initialize:
+            if not self._lock:
+                self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+            async with self._lock:
+                if not self._initialize:
+                    self._initialize = True
+                    await self.nodes_manager.aclose()
+                    await self.nodes_manager.aclose("startup_nodes")
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="5.0.0", reason="Use aclose() instead", name="close")
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """alias for aclose() for backwards compatibility"""
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "RedisCluster":
+        return await self.initialize()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type: None, exc_value: None, traceback: None) -> None:
+        await self.aclose()
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, None, "RedisCluster"]:
+        return self.initialize().__await__()
+
+    _DEL_MESSAGE = "Unclosed RedisCluster client"
+
+    def __del__(
+        self,
+        _warn: Any = warnings.warn,
+        _grl: Any = asyncio.get_running_loop,
+    ) -> None:
+        if hasattr(self, "_initialize") and not self._initialize:
+            _warn(f"{self._DEL_MESSAGE} {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            try:
+                context = {"client": self, "message": self._DEL_MESSAGE}
+                _grl().call_exception_handler(context)
+            except RuntimeError:
+                pass
+
+    async def on_connect(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
+        await connection.on_connect()
+
+        # Sending READONLY command to server to configure connection as
+        # readonly. Since each cluster node may change its server type due
+        # to a failover, we should establish a READONLY connection
+        # regardless of the server type. If this is a primary connection,
+        # READONLY would not affect executing write commands.
+        await connection.send_command("READONLY")
+        if str_if_bytes(await connection.read_response()) != "OK":
+            raise ConnectionError("READONLY command failed")
+
+    def get_nodes(self) -> List["ClusterNode"]:
+        """Get all nodes of the cluster."""
+        return list(self.nodes_manager.nodes_cache.values())
+
+    def get_primaries(self) -> List["ClusterNode"]:
+        """Get the primary nodes of the cluster."""
+        return self.nodes_manager.get_nodes_by_server_type(PRIMARY)
+
+    def get_replicas(self) -> List["ClusterNode"]:
+        """Get the replica nodes of the cluster."""
+        return self.nodes_manager.get_nodes_by_server_type(REPLICA)
+
+    def get_random_node(self) -> "ClusterNode":
+        """Get a random node of the cluster."""
+        return random.choice(list(self.nodes_manager.nodes_cache.values()))
+
+    def get_default_node(self) -> "ClusterNode":
+        """Get the default node of the client."""
+        return self.nodes_manager.default_node
+
+    def set_default_node(self, node: "ClusterNode") -> None:
+        """
+        Set the default node of the client.
+
+        :raises DataError: if None is passed or node does not exist in cluster.
+        """
+        if not node or not self.get_node(node_name=node.name):
+            raise DataError("The requested node does not exist in the cluster.")
+
+        self.nodes_manager.default_node = node
+
+    def get_node(
+        self,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        node_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Optional["ClusterNode"]:
+        """Get node by (host, port) or node_name."""
+        return self.nodes_manager.get_node(host, port, node_name)
+
+    def get_node_from_key(
+        self, key: str, replica: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional["ClusterNode"]:
+        """
+        Get the cluster node corresponding to the provided key.
+
+        :param key:
+        :param replica:
+            | Indicates if a replica should be returned
+            |
+              None will returned if no replica holds this key
+
+        :raises SlotNotCoveredError: if the key is not covered by any slot.
+        """
+        slot = self.keyslot(key)
+        slot_cache = self.nodes_manager.slots_cache.get(slot)
+        if not slot_cache:
+            raise SlotNotCoveredError(f'Slot "{slot}" is not covered by the cluster.')
+
+        if replica:
+            if len(self.nodes_manager.slots_cache[slot]) < 2:
+                return None
+            node_idx = 1
+        else:
+            node_idx = 0
+
+        return slot_cache[node_idx]
+
+    def keyslot(self, key: EncodableT) -> int:
+        """
+        Find the keyslot for a given key.
+
+        See: https://redis.io/docs/manual/scaling/#redis-cluster-data-sharding
+        """
+        return key_slot(self.encoder.encode(key))
+
+    def get_encoder(self) -> Encoder:
+        """Get the encoder object of the client."""
+        return self.encoder
+
+    def get_connection_kwargs(self) -> Dict[str, Optional[Any]]:
+        """Get the kwargs passed to :class:`~redis.asyncio.connection.Connection`."""
+        return self.connection_kwargs
+
+    def set_retry(self, retry: Retry) -> None:
+        self.retry = retry
+
+    def set_response_callback(self, command: str, callback: ResponseCallbackT) -> None:
+        """Set a custom response callback."""
+        self.response_callbacks[command] = callback
+
+    async def _determine_nodes(
+        self, command: str, *args: Any, node_flag: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> List["ClusterNode"]:
+        # Determine which nodes should be executed the command on.
+        # Returns a list of target nodes.
+        if not node_flag:
+            # get the nodes group for this command if it was predefined
+            node_flag = self.command_flags.get(command)
+
+        if node_flag in self.node_flags:
+            if node_flag == self.__class__.DEFAULT_NODE:
+                # return the cluster's default node
+                return [self.nodes_manager.default_node]
+            if node_flag == self.__class__.PRIMARIES:
+                # return all primaries
+                return self.nodes_manager.get_nodes_by_server_type(PRIMARY)
+            if node_flag == self.__class__.REPLICAS:
+                # return all replicas
+                return self.nodes_manager.get_nodes_by_server_type(REPLICA)
+            if node_flag == self.__class__.ALL_NODES:
+                # return all nodes
+                return list(self.nodes_manager.nodes_cache.values())
+            if node_flag == self.__class__.RANDOM:
+                # return a random node
+                return [random.choice(list(self.nodes_manager.nodes_cache.values()))]
+
+        # get the node that holds the key's slot
+        return [
+            self.nodes_manager.get_node_from_slot(
+                await self._determine_slot(command, *args),
+                self.read_from_replicas and command in READ_COMMANDS,
+                self.load_balancing_strategy if command in READ_COMMANDS else None,
+            )
+        ]
+
+    async def _determine_slot(self, command: str, *args: Any) -> int:
+        if self.command_flags.get(command) == SLOT_ID:
+            # The command contains the slot ID
+            return int(args[0])
+
+        # Get the keys in the command
+
+        # EVAL and EVALSHA are common enough that it's wasteful to go to the
+        # redis server to parse the keys. Besides, there is a bug in redis<7.0
+        # where `self._get_command_keys()` fails anyway. So, we special case
+        # EVAL/EVALSHA.
+        # - issue: https://github.com/redis/redis/issues/9493
+        # - fix: https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/9733
+        if command.upper() in ("EVAL", "EVALSHA"):
+            # command syntax: EVAL "script body" num_keys ...
+            if len(args) < 2:
+                raise RedisClusterException(
+                    f"Invalid args in command: {command, *args}"
+                )
+            keys = args[2 : 2 + int(args[1])]
+            # if there are 0 keys, that means the script can be run on any node
+            # so we can just return a random slot
+            if not keys:
+                return random.randrange(0, REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS)
+        else:
+            keys = await self.commands_parser.get_keys(command, *args)
+            if not keys:
+                # FCALL can call a function with 0 keys, that means the function
+                #  can be run on any node so we can just return a random slot
+                if command.upper() in ("FCALL", "FCALL_RO"):
+                    return random.randrange(0, REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS)
+                raise RedisClusterException(
+                    "No way to dispatch this command to Redis Cluster. "
+                    "Missing key.\nYou can execute the command by specifying "
+                    f"target nodes.\nCommand: {args}"
+                )
+
+        # single key command
+        if len(keys) == 1:
+            return self.keyslot(keys[0])
+
+        # multi-key command; we need to make sure all keys are mapped to
+        # the same slot
+        slots = {self.keyslot(key) for key in keys}
+        if len(slots) != 1:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"{command} - all keys must map to the same key slot"
+            )
+
+        return slots.pop()
+
+    def _is_node_flag(self, target_nodes: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(target_nodes, str) and target_nodes in self.node_flags
+
+    def _parse_target_nodes(self, target_nodes: Any) -> List["ClusterNode"]:
+        if isinstance(target_nodes, list):
+            nodes = target_nodes
+        elif isinstance(target_nodes, ClusterNode):
+            # Supports passing a single ClusterNode as a variable
+            nodes = [target_nodes]
+        elif isinstance(target_nodes, dict):
+            # Supports dictionaries of the format {node_name: node}.
+            # It enables to execute commands with multi nodes as follows:
+            # rc.cluster_save_config(rc.get_primaries())
+            nodes = list(target_nodes.values())
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "target_nodes type can be one of the following: "
+                "node_flag (PRIMARIES, REPLICAS, RANDOM, ALL_NODES),"
+                "ClusterNode, list<ClusterNode>, or dict<any, ClusterNode>. "
+                f"The passed type is {type(target_nodes)}"
+            )
+        return nodes
+
+    async def execute_command(self, *args: EncodableT, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        """
+        Execute a raw command on the appropriate cluster node or target_nodes.
+
+        It will retry the command as specified by the retries property of
+        the :attr:`retry` & then raise an exception.
+
+        :param args:
+            | Raw command args
+        :param kwargs:
+
+            - target_nodes: :attr:`NODE_FLAGS` or :class:`~.ClusterNode`
+              or List[:class:`~.ClusterNode`] or Dict[Any, :class:`~.ClusterNode`]
+            - Rest of the kwargs are passed to the Redis connection
+
+        :raises RedisClusterException: if target_nodes is not provided & the command
+            can't be mapped to a slot
+        """
+        command = args[0]
+        target_nodes = []
+        target_nodes_specified = False
+        retry_attempts = self.retry.get_retries()
+
+        passed_targets = kwargs.pop("target_nodes", None)
+        if passed_targets and not self._is_node_flag(passed_targets):
+            target_nodes = self._parse_target_nodes(passed_targets)
+            target_nodes_specified = True
+            retry_attempts = 0
+
+        # Add one for the first execution
+        execute_attempts = 1 + retry_attempts
+        for _ in range(execute_attempts):
+            if self._initialize:
+                await self.initialize()
+                if (
+                    len(target_nodes) == 1
+                    and target_nodes[0] == self.get_default_node()
+                ):
+                    # Replace the default cluster node
+                    self.replace_default_node()
+            try:
+                if not target_nodes_specified:
+                    # Determine the nodes to execute the command on
+                    target_nodes = await self._determine_nodes(
+                        *args, node_flag=passed_targets
+                    )
+                    if not target_nodes:
+                        raise RedisClusterException(
+                            f"No targets were found to execute {args} command on"
+                        )
+
+                if len(target_nodes) == 1:
+                    # Return the processed result
+                    ret = await self._execute_command(target_nodes[0], *args, **kwargs)
+                    if command in self.result_callbacks:
+                        return self.result_callbacks[command](
+                            command, {target_nodes[0].name: ret}, **kwargs
+                        )
+                    return ret
+                else:
+                    keys = [node.name for node in target_nodes]
+                    values = await asyncio.gather(
+                        *(
+                            asyncio.create_task(
+                                self._execute_command(node, *args, **kwargs)
+                            )
+                            for node in target_nodes
+                        )
+                    )
+                    if command in self.result_callbacks:
+                        return self.result_callbacks[command](
+                            command, dict(zip(keys, values)), **kwargs
+                        )
+                    return dict(zip(keys, values))
+            except Exception as e:
+                if retry_attempts > 0 and type(e) in self.__class__.ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY:
+                    # The nodes and slots cache were should be reinitialized.
+                    # Try again with the new cluster setup.
+                    retry_attempts -= 1
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    # raise the exception
+                    raise e
+
+    async def _execute_command(
+        self, target_node: "ClusterNode", *args: Union[KeyT, EncodableT], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        asking = moved = False
+        redirect_addr = None
+        ttl = self.RedisClusterRequestTTL
+
+        while ttl > 0:
+            ttl -= 1
+            try:
+                if asking:
+                    target_node = self.get_node(node_name=redirect_addr)
+                    await target_node.execute_command("ASKING")
+                    asking = False
+                elif moved:
+                    # MOVED occurred and the slots cache was updated,
+                    # refresh the target node
+                    slot = await self._determine_slot(*args)
+                    target_node = self.nodes_manager.get_node_from_slot(
+                        slot,
+                        self.read_from_replicas and args[0] in READ_COMMANDS,
+                        self.load_balancing_strategy
+                        if args[0] in READ_COMMANDS
+                        else None,
+                    )
+                    moved = False
+
+                return await target_node.execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+            except (BusyLoadingError, MaxConnectionsError):
+                raise
+            except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError):
+                # Connection retries are being handled in the node's
+                # Retry object.
+                # Remove the failed node from the startup nodes before we try
+                # to reinitialize the cluster
+                self.nodes_manager.startup_nodes.pop(target_node.name, None)
+                # Hard force of reinitialize of the node/slots setup
+                # and try again with the new setup
+                await self.aclose()
+                raise
+            except (ClusterDownError, SlotNotCoveredError):
+                # ClusterDownError can occur during a failover and to get
+                # self-healed, we will try to reinitialize the cluster layout
+                # and retry executing the command
+
+                # SlotNotCoveredError can occur when the cluster is not fully
+                # initialized or can be temporary issue.
+                # We will try to reinitialize the cluster topology
+                # and retry executing the command
+
+                await self.aclose()
+                await asyncio.sleep(0.25)
+                raise
+            except MovedError as e:
+                # First, we will try to patch the slots/nodes cache with the
+                # redirected node output and try again. If MovedError exceeds
+                # 'reinitialize_steps' number of times, we will force
+                # reinitializing the tables, and then try again.
+                # 'reinitialize_steps' counter will increase faster when
+                # the same client object is shared between multiple threads. To
+                # reduce the frequency you can set this variable in the
+                # RedisCluster constructor.
+                self.reinitialize_counter += 1
+                if (
+                    self.reinitialize_steps
+                    and self.reinitialize_counter % self.reinitialize_steps == 0
+                ):
+                    await self.aclose()
+                    # Reset the counter
+                    self.reinitialize_counter = 0
+                else:
+                    self.nodes_manager._moved_exception = e
+                moved = True
+            except AskError as e:
+                redirect_addr = get_node_name(host=e.host, port=e.port)
+                asking = True
+            except TryAgainError:
+                if ttl < self.RedisClusterRequestTTL / 2:
+                    await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
+
+        raise ClusterError("TTL exhausted.")
+
+    def pipeline(
+        self, transaction: Optional[Any] = None, shard_hint: Optional[Any] = None
+    ) -> "ClusterPipeline":
+        """
+        Create & return a new :class:`~.ClusterPipeline` object.
+
+        Cluster implementation of pipeline does not support transaction or shard_hint.
+
+        :raises RedisClusterException: if transaction or shard_hint are truthy values
+        """
+        if shard_hint:
+            raise RedisClusterException("shard_hint is deprecated in cluster mode")
+
+        if transaction:
+            raise RedisClusterException("transaction is deprecated in cluster mode")
+
+        return ClusterPipeline(self)
+
+    def lock(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        sleep: float = 0.1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        blocking_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        lock_class: Optional[Type[Lock]] = None,
+        thread_local: bool = True,
+        raise_on_release_error: bool = True,
+    ) -> Lock:
+        """
+        Return a new Lock object using key ``name`` that mimics
+        the behavior of threading.Lock.
+
+        If specified, ``timeout`` indicates a maximum life for the lock.
+        By default, it will remain locked until release() is called.
+
+        ``sleep`` indicates the amount of time to sleep per loop iteration
+        when the lock is in blocking mode and another client is currently
+        holding the lock.
+
+        ``blocking`` indicates whether calling ``acquire`` should block until
+        the lock has been acquired or to fail immediately, causing ``acquire``
+        to return False and the lock not being acquired. Defaults to True.
+        Note this value can be overridden by passing a ``blocking``
+        argument to ``acquire``.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` indicates the maximum amount of time in seconds to
+        spend trying to acquire the lock. A value of ``None`` indicates
+        continue trying forever. ``blocking_timeout`` can be specified as a
+        float or integer, both representing the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``lock_class`` forces the specified lock implementation. Note that as
+        of redis-py 3.0, the only lock class we implement is ``Lock`` (which is
+        a Lua-based lock). So, it's unlikely you'll need this parameter, unless
+        you have created your own custom lock class.
+
+        ``thread_local`` indicates whether the lock token is placed in
+        thread-local storage. By default, the token is placed in thread local
+        storage so that a thread only sees its token, not a token set by
+        another thread. Consider the following timeline:
+
+            time: 0, thread-1 acquires `my-lock`, with a timeout of 5 seconds.
+                     thread-1 sets the token to "abc"
+            time: 1, thread-2 blocks trying to acquire `my-lock` using the
+                     Lock instance.
+            time: 5, thread-1 has not yet completed. redis expires the lock
+                     key.
+            time: 5, thread-2 acquired `my-lock` now that it's available.
+                     thread-2 sets the token to "xyz"
+            time: 6, thread-1 finishes its work and calls release(). if the
+                     token is *not* stored in thread local storage, then
+                     thread-1 would see the token value as "xyz" and would be
+                     able to successfully release the thread-2's lock.
+
+        ``raise_on_release_error`` indicates whether to raise an exception when
+        the lock is no longer owned when exiting the context manager. By default,
+        this is True, meaning an exception will be raised. If False, the warning
+        will be logged and the exception will be suppressed.
+
+        In some use cases it's necessary to disable thread local storage. For
+        example, if you have code where one thread acquires a lock and passes
+        that lock instance to a worker thread to release later. If thread
+        local storage isn't disabled in this case, the worker thread won't see
+        the token set by the thread that acquired the lock. Our assumption
+        is that these cases aren't common and as such default to using
+        thread local storage."""
+        if lock_class is None:
+            lock_class = Lock
+        return lock_class(
+            self,
+            name,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            sleep=sleep,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            blocking_timeout=blocking_timeout,
+            thread_local=thread_local,
+            raise_on_release_error=raise_on_release_error,
+        )
+
+
+class ClusterNode:
+    """
+    Create a new ClusterNode.
+
+    Each ClusterNode manages multiple :class:`~redis.asyncio.connection.Connection`
+    objects for the (host, port).
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_connections",
+        "_free",
+        "_lock",
+        "_event_dispatcher",
+        "connection_class",
+        "connection_kwargs",
+        "host",
+        "max_connections",
+        "name",
+        "port",
+        "response_callbacks",
+        "server_type",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: Union[str, int],
+        server_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        max_connections: int = 2**31,
+        connection_class: Type[Connection] = Connection,
+        **connection_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if host == "localhost":
+            host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
+
+        connection_kwargs["host"] = host
+        connection_kwargs["port"] = port
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.name = get_node_name(host, port)
+        self.server_type = server_type
+
+        self.max_connections = max_connections
+        self.connection_class = connection_class
+        self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
+        self.response_callbacks = connection_kwargs.pop("response_callbacks", {})
+
+        self._connections: List[Connection] = []
+        self._free: Deque[Connection] = collections.deque(maxlen=self.max_connections)
+        self._event_dispatcher = self.connection_kwargs.get("event_dispatcher", None)
+        if self._event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"[host={self.host}, port={self.port}, "
+            f"name={self.name}, server_type={self.server_type}]"
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(obj, ClusterNode) and obj.name == self.name
+
+    _DEL_MESSAGE = "Unclosed ClusterNode object"
+
+    def __del__(
+        self,
+        _warn: Any = warnings.warn,
+        _grl: Any = asyncio.get_running_loop,
+    ) -> None:
+        for connection in self._connections:
+            if connection.is_connected:
+                _warn(f"{self._DEL_MESSAGE} {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+
+                try:
+                    context = {"client": self, "message": self._DEL_MESSAGE}
+                    _grl().call_exception_handler(context)
+                except RuntimeError:
+                    pass
+                break
+
+    async def disconnect(self) -> None:
+        ret = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                asyncio.create_task(connection.disconnect())
+                for connection in self._connections
+            ),
+            return_exceptions=True,
+        )
+        exc = next((res for res in ret if isinstance(res, Exception)), None)
+        if exc:
+            raise exc
+
+    def acquire_connection(self) -> Connection:
+        try:
+            return self._free.popleft()
+        except IndexError:
+            if len(self._connections) < self.max_connections:
+                # We are configuring the connection pool not to retry
+                # connections on lower level clients to avoid retrying
+                # connections to nodes that are not reachable
+                # and to avoid blocking the connection pool.
+                # The only error that will have some handling in the lower
+                # level clients is ConnectionError which will trigger disconnection
+                # of the socket.
+                # The retries will be handled on cluster client level
+                # where we will have proper handling of the cluster topology
+                retry = Retry(
+                    backoff=NoBackoff(),
+                    retries=0,
+                    supported_errors=(ConnectionError,),
+                )
+                connection_kwargs = self.connection_kwargs.copy()
+                connection_kwargs["retry"] = retry
+                connection = self.connection_class(**connection_kwargs)
+                self._connections.append(connection)
+                return connection
+
+            raise MaxConnectionsError()
+
+    async def parse_response(
+        self, connection: Connection, command: str, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        try:
+            if NEVER_DECODE in kwargs:
+                response = await connection.read_response(disable_decoding=True)
+                kwargs.pop(NEVER_DECODE)
+            else:
+                response = await connection.read_response()
+        except ResponseError:
+            if EMPTY_RESPONSE in kwargs:
+                return kwargs[EMPTY_RESPONSE]
+            raise
+
+        if EMPTY_RESPONSE in kwargs:
+            kwargs.pop(EMPTY_RESPONSE)
+
+        # Remove keys entry, it needs only for cache.
+        kwargs.pop("keys", None)
+
+        # Return response
+        if command in self.response_callbacks:
+            return self.response_callbacks[command](response, **kwargs)
+
+        return response
+
+    async def execute_command(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        # Acquire connection
+        connection = self.acquire_connection()
+
+        # Execute command
+        await connection.send_packed_command(connection.pack_command(*args), False)
+
+        # Read response
+        try:
+            return await self.parse_response(connection, args[0], **kwargs)
+        finally:
+            # Release connection
+            self._free.append(connection)
+
+    async def execute_pipeline(self, commands: List["PipelineCommand"]) -> bool:
+        # Acquire connection
+        connection = self.acquire_connection()
+
+        # Execute command
+        await connection.send_packed_command(
+            connection.pack_commands(cmd.args for cmd in commands), False
+        )
+
+        # Read responses
+        ret = False
+        for cmd in commands:
+            try:
+                cmd.result = await self.parse_response(
+                    connection, cmd.args[0], **cmd.kwargs
+                )
+            except Exception as e:
+                cmd.result = e
+                ret = True
+
+        # Release connection
+        self._free.append(connection)
+
+        return ret
+
+    async def re_auth_callback(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        tmp_queue = collections.deque()
+        while self._free:
+            conn = self._free.popleft()
+            await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: conn.send_command(
+                    "AUTH", token.try_get("oid"), token.get_value()
+                ),
+                lambda error: self._mock(error),
+            )
+            await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: conn.read_response(), lambda error: self._mock(error)
+            )
+            tmp_queue.append(conn)
+
+        while tmp_queue:
+            conn = tmp_queue.popleft()
+            self._free.append(conn)
+
+    async def _mock(self, error: RedisError):
+        """
+        Dummy functions, needs to be passed as error callback to retry object.
+        :param error:
+        :return:
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class NodesManager:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_moved_exception",
+        "_event_dispatcher",
+        "connection_kwargs",
+        "default_node",
+        "nodes_cache",
+        "read_load_balancer",
+        "require_full_coverage",
+        "slots_cache",
+        "startup_nodes",
+        "address_remap",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        startup_nodes: List["ClusterNode"],
+        require_full_coverage: bool,
+        connection_kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
+        address_remap: Optional[Callable[[Tuple[str, int]], Tuple[str, int]]] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.startup_nodes = {node.name: node for node in startup_nodes}
+        self.require_full_coverage = require_full_coverage
+        self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
+        self.address_remap = address_remap
+
+        self.default_node: "ClusterNode" = None
+        self.nodes_cache: Dict[str, "ClusterNode"] = {}
+        self.slots_cache: Dict[int, List["ClusterNode"]] = {}
+        self.read_load_balancer = LoadBalancer()
+        self._moved_exception: MovedError = None
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+
+    def get_node(
+        self,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        node_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Optional["ClusterNode"]:
+        if host and port:
+            # the user passed host and port
+            if host == "localhost":
+                host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
+            return self.nodes_cache.get(get_node_name(host=host, port=port))
+        elif node_name:
+            return self.nodes_cache.get(node_name)
+        else:
+            raise DataError(
+                "get_node requires one of the following: 1. node name 2. host and port"
+            )
+
+    def set_nodes(
+        self,
+        old: Dict[str, "ClusterNode"],
+        new: Dict[str, "ClusterNode"],
+        remove_old: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if remove_old:
+            for name in list(old.keys()):
+                if name not in new:
+                    task = asyncio.create_task(old.pop(name).disconnect())  # noqa
+
+        for name, node in new.items():
+            if name in old:
+                if old[name] is node:
+                    continue
+                task = asyncio.create_task(old[name].disconnect())  # noqa
+            old[name] = node
+
+    def _update_moved_slots(self) -> None:
+        e = self._moved_exception
+        redirected_node = self.get_node(host=e.host, port=e.port)
+        if redirected_node:
+            # The node already exists
+            if redirected_node.server_type != PRIMARY:
+                # Update the node's server type
+                redirected_node.server_type = PRIMARY
+        else:
+            # This is a new node, we will add it to the nodes cache
+            redirected_node = ClusterNode(
+                e.host, e.port, PRIMARY, **self.connection_kwargs
+            )
+            self.set_nodes(self.nodes_cache, {redirected_node.name: redirected_node})
+        if redirected_node in self.slots_cache[e.slot_id]:
+            # The MOVED error resulted from a failover, and the new slot owner
+            # had previously been a replica.
+            old_primary = self.slots_cache[e.slot_id][0]
+            # Update the old primary to be a replica and add it to the end of
+            # the slot's node list
+            old_primary.server_type = REPLICA
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id].append(old_primary)
+            # Remove the old replica, which is now a primary, from the slot's
+            # node list
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id].remove(redirected_node)
+            # Override the old primary with the new one
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id][0] = redirected_node
+            if self.default_node == old_primary:
+                # Update the default node with the new primary
+                self.default_node = redirected_node
+        else:
+            # The new slot owner is a new server, or a server from a different
+            # shard. We need to remove all current nodes from the slot's list
+            # (including replications) and add just the new node.
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id] = [redirected_node]
+        # Reset moved_exception
+        self._moved_exception = None
+
+    def get_node_from_slot(
+        self,
+        slot: int,
+        read_from_replicas: bool = False,
+        load_balancing_strategy=None,
+    ) -> "ClusterNode":
+        if self._moved_exception:
+            self._update_moved_slots()
+
+        if read_from_replicas is True and load_balancing_strategy is None:
+            load_balancing_strategy = LoadBalancingStrategy.ROUND_ROBIN
+
+        try:
+            if len(self.slots_cache[slot]) > 1 and load_balancing_strategy:
+                # get the server index using the strategy defined in load_balancing_strategy
+                primary_name = self.slots_cache[slot][0].name
+                node_idx = self.read_load_balancer.get_server_index(
+                    primary_name, len(self.slots_cache[slot]), load_balancing_strategy
+                )
+                return self.slots_cache[slot][node_idx]
+            return self.slots_cache[slot][0]
+        except (IndexError, TypeError):
+            raise SlotNotCoveredError(
+                f'Slot "{slot}" not covered by the cluster. '
+                f'"require_full_coverage={self.require_full_coverage}"'
+            )
+
+    def get_nodes_by_server_type(self, server_type: str) -> List["ClusterNode"]:
+        return [
+            node
+            for node in self.nodes_cache.values()
+            if node.server_type == server_type
+        ]
+
+    async def initialize(self) -> None:
+        self.read_load_balancer.reset()
+        tmp_nodes_cache: Dict[str, "ClusterNode"] = {}
+        tmp_slots: Dict[int, List["ClusterNode"]] = {}
+        disagreements = []
+        startup_nodes_reachable = False
+        fully_covered = False
+        exception = None
+        for startup_node in self.startup_nodes.values():
+            try:
+                # Make sure cluster mode is enabled on this node
+                try:
+                    self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                        AfterAsyncClusterInstantiationEvent(
+                            self.nodes_cache,
+                            self.connection_kwargs.get("credential_provider", None),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    cluster_slots = await startup_node.execute_command("CLUSTER SLOTS")
+                except ResponseError:
+                    raise RedisClusterException(
+                        "Cluster mode is not enabled on this node"
+                    )
+                startup_nodes_reachable = True
+            except Exception as e:
+                # Try the next startup node.
+                # The exception is saved and raised only if we have no more nodes.
+                exception = e
+                continue
+
+            # CLUSTER SLOTS command results in the following output:
+            # [[slot_section[from_slot,to_slot,master,replica1,...,replicaN]]]
+            # where each node contains the following list: [IP, port, node_id]
+            # Therefore, cluster_slots[0][2][0] will be the IP address of the
+            # primary node of the first slot section.
+            # If there's only one server in the cluster, its ``host`` is ''
+            # Fix it to the host in startup_nodes
+            if (
+                len(cluster_slots) == 1
+                and not cluster_slots[0][2][0]
+                and len(self.startup_nodes) == 1
+            ):
+                cluster_slots[0][2][0] = startup_node.host
+
+            for slot in cluster_slots:
+                for i in range(2, len(slot)):
+                    slot[i] = [str_if_bytes(val) for val in slot[i]]
+                primary_node = slot[2]
+                host = primary_node[0]
+                if host == "":
+                    host = startup_node.host
+                port = int(primary_node[1])
+                host, port = self.remap_host_port(host, port)
+
+                nodes_for_slot = []
+
+                target_node = tmp_nodes_cache.get(get_node_name(host, port))
+                if not target_node:
+                    target_node = ClusterNode(
+                        host, port, PRIMARY, **self.connection_kwargs
+                    )
+                # add this node to the nodes cache
+                tmp_nodes_cache[target_node.name] = target_node
+                nodes_for_slot.append(target_node)
+
+                replica_nodes = slot[3:]
+                for replica_node in replica_nodes:
+                    host = replica_node[0]
+                    port = replica_node[1]
+                    host, port = self.remap_host_port(host, port)
+
+                    target_replica_node = tmp_nodes_cache.get(get_node_name(host, port))
+                    if not target_replica_node:
+                        target_replica_node = ClusterNode(
+                            host, port, REPLICA, **self.connection_kwargs
+                        )
+                    # add this node to the nodes cache
+                    tmp_nodes_cache[target_replica_node.name] = target_replica_node
+                    nodes_for_slot.append(target_replica_node)
+
+                for i in range(int(slot[0]), int(slot[1]) + 1):
+                    if i not in tmp_slots:
+                        tmp_slots[i] = nodes_for_slot
+                    else:
+                        # Validate that 2 nodes want to use the same slot cache
+                        # setup
+                        tmp_slot = tmp_slots[i][0]
+                        if tmp_slot.name != target_node.name:
+                            disagreements.append(
+                                f"{tmp_slot.name} vs {target_node.name} on slot: {i}"
+                            )
+
+                            if len(disagreements) > 5:
+                                raise RedisClusterException(
+                                    f"startup_nodes could not agree on a valid "
+                                    f"slots cache: {', '.join(disagreements)}"
+                                )
+
+            # Validate if all slots are covered or if we should try next startup node
+            fully_covered = True
+            for i in range(REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS):
+                if i not in tmp_slots:
+                    fully_covered = False
+                    break
+            if fully_covered:
+                break
+
+        if not startup_nodes_reachable:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"Redis Cluster cannot be connected. Please provide at least "
+                f"one reachable node: {str(exception)}"
+            ) from exception
+
+        # Check if the slots are not fully covered
+        if not fully_covered and self.require_full_coverage:
+            # Despite the requirement that the slots be covered, there
+            # isn't a full coverage
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"All slots are not covered after query all startup_nodes. "
+                f"{len(tmp_slots)} of {REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS} "
+                f"covered..."
+            )
+
+        # Set the tmp variables to the real variables
+        self.slots_cache = tmp_slots
+        self.set_nodes(self.nodes_cache, tmp_nodes_cache, remove_old=True)
+        # Populate the startup nodes with all discovered nodes
+        self.set_nodes(self.startup_nodes, self.nodes_cache, remove_old=True)
+
+        # Set the default node
+        self.default_node = self.get_nodes_by_server_type(PRIMARY)[0]
+        # If initialize was called after a MovedError, clear it
+        self._moved_exception = None
+
+    async def aclose(self, attr: str = "nodes_cache") -> None:
+        self.default_node = None
+        await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                asyncio.create_task(node.disconnect())
+                for node in getattr(self, attr).values()
+            )
+        )
+
+    def remap_host_port(self, host: str, port: int) -> Tuple[str, int]:
+        """
+        Remap the host and port returned from the cluster to a different
+        internal value.  Useful if the client is not connecting directly
+        to the cluster.
+        """
+        if self.address_remap:
+            return self.address_remap((host, port))
+        return host, port
+
+
+class ClusterPipeline(AbstractRedis, AbstractRedisCluster, AsyncRedisClusterCommands):
+    """
+    Create a new ClusterPipeline object.
+
+    Usage::
+
+        result = await (
+            rc.pipeline()
+            .set("A", 1)
+            .get("A")
+            .hset("K", "F", "V")
+            .hgetall("K")
+            .mset_nonatomic({"A": 2, "B": 3})
+            .get("A")
+            .get("B")
+            .delete("A", "B", "K")
+            .execute()
+        )
+        # result = [True, "1", 1, {"F": "V"}, True, True, "2", "3", 1, 1, 1]
+
+    Note: For commands `DELETE`, `EXISTS`, `TOUCH`, `UNLINK`, `mset_nonatomic`, which
+    are split across multiple nodes, you'll get multiple results for them in the array.
+
+    Retryable errors:
+        - :class:`~.ClusterDownError`
+        - :class:`~.ConnectionError`
+        - :class:`~.TimeoutError`
+
+    Redirection errors:
+        - :class:`~.TryAgainError`
+        - :class:`~.MovedError`
+        - :class:`~.AskError`
+
+    :param client:
+        | Existing :class:`~.RedisCluster` client
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_command_stack", "_client")
+
+    def __init__(self, client: RedisCluster) -> None:
+        self._client = client
+
+        self._command_stack: List["PipelineCommand"] = []
+
+    async def initialize(self) -> "ClusterPipeline":
+        if self._client._initialize:
+            await self._client.initialize()
+        self._command_stack = []
+        return self
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "ClusterPipeline":
+        return await self.initialize()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type: None, exc_value: None, traceback: None) -> None:
+        self._command_stack = []
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, None, "ClusterPipeline"]:
+        return self.initialize().__await__()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "ClusterPipeline":
+        self._command_stack = []
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type: None, exc_value: None, traceback: None) -> None:
+        self._command_stack = []
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        "Pipeline instances should  always evaluate to True on Python 3+"
+        return True
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._command_stack)
+
+    def execute_command(
+        self, *args: Union[KeyT, EncodableT], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> "ClusterPipeline":
+        """
+        Append a raw command to the pipeline.
+
+        :param args:
+            | Raw command args
+        :param kwargs:
+
+            - target_nodes: :attr:`NODE_FLAGS` or :class:`~.ClusterNode`
+              or List[:class:`~.ClusterNode`] or Dict[Any, :class:`~.ClusterNode`]
+            - Rest of the kwargs are passed to the Redis connection
+        """
+        self._command_stack.append(
+            PipelineCommand(len(self._command_stack), *args, **kwargs)
+        )
+        return self
+
+    async def execute(
+        self, raise_on_error: bool = True, allow_redirections: bool = True
+    ) -> List[Any]:
+        """
+        Execute the pipeline.
+
+        It will retry the commands as specified by retries specified in :attr:`retry`
+        & then raise an exception.
+
+        :param raise_on_error:
+            | Raise the first error if there are any errors
+        :param allow_redirections:
+            | Whether to retry each failed command individually in case of redirection
+              errors
+
+        :raises RedisClusterException: if target_nodes is not provided & the command
+            can't be mapped to a slot
+        """
+        if not self._command_stack:
+            return []
+
+        try:
+            retry_attempts = self._client.retry.get_retries()
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    if self._client._initialize:
+                        await self._client.initialize()
+                    return await self._execute(
+                        self._client,
+                        self._command_stack,
+                        raise_on_error=raise_on_error,
+                        allow_redirections=allow_redirections,
+                    )
+
+                except self.__class__.ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY as e:
+                    if retry_attempts > 0:
+                        # Try again with the new cluster setup. All other errors
+                        # should be raised.
+                        retry_attempts -= 1
+                        await self._client.aclose()
+                        await asyncio.sleep(0.25)
+                    else:
+                        # All other errors should be raised.
+                        raise e
+        finally:
+            self._command_stack = []
+
+    async def _execute(
+        self,
+        client: "RedisCluster",
+        stack: List["PipelineCommand"],
+        raise_on_error: bool = True,
+        allow_redirections: bool = True,
+    ) -> List[Any]:
+        todo = [
+            cmd for cmd in stack if not cmd.result or isinstance(cmd.result, Exception)
+        ]
+
+        nodes = {}
+        for cmd in todo:
+            passed_targets = cmd.kwargs.pop("target_nodes", None)
+            if passed_targets and not client._is_node_flag(passed_targets):
+                target_nodes = client._parse_target_nodes(passed_targets)
+            else:
+                target_nodes = await client._determine_nodes(
+                    *cmd.args, node_flag=passed_targets
+                )
+                if not target_nodes:
+                    raise RedisClusterException(
+                        f"No targets were found to execute {cmd.args} command on"
+                    )
+            if len(target_nodes) > 1:
+                raise RedisClusterException(f"Too many targets for command {cmd.args}")
+            node = target_nodes[0]
+            if node.name not in nodes:
+                nodes[node.name] = (node, [])
+            nodes[node.name][1].append(cmd)
+
+        errors = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                asyncio.create_task(node[0].execute_pipeline(node[1]))
+                for node in nodes.values()
+            )
+        )
+
+        if any(errors):
+            if allow_redirections:
+                # send each errored command individually
+                for cmd in todo:
+                    if isinstance(cmd.result, (TryAgainError, MovedError, AskError)):
+                        try:
+                            cmd.result = await client.execute_command(
+                                *cmd.args, **cmd.kwargs
+                            )
+                        except Exception as e:
+                            cmd.result = e
+
+            if raise_on_error:
+                for cmd in todo:
+                    result = cmd.result
+                    if isinstance(result, Exception):
+                        command = " ".join(map(safe_str, cmd.args))
+                        msg = (
+                            f"Command # {cmd.position + 1} "
+                            f"({truncate_text(command)}) "
+                            f"of pipeline caused error: {result.args}"
+                        )
+                        result.args = (msg,) + result.args[1:]
+                        raise result
+
+            default_cluster_node = client.get_default_node()
+
+            # Check whether the default node was used. In some cases,
+            # 'client.get_default_node()' may return None. The check below
+            # prevents a potential AttributeError.
+            if default_cluster_node is not None:
+                default_node = nodes.get(default_cluster_node.name)
+                if default_node is not None:
+                    # This pipeline execution used the default node, check if we need
+                    # to replace it.
+                    # Note: when the error is raised we'll reset the default node in the
+                    # caller function.
+                    for cmd in default_node[1]:
+                        # Check if it has a command that failed with a relevant
+                        # exception
+                        if type(cmd.result) in self.__class__.ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY:
+                            client.replace_default_node()
+                            break
+
+        return [cmd.result for cmd in stack]
+
+    def _split_command_across_slots(
+        self, command: str, *keys: KeyT
+    ) -> "ClusterPipeline":
+        for slot_keys in self._client._partition_keys_by_slot(keys).values():
+            self.execute_command(command, *slot_keys)
+
+        return self
+
+    def mset_nonatomic(
+        self, mapping: Mapping[AnyKeyT, EncodableT]
+    ) -> "ClusterPipeline":
+        encoder = self._client.encoder
+
+        slots_pairs = {}
+        for pair in mapping.items():
+            slot = key_slot(encoder.encode(pair[0]))
+            slots_pairs.setdefault(slot, []).extend(pair)
+
+        for pairs in slots_pairs.values():
+            self.execute_command("MSET", *pairs)
+
+        return self
+
+
+for command in PIPELINE_BLOCKED_COMMANDS:
+    command = command.replace(" ", "_").lower()
+    if command == "mset_nonatomic":
+        continue
+
+    setattr(ClusterPipeline, command, block_pipeline_command(command))
+
+
+class PipelineCommand:
+    def __init__(self, position: int, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.position = position
+        self.result: Union[Any, Exception] = None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"[{self.position}] {self.args} ({self.kwargs})"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77131ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1333 @@
+import asyncio
+import copy
+import enum
+import inspect
+import socket
+import sys
+import warnings
+import weakref
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from itertools import chain
+from types import MappingProxyType
+from typing import (
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Protocol,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Type,
+    TypedDict,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+from urllib.parse import ParseResult, parse_qs, unquote, urlparse
+
+from ..utils import SSL_AVAILABLE
+
+if SSL_AVAILABLE:
+    import ssl
+    from ssl import SSLContext, TLSVersion
+else:
+    ssl = None
+    TLSVersion = None
+    SSLContext = None
+
+from ..auth.token import TokenInterface
+from ..event import AsyncAfterConnectionReleasedEvent, EventDispatcher
+from ..utils import deprecated_args, format_error_message
+
+# the functionality is available in 3.11.x but has a major issue before
+# 3.11.3. See https://github.com/redis/redis-py/issues/2633
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11, 3):
+    from asyncio import timeout as async_timeout
+else:
+    from async_timeout import timeout as async_timeout
+
+from redis.asyncio.retry import Retry
+from redis.backoff import NoBackoff
+from redis.connection import DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION
+from redis.credentials import CredentialProvider, UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider
+from redis.exceptions import (
+    AuthenticationError,
+    AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    DataError,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    TimeoutError,
+)
+from redis.typing import EncodableT
+from redis.utils import HIREDIS_AVAILABLE, get_lib_version, str_if_bytes
+
+from .._parsers import (
+    BaseParser,
+    Encoder,
+    _AsyncHiredisParser,
+    _AsyncRESP2Parser,
+    _AsyncRESP3Parser,
+)
+
+SYM_STAR = b"*"
+SYM_DOLLAR = b"$"
+SYM_CRLF = b"\r\n"
+SYM_LF = b"\n"
+SYM_EMPTY = b""
+
+
+class _Sentinel(enum.Enum):
+    sentinel = object()
+
+
+SENTINEL = _Sentinel.sentinel
+
+
+DefaultParser: Type[Union[_AsyncRESP2Parser, _AsyncRESP3Parser, _AsyncHiredisParser]]
+if HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+    DefaultParser = _AsyncHiredisParser
+else:
+    DefaultParser = _AsyncRESP2Parser
+
+
+class ConnectCallbackProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, connection: "AbstractConnection"): ...
+
+
+class AsyncConnectCallbackProtocol(Protocol):
+    async def __call__(self, connection: "AbstractConnection"): ...
+
+
+ConnectCallbackT = Union[ConnectCallbackProtocol, AsyncConnectCallbackProtocol]
+
+
+class AbstractConnection:
+    """Manages communication to and from a Redis server"""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "db",
+        "username",
+        "client_name",
+        "lib_name",
+        "lib_version",
+        "credential_provider",
+        "password",
+        "socket_timeout",
+        "socket_connect_timeout",
+        "redis_connect_func",
+        "retry_on_timeout",
+        "retry_on_error",
+        "health_check_interval",
+        "next_health_check",
+        "last_active_at",
+        "encoder",
+        "ssl_context",
+        "protocol",
+        "_reader",
+        "_writer",
+        "_parser",
+        "_connect_callbacks",
+        "_buffer_cutoff",
+        "_lock",
+        "_socket_read_size",
+        "__dict__",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        db: Union[str, int] = 0,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        socket_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        socket_connect_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        retry_on_timeout: bool = False,
+        retry_on_error: Union[list, _Sentinel] = SENTINEL,
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        encoding_errors: str = "strict",
+        decode_responses: bool = False,
+        parser_class: Type[BaseParser] = DefaultParser,
+        socket_read_size: int = 65536,
+        health_check_interval: float = 0,
+        client_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        lib_name: Optional[str] = "redis-py",
+        lib_version: Optional[str] = get_lib_version(),
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        retry: Optional[Retry] = None,
+        redis_connect_func: Optional[ConnectCallbackT] = None,
+        encoder_class: Type[Encoder] = Encoder,
+        credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
+        protocol: Optional[int] = 2,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+    ):
+        if (username or password) and credential_provider is not None:
+            raise DataError(
+                "'username' and 'password' cannot be passed along with 'credential_"
+                "provider'. Please provide only one of the following arguments: \n"
+                "1. 'password' and (optional) 'username'\n"
+                "2. 'credential_provider'"
+            )
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        self.db = db
+        self.client_name = client_name
+        self.lib_name = lib_name
+        self.lib_version = lib_version
+        self.credential_provider = credential_provider
+        self.password = password
+        self.username = username
+        self.socket_timeout = socket_timeout
+        if socket_connect_timeout is None:
+            socket_connect_timeout = socket_timeout
+        self.socket_connect_timeout = socket_connect_timeout
+        self.retry_on_timeout = retry_on_timeout
+        if retry_on_error is SENTINEL:
+            retry_on_error = []
+        if retry_on_timeout:
+            retry_on_error.append(TimeoutError)
+            retry_on_error.append(socket.timeout)
+            retry_on_error.append(asyncio.TimeoutError)
+        self.retry_on_error = retry_on_error
+        if retry or retry_on_error:
+            if not retry:
+                self.retry = Retry(NoBackoff(), 1)
+            else:
+                # deep-copy the Retry object as it is mutable
+                self.retry = copy.deepcopy(retry)
+            # Update the retry's supported errors with the specified errors
+            self.retry.update_supported_errors(retry_on_error)
+        else:
+            self.retry = Retry(NoBackoff(), 0)
+        self.health_check_interval = health_check_interval
+        self.next_health_check: float = -1
+        self.encoder = encoder_class(encoding, encoding_errors, decode_responses)
+        self.redis_connect_func = redis_connect_func
+        self._reader: Optional[asyncio.StreamReader] = None
+        self._writer: Optional[asyncio.StreamWriter] = None
+        self._socket_read_size = socket_read_size
+        self.set_parser(parser_class)
+        self._connect_callbacks: List[weakref.WeakMethod[ConnectCallbackT]] = []
+        self._buffer_cutoff = 6000
+        self._re_auth_token: Optional[TokenInterface] = None
+
+        try:
+            p = int(protocol)
+        except TypeError:
+            p = DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ConnectionError("protocol must be an integer")
+        finally:
+            if p < 2 or p > 3:
+                raise ConnectionError("protocol must be either 2 or 3")
+            self.protocol = protocol
+
+    def __del__(self, _warnings: Any = warnings):
+        # For some reason, the individual streams don't get properly garbage
+        # collected and therefore produce no resource warnings.  We add one
+        # here, in the same style as those from the stdlib.
+        if getattr(self, "_writer", None):
+            _warnings.warn(
+                f"unclosed Connection {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self
+            )
+
+            try:
+                asyncio.get_running_loop()
+                self._close()
+            except RuntimeError:
+                # No actions been taken if pool already closed.
+                pass
+
+    def _close(self):
+        """
+        Internal method to silently close the connection without waiting
+        """
+        if self._writer:
+            self._writer.close()
+            self._writer = self._reader = None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        repr_args = ",".join((f"{k}={v}" for k, v in self.repr_pieces()))
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}({repr_args})>"
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def repr_pieces(self):
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self):
+        return self._reader is not None and self._writer is not None
+
+    def register_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        Register a callback to be called when the connection is established either
+        initially or reconnected.  This allows listeners to issue commands that
+        are ephemeral to the connection, for example pub/sub subscription or
+        key tracking.  The callback must be a _method_ and will be kept as
+        a weak reference.
+        """
+        wm = weakref.WeakMethod(callback)
+        if wm not in self._connect_callbacks:
+            self._connect_callbacks.append(wm)
+
+    def deregister_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        De-register a previously registered callback.  It will no-longer receive
+        notifications on connection events.  Calling this is not required when the
+        listener goes away, since the callbacks are kept as weak methods.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._connect_callbacks.remove(weakref.WeakMethod(callback))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def set_parser(self, parser_class: Type[BaseParser]) -> None:
+        """
+        Creates a new instance of parser_class with socket size:
+        _socket_read_size and assigns it to the parser for the connection
+        :param parser_class: The required parser class
+        """
+        self._parser = parser_class(socket_read_size=self._socket_read_size)
+
+    async def connect(self):
+        """Connects to the Redis server if not already connected"""
+        await self.connect_check_health(check_health=True)
+
+    async def connect_check_health(self, check_health: bool = True):
+        if self.is_connected:
+            return
+        try:
+            await self.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: self._connect(), lambda error: self.disconnect()
+            )
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            raise  # in 3.7 and earlier, this is an Exception, not BaseException
+        except (socket.timeout, asyncio.TimeoutError):
+            raise TimeoutError("Timeout connecting to server")
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(self._error_message(e))
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise ConnectionError(exc) from exc
+
+        try:
+            if not self.redis_connect_func:
+                # Use the default on_connect function
+                await self.on_connect_check_health(check_health=check_health)
+            else:
+                # Use the passed function redis_connect_func
+                (
+                    await self.redis_connect_func(self)
+                    if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(self.redis_connect_func)
+                    else self.redis_connect_func(self)
+                )
+        except RedisError:
+            # clean up after any error in on_connect
+            await self.disconnect()
+            raise
+
+        # run any user callbacks. right now the only internal callback
+        # is for pubsub channel/pattern resubscription
+        # first, remove any dead weakrefs
+        self._connect_callbacks = [ref for ref in self._connect_callbacks if ref()]
+        for ref in self._connect_callbacks:
+            callback = ref()
+            task = callback(self)
+            if task and inspect.isawaitable(task):
+                await task
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def _connect(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _host_error(self) -> str:
+        pass
+
+    def _error_message(self, exception: BaseException) -> str:
+        return format_error_message(self._host_error(), exception)
+
+    def get_protocol(self):
+        return self.protocol
+
+    async def on_connect(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the connection, authenticate and select a database"""
+        await self.on_connect_check_health(check_health=True)
+
+    async def on_connect_check_health(self, check_health: bool = True) -> None:
+        self._parser.on_connect(self)
+        parser = self._parser
+
+        auth_args = None
+        # if credential provider or username and/or password are set, authenticate
+        if self.credential_provider or (self.username or self.password):
+            cred_provider = (
+                self.credential_provider
+                or UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider(self.username, self.password)
+            )
+            auth_args = await cred_provider.get_credentials_async()
+
+            # if resp version is specified and we have auth args,
+            # we need to send them via HELLO
+        if auth_args and self.protocol not in [2, "2"]:
+            if isinstance(self._parser, _AsyncRESP2Parser):
+                self.set_parser(_AsyncRESP3Parser)
+                # update cluster exception classes
+                self._parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES = parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES
+                self._parser.on_connect(self)
+            if len(auth_args) == 1:
+                auth_args = ["default", auth_args[0]]
+            # avoid checking health here -- PING will fail if we try
+            # to check the health prior to the AUTH
+            await self.send_command(
+                "HELLO", self.protocol, "AUTH", *auth_args, check_health=False
+            )
+            response = await self.read_response()
+            if response.get(b"proto") != int(self.protocol) and response.get(
+                "proto"
+            ) != int(self.protocol):
+                raise ConnectionError("Invalid RESP version")
+        # avoid checking health here -- PING will fail if we try
+        # to check the health prior to the AUTH
+        elif auth_args:
+            await self.send_command("AUTH", *auth_args, check_health=False)
+
+            try:
+                auth_response = await self.read_response()
+            except AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError:
+                # a username and password were specified but the Redis
+                # server seems to be < 6.0.0 which expects a single password
+                # arg. retry auth with just the password.
+                # https://github.com/andymccurdy/redis-py/issues/1274
+                await self.send_command("AUTH", auth_args[-1], check_health=False)
+                auth_response = await self.read_response()
+
+            if str_if_bytes(auth_response) != "OK":
+                raise AuthenticationError("Invalid Username or Password")
+
+        # if resp version is specified, switch to it
+        elif self.protocol not in [2, "2"]:
+            if isinstance(self._parser, _AsyncRESP2Parser):
+                self.set_parser(_AsyncRESP3Parser)
+                # update cluster exception classes
+                self._parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES = parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES
+                self._parser.on_connect(self)
+            await self.send_command("HELLO", self.protocol, check_health=check_health)
+            response = await self.read_response()
+            # if response.get(b"proto") != self.protocol and response.get(
+            #     "proto"
+            # ) != self.protocol:
+            #     raise ConnectionError("Invalid RESP version")
+
+        # if a client_name is given, set it
+        if self.client_name:
+            await self.send_command(
+                "CLIENT",
+                "SETNAME",
+                self.client_name,
+                check_health=check_health,
+            )
+            if str_if_bytes(await self.read_response()) != "OK":
+                raise ConnectionError("Error setting client name")
+
+        # set the library name and version, pipeline for lower startup latency
+        if self.lib_name:
+            await self.send_command(
+                "CLIENT",
+                "SETINFO",
+                "LIB-NAME",
+                self.lib_name,
+                check_health=check_health,
+            )
+        if self.lib_version:
+            await self.send_command(
+                "CLIENT",
+                "SETINFO",
+                "LIB-VER",
+                self.lib_version,
+                check_health=check_health,
+            )
+        # if a database is specified, switch to it. Also pipeline this
+        if self.db:
+            await self.send_command("SELECT", self.db, check_health=check_health)
+
+        # read responses from pipeline
+        for _ in (sent for sent in (self.lib_name, self.lib_version) if sent):
+            try:
+                await self.read_response()
+            except ResponseError:
+                pass
+
+        if self.db:
+            if str_if_bytes(await self.read_response()) != "OK":
+                raise ConnectionError("Invalid Database")
+
+    async def disconnect(self, nowait: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Disconnects from the Redis server"""
+        try:
+            async with async_timeout(self.socket_connect_timeout):
+                self._parser.on_disconnect()
+                if not self.is_connected:
+                    return
+                try:
+                    self._writer.close()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                    # wait for close to finish, except when handling errors and
+                    # forcefully disconnecting.
+                    if not nowait:
+                        await self._writer.wait_closed()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+                finally:
+                    self._reader = None
+                    self._writer = None
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            raise TimeoutError(
+                f"Timed out closing connection after {self.socket_connect_timeout}"
+            ) from None
+
+    async def _send_ping(self):
+        """Send PING, expect PONG in return"""
+        await self.send_command("PING", check_health=False)
+        if str_if_bytes(await self.read_response()) != "PONG":
+            raise ConnectionError("Bad response from PING health check")
+
+    async def _ping_failed(self, error):
+        """Function to call when PING fails"""
+        await self.disconnect()
+
+    async def check_health(self):
+        """Check the health of the connection with a PING/PONG"""
+        if (
+            self.health_check_interval
+            and asyncio.get_running_loop().time() > self.next_health_check
+        ):
+            await self.retry.call_with_retry(self._send_ping, self._ping_failed)
+
+    async def _send_packed_command(self, command: Iterable[bytes]) -> None:
+        self._writer.writelines(command)
+        await self._writer.drain()
+
+    async def send_packed_command(
+        self, command: Union[bytes, str, Iterable[bytes]], check_health: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self.is_connected:
+            await self.connect_check_health(check_health=False)
+        if check_health:
+            await self.check_health()
+
+        try:
+            if isinstance(command, str):
+                command = command.encode()
+            if isinstance(command, bytes):
+                command = [command]
+            if self.socket_timeout:
+                await asyncio.wait_for(
+                    self._send_packed_command(command), self.socket_timeout
+                )
+            else:
+                self._writer.writelines(command)
+                await self._writer.drain()
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            await self.disconnect(nowait=True)
+            raise TimeoutError("Timeout writing to socket") from None
+        except OSError as e:
+            await self.disconnect(nowait=True)
+            if len(e.args) == 1:
+                err_no, errmsg = "UNKNOWN", e.args[0]
+            else:
+                err_no = e.args[0]
+                errmsg = e.args[1]
+            raise ConnectionError(
+                f"Error {err_no} while writing to socket. {errmsg}."
+            ) from e
+        except BaseException:
+            # BaseExceptions can be raised when a socket send operation is not
+            # finished, e.g. due to a timeout.  Ideally, a caller could then re-try
+            # to send un-sent data. However, the send_packed_command() API
+            # does not support it so there is no point in keeping the connection open.
+            await self.disconnect(nowait=True)
+            raise
+
+    async def send_command(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Pack and send a command to the Redis server"""
+        await self.send_packed_command(
+            self.pack_command(*args), check_health=kwargs.get("check_health", True)
+        )
+
+    async def can_read_destructive(self):
+        """Poll the socket to see if there's data that can be read."""
+        try:
+            return await self._parser.can_read_destructive()
+        except OSError as e:
+            await self.disconnect(nowait=True)
+            host_error = self._host_error()
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Error while reading from {host_error}: {e.args}")
+
+    async def read_response(
+        self,
+        disable_decoding: bool = False,
+        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        *,
+        disconnect_on_error: bool = True,
+        push_request: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        """Read the response from a previously sent command"""
+        read_timeout = timeout if timeout is not None else self.socket_timeout
+        host_error = self._host_error()
+        try:
+            if (
+                read_timeout is not None
+                and self.protocol in ["3", 3]
+                and not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE
+            ):
+                async with async_timeout(read_timeout):
+                    response = await self._parser.read_response(
+                        disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                    )
+            elif read_timeout is not None:
+                async with async_timeout(read_timeout):
+                    response = await self._parser.read_response(
+                        disable_decoding=disable_decoding
+                    )
+            elif self.protocol in ["3", 3] and not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+                response = await self._parser.read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                )
+            else:
+                response = await self._parser.read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding
+                )
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            if timeout is not None:
+                # user requested timeout, return None. Operation can be retried
+                return None
+            # it was a self.socket_timeout error.
+            if disconnect_on_error:
+                await self.disconnect(nowait=True)
+            raise TimeoutError(f"Timeout reading from {host_error}")
+        except OSError as e:
+            if disconnect_on_error:
+                await self.disconnect(nowait=True)
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Error while reading from {host_error} : {e.args}")
+        except BaseException:
+            # Also by default close in case of BaseException.  A lot of code
+            # relies on this behaviour when doing Command/Response pairs.
+            # See #1128.
+            if disconnect_on_error:
+                await self.disconnect(nowait=True)
+            raise
+
+        if self.health_check_interval:
+            next_time = asyncio.get_running_loop().time() + self.health_check_interval
+            self.next_health_check = next_time
+
+        if isinstance(response, ResponseError):
+            raise response from None
+        return response
+
+    def pack_command(self, *args: EncodableT) -> List[bytes]:
+        """Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"""
+        output = []
+        # the client might have included 1 or more literal arguments in
+        # the command name, e.g., 'CONFIG GET'. The Redis server expects these
+        # arguments to be sent separately, so split the first argument
+        # manually. These arguments should be bytestrings so that they are
+        # not encoded.
+        assert not isinstance(args[0], float)
+        if isinstance(args[0], str):
+            args = tuple(args[0].encode().split()) + args[1:]
+        elif b" " in args[0]:
+            args = tuple(args[0].split()) + args[1:]
+
+        buff = SYM_EMPTY.join((SYM_STAR, str(len(args)).encode(), SYM_CRLF))
+
+        buffer_cutoff = self._buffer_cutoff
+        for arg in map(self.encoder.encode, args):
+            # to avoid large string mallocs, chunk the command into the
+            # output list if we're sending large values or memoryviews
+            arg_length = len(arg)
+            if (
+                len(buff) > buffer_cutoff
+                or arg_length > buffer_cutoff
+                or isinstance(arg, memoryview)
+            ):
+                buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
+                    (buff, SYM_DOLLAR, str(arg_length).encode(), SYM_CRLF)
+                )
+                output.append(buff)
+                output.append(arg)
+                buff = SYM_CRLF
+            else:
+                buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
+                    (
+                        buff,
+                        SYM_DOLLAR,
+                        str(arg_length).encode(),
+                        SYM_CRLF,
+                        arg,
+                        SYM_CRLF,
+                    )
+                )
+        output.append(buff)
+        return output
+
+    def pack_commands(self, commands: Iterable[Iterable[EncodableT]]) -> List[bytes]:
+        """Pack multiple commands into the Redis protocol"""
+        output: List[bytes] = []
+        pieces: List[bytes] = []
+        buffer_length = 0
+        buffer_cutoff = self._buffer_cutoff
+
+        for cmd in commands:
+            for chunk in self.pack_command(*cmd):
+                chunklen = len(chunk)
+                if (
+                    buffer_length > buffer_cutoff
+                    or chunklen > buffer_cutoff
+                    or isinstance(chunk, memoryview)
+                ):
+                    if pieces:
+                        output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
+                    buffer_length = 0
+                    pieces = []
+
+                if chunklen > buffer_cutoff or isinstance(chunk, memoryview):
+                    output.append(chunk)
+                else:
+                    pieces.append(chunk)
+                    buffer_length += chunklen
+
+        if pieces:
+            output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
+        return output
+
+    def _socket_is_empty(self):
+        """Check if the socket is empty"""
+        return len(self._reader._buffer) == 0
+
+    async def process_invalidation_messages(self):
+        while not self._socket_is_empty():
+            await self.read_response(push_request=True)
+
+    def set_re_auth_token(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        self._re_auth_token = token
+
+    async def re_auth(self):
+        if self._re_auth_token is not None:
+            await self.send_command(
+                "AUTH",
+                self._re_auth_token.try_get("oid"),
+                self._re_auth_token.get_value(),
+            )
+            await self.read_response()
+            self._re_auth_token = None
+
+
+class Connection(AbstractConnection):
+    "Manages TCP communication to and from a Redis server"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        host: str = "localhost",
+        port: Union[str, int] = 6379,
+        socket_keepalive: bool = False,
+        socket_keepalive_options: Optional[Mapping[int, Union[int, bytes]]] = None,
+        socket_type: int = 0,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = int(port)
+        self.socket_keepalive = socket_keepalive
+        self.socket_keepalive_options = socket_keepalive_options or {}
+        self.socket_type = socket_type
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def repr_pieces(self):
+        pieces = [("host", self.host), ("port", self.port), ("db", self.db)]
+        if self.client_name:
+            pieces.append(("client_name", self.client_name))
+        return pieces
+
+    def _connection_arguments(self) -> Mapping:
+        return {"host": self.host, "port": self.port}
+
+    async def _connect(self):
+        """Create a TCP socket connection"""
+        async with async_timeout(self.socket_connect_timeout):
+            reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(
+                **self._connection_arguments()
+            )
+        self._reader = reader
+        self._writer = writer
+        sock = writer.transport.get_extra_info("socket")
+        if sock:
+            sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+            try:
+                # TCP_KEEPALIVE
+                if self.socket_keepalive:
+                    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
+                    for k, v in self.socket_keepalive_options.items():
+                        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_TCP, k, v)
+
+            except (OSError, TypeError):
+                # `socket_keepalive_options` might contain invalid options
+                # causing an error. Do not leave the connection open.
+                writer.close()
+                raise
+
+    def _host_error(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.host}:{self.port}"
+
+
+class SSLConnection(Connection):
+    """Manages SSL connections to and from the Redis server(s).
+    This class extends the Connection class, adding SSL functionality, and making
+    use of ssl.SSLContext (https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ssl_keyfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_certfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_cert_reqs: Union[str, ssl.VerifyMode] = "required",
+        ssl_ca_certs: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_ca_data: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_check_hostname: bool = True,
+        ssl_min_version: Optional[TLSVersion] = None,
+        ssl_ciphers: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        if not SSL_AVAILABLE:
+            raise RedisError("Python wasn't built with SSL support")
+
+        self.ssl_context: RedisSSLContext = RedisSSLContext(
+            keyfile=ssl_keyfile,
+            certfile=ssl_certfile,
+            cert_reqs=ssl_cert_reqs,
+            ca_certs=ssl_ca_certs,
+            ca_data=ssl_ca_data,
+            check_hostname=ssl_check_hostname,
+            min_version=ssl_min_version,
+            ciphers=ssl_ciphers,
+        )
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def _connection_arguments(self) -> Mapping:
+        kwargs = super()._connection_arguments()
+        kwargs["ssl"] = self.ssl_context.get()
+        return kwargs
+
+    @property
+    def keyfile(self):
+        return self.ssl_context.keyfile
+
+    @property
+    def certfile(self):
+        return self.ssl_context.certfile
+
+    @property
+    def cert_reqs(self):
+        return self.ssl_context.cert_reqs
+
+    @property
+    def ca_certs(self):
+        return self.ssl_context.ca_certs
+
+    @property
+    def ca_data(self):
+        return self.ssl_context.ca_data
+
+    @property
+    def check_hostname(self):
+        return self.ssl_context.check_hostname
+
+    @property
+    def min_version(self):
+        return self.ssl_context.min_version
+
+
+class RedisSSLContext:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "keyfile",
+        "certfile",
+        "cert_reqs",
+        "ca_certs",
+        "ca_data",
+        "context",
+        "check_hostname",
+        "min_version",
+        "ciphers",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keyfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        certfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        cert_reqs: Optional[Union[str, ssl.VerifyMode]] = None,
+        ca_certs: Optional[str] = None,
+        ca_data: Optional[str] = None,
+        check_hostname: bool = False,
+        min_version: Optional[TLSVersion] = None,
+        ciphers: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        if not SSL_AVAILABLE:
+            raise RedisError("Python wasn't built with SSL support")
+
+        self.keyfile = keyfile
+        self.certfile = certfile
+        if cert_reqs is None:
+            cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_NONE
+        elif isinstance(cert_reqs, str):
+            CERT_REQS = {  # noqa: N806
+                "none": ssl.CERT_NONE,
+                "optional": ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL,
+                "required": ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
+            }
+            if cert_reqs not in CERT_REQS:
+                raise RedisError(
+                    f"Invalid SSL Certificate Requirements Flag: {cert_reqs}"
+                )
+            cert_reqs = CERT_REQS[cert_reqs]
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.ca_data = ca_data
+        self.check_hostname = check_hostname
+        self.min_version = min_version
+        self.ciphers = ciphers
+        self.context: Optional[SSLContext] = None
+
+    def get(self) -> SSLContext:
+        if not self.context:
+            context = ssl.create_default_context()
+            context.check_hostname = self.check_hostname
+            context.verify_mode = self.cert_reqs
+            if self.certfile and self.keyfile:
+                context.load_cert_chain(certfile=self.certfile, keyfile=self.keyfile)
+            if self.ca_certs or self.ca_data:
+                context.load_verify_locations(cafile=self.ca_certs, cadata=self.ca_data)
+            if self.min_version is not None:
+                context.minimum_version = self.min_version
+            if self.ciphers is not None:
+                context.set_ciphers(self.ciphers)
+            self.context = context
+        return self.context
+
+
+class UnixDomainSocketConnection(AbstractConnection):
+    "Manages UDS communication to and from a Redis server"
+
+    def __init__(self, *, path: str = "", **kwargs):
+        self.path = path
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def repr_pieces(self) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Union[str, int]]]:
+        pieces = [("path", self.path), ("db", self.db)]
+        if self.client_name:
+            pieces.append(("client_name", self.client_name))
+        return pieces
+
+    async def _connect(self):
+        async with async_timeout(self.socket_connect_timeout):
+            reader, writer = await asyncio.open_unix_connection(path=self.path)
+        self._reader = reader
+        self._writer = writer
+        await self.on_connect()
+
+    def _host_error(self) -> str:
+        return self.path
+
+
+FALSE_STRINGS = ("0", "F", "FALSE", "N", "NO")
+
+
+def to_bool(value) -> Optional[bool]:
+    if value is None or value == "":
+        return None
+    if isinstance(value, str) and value.upper() in FALSE_STRINGS:
+        return False
+    return bool(value)
+
+
+URL_QUERY_ARGUMENT_PARSERS: Mapping[str, Callable[..., object]] = MappingProxyType(
+    {
+        "db": int,
+        "socket_timeout": float,
+        "socket_connect_timeout": float,
+        "socket_keepalive": to_bool,
+        "retry_on_timeout": to_bool,
+        "max_connections": int,
+        "health_check_interval": int,
+        "ssl_check_hostname": to_bool,
+        "timeout": float,
+    }
+)
+
+
+class ConnectKwargs(TypedDict, total=False):
+    username: str
+    password: str
+    connection_class: Type[AbstractConnection]
+    host: str
+    port: int
+    db: int
+    path: str
+
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> ConnectKwargs:
+    parsed: ParseResult = urlparse(url)
+    kwargs: ConnectKwargs = {}
+
+    for name, value_list in parse_qs(parsed.query).items():
+        if value_list and len(value_list) > 0:
+            value = unquote(value_list[0])
+            parser = URL_QUERY_ARGUMENT_PARSERS.get(name)
+            if parser:
+                try:
+                    kwargs[name] = parser(value)
+                except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Invalid value for '{name}' in connection URL.")
+            else:
+                kwargs[name] = value
+
+    if parsed.username:
+        kwargs["username"] = unquote(parsed.username)
+    if parsed.password:
+        kwargs["password"] = unquote(parsed.password)
+
+    # We only support redis://, rediss:// and unix:// schemes.
+    if parsed.scheme == "unix":
+        if parsed.path:
+            kwargs["path"] = unquote(parsed.path)
+        kwargs["connection_class"] = UnixDomainSocketConnection
+
+    elif parsed.scheme in ("redis", "rediss"):
+        if parsed.hostname:
+            kwargs["host"] = unquote(parsed.hostname)
+        if parsed.port:
+            kwargs["port"] = int(parsed.port)
+
+        # If there's a path argument, use it as the db argument if a
+        # querystring value wasn't specified
+        if parsed.path and "db" not in kwargs:
+            try:
+                kwargs["db"] = int(unquote(parsed.path).replace("/", ""))
+            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                pass
+
+        if parsed.scheme == "rediss":
+            kwargs["connection_class"] = SSLConnection
+    else:
+        valid_schemes = "redis://, rediss://, unix://"
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Redis URL must specify one of the following schemes ({valid_schemes})"
+        )
+
+    return kwargs
+
+
+_CP = TypeVar("_CP", bound="ConnectionPool")
+
+
+class ConnectionPool:
+    """
+    Create a connection pool. ``If max_connections`` is set, then this
+    object raises :py:class:`~redis.ConnectionError` when the pool's
+    limit is reached.
+
+    By default, TCP connections are created unless ``connection_class``
+    is specified. Use :py:class:`~redis.UnixDomainSocketConnection` for
+    unix sockets.
+
+    Any additional keyword arguments are passed to the constructor of
+    ``connection_class``.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls: Type[_CP], url: str, **kwargs) -> _CP:
+        """
+        Return a connection pool configured from the given URL.
+
+        For example::
+
+            redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            unix://[username@]/path/to/socket.sock?db=0[&password=password]
+
+        Three URL schemes are supported:
+
+        - `redis://` creates a TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>
+        - `rediss://` creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>
+        - ``unix://``: creates a Unix Domain Socket connection.
+
+        The username, password, hostname, path and all querystring values
+        are passed through urllib.parse.unquote in order to replace any
+        percent-encoded values with their corresponding characters.
+
+        There are several ways to specify a database number. The first value
+        found will be used:
+
+        1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
+
+        2. If using the redis:// or rediss:// schemes, the path argument
+               of the url, e.g. redis://localhost/0
+
+        3. A ``db`` keyword argument to this function.
+
+        If none of these options are specified, the default db=0 is used.
+
+        All querystring options are cast to their appropriate Python types.
+        Boolean arguments can be specified with string values "True"/"False"
+        or "Yes"/"No". Values that cannot be properly cast cause a
+        ``ValueError`` to be raised. Once parsed, the querystring arguments
+        and keyword arguments are passed to the ``ConnectionPool``'s
+        class initializer. In the case of conflicting arguments, querystring
+        arguments always win.
+        """
+        url_options = parse_url(url)
+        kwargs.update(url_options)
+        return cls(**kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection_class: Type[AbstractConnection] = Connection,
+        max_connections: Optional[int] = None,
+        **connection_kwargs,
+    ):
+        max_connections = max_connections or 2**31
+        if not isinstance(max_connections, int) or max_connections < 0:
+            raise ValueError('"max_connections" must be a positive integer')
+
+        self.connection_class = connection_class
+        self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
+        self.max_connections = max_connections
+
+        self._available_connections: List[AbstractConnection] = []
+        self._in_use_connections: Set[AbstractConnection] = set()
+        self.encoder_class = self.connection_kwargs.get("encoder_class", Encoder)
+        self._lock = asyncio.Lock()
+        self._event_dispatcher = self.connection_kwargs.get("event_dispatcher", None)
+        if self._event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}"
+            f"({self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs)!r})>"
+        )
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self._available_connections = []
+        self._in_use_connections = weakref.WeakSet()
+
+    def can_get_connection(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a connection can be retrieved from the pool."""
+        return (
+            self._available_connections
+            or len(self._in_use_connections) < self.max_connections
+        )
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["*"],
+        reason="Use get_connection() without args instead",
+        version="5.3.0",
+    )
+    async def get_connection(self, command_name=None, *keys, **options):
+        async with self._lock:
+            """Get a connected connection from the pool"""
+            connection = self.get_available_connection()
+            try:
+                await self.ensure_connection(connection)
+            except BaseException:
+                await self.release(connection)
+                raise
+
+        return connection
+
+    def get_available_connection(self):
+        """Get a connection from the pool, without making sure it is connected"""
+        try:
+            connection = self._available_connections.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            if len(self._in_use_connections) >= self.max_connections:
+                raise ConnectionError("Too many connections") from None
+            connection = self.make_connection()
+        self._in_use_connections.add(connection)
+        return connection
+
+    def get_encoder(self):
+        """Return an encoder based on encoding settings"""
+        kwargs = self.connection_kwargs
+        return self.encoder_class(
+            encoding=kwargs.get("encoding", "utf-8"),
+            encoding_errors=kwargs.get("encoding_errors", "strict"),
+            decode_responses=kwargs.get("decode_responses", False),
+        )
+
+    def make_connection(self):
+        """Create a new connection.  Can be overridden by child classes."""
+        return self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs)
+
+    async def ensure_connection(self, connection: AbstractConnection):
+        """Ensure that the connection object is connected and valid"""
+        await connection.connect()
+        # connections that the pool provides should be ready to send
+        # a command. if not, the connection was either returned to the
+        # pool before all data has been read or the socket has been
+        # closed. either way, reconnect and verify everything is good.
+        try:
+            if await connection.can_read_destructive():
+                raise ConnectionError("Connection has data") from None
+        except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError, OSError):
+            await connection.disconnect()
+            await connection.connect()
+            if await connection.can_read_destructive():
+                raise ConnectionError("Connection not ready") from None
+
+    async def release(self, connection: AbstractConnection):
+        """Releases the connection back to the pool"""
+        # Connections should always be returned to the correct pool,
+        # not doing so is an error that will cause an exception here.
+        self._in_use_connections.remove(connection)
+        self._available_connections.append(connection)
+        await self._event_dispatcher.dispatch_async(
+            AsyncAfterConnectionReleasedEvent(connection)
+        )
+
+    async def disconnect(self, inuse_connections: bool = True):
+        """
+        Disconnects connections in the pool
+
+        If ``inuse_connections`` is True, disconnect connections that are
+        current in use, potentially by other tasks. Otherwise only disconnect
+        connections that are idle in the pool.
+        """
+        if inuse_connections:
+            connections: Iterable[AbstractConnection] = chain(
+                self._available_connections, self._in_use_connections
+            )
+        else:
+            connections = self._available_connections
+        resp = await asyncio.gather(
+            *(connection.disconnect() for connection in connections),
+            return_exceptions=True,
+        )
+        exc = next((r for r in resp if isinstance(r, BaseException)), None)
+        if exc:
+            raise exc
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """Close the pool, disconnecting all connections"""
+        await self.disconnect()
+
+    def set_retry(self, retry: "Retry") -> None:
+        for conn in self._available_connections:
+            conn.retry = retry
+        for conn in self._in_use_connections:
+            conn.retry = retry
+
+    async def re_auth_callback(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        async with self._lock:
+            for conn in self._available_connections:
+                await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                    lambda: conn.send_command(
+                        "AUTH", token.try_get("oid"), token.get_value()
+                    ),
+                    lambda error: self._mock(error),
+                )
+                await conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                    lambda: conn.read_response(), lambda error: self._mock(error)
+                )
+            for conn in self._in_use_connections:
+                conn.set_re_auth_token(token)
+
+    async def _mock(self, error: RedisError):
+        """
+        Dummy functions, needs to be passed as error callback to retry object.
+        :param error:
+        :return:
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class BlockingConnectionPool(ConnectionPool):
+    """
+    A blocking connection pool::
+
+        >>> from redis.asyncio import Redis, BlockingConnectionPool
+        >>> client = Redis.from_pool(BlockingConnectionPool())
+
+    It performs the same function as the default
+    :py:class:`~redis.asyncio.ConnectionPool` implementation, in that,
+    it maintains a pool of reusable connections that can be shared by
+    multiple async redis clients.
+
+    The difference is that, in the event that a client tries to get a
+    connection from the pool when all of connections are in use, rather than
+    raising a :py:class:`~redis.ConnectionError` (as the default
+    :py:class:`~redis.asyncio.ConnectionPool` implementation does), it
+    blocks the current `Task` for a specified number of seconds until
+    a connection becomes available.
+
+    Use ``max_connections`` to increase / decrease the pool size::
+
+        >>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(max_connections=10)
+
+    Use ``timeout`` to tell it either how many seconds to wait for a connection
+    to become available, or to block forever:
+
+        >>> # Block forever.
+        >>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(timeout=None)
+
+        >>> # Raise a ``ConnectionError`` after five seconds if a connection is
+        >>> # not available.
+        >>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(timeout=5)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_connections: int = 50,
+        timeout: Optional[int] = 20,
+        connection_class: Type[AbstractConnection] = Connection,
+        queue_class: Type[asyncio.Queue] = asyncio.LifoQueue,  # deprecated
+        **connection_kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            connection_class=connection_class,
+            max_connections=max_connections,
+            **connection_kwargs,
+        )
+        self._condition = asyncio.Condition()
+        self.timeout = timeout
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["*"],
+        reason="Use get_connection() without args instead",
+        version="5.3.0",
+    )
+    async def get_connection(self, command_name=None, *keys, **options):
+        """Gets a connection from the pool, blocking until one is available"""
+        try:
+            async with self._condition:
+                async with async_timeout(self.timeout):
+                    await self._condition.wait_for(self.can_get_connection)
+                    connection = super().get_available_connection()
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError as err:
+            raise ConnectionError("No connection available.") from err
+
+        # We now perform the connection check outside of the lock.
+        try:
+            await self.ensure_connection(connection)
+            return connection
+        except BaseException:
+            await self.release(connection)
+            raise
+
+    async def release(self, connection: AbstractConnection):
+        """Releases the connection back to the pool."""
+        async with self._condition:
+            await super().release(connection)
+            self._condition.notify()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/lock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/lock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16d7fb69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/lock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import threading
+import uuid
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Awaitable, Optional, Union
+
+from redis.exceptions import LockError, LockNotOwnedError
+from redis.typing import Number
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis.asyncio import Redis, RedisCluster
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Lock:
+    """
+    A shared, distributed Lock. Using Redis for locking allows the Lock
+    to be shared across processes and/or machines.
+
+    It's left to the user to resolve deadlock issues and make sure
+    multiple clients play nicely together.
+    """
+
+    lua_release = None
+    lua_extend = None
+    lua_reacquire = None
+
+    # KEYS[1] - lock name
+    # ARGV[1] - token
+    # return 1 if the lock was released, otherwise 0
+    LUA_RELEASE_SCRIPT = """
+        local token = redis.call('get', KEYS[1])
+        if not token or token ~= ARGV[1] then
+            return 0
+        end
+        redis.call('del', KEYS[1])
+        return 1
+    """
+
+    # KEYS[1] - lock name
+    # ARGV[1] - token
+    # ARGV[2] - additional milliseconds
+    # ARGV[3] - "0" if the additional time should be added to the lock's
+    #           existing ttl or "1" if the existing ttl should be replaced
+    # return 1 if the locks time was extended, otherwise 0
+    LUA_EXTEND_SCRIPT = """
+        local token = redis.call('get', KEYS[1])
+        if not token or token ~= ARGV[1] then
+            return 0
+        end
+        local expiration = redis.call('pttl', KEYS[1])
+        if not expiration then
+            expiration = 0
+        end
+        if expiration < 0 then
+            return 0
+        end
+
+        local newttl = ARGV[2]
+        if ARGV[3] == "0" then
+            newttl = ARGV[2] + expiration
+        end
+        redis.call('pexpire', KEYS[1], newttl)
+        return 1
+    """
+
+    # KEYS[1] - lock name
+    # ARGV[1] - token
+    # ARGV[2] - milliseconds
+    # return 1 if the locks time was reacquired, otherwise 0
+    LUA_REACQUIRE_SCRIPT = """
+        local token = redis.call('get', KEYS[1])
+        if not token or token ~= ARGV[1] then
+            return 0
+        end
+        redis.call('pexpire', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
+        return 1
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        redis: Union["Redis", "RedisCluster"],
+        name: Union[str, bytes, memoryview],
+        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        sleep: float = 0.1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        blocking_timeout: Optional[Number] = None,
+        thread_local: bool = True,
+        raise_on_release_error: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a new Lock instance named ``name`` using the Redis client
+        supplied by ``redis``.
+
+        ``timeout`` indicates a maximum life for the lock in seconds.
+        By default, it will remain locked until release() is called.
+        ``timeout`` can be specified as a float or integer, both representing
+        the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``sleep`` indicates the amount of time to sleep in seconds per loop
+        iteration when the lock is in blocking mode and another client is
+        currently holding the lock.
+
+        ``blocking`` indicates whether calling ``acquire`` should block until
+        the lock has been acquired or to fail immediately, causing ``acquire``
+        to return False and the lock not being acquired. Defaults to True.
+        Note this value can be overridden by passing a ``blocking``
+        argument to ``acquire``.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` indicates the maximum amount of time in seconds to
+        spend trying to acquire the lock. A value of ``None`` indicates
+        continue trying forever. ``blocking_timeout`` can be specified as a
+        float or integer, both representing the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``thread_local`` indicates whether the lock token is placed in
+        thread-local storage. By default, the token is placed in thread local
+        storage so that a thread only sees its token, not a token set by
+        another thread. Consider the following timeline:
+
+            time: 0, thread-1 acquires `my-lock`, with a timeout of 5 seconds.
+                     thread-1 sets the token to "abc"
+            time: 1, thread-2 blocks trying to acquire `my-lock` using the
+                     Lock instance.
+            time: 5, thread-1 has not yet completed. redis expires the lock
+                     key.
+            time: 5, thread-2 acquired `my-lock` now that it's available.
+                     thread-2 sets the token to "xyz"
+            time: 6, thread-1 finishes its work and calls release(). if the
+                     token is *not* stored in thread local storage, then
+                     thread-1 would see the token value as "xyz" and would be
+                     able to successfully release the thread-2's lock.
+
+        ``raise_on_release_error`` indicates whether to raise an exception when
+        the lock is no longer owned when exiting the context manager. By default,
+        this is True, meaning an exception will be raised. If False, the warning
+        will be logged and the exception will be suppressed.
+
+        In some use cases it's necessary to disable thread local storage. For
+        example, if you have code where one thread acquires a lock and passes
+        that lock instance to a worker thread to release later. If thread
+        local storage isn't disabled in this case, the worker thread won't see
+        the token set by the thread that acquired the lock. Our assumption
+        is that these cases aren't common and as such default to using
+        thread local storage.
+        """
+        self.redis = redis
+        self.name = name
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.sleep = sleep
+        self.blocking = blocking
+        self.blocking_timeout = blocking_timeout
+        self.thread_local = bool(thread_local)
+        self.local = threading.local() if self.thread_local else SimpleNamespace()
+        self.raise_on_release_error = raise_on_release_error
+        self.local.token = None
+        self.register_scripts()
+
+    def register_scripts(self):
+        cls = self.__class__
+        client = self.redis
+        if cls.lua_release is None:
+            cls.lua_release = client.register_script(cls.LUA_RELEASE_SCRIPT)
+        if cls.lua_extend is None:
+            cls.lua_extend = client.register_script(cls.LUA_EXTEND_SCRIPT)
+        if cls.lua_reacquire is None:
+            cls.lua_reacquire = client.register_script(cls.LUA_REACQUIRE_SCRIPT)
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        if await self.acquire():
+            return self
+        raise LockError("Unable to acquire lock within the time specified")
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        try:
+            await self.release()
+        except LockError:
+            if self.raise_on_release_error:
+                raise
+            logger.warning(
+                "Lock was unlocked or no longer owned when exiting context manager."
+            )
+
+    async def acquire(
+        self,
+        blocking: Optional[bool] = None,
+        blocking_timeout: Optional[Number] = None,
+        token: Optional[Union[str, bytes]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Use Redis to hold a shared, distributed lock named ``name``.
+        Returns True once the lock is acquired.
+
+        If ``blocking`` is False, always return immediately. If the lock
+        was acquired, return True, otherwise return False.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` specifies the maximum number of seconds to
+        wait trying to acquire the lock.
+
+        ``token`` specifies the token value to be used. If provided, token
+        must be a bytes object or a string that can be encoded to a bytes
+        object with the default encoding. If a token isn't specified, a UUID
+        will be generated.
+        """
+        sleep = self.sleep
+        if token is None:
+            token = uuid.uuid1().hex.encode()
+        else:
+            try:
+                encoder = self.redis.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Cluster
+                encoder = self.redis.get_encoder()
+            token = encoder.encode(token)
+        if blocking is None:
+            blocking = self.blocking
+        if blocking_timeout is None:
+            blocking_timeout = self.blocking_timeout
+        stop_trying_at = None
+        if blocking_timeout is not None:
+            stop_trying_at = asyncio.get_running_loop().time() + blocking_timeout
+        while True:
+            if await self.do_acquire(token):
+                self.local.token = token
+                return True
+            if not blocking:
+                return False
+            next_try_at = asyncio.get_running_loop().time() + sleep
+            if stop_trying_at is not None and next_try_at > stop_trying_at:
+                return False
+            await asyncio.sleep(sleep)
+
+    async def do_acquire(self, token: Union[str, bytes]) -> bool:
+        if self.timeout:
+            # convert to milliseconds
+            timeout = int(self.timeout * 1000)
+        else:
+            timeout = None
+        if await self.redis.set(self.name, token, nx=True, px=timeout):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    async def locked(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this key is locked by any process, otherwise False.
+        """
+        return await self.redis.get(self.name) is not None
+
+    async def owned(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this key is locked by this lock, otherwise False.
+        """
+        stored_token = await self.redis.get(self.name)
+        # need to always compare bytes to bytes
+        # TODO: this can be simplified when the context manager is finished
+        if stored_token and not isinstance(stored_token, bytes):
+            try:
+                encoder = self.redis.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Cluster
+                encoder = self.redis.get_encoder()
+            stored_token = encoder.encode(stored_token)
+        return self.local.token is not None and stored_token == self.local.token
+
+    def release(self) -> Awaitable[None]:
+        """Releases the already acquired lock"""
+        expected_token = self.local.token
+        if expected_token is None:
+            raise LockError(
+                "Cannot release a lock that's not owned or is already unlocked.",
+                lock_name=self.name,
+            )
+        self.local.token = None
+        return self.do_release(expected_token)
+
+    async def do_release(self, expected_token: bytes) -> None:
+        if not bool(
+            await self.lua_release(
+                keys=[self.name], args=[expected_token], client=self.redis
+            )
+        ):
+            raise LockNotOwnedError("Cannot release a lock that's no longer owned")
+
+    def extend(
+        self, additional_time: Number, replace_ttl: bool = False
+    ) -> Awaitable[bool]:
+        """
+        Adds more time to an already acquired lock.
+
+        ``additional_time`` can be specified as an integer or a float, both
+        representing the number of seconds to add.
+
+        ``replace_ttl`` if False (the default), add `additional_time` to
+        the lock's existing ttl. If True, replace the lock's ttl with
+        `additional_time`.
+        """
+        if self.local.token is None:
+            raise LockError("Cannot extend an unlocked lock")
+        if self.timeout is None:
+            raise LockError("Cannot extend a lock with no timeout")
+        return self.do_extend(additional_time, replace_ttl)
+
+    async def do_extend(self, additional_time, replace_ttl) -> bool:
+        additional_time = int(additional_time * 1000)
+        if not bool(
+            await self.lua_extend(
+                keys=[self.name],
+                args=[self.local.token, additional_time, replace_ttl and "1" or "0"],
+                client=self.redis,
+            )
+        ):
+            raise LockNotOwnedError("Cannot extend a lock that's no longer owned")
+        return True
+
+    def reacquire(self) -> Awaitable[bool]:
+        """
+        Resets a TTL of an already acquired lock back to a timeout value.
+        """
+        if self.local.token is None:
+            raise LockError("Cannot reacquire an unlocked lock")
+        if self.timeout is None:
+            raise LockError("Cannot reacquire a lock with no timeout")
+        return self.do_reacquire()
+
+    async def do_reacquire(self) -> bool:
+        timeout = int(self.timeout * 1000)
+        if not bool(
+            await self.lua_reacquire(
+                keys=[self.name], args=[self.local.token, timeout], client=self.redis
+            )
+        ):
+            raise LockNotOwnedError("Cannot reacquire a lock that's no longer owned")
+        return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a20f8b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from asyncio import sleep
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Awaitable, Callable, Tuple, Type, TypeVar
+
+from redis.exceptions import ConnectionError, RedisError, TimeoutError
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis.backoff import AbstractBackoff
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class Retry:
+    """Retry a specific number of times after a failure"""
+
+    __slots__ = "_backoff", "_retries", "_supported_errors"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        backoff: "AbstractBackoff",
+        retries: int,
+        supported_errors: Tuple[Type[RedisError], ...] = (
+            ConnectionError,
+            TimeoutError,
+        ),
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize a `Retry` object with a `Backoff` object
+        that retries a maximum of `retries` times.
+        `retries` can be negative to retry forever.
+        You can specify the types of supported errors which trigger
+        a retry with the `supported_errors` parameter.
+        """
+        self._backoff = backoff
+        self._retries = retries
+        self._supported_errors = supported_errors
+
+    def update_supported_errors(self, specified_errors: list):
+        """
+        Updates the supported errors with the specified error types
+        """
+        self._supported_errors = tuple(
+            set(self._supported_errors + tuple(specified_errors))
+        )
+
+    def get_retries(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Get the number of retries.
+        """
+        return self._retries
+
+    def update_retries(self, value: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the number of retries.
+        """
+        self._retries = value
+
+    async def call_with_retry(
+        self, do: Callable[[], Awaitable[T]], fail: Callable[[RedisError], Any]
+    ) -> T:
+        """
+        Execute an operation that might fail and returns its result, or
+        raise the exception that was thrown depending on the `Backoff` object.
+        `do`: the operation to call. Expects no argument.
+        `fail`: the failure handler, expects the last error that was thrown
+        """
+        self._backoff.reset()
+        failures = 0
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return await do()
+            except self._supported_errors as error:
+                failures += 1
+                await fail(error)
+                if self._retries >= 0 and failures > self._retries:
+                    raise error
+                backoff = self._backoff.compute(failures)
+                if backoff > 0:
+                    await sleep(backoff)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/sentinel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/sentinel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fae6875d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/sentinel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+import asyncio
+import random
+import weakref
+from typing import AsyncIterator, Iterable, Mapping, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Type
+
+from redis.asyncio.client import Redis
+from redis.asyncio.connection import (
+    Connection,
+    ConnectionPool,
+    EncodableT,
+    SSLConnection,
+)
+from redis.commands import AsyncSentinelCommands
+from redis.exceptions import ConnectionError, ReadOnlyError, ResponseError, TimeoutError
+from redis.utils import str_if_bytes
+
+
+class MasterNotFoundError(ConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+class SlaveNotFoundError(ConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+class SentinelManagedConnection(Connection):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        self.connection_pool = kwargs.pop("connection_pool")
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        s = f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}"
+        if self.host:
+            host_info = f",host={self.host},port={self.port}"
+            s += host_info
+        return s + ")>"
+
+    async def connect_to(self, address):
+        self.host, self.port = address
+        await super().connect()
+        if self.connection_pool.check_connection:
+            await self.send_command("PING")
+            if str_if_bytes(await self.read_response()) != "PONG":
+                raise ConnectionError("PING failed")
+
+    async def _connect_retry(self):
+        if self._reader:
+            return  # already connected
+        if self.connection_pool.is_master:
+            await self.connect_to(await self.connection_pool.get_master_address())
+        else:
+            async for slave in self.connection_pool.rotate_slaves():
+                try:
+                    return await self.connect_to(slave)
+                except ConnectionError:
+                    continue
+            raise SlaveNotFoundError  # Never be here
+
+    async def connect(self):
+        return await self.retry.call_with_retry(
+            self._connect_retry,
+            lambda error: asyncio.sleep(0),
+        )
+
+    async def read_response(
+        self,
+        disable_decoding: bool = False,
+        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        *,
+        disconnect_on_error: Optional[float] = True,
+        push_request: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        try:
+            return await super().read_response(
+                disable_decoding=disable_decoding,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                disconnect_on_error=disconnect_on_error,
+                push_request=push_request,
+            )
+        except ReadOnlyError:
+            if self.connection_pool.is_master:
+                # When talking to a master, a ReadOnlyError when likely
+                # indicates that the previous master that we're still connected
+                # to has been demoted to a slave and there's a new master.
+                # calling disconnect will force the connection to re-query
+                # sentinel during the next connect() attempt.
+                await self.disconnect()
+                raise ConnectionError("The previous master is now a slave")
+            raise
+
+
+class SentinelManagedSSLConnection(SentinelManagedConnection, SSLConnection):
+    pass
+
+
+class SentinelConnectionPool(ConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Sentinel backed connection pool.
+
+    If ``check_connection`` flag is set to True, SentinelManagedConnection
+    sends a PING command right after establishing the connection.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, service_name, sentinel_manager, **kwargs):
+        kwargs["connection_class"] = kwargs.get(
+            "connection_class",
+            (
+                SentinelManagedSSLConnection
+                if kwargs.pop("ssl", False)
+                else SentinelManagedConnection
+            ),
+        )
+        self.is_master = kwargs.pop("is_master", True)
+        self.check_connection = kwargs.pop("check_connection", False)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.connection_kwargs["connection_pool"] = weakref.proxy(self)
+        self.service_name = service_name
+        self.sentinel_manager = sentinel_manager
+        self.master_address = None
+        self.slave_rr_counter = None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}"
+            f"(service={self.service_name}({self.is_master and 'master' or 'slave'}))>"
+        )
+
+    def reset(self):
+        super().reset()
+        self.master_address = None
+        self.slave_rr_counter = None
+
+    def owns_connection(self, connection: Connection):
+        check = not self.is_master or (
+            self.is_master and self.master_address == (connection.host, connection.port)
+        )
+        return check and super().owns_connection(connection)
+
+    async def get_master_address(self):
+        master_address = await self.sentinel_manager.discover_master(self.service_name)
+        if self.is_master:
+            if self.master_address != master_address:
+                self.master_address = master_address
+                # disconnect any idle connections so that they reconnect
+                # to the new master the next time that they are used.
+                await self.disconnect(inuse_connections=False)
+        return master_address
+
+    async def rotate_slaves(self) -> AsyncIterator:
+        """Round-robin slave balancer"""
+        slaves = await self.sentinel_manager.discover_slaves(self.service_name)
+        if slaves:
+            if self.slave_rr_counter is None:
+                self.slave_rr_counter = random.randint(0, len(slaves) - 1)
+            for _ in range(len(slaves)):
+                self.slave_rr_counter = (self.slave_rr_counter + 1) % len(slaves)
+                slave = slaves[self.slave_rr_counter]
+                yield slave
+        # Fallback to the master connection
+        try:
+            yield await self.get_master_address()
+        except MasterNotFoundError:
+            pass
+        raise SlaveNotFoundError(f"No slave found for {self.service_name!r}")
+
+
+class Sentinel(AsyncSentinelCommands):
+    """
+    Redis Sentinel cluster client
+
+    >>> from redis.sentinel import Sentinel
+    >>> sentinel = Sentinel([('localhost', 26379)], socket_timeout=0.1)
+    >>> master = sentinel.master_for('mymaster', socket_timeout=0.1)
+    >>> await master.set('foo', 'bar')
+    >>> slave = sentinel.slave_for('mymaster', socket_timeout=0.1)
+    >>> await slave.get('foo')
+    b'bar'
+
+    ``sentinels`` is a list of sentinel nodes. Each node is represented by
+    a pair (hostname, port).
+
+    ``min_other_sentinels`` defined a minimum number of peers for a sentinel.
+    When querying a sentinel, if it doesn't meet this threshold, responses
+    from that sentinel won't be considered valid.
+
+    ``sentinel_kwargs`` is a dictionary of connection arguments used when
+    connecting to sentinel instances. Any argument that can be passed to
+    a normal Redis connection can be specified here. If ``sentinel_kwargs`` is
+    not specified, any socket_timeout and socket_keepalive options specified
+    in ``connection_kwargs`` will be used.
+
+    ``connection_kwargs`` are keyword arguments that will be used when
+    establishing a connection to a Redis server.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sentinels,
+        min_other_sentinels=0,
+        sentinel_kwargs=None,
+        force_master_ip=None,
+        **connection_kwargs,
+    ):
+        # if sentinel_kwargs isn't defined, use the socket_* options from
+        # connection_kwargs
+        if sentinel_kwargs is None:
+            sentinel_kwargs = {
+                k: v for k, v in connection_kwargs.items() if k.startswith("socket_")
+            }
+        self.sentinel_kwargs = sentinel_kwargs
+
+        self.sentinels = [
+            Redis(host=hostname, port=port, **self.sentinel_kwargs)
+            for hostname, port in sentinels
+        ]
+        self.min_other_sentinels = min_other_sentinels
+        self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
+        self._force_master_ip = force_master_ip
+
+    async def execute_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Execute Sentinel command in sentinel nodes.
+        once - If set to True, then execute the resulting command on a single
+               node at random, rather than across the entire sentinel cluster.
+        """
+        once = bool(kwargs.get("once", False))
+        if "once" in kwargs.keys():
+            kwargs.pop("once")
+
+        if once:
+            await random.choice(self.sentinels).execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            tasks = [
+                asyncio.Task(sentinel.execute_command(*args, **kwargs))
+                for sentinel in self.sentinels
+            ]
+            await asyncio.gather(*tasks)
+        return True
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        sentinel_addresses = []
+        for sentinel in self.sentinels:
+            sentinel_addresses.append(
+                f"{sentinel.connection_pool.connection_kwargs['host']}:"
+                f"{sentinel.connection_pool.connection_kwargs['port']}"
+            )
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__}.{self.__class__.__name__}"
+            f"(sentinels=[{','.join(sentinel_addresses)}])>"
+        )
+
+    def check_master_state(self, state: dict, service_name: str) -> bool:
+        if not state["is_master"] or state["is_sdown"] or state["is_odown"]:
+            return False
+        # Check if our sentinel doesn't see other nodes
+        if state["num-other-sentinels"] < self.min_other_sentinels:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    async def discover_master(self, service_name: str):
+        """
+        Asks sentinel servers for the Redis master's address corresponding
+        to the service labeled ``service_name``.
+
+        Returns a pair (address, port) or raises MasterNotFoundError if no
+        master is found.
+        """
+        collected_errors = list()
+        for sentinel_no, sentinel in enumerate(self.sentinels):
+            try:
+                masters = await sentinel.sentinel_masters()
+            except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError) as e:
+                collected_errors.append(f"{sentinel} - {e!r}")
+                continue
+            state = masters.get(service_name)
+            if state and self.check_master_state(state, service_name):
+                # Put this sentinel at the top of the list
+                self.sentinels[0], self.sentinels[sentinel_no] = (
+                    sentinel,
+                    self.sentinels[0],
+                )
+
+                ip = (
+                    self._force_master_ip
+                    if self._force_master_ip is not None
+                    else state["ip"]
+                )
+                return ip, state["port"]
+
+        error_info = ""
+        if len(collected_errors) > 0:
+            error_info = f" : {', '.join(collected_errors)}"
+        raise MasterNotFoundError(f"No master found for {service_name!r}{error_info}")
+
+    def filter_slaves(
+        self, slaves: Iterable[Mapping]
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[EncodableT, EncodableT]]:
+        """Remove slaves that are in an ODOWN or SDOWN state"""
+        slaves_alive = []
+        for slave in slaves:
+            if slave["is_odown"] or slave["is_sdown"]:
+                continue
+            slaves_alive.append((slave["ip"], slave["port"]))
+        return slaves_alive
+
+    async def discover_slaves(
+        self, service_name: str
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[EncodableT, EncodableT]]:
+        """Returns a list of alive slaves for service ``service_name``"""
+        for sentinel in self.sentinels:
+            try:
+                slaves = await sentinel.sentinel_slaves(service_name)
+            except (ConnectionError, ResponseError, TimeoutError):
+                continue
+            slaves = self.filter_slaves(slaves)
+            if slaves:
+                return slaves
+        return []
+
+    def master_for(
+        self,
+        service_name: str,
+        redis_class: Type[Redis] = Redis,
+        connection_pool_class: Type[SentinelConnectionPool] = SentinelConnectionPool,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Returns a redis client instance for the ``service_name`` master.
+        Sentinel client will detect failover and reconnect Redis clients
+        automatically.
+
+        A :py:class:`~redis.sentinel.SentinelConnectionPool` class is
+        used to retrieve the master's address before establishing a new
+        connection.
+
+        NOTE: If the master's address has changed, any cached connections to
+        the old master are closed.
+
+        By default clients will be a :py:class:`~redis.Redis` instance.
+        Specify a different class to the ``redis_class`` argument if you
+        desire something different.
+
+        The ``connection_pool_class`` specifies the connection pool to
+        use.  The :py:class:`~redis.sentinel.SentinelConnectionPool`
+        will be used by default.
+
+        All other keyword arguments are merged with any connection_kwargs
+        passed to this class and passed to the connection pool as keyword
+        arguments to be used to initialize Redis connections.
+        """
+        kwargs["is_master"] = True
+        connection_kwargs = dict(self.connection_kwargs)
+        connection_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+
+        connection_pool = connection_pool_class(service_name, self, **connection_kwargs)
+        # The Redis object "owns" the pool
+        return redis_class.from_pool(connection_pool)
+
+    def slave_for(
+        self,
+        service_name: str,
+        redis_class: Type[Redis] = Redis,
+        connection_pool_class: Type[SentinelConnectionPool] = SentinelConnectionPool,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Returns redis client instance for the ``service_name`` slave(s).
+
+        A SentinelConnectionPool class is used to retrieve the slave's
+        address before establishing a new connection.
+
+        By default clients will be a :py:class:`~redis.Redis` instance.
+        Specify a different class to the ``redis_class`` argument if you
+        desire something different.
+
+        The ``connection_pool_class`` specifies the connection pool to use.
+        The SentinelConnectionPool will be used by default.
+
+        All other keyword arguments are merged with any connection_kwargs
+        passed to this class and passed to the connection pool as keyword
+        arguments to be used to initialize Redis connections.
+        """
+        kwargs["is_master"] = False
+        connection_kwargs = dict(self.connection_kwargs)
+        connection_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+
+        connection_pool = connection_pool_class(service_name, self, **connection_kwargs)
+        # The Redis object "owns" the pool
+        return redis_class.from_pool(connection_pool)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa014514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/asyncio/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis.asyncio.client import Pipeline, Redis
+
+
+def from_url(url, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Returns an active Redis client generated from the given database URL.
+
+    Will attempt to extract the database id from the path url fragment, if
+    none is provided.
+    """
+    from redis.asyncio.client import Redis
+
+    return Redis.from_url(url, **kwargs)
+
+
+class pipeline:  # noqa: N801
+    def __init__(self, redis_obj: "Redis"):
+        self.p: "Pipeline" = redis_obj.pipeline()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "Pipeline":
+        return self.p
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        await self.p.execute()
+        del self.p
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/err.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/err.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..743dab18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/err.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+from typing import Iterable
+
+
+class RequestTokenErr(Exception):
+    """
+    Represents an exception during token request.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        super().__init__(*args)
+
+
+class InvalidTokenSchemaErr(Exception):
+    """
+    Represents an exception related to invalid token schema.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, missing_fields: Iterable[str] = []):
+        super().__init__(
+            "Unexpected token schema. Following fields are missing: "
+            + ", ".join(missing_fields)
+        )
+
+
+class TokenRenewalErr(Exception):
+    """
+    Represents an exception during token renewal process.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        super().__init__(*args)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/idp.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/idp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0951d956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/idp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+from redis.auth.token import TokenInterface
+
+"""
+This interface is the facade of an identity provider
+"""
+
+
+class IdentityProviderInterface(ABC):
+    """
+    Receive a token from the identity provider.
+    Receiving a token only works when being authenticated.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def request_token(self, force_refresh=False) -> TokenInterface:
+        pass
+
+
+class IdentityProviderConfigInterface(ABC):
+    """
+    Configuration class that provides a configured identity provider.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_provider(self) -> IdentityProviderInterface:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/token.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/token.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f613aff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/token.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+
+from redis.auth.err import InvalidTokenSchemaErr
+
+
+class TokenInterface(ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_expired(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def ttl(self) -> float:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def try_get(self, key: str) -> str:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_value(self) -> str:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_expires_at_ms(self) -> float:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_received_at_ms(self) -> float:
+        pass
+
+
+class TokenResponse:
+    def __init__(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        self._token = token
+
+    def get_token(self) -> TokenInterface:
+        return self._token
+
+    def get_ttl_ms(self) -> float:
+        return self._token.get_expires_at_ms() - self._token.get_received_at_ms()
+
+
+class SimpleToken(TokenInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self, value: str, expires_at_ms: float, received_at_ms: float, claims: dict
+    ) -> None:
+        self.value = value
+        self.expires_at = expires_at_ms
+        self.received_at = received_at_ms
+        self.claims = claims
+
+    def ttl(self) -> float:
+        if self.expires_at == -1:
+            return -1
+
+        return self.expires_at - (datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000)
+
+    def is_expired(self) -> bool:
+        if self.expires_at == -1:
+            return False
+
+        return self.ttl() <= 0
+
+    def try_get(self, key: str) -> str:
+        return self.claims.get(key)
+
+    def get_value(self) -> str:
+        return self.value
+
+    def get_expires_at_ms(self) -> float:
+        return self.expires_at
+
+    def get_received_at_ms(self) -> float:
+        return self.received_at
+
+
+class JWToken(TokenInterface):
+    REQUIRED_FIELDS = {"exp"}
+
+    def __init__(self, token: str):
+        try:
+            import jwt
+        except ImportError as ie:
+            raise ImportError(
+                f"The PyJWT library is required for {self.__class__.__name__}.",
+            ) from ie
+        self._value = token
+        self._decoded = jwt.decode(
+            self._value,
+            options={"verify_signature": False},
+            algorithms=[jwt.get_unverified_header(self._value).get("alg")],
+        )
+        self._validate_token()
+
+    def is_expired(self) -> bool:
+        exp = self._decoded["exp"]
+        if exp == -1:
+            return False
+
+        return (
+            self._decoded["exp"] * 1000 <= datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000
+        )
+
+    def ttl(self) -> float:
+        exp = self._decoded["exp"]
+        if exp == -1:
+            return -1
+
+        return (
+            self._decoded["exp"] * 1000 - datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000
+        )
+
+    def try_get(self, key: str) -> str:
+        return self._decoded.get(key)
+
+    def get_value(self) -> str:
+        return self._value
+
+    def get_expires_at_ms(self) -> float:
+        return float(self._decoded["exp"] * 1000)
+
+    def get_received_at_ms(self) -> float:
+        return datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000
+
+    def _validate_token(self):
+        actual_fields = {x for x in self._decoded.keys()}
+
+        if len(self.REQUIRED_FIELDS - actual_fields) != 0:
+            raise InvalidTokenSchemaErr(self.REQUIRED_FIELDS - actual_fields)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/token_manager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/token_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dd8d1623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/auth/token_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import threading
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from time import sleep
+from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, Union
+
+from redis.auth.err import RequestTokenErr, TokenRenewalErr
+from redis.auth.idp import IdentityProviderInterface
+from redis.auth.token import TokenResponse
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class CredentialsListener:
+    """
+    Listeners that will be notified on events related to credentials.
+    Accepts callbacks and awaitable callbacks.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._on_next = None
+        self._on_error = None
+
+    @property
+    def on_next(self) -> Union[Callable[[Any], None], Awaitable]:
+        return self._on_next
+
+    @on_next.setter
+    def on_next(self, callback: Union[Callable[[Any], None], Awaitable]) -> None:
+        self._on_next = callback
+
+    @property
+    def on_error(self) -> Union[Callable[[Exception], None], Awaitable]:
+        return self._on_error
+
+    @on_error.setter
+    def on_error(self, callback: Union[Callable[[Exception], None], Awaitable]) -> None:
+        self._on_error = callback
+
+
+class RetryPolicy:
+    def __init__(self, max_attempts: int, delay_in_ms: float):
+        self.max_attempts = max_attempts
+        self.delay_in_ms = delay_in_ms
+
+    def get_max_attempts(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Retry attempts before exception will be thrown.
+
+        :return: int
+        """
+        return self.max_attempts
+
+    def get_delay_in_ms(self) -> float:
+        """
+        Delay between retries in seconds.
+
+        :return: int
+        """
+        return self.delay_in_ms
+
+
+class TokenManagerConfig:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expiration_refresh_ratio: float,
+        lower_refresh_bound_millis: int,
+        token_request_execution_timeout_in_ms: int,
+        retry_policy: RetryPolicy,
+    ):
+        self._expiration_refresh_ratio = expiration_refresh_ratio
+        self._lower_refresh_bound_millis = lower_refresh_bound_millis
+        self._token_request_execution_timeout_in_ms = (
+            token_request_execution_timeout_in_ms
+        )
+        self._retry_policy = retry_policy
+
+    def get_expiration_refresh_ratio(self) -> float:
+        """
+        Represents the ratio of a token's lifetime at which a refresh should be triggered. # noqa: E501
+        For example, a value of 0.75 means the token should be refreshed
+        when 75% of its lifetime has elapsed (or when 25% of its lifetime remains).
+
+        :return: float
+        """
+
+        return self._expiration_refresh_ratio
+
+    def get_lower_refresh_bound_millis(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Represents the minimum time in milliseconds before token expiration
+        to trigger a refresh, in milliseconds.
+        This value sets a fixed lower bound for when a token refresh should occur,
+        regardless of the token's total lifetime.
+        If set to 0 there will be no lower bound and the refresh will be triggered
+        based on the expirationRefreshRatio only.
+
+        :return: int
+        """
+        return self._lower_refresh_bound_millis
+
+    def get_token_request_execution_timeout_in_ms(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Represents the maximum time in milliseconds to wait
+        for a token request to complete.
+
+        :return: int
+        """
+        return self._token_request_execution_timeout_in_ms
+
+    def get_retry_policy(self) -> RetryPolicy:
+        """
+        Represents the retry policy for token requests.
+
+        :return: RetryPolicy
+        """
+        return self._retry_policy
+
+
+class TokenManager:
+    def __init__(
+        self, identity_provider: IdentityProviderInterface, config: TokenManagerConfig
+    ):
+        self._idp = identity_provider
+        self._config = config
+        self._next_timer = None
+        self._listener = None
+        self._init_timer = None
+        self._retries = 0
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        logger.info("Token manager are disposed")
+        self.stop()
+
+    def start(
+        self,
+        listener: CredentialsListener,
+        skip_initial: bool = False,
+    ) -> Callable[[], None]:
+        self._listener = listener
+
+        try:
+            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            # Run loop in a separate thread to unblock main thread.
+            loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
+            thread = threading.Thread(
+                target=_start_event_loop_in_thread, args=(loop,), daemon=True
+            )
+            thread.start()
+
+        # Event to block for initial execution.
+        init_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self._init_timer = loop.call_later(
+            0, self._renew_token, skip_initial, init_event
+        )
+        logger.info("Token manager started")
+
+        # Blocks in thread-safe manner.
+        asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(init_event.wait(), loop).result()
+        return self.stop
+
+    async def start_async(
+        self,
+        listener: CredentialsListener,
+        block_for_initial: bool = False,
+        initial_delay_in_ms: float = 0,
+        skip_initial: bool = False,
+    ) -> Callable[[], None]:
+        self._listener = listener
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        init_event = asyncio.Event()
+
+        # Wraps the async callback with async wrapper to schedule with loop.call_later()
+        wrapped = _async_to_sync_wrapper(
+            loop, self._renew_token_async, skip_initial, init_event
+        )
+        self._init_timer = loop.call_later(initial_delay_in_ms / 1000, wrapped)
+        logger.info("Token manager started")
+
+        if block_for_initial:
+            await init_event.wait()
+
+        return self.stop
+
+    def stop(self):
+        if self._init_timer is not None:
+            self._init_timer.cancel()
+        if self._next_timer is not None:
+            self._next_timer.cancel()
+
+    def acquire_token(self, force_refresh=False) -> TokenResponse:
+        try:
+            token = self._idp.request_token(force_refresh)
+        except RequestTokenErr as e:
+            if self._retries < self._config.get_retry_policy().get_max_attempts():
+                self._retries += 1
+                sleep(self._config.get_retry_policy().get_delay_in_ms() / 1000)
+                return self.acquire_token(force_refresh)
+            else:
+                raise e
+
+        self._retries = 0
+        return TokenResponse(token)
+
+    async def acquire_token_async(self, force_refresh=False) -> TokenResponse:
+        try:
+            token = self._idp.request_token(force_refresh)
+        except RequestTokenErr as e:
+            if self._retries < self._config.get_retry_policy().get_max_attempts():
+                self._retries += 1
+                await asyncio.sleep(
+                    self._config.get_retry_policy().get_delay_in_ms() / 1000
+                )
+                return await self.acquire_token_async(force_refresh)
+            else:
+                raise e
+
+        self._retries = 0
+        return TokenResponse(token)
+
+    def _calculate_renewal_delay(self, expire_date: float, issue_date: float) -> float:
+        delay_for_lower_refresh = self._delay_for_lower_refresh(expire_date)
+        delay_for_ratio_refresh = self._delay_for_ratio_refresh(expire_date, issue_date)
+        delay = min(delay_for_ratio_refresh, delay_for_lower_refresh)
+
+        return 0 if delay < 0 else delay / 1000
+
+    def _delay_for_lower_refresh(self, expire_date: float):
+        return (
+            expire_date
+            - self._config.get_lower_refresh_bound_millis()
+            - (datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000)
+        )
+
+    def _delay_for_ratio_refresh(self, expire_date: float, issue_date: float):
+        token_ttl = expire_date - issue_date
+        refresh_before = token_ttl - (
+            token_ttl * self._config.get_expiration_refresh_ratio()
+        )
+
+        return (
+            expire_date
+            - refresh_before
+            - (datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000)
+        )
+
+    def _renew_token(
+        self, skip_initial: bool = False, init_event: asyncio.Event = None
+    ):
+        """
+        Task to renew token from identity provider.
+        Schedules renewal tasks based on token TTL.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            token_res = self.acquire_token(force_refresh=True)
+            delay = self._calculate_renewal_delay(
+                token_res.get_token().get_expires_at_ms(),
+                token_res.get_token().get_received_at_ms(),
+            )
+
+            if token_res.get_token().is_expired():
+                raise TokenRenewalErr("Requested token is expired")
+
+            if self._listener.on_next is None:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "No registered callback for token renewal task. Renewal cancelled"
+                )
+                return
+
+            if not skip_initial:
+                try:
+                    self._listener.on_next(token_res.get_token())
+                except Exception as e:
+                    raise TokenRenewalErr(e)
+
+            if delay <= 0:
+                return
+
+            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+            self._next_timer = loop.call_later(delay, self._renew_token)
+            logger.info(f"Next token renewal scheduled in {delay} seconds")
+            return token_res
+        except Exception as e:
+            if self._listener.on_error is None:
+                raise e
+
+            self._listener.on_error(e)
+        finally:
+            if init_event:
+                init_event.set()
+
+    async def _renew_token_async(
+        self, skip_initial: bool = False, init_event: asyncio.Event = None
+    ):
+        """
+        Async task to renew tokens from identity provider.
+        Schedules renewal tasks based on token TTL.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            token_res = await self.acquire_token_async(force_refresh=True)
+            delay = self._calculate_renewal_delay(
+                token_res.get_token().get_expires_at_ms(),
+                token_res.get_token().get_received_at_ms(),
+            )
+
+            if token_res.get_token().is_expired():
+                raise TokenRenewalErr("Requested token is expired")
+
+            if self._listener.on_next is None:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "No registered callback for token renewal task. Renewal cancelled"
+                )
+                return
+
+            if not skip_initial:
+                try:
+                    await self._listener.on_next(token_res.get_token())
+                except Exception as e:
+                    raise TokenRenewalErr(e)
+
+            if delay <= 0:
+                return
+
+            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+            wrapped = _async_to_sync_wrapper(loop, self._renew_token_async)
+            logger.info(f"Next token renewal scheduled in {delay} seconds")
+            loop.call_later(delay, wrapped)
+        except Exception as e:
+            if self._listener.on_error is None:
+                raise e
+
+            await self._listener.on_error(e)
+        finally:
+            if init_event:
+                init_event.set()
+
+
+def _async_to_sync_wrapper(loop, coro_func, *args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Wraps an asynchronous function so it can be used with loop.call_later.
+
+    :param loop: The event loop in which the coroutine will be executed.
+    :param coro_func: The coroutine function to wrap.
+    :param args: Positional arguments to pass to the coroutine function.
+    :param kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to the coroutine function.
+    :return: A regular function suitable for loop.call_later.
+    """
+
+    def wrapped():
+        # Schedule the coroutine in the event loop
+        asyncio.ensure_future(coro_func(*args, **kwargs), loop=loop)
+
+    return wrapped
+
+
+def _start_event_loop_in_thread(event_loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop):
+    """
+    Starts event loop in a thread.
+    Used to be able to schedule tasks using loop.call_later.
+
+    :param event_loop:
+    :return:
+    """
+    asyncio.set_event_loop(event_loop)
+    event_loop.run_forever()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/backoff.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/backoff.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e236764d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/backoff.py
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import random
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+# Maximum backoff between each retry in seconds
+DEFAULT_CAP = 0.512
+# Minimum backoff between each retry in seconds
+DEFAULT_BASE = 0.008
+
+
+class AbstractBackoff(ABC):
+    """Backoff interface"""
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """
+        Reset internal state before an operation.
+        `reset` is called once at the beginning of
+        every call to `Retry.call_with_retry`
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def compute(self, failures: int) -> float:
+        """Compute backoff in seconds upon failure"""
+        pass
+
+
+class ConstantBackoff(AbstractBackoff):
+    """Constant backoff upon failure"""
+
+    def __init__(self, backoff: float) -> None:
+        """`backoff`: backoff time in seconds"""
+        self._backoff = backoff
+
+    def compute(self, failures: int) -> float:
+        return self._backoff
+
+
+class NoBackoff(ConstantBackoff):
+    """No backoff upon failure"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(0)
+
+
+class ExponentialBackoff(AbstractBackoff):
+    """Exponential backoff upon failure"""
+
+    def __init__(self, cap: float = DEFAULT_CAP, base: float = DEFAULT_BASE):
+        """
+        `cap`: maximum backoff time in seconds
+        `base`: base backoff time in seconds
+        """
+        self._cap = cap
+        self._base = base
+
+    def compute(self, failures: int) -> float:
+        return min(self._cap, self._base * 2**failures)
+
+
+class FullJitterBackoff(AbstractBackoff):
+    """Full jitter backoff upon failure"""
+
+    def __init__(self, cap: float = DEFAULT_CAP, base: float = DEFAULT_BASE) -> None:
+        """
+        `cap`: maximum backoff time in seconds
+        `base`: base backoff time in seconds
+        """
+        self._cap = cap
+        self._base = base
+
+    def compute(self, failures: int) -> float:
+        return random.uniform(0, min(self._cap, self._base * 2**failures))
+
+
+class EqualJitterBackoff(AbstractBackoff):
+    """Equal jitter backoff upon failure"""
+
+    def __init__(self, cap: float = DEFAULT_CAP, base: float = DEFAULT_BASE) -> None:
+        """
+        `cap`: maximum backoff time in seconds
+        `base`: base backoff time in seconds
+        """
+        self._cap = cap
+        self._base = base
+
+    def compute(self, failures: int) -> float:
+        temp = min(self._cap, self._base * 2**failures) / 2
+        return temp + random.uniform(0, temp)
+
+
+class DecorrelatedJitterBackoff(AbstractBackoff):
+    """Decorrelated jitter backoff upon failure"""
+
+    def __init__(self, cap: float = DEFAULT_CAP, base: float = DEFAULT_BASE) -> None:
+        """
+        `cap`: maximum backoff time in seconds
+        `base`: base backoff time in seconds
+        """
+        self._cap = cap
+        self._base = base
+        self._previous_backoff = 0
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._previous_backoff = 0
+
+    def compute(self, failures: int) -> float:
+        max_backoff = max(self._base, self._previous_backoff * 3)
+        temp = random.uniform(self._base, max_backoff)
+        self._previous_backoff = min(self._cap, temp)
+        return self._previous_backoff
+
+
+class ExponentialWithJitterBackoff(AbstractBackoff):
+    """Exponential backoff upon failure, with jitter"""
+
+    def __init__(self, cap: float = DEFAULT_CAP, base: float = DEFAULT_BASE) -> None:
+        """
+        `cap`: maximum backoff time in seconds
+        `base`: base backoff time in seconds
+        """
+        self._cap = cap
+        self._base = base
+
+    def compute(self, failures: int) -> float:
+        return min(self._cap, random.random() * self._base * 2**failures)
+
+
+def default_backoff():
+    return EqualJitterBackoff()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/cache.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9971edd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, List, Optional, Union
+
+
+class CacheEntryStatus(Enum):
+    VALID = "VALID"
+    IN_PROGRESS = "IN_PROGRESS"
+
+
+class EvictionPolicyType(Enum):
+    time_based = "time_based"
+    frequency_based = "frequency_based"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CacheKey:
+    command: str
+    redis_keys: tuple
+
+
+class CacheEntry:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cache_key: CacheKey,
+        cache_value: bytes,
+        status: CacheEntryStatus,
+        connection_ref,
+    ):
+        self.cache_key = cache_key
+        self.cache_value = cache_value
+        self.status = status
+        self.connection_ref = connection_ref
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(
+            (self.cache_key, self.cache_value, self.status, self.connection_ref)
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return hash(self) == hash(other)
+
+
+class EvictionPolicyInterface(ABC):
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def cache(self):
+        pass
+
+    @cache.setter
+    def cache(self, value):
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def type(self) -> EvictionPolicyType:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def evict_next(self) -> CacheKey:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def evict_many(self, count: int) -> List[CacheKey]:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def touch(self, cache_key: CacheKey) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class CacheConfigurationInterface(ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_cache_class(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_max_size(self) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_eviction_policy(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_exceeds_max_size(self, count: int) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_allowed_to_cache(self, command: str) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+
+class CacheInterface(ABC):
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def collection(self) -> OrderedDict:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def config(self) -> CacheConfigurationInterface:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def eviction_policy(self) -> EvictionPolicyInterface:
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def size(self) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get(self, key: CacheKey) -> Union[CacheEntry, None]:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def set(self, entry: CacheEntry) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def delete_by_cache_keys(self, cache_keys: List[CacheKey]) -> List[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def delete_by_redis_keys(self, redis_keys: List[bytes]) -> List[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def flush(self) -> int:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_cachable(self, key: CacheKey) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+
+class DefaultCache(CacheInterface):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cache_config: CacheConfigurationInterface,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._cache = OrderedDict()
+        self._cache_config = cache_config
+        self._eviction_policy = self._cache_config.get_eviction_policy().value()
+        self._eviction_policy.cache = self
+
+    @property
+    def collection(self) -> OrderedDict:
+        return self._cache
+
+    @property
+    def config(self) -> CacheConfigurationInterface:
+        return self._cache_config
+
+    @property
+    def eviction_policy(self) -> EvictionPolicyInterface:
+        return self._eviction_policy
+
+    @property
+    def size(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._cache)
+
+    def set(self, entry: CacheEntry) -> bool:
+        if not self.is_cachable(entry.cache_key):
+            return False
+
+        self._cache[entry.cache_key] = entry
+        self._eviction_policy.touch(entry.cache_key)
+
+        if self._cache_config.is_exceeds_max_size(len(self._cache)):
+            self._eviction_policy.evict_next()
+
+        return True
+
+    def get(self, key: CacheKey) -> Union[CacheEntry, None]:
+        entry = self._cache.get(key, None)
+
+        if entry is None:
+            return None
+
+        self._eviction_policy.touch(key)
+        return entry
+
+    def delete_by_cache_keys(self, cache_keys: List[CacheKey]) -> List[bool]:
+        response = []
+
+        for key in cache_keys:
+            if self.get(key) is not None:
+                self._cache.pop(key)
+                response.append(True)
+            else:
+                response.append(False)
+
+        return response
+
+    def delete_by_redis_keys(self, redis_keys: List[bytes]) -> List[bool]:
+        response = []
+        keys_to_delete = []
+
+        for redis_key in redis_keys:
+            if isinstance(redis_key, bytes):
+                redis_key = redis_key.decode()
+            for cache_key in self._cache:
+                if redis_key in cache_key.redis_keys:
+                    keys_to_delete.append(cache_key)
+                    response.append(True)
+
+        for key in keys_to_delete:
+            self._cache.pop(key)
+
+        return response
+
+    def flush(self) -> int:
+        elem_count = len(self._cache)
+        self._cache.clear()
+        return elem_count
+
+    def is_cachable(self, key: CacheKey) -> bool:
+        return self._cache_config.is_allowed_to_cache(key.command)
+
+
+class LRUPolicy(EvictionPolicyInterface):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.cache = None
+
+    @property
+    def cache(self):
+        return self._cache
+
+    @cache.setter
+    def cache(self, cache: CacheInterface):
+        self._cache = cache
+
+    @property
+    def type(self) -> EvictionPolicyType:
+        return EvictionPolicyType.time_based
+
+    def evict_next(self) -> CacheKey:
+        self._assert_cache()
+        popped_entry = self._cache.collection.popitem(last=False)
+        return popped_entry[0]
+
+    def evict_many(self, count: int) -> List[CacheKey]:
+        self._assert_cache()
+        if count > len(self._cache.collection):
+            raise ValueError("Evictions count is above cache size")
+
+        popped_keys = []
+
+        for _ in range(count):
+            popped_entry = self._cache.collection.popitem(last=False)
+            popped_keys.append(popped_entry[0])
+
+        return popped_keys
+
+    def touch(self, cache_key: CacheKey) -> None:
+        self._assert_cache()
+
+        if self._cache.collection.get(cache_key) is None:
+            raise ValueError("Given entry does not belong to the cache")
+
+        self._cache.collection.move_to_end(cache_key)
+
+    def _assert_cache(self):
+        if self.cache is None or not isinstance(self.cache, CacheInterface):
+            raise ValueError("Eviction policy should be associated with valid cache.")
+
+
+class EvictionPolicy(Enum):
+    LRU = LRUPolicy
+
+
+class CacheConfig(CacheConfigurationInterface):
+    DEFAULT_CACHE_CLASS = DefaultCache
+    DEFAULT_EVICTION_POLICY = EvictionPolicy.LRU
+    DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE = 10000
+
+    DEFAULT_ALLOW_LIST = [
+        "BITCOUNT",
+        "BITFIELD_RO",
+        "BITPOS",
+        "EXISTS",
+        "GEODIST",
+        "GEOHASH",
+        "GEOPOS",
+        "GEORADIUSBYMEMBER_RO",
+        "GEORADIUS_RO",
+        "GEOSEARCH",
+        "GET",
+        "GETBIT",
+        "GETRANGE",
+        "HEXISTS",
+        "HGET",
+        "HGETALL",
+        "HKEYS",
+        "HLEN",
+        "HMGET",
+        "HSTRLEN",
+        "HVALS",
+        "JSON.ARRINDEX",
+        "JSON.ARRLEN",
+        "JSON.GET",
+        "JSON.MGET",
+        "JSON.OBJKEYS",
+        "JSON.OBJLEN",
+        "JSON.RESP",
+        "JSON.STRLEN",
+        "JSON.TYPE",
+        "LCS",
+        "LINDEX",
+        "LLEN",
+        "LPOS",
+        "LRANGE",
+        "MGET",
+        "SCARD",
+        "SDIFF",
+        "SINTER",
+        "SINTERCARD",
+        "SISMEMBER",
+        "SMEMBERS",
+        "SMISMEMBER",
+        "SORT_RO",
+        "STRLEN",
+        "SUBSTR",
+        "SUNION",
+        "TS.GET",
+        "TS.INFO",
+        "TS.RANGE",
+        "TS.REVRANGE",
+        "TYPE",
+        "XLEN",
+        "XPENDING",
+        "XRANGE",
+        "XREAD",
+        "XREVRANGE",
+        "ZCARD",
+        "ZCOUNT",
+        "ZDIFF",
+        "ZINTER",
+        "ZINTERCARD",
+        "ZLEXCOUNT",
+        "ZMSCORE",
+        "ZRANGE",
+        "ZRANGEBYLEX",
+        "ZRANGEBYSCORE",
+        "ZRANK",
+        "ZREVRANGE",
+        "ZREVRANGEBYLEX",
+        "ZREVRANGEBYSCORE",
+        "ZREVRANK",
+        "ZSCORE",
+        "ZUNION",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_size: int = DEFAULT_MAX_SIZE,
+        cache_class: Any = DEFAULT_CACHE_CLASS,
+        eviction_policy: EvictionPolicy = DEFAULT_EVICTION_POLICY,
+    ):
+        self._cache_class = cache_class
+        self._max_size = max_size
+        self._eviction_policy = eviction_policy
+
+    def get_cache_class(self):
+        return self._cache_class
+
+    def get_max_size(self) -> int:
+        return self._max_size
+
+    def get_eviction_policy(self) -> EvictionPolicy:
+        return self._eviction_policy
+
+    def is_exceeds_max_size(self, count: int) -> bool:
+        return count > self._max_size
+
+    def is_allowed_to_cache(self, command: str) -> bool:
+        return command in self.DEFAULT_ALLOW_LIST
+
+
+class CacheFactoryInterface(ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_cache(self) -> CacheInterface:
+        pass
+
+
+class CacheFactory(CacheFactoryInterface):
+    def __init__(self, cache_config: Optional[CacheConfig] = None):
+        self._config = cache_config
+
+        if self._config is None:
+            self._config = CacheConfig()
+
+    def get_cache(self) -> CacheInterface:
+        cache_class = self._config.get_cache_class()
+        return cache_class(cache_config=self._config)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/client.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/client.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ef95600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/client.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1622 @@
+import copy
+import re
+import threading
+import time
+from itertools import chain
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    List,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from redis._parsers.encoders import Encoder
+from redis._parsers.helpers import (
+    _RedisCallbacks,
+    _RedisCallbacksRESP2,
+    _RedisCallbacksRESP3,
+    bool_ok,
+)
+from redis.backoff import ExponentialWithJitterBackoff
+from redis.cache import CacheConfig, CacheInterface
+from redis.commands import (
+    CoreCommands,
+    RedisModuleCommands,
+    SentinelCommands,
+    list_or_args,
+)
+from redis.commands.core import Script
+from redis.connection import (
+    AbstractConnection,
+    ConnectionPool,
+    SSLConnection,
+    UnixDomainSocketConnection,
+)
+from redis.credentials import CredentialProvider
+from redis.event import (
+    AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent,
+    AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent,
+    AfterSingleConnectionInstantiationEvent,
+    ClientType,
+    EventDispatcher,
+)
+from redis.exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ExecAbortError,
+    PubSubError,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    WatchError,
+)
+from redis.lock import Lock
+from redis.retry import Retry
+from redis.utils import (
+    HIREDIS_AVAILABLE,
+    _set_info_logger,
+    deprecated_args,
+    get_lib_version,
+    safe_str,
+    str_if_bytes,
+    truncate_text,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl
+
+    import OpenSSL
+
+SYM_EMPTY = b""
+EMPTY_RESPONSE = "EMPTY_RESPONSE"
+
+# some responses (ie. dump) are binary, and just meant to never be decoded
+NEVER_DECODE = "NEVER_DECODE"
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):
+    "Case insensitive dict implementation. Assumes string keys only."
+
+    def __init__(self, data: Dict[str, str]) -> None:
+        for k, v in data.items():
+            self[k.upper()] = v
+
+    def __contains__(self, k):
+        return super().__contains__(k.upper())
+
+    def __delitem__(self, k):
+        super().__delitem__(k.upper())
+
+    def __getitem__(self, k):
+        return super().__getitem__(k.upper())
+
+    def get(self, k, default=None):
+        return super().get(k.upper(), default)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, k, v):
+        super().__setitem__(k.upper(), v)
+
+    def update(self, data):
+        data = CaseInsensitiveDict(data)
+        super().update(data)
+
+
+class AbstractRedis:
+    pass
+
+
+class Redis(RedisModuleCommands, CoreCommands, SentinelCommands):
+    """
+    Implementation of the Redis protocol.
+
+    This abstract class provides a Python interface to all Redis commands
+    and an implementation of the Redis protocol.
+
+    Pipelines derive from this, implementing how
+    the commands are sent and received to the Redis server. Based on
+    configuration, an instance will either use a ConnectionPool, or
+    Connection object to talk to redis.
+
+    It is not safe to pass PubSub or Pipeline objects between threads.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls, url: str, **kwargs) -> "Redis":
+        """
+        Return a Redis client object configured from the given URL
+
+        For example::
+
+            redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            unix://[username@]/path/to/socket.sock?db=0[&password=password]
+
+        Three URL schemes are supported:
+
+        - `redis://` creates a TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>
+        - `rediss://` creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>
+        - ``unix://``: creates a Unix Domain Socket connection.
+
+        The username, password, hostname, path and all querystring values
+        are passed through urllib.parse.unquote in order to replace any
+        percent-encoded values with their corresponding characters.
+
+        There are several ways to specify a database number. The first value
+        found will be used:
+
+            1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
+            2. If using the redis:// or rediss:// schemes, the path argument
+               of the url, e.g. redis://localhost/0
+            3. A ``db`` keyword argument to this function.
+
+        If none of these options are specified, the default db=0 is used.
+
+        All querystring options are cast to their appropriate Python types.
+        Boolean arguments can be specified with string values "True"/"False"
+        or "Yes"/"No". Values that cannot be properly cast cause a
+        ``ValueError`` to be raised. Once parsed, the querystring arguments
+        and keyword arguments are passed to the ``ConnectionPool``'s
+        class initializer. In the case of conflicting arguments, querystring
+        arguments always win.
+
+        """
+        single_connection_client = kwargs.pop("single_connection_client", False)
+        connection_pool = ConnectionPool.from_url(url, **kwargs)
+        client = cls(
+            connection_pool=connection_pool,
+            single_connection_client=single_connection_client,
+        )
+        client.auto_close_connection_pool = True
+        return client
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_pool(
+        cls: Type["Redis"],
+        connection_pool: ConnectionPool,
+    ) -> "Redis":
+        """
+        Return a Redis client from the given connection pool.
+        The Redis client will take ownership of the connection pool and
+        close it when the Redis client is closed.
+        """
+        client = cls(
+            connection_pool=connection_pool,
+        )
+        client.auto_close_connection_pool = True
+        return client
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["retry_on_timeout"],
+        reason="TimeoutError is included by default.",
+        version="6.0.0",
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str = "localhost",
+        port: int = 6379,
+        db: int = 0,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        socket_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        socket_connect_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        socket_keepalive: Optional[bool] = None,
+        socket_keepalive_options: Optional[Mapping[int, Union[int, bytes]]] = None,
+        connection_pool: Optional[ConnectionPool] = None,
+        unix_socket_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        encoding_errors: str = "strict",
+        decode_responses: bool = False,
+        retry_on_timeout: bool = False,
+        retry: Retry = Retry(
+            backoff=ExponentialWithJitterBackoff(base=1, cap=10), retries=3
+        ),
+        retry_on_error: Optional[List[Type[Exception]]] = None,
+        ssl: bool = False,
+        ssl_keyfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_certfile: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_cert_reqs: Union[str, "ssl.VerifyMode"] = "required",
+        ssl_ca_certs: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_ca_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_ca_data: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_check_hostname: bool = True,
+        ssl_password: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_validate_ocsp: bool = False,
+        ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled: bool = False,
+        ssl_ocsp_context: Optional["OpenSSL.SSL.Context"] = None,
+        ssl_ocsp_expected_cert: Optional[str] = None,
+        ssl_min_version: Optional["ssl.TLSVersion"] = None,
+        ssl_ciphers: Optional[str] = None,
+        max_connections: Optional[int] = None,
+        single_connection_client: bool = False,
+        health_check_interval: int = 0,
+        client_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        lib_name: Optional[str] = "redis-py",
+        lib_version: Optional[str] = get_lib_version(),
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        redis_connect_func: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
+        credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
+        protocol: Optional[int] = 2,
+        cache: Optional[CacheInterface] = None,
+        cache_config: Optional[CacheConfig] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Initialize a new Redis client.
+
+        To specify a retry policy for specific errors, you have two options:
+
+        1. Set the `retry_on_error` to a list of the error/s to retry on, and
+        you can also set `retry` to a valid `Retry` object(in case the default
+        one is not appropriate) - with this approach the retries will be triggered
+        on the default errors specified in the Retry object enriched with the
+        errors specified in `retry_on_error`.
+
+        2. Define a `Retry` object with configured 'supported_errors' and set
+        it to the `retry` parameter - with this approach you completely redefine
+        the errors on which retries will happen.
+
+        `retry_on_timeout` is deprecated - please include the TimeoutError
+        either in the Retry object or in the `retry_on_error` list.
+
+        When 'connection_pool' is provided - the retry configuration of the
+        provided pool will be used.
+
+        Args:
+
+        single_connection_client:
+            if `True`, connection pool is not used. In that case `Redis`
+            instance use is not thread safe.
+        """
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        if not connection_pool:
+            if not retry_on_error:
+                retry_on_error = []
+            kwargs = {
+                "db": db,
+                "username": username,
+                "password": password,
+                "socket_timeout": socket_timeout,
+                "encoding": encoding,
+                "encoding_errors": encoding_errors,
+                "decode_responses": decode_responses,
+                "retry_on_error": retry_on_error,
+                "retry": copy.deepcopy(retry),
+                "max_connections": max_connections,
+                "health_check_interval": health_check_interval,
+                "client_name": client_name,
+                "lib_name": lib_name,
+                "lib_version": lib_version,
+                "redis_connect_func": redis_connect_func,
+                "credential_provider": credential_provider,
+                "protocol": protocol,
+            }
+            # based on input, setup appropriate connection args
+            if unix_socket_path is not None:
+                kwargs.update(
+                    {
+                        "path": unix_socket_path,
+                        "connection_class": UnixDomainSocketConnection,
+                    }
+                )
+            else:
+                # TCP specific options
+                kwargs.update(
+                    {
+                        "host": host,
+                        "port": port,
+                        "socket_connect_timeout": socket_connect_timeout,
+                        "socket_keepalive": socket_keepalive,
+                        "socket_keepalive_options": socket_keepalive_options,
+                    }
+                )
+
+                if ssl:
+                    kwargs.update(
+                        {
+                            "connection_class": SSLConnection,
+                            "ssl_keyfile": ssl_keyfile,
+                            "ssl_certfile": ssl_certfile,
+                            "ssl_cert_reqs": ssl_cert_reqs,
+                            "ssl_ca_certs": ssl_ca_certs,
+                            "ssl_ca_data": ssl_ca_data,
+                            "ssl_check_hostname": ssl_check_hostname,
+                            "ssl_password": ssl_password,
+                            "ssl_ca_path": ssl_ca_path,
+                            "ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled": ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled,
+                            "ssl_validate_ocsp": ssl_validate_ocsp,
+                            "ssl_ocsp_context": ssl_ocsp_context,
+                            "ssl_ocsp_expected_cert": ssl_ocsp_expected_cert,
+                            "ssl_min_version": ssl_min_version,
+                            "ssl_ciphers": ssl_ciphers,
+                        }
+                    )
+                if (cache_config or cache) and protocol in [3, "3"]:
+                    kwargs.update(
+                        {
+                            "cache": cache,
+                            "cache_config": cache_config,
+                        }
+                    )
+            connection_pool = ConnectionPool(**kwargs)
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent(
+                    [connection_pool], ClientType.SYNC, credential_provider
+                )
+            )
+            self.auto_close_connection_pool = True
+        else:
+            self.auto_close_connection_pool = False
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent(
+                    [connection_pool], ClientType.SYNC, credential_provider
+                )
+            )
+
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+
+        if (cache_config or cache) and self.connection_pool.get_protocol() not in [
+            3,
+            "3",
+        ]:
+            raise RedisError("Client caching is only supported with RESP version 3")
+
+        self.single_connection_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.connection = None
+        self._single_connection_client = single_connection_client
+        if self._single_connection_client:
+            self.connection = self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterSingleConnectionInstantiationEvent(
+                    self.connection, ClientType.SYNC, self.single_connection_lock
+                )
+            )
+
+        self.response_callbacks = CaseInsensitiveDict(_RedisCallbacks)
+
+        if self.connection_pool.connection_kwargs.get("protocol") in ["3", 3]:
+            self.response_callbacks.update(_RedisCallbacksRESP3)
+        else:
+            self.response_callbacks.update(_RedisCallbacksRESP2)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__}"
+            f"({repr(self.connection_pool)})>"
+        )
+
+    def get_encoder(self) -> "Encoder":
+        """Get the connection pool's encoder"""
+        return self.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+
+    def get_connection_kwargs(self) -> Dict:
+        """Get the connection's key-word arguments"""
+        return self.connection_pool.connection_kwargs
+
+    def get_retry(self) -> Optional[Retry]:
+        return self.get_connection_kwargs().get("retry")
+
+    def set_retry(self, retry: Retry) -> None:
+        self.get_connection_kwargs().update({"retry": retry})
+        self.connection_pool.set_retry(retry)
+
+    def set_response_callback(self, command: str, callback: Callable) -> None:
+        """Set a custom Response Callback"""
+        self.response_callbacks[command] = callback
+
+    def load_external_module(self, funcname, func) -> None:
+        """
+        This function can be used to add externally defined redis modules,
+        and their namespaces to the redis client.
+
+        funcname - A string containing the name of the function to create
+        func - The function, being added to this class.
+
+        ex: Assume that one has a custom redis module named foomod that
+        creates command named 'foo.dothing' and 'foo.anotherthing' in redis.
+        To load function functions into this namespace:
+
+        from redis import Redis
+        from foomodule import F
+        r = Redis()
+        r.load_external_module("foo", F)
+        r.foo().dothing('your', 'arguments')
+
+        For a concrete example see the reimport of the redisjson module in
+        tests/test_connection.py::test_loading_external_modules
+        """
+        setattr(self, funcname, func)
+
+    def pipeline(self, transaction=True, shard_hint=None) -> "Pipeline":
+        """
+        Return a new pipeline object that can queue multiple commands for
+        later execution. ``transaction`` indicates whether all commands
+        should be executed atomically. Apart from making a group of operations
+        atomic, pipelines are useful for reducing the back-and-forth overhead
+        between the client and server.
+        """
+        return Pipeline(
+            self.connection_pool, self.response_callbacks, transaction, shard_hint
+        )
+
+    def transaction(
+        self, func: Callable[["Pipeline"], None], *watches, **kwargs
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Convenience method for executing the callable `func` as a transaction
+        while watching all keys specified in `watches`. The 'func' callable
+        should expect a single argument which is a Pipeline object.
+        """
+        shard_hint = kwargs.pop("shard_hint", None)
+        value_from_callable = kwargs.pop("value_from_callable", False)
+        watch_delay = kwargs.pop("watch_delay", None)
+        with self.pipeline(True, shard_hint) as pipe:
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    if watches:
+                        pipe.watch(*watches)
+                    func_value = func(pipe)
+                    exec_value = pipe.execute()
+                    return func_value if value_from_callable else exec_value
+                except WatchError:
+                    if watch_delay is not None and watch_delay > 0:
+                        time.sleep(watch_delay)
+                    continue
+
+    def lock(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        sleep: float = 0.1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        blocking_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        lock_class: Union[None, Any] = None,
+        thread_local: bool = True,
+        raise_on_release_error: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Return a new Lock object using key ``name`` that mimics
+        the behavior of threading.Lock.
+
+        If specified, ``timeout`` indicates a maximum life for the lock.
+        By default, it will remain locked until release() is called.
+
+        ``sleep`` indicates the amount of time to sleep per loop iteration
+        when the lock is in blocking mode and another client is currently
+        holding the lock.
+
+        ``blocking`` indicates whether calling ``acquire`` should block until
+        the lock has been acquired or to fail immediately, causing ``acquire``
+        to return False and the lock not being acquired. Defaults to True.
+        Note this value can be overridden by passing a ``blocking``
+        argument to ``acquire``.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` indicates the maximum amount of time in seconds to
+        spend trying to acquire the lock. A value of ``None`` indicates
+        continue trying forever. ``blocking_timeout`` can be specified as a
+        float or integer, both representing the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``lock_class`` forces the specified lock implementation. Note that as
+        of redis-py 3.0, the only lock class we implement is ``Lock`` (which is
+        a Lua-based lock). So, it's unlikely you'll need this parameter, unless
+        you have created your own custom lock class.
+
+        ``thread_local`` indicates whether the lock token is placed in
+        thread-local storage. By default, the token is placed in thread local
+        storage so that a thread only sees its token, not a token set by
+        another thread. Consider the following timeline:
+
+            time: 0, thread-1 acquires `my-lock`, with a timeout of 5 seconds.
+                     thread-1 sets the token to "abc"
+            time: 1, thread-2 blocks trying to acquire `my-lock` using the
+                     Lock instance.
+            time: 5, thread-1 has not yet completed. redis expires the lock
+                     key.
+            time: 5, thread-2 acquired `my-lock` now that it's available.
+                     thread-2 sets the token to "xyz"
+            time: 6, thread-1 finishes its work and calls release(). if the
+                     token is *not* stored in thread local storage, then
+                     thread-1 would see the token value as "xyz" and would be
+                     able to successfully release the thread-2's lock.
+
+        ``raise_on_release_error`` indicates whether to raise an exception when
+        the lock is no longer owned when exiting the context manager. By default,
+        this is True, meaning an exception will be raised. If False, the warning
+        will be logged and the exception will be suppressed.
+
+        In some use cases it's necessary to disable thread local storage. For
+        example, if you have code where one thread acquires a lock and passes
+        that lock instance to a worker thread to release later. If thread
+        local storage isn't disabled in this case, the worker thread won't see
+        the token set by the thread that acquired the lock. Our assumption
+        is that these cases aren't common and as such default to using
+        thread local storage."""
+        if lock_class is None:
+            lock_class = Lock
+        return lock_class(
+            self,
+            name,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            sleep=sleep,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            blocking_timeout=blocking_timeout,
+            thread_local=thread_local,
+            raise_on_release_error=raise_on_release_error,
+        )
+
+    def pubsub(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Return a Publish/Subscribe object. With this object, you can
+        subscribe to channels and listen for messages that get published to
+        them.
+        """
+        return PubSub(
+            self.connection_pool, event_dispatcher=self._event_dispatcher, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def monitor(self):
+        return Monitor(self.connection_pool)
+
+    def client(self):
+        return self.__class__(
+            connection_pool=self.connection_pool, single_connection_client=True
+        )
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        # In case a connection property does not yet exist
+        # (due to a crash earlier in the Redis() constructor), return
+        # immediately as there is nothing to clean-up.
+        if not hasattr(self, "connection"):
+            return
+
+        conn = self.connection
+        if conn:
+            self.connection = None
+            self.connection_pool.release(conn)
+
+        if self.auto_close_connection_pool:
+            self.connection_pool.disconnect()
+
+    def _send_command_parse_response(self, conn, command_name, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Send a command and parse the response
+        """
+        conn.send_command(*args, **options)
+        return self.parse_response(conn, command_name, **options)
+
+    def _close_connection(self, conn) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the connection before retrying.
+
+        The supported exceptions are already checked in the
+        retry object so we don't need to do it here.
+
+        After we disconnect the connection, it will try to reconnect and
+        do a health check as part of the send_command logic(on connection level).
+        """
+
+        conn.disconnect()
+
+    # COMMAND EXECUTION AND PROTOCOL PARSING
+    def execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        return self._execute_command(*args, **options)
+
+    def _execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        """Execute a command and return a parsed response"""
+        pool = self.connection_pool
+        command_name = args[0]
+        conn = self.connection or pool.get_connection()
+
+        if self._single_connection_client:
+            self.single_connection_lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            return conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: self._send_command_parse_response(
+                    conn, command_name, *args, **options
+                ),
+                lambda _: self._close_connection(conn),
+            )
+        finally:
+            if self._single_connection_client:
+                self.single_connection_lock.release()
+            if not self.connection:
+                pool.release(conn)
+
+    def parse_response(self, connection, command_name, **options):
+        """Parses a response from the Redis server"""
+        try:
+            if NEVER_DECODE in options:
+                response = connection.read_response(disable_decoding=True)
+                options.pop(NEVER_DECODE)
+            else:
+                response = connection.read_response()
+        except ResponseError:
+            if EMPTY_RESPONSE in options:
+                return options[EMPTY_RESPONSE]
+            raise
+
+        if EMPTY_RESPONSE in options:
+            options.pop(EMPTY_RESPONSE)
+
+        # Remove keys entry, it needs only for cache.
+        options.pop("keys", None)
+
+        if command_name in self.response_callbacks:
+            return self.response_callbacks[command_name](response, **options)
+        return response
+
+    def get_cache(self) -> Optional[CacheInterface]:
+        return self.connection_pool.cache
+
+
+StrictRedis = Redis
+
+
+class Monitor:
+    """
+    Monitor is useful for handling the MONITOR command to the redis server.
+    next_command() method returns one command from monitor
+    listen() method yields commands from monitor.
+    """
+
+    monitor_re = re.compile(r"\[(\d+) (.*?)\] (.*)")
+    command_re = re.compile(r'"(.*?)(?<!\\)"')
+
+    def __init__(self, connection_pool):
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.connection = self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.connection.send_command("MONITOR")
+        # check that monitor returns 'OK', but don't return it to user
+        response = self.connection.read_response()
+        if not bool_ok(response):
+            raise RedisError(f"MONITOR failed: {response}")
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.connection.disconnect()
+        self.connection_pool.release(self.connection)
+
+    def next_command(self):
+        """Parse the response from a monitor command"""
+        response = self.connection.read_response()
+        if isinstance(response, bytes):
+            response = self.connection.encoder.decode(response, force=True)
+        command_time, command_data = response.split(" ", 1)
+        m = self.monitor_re.match(command_data)
+        db_id, client_info, command = m.groups()
+        command = " ".join(self.command_re.findall(command))
+        # Redis escapes double quotes because each piece of the command
+        # string is surrounded by double quotes. We don't have that
+        # requirement so remove the escaping and leave the quote.
+        command = command.replace('\\"', '"')
+
+        if client_info == "lua":
+            client_address = "lua"
+            client_port = ""
+            client_type = "lua"
+        elif client_info.startswith("unix"):
+            client_address = "unix"
+            client_port = client_info[5:]
+            client_type = "unix"
+        else:
+            # use rsplit as ipv6 addresses contain colons
+            client_address, client_port = client_info.rsplit(":", 1)
+            client_type = "tcp"
+        return {
+            "time": float(command_time),
+            "db": int(db_id),
+            "client_address": client_address,
+            "client_port": client_port,
+            "client_type": client_type,
+            "command": command,
+        }
+
+    def listen(self):
+        """Listen for commands coming to the server."""
+        while True:
+            yield self.next_command()
+
+
+class PubSub:
+    """
+    PubSub provides publish, subscribe and listen support to Redis channels.
+
+    After subscribing to one or more channels, the listen() method will block
+    until a message arrives on one of the subscribed channels. That message
+    will be returned and it's safe to start listening again.
+    """
+
+    PUBLISH_MESSAGE_TYPES = ("message", "pmessage", "smessage")
+    UNSUBSCRIBE_MESSAGE_TYPES = ("unsubscribe", "punsubscribe", "sunsubscribe")
+    HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE = "redis-py-health-check"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection_pool,
+        shard_hint=None,
+        ignore_subscribe_messages: bool = False,
+        encoder: Optional["Encoder"] = None,
+        push_handler_func: Union[None, Callable[[str], None]] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional["EventDispatcher"] = None,
+    ):
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.shard_hint = shard_hint
+        self.ignore_subscribe_messages = ignore_subscribe_messages
+        self.connection = None
+        self.subscribed_event = threading.Event()
+        # we need to know the encoding options for this connection in order
+        # to lookup channel and pattern names for callback handlers.
+        self.encoder = encoder
+        self.push_handler_func = push_handler_func
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        if self.encoder is None:
+            self.encoder = self.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+        self.health_check_response_b = self.encoder.encode(self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE)
+        if self.encoder.decode_responses:
+            self.health_check_response = ["pong", self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE]
+        else:
+            self.health_check_response = [b"pong", self.health_check_response_b]
+        if self.push_handler_func is None:
+            _set_info_logger()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "PubSub":
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback) -> None:
+        self.reset()
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            # if this object went out of scope prior to shutting down
+            # subscriptions, close the connection manually before
+            # returning it to the connection pool
+            self.reset()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        if self.connection:
+            self.connection.disconnect()
+            self.connection.deregister_connect_callback(self.on_connect)
+            self.connection_pool.release(self.connection)
+            self.connection = None
+        self.health_check_response_counter = 0
+        self.channels = {}
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels = set()
+        self.shard_channels = {}
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels = set()
+        self.patterns = {}
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns = set()
+        self.subscribed_event.clear()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.reset()
+
+    def on_connect(self, connection) -> None:
+        "Re-subscribe to any channels and patterns previously subscribed to"
+        # NOTE: for python3, we can't pass bytestrings as keyword arguments
+        # so we need to decode channel/pattern names back to unicode strings
+        # before passing them to [p]subscribe.
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.clear()
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.clear()
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels.clear()
+        if self.channels:
+            channels = {
+                self.encoder.decode(k, force=True): v for k, v in self.channels.items()
+            }
+            self.subscribe(**channels)
+        if self.patterns:
+            patterns = {
+                self.encoder.decode(k, force=True): v for k, v in self.patterns.items()
+            }
+            self.psubscribe(**patterns)
+        if self.shard_channels:
+            shard_channels = {
+                self.encoder.decode(k, force=True): v
+                for k, v in self.shard_channels.items()
+            }
+            self.ssubscribe(**shard_channels)
+
+    @property
+    def subscribed(self) -> bool:
+        """Indicates if there are subscriptions to any channels or patterns"""
+        return self.subscribed_event.is_set()
+
+    def execute_command(self, *args):
+        """Execute a publish/subscribe command"""
+
+        # NOTE: don't parse the response in this function -- it could pull a
+        # legitimate message off the stack if the connection is already
+        # subscribed to one or more channels
+
+        if self.connection is None:
+            self.connection = self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            # register a callback that re-subscribes to any channels we
+            # were listening to when we were disconnected
+            self.connection.register_connect_callback(self.on_connect)
+            if self.push_handler_func is not None and not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+                self.connection._parser.set_pubsub_push_handler(self.push_handler_func)
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent(
+                    self.connection, self.connection_pool, ClientType.SYNC, self._lock
+                )
+            )
+        connection = self.connection
+        kwargs = {"check_health": not self.subscribed}
+        if not self.subscribed:
+            self.clean_health_check_responses()
+        with self._lock:
+            self._execute(connection, connection.send_command, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def clean_health_check_responses(self) -> None:
+        """
+        If any health check responses are present, clean them
+        """
+        ttl = 10
+        conn = self.connection
+        while self.health_check_response_counter > 0 and ttl > 0:
+            if self._execute(conn, conn.can_read, timeout=conn.socket_timeout):
+                response = self._execute(conn, conn.read_response)
+                if self.is_health_check_response(response):
+                    self.health_check_response_counter -= 1
+                else:
+                    raise PubSubError(
+                        "A non health check response was cleaned by "
+                        "execute_command: {}".format(response)
+                    )
+            ttl -= 1
+
+    def _reconnect(self, conn) -> None:
+        """
+        The supported exceptions are already checked in the
+        retry object so we don't need to do it here.
+
+        In this error handler we are trying to reconnect to the server.
+        """
+        conn.disconnect()
+        conn.connect()
+
+    def _execute(self, conn, command, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Connect manually upon disconnection. If the Redis server is down,
+        this will fail and raise a ConnectionError as desired.
+        After reconnection, the ``on_connect`` callback should have been
+        called by the # connection to resubscribe us to any channels and
+        patterns we were previously listening to
+        """
+        return conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+            lambda: command(*args, **kwargs),
+            lambda _: self._reconnect(conn),
+        )
+
+    def parse_response(self, block=True, timeout=0):
+        """Parse the response from a publish/subscribe command"""
+        conn = self.connection
+        if conn is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "pubsub connection not set: "
+                "did you forget to call subscribe() or psubscribe()?"
+            )
+
+        self.check_health()
+
+        def try_read():
+            if not block:
+                if not conn.can_read(timeout=timeout):
+                    return None
+            else:
+                conn.connect()
+            return conn.read_response(disconnect_on_error=False, push_request=True)
+
+        response = self._execute(conn, try_read)
+
+        if self.is_health_check_response(response):
+            # ignore the health check message as user might not expect it
+            self.health_check_response_counter -= 1
+            return None
+        return response
+
+    def is_health_check_response(self, response) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the response is a health check response.
+        If there are no subscriptions redis responds to PING command with a
+        bulk response, instead of a multi-bulk with "pong" and the response.
+        """
+        return response in [
+            self.health_check_response,  # If there was a subscription
+            self.health_check_response_b,  # If there wasn't
+        ]
+
+    def check_health(self) -> None:
+        conn = self.connection
+        if conn is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "pubsub connection not set: "
+                "did you forget to call subscribe() or psubscribe()?"
+            )
+
+        if conn.health_check_interval and time.monotonic() > conn.next_health_check:
+            conn.send_command("PING", self.HEALTH_CHECK_MESSAGE, check_health=False)
+            self.health_check_response_counter += 1
+
+    def _normalize_keys(self, data) -> Dict:
+        """
+        normalize channel/pattern names to be either bytes or strings
+        based on whether responses are automatically decoded. this saves us
+        from coercing the value for each message coming in.
+        """
+        encode = self.encoder.encode
+        decode = self.encoder.decode
+        return {decode(encode(k)): v for k, v in data.items()}
+
+    def psubscribe(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Subscribe to channel patterns. Patterns supplied as keyword arguments
+        expect a pattern name as the key and a callable as the value. A
+        pattern's callable will be invoked automatically when a message is
+        received on that pattern rather than producing a message via
+        ``listen()``.
+        """
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+        new_patterns = dict.fromkeys(args)
+        new_patterns.update(kwargs)
+        ret_val = self.execute_command("PSUBSCRIBE", *new_patterns.keys())
+        # update the patterns dict AFTER we send the command. we don't want to
+        # subscribe twice to these patterns, once for the command and again
+        # for the reconnection.
+        new_patterns = self._normalize_keys(new_patterns)
+        self.patterns.update(new_patterns)
+        if not self.subscribed:
+            # Set the subscribed_event flag to True
+            self.subscribed_event.set()
+            # Clear the health check counter
+            self.health_check_response_counter = 0
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.difference_update(new_patterns)
+        return ret_val
+
+    def punsubscribe(self, *args):
+        """
+        Unsubscribe from the supplied patterns. If empty, unsubscribe from
+        all patterns.
+        """
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+            patterns = self._normalize_keys(dict.fromkeys(args))
+        else:
+            patterns = self.patterns
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.update(patterns)
+        return self.execute_command("PUNSUBSCRIBE", *args)
+
+    def subscribe(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Subscribe to channels. Channels supplied as keyword arguments expect
+        a channel name as the key and a callable as the value. A channel's
+        callable will be invoked automatically when a message is received on
+        that channel rather than producing a message via ``listen()`` or
+        ``get_message()``.
+        """
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+        new_channels = dict.fromkeys(args)
+        new_channels.update(kwargs)
+        ret_val = self.execute_command("SUBSCRIBE", *new_channels.keys())
+        # update the channels dict AFTER we send the command. we don't want to
+        # subscribe twice to these channels, once for the command and again
+        # for the reconnection.
+        new_channels = self._normalize_keys(new_channels)
+        self.channels.update(new_channels)
+        if not self.subscribed:
+            # Set the subscribed_event flag to True
+            self.subscribed_event.set()
+            # Clear the health check counter
+            self.health_check_response_counter = 0
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.difference_update(new_channels)
+        return ret_val
+
+    def unsubscribe(self, *args):
+        """
+        Unsubscribe from the supplied channels. If empty, unsubscribe from
+        all channels
+        """
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+            channels = self._normalize_keys(dict.fromkeys(args))
+        else:
+            channels = self.channels
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.update(channels)
+        return self.execute_command("UNSUBSCRIBE", *args)
+
+    def ssubscribe(self, *args, target_node=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Subscribes the client to the specified shard channels.
+        Channels supplied as keyword arguments expect a channel name as the key
+        and a callable as the value. A channel's callable will be invoked automatically
+        when a message is received on that channel rather than producing a message via
+        ``listen()`` or ``get_sharded_message()``.
+        """
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+        new_s_channels = dict.fromkeys(args)
+        new_s_channels.update(kwargs)
+        ret_val = self.execute_command("SSUBSCRIBE", *new_s_channels.keys())
+        # update the s_channels dict AFTER we send the command. we don't want to
+        # subscribe twice to these channels, once for the command and again
+        # for the reconnection.
+        new_s_channels = self._normalize_keys(new_s_channels)
+        self.shard_channels.update(new_s_channels)
+        if not self.subscribed:
+            # Set the subscribed_event flag to True
+            self.subscribed_event.set()
+            # Clear the health check counter
+            self.health_check_response_counter = 0
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels.difference_update(new_s_channels)
+        return ret_val
+
+    def sunsubscribe(self, *args, target_node=None):
+        """
+        Unsubscribe from the supplied shard_channels. If empty, unsubscribe from
+        all shard_channels
+        """
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+            s_channels = self._normalize_keys(dict.fromkeys(args))
+        else:
+            s_channels = self.shard_channels
+        self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels.update(s_channels)
+        return self.execute_command("SUNSUBSCRIBE", *args)
+
+    def listen(self):
+        "Listen for messages on channels this client has been subscribed to"
+        while self.subscribed:
+            response = self.handle_message(self.parse_response(block=True))
+            if response is not None:
+                yield response
+
+    def get_message(
+        self, ignore_subscribe_messages: bool = False, timeout: float = 0.0
+    ):
+        """
+        Get the next message if one is available, otherwise None.
+
+        If timeout is specified, the system will wait for `timeout` seconds
+        before returning. Timeout should be specified as a floating point
+        number, or None, to wait indefinitely.
+        """
+        if not self.subscribed:
+            # Wait for subscription
+            start_time = time.monotonic()
+            if self.subscribed_event.wait(timeout) is True:
+                # The connection was subscribed during the timeout time frame.
+                # The timeout should be adjusted based on the time spent
+                # waiting for the subscription
+                time_spent = time.monotonic() - start_time
+                timeout = max(0.0, timeout - time_spent)
+            else:
+                # The connection isn't subscribed to any channels or patterns,
+                # so no messages are available
+                return None
+
+        response = self.parse_response(block=(timeout is None), timeout=timeout)
+        if response:
+            return self.handle_message(response, ignore_subscribe_messages)
+        return None
+
+    get_sharded_message = get_message
+
+    def ping(self, message: Union[str, None] = None) -> bool:
+        """
+        Ping the Redis server
+        """
+        args = ["PING", message] if message is not None else ["PING"]
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    def handle_message(self, response, ignore_subscribe_messages=False):
+        """
+        Parses a pub/sub message. If the channel or pattern was subscribed to
+        with a message handler, the handler is invoked instead of a parsed
+        message being returned.
+        """
+        if response is None:
+            return None
+        if isinstance(response, bytes):
+            response = [b"pong", response] if response != b"PONG" else [b"pong", b""]
+        message_type = str_if_bytes(response[0])
+        if message_type == "pmessage":
+            message = {
+                "type": message_type,
+                "pattern": response[1],
+                "channel": response[2],
+                "data": response[3],
+            }
+        elif message_type == "pong":
+            message = {
+                "type": message_type,
+                "pattern": None,
+                "channel": None,
+                "data": response[1],
+            }
+        else:
+            message = {
+                "type": message_type,
+                "pattern": None,
+                "channel": response[1],
+                "data": response[2],
+            }
+
+        # if this is an unsubscribe message, remove it from memory
+        if message_type in self.UNSUBSCRIBE_MESSAGE_TYPES:
+            if message_type == "punsubscribe":
+                pattern = response[1]
+                if pattern in self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns:
+                    self.pending_unsubscribe_patterns.remove(pattern)
+                    self.patterns.pop(pattern, None)
+            elif message_type == "sunsubscribe":
+                s_channel = response[1]
+                if s_channel in self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels:
+                    self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels.remove(s_channel)
+                    self.shard_channels.pop(s_channel, None)
+            else:
+                channel = response[1]
+                if channel in self.pending_unsubscribe_channels:
+                    self.pending_unsubscribe_channels.remove(channel)
+                    self.channels.pop(channel, None)
+            if not self.channels and not self.patterns and not self.shard_channels:
+                # There are no subscriptions anymore, set subscribed_event flag
+                # to false
+                self.subscribed_event.clear()
+
+        if message_type in self.PUBLISH_MESSAGE_TYPES:
+            # if there's a message handler, invoke it
+            if message_type == "pmessage":
+                handler = self.patterns.get(message["pattern"], None)
+            elif message_type == "smessage":
+                handler = self.shard_channels.get(message["channel"], None)
+            else:
+                handler = self.channels.get(message["channel"], None)
+            if handler:
+                handler(message)
+                return None
+        elif message_type != "pong":
+            # this is a subscribe/unsubscribe message. ignore if we don't
+            # want them
+            if ignore_subscribe_messages or self.ignore_subscribe_messages:
+                return None
+
+        return message
+
+    def run_in_thread(
+        self,
+        sleep_time: float = 0.0,
+        daemon: bool = False,
+        exception_handler: Optional[Callable] = None,
+    ) -> "PubSubWorkerThread":
+        for channel, handler in self.channels.items():
+            if handler is None:
+                raise PubSubError(f"Channel: '{channel}' has no handler registered")
+        for pattern, handler in self.patterns.items():
+            if handler is None:
+                raise PubSubError(f"Pattern: '{pattern}' has no handler registered")
+        for s_channel, handler in self.shard_channels.items():
+            if handler is None:
+                raise PubSubError(
+                    f"Shard Channel: '{s_channel}' has no handler registered"
+                )
+
+        thread = PubSubWorkerThread(
+            self, sleep_time, daemon=daemon, exception_handler=exception_handler
+        )
+        thread.start()
+        return thread
+
+
+class PubSubWorkerThread(threading.Thread):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pubsub,
+        sleep_time: float,
+        daemon: bool = False,
+        exception_handler: Union[
+            Callable[[Exception, "PubSub", "PubSubWorkerThread"], None], None
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.daemon = daemon
+        self.pubsub = pubsub
+        self.sleep_time = sleep_time
+        self.exception_handler = exception_handler
+        self._running = threading.Event()
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        if self._running.is_set():
+            return
+        self._running.set()
+        pubsub = self.pubsub
+        sleep_time = self.sleep_time
+        while self._running.is_set():
+            try:
+                pubsub.get_message(ignore_subscribe_messages=True, timeout=sleep_time)
+            except BaseException as e:
+                if self.exception_handler is None:
+                    raise
+                self.exception_handler(e, pubsub, self)
+        pubsub.close()
+
+    def stop(self) -> None:
+        # trip the flag so the run loop exits. the run loop will
+        # close the pubsub connection, which disconnects the socket
+        # and returns the connection to the pool.
+        self._running.clear()
+
+
+class Pipeline(Redis):
+    """
+    Pipelines provide a way to transmit multiple commands to the Redis server
+    in one transmission.  This is convenient for batch processing, such as
+    saving all the values in a list to Redis.
+
+    All commands executed within a pipeline(when running in transactional mode,
+    which is the default behavior) are wrapped with MULTI and EXEC
+    calls. This guarantees all commands executed in the pipeline will be
+    executed atomically.
+
+    Any command raising an exception does *not* halt the execution of
+    subsequent commands in the pipeline. Instead, the exception is caught
+    and its instance is placed into the response list returned by execute().
+    Code iterating over the response list should be able to deal with an
+    instance of an exception as a potential value. In general, these will be
+    ResponseError exceptions, such as those raised when issuing a command
+    on a key of a different datatype.
+    """
+
+    UNWATCH_COMMANDS = {"DISCARD", "EXEC", "UNWATCH"}
+
+    def __init__(self, connection_pool, response_callbacks, transaction, shard_hint):
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.connection = None
+        self.response_callbacks = response_callbacks
+        self.transaction = transaction
+        self.shard_hint = shard_hint
+        self.watching = False
+        self.command_stack = []
+        self.scripts: Set[Script] = set()
+        self.explicit_transaction = False
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Pipeline":
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self.reset()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.reset()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.command_stack)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """Pipeline instances should always evaluate to True"""
+        return True
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self.command_stack = []
+        self.scripts = set()
+        # make sure to reset the connection state in the event that we were
+        # watching something
+        if self.watching and self.connection:
+            try:
+                # call this manually since our unwatch or
+                # immediate_execute_command methods can call reset()
+                self.connection.send_command("UNWATCH")
+                self.connection.read_response()
+            except ConnectionError:
+                # disconnect will also remove any previous WATCHes
+                self.connection.disconnect()
+        # clean up the other instance attributes
+        self.watching = False
+        self.explicit_transaction = False
+        # we can safely return the connection to the pool here since we're
+        # sure we're no longer WATCHing anything
+        if self.connection:
+            self.connection_pool.release(self.connection)
+            self.connection = None
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the pipeline"""
+        self.reset()
+
+    def multi(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Start a transactional block of the pipeline after WATCH commands
+        are issued. End the transactional block with `execute`.
+        """
+        if self.explicit_transaction:
+            raise RedisError("Cannot issue nested calls to MULTI")
+        if self.command_stack:
+            raise RedisError(
+                "Commands without an initial WATCH have already been issued"
+            )
+        self.explicit_transaction = True
+
+    def execute_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if (self.watching or args[0] == "WATCH") and not self.explicit_transaction:
+            return self.immediate_execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+        return self.pipeline_execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _disconnect_reset_raise_on_watching(
+        self,
+        conn: AbstractConnection,
+        error: Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the connection reset watching state and
+        raise an exception if we were watching.
+
+        The supported exceptions are already checked in the
+        retry object so we don't need to do it here.
+
+        After we disconnect the connection, it will try to reconnect and
+        do a health check as part of the send_command logic(on connection level).
+        """
+        conn.disconnect()
+
+        # if we were already watching a variable, the watch is no longer
+        # valid since this connection has died. raise a WatchError, which
+        # indicates the user should retry this transaction.
+        if self.watching:
+            self.reset()
+            raise WatchError(
+                f"A {type(error).__name__} occurred while watching one or more keys"
+            )
+
+    def immediate_execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Execute a command immediately, but don't auto-retry on the supported
+        errors for retry if we're already WATCHing a variable.
+        Used when issuing WATCH or subsequent commands retrieving their values but before
+        MULTI is called.
+        """
+        command_name = args[0]
+        conn = self.connection
+        # if this is the first call, we need a connection
+        if not conn:
+            conn = self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            self.connection = conn
+
+        return conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+            lambda: self._send_command_parse_response(
+                conn, command_name, *args, **options
+            ),
+            lambda error: self._disconnect_reset_raise_on_watching(conn, error),
+        )
+
+    def pipeline_execute_command(self, *args, **options) -> "Pipeline":
+        """
+        Stage a command to be executed when execute() is next called
+
+        Returns the current Pipeline object back so commands can be
+        chained together, such as:
+
+        pipe = pipe.set('foo', 'bar').incr('baz').decr('bang')
+
+        At some other point, you can then run: pipe.execute(),
+        which will execute all commands queued in the pipe.
+        """
+        self.command_stack.append((args, options))
+        return self
+
+    def _execute_transaction(self, connection, commands, raise_on_error) -> List:
+        cmds = chain([(("MULTI",), {})], commands, [(("EXEC",), {})])
+        all_cmds = connection.pack_commands(
+            [args for args, options in cmds if EMPTY_RESPONSE not in options]
+        )
+        connection.send_packed_command(all_cmds)
+        errors = []
+
+        # parse off the response for MULTI
+        # NOTE: we need to handle ResponseErrors here and continue
+        # so that we read all the additional command messages from
+        # the socket
+        try:
+            self.parse_response(connection, "_")
+        except ResponseError as e:
+            errors.append((0, e))
+
+        # and all the other commands
+        for i, command in enumerate(commands):
+            if EMPTY_RESPONSE in command[1]:
+                errors.append((i, command[1][EMPTY_RESPONSE]))
+            else:
+                try:
+                    self.parse_response(connection, "_")
+                except ResponseError as e:
+                    self.annotate_exception(e, i + 1, command[0])
+                    errors.append((i, e))
+
+        # parse the EXEC.
+        try:
+            response = self.parse_response(connection, "_")
+        except ExecAbortError:
+            if errors:
+                raise errors[0][1]
+            raise
+
+        # EXEC clears any watched keys
+        self.watching = False
+
+        if response is None:
+            raise WatchError("Watched variable changed.")
+
+        # put any parse errors into the response
+        for i, e in errors:
+            response.insert(i, e)
+
+        if len(response) != len(commands):
+            self.connection.disconnect()
+            raise ResponseError(
+                "Wrong number of response items from pipeline execution"
+            )
+
+        # find any errors in the response and raise if necessary
+        if raise_on_error:
+            self.raise_first_error(commands, response)
+
+        # We have to run response callbacks manually
+        data = []
+        for r, cmd in zip(response, commands):
+            if not isinstance(r, Exception):
+                args, options = cmd
+                # Remove keys entry, it needs only for cache.
+                options.pop("keys", None)
+                command_name = args[0]
+                if command_name in self.response_callbacks:
+                    r = self.response_callbacks[command_name](r, **options)
+            data.append(r)
+        return data
+
+    def _execute_pipeline(self, connection, commands, raise_on_error):
+        # build up all commands into a single request to increase network perf
+        all_cmds = connection.pack_commands([args for args, _ in commands])
+        connection.send_packed_command(all_cmds)
+
+        response = []
+        for args, options in commands:
+            try:
+                response.append(self.parse_response(connection, args[0], **options))
+            except ResponseError as e:
+                response.append(e)
+
+        if raise_on_error:
+            self.raise_first_error(commands, response)
+        return response
+
+    def raise_first_error(self, commands, response):
+        for i, r in enumerate(response):
+            if isinstance(r, ResponseError):
+                self.annotate_exception(r, i + 1, commands[i][0])
+                raise r
+
+    def annotate_exception(self, exception, number, command):
+        cmd = " ".join(map(safe_str, command))
+        msg = (
+            f"Command # {number} ({truncate_text(cmd)}) of pipeline "
+            f"caused error: {exception.args[0]}"
+        )
+        exception.args = (msg,) + exception.args[1:]
+
+    def parse_response(self, connection, command_name, **options):
+        result = Redis.parse_response(self, connection, command_name, **options)
+        if command_name in self.UNWATCH_COMMANDS:
+            self.watching = False
+        elif command_name == "WATCH":
+            self.watching = True
+        return result
+
+    def load_scripts(self):
+        # make sure all scripts that are about to be run on this pipeline exist
+        scripts = list(self.scripts)
+        immediate = self.immediate_execute_command
+        shas = [s.sha for s in scripts]
+        # we can't use the normal script_* methods because they would just
+        # get buffered in the pipeline.
+        exists = immediate("SCRIPT EXISTS", *shas)
+        if not all(exists):
+            for s, exist in zip(scripts, exists):
+                if not exist:
+                    s.sha = immediate("SCRIPT LOAD", s.script)
+
+    def _disconnect_raise_on_watching(
+        self,
+        conn: AbstractConnection,
+        error: Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Close the connection, raise an exception if we were watching.
+
+        The supported exceptions are already checked in the
+        retry object so we don't need to do it here.
+
+        After we disconnect the connection, it will try to reconnect and
+        do a health check as part of the send_command logic(on connection level).
+        """
+        conn.disconnect()
+        # if we were watching a variable, the watch is no longer valid
+        # since this connection has died. raise a WatchError, which
+        # indicates the user should retry this transaction.
+        if self.watching:
+            raise WatchError(
+                f"A {type(error).__name__} occurred while watching one or more keys"
+            )
+
+    def execute(self, raise_on_error: bool = True) -> List[Any]:
+        """Execute all the commands in the current pipeline"""
+        stack = self.command_stack
+        if not stack and not self.watching:
+            return []
+        if self.scripts:
+            self.load_scripts()
+        if self.transaction or self.explicit_transaction:
+            execute = self._execute_transaction
+        else:
+            execute = self._execute_pipeline
+
+        conn = self.connection
+        if not conn:
+            conn = self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            # assign to self.connection so reset() releases the connection
+            # back to the pool after we're done
+            self.connection = conn
+
+        try:
+            return conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: execute(conn, stack, raise_on_error),
+                lambda error: self._disconnect_raise_on_watching(conn, error),
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.reset()
+
+    def discard(self):
+        """
+        Flushes all previously queued commands
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/DISCARD
+        """
+        self.execute_command("DISCARD")
+
+    def watch(self, *names):
+        """Watches the values at keys ``names``"""
+        if self.explicit_transaction:
+            raise RedisError("Cannot issue a WATCH after a MULTI")
+        return self.execute_command("WATCH", *names)
+
+    def unwatch(self) -> bool:
+        """Unwatches all previously specified keys"""
+        return self.watching and self.execute_command("UNWATCH") or True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/cluster.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/cluster.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c79f8e42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/cluster.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2694 @@
+import random
+import socket
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from redis._parsers import CommandsParser, Encoder
+from redis._parsers.helpers import parse_scan
+from redis.backoff import ExponentialWithJitterBackoff, NoBackoff
+from redis.cache import CacheConfig, CacheFactory, CacheFactoryInterface, CacheInterface
+from redis.client import CaseInsensitiveDict, PubSub, Redis
+from redis.commands import READ_COMMANDS, RedisClusterCommands
+from redis.commands.helpers import list_or_args
+from redis.connection import ConnectionPool, parse_url
+from redis.crc import REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS, key_slot
+from redis.event import (
+    AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent,
+    AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent,
+    ClientType,
+    EventDispatcher,
+)
+from redis.exceptions import (
+    AskError,
+    AuthenticationError,
+    ClusterDownError,
+    ClusterError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    DataError,
+    MovedError,
+    RedisClusterException,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    SlotNotCoveredError,
+    TimeoutError,
+    TryAgainError,
+)
+from redis.lock import Lock
+from redis.retry import Retry
+from redis.utils import (
+    HIREDIS_AVAILABLE,
+    deprecated_args,
+    dict_merge,
+    list_keys_to_dict,
+    merge_result,
+    safe_str,
+    str_if_bytes,
+    truncate_text,
+)
+
+
+def get_node_name(host: str, port: Union[str, int]) -> str:
+    return f"{host}:{port}"
+
+
+@deprecated_args(
+    allowed_args=["redis_node"],
+    reason="Use get_connection(redis_node) instead",
+    version="5.3.0",
+)
+def get_connection(redis_node, *args, **options):
+    return redis_node.connection or redis_node.connection_pool.get_connection()
+
+
+def parse_scan_result(command, res, **options):
+    cursors = {}
+    ret = []
+    for node_name, response in res.items():
+        cursor, r = parse_scan(response, **options)
+        cursors[node_name] = cursor
+        ret += r
+
+    return cursors, ret
+
+
+def parse_pubsub_numsub(command, res, **options):
+    numsub_d = OrderedDict()
+    for numsub_tups in res.values():
+        for channel, numsubbed in numsub_tups:
+            try:
+                numsub_d[channel] += numsubbed
+            except KeyError:
+                numsub_d[channel] = numsubbed
+
+    ret_numsub = [(channel, numsub) for channel, numsub in numsub_d.items()]
+    return ret_numsub
+
+
+def parse_cluster_slots(
+    resp: Any, **options: Any
+) -> Dict[Tuple[int, int], Dict[str, Any]]:
+    current_host = options.get("current_host", "")
+
+    def fix_server(*args: Any) -> Tuple[str, Any]:
+        return str_if_bytes(args[0]) or current_host, args[1]
+
+    slots = {}
+    for slot in resp:
+        start, end, primary = slot[:3]
+        replicas = slot[3:]
+        slots[start, end] = {
+            "primary": fix_server(*primary),
+            "replicas": [fix_server(*replica) for replica in replicas],
+        }
+
+    return slots
+
+
+def parse_cluster_shards(resp, **options):
+    """
+    Parse CLUSTER SHARDS response.
+    """
+    if isinstance(resp[0], dict):
+        return resp
+    shards = []
+    for x in resp:
+        shard = {"slots": [], "nodes": []}
+        for i in range(0, len(x[1]), 2):
+            shard["slots"].append((x[1][i], (x[1][i + 1])))
+        nodes = x[3]
+        for node in nodes:
+            dict_node = {}
+            for i in range(0, len(node), 2):
+                dict_node[node[i]] = node[i + 1]
+            shard["nodes"].append(dict_node)
+        shards.append(shard)
+
+    return shards
+
+
+def parse_cluster_myshardid(resp, **options):
+    """
+    Parse CLUSTER MYSHARDID response.
+    """
+    return resp.decode("utf-8")
+
+
+PRIMARY = "primary"
+REPLICA = "replica"
+SLOT_ID = "slot-id"
+
+REDIS_ALLOWED_KEYS = (
+    "connection_class",
+    "connection_pool",
+    "connection_pool_class",
+    "client_name",
+    "credential_provider",
+    "db",
+    "decode_responses",
+    "encoding",
+    "encoding_errors",
+    "host",
+    "lib_name",
+    "lib_version",
+    "max_connections",
+    "nodes_flag",
+    "redis_connect_func",
+    "password",
+    "port",
+    "queue_class",
+    "retry",
+    "retry_on_timeout",
+    "protocol",
+    "socket_connect_timeout",
+    "socket_keepalive",
+    "socket_keepalive_options",
+    "socket_timeout",
+    "ssl",
+    "ssl_ca_certs",
+    "ssl_ca_data",
+    "ssl_certfile",
+    "ssl_cert_reqs",
+    "ssl_keyfile",
+    "ssl_password",
+    "unix_socket_path",
+    "username",
+    "cache",
+    "cache_config",
+)
+KWARGS_DISABLED_KEYS = ("host", "port", "retry")
+
+
+def cleanup_kwargs(**kwargs):
+    """
+    Remove unsupported or disabled keys from kwargs
+    """
+    connection_kwargs = {
+        k: v
+        for k, v in kwargs.items()
+        if k in REDIS_ALLOWED_KEYS and k not in KWARGS_DISABLED_KEYS
+    }
+
+    return connection_kwargs
+
+
+class AbstractRedisCluster:
+    RedisClusterRequestTTL = 16
+
+    PRIMARIES = "primaries"
+    REPLICAS = "replicas"
+    ALL_NODES = "all"
+    RANDOM = "random"
+    DEFAULT_NODE = "default-node"
+
+    NODE_FLAGS = {PRIMARIES, REPLICAS, ALL_NODES, RANDOM, DEFAULT_NODE}
+
+    COMMAND_FLAGS = dict_merge(
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            [
+                "ACL CAT",
+                "ACL DELUSER",
+                "ACL DRYRUN",
+                "ACL GENPASS",
+                "ACL GETUSER",
+                "ACL HELP",
+                "ACL LIST",
+                "ACL LOG",
+                "ACL LOAD",
+                "ACL SAVE",
+                "ACL SETUSER",
+                "ACL USERS",
+                "ACL WHOAMI",
+                "AUTH",
+                "CLIENT LIST",
+                "CLIENT SETINFO",
+                "CLIENT SETNAME",
+                "CLIENT GETNAME",
+                "CONFIG SET",
+                "CONFIG REWRITE",
+                "CONFIG RESETSTAT",
+                "TIME",
+                "PUBSUB CHANNELS",
+                "PUBSUB NUMPAT",
+                "PUBSUB NUMSUB",
+                "PUBSUB SHARDCHANNELS",
+                "PUBSUB SHARDNUMSUB",
+                "PING",
+                "INFO",
+                "SHUTDOWN",
+                "KEYS",
+                "DBSIZE",
+                "BGSAVE",
+                "SLOWLOG GET",
+                "SLOWLOG LEN",
+                "SLOWLOG RESET",
+                "WAIT",
+                "WAITAOF",
+                "SAVE",
+                "MEMORY PURGE",
+                "MEMORY MALLOC-STATS",
+                "MEMORY STATS",
+                "LASTSAVE",
+                "CLIENT TRACKINGINFO",
+                "CLIENT PAUSE",
+                "CLIENT UNPAUSE",
+                "CLIENT UNBLOCK",
+                "CLIENT ID",
+                "CLIENT REPLY",
+                "CLIENT GETREDIR",
+                "CLIENT INFO",
+                "CLIENT KILL",
+                "READONLY",
+                "CLUSTER INFO",
+                "CLUSTER MEET",
+                "CLUSTER MYSHARDID",
+                "CLUSTER NODES",
+                "CLUSTER REPLICAS",
+                "CLUSTER RESET",
+                "CLUSTER SET-CONFIG-EPOCH",
+                "CLUSTER SLOTS",
+                "CLUSTER SHARDS",
+                "CLUSTER COUNT-FAILURE-REPORTS",
+                "CLUSTER KEYSLOT",
+                "COMMAND",
+                "COMMAND COUNT",
+                "COMMAND LIST",
+                "COMMAND GETKEYS",
+                "CONFIG GET",
+                "DEBUG",
+                "RANDOMKEY",
+                "READONLY",
+                "READWRITE",
+                "TIME",
+                "TFUNCTION LOAD",
+                "TFUNCTION DELETE",
+                "TFUNCTION LIST",
+                "TFCALL",
+                "TFCALLASYNC",
+                "LATENCY HISTORY",
+                "LATENCY LATEST",
+                "LATENCY RESET",
+                "MODULE LIST",
+                "MODULE LOAD",
+                "MODULE UNLOAD",
+                "MODULE LOADEX",
+            ],
+            DEFAULT_NODE,
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            [
+                "FLUSHALL",
+                "FLUSHDB",
+                "FUNCTION DELETE",
+                "FUNCTION FLUSH",
+                "FUNCTION LIST",
+                "FUNCTION LOAD",
+                "FUNCTION RESTORE",
+                "SCAN",
+                "SCRIPT EXISTS",
+                "SCRIPT FLUSH",
+                "SCRIPT LOAD",
+            ],
+            PRIMARIES,
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(["FUNCTION DUMP"], RANDOM),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            [
+                "CLUSTER COUNTKEYSINSLOT",
+                "CLUSTER DELSLOTS",
+                "CLUSTER DELSLOTSRANGE",
+                "CLUSTER GETKEYSINSLOT",
+                "CLUSTER SETSLOT",
+            ],
+            SLOT_ID,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    SEARCH_COMMANDS = (
+        [
+            "FT.CREATE",
+            "FT.SEARCH",
+            "FT.AGGREGATE",
+            "FT.EXPLAIN",
+            "FT.EXPLAINCLI",
+            "FT,PROFILE",
+            "FT.ALTER",
+            "FT.DROPINDEX",
+            "FT.ALIASADD",
+            "FT.ALIASUPDATE",
+            "FT.ALIASDEL",
+            "FT.TAGVALS",
+            "FT.SUGADD",
+            "FT.SUGGET",
+            "FT.SUGDEL",
+            "FT.SUGLEN",
+            "FT.SYNUPDATE",
+            "FT.SYNDUMP",
+            "FT.SPELLCHECK",
+            "FT.DICTADD",
+            "FT.DICTDEL",
+            "FT.DICTDUMP",
+            "FT.INFO",
+            "FT._LIST",
+            "FT.CONFIG",
+            "FT.ADD",
+            "FT.DEL",
+            "FT.DROP",
+            "FT.GET",
+            "FT.MGET",
+            "FT.SYNADD",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    CLUSTER_COMMANDS_RESPONSE_CALLBACKS = {
+        "CLUSTER SLOTS": parse_cluster_slots,
+        "CLUSTER SHARDS": parse_cluster_shards,
+        "CLUSTER MYSHARDID": parse_cluster_myshardid,
+    }
+
+    RESULT_CALLBACKS = dict_merge(
+        list_keys_to_dict(["PUBSUB NUMSUB", "PUBSUB SHARDNUMSUB"], parse_pubsub_numsub),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            ["PUBSUB NUMPAT"], lambda command, res: sum(list(res.values()))
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            ["KEYS", "PUBSUB CHANNELS", "PUBSUB SHARDCHANNELS"], merge_result
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            [
+                "PING",
+                "CONFIG SET",
+                "CONFIG REWRITE",
+                "CONFIG RESETSTAT",
+                "CLIENT SETNAME",
+                "BGSAVE",
+                "SLOWLOG RESET",
+                "SAVE",
+                "MEMORY PURGE",
+                "CLIENT PAUSE",
+                "CLIENT UNPAUSE",
+            ],
+            lambda command, res: all(res.values()) if isinstance(res, dict) else res,
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            ["DBSIZE", "WAIT"],
+            lambda command, res: sum(res.values()) if isinstance(res, dict) else res,
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            ["CLIENT UNBLOCK"], lambda command, res: 1 if sum(res.values()) > 0 else 0
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(["SCAN"], parse_scan_result),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            ["SCRIPT LOAD"], lambda command, res: list(res.values()).pop()
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(
+            ["SCRIPT EXISTS"], lambda command, res: [all(k) for k in zip(*res.values())]
+        ),
+        list_keys_to_dict(["SCRIPT FLUSH"], lambda command, res: all(res.values())),
+    )
+
+    ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY = (
+        ConnectionError,
+        TimeoutError,
+        ClusterDownError,
+        SlotNotCoveredError,
+    )
+
+    def replace_default_node(self, target_node: "ClusterNode" = None) -> None:
+        """Replace the default cluster node.
+        A random cluster node will be chosen if target_node isn't passed, and primaries
+        will be prioritized. The default node will not be changed if there are no other
+        nodes in the cluster.
+
+        Args:
+            target_node (ClusterNode, optional): Target node to replace the default
+            node. Defaults to None.
+        """
+        if target_node:
+            self.nodes_manager.default_node = target_node
+        else:
+            curr_node = self.get_default_node()
+            primaries = [node for node in self.get_primaries() if node != curr_node]
+            if primaries:
+                # Choose a primary if the cluster contains different primaries
+                self.nodes_manager.default_node = random.choice(primaries)
+            else:
+                # Otherwise, choose a primary if the cluster contains different primaries
+                replicas = [node for node in self.get_replicas() if node != curr_node]
+                if replicas:
+                    self.nodes_manager.default_node = random.choice(replicas)
+
+
+class RedisCluster(AbstractRedisCluster, RedisClusterCommands):
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls, url, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Return a Redis client object configured from the given URL
+
+        For example::
+
+            redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            unix://[username@]/path/to/socket.sock?db=0[&password=password]
+
+        Three URL schemes are supported:
+
+        - `redis://` creates a TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>
+        - `rediss://` creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>
+        - ``unix://``: creates a Unix Domain Socket connection.
+
+        The username, password, hostname, path and all querystring values
+        are passed through urllib.parse.unquote in order to replace any
+        percent-encoded values with their corresponding characters.
+
+        There are several ways to specify a database number. The first value
+        found will be used:
+
+            1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
+            2. If using the redis:// or rediss:// schemes, the path argument
+               of the url, e.g. redis://localhost/0
+            3. A ``db`` keyword argument to this function.
+
+        If none of these options are specified, the default db=0 is used.
+
+        All querystring options are cast to their appropriate Python types.
+        Boolean arguments can be specified with string values "True"/"False"
+        or "Yes"/"No". Values that cannot be properly cast cause a
+        ``ValueError`` to be raised. Once parsed, the querystring arguments
+        and keyword arguments are passed to the ``ConnectionPool``'s
+        class initializer. In the case of conflicting arguments, querystring
+        arguments always win.
+
+        """
+        return cls(url=url, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["read_from_replicas"],
+        reason="Please configure the 'load_balancing_strategy' instead",
+        version="5.3.0",
+    )
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=[
+            "cluster_error_retry_attempts",
+        ],
+        reason="Please configure the 'retry' object instead",
+        version="6.0.0",
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: int = 6379,
+        startup_nodes: Optional[List["ClusterNode"]] = None,
+        cluster_error_retry_attempts: int = 3,
+        retry: Optional["Retry"] = None,
+        require_full_coverage: bool = True,
+        reinitialize_steps: int = 5,
+        read_from_replicas: bool = False,
+        load_balancing_strategy: Optional["LoadBalancingStrategy"] = None,
+        dynamic_startup_nodes: bool = True,
+        url: Optional[str] = None,
+        address_remap: Optional[Callable[[Tuple[str, int]], Tuple[str, int]]] = None,
+        cache: Optional[CacheInterface] = None,
+        cache_config: Optional[CacheConfig] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+         Initialize a new RedisCluster client.
+
+         :param startup_nodes:
+             List of nodes from which initial bootstrapping can be done
+         :param host:
+             Can be used to point to a startup node
+         :param port:
+             Can be used to point to a startup node
+         :param require_full_coverage:
+            When set to False (default value): the client will not require a
+            full coverage of the slots. However, if not all slots are covered,
+            and at least one node has 'cluster-require-full-coverage' set to
+            'yes,' the server will throw a ClusterDownError for some key-based
+            commands. See -
+            https://redis.io/topics/cluster-tutorial#redis-cluster-configuration-parameters
+            When set to True: all slots must be covered to construct the
+            cluster client. If not all slots are covered, RedisClusterException
+            will be thrown.
+        :param read_from_replicas:
+             @deprecated - please use load_balancing_strategy instead
+             Enable read from replicas in READONLY mode. You can read possibly
+             stale data.
+             When set to true, read commands will be assigned between the
+             primary and its replications in a Round-Robin manner.
+        :param load_balancing_strategy:
+             Enable read from replicas in READONLY mode and defines the load balancing
+             strategy that will be used for cluster node selection.
+             The data read from replicas is eventually consistent with the data in primary nodes.
+        :param dynamic_startup_nodes:
+             Set the RedisCluster's startup nodes to all of the discovered nodes.
+             If true (default value), the cluster's discovered nodes will be used to
+             determine the cluster nodes-slots mapping in the next topology refresh.
+             It will remove the initial passed startup nodes if their endpoints aren't
+             listed in the CLUSTER SLOTS output.
+             If you use dynamic DNS endpoints for startup nodes but CLUSTER SLOTS lists
+             specific IP addresses, it is best to set it to false.
+        :param cluster_error_retry_attempts:
+             @deprecated - Please configure the 'retry' object instead
+             In case 'retry' object is set - this argument is ignored!
+
+             Number of times to retry before raising an error when
+             :class:`~.TimeoutError` or :class:`~.ConnectionError`, :class:`~.SlotNotCoveredError` or
+             :class:`~.ClusterDownError` are encountered
+        :param retry:
+            A retry object that defines the retry strategy and the number of
+            retries for the cluster client.
+            In current implementation for the cluster client (starting form redis-py version 6.0.0)
+            the retry object is not yet fully utilized, instead it is used just to determine
+            the number of retries for the cluster client.
+            In the future releases the retry object will be used to handle the cluster client retries!
+        :param reinitialize_steps:
+            Specifies the number of MOVED errors that need to occur before
+            reinitializing the whole cluster topology. If a MOVED error occurs
+            and the cluster does not need to be reinitialized on this current
+            error handling, only the MOVED slot will be patched with the
+            redirected node.
+            To reinitialize the cluster on every MOVED error, set
+            reinitialize_steps to 1.
+            To avoid reinitializing the cluster on moved errors, set
+            reinitialize_steps to 0.
+        :param address_remap:
+            An optional callable which, when provided with an internal network
+            address of a node, e.g. a `(host, port)` tuple, will return the address
+            where the node is reachable.  This can be used to map the addresses at
+            which the nodes _think_ they are, to addresses at which a client may
+            reach them, such as when they sit behind a proxy.
+
+         :**kwargs:
+             Extra arguments that will be sent into Redis instance when created
+             (See Official redis-py doc for supported kwargs - the only limitation
+              is that you can't provide 'retry' object as part of kwargs.
+         [https://github.com/andymccurdy/redis-py/blob/master/redis/client.py])
+             Some kwargs are not supported and will raise a
+             RedisClusterException:
+                 - db (Redis do not support database SELECT in cluster mode)
+        """
+        if startup_nodes is None:
+            startup_nodes = []
+
+        if "db" in kwargs:
+            # Argument 'db' is not possible to use in cluster mode
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "Argument 'db' is not possible to use in cluster mode"
+            )
+
+        if "retry" in kwargs:
+            # Argument 'retry' is not possible to be used in kwargs when in cluster mode
+            # the kwargs are set to the lower level connections to the cluster nodes
+            # and there we provide retry configuration without retries allowed.
+            # The retries should be handled on cluster client level.
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "The 'retry' argument cannot be used in kwargs when running in cluster mode."
+            )
+
+        # Get the startup node/s
+        from_url = False
+        if url is not None:
+            from_url = True
+            url_options = parse_url(url)
+            if "path" in url_options:
+                raise RedisClusterException(
+                    "RedisCluster does not currently support Unix Domain "
+                    "Socket connections"
+                )
+            if "db" in url_options and url_options["db"] != 0:
+                # Argument 'db' is not possible to use in cluster mode
+                raise RedisClusterException(
+                    "A ``db`` querystring option can only be 0 in cluster mode"
+                )
+            kwargs.update(url_options)
+            host = kwargs.get("host")
+            port = kwargs.get("port", port)
+            startup_nodes.append(ClusterNode(host, port))
+        elif host is not None and port is not None:
+            startup_nodes.append(ClusterNode(host, port))
+        elif len(startup_nodes) == 0:
+            # No startup node was provided
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "RedisCluster requires at least one node to discover the "
+                "cluster. Please provide one of the followings:\n"
+                "1. host and port, for example:\n"
+                " RedisCluster(host='localhost', port=6379)\n"
+                "2. list of startup nodes, for example:\n"
+                " RedisCluster(startup_nodes=[ClusterNode('localhost', 6379),"
+                " ClusterNode('localhost', 6378)])"
+            )
+        # Update the connection arguments
+        # Whenever a new connection is established, RedisCluster's on_connect
+        # method should be run
+        # If the user passed on_connect function we'll save it and run it
+        # inside the RedisCluster.on_connect() function
+        self.user_on_connect_func = kwargs.pop("redis_connect_func", None)
+        kwargs.update({"redis_connect_func": self.on_connect})
+        kwargs = cleanup_kwargs(**kwargs)
+        if retry:
+            self.retry = retry
+        else:
+            self.retry = Retry(
+                backoff=ExponentialWithJitterBackoff(base=1, cap=10),
+                retries=cluster_error_retry_attempts,
+            )
+
+        self.encoder = Encoder(
+            kwargs.get("encoding", "utf-8"),
+            kwargs.get("encoding_errors", "strict"),
+            kwargs.get("decode_responses", False),
+        )
+        protocol = kwargs.get("protocol", None)
+        if (cache_config or cache) and protocol not in [3, "3"]:
+            raise RedisError("Client caching is only supported with RESP version 3")
+
+        self.command_flags = self.__class__.COMMAND_FLAGS.copy()
+        self.node_flags = self.__class__.NODE_FLAGS.copy()
+        self.read_from_replicas = read_from_replicas
+        self.load_balancing_strategy = load_balancing_strategy
+        self.reinitialize_counter = 0
+        self.reinitialize_steps = reinitialize_steps
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        self.nodes_manager = NodesManager(
+            startup_nodes=startup_nodes,
+            from_url=from_url,
+            require_full_coverage=require_full_coverage,
+            dynamic_startup_nodes=dynamic_startup_nodes,
+            address_remap=address_remap,
+            cache=cache,
+            cache_config=cache_config,
+            event_dispatcher=self._event_dispatcher,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        self.cluster_response_callbacks = CaseInsensitiveDict(
+            self.__class__.CLUSTER_COMMANDS_RESPONSE_CALLBACKS
+        )
+        self.result_callbacks = CaseInsensitiveDict(self.__class__.RESULT_CALLBACKS)
+
+        self.commands_parser = CommandsParser(self)
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def disconnect_connection_pools(self):
+        for node in self.get_nodes():
+            if node.redis_connection:
+                try:
+                    node.redis_connection.connection_pool.disconnect()
+                except OSError:
+                    # Client was already disconnected. do nothing
+                    pass
+
+    def on_connect(self, connection):
+        """
+        Initialize the connection, authenticate and select a database and send
+         READONLY if it is set during object initialization.
+        """
+        connection.on_connect()
+
+        if self.read_from_replicas or self.load_balancing_strategy:
+            # Sending READONLY command to server to configure connection as
+            # readonly. Since each cluster node may change its server type due
+            # to a failover, we should establish a READONLY connection
+            # regardless of the server type. If this is a primary connection,
+            # READONLY would not affect executing write commands.
+            connection.send_command("READONLY")
+            if str_if_bytes(connection.read_response()) != "OK":
+                raise ConnectionError("READONLY command failed")
+
+        if self.user_on_connect_func is not None:
+            self.user_on_connect_func(connection)
+
+    def get_redis_connection(self, node):
+        if not node.redis_connection:
+            with self._lock:
+                if not node.redis_connection:
+                    self.nodes_manager.create_redis_connections([node])
+        return node.redis_connection
+
+    def get_node(self, host=None, port=None, node_name=None):
+        return self.nodes_manager.get_node(host, port, node_name)
+
+    def get_primaries(self):
+        return self.nodes_manager.get_nodes_by_server_type(PRIMARY)
+
+    def get_replicas(self):
+        return self.nodes_manager.get_nodes_by_server_type(REPLICA)
+
+    def get_random_node(self):
+        return random.choice(list(self.nodes_manager.nodes_cache.values()))
+
+    def get_nodes(self):
+        return list(self.nodes_manager.nodes_cache.values())
+
+    def get_node_from_key(self, key, replica=False):
+        """
+        Get the node that holds the key's slot.
+        If replica set to True but the slot doesn't have any replicas, None is
+        returned.
+        """
+        slot = self.keyslot(key)
+        slot_cache = self.nodes_manager.slots_cache.get(slot)
+        if slot_cache is None or len(slot_cache) == 0:
+            raise SlotNotCoveredError(f'Slot "{slot}" is not covered by the cluster.')
+        if replica and len(self.nodes_manager.slots_cache[slot]) < 2:
+            return None
+        elif replica:
+            node_idx = 1
+        else:
+            # primary
+            node_idx = 0
+
+        return slot_cache[node_idx]
+
+    def get_default_node(self):
+        """
+        Get the cluster's default node
+        """
+        return self.nodes_manager.default_node
+
+    def set_default_node(self, node):
+        """
+        Set the default node of the cluster.
+        :param node: 'ClusterNode'
+        :return True if the default node was set, else False
+        """
+        if node is None or self.get_node(node_name=node.name) is None:
+            return False
+        self.nodes_manager.default_node = node
+        return True
+
+    def set_retry(self, retry: Retry) -> None:
+        self.retry = retry
+
+    def monitor(self, target_node=None):
+        """
+        Returns a Monitor object for the specified target node.
+        The default cluster node will be selected if no target node was
+        specified.
+        Monitor is useful for handling the MONITOR command to the redis server.
+        next_command() method returns one command from monitor
+        listen() method yields commands from monitor.
+        """
+        if target_node is None:
+            target_node = self.get_default_node()
+        if target_node.redis_connection is None:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"Cluster Node {target_node.name} has no redis_connection"
+            )
+        return target_node.redis_connection.monitor()
+
+    def pubsub(self, node=None, host=None, port=None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Allows passing a ClusterNode, or host&port, to get a pubsub instance
+        connected to the specified node
+        """
+        return ClusterPubSub(self, node=node, host=host, port=port, **kwargs)
+
+    def pipeline(self, transaction=None, shard_hint=None):
+        """
+        Cluster impl:
+            Pipelines do not work in cluster mode the same way they
+            do in normal mode. Create a clone of this object so
+            that simulating pipelines will work correctly. Each
+            command will be called directly when used and
+            when calling execute() will only return the result stack.
+        """
+        if shard_hint:
+            raise RedisClusterException("shard_hint is deprecated in cluster mode")
+
+        if transaction:
+            raise RedisClusterException("transaction is deprecated in cluster mode")
+
+        return ClusterPipeline(
+            nodes_manager=self.nodes_manager,
+            commands_parser=self.commands_parser,
+            startup_nodes=self.nodes_manager.startup_nodes,
+            result_callbacks=self.result_callbacks,
+            cluster_response_callbacks=self.cluster_response_callbacks,
+            cluster_error_retry_attempts=self.retry.get_retries(),
+            read_from_replicas=self.read_from_replicas,
+            load_balancing_strategy=self.load_balancing_strategy,
+            reinitialize_steps=self.reinitialize_steps,
+            retry=self.retry,
+            lock=self._lock,
+        )
+
+    def lock(
+        self,
+        name,
+        timeout=None,
+        sleep=0.1,
+        blocking=True,
+        blocking_timeout=None,
+        lock_class=None,
+        thread_local=True,
+        raise_on_release_error: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Return a new Lock object using key ``name`` that mimics
+        the behavior of threading.Lock.
+
+        If specified, ``timeout`` indicates a maximum life for the lock.
+        By default, it will remain locked until release() is called.
+
+        ``sleep`` indicates the amount of time to sleep per loop iteration
+        when the lock is in blocking mode and another client is currently
+        holding the lock.
+
+        ``blocking`` indicates whether calling ``acquire`` should block until
+        the lock has been acquired or to fail immediately, causing ``acquire``
+        to return False and the lock not being acquired. Defaults to True.
+        Note this value can be overridden by passing a ``blocking``
+        argument to ``acquire``.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` indicates the maximum amount of time in seconds to
+        spend trying to acquire the lock. A value of ``None`` indicates
+        continue trying forever. ``blocking_timeout`` can be specified as a
+        float or integer, both representing the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``lock_class`` forces the specified lock implementation. Note that as
+        of redis-py 3.0, the only lock class we implement is ``Lock`` (which is
+        a Lua-based lock). So, it's unlikely you'll need this parameter, unless
+        you have created your own custom lock class.
+
+        ``thread_local`` indicates whether the lock token is placed in
+        thread-local storage. By default, the token is placed in thread local
+        storage so that a thread only sees its token, not a token set by
+        another thread. Consider the following timeline:
+
+            time: 0, thread-1 acquires `my-lock`, with a timeout of 5 seconds.
+                     thread-1 sets the token to "abc"
+            time: 1, thread-2 blocks trying to acquire `my-lock` using the
+                     Lock instance.
+            time: 5, thread-1 has not yet completed. redis expires the lock
+                     key.
+            time: 5, thread-2 acquired `my-lock` now that it's available.
+                     thread-2 sets the token to "xyz"
+            time: 6, thread-1 finishes its work and calls release(). if the
+                     token is *not* stored in thread local storage, then
+                     thread-1 would see the token value as "xyz" and would be
+                     able to successfully release the thread-2's lock.
+
+        ``raise_on_release_error`` indicates whether to raise an exception when
+        the lock is no longer owned when exiting the context manager. By default,
+        this is True, meaning an exception will be raised. If False, the warning
+        will be logged and the exception will be suppressed.
+
+        In some use cases it's necessary to disable thread local storage. For
+        example, if you have code where one thread acquires a lock and passes
+        that lock instance to a worker thread to release later. If thread
+        local storage isn't disabled in this case, the worker thread won't see
+        the token set by the thread that acquired the lock. Our assumption
+        is that these cases aren't common and as such default to using
+        thread local storage."""
+        if lock_class is None:
+            lock_class = Lock
+        return lock_class(
+            self,
+            name,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            sleep=sleep,
+            blocking=blocking,
+            blocking_timeout=blocking_timeout,
+            thread_local=thread_local,
+            raise_on_release_error=raise_on_release_error,
+        )
+
+    def set_response_callback(self, command, callback):
+        """Set a custom Response Callback"""
+        self.cluster_response_callbacks[command] = callback
+
+    def _determine_nodes(self, *args, **kwargs) -> List["ClusterNode"]:
+        # Determine which nodes should be executed the command on.
+        # Returns a list of target nodes.
+        command = args[0].upper()
+        if len(args) >= 2 and f"{args[0]} {args[1]}".upper() in self.command_flags:
+            command = f"{args[0]} {args[1]}".upper()
+
+        nodes_flag = kwargs.pop("nodes_flag", None)
+        if nodes_flag is not None:
+            # nodes flag passed by the user
+            command_flag = nodes_flag
+        else:
+            # get the nodes group for this command if it was predefined
+            command_flag = self.command_flags.get(command)
+        if command_flag == self.__class__.RANDOM:
+            # return a random node
+            return [self.get_random_node()]
+        elif command_flag == self.__class__.PRIMARIES:
+            # return all primaries
+            return self.get_primaries()
+        elif command_flag == self.__class__.REPLICAS:
+            # return all replicas
+            return self.get_replicas()
+        elif command_flag == self.__class__.ALL_NODES:
+            # return all nodes
+            return self.get_nodes()
+        elif command_flag == self.__class__.DEFAULT_NODE:
+            # return the cluster's default node
+            return [self.nodes_manager.default_node]
+        elif command in self.__class__.SEARCH_COMMANDS[0]:
+            return [self.nodes_manager.default_node]
+        else:
+            # get the node that holds the key's slot
+            slot = self.determine_slot(*args)
+            node = self.nodes_manager.get_node_from_slot(
+                slot,
+                self.read_from_replicas and command in READ_COMMANDS,
+                self.load_balancing_strategy if command in READ_COMMANDS else None,
+            )
+            return [node]
+
+    def _should_reinitialized(self):
+        # To reinitialize the cluster on every MOVED error,
+        # set reinitialize_steps to 1.
+        # To avoid reinitializing the cluster on moved errors, set
+        # reinitialize_steps to 0.
+        if self.reinitialize_steps == 0:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return self.reinitialize_counter % self.reinitialize_steps == 0
+
+    def keyslot(self, key):
+        """
+        Calculate keyslot for a given key.
+        See Keys distribution model in https://redis.io/topics/cluster-spec
+        """
+        k = self.encoder.encode(key)
+        return key_slot(k)
+
+    def _get_command_keys(self, *args):
+        """
+        Get the keys in the command. If the command has no keys in in, None is
+        returned.
+
+        NOTE: Due to a bug in redis<7.0, this function does not work properly
+        for EVAL or EVALSHA when the `numkeys` arg is 0.
+         - issue: https://github.com/redis/redis/issues/9493
+         - fix: https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/9733
+
+        So, don't use this function with EVAL or EVALSHA.
+        """
+        redis_conn = self.get_default_node().redis_connection
+        return self.commands_parser.get_keys(redis_conn, *args)
+
+    def determine_slot(self, *args):
+        """
+        Figure out what slot to use based on args.
+
+        Raises a RedisClusterException if there's a missing key and we can't
+            determine what slots to map the command to; or, if the keys don't
+            all map to the same key slot.
+        """
+        command = args[0]
+        if self.command_flags.get(command) == SLOT_ID:
+            # The command contains the slot ID
+            return args[1]
+
+        # Get the keys in the command
+
+        # EVAL and EVALSHA are common enough that it's wasteful to go to the
+        # redis server to parse the keys. Besides, there is a bug in redis<7.0
+        # where `self._get_command_keys()` fails anyway. So, we special case
+        # EVAL/EVALSHA.
+        if command.upper() in ("EVAL", "EVALSHA"):
+            # command syntax: EVAL "script body" num_keys ...
+            if len(args) <= 2:
+                raise RedisClusterException(f"Invalid args in command: {args}")
+            num_actual_keys = int(args[2])
+            eval_keys = args[3 : 3 + num_actual_keys]
+            # if there are 0 keys, that means the script can be run on any node
+            # so we can just return a random slot
+            if len(eval_keys) == 0:
+                return random.randrange(0, REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS)
+            keys = eval_keys
+        else:
+            keys = self._get_command_keys(*args)
+            if keys is None or len(keys) == 0:
+                # FCALL can call a function with 0 keys, that means the function
+                #  can be run on any node so we can just return a random slot
+                if command.upper() in ("FCALL", "FCALL_RO"):
+                    return random.randrange(0, REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS)
+                raise RedisClusterException(
+                    "No way to dispatch this command to Redis Cluster. "
+                    "Missing key.\nYou can execute the command by specifying "
+                    f"target nodes.\nCommand: {args}"
+                )
+
+        # single key command
+        if len(keys) == 1:
+            return self.keyslot(keys[0])
+
+        # multi-key command; we need to make sure all keys are mapped to
+        # the same slot
+        slots = {self.keyslot(key) for key in keys}
+        if len(slots) != 1:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"{command} - all keys must map to the same key slot"
+            )
+
+        return slots.pop()
+
+    def get_encoder(self):
+        """
+        Get the connections' encoder
+        """
+        return self.encoder
+
+    def get_connection_kwargs(self):
+        """
+        Get the connections' key-word arguments
+        """
+        return self.nodes_manager.connection_kwargs
+
+    def _is_nodes_flag(self, target_nodes):
+        return isinstance(target_nodes, str) and target_nodes in self.node_flags
+
+    def _parse_target_nodes(self, target_nodes):
+        if isinstance(target_nodes, list):
+            nodes = target_nodes
+        elif isinstance(target_nodes, ClusterNode):
+            # Supports passing a single ClusterNode as a variable
+            nodes = [target_nodes]
+        elif isinstance(target_nodes, dict):
+            # Supports dictionaries of the format {node_name: node}.
+            # It enables to execute commands with multi nodes as follows:
+            # rc.cluster_save_config(rc.get_primaries())
+            nodes = target_nodes.values()
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "target_nodes type can be one of the following: "
+                "node_flag (PRIMARIES, REPLICAS, RANDOM, ALL_NODES),"
+                "ClusterNode, list<ClusterNode>, or dict<any, ClusterNode>. "
+                f"The passed type is {type(target_nodes)}"
+            )
+        return nodes
+
+    def execute_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self._internal_execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _internal_execute_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Wrapper for ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY error handling.
+
+        It will try the number of times specified by the retries property from
+        config option "self.retry" which defaults to 3 unless manually
+        configured.
+
+        If it reaches the number of times, the command will raise the exception
+
+        Key argument :target_nodes: can be passed with the following types:
+            nodes_flag: PRIMARIES, REPLICAS, ALL_NODES, RANDOM
+            ClusterNode
+            list<ClusterNode>
+            dict<Any, ClusterNode>
+        """
+        target_nodes_specified = False
+        is_default_node = False
+        target_nodes = None
+        passed_targets = kwargs.pop("target_nodes", None)
+        if passed_targets is not None and not self._is_nodes_flag(passed_targets):
+            target_nodes = self._parse_target_nodes(passed_targets)
+            target_nodes_specified = True
+        # If an error that allows retrying was thrown, the nodes and slots
+        # cache were reinitialized. We will retry executing the command with
+        # the updated cluster setup only when the target nodes can be
+        # determined again with the new cache tables. Therefore, when target
+        # nodes were passed to this function, we cannot retry the command
+        # execution since the nodes may not be valid anymore after the tables
+        # were reinitialized. So in case of passed target nodes,
+        # retry_attempts will be set to 0.
+        retry_attempts = 0 if target_nodes_specified else self.retry.get_retries()
+        # Add one for the first execution
+        execute_attempts = 1 + retry_attempts
+        for _ in range(execute_attempts):
+            try:
+                res = {}
+                if not target_nodes_specified:
+                    # Determine the nodes to execute the command on
+                    target_nodes = self._determine_nodes(
+                        *args, **kwargs, nodes_flag=passed_targets
+                    )
+                    if not target_nodes:
+                        raise RedisClusterException(
+                            f"No targets were found to execute {args} command on"
+                        )
+                    if (
+                        len(target_nodes) == 1
+                        and target_nodes[0] == self.get_default_node()
+                    ):
+                        is_default_node = True
+                for node in target_nodes:
+                    res[node.name] = self._execute_command(node, *args, **kwargs)
+                # Return the processed result
+                return self._process_result(args[0], res, **kwargs)
+            except Exception as e:
+                if retry_attempts > 0 and type(e) in self.__class__.ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY:
+                    if is_default_node:
+                        # Replace the default cluster node
+                        self.replace_default_node()
+                    # The nodes and slots cache were reinitialized.
+                    # Try again with the new cluster setup.
+                    retry_attempts -= 1
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    # raise the exception
+                    raise e
+
+    def _execute_command(self, target_node, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Send a command to a node in the cluster
+        """
+        command = args[0]
+        redis_node = None
+        connection = None
+        redirect_addr = None
+        asking = False
+        moved = False
+        ttl = int(self.RedisClusterRequestTTL)
+
+        while ttl > 0:
+            ttl -= 1
+            try:
+                if asking:
+                    target_node = self.get_node(node_name=redirect_addr)
+                elif moved:
+                    # MOVED occurred and the slots cache was updated,
+                    # refresh the target node
+                    slot = self.determine_slot(*args)
+                    target_node = self.nodes_manager.get_node_from_slot(
+                        slot,
+                        self.read_from_replicas and command in READ_COMMANDS,
+                        self.load_balancing_strategy
+                        if command in READ_COMMANDS
+                        else None,
+                    )
+                    moved = False
+
+                redis_node = self.get_redis_connection(target_node)
+                connection = get_connection(redis_node)
+                if asking:
+                    connection.send_command("ASKING")
+                    redis_node.parse_response(connection, "ASKING", **kwargs)
+                    asking = False
+                connection.send_command(*args, **kwargs)
+                response = redis_node.parse_response(connection, command, **kwargs)
+
+                # Remove keys entry, it needs only for cache.
+                kwargs.pop("keys", None)
+
+                if command in self.cluster_response_callbacks:
+                    response = self.cluster_response_callbacks[command](
+                        response, **kwargs
+                    )
+                return response
+            except AuthenticationError:
+                raise
+            except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError) as e:
+                # Connection retries are being handled in the node's
+                # Retry object.
+                # ConnectionError can also be raised if we couldn't get a
+                # connection from the pool before timing out, so check that
+                # this is an actual connection before attempting to disconnect.
+                if connection is not None:
+                    connection.disconnect()
+
+                # Remove the failed node from the startup nodes before we try
+                # to reinitialize the cluster
+                self.nodes_manager.startup_nodes.pop(target_node.name, None)
+                # Reset the cluster node's connection
+                target_node.redis_connection = None
+                self.nodes_manager.initialize()
+                raise e
+            except MovedError as e:
+                # First, we will try to patch the slots/nodes cache with the
+                # redirected node output and try again. If MovedError exceeds
+                # 'reinitialize_steps' number of times, we will force
+                # reinitializing the tables, and then try again.
+                # 'reinitialize_steps' counter will increase faster when
+                # the same client object is shared between multiple threads. To
+                # reduce the frequency you can set this variable in the
+                # RedisCluster constructor.
+                self.reinitialize_counter += 1
+                if self._should_reinitialized():
+                    self.nodes_manager.initialize()
+                    # Reset the counter
+                    self.reinitialize_counter = 0
+                else:
+                    self.nodes_manager.update_moved_exception(e)
+                moved = True
+            except TryAgainError:
+                if ttl < self.RedisClusterRequestTTL / 2:
+                    time.sleep(0.05)
+            except AskError as e:
+                redirect_addr = get_node_name(host=e.host, port=e.port)
+                asking = True
+            except (ClusterDownError, SlotNotCoveredError):
+                # ClusterDownError can occur during a failover and to get
+                # self-healed, we will try to reinitialize the cluster layout
+                # and retry executing the command
+
+                # SlotNotCoveredError can occur when the cluster is not fully
+                # initialized or can be temporary issue.
+                # We will try to reinitialize the cluster topology
+                # and retry executing the command
+
+                time.sleep(0.25)
+                self.nodes_manager.initialize()
+                raise
+            except ResponseError:
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                if connection:
+                    connection.disconnect()
+                raise e
+            finally:
+                if connection is not None:
+                    redis_node.connection_pool.release(connection)
+
+        raise ClusterError("TTL exhausted.")
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            with self._lock:
+                if self.nodes_manager:
+                    self.nodes_manager.close()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # RedisCluster's __init__ can fail before nodes_manager is set
+            pass
+
+    def _process_result(self, command, res, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Process the result of the executed command.
+        The function would return a dict or a single value.
+
+        :type command: str
+        :type res: dict
+
+        `res` should be in the following format:
+            Dict<node_name, command_result>
+        """
+        if command in self.result_callbacks:
+            return self.result_callbacks[command](command, res, **kwargs)
+        elif len(res) == 1:
+            # When we execute the command on a single node, we can
+            # remove the dictionary and return a single response
+            return list(res.values())[0]
+        else:
+            return res
+
+    def load_external_module(self, funcname, func):
+        """
+        This function can be used to add externally defined redis modules,
+        and their namespaces to the redis client.
+
+        ``funcname`` - A string containing the name of the function to create
+        ``func`` - The function, being added to this class.
+        """
+        setattr(self, funcname, func)
+
+
+class ClusterNode:
+    def __init__(self, host, port, server_type=None, redis_connection=None):
+        if host == "localhost":
+            host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
+
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.name = get_node_name(host, port)
+        self.server_type = server_type
+        self.redis_connection = redis_connection
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (
+            f"[host={self.host},"
+            f"port={self.port},"
+            f"name={self.name},"
+            f"server_type={self.server_type},"
+            f"redis_connection={self.redis_connection}]"
+        )
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, ClusterNode) and obj.name == self.name
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            if self.redis_connection is not None:
+                self.redis_connection.close()
+        except Exception:
+            # Ignore errors when closing the connection
+            pass
+
+
+class LoadBalancingStrategy(Enum):
+    ROUND_ROBIN = "round_robin"
+    ROUND_ROBIN_REPLICAS = "round_robin_replicas"
+    RANDOM_REPLICA = "random_replica"
+
+
+class LoadBalancer:
+    """
+    Round-Robin Load Balancing
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, start_index: int = 0) -> None:
+        self.primary_to_idx = {}
+        self.start_index = start_index
+
+    def get_server_index(
+        self,
+        primary: str,
+        list_size: int,
+        load_balancing_strategy: LoadBalancingStrategy = LoadBalancingStrategy.ROUND_ROBIN,
+    ) -> int:
+        if load_balancing_strategy == LoadBalancingStrategy.RANDOM_REPLICA:
+            return self._get_random_replica_index(list_size)
+        else:
+            return self._get_round_robin_index(
+                primary,
+                list_size,
+                load_balancing_strategy == LoadBalancingStrategy.ROUND_ROBIN_REPLICAS,
+            )
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self.primary_to_idx.clear()
+
+    def _get_random_replica_index(self, list_size: int) -> int:
+        return random.randint(1, list_size - 1)
+
+    def _get_round_robin_index(
+        self, primary: str, list_size: int, replicas_only: bool
+    ) -> int:
+        server_index = self.primary_to_idx.setdefault(primary, self.start_index)
+        if replicas_only and server_index == 0:
+            # skip the primary node index
+            server_index = 1
+        # Update the index for the next round
+        self.primary_to_idx[primary] = (server_index + 1) % list_size
+        return server_index
+
+
+class NodesManager:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        startup_nodes,
+        from_url=False,
+        require_full_coverage=False,
+        lock=None,
+        dynamic_startup_nodes=True,
+        connection_pool_class=ConnectionPool,
+        address_remap: Optional[Callable[[Tuple[str, int]], Tuple[str, int]]] = None,
+        cache: Optional[CacheInterface] = None,
+        cache_config: Optional[CacheConfig] = None,
+        cache_factory: Optional[CacheFactoryInterface] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        self.nodes_cache = {}
+        self.slots_cache = {}
+        self.startup_nodes = {}
+        self.default_node = None
+        self.populate_startup_nodes(startup_nodes)
+        self.from_url = from_url
+        self._require_full_coverage = require_full_coverage
+        self._dynamic_startup_nodes = dynamic_startup_nodes
+        self.connection_pool_class = connection_pool_class
+        self.address_remap = address_remap
+        self._cache = cache
+        self._cache_config = cache_config
+        self._cache_factory = cache_factory
+        self._moved_exception = None
+        self.connection_kwargs = kwargs
+        self.read_load_balancer = LoadBalancer()
+        if lock is None:
+            lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._lock = lock
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        self._credential_provider = self.connection_kwargs.get(
+            "credential_provider", None
+        )
+        self.initialize()
+
+    def get_node(self, host=None, port=None, node_name=None):
+        """
+        Get the requested node from the cluster's nodes.
+        nodes.
+        :return: ClusterNode if the node exists, else None
+        """
+        if host and port:
+            # the user passed host and port
+            if host == "localhost":
+                host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
+            return self.nodes_cache.get(get_node_name(host=host, port=port))
+        elif node_name:
+            return self.nodes_cache.get(node_name)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def update_moved_exception(self, exception):
+        self._moved_exception = exception
+
+    def _update_moved_slots(self):
+        """
+        Update the slot's node with the redirected one
+        """
+        e = self._moved_exception
+        redirected_node = self.get_node(host=e.host, port=e.port)
+        if redirected_node is not None:
+            # The node already exists
+            if redirected_node.server_type is not PRIMARY:
+                # Update the node's server type
+                redirected_node.server_type = PRIMARY
+        else:
+            # This is a new node, we will add it to the nodes cache
+            redirected_node = ClusterNode(e.host, e.port, PRIMARY)
+            self.nodes_cache[redirected_node.name] = redirected_node
+        if redirected_node in self.slots_cache[e.slot_id]:
+            # The MOVED error resulted from a failover, and the new slot owner
+            # had previously been a replica.
+            old_primary = self.slots_cache[e.slot_id][0]
+            # Update the old primary to be a replica and add it to the end of
+            # the slot's node list
+            old_primary.server_type = REPLICA
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id].append(old_primary)
+            # Remove the old replica, which is now a primary, from the slot's
+            # node list
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id].remove(redirected_node)
+            # Override the old primary with the new one
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id][0] = redirected_node
+            if self.default_node == old_primary:
+                # Update the default node with the new primary
+                self.default_node = redirected_node
+        else:
+            # The new slot owner is a new server, or a server from a different
+            # shard. We need to remove all current nodes from the slot's list
+            # (including replications) and add just the new node.
+            self.slots_cache[e.slot_id] = [redirected_node]
+        # Reset moved_exception
+        self._moved_exception = None
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["server_type"],
+        reason=(
+            "In case you need select some load balancing strategy "
+            "that will use replicas, please set it through 'load_balancing_strategy'"
+        ),
+        version="5.3.0",
+    )
+    def get_node_from_slot(
+        self,
+        slot,
+        read_from_replicas=False,
+        load_balancing_strategy=None,
+        server_type=None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Gets a node that servers this hash slot
+        """
+        if self._moved_exception:
+            with self._lock:
+                if self._moved_exception:
+                    self._update_moved_slots()
+
+        if self.slots_cache.get(slot) is None or len(self.slots_cache[slot]) == 0:
+            raise SlotNotCoveredError(
+                f'Slot "{slot}" not covered by the cluster. '
+                f'"require_full_coverage={self._require_full_coverage}"'
+            )
+
+        if read_from_replicas is True and load_balancing_strategy is None:
+            load_balancing_strategy = LoadBalancingStrategy.ROUND_ROBIN
+
+        if len(self.slots_cache[slot]) > 1 and load_balancing_strategy:
+            # get the server index using the strategy defined in load_balancing_strategy
+            primary_name = self.slots_cache[slot][0].name
+            node_idx = self.read_load_balancer.get_server_index(
+                primary_name, len(self.slots_cache[slot]), load_balancing_strategy
+            )
+        elif (
+            server_type is None
+            or server_type == PRIMARY
+            or len(self.slots_cache[slot]) == 1
+        ):
+            # return a primary
+            node_idx = 0
+        else:
+            # return a replica
+            # randomly choose one of the replicas
+            node_idx = random.randint(1, len(self.slots_cache[slot]) - 1)
+
+        return self.slots_cache[slot][node_idx]
+
+    def get_nodes_by_server_type(self, server_type):
+        """
+        Get all nodes with the specified server type
+        :param server_type: 'primary' or 'replica'
+        :return: list of ClusterNode
+        """
+        return [
+            node
+            for node in self.nodes_cache.values()
+            if node.server_type == server_type
+        ]
+
+    def populate_startup_nodes(self, nodes):
+        """
+        Populate all startup nodes and filters out any duplicates
+        """
+        for n in nodes:
+            self.startup_nodes[n.name] = n
+
+    def check_slots_coverage(self, slots_cache):
+        # Validate if all slots are covered or if we should try next
+        # startup node
+        for i in range(0, REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS):
+            if i not in slots_cache:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def create_redis_connections(self, nodes):
+        """
+        This function will create a redis connection to all nodes in :nodes:
+        """
+        connection_pools = []
+        for node in nodes:
+            if node.redis_connection is None:
+                node.redis_connection = self.create_redis_node(
+                    host=node.host, port=node.port, **self.connection_kwargs
+                )
+                connection_pools.append(node.redis_connection.connection_pool)
+
+        self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+            AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent(
+                connection_pools, ClientType.SYNC, self._credential_provider
+            )
+        )
+
+    def create_redis_node(self, host, port, **kwargs):
+        # We are configuring the connection pool not to retry
+        # connections on lower level clients to avoid retrying
+        # connections to nodes that are not reachable
+        # and to avoid blocking the connection pool.
+        # The only error that will have some handling in the lower
+        # level clients is ConnectionError which will trigger disconnection
+        # of the socket.
+        # The retries will be handled on cluster client level
+        # where we will have proper handling of the cluster topology
+        node_retry_config = Retry(
+            backoff=NoBackoff(), retries=0, supported_errors=(ConnectionError,)
+        )
+
+        if self.from_url:
+            # Create a redis node with a costumed connection pool
+            kwargs.update({"host": host})
+            kwargs.update({"port": port})
+            kwargs.update({"cache": self._cache})
+            kwargs.update({"retry": node_retry_config})
+            r = Redis(connection_pool=self.connection_pool_class(**kwargs))
+        else:
+            r = Redis(
+                host=host,
+                port=port,
+                cache=self._cache,
+                retry=node_retry_config,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        return r
+
+    def _get_or_create_cluster_node(self, host, port, role, tmp_nodes_cache):
+        node_name = get_node_name(host, port)
+        # check if we already have this node in the tmp_nodes_cache
+        target_node = tmp_nodes_cache.get(node_name)
+        if target_node is None:
+            # before creating a new cluster node, check if the cluster node already
+            # exists in the current nodes cache and has a valid connection so we can
+            # reuse it
+            target_node = self.nodes_cache.get(node_name)
+            if target_node is None or target_node.redis_connection is None:
+                # create new cluster node for this cluster
+                target_node = ClusterNode(host, port, role)
+            if target_node.server_type != role:
+                target_node.server_type = role
+            # add this node to the nodes cache
+            tmp_nodes_cache[target_node.name] = target_node
+
+        return target_node
+
+    def initialize(self):
+        """
+        Initializes the nodes cache, slots cache and redis connections.
+        :startup_nodes:
+            Responsible for discovering other nodes in the cluster
+        """
+        self.reset()
+        tmp_nodes_cache = {}
+        tmp_slots = {}
+        disagreements = []
+        startup_nodes_reachable = False
+        fully_covered = False
+        kwargs = self.connection_kwargs
+        exception = None
+        for startup_node in self.startup_nodes.values():
+            try:
+                if startup_node.redis_connection:
+                    r = startup_node.redis_connection
+                else:
+                    # Create a new Redis connection
+                    r = self.create_redis_node(
+                        startup_node.host, startup_node.port, **kwargs
+                    )
+                    self.startup_nodes[startup_node.name].redis_connection = r
+                # Make sure cluster mode is enabled on this node
+                try:
+                    cluster_slots = str_if_bytes(r.execute_command("CLUSTER SLOTS"))
+                    r.connection_pool.disconnect()
+                except ResponseError:
+                    raise RedisClusterException(
+                        "Cluster mode is not enabled on this node"
+                    )
+                startup_nodes_reachable = True
+            except Exception as e:
+                # Try the next startup node.
+                # The exception is saved and raised only if we have no more nodes.
+                exception = e
+                continue
+
+            # CLUSTER SLOTS command results in the following output:
+            # [[slot_section[from_slot,to_slot,master,replica1,...,replicaN]]]
+            # where each node contains the following list: [IP, port, node_id]
+            # Therefore, cluster_slots[0][2][0] will be the IP address of the
+            # primary node of the first slot section.
+            # If there's only one server in the cluster, its ``host`` is ''
+            # Fix it to the host in startup_nodes
+            if (
+                len(cluster_slots) == 1
+                and len(cluster_slots[0][2][0]) == 0
+                and len(self.startup_nodes) == 1
+            ):
+                cluster_slots[0][2][0] = startup_node.host
+
+            for slot in cluster_slots:
+                primary_node = slot[2]
+                host = str_if_bytes(primary_node[0])
+                if host == "":
+                    host = startup_node.host
+                port = int(primary_node[1])
+                host, port = self.remap_host_port(host, port)
+
+                nodes_for_slot = []
+
+                target_node = self._get_or_create_cluster_node(
+                    host, port, PRIMARY, tmp_nodes_cache
+                )
+                nodes_for_slot.append(target_node)
+
+                replica_nodes = slot[3:]
+                for replica_node in replica_nodes:
+                    host = str_if_bytes(replica_node[0])
+                    port = int(replica_node[1])
+                    host, port = self.remap_host_port(host, port)
+                    target_replica_node = self._get_or_create_cluster_node(
+                        host, port, REPLICA, tmp_nodes_cache
+                    )
+                    nodes_for_slot.append(target_replica_node)
+
+                for i in range(int(slot[0]), int(slot[1]) + 1):
+                    if i not in tmp_slots:
+                        tmp_slots[i] = nodes_for_slot
+                    else:
+                        # Validate that 2 nodes want to use the same slot cache
+                        # setup
+                        tmp_slot = tmp_slots[i][0]
+                        if tmp_slot.name != target_node.name:
+                            disagreements.append(
+                                f"{tmp_slot.name} vs {target_node.name} on slot: {i}"
+                            )
+
+                            if len(disagreements) > 5:
+                                raise RedisClusterException(
+                                    f"startup_nodes could not agree on a valid "
+                                    f"slots cache: {', '.join(disagreements)}"
+                                )
+
+            fully_covered = self.check_slots_coverage(tmp_slots)
+            if fully_covered:
+                # Don't need to continue to the next startup node if all
+                # slots are covered
+                break
+
+        if not startup_nodes_reachable:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"Redis Cluster cannot be connected. Please provide at least "
+                f"one reachable node: {str(exception)}"
+            ) from exception
+
+        if self._cache is None and self._cache_config is not None:
+            if self._cache_factory is None:
+                self._cache = CacheFactory(self._cache_config).get_cache()
+            else:
+                self._cache = self._cache_factory.get_cache()
+
+        # Create Redis connections to all nodes
+        self.create_redis_connections(list(tmp_nodes_cache.values()))
+
+        # Check if the slots are not fully covered
+        if not fully_covered and self._require_full_coverage:
+            # Despite the requirement that the slots be covered, there
+            # isn't a full coverage
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"All slots are not covered after query all startup_nodes. "
+                f"{len(tmp_slots)} of {REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS} "
+                f"covered..."
+            )
+
+        # Set the tmp variables to the real variables
+        self.nodes_cache = tmp_nodes_cache
+        self.slots_cache = tmp_slots
+        # Set the default node
+        self.default_node = self.get_nodes_by_server_type(PRIMARY)[0]
+        if self._dynamic_startup_nodes:
+            # Populate the startup nodes with all discovered nodes
+            self.startup_nodes = tmp_nodes_cache
+        # If initialize was called after a MovedError, clear it
+        self._moved_exception = None
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.default_node = None
+        for node in self.nodes_cache.values():
+            if node.redis_connection:
+                node.redis_connection.close()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        try:
+            self.read_load_balancer.reset()
+        except TypeError:
+            # The read_load_balancer is None, do nothing
+            pass
+
+    def remap_host_port(self, host: str, port: int) -> Tuple[str, int]:
+        """
+        Remap the host and port returned from the cluster to a different
+        internal value.  Useful if the client is not connecting directly
+        to the cluster.
+        """
+        if self.address_remap:
+            return self.address_remap((host, port))
+        return host, port
+
+
+class ClusterPubSub(PubSub):
+    """
+    Wrapper for PubSub class.
+
+    IMPORTANT: before using ClusterPubSub, read about the known limitations
+    with pubsub in Cluster mode and learn how to workaround them:
+    https://redis-py-cluster.readthedocs.io/en/stable/pubsub.html
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        redis_cluster,
+        node=None,
+        host=None,
+        port=None,
+        push_handler_func=None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional["EventDispatcher"] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        When a pubsub instance is created without specifying a node, a single
+        node will be transparently chosen for the pubsub connection on the
+        first command execution. The node will be determined by:
+         1. Hashing the channel name in the request to find its keyslot
+         2. Selecting a node that handles the keyslot: If read_from_replicas is
+            set to true or load_balancing_strategy is set, a replica can be selected.
+
+        :type redis_cluster: RedisCluster
+        :type node: ClusterNode
+        :type host: str
+        :type port: int
+        """
+        self.node = None
+        self.set_pubsub_node(redis_cluster, node, host, port)
+        connection_pool = (
+            None
+            if self.node is None
+            else redis_cluster.get_redis_connection(self.node).connection_pool
+        )
+        self.cluster = redis_cluster
+        self.node_pubsub_mapping = {}
+        self._pubsubs_generator = self._pubsubs_generator()
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        super().__init__(
+            connection_pool=connection_pool,
+            encoder=redis_cluster.encoder,
+            push_handler_func=push_handler_func,
+            event_dispatcher=self._event_dispatcher,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def set_pubsub_node(self, cluster, node=None, host=None, port=None):
+        """
+        The pubsub node will be set according to the passed node, host and port
+        When none of the node, host, or port are specified - the node is set
+        to None and will be determined by the keyslot of the channel in the
+        first command to be executed.
+        RedisClusterException will be thrown if the passed node does not exist
+        in the cluster.
+        If host is passed without port, or vice versa, a DataError will be
+        thrown.
+        :type cluster: RedisCluster
+        :type node: ClusterNode
+        :type host: str
+        :type port: int
+        """
+        if node is not None:
+            # node is passed by the user
+            self._raise_on_invalid_node(cluster, node, node.host, node.port)
+            pubsub_node = node
+        elif host is not None and port is not None:
+            # host and port passed by the user
+            node = cluster.get_node(host=host, port=port)
+            self._raise_on_invalid_node(cluster, node, host, port)
+            pubsub_node = node
+        elif any([host, port]) is True:
+            # only 'host' or 'port' passed
+            raise DataError("Passing a host requires passing a port, and vice versa")
+        else:
+            # nothing passed by the user. set node to None
+            pubsub_node = None
+
+        self.node = pubsub_node
+
+    def get_pubsub_node(self):
+        """
+        Get the node that is being used as the pubsub connection
+        """
+        return self.node
+
+    def _raise_on_invalid_node(self, redis_cluster, node, host, port):
+        """
+        Raise a RedisClusterException if the node is None or doesn't exist in
+        the cluster.
+        """
+        if node is None or redis_cluster.get_node(node_name=node.name) is None:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                f"Node {host}:{port} doesn't exist in the cluster"
+            )
+
+    def execute_command(self, *args):
+        """
+        Execute a subscribe/unsubscribe command.
+
+        Taken code from redis-py and tweak to make it work within a cluster.
+        """
+        # NOTE: don't parse the response in this function -- it could pull a
+        # legitimate message off the stack if the connection is already
+        # subscribed to one or more channels
+
+        if self.connection is None:
+            if self.connection_pool is None:
+                if len(args) > 1:
+                    # Hash the first channel and get one of the nodes holding
+                    # this slot
+                    channel = args[1]
+                    slot = self.cluster.keyslot(channel)
+                    node = self.cluster.nodes_manager.get_node_from_slot(
+                        slot,
+                        self.cluster.read_from_replicas,
+                        self.cluster.load_balancing_strategy,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # Get a random node
+                    node = self.cluster.get_random_node()
+                self.node = node
+                redis_connection = self.cluster.get_redis_connection(node)
+                self.connection_pool = redis_connection.connection_pool
+            self.connection = self.connection_pool.get_connection()
+            # register a callback that re-subscribes to any channels we
+            # were listening to when we were disconnected
+            self.connection.register_connect_callback(self.on_connect)
+            if self.push_handler_func is not None and not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+                self.connection._parser.set_pubsub_push_handler(self.push_handler_func)
+            self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent(
+                    self.connection, self.connection_pool, ClientType.SYNC, self._lock
+                )
+            )
+        connection = self.connection
+        self._execute(connection, connection.send_command, *args)
+
+    def _get_node_pubsub(self, node):
+        try:
+            return self.node_pubsub_mapping[node.name]
+        except KeyError:
+            pubsub = node.redis_connection.pubsub(
+                push_handler_func=self.push_handler_func
+            )
+            self.node_pubsub_mapping[node.name] = pubsub
+            return pubsub
+
+    def _sharded_message_generator(self):
+        for _ in range(len(self.node_pubsub_mapping)):
+            pubsub = next(self._pubsubs_generator)
+            message = pubsub.get_message()
+            if message is not None:
+                return message
+        return None
+
+    def _pubsubs_generator(self):
+        while True:
+            yield from self.node_pubsub_mapping.values()
+
+    def get_sharded_message(
+        self, ignore_subscribe_messages=False, timeout=0.0, target_node=None
+    ):
+        if target_node:
+            message = self.node_pubsub_mapping[target_node.name].get_message(
+                ignore_subscribe_messages=ignore_subscribe_messages, timeout=timeout
+            )
+        else:
+            message = self._sharded_message_generator()
+        if message is None:
+            return None
+        elif str_if_bytes(message["type"]) == "sunsubscribe":
+            if message["channel"] in self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels:
+                self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels.remove(message["channel"])
+                self.shard_channels.pop(message["channel"], None)
+                node = self.cluster.get_node_from_key(message["channel"])
+                if self.node_pubsub_mapping[node.name].subscribed is False:
+                    self.node_pubsub_mapping.pop(node.name)
+        if not self.channels and not self.patterns and not self.shard_channels:
+            # There are no subscriptions anymore, set subscribed_event flag
+            # to false
+            self.subscribed_event.clear()
+        if self.ignore_subscribe_messages or ignore_subscribe_messages:
+            return None
+        return message
+
+    def ssubscribe(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+        s_channels = dict.fromkeys(args)
+        s_channels.update(kwargs)
+        for s_channel, handler in s_channels.items():
+            node = self.cluster.get_node_from_key(s_channel)
+            pubsub = self._get_node_pubsub(node)
+            if handler:
+                pubsub.ssubscribe(**{s_channel: handler})
+            else:
+                pubsub.ssubscribe(s_channel)
+            self.shard_channels.update(pubsub.shard_channels)
+            self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels.difference_update(
+                self._normalize_keys({s_channel: None})
+            )
+            if pubsub.subscribed and not self.subscribed:
+                self.subscribed_event.set()
+                self.health_check_response_counter = 0
+
+    def sunsubscribe(self, *args):
+        if args:
+            args = list_or_args(args[0], args[1:])
+        else:
+            args = self.shard_channels
+
+        for s_channel in args:
+            node = self.cluster.get_node_from_key(s_channel)
+            p = self._get_node_pubsub(node)
+            p.sunsubscribe(s_channel)
+            self.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels.update(
+                p.pending_unsubscribe_shard_channels
+            )
+
+    def get_redis_connection(self):
+        """
+        Get the Redis connection of the pubsub connected node.
+        """
+        if self.node is not None:
+            return self.node.redis_connection
+
+    def disconnect(self):
+        """
+        Disconnect the pubsub connection.
+        """
+        if self.connection:
+            self.connection.disconnect()
+        for pubsub in self.node_pubsub_mapping.values():
+            pubsub.connection.disconnect()
+
+
+class ClusterPipeline(RedisCluster):
+    """
+    Support for Redis pipeline
+    in cluster mode
+    """
+
+    ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY = (
+        ConnectionError,
+        TimeoutError,
+        MovedError,
+        AskError,
+        TryAgainError,
+    )
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=[
+            "cluster_error_retry_attempts",
+        ],
+        reason="Please configure the 'retry' object instead",
+        version="6.0.0",
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        nodes_manager: "NodesManager",
+        commands_parser: "CommandsParser",
+        result_callbacks: Optional[Dict[str, Callable]] = None,
+        cluster_response_callbacks: Optional[Dict[str, Callable]] = None,
+        startup_nodes: Optional[List["ClusterNode"]] = None,
+        read_from_replicas: bool = False,
+        load_balancing_strategy: Optional[LoadBalancingStrategy] = None,
+        cluster_error_retry_attempts: int = 3,
+        reinitialize_steps: int = 5,
+        retry: Optional[Retry] = None,
+        lock=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """ """
+        self.command_stack = []
+        self.nodes_manager = nodes_manager
+        self.commands_parser = commands_parser
+        self.refresh_table_asap = False
+        self.result_callbacks = (
+            result_callbacks or self.__class__.RESULT_CALLBACKS.copy()
+        )
+        self.startup_nodes = startup_nodes if startup_nodes else []
+        self.read_from_replicas = read_from_replicas
+        self.load_balancing_strategy = load_balancing_strategy
+        self.command_flags = self.__class__.COMMAND_FLAGS.copy()
+        self.cluster_response_callbacks = cluster_response_callbacks
+        self.reinitialize_counter = 0
+        self.reinitialize_steps = reinitialize_steps
+        if retry is not None:
+            self.retry = retry
+        else:
+            self.retry = Retry(
+                backoff=ExponentialWithJitterBackoff(base=1, cap=10),
+                retries=self.cluster_error_retry_attempts,
+            )
+
+        self.encoder = Encoder(
+            kwargs.get("encoding", "utf-8"),
+            kwargs.get("encoding_errors", "strict"),
+            kwargs.get("decode_responses", False),
+        )
+        if lock is None:
+            lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._lock = lock
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """ """
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}"
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        """ """
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        """ """
+        self.reset()
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.reset()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """ """
+        return len(self.command_stack)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        "Pipeline instances should  always evaluate to True on Python 3+"
+        return True
+
+    def execute_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Wrapper function for pipeline_execute_command
+        """
+        return self.pipeline_execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def pipeline_execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        """
+        Appends the executed command to the pipeline's command stack
+        """
+        self.command_stack.append(
+            PipelineCommand(args, options, len(self.command_stack))
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def raise_first_error(self, stack):
+        """
+        Raise the first exception on the stack
+        """
+        for c in stack:
+            r = c.result
+            if isinstance(r, Exception):
+                self.annotate_exception(r, c.position + 1, c.args)
+                raise r
+
+    def annotate_exception(self, exception, number, command):
+        """
+        Provides extra context to the exception prior to it being handled
+        """
+        cmd = " ".join(map(safe_str, command))
+        msg = (
+            f"Command # {number} ({truncate_text(cmd)}) of pipeline "
+            f"caused error: {exception.args[0]}"
+        )
+        exception.args = (msg,) + exception.args[1:]
+
+    def execute(self, raise_on_error: bool = True) -> List[Any]:
+        """
+        Execute all the commands in the current pipeline
+        """
+        stack = self.command_stack
+        try:
+            return self.send_cluster_commands(stack, raise_on_error)
+        finally:
+            self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """
+        Reset back to empty pipeline.
+        """
+        self.command_stack = []
+
+        self.scripts = set()
+
+        # TODO: Implement
+        # make sure to reset the connection state in the event that we were
+        # watching something
+        # if self.watching and self.connection:
+        #     try:
+        #         # call this manually since our unwatch or
+        #         # immediate_execute_command methods can call reset()
+        #         self.connection.send_command('UNWATCH')
+        #         self.connection.read_response()
+        #     except ConnectionError:
+        #         # disconnect will also remove any previous WATCHes
+        #         self.connection.disconnect()
+
+        # clean up the other instance attributes
+        self.watching = False
+        self.explicit_transaction = False
+
+        # TODO: Implement
+        # we can safely return the connection to the pool here since we're
+        # sure we're no longer WATCHing anything
+        # if self.connection:
+        #     self.connection_pool.release(self.connection)
+        #     self.connection = None
+
+    def send_cluster_commands(
+        self, stack, raise_on_error=True, allow_redirections=True
+    ):
+        """
+        Wrapper for CLUSTERDOWN error handling.
+
+        If the cluster reports it is down it is assumed that:
+         - connection_pool was disconnected
+         - connection_pool was reseted
+         - refereh_table_asap set to True
+
+        It will try the number of times specified by
+        the retries in config option "self.retry"
+        which defaults to 3 unless manually configured.
+
+        If it reaches the number of times, the command will
+        raises ClusterDownException.
+        """
+        if not stack:
+            return []
+        retry_attempts = self.retry.get_retries()
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self._send_cluster_commands(
+                    stack,
+                    raise_on_error=raise_on_error,
+                    allow_redirections=allow_redirections,
+                )
+            except RedisCluster.ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY as e:
+                if retry_attempts > 0:
+                    # Try again with the new cluster setup. All other errors
+                    # should be raised.
+                    retry_attempts -= 1
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    raise e
+
+    def _send_cluster_commands(
+        self, stack, raise_on_error=True, allow_redirections=True
+    ):
+        """
+        Send a bunch of cluster commands to the redis cluster.
+
+        `allow_redirections` If the pipeline should follow
+        `ASK` & `MOVED` responses automatically. If set
+        to false it will raise RedisClusterException.
+        """
+        # the first time sending the commands we send all of
+        # the commands that were queued up.
+        # if we have to run through it again, we only retry
+        # the commands that failed.
+        attempt = sorted(stack, key=lambda x: x.position)
+        is_default_node = False
+        # build a list of node objects based on node names we need to
+        nodes = {}
+
+        # as we move through each command that still needs to be processed,
+        # we figure out the slot number that command maps to, then from
+        # the slot determine the node.
+        for c in attempt:
+            while True:
+                # refer to our internal node -> slot table that
+                # tells us where a given command should route to.
+                # (it might be possible we have a cached node that no longer
+                # exists in the cluster, which is why we do this in a loop)
+                passed_targets = c.options.pop("target_nodes", None)
+                if passed_targets and not self._is_nodes_flag(passed_targets):
+                    target_nodes = self._parse_target_nodes(passed_targets)
+                else:
+                    target_nodes = self._determine_nodes(
+                        *c.args, node_flag=passed_targets
+                    )
+                    if not target_nodes:
+                        raise RedisClusterException(
+                            f"No targets were found to execute {c.args} command on"
+                        )
+                if len(target_nodes) > 1:
+                    raise RedisClusterException(
+                        f"Too many targets for command {c.args}"
+                    )
+
+                node = target_nodes[0]
+                if node == self.get_default_node():
+                    is_default_node = True
+
+                # now that we know the name of the node
+                # ( it's just a string in the form of host:port )
+                # we can build a list of commands for each node.
+                node_name = node.name
+                if node_name not in nodes:
+                    redis_node = self.get_redis_connection(node)
+                    try:
+                        connection = get_connection(redis_node)
+                    except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError):
+                        for n in nodes.values():
+                            n.connection_pool.release(n.connection)
+                        # Connection retries are being handled in the node's
+                        # Retry object. Reinitialize the node -> slot table.
+                        self.nodes_manager.initialize()
+                        if is_default_node:
+                            self.replace_default_node()
+                        raise
+                    nodes[node_name] = NodeCommands(
+                        redis_node.parse_response,
+                        redis_node.connection_pool,
+                        connection,
+                    )
+                nodes[node_name].append(c)
+                break
+
+        # send the commands in sequence.
+        # we  write to all the open sockets for each node first,
+        # before reading anything
+        # this allows us to flush all the requests out across the
+        # network essentially in parallel
+        # so that we can read them all in parallel as they come back.
+        # we dont' multiplex on the sockets as they come available,
+        # but that shouldn't make too much difference.
+        node_commands = nodes.values()
+        try:
+            node_commands = nodes.values()
+            for n in node_commands:
+                n.write()
+
+            for n in node_commands:
+                n.read()
+        finally:
+            # release all of the redis connections we allocated earlier
+            # back into the connection pool.
+            # we used to do this step as part of a try/finally block,
+            # but it is really dangerous to
+            # release connections back into the pool if for some
+            # reason the socket has data still left in it
+            # from a previous operation. The write and
+            # read operations already have try/catch around them for
+            # all known types of errors including connection
+            # and socket level errors.
+            # So if we hit an exception, something really bad
+            # happened and putting any oF
+            # these connections back into the pool is a very bad idea.
+            # the socket might have unread buffer still sitting in it,
+            # and then the next time we read from it we pass the
+            # buffered result back from a previous command and
+            # every single request after to that connection will always get
+            # a mismatched result.
+            for n in nodes.values():
+                n.connection_pool.release(n.connection)
+
+        # if the response isn't an exception it is a
+        # valid response from the node
+        # we're all done with that command, YAY!
+        # if we have more commands to attempt, we've run into problems.
+        # collect all the commands we are allowed to retry.
+        # (MOVED, ASK, or connection errors or timeout errors)
+        attempt = sorted(
+            (
+                c
+                for c in attempt
+                if isinstance(c.result, ClusterPipeline.ERRORS_ALLOW_RETRY)
+            ),
+            key=lambda x: x.position,
+        )
+        if attempt and allow_redirections:
+            # RETRY MAGIC HAPPENS HERE!
+            # send these remaining commands one at a time using `execute_command`
+            # in the main client. This keeps our retry logic
+            # in one place mostly,
+            # and allows us to be more confident in correctness of behavior.
+            # at this point any speed gains from pipelining have been lost
+            # anyway, so we might as well make the best
+            # attempt to get the correct behavior.
+            #
+            # The client command will handle retries for each
+            # individual command sequentially as we pass each
+            # one into `execute_command`. Any exceptions
+            # that bubble out should only appear once all
+            # retries have been exhausted.
+            #
+            # If a lot of commands have failed, we'll be setting the
+            # flag to rebuild the slots table from scratch.
+            # So MOVED errors should correct themselves fairly quickly.
+            self.reinitialize_counter += 1
+            if self._should_reinitialized():
+                self.nodes_manager.initialize()
+                if is_default_node:
+                    self.replace_default_node()
+            for c in attempt:
+                try:
+                    # send each command individually like we
+                    # do in the main client.
+                    c.result = super().execute_command(*c.args, **c.options)
+                except RedisError as e:
+                    c.result = e
+
+        # turn the response back into a simple flat array that corresponds
+        # to the sequence of commands issued in the stack in pipeline.execute()
+        response = []
+        for c in sorted(stack, key=lambda x: x.position):
+            if c.args[0] in self.cluster_response_callbacks:
+                # Remove keys entry, it needs only for cache.
+                c.options.pop("keys", None)
+                c.result = self.cluster_response_callbacks[c.args[0]](
+                    c.result, **c.options
+                )
+            response.append(c.result)
+
+        if raise_on_error:
+            self.raise_first_error(stack)
+
+        return response
+
+    def _fail_on_redirect(self, allow_redirections):
+        """ """
+        if not allow_redirections:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "ASK & MOVED redirection not allowed in this pipeline"
+            )
+
+    def exists(self, *keys):
+        return self.execute_command("EXISTS", *keys)
+
+    def eval(self):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException("method eval() is not implemented")
+
+    def multi(self):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException("method multi() is not implemented")
+
+    def immediate_execute_command(self, *args, **options):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException(
+            "method immediate_execute_command() is not implemented"
+        )
+
+    def _execute_transaction(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException("method _execute_transaction() is not implemented")
+
+    def load_scripts(self):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException("method load_scripts() is not implemented")
+
+    def watch(self, *names):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException("method watch() is not implemented")
+
+    def unwatch(self):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException("method unwatch() is not implemented")
+
+    def script_load_for_pipeline(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """ """
+        raise RedisClusterException(
+            "method script_load_for_pipeline() is not implemented"
+        )
+
+    def delete(self, *names):
+        """
+        "Delete a key specified by ``names``"
+        """
+        if len(names) != 1:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "deleting multiple keys is not implemented in pipeline command"
+            )
+
+        return self.execute_command("DEL", names[0])
+
+    def unlink(self, *names):
+        """
+        "Unlink a key specified by ``names``"
+        """
+        if len(names) != 1:
+            raise RedisClusterException(
+                "unlinking multiple keys is not implemented in pipeline command"
+            )
+
+        return self.execute_command("UNLINK", names[0])
+
+
+def block_pipeline_command(name: str) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    """
+    Prints error because some pipelined commands should
+    be blocked when running in cluster-mode
+    """
+
+    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
+        raise RedisClusterException(
+            f"ERROR: Calling pipelined function {name} is blocked "
+            f"when running redis in cluster mode..."
+        )
+
+    return inner
+
+
+# Blocked pipeline commands
+PIPELINE_BLOCKED_COMMANDS = (
+    "BGREWRITEAOF",
+    "BGSAVE",
+    "BITOP",
+    "BRPOPLPUSH",
+    "CLIENT GETNAME",
+    "CLIENT KILL",
+    "CLIENT LIST",
+    "CLIENT SETNAME",
+    "CLIENT",
+    "CONFIG GET",
+    "CONFIG RESETSTAT",
+    "CONFIG REWRITE",
+    "CONFIG SET",
+    "CONFIG",
+    "DBSIZE",
+    "ECHO",
+    "EVALSHA",
+    "FLUSHALL",
+    "FLUSHDB",
+    "INFO",
+    "KEYS",
+    "LASTSAVE",
+    "MGET",
+    "MGET NONATOMIC",
+    "MOVE",
+    "MSET",
+    "MSET NONATOMIC",
+    "MSETNX",
+    "PFCOUNT",
+    "PFMERGE",
+    "PING",
+    "PUBLISH",
+    "RANDOMKEY",
+    "READONLY",
+    "READWRITE",
+    "RENAME",
+    "RENAMENX",
+    "RPOPLPUSH",
+    "SAVE",
+    "SCAN",
+    "SCRIPT EXISTS",
+    "SCRIPT FLUSH",
+    "SCRIPT KILL",
+    "SCRIPT LOAD",
+    "SCRIPT",
+    "SDIFF",
+    "SDIFFSTORE",
+    "SENTINEL GET MASTER ADDR BY NAME",
+    "SENTINEL MASTER",
+    "SENTINEL MASTERS",
+    "SENTINEL MONITOR",
+    "SENTINEL REMOVE",
+    "SENTINEL SENTINELS",
+    "SENTINEL SET",
+    "SENTINEL SLAVES",
+    "SENTINEL",
+    "SHUTDOWN",
+    "SINTER",
+    "SINTERSTORE",
+    "SLAVEOF",
+    "SLOWLOG GET",
+    "SLOWLOG LEN",
+    "SLOWLOG RESET",
+    "SLOWLOG",
+    "SMOVE",
+    "SORT",
+    "SUNION",
+    "SUNIONSTORE",
+    "TIME",
+)
+for command in PIPELINE_BLOCKED_COMMANDS:
+    command = command.replace(" ", "_").lower()
+
+    setattr(ClusterPipeline, command, block_pipeline_command(command))
+
+
+class PipelineCommand:
+    """ """
+
+    def __init__(self, args, options=None, position=None):
+        self.args = args
+        if options is None:
+            options = {}
+        self.options = options
+        self.position = position
+        self.result = None
+        self.node = None
+        self.asking = False
+
+
+class NodeCommands:
+    """ """
+
+    def __init__(self, parse_response, connection_pool, connection):
+        """ """
+        self.parse_response = parse_response
+        self.connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.commands = []
+
+    def append(self, c):
+        """ """
+        self.commands.append(c)
+
+    def write(self):
+        """
+        Code borrowed from Redis so it can be fixed
+        """
+        connection = self.connection
+        commands = self.commands
+
+        # We are going to clobber the commands with the write, so go ahead
+        # and ensure that nothing is sitting there from a previous run.
+        for c in commands:
+            c.result = None
+
+        # build up all commands into a single request to increase network perf
+        # send all the commands and catch connection and timeout errors.
+        try:
+            connection.send_packed_command(
+                connection.pack_commands([c.args for c in commands])
+            )
+        except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError) as e:
+            for c in commands:
+                c.result = e
+
+    def read(self):
+        """ """
+        connection = self.connection
+        for c in self.commands:
+            # if there is a result on this command,
+            # it means we ran into an exception
+            # like a connection error. Trying to parse
+            # a response on a connection that
+            # is no longer open will result in a
+            # connection error raised by redis-py.
+            # but redis-py doesn't check in parse_response
+            # that the sock object is
+            # still set and if you try to
+            # read from a closed connection, it will
+            # result in an AttributeError because
+            # it will do a readline() call on None.
+            # This can have all kinds of nasty side-effects.
+            # Treating this case as a connection error
+            # is fine because it will dump
+            # the connection object back into the
+            # pool and on the next write, it will
+            # explicitly open the connection and all will be well.
+            if c.result is None:
+                try:
+                    c.result = self.parse_response(connection, c.args[0], **c.options)
+                except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError) as e:
+                    for c in self.commands:
+                        c.result = e
+                    return
+                except RedisError:
+                    c.result = sys.exc_info()[1]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a94d9764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from .cluster import READ_COMMANDS, AsyncRedisClusterCommands, RedisClusterCommands
+from .core import AsyncCoreCommands, CoreCommands
+from .helpers import list_or_args
+from .redismodules import AsyncRedisModuleCommands, RedisModuleCommands
+from .sentinel import AsyncSentinelCommands, SentinelCommands
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AsyncCoreCommands",
+    "AsyncRedisClusterCommands",
+    "AsyncRedisModuleCommands",
+    "AsyncSentinelCommands",
+    "CoreCommands",
+    "READ_COMMANDS",
+    "RedisClusterCommands",
+    "RedisModuleCommands",
+    "SentinelCommands",
+    "list_or_args",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29c5c187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+from redis._parsers.helpers import bool_ok
+
+from ..helpers import get_protocol_version, parse_to_list
+from .commands import *  # noqa
+from .info import BFInfo, CFInfo, CMSInfo, TDigestInfo, TopKInfo
+
+
+class AbstractBloom:
+    """
+    The client allows to interact with RedisBloom and use all of
+    it's functionality.
+
+    - BF for Bloom Filter
+    - CF for Cuckoo Filter
+    - CMS for Count-Min Sketch
+    - TOPK for TopK Data Structure
+    - TDIGEST for estimate rank statistics
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_items(params, items):
+        """Append ITEMS to params."""
+        params.extend(["ITEMS"])
+        params += items
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_error(params, error):
+        """Append ERROR to params."""
+        if error is not None:
+            params.extend(["ERROR", error])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_capacity(params, capacity):
+        """Append CAPACITY to params."""
+        if capacity is not None:
+            params.extend(["CAPACITY", capacity])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_expansion(params, expansion):
+        """Append EXPANSION to params."""
+        if expansion is not None:
+            params.extend(["EXPANSION", expansion])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_no_scale(params, noScale):
+        """Append NONSCALING tag to params."""
+        if noScale is not None:
+            params.extend(["NONSCALING"])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_weights(params, weights):
+        """Append WEIGHTS to params."""
+        if len(weights) > 0:
+            params.append("WEIGHTS")
+            params += weights
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_no_create(params, noCreate):
+        """Append NOCREATE tag to params."""
+        if noCreate is not None:
+            params.extend(["NOCREATE"])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_items_and_increments(params, items, increments):
+        """Append pairs of items and increments to params."""
+        for i in range(len(items)):
+            params.append(items[i])
+            params.append(increments[i])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_values_and_weights(params, items, weights):
+        """Append pairs of items and weights to params."""
+        for i in range(len(items)):
+            params.append(items[i])
+            params.append(weights[i])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_max_iterations(params, max_iterations):
+        """Append MAXITERATIONS to params."""
+        if max_iterations is not None:
+            params.extend(["MAXITERATIONS", max_iterations])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def append_bucket_size(params, bucket_size):
+        """Append BUCKETSIZE to params."""
+        if bucket_size is not None:
+            params.extend(["BUCKETSIZE", bucket_size])
+
+
+class CMSBloom(CMSCommands, AbstractBloom):
+    def __init__(self, client, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new RedisBloom client."""
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        _MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            CMS_INITBYDIM: bool_ok,
+            CMS_INITBYPROB: bool_ok,
+            # CMS_INCRBY: spaceHolder,
+            # CMS_QUERY: spaceHolder,
+            CMS_MERGE: bool_ok,
+        }
+
+        _RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            CMS_INFO: CMSInfo,
+        }
+        _RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.commandmixin = CMSCommands
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for k, v in _MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(k, v)
+
+
+class TOPKBloom(TOPKCommands, AbstractBloom):
+    def __init__(self, client, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new RedisBloom client."""
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        _MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            TOPK_RESERVE: bool_ok,
+            # TOPK_QUERY: spaceHolder,
+            # TOPK_COUNT: spaceHolder,
+        }
+
+        _RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            TOPK_ADD: parse_to_list,
+            TOPK_INCRBY: parse_to_list,
+            TOPK_INFO: TopKInfo,
+            TOPK_LIST: parse_to_list,
+        }
+        _RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.commandmixin = TOPKCommands
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for k, v in _MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(k, v)
+
+
+class CFBloom(CFCommands, AbstractBloom):
+    def __init__(self, client, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new RedisBloom client."""
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        _MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            CF_RESERVE: bool_ok,
+            # CF_ADD: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_ADDNX: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_INSERT: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_INSERTNX: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_EXISTS: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_DEL: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_COUNT: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_SCANDUMP: spaceHolder,
+            # CF_LOADCHUNK: spaceHolder,
+        }
+
+        _RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            CF_INFO: CFInfo,
+        }
+        _RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.commandmixin = CFCommands
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for k, v in _MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(k, v)
+
+
+class TDigestBloom(TDigestCommands, AbstractBloom):
+    def __init__(self, client, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new RedisBloom client."""
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        _MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            TDIGEST_CREATE: bool_ok,
+            # TDIGEST_RESET: bool_ok,
+            # TDIGEST_ADD: spaceHolder,
+            # TDIGEST_MERGE: spaceHolder,
+        }
+
+        _RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            TDIGEST_BYRANK: parse_to_list,
+            TDIGEST_BYREVRANK: parse_to_list,
+            TDIGEST_CDF: parse_to_list,
+            TDIGEST_INFO: TDigestInfo,
+            TDIGEST_MIN: float,
+            TDIGEST_MAX: float,
+            TDIGEST_TRIMMED_MEAN: float,
+            TDIGEST_QUANTILE: parse_to_list,
+        }
+        _RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.commandmixin = TDigestCommands
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for k, v in _MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(k, v)
+
+
+class BFBloom(BFCommands, AbstractBloom):
+    def __init__(self, client, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new RedisBloom client."""
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        _MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            BF_RESERVE: bool_ok,
+            # BF_ADD: spaceHolder,
+            # BF_MADD: spaceHolder,
+            # BF_INSERT: spaceHolder,
+            # BF_EXISTS: spaceHolder,
+            # BF_MEXISTS: spaceHolder,
+            # BF_SCANDUMP: spaceHolder,
+            # BF_LOADCHUNK: spaceHolder,
+            # BF_CARD: spaceHolder,
+        }
+
+        _RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            BF_INFO: BFInfo,
+        }
+        _RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.commandmixin = BFCommands
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            _MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for k, v in _MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(k, v)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/commands.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a885055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE
+from redis.utils import deprecated_function
+
+BF_RESERVE = "BF.RESERVE"
+BF_ADD = "BF.ADD"
+BF_MADD = "BF.MADD"
+BF_INSERT = "BF.INSERT"
+BF_EXISTS = "BF.EXISTS"
+BF_MEXISTS = "BF.MEXISTS"
+BF_SCANDUMP = "BF.SCANDUMP"
+BF_LOADCHUNK = "BF.LOADCHUNK"
+BF_INFO = "BF.INFO"
+BF_CARD = "BF.CARD"
+
+CF_RESERVE = "CF.RESERVE"
+CF_ADD = "CF.ADD"
+CF_ADDNX = "CF.ADDNX"
+CF_INSERT = "CF.INSERT"
+CF_INSERTNX = "CF.INSERTNX"
+CF_EXISTS = "CF.EXISTS"
+CF_MEXISTS = "CF.MEXISTS"
+CF_DEL = "CF.DEL"
+CF_COUNT = "CF.COUNT"
+CF_SCANDUMP = "CF.SCANDUMP"
+CF_LOADCHUNK = "CF.LOADCHUNK"
+CF_INFO = "CF.INFO"
+
+CMS_INITBYDIM = "CMS.INITBYDIM"
+CMS_INITBYPROB = "CMS.INITBYPROB"
+CMS_INCRBY = "CMS.INCRBY"
+CMS_QUERY = "CMS.QUERY"
+CMS_MERGE = "CMS.MERGE"
+CMS_INFO = "CMS.INFO"
+
+TOPK_RESERVE = "TOPK.RESERVE"
+TOPK_ADD = "TOPK.ADD"
+TOPK_INCRBY = "TOPK.INCRBY"
+TOPK_QUERY = "TOPK.QUERY"
+TOPK_COUNT = "TOPK.COUNT"
+TOPK_LIST = "TOPK.LIST"
+TOPK_INFO = "TOPK.INFO"
+
+TDIGEST_CREATE = "TDIGEST.CREATE"
+TDIGEST_RESET = "TDIGEST.RESET"
+TDIGEST_ADD = "TDIGEST.ADD"
+TDIGEST_MERGE = "TDIGEST.MERGE"
+TDIGEST_CDF = "TDIGEST.CDF"
+TDIGEST_QUANTILE = "TDIGEST.QUANTILE"
+TDIGEST_MIN = "TDIGEST.MIN"
+TDIGEST_MAX = "TDIGEST.MAX"
+TDIGEST_INFO = "TDIGEST.INFO"
+TDIGEST_TRIMMED_MEAN = "TDIGEST.TRIMMED_MEAN"
+TDIGEST_RANK = "TDIGEST.RANK"
+TDIGEST_REVRANK = "TDIGEST.REVRANK"
+TDIGEST_BYRANK = "TDIGEST.BYRANK"
+TDIGEST_BYREVRANK = "TDIGEST.BYREVRANK"
+
+
+class BFCommands:
+    """Bloom Filter commands."""
+
+    def create(self, key, errorRate, capacity, expansion=None, noScale=None):
+        """
+        Create a new Bloom Filter `key` with desired probability of false positives
+        `errorRate` expected entries to be inserted as `capacity`.
+        Default expansion value is 2. By default, filter is auto-scaling.
+        For more information see `BF.RESERVE <https://redis.io/commands/bf.reserve>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key, errorRate, capacity]
+        self.append_expansion(params, expansion)
+        self.append_no_scale(params, noScale)
+        return self.execute_command(BF_RESERVE, *params)
+
+    reserve = create
+
+    def add(self, key, item):
+        """
+        Add to a Bloom Filter `key` an `item`.
+        For more information see `BF.ADD <https://redis.io/commands/bf.add>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(BF_ADD, key, item)
+
+    def madd(self, key, *items):
+        """
+        Add to a Bloom Filter `key` multiple `items`.
+        For more information see `BF.MADD <https://redis.io/commands/bf.madd>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(BF_MADD, key, *items)
+
+    def insert(
+        self,
+        key,
+        items,
+        capacity=None,
+        error=None,
+        noCreate=None,
+        expansion=None,
+        noScale=None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Add to a Bloom Filter `key` multiple `items`.
+
+        If `nocreate` remain `None` and `key` does not exist, a new Bloom Filter
+        `key` will be created with desired probability of false positives `errorRate`
+        and expected entries to be inserted as `size`.
+        For more information see `BF.INSERT <https://redis.io/commands/bf.insert>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key]
+        self.append_capacity(params, capacity)
+        self.append_error(params, error)
+        self.append_expansion(params, expansion)
+        self.append_no_create(params, noCreate)
+        self.append_no_scale(params, noScale)
+        self.append_items(params, items)
+
+        return self.execute_command(BF_INSERT, *params)
+
+    def exists(self, key, item):
+        """
+        Check whether an `item` exists in Bloom Filter `key`.
+        For more information see `BF.EXISTS <https://redis.io/commands/bf.exists>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(BF_EXISTS, key, item)
+
+    def mexists(self, key, *items):
+        """
+        Check whether `items` exist in Bloom Filter `key`.
+        For more information see `BF.MEXISTS <https://redis.io/commands/bf.mexists>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(BF_MEXISTS, key, *items)
+
+    def scandump(self, key, iter):
+        """
+        Begin an incremental save of the bloom filter `key`.
+
+        This is useful for large bloom filters which cannot fit into the normal SAVE and RESTORE model.
+        The first time this command is called, the value of `iter` should be 0.
+        This command will return successive (iter, data) pairs until (0, NULL) to indicate completion.
+        For more information see `BF.SCANDUMP <https://redis.io/commands/bf.scandump>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key, iter]
+        options = {}
+        options[NEVER_DECODE] = []
+        return self.execute_command(BF_SCANDUMP, *params, **options)
+
+    def loadchunk(self, key, iter, data):
+        """
+        Restore a filter previously saved using SCANDUMP.
+
+        See the SCANDUMP command for example usage.
+        This command will overwrite any bloom filter stored under key.
+        Ensure that the bloom filter will not be modified between invocations.
+        For more information see `BF.LOADCHUNK <https://redis.io/commands/bf.loadchunk>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(BF_LOADCHUNK, key, iter, data)
+
+    def info(self, key):
+        """
+        Return capacity, size, number of filters, number of items inserted, and expansion rate.
+        For more information see `BF.INFO <https://redis.io/commands/bf.info>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(BF_INFO, key)
+
+    def card(self, key):
+        """
+        Returns the cardinality of a Bloom filter - number of items that were added to a Bloom filter and detected as unique
+        (items that caused at least one bit to be set in at least one sub-filter).
+        For more information see `BF.CARD <https://redis.io/commands/bf.card>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(BF_CARD, key)
+
+
+class CFCommands:
+    """Cuckoo Filter commands."""
+
+    def create(
+        self, key, capacity, expansion=None, bucket_size=None, max_iterations=None
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a new Cuckoo Filter `key` an initial `capacity` items.
+        For more information see `CF.RESERVE <https://redis.io/commands/cf.reserve>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key, capacity]
+        self.append_expansion(params, expansion)
+        self.append_bucket_size(params, bucket_size)
+        self.append_max_iterations(params, max_iterations)
+        return self.execute_command(CF_RESERVE, *params)
+
+    reserve = create
+
+    def add(self, key, item):
+        """
+        Add an `item` to a Cuckoo Filter `key`.
+        For more information see `CF.ADD <https://redis.io/commands/cf.add>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_ADD, key, item)
+
+    def addnx(self, key, item):
+        """
+        Add an `item` to a Cuckoo Filter `key` only if item does not yet exist.
+        Command might be slower that `add`.
+        For more information see `CF.ADDNX <https://redis.io/commands/cf.addnx>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_ADDNX, key, item)
+
+    def insert(self, key, items, capacity=None, nocreate=None):
+        """
+        Add multiple `items` to a Cuckoo Filter `key`, allowing the filter
+        to be created with a custom `capacity` if it does not yet exist.
+        `items` must be provided as a list.
+        For more information see `CF.INSERT <https://redis.io/commands/cf.insert>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key]
+        self.append_capacity(params, capacity)
+        self.append_no_create(params, nocreate)
+        self.append_items(params, items)
+        return self.execute_command(CF_INSERT, *params)
+
+    def insertnx(self, key, items, capacity=None, nocreate=None):
+        """
+        Add multiple `items` to a Cuckoo Filter `key` only if they do not exist yet,
+        allowing the filter to be created with a custom `capacity` if it does not yet exist.
+        `items` must be provided as a list.
+        For more information see `CF.INSERTNX <https://redis.io/commands/cf.insertnx>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key]
+        self.append_capacity(params, capacity)
+        self.append_no_create(params, nocreate)
+        self.append_items(params, items)
+        return self.execute_command(CF_INSERTNX, *params)
+
+    def exists(self, key, item):
+        """
+        Check whether an `item` exists in Cuckoo Filter `key`.
+        For more information see `CF.EXISTS <https://redis.io/commands/cf.exists>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_EXISTS, key, item)
+
+    def mexists(self, key, *items):
+        """
+        Check whether an `items` exist in Cuckoo Filter `key`.
+        For more information see `CF.MEXISTS <https://redis.io/commands/cf.mexists>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_MEXISTS, key, *items)
+
+    def delete(self, key, item):
+        """
+        Delete `item` from `key`.
+        For more information see `CF.DEL <https://redis.io/commands/cf.del>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_DEL, key, item)
+
+    def count(self, key, item):
+        """
+        Return the number of times an `item` may be in the `key`.
+        For more information see `CF.COUNT <https://redis.io/commands/cf.count>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_COUNT, key, item)
+
+    def scandump(self, key, iter):
+        """
+        Begin an incremental save of the Cuckoo filter `key`.
+
+        This is useful for large Cuckoo filters which cannot fit into the normal
+        SAVE and RESTORE model.
+        The first time this command is called, the value of `iter` should be 0.
+        This command will return successive (iter, data) pairs until
+        (0, NULL) to indicate completion.
+        For more information see `CF.SCANDUMP <https://redis.io/commands/cf.scandump>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_SCANDUMP, key, iter)
+
+    def loadchunk(self, key, iter, data):
+        """
+        Restore a filter previously saved using SCANDUMP. See the SCANDUMP command for example usage.
+
+        This command will overwrite any Cuckoo filter stored under key.
+        Ensure that the Cuckoo filter will not be modified between invocations.
+        For more information see `CF.LOADCHUNK <https://redis.io/commands/cf.loadchunk>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_LOADCHUNK, key, iter, data)
+
+    def info(self, key):
+        """
+        Return size, number of buckets, number of filter, number of items inserted,
+        number of items deleted, bucket size, expansion rate, and max iteration.
+        For more information see `CF.INFO <https://redis.io/commands/cf.info>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CF_INFO, key)
+
+
+class TOPKCommands:
+    """TOP-k Filter commands."""
+
+    def reserve(self, key, k, width, depth, decay):
+        """
+        Create a new Top-K Filter `key` with desired probability of false
+        positives `errorRate` expected entries to be inserted as `size`.
+        For more information see `TOPK.RESERVE <https://redis.io/commands/topk.reserve>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TOPK_RESERVE, key, k, width, depth, decay)
+
+    def add(self, key, *items):
+        """
+        Add one `item` or more to a Top-K Filter `key`.
+        For more information see `TOPK.ADD <https://redis.io/commands/topk.add>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TOPK_ADD, key, *items)
+
+    def incrby(self, key, items, increments):
+        """
+        Add/increase `items` to a Top-K Sketch `key` by ''increments''.
+        Both `items` and `increments` are lists.
+        For more information see `TOPK.INCRBY <https://redis.io/commands/topk.incrby>`_.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> topkincrby('A', ['foo'], [1])
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key]
+        self.append_items_and_increments(params, items, increments)
+        return self.execute_command(TOPK_INCRBY, *params)
+
+    def query(self, key, *items):
+        """
+        Check whether one `item` or more is a Top-K item at `key`.
+        For more information see `TOPK.QUERY <https://redis.io/commands/topk.query>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TOPK_QUERY, key, *items)
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="4.4.0", reason="deprecated since redisbloom 2.4.0")
+    def count(self, key, *items):
+        """
+        Return count for one `item` or more from `key`.
+        For more information see `TOPK.COUNT <https://redis.io/commands/topk.count>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TOPK_COUNT, key, *items)
+
+    def list(self, key, withcount=False):
+        """
+        Return full list of items in Top-K list of `key`.
+        If `withcount` set to True, return full list of items
+        with probabilistic count in Top-K list of `key`.
+        For more information see `TOPK.LIST <https://redis.io/commands/topk.list>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key]
+        if withcount:
+            params.append("WITHCOUNT")
+        return self.execute_command(TOPK_LIST, *params)
+
+    def info(self, key):
+        """
+        Return k, width, depth and decay values of `key`.
+        For more information see `TOPK.INFO <https://redis.io/commands/topk.info>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TOPK_INFO, key)
+
+
+class TDigestCommands:
+    def create(self, key, compression=100):
+        """
+        Allocate the memory and initialize the t-digest.
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.CREATE <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.create>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_CREATE, key, "COMPRESSION", compression)
+
+    def reset(self, key):
+        """
+        Reset the sketch `key` to zero - empty out the sketch and re-initialize it.
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.RESET <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.reset>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_RESET, key)
+
+    def add(self, key, values):
+        """
+        Adds one or more observations to a t-digest sketch `key`.
+
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.ADD <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.add>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_ADD, key, *values)
+
+    def merge(self, destination_key, num_keys, *keys, compression=None, override=False):
+        """
+        Merges all of the values from `keys` to 'destination-key' sketch.
+        It is mandatory to provide the `num_keys` before passing the input keys and
+        the other (optional) arguments.
+        If `destination_key` already exists its values are merged with the input keys.
+        If you wish to override the destination key contents use the `OVERRIDE` parameter.
+
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.MERGE <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.merge>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [destination_key, num_keys, *keys]
+        if compression is not None:
+            params.extend(["COMPRESSION", compression])
+        if override:
+            params.append("OVERRIDE")
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_MERGE, *params)
+
+    def min(self, key):
+        """
+        Return minimum value from the sketch `key`. Will return DBL_MAX if the sketch is empty.
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.MIN <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.min>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_MIN, key)
+
+    def max(self, key):
+        """
+        Return maximum value from the sketch `key`. Will return DBL_MIN if the sketch is empty.
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.MAX <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.max>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_MAX, key)
+
+    def quantile(self, key, quantile, *quantiles):
+        """
+        Returns estimates of one or more cutoffs such that a specified fraction of the
+        observations added to this t-digest would be less than or equal to each of the
+        specified cutoffs. (Multiple quantiles can be returned with one call)
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.QUANTILE <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.quantile>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_QUANTILE, key, quantile, *quantiles)
+
+    def cdf(self, key, value, *values):
+        """
+        Return double fraction of all points added which are <= value.
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.CDF <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.cdf>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_CDF, key, value, *values)
+
+    def info(self, key):
+        """
+        Return Compression, Capacity, Merged Nodes, Unmerged Nodes, Merged Weight, Unmerged Weight
+        and Total Compressions.
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.INFO <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.info>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_INFO, key)
+
+    def trimmed_mean(self, key, low_cut_quantile, high_cut_quantile):
+        """
+        Return mean value from the sketch, excluding observation values outside
+        the low and high cutoff quantiles.
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.TRIMMED_MEAN <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.trimmed_mean>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(
+            TDIGEST_TRIMMED_MEAN, key, low_cut_quantile, high_cut_quantile
+        )
+
+    def rank(self, key, value, *values):
+        """
+        Retrieve the estimated rank of value (the number of observations in the sketch
+        that are smaller than value + half the number of observations that are equal to value).
+
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.RANK <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.rank>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_RANK, key, value, *values)
+
+    def revrank(self, key, value, *values):
+        """
+        Retrieve the estimated rank of value (the number of observations in the sketch
+        that are larger than value + half the number of observations that are equal to value).
+
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.REVRANK <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.revrank>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_REVRANK, key, value, *values)
+
+    def byrank(self, key, rank, *ranks):
+        """
+        Retrieve an estimation of the value with the given rank.
+
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.BY_RANK <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.by_rank>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_BYRANK, key, rank, *ranks)
+
+    def byrevrank(self, key, rank, *ranks):
+        """
+        Retrieve an estimation of the value with the given reverse rank.
+
+        For more information see `TDIGEST.BY_REVRANK <https://redis.io/commands/tdigest.by_revrank>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(TDIGEST_BYREVRANK, key, rank, *ranks)
+
+
+class CMSCommands:
+    """Count-Min Sketch Commands"""
+
+    def initbydim(self, key, width, depth):
+        """
+        Initialize a Count-Min Sketch `key` to dimensions (`width`, `depth`) specified by user.
+        For more information see `CMS.INITBYDIM <https://redis.io/commands/cms.initbydim>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CMS_INITBYDIM, key, width, depth)
+
+    def initbyprob(self, key, error, probability):
+        """
+        Initialize a Count-Min Sketch `key` to characteristics (`error`, `probability`) specified by user.
+        For more information see `CMS.INITBYPROB <https://redis.io/commands/cms.initbyprob>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CMS_INITBYPROB, key, error, probability)
+
+    def incrby(self, key, items, increments):
+        """
+        Add/increase `items` to a Count-Min Sketch `key` by ''increments''.
+        Both `items` and `increments` are lists.
+        For more information see `CMS.INCRBY <https://redis.io/commands/cms.incrby>`_.
+
+        Example:
+
+        >>> cmsincrby('A', ['foo'], [1])
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [key]
+        self.append_items_and_increments(params, items, increments)
+        return self.execute_command(CMS_INCRBY, *params)
+
+    def query(self, key, *items):
+        """
+        Return count for an `item` from `key`. Multiple items can be queried with one call.
+        For more information see `CMS.QUERY <https://redis.io/commands/cms.query>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CMS_QUERY, key, *items)
+
+    def merge(self, destKey, numKeys, srcKeys, weights=[]):
+        """
+        Merge `numKeys` of sketches into `destKey`. Sketches specified in `srcKeys`.
+        All sketches must have identical width and depth.
+        `Weights` can be used to multiply certain sketches. Default weight is 1.
+        Both `srcKeys` and `weights` are lists.
+        For more information see `CMS.MERGE <https://redis.io/commands/cms.merge>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        params = [destKey, numKeys]
+        params += srcKeys
+        self.append_weights(params, weights)
+        return self.execute_command(CMS_MERGE, *params)
+
+    def info(self, key):
+        """
+        Return width, depth and total count of the sketch.
+        For more information see `CMS.INFO <https://redis.io/commands/cms.info>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(CMS_INFO, key)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/info.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/info.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a876c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/bf/info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from ..helpers import nativestr
+
+
+class BFInfo:
+    capacity = None
+    size = None
+    filterNum = None
+    insertedNum = None
+    expansionRate = None
+
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        response = dict(zip(map(nativestr, args[::2]), args[1::2]))
+        self.capacity = response["Capacity"]
+        self.size = response["Size"]
+        self.filterNum = response["Number of filters"]
+        self.insertedNum = response["Number of items inserted"]
+        self.expansionRate = response["Expansion rate"]
+
+    def get(self, item):
+        try:
+            return self.__getitem__(item)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return getattr(self, item)
+
+
+class CFInfo:
+    size = None
+    bucketNum = None
+    filterNum = None
+    insertedNum = None
+    deletedNum = None
+    bucketSize = None
+    expansionRate = None
+    maxIteration = None
+
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        response = dict(zip(map(nativestr, args[::2]), args[1::2]))
+        self.size = response["Size"]
+        self.bucketNum = response["Number of buckets"]
+        self.filterNum = response["Number of filters"]
+        self.insertedNum = response["Number of items inserted"]
+        self.deletedNum = response["Number of items deleted"]
+        self.bucketSize = response["Bucket size"]
+        self.expansionRate = response["Expansion rate"]
+        self.maxIteration = response["Max iterations"]
+
+    def get(self, item):
+        try:
+            return self.__getitem__(item)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return getattr(self, item)
+
+
+class CMSInfo:
+    width = None
+    depth = None
+    count = None
+
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        response = dict(zip(map(nativestr, args[::2]), args[1::2]))
+        self.width = response["width"]
+        self.depth = response["depth"]
+        self.count = response["count"]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return getattr(self, item)
+
+
+class TopKInfo:
+    k = None
+    width = None
+    depth = None
+    decay = None
+
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        response = dict(zip(map(nativestr, args[::2]), args[1::2]))
+        self.k = response["k"]
+        self.width = response["width"]
+        self.depth = response["depth"]
+        self.decay = response["decay"]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return getattr(self, item)
+
+
+class TDigestInfo:
+    compression = None
+    capacity = None
+    merged_nodes = None
+    unmerged_nodes = None
+    merged_weight = None
+    unmerged_weight = None
+    total_compressions = None
+    memory_usage = None
+
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        response = dict(zip(map(nativestr, args[::2]), args[1::2]))
+        self.compression = response["Compression"]
+        self.capacity = response["Capacity"]
+        self.merged_nodes = response["Merged nodes"]
+        self.unmerged_nodes = response["Unmerged nodes"]
+        self.merged_weight = response["Merged weight"]
+        self.unmerged_weight = response["Unmerged weight"]
+        self.total_compressions = response["Total compressions"]
+        self.memory_usage = response["Memory usage"]
+
+    def get(self, item):
+        try:
+            return self.__getitem__(item)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return getattr(self, item)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/cluster.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/cluster.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13f20352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/cluster.py
@@ -0,0 +1,919 @@
+import asyncio
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Literal,
+    Mapping,
+    NoReturn,
+    Optional,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from redis.crc import key_slot
+from redis.exceptions import RedisClusterException, RedisError
+from redis.typing import (
+    AnyKeyT,
+    ClusterCommandsProtocol,
+    EncodableT,
+    KeysT,
+    KeyT,
+    PatternT,
+    ResponseT,
+)
+
+from .core import (
+    ACLCommands,
+    AsyncACLCommands,
+    AsyncDataAccessCommands,
+    AsyncFunctionCommands,
+    AsyncManagementCommands,
+    AsyncModuleCommands,
+    AsyncScriptCommands,
+    DataAccessCommands,
+    FunctionCommands,
+    ManagementCommands,
+    ModuleCommands,
+    PubSubCommands,
+    ScriptCommands,
+)
+from .helpers import list_or_args
+from .redismodules import AsyncRedisModuleCommands, RedisModuleCommands
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis.asyncio.cluster import TargetNodesT
+
+# Not complete, but covers the major ones
+# https://redis.io/commands
+READ_COMMANDS = frozenset(
+    [
+        "BITCOUNT",
+        "BITPOS",
+        "EVAL_RO",
+        "EVALSHA_RO",
+        "EXISTS",
+        "GEODIST",
+        "GEOHASH",
+        "GEOPOS",
+        "GEORADIUS",
+        "GEORADIUSBYMEMBER",
+        "GET",
+        "GETBIT",
+        "GETRANGE",
+        "HEXISTS",
+        "HGET",
+        "HGETALL",
+        "HKEYS",
+        "HLEN",
+        "HMGET",
+        "HSTRLEN",
+        "HVALS",
+        "KEYS",
+        "LINDEX",
+        "LLEN",
+        "LRANGE",
+        "MGET",
+        "PTTL",
+        "RANDOMKEY",
+        "SCARD",
+        "SDIFF",
+        "SINTER",
+        "SISMEMBER",
+        "SMEMBERS",
+        "SRANDMEMBER",
+        "STRLEN",
+        "SUNION",
+        "TTL",
+        "ZCARD",
+        "ZCOUNT",
+        "ZRANGE",
+        "ZSCORE",
+    ]
+)
+
+
+class ClusterMultiKeyCommands(ClusterCommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    A class containing commands that handle more than one key
+    """
+
+    def _partition_keys_by_slot(self, keys: Iterable[KeyT]) -> Dict[int, List[KeyT]]:
+        """Split keys into a dictionary that maps a slot to a list of keys."""
+
+        slots_to_keys = {}
+        for key in keys:
+            slot = key_slot(self.encoder.encode(key))
+            slots_to_keys.setdefault(slot, []).append(key)
+
+        return slots_to_keys
+
+    def _partition_pairs_by_slot(
+        self, mapping: Mapping[AnyKeyT, EncodableT]
+    ) -> Dict[int, List[EncodableT]]:
+        """Split pairs into a dictionary that maps a slot to a list of pairs."""
+
+        slots_to_pairs = {}
+        for pair in mapping.items():
+            slot = key_slot(self.encoder.encode(pair[0]))
+            slots_to_pairs.setdefault(slot, []).extend(pair)
+
+        return slots_to_pairs
+
+    def _execute_pipeline_by_slot(
+        self, command: str, slots_to_args: Mapping[int, Iterable[EncodableT]]
+    ) -> List[Any]:
+        read_from_replicas = self.read_from_replicas and command in READ_COMMANDS
+        pipe = self.pipeline()
+        [
+            pipe.execute_command(
+                command,
+                *slot_args,
+                target_nodes=[
+                    self.nodes_manager.get_node_from_slot(slot, read_from_replicas)
+                ],
+            )
+            for slot, slot_args in slots_to_args.items()
+        ]
+        return pipe.execute()
+
+    def _reorder_keys_by_command(
+        self,
+        keys: Iterable[KeyT],
+        slots_to_args: Mapping[int, Iterable[EncodableT]],
+        responses: Iterable[Any],
+    ) -> List[Any]:
+        results = {
+            k: v
+            for slot_values, response in zip(slots_to_args.values(), responses)
+            for k, v in zip(slot_values, response)
+        }
+        return [results[key] for key in keys]
+
+    def mget_nonatomic(self, keys: KeysT, *args: KeyT) -> List[Optional[Any]]:
+        """
+        Splits the keys into different slots and then calls MGET
+        for the keys of every slot. This operation will not be atomic
+        if keys belong to more than one slot.
+
+        Returns a list of values ordered identically to ``keys``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/mget
+        """
+
+        # Concatenate all keys into a list
+        keys = list_or_args(keys, args)
+
+        # Split keys into slots
+        slots_to_keys = self._partition_keys_by_slot(keys)
+
+        # Execute commands using a pipeline
+        res = self._execute_pipeline_by_slot("MGET", slots_to_keys)
+
+        # Reorder keys in the order the user provided & return
+        return self._reorder_keys_by_command(keys, slots_to_keys, res)
+
+    def mset_nonatomic(self, mapping: Mapping[AnyKeyT, EncodableT]) -> List[bool]:
+        """
+        Sets key/values based on a mapping. Mapping is a dictionary of
+        key/value pairs. Both keys and values should be strings or types that
+        can be cast to a string via str().
+
+        Splits the keys into different slots and then calls MSET
+        for the keys of every slot. This operation will not be atomic
+        if keys belong to more than one slot.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/mset
+        """
+
+        # Partition the keys by slot
+        slots_to_pairs = self._partition_pairs_by_slot(mapping)
+
+        # Execute commands using a pipeline & return list of replies
+        return self._execute_pipeline_by_slot("MSET", slots_to_pairs)
+
+    def _split_command_across_slots(self, command: str, *keys: KeyT) -> int:
+        """
+        Runs the given command once for the keys
+        of each slot. Returns the sum of the return values.
+        """
+
+        # Partition the keys by slot
+        slots_to_keys = self._partition_keys_by_slot(keys)
+
+        # Sum up the reply from each command
+        return sum(self._execute_pipeline_by_slot(command, slots_to_keys))
+
+    def exists(self, *keys: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of ``names`` that exist in the
+        whole cluster. The keys are first split up into slots
+        and then an EXISTS command is sent for every slot
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/exists
+        """
+        return self._split_command_across_slots("EXISTS", *keys)
+
+    def delete(self, *keys: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Deletes the given keys in the cluster.
+        The keys are first split up into slots
+        and then an DEL command is sent for every slot
+
+        Non-existent keys are ignored.
+        Returns the number of keys that were deleted.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/del
+        """
+        return self._split_command_across_slots("DEL", *keys)
+
+    def touch(self, *keys: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Updates the last access time of given keys across the
+        cluster.
+
+        The keys are first split up into slots
+        and then an TOUCH command is sent for every slot
+
+        Non-existent keys are ignored.
+        Returns the number of keys that were touched.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/touch
+        """
+        return self._split_command_across_slots("TOUCH", *keys)
+
+    def unlink(self, *keys: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove the specified keys in a different thread.
+
+        The keys are first split up into slots
+        and then an TOUCH command is sent for every slot
+
+        Non-existent keys are ignored.
+        Returns the number of keys that were unlinked.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/unlink
+        """
+        return self._split_command_across_slots("UNLINK", *keys)
+
+
+class AsyncClusterMultiKeyCommands(ClusterMultiKeyCommands):
+    """
+    A class containing commands that handle more than one key
+    """
+
+    async def mget_nonatomic(self, keys: KeysT, *args: KeyT) -> List[Optional[Any]]:
+        """
+        Splits the keys into different slots and then calls MGET
+        for the keys of every slot. This operation will not be atomic
+        if keys belong to more than one slot.
+
+        Returns a list of values ordered identically to ``keys``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/mget
+        """
+
+        # Concatenate all keys into a list
+        keys = list_or_args(keys, args)
+
+        # Split keys into slots
+        slots_to_keys = self._partition_keys_by_slot(keys)
+
+        # Execute commands using a pipeline
+        res = await self._execute_pipeline_by_slot("MGET", slots_to_keys)
+
+        # Reorder keys in the order the user provided & return
+        return self._reorder_keys_by_command(keys, slots_to_keys, res)
+
+    async def mset_nonatomic(self, mapping: Mapping[AnyKeyT, EncodableT]) -> List[bool]:
+        """
+        Sets key/values based on a mapping. Mapping is a dictionary of
+        key/value pairs. Both keys and values should be strings or types that
+        can be cast to a string via str().
+
+        Splits the keys into different slots and then calls MSET
+        for the keys of every slot. This operation will not be atomic
+        if keys belong to more than one slot.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/mset
+        """
+
+        # Partition the keys by slot
+        slots_to_pairs = self._partition_pairs_by_slot(mapping)
+
+        # Execute commands using a pipeline & return list of replies
+        return await self._execute_pipeline_by_slot("MSET", slots_to_pairs)
+
+    async def _split_command_across_slots(self, command: str, *keys: KeyT) -> int:
+        """
+        Runs the given command once for the keys
+        of each slot. Returns the sum of the return values.
+        """
+
+        # Partition the keys by slot
+        slots_to_keys = self._partition_keys_by_slot(keys)
+
+        # Sum up the reply from each command
+        return sum(await self._execute_pipeline_by_slot(command, slots_to_keys))
+
+    async def _execute_pipeline_by_slot(
+        self, command: str, slots_to_args: Mapping[int, Iterable[EncodableT]]
+    ) -> List[Any]:
+        if self._initialize:
+            await self.initialize()
+        read_from_replicas = self.read_from_replicas and command in READ_COMMANDS
+        pipe = self.pipeline()
+        [
+            pipe.execute_command(
+                command,
+                *slot_args,
+                target_nodes=[
+                    self.nodes_manager.get_node_from_slot(slot, read_from_replicas)
+                ],
+            )
+            for slot, slot_args in slots_to_args.items()
+        ]
+        return await pipe.execute()
+
+
+class ClusterManagementCommands(ManagementCommands):
+    """
+    A class for Redis Cluster management commands
+
+    The class inherits from Redis's core ManagementCommands class and do the
+    required adjustments to work with cluster mode
+    """
+
+    def slaveof(self, *args, **kwargs) -> NoReturn:
+        """
+        Make the server a replica of another instance, or promote it as master.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/slaveof
+        """
+        raise RedisClusterException("SLAVEOF is not supported in cluster mode")
+
+    def replicaof(self, *args, **kwargs) -> NoReturn:
+        """
+        Make the server a replica of another instance, or promote it as master.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/replicaof
+        """
+        raise RedisClusterException("REPLICAOF is not supported in cluster mode")
+
+    def swapdb(self, *args, **kwargs) -> NoReturn:
+        """
+        Swaps two Redis databases.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/swapdb
+        """
+        raise RedisClusterException("SWAPDB is not supported in cluster mode")
+
+    def cluster_myid(self, target_node: "TargetNodesT") -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the node's id.
+
+        :target_node: 'ClusterNode'
+            The node to execute the command on
+
+        For more information check https://redis.io/commands/cluster-myid/
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER MYID", target_nodes=target_node)
+
+    def cluster_addslots(
+        self, target_node: "TargetNodesT", *slots: EncodableT
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Assign new hash slots to receiving node. Sends to specified node.
+
+        :target_node: 'ClusterNode'
+            The node to execute the command on
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-addslots
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "CLUSTER ADDSLOTS", *slots, target_nodes=target_node
+        )
+
+    def cluster_addslotsrange(
+        self, target_node: "TargetNodesT", *slots: EncodableT
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Similar to the CLUSTER ADDSLOTS command.
+        The difference between the two commands is that ADDSLOTS takes a list of slots
+        to assign to the node, while ADDSLOTSRANGE takes a list of slot ranges
+        (specified by start and end slots) to assign to the node.
+
+        :target_node: 'ClusterNode'
+            The node to execute the command on
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-addslotsrange
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "CLUSTER ADDSLOTSRANGE", *slots, target_nodes=target_node
+        )
+
+    def cluster_countkeysinslot(self, slot_id: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the number of local keys in the specified hash slot
+        Send to node based on specified slot_id
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-countkeysinslot
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER COUNTKEYSINSLOT", slot_id)
+
+    def cluster_count_failure_report(self, node_id: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the number of failure reports active for a given node
+        Sends to a random node
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-count-failure-reports
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER COUNT-FAILURE-REPORTS", node_id)
+
+    def cluster_delslots(self, *slots: EncodableT) -> List[bool]:
+        """
+        Set hash slots as unbound in the cluster.
+        It determines by it self what node the slot is in and sends it there
+
+        Returns a list of the results for each processed slot.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-delslots
+        """
+        return [self.execute_command("CLUSTER DELSLOTS", slot) for slot in slots]
+
+    def cluster_delslotsrange(self, *slots: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Similar to the CLUSTER DELSLOTS command.
+        The difference is that CLUSTER DELSLOTS takes a list of hash slots to remove
+        from the node, while CLUSTER DELSLOTSRANGE takes a list of slot ranges to remove
+        from the node.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-delslotsrange
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER DELSLOTSRANGE", *slots)
+
+    def cluster_failover(
+        self, target_node: "TargetNodesT", option: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Forces a slave to perform a manual failover of its master
+        Sends to specified node
+
+        :target_node: 'ClusterNode'
+            The node to execute the command on
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-failover
+        """
+        if option:
+            if option.upper() not in ["FORCE", "TAKEOVER"]:
+                raise RedisError(
+                    f"Invalid option for CLUSTER FAILOVER command: {option}"
+                )
+            else:
+                return self.execute_command(
+                    "CLUSTER FAILOVER", option, target_nodes=target_node
+                )
+        else:
+            return self.execute_command("CLUSTER FAILOVER", target_nodes=target_node)
+
+    def cluster_info(self, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Provides info about Redis Cluster node state.
+        The command will be sent to a random node in the cluster if no target
+        node is specified.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-info
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER INFO", target_nodes=target_nodes)
+
+    def cluster_keyslot(self, key: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the hash slot of the specified key
+        Sends to random node in the cluster
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-keyslot
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER KEYSLOT", key)
+
+    def cluster_meet(
+        self, host: str, port: int, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Force a node cluster to handshake with another node.
+        Sends to specified node.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-meet
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "CLUSTER MEET", host, port, target_nodes=target_nodes
+        )
+
+    def cluster_nodes(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get Cluster config for the node.
+        Sends to random node in the cluster
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-nodes
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER NODES")
+
+    def cluster_replicate(
+        self, target_nodes: "TargetNodesT", node_id: str
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Reconfigure a node as a slave of the specified master node
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-replicate
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "CLUSTER REPLICATE", node_id, target_nodes=target_nodes
+        )
+
+    def cluster_reset(
+        self, soft: bool = True, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Reset a Redis Cluster node
+
+        If 'soft' is True then it will send 'SOFT' argument
+        If 'soft' is False then it will send 'HARD' argument
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-reset
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "CLUSTER RESET", b"SOFT" if soft else b"HARD", target_nodes=target_nodes
+        )
+
+    def cluster_save_config(
+        self, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Forces the node to save cluster state on disk
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-saveconfig
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER SAVECONFIG", target_nodes=target_nodes)
+
+    def cluster_get_keys_in_slot(self, slot: int, num_keys: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of keys in the specified cluster slot
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-getkeysinslot
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER GETKEYSINSLOT", slot, num_keys)
+
+    def cluster_set_config_epoch(
+        self, epoch: int, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set the configuration epoch in a new node
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-set-config-epoch
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "CLUSTER SET-CONFIG-EPOCH", epoch, target_nodes=target_nodes
+        )
+
+    def cluster_setslot(
+        self, target_node: "TargetNodesT", node_id: str, slot_id: int, state: str
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Bind an hash slot to a specific node
+
+        :target_node: 'ClusterNode'
+            The node to execute the command on
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-setslot
+        """
+        if state.upper() in ("IMPORTING", "NODE", "MIGRATING"):
+            return self.execute_command(
+                "CLUSTER SETSLOT", slot_id, state, node_id, target_nodes=target_node
+            )
+        elif state.upper() == "STABLE":
+            raise RedisError('For "stable" state please use cluster_setslot_stable')
+        else:
+            raise RedisError(f"Invalid slot state: {state}")
+
+    def cluster_setslot_stable(self, slot_id: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Clears migrating / importing state from the slot.
+        It determines by it self what node the slot is in and sends it there.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-setslot
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER SETSLOT", slot_id, "STABLE")
+
+    def cluster_replicas(
+        self, node_id: str, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Provides a list of replica nodes replicating from the specified primary
+        target node.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-replicas
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "CLUSTER REPLICAS", node_id, target_nodes=target_nodes
+        )
+
+    def cluster_slots(self, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get array of Cluster slot to node mappings
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-slots
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER SLOTS", target_nodes=target_nodes)
+
+    def cluster_shards(self, target_nodes=None):
+        """
+        Returns details about the shards of the cluster.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-shards
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER SHARDS", target_nodes=target_nodes)
+
+    def cluster_myshardid(self, target_nodes=None):
+        """
+        Returns the shard ID of the node.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-myshardid/
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER MYSHARDID", target_nodes=target_nodes)
+
+    def cluster_links(self, target_node: "TargetNodesT") -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Each node in a Redis Cluster maintains a pair of long-lived TCP link with each
+        peer in the cluster: One for sending outbound messages towards the peer and one
+        for receiving inbound messages from the peer.
+
+        This command outputs information of all such peer links as an array.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-links
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLUSTER LINKS", target_nodes=target_node)
+
+    def cluster_flushslots(self, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "CLUSTER FLUSHSLOTS is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def cluster_bumpepoch(self, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "CLUSTER BUMPEPOCH is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def readonly(self, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Enables read queries.
+        The command will be sent to the default cluster node if target_nodes is
+        not specified.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/readonly
+        """
+        if target_nodes == "replicas" or target_nodes == "all":
+            # read_from_replicas will only be enabled if the READONLY command
+            # is sent to all replicas
+            self.read_from_replicas = True
+        return self.execute_command("READONLY", target_nodes=target_nodes)
+
+    def readwrite(self, target_nodes: Optional["TargetNodesT"] = None) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Disables read queries.
+        The command will be sent to the default cluster node if target_nodes is
+        not specified.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/readwrite
+        """
+        # Reset read from replicas flag
+        self.read_from_replicas = False
+        return self.execute_command("READWRITE", target_nodes=target_nodes)
+
+
+class AsyncClusterManagementCommands(
+    ClusterManagementCommands, AsyncManagementCommands
+):
+    """
+    A class for Redis Cluster management commands
+
+    The class inherits from Redis's core ManagementCommands class and do the
+    required adjustments to work with cluster mode
+    """
+
+    async def cluster_delslots(self, *slots: EncodableT) -> List[bool]:
+        """
+        Set hash slots as unbound in the cluster.
+        It determines by it self what node the slot is in and sends it there
+
+        Returns a list of the results for each processed slot.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/cluster-delslots
+        """
+        return await asyncio.gather(
+            *(
+                asyncio.create_task(self.execute_command("CLUSTER DELSLOTS", slot))
+                for slot in slots
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class ClusterDataAccessCommands(DataAccessCommands):
+    """
+    A class for Redis Cluster Data Access Commands
+
+    The class inherits from Redis's core DataAccessCommand class and do the
+    required adjustments to work with cluster mode
+    """
+
+    def stralgo(
+        self,
+        algo: Literal["LCS"],
+        value1: KeyT,
+        value2: KeyT,
+        specific_argument: Union[Literal["strings"], Literal["keys"]] = "strings",
+        len: bool = False,
+        idx: bool = False,
+        minmatchlen: Optional[int] = None,
+        withmatchlen: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Implements complex algorithms that operate on strings.
+        Right now the only algorithm implemented is the LCS algorithm
+        (longest common substring). However new algorithms could be
+        implemented in the future.
+
+        ``algo`` Right now must be LCS
+        ``value1`` and ``value2`` Can be two strings or two keys
+        ``specific_argument`` Specifying if the arguments to the algorithm
+        will be keys or strings. strings is the default.
+        ``len`` Returns just the len of the match.
+        ``idx`` Returns the match positions in each string.
+        ``minmatchlen`` Restrict the list of matches to the ones of a given
+        minimal length. Can be provided only when ``idx`` set to True.
+        ``withmatchlen`` Returns the matches with the len of the match.
+        Can be provided only when ``idx`` set to True.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/stralgo
+        """
+        target_nodes = kwargs.pop("target_nodes", None)
+        if specific_argument == "strings" and target_nodes is None:
+            target_nodes = "default-node"
+        kwargs.update({"target_nodes": target_nodes})
+        return super().stralgo(
+            algo,
+            value1,
+            value2,
+            specific_argument,
+            len,
+            idx,
+            minmatchlen,
+            withmatchlen,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def scan_iter(
+        self,
+        match: Optional[PatternT] = None,
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        _type: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> Iterator:
+        # Do the first query with cursor=0 for all nodes
+        cursors, data = self.scan(match=match, count=count, _type=_type, **kwargs)
+        yield from data
+
+        cursors = {name: cursor for name, cursor in cursors.items() if cursor != 0}
+        if cursors:
+            # Get nodes by name
+            nodes = {name: self.get_node(node_name=name) for name in cursors.keys()}
+
+            # Iterate over each node till its cursor is 0
+            kwargs.pop("target_nodes", None)
+            while cursors:
+                for name, cursor in cursors.items():
+                    cur, data = self.scan(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        match=match,
+                        count=count,
+                        _type=_type,
+                        target_nodes=nodes[name],
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    yield from data
+                    cursors[name] = cur[name]
+
+                cursors = {
+                    name: cursor for name, cursor in cursors.items() if cursor != 0
+                }
+
+
+class AsyncClusterDataAccessCommands(
+    ClusterDataAccessCommands, AsyncDataAccessCommands
+):
+    """
+    A class for Redis Cluster Data Access Commands
+
+    The class inherits from Redis's core DataAccessCommand class and do the
+    required adjustments to work with cluster mode
+    """
+
+    async def scan_iter(
+        self,
+        match: Optional[PatternT] = None,
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        _type: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator:
+        # Do the first query with cursor=0 for all nodes
+        cursors, data = await self.scan(match=match, count=count, _type=_type, **kwargs)
+        for value in data:
+            yield value
+
+        cursors = {name: cursor for name, cursor in cursors.items() if cursor != 0}
+        if cursors:
+            # Get nodes by name
+            nodes = {name: self.get_node(node_name=name) for name in cursors.keys()}
+
+            # Iterate over each node till its cursor is 0
+            kwargs.pop("target_nodes", None)
+            while cursors:
+                for name, cursor in cursors.items():
+                    cur, data = await self.scan(
+                        cursor=cursor,
+                        match=match,
+                        count=count,
+                        _type=_type,
+                        target_nodes=nodes[name],
+                        **kwargs,
+                    )
+                    for value in data:
+                        yield value
+                    cursors[name] = cur[name]
+
+                cursors = {
+                    name: cursor for name, cursor in cursors.items() if cursor != 0
+                }
+
+
+class RedisClusterCommands(
+    ClusterMultiKeyCommands,
+    ClusterManagementCommands,
+    ACLCommands,
+    PubSubCommands,
+    ClusterDataAccessCommands,
+    ScriptCommands,
+    FunctionCommands,
+    ModuleCommands,
+    RedisModuleCommands,
+):
+    """
+    A class for all Redis Cluster commands
+
+    For key-based commands, the target node(s) will be internally determined
+    by the keys' hash slot.
+    Non-key-based commands can be executed with the 'target_nodes' argument to
+    target specific nodes. By default, if target_nodes is not specified, the
+    command will be executed on the default cluster node.
+
+    :param :target_nodes: type can be one of the followings:
+        - nodes flag: ALL_NODES, PRIMARIES, REPLICAS, RANDOM
+        - 'ClusterNode'
+        - 'list(ClusterNodes)'
+        - 'dict(any:clusterNodes)'
+
+    for example:
+        r.cluster_info(target_nodes=RedisCluster.ALL_NODES)
+    """
+
+
+class AsyncRedisClusterCommands(
+    AsyncClusterMultiKeyCommands,
+    AsyncClusterManagementCommands,
+    AsyncACLCommands,
+    AsyncClusterDataAccessCommands,
+    AsyncScriptCommands,
+    AsyncFunctionCommands,
+    AsyncModuleCommands,
+    AsyncRedisModuleCommands,
+):
+    """
+    A class for all Redis Cluster commands
+
+    For key-based commands, the target node(s) will be internally determined
+    by the keys' hash slot.
+    Non-key-based commands can be executed with the 'target_nodes' argument to
+    target specific nodes. By default, if target_nodes is not specified, the
+    command will be executed on the default cluster node.
+
+    :param :target_nodes: type can be one of the followings:
+        - nodes flag: ALL_NODES, PRIMARIES, REPLICAS, RANDOM
+        - 'ClusterNode'
+        - 'list(ClusterNodes)'
+        - 'dict(any:clusterNodes)'
+
+    for example:
+        r.cluster_info(target_nodes=RedisCluster.ALL_NODES)
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/core.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/core.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8c327f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/core.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6672 @@
+# from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import hashlib
+import warnings
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    Awaitable,
+    Callable,
+    Dict,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Literal,
+    Mapping,
+    Optional,
+    Sequence,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+from redis.exceptions import ConnectionError, DataError, NoScriptError, RedisError
+from redis.typing import (
+    AbsExpiryT,
+    AnyKeyT,
+    BitfieldOffsetT,
+    ChannelT,
+    CommandsProtocol,
+    ConsumerT,
+    EncodableT,
+    ExpiryT,
+    FieldT,
+    GroupT,
+    KeysT,
+    KeyT,
+    Number,
+    PatternT,
+    ResponseT,
+    ScriptTextT,
+    StreamIdT,
+    TimeoutSecT,
+    ZScoreBoundT,
+)
+from redis.utils import (
+    deprecated_function,
+    extract_expire_flags,
+)
+
+from .helpers import list_or_args
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import redis.asyncio.client
+    import redis.client
+
+
+class ACLCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis Access Control List (ACL) commands.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/acl
+    """
+
+    def acl_cat(self, category: Union[str, None] = None, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a list of categories or commands within a category.
+
+        If ``category`` is not supplied, returns a list of all categories.
+        If ``category`` is supplied, returns a list of all commands within
+        that category.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-cat
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [category] if category else []
+        return self.execute_command("ACL CAT", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_dryrun(self, username, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Simulate the execution of a given command by a given ``username``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-dryrun
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL DRYRUN", username, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_deluser(self, *username: str, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Delete the ACL for the specified ``username``\\s
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-deluser
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL DELUSER", *username, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_genpass(self, bits: Union[int, None] = None, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """Generate a random password value.
+        If ``bits`` is supplied then use this number of bits, rounded to
+        the next multiple of 4.
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/acl-genpass
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        if bits is not None:
+            try:
+                b = int(bits)
+                if b < 0 or b > 4096:
+                    raise ValueError
+                pieces.append(b)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DataError(
+                    "genpass optionally accepts a bits argument, between 0 and 4096."
+                )
+        return self.execute_command("ACL GENPASS", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_getuser(self, username: str, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get the ACL details for the specified ``username``.
+
+        If ``username`` does not exist, return None
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-getuser
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL GETUSER", username, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_help(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """The ACL HELP command returns helpful text describing
+        the different subcommands.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-help
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL HELP", **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_list(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a list of all ACLs on the server
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-list
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL LIST", **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_log(self, count: Union[int, None] = None, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get ACL logs as a list.
+        :param int count: Get logs[0:count].
+        :rtype: List.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-log
+        """
+        args = []
+        if count is not None:
+            if not isinstance(count, int):
+                raise DataError("ACL LOG count must be an integer")
+            args.append(count)
+
+        return self.execute_command("ACL LOG", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_log_reset(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Reset ACL logs.
+        :rtype: Boolean.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-log
+        """
+        args = [b"RESET"]
+        return self.execute_command("ACL LOG", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_load(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Load ACL rules from the configured ``aclfile``.
+
+        Note that the server must be configured with the ``aclfile``
+        directive to be able to load ACL rules from an aclfile.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-load
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL LOAD", **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_save(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Save ACL rules to the configured ``aclfile``.
+
+        Note that the server must be configured with the ``aclfile``
+        directive to be able to save ACL rules to an aclfile.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-save
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL SAVE", **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_setuser(
+        self,
+        username: str,
+        enabled: bool = False,
+        nopass: bool = False,
+        passwords: Union[str, Iterable[str], None] = None,
+        hashed_passwords: Union[str, Iterable[str], None] = None,
+        categories: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        commands: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        keys: Optional[Iterable[KeyT]] = None,
+        channels: Optional[Iterable[ChannelT]] = None,
+        selectors: Optional[Iterable[Tuple[str, KeyT]]] = None,
+        reset: bool = False,
+        reset_keys: bool = False,
+        reset_channels: bool = False,
+        reset_passwords: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Create or update an ACL user.
+
+        Create or update the ACL for `username`. If the user already exists,
+        the existing ACL is completely overwritten and replaced with the
+        specified values.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/acl-setuser
+
+        Args:
+            username: The name of the user whose ACL is to be created or updated.
+            enabled: Indicates whether the user should be allowed to authenticate.
+                     Defaults to `False`.
+            nopass: Indicates whether the user can authenticate without a password.
+                    This cannot be `True` if `passwords` are also specified.
+            passwords: A list of plain text passwords to add to or remove from the user.
+                       Each password must be prefixed with a '+' to add or a '-' to
+                       remove. For convenience, a single prefixed string can be used
+                       when adding or removing a single password.
+            hashed_passwords: A list of SHA-256 hashed passwords to add to or remove
+                              from the user. Each hashed password must be prefixed with
+                              a '+' to add or a '-' to remove. For convenience, a single
+                              prefixed string can be used when adding or removing a
+                              single password.
+            categories: A list of strings representing category permissions. Each string
+                        must be prefixed with either a '+' to add the category
+                        permission or a '-' to remove the category permission.
+            commands: A list of strings representing command permissions. Each string
+                      must be prefixed with either a '+' to add the command permission
+                      or a '-' to remove the command permission.
+            keys: A list of key patterns to grant the user access to. Key patterns allow
+                  ``'*'`` to support wildcard matching. For example, ``'*'`` grants
+                  access to all keys while ``'cache:*'`` grants access to all keys that
+                  are prefixed with ``cache:``.
+                  `keys` should not be prefixed with a ``'~'``.
+            reset: Indicates whether the user should be fully reset prior to applying
+                   the new ACL. Setting this to `True` will remove all existing
+                   passwords, flags, and privileges from the user and then apply the
+                   specified rules. If `False`, the user's existing passwords, flags,
+                   and privileges will be kept and any new specified rules will be
+                   applied on top.
+            reset_keys: Indicates whether the user's key permissions should be reset
+                        prior to applying any new key permissions specified in `keys`.
+                        If `False`, the user's existing key permissions will be kept and
+                        any new specified key permissions will be applied on top.
+            reset_channels: Indicates whether the user's channel permissions should be
+                            reset prior to applying any new channel permissions
+                            specified in `channels`. If `False`, the user's existing
+                            channel permissions will be kept and any new specified
+                            channel permissions will be applied on top.
+            reset_passwords: Indicates whether to remove all existing passwords and the
+                             `nopass` flag from the user prior to applying any new
+                             passwords specified in `passwords` or `hashed_passwords`.
+                             If `False`, the user's existing passwords and `nopass`
+                             status will be kept and any new specified passwords or
+                             hashed passwords will be applied on top.
+        """
+        encoder = self.get_encoder()
+        pieces: List[EncodableT] = [username]
+
+        if reset:
+            pieces.append(b"reset")
+
+        if reset_keys:
+            pieces.append(b"resetkeys")
+
+        if reset_channels:
+            pieces.append(b"resetchannels")
+
+        if reset_passwords:
+            pieces.append(b"resetpass")
+
+        if enabled:
+            pieces.append(b"on")
+        else:
+            pieces.append(b"off")
+
+        if (passwords or hashed_passwords) and nopass:
+            raise DataError(
+                "Cannot set 'nopass' and supply 'passwords' or 'hashed_passwords'"
+            )
+
+        if passwords:
+            # as most users will have only one password, allow remove_passwords
+            # to be specified as a simple string or a list
+            passwords = list_or_args(passwords, [])
+            for i, password in enumerate(passwords):
+                password = encoder.encode(password)
+                if password.startswith(b"+"):
+                    pieces.append(b">%s" % password[1:])
+                elif password.startswith(b"-"):
+                    pieces.append(b"<%s" % password[1:])
+                else:
+                    raise DataError(
+                        f"Password {i} must be prefixed with a "
+                        f'"+" to add or a "-" to remove'
+                    )
+
+        if hashed_passwords:
+            # as most users will have only one password, allow remove_passwords
+            # to be specified as a simple string or a list
+            hashed_passwords = list_or_args(hashed_passwords, [])
+            for i, hashed_password in enumerate(hashed_passwords):
+                hashed_password = encoder.encode(hashed_password)
+                if hashed_password.startswith(b"+"):
+                    pieces.append(b"#%s" % hashed_password[1:])
+                elif hashed_password.startswith(b"-"):
+                    pieces.append(b"!%s" % hashed_password[1:])
+                else:
+                    raise DataError(
+                        f"Hashed password {i} must be prefixed with a "
+                        f'"+" to add or a "-" to remove'
+                    )
+
+        if nopass:
+            pieces.append(b"nopass")
+
+        if categories:
+            for category in categories:
+                category = encoder.encode(category)
+                # categories can be prefixed with one of (+@, +, -@, -)
+                if category.startswith(b"+@"):
+                    pieces.append(category)
+                elif category.startswith(b"+"):
+                    pieces.append(b"+@%s" % category[1:])
+                elif category.startswith(b"-@"):
+                    pieces.append(category)
+                elif category.startswith(b"-"):
+                    pieces.append(b"-@%s" % category[1:])
+                else:
+                    raise DataError(
+                        f'Category "{encoder.decode(category, force=True)}" '
+                        'must be prefixed with "+" or "-"'
+                    )
+        if commands:
+            for cmd in commands:
+                cmd = encoder.encode(cmd)
+                if not cmd.startswith(b"+") and not cmd.startswith(b"-"):
+                    raise DataError(
+                        f'Command "{encoder.decode(cmd, force=True)}" '
+                        'must be prefixed with "+" or "-"'
+                    )
+                pieces.append(cmd)
+
+        if keys:
+            for key in keys:
+                key = encoder.encode(key)
+                if not key.startswith(b"%") and not key.startswith(b"~"):
+                    key = b"~%s" % key
+                pieces.append(key)
+
+        if channels:
+            for channel in channels:
+                channel = encoder.encode(channel)
+                pieces.append(b"&%s" % channel)
+
+        if selectors:
+            for cmd, key in selectors:
+                cmd = encoder.encode(cmd)
+                if not cmd.startswith(b"+") and not cmd.startswith(b"-"):
+                    raise DataError(
+                        f'Command "{encoder.decode(cmd, force=True)}" '
+                        'must be prefixed with "+" or "-"'
+                    )
+
+                key = encoder.encode(key)
+                if not key.startswith(b"%") and not key.startswith(b"~"):
+                    key = b"~%s" % key
+
+                pieces.append(b"(%s %s)" % (cmd, key))
+
+        return self.execute_command("ACL SETUSER", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_users(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """Returns a list of all registered users on the server.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-users
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL USERS", **kwargs)
+
+    def acl_whoami(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """Get the username for the current connection
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/acl-whoami
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ACL WHOAMI", **kwargs)
+
+
+AsyncACLCommands = ACLCommands
+
+
+class ManagementCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis management commands
+    """
+
+    def auth(self, password: str, username: Optional[str] = None, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Authenticates the user. If you do not pass username, Redis will try to
+        authenticate for the "default" user. If you do pass username, it will
+        authenticate for the given user.
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/auth
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        if username is not None:
+            pieces.append(username)
+        pieces.append(password)
+        return self.execute_command("AUTH", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def bgrewriteaof(self, **kwargs):
+        """Tell the Redis server to rewrite the AOF file from data in memory.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bgrewriteaof
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("BGREWRITEAOF", **kwargs)
+
+    def bgsave(self, schedule: bool = True, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Tell the Redis server to save its data to disk.  Unlike save(),
+        this method is asynchronous and returns immediately.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bgsave
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        if schedule:
+            pieces.append("SCHEDULE")
+        return self.execute_command("BGSAVE", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def role(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Provide information on the role of a Redis instance in
+        the context of replication, by returning if the instance
+        is currently a master, slave, or sentinel.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/role
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ROLE")
+
+    def client_kill(self, address: str, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """Disconnects the client at ``address`` (ip:port)
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-kill
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT KILL", address, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_kill_filter(
+        self,
+        _id: Union[str, None] = None,
+        _type: Union[str, None] = None,
+        addr: Union[str, None] = None,
+        skipme: Union[bool, None] = None,
+        laddr: Union[bool, None] = None,
+        user: str = None,
+        maxage: Union[int, None] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Disconnects client(s) using a variety of filter options
+        :param _id: Kills a client by its unique ID field
+        :param _type: Kills a client by type where type is one of 'normal',
+        'master', 'slave' or 'pubsub'
+        :param addr: Kills a client by its 'address:port'
+        :param skipme: If True, then the client calling the command
+        will not get killed even if it is identified by one of the filter
+        options. If skipme is not provided, the server defaults to skipme=True
+        :param laddr: Kills a client by its 'local (bind) address:port'
+        :param user: Kills a client for a specific user name
+        :param maxage: Kills clients that are older than the specified age in seconds
+        """
+        args = []
+        if _type is not None:
+            client_types = ("normal", "master", "slave", "pubsub")
+            if str(_type).lower() not in client_types:
+                raise DataError(f"CLIENT KILL type must be one of {client_types!r}")
+            args.extend((b"TYPE", _type))
+        if skipme is not None:
+            if not isinstance(skipme, bool):
+                raise DataError("CLIENT KILL skipme must be a bool")
+            if skipme:
+                args.extend((b"SKIPME", b"YES"))
+            else:
+                args.extend((b"SKIPME", b"NO"))
+        if _id is not None:
+            args.extend((b"ID", _id))
+        if addr is not None:
+            args.extend((b"ADDR", addr))
+        if laddr is not None:
+            args.extend((b"LADDR", laddr))
+        if user is not None:
+            args.extend((b"USER", user))
+        if maxage is not None:
+            args.extend((b"MAXAGE", maxage))
+        if not args:
+            raise DataError(
+                "CLIENT KILL <filter> <value> ... ... <filter> "
+                "<value> must specify at least one filter"
+            )
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT KILL", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_info(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns information and statistics about the current
+        client connection.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-info
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT INFO", **kwargs)
+
+    def client_list(
+        self, _type: Union[str, None] = None, client_id: List[EncodableT] = [], **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a list of currently connected clients.
+        If type of client specified, only that type will be returned.
+
+        :param _type: optional. one of the client types (normal, master,
+         replica, pubsub)
+        :param client_id: optional. a list of client ids
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-list
+        """
+        args = []
+        if _type is not None:
+            client_types = ("normal", "master", "replica", "pubsub")
+            if str(_type).lower() not in client_types:
+                raise DataError(f"CLIENT LIST _type must be one of {client_types!r}")
+            args.append(b"TYPE")
+            args.append(_type)
+        if not isinstance(client_id, list):
+            raise DataError("client_id must be a list")
+        if client_id:
+            args.append(b"ID")
+            args += client_id
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT LIST", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_getname(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the current connection name
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-getname
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT GETNAME", **kwargs)
+
+    def client_getredir(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the ID (an integer) of the client to whom we are
+        redirecting tracking notifications.
+
+        see: https://redis.io/commands/client-getredir
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT GETREDIR", **kwargs)
+
+    def client_reply(
+        self, reply: Union[Literal["ON"], Literal["OFF"], Literal["SKIP"]], **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Enable and disable redis server replies.
+
+        ``reply`` Must be ON OFF or SKIP,
+        ON - The default most with server replies to commands
+        OFF - Disable server responses to commands
+        SKIP - Skip the response of the immediately following command.
+
+        Note: When setting OFF or SKIP replies, you will need a client object
+        with a timeout specified in seconds, and will need to catch the
+        TimeoutError.
+        The test_client_reply unit test illustrates this, and
+        conftest.py has a client with a timeout.
+
+        See https://redis.io/commands/client-reply
+        """
+        replies = ["ON", "OFF", "SKIP"]
+        if reply not in replies:
+            raise DataError(f"CLIENT REPLY must be one of {replies!r}")
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT REPLY", reply, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_id(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the current connection id
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-id
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT ID", **kwargs)
+
+    def client_tracking_on(
+        self,
+        clientid: Union[int, None] = None,
+        prefix: Sequence[KeyT] = [],
+        bcast: bool = False,
+        optin: bool = False,
+        optout: bool = False,
+        noloop: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Turn on the tracking mode.
+        For more information about the options look at client_tracking func.
+
+        See https://redis.io/commands/client-tracking
+        """
+        return self.client_tracking(
+            True, clientid, prefix, bcast, optin, optout, noloop
+        )
+
+    def client_tracking_off(
+        self,
+        clientid: Union[int, None] = None,
+        prefix: Sequence[KeyT] = [],
+        bcast: bool = False,
+        optin: bool = False,
+        optout: bool = False,
+        noloop: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Turn off the tracking mode.
+        For more information about the options look at client_tracking func.
+
+        See https://redis.io/commands/client-tracking
+        """
+        return self.client_tracking(
+            False, clientid, prefix, bcast, optin, optout, noloop
+        )
+
+    def client_tracking(
+        self,
+        on: bool = True,
+        clientid: Union[int, None] = None,
+        prefix: Sequence[KeyT] = [],
+        bcast: bool = False,
+        optin: bool = False,
+        optout: bool = False,
+        noloop: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Enables the tracking feature of the Redis server, that is used
+        for server assisted client side caching.
+
+        ``on`` indicate for tracking on or tracking off. The dafualt is on.
+
+        ``clientid`` send invalidation messages to the connection with
+        the specified ID.
+
+        ``bcast`` enable tracking in broadcasting mode. In this mode
+        invalidation messages are reported for all the prefixes
+        specified, regardless of the keys requested by the connection.
+
+        ``optin``  when broadcasting is NOT active, normally don't track
+        keys in read only commands, unless they are called immediately
+        after a CLIENT CACHING yes command.
+
+        ``optout`` when broadcasting is NOT active, normally track keys in
+        read only commands, unless they are called immediately after a
+        CLIENT CACHING no command.
+
+        ``noloop`` don't send notifications about keys modified by this
+        connection itself.
+
+        ``prefix``  for broadcasting, register a given key prefix, so that
+        notifications will be provided only for keys starting with this string.
+
+        See https://redis.io/commands/client-tracking
+        """
+
+        if len(prefix) != 0 and bcast is False:
+            raise DataError("Prefix can only be used with bcast")
+
+        pieces = ["ON"] if on else ["OFF"]
+        if clientid is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["REDIRECT", clientid])
+        for p in prefix:
+            pieces.extend(["PREFIX", p])
+        if bcast:
+            pieces.append("BCAST")
+        if optin:
+            pieces.append("OPTIN")
+        if optout:
+            pieces.append("OPTOUT")
+        if noloop:
+            pieces.append("NOLOOP")
+
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT TRACKING", *pieces)
+
+    def client_trackinginfo(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the information about the current client connection's
+        use of the server assisted client side cache.
+
+        See https://redis.io/commands/client-trackinginfo
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT TRACKINGINFO", **kwargs)
+
+    def client_setname(self, name: str, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets the current connection name
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-setname
+
+        .. note::
+           This method sets client name only for **current** connection.
+
+           If you want to set a common name for all connections managed
+           by this client, use ``client_name`` constructor argument.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT SETNAME", name, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_setinfo(self, attr: str, value: str, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets the current connection library name or version
+        For mor information see https://redis.io/commands/client-setinfo
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT SETINFO", attr, value, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_unblock(
+        self, client_id: int, error: bool = False, **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Unblocks a connection by its client id.
+        If ``error`` is True, unblocks the client with a special error message.
+        If ``error`` is False (default), the client is unblocked using the
+        regular timeout mechanism.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-unblock
+        """
+        args = ["CLIENT UNBLOCK", int(client_id)]
+        if error:
+            args.append(b"ERROR")
+        return self.execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_pause(self, timeout: int, all: bool = True, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Suspend all the Redis clients for the specified amount of time.
+
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-pause
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: milliseconds to pause clients
+            all: If true (default) all client commands are blocked.
+                 otherwise, clients are only blocked if they attempt to execute
+                 a write command.
+
+        For the WRITE mode, some commands have special behavior:
+
+        * EVAL/EVALSHA: Will block client for all scripts.
+        * PUBLISH: Will block client.
+        * PFCOUNT: Will block client.
+        * WAIT: Acknowledgments will be delayed, so this command will
+            appear blocked.
+        """
+        args = ["CLIENT PAUSE", str(timeout)]
+        if not isinstance(timeout, int):
+            raise DataError("CLIENT PAUSE timeout must be an integer")
+        if not all:
+            args.append("WRITE")
+        return self.execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def client_unpause(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Unpause all redis clients
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-unpause
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT UNPAUSE", **kwargs)
+
+    def client_no_evict(self, mode: str) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Sets the client eviction mode for the current connection.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-no-evict
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT NO-EVICT", mode)
+
+    def client_no_touch(self, mode: str) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        # The command controls whether commands sent by the client will alter
+        # the LRU/LFU of the keys they access.
+        # When turned on, the current client will not change LFU/LRU stats,
+        # unless it sends the TOUCH command.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/client-no-touch
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CLIENT NO-TOUCH", mode)
+
+    def command(self, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Returns dict reply of details about all Redis commands.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/command
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("COMMAND", **kwargs)
+
+    def command_info(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "COMMAND INFO is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def command_count(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        return self.execute_command("COMMAND COUNT", **kwargs)
+
+    def command_list(
+        self,
+        module: Optional[str] = None,
+        category: Optional[str] = None,
+        pattern: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return an array of the server's command names.
+        You can use one of the following filters:
+        ``module``: get the commands that belong to the module
+        ``category``: get the commands in the ACL category
+        ``pattern``: get the commands that match the given pattern
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/command-list/
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        if module is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["MODULE", module])
+        if category is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["ACLCAT", category])
+        if pattern is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["PATTERN", pattern])
+
+        if pieces:
+            pieces.insert(0, "FILTERBY")
+
+        return self.execute_command("COMMAND LIST", *pieces)
+
+    def command_getkeysandflags(self, *args: List[str]) -> List[Union[str, List[str]]]:
+        """
+        Returns array of keys from a full Redis command and their usage flags.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/command-getkeysandflags
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("COMMAND GETKEYSANDFLAGS", *args)
+
+    def command_docs(self, *args):
+        """
+        This function throws a NotImplementedError since it is intentionally
+        not supported.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "COMMAND DOCS is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def config_get(
+        self, pattern: PatternT = "*", *args: List[PatternT], **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary of configuration based on the ``pattern``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/config-get
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CONFIG GET", pattern, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def config_set(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        value: EncodableT,
+        *args: List[Union[KeyT, EncodableT]],
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """Set config item ``name`` with ``value``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/config-set
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CONFIG SET", name, value, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def config_resetstat(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Reset runtime statistics
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/config-resetstat
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CONFIG RESETSTAT", **kwargs)
+
+    def config_rewrite(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Rewrite config file with the minimal change to reflect running config.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/config-rewrite
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("CONFIG REWRITE", **kwargs)
+
+    def dbsize(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of keys in the current database
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/dbsize
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("DBSIZE", **kwargs)
+
+    def debug_object(self, key: KeyT, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns version specific meta information about a given key
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/debug-object
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("DEBUG OBJECT", key, **kwargs)
+
+    def debug_segfault(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            """
+            DEBUG SEGFAULT is intentionally not implemented in the client.
+
+            For more information see https://redis.io/commands/debug-segfault
+            """
+        )
+
+    def echo(self, value: EncodableT, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Echo the string back from the server
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/echo
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ECHO", value, **kwargs)
+
+    def flushall(self, asynchronous: bool = False, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Delete all keys in all databases on the current host.
+
+        ``asynchronous`` indicates whether the operation is
+        executed asynchronously by the server.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/flushall
+        """
+        args = []
+        if asynchronous:
+            args.append(b"ASYNC")
+        return self.execute_command("FLUSHALL", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def flushdb(self, asynchronous: bool = False, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Delete all keys in the current database.
+
+        ``asynchronous`` indicates whether the operation is
+        executed asynchronously by the server.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/flushdb
+        """
+        args = []
+        if asynchronous:
+            args.append(b"ASYNC")
+        return self.execute_command("FLUSHDB", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def sync(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Initiates a replication stream from the master.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sync
+        """
+        from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE
+
+        options = {}
+        options[NEVER_DECODE] = []
+        return self.execute_command("SYNC", **options)
+
+    def psync(self, replicationid: str, offset: int):
+        """
+        Initiates a replication stream from the master.
+        Newer version for `sync`.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sync
+        """
+        from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE
+
+        options = {}
+        options[NEVER_DECODE] = []
+        return self.execute_command("PSYNC", replicationid, offset, **options)
+
+    def swapdb(self, first: int, second: int, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Swap two databases
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/swapdb
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SWAPDB", first, second, **kwargs)
+
+    def select(self, index: int, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """Select the Redis logical database at index.
+
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/select
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SELECT", index, **kwargs)
+
+    def info(
+        self, section: Union[str, None] = None, *args: List[str], **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a dictionary containing information about the Redis server
+
+        The ``section`` option can be used to select a specific section
+        of information
+
+        The section option is not supported by older versions of Redis Server,
+        and will generate ResponseError
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/info
+        """
+        if section is None:
+            return self.execute_command("INFO", **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.execute_command("INFO", section, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def lastsave(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a Python datetime object representing the last time the
+        Redis database was saved to disk
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lastsave
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LASTSAVE", **kwargs)
+
+    def latency_doctor(self):
+        """Raise a NotImplementedError, as the client will not support LATENCY DOCTOR.
+        This funcion is best used within the redis-cli.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/latency-doctor
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            """
+            LATENCY DOCTOR is intentionally not implemented in the client.
+
+            For more information see https://redis.io/commands/latency-doctor
+            """
+        )
+
+    def latency_graph(self):
+        """Raise a NotImplementedError, as the client will not support LATENCY GRAPH.
+        This funcion is best used within the redis-cli.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/latency-graph.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            """
+            LATENCY GRAPH is intentionally not implemented in the client.
+
+            For more information see https://redis.io/commands/latency-graph
+            """
+        )
+
+    def lolwut(self, *version_numbers: Union[str, float], **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get the Redis version and a piece of generative computer art
+
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/lolwut
+        """
+        if version_numbers:
+            return self.execute_command("LOLWUT VERSION", *version_numbers, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.execute_command("LOLWUT", **kwargs)
+
+    def reset(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """Perform a full reset on the connection's server side contenxt.
+
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/reset
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("RESET")
+
+    def migrate(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        keys: KeysT,
+        destination_db: int,
+        timeout: int,
+        copy: bool = False,
+        replace: bool = False,
+        auth: Union[str, None] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Migrate 1 or more keys from the current Redis server to a different
+        server specified by the ``host``, ``port`` and ``destination_db``.
+
+        The ``timeout``, specified in milliseconds, indicates the maximum
+        time the connection between the two servers can be idle before the
+        command is interrupted.
+
+        If ``copy`` is True, the specified ``keys`` are NOT deleted from
+        the source server.
+
+        If ``replace`` is True, this operation will overwrite the keys
+        on the destination server if they exist.
+
+        If ``auth`` is specified, authenticate to the destination server with
+        the password provided.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/migrate
+        """
+        keys = list_or_args(keys, [])
+        if not keys:
+            raise DataError("MIGRATE requires at least one key")
+        pieces = []
+        if copy:
+            pieces.append(b"COPY")
+        if replace:
+            pieces.append(b"REPLACE")
+        if auth:
+            pieces.append(b"AUTH")
+            pieces.append(auth)
+        pieces.append(b"KEYS")
+        pieces.extend(keys)
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "MIGRATE", host, port, "", destination_db, timeout, *pieces, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def object(self, infotype: str, key: KeyT, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the encoding, idletime, or refcount about the key
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "OBJECT", infotype, key, infotype=infotype, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def memory_doctor(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            """
+            MEMORY DOCTOR is intentionally not implemented in the client.
+
+            For more information see https://redis.io/commands/memory-doctor
+            """
+        )
+
+    def memory_help(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            """
+            MEMORY HELP is intentionally not implemented in the client.
+
+            For more information see https://redis.io/commands/memory-help
+            """
+        )
+
+    def memory_stats(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a dictionary of memory stats
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/memory-stats
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("MEMORY STATS", **kwargs)
+
+    def memory_malloc_stats(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return an internal statistics report from the memory allocator.
+
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/memory-malloc-stats
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("MEMORY MALLOC-STATS", **kwargs)
+
+    def memory_usage(
+        self, key: KeyT, samples: Union[int, None] = None, **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the total memory usage for key, its value and associated
+        administrative overheads.
+
+        For nested data structures, ``samples`` is the number of elements to
+        sample. If left unspecified, the server's default is 5. Use 0 to sample
+        all elements.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/memory-usage
+        """
+        args = []
+        if isinstance(samples, int):
+            args.extend([b"SAMPLES", samples])
+        return self.execute_command("MEMORY USAGE", key, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def memory_purge(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Attempts to purge dirty pages for reclamation by allocator
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/memory-purge
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("MEMORY PURGE", **kwargs)
+
+    def latency_histogram(self, *args):
+        """
+        This function throws a NotImplementedError since it is intentionally
+        not supported.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "LATENCY HISTOGRAM is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def latency_history(self, event: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the raw data of the ``event``'s latency spikes time series.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/latency-history
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LATENCY HISTORY", event)
+
+    def latency_latest(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Reports the latest latency events logged.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/latency-latest
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LATENCY LATEST")
+
+    def latency_reset(self, *events: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Resets the latency spikes time series of all, or only some, events.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/latency-reset
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LATENCY RESET", *events)
+
+    def ping(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Ping the Redis server
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ping
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PING", **kwargs)
+
+    def quit(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Ask the server to close the connection.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/quit
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("QUIT", **kwargs)
+
+    def replicaof(self, *args, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Update the replication settings of a redis replica, on the fly.
+
+        Examples of valid arguments include:
+
+        NO ONE (set no replication)
+        host port (set to the host and port of a redis server)
+
+        For more information see  https://redis.io/commands/replicaof
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("REPLICAOF", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def save(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Tell the Redis server to save its data to disk,
+        blocking until the save is complete
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/save
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SAVE", **kwargs)
+
+    def shutdown(
+        self,
+        save: bool = False,
+        nosave: bool = False,
+        now: bool = False,
+        force: bool = False,
+        abort: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Shutdown the Redis server.  If Redis has persistence configured,
+        data will be flushed before shutdown.
+        It is possible to specify modifiers to alter the behavior of the command:
+        ``save`` will force a DB saving operation even if no save points are configured.
+        ``nosave`` will prevent a DB saving operation even if one or more save points
+        are configured.
+        ``now`` skips waiting for lagging replicas, i.e. it bypasses the first step in
+        the shutdown sequence.
+        ``force`` ignores any errors that would normally prevent the server from exiting
+        ``abort`` cancels an ongoing shutdown and cannot be combined with other flags.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/shutdown
+        """
+        if save and nosave:
+            raise DataError("SHUTDOWN save and nosave cannot both be set")
+        args = ["SHUTDOWN"]
+        if save:
+            args.append("SAVE")
+        if nosave:
+            args.append("NOSAVE")
+        if now:
+            args.append("NOW")
+        if force:
+            args.append("FORCE")
+        if abort:
+            args.append("ABORT")
+        try:
+            self.execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+        except ConnectionError:
+            # a ConnectionError here is expected
+            return
+        raise RedisError("SHUTDOWN seems to have failed.")
+
+    def slaveof(
+        self, host: Union[str, None] = None, port: Union[int, None] = None, **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set the server to be a replicated slave of the instance identified
+        by the ``host`` and ``port``. If called without arguments, the
+        instance is promoted to a master instead.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/slaveof
+        """
+        if host is None and port is None:
+            return self.execute_command("SLAVEOF", b"NO", b"ONE", **kwargs)
+        return self.execute_command("SLAVEOF", host, port, **kwargs)
+
+    def slowlog_get(self, num: Union[int, None] = None, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get the entries from the slowlog. If ``num`` is specified, get the
+        most recent ``num`` items.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/slowlog-get
+        """
+        from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE
+
+        args = ["SLOWLOG GET"]
+        if num is not None:
+            args.append(num)
+        decode_responses = self.get_connection_kwargs().get("decode_responses", False)
+        if decode_responses is True:
+            kwargs[NEVER_DECODE] = []
+        return self.execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def slowlog_len(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get the number of items in the slowlog
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/slowlog-len
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SLOWLOG LEN", **kwargs)
+
+    def slowlog_reset(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove all items in the slowlog
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/slowlog-reset
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SLOWLOG RESET", **kwargs)
+
+    def time(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the server time as a 2-item tuple of ints:
+        (seconds since epoch, microseconds into this second).
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/time
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("TIME", **kwargs)
+
+    def wait(self, num_replicas: int, timeout: int, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Redis synchronous replication
+        That returns the number of replicas that processed the query when
+        we finally have at least ``num_replicas``, or when the ``timeout`` was
+        reached.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/wait
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("WAIT", num_replicas, timeout, **kwargs)
+
+    def waitaof(
+        self, num_local: int, num_replicas: int, timeout: int, **kwargs
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        This command blocks the current client until all previous write
+        commands by that client are acknowledged as having been fsynced
+        to the AOF of the local Redis and/or at least the specified number
+        of replicas.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/waitaof
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "WAITAOF", num_local, num_replicas, timeout, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def hello(self):
+        """
+        This function throws a NotImplementedError since it is intentionally
+        not supported.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "HELLO is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def failover(self):
+        """
+        This function throws a NotImplementedError since it is intentionally
+        not supported.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "FAILOVER is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncManagementCommands(ManagementCommands):
+    async def command_info(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        return super().command_info(**kwargs)
+
+    async def debug_segfault(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        return super().debug_segfault(**kwargs)
+
+    async def memory_doctor(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        return super().memory_doctor(**kwargs)
+
+    async def memory_help(self, **kwargs) -> None:
+        return super().memory_help(**kwargs)
+
+    async def shutdown(
+        self,
+        save: bool = False,
+        nosave: bool = False,
+        now: bool = False,
+        force: bool = False,
+        abort: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Shutdown the Redis server.  If Redis has persistence configured,
+        data will be flushed before shutdown.  If the "save" option is set,
+        a data flush will be attempted even if there is no persistence
+        configured.  If the "nosave" option is set, no data flush will be
+        attempted.  The "save" and "nosave" options cannot both be set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/shutdown
+        """
+        if save and nosave:
+            raise DataError("SHUTDOWN save and nosave cannot both be set")
+        args = ["SHUTDOWN"]
+        if save:
+            args.append("SAVE")
+        if nosave:
+            args.append("NOSAVE")
+        if now:
+            args.append("NOW")
+        if force:
+            args.append("FORCE")
+        if abort:
+            args.append("ABORT")
+        try:
+            await self.execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+        except ConnectionError:
+            # a ConnectionError here is expected
+            return
+        raise RedisError("SHUTDOWN seems to have failed.")
+
+
+class BitFieldOperation:
+    """
+    Command builder for BITFIELD commands.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        client: Union["redis.client.Redis", "redis.asyncio.client.Redis"],
+        key: str,
+        default_overflow: Union[str, None] = None,
+    ):
+        self.client = client
+        self.key = key
+        self._default_overflow = default_overflow
+        # for typing purposes, run the following in constructor and in reset()
+        self.operations: list[tuple[EncodableT, ...]] = []
+        self._last_overflow = "WRAP"
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        """
+        Reset the state of the instance to when it was constructed
+        """
+        self.operations = []
+        self._last_overflow = "WRAP"
+        self.overflow(self._default_overflow or self._last_overflow)
+
+    def overflow(self, overflow: str):
+        """
+        Update the overflow algorithm of successive INCRBY operations
+        :param overflow: Overflow algorithm, one of WRAP, SAT, FAIL. See the
+            Redis docs for descriptions of these algorithmsself.
+        :returns: a :py:class:`BitFieldOperation` instance.
+        """
+        overflow = overflow.upper()
+        if overflow != self._last_overflow:
+            self._last_overflow = overflow
+            self.operations.append(("OVERFLOW", overflow))
+        return self
+
+    def incrby(
+        self,
+        fmt: str,
+        offset: BitfieldOffsetT,
+        increment: int,
+        overflow: Union[str, None] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Increment a bitfield by a given amount.
+        :param fmt: format-string for the bitfield being updated, e.g. 'u8'
+            for an unsigned 8-bit integer.
+        :param offset: offset (in number of bits). If prefixed with a
+            '#', this is an offset multiplier, e.g. given the arguments
+            fmt='u8', offset='#2', the offset will be 16.
+        :param int increment: value to increment the bitfield by.
+        :param str overflow: overflow algorithm. Defaults to WRAP, but other
+            acceptable values are SAT and FAIL. See the Redis docs for
+            descriptions of these algorithms.
+        :returns: a :py:class:`BitFieldOperation` instance.
+        """
+        if overflow is not None:
+            self.overflow(overflow)
+
+        self.operations.append(("INCRBY", fmt, offset, increment))
+        return self
+
+    def get(self, fmt: str, offset: BitfieldOffsetT):
+        """
+        Get the value of a given bitfield.
+        :param fmt: format-string for the bitfield being read, e.g. 'u8' for
+            an unsigned 8-bit integer.
+        :param offset: offset (in number of bits). If prefixed with a
+            '#', this is an offset multiplier, e.g. given the arguments
+            fmt='u8', offset='#2', the offset will be 16.
+        :returns: a :py:class:`BitFieldOperation` instance.
+        """
+        self.operations.append(("GET", fmt, offset))
+        return self
+
+    def set(self, fmt: str, offset: BitfieldOffsetT, value: int):
+        """
+        Set the value of a given bitfield.
+        :param fmt: format-string for the bitfield being read, e.g. 'u8' for
+            an unsigned 8-bit integer.
+        :param offset: offset (in number of bits). If prefixed with a
+            '#', this is an offset multiplier, e.g. given the arguments
+            fmt='u8', offset='#2', the offset will be 16.
+        :param int value: value to set at the given position.
+        :returns: a :py:class:`BitFieldOperation` instance.
+        """
+        self.operations.append(("SET", fmt, offset, value))
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def command(self):
+        cmd = ["BITFIELD", self.key]
+        for ops in self.operations:
+            cmd.extend(ops)
+        return cmd
+
+    def execute(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Execute the operation(s) in a single BITFIELD command. The return value
+        is a list of values corresponding to each operation. If the client
+        used to create this instance was a pipeline, the list of values
+        will be present within the pipeline's execute.
+        """
+        command = self.command
+        self.reset()
+        return self.client.execute_command(*command)
+
+
+class BasicKeyCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis basic key-based commands
+    """
+
+    def append(self, key: KeyT, value: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Appends the string ``value`` to the value at ``key``. If ``key``
+        doesn't already exist, create it with a value of ``value``.
+        Returns the new length of the value at ``key``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/append
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("APPEND", key, value)
+
+    def bitcount(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        start: Union[int, None] = None,
+        end: Union[int, None] = None,
+        mode: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the count of set bits in the value of ``key``.  Optional
+        ``start`` and ``end`` parameters indicate which bytes to consider
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bitcount
+        """
+        params = [key]
+        if start is not None and end is not None:
+            params.append(start)
+            params.append(end)
+        elif (start is not None and end is None) or (end is not None and start is None):
+            raise DataError("Both start and end must be specified")
+        if mode is not None:
+            params.append(mode)
+        return self.execute_command("BITCOUNT", *params, keys=[key])
+
+    def bitfield(
+        self: Union["redis.client.Redis", "redis.asyncio.client.Redis"],
+        key: KeyT,
+        default_overflow: Union[str, None] = None,
+    ) -> BitFieldOperation:
+        """
+        Return a BitFieldOperation instance to conveniently construct one or
+        more bitfield operations on ``key``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bitfield
+        """
+        return BitFieldOperation(self, key, default_overflow=default_overflow)
+
+    def bitfield_ro(
+        self: Union["redis.client.Redis", "redis.asyncio.client.Redis"],
+        key: KeyT,
+        encoding: str,
+        offset: BitfieldOffsetT,
+        items: Optional[list] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return an array of the specified bitfield values
+        where the first value is found using ``encoding`` and ``offset``
+        parameters and remaining values are result of corresponding
+        encoding/offset pairs in optional list ``items``
+        Read-only variant of the BITFIELD command.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bitfield_ro
+        """
+        params = [key, "GET", encoding, offset]
+
+        items = items or []
+        for encoding, offset in items:
+            params.extend(["GET", encoding, offset])
+        return self.execute_command("BITFIELD_RO", *params, keys=[key])
+
+    def bitop(self, operation: str, dest: KeyT, *keys: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Perform a bitwise operation using ``operation`` between ``keys`` and
+        store the result in ``dest``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bitop
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("BITOP", operation, dest, *keys)
+
+    def bitpos(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        bit: int,
+        start: Union[int, None] = None,
+        end: Union[int, None] = None,
+        mode: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the position of the first bit set to 1 or 0 in a string.
+        ``start`` and ``end`` defines search range. The range is interpreted
+        as a range of bytes and not a range of bits, so start=0 and end=2
+        means to look at the first three bytes.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bitpos
+        """
+        if bit not in (0, 1):
+            raise DataError("bit must be 0 or 1")
+        params = [key, bit]
+
+        start is not None and params.append(start)
+
+        if start is not None and end is not None:
+            params.append(end)
+        elif start is None and end is not None:
+            raise DataError("start argument is not set, when end is specified")
+
+        if mode is not None:
+            params.append(mode)
+        return self.execute_command("BITPOS", *params, keys=[key])
+
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        source: str,
+        destination: str,
+        destination_db: Union[str, None] = None,
+        replace: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Copy the value stored in the ``source`` key to the ``destination`` key.
+
+        ``destination_db`` an alternative destination database. By default,
+        the ``destination`` key is created in the source Redis database.
+
+        ``replace`` whether the ``destination`` key should be removed before
+        copying the value to it. By default, the value is not copied if
+        the ``destination`` key already exists.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/copy
+        """
+        params = [source, destination]
+        if destination_db is not None:
+            params.extend(["DB", destination_db])
+        if replace:
+            params.append("REPLACE")
+        return self.execute_command("COPY", *params)
+
+    def decrby(self, name: KeyT, amount: int = 1) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Decrements the value of ``key`` by ``amount``.  If no key exists,
+        the value will be initialized as 0 - ``amount``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/decrby
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("DECRBY", name, amount)
+
+    decr = decrby
+
+    def delete(self, *names: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Delete one or more keys specified by ``names``
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("DEL", *names)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name: KeyT):
+        self.delete(name)
+
+    def dump(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a serialized version of the value stored at the specified key.
+        If key does not exist a nil bulk reply is returned.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/dump
+        """
+        from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE
+
+        options = {}
+        options[NEVER_DECODE] = []
+        return self.execute_command("DUMP", name, **options)
+
+    def exists(self, *names: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of ``names`` that exist
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/exists
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("EXISTS", *names, keys=names)
+
+    __contains__ = exists
+
+    def expire(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        time: ExpiryT,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``time`` seconds with given
+        ``option``. ``time`` can be represented by an integer or a Python timedelta
+        object.
+
+        Valid options are:
+            NX -> Set expiry only when the key has no expiry
+            XX -> Set expiry only when the key has an existing expiry
+            GT -> Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than current one
+            LT -> Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than current one
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/expire
+        """
+        if isinstance(time, datetime.timedelta):
+            time = int(time.total_seconds())
+
+        exp_option = list()
+        if nx:
+            exp_option.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            exp_option.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            exp_option.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            exp_option.append("LT")
+
+        return self.execute_command("EXPIRE", name, time, *exp_option)
+
+    def expireat(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        when: AbsExpiryT,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set an expire flag on key ``name`` with given ``option``. ``when``
+        can be represented as an integer indicating unix time or a Python
+        datetime object.
+
+        Valid options are:
+            -> NX -- Set expiry only when the key has no expiry
+            -> XX -- Set expiry only when the key has an existing expiry
+            -> GT -- Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than current one
+            -> LT -- Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than current one
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/expireat
+        """
+        if isinstance(when, datetime.datetime):
+            when = int(when.timestamp())
+
+        exp_option = list()
+        if nx:
+            exp_option.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            exp_option.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            exp_option.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            exp_option.append("LT")
+
+        return self.execute_command("EXPIREAT", name, when, *exp_option)
+
+    def expiretime(self, key: str) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns the absolute Unix timestamp (since January 1, 1970) in seconds
+        at which the given key will expire.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/expiretime
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("EXPIRETIME", key)
+
+    def get(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the value at key ``name``, or None if the key doesn't exist
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/get
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("GET", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def getdel(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get the value at key ``name`` and delete the key. This command
+        is similar to GET, except for the fact that it also deletes
+        the key on success (if and only if the key's value type
+        is a string).
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/getdel
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("GETDEL", name)
+
+    def getex(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        ex: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        px: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        exat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+        pxat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+        persist: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Get the value of key and optionally set its expiration.
+        GETEX is similar to GET, but is a write command with
+        additional options. All time parameters can be given as
+        datetime.timedelta or integers.
+
+        ``ex`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``ex`` seconds.
+
+        ``px`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``px`` milliseconds.
+
+        ``exat`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``ex`` seconds,
+        specified in unix time.
+
+        ``pxat`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``ex`` milliseconds,
+        specified in unix time.
+
+        ``persist`` remove the time to live associated with ``name``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/getex
+        """
+        opset = {ex, px, exat, pxat}
+        if len(opset) > 2 or len(opset) > 1 and persist:
+            raise DataError(
+                "``ex``, ``px``, ``exat``, ``pxat``, "
+                "and ``persist`` are mutually exclusive."
+            )
+
+        exp_options: list[EncodableT] = extract_expire_flags(ex, px, exat, pxat)
+
+        if persist:
+            exp_options.append("PERSIST")
+
+        return self.execute_command("GETEX", name, *exp_options)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: KeyT):
+        """
+        Return the value at key ``name``, raises a KeyError if the key
+        doesn't exist.
+        """
+        value = self.get(name)
+        if value is not None:
+            return value
+        raise KeyError(name)
+
+    def getbit(self, name: KeyT, offset: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns an integer indicating the value of ``offset`` in ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/getbit
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("GETBIT", name, offset, keys=[name])
+
+    def getrange(self, key: KeyT, start: int, end: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the substring of the string value stored at ``key``,
+        determined by the offsets ``start`` and ``end`` (both are inclusive)
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/getrange
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("GETRANGE", key, start, end, keys=[key])
+
+    def getset(self, name: KeyT, value: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets the value at key ``name`` to ``value``
+        and returns the old value at key ``name`` atomically.
+
+        As per Redis 6.2, GETSET is considered deprecated.
+        Please use SET with GET parameter in new code.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/getset
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("GETSET", name, value)
+
+    def incrby(self, name: KeyT, amount: int = 1) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Increments the value of ``key`` by ``amount``.  If no key exists,
+        the value will be initialized as ``amount``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/incrby
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("INCRBY", name, amount)
+
+    incr = incrby
+
+    def incrbyfloat(self, name: KeyT, amount: float = 1.0) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Increments the value at key ``name`` by floating ``amount``.
+        If no key exists, the value will be initialized as ``amount``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/incrbyfloat
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("INCRBYFLOAT", name, amount)
+
+    def keys(self, pattern: PatternT = "*", **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a list of keys matching ``pattern``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/keys
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("KEYS", pattern, **kwargs)
+
+    def lmove(
+        self, first_list: str, second_list: str, src: str = "LEFT", dest: str = "RIGHT"
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Atomically returns and removes the first/last element of a list,
+        pushing it as the first/last element on the destination list.
+        Returns the element being popped and pushed.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lmove
+        """
+        params = [first_list, second_list, src, dest]
+        return self.execute_command("LMOVE", *params)
+
+    def blmove(
+        self,
+        first_list: str,
+        second_list: str,
+        timeout: int,
+        src: str = "LEFT",
+        dest: str = "RIGHT",
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Blocking version of lmove.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/blmove
+        """
+        params = [first_list, second_list, src, dest, timeout]
+        return self.execute_command("BLMOVE", *params)
+
+    def mget(self, keys: KeysT, *args: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a list of values ordered identically to ``keys``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/mget
+        """
+        from redis.client import EMPTY_RESPONSE
+
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        options = {}
+        if not args:
+            options[EMPTY_RESPONSE] = []
+        options["keys"] = args
+        return self.execute_command("MGET", *args, **options)
+
+    def mset(self, mapping: Mapping[AnyKeyT, EncodableT]) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets key/values based on a mapping. Mapping is a dictionary of
+        key/value pairs. Both keys and values should be strings or types that
+        can be cast to a string via str().
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/mset
+        """
+        items = []
+        for pair in mapping.items():
+            items.extend(pair)
+        return self.execute_command("MSET", *items)
+
+    def msetnx(self, mapping: Mapping[AnyKeyT, EncodableT]) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets key/values based on a mapping if none of the keys are already set.
+        Mapping is a dictionary of key/value pairs. Both keys and values
+        should be strings or types that can be cast to a string via str().
+        Returns a boolean indicating if the operation was successful.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/msetnx
+        """
+        items = []
+        for pair in mapping.items():
+            items.extend(pair)
+        return self.execute_command("MSETNX", *items)
+
+    def move(self, name: KeyT, db: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Moves the key ``name`` to a different Redis database ``db``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/move
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("MOVE", name, db)
+
+    def persist(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Removes an expiration on ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/persist
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PERSIST", name)
+
+    def pexpire(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        time: ExpiryT,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``time`` milliseconds
+        with given ``option``. ``time`` can be represented by an
+        integer or a Python timedelta object.
+
+        Valid options are:
+            NX -> Set expiry only when the key has no expiry
+            XX -> Set expiry only when the key has an existing expiry
+            GT -> Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than current one
+            LT -> Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than current one
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pexpire
+        """
+        if isinstance(time, datetime.timedelta):
+            time = int(time.total_seconds() * 1000)
+
+        exp_option = list()
+        if nx:
+            exp_option.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            exp_option.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            exp_option.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            exp_option.append("LT")
+        return self.execute_command("PEXPIRE", name, time, *exp_option)
+
+    def pexpireat(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        when: AbsExpiryT,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set an expire flag on key ``name`` with given ``option``. ``when``
+        can be represented as an integer representing unix time in
+        milliseconds (unix time * 1000) or a Python datetime object.
+
+        Valid options are:
+            NX -> Set expiry only when the key has no expiry
+            XX -> Set expiry only when the key has an existing expiry
+            GT -> Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than current one
+            LT -> Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than current one
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pexpireat
+        """
+        if isinstance(when, datetime.datetime):
+            when = int(when.timestamp() * 1000)
+        exp_option = list()
+        if nx:
+            exp_option.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            exp_option.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            exp_option.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            exp_option.append("LT")
+        return self.execute_command("PEXPIREAT", name, when, *exp_option)
+
+    def pexpiretime(self, key: str) -> int:
+        """
+        Returns the absolute Unix timestamp (since January 1, 1970) in milliseconds
+        at which the given key will expire.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pexpiretime
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PEXPIRETIME", key)
+
+    def psetex(self, name: KeyT, time_ms: ExpiryT, value: EncodableT):
+        """
+        Set the value of key ``name`` to ``value`` that expires in ``time_ms``
+        milliseconds. ``time_ms`` can be represented by an integer or a Python
+        timedelta object
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/psetex
+        """
+        if isinstance(time_ms, datetime.timedelta):
+            time_ms = int(time_ms.total_seconds() * 1000)
+        return self.execute_command("PSETEX", name, time_ms, value)
+
+    def pttl(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of milliseconds until the key ``name`` will expire
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pttl
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PTTL", name)
+
+    def hrandfield(
+        self, key: str, count: int = None, withvalues: bool = False
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a random field from the hash value stored at key.
+
+        count: if the argument is positive, return an array of distinct fields.
+        If called with a negative count, the behavior changes and the command
+        is allowed to return the same field multiple times. In this case,
+        the number of returned fields is the absolute value of the
+        specified count.
+        withvalues: The optional WITHVALUES modifier changes the reply so it
+        includes the respective values of the randomly selected hash fields.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hrandfield
+        """
+        params = []
+        if count is not None:
+            params.append(count)
+        if withvalues:
+            params.append("WITHVALUES")
+
+        return self.execute_command("HRANDFIELD", key, *params)
+
+    def randomkey(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the name of a random key
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/randomkey
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("RANDOMKEY", **kwargs)
+
+    def rename(self, src: KeyT, dst: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Rename key ``src`` to ``dst``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/rename
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("RENAME", src, dst)
+
+    def renamenx(self, src: KeyT, dst: KeyT):
+        """
+        Rename key ``src`` to ``dst`` if ``dst`` doesn't already exist
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/renamenx
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("RENAMENX", src, dst)
+
+    def restore(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        ttl: float,
+        value: EncodableT,
+        replace: bool = False,
+        absttl: bool = False,
+        idletime: Union[int, None] = None,
+        frequency: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Create a key using the provided serialized value, previously obtained
+        using DUMP.
+
+        ``replace`` allows an existing key on ``name`` to be overridden. If
+        it's not specified an error is raised on collision.
+
+        ``absttl`` if True, specified ``ttl`` should represent an absolute Unix
+        timestamp in milliseconds in which the key will expire. (Redis 5.0 or
+        greater).
+
+        ``idletime`` Used for eviction, this is the number of seconds the
+        key must be idle, prior to execution.
+
+        ``frequency`` Used for eviction, this is the frequency counter of
+        the object stored at the key, prior to execution.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/restore
+        """
+        params = [name, ttl, value]
+        if replace:
+            params.append("REPLACE")
+        if absttl:
+            params.append("ABSTTL")
+        if idletime is not None:
+            params.append("IDLETIME")
+            try:
+                params.append(int(idletime))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DataError("idletimemust be an integer")
+
+        if frequency is not None:
+            params.append("FREQ")
+            try:
+                params.append(int(frequency))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise DataError("frequency must be an integer")
+
+        return self.execute_command("RESTORE", *params)
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        value: EncodableT,
+        ex: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        px: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        keepttl: bool = False,
+        get: bool = False,
+        exat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+        pxat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set the value at key ``name`` to ``value``
+
+        ``ex`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``ex`` seconds.
+
+        ``px`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``px`` milliseconds.
+
+        ``nx`` if set to True, set the value at key ``name`` to ``value`` only
+            if it does not exist.
+
+        ``xx`` if set to True, set the value at key ``name`` to ``value`` only
+            if it already exists.
+
+        ``keepttl`` if True, retain the time to live associated with the key.
+            (Available since Redis 6.0)
+
+        ``get`` if True, set the value at key ``name`` to ``value`` and return
+            the old value stored at key, or None if the key did not exist.
+            (Available since Redis 6.2)
+
+        ``exat`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``ex`` seconds,
+            specified in unix time.
+
+        ``pxat`` sets an expire flag on key ``name`` for ``ex`` milliseconds,
+            specified in unix time.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/set
+        """
+        opset = {ex, px, exat, pxat}
+        if len(opset) > 2 or len(opset) > 1 and keepttl:
+            raise DataError(
+                "``ex``, ``px``, ``exat``, ``pxat``, "
+                "and ``keepttl`` are mutually exclusive."
+            )
+
+        if nx and xx:
+            raise DataError("``nx`` and ``xx`` are mutually exclusive.")
+
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [name, value]
+        options = {}
+
+        pieces.extend(extract_expire_flags(ex, px, exat, pxat))
+
+        if keepttl:
+            pieces.append("KEEPTTL")
+
+        if nx:
+            pieces.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            pieces.append("XX")
+
+        if get:
+            pieces.append("GET")
+            options["get"] = True
+
+        return self.execute_command("SET", *pieces, **options)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name: KeyT, value: EncodableT):
+        self.set(name, value)
+
+    def setbit(self, name: KeyT, offset: int, value: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Flag the ``offset`` in ``name`` as ``value``. Returns an integer
+        indicating the previous value of ``offset``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/setbit
+        """
+        value = value and 1 or 0
+        return self.execute_command("SETBIT", name, offset, value)
+
+    def setex(self, name: KeyT, time: ExpiryT, value: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set the value of key ``name`` to ``value`` that expires in ``time``
+        seconds. ``time`` can be represented by an integer or a Python
+        timedelta object.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/setex
+        """
+        if isinstance(time, datetime.timedelta):
+            time = int(time.total_seconds())
+        return self.execute_command("SETEX", name, time, value)
+
+    def setnx(self, name: KeyT, value: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set the value of key ``name`` to ``value`` if key doesn't exist
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/setnx
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SETNX", name, value)
+
+    def setrange(self, name: KeyT, offset: int, value: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Overwrite bytes in the value of ``name`` starting at ``offset`` with
+        ``value``. If ``offset`` plus the length of ``value`` exceeds the
+        length of the original value, the new value will be larger than before.
+        If ``offset`` exceeds the length of the original value, null bytes
+        will be used to pad between the end of the previous value and the start
+        of what's being injected.
+
+        Returns the length of the new string.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/setrange
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SETRANGE", name, offset, value)
+
+    def stralgo(
+        self,
+        algo: Literal["LCS"],
+        value1: KeyT,
+        value2: KeyT,
+        specific_argument: Union[Literal["strings"], Literal["keys"]] = "strings",
+        len: bool = False,
+        idx: bool = False,
+        minmatchlen: Union[int, None] = None,
+        withmatchlen: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Implements complex algorithms that operate on strings.
+        Right now the only algorithm implemented is the LCS algorithm
+        (longest common substring). However new algorithms could be
+        implemented in the future.
+
+        ``algo`` Right now must be LCS
+        ``value1`` and ``value2`` Can be two strings or two keys
+        ``specific_argument`` Specifying if the arguments to the algorithm
+        will be keys or strings. strings is the default.
+        ``len`` Returns just the len of the match.
+        ``idx`` Returns the match positions in each string.
+        ``minmatchlen`` Restrict the list of matches to the ones of a given
+        minimal length. Can be provided only when ``idx`` set to True.
+        ``withmatchlen`` Returns the matches with the len of the match.
+        Can be provided only when ``idx`` set to True.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/stralgo
+        """
+        # check validity
+        supported_algo = ["LCS"]
+        if algo not in supported_algo:
+            supported_algos_str = ", ".join(supported_algo)
+            raise DataError(f"The supported algorithms are: {supported_algos_str}")
+        if specific_argument not in ["keys", "strings"]:
+            raise DataError("specific_argument can be only keys or strings")
+        if len and idx:
+            raise DataError("len and idx cannot be provided together.")
+
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [algo, specific_argument.upper(), value1, value2]
+        if len:
+            pieces.append(b"LEN")
+        if idx:
+            pieces.append(b"IDX")
+        try:
+            int(minmatchlen)
+            pieces.extend([b"MINMATCHLEN", minmatchlen])
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        if withmatchlen:
+            pieces.append(b"WITHMATCHLEN")
+
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "STRALGO",
+            *pieces,
+            len=len,
+            idx=idx,
+            minmatchlen=minmatchlen,
+            withmatchlen=withmatchlen,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def strlen(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the number of bytes stored in the value of ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/strlen
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("STRLEN", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def substr(self, name: KeyT, start: int, end: int = -1) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a substring of the string at key ``name``. ``start`` and ``end``
+        are 0-based integers specifying the portion of the string to return.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SUBSTR", name, start, end, keys=[name])
+
+    def touch(self, *args: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Alters the last access time of a key(s) ``*args``. A key is ignored
+        if it does not exist.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/touch
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("TOUCH", *args)
+
+    def ttl(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of seconds until the key ``name`` will expire
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ttl
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("TTL", name)
+
+    def type(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the type of key ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/type
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("TYPE", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def watch(self, *names: KeyT) -> None:
+        """
+        Watches the values at keys ``names``, or None if the key doesn't exist
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/watch
+        """
+        warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning("Call WATCH from a Pipeline object"))
+
+    def unwatch(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Unwatches all previously watched keys for a transaction
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/unwatch
+        """
+        warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning("Call UNWATCH from a Pipeline object"))
+
+    def unlink(self, *names: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Unlink one or more keys specified by ``names``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/unlink
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("UNLINK", *names)
+
+    def lcs(
+        self,
+        key1: str,
+        key2: str,
+        len: Optional[bool] = False,
+        idx: Optional[bool] = False,
+        minmatchlen: Optional[int] = 0,
+        withmatchlen: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> Union[str, int, list]:
+        """
+        Find the longest common subsequence between ``key1`` and ``key2``.
+        If ``len`` is true the length of the match will will be returned.
+        If ``idx`` is true the match position in each strings will be returned.
+        ``minmatchlen`` restrict the list of matches to the ones of
+        the given ``minmatchlen``.
+        If ``withmatchlen`` the length of the match also will be returned.
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lcs
+        """
+        pieces = [key1, key2]
+        if len:
+            pieces.append("LEN")
+        if idx:
+            pieces.append("IDX")
+        if minmatchlen != 0:
+            pieces.extend(["MINMATCHLEN", minmatchlen])
+        if withmatchlen:
+            pieces.append("WITHMATCHLEN")
+        return self.execute_command("LCS", *pieces, keys=[key1, key2])
+
+
+class AsyncBasicKeyCommands(BasicKeyCommands):
+    def __delitem__(self, name: KeyT):
+        raise TypeError("Async Redis client does not support class deletion")
+
+    def __contains__(self, name: KeyT):
+        raise TypeError("Async Redis client does not support class inclusion")
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: KeyT):
+        raise TypeError("Async Redis client does not support class retrieval")
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name: KeyT, value: EncodableT):
+        raise TypeError("Async Redis client does not support class assignment")
+
+    async def watch(self, *names: KeyT) -> None:
+        return super().watch(*names)
+
+    async def unwatch(self) -> None:
+        return super().unwatch()
+
+
+class ListCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis commands for List data type.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/data-types#lists
+    """
+
+    def blpop(
+        self, keys: List, timeout: Optional[Number] = 0
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[list], list]:
+        """
+        LPOP a value off of the first non-empty list
+        named in the ``keys`` list.
+
+        If none of the lists in ``keys`` has a value to LPOP, then block
+        for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a value gets pushed on to one
+        of the lists.
+
+        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/blpop
+        """
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = 0
+        keys = list_or_args(keys, None)
+        keys.append(timeout)
+        return self.execute_command("BLPOP", *keys)
+
+    def brpop(
+        self, keys: List, timeout: Optional[Number] = 0
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[list], list]:
+        """
+        RPOP a value off of the first non-empty list
+        named in the ``keys`` list.
+
+        If none of the lists in ``keys`` has a value to RPOP, then block
+        for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a value gets pushed on to one
+        of the lists.
+
+        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/brpop
+        """
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = 0
+        keys = list_or_args(keys, None)
+        keys.append(timeout)
+        return self.execute_command("BRPOP", *keys)
+
+    def brpoplpush(
+        self, src: str, dst: str, timeout: Optional[Number] = 0
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[Optional[str]], Optional[str]]:
+        """
+        Pop a value off the tail of ``src``, push it on the head of ``dst``
+        and then return it.
+
+        This command blocks until a value is in ``src`` or until ``timeout``
+        seconds elapse, whichever is first. A ``timeout`` value of 0 blocks
+        forever.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/brpoplpush
+        """
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = 0
+        return self.execute_command("BRPOPLPUSH", src, dst, timeout)
+
+    def blmpop(
+        self,
+        timeout: float,
+        numkeys: int,
+        *args: List[str],
+        direction: str,
+        count: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> Optional[list]:
+        """
+        Pop ``count`` values (default 1) from first non-empty in the list
+        of provided key names.
+
+        When all lists are empty this command blocks the connection until another
+        client pushes to it or until the timeout, timeout of 0 blocks indefinitely
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/blmpop
+        """
+        args = [timeout, numkeys, *args, direction, "COUNT", count]
+
+        return self.execute_command("BLMPOP", *args)
+
+    def lmpop(
+        self,
+        num_keys: int,
+        *args: List[str],
+        direction: str,
+        count: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[list], list]:
+        """
+        Pop ``count`` values (default 1) first non-empty list key from the list
+        of args provided key names.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lmpop
+        """
+        args = [num_keys] + list(args) + [direction]
+        if count != 1:
+            args.extend(["COUNT", count])
+
+        return self.execute_command("LMPOP", *args)
+
+    def lindex(
+        self, name: str, index: int
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[Optional[str]], Optional[str]]:
+        """
+        Return the item from list ``name`` at position ``index``
+
+        Negative indexes are supported and will return an item at the
+        end of the list
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lindex
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LINDEX", name, index, keys=[name])
+
+    def linsert(
+        self, name: str, where: str, refvalue: str, value: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Insert ``value`` in list ``name`` either immediately before or after
+        [``where``] ``refvalue``
+
+        Returns the new length of the list on success or -1 if ``refvalue``
+        is not in the list.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/linsert
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LINSERT", name, where, refvalue, value)
+
+    def llen(self, name: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Return the length of the list ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/llen
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LLEN", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def lpop(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[Union[str, List, None]], Union[str, List, None]]:
+        """
+        Removes and returns the first elements of the list ``name``.
+
+        By default, the command pops a single element from the beginning of
+        the list. When provided with the optional ``count`` argument, the reply
+        will consist of up to count elements, depending on the list's length.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lpop
+        """
+        if count is not None:
+            return self.execute_command("LPOP", name, count)
+        else:
+            return self.execute_command("LPOP", name)
+
+    def lpush(self, name: str, *values: FieldT) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Push ``values`` onto the head of the list ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lpush
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LPUSH", name, *values)
+
+    def lpushx(self, name: str, *values: FieldT) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Push ``value`` onto the head of the list ``name`` if ``name`` exists
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lpushx
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LPUSHX", name, *values)
+
+    def lrange(self, name: str, start: int, end: int) -> Union[Awaitable[list], list]:
+        """
+        Return a slice of the list ``name`` between
+        position ``start`` and ``end``
+
+        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative numbers just like
+        Python slicing notation
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lrange
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LRANGE", name, start, end, keys=[name])
+
+    def lrem(self, name: str, count: int, value: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Remove the first ``count`` occurrences of elements equal to ``value``
+        from the list stored at ``name``.
+
+        The count argument influences the operation in the following ways:
+            count > 0: Remove elements equal to value moving from head to tail.
+            count < 0: Remove elements equal to value moving from tail to head.
+            count = 0: Remove all elements equal to value.
+
+            For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lrem
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LREM", name, count, value)
+
+    def lset(self, name: str, index: int, value: str) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Set element at ``index`` of list ``name`` to ``value``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lset
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LSET", name, index, value)
+
+    def ltrim(self, name: str, start: int, end: int) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Trim the list ``name``, removing all values not within the slice
+        between ``start`` and ``end``
+
+        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative numbers just like
+        Python slicing notation
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ltrim
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("LTRIM", name, start, end)
+
+    def rpop(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[Union[str, List, None]], Union[str, List, None]]:
+        """
+        Removes and returns the last elements of the list ``name``.
+
+        By default, the command pops a single element from the end of the list.
+        When provided with the optional ``count`` argument, the reply will
+        consist of up to count elements, depending on the list's length.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/rpop
+        """
+        if count is not None:
+            return self.execute_command("RPOP", name, count)
+        else:
+            return self.execute_command("RPOP", name)
+
+    def rpoplpush(self, src: str, dst: str) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        RPOP a value off of the ``src`` list and atomically LPUSH it
+        on to the ``dst`` list.  Returns the value.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/rpoplpush
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("RPOPLPUSH", src, dst)
+
+    def rpush(self, name: str, *values: FieldT) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Push ``values`` onto the tail of the list ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/rpush
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("RPUSH", name, *values)
+
+    def rpushx(self, name: str, *values: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Push ``value`` onto the tail of the list ``name`` if ``name`` exists
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/rpushx
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("RPUSHX", name, *values)
+
+    def lpos(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        value: str,
+        rank: Optional[int] = None,
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        maxlen: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Union[str, List, None]:
+        """
+        Get position of ``value`` within the list ``name``
+
+         If specified, ``rank`` indicates the "rank" of the first element to
+         return in case there are multiple copies of ``value`` in the list.
+         By default, LPOS returns the position of the first occurrence of
+         ``value`` in the list. When ``rank`` 2, LPOS returns the position of
+         the second ``value`` in the list. If ``rank`` is negative, LPOS
+         searches the list in reverse. For example, -1 would return the
+         position of the last occurrence of ``value`` and -2 would return the
+         position of the next to last occurrence of ``value``.
+
+         If specified, ``count`` indicates that LPOS should return a list of
+         up to ``count`` positions. A ``count`` of 2 would return a list of
+         up to 2 positions. A ``count`` of 0 returns a list of all positions
+         matching ``value``. When ``count`` is specified and but ``value``
+         does not exist in the list, an empty list is returned.
+
+         If specified, ``maxlen`` indicates the maximum number of list
+         elements to scan. A ``maxlen`` of 1000 will only return the
+         position(s) of items within the first 1000 entries in the list.
+         A ``maxlen`` of 0 (the default) will scan the entire list.
+
+         For more information see https://redis.io/commands/lpos
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [name, value]
+        if rank is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["RANK", rank])
+
+        if count is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["COUNT", count])
+
+        if maxlen is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["MAXLEN", maxlen])
+
+        return self.execute_command("LPOS", *pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def sort(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        num: Optional[int] = None,
+        by: Optional[str] = None,
+        get: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        desc: bool = False,
+        alpha: bool = False,
+        store: Optional[str] = None,
+        groups: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> Union[List, int]:
+        """
+        Sort and return the list, set or sorted set at ``name``.
+
+        ``start`` and ``num`` allow for paging through the sorted data
+
+        ``by`` allows using an external key to weight and sort the items.
+            Use an "*" to indicate where in the key the item value is located
+
+        ``get`` allows for returning items from external keys rather than the
+            sorted data itself.  Use an "*" to indicate where in the key
+            the item value is located
+
+        ``desc`` allows for reversing the sort
+
+        ``alpha`` allows for sorting lexicographically rather than numerically
+
+        ``store`` allows for storing the result of the sort into
+            the key ``store``
+
+        ``groups`` if set to True and if ``get`` contains at least two
+            elements, sort will return a list of tuples, each containing the
+            values fetched from the arguments to ``get``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sort
+        """
+        if (start is not None and num is None) or (num is not None and start is None):
+            raise DataError("``start`` and ``num`` must both be specified")
+
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [name]
+        if by is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"BY", by])
+        if start is not None and num is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"LIMIT", start, num])
+        if get is not None:
+            # If get is a string assume we want to get a single value.
+            # Otherwise assume it's an interable and we want to get multiple
+            # values. We can't just iterate blindly because strings are
+            # iterable.
+            if isinstance(get, (bytes, str)):
+                pieces.extend([b"GET", get])
+            else:
+                for g in get:
+                    pieces.extend([b"GET", g])
+        if desc:
+            pieces.append(b"DESC")
+        if alpha:
+            pieces.append(b"ALPHA")
+        if store is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"STORE", store])
+        if groups:
+            if not get or isinstance(get, (bytes, str)) or len(get) < 2:
+                raise DataError(
+                    'when using "groups" the "get" argument '
+                    "must be specified and contain at least "
+                    "two keys"
+                )
+
+        options = {"groups": len(get) if groups else None}
+        options["keys"] = [name]
+        return self.execute_command("SORT", *pieces, **options)
+
+    def sort_ro(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        num: Optional[int] = None,
+        by: Optional[str] = None,
+        get: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        desc: bool = False,
+        alpha: bool = False,
+    ) -> list:
+        """
+        Returns the elements contained in the list, set or sorted set at key.
+        (read-only variant of the SORT command)
+
+        ``start`` and ``num`` allow for paging through the sorted data
+
+        ``by`` allows using an external key to weight and sort the items.
+            Use an "*" to indicate where in the key the item value is located
+
+        ``get`` allows for returning items from external keys rather than the
+            sorted data itself.  Use an "*" to indicate where in the key
+            the item value is located
+
+        ``desc`` allows for reversing the sort
+
+        ``alpha`` allows for sorting lexicographically rather than numerically
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sort_ro
+        """
+        return self.sort(
+            key, start=start, num=num, by=by, get=get, desc=desc, alpha=alpha
+        )
+
+
+AsyncListCommands = ListCommands
+
+
+class ScanCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis SCAN commands.
+    see: https://redis.io/commands/scan
+    """
+
+    def scan(
+        self,
+        cursor: int = 0,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        _type: Union[str, None] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Incrementally return lists of key names. Also return a cursor
+        indicating the scan position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` provides a hint to Redis about the number of keys to
+            return per batch.
+
+        ``_type`` filters the returned values by a particular Redis type.
+            Stock Redis instances allow for the following types:
+            HASH, LIST, SET, STREAM, STRING, ZSET
+            Additionally, Redis modules can expose other types as well.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/scan
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [cursor]
+        if match is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"MATCH", match])
+        if count is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"COUNT", count])
+        if _type is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"TYPE", _type])
+        return self.execute_command("SCAN", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def scan_iter(
+        self,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        _type: Union[str, None] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> Iterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the SCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` provides a hint to Redis about the number of keys to
+            return per batch.
+
+        ``_type`` filters the returned values by a particular Redis type.
+            Stock Redis instances allow for the following types:
+            HASH, LIST, SET, STREAM, STRING, ZSET
+            Additionally, Redis modules can expose other types as well.
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = self.scan(
+                cursor=cursor, match=match, count=count, _type=_type, **kwargs
+            )
+            yield from data
+
+    def sscan(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        cursor: int = 0,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Incrementally return lists of elements in a set. Also return a cursor
+        indicating the scan position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sscan
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [name, cursor]
+        if match is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"MATCH", match])
+        if count is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"COUNT", count])
+        return self.execute_command("SSCAN", *pieces)
+
+    def sscan_iter(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the SSCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = self.sscan(name, cursor=cursor, match=match, count=count)
+            yield from data
+
+    def hscan(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        cursor: int = 0,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        no_values: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Incrementally return key/value slices in a hash. Also return a cursor
+        indicating the scan position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+
+        ``no_values`` indicates to return only the keys, without values.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hscan
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [name, cursor]
+        if match is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"MATCH", match])
+        if count is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"COUNT", count])
+        if no_values is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"NOVALUES"])
+        return self.execute_command("HSCAN", *pieces, no_values=no_values)
+
+    def hscan_iter(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        no_values: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the HSCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+
+        ``no_values`` indicates to return only the keys, without values
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = self.hscan(
+                name, cursor=cursor, match=match, count=count, no_values=no_values
+            )
+            if no_values:
+                yield from data
+            else:
+                yield from data.items()
+
+    def zscan(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        cursor: int = 0,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable] = float,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Incrementally return lists of elements in a sorted set. Also return a
+        cursor indicating the scan position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+
+        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zscan
+        """
+        pieces = [name, cursor]
+        if match is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"MATCH", match])
+        if count is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"COUNT", count])
+        options = {"score_cast_func": score_cast_func}
+        return self.execute_command("ZSCAN", *pieces, **options)
+
+    def zscan_iter(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable] = float,
+    ) -> Iterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the ZSCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+
+        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = self.zscan(
+                name,
+                cursor=cursor,
+                match=match,
+                count=count,
+                score_cast_func=score_cast_func,
+            )
+            yield from data
+
+
+class AsyncScanCommands(ScanCommands):
+    async def scan_iter(
+        self,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        _type: Union[str, None] = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the SCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` provides a hint to Redis about the number of keys to
+            return per batch.
+
+        ``_type`` filters the returned values by a particular Redis type.
+            Stock Redis instances allow for the following types:
+            HASH, LIST, SET, STREAM, STRING, ZSET
+            Additionally, Redis modules can expose other types as well.
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = await self.scan(
+                cursor=cursor, match=match, count=count, _type=_type, **kwargs
+            )
+            for d in data:
+                yield d
+
+    async def sscan_iter(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the SSCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = await self.sscan(
+                name, cursor=cursor, match=match, count=count
+            )
+            for d in data:
+                yield d
+
+    async def hscan_iter(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        no_values: Union[bool, None] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the HSCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+
+        ``no_values`` indicates to return only the keys, without values
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = await self.hscan(
+                name, cursor=cursor, match=match, count=count, no_values=no_values
+            )
+            if no_values:
+                for it in data:
+                    yield it
+            else:
+                for it in data.items():
+                    yield it
+
+    async def zscan_iter(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        match: Union[PatternT, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable] = float,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator:
+        """
+        Make an iterator using the ZSCAN command so that the client doesn't
+        need to remember the cursor position.
+
+        ``match`` allows for filtering the keys by pattern
+
+        ``count`` allows for hint the minimum number of returns
+
+        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
+        """
+        cursor = "0"
+        while cursor != 0:
+            cursor, data = await self.zscan(
+                name,
+                cursor=cursor,
+                match=match,
+                count=count,
+                score_cast_func=score_cast_func,
+            )
+            for d in data:
+                yield d
+
+
+class SetCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis commands for Set data type.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/data-types#sets
+    """
+
+    def sadd(self, name: str, *values: FieldT) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Add ``value(s)`` to set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sadd
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SADD", name, *values)
+
+    def scard(self, name: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Return the number of elements in set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/scard
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SCARD", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def sdiff(self, keys: List, *args: List) -> Union[Awaitable[list], list]:
+        """
+        Return the difference of sets specified by ``keys``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sdiff
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        return self.execute_command("SDIFF", *args, keys=args)
+
+    def sdiffstore(
+        self, dest: str, keys: List, *args: List
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Store the difference of sets specified by ``keys`` into a new
+        set named ``dest``.  Returns the number of keys in the new set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sdiffstore
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        return self.execute_command("SDIFFSTORE", dest, *args)
+
+    def sinter(self, keys: List, *args: List) -> Union[Awaitable[list], list]:
+        """
+        Return the intersection of sets specified by ``keys``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sinter
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        return self.execute_command("SINTER", *args, keys=args)
+
+    def sintercard(
+        self, numkeys: int, keys: List[str], limit: int = 0
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Return the cardinality of the intersect of multiple sets specified by ``keys``.
+
+        When LIMIT provided (defaults to 0 and means unlimited), if the intersection
+        cardinality reaches limit partway through the computation, the algorithm will
+        exit and yield limit as the cardinality
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sintercard
+        """
+        args = [numkeys, *keys, "LIMIT", limit]
+        return self.execute_command("SINTERCARD", *args, keys=keys)
+
+    def sinterstore(
+        self, dest: str, keys: List, *args: List
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Store the intersection of sets specified by ``keys`` into a new
+        set named ``dest``.  Returns the number of keys in the new set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sinterstore
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        return self.execute_command("SINTERSTORE", dest, *args)
+
+    def sismember(
+        self, name: str, value: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[Union[Literal[0], Literal[1]]], Union[Literal[0], Literal[1]]]:
+        """
+        Return whether ``value`` is a member of set ``name``:
+        - 1 if the value is a member of the set.
+        - 0 if the value is not a member of the set or if key does not exist.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sismember
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SISMEMBER", name, value, keys=[name])
+
+    def smembers(self, name: str) -> Union[Awaitable[Set], Set]:
+        """
+        Return all members of the set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/smembers
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SMEMBERS", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def smismember(
+        self, name: str, values: List, *args: List
+    ) -> Union[
+        Awaitable[List[Union[Literal[0], Literal[1]]]],
+        List[Union[Literal[0], Literal[1]]],
+    ]:
+        """
+        Return whether each value in ``values`` is a member of the set ``name``
+        as a list of ``int`` in the order of ``values``:
+        - 1 if the value is a member of the set.
+        - 0 if the value is not a member of the set or if key does not exist.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/smismember
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(values, args)
+        return self.execute_command("SMISMEMBER", name, *args, keys=[name])
+
+    def smove(self, src: str, dst: str, value: str) -> Union[Awaitable[bool], bool]:
+        """
+        Move ``value`` from set ``src`` to set ``dst`` atomically
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/smove
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SMOVE", src, dst, value)
+
+    def spop(self, name: str, count: Optional[int] = None) -> Union[str, List, None]:
+        """
+        Remove and return a random member of set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/spop
+        """
+        args = (count is not None) and [count] or []
+        return self.execute_command("SPOP", name, *args)
+
+    def srandmember(
+        self, name: str, number: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Union[str, List, None]:
+        """
+        If ``number`` is None, returns a random member of set ``name``.
+
+        If ``number`` is supplied, returns a list of ``number`` random
+        members of set ``name``. Note this is only available when running
+        Redis 2.6+.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/srandmember
+        """
+        args = (number is not None) and [number] or []
+        return self.execute_command("SRANDMEMBER", name, *args)
+
+    def srem(self, name: str, *values: FieldT) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Remove ``values`` from set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/srem
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SREM", name, *values)
+
+    def sunion(self, keys: List, *args: List) -> Union[Awaitable[List], List]:
+        """
+        Return the union of sets specified by ``keys``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sunion
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        return self.execute_command("SUNION", *args, keys=args)
+
+    def sunionstore(
+        self, dest: str, keys: List, *args: List
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Store the union of sets specified by ``keys`` into a new
+        set named ``dest``.  Returns the number of keys in the new set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/sunionstore
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        return self.execute_command("SUNIONSTORE", dest, *args)
+
+
+AsyncSetCommands = SetCommands
+
+
+class StreamCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis commands for Stream data type.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/streams-intro
+    """
+
+    def xack(self, name: KeyT, groupname: GroupT, *ids: StreamIdT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Acknowledges the successful processing of one or more messages.
+
+        Args:
+            name: name of the stream.
+            groupname: name of the consumer group.
+            *ids: message ids to acknowledge.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xack
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XACK", name, groupname, *ids)
+
+    def xadd(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        fields: Dict[FieldT, EncodableT],
+        id: StreamIdT = "*",
+        maxlen: Union[int, None] = None,
+        approximate: bool = True,
+        nomkstream: bool = False,
+        minid: Union[StreamIdT, None] = None,
+        limit: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Add to a stream.
+        name: name of the stream
+        fields: dict of field/value pairs to insert into the stream
+        id: Location to insert this record. By default it is appended.
+        maxlen: truncate old stream members beyond this size.
+        Can't be specified with minid.
+        approximate: actual stream length may be slightly more than maxlen
+        nomkstream: When set to true, do not make a stream
+        minid: the minimum id in the stream to query.
+        Can't be specified with maxlen.
+        limit: specifies the maximum number of entries to retrieve
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xadd
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = []
+        if maxlen is not None and minid is not None:
+            raise DataError("Only one of ```maxlen``` or ```minid``` may be specified")
+
+        if maxlen is not None:
+            if not isinstance(maxlen, int) or maxlen < 0:
+                raise DataError("XADD maxlen must be non-negative integer")
+            pieces.append(b"MAXLEN")
+            if approximate:
+                pieces.append(b"~")
+            pieces.append(str(maxlen))
+        if minid is not None:
+            pieces.append(b"MINID")
+            if approximate:
+                pieces.append(b"~")
+            pieces.append(minid)
+        if limit is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"LIMIT", limit])
+        if nomkstream:
+            pieces.append(b"NOMKSTREAM")
+        pieces.append(id)
+        if not isinstance(fields, dict) or len(fields) == 0:
+            raise DataError("XADD fields must be a non-empty dict")
+        for pair in fields.items():
+            pieces.extend(pair)
+        return self.execute_command("XADD", name, *pieces)
+
+    def xautoclaim(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        groupname: GroupT,
+        consumername: ConsumerT,
+        min_idle_time: int,
+        start_id: StreamIdT = "0-0",
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        justid: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Transfers ownership of pending stream entries that match the specified
+        criteria. Conceptually, equivalent to calling XPENDING and then XCLAIM,
+        but provides a more straightforward way to deal with message delivery
+        failures via SCAN-like semantics.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+        consumername: name of a consumer that claims the message.
+        min_idle_time: filter messages that were idle less than this amount of
+        milliseconds.
+        start_id: filter messages with equal or greater ID.
+        count: optional integer, upper limit of the number of entries that the
+        command attempts to claim. Set to 100 by default.
+        justid: optional boolean, false by default. Return just an array of IDs
+        of messages successfully claimed, without returning the actual message
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xautoclaim
+        """
+        try:
+            if int(min_idle_time) < 0:
+                raise DataError(
+                    "XAUTOCLAIM min_idle_time must be a nonnegative integer"
+                )
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        kwargs = {}
+        pieces = [name, groupname, consumername, min_idle_time, start_id]
+
+        try:
+            if int(count) < 0:
+                raise DataError("XPENDING count must be a integer >= 0")
+            pieces.extend([b"COUNT", count])
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        if justid:
+            pieces.append(b"JUSTID")
+            kwargs["parse_justid"] = True
+
+        return self.execute_command("XAUTOCLAIM", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def xclaim(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        groupname: GroupT,
+        consumername: ConsumerT,
+        min_idle_time: int,
+        message_ids: Union[List[StreamIdT], Tuple[StreamIdT]],
+        idle: Union[int, None] = None,
+        time: Union[int, None] = None,
+        retrycount: Union[int, None] = None,
+        force: bool = False,
+        justid: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Changes the ownership of a pending message.
+
+        name: name of the stream.
+
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+
+        consumername: name of a consumer that claims the message.
+
+        min_idle_time: filter messages that were idle less than this amount of
+        milliseconds
+
+        message_ids: non-empty list or tuple of message IDs to claim
+
+        idle: optional. Set the idle time (last time it was delivered) of the
+        message in ms
+
+        time: optional integer. This is the same as idle but instead of a
+        relative amount of milliseconds, it sets the idle time to a specific
+        Unix time (in milliseconds).
+
+        retrycount: optional integer. set the retry counter to the specified
+        value. This counter is incremented every time a message is delivered
+        again.
+
+        force: optional boolean, false by default. Creates the pending message
+        entry in the PEL even if certain specified IDs are not already in the
+        PEL assigned to a different client.
+
+        justid: optional boolean, false by default. Return just an array of IDs
+        of messages successfully claimed, without returning the actual message
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xclaim
+        """
+        if not isinstance(min_idle_time, int) or min_idle_time < 0:
+            raise DataError("XCLAIM min_idle_time must be a non negative integer")
+        if not isinstance(message_ids, (list, tuple)) or not message_ids:
+            raise DataError(
+                "XCLAIM message_ids must be a non empty list or "
+                "tuple of message IDs to claim"
+            )
+
+        kwargs = {}
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [name, groupname, consumername, str(min_idle_time)]
+        pieces.extend(list(message_ids))
+
+        if idle is not None:
+            if not isinstance(idle, int):
+                raise DataError("XCLAIM idle must be an integer")
+            pieces.extend((b"IDLE", str(idle)))
+        if time is not None:
+            if not isinstance(time, int):
+                raise DataError("XCLAIM time must be an integer")
+            pieces.extend((b"TIME", str(time)))
+        if retrycount is not None:
+            if not isinstance(retrycount, int):
+                raise DataError("XCLAIM retrycount must be an integer")
+            pieces.extend((b"RETRYCOUNT", str(retrycount)))
+
+        if force:
+            if not isinstance(force, bool):
+                raise DataError("XCLAIM force must be a boolean")
+            pieces.append(b"FORCE")
+        if justid:
+            if not isinstance(justid, bool):
+                raise DataError("XCLAIM justid must be a boolean")
+            pieces.append(b"JUSTID")
+            kwargs["parse_justid"] = True
+        return self.execute_command("XCLAIM", *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def xdel(self, name: KeyT, *ids: StreamIdT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Deletes one or more messages from a stream.
+
+        Args:
+            name: name of the stream.
+            *ids: message ids to delete.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xdel
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XDEL", name, *ids)
+
+    def xgroup_create(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        groupname: GroupT,
+        id: StreamIdT = "$",
+        mkstream: bool = False,
+        entries_read: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Create a new consumer group associated with a stream.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+        id: ID of the last item in the stream to consider already delivered.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xgroup-create
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = ["XGROUP CREATE", name, groupname, id]
+        if mkstream:
+            pieces.append(b"MKSTREAM")
+        if entries_read is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["ENTRIESREAD", entries_read])
+
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces)
+
+    def xgroup_delconsumer(
+        self, name: KeyT, groupname: GroupT, consumername: ConsumerT
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove a specific consumer from a consumer group.
+        Returns the number of pending messages that the consumer had before it
+        was deleted.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+        consumername: name of consumer to delete
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xgroup-delconsumer
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XGROUP DELCONSUMER", name, groupname, consumername)
+
+    def xgroup_destroy(self, name: KeyT, groupname: GroupT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Destroy a consumer group.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xgroup-destroy
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XGROUP DESTROY", name, groupname)
+
+    def xgroup_createconsumer(
+        self, name: KeyT, groupname: GroupT, consumername: ConsumerT
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Consumers in a consumer group are auto-created every time a new
+        consumer name is mentioned by some command.
+        They can be explicitly created by using this command.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+        consumername: name of consumer to create.
+
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/xgroup-createconsumer
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "XGROUP CREATECONSUMER", name, groupname, consumername
+        )
+
+    def xgroup_setid(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        groupname: GroupT,
+        id: StreamIdT,
+        entries_read: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set the consumer group last delivered ID to something else.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+        id: ID of the last item in the stream to consider already delivered.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xgroup-setid
+        """
+        pieces = [name, groupname, id]
+        if entries_read is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["ENTRIESREAD", entries_read])
+        return self.execute_command("XGROUP SETID", *pieces)
+
+    def xinfo_consumers(self, name: KeyT, groupname: GroupT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns general information about the consumers in the group.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xinfo-consumers
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XINFO CONSUMERS", name, groupname)
+
+    def xinfo_groups(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns general information about the consumer groups of the stream.
+        name: name of the stream.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xinfo-groups
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XINFO GROUPS", name)
+
+    def xinfo_stream(self, name: KeyT, full: bool = False) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns general information about the stream.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        full: optional boolean, false by default. Return full summary
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xinfo-stream
+        """
+        pieces = [name]
+        options = {}
+        if full:
+            pieces.append(b"FULL")
+            options = {"full": full}
+        return self.execute_command("XINFO STREAM", *pieces, **options)
+
+    def xlen(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of elements in a given stream.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xlen
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XLEN", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def xpending(self, name: KeyT, groupname: GroupT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns information about pending messages of a group.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xpending
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("XPENDING", name, groupname, keys=[name])
+
+    def xpending_range(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        groupname: GroupT,
+        min: StreamIdT,
+        max: StreamIdT,
+        count: int,
+        consumername: Union[ConsumerT, None] = None,
+        idle: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns information about pending messages, in a range.
+
+        name: name of the stream.
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+        idle: available from  version 6.2. filter entries by their
+        idle-time, given in milliseconds (optional).
+        min: minimum stream ID.
+        max: maximum stream ID.
+        count: number of messages to return
+        consumername: name of a consumer to filter by (optional).
+        """
+        if {min, max, count} == {None}:
+            if idle is not None or consumername is not None:
+                raise DataError(
+                    "if XPENDING is provided with idle time"
+                    " or consumername, it must be provided"
+                    " with min, max and count parameters"
+                )
+            return self.xpending(name, groupname)
+
+        pieces = [name, groupname]
+        if min is None or max is None or count is None:
+            raise DataError(
+                "XPENDING must be provided with min, max "
+                "and count parameters, or none of them."
+            )
+        # idle
+        try:
+            if int(idle) < 0:
+                raise DataError("XPENDING idle must be a integer >= 0")
+            pieces.extend(["IDLE", idle])
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        # count
+        try:
+            if int(count) < 0:
+                raise DataError("XPENDING count must be a integer >= 0")
+            pieces.extend([min, max, count])
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        # consumername
+        if consumername:
+            pieces.append(consumername)
+
+        return self.execute_command("XPENDING", *pieces, parse_detail=True)
+
+    def xrange(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        min: StreamIdT = "-",
+        max: StreamIdT = "+",
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Read stream values within an interval.
+
+        name: name of the stream.
+
+        start: first stream ID. defaults to '-',
+               meaning the earliest available.
+
+        finish: last stream ID. defaults to '+',
+                meaning the latest available.
+
+        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
+               earliest available.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xrange
+        """
+        pieces = [min, max]
+        if count is not None:
+            if not isinstance(count, int) or count < 1:
+                raise DataError("XRANGE count must be a positive integer")
+            pieces.append(b"COUNT")
+            pieces.append(str(count))
+
+        return self.execute_command("XRANGE", name, *pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def xread(
+        self,
+        streams: Dict[KeyT, StreamIdT],
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        block: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Block and monitor multiple streams for new data.
+
+        streams: a dict of stream names to stream IDs, where
+                   IDs indicate the last ID already seen.
+
+        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
+               earliest available.
+
+        block: number of milliseconds to wait, if nothing already present.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xread
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        if block is not None:
+            if not isinstance(block, int) or block < 0:
+                raise DataError("XREAD block must be a non-negative integer")
+            pieces.append(b"BLOCK")
+            pieces.append(str(block))
+        if count is not None:
+            if not isinstance(count, int) or count < 1:
+                raise DataError("XREAD count must be a positive integer")
+            pieces.append(b"COUNT")
+            pieces.append(str(count))
+        if not isinstance(streams, dict) or len(streams) == 0:
+            raise DataError("XREAD streams must be a non empty dict")
+        pieces.append(b"STREAMS")
+        keys, values = zip(*streams.items())
+        pieces.extend(keys)
+        pieces.extend(values)
+        return self.execute_command("XREAD", *pieces, keys=keys)
+
+    def xreadgroup(
+        self,
+        groupname: str,
+        consumername: str,
+        streams: Dict[KeyT, StreamIdT],
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        block: Union[int, None] = None,
+        noack: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Read from a stream via a consumer group.
+
+        groupname: name of the consumer group.
+
+        consumername: name of the requesting consumer.
+
+        streams: a dict of stream names to stream IDs, where
+               IDs indicate the last ID already seen.
+
+        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
+               earliest available.
+
+        block: number of milliseconds to wait, if nothing already present.
+        noack: do not add messages to the PEL
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xreadgroup
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [b"GROUP", groupname, consumername]
+        if count is not None:
+            if not isinstance(count, int) or count < 1:
+                raise DataError("XREADGROUP count must be a positive integer")
+            pieces.append(b"COUNT")
+            pieces.append(str(count))
+        if block is not None:
+            if not isinstance(block, int) or block < 0:
+                raise DataError("XREADGROUP block must be a non-negative integer")
+            pieces.append(b"BLOCK")
+            pieces.append(str(block))
+        if noack:
+            pieces.append(b"NOACK")
+        if not isinstance(streams, dict) or len(streams) == 0:
+            raise DataError("XREADGROUP streams must be a non empty dict")
+        pieces.append(b"STREAMS")
+        pieces.extend(streams.keys())
+        pieces.extend(streams.values())
+        return self.execute_command("XREADGROUP", *pieces)
+
+    def xrevrange(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        max: StreamIdT = "+",
+        min: StreamIdT = "-",
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Read stream values within an interval, in reverse order.
+
+        name: name of the stream
+
+        start: first stream ID. defaults to '+',
+               meaning the latest available.
+
+        finish: last stream ID. defaults to '-',
+                meaning the earliest available.
+
+        count: if set, only return this many items, beginning with the
+               latest available.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xrevrange
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [max, min]
+        if count is not None:
+            if not isinstance(count, int) or count < 1:
+                raise DataError("XREVRANGE count must be a positive integer")
+            pieces.append(b"COUNT")
+            pieces.append(str(count))
+
+        return self.execute_command("XREVRANGE", name, *pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def xtrim(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        maxlen: Union[int, None] = None,
+        approximate: bool = True,
+        minid: Union[StreamIdT, None] = None,
+        limit: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Trims old messages from a stream.
+        name: name of the stream.
+        maxlen: truncate old stream messages beyond this size
+        Can't be specified with minid.
+        approximate: actual stream length may be slightly more than maxlen
+        minid: the minimum id in the stream to query
+        Can't be specified with maxlen.
+        limit: specifies the maximum number of entries to retrieve
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/xtrim
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = []
+        if maxlen is not None and minid is not None:
+            raise DataError("Only one of ``maxlen`` or ``minid`` may be specified")
+
+        if maxlen is None and minid is None:
+            raise DataError("One of ``maxlen`` or ``minid`` must be specified")
+
+        if maxlen is not None:
+            pieces.append(b"MAXLEN")
+        if minid is not None:
+            pieces.append(b"MINID")
+        if approximate:
+            pieces.append(b"~")
+        if maxlen is not None:
+            pieces.append(maxlen)
+        if minid is not None:
+            pieces.append(minid)
+        if limit is not None:
+            pieces.append(b"LIMIT")
+            pieces.append(limit)
+
+        return self.execute_command("XTRIM", name, *pieces)
+
+
+AsyncStreamCommands = StreamCommands
+
+
+class SortedSetCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis commands for Sorted Sets data type.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/data-types-intro#redis-sorted-sets
+    """
+
+    def zadd(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        mapping: Mapping[AnyKeyT, EncodableT],
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        ch: bool = False,
+        incr: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Set any number of element-name, score pairs to the key ``name``. Pairs
+        are specified as a dict of element-names keys to score values.
+
+        ``nx`` forces ZADD to only create new elements and not to update
+        scores for elements that already exist.
+
+        ``xx`` forces ZADD to only update scores of elements that already
+        exist. New elements will not be added.
+
+        ``ch`` modifies the return value to be the numbers of elements changed.
+        Changed elements include new elements that were added and elements
+        whose scores changed.
+
+        ``incr`` modifies ZADD to behave like ZINCRBY. In this mode only a
+        single element/score pair can be specified and the score is the amount
+        the existing score will be incremented by. When using this mode the
+        return value of ZADD will be the new score of the element.
+
+        ``LT`` Only update existing elements if the new score is less than
+        the current score. This flag doesn't prevent adding new elements.
+
+        ``GT`` Only update existing elements if the new score is greater than
+        the current score. This flag doesn't prevent adding new elements.
+
+        The return value of ZADD varies based on the mode specified. With no
+        options, ZADD returns the number of new elements added to the sorted
+        set.
+
+        ``NX``, ``LT``, and ``GT`` are mutually exclusive options.
+
+        See: https://redis.io/commands/ZADD
+        """
+        if not mapping:
+            raise DataError("ZADD requires at least one element/score pair")
+        if nx and xx:
+            raise DataError("ZADD allows either 'nx' or 'xx', not both")
+        if gt and lt:
+            raise DataError("ZADD allows either 'gt' or 'lt', not both")
+        if incr and len(mapping) != 1:
+            raise DataError(
+                "ZADD option 'incr' only works when passing a single element/score pair"
+            )
+        if nx and (gt or lt):
+            raise DataError("Only one of 'nx', 'lt', or 'gr' may be defined.")
+
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = []
+        options = {}
+        if nx:
+            pieces.append(b"NX")
+        if xx:
+            pieces.append(b"XX")
+        if ch:
+            pieces.append(b"CH")
+        if incr:
+            pieces.append(b"INCR")
+            options["as_score"] = True
+        if gt:
+            pieces.append(b"GT")
+        if lt:
+            pieces.append(b"LT")
+        for pair in mapping.items():
+            pieces.append(pair[1])
+            pieces.append(pair[0])
+        return self.execute_command("ZADD", name, *pieces, **options)
+
+    def zcard(self, name: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the number of elements in the sorted set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zcard
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZCARD", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def zcount(self, name: KeyT, min: ZScoreBoundT, max: ZScoreBoundT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of elements in the sorted set at key ``name`` with
+        a score between ``min`` and ``max``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zcount
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZCOUNT", name, min, max, keys=[name])
+
+    def zdiff(self, keys: KeysT, withscores: bool = False) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the difference between the first and all successive input
+        sorted sets provided in ``keys``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zdiff
+        """
+        pieces = [len(keys), *keys]
+        if withscores:
+            pieces.append("WITHSCORES")
+        return self.execute_command("ZDIFF", *pieces, keys=keys)
+
+    def zdiffstore(self, dest: KeyT, keys: KeysT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Computes the difference between the first and all successive input
+        sorted sets provided in ``keys`` and stores the result in ``dest``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zdiffstore
+        """
+        pieces = [len(keys), *keys]
+        return self.execute_command("ZDIFFSTORE", dest, *pieces)
+
+    def zincrby(self, name: KeyT, amount: float, value: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Increment the score of ``value`` in sorted set ``name`` by ``amount``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zincrby
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZINCRBY", name, amount, value)
+
+    def zinter(
+        self, keys: KeysT, aggregate: Union[str, None] = None, withscores: bool = False
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the intersect of multiple sorted sets specified by ``keys``.
+        With the ``aggregate`` option, it is possible to specify how the
+        results of the union are aggregated. This option defaults to SUM,
+        where the score of an element is summed across the inputs where it
+        exists. When this option is set to either MIN or MAX, the resulting
+        set will contain the minimum or maximum score of an element across
+        the inputs where it exists.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zinter
+        """
+        return self._zaggregate("ZINTER", None, keys, aggregate, withscores=withscores)
+
+    def zinterstore(
+        self,
+        dest: KeyT,
+        keys: Union[Sequence[KeyT], Mapping[AnyKeyT, float]],
+        aggregate: Union[str, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Intersect multiple sorted sets specified by ``keys`` into a new
+        sorted set, ``dest``. Scores in the destination will be aggregated
+        based on the ``aggregate``. This option defaults to SUM, where the
+        score of an element is summed across the inputs where it exists.
+        When this option is set to either MIN or MAX, the resulting set will
+        contain the minimum or maximum score of an element across the inputs
+        where it exists.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zinterstore
+        """
+        return self._zaggregate("ZINTERSTORE", dest, keys, aggregate)
+
+    def zintercard(
+        self, numkeys: int, keys: List[str], limit: int = 0
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Return the cardinality of the intersect of multiple sorted sets
+        specified by ``keys``.
+        When LIMIT provided (defaults to 0 and means unlimited), if the intersection
+        cardinality reaches limit partway through the computation, the algorithm will
+        exit and yield limit as the cardinality
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zintercard
+        """
+        args = [numkeys, *keys, "LIMIT", limit]
+        return self.execute_command("ZINTERCARD", *args, keys=keys)
+
+    def zlexcount(self, name, min, max):
+        """
+        Return the number of items in the sorted set ``name`` between the
+        lexicographical range ``min`` and ``max``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zlexcount
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZLEXCOUNT", name, min, max, keys=[name])
+
+    def zpopmax(self, name: KeyT, count: Union[int, None] = None) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove and return up to ``count`` members with the highest scores
+        from the sorted set ``name``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zpopmax
+        """
+        args = (count is not None) and [count] or []
+        options = {"withscores": True}
+        return self.execute_command("ZPOPMAX", name, *args, **options)
+
+    def zpopmin(self, name: KeyT, count: Union[int, None] = None) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove and return up to ``count`` members with the lowest scores
+        from the sorted set ``name``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zpopmin
+        """
+        args = (count is not None) and [count] or []
+        options = {"withscores": True}
+        return self.execute_command("ZPOPMIN", name, *args, **options)
+
+    def zrandmember(
+        self, key: KeyT, count: int = None, withscores: bool = False
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a random element from the sorted set value stored at key.
+
+        ``count`` if the argument is positive, return an array of distinct
+        fields. If called with a negative count, the behavior changes and
+        the command is allowed to return the same field multiple times.
+        In this case, the number of returned fields is the absolute value
+        of the specified count.
+
+        ``withscores`` The optional WITHSCORES modifier changes the reply so it
+        includes the respective scores of the randomly selected elements from
+        the sorted set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrandmember
+        """
+        params = []
+        if count is not None:
+            params.append(count)
+        if withscores:
+            params.append("WITHSCORES")
+
+        return self.execute_command("ZRANDMEMBER", key, *params)
+
+    def bzpopmax(self, keys: KeysT, timeout: TimeoutSecT = 0) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        ZPOPMAX a value off of the first non-empty sorted set
+        named in the ``keys`` list.
+
+        If none of the sorted sets in ``keys`` has a value to ZPOPMAX,
+        then block for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a member gets added
+        to one of the sorted sets.
+
+        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bzpopmax
+        """
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = 0
+        keys = list_or_args(keys, None)
+        keys.append(timeout)
+        return self.execute_command("BZPOPMAX", *keys)
+
+    def bzpopmin(self, keys: KeysT, timeout: TimeoutSecT = 0) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        ZPOPMIN a value off of the first non-empty sorted set
+        named in the ``keys`` list.
+
+        If none of the sorted sets in ``keys`` has a value to ZPOPMIN,
+        then block for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a member gets added
+        to one of the sorted sets.
+
+        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bzpopmin
+        """
+        if timeout is None:
+            timeout = 0
+        keys: list[EncodableT] = list_or_args(keys, None)
+        keys.append(timeout)
+        return self.execute_command("BZPOPMIN", *keys)
+
+    def zmpop(
+        self,
+        num_keys: int,
+        keys: List[str],
+        min: Optional[bool] = False,
+        max: Optional[bool] = False,
+        count: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[list], list]:
+        """
+        Pop ``count`` values (default 1) off of the first non-empty sorted set
+        named in the ``keys`` list.
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zmpop
+        """
+        args = [num_keys] + keys
+        if (min and max) or (not min and not max):
+            raise DataError
+        elif min:
+            args.append("MIN")
+        else:
+            args.append("MAX")
+        if count != 1:
+            args.extend(["COUNT", count])
+
+        return self.execute_command("ZMPOP", *args)
+
+    def bzmpop(
+        self,
+        timeout: float,
+        numkeys: int,
+        keys: List[str],
+        min: Optional[bool] = False,
+        max: Optional[bool] = False,
+        count: Optional[int] = 1,
+    ) -> Optional[list]:
+        """
+        Pop ``count`` values (default 1) off of the first non-empty sorted set
+        named in the ``keys`` list.
+
+        If none of the sorted sets in ``keys`` has a value to pop,
+        then block for ``timeout`` seconds, or until a member gets added
+        to one of the sorted sets.
+
+        If timeout is 0, then block indefinitely.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/bzmpop
+        """
+        args = [timeout, numkeys, *keys]
+        if (min and max) or (not min and not max):
+            raise DataError("Either min or max, but not both must be set")
+        elif min:
+            args.append("MIN")
+        else:
+            args.append("MAX")
+        args.extend(["COUNT", count])
+
+        return self.execute_command("BZMPOP", *args)
+
+    def _zrange(
+        self,
+        command,
+        dest: Union[KeyT, None],
+        name: KeyT,
+        start: int,
+        end: int,
+        desc: bool = False,
+        byscore: bool = False,
+        bylex: bool = False,
+        withscores: bool = False,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable, None] = float,
+        offset: Union[int, None] = None,
+        num: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        if byscore and bylex:
+            raise DataError("``byscore`` and ``bylex`` can not be specified together.")
+        if (offset is not None and num is None) or (num is not None and offset is None):
+            raise DataError("``offset`` and ``num`` must both be specified.")
+        if bylex and withscores:
+            raise DataError(
+                "``withscores`` not supported in combination with ``bylex``."
+            )
+        pieces = [command]
+        if dest:
+            pieces.append(dest)
+        pieces.extend([name, start, end])
+        if byscore:
+            pieces.append("BYSCORE")
+        if bylex:
+            pieces.append("BYLEX")
+        if desc:
+            pieces.append("REV")
+        if offset is not None and num is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["LIMIT", offset, num])
+        if withscores:
+            pieces.append("WITHSCORES")
+        options = {"withscores": withscores, "score_cast_func": score_cast_func}
+        options["keys"] = [name]
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces, **options)
+
+    def zrange(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        start: int,
+        end: int,
+        desc: bool = False,
+        withscores: bool = False,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable] = float,
+        byscore: bool = False,
+        bylex: bool = False,
+        offset: int = None,
+        num: int = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a range of values from sorted set ``name`` between
+        ``start`` and ``end`` sorted in ascending order.
+
+        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative, indicating the end of the range.
+
+        ``desc`` a boolean indicating whether to sort the results in reversed
+        order.
+
+        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values.
+        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs.
+
+        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value.
+
+        ``byscore`` when set to True, returns the range of elements from the
+        sorted set having scores equal or between ``start`` and ``end``.
+
+        ``bylex`` when set to True, returns the range of elements from the
+        sorted set between the ``start`` and ``end`` lexicographical closed
+        range intervals.
+        Valid ``start`` and ``end`` must start with ( or [, in order to specify
+        whether the range interval is exclusive or inclusive, respectively.
+
+        ``offset`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice of the range.
+        Can't be provided when using ``bylex``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrange
+        """
+        # Need to support ``desc`` also when using old redis version
+        # because it was supported in 3.5.3 (of redis-py)
+        if not byscore and not bylex and (offset is None and num is None) and desc:
+            return self.zrevrange(name, start, end, withscores, score_cast_func)
+
+        return self._zrange(
+            "ZRANGE",
+            None,
+            name,
+            start,
+            end,
+            desc,
+            byscore,
+            bylex,
+            withscores,
+            score_cast_func,
+            offset,
+            num,
+        )
+
+    def zrevrange(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        start: int,
+        end: int,
+        withscores: bool = False,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable] = float,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a range of values from sorted set ``name`` between
+        ``start`` and ``end`` sorted in descending order.
+
+        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative, indicating the end of the range.
+
+        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values
+        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs
+
+        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrevrange
+        """
+        pieces = ["ZREVRANGE", name, start, end]
+        if withscores:
+            pieces.append(b"WITHSCORES")
+        options = {"withscores": withscores, "score_cast_func": score_cast_func}
+        options["keys"] = name
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces, **options)
+
+    def zrangestore(
+        self,
+        dest: KeyT,
+        name: KeyT,
+        start: int,
+        end: int,
+        byscore: bool = False,
+        bylex: bool = False,
+        desc: bool = False,
+        offset: Union[int, None] = None,
+        num: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Stores in ``dest`` the result of a range of values from sorted set
+        ``name`` between ``start`` and ``end`` sorted in ascending order.
+
+        ``start`` and ``end`` can be negative, indicating the end of the range.
+
+        ``byscore`` when set to True, returns the range of elements from the
+        sorted set having scores equal or between ``start`` and ``end``.
+
+        ``bylex`` when set to True, returns the range of elements from the
+        sorted set between the ``start`` and ``end`` lexicographical closed
+        range intervals.
+        Valid ``start`` and ``end`` must start with ( or [, in order to specify
+        whether the range interval is exclusive or inclusive, respectively.
+
+        ``desc`` a boolean indicating whether to sort the results in reversed
+        order.
+
+        ``offset`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice of the range.
+        Can't be provided when using ``bylex``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrangestore
+        """
+        return self._zrange(
+            "ZRANGESTORE",
+            dest,
+            name,
+            start,
+            end,
+            desc,
+            byscore,
+            bylex,
+            False,
+            None,
+            offset,
+            num,
+        )
+
+    def zrangebylex(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        min: EncodableT,
+        max: EncodableT,
+        start: Union[int, None] = None,
+        num: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the lexicographical range of values from sorted set ``name``
+        between ``min`` and ``max``.
+
+        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice of the
+        range.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrangebylex
+        """
+        if (start is not None and num is None) or (num is not None and start is None):
+            raise DataError("``start`` and ``num`` must both be specified")
+        pieces = ["ZRANGEBYLEX", name, min, max]
+        if start is not None and num is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"LIMIT", start, num])
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def zrevrangebylex(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        max: EncodableT,
+        min: EncodableT,
+        start: Union[int, None] = None,
+        num: Union[int, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the reversed lexicographical range of values from sorted set
+        ``name`` between ``max`` and ``min``.
+
+        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice of the
+        range.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrevrangebylex
+        """
+        if (start is not None and num is None) or (num is not None and start is None):
+            raise DataError("``start`` and ``num`` must both be specified")
+        pieces = ["ZREVRANGEBYLEX", name, max, min]
+        if start is not None and num is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["LIMIT", start, num])
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def zrangebyscore(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        min: ZScoreBoundT,
+        max: ZScoreBoundT,
+        start: Union[int, None] = None,
+        num: Union[int, None] = None,
+        withscores: bool = False,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable] = float,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a range of values from the sorted set ``name`` with scores
+        between ``min`` and ``max``.
+
+        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice
+        of the range.
+
+        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values.
+        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs
+
+        `score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrangebyscore
+        """
+        if (start is not None and num is None) or (num is not None and start is None):
+            raise DataError("``start`` and ``num`` must both be specified")
+        pieces = ["ZRANGEBYSCORE", name, min, max]
+        if start is not None and num is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["LIMIT", start, num])
+        if withscores:
+            pieces.append("WITHSCORES")
+        options = {"withscores": withscores, "score_cast_func": score_cast_func}
+        options["keys"] = [name]
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces, **options)
+
+    def zrevrangebyscore(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        max: ZScoreBoundT,
+        min: ZScoreBoundT,
+        start: Union[int, None] = None,
+        num: Union[int, None] = None,
+        withscores: bool = False,
+        score_cast_func: Union[type, Callable] = float,
+    ):
+        """
+        Return a range of values from the sorted set ``name`` with scores
+        between ``min`` and ``max`` in descending order.
+
+        If ``start`` and ``num`` are specified, then return a slice
+        of the range.
+
+        ``withscores`` indicates to return the scores along with the values.
+        The return type is a list of (value, score) pairs
+
+        ``score_cast_func`` a callable used to cast the score return value
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrevrangebyscore
+        """
+        if (start is not None and num is None) or (num is not None and start is None):
+            raise DataError("``start`` and ``num`` must both be specified")
+        pieces = ["ZREVRANGEBYSCORE", name, max, min]
+        if start is not None and num is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["LIMIT", start, num])
+        if withscores:
+            pieces.append("WITHSCORES")
+        options = {"withscores": withscores, "score_cast_func": score_cast_func}
+        options["keys"] = [name]
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces, **options)
+
+    def zrank(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        value: EncodableT,
+        withscore: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a 0-based value indicating the rank of ``value`` in sorted set
+        ``name``.
+        The optional WITHSCORE argument supplements the command's
+        reply with the score of the element returned.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrank
+        """
+        if withscore:
+            return self.execute_command("ZRANK", name, value, "WITHSCORE", keys=[name])
+        return self.execute_command("ZRANK", name, value, keys=[name])
+
+    def zrem(self, name: KeyT, *values: FieldT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove member ``values`` from sorted set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrem
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZREM", name, *values)
+
+    def zremrangebylex(self, name: KeyT, min: EncodableT, max: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove all elements in the sorted set ``name`` between the
+        lexicographical range specified by ``min`` and ``max``.
+
+        Returns the number of elements removed.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zremrangebylex
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZREMRANGEBYLEX", name, min, max)
+
+    def zremrangebyrank(self, name: KeyT, min: int, max: int) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove all elements in the sorted set ``name`` with ranks between
+        ``min`` and ``max``. Values are 0-based, ordered from smallest score
+        to largest. Values can be negative indicating the highest scores.
+        Returns the number of elements removed
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zremrangebyrank
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZREMRANGEBYRANK", name, min, max)
+
+    def zremrangebyscore(
+        self, name: KeyT, min: ZScoreBoundT, max: ZScoreBoundT
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Remove all elements in the sorted set ``name`` with scores
+        between ``min`` and ``max``. Returns the number of elements removed.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zremrangebyscore
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZREMRANGEBYSCORE", name, min, max)
+
+    def zrevrank(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        value: EncodableT,
+        withscore: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a 0-based value indicating the descending rank of
+        ``value`` in sorted set ``name``.
+        The optional ``withscore`` argument supplements the command's
+        reply with the score of the element returned.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zrevrank
+        """
+        if withscore:
+            return self.execute_command(
+                "ZREVRANK", name, value, "WITHSCORE", keys=[name]
+            )
+        return self.execute_command("ZREVRANK", name, value, keys=[name])
+
+    def zscore(self, name: KeyT, value: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the score of element ``value`` in sorted set ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zscore
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("ZSCORE", name, value, keys=[name])
+
+    def zunion(
+        self,
+        keys: Union[Sequence[KeyT], Mapping[AnyKeyT, float]],
+        aggregate: Union[str, None] = None,
+        withscores: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the union of multiple sorted sets specified by ``keys``.
+        ``keys`` can be provided as dictionary of keys and their weights.
+        Scores will be aggregated based on the ``aggregate``, or SUM if
+        none is provided.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zunion
+        """
+        return self._zaggregate("ZUNION", None, keys, aggregate, withscores=withscores)
+
+    def zunionstore(
+        self,
+        dest: KeyT,
+        keys: Union[Sequence[KeyT], Mapping[AnyKeyT, float]],
+        aggregate: Union[str, None] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Union multiple sorted sets specified by ``keys`` into
+        a new sorted set, ``dest``. Scores in the destination will be
+        aggregated based on the ``aggregate``, or SUM if none is provided.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zunionstore
+        """
+        return self._zaggregate("ZUNIONSTORE", dest, keys, aggregate)
+
+    def zmscore(self, key: KeyT, members: List[str]) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the scores associated with the specified members
+        in the sorted set stored at key.
+        ``members`` should be a list of the member name.
+        Return type is a list of score.
+        If the member does not exist, a None will be returned
+        in corresponding position.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/zmscore
+        """
+        if not members:
+            raise DataError("ZMSCORE members must be a non-empty list")
+        pieces = [key] + members
+        return self.execute_command("ZMSCORE", *pieces, keys=[key])
+
+    def _zaggregate(
+        self,
+        command: str,
+        dest: Union[KeyT, None],
+        keys: Union[Sequence[KeyT], Mapping[AnyKeyT, float]],
+        aggregate: Union[str, None] = None,
+        **options,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [command]
+        if dest is not None:
+            pieces.append(dest)
+        pieces.append(len(keys))
+        if isinstance(keys, dict):
+            keys, weights = keys.keys(), keys.values()
+        else:
+            weights = None
+        pieces.extend(keys)
+        if weights:
+            pieces.append(b"WEIGHTS")
+            pieces.extend(weights)
+        if aggregate:
+            if aggregate.upper() in ["SUM", "MIN", "MAX"]:
+                pieces.append(b"AGGREGATE")
+                pieces.append(aggregate)
+            else:
+                raise DataError("aggregate can be sum, min or max.")
+        if options.get("withscores", False):
+            pieces.append(b"WITHSCORES")
+        options["keys"] = keys
+        return self.execute_command(*pieces, **options)
+
+
+AsyncSortedSetCommands = SortedSetCommands
+
+
+class HyperlogCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis commands of HyperLogLogs data type.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/data-types-intro#hyperloglogs
+    """
+
+    def pfadd(self, name: KeyT, *values: FieldT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Adds the specified elements to the specified HyperLogLog.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pfadd
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PFADD", name, *values)
+
+    def pfcount(self, *sources: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the approximated cardinality of
+        the set observed by the HyperLogLog at key(s).
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pfcount
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PFCOUNT", *sources)
+
+    def pfmerge(self, dest: KeyT, *sources: KeyT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Merge N different HyperLogLogs into a single one.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pfmerge
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PFMERGE", dest, *sources)
+
+
+AsyncHyperlogCommands = HyperlogCommands
+
+
+class HashDataPersistOptions(Enum):
+    # set the value for each provided key to each
+    # provided value only if all do not already exist.
+    FNX = "FNX"
+
+    # set the value for each provided key to each
+    # provided value only if all already exist.
+    FXX = "FXX"
+
+
+class HashCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis commands for Hash data type.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/data-types-intro#redis-hashes
+    """
+
+    def hdel(self, name: str, *keys: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Delete ``keys`` from hash ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hdel
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HDEL", name, *keys)
+
+    def hexists(self, name: str, key: str) -> Union[Awaitable[bool], bool]:
+        """
+        Returns a boolean indicating if ``key`` exists within hash ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hexists
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HEXISTS", name, key, keys=[name])
+
+    def hget(
+        self, name: str, key: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[Optional[str]], Optional[str]]:
+        """
+        Return the value of ``key`` within the hash ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hget
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HGET", name, key, keys=[name])
+
+    def hgetall(self, name: str) -> Union[Awaitable[dict], dict]:
+        """
+        Return a Python dict of the hash's name/value pairs
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hgetall
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HGETALL", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def hgetdel(
+        self, name: str, *keys: str
+    ) -> Union[
+        Awaitable[Optional[List[Union[str, bytes]]]], Optional[List[Union[str, bytes]]]
+    ]:
+        """
+        Return the value of ``key`` within the hash ``name`` and
+        delete the field in the hash.
+        This command is similar to HGET, except for the fact that it also deletes
+        the key on success from the hash with the provided ```name```.
+
+        Available since Redis 8.0
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hgetdel
+        """
+        if len(keys) == 0:
+            raise DataError("'hgetdel' should have at least one key provided")
+
+        return self.execute_command("HGETDEL", name, "FIELDS", len(keys), *keys)
+
+    def hgetex(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        *keys: str,
+        ex: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        px: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        exat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+        pxat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+        persist: bool = False,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Awaitable[Optional[List[Union[str, bytes]]]], Optional[List[Union[str, bytes]]]
+    ]:
+        """
+        Return the values of ``key`` and ``keys`` within the hash ``name``
+        and optionally set their expiration.
+
+        ``ex`` sets an expire flag on ``kyes`` for ``ex`` seconds.
+
+        ``px`` sets an expire flag on ``keys`` for ``px`` milliseconds.
+
+        ``exat`` sets an expire flag on ``keys`` for ``ex`` seconds,
+        specified in unix time.
+
+        ``pxat`` sets an expire flag on ``keys`` for ``ex`` milliseconds,
+        specified in unix time.
+
+        ``persist`` remove the time to live associated with the ``keys``.
+
+        Available since Redis 8.0
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hgetex
+        """
+        if not keys:
+            raise DataError("'hgetex' should have at least one key provided")
+
+        opset = {ex, px, exat, pxat}
+        if len(opset) > 2 or len(opset) > 1 and persist:
+            raise DataError(
+                "``ex``, ``px``, ``exat``, ``pxat``, "
+                "and ``persist`` are mutually exclusive."
+            )
+
+        exp_options: list[EncodableT] = extract_expire_flags(ex, px, exat, pxat)
+
+        if persist:
+            exp_options.append("PERSIST")
+
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HGETEX",
+            name,
+            *exp_options,
+            "FIELDS",
+            len(keys),
+            *keys,
+        )
+
+    def hincrby(
+        self, name: str, key: str, amount: int = 1
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Increment the value of ``key`` in hash ``name`` by ``amount``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hincrby
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HINCRBY", name, key, amount)
+
+    def hincrbyfloat(
+        self, name: str, key: str, amount: float = 1.0
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[float], float]:
+        """
+        Increment the value of ``key`` in hash ``name`` by floating ``amount``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hincrbyfloat
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HINCRBYFLOAT", name, key, amount)
+
+    def hkeys(self, name: str) -> Union[Awaitable[List], List]:
+        """
+        Return the list of keys within hash ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hkeys
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HKEYS", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def hlen(self, name: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Return the number of elements in hash ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hlen
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HLEN", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def hset(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        value: Optional[str] = None,
+        mapping: Optional[dict] = None,
+        items: Optional[list] = None,
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Set ``key`` to ``value`` within hash ``name``,
+        ``mapping`` accepts a dict of key/value pairs that will be
+        added to hash ``name``.
+        ``items`` accepts a list of key/value pairs that will be
+        added to hash ``name``.
+        Returns the number of fields that were added.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hset
+        """
+
+        if key is None and not mapping and not items:
+            raise DataError("'hset' with no key value pairs")
+
+        pieces = []
+        if items:
+            pieces.extend(items)
+        if key is not None:
+            pieces.extend((key, value))
+        if mapping:
+            for pair in mapping.items():
+                pieces.extend(pair)
+
+        return self.execute_command("HSET", name, *pieces)
+
+    def hsetex(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        value: Optional[str] = None,
+        mapping: Optional[dict] = None,
+        items: Optional[list] = None,
+        ex: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        px: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+        exat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+        pxat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+        data_persist_option: Optional[HashDataPersistOptions] = None,
+        keepttl: bool = False,
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Set ``key`` to ``value`` within hash ``name``
+
+        ``mapping`` accepts a dict of key/value pairs that will be
+        added to hash ``name``.
+
+        ``items`` accepts a list of key/value pairs that will be
+        added to hash ``name``.
+
+        ``ex`` sets an expire flag on ``keys`` for ``ex`` seconds.
+
+        ``px`` sets an expire flag on ``keys`` for ``px`` milliseconds.
+
+        ``exat`` sets an expire flag on ``keys`` for ``ex`` seconds,
+            specified in unix time.
+
+        ``pxat`` sets an expire flag on ``keys`` for ``ex`` milliseconds,
+            specified in unix time.
+
+        ``data_persist_option`` can be set to ``FNX`` or ``FXX`` to control the
+            behavior of the command.
+            ``FNX`` will set the value for each provided key to each
+                provided value only if all do not already exist.
+            ``FXX`` will set the value for each provided key to each
+                provided value only if all already exist.
+
+        ``keepttl`` if True, retain the time to live associated with the keys.
+
+        Returns the number of fields that were added.
+
+        Available since Redis 8.0
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hsetex
+        """
+        if key is None and not mapping and not items:
+            raise DataError("'hsetex' with no key value pairs")
+
+        if items and len(items) % 2 != 0:
+            raise DataError(
+                "'hsetex' with odd number of items. "
+                "'items' must contain a list of key/value pairs."
+            )
+
+        opset = {ex, px, exat, pxat}
+        if len(opset) > 2 or len(opset) > 1 and keepttl:
+            raise DataError(
+                "``ex``, ``px``, ``exat``, ``pxat``, "
+                "and ``keepttl`` are mutually exclusive."
+            )
+
+        exp_options: list[EncodableT] = extract_expire_flags(ex, px, exat, pxat)
+        if data_persist_option:
+            exp_options.append(data_persist_option.value)
+
+        if keepttl:
+            exp_options.append("KEEPTTL")
+
+        pieces = []
+        if items:
+            pieces.extend(items)
+        if key is not None:
+            pieces.extend((key, value))
+        if mapping:
+            for pair in mapping.items():
+                pieces.extend(pair)
+
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HSETEX", name, *exp_options, "FIELDS", int(len(pieces) / 2), *pieces
+        )
+
+    def hsetnx(self, name: str, key: str, value: str) -> Union[Awaitable[bool], bool]:
+        """
+        Set ``key`` to ``value`` within hash ``name`` if ``key`` does not
+        exist.  Returns 1 if HSETNX created a field, otherwise 0.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hsetnx
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HSETNX", name, key, value)
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="4.0.0",
+        reason="Use 'hset' instead.",
+        name="hmset",
+    )
+    def hmset(self, name: str, mapping: dict) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Set key to value within hash ``name`` for each corresponding
+        key and value from the ``mapping`` dict.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hmset
+        """
+        if not mapping:
+            raise DataError("'hmset' with 'mapping' of length 0")
+        items = []
+        for pair in mapping.items():
+            items.extend(pair)
+        return self.execute_command("HMSET", name, *items)
+
+    def hmget(self, name: str, keys: List, *args: List) -> Union[Awaitable[List], List]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of values ordered identically to ``keys``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hmget
+        """
+        args = list_or_args(keys, args)
+        return self.execute_command("HMGET", name, *args, keys=[name])
+
+    def hvals(self, name: str) -> Union[Awaitable[List], List]:
+        """
+        Return the list of values within hash ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hvals
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HVALS", name, keys=[name])
+
+    def hstrlen(self, name: str, key: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Return the number of bytes stored in the value of ``key``
+        within hash ``name``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/hstrlen
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HSTRLEN", name, key, keys=[name])
+
+    def hexpire(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        seconds: ExpiryT,
+        *fields: str,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets or updates the expiration time for fields within a hash key, using relative
+        time in seconds.
+
+        If a field already has an expiration time, the behavior of the update can be
+        controlled using the `nx`, `xx`, `gt`, and `lt` parameters.
+
+        The return value provides detailed information about the outcome for each field.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hexpire
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the hash key.
+            seconds: Expiration time in seconds, relative. Can be an integer, or a
+                     Python `timedelta` object.
+            fields: List of fields within the hash to apply the expiration time to.
+            nx: Set expiry only when the field has no expiry.
+            xx: Set expiry only when the field has an existing expiry.
+            gt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than the current one.
+            lt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than the current one.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `0` if the specified NX | XX | GT | LT condition was not met.
+                - `1` if the expiration time was set or updated.
+                - `2` if the field was deleted because the specified expiration time is
+                  in the past.
+        """
+        conditions = [nx, xx, gt, lt]
+        if sum(conditions) > 1:
+            raise ValueError("Only one of 'nx', 'xx', 'gt', 'lt' can be specified.")
+
+        if isinstance(seconds, datetime.timedelta):
+            seconds = int(seconds.total_seconds())
+
+        options = []
+        if nx:
+            options.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            options.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            options.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            options.append("LT")
+
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HEXPIRE", name, seconds, *options, "FIELDS", len(fields), *fields
+        )
+
+    def hpexpire(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        milliseconds: ExpiryT,
+        *fields: str,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets or updates the expiration time for fields within a hash key, using relative
+        time in milliseconds.
+
+        If a field already has an expiration time, the behavior of the update can be
+        controlled using the `nx`, `xx`, `gt`, and `lt` parameters.
+
+        The return value provides detailed information about the outcome for each field.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hpexpire
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the hash key.
+            milliseconds: Expiration time in milliseconds, relative. Can be an integer,
+                          or a Python `timedelta` object.
+            fields: List of fields within the hash to apply the expiration time to.
+            nx: Set expiry only when the field has no expiry.
+            xx: Set expiry only when the field has an existing expiry.
+            gt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than the current one.
+            lt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than the current one.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `0` if the specified NX | XX | GT | LT condition was not met.
+                - `1` if the expiration time was set or updated.
+                - `2` if the field was deleted because the specified expiration time is
+                  in the past.
+        """
+        conditions = [nx, xx, gt, lt]
+        if sum(conditions) > 1:
+            raise ValueError("Only one of 'nx', 'xx', 'gt', 'lt' can be specified.")
+
+        if isinstance(milliseconds, datetime.timedelta):
+            milliseconds = int(milliseconds.total_seconds() * 1000)
+
+        options = []
+        if nx:
+            options.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            options.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            options.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            options.append("LT")
+
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HPEXPIRE", name, milliseconds, *options, "FIELDS", len(fields), *fields
+        )
+
+    def hexpireat(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        unix_time_seconds: AbsExpiryT,
+        *fields: str,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets or updates the expiration time for fields within a hash key, using an
+        absolute Unix timestamp in seconds.
+
+        If a field already has an expiration time, the behavior of the update can be
+        controlled using the `nx`, `xx`, `gt`, and `lt` parameters.
+
+        The return value provides detailed information about the outcome for each field.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hexpireat
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the hash key.
+            unix_time_seconds: Expiration time as Unix timestamp in seconds. Can be an
+                               integer or a Python `datetime` object.
+            fields: List of fields within the hash to apply the expiration time to.
+            nx: Set expiry only when the field has no expiry.
+            xx: Set expiry only when the field has an existing expiration time.
+            gt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than the current one.
+            lt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than the current one.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `0` if the specified NX | XX | GT | LT condition was not met.
+                - `1` if the expiration time was set or updated.
+                - `2` if the field was deleted because the specified expiration time is
+                  in the past.
+        """
+        conditions = [nx, xx, gt, lt]
+        if sum(conditions) > 1:
+            raise ValueError("Only one of 'nx', 'xx', 'gt', 'lt' can be specified.")
+
+        if isinstance(unix_time_seconds, datetime.datetime):
+            unix_time_seconds = int(unix_time_seconds.timestamp())
+
+        options = []
+        if nx:
+            options.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            options.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            options.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            options.append("LT")
+
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HEXPIREAT",
+            name,
+            unix_time_seconds,
+            *options,
+            "FIELDS",
+            len(fields),
+            *fields,
+        )
+
+    def hpexpireat(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        unix_time_milliseconds: AbsExpiryT,
+        *fields: str,
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        gt: bool = False,
+        lt: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Sets or updates the expiration time for fields within a hash key, using an
+        absolute Unix timestamp in milliseconds.
+
+        If a field already has an expiration time, the behavior of the update can be
+        controlled using the `nx`, `xx`, `gt`, and `lt` parameters.
+
+        The return value provides detailed information about the outcome for each field.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hpexpireat
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the hash key.
+            unix_time_milliseconds: Expiration time as Unix timestamp in milliseconds.
+                                    Can be an integer or a Python `datetime` object.
+            fields: List of fields within the hash to apply the expiry.
+            nx: Set expiry only when the field has no expiry.
+            xx: Set expiry only when the field has an existing expiry.
+            gt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is greater than the current one.
+            lt: Set expiry only when the new expiry is less than the current one.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `0` if the specified NX | XX | GT | LT condition was not met.
+                - `1` if the expiration time was set or updated.
+                - `2` if the field was deleted because the specified expiration time is
+                  in the past.
+        """
+        conditions = [nx, xx, gt, lt]
+        if sum(conditions) > 1:
+            raise ValueError("Only one of 'nx', 'xx', 'gt', 'lt' can be specified.")
+
+        if isinstance(unix_time_milliseconds, datetime.datetime):
+            unix_time_milliseconds = int(unix_time_milliseconds.timestamp() * 1000)
+
+        options = []
+        if nx:
+            options.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            options.append("XX")
+        if gt:
+            options.append("GT")
+        if lt:
+            options.append("LT")
+
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HPEXPIREAT",
+            name,
+            unix_time_milliseconds,
+            *options,
+            "FIELDS",
+            len(fields),
+            *fields,
+        )
+
+    def hpersist(self, name: KeyT, *fields: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Removes the expiration time for each specified field in a hash.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hpersist
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the hash key.
+            fields: A list of fields within the hash from which to remove the
+                    expiration time.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `-1` if the field exists but has no associated expiration time.
+                - `1` if the expiration time was successfully removed from the field.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("HPERSIST", name, "FIELDS", len(fields), *fields)
+
+    def hexpiretime(self, key: KeyT, *fields: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the expiration times of hash fields as Unix timestamps in seconds.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hexpiretime
+
+        Args:
+            key: The hash key.
+            fields: A list of fields within the hash for which to get the expiration
+                    time.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `-1` if the field exists but has no associated expire time.
+                - A positive integer representing the expiration Unix timestamp in
+                  seconds, if the field has an associated expiration time.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HEXPIRETIME", key, "FIELDS", len(fields), *fields, keys=[key]
+        )
+
+    def hpexpiretime(self, key: KeyT, *fields: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the expiration times of hash fields as Unix timestamps in milliseconds.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hpexpiretime
+
+        Args:
+            key: The hash key.
+            fields: A list of fields within the hash for which to get the expiration
+                    time.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `-1` if the field exists but has no associated expire time.
+                - A positive integer representing the expiration Unix timestamp in
+                  milliseconds, if the field has an associated expiration time.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HPEXPIRETIME", key, "FIELDS", len(fields), *fields, keys=[key]
+        )
+
+    def httl(self, key: KeyT, *fields: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the TTL (Time To Live) in seconds for each specified field within a hash
+        key.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/httl
+
+        Args:
+            key: The hash key.
+            fields: A list of fields within the hash for which to get the TTL.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `-1` if the field exists but has no associated expire time.
+                - A positive integer representing the TTL in seconds if the field has
+                  an associated expiration time.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HTTL", key, "FIELDS", len(fields), *fields, keys=[key]
+        )
+
+    def hpttl(self, key: KeyT, *fields: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the TTL (Time To Live) in milliseconds for each specified field within a
+        hash key.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/hpttl
+
+        Args:
+            key: The hash key.
+            fields: A list of fields within the hash for which to get the TTL.
+
+        Returns:
+            Returns a list which contains for each field in the request:
+                - `-2` if the field does not exist, or if the key does not exist.
+                - `-1` if the field exists but has no associated expire time.
+                - A positive integer representing the TTL in milliseconds if the field
+                  has an associated expiration time.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "HPTTL", key, "FIELDS", len(fields), *fields, keys=[key]
+        )
+
+
+AsyncHashCommands = HashCommands
+
+
+class Script:
+    """
+    An executable Lua script object returned by ``register_script``
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, registered_client: "redis.client.Redis", script: ScriptTextT):
+        self.registered_client = registered_client
+        self.script = script
+        # Precalculate and store the SHA1 hex digest of the script.
+
+        if isinstance(script, str):
+            # We need the encoding from the client in order to generate an
+            # accurate byte representation of the script
+            encoder = self.get_encoder()
+            script = encoder.encode(script)
+        self.sha = hashlib.sha1(script).hexdigest()
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        keys: Union[Sequence[KeyT], None] = None,
+        args: Union[Iterable[EncodableT], None] = None,
+        client: Union["redis.client.Redis", None] = None,
+    ):
+        """Execute the script, passing any required ``args``"""
+        keys = keys or []
+        args = args or []
+        if client is None:
+            client = self.registered_client
+        args = tuple(keys) + tuple(args)
+        # make sure the Redis server knows about the script
+        from redis.client import Pipeline
+
+        if isinstance(client, Pipeline):
+            # Make sure the pipeline can register the script before executing.
+            client.scripts.add(self)
+        try:
+            return client.evalsha(self.sha, len(keys), *args)
+        except NoScriptError:
+            # Maybe the client is pointed to a different server than the client
+            # that created this instance?
+            # Overwrite the sha just in case there was a discrepancy.
+            self.sha = client.script_load(self.script)
+            return client.evalsha(self.sha, len(keys), *args)
+
+    def get_encoder(self):
+        """Get the encoder to encode string scripts into bytes."""
+        try:
+            return self.registered_client.get_encoder()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # DEPRECATED
+            # In version <=4.1.2, this was the code we used to get the encoder.
+            # However, after 4.1.2 we added support for scripting in clustered
+            # redis. ClusteredRedis doesn't have a `.connection_pool` attribute
+            # so we changed the Script class to use
+            # `self.registered_client.get_encoder` (see above).
+            # However, that is technically a breaking change, as consumers who
+            # use Scripts directly might inject a `registered_client` that
+            # doesn't have a `.get_encoder` field. This try/except prevents us
+            # from breaking backward-compatibility. Ideally, it would be
+            # removed in the next major release.
+            return self.registered_client.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+
+
+class AsyncScript:
+    """
+    An executable Lua script object returned by ``register_script``
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registered_client: "redis.asyncio.client.Redis",
+        script: ScriptTextT,
+    ):
+        self.registered_client = registered_client
+        self.script = script
+        # Precalculate and store the SHA1 hex digest of the script.
+
+        if isinstance(script, str):
+            # We need the encoding from the client in order to generate an
+            # accurate byte representation of the script
+            try:
+                encoder = registered_client.connection_pool.get_encoder()
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Cluster
+                encoder = registered_client.get_encoder()
+            script = encoder.encode(script)
+        self.sha = hashlib.sha1(script).hexdigest()
+
+    async def __call__(
+        self,
+        keys: Union[Sequence[KeyT], None] = None,
+        args: Union[Iterable[EncodableT], None] = None,
+        client: Union["redis.asyncio.client.Redis", None] = None,
+    ):
+        """Execute the script, passing any required ``args``"""
+        keys = keys or []
+        args = args or []
+        if client is None:
+            client = self.registered_client
+        args = tuple(keys) + tuple(args)
+        # make sure the Redis server knows about the script
+        from redis.asyncio.client import Pipeline
+
+        if isinstance(client, Pipeline):
+            # Make sure the pipeline can register the script before executing.
+            client.scripts.add(self)
+        try:
+            return await client.evalsha(self.sha, len(keys), *args)
+        except NoScriptError:
+            # Maybe the client is pointed to a different server than the client
+            # that created this instance?
+            # Overwrite the sha just in case there was a discrepancy.
+            self.sha = await client.script_load(self.script)
+            return await client.evalsha(self.sha, len(keys), *args)
+
+
+class PubSubCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis PubSub commands.
+    see https://redis.io/topics/pubsub
+    """
+
+    def publish(self, channel: ChannelT, message: EncodableT, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Publish ``message`` on ``channel``.
+        Returns the number of subscribers the message was delivered to.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/publish
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PUBLISH", channel, message, **kwargs)
+
+    def spublish(self, shard_channel: ChannelT, message: EncodableT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Posts a message to the given shard channel.
+        Returns the number of clients that received the message
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/spublish
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SPUBLISH", shard_channel, message)
+
+    def pubsub_channels(self, pattern: PatternT = "*", **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a list of channels that have at least one subscriber
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pubsub-channels
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PUBSUB CHANNELS", pattern, **kwargs)
+
+    def pubsub_shardchannels(self, pattern: PatternT = "*", **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a list of shard_channels that have at least one subscriber
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pubsub-shardchannels
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PUBSUB SHARDCHANNELS", pattern, **kwargs)
+
+    def pubsub_numpat(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns the number of subscriptions to patterns
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pubsub-numpat
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PUBSUB NUMPAT", **kwargs)
+
+    def pubsub_numsub(self, *args: ChannelT, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a list of (channel, number of subscribers) tuples
+        for each channel given in ``*args``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pubsub-numsub
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PUBSUB NUMSUB", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def pubsub_shardnumsub(self, *args: ChannelT, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return a list of (shard_channel, number of subscribers) tuples
+        for each channel given in ``*args``
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/pubsub-shardnumsub
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("PUBSUB SHARDNUMSUB", *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+AsyncPubSubCommands = PubSubCommands
+
+
+class ScriptCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis Lua script commands. see:
+    https://redis.io/ebook/part-3-next-steps/chapter-11-scripting-redis-with-lua/
+    """
+
+    def _eval(
+        self, command: str, script: str, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        return self.execute_command(command, script, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def eval(
+        self, script: str, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Execute the Lua ``script``, specifying the ``numkeys`` the script
+        will touch and the key names and argument values in ``keys_and_args``.
+        Returns the result of the script.
+
+        In practice, use the object returned by ``register_script``. This
+        function exists purely for Redis API completion.
+
+        For more information see  https://redis.io/commands/eval
+        """
+        return self._eval("EVAL", script, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def eval_ro(
+        self, script: str, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        The read-only variant of the EVAL command
+
+        Execute the read-only Lua ``script`` specifying the ``numkeys`` the script
+        will touch and the key names and argument values in ``keys_and_args``.
+        Returns the result of the script.
+
+        For more information see  https://redis.io/commands/eval_ro
+        """
+        return self._eval("EVAL_RO", script, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def _evalsha(
+        self, command: str, sha: str, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: list
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        return self.execute_command(command, sha, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def evalsha(
+        self, sha: str, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Use the ``sha`` to execute a Lua script already registered via EVAL
+        or SCRIPT LOAD. Specify the ``numkeys`` the script will touch and the
+        key names and argument values in ``keys_and_args``. Returns the result
+        of the script.
+
+        In practice, use the object returned by ``register_script``. This
+        function exists purely for Redis API completion.
+
+        For more information see  https://redis.io/commands/evalsha
+        """
+        return self._evalsha("EVALSHA", sha, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def evalsha_ro(
+        self, sha: str, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: str
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        The read-only variant of the EVALSHA command
+
+        Use the ``sha`` to execute a read-only Lua script already registered via EVAL
+        or SCRIPT LOAD. Specify the ``numkeys`` the script will touch and the
+        key names and argument values in ``keys_and_args``. Returns the result
+        of the script.
+
+        For more information see  https://redis.io/commands/evalsha_ro
+        """
+        return self._evalsha("EVALSHA_RO", sha, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def script_exists(self, *args: str) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Check if a script exists in the script cache by specifying the SHAs of
+        each script as ``args``. Returns a list of boolean values indicating if
+        if each already script exists in the cache_data.
+
+        For more information see  https://redis.io/commands/script-exists
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SCRIPT EXISTS", *args)
+
+    def script_debug(self, *args) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "SCRIPT DEBUG is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def script_flush(
+        self, sync_type: Union[Literal["SYNC"], Literal["ASYNC"]] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """Flush all scripts from the script cache_data.
+
+        ``sync_type`` is by default SYNC (synchronous) but it can also be
+                      ASYNC.
+
+        For more information see  https://redis.io/commands/script-flush
+        """
+
+        # Redis pre 6 had no sync_type.
+        if sync_type not in ["SYNC", "ASYNC", None]:
+            raise DataError(
+                "SCRIPT FLUSH defaults to SYNC in redis > 6.2, or "
+                "accepts SYNC/ASYNC. For older versions, "
+                "of redis leave as None."
+            )
+        if sync_type is None:
+            pieces = []
+        else:
+            pieces = [sync_type]
+        return self.execute_command("SCRIPT FLUSH", *pieces)
+
+    def script_kill(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Kill the currently executing Lua script
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/script-kill
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SCRIPT KILL")
+
+    def script_load(self, script: ScriptTextT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Load a Lua ``script`` into the script cache_data. Returns the SHA.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/script-load
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SCRIPT LOAD", script)
+
+    def register_script(self: "redis.client.Redis", script: ScriptTextT) -> Script:
+        """
+        Register a Lua ``script`` specifying the ``keys`` it will touch.
+        Returns a Script object that is callable and hides the complexity of
+        deal with scripts, keys, and shas. This is the preferred way to work
+        with Lua scripts.
+        """
+        return Script(self, script)
+
+
+class AsyncScriptCommands(ScriptCommands):
+    async def script_debug(self, *args) -> None:
+        return super().script_debug()
+
+    def register_script(
+        self: "redis.asyncio.client.Redis",
+        script: ScriptTextT,
+    ) -> AsyncScript:
+        """
+        Register a Lua ``script`` specifying the ``keys`` it will touch.
+        Returns a Script object that is callable and hides the complexity of
+        deal with scripts, keys, and shas. This is the preferred way to work
+        with Lua scripts.
+        """
+        return AsyncScript(self, script)
+
+
+class GeoCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis Geospatial commands.
+    see: https://redis.com/redis-best-practices/indexing-patterns/geospatial/
+    """
+
+    def geoadd(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        values: Sequence[EncodableT],
+        nx: bool = False,
+        xx: bool = False,
+        ch: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Add the specified geospatial items to the specified key identified
+        by the ``name`` argument. The Geospatial items are given as ordered
+        members of the ``values`` argument, each item or place is formed by
+        the triad longitude, latitude and name.
+
+        Note: You can use ZREM to remove elements.
+
+        ``nx`` forces ZADD to only create new elements and not to update
+        scores for elements that already exist.
+
+        ``xx`` forces ZADD to only update scores of elements that already
+        exist. New elements will not be added.
+
+        ``ch`` modifies the return value to be the numbers of elements changed.
+        Changed elements include new elements that were added and elements
+        whose scores changed.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/geoadd
+        """
+        if nx and xx:
+            raise DataError("GEOADD allows either 'nx' or 'xx', not both")
+        if len(values) % 3 != 0:
+            raise DataError("GEOADD requires places with lon, lat and name values")
+        pieces = [name]
+        if nx:
+            pieces.append("NX")
+        if xx:
+            pieces.append("XX")
+        if ch:
+            pieces.append("CH")
+        pieces.extend(values)
+        return self.execute_command("GEOADD", *pieces)
+
+    def geodist(
+        self, name: KeyT, place1: FieldT, place2: FieldT, unit: Union[str, None] = None
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the distance between ``place1`` and ``place2`` members of the
+        ``name`` key.
+        The units must be one of the following : m, km mi, ft. By default
+        meters are used.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/geodist
+        """
+        pieces: list[EncodableT] = [name, place1, place2]
+        if unit and unit not in ("m", "km", "mi", "ft"):
+            raise DataError("GEODIST invalid unit")
+        elif unit:
+            pieces.append(unit)
+        return self.execute_command("GEODIST", *pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def geohash(self, name: KeyT, *values: FieldT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the geo hash string for each item of ``values`` members of
+        the specified key identified by the ``name`` argument.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/geohash
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("GEOHASH", name, *values, keys=[name])
+
+    def geopos(self, name: KeyT, *values: FieldT) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the positions of each item of ``values`` as members of
+        the specified key identified by the ``name`` argument. Each position
+        is represented by the pairs lon and lat.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/geopos
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("GEOPOS", name, *values, keys=[name])
+
+    def georadius(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        longitude: float,
+        latitude: float,
+        radius: float,
+        unit: Union[str, None] = None,
+        withdist: bool = False,
+        withcoord: bool = False,
+        withhash: bool = False,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        sort: Union[str, None] = None,
+        store: Union[KeyT, None] = None,
+        store_dist: Union[KeyT, None] = None,
+        any: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the members of the specified key identified by the
+        ``name`` argument which are within the borders of the area specified
+        with the ``latitude`` and ``longitude`` location and the maximum
+        distance from the center specified by the ``radius`` value.
+
+        The units must be one of the following : m, km mi, ft. By default
+
+        ``withdist`` indicates to return the distances of each place.
+
+        ``withcoord`` indicates to return the latitude and longitude of
+        each place.
+
+        ``withhash`` indicates to return the geohash string of each place.
+
+        ``count`` indicates to return the number of elements up to N.
+
+        ``sort`` indicates to return the places in a sorted way, ASC for
+        nearest to fairest and DESC for fairest to nearest.
+
+        ``store`` indicates to save the places names in a sorted set named
+        with a specific key, each element of the destination sorted set is
+        populated with the score got from the original geo sorted set.
+
+        ``store_dist`` indicates to save the places names in a sorted set
+        named with a specific key, instead of ``store`` the sorted set
+        destination score is set with the distance.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/georadius
+        """
+        return self._georadiusgeneric(
+            "GEORADIUS",
+            name,
+            longitude,
+            latitude,
+            radius,
+            unit=unit,
+            withdist=withdist,
+            withcoord=withcoord,
+            withhash=withhash,
+            count=count,
+            sort=sort,
+            store=store,
+            store_dist=store_dist,
+            any=any,
+        )
+
+    def georadiusbymember(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        member: FieldT,
+        radius: float,
+        unit: Union[str, None] = None,
+        withdist: bool = False,
+        withcoord: bool = False,
+        withhash: bool = False,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        sort: Union[str, None] = None,
+        store: Union[KeyT, None] = None,
+        store_dist: Union[KeyT, None] = None,
+        any: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        This command is exactly like ``georadius`` with the sole difference
+        that instead of taking, as the center of the area to query, a longitude
+        and latitude value, it takes the name of a member already existing
+        inside the geospatial index represented by the sorted set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/georadiusbymember
+        """
+        return self._georadiusgeneric(
+            "GEORADIUSBYMEMBER",
+            name,
+            member,
+            radius,
+            unit=unit,
+            withdist=withdist,
+            withcoord=withcoord,
+            withhash=withhash,
+            count=count,
+            sort=sort,
+            store=store,
+            store_dist=store_dist,
+            any=any,
+        )
+
+    def _georadiusgeneric(
+        self, command: str, *args: EncodableT, **kwargs: Union[EncodableT, None]
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        pieces = list(args)
+        if kwargs["unit"] and kwargs["unit"] not in ("m", "km", "mi", "ft"):
+            raise DataError("GEORADIUS invalid unit")
+        elif kwargs["unit"]:
+            pieces.append(kwargs["unit"])
+        else:
+            pieces.append("m")
+
+        if kwargs["any"] and kwargs["count"] is None:
+            raise DataError("``any`` can't be provided without ``count``")
+
+        for arg_name, byte_repr in (
+            ("withdist", "WITHDIST"),
+            ("withcoord", "WITHCOORD"),
+            ("withhash", "WITHHASH"),
+        ):
+            if kwargs[arg_name]:
+                pieces.append(byte_repr)
+
+        if kwargs["count"] is not None:
+            pieces.extend(["COUNT", kwargs["count"]])
+            if kwargs["any"]:
+                pieces.append("ANY")
+
+        if kwargs["sort"]:
+            if kwargs["sort"] == "ASC":
+                pieces.append("ASC")
+            elif kwargs["sort"] == "DESC":
+                pieces.append("DESC")
+            else:
+                raise DataError("GEORADIUS invalid sort")
+
+        if kwargs["store"] and kwargs["store_dist"]:
+            raise DataError("GEORADIUS store and store_dist cant be set together")
+
+        if kwargs["store"]:
+            pieces.extend([b"STORE", kwargs["store"]])
+
+        if kwargs["store_dist"]:
+            pieces.extend([b"STOREDIST", kwargs["store_dist"]])
+
+        return self.execute_command(command, *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+    def geosearch(
+        self,
+        name: KeyT,
+        member: Union[FieldT, None] = None,
+        longitude: Union[float, None] = None,
+        latitude: Union[float, None] = None,
+        unit: str = "m",
+        radius: Union[float, None] = None,
+        width: Union[float, None] = None,
+        height: Union[float, None] = None,
+        sort: Union[str, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        any: bool = False,
+        withcoord: bool = False,
+        withdist: bool = False,
+        withhash: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Return the members of specified key identified by the
+        ``name`` argument, which are within the borders of the
+        area specified by a given shape. This command extends the
+        GEORADIUS command, so in addition to searching within circular
+        areas, it supports searching within rectangular areas.
+
+        This command should be used in place of the deprecated
+        GEORADIUS and GEORADIUSBYMEMBER commands.
+
+        ``member`` Use the position of the given existing
+         member in the sorted set. Can't be given with ``longitude``
+         and ``latitude``.
+
+        ``longitude`` and ``latitude`` Use the position given by
+        this coordinates. Can't be given with ``member``
+        ``radius`` Similar to GEORADIUS, search inside circular
+        area according the given radius. Can't be given with
+        ``height`` and ``width``.
+        ``height`` and ``width`` Search inside an axis-aligned
+        rectangle, determined by the given height and width.
+        Can't be given with ``radius``
+
+        ``unit`` must be one of the following : m, km, mi, ft.
+        `m` for meters (the default value), `km` for kilometers,
+        `mi` for miles and `ft` for feet.
+
+        ``sort`` indicates to return the places in a sorted way,
+        ASC for nearest to furthest and DESC for furthest to nearest.
+
+        ``count`` limit the results to the first count matching items.
+
+        ``any`` is set to True, the command will return as soon as
+        enough matches are found. Can't be provided without ``count``
+
+        ``withdist`` indicates to return the distances of each place.
+        ``withcoord`` indicates to return the latitude and longitude of
+        each place.
+
+        ``withhash`` indicates to return the geohash string of each place.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/geosearch
+        """
+
+        return self._geosearchgeneric(
+            "GEOSEARCH",
+            name,
+            member=member,
+            longitude=longitude,
+            latitude=latitude,
+            unit=unit,
+            radius=radius,
+            width=width,
+            height=height,
+            sort=sort,
+            count=count,
+            any=any,
+            withcoord=withcoord,
+            withdist=withdist,
+            withhash=withhash,
+            store=None,
+            store_dist=None,
+        )
+
+    def geosearchstore(
+        self,
+        dest: KeyT,
+        name: KeyT,
+        member: Union[FieldT, None] = None,
+        longitude: Union[float, None] = None,
+        latitude: Union[float, None] = None,
+        unit: str = "m",
+        radius: Union[float, None] = None,
+        width: Union[float, None] = None,
+        height: Union[float, None] = None,
+        sort: Union[str, None] = None,
+        count: Union[int, None] = None,
+        any: bool = False,
+        storedist: bool = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        This command is like GEOSEARCH, but stores the result in
+        ``dest``. By default, it stores the results in the destination
+        sorted set with their geospatial information.
+        if ``store_dist`` set to True, the command will stores the
+        items in a sorted set populated with their distance from the
+        center of the circle or box, as a floating-point number.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/geosearchstore
+        """
+        return self._geosearchgeneric(
+            "GEOSEARCHSTORE",
+            dest,
+            name,
+            member=member,
+            longitude=longitude,
+            latitude=latitude,
+            unit=unit,
+            radius=radius,
+            width=width,
+            height=height,
+            sort=sort,
+            count=count,
+            any=any,
+            withcoord=None,
+            withdist=None,
+            withhash=None,
+            store=None,
+            store_dist=storedist,
+        )
+
+    def _geosearchgeneric(
+        self, command: str, *args: EncodableT, **kwargs: Union[EncodableT, None]
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        pieces = list(args)
+
+        # FROMMEMBER or FROMLONLAT
+        if kwargs["member"] is None:
+            if kwargs["longitude"] is None or kwargs["latitude"] is None:
+                raise DataError("GEOSEARCH must have member or longitude and latitude")
+        if kwargs["member"]:
+            if kwargs["longitude"] or kwargs["latitude"]:
+                raise DataError(
+                    "GEOSEARCH member and longitude or latitude cant be set together"
+                )
+            pieces.extend([b"FROMMEMBER", kwargs["member"]])
+        if kwargs["longitude"] is not None and kwargs["latitude"] is not None:
+            pieces.extend([b"FROMLONLAT", kwargs["longitude"], kwargs["latitude"]])
+
+        # BYRADIUS or BYBOX
+        if kwargs["radius"] is None:
+            if kwargs["width"] is None or kwargs["height"] is None:
+                raise DataError("GEOSEARCH must have radius or width and height")
+        if kwargs["unit"] is None:
+            raise DataError("GEOSEARCH must have unit")
+        if kwargs["unit"].lower() not in ("m", "km", "mi", "ft"):
+            raise DataError("GEOSEARCH invalid unit")
+        if kwargs["radius"]:
+            if kwargs["width"] or kwargs["height"]:
+                raise DataError(
+                    "GEOSEARCH radius and width or height cant be set together"
+                )
+            pieces.extend([b"BYRADIUS", kwargs["radius"], kwargs["unit"]])
+        if kwargs["width"] and kwargs["height"]:
+            pieces.extend([b"BYBOX", kwargs["width"], kwargs["height"], kwargs["unit"]])
+
+        # sort
+        if kwargs["sort"]:
+            if kwargs["sort"].upper() == "ASC":
+                pieces.append(b"ASC")
+            elif kwargs["sort"].upper() == "DESC":
+                pieces.append(b"DESC")
+            else:
+                raise DataError("GEOSEARCH invalid sort")
+
+        # count any
+        if kwargs["count"]:
+            pieces.extend([b"COUNT", kwargs["count"]])
+            if kwargs["any"]:
+                pieces.append(b"ANY")
+        elif kwargs["any"]:
+            raise DataError("GEOSEARCH ``any`` can't be provided without count")
+
+        # other properties
+        for arg_name, byte_repr in (
+            ("withdist", b"WITHDIST"),
+            ("withcoord", b"WITHCOORD"),
+            ("withhash", b"WITHHASH"),
+            ("store_dist", b"STOREDIST"),
+        ):
+            if kwargs[arg_name]:
+                pieces.append(byte_repr)
+
+        kwargs["keys"] = [args[0] if command == "GEOSEARCH" else args[1]]
+
+        return self.execute_command(command, *pieces, **kwargs)
+
+
+AsyncGeoCommands = GeoCommands
+
+
+class ModuleCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Redis Module commands.
+    see: https://redis.io/topics/modules-intro
+    """
+
+    def module_load(self, path, *args) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Loads the module from ``path``.
+        Passes all ``*args`` to the module, during loading.
+        Raises ``ModuleError`` if a module is not found at ``path``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/module-load
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("MODULE LOAD", path, *args)
+
+    def module_loadex(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        options: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        args: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Loads a module from a dynamic library at runtime with configuration directives.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/module-loadex
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        if options is not None:
+            pieces.append("CONFIG")
+            pieces.extend(options)
+        if args is not None:
+            pieces.append("ARGS")
+            pieces.extend(args)
+
+        return self.execute_command("MODULE LOADEX", path, *pieces)
+
+    def module_unload(self, name) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Unloads the module ``name``.
+        Raises ``ModuleError`` if ``name`` is not in loaded modules.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/module-unload
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("MODULE UNLOAD", name)
+
+    def module_list(self) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Returns a list of dictionaries containing the name and version of
+        all loaded modules.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/module-list
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("MODULE LIST")
+
+    def command_info(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "COMMAND INFO is intentionally not implemented in the client."
+        )
+
+    def command_count(self) -> ResponseT:
+        return self.execute_command("COMMAND COUNT")
+
+    def command_getkeys(self, *args) -> ResponseT:
+        return self.execute_command("COMMAND GETKEYS", *args)
+
+    def command(self) -> ResponseT:
+        return self.execute_command("COMMAND")
+
+
+class AsyncModuleCommands(ModuleCommands):
+    async def command_info(self) -> None:
+        return super().command_info()
+
+
+class ClusterCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """
+    Class for Redis Cluster commands
+    """
+
+    def cluster(self, cluster_arg, *args, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        return self.execute_command(f"CLUSTER {cluster_arg.upper()}", *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def readwrite(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Disables read queries for a connection to a Redis Cluster slave node.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/readwrite
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("READWRITE", **kwargs)
+
+    def readonly(self, **kwargs) -> ResponseT:
+        """
+        Enables read queries for a connection to a Redis Cluster replica node.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/readonly
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("READONLY", **kwargs)
+
+
+AsyncClusterCommands = ClusterCommands
+
+
+class FunctionCommands:
+    """
+    Redis Function commands
+    """
+
+    def function_load(
+        self, code: str, replace: Optional[bool] = False
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Load a library to Redis.
+        :param code: the source code (must start with
+        Shebang statement that provides a metadata about the library)
+        :param replace: changes the behavior to overwrite the existing library
+        with the new contents.
+        Return the library name that was loaded.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/function-load
+        """
+        pieces = ["REPLACE"] if replace else []
+        pieces.append(code)
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION LOAD", *pieces)
+
+    def function_delete(self, library: str) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Delete the library called ``library`` and all its functions.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/function-delete
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION DELETE", library)
+
+    def function_flush(self, mode: str = "SYNC") -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Deletes all the libraries.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/function-flush
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION FLUSH", mode)
+
+    def function_list(
+        self, library: Optional[str] = "*", withcode: Optional[bool] = False
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[List], List]:
+        """
+        Return information about the functions and libraries.
+
+        Args:
+
+            library: specify a pattern for matching library names
+            withcode: cause the server to include the libraries source implementation
+                in the reply
+        """
+        args = ["LIBRARYNAME", library]
+        if withcode:
+            args.append("WITHCODE")
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION LIST", *args)
+
+    def _fcall(
+        self, command: str, function, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: Any
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        return self.execute_command(command, function, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def fcall(
+        self, function, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: Any
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Invoke a function.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/fcall
+        """
+        return self._fcall("FCALL", function, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def fcall_ro(
+        self, function, numkeys: int, *keys_and_args: Any
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        This is a read-only variant of the FCALL command that cannot
+        execute commands that modify data.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/fcall_ro
+        """
+        return self._fcall("FCALL_RO", function, numkeys, *keys_and_args)
+
+    def function_dump(self) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Return the serialized payload of loaded libraries.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/function-dump
+        """
+        from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE
+
+        options = {}
+        options[NEVER_DECODE] = []
+
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION DUMP", **options)
+
+    def function_restore(
+        self, payload: str, policy: Optional[str] = "APPEND"
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Restore libraries from the serialized ``payload``.
+        You can use the optional policy argument to provide a policy
+        for handling existing libraries.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/function-restore
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION RESTORE", payload, policy)
+
+    def function_kill(self) -> Union[Awaitable[str], str]:
+        """
+        Kill a function that is currently executing.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/function-kill
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION KILL")
+
+    def function_stats(self) -> Union[Awaitable[List], List]:
+        """
+        Return information about the function that's currently running
+        and information about the available execution engines.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/function-stats
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("FUNCTION STATS")
+
+
+AsyncFunctionCommands = FunctionCommands
+
+
+class DataAccessCommands(
+    BasicKeyCommands,
+    HyperlogCommands,
+    HashCommands,
+    GeoCommands,
+    ListCommands,
+    ScanCommands,
+    SetCommands,
+    StreamCommands,
+    SortedSetCommands,
+):
+    """
+    A class containing all of the implemented data access redis commands.
+    This class is to be used as a mixin for synchronous Redis clients.
+    """
+
+
+class AsyncDataAccessCommands(
+    AsyncBasicKeyCommands,
+    AsyncHyperlogCommands,
+    AsyncHashCommands,
+    AsyncGeoCommands,
+    AsyncListCommands,
+    AsyncScanCommands,
+    AsyncSetCommands,
+    AsyncStreamCommands,
+    AsyncSortedSetCommands,
+):
+    """
+    A class containing all of the implemented data access redis commands.
+    This class is to be used as a mixin for asynchronous Redis clients.
+    """
+
+
+class CoreCommands(
+    ACLCommands,
+    ClusterCommands,
+    DataAccessCommands,
+    ManagementCommands,
+    ModuleCommands,
+    PubSubCommands,
+    ScriptCommands,
+    FunctionCommands,
+):
+    """
+    A class containing all of the implemented redis commands. This class is
+    to be used as a mixin for synchronous Redis clients.
+    """
+
+
+class AsyncCoreCommands(
+    AsyncACLCommands,
+    AsyncClusterCommands,
+    AsyncDataAccessCommands,
+    AsyncManagementCommands,
+    AsyncModuleCommands,
+    AsyncPubSubCommands,
+    AsyncScriptCommands,
+    AsyncFunctionCommands,
+):
+    """
+    A class containing all of the implemented redis commands. This class is
+    to be used as a mixin for asynchronous Redis clients.
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/helpers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..859a43ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import copy
+import random
+import string
+from typing import List, Tuple
+
+import redis
+from redis.typing import KeysT, KeyT
+
+
+def list_or_args(keys: KeysT, args: Tuple[KeyT, ...]) -> List[KeyT]:
+    # returns a single new list combining keys and args
+    try:
+        iter(keys)
+        # a string or bytes instance can be iterated, but indicates
+        # keys wasn't passed as a list
+        if isinstance(keys, (bytes, str)):
+            keys = [keys]
+        else:
+            keys = list(keys)
+    except TypeError:
+        keys = [keys]
+    if args:
+        keys.extend(args)
+    return keys
+
+
+def nativestr(x):
+    """Return the decoded binary string, or a string, depending on type."""
+    r = x.decode("utf-8", "replace") if isinstance(x, bytes) else x
+    if r == "null":
+        return
+    return r
+
+
+def delist(x):
+    """Given a list of binaries, return the stringified version."""
+    if x is None:
+        return x
+    return [nativestr(obj) for obj in x]
+
+
+def parse_to_list(response):
+    """Optimistically parse the response to a list."""
+    res = []
+
+    special_values = {"infinity", "nan", "-infinity"}
+
+    if response is None:
+        return res
+
+    for item in response:
+        if item is None:
+            res.append(None)
+            continue
+        try:
+            item_str = nativestr(item)
+        except TypeError:
+            res.append(None)
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(item_str, str) and item_str.lower() in special_values:
+            res.append(item_str)  # Keep as string
+        else:
+            try:
+                res.append(int(item))
+            except ValueError:
+                try:
+                    res.append(float(item))
+                except ValueError:
+                    res.append(item_str)
+
+    return res
+
+
+def parse_list_to_dict(response):
+    res = {}
+    for i in range(0, len(response), 2):
+        if isinstance(response[i], list):
+            res["Child iterators"].append(parse_list_to_dict(response[i]))
+            try:
+                if isinstance(response[i + 1], list):
+                    res["Child iterators"].append(parse_list_to_dict(response[i + 1]))
+            except IndexError:
+                pass
+        elif isinstance(response[i + 1], list):
+            res["Child iterators"] = [parse_list_to_dict(response[i + 1])]
+        else:
+            try:
+                res[response[i]] = float(response[i + 1])
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                res[response[i]] = response[i + 1]
+    return res
+
+
+def random_string(length=10):
+    """
+    Returns a random N character long string.
+    """
+    return "".join(  # nosec
+        random.choice(string.ascii_lowercase) for x in range(length)
+    )
+
+
+def decode_dict_keys(obj):
+    """Decode the keys of the given dictionary with utf-8."""
+    newobj = copy.copy(obj)
+    for k in obj.keys():
+        if isinstance(k, bytes):
+            newobj[k.decode("utf-8")] = newobj[k]
+            newobj.pop(k)
+    return newobj
+
+
+def get_protocol_version(client):
+    if isinstance(client, redis.Redis) or isinstance(client, redis.asyncio.Redis):
+        return client.connection_pool.connection_kwargs.get("protocol")
+    elif isinstance(client, redis.cluster.AbstractRedisCluster):
+        return client.nodes_manager.connection_kwargs.get("protocol")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e717b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+from json import JSONDecodeError, JSONDecoder, JSONEncoder
+
+import redis
+
+from ..helpers import get_protocol_version, nativestr
+from .commands import JSONCommands
+from .decoders import bulk_of_jsons, decode_list
+
+
+class JSON(JSONCommands):
+    """
+    Create a client for talking to json.
+
+    :param decoder:
+    :type json.JSONDecoder: An instance of json.JSONDecoder
+
+    :param encoder:
+    :type json.JSONEncoder: An instance of json.JSONEncoder
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, client, version=None, decoder=JSONDecoder(), encoder=JSONEncoder()
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a client for talking to json.
+
+        :param decoder:
+        :type json.JSONDecoder: An instance of json.JSONDecoder
+
+        :param encoder:
+        :type json.JSONEncoder: An instance of json.JSONEncoder
+        """
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        self._MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            "JSON.ARRPOP": self._decode,
+            "JSON.DEBUG": self._decode,
+            "JSON.GET": self._decode,
+            "JSON.MERGE": lambda r: r and nativestr(r) == "OK",
+            "JSON.MGET": bulk_of_jsons(self._decode),
+            "JSON.MSET": lambda r: r and nativestr(r) == "OK",
+            "JSON.RESP": self._decode,
+            "JSON.SET": lambda r: r and nativestr(r) == "OK",
+            "JSON.TOGGLE": self._decode,
+        }
+
+        _RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            "JSON.ARRAPPEND": self._decode,
+            "JSON.ARRINDEX": self._decode,
+            "JSON.ARRINSERT": self._decode,
+            "JSON.ARRLEN": self._decode,
+            "JSON.ARRTRIM": self._decode,
+            "JSON.CLEAR": int,
+            "JSON.DEL": int,
+            "JSON.FORGET": int,
+            "JSON.GET": self._decode,
+            "JSON.NUMINCRBY": self._decode,
+            "JSON.NUMMULTBY": self._decode,
+            "JSON.OBJKEYS": self._decode,
+            "JSON.STRAPPEND": self._decode,
+            "JSON.OBJLEN": self._decode,
+            "JSON.STRLEN": self._decode,
+            "JSON.TOGGLE": self._decode,
+        }
+
+        _RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+        self.MODULE_VERSION = version
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for key, value in self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(key, value)
+
+        self.__encoder__ = encoder
+        self.__decoder__ = decoder
+
+    def _decode(self, obj):
+        """Get the decoder."""
+        if obj is None:
+            return obj
+
+        try:
+            x = self.__decoder__.decode(obj)
+            if x is None:
+                raise TypeError
+            return x
+        except TypeError:
+            try:
+                return self.__decoder__.decode(obj.decode())
+            except AttributeError:
+                return decode_list(obj)
+        except (AttributeError, JSONDecodeError):
+            return decode_list(obj)
+
+    def _encode(self, obj):
+        """Get the encoder."""
+        return self.__encoder__.encode(obj)
+
+    def pipeline(self, transaction=True, shard_hint=None):
+        """Creates a pipeline for the JSON module, that can be used for executing
+        JSON commands, as well as classic core commands.
+
+        Usage example:
+
+        r = redis.Redis()
+        pipe = r.json().pipeline()
+        pipe.jsonset('foo', '.', {'hello!': 'world'})
+        pipe.jsonget('foo')
+        pipe.jsonget('notakey')
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.client, redis.RedisCluster):
+            p = ClusterPipeline(
+                nodes_manager=self.client.nodes_manager,
+                commands_parser=self.client.commands_parser,
+                startup_nodes=self.client.nodes_manager.startup_nodes,
+                result_callbacks=self.client.result_callbacks,
+                cluster_response_callbacks=self.client.cluster_response_callbacks,
+                cluster_error_retry_attempts=self.client.retry.get_retries(),
+                read_from_replicas=self.client.read_from_replicas,
+                reinitialize_steps=self.client.reinitialize_steps,
+                lock=self.client._lock,
+            )
+
+        else:
+            p = Pipeline(
+                connection_pool=self.client.connection_pool,
+                response_callbacks=self._MODULE_CALLBACKS,
+                transaction=transaction,
+                shard_hint=shard_hint,
+            )
+
+        p._encode = self._encode
+        p._decode = self._decode
+        return p
+
+
+class ClusterPipeline(JSONCommands, redis.cluster.ClusterPipeline):
+    """Cluster pipeline for the module."""
+
+
+class Pipeline(JSONCommands, redis.client.Pipeline):
+    """Pipeline for the module."""
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/__pycache__/path.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/__pycache__/path.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/_util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3400bcd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
+
+JsonType = Union[str, int, float, bool, None, Dict[str, Any], List[Any]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/commands.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da879df6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+import os
+from json import JSONDecodeError, loads
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from redis.exceptions import DataError
+from redis.utils import deprecated_function
+
+from ._util import JsonType
+from .decoders import decode_dict_keys
+from .path import Path
+
+
+class JSONCommands:
+    """json commands."""
+
+    def arrappend(
+        self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path(), *args: List[JsonType]
+    ) -> List[Union[int, None]]:
+        """Append the objects ``args`` to the array under the
+        ``path` in key ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.ARRAPPEND <https://redis.io/commands/json.arrappend>`_..
+        """  # noqa
+        pieces = [name, str(path)]
+        for o in args:
+            pieces.append(self._encode(o))
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.ARRAPPEND", *pieces)
+
+    def arrindex(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        path: str,
+        scalar: int,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        stop: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> List[Union[int, None]]:
+        """
+        Return the index of ``scalar`` in the JSON array under ``path`` at key
+        ``name``.
+
+        The search can be limited using the optional inclusive ``start``
+        and exclusive ``stop`` indices.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.ARRINDEX <https://redis.io/commands/json.arrindex>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        pieces = [name, str(path), self._encode(scalar)]
+        if start is not None:
+            pieces.append(start)
+            if stop is not None:
+                pieces.append(stop)
+
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.ARRINDEX", *pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def arrinsert(
+        self, name: str, path: str, index: int, *args: List[JsonType]
+    ) -> List[Union[int, None]]:
+        """Insert the objects ``args`` to the array at index ``index``
+        under the ``path` in key ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.ARRINSERT <https://redis.io/commands/json.arrinsert>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        pieces = [name, str(path), index]
+        for o in args:
+            pieces.append(self._encode(o))
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.ARRINSERT", *pieces)
+
+    def arrlen(
+        self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()
+    ) -> List[Union[int, None]]:
+        """Return the length of the array JSON value under ``path``
+        at key``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.ARRLEN <https://redis.io/commands/json.arrlen>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.ARRLEN", name, str(path), keys=[name])
+
+    def arrpop(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path(),
+        index: Optional[int] = -1,
+    ) -> List[Union[str, None]]:
+        """Pop the element at ``index`` in the array JSON value under
+        ``path`` at key ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.ARRPOP <https://redis.io/commands/json.arrpop>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.ARRPOP", name, str(path), index)
+
+    def arrtrim(
+        self, name: str, path: str, start: int, stop: int
+    ) -> List[Union[int, None]]:
+        """Trim the array JSON value under ``path`` at key ``name`` to the
+        inclusive range given by ``start`` and ``stop``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.ARRTRIM <https://redis.io/commands/json.arrtrim>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.ARRTRIM", name, str(path), start, stop)
+
+    def type(self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()) -> List[str]:
+        """Get the type of the JSON value under ``path`` from key ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.TYPE <https://redis.io/commands/json.type>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.TYPE", name, str(path), keys=[name])
+
+    def resp(self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()) -> List:
+        """Return the JSON value under ``path`` at key ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.RESP <https://redis.io/commands/json.resp>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.RESP", name, str(path), keys=[name])
+
+    def objkeys(
+        self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()
+    ) -> List[Union[List[str], None]]:
+        """Return the key names in the dictionary JSON value under ``path`` at
+        key ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.OBJKEYS <https://redis.io/commands/json.objkeys>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.OBJKEYS", name, str(path), keys=[name])
+
+    def objlen(
+        self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()
+    ) -> List[Optional[int]]:
+        """Return the length of the dictionary JSON value under ``path`` at key
+        ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.OBJLEN <https://redis.io/commands/json.objlen>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.OBJLEN", name, str(path), keys=[name])
+
+    def numincrby(self, name: str, path: str, number: int) -> str:
+        """Increment the numeric (integer or floating point) JSON value under
+        ``path`` at key ``name`` by the provided ``number``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.NUMINCRBY <https://redis.io/commands/json.numincrby>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "JSON.NUMINCRBY", name, str(path), self._encode(number)
+        )
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="4.0.0", reason="deprecated since redisjson 1.0.0")
+    def nummultby(self, name: str, path: str, number: int) -> str:
+        """Multiply the numeric (integer or floating point) JSON value under
+        ``path`` at key ``name`` with the provided ``number``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.NUMMULTBY <https://redis.io/commands/json.nummultby>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(
+            "JSON.NUMMULTBY", name, str(path), self._encode(number)
+        )
+
+    def clear(self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()) -> int:
+        """Empty arrays and objects (to have zero slots/keys without deleting the
+        array/object).
+
+        Return the count of cleared paths (ignoring non-array and non-objects
+        paths).
+
+        For more information see `JSON.CLEAR <https://redis.io/commands/json.clear>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.CLEAR", name, str(path))
+
+    def delete(self, key: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()) -> int:
+        """Delete the JSON value stored at key ``key`` under ``path``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.DEL <https://redis.io/commands/json.del>`_.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.DEL", key, str(path))
+
+    # forget is an alias for delete
+    forget = delete
+
+    def get(
+        self, name: str, *args, no_escape: Optional[bool] = False
+    ) -> Optional[List[JsonType]]:
+        """
+        Get the object stored as a JSON value at key ``name``.
+
+        ``args`` is zero or more paths, and defaults to root path
+        ```no_escape`` is a boolean flag to add no_escape option to get
+        non-ascii characters
+
+        For more information see `JSON.GET <https://redis.io/commands/json.get>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        pieces = [name]
+        if no_escape:
+            pieces.append("noescape")
+
+        if len(args) == 0:
+            pieces.append(Path.root_path())
+
+        else:
+            for p in args:
+                pieces.append(str(p))
+
+        # Handle case where key doesn't exist. The JSONDecoder would raise a
+        # TypeError exception since it can't decode None
+        try:
+            return self.execute_command("JSON.GET", *pieces, keys=[name])
+        except TypeError:
+            return None
+
+    def mget(self, keys: List[str], path: str) -> List[JsonType]:
+        """
+        Get the objects stored as a JSON values under ``path``. ``keys``
+        is a list of one or more keys.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.MGET <https://redis.io/commands/json.mget>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        pieces = []
+        pieces += keys
+        pieces.append(str(path))
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.MGET", *pieces, keys=keys)
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        path: str,
+        obj: JsonType,
+        nx: Optional[bool] = False,
+        xx: Optional[bool] = False,
+        decode_keys: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Set the JSON value at key ``name`` under the ``path`` to ``obj``.
+
+        ``nx`` if set to True, set ``value`` only if it does not exist.
+        ``xx`` if set to True, set ``value`` only if it exists.
+        ``decode_keys`` If set to True, the keys of ``obj`` will be decoded
+        with utf-8.
+
+        For the purpose of using this within a pipeline, this command is also
+        aliased to JSON.SET.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.SET <https://redis.io/commands/json.set>`_.
+        """
+        if decode_keys:
+            obj = decode_dict_keys(obj)
+
+        pieces = [name, str(path), self._encode(obj)]
+
+        # Handle existential modifiers
+        if nx and xx:
+            raise Exception(
+                "nx and xx are mutually exclusive: use one, the "
+                "other or neither - but not both"
+            )
+        elif nx:
+            pieces.append("NX")
+        elif xx:
+            pieces.append("XX")
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.SET", *pieces)
+
+    def mset(self, triplets: List[Tuple[str, str, JsonType]]) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Set the JSON value at key ``name`` under the ``path`` to ``obj``
+        for one or more keys.
+
+        ``triplets`` is a list of one or more triplets of key, path, value.
+
+        For the purpose of using this within a pipeline, this command is also
+        aliased to JSON.MSET.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.MSET <https://redis.io/commands/json.mset>`_.
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        for triplet in triplets:
+            pieces.extend([triplet[0], str(triplet[1]), self._encode(triplet[2])])
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.MSET", *pieces)
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        path: str,
+        obj: JsonType,
+        decode_keys: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Merges a given JSON value into matching paths. Consequently, JSON values
+        at matching paths are updated, deleted, or expanded with new children
+
+        ``decode_keys`` If set to True, the keys of ``obj`` will be decoded
+        with utf-8.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.MERGE <https://redis.io/commands/json.merge>`_.
+        """
+        if decode_keys:
+            obj = decode_dict_keys(obj)
+
+        pieces = [name, str(path), self._encode(obj)]
+
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.MERGE", *pieces)
+
+    def set_file(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        path: str,
+        file_name: str,
+        nx: Optional[bool] = False,
+        xx: Optional[bool] = False,
+        decode_keys: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """
+        Set the JSON value at key ``name`` under the ``path`` to the content
+        of the json file ``file_name``.
+
+        ``nx`` if set to True, set ``value`` only if it does not exist.
+        ``xx`` if set to True, set ``value`` only if it exists.
+        ``decode_keys`` If set to True, the keys of ``obj`` will be decoded
+        with utf-8.
+
+        """
+
+        with open(file_name) as fp:
+            file_content = loads(fp.read())
+
+        return self.set(name, path, file_content, nx=nx, xx=xx, decode_keys=decode_keys)
+
+    def set_path(
+        self,
+        json_path: str,
+        root_folder: str,
+        nx: Optional[bool] = False,
+        xx: Optional[bool] = False,
+        decode_keys: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> Dict[str, bool]:
+        """
+        Iterate over ``root_folder`` and set each JSON file to a value
+        under ``json_path`` with the file name as the key.
+
+        ``nx`` if set to True, set ``value`` only if it does not exist.
+        ``xx`` if set to True, set ``value`` only if it exists.
+        ``decode_keys`` If set to True, the keys of ``obj`` will be decoded
+        with utf-8.
+
+        """
+        set_files_result = {}
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(root_folder):
+            for file in files:
+                file_path = os.path.join(root, file)
+                try:
+                    file_name = file_path.rsplit(".")[0]
+                    self.set_file(
+                        file_name,
+                        json_path,
+                        file_path,
+                        nx=nx,
+                        xx=xx,
+                        decode_keys=decode_keys,
+                    )
+                    set_files_result[file_path] = True
+                except JSONDecodeError:
+                    set_files_result[file_path] = False
+
+        return set_files_result
+
+    def strlen(self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = None) -> List[Union[int, None]]:
+        """Return the length of the string JSON value under ``path`` at key
+        ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.STRLEN <https://redis.io/commands/json.strlen>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        pieces = [name]
+        if path is not None:
+            pieces.append(str(path))
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.STRLEN", *pieces, keys=[name])
+
+    def toggle(
+        self, name: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()
+    ) -> Union[bool, List[Optional[int]]]:
+        """Toggle boolean value under ``path`` at key ``name``.
+        returning the new value.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.TOGGLE <https://redis.io/commands/json.toggle>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.TOGGLE", name, str(path))
+
+    def strappend(
+        self, name: str, value: str, path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path()
+    ) -> Union[int, List[Optional[int]]]:
+        """Append to the string JSON value. If two options are specified after
+        the key name, the path is determined to be the first. If a single
+        option is passed, then the root_path (i.e Path.root_path()) is used.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.STRAPPEND <https://redis.io/commands/json.strappend>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        pieces = [name, str(path), self._encode(value)]
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.STRAPPEND", *pieces)
+
+    def debug(
+        self,
+        subcommand: str,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        path: Optional[str] = Path.root_path(),
+    ) -> Union[int, List[str]]:
+        """Return the memory usage in bytes of a value under ``path`` from
+        key ``name``.
+
+        For more information see `JSON.DEBUG <https://redis.io/commands/json.debug>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        valid_subcommands = ["MEMORY", "HELP"]
+        if subcommand not in valid_subcommands:
+            raise DataError("The only valid subcommands are ", str(valid_subcommands))
+        pieces = [subcommand]
+        if subcommand == "MEMORY":
+            if key is None:
+                raise DataError("No key specified")
+            pieces.append(key)
+            pieces.append(str(path))
+        return self.execute_command("JSON.DEBUG", *pieces)
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="4.0.0", reason="redisjson-py supported this, call get directly."
+    )
+    def jsonget(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.get(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="4.0.0", reason="redisjson-py supported this, call get directly."
+    )
+    def jsonmget(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.mget(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="4.0.0", reason="redisjson-py supported this, call get directly."
+    )
+    def jsonset(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.set(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/decoders.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/decoders.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9384711
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/decoders.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import copy
+import re
+
+from ..helpers import nativestr
+
+
+def bulk_of_jsons(d):
+    """Replace serialized JSON values with objects in a
+    bulk array response (list).
+    """
+
+    def _f(b):
+        for index, item in enumerate(b):
+            if item is not None:
+                b[index] = d(item)
+        return b
+
+    return _f
+
+
+def decode_dict_keys(obj):
+    """Decode the keys of the given dictionary with utf-8."""
+    newobj = copy.copy(obj)
+    for k in obj.keys():
+        if isinstance(k, bytes):
+            newobj[k.decode("utf-8")] = newobj[k]
+            newobj.pop(k)
+    return newobj
+
+
+def unstring(obj):
+    """
+    Attempt to parse string to native integer formats.
+    One can't simply call int/float in a try/catch because there is a
+    semantic difference between (for example) 15.0 and 15.
+    """
+    floatreg = "^\\d+.\\d+$"
+    match = re.findall(floatreg, obj)
+    if match != []:
+        return float(match[0])
+
+    intreg = "^\\d+$"
+    match = re.findall(intreg, obj)
+    if match != []:
+        return int(match[0])
+    return obj
+
+
+def decode_list(b):
+    """
+    Given a non-deserializable object, make a best effort to
+    return a useful set of results.
+    """
+    if isinstance(b, list):
+        return [nativestr(obj) for obj in b]
+    elif isinstance(b, bytes):
+        return unstring(nativestr(b))
+    elif isinstance(b, str):
+        return unstring(b)
+    return b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/path.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/path.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfb0ab2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/json/path.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+class Path:
+    """This class represents a path in a JSON value."""
+
+    strPath = ""
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def root_path():
+        """Return the root path's string representation."""
+        return "."
+
+    def __init__(self, path):
+        """Make a new path based on the string representation in `path`."""
+        self.strPath = path
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.strPath
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/redismodules.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/redismodules.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e253b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/redismodules.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+from json import JSONDecoder, JSONEncoder
+
+
+class RedisModuleCommands:
+    """This class contains the wrapper functions to bring supported redis
+    modules into the command namespace.
+    """
+
+    def json(self, encoder=JSONEncoder(), decoder=JSONDecoder()):
+        """Access the json namespace, providing support for redis json."""
+
+        from .json import JSON
+
+        jj = JSON(client=self, encoder=encoder, decoder=decoder)
+        return jj
+
+    def ft(self, index_name="idx"):
+        """Access the search namespace, providing support for redis search."""
+
+        from .search import Search
+
+        s = Search(client=self, index_name=index_name)
+        return s
+
+    def ts(self):
+        """Access the timeseries namespace, providing support for
+        redis timeseries data.
+        """
+
+        from .timeseries import TimeSeries
+
+        s = TimeSeries(client=self)
+        return s
+
+    def bf(self):
+        """Access the bloom namespace."""
+
+        from .bf import BFBloom
+
+        bf = BFBloom(client=self)
+        return bf
+
+    def cf(self):
+        """Access the bloom namespace."""
+
+        from .bf import CFBloom
+
+        cf = CFBloom(client=self)
+        return cf
+
+    def cms(self):
+        """Access the bloom namespace."""
+
+        from .bf import CMSBloom
+
+        cms = CMSBloom(client=self)
+        return cms
+
+    def topk(self):
+        """Access the bloom namespace."""
+
+        from .bf import TOPKBloom
+
+        topk = TOPKBloom(client=self)
+        return topk
+
+    def tdigest(self):
+        """Access the bloom namespace."""
+
+        from .bf import TDigestBloom
+
+        tdigest = TDigestBloom(client=self)
+        return tdigest
+
+    def vset(self):
+        """Access the VectorSet commands namespace."""
+
+        from .vectorset import VectorSet
+
+        vset = VectorSet(client=self)
+        return vset
+
+
+class AsyncRedisModuleCommands(RedisModuleCommands):
+    def ft(self, index_name="idx"):
+        """Access the search namespace, providing support for redis search."""
+
+        from .search import AsyncSearch
+
+        s = AsyncSearch(client=self, index_name=index_name)
+        return s
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2bb23b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+import redis
+
+from ...asyncio.client import Pipeline as AsyncioPipeline
+from .commands import (
+    AGGREGATE_CMD,
+    CONFIG_CMD,
+    INFO_CMD,
+    PROFILE_CMD,
+    SEARCH_CMD,
+    SPELLCHECK_CMD,
+    SYNDUMP_CMD,
+    AsyncSearchCommands,
+    SearchCommands,
+)
+
+
+class Search(SearchCommands):
+    """
+    Create a client for talking to search.
+    It abstracts the API of the module and lets you just use the engine.
+    """
+
+    class BatchIndexer:
+        """
+        A batch indexer allows you to automatically batch
+        document indexing in pipelines, flushing it every N documents.
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, client, chunk_size=1000):
+            self.client = client
+            self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+            self._pipeline = client.pipeline(transaction=False, shard_hint=None)
+            self.total = 0
+            self.chunk_size = chunk_size
+            self.current_chunk = 0
+
+        def __del__(self):
+            if self.current_chunk:
+                self.commit()
+
+        def add_document(
+            self,
+            doc_id,
+            nosave=False,
+            score=1.0,
+            payload=None,
+            replace=False,
+            partial=False,
+            no_create=False,
+            **fields,
+        ):
+            """
+            Add a document to the batch query
+            """
+            self.client._add_document(
+                doc_id,
+                conn=self._pipeline,
+                nosave=nosave,
+                score=score,
+                payload=payload,
+                replace=replace,
+                partial=partial,
+                no_create=no_create,
+                **fields,
+            )
+            self.current_chunk += 1
+            self.total += 1
+            if self.current_chunk >= self.chunk_size:
+                self.commit()
+
+        def add_document_hash(self, doc_id, score=1.0, replace=False):
+            """
+            Add a hash to the batch query
+            """
+            self.client._add_document_hash(
+                doc_id, conn=self._pipeline, score=score, replace=replace
+            )
+            self.current_chunk += 1
+            self.total += 1
+            if self.current_chunk >= self.chunk_size:
+                self.commit()
+
+        def commit(self):
+            """
+            Manually commit and flush the batch indexing query
+            """
+            self._pipeline.execute()
+            self.current_chunk = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, client, index_name="idx"):
+        """
+        Create a new Client for the given index_name.
+        The default name is `idx`
+
+        If conn is not None, we employ an already existing redis connection
+        """
+        self._MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+        self.client = client
+        self.index_name = index_name
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+        self._pipeline = client.pipeline
+        self._RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            INFO_CMD: self._parse_info,
+            SEARCH_CMD: self._parse_search,
+            AGGREGATE_CMD: self._parse_aggregate,
+            PROFILE_CMD: self._parse_profile,
+            SPELLCHECK_CMD: self._parse_spellcheck,
+            CONFIG_CMD: self._parse_config_get,
+            SYNDUMP_CMD: self._parse_syndump,
+        }
+
+    def pipeline(self, transaction=True, shard_hint=None):
+        """Creates a pipeline for the SEARCH module, that can be used for executing
+        SEARCH commands, as well as classic core commands.
+        """
+        p = Pipeline(
+            connection_pool=self.client.connection_pool,
+            response_callbacks=self._MODULE_CALLBACKS,
+            transaction=transaction,
+            shard_hint=shard_hint,
+        )
+        p.index_name = self.index_name
+        return p
+
+
+class AsyncSearch(Search, AsyncSearchCommands):
+    class BatchIndexer(Search.BatchIndexer):
+        """
+        A batch indexer allows you to automatically batch
+        document indexing in pipelines, flushing it every N documents.
+        """
+
+        async def add_document(
+            self,
+            doc_id,
+            nosave=False,
+            score=1.0,
+            payload=None,
+            replace=False,
+            partial=False,
+            no_create=False,
+            **fields,
+        ):
+            """
+            Add a document to the batch query
+            """
+            self.client._add_document(
+                doc_id,
+                conn=self._pipeline,
+                nosave=nosave,
+                score=score,
+                payload=payload,
+                replace=replace,
+                partial=partial,
+                no_create=no_create,
+                **fields,
+            )
+            self.current_chunk += 1
+            self.total += 1
+            if self.current_chunk >= self.chunk_size:
+                await self.commit()
+
+        async def commit(self):
+            """
+            Manually commit and flush the batch indexing query
+            """
+            await self._pipeline.execute()
+            self.current_chunk = 0
+
+    def pipeline(self, transaction=True, shard_hint=None):
+        """Creates a pipeline for the SEARCH module, that can be used for executing
+        SEARCH commands, as well as classic core commands.
+        """
+        p = AsyncPipeline(
+            connection_pool=self.client.connection_pool,
+            response_callbacks=self._MODULE_CALLBACKS,
+            transaction=transaction,
+            shard_hint=shard_hint,
+        )
+        p.index_name = self.index_name
+        return p
+
+
+class Pipeline(SearchCommands, redis.client.Pipeline):
+    """Pipeline for the module."""
+
+
+class AsyncPipeline(AsyncSearchCommands, AsyncioPipeline, Pipeline):
+    """AsyncPipeline for the module."""
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/_util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..191600d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+def to_string(s, encoding: str = "utf-8"):
+    if isinstance(s, str):
+        return s
+    elif isinstance(s, bytes):
+        return s.decode(encoding, "ignore")
+    else:
+        return s  # Not a string we care about
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/aggregation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/aggregation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13edefa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/aggregation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+from typing import List, Union
+
+from redis.commands.search.dialect import DEFAULT_DIALECT
+
+FIELDNAME = object()
+
+
+class Limit:
+    def __init__(self, offset: int = 0, count: int = 0) -> None:
+        self.offset = offset
+        self.count = count
+
+    def build_args(self):
+        if self.count:
+            return ["LIMIT", str(self.offset), str(self.count)]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+
+class Reducer:
+    """
+    Base reducer object for all reducers.
+
+    See the `redisearch.reducers` module for the actual reducers.
+    """
+
+    NAME = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: List[str]) -> None:
+        self._args = args
+        self._field = None
+        self._alias = None
+
+    def alias(self, alias: str) -> "Reducer":
+        """
+        Set the alias for this reducer.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **alias**: The value of the alias for this reducer. If this is the
+            special value `aggregation.FIELDNAME` then this reducer will be
+            aliased using the same name as the field upon which it operates.
+            Note that using `FIELDNAME` is only possible on reducers which
+            operate on a single field value.
+
+        This method returns the `Reducer` object making it suitable for
+        chaining.
+        """
+        if alias is FIELDNAME:
+            if not self._field:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot use FIELDNAME alias with no field")
+            # Chop off initial '@'
+            alias = self._field[1:]
+        self._alias = alias
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def args(self) -> List[str]:
+        return self._args
+
+
+class SortDirection:
+    """
+    This special class is used to indicate sort direction.
+    """
+
+    DIRSTRING = None
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        self.field = field
+
+
+class Asc(SortDirection):
+    """
+    Indicate that the given field should be sorted in ascending order
+    """
+
+    DIRSTRING = "ASC"
+
+
+class Desc(SortDirection):
+    """
+    Indicate that the given field should be sorted in descending order
+    """
+
+    DIRSTRING = "DESC"
+
+
+class AggregateRequest:
+    """
+    Aggregation request which can be passed to `Client.aggregate`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, query: str = "*") -> None:
+        """
+        Create an aggregation request. This request may then be passed to
+        `client.aggregate()`.
+
+        In order for the request to be usable, it must contain at least one
+        group.
+
+        - **query** Query string for filtering records.
+
+        All member methods (except `build_args()`)
+        return the object itself, making them useful for chaining.
+        """
+        self._query = query
+        self._aggregateplan = []
+        self._loadfields = []
+        self._loadall = False
+        self._max = 0
+        self._with_schema = False
+        self._verbatim = False
+        self._cursor = []
+        self._dialect = DEFAULT_DIALECT
+        self._add_scores = False
+        self._scorer = "TFIDF"
+
+    def load(self, *fields: List[str]) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Indicate the fields to be returned in the response. These fields are
+        returned in addition to any others implicitly specified.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **fields**: If fields not specified, all the fields will be loaded.
+        Otherwise, fields should be given in the format of `@field`.
+        """
+        if fields:
+            self._loadfields.extend(fields)
+        else:
+            self._loadall = True
+        return self
+
+    def group_by(
+        self, fields: List[str], *reducers: Union[Reducer, List[Reducer]]
+    ) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Specify by which fields to group the aggregation.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **fields**: Fields to group by. This can either be a single string,
+            or a list of strings. both cases, the field should be specified as
+            `@field`.
+        - **reducers**: One or more reducers. Reducers may be found in the
+            `aggregation` module.
+        """
+        fields = [fields] if isinstance(fields, str) else fields
+        reducers = [reducers] if isinstance(reducers, Reducer) else reducers
+
+        ret = ["GROUPBY", str(len(fields)), *fields]
+        for reducer in reducers:
+            ret += ["REDUCE", reducer.NAME, str(len(reducer.args))]
+            ret.extend(reducer.args)
+            if reducer._alias is not None:
+                ret += ["AS", reducer._alias]
+
+        self._aggregateplan.extend(ret)
+        return self
+
+    def apply(self, **kwexpr) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Specify one or more projection expressions to add to each result
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **kwexpr**: One or more key-value pairs for a projection. The key is
+            the alias for the projection, and the value is the projection
+            expression itself, for example `apply(square_root="sqrt(@foo)")`
+        """
+        for alias, expr in kwexpr.items():
+            ret = ["APPLY", expr]
+            if alias is not None:
+                ret += ["AS", alias]
+            self._aggregateplan.extend(ret)
+
+        return self
+
+    def limit(self, offset: int, num: int) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Sets the limit for the most recent group or query.
+
+        If no group has been defined yet (via `group_by()`) then this sets
+        the limit for the initial pool of results from the query. Otherwise,
+        this limits the number of items operated on from the previous group.
+
+        Setting a limit on the initial search results may be useful when
+        attempting to execute an aggregation on a sample of a large data set.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **offset**: Result offset from which to begin paging
+        - **num**: Number of results to return
+
+
+        Example of sorting the initial results:
+
+        ```
+        AggregateRequest("@sale_amount:[10000, inf]")\
+            .limit(0, 10)\
+            .group_by("@state", r.count())
+        ```
+
+        Will only group by the states found in the first 10 results of the
+        query `@sale_amount:[10000, inf]`. On the other hand,
+
+        ```
+        AggregateRequest("@sale_amount:[10000, inf]")\
+            .limit(0, 1000)\
+            .group_by("@state", r.count()\
+            .limit(0, 10)
+        ```
+
+        Will group all the results matching the query, but only return the
+        first 10 groups.
+
+        If you only wish to return a *top-N* style query, consider using
+        `sort_by()` instead.
+
+        """
+        _limit = Limit(offset, num)
+        self._aggregateplan.extend(_limit.build_args())
+        return self
+
+    def sort_by(self, *fields: List[str], **kwargs) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Indicate how the results should be sorted. This can also be used for
+        *top-N* style queries
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **fields**: The fields by which to sort. This can be either a single
+            field or a list of fields. If you wish to specify order, you can
+            use the `Asc` or `Desc` wrapper classes.
+        - **max**: Maximum number of results to return. This can be
+            used instead of `LIMIT` and is also faster.
+
+
+        Example of sorting by `foo` ascending and `bar` descending:
+
+        ```
+        sort_by(Asc("@foo"), Desc("@bar"))
+        ```
+
+        Return the top 10 customers:
+
+        ```
+        AggregateRequest()\
+            .group_by("@customer", r.sum("@paid").alias(FIELDNAME))\
+            .sort_by(Desc("@paid"), max=10)
+        ```
+        """
+        if isinstance(fields, (str, SortDirection)):
+            fields = [fields]
+
+        fields_args = []
+        for f in fields:
+            if isinstance(f, SortDirection):
+                fields_args += [f.field, f.DIRSTRING]
+            else:
+                fields_args += [f]
+
+        ret = ["SORTBY", str(len(fields_args))]
+        ret.extend(fields_args)
+        max = kwargs.get("max", 0)
+        if max > 0:
+            ret += ["MAX", str(max)]
+
+        self._aggregateplan.extend(ret)
+        return self
+
+    def filter(self, expressions: Union[str, List[str]]) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Specify filter for post-query results using predicates relating to
+        values in the result set.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **fields**: Fields to group by. This can either be a single string,
+            or a list of strings.
+        """
+        if isinstance(expressions, str):
+            expressions = [expressions]
+
+        for expression in expressions:
+            self._aggregateplan.extend(["FILTER", expression])
+
+        return self
+
+    def with_schema(self) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        If set, the `schema` property will contain a list of `[field, type]`
+        entries in the result object.
+        """
+        self._with_schema = True
+        return self
+
+    def add_scores(self) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        If set, includes the score as an ordinary field of the row.
+        """
+        self._add_scores = True
+        return self
+
+    def scorer(self, scorer: str) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Use a different scoring function to evaluate document relevance.
+        Default is `TFIDF`.
+
+        :param scorer: The scoring function to use
+                       (e.g. `TFIDF.DOCNORM` or `BM25`)
+        """
+        self._scorer = scorer
+        return self
+
+    def verbatim(self) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        self._verbatim = True
+        return self
+
+    def cursor(self, count: int = 0, max_idle: float = 0.0) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        args = ["WITHCURSOR"]
+        if count:
+            args += ["COUNT", str(count)]
+        if max_idle:
+            args += ["MAXIDLE", str(max_idle * 1000)]
+        self._cursor = args
+        return self
+
+    def build_args(self) -> List[str]:
+        # @foo:bar ...
+        ret = [self._query]
+
+        if self._with_schema:
+            ret.append("WITHSCHEMA")
+
+        if self._verbatim:
+            ret.append("VERBATIM")
+
+        if self._scorer:
+            ret.extend(["SCORER", self._scorer])
+
+        if self._add_scores:
+            ret.append("ADDSCORES")
+
+        if self._cursor:
+            ret += self._cursor
+
+        if self._loadall:
+            ret.append("LOAD")
+            ret.append("*")
+
+        elif self._loadfields:
+            ret.append("LOAD")
+            ret.append(str(len(self._loadfields)))
+            ret.extend(self._loadfields)
+
+        if self._dialect:
+            ret.extend(["DIALECT", self._dialect])
+
+        ret.extend(self._aggregateplan)
+
+        return ret
+
+    def dialect(self, dialect: int) -> "AggregateRequest":
+        """
+        Add a dialect field to the aggregate command.
+
+        - **dialect** - dialect version to execute the query under
+        """
+        self._dialect = dialect
+        return self
+
+
+class Cursor:
+    def __init__(self, cid: int) -> None:
+        self.cid = cid
+        self.max_idle = 0
+        self.count = 0
+
+    def build_args(self):
+        args = [str(self.cid)]
+        if self.max_idle:
+            args += ["MAXIDLE", str(self.max_idle)]
+        if self.count:
+            args += ["COUNT", str(self.count)]
+        return args
+
+
+class AggregateResult:
+    def __init__(self, rows, cursor: Cursor, schema) -> None:
+        self.rows = rows
+        self.cursor = cursor
+        self.schema = schema
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> (str, str):
+        cid = self.cursor.cid if self.cursor else -1
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} at 0x{id(self):x} "
+            f"Rows={len(self.rows)}, Cursor={cid}>"
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/commands.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc48fa9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1156 @@
+import itertools
+import time
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Union
+
+from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE, Pipeline
+from redis.utils import deprecated_function
+
+from ..helpers import get_protocol_version
+from ._util import to_string
+from .aggregation import AggregateRequest, AggregateResult, Cursor
+from .document import Document
+from .field import Field
+from .index_definition import IndexDefinition
+from .profile_information import ProfileInformation
+from .query import Query
+from .result import Result
+from .suggestion import SuggestionParser
+
+NUMERIC = "NUMERIC"
+
+CREATE_CMD = "FT.CREATE"
+ALTER_CMD = "FT.ALTER"
+SEARCH_CMD = "FT.SEARCH"
+ADD_CMD = "FT.ADD"
+ADDHASH_CMD = "FT.ADDHASH"
+DROPINDEX_CMD = "FT.DROPINDEX"
+EXPLAIN_CMD = "FT.EXPLAIN"
+EXPLAINCLI_CMD = "FT.EXPLAINCLI"
+DEL_CMD = "FT.DEL"
+AGGREGATE_CMD = "FT.AGGREGATE"
+PROFILE_CMD = "FT.PROFILE"
+CURSOR_CMD = "FT.CURSOR"
+SPELLCHECK_CMD = "FT.SPELLCHECK"
+DICT_ADD_CMD = "FT.DICTADD"
+DICT_DEL_CMD = "FT.DICTDEL"
+DICT_DUMP_CMD = "FT.DICTDUMP"
+MGET_CMD = "FT.MGET"
+CONFIG_CMD = "FT.CONFIG"
+TAGVALS_CMD = "FT.TAGVALS"
+ALIAS_ADD_CMD = "FT.ALIASADD"
+ALIAS_UPDATE_CMD = "FT.ALIASUPDATE"
+ALIAS_DEL_CMD = "FT.ALIASDEL"
+INFO_CMD = "FT.INFO"
+SUGADD_COMMAND = "FT.SUGADD"
+SUGDEL_COMMAND = "FT.SUGDEL"
+SUGLEN_COMMAND = "FT.SUGLEN"
+SUGGET_COMMAND = "FT.SUGGET"
+SYNUPDATE_CMD = "FT.SYNUPDATE"
+SYNDUMP_CMD = "FT.SYNDUMP"
+
+NOOFFSETS = "NOOFFSETS"
+NOFIELDS = "NOFIELDS"
+NOHL = "NOHL"
+NOFREQS = "NOFREQS"
+MAXTEXTFIELDS = "MAXTEXTFIELDS"
+TEMPORARY = "TEMPORARY"
+STOPWORDS = "STOPWORDS"
+SKIPINITIALSCAN = "SKIPINITIALSCAN"
+WITHSCORES = "WITHSCORES"
+FUZZY = "FUZZY"
+WITHPAYLOADS = "WITHPAYLOADS"
+
+
+class SearchCommands:
+    """Search commands."""
+
+    def _parse_results(self, cmd, res, **kwargs):
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            return ProfileInformation(res) if cmd == "FT.PROFILE" else res
+        else:
+            return self._RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS[cmd](res, **kwargs)
+
+    def _parse_info(self, res, **kwargs):
+        it = map(to_string, res)
+        return dict(zip(it, it))
+
+    def _parse_search(self, res, **kwargs):
+        return Result(
+            res,
+            not kwargs["query"]._no_content,
+            duration=kwargs["duration"],
+            has_payload=kwargs["query"]._with_payloads,
+            with_scores=kwargs["query"]._with_scores,
+            field_encodings=kwargs["query"]._return_fields_decode_as,
+        )
+
+    def _parse_aggregate(self, res, **kwargs):
+        return self._get_aggregate_result(res, kwargs["query"], kwargs["has_cursor"])
+
+    def _parse_profile(self, res, **kwargs):
+        query = kwargs["query"]
+        if isinstance(query, AggregateRequest):
+            result = self._get_aggregate_result(res[0], query, query._cursor)
+        else:
+            result = Result(
+                res[0],
+                not query._no_content,
+                duration=kwargs["duration"],
+                has_payload=query._with_payloads,
+                with_scores=query._with_scores,
+            )
+
+        return result, ProfileInformation(res[1])
+
+    def _parse_spellcheck(self, res, **kwargs):
+        corrections = {}
+        if res == 0:
+            return corrections
+
+        for _correction in res:
+            if isinstance(_correction, int) and _correction == 0:
+                continue
+
+            if len(_correction) != 3:
+                continue
+            if not _correction[2]:
+                continue
+            if not _correction[2][0]:
+                continue
+
+            # For spellcheck output
+            # 1)  1) "TERM"
+            #     2) "{term1}"
+            #     3)  1)  1)  "{score1}"
+            #             2)  "{suggestion1}"
+            #         2)  1)  "{score2}"
+            #             2)  "{suggestion2}"
+            #
+            # Following dictionary will be made
+            # corrections = {
+            #     '{term1}': [
+            #         {'score': '{score1}', 'suggestion': '{suggestion1}'},
+            #         {'score': '{score2}', 'suggestion': '{suggestion2}'}
+            #     ]
+            # }
+            corrections[_correction[1]] = [
+                {"score": _item[0], "suggestion": _item[1]} for _item in _correction[2]
+            ]
+
+        return corrections
+
+    def _parse_config_get(self, res, **kwargs):
+        return {kvs[0]: kvs[1] for kvs in res} if res else {}
+
+    def _parse_syndump(self, res, **kwargs):
+        return {res[i]: res[i + 1] for i in range(0, len(res), 2)}
+
+    def batch_indexer(self, chunk_size=100):
+        """
+        Create a new batch indexer from the client with a given chunk size
+        """
+        return self.BatchIndexer(self, chunk_size=chunk_size)
+
+    def create_index(
+        self,
+        fields: List[Field],
+        no_term_offsets: bool = False,
+        no_field_flags: bool = False,
+        stopwords: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        definition: Optional[IndexDefinition] = None,
+        max_text_fields=False,
+        temporary=None,
+        no_highlight: bool = False,
+        no_term_frequencies: bool = False,
+        skip_initial_scan: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Creates the search index. The index must not already exist.
+
+        For more information, see https://redis.io/commands/ft.create/
+
+        Args:
+            fields: A list of Field objects.
+            no_term_offsets: If `true`, term offsets will not be saved in the index.
+            no_field_flags: If true, field flags that allow searching in specific fields
+                            will not be saved.
+            stopwords: If provided, the index will be created with this custom stopword
+                       list. The list can be empty.
+            definition: If provided, the index will be created with this custom index
+                        definition.
+            max_text_fields: If true, indexes will be encoded as if there were more than
+                             32 text fields, allowing for additional fields beyond 32.
+            temporary: Creates a lightweight temporary index which will expire after the
+                       specified period of inactivity. The internal idle timer is reset
+                       whenever the index is searched or added to.
+            no_highlight: If true, disables highlighting support. Also implied by
+                          `no_term_offsets`.
+            no_term_frequencies: If true, term frequencies will not be saved in the
+                                 index.
+            skip_initial_scan: If true, the initial scan and indexing will be skipped.
+
+        """
+        args = [CREATE_CMD, self.index_name]
+        if definition is not None:
+            args += definition.args
+        if max_text_fields:
+            args.append(MAXTEXTFIELDS)
+        if temporary is not None and isinstance(temporary, int):
+            args.append(TEMPORARY)
+            args.append(temporary)
+        if no_term_offsets:
+            args.append(NOOFFSETS)
+        if no_highlight:
+            args.append(NOHL)
+        if no_field_flags:
+            args.append(NOFIELDS)
+        if no_term_frequencies:
+            args.append(NOFREQS)
+        if skip_initial_scan:
+            args.append(SKIPINITIALSCAN)
+        if stopwords is not None and isinstance(stopwords, (list, tuple, set)):
+            args += [STOPWORDS, len(stopwords)]
+            if len(stopwords) > 0:
+                args += list(stopwords)
+
+        args.append("SCHEMA")
+        try:
+            args += list(itertools.chain(*(f.redis_args() for f in fields)))
+        except TypeError:
+            args += fields.redis_args()
+
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    def alter_schema_add(self, fields: List[str]):
+        """
+        Alter the existing search index by adding new fields. The index
+        must already exist.
+
+        ### Parameters:
+
+        - **fields**: a list of Field objects to add for the index
+
+        For more information see `FT.ALTER <https://redis.io/commands/ft.alter>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+
+        args = [ALTER_CMD, self.index_name, "SCHEMA", "ADD"]
+        try:
+            args += list(itertools.chain(*(f.redis_args() for f in fields)))
+        except TypeError:
+            args += fields.redis_args()
+
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    def dropindex(self, delete_documents: bool = False):
+        """
+        Drop the index if it exists.
+        Replaced `drop_index` in RediSearch 2.0.
+        Default behavior was changed to not delete the indexed documents.
+
+        ### Parameters:
+
+        - **delete_documents**: If `True`, all documents will be deleted.
+
+        For more information see `FT.DROPINDEX <https://redis.io/commands/ft.dropindex>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        args = [DROPINDEX_CMD, self.index_name]
+
+        delete_str = (
+            "DD"
+            if isinstance(delete_documents, bool) and delete_documents is True
+            else ""
+        )
+
+        if delete_str:
+            args.append(delete_str)
+
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    def _add_document(
+        self,
+        doc_id,
+        conn=None,
+        nosave=False,
+        score=1.0,
+        payload=None,
+        replace=False,
+        partial=False,
+        language=None,
+        no_create=False,
+        **fields,
+    ):
+        """
+        Internal add_document used for both batch and single doc indexing
+        """
+
+        if partial or no_create:
+            replace = True
+
+        args = [ADD_CMD, self.index_name, doc_id, score]
+        if nosave:
+            args.append("NOSAVE")
+        if payload is not None:
+            args.append("PAYLOAD")
+            args.append(payload)
+        if replace:
+            args.append("REPLACE")
+            if partial:
+                args.append("PARTIAL")
+            if no_create:
+                args.append("NOCREATE")
+        if language:
+            args += ["LANGUAGE", language]
+        args.append("FIELDS")
+        args += list(itertools.chain(*fields.items()))
+
+        if conn is not None:
+            return conn.execute_command(*args)
+
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    def _add_document_hash(
+        self, doc_id, conn=None, score=1.0, language=None, replace=False
+    ):
+        """
+        Internal add_document_hash used for both batch and single doc indexing
+        """
+
+        args = [ADDHASH_CMD, self.index_name, doc_id, score]
+
+        if replace:
+            args.append("REPLACE")
+
+        if language:
+            args += ["LANGUAGE", language]
+
+        if conn is not None:
+            return conn.execute_command(*args)
+
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="2.0.0", reason="deprecated since redisearch 2.0, call hset instead"
+    )
+    def add_document(
+        self,
+        doc_id: str,
+        nosave: bool = False,
+        score: float = 1.0,
+        payload: bool = None,
+        replace: bool = False,
+        partial: bool = False,
+        language: Optional[str] = None,
+        no_create: str = False,
+        **fields: List[str],
+    ):
+        """
+        Add a single document to the index.
+
+        Args:
+
+            doc_id: the id of the saved document.
+            nosave: if set to true, we just index the document, and don't
+                      save a copy of it. This means that searches will just
+                      return ids.
+            score: the document ranking, between 0.0 and 1.0
+            payload: optional inner-index payload we can save for fast
+                     access in scoring functions
+            replace: if True, and the document already is in the index,
+                     we perform an update and reindex the document
+            partial: if True, the fields specified will be added to the
+                       existing document.
+                       This has the added benefit that any fields specified
+                       with `no_index`
+                       will not be reindexed again. Implies `replace`
+            language: Specify the language used for document tokenization.
+            no_create: if True, the document is only updated and reindexed
+                         if it already exists.
+                         If the document does not exist, an error will be
+                         returned. Implies `replace`
+            fields: kwargs dictionary of the document fields to be saved
+                    and/or indexed.
+                    NOTE: Geo points shoule be encoded as strings of "lon,lat"
+        """  # noqa
+        return self._add_document(
+            doc_id,
+            conn=None,
+            nosave=nosave,
+            score=score,
+            payload=payload,
+            replace=replace,
+            partial=partial,
+            language=language,
+            no_create=no_create,
+            **fields,
+        )
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="2.0.0", reason="deprecated since redisearch 2.0, call hset instead"
+    )
+    def add_document_hash(self, doc_id, score=1.0, language=None, replace=False):
+        """
+        Add a hash document to the index.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **doc_id**: the document's id. This has to be an existing HASH key
+                      in Redis that will hold the fields the index needs.
+        - **score**:  the document ranking, between 0.0 and 1.0
+        - **replace**: if True, and the document already is in the index, we
+                      perform an update and reindex the document
+        - **language**: Specify the language used for document tokenization.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self._add_document_hash(
+            doc_id, conn=None, score=score, language=language, replace=replace
+        )
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="2.0.0", reason="deprecated since redisearch 2.0")
+    def delete_document(self, doc_id, conn=None, delete_actual_document=False):
+        """
+        Delete a document from index
+        Returns 1 if the document was deleted, 0 if not
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **delete_actual_document**: if set to True, RediSearch also delete
+                                      the actual document if it is in the index
+        """  # noqa
+        args = [DEL_CMD, self.index_name, doc_id]
+        if delete_actual_document:
+            args.append("DD")
+
+        if conn is not None:
+            return conn.execute_command(*args)
+
+        return self.execute_command(*args)
+
+    def load_document(self, id):
+        """
+        Load a single document by id
+        """
+        fields = self.client.hgetall(id)
+        f2 = {to_string(k): to_string(v) for k, v in fields.items()}
+        fields = f2
+
+        try:
+            del fields["id"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        return Document(id=id, **fields)
+
+    @deprecated_function(version="2.0.0", reason="deprecated since redisearch 2.0")
+    def get(self, *ids):
+        """
+        Returns the full contents of multiple documents.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **ids**: the ids of the saved documents.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.execute_command(MGET_CMD, self.index_name, *ids)
+
+    def info(self):
+        """
+        Get info an stats about the the current index, including the number of
+        documents, memory consumption, etc
+
+        For more information see `FT.INFO <https://redis.io/commands/ft.info>`_.
+        """
+
+        res = self.execute_command(INFO_CMD, self.index_name)
+        return self._parse_results(INFO_CMD, res)
+
+    def get_params_args(
+        self, query_params: Union[Dict[str, Union[str, int, float, bytes]], None]
+    ):
+        if query_params is None:
+            return []
+        args = []
+        if len(query_params) > 0:
+            args.append("params")
+            args.append(len(query_params) * 2)
+            for key, value in query_params.items():
+                args.append(key)
+                args.append(value)
+        return args
+
+    def _mk_query_args(
+        self, query, query_params: Union[Dict[str, Union[str, int, float, bytes]], None]
+    ):
+        args = [self.index_name]
+
+        if isinstance(query, str):
+            # convert the query from a text to a query object
+            query = Query(query)
+        if not isinstance(query, Query):
+            raise ValueError(f"Bad query type {type(query)}")
+
+        args += query.get_args()
+        args += self.get_params_args(query_params)
+
+        return args, query
+
+    def search(
+        self,
+        query: Union[str, Query],
+        query_params: Union[Dict[str, Union[str, int, float, bytes]], None] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Search the index for a given query, and return a result of documents
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **query**: the search query. Either a text for simple queries with
+                     default parameters, or a Query object for complex queries.
+                     See RediSearch's documentation on query format
+
+        For more information see `FT.SEARCH <https://redis.io/commands/ft.search>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        args, query = self._mk_query_args(query, query_params=query_params)
+        st = time.monotonic()
+
+        options = {}
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) not in ["3", 3]:
+            options[NEVER_DECODE] = True
+
+        res = self.execute_command(SEARCH_CMD, *args, **options)
+
+        if isinstance(res, Pipeline):
+            return res
+
+        return self._parse_results(
+            SEARCH_CMD, res, query=query, duration=(time.monotonic() - st) * 1000.0
+        )
+
+    def explain(
+        self,
+        query: Union[str, Query],
+        query_params: Dict[str, Union[str, int, float]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Returns the execution plan for a complex query.
+
+        For more information see `FT.EXPLAIN <https://redis.io/commands/ft.explain>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        args, query_text = self._mk_query_args(query, query_params=query_params)
+        return self.execute_command(EXPLAIN_CMD, *args)
+
+    def explain_cli(self, query: Union[str, Query]):  # noqa
+        raise NotImplementedError("EXPLAINCLI will not be implemented.")
+
+    def aggregate(
+        self,
+        query: Union[str, Query],
+        query_params: Dict[str, Union[str, int, float]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Issue an aggregation query.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        **query**: This can be either an `AggregateRequest`, or a `Cursor`
+
+        An `AggregateResult` object is returned. You can access the rows from
+        its `rows` property, which will always yield the rows of the result.
+
+        For more information see `FT.AGGREGATE <https://redis.io/commands/ft.aggregate>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        if isinstance(query, AggregateRequest):
+            has_cursor = bool(query._cursor)
+            cmd = [AGGREGATE_CMD, self.index_name] + query.build_args()
+        elif isinstance(query, Cursor):
+            has_cursor = True
+            cmd = [CURSOR_CMD, "READ", self.index_name] + query.build_args()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Bad query", query)
+        cmd += self.get_params_args(query_params)
+
+        raw = self.execute_command(*cmd)
+        return self._parse_results(
+            AGGREGATE_CMD, raw, query=query, has_cursor=has_cursor
+        )
+
+    def _get_aggregate_result(
+        self, raw: List, query: Union[str, Query, AggregateRequest], has_cursor: bool
+    ):
+        if has_cursor:
+            if isinstance(query, Cursor):
+                query.cid = raw[1]
+                cursor = query
+            else:
+                cursor = Cursor(raw[1])
+            raw = raw[0]
+        else:
+            cursor = None
+
+        if isinstance(query, AggregateRequest) and query._with_schema:
+            schema = raw[0]
+            rows = raw[2:]
+        else:
+            schema = None
+            rows = raw[1:]
+
+        return AggregateResult(rows, cursor, schema)
+
+    def profile(
+        self,
+        query: Union[Query, AggregateRequest],
+        limited: bool = False,
+        query_params: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, int, float]]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Performs a search or aggregate command and collects performance
+        information.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        **query**: This can be either an `AggregateRequest` or `Query`.
+        **limited**: If set to True, removes details of reader iterator.
+        **query_params**: Define one or more value parameters.
+        Each parameter has a name and a value.
+
+        """
+        st = time.monotonic()
+        cmd = [PROFILE_CMD, self.index_name, ""]
+        if limited:
+            cmd.append("LIMITED")
+        cmd.append("QUERY")
+
+        if isinstance(query, AggregateRequest):
+            cmd[2] = "AGGREGATE"
+            cmd += query.build_args()
+        elif isinstance(query, Query):
+            cmd[2] = "SEARCH"
+            cmd += query.get_args()
+            cmd += self.get_params_args(query_params)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Must provide AggregateRequest object or Query object.")
+
+        res = self.execute_command(*cmd)
+
+        return self._parse_results(
+            PROFILE_CMD, res, query=query, duration=(time.monotonic() - st) * 1000.0
+        )
+
+    def spellcheck(self, query, distance=None, include=None, exclude=None):
+        """
+        Issue a spellcheck query
+
+        Args:
+
+            query: search query.
+            distance: the maximal Levenshtein distance for spelling
+                       suggestions (default: 1, max: 4).
+            include: specifies an inclusion custom dictionary.
+            exclude: specifies an exclusion custom dictionary.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SPELLCHECK <https://redis.io/commands/ft.spellcheck>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [SPELLCHECK_CMD, self.index_name, query]
+        if distance:
+            cmd.extend(["DISTANCE", distance])
+
+        if include:
+            cmd.extend(["TERMS", "INCLUDE", include])
+
+        if exclude:
+            cmd.extend(["TERMS", "EXCLUDE", exclude])
+
+        res = self.execute_command(*cmd)
+
+        return self._parse_results(SPELLCHECK_CMD, res)
+
+    def dict_add(self, name: str, *terms: List[str]):
+        """Adds terms to a dictionary.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **name**: Dictionary name.
+        - **terms**: List of items for adding to the dictionary.
+
+        For more information see `FT.DICTADD <https://redis.io/commands/ft.dictadd>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [DICT_ADD_CMD, name]
+        cmd.extend(terms)
+        return self.execute_command(*cmd)
+
+    def dict_del(self, name: str, *terms: List[str]):
+        """Deletes terms from a dictionary.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **name**: Dictionary name.
+        - **terms**: List of items for removing from the dictionary.
+
+        For more information see `FT.DICTDEL <https://redis.io/commands/ft.dictdel>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [DICT_DEL_CMD, name]
+        cmd.extend(terms)
+        return self.execute_command(*cmd)
+
+    def dict_dump(self, name: str):
+        """Dumps all terms in the given dictionary.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **name**: Dictionary name.
+
+        For more information see `FT.DICTDUMP <https://redis.io/commands/ft.dictdump>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [DICT_DUMP_CMD, name]
+        return self.execute_command(*cmd)
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="8.0.0",
+        reason="deprecated since Redis 8.0, call config_set from core module instead",
+    )
+    def config_set(self, option: str, value: str) -> bool:
+        """Set runtime configuration option.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **option**: the name of the configuration option.
+        - **value**: a value for the configuration option.
+
+        For more information see `FT.CONFIG SET <https://redis.io/commands/ft.config-set>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [CONFIG_CMD, "SET", option, value]
+        raw = self.execute_command(*cmd)
+        return raw == "OK"
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="8.0.0",
+        reason="deprecated since Redis 8.0, call config_get from core module instead",
+    )
+    def config_get(self, option: str) -> str:
+        """Get runtime configuration option value.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **option**: the name of the configuration option.
+
+        For more information see `FT.CONFIG GET <https://redis.io/commands/ft.config-get>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [CONFIG_CMD, "GET", option]
+        res = self.execute_command(*cmd)
+        return self._parse_results(CONFIG_CMD, res)
+
+    def tagvals(self, tagfield: str):
+        """
+        Return a list of all possible tag values
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **tagfield**: Tag field name
+
+        For more information see `FT.TAGVALS <https://redis.io/commands/ft.tagvals>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+
+        return self.execute_command(TAGVALS_CMD, self.index_name, tagfield)
+
+    def aliasadd(self, alias: str):
+        """
+        Alias a search index - will fail if alias already exists
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **alias**: Name of the alias to create
+
+        For more information see `FT.ALIASADD <https://redis.io/commands/ft.aliasadd>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+
+        return self.execute_command(ALIAS_ADD_CMD, alias, self.index_name)
+
+    def aliasupdate(self, alias: str):
+        """
+        Updates an alias - will fail if alias does not already exist
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **alias**: Name of the alias to create
+
+        For more information see `FT.ALIASUPDATE <https://redis.io/commands/ft.aliasupdate>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+
+        return self.execute_command(ALIAS_UPDATE_CMD, alias, self.index_name)
+
+    def aliasdel(self, alias: str):
+        """
+        Removes an alias to a search index
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **alias**: Name of the alias to delete
+
+        For more information see `FT.ALIASDEL <https://redis.io/commands/ft.aliasdel>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(ALIAS_DEL_CMD, alias)
+
+    def sugadd(self, key, *suggestions, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Add suggestion terms to the AutoCompleter engine. Each suggestion has
+        a score and string.
+        If kwargs["increment"] is true and the terms are already in the
+        server's dictionary, we increment their scores.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SUGADD <https://redis.io/commands/ft.sugadd/>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        # If Transaction is not False it will MULTI/EXEC which will error
+        pipe = self.pipeline(transaction=False)
+        for sug in suggestions:
+            args = [SUGADD_COMMAND, key, sug.string, sug.score]
+            if kwargs.get("increment"):
+                args.append("INCR")
+            if sug.payload:
+                args.append("PAYLOAD")
+                args.append(sug.payload)
+
+            pipe.execute_command(*args)
+
+        return pipe.execute()[-1]
+
+    def suglen(self, key: str) -> int:
+        """
+        Return the number of entries in the AutoCompleter index.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SUGLEN <https://redis.io/commands/ft.suglen>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(SUGLEN_COMMAND, key)
+
+    def sugdel(self, key: str, string: str) -> int:
+        """
+        Delete a string from the AutoCompleter index.
+        Returns 1 if the string was found and deleted, 0 otherwise.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SUGDEL <https://redis.io/commands/ft.sugdel>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        return self.execute_command(SUGDEL_COMMAND, key, string)
+
+    def sugget(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        prefix: str,
+        fuzzy: bool = False,
+        num: int = 10,
+        with_scores: bool = False,
+        with_payloads: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[SuggestionParser]:
+        """
+        Get a list of suggestions from the AutoCompleter, for a given prefix.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        prefix : str
+            The prefix we are searching. **Must be valid ascii or utf-8**
+        fuzzy : bool
+            If set to true, the prefix search is done in fuzzy mode.
+            **NOTE**: Running fuzzy searches on short (<3 letters) prefixes
+            can be very
+            slow, and even scan the entire index.
+        with_scores : bool
+            If set to true, we also return the (refactored) score of
+            each suggestion.
+            This is normally not needed, and is NOT the original score
+            inserted into the index.
+        with_payloads : bool
+            Return suggestion payloads
+        num : int
+            The maximum number of results we return. Note that we might
+            return less. The algorithm trims irrelevant suggestions.
+
+        Returns:
+
+        list:
+             A list of Suggestion objects. If with_scores was False, the
+             score of all suggestions is 1.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SUGGET <https://redis.io/commands/ft.sugget>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        args = [SUGGET_COMMAND, key, prefix, "MAX", num]
+        if fuzzy:
+            args.append(FUZZY)
+        if with_scores:
+            args.append(WITHSCORES)
+        if with_payloads:
+            args.append(WITHPAYLOADS)
+
+        res = self.execute_command(*args)
+        results = []
+        if not res:
+            return results
+
+        parser = SuggestionParser(with_scores, with_payloads, res)
+        return [s for s in parser]
+
+    def synupdate(self, groupid: str, skipinitial: bool = False, *terms: List[str]):
+        """
+        Updates a synonym group.
+        The command is used to create or update a synonym group with
+        additional terms.
+        Only documents which were indexed after the update will be affected.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        groupid :
+            Synonym group id.
+        skipinitial : bool
+            If set to true, we do not scan and index.
+        terms :
+            The terms.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SYNUPDATE <https://redis.io/commands/ft.synupdate>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [SYNUPDATE_CMD, self.index_name, groupid]
+        if skipinitial:
+            cmd.extend(["SKIPINITIALSCAN"])
+        cmd.extend(terms)
+        return self.execute_command(*cmd)
+
+    def syndump(self):
+        """
+        Dumps the contents of a synonym group.
+
+        The command is used to dump the synonyms data structure.
+        Returns a list of synonym terms and their synonym group ids.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SYNDUMP <https://redis.io/commands/ft.syndump>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        res = self.execute_command(SYNDUMP_CMD, self.index_name)
+        return self._parse_results(SYNDUMP_CMD, res)
+
+
+class AsyncSearchCommands(SearchCommands):
+    async def info(self):
+        """
+        Get info an stats about the the current index, including the number of
+        documents, memory consumption, etc
+
+        For more information see `FT.INFO <https://redis.io/commands/ft.info>`_.
+        """
+
+        res = await self.execute_command(INFO_CMD, self.index_name)
+        return self._parse_results(INFO_CMD, res)
+
+    async def search(
+        self,
+        query: Union[str, Query],
+        query_params: Dict[str, Union[str, int, float]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Search the index for a given query, and return a result of documents
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **query**: the search query. Either a text for simple queries with
+                     default parameters, or a Query object for complex queries.
+                     See RediSearch's documentation on query format
+
+        For more information see `FT.SEARCH <https://redis.io/commands/ft.search>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        args, query = self._mk_query_args(query, query_params=query_params)
+        st = time.monotonic()
+
+        options = {}
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) not in ["3", 3]:
+            options[NEVER_DECODE] = True
+
+        res = await self.execute_command(SEARCH_CMD, *args, **options)
+
+        if isinstance(res, Pipeline):
+            return res
+
+        return self._parse_results(
+            SEARCH_CMD, res, query=query, duration=(time.monotonic() - st) * 1000.0
+        )
+
+    async def aggregate(
+        self,
+        query: Union[str, Query],
+        query_params: Dict[str, Union[str, int, float]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Issue an aggregation query.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        **query**: This can be either an `AggregateRequest`, or a `Cursor`
+
+        An `AggregateResult` object is returned. You can access the rows from
+        its `rows` property, which will always yield the rows of the result.
+
+        For more information see `FT.AGGREGATE <https://redis.io/commands/ft.aggregate>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        if isinstance(query, AggregateRequest):
+            has_cursor = bool(query._cursor)
+            cmd = [AGGREGATE_CMD, self.index_name] + query.build_args()
+        elif isinstance(query, Cursor):
+            has_cursor = True
+            cmd = [CURSOR_CMD, "READ", self.index_name] + query.build_args()
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Bad query", query)
+        cmd += self.get_params_args(query_params)
+
+        raw = await self.execute_command(*cmd)
+        return self._parse_results(
+            AGGREGATE_CMD, raw, query=query, has_cursor=has_cursor
+        )
+
+    async def spellcheck(self, query, distance=None, include=None, exclude=None):
+        """
+        Issue a spellcheck query
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        **query**: search query.
+        **distance***: the maximal Levenshtein distance for spelling
+                       suggestions (default: 1, max: 4).
+        **include**: specifies an inclusion custom dictionary.
+        **exclude**: specifies an exclusion custom dictionary.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SPELLCHECK <https://redis.io/commands/ft.spellcheck>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [SPELLCHECK_CMD, self.index_name, query]
+        if distance:
+            cmd.extend(["DISTANCE", distance])
+
+        if include:
+            cmd.extend(["TERMS", "INCLUDE", include])
+
+        if exclude:
+            cmd.extend(["TERMS", "EXCLUDE", exclude])
+
+        res = await self.execute_command(*cmd)
+
+        return self._parse_results(SPELLCHECK_CMD, res)
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="8.0.0",
+        reason="deprecated since Redis 8.0, call config_set from core module instead",
+    )
+    async def config_set(self, option: str, value: str) -> bool:
+        """Set runtime configuration option.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **option**: the name of the configuration option.
+        - **value**: a value for the configuration option.
+
+        For more information see `FT.CONFIG SET <https://redis.io/commands/ft.config-set>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [CONFIG_CMD, "SET", option, value]
+        raw = await self.execute_command(*cmd)
+        return raw == "OK"
+
+    @deprecated_function(
+        version="8.0.0",
+        reason="deprecated since Redis 8.0, call config_get from core module instead",
+    )
+    async def config_get(self, option: str) -> str:
+        """Get runtime configuration option value.
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **option**: the name of the configuration option.
+
+        For more information see `FT.CONFIG GET <https://redis.io/commands/ft.config-get>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        cmd = [CONFIG_CMD, "GET", option]
+        res = {}
+        res = await self.execute_command(*cmd)
+        return self._parse_results(CONFIG_CMD, res)
+
+    async def load_document(self, id):
+        """
+        Load a single document by id
+        """
+        fields = await self.client.hgetall(id)
+        f2 = {to_string(k): to_string(v) for k, v in fields.items()}
+        fields = f2
+
+        try:
+            del fields["id"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        return Document(id=id, **fields)
+
+    async def sugadd(self, key, *suggestions, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Add suggestion terms to the AutoCompleter engine. Each suggestion has
+        a score and string.
+        If kwargs["increment"] is true and the terms are already in the
+        server's dictionary, we increment their scores.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SUGADD <https://redis.io/commands/ft.sugadd>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        # If Transaction is not False it will MULTI/EXEC which will error
+        pipe = self.pipeline(transaction=False)
+        for sug in suggestions:
+            args = [SUGADD_COMMAND, key, sug.string, sug.score]
+            if kwargs.get("increment"):
+                args.append("INCR")
+            if sug.payload:
+                args.append("PAYLOAD")
+                args.append(sug.payload)
+
+            pipe.execute_command(*args)
+
+        return (await pipe.execute())[-1]
+
+    async def sugget(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        prefix: str,
+        fuzzy: bool = False,
+        num: int = 10,
+        with_scores: bool = False,
+        with_payloads: bool = False,
+    ) -> List[SuggestionParser]:
+        """
+        Get a list of suggestions from the AutoCompleter, for a given prefix.
+
+        Parameters:
+
+        prefix : str
+            The prefix we are searching. **Must be valid ascii or utf-8**
+        fuzzy : bool
+            If set to true, the prefix search is done in fuzzy mode.
+            **NOTE**: Running fuzzy searches on short (<3 letters) prefixes
+            can be very
+            slow, and even scan the entire index.
+        with_scores : bool
+            If set to true, we also return the (refactored) score of
+            each suggestion.
+            This is normally not needed, and is NOT the original score
+            inserted into the index.
+        with_payloads : bool
+            Return suggestion payloads
+        num : int
+            The maximum number of results we return. Note that we might
+            return less. The algorithm trims irrelevant suggestions.
+
+        Returns:
+
+        list:
+             A list of Suggestion objects. If with_scores was False, the
+             score of all suggestions is 1.
+
+        For more information see `FT.SUGGET <https://redis.io/commands/ft.sugget>`_.
+        """  # noqa
+        args = [SUGGET_COMMAND, key, prefix, "MAX", num]
+        if fuzzy:
+            args.append(FUZZY)
+        if with_scores:
+            args.append(WITHSCORES)
+        if with_payloads:
+            args.append(WITHPAYLOADS)
+
+        ret = await self.execute_command(*args)
+        results = []
+        if not ret:
+            return results
+
+        parser = SuggestionParser(with_scores, with_payloads, ret)
+        return [s for s in parser]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/dialect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/dialect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..828b3f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/dialect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Value for the default dialect to be used as a part of
+# Search or Aggregate query.
+DEFAULT_DIALECT = 2
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/document.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/document.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..47534ec2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/document.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+class Document:
+    """
+    Represents a single document in a result set
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, id, payload=None, **fields):
+        self.id = id
+        self.payload = payload
+        for k, v in fields.items():
+            setattr(self, k, v)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"Document {self.__dict__}"
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        value = getattr(self, item)
+        return value
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/field.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/field.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8af7777f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/field.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+from typing import List
+
+from redis import DataError
+
+
+class Field:
+    """
+    A class representing a field in a document.
+    """
+
+    NUMERIC = "NUMERIC"
+    TEXT = "TEXT"
+    WEIGHT = "WEIGHT"
+    GEO = "GEO"
+    TAG = "TAG"
+    VECTOR = "VECTOR"
+    SORTABLE = "SORTABLE"
+    NOINDEX = "NOINDEX"
+    AS = "AS"
+    GEOSHAPE = "GEOSHAPE"
+    INDEX_MISSING = "INDEXMISSING"
+    INDEX_EMPTY = "INDEXEMPTY"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        args: List[str] = None,
+        sortable: bool = False,
+        no_index: bool = False,
+        index_missing: bool = False,
+        index_empty: bool = False,
+        as_name: str = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a new field object.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The name of the field.
+            args:
+            sortable: If `True`, the field will be sortable.
+            no_index: If `True`, the field will not be indexed.
+            index_missing: If `True`, it will be possible to search for documents that
+                           have this field missing.
+            index_empty: If `True`, it will be possible to search for documents that
+                         have this field empty.
+            as_name: If provided, this alias will be used for the field.
+        """
+        if args is None:
+            args = []
+        self.name = name
+        self.args = args
+        self.args_suffix = list()
+        self.as_name = as_name
+
+        if sortable:
+            self.args_suffix.append(Field.SORTABLE)
+        if no_index:
+            self.args_suffix.append(Field.NOINDEX)
+        if index_missing:
+            self.args_suffix.append(Field.INDEX_MISSING)
+        if index_empty:
+            self.args_suffix.append(Field.INDEX_EMPTY)
+
+        if no_index and not sortable:
+            raise ValueError("Non-Sortable non-Indexable fields are ignored")
+
+    def append_arg(self, value):
+        self.args.append(value)
+
+    def redis_args(self):
+        args = [self.name]
+        if self.as_name:
+            args += [self.AS, self.as_name]
+        args += self.args
+        args += self.args_suffix
+        return args
+
+
+class TextField(Field):
+    """
+    TextField is used to define a text field in a schema definition
+    """
+
+    NOSTEM = "NOSTEM"
+    PHONETIC = "PHONETIC"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        weight: float = 1.0,
+        no_stem: bool = False,
+        phonetic_matcher: str = None,
+        withsuffixtrie: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        Field.__init__(self, name, args=[Field.TEXT, Field.WEIGHT, weight], **kwargs)
+
+        if no_stem:
+            Field.append_arg(self, self.NOSTEM)
+        if phonetic_matcher and phonetic_matcher in [
+            "dm:en",
+            "dm:fr",
+            "dm:pt",
+            "dm:es",
+        ]:
+            Field.append_arg(self, self.PHONETIC)
+            Field.append_arg(self, phonetic_matcher)
+        if withsuffixtrie:
+            Field.append_arg(self, "WITHSUFFIXTRIE")
+
+
+class NumericField(Field):
+    """
+    NumericField is used to define a numeric field in a schema definition
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, **kwargs):
+        Field.__init__(self, name, args=[Field.NUMERIC], **kwargs)
+
+
+class GeoShapeField(Field):
+    """
+    GeoShapeField is used to enable within/contain indexing/searching
+    """
+
+    SPHERICAL = "SPHERICAL"
+    FLAT = "FLAT"
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, coord_system=None, **kwargs):
+        args = [Field.GEOSHAPE]
+        if coord_system:
+            args.append(coord_system)
+        Field.__init__(self, name, args=args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class GeoField(Field):
+    """
+    GeoField is used to define a geo-indexing field in a schema definition
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, **kwargs):
+        Field.__init__(self, name, args=[Field.GEO], **kwargs)
+
+
+class TagField(Field):
+    """
+    TagField is a tag-indexing field with simpler compression and tokenization.
+    See http://redisearch.io/Tags/
+    """
+
+    SEPARATOR = "SEPARATOR"
+    CASESENSITIVE = "CASESENSITIVE"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        separator: str = ",",
+        case_sensitive: bool = False,
+        withsuffixtrie: bool = False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        args = [Field.TAG, self.SEPARATOR, separator]
+        if case_sensitive:
+            args.append(self.CASESENSITIVE)
+        if withsuffixtrie:
+            args.append("WITHSUFFIXTRIE")
+
+        Field.__init__(self, name, args=args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class VectorField(Field):
+    """
+    Allows vector similarity queries against the value in this attribute.
+    See https://oss.redis.com/redisearch/Vectors/#vector_fields.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, algorithm: str, attributes: dict, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Create Vector Field. Notice that Vector cannot have sortable or no_index tag,
+        although it's also a Field.
+
+        ``name`` is the name of the field.
+
+        ``algorithm`` can be "FLAT" or "HNSW".
+
+        ``attributes`` each algorithm can have specific attributes. Some of them
+        are mandatory and some of them are optional. See
+        https://oss.redis.com/redisearch/master/Vectors/#specific_creation_attributes_per_algorithm
+        for more information.
+        """
+        sort = kwargs.get("sortable", False)
+        noindex = kwargs.get("no_index", False)
+
+        if sort or noindex:
+            raise DataError("Cannot set 'sortable' or 'no_index' in Vector fields.")
+
+        if algorithm.upper() not in ["FLAT", "HNSW"]:
+            raise DataError(
+                "Realtime vector indexing supporting 2 Indexing Methods:"
+                "'FLAT' and 'HNSW'."
+            )
+
+        attr_li = []
+
+        for key, value in attributes.items():
+            attr_li.extend([key, value])
+
+        Field.__init__(
+            self, name, args=[Field.VECTOR, algorithm, len(attr_li), *attr_li], **kwargs
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/index_definition.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/index_definition.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a668e85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/index_definition.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from enum import Enum
+
+
+class IndexType(Enum):
+    """Enum of the currently supported index types."""
+
+    HASH = 1
+    JSON = 2
+
+
+class IndexDefinition:
+    """IndexDefinition is used to define a index definition for automatic
+    indexing on Hash or Json update."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prefix=[],
+        filter=None,
+        language_field=None,
+        language=None,
+        score_field=None,
+        score=1.0,
+        payload_field=None,
+        index_type=None,
+    ):
+        self.args = []
+        self._append_index_type(index_type)
+        self._append_prefix(prefix)
+        self._append_filter(filter)
+        self._append_language(language_field, language)
+        self._append_score(score_field, score)
+        self._append_payload(payload_field)
+
+    def _append_index_type(self, index_type):
+        """Append `ON HASH` or `ON JSON` according to the enum."""
+        if index_type is IndexType.HASH:
+            self.args.extend(["ON", "HASH"])
+        elif index_type is IndexType.JSON:
+            self.args.extend(["ON", "JSON"])
+        elif index_type is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"index_type must be one of {list(IndexType)}")
+
+    def _append_prefix(self, prefix):
+        """Append PREFIX."""
+        if len(prefix) > 0:
+            self.args.append("PREFIX")
+            self.args.append(len(prefix))
+            for p in prefix:
+                self.args.append(p)
+
+    def _append_filter(self, filter):
+        """Append FILTER."""
+        if filter is not None:
+            self.args.append("FILTER")
+            self.args.append(filter)
+
+    def _append_language(self, language_field, language):
+        """Append LANGUAGE_FIELD and LANGUAGE."""
+        if language_field is not None:
+            self.args.append("LANGUAGE_FIELD")
+            self.args.append(language_field)
+        if language is not None:
+            self.args.append("LANGUAGE")
+            self.args.append(language)
+
+    def _append_score(self, score_field, score):
+        """Append SCORE_FIELD and SCORE."""
+        if score_field is not None:
+            self.args.append("SCORE_FIELD")
+            self.args.append(score_field)
+        if score is not None:
+            self.args.append("SCORE")
+            self.args.append(score)
+
+    def _append_payload(self, payload_field):
+        """Append PAYLOAD_FIELD."""
+        if payload_field is not None:
+            self.args.append("PAYLOAD_FIELD")
+            self.args.append(payload_field)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/profile_information.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/profile_information.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23551be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/profile_information.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+from typing import Any
+
+
+class ProfileInformation:
+    """
+    Wrapper around FT.PROFILE response
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, info: Any) -> None:
+        self._info: Any = info
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> Any:
+        return self._info
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/query.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/query.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8312a2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
+
+from redis.commands.search.dialect import DEFAULT_DIALECT
+
+
+class Query:
+    """
+    Query is used to build complex queries that have more parameters than just
+    the query string. The query string is set in the constructor, and other
+    options have setter functions.
+
+    The setter functions return the query object, so they can be chained,
+    i.e. `Query("foo").verbatim().filter(...)` etc.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, query_string: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Create a new query object.
+        The query string is set in the constructor, and other options have
+        setter functions.
+        """
+
+        self._query_string: str = query_string
+        self._offset: int = 0
+        self._num: int = 10
+        self._no_content: bool = False
+        self._no_stopwords: bool = False
+        self._fields: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self._verbatim: bool = False
+        self._with_payloads: bool = False
+        self._with_scores: bool = False
+        self._scorer: Optional[str] = None
+        self._filters: List = list()
+        self._ids: Optional[List[str]] = None
+        self._slop: int = -1
+        self._timeout: Optional[float] = None
+        self._in_order: bool = False
+        self._sortby: Optional[SortbyField] = None
+        self._return_fields: List = []
+        self._return_fields_decode_as: dict = {}
+        self._summarize_fields: List = []
+        self._highlight_fields: List = []
+        self._language: Optional[str] = None
+        self._expander: Optional[str] = None
+        self._dialect: int = DEFAULT_DIALECT
+
+    def query_string(self) -> str:
+        """Return the query string of this query only."""
+        return self._query_string
+
+    def limit_ids(self, *ids) -> "Query":
+        """Limit the results to a specific set of pre-known document
+        ids of any length."""
+        self._ids = ids
+        return self
+
+    def return_fields(self, *fields) -> "Query":
+        """Add fields to return fields."""
+        for field in fields:
+            self.return_field(field)
+        return self
+
+    def return_field(
+        self,
+        field: str,
+        as_field: Optional[str] = None,
+        decode_field: Optional[bool] = True,
+        encoding: Optional[str] = "utf8",
+    ) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Add a field to the list of fields to return.
+
+        - **field**: The field to include in query results
+        - **as_field**: The alias for the field
+        - **decode_field**: Whether to decode the field from bytes to string
+        - **encoding**: The encoding to use when decoding the field
+        """
+        self._return_fields.append(field)
+        self._return_fields_decode_as[field] = encoding if decode_field else None
+        if as_field is not None:
+            self._return_fields += ("AS", as_field)
+        return self
+
+    def _mk_field_list(self, fields: List[str]) -> List:
+        if not fields:
+            return []
+        return [fields] if isinstance(fields, str) else list(fields)
+
+    def summarize(
+        self,
+        fields: Optional[List] = None,
+        context_len: Optional[int] = None,
+        num_frags: Optional[int] = None,
+        sep: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Return an abridged format of the field, containing only the segments of
+        the field which contain the matching term(s).
+
+        If `fields` is specified, then only the mentioned fields are
+        summarized; otherwise all results are summarized.
+
+        Server side defaults are used for each option (except `fields`)
+        if not specified
+
+        - **fields** List of fields to summarize. All fields are summarized
+        if not specified
+        - **context_len** Amount of context to include with each fragment
+        - **num_frags** Number of fragments per document
+        - **sep** Separator string to separate fragments
+        """
+        args = ["SUMMARIZE"]
+        fields = self._mk_field_list(fields)
+        if fields:
+            args += ["FIELDS", str(len(fields))] + fields
+
+        if context_len is not None:
+            args += ["LEN", str(context_len)]
+        if num_frags is not None:
+            args += ["FRAGS", str(num_frags)]
+        if sep is not None:
+            args += ["SEPARATOR", sep]
+
+        self._summarize_fields = args
+        return self
+
+    def highlight(
+        self, fields: Optional[List[str]] = None, tags: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Apply specified markup to matched term(s) within the returned field(s).
+
+        - **fields** If specified then only those mentioned fields are
+        highlighted, otherwise all fields are highlighted
+        - **tags** A list of two strings to surround the match.
+        """
+        args = ["HIGHLIGHT"]
+        fields = self._mk_field_list(fields)
+        if fields:
+            args += ["FIELDS", str(len(fields))] + fields
+        if tags:
+            args += ["TAGS"] + list(tags)
+
+        self._highlight_fields = args
+        return self
+
+    def language(self, language: str) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Analyze the query as being in the specified language.
+
+        :param language: The language (e.g. `chinese` or `english`)
+        """
+        self._language = language
+        return self
+
+    def slop(self, slop: int) -> "Query":
+        """Allow a maximum of N intervening non matched terms between
+        phrase terms (0 means exact phrase).
+        """
+        self._slop = slop
+        return self
+
+    def timeout(self, timeout: float) -> "Query":
+        """overrides the timeout parameter of the module"""
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        return self
+
+    def in_order(self) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Match only documents where the query terms appear in
+        the same order in the document.
+        i.e. for the query "hello world", we do not match "world hello"
+        """
+        self._in_order = True
+        return self
+
+    def scorer(self, scorer: str) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Use a different scoring function to evaluate document relevance.
+        Default is `TFIDF`.
+
+        Since Redis 8.0 default was changed to BM25STD.
+
+        :param scorer: The scoring function to use
+                       (e.g. `TFIDF.DOCNORM` or `BM25`)
+        """
+        self._scorer = scorer
+        return self
+
+    def get_args(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Format the redis arguments for this query and return them."""
+        args = [self._query_string]
+        args += self._get_args_tags()
+        args += self._summarize_fields + self._highlight_fields
+        args += ["LIMIT", self._offset, self._num]
+        return args
+
+    def _get_args_tags(self) -> List[str]:
+        args = []
+        if self._no_content:
+            args.append("NOCONTENT")
+        if self._fields:
+            args.append("INFIELDS")
+            args.append(len(self._fields))
+            args += self._fields
+        if self._verbatim:
+            args.append("VERBATIM")
+        if self._no_stopwords:
+            args.append("NOSTOPWORDS")
+        if self._filters:
+            for flt in self._filters:
+                if not isinstance(flt, Filter):
+                    raise AttributeError("Did not receive a Filter object.")
+                args += flt.args
+        if self._with_payloads:
+            args.append("WITHPAYLOADS")
+        if self._scorer:
+            args += ["SCORER", self._scorer]
+        if self._with_scores:
+            args.append("WITHSCORES")
+        if self._ids:
+            args.append("INKEYS")
+            args.append(len(self._ids))
+            args += self._ids
+        if self._slop >= 0:
+            args += ["SLOP", self._slop]
+        if self._timeout is not None:
+            args += ["TIMEOUT", self._timeout]
+        if self._in_order:
+            args.append("INORDER")
+        if self._return_fields:
+            args.append("RETURN")
+            args.append(len(self._return_fields))
+            args += self._return_fields
+        if self._sortby:
+            if not isinstance(self._sortby, SortbyField):
+                raise AttributeError("Did not receive a SortByField.")
+            args.append("SORTBY")
+            args += self._sortby.args
+        if self._language:
+            args += ["LANGUAGE", self._language]
+        if self._expander:
+            args += ["EXPANDER", self._expander]
+        if self._dialect:
+            args += ["DIALECT", self._dialect]
+
+        return args
+
+    def paging(self, offset: int, num: int) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Set the paging for the query (defaults to 0..10).
+
+        - **offset**: Paging offset for the results. Defaults to 0
+        - **num**: How many results do we want
+        """
+        self._offset = offset
+        self._num = num
+        return self
+
+    def verbatim(self) -> "Query":
+        """Set the query to be verbatim, i.e. use no query expansion
+        or stemming.
+        """
+        self._verbatim = True
+        return self
+
+    def no_content(self) -> "Query":
+        """Set the query to only return ids and not the document content."""
+        self._no_content = True
+        return self
+
+    def no_stopwords(self) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Prevent the query from being filtered for stopwords.
+        Only useful in very big queries that you are certain contain
+        no stopwords.
+        """
+        self._no_stopwords = True
+        return self
+
+    def with_payloads(self) -> "Query":
+        """Ask the engine to return document payloads."""
+        self._with_payloads = True
+        return self
+
+    def with_scores(self) -> "Query":
+        """Ask the engine to return document search scores."""
+        self._with_scores = True
+        return self
+
+    def limit_fields(self, *fields: List[str]) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Limit the search to specific TEXT fields only.
+
+        - **fields**: A list of strings, case sensitive field names
+        from the defined schema.
+        """
+        self._fields = fields
+        return self
+
+    def add_filter(self, flt: "Filter") -> "Query":
+        """
+        Add a numeric or geo filter to the query.
+        **Currently only one of each filter is supported by the engine**
+
+        - **flt**: A NumericFilter or GeoFilter object, used on a
+        corresponding field
+        """
+
+        self._filters.append(flt)
+        return self
+
+    def sort_by(self, field: str, asc: bool = True) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Add a sortby field to the query.
+
+        - **field** - the name of the field to sort by
+        - **asc** - when `True`, sorting will be done in asceding order
+        """
+        self._sortby = SortbyField(field, asc)
+        return self
+
+    def expander(self, expander: str) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Add a expander field to the query.
+
+        - **expander** - the name of the expander
+        """
+        self._expander = expander
+        return self
+
+    def dialect(self, dialect: int) -> "Query":
+        """
+        Add a dialect field to the query.
+
+        - **dialect** - dialect version to execute the query under
+        """
+        self._dialect = dialect
+        return self
+
+
+class Filter:
+    def __init__(self, keyword: str, field: str, *args: List[str]) -> None:
+        self.args = [keyword, field] + list(args)
+
+
+class NumericFilter(Filter):
+    INF = "+inf"
+    NEG_INF = "-inf"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        field: str,
+        minval: Union[int, str],
+        maxval: Union[int, str],
+        minExclusive: bool = False,
+        maxExclusive: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        args = [
+            minval if not minExclusive else f"({minval}",
+            maxval if not maxExclusive else f"({maxval}",
+        ]
+
+        Filter.__init__(self, "FILTER", field, *args)
+
+
+class GeoFilter(Filter):
+    METERS = "m"
+    KILOMETERS = "km"
+    FEET = "ft"
+    MILES = "mi"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, field: str, lon: float, lat: float, radius: float, unit: str = KILOMETERS
+    ) -> None:
+        Filter.__init__(self, "GEOFILTER", field, lon, lat, radius, unit)
+
+
+class SortbyField:
+    def __init__(self, field: str, asc=True) -> None:
+        self.args = [field, "ASC" if asc else "DESC"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/querystring.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/querystring.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ff13209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/querystring.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+def tags(*t):
+    """
+    Indicate that the values should be matched to a tag field
+
+    ### Parameters
+
+    - **t**: Tags to search for
+    """
+    if not t:
+        raise ValueError("At least one tag must be specified")
+    return TagValue(*t)
+
+
+def between(a, b, inclusive_min=True, inclusive_max=True):
+    """
+    Indicate that value is a numeric range
+    """
+    return RangeValue(a, b, inclusive_min=inclusive_min, inclusive_max=inclusive_max)
+
+
+def equal(n):
+    """
+    Match a numeric value
+    """
+    return between(n, n)
+
+
+def lt(n):
+    """
+    Match any value less than n
+    """
+    return between(None, n, inclusive_max=False)
+
+
+def le(n):
+    """
+    Match any value less or equal to n
+    """
+    return between(None, n, inclusive_max=True)
+
+
+def gt(n):
+    """
+    Match any value greater than n
+    """
+    return between(n, None, inclusive_min=False)
+
+
+def ge(n):
+    """
+    Match any value greater or equal to n
+    """
+    return between(n, None, inclusive_min=True)
+
+
+def geo(lat, lon, radius, unit="km"):
+    """
+    Indicate that value is a geo region
+    """
+    return GeoValue(lat, lon, radius, unit)
+
+
+class Value:
+    @property
+    def combinable(self):
+        """
+        Whether this type of value may be combined with other values
+        for the same field. This makes the filter potentially more efficient
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def make_value(v):
+        """
+        Convert an object to a value, if it is not a value already
+        """
+        if isinstance(v, Value):
+            return v
+        return ScalarValue(v)
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_string()
+
+
+class RangeValue(Value):
+    combinable = False
+
+    def __init__(self, a, b, inclusive_min=False, inclusive_max=False):
+        if a is None:
+            a = "-inf"
+        if b is None:
+            b = "inf"
+        self.range = [str(a), str(b)]
+        self.inclusive_min = inclusive_min
+        self.inclusive_max = inclusive_max
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "[{1}{0[0]} {2}{0[1]}]".format(
+            self.range,
+            "(" if not self.inclusive_min else "",
+            "(" if not self.inclusive_max else "",
+        )
+
+
+class ScalarValue(Value):
+    combinable = True
+
+    def __init__(self, v):
+        self.v = str(v)
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return self.v
+
+
+class TagValue(Value):
+    combinable = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *tags):
+        self.tags = tags
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return "{" + " | ".join(str(t) for t in self.tags) + "}"
+
+
+class GeoValue(Value):
+    def __init__(self, lon, lat, radius, unit="km"):
+        self.lon = lon
+        self.lat = lat
+        self.radius = radius
+        self.unit = unit
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return f"[{self.lon} {self.lat} {self.radius} {self.unit}]"
+
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, *children, **kwparams):
+        """
+        Create a node
+
+        ### Parameters
+
+        - **children**: One or more sub-conditions. These can be additional
+            `intersect`, `disjunct`, `union`, `optional`, or any other `Node`
+            type.
+
+            The semantics of multiple conditions are dependent on the type of
+            query. For an `intersection` node, this amounts to a logical AND,
+            for a `union` node, this amounts to a logical `OR`.
+
+        - **kwparams**: key-value parameters. Each key is the name of a field,
+            and the value should be a field value. This can be one of the
+            following:
+
+            - Simple string (for text field matches)
+            - value returned by one of the helper functions
+            - list of either a string or a value
+
+
+        ### Examples
+
+        Field `num` should be between 1 and 10
+        ```
+        intersect(num=between(1, 10)
+        ```
+
+        Name can either be `bob` or `john`
+
+        ```
+        union(name=("bob", "john"))
+        ```
+
+        Don't select countries in Israel, Japan, or US
+
+        ```
+        disjunct_union(country=("il", "jp", "us"))
+        ```
+        """
+
+        self.params = []
+
+        kvparams = {}
+        for k, v in kwparams.items():
+            curvals = kvparams.setdefault(k, [])
+            if isinstance(v, (str, int, float)):
+                curvals.append(Value.make_value(v))
+            elif isinstance(v, Value):
+                curvals.append(v)
+            else:
+                curvals.extend(Value.make_value(subv) for subv in v)
+
+        self.params += [Node.to_node(p) for p in children]
+
+        for k, v in kvparams.items():
+            self.params.extend(self.join_fields(k, v))
+
+    def join_fields(self, key, vals):
+        if len(vals) == 1:
+            return [BaseNode(f"@{key}:{vals[0].to_string()}")]
+        if not vals[0].combinable:
+            return [BaseNode(f"@{key}:{v.to_string()}") for v in vals]
+        s = BaseNode(f"@{key}:({self.JOINSTR.join(v.to_string() for v in vals)})")
+        return [s]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_node(cls, obj):  # noqa
+        if isinstance(obj, Node):
+            return obj
+        return BaseNode(obj)
+
+    @property
+    def JOINSTR(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def to_string(self, with_parens=None):
+        with_parens = self._should_use_paren(with_parens)
+        pre, post = ("(", ")") if with_parens else ("", "")
+        return f"{pre}{self.JOINSTR.join(n.to_string() for n in self.params)}{post}"
+
+    def _should_use_paren(self, optval):
+        if optval is not None:
+            return optval
+        return len(self.params) > 1
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.to_string()
+
+
+class BaseNode(Node):
+    def __init__(self, s):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.s = str(s)
+
+    def to_string(self, with_parens=None):
+        return self.s
+
+
+class IntersectNode(Node):
+    """
+    Create an intersection node. All children need to be satisfied in order for
+    this node to evaluate as true
+    """
+
+    JOINSTR = " "
+
+
+class UnionNode(Node):
+    """
+    Create a union node. Any of the children need to be satisfied in order for
+    this node to evaluate as true
+    """
+
+    JOINSTR = "|"
+
+
+class DisjunctNode(IntersectNode):
+    """
+    Create a disjunct node. In order for this node to be true, all of its
+    children must evaluate to false
+    """
+
+    def to_string(self, with_parens=None):
+        with_parens = self._should_use_paren(with_parens)
+        ret = super().to_string(with_parens=False)
+        if with_parens:
+            return "(-" + ret + ")"
+        else:
+            return "-" + ret
+
+
+class DistjunctUnion(DisjunctNode):
+    """
+    This node is true if *all* of its children are false. This is equivalent to
+    ```
+    disjunct(union(...))
+    ```
+    """
+
+    JOINSTR = "|"
+
+
+class OptionalNode(IntersectNode):
+    """
+    Create an optional node. If this nodes evaluates to true, then the document
+    will be rated higher in score/rank.
+    """
+
+    def to_string(self, with_parens=None):
+        with_parens = self._should_use_paren(with_parens)
+        ret = super().to_string(with_parens=False)
+        if with_parens:
+            return "(~" + ret + ")"
+        else:
+            return "~" + ret
+
+
+def intersect(*args, **kwargs):
+    return IntersectNode(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def union(*args, **kwargs):
+    return UnionNode(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def disjunct(*args, **kwargs):
+    return DisjunctNode(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def disjunct_union(*args, **kwargs):
+    return DistjunctUnion(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def querystring(*args, **kwargs):
+    return intersect(*args, **kwargs).to_string()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/reducers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/reducers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b60f232
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/reducers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+from typing import Union
+
+from .aggregation import Asc, Desc, Reducer, SortDirection
+
+
+class FieldOnlyReducer(Reducer):
+    """See https://redis.io/docs/interact/search-and-query/search/aggregations/"""
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+        self._field = field
+
+
+class count(Reducer):
+    """
+    Counts the number of results in the group
+    """
+
+    NAME = "COUNT"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+
+class sum(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Calculates the sum of all the values in the given fields within the group
+    """
+
+    NAME = "SUM"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+
+
+class min(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Calculates the smallest value in the given field within the group
+    """
+
+    NAME = "MIN"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+
+
+class max(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Calculates the largest value in the given field within the group
+    """
+
+    NAME = "MAX"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+
+
+class avg(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Calculates the mean value in the given field within the group
+    """
+
+    NAME = "AVG"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+
+
+class tolist(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Returns all the matched properties in a list
+    """
+
+    NAME = "TOLIST"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+
+
+class count_distinct(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Calculate the number of distinct values contained in all the results in
+    the group for the given field
+    """
+
+    NAME = "COUNT_DISTINCT"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+
+
+class count_distinctish(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Calculate the number of distinct values contained in all the results in the
+    group for the given field. This uses a faster algorithm than
+    `count_distinct` but is less accurate
+    """
+
+    NAME = "COUNT_DISTINCTISH"
+
+
+class quantile(Reducer):
+    """
+    Return the value for the nth percentile within the range of values for the
+    field within the group.
+    """
+
+    NAME = "QUANTILE"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str, pct: float) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field, str(pct))
+        self._field = field
+
+
+class stddev(FieldOnlyReducer):
+    """
+    Return the standard deviation for the values within the group
+    """
+
+    NAME = "STDDEV"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(field)
+
+
+class first_value(Reducer):
+    """
+    Selects the first value within the group according to sorting parameters
+    """
+
+    NAME = "FIRST_VALUE"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str, *byfields: Union[Asc, Desc]) -> None:
+        """
+        Selects the first value of the given field within the group.
+
+        ### Parameter
+
+        - **field**: Source field used for the value
+        - **byfields**: How to sort the results. This can be either the
+            *class* of `aggregation.Asc` or `aggregation.Desc` in which
+            case the field `field` is also used as the sort input.
+
+            `byfields` can also be one or more *instances* of `Asc` or `Desc`
+            indicating the sort order for these fields
+        """
+
+        fieldstrs = []
+        if (
+            len(byfields) == 1
+            and isinstance(byfields[0], type)
+            and issubclass(byfields[0], SortDirection)
+        ):
+            byfields = [byfields[0](field)]
+
+        for f in byfields:
+            fieldstrs += [f.field, f.DIRSTRING]
+
+        args = [field]
+        if fieldstrs:
+            args += ["BY"] + fieldstrs
+        super().__init__(*args)
+        self._field = field
+
+
+class random_sample(Reducer):
+    """
+    Returns a random sample of items from the dataset, from the given property
+    """
+
+    NAME = "RANDOM_SAMPLE"
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str, size: int) -> None:
+        """
+        ### Parameter
+
+        **field**: Field to sample from
+        **size**: Return this many items (can be less)
+        """
+        args = [field, str(size)]
+        super().__init__(*args)
+        self._field = field
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/result.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2c7efb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ._util import to_string
+from .document import Document
+
+
+class Result:
+    """
+    Represents the result of a search query, and has an array of Document
+    objects
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        res,
+        hascontent,
+        duration=0,
+        has_payload=False,
+        with_scores=False,
+        field_encodings: Optional[dict] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        - duration: the execution time of the query
+        - has_payload: whether the query has payloads
+        - with_scores: whether the query has scores
+        - field_encodings: a dictionary of field encodings if any is provided
+        """
+
+        self.total = res[0]
+        self.duration = duration
+        self.docs = []
+
+        step = 1
+        if hascontent:
+            step = step + 1
+        if has_payload:
+            step = step + 1
+        if with_scores:
+            step = step + 1
+
+        offset = 2 if with_scores else 1
+
+        for i in range(1, len(res), step):
+            id = to_string(res[i])
+            payload = to_string(res[i + offset]) if has_payload else None
+            # fields_offset = 2 if has_payload else 1
+            fields_offset = offset + 1 if has_payload else offset
+            score = float(res[i + 1]) if with_scores else None
+
+            fields = {}
+            if hascontent and res[i + fields_offset] is not None:
+                keys = map(to_string, res[i + fields_offset][::2])
+                values = res[i + fields_offset][1::2]
+
+                for key, value in zip(keys, values):
+                    if field_encodings is None or key not in field_encodings:
+                        fields[key] = to_string(value)
+                        continue
+
+                    encoding = field_encodings[key]
+
+                    # If the encoding is None, we don't need to decode the value
+                    if encoding is None:
+                        fields[key] = value
+                    else:
+                        fields[key] = to_string(value, encoding=encoding)
+
+            try:
+                del fields["id"]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                fields["json"] = fields["$"]
+                del fields["$"]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+
+            doc = (
+                Document(id, score=score, payload=payload, **fields)
+                if with_scores
+                else Document(id, payload=payload, **fields)
+            )
+            self.docs.append(doc)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Result{{{self.total} total, docs: {self.docs}}}"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/suggestion.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/suggestion.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..499c8d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/search/suggestion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from typing import Optional
+
+from ._util import to_string
+
+
+class Suggestion:
+    """
+    Represents a single suggestion being sent or returned from the
+    autocomplete server
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, string: str, score: float = 1.0, payload: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.string = to_string(string)
+        self.payload = to_string(payload)
+        self.score = score
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return self.string
+
+
+class SuggestionParser:
+    """
+    Internal class used to parse results from the `SUGGET` command.
+    This needs to consume either 1, 2, or 3 values at a time from
+    the return value depending on what objects were requested
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, with_scores: bool, with_payloads: bool, ret) -> None:
+        self.with_scores = with_scores
+        self.with_payloads = with_payloads
+
+        if with_scores and with_payloads:
+            self.sugsize = 3
+            self._scoreidx = 1
+            self._payloadidx = 2
+        elif with_scores:
+            self.sugsize = 2
+            self._scoreidx = 1
+        elif with_payloads:
+            self.sugsize = 2
+            self._payloadidx = 1
+        else:
+            self.sugsize = 1
+            self._scoreidx = -1
+
+        self._sugs = ret
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for i in range(0, len(self._sugs), self.sugsize):
+            ss = self._sugs[i]
+            score = float(self._sugs[i + self._scoreidx]) if self.with_scores else 1.0
+            payload = self._sugs[i + self._payloadidx] if self.with_payloads else None
+            yield Suggestion(ss, score, payload)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/sentinel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/sentinel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7457579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/sentinel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+import warnings
+
+
+class SentinelCommands:
+    """
+    A class containing the commands specific to redis sentinel. This class is
+    to be used as a mixin.
+    """
+
+    def sentinel(self, *args):
+        """Redis Sentinel's SENTINEL command."""
+        warnings.warn(DeprecationWarning("Use the individual sentinel_* methods"))
+
+    def sentinel_get_master_addr_by_name(self, service_name):
+        """Returns a (host, port) pair for the given ``service_name``"""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL GET-MASTER-ADDR-BY-NAME", service_name)
+
+    def sentinel_master(self, service_name):
+        """Returns a dictionary containing the specified masters state."""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL MASTER", service_name)
+
+    def sentinel_masters(self):
+        """Returns a list of dictionaries containing each master's state."""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL MASTERS")
+
+    def sentinel_monitor(self, name, ip, port, quorum):
+        """Add a new master to Sentinel to be monitored"""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL MONITOR", name, ip, port, quorum)
+
+    def sentinel_remove(self, name):
+        """Remove a master from Sentinel's monitoring"""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL REMOVE", name)
+
+    def sentinel_sentinels(self, service_name):
+        """Returns a list of sentinels for ``service_name``"""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL SENTINELS", service_name)
+
+    def sentinel_set(self, name, option, value):
+        """Set Sentinel monitoring parameters for a given master"""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL SET", name, option, value)
+
+    def sentinel_slaves(self, service_name):
+        """Returns a list of slaves for ``service_name``"""
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL SLAVES", service_name)
+
+    def sentinel_reset(self, pattern):
+        """
+        This command will reset all the masters with matching name.
+        The pattern argument is a glob-style pattern.
+
+        The reset process clears any previous state in a master (including a
+        failover in progress), and removes every slave and sentinel already
+        discovered and associated with the master.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL RESET", pattern, once=True)
+
+    def sentinel_failover(self, new_master_name):
+        """
+        Force a failover as if the master was not reachable, and without
+        asking for agreement to other Sentinels (however a new version of the
+        configuration will be published so that the other Sentinels will
+        update their configurations).
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL FAILOVER", new_master_name)
+
+    def sentinel_ckquorum(self, new_master_name):
+        """
+        Check if the current Sentinel configuration is able to reach the
+        quorum needed to failover a master, and the majority needed to
+        authorize the failover.
+
+        This command should be used in monitoring systems to check if a
+        Sentinel deployment is ok.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL CKQUORUM", new_master_name, once=True)
+
+    def sentinel_flushconfig(self):
+        """
+        Force Sentinel to rewrite its configuration on disk, including the
+        current Sentinel state.
+
+        Normally Sentinel rewrites the configuration every time something
+        changes in its state (in the context of the subset of the state which
+        is persisted on disk across restart).
+        However sometimes it is possible that the configuration file is lost
+        because of operation errors, disk failures, package upgrade scripts or
+        configuration managers. In those cases a way to to force Sentinel to
+        rewrite the configuration file is handy.
+
+        This command works even if the previous configuration file is
+        completely missing.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command("SENTINEL FLUSHCONFIG")
+
+
+class AsyncSentinelCommands(SentinelCommands):
+    async def sentinel(self, *args) -> None:
+        """Redis Sentinel's SENTINEL command."""
+        super().sentinel(*args)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fbf8211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import redis
+from redis._parsers.helpers import bool_ok
+
+from ..helpers import get_protocol_version, parse_to_list
+from .commands import (
+    ALTER_CMD,
+    CREATE_CMD,
+    CREATERULE_CMD,
+    DEL_CMD,
+    DELETERULE_CMD,
+    GET_CMD,
+    INFO_CMD,
+    MGET_CMD,
+    MRANGE_CMD,
+    MREVRANGE_CMD,
+    QUERYINDEX_CMD,
+    RANGE_CMD,
+    REVRANGE_CMD,
+    TimeSeriesCommands,
+)
+from .info import TSInfo
+from .utils import parse_get, parse_m_get, parse_m_range, parse_range
+
+
+class TimeSeries(TimeSeriesCommands):
+    """
+    This class subclasses redis-py's `Redis` and implements RedisTimeSeries's
+    commands (prefixed with "ts").
+    The client allows to interact with RedisTimeSeries and use all of it's
+    functionality.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, client=None, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new RedisTimeSeries client."""
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        self._MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            ALTER_CMD: bool_ok,
+            CREATE_CMD: bool_ok,
+            CREATERULE_CMD: bool_ok,
+            DELETERULE_CMD: bool_ok,
+        }
+
+        _RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            DEL_CMD: int,
+            GET_CMD: parse_get,
+            INFO_CMD: TSInfo,
+            MGET_CMD: parse_m_get,
+            MRANGE_CMD: parse_m_range,
+            MREVRANGE_CMD: parse_m_range,
+            RANGE_CMD: parse_range,
+            REVRANGE_CMD: parse_range,
+            QUERYINDEX_CMD: parse_to_list,
+        }
+        _RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(_RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for k, v in self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(k, v)
+
+    def pipeline(self, transaction=True, shard_hint=None):
+        """Creates a pipeline for the TimeSeries module, that can be used
+        for executing only TimeSeries commands and core commands.
+
+        Usage example:
+
+        r = redis.Redis()
+        pipe = r.ts().pipeline()
+        for i in range(100):
+            pipeline.add("with_pipeline", i, 1.1 * i)
+        pipeline.execute()
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(self.client, redis.RedisCluster):
+            p = ClusterPipeline(
+                nodes_manager=self.client.nodes_manager,
+                commands_parser=self.client.commands_parser,
+                startup_nodes=self.client.nodes_manager.startup_nodes,
+                result_callbacks=self.client.result_callbacks,
+                cluster_response_callbacks=self.client.cluster_response_callbacks,
+                cluster_error_retry_attempts=self.client.retry.get_retries(),
+                read_from_replicas=self.client.read_from_replicas,
+                reinitialize_steps=self.client.reinitialize_steps,
+                lock=self.client._lock,
+            )
+
+        else:
+            p = Pipeline(
+                connection_pool=self.client.connection_pool,
+                response_callbacks=self._MODULE_CALLBACKS,
+                transaction=transaction,
+                shard_hint=shard_hint,
+            )
+        return p
+
+
+class ClusterPipeline(TimeSeriesCommands, redis.cluster.ClusterPipeline):
+    """Cluster pipeline for the module."""
+
+
+class Pipeline(TimeSeriesCommands, redis.client.Pipeline):
+    """Pipeline for the module."""
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/commands.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0cb8642
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1136 @@
+from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from redis.exceptions import DataError
+from redis.typing import KeyT, Number
+
+ADD_CMD = "TS.ADD"
+ALTER_CMD = "TS.ALTER"
+CREATERULE_CMD = "TS.CREATERULE"
+CREATE_CMD = "TS.CREATE"
+DECRBY_CMD = "TS.DECRBY"
+DELETERULE_CMD = "TS.DELETERULE"
+DEL_CMD = "TS.DEL"
+GET_CMD = "TS.GET"
+INCRBY_CMD = "TS.INCRBY"
+INFO_CMD = "TS.INFO"
+MADD_CMD = "TS.MADD"
+MGET_CMD = "TS.MGET"
+MRANGE_CMD = "TS.MRANGE"
+MREVRANGE_CMD = "TS.MREVRANGE"
+QUERYINDEX_CMD = "TS.QUERYINDEX"
+RANGE_CMD = "TS.RANGE"
+REVRANGE_CMD = "TS.REVRANGE"
+
+
+class TimeSeriesCommands:
+    """RedisTimeSeries Commands."""
+
+    def create(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        retention_msecs: Optional[int] = None,
+        uncompressed: Optional[bool] = False,
+        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        duplicate_policy: Optional[str] = None,
+        ignore_max_time_diff: Optional[int] = None,
+        ignore_max_val_diff: Optional[Number] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a new time-series.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.create/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                The time-series key.
+            retention_msecs:
+                Maximum age for samples, compared to the highest reported timestamp in
+                milliseconds. If `None` or `0` is passed, the series is not trimmed at
+                all.
+            uncompressed:
+                Changes data storage from compressed (default) to uncompressed.
+            labels:
+                A dictionary of label-value pairs that represent metadata labels of the
+                key.
+            chunk_size:
+                Memory size, in bytes, allocated for each data chunk. Must be a multiple
+                of 8 in the range `[48..1048576]`. In earlier versions of the module the
+                minimum value was different.
+            duplicate_policy:
+                Policy for handling multiple samples with identical timestamps. Can be
+                one of:
+
+                - 'block': An error will occur and the new value will be ignored.
+                - 'first': Ignore the new value.
+                - 'last': Override with the latest value.
+                - 'min': Only override if the value is lower than the existing value.
+                - 'max': Only override if the value is higher than the existing value.
+                - 'sum': If a previous sample exists, add the new sample to it so
+                  that the updated value is equal to (previous + new). If no
+                  previous sample exists, set the updated value equal to the new
+                  value.
+
+            ignore_max_time_diff:
+                A non-negative integer value, in milliseconds, that sets an ignore
+                threshold for added timestamps. If the difference between the last
+                timestamp and the new timestamp is lower than this threshold, the new
+                entry is ignored. Only applicable if `duplicate_policy` is set to
+                `last`, and if `ignore_max_val_diff` is also set. Available since
+                RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+            ignore_max_val_diff:
+                A non-negative floating point value, that sets an ignore threshold for
+                added values. If the difference between the last value and the new value
+                is lower than this threshold, the new entry is ignored. Only applicable
+                if `duplicate_policy` is set to `last`, and if `ignore_max_time_diff` is
+                also set. Available since RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+        """
+        params = [key]
+        self._append_retention(params, retention_msecs)
+        self._append_uncompressed(params, uncompressed)
+        self._append_chunk_size(params, chunk_size)
+        self._append_duplicate_policy(params, duplicate_policy)
+        self._append_labels(params, labels)
+        self._append_insertion_filters(
+            params, ignore_max_time_diff, ignore_max_val_diff
+        )
+
+        return self.execute_command(CREATE_CMD, *params)
+
+    def alter(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        retention_msecs: Optional[int] = None,
+        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        duplicate_policy: Optional[str] = None,
+        ignore_max_time_diff: Optional[int] = None,
+        ignore_max_val_diff: Optional[Number] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Update an existing time series.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.alter/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                The time-series key.
+            retention_msecs:
+                Maximum age for samples, compared to the highest reported timestamp in
+                milliseconds. If `None` or `0` is passed, the series is not trimmed at
+                all.
+            labels:
+                A dictionary of label-value pairs that represent metadata labels of the
+                key.
+            chunk_size:
+                Memory size, in bytes, allocated for each data chunk. Must be a multiple
+                of 8 in the range `[48..1048576]`. In earlier versions of the module the
+                minimum value was different. Changing this value does not affect
+                existing chunks.
+            duplicate_policy:
+                Policy for handling multiple samples with identical timestamps. Can be
+                one of:
+
+                - 'block': An error will occur and the new value will be ignored.
+                - 'first': Ignore the new value.
+                - 'last': Override with the latest value.
+                - 'min': Only override if the value is lower than the existing value.
+                - 'max': Only override if the value is higher than the existing value.
+                - 'sum': If a previous sample exists, add the new sample to it so
+                  that the updated value is equal to (previous + new). If no
+                  previous sample exists, set the updated value equal to the new
+                  value.
+
+            ignore_max_time_diff:
+                A non-negative integer value, in milliseconds, that sets an ignore
+                threshold for added timestamps. If the difference between the last
+                timestamp and the new timestamp is lower than this threshold, the new
+                entry is ignored. Only applicable if `duplicate_policy` is set to
+                `last`, and if `ignore_max_val_diff` is also set. Available since
+                RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+            ignore_max_val_diff:
+                A non-negative floating point value, that sets an ignore threshold for
+                added values. If the difference between the last value and the new value
+                is lower than this threshold, the new entry is ignored. Only applicable
+                if `duplicate_policy` is set to `last`, and if `ignore_max_time_diff` is
+                also set. Available since RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+        """
+        params = [key]
+        self._append_retention(params, retention_msecs)
+        self._append_chunk_size(params, chunk_size)
+        self._append_duplicate_policy(params, duplicate_policy)
+        self._append_labels(params, labels)
+        self._append_insertion_filters(
+            params, ignore_max_time_diff, ignore_max_val_diff
+        )
+
+        return self.execute_command(ALTER_CMD, *params)
+
+    def add(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        timestamp: Union[int, str],
+        value: Number,
+        retention_msecs: Optional[int] = None,
+        uncompressed: Optional[bool] = False,
+        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        duplicate_policy: Optional[str] = None,
+        ignore_max_time_diff: Optional[int] = None,
+        ignore_max_val_diff: Optional[Number] = None,
+        on_duplicate: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Append a sample to a time series. When the specified key does not exist, a new
+        time series is created.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.add/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                The time-series key.
+            timestamp:
+                Timestamp of the sample. `*` can be used for automatic timestamp (using
+                the system clock).
+            value:
+                Numeric data value of the sample.
+            retention_msecs:
+                Maximum age for samples, compared to the highest reported timestamp in
+                milliseconds. If `None` or `0` is passed, the series is not trimmed at
+                all.
+            uncompressed:
+                Changes data storage from compressed (default) to uncompressed.
+            labels:
+                A dictionary of label-value pairs that represent metadata labels of the
+                key.
+            chunk_size:
+                Memory size, in bytes, allocated for each data chunk. Must be a multiple
+                of 8 in the range `[48..1048576]`. In earlier versions of the module the
+                minimum value was different.
+            duplicate_policy:
+                Policy for handling multiple samples with identical timestamps. Can be
+                one of:
+
+                - 'block': An error will occur and the new value will be ignored.
+                - 'first': Ignore the new value.
+                - 'last': Override with the latest value.
+                - 'min': Only override if the value is lower than the existing value.
+                - 'max': Only override if the value is higher than the existing value.
+                - 'sum': If a previous sample exists, add the new sample to it so
+                  that the updated value is equal to (previous + new). If no
+                  previous sample exists, set the updated value equal to the new
+                  value.
+
+            ignore_max_time_diff:
+                A non-negative integer value, in milliseconds, that sets an ignore
+                threshold for added timestamps. If the difference between the last
+                timestamp and the new timestamp is lower than this threshold, the new
+                entry is ignored. Only applicable if `duplicate_policy` is set to
+                `last`, and if `ignore_max_val_diff` is also set. Available since
+                RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+            ignore_max_val_diff:
+                A non-negative floating point value, that sets an ignore threshold for
+                added values. If the difference between the last value and the new value
+                is lower than this threshold, the new entry is ignored. Only applicable
+                if `duplicate_policy` is set to `last`, and if `ignore_max_time_diff` is
+                also set. Available since RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+            on_duplicate:
+                Use a specific duplicate policy for the specified timestamp. Overrides
+                the duplicate policy set by `duplicate_policy`.
+        """
+        params = [key, timestamp, value]
+        self._append_retention(params, retention_msecs)
+        self._append_uncompressed(params, uncompressed)
+        self._append_chunk_size(params, chunk_size)
+        self._append_duplicate_policy(params, duplicate_policy)
+        self._append_labels(params, labels)
+        self._append_insertion_filters(
+            params, ignore_max_time_diff, ignore_max_val_diff
+        )
+        self._append_on_duplicate(params, on_duplicate)
+
+        return self.execute_command(ADD_CMD, *params)
+
+    def madd(self, ktv_tuples: List[Tuple[KeyT, Union[int, str], Number]]):
+        """
+        Append new samples to one or more time series.
+
+        Each time series must already exist.
+
+        The method expects a list of tuples. Each tuple should contain three elements:
+        (`key`, `timestamp`, `value`). The `value` will be appended to the time series
+        identified by 'key', at the given 'timestamp'.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.madd/
+
+        Args:
+            ktv_tuples:
+                A list of tuples, where each tuple contains:
+                    - `key`: The key of the time series.
+                    - `timestamp`: The timestamp at which the value should be appended.
+                    - `value`: The value to append to the time series.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list that contains, for each sample, either the timestamp that was used,
+            or an error, if the sample could not be added.
+        """
+        params = []
+        for ktv in ktv_tuples:
+            params.extend(ktv)
+
+        return self.execute_command(MADD_CMD, *params)
+
+    def incrby(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        value: Number,
+        timestamp: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        retention_msecs: Optional[int] = None,
+        uncompressed: Optional[bool] = False,
+        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        duplicate_policy: Optional[str] = None,
+        ignore_max_time_diff: Optional[int] = None,
+        ignore_max_val_diff: Optional[Number] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Increment the latest sample's of a series. When the specified key does not
+        exist, a new time series is created.
+
+        This command can be used as a counter or gauge that automatically gets history
+        as a time series.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.incrby/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                The time-series key.
+            value:
+                Numeric value to be added (addend).
+            timestamp:
+                Timestamp of the sample. `*` can be used for automatic timestamp (using
+                the system clock). `timestamp` must be equal to or higher than the
+                maximum existing timestamp in the series. When equal, the value of the
+                sample with the maximum existing timestamp is increased. If it is
+                higher, a new sample with a timestamp set to `timestamp` is created, and
+                its value is set to the value of the sample with the maximum existing
+                timestamp plus the addend.
+            retention_msecs:
+                Maximum age for samples, compared to the highest reported timestamp in
+                milliseconds. If `None` or `0` is passed, the series is not trimmed at
+                all.
+            uncompressed:
+                Changes data storage from compressed (default) to uncompressed.
+            labels:
+                A dictionary of label-value pairs that represent metadata labels of the
+                key.
+            chunk_size:
+                Memory size, in bytes, allocated for each data chunk. Must be a multiple
+                of 8 in the range `[48..1048576]`. In earlier versions of the module the
+                minimum value was different.
+            duplicate_policy:
+                Policy for handling multiple samples with identical timestamps. Can be
+                one of:
+
+                - 'block': An error will occur and the new value will be ignored.
+                - 'first': Ignore the new value.
+                - 'last': Override with the latest value.
+                - 'min': Only override if the value is lower than the existing value.
+                - 'max': Only override if the value is higher than the existing value.
+                - 'sum': If a previous sample exists, add the new sample to it so
+                  that the updated value is equal to (previous + new). If no
+                  previous sample exists, set the updated value equal to the new
+                  value.
+
+            ignore_max_time_diff:
+                A non-negative integer value, in milliseconds, that sets an ignore
+                threshold for added timestamps. If the difference between the last
+                timestamp and the new timestamp is lower than this threshold, the new
+                entry is ignored. Only applicable if `duplicate_policy` is set to
+                `last`, and if `ignore_max_val_diff` is also set. Available since
+                RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+            ignore_max_val_diff:
+                A non-negative floating point value, that sets an ignore threshold for
+                added values. If the difference between the last value and the new value
+                is lower than this threshold, the new entry is ignored. Only applicable
+                if `duplicate_policy` is set to `last`, and if `ignore_max_time_diff` is
+                also set. Available since RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+
+        Returns:
+            The timestamp of the sample that was modified or added.
+        """
+        params = [key, value]
+        self._append_timestamp(params, timestamp)
+        self._append_retention(params, retention_msecs)
+        self._append_uncompressed(params, uncompressed)
+        self._append_chunk_size(params, chunk_size)
+        self._append_duplicate_policy(params, duplicate_policy)
+        self._append_labels(params, labels)
+        self._append_insertion_filters(
+            params, ignore_max_time_diff, ignore_max_val_diff
+        )
+
+        return self.execute_command(INCRBY_CMD, *params)
+
+    def decrby(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        value: Number,
+        timestamp: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        retention_msecs: Optional[int] = None,
+        uncompressed: Optional[bool] = False,
+        labels: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
+        chunk_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        duplicate_policy: Optional[str] = None,
+        ignore_max_time_diff: Optional[int] = None,
+        ignore_max_val_diff: Optional[Number] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Decrement the latest sample's of a series. When the specified key does not
+        exist, a new time series is created.
+
+        This command can be used as a counter or gauge that automatically gets history
+        as a time series.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.decrby/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                The time-series key.
+            value:
+                Numeric value to subtract (subtrahend).
+            timestamp:
+                Timestamp of the sample. `*` can be used for automatic timestamp (using
+                the system clock). `timestamp` must be equal to or higher than the
+                maximum existing timestamp in the series. When equal, the value of the
+                sample with the maximum existing timestamp is decreased. If it is
+                higher, a new sample with a timestamp set to `timestamp` is created, and
+                its value is set to the value of the sample with the maximum existing
+                timestamp minus subtrahend.
+            retention_msecs:
+                Maximum age for samples, compared to the highest reported timestamp in
+                milliseconds. If `None` or `0` is passed, the series is not trimmed at
+                all.
+            uncompressed:
+                Changes data storage from compressed (default) to uncompressed.
+            labels:
+                A dictionary of label-value pairs that represent metadata labels of the
+                key.
+            chunk_size:
+                Memory size, in bytes, allocated for each data chunk. Must be a multiple
+                of 8 in the range `[48..1048576]`. In earlier versions of the module the
+                minimum value was different.
+            duplicate_policy:
+                Policy for handling multiple samples with identical timestamps. Can be
+                one of:
+
+                - 'block': An error will occur and the new value will be ignored.
+                - 'first': Ignore the new value.
+                - 'last': Override with the latest value.
+                - 'min': Only override if the value is lower than the existing value.
+                - 'max': Only override if the value is higher than the existing value.
+                - 'sum': If a previous sample exists, add the new sample to it so
+                  that the updated value is equal to (previous + new). If no
+                  previous sample exists, set the updated value equal to the new
+                  value.
+
+            ignore_max_time_diff:
+                A non-negative integer value, in milliseconds, that sets an ignore
+                threshold for added timestamps. If the difference between the last
+                timestamp and the new timestamp is lower than this threshold, the new
+                entry is ignored. Only applicable if `duplicate_policy` is set to
+                `last`, and if `ignore_max_val_diff` is also set. Available since
+                RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+            ignore_max_val_diff:
+                A non-negative floating point value, that sets an ignore threshold for
+                added values. If the difference between the last value and the new value
+                is lower than this threshold, the new entry is ignored. Only applicable
+                if `duplicate_policy` is set to `last`, and if `ignore_max_time_diff` is
+                also set. Available since RedisTimeSeries version 1.12.0.
+
+        Returns:
+            The timestamp of the sample that was modified or added.
+        """
+        params = [key, value]
+        self._append_timestamp(params, timestamp)
+        self._append_retention(params, retention_msecs)
+        self._append_uncompressed(params, uncompressed)
+        self._append_chunk_size(params, chunk_size)
+        self._append_duplicate_policy(params, duplicate_policy)
+        self._append_labels(params, labels)
+        self._append_insertion_filters(
+            params, ignore_max_time_diff, ignore_max_val_diff
+        )
+
+        return self.execute_command(DECRBY_CMD, *params)
+
+    def delete(self, key: KeyT, from_time: int, to_time: int):
+        """
+        Delete all samples between two timestamps for a given time series.
+
+        The given timestamp interval is closed (inclusive), meaning that samples whose
+        timestamp equals `from_time` or `to_time` are also deleted.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.del/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                The time-series key.
+            from_time:
+                Start timestamp for the range deletion.
+            to_time:
+                End timestamp for the range deletion.
+
+        Returns:
+            The number of samples deleted.
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(DEL_CMD, key, from_time, to_time)
+
+    def createrule(
+        self,
+        source_key: KeyT,
+        dest_key: KeyT,
+        aggregation_type: str,
+        bucket_size_msec: int,
+        align_timestamp: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a compaction rule from values added to `source_key` into `dest_key`.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.createrule/
+
+        Args:
+            source_key:
+                Key name for source time series.
+            dest_key:
+                Key name for destination (compacted) time series.
+            aggregation_type:
+                Aggregation type: One of the following:
+                [`avg`, `sum`, `min`, `max`, `range`, `count`, `first`, `last`, `std.p`,
+                `std.s`, `var.p`, `var.s`, `twa`]
+            bucket_size_msec:
+                Duration of each bucket, in milliseconds.
+            align_timestamp:
+                Assure that there is a bucket that starts at exactly align_timestamp and
+                align all other buckets accordingly.
+        """
+        params = [source_key, dest_key]
+        self._append_aggregation(params, aggregation_type, bucket_size_msec)
+        if align_timestamp is not None:
+            params.append(align_timestamp)
+
+        return self.execute_command(CREATERULE_CMD, *params)
+
+    def deleterule(self, source_key: KeyT, dest_key: KeyT):
+        """
+        Delete a compaction rule from `source_key` to `dest_key`.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.deleterule/
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(DELETERULE_CMD, source_key, dest_key)
+
+    def __range_params(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        from_time: Union[int, str],
+        to_time: Union[int, str],
+        count: Optional[int],
+        aggregation_type: Optional[str],
+        bucket_size_msec: Optional[int],
+        filter_by_ts: Optional[List[int]],
+        filter_by_min_value: Optional[int],
+        filter_by_max_value: Optional[int],
+        align: Optional[Union[int, str]],
+        latest: Optional[bool],
+        bucket_timestamp: Optional[str],
+        empty: Optional[bool],
+    ):
+        """Create TS.RANGE and TS.REVRANGE arguments."""
+        params = [key, from_time, to_time]
+        self._append_latest(params, latest)
+        self._append_filer_by_ts(params, filter_by_ts)
+        self._append_filer_by_value(params, filter_by_min_value, filter_by_max_value)
+        self._append_count(params, count)
+        self._append_align(params, align)
+        self._append_aggregation(params, aggregation_type, bucket_size_msec)
+        self._append_bucket_timestamp(params, bucket_timestamp)
+        self._append_empty(params, empty)
+
+        return params
+
+    def range(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        from_time: Union[int, str],
+        to_time: Union[int, str],
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        aggregation_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        bucket_size_msec: Optional[int] = 0,
+        filter_by_ts: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        filter_by_min_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        filter_by_max_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        align: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        latest: Optional[bool] = False,
+        bucket_timestamp: Optional[str] = None,
+        empty: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Query a range in forward direction for a specific time-series.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.range/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                Key name for timeseries.
+            from_time:
+                Start timestamp for the range query. `-` can be used to express the
+                minimum possible timestamp (0).
+            to_time:
+                End timestamp for range query, `+` can be used to express the maximum
+                possible timestamp.
+            count:
+                Limits the number of returned samples.
+            aggregation_type:
+                Optional aggregation type. Can be one of [`avg`, `sum`, `min`, `max`,
+                `range`, `count`, `first`, `last`, `std.p`, `std.s`, `var.p`, `var.s`,
+                `twa`]
+            bucket_size_msec:
+                Time bucket for aggregation in milliseconds.
+            filter_by_ts:
+                List of timestamps to filter the result by specific timestamps.
+            filter_by_min_value:
+                Filter result by minimum value (must mention also
+                `filter by_max_value`).
+            filter_by_max_value:
+                Filter result by maximum value (must mention also
+                `filter by_min_value`).
+            align:
+                Timestamp for alignment control for aggregation.
+            latest:
+                Used when a time series is a compaction, reports the compacted value of
+                the latest possibly partial bucket.
+            bucket_timestamp:
+                Controls how bucket timestamps are reported. Can be one of [`-`, `low`,
+                `+`, `high`, `~`, `mid`].
+            empty:
+                Reports aggregations for empty buckets.
+        """
+        params = self.__range_params(
+            key,
+            from_time,
+            to_time,
+            count,
+            aggregation_type,
+            bucket_size_msec,
+            filter_by_ts,
+            filter_by_min_value,
+            filter_by_max_value,
+            align,
+            latest,
+            bucket_timestamp,
+            empty,
+        )
+        return self.execute_command(RANGE_CMD, *params, keys=[key])
+
+    def revrange(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        from_time: Union[int, str],
+        to_time: Union[int, str],
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        aggregation_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        bucket_size_msec: Optional[int] = 0,
+        filter_by_ts: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        filter_by_min_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        filter_by_max_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        align: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        latest: Optional[bool] = False,
+        bucket_timestamp: Optional[str] = None,
+        empty: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Query a range in reverse direction for a specific time-series.
+
+        **Note**: This command is only available since RedisTimeSeries >= v1.4
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.revrange/
+
+        Args:
+            key:
+                Key name for timeseries.
+            from_time:
+                Start timestamp for the range query. `-` can be used to express the
+                minimum possible timestamp (0).
+            to_time:
+                End timestamp for range query, `+` can be used to express the maximum
+                possible timestamp.
+            count:
+                Limits the number of returned samples.
+            aggregation_type:
+                Optional aggregation type. Can be one of [`avg`, `sum`, `min`, `max`,
+                `range`, `count`, `first`, `last`, `std.p`, `std.s`, `var.p`, `var.s`,
+                `twa`]
+            bucket_size_msec:
+                Time bucket for aggregation in milliseconds.
+            filter_by_ts:
+                List of timestamps to filter the result by specific timestamps.
+            filter_by_min_value:
+                Filter result by minimum value (must mention also
+                `filter_by_max_value`).
+            filter_by_max_value:
+                Filter result by maximum value (must mention also
+                `filter_by_min_value`).
+            align:
+                Timestamp for alignment control for aggregation.
+            latest:
+                Used when a time series is a compaction, reports the compacted value of
+                the latest possibly partial bucket.
+            bucket_timestamp:
+                Controls how bucket timestamps are reported. Can be one of [`-`, `low`,
+                `+`, `high`, `~`, `mid`].
+            empty:
+                Reports aggregations for empty buckets.
+        """
+        params = self.__range_params(
+            key,
+            from_time,
+            to_time,
+            count,
+            aggregation_type,
+            bucket_size_msec,
+            filter_by_ts,
+            filter_by_min_value,
+            filter_by_max_value,
+            align,
+            latest,
+            bucket_timestamp,
+            empty,
+        )
+        return self.execute_command(REVRANGE_CMD, *params, keys=[key])
+
+    def __mrange_params(
+        self,
+        aggregation_type: Optional[str],
+        bucket_size_msec: Optional[int],
+        count: Optional[int],
+        filters: List[str],
+        from_time: Union[int, str],
+        to_time: Union[int, str],
+        with_labels: Optional[bool],
+        filter_by_ts: Optional[List[int]],
+        filter_by_min_value: Optional[int],
+        filter_by_max_value: Optional[int],
+        groupby: Optional[str],
+        reduce: Optional[str],
+        select_labels: Optional[List[str]],
+        align: Optional[Union[int, str]],
+        latest: Optional[bool],
+        bucket_timestamp: Optional[str],
+        empty: Optional[bool],
+    ):
+        """Create TS.MRANGE and TS.MREVRANGE arguments."""
+        params = [from_time, to_time]
+        self._append_latest(params, latest)
+        self._append_filer_by_ts(params, filter_by_ts)
+        self._append_filer_by_value(params, filter_by_min_value, filter_by_max_value)
+        self._append_with_labels(params, with_labels, select_labels)
+        self._append_count(params, count)
+        self._append_align(params, align)
+        self._append_aggregation(params, aggregation_type, bucket_size_msec)
+        self._append_bucket_timestamp(params, bucket_timestamp)
+        self._append_empty(params, empty)
+        params.extend(["FILTER"])
+        params += filters
+        self._append_groupby_reduce(params, groupby, reduce)
+        return params
+
+    def mrange(
+        self,
+        from_time: Union[int, str],
+        to_time: Union[int, str],
+        filters: List[str],
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        aggregation_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        bucket_size_msec: Optional[int] = 0,
+        with_labels: Optional[bool] = False,
+        filter_by_ts: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        filter_by_min_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        filter_by_max_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        groupby: Optional[str] = None,
+        reduce: Optional[str] = None,
+        select_labels: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        align: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        latest: Optional[bool] = False,
+        bucket_timestamp: Optional[str] = None,
+        empty: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Query a range across multiple time-series by filters in forward direction.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.mrange/
+
+        Args:
+            from_time:
+                Start timestamp for the range query. `-` can be used to express the
+                minimum possible timestamp (0).
+            to_time:
+                End timestamp for range query, `+` can be used to express the maximum
+                possible timestamp.
+            filters:
+                Filter to match the time-series labels.
+            count:
+                Limits the number of returned samples.
+            aggregation_type:
+                Optional aggregation type. Can be one of [`avg`, `sum`, `min`, `max`,
+                `range`, `count`, `first`, `last`, `std.p`, `std.s`, `var.p`, `var.s`,
+                `twa`]
+            bucket_size_msec:
+                Time bucket for aggregation in milliseconds.
+            with_labels:
+                Include in the reply all label-value pairs representing metadata labels
+                of the time series.
+            filter_by_ts:
+                List of timestamps to filter the result by specific timestamps.
+            filter_by_min_value:
+                Filter result by minimum value (must mention also
+                `filter_by_max_value`).
+            filter_by_max_value:
+                Filter result by maximum value (must mention also
+                `filter_by_min_value`).
+            groupby:
+                Grouping by fields the results (must mention also `reduce`).
+            reduce:
+                Applying reducer functions on each group. Can be one of [`avg` `sum`,
+                `min`, `max`, `range`, `count`, `std.p`, `std.s`, `var.p`, `var.s`].
+            select_labels:
+                Include in the reply only a subset of the key-value pair labels of a
+                series.
+            align:
+                Timestamp for alignment control for aggregation.
+            latest:
+                Used when a time series is a compaction, reports the compacted value of
+                the latest possibly partial bucket.
+            bucket_timestamp:
+                Controls how bucket timestamps are reported. Can be one of [`-`, `low`,
+                `+`, `high`, `~`, `mid`].
+            empty:
+                Reports aggregations for empty buckets.
+        """
+        params = self.__mrange_params(
+            aggregation_type,
+            bucket_size_msec,
+            count,
+            filters,
+            from_time,
+            to_time,
+            with_labels,
+            filter_by_ts,
+            filter_by_min_value,
+            filter_by_max_value,
+            groupby,
+            reduce,
+            select_labels,
+            align,
+            latest,
+            bucket_timestamp,
+            empty,
+        )
+
+        return self.execute_command(MRANGE_CMD, *params)
+
+    def mrevrange(
+        self,
+        from_time: Union[int, str],
+        to_time: Union[int, str],
+        filters: List[str],
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        aggregation_type: Optional[str] = None,
+        bucket_size_msec: Optional[int] = 0,
+        with_labels: Optional[bool] = False,
+        filter_by_ts: Optional[List[int]] = None,
+        filter_by_min_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        filter_by_max_value: Optional[int] = None,
+        groupby: Optional[str] = None,
+        reduce: Optional[str] = None,
+        select_labels: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        align: Optional[Union[int, str]] = None,
+        latest: Optional[bool] = False,
+        bucket_timestamp: Optional[str] = None,
+        empty: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Query a range across multiple time-series by filters in reverse direction.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.mrevrange/
+
+        Args:
+            from_time:
+                Start timestamp for the range query. '-' can be used to express the
+                minimum possible timestamp (0).
+            to_time:
+                End timestamp for range query, '+' can be used to express the maximum
+                possible timestamp.
+            filters:
+                Filter to match the time-series labels.
+            count:
+                Limits the number of returned samples.
+            aggregation_type:
+                Optional aggregation type. Can be one of [`avg`, `sum`, `min`, `max`,
+                `range`, `count`, `first`, `last`, `std.p`, `std.s`, `var.p`, `var.s`,
+                `twa`].
+            bucket_size_msec:
+                Time bucket for aggregation in milliseconds.
+            with_labels:
+                Include in the reply all label-value pairs representing metadata labels
+                of the time series.
+            filter_by_ts:
+                List of timestamps to filter the result by specific timestamps.
+            filter_by_min_value:
+                Filter result by minimum value (must mention also
+                `filter_by_max_value`).
+            filter_by_max_value:
+                Filter result by maximum value (must mention also
+                `filter_by_min_value`).
+            groupby:
+                Grouping by fields the results (must mention also `reduce`).
+            reduce:
+                Applying reducer functions on each group. Can be one of [`avg` `sum`,
+                `min`, `max`, `range`, `count`, `std.p`, `std.s`, `var.p`, `var.s`].
+            select_labels:
+                Include in the reply only a subset of the key-value pair labels of a
+                series.
+            align:
+                Timestamp for alignment control for aggregation.
+            latest:
+                Used when a time series is a compaction, reports the compacted value of
+                the latest possibly partial bucket.
+            bucket_timestamp:
+                Controls how bucket timestamps are reported. Can be one of [`-`, `low`,
+                `+`, `high`, `~`, `mid`].
+            empty:
+                Reports aggregations for empty buckets.
+        """
+        params = self.__mrange_params(
+            aggregation_type,
+            bucket_size_msec,
+            count,
+            filters,
+            from_time,
+            to_time,
+            with_labels,
+            filter_by_ts,
+            filter_by_min_value,
+            filter_by_max_value,
+            groupby,
+            reduce,
+            select_labels,
+            align,
+            latest,
+            bucket_timestamp,
+            empty,
+        )
+
+        return self.execute_command(MREVRANGE_CMD, *params)
+
+    def get(self, key: KeyT, latest: Optional[bool] = False):
+        """
+        Get the last sample of `key`.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.get/
+
+        Args:
+            latest:
+                Used when a time series is a compaction, reports the compacted value of
+                the latest (possibly partial) bucket.
+        """
+        params = [key]
+        self._append_latest(params, latest)
+        return self.execute_command(GET_CMD, *params, keys=[key])
+
+    def mget(
+        self,
+        filters: List[str],
+        with_labels: Optional[bool] = False,
+        select_labels: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        latest: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Get the last samples matching the specific `filter`.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.mget/
+
+        Args:
+            filters:
+                Filter to match the time-series labels.
+            with_labels:
+                Include in the reply all label-value pairs representing metadata labels
+                of the time series.
+            select_labels:
+                Include in the reply only a subset of the key-value pair labels o the
+                time series.
+            latest:
+                Used when a time series is a compaction, reports the compacted value of
+                the latest possibly partial bucket.
+        """
+        params = []
+        self._append_latest(params, latest)
+        self._append_with_labels(params, with_labels, select_labels)
+        params.extend(["FILTER"])
+        params += filters
+        return self.execute_command(MGET_CMD, *params)
+
+    def info(self, key: KeyT):
+        """
+        Get information of `key`.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.info/
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(INFO_CMD, key, keys=[key])
+
+    def queryindex(self, filters: List[str]):
+        """
+        Get all time series keys matching the `filter` list.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/ts.queryindex/
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(QUERYINDEX_CMD, *filters)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_uncompressed(params: List[str], uncompressed: Optional[bool]):
+        """Append UNCOMPRESSED tag to params."""
+        if uncompressed:
+            params.extend(["ENCODING", "UNCOMPRESSED"])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_with_labels(
+        params: List[str],
+        with_labels: Optional[bool],
+        select_labels: Optional[List[str]],
+    ):
+        """Append labels behavior to params."""
+        if with_labels and select_labels:
+            raise DataError(
+                "with_labels and select_labels cannot be provided together."
+            )
+
+        if with_labels:
+            params.extend(["WITHLABELS"])
+        if select_labels:
+            params.extend(["SELECTED_LABELS", *select_labels])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_groupby_reduce(
+        params: List[str], groupby: Optional[str], reduce: Optional[str]
+    ):
+        """Append GROUPBY REDUCE property to params."""
+        if groupby is not None and reduce is not None:
+            params.extend(["GROUPBY", groupby, "REDUCE", reduce.upper()])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_retention(params: List[str], retention: Optional[int]):
+        """Append RETENTION property to params."""
+        if retention is not None:
+            params.extend(["RETENTION", retention])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_labels(params: List[str], labels: Optional[List[str]]):
+        """Append LABELS property to params."""
+        if labels:
+            params.append("LABELS")
+            for k, v in labels.items():
+                params.extend([k, v])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_count(params: List[str], count: Optional[int]):
+        """Append COUNT property to params."""
+        if count is not None:
+            params.extend(["COUNT", count])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_timestamp(params: List[str], timestamp: Optional[int]):
+        """Append TIMESTAMP property to params."""
+        if timestamp is not None:
+            params.extend(["TIMESTAMP", timestamp])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_align(params: List[str], align: Optional[Union[int, str]]):
+        """Append ALIGN property to params."""
+        if align is not None:
+            params.extend(["ALIGN", align])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_aggregation(
+        params: List[str],
+        aggregation_type: Optional[str],
+        bucket_size_msec: Optional[int],
+    ):
+        """Append AGGREGATION property to params."""
+        if aggregation_type is not None:
+            params.extend(["AGGREGATION", aggregation_type, bucket_size_msec])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_chunk_size(params: List[str], chunk_size: Optional[int]):
+        """Append CHUNK_SIZE property to params."""
+        if chunk_size is not None:
+            params.extend(["CHUNK_SIZE", chunk_size])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_duplicate_policy(params: List[str], duplicate_policy: Optional[str]):
+        """Append DUPLICATE_POLICY property to params."""
+        if duplicate_policy is not None:
+            params.extend(["DUPLICATE_POLICY", duplicate_policy])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_on_duplicate(params: List[str], on_duplicate: Optional[str]):
+        """Append ON_DUPLICATE property to params."""
+        if on_duplicate is not None:
+            params.extend(["ON_DUPLICATE", on_duplicate])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_filer_by_ts(params: List[str], ts_list: Optional[List[int]]):
+        """Append FILTER_BY_TS property to params."""
+        if ts_list is not None:
+            params.extend(["FILTER_BY_TS", *ts_list])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_filer_by_value(
+        params: List[str], min_value: Optional[int], max_value: Optional[int]
+    ):
+        """Append FILTER_BY_VALUE property to params."""
+        if min_value is not None and max_value is not None:
+            params.extend(["FILTER_BY_VALUE", min_value, max_value])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_latest(params: List[str], latest: Optional[bool]):
+        """Append LATEST property to params."""
+        if latest:
+            params.append("LATEST")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_bucket_timestamp(params: List[str], bucket_timestamp: Optional[str]):
+        """Append BUCKET_TIMESTAMP property to params."""
+        if bucket_timestamp is not None:
+            params.extend(["BUCKETTIMESTAMP", bucket_timestamp])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_empty(params: List[str], empty: Optional[bool]):
+        """Append EMPTY property to params."""
+        if empty:
+            params.append("EMPTY")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _append_insertion_filters(
+        params: List[str],
+        ignore_max_time_diff: Optional[int] = None,
+        ignore_max_val_diff: Optional[Number] = None,
+    ):
+        """Append insertion filters to params."""
+        if (ignore_max_time_diff is None) != (ignore_max_val_diff is None):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Both ignore_max_time_diff and ignore_max_val_diff must be set."
+            )
+
+        if ignore_max_time_diff is not None and ignore_max_val_diff is not None:
+            params.extend(
+                ["IGNORE", str(ignore_max_time_diff), str(ignore_max_val_diff)]
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/info.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/info.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..861e3ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/info.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+from ..helpers import nativestr
+from .utils import list_to_dict
+
+
+class TSInfo:
+    """
+    Hold information and statistics on the time-series.
+    Can be created using ``tsinfo`` command
+    https://redis.io/docs/latest/commands/ts.info/
+    """
+
+    rules = []
+    labels = []
+    sourceKey = None
+    chunk_count = None
+    memory_usage = None
+    total_samples = None
+    retention_msecs = None
+    last_time_stamp = None
+    first_time_stamp = None
+
+    max_samples_per_chunk = None
+    chunk_size = None
+    duplicate_policy = None
+
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        """
+        Hold information and statistics on the time-series.
+
+        The supported params that can be passed as args:
+
+        rules:
+            A list of compaction rules of the time series.
+        sourceKey:
+            Key name for source time series in case the current series
+            is a target of a rule.
+        chunkCount:
+            Number of Memory Chunks used for the time series.
+        memoryUsage:
+            Total number of bytes allocated for the time series.
+        totalSamples:
+            Total number of samples in the time series.
+        labels:
+            A list of label-value pairs that represent the metadata
+            labels of the time series.
+        retentionTime:
+            Retention time, in milliseconds, for the time series.
+        lastTimestamp:
+            Last timestamp present in the time series.
+        firstTimestamp:
+            First timestamp present in the time series.
+        maxSamplesPerChunk:
+            Deprecated.
+        chunkSize:
+            Amount of memory, in bytes, allocated for data.
+        duplicatePolicy:
+            Policy that will define handling of duplicate samples.
+
+        Can read more about on
+        https://redis.io/docs/latest/develop/data-types/timeseries/configuration/#duplicate_policy
+        """
+        response = dict(zip(map(nativestr, args[::2]), args[1::2]))
+        self.rules = response.get("rules")
+        self.source_key = response.get("sourceKey")
+        self.chunk_count = response.get("chunkCount")
+        self.memory_usage = response.get("memoryUsage")
+        self.total_samples = response.get("totalSamples")
+        self.labels = list_to_dict(response.get("labels"))
+        self.retention_msecs = response.get("retentionTime")
+        self.last_timestamp = response.get("lastTimestamp")
+        self.first_timestamp = response.get("firstTimestamp")
+        if "maxSamplesPerChunk" in response:
+            self.max_samples_per_chunk = response["maxSamplesPerChunk"]
+            self.chunk_size = (
+                self.max_samples_per_chunk * 16
+            )  # backward compatible changes
+        if "chunkSize" in response:
+            self.chunk_size = response["chunkSize"]
+        if "duplicatePolicy" in response:
+            self.duplicate_policy = response["duplicatePolicy"]
+            if isinstance(self.duplicate_policy, bytes):
+                self.duplicate_policy = self.duplicate_policy.decode()
+
+    def get(self, item):
+        try:
+            return self.__getitem__(item)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return None
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        return getattr(self, item)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12ed6562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/timeseries/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from ..helpers import nativestr
+
+
+def list_to_dict(aList):
+    return {nativestr(aList[i][0]): nativestr(aList[i][1]) for i in range(len(aList))}
+
+
+def parse_range(response, **kwargs):
+    """Parse range response. Used by TS.RANGE and TS.REVRANGE."""
+    return [tuple((r[0], float(r[1]))) for r in response]
+
+
+def parse_m_range(response):
+    """Parse multi range response. Used by TS.MRANGE and TS.MREVRANGE."""
+    res = []
+    for item in response:
+        res.append({nativestr(item[0]): [list_to_dict(item[1]), parse_range(item[2])]})
+    return sorted(res, key=lambda d: list(d.keys()))
+
+
+def parse_get(response):
+    """Parse get response. Used by TS.GET."""
+    if not response:
+        return None
+    return int(response[0]), float(response[1])
+
+
+def parse_m_get(response):
+    """Parse multi get response. Used by TS.MGET."""
+    res = []
+    for item in response:
+        if not item[2]:
+            res.append({nativestr(item[0]): [list_to_dict(item[1]), None, None]})
+        else:
+            res.append(
+                {
+                    nativestr(item[0]): [
+                        list_to_dict(item[1]),
+                        int(item[2][0]),
+                        float(item[2][1]),
+                    ]
+                }
+            )
+    return sorted(res, key=lambda d: list(d.keys()))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d78580a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import json
+
+from redis._parsers.helpers import pairs_to_dict
+from redis.commands.vectorset.utils import (
+    parse_vemb_result,
+    parse_vlinks_result,
+    parse_vsim_result,
+)
+
+from ..helpers import get_protocol_version
+from .commands import (
+    VEMB_CMD,
+    VGETATTR_CMD,
+    VINFO_CMD,
+    VLINKS_CMD,
+    VSIM_CMD,
+    VectorSetCommands,
+)
+
+
+class VectorSet(VectorSetCommands):
+    def __init__(self, client, **kwargs):
+        """Create a new VectorSet client."""
+        # Set the module commands' callbacks
+        self._MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            VEMB_CMD: parse_vemb_result,
+            VGETATTR_CMD: lambda r: r and json.loads(r) or None,
+        }
+
+        self._RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {
+            VINFO_CMD: lambda r: r and pairs_to_dict(r) or None,
+            VSIM_CMD: parse_vsim_result,
+            VLINKS_CMD: parse_vlinks_result,
+        }
+        self._RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS = {}
+
+        self.client = client
+        self.execute_command = client.execute_command
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(self._RESP3_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+        else:
+            self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.update(self._RESP2_MODULE_CALLBACKS)
+
+        for k, v in self._MODULE_CALLBACKS.items():
+            self.client.set_response_callback(k, v)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/commands.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c24bd200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+import json
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Awaitable, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+
+from redis.client import NEVER_DECODE
+from redis.commands.helpers import get_protocol_version
+from redis.exceptions import DataError
+from redis.typing import CommandsProtocol, EncodableT, KeyT, Number
+
+VADD_CMD = "VADD"
+VSIM_CMD = "VSIM"
+VREM_CMD = "VREM"
+VDIM_CMD = "VDIM"
+VCARD_CMD = "VCARD"
+VEMB_CMD = "VEMB"
+VLINKS_CMD = "VLINKS"
+VINFO_CMD = "VINFO"
+VSETATTR_CMD = "VSETATTR"
+VGETATTR_CMD = "VGETATTR"
+VRANDMEMBER_CMD = "VRANDMEMBER"
+
+
+class QuantizationOptions(Enum):
+    """Quantization options for the VADD command."""
+
+    NOQUANT = "NOQUANT"
+    BIN = "BIN"
+    Q8 = "Q8"
+
+
+class CallbacksOptions(Enum):
+    """Options that can be set for the commands callbacks"""
+
+    RAW = "RAW"
+    WITHSCORES = "WITHSCORES"
+    ALLOW_DECODING = "ALLOW_DECODING"
+    RESP3 = "RESP3"
+
+
+class VectorSetCommands(CommandsProtocol):
+    """Redis VectorSet commands"""
+
+    def vadd(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        vector: Union[List[float], bytes],
+        element: str,
+        reduce_dim: Optional[int] = None,
+        cas: Optional[bool] = False,
+        quantization: Optional[QuantizationOptions] = None,
+        ef: Optional[Number] = None,
+        attributes: Optional[Union[dict, str]] = None,
+        numlinks: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Add vector ``vector`` for element ``element`` to a vector set ``key``.
+
+        ``reduce_dim`` sets the dimensions to reduce the vector to.
+                If not provided, the vector is not reduced.
+
+        ``cas`` is a boolean flag that indicates whether to use CAS (check-and-set style)
+                when adding the vector. If not provided, CAS is not used.
+
+        ``quantization`` sets the quantization type to use.
+                If not provided, int8 quantization is used.
+                The options are:
+                - NOQUANT: No quantization
+                - BIN: Binary quantization
+                - Q8: Signed 8-bit quantization
+
+        ``ef`` sets the exploration factor to use.
+                If not provided, the default exploration factor is used.
+
+        ``attributes`` is a dictionary or json string that contains the attributes to set for the vector.
+                If not provided, no attributes are set.
+
+        ``numlinks`` sets the number of links to create for the vector.
+                If not provided, the default number of links is used.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vadd
+        """
+        if not vector or not element:
+            raise DataError("Both vector and element must be provided")
+
+        pieces = []
+        if reduce_dim:
+            pieces.extend(["REDUCE", reduce_dim])
+
+        values_pieces = []
+        if isinstance(vector, bytes):
+            values_pieces.extend(["FP32", vector])
+        else:
+            values_pieces.extend(["VALUES", len(vector)])
+            values_pieces.extend(vector)
+        pieces.extend(values_pieces)
+
+        pieces.append(element)
+
+        if cas:
+            pieces.append("CAS")
+
+        if quantization:
+            pieces.append(quantization.value)
+
+        if ef:
+            pieces.extend(["EF", ef])
+
+        if attributes:
+            if isinstance(attributes, dict):
+                # transform attributes to json string
+                attributes_json = json.dumps(attributes)
+            else:
+                attributes_json = attributes
+            pieces.extend(["SETATTR", attributes_json])
+
+        if numlinks:
+            pieces.extend(["M", numlinks])
+
+        return self.execute_command(VADD_CMD, key, *pieces)
+
+    def vsim(
+        self,
+        key: KeyT,
+        input: Union[List[float], bytes, str],
+        with_scores: Optional[bool] = False,
+        count: Optional[int] = None,
+        ef: Optional[Number] = None,
+        filter: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_ef: Optional[str] = None,
+        truth: Optional[bool] = False,
+        no_thread: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Awaitable[Optional[List[Union[List[EncodableT], Dict[EncodableT, Number]]]]],
+        Optional[List[Union[List[EncodableT], Dict[EncodableT, Number]]]],
+    ]:
+        """
+        Compare a vector or element ``input``  with the other vectors in a vector set ``key``.
+
+        ``with_scores`` sets if the results should be returned with the
+                similarity scores of the elements in the result.
+
+        ``count`` sets the number of results to return.
+
+        ``ef`` sets the exploration factor.
+
+        ``filter`` sets filter that should be applied for the search.
+
+        ``filter_ef`` sets the max filtering effort.
+
+        ``truth`` when enabled forces the command to perform linear scan.
+
+        ``no_thread`` when enabled forces the command to execute the search
+                on the data structure in the main thread.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vsim
+        """
+
+        if not input:
+            raise DataError("'input' should be provided")
+
+        pieces = []
+        options = {}
+
+        if isinstance(input, bytes):
+            pieces.extend(["FP32", input])
+        elif isinstance(input, list):
+            pieces.extend(["VALUES", len(input)])
+            pieces.extend(input)
+        else:
+            pieces.extend(["ELE", input])
+
+        if with_scores:
+            pieces.append("WITHSCORES")
+            options[CallbacksOptions.WITHSCORES.value] = True
+
+        if count:
+            pieces.extend(["COUNT", count])
+
+        if ef:
+            pieces.extend(["EF", ef])
+
+        if filter:
+            pieces.extend(["FILTER", filter])
+
+        if filter_ef:
+            pieces.extend(["FILTER-EF", filter_ef])
+
+        if truth:
+            pieces.append("TRUTH")
+
+        if no_thread:
+            pieces.append("NOTHREAD")
+
+        return self.execute_command(VSIM_CMD, key, *pieces, **options)
+
+    def vdim(self, key: KeyT) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Get the dimension of a vector set.
+
+        In the case of vectors that were populated using the `REDUCE`
+        option, for random projection, the vector set will report the size of
+        the projected (reduced) dimension.
+
+        Raises `redis.exceptions.ResponseError` if the vector set doesn't exist.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vdim
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(VDIM_CMD, key)
+
+    def vcard(self, key: KeyT) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Get the cardinality(the number of elements) of a vector set with key ``key``.
+
+        Raises `redis.exceptions.ResponseError` if the vector set doesn't exist.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vcard
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(VCARD_CMD, key)
+
+    def vrem(self, key: KeyT, element: str) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Remove an element from a vector set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vrem
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(VREM_CMD, key, element)
+
+    def vemb(
+        self, key: KeyT, element: str, raw: Optional[bool] = False
+    ) -> Union[
+        Awaitable[Optional[Union[List[EncodableT], Dict[str, EncodableT]]]],
+        Optional[Union[List[EncodableT], Dict[str, EncodableT]]],
+    ]:
+        """
+        Get the approximated vector of an element ``element`` from vector set ``key``.
+
+        ``raw`` is a boolean flag that indicates whether to return the
+                interal representation used by the vector.
+
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vembed
+        """
+        options = {}
+        pieces = []
+        pieces.extend([key, element])
+
+        if get_protocol_version(self.client) in ["3", 3]:
+            options[CallbacksOptions.RESP3.value] = True
+
+        if raw:
+            pieces.append("RAW")
+
+            options[NEVER_DECODE] = True
+            if (
+                hasattr(self.client, "connection_pool")
+                and self.client.connection_pool.connection_kwargs["decode_responses"]
+            ) or (
+                hasattr(self.client, "nodes_manager")
+                and self.client.nodes_manager.connection_kwargs["decode_responses"]
+            ):
+                # allow decoding in the postprocessing callback
+                # if the user set decode_responses=True
+                # in the connection pool
+                options[CallbacksOptions.ALLOW_DECODING.value] = True
+
+            options[CallbacksOptions.RAW.value] = True
+
+        return self.execute_command(VEMB_CMD, *pieces, **options)
+
+    def vlinks(
+        self, key: KeyT, element: str, with_scores: Optional[bool] = False
+    ) -> Union[
+        Awaitable[
+            Optional[
+                List[Union[List[Union[str, bytes]], Dict[Union[str, bytes], Number]]]
+            ]
+        ],
+        Optional[List[Union[List[Union[str, bytes]], Dict[Union[str, bytes], Number]]]],
+    ]:
+        """
+        Returns the neighbors for each level the element ``element`` exists in the vector set ``key``.
+
+        The result is a list of lists, where each list contains the neighbors for one level.
+        If the element does not exist, or if the vector set does not exist, None is returned.
+
+        If the ``WITHSCORES`` option is provided, the result is a list of dicts,
+        where each dict contains the neighbors for one level, with the scores as values.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vlinks
+        """
+        options = {}
+        pieces = []
+        pieces.extend([key, element])
+
+        if with_scores:
+            pieces.append("WITHSCORES")
+            options[CallbacksOptions.WITHSCORES.value] = True
+
+        return self.execute_command(VLINKS_CMD, *pieces, **options)
+
+    def vinfo(self, key: KeyT) -> Union[Awaitable[dict], dict]:
+        """
+        Get information about a vector set.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vinfo
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(VINFO_CMD, key)
+
+    def vsetattr(
+        self, key: KeyT, element: str, attributes: Optional[Union[dict, str]] = None
+    ) -> Union[Awaitable[int], int]:
+        """
+        Associate or remove JSON attributes ``attributes`` of element ``element``
+        for vector set ``key``.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vsetattr
+        """
+        if attributes is None:
+            attributes_json = "{}"
+        elif isinstance(attributes, dict):
+            # transform attributes to json string
+            attributes_json = json.dumps(attributes)
+        else:
+            attributes_json = attributes
+
+        return self.execute_command(VSETATTR_CMD, key, element, attributes_json)
+
+    def vgetattr(
+        self, key: KeyT, element: str
+    ) -> Union[Optional[Awaitable[dict]], Optional[dict]]:
+        """
+        Retrieve the JSON attributes of an element ``elemet`` for vector set ``key``.
+
+        If the element does not exist, or if the vector set does not exist, None is
+        returned.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vgetattr
+        """
+        return self.execute_command(VGETATTR_CMD, key, element)
+
+    def vrandmember(
+        self, key: KeyT, count: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Union[
+        Awaitable[Optional[Union[List[str], str]]], Optional[Union[List[str], str]]
+    ]:
+        """
+        Returns random elements from a vector set ``key``.
+
+        ``count`` is the number of elements to return.
+                If ``count`` is not provided, a single element is returned as a single string.
+                If ``count`` is positive(smaller than the number of elements
+                            in the vector set), the command returns a list with up to ``count``
+                            distinct elements from the vector set
+                If ``count`` is negative, the command returns a list with ``count`` random elements,
+                            potentially with duplicates.
+                If ``count`` is greater than the number of elements in the vector set,
+                            only the entire set is returned as a list.
+
+        If the vector set does not exist, ``None`` is returned.
+
+        For more information see https://redis.io/commands/vrandmember
+        """
+        pieces = []
+        pieces.append(key)
+        if count is not None:
+            pieces.append(count)
+        return self.execute_command(VRANDMEMBER_CMD, *pieces)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed6d194a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/commands/vectorset/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from redis._parsers.helpers import pairs_to_dict
+from redis.commands.vectorset.commands import CallbacksOptions
+
+
+def parse_vemb_result(response, **options):
+    """
+    Handle VEMB result since the command can returning different result
+    structures depending on input options and on quantization type of the vector set.
+
+    Parsing VEMB result into:
+    - List[Union[bytes, Union[int, float]]]
+    - Dict[str, Union[bytes, str, float]]
+    """
+    if response is None:
+        return response
+
+    if options.get(CallbacksOptions.RAW.value):
+        result = {}
+        result["quantization"] = (
+            response[0].decode("utf-8")
+            if options.get(CallbacksOptions.ALLOW_DECODING.value)
+            else response[0]
+        )
+        result["raw"] = response[1]
+        result["l2"] = float(response[2])
+        if len(response) > 3:
+            result["range"] = float(response[3])
+        return result
+    else:
+        if options.get(CallbacksOptions.RESP3.value):
+            return response
+
+        result = []
+        for i in range(len(response)):
+            try:
+                result.append(int(response[i]))
+            except ValueError:
+                # if the value is not an integer, it should be a float
+                result.append(float(response[i]))
+
+        return result
+
+
+def parse_vlinks_result(response, **options):
+    """
+    Handle VLINKS result since the command can be returning different result
+    structures depending on input options.
+    Parsing VLINKS result into:
+    - List[List[str]]
+    - List[Dict[str, Number]]
+    """
+    if response is None:
+        return response
+
+    if options.get(CallbacksOptions.WITHSCORES.value):
+        result = []
+        # Redis will return a list of list of strings.
+        # This list have to be transformed to list of dicts
+        for level_item in response:
+            level_data_dict = {}
+            for key, value in pairs_to_dict(level_item).items():
+                value = float(value)
+                level_data_dict[key] = value
+            result.append(level_data_dict)
+        return result
+    else:
+        # return the list of elements for each level
+        # list of lists
+        return response
+
+
+def parse_vsim_result(response, **options):
+    """
+    Handle VSIM result since the command can be returning different result
+    structures depending on input options.
+    Parsing VSIM result into:
+    - List[List[str]]
+    - List[Dict[str, Number]]
+    """
+    if response is None:
+        return response
+
+    if options.get(CallbacksOptions.WITHSCORES.value):
+        # Redis will return a list of list of pairs.
+        # This list have to be transformed to dict
+        result_dict = {}
+        for key, value in pairs_to_dict(response).items():
+            value = float(value)
+            result_dict[key] = value
+        return result_dict
+    else:
+        # return the list of elements for each level
+        # list of lists
+        return response
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dab45906
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1812 @@
+import copy
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import weakref
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from itertools import chain
+from queue import Empty, Full, LifoQueue
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Type, TypeVar, Union
+from urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote, urlparse
+
+from redis.cache import (
+    CacheEntry,
+    CacheEntryStatus,
+    CacheFactory,
+    CacheFactoryInterface,
+    CacheInterface,
+    CacheKey,
+)
+
+from ._parsers import Encoder, _HiredisParser, _RESP2Parser, _RESP3Parser
+from .auth.token import TokenInterface
+from .backoff import NoBackoff
+from .credentials import CredentialProvider, UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider
+from .event import AfterConnectionReleasedEvent, EventDispatcher
+from .exceptions import (
+    AuthenticationError,
+    AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError,
+    ChildDeadlockedError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    DataError,
+    RedisError,
+    ResponseError,
+    TimeoutError,
+)
+from .retry import Retry
+from .utils import (
+    CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE,
+    HIREDIS_AVAILABLE,
+    SSL_AVAILABLE,
+    compare_versions,
+    deprecated_args,
+    ensure_string,
+    format_error_message,
+    get_lib_version,
+    str_if_bytes,
+)
+
+if SSL_AVAILABLE:
+    import ssl
+else:
+    ssl = None
+
+if HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+    import hiredis
+
+SYM_STAR = b"*"
+SYM_DOLLAR = b"$"
+SYM_CRLF = b"\r\n"
+SYM_EMPTY = b""
+
+DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION = 2
+
+SENTINEL = object()
+
+DefaultParser: Type[Union[_RESP2Parser, _RESP3Parser, _HiredisParser]]
+if HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+    DefaultParser = _HiredisParser
+else:
+    DefaultParser = _RESP2Parser
+
+
+class HiredisRespSerializer:
+    def pack(self, *args: List):
+        """Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"""
+        output = []
+
+        if isinstance(args[0], str):
+            args = tuple(args[0].encode().split()) + args[1:]
+        elif b" " in args[0]:
+            args = tuple(args[0].split()) + args[1:]
+        try:
+            output.append(hiredis.pack_command(args))
+        except TypeError:
+            _, value, traceback = sys.exc_info()
+            raise DataError(value).with_traceback(traceback)
+
+        return output
+
+
+class PythonRespSerializer:
+    def __init__(self, buffer_cutoff, encode) -> None:
+        self._buffer_cutoff = buffer_cutoff
+        self.encode = encode
+
+    def pack(self, *args):
+        """Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"""
+        output = []
+        # the client might have included 1 or more literal arguments in
+        # the command name, e.g., 'CONFIG GET'. The Redis server expects these
+        # arguments to be sent separately, so split the first argument
+        # manually. These arguments should be bytestrings so that they are
+        # not encoded.
+        if isinstance(args[0], str):
+            args = tuple(args[0].encode().split()) + args[1:]
+        elif b" " in args[0]:
+            args = tuple(args[0].split()) + args[1:]
+
+        buff = SYM_EMPTY.join((SYM_STAR, str(len(args)).encode(), SYM_CRLF))
+
+        buffer_cutoff = self._buffer_cutoff
+        for arg in map(self.encode, args):
+            # to avoid large string mallocs, chunk the command into the
+            # output list if we're sending large values or memoryviews
+            arg_length = len(arg)
+            if (
+                len(buff) > buffer_cutoff
+                or arg_length > buffer_cutoff
+                or isinstance(arg, memoryview)
+            ):
+                buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
+                    (buff, SYM_DOLLAR, str(arg_length).encode(), SYM_CRLF)
+                )
+                output.append(buff)
+                output.append(arg)
+                buff = SYM_CRLF
+            else:
+                buff = SYM_EMPTY.join(
+                    (
+                        buff,
+                        SYM_DOLLAR,
+                        str(arg_length).encode(),
+                        SYM_CRLF,
+                        arg,
+                        SYM_CRLF,
+                    )
+                )
+        output.append(buff)
+        return output
+
+
+class ConnectionInterface:
+    @abstractmethod
+    def repr_pieces(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def register_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def deregister_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def set_parser(self, parser_class):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_protocol(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def connect(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def on_connect(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def disconnect(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def check_health(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def send_packed_command(self, command, check_health=True):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def send_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def can_read(self, timeout=0):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def read_response(
+        self,
+        disable_decoding=False,
+        *,
+        disconnect_on_error=True,
+        push_request=False,
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def pack_command(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def pack_commands(self, commands):
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def handshake_metadata(self) -> Union[Dict[bytes, bytes], Dict[str, str]]:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def set_re_auth_token(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def re_auth(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class AbstractConnection(ConnectionInterface):
+    "Manages communication to and from a Redis server"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        db: int = 0,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        socket_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        socket_connect_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
+        retry_on_timeout: bool = False,
+        retry_on_error=SENTINEL,
+        encoding: str = "utf-8",
+        encoding_errors: str = "strict",
+        decode_responses: bool = False,
+        parser_class=DefaultParser,
+        socket_read_size: int = 65536,
+        health_check_interval: int = 0,
+        client_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        lib_name: Optional[str] = "redis-py",
+        lib_version: Optional[str] = get_lib_version(),
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        retry: Union[Any, None] = None,
+        redis_connect_func: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
+        credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
+        protocol: Optional[int] = 2,
+        command_packer: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
+        event_dispatcher: Optional[EventDispatcher] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize a new Connection.
+        To specify a retry policy for specific errors, first set
+        `retry_on_error` to a list of the error/s to retry on, then set
+        `retry` to a valid `Retry` object.
+        To retry on TimeoutError, `retry_on_timeout` can also be set to `True`.
+        """
+        if (username or password) and credential_provider is not None:
+            raise DataError(
+                "'username' and 'password' cannot be passed along with 'credential_"
+                "provider'. Please provide only one of the following arguments: \n"
+                "1. 'password' and (optional) 'username'\n"
+                "2. 'credential_provider'"
+            )
+        if event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+        else:
+            self._event_dispatcher = event_dispatcher
+        self.pid = os.getpid()
+        self.db = db
+        self.client_name = client_name
+        self.lib_name = lib_name
+        self.lib_version = lib_version
+        self.credential_provider = credential_provider
+        self.password = password
+        self.username = username
+        self.socket_timeout = socket_timeout
+        if socket_connect_timeout is None:
+            socket_connect_timeout = socket_timeout
+        self.socket_connect_timeout = socket_connect_timeout
+        self.retry_on_timeout = retry_on_timeout
+        if retry_on_error is SENTINEL:
+            retry_on_error = []
+        if retry_on_timeout:
+            # Add TimeoutError to the errors list to retry on
+            retry_on_error.append(TimeoutError)
+        self.retry_on_error = retry_on_error
+        if retry or retry_on_error:
+            if retry is None:
+                self.retry = Retry(NoBackoff(), 1)
+            else:
+                # deep-copy the Retry object as it is mutable
+                self.retry = copy.deepcopy(retry)
+            # Update the retry's supported errors with the specified errors
+            self.retry.update_supported_errors(retry_on_error)
+        else:
+            self.retry = Retry(NoBackoff(), 0)
+        self.health_check_interval = health_check_interval
+        self.next_health_check = 0
+        self.redis_connect_func = redis_connect_func
+        self.encoder = Encoder(encoding, encoding_errors, decode_responses)
+        self.handshake_metadata = None
+        self._sock = None
+        self._socket_read_size = socket_read_size
+        self.set_parser(parser_class)
+        self._connect_callbacks = []
+        self._buffer_cutoff = 6000
+        self._re_auth_token: Optional[TokenInterface] = None
+        try:
+            p = int(protocol)
+        except TypeError:
+            p = DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ConnectionError("protocol must be an integer")
+        finally:
+            if p < 2 or p > 3:
+                raise ConnectionError("protocol must be either 2 or 3")
+                # p = DEFAULT_RESP_VERSION
+            self.protocol = p
+        self._command_packer = self._construct_command_packer(command_packer)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        repr_args = ",".join([f"{k}={v}" for k, v in self.repr_pieces()])
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__name__}({repr_args})>"
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def repr_pieces(self):
+        pass
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            self.disconnect()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def _construct_command_packer(self, packer):
+        if packer is not None:
+            return packer
+        elif HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+            return HiredisRespSerializer()
+        else:
+            return PythonRespSerializer(self._buffer_cutoff, self.encoder.encode)
+
+    def register_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        Register a callback to be called when the connection is established either
+        initially or reconnected.  This allows listeners to issue commands that
+        are ephemeral to the connection, for example pub/sub subscription or
+        key tracking.  The callback must be a _method_ and will be kept as
+        a weak reference.
+        """
+        wm = weakref.WeakMethod(callback)
+        if wm not in self._connect_callbacks:
+            self._connect_callbacks.append(wm)
+
+    def deregister_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        De-register a previously registered callback.  It will no-longer receive
+        notifications on connection events.  Calling this is not required when the
+        listener goes away, since the callbacks are kept as weak methods.
+        """
+        try:
+            self._connect_callbacks.remove(weakref.WeakMethod(callback))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def set_parser(self, parser_class):
+        """
+        Creates a new instance of parser_class with socket size:
+        _socket_read_size and assigns it to the parser for the connection
+        :param parser_class: The required parser class
+        """
+        self._parser = parser_class(socket_read_size=self._socket_read_size)
+
+    def connect(self):
+        "Connects to the Redis server if not already connected"
+        self.connect_check_health(check_health=True)
+
+    def connect_check_health(self, check_health: bool = True):
+        if self._sock:
+            return
+        try:
+            sock = self.retry.call_with_retry(
+                lambda: self._connect(), lambda error: self.disconnect(error)
+            )
+        except socket.timeout:
+            raise TimeoutError("Timeout connecting to server")
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(self._error_message(e))
+
+        self._sock = sock
+        try:
+            if self.redis_connect_func is None:
+                # Use the default on_connect function
+                self.on_connect_check_health(check_health=check_health)
+            else:
+                # Use the passed function redis_connect_func
+                self.redis_connect_func(self)
+        except RedisError:
+            # clean up after any error in on_connect
+            self.disconnect()
+            raise
+
+        # run any user callbacks. right now the only internal callback
+        # is for pubsub channel/pattern resubscription
+        # first, remove any dead weakrefs
+        self._connect_callbacks = [ref for ref in self._connect_callbacks if ref()]
+        for ref in self._connect_callbacks:
+            callback = ref()
+            if callback:
+                callback(self)
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _connect(self):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def _host_error(self):
+        pass
+
+    def _error_message(self, exception):
+        return format_error_message(self._host_error(), exception)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        self.on_connect_check_health(check_health=True)
+
+    def on_connect_check_health(self, check_health: bool = True):
+        "Initialize the connection, authenticate and select a database"
+        self._parser.on_connect(self)
+        parser = self._parser
+
+        auth_args = None
+        # if credential provider or username and/or password are set, authenticate
+        if self.credential_provider or (self.username or self.password):
+            cred_provider = (
+                self.credential_provider
+                or UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider(self.username, self.password)
+            )
+            auth_args = cred_provider.get_credentials()
+
+        # if resp version is specified and we have auth args,
+        # we need to send them via HELLO
+        if auth_args and self.protocol not in [2, "2"]:
+            if isinstance(self._parser, _RESP2Parser):
+                self.set_parser(_RESP3Parser)
+                # update cluster exception classes
+                self._parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES = parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES
+                self._parser.on_connect(self)
+            if len(auth_args) == 1:
+                auth_args = ["default", auth_args[0]]
+            # avoid checking health here -- PING will fail if we try
+            # to check the health prior to the AUTH
+            self.send_command(
+                "HELLO", self.protocol, "AUTH", *auth_args, check_health=False
+            )
+            self.handshake_metadata = self.read_response()
+            # if response.get(b"proto") != self.protocol and response.get(
+            #     "proto"
+            # ) != self.protocol:
+            #     raise ConnectionError("Invalid RESP version")
+        elif auth_args:
+            # avoid checking health here -- PING will fail if we try
+            # to check the health prior to the AUTH
+            self.send_command("AUTH", *auth_args, check_health=False)
+
+            try:
+                auth_response = self.read_response()
+            except AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError:
+                # a username and password were specified but the Redis
+                # server seems to be < 6.0.0 which expects a single password
+                # arg. retry auth with just the password.
+                # https://github.com/andymccurdy/redis-py/issues/1274
+                self.send_command("AUTH", auth_args[-1], check_health=False)
+                auth_response = self.read_response()
+
+            if str_if_bytes(auth_response) != "OK":
+                raise AuthenticationError("Invalid Username or Password")
+
+        # if resp version is specified, switch to it
+        elif self.protocol not in [2, "2"]:
+            if isinstance(self._parser, _RESP2Parser):
+                self.set_parser(_RESP3Parser)
+                # update cluster exception classes
+                self._parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES = parser.EXCEPTION_CLASSES
+                self._parser.on_connect(self)
+            self.send_command("HELLO", self.protocol, check_health=check_health)
+            self.handshake_metadata = self.read_response()
+            if (
+                self.handshake_metadata.get(b"proto") != self.protocol
+                and self.handshake_metadata.get("proto") != self.protocol
+            ):
+                raise ConnectionError("Invalid RESP version")
+
+        # if a client_name is given, set it
+        if self.client_name:
+            self.send_command(
+                "CLIENT",
+                "SETNAME",
+                self.client_name,
+                check_health=check_health,
+            )
+            if str_if_bytes(self.read_response()) != "OK":
+                raise ConnectionError("Error setting client name")
+
+        try:
+            # set the library name and version
+            if self.lib_name:
+                self.send_command(
+                    "CLIENT",
+                    "SETINFO",
+                    "LIB-NAME",
+                    self.lib_name,
+                    check_health=check_health,
+                )
+                self.read_response()
+        except ResponseError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            if self.lib_version:
+                self.send_command(
+                    "CLIENT",
+                    "SETINFO",
+                    "LIB-VER",
+                    self.lib_version,
+                    check_health=check_health,
+                )
+                self.read_response()
+        except ResponseError:
+            pass
+
+        # if a database is specified, switch to it
+        if self.db:
+            self.send_command("SELECT", self.db, check_health=check_health)
+            if str_if_bytes(self.read_response()) != "OK":
+                raise ConnectionError("Invalid Database")
+
+    def disconnect(self, *args):
+        "Disconnects from the Redis server"
+        self._parser.on_disconnect()
+
+        conn_sock = self._sock
+        self._sock = None
+        if conn_sock is None:
+            return
+
+        if os.getpid() == self.pid:
+            try:
+                conn_sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+            except (OSError, TypeError):
+                pass
+
+        try:
+            conn_sock.close()
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+
+    def _send_ping(self):
+        """Send PING, expect PONG in return"""
+        self.send_command("PING", check_health=False)
+        if str_if_bytes(self.read_response()) != "PONG":
+            raise ConnectionError("Bad response from PING health check")
+
+    def _ping_failed(self, error):
+        """Function to call when PING fails"""
+        self.disconnect()
+
+    def check_health(self):
+        """Check the health of the connection with a PING/PONG"""
+        if self.health_check_interval and time.monotonic() > self.next_health_check:
+            self.retry.call_with_retry(self._send_ping, self._ping_failed)
+
+    def send_packed_command(self, command, check_health=True):
+        """Send an already packed command to the Redis server"""
+        if not self._sock:
+            self.connect_check_health(check_health=False)
+        # guard against health check recursion
+        if check_health:
+            self.check_health()
+        try:
+            if isinstance(command, str):
+                command = [command]
+            for item in command:
+                self._sock.sendall(item)
+        except socket.timeout:
+            self.disconnect()
+            raise TimeoutError("Timeout writing to socket")
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.disconnect()
+            if len(e.args) == 1:
+                errno, errmsg = "UNKNOWN", e.args[0]
+            else:
+                errno = e.args[0]
+                errmsg = e.args[1]
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Error {errno} while writing to socket. {errmsg}.")
+        except BaseException:
+            # BaseExceptions can be raised when a socket send operation is not
+            # finished, e.g. due to a timeout.  Ideally, a caller could then re-try
+            # to send un-sent data. However, the send_packed_command() API
+            # does not support it so there is no point in keeping the connection open.
+            self.disconnect()
+            raise
+
+    def send_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Pack and send a command to the Redis server"""
+        self.send_packed_command(
+            self._command_packer.pack(*args),
+            check_health=kwargs.get("check_health", True),
+        )
+
+    def can_read(self, timeout=0):
+        """Poll the socket to see if there's data that can be read."""
+        sock = self._sock
+        if not sock:
+            self.connect()
+
+        host_error = self._host_error()
+
+        try:
+            return self._parser.can_read(timeout)
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.disconnect()
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Error while reading from {host_error}: {e.args}")
+
+    def read_response(
+        self,
+        disable_decoding=False,
+        *,
+        disconnect_on_error=True,
+        push_request=False,
+    ):
+        """Read the response from a previously sent command"""
+
+        host_error = self._host_error()
+
+        try:
+            if self.protocol in ["3", 3] and not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+                response = self._parser.read_response(
+                    disable_decoding=disable_decoding, push_request=push_request
+                )
+            else:
+                response = self._parser.read_response(disable_decoding=disable_decoding)
+        except socket.timeout:
+            if disconnect_on_error:
+                self.disconnect()
+            raise TimeoutError(f"Timeout reading from {host_error}")
+        except OSError as e:
+            if disconnect_on_error:
+                self.disconnect()
+            raise ConnectionError(f"Error while reading from {host_error} : {e.args}")
+        except BaseException:
+            # Also by default close in case of BaseException.  A lot of code
+            # relies on this behaviour when doing Command/Response pairs.
+            # See #1128.
+            if disconnect_on_error:
+                self.disconnect()
+            raise
+
+        if self.health_check_interval:
+            self.next_health_check = time.monotonic() + self.health_check_interval
+
+        if isinstance(response, ResponseError):
+            try:
+                raise response
+            finally:
+                del response  # avoid creating ref cycles
+        return response
+
+    def pack_command(self, *args):
+        """Pack a series of arguments into the Redis protocol"""
+        return self._command_packer.pack(*args)
+
+    def pack_commands(self, commands):
+        """Pack multiple commands into the Redis protocol"""
+        output = []
+        pieces = []
+        buffer_length = 0
+        buffer_cutoff = self._buffer_cutoff
+
+        for cmd in commands:
+            for chunk in self._command_packer.pack(*cmd):
+                chunklen = len(chunk)
+                if (
+                    buffer_length > buffer_cutoff
+                    or chunklen > buffer_cutoff
+                    or isinstance(chunk, memoryview)
+                ):
+                    if pieces:
+                        output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
+                    buffer_length = 0
+                    pieces = []
+
+                if chunklen > buffer_cutoff or isinstance(chunk, memoryview):
+                    output.append(chunk)
+                else:
+                    pieces.append(chunk)
+                    buffer_length += chunklen
+
+        if pieces:
+            output.append(SYM_EMPTY.join(pieces))
+        return output
+
+    def get_protocol(self) -> Union[int, str]:
+        return self.protocol
+
+    @property
+    def handshake_metadata(self) -> Union[Dict[bytes, bytes], Dict[str, str]]:
+        return self._handshake_metadata
+
+    @handshake_metadata.setter
+    def handshake_metadata(self, value: Union[Dict[bytes, bytes], Dict[str, str]]):
+        self._handshake_metadata = value
+
+    def set_re_auth_token(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        self._re_auth_token = token
+
+    def re_auth(self):
+        if self._re_auth_token is not None:
+            self.send_command(
+                "AUTH",
+                self._re_auth_token.try_get("oid"),
+                self._re_auth_token.get_value(),
+            )
+            self.read_response()
+            self._re_auth_token = None
+
+
+class Connection(AbstractConnection):
+    "Manages TCP communication to and from a Redis server"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host="localhost",
+        port=6379,
+        socket_keepalive=False,
+        socket_keepalive_options=None,
+        socket_type=0,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = int(port)
+        self.socket_keepalive = socket_keepalive
+        self.socket_keepalive_options = socket_keepalive_options or {}
+        self.socket_type = socket_type
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def repr_pieces(self):
+        pieces = [("host", self.host), ("port", self.port), ("db", self.db)]
+        if self.client_name:
+            pieces.append(("client_name", self.client_name))
+        return pieces
+
+    def _connect(self):
+        "Create a TCP socket connection"
+        # we want to mimic what socket.create_connection does to support
+        # ipv4/ipv6, but we want to set options prior to calling
+        # socket.connect()
+        err = None
+        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(
+            self.host, self.port, self.socket_type, socket.SOCK_STREAM
+        ):
+            family, socktype, proto, canonname, socket_address = res
+            sock = None
+            try:
+                sock = socket.socket(family, socktype, proto)
+                # TCP_NODELAY
+                sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+
+                # TCP_KEEPALIVE
+                if self.socket_keepalive:
+                    sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
+                    for k, v in self.socket_keepalive_options.items():
+                        sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, k, v)
+
+                # set the socket_connect_timeout before we connect
+                sock.settimeout(self.socket_connect_timeout)
+
+                # connect
+                sock.connect(socket_address)
+
+                # set the socket_timeout now that we're connected
+                sock.settimeout(self.socket_timeout)
+                return sock
+
+            except OSError as _:
+                err = _
+                if sock is not None:
+                    try:
+                        sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)  # ensure a clean close
+                    except OSError:
+                        pass
+                    sock.close()
+
+        if err is not None:
+            raise err
+        raise OSError("socket.getaddrinfo returned an empty list")
+
+    def _host_error(self):
+        return f"{self.host}:{self.port}"
+
+
+class CacheProxyConnection(ConnectionInterface):
+    DUMMY_CACHE_VALUE = b"foo"
+    MIN_ALLOWED_VERSION = "7.4.0"
+    DEFAULT_SERVER_NAME = "redis"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        conn: ConnectionInterface,
+        cache: CacheInterface,
+        pool_lock: threading.Lock,
+    ):
+        self.pid = os.getpid()
+        self._conn = conn
+        self.retry = self._conn.retry
+        self.host = self._conn.host
+        self.port = self._conn.port
+        self.credential_provider = conn.credential_provider
+        self._pool_lock = pool_lock
+        self._cache = cache
+        self._cache_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._current_command_cache_key = None
+        self._current_options = None
+        self.register_connect_callback(self._enable_tracking_callback)
+
+    def repr_pieces(self):
+        return self._conn.repr_pieces()
+
+    def register_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        self._conn.register_connect_callback(callback)
+
+    def deregister_connect_callback(self, callback):
+        self._conn.deregister_connect_callback(callback)
+
+    def set_parser(self, parser_class):
+        self._conn.set_parser(parser_class)
+
+    def connect(self):
+        self._conn.connect()
+
+        server_name = self._conn.handshake_metadata.get(b"server", None)
+        if server_name is None:
+            server_name = self._conn.handshake_metadata.get("server", None)
+        server_ver = self._conn.handshake_metadata.get(b"version", None)
+        if server_ver is None:
+            server_ver = self._conn.handshake_metadata.get("version", None)
+        if server_ver is None or server_ver is None:
+            raise ConnectionError("Cannot retrieve information about server version")
+
+        server_ver = ensure_string(server_ver)
+        server_name = ensure_string(server_name)
+
+        if (
+            server_name != self.DEFAULT_SERVER_NAME
+            or compare_versions(server_ver, self.MIN_ALLOWED_VERSION) == 1
+        ):
+            raise ConnectionError(
+                "To maximize compatibility with all Redis products, client-side caching is supported by Redis 7.4 or later"  # noqa: E501
+            )
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        self._conn.on_connect()
+
+    def disconnect(self, *args):
+        with self._cache_lock:
+            self._cache.flush()
+        self._conn.disconnect(*args)
+
+    def check_health(self):
+        self._conn.check_health()
+
+    def send_packed_command(self, command, check_health=True):
+        # TODO: Investigate if it's possible to unpack command
+        #  or extract keys from packed command
+        self._conn.send_packed_command(command)
+
+    def send_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._process_pending_invalidations()
+
+        with self._cache_lock:
+            # Command is write command or not allowed
+            # to be cached.
+            if not self._cache.is_cachable(CacheKey(command=args[0], redis_keys=())):
+                self._current_command_cache_key = None
+                self._conn.send_command(*args, **kwargs)
+                return
+
+        if kwargs.get("keys") is None:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot create cache key.")
+
+        # Creates cache key.
+        self._current_command_cache_key = CacheKey(
+            command=args[0], redis_keys=tuple(kwargs.get("keys"))
+        )
+
+        with self._cache_lock:
+            # We have to trigger invalidation processing in case if
+            # it was cached by another connection to avoid
+            # queueing invalidations in stale connections.
+            if self._cache.get(self._current_command_cache_key):
+                entry = self._cache.get(self._current_command_cache_key)
+
+                if entry.connection_ref != self._conn:
+                    with self._pool_lock:
+                        while entry.connection_ref.can_read():
+                            entry.connection_ref.read_response(push_request=True)
+
+                return
+
+            # Set temporary entry value to prevent
+            # race condition from another connection.
+            self._cache.set(
+                CacheEntry(
+                    cache_key=self._current_command_cache_key,
+                    cache_value=self.DUMMY_CACHE_VALUE,
+                    status=CacheEntryStatus.IN_PROGRESS,
+                    connection_ref=self._conn,
+                )
+            )
+
+        # Send command over socket only if it's allowed
+        # read-only command that not yet cached.
+        self._conn.send_command(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def can_read(self, timeout=0):
+        return self._conn.can_read(timeout)
+
+    def read_response(
+        self, disable_decoding=False, *, disconnect_on_error=True, push_request=False
+    ):
+        with self._cache_lock:
+            # Check if command response exists in a cache and it's not in progress.
+            if (
+                self._current_command_cache_key is not None
+                and self._cache.get(self._current_command_cache_key) is not None
+                and self._cache.get(self._current_command_cache_key).status
+                != CacheEntryStatus.IN_PROGRESS
+            ):
+                res = copy.deepcopy(
+                    self._cache.get(self._current_command_cache_key).cache_value
+                )
+                self._current_command_cache_key = None
+                return res
+
+        response = self._conn.read_response(
+            disable_decoding=disable_decoding,
+            disconnect_on_error=disconnect_on_error,
+            push_request=push_request,
+        )
+
+        with self._cache_lock:
+            # Prevent not-allowed command from caching.
+            if self._current_command_cache_key is None:
+                return response
+            # If response is None prevent from caching.
+            if response is None:
+                self._cache.delete_by_cache_keys([self._current_command_cache_key])
+                return response
+
+            cache_entry = self._cache.get(self._current_command_cache_key)
+
+            # Cache only responses that still valid
+            # and wasn't invalidated by another connection in meantime.
+            if cache_entry is not None:
+                cache_entry.status = CacheEntryStatus.VALID
+                cache_entry.cache_value = response
+                self._cache.set(cache_entry)
+
+            self._current_command_cache_key = None
+
+        return response
+
+    def pack_command(self, *args):
+        return self._conn.pack_command(*args)
+
+    def pack_commands(self, commands):
+        return self._conn.pack_commands(commands)
+
+    @property
+    def handshake_metadata(self) -> Union[Dict[bytes, bytes], Dict[str, str]]:
+        return self._conn.handshake_metadata
+
+    def _connect(self):
+        self._conn._connect()
+
+    def _host_error(self):
+        self._conn._host_error()
+
+    def _enable_tracking_callback(self, conn: ConnectionInterface) -> None:
+        conn.send_command("CLIENT", "TRACKING", "ON")
+        conn.read_response()
+        conn._parser.set_invalidation_push_handler(self._on_invalidation_callback)
+
+    def _process_pending_invalidations(self):
+        while self.can_read():
+            self._conn.read_response(push_request=True)
+
+    def _on_invalidation_callback(self, data: List[Union[str, Optional[List[bytes]]]]):
+        with self._cache_lock:
+            # Flush cache when DB flushed on server-side
+            if data[1] is None:
+                self._cache.flush()
+            else:
+                self._cache.delete_by_redis_keys(data[1])
+
+    def get_protocol(self):
+        return self._conn.get_protocol()
+
+    def set_re_auth_token(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        self._conn.set_re_auth_token(token)
+
+    def re_auth(self):
+        self._conn.re_auth()
+
+
+class SSLConnection(Connection):
+    """Manages SSL connections to and from the Redis server(s).
+    This class extends the Connection class, adding SSL functionality, and making
+    use of ssl.SSLContext (https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext)
+    """  # noqa
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ssl_keyfile=None,
+        ssl_certfile=None,
+        ssl_cert_reqs="required",
+        ssl_ca_certs=None,
+        ssl_ca_data=None,
+        ssl_check_hostname=True,
+        ssl_ca_path=None,
+        ssl_password=None,
+        ssl_validate_ocsp=False,
+        ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled=False,
+        ssl_ocsp_context=None,
+        ssl_ocsp_expected_cert=None,
+        ssl_min_version=None,
+        ssl_ciphers=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Constructor
+
+        Args:
+            ssl_keyfile: Path to an ssl private key. Defaults to None.
+            ssl_certfile: Path to an ssl certificate. Defaults to None.
+            ssl_cert_reqs: The string value for the SSLContext.verify_mode (none, optional, required), or an ssl.VerifyMode. Defaults to "required".
+            ssl_ca_certs: The path to a file of concatenated CA certificates in PEM format. Defaults to None.
+            ssl_ca_data: Either an ASCII string of one or more PEM-encoded certificates or a bytes-like object of DER-encoded certificates.
+            ssl_check_hostname: If set, match the hostname during the SSL handshake. Defaults to False.
+            ssl_ca_path: The path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format. Defaults to None.
+            ssl_password: Password for unlocking an encrypted private key. Defaults to None.
+
+            ssl_validate_ocsp: If set, perform a full ocsp validation (i.e not a stapled verification)
+            ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled: If set, perform a validation on a stapled ocsp response
+            ssl_ocsp_context: A fully initialized OpenSSL.SSL.Context object to be used in verifying the ssl_ocsp_expected_cert
+            ssl_ocsp_expected_cert: A PEM armoured string containing the expected certificate to be returned from the ocsp verification service.
+            ssl_min_version: The lowest supported SSL version. It affects the supported SSL versions of the SSLContext. None leaves the default provided by ssl module.
+            ssl_ciphers: A string listing the ciphers that are allowed to be used. Defaults to None, which means that the default ciphers are used. See https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html#ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers for more information.
+
+        Raises:
+            RedisError
+        """  # noqa
+        if not SSL_AVAILABLE:
+            raise RedisError("Python wasn't built with SSL support")
+
+        self.keyfile = ssl_keyfile
+        self.certfile = ssl_certfile
+        if ssl_cert_reqs is None:
+            ssl_cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_NONE
+        elif isinstance(ssl_cert_reqs, str):
+            CERT_REQS = {  # noqa: N806
+                "none": ssl.CERT_NONE,
+                "optional": ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL,
+                "required": ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
+            }
+            if ssl_cert_reqs not in CERT_REQS:
+                raise RedisError(
+                    f"Invalid SSL Certificate Requirements Flag: {ssl_cert_reqs}"
+                )
+            ssl_cert_reqs = CERT_REQS[ssl_cert_reqs]
+        self.cert_reqs = ssl_cert_reqs
+        self.ca_certs = ssl_ca_certs
+        self.ca_data = ssl_ca_data
+        self.ca_path = ssl_ca_path
+        self.check_hostname = ssl_check_hostname
+        self.certificate_password = ssl_password
+        self.ssl_validate_ocsp = ssl_validate_ocsp
+        self.ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled = ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled
+        self.ssl_ocsp_context = ssl_ocsp_context
+        self.ssl_ocsp_expected_cert = ssl_ocsp_expected_cert
+        self.ssl_min_version = ssl_min_version
+        self.ssl_ciphers = ssl_ciphers
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def _connect(self):
+        """
+        Wrap the socket with SSL support, handling potential errors.
+        """
+        sock = super()._connect()
+        try:
+            return self._wrap_socket_with_ssl(sock)
+        except (OSError, RedisError):
+            sock.close()
+            raise
+
+    def _wrap_socket_with_ssl(self, sock):
+        """
+        Wraps the socket with SSL support.
+
+        Args:
+            sock: The plain socket to wrap with SSL.
+
+        Returns:
+            An SSL wrapped socket.
+        """
+        context = ssl.create_default_context()
+        context.check_hostname = self.check_hostname
+        context.verify_mode = self.cert_reqs
+        if self.certfile or self.keyfile:
+            context.load_cert_chain(
+                certfile=self.certfile,
+                keyfile=self.keyfile,
+                password=self.certificate_password,
+            )
+        if (
+            self.ca_certs is not None
+            or self.ca_path is not None
+            or self.ca_data is not None
+        ):
+            context.load_verify_locations(
+                cafile=self.ca_certs, capath=self.ca_path, cadata=self.ca_data
+            )
+        if self.ssl_min_version is not None:
+            context.minimum_version = self.ssl_min_version
+        if self.ssl_ciphers:
+            context.set_ciphers(self.ssl_ciphers)
+        if self.ssl_validate_ocsp is True and CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE is False:
+            raise RedisError("cryptography is not installed.")
+
+        if self.ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled and self.ssl_validate_ocsp:
+            raise RedisError(
+                "Either an OCSP staple or pure OCSP connection must be validated "
+                "- not both."
+            )
+
+        sslsock = context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=self.host)
+
+        # validation for the stapled case
+        if self.ssl_validate_ocsp_stapled:
+            import OpenSSL
+
+            from .ocsp import ocsp_staple_verifier
+
+            # if a context is provided use it - otherwise, a basic context
+            if self.ssl_ocsp_context is None:
+                staple_ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD)
+                staple_ctx.use_certificate_file(self.certfile)
+                staple_ctx.use_privatekey_file(self.keyfile)
+            else:
+                staple_ctx = self.ssl_ocsp_context
+
+            staple_ctx.set_ocsp_client_callback(
+                ocsp_staple_verifier, self.ssl_ocsp_expected_cert
+            )
+
+            #  need another socket
+            con = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(staple_ctx, socket.socket())
+            con.request_ocsp()
+            con.connect((self.host, self.port))
+            con.do_handshake()
+            con.shutdown()
+            return sslsock
+
+        # pure ocsp validation
+        if self.ssl_validate_ocsp is True and CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE:
+            from .ocsp import OCSPVerifier
+
+            o = OCSPVerifier(sslsock, self.host, self.port, self.ca_certs)
+            if o.is_valid():
+                return sslsock
+            else:
+                raise ConnectionError("ocsp validation error")
+        return sslsock
+
+
+class UnixDomainSocketConnection(AbstractConnection):
+    "Manages UDS communication to and from a Redis server"
+
+    def __init__(self, path="", socket_timeout=None, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.path = path
+        self.socket_timeout = socket_timeout
+
+    def repr_pieces(self):
+        pieces = [("path", self.path), ("db", self.db)]
+        if self.client_name:
+            pieces.append(("client_name", self.client_name))
+        return pieces
+
+    def _connect(self):
+        "Create a Unix domain socket connection"
+        sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        sock.settimeout(self.socket_connect_timeout)
+        try:
+            sock.connect(self.path)
+        except OSError:
+            # Prevent ResourceWarnings for unclosed sockets.
+            try:
+                sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)  # ensure a clean close
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            sock.close()
+            raise
+        sock.settimeout(self.socket_timeout)
+        return sock
+
+    def _host_error(self):
+        return self.path
+
+
+FALSE_STRINGS = ("0", "F", "FALSE", "N", "NO")
+
+
+def to_bool(value):
+    if value is None or value == "":
+        return None
+    if isinstance(value, str) and value.upper() in FALSE_STRINGS:
+        return False
+    return bool(value)
+
+
+URL_QUERY_ARGUMENT_PARSERS = {
+    "db": int,
+    "socket_timeout": float,
+    "socket_connect_timeout": float,
+    "socket_keepalive": to_bool,
+    "retry_on_timeout": to_bool,
+    "retry_on_error": list,
+    "max_connections": int,
+    "health_check_interval": int,
+    "ssl_check_hostname": to_bool,
+    "timeout": float,
+}
+
+
+def parse_url(url):
+    if not (
+        url.startswith("redis://")
+        or url.startswith("rediss://")
+        or url.startswith("unix://")
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Redis URL must specify one of the following "
+            "schemes (redis://, rediss://, unix://)"
+        )
+
+    url = urlparse(url)
+    kwargs = {}
+
+    for name, value in parse_qs(url.query).items():
+        if value and len(value) > 0:
+            value = unquote(value[0])
+            parser = URL_QUERY_ARGUMENT_PARSERS.get(name)
+            if parser:
+                try:
+                    kwargs[name] = parser(value)
+                except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Invalid value for '{name}' in connection URL.")
+            else:
+                kwargs[name] = value
+
+    if url.username:
+        kwargs["username"] = unquote(url.username)
+    if url.password:
+        kwargs["password"] = unquote(url.password)
+
+    # We only support redis://, rediss:// and unix:// schemes.
+    if url.scheme == "unix":
+        if url.path:
+            kwargs["path"] = unquote(url.path)
+        kwargs["connection_class"] = UnixDomainSocketConnection
+
+    else:  # implied:  url.scheme in ("redis", "rediss"):
+        if url.hostname:
+            kwargs["host"] = unquote(url.hostname)
+        if url.port:
+            kwargs["port"] = int(url.port)
+
+        # If there's a path argument, use it as the db argument if a
+        # querystring value wasn't specified
+        if url.path and "db" not in kwargs:
+            try:
+                kwargs["db"] = int(unquote(url.path).replace("/", ""))
+            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                pass
+
+        if url.scheme == "rediss":
+            kwargs["connection_class"] = SSLConnection
+
+    return kwargs
+
+
+_CP = TypeVar("_CP", bound="ConnectionPool")
+
+
+class ConnectionPool:
+    """
+    Create a connection pool. ``If max_connections`` is set, then this
+    object raises :py:class:`~redis.exceptions.ConnectionError` when the pool's
+    limit is reached.
+
+    By default, TCP connections are created unless ``connection_class``
+    is specified. Use class:`.UnixDomainSocketConnection` for
+    unix sockets.
+
+    Any additional keyword arguments are passed to the constructor of
+    ``connection_class``.
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_url(cls: Type[_CP], url: str, **kwargs) -> _CP:
+        """
+        Return a connection pool configured from the given URL.
+
+        For example::
+
+            redis://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            rediss://[[username]:[password]]@localhost:6379/0
+            unix://[username@]/path/to/socket.sock?db=0[&password=password]
+
+        Three URL schemes are supported:
+
+        - `redis://` creates a TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/redis>
+        - `rediss://` creates a SSL wrapped TCP socket connection. See more at:
+          <https://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes/prov/rediss>
+        - ``unix://``: creates a Unix Domain Socket connection.
+
+        The username, password, hostname, path and all querystring values
+        are passed through urllib.parse.unquote in order to replace any
+        percent-encoded values with their corresponding characters.
+
+        There are several ways to specify a database number. The first value
+        found will be used:
+
+            1. A ``db`` querystring option, e.g. redis://localhost?db=0
+            2. If using the redis:// or rediss:// schemes, the path argument
+               of the url, e.g. redis://localhost/0
+            3. A ``db`` keyword argument to this function.
+
+        If none of these options are specified, the default db=0 is used.
+
+        All querystring options are cast to their appropriate Python types.
+        Boolean arguments can be specified with string values "True"/"False"
+        or "Yes"/"No". Values that cannot be properly cast cause a
+        ``ValueError`` to be raised. Once parsed, the querystring arguments
+        and keyword arguments are passed to the ``ConnectionPool``'s
+        class initializer. In the case of conflicting arguments, querystring
+        arguments always win.
+        """
+        url_options = parse_url(url)
+
+        if "connection_class" in kwargs:
+            url_options["connection_class"] = kwargs["connection_class"]
+
+        kwargs.update(url_options)
+        return cls(**kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection_class=Connection,
+        max_connections: Optional[int] = None,
+        cache_factory: Optional[CacheFactoryInterface] = None,
+        **connection_kwargs,
+    ):
+        max_connections = max_connections or 2**31
+        if not isinstance(max_connections, int) or max_connections < 0:
+            raise ValueError('"max_connections" must be a positive integer')
+
+        self.connection_class = connection_class
+        self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
+        self.max_connections = max_connections
+        self.cache = None
+        self._cache_factory = cache_factory
+
+        if connection_kwargs.get("cache_config") or connection_kwargs.get("cache"):
+            if connection_kwargs.get("protocol") not in [3, "3"]:
+                raise RedisError("Client caching is only supported with RESP version 3")
+
+            cache = self.connection_kwargs.get("cache")
+
+            if cache is not None:
+                if not isinstance(cache, CacheInterface):
+                    raise ValueError("Cache must implement CacheInterface")
+
+                self.cache = cache
+            else:
+                if self._cache_factory is not None:
+                    self.cache = self._cache_factory.get_cache()
+                else:
+                    self.cache = CacheFactory(
+                        self.connection_kwargs.get("cache_config")
+                    ).get_cache()
+
+        connection_kwargs.pop("cache", None)
+        connection_kwargs.pop("cache_config", None)
+
+        self._event_dispatcher = self.connection_kwargs.get("event_dispatcher", None)
+        if self._event_dispatcher is None:
+            self._event_dispatcher = EventDispatcher()
+
+        # a lock to protect the critical section in _checkpid().
+        # this lock is acquired when the process id changes, such as
+        # after a fork. during this time, multiple threads in the child
+        # process could attempt to acquire this lock. the first thread
+        # to acquire the lock will reset the data structures and lock
+        # object of this pool. subsequent threads acquiring this lock
+        # will notice the first thread already did the work and simply
+        # release the lock.
+        self._fork_lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self.reset()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> (str, str):
+        return (
+            f"<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__}"
+            f"({repr(self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs))})>"
+        )
+
+    def get_protocol(self):
+        """
+        Returns:
+            The RESP protocol version, or ``None`` if the protocol is not specified,
+            in which case the server default will be used.
+        """
+        return self.connection_kwargs.get("protocol", None)
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self._created_connections = 0
+        self._available_connections = []
+        self._in_use_connections = set()
+
+        # this must be the last operation in this method. while reset() is
+        # called when holding _fork_lock, other threads in this process
+        # can call _checkpid() which compares self.pid and os.getpid() without
+        # holding any lock (for performance reasons). keeping this assignment
+        # as the last operation ensures that those other threads will also
+        # notice a pid difference and block waiting for the first thread to
+        # release _fork_lock. when each of these threads eventually acquire
+        # _fork_lock, they will notice that another thread already called
+        # reset() and they will immediately release _fork_lock and continue on.
+        self.pid = os.getpid()
+
+    def _checkpid(self) -> None:
+        # _checkpid() attempts to keep ConnectionPool fork-safe on modern
+        # systems. this is called by all ConnectionPool methods that
+        # manipulate the pool's state such as get_connection() and release().
+        #
+        # _checkpid() determines whether the process has forked by comparing
+        # the current process id to the process id saved on the ConnectionPool
+        # instance. if these values are the same, _checkpid() simply returns.
+        #
+        # when the process ids differ, _checkpid() assumes that the process
+        # has forked and that we're now running in the child process. the child
+        # process cannot use the parent's file descriptors (e.g., sockets).
+        # therefore, when _checkpid() sees the process id change, it calls
+        # reset() in order to reinitialize the child's ConnectionPool. this
+        # will cause the child to make all new connection objects.
+        #
+        # _checkpid() is protected by self._fork_lock to ensure that multiple
+        # threads in the child process do not call reset() multiple times.
+        #
+        # there is an extremely small chance this could fail in the following
+        # scenario:
+        #   1. process A calls _checkpid() for the first time and acquires
+        #      self._fork_lock.
+        #   2. while holding self._fork_lock, process A forks (the fork()
+        #      could happen in a different thread owned by process A)
+        #   3. process B (the forked child process) inherits the
+        #      ConnectionPool's state from the parent. that state includes
+        #      a locked _fork_lock. process B will not be notified when
+        #      process A releases the _fork_lock and will thus never be
+        #      able to acquire the _fork_lock.
+        #
+        # to mitigate this possible deadlock, _checkpid() will only wait 5
+        # seconds to acquire _fork_lock. if _fork_lock cannot be acquired in
+        # that time it is assumed that the child is deadlocked and a
+        # redis.ChildDeadlockedError error is raised.
+        if self.pid != os.getpid():
+            acquired = self._fork_lock.acquire(timeout=5)
+            if not acquired:
+                raise ChildDeadlockedError
+            # reset() the instance for the new process if another thread
+            # hasn't already done so
+            try:
+                if self.pid != os.getpid():
+                    self.reset()
+            finally:
+                self._fork_lock.release()
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["*"],
+        reason="Use get_connection() without args instead",
+        version="5.3.0",
+    )
+    def get_connection(self, command_name=None, *keys, **options) -> "Connection":
+        "Get a connection from the pool"
+
+        self._checkpid()
+        with self._lock:
+            try:
+                connection = self._available_connections.pop()
+            except IndexError:
+                connection = self.make_connection()
+            self._in_use_connections.add(connection)
+
+        try:
+            # ensure this connection is connected to Redis
+            connection.connect()
+            # connections that the pool provides should be ready to send
+            # a command. if not, the connection was either returned to the
+            # pool before all data has been read or the socket has been
+            # closed. either way, reconnect and verify everything is good.
+            try:
+                if connection.can_read() and self.cache is None:
+                    raise ConnectionError("Connection has data")
+            except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError, OSError):
+                connection.disconnect()
+                connection.connect()
+                if connection.can_read():
+                    raise ConnectionError("Connection not ready")
+        except BaseException:
+            # release the connection back to the pool so that we don't
+            # leak it
+            self.release(connection)
+            raise
+
+        return connection
+
+    def get_encoder(self) -> Encoder:
+        "Return an encoder based on encoding settings"
+        kwargs = self.connection_kwargs
+        return Encoder(
+            encoding=kwargs.get("encoding", "utf-8"),
+            encoding_errors=kwargs.get("encoding_errors", "strict"),
+            decode_responses=kwargs.get("decode_responses", False),
+        )
+
+    def make_connection(self) -> "ConnectionInterface":
+        "Create a new connection"
+        if self._created_connections >= self.max_connections:
+            raise ConnectionError("Too many connections")
+        self._created_connections += 1
+
+        if self.cache is not None:
+            return CacheProxyConnection(
+                self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs), self.cache, self._lock
+            )
+
+        return self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs)
+
+    def release(self, connection: "Connection") -> None:
+        "Releases the connection back to the pool"
+        self._checkpid()
+        with self._lock:
+            try:
+                self._in_use_connections.remove(connection)
+            except KeyError:
+                # Gracefully fail when a connection is returned to this pool
+                # that the pool doesn't actually own
+                return
+
+            if self.owns_connection(connection):
+                self._available_connections.append(connection)
+                self._event_dispatcher.dispatch(
+                    AfterConnectionReleasedEvent(connection)
+                )
+            else:
+                # Pool doesn't own this connection, do not add it back
+                # to the pool.
+                # The created connections count should not be changed,
+                # because the connection was not created by the pool.
+                connection.disconnect()
+                return
+
+    def owns_connection(self, connection: "Connection") -> int:
+        return connection.pid == self.pid
+
+    def disconnect(self, inuse_connections: bool = True) -> None:
+        """
+        Disconnects connections in the pool
+
+        If ``inuse_connections`` is True, disconnect connections that are
+        current in use, potentially by other threads. Otherwise only disconnect
+        connections that are idle in the pool.
+        """
+        self._checkpid()
+        with self._lock:
+            if inuse_connections:
+                connections = chain(
+                    self._available_connections, self._in_use_connections
+                )
+            else:
+                connections = self._available_connections
+
+            for connection in connections:
+                connection.disconnect()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the pool, disconnecting all connections"""
+        self.disconnect()
+
+    def set_retry(self, retry: Retry) -> None:
+        self.connection_kwargs.update({"retry": retry})
+        for conn in self._available_connections:
+            conn.retry = retry
+        for conn in self._in_use_connections:
+            conn.retry = retry
+
+    def re_auth_callback(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        with self._lock:
+            for conn in self._available_connections:
+                conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                    lambda: conn.send_command(
+                        "AUTH", token.try_get("oid"), token.get_value()
+                    ),
+                    lambda error: self._mock(error),
+                )
+                conn.retry.call_with_retry(
+                    lambda: conn.read_response(), lambda error: self._mock(error)
+                )
+            for conn in self._in_use_connections:
+                conn.set_re_auth_token(token)
+
+    async def _mock(self, error: RedisError):
+        """
+        Dummy functions, needs to be passed as error callback to retry object.
+        :param error:
+        :return:
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class BlockingConnectionPool(ConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Thread-safe blocking connection pool::
+
+        >>> from redis.client import Redis
+        >>> client = Redis(connection_pool=BlockingConnectionPool())
+
+    It performs the same function as the default
+    :py:class:`~redis.ConnectionPool` implementation, in that,
+    it maintains a pool of reusable connections that can be shared by
+    multiple redis clients (safely across threads if required).
+
+    The difference is that, in the event that a client tries to get a
+    connection from the pool when all of connections are in use, rather than
+    raising a :py:class:`~redis.ConnectionError` (as the default
+    :py:class:`~redis.ConnectionPool` implementation does), it
+    makes the client wait ("blocks") for a specified number of seconds until
+    a connection becomes available.
+
+    Use ``max_connections`` to increase / decrease the pool size::
+
+        >>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(max_connections=10)
+
+    Use ``timeout`` to tell it either how many seconds to wait for a connection
+    to become available, or to block forever:
+
+        >>> # Block forever.
+        >>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(timeout=None)
+
+        >>> # Raise a ``ConnectionError`` after five seconds if a connection is
+        >>> # not available.
+        >>> pool = BlockingConnectionPool(timeout=5)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        max_connections=50,
+        timeout=20,
+        connection_class=Connection,
+        queue_class=LifoQueue,
+        **connection_kwargs,
+    ):
+        self.queue_class = queue_class
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        super().__init__(
+            connection_class=connection_class,
+            max_connections=max_connections,
+            **connection_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def reset(self):
+        # Create and fill up a thread safe queue with ``None`` values.
+        self.pool = self.queue_class(self.max_connections)
+        while True:
+            try:
+                self.pool.put_nowait(None)
+            except Full:
+                break
+
+        # Keep a list of actual connection instances so that we can
+        # disconnect them later.
+        self._connections = []
+
+        # this must be the last operation in this method. while reset() is
+        # called when holding _fork_lock, other threads in this process
+        # can call _checkpid() which compares self.pid and os.getpid() without
+        # holding any lock (for performance reasons). keeping this assignment
+        # as the last operation ensures that those other threads will also
+        # notice a pid difference and block waiting for the first thread to
+        # release _fork_lock. when each of these threads eventually acquire
+        # _fork_lock, they will notice that another thread already called
+        # reset() and they will immediately release _fork_lock and continue on.
+        self.pid = os.getpid()
+
+    def make_connection(self):
+        "Make a fresh connection."
+        if self.cache is not None:
+            connection = CacheProxyConnection(
+                self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs), self.cache, self._lock
+            )
+        else:
+            connection = self.connection_class(**self.connection_kwargs)
+        self._connections.append(connection)
+        return connection
+
+    @deprecated_args(
+        args_to_warn=["*"],
+        reason="Use get_connection() without args instead",
+        version="5.3.0",
+    )
+    def get_connection(self, command_name=None, *keys, **options):
+        """
+        Get a connection, blocking for ``self.timeout`` until a connection
+        is available from the pool.
+
+        If the connection returned is ``None`` then creates a new connection.
+        Because we use a last-in first-out queue, the existing connections
+        (having been returned to the pool after the initial ``None`` values
+        were added) will be returned before ``None`` values. This means we only
+        create new connections when we need to, i.e.: the actual number of
+        connections will only increase in response to demand.
+        """
+        # Make sure we haven't changed process.
+        self._checkpid()
+
+        # Try and get a connection from the pool. If one isn't available within
+        # self.timeout then raise a ``ConnectionError``.
+        connection = None
+        try:
+            connection = self.pool.get(block=True, timeout=self.timeout)
+        except Empty:
+            # Note that this is not caught by the redis client and will be
+            # raised unless handled by application code. If you want never to
+            raise ConnectionError("No connection available.")
+
+        # If the ``connection`` is actually ``None`` then that's a cue to make
+        # a new connection to add to the pool.
+        if connection is None:
+            connection = self.make_connection()
+
+        try:
+            # ensure this connection is connected to Redis
+            connection.connect()
+            # connections that the pool provides should be ready to send
+            # a command. if not, the connection was either returned to the
+            # pool before all data has been read or the socket has been
+            # closed. either way, reconnect and verify everything is good.
+            try:
+                if connection.can_read():
+                    raise ConnectionError("Connection has data")
+            except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError, OSError):
+                connection.disconnect()
+                connection.connect()
+                if connection.can_read():
+                    raise ConnectionError("Connection not ready")
+        except BaseException:
+            # release the connection back to the pool so that we don't leak it
+            self.release(connection)
+            raise
+
+        return connection
+
+    def release(self, connection):
+        "Releases the connection back to the pool."
+        # Make sure we haven't changed process.
+        self._checkpid()
+        if not self.owns_connection(connection):
+            # pool doesn't own this connection. do not add it back
+            # to the pool. instead add a None value which is a placeholder
+            # that will cause the pool to recreate the connection if
+            # its needed.
+            connection.disconnect()
+            self.pool.put_nowait(None)
+            return
+
+        # Put the connection back into the pool.
+        try:
+            self.pool.put_nowait(connection)
+        except Full:
+            # perhaps the pool has been reset() after a fork? regardless,
+            # we don't want this connection
+            pass
+
+    def disconnect(self):
+        "Disconnects all connections in the pool."
+        self._checkpid()
+        for connection in self._connections:
+            connection.disconnect()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/crc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/crc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2612411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/crc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from binascii import crc_hqx
+
+from redis.typing import EncodedT
+
+# Redis Cluster's key space is divided into 16384 slots.
+# For more information see: https://github.com/redis/redis/issues/2576
+REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS = 16384
+
+__all__ = ["key_slot", "REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS"]
+
+
+def key_slot(key: EncodedT, bucket: int = REDIS_CLUSTER_HASH_SLOTS) -> int:
+    """Calculate key slot for a given key.
+    See Keys distribution model in https://redis.io/topics/cluster-spec
+    :param key - bytes
+    :param bucket - int
+    """
+    start = key.find(b"{")
+    if start > -1:
+        end = key.find(b"}", start + 1)
+        if end > -1 and end != start + 1:
+            key = key[start + 1 : end]
+    return crc_hqx(key, 0) % bucket
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/credentials.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/credentials.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e59454e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/credentials.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import logging
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any, Callable, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class CredentialProvider:
+    """
+    Credentials Provider.
+    """
+
+    def get_credentials(self) -> Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, str]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError("get_credentials must be implemented")
+
+    async def get_credentials_async(self) -> Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, str]]:
+        logger.warning(
+            "This method is added for backward compatability. "
+            "Please override it in your implementation."
+        )
+        return self.get_credentials()
+
+
+class StreamingCredentialProvider(CredentialProvider, ABC):
+    """
+    Credential provider that streams credentials in the background.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def on_next(self, callback: Callable[[Any], None]):
+        """
+        Specifies the callback that should be invoked
+        when the next credentials will be retrieved.
+
+        :param callback: Callback with
+        :return:
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def on_error(self, callback: Callable[[Exception], None]):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def is_streaming(self) -> bool:
+        pass
+
+
+class UsernamePasswordCredentialProvider(CredentialProvider):
+    """
+    Simple implementation of CredentialProvider that just wraps static
+    username and password.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, username: Optional[str] = None, password: Optional[str] = None):
+        self.username = username or ""
+        self.password = password or ""
+
+    def get_credentials(self):
+        if self.username:
+            return self.username, self.password
+        return (self.password,)
+
+    async def get_credentials_async(self) -> Union[Tuple[str], Tuple[str, str]]:
+        return self.get_credentials()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/event.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/event.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cc6c001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/event.py
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+import asyncio
+import threading
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import List, Optional, Union
+
+from redis.auth.token import TokenInterface
+from redis.credentials import CredentialProvider, StreamingCredentialProvider
+
+
+class EventListenerInterface(ABC):
+    """
+    Represents a listener for given event object.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def listen(self, event: object):
+        pass
+
+
+class AsyncEventListenerInterface(ABC):
+    """
+    Represents an async listener for given event object.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def listen(self, event: object):
+        pass
+
+
+class EventDispatcherInterface(ABC):
+    """
+    Represents a dispatcher that dispatches events to listeners
+    associated with given event.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def dispatch(self, event: object):
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    async def dispatch_async(self, event: object):
+        pass
+
+
+class EventException(Exception):
+    """
+    Exception wrapper that adds an event object into exception context.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, exception: Exception, event: object):
+        self.exception = exception
+        self.event = event
+        super().__init__(exception)
+
+
+class EventDispatcher(EventDispatcherInterface):
+    # TODO: Make dispatcher to accept external mappings.
+    def __init__(self):
+        """
+        Mapping should be extended for any new events or listeners to be added.
+        """
+        self._event_listeners_mapping = {
+            AfterConnectionReleasedEvent: [
+                ReAuthConnectionListener(),
+            ],
+            AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent: [
+                RegisterReAuthForPooledConnections()
+            ],
+            AfterSingleConnectionInstantiationEvent: [
+                RegisterReAuthForSingleConnection()
+            ],
+            AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent: [RegisterReAuthForPubSub()],
+            AfterAsyncClusterInstantiationEvent: [RegisterReAuthForAsyncClusterNodes()],
+            AsyncAfterConnectionReleasedEvent: [
+                AsyncReAuthConnectionListener(),
+            ],
+        }
+
+    def dispatch(self, event: object):
+        listeners = self._event_listeners_mapping.get(type(event))
+
+        for listener in listeners:
+            listener.listen(event)
+
+    async def dispatch_async(self, event: object):
+        listeners = self._event_listeners_mapping.get(type(event))
+
+        for listener in listeners:
+            await listener.listen(event)
+
+
+class AfterConnectionReleasedEvent:
+    """
+    Event that will be fired before each command execution.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self._connection = connection
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self._connection
+
+
+class AsyncAfterConnectionReleasedEvent(AfterConnectionReleasedEvent):
+    pass
+
+
+class ClientType(Enum):
+    SYNC = ("sync",)
+    ASYNC = ("async",)
+
+
+class AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent:
+    """
+    Event that will be fired after pooled connection instances was created.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection_pools: List,
+        client_type: ClientType,
+        credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
+    ):
+        self._connection_pools = connection_pools
+        self._client_type = client_type
+        self._credential_provider = credential_provider
+
+    @property
+    def connection_pools(self):
+        return self._connection_pools
+
+    @property
+    def client_type(self) -> ClientType:
+        return self._client_type
+
+    @property
+    def credential_provider(self) -> Union[CredentialProvider, None]:
+        return self._credential_provider
+
+
+class AfterSingleConnectionInstantiationEvent:
+    """
+    Event that will be fired after single connection instances was created.
+
+    :param connection_lock: For sync client thread-lock should be provided,
+    for async asyncio.Lock
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        client_type: ClientType,
+        connection_lock: Union[threading.Lock, asyncio.Lock],
+    ):
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._client_type = client_type
+        self._connection_lock = connection_lock
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self._connection
+
+    @property
+    def client_type(self) -> ClientType:
+        return self._client_type
+
+    @property
+    def connection_lock(self) -> Union[threading.Lock, asyncio.Lock]:
+        return self._connection_lock
+
+
+class AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pubsub_connection,
+        connection_pool,
+        client_type: ClientType,
+        connection_lock: Union[threading.Lock, asyncio.Lock],
+    ):
+        self._pubsub_connection = pubsub_connection
+        self._connection_pool = connection_pool
+        self._client_type = client_type
+        self._connection_lock = connection_lock
+
+    @property
+    def pubsub_connection(self):
+        return self._pubsub_connection
+
+    @property
+    def connection_pool(self):
+        return self._connection_pool
+
+    @property
+    def client_type(self) -> ClientType:
+        return self._client_type
+
+    @property
+    def connection_lock(self) -> Union[threading.Lock, asyncio.Lock]:
+        return self._connection_lock
+
+
+class AfterAsyncClusterInstantiationEvent:
+    """
+    Event that will be fired after async cluster instance was created.
+
+    Async cluster doesn't use connection pools,
+    instead ClusterNode object manages connections.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        nodes: dict,
+        credential_provider: Optional[CredentialProvider] = None,
+    ):
+        self._nodes = nodes
+        self._credential_provider = credential_provider
+
+    @property
+    def nodes(self) -> dict:
+        return self._nodes
+
+    @property
+    def credential_provider(self) -> Union[CredentialProvider, None]:
+        return self._credential_provider
+
+
+class ReAuthConnectionListener(EventListenerInterface):
+    """
+    Listener that performs re-authentication of given connection.
+    """
+
+    def listen(self, event: AfterConnectionReleasedEvent):
+        event.connection.re_auth()
+
+
+class AsyncReAuthConnectionListener(AsyncEventListenerInterface):
+    """
+    Async listener that performs re-authentication of given connection.
+    """
+
+    async def listen(self, event: AsyncAfterConnectionReleasedEvent):
+        await event.connection.re_auth()
+
+
+class RegisterReAuthForPooledConnections(EventListenerInterface):
+    """
+    Listener that registers a re-authentication callback for pooled connections.
+    Required by :class:`StreamingCredentialProvider`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._event = None
+
+    def listen(self, event: AfterPooledConnectionsInstantiationEvent):
+        if isinstance(event.credential_provider, StreamingCredentialProvider):
+            self._event = event
+
+            if event.client_type == ClientType.SYNC:
+                event.credential_provider.on_next(self._re_auth)
+                event.credential_provider.on_error(self._raise_on_error)
+            else:
+                event.credential_provider.on_next(self._re_auth_async)
+                event.credential_provider.on_error(self._raise_on_error_async)
+
+    def _re_auth(self, token):
+        for pool in self._event.connection_pools:
+            pool.re_auth_callback(token)
+
+    async def _re_auth_async(self, token):
+        for pool in self._event.connection_pools:
+            await pool.re_auth_callback(token)
+
+    def _raise_on_error(self, error: Exception):
+        raise EventException(error, self._event)
+
+    async def _raise_on_error_async(self, error: Exception):
+        raise EventException(error, self._event)
+
+
+class RegisterReAuthForSingleConnection(EventListenerInterface):
+    """
+    Listener that registers a re-authentication callback for single connection.
+    Required by :class:`StreamingCredentialProvider`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._event = None
+
+    def listen(self, event: AfterSingleConnectionInstantiationEvent):
+        if isinstance(
+            event.connection.credential_provider, StreamingCredentialProvider
+        ):
+            self._event = event
+
+            if event.client_type == ClientType.SYNC:
+                event.connection.credential_provider.on_next(self._re_auth)
+                event.connection.credential_provider.on_error(self._raise_on_error)
+            else:
+                event.connection.credential_provider.on_next(self._re_auth_async)
+                event.connection.credential_provider.on_error(
+                    self._raise_on_error_async
+                )
+
+    def _re_auth(self, token):
+        with self._event.connection_lock:
+            self._event.connection.send_command(
+                "AUTH", token.try_get("oid"), token.get_value()
+            )
+            self._event.connection.read_response()
+
+    async def _re_auth_async(self, token):
+        async with self._event.connection_lock:
+            await self._event.connection.send_command(
+                "AUTH", token.try_get("oid"), token.get_value()
+            )
+            await self._event.connection.read_response()
+
+    def _raise_on_error(self, error: Exception):
+        raise EventException(error, self._event)
+
+    async def _raise_on_error_async(self, error: Exception):
+        raise EventException(error, self._event)
+
+
+class RegisterReAuthForAsyncClusterNodes(EventListenerInterface):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._event = None
+
+    def listen(self, event: AfterAsyncClusterInstantiationEvent):
+        if isinstance(event.credential_provider, StreamingCredentialProvider):
+            self._event = event
+            event.credential_provider.on_next(self._re_auth)
+            event.credential_provider.on_error(self._raise_on_error)
+
+    async def _re_auth(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        for key in self._event.nodes:
+            await self._event.nodes[key].re_auth_callback(token)
+
+    async def _raise_on_error(self, error: Exception):
+        raise EventException(error, self._event)
+
+
+class RegisterReAuthForPubSub(EventListenerInterface):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._connection = None
+        self._connection_pool = None
+        self._client_type = None
+        self._connection_lock = None
+        self._event = None
+
+    def listen(self, event: AfterPubSubConnectionInstantiationEvent):
+        if isinstance(
+            event.pubsub_connection.credential_provider, StreamingCredentialProvider
+        ) and event.pubsub_connection.get_protocol() in [3, "3"]:
+            self._event = event
+            self._connection = event.pubsub_connection
+            self._connection_pool = event.connection_pool
+            self._client_type = event.client_type
+            self._connection_lock = event.connection_lock
+
+            if self._client_type == ClientType.SYNC:
+                self._connection.credential_provider.on_next(self._re_auth)
+                self._connection.credential_provider.on_error(self._raise_on_error)
+            else:
+                self._connection.credential_provider.on_next(self._re_auth_async)
+                self._connection.credential_provider.on_error(
+                    self._raise_on_error_async
+                )
+
+    def _re_auth(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        with self._connection_lock:
+            self._connection.send_command(
+                "AUTH", token.try_get("oid"), token.get_value()
+            )
+            self._connection.read_response()
+
+        self._connection_pool.re_auth_callback(token)
+
+    async def _re_auth_async(self, token: TokenInterface):
+        async with self._connection_lock:
+            await self._connection.send_command(
+                "AUTH", token.try_get("oid"), token.get_value()
+            )
+            await self._connection.read_response()
+
+        await self._connection_pool.re_auth_callback(token)
+
+    def _raise_on_error(self, error: Exception):
+        raise EventException(error, self._event)
+
+    async def _raise_on_error_async(self, error: Exception):
+        raise EventException(error, self._event)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bad447a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+"Core exceptions raised by the Redis client"
+
+
+class RedisError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class ConnectionError(RedisError):
+    pass
+
+
+class TimeoutError(RedisError):
+    pass
+
+
+class AuthenticationError(ConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+class AuthorizationError(ConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+class BusyLoadingError(ConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+class InvalidResponse(RedisError):
+    pass
+
+
+class ResponseError(RedisError):
+    pass
+
+
+class DataError(RedisError):
+    pass
+
+
+class PubSubError(RedisError):
+    pass
+
+
+class WatchError(RedisError):
+    pass
+
+
+class NoScriptError(ResponseError):
+    pass
+
+
+class OutOfMemoryError(ResponseError):
+    """
+    Indicates the database is full. Can only occur when either:
+      * Redis maxmemory-policy=noeviction
+      * Redis maxmemory-policy=volatile* and there are no evictable keys
+
+    For more information see `Memory optimization in Redis <https://redis.io/docs/management/optimization/memory-optimization/#memory-allocation>`_. # noqa
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ExecAbortError(ResponseError):
+    pass
+
+
+class ReadOnlyError(ResponseError):
+    pass
+
+
+class NoPermissionError(ResponseError):
+    pass
+
+
+class ModuleError(ResponseError):
+    pass
+
+
+class LockError(RedisError, ValueError):
+    "Errors acquiring or releasing a lock"
+
+    # NOTE: For backwards compatibility, this class derives from ValueError.
+    # This was originally chosen to behave like threading.Lock.
+
+    def __init__(self, message=None, lock_name=None):
+        self.message = message
+        self.lock_name = lock_name
+
+
+class LockNotOwnedError(LockError):
+    "Error trying to extend or release a lock that is not owned (anymore)"
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ChildDeadlockedError(Exception):
+    "Error indicating that a child process is deadlocked after a fork()"
+
+    pass
+
+
+class AuthenticationWrongNumberOfArgsError(ResponseError):
+    """
+    An error to indicate that the wrong number of args
+    were sent to the AUTH command
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class RedisClusterException(Exception):
+    """
+    Base exception for the RedisCluster client
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ClusterError(RedisError):
+    """
+    Cluster errors occurred multiple times, resulting in an exhaustion of the
+    command execution TTL
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class ClusterDownError(ClusterError, ResponseError):
+    """
+    Error indicated CLUSTERDOWN error received from cluster.
+    By default Redis Cluster nodes stop accepting queries if they detect there
+    is at least a hash slot uncovered (no available node is serving it).
+    This way if the cluster is partially down (for example a range of hash
+    slots are no longer covered) the entire cluster eventually becomes
+    unavailable. It automatically returns available as soon as all the slots
+    are covered again.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, resp):
+        self.args = (resp,)
+        self.message = resp
+
+
+class AskError(ResponseError):
+    """
+    Error indicated ASK error received from cluster.
+    When a slot is set as MIGRATING, the node will accept all queries that
+    pertain to this hash slot, but only if the key in question exists,
+    otherwise the query is forwarded using a -ASK redirection to the node that
+    is target of the migration.
+
+    src node: MIGRATING to dst node
+        get > ASK error
+        ask dst node > ASKING command
+    dst node: IMPORTING from src node
+        asking command only affects next command
+        any op will be allowed after asking command
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, resp):
+        """should only redirect to master node"""
+        self.args = (resp,)
+        self.message = resp
+        slot_id, new_node = resp.split(" ")
+        host, port = new_node.rsplit(":", 1)
+        self.slot_id = int(slot_id)
+        self.node_addr = self.host, self.port = host, int(port)
+
+
+class TryAgainError(ResponseError):
+    """
+    Error indicated TRYAGAIN error received from cluster.
+    Operations on keys that don't exist or are - during resharding - split
+    between the source and destination nodes, will generate a -TRYAGAIN error.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        pass
+
+
+class ClusterCrossSlotError(ResponseError):
+    """
+    Error indicated CROSSSLOT error received from cluster.
+    A CROSSSLOT error is generated when keys in a request don't hash to the
+    same slot.
+    """
+
+    message = "Keys in request don't hash to the same slot"
+
+
+class MovedError(AskError):
+    """
+    Error indicated MOVED error received from cluster.
+    A request sent to a node that doesn't serve this key will be replayed with
+    a MOVED error that points to the correct node.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class MasterDownError(ClusterDownError):
+    """
+    Error indicated MASTERDOWN error received from cluster.
+    Link with MASTER is down and replica-serve-stale-data is set to 'no'.
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class SlotNotCoveredError(RedisClusterException):
+    """
+    This error only happens in the case where the connection pool will try to
+    fetch what node that is covered by a given slot.
+
+    If this error is raised the client should drop the current node layout and
+    attempt to reconnect and refresh the node layout again
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class MaxConnectionsError(ConnectionError): ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/lock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/lock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0288496e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/lock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+import logging
+import threading
+import time as mod_time
+import uuid
+from types import SimpleNamespace, TracebackType
+from typing import Optional, Type
+
+from redis.exceptions import LockError, LockNotOwnedError
+from redis.typing import Number
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Lock:
+    """
+    A shared, distributed Lock. Using Redis for locking allows the Lock
+    to be shared across processes and/or machines.
+
+    It's left to the user to resolve deadlock issues and make sure
+    multiple clients play nicely together.
+    """
+
+    lua_release = None
+    lua_extend = None
+    lua_reacquire = None
+
+    # KEYS[1] - lock name
+    # ARGV[1] - token
+    # return 1 if the lock was released, otherwise 0
+    LUA_RELEASE_SCRIPT = """
+        local token = redis.call('get', KEYS[1])
+        if not token or token ~= ARGV[1] then
+            return 0
+        end
+        redis.call('del', KEYS[1])
+        return 1
+    """
+
+    # KEYS[1] - lock name
+    # ARGV[1] - token
+    # ARGV[2] - additional milliseconds
+    # ARGV[3] - "0" if the additional time should be added to the lock's
+    #           existing ttl or "1" if the existing ttl should be replaced
+    # return 1 if the locks time was extended, otherwise 0
+    LUA_EXTEND_SCRIPT = """
+        local token = redis.call('get', KEYS[1])
+        if not token or token ~= ARGV[1] then
+            return 0
+        end
+        local expiration = redis.call('pttl', KEYS[1])
+        if not expiration then
+            expiration = 0
+        end
+        if expiration < 0 then
+            return 0
+        end
+
+        local newttl = ARGV[2]
+        if ARGV[3] == "0" then
+            newttl = ARGV[2] + expiration
+        end
+        redis.call('pexpire', KEYS[1], newttl)
+        return 1
+    """
+
+    # KEYS[1] - lock name
+    # ARGV[1] - token
+    # ARGV[2] - milliseconds
+    # return 1 if the locks time was reacquired, otherwise 0
+    LUA_REACQUIRE_SCRIPT = """
+        local token = redis.call('get', KEYS[1])
+        if not token or token ~= ARGV[1] then
+            return 0
+        end
+        redis.call('pexpire', KEYS[1], ARGV[2])
+        return 1
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        redis,
+        name: str,
+        timeout: Optional[Number] = None,
+        sleep: Number = 0.1,
+        blocking: bool = True,
+        blocking_timeout: Optional[Number] = None,
+        thread_local: bool = True,
+        raise_on_release_error: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a new Lock instance named ``name`` using the Redis client
+        supplied by ``redis``.
+
+        ``timeout`` indicates a maximum life for the lock in seconds.
+        By default, it will remain locked until release() is called.
+        ``timeout`` can be specified as a float or integer, both representing
+        the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``sleep`` indicates the amount of time to sleep in seconds per loop
+        iteration when the lock is in blocking mode and another client is
+        currently holding the lock.
+
+        ``blocking`` indicates whether calling ``acquire`` should block until
+        the lock has been acquired or to fail immediately, causing ``acquire``
+        to return False and the lock not being acquired. Defaults to True.
+        Note this value can be overridden by passing a ``blocking``
+        argument to ``acquire``.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` indicates the maximum amount of time in seconds to
+        spend trying to acquire the lock. A value of ``None`` indicates
+        continue trying forever. ``blocking_timeout`` can be specified as a
+        float or integer, both representing the number of seconds to wait.
+
+        ``thread_local`` indicates whether the lock token is placed in
+        thread-local storage. By default, the token is placed in thread local
+        storage so that a thread only sees its token, not a token set by
+        another thread. Consider the following timeline:
+
+            time: 0, thread-1 acquires `my-lock`, with a timeout of 5 seconds.
+                     thread-1 sets the token to "abc"
+            time: 1, thread-2 blocks trying to acquire `my-lock` using the
+                     Lock instance.
+            time: 5, thread-1 has not yet completed. redis expires the lock
+                     key.
+            time: 5, thread-2 acquired `my-lock` now that it's available.
+                     thread-2 sets the token to "xyz"
+            time: 6, thread-1 finishes its work and calls release(). if the
+                     token is *not* stored in thread local storage, then
+                     thread-1 would see the token value as "xyz" and would be
+                     able to successfully release the thread-2's lock.
+
+        ``raise_on_release_error`` indicates whether to raise an exception when
+        the lock is no longer owned when exiting the context manager. By default,
+        this is True, meaning an exception will be raised. If False, the warning
+        will be logged and the exception will be suppressed.
+
+        In some use cases it's necessary to disable thread local storage. For
+        example, if you have code where one thread acquires a lock and passes
+        that lock instance to a worker thread to release later. If thread
+        local storage isn't disabled in this case, the worker thread won't see
+        the token set by the thread that acquired the lock. Our assumption
+        is that these cases aren't common and as such default to using
+        thread local storage.
+        """
+        self.redis = redis
+        self.name = name
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.sleep = sleep
+        self.blocking = blocking
+        self.blocking_timeout = blocking_timeout
+        self.thread_local = bool(thread_local)
+        self.raise_on_release_error = raise_on_release_error
+        self.local = threading.local() if self.thread_local else SimpleNamespace()
+        self.local.token = None
+        self.register_scripts()
+
+    def register_scripts(self) -> None:
+        cls = self.__class__
+        client = self.redis
+        if cls.lua_release is None:
+            cls.lua_release = client.register_script(cls.LUA_RELEASE_SCRIPT)
+        if cls.lua_extend is None:
+            cls.lua_extend = client.register_script(cls.LUA_EXTEND_SCRIPT)
+        if cls.lua_reacquire is None:
+            cls.lua_reacquire = client.register_script(cls.LUA_REACQUIRE_SCRIPT)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> "Lock":
+        if self.acquire():
+            return self
+        raise LockError(
+            "Unable to acquire lock within the time specified",
+            lock_name=self.name,
+        )
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_value: Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.release()
+        except LockError:
+            if self.raise_on_release_error:
+                raise
+            logger.warning(
+                "Lock was unlocked or no longer owned when exiting context manager."
+            )
+
+    def acquire(
+        self,
+        sleep: Optional[Number] = None,
+        blocking: Optional[bool] = None,
+        blocking_timeout: Optional[Number] = None,
+        token: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Use Redis to hold a shared, distributed lock named ``name``.
+        Returns True once the lock is acquired.
+
+        If ``blocking`` is False, always return immediately. If the lock
+        was acquired, return True, otherwise return False.
+
+        ``blocking_timeout`` specifies the maximum number of seconds to
+        wait trying to acquire the lock.
+
+        ``token`` specifies the token value to be used. If provided, token
+        must be a bytes object or a string that can be encoded to a bytes
+        object with the default encoding. If a token isn't specified, a UUID
+        will be generated.
+        """
+        if sleep is None:
+            sleep = self.sleep
+        if token is None:
+            token = uuid.uuid1().hex.encode()
+        else:
+            encoder = self.redis.get_encoder()
+            token = encoder.encode(token)
+        if blocking is None:
+            blocking = self.blocking
+        if blocking_timeout is None:
+            blocking_timeout = self.blocking_timeout
+        stop_trying_at = None
+        if blocking_timeout is not None:
+            stop_trying_at = mod_time.monotonic() + blocking_timeout
+        while True:
+            if self.do_acquire(token):
+                self.local.token = token
+                return True
+            if not blocking:
+                return False
+            next_try_at = mod_time.monotonic() + sleep
+            if stop_trying_at is not None and next_try_at > stop_trying_at:
+                return False
+            mod_time.sleep(sleep)
+
+    def do_acquire(self, token: str) -> bool:
+        if self.timeout:
+            # convert to milliseconds
+            timeout = int(self.timeout * 1000)
+        else:
+            timeout = None
+        if self.redis.set(self.name, token, nx=True, px=timeout):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def locked(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this key is locked by any process, otherwise False.
+        """
+        return self.redis.get(self.name) is not None
+
+    def owned(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if this key is locked by this lock, otherwise False.
+        """
+        stored_token = self.redis.get(self.name)
+        # need to always compare bytes to bytes
+        # TODO: this can be simplified when the context manager is finished
+        if stored_token and not isinstance(stored_token, bytes):
+            encoder = self.redis.get_encoder()
+            stored_token = encoder.encode(stored_token)
+        return self.local.token is not None and stored_token == self.local.token
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Releases the already acquired lock
+        """
+        expected_token = self.local.token
+        if expected_token is None:
+            raise LockError(
+                "Cannot release a lock that's not owned or is already unlocked.",
+                lock_name=self.name,
+            )
+        self.local.token = None
+        self.do_release(expected_token)
+
+    def do_release(self, expected_token: str) -> None:
+        if not bool(
+            self.lua_release(keys=[self.name], args=[expected_token], client=self.redis)
+        ):
+            raise LockNotOwnedError(
+                "Cannot release a lock that's no longer owned",
+                lock_name=self.name,
+            )
+
+    def extend(self, additional_time: Number, replace_ttl: bool = False) -> bool:
+        """
+        Adds more time to an already acquired lock.
+
+        ``additional_time`` can be specified as an integer or a float, both
+        representing the number of seconds to add.
+
+        ``replace_ttl`` if False (the default), add `additional_time` to
+        the lock's existing ttl. If True, replace the lock's ttl with
+        `additional_time`.
+        """
+        if self.local.token is None:
+            raise LockError("Cannot extend an unlocked lock", lock_name=self.name)
+        if self.timeout is None:
+            raise LockError("Cannot extend a lock with no timeout", lock_name=self.name)
+        return self.do_extend(additional_time, replace_ttl)
+
+    def do_extend(self, additional_time: Number, replace_ttl: bool) -> bool:
+        additional_time = int(additional_time * 1000)
+        if not bool(
+            self.lua_extend(
+                keys=[self.name],
+                args=[self.local.token, additional_time, "1" if replace_ttl else "0"],
+                client=self.redis,
+            )
+        ):
+            raise LockNotOwnedError(
+                "Cannot extend a lock that's no longer owned",
+                lock_name=self.name,
+            )
+        return True
+
+    def reacquire(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Resets a TTL of an already acquired lock back to a timeout value.
+        """
+        if self.local.token is None:
+            raise LockError("Cannot reacquire an unlocked lock", lock_name=self.name)
+        if self.timeout is None:
+            raise LockError(
+                "Cannot reacquire a lock with no timeout",
+                lock_name=self.name,
+            )
+        return self.do_reacquire()
+
+    def do_reacquire(self) -> bool:
+        timeout = int(self.timeout * 1000)
+        if not bool(
+            self.lua_reacquire(
+                keys=[self.name], args=[self.local.token, timeout], client=self.redis
+            )
+        ):
+            raise LockNotOwnedError(
+                "Cannot reacquire a lock that's no longer owned",
+                lock_name=self.name,
+            )
+        return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/ocsp.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/ocsp.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d69c914d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/ocsp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+import base64
+import datetime
+import ssl
+from urllib.parse import urljoin, urlparse
+
+import cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes
+import requests
+from cryptography import hazmat, x509
+from cryptography.exceptions import InvalidSignature
+from cryptography.hazmat import backends
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.dsa import DSAPublicKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ec import ECDSA, EllipticCurvePublicKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.padding import PKCS1v15
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.rsa import RSAPublicKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes import SHA1, Hash
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import Encoding, PublicFormat
+from cryptography.x509 import ocsp
+
+from redis.exceptions import AuthorizationError, ConnectionError
+
+
+def _verify_response(issuer_cert, ocsp_response):
+    pubkey = issuer_cert.public_key()
+    try:
+        if isinstance(pubkey, RSAPublicKey):
+            pubkey.verify(
+                ocsp_response.signature,
+                ocsp_response.tbs_response_bytes,
+                PKCS1v15(),
+                ocsp_response.signature_hash_algorithm,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(pubkey, DSAPublicKey):
+            pubkey.verify(
+                ocsp_response.signature,
+                ocsp_response.tbs_response_bytes,
+                ocsp_response.signature_hash_algorithm,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(pubkey, EllipticCurvePublicKey):
+            pubkey.verify(
+                ocsp_response.signature,
+                ocsp_response.tbs_response_bytes,
+                ECDSA(ocsp_response.signature_hash_algorithm),
+            )
+        else:
+            pubkey.verify(ocsp_response.signature, ocsp_response.tbs_response_bytes)
+    except InvalidSignature:
+        raise ConnectionError("failed to valid ocsp response")
+
+
+def _check_certificate(issuer_cert, ocsp_bytes, validate=True):
+    """A wrapper the return the validity of a known ocsp certificate"""
+
+    ocsp_response = ocsp.load_der_ocsp_response(ocsp_bytes)
+
+    if ocsp_response.response_status == ocsp.OCSPResponseStatus.UNAUTHORIZED:
+        raise AuthorizationError("you are not authorized to view this ocsp certificate")
+    if ocsp_response.response_status == ocsp.OCSPResponseStatus.SUCCESSFUL:
+        if ocsp_response.certificate_status != ocsp.OCSPCertStatus.GOOD:
+            raise ConnectionError(
+                f"Received an {str(ocsp_response.certificate_status).split('.')[1]} "
+                "ocsp certificate status"
+            )
+    else:
+        raise ConnectionError(
+            "failed to retrieve a successful response from the ocsp responder"
+        )
+
+    if ocsp_response.this_update >= datetime.datetime.now():
+        raise ConnectionError("ocsp certificate was issued in the future")
+
+    if (
+        ocsp_response.next_update
+        and ocsp_response.next_update < datetime.datetime.now()
+    ):
+        raise ConnectionError("ocsp certificate has invalid update - in the past")
+
+    responder_name = ocsp_response.responder_name
+    issuer_hash = ocsp_response.issuer_key_hash
+    responder_hash = ocsp_response.responder_key_hash
+
+    cert_to_validate = issuer_cert
+    if (
+        responder_name is not None
+        and responder_name == issuer_cert.subject
+        or responder_hash == issuer_hash
+    ):
+        cert_to_validate = issuer_cert
+    else:
+        certs = ocsp_response.certificates
+        responder_certs = _get_certificates(
+            certs, issuer_cert, responder_name, responder_hash
+        )
+
+        try:
+            responder_cert = responder_certs[0]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise ConnectionError("no certificates found for the responder")
+
+        ext = responder_cert.extensions.get_extension_for_class(x509.ExtendedKeyUsage)
+        if ext is None or x509.oid.ExtendedKeyUsageOID.OCSP_SIGNING not in ext.value:
+            raise ConnectionError("delegate not autorized for ocsp signing")
+        cert_to_validate = responder_cert
+
+    if validate:
+        _verify_response(cert_to_validate, ocsp_response)
+    return True
+
+
+def _get_certificates(certs, issuer_cert, responder_name, responder_hash):
+    if responder_name is None:
+        certificates = [
+            c
+            for c in certs
+            if _get_pubkey_hash(c) == responder_hash and c.issuer == issuer_cert.subject
+        ]
+    else:
+        certificates = [
+            c
+            for c in certs
+            if c.subject == responder_name and c.issuer == issuer_cert.subject
+        ]
+
+    return certificates
+
+
+def _get_pubkey_hash(certificate):
+    pubkey = certificate.public_key()
+
+    # https://stackoverflow.com/a/46309453/600498
+    if isinstance(pubkey, RSAPublicKey):
+        h = pubkey.public_bytes(Encoding.DER, PublicFormat.PKCS1)
+    elif isinstance(pubkey, EllipticCurvePublicKey):
+        h = pubkey.public_bytes(Encoding.X962, PublicFormat.UncompressedPoint)
+    else:
+        h = pubkey.public_bytes(Encoding.DER, PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo)
+
+    sha1 = Hash(SHA1(), backend=backends.default_backend())
+    sha1.update(h)
+    return sha1.finalize()
+
+
+def ocsp_staple_verifier(con, ocsp_bytes, expected=None):
+    """An implementation of a function for set_ocsp_client_callback in PyOpenSSL.
+
+    This function validates that the provide ocsp_bytes response is valid,
+    and matches the expected, stapled responses.
+    """
+    if ocsp_bytes in [b"", None]:
+        raise ConnectionError("no ocsp response present")
+
+    issuer_cert = None
+    peer_cert = con.get_peer_certificate().to_cryptography()
+    for c in con.get_peer_cert_chain():
+        cert = c.to_cryptography()
+        if cert.subject == peer_cert.issuer:
+            issuer_cert = cert
+            break
+
+    if issuer_cert is None:
+        raise ConnectionError("no matching issuer cert found in certificate chain")
+
+    if expected is not None:
+        e = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(expected)
+        if peer_cert != e:
+            raise ConnectionError("received and expected certificates do not match")
+
+    return _check_certificate(issuer_cert, ocsp_bytes)
+
+
+class OCSPVerifier:
+    """A class to verify ssl sockets for RFC6960/RFC6961. This can be used
+    when using direct validation of OCSP responses and certificate revocations.
+
+    @see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6960
+    @see https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6961
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sock, host, port, ca_certs=None):
+        self.SOCK = sock
+        self.HOST = host
+        self.PORT = port
+        self.CA_CERTS = ca_certs
+
+    def _bin2ascii(self, der):
+        """Convert SSL certificates in a binary (DER) format to ASCII PEM."""
+
+        pem = ssl.DER_cert_to_PEM_cert(der)
+        cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(pem.encode(), backends.default_backend())
+        return cert
+
+    def components_from_socket(self):
+        """This function returns the certificate, primary issuer, and primary ocsp
+        server in the chain for a socket already wrapped with ssl.
+        """
+
+        # convert the binary certifcate to text
+        der = self.SOCK.getpeercert(True)
+        if der is False:
+            raise ConnectionError("no certificate found for ssl peer")
+        cert = self._bin2ascii(der)
+        return self._certificate_components(cert)
+
+    def _certificate_components(self, cert):
+        """Given an SSL certificate, retract the useful components for
+        validating the certificate status with an OCSP server.
+
+        Args:
+            cert ([bytes]): A PEM encoded ssl certificate
+        """
+
+        try:
+            aia = cert.extensions.get_extension_for_oid(
+                x509.oid.ExtensionOID.AUTHORITY_INFORMATION_ACCESS
+            ).value
+        except cryptography.x509.extensions.ExtensionNotFound:
+            raise ConnectionError("No AIA information present in ssl certificate")
+
+        # fetch certificate issuers
+        issuers = [
+            i
+            for i in aia
+            if i.access_method == x509.oid.AuthorityInformationAccessOID.CA_ISSUERS
+        ]
+        try:
+            issuer = issuers[0].access_location.value
+        except IndexError:
+            issuer = None
+
+        # now, the series of ocsp server entries
+        ocsps = [
+            i
+            for i in aia
+            if i.access_method == x509.oid.AuthorityInformationAccessOID.OCSP
+        ]
+
+        try:
+            ocsp = ocsps[0].access_location.value
+        except IndexError:
+            raise ConnectionError("no ocsp servers in certificate")
+
+        return cert, issuer, ocsp
+
+    def components_from_direct_connection(self):
+        """Return the certificate, primary issuer, and primary ocsp server
+        from the host defined by the socket. This is useful in cases where
+        different certificates are occasionally presented.
+        """
+
+        pem = ssl.get_server_certificate((self.HOST, self.PORT), ca_certs=self.CA_CERTS)
+        cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(pem.encode(), backends.default_backend())
+        return self._certificate_components(cert)
+
+    def build_certificate_url(self, server, cert, issuer_cert):
+        """Return the complete url to the ocsp"""
+        orb = ocsp.OCSPRequestBuilder()
+
+        # add_certificate returns an initialized OCSPRequestBuilder
+        orb = orb.add_certificate(
+            cert, issuer_cert, cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA256()
+        )
+        request = orb.build()
+
+        path = base64.b64encode(
+            request.public_bytes(hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding.DER)
+        )
+        url = urljoin(server, path.decode("ascii"))
+        return url
+
+    def check_certificate(self, server, cert, issuer_url):
+        """Checks the validity of an ocsp server for an issuer"""
+
+        r = requests.get(issuer_url)
+        if not r.ok:
+            raise ConnectionError("failed to fetch issuer certificate")
+        der = r.content
+        issuer_cert = self._bin2ascii(der)
+
+        ocsp_url = self.build_certificate_url(server, cert, issuer_cert)
+
+        # HTTP 1.1 mandates the addition of the Host header in ocsp responses
+        header = {
+            "Host": urlparse(ocsp_url).netloc,
+            "Content-Type": "application/ocsp-request",
+        }
+        r = requests.get(ocsp_url, headers=header)
+        if not r.ok:
+            raise ConnectionError("failed to fetch ocsp certificate")
+        return _check_certificate(issuer_cert, r.content, True)
+
+    def is_valid(self):
+        """Returns the validity of the certificate wrapping our socket.
+        This first retrieves for validate the certificate, issuer_url,
+        and ocsp_server for certificate validate. Then retrieves the
+        issuer certificate from the issuer_url, and finally checks
+        the validity of OCSP revocation status.
+        """
+
+        # validate the certificate
+        try:
+            cert, issuer_url, ocsp_server = self.components_from_socket()
+            if issuer_url is None:
+                raise ConnectionError("no issuers found in certificate chain")
+            return self.check_certificate(ocsp_server, cert, issuer_url)
+        except AuthorizationError:
+            cert, issuer_url, ocsp_server = self.components_from_direct_connection()
+            if issuer_url is None:
+                raise ConnectionError("no issuers found in certificate chain")
+            return self.check_certificate(ocsp_server, cert, issuer_url)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca9ea76f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+import socket
+from time import sleep
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Iterable, Tuple, Type, TypeVar
+
+from redis.exceptions import ConnectionError, TimeoutError
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis.backoff import AbstractBackoff
+
+
+class Retry:
+    """Retry a specific number of times after a failure"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        backoff: "AbstractBackoff",
+        retries: int,
+        supported_errors: Tuple[Type[Exception], ...] = (
+            ConnectionError,
+            TimeoutError,
+            socket.timeout,
+        ),
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize a `Retry` object with a `Backoff` object
+        that retries a maximum of `retries` times.
+        `retries` can be negative to retry forever.
+        You can specify the types of supported errors which trigger
+        a retry with the `supported_errors` parameter.
+        """
+        self._backoff = backoff
+        self._retries = retries
+        self._supported_errors = supported_errors
+
+    def update_supported_errors(
+        self, specified_errors: Iterable[Type[Exception]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Updates the supported errors with the specified error types
+        """
+        self._supported_errors = tuple(
+            set(self._supported_errors + tuple(specified_errors))
+        )
+
+    def get_retries(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Get the number of retries.
+        """
+        return self._retries
+
+    def update_retries(self, value: int) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the number of retries.
+        """
+        self._retries = value
+
+    def call_with_retry(
+        self,
+        do: Callable[[], T],
+        fail: Callable[[Exception], Any],
+    ) -> T:
+        """
+        Execute an operation that might fail and returns its result, or
+        raise the exception that was thrown depending on the `Backoff` object.
+        `do`: the operation to call. Expects no argument.
+        `fail`: the failure handler, expects the last error that was thrown
+        """
+        self._backoff.reset()
+        failures = 0
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return do()
+            except self._supported_errors as error:
+                failures += 1
+                fail(error)
+                if self._retries >= 0 and failures > self._retries:
+                    raise error
+                backoff = self._backoff.compute(failures)
+                if backoff > 0:
+                    sleep(backoff)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/sentinel.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/sentinel.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02aa244e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/sentinel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+import random
+import weakref
+from typing import Optional
+
+from redis.client import Redis
+from redis.commands import SentinelCommands
+from redis.connection import Connection, ConnectionPool, SSLConnection
+from redis.exceptions import ConnectionError, ReadOnlyError, ResponseError, TimeoutError
+from redis.utils import str_if_bytes
+
+
+class MasterNotFoundError(ConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+class SlaveNotFoundError(ConnectionError):
+    pass
+
+
+class SentinelManagedConnection(Connection):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        self.connection_pool = kwargs.pop("connection_pool")
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pool = self.connection_pool
+        s = (
+            f"<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__}"
+            f"(service={pool.service_name}%s)>"
+        )
+        if self.host:
+            host_info = f",host={self.host},port={self.port}"
+            s = s % host_info
+        return s
+
+    def connect_to(self, address):
+        self.host, self.port = address
+        super().connect()
+        if self.connection_pool.check_connection:
+            self.send_command("PING")
+            if str_if_bytes(self.read_response()) != "PONG":
+                raise ConnectionError("PING failed")
+
+    def _connect_retry(self):
+        if self._sock:
+            return  # already connected
+        if self.connection_pool.is_master:
+            self.connect_to(self.connection_pool.get_master_address())
+        else:
+            for slave in self.connection_pool.rotate_slaves():
+                try:
+                    return self.connect_to(slave)
+                except ConnectionError:
+                    continue
+            raise SlaveNotFoundError  # Never be here
+
+    def connect(self):
+        return self.retry.call_with_retry(self._connect_retry, lambda error: None)
+
+    def read_response(
+        self,
+        disable_decoding=False,
+        *,
+        disconnect_on_error: Optional[bool] = False,
+        push_request: Optional[bool] = False,
+    ):
+        try:
+            return super().read_response(
+                disable_decoding=disable_decoding,
+                disconnect_on_error=disconnect_on_error,
+                push_request=push_request,
+            )
+        except ReadOnlyError:
+            if self.connection_pool.is_master:
+                # When talking to a master, a ReadOnlyError when likely
+                # indicates that the previous master that we're still connected
+                # to has been demoted to a slave and there's a new master.
+                # calling disconnect will force the connection to re-query
+                # sentinel during the next connect() attempt.
+                self.disconnect()
+                raise ConnectionError("The previous master is now a slave")
+            raise
+
+
+class SentinelManagedSSLConnection(SentinelManagedConnection, SSLConnection):
+    pass
+
+
+class SentinelConnectionPoolProxy:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection_pool,
+        is_master,
+        check_connection,
+        service_name,
+        sentinel_manager,
+    ):
+        self.connection_pool_ref = weakref.ref(connection_pool)
+        self.is_master = is_master
+        self.check_connection = check_connection
+        self.service_name = service_name
+        self.sentinel_manager = sentinel_manager
+        self.reset()
+
+    def reset(self):
+        self.master_address = None
+        self.slave_rr_counter = None
+
+    def get_master_address(self):
+        master_address = self.sentinel_manager.discover_master(self.service_name)
+        if self.is_master and self.master_address != master_address:
+            self.master_address = master_address
+            # disconnect any idle connections so that they reconnect
+            # to the new master the next time that they are used.
+            connection_pool = self.connection_pool_ref()
+            if connection_pool is not None:
+                connection_pool.disconnect(inuse_connections=False)
+        return master_address
+
+    def rotate_slaves(self):
+        slaves = self.sentinel_manager.discover_slaves(self.service_name)
+        if slaves:
+            if self.slave_rr_counter is None:
+                self.slave_rr_counter = random.randint(0, len(slaves) - 1)
+            for _ in range(len(slaves)):
+                self.slave_rr_counter = (self.slave_rr_counter + 1) % len(slaves)
+                slave = slaves[self.slave_rr_counter]
+                yield slave
+        # Fallback to the master connection
+        try:
+            yield self.get_master_address()
+        except MasterNotFoundError:
+            pass
+        raise SlaveNotFoundError(f"No slave found for {self.service_name!r}")
+
+
+class SentinelConnectionPool(ConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Sentinel backed connection pool.
+
+    If ``check_connection`` flag is set to True, SentinelManagedConnection
+    sends a PING command right after establishing the connection.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, service_name, sentinel_manager, **kwargs):
+        kwargs["connection_class"] = kwargs.get(
+            "connection_class",
+            (
+                SentinelManagedSSLConnection
+                if kwargs.pop("ssl", False)
+                else SentinelManagedConnection
+            ),
+        )
+        self.is_master = kwargs.pop("is_master", True)
+        self.check_connection = kwargs.pop("check_connection", False)
+        self.proxy = SentinelConnectionPoolProxy(
+            connection_pool=self,
+            is_master=self.is_master,
+            check_connection=self.check_connection,
+            service_name=service_name,
+            sentinel_manager=sentinel_manager,
+        )
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.connection_kwargs["connection_pool"] = self.proxy
+        self.service_name = service_name
+        self.sentinel_manager = sentinel_manager
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        role = "master" if self.is_master else "slave"
+        return (
+            f"<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__}"
+            f"(service={self.service_name}({role}))>"
+        )
+
+    def reset(self):
+        super().reset()
+        self.proxy.reset()
+
+    @property
+    def master_address(self):
+        return self.proxy.master_address
+
+    def owns_connection(self, connection):
+        check = not self.is_master or (
+            self.is_master and self.master_address == (connection.host, connection.port)
+        )
+        parent = super()
+        return check and parent.owns_connection(connection)
+
+    def get_master_address(self):
+        return self.proxy.get_master_address()
+
+    def rotate_slaves(self):
+        "Round-robin slave balancer"
+        return self.proxy.rotate_slaves()
+
+
+class Sentinel(SentinelCommands):
+    """
+    Redis Sentinel cluster client
+
+    >>> from redis.sentinel import Sentinel
+    >>> sentinel = Sentinel([('localhost', 26379)], socket_timeout=0.1)
+    >>> master = sentinel.master_for('mymaster', socket_timeout=0.1)
+    >>> master.set('foo', 'bar')
+    >>> slave = sentinel.slave_for('mymaster', socket_timeout=0.1)
+    >>> slave.get('foo')
+    b'bar'
+
+    ``sentinels`` is a list of sentinel nodes. Each node is represented by
+    a pair (hostname, port).
+
+    ``min_other_sentinels`` defined a minimum number of peers for a sentinel.
+    When querying a sentinel, if it doesn't meet this threshold, responses
+    from that sentinel won't be considered valid.
+
+    ``sentinel_kwargs`` is a dictionary of connection arguments used when
+    connecting to sentinel instances. Any argument that can be passed to
+    a normal Redis connection can be specified here. If ``sentinel_kwargs`` is
+    not specified, any socket_timeout and socket_keepalive options specified
+    in ``connection_kwargs`` will be used.
+
+    ``connection_kwargs`` are keyword arguments that will be used when
+    establishing a connection to a Redis server.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sentinels,
+        min_other_sentinels=0,
+        sentinel_kwargs=None,
+        force_master_ip=None,
+        **connection_kwargs,
+    ):
+        # if sentinel_kwargs isn't defined, use the socket_* options from
+        # connection_kwargs
+        if sentinel_kwargs is None:
+            sentinel_kwargs = {
+                k: v for k, v in connection_kwargs.items() if k.startswith("socket_")
+            }
+        self.sentinel_kwargs = sentinel_kwargs
+
+        self.sentinels = [
+            Redis(hostname, port, **self.sentinel_kwargs)
+            for hostname, port in sentinels
+        ]
+        self.min_other_sentinels = min_other_sentinels
+        self.connection_kwargs = connection_kwargs
+        self._force_master_ip = force_master_ip
+
+    def execute_command(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Execute Sentinel command in sentinel nodes.
+        once - If set to True, then execute the resulting command on a single
+        node at random, rather than across the entire sentinel cluster.
+        """
+        once = bool(kwargs.get("once", False))
+        if "once" in kwargs.keys():
+            kwargs.pop("once")
+
+        if once:
+            random.choice(self.sentinels).execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            for sentinel in self.sentinels:
+                sentinel.execute_command(*args, **kwargs)
+        return True
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        sentinel_addresses = []
+        for sentinel in self.sentinels:
+            sentinel_addresses.append(
+                "{host}:{port}".format_map(sentinel.connection_pool.connection_kwargs)
+            )
+        return (
+            f"<{type(self).__module__}.{type(self).__name__}"
+            f"(sentinels=[{','.join(sentinel_addresses)}])>"
+        )
+
+    def check_master_state(self, state, service_name):
+        if not state["is_master"] or state["is_sdown"] or state["is_odown"]:
+            return False
+        # Check if our sentinel doesn't see other nodes
+        if state["num-other-sentinels"] < self.min_other_sentinels:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def discover_master(self, service_name):
+        """
+        Asks sentinel servers for the Redis master's address corresponding
+        to the service labeled ``service_name``.
+
+        Returns a pair (address, port) or raises MasterNotFoundError if no
+        master is found.
+        """
+        collected_errors = list()
+        for sentinel_no, sentinel in enumerate(self.sentinels):
+            try:
+                masters = sentinel.sentinel_masters()
+            except (ConnectionError, TimeoutError) as e:
+                collected_errors.append(f"{sentinel} - {e!r}")
+                continue
+            state = masters.get(service_name)
+            if state and self.check_master_state(state, service_name):
+                # Put this sentinel at the top of the list
+                self.sentinels[0], self.sentinels[sentinel_no] = (
+                    sentinel,
+                    self.sentinels[0],
+                )
+
+                ip = (
+                    self._force_master_ip
+                    if self._force_master_ip is not None
+                    else state["ip"]
+                )
+                return ip, state["port"]
+
+        error_info = ""
+        if len(collected_errors) > 0:
+            error_info = f" : {', '.join(collected_errors)}"
+        raise MasterNotFoundError(f"No master found for {service_name!r}{error_info}")
+
+    def filter_slaves(self, slaves):
+        "Remove slaves that are in an ODOWN or SDOWN state"
+        slaves_alive = []
+        for slave in slaves:
+            if slave["is_odown"] or slave["is_sdown"]:
+                continue
+            slaves_alive.append((slave["ip"], slave["port"]))
+        return slaves_alive
+
+    def discover_slaves(self, service_name):
+        "Returns a list of alive slaves for service ``service_name``"
+        for sentinel in self.sentinels:
+            try:
+                slaves = sentinel.sentinel_slaves(service_name)
+            except (ConnectionError, ResponseError, TimeoutError):
+                continue
+            slaves = self.filter_slaves(slaves)
+            if slaves:
+                return slaves
+        return []
+
+    def master_for(
+        self,
+        service_name,
+        redis_class=Redis,
+        connection_pool_class=SentinelConnectionPool,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Returns a redis client instance for the ``service_name`` master.
+        Sentinel client will detect failover and reconnect Redis clients
+        automatically.
+
+        A :py:class:`~redis.sentinel.SentinelConnectionPool` class is
+        used to retrieve the master's address before establishing a new
+        connection.
+
+        NOTE: If the master's address has changed, any cached connections to
+        the old master are closed.
+
+        By default clients will be a :py:class:`~redis.Redis` instance.
+        Specify a different class to the ``redis_class`` argument if you
+        desire something different.
+
+        The ``connection_pool_class`` specifies the connection pool to
+        use.  The :py:class:`~redis.sentinel.SentinelConnectionPool`
+        will be used by default.
+
+        All other keyword arguments are merged with any connection_kwargs
+        passed to this class and passed to the connection pool as keyword
+        arguments to be used to initialize Redis connections.
+        """
+        kwargs["is_master"] = True
+        connection_kwargs = dict(self.connection_kwargs)
+        connection_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+        return redis_class.from_pool(
+            connection_pool_class(service_name, self, **connection_kwargs)
+        )
+
+    def slave_for(
+        self,
+        service_name,
+        redis_class=Redis,
+        connection_pool_class=SentinelConnectionPool,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Returns redis client instance for the ``service_name`` slave(s).
+
+        A SentinelConnectionPool class is used to retrieve the slave's
+        address before establishing a new connection.
+
+        By default clients will be a :py:class:`~redis.Redis` instance.
+        Specify a different class to the ``redis_class`` argument if you
+        desire something different.
+
+        The ``connection_pool_class`` specifies the connection pool to use.
+        The SentinelConnectionPool will be used by default.
+
+        All other keyword arguments are merged with any connection_kwargs
+        passed to this class and passed to the connection pool as keyword
+        arguments to be used to initialize Redis connections.
+        """
+        kwargs["is_master"] = False
+        connection_kwargs = dict(self.connection_kwargs)
+        connection_kwargs.update(kwargs)
+        return redis_class.from_pool(
+            connection_pool_class(service_name, self, **connection_kwargs)
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24ad6074
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# from __future__ import annotations
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Awaitable,
+    Iterable,
+    Mapping,
+    Protocol,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+    Union,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from redis._parsers import Encoder
+    from redis.asyncio.connection import ConnectionPool as AsyncConnectionPool
+    from redis.connection import ConnectionPool
+
+
+Number = Union[int, float]
+EncodedT = Union[bytes, bytearray, memoryview]
+DecodedT = Union[str, int, float]
+EncodableT = Union[EncodedT, DecodedT]
+AbsExpiryT = Union[int, datetime]
+ExpiryT = Union[int, timedelta]
+ZScoreBoundT = Union[float, str]  # str allows for the [ or ( prefix
+BitfieldOffsetT = Union[int, str]  # str allows for #x syntax
+_StringLikeT = Union[bytes, str, memoryview]
+KeyT = _StringLikeT  # Main redis key space
+PatternT = _StringLikeT  # Patterns matched against keys, fields etc
+FieldT = EncodableT  # Fields within hash tables, streams and geo commands
+KeysT = Union[KeyT, Iterable[KeyT]]
+ResponseT = Union[Awaitable[Any], Any]
+ChannelT = _StringLikeT
+GroupT = _StringLikeT  # Consumer group
+ConsumerT = _StringLikeT  # Consumer name
+StreamIdT = Union[int, _StringLikeT]
+ScriptTextT = _StringLikeT
+TimeoutSecT = Union[int, float, _StringLikeT]
+# Mapping is not covariant in the key type, which prevents
+# Mapping[_StringLikeT, X] from accepting arguments of type Dict[str, X]. Using
+# a TypeVar instead of a Union allows mappings with any of the permitted types
+# to be passed. Care is needed if there is more than one such mapping in a
+# type signature because they will all be required to be the same key type.
+AnyKeyT = TypeVar("AnyKeyT", bytes, str, memoryview)
+AnyFieldT = TypeVar("AnyFieldT", bytes, str, memoryview)
+AnyChannelT = TypeVar("AnyChannelT", bytes, str, memoryview)
+
+ExceptionMappingT = Mapping[str, Union[Type[Exception], Mapping[str, Type[Exception]]]]
+
+
+class CommandsProtocol(Protocol):
+    connection_pool: Union["AsyncConnectionPool", "ConnectionPool"]
+
+    def execute_command(self, *args, **options) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+
+class ClusterCommandsProtocol(CommandsProtocol):
+    encoder: "Encoder"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f0b24d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/redis/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+import datetime
+import logging
+import textwrap
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from functools import wraps
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Mapping, Optional, Union
+
+from redis.exceptions import DataError
+from redis.typing import AbsExpiryT, EncodableT, ExpiryT
+
+try:
+    import hiredis  # noqa
+
+    # Only support Hiredis >= 3.0:
+    HIREDIS_AVAILABLE = int(hiredis.__version__.split(".")[0]) >= 3
+    if not HIREDIS_AVAILABLE:
+        raise ImportError("hiredis package should be >= 3.0.0")
+except ImportError:
+    HIREDIS_AVAILABLE = False
+
+try:
+    import ssl  # noqa
+
+    SSL_AVAILABLE = True
+except ImportError:
+    SSL_AVAILABLE = False
+
+try:
+    import cryptography  # noqa
+
+    CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE = True
+except ImportError:
+    CRYPTOGRAPHY_AVAILABLE = False
+
+from importlib import metadata
+
+
+def from_url(url, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Returns an active Redis client generated from the given database URL.
+
+    Will attempt to extract the database id from the path url fragment, if
+    none is provided.
+    """
+    from redis.client import Redis
+
+    return Redis.from_url(url, **kwargs)
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def pipeline(redis_obj):
+    p = redis_obj.pipeline()
+    yield p
+    p.execute()
+
+
+def str_if_bytes(value: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
+    return (
+        value.decode("utf-8", errors="replace") if isinstance(value, bytes) else value
+    )
+
+
+def safe_str(value):
+    return str(str_if_bytes(value))
+
+
+def dict_merge(*dicts: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """
+    Merge all provided dicts into 1 dict.
+    *dicts : `dict`
+        dictionaries to merge
+    """
+    merged = {}
+
+    for d in dicts:
+        merged.update(d)
+
+    return merged
+
+
+def list_keys_to_dict(key_list, callback):
+    return dict.fromkeys(key_list, callback)
+
+
+def merge_result(command, res):
+    """
+    Merge all items in `res` into a list.
+
+    This command is used when sending a command to multiple nodes
+    and the result from each node should be merged into a single list.
+
+    res : 'dict'
+    """
+    result = set()
+
+    for v in res.values():
+        for value in v:
+            result.add(value)
+
+    return list(result)
+
+
+def warn_deprecated(name, reason="", version="", stacklevel=2):
+    import warnings
+
+    msg = f"Call to deprecated {name}."
+    if reason:
+        msg += f" ({reason})"
+    if version:
+        msg += f" -- Deprecated since version {version}."
+    warnings.warn(msg, category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def deprecated_function(reason="", version="", name=None):
+    """
+    Decorator to mark a function as deprecated.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(func):
+        @wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            warn_deprecated(name or func.__name__, reason, version, stacklevel=3)
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def warn_deprecated_arg_usage(
+    arg_name: Union[list, str],
+    function_name: str,
+    reason: str = "",
+    version: str = "",
+    stacklevel: int = 2,
+):
+    import warnings
+
+    msg = (
+        f"Call to '{function_name}' function with deprecated"
+        f" usage of input argument/s '{arg_name}'."
+    )
+    if reason:
+        msg += f" ({reason})"
+    if version:
+        msg += f" -- Deprecated since version {version}."
+    warnings.warn(msg, category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
+
+
+def deprecated_args(
+    args_to_warn: list = ["*"],
+    allowed_args: list = [],
+    reason: str = "",
+    version: str = "",
+):
+    """
+    Decorator to mark specified args of a function as deprecated.
+    If '*' is in args_to_warn, all arguments will be marked as deprecated.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(func):
+        @wraps(func)
+        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            # Get function argument names
+            arg_names = func.__code__.co_varnames[: func.__code__.co_argcount]
+
+            provided_args = dict(zip(arg_names, args))
+            provided_args.update(kwargs)
+
+            provided_args.pop("self", None)
+            for allowed_arg in allowed_args:
+                provided_args.pop(allowed_arg, None)
+
+            for arg in args_to_warn:
+                if arg == "*" and len(provided_args) > 0:
+                    warn_deprecated_arg_usage(
+                        list(provided_args.keys()),
+                        func.__name__,
+                        reason,
+                        version,
+                        stacklevel=3,
+                    )
+                elif arg in provided_args:
+                    warn_deprecated_arg_usage(
+                        arg, func.__name__, reason, version, stacklevel=3
+                    )
+
+            return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def _set_info_logger():
+    """
+    Set up a logger that log info logs to stdout.
+    (This is used by the default push response handler)
+    """
+    if "push_response" not in logging.root.manager.loggerDict.keys():
+        logger = logging.getLogger("push_response")
+        logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+        handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+def get_lib_version():
+    try:
+        libver = metadata.version("redis")
+    except metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+        libver = "99.99.99"
+    return libver
+
+
+def format_error_message(host_error: str, exception: BaseException) -> str:
+    if not exception.args:
+        return f"Error connecting to {host_error}."
+    elif len(exception.args) == 1:
+        return f"Error {exception.args[0]} connecting to {host_error}."
+    else:
+        return (
+            f"Error {exception.args[0]} connecting to {host_error}. "
+            f"{exception.args[1]}."
+        )
+
+
+def compare_versions(version1: str, version2: str) -> int:
+    """
+    Compare two versions.
+
+    :return: -1 if version1 > version2
+             0 if both versions are equal
+             1 if version1 < version2
+    """
+
+    num_versions1 = list(map(int, version1.split(".")))
+    num_versions2 = list(map(int, version2.split(".")))
+
+    if len(num_versions1) > len(num_versions2):
+        diff = len(num_versions1) - len(num_versions2)
+        for _ in range(diff):
+            num_versions2.append(0)
+    elif len(num_versions1) < len(num_versions2):
+        diff = len(num_versions2) - len(num_versions1)
+        for _ in range(diff):
+            num_versions1.append(0)
+
+    for i, ver in enumerate(num_versions1):
+        if num_versions1[i] > num_versions2[i]:
+            return -1
+        elif num_versions1[i] < num_versions2[i]:
+            return 1
+
+    return 0
+
+
+def ensure_string(key):
+    if isinstance(key, bytes):
+        return key.decode("utf-8")
+    elif isinstance(key, str):
+        return key
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Key must be either a string or bytes")
+
+
+def extract_expire_flags(
+    ex: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+    px: Optional[ExpiryT] = None,
+    exat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+    pxat: Optional[AbsExpiryT] = None,
+) -> List[EncodableT]:
+    exp_options: list[EncodableT] = []
+    if ex is not None:
+        exp_options.append("EX")
+        if isinstance(ex, datetime.timedelta):
+            exp_options.append(int(ex.total_seconds()))
+        elif isinstance(ex, int):
+            exp_options.append(ex)
+        elif isinstance(ex, str) and ex.isdigit():
+            exp_options.append(int(ex))
+        else:
+            raise DataError("ex must be datetime.timedelta or int")
+    elif px is not None:
+        exp_options.append("PX")
+        if isinstance(px, datetime.timedelta):
+            exp_options.append(int(px.total_seconds() * 1000))
+        elif isinstance(px, int):
+            exp_options.append(px)
+        else:
+            raise DataError("px must be datetime.timedelta or int")
+    elif exat is not None:
+        if isinstance(exat, datetime.datetime):
+            exat = int(exat.timestamp())
+        exp_options.extend(["EXAT", exat])
+    elif pxat is not None:
+        if isinstance(pxat, datetime.datetime):
+            pxat = int(pxat.timestamp() * 1000)
+        exp_options.extend(["PXAT", pxat])
+
+    return exp_options
+
+
+def truncate_text(txt, max_length=100):
+    return textwrap.shorten(
+        text=txt, width=max_length, placeholder="...", break_long_words=True
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67db8588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
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+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
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+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72d9dc53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: requests
+Version: 2.32.3
+Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
+Home-page: https://requests.readthedocs.io
+Author: Kenneth Reitz
+Author-email: me@kennethreitz.org
+License: Apache-2.0
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://requests.readthedocs.io
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/psf/requests
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Natural Language :: English
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-File: LICENSE
+Requires-Dist: charset-normalizer <4,>=2
+Requires-Dist: idna <4,>=2.5
+Requires-Dist: urllib3 <3,>=1.21.1
+Requires-Dist: certifi >=2017.4.17
+Provides-Extra: security
+Provides-Extra: socks
+Requires-Dist: PySocks !=1.5.7,>=1.5.6 ; extra == 'socks'
+Provides-Extra: use_chardet_on_py3
+Requires-Dist: chardet <6,>=3.0.2 ; extra == 'use_chardet_on_py3'
+
+# Requests
+
+**Requests** is a simple, yet elegant, HTTP library.
+
+```python
+>>> import requests
+>>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pass', auth=('user', 'pass'))
+>>> r.status_code
+200
+>>> r.headers['content-type']
+'application/json; charset=utf8'
+>>> r.encoding
+'utf-8'
+>>> r.text
+'{"authenticated": true, ...'
+>>> r.json()
+{'authenticated': True, ...}
+```
+
+Requests allows you to send HTTP/1.1 requests extremely easily. There’s no need to manually add query strings to your URLs, or to form-encode your `PUT` & `POST` data — but nowadays, just use the `json` method!
+
+Requests is one of the most downloaded Python packages today, pulling in around `30M downloads / week`— according to GitHub, Requests is currently [depended upon](https://github.com/psf/requests/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS01NzA4OTExNg%3D%3D) by `1,000,000+` repositories. You may certainly put your trust in this code.
+
+[![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/requests/month)](https://pepy.tech/project/requests)
+[![Supported Versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/requests.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/requests)
+[![Contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/psf/requests.svg)](https://github.com/psf/requests/graphs/contributors)
+
+## Installing Requests and Supported Versions
+
+Requests is available on PyPI:
+
+```console
+$ python -m pip install requests
+```
+
+Requests officially supports Python 3.8+.
+
+## Supported Features & Best–Practices
+
+Requests is ready for the demands of building robust and reliable HTTP–speaking applications, for the needs of today.
+
+- Keep-Alive & Connection Pooling
+- International Domains and URLs
+- Sessions with Cookie Persistence
+- Browser-style TLS/SSL Verification
+- Basic & Digest Authentication
+- Familiar `dict`–like Cookies
+- Automatic Content Decompression and Decoding
+- Multi-part File Uploads
+- SOCKS Proxy Support
+- Connection Timeouts
+- Streaming Downloads
+- Automatic honoring of `.netrc`
+- Chunked HTTP Requests
+
+## API Reference and User Guide available on [Read the Docs](https://requests.readthedocs.io)
+
+[![Read the Docs](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/ss.png)](https://requests.readthedocs.io)
+
+## Cloning the repository
+
+When cloning the Requests repository, you may need to add the `-c
+fetch.fsck.badTimezone=ignore` flag to avoid an error about a bad commit (see
+[this issue](https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/2690) for more background):
+
+```shell
+git clone -c fetch.fsck.badTimezone=ignore https://github.com/psf/requests.git
+```
+
+You can also apply this setting to your global Git config:
+
+```shell
+git config --global fetch.fsck.badTimezone ignore
+```
+
+---
+
+[![Kenneth Reitz](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/kr.png)](https://kennethreitz.org) [![Python Software Foundation](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/psf/requests/main/ext/psf.png)](https://www.python.org/psf)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d422b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+requests-2.32.3.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+requests-2.32.3.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=CeipvOyAZxBGUsFoaFqwkx54aPnIKEtm9a5u2uXxEws,10142
+requests-2.32.3.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=ZY7oRUweLnb7jCEnEW9hFWs7IpQbNVnAA4ncpwA4WBo,4610
+requests-2.32.3.dist-info/RECORD,,
+requests-2.32.3.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=GJ7t_kWBFywbagK5eo9IoUwLW6oyOeTKmQ-9iHFVNxQ,92
+requests-2.32.3.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=fMSVmHfb5rbGOo6xv-O_tUX6j-WyixssE-SnwcDRxNQ,9
+requests/__init__.py,sha256=4xaAERmPDIBPsa2PsjpU9r06yooK-2mZKHTZAhWRWts,5072
+requests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/__version__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/_internal_utils.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/adapters.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/api.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/auth.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/certs.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/compat.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/cookies.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+requests/__pycache__/status_codes.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/structures.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__pycache__/utils.cpython-312.pyc,,
+requests/__version__.py,sha256=FVfglgZmNQnmYPXpOohDU58F5EUb_-VnSTaAesS187g,435
+requests/_internal_utils.py,sha256=nMQymr4hs32TqVo5AbCrmcJEhvPUh7xXlluyqwslLiQ,1495
+requests/adapters.py,sha256=KIcecscqam6reOCXRl4DwP4jX8Jcl8sd57ft17KR2cQ,27451
+requests/api.py,sha256=_Zb9Oa7tzVIizTKwFrPjDEY9ejtm_OnSRERnADxGsQs,6449
+requests/auth.py,sha256=kF75tqnLctZ9Mf_hm9TZIj4cQWnN5uxRz8oWsx5wmR0,10186
+requests/certs.py,sha256=Z9Sb410Anv6jUFTyss0jFFhU6xst8ctELqfy8Ev23gw,429
+requests/compat.py,sha256=C5w_DPLSurXPgcdWU78fora0APmbYkX2G89QvH5xzPA,1817
+requests/cookies.py,sha256=bNi-iqEj4NPZ00-ob-rHvzkvObzN3lEpgw3g6paS3Xw,18590
+requests/exceptions.py,sha256=jJPS1UWATs86ShVUaLorTiJb1SaGuoNEWgICJep-VkY,4260
+requests/help.py,sha256=gPX5d_H7Xd88aDABejhqGgl9B1VFRTt5BmiYvL3PzIQ,3875
+requests/hooks.py,sha256=CiuysiHA39V5UfcCBXFIx83IrDpuwfN9RcTUgv28ftQ,733
+requests/models.py,sha256=k42roXzC8u_OagAPQi9U4MkfO7i4r2FdaqvMqstPehc,35418
+requests/packages.py,sha256=_g0gZ681UyAlKHRjH6kanbaoxx2eAb6qzcXiODyTIoc,904
+requests/sessions.py,sha256=ykTI8UWGSltOfH07HKollH7kTBGw4WhiBVaQGmckTw4,30495
+requests/status_codes.py,sha256=iJUAeA25baTdw-6PfD0eF4qhpINDJRJI-yaMqxs4LEI,4322
+requests/structures.py,sha256=-IbmhVz06S-5aPSZuUthZ6-6D9XOjRuTXHOabY041XM,2912
+requests/utils.py,sha256=HiQC6Nq_Da3ktaMiFzQkh-dCk3iQHHKEsYS5kDc-8Cw,33619
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bab98d67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.43.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2293605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests-2.32.3.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+requests
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..051cda13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+#   __
+#  /__)  _  _     _   _ _/   _
+# / (   (- (/ (/ (- _)  /  _)
+#          /
+
+"""
+Requests HTTP Library
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Requests is an HTTP library, written in Python, for human beings.
+Basic GET usage:
+
+   >>> import requests
+   >>> r = requests.get('https://www.python.org')
+   >>> r.status_code
+   200
+   >>> b'Python is a programming language' in r.content
+   True
+
+... or POST:
+
+   >>> payload = dict(key1='value1', key2='value2')
+   >>> r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=payload)
+   >>> print(r.text)
+   {
+     ...
+     "form": {
+       "key1": "value1",
+       "key2": "value2"
+     },
+     ...
+   }
+
+The other HTTP methods are supported - see `requests.api`. Full documentation
+is at <https://requests.readthedocs.io>.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2017 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache 2.0, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+import warnings
+
+import urllib3
+
+from .exceptions import RequestsDependencyWarning
+
+try:
+    from charset_normalizer import __version__ as charset_normalizer_version
+except ImportError:
+    charset_normalizer_version = None
+
+try:
+    from chardet import __version__ as chardet_version
+except ImportError:
+    chardet_version = None
+
+
+def check_compatibility(urllib3_version, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version):
+    urllib3_version = urllib3_version.split(".")
+    assert urllib3_version != ["dev"]  # Verify urllib3 isn't installed from git.
+
+    # Sometimes, urllib3 only reports its version as 16.1.
+    if len(urllib3_version) == 2:
+        urllib3_version.append("0")
+
+    # Check urllib3 for compatibility.
+    major, minor, patch = urllib3_version  # noqa: F811
+    major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+    # urllib3 >= 1.21.1
+    assert major >= 1
+    if major == 1:
+        assert minor >= 21
+
+    # Check charset_normalizer for compatibility.
+    if chardet_version:
+        major, minor, patch = chardet_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # chardet_version >= 3.0.2, < 6.0.0
+        assert (3, 0, 2) <= (major, minor, patch) < (6, 0, 0)
+    elif charset_normalizer_version:
+        major, minor, patch = charset_normalizer_version.split(".")[:3]
+        major, minor, patch = int(major), int(minor), int(patch)
+        # charset_normalizer >= 2.0.0 < 4.0.0
+        assert (2, 0, 0) <= (major, minor, patch) < (4, 0, 0)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Unable to find acceptable character detection dependency "
+            "(chardet or charset_normalizer).",
+            RequestsDependencyWarning,
+        )
+
+
+def _check_cryptography(cryptography_version):
+    # cryptography < 1.3.4
+    try:
+        cryptography_version = list(map(int, cryptography_version.split(".")))
+    except ValueError:
+        return
+
+    if cryptography_version < [1, 3, 4]:
+        warning = "Old version of cryptography ({}) may cause slowdown.".format(
+            cryptography_version
+        )
+        warnings.warn(warning, RequestsDependencyWarning)
+
+
+# Check imported dependencies for compatibility.
+try:
+    check_compatibility(
+        urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version
+    )
+except (AssertionError, ValueError):
+    warnings.warn(
+        "urllib3 ({}) or chardet ({})/charset_normalizer ({}) doesn't match a supported "
+        "version!".format(
+            urllib3.__version__, chardet_version, charset_normalizer_version
+        ),
+        RequestsDependencyWarning,
+    )
+
+# Attempt to enable urllib3's fallback for SNI support
+# if the standard library doesn't support SNI or the
+# 'ssl' library isn't available.
+try:
+    try:
+        import ssl
+    except ImportError:
+        ssl = None
+
+    if not getattr(ssl, "HAS_SNI", False):
+        from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+
+        pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+
+        # Check cryptography version
+        from cryptography import __version__ as cryptography_version
+
+        _check_cryptography(cryptography_version)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+# urllib3's DependencyWarnings should be silenced.
+from urllib3.exceptions import DependencyWarning
+
+warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DependencyWarning)
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+from logging import NullHandler
+
+from . import packages, utils
+from .__version__ import (
+    __author__,
+    __author_email__,
+    __build__,
+    __cake__,
+    __copyright__,
+    __description__,
+    __license__,
+    __title__,
+    __url__,
+    __version__,
+)
+from .api import delete, get, head, options, patch, post, put, request
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    FileModeWarning,
+    HTTPError,
+    JSONDecodeError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RequestException,
+    Timeout,
+    TooManyRedirects,
+    URLRequired,
+)
+from .models import PreparedRequest, Request, Response
+from .sessions import Session, session
+from .status_codes import codes
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+# FileModeWarnings go off per the default.
+warnings.simplefilter("default", FileModeWarning, append=True)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/__version__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/__version__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2c105aca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/__version__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# .-. .-. .-. . . .-. .-. .-. .-.
+# |(  |-  |.| | | |-  `-.  |  `-.
+# ' ' `-' `-`.`-' `-' `-'  '  `-'
+
+__title__ = "requests"
+__description__ = "Python HTTP for Humans."
+__url__ = "https://requests.readthedocs.io"
+__version__ = "2.32.3"
+__build__ = 0x023203
+__author__ = "Kenneth Reitz"
+__author_email__ = "me@kennethreitz.org"
+__license__ = "Apache-2.0"
+__copyright__ = "Copyright Kenneth Reitz"
+__cake__ = "\u2728 \U0001f370 \u2728"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/_internal_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/_internal_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2cf635e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/_internal_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+"""
+requests._internal_utils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Provides utility functions that are consumed internally by Requests
+which depend on extremely few external helpers (such as compat)
+"""
+import re
+
+from .compat import builtin_str
+
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*$")
+_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^[^:\s][^:\r\n]*$")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE = re.compile(rb"^\S[^\r\n]*$|^$")
+_VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR = re.compile(r"^\S[^\r\n]*$|^$")
+
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_STR, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_STR)
+_HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE = (_VALID_HEADER_NAME_RE_BYTE, _VALID_HEADER_VALUE_RE_BYTE)
+HEADER_VALIDATORS = {
+    bytes: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE,
+    str: _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR,
+}
+
+
+def to_native_string(string, encoding="ascii"):
+    """Given a string object, regardless of type, returns a representation of
+    that string in the native string type, encoding and decoding where
+    necessary. This assumes ASCII unless told otherwise.
+    """
+    if isinstance(string, builtin_str):
+        out = string
+    else:
+        out = string.decode(encoding)
+
+    return out
+
+
+def unicode_is_ascii(u_string):
+    """Determine if unicode string only contains ASCII characters.
+
+    :param str u_string: unicode string to check. Must be unicode
+        and not Python 2 `str`.
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    assert isinstance(u_string, str)
+    try:
+        u_string.encode("ascii")
+        return True
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/adapters.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/adapters.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9a58b160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/adapters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+"""
+requests.adapters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the transport adapters that Requests uses to define
+and maintain connections.
+"""
+
+import os.path
+import socket  # noqa: F401
+import typing
+import warnings
+
+from urllib3.exceptions import ClosedPoolError, ConnectTimeoutError
+from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as _HTTPError
+from urllib3.exceptions import InvalidHeader as _InvalidHeader
+from urllib3.exceptions import (
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ProtocolError,
+)
+from urllib3.exceptions import ProxyError as _ProxyError
+from urllib3.exceptions import ReadTimeoutError, ResponseError
+from urllib3.exceptions import SSLError as _SSLError
+from urllib3.poolmanager import PoolManager, proxy_from_url
+from urllib3.util import Timeout as TimeoutSauce
+from urllib3.util import parse_url
+from urllib3.util.retry import Retry
+from urllib3.util.ssl_ import create_urllib3_context
+
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import basestring, urlparse
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectionError,
+    ConnectTimeout,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    InvalidProxyURL,
+    InvalidSchema,
+    InvalidURL,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeout,
+    RetryError,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from .models import Response
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (
+    DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH,
+    extract_zipped_paths,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    get_encoding_from_headers,
+    prepend_scheme_if_needed,
+    select_proxy,
+    urldefragauth,
+)
+
+try:
+    from urllib3.contrib.socks import SOCKSProxyManager
+except ImportError:
+
+    def SOCKSProxyManager(*args, **kwargs):
+        raise InvalidSchema("Missing dependencies for SOCKS support.")
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .models import PreparedRequest
+
+
+DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK = False
+DEFAULT_POOLSIZE = 10
+DEFAULT_RETRIES = 0
+DEFAULT_POOL_TIMEOUT = None
+
+
+try:
+    import ssl  # noqa: F401
+
+    _preloaded_ssl_context = create_urllib3_context()
+    _preloaded_ssl_context.load_verify_locations(
+        extract_zipped_paths(DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH)
+    )
+except ImportError:
+    # Bypass default SSLContext creation when Python
+    # interpreter isn't built with the ssl module.
+    _preloaded_ssl_context = None
+
+
+def _urllib3_request_context(
+    request: "PreparedRequest",
+    verify: "bool | str | None",
+    client_cert: "typing.Tuple[str, str] | str | None",
+    poolmanager: "PoolManager",
+) -> "(typing.Dict[str, typing.Any], typing.Dict[str, typing.Any])":
+    host_params = {}
+    pool_kwargs = {}
+    parsed_request_url = urlparse(request.url)
+    scheme = parsed_request_url.scheme.lower()
+    port = parsed_request_url.port
+
+    # Determine if we have and should use our default SSLContext
+    # to optimize performance on standard requests.
+    poolmanager_kwargs = getattr(poolmanager, "connection_pool_kw", {})
+    has_poolmanager_ssl_context = poolmanager_kwargs.get("ssl_context")
+    should_use_default_ssl_context = (
+        _preloaded_ssl_context is not None and not has_poolmanager_ssl_context
+    )
+
+    cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
+    if verify is False:
+        cert_reqs = "CERT_NONE"
+    elif verify is True and should_use_default_ssl_context:
+        pool_kwargs["ssl_context"] = _preloaded_ssl_context
+    elif isinstance(verify, str):
+        if not os.path.isdir(verify):
+            pool_kwargs["ca_certs"] = verify
+        else:
+            pool_kwargs["ca_cert_dir"] = verify
+    pool_kwargs["cert_reqs"] = cert_reqs
+    if client_cert is not None:
+        if isinstance(client_cert, tuple) and len(client_cert) == 2:
+            pool_kwargs["cert_file"] = client_cert[0]
+            pool_kwargs["key_file"] = client_cert[1]
+        else:
+            # According to our docs, we allow users to specify just the client
+            # cert path
+            pool_kwargs["cert_file"] = client_cert
+    host_params = {
+        "scheme": scheme,
+        "host": parsed_request_url.hostname,
+        "port": port,
+    }
+    return host_params, pool_kwargs
+
+
+class BaseAdapter:
+    """The Base Transport Adapter"""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def send(
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
+    ):
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Cleans up adapter specific items."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class HTTPAdapter(BaseAdapter):
+    """The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.
+
+    Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and
+    HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will
+    usually be created by the :class:`Session <Session>` class under the
+    covers.
+
+    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+    :param max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket
+        connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has
+        made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed
+        connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under
+        which we retry a request, import urllib3's ``Retry`` class and pass
+        that instead.
+    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for connections.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
+      >>> s.mount('http://', a)
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        "max_retries",
+        "config",
+        "_pool_connections",
+        "_pool_maxsize",
+        "_pool_block",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
+        max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES,
+        pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK,
+    ):
+        if max_retries == DEFAULT_RETRIES:
+            self.max_retries = Retry(0, read=False)
+        else:
+            self.max_retries = Retry.from_int(max_retries)
+        self.config = {}
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self._pool_connections = pool_connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = pool_maxsize
+        self._pool_block = pool_block
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(pool_connections, pool_maxsize, block=pool_block)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # Can't handle by adding 'proxy_manager' to self.__attrs__ because
+        # self.poolmanager uses a lambda function, which isn't pickleable.
+        self.proxy_manager = {}
+        self.config = {}
+
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+        self.init_poolmanager(
+            self._pool_connections, self._pool_maxsize, block=self._pool_block
+        )
+
+    def init_poolmanager(
+        self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs
+    ):
+        """Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
+        :param maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
+        :param block: Block when no free connections are available.
+        :param pool_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.
+        """
+        # save these values for pickling
+        self._pool_connections = connections
+        self._pool_maxsize = maxsize
+        self._pool_block = block
+
+        self.poolmanager = PoolManager(
+            num_pools=connections,
+            maxsize=maxsize,
+            block=block,
+            **pool_kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, proxy, **proxy_kwargs):
+        """Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.
+
+        This method should not be called from user code, and is only
+        exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
+        :param proxy_kwargs: Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.
+        :returns: ProxyManager
+        :rtype: urllib3.ProxyManager
+        """
+        if proxy in self.proxy_manager:
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy]
+        elif proxy.lower().startswith("socks"):
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = SOCKSProxyManager(
+                proxy,
+                username=username,
+                password=password,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs,
+            )
+        else:
+            proxy_headers = self.proxy_headers(proxy)
+            manager = self.proxy_manager[proxy] = proxy_from_url(
+                proxy,
+                proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+                num_pools=self._pool_connections,
+                maxsize=self._pool_maxsize,
+                block=self._pool_block,
+                **proxy_kwargs,
+            )
+
+        return manager
+
+    def cert_verify(self, conn, url, verify, cert):
+        """Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user
+        code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param conn: The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
+        :param url: The requested URL.
+        :param verify: Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: The SSL certificate to verify.
+        """
+        if url.lower().startswith("https") and verify:
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_REQUIRED"
+
+            # Only load the CA certificates if 'verify' is a string indicating the CA bundle to use.
+            # Otherwise, if verify is a boolean, we don't load anything since
+            # the connection will be using a context with the default certificates already loaded,
+            # and this avoids a call to the slow load_verify_locations()
+            if verify is not True:
+                # `verify` must be a str with a path then
+                cert_loc = verify
+
+                if not os.path.exists(cert_loc):
+                    raise OSError(
+                        f"Could not find a suitable TLS CA certificate bundle, "
+                        f"invalid path: {cert_loc}"
+                    )
+
+                if not os.path.isdir(cert_loc):
+                    conn.ca_certs = cert_loc
+                else:
+                    conn.ca_cert_dir = cert_loc
+        else:
+            conn.cert_reqs = "CERT_NONE"
+            conn.ca_certs = None
+            conn.ca_cert_dir = None
+
+        if cert:
+            if not isinstance(cert, basestring):
+                conn.cert_file = cert[0]
+                conn.key_file = cert[1]
+            else:
+                conn.cert_file = cert
+                conn.key_file = None
+            if conn.cert_file and not os.path.exists(conn.cert_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS certificate file, "
+                    f"invalid path: {conn.cert_file}"
+                )
+            if conn.key_file and not os.path.exists(conn.key_file):
+                raise OSError(
+                    f"Could not find the TLS key file, invalid path: {conn.key_file}"
+                )
+
+    def build_response(self, req, resp):
+        """Builds a :class:`Response <requests.Response>` object from a urllib3
+        response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed
+        for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`
+
+        :param req: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` used to generate the response.
+        :param resp: The urllib3 response object.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+        response = Response()
+
+        # Fallback to None if there's no status_code, for whatever reason.
+        response.status_code = getattr(resp, "status", None)
+
+        # Make headers case-insensitive.
+        response.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(getattr(resp, "headers", {}))
+
+        # Set encoding.
+        response.encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+        response.raw = resp
+        response.reason = response.raw.reason
+
+        if isinstance(req.url, bytes):
+            response.url = req.url.decode("utf-8")
+        else:
+            response.url = req.url
+
+        # Add new cookies from the server.
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(response.cookies, req, resp)
+
+        # Give the Response some context.
+        response.request = req
+        response.connection = self
+
+        return response
+
+    def build_connection_pool_key_attributes(self, request, verify, cert=None):
+        """Build the PoolKey attributes used by urllib3 to return a connection.
+
+        This looks at the PreparedRequest, the user-specified verify value,
+        and the value of the cert parameter to determine what PoolKey values
+        to use to select a connection from a given urllib3 Connection Pool.
+
+        The SSL related pool key arguments are not consistently set. As of
+        this writing, use the following to determine what keys may be in that
+        dictionary:
+
+        * If ``verify`` is ``True``, ``"ssl_context"`` will be set and will be the
+          default Requests SSL Context
+        * If ``verify`` is ``False``, ``"ssl_context"`` will not be set but
+          ``"cert_reqs"`` will be set
+        * If ``verify`` is a string, (i.e., it is a user-specified trust bundle)
+          ``"ca_certs"`` will be set if the string is not a directory recognized
+          by :py:func:`os.path.isdir`, otherwise ``"ca_certs_dir"`` will be
+          set.
+        * If ``"cert"`` is specified, ``"cert_file"`` will always be set. If
+          ``"cert"`` is a tuple with a second item, ``"key_file"`` will also
+          be present
+
+        To override these settings, one may subclass this class, call this
+        method and use the above logic to change parameters as desired. For
+        example, if one wishes to use a custom :py:class:`ssl.SSLContext` one
+        must both set ``"ssl_context"`` and based on what else they require,
+        alter the other keys to ensure the desired behaviour.
+
+        :param request:
+            The PreparedReqest being sent over the connection.
+        :type request:
+            :class:`~requests.models.PreparedRequest`
+        :param verify:
+            Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
+            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
+            must be a path to a CA bundle to use.
+        :param cert:
+            (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate for client
+            authentication (a.k.a., mTLS). This may be a string (i.e., just
+            the path to a file which holds both certificate and key) or a
+            tuple of length 2 with the certificate file path and key file
+            path.
+        :returns:
+            A tuple of two dictionaries. The first is the "host parameters"
+            portion of the Pool Key including scheme, hostname, and port. The
+            second is a dictionary of SSLContext related parameters.
+        """
+        return _urllib3_request_context(request, verify, cert, self.poolmanager)
+
+    def get_connection_with_tls_context(self, request, verify, proxies=None, cert=None):
+        """Returns a urllib3 connection for the given request and TLS settings.
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request:
+            The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to be sent
+            over the connection.
+        :param verify:
+            Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the
+            server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a
+            path to a CA bundle to use.
+        :param proxies:
+            (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        :param cert:
+            (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be used for client
+            authentication (a.k.a., mTLS).
+        :rtype:
+            urllib3.ConnectionPool
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        try:
+            host_params, pool_kwargs = self.build_connection_pool_key_attributes(
+                request,
+                verify,
+                cert,
+            )
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
+            proxy_url = parse_url(proxy)
+            if not proxy_url.host:
+                raise InvalidProxyURL(
+                    "Please check proxy URL. It is malformed "
+                    "and could be missing the host."
+                )
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_host(
+                **host_params, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_host(
+                **host_params, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+            )
+
+        return conn
+
+    def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
+        """DEPRECATED: Users should move to `get_connection_with_tls_context`
+        for all subclasses of HTTPAdapter using Requests>=2.32.2.
+
+        Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be
+        called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param url: The URL to connect to.
+        :param proxies: (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.
+        :rtype: urllib3.ConnectionPool
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            (
+                "`get_connection` has been deprecated in favor of "
+                "`get_connection_with_tls_context`. Custom HTTPAdapter subclasses "
+                "will need to migrate for Requests>=2.32.2. Please see "
+                "https://github.com/psf/requests/pull/6710 for more details."
+            ),
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        proxy = select_proxy(url, proxies)
+
+        if proxy:
+            proxy = prepend_scheme_if_needed(proxy, "http")
+            proxy_url = parse_url(proxy)
+            if not proxy_url.host:
+                raise InvalidProxyURL(
+                    "Please check proxy URL. It is malformed "
+                    "and could be missing the host."
+                )
+            proxy_manager = self.proxy_manager_for(proxy)
+            conn = proxy_manager.connection_from_url(url)
+        else:
+            # Only scheme should be lower case
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+            conn = self.poolmanager.connection_from_url(url)
+
+        return conn
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Disposes of any internal state.
+
+        Currently, this closes the PoolManager and any active ProxyManager,
+        which closes any pooled connections.
+        """
+        self.poolmanager.clear()
+        for proxy in self.proxy_manager.values():
+            proxy.clear()
+
+    def request_url(self, request, proxies):
+        """Obtain the url to use when making the final request.
+
+        If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to
+        be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+        proxy = select_proxy(request.url, proxies)
+        scheme = urlparse(request.url).scheme
+
+        is_proxied_http_request = proxy and scheme != "https"
+        using_socks_proxy = False
+        if proxy:
+            proxy_scheme = urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower()
+            using_socks_proxy = proxy_scheme.startswith("socks")
+
+        url = request.path_url
+        if url.startswith("//"):  # Don't confuse urllib3
+            url = f"/{url.lstrip('/')}"
+
+        if is_proxied_http_request and not using_socks_proxy:
+            url = urldefragauth(request.url)
+
+        return url
+
+    def add_headers(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does
+        nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass
+        the :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` to add headers to.
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments from the call to send().
+        """
+        pass
+
+    def proxy_headers(self, proxy):
+        """Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent
+        through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are
+        correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if
+        CONNECT is being used.
+
+        This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use
+        when subclassing the
+        :class:`HTTPAdapter <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter>`.
+
+        :param proxy: The url of the proxy being used for this request.
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        headers = {}
+        username, password = get_auth_from_url(proxy)
+
+        if username:
+            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def send(
+        self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None
+    ):
+        """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.
+
+        :param request: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` being sent.
+        :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether
+            we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it
+            must be a path to a CA bundle to use
+        :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
+        :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        try:
+            conn = self.get_connection_with_tls_context(
+                request, verify, proxies=proxies, cert=cert
+            )
+        except LocationValueError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(e, request=request)
+
+        self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert)
+        url = self.request_url(request, proxies)
+        self.add_headers(
+            request,
+            stream=stream,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            verify=verify,
+            cert=cert,
+            proxies=proxies,
+        )
+
+        chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers)
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, tuple):
+            try:
+                connect, read = timeout
+                timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, "
+                    f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value."
+                )
+        elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce):
+            pass
+        else:
+            timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout)
+
+        try:
+            resp = conn.urlopen(
+                method=request.method,
+                url=url,
+                body=request.body,
+                headers=request.headers,
+                redirect=False,
+                assert_same_host=False,
+                preload_content=False,
+                decode_content=False,
+                retries=self.max_retries,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                chunked=chunked,
+            )
+
+        except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err:
+            raise ConnectionError(err, request=request)
+
+        except MaxRetryError as e:
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError):
+                # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811
+                if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError):
+                    raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError):
+                raise RetryError(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError):
+                raise ProxyError(e, request=request)
+
+            if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError):
+                # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later.
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except ClosedPoolError as e:
+            raise ConnectionError(e, request=request)
+
+        except _ProxyError as e:
+            raise ProxyError(e)
+
+        except (_SSLError, _HTTPError) as e:
+            if isinstance(e, _SSLError):
+                # This branch is for urllib3 versions earlier than v1.22
+                raise SSLError(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, ReadTimeoutError):
+                raise ReadTimeout(e, request=request)
+            elif isinstance(e, _InvalidHeader):
+                raise InvalidHeader(e, request=request)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        return self.build_response(request, resp)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59607445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+"""
+requests.api
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module implements the Requests API.
+
+:copyright: (c) 2012 by Kenneth Reitz.
+:license: Apache2, see LICENSE for more details.
+"""
+
+from . import sessions
+
+
+def request(method, url, **kwargs):
+    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
+
+    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object: ``GET``, ``OPTIONS``, ``HEAD``, ``POST``, ``PUT``, ``PATCH``, or ``DELETE``.
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
+    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
+        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
+        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content_type'`` is a string
+        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
+        to add for the file.
+    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+    :param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
+        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
+        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+    :type timeout: float or tuple
+    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
+    :type allow_redirects: bool
+    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
+    :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
+    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
+    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    # By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
+    # avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
+    # cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
+    with sessions.Session() as session:
+        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a GET request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
+        in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("get", url, params=params, **kwargs)
+
+
+def options(url, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends an OPTIONS request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("options", url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def head(url, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a HEAD request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. If
+        `allow_redirects` is not provided, it will be set to `False` (as
+        opposed to the default :meth:`request` behavior).
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False)
+    return request("head", url, **kwargs)
+
+
+def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a POST request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("post", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+
+def put(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a PUT request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("put", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def patch(url, data=None, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a PATCH request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+        object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("patch", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+
+def delete(url, **kwargs):
+    r"""Sends a DELETE request.
+
+    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
+    :rtype: requests.Response
+    """
+
+    return request("delete", url, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/auth.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/auth.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a7ce6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/auth.py
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+"""
+requests.auth
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the authentication handlers for Requests.
+"""
+
+import hashlib
+import os
+import re
+import threading
+import time
+import warnings
+from base64 import b64encode
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .compat import basestring, str, urlparse
+from .cookies import extract_cookies_to_jar
+from .utils import parse_dict_header
+
+CONTENT_TYPE_FORM_URLENCODED = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+CONTENT_TYPE_MULTI_PART = "multipart/form-data"
+
+
+def _basic_auth_str(username, password):
+    """Returns a Basic Auth string."""
+
+    # "I want us to put a big-ol' comment on top of it that
+    # says that this behaviour is dumb but we need to preserve
+    # it because people are relying on it."
+    #    - Lukasa
+    #
+    # These are here solely to maintain backwards compatibility
+    # for things like ints. This will be removed in 3.0.0.
+    if not isinstance(username, basestring):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string usernames will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.".format(username),
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        username = str(username)
+
+    if not isinstance(password, basestring):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Non-string passwords will no longer be supported in Requests "
+            "3.0.0. Please convert the object you've passed in ({!r}) to "
+            "a string or bytes object in the near future to avoid "
+            "problems.".format(type(password)),
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        password = str(password)
+    # -- End Removal --
+
+    if isinstance(username, str):
+        username = username.encode("latin1")
+
+    if isinstance(password, str):
+        password = password.encode("latin1")
+
+    authstr = "Basic " + to_native_string(
+        b64encode(b":".join((username, password))).strip()
+    )
+
+    return authstr
+
+
+class AuthBase:
+    """Base class that all auth implementations derive from"""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Auth hooks must be callable.")
+
+
+class HTTPBasicAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return all(
+            [
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers["Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPProxyAuth(HTTPBasicAuth):
+    """Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object."""
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        r.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)
+        return r
+
+
+class HTTPDigestAuth(AuthBase):
+    """Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        # Keep state in per-thread local storage
+        self._thread_local = threading.local()
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self):
+        # Ensure state is initialized just once per-thread
+        if not hasattr(self._thread_local, "init"):
+            self._thread_local.init = True
+            self._thread_local.last_nonce = ""
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 0
+            self._thread_local.chal = {}
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = None
+
+    def build_digest_header(self, method, url):
+        """
+        :rtype: str
+        """
+
+        realm = self._thread_local.chal["realm"]
+        nonce = self._thread_local.chal["nonce"]
+        qop = self._thread_local.chal.get("qop")
+        algorithm = self._thread_local.chal.get("algorithm")
+        opaque = self._thread_local.chal.get("opaque")
+        hash_utf8 = None
+
+        if algorithm is None:
+            _algorithm = "MD5"
+        else:
+            _algorithm = algorithm.upper()
+        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
+        if _algorithm == "MD5" or _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
+
+            def md5_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.md5(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = md5_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA":
+
+            def sha_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha1(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-256":
+
+            def sha256_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha256(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha256_utf8
+        elif _algorithm == "SHA-512":
+
+            def sha512_utf8(x):
+                if isinstance(x, str):
+                    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+                return hashlib.sha512(x).hexdigest()
+
+            hash_utf8 = sha512_utf8
+
+        KD = lambda s, d: hash_utf8(f"{s}:{d}")  # noqa:E731
+
+        if hash_utf8 is None:
+            return None
+
+        # XXX not implemented yet
+        entdig = None
+        p_parsed = urlparse(url)
+        #: path is request-uri defined in RFC 2616 which should not be empty
+        path = p_parsed.path or "/"
+        if p_parsed.query:
+            path += f"?{p_parsed.query}"
+
+        A1 = f"{self.username}:{realm}:{self.password}"
+        A2 = f"{method}:{path}"
+
+        HA1 = hash_utf8(A1)
+        HA2 = hash_utf8(A2)
+
+        if nonce == self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count += 1
+        else:
+            self._thread_local.nonce_count = 1
+        ncvalue = f"{self._thread_local.nonce_count:08x}"
+        s = str(self._thread_local.nonce_count).encode("utf-8")
+        s += nonce.encode("utf-8")
+        s += time.ctime().encode("utf-8")
+        s += os.urandom(8)
+
+        cnonce = hashlib.sha1(s).hexdigest()[:16]
+        if _algorithm == "MD5-SESS":
+            HA1 = hash_utf8(f"{HA1}:{nonce}:{cnonce}")
+
+        if not qop:
+            respdig = KD(HA1, f"{nonce}:{HA2}")
+        elif qop == "auth" or "auth" in qop.split(","):
+            noncebit = f"{nonce}:{ncvalue}:{cnonce}:auth:{HA2}"
+            respdig = KD(HA1, noncebit)
+        else:
+            # XXX handle auth-int.
+            return None
+
+        self._thread_local.last_nonce = nonce
+
+        # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?
+        base = (
+            f'username="{self.username}", realm="{realm}", nonce="{nonce}", '
+            f'uri="{path}", response="{respdig}"'
+        )
+        if opaque:
+            base += f', opaque="{opaque}"'
+        if algorithm:
+            base += f', algorithm="{algorithm}"'
+        if entdig:
+            base += f', digest="{entdig}"'
+        if qop:
+            base += f', qop="auth", nc={ncvalue}, cnonce="{cnonce}"'
+
+        return f"Digest {base}"
+
+    def handle_redirect(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Reset num_401_calls counter on redirects."""
+        if r.is_redirect:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+    def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Takes the given response and tries digest-auth, if needed.
+
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        # If response is not 4xx, do not auth
+        # See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3772
+        if not 400 <= r.status_code < 500:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+            return r
+
+        if self._thread_local.pos is not None:
+            # Rewind the file position indicator of the body to where
+            # it was to resend the request.
+            r.request.body.seek(self._thread_local.pos)
+        s_auth = r.headers.get("www-authenticate", "")
+
+        if "digest" in s_auth.lower() and self._thread_local.num_401_calls < 2:
+            self._thread_local.num_401_calls += 1
+            pat = re.compile(r"digest ", flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            self._thread_local.chal = parse_dict_header(pat.sub("", s_auth, count=1))
+
+            # Consume content and release the original connection
+            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+            r.content
+            r.close()
+            prep = r.request.copy()
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+            prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+            prep.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(
+                prep.method, prep.url
+            )
+            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+            _r.history.append(r)
+            _r.request = prep
+
+            return _r
+
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+        return r
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        # Initialize per-thread state, if needed
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+        # If we have a saved nonce, skip the 401
+        if self._thread_local.last_nonce:
+            r.headers["Authorization"] = self.build_digest_header(r.method, r.url)
+        try:
+            self._thread_local.pos = r.body.tell()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # In the case of HTTPDigestAuth being reused and the body of
+            # the previous request was a file-like object, pos has the
+            # file position of the previous body. Ensure it's set to
+            # None.
+            self._thread_local.pos = None
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_401)
+        r.register_hook("response", self.handle_redirect)
+        self._thread_local.num_401_calls = 1
+
+        return r
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return all(
+            [
+                self.username == getattr(other, "username", None),
+                self.password == getattr(other, "password", None),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/certs.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/certs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be422c3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/certs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+"""
+requests.certs
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module returns the preferred default CA certificate bundle. There is
+only one — the one from the certifi package.
+
+If you are packaging Requests, e.g., for a Linux distribution or a managed
+environment, you can change the definition of where() to return a separately
+packaged CA bundle.
+"""
+from certifi import where
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print(where())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..095de1b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+"""
+requests.compat
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module previously handled import compatibility issues
+between Python 2 and Python 3. It remains for backwards
+compatibility until the next major version.
+"""
+
+import importlib
+import sys
+
+# -------------------
+# Character Detection
+# -------------------
+
+
+def _resolve_char_detection():
+    """Find supported character detection libraries."""
+    chardet = None
+    for lib in ("chardet", "charset_normalizer"):
+        if chardet is None:
+            try:
+                chardet = importlib.import_module(lib)
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+    return chardet
+
+
+chardet = _resolve_char_detection()
+
+# -------
+# Pythons
+# -------
+
+# Syntax sugar.
+_ver = sys.version_info
+
+#: Python 2.x?
+is_py2 = _ver[0] == 2
+
+#: Python 3.x?
+is_py3 = _ver[0] == 3
+
+# json/simplejson module import resolution
+has_simplejson = False
+try:
+    import simplejson as json
+
+    has_simplejson = True
+except ImportError:
+    import json
+
+if has_simplejson:
+    from simplejson import JSONDecodeError
+else:
+    from json import JSONDecodeError
+
+# Keep OrderedDict for backwards compatibility.
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping, MutableMapping
+from http import cookiejar as cookielib
+from http.cookies import Morsel
+from io import StringIO
+
+# --------------
+# Legacy Imports
+# --------------
+from urllib.parse import (
+    quote,
+    quote_plus,
+    unquote,
+    unquote_plus,
+    urldefrag,
+    urlencode,
+    urljoin,
+    urlparse,
+    urlsplit,
+    urlunparse,
+)
+from urllib.request import (
+    getproxies,
+    getproxies_environment,
+    parse_http_list,
+    proxy_bypass,
+    proxy_bypass_environment,
+)
+
+builtin_str = str
+str = str
+bytes = bytes
+basestring = (str, bytes)
+numeric_types = (int, float)
+integer_types = (int,)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/cookies.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/cookies.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f69d0cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/cookies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+"""
+requests.cookies
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Compatibility code to be able to use `http.cookiejar.CookieJar` with requests.
+
+requests.utils imports from here, so be careful with imports.
+"""
+
+import calendar
+import copy
+import time
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .compat import Morsel, MutableMapping, cookielib, urlparse, urlunparse
+
+try:
+    import threading
+except ImportError:
+    import dummy_threading as threading
+
+
+class MockRequest:
+    """Wraps a `requests.Request` to mimic a `urllib2.Request`.
+
+    The code in `http.cookiejar.CookieJar` expects this interface in order to correctly
+    manage cookie policies, i.e., determine whether a cookie can be set, given the
+    domains of the request and the cookie.
+
+    The original request object is read-only. The client is responsible for collecting
+    the new headers via `get_new_headers()` and interpreting them appropriately. You
+    probably want `get_cookie_header`, defined below.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request):
+        self._r = request
+        self._new_headers = {}
+        self.type = urlparse(self._r.url).scheme
+
+    def get_type(self):
+        return self.type
+
+    def get_host(self):
+        return urlparse(self._r.url).netloc
+
+    def get_origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+    def get_full_url(self):
+        # Only return the response's URL if the user hadn't set the Host
+        # header
+        if not self._r.headers.get("Host"):
+            return self._r.url
+        # If they did set it, retrieve it and reconstruct the expected domain
+        host = to_native_string(self._r.headers["Host"], encoding="utf-8")
+        parsed = urlparse(self._r.url)
+        # Reconstruct the URL as we expect it
+        return urlunparse(
+            [
+                parsed.scheme,
+                host,
+                parsed.path,
+                parsed.params,
+                parsed.query,
+                parsed.fragment,
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def is_unverifiable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def has_header(self, name):
+        return name in self._r.headers or name in self._new_headers
+
+    def get_header(self, name, default=None):
+        return self._r.headers.get(name, self._new_headers.get(name, default))
+
+    def add_header(self, key, val):
+        """cookiejar has no legitimate use for this method; add it back if you find one."""
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Cookie headers should be added with add_unredirected_header()"
+        )
+
+    def add_unredirected_header(self, name, value):
+        self._new_headers[name] = value
+
+    def get_new_headers(self):
+        return self._new_headers
+
+    @property
+    def unverifiable(self):
+        return self.is_unverifiable()
+
+    @property
+    def origin_req_host(self):
+        return self.get_origin_req_host()
+
+    @property
+    def host(self):
+        return self.get_host()
+
+
+class MockResponse:
+    """Wraps a `httplib.HTTPMessage` to mimic a `urllib.addinfourl`.
+
+    ...what? Basically, expose the parsed HTTP headers from the server response
+    the way `http.cookiejar` expects to see them.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers):
+        """Make a MockResponse for `cookiejar` to read.
+
+        :param headers: a httplib.HTTPMessage or analogous carrying the headers
+        """
+        self._headers = headers
+
+    def info(self):
+        return self._headers
+
+    def getheaders(self, name):
+        self._headers.getheaders(name)
+
+
+def extract_cookies_to_jar(jar, request, response):
+    """Extract the cookies from the response into a CookieJar.
+
+    :param jar: http.cookiejar.CookieJar (not necessarily a RequestsCookieJar)
+    :param request: our own requests.Request object
+    :param response: urllib3.HTTPResponse object
+    """
+    if not (hasattr(response, "_original_response") and response._original_response):
+        return
+    # the _original_response field is the wrapped httplib.HTTPResponse object,
+    req = MockRequest(request)
+    # pull out the HTTPMessage with the headers and put it in the mock:
+    res = MockResponse(response._original_response.msg)
+    jar.extract_cookies(res, req)
+
+
+def get_cookie_header(jar, request):
+    """
+    Produce an appropriate Cookie header string to be sent with `request`, or None.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    r = MockRequest(request)
+    jar.add_cookie_header(r)
+    return r.get_new_headers().get("Cookie")
+
+
+def remove_cookie_by_name(cookiejar, name, domain=None, path=None):
+    """Unsets a cookie by name, by default over all domains and paths.
+
+    Wraps CookieJar.clear(), is O(n).
+    """
+    clearables = []
+    for cookie in cookiejar:
+        if cookie.name != name:
+            continue
+        if domain is not None and domain != cookie.domain:
+            continue
+        if path is not None and path != cookie.path:
+            continue
+        clearables.append((cookie.domain, cookie.path, cookie.name))
+
+    for domain, path, name in clearables:
+        cookiejar.clear(domain, path, name)
+
+
+class CookieConflictError(RuntimeError):
+    """There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar.
+    Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific.
+    """
+
+
+class RequestsCookieJar(cookielib.CookieJar, MutableMapping):
+    """Compatibility class; is a http.cookiejar.CookieJar, but exposes a dict
+    interface.
+
+    This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that
+    don't specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and
+    session.cookies to support dict operations.
+
+    Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it's just for
+    compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work
+    out of the box with externally provided instances of ``CookieJar``, e.g.
+    ``LWPCookieJar`` and ``FileCookieJar``.
+
+    Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.
+
+    .. warning:: dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).
+    """
+
+    def get(self, name, default=None, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1).
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._find_no_duplicates(name, domain, path)
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def set(self, name, value, **kwargs):
+        """Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in
+        order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over
+        multiple domains.
+        """
+        # support client code that unsets cookies by assignment of a None value:
+        if value is None:
+            remove_cookie_by_name(
+                self, name, domain=kwargs.get("domain"), path=kwargs.get("path")
+            )
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(value, Morsel):
+            c = morsel_to_cookie(value)
+        else:
+            c = create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs)
+        self.set_cookie(c)
+        return c
+
+    def iterkeys(self):
+        """Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies
+        from the jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: itervalues() and iteritems().
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the
+        jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: values() and items().
+        """
+        return list(self.iterkeys())
+
+    def itervalues(self):
+        """Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies
+        from the jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: iterkeys() and iteritems().
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.value
+
+    def values(self):
+        """Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the
+        jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: keys() and items().
+        """
+        return list(self.itervalues())
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples
+        from the jar.
+
+        .. seealso:: iterkeys() and itervalues().
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            yield cookie.name, cookie.value
+
+    def items(self):
+        """Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the
+        jar. Allows client-code to call ``dict(RequestsCookieJar)`` and get a
+        vanilla python dict of key value pairs.
+
+        .. seealso:: keys() and values().
+        """
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    def list_domains(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the domains in the jar."""
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain not in domains:
+                domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return domains
+
+    def list_paths(self):
+        """Utility method to list all the paths in the jar."""
+        paths = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.path not in paths:
+                paths.append(cookie.path)
+        return paths
+
+    def multiple_domains(self):
+        """Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar.
+        Returns False otherwise.
+
+        :rtype: bool
+        """
+        domains = []
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.domain is not None and cookie.domain in domains:
+                return True
+            domains.append(cookie.domain)
+        return False  # there is only one domain in jar
+
+    def get_dict(self, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain
+        old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the
+        requirements.
+
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        dictionary = {}
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if (domain is None or cookie.domain == domain) and (
+                path is None or cookie.path == path
+            ):
+                dictionary[cookie.name] = cookie.value
+        return dictionary
+
+    def __contains__(self, name):
+        try:
+            return super().__contains__(name)
+        except CookieConflictError:
+            return True
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        """Dict-like __getitem__() for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there are more than one cookie with name. In that case,
+        use the more explicit get() method instead.
+
+        .. warning:: operation is O(n), not O(1).
+        """
+        return self._find_no_duplicates(name)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, name, value):
+        """Dict-like __setitem__ for compatibility with client code. Throws
+        exception if there is already a cookie of that name in the jar. In that
+        case, use the more explicit set() method instead.
+        """
+        self.set(name, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, name):
+        """Deletes a cookie given a name. Wraps ``http.cookiejar.CookieJar``'s
+        ``remove_cookie_by_name()``.
+        """
+        remove_cookie_by_name(self, name)
+
+    def set_cookie(self, cookie, *args, **kwargs):
+        if (
+            hasattr(cookie.value, "startswith")
+            and cookie.value.startswith('"')
+            and cookie.value.endswith('"')
+        ):
+            cookie.value = cookie.value.replace('\\"', "")
+        return super().set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def update(self, other):
+        """Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like"""
+        if isinstance(other, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            for cookie in other:
+                self.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+        else:
+            super().update(other)
+
+    def _find(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Requests uses this method internally to get cookie values.
+
+        If there are conflicting cookies, _find arbitrarily chooses one.
+        See _find_no_duplicates if you want an exception thrown if there are
+        conflicting cookies.
+
+        :param name: a string containing name of cookie
+        :param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie
+        :param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie
+        :return: cookie.value
+        """
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        return cookie.value
+
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
+
+    def _find_no_duplicates(self, name, domain=None, path=None):
+        """Both ``__get_item__`` and ``get`` call this function: it's never
+        used elsewhere in Requests.
+
+        :param name: a string containing name of cookie
+        :param domain: (optional) string containing domain of cookie
+        :param path: (optional) string containing path of cookie
+        :raises KeyError: if cookie is not found
+        :raises CookieConflictError: if there are multiple cookies
+            that match name and optionally domain and path
+        :return: cookie.value
+        """
+        toReturn = None
+        for cookie in iter(self):
+            if cookie.name == name:
+                if domain is None or cookie.domain == domain:
+                    if path is None or cookie.path == path:
+                        if toReturn is not None:
+                            # if there are multiple cookies that meet passed in criteria
+                            raise CookieConflictError(
+                                f"There are multiple cookies with name, {name!r}"
+                            )
+                        # we will eventually return this as long as no cookie conflict
+                        toReturn = cookie.value
+
+        if toReturn:
+            return toReturn
+        raise KeyError(f"name={name!r}, domain={domain!r}, path={path!r}")
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        state = self.__dict__.copy()
+        # remove the unpickleable RLock object
+        state.pop("_cookies_lock")
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        """Unlike a normal CookieJar, this class is pickleable."""
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+        if "_cookies_lock" not in self.__dict__:
+            self._cookies_lock = threading.RLock()
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar."""
+        new_cj = RequestsCookieJar()
+        new_cj.set_policy(self.get_policy())
+        new_cj.update(self)
+        return new_cj
+
+    def get_policy(self):
+        """Return the CookiePolicy instance used."""
+        return self._policy
+
+
+def _copy_cookie_jar(jar):
+    if jar is None:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(jar, "copy"):
+        # We're dealing with an instance of RequestsCookieJar
+        return jar.copy()
+    # We're dealing with a generic CookieJar instance
+    new_jar = copy.copy(jar)
+    new_jar.clear()
+    for cookie in jar:
+        new_jar.set_cookie(copy.copy(cookie))
+    return new_jar
+
+
+def create_cookie(name, value, **kwargs):
+    """Make a cookie from underspecified parameters.
+
+    By default, the pair of `name` and `value` will be set for the domain ''
+    and sent on every request (this is sometimes called a "supercookie").
+    """
+    result = {
+        "version": 0,
+        "name": name,
+        "value": value,
+        "port": None,
+        "domain": "",
+        "path": "/",
+        "secure": False,
+        "expires": None,
+        "discard": True,
+        "comment": None,
+        "comment_url": None,
+        "rest": {"HttpOnly": None},
+        "rfc2109": False,
+    }
+
+    badargs = set(kwargs) - set(result)
+    if badargs:
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"create_cookie() got unexpected keyword arguments: {list(badargs)}"
+        )
+
+    result.update(kwargs)
+    result["port_specified"] = bool(result["port"])
+    result["domain_specified"] = bool(result["domain"])
+    result["domain_initial_dot"] = result["domain"].startswith(".")
+    result["path_specified"] = bool(result["path"])
+
+    return cookielib.Cookie(**result)
+
+
+def morsel_to_cookie(morsel):
+    """Convert a Morsel object into a Cookie containing the one k/v pair."""
+
+    expires = None
+    if morsel["max-age"]:
+        try:
+            expires = int(time.time() + int(morsel["max-age"]))
+        except ValueError:
+            raise TypeError(f"max-age: {morsel['max-age']} must be integer")
+    elif morsel["expires"]:
+        time_template = "%a, %d-%b-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT"
+        expires = calendar.timegm(time.strptime(morsel["expires"], time_template))
+    return create_cookie(
+        comment=morsel["comment"],
+        comment_url=bool(morsel["comment"]),
+        discard=False,
+        domain=morsel["domain"],
+        expires=expires,
+        name=morsel.key,
+        path=morsel["path"],
+        port=None,
+        rest={"HttpOnly": morsel["httponly"]},
+        rfc2109=False,
+        secure=bool(morsel["secure"]),
+        value=morsel.value,
+        version=morsel["version"] or 0,
+    )
+
+
+def cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    :param cookiejar: (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
+    :param overwrite: (optional) If False, will not replace cookies
+        already in the jar with new ones.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
+    """
+    if cookiejar is None:
+        cookiejar = RequestsCookieJar()
+
+    if cookie_dict is not None:
+        names_from_jar = [cookie.name for cookie in cookiejar]
+        for name in cookie_dict:
+            if overwrite or (name not in names_from_jar):
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(create_cookie(name, cookie_dict[name]))
+
+    return cookiejar
+
+
+def merge_cookies(cookiejar, cookies):
+    """Add cookies to cookiejar and returns a merged CookieJar.
+
+    :param cookiejar: CookieJar object to add the cookies to.
+    :param cookies: Dictionary or CookieJar object to be added.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
+    """
+    if not isinstance(cookiejar, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        raise ValueError("You can only merge into CookieJar")
+
+    if isinstance(cookies, dict):
+        cookiejar = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies, cookiejar=cookiejar, overwrite=False)
+    elif isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+        try:
+            cookiejar.update(cookies)
+        except AttributeError:
+            for cookie_in_jar in cookies:
+                cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie_in_jar)
+
+    return cookiejar
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83986b48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+"""
+requests.exceptions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the set of Requests' exceptions.
+"""
+from urllib3.exceptions import HTTPError as BaseHTTPError
+
+from .compat import JSONDecodeError as CompatJSONDecodeError
+
+
+class RequestException(IOError):
+    """There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your
+    request.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize RequestException with `request` and `response` objects."""
+        response = kwargs.pop("response", None)
+        self.response = response
+        self.request = kwargs.pop("request", None)
+        if response is not None and not self.request and hasattr(response, "request"):
+            self.request = self.response.request
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class InvalidJSONError(RequestException):
+    """A JSON error occurred."""
+
+
+class JSONDecodeError(InvalidJSONError, CompatJSONDecodeError):
+    """Couldn't decode the text into json"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Construct the JSONDecodeError instance first with all
+        args. Then use it's args to construct the IOError so that
+        the json specific args aren't used as IOError specific args
+        and the error message from JSONDecodeError is preserved.
+        """
+        CompatJSONDecodeError.__init__(self, *args)
+        InvalidJSONError.__init__(self, *self.args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        The __reduce__ method called when pickling the object must
+        be the one from the JSONDecodeError (be it json/simplejson)
+        as it expects all the arguments for instantiation, not just
+        one like the IOError, and the MRO would by default call the
+        __reduce__ method from the IOError due to the inheritance order.
+        """
+        return CompatJSONDecodeError.__reduce__(self)
+
+
+class HTTPError(RequestException):
+    """An HTTP error occurred."""
+
+
+class ConnectionError(RequestException):
+    """A Connection error occurred."""
+
+
+class ProxyError(ConnectionError):
+    """A proxy error occurred."""
+
+
+class SSLError(ConnectionError):
+    """An SSL error occurred."""
+
+
+class Timeout(RequestException):
+    """The request timed out.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout` and
+    :exc:`~requests.exceptions.ReadTimeout` errors.
+    """
+
+
+class ConnectTimeout(ConnectionError, Timeout):
+    """The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.
+
+    Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeout(Timeout):
+    """The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time."""
+
+
+class URLRequired(RequestException):
+    """A valid URL is required to make a request."""
+
+
+class TooManyRedirects(RequestException):
+    """Too many redirects."""
+
+
+class MissingSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL scheme (e.g. http or https) is missing."""
+
+
+class InvalidSchema(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL scheme provided is either invalid or unsupported."""
+
+
+class InvalidURL(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The URL provided was somehow invalid."""
+
+
+class InvalidHeader(RequestException, ValueError):
+    """The header value provided was somehow invalid."""
+
+
+class InvalidProxyURL(InvalidURL):
+    """The proxy URL provided is invalid."""
+
+
+class ChunkedEncodingError(RequestException):
+    """The server declared chunked encoding but sent an invalid chunk."""
+
+
+class ContentDecodingError(RequestException, BaseHTTPError):
+    """Failed to decode response content."""
+
+
+class StreamConsumedError(RequestException, TypeError):
+    """The content for this response was already consumed."""
+
+
+class RetryError(RequestException):
+    """Custom retries logic failed"""
+
+
+class UnrewindableBodyError(RequestException):
+    """Requests encountered an error when trying to rewind a body."""
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class RequestsWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning for Requests."""
+
+
+class FileModeWarning(RequestsWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    """A file was opened in text mode, but Requests determined its binary length."""
+
+
+class RequestsDependencyWarning(RequestsWarning):
+    """An imported dependency doesn't match the expected version range."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/help.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/help.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fbcd656
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/help.py
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+"""Module containing bug report helper(s)."""
+
+import json
+import platform
+import ssl
+import sys
+
+import idna
+import urllib3
+
+from . import __version__ as requests_version
+
+try:
+    import charset_normalizer
+except ImportError:
+    charset_normalizer = None
+
+try:
+    import chardet
+except ImportError:
+    chardet = None
+
+try:
+    from urllib3.contrib import pyopenssl
+except ImportError:
+    pyopenssl = None
+    OpenSSL = None
+    cryptography = None
+else:
+    import cryptography
+    import OpenSSL
+
+
+def _implementation():
+    """Return a dict with the Python implementation and version.
+
+    Provide both the name and the version of the Python implementation
+    currently running. For example, on CPython 3.10.3 it will return
+    {'name': 'CPython', 'version': '3.10.3'}.
+
+    This function works best on CPython and PyPy: in particular, it probably
+    doesn't work for Jython or IronPython. Future investigation should be done
+    to work out the correct shape of the code for those platforms.
+    """
+    implementation = platform.python_implementation()
+
+    if implementation == "CPython":
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()
+    elif implementation == "PyPy":
+        implementation_version = "{}.{}.{}".format(
+            sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+            sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
+            sys.pypy_version_info.micro,
+        )
+        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != "final":
+            implementation_version = "".join(
+                [implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel]
+            )
+    elif implementation == "Jython":
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
+    elif implementation == "IronPython":
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
+    else:
+        implementation_version = "Unknown"
+
+    return {"name": implementation, "version": implementation_version}
+
+
+def info():
+    """Generate information for a bug report."""
+    try:
+        platform_info = {
+            "system": platform.system(),
+            "release": platform.release(),
+        }
+    except OSError:
+        platform_info = {
+            "system": "Unknown",
+            "release": "Unknown",
+        }
+
+    implementation_info = _implementation()
+    urllib3_info = {"version": urllib3.__version__}
+    charset_normalizer_info = {"version": None}
+    chardet_info = {"version": None}
+    if charset_normalizer:
+        charset_normalizer_info = {"version": charset_normalizer.__version__}
+    if chardet:
+        chardet_info = {"version": chardet.__version__}
+
+    pyopenssl_info = {
+        "version": None,
+        "openssl_version": "",
+    }
+    if OpenSSL:
+        pyopenssl_info = {
+            "version": OpenSSL.__version__,
+            "openssl_version": f"{OpenSSL.SSL.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER:x}",
+        }
+    cryptography_info = {
+        "version": getattr(cryptography, "__version__", ""),
+    }
+    idna_info = {
+        "version": getattr(idna, "__version__", ""),
+    }
+
+    system_ssl = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER
+    system_ssl_info = {"version": f"{system_ssl:x}" if system_ssl is not None else ""}
+
+    return {
+        "platform": platform_info,
+        "implementation": implementation_info,
+        "system_ssl": system_ssl_info,
+        "using_pyopenssl": pyopenssl is not None,
+        "using_charset_normalizer": chardet is None,
+        "pyOpenSSL": pyopenssl_info,
+        "urllib3": urllib3_info,
+        "chardet": chardet_info,
+        "charset_normalizer": charset_normalizer_info,
+        "cryptography": cryptography_info,
+        "idna": idna_info,
+        "requests": {
+            "version": requests_version,
+        },
+    }
+
+
+def main():
+    """Pretty-print the bug information as JSON."""
+    print(json.dumps(info(), sort_keys=True, indent=2))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/hooks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/hooks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d181ba2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/hooks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""
+requests.hooks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides the capabilities for the Requests hooks system.
+
+Available hooks:
+
+``response``:
+    The response generated from a Request.
+"""
+HOOKS = ["response"]
+
+
+def default_hooks():
+    return {event: [] for event in HOOKS}
+
+
+# TODO: response is the only one
+
+
+def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):
+    """Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""
+    hooks = hooks or {}
+    hooks = hooks.get(key)
+    if hooks:
+        if hasattr(hooks, "__call__"):
+            hooks = [hooks]
+        for hook in hooks:
+            _hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)
+            if _hook_data is not None:
+                hook_data = _hook_data
+    return hook_data
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/models.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/models.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f56ca7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/models.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1037 @@
+"""
+requests.models
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module contains the primary objects that power Requests.
+"""
+
+import datetime
+
+# Import encoding now, to avoid implicit import later.
+# Implicit import within threads may cause LookupError when standard library is in a ZIP,
+# such as in Embedded Python. See https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3578.
+import encodings.idna  # noqa: F401
+from io import UnsupportedOperation
+
+from urllib3.exceptions import (
+    DecodeError,
+    LocationParseError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from urllib3.fields import RequestField
+from urllib3.filepost import encode_multipart_formdata
+from urllib3.util import parse_url
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string, unicode_is_ascii
+from .auth import HTTPBasicAuth
+from .compat import (
+    Callable,
+    JSONDecodeError,
+    Mapping,
+    basestring,
+    builtin_str,
+    chardet,
+    cookielib,
+)
+from .compat import json as complexjson
+from .compat import urlencode, urlsplit, urlunparse
+from .cookies import _copy_cookie_jar, cookiejar_from_dict, get_cookie_header
+from .exceptions import (
+    ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ConnectionError,
+    ContentDecodingError,
+    HTTPError,
+    InvalidJSONError,
+    InvalidURL,
+)
+from .exceptions import JSONDecodeError as RequestsJSONDecodeError
+from .exceptions import MissingSchema
+from .exceptions import SSLError as RequestsSSLError
+from .exceptions import StreamConsumedError
+from .hooks import default_hooks
+from .status_codes import codes
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (
+    check_header_validity,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    guess_filename,
+    guess_json_utf,
+    iter_slices,
+    parse_header_links,
+    requote_uri,
+    stream_decode_response_unicode,
+    super_len,
+    to_key_val_list,
+)
+
+#: The set of HTTP status codes that indicate an automatically
+#: processable redirect.
+REDIRECT_STATI = (
+    codes.moved,  # 301
+    codes.found,  # 302
+    codes.other,  # 303
+    codes.temporary_redirect,  # 307
+    codes.permanent_redirect,  # 308
+)
+
+DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30
+CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE = 10 * 1024
+ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = 512
+
+
+class RequestEncodingMixin:
+    @property
+    def path_url(self):
+        """Build the path URL to use."""
+
+        url = []
+
+        p = urlsplit(self.url)
+
+        path = p.path
+        if not path:
+            path = "/"
+
+        url.append(path)
+
+        query = p.query
+        if query:
+            url.append("?")
+            url.append(query)
+
+        return "".join(url)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_params(data):
+        """Encode parameters in a piece of data.
+
+        Will successfully encode parameters when passed as a dict or a list of
+        2-tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of 2-tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes)):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, "read"):
+            return data
+        elif hasattr(data, "__iter__"):
+            result = []
+            for k, vs in to_key_val_list(data):
+                if isinstance(vs, basestring) or not hasattr(vs, "__iter__"):
+                    vs = [vs]
+                for v in vs:
+                    if v is not None:
+                        result.append(
+                            (
+                                k.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(k, str) else k,
+                                v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v,
+                            )
+                        )
+            return urlencode(result, doseq=True)
+        else:
+            return data
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _encode_files(files, data):
+        """Build the body for a multipart/form-data request.
+
+        Will successfully encode files when passed as a dict or a list of
+        tuples. Order is retained if data is a list of tuples but arbitrary
+        if parameters are supplied as a dict.
+        The tuples may be 2-tuples (filename, fileobj), 3-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype)
+        or 4-tuples (filename, fileobj, contentype, custom_headers).
+        """
+        if not files:
+            raise ValueError("Files must be provided.")
+        elif isinstance(data, basestring):
+            raise ValueError("Data must not be a string.")
+
+        new_fields = []
+        fields = to_key_val_list(data or {})
+        files = to_key_val_list(files or {})
+
+        for field, val in fields:
+            if isinstance(val, basestring) or not hasattr(val, "__iter__"):
+                val = [val]
+            for v in val:
+                if v is not None:
+                    # Don't call str() on bytestrings: in Py3 it all goes wrong.
+                    if not isinstance(v, bytes):
+                        v = str(v)
+
+                    new_fields.append(
+                        (
+                            field.decode("utf-8")
+                            if isinstance(field, bytes)
+                            else field,
+                            v.encode("utf-8") if isinstance(v, str) else v,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+        for k, v in files:
+            # support for explicit filename
+            ft = None
+            fh = None
+            if isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                if len(v) == 2:
+                    fn, fp = v
+                elif len(v) == 3:
+                    fn, fp, ft = v
+                else:
+                    fn, fp, ft, fh = v
+            else:
+                fn = guess_filename(v) or k
+                fp = v
+
+            if isinstance(fp, (str, bytes, bytearray)):
+                fdata = fp
+            elif hasattr(fp, "read"):
+                fdata = fp.read()
+            elif fp is None:
+                continue
+            else:
+                fdata = fp
+
+            rf = RequestField(name=k, data=fdata, filename=fn, headers=fh)
+            rf.make_multipart(content_type=ft)
+            new_fields.append(rf)
+
+        body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(new_fields)
+
+        return body, content_type
+
+
+class RequestHooksMixin:
+    def register_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Properly register a hook."""
+
+        if event not in self.hooks:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported event specified, with event name "{event}"')
+
+        if isinstance(hook, Callable):
+            self.hooks[event].append(hook)
+        elif hasattr(hook, "__iter__"):
+            self.hooks[event].extend(h for h in hook if isinstance(h, Callable))
+
+    def deregister_hook(self, event, hook):
+        """Deregister a previously registered hook.
+        Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            self.hooks[event].remove(hook)
+            return True
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+
+class Request(RequestHooksMixin):
+    """A user-created :class:`Request <Request>` object.
+
+    Used to prepare a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>`, which is sent to the server.
+
+    :param method: HTTP method to use.
+    :param url: URL to send.
+    :param headers: dictionary of headers to send.
+    :param files: dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
+    :param data: the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary or
+        list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` is provided, form-encoding will
+        take place.
+    :param json: json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
+    :param params: URL parameters to append to the URL. If a dictionary or
+        list of tuples ``[(key, value)]`` is provided, form-encoding will
+        take place.
+    :param auth: Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
+    :param cookies: dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
+    :param hooks: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> req.prepare()
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        method=None,
+        url=None,
+        headers=None,
+        files=None,
+        data=None,
+        params=None,
+        auth=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        json=None,
+    ):
+        # Default empty dicts for dict params.
+        data = [] if data is None else data
+        files = [] if files is None else files
+        headers = {} if headers is None else headers
+        params = {} if params is None else params
+        hooks = {} if hooks is None else hooks
+
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+        for k, v in list(hooks.items()):
+            self.register_hook(event=k, hook=v)
+
+        self.method = method
+        self.url = url
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.files = files
+        self.data = data
+        self.json = json
+        self.params = params
+        self.auth = auth
+        self.cookies = cookies
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Request [{self.method}]>"
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for transmission and returns it."""
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=self.method,
+            url=self.url,
+            headers=self.headers,
+            files=self.files,
+            data=self.data,
+            json=self.json,
+            params=self.params,
+            auth=self.auth,
+            cookies=self.cookies,
+            hooks=self.hooks,
+        )
+        return p
+
+
+class PreparedRequest(RequestEncodingMixin, RequestHooksMixin):
+    """The fully mutable :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object,
+    containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server.
+
+    Instances are generated from a :class:`Request <Request>` object, and
+    should not be instantiated manually; doing so may produce undesirable
+    effects.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
+      >>> r = req.prepare()
+      >>> r
+      <PreparedRequest [GET]>
+
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.send(r)
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        #: HTTP verb to send to the server.
+        self.method = None
+        #: HTTP URL to send the request to.
+        self.url = None
+        #: dictionary of HTTP headers.
+        self.headers = None
+        # The `CookieJar` used to create the Cookie header will be stored here
+        # after prepare_cookies is called
+        self._cookies = None
+        #: request body to send to the server.
+        self.body = None
+        #: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+        #: integer denoting starting position of a readable file-like body.
+        self._body_position = None
+
+    def prepare(
+        self,
+        method=None,
+        url=None,
+        headers=None,
+        files=None,
+        data=None,
+        params=None,
+        auth=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        json=None,
+    ):
+        """Prepares the entire request with the given parameters."""
+
+        self.prepare_method(method)
+        self.prepare_url(url, params)
+        self.prepare_headers(headers)
+        self.prepare_cookies(cookies)
+        self.prepare_body(data, files, json)
+        self.prepare_auth(auth, url)
+
+        # Note that prepare_auth must be last to enable authentication schemes
+        # such as OAuth to work on a fully prepared request.
+
+        # This MUST go after prepare_auth. Authenticators could add a hook
+        self.prepare_hooks(hooks)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<PreparedRequest [{self.method}]>"
+
+    def copy(self):
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.method = self.method
+        p.url = self.url
+        p.headers = self.headers.copy() if self.headers is not None else None
+        p._cookies = _copy_cookie_jar(self._cookies)
+        p.body = self.body
+        p.hooks = self.hooks
+        p._body_position = self._body_position
+        return p
+
+    def prepare_method(self, method):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP method."""
+        self.method = method
+        if self.method is not None:
+            self.method = to_native_string(self.method.upper())
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_idna_encoded_host(host):
+        import idna
+
+        try:
+            host = idna.encode(host, uts46=True).decode("utf-8")
+        except idna.IDNAError:
+            raise UnicodeError
+        return host
+
+    def prepare_url(self, url, params):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP URL."""
+        #: Accept objects that have string representations.
+        #: We're unable to blindly call unicode/str functions
+        #: as this will include the bytestring indicator (b'')
+        #: on python 3.x.
+        #: https://github.com/psf/requests/pull/2238
+        if isinstance(url, bytes):
+            url = url.decode("utf8")
+        else:
+            url = str(url)
+
+        # Remove leading whitespaces from url
+        url = url.lstrip()
+
+        # Don't do any URL preparation for non-HTTP schemes like `mailto`,
+        # `data` etc to work around exceptions from `url_parse`, which
+        # handles RFC 3986 only.
+        if ":" in url and not url.lower().startswith("http"):
+            self.url = url
+            return
+
+        # Support for unicode domain names and paths.
+        try:
+            scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parse_url(url)
+        except LocationParseError as e:
+            raise InvalidURL(*e.args)
+
+        if not scheme:
+            raise MissingSchema(
+                f"Invalid URL {url!r}: No scheme supplied. "
+                f"Perhaps you meant https://{url}?"
+            )
+
+        if not host:
+            raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid URL {url!r}: No host supplied")
+
+        # In general, we want to try IDNA encoding the hostname if the string contains
+        # non-ASCII characters. This allows users to automatically get the correct IDNA
+        # behaviour. For strings containing only ASCII characters, we need to also verify
+        # it doesn't start with a wildcard (*), before allowing the unencoded hostname.
+        if not unicode_is_ascii(host):
+            try:
+                host = self._get_idna_encoded_host(host)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.")
+        elif host.startswith(("*", ".")):
+            raise InvalidURL("URL has an invalid label.")
+
+        # Carefully reconstruct the network location
+        netloc = auth or ""
+        if netloc:
+            netloc += "@"
+        netloc += host
+        if port:
+            netloc += f":{port}"
+
+        # Bare domains aren't valid URLs.
+        if not path:
+            path = "/"
+
+        if isinstance(params, (str, bytes)):
+            params = to_native_string(params)
+
+        enc_params = self._encode_params(params)
+        if enc_params:
+            if query:
+                query = f"{query}&{enc_params}"
+            else:
+                query = enc_params
+
+        url = requote_uri(urlunparse([scheme, netloc, path, None, query, fragment]))
+        self.url = url
+
+    def prepare_headers(self, headers):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP headers."""
+
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        if headers:
+            for header in headers.items():
+                # Raise exception on invalid header value.
+                check_header_validity(header)
+                name, value = header
+                self.headers[to_native_string(name)] = value
+
+    def prepare_body(self, data, files, json=None):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP body data."""
+
+        # Check if file, fo, generator, iterator.
+        # If not, run through normal process.
+
+        # Nottin' on you.
+        body = None
+        content_type = None
+
+        if not data and json is not None:
+            # urllib3 requires a bytes-like body. Python 2's json.dumps
+            # provides this natively, but Python 3 gives a Unicode string.
+            content_type = "application/json"
+
+            try:
+                body = complexjson.dumps(json, allow_nan=False)
+            except ValueError as ve:
+                raise InvalidJSONError(ve, request=self)
+
+            if not isinstance(body, bytes):
+                body = body.encode("utf-8")
+
+        is_stream = all(
+            [
+                hasattr(data, "__iter__"),
+                not isinstance(data, (basestring, list, tuple, Mapping)),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        if is_stream:
+            try:
+                length = super_len(data)
+            except (TypeError, AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation):
+                length = None
+
+            body = data
+
+            if getattr(body, "tell", None) is not None:
+                # Record the current file position before reading.
+                # This will allow us to rewind a file in the event
+                # of a redirect.
+                try:
+                    self._body_position = body.tell()
+                except OSError:
+                    # This differentiates from None, allowing us to catch
+                    # a failed `tell()` later when trying to rewind the body
+                    self._body_position = object()
+
+            if files:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "Streamed bodies and files are mutually exclusive."
+                )
+
+            if length:
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = builtin_str(length)
+            else:
+                self.headers["Transfer-Encoding"] = "chunked"
+        else:
+            # Multi-part file uploads.
+            if files:
+                (body, content_type) = self._encode_files(files, data)
+            else:
+                if data:
+                    body = self._encode_params(data)
+                    if isinstance(data, basestring) or hasattr(data, "read"):
+                        content_type = None
+                    else:
+                        content_type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+
+            self.prepare_content_length(body)
+
+            # Add content-type if it wasn't explicitly provided.
+            if content_type and ("content-type" not in self.headers):
+                self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+
+        self.body = body
+
+    def prepare_content_length(self, body):
+        """Prepare Content-Length header based on request method and body"""
+        if body is not None:
+            length = super_len(body)
+            if length:
+                # If length exists, set it. Otherwise, we fallback
+                # to Transfer-Encoding: chunked.
+                self.headers["Content-Length"] = builtin_str(length)
+        elif (
+            self.method not in ("GET", "HEAD")
+            and self.headers.get("Content-Length") is None
+        ):
+            # Set Content-Length to 0 for methods that can have a body
+            # but don't provide one. (i.e. not GET or HEAD)
+            self.headers["Content-Length"] = "0"
+
+    def prepare_auth(self, auth, url=""):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP auth data."""
+
+        # If no Auth is explicitly provided, extract it from the URL first.
+        if auth is None:
+            url_auth = get_auth_from_url(self.url)
+            auth = url_auth if any(url_auth) else None
+
+        if auth:
+            if isinstance(auth, tuple) and len(auth) == 2:
+                # special-case basic HTTP auth
+                auth = HTTPBasicAuth(*auth)
+
+            # Allow auth to make its changes.
+            r = auth(self)
+
+            # Update self to reflect the auth changes.
+            self.__dict__.update(r.__dict__)
+
+            # Recompute Content-Length
+            self.prepare_content_length(self.body)
+
+    def prepare_cookies(self, cookies):
+        """Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.
+
+        This function eventually generates a ``Cookie`` header from the
+        given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib's design, the header
+        will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function
+        can only be called once for the life of the
+        :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object. Any subsequent calls
+        to ``prepare_cookies`` will have no actual effect, unless the "Cookie"
+        header is removed beforehand.
+        """
+        if isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            self._cookies = cookies
+        else:
+            self._cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        cookie_header = get_cookie_header(self._cookies, self)
+        if cookie_header is not None:
+            self.headers["Cookie"] = cookie_header
+
+    def prepare_hooks(self, hooks):
+        """Prepares the given hooks."""
+        # hooks can be passed as None to the prepare method and to this
+        # method. To prevent iterating over None, simply use an empty list
+        # if hooks is False-y
+        hooks = hooks or []
+        for event in hooks:
+            self.register_hook(event, hooks[event])
+
+
+class Response:
+    """The :class:`Response <Response>` object, which contains a
+    server's response to an HTTP request.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        "_content",
+        "status_code",
+        "headers",
+        "url",
+        "history",
+        "encoding",
+        "reason",
+        "cookies",
+        "elapsed",
+        "request",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._content = False
+        self._content_consumed = False
+        self._next = None
+
+        #: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200.
+        self.status_code = None
+
+        #: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers.
+        #: For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+        #: value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header.
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+
+        #: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage).
+        #: Use of ``raw`` requires that ``stream=True`` be set on the request.
+        #: This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests.
+        self.raw = None
+
+        #: Final URL location of Response.
+        self.url = None
+
+        #: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        #: A list of :class:`Response <Response>` objects from
+        #: the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end
+        #: up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request.
+        self.history = []
+
+        #: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. "Not Found" or "OK".
+        self.reason = None
+
+        #: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        #: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request
+        #: and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta).
+        #: This property specifically measures the time taken between sending
+        #: the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It
+        #: is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the
+        #: value of the ``stream`` keyword argument.
+        self.elapsed = datetime.timedelta(0)
+
+        #: The :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` object to which this
+        #: is a response.
+        self.request = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        # Consume everything; accessing the content attribute makes
+        # sure the content has been fully read.
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            self.content
+
+        return {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for name, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, name, value)
+
+        # pickled objects do not have .raw
+        setattr(self, "_content_consumed", True)
+        setattr(self, "raw", None)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<Response [{self.status_code}]>"
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400.
+
+        This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
+        400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
+        the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
+        is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
+        """
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400.
+
+        This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
+        400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
+        the status code, is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
+        is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
+        """
+        return self.ok
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Allows you to use a response as an iterator."""
+        return self.iter_content(128)
+
+    @property
+    def ok(self):
+        """Returns True if :attr:`status_code` is less than 400, False if not.
+
+        This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between
+        400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If
+        the status code is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This
+        is **not** a check to see if the response code is ``200 OK``.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.raise_for_status()
+        except HTTPError:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def is_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have
+        been processed automatically (by :meth:`Session.resolve_redirects`).
+        """
+        return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in REDIRECT_STATI
+
+    @property
+    def is_permanent_redirect(self):
+        """True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect."""
+        return "location" in self.headers and self.status_code in (
+            codes.moved_permanently,
+            codes.permanent_redirect,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def next(self):
+        """Returns a PreparedRequest for the next request in a redirect chain, if there is one."""
+        return self._next
+
+    @property
+    def apparent_encoding(self):
+        """The apparent encoding, provided by the charset_normalizer or chardet libraries."""
+        if chardet is not None:
+            return chardet.detect(self.content)["encoding"]
+        else:
+            # If no character detection library is available, we'll fall back
+            # to a standard Python utf-8 str.
+            return "utf-8"
+
+    def iter_content(self, chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False):
+        """Iterates over the response data.  When stream=True is set on the
+        request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for
+        large responses.  The chunk size is the number of bytes it should
+        read into memory.  This is not necessarily the length of each item
+        returned as decoding can take place.
+
+        chunk_size must be of type int or None. A value of None will
+        function differently depending on the value of `stream`.
+        stream=True will read data as it arrives in whatever size the
+        chunks are received. If stream=False, data is returned as
+        a single chunk.
+
+        If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best
+        available encoding based on the response.
+        """
+
+        def generate():
+            # Special case for urllib3.
+            if hasattr(self.raw, "stream"):
+                try:
+                    yield from self.raw.stream(chunk_size, decode_content=True)
+                except ProtocolError as e:
+                    raise ChunkedEncodingError(e)
+                except DecodeError as e:
+                    raise ContentDecodingError(e)
+                except ReadTimeoutError as e:
+                    raise ConnectionError(e)
+                except SSLError as e:
+                    raise RequestsSSLError(e)
+            else:
+                # Standard file-like object.
+                while True:
+                    chunk = self.raw.read(chunk_size)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+                    yield chunk
+
+            self._content_consumed = True
+
+        if self._content_consumed and isinstance(self._content, bool):
+            raise StreamConsumedError()
+        elif chunk_size is not None and not isinstance(chunk_size, int):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"chunk_size must be an int, it is instead a {type(chunk_size)}."
+            )
+        # simulate reading small chunks of the content
+        reused_chunks = iter_slices(self._content, chunk_size)
+
+        stream_chunks = generate()
+
+        chunks = reused_chunks if self._content_consumed else stream_chunks
+
+        if decode_unicode:
+            chunks = stream_decode_response_unicode(chunks, self)
+
+        return chunks
+
+    def iter_lines(
+        self, chunk_size=ITER_CHUNK_SIZE, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=None
+    ):
+        """Iterates over the response data, one line at a time.  When
+        stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the
+        content at once into memory for large responses.
+
+        .. note:: This method is not reentrant safe.
+        """
+
+        pending = None
+
+        for chunk in self.iter_content(
+            chunk_size=chunk_size, decode_unicode=decode_unicode
+        ):
+            if pending is not None:
+                chunk = pending + chunk
+
+            if delimiter:
+                lines = chunk.split(delimiter)
+            else:
+                lines = chunk.splitlines()
+
+            if lines and lines[-1] and chunk and lines[-1][-1] == chunk[-1]:
+                pending = lines.pop()
+            else:
+                pending = None
+
+            yield from lines
+
+        if pending is not None:
+            yield pending
+
+    @property
+    def content(self):
+        """Content of the response, in bytes."""
+
+        if self._content is False:
+            # Read the contents.
+            if self._content_consumed:
+                raise RuntimeError("The content for this response was already consumed")
+
+            if self.status_code == 0 or self.raw is None:
+                self._content = None
+            else:
+                self._content = b"".join(self.iter_content(CONTENT_CHUNK_SIZE)) or b""
+
+        self._content_consumed = True
+        # don't need to release the connection; that's been handled by urllib3
+        # since we exhausted the data.
+        return self._content
+
+    @property
+    def text(self):
+        """Content of the response, in unicode.
+
+        If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using
+        ``charset_normalizer`` or ``chardet``.
+
+        The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP
+        headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of
+        non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should
+        set ``r.encoding`` appropriately before accessing this property.
+        """
+
+        # Try charset from content-type
+        content = None
+        encoding = self.encoding
+
+        if not self.content:
+            return ""
+
+        # Fallback to auto-detected encoding.
+        if self.encoding is None:
+            encoding = self.apparent_encoding
+
+        # Decode unicode from given encoding.
+        try:
+            content = str(self.content, encoding, errors="replace")
+        except (LookupError, TypeError):
+            # A LookupError is raised if the encoding was not found which could
+            # indicate a misspelling or similar mistake.
+            #
+            # A TypeError can be raised if encoding is None
+            #
+            # So we try blindly encoding.
+            content = str(self.content, errors="replace")
+
+        return content
+
+    def json(self, **kwargs):
+        r"""Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.
+
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``json.loads`` takes.
+        :raises requests.exceptions.JSONDecodeError: If the response body does not
+            contain valid json.
+        """
+
+        if not self.encoding and self.content and len(self.content) > 3:
+            # No encoding set. JSON RFC 4627 section 3 states we should expect
+            # UTF-8, -16 or -32. Detect which one to use; If the detection or
+            # decoding fails, fall back to `self.text` (using charset_normalizer to make
+            # a best guess).
+            encoding = guess_json_utf(self.content)
+            if encoding is not None:
+                try:
+                    return complexjson.loads(self.content.decode(encoding), **kwargs)
+                except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                    # Wrong UTF codec detected; usually because it's not UTF-8
+                    # but some other 8-bit codec.  This is an RFC violation,
+                    # and the server didn't bother to tell us what codec *was*
+                    # used.
+                    pass
+                except JSONDecodeError as e:
+                    raise RequestsJSONDecodeError(e.msg, e.doc, e.pos)
+
+        try:
+            return complexjson.loads(self.text, **kwargs)
+        except JSONDecodeError as e:
+            # Catch JSON-related errors and raise as requests.JSONDecodeError
+            # This aliases json.JSONDecodeError and simplejson.JSONDecodeError
+            raise RequestsJSONDecodeError(e.msg, e.doc, e.pos)
+
+    @property
+    def links(self):
+        """Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any."""
+
+        header = self.headers.get("link")
+
+        resolved_links = {}
+
+        if header:
+            links = parse_header_links(header)
+
+            for link in links:
+                key = link.get("rel") or link.get("url")
+                resolved_links[key] = link
+
+        return resolved_links
+
+    def raise_for_status(self):
+        """Raises :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""
+
+        http_error_msg = ""
+        if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
+            # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
+            # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
+            # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
+            # encodings. (See PR #3538)
+            try:
+                reason = self.reason.decode("utf-8")
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                reason = self.reason.decode("iso-8859-1")
+        else:
+            reason = self.reason
+
+        if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
+            http_error_msg = (
+                f"{self.status_code} Client Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}"
+            )
+
+        elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
+            http_error_msg = (
+                f"{self.status_code} Server Error: {reason} for url: {self.url}"
+            )
+
+        if http_error_msg:
+            raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been
+        called the underlying ``raw`` object must not be accessed again.
+
+        *Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.*
+        """
+        if not self._content_consumed:
+            self.raw.close()
+
+        release_conn = getattr(self.raw, "release_conn", None)
+        if release_conn is not None:
+            release_conn()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/packages.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/packages.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ab3d8e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/packages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import sys
+
+from .compat import chardet
+
+# This code exists for backwards compatibility reasons.
+# I don't like it either. Just look the other way. :)
+
+for package in ("urllib3", "idna"):
+    locals()[package] = __import__(package)
+    # This traversal is apparently necessary such that the identities are
+    # preserved (requests.packages.urllib3.* is urllib3.*)
+    for mod in list(sys.modules):
+        if mod == package or mod.startswith(f"{package}."):
+            sys.modules[f"requests.packages.{mod}"] = sys.modules[mod]
+
+if chardet is not None:
+    target = chardet.__name__
+    for mod in list(sys.modules):
+        if mod == target or mod.startswith(f"{target}."):
+            imported_mod = sys.modules[mod]
+            sys.modules[f"requests.packages.{mod}"] = imported_mod
+            mod = mod.replace(target, "chardet")
+            sys.modules[f"requests.packages.{mod}"] = imported_mod
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/sessions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b387bc36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,831 @@
+"""
+requests.sessions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across
+requests (cookies, auth, proxies).
+"""
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from datetime import timedelta
+
+from ._internal_utils import to_native_string
+from .adapters import HTTPAdapter
+from .auth import _basic_auth_str
+from .compat import Mapping, cookielib, urljoin, urlparse
+from .cookies import (
+    RequestsCookieJar,
+    cookiejar_from_dict,
+    extract_cookies_to_jar,
+    merge_cookies,
+)
+from .exceptions import (
+    ChunkedEncodingError,
+    ContentDecodingError,
+    InvalidSchema,
+    TooManyRedirects,
+)
+from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook
+
+# formerly defined here, reexposed here for backward compatibility
+from .models import (  # noqa: F401
+    DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT,
+    REDIRECT_STATI,
+    PreparedRequest,
+    Request,
+)
+from .status_codes import codes
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+from .utils import (  # noqa: F401
+    DEFAULT_PORTS,
+    default_headers,
+    get_auth_from_url,
+    get_environ_proxies,
+    get_netrc_auth,
+    requote_uri,
+    resolve_proxies,
+    rewind_body,
+    should_bypass_proxies,
+    to_key_val_list,
+)
+
+# Preferred clock, based on which one is more accurate on a given system.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    preferred_clock = time.perf_counter
+else:
+    preferred_clock = time.time
+
+
+def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account
+    the explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a
+    setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class`
+    """
+
+    if session_setting is None:
+        return request_setting
+
+    if request_setting is None:
+        return session_setting
+
+    # Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify)
+    if not (
+        isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and isinstance(request_setting, Mapping)
+    ):
+        return request_setting
+
+    merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting))
+    merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting))
+
+    # Remove keys that are set to None. Extract keys first to avoid altering
+    # the dictionary during iteration.
+    none_keys = [k for (k, v) in merged_setting.items() if v is None]
+    for key in none_keys:
+        del merged_setting[key]
+
+    return merged_setting
+
+
+def merge_hooks(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class=OrderedDict):
+    """Properly merges both requests and session hooks.
+
+    This is necessary because when request_hooks == {'response': []}, the
+    merge breaks Session hooks entirely.
+    """
+    if session_hooks is None or session_hooks.get("response") == []:
+        return request_hooks
+
+    if request_hooks is None or request_hooks.get("response") == []:
+        return session_hooks
+
+    return merge_setting(request_hooks, session_hooks, dict_class)
+
+
+class SessionRedirectMixin:
+    def get_redirect_target(self, resp):
+        """Receives a Response. Returns a redirect URI or ``None``"""
+        # Due to the nature of how requests processes redirects this method will
+        # be called at least once upon the original response and at least twice
+        # on each subsequent redirect response (if any).
+        # If a custom mixin is used to handle this logic, it may be advantageous
+        # to cache the redirect location onto the response object as a private
+        # attribute.
+        if resp.is_redirect:
+            location = resp.headers["location"]
+            # Currently the underlying http module on py3 decode headers
+            # in latin1, but empirical evidence suggests that latin1 is very
+            # rarely used with non-ASCII characters in HTTP headers.
+            # It is more likely to get UTF8 header rather than latin1.
+            # This causes incorrect handling of UTF8 encoded location headers.
+            # To solve this, we re-encode the location in latin1.
+            location = location.encode("latin1")
+            return to_native_string(location, "utf8")
+        return None
+
+    def should_strip_auth(self, old_url, new_url):
+        """Decide whether Authorization header should be removed when redirecting"""
+        old_parsed = urlparse(old_url)
+        new_parsed = urlparse(new_url)
+        if old_parsed.hostname != new_parsed.hostname:
+            return True
+        # Special case: allow http -> https redirect when using the standard
+        # ports. This isn't specified by RFC 7235, but is kept to avoid
+        # breaking backwards compatibility with older versions of requests
+        # that allowed any redirects on the same host.
+        if (
+            old_parsed.scheme == "http"
+            and old_parsed.port in (80, None)
+            and new_parsed.scheme == "https"
+            and new_parsed.port in (443, None)
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        # Handle default port usage corresponding to scheme.
+        changed_port = old_parsed.port != new_parsed.port
+        changed_scheme = old_parsed.scheme != new_parsed.scheme
+        default_port = (DEFAULT_PORTS.get(old_parsed.scheme, None), None)
+        if (
+            not changed_scheme
+            and old_parsed.port in default_port
+            and new_parsed.port in default_port
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        # Standard case: root URI must match
+        return changed_port or changed_scheme
+
+    def resolve_redirects(
+        self,
+        resp,
+        req,
+        stream=False,
+        timeout=None,
+        verify=True,
+        cert=None,
+        proxies=None,
+        yield_requests=False,
+        **adapter_kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses or Requests."""
+
+        hist = []  # keep track of history
+
+        url = self.get_redirect_target(resp)
+        previous_fragment = urlparse(req.url).fragment
+        while url:
+            prepared_request = req.copy()
+
+            # Update history and keep track of redirects.
+            # resp.history must ignore the original request in this loop
+            hist.append(resp)
+            resp.history = hist[1:]
+
+            try:
+                resp.content  # Consume socket so it can be released
+            except (ChunkedEncodingError, ContentDecodingError, RuntimeError):
+                resp.raw.read(decode_content=False)
+
+            if len(resp.history) >= self.max_redirects:
+                raise TooManyRedirects(
+                    f"Exceeded {self.max_redirects} redirects.", response=resp
+                )
+
+            # Release the connection back into the pool.
+            resp.close()
+
+            # Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4)
+            if url.startswith("//"):
+                parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url)
+                url = ":".join([to_native_string(parsed_rurl.scheme), url])
+
+            # Normalize url case and attach previous fragment if needed (RFC 7231 7.1.2)
+            parsed = urlparse(url)
+            if parsed.fragment == "" and previous_fragment:
+                parsed = parsed._replace(fragment=previous_fragment)
+            elif parsed.fragment:
+                previous_fragment = parsed.fragment
+            url = parsed.geturl()
+
+            # Facilitate relative 'location' headers, as allowed by RFC 7231.
+            # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/resource')
+            # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url.
+            if not parsed.netloc:
+                url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url))
+            else:
+                url = requote_uri(url)
+
+            prepared_request.url = to_native_string(url)
+
+            self.rebuild_method(prepared_request, resp)
+
+            # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/1084
+            if resp.status_code not in (
+                codes.temporary_redirect,
+                codes.permanent_redirect,
+            ):
+                # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/3490
+                purged_headers = ("Content-Length", "Content-Type", "Transfer-Encoding")
+                for header in purged_headers:
+                    prepared_request.headers.pop(header, None)
+                prepared_request.body = None
+
+            headers = prepared_request.headers
+            headers.pop("Cookie", None)
+
+            # Extract any cookies sent on the response to the cookiejar
+            # in the new request. Because we've mutated our copied prepared
+            # request, use the old one that we haven't yet touched.
+            extract_cookies_to_jar(prepared_request._cookies, req, resp.raw)
+            merge_cookies(prepared_request._cookies, self.cookies)
+            prepared_request.prepare_cookies(prepared_request._cookies)
+
+            # Rebuild auth and proxy information.
+            proxies = self.rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)
+            self.rebuild_auth(prepared_request, resp)
+
+            # A failed tell() sets `_body_position` to `object()`. This non-None
+            # value ensures `rewindable` will be True, allowing us to raise an
+            # UnrewindableBodyError, instead of hanging the connection.
+            rewindable = prepared_request._body_position is not None and (
+                "Content-Length" in headers or "Transfer-Encoding" in headers
+            )
+
+            # Attempt to rewind consumed file-like object.
+            if rewindable:
+                rewind_body(prepared_request)
+
+            # Override the original request.
+            req = prepared_request
+
+            if yield_requests:
+                yield req
+            else:
+                resp = self.send(
+                    req,
+                    stream=stream,
+                    timeout=timeout,
+                    verify=verify,
+                    cert=cert,
+                    proxies=proxies,
+                    allow_redirects=False,
+                    **adapter_kwargs,
+                )
+
+                extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw)
+
+                # extract redirect url, if any, for the next loop
+                url = self.get_redirect_target(resp)
+                yield resp
+
+    def rebuild_auth(self, prepared_request, response):
+        """When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the
+        request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes
+        and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        url = prepared_request.url
+
+        if "Authorization" in headers and self.should_strip_auth(
+            response.request.url, url
+        ):
+            # If we get redirected to a new host, we should strip out any
+            # authentication headers.
+            del headers["Authorization"]
+
+        # .netrc might have more auth for us on our new host.
+        new_auth = get_netrc_auth(url) if self.trust_env else None
+        if new_auth is not None:
+            prepared_request.prepare_auth(new_auth)
+
+    def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies):
+        """This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the
+        environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by
+        NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing
+        proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous
+        redirect).
+
+        This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where
+        necessary.
+
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        headers = prepared_request.headers
+        scheme = urlparse(prepared_request.url).scheme
+        new_proxies = resolve_proxies(prepared_request, proxies, self.trust_env)
+
+        if "Proxy-Authorization" in headers:
+            del headers["Proxy-Authorization"]
+
+        try:
+            username, password = get_auth_from_url(new_proxies[scheme])
+        except KeyError:
+            username, password = None, None
+
+        # urllib3 handles proxy authorization for us in the standard adapter.
+        # Avoid appending this to TLS tunneled requests where it may be leaked.
+        if not scheme.startswith("https") and username and password:
+            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = _basic_auth_str(username, password)
+
+        return new_proxies
+
+    def rebuild_method(self, prepared_request, response):
+        """When being redirected we may want to change the method of the request
+        based on certain specs or browser behavior.
+        """
+        method = prepared_request.method
+
+        # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.4.4
+        if response.status_code == codes.see_other and method != "HEAD":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        # Do what the browsers do, despite standards...
+        # First, turn 302s into GETs.
+        if response.status_code == codes.found and method != "HEAD":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        # Second, if a POST is responded to with a 301, turn it into a GET.
+        # This bizarre behaviour is explained in Issue 1704.
+        if response.status_code == codes.moved and method == "POST":
+            method = "GET"
+
+        prepared_request.method = method
+
+
+class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
+    """A Requests session.
+
+    Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.
+
+    Basic Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+
+    Or as a context manager::
+
+      >>> with requests.Session() as s:
+      ...     s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
+      <Response [200]>
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = [
+        "headers",
+        "cookies",
+        "auth",
+        "proxies",
+        "hooks",
+        "params",
+        "verify",
+        "cert",
+        "adapters",
+        "stream",
+        "trust_env",
+        "max_redirects",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        #: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this
+        #: :class:`Session <Session>`.
+        self.headers = default_headers()
+
+        #: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.auth = None
+
+        #: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy
+        #: (e.g. {'http': 'foo.bar:3128', 'http://host.name': 'foo.bar:4012'}) to
+        #: be used on each :class:`Request <Request>`.
+        self.proxies = {}
+
+        #: Event-handling hooks.
+        self.hooks = default_hooks()
+
+        #: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each
+        #: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for
+        #: representing multivalued query parameters.
+        self.params = {}
+
+        #: Stream response content default.
+        self.stream = False
+
+        #: SSL Verification default.
+        #: Defaults to `True`, requiring requests to verify the TLS certificate at the
+        #: remote end.
+        #: If verify is set to `False`, requests will accept any TLS certificate
+        #: presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or
+        #: expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to
+        #: man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks.
+        #: Only set this to `False` for testing.
+        self.verify = True
+
+        #: SSL client certificate default, if String, path to ssl client
+        #: cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+        self.cert = None
+
+        #: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this
+        #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised.
+        #: This defaults to requests.models.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT, which is
+        #: 30.
+        self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT
+
+        #: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default
+        #: authentication and similar.
+        self.trust_env = True
+
+        #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this
+        #: session. By default it is a
+        #: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but
+        #: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object.
+        self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({})
+
+        # Default connection adapters.
+        self.adapters = OrderedDict()
+        self.mount("https://", HTTPAdapter())
+        self.mount("http://", HTTPAdapter())
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    def prepare_request(self, request):
+        """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for
+        transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings
+        merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the
+        :class:`Session`.
+
+        :param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this
+            session's settings.
+        :rtype: requests.PreparedRequest
+        """
+        cookies = request.cookies or {}
+
+        # Bootstrap CookieJar.
+        if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar):
+            cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies)
+
+        # Merge with session cookies
+        merged_cookies = merge_cookies(
+            merge_cookies(RequestsCookieJar(), self.cookies), cookies
+        )
+
+        # Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set.
+        auth = request.auth
+        if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth:
+            auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url)
+
+        p = PreparedRequest()
+        p.prepare(
+            method=request.method.upper(),
+            url=request.url,
+            files=request.files,
+            data=request.data,
+            json=request.json,
+            headers=merge_setting(
+                request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=CaseInsensitiveDict
+            ),
+            params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params),
+            auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth),
+            cookies=merged_cookies,
+            hooks=merge_hooks(request.hooks, self.hooks),
+        )
+        return p
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        method,
+        url,
+        params=None,
+        data=None,
+        headers=None,
+        cookies=None,
+        files=None,
+        auth=None,
+        timeout=None,
+        allow_redirects=True,
+        proxies=None,
+        hooks=None,
+        stream=None,
+        verify=None,
+        cert=None,
+        json=None,
+    ):
+        """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.
+        Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.
+
+        :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query
+            string for the :class:`Request`.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the
+            :class:`Request`.
+        :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``
+            for multipart encoding upload.
+        :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable
+            Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
+        :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send
+            data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,
+            read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
+        :type timeout: float or tuple
+        :param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.
+        :type allow_redirects: bool
+        :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and
+            hostname to the URL of the proxy.
+        :param hooks: (optional) Dictionary mapping hook name to one event or
+            list of events, event must be callable.
+        :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response
+            content. Defaults to ``False``.
+        :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
+            the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
+            to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``. When set to
+            ``False``, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by
+            the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired
+            certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to
+            man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to ``False``
+            may be useful during local development or testing.
+        :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).
+            If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+        # Create the Request.
+        req = Request(
+            method=method.upper(),
+            url=url,
+            headers=headers,
+            files=files,
+            data=data or {},
+            json=json,
+            params=params or {},
+            auth=auth,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            hooks=hooks,
+        )
+        prep = self.prepare_request(req)
+
+        proxies = proxies or {}
+
+        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
+            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
+        )
+
+        # Send the request.
+        send_kwargs = {
+            "timeout": timeout,
+            "allow_redirects": allow_redirects,
+        }
+        send_kwargs.update(settings)
+        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
+
+        return resp
+
+    def get(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True)
+        return self.request("GET", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def options(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", True)
+        return self.request("OPTIONS", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def head(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        kwargs.setdefault("allow_redirects", False)
+        return self.request("HEAD", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("POST", url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
+
+    def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("PUT", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def patch(self, url, data=None, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
+            object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("PATCH", url, data=data, **kwargs)
+
+    def delete(self, url, **kwargs):
+        r"""Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.
+
+        :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
+        :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+
+        return self.request("DELETE", url, **kwargs)
+
+    def send(self, request, **kwargs):
+        """Send a given PreparedRequest.
+
+        :rtype: requests.Response
+        """
+        # Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have
+        # the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request.
+        kwargs.setdefault("stream", self.stream)
+        kwargs.setdefault("verify", self.verify)
+        kwargs.setdefault("cert", self.cert)
+        if "proxies" not in kwargs:
+            kwargs["proxies"] = resolve_proxies(request, self.proxies, self.trust_env)
+
+        # It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object.
+        # Guard against that specific failure case.
+        if isinstance(request, Request):
+            raise ValueError("You can only send PreparedRequests.")
+
+        # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of hooks
+        allow_redirects = kwargs.pop("allow_redirects", True)
+        stream = kwargs.get("stream")
+        hooks = request.hooks
+
+        # Get the appropriate adapter to use
+        adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url)
+
+        # Start time (approximately) of the request
+        start = preferred_clock()
+
+        # Send the request
+        r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
+
+        # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately)
+        elapsed = preferred_clock() - start
+        r.elapsed = timedelta(seconds=elapsed)
+
+        # Response manipulation hooks
+        r = dispatch_hook("response", hooks, r, **kwargs)
+
+        # Persist cookies
+        if r.history:
+            # If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too
+            for resp in r.history:
+                extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw)
+
+        extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw)
+
+        # Resolve redirects if allowed.
+        if allow_redirects:
+            # Redirect resolving generator.
+            gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, **kwargs)
+            history = [resp for resp in gen]
+        else:
+            history = []
+
+        # Shuffle things around if there's history.
+        if history:
+            # Insert the first (original) request at the start
+            history.insert(0, r)
+            # Get the last request made
+            r = history.pop()
+            r.history = history
+
+        # If redirects aren't being followed, store the response on the Request for Response.next().
+        if not allow_redirects:
+            try:
+                r._next = next(
+                    self.resolve_redirects(r, request, yield_requests=True, **kwargs)
+                )
+            except StopIteration:
+                pass
+
+        if not stream:
+            r.content
+
+        return r
+
+    def merge_environment_settings(self, url, proxies, stream, verify, cert):
+        """
+        Check the environment and merge it with some settings.
+
+        :rtype: dict
+        """
+        # Gather clues from the surrounding environment.
+        if self.trust_env:
+            # Set environment's proxies.
+            no_proxy = proxies.get("no_proxy") if proxies is not None else None
+            env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)
+            for k, v in env_proxies.items():
+                proxies.setdefault(k, v)
+
+            # Look for requests environment configuration
+            # and be compatible with cURL.
+            if verify is True or verify is None:
+                verify = (
+                    os.environ.get("REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE")
+                    or os.environ.get("CURL_CA_BUNDLE")
+                    or verify
+                )
+
+        # Merge all the kwargs.
+        proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies)
+        stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream)
+        verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify)
+        cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert)
+
+        return {"proxies": proxies, "stream": stream, "verify": verify, "cert": cert}
+
+    def get_adapter(self, url):
+        """
+        Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL.
+
+        :rtype: requests.adapters.BaseAdapter
+        """
+        for prefix, adapter in self.adapters.items():
+            if url.lower().startswith(prefix.lower()):
+                return adapter
+
+        # Nothing matches :-/
+        raise InvalidSchema(f"No connection adapters were found for {url!r}")
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Closes all adapters and as such the session"""
+        for v in self.adapters.values():
+            v.close()
+
+    def mount(self, prefix, adapter):
+        """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.
+
+        Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length.
+        """
+        self.adapters[prefix] = adapter
+        keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)]
+
+        for key in keys_to_move:
+            self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = {attr: getattr(self, attr, None) for attr in self.__attrs__}
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        for attr, value in state.items():
+            setattr(self, attr, value)
+
+
+def session():
+    """
+    Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.0.0
+
+        This method has been deprecated since version 1.0.0 and is only kept for
+        backwards compatibility. New code should use :class:`~requests.sessions.Session`
+        to create a session. This may be removed at a future date.
+
+    :rtype: Session
+    """
+    return Session()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/status_codes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/status_codes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7945a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/status_codes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+r"""
+The ``codes`` object defines a mapping from common names for HTTP statuses
+to their numerical codes, accessible either as attributes or as dictionary
+items.
+
+Example::
+
+    >>> import requests
+    >>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect']
+    307
+    >>> requests.codes.teapot
+    418
+    >>> requests.codes['\o/']
+    200
+
+Some codes have multiple names, and both upper- and lower-case versions of
+the names are allowed. For example, ``codes.ok``, ``codes.OK``, and
+``codes.okay`` all correspond to the HTTP status code 200.
+"""
+
+from .structures import LookupDict
+
+_codes = {
+    # Informational.
+    100: ("continue",),
+    101: ("switching_protocols",),
+    102: ("processing", "early-hints"),
+    103: ("checkpoint",),
+    122: ("uri_too_long", "request_uri_too_long"),
+    200: ("ok", "okay", "all_ok", "all_okay", "all_good", "\\o/", "✓"),
+    201: ("created",),
+    202: ("accepted",),
+    203: ("non_authoritative_info", "non_authoritative_information"),
+    204: ("no_content",),
+    205: ("reset_content", "reset"),
+    206: ("partial_content", "partial"),
+    207: ("multi_status", "multiple_status", "multi_stati", "multiple_stati"),
+    208: ("already_reported",),
+    226: ("im_used",),
+    # Redirection.
+    300: ("multiple_choices",),
+    301: ("moved_permanently", "moved", "\\o-"),
+    302: ("found",),
+    303: ("see_other", "other"),
+    304: ("not_modified",),
+    305: ("use_proxy",),
+    306: ("switch_proxy",),
+    307: ("temporary_redirect", "temporary_moved", "temporary"),
+    308: (
+        "permanent_redirect",
+        "resume_incomplete",
+        "resume",
+    ),  # "resume" and "resume_incomplete" to be removed in 3.0
+    # Client Error.
+    400: ("bad_request", "bad"),
+    401: ("unauthorized",),
+    402: ("payment_required", "payment"),
+    403: ("forbidden",),
+    404: ("not_found", "-o-"),
+    405: ("method_not_allowed", "not_allowed"),
+    406: ("not_acceptable",),
+    407: ("proxy_authentication_required", "proxy_auth", "proxy_authentication"),
+    408: ("request_timeout", "timeout"),
+    409: ("conflict",),
+    410: ("gone",),
+    411: ("length_required",),
+    412: ("precondition_failed", "precondition"),
+    413: ("request_entity_too_large", "content_too_large"),
+    414: ("request_uri_too_large", "uri_too_long"),
+    415: ("unsupported_media_type", "unsupported_media", "media_type"),
+    416: (
+        "requested_range_not_satisfiable",
+        "requested_range",
+        "range_not_satisfiable",
+    ),
+    417: ("expectation_failed",),
+    418: ("im_a_teapot", "teapot", "i_am_a_teapot"),
+    421: ("misdirected_request",),
+    422: ("unprocessable_entity", "unprocessable", "unprocessable_content"),
+    423: ("locked",),
+    424: ("failed_dependency", "dependency"),
+    425: ("unordered_collection", "unordered", "too_early"),
+    426: ("upgrade_required", "upgrade"),
+    428: ("precondition_required", "precondition"),
+    429: ("too_many_requests", "too_many"),
+    431: ("header_fields_too_large", "fields_too_large"),
+    444: ("no_response", "none"),
+    449: ("retry_with", "retry"),
+    450: ("blocked_by_windows_parental_controls", "parental_controls"),
+    451: ("unavailable_for_legal_reasons", "legal_reasons"),
+    499: ("client_closed_request",),
+    # Server Error.
+    500: ("internal_server_error", "server_error", "/o\\", "✗"),
+    501: ("not_implemented",),
+    502: ("bad_gateway",),
+    503: ("service_unavailable", "unavailable"),
+    504: ("gateway_timeout",),
+    505: ("http_version_not_supported", "http_version"),
+    506: ("variant_also_negotiates",),
+    507: ("insufficient_storage",),
+    509: ("bandwidth_limit_exceeded", "bandwidth"),
+    510: ("not_extended",),
+    511: ("network_authentication_required", "network_auth", "network_authentication"),
+}
+
+codes = LookupDict(name="status_codes")
+
+
+def _init():
+    for code, titles in _codes.items():
+        for title in titles:
+            setattr(codes, title, code)
+            if not title.startswith(("\\", "/")):
+                setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
+
+    def doc(code):
+        names = ", ".join(f"``{n}``" for n in _codes[code])
+        return "* %d: %s" % (code, names)
+
+    global __doc__
+    __doc__ = (
+        __doc__ + "\n" + "\n".join(doc(code) for code in sorted(_codes))
+        if __doc__ is not None
+        else None
+    )
+
+
+_init()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/structures.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/structures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..188e13e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/structures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+"""
+requests.structures
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Data structures that power Requests.
+"""
+
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from .compat import Mapping, MutableMapping
+
+
+class CaseInsensitiveDict(MutableMapping):
+    """A case-insensitive ``dict``-like object.
+
+    Implements all methods and operations of
+    ``MutableMapping`` as well as dict's ``copy``. Also
+    provides ``lower_items``.
+
+    All keys are expected to be strings. The structure remembers the
+    case of the last key to be set, and ``iter(instance)``,
+    ``keys()``, ``items()``, ``iterkeys()``, and ``iteritems()``
+    will contain case-sensitive keys. However, querying and contains
+    testing is case insensitive::
+
+        cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()
+        cid['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+        cid['aCCEPT'] == 'application/json'  # True
+        list(cid) == ['Accept']  # True
+
+    For example, ``headers['content-encoding']`` will return the
+    value of a ``'Content-Encoding'`` response header, regardless
+    of how the header name was originally stored.
+
+    If the constructor, ``.update``, or equality comparison
+    operations are given keys that have equal ``.lower()``s, the
+    behavior is undefined.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data=None, **kwargs):
+        self._store = OrderedDict()
+        if data is None:
+            data = {}
+        self.update(data, **kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        # Use the lowercased key for lookups, but store the actual
+        # key alongside the value.
+        self._store[key.lower()] = (key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._store[key.lower()][1]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._store[key.lower()]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (casedkey for casedkey, mappedvalue in self._store.values())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._store)
+
+    def lower_items(self):
+        """Like iteritems(), but with all lowercase keys."""
+        return ((lowerkey, keyval[1]) for (lowerkey, keyval) in self._store.items())
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            other = CaseInsensitiveDict(other)
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+        # Compare insensitively
+        return dict(self.lower_items()) == dict(other.lower_items())
+
+    # Copy is required
+    def copy(self):
+        return CaseInsensitiveDict(self._store.values())
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(dict(self.items()))
+
+
+class LookupDict(dict):
+    """Dictionary lookup object."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None):
+        self.name = name
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<lookup '{self.name}'>"
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        # We allow fall-through here, so values default to None
+
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, None)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        return self.__dict__.get(key, default)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae6c42f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1096 @@
+"""
+requests.utils
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This module provides utility functions that are used within Requests
+that are also useful for external consumption.
+"""
+
+import codecs
+import contextlib
+import io
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import struct
+import sys
+import tempfile
+import warnings
+import zipfile
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from urllib3.util import make_headers, parse_url
+
+from . import certs
+from .__version__ import __version__
+
+# to_native_string is unused here, but imported here for backwards compatibility
+from ._internal_utils import (  # noqa: F401
+    _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE,
+    _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR,
+    HEADER_VALIDATORS,
+    to_native_string,
+)
+from .compat import (
+    Mapping,
+    basestring,
+    bytes,
+    getproxies,
+    getproxies_environment,
+    integer_types,
+)
+from .compat import parse_http_list as _parse_list_header
+from .compat import (
+    proxy_bypass,
+    proxy_bypass_environment,
+    quote,
+    str,
+    unquote,
+    urlparse,
+    urlunparse,
+)
+from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict
+from .exceptions import (
+    FileModeWarning,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    InvalidURL,
+    UnrewindableBodyError,
+)
+from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+NETRC_FILES = (".netrc", "_netrc")
+
+DEFAULT_CA_BUNDLE_PATH = certs.where()
+
+DEFAULT_PORTS = {"http": 80, "https": 443}
+
+# Ensure that ', ' is used to preserve previous delimiter behavior.
+DEFAULT_ACCEPT_ENCODING = ", ".join(
+    re.split(r",\s*", make_headers(accept_encoding=True)["accept-encoding"])
+)
+
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    # provide a proxy_bypass version on Windows without DNS lookups
+
+    def proxy_bypass_registry(host):
+        try:
+            import winreg
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey(
+                winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
+                r"Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings",
+            )
+            # ProxyEnable could be REG_SZ or REG_DWORD, normalizing it
+            proxyEnable = int(winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, "ProxyEnable")[0])
+            # ProxyOverride is almost always a string
+            proxyOverride = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, "ProxyOverride")[0]
+        except (OSError, ValueError):
+            return False
+        if not proxyEnable or not proxyOverride:
+            return False
+
+        # make a check value list from the registry entry: replace the
+        # '<local>' string by the localhost entry and the corresponding
+        # canonical entry.
+        proxyOverride = proxyOverride.split(";")
+        # filter out empty strings to avoid re.match return true in the following code.
+        proxyOverride = filter(None, proxyOverride)
+        # now check if we match one of the registry values.
+        for test in proxyOverride:
+            if test == "<local>":
+                if "." not in host:
+                    return True
+            test = test.replace(".", r"\.")  # mask dots
+            test = test.replace("*", r".*")  # change glob sequence
+            test = test.replace("?", r".")  # change glob char
+            if re.match(test, host, re.I):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def proxy_bypass(host):  # noqa
+        """Return True, if the host should be bypassed.
+
+        Checks proxy settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
+        or the registry.
+        """
+        if getproxies_environment():
+            return proxy_bypass_environment(host)
+        else:
+            return proxy_bypass_registry(host)
+
+
+def dict_to_sequence(d):
+    """Returns an internal sequence dictionary update."""
+
+    if hasattr(d, "items"):
+        d = d.items()
+
+    return d
+
+
+def super_len(o):
+    total_length = None
+    current_position = 0
+
+    if isinstance(o, str):
+        o = o.encode("utf-8")
+
+    if hasattr(o, "__len__"):
+        total_length = len(o)
+
+    elif hasattr(o, "len"):
+        total_length = o.len
+
+    elif hasattr(o, "fileno"):
+        try:
+            fileno = o.fileno()
+        except (io.UnsupportedOperation, AttributeError):
+            # AttributeError is a surprising exception, seeing as how we've just checked
+            # that `hasattr(o, 'fileno')`.  It happens for objects obtained via
+            # `Tarfile.extractfile()`, per issue 5229.
+            pass
+        else:
+            total_length = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+
+            # Having used fstat to determine the file length, we need to
+            # confirm that this file was opened up in binary mode.
+            if "b" not in o.mode:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        "Requests has determined the content-length for this "
+                        "request using the binary size of the file: however, the "
+                        "file has been opened in text mode (i.e. without the 'b' "
+                        "flag in the mode). This may lead to an incorrect "
+                        "content-length. In Requests 3.0, support will be removed "
+                        "for files in text mode."
+                    ),
+                    FileModeWarning,
+                )
+
+    if hasattr(o, "tell"):
+        try:
+            current_position = o.tell()
+        except OSError:
+            # This can happen in some weird situations, such as when the file
+            # is actually a special file descriptor like stdin. In this
+            # instance, we don't know what the length is, so set it to zero and
+            # let requests chunk it instead.
+            if total_length is not None:
+                current_position = total_length
+        else:
+            if hasattr(o, "seek") and total_length is None:
+                # StringIO and BytesIO have seek but no usable fileno
+                try:
+                    # seek to end of file
+                    o.seek(0, 2)
+                    total_length = o.tell()
+
+                    # seek back to current position to support
+                    # partially read file-like objects
+                    o.seek(current_position or 0)
+                except OSError:
+                    total_length = 0
+
+    if total_length is None:
+        total_length = 0
+
+    return max(0, total_length - current_position)
+
+
+def get_netrc_auth(url, raise_errors=False):
+    """Returns the Requests tuple auth for a given url from netrc."""
+
+    netrc_file = os.environ.get("NETRC")
+    if netrc_file is not None:
+        netrc_locations = (netrc_file,)
+    else:
+        netrc_locations = (f"~/{f}" for f in NETRC_FILES)
+
+    try:
+        from netrc import NetrcParseError, netrc
+
+        netrc_path = None
+
+        for f in netrc_locations:
+            try:
+                loc = os.path.expanduser(f)
+            except KeyError:
+                # os.path.expanduser can fail when $HOME is undefined and
+                # getpwuid fails. See https://bugs.python.org/issue20164 &
+                # https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/1846
+                return
+
+            if os.path.exists(loc):
+                netrc_path = loc
+                break
+
+        # Abort early if there isn't one.
+        if netrc_path is None:
+            return
+
+        ri = urlparse(url)
+
+        # Strip port numbers from netloc. This weird `if...encode`` dance is
+        # used for Python 3.2, which doesn't support unicode literals.
+        splitstr = b":"
+        if isinstance(url, str):
+            splitstr = splitstr.decode("ascii")
+        host = ri.netloc.split(splitstr)[0]
+
+        try:
+            _netrc = netrc(netrc_path).authenticators(host)
+            if _netrc:
+                # Return with login / password
+                login_i = 0 if _netrc[0] else 1
+                return (_netrc[login_i], _netrc[2])
+        except (NetrcParseError, OSError):
+            # If there was a parsing error or a permissions issue reading the file,
+            # we'll just skip netrc auth unless explicitly asked to raise errors.
+            if raise_errors:
+                raise
+
+    # App Engine hackiness.
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+
+
+def guess_filename(obj):
+    """Tries to guess the filename of the given object."""
+    name = getattr(obj, "name", None)
+    if name and isinstance(name, basestring) and name[0] != "<" and name[-1] != ">":
+        return os.path.basename(name)
+
+
+def extract_zipped_paths(path):
+    """Replace nonexistent paths that look like they refer to a member of a zip
+    archive with the location of an extracted copy of the target, or else
+    just return the provided path unchanged.
+    """
+    if os.path.exists(path):
+        # this is already a valid path, no need to do anything further
+        return path
+
+    # find the first valid part of the provided path and treat that as a zip archive
+    # assume the rest of the path is the name of a member in the archive
+    archive, member = os.path.split(path)
+    while archive and not os.path.exists(archive):
+        archive, prefix = os.path.split(archive)
+        if not prefix:
+            # If we don't check for an empty prefix after the split (in other words, archive remains unchanged after the split),
+            # we _can_ end up in an infinite loop on a rare corner case affecting a small number of users
+            break
+        member = "/".join([prefix, member])
+
+    if not zipfile.is_zipfile(archive):
+        return path
+
+    zip_file = zipfile.ZipFile(archive)
+    if member not in zip_file.namelist():
+        return path
+
+    # we have a valid zip archive and a valid member of that archive
+    tmp = tempfile.gettempdir()
+    extracted_path = os.path.join(tmp, member.split("/")[-1])
+    if not os.path.exists(extracted_path):
+        # use read + write to avoid the creating nested folders, we only want the file, avoids mkdir racing condition
+        with atomic_open(extracted_path) as file_handler:
+            file_handler.write(zip_file.read(member))
+    return extracted_path
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def atomic_open(filename):
+    """Write a file to the disk in an atomic fashion"""
+    tmp_descriptor, tmp_name = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=os.path.dirname(filename))
+    try:
+        with os.fdopen(tmp_descriptor, "wb") as tmp_handler:
+            yield tmp_handler
+        os.replace(tmp_name, filename)
+    except BaseException:
+        os.remove(tmp_name)
+        raise
+
+
+def from_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. Unless it can not be represented as such, return an
+    OrderedDict, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> from_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+        >>> from_key_val_list('string')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples
+        >>> from_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        OrderedDict([('key', 'val')])
+
+    :rtype: OrderedDict
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError("cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples")
+
+    return OrderedDict(value)
+
+
+def to_key_val_list(value):
+    """Take an object and test to see if it can be represented as a
+    dictionary. If it can be, return a list of tuples, e.g.,
+
+    ::
+
+        >>> to_key_val_list([('key', 'val')])
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list({'key': 'val'})
+        [('key', 'val')]
+        >>> to_key_val_list('string')
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples
+
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):
+        raise ValueError("cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples")
+
+    if isinstance(value, Mapping):
+        value = value.items()
+
+    return list(value)
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_list_header(value):
+    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.
+
+    In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
+    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
+    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
+    middle.  Quotes are removed automatically after parsing.
+
+    It basically works like :func:`parse_set_header` just that items
+    may appear multiple times and case sensitivity is preserved.
+
+    The return value is a standard :class:`list`:
+
+    >>> parse_list_header('token, "quoted value"')
+    ['token', 'quoted value']
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`list` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a list header.
+    :return: :class:`list`
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+    result = []
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if item[:1] == item[-1:] == '"':
+            item = unquote_header_value(item[1:-1])
+        result.append(item)
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def parse_dict_header(value):
+    """Parse lists of key, value pairs as described by RFC 2068 Section 2 and
+    convert them into a python dict:
+
+    >>> d = parse_dict_header('foo="is a fish", bar="as well"')
+    >>> type(d) is dict
+    True
+    >>> sorted(d.items())
+    [('bar', 'as well'), ('foo', 'is a fish')]
+
+    If there is no value for a key it will be `None`:
+
+    >>> parse_dict_header('key_without_value')
+    {'key_without_value': None}
+
+    To create a header from the :class:`dict` again, use the
+    :func:`dump_header` function.
+
+    :param value: a string with a dict header.
+    :return: :class:`dict`
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    result = {}
+    for item in _parse_list_header(value):
+        if "=" not in item:
+            result[item] = None
+            continue
+        name, value = item.split("=", 1)
+        if value[:1] == value[-1:] == '"':
+            value = unquote_header_value(value[1:-1])
+        result[name] = value
+    return result
+
+
+# From mitsuhiko/werkzeug (used with permission).
+def unquote_header_value(value, is_filename=False):
+    r"""Unquotes a header value.  (Reversal of :func:`quote_header_value`).
+    This does not use the real unquoting but what browsers are actually
+    using for quoting.
+
+    :param value: the header value to unquote.
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    if value and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
+        # this is not the real unquoting, but fixing this so that the
+        # RFC is met will result in bugs with internet explorer and
+        # probably some other browsers as well.  IE for example is
+        # uploading files with "C:\foo\bar.txt" as filename
+        value = value[1:-1]
+
+        # if this is a filename and the starting characters look like
+        # a UNC path, then just return the value without quotes.  Using the
+        # replace sequence below on a UNC path has the effect of turning
+        # the leading double slash into a single slash and then
+        # _fix_ie_filename() doesn't work correctly.  See #458.
+        if not is_filename or value[:2] != "\\\\":
+            return value.replace("\\\\", "\\").replace('\\"', '"')
+    return value
+
+
+def dict_from_cookiejar(cj):
+    """Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar object to extract cookies from.
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+
+    cookie_dict = {cookie.name: cookie.value for cookie in cj}
+    return cookie_dict
+
+
+def add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict):
+    """Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.
+
+    :param cj: CookieJar to insert cookies into.
+    :param cookie_dict: Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
+    :rtype: CookieJar
+    """
+
+    return cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cj)
+
+
+def get_encodings_from_content(content):
+    """Returns encodings from given content string.
+
+    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "In requests 3.0, get_encodings_from_content will be removed. For "
+            "more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This"
+            " warning should only appear once.)"
+        ),
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+
+    charset_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    pragma_re = re.compile(r'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I)
+    xml_re = re.compile(r'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]')
+
+    return (
+        charset_re.findall(content)
+        + pragma_re.findall(content)
+        + xml_re.findall(content)
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_content_type_header(header):
+    """Returns content type and parameters from given header
+
+    :param header: string
+    :return: tuple containing content type and dictionary of
+         parameters
+    """
+
+    tokens = header.split(";")
+    content_type, params = tokens[0].strip(), tokens[1:]
+    params_dict = {}
+    items_to_strip = "\"' "
+
+    for param in params:
+        param = param.strip()
+        if param:
+            key, value = param, True
+            index_of_equals = param.find("=")
+            if index_of_equals != -1:
+                key = param[:index_of_equals].strip(items_to_strip)
+                value = param[index_of_equals + 1 :].strip(items_to_strip)
+            params_dict[key.lower()] = value
+    return content_type, params_dict
+
+
+def get_encoding_from_headers(headers):
+    """Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict.
+
+    :param headers: dictionary to extract encoding from.
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+
+    content_type = headers.get("content-type")
+
+    if not content_type:
+        return None
+
+    content_type, params = _parse_content_type_header(content_type)
+
+    if "charset" in params:
+        return params["charset"].strip("'\"")
+
+    if "text" in content_type:
+        return "ISO-8859-1"
+
+    if "application/json" in content_type:
+        # Assume UTF-8 based on RFC 4627: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627.txt since the charset was unset
+        return "utf-8"
+
+
+def stream_decode_response_unicode(iterator, r):
+    """Stream decodes an iterator."""
+
+    if r.encoding is None:
+        yield from iterator
+        return
+
+    decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(r.encoding)(errors="replace")
+    for chunk in iterator:
+        rv = decoder.decode(chunk)
+        if rv:
+            yield rv
+    rv = decoder.decode(b"", final=True)
+    if rv:
+        yield rv
+
+
+def iter_slices(string, slice_length):
+    """Iterate over slices of a string."""
+    pos = 0
+    if slice_length is None or slice_length <= 0:
+        slice_length = len(string)
+    while pos < len(string):
+        yield string[pos : pos + slice_length]
+        pos += slice_length
+
+
+def get_unicode_from_response(r):
+    """Returns the requested content back in unicode.
+
+    :param r: Response object to get unicode content from.
+
+    Tried:
+
+    1. charset from content-type
+    2. fall back and replace all unicode characters
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "In requests 3.0, get_unicode_from_response will be removed. For "
+            "more information, please see the discussion on issue #2266. (This"
+            " warning should only appear once.)"
+        ),
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+
+    tried_encodings = []
+
+    # Try charset from content-type
+    encoding = get_encoding_from_headers(r.headers)
+
+    if encoding:
+        try:
+            return str(r.content, encoding)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            tried_encodings.append(encoding)
+
+    # Fall back:
+    try:
+        return str(r.content, encoding, errors="replace")
+    except TypeError:
+        return r.content
+
+
+# The unreserved URI characters (RFC 3986)
+UNRESERVED_SET = frozenset(
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" + "0123456789-._~"
+)
+
+
+def unquote_unreserved(uri):
+    """Un-escape any percent-escape sequences in a URI that are unreserved
+    characters. This leaves all reserved, illegal and non-ASCII bytes encoded.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    parts = uri.split("%")
+    for i in range(1, len(parts)):
+        h = parts[i][0:2]
+        if len(h) == 2 and h.isalnum():
+            try:
+                c = chr(int(h, 16))
+            except ValueError:
+                raise InvalidURL(f"Invalid percent-escape sequence: '{h}'")
+
+            if c in UNRESERVED_SET:
+                parts[i] = c + parts[i][2:]
+            else:
+                parts[i] = f"%{parts[i]}"
+        else:
+            parts[i] = f"%{parts[i]}"
+    return "".join(parts)
+
+
+def requote_uri(uri):
+    """Re-quote the given URI.
+
+    This function passes the given URI through an unquote/quote cycle to
+    ensure that it is fully and consistently quoted.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    safe_with_percent = "!#$%&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    safe_without_percent = "!#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[]~"
+    try:
+        # Unquote only the unreserved characters
+        # Then quote only illegal characters (do not quote reserved,
+        # unreserved, or '%')
+        return quote(unquote_unreserved(uri), safe=safe_with_percent)
+    except InvalidURL:
+        # We couldn't unquote the given URI, so let's try quoting it, but
+        # there may be unquoted '%'s in the URI. We need to make sure they're
+        # properly quoted so they do not cause issues elsewhere.
+        return quote(uri, safe=safe_without_percent)
+
+
+def address_in_network(ip, net):
+    """This function allows you to check if an IP belongs to a network subnet
+
+    Example: returns True if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.1.0/24
+             returns False if ip = 192.168.1.1 and net = 192.168.100.0/24
+
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    ipaddr = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(ip))[0]
+    netaddr, bits = net.split("/")
+    netmask = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(dotted_netmask(int(bits))))[0]
+    network = struct.unpack("=L", socket.inet_aton(netaddr))[0] & netmask
+    return (ipaddr & netmask) == (network & netmask)
+
+
+def dotted_netmask(mask):
+    """Converts mask from /xx format to xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
+
+    Example: if mask is 24 function returns 255.255.255.0
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    bits = 0xFFFFFFFF ^ (1 << 32 - mask) - 1
+    return socket.inet_ntoa(struct.pack(">I", bits))
+
+
+def is_ipv4_address(string_ip):
+    """
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    try:
+        socket.inet_aton(string_ip)
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def is_valid_cidr(string_network):
+    """
+    Very simple check of the cidr format in no_proxy variable.
+
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    if string_network.count("/") == 1:
+        try:
+            mask = int(string_network.split("/")[1])
+        except ValueError:
+            return False
+
+        if mask < 1 or mask > 32:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            socket.inet_aton(string_network.split("/")[0])
+        except OSError:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def set_environ(env_name, value):
+    """Set the environment variable 'env_name' to 'value'
+
+    Save previous value, yield, and then restore the previous value stored in
+    the environment variable 'env_name'.
+
+    If 'value' is None, do nothing"""
+    value_changed = value is not None
+    if value_changed:
+        old_value = os.environ.get(env_name)
+        os.environ[env_name] = value
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        if value_changed:
+            if old_value is None:
+                del os.environ[env_name]
+            else:
+                os.environ[env_name] = old_value
+
+
+def should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy):
+    """
+    Returns whether we should bypass proxies or not.
+
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+
+    # Prioritize lowercase environment variables over uppercase
+    # to keep a consistent behaviour with other http projects (curl, wget).
+    def get_proxy(key):
+        return os.environ.get(key) or os.environ.get(key.upper())
+
+    # First check whether no_proxy is defined. If it is, check that the URL
+    # we're getting isn't in the no_proxy list.
+    no_proxy_arg = no_proxy
+    if no_proxy is None:
+        no_proxy = get_proxy("no_proxy")
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+    if parsed.hostname is None:
+        # URLs don't always have hostnames, e.g. file:/// urls.
+        return True
+
+    if no_proxy:
+        # We need to check whether we match here. We need to see if we match
+        # the end of the hostname, both with and without the port.
+        no_proxy = (host for host in no_proxy.replace(" ", "").split(",") if host)
+
+        if is_ipv4_address(parsed.hostname):
+            for proxy_ip in no_proxy:
+                if is_valid_cidr(proxy_ip):
+                    if address_in_network(parsed.hostname, proxy_ip):
+                        return True
+                elif parsed.hostname == proxy_ip:
+                    # If no_proxy ip was defined in plain IP notation instead of cidr notation &
+                    # matches the IP of the index
+                    return True
+        else:
+            host_with_port = parsed.hostname
+            if parsed.port:
+                host_with_port += f":{parsed.port}"
+
+            for host in no_proxy:
+                if parsed.hostname.endswith(host) or host_with_port.endswith(host):
+                    # The URL does match something in no_proxy, so we don't want
+                    # to apply the proxies on this URL.
+                    return True
+
+    with set_environ("no_proxy", no_proxy_arg):
+        # parsed.hostname can be `None` in cases such as a file URI.
+        try:
+            bypass = proxy_bypass(parsed.hostname)
+        except (TypeError, socket.gaierror):
+            bypass = False
+
+    if bypass:
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=None):
+    """
+    Return a dict of environment proxies.
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    if should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy):
+        return {}
+    else:
+        return getproxies()
+
+
+def select_proxy(url, proxies):
+    """Select a proxy for the url, if applicable.
+
+    :param url: The url being for the request
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    """
+    proxies = proxies or {}
+    urlparts = urlparse(url)
+    if urlparts.hostname is None:
+        return proxies.get(urlparts.scheme, proxies.get("all"))
+
+    proxy_keys = [
+        urlparts.scheme + "://" + urlparts.hostname,
+        urlparts.scheme,
+        "all://" + urlparts.hostname,
+        "all",
+    ]
+    proxy = None
+    for proxy_key in proxy_keys:
+        if proxy_key in proxies:
+            proxy = proxies[proxy_key]
+            break
+
+    return proxy
+
+
+def resolve_proxies(request, proxies, trust_env=True):
+    """This method takes proxy information from a request and configuration
+    input to resolve a mapping of target proxies. This will consider settings
+    such as NO_PROXY to strip proxy configurations.
+
+    :param request: Request or PreparedRequest
+    :param proxies: A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs
+    :param trust_env: Boolean declaring whether to trust environment configs
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+    proxies = proxies if proxies is not None else {}
+    url = request.url
+    scheme = urlparse(url).scheme
+    no_proxy = proxies.get("no_proxy")
+    new_proxies = proxies.copy()
+
+    if trust_env and not should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy):
+        environ_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)
+
+        proxy = environ_proxies.get(scheme, environ_proxies.get("all"))
+
+        if proxy:
+            new_proxies.setdefault(scheme, proxy)
+    return new_proxies
+
+
+def default_user_agent(name="python-requests"):
+    """
+    Return a string representing the default user agent.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    return f"{name}/{__version__}"
+
+
+def default_headers():
+    """
+    :rtype: requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict
+    """
+    return CaseInsensitiveDict(
+        {
+            "User-Agent": default_user_agent(),
+            "Accept-Encoding": DEFAULT_ACCEPT_ENCODING,
+            "Accept": "*/*",
+            "Connection": "keep-alive",
+        }
+    )
+
+
+def parse_header_links(value):
+    """Return a list of parsed link headers proxies.
+
+    i.e. Link: <http:/.../front.jpeg>; rel=front; type="image/jpeg",<http://.../back.jpeg>; rel=back;type="image/jpeg"
+
+    :rtype: list
+    """
+
+    links = []
+
+    replace_chars = " '\""
+
+    value = value.strip(replace_chars)
+    if not value:
+        return links
+
+    for val in re.split(", *<", value):
+        try:
+            url, params = val.split(";", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            url, params = val, ""
+
+        link = {"url": url.strip("<> '\"")}
+
+        for param in params.split(";"):
+            try:
+                key, value = param.split("=")
+            except ValueError:
+                break
+
+            link[key.strip(replace_chars)] = value.strip(replace_chars)
+
+        links.append(link)
+
+    return links
+
+
+# Null bytes; no need to recreate these on each call to guess_json_utf
+_null = "\x00".encode("ascii")  # encoding to ASCII for Python 3
+_null2 = _null * 2
+_null3 = _null * 3
+
+
+def guess_json_utf(data):
+    """
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    # JSON always starts with two ASCII characters, so detection is as
+    # easy as counting the nulls and from their location and count
+    # determine the encoding. Also detect a BOM, if present.
+    sample = data[:4]
+    if sample in (codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE):
+        return "utf-32"  # BOM included
+    if sample[:3] == codecs.BOM_UTF8:
+        return "utf-8-sig"  # BOM included, MS style (discouraged)
+    if sample[:2] in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+        return "utf-16"  # BOM included
+    nullcount = sample.count(_null)
+    if nullcount == 0:
+        return "utf-8"
+    if nullcount == 2:
+        if sample[::2] == _null2:  # 1st and 3rd are null
+            return "utf-16-be"
+        if sample[1::2] == _null2:  # 2nd and 4th are null
+            return "utf-16-le"
+        # Did not detect 2 valid UTF-16 ascii-range characters
+    if nullcount == 3:
+        if sample[:3] == _null3:
+            return "utf-32-be"
+        if sample[1:] == _null3:
+            return "utf-32-le"
+        # Did not detect a valid UTF-32 ascii-range character
+    return None
+
+
+def prepend_scheme_if_needed(url, new_scheme):
+    """Given a URL that may or may not have a scheme, prepend the given scheme.
+    Does not replace a present scheme with the one provided as an argument.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    parsed = parse_url(url)
+    scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = parsed
+
+    # A defect in urlparse determines that there isn't a netloc present in some
+    # urls. We previously assumed parsing was overly cautious, and swapped the
+    # netloc and path. Due to a lack of tests on the original defect, this is
+    # maintained with parse_url for backwards compatibility.
+    netloc = parsed.netloc
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    if auth:
+        # parse_url doesn't provide the netloc with auth
+        # so we'll add it ourselves.
+        netloc = "@".join([auth, netloc])
+    if scheme is None:
+        scheme = new_scheme
+    if path is None:
+        path = ""
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, "", query, fragment))
+
+
+def get_auth_from_url(url):
+    """Given a url with authentication components, extract them into a tuple of
+    username,password.
+
+    :rtype: (str,str)
+    """
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+
+    try:
+        auth = (unquote(parsed.username), unquote(parsed.password))
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        auth = ("", "")
+
+    return auth
+
+
+def check_header_validity(header):
+    """Verifies that header parts don't contain leading whitespace
+    reserved characters, or return characters.
+
+    :param header: tuple, in the format (name, value).
+    """
+    name, value = header
+    _validate_header_part(header, name, 0)
+    _validate_header_part(header, value, 1)
+
+
+def _validate_header_part(header, header_part, header_validator_index):
+    if isinstance(header_part, str):
+        validator = _HEADER_VALIDATORS_STR[header_validator_index]
+    elif isinstance(header_part, bytes):
+        validator = _HEADER_VALIDATORS_BYTE[header_validator_index]
+    else:
+        raise InvalidHeader(
+            f"Header part ({header_part!r}) from {header} "
+            f"must be of type str or bytes, not {type(header_part)}"
+        )
+
+    if not validator.match(header_part):
+        header_kind = "name" if header_validator_index == 0 else "value"
+        raise InvalidHeader(
+            f"Invalid leading whitespace, reserved character(s), or return "
+            f"character(s) in header {header_kind}: {header_part!r}"
+        )
+
+
+def urldefragauth(url):
+    """
+    Given a url remove the fragment and the authentication part.
+
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse(url)
+
+    # see func:`prepend_scheme_if_needed`
+    if not netloc:
+        netloc, path = path, netloc
+
+    netloc = netloc.rsplit("@", 1)[-1]
+
+    return urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, ""))
+
+
+def rewind_body(prepared_request):
+    """Move file pointer back to its recorded starting position
+    so it can be read again on redirect.
+    """
+    body_seek = getattr(prepared_request.body, "seek", None)
+    if body_seek is not None and isinstance(
+        prepared_request._body_position, integer_types
+    ):
+        try:
+            body_seek(prepared_request._body_position)
+        except OSError:
+            raise UnrewindableBodyError(
+                "An error occurred when rewinding request body for redirect."
+            )
+    else:
+        raise UnrewindableBodyError("Unable to rewind request body for redirect.")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/AUTHORS.rst b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/AUTHORS.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f036a44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/AUTHORS.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+Requests-toolbelt is written and maintained by Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield and
+various contributors:
+
+Development Lead
+````````````````
+
+- Ian Cordasco
+
+- Cory Benfield
+
+
+Requests
+````````
+
+- Kenneth Reitz <me@kennethreitz.com> and various contributors
+
+
+Urllib3
+```````
+
+- Andrey Petrov <andrey.petrov@shazow.net>
+
+
+Patches and Suggestions
+```````````````````````
+
+- Jay De Lanoy <jay@delanoy.co>
+
+- Zhaoyu Luo <luozhaoyu90@gmail.com>
+
+- Markus Unterwaditzer <markus@unterwaditzer.net>
+
+- Bryce Boe <bbzbryce@gmail.com> (@bboe)
+
+- Dan Lipsitt (https://github.com/DanLipsitt)
+
+- Cea Stapleton (http://www.ceastapleton.com)
+
+- Patrick Creech <pcreech@redhat.com>
+
+- Mike Lambert (@mikelambert)
+
+- Ryan Barrett (https://snarfed.org/)
+
+- Victor Grau Serrat (@lacabra)
+
+- Yorgos Pagles <yorgos@pagles.org>
+
+- Thomas Hauk <thauk@copperleaf.com>
+
+- Achim Herwig <python@wodca.de>
+
+- Ryan Ashley <rashley-iqt>
+
+- Sam Bull (@greatestape)
+
+- Florence Blanc-Renaud <flo@redhat.com> (@flo-renaud)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0bc71d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+Copyright 2014 Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06ab6baa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: requests-toolbelt
+Version: 1.0.0
+Summary: A utility belt for advanced users of python-requests
+Home-page: https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/
+Author: Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield
+Author-email: graffatcolmingov@gmail.com
+License: Apache 2.0
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/blob/master/HISTORY.rst
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/requests/toolbelt
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Requires-Python: >=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+License-File: LICENSE
+License-File: AUTHORS.rst
+Requires-Dist: requests (<3.0.0,>=2.0.1)
+
+The Requests Toolbelt
+=====================
+
+This is just a collection of utilities for `python-requests`_, but don't
+really belong in ``requests`` proper. The minimum tested requests version is
+``2.1.0``. In reality, the toolbelt should work with ``2.0.1`` as well, but
+some idiosyncracies prevent effective or sane testing on that version.
+
+``pip install requests-toolbelt`` to get started!
+
+
+multipart/form-data Encoder
+---------------------------
+
+The main attraction is a streaming multipart form-data object, ``MultipartEncoder``.
+Its API looks like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoder
+    import requests
+
+    m = MultipartEncoder(
+        fields={'field0': 'value', 'field1': 'value',
+                'field2': ('filename', open('file.py', 'rb'), 'text/plain')}
+        )
+
+    r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=m,
+                      headers={'Content-Type': m.content_type})
+
+
+You can also use ``multipart/form-data`` encoding for requests that don't
+require files:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoder
+    import requests
+
+    m = MultipartEncoder(fields={'field0': 'value', 'field1': 'value'})
+
+    r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=m,
+                      headers={'Content-Type': m.content_type})
+
+
+Or, you can just create the string and examine the data:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    # Assuming `m` is one of the above
+    m.to_string()  # Always returns unicode
+
+
+User-Agent constructor
+----------------------
+
+You can easily construct a requests-style ``User-Agent`` string::
+
+    from requests_toolbelt import user_agent
+
+    headers = {
+        'User-Agent': user_agent('my_package', '0.0.1')
+        }
+
+    r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/users', headers=headers)
+
+
+SSLAdapter
+----------
+
+The ``SSLAdapter`` was originally published on `Cory Benfield's blog`_.
+This adapter allows the user to choose one of the SSL protocols made available
+in Python's ``ssl`` module for outgoing HTTPS connections:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from requests_toolbelt import SSLAdapter
+    import requests
+    import ssl
+
+    s = requests.Session()
+    s.mount('https://', SSLAdapter(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1))
+
+cookies/ForgetfulCookieJar
+--------------------------
+
+The ``ForgetfulCookieJar`` prevents a particular requests session from storing
+cookies:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from requests_toolbelt.cookies.forgetful import ForgetfulCookieJar
+
+    session = requests.Session()
+    session.cookies = ForgetfulCookieJar()
+
+Contributing
+------------
+
+Please read the `suggested workflow
+<https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing.html>`_ for
+contributing to this project.
+
+Please report any bugs on the `issue tracker`_
+
+.. _Cory Benfield's blog: https://lukasa.co.uk/2013/01/Choosing_SSL_Version_In_Requests/
+.. _python-requests: https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests
+.. _issue tracker: https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues
+
+
+History
+=======
+
+1.0.0 -- 2023-05-01
+-------------------
+
+Breaking Changes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Removed Google App Engine support to allow using urllib3 2.0
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Ensured the test suite no longer reaches the Internet
+
+Miscellaneous
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Added explicit support for Python 3.11
+
+0.10.1 -- 2022-10-25
+--------------------
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Fix urllib3 warning to only emit on X509Adapter usage
+
+0.10.0 -- 2022-10-06
+--------------------
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Add support for preparing requests in BaseUrlSession
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Fixing missing newline in dump utility
+
+0.9.1 -- 2019-01-29
+-------------------
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Fix import of pyOpenSSL shim from urllib3 for PKCS12 adapter
+
+0.9.0 -- 2019-01-29
+-------------------
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Add X509 Adapter that can handle PKCS12
+- Add stateless solution for streaming files by MultipartEncoder from one host to another (in chunks)
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Update link to example
+- Move import of ``ABCs`` from collections into version-specific part of
+  _compat module
+- Fix backwards incompatibility in ``get_encodings_from_content``
+- Correct callback documentation for ``MultipartEncoderMonitor``
+- Fix bug when ``MultipartEncoder`` is asked to encode zero parts
+- Correct the type of non string request body dumps
+- Removed content from being stored in MultipartDecoder
+- Fix bug by enabling support for contenttype with capital letters.
+- Coerce proxy URL to bytes before dumping request
+- Avoid bailing out with exception upon empty response reason
+- Corrected Pool documentation
+- Corrected parentheses match in example usage
+- Fix "oject" to "object" in ``MultipartEncoder``
+- Fix URL for the project after the move
+- Add fix for OSX TCPKeepAliveAdapter
+
+Miscellaneous
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Remove py33 from testing and add Python 3.6 and nightly testing to the travis matrix.
+
+0.8.0 -- 2017-05-20
+-------------------
+
+More information about this release can be found on the `0.8.0 milestone`_.
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Add ``UserAgentBuilder`` to provide more control over generated User-Agent
+  strings.
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Include ``_validate_certificate`` in the lits of picked attributes on the
+  ``AppEngineAdapter``.
+- Fix backwards incompatibility in ``get_encodings_from_content``
+
+.. _0.8.0 milestone:
+    https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.8.0
+
+0.7.1 -- 2017-02-13
+-------------------
+
+More information about this release can be found on the `0.7.1 milestone`_.
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Fixed monkey-patching for the AppEngineAdapter.
+
+- Make it easier to disable certificate verification when monkey-patching
+  AppEngine.
+
+- Handle ``multipart/form-data`` bodies without a trailing ``CRLF``.
+
+
+.. links
+.. _0.7.1 milestone:
+    https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestone/9
+
+0.7.0 -- 2016-07-21
+-------------------
+
+More information about this release can be found on the `0.7.0 milestone`_.
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Add ``BaseUrlSession`` to allow developers to have a session that has a
+  "Base" URL. See the documentation for more details and examples.
+
+- Split the logic of ``stream_response_to_file`` into two separate functions:
+
+  * ``get_download_file_path`` to generate the file name from the Response.
+
+  * ``stream_response_to_file`` which will use ``get_download_file_path`` if
+    necessary
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Fixed the issue for people using *very* old versions of Requests where they
+  would see an ImportError from ``requests_toolbelt._compat`` when trying to
+  import ``connection``.
+
+
+.. _0.7.0 milestone:
+    https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.7.0
+
+0.6.2 -- 2016-05-10
+-------------------
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- When passing a timeout via Requests, it was not appropriately translated to
+  the timeout that the urllib3 code was expecting.
+
+0.6.1 -- 2016-05-05
+-------------------
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Remove assertion about request URLs in the AppEngineAdapter.
+
+- Prevent pip from installing requests 3.0.0 when that is released until we
+  are ready to handle it.
+
+0.6.0 -- 2016-01-27
+-------------------
+
+More information about this release can be found on the `0.6.0 milestone`_.
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Add ``AppEngineAdapter`` to support developers using Google's AppEngine
+  platform with Requests.
+
+- Add ``GuessProxyAuth`` class to support guessing between Basic and Digest
+  Authentication for proxies.
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Ensure that proxies use the correct TLS version when using the
+  ``SSLAdapter``.
+
+- Fix an ``AttributeError`` when using the ``HTTPProxyDigestAuth`` class.
+
+Miscellaneous
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Drop testing support for Python 3.2. virtualenv and pip have stopped
+  supporting it meaning that it is harder to test for this with our CI
+  infrastructure. Moving forward we will make a best-effort attempt to
+  support 3.2 but will not test for it.
+
+
+.. _0.6.0 milestone:
+    https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.6.0
+
+0.5.1 -- 2015-12-16
+-------------------
+
+More information about this release can be found on the `0.5.1 milestone`_.
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Now papers over the differences in requests' ``super_len`` function from
+  versions prior to 2.9.0 and versions 2.9.0 and later.
+
+
+.. _0.5.1 milestone:
+    https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/milestones/0.5.1
+
+0.5.0 -- 2015-11-24
+-------------------
+
+More information about this release can be found on the `milestone
+<https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=is%3Aall+milestone%3A0.5+>`_
+for 0.5.0.
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- The ``tee`` submodule was added to ``requests_toolbelt.downloadutils``. It
+  allows you to iterate over the bytes of a response while also writing them
+  to a file. The ``tee.tee`` function, expects you to pass an open file
+  object, while ``tee.tee_to_file`` will use the provided file name to open
+  the file for you.
+
+- Added a new parameter to ``requests_toolbelt.utils.user_agent`` that allows
+  the user to specify additional items.
+
+- Added nested form-data helper,
+  ``requests_toolbelt.utils.formdata.urlencode``.
+
+- Added the ``ForgetfulCookieJar`` to ``requests_toolbelt.cookies``.
+
+- Added utilities for dumping the information about a request-response cycle
+  in ``requests_toolbelt.utils.dump``.
+
+- Implemented the API described in the ``requests_toolbelt.threaded`` module
+  docstring, i.e., added ``requests_toolbelt.threaded.map`` as an available
+  function.
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Now papers over the API differences in versions of requests installed from
+  system packages versus versions of requests installed from PyPI.
+
+- Allow string types for ``SourceAddressAdapter``.
+
+0.4.0 -- 2015-04-03
+-------------------
+
+For more information about this release, please see `milestone 0.4.0
+<https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues?q=milestone%3A0.4>`_
+on the project's page.
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- A naive implemenation of a thread pool is now included in the toolbelt. See
+  the docs in ``docs/threading.rst`` or on `Read The Docs
+  <https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/>`_.
+
+- The ``StreamingIterator`` now accepts files (such as ``sys.stdin``) without
+  a specific length and will properly stream them.
+
+- The ``MultipartEncoder`` now accepts exactly the same format of fields as
+  requests' ``files`` parameter does. In other words, you can now also pass in
+  extra headers to add to a part in the body. You can also now specify a
+  custom ``Content-Type`` for a part.
+
+- An implementation of HTTP Digest Authentication for Proxies is now included.
+
+- A transport adapter that allows a user to specify a specific Certificate
+  Fingerprint is now included in the toolbelt.
+
+- A transport adapter that simplifies how users specify socket options is now
+  included.
+
+- A transport adapter that simplifies how users can specify TCP Keep-Alive
+  options is now included in the toolbelt.
+
+- Deprecated functions from ``requests.utils`` are now included and
+  maintained.
+
+- An authentication tool that allows users to specify how to authenticate to
+  several different domains at once is now included.
+
+- A function to save streamed responses to disk by analyzing the
+  ``Content-Disposition`` header is now included in the toolbelt.
+
+Fixed Bugs
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- The ``MultipartEncoder`` will now allow users to upload files larger than
+  4GB on 32-bit systems.
+
+- The ``MultipartEncoder`` will now accept empty unicode strings for form
+  values.
+
+0.3.1 -- 2014-06-23
+-------------------
+
+- Fix the fact that 0.3.0 bundle did not include the ``StreamingIterator``
+
+0.3.0 -- 2014-05-21
+-------------------
+
+Bug Fixes
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+- Complete rewrite of ``MultipartEncoder`` fixes bug where bytes were lost in
+  uploads
+
+New Features
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- ``MultipartDecoder`` to accept ``multipart/form-data`` response bodies and
+  parse them into an easy to use object.
+
+- ``SourceAddressAdapter`` to allow users to choose a local address to bind
+  connections to.
+
+- ``GuessAuth`` which accepts a username and password and uses the
+  ``WWW-Authenticate`` header to determine how to authenticate against a
+  server.
+
+- ``MultipartEncoderMonitor`` wraps an instance of the ``MultipartEncoder``
+  and keeps track of how many bytes were read and will call the provided
+  callback.
+
+- ``StreamingIterator`` will wrap an iterator and stream the upload instead of
+  chunk it, provided you also provide the length of the content you wish to
+  upload.
+
+0.2.0 -- 2014-02-24
+-------------------
+
+- Add ability to tell ``MultipartEncoder`` which encoding to use. By default
+  it uses 'utf-8'.
+
+- Fix #10 - allow users to install with pip
+
+- Fix #9 - Fix ``MultipartEncoder#to_string`` so that it properly handles file
+  objects as fields
+
+0.1.2 -- 2014-01-19
+-------------------
+
+- At some point during development we broke how we handle normal file objects.
+  Thanks to @konomae this is now fixed.
+
+0.1.1 -- 2014-01-19
+-------------------
+
+- Handle ``io.BytesIO``-like objects better
+
+0.1.0 -- 2014-01-18
+-------------------
+
+- Add initial implementation of the streaming ``MultipartEncoder``
+
+- Add initial implementation of the ``user_agent`` function
+
+- Add the ``SSLAdapter``
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+requests_toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py,sha256=iyeEadoOTsWMANRh2XzhDnwnUyX8K6BT9yZAfVTiwh0,4524
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f771c29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.40.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py2-none-any
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..976bdfe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt-1.0.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+requests_toolbelt
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9290cfa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+requests-toolbelt
+=================
+
+See https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/ for documentation
+
+:copyright: (c) 2014 by Ian Cordasco and Cory Benfield
+:license: Apache v2.0, see LICENSE for more details
+"""
+
+from .adapters import SSLAdapter, SourceAddressAdapter
+from .auth.guess import GuessAuth
+from .multipart import (
+    MultipartEncoder, MultipartEncoderMonitor, MultipartDecoder,
+    ImproperBodyPartContentException, NonMultipartContentTypeException
+    )
+from .streaming_iterator import StreamingIterator
+from .utils.user_agent import user_agent
+
+__title__ = 'requests-toolbelt'
+__authors__ = 'Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
+__license__ = 'Apache v2.0'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2014 Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
+__version__ = '1.0.0'
+__version_info__ = tuple(int(i) for i in __version__.split('.'))
+
+__all__ = [
+    'GuessAuth', 'MultipartEncoder', 'MultipartEncoderMonitor',
+    'MultipartDecoder', 'SSLAdapter', 'SourceAddressAdapter',
+    'StreamingIterator', 'user_agent', 'ImproperBodyPartContentException',
+    'NonMultipartContentTypeException', '__title__', '__authors__',
+    '__license__', '__copyright__', '__version__', '__version_info__',
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/_compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0617a289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+"""Private module full of compatibility hacks.
+
+Primarily this is for downstream redistributions of requests that unvendor
+urllib3 without providing a shim.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    This module is private. If you use it, and something breaks, you were
+    warned
+"""
+import sys
+
+import requests
+
+try:
+    from requests.packages.urllib3 import fields
+    from requests.packages.urllib3 import filepost
+    from requests.packages.urllib3 import poolmanager
+except ImportError:
+    from urllib3 import fields
+    from urllib3 import filepost
+    from urllib3 import poolmanager
+
+try:
+    from requests.packages.urllib3.connection import HTTPConnection
+    from requests.packages.urllib3 import connection
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from urllib3.connection import HTTPConnection
+        from urllib3 import connection
+    except ImportError:
+        HTTPConnection = None
+        connection = None
+
+
+if requests.__build__ < 0x020300:
+    timeout = None
+else:
+    try:
+        from requests.packages.urllib3.util import timeout
+    except ImportError:
+        from urllib3.util import timeout
+
+PY3 = sys.version_info > (3, 0)
+
+if PY3:
+    from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
+    import queue
+    from urllib.parse import urlencode, urljoin
+else:
+    from collections import Mapping, MutableMapping
+    import Queue as queue
+    from urllib import urlencode
+    from urlparse import urljoin
+
+try:
+    basestring = basestring
+except NameError:
+    basestring = (str, bytes)
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(MutableMapping):
+    """
+    :param headers:
+        An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
+        when compared case-insensitively.
+
+    :param kwargs:
+        Additional field-value pairs to pass in to ``dict.update``.
+
+    A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
+
+    Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    case-insensitive pair.
+
+    Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
+    case-insensitively in order to maintain ``dict``'s api. For fields that
+    compare equal, instead create a new ``HTTPHeaderDict`` and use ``.add``
+    in a loop.
+
+    If multiple fields that are equal case-insensitively are passed to the
+    constructor or ``.update``, the behavior is undefined and some will be
+    lost.
+
+    >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
+    >>> headers.add('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar')
+    >>> headers.add('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')
+    >>> headers['content-length'] = '7'
+    >>> headers['SET-cookie']
+    'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
+    >>> headers['Content-Length']
+    '7'
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, headers=None, **kwargs):
+        super(HTTPHeaderDict, self).__init__()
+        self._container = {}
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+        self._container[key.lower()] = (key, val)
+        return self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        val = self._container[key.lower()]
+        return ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key):
+        return key.lower() in self._container
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Mapping) and not hasattr(other, 'keys'):
+            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, type(self)):
+            other = type(self)(other)
+        return ({k.lower(): v for k, v in self.itermerged()} ==
+                {k.lower(): v for k, v in other.itermerged()})
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    if not PY3:  # Python 2
+        iterkeys = MutableMapping.iterkeys
+        itervalues = MutableMapping.itervalues
+
+    __marker = object()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        # Only provide the originally cased names
+        for vals in self._container.values():
+            yield vals[0]
+
+    def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
+        """D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return its value.
+
+        If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is
+        raised.
+        """
+        # Using the MutableMapping function directly fails due to the private
+        # marker.
+        # Using ordinary dict.pop would expose the internal structures.
+        # So let's reinvent the wheel.
+        try:
+            value = self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is self.__marker:
+                raise
+            return default
+        else:
+            del self[key]
+            return value
+
+    def discard(self, key):
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key, val):
+        """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
+        exists.
+
+        >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict(foo='bar')
+        >>> headers.add('Foo', 'baz')
+        >>> headers['foo']
+        'bar, baz'
+        """
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = key, val
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = self._container.setdefault(key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            # new_vals was not inserted, as there was a previous one
+            if isinstance(vals, list):
+                # If already several items got inserted, we have a list
+                vals.append(val)
+            else:
+                # vals should be a tuple then, i.e. only one item so far
+                # Need to convert the tuple to list for further extension
+                self._container[key_lower] = [vals[0], vals[1], val]
+
+    def extend(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError("extend() takes at most 1 positional "
+                            "arguments ({} given)".format(len(args)))
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, Mapping):
+            for key in other:
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+        else:
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    def getlist(self, key):
+        """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
+        empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
+        try:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            return []
+        else:
+            if isinstance(vals, tuple):
+                return [vals[1]]
+            else:
+                return vals[1:]
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (type(self).__name__, dict(self.itermerged()))
+
+    def _copy_from(self, other):
+        for key in other:
+            val = other.getlist(key)
+            if isinstance(val, list):
+                # Don't need to convert tuples
+                val = list(val)
+            self._container[key.lower()] = [key] + val
+
+    def copy(self):
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self):
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self):
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = self._container[key.lower()]
+            yield val[0], ', '.join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self):
+        return list(self.iteritems())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_httplib(cls, message):  # Python 2
+        """Read headers from a Python 2 httplib message object."""
+        # python2.7 does not expose a proper API for exporting multiheaders
+        # efficiently. This function re-reads raw lines from the message
+        # object and extracts the multiheaders properly.
+        headers = []
+
+        for line in message.headers:
+            if line.startswith((' ', '\t')):
+                key, value = headers[-1]
+                headers[-1] = (key, value + '\r\n' + line.rstrip())
+                continue
+
+            key, value = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers.append((key, value.strip()))
+
+        return cls(headers)
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    'basestring',
+    'connection',
+    'fields',
+    'filepost',
+    'poolmanager',
+    'timeout',
+    'HTTPHeaderDict',
+    'queue',
+    'urlencode',
+    'urljoin',
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7195f43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+requests-toolbelt.adapters
+==========================
+
+See https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/ for documentation
+
+:copyright: (c) 2014 by Ian Cordasco and Cory Benfield
+:license: Apache v2.0, see LICENSE for more details
+"""
+
+from .ssl import SSLAdapter
+from .source import SourceAddressAdapter
+
+__all__ = ['SSLAdapter', 'SourceAddressAdapter']
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/appengine.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/appengine.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25a70a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/appengine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""The App Engine Transport Adapter for requests.
+
+.. versionadded:: 0.6.0
+
+This requires a version of requests >= 2.10.0 and Python 2.
+
+There are two ways to use this library:
+
+#. If you're using requests directly, you can use code like:
+
+   .. code-block:: python
+
+       >>> import requests
+       >>> import ssl
+       >>> import requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.appengine as ul_appengine
+       >>> from requests_toolbelt.adapters import appengine
+       >>> s = requests.Session()
+       >>> if ul_appengine.is_appengine_sandbox():
+       ...    s.mount('http://', appengine.AppEngineAdapter())
+       ...    s.mount('https://', appengine.AppEngineAdapter())
+
+#. If you depend on external libraries which use requests, you can use code
+   like:
+
+   .. code-block:: python
+
+       >>> from requests_toolbelt.adapters import appengine
+       >>> appengine.monkeypatch()
+
+which will ensure all requests.Session objects use AppEngineAdapter properly.
+
+You are also able to :ref:`disable certificate validation <insecure_appengine>`
+when monkey-patching.
+"""
+import requests
+import warnings
+from requests import adapters
+from requests import sessions
+
+from .. import exceptions as exc
+from .._compat import gaecontrib
+from .._compat import timeout
+
+
+class AppEngineMROHack(adapters.HTTPAdapter):
+    """Resolves infinite recursion when monkeypatching.
+
+    This works by injecting itself as the base class of both the
+    :class:`AppEngineAdapter` and Requests' default HTTPAdapter, which needs to
+    be done because default HTTPAdapter's MRO is recompiled when we
+    monkeypatch, at which point this class becomes HTTPAdapter's base class.
+    In addition, we use an instantiation flag to avoid infinite recursion.
+    """
+    _initialized = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not self._initialized:
+            self._initialized = True
+            super(AppEngineMROHack, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class AppEngineAdapter(AppEngineMROHack, adapters.HTTPAdapter):
+    """The transport adapter for Requests to use urllib3's GAE support.
+
+    Implements Requests's HTTPAdapter API.
+
+    When deploying to Google's App Engine service, some of Requests'
+    functionality is broken. There is underlying support for GAE in urllib3.
+    This functionality, however, is opt-in and needs to be enabled explicitly
+    for Requests to be able to use it.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = adapters.HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ['_validate_certificate']
+
+    def __init__(self, validate_certificate=True, *args, **kwargs):
+        _check_version()
+        self._validate_certificate = validate_certificate
+        super(AppEngineAdapter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=False):
+        self.poolmanager = _AppEnginePoolManager(self._validate_certificate)
+
+
+class InsecureAppEngineAdapter(AppEngineAdapter):
+    """An always-insecure GAE adapter for Requests.
+
+    This is a variant of the the transport adapter for Requests to use
+    urllib3's GAE support that does not validate certificates. Use with
+    caution!
+
+    .. note::
+        The ``validate_certificate`` keyword argument will not be honored here
+        and is not part of the signature because we always force it to
+        ``False``.
+
+    See :class:`AppEngineAdapter` for further details.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if kwargs.pop("validate_certificate", False):
+            warnings.warn("Certificate validation cannot be specified on the "
+                          "InsecureAppEngineAdapter, but was present. This "
+                          "will be ignored and certificate validation will "
+                          "remain off.", exc.IgnoringGAECertificateValidation)
+
+        super(InsecureAppEngineAdapter, self).__init__(
+            validate_certificate=False, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class _AppEnginePoolManager(object):
+    """Implements urllib3's PoolManager API expected by requests.
+
+    While a real PoolManager map hostnames to reusable Connections,
+    AppEngine has no concept of a reusable connection to a host.
+    So instead, this class constructs a small Connection per request,
+    that is returned to the Adapter and used to access the URL.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, validate_certificate=True):
+        self.appengine_manager = gaecontrib.AppEngineManager(
+            validate_certificate=validate_certificate)
+
+    def connection_from_url(self, url):
+        return _AppEngineConnection(self.appengine_manager, url)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        pass
+
+
+class _AppEngineConnection(object):
+    """Implements urllib3's HTTPConnectionPool API's urlopen().
+
+    This Connection's urlopen() is called with a host-relative path,
+    so in order to properly support opening the URL, we need to store
+    the full URL when this Connection is constructed from the PoolManager.
+
+    This code wraps AppEngineManager.urlopen(), which exposes a different
+    API than in the original urllib3 urlopen(), and thus needs this adapter.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, appengine_manager, url):
+        self.appengine_manager = appengine_manager
+        self.url = url
+
+    def urlopen(self, method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None,
+                redirect=True, assert_same_host=True,
+                timeout=timeout.Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, **response_kw):
+        # This function's url argument is a host-relative URL,
+        # but the AppEngineManager expects an absolute URL.
+        # So we saved out the self.url when the AppEngineConnection
+        # was constructed, which we then can use down below instead.
+
+        # We once tried to verify our assumptions here, but sometimes the
+        # passed-in URL differs on url fragments, or "http://a.com" vs "/".
+
+        # urllib3's App Engine adapter only uses Timeout.total, not read or
+        # connect.
+        if not timeout.total:
+            timeout.total = timeout._read or timeout._connect
+
+        # Jump through the hoops necessary to call AppEngineManager's API.
+        return self.appengine_manager.urlopen(
+            method,
+            self.url,
+            body=body,
+            headers=headers,
+            retries=retries,
+            redirect=redirect,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            **response_kw)
+
+
+def monkeypatch(validate_certificate=True):
+    """Sets up all Sessions to use AppEngineAdapter by default.
+
+    If you don't want to deal with configuring your own Sessions,
+    or if you use libraries that use requests directly (ie requests.post),
+    then you may prefer to monkeypatch and auto-configure all Sessions.
+
+    .. warning: :
+
+        If ``validate_certificate`` is ``False``, certification validation will
+        effectively be disabled for all requests.
+    """
+    _check_version()
+    # HACK: We should consider modifying urllib3 to support this cleanly,
+    # so that we can set a module-level variable in the sessions module,
+    # instead of overriding an imported HTTPAdapter as is done here.
+    adapter = AppEngineAdapter
+    if not validate_certificate:
+        adapter = InsecureAppEngineAdapter
+
+    sessions.HTTPAdapter = adapter
+    adapters.HTTPAdapter = adapter
+
+
+def _check_version():
+    if gaecontrib is None:
+        raise exc.VersionMismatchError(
+            "The toolbelt requires at least Requests 2.10.0 to be "
+            "installed. Version {} was found instead.".format(
+                requests.__version__
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/fingerprint.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/fingerprint.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6645d349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/fingerprint.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Submodule containing the implementation for the FingerprintAdapter.
+
+This file contains an implementation of a Transport Adapter that validates
+the fingerprints of SSL certificates presented upon connection.
+"""
+from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .._compat import poolmanager
+
+
+class FingerprintAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    """
+    A HTTPS Adapter for Python Requests that verifies certificate fingerprints,
+    instead of certificate hostnames.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        import ssl
+        from requests_toolbelt.adapters.fingerprint import FingerprintAdapter
+
+        twitter_fingerprint = '...'
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.mount(
+            'https://twitter.com',
+            FingerprintAdapter(twitter_fingerprint)
+        )
+
+    The fingerprint should be provided as a hexadecimal string, optionally
+    containing colons.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ['fingerprint']
+
+    def __init__(self, fingerprint, **kwargs):
+        self.fingerprint = fingerprint
+
+        super(FingerprintAdapter, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=False):
+        self.poolmanager = poolmanager.PoolManager(
+            num_pools=connections,
+            maxsize=maxsize,
+            block=block,
+            assert_fingerprint=self.fingerprint)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/host_header_ssl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/host_header_ssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f34ed1aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/host_header_ssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+requests_toolbelt.adapters.host_header_ssl
+==========================================
+
+This file contains an implementation of the HostHeaderSSLAdapter.
+"""
+
+from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+
+class HostHeaderSSLAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    """
+    A HTTPS Adapter for Python Requests that sets the hostname for certificate
+    verification based on the Host header.
+
+    This allows requesting the IP address directly via HTTPS without getting
+    a "hostname doesn't match" exception.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+        >>> s.mount('https://', HostHeaderSSLAdapter())
+        >>> s.get("https://93.184.216.34", headers={"Host": "example.org"})
+
+    """
+
+    def send(self, request, **kwargs):
+        # HTTP headers are case-insensitive (RFC 7230)
+        host_header = None
+        for header in request.headers:
+            if header.lower() == "host":
+                host_header = request.headers[header]
+                break
+
+        connection_pool_kwargs = self.poolmanager.connection_pool_kw
+
+        if host_header:
+            connection_pool_kwargs["assert_hostname"] = host_header
+        elif "assert_hostname" in connection_pool_kwargs:
+            # an assert_hostname from a previous request may have been left
+            connection_pool_kwargs.pop("assert_hostname", None)
+
+        return super(HostHeaderSSLAdapter, self).send(request, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/socket_options.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/socket_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86ebe136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/socket_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""The implementation of the SocketOptionsAdapter."""
+import socket
+import warnings
+import sys
+
+import requests
+from requests import adapters
+
+from .._compat import connection
+from .._compat import poolmanager
+from .. import exceptions as exc
+
+
+class SocketOptionsAdapter(adapters.HTTPAdapter):
+    """An adapter for requests that allows users to specify socket options.
+
+    Since version 2.4.0 of requests, it is possible to specify a custom list
+    of socket options that need to be set before establishing the connection.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        >>> import socket
+        >>> import requests
+        >>> from requests_toolbelt.adapters import socket_options
+        >>> s = requests.Session()
+        >>> opts = [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 0)]
+        >>> adapter = socket_options.SocketOptionsAdapter(socket_options=opts)
+        >>> s.mount('http://', adapter)
+
+    You can also take advantage of the list of default options on this class
+    to keep using the original options in addition to your custom options. In
+    that case, ``opts`` might look like::
+
+        >>> opts = socket_options.SocketOptionsAdapter.default_options + opts
+
+    """
+
+    if connection is not None:
+        default_options = getattr(
+            connection.HTTPConnection,
+            'default_socket_options',
+            [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]
+        )
+    else:
+        default_options = []
+        warnings.warn(exc.RequestsVersionTooOld,
+                      "This version of Requests is only compatible with a "
+                      "version of urllib3 which is too old to support "
+                      "setting options on a socket. This adapter is "
+                      "functionally useless.")
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        self.socket_options = kwargs.pop('socket_options',
+                                         self.default_options)
+
+        super(SocketOptionsAdapter, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=False):
+        if requests.__build__ >= 0x020400:
+            # NOTE(Ian): Perhaps we should raise a warning
+            self.poolmanager = poolmanager.PoolManager(
+                num_pools=connections,
+                maxsize=maxsize,
+                block=block,
+                socket_options=self.socket_options
+            )
+        else:
+            super(SocketOptionsAdapter, self).init_poolmanager(
+                connections, maxsize, block
+            )
+
+
+class TCPKeepAliveAdapter(SocketOptionsAdapter):
+    """An adapter for requests that turns on TCP Keep-Alive by default.
+
+    The adapter sets 4 socket options:
+
+    - ``SOL_SOCKET`` ``SO_KEEPALIVE`` - This turns on TCP Keep-Alive
+    - ``IPPROTO_TCP`` ``TCP_KEEPINTVL`` 20 - Sets the keep alive interval
+    - ``IPPROTO_TCP`` ``TCP_KEEPCNT`` 5 - Sets the number of keep alive probes
+    - ``IPPROTO_TCP`` ``TCP_KEEPIDLE`` 60 - Sets the keep alive time if the
+      socket library has the ``TCP_KEEPIDLE`` constant
+
+    The latter three can be overridden by keyword arguments (respectively):
+
+    - ``interval``
+    - ``count``
+    - ``idle``
+
+    You can use this adapter like so::
+
+       >>> from requests_toolbelt.adapters import socket_options
+       >>> tcp = socket_options.TCPKeepAliveAdapter(idle=120, interval=10)
+       >>> s = requests.Session()
+       >>> s.mount('http://', tcp)
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        socket_options = kwargs.pop('socket_options',
+                                    SocketOptionsAdapter.default_options)
+        idle = kwargs.pop('idle', 60)
+        interval = kwargs.pop('interval', 20)
+        count = kwargs.pop('count', 5)
+        socket_options = socket_options + [
+            (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
+        ]
+
+        # NOTE(Ian): OSX does not have these constants defined, so we
+        # set them conditionally.
+        if getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPINTVL', None) is not None:
+            socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPINTVL,
+                                interval)]
+        elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            # On OSX, TCP_KEEPALIVE from netinet/tcp.h is not exported
+            # by python's socket module
+            TCP_KEEPALIVE = getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPALIVE', 0x10)
+            socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPALIVE, interval)]
+
+        if getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPCNT', None) is not None:
+            socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPCNT, count)]
+
+        if getattr(socket, 'TCP_KEEPIDLE', None) is not None:
+            socket_options += [(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPIDLE, idle)]
+
+        super(TCPKeepAliveAdapter, self).__init__(
+            socket_options=socket_options, **kwargs
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/source.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/source.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3dda797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/source.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+requests_toolbelt.source_adapter
+================================
+
+This file contains an implementation of the SourceAddressAdapter originally
+demonstrated on the Requests GitHub page.
+"""
+from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .._compat import poolmanager, basestring
+
+
+class SourceAddressAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    """
+    A Source Address Adapter for Python Requests that enables you to choose the
+    local address to bind to. This allows you to send your HTTP requests from a
+    specific interface and IP address.
+
+    Two address formats are accepted. The first is a string: this will set the
+    local IP address to the address given in the string, and will also choose a
+    semi-random high port for the local port number.
+
+    The second is a two-tuple of the form (ip address, port): for example,
+    ``('10.10.10.10', 8999)``. This will set the local IP address to the first
+    element, and the local port to the second element. If ``0`` is used as the
+    port number, a semi-random high port will be selected.
+
+    .. warning:: Setting an explicit local port can have negative interactions
+                 with connection-pooling in Requests: in particular, it risks
+                 the possibility of getting "Address in use" errors. The
+                 string-only argument is generally preferred to the tuple-form.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.adapters.source import SourceAddressAdapter
+
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.mount('http://', SourceAddressAdapter('10.10.10.10'))
+        s.mount('https://', SourceAddressAdapter(('10.10.10.10', 8999)))
+    """
+    def __init__(self, source_address, **kwargs):
+        if isinstance(source_address, basestring):
+            self.source_address = (source_address, 0)
+        elif isinstance(source_address, tuple):
+            self.source_address = source_address
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "source_address must be IP address string or (ip, port) tuple"
+            )
+
+        super(SourceAddressAdapter, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=False):
+        self.poolmanager = poolmanager.PoolManager(
+            num_pools=connections,
+            maxsize=maxsize,
+            block=block,
+            source_address=self.source_address)
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['source_address'] = self.source_address
+        return super(SourceAddressAdapter, self).proxy_manager_for(
+            *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/ssl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/ssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4a76ae4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/ssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+
+requests_toolbelt.ssl_adapter
+=============================
+
+This file contains an implementation of the SSLAdapter originally demonstrated
+in this blog post:
+https://lukasa.co.uk/2013/01/Choosing_SSL_Version_In_Requests/
+
+"""
+import requests
+
+from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+
+from .._compat import poolmanager
+
+
+class SSLAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    """
+    A HTTPS Adapter for Python Requests that allows the choice of the SSL/TLS
+    version negotiated by Requests. This can be used either to enforce the
+    choice of high-security TLS versions (where supported), or to work around
+    misbehaving servers that fail to correctly negotiate the default TLS
+    version being offered.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+        >>> import requests
+        >>> import ssl
+        >>> from requests_toolbelt import SSLAdapter
+        >>> s = requests.Session()
+        >>> s.mount('https://', SSLAdapter(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1))
+
+    You can replace the chosen protocol with any that are available in the
+    default Python SSL module. All subsequent requests that match the adapter
+    prefix will use the chosen SSL version instead of the default.
+
+    This adapter will also attempt to change the SSL/TLS version negotiated by
+    Requests when using a proxy. However, this may not always be possible:
+    prior to Requests v2.4.0 the adapter did not have access to the proxy setup
+    code. In earlier versions of Requests, this adapter will not function
+    properly when used with proxies.
+    """
+
+    __attrs__ = HTTPAdapter.__attrs__ + ['ssl_version']
+
+    def __init__(self, ssl_version=None, **kwargs):
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+
+        super(SSLAdapter, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=False):
+        self.poolmanager = poolmanager.PoolManager(
+            num_pools=connections,
+            maxsize=maxsize,
+            block=block,
+            ssl_version=self.ssl_version)
+
+    if requests.__build__ >= 0x020400:
+        # Earlier versions of requests either don't have this method or, worse,
+        # don't allow passing arbitrary keyword arguments. As a result, only
+        # conditionally define this method.
+        def proxy_manager_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            kwargs['ssl_version'] = self.ssl_version
+            return super(SSLAdapter, self).proxy_manager_for(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/x509.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/x509.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aff37706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/adapters/x509.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""A X509Adapter for use with the requests library.
+
+This file contains an implementation of the X509Adapter that will
+allow users to authenticate a request using an arbitrary
+X.509 certificate without needing to convert it to a .pem file
+
+"""
+
+from OpenSSL.crypto import PKey, X509
+from cryptography import x509
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import (load_pem_private_key,
+                                                          load_der_private_key)
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import Encoding
+from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
+
+from datetime import datetime
+from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
+import requests
+
+from .. import exceptions as exc
+
+"""
+importing the protocol constants from _ssl instead of ssl because only the
+constants are needed and to handle issues caused by importing from ssl on
+the 2.7.x line.
+"""
+try:
+    from _ssl import PROTOCOL_TLS as PROTOCOL
+except ImportError:
+    from _ssl import PROTOCOL_SSLv23 as PROTOCOL
+
+
+PyOpenSSLContext = None
+
+
+class X509Adapter(HTTPAdapter):
+    r"""Adapter for use with X.509 certificates.
+
+    Provides an interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTPS urls and
+    authenticate  with an X.509 cert by implementing the Transport Adapter
+    interface. This class will need to be manually instantiated and mounted
+    to the session
+
+    :param pool_connections: The number of urllib3 connection pools to
+           cache.
+    :param pool_maxsize: The maximum number of connections to save in the
+            pool.
+    :param max_retries: The maximum number of retries each connection
+        should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups,
+        socket connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where
+        data has made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry
+        failed connections. If you need granular control over the
+        conditions under which we retry a request, import urllib3's
+        ``Retry`` class and pass that instead.
+    :param pool_block: Whether the connection pool should block for
+            connections.
+
+    :param bytes cert_bytes:
+        bytes object containing contents of a cryptography.x509Certificate
+        object using the encoding specified by the ``encoding`` parameter.
+    :param bytes pk_bytes:
+        bytes object containing contents of a object that implements
+        ``cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.PrivateFormat``
+        using the encoding specified by the ``encoding`` parameter.
+    :param password:
+        string or utf8 encoded bytes containing the passphrase used for the
+        private key. None if unencrypted. Defaults to None.
+    :param encoding:
+        Enumeration detailing the encoding method used on the ``cert_bytes``
+        parameter. Can be either PEM or DER. Defaults to PEM.
+    :type encoding:
+        :class: `cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding`
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> import requests
+      >>> from requests_toolbelt.adapters.x509 import X509Adapter
+      >>> s = requests.Session()
+      >>> a = X509Adapter(max_retries=3,
+                cert_bytes=b'...', pk_bytes=b'...', encoding='...'
+      >>> s.mount('https://', a)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._import_pyopensslcontext()
+        self._check_version()
+        cert_bytes = kwargs.pop('cert_bytes', None)
+        pk_bytes = kwargs.pop('pk_bytes', None)
+        password = kwargs.pop('password', None)
+        encoding = kwargs.pop('encoding', Encoding.PEM)
+
+        password_bytes = None
+
+        if cert_bytes is None or not isinstance(cert_bytes, bytes):
+            raise ValueError('Invalid cert content provided. '
+                             'You must provide an X.509 cert '
+                             'formatted as a byte array.')
+        if pk_bytes is None or not isinstance(pk_bytes, bytes):
+            raise ValueError('Invalid private key content provided. '
+                             'You must provide a private key '
+                             'formatted as a byte array.')
+
+        if isinstance(password, bytes):
+            password_bytes = password
+        elif password:
+            password_bytes = password.encode('utf8')
+
+        self.ssl_context = create_ssl_context(cert_bytes, pk_bytes,
+                                              password_bytes, encoding)
+
+        super(X509Adapter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self.ssl_context:
+            kwargs['ssl_context'] = self.ssl_context
+        return super(X509Adapter, self).init_poolmanager(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def proxy_manager_for(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self.ssl_context:
+            kwargs['ssl_context'] = self.ssl_context
+        return super(X509Adapter, self).proxy_manager_for(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _import_pyopensslcontext(self):
+        global PyOpenSSLContext
+
+        if requests.__build__ < 0x021200:
+            PyOpenSSLContext = None
+        else:
+            try:
+                from requests.packages.urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl \
+                        import PyOpenSSLContext
+            except ImportError:
+                try:
+                    from urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl import PyOpenSSLContext
+                except ImportError:
+                    PyOpenSSLContext = None
+
+    def _check_version(self):
+        if PyOpenSSLContext is None:
+            raise exc.VersionMismatchError(
+                "The X509Adapter requires at least Requests 2.12.0 to be "
+                "installed. Version {} was found instead.".format(
+                    requests.__version__
+                )
+            )
+
+
+def check_cert_dates(cert):
+    """Verify that the supplied client cert is not invalid."""
+
+    now = datetime.utcnow()
+    if cert.not_valid_after < now or cert.not_valid_before > now:
+        raise ValueError('Client certificate expired: Not After: '
+                         '{:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ} '
+                         'Not Before: {:%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%SZ}'
+                         .format(cert.not_valid_after, cert.not_valid_before))
+
+
+def create_ssl_context(cert_byes, pk_bytes, password=None,
+                       encoding=Encoding.PEM):
+    """Create an SSL Context with the supplied cert/password.
+
+    :param cert_bytes array of bytes containing the cert encoded
+           using the method supplied in the ``encoding`` parameter
+    :param pk_bytes array of bytes containing the private key encoded
+           using the method supplied in the ``encoding`` parameter
+    :param password array of bytes containing the passphrase to be used
+           with the supplied private key. None if unencrypted.
+           Defaults to None.
+    :param encoding ``cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization.Encoding``
+            details the encoding method used on the ``cert_bytes``  and
+            ``pk_bytes`` parameters. Can be either PEM or DER.
+            Defaults to PEM.
+    """
+    backend = default_backend()
+
+    cert = None
+    key = None
+    if encoding == Encoding.PEM:
+        cert = x509.load_pem_x509_certificate(cert_byes, backend)
+        key = load_pem_private_key(pk_bytes, password, backend)
+    elif encoding == Encoding.DER:
+        cert = x509.load_der_x509_certificate(cert_byes, backend)
+        key = load_der_private_key(pk_bytes, password, backend)
+    else:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid encoding provided: Must be PEM or DER')
+
+    if not (cert and key):
+        raise ValueError('Cert and key could not be parsed from '
+                         'provided data')
+    check_cert_dates(cert)
+    ssl_context = PyOpenSSLContext(PROTOCOL)
+    ssl_context._ctx.use_certificate(X509.from_cryptography(cert))
+    ssl_context._ctx.use_privatekey(PKey.from_cryptography_key(key))
+    return ssl_context
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/_digest_auth_compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/_digest_auth_compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..285a6a76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/_digest_auth_compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Provide a compatibility layer for requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth."""
+import requests
+
+
+class _ThreadingDescriptor(object):
+    def __init__(self, prop, default):
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.default = default
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
+        return getattr(obj._thread_local, self.prop, self.default)
+
+    def __set__(self, obj, value):
+        setattr(obj._thread_local, self.prop, value)
+
+
+class _HTTPDigestAuth(requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
+    init = _ThreadingDescriptor('init', True)
+    last_nonce = _ThreadingDescriptor('last_nonce', '')
+    nonce_count = _ThreadingDescriptor('nonce_count', 0)
+    chal = _ThreadingDescriptor('chal', {})
+    pos = _ThreadingDescriptor('pos', None)
+    num_401_calls = _ThreadingDescriptor('num_401_calls', 1)
+
+
+if requests.__build__ < 0x020800:
+    HTTPDigestAuth = requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth
+else:
+    HTTPDigestAuth = _HTTPDigestAuth
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/guess.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/guess.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ba6de504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/guess.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""The module containing the code for GuessAuth."""
+from requests import auth
+from requests import cookies
+
+from . import _digest_auth_compat as auth_compat, http_proxy_digest
+
+
+class GuessAuth(auth.AuthBase):
+    """Guesses the auth type by the WWW-Authentication header."""
+    def __init__(self, username, password):
+        self.username = username
+        self.password = password
+        self.auth = None
+        self.pos = None
+
+    def _handle_basic_auth_401(self, r, kwargs):
+        if self.pos is not None:
+            r.request.body.seek(self.pos)
+
+        # Consume content and release the original connection
+        # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+        r.content
+        r.raw.release_conn()
+        prep = r.request.copy()
+        if not hasattr(prep, '_cookies'):
+            prep._cookies = cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        cookies.extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+        prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+        self.auth = auth.HTTPBasicAuth(self.username, self.password)
+        prep = self.auth(prep)
+        _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+        _r.history.append(r)
+        _r.request = prep
+
+        return _r
+
+    def _handle_digest_auth_401(self, r, kwargs):
+        self.auth = auth_compat.HTTPDigestAuth(self.username, self.password)
+        try:
+            self.auth.init_per_thread_state()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # If we're not on requests 2.8.0+ this method does not exist and
+            # is not relevant.
+            pass
+
+        # Check that the attr exists because much older versions of requests
+        # set this attribute lazily. For example:
+        # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/blob/33735480f77891754304e7f13e3cdf83aaaa76aa/requests/auth.py#L59
+        if (hasattr(self.auth, 'num_401_calls') and
+                self.auth.num_401_calls is None):
+            self.auth.num_401_calls = 1
+        # Digest auth would resend the request by itself. We can take a
+        # shortcut here.
+        return self.auth.handle_401(r, **kwargs)
+
+    def handle_401(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Resends a request with auth headers, if needed."""
+
+        www_authenticate = r.headers.get('www-authenticate', '').lower()
+
+        if 'basic' in www_authenticate:
+            return self._handle_basic_auth_401(r, kwargs)
+
+        if 'digest' in www_authenticate:
+            return self._handle_digest_auth_401(r, kwargs)
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        if self.auth is not None:
+            return self.auth(request)
+
+        try:
+            self.pos = request.body.tell()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        request.register_hook('response', self.handle_401)
+        return request
+
+
+class GuessProxyAuth(GuessAuth):
+    """
+    Guesses the auth type by WWW-Authentication and Proxy-Authentication
+    headers
+    """
+    def __init__(self, username=None, password=None,
+                 proxy_username=None, proxy_password=None):
+        super(GuessProxyAuth, self).__init__(username, password)
+        self.proxy_username = proxy_username
+        self.proxy_password = proxy_password
+        self.proxy_auth = None
+
+    def _handle_basic_auth_407(self, r, kwargs):
+        if self.pos is not None:
+            r.request.body.seek(self.pos)
+
+        r.content
+        r.raw.release_conn()
+        prep = r.request.copy()
+        if not hasattr(prep, '_cookies'):
+            prep._cookies = cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
+        cookies.extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+        prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+        self.proxy_auth = auth.HTTPProxyAuth(self.proxy_username,
+                                             self.proxy_password)
+        prep = self.proxy_auth(prep)
+        _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+        _r.history.append(r)
+        _r.request = prep
+
+        return _r
+
+    def _handle_digest_auth_407(self, r, kwargs):
+        self.proxy_auth = http_proxy_digest.HTTPProxyDigestAuth(
+            username=self.proxy_username,
+            password=self.proxy_password)
+
+        try:
+            self.auth.init_per_thread_state()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        return self.proxy_auth.handle_407(r, **kwargs)
+
+    def handle_407(self, r, **kwargs):
+        proxy_authenticate = r.headers.get('Proxy-Authenticate', '').lower()
+
+        if 'basic' in proxy_authenticate:
+            return self._handle_basic_auth_407(r, kwargs)
+
+        if 'digest' in proxy_authenticate:
+            return self._handle_digest_auth_407(r, kwargs)
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        if self.proxy_auth is not None:
+            request = self.proxy_auth(request)
+
+        try:
+            self.pos = request.body.tell()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        request.register_hook('response', self.handle_407)
+        return super(GuessProxyAuth, self).__call__(request)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/handler.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/handler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b4051a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/handler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+
+requests_toolbelt.auth.handler
+==============================
+
+This holds all of the implementation details of the Authentication Handler.
+
+"""
+
+from requests.auth import AuthBase, HTTPBasicAuth
+from requests.compat import urlparse, urlunparse
+
+
+class AuthHandler(AuthBase):
+
+    """
+
+    The ``AuthHandler`` object takes a dictionary of domains paired with
+    authentication strategies and will use this to determine which credentials
+    to use when making a request. For example, you could do the following:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from requests import HTTPDigestAuth
+        from requests_toolbelt.auth.handler import AuthHandler
+
+        import requests
+
+        auth = AuthHandler({
+            'https://api.github.com': ('sigmavirus24', 'fakepassword'),
+            'https://example.com': HTTPDigestAuth('username', 'password')
+        })
+
+        r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=auth)
+        # => <Response [200]>
+        r = requests.get('https://example.com/some/path', auth=auth)
+        # => <Response [200]>
+
+        s = requests.Session()
+        s.auth = auth
+        r = s.get('https://api.github.com/user')
+        # => <Response [200]>
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        :class:`requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth` is not yet thread-safe. If you
+        use :class:`AuthHandler` across multiple threads you should
+        instantiate a new AuthHandler for each thread with a new
+        HTTPDigestAuth instance for each thread.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, strategies):
+        self.strategies = dict(strategies)
+        self._make_uniform()
+
+    def __call__(self, request):
+        auth = self.get_strategy_for(request.url)
+        return auth(request)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<AuthHandler({!r})>'.format(self.strategies)
+
+    def _make_uniform(self):
+        existing_strategies = list(self.strategies.items())
+        self.strategies = {}
+
+        for (k, v) in existing_strategies:
+            self.add_strategy(k, v)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _key_from_url(url):
+        parsed = urlparse(url)
+        return urlunparse((parsed.scheme.lower(),
+                           parsed.netloc.lower(),
+                           '', '', '', ''))
+
+    def add_strategy(self, domain, strategy):
+        """Add a new domain and authentication strategy.
+
+        :param str domain: The domain you wish to match against. For example:
+            ``'https://api.github.com'``
+        :param str strategy: The authentication strategy you wish to use for
+            that domain. For example: ``('username', 'password')`` or
+            ``requests.HTTPDigestAuth('username', 'password')``
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            a = AuthHandler({})
+            a.add_strategy('https://api.github.com', ('username', 'password'))
+
+        """
+        # Turn tuples into Basic Authentication objects
+        if isinstance(strategy, tuple):
+            strategy = HTTPBasicAuth(*strategy)
+
+        key = self._key_from_url(domain)
+        self.strategies[key] = strategy
+
+    def get_strategy_for(self, url):
+        """Retrieve the authentication strategy for a specified URL.
+
+        :param str url: The full URL you will be making a request against. For
+            example, ``'https://api.github.com/user'``
+        :returns: Callable that adds authentication to a request.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import requests
+            a = AuthHandler({'example.com', ('foo', 'bar')})
+            strategy = a.get_strategy_for('http://example.com/example')
+            assert isinstance(strategy, requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth)
+
+        """
+        key = self._key_from_url(url)
+        return self.strategies.get(key, NullAuthStrategy())
+
+    def remove_strategy(self, domain):
+        """Remove the domain and strategy from the collection of strategies.
+
+        :param str domain: The domain you wish remove. For example,
+            ``'https://api.github.com'``.
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            a = AuthHandler({'example.com', ('foo', 'bar')})
+            a.remove_strategy('example.com')
+            assert a.strategies == {}
+
+        """
+        key = self._key_from_url(domain)
+        if key in self.strategies:
+            del self.strategies[key]
+
+
+class NullAuthStrategy(AuthBase):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<NullAuthStrategy>'
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        return r
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/http_proxy_digest.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/http_proxy_digest.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e1f69ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/auth/http_proxy_digest.py
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""The module containing HTTPProxyDigestAuth."""
+import re
+
+from requests import cookies, utils
+
+from . import _digest_auth_compat as auth
+
+
+class HTTPProxyDigestAuth(auth.HTTPDigestAuth):
+    """HTTP digest authentication between proxy
+
+    :param stale_rejects: The number of rejects indicate that:
+        the client may wish to simply retry the request
+        with a new encrypted response, without reprompting the user for a
+        new username and password. i.e., retry build_digest_header
+    :type stale_rejects: int
+    """
+    _pat = re.compile(r'digest ', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(HTTPProxyDigestAuth, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.stale_rejects = 0
+
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+
+    @property
+    def stale_rejects(self):
+        thread_local = getattr(self, '_thread_local', None)
+        if thread_local is None:
+            return self._stale_rejects
+        return thread_local.stale_rejects
+
+    @stale_rejects.setter
+    def stale_rejects(self, value):
+        thread_local = getattr(self, '_thread_local', None)
+        if thread_local is None:
+            self._stale_rejects = value
+        else:
+            thread_local.stale_rejects = value
+
+    def init_per_thread_state(self):
+        try:
+            super(HTTPProxyDigestAuth, self).init_per_thread_state()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # If we're not on requests 2.8.0+ this method does not exist
+            pass
+
+    def handle_407(self, r, **kwargs):
+        """Handle HTTP 407 only once, otherwise give up
+
+        :param r: current response
+        :returns: responses, along with the new response
+        """
+        if r.status_code == 407 and self.stale_rejects < 2:
+            s_auth = r.headers.get("proxy-authenticate")
+            if s_auth is None:
+                raise IOError(
+                    "proxy server violated RFC 7235:"
+                    "407 response MUST contain header proxy-authenticate")
+            elif not self._pat.match(s_auth):
+                return r
+
+            self.chal = utils.parse_dict_header(
+                self._pat.sub('', s_auth, count=1))
+
+            # if we present the user/passwd and still get rejected
+            # https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2617#section-3.2.1
+            if ('Proxy-Authorization' in r.request.headers and
+                    'stale' in self.chal):
+                if self.chal['stale'].lower() == 'true':  # try again
+                    self.stale_rejects += 1
+                # wrong user/passwd
+                elif self.chal['stale'].lower() == 'false':
+                    raise IOError("User or password is invalid")
+
+            # Consume content and release the original connection
+            # to allow our new request to reuse the same one.
+            r.content
+            r.close()
+            prep = r.request.copy()
+            cookies.extract_cookies_to_jar(prep._cookies, r.request, r.raw)
+            prep.prepare_cookies(prep._cookies)
+
+            prep.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
+                prep.method, prep.url)
+            _r = r.connection.send(prep, **kwargs)
+            _r.history.append(r)
+            _r.request = prep
+
+            return _r
+        else:  # give up authenticate
+            return r
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        self.init_per_thread_state()
+        # if we have nonce, then just use it, otherwise server will tell us
+        if self.last_nonce:
+            r.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = self.build_digest_header(
+                r.method, r.url
+            )
+        r.register_hook('response', self.handle_407)
+        return r
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/__pycache__/forgetful.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/__pycache__/forgetful.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/forgetful.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/forgetful.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33203638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/cookies/forgetful.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+"""The module containing the code for ForgetfulCookieJar."""
+from requests.cookies import RequestsCookieJar
+
+
+class ForgetfulCookieJar(RequestsCookieJar):
+    def set_cookie(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/__pycache__/tee.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/__pycache__/tee.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/stream.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/stream.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7253d96e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/stream.py
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Utilities for dealing with streamed requests."""
+import os.path
+import re
+
+from .. import exceptions as exc
+
+# Regular expressions stolen from werkzeug/http.py
+# cd2c97bb0a076da2322f11adce0b2731f9193396 L62-L64
+_QUOTED_STRING_RE = r'"[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"'
+_OPTION_HEADER_PIECE_RE = re.compile(
+    r';\s*(%s|[^\s;=]+)\s*(?:=\s*(%s|[^;]+))?\s*' % (_QUOTED_STRING_RE,
+                                                     _QUOTED_STRING_RE)
+)
+_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE = 512
+
+
+def _get_filename(content_disposition):
+    for match in _OPTION_HEADER_PIECE_RE.finditer(content_disposition):
+        k, v = match.groups()
+        if k == 'filename':
+            # ignore any directory paths in the filename
+            return os.path.split(v)[1]
+    return None
+
+
+def get_download_file_path(response, path):
+    """
+    Given a response and a path, return a file path for a download.
+
+    If a ``path`` parameter is a directory, this function will parse the
+    ``Content-Disposition`` header on the response to determine the name of the
+    file as reported by the server, and return a file path in the specified
+    directory.
+
+    If ``path`` is empty or None, this function will return a path relative
+    to the process' current working directory.
+
+    If path is a full file path, return it.
+
+    :param response: A Response object from requests
+    :type response: requests.models.Response
+    :param str path: Directory or file path.
+    :returns: full file path to download as
+    :rtype: str
+    :raises: :class:`requests_toolbelt.exceptions.StreamingError`
+    """
+    path_is_dir = path and os.path.isdir(path)
+
+    if path and not path_is_dir:
+        # fully qualified file path
+        filepath = path
+    else:
+        response_filename = _get_filename(
+            response.headers.get('content-disposition', '')
+        )
+        if not response_filename:
+            raise exc.StreamingError('No filename given to stream response to')
+
+        if path_is_dir:
+            # directory to download to
+            filepath = os.path.join(path, response_filename)
+        else:
+            # fallback to downloading to current working directory
+            filepath = response_filename
+
+    return filepath
+
+
+def stream_response_to_file(response, path=None, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE):
+    """Stream a response body to the specified file.
+
+    Either use the ``path`` provided or use the name provided in the
+    ``Content-Disposition`` header.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        If you pass this function an open file-like object as the ``path``
+        parameter, the function will not close that file for you.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This function will not automatically close the response object
+        passed in as the ``response`` parameter.
+
+    If a ``path`` parameter is a directory, this function will parse the
+    ``Content-Disposition`` header on the response to determine the name of the
+    file as reported by the server, and return a file path in the specified
+    directory. If no ``path`` parameter is supplied, this function will default
+    to the process' current working directory.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt import exceptions
+        from requests_toolbelt.downloadutils import stream
+
+        r = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+        try:
+            filename = stream.stream_response_to_file(r)
+        except exceptions.StreamingError as e:
+            # The toolbelt could not find the filename in the
+            # Content-Disposition
+            print(e.message)
+
+    You can also specify the filename as a string. This will be passed to
+    the built-in :func:`open` and we will read the content into the file.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.downloadutils import stream
+
+        r = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+        filename = stream.stream_response_to_file(r, path='myfile')
+
+    If the calculated download file path already exists, this function will
+    raise a StreamingError.
+
+    Instead, if you want to manage the file object yourself, you need to
+    provide either a :class:`io.BytesIO` object or a file opened with the
+    `'b'` flag. See the two examples below for more details.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.downloadutils import stream
+
+        with open('myfile', 'wb') as fd:
+            r = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+            filename = stream.stream_response_to_file(r, path=fd)
+
+        print('{} saved to {}'.format(url, filename))
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import io
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.downloadutils import stream
+
+        b = io.BytesIO()
+        r = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+        filename = stream.stream_response_to_file(r, path=b)
+        assert filename is None
+
+    :param response: A Response object from requests
+    :type response: requests.models.Response
+    :param path: *(optional)*, Either a string with the path to the location
+        to save the response content, or a file-like object expecting bytes.
+    :type path: :class:`str`, or object with a :meth:`write`
+    :param int chunksize: (optional), Size of chunk to attempt to stream
+        (default 512B).
+    :returns: The name of the file, if one can be determined, else None
+    :rtype: str
+    :raises: :class:`requests_toolbelt.exceptions.StreamingError`
+    """
+    pre_opened = False
+    fd = None
+    filename = None
+    if path and callable(getattr(path, 'write', None)):
+        pre_opened = True
+        fd = path
+        filename = getattr(fd, 'name', None)
+    else:
+        filename = get_download_file_path(response, path)
+        if os.path.exists(filename):
+            raise exc.StreamingError("File already exists: %s" % filename)
+        fd = open(filename, 'wb')
+
+    for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=chunksize):
+        fd.write(chunk)
+
+    if not pre_opened:
+        fd.close()
+
+    return filename
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/tee.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/tee.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ecc7d0cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/downloadutils/tee.py
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+"""Tee function implementations."""
+import io
+
+_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE = 65536
+
+__all__ = ['tee', 'tee_to_file', 'tee_to_bytearray']
+
+
+def _tee(response, callback, chunksize, decode_content):
+    for chunk in response.raw.stream(amt=chunksize,
+                                     decode_content=decode_content):
+        callback(chunk)
+        yield chunk
+
+
+def tee(response, fileobject, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
+        decode_content=None):
+    """Stream the response both to the generator and a file.
+
+    This will stream the response body while writing the bytes to
+    ``fileobject``.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        resp = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+        with open('save_file', 'wb') as save_file:
+            for chunk in tee(resp, save_file):
+                # do stuff with chunk
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import io
+
+        resp = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+        fileobject = io.BytesIO()
+
+        for chunk in tee(resp, fileobject):
+            # do stuff with chunk
+
+    :param response: Response from requests.
+    :type response: requests.Response
+    :param fileobject: Writable file-like object.
+    :type fileobject: file, io.BytesIO
+    :param int chunksize: (optional), Size of chunk to attempt to stream.
+    :param bool decode_content: (optional), If True, this will decode the
+        compressed content of the response.
+    :raises: TypeError if the fileobject wasn't opened with the right mode
+        or isn't a BytesIO object.
+    """
+    # We will be streaming the raw bytes from over the wire, so we need to
+    # ensure that writing to the fileobject will preserve those bytes. On
+    # Python3, if the user passes an io.StringIO, this will fail, so we need
+    # to check for BytesIO instead.
+    if not ('b' in getattr(fileobject, 'mode', '') or
+            isinstance(fileobject, io.BytesIO)):
+        raise TypeError('tee() will write bytes directly to this fileobject'
+                        ', it must be opened with the "b" flag if it is a file'
+                        ' or inherit from io.BytesIO.')
+
+    return _tee(response, fileobject.write, chunksize, decode_content)
+
+
+def tee_to_file(response, filename, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
+                decode_content=None):
+    """Stream the response both to the generator and a file.
+
+    This will open a file named ``filename`` and stream the response body
+    while writing the bytes to the opened file object.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        resp = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+        for chunk in tee_to_file(resp, 'save_file'):
+            # do stuff with chunk
+
+    :param response: Response from requests.
+    :type response: requests.Response
+    :param str filename: Name of file in which we write the response content.
+    :param int chunksize: (optional), Size of chunk to attempt to stream.
+    :param bool decode_content: (optional), If True, this will decode the
+        compressed content of the response.
+    """
+    with open(filename, 'wb') as fd:
+        for chunk in tee(response, fd, chunksize, decode_content):
+            yield chunk
+
+
+def tee_to_bytearray(response, bytearr, chunksize=_DEFAULT_CHUNKSIZE,
+                     decode_content=None):
+    """Stream the response both to the generator and a bytearray.
+
+    This will stream the response provided to the function, add them to the
+    provided :class:`bytearray` and yield them to the user.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        This uses the :meth:`bytearray.extend` by default instead of passing
+        the bytearray into the ``readinto`` method.
+
+    Example usage:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        b = bytearray()
+        resp = requests.get(url, stream=True)
+        for chunk in tee_to_bytearray(resp, b):
+            # do stuff with chunk
+
+    :param response: Response from requests.
+    :type response: requests.Response
+    :param bytearray bytearr: Array to add the streamed bytes to.
+    :param int chunksize: (optional), Size of chunk to attempt to stream.
+    :param bool decode_content: (optional), If True, this will decode the
+        compressed content of the response.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(bytearr, bytearray):
+        raise TypeError('tee_to_bytearray() expects bytearr to be a '
+                        'bytearray')
+    return _tee(response, bytearr.extend, chunksize, decode_content)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d5c5bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Collection of exceptions raised by requests-toolbelt."""
+
+
+class StreamingError(Exception):
+    """Used in :mod:`requests_toolbelt.downloadutils.stream`."""
+    pass
+
+
+class VersionMismatchError(Exception):
+    """Used to indicate a version mismatch in the version of requests required.
+
+    The feature in use requires a newer version of Requests to function
+    appropriately but the version installed is not sufficient.
+    """
+    pass
+
+
+class RequestsVersionTooOld(Warning):
+    """Used to indicate that the Requests version is too old.
+
+    If the version of Requests is too old to support a feature, we will issue
+    this warning to the user.
+    """
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3bced1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""
+requests_toolbelt.multipart
+===========================
+
+See https://toolbelt.readthedocs.io/ for documentation
+
+:copyright: (c) 2014 by Ian Cordasco and Cory Benfield
+:license: Apache v2.0, see LICENSE for more details
+"""
+
+from .encoder import MultipartEncoder, MultipartEncoderMonitor
+from .decoder import MultipartDecoder
+from .decoder import ImproperBodyPartContentException
+from .decoder import NonMultipartContentTypeException
+
+__title__ = 'requests-toolbelt'
+__authors__ = 'Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
+__license__ = 'Apache v2.0'
+__copyright__ = 'Copyright 2014 Ian Cordasco, Cory Benfield'
+
+__all__ = [
+    'MultipartEncoder',
+    'MultipartEncoderMonitor',
+    'MultipartDecoder',
+    'ImproperBodyPartContentException',
+    'NonMultipartContentTypeException',
+    '__title__',
+    '__authors__',
+    '__license__',
+    '__copyright__',
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/__pycache__/encoder.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/__pycache__/encoder.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/decoder.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/decoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a0d1c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/decoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+
+requests_toolbelt.multipart.decoder
+===================================
+
+This holds all the implementation details of the MultipartDecoder
+
+"""
+
+import sys
+import email.parser
+from .encoder import encode_with
+from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+
+def _split_on_find(content, bound):
+    point = content.find(bound)
+    return content[:point], content[point + len(bound):]
+
+
+class ImproperBodyPartContentException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class NonMultipartContentTypeException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _header_parser(string, encoding):
+    major = sys.version_info[0]
+    if major == 3:
+        string = string.decode(encoding)
+    headers = email.parser.HeaderParser().parsestr(string).items()
+    return (
+        (encode_with(k, encoding), encode_with(v, encoding))
+        for k, v in headers
+    )
+
+
+class BodyPart(object):
+    """
+
+    The ``BodyPart`` object is a ``Response``-like interface to an individual
+    subpart of a multipart response. It is expected that these will
+    generally be created by objects of the ``MultipartDecoder`` class.
+
+    Like ``Response``, there is a ``CaseInsensitiveDict`` object named headers,
+    ``content`` to access bytes, ``text`` to access unicode, and ``encoding``
+    to access the unicode codec.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, content, encoding):
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        headers = {}
+        # Split into header section (if any) and the content
+        if b'\r\n\r\n' in content:
+            first, self.content = _split_on_find(content, b'\r\n\r\n')
+            if first != b'':
+                headers = _header_parser(first.lstrip(), encoding)
+        else:
+            raise ImproperBodyPartContentException(
+                'content does not contain CR-LF-CR-LF'
+            )
+        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(headers)
+
+    @property
+    def text(self):
+        """Content of the ``BodyPart`` in unicode."""
+        return self.content.decode(self.encoding)
+
+
+class MultipartDecoder(object):
+    """
+
+    The ``MultipartDecoder`` object parses the multipart payload of
+    a bytestring into a tuple of ``Response``-like ``BodyPart`` objects.
+
+    The basic usage is::
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt import MultipartDecoder
+
+        response = requests.get(url)
+        decoder = MultipartDecoder.from_response(response)
+        for part in decoder.parts:
+            print(part.headers['content-type'])
+
+    If the multipart content is not from a response, basic usage is::
+
+        from requests_toolbelt import MultipartDecoder
+
+        decoder = MultipartDecoder(content, content_type)
+        for part in decoder.parts:
+            print(part.headers['content-type'])
+
+    For both these usages, there is an optional ``encoding`` parameter. This is
+    a string, which is the name of the unicode codec to use (default is
+    ``'utf-8'``).
+
+    """
+    def __init__(self, content, content_type, encoding='utf-8'):
+        #: Original Content-Type header
+        self.content_type = content_type
+        #: Response body encoding
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        #: Parsed parts of the multipart response body
+        self.parts = tuple()
+        self._find_boundary()
+        self._parse_body(content)
+
+    def _find_boundary(self):
+        ct_info = tuple(x.strip() for x in self.content_type.split(';'))
+        mimetype = ct_info[0]
+        if mimetype.split('/')[0].lower() != 'multipart':
+            raise NonMultipartContentTypeException(
+                "Unexpected mimetype in content-type: '{}'".format(mimetype)
+            )
+        for item in ct_info[1:]:
+            attr, value = _split_on_find(
+                item,
+                '='
+            )
+            if attr.lower() == 'boundary':
+                self.boundary = encode_with(value.strip('"'), self.encoding)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _fix_first_part(part, boundary_marker):
+        bm_len = len(boundary_marker)
+        if boundary_marker == part[:bm_len]:
+            return part[bm_len:]
+        else:
+            return part
+
+    def _parse_body(self, content):
+        boundary = b''.join((b'--', self.boundary))
+
+        def body_part(part):
+            fixed = MultipartDecoder._fix_first_part(part, boundary)
+            return BodyPart(fixed, self.encoding)
+
+        def test_part(part):
+            return (part != b'' and
+                    part != b'\r\n' and
+                    part[:4] != b'--\r\n' and
+                    part != b'--')
+
+        parts = content.split(b''.join((b'\r\n', boundary)))
+        self.parts = tuple(body_part(x) for x in parts if test_part(x))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_response(cls, response, encoding='utf-8'):
+        content = response.content
+        content_type = response.headers.get('content-type', None)
+        return cls(content, content_type, encoding)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/encoder.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/encoder.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d539617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/multipart/encoder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+
+requests_toolbelt.multipart.encoder
+===================================
+
+This holds all of the implementation details of the MultipartEncoder
+
+"""
+import contextlib
+import io
+import os
+from uuid import uuid4
+
+import requests
+
+from .._compat import fields
+
+
+class FileNotSupportedError(Exception):
+    """File not supported error."""
+
+
+class MultipartEncoder(object):
+
+    """
+
+    The ``MultipartEncoder`` object is a generic interface to the engine that
+    will create a ``multipart/form-data`` body for you.
+
+    The basic usage is:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoder
+
+        encoder = MultipartEncoder({'field': 'value',
+                                    'other_field': 'other_value'})
+        r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=encoder,
+                          headers={'Content-Type': encoder.content_type})
+
+    If you do not need to take advantage of streaming the post body, you can
+    also do:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post',
+                          data=encoder.to_string(),
+                          headers={'Content-Type': encoder.content_type})
+
+    If you want the encoder to use a specific order, you can use an
+    OrderedDict or more simply, a list of tuples:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        encoder = MultipartEncoder([('field', 'value'),
+                                    ('other_field', 'other_value')])
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 0.4.0
+
+    You can also provide tuples as part values as you would provide them to
+    requests' ``files`` parameter.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        encoder = MultipartEncoder({
+            'field': ('file_name', b'{"a": "b"}', 'application/json',
+                      {'X-My-Header': 'my-value'})
+        ])
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        This object will end up directly in :mod:`httplib`. Currently,
+        :mod:`httplib` has a hard-coded read size of **8192 bytes**. This
+        means that it will loop until the file has been read and your upload
+        could take a while. This is **not** a bug in requests. A feature is
+        being considered for this object to allow you, the user, to specify
+        what size should be returned on a read. If you have opinions on this,
+        please weigh in on `this issue`_.
+
+    .. _this issue:
+        https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues/75
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fields, boundary=None, encoding='utf-8'):
+        #: Boundary value either passed in by the user or created
+        self.boundary_value = boundary or uuid4().hex
+
+        # Computed boundary
+        self.boundary = '--{}'.format(self.boundary_value)
+
+        #: Encoding of the data being passed in
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+        # Pre-encoded boundary
+        self._encoded_boundary = b''.join([
+            encode_with(self.boundary, self.encoding),
+            encode_with('\r\n', self.encoding)
+            ])
+
+        #: Fields provided by the user
+        self.fields = fields
+
+        #: Whether or not the encoder is finished
+        self.finished = False
+
+        #: Pre-computed parts of the upload
+        self.parts = []
+
+        # Pre-computed parts iterator
+        self._iter_parts = iter([])
+
+        # The part we're currently working with
+        self._current_part = None
+
+        # Cached computation of the body's length
+        self._len = None
+
+        # Our buffer
+        self._buffer = CustomBytesIO(encoding=encoding)
+
+        # Pre-compute each part's headers
+        self._prepare_parts()
+
+        # Load boundary into buffer
+        self._write_boundary()
+
+    @property
+    def len(self):
+        """Length of the multipart/form-data body.
+
+        requests will first attempt to get the length of the body by calling
+        ``len(body)`` and then by checking for the ``len`` attribute.
+
+        On 32-bit systems, the ``__len__`` method cannot return anything
+        larger than an integer (in C) can hold. If the total size of the body
+        is even slightly larger than 4GB users will see an OverflowError. This
+        manifested itself in `bug #80`_.
+
+        As such, we now calculate the length lazily as a property.
+
+        .. _bug #80:
+            https://github.com/requests/toolbelt/issues/80
+        """
+        # If _len isn't already calculated, calculate, return, and set it
+        return self._len or self._calculate_length()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<MultipartEncoder: {!r}>'.format(self.fields)
+
+    def _calculate_length(self):
+        """
+        This uses the parts to calculate the length of the body.
+
+        This returns the calculated length so __len__ can be lazy.
+        """
+        boundary_len = len(self.boundary)  # Length of --{boundary}
+        # boundary length + header length + body length + len('\r\n') * 2
+        self._len = sum(
+            (boundary_len + total_len(p) + 4) for p in self.parts
+            ) + boundary_len + 4
+        return self._len
+
+    def _calculate_load_amount(self, read_size):
+        """This calculates how many bytes need to be added to the buffer.
+
+        When a consumer read's ``x`` from the buffer, there are two cases to
+        satisfy:
+
+            1. Enough data in the buffer to return the requested amount
+            2. Not enough data
+
+        This function uses the amount of unread bytes in the buffer and
+        determines how much the Encoder has to load before it can return the
+        requested amount of bytes.
+
+        :param int read_size: the number of bytes the consumer requests
+        :returns: int -- the number of bytes that must be loaded into the
+            buffer before the read can be satisfied. This will be strictly
+            non-negative
+        """
+        amount = read_size - total_len(self._buffer)
+        return amount if amount > 0 else 0
+
+    def _load(self, amount):
+        """Load ``amount`` number of bytes into the buffer."""
+        self._buffer.smart_truncate()
+        part = self._current_part or self._next_part()
+        while amount == -1 or amount > 0:
+            written = 0
+            if part and not part.bytes_left_to_write():
+                written += self._write(b'\r\n')
+                written += self._write_boundary()
+                part = self._next_part()
+
+            if not part:
+                written += self._write_closing_boundary()
+                self.finished = True
+                break
+
+            written += part.write_to(self._buffer, amount)
+
+            if amount != -1:
+                amount -= written
+
+    def _next_part(self):
+        try:
+            p = self._current_part = next(self._iter_parts)
+        except StopIteration:
+            p = None
+        return p
+
+    def _iter_fields(self):
+        _fields = self.fields
+        if hasattr(self.fields, 'items'):
+            _fields = list(self.fields.items())
+        for k, v in _fields:
+            file_name = None
+            file_type = None
+            file_headers = None
+            if isinstance(v, (list, tuple)):
+                if len(v) == 2:
+                    file_name, file_pointer = v
+                elif len(v) == 3:
+                    file_name, file_pointer, file_type = v
+                else:
+                    file_name, file_pointer, file_type, file_headers = v
+            else:
+                file_pointer = v
+
+            field = fields.RequestField(name=k, data=file_pointer,
+                                        filename=file_name,
+                                        headers=file_headers)
+            field.make_multipart(content_type=file_type)
+            yield field
+
+    def _prepare_parts(self):
+        """This uses the fields provided by the user and creates Part objects.
+
+        It populates the `parts` attribute and uses that to create a
+        generator for iteration.
+        """
+        enc = self.encoding
+        self.parts = [Part.from_field(f, enc) for f in self._iter_fields()]
+        self._iter_parts = iter(self.parts)
+
+    def _write(self, bytes_to_write):
+        """Write the bytes to the end of the buffer.
+
+        :param bytes bytes_to_write: byte-string (or bytearray) to append to
+            the buffer
+        :returns: int -- the number of bytes written
+        """
+        return self._buffer.append(bytes_to_write)
+
+    def _write_boundary(self):
+        """Write the boundary to the end of the buffer."""
+        return self._write(self._encoded_boundary)
+
+    def _write_closing_boundary(self):
+        """Write the bytes necessary to finish a multipart/form-data body."""
+        with reset(self._buffer):
+            self._buffer.seek(-2, 2)
+            self._buffer.write(b'--\r\n')
+        return 2
+
+    def _write_headers(self, headers):
+        """Write the current part's headers to the buffer."""
+        return self._write(encode_with(headers, self.encoding))
+
+    @property
+    def content_type(self):
+        return str(
+            'multipart/form-data; boundary={}'.format(self.boundary_value)
+            )
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        """Return the entirety of the data in the encoder.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This simply reads all of the data it can. If you have started
+            streaming or reading data from the encoder, this method will only
+            return whatever data is left in the encoder.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method affects the internal state of the encoder. Calling
+            this method will exhaust the encoder.
+
+        :returns: the multipart message
+        :rtype: bytes
+        """
+
+        return self.read()
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        """Read data from the streaming encoder.
+
+        :param int size: (optional), If provided, ``read`` will return exactly
+            that many bytes. If it is not provided, it will return the
+            remaining bytes.
+        :returns: bytes
+        """
+        if self.finished:
+            return self._buffer.read(size)
+
+        bytes_to_load = size
+        if bytes_to_load != -1 and bytes_to_load is not None:
+            bytes_to_load = self._calculate_load_amount(int(size))
+
+        self._load(bytes_to_load)
+        return self._buffer.read(size)
+
+
+def IDENTITY(monitor):
+    return monitor
+
+
+class MultipartEncoderMonitor(object):
+
+    """
+    An object used to monitor the progress of a :class:`MultipartEncoder`.
+
+    The :class:`MultipartEncoder` should only be responsible for preparing and
+    streaming the data. For anyone who wishes to monitor it, they shouldn't be
+    using that instance to manage that as well. Using this class, they can
+    monitor an encoder and register a callback. The callback receives the
+    instance of the monitor.
+
+    To use this monitor, you construct your :class:`MultipartEncoder` as you
+    normally would.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from requests_toolbelt import (MultipartEncoder,
+                                       MultipartEncoderMonitor)
+        import requests
+
+        def callback(monitor):
+            # Do something with this information
+            pass
+
+        m = MultipartEncoder(fields={'field0': 'value0'})
+        monitor = MultipartEncoderMonitor(m, callback)
+        headers = {'Content-Type': monitor.content_type}
+        r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=monitor,
+                          headers=headers)
+
+    Alternatively, if your use case is very simple, you can use the following
+    pattern.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoderMonitor
+        import requests
+
+        def callback(monitor):
+            # Do something with this information
+            pass
+
+        monitor = MultipartEncoderMonitor.from_fields(
+            fields={'field0': 'value0'}, callback
+            )
+        headers = {'Content-Type': montior.content_type}
+        r = requests.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data=monitor,
+                          headers=headers)
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, encoder, callback=None):
+        #: Instance of the :class:`MultipartEncoder` being monitored
+        self.encoder = encoder
+
+        #: Optionally function to call after a read
+        self.callback = callback or IDENTITY
+
+        #: Number of bytes already read from the :class:`MultipartEncoder`
+        #: instance
+        self.bytes_read = 0
+
+        #: Avoid the same problem in bug #80
+        self.len = self.encoder.len
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_fields(cls, fields, boundary=None, encoding='utf-8',
+                    callback=None):
+        encoder = MultipartEncoder(fields, boundary, encoding)
+        return cls(encoder, callback)
+
+    @property
+    def content_type(self):
+        return self.encoder.content_type
+
+    def to_string(self):
+        return self.read()
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        string = self.encoder.read(size)
+        self.bytes_read += len(string)
+        self.callback(self)
+        return string
+
+
+def encode_with(string, encoding):
+    """Encoding ``string`` with ``encoding`` if necessary.
+
+    :param str string: If string is a bytes object, it will not encode it.
+        Otherwise, this function will encode it with the provided encoding.
+    :param str encoding: The encoding with which to encode string.
+    :returns: encoded bytes object
+    """
+    if not (string is None or isinstance(string, bytes)):
+        return string.encode(encoding)
+    return string
+
+
+def readable_data(data, encoding):
+    """Coerce the data to an object with a ``read`` method."""
+    if hasattr(data, 'read'):
+        return data
+
+    return CustomBytesIO(data, encoding)
+
+
+def total_len(o):
+    if hasattr(o, '__len__'):
+        return len(o)
+
+    if hasattr(o, 'len'):
+        return o.len
+
+    if hasattr(o, 'fileno'):
+        try:
+            fileno = o.fileno()
+        except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+
+    if hasattr(o, 'getvalue'):
+        # e.g. BytesIO, cStringIO.StringIO
+        return len(o.getvalue())
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def reset(buffer):
+    """Keep track of the buffer's current position and write to the end.
+
+    This is a context manager meant to be used when adding data to the buffer.
+    It eliminates the need for every function to be concerned with the
+    position of the cursor in the buffer.
+    """
+    original_position = buffer.tell()
+    buffer.seek(0, 2)
+    yield
+    buffer.seek(original_position, 0)
+
+
+def coerce_data(data, encoding):
+    """Ensure that every object's __len__ behaves uniformly."""
+    if not isinstance(data, CustomBytesIO):
+        if hasattr(data, 'getvalue'):
+            return CustomBytesIO(data.getvalue(), encoding)
+
+        if hasattr(data, 'fileno'):
+            return FileWrapper(data)
+
+        if not hasattr(data, 'read'):
+            return CustomBytesIO(data, encoding)
+
+    return data
+
+
+def to_list(fields):
+    if hasattr(fields, 'items'):
+        return list(fields.items())
+    return list(fields)
+
+
+class Part(object):
+    def __init__(self, headers, body):
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.body = body
+        self.headers_unread = True
+        self.len = len(self.headers) + total_len(self.body)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_field(cls, field, encoding):
+        """Create a part from a Request Field generated by urllib3."""
+        headers = encode_with(field.render_headers(), encoding)
+        body = coerce_data(field.data, encoding)
+        return cls(headers, body)
+
+    def bytes_left_to_write(self):
+        """Determine if there are bytes left to write.
+
+        :returns: bool -- ``True`` if there are bytes left to write, otherwise
+            ``False``
+        """
+        to_read = 0
+        if self.headers_unread:
+            to_read += len(self.headers)
+
+        return (to_read + total_len(self.body)) > 0
+
+    def write_to(self, buffer, size):
+        """Write the requested amount of bytes to the buffer provided.
+
+        The number of bytes written may exceed size on the first read since we
+        load the headers ambitiously.
+
+        :param CustomBytesIO buffer: buffer we want to write bytes to
+        :param int size: number of bytes requested to be written to the buffer
+        :returns: int -- number of bytes actually written
+        """
+        written = 0
+        if self.headers_unread:
+            written += buffer.append(self.headers)
+            self.headers_unread = False
+
+        while total_len(self.body) > 0 and (size == -1 or written < size):
+            amount_to_read = size
+            if size != -1:
+                amount_to_read = size - written
+            written += buffer.append(self.body.read(amount_to_read))
+
+        return written
+
+
+class CustomBytesIO(io.BytesIO):
+    def __init__(self, buffer=None, encoding='utf-8'):
+        buffer = encode_with(buffer, encoding)
+        super(CustomBytesIO, self).__init__(buffer)
+
+    def _get_end(self):
+        current_pos = self.tell()
+        self.seek(0, 2)
+        length = self.tell()
+        self.seek(current_pos, 0)
+        return length
+
+    @property
+    def len(self):
+        length = self._get_end()
+        return length - self.tell()
+
+    def append(self, bytes):
+        with reset(self):
+            written = self.write(bytes)
+        return written
+
+    def smart_truncate(self):
+        to_be_read = total_len(self)
+        already_read = self._get_end() - to_be_read
+
+        if already_read >= to_be_read:
+            old_bytes = self.read()
+            self.seek(0, 0)
+            self.truncate()
+            self.write(old_bytes)
+            self.seek(0, 0)  # We want to be at the beginning
+
+
+class FileWrapper(object):
+    def __init__(self, file_object):
+        self.fd = file_object
+
+    @property
+    def len(self):
+        return total_len(self.fd) - self.fd.tell()
+
+    def read(self, length=-1):
+        return self.fd.read(length)
+
+
+class FileFromURLWrapper(object):
+    """File from URL wrapper.
+
+    The :class:`FileFromURLWrapper` object gives you the ability to stream file
+    from provided URL in chunks by :class:`MultipartEncoder`.
+    Provide a stateless solution for streaming file from one server to another.
+    You can use the :class:`FileFromURLWrapper` without a session or with
+    a session as demonstated by the examples below:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+        # no session
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoder, FileFromURLWrapper
+
+        url = 'https://httpbin.org/image/png'
+        streaming_encoder = MultipartEncoder(
+            fields={
+                'file': FileFromURLWrapper(url)
+            }
+        )
+        r = requests.post(
+            'https://httpbin.org/post', data=streaming_encoder,
+            headers={'Content-Type': streaming_encoder.content_type}
+        )
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+        # using a session
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt import MultipartEncoder, FileFromURLWrapper
+
+        session = requests.Session()
+        url = 'https://httpbin.org/image/png'
+        streaming_encoder = MultipartEncoder(
+            fields={
+                'file': FileFromURLWrapper(url, session=session)
+            }
+        )
+        r = session.post(
+            'https://httpbin.org/post', data=streaming_encoder,
+            headers={'Content-Type': streaming_encoder.content_type}
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, file_url, session=None):
+        self.session = session or requests.Session()
+        requested_file = self._request_for_file(file_url)
+        self.len = int(requested_file.headers['content-length'])
+        self.raw_data = requested_file.raw
+
+    def _request_for_file(self, file_url):
+        """Make call for file under provided URL."""
+        response = self.session.get(file_url, stream=True)
+        content_length = response.headers.get('content-length', None)
+        if content_length is None:
+            error_msg = (
+                "Data from provided URL {url} is not supported. Lack of "
+                "content-length Header in requested file response.".format(
+                    url=file_url)
+            )
+            raise FileNotSupportedError(error_msg)
+        elif not content_length.isdigit():
+            error_msg = (
+                "Data from provided URL {url} is not supported. content-length"
+                " header value is not a digit.".format(url=file_url)
+            )
+            raise FileNotSupportedError(error_msg)
+        return response
+
+    def read(self, chunk_size):
+        """Read file in chunks."""
+        chunk_size = chunk_size if chunk_size >= 0 else self.len
+        chunk = self.raw_data.read(chunk_size) or b''
+        self.len -= len(chunk) if chunk else 0  # left to read
+        return chunk
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/sessions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c747596b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import requests
+
+from ._compat import urljoin
+
+
+class BaseUrlSession(requests.Session):
+    """A Session with a URL that all requests will use as a base.
+
+    Let's start by looking at a few examples:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        >>> from requests_toolbelt import sessions
+        >>> s = sessions.BaseUrlSession(
+        ...     base_url='https://example.com/resource/')
+        >>> r = s.get('sub-resource/', params={'foo': 'bar'})
+        >>> print(r.request.url)
+        https://example.com/resource/sub-resource/?foo=bar
+
+    Our call to the ``get`` method will make a request to the URL passed in
+    when we created the Session and the partial resource name we provide.
+    We implement this by overriding the ``request`` method of the Session.
+
+    Likewise, we override the ``prepare_request`` method so you can construct
+    a PreparedRequest in the same way:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        >>> from requests import Request
+        >>> from requests_toolbelt import sessions
+        >>> s = sessions.BaseUrlSession(
+        ...     base_url='https://example.com/resource/')
+        >>> request = Request(method='GET', url='sub-resource/')
+        >>> prepared_request = s.prepare_request(request)
+        >>> r = s.send(prepared_request)
+        >>> print(r.request.url)
+        https://example.com/resource/sub-resource
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The base URL that you provide and the path you provide are **very**
+        important.
+
+    Let's look at another *similar* example
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        >>> from requests_toolbelt import sessions
+        >>> s = sessions.BaseUrlSession(
+        ...     base_url='https://example.com/resource/')
+        >>> r = s.get('/sub-resource/', params={'foo': 'bar'})
+        >>> print(r.request.url)
+        https://example.com/sub-resource/?foo=bar
+
+    The key difference here is that we called ``get`` with ``/sub-resource/``,
+    i.e., there was a leading ``/``. This changes how we create the URL
+    because we rely on :mod:`urllib.parse.urljoin`.
+
+    To override how we generate the URL, sub-class this method and override the
+    ``create_url`` method.
+
+    Based on implementation from
+    https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/2554#issuecomment-109341010
+    """
+
+    base_url = None
+
+    def __init__(self, base_url=None):
+        if base_url:
+            self.base_url = base_url
+        super(BaseUrlSession, self).__init__()
+
+    def request(self, method, url, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Send the request after generating the complete URL."""
+        url = self.create_url(url)
+        return super(BaseUrlSession, self).request(
+            method, url, *args, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def prepare_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Prepare the request after generating the complete URL."""
+        request.url = self.create_url(request.url)
+        return super(BaseUrlSession, self).prepare_request(
+            request, *args, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def create_url(self, url):
+        """Create the URL based off this partial path."""
+        return urljoin(self.base_url, url)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/streaming_iterator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/streaming_iterator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64fd75f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/streaming_iterator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""
+
+requests_toolbelt.streaming_iterator
+====================================
+
+This holds the implementation details for the :class:`StreamingIterator`. It
+is designed for the case where you, the user, know the size of the upload but
+need to provide the data as an iterator. This class will allow you to specify
+the size and stream the data without using a chunked transfer-encoding.
+
+"""
+from requests.utils import super_len
+
+from .multipart.encoder import CustomBytesIO, encode_with
+
+
+class StreamingIterator(object):
+
+    """
+    This class provides a way of allowing iterators with a known size to be
+    streamed instead of chunked.
+
+    In requests, if you pass in an iterator it assumes you want to use
+    chunked transfer-encoding to upload the data, which not all servers
+    support well. Additionally, you may want to set the content-length
+    yourself to avoid this but that will not work. The only way to preempt
+    requests using a chunked transfer-encoding and forcing it to stream the
+    uploads is to mimic a very specific interace. Instead of having to know
+    these details you can instead just use this class. You simply provide the
+    size and iterator and pass the instance of StreamingIterator to requests
+    via the data parameter like so:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        from requests_toolbelt import StreamingIterator
+
+        import requests
+
+        # Let iterator be some generator that you already have and size be
+        # the size of the data produced by the iterator
+
+        r = requests.post(url, data=StreamingIterator(size, iterator))
+
+    You can also pass file-like objects to :py:class:`StreamingIterator` in
+    case requests can't determize the filesize itself. This is the case with
+    streaming file objects like ``stdin`` or any sockets. Wrapping e.g. files
+    that are on disk with ``StreamingIterator`` is unnecessary, because
+    requests can determine the filesize itself.
+
+    Naturally, you should also set the `Content-Type` of your upload
+    appropriately because the toolbelt will not attempt to guess that for you.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, size, iterator, encoding='utf-8'):
+        #: The expected size of the upload
+        self.size = int(size)
+
+        if self.size < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'The size of the upload must be a positive integer'
+                )
+
+        #: Attribute that requests will check to determine the length of the
+        #: body. See bug #80 for more details
+        self.len = self.size
+
+        #: Encoding the input data is using
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+        #: The iterator used to generate the upload data
+        self.iterator = iterator
+
+        if hasattr(iterator, 'read'):
+            self._file = iterator
+        else:
+            self._file = _IteratorAsBinaryFile(iterator, encoding)
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        return encode_with(self._file.read(size), self.encoding)
+
+
+class _IteratorAsBinaryFile(object):
+    def __init__(self, iterator, encoding='utf-8'):
+        #: The iterator used to generate the upload data
+        self.iterator = iterator
+
+        #: Encoding the iterator is using
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+        # The buffer we use to provide the correct number of bytes requested
+        # during a read
+        self._buffer = CustomBytesIO()
+
+    def _get_bytes(self):
+        try:
+            return encode_with(next(self.iterator), self.encoding)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return b''
+
+    def _load_bytes(self, size):
+        self._buffer.smart_truncate()
+        amount_to_load = size - super_len(self._buffer)
+        bytes_to_append = True
+
+        while amount_to_load > 0 and bytes_to_append:
+            bytes_to_append = self._get_bytes()
+            amount_to_load -= self._buffer.append(bytes_to_append)
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        size = int(size)
+        if size == -1:
+            return b''.join(self.iterator)
+
+        self._load_bytes(size)
+        return self._buffer.read(size)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..984f1e80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+"""
+This module provides the API for ``requests_toolbelt.threaded``.
+
+The module provides a clean and simple API for making requests via a thread
+pool. The thread pool will use sessions for increased performance.
+
+A simple use-case is:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from requests_toolbelt import threaded
+
+    urls_to_get = [{
+        'url': 'https://api.github.com/users/sigmavirus24',
+        'method': 'GET',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://api.github.com/repos/requests/toolbelt',
+        'method': 'GET',
+    }, {
+        'url': 'https://google.com',
+        'method': 'GET',
+    }]
+    responses, errors = threaded.map(urls_to_get)
+
+By default, the threaded submodule will detect the number of CPUs your
+computer has and use that if no other number of processes is selected. To
+change this, always use the keyword argument ``num_processes``. Using the
+above example, we would expand it like so:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    responses, errors = threaded.map(urls_to_get, num_processes=10)
+
+You can also customize how a :class:`requests.Session` is initialized by
+creating a callback function:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    from requests_toolbelt import user_agent
+
+    def initialize_session(session):
+        session.headers['User-Agent'] = user_agent('my-scraper', '0.1')
+        session.headers['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+
+    responses, errors = threaded.map(urls_to_get,
+                                     initializer=initialize_session)
+
+.. autofunction:: requests_toolbelt.threaded.map
+
+Inspiration is blatantly drawn from the standard library's multiprocessing
+library. See the following references:
+
+- multiprocessing's `pool source`_
+
+- map and map_async `inspiration`_
+
+.. _pool source:
+    https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/8ef4f75a8018/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
+.. _inspiration:
+    https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/8ef4f75a8018/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py#l340
+"""
+from . import pool
+from .._compat import queue
+
+
+def map(requests, **kwargs):
+    r"""Simple interface to the threaded Pool object.
+
+    This function takes a list of dictionaries representing requests to make
+    using Sessions in threads and returns a tuple where the first item is
+    a generator of successful responses and the second is a generator of
+    exceptions.
+
+    :param list requests:
+        Collection of dictionaries representing requests to make with the Pool
+        object.
+    :param \*\*kwargs:
+        Keyword arguments that are passed to the
+        :class:`~requests_toolbelt.threaded.pool.Pool` object.
+    :returns: Tuple of responses and exceptions from the pool
+    :rtype: (:class:`~requests_toolbelt.threaded.pool.ThreadResponse`,
+        :class:`~requests_toolbelt.threaded.pool.ThreadException`)
+    """
+    if not (requests and all(isinstance(r, dict) for r in requests)):
+        raise ValueError('map expects a list of dictionaries.')
+
+    # Build our queue of requests
+    job_queue = queue.Queue()
+    for request in requests:
+        job_queue.put(request)
+
+    # Ensure the user doesn't try to pass their own job_queue
+    kwargs['job_queue'] = job_queue
+
+    threadpool = pool.Pool(**kwargs)
+    threadpool.join_all()
+    return threadpool.responses(), threadpool.exceptions()
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/pool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/pool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1fe81461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/pool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+"""Module implementing the Pool for :mod:``requests_toolbelt.threaded``."""
+import multiprocessing
+import requests
+
+from . import thread
+from .._compat import queue
+
+
+class Pool(object):
+    """Pool that manages the threads containing sessions.
+
+    :param queue:
+        The queue you're expected to use to which you should add items.
+    :type queue: queue.Queue
+    :param initializer:
+        Function used to initialize an instance of ``session``.
+    :type initializer: collections.Callable
+    :param auth_generator:
+        Function used to generate new auth credentials for the session.
+    :type auth_generator: collections.Callable
+    :param int num_process:
+        Number of threads to create.
+    :param session:
+    :type session: requests.Session
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, job_queue, initializer=None, auth_generator=None,
+                 num_processes=None, session=requests.Session):
+        if num_processes is None:
+            num_processes = multiprocessing.cpu_count() or 1
+
+        if num_processes < 1:
+            raise ValueError("Number of processes should at least be 1.")
+
+        self._job_queue = job_queue
+        self._response_queue = queue.Queue()
+        self._exc_queue = queue.Queue()
+        self._processes = num_processes
+        self._initializer = initializer or _identity
+        self._auth = auth_generator or _identity
+        self._session = session
+        self._pool = [
+            thread.SessionThread(self._new_session(), self._job_queue,
+                                 self._response_queue, self._exc_queue)
+            for _ in range(self._processes)
+        ]
+
+    def _new_session(self):
+        return self._auth(self._initializer(self._session()))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_exceptions(cls, exceptions, **kwargs):
+        r"""Create a :class:`~Pool` from an :class:`~ThreadException`\ s.
+
+        Provided an iterable that provides :class:`~ThreadException` objects,
+        this classmethod will generate a new pool to retry the requests that
+        caused the exceptions.
+
+        :param exceptions:
+            Iterable that returns :class:`~ThreadException`
+        :type exceptions: iterable
+        :param kwargs:
+            Keyword arguments passed to the :class:`~Pool` initializer.
+        :returns: An initialized :class:`~Pool` object.
+        :rtype: :class:`~Pool`
+        """
+        job_queue = queue.Queue()
+        for exc in exceptions:
+            job_queue.put(exc.request_kwargs)
+
+        return cls(job_queue=job_queue, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_urls(cls, urls, request_kwargs=None, **kwargs):
+        """Create a :class:`~Pool` from an iterable of URLs.
+
+        :param urls:
+            Iterable that returns URLs with which we create a pool.
+        :type urls: iterable
+        :param dict request_kwargs:
+            Dictionary of other keyword arguments to provide to the request
+            method.
+        :param kwargs:
+            Keyword arguments passed to the :class:`~Pool` initializer.
+        :returns: An initialized :class:`~Pool` object.
+        :rtype: :class:`~Pool`
+        """
+        request_dict = {'method': 'GET'}
+        request_dict.update(request_kwargs or {})
+        job_queue = queue.Queue()
+        for url in urls:
+            job = request_dict.copy()
+            job.update({'url': url})
+            job_queue.put(job)
+
+        return cls(job_queue=job_queue, **kwargs)
+
+    def exceptions(self):
+        """Iterate over all the exceptions in the pool.
+
+        :returns: Generator of :class:`~ThreadException`
+        """
+        while True:
+            exc = self.get_exception()
+            if exc is None:
+                break
+            yield exc
+
+    def get_exception(self):
+        """Get an exception from the pool.
+
+        :rtype: :class:`~ThreadException`
+        """
+        try:
+            (request, exc) = self._exc_queue.get_nowait()
+        except queue.Empty:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return ThreadException(request, exc)
+
+    def get_response(self):
+        """Get a response from the pool.
+
+        :rtype: :class:`~ThreadResponse`
+        """
+        try:
+            (request, response) = self._response_queue.get_nowait()
+        except queue.Empty:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return ThreadResponse(request, response)
+
+    def responses(self):
+        """Iterate over all the responses in the pool.
+
+        :returns: Generator of :class:`~ThreadResponse`
+        """
+        while True:
+            resp = self.get_response()
+            if resp is None:
+                break
+            yield resp
+
+    def join_all(self):
+        """Join all the threads to the master thread."""
+        for session_thread in self._pool:
+            session_thread.join()
+
+
+class ThreadProxy(object):
+    proxied_attr = None
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        """Proxy attribute accesses to the proxied object."""
+        get = object.__getattribute__
+        if attr not in self.attrs:
+            response = get(self, self.proxied_attr)
+            return getattr(response, attr)
+        else:
+            return get(self, attr)
+
+
+class ThreadResponse(ThreadProxy):
+    """A wrapper around a requests Response object.
+
+    This will proxy most attribute access actions to the Response object. For
+    example, if you wanted the parsed JSON from the response, you might do:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        thread_response = pool.get_response()
+        json = thread_response.json()
+
+    """
+    proxied_attr = 'response'
+    attrs = frozenset(['request_kwargs', 'response'])
+
+    def __init__(self, request_kwargs, response):
+        #: The original keyword arguments provided to the queue
+        self.request_kwargs = request_kwargs
+        #: The wrapped response
+        self.response = response
+
+
+class ThreadException(ThreadProxy):
+    """A wrapper around an exception raised during a request.
+
+    This will proxy most attribute access actions to the exception object. For
+    example, if you wanted the message from the exception, you might do:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        thread_exc = pool.get_exception()
+        msg = thread_exc.message
+
+    """
+    proxied_attr = 'exception'
+    attrs = frozenset(['request_kwargs', 'exception'])
+
+    def __init__(self, request_kwargs, exception):
+        #: The original keyword arguments provided to the queue
+        self.request_kwargs = request_kwargs
+        #: The captured and wrapped exception
+        self.exception = exception
+
+
+def _identity(session_obj):
+    return session_obj
+
+
+__all__ = ['ThreadException', 'ThreadResponse', 'Pool']
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/thread.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/thread.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..542813c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/threaded/thread.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+"""Module containing the SessionThread class."""
+import threading
+import uuid
+
+import requests.exceptions as exc
+
+from .._compat import queue
+
+
+class SessionThread(object):
+    def __init__(self, initialized_session, job_queue, response_queue,
+                 exception_queue):
+        self._session = initialized_session
+        self._jobs = job_queue
+        self._create_worker()
+        self._responses = response_queue
+        self._exceptions = exception_queue
+
+    def _create_worker(self):
+        self._worker = threading.Thread(
+            target=self._make_request,
+            name=uuid.uuid4(),
+        )
+        self._worker.daemon = True
+        self._worker._state = 0
+        self._worker.start()
+
+    def _handle_request(self, kwargs):
+        try:
+            response = self._session.request(**kwargs)
+        except exc.RequestException as e:
+            self._exceptions.put((kwargs, e))
+        else:
+            self._responses.put((kwargs, response))
+        finally:
+            self._jobs.task_done()
+
+    def _make_request(self):
+        while True:
+            try:
+                kwargs = self._jobs.get_nowait()
+            except queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+            self._handle_request(kwargs)
+
+    def is_alive(self):
+        """Proxy to the thread's ``is_alive`` method."""
+        return self._worker.is_alive()
+
+    def join(self):
+        """Join this thread to the master thread."""
+        self._worker.join()
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/__pycache__/user_agent.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/__pycache__/user_agent.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/deprecated.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/deprecated.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c935783b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/deprecated.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""A collection of functions deprecated in requests.utils."""
+import re
+import sys
+
+from requests import utils
+
+find_charset = re.compile(
+    br'<meta.*?charset=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I
+).findall
+
+find_pragma = re.compile(
+    br'<meta.*?content=["\']*;?charset=(.+?)["\'>]', flags=re.I
+).findall
+
+find_xml = re.compile(
+    br'^<\?xml.*?encoding=["\']*(.+?)["\'>]'
+).findall
+
+
+def get_encodings_from_content(content):
+    """Return encodings from given content string.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.utils import deprecated
+
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        encodings = deprecated.get_encodings_from_content(r)
+
+    :param content: bytestring to extract encodings from
+    :type content: bytes
+    :return: encodings detected in the provided content
+    :rtype: list(str)
+    """
+    encodings = (find_charset(content) + find_pragma(content)
+                 + find_xml(content))
+    if (3, 0) <= sys.version_info < (4, 0):
+        encodings = [encoding.decode('utf8') for encoding in encodings]
+    return encodings
+
+
+def get_unicode_from_response(response):
+    """Return the requested content back in unicode.
+
+    This will first attempt to retrieve the encoding from the response
+    headers. If that fails, it will use
+    :func:`requests_toolbelt.utils.deprecated.get_encodings_from_content`
+    to determine encodings from HTML elements.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.utils import deprecated
+
+        r = requests.get(url)
+        text = deprecated.get_unicode_from_response(r)
+
+    :param response: Response object to get unicode content from.
+    :type response: requests.models.Response
+    """
+    tried_encodings = set()
+
+    # Try charset from content-type
+    encoding = utils.get_encoding_from_headers(response.headers)
+
+    if encoding:
+        try:
+            return str(response.content, encoding)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            tried_encodings.add(encoding.lower())
+
+    encodings = get_encodings_from_content(response.content)
+
+    for _encoding in encodings:
+        _encoding = _encoding.lower()
+        if _encoding in tried_encodings:
+            continue
+        try:
+            return str(response.content, _encoding)
+        except UnicodeError:
+            tried_encodings.add(_encoding)
+
+    # Fall back:
+    if encoding:
+        try:
+            return str(response.content, encoding, errors='replace')
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+    return response.text
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/dump.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/dump.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dec0e376
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/dump.py
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+"""This module provides functions for dumping information about responses."""
+import collections
+
+from requests import compat
+
+
+__all__ = ('dump_response', 'dump_all')
+
+HTTP_VERSIONS = {
+    9: b'0.9',
+    10: b'1.0',
+    11: b'1.1',
+}
+
+_PrefixSettings = collections.namedtuple('PrefixSettings',
+                                         ['request', 'response'])
+
+
+class PrefixSettings(_PrefixSettings):
+    def __new__(cls, request, response):
+        request = _coerce_to_bytes(request)
+        response = _coerce_to_bytes(response)
+        return super(PrefixSettings, cls).__new__(cls, request, response)
+
+
+def _get_proxy_information(response):
+    if getattr(response.connection, 'proxy_manager', False):
+        proxy_info = {}
+        request_url = response.request.url
+        if request_url.startswith('https://'):
+            proxy_info['method'] = 'CONNECT'
+
+        proxy_info['request_path'] = request_url
+        return proxy_info
+    return None
+
+
+def _format_header(name, value):
+    return (_coerce_to_bytes(name) + b': ' + _coerce_to_bytes(value) +
+            b'\r\n')
+
+
+def _build_request_path(url, proxy_info):
+    uri = compat.urlparse(url)
+    proxy_url = proxy_info.get('request_path')
+    if proxy_url is not None:
+        request_path = _coerce_to_bytes(proxy_url)
+        return request_path, uri
+
+    request_path = _coerce_to_bytes(uri.path)
+    if uri.query:
+        request_path += b'?' + _coerce_to_bytes(uri.query)
+
+    return request_path, uri
+
+
+def _dump_request_data(request, prefixes, bytearr, proxy_info=None):
+    if proxy_info is None:
+        proxy_info = {}
+
+    prefix = prefixes.request
+    method = _coerce_to_bytes(proxy_info.pop('method', request.method))
+    request_path, uri = _build_request_path(request.url, proxy_info)
+
+    # <prefix><METHOD> <request-path> HTTP/1.1
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + method + b' ' + request_path + b' HTTP/1.1\r\n')
+
+    # <prefix>Host: <request-host> OR host header specified by user
+    headers = request.headers.copy()
+    host_header = _coerce_to_bytes(headers.pop('Host', uri.netloc))
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'Host: ' + host_header + b'\r\n')
+
+    for name, value in headers.items():
+        bytearr.extend(prefix + _format_header(name, value))
+
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'\r\n')
+    if request.body:
+        if isinstance(request.body, compat.basestring):
+            bytearr.extend(prefix + _coerce_to_bytes(request.body))
+        else:
+            # In the event that the body is a file-like object, let's not try
+            # to read everything into memory.
+            bytearr.extend(b'<< Request body is not a string-like type >>')
+        bytearr.extend(b'\r\n')
+    bytearr.extend(b'\r\n')
+
+
+def _dump_response_data(response, prefixes, bytearr):
+    prefix = prefixes.response
+    # Let's interact almost entirely with urllib3's response
+    raw = response.raw
+
+    # Let's convert the version int from httplib to bytes
+    version_str = HTTP_VERSIONS.get(raw.version, b'?')
+
+    # <prefix>HTTP/<version_str> <status_code> <reason>
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'HTTP/' + version_str + b' ' +
+                   str(raw.status).encode('ascii') + b' ' +
+                   _coerce_to_bytes(response.reason) + b'\r\n')
+
+    headers = raw.headers
+    for name in headers.keys():
+        for value in headers.getlist(name):
+            bytearr.extend(prefix + _format_header(name, value))
+
+    bytearr.extend(prefix + b'\r\n')
+
+    bytearr.extend(response.content)
+
+
+def _coerce_to_bytes(data):
+    if not isinstance(data, bytes) and hasattr(data, 'encode'):
+        data = data.encode('utf-8')
+    # Don't bail out with an exception if data is None
+    return data if data is not None else b''
+
+
+def dump_response(response, request_prefix=b'< ', response_prefix=b'> ',
+                  data_array=None):
+    """Dump a single request-response cycle's information.
+
+    This will take a response object and dump only the data that requests can
+    see for that single request-response cycle.
+
+    Example::
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump
+
+        resp = requests.get('https://api.github.com/users/sigmavirus24')
+        data = dump.dump_response(resp)
+        print(data.decode('utf-8'))
+
+    :param response:
+        The response to format
+    :type response: :class:`requests.Response`
+    :param request_prefix: (*optional*)
+        Bytes to prefix each line of the request data
+    :type request_prefix: :class:`bytes`
+    :param response_prefix: (*optional*)
+        Bytes to prefix each line of the response data
+    :type response_prefix: :class:`bytes`
+    :param data_array: (*optional*)
+        Bytearray to which we append the request-response cycle data
+    :type data_array: :class:`bytearray`
+    :returns: Formatted bytes of request and response information.
+    :rtype: :class:`bytearray`
+    """
+    data = data_array if data_array is not None else bytearray()
+    prefixes = PrefixSettings(request_prefix, response_prefix)
+
+    if not hasattr(response, 'request'):
+        raise ValueError('Response has no associated request')
+
+    proxy_info = _get_proxy_information(response)
+    _dump_request_data(response.request, prefixes, data,
+                       proxy_info=proxy_info)
+    _dump_response_data(response, prefixes, data)
+    return data
+
+
+def dump_all(response, request_prefix=b'< ', response_prefix=b'> '):
+    """Dump all requests and responses including redirects.
+
+    This takes the response returned by requests and will dump all
+    request-response pairs in the redirect history in order followed by the
+    final request-response.
+
+    Example::
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump
+
+        resp = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/redirect/5')
+        data = dump.dump_all(resp)
+        print(data.decode('utf-8'))
+
+    :param response:
+        The response to format
+    :type response: :class:`requests.Response`
+    :param request_prefix: (*optional*)
+        Bytes to prefix each line of the request data
+    :type request_prefix: :class:`bytes`
+    :param response_prefix: (*optional*)
+        Bytes to prefix each line of the response data
+    :type response_prefix: :class:`bytes`
+    :returns: Formatted bytes of request and response information.
+    :rtype: :class:`bytearray`
+    """
+    data = bytearray()
+
+    history = list(response.history[:])
+    history.append(response)
+
+    for response in history:
+        dump_response(response, request_prefix, response_prefix, data)
+
+    return data
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/formdata.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/formdata.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0a909d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/formdata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+"""Implementation of nested form-data encoding function(s)."""
+from .._compat import basestring
+from .._compat import urlencode as _urlencode
+
+
+__all__ = ('urlencode',)
+
+
+def urlencode(query, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Handle nested form-data queries and serialize them appropriately.
+
+    There are times when a website expects a nested form data query to be sent
+    but, the standard library's urlencode function does not appropriately
+    handle the nested structures. In that case, you need this function which
+    will flatten the structure first and then properly encode it for you.
+
+    When using this to send data in the body of a request, make sure you
+    specify the appropriate Content-Type header for the request.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.utils import formdata
+
+        query = {
+           'my_dict': {
+               'foo': 'bar',
+               'biz': 'baz",
+            },
+            'a': 'b',
+        }
+
+        resp = requests.get(url, params=formdata.urlencode(query))
+        # or
+        resp = requests.post(
+            url,
+            data=formdata.urlencode(query),
+            headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+            },
+        )
+
+    Similarly, you can specify a list of nested tuples, e.g.,
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import requests
+        from requests_toolbelt.utils import formdata
+
+        query = [
+            ('my_list', [
+                ('foo', 'bar'),
+                ('biz', 'baz'),
+            ]),
+            ('a', 'b'),
+        ]
+
+        resp = requests.get(url, params=formdata.urlencode(query))
+        # or
+        resp = requests.post(
+            url,
+            data=formdata.urlencode(query),
+            headers={
+                'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
+            },
+        )
+
+    For additional parameter and return information, see the official
+    `urlencode`_ documentation.
+
+    .. _urlencode:
+        https://docs.python.org/3/library/urllib.parse.html#urllib.parse.urlencode
+    """
+    expand_classes = (dict, list, tuple)
+    original_query_list = _to_kv_list(query)
+
+    if not all(_is_two_tuple(i) for i in original_query_list):
+        raise ValueError("Expected query to be able to be converted to a "
+                         "list comprised of length 2 tuples.")
+
+    query_list = original_query_list
+    while any(isinstance(v, expand_classes) for _, v in query_list):
+        query_list = _expand_query_values(query_list)
+
+    return _urlencode(query_list, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _to_kv_list(dict_or_list):
+    if hasattr(dict_or_list, 'items'):
+        return list(dict_or_list.items())
+    return dict_or_list
+
+
+def _is_two_tuple(item):
+    return isinstance(item, (list, tuple)) and len(item) == 2
+
+
+def _expand_query_values(original_query_list):
+    query_list = []
+    for key, value in original_query_list:
+        if isinstance(value, basestring):
+            query_list.append((key, value))
+        else:
+            key_fmt = key + '[%s]'
+            value_list = _to_kv_list(value)
+            query_list.extend((key_fmt % k, v) for k, v in value_list)
+    return query_list
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9636a41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/requests_toolbelt/utils/user_agent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import collections
+import platform
+import sys
+
+
+def user_agent(name, version, extras=None):
+    """Return an internet-friendly user_agent string.
+
+    The majority of this code has been wilfully stolen from the equivalent
+    function in Requests.
+
+    :param name: The intended name of the user-agent, e.g. "python-requests".
+    :param version: The version of the user-agent, e.g. "0.0.1".
+    :param extras: List of two-item tuples that are added to the user-agent
+        string.
+    :returns: Formatted user-agent string
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    if extras is None:
+        extras = []
+
+    return UserAgentBuilder(
+            name, version
+        ).include_extras(
+            extras
+        ).include_implementation(
+        ).include_system().build()
+
+
+class UserAgentBuilder(object):
+    """Class to provide a greater level of control than :func:`user_agent`.
+
+    This is used by :func:`user_agent` to build its User-Agent string.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        user_agent_str = UserAgentBuilder(
+                name='requests-toolbelt',
+                version='17.4.0',
+            ).include_implementation(
+            ).include_system(
+            ).include_extras([
+                ('requests', '2.14.2'),
+                ('urllib3', '1.21.2'),
+            ]).build()
+
+    """
+
+    format_string = '%s/%s'
+
+    def __init__(self, name, version):
+        """Initialize our builder with the name and version of our user agent.
+
+        :param str name:
+            Name of our user-agent.
+        :param str version:
+            The version string for user-agent.
+        """
+        self._pieces = collections.deque([(name, version)])
+
+    def build(self):
+        """Finalize the User-Agent string.
+
+        :returns:
+            Formatted User-Agent string.
+        :rtype:
+            str
+        """
+        return " ".join([self.format_string % piece for piece in self._pieces])
+
+    def include_extras(self, extras):
+        """Include extra portions of the User-Agent.
+
+        :param list extras:
+            list of tuples of extra-name and extra-version
+        """
+        if any(len(extra) != 2 for extra in extras):
+            raise ValueError('Extras should be a sequence of two item tuples.')
+
+        self._pieces.extend(extras)
+        return self
+
+    def include_implementation(self):
+        """Append the implementation string to the user-agent string.
+
+        This adds the the information that you're using CPython 2.7.13 to the
+        User-Agent.
+        """
+        self._pieces.append(_implementation_tuple())
+        return self
+
+    def include_system(self):
+        """Append the information about the Operating System."""
+        self._pieces.append(_platform_tuple())
+        return self
+
+
+def _implementation_tuple():
+    """Return the tuple of interpreter name and version.
+
+    Returns a string that provides both the name and the version of the Python
+    implementation currently running. For example, on CPython 2.7.5 it will
+    return "CPython/2.7.5".
+
+    This function works best on CPython and PyPy: in particular, it probably
+    doesn't work for Jython or IronPython. Future investigation should be done
+    to work out the correct shape of the code for those platforms.
+    """
+    implementation = platform.python_implementation()
+
+    if implementation == 'CPython':
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()
+    elif implementation == 'PyPy':
+        implementation_version = '%s.%s.%s' % (sys.pypy_version_info.major,
+                                               sys.pypy_version_info.minor,
+                                               sys.pypy_version_info.micro)
+        if sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel != 'final':
+            implementation_version = ''.join([
+                implementation_version, sys.pypy_version_info.releaselevel
+                ])
+    elif implementation == 'Jython':
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
+    elif implementation == 'IronPython':
+        implementation_version = platform.python_version()  # Complete Guess
+    else:
+        implementation_version = 'Unknown'
+
+    return (implementation, implementation_version)
+
+
+def _implementation_string():
+    return "%s/%s" % _implementation_tuple()
+
+
+def _platform_tuple():
+    try:
+        p_system = platform.system()
+        p_release = platform.release()
+    except IOError:
+        p_system = 'Unknown'
+        p_release = 'Unknown'
+    return (p_system, p_release)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51f34429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+This software is made available under the terms of *either* of the
+licenses found in LICENSE.APACHE2 or LICENSE.MIT. Contributions to are
+made under the terms of *both* these licenses.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE2 b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE2
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6456956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE2
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
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+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
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+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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+
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+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
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+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
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+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
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+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.MIT b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.MIT
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8bb9718
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88968aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: sniffio
+Version: 1.3.1
+Summary: Sniff out which async library your code is running under
+Author-email: "Nathaniel J. Smith" <njs@pobox.com>
+License: MIT OR Apache-2.0
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/python-trio/sniffio
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://sniffio.readthedocs.io/
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://sniffio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/history.html
+Keywords: async,trio,asyncio
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Framework :: Trio
+Classifier: Framework :: AsyncIO
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Requires-Python: >=3.7
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+License-File: LICENSE
+License-File: LICENSE.APACHE2
+License-File: LICENSE.MIT
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/chat-join%20now-blue.svg
+   :target: https://gitter.im/python-trio/general
+   :alt: Join chatroom
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-read%20now-blue.svg
+   :target: https://sniffio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/?badge=latest
+   :alt: Documentation Status
+
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/sniffio.svg
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/sniffio
+   :alt: Latest PyPi version
+   
+.. image:: https://img.shields.io/conda/vn/conda-forge/sniffio.svg
+   :target: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/sniffio 
+   :alt: Latest conda-forge version   
+
+.. image:: https://travis-ci.org/python-trio/sniffio.svg?branch=master
+   :target: https://travis-ci.org/python-trio/sniffio
+   :alt: Automated test status
+
+.. image:: https://codecov.io/gh/python-trio/sniffio/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
+   :target: https://codecov.io/gh/python-trio/sniffio
+   :alt: Test coverage
+
+=================================================================
+sniffio: Sniff out which async library your code is running under
+=================================================================
+
+You're writing a library. You've decided to be ambitious, and support
+multiple async I/O packages, like `Trio
+<https://trio.readthedocs.io>`__, and `asyncio
+<https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html>`__, and ... You've
+written a bunch of clever code to handle all the differences. But...
+how do you know *which* piece of clever code to run?
+
+This is a tiny package whose only purpose is to let you detect which
+async library your code is running under.
+
+* Documentation: https://sniffio.readthedocs.io
+
+* Bug tracker and source code: https://github.com/python-trio/sniffio
+
+* License: MIT or Apache License 2.0, your choice
+
+* Contributor guide: https://trio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing.html
+
+* Code of conduct: Contributors are requested to follow our `code of
+  conduct
+  <https://trio.readthedocs.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct.html>`_
+  in all project spaces.
+
+This library is maintained by the Trio project, as a service to the
+async Python community as a whole.
+
+
+Quickstart
+----------
+
+.. code-block:: python3
+
+   from sniffio import current_async_library
+   import trio
+   import asyncio
+
+   async def print_library():
+       library = current_async_library()
+       print("This is:", library)
+
+   # Prints "This is trio"
+   trio.run(print_library)
+
+   # Prints "This is asyncio"
+   asyncio.run(print_library())
+
+For more details, including how to add support to new async libraries,
+`please peruse our fine manual <https://sniffio.readthedocs.io>`__.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae1774f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=ZSyHhIjRRWNh4Iw_hgf9e6WYkqFBA9Fczk_5PIW1zIs,185
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.APACHE2,sha256=z8d0m5b2O9McPEK1xHG_dWgUBT6EfBDz6wA0F7xSPTA,11358
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/LICENSE.MIT,sha256=Pm2uVV65J4f8gtHUg1Vnf0VMf2Wus40_nnK_mj2vA0s,1046
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=CzGLVwmO3sz1heYKiJprantcQIbzqapi7_dqHTzuEtk,3875
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/RECORD,,
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=oiQVh_5PnQM0E3gPdiz09WCNmwiHDMaGer_elqB3coM,92
+sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=v9UJXGs5CyddCVeAqXkQiWOrpp6Wtx6GeRrPt9-jjHg,8
+sniffio/__init__.py,sha256=9WJEJlXu7yluP0YtI5SQ9M9OTQfbNHkadarK1vXGDPM,335
+sniffio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+sniffio/__pycache__/_impl.cpython-312.pyc,,
+sniffio/__pycache__/_version.cpython-312.pyc,,
+sniffio/_impl.py,sha256=UmUFMZpiuOrcjnuHhuYiYMxeCNWfqu9kBlaPf0xk6X8,2843
+sniffio/_tests/__init__.py,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+sniffio/_tests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+sniffio/_tests/__pycache__/test_sniffio.cpython-312.pyc,,
+sniffio/_tests/test_sniffio.py,sha256=MMJZZJjQrUi95RANNM-a_55BZquA_gv4rHU1pevcTCM,2058
+sniffio/_version.py,sha256=iVes5xwsHeRzQDexBaAhyx_taNt2ucfA7CWAo4QDt6Q,89
+sniffio/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98c0d20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.42.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01c65024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio-1.3.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+sniffio
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63f2f19e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+"""Top-level package for sniffio."""
+
+__all__ = [
+    "current_async_library",
+    "AsyncLibraryNotFoundError",
+    "current_async_library_cvar",
+    "thread_local",
+]
+
+from ._version import __version__
+
+from ._impl import (
+    current_async_library,
+    AsyncLibraryNotFoundError,
+    current_async_library_cvar,
+    thread_local,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__pycache__/_impl.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__pycache__/_impl.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__pycache__/_version.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/__pycache__/_version.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1a7bbf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+from contextvars import ContextVar
+from typing import Optional
+import sys
+import threading
+
+current_async_library_cvar = ContextVar(
+    "current_async_library_cvar", default=None
+)  # type: ContextVar[Optional[str]]
+
+
+class _ThreadLocal(threading.local):
+    # Since threading.local provides no explicit mechanism is for setting
+    # a default for a value, a custom class with a class attribute is used
+    # instead.
+    name = None  # type: Optional[str]
+
+
+thread_local = _ThreadLocal()
+
+
+class AsyncLibraryNotFoundError(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
+def current_async_library() -> str:
+    """Detect which async library is currently running.
+
+    The following libraries are currently supported:
+
+    ================   ===========  ============================
+    Library             Requires     Magic string
+    ================   ===========  ============================
+    **Trio**            Trio v0.6+   ``"trio"``
+    **Curio**           -            ``"curio"``
+    **asyncio**                      ``"asyncio"``
+    **Trio-asyncio**    v0.8.2+     ``"trio"`` or ``"asyncio"``,
+                                    depending on current mode
+    ================   ===========  ============================
+
+    Returns:
+      A string like ``"trio"``.
+
+    Raises:
+      AsyncLibraryNotFoundError: if called from synchronous context,
+        or if the current async library was not recognized.
+
+    Examples:
+
+        .. code-block:: python3
+
+           from sniffio import current_async_library
+
+           async def generic_sleep(seconds):
+               library = current_async_library()
+               if library == "trio":
+                   import trio
+                   await trio.sleep(seconds)
+               elif library == "asyncio":
+                   import asyncio
+                   await asyncio.sleep(seconds)
+               # ... and so on ...
+               else:
+                   raise RuntimeError(f"Unsupported library {library!r}")
+
+    """
+    value = thread_local.name
+    if value is not None:
+        return value
+
+    value = current_async_library_cvar.get()
+    if value is not None:
+        return value
+
+    # Need to sniff for asyncio
+    if "asyncio" in sys.modules:
+        import asyncio
+        try:
+            current_task = asyncio.current_task  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        except AttributeError:
+            current_task = asyncio.Task.current_task  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        try:
+            if current_task() is not None:
+                return "asyncio"
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+
+    # Sniff for curio (for now)
+    if 'curio' in sys.modules:
+        from curio.meta import curio_running
+        if curio_running():
+            return 'curio'
+
+    raise AsyncLibraryNotFoundError(
+        "unknown async library, or not in async context"
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/__pycache__/test_sniffio.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/__pycache__/test_sniffio.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf3f30e5
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/test_sniffio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/test_sniffio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02945a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_tests/test_sniffio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import os
+import sys
+
+import pytest
+
+from .. import (
+    current_async_library, AsyncLibraryNotFoundError,
+    current_async_library_cvar, thread_local
+)
+
+
+def test_basics_cvar():
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
+
+    token = current_async_library_cvar.set("generic-lib")
+    try:
+        assert current_async_library() == "generic-lib"
+    finally:
+        current_async_library_cvar.reset(token)
+
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
+
+
+def test_basics_tlocal():
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
+
+    old_name, thread_local.name = thread_local.name, "generic-lib"
+    try:
+        assert current_async_library() == "generic-lib"
+    finally:
+        thread_local.name = old_name
+
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
+
+
+def test_asyncio():
+    import asyncio
+
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
+
+    ran = []
+
+    async def this_is_asyncio():
+        assert current_async_library() == "asyncio"
+        # Call it a second time to exercise the caching logic
+        assert current_async_library() == "asyncio"
+        ran.append(True)
+
+    asyncio.run(this_is_asyncio())
+    assert ran == [True]
+
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(
+    sys.version_info >= (3, 12),
+    reason=
+    "curio broken on 3.12 (https://github.com/python-trio/sniffio/pull/42)",
+)
+def test_curio():
+    import curio
+
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
+
+    ran = []
+
+    async def this_is_curio():
+        assert current_async_library() == "curio"
+        # Call it a second time to exercise the caching logic
+        assert current_async_library() == "curio"
+        ran.append(True)
+
+    curio.run(this_is_curio)
+    assert ran == [True]
+
+    with pytest.raises(AsyncLibraryNotFoundError):
+        current_async_library()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0495d105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/_version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# This file is imported from __init__.py and exec'd from setup.py
+
+__version__ = "1.3.1"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sniffio/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5361dc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: SQLAlchemy
+Version: 2.0.40
+Summary: Database Abstraction Library
+Home-page: https://www.sqlalchemy.org
+Author: Mike Bayer
+Author-email: mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com
+License: MIT
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://docs.sqlalchemy.org
+Project-URL: Issue Tracker, https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Database :: Front-Ends
+Requires-Python: >=3.7
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+License-File: LICENSE
+Requires-Dist: importlib-metadata; python_version < "3.8"
+Requires-Dist: greenlet>=1; python_version < "3.14" and (platform_machine == "aarch64" or (platform_machine == "ppc64le" or (platform_machine == "x86_64" or (platform_machine == "amd64" or (platform_machine == "AMD64" or (platform_machine == "win32" or platform_machine == "WIN32"))))))
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.6.0
+Provides-Extra: asyncio
+Requires-Dist: greenlet>=1; extra == "asyncio"
+Provides-Extra: mypy
+Requires-Dist: mypy>=0.910; extra == "mypy"
+Provides-Extra: mssql
+Requires-Dist: pyodbc; extra == "mssql"
+Provides-Extra: mssql-pymssql
+Requires-Dist: pymssql; extra == "mssql-pymssql"
+Provides-Extra: mssql-pyodbc
+Requires-Dist: pyodbc; extra == "mssql-pyodbc"
+Provides-Extra: mysql
+Requires-Dist: mysqlclient>=1.4.0; extra == "mysql"
+Provides-Extra: mysql-connector
+Requires-Dist: mysql-connector-python; extra == "mysql-connector"
+Provides-Extra: mariadb-connector
+Requires-Dist: mariadb!=1.1.10,!=1.1.2,!=1.1.5,>=1.0.1; extra == "mariadb-connector"
+Provides-Extra: oracle
+Requires-Dist: cx_oracle>=8; extra == "oracle"
+Provides-Extra: oracle-oracledb
+Requires-Dist: oracledb>=1.0.1; extra == "oracle-oracledb"
+Provides-Extra: postgresql
+Requires-Dist: psycopg2>=2.7; extra == "postgresql"
+Provides-Extra: postgresql-pg8000
+Requires-Dist: pg8000>=1.29.1; extra == "postgresql-pg8000"
+Provides-Extra: postgresql-asyncpg
+Requires-Dist: greenlet>=1; extra == "postgresql-asyncpg"
+Requires-Dist: asyncpg; extra == "postgresql-asyncpg"
+Provides-Extra: postgresql-psycopg2binary
+Requires-Dist: psycopg2-binary; extra == "postgresql-psycopg2binary"
+Provides-Extra: postgresql-psycopg2cffi
+Requires-Dist: psycopg2cffi; extra == "postgresql-psycopg2cffi"
+Provides-Extra: postgresql-psycopg
+Requires-Dist: psycopg>=3.0.7; extra == "postgresql-psycopg"
+Provides-Extra: postgresql-psycopgbinary
+Requires-Dist: psycopg[binary]>=3.0.7; extra == "postgresql-psycopgbinary"
+Provides-Extra: pymysql
+Requires-Dist: pymysql; extra == "pymysql"
+Provides-Extra: aiomysql
+Requires-Dist: greenlet>=1; extra == "aiomysql"
+Requires-Dist: aiomysql>=0.2.0; extra == "aiomysql"
+Provides-Extra: aioodbc
+Requires-Dist: greenlet>=1; extra == "aioodbc"
+Requires-Dist: aioodbc; extra == "aioodbc"
+Provides-Extra: asyncmy
+Requires-Dist: greenlet>=1; extra == "asyncmy"
+Requires-Dist: asyncmy!=0.2.4,!=0.2.6,>=0.2.3; extra == "asyncmy"
+Provides-Extra: aiosqlite
+Requires-Dist: greenlet>=1; extra == "aiosqlite"
+Requires-Dist: aiosqlite; extra == "aiosqlite"
+Requires-Dist: typing_extensions!=3.10.0.1; extra == "aiosqlite"
+Provides-Extra: sqlcipher
+Requires-Dist: sqlcipher3_binary; extra == "sqlcipher"
+Dynamic: license-file
+
+SQLAlchemy
+==========
+
+|PyPI| |Python| |Downloads|
+
+.. |PyPI| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/sqlalchemy
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/sqlalchemy
+    :alt: PyPI
+
+.. |Python| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/sqlalchemy
+    :target: https://pypi.org/project/sqlalchemy
+    :alt: PyPI - Python Version
+
+.. |Downloads| image:: https://static.pepy.tech/badge/sqlalchemy/month
+    :target: https://pepy.tech/project/sqlalchemy
+    :alt: PyPI - Downloads
+
+
+The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
+
+Introduction
+-------------
+
+SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper
+that gives application developers the full power and
+flexibility of SQL. SQLAlchemy provides a full suite
+of well known enterprise-level persistence patterns,
+designed for efficient and high-performing database
+access, adapted into a simple and Pythonic domain
+language.
+
+Major SQLAlchemy features include:
+
+* An industrial strength ORM, built
+  from the core on the identity map, unit of work,
+  and data mapper patterns.   These patterns
+  allow transparent persistence of objects
+  using a declarative configuration system.
+  Domain models
+  can be constructed and manipulated naturally,
+  and changes are synchronized with the
+  current transaction automatically.
+* A relationally-oriented query system, exposing
+  the full range of SQL's capabilities
+  explicitly, including joins, subqueries,
+  correlation, and most everything else,
+  in terms of the object model.
+  Writing queries with the ORM uses the same
+  techniques of relational composition you use
+  when writing SQL.  While you can drop into
+  literal SQL at any time, it's virtually never
+  needed.
+* A comprehensive and flexible system
+  of eager loading for related collections and objects.
+  Collections are cached within a session,
+  and can be loaded on individual access, all
+  at once using joins, or by query per collection
+  across the full result set.
+* A Core SQL construction system and DBAPI
+  interaction layer.  The SQLAlchemy Core is
+  separate from the ORM and is a full database
+  abstraction layer in its own right, and includes
+  an extensible Python-based SQL expression
+  language, schema metadata, connection pooling,
+  type coercion, and custom types.
+* All primary and foreign key constraints are
+  assumed to be composite and natural.  Surrogate
+  integer primary keys are of course still the
+  norm, but SQLAlchemy never assumes or hardcodes
+  to this model.
+* Database introspection and generation.  Database
+  schemas can be "reflected" in one step into
+  Python structures representing database metadata;
+  those same structures can then generate
+  CREATE statements right back out - all within
+  the Core, independent of the ORM.
+
+SQLAlchemy's philosophy:
+
+* SQL databases behave less and less like object
+  collections the more size and performance start to
+  matter; object collections behave less and less like
+  tables and rows the more abstraction starts to matter.
+  SQLAlchemy aims to accommodate both of these
+  principles.
+* An ORM doesn't need to hide the "R".   A relational
+  database provides rich, set-based functionality
+  that should be fully exposed.   SQLAlchemy's
+  ORM provides an open-ended set of patterns
+  that allow a developer to construct a custom
+  mediation layer between a domain model and
+  a relational schema, turning the so-called
+  "object relational impedance" issue into
+  a distant memory.
+* The developer, in all cases, makes all decisions
+  regarding the design, structure, and naming conventions
+  of both the object model as well as the relational
+  schema.   SQLAlchemy only provides the means
+  to automate the execution of these decisions.
+* With SQLAlchemy, there's no such thing as
+  "the ORM generated a bad query" - you
+  retain full control over the structure of
+  queries, including how joins are organized,
+  how subqueries and correlation is used, what
+  columns are requested.  Everything SQLAlchemy
+  does is ultimately the result of a developer-initiated 
+  decision.
+* Don't use an ORM if the problem doesn't need one.
+  SQLAlchemy consists of a Core and separate ORM
+  component.   The Core offers a full SQL expression
+  language that allows Pythonic construction
+  of SQL constructs that render directly to SQL
+  strings for a target database, returning
+  result sets that are essentially enhanced DBAPI
+  cursors.
+* Transactions should be the norm.  With SQLAlchemy's
+  ORM, nothing goes to permanent storage until
+  commit() is called.  SQLAlchemy encourages applications
+  to create a consistent means of delineating
+  the start and end of a series of operations.
+* Never render a literal value in a SQL statement.
+  Bound parameters are used to the greatest degree
+  possible, allowing query optimizers to cache
+  query plans effectively and making SQL injection
+  attacks a non-issue.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+Latest documentation is at:
+
+https://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/
+
+Installation / Requirements
+---------------------------
+
+Full documentation for installation is at
+`Installation <https://www.sqlalchemy.org/docs/intro.html#installation>`_.
+
+Getting Help / Development / Bug reporting
+------------------------------------------
+
+Please refer to the `SQLAlchemy Community Guide <https://www.sqlalchemy.org/support.html>`_.
+
+Code of Conduct
+---------------
+
+Above all, SQLAlchemy places great emphasis on polite, thoughtful, and
+constructive communication between users and developers.
+Please see our current Code of Conduct at
+`Code of Conduct <https://www.sqlalchemy.org/codeofconduct.html>`_.
+
+License
+-------
+
+SQLAlchemy is distributed under the `MIT license
+<https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php>`_.
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72b05a34
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..69a1f8d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (78.1.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfe1a4d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Copyright 2005-2025 SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS file>.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
+of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
+so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39fb2bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy-2.0.40.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+sqlalchemy
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f219838d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# __init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from . import util as _util
+from .engine import AdaptedConnection as AdaptedConnection
+from .engine import BaseRow as BaseRow
+from .engine import BindTyping as BindTyping
+from .engine import ChunkedIteratorResult as ChunkedIteratorResult
+from .engine import Compiled as Compiled
+from .engine import Connection as Connection
+from .engine import create_engine as create_engine
+from .engine import create_mock_engine as create_mock_engine
+from .engine import create_pool_from_url as create_pool_from_url
+from .engine import CreateEnginePlugin as CreateEnginePlugin
+from .engine import CursorResult as CursorResult
+from .engine import Dialect as Dialect
+from .engine import Engine as Engine
+from .engine import engine_from_config as engine_from_config
+from .engine import ExceptionContext as ExceptionContext
+from .engine import ExecutionContext as ExecutionContext
+from .engine import FrozenResult as FrozenResult
+from .engine import Inspector as Inspector
+from .engine import IteratorResult as IteratorResult
+from .engine import make_url as make_url
+from .engine import MappingResult as MappingResult
+from .engine import MergedResult as MergedResult
+from .engine import NestedTransaction as NestedTransaction
+from .engine import Result as Result
+from .engine import result_tuple as result_tuple
+from .engine import ResultProxy as ResultProxy
+from .engine import RootTransaction as RootTransaction
+from .engine import Row as Row
+from .engine import RowMapping as RowMapping
+from .engine import ScalarResult as ScalarResult
+from .engine import Transaction as Transaction
+from .engine import TwoPhaseTransaction as TwoPhaseTransaction
+from .engine import TypeCompiler as TypeCompiler
+from .engine import URL as URL
+from .inspection import inspect as inspect
+from .pool import AssertionPool as AssertionPool
+from .pool import AsyncAdaptedQueuePool as AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+from .pool import (
+    FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool as FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool,
+)
+from .pool import NullPool as NullPool
+from .pool import Pool as Pool
+from .pool import PoolProxiedConnection as PoolProxiedConnection
+from .pool import PoolResetState as PoolResetState
+from .pool import QueuePool as QueuePool
+from .pool import SingletonThreadPool as SingletonThreadPool
+from .pool import StaticPool as StaticPool
+from .schema import BaseDDLElement as BaseDDLElement
+from .schema import BLANK_SCHEMA as BLANK_SCHEMA
+from .schema import CheckConstraint as CheckConstraint
+from .schema import Column as Column
+from .schema import ColumnDefault as ColumnDefault
+from .schema import Computed as Computed
+from .schema import Constraint as Constraint
+from .schema import DDL as DDL
+from .schema import DDLElement as DDLElement
+from .schema import DefaultClause as DefaultClause
+from .schema import ExecutableDDLElement as ExecutableDDLElement
+from .schema import FetchedValue as FetchedValue
+from .schema import ForeignKey as ForeignKey
+from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint as ForeignKeyConstraint
+from .schema import Identity as Identity
+from .schema import Index as Index
+from .schema import insert_sentinel as insert_sentinel
+from .schema import MetaData as MetaData
+from .schema import PrimaryKeyConstraint as PrimaryKeyConstraint
+from .schema import Sequence as Sequence
+from .schema import Table as Table
+from .schema import UniqueConstraint as UniqueConstraint
+from .sql import ColumnExpressionArgument as ColumnExpressionArgument
+from .sql import NotNullable as NotNullable
+from .sql import Nullable as Nullable
+from .sql import SelectLabelStyle as SelectLabelStyle
+from .sql.expression import Alias as Alias
+from .sql.expression import alias as alias
+from .sql.expression import AliasedReturnsRows as AliasedReturnsRows
+from .sql.expression import all_ as all_
+from .sql.expression import and_ as and_
+from .sql.expression import any_ as any_
+from .sql.expression import asc as asc
+from .sql.expression import between as between
+from .sql.expression import BinaryExpression as BinaryExpression
+from .sql.expression import bindparam as bindparam
+from .sql.expression import BindParameter as BindParameter
+from .sql.expression import bitwise_not as bitwise_not
+from .sql.expression import BooleanClauseList as BooleanClauseList
+from .sql.expression import CacheKey as CacheKey
+from .sql.expression import Case as Case
+from .sql.expression import case as case
+from .sql.expression import Cast as Cast
+from .sql.expression import cast as cast
+from .sql.expression import ClauseElement as ClauseElement
+from .sql.expression import ClauseList as ClauseList
+from .sql.expression import collate as collate
+from .sql.expression import CollectionAggregate as CollectionAggregate
+from .sql.expression import column as column
+from .sql.expression import ColumnClause as ColumnClause
+from .sql.expression import ColumnCollection as ColumnCollection
+from .sql.expression import ColumnElement as ColumnElement
+from .sql.expression import ColumnOperators as ColumnOperators
+from .sql.expression import CompoundSelect as CompoundSelect
+from .sql.expression import CTE as CTE
+from .sql.expression import cte as cte
+from .sql.expression import custom_op as custom_op
+from .sql.expression import Delete as Delete
+from .sql.expression import delete as delete
+from .sql.expression import desc as desc
+from .sql.expression import distinct as distinct
+from .sql.expression import except_ as except_
+from .sql.expression import except_all as except_all
+from .sql.expression import Executable as Executable
+from .sql.expression import Exists as Exists
+from .sql.expression import exists as exists
+from .sql.expression import Extract as Extract
+from .sql.expression import extract as extract
+from .sql.expression import false as false
+from .sql.expression import False_ as False_
+from .sql.expression import FromClause as FromClause
+from .sql.expression import FromGrouping as FromGrouping
+from .sql.expression import func as func
+from .sql.expression import funcfilter as funcfilter
+from .sql.expression import Function as Function
+from .sql.expression import FunctionElement as FunctionElement
+from .sql.expression import FunctionFilter as FunctionFilter
+from .sql.expression import GenerativeSelect as GenerativeSelect
+from .sql.expression import Grouping as Grouping
+from .sql.expression import HasCTE as HasCTE
+from .sql.expression import HasPrefixes as HasPrefixes
+from .sql.expression import HasSuffixes as HasSuffixes
+from .sql.expression import Insert as Insert
+from .sql.expression import insert as insert
+from .sql.expression import intersect as intersect
+from .sql.expression import intersect_all as intersect_all
+from .sql.expression import Join as Join
+from .sql.expression import join as join
+from .sql.expression import Label as Label
+from .sql.expression import label as label
+from .sql.expression import LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT as LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT
+from .sql.expression import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY as LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+)
+from .sql.expression import LABEL_STYLE_NONE as LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+from .sql.expression import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL as LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+)
+from .sql.expression import lambda_stmt as lambda_stmt
+from .sql.expression import LambdaElement as LambdaElement
+from .sql.expression import Lateral as Lateral
+from .sql.expression import lateral as lateral
+from .sql.expression import literal as literal
+from .sql.expression import literal_column as literal_column
+from .sql.expression import modifier as modifier
+from .sql.expression import not_ as not_
+from .sql.expression import Null as Null
+from .sql.expression import null as null
+from .sql.expression import nulls_first as nulls_first
+from .sql.expression import nulls_last as nulls_last
+from .sql.expression import nullsfirst as nullsfirst
+from .sql.expression import nullslast as nullslast
+from .sql.expression import Operators as Operators
+from .sql.expression import or_ as or_
+from .sql.expression import outerjoin as outerjoin
+from .sql.expression import outparam as outparam
+from .sql.expression import Over as Over
+from .sql.expression import over as over
+from .sql.expression import quoted_name as quoted_name
+from .sql.expression import ReleaseSavepointClause as ReleaseSavepointClause
+from .sql.expression import ReturnsRows as ReturnsRows
+from .sql.expression import (
+    RollbackToSavepointClause as RollbackToSavepointClause,
+)
+from .sql.expression import SavepointClause as SavepointClause
+from .sql.expression import ScalarSelect as ScalarSelect
+from .sql.expression import Select as Select
+from .sql.expression import select as select
+from .sql.expression import Selectable as Selectable
+from .sql.expression import SelectBase as SelectBase
+from .sql.expression import SQLColumnExpression as SQLColumnExpression
+from .sql.expression import StatementLambdaElement as StatementLambdaElement
+from .sql.expression import Subquery as Subquery
+from .sql.expression import table as table
+from .sql.expression import TableClause as TableClause
+from .sql.expression import TableSample as TableSample
+from .sql.expression import tablesample as tablesample
+from .sql.expression import TableValuedAlias as TableValuedAlias
+from .sql.expression import text as text
+from .sql.expression import TextAsFrom as TextAsFrom
+from .sql.expression import TextClause as TextClause
+from .sql.expression import TextualSelect as TextualSelect
+from .sql.expression import true as true
+from .sql.expression import True_ as True_
+from .sql.expression import try_cast as try_cast
+from .sql.expression import TryCast as TryCast
+from .sql.expression import Tuple as Tuple
+from .sql.expression import tuple_ as tuple_
+from .sql.expression import type_coerce as type_coerce
+from .sql.expression import TypeClause as TypeClause
+from .sql.expression import TypeCoerce as TypeCoerce
+from .sql.expression import UnaryExpression as UnaryExpression
+from .sql.expression import union as union
+from .sql.expression import union_all as union_all
+from .sql.expression import Update as Update
+from .sql.expression import update as update
+from .sql.expression import UpdateBase as UpdateBase
+from .sql.expression import Values as Values
+from .sql.expression import values as values
+from .sql.expression import ValuesBase as ValuesBase
+from .sql.expression import Visitable as Visitable
+from .sql.expression import within_group as within_group
+from .sql.expression import WithinGroup as WithinGroup
+from .types import ARRAY as ARRAY
+from .types import BIGINT as BIGINT
+from .types import BigInteger as BigInteger
+from .types import BINARY as BINARY
+from .types import BLOB as BLOB
+from .types import BOOLEAN as BOOLEAN
+from .types import Boolean as Boolean
+from .types import CHAR as CHAR
+from .types import CLOB as CLOB
+from .types import DATE as DATE
+from .types import Date as Date
+from .types import DATETIME as DATETIME
+from .types import DateTime as DateTime
+from .types import DECIMAL as DECIMAL
+from .types import DOUBLE as DOUBLE
+from .types import Double as Double
+from .types import DOUBLE_PRECISION as DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .types import Enum as Enum
+from .types import FLOAT as FLOAT
+from .types import Float as Float
+from .types import INT as INT
+from .types import INTEGER as INTEGER
+from .types import Integer as Integer
+from .types import Interval as Interval
+from .types import JSON as JSON
+from .types import LargeBinary as LargeBinary
+from .types import NCHAR as NCHAR
+from .types import NUMERIC as NUMERIC
+from .types import Numeric as Numeric
+from .types import NVARCHAR as NVARCHAR
+from .types import PickleType as PickleType
+from .types import REAL as REAL
+from .types import SMALLINT as SMALLINT
+from .types import SmallInteger as SmallInteger
+from .types import String as String
+from .types import TEXT as TEXT
+from .types import Text as Text
+from .types import TIME as TIME
+from .types import Time as Time
+from .types import TIMESTAMP as TIMESTAMP
+from .types import TupleType as TupleType
+from .types import TypeDecorator as TypeDecorator
+from .types import Unicode as Unicode
+from .types import UnicodeText as UnicodeText
+from .types import UUID as UUID
+from .types import Uuid as Uuid
+from .types import VARBINARY as VARBINARY
+from .types import VARCHAR as VARCHAR
+
+__version__ = "2.0.40"
+
+
+def __go(lcls: Any) -> None:
+    _util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy")
+
+    from . import exc
+
+    exc._version_token = "".join(__version__.split(".")[0:2])
+
+
+__go(locals())
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "SingleonThreadPool":
+        _util.warn_deprecated(
+            "SingleonThreadPool was a typo in the v2 series. "
+            "Please use the correct SingletonThreadPool name.",
+            "2.0.24",
+        )
+        return SingletonThreadPool
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43cd1035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# connectors/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+
+
+class Connector(Dialect):
+    """Base class for dialect mixins, for DBAPIs that work
+    across entirely different database backends.
+
+    Currently the only such mixin is pyodbc.
+
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__pycache__/pyodbc.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/__pycache__/pyodbc.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/aioodbc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/aioodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39b2a8a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/aioodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# connectors/aioodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor
+from .asyncio import AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection
+from .pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from .. import pool
+from .. import util
+from ..util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ..util.concurrency import await_only
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import ConnectArgsType
+    from ..engine.url import URL
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_cursor(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        # see https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/451
+        return self._cursor._impl.setinputsizes(*inputsizes)
+
+        # how it's supposed to work
+        # return self.await_(self._cursor.setinputsizes(*inputsizes))
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_ss_cursor(
+    AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_cursor, AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_connection(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection):
+    _cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_cursor
+    _ss_cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_ss_cursor
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        # https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/448
+        # self._connection.autocommit = value
+
+        self._connection._conn.autocommit = value
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  Here we use the same ProgrammingError +
+        # message that pyodbc uses, so it triggers is_disconnect() as well.
+        if self._connection.closed:
+            raise self.dbapi.ProgrammingError(
+                "Attempt to use a closed connection."
+            )
+        return super().cursor(server_side=server_side)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  should be a no-op
+        if not self._connection.closed:
+            super().rollback()
+
+    def commit(self):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  should be a no-op
+        if not self._connection.closed:
+            super().commit()
+
+    def close(self):
+        # aioodbc sets connection=None when closed and just fails with
+        # AttributeError here.  should be a no-op
+        if not self._connection.closed:
+            super().close()
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_aioodbc_connection(
+    AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection, AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_connection
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, aioodbc, pyodbc):
+        self.aioodbc = aioodbc
+        self.pyodbc = pyodbc
+        self.paramstyle = pyodbc.paramstyle
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+        self.Cursor = AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+        self.version = pyodbc.version
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "Warning",
+            "Error",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "DataError",
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "InternalError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+            "NUMBER",
+            "STRING",
+            "DATETIME",
+            "BINARY",
+            "Binary",
+            "BinaryNull",
+            "SQL_VARCHAR",
+            "SQL_WVARCHAR",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.pyodbc, name))
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.aioodbc.connect)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_aioodbc_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+
+
+class aiodbcConnector(PyODBCConnector):
+    is_async = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_aioodbc_dbapi(
+            __import__("aioodbc"), __import__("pyodbc")
+        )
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url: URL) -> ConnectArgsType:
+        arg, kw = super().create_connect_args(url)
+        if arg and arg[0]:
+            kw["dsn"] = arg[0]
+
+        return (), kw
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/asyncio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4f0d715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/asyncio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+# connectors/asyncio.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""generic asyncio-adapted versions of DBAPI connection and cursor"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+
+from ..engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ..util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ..util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ..util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor:
+    server_side = False
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "await_",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_rows",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor()
+        self._cursor = self._aenter_cursor(cursor)
+
+        if not self.server_side:
+            self._rows = collections.deque()
+
+    def _aenter_cursor(self, cursor):
+        return self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self._cursor.description
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self._cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        return self._cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def close(self):
+        # note we aren't actually closing the cursor here,
+        # we are just letting GC do it.  see notes in aiomysql dialect
+        self._rows.clear()
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        return self.await_(self._execute_async(operation, parameters))
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self.await_(
+            self._executemany_async(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters or ())
+
+            if self._cursor.description and not self.server_side:
+                self._rows = collections.deque(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+            return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def nextset(self):
+        self.await_(self._cursor.nextset())
+        if self._cursor.description and not self.server_side:
+            self._rows = collections.deque(
+                self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+            )
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        # NOTE: this is overrridden in aioodbc due to
+        # see https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/451
+        # right now
+
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.setinputsizes(*inputsizes))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.popleft()
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+        rr = self._rows
+        return [rr.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rr)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = list(self._rows)
+        self._rows.clear()
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor()
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        iterator = self._cursor.__aiter__()
+        while True:
+            try:
+                yield self.await_(iterator.__anext__())
+            except StopAsyncIteration:
+                break
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    _cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+    _ss_cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi", "_execute_mutex")
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    def ping(self, reconnect):
+        return self.await_(self._connection.ping(reconnect))
+
+    def add_output_converter(self, *arg, **kw):
+        self._connection.add_output_converter(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def character_set_name(self):
+        return self._connection.character_set_name()
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        # https://github.com/aio-libs/aioodbc/issues/448
+        # self._connection.autocommit = value
+
+        self._connection._conn.autocommit = value
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return self._ss_cursor_cls(self)
+        else:
+            return self._cursor_cls(self)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.close())
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..091ff204
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/connectors/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# connectors/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from types import ModuleType
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
+
+from . import Connector
+from .. import ExecutionContext
+from .. import pool
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import ConnectArgsType
+from ..engine import Connection
+from ..engine import interfaces
+from ..engine import URL
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+
+
+class PyODBCConnector(Connector):
+    driver = "pyodbc"
+
+    # this is no longer False for pyodbc in general
+    supports_sane_rowcount_returning = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    default_paramstyle = "named"
+
+    fast_executemany = False
+
+    # for non-DSN connections, this *may* be used to
+    # hold the desired driver name
+    pyodbc_driver_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    dbapi: ModuleType
+
+    def __init__(self, use_setinputsizes: bool = False, **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        if use_setinputsizes:
+            self.bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls) -> ModuleType:
+        return __import__("pyodbc")
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url: URL) -> ConnectArgsType:
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        keys = opts
+
+        query = url.query
+
+        connect_args: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        connectors: List[str]
+
+        for param in ("ansi", "unicode_results", "autocommit"):
+            if param in keys:
+                connect_args[param] = util.asbool(keys.pop(param))
+
+        if "odbc_connect" in keys:
+            connectors = [unquote_plus(keys.pop("odbc_connect"))]
+        else:
+
+            def check_quote(token: str) -> str:
+                if ";" in str(token) or str(token).startswith("{"):
+                    token = "{%s}" % token.replace("}", "}}")
+                return token
+
+            keys = {k: check_quote(v) for k, v in keys.items()}
+
+            dsn_connection = "dsn" in keys or (
+                "host" in keys and "database" not in keys
+            )
+            if dsn_connection:
+                connectors = [
+                    "dsn=%s" % (keys.pop("host", "") or keys.pop("dsn", ""))
+                ]
+            else:
+                port = ""
+                if "port" in keys and "port" not in query:
+                    port = ",%d" % int(keys.pop("port"))
+
+                connectors = []
+                driver = keys.pop("driver", self.pyodbc_driver_name)
+                if driver is None and keys:
+                    # note if keys is empty, this is a totally blank URL
+                    util.warn(
+                        "No driver name specified; "
+                        "this is expected by PyODBC when using "
+                        "DSN-less connections"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    connectors.append("DRIVER={%s}" % driver)
+
+                connectors.extend(
+                    [
+                        "Server=%s%s" % (keys.pop("host", ""), port),
+                        "Database=%s" % keys.pop("database", ""),
+                    ]
+                )
+
+            user = keys.pop("user", None)
+            if user:
+                connectors.append("UID=%s" % user)
+                pwd = keys.pop("password", "")
+                if pwd:
+                    connectors.append("PWD=%s" % pwd)
+            else:
+                authentication = keys.pop("authentication", None)
+                if authentication:
+                    connectors.append("Authentication=%s" % authentication)
+                else:
+                    connectors.append("Trusted_Connection=Yes")
+
+            # if set to 'Yes', the ODBC layer will try to automagically
+            # convert textual data from your database encoding to your
+            # client encoding.  This should obviously be set to 'No' if
+            # you query a cp1253 encoded database from a latin1 client...
+            if "odbc_autotranslate" in keys:
+                connectors.append(
+                    "AutoTranslate=%s" % keys.pop("odbc_autotranslate")
+                )
+
+            connectors.extend(["%s=%s" % (k, v) for k, v in keys.items()])
+
+        return ((";".join(connectors),), connect_args)
+
+    def is_disconnect(
+        self,
+        e: Exception,
+        connection: Optional[
+            Union[pool.PoolProxiedConnection, interfaces.DBAPIConnection]
+        ],
+        cursor: Optional[interfaces.DBAPICursor],
+    ) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError):
+            return "The cursor's connection has been closed." in str(
+                e
+            ) or "Attempt to use a closed connection." in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _dbapi_version(self) -> interfaces.VersionInfoType:
+        if not self.dbapi:
+            return ()
+        return self._parse_dbapi_version(self.dbapi.version)
+
+    def _parse_dbapi_version(self, vers: str) -> interfaces.VersionInfoType:
+        m = re.match(r"(?:py.*-)?([\d\.]+)(?:-(\w+))?", vers)
+        if not m:
+            return ()
+        vers_tuple: interfaces.VersionInfoType = tuple(
+            [int(x) for x in m.group(1).split(".")]
+        )
+        if m.group(2):
+            vers_tuple += (m.group(2),)
+        return vers_tuple
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(
+        self, connection: Connection
+    ) -> interfaces.VersionInfoType:
+        # NOTE: this function is not reliable, particularly when
+        # freetds is in use.   Implement database-specific server version
+        # queries.
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        version: Tuple[Union[int, str], ...] = ()
+        r = re.compile(r"[.\-]")
+        for n in r.split(dbapi_con.getinfo(self.dbapi.SQL_DBMS_VER)):  # type: ignore[union-attr]  # noqa: E501
+            try:
+                version += (int(n),)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+        return tuple(version)
+
+    def do_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+        cursor: interfaces.DBAPICursor,
+        list_of_tuples: List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]],
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> None:
+        # the rules for these types seems a little strange, as you can pass
+        # non-tuples as well as tuples, however it seems to assume "0"
+        # for the subsequent values if you don't pass a tuple which fails
+        # for types such as pyodbc.SQL_WLONGVARCHAR, which is the datatype
+        # that ticket #5649 is targeting.
+
+        # NOTE: as of #6058, this won't be called if the use_setinputsizes
+        # parameter were not passed to the dialect, or if no types were
+        # specified in list_of_tuples
+
+        # as of #8177 for 2.0 we assume use_setinputsizes=True and only
+        # omit the setinputsizes calls for .executemany() with
+        # fast_executemany=True
+
+        if (
+            context.execute_style is interfaces.ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY
+            and self.fast_executemany
+        ):
+            return
+
+        cursor.setinputsizes(
+            [
+                (
+                    (dbtype, None, None)
+                    if not isinstance(dbtype, tuple)
+                    else dbtype
+                )
+                for key, dbtype, sqltype in list_of_tuples
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(
+        self, dbapi_conn: interfaces.DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> List[IsolationLevel]:
+        return [*super().get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_conn), "AUTOCOMMIT"]
+
+    def set_isolation_level(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: interfaces.DBAPIConnection,
+        level: IsolationLevel,
+    ) -> None:
+        # adjust for ConnectionFairy being present
+        # allows attribute set e.g. "connection.autocommit = True"
+        # to work properly
+
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = False
+            super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb8dc2c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# cyextension/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4949b2f
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e78befb
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.pyx b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86d24852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/collections.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+# cyextension/collections.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+cimport cython
+from cpython.long cimport PyLong_FromLongLong
+from cpython.set cimport PySet_Add
+
+from collections.abc import Collection
+from itertools import filterfalse
+
+cdef bint add_not_present(set seen, object item, hashfunc):
+    hash_value = hashfunc(item)
+    if hash_value not in seen:
+        PySet_Add(seen, hash_value)
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+cdef list cunique_list(seq, hashfunc=None):
+    cdef set seen = set()
+    if not hashfunc:
+        return [x for x in seq if x not in seen and not PySet_Add(seen, x)]
+    else:
+        return [x for x in seq if add_not_present(seen, x, hashfunc)]
+
+def unique_list(seq, hashfunc=None):
+    return cunique_list(seq, hashfunc)
+
+cdef class OrderedSet(set):
+
+    cdef list _list
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key):
+        return cls
+
+    def __init__(self, d=None):
+        set.__init__(self)
+        if d is not None:
+            self._list = cunique_list(d)
+            set.update(self, self._list)
+        else:
+            self._list = []
+
+    cpdef OrderedSet copy(self):
+        cdef OrderedSet cp = OrderedSet.__new__(OrderedSet)
+        cp._list = list(self._list)
+        set.update(cp, cp._list)
+        return cp
+
+    @cython.final
+    cdef OrderedSet _from_list(self, list new_list):
+        cdef OrderedSet new = OrderedSet.__new__(OrderedSet)
+        new._list = new_list
+        set.update(new, new_list)
+        return new
+
+    def add(self, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.append(element)
+            PySet_Add(self, element)
+
+    def remove(self, element):
+        # set.remove will raise if element is not in self
+        set.remove(self, element)
+        self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        try:
+            value = self._list.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set") from None
+        set.remove(self, value)
+        return value
+
+    def insert(self, Py_ssize_t pos, element):
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.insert(pos, element)
+            PySet_Add(self, element)
+
+    def discard(self, element):
+        if element in self:
+            set.remove(self, element)
+            self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def clear(self):
+        set.clear(self)
+        self._list = []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self._list[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    def update(self, *iterables):
+        for iterable in iterables:
+            for e in iterable:
+                if e not in self:
+                    self._list.append(e)
+                    set.add(self, e)
+
+    def __ior__(self, iterable):
+        self.update(iterable)
+        return self
+
+    def union(self, *other):
+        result = self.copy()
+        result.update(*other)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def intersection(self, *other):
+        cdef set other_set = set.intersection(self, *other)
+        return self._from_list([a for a in self._list if a in other_set])
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other):
+        cdef set other_set
+        if isinstance(other, set):
+            other_set = <set> other
+            collection = other_set
+        elif isinstance(other, Collection):
+            collection = other
+            other_set = set(other)
+        else:
+            collection = list(other)
+            other_set = set(collection)
+        result = self._from_list([a for a in self._list if a not in other_set])
+        result.update(a for a in collection if a not in self)
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    def difference(self, *other):
+        cdef set other_set = set.difference(self, *other)
+        return self._from_list([a for a in self._list if a in other_set])
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *other):
+        set.intersection_update(self, *other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+        collection = other if isinstance(other, Collection) else list(other)
+        set.symmetric_difference_update(self, collection)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        self._list += [a for a in collection if a in self]
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def difference_update(self, *other):
+        set.difference_update(self, *other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+cdef object cy_id(object item):
+    return PyLong_FromLongLong(<long long> (<void *>item))
+
+# NOTE: cython 0.x will call __add__, __sub__, etc with the parameter swapped
+# instead of the __rmeth__, so they need to check that also self is of the
+# correct type. This is fixed in cython 3.x. See:
+# https://docs.cython.org/en/latest/src/userguide/special_methods.html#arithmetic-methods
+cdef class IdentitySet:
+    """A set that considers only object id() for uniqueness.
+
+    This strategy has edge cases for builtin types- it's possible to have
+    two 'foo' strings in one of these sets, for example.  Use sparingly.
+
+    """
+
+    cdef dict _members
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None):
+        self._members = {}
+        if iterable:
+            self.update(iterable)
+
+    def add(self, value):
+        self._members[cy_id(value)] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, value):
+        return cy_id(value) in self._members
+
+    cpdef remove(self, value):
+        del self._members[cy_id(value)]
+
+    def discard(self, value):
+        try:
+            self.remove(value)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def pop(self):
+        cdef tuple pair
+        try:
+            pair = self._members.popitem()
+            return pair[1]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set")
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self._members.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        cdef IdentitySet other_
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            other_ = other
+            return self._members == other_._members
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        cdef IdentitySet other_
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            other_ = other
+            return self._members != other_._members
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    cpdef issubset(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) > len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in filterfalse(other._members.__contains__, self._members):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issubset(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) < len(other) and self.issubset(other)
+
+    cpdef issuperset(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) < len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in filterfalse(self._members.__contains__, other._members):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) > len(other) and self.issuperset(other)
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet union(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__class__()
+        result._members.update(self._members)
+        result.update(iterable)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    cpdef update(self, iterable):
+        for obj in iterable:
+            self._members[cy_id(obj)] = obj
+
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet difference(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = (<IdentitySet>iterable)._members
+        else:
+            other = {cy_id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {k:v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other}
+        return result
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    cpdef difference_update(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other = self.difference(iterable)
+        self._members = other._members
+
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet intersection(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = (<IdentitySet>iterable)._members
+        else:
+            other = {cy_id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k in other}
+        return result
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    cpdef intersection_update(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other = self.intersection(iterable)
+        self._members = other._members
+
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet symmetric_difference(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cdef dict other
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = (<IdentitySet>iterable)._members
+        else:
+            other = {cy_id(obj): obj for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other}
+        result._members.update(
+            [(k, v) for k, v in other.items() if k not in self._members]
+        )
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet) or not isinstance(self, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    cpdef symmetric_difference_update(self, iterable):
+        cdef IdentitySet other = self.symmetric_difference(iterable)
+        self._members = other._members
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.symmetric_difference(other)
+        return self
+
+    cpdef IdentitySet copy(self):
+        cdef IdentitySet cp = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cp._members = self._members.copy()
+        return cp
+
+    def __copy__(self):
+        return self.copy()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._members)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._members.values())
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        raise TypeError("set objects are unhashable")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (type(self).__name__, list(self._members.values()))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ae58d3d
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pxd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pxd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76f22893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pxd
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# cyextension/immutabledict.pxd
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+cdef class immutabledict(dict):
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pyx b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b37eccc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/immutabledict.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# cyextension/immutabledict.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from cpython.dict cimport PyDict_New, PyDict_Update, PyDict_Size
+
+
+def _readonly_fn(obj):
+    raise TypeError(
+        "%s object is immutable and/or readonly" % obj.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+def _immutable_fn(obj):
+    raise TypeError(
+        "%s object is immutable" % obj.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+class ReadOnlyContainer:
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _readonly(self, *a,**kw):
+        _readonly_fn(self)
+
+    __delitem__ = __setitem__ = __setattr__ = _readonly
+
+
+class ImmutableDictBase(dict):
+    def _immutable(self, *a,**kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key):
+        return cls
+
+    __delitem__ = __setitem__ = __setattr__ = _immutable
+    clear = pop = popitem = setdefault = update = _immutable
+
+
+cdef class immutabledict(dict):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"immutabledict({dict.__repr__(self)})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key):
+        return cls
+
+    def union(self, *args, **kw):
+        cdef dict to_merge = None
+        cdef immutabledict result
+        cdef Py_ssize_t args_len = len(args)
+        if args_len > 1:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'union expected at most 1 argument, got {args_len}'
+            )
+        if args_len == 1:
+            attribute = args[0]
+            if isinstance(attribute, dict):
+                to_merge = <dict> attribute
+        if to_merge is None:
+            to_merge = dict(*args, **kw)
+
+        if PyDict_Size(to_merge) == 0:
+            return self
+
+        # new + update is faster than immutabledict(self)
+        result = immutabledict()
+        PyDict_Update(result, self)
+        PyDict_Update(result, to_merge)
+        return result
+
+    def merge_with(self, *other):
+        cdef immutabledict result = None
+        cdef object d
+        cdef bint update = False
+        if not other:
+            return self
+        for d in other:
+            if d:
+                if update == False:
+                    update = True
+                    # new + update is faster than immutabledict(self)
+                    result = immutabledict()
+                    PyDict_Update(result, self)
+                PyDict_Update(
+                    result, <dict>(d if isinstance(d, dict) else dict(d))
+                )
+
+        return self if update == False else result
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return immutabledict, (dict(self), )
+
+    def __delitem__(self, k):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, k, v):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, k, v):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def clear(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def pop(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def popitem(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def setdefault(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def update(self, *args, **kw):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    # PEP 584
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        _immutable_fn(self)
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return immutabledict(dict.__or__(self, other))
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        # NOTE: this is used only in cython 3.x;
+        # version 0.x will call __or__ with args inversed
+        return immutabledict(dict.__ror__(self, other))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88cd5f43
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.cp312-win_amd64.pyd differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.pyx b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d714569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/processors.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# cyextension/processors.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+import datetime
+from datetime import datetime as datetime_cls
+from datetime import time as time_cls
+from datetime import date as date_cls
+import re
+
+from cpython.object cimport PyObject_Str
+from cpython.unicode cimport PyUnicode_AsASCIIString, PyUnicode_Check, PyUnicode_Decode
+from libc.stdio cimport sscanf
+
+
+def int_to_boolean(value):
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    return True if value else False
+
+def to_str(value):
+    return PyObject_Str(value) if value is not None else None
+
+def to_float(value):
+    return float(value) if value is not None else None
+
+cdef inline bytes to_bytes(object value, str type_name):
+    try:
+        return PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(value)
+    except Exception as e:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Couldn't parse {type_name} string '{value!r}' "
+            "- value is not a string."
+        ) from e
+
+def str_to_datetime(value):
+    if value is not None:
+        value = datetime_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    return value
+
+def str_to_time(value):
+    if value is not None:
+        value = time_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    return value
+
+
+def str_to_date(value):
+    if value is not None:
+        value = date_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    return value
+
+
+
+cdef class DecimalResultProcessor:
+    cdef object type_
+    cdef str format_
+
+    def __cinit__(self, type_, format_):
+        self.type_ = type_
+        self.format_ = format_
+
+    def process(self, object value):
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.type_(self.format_ % value)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.pyx b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6e357a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/resultproxy.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# cyextension/resultproxy.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+import operator
+
+cdef class BaseRow:
+    cdef readonly object _parent
+    cdef readonly dict _key_to_index
+    cdef readonly tuple _data
+
+    def __init__(self, object parent, object processors, dict key_to_index, object data):
+        """Row objects are constructed by CursorResult objects."""
+
+        self._parent = parent
+
+        self._key_to_index = key_to_index
+
+        if processors:
+            self._data = _apply_processors(processors, data)
+        else:
+            self._data = tuple(data)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (
+            rowproxy_reconstructor,
+            (self.__class__, self.__getstate__()),
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {"_parent": self._parent, "_data": self._data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, dict state):
+        parent = state["_parent"]
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._data = state["_data"]
+        self._key_to_index = parent._key_to_index
+
+    def _values_impl(self):
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._data)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        return self._data[index]
+
+    def _get_by_key_impl_mapping(self, key):
+        return self._get_by_key_impl(key, 0)
+
+    cdef _get_by_key_impl(self, object key, int attr_err):
+        index = self._key_to_index.get(key)
+        if index is not None:
+            return self._data[<int>index]
+        self._parent._key_not_found(key, attr_err != 0)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return self._get_by_key_impl(name, 1)
+
+    def _to_tuple_instance(self):
+        return self._data
+
+
+cdef tuple _apply_processors(proc, data):
+    res = []
+    for i in range(len(proc)):
+        p = proc[i]
+        if p is None:
+            res.append(data[i])
+        else:
+            res.append(p(data[i]))
+    return tuple(res)
+
+
+def rowproxy_reconstructor(cls, state):
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__setstate__(state)
+    return obj
+
+
+cdef int is_contiguous(tuple indexes):
+    cdef int i
+    for i in range(1, len(indexes)):
+        if indexes[i-1] != indexes[i] -1:
+            return 0
+    return 1
+
+
+def tuplegetter(*indexes):
+    if len(indexes) == 1 or is_contiguous(indexes) != 0:
+        # slice form is faster but returns a list if input is list
+        return operator.itemgetter(slice(indexes[0], indexes[-1] + 1))
+    else:
+        return operator.itemgetter(*indexes)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.pyx b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.pyx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb17acd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/cyextension/util.pyx
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+# cyextension/util.pyx
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2024 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from sqlalchemy import exc
+
+cdef tuple _Empty_Tuple = ()
+
+cdef inline bint _mapping_or_tuple(object value):
+    return isinstance(value, dict) or isinstance(value, tuple) or isinstance(value, Mapping)
+
+cdef inline bint _check_item(object params) except 0:
+    cdef object item
+    cdef bint ret = 1
+    if params:
+        item = params[0]
+        if not _mapping_or_tuple(item):
+            ret = 0
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries"
+            )
+    return ret
+
+def _distill_params_20(object params):
+    if params is None:
+        return _Empty_Tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list) or isinstance(params, tuple):
+        _check_item(params)
+        return params
+    elif isinstance(params, dict) or isinstance(params, Mapping):
+        return [params]
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or list expected for parameters")
+
+
+def _distill_raw_params(object params):
+    if params is None:
+        return _Empty_Tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list):
+        _check_item(params)
+        return params
+    elif _mapping_or_tuple(params):
+        return [params]
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or sequence expected for parameters")
+
+cdef class prefix_anon_map(dict):
+    def __missing__(self, str key):
+        cdef str derived
+        cdef int anonymous_counter
+        cdef dict self_dict = self
+
+        derived = key.split(" ", 1)[1]
+
+        anonymous_counter = self_dict.get(derived, 1)
+        self_dict[derived] = anonymous_counter + 1
+        value = f"{derived}_{anonymous_counter}"
+        self_dict[key] = value
+        return value
+
+
+cdef class cache_anon_map(dict):
+    cdef int _index
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._index = 0
+
+    def get_anon(self, obj):
+        cdef long long idself
+        cdef str id_
+        cdef dict self_dict = self
+
+        idself = id(obj)
+        if idself in self_dict:
+            return self_dict[idself], True
+        else:
+            id_ = self.__missing__(idself)
+            return id_, False
+
+    def __missing__(self, key):
+        cdef str val
+        cdef dict self_dict = self
+
+        self_dict[key] = val = str(self._index)
+        self._index += 1
+        return val
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31ce6d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# dialects/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .. import util
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+
+__all__ = ("mssql", "mysql", "oracle", "postgresql", "sqlite")
+
+
+def _auto_fn(name: str) -> Optional[Callable[[], Type[Dialect]]]:
+    """default dialect importer.
+
+    plugs into the :class:`.PluginLoader`
+    as a first-hit system.
+
+    """
+    if "." in name:
+        dialect, driver = name.split(".")
+    else:
+        dialect = name
+        driver = "base"
+
+    try:
+        if dialect == "mariadb":
+            # it's "OK" for us to hardcode here since _auto_fn is already
+            # hardcoded.   if mysql / mariadb etc were third party dialects
+            # they would just publish all the entrypoints, which would actually
+            # look much nicer.
+            module = __import__(
+                "sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.mariadb"
+            ).dialects.mysql.mariadb
+            return module.loader(driver)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            module = __import__("sqlalchemy.dialects.%s" % (dialect,)).dialects
+            module = getattr(module, dialect)
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
+    if hasattr(module, driver):
+        module = getattr(module, driver)
+        return lambda: module.dialect
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+registry = util.PluginLoader("sqlalchemy.dialects", auto_fn=_auto_fn)
+
+plugins = util.PluginLoader("sqlalchemy.plugins")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/_typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4dd40d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/_typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# dialects/_typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.schema import ColumnCollectionConstraint
+from ..sql.schema import Index
+
+
+_OnConflictConstraintT = Union[str, ColumnCollectionConstraint, Index, None]
+_OnConflictIndexElementsT = Optional[
+    Iterable[Union[Column[Any], str, roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole]]
+]
+_OnConflictIndexWhereT = Optional[roles.WhereHavingRole]
+_OnConflictSetT = Optional[
+    Union[Mapping[Any, Any], ColumnCollection[Any, Any]]
+]
+_OnConflictWhereT = Optional[roles.WhereHavingRole]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20140fdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# dialects/mssql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from . import aioodbc  # noqa
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import pymssql  # noqa
+from . import pyodbc  # noqa
+from .base import BIGINT
+from .base import BINARY
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import DATETIME2
+from .base import DATETIMEOFFSET
+from .base import DECIMAL
+from .base import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import IMAGE
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import JSON
+from .base import MONEY
+from .base import NCHAR
+from .base import NTEXT
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import NVARCHAR
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import ROWVERSION
+from .base import SMALLDATETIME
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import SMALLMONEY
+from .base import SQL_VARIANT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import TIME
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import TINYINT
+from .base import UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
+from .base import VARBINARY
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .base import XML
+from ...sql import try_cast
+
+
+base.dialect = dialect = pyodbc.dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "JSON",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "BIGINT",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "TINYINT",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "NVARCHAR",
+    "CHAR",
+    "NCHAR",
+    "TEXT",
+    "NTEXT",
+    "DECIMAL",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "DATETIME",
+    "DATETIME2",
+    "DATETIMEOFFSET",
+    "DATE",
+    "DOUBLE_PRECISION",
+    "TIME",
+    "SMALLDATETIME",
+    "BINARY",
+    "VARBINARY",
+    "BIT",
+    "REAL",
+    "IMAGE",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "ROWVERSION",
+    "MONEY",
+    "SMALLMONEY",
+    "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER",
+    "SQL_VARIANT",
+    "XML",
+    "dialect",
+    "try_cast",
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__pycache__/pyodbc.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/__pycache__/pyodbc.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..522ad1d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# dialects/mssql/aioodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+aioodbc
+    :name: aioodbc
+    :dbapi: aioodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+aioodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/aioodbc/
+
+
+Support for the SQL Server database in asyncio style, using the aioodbc
+driver which itself is a thread-wrapper around pyodbc.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.23  Added the mssql+aioodbc dialect which builds
+   on top of the pyodbc and general aio* dialect architecture.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the aioodbc dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+Most behaviors and caveats for this driver are the same as that of the
+pyodbc dialect used on SQL Server; see :ref:`mssql_pyodbc` for general
+background.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function; connection
+styles are otherwise equivalent to those documented in the pyodbc section::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "mssql+aioodbc://scott:tiger@mssql2017:1433/test?"
+        "driver=ODBC+Driver+18+for+SQL+Server&TrustServerCertificate=yes"
+    )
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .pyodbc import MSDialect_pyodbc
+from .pyodbc import MSExecutionContext_pyodbc
+from ...connectors.aioodbc import aiodbcConnector
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_aioodbc(MSExecutionContext_pyodbc):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(server_side=True)
+
+
+class MSDialectAsync_aioodbc(aiodbcConnector, MSDialect_pyodbc):
+    driver = "aioodbc"
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_aioodbc
+
+
+dialect = MSDialectAsync_aioodbc
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..916809e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4058 @@
+# dialects/mssql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql
+    :name: Microsoft SQL Server
+    :normal_support: 2012+
+    :best_effort: 2005+
+
+.. _mssql_external_dialects:
+
+External Dialects
+-----------------
+
+In addition to the above DBAPI layers with native SQLAlchemy support, there
+are third-party dialects for other DBAPI layers that are compatible
+with SQL Server. See the "External Dialects" list on the
+:ref:`dialect_toplevel` page.
+
+.. _mssql_identity:
+
+Auto Increment Behavior / IDENTITY Columns
+------------------------------------------
+
+SQL Server provides so-called "auto incrementing" behavior using the
+``IDENTITY`` construct, which can be placed on any single integer column in a
+table. SQLAlchemy considers ``IDENTITY`` within its default "autoincrement"
+behavior for an integer primary key column, described at
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement`.  This means that by default,
+the first integer primary key column in a :class:`_schema.Table` will be
+considered to be the identity column - unless it is associated with a
+:class:`.Sequence` - and will generate DDL as such::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table(
+        "t",
+        m,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("x", Integer),
+    )
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+The above example will generate DDL as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY,
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+For the case where this default generation of ``IDENTITY`` is not desired,
+specify ``False`` for the :paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` flag,
+on the first integer primary key column::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table(
+        "t",
+        m,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+        Column("x", Integer),
+    )
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+To add the ``IDENTITY`` keyword to a non-primary key column, specify
+``True`` for the :paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` flag on the desired
+:class:`_schema.Column` object, and ensure that
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement`
+is set to ``False`` on any integer primary key column::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table(
+        "t",
+        m,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+        Column("x", Integer, autoincrement=True),
+    )
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Added :class:`_schema.Identity` construct
+   in a :class:`_schema.Column` to specify the start and increment
+   parameters of an IDENTITY. These replace
+   the use of the :class:`.Sequence` object in order to specify these values.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4
+
+   The ``mssql_identity_start`` and ``mssql_identity_increment`` parameters
+   to :class:`_schema.Column` are deprecated and should we replaced by
+   an :class:`_schema.Identity` object. Specifying both ways of configuring
+   an IDENTITY will result in a compile error.
+   These options are also no longer returned as part of the
+   ``dialect_options`` key in :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_columns`.
+   Use the information in the ``identity`` key instead.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.3
+
+   The use of :class:`.Sequence` to specify IDENTITY characteristics is
+   deprecated and will be removed in a future release.   Please use
+   the :class:`_schema.Identity` object parameters
+   :paramref:`_schema.Identity.start` and
+   :paramref:`_schema.Identity.increment`.
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Removed the ability to use a :class:`.Sequence`
+   object to modify IDENTITY characteristics. :class:`.Sequence` objects
+   now only manipulate true T-SQL SEQUENCE types.
+
+.. note::
+
+    There can only be one IDENTITY column on the table.  When using
+    ``autoincrement=True`` to enable the IDENTITY keyword, SQLAlchemy does not
+    guard against multiple columns specifying the option simultaneously.  The
+    SQL Server database will instead reject the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement.
+
+.. note::
+
+    An INSERT statement which attempts to provide a value for a column that is
+    marked with IDENTITY will be rejected by SQL Server.   In order for the
+    value to be accepted, a session-level option "SET IDENTITY_INSERT" must be
+    enabled.   The SQLAlchemy SQL Server dialect will perform this operation
+    automatically when using a core :class:`_expression.Insert`
+    construct; if the
+    execution specifies a value for the IDENTITY column, the "IDENTITY_INSERT"
+    option will be enabled for the span of that statement's invocation.However,
+    this scenario is not high performing and should not be relied upon for
+    normal use.   If a table doesn't actually require IDENTITY behavior in its
+    integer primary key column, the keyword should be disabled when creating
+    the table by ensuring that ``autoincrement=False`` is set.
+
+Controlling "Start" and "Increment"
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Specific control over the "start" and "increment" values for
+the ``IDENTITY`` generator are provided using the
+:paramref:`_schema.Identity.start` and :paramref:`_schema.Identity.increment`
+parameters passed to the :class:`_schema.Identity` object::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Integer, Column, Identity
+
+    test = Table(
+        "test",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            "id", Integer, primary_key=True, Identity(start=100, increment=10)
+        ),
+        Column("name", String(20)),
+    )
+
+The CREATE TABLE for the above :class:`_schema.Table` object would be:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+   CREATE TABLE test (
+     id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(100,10) PRIMARY KEY,
+     name VARCHAR(20) NULL,
+   )
+
+.. note::
+
+   The :class:`_schema.Identity` object supports many other parameter in
+   addition to ``start`` and ``increment``. These are not supported by
+   SQL Server and will be ignored when generating the CREATE TABLE ddl.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3.19  The :class:`_schema.Identity` object is
+   now used to affect the
+   ``IDENTITY`` generator for a :class:`_schema.Column` under  SQL Server.
+   Previously, the :class:`.Sequence` object was used.  As SQL Server now
+   supports real sequences as a separate construct, :class:`.Sequence` will be
+   functional in the normal way starting from SQLAlchemy version 1.4.
+
+
+Using IDENTITY with Non-Integer numeric types
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+SQL Server also allows ``IDENTITY`` to be used with ``NUMERIC`` columns.  To
+implement this pattern smoothly in SQLAlchemy, the primary datatype of the
+column should remain as ``Integer``, however the underlying implementation
+type deployed to the SQL Server database can be specified as ``Numeric`` using
+:meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column
+    from sqlalchemy import Integer
+    from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+    class TestTable(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "test"
+        id = Column(
+            Integer().with_variant(Numeric(10, 0), "mssql"),
+            primary_key=True,
+            autoincrement=True,
+        )
+        name = Column(String)
+
+In the above example, ``Integer().with_variant()`` provides clear usage
+information that accurately describes the intent of the code. The general
+restriction that ``autoincrement`` only applies to ``Integer`` is established
+at the metadata level and not at the per-dialect level.
+
+When using the above pattern, the primary key identifier that comes back from
+the insertion of a row, which is also the value that would be assigned to an
+ORM object such as ``TestTable`` above, will be an instance of ``Decimal()``
+and not ``int`` when using SQL Server. The numeric return type of the
+:class:`_types.Numeric` type can be changed to return floats by passing False
+to :paramref:`_types.Numeric.asdecimal`. To normalize the return type of the
+above ``Numeric(10, 0)`` to return Python ints (which also support "long"
+integer values in Python 3), use :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` as follows::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+
+    class NumericAsInteger(TypeDecorator):
+        "normalize floating point return values into ints"
+
+        impl = Numeric(10, 0, asdecimal=False)
+        cache_ok = True
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = int(value)
+            return value
+
+
+    class TestTable(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "test"
+        id = Column(
+            Integer().with_variant(NumericAsInteger, "mssql"),
+            primary_key=True,
+            autoincrement=True,
+        )
+        name = Column(String)
+
+.. _mssql_insert_behavior:
+
+INSERT behavior
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Handling of the ``IDENTITY`` column at INSERT time involves two key
+techniques. The most common is being able to fetch the "last inserted value"
+for a given ``IDENTITY`` column, a process which SQLAlchemy performs
+implicitly in many cases, most importantly within the ORM.
+
+The process for fetching this value has several variants:
+
+* In the vast majority of cases, RETURNING is used in conjunction with INSERT
+  statements on SQL Server in order to get newly generated primary key values:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    INSERT INTO t (x) OUTPUT inserted.id VALUES (?)
+
+  As of SQLAlchemy 2.0, the :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` feature is also
+  used by default to optimize many-row INSERT statements; for SQL Server
+  the feature takes place for both RETURNING and-non RETURNING
+  INSERT statements.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0.10 The :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` feature for
+     SQL Server was temporarily disabled for SQLAlchemy version 2.0.9 due to
+     issues with row ordering. As of 2.0.10 the feature is re-enabled, with
+     special case handling for the unit of work's requirement for RETURNING to
+     be ordered.
+
+* When RETURNING is not available or has been disabled via
+  ``implicit_returning=False``, either the ``scope_identity()`` function or
+  the ``@@identity`` variable is used; behavior varies by backend:
+
+  * when using PyODBC, the phrase ``; select scope_identity()`` will be
+    appended to the end of the INSERT statement; a second result set will be
+    fetched in order to receive the value.  Given a table as::
+
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+
+    an INSERT will look like:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        INSERT INTO t (x) VALUES (?); select scope_identity()
+
+  * Other dialects such as pymssql will call upon
+    ``SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid`` subsequent to an INSERT
+    statement. If the flag ``use_scope_identity=False`` is passed to
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+    the statement ``SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid``
+    is used instead.
+
+A table that contains an ``IDENTITY`` column will prohibit an INSERT statement
+that refers to the identity column explicitly.  The SQLAlchemy dialect will
+detect when an INSERT construct, created using a core
+:func:`_expression.insert`
+construct (not a plain string SQL), refers to the identity column, and
+in this case will emit ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT ON`` prior to the insert
+statement proceeding, and ``SET IDENTITY_INSERT OFF`` subsequent to the
+execution.  Given this example::
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table(
+        "t", m, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True), Column("x", Integer)
+    )
+    m.create_all(engine)
+
+    with engine.begin() as conn:
+        conn.execute(t.insert(), {"id": 1, "x": 1}, {"id": 2, "x": 2})
+
+The above column will be created with IDENTITY, however the INSERT statement
+we emit is specifying explicit values.  In the echo output we can see
+how SQLAlchemy handles this:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE t (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL IDENTITY(1,1),
+        x INTEGER NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+    COMMIT
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t ON
+    INSERT INTO t (id, x) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ((1, 1), (2, 2))
+    SET IDENTITY_INSERT t OFF
+    COMMIT
+
+
+
+This is an auxiliary use case suitable for testing and bulk insert scenarios.
+
+SEQUENCE support
+----------------
+
+The :class:`.Sequence` object creates "real" sequences, i.e.,
+``CREATE SEQUENCE``:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import Sequence
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateSequence
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects import mssql
+    >>> print(
+    ...     CreateSequence(Sequence("my_seq", start=1)).compile(
+    ...         dialect=mssql.dialect()
+    ...     )
+    ... )
+    {printsql}CREATE SEQUENCE my_seq START WITH 1
+
+For integer primary key generation, SQL Server's ``IDENTITY`` construct should
+generally be preferred vs. sequence.
+
+.. tip::
+
+    The default start value for T-SQL is ``-2**63`` instead of 1 as
+    in most other SQL databases. Users should explicitly set the
+    :paramref:`.Sequence.start` to 1 if that's the expected default::
+
+        seq = Sequence("my_sequence", start=1)
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4 added SQL Server support for :class:`.Sequence`
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 The SQL Server dialect will no longer implicitly
+   render "START WITH 1" for ``CREATE SEQUENCE``, which was the behavior
+   first implemented in version 1.4.
+
+MAX on VARCHAR / NVARCHAR
+-------------------------
+
+SQL Server supports the special string "MAX" within the
+:class:`_types.VARCHAR` and :class:`_types.NVARCHAR` datatypes,
+to indicate "maximum length possible".   The dialect currently handles this as
+a length of "None" in the base type, rather than supplying a
+dialect-specific version of these types, so that a base type
+specified such as ``VARCHAR(None)`` can assume "unlengthed" behavior on
+more than one backend without using dialect-specific types.
+
+To build a SQL Server VARCHAR or NVARCHAR with MAX length, use None::
+
+    my_table = Table(
+        "my_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("my_data", VARCHAR(None)),
+        Column("my_n_data", NVARCHAR(None)),
+    )
+
+Collation Support
+-----------------
+
+Character collations are supported by the base string types,
+specified by the string argument "collation"::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import VARCHAR
+
+    Column("login", VARCHAR(32, collation="Latin1_General_CI_AS"))
+
+When such a column is associated with a :class:`_schema.Table`, the
+CREATE TABLE statement for this column will yield:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    login VARCHAR(32) COLLATE Latin1_General_CI_AS NULL
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET Support
+--------------------
+
+MSSQL has added support for LIMIT / OFFSET as of SQL Server 2012, via the
+"OFFSET n ROWS" and "FETCH NEXT n ROWS" clauses.  SQLAlchemy supports these
+syntaxes automatically if SQL Server 2012 or greater is detected.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4 support added for SQL Server "OFFSET n ROWS" and
+   "FETCH NEXT n ROWS" syntax.
+
+For statements that specify only LIMIT and no OFFSET, all versions of SQL
+Server support the TOP keyword.   This syntax is used for all SQL Server
+versions when no OFFSET clause is present.  A statement such as::
+
+    select(some_table).limit(5)
+
+will render similarly to:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT TOP 5 col1, col2.. FROM table
+
+For versions of SQL Server prior to SQL Server 2012, a statement that uses
+LIMIT and OFFSET, or just OFFSET alone, will be rendered using the
+``ROW_NUMBER()`` window function.   A statement such as::
+
+    select(some_table).order_by(some_table.c.col3).limit(5).offset(10)
+
+will render similarly to:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT anon_1.col1, anon_1.col2 FROM (SELECT col1, col2,
+    ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY col3) AS
+    mssql_rn FROM table WHERE t.x = :x_1) AS
+    anon_1 WHERE mssql_rn > :param_1 AND mssql_rn <= :param_2 + :param_1
+
+Note that when using LIMIT and/or OFFSET, whether using the older
+or newer SQL Server syntaxes, the statement must have an ORDER BY as well,
+else a :class:`.CompileError` is raised.
+
+.. _mssql_comment_support:
+
+DDL Comment Support
+--------------------
+
+Comment support, which includes DDL rendering for attributes such as
+:paramref:`_schema.Table.comment` and :paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`, as
+well as the ability to reflect these comments, is supported assuming a
+supported version of SQL Server is in use. If a non-supported version such as
+Azure Synapse is detected at first-connect time (based on the presence
+of the ``fn_listextendedproperty`` SQL function), comment support including
+rendering and table-comment reflection is disabled, as both features rely upon
+SQL Server stored procedures and functions that are not available on all
+backend types.
+
+To force comment support to be on or off, bypassing autodetection, set the
+parameter ``supports_comments`` within :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    e = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://u:p@dsn", supports_comments=False)
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0 Added support for table and column comments for
+   the SQL Server dialect, including DDL generation and reflection.
+
+.. _mssql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+All SQL Server dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via a dialect-specific parameter
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+accepted by :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+as well as the :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+argument as passed to
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+This feature works by issuing the
+command ``SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` for
+each new connection.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@ms_2008", isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ"
+    )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(isolation_level="READ COMMITTED")
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT`` - pyodbc / pymssql-specific
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``SNAPSHOT`` - specific to SQL Server
+
+There are also more options for isolation level configurations, such as
+"sub-engine" objects linked to a main :class:`_engine.Engine` which each apply
+different isolation level settings.  See the discussion at
+:ref:`dbapi_autocommit` for background.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+.. _mssql_reset_on_return:
+
+Temporary Table / Resource Reset for Connection Pooling
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+The :class:`.QueuePool` connection pool implementation used
+by the SQLAlchemy :class:`.Engine` object includes
+:ref:`reset on return <pool_reset_on_return>` behavior that will invoke
+the DBAPI ``.rollback()`` method when connections are returned to the pool.
+While this rollback will clear out the immediate state used by the previous
+transaction, it does not cover a wider range of session-level state, including
+temporary tables as well as other server state such as prepared statement
+handles and statement caches.   An undocumented SQL Server procedure known
+as ``sp_reset_connection`` is known to be a workaround for this issue which
+will reset most of the session state that builds up on a connection, including
+temporary tables.
+
+To install ``sp_reset_connection`` as the means of performing reset-on-return,
+the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event hook may be used, as demonstrated in the
+example below. The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_reset_on_return` parameter
+is set to ``None`` so that the custom scheme can replace the default behavior
+completely.   The custom hook implementation calls ``.rollback()`` in any case,
+as it's usually important that the DBAPI's own tracking of commit/rollback
+will remain consistent with the state of the transaction::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    mssql_engine = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger^5HHH@mssql2017:1433/test?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server",
+        # disable default reset-on-return scheme
+        pool_reset_on_return=None,
+    )
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(mssql_engine, "reset")
+    def _reset_mssql(dbapi_connection, connection_record, reset_state):
+        if not reset_state.terminate_only:
+            dbapi_connection.execute("{call sys.sp_reset_connection}")
+
+        # so that the DBAPI itself knows that the connection has been
+        # reset
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.0b3  Added additional state arguments to
+   the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event and additionally ensured the event
+   is invoked for all "reset" occurrences, so that it's appropriate
+   as a place for custom "reset" handlers.   Previous schemes which
+   use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkin` handler remain usable as well.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pool_reset_on_return` - in the :ref:`pooling_toplevel` documentation
+
+Nullability
+-----------
+MSSQL has support for three levels of column nullability. The default
+nullability allows nulls and is explicit in the CREATE TABLE
+construct:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    name VARCHAR(20) NULL
+
+If ``nullable=None`` is specified then no specification is made. In
+other words the database's configured default is used. This will
+render:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    name VARCHAR(20)
+
+If ``nullable`` is ``True`` or ``False`` then the column will be
+``NULL`` or ``NOT NULL`` respectively.
+
+Date / Time Handling
+--------------------
+DATE and TIME are supported.   Bind parameters are converted
+to datetime.datetime() objects as required by most MSSQL drivers,
+and results are processed from strings if needed.
+The DATE and TIME types are not available for MSSQL 2005 and
+previous - if a server version below 2008 is detected, DDL
+for these types will be issued as DATETIME.
+
+.. _mssql_large_type_deprecation:
+
+Large Text/Binary Type Deprecation
+----------------------------------
+
+Per
+`SQL Server 2012/2014 Documentation <https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187993.aspx>`_,
+the ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT`` and ``IMAGE`` datatypes are to be removed from SQL
+Server in a future release.   SQLAlchemy normally relates these types to the
+:class:`.UnicodeText`, :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+:class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes.
+
+In order to accommodate this change, a new flag ``deprecate_large_types``
+is added to the dialect, which will be automatically set based on detection
+of the server version in use, if not otherwise set by the user.  The
+behavior of this flag is as follows:
+
+* When this flag is ``True``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`,
+  :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+  :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
+  types ``NVARCHAR(max)``, ``VARCHAR(max)``, and ``VARBINARY(max)``,
+  respectively.  This is a new behavior as of the addition of this flag.
+
+* When this flag is ``False``, the :class:`.UnicodeText`,
+  :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+  :class:`.LargeBinary` datatypes, when used to render DDL, will render the
+  types ``NTEXT``, ``TEXT``, and ``IMAGE``,
+  respectively.  This is the long-standing behavior of these types.
+
+* The flag begins with the value ``None``, before a database connection is
+  established.   If the dialect is used to render DDL without the flag being
+  set, it is interpreted the same as ``False``.
+
+* On first connection, the dialect detects if SQL Server version 2012 or
+  greater is in use; if the flag is still at ``None``, it sets it to ``True``
+  or ``False`` based on whether 2012 or greater is detected.
+
+* The flag can be set to either ``True`` or ``False`` when the dialect
+  is created, typically via :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+        eng = create_engine(
+            "mssql+pymssql://user:pass@host/db", deprecate_large_types=True
+        )
+
+* Complete control over whether the "old" or "new" types are rendered is
+  available in all SQLAlchemy versions by using the UPPERCASE type objects
+  instead: :class:`_types.NVARCHAR`, :class:`_types.VARCHAR`,
+  :class:`_types.VARBINARY`, :class:`_types.TEXT`, :class:`_mssql.NTEXT`,
+  :class:`_mssql.IMAGE`
+  will always remain fixed and always output exactly that
+  type.
+
+.. _multipart_schema_names:
+
+Multipart Schema Names
+----------------------
+
+SQL Server schemas sometimes require multiple parts to their "schema"
+qualifier, that is, including the database name and owner name as separate
+tokens, such as ``mydatabase.dbo.some_table``. These multipart names can be set
+at once using the :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema` argument of
+:class:`_schema.Table`::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="mydatabase.dbo",
+    )
+
+When performing operations such as table or component reflection, a schema
+argument that contains a dot will be split into separate
+"database" and "owner"  components in order to correctly query the SQL
+Server information schema tables, as these two values are stored separately.
+Additionally, when rendering the schema name for DDL or SQL, the two
+components will be quoted separately for case sensitive names and other
+special characters.   Given an argument as below::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="MyDataBase.dbo",
+    )
+
+The above schema would be rendered as ``[MyDataBase].dbo``, and also in
+reflection, would be reflected using "dbo" as the owner and "MyDataBase"
+as the database name.
+
+To control how the schema name is broken into database / owner,
+specify brackets (which in SQL Server are quoting characters) in the name.
+Below, the "owner" will be considered as ``MyDataBase.dbo`` and the
+"database" will be None::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="[MyDataBase.dbo]",
+    )
+
+To individually specify both database and owner name with special characters
+or embedded dots, use two sets of brackets::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("q", String(50)),
+        schema="[MyDataBase.Period].[MyOwner.Dot]",
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.2 the SQL Server dialect now treats brackets as
+   identifier delimiters splitting the schema into separate database
+   and owner tokens, to allow dots within either name itself.
+
+.. _legacy_schema_rendering:
+
+Legacy Schema Mode
+------------------
+
+Very old versions of the MSSQL dialect introduced the behavior such that a
+schema-qualified table would be auto-aliased when used in a
+SELECT statement; given a table::
+
+    account_table = Table(
+        "account",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("info", String(100)),
+        schema="customer_schema",
+    )
+
+this legacy mode of rendering would assume that "customer_schema.account"
+would not be accepted by all parts of the SQL statement, as illustrated
+below:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> eng = create_engine("mssql+pymssql://mydsn", legacy_schema_aliasing=True)
+    >>> print(account_table.select().compile(eng))
+    {printsql}SELECT account_1.id, account_1.info
+    FROM customer_schema.account AS account_1
+
+This mode of behavior is now off by default, as it appears to have served
+no purpose; however in the case that legacy applications rely upon it,
+it is available using the ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` argument to
+:func:`_sa.create_engine` as illustrated above.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4
+
+   The ``legacy_schema_aliasing`` flag is now
+   deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
+
+.. _mssql_indexes:
+
+Clustered Index Support
+-----------------------
+
+The MSSQL dialect supports clustered indexes (and primary keys) via the
+``mssql_clustered`` option.  This option is available to :class:`.Index`,
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint`. and :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+For indexes this option can be combined with the ``mssql_columnstore`` one
+to create a clustered columnstore index.
+
+To generate a clustered index::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_clustered=True)
+
+which renders the index as ``CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX my_index ON table (x)``.
+
+To generate a clustered primary key use::
+
+    Table(
+        "my_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("x", ...),
+        Column("y", ...),
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint("x", "y", mssql_clustered=True),
+    )
+
+which will render the table, for example, as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+  CREATE TABLE my_table (
+    x INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    y INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (x, y)
+  )
+
+Similarly, we can generate a clustered unique constraint using::
+
+    Table(
+        "my_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("x", ...),
+        Column("y", ...),
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint("x"),
+        UniqueConstraint("y", mssql_clustered=True),
+    )
+
+To explicitly request a non-clustered primary key (for example, when
+a separate clustered index is desired), use::
+
+    Table(
+        "my_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("x", ...),
+        Column("y", ...),
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint("x", "y", mssql_clustered=False),
+    )
+
+which will render the table, for example, as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+  CREATE TABLE my_table (
+    x INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    y INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY NONCLUSTERED (x, y)
+  )
+
+Columnstore Index Support
+-------------------------
+
+The MSSQL dialect supports columnstore indexes via the ``mssql_columnstore``
+option.  This option is available to :class:`.Index`. It be combined with
+the ``mssql_clustered`` option to create a clustered columnstore index.
+
+To generate a columnstore index::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_columnstore=True)
+
+which renders the index as ``CREATE COLUMNSTORE INDEX my_index ON table (x)``.
+
+To generate a clustered columnstore index provide no columns::
+
+    idx = Index("my_index", mssql_clustered=True, mssql_columnstore=True)
+    # required to associate the index with the table
+    table.append_constraint(idx)
+
+the above renders the index as
+``CREATE CLUSTERED COLUMNSTORE INDEX my_index ON table``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.18
+
+MSSQL-Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------
+
+In addition to clustering, the MSSQL dialect supports other special options
+for :class:`.Index`.
+
+INCLUDE
+^^^^^^^
+
+The ``mssql_include`` option renders INCLUDE(colname) for the given string
+names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_include=["y"])
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) INCLUDE (y)``
+
+.. _mssql_index_where:
+
+Filtered Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The ``mssql_where`` option renders WHERE(condition) for the given string
+names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, mssql_where=table.c.x > 10)
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) WHERE x > 10``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.4
+
+Index ordering
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Index ordering is available via functional expressions, such as::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x.desc())
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x DESC)``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`schema_indexes_functional`
+
+Compatibility Levels
+--------------------
+MSSQL supports the notion of setting compatibility levels at the
+database level. This allows, for instance, to run a database that
+is compatible with SQL2000 while running on a SQL2005 database
+server. ``server_version_info`` will always return the database
+server version information (in this case SQL2005) and not the
+compatibility level information. Because of this, if running under
+a backwards compatibility mode SQLAlchemy may attempt to use T-SQL
+statements that are unable to be parsed by the database server.
+
+.. _mssql_triggers:
+
+Triggers
+--------
+
+SQLAlchemy by default uses OUTPUT INSERTED to get at newly
+generated primary key values via IDENTITY columns or other
+server side defaults.   MS-SQL does not
+allow the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on tables that have triggers.
+To disable the usage of OUTPUT INSERTED on a per-table basis,
+specify ``implicit_returning=False`` for each :class:`_schema.Table`
+which has triggers::
+
+    Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        # ...,
+        implicit_returning=False,
+    )
+
+Declarative form::
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        # ...
+        __table_args__ = {"implicit_returning": False}
+
+.. _mssql_rowcount_versioning:
+
+Rowcount Support / ORM Versioning
+---------------------------------
+
+The SQL Server drivers may have limited ability to return the number
+of rows updated from an UPDATE or DELETE statement.
+
+As of this writing, the PyODBC driver is not able to return a rowcount when
+OUTPUT INSERTED is used.    Previous versions of SQLAlchemy therefore had
+limitations for features such as the "ORM Versioning" feature that relies upon
+accurate rowcounts in order to match version numbers with matched rows.
+
+SQLAlchemy 2.0 now retrieves the "rowcount" manually for these particular use
+cases based on counting the rows that arrived back within RETURNING; so while
+the driver still has this limitation, the ORM Versioning feature is no longer
+impacted by it. As of SQLAlchemy 2.0.5, ORM versioning has been fully
+re-enabled for the pyodbc driver.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.5  ORM versioning support is restored for the pyodbc
+   driver.  Previously, a warning would be emitted during ORM flush that
+   versioning was not supported.
+
+
+Enabling Snapshot Isolation
+---------------------------
+
+SQL Server has a default transaction
+isolation mode that locks entire tables, and causes even mildly concurrent
+applications to have long held locks and frequent deadlocks.
+Enabling snapshot isolation for the database as a whole is recommended
+for modern levels of concurrency support.  This is accomplished via the
+following ALTER DATABASE commands executed at the SQL prompt:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON
+
+    ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON
+
+Background on SQL Server snapshot isolation is available at
+https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms175095.aspx.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import codecs
+import datetime
+import operator
+import re
+from typing import overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from . import information_schema as ischema
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import Sequence
+from ... import sql
+from ... import text
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import func
+from ...sql import quoted_name
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import try_cast as try_cast  # noqa: F401
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql._typing import is_sql_compiler
+from ...sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ...sql.elements import TryCast as TryCast  # noqa: F401
+from ...types import BIGINT
+from ...types import BINARY
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import DATE
+from ...types import DATETIME
+from ...types import DECIMAL
+from ...types import FLOAT
+from ...types import INTEGER
+from ...types import NCHAR
+from ...types import NUMERIC
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import SMALLINT
+from ...types import TEXT
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+from ...util import update_wrapper
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.dml import DMLState
+    from ...sql.selectable import TableClause
+
+# https://sqlserverbuilds.blogspot.com/
+MS_2017_VERSION = (14,)
+MS_2016_VERSION = (13,)
+MS_2014_VERSION = (12,)
+MS_2012_VERSION = (11,)
+MS_2008_VERSION = (10,)
+MS_2005_VERSION = (9,)
+MS_2000_VERSION = (8,)
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = {
+    "add",
+    "all",
+    "alter",
+    "and",
+    "any",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "authorization",
+    "backup",
+    "begin",
+    "between",
+    "break",
+    "browse",
+    "bulk",
+    "by",
+    "cascade",
+    "case",
+    "check",
+    "checkpoint",
+    "close",
+    "clustered",
+    "coalesce",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "commit",
+    "compute",
+    "constraint",
+    "contains",
+    "containstable",
+    "continue",
+    "convert",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "current",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "cursor",
+    "database",
+    "dbcc",
+    "deallocate",
+    "declare",
+    "default",
+    "delete",
+    "deny",
+    "desc",
+    "disk",
+    "distinct",
+    "distributed",
+    "double",
+    "drop",
+    "dump",
+    "else",
+    "end",
+    "errlvl",
+    "escape",
+    "except",
+    "exec",
+    "execute",
+    "exists",
+    "exit",
+    "external",
+    "fetch",
+    "file",
+    "fillfactor",
+    "for",
+    "foreign",
+    "freetext",
+    "freetexttable",
+    "from",
+    "full",
+    "function",
+    "goto",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "holdlock",
+    "identity",
+    "identity_insert",
+    "identitycol",
+    "if",
+    "in",
+    "index",
+    "inner",
+    "insert",
+    "intersect",
+    "into",
+    "is",
+    "join",
+    "key",
+    "kill",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "lineno",
+    "load",
+    "merge",
+    "national",
+    "nocheck",
+    "nonclustered",
+    "not",
+    "null",
+    "nullif",
+    "of",
+    "off",
+    "offsets",
+    "on",
+    "open",
+    "opendatasource",
+    "openquery",
+    "openrowset",
+    "openxml",
+    "option",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "outer",
+    "over",
+    "percent",
+    "pivot",
+    "plan",
+    "precision",
+    "primary",
+    "print",
+    "proc",
+    "procedure",
+    "public",
+    "raiserror",
+    "read",
+    "readtext",
+    "reconfigure",
+    "references",
+    "replication",
+    "restore",
+    "restrict",
+    "return",
+    "revert",
+    "revoke",
+    "right",
+    "rollback",
+    "rowcount",
+    "rowguidcol",
+    "rule",
+    "save",
+    "schema",
+    "securityaudit",
+    "select",
+    "session_user",
+    "set",
+    "setuser",
+    "shutdown",
+    "some",
+    "statistics",
+    "system_user",
+    "table",
+    "tablesample",
+    "textsize",
+    "then",
+    "to",
+    "top",
+    "tran",
+    "transaction",
+    "trigger",
+    "truncate",
+    "tsequal",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "unpivot",
+    "update",
+    "updatetext",
+    "use",
+    "user",
+    "values",
+    "varying",
+    "view",
+    "waitfor",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "while",
+    "with",
+    "writetext",
+}
+
+
+class REAL(sqltypes.REAL):
+    """the SQL Server REAL datatype."""
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # REAL is a synonym for FLOAT(24) on SQL server.
+        # it is only accepted as the word "REAL" in DDL, the numeric
+        # precision value is not allowed to be present
+        kw.setdefault("precision", 24)
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(sqltypes.DOUBLE_PRECISION):
+    """the SQL Server DOUBLE PRECISION datatype.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.11
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # DOUBLE PRECISION is a synonym for FLOAT(53) on SQL server.
+        # it is only accepted as the word "DOUBLE PRECISION" in DDL,
+        # the numeric precision value is not allowed to be present
+        kw.setdefault("precision", 53)
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYINT"
+
+
+# MSSQL DATE/TIME types have varied behavior, sometimes returning
+# strings.  MSDate/TIME check for everything, and always
+# filter bind parameters into datetime objects (required by pyodbc,
+# not sure about other dialects).
+
+
+class _MSDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.date()
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                m = self._reg.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "could not parse %r as a date value" % (value,)
+                    )
+                return datetime.date(*[int(x or 0) for x in m.groups()])
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kwargs):
+        self.precision = precision
+        super().__init__()
+
+    __zero_date = datetime.date(1900, 1, 1)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                value = datetime.datetime.combine(
+                    self.__zero_date, value.time()
+                )
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
+                """issue #5339
+                per: https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Tips-and-Tricks-by-Database-Platform#time-columns
+                pass TIME value as string
+                """  # noqa
+                value = str(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    _reg = re.compile(r"(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(?:\.(\d{0,6}))?")
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
+                return value.time()
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                m = self._reg.match(value)
+                if not m:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "could not parse %r as a time value" % (value,)
+                    )
+                return datetime.time(*[int(x or 0) for x in m.groups()])
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+_MSTime = TIME
+
+
+class _BASETIMEIMPL(TIME):
+    __visit_name__ = "_BASETIMEIMPL"
+
+
+class _DateTimeBase:
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if type(value) == datetime.date:
+                return datetime.datetime(value.year, value.month, value.day)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSDateTime(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    pass
+
+
+class SMALLDATETIME(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLDATETIME"
+
+
+class DATETIME2(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIME2"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kw):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class DATETIMEOFFSET(_DateTimeBase, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIMEOFFSET"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, **kw):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class _UnicodeLiteral:
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.replace("'", "''")
+
+            if dialect.identifier_preparer._double_percents:
+                value = value.replace("%", "%%")
+
+            return "N'%s'" % value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _MSUnicode(_UnicodeLiteral, sqltypes.Unicode):
+    pass
+
+
+class _MSUnicodeText(_UnicodeLiteral, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    pass
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """Implement the SQL Server TIMESTAMP type.
+
+    Note this is **completely different** than the SQL Standard
+    TIMESTAMP type, which is not supported by SQL Server.  It
+    is a read-only datatype that does not support INSERT of values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_mssql.ROWVERSION`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    # expected by _Binary to be present
+    length = None
+
+    def __init__(self, convert_int=False):
+        """Construct a TIMESTAMP or ROWVERSION type.
+
+        :param convert_int: if True, binary integer values will
+         be converted to integers on read.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        self.convert_int = convert_int
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        super_ = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        if self.convert_int:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if super_:
+                    value = super_(value)
+                if value is not None:
+                    # https://stackoverflow.com/a/30403242/34549
+                    value = int(codecs.encode(value, "hex"), 16)
+                return value
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return super_
+
+
+class ROWVERSION(TIMESTAMP):
+    """Implement the SQL Server ROWVERSION type.
+
+    The ROWVERSION datatype is a SQL Server synonym for the TIMESTAMP
+    datatype, however current SQL Server documentation suggests using
+    ROWVERSION for new datatypes going forward.
+
+    The ROWVERSION datatype does **not** reflect (e.g. introspect) from the
+    database as itself; the returned datatype will be
+    :class:`_mssql.TIMESTAMP`.
+
+    This is a read-only datatype that does not support INSERT of values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_mssql.TIMESTAMP`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ROWVERSION"
+
+
+class NTEXT(sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    """MSSQL NTEXT type, for variable-length unicode text up to 2^30
+    characters."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NTEXT"
+
+
+class VARBINARY(sqltypes.VARBINARY, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    """The MSSQL VARBINARY type.
+
+    This type adds additional features to the core :class:`_types.VARBINARY`
+    type, including "deprecate_large_types" mode where
+    either ``VARBINARY(max)`` or IMAGE is rendered, as well as the SQL
+    Server ``FILESTREAM`` option.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mssql_large_type_deprecation`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARBINARY"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, filestream=False):
+        """
+        Construct a VARBINARY type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL statements, for those binary types that accept a length,
+          such as the MySQL BLOB type.
+
+        :param filestream=False: if True, renders the ``FILESTREAM`` keyword
+          in the table definition. In this case ``length`` must be ``None``
+          or ``'max'``.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.31
+
+        """
+
+        self.filestream = filestream
+        if self.filestream and length not in (None, "max"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "length must be None or 'max' when setting filestream"
+            )
+        super().__init__(length=length)
+
+
+class IMAGE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = "IMAGE"
+
+
+class XML(sqltypes.Text):
+    """MSSQL XML type.
+
+    This is a placeholder type for reflection purposes that does not include
+    any Python-side datatype support.   It also does not currently support
+    additional arguments, such as "CONTENT", "DOCUMENT",
+    "xml_schema_collection".
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "XML"
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    """MSSQL BIT type.
+
+    Both pyodbc and pymssql return values from BIT columns as
+    Python <class 'bool'> so just subclass Boolean.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIT"
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "MONEY"
+
+
+class SMALLMONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLMONEY"
+
+
+class MSUUid(sqltypes.Uuid):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.native_uuid:
+            # this is currently assuming pyodbc; might not work for
+            # some other mssql driver
+            return None
+        else:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.hex
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.replace("-", "").replace("''", "'")
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.native_uuid:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{str(value).replace("''", "'")}'"""
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{value.hex}'"""
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{
+                        value.replace("-", "").replace("'", "''")
+                    }'"""
+
+                return process
+
+
+class UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(sqltypes.Uuid[sqltypes._UUID_RETURN]):
+    __visit_name__ = "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: UNIQUEIDENTIFIER[_python_UUID], as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: UNIQUEIDENTIFIER[str], as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True):
+        """Construct a :class:`_mssql.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER` type.
+
+
+        :param as_uuid=True: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         .. versionchanged: 2.0 Added direct "uuid" support to the
+            :class:`_mssql.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER` datatype; uuid interpretation
+            defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+        self.native_uuid = True
+
+
+class SQL_VARIANT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    __visit_name__ = "SQL_VARIANT"
+
+
+# old names.
+MSDateTime = _MSDateTime
+MSDate = _MSDate
+MSReal = REAL
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSmallDateTime = SMALLDATETIME
+MSDateTime2 = DATETIME2
+MSDateTimeOffset = DATETIMEOFFSET
+MSText = TEXT
+MSNText = NTEXT
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSNVarchar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSImage = IMAGE
+MSBit = BIT
+MSMoney = MONEY
+MSSmallMoney = SMALLMONEY
+MSUniqueIdentifier = UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
+MSVariant = SQL_VARIANT
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "int": INTEGER,
+    "bigint": BIGINT,
+    "smallint": SMALLINT,
+    "tinyint": TINYINT,
+    "varchar": VARCHAR,
+    "nvarchar": NVARCHAR,
+    "char": CHAR,
+    "nchar": NCHAR,
+    "text": TEXT,
+    "ntext": NTEXT,
+    "decimal": DECIMAL,
+    "numeric": NUMERIC,
+    "float": FLOAT,
+    "datetime": DATETIME,
+    "datetime2": DATETIME2,
+    "datetimeoffset": DATETIMEOFFSET,
+    "date": DATE,
+    "time": TIME,
+    "smalldatetime": SMALLDATETIME,
+    "binary": BINARY,
+    "varbinary": VARBINARY,
+    "bit": BIT,
+    "real": REAL,
+    "double precision": DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    "image": IMAGE,
+    "xml": XML,
+    "timestamp": TIMESTAMP,
+    "money": MONEY,
+    "smallmoney": SMALLMONEY,
+    "uniqueidentifier": UNIQUEIDENTIFIER,
+    "sql_variant": SQL_VARIANT,
+}
+
+
+class MSTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def _extend(self, spec, type_, length=None):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL
+        COLLATE annotations.
+
+        """
+
+        if getattr(type_, "collation", None):
+            collation = "COLLATE %s" % type_.collation
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if not length:
+            length = type_.length
+
+        if length:
+            spec = spec + "(%s)" % length
+
+        return " ".join([c for c in (spec, collation) if c is not None])
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is None:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": precision}
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TINYINT"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "TIME(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_ROWVERSION(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "ROWVERSION"
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.timezone:
+            return self.visit_DATETIMEOFFSET(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_DATETIMEOFFSET(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET(%s)" % type_.precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIMEOFFSET"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME2(self, type_, **kw):
+        precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+        if precision is not None:
+            return "DATETIME2(%s)" % precision
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME2"
+
+    def visit_SMALLDATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLDATETIME"
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_NVARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_NTEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_NTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NTEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("TEXT", type_)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("VARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or "max")
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("CHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NCHAR", type_)
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend("NVARCHAR", type_, length=type_.length or "max")
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit__BASETIMEIMPL(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_time(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.server_version_info < MS_2008_VERSION:
+            return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_TIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.deprecate_large_types:
+            return self.visit_VARBINARY(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_IMAGE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_IMAGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "IMAGE"
+
+    def visit_XML(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "XML"
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        text = self._extend("VARBINARY", type_, length=type_.length or "max")
+        if getattr(type_, "filestream", False):
+            text += " FILESTREAM"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BIT(type_)
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        # this is a bit of a break with SQLAlchemy's convention of
+        # "UPPERCASE name goes to UPPERCASE type name with no modification"
+        return self._extend("NVARCHAR", type_, length="max")
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_SMALLMONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SMALLMONEY"
+
+    def visit_uuid(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.native_uuid:
+            return self.visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return super().visit_uuid(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_UNIQUEIDENTIFIER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UNIQUEIDENTIFIER"
+
+    def visit_SQL_VARIANT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SQL_VARIANT"
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    _enable_identity_insert = False
+    _select_lastrowid = False
+    _lastrowid = None
+
+    dialect: MSDialect
+
+    def _opt_encode(self, statement):
+        if self.compiled and self.compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            rst = self.compiled.preparer._render_schema_translates
+            statement = rst(statement, self.compiled.schema_translate_map)
+
+        return statement
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """Activate IDENTITY_INSERT if needed."""
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+                assert isinstance(self.compiled.compile_state, DMLState)
+                assert isinstance(
+                    self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table, TableClause
+                )
+
+            tbl = self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table
+            id_column = tbl._autoincrement_column
+
+            if id_column is not None and (
+                not isinstance(id_column.default, Sequence)
+            ):
+                insert_has_identity = True
+                compile_state = self.compiled.dml_compile_state
+                self._enable_identity_insert = (
+                    id_column.key in self.compiled_parameters[0]
+                ) or (
+                    compile_state._dict_parameters
+                    and (id_column.key in compile_state._insert_col_keys)
+                )
+
+            else:
+                insert_has_identity = False
+                self._enable_identity_insert = False
+
+            self._select_lastrowid = (
+                not self.compiled.inline
+                and insert_has_identity
+                and not self.compiled.effective_returning
+                and not self._enable_identity_insert
+                and not self.executemany
+            )
+
+            if self._enable_identity_insert:
+                self.root_connection._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s ON"
+                        % self.identifier_preparer.format_table(tbl)
+                    ),
+                    (),
+                    self,
+                )
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        """Disable IDENTITY_INSERT if enabled."""
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+
+        if self._select_lastrowid:
+            if self.dialect.use_scope_identity:
+                conn._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    "SELECT scope_identity() AS lastrowid",
+                    (),
+                    self,
+                )
+            else:
+                conn._cursor_execute(
+                    self.cursor, "SELECT @@identity AS lastrowid", (), self
+                )
+            # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed without closing it
+            row = self.cursor.fetchall()[0]
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML
+        elif (
+            self.compiled is not None
+            and is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+            and self.compiled.effective_returning
+        ):
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = (
+                _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    self.cursor.description,
+                    self.cursor.fetchall(),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+                assert isinstance(self.compiled.compile_state, DMLState)
+                assert isinstance(
+                    self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table, TableClause
+                )
+            conn._cursor_execute(
+                self.cursor,
+                self._opt_encode(
+                    "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF"
+                    % self.identifier_preparer.format_table(
+                        self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table
+                    )
+                ),
+                (),
+                self,
+            )
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self._lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        if self._enable_identity_insert:
+            try:
+                self.cursor.execute(
+                    self._opt_encode(
+                        "SET IDENTITY_INSERT %s OFF"
+                        % self.identifier_preparer.format_table(
+                            self.compiled.compile_state.dml_table
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            (
+                "SELECT NEXT VALUE FOR %s"
+                % self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            ),
+            type_,
+        )
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if (
+            isinstance(column, sa_schema.Column)
+            and column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            and isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence)
+            and column.default.optional
+        ):
+            return None
+        return super().get_insert_default(column)
+
+
+class MSSQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    returning_precedes_values = True
+
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            "doy": "dayofyear",
+            "dow": "weekday",
+            "milliseconds": "millisecond",
+            "microseconds": "microsecond",
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.tablealiases = {}
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _format_frame_clause(self, range_, **kw):
+        kw["literal_execute"] = True
+        return super()._format_frame_clause(range_, **kw)
+
+    def _with_legacy_schema_aliasing(fn):
+        def decorate(self, *arg, **kw):
+            if self.dialect.legacy_schema_aliasing:
+                return fn(self, *arg, **kw)
+            else:
+                super_ = getattr(super(MSSQLCompiler, self), fn.__name__)
+                return super_(*arg, **kw)
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_current_date_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "GETDATE()"
+
+    def visit_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LEN%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        expr = fn.clauses.clauses[0]._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        kw["literal_execute"] = True
+        delimeter = fn.clauses.clauses[1]._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        return f"string_agg({expr}, {delimeter})"
+
+    def visit_concat_op_expression_clauselist(
+        self, clauselist, operator, **kw
+    ):
+        return " + ".join(self.process(elem, **kw) for elem in clauselist)
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s + %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """MS-SQL puts TOP, it's version of LIMIT here"""
+
+        s = super().get_select_precolumns(select, **kw)
+
+        if select._has_row_limiting_clause and self._use_top(select):
+            # ODBC drivers and possibly others
+            # don't support bind params in the SELECT clause on SQL Server.
+            # so have to use literal here.
+            kw["literal_execute"] = True
+            s += "TOP %s " % self.process(
+                self._get_limit_or_fetch(select), **kw
+            )
+            if select._fetch_clause is not None:
+                if select._fetch_clause_options["percent"]:
+                    s += "PERCENT "
+                if select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]:
+                    s += "WITH TIES "
+
+        return s
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def _get_limit_or_fetch(self, select):
+        if select._fetch_clause is None:
+            return select._limit_clause
+        else:
+            return select._fetch_clause
+
+    def _use_top(self, select):
+        return (select._offset_clause is None) and (
+            select._simple_int_clause(select._limit_clause)
+            or (
+                # limit can use TOP with is by itself. fetch only uses TOP
+                # when it needs to because of PERCENT and/or WITH TIES
+                # TODO: Why?  shouldn't we use TOP always ?
+                select._simple_int_clause(select._fetch_clause)
+                and (
+                    select._fetch_clause_options["percent"]
+                    or select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def limit_clause(self, cs, **kwargs):
+        return ""
+
+    def _check_can_use_fetch_limit(self, select):
+        # to use ROW_NUMBER(), an ORDER BY is required.
+        # OFFSET are FETCH are options of the ORDER BY clause
+        if not select._order_by_clause.clauses:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MSSQL requires an order_by when "
+                "using an OFFSET or a non-simple "
+                "LIMIT clause"
+            )
+
+        if select._fetch_clause_options is not None and (
+            select._fetch_clause_options["percent"]
+            or select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]
+        ):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MSSQL needs TOP to use PERCENT and/or WITH TIES. "
+                "Only simple fetch without offset can be used."
+            )
+
+    def _row_limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """MSSQL 2012 supports OFFSET/FETCH operators
+        Use it instead subquery with row_number
+
+        """
+
+        if self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch and not self._use_top(select):
+            self._check_can_use_fetch_limit(select)
+
+            return self.fetch_clause(
+                select,
+                fetch_clause=self._get_limit_or_fetch(select),
+                require_offset=True,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_try_cast(self, element, **kw):
+        return "TRY_CAST (%s AS %s)" % (
+            self.process(element.clause, **kw),
+            self.process(element.typeclause, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def translate_select_structure(self, select_stmt, **kwargs):
+        """Look for ``LIMIT`` and OFFSET in a select statement, and if
+        so tries to wrap it in a subquery with ``row_number()`` criterion.
+        MSSQL 2012 and above are excluded
+
+        """
+        select = select_stmt
+
+        if (
+            select._has_row_limiting_clause
+            and not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+            and not self._use_top(select)
+            and not getattr(select, "_mssql_visit", None)
+        ):
+            self._check_can_use_fetch_limit(select)
+
+            _order_by_clauses = [
+                sql_util.unwrap_label_reference(elem)
+                for elem in select._order_by_clause.clauses
+            ]
+
+            limit_clause = self._get_limit_or_fetch(select)
+            offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+
+            select = select._generate()
+            select._mssql_visit = True
+            select = (
+                select.add_columns(
+                    sql.func.ROW_NUMBER()
+                    .over(order_by=_order_by_clauses)
+                    .label("mssql_rn")
+                )
+                .order_by(None)
+                .alias()
+            )
+
+            mssql_rn = sql.column("mssql_rn")
+            limitselect = sql.select(
+                *[c for c in select.c if c.key != "mssql_rn"]
+            )
+            if offset_clause is not None:
+                limitselect = limitselect.where(mssql_rn > offset_clause)
+                if limit_clause is not None:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.where(
+                        mssql_rn <= (limit_clause + offset_clause)
+                    )
+            else:
+                limitselect = limitselect.where(mssql_rn <= (limit_clause))
+            return limitselect
+        else:
+            return select
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_table(self, table, mssql_aliased=False, iscrud=False, **kwargs):
+        if mssql_aliased is table or iscrud:
+            return super().visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+        # alias schema-qualified tables
+        alias = self._schema_aliased_table(table)
+        if alias is not None:
+            return self.process(alias, mssql_aliased=table, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return super().visit_table(table, **kwargs)
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_alias(self, alias, **kw):
+        # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+        kw["mssql_aliased"] = alias.element
+        return super().visit_alias(alias, **kw)
+
+    @_with_legacy_schema_aliasing
+    def visit_column(self, column, add_to_result_map=None, **kw):
+        if (
+            column.table is not None
+            and (not self.isupdate and not self.isdelete)
+            or self.is_subquery()
+        ):
+            # translate for schema-qualified table aliases
+            t = self._schema_aliased_table(column.table)
+            if t is not None:
+                converted = elements._corresponding_column_or_error(t, column)
+                if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                    add_to_result_map(
+                        column.name,
+                        column.name,
+                        (column, column.name, column.key),
+                        column.type,
+                    )
+
+                return super().visit_column(converted, **kw)
+
+        return super().visit_column(
+            column, add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map, **kw
+        )
+
+    def _schema_aliased_table(self, table):
+        if getattr(table, "schema", None) is not None:
+            if table not in self.tablealiases:
+                self.tablealiases[table] = table.alias()
+            return self.tablealiases[table]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return "DATEPART(%s, %s)" % (field, self.process(extract.expr, **kw))
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "SAVE TRANSACTION %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+    def visit_binary(self, binary, **kwargs):
+        """Move bind parameters to the right-hand side of an operator, where
+        possible.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(binary.left, expression.BindParameter)
+            and binary.operator == operator.eq
+            and not isinstance(binary.right, expression.BindParameter)
+        ):
+            return self.process(
+                expression.BinaryExpression(
+                    binary.right, binary.left, binary.operator
+                ),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+        return super().visit_binary(binary, **kwargs)
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self, stmt, returning_cols, *, populate_result_map, **kw
+    ):
+        # SQL server returning clause requires that the columns refer to
+        # the virtual table names "inserted" or "deleted".   Here, we make
+        # a simple alias of our table with that name, and then adapt the
+        # columns we have from the list of RETURNING columns to that new name
+        # so that they render as "inserted.<colname>" / "deleted.<colname>".
+
+        if stmt.is_insert or stmt.is_update:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("inserted")
+        elif stmt.is_delete:
+            target = stmt.table.alias("deleted")
+        else:
+            assert False, "expected Insert, Update or Delete statement"
+
+        adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(target)
+
+        # adapter.traverse() takes a column from our target table and returns
+        # the one that is linked to the "inserted" / "deleted" tables.  So  in
+        # order to retrieve these values back from the result  (e.g. like
+        # row[column]), tell the compiler to also add the original unadapted
+        # column to the result map.   Before #4877, these were  (unknowingly)
+        # falling back using string name matching in the result set which
+        # necessarily used an expensive KeyError in order to match.
+
+        columns = [
+            self._label_returning_column(
+                stmt,
+                adapter.traverse(column),
+                populate_result_map,
+                {"result_map_targets": (column,)},
+                fallback_label_name=fallback_label_name,
+                column_is_repeated=repeated,
+                name=name,
+                proxy_name=proxy_name,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            for (
+                name,
+                proxy_name,
+                fallback_label_name,
+                column,
+                repeated,
+            ) in stmt._generate_columns_plus_names(
+                True, cols=expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+            )
+        ]
+
+        return "OUTPUT " + ", ".join(columns)
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        # SQL Server finds it too inconvenient to accept
+        # an entirely optional, SQL standard specified,
+        # "RECURSIVE" word with their "WITH",
+        # so here we go
+        return "WITH"
+
+    def label_select_column(self, select, column, asfrom):
+        if isinstance(column, expression.Function):
+            return column.label(None)
+        else:
+            return super().label_select_column(select, column, asfrom)
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # "FOR UPDATE" is only allowed on "DECLARE CURSOR" which
+        # SQLAlchemy doesn't use
+        return ""
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # MSSQL only allows ORDER BY in subqueries if there is a LIMIT:
+        # "The ORDER BY clause is invalid in views, inline functions,
+        # derived tables, subqueries, and common table expressions,
+        # unless TOP, OFFSET or FOR XML is also specified."
+        if (
+            self.is_subquery()
+            and not self._use_top(select)
+            and (
+                select._offset is None
+                or not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+            )
+        ):
+            # avoid processing the order by clause if we won't end up
+            # using it, because we don't want all the bind params tacked
+            # onto the positional list if that is what the dbapi requires
+            return ""
+
+        order_by = self.process(select._order_by_clause, **kw)
+
+        if order_by:
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the UPDATE..FROM clause specific to MSSQL.
+
+        In MSSQL, if the UPDATE statement involves an alias of the table to
+        be updated, then the table itself must be added to the FROM list as
+        well. Otherwise, it is optional. Here, we add it regardless.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def delete_table_clause(self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        """If we have extra froms make sure we render any alias as hint."""
+        ashint = False
+        if extra_froms:
+            ashint = True
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True, ashint=ashint, **kw
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the DELETE .. FROM clause specific to MSSQL.
+
+        Yes, it has the FROM keyword twice.
+
+        """
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, asfrom=True, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SELECT 1 WHERE 1!=1"
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT EXISTS (SELECT %s INTERSECT SELECT %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "EXISTS (SELECT %s INTERSECT SELECT %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def _render_json_extract_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        # note we are intentionally calling upon the process() calls in the
+        # order in which they appear in the SQL String as this is used
+        # by positional parameter rendering
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            return "JSON_QUERY(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        # as with other dialects, start with an explicit test for NULL
+        case_expression = "CASE JSON_VALUE(%s, %s) WHEN NULL THEN NULL" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Integer:
+            type_expression = "ELSE CAST(JSON_VALUE(%s, %s) AS INTEGER)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Numeric:
+            type_expression = "ELSE CAST(JSON_VALUE(%s, %s) AS %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                (
+                    "FLOAT"
+                    if isinstance(binary.type, sqltypes.Float)
+                    else "NUMERIC(%s, %s)"
+                    % (binary.type.precision, binary.type.scale)
+                ),
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Boolean:
+            # the NULL handling is particularly weird with boolean, so
+            # explicitly return numeric (BIT) constants
+            type_expression = (
+                "WHEN 'true' THEN 1 WHEN 'false' THEN 0 ELSE NULL"
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.String:
+            # TODO: does this comment (from mysql) apply to here, too?
+            #       this fails with a JSON value that's a four byte unicode
+            #       string.  SQLite has the same problem at the moment
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_VALUE(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        else:
+            # other affinity....this is not expected right now
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_QUERY(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        return case_expression + " " + type_expression + " END"
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return "NEXT VALUE FOR %s" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+
+class MSSQLStrictCompiler(MSSQLCompiler):
+    """A subclass of MSSQLCompiler which disables the usage of bind
+    parameters where not allowed natively by MS-SQL.
+
+    A dialect may use this compiler on a platform where native
+    binds are used.
+
+    """
+
+    ansi_bind_rules = True
+
+    def visit_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw["literal_execute"] = True
+        return "%s IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        kw["literal_execute"] = True
+        return "%s NOT IN %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        """
+        For date and datetime values, convert to a string
+        format acceptable to MSSQL. That seems to be the
+        so-called ODBC canonical date format which looks
+        like this:
+
+            yyyy-mm-dd hh:mi:ss.mmm(24h)
+
+        For other data types, call the base class implementation.
+        """
+        # datetime and date are both subclasses of datetime.date
+        if issubclass(type(value), datetime.date):
+            # SQL Server wants single quotes around the date string.
+            return "'" + str(value) + "'"
+        else:
+            return super().render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+
+class MSDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column)
+
+        # type is not accepted in a computed column
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+        else:
+            colspec += " " + self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column
+            )
+
+        if column.nullable is not None:
+            if (
+                not column.nullable
+                or column.primary_key
+                or isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence)
+                or column.autoincrement is True
+                or column.identity
+            ):
+                colspec += " NOT NULL"
+            elif column.computed is None:
+                # don't specify "NULL" for computed columns
+                colspec += " NULL"
+
+        if column.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "mssql requires Table-bound columns "
+                "in order to generate DDL"
+            )
+
+        d_opt = column.dialect_options["mssql"]
+        start = d_opt["identity_start"]
+        increment = d_opt["identity_increment"]
+        if start is not None or increment is not None:
+            if column.identity:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Cannot specify options 'mssql_identity_start' and/or "
+                    "'mssql_identity_increment' while also using the "
+                    "'Identity' construct."
+                )
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The dialect options 'mssql_identity_start' and "
+                "'mssql_identity_increment' are deprecated. "
+                "Use the 'Identity' object instead.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+
+        if column.identity:
+            colspec += self.process(column.identity, **kwargs)
+        elif (
+            column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            or column.autoincrement is True
+        ) and (
+            not isinstance(column.default, Sequence) or column.default.optional
+        ):
+            colspec += self.process(Identity(start=start, increment=increment))
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, include_schema=False, **kw):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        # handle clustering option
+        clustered = index.dialect_options["mssql"]["clustered"]
+        if clustered is not None:
+            if clustered:
+                text += "CLUSTERED "
+            else:
+                text += "NONCLUSTERED "
+
+        # handle columnstore option (has no negative value)
+        columnstore = index.dialect_options["mssql"]["columnstore"]
+        if columnstore:
+            text += "COLUMNSTORE "
+
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=include_schema),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table),
+        )
+
+        # in some case mssql allows indexes with no columns defined
+        if len(index.expressions) > 0:
+            text += " (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            )
+
+        # handle other included columns
+        if index.dialect_options["mssql"]["include"]:
+            inclusions = [
+                index.table.c[col] if isinstance(col, str) else col
+                for col in index.dialect_options["mssql"]["include"]
+            ]
+
+            text += " INCLUDE (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                [preparer.quote(c.name) for c in inclusions]
+            )
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["mssql"]["where"]
+
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            whereclause = coercions.expect(
+                roles.DDLExpressionRole, whereclause
+            )
+
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "\nDROP INDEX %s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(drop.element, include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+        )
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % self.preparer.format_constraint(
+                constraint
+            )
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+
+        clustered = constraint.dialect_options["mssql"]["clustered"]
+        if clustered is not None:
+            if clustered:
+                text += "CLUSTERED "
+            else:
+                text += "NONCLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            self.preparer.quote(c.name) for c in constraint
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "UNIQUE %s" % self.define_unique_constraint_distinct(
+            constraint, **kw
+        )
+        clustered = constraint.dialect_options["mssql"]["clustered"]
+        if clustered is not None:
+            if clustered:
+                text += "CLUSTERED "
+            else:
+                text += "NONCLUSTERED "
+
+        text += "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            self.preparer.quote(c.name) for c in constraint
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        text = "AS (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        # explicitly check for True|False since None means server default
+        if generated.persisted is True:
+            text += " PERSISTED"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_set_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(create.element)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_addextendedproperty 'MS_Description', "
+            "{}, 'schema', {}, 'table', {}".format(
+                self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    create.element.comment, sqltypes.NVARCHAR()
+                ),
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(create.element, use_schema=False),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(drop.element)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_dropextendedproperty 'MS_Description', 'schema', "
+            "{}, 'table', {}".format(
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(drop.element, use_schema=False),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_column_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(create.element.table)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_addextendedproperty 'MS_Description', "
+            "{}, 'schema', {}, 'table', {}, 'column', {}".format(
+                self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    create.element.comment, sqltypes.NVARCHAR()
+                ),
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(
+                    create.element.table, use_schema=False
+                ),
+                self.preparer.format_column(create.element),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_column_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(drop.element.table)
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.dialect.default_schema_name
+        return (
+            "execute sp_dropextendedproperty 'MS_Description', 'schema', "
+            "{}, 'table', {}, 'column', {}".format(
+                self.preparer.quote_schema(schema_name),
+                self.preparer.format_table(
+                    drop.element.table, use_schema=False
+                ),
+                self.preparer.format_column(drop.element),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create, **kw):
+        prefix = None
+        if create.element.data_type is not None:
+            data_type = create.element.data_type
+            prefix = " AS %s" % self.type_compiler.process(data_type)
+        return super().visit_create_sequence(create, prefix=prefix, **kw)
+
+    def visit_identity_column(self, identity, **kw):
+        text = " IDENTITY"
+        if identity.start is not None or identity.increment is not None:
+            start = 1 if identity.start is None else identity.start
+            increment = 1 if identity.increment is None else identity.increment
+            text += "(%s,%s)" % (start, increment)
+        return text
+
+
+class MSIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super().__init__(
+            dialect,
+            initial_quote="[",
+            final_quote="]",
+            quote_case_sensitive_collations=False,
+        )
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        return value.replace("]", "]]")
+
+    def _unescape_identifier(self, value):
+        return value.replace("]]", "]")
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema, force=None):
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+
+        # need to re-implement the deprecation warning entirely
+        if force is not None:
+            # not using the util.deprecated_params() decorator in this
+            # case because of the additional function call overhead on this
+            # very performance-critical spot.
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The IdentifierPreparer.quote_schema.force parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  This "
+                "flag has no effect on the behavior of the "
+                "IdentifierPreparer.quote method; please refer to "
+                "quoted_name().",
+                version="1.3",
+            )
+
+        dbname, owner = _schema_elements(schema)
+        if dbname:
+            result = "%s.%s" % (self.quote(dbname), self.quote(owner))
+        elif owner:
+            result = self.quote(owner)
+        else:
+            result = ""
+        return result
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner_listing(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(
+            dbname,
+            connection,
+            fn,
+            dialect,
+            connection,
+            dbname,
+            owner,
+            schema,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _db_plus_owner(fn):
+    def wrap(dialect, connection, tablename, schema=None, **kw):
+        dbname, owner = _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema)
+        return _switch_db(
+            dbname,
+            connection,
+            fn,
+            dialect,
+            connection,
+            tablename,
+            dbname,
+            owner,
+            schema,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def _switch_db(dbname, connection, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    if dbname:
+        current_db = connection.exec_driver_sql("select db_name()").scalar()
+        if current_db != dbname:
+            connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "use %s" % connection.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(dbname)
+            )
+    try:
+        return fn(*arg, **kw)
+    finally:
+        if dbname and current_db != dbname:
+            connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "use %s"
+                % connection.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(current_db)
+            )
+
+
+def _owner_plus_db(dialect, schema):
+    if not schema:
+        return None, dialect.default_schema_name
+    else:
+        return _schema_elements(schema)
+
+
+_memoized_schema = util.LRUCache()
+
+
+def _schema_elements(schema):
+    if isinstance(schema, quoted_name) and schema.quote:
+        return None, schema
+
+    if schema in _memoized_schema:
+        return _memoized_schema[schema]
+
+    # tests for this function are in:
+    # test/dialect/mssql/test_reflection.py ->
+    #           OwnerPlusDBTest.test_owner_database_pairs
+    # test/dialect/mssql/test_compiler.py -> test_force_schema_*
+    # test/dialect/mssql/test_compiler.py -> test_schema_many_tokens_*
+    #
+
+    if schema.startswith("__[SCHEMA_"):
+        return None, schema
+
+    push = []
+    symbol = ""
+    bracket = False
+    has_brackets = False
+    for token in re.split(r"(\[|\]|\.)", schema):
+        if not token:
+            continue
+        if token == "[":
+            bracket = True
+            has_brackets = True
+        elif token == "]":
+            bracket = False
+        elif not bracket and token == ".":
+            if has_brackets:
+                push.append("[%s]" % symbol)
+            else:
+                push.append(symbol)
+            symbol = ""
+            has_brackets = False
+        else:
+            symbol += token
+    if symbol:
+        push.append(symbol)
+    if len(push) > 1:
+        dbname, owner = ".".join(push[0:-1]), push[-1]
+
+        # test for internal brackets
+        if re.match(r".*\].*\[.*", dbname[1:-1]):
+            dbname = quoted_name(dbname, quote=False)
+        else:
+            dbname = dbname.lstrip("[").rstrip("]")
+
+    elif len(push):
+        dbname, owner = None, push[0]
+    else:
+        dbname, owner = None, None
+
+    _memoized_schema[schema] = dbname, owner
+    return dbname, owner
+
+
+class MSDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    # will assume it's at least mssql2005
+    name = "mssql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    favor_returning_over_lastrowid = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    supports_comments = True
+    supports_default_metavalue = False
+    """dialect supports INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax -
+    SQL Server **does** support this, but **not** for the IDENTITY column,
+    so we can't turn this on.
+
+    """
+
+    # supports_native_uuid is partial here, so we implement our
+    # own impl type
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext
+    use_scope_identity = True
+    max_identifier_length = 128
+    schema_name = "dbo"
+
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+    delete_returning_multifrom = True
+
+    colspecs = {
+        sqltypes.DateTime: _MSDateTime,
+        sqltypes.Date: _MSDate,
+        sqltypes.JSON: JSON,
+        sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: JSONIndexType,
+        sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: JSONPathType,
+        sqltypes.Time: _BASETIMEIMPL,
+        sqltypes.Unicode: _MSUnicode,
+        sqltypes.UnicodeText: _MSUnicodeText,
+        DATETIMEOFFSET: DATETIMEOFFSET,
+        DATETIME2: DATETIME2,
+        SMALLDATETIME: SMALLDATETIME,
+        DATETIME: DATETIME,
+        sqltypes.Uuid: MSUUid,
+    }
+
+    engine_config_types = default.DefaultDialect.engine_config_types.union(
+        {"legacy_schema_aliasing": util.asbool}
+    )
+
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    # This is actually used for autoincrement, where itentity is used that
+    # starts with 1.
+    # for sequences T-SQL's actual default is -9223372036854775808
+    default_sequence_base = 1
+
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    non_native_boolean_check_constraint = False
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+    # may be changed at server inspection time for older SQL server versions
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues = True
+
+    # note pyodbc will set this to False if fast_executemany is set,
+    # as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.9
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning = True
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.AUTOINCREMENT
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.IDENTITY
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT
+    )
+
+    # "The incoming request has too many parameters. The server supports a "
+    # "maximum of 2100 parameters."
+    # in fact you can have 2099 parameters.
+    insertmanyvalues_max_parameters = 2099
+
+    _supports_offset_fetch = False
+    _supports_nvarchar_max = False
+
+    legacy_schema_aliasing = False
+
+    server_version_info = ()
+
+    statement_compiler = MSSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MSDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = MSTypeCompiler
+    preparer = MSIdentifierPreparer
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {"clustered": None}),
+        (sa_schema.UniqueConstraint, {"clustered": None}),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Index,
+            {
+                "clustered": None,
+                "include": None,
+                "where": None,
+                "columnstore": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Column,
+            {"identity_start": None, "identity_increment": None},
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        query_timeout=None,
+        use_scope_identity=True,
+        schema_name="dbo",
+        deprecate_large_types=None,
+        supports_comments=None,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        legacy_schema_aliasing=None,
+        ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=False,
+        **opts,
+    ):
+        self.query_timeout = int(query_timeout or 0)
+        self.schema_name = schema_name
+
+        self.use_scope_identity = use_scope_identity
+        self.deprecate_large_types = deprecate_large_types
+        self.ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback = (
+            ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback
+        )
+        self._user_defined_supports_comments = uds = supports_comments
+        if uds is not None:
+            self.supports_comments = uds
+
+        if legacy_schema_aliasing is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The legacy_schema_aliasing parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+            self.legacy_schema_aliasing = legacy_schema_aliasing
+
+        super().__init__(**opts)
+
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # give the DBAPI a push
+        connection.exec_driver_sql("IF @@TRANCOUNT = 0 BEGIN TRANSACTION")
+        super().do_savepoint(connection, name)
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # SQL Server does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        try:
+            super().do_rollback(dbapi_connection)
+        except self.dbapi.ProgrammingError as e:
+            if self.ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback and re.match(
+                r".*\b111214\b", str(e)
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "ProgrammingError 111214 "
+                    "'No corresponding transaction found.' "
+                    "has been suppressed via "
+                    "ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True"
+                )
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    _isolation_lookup = {
+        "SERIALIZABLE",
+        "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+        "READ COMMITTED",
+        "REPEATABLE READ",
+        "SNAPSHOT",
+    }
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return list(self._isolation_lookup)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(f"SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL {level}")
+        cursor.close()
+        if level == "SNAPSHOT":
+            dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        view_name = "sys.system_views"
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                (
+                    "SELECT name FROM {} WHERE name IN "
+                    "('dm_exec_sessions', 'dm_pdw_nodes_exec_sessions')"
+                ).format(view_name)
+            )
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            if not row:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "Can't fetch isolation level on this particular "
+                    "SQL Server version."
+                )
+
+            view_name = f"sys.{row[0]}"
+
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
+                    SELECT CASE transaction_isolation_level
+                    WHEN 0 THEN NULL
+                    WHEN 1 THEN 'READ UNCOMMITTED'
+                    WHEN 2 THEN 'READ COMMITTED'
+                    WHEN 3 THEN 'REPEATABLE READ'
+                    WHEN 4 THEN 'SERIALIZABLE'
+                    WHEN 5 THEN 'SNAPSHOT' END
+                    AS TRANSACTION_ISOLATION_LEVEL
+                    FROM {}
+                    where session_id = @@SPID
+                """.format(
+                    view_name
+                )
+            )
+        except self.dbapi.Error as err:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't fetch isolation level;  encountered error {} when "
+                'attempting to query the "{}" view.'.format(err, view_name)
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            return row[0].upper()
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+        self._setup_version_attributes()
+        self._setup_supports_nvarchar_max(connection)
+        self._setup_supports_comments(connection)
+
+    def _setup_version_attributes(self):
+        if self.server_version_info[0] not in list(range(8, 17)):
+            util.warn(
+                "Unrecognized server version info '%s'.  Some SQL Server "
+                "features may not function properly."
+                % ".".join(str(x) for x in self.server_version_info)
+            )
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= MS_2008_VERSION:
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = True
+        else:
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = False
+
+        if self.deprecate_large_types is None:
+            self.deprecate_large_types = (
+                self.server_version_info >= MS_2012_VERSION
+            )
+
+        self._supports_offset_fetch = (
+            self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info[0] >= 11
+        )
+
+    def _setup_supports_nvarchar_max(self, connection):
+        try:
+            connection.scalar(
+                sql.text("SELECT CAST('test max support' AS NVARCHAR(max))")
+            )
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            self._supports_nvarchar_max = False
+        else:
+            self._supports_nvarchar_max = True
+
+    def _setup_supports_comments(self, connection):
+        if self._user_defined_supports_comments is not None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            connection.scalar(
+                sql.text(
+                    "SELECT 1 FROM fn_listextendedproperty"
+                    "(default, default, default, default, "
+                    "default, default, default)"
+                )
+            )
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            self.supports_comments = False
+        else:
+            self.supports_comments = True
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        query = sql.text("SELECT schema_name()")
+        default_schema_name = connection.scalar(query)
+        if default_schema_name is not None:
+            # guard against the case where the default_schema_name is being
+            # fed back into a table reflection function.
+            return quoted_name(default_schema_name, quote=True)
+        else:
+            return self.schema_name
+
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def has_table(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        return self._internal_has_table(connection, tablename, owner, **kw)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def has_sequence(
+        self, connection, sequencename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        sequences = ischema.sequences
+
+        s = sql.select(sequences.c.sequence_name).where(
+            sequences.c.sequence_name == sequencename
+        )
+
+        if owner:
+            s = s.where(sequences.c.sequence_schema == owner)
+
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return c.first() is not None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        sequences = ischema.sequences
+
+        s = sql.select(sequences.c.sequence_name)
+        if owner:
+            s = s.where(sequences.c.sequence_schema == owner)
+
+        c = connection.execute(s)
+
+        return [row[0] for row in c]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = sql.select(ischema.schemata.c.schema_name).order_by(
+            ischema.schemata.c.schema_name
+        )
+        schema_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return schema_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = (
+            sql.select(tables.c.table_name)
+            .where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+                    tables.c.table_type == "BASE TABLE",
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by(tables.c.table_name)
+        )
+        table_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return table_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner_listing
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        tables = ischema.tables
+        s = (
+            sql.select(tables.c.table_name)
+            .where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    tables.c.table_schema == owner,
+                    tables.c.table_type == "VIEW",
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by(tables.c.table_name)
+        )
+        view_names = [r[0] for r in connection.execute(s)]
+        return view_names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _internal_has_table(self, connection, tablename, owner, **kw):
+        if tablename.startswith("#"):  # temporary table
+            # mssql does not support temporary views
+            # SQL Error [4103] [S0001]: "#v": Temporary views are not allowed
+            return bool(
+                connection.scalar(
+                    # U filters on user tables only.
+                    text("SELECT object_id(:table_name, 'U')"),
+                    {"table_name": f"tempdb.dbo.[{tablename}]"},
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            tables = ischema.tables
+
+            s = sql.select(tables.c.table_name).where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    sql.or_(
+                        tables.c.table_type == "BASE TABLE",
+                        tables.c.table_type == "VIEW",
+                    ),
+                    tables.c.table_name == tablename,
+                )
+            )
+
+            if owner:
+                s = s.where(tables.c.table_schema == owner)
+
+            c = connection.execute(s)
+
+            return c.first() is not None
+
+    def _default_or_error(self, connection, tablename, owner, method, **kw):
+        # TODO: try to avoid having to run a separate query here
+        if self._internal_has_table(connection, tablename, owner, **kw):
+            return method()
+        else:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(f"{owner}.{tablename}")
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        filter_definition = (
+            "ind.filter_definition"
+            if self.server_version_info >= MS_2008_VERSION
+            else "NULL as filter_definition"
+        )
+        rp = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(
+            sql.text(
+                f"""
+select
+    ind.index_id,
+    ind.is_unique,
+    ind.name,
+    ind.type,
+    {filter_definition}
+from
+    sys.indexes as ind
+join sys.tables as tab on
+    ind.object_id = tab.object_id
+join sys.schemas as sch on
+    sch.schema_id = tab.schema_id
+where
+    tab.name = :tabname
+    and sch.name = :schname
+    and ind.is_primary_key = 0
+    and ind.type != 0
+order by
+    ind.name
+                """
+            )
+            .bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("tabname", tablename, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("schname", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+            .columns(name=sqltypes.Unicode())
+        )
+        indexes = {}
+        for row in rp.mappings():
+            indexes[row["index_id"]] = current = {
+                "name": row["name"],
+                "unique": row["is_unique"] == 1,
+                "column_names": [],
+                "include_columns": [],
+                "dialect_options": {},
+            }
+
+            do = current["dialect_options"]
+            index_type = row["type"]
+            if index_type in {1, 2}:
+                do["mssql_clustered"] = index_type == 1
+            if index_type in {5, 6}:
+                do["mssql_clustered"] = index_type == 5
+                do["mssql_columnstore"] = True
+            if row["filter_definition"] is not None:
+                do["mssql_where"] = row["filter_definition"]
+
+        rp = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(
+            sql.text(
+                """
+select
+    ind_col.index_id,
+    col.name,
+    ind_col.is_included_column
+from
+    sys.columns as col
+join sys.tables as tab on
+    tab.object_id = col.object_id
+join sys.index_columns as ind_col on
+    ind_col.column_id = col.column_id
+    and ind_col.object_id = tab.object_id
+join sys.schemas as sch on
+    sch.schema_id = tab.schema_id
+where
+    tab.name = :tabname
+    and sch.name = :schname
+            """
+            )
+            .bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("tabname", tablename, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("schname", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+            .columns(name=sqltypes.Unicode())
+        )
+        for row in rp.mappings():
+            if row["index_id"] not in indexes:
+                continue
+            index_def = indexes[row["index_id"]]
+            is_colstore = index_def["dialect_options"].get("mssql_columnstore")
+            is_clustered = index_def["dialect_options"].get("mssql_clustered")
+            if not (is_colstore and is_clustered):
+                # a clustered columnstore index includes all columns but does
+                # not want them in the index definition
+                if row["is_included_column"] and not is_colstore:
+                    # a noncludsted columnstore index reports that includes
+                    # columns but requires that are listed as normal columns
+                    index_def["include_columns"].append(row["name"])
+                else:
+                    index_def["column_names"].append(row["name"])
+        for index_info in indexes.values():
+            # NOTE: "root level" include_columns is legacy, now part of
+            #       dialect_options (issue #7382)
+            index_info["dialect_options"]["mssql_include"] = index_info[
+                "include_columns"
+            ]
+
+        if indexes:
+            return list(indexes.values())
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection, tablename, owner, ReflectionDefaults.indexes, **kw
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self, connection, viewname, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        view_def = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "select mod.definition "
+                "from sys.sql_modules as mod "
+                "join sys.views as views on mod.object_id = views.object_id "
+                "join sys.schemas as sch on views.schema_id = sch.schema_id "
+                "where views.name=:viewname and sch.name=:schname"
+            ).bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("viewname", viewname, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("schname", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+        ).scalar()
+        if view_def:
+            return view_def
+        else:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(f"{owner}.{viewname}")
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_comments:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't get table comments on current SQL Server version in use"
+            )
+
+        schema_name = schema if schema else self.default_schema_name
+        COMMENT_SQL = """
+            SELECT cast(com.value as nvarchar(max))
+            FROM fn_listextendedproperty('MS_Description',
+                'schema', :schema, 'table', :table, NULL, NULL
+            ) as com;
+        """
+
+        comment = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(COMMENT_SQL).bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("schema", schema_name, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("table", table_name, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+        ).scalar()
+        if comment:
+            return {"text": comment}
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection,
+                table_name,
+                None,
+                ReflectionDefaults.table_comment,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    def _temp_table_name_like_pattern(self, tablename):
+        # LIKE uses '%' to match zero or more characters and '_' to match any
+        # single character. We want to match literal underscores, so T-SQL
+        # requires that we enclose them in square brackets.
+        return tablename + (
+            ("[_][_][_]%") if not tablename.startswith("##") else ""
+        )
+
+    def _get_internal_temp_table_name(self, connection, tablename):
+        # it's likely that schema is always "dbo", but since we can
+        # get it here, let's get it.
+        # see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8311959/
+        # specifying-schema-for-temporary-tables
+
+        try:
+            return connection.execute(
+                sql.text(
+                    "select table_schema, table_name "
+                    "from tempdb.information_schema.tables "
+                    "where table_name like :p1"
+                ),
+                {"p1": self._temp_table_name_like_pattern(tablename)},
+            ).one()
+        except exc.MultipleResultsFound as me:
+            raise exc.UnreflectableTableError(
+                "Found more than one temporary table named '%s' in tempdb "
+                "at this time. Cannot reliably resolve that name to its "
+                "internal table name." % tablename
+            ) from me
+        except exc.NoResultFound as ne:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                "Unable to find a temporary table named '%s' in tempdb."
+                % tablename
+            ) from ne
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_columns(self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw):
+        is_temp_table = tablename.startswith("#")
+        if is_temp_table:
+            owner, tablename = self._get_internal_temp_table_name(
+                connection, tablename
+            )
+
+            columns = ischema.mssql_temp_table_columns
+        else:
+            columns = ischema.columns
+
+        computed_cols = ischema.computed_columns
+        identity_cols = ischema.identity_columns
+        if owner:
+            whereclause = sql.and_(
+                columns.c.table_name == tablename,
+                columns.c.table_schema == owner,
+            )
+            full_name = columns.c.table_schema + "." + columns.c.table_name
+        else:
+            whereclause = columns.c.table_name == tablename
+            full_name = columns.c.table_name
+
+        if self._supports_nvarchar_max:
+            computed_definition = computed_cols.c.definition
+        else:
+            # tds_version 4.2 does not support NVARCHAR(MAX)
+            computed_definition = sql.cast(
+                computed_cols.c.definition, NVARCHAR(4000)
+            )
+
+        object_id = func.object_id(full_name)
+
+        s = (
+            sql.select(
+                columns.c.column_name,
+                columns.c.data_type,
+                columns.c.is_nullable,
+                columns.c.character_maximum_length,
+                columns.c.numeric_precision,
+                columns.c.numeric_scale,
+                columns.c.column_default,
+                columns.c.collation_name,
+                computed_definition,
+                computed_cols.c.is_persisted,
+                identity_cols.c.is_identity,
+                identity_cols.c.seed_value,
+                identity_cols.c.increment_value,
+                ischema.extended_properties.c.value.label("comment"),
+            )
+            .select_from(columns)
+            .outerjoin(
+                computed_cols,
+                onclause=sql.and_(
+                    computed_cols.c.object_id == object_id,
+                    computed_cols.c.name
+                    == columns.c.column_name.collate("DATABASE_DEFAULT"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                identity_cols,
+                onclause=sql.and_(
+                    identity_cols.c.object_id == object_id,
+                    identity_cols.c.name
+                    == columns.c.column_name.collate("DATABASE_DEFAULT"),
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                ischema.extended_properties,
+                onclause=sql.and_(
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c["class"] == 1,
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c.major_id == object_id,
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c.minor_id
+                    == columns.c.ordinal_position,
+                    ischema.extended_properties.c.name == "MS_Description",
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(whereclause)
+            .order_by(columns.c.ordinal_position)
+        )
+
+        c = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(s)
+
+        cols = []
+        for row in c.mappings():
+            name = row[columns.c.column_name]
+            type_ = row[columns.c.data_type]
+            nullable = row[columns.c.is_nullable] == "YES"
+            charlen = row[columns.c.character_maximum_length]
+            numericprec = row[columns.c.numeric_precision]
+            numericscale = row[columns.c.numeric_scale]
+            default = row[columns.c.column_default]
+            collation = row[columns.c.collation_name]
+            definition = row[computed_definition]
+            is_persisted = row[computed_cols.c.is_persisted]
+            is_identity = row[identity_cols.c.is_identity]
+            identity_start = row[identity_cols.c.seed_value]
+            identity_increment = row[identity_cols.c.increment_value]
+            comment = row[ischema.extended_properties.c.value]
+
+            coltype = self.ischema_names.get(type_, None)
+
+            kwargs = {}
+            if coltype in (
+                MSString,
+                MSChar,
+                MSNVarchar,
+                MSNChar,
+                MSText,
+                MSNText,
+                MSBinary,
+                MSVarBinary,
+                sqltypes.LargeBinary,
+            ):
+                if charlen == -1:
+                    charlen = None
+                kwargs["length"] = charlen
+                if collation:
+                    kwargs["collation"] = collation
+
+            if coltype is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'"
+                    % (type_, name)
+                )
+                coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+            else:
+                if issubclass(coltype, sqltypes.Numeric):
+                    kwargs["precision"] = numericprec
+
+                    if not issubclass(coltype, sqltypes.Float):
+                        kwargs["scale"] = numericscale
+
+                coltype = coltype(**kwargs)
+            cdict = {
+                "name": name,
+                "type": coltype,
+                "nullable": nullable,
+                "default": default,
+                "autoincrement": is_identity is not None,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+
+            if definition is not None and is_persisted is not None:
+                cdict["computed"] = {
+                    "sqltext": definition,
+                    "persisted": is_persisted,
+                }
+
+            if is_identity is not None:
+                # identity_start and identity_increment are Decimal or None
+                if identity_start is None or identity_increment is None:
+                    cdict["identity"] = {}
+                else:
+                    if isinstance(coltype, sqltypes.BigInteger):
+                        start = int(identity_start)
+                        increment = int(identity_increment)
+                    elif isinstance(coltype, sqltypes.Integer):
+                        start = int(identity_start)
+                        increment = int(identity_increment)
+                    else:
+                        start = identity_start
+                        increment = identity_increment
+
+                    cdict["identity"] = {
+                        "start": start,
+                        "increment": increment,
+                    }
+
+            cols.append(cdict)
+
+        if cols:
+            return cols
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection, tablename, owner, ReflectionDefaults.columns, **kw
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_pk_constraint(
+        self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        pkeys = []
+        TC = ischema.constraints
+        C = ischema.key_constraints.alias("C")
+
+        # Primary key constraints
+        s = (
+            sql.select(
+                C.c.column_name,
+                TC.c.constraint_type,
+                C.c.constraint_name,
+                func.objectproperty(
+                    func.object_id(
+                        C.c.table_schema + "." + C.c.constraint_name
+                    ),
+                    "CnstIsClustKey",
+                ).label("is_clustered"),
+            )
+            .where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    TC.c.constraint_name == C.c.constraint_name,
+                    TC.c.table_schema == C.c.table_schema,
+                    C.c.table_name == tablename,
+                    C.c.table_schema == owner,
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(TC.c.constraint_name, C.c.ordinal_position)
+        )
+        c = connection.execution_options(future_result=True).execute(s)
+        constraint_name = None
+        is_clustered = None
+        for row in c.mappings():
+            if "PRIMARY" in row[TC.c.constraint_type.name]:
+                pkeys.append(row["COLUMN_NAME"])
+                if constraint_name is None:
+                    constraint_name = row[C.c.constraint_name.name]
+                if is_clustered is None:
+                    is_clustered = row["is_clustered"]
+        if pkeys:
+            return {
+                "constrained_columns": pkeys,
+                "name": constraint_name,
+                "dialect_options": {"mssql_clustered": is_clustered},
+            }
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection,
+                tablename,
+                owner,
+                ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    @_db_plus_owner
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self, connection, tablename, dbname, owner, schema, **kw
+    ):
+        # Foreign key constraints
+        s = (
+            text(
+                """\
+WITH fk_info AS (
+    SELECT
+        ischema_ref_con.constraint_schema,
+        ischema_ref_con.constraint_name,
+        ischema_key_col.ordinal_position,
+        ischema_key_col.table_schema,
+        ischema_key_col.table_name,
+        ischema_ref_con.unique_constraint_schema,
+        ischema_ref_con.unique_constraint_name,
+        ischema_ref_con.match_option,
+        ischema_ref_con.update_rule,
+        ischema_ref_con.delete_rule,
+        ischema_key_col.column_name AS constrained_column
+    FROM
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS ischema_ref_con
+        INNER JOIN
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE ischema_key_col ON
+            ischema_key_col.table_schema = ischema_ref_con.constraint_schema
+            AND ischema_key_col.constraint_name =
+            ischema_ref_con.constraint_name
+    WHERE ischema_key_col.table_name = :tablename
+        AND ischema_key_col.table_schema = :owner
+),
+constraint_info AS (
+    SELECT
+        ischema_key_col.constraint_schema,
+        ischema_key_col.constraint_name,
+        ischema_key_col.ordinal_position,
+        ischema_key_col.table_schema,
+        ischema_key_col.table_name,
+        ischema_key_col.column_name
+    FROM
+        INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE ischema_key_col
+),
+index_info AS (
+    SELECT
+        sys.schemas.name AS index_schema,
+        sys.indexes.name AS index_name,
+        sys.index_columns.key_ordinal AS ordinal_position,
+        sys.schemas.name AS table_schema,
+        sys.objects.name AS table_name,
+        sys.columns.name AS column_name
+    FROM
+        sys.indexes
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.objects ON
+            sys.objects.object_id = sys.indexes.object_id
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.schemas ON
+            sys.schemas.schema_id = sys.objects.schema_id
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.index_columns ON
+            sys.index_columns.object_id = sys.objects.object_id
+            AND sys.index_columns.index_id = sys.indexes.index_id
+        INNER JOIN
+        sys.columns ON
+            sys.columns.object_id = sys.indexes.object_id
+            AND sys.columns.column_id = sys.index_columns.column_id
+)
+    SELECT
+        fk_info.constraint_schema,
+        fk_info.constraint_name,
+        fk_info.ordinal_position,
+        fk_info.constrained_column,
+        constraint_info.table_schema AS referred_table_schema,
+        constraint_info.table_name AS referred_table_name,
+        constraint_info.column_name AS referred_column,
+        fk_info.match_option,
+        fk_info.update_rule,
+        fk_info.delete_rule
+    FROM
+        fk_info INNER JOIN constraint_info ON
+            constraint_info.constraint_schema =
+                fk_info.unique_constraint_schema
+            AND constraint_info.constraint_name =
+                fk_info.unique_constraint_name
+            AND constraint_info.ordinal_position = fk_info.ordinal_position
+    UNION
+    SELECT
+        fk_info.constraint_schema,
+        fk_info.constraint_name,
+        fk_info.ordinal_position,
+        fk_info.constrained_column,
+        index_info.table_schema AS referred_table_schema,
+        index_info.table_name AS referred_table_name,
+        index_info.column_name AS referred_column,
+        fk_info.match_option,
+        fk_info.update_rule,
+        fk_info.delete_rule
+    FROM
+        fk_info INNER JOIN index_info ON
+            index_info.index_schema = fk_info.unique_constraint_schema
+            AND index_info.index_name = fk_info.unique_constraint_name
+            AND index_info.ordinal_position = fk_info.ordinal_position
+
+    ORDER BY fk_info.constraint_schema, fk_info.constraint_name,
+        fk_info.ordinal_position
+"""
+            )
+            .bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("tablename", tablename, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+                sql.bindparam("owner", owner, ischema.CoerceUnicode()),
+            )
+            .columns(
+                constraint_schema=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                constraint_name=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                table_schema=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                table_name=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                constrained_column=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                referred_table_schema=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                referred_table_name=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+                referred_column=sqltypes.Unicode(),
+            )
+        )
+
+        # group rows by constraint ID, to handle multi-column FKs
+        fkeys = []
+
+        def fkey_rec():
+            return {
+                "name": None,
+                "constrained_columns": [],
+                "referred_schema": None,
+                "referred_table": None,
+                "referred_columns": [],
+                "options": {},
+            }
+
+        fkeys = util.defaultdict(fkey_rec)
+
+        for r in connection.execute(s).all():
+            (
+                _,  # constraint schema
+                rfknm,
+                _,  # ordinal position
+                scol,
+                rschema,
+                rtbl,
+                rcol,
+                # TODO: we support match=<keyword> for foreign keys so
+                # we can support this also, PG has match=FULL for example
+                # but this seems to not be a valid value for SQL Server
+                _,  # match rule
+                fkuprule,
+                fkdelrule,
+            ) = r
+
+            rec = fkeys[rfknm]
+            rec["name"] = rfknm
+
+            if fkuprule != "NO ACTION":
+                rec["options"]["onupdate"] = fkuprule
+
+            if fkdelrule != "NO ACTION":
+                rec["options"]["ondelete"] = fkdelrule
+
+            if not rec["referred_table"]:
+                rec["referred_table"] = rtbl
+                if schema is not None or owner != rschema:
+                    if dbname:
+                        rschema = dbname + "." + rschema
+                    rec["referred_schema"] = rschema
+
+            local_cols, remote_cols = (
+                rec["constrained_columns"],
+                rec["referred_columns"],
+            )
+
+            local_cols.append(scol)
+            remote_cols.append(rcol)
+
+        if fkeys:
+            return list(fkeys.values())
+        else:
+            return self._default_or_error(
+                connection,
+                tablename,
+                owner,
+                ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys,
+                **kw,
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b60bb158
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# dialects/mssql/information_schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import cast
+from ... import Column
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Table
+from ...ext.compiler import compiles
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...types import Boolean
+from ...types import Integer
+from ...types import Numeric
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import String
+from ...types import TypeDecorator
+from ...types import Unicode
+
+
+ischema = MetaData()
+
+
+class CoerceUnicode(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = Unicode
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def bind_expression(self, bindvalue):
+        return _cast_on_2005(bindvalue)
+
+
+class _cast_on_2005(expression.ColumnElement):
+    def __init__(self, bindvalue):
+        self.bindvalue = bindvalue
+
+
+@compiles(_cast_on_2005)
+def _compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+    from . import base
+
+    if (
+        compiler.dialect.server_version_info is None
+        or compiler.dialect.server_version_info < base.MS_2005_VERSION
+    ):
+        return compiler.process(element.bindvalue, **kw)
+    else:
+        return compiler.process(cast(element.bindvalue, Unicode), **kw)
+
+
+schemata = Table(
+    "SCHEMATA",
+    ischema,
+    Column("CATALOG_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="catalog_name"),
+    Column("SCHEMA_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_name"),
+    Column("SCHEMA_OWNER", CoerceUnicode, key="schema_owner"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+tables = Table(
+    "TABLES",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("TABLE_TYPE", CoerceUnicode, key="table_type"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+columns = Table(
+    "COLUMNS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("IS_NULLABLE", Integer, key="is_nullable"),
+    Column("DATA_TYPE", String, key="data_type"),
+    Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+    Column(
+        "CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", Integer, key="character_maximum_length"
+    ),
+    Column("NUMERIC_PRECISION", Integer, key="numeric_precision"),
+    Column("NUMERIC_SCALE", Integer, key="numeric_scale"),
+    Column("COLUMN_DEFAULT", Integer, key="column_default"),
+    Column("COLLATION_NAME", String, key="collation_name"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+mssql_temp_table_columns = Table(
+    "COLUMNS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("IS_NULLABLE", Integer, key="is_nullable"),
+    Column("DATA_TYPE", String, key="data_type"),
+    Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+    Column(
+        "CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH", Integer, key="character_maximum_length"
+    ),
+    Column("NUMERIC_PRECISION", Integer, key="numeric_precision"),
+    Column("NUMERIC_SCALE", Integer, key="numeric_scale"),
+    Column("COLUMN_DEFAULT", Integer, key="column_default"),
+    Column("COLLATION_NAME", String, key="collation_name"),
+    schema="tempdb.INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+constraints = Table(
+    "TABLE_CONSTRAINTS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_TYPE", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_type"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+column_constraints = Table(
+    "CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+key_constraints = Table(
+    "KEY_COLUMN_USAGE",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("COLUMN_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="column_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_schema"),
+    Column("ORDINAL_POSITION", Integer, key="ordinal_position"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+ref_constraints = Table(
+    "REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_catalog"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_schema"),
+    Column("CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="constraint_name"),
+    # TODO: is CATLOG misspelled ?
+    Column(
+        "UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_CATLOG",
+        CoerceUnicode,
+        key="unique_constraint_catalog",
+    ),
+    Column(
+        "UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA",
+        CoerceUnicode,
+        key="unique_constraint_schema",
+    ),
+    Column(
+        "UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="unique_constraint_name"
+    ),
+    Column("MATCH_OPTION", String, key="match_option"),
+    Column("UPDATE_RULE", String, key="update_rule"),
+    Column("DELETE_RULE", String, key="delete_rule"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+views = Table(
+    "VIEWS",
+    ischema,
+    Column("TABLE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="table_catalog"),
+    Column("TABLE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="table_schema"),
+    Column("TABLE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="table_name"),
+    Column("VIEW_DEFINITION", CoerceUnicode, key="view_definition"),
+    Column("CHECK_OPTION", String, key="check_option"),
+    Column("IS_UPDATABLE", String, key="is_updatable"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+computed_columns = Table(
+    "computed_columns",
+    ischema,
+    Column("object_id", Integer),
+    Column("name", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("is_computed", Boolean),
+    Column("is_persisted", Boolean),
+    Column("definition", CoerceUnicode),
+    schema="sys",
+)
+
+sequences = Table(
+    "SEQUENCES",
+    ischema,
+    Column("SEQUENCE_CATALOG", CoerceUnicode, key="sequence_catalog"),
+    Column("SEQUENCE_SCHEMA", CoerceUnicode, key="sequence_schema"),
+    Column("SEQUENCE_NAME", CoerceUnicode, key="sequence_name"),
+    schema="INFORMATION_SCHEMA",
+)
+
+
+class NumericSqlVariant(TypeDecorator):
+    r"""This type casts sql_variant columns in the identity_columns view
+    to numeric. This is required because:
+
+    * pyodbc does not support sql_variant
+    * pymssql under python 2 return the byte representation of the number,
+      int 1 is returned as "\x01\x00\x00\x00". On python 3 it returns the
+      correct value as string.
+    """
+
+    impl = Unicode
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        return cast(colexpr, Numeric(38, 0))
+
+
+identity_columns = Table(
+    "identity_columns",
+    ischema,
+    Column("object_id", Integer),
+    Column("name", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("is_identity", Boolean),
+    Column("seed_value", NumericSqlVariant),
+    Column("increment_value", NumericSqlVariant),
+    Column("last_value", NumericSqlVariant),
+    Column("is_not_for_replication", Boolean),
+    schema="sys",
+)
+
+
+class NVarcharSqlVariant(TypeDecorator):
+    """This type casts sql_variant columns in the extended_properties view
+    to nvarchar. This is required because pyodbc does not support sql_variant
+    """
+
+    impl = Unicode
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        return cast(colexpr, NVARCHAR)
+
+
+extended_properties = Table(
+    "extended_properties",
+    ischema,
+    Column("class", Integer),  # TINYINT
+    Column("class_desc", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("major_id", Integer),
+    Column("minor_id", Integer),
+    Column("name", CoerceUnicode),
+    Column("value", NVarcharSqlVariant),
+    schema="sys",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2d3ce81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# dialects/mssql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+# technically, all the dialect-specific datatypes that don't have any special
+# behaviors would be private with names like _MSJson. However, we haven't been
+# doing this for mysql.JSON or sqlite.JSON which both have JSON / JSONIndexType
+# / JSONPathType in their json.py files, so keep consistent with that
+# sub-convention for now.  A future change can update them all to be
+# package-private at once.
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """MSSQL JSON type.
+
+    MSSQL supports JSON-formatted data as of SQL Server 2016.
+
+    The :class:`_mssql.JSON` datatype at the DDL level will represent the
+    datatype as ``NVARCHAR(max)``, but provides for JSON-level comparison
+    functions as well as Python coercion behavior.
+
+    :class:`_mssql.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a SQL Server backend.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The :class:`_mssql.JSON` type supports persistence of JSON values
+    as well as the core index operations provided by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype, by adapting the operations to render the ``JSON_VALUE``
+    or ``JSON_QUERY`` functions at the database level.
+
+    The SQL Server :class:`_mssql.JSON` type necessarily makes use of the
+    ``JSON_QUERY`` and ``JSON_VALUE`` functions when querying for elements
+    of a JSON object.   These two functions have a major restriction in that
+    they are **mutually exclusive** based on the type of object to be returned.
+    The ``JSON_QUERY`` function **only** returns a JSON dictionary or list,
+    but not an individual string, numeric, or boolean element; the
+    ``JSON_VALUE`` function **only** returns an individual string, numeric,
+    or boolean element.   **both functions either return NULL or raise
+    an error if they are not used against the correct expected value**.
+
+    To handle this awkward requirement, indexed access rules are as follows:
+
+    1. When extracting a sub element from a JSON that is itself a JSON
+       dictionary or list, the :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_json` accessor
+       should be used::
+
+            stmt = select(data_table.c.data["some key"].as_json()).where(
+                data_table.c.data["some key"].as_json() == {"sub": "structure"}
+            )
+
+    2. When extracting a sub element from a JSON that is a plain boolean,
+       string, integer, or float, use the appropriate method among
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_boolean`,
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_string`,
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_integer`,
+       :meth:`_types.JSON.Comparator.as_float`::
+
+            stmt = select(data_table.c.data["some key"].as_string()).where(
+                data_table.c.data["some key"].as_string() == "some string"
+            )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+    """
+
+    # note there was a result processor here that was looking for "number",
+    # but none of the tests seem to exercise it.
+
+
+# Note: these objects currently match exactly those of MySQL, however since
+# these are not generalizable to all JSON implementations, remain separately
+# implemented for each dialect.
+class _FormatTypeMixin:
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSONIndexType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            value = "$[%s]" % value
+        else:
+            value = '$."%s"' % value
+        return value
+
+
+class JSONPathType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        return "$%s" % (
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    "[%s]" % elem if isinstance(elem, int) else '."%s"' % elem
+                    for elem in value
+                ]
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/provision.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10165856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/provision.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# dialects/mssql/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from sqlalchemy import inspect
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from ... import create_engine
+from ... import exc
+from ...schema import Column
+from ...schema import DropConstraint
+from ...schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ...schema import MetaData
+from ...schema import Table
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import generate_driver_url
+from ...testing.provision import get_temp_table_name
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import normalize_sequence
+from ...testing.provision import post_configure_engine
+from ...testing.provision import run_reap_dbs
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+
+
+@post_configure_engine.for_db("mssql")
+def post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    if engine.driver == "pyodbc":
+        engine.dialect.dbapi.pooling = False
+
+
+@generate_driver_url.for_db("mssql")
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    backend = url.get_backend_name()
+
+    new_url = url.set(drivername="%s+%s" % (backend, driver))
+
+    if driver not in ("pyodbc", "aioodbc"):
+        new_url = new_url.set(query="")
+
+    if driver == "aioodbc":
+        new_url = new_url.update_query_dict({"MARS_Connection": "Yes"})
+
+    if query_str:
+        new_url = new_url.update_query_string(query_str)
+
+    try:
+        new_url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return new_url
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create database %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "ALTER DATABASE %s SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "ALTER DATABASE %s SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT ON" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("use %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create schema test_schema")
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create schema test_schema_2")
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        _mssql_drop_ignore(conn, ident)
+
+
+def _mssql_drop_ignore(conn, ident):
+    try:
+        # typically when this happens, we can't KILL the session anyway,
+        # so let the cleanup process drop the DBs
+        # for row in conn.exec_driver_sql(
+        #     "select session_id from sys.dm_exec_sessions "
+        #        "where database_id=db_id('%s')" % ident):
+        #    log.info("killing SQL server session %s", row['session_id'])
+        #    conn.exec_driver_sql("kill %s" % row['session_id'])
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("drop database %s" % ident)
+        log.info("Reaped db: %s", ident)
+        return True
+    except exc.DatabaseError as err:
+        log.warning("couldn't drop db: %s", err)
+        return False
+
+
+@run_reap_dbs.for_db("mssql")
+def _reap_mssql_dbs(url, idents):
+    log.info("db reaper connecting to %r", url)
+    eng = create_engine(url)
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        log.info("identifiers in file: %s", ", ".join(idents))
+
+        to_reap = conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "select d.name from sys.databases as d where name "
+            "like 'TEST_%' and not exists (select session_id "
+            "from sys.dm_exec_sessions "
+            "where database_id=d.database_id)"
+        )
+        all_names = {dbname.lower() for (dbname,) in to_reap}
+        to_drop = set()
+        for name in all_names:
+            if name in idents:
+                to_drop.add(name)
+
+        dropped = total = 0
+        for total, dbname in enumerate(to_drop, 1):
+            if _mssql_drop_ignore(conn, dbname):
+                dropped += 1
+        log.info(
+            "Dropped %d out of %d stale databases detected", dropped, total
+        )
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {}
+
+
+@get_temp_table_name.for_db("mssql")
+def _mssql_get_temp_table_name(cfg, eng, base_name):
+    return "##" + base_name
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables.for_db("mssql")
+def drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        inspector = inspect(conn)
+        for schema in (None, "dbo", cfg.test_schema, cfg.test_schema_2):
+            for tname in inspector.get_table_names(schema=schema):
+                tb = Table(
+                    tname,
+                    MetaData(),
+                    Column("x", Integer),
+                    Column("y", Integer),
+                    schema=schema,
+                )
+                for fk in inspect(conn).get_foreign_keys(tname, schema=schema):
+                    conn.execute(
+                        DropConstraint(
+                            ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                                [tb.c.x], [tb.c.y], name=fk["name"]
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+
+
+@normalize_sequence.for_db("mssql")
+def normalize_sequence(cfg, sequence):
+    if sequence.start is None:
+        sequence.start = 1
+    return sequence
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..301a98eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# dialects/mssql/pymssql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pymssql
+    :name: pymssql
+    :dbapi: pymssql
+    :connectstring: mssql+pymssql://<username>:<password>@<freetds_name>/?charset=utf8
+
+pymssql is a Python module that provides a Python DBAPI interface around
+`FreeTDS <https://www.freetds.org/>`_.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.5
+
+    pymssql was restored to SQLAlchemy's continuous integration testing
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+import re
+
+from .base import MSDialect
+from .base import MSIdentifierPreparer
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import processors
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pymssql(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, type_):
+        if not self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Numeric.result_processor(self, dialect, type_)
+
+
+class MSIdentifierPreparer_pymssql(MSIdentifierPreparer):
+    def __init__(self, dialect):
+        super().__init__(dialect)
+        # pymssql has the very unusual behavior that it uses pyformat
+        # yet does not require that percent signs be doubled
+        self._double_percents = False
+
+
+class MSDialect_pymssql(MSDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    supports_native_uuid = True
+    driver = "pymssql"
+
+    preparer = MSIdentifierPreparer_pymssql
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pymssql, sqltypes.Float: sqltypes.Float},
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        module = __import__("pymssql")
+        # pymmsql < 2.1.1 doesn't have a Binary method.  we use string
+        client_ver = tuple(int(x) for x in module.__version__.split("."))
+        if client_ver < (2, 1, 1):
+            # TODO: monkeypatching here is less than ideal
+            module.Binary = lambda x: x if hasattr(x, "decode") else str(x)
+
+        if client_ver < (1,):
+            util.warn(
+                "The pymssql dialect expects at least "
+                "the 1.0 series of the pymssql DBAPI."
+            )
+        return module
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        vers = connection.exec_driver_sql("select @@version").scalar()
+        m = re.match(r"Microsoft .*? - (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)", vers)
+        if m:
+            return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        port = opts.pop("port", None)
+        if port and "host" in opts:
+            opts["host"] = "%s:%s" % (opts["host"], port)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        for msg in (
+            "Adaptive Server connection timed out",
+            "Net-Lib error during Connection reset by peer",
+            "message 20003",  # connection timeout
+            "Error 10054",
+            "Not connected to any MS SQL server",
+            "Connection is closed",
+            "message 20006",  # Write to the server failed
+            "message 20017",  # Unexpected EOF from the server
+            "message 20047",  # DBPROCESS is dead or not enabled
+            "The server failed to resume the transaction",
+        ):
+            if msg in str(e):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return super().get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_connection) + [
+            "AUTOCOMMIT"
+        ]
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(True)
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(False)
+            super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
+
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pymssql
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbf0adbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,760 @@
+# dialects/mssql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mssql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mssql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/pyodbc/
+
+Connecting to PyODBC
+--------------------
+
+The URL here is to be translated to PyODBC connection strings, as
+detailed in `ConnectionStrings <https://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/ConnectionStrings>`_.
+
+DSN Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A DSN connection in ODBC means that a pre-existing ODBC datasource is
+configured on the client machine.   The application then specifies the name
+of this datasource, which encompasses details such as the specific ODBC driver
+in use as well as the network address of the database.   Assuming a datasource
+is configured on the client, a basic DSN-based connection looks like::
+
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@some_dsn")
+
+Which above, will pass the following connection string to PyODBC:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    DSN=some_dsn;UID=scott;PWD=tiger
+
+If the username and password are omitted, the DSN form will also add
+the ``Trusted_Connection=yes`` directive to the ODBC string.
+
+Hostname Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Hostname-based connections are also supported by pyodbc.  These are often
+easier to use than a DSN and have the additional advantage that the specific
+database name to connect towards may be specified locally in the URL, rather
+than it being fixed as part of a datasource configuration.
+
+When using a hostname connection, the driver name must also be specified in the
+query parameters of the URL.  As these names usually have spaces in them, the
+name must be URL encoded which means using plus signs for spaces::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@myhost:port/databasename?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server"
+    )
+
+The ``driver`` keyword is significant to the pyodbc dialect and must be
+specified in lowercase.
+
+Any other names passed in the query string are passed through in the pyodbc
+connect string, such as ``authentication``, ``TrustServerCertificate``, etc.
+Multiple keyword arguments must be separated by an ampersand (``&``); these
+will be translated to semicolons when the pyodbc connect string is generated
+internally::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@mssql2017:1433/test?"
+        "driver=ODBC+Driver+18+for+SQL+Server&TrustServerCertificate=yes"
+        "&authentication=ActiveDirectoryIntegrated"
+    )
+
+The equivalent URL can be constructed using :class:`_sa.engine.URL`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import URL
+
+    connection_url = URL.create(
+        "mssql+pyodbc",
+        username="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        host="mssql2017",
+        port=1433,
+        database="test",
+        query={
+            "driver": "ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server",
+            "TrustServerCertificate": "yes",
+            "authentication": "ActiveDirectoryIntegrated",
+        },
+    )
+
+Pass through exact Pyodbc string
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A PyODBC connection string can also be sent in pyodbc's format directly, as
+specified in `the PyODBC documentation
+<https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Connecting-to-databases>`_,
+using the parameter ``odbc_connect``.  A :class:`_sa.engine.URL` object
+can help make this easier::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import URL
+
+    connection_string = "DRIVER={SQL Server Native Client 10.0};SERVER=dagger;DATABASE=test;UID=user;PWD=password"
+    connection_url = URL.create(
+        "mssql+pyodbc", query={"odbc_connect": connection_string}
+    )
+
+    engine = create_engine(connection_url)
+
+.. _mssql_pyodbc_access_tokens:
+
+Connecting to databases with access tokens
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Some database servers are set up to only accept access tokens for login. For
+example, SQL Server allows the use of Azure Active Directory tokens to connect
+to databases. This requires creating a credential object using the
+``azure-identity`` library. More information about the authentication step can be
+found in `Microsoft's documentation
+<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/developer/python/azure-sdk-authenticate?tabs=bash>`_.
+
+After getting an engine, the credentials need to be sent to ``pyodbc.connect``
+each time a connection is requested. One way to do this is to set up an event
+listener on the engine that adds the credential token to the dialect's connect
+call. This is discussed more generally in :ref:`engines_dynamic_tokens`. For
+SQL Server in particular, this is passed as an ODBC connection attribute with
+a data structure `described by Microsoft
+<https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/odbc/using-azure-active-directory#authenticating-with-an-access-token>`_.
+
+The following code snippet will create an engine that connects to an Azure SQL
+database using Azure credentials::
+
+    import struct
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+    from sqlalchemy.engine.url import URL
+    from azure import identity
+
+    # Connection option for access tokens, as defined in msodbcsql.h
+    SQL_COPT_SS_ACCESS_TOKEN = 1256
+    TOKEN_URL = "https://database.windows.net/"  # The token URL for any Azure SQL database
+
+    connection_string = "mssql+pyodbc://@my-server.database.windows.net/myDb?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server"
+
+    engine = create_engine(connection_string)
+
+    azure_credentials = identity.DefaultAzureCredential()
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_connect")
+    def provide_token(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
+        # remove the "Trusted_Connection" parameter that SQLAlchemy adds
+        cargs[0] = cargs[0].replace(";Trusted_Connection=Yes", "")
+
+        # create token credential
+        raw_token = azure_credentials.get_token(TOKEN_URL).token.encode(
+            "utf-16-le"
+        )
+        token_struct = struct.pack(
+            f"<I{len(raw_token)}s", len(raw_token), raw_token
+        )
+
+        # apply it to keyword arguments
+        cparams["attrs_before"] = {SQL_COPT_SS_ACCESS_TOKEN: token_struct}
+
+.. tip::
+
+    The ``Trusted_Connection`` token is currently added by the SQLAlchemy
+    pyodbc dialect when no username or password is present.  This needs
+    to be removed per Microsoft's
+    `documentation for Azure access tokens
+    <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/odbc/using-azure-active-directory#authenticating-with-an-access-token>`_,
+    stating that a connection string when using an access token must not contain
+    ``UID``, ``PWD``, ``Authentication`` or ``Trusted_Connection`` parameters.
+
+.. _azure_synapse_ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback:
+
+Avoiding transaction-related exceptions on Azure Synapse Analytics
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Azure Synapse Analytics has a significant difference in its transaction
+handling compared to plain SQL Server; in some cases an error within a Synapse
+transaction can cause it to be arbitrarily terminated on the server side, which
+then causes the DBAPI ``.rollback()`` method (as well as ``.commit()``) to
+fail. The issue prevents the usual DBAPI contract of allowing ``.rollback()``
+to pass silently if no transaction is present as the driver does not expect
+this condition. The symptom of this failure is an exception with a message
+resembling 'No corresponding transaction found. (111214)' when attempting to
+emit a ``.rollback()`` after an operation had a failure of some kind.
+
+This specific case can be handled by passing ``ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True`` to
+the SQL Server dialect via the :func:`_sa.create_engine` function as follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        connection_url, ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True
+    )
+
+Using the above parameter, the dialect will catch ``ProgrammingError``
+exceptions raised during ``connection.rollback()`` and emit a warning
+if the error message contains code ``111214``, however will not raise
+an exception.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.40  Added the
+   ``ignore_no_transaction_on_rollback=True`` parameter.
+
+Enable autocommit for Azure SQL Data Warehouse (DW) connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Azure SQL Data Warehouse does not support transactions,
+and that can cause problems with SQLAlchemy's "autobegin" (and implicit
+commit/rollback) behavior. We can avoid these problems by enabling autocommit
+at both the pyodbc and engine levels::
+
+    connection_url = sa.engine.URL.create(
+        "mssql+pyodbc",
+        username="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        host="dw.azure.example.com",
+        database="mydb",
+        query={
+            "driver": "ODBC Driver 17 for SQL Server",
+            "autocommit": "True",
+        },
+    )
+
+    engine = create_engine(connection_url).execution_options(
+        isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT"
+    )
+
+Avoiding sending large string parameters as TEXT/NTEXT
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By default, for historical reasons, Microsoft's ODBC drivers for SQL Server
+send long string parameters (greater than 4000 SBCS characters or 2000 Unicode
+characters) as TEXT/NTEXT values. TEXT and NTEXT have been deprecated for many
+years and are starting to cause compatibility issues with newer versions of
+SQL_Server/Azure. For example, see `this
+issue <https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/issues/835>`_.
+
+Starting with ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server we can override the legacy
+behavior and pass long strings as varchar(max)/nvarchar(max) using the
+``LongAsMax=Yes`` connection string parameter::
+
+    connection_url = sa.engine.URL.create(
+        "mssql+pyodbc",
+        username="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        host="mssqlserver.example.com",
+        database="mydb",
+        query={
+            "driver": "ODBC Driver 18 for SQL Server",
+            "LongAsMax": "Yes",
+        },
+    )
+
+Pyodbc Pooling / connection close behavior
+------------------------------------------
+
+PyODBC uses internal `pooling
+<https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/The-pyodbc-Module#pooling>`_ by
+default, which means connections will be longer lived than they are within
+SQLAlchemy itself.  As SQLAlchemy has its own pooling behavior, it is often
+preferable to disable this behavior.  This behavior can only be disabled
+globally at the PyODBC module level, **before** any connections are made::
+
+    import pyodbc
+
+    pyodbc.pooling = False
+
+    # don't use the engine before pooling is set to False
+    engine = create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://user:pass@dsn")
+
+If this variable is left at its default value of ``True``, **the application
+will continue to maintain active database connections**, even when the
+SQLAlchemy engine itself fully discards a connection or if the engine is
+disposed.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `pooling <https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/The-pyodbc-Module#pooling>`_ -
+    in the PyODBC documentation.
+
+Driver / Unicode Support
+-------------------------
+
+PyODBC works best with Microsoft ODBC drivers, particularly in the area
+of Unicode support on both Python 2 and Python 3.
+
+Using the FreeTDS ODBC drivers on Linux or OSX with PyODBC is **not**
+recommended; there have been historically many Unicode-related issues
+in this area, including before Microsoft offered ODBC drivers for Linux
+and OSX.   Now that Microsoft offers drivers for all platforms, for
+PyODBC support these are recommended.  FreeTDS remains relevant for
+non-ODBC drivers such as pymssql where it works very well.
+
+
+Rowcount Support
+----------------
+
+Previous limitations with the SQLAlchemy ORM's "versioned rows" feature with
+Pyodbc have been resolved as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.5. See the notes at
+:ref:`mssql_rowcount_versioning`.
+
+.. _mssql_pyodbc_fastexecutemany:
+
+Fast Executemany Mode
+---------------------
+
+The PyODBC driver includes support for a "fast executemany" mode of execution
+which greatly reduces round trips for a DBAPI ``executemany()`` call when using
+Microsoft ODBC drivers, for **limited size batches that fit in memory**.  The
+feature is enabled by setting the attribute ``.fast_executemany`` on the DBAPI
+cursor when an executemany call is to be used.   The SQLAlchemy PyODBC SQL
+Server dialect supports this parameter by passing the
+``fast_executemany`` parameter to
+:func:`_sa.create_engine` , when using the **Microsoft ODBC driver only**::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mssql+pyodbc://scott:tiger@mssql2017:1433/test?driver=ODBC+Driver+17+for+SQL+Server",
+        fast_executemany=True,
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.9 - the ``fast_executemany`` parameter now has its
+   intended effect of this PyODBC feature taking effect for all INSERT
+   statements that are executed with multiple parameter sets, which don't
+   include RETURNING.  Previously, SQLAlchemy 2.0's :term:`insertmanyvalues`
+   feature would cause ``fast_executemany`` to not be used in most cases
+   even if specified.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `fast executemany <https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Features-beyond-the-DB-API#fast_executemany>`_
+    - on github
+
+.. _mssql_pyodbc_setinputsizes:
+
+Setinputsizes Support
+-----------------------
+
+As of version 2.0, the pyodbc ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` method is used for
+all statement executions, except for ``cursor.executemany()`` calls when
+fast_executemany=True where it is not supported (assuming
+:ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` is kept enabled,
+"fastexecutemany" will not take place for INSERT statements in any case).
+
+The use of ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` can be disabled by passing
+``use_setinputsizes=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+When ``use_setinputsizes`` is left at its default of ``True``, the
+specific per-type symbols passed to ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` can be
+programmatically customized using the :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes`
+hook. See that method for usage examples.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0  The mssql+pyodbc dialect now defaults to using
+   ``use_setinputsizes=True`` for all statement executions with the exception of
+   cursor.executemany() calls when fast_executemany=True.  The behavior can
+   be turned off by passing ``use_setinputsizes=False`` to
+   :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import re
+import struct
+
+from .base import _MSDateTime
+from .base import _MSUnicode
+from .base import _MSUnicodeText
+from .base import BINARY
+from .base import DATETIMEOFFSET
+from .base import MSDialect
+from .base import MSExecutionContext
+from .base import VARBINARY
+from .json import JSON as _MSJson
+from .json import JSONIndexType as _MSJsonIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType as _MSJsonPathType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+
+
+class _ms_numeric_pyodbc:
+    """Turns Decimals with adjusted() < 0 or > 7 into strings.
+
+    The routines here are needed for older pyodbc versions
+    as well as current mxODBC versions.
+
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_process = super().bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        if not dialect._need_decimal_fix:
+            return super_process
+
+        def process(value):
+            if self.asdecimal and isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                adjusted = value.adjusted()
+                if adjusted < 0:
+                    return self._small_dec_to_string(value)
+                elif adjusted > 7:
+                    return self._large_dec_to_string(value)
+
+            if super_process:
+                return super_process(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    # these routines needed for older versions of pyodbc.
+    # as of 2.1.8 this logic is integrated.
+
+    def _small_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        return "%s0.%s%s" % (
+            (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+            "0" * (abs(value.adjusted()) - 1),
+            "".join([str(nint) for nint in value.as_tuple()[1]]),
+        )
+
+    def _large_dec_to_string(self, value):
+        _int = value.as_tuple()[1]
+        if "E" in str(value):
+            result = "%s%s%s" % (
+                (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+                "".join([str(s) for s in _int]),
+                "0" * (value.adjusted() - (len(_int) - 1)),
+            )
+        else:
+            if (len(_int) - 1) > value.adjusted():
+                result = "%s%s.%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+                    "".join([str(s) for s in _int][0 : value.adjusted() + 1]),
+                    "".join([str(s) for s in _int][value.adjusted() + 1 :]),
+                )
+            else:
+                result = "%s%s" % (
+                    (value < 0 and "-" or ""),
+                    "".join([str(s) for s in _int][0 : value.adjusted() + 1]),
+                )
+        return result
+
+
+class _MSNumeric_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Numeric):
+    pass
+
+
+class _MSFloat_pyodbc(_ms_numeric_pyodbc, sqltypes.Float):
+    pass
+
+
+class _ms_binary_pyodbc:
+    """Wraps binary values in dialect-specific Binary wrapper.
+    If the value is null, return a pyodbc-specific BinaryNull
+    object to prevent pyODBC [and FreeTDS] from defaulting binary
+    NULL types to SQLWCHAR and causing implicit conversion errors.
+    """
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.dbapi is None:
+            return None
+
+        DBAPIBinary = dialect.dbapi.Binary
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return DBAPIBinary(value)
+            else:
+                # pyodbc-specific
+                return dialect.dbapi.BinaryNull
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _ODBCDateTimeBindProcessor:
+    """Add bind processors to handle datetimeoffset behaviors"""
+
+    has_tz = False
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, str):
+                # if a string was passed directly, allow it through
+                return value
+            elif not value.tzinfo or (not self.timezone and not self.has_tz):
+                # for DateTime(timezone=False)
+                return value
+            else:
+                # for DATETIMEOFFSET or DateTime(timezone=True)
+                #
+                # Convert to string format required by T-SQL
+                dto_string = value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f %z")
+                # offset needs a colon, e.g., -0700 -> -07:00
+                # "UTC offset in the form (+-)HHMM[SS[.ffffff]]"
+                # backend currently rejects seconds / fractional seconds
+                dto_string = re.sub(
+                    r"([\+\-]\d{2})([\d\.]+)$", r"\1:\2", dto_string
+                )
+                return dto_string
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _ODBCDateTime(_ODBCDateTimeBindProcessor, _MSDateTime):
+    pass
+
+
+class _ODBCDATETIMEOFFSET(_ODBCDateTimeBindProcessor, DATETIMEOFFSET):
+    has_tz = True
+
+
+class _VARBINARY_pyodbc(_ms_binary_pyodbc, VARBINARY):
+    pass
+
+
+class _BINARY_pyodbc(_ms_binary_pyodbc, BINARY):
+    pass
+
+
+class _String_pyodbc(sqltypes.String):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        if self.length in (None, "max") or self.length >= 2000:
+            return (dbapi.SQL_VARCHAR, 0, 0)
+        else:
+            return dbapi.SQL_VARCHAR
+
+
+class _Unicode_pyodbc(_MSUnicode):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        if self.length in (None, "max") or self.length >= 2000:
+            return (dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR, 0, 0)
+        else:
+            return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class _UnicodeText_pyodbc(_MSUnicodeText):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        if self.length in (None, "max") or self.length >= 2000:
+            return (dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR, 0, 0)
+        else:
+            return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class _JSON_pyodbc(_MSJson):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return (dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR, 0, 0)
+
+
+class _JSONIndexType_pyodbc(_MSJsonIndexType):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class _JSONPathType_pyodbc(_MSJsonPathType):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.SQL_WVARCHAR
+
+
+class MSExecutionContext_pyodbc(MSExecutionContext):
+    _embedded_scope_identity = False
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        """where appropriate, issue "select scope_identity()" in the same
+        statement.
+
+        Background on why "scope_identity()" is preferable to "@@identity":
+        https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms190315.aspx
+
+        Background on why we attempt to embed "scope_identity()" into the same
+        statement as the INSERT:
+        https://code.google.com/p/pyodbc/wiki/FAQs#How_do_I_retrieve_autogenerated/identity_values?
+
+        """
+
+        super().pre_exec()
+
+        # don't embed the scope_identity select into an
+        # "INSERT .. DEFAULT VALUES"
+        if (
+            self._select_lastrowid
+            and self.dialect.use_scope_identity
+            and len(self.parameters[0])
+        ):
+            self._embedded_scope_identity = True
+
+            self.statement += "; select scope_identity()"
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if self._embedded_scope_identity:
+            # Fetch the last inserted id from the manipulated statement
+            # We may have to skip over a number of result sets with
+            # no data (due to triggers, etc.)
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    # fetchall() ensures the cursor is consumed
+                    # without closing it (FreeTDS particularly)
+                    rows = self.cursor.fetchall()
+                except self.dialect.dbapi.Error:
+                    # no way around this - nextset() consumes the previous set
+                    # so we need to just keep flipping
+                    self.cursor.nextset()
+                else:
+                    if not rows:
+                        # async adapter drivers just return None here
+                        self.cursor.nextset()
+                        continue
+                    row = rows[0]
+                    break
+
+            self._lastrowid = int(row[0])
+
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML
+        else:
+            super().post_exec()
+
+
+class MSDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MSDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    # note this parameter is no longer used by the ORM or default dialect
+    # see #9414
+    supports_sane_rowcount_returning = False
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MSExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MSDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _MSNumeric_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.Float: _MSFloat_pyodbc,
+            BINARY: _BINARY_pyodbc,
+            # support DateTime(timezone=True)
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _ODBCDateTime,
+            DATETIMEOFFSET: _ODBCDATETIMEOFFSET,
+            # SQL Server dialect has a VARBINARY that is just to support
+            # "deprecate_large_types" w/ VARBINARY(max), but also we must
+            # handle the usual SQL standard VARBINARY
+            VARBINARY: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.VARBINARY: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.LargeBinary: _VARBINARY_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.String: _String_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.Unicode: _Unicode_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.UnicodeText: _UnicodeText_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _JSON_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: _JSONIndexType_pyodbc,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _JSONPathType_pyodbc,
+            # this excludes Enum from the string/VARCHAR thing for now
+            # it looks like Enum's adaptation doesn't really support the
+            # String type itself having a dialect-level impl
+            sqltypes.Enum: sqltypes.Enum,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fast_executemany=False,
+        use_setinputsizes=True,
+        **params,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(use_setinputsizes=use_setinputsizes, **params)
+        self.use_scope_identity = (
+            self.use_scope_identity
+            and self.dbapi
+            and hasattr(self.dbapi.Cursor, "nextset")
+        )
+        self._need_decimal_fix = self.dbapi and self._dbapi_version() < (
+            2,
+            1,
+            8,
+        )
+        self.fast_executemany = fast_executemany
+        if fast_executemany:
+            self.use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning = False
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        try:
+            # "Version of the instance of SQL Server, in the form
+            # of 'major.minor.build.revision'"
+            raw = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "SELECT CAST(SERVERPROPERTY('ProductVersion') AS VARCHAR)"
+            ).scalar()
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            # SQL Server docs indicate this function isn't present prior to
+            # 2008.  Before we had the VARCHAR cast above, pyodbc would also
+            # fail on this query.
+            return super()._get_server_version_info(connection)
+        else:
+            version = []
+            r = re.compile(r"[.\-]")
+            for n in r.split(raw):
+                try:
+                    version.append(int(n))
+                except ValueError:
+                    pass
+            return tuple(version)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        super_ = super().on_connect()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            if super_ is not None:
+                super_(conn)
+
+            self._setup_timestampoffset_type(conn)
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def _setup_timestampoffset_type(self, connection):
+        # output converter function for datetimeoffset
+        def _handle_datetimeoffset(dto_value):
+            tup = struct.unpack("<6hI2h", dto_value)
+            return datetime.datetime(
+                tup[0],
+                tup[1],
+                tup[2],
+                tup[3],
+                tup[4],
+                tup[5],
+                tup[6] // 1000,
+                datetime.timezone(
+                    datetime.timedelta(hours=tup[7], minutes=tup[8])
+                ),
+            )
+
+        odbc_SQL_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET = -155  # as defined in SQLNCLI.h
+        connection.add_output_converter(
+            odbc_SQL_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET, _handle_datetimeoffset
+        )
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if self.fast_executemany:
+            cursor.fast_executemany = True
+        super().do_executemany(cursor, statement, parameters, context=context)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            code = e.args[0]
+            if code in {
+                "08S01",
+                "01000",
+                "01002",
+                "08003",
+                "08007",
+                "08S02",
+                "08001",
+                "HYT00",
+                "HY010",
+                "10054",
+            }:
+                return True
+        return super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor)
+
+
+dialect = MSDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9174c544
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# dialects/mysql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from . import aiomysql  # noqa
+from . import asyncmy  # noqa
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import cymysql  # noqa
+from . import mariadbconnector  # noqa
+from . import mysqlconnector  # noqa
+from . import mysqldb  # noqa
+from . import pymysql  # noqa
+from . import pyodbc  # noqa
+from .base import BIGINT
+from .base import BINARY
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import BLOB
+from .base import BOOLEAN
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import DECIMAL
+from .base import DOUBLE
+from .base import ENUM
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import JSON
+from .base import LONGBLOB
+from .base import LONGTEXT
+from .base import MEDIUMBLOB
+from .base import MEDIUMINT
+from .base import MEDIUMTEXT
+from .base import NCHAR
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import NVARCHAR
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import SET
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import TIME
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import TINYBLOB
+from .base import TINYINT
+from .base import TINYTEXT
+from .base import VARBINARY
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .base import YEAR
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import insert
+from .expression import match
+from .mariadb import INET4
+from .mariadb import INET6
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = dialect = mysqldb.dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BIGINT",
+    "BINARY",
+    "BIT",
+    "BLOB",
+    "BOOLEAN",
+    "CHAR",
+    "DATE",
+    "DATETIME",
+    "DECIMAL",
+    "DOUBLE",
+    "ENUM",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "INET4",
+    "INET6",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "JSON",
+    "LONGBLOB",
+    "LONGTEXT",
+    "MEDIUMBLOB",
+    "MEDIUMINT",
+    "MEDIUMTEXT",
+    "NCHAR",
+    "NVARCHAR",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "SET",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "REAL",
+    "TEXT",
+    "TIME",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "TINYBLOB",
+    "TINYINT",
+    "TINYTEXT",
+    "VARBINARY",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "YEAR",
+    "dialect",
+    "insert",
+    "Insert",
+    "match",
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd5e7de6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+# dialects/mysql/aiomysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+aiomysql
+    :name: aiomysql
+    :dbapi: aiomysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+aiomysql://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://github.com/aio-libs/aiomysql
+
+The aiomysql dialect is SQLAlchemy's second Python asyncio dialect.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the aiomysql dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "mysql+aiomysql://user:pass@hostname/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
+    )
+
+"""  # noqa
+from collections import deque
+
+from .pymysql import MySQLDialect_pymysql
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_cursor:
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    server_side = False
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "await_",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_rows",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(adapt_connection.dbapi.Cursor)
+
+        # see https://github.com/aio-libs/aiomysql/issues/543
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+        self._rows = deque()
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self._cursor.description
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self._cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        return self._cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def close(self):
+        # note we aren't actually closing the cursor here,
+        # we are just letting GC do it.   to allow this to be async
+        # we would need the Result to change how it does "Safe close cursor".
+        # MySQL "cursors" don't actually have state to be "closed" besides
+        # exhausting rows, which we already have done for sync cursor.
+        # another option would be to emulate aiosqlite dialect and assign
+        # cursor only if we are doing server side cursor operation.
+        self._rows.clear()
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        return self.await_(self._execute_async(operation, parameters))
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self.await_(
+            self._executemany_async(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters)
+
+            if not self.server_side:
+                # aiomysql has a "fake" async result, so we have to pull it out
+                # of that here since our default result is not async.
+                # we could just as easily grab "_rows" here and be done with it
+                # but this is safer.
+                self._rows = deque(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+            return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        pass
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.popleft()
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        rr = self._rows
+        return [rr.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rr)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = list(self._rows)
+        self._rows.clear()
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_cursor):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = ()
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(adapt_connection.dbapi.SSCursor)
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi", "_execute_mutex")
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    def ping(self, reconnect):
+        return self.await_(self._connection.ping(reconnect))
+
+    def character_set_name(self):
+        return self._connection.character_set_name()
+
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.autocommit(value))
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_cursor(self)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        # it's not awaitable.
+        self._connection.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.await_(self._connection.ensure_closed())
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_aiomysql_connection(AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_connection):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, aiomysql, pymysql):
+        self.aiomysql = aiomysql
+        self.pymysql = pymysql
+        self.paramstyle = "format"
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+        self.Cursor, self.SSCursor = self._init_cursors_subclasses()
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "Warning",
+            "Error",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "DataError",
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "InternalError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.aiomysql, name))
+
+        for name in (
+            "NUMBER",
+            "STRING",
+            "DATETIME",
+            "BINARY",
+            "TIMESTAMP",
+            "Binary",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.pymysql, name))
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.aiomysql.connect)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_aiomysql_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+
+    def _init_cursors_subclasses(self):
+        # suppress unconditional warning emitted by aiomysql
+        class Cursor(self.aiomysql.Cursor):
+            async def _show_warnings(self, conn):
+                pass
+
+        class SSCursor(self.aiomysql.SSCursor):
+            async def _show_warnings(self, conn):
+                pass
+
+        return Cursor, SSCursor
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_aiomysql(MySQLDialect_pymysql):
+    driver = "aiomysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+    _sscursor = AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_ss_cursor
+
+    is_async = True
+    has_terminate = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_aiomysql_dbapi(
+            __import__("aiomysql"), __import__("pymysql")
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.terminate()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        return super().create_connect_args(
+            url, _translate_args=dict(username="user", database="db")
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        else:
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return "not connected" in str_e
+
+    def _found_rows_client_flag(self):
+        from pymysql.constants import CLIENT
+
+        return CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_aiomysql
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ec54e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+# dialects/mysql/asyncmy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+asyncmy
+    :name: asyncmy
+    :dbapi: asyncmy
+    :connectstring: mysql+asyncmy://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://github.com/long2ice/asyncmy
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the asyncmy dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "mysql+asyncmy://user:pass@hostname/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
+    )
+
+"""  # noqa
+from collections import deque
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+
+from .pymysql import MySQLDialect_pymysql
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_cursor:
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    server_side = False
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "await_",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_rows",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor()
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+        self._rows = deque()
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self._cursor.description
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self._cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        return self._cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def close(self):
+        # note we aren't actually closing the cursor here,
+        # we are just letting GC do it.   to allow this to be async
+        # we would need the Result to change how it does "Safe close cursor".
+        # MySQL "cursors" don't actually have state to be "closed" besides
+        # exhausting rows, which we already have done for sync cursor.
+        # another option would be to emulate aiosqlite dialect and assign
+        # cursor only if we are doing server side cursor operation.
+        self._rows.clear()
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        return self.await_(self._execute_async(operation, parameters))
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self.await_(
+            self._executemany_async(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._mutex_and_adapt_errors():
+            if parameters is None:
+                result = await self._cursor.execute(operation)
+            else:
+                result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters)
+
+            if not self.server_side:
+                # asyncmy has a "fake" async result, so we have to pull it out
+                # of that here since our default result is not async.
+                # we could just as easily grab "_rows" here and be done with it
+                # but this is safer.
+                self._rows = deque(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+            return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        async with self._adapt_connection._mutex_and_adapt_errors():
+            return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        pass
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.popleft()
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        rr = self._rows
+        return [rr.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rr)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = list(self._rows)
+        self._rows.clear()
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_cursor):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = ()
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(
+            adapt_connection.dbapi.asyncmy.cursors.SSCursor
+        )
+
+        self._cursor = self.await_(cursor.__aenter__())
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi", "_execute_mutex")
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+    @asynccontextmanager
+    async def _mutex_and_adapt_errors(self):
+        async with self._execute_mutex:
+            try:
+                yield
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise self.dbapi.InternalError(
+                    "network operation failed due to asyncmy attribute error"
+                )
+
+    def ping(self, reconnect):
+        assert not reconnect
+        return self.await_(self._do_ping())
+
+    async def _do_ping(self):
+        async with self._mutex_and_adapt_errors():
+            return await self._connection.ping(False)
+
+    def character_set_name(self):
+        return self._connection.character_set_name()
+
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.autocommit(value))
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_cursor(self)
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        # it's not awaitable.
+        self._connection.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.await_(self._connection.ensure_closed())
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncmy_connection(AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+def _Binary(x):
+    """Return x as a binary type."""
+    return bytes(x)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, asyncmy):
+        self.asyncmy = asyncmy
+        self.paramstyle = "format"
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "Warning",
+            "Error",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "DataError",
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "InterfaceError",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "InternalError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.asyncmy.errors, name))
+
+    STRING = util.symbol("STRING")
+    NUMBER = util.symbol("NUMBER")
+    BINARY = util.symbol("BINARY")
+    DATETIME = util.symbol("DATETIME")
+    TIMESTAMP = util.symbol("TIMESTAMP")
+    Binary = staticmethod(_Binary)
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.asyncmy.connect)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncmy_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+            )
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_asyncmy(MySQLDialect_pymysql):
+    driver = "asyncmy"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+    _sscursor = AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_ss_cursor
+
+    is_async = True
+    has_terminate = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_asyncmy_dbapi(__import__("asyncmy"))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.terminate()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        return super().create_connect_args(
+            url, _translate_args=dict(username="user", database="db")
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        else:
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return (
+                "not connected" in str_e or "network operation failed" in str_e
+            )
+
+    def _found_rows_client_flag(self):
+        from asyncmy.constants import CLIENT
+
+        return CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_asyncmy
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..122a7cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3582 @@
+# dialects/mysql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql
+    :name: MySQL / MariaDB
+    :normal_support: 5.6+ / 10+
+    :best_effort: 5.0.2+ / 5.0.2+
+
+Supported Versions and Features
+-------------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy supports MySQL starting with version 5.0.2 through modern releases,
+as well as all modern versions of MariaDB.   See the official MySQL
+documentation for detailed information about features supported in any given
+server release.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4  minimum MySQL version supported is now 5.0.2.
+
+MariaDB Support
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The MariaDB variant of MySQL retains fundamental compatibility with MySQL's
+protocols however the development of these two products continues to diverge.
+Within the realm of SQLAlchemy, the two databases have a small number of
+syntactical and behavioral differences that SQLAlchemy accommodates automatically.
+To connect to a MariaDB database, no changes to the database URL are required::
+
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+pymysql://user:pass@some_mariadb/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
+    )
+
+Upon first connect, the SQLAlchemy dialect employs a
+server version detection scheme that determines if the
+backing database reports as MariaDB.  Based on this flag, the dialect
+can make different choices in those of areas where its behavior
+must be different.
+
+.. _mysql_mariadb_only_mode:
+
+MariaDB-Only Mode
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The dialect also supports an **optional** "MariaDB-only" mode of connection, which may be
+useful for the case where an application makes use of MariaDB-specific features
+and is not compatible with a MySQL database.    To use this mode of operation,
+replace the "mysql" token in the above URL with "mariadb"::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mariadb+pymysql://user:pass@some_mariadb/dbname?charset=utf8mb4"
+    )
+
+The above engine, upon first connect, will raise an error if the server version
+detection detects that the backing database is not MariaDB.
+
+When using an engine with ``"mariadb"`` as the dialect name, **all mysql-specific options
+that include the name "mysql" in them are now named with "mariadb"**.  This means
+options like ``mysql_engine`` should be named ``mariadb_engine``, etc.  Both
+"mysql" and "mariadb" options can be used simultaneously for applications that
+use URLs with both "mysql" and "mariadb" dialects::
+
+    my_table = Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("textdata", String(50)),
+        mariadb_engine="InnoDB",
+        mysql_engine="InnoDB",
+    )
+
+    Index(
+        "textdata_ix",
+        my_table.c.textdata,
+        mysql_prefix="FULLTEXT",
+        mariadb_prefix="FULLTEXT",
+    )
+
+Similar behavior will occur when the above structures are reflected, i.e. the
+"mariadb" prefix will be present in the option names when the database URL
+is based on the "mariadb" name.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4 Added "mariadb" dialect name supporting "MariaDB-only mode"
+   for the MySQL dialect.
+
+.. _mysql_connection_timeouts:
+
+Connection Timeouts and Disconnects
+-----------------------------------
+
+MySQL / MariaDB feature an automatic connection close behavior, for connections that
+have been idle for a fixed period of time, defaulting to eight hours.
+To circumvent having this issue, use
+the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_recycle` option which ensures that
+a connection will be discarded and replaced with a new one if it has been
+present in the pool for a fixed number of seconds::
+
+    engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://...", pool_recycle=3600)
+
+For more comprehensive disconnect detection of pooled connections, including
+accommodation of  server restarts and network issues, a pre-ping approach may
+be employed.  See :ref:`pool_disconnects` for current approaches.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pool_disconnects` - Background on several techniques for dealing
+    with timed out connections as well as database restarts.
+
+.. _mysql_storage_engines:
+
+CREATE TABLE arguments including Storage Engines
+------------------------------------------------
+
+Both MySQL's and MariaDB's CREATE TABLE syntax includes a wide array of special options,
+including ``ENGINE``, ``CHARSET``, ``MAX_ROWS``, ``ROW_FORMAT``,
+``INSERT_METHOD``, and many more.
+To accommodate the rendering of these arguments, specify the form
+``mysql_argument_name="value"``.  For example, to specify a table with
+``ENGINE`` of ``InnoDB``, ``CHARSET`` of ``utf8mb4``, and ``KEY_BLOCK_SIZE``
+of ``1024``::
+
+  Table(
+      "mytable",
+      metadata,
+      Column("data", String(32)),
+      mysql_engine="InnoDB",
+      mysql_charset="utf8mb4",
+      mysql_key_block_size="1024",
+  )
+
+When supporting :ref:`mysql_mariadb_only_mode` mode, similar keys against
+the "mariadb" prefix must be included as well.  The values can of course
+vary independently so that different settings on MySQL vs. MariaDB may
+be maintained::
+
+  # support both "mysql" and "mariadb-only" engine URLs
+
+  Table(
+      "mytable",
+      metadata,
+      Column("data", String(32)),
+      mysql_engine="InnoDB",
+      mariadb_engine="InnoDB",
+      mysql_charset="utf8mb4",
+      mariadb_charset="utf8",
+      mysql_key_block_size="1024",
+      mariadb_key_block_size="1024",
+  )
+
+The MySQL / MariaDB dialects will normally transfer any keyword specified as
+``mysql_keyword_name`` to be rendered as ``KEYWORD_NAME`` in the
+``CREATE TABLE`` statement.  A handful of these names will render with a space
+instead of an underscore; to support this, the MySQL dialect has awareness of
+these particular names, which include ``DATA DIRECTORY``
+(e.g. ``mysql_data_directory``), ``CHARACTER SET`` (e.g.
+``mysql_character_set``) and ``INDEX DIRECTORY`` (e.g.
+``mysql_index_directory``).
+
+The most common argument is ``mysql_engine``, which refers to the storage
+engine for the table.  Historically, MySQL server installations would default
+to ``MyISAM`` for this value, although newer versions may be defaulting
+to ``InnoDB``.  The ``InnoDB`` engine is typically preferred for its support
+of transactions and foreign keys.
+
+A :class:`_schema.Table`
+that is created in a MySQL / MariaDB database with a storage engine
+of ``MyISAM`` will be essentially non-transactional, meaning any
+INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement referring to this table will be invoked as
+autocommit.   It also will have no support for foreign key constraints; while
+the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement accepts foreign key options, when using the
+``MyISAM`` storage engine these arguments are discarded.  Reflecting such a
+table will also produce no foreign key constraint information.
+
+For fully atomic transactions as well as support for foreign key
+constraints, all participating ``CREATE TABLE`` statements must specify a
+transactional engine, which in the vast majority of cases is ``InnoDB``.
+
+Partitioning can similarly be specified using similar options.
+In the example below the create table will specify ``PARTITION_BY``,
+``PARTITIONS``, ``SUBPARTITIONS`` and ``SUBPARTITION_BY``::
+
+    # can also use mariadb_* prefix
+    Table(
+        "testtable",
+        MetaData(),
+        Column("id", Integer(), primary_key=True, autoincrement=True),
+        Column("other_id", Integer(), primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+        mysql_partitions="2",
+        mysql_partition_by="KEY(other_id)",
+        mysql_subpartition_by="HASH(some_expr)",
+        mysql_subpartitions="2",
+    )
+
+This will render:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE testtable (
+            id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+            other_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+            PRIMARY KEY (id, other_id)
+    )PARTITION BY KEY(other_id) PARTITIONS 2 SUBPARTITION BY HASH(some_expr) SUBPARTITIONS 2
+
+Case Sensitivity and Table Reflection
+-------------------------------------
+
+Both MySQL and MariaDB have inconsistent support for case-sensitive identifier
+names, basing support on specific details of the underlying
+operating system. However, it has been observed that no matter
+what case sensitivity behavior is present, the names of tables in
+foreign key declarations are *always* received from the database
+as all-lower case, making it impossible to accurately reflect a
+schema where inter-related tables use mixed-case identifier names.
+
+Therefore it is strongly advised that table names be declared as
+all lower case both within SQLAlchemy as well as on the MySQL / MariaDB
+database itself, especially if database reflection features are
+to be used.
+
+.. _mysql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+All MySQL / MariaDB dialects support setting of transaction isolation level both via a
+dialect-specific parameter :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+accepted
+by :func:`_sa.create_engine`, as well as the
+:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` argument as passed to
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+This feature works by issuing the
+command ``SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` for each new
+connection.  For the special AUTOCOMMIT isolation level, DBAPI-specific
+techniques are used.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+        isolation_level="READ UNCOMMITTED",
+    )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(isolation_level="READ COMMITTED")
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+The special ``AUTOCOMMIT`` value makes use of the various "autocommit"
+attributes provided by specific DBAPIs, and is currently supported by
+MySQLdb, MySQL-Client, MySQL-Connector Python, and PyMySQL.   Using it,
+the database connection will return true for the value of
+``SELECT @@autocommit;``.
+
+There are also more options for isolation level configurations, such as
+"sub-engine" objects linked to a main :class:`_engine.Engine` which each apply
+different isolation level settings.  See the discussion at
+:ref:`dbapi_autocommit` for background.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+AUTO_INCREMENT Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+When creating tables, SQLAlchemy will automatically set ``AUTO_INCREMENT`` on
+the first :class:`.Integer` primary key column which is not marked as a
+foreign key::
+
+  >>> t = Table(
+  ...     "mytable", metadata, Column("mytable_id", Integer, primary_key=True)
+  ... )
+  >>> t.create()
+  CREATE TABLE mytable (
+          id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+          PRIMARY KEY (id)
+  )
+
+You can disable this behavior by passing ``False`` to the
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` argument of :class:`_schema.Column`.
+This flag
+can also be used to enable auto-increment on a secondary column in a
+multi-column key for some storage engines::
+
+  Table(
+      "mytable",
+      metadata,
+      Column("gid", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+      Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+  )
+
+.. _mysql_ss_cursors:
+
+Server Side Cursors
+-------------------
+
+Server-side cursor support is available for the mysqlclient, PyMySQL,
+mariadbconnector dialects and may also be available in others.   This makes use
+of either the "buffered=True/False" flag if available or by using a class such
+as ``MySQLdb.cursors.SSCursor`` or ``pymysql.cursors.SSCursor`` internally.
+
+
+Server side cursors are enabled on a per-statement basis by using the
+:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` connection execution
+option::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        result = conn.execution_options(stream_results=True).execute(
+            text("select * from table")
+        )
+
+Note that some kinds of SQL statements may not be supported with
+server side cursors; generally, only SQL statements that return rows should be
+used with this option.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4  The dialect-level server_side_cursors flag is deprecated
+   and will be removed in a future release.  Please use the
+   :paramref:`_engine.Connection.stream_results` execution option for
+   unbuffered cursor support.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+.. _mysql_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Charset Selection
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Most MySQL / MariaDB DBAPIs offer the option to set the client character set for
+a connection.   This is typically delivered using the ``charset`` parameter
+in the URL, such as::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4"
+    )
+
+This charset is the **client character set** for the connection.  Some
+MySQL DBAPIs will default this to a value such as ``latin1``, and some
+will make use of the ``default-character-set`` setting in the ``my.cnf``
+file as well.   Documentation for the DBAPI in use should be consulted
+for specific behavior.
+
+The encoding used for Unicode has traditionally been ``'utf8'``.  However, for
+MySQL versions 5.5.3 and MariaDB 5.5 on forward, a new MySQL-specific encoding
+``'utf8mb4'`` has been introduced, and as of MySQL 8.0 a warning is emitted by
+the server if plain ``utf8`` is specified within any server-side directives,
+replaced with ``utf8mb3``.  The rationale for this new encoding is due to the
+fact that MySQL's legacy utf-8 encoding only supports codepoints up to three
+bytes instead of four.  Therefore, when communicating with a MySQL or MariaDB
+database that includes codepoints more than three bytes in size, this new
+charset is preferred, if supported by both the database as well as the client
+DBAPI, as in::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4"
+    )
+
+All modern DBAPIs should support the ``utf8mb4`` charset.
+
+In order to use ``utf8mb4`` encoding for a schema that was created with  legacy
+``utf8``, changes to the MySQL/MariaDB schema and/or server configuration may be
+required.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `The utf8mb4 Character Set \
+    <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-unicode-utf8mb4.html>`_ - \
+    in the MySQL documentation
+
+.. _mysql_binary_introducer:
+
+Dealing with Binary Data Warnings and Unicode
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL versions 5.6, 5.7 and later (not MariaDB at the time of this writing) now
+emit a warning when attempting to pass binary data to the database, while a
+character set encoding is also in place, when the binary data itself is not
+valid for that encoding:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    default.py:509: Warning: (1300, "Invalid utf8mb4 character string:
+    'F9876A'")
+      cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+This warning is due to the fact that the MySQL client library is attempting to
+interpret the binary string as a unicode object even if a datatype such
+as :class:`.LargeBinary` is in use.   To resolve this, the SQL statement requires
+a binary "character set introducer" be present before any non-NULL value
+that renders like this:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    INSERT INTO table (data) VALUES (_binary %s)
+
+These character set introducers are provided by the DBAPI driver, assuming the
+use of mysqlclient or PyMySQL (both of which are recommended).  Add the query
+string parameter ``binary_prefix=true`` to the URL to repair this warning::
+
+    # mysqlclient
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4&binary_prefix=true"
+    )
+
+    # PyMySQL
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?charset=utf8mb4&binary_prefix=true"
+    )
+
+The ``binary_prefix`` flag may or may not be supported by other MySQL drivers.
+
+SQLAlchemy itself cannot render this ``_binary`` prefix reliably, as it does
+not work with the NULL value, which is valid to be sent as a bound parameter.
+As the MySQL driver renders parameters directly into the SQL string, it's the
+most efficient place for this additional keyword to be passed.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Character set introducers <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/charset-introducer.html>`_ - on the MySQL website
+
+
+ANSI Quoting Style
+------------------
+
+MySQL / MariaDB feature two varieties of identifier "quoting style", one using
+backticks and the other using quotes, e.g. ```some_identifier```  vs.
+``"some_identifier"``.   All MySQL dialects detect which version
+is in use by checking the value of :ref:`sql_mode<mysql_sql_mode>` when a connection is first
+established with a particular :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+This quoting style comes
+into play when rendering table and column names as well as when reflecting
+existing database structures.  The detection is entirely automatic and
+no special configuration is needed to use either quoting style.
+
+
+.. _mysql_sql_mode:
+
+Changing the sql_mode
+---------------------
+
+MySQL supports operating in multiple
+`Server SQL Modes <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/sql-mode.html>`_  for
+both Servers and Clients. To change the ``sql_mode`` for a given application, a
+developer can leverage SQLAlchemy's Events system.
+
+In the following example, the event system is used to set the ``sql_mode`` on
+the ``first_connect`` and ``connect`` events::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    eng = create_engine(
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo="debug"
+    )
+
+
+    # `insert=True` will ensure this is the very first listener to run
+    @event.listens_for(eng, "connect", insert=True)
+    def connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SET sql_mode = 'STRICT_ALL_TABLES'")
+
+
+    conn = eng.connect()
+
+In the example illustrated above, the "connect" event will invoke the "SET"
+statement on the connection at the moment a particular DBAPI connection is
+first created for a given Pool, before the connection is made available to the
+connection pool.  Additionally, because the function was registered with
+``insert=True``, it will be prepended to the internal list of registered
+functions.
+
+
+MySQL / MariaDB SQL Extensions
+------------------------------
+
+Many of the MySQL / MariaDB SQL extensions are handled through SQLAlchemy's generic
+function and operator support::
+
+  table.select(table.c.password == func.md5("plaintext"))
+  table.select(table.c.username.op("regexp")("^[a-d]"))
+
+And of course any valid SQL statement can be executed as a string as well.
+
+Some limited direct support for MySQL / MariaDB extensions to SQL is currently
+available.
+
+* INSERT..ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE:  See
+  :ref:`mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update`
+
+* SELECT pragma, use :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` and
+  :meth:`_query.Query.prefix_with`::
+
+    select(...).prefix_with(["HIGH_PRIORITY", "SQL_SMALL_RESULT"])
+
+* UPDATE with LIMIT::
+
+    update(...).with_dialect_options(mysql_limit=10, mariadb_limit=10)
+
+* DELETE
+  with LIMIT::
+
+    delete(...).with_dialect_options(mysql_limit=10, mariadb_limit=10)
+
+  .. versionadded:: 2.0.37 Added delete with limit
+
+* optimizer hints, use :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` and
+  :meth:`_query.Query.prefix_with`::
+
+    select(...).prefix_with("/*+ NO_RANGE_OPTIMIZATION(t4 PRIMARY) */")
+
+* index hints, use :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint` and
+  :meth:`_query.Query.with_hint`::
+
+    select(...).with_hint(some_table, "USE INDEX xyz")
+
+* MATCH
+  operator support::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import match
+
+        select(...).where(match(col1, col2, against="some expr").in_boolean_mode())
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :class:`_mysql.match`
+
+INSERT/DELETE...RETURNING
+-------------------------
+
+The MariaDB dialect supports 10.5+'s ``INSERT..RETURNING`` and
+``DELETE..RETURNING`` (10.0+) syntaxes.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` may be used
+automatically in some cases in order to fetch newly generated identifiers in
+place of the traditional approach of using ``cursor.lastrowid``, however
+``cursor.lastrowid`` is currently still preferred for simple single-statement
+cases for its better performance.
+
+To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause, use the
+:meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.insert().values(name="foo").returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.delete()
+        .where(table.c.name == "foo")
+        .returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  Added support for MariaDB RETURNING
+
+.. _mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update:
+
+INSERT...ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE (Upsert)
+------------------------------------------
+
+MySQL / MariaDB allow "upserts" (update or insert)
+of rows into a table via the ``ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`` clause of the
+``INSERT`` statement.  A candidate row will only be inserted if that row does
+not match an existing primary or unique key in the table; otherwise, an UPDATE
+will be performed.   The statement allows for separate specification of the
+values to INSERT versus the values for UPDATE.
+
+SQLAlchemy provides ``ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`` support via the MySQL-specific
+:func:`.mysql.insert()` function, which provides
+the generative method :meth:`~.mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import insert
+
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_existing_id", data="inserted value"
+    ... )
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     data=insert_stmt.inserted.data, status="U"
+    ... )
+    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = VALUES(data), status = %s
+
+
+Unlike PostgreSQL's "ON CONFLICT" phrase, the "ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE"
+phrase will always match on any primary key or unique key, and will always
+perform an UPDATE if there's a match; there are no options for it to raise
+an error or to skip performing an UPDATE.
+
+``ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE`` is used to perform an update of the already
+existing row, using any combination of new values as well as values
+from the proposed insertion.   These values are normally specified using
+keyword arguments passed to the
+:meth:`_mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`
+given column key values (usually the name of the column, unless it
+specifies :paramref:`_schema.Column.key`
+) as keys and literal or SQL expressions
+as values:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_existing_id", data="inserted value"
+    ... )
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     data="some data",
+    ...     updated_at=func.current_timestamp(),
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+In a manner similar to that of :meth:`.UpdateBase.values`, other parameter
+forms are accepted, including a single dictionary:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     {"data": "some data", "updated_at": func.current_timestamp()},
+    ... )
+
+as well as a list of 2-tuples, which will automatically provide
+a parameter-ordered UPDATE statement in a manner similar to that described
+at :ref:`tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates`.  Unlike the :class:`_expression.Update`
+object,
+no special flag is needed to specify the intent since the argument form is
+this context is unambiguous:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> on_duplicate_key_stmt = insert_stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     [
+    ...         ("data", "some data"),
+    ...         ("updated_at", func.current_timestamp()),
+    ...     ]
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(on_duplicate_key_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3 support for parameter-ordered UPDATE clause within
+   MySQL ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+
+.. warning::
+
+    The :meth:`_mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`
+    method does **not** take into
+    account Python-side default UPDATE values or generation functions, e.g.
+    e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+    These values will not be exercised for an ON DUPLICATE KEY style of UPDATE,
+    unless they are manually specified explicitly in the parameters.
+
+
+
+In order to refer to the proposed insertion row, the special alias
+:attr:`_mysql.Insert.inserted` is available as an attribute on
+the :class:`_mysql.Insert` object; this object is a
+:class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` which contains all columns of the target
+table:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_id", data="inserted value", author="jlh"
+    ... )
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(
+    ...     data="updated value", author=stmt.inserted.author
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)
+    ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE data = %s, author = VALUES(author)
+
+When rendered, the "inserted" namespace will produce the expression
+``VALUES(<columnname>)``.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.2 Added support for MySQL ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause
+
+
+
+rowcount Support
+----------------
+
+SQLAlchemy standardizes the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` attribute to be the
+usual definition of "number of rows matched by an UPDATE or DELETE" statement.
+This is in contradiction to the default setting on most MySQL DBAPI drivers,
+which is "number of rows actually modified/deleted".  For this reason, the
+SQLAlchemy MySQL dialects always add the ``constants.CLIENT.FOUND_ROWS``
+flag, or whatever is equivalent for the target dialect, upon connection.
+This setting is currently hardcoded.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`
+
+
+.. _mysql_indexes:
+
+MySQL / MariaDB- Specific Index Options
+-----------------------------------------
+
+MySQL and MariaDB-specific extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available.
+
+Index Length
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL and MariaDB both provide an option to create index entries with a certain length, where
+"length" refers to the number of characters or bytes in each value which will
+become part of the index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_length`` and/or ``mariadb_length`` parameters::
+
+    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, mysql_length=10, mariadb_length=10)
+
+    Index("a_b_idx", my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mysql_length={"a": 4, "b": 9})
+
+    Index(
+        "a_b_idx", my_table.c.a, my_table.c.b, mariadb_length={"a": 4, "b": 9}
+    )
+
+Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes
+for binary string types. The value passed to the keyword argument *must* be
+either an integer (and, thus, specify the same prefix length value for all
+columns of the index) or a dict in which keys are column names and values are
+prefix length values for corresponding columns. MySQL and MariaDB only allow a
+length for a column of an index if it is for a CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, BINARY,
+VARBINARY and BLOB.
+
+Index Prefixes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index prefix when creating
+an index. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_prefix`` parameter on :class:`.Index`::
+
+    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, mysql_prefix="FULLTEXT")
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX, so it *must* be a valid index prefix for your MySQL
+storage engine.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `CREATE INDEX <https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-index.html>`_ - MySQL documentation
+
+Index Types
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Some MySQL storage engines permit you to specify an index type when creating
+an index or primary key constraint. SQLAlchemy provides this feature via the
+``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.Index`::
+
+    Index(
+        "my_index", my_table.c.data, mysql_using="hash", mariadb_using="hash"
+    )
+
+As well as the ``mysql_using`` parameter on :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`::
+
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint("data", mysql_using="hash", mariadb_using="hash")
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX or PRIMARY KEY clause, so it *must* be a valid index
+type for your MySQL storage engine.
+
+More information can be found at:
+
+https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-index.html
+
+https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/create-table.html
+
+Index Parsers
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX in MySQL also supports a "WITH PARSER" option.  This
+is available using the keyword argument ``mysql_with_parser``::
+
+    Index(
+        "my_index",
+        my_table.c.data,
+        mysql_prefix="FULLTEXT",
+        mysql_with_parser="ngram",
+        mariadb_prefix="FULLTEXT",
+        mariadb_with_parser="ngram",
+    )
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+.. _mysql_foreign_keys:
+
+MySQL / MariaDB Foreign Keys
+-----------------------------
+
+MySQL and MariaDB's behavior regarding foreign keys has some important caveats.
+
+Foreign Key Arguments to Avoid
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Neither MySQL nor MariaDB support the foreign key arguments "DEFERRABLE", "INITIALLY",
+or "MATCH".  Using the ``deferrable`` or ``initially`` keyword argument with
+:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` or :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+will have the effect of
+these keywords being rendered in a DDL expression, which will then raise an
+error on MySQL or MariaDB.  In order to use these keywords on a foreign key while having
+them ignored on a MySQL / MariaDB backend, use a custom compile rule::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+
+
+    @compiles(ForeignKeyConstraint, "mysql", "mariadb")
+    def process(element, compiler, **kw):
+        element.deferrable = element.initially = None
+        return compiler.visit_foreign_key_constraint(element, **kw)
+
+The "MATCH" keyword is in fact more insidious, and is explicitly disallowed
+by SQLAlchemy in conjunction with the MySQL or MariaDB backends.  This argument is
+silently ignored by MySQL / MariaDB, but in addition has the effect of ON UPDATE and ON
+DELETE options also being ignored by the backend.   Therefore MATCH should
+never be used with the MySQL / MariaDB backends; as is the case with DEFERRABLE and
+INITIALLY, custom compilation rules can be used to correct a
+ForeignKeyConstraint at DDL definition time.
+
+Reflection of Foreign Key Constraints
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Not all MySQL / MariaDB storage engines support foreign keys.  When using the
+very common ``MyISAM`` MySQL storage engine, the information loaded by table
+reflection will not include foreign keys.  For these tables, you may supply a
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.ForeignKeyConstraint` at reflection time::
+
+  Table(
+      "mytable",
+      metadata,
+      ForeignKeyConstraint(["other_id"], ["othertable.other_id"]),
+      autoload_with=engine,
+  )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`mysql_storage_engines`
+
+.. _mysql_unique_constraints:
+
+MySQL / MariaDB Unique Constraints and Reflection
+----------------------------------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy supports both the :class:`.Index` construct with the
+flag ``unique=True``, indicating a UNIQUE index, as well as the
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint` construct, representing a UNIQUE constraint.
+Both objects/syntaxes are supported by MySQL / MariaDB when emitting DDL to create
+these constraints.  However, MySQL / MariaDB does not have a unique constraint
+construct that is separate from a unique index; that is, the "UNIQUE"
+constraint on MySQL / MariaDB is equivalent to creating a "UNIQUE INDEX".
+
+When reflecting these constructs, the
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`
+and the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+methods will **both**
+return an entry for a UNIQUE index in MySQL / MariaDB.  However, when performing
+full table reflection using ``Table(..., autoload_with=engine)``,
+the :class:`.UniqueConstraint` construct is
+**not** part of the fully reflected :class:`_schema.Table` construct under any
+circumstances; this construct is always represented by a :class:`.Index`
+with the ``unique=True`` setting present in the :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+collection.
+
+
+TIMESTAMP / DATETIME issues
+---------------------------
+
+.. _mysql_timestamp_onupdate:
+
+Rendering ON UPDATE CURRENT TIMESTAMP for MySQL / MariaDB's explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL / MariaDB have historically expanded the DDL for the :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP`
+datatype into the phrase "TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE
+CURRENT_TIMESTAMP", which includes non-standard SQL that automatically updates
+the column with the current timestamp when an UPDATE occurs, eliminating the
+usual need to use a trigger in such a case where server-side update changes are
+desired.
+
+MySQL 5.6 introduced a new flag `explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
+<https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-system-variables.html
+#sysvar_explicit_defaults_for_timestamp>`_ which disables the above behavior,
+and in MySQL 8 this flag defaults to true, meaning in order to get a MySQL
+"on update timestamp" without changing this flag, the above DDL must be
+rendered explicitly.   Additionally, the same DDL is valid for use of the
+``DATETIME`` datatype as well.
+
+SQLAlchemy's MySQL dialect does not yet have an option to generate
+MySQL's "ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" clause, noting that this is not a general
+purpose "ON UPDATE" as there is no such syntax in standard SQL.  SQLAlchemy's
+:paramref:`_schema.Column.server_onupdate` parameter is currently not related
+to this special MySQL behavior.
+
+To generate this DDL, make use of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`
+parameter and pass a textual clause that also includes the ON UPDATE clause::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, Column, Integer, String, TIMESTAMP
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    mytable = Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("data", String(50)),
+        Column(
+            "last_updated",
+            TIMESTAMP,
+            server_default=text(
+                "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+
+The same instructions apply to use of the :class:`_types.DateTime` and
+:class:`_types.DATETIME` datatypes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import DateTime
+
+    mytable = Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("data", String(50)),
+        Column(
+            "last_updated",
+            DateTime,
+            server_default=text(
+                "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+
+Even though the :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_onupdate` feature does not
+generate this DDL, it still may be desirable to signal to the ORM that this
+updated value should be fetched.  This syntax looks like the following::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import FetchedValue
+
+
+    class MyClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "mytable"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(String(50))
+        last_updated = Column(
+            TIMESTAMP,
+            server_default=text(
+                "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+            ),
+            server_onupdate=FetchedValue(),
+        )
+
+.. _mysql_timestamp_null:
+
+TIMESTAMP Columns and NULL
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+MySQL historically enforces that a column which specifies the
+TIMESTAMP datatype implicitly includes a default value of
+CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, even though this is not stated, and additionally
+sets the column as NOT NULL, the opposite behavior vs. that of all
+other datatypes:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    mysql> CREATE TABLE ts_test (
+        -> a INTEGER,
+        -> b INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        -> c TIMESTAMP,
+        -> d TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+        -> e TIMESTAMP NULL);
+    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
+
+    mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE ts_test;
+    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
+    | Table   | Create Table
+    +---------+-----------------------------------------------------
+    | ts_test | CREATE TABLE `ts_test` (
+      `a` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
+      `b` int(11) NOT NULL,
+      `c` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+      `d` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+      `e` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL
+    ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1
+
+Above, we see that an INTEGER column defaults to NULL, unless it is specified
+with NOT NULL.   But when the column is of type TIMESTAMP, an implicit
+default of CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is generated which also coerces the column
+to be a NOT NULL, even though we did not specify it as such.
+
+This behavior of MySQL can be changed on the MySQL side using the
+`explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
+<https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/server-system-variables.html
+#sysvar_explicit_defaults_for_timestamp>`_ configuration flag introduced in
+MySQL 5.6.  With this server setting enabled, TIMESTAMP columns behave like
+any other datatype on the MySQL side with regards to defaults and nullability.
+
+However, to accommodate the vast majority of MySQL databases that do not
+specify this new flag, SQLAlchemy emits the "NULL" specifier explicitly with
+any TIMESTAMP column that does not specify ``nullable=False``.   In order to
+accommodate newer databases that specify ``explicit_defaults_for_timestamp``,
+SQLAlchemy also emits NOT NULL for TIMESTAMP columns that do specify
+``nullable=False``.   The following example illustrates::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Integer, Table, Column, text
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import TIMESTAMP
+
+    m = MetaData()
+    t = Table(
+        "ts_test",
+        m,
+        Column("a", Integer),
+        Column("b", Integer, nullable=False),
+        Column("c", TIMESTAMP),
+        Column("d", TIMESTAMP, nullable=False),
+    )
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    e = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo=True)
+    m.create_all(e)
+
+output:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE ts_test (
+        a INTEGER,
+        b INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        c TIMESTAMP NULL,
+        d TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
+    )
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from array import array as _array
+from collections import defaultdict
+from itertools import compress
+import re
+from typing import cast
+
+from . import reflection as _reflection
+from .enumerated import ENUM
+from .enumerated import SET
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from .reserved_words import RESERVED_WORDS_MARIADB
+from .reserved_words import RESERVED_WORDS_MYSQL
+from .types import _FloatType
+from .types import _IntegerType
+from .types import _MatchType
+from .types import _NumericType
+from .types import _StringType
+from .types import BIGINT
+from .types import BIT
+from .types import CHAR
+from .types import DATETIME
+from .types import DECIMAL
+from .types import DOUBLE
+from .types import FLOAT
+from .types import INTEGER
+from .types import LONGBLOB
+from .types import LONGTEXT
+from .types import MEDIUMBLOB
+from .types import MEDIUMINT
+from .types import MEDIUMTEXT
+from .types import NCHAR
+from .types import NUMERIC
+from .types import NVARCHAR
+from .types import REAL
+from .types import SMALLINT
+from .types import TEXT
+from .types import TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from .types import TINYBLOB
+from .types import TINYINT
+from .types import TINYTEXT
+from .types import VARCHAR
+from .types import YEAR
+from ... import exc
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import log
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import functions
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql import visitors
+from ...sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ...sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+from ...sql.schema import SchemaConst
+from ...types import BINARY
+from ...types import BLOB
+from ...types import BOOLEAN
+from ...types import DATE
+from ...types import UUID
+from ...types import VARBINARY
+from ...util import topological
+
+
+SET_RE = re.compile(
+    r"\s*SET\s+(?:(?:GLOBAL|SESSION)\s+)?\w", re.I | re.UNICODE
+)
+
+# old names
+MSTime = TIME
+MSSet = SET
+MSEnum = ENUM
+MSLongBlob = LONGBLOB
+MSMediumBlob = MEDIUMBLOB
+MSTinyBlob = TINYBLOB
+MSBlob = BLOB
+MSBinary = BINARY
+MSVarBinary = VARBINARY
+MSNChar = NCHAR
+MSNVarChar = NVARCHAR
+MSChar = CHAR
+MSString = VARCHAR
+MSLongText = LONGTEXT
+MSMediumText = MEDIUMTEXT
+MSTinyText = TINYTEXT
+MSText = TEXT
+MSYear = YEAR
+MSTimeStamp = TIMESTAMP
+MSBit = BIT
+MSSmallInteger = SMALLINT
+MSTinyInteger = TINYINT
+MSMediumInteger = MEDIUMINT
+MSBigInteger = BIGINT
+MSNumeric = NUMERIC
+MSDecimal = DECIMAL
+MSDouble = DOUBLE
+MSReal = REAL
+MSFloat = FLOAT
+MSInteger = INTEGER
+
+colspecs = {
+    _IntegerType: _IntegerType,
+    _NumericType: _NumericType,
+    _FloatType: _FloatType,
+    sqltypes.Numeric: NUMERIC,
+    sqltypes.Float: FLOAT,
+    sqltypes.Double: DOUBLE,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+    sqltypes.MatchType: _MatchType,
+    sqltypes.JSON: JSON,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: JSONIndexType,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: JSONPathType,
+}
+
+# Everything 3.23 through 5.1 excepting OpenGIS types.
+ischema_names = {
+    "bigint": BIGINT,
+    "binary": BINARY,
+    "bit": BIT,
+    "blob": BLOB,
+    "boolean": BOOLEAN,
+    "char": CHAR,
+    "date": DATE,
+    "datetime": DATETIME,
+    "decimal": DECIMAL,
+    "double": DOUBLE,
+    "enum": ENUM,
+    "fixed": DECIMAL,
+    "float": FLOAT,
+    "int": INTEGER,
+    "integer": INTEGER,
+    "json": JSON,
+    "longblob": LONGBLOB,
+    "longtext": LONGTEXT,
+    "mediumblob": MEDIUMBLOB,
+    "mediumint": MEDIUMINT,
+    "mediumtext": MEDIUMTEXT,
+    "nchar": NCHAR,
+    "nvarchar": NVARCHAR,
+    "numeric": NUMERIC,
+    "set": SET,
+    "smallint": SMALLINT,
+    "text": TEXT,
+    "time": TIME,
+    "timestamp": TIMESTAMP,
+    "tinyblob": TINYBLOB,
+    "tinyint": TINYINT,
+    "tinytext": TINYTEXT,
+    "uuid": UUID,
+    "varbinary": VARBINARY,
+    "varchar": VARCHAR,
+    "year": YEAR,
+}
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if (
+            self.isdelete
+            and cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled).effective_returning
+            and not self.cursor.description
+        ):
+            # All MySQL/mariadb drivers appear to not include
+            # cursor.description for DELETE..RETURNING with no rows if the
+            # WHERE criteria is a straight "false" condition such as our EMPTY
+            # IN condition. manufacture an empty result in this case (issue
+            # #10505)
+            #
+            # taken from cx_Oracle implementation
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = (
+                _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    [
+                        (entry.keyname, None)
+                        for entry in cast(
+                            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+                        )._result_columns
+                    ],
+                    [],
+                )
+            )
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        if self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors:
+            return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(self.dialect._sscursor)
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            (
+                "select nextval(%s)"
+                % self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            ),
+            type_,
+        )
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from = True
+    """Overridden from base SQLCompiler value"""
+
+    extract_map = compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map.copy()
+    extract_map.update({"milliseconds": "millisecond"})
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a ``SELECT`` statement has no froms,
+        and no ``FROM`` clause is to be appended.
+
+        """
+        if self.stack:
+            stmt = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+            if stmt._where_criteria:
+                return " FROM DUAL"
+
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_random_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "rand%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_rollup_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        clause = ", ".join(
+            elem._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for elem in fn.clauses
+        )
+        return f"{clause} WITH ROLLUP"
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        expr, delimeter = (
+            elem._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for elem in fn.clauses
+        )
+        return f"group_concat({expr} SEPARATOR {delimeter})"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return "nextval(%s)" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def visit_sysdate_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "SYSDATE()"
+
+    def _render_json_extract_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        # note we are intentionally calling upon the process() calls in the
+        # order in which they appear in the SQL String as this is used
+        # by positional parameter rendering
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            return "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        # for non-JSON, MySQL doesn't handle JSON null at all so it has to
+        # be explicit
+        case_expression = "CASE JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s) WHEN 'null' THEN NULL" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Integer:
+            type_expression = (
+                "ELSE CAST(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s) AS SIGNED INTEGER)"
+                % (
+                    self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                    self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                )
+            )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Numeric:
+            if (
+                binary.type.scale is not None
+                and binary.type.precision is not None
+            ):
+                # using DECIMAL here because MySQL does not recognize NUMERIC
+                type_expression = (
+                    "ELSE CAST(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s) AS DECIMAL(%s, %s))"
+                    % (
+                        self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                        self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                        binary.type.precision,
+                        binary.type.scale,
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                # FLOAT / REAL not added in MySQL til 8.0.17
+                type_expression = (
+                    "ELSE JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)+0.0000000000000000000000"
+                    % (
+                        self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                        self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                    )
+                )
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Boolean:
+            # the NULL handling is particularly weird with boolean, so
+            # explicitly return true/false constants
+            type_expression = "WHEN true THEN true ELSE false"
+        elif binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.String:
+            # (gord): this fails with a JSON value that's a four byte unicode
+            # string.  SQLite has the same problem at the moment
+            # (zzzeek): I'm not really sure.  let's take a look at a test case
+            # that hits each backend and maybe make a requires rule for it?
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s))" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        else:
+            # other affinity....this is not expected right now
+            type_expression = "ELSE JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+
+        return case_expression + " " + type_expression + " END"
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._render_json_extract_from_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_on_duplicate_key_update(self, on_duplicate, **kw):
+        statement = self.current_executable
+
+        if on_duplicate._parameter_ordering:
+            parameter_ordering = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, key)
+                for key in on_duplicate._parameter_ordering
+            ]
+            ordered_keys = set(parameter_ordering)
+            cols = [
+                statement.table.c[key]
+                for key in parameter_ordering
+                if key in statement.table.c
+            ] + [c for c in statement.table.c if c.key not in ordered_keys]
+        else:
+            cols = statement.table.c
+
+        clauses = []
+
+        requires_mysql8_alias = statement.select is None and (
+            self.dialect._requires_alias_for_on_duplicate_key
+        )
+
+        if requires_mysql8_alias:
+            if statement.table.name.lower() == "new":
+                _on_dup_alias_name = "new_1"
+            else:
+                _on_dup_alias_name = "new"
+
+        on_duplicate_update = {
+            coercions.expect_as_key(roles.DMLColumnRole, key): value
+            for key, value in on_duplicate.update.items()
+        }
+
+        # traverses through all table columns to preserve table column order
+        for column in (col for col in cols if col.key in on_duplicate_update):
+            val = on_duplicate_update[column.key]
+
+            # TODO: this coercion should be up front.  we can't cache
+            # SQL constructs with non-bound literals buried in them
+            if coercions._is_literal(val):
+                val = elements.BindParameter(None, val, type_=column.type)
+                value_text = self.process(val.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+            else:
+
+                def replace(obj):
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(obj, elements.BindParameter)
+                        and obj.type._isnull
+                    ):
+                        obj = obj._clone()
+                        obj.type = column.type
+                        return obj
+                    elif (
+                        isinstance(obj, elements.ColumnClause)
+                        and obj.table is on_duplicate.inserted_alias
+                    ):
+                        if requires_mysql8_alias:
+                            column_literal_clause = (
+                                f"{_on_dup_alias_name}."
+                                f"{self.preparer.quote(obj.name)}"
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            column_literal_clause = (
+                                f"VALUES({self.preparer.quote(obj.name)})"
+                            )
+                        return literal_column(column_literal_clause)
+                    else:
+                        # element is not replaced
+                        return None
+
+                val = visitors.replacement_traverse(val, {}, replace)
+                value_text = self.process(val.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+
+            name_text = self.preparer.quote(column.name)
+            clauses.append("%s = %s" % (name_text, value_text))
+
+        non_matching = set(on_duplicate_update) - {c.key for c in cols}
+        if non_matching:
+            util.warn(
+                "Additional column names not matching "
+                "any column keys in table '%s': %s"
+                % (
+                    self.statement.table.name,
+                    (", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in non_matching)),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if requires_mysql8_alias:
+            return (
+                f"AS {_on_dup_alias_name} "
+                f"ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE {', '.join(clauses)}"
+            )
+        else:
+            return f"ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE {', '.join(clauses)}"
+
+    def visit_concat_op_expression_clauselist(
+        self, clauselist, operator, **kw
+    ):
+        return "concat(%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(self.process(elem, **kw) for elem in clauselist.clauses)
+        )
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "concat(%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    _match_valid_flag_combinations = frozenset(
+        (
+            # (boolean_mode, natural_language, query_expansion)
+            (False, False, False),
+            (True, False, False),
+            (False, True, False),
+            (False, False, True),
+            (False, True, True),
+        )
+    )
+
+    _match_flag_expressions = (
+        "IN BOOLEAN MODE",
+        "IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE",
+        "WITH QUERY EXPANSION",
+    )
+
+    def visit_mysql_match(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_match_op_binary(element, element.operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        """
+        Note that `mysql_boolean_mode` is enabled by default because of
+        backward compatibility
+        """
+
+        modifiers = binary.modifiers
+
+        boolean_mode = modifiers.get("mysql_boolean_mode", True)
+        natural_language = modifiers.get("mysql_natural_language", False)
+        query_expansion = modifiers.get("mysql_query_expansion", False)
+
+        flag_combination = (boolean_mode, natural_language, query_expansion)
+
+        if flag_combination not in self._match_valid_flag_combinations:
+            flags = (
+                "in_boolean_mode=%s" % boolean_mode,
+                "in_natural_language_mode=%s" % natural_language,
+                "with_query_expansion=%s" % query_expansion,
+            )
+
+            flags = ", ".join(flags)
+
+            raise exc.CompileError("Invalid MySQL match flags: %s" % flags)
+
+        match_clause = binary.left
+        match_clause = self.process(match_clause, **kw)
+        against_clause = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+
+        if any(flag_combination):
+            flag_expressions = compress(
+                self._match_flag_expressions,
+                flag_combination,
+            )
+
+            against_clause = [against_clause]
+            against_clause.extend(flag_expressions)
+
+            against_clause = " ".join(against_clause)
+
+        return "MATCH (%s) AGAINST (%s)" % (match_clause, against_clause)
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return text
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, type_=None, **kw):
+        if type_ is None:
+            type_ = typeclause.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.TypeDecorator):
+            return self.visit_typeclause(typeclause, type_.impl, **kw)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.Integer):
+            if getattr(type_, "unsigned", False):
+                return "UNSIGNED INTEGER"
+            else:
+                return "SIGNED INTEGER"
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+            return "DATETIME"
+        elif isinstance(
+            type_,
+            (
+                sqltypes.DECIMAL,
+                sqltypes.DateTime,
+                sqltypes.Date,
+                sqltypes.Time,
+            ),
+        ):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(type_)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.String) and not isinstance(
+            type_, (ENUM, SET)
+        ):
+            adapted = CHAR._adapt_string_for_cast(type_)
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(adapted)
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes._Binary):
+            return "BINARY"
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.JSON):
+            return "JSON"
+        elif isinstance(type_, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(type_).replace(
+                "NUMERIC", "DECIMAL"
+            )
+        elif (
+            isinstance(type_, sqltypes.Float)
+            and self.dialect._support_float_cast
+        ):
+            return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(type_)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kw):
+        type_ = self.process(cast.typeclause)
+        if type_ is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Datatype %s does not support CAST on MySQL/MariaDb; "
+                "the CAST will be skipped."
+                % self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                    cast.typeclause.type
+                )
+            )
+            return self.process(cast.clause.self_group(), **kw)
+
+        return "CAST(%s AS %s)" % (self.process(cast.clause, **kw), type_)
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super().render_literal_value(value, type_)
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+        return value
+
+    # override native_boolean=False behavior here, as
+    # MySQL still supports native boolean
+    def visit_true(self, element, **kw):
+        return "true"
+
+    def visit_false(self, element, **kw):
+        return "false"
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        """Add special MySQL keywords in place of DISTINCT.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  This usage is deprecated.
+           :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` should be used for special
+           keywords at the start of a SELECT.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(select._distinct, str):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Sending string values for 'distinct' is deprecated in the "
+                "MySQL dialect and will be removed in a future release.  "
+                "Please use :meth:`.Select.prefix_with` for special keywords "
+                "at the start of a SELECT statement",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            return select._distinct.upper() + " "
+
+        return super().get_select_precolumns(select, **kw)
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, from_linter=None, **kwargs):
+        if from_linter:
+            from_linter.edges.add((join.left, join.right))
+
+        if join.full:
+            join_type = " FULL OUTER JOIN "
+        elif join.isouter:
+            join_type = " LEFT OUTER JOIN "
+        else:
+            join_type = " INNER JOIN "
+
+        return "".join(
+            (
+                self.process(
+                    join.left, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+                ),
+                join_type,
+                self.process(
+                    join.right, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+                ),
+                " ON ",
+                self.process(join.onclause, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            tmp = " LOCK IN SHARE MODE"
+        else:
+            tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of and self.dialect.supports_for_update_of:
+            tables = util.OrderedSet()
+            for c in select._for_update_arg.of:
+                tables.update(sql_util.surface_selectables_only(c))
+
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(table, ashint=True, use_schema=False, **kw)
+                for table in tables
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.skip_locked:
+            tmp += " SKIP LOCKED"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # MySQL supports:
+        #   LIMIT <limit>
+        #   LIMIT <offset>, <limit>
+        # and in server versions > 3.3:
+        #   LIMIT <limit> OFFSET <offset>
+        # The latter is more readable for offsets but we're stuck with the
+        # former until we can refine dialects by server revision.
+
+        limit_clause, offset_clause = (
+            select._limit_clause,
+            select._offset_clause,
+        )
+
+        if limit_clause is None and offset_clause is None:
+            return ""
+        elif offset_clause is not None:
+            # As suggested by the MySQL docs, need to apply an
+            # artificial limit if one wasn't provided
+            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/select.html
+            if limit_clause is None:
+                # TODO: remove ??
+                # hardwire the upper limit.  Currently
+                # needed consistent with the usage of the upper
+                # bound as part of MySQL's "syntax" for OFFSET with
+                # no LIMIT.
+                return " \n LIMIT %s, %s" % (
+                    self.process(offset_clause, **kw),
+                    "18446744073709551615",
+                )
+            else:
+                return " \n LIMIT %s, %s" % (
+                    self.process(offset_clause, **kw),
+                    self.process(limit_clause, **kw),
+                )
+        else:
+            # No offset provided, so just use the limit
+            return " \n LIMIT %s" % (self.process(limit_clause, **kw),)
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        limit = update_stmt.kwargs.get("%s_limit" % self.dialect.name, None)
+        if limit is not None:
+            return f"LIMIT {int(limit)}"
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def delete_limit_clause(self, delete_stmt):
+        limit = delete_stmt.kwargs.get("%s_limit" % self.dialect.name, None)
+        if limit is not None:
+            return f"LIMIT {int(limit)}"
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + list(extra_froms)
+        )
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        return None
+
+    def delete_table_clause(self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        """If we have extra froms make sure we render any alias as hint."""
+        ashint = False
+        if extra_froms:
+            ashint = True
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True, ashint=ashint, **kw
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the DELETE .. USING clause specific to MySQL."""
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "USING " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in [from_table] + extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        return (
+            "SELECT %(outer)s FROM (SELECT %(inner)s) "
+            "as _empty_set WHERE 1!=1"
+            % {
+                "inner": ", ".join(
+                    "1 AS _in_%s" % idx
+                    for idx, type_ in enumerate(element_types)
+                ),
+                "outer": ", ".join(
+                    "_in_%s" % idx for idx, type_ in enumerate(element_types)
+                ),
+            }
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT (%s <=> %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s <=> %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def _mariadb_regexp_flags(self, flags, pattern, **kw):
+        return "CONCAT('(?', %s, ')', %s)" % (
+            self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            self.process(pattern, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def _regexp_match(self, op_string, binary, operator, **kw):
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, op_string, **kw)
+        elif self.dialect.is_mariadb:
+            return "%s%s%s" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                op_string,
+                self._mariadb_regexp_flags(flags, binary.right),
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "REGEXP_LIKE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+            if op_string == " NOT REGEXP ":
+                return "NOT %s" % text
+            else:
+                return text
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match(" REGEXP ", binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match(" NOT REGEXP ", binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+            )
+        elif self.dialect.is_mariadb:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self._mariadb_regexp_flags(flags, binary.right.clauses[0]),
+                self.process(binary.right.clauses[1], **kw),
+            )
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+
+class MySQLDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kw):
+        """Builds column DDL."""
+        if (
+            self.dialect.is_mariadb is True
+            and column.computed is not None
+            and column._user_defined_nullable is SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+        ):
+            column.nullable = True
+        colspec = [
+            self.preparer.format_column(column),
+            self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec.append(self.process(column.computed))
+
+        is_timestamp = isinstance(
+            column.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect),
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP,
+        )
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec.append("NOT NULL")
+
+        # see: https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/dialects/mysql.html#mysql_timestamp_null  # noqa
+        elif column.nullable and is_timestamp:
+            colspec.append("NULL")
+
+        comment = column.comment
+        if comment is not None:
+            literal = self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                comment, sqltypes.String()
+            )
+            colspec.append("COMMENT " + literal)
+
+        if (
+            column.table is not None
+            and column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            and (
+                column.server_default is None
+                or isinstance(column.server_default, sa_schema.Identity)
+            )
+            and not (
+                self.dialect.supports_sequences
+                and isinstance(column.default, sa_schema.Sequence)
+                and not column.default.optional
+            )
+        ):
+            colspec.append("AUTO_INCREMENT")
+        else:
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+
+            if default is not None:
+                if (
+                    self.dialect._support_default_function
+                    and not re.match(r"^\s*[\'\"\(]", default)
+                    and "ON UPDATE" not in default
+                    and re.match(r".*\W.*", default)
+                ):
+                    colspec.append(f"DEFAULT ({default})")
+                else:
+                    colspec.append("DEFAULT " + default)
+        return " ".join(colspec)
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        """Build table-level CREATE options like ENGINE and COLLATE."""
+
+        table_opts = []
+
+        opts = {
+            k[len(self.dialect.name) + 1 :].upper(): v
+            for k, v in table.kwargs.items()
+            if k.startswith("%s_" % self.dialect.name)
+        }
+
+        if table.comment is not None:
+            opts["COMMENT"] = table.comment
+
+        partition_options = [
+            "PARTITION_BY",
+            "PARTITIONS",
+            "SUBPARTITIONS",
+            "SUBPARTITION_BY",
+        ]
+
+        nonpart_options = set(opts).difference(partition_options)
+        part_options = set(opts).intersection(partition_options)
+
+        for opt in topological.sort(
+            [
+                ("DEFAULT_CHARSET", "COLLATE"),
+                ("DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET", "COLLATE"),
+                ("CHARSET", "COLLATE"),
+                ("CHARACTER_SET", "COLLATE"),
+            ],
+            nonpart_options,
+        ):
+            arg = opts[opt]
+            if opt in _reflection._options_of_type_string:
+                arg = self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    arg, sqltypes.String()
+                )
+
+            if opt in (
+                "DATA_DIRECTORY",
+                "INDEX_DIRECTORY",
+                "DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET",
+                "CHARACTER_SET",
+                "DEFAULT_CHARSET",
+                "DEFAULT_COLLATE",
+            ):
+                opt = opt.replace("_", " ")
+
+            joiner = "="
+            if opt in (
+                "TABLESPACE",
+                "DEFAULT CHARACTER SET",
+                "CHARACTER SET",
+                "COLLATE",
+            ):
+                joiner = " "
+
+            table_opts.append(joiner.join((opt, arg)))
+
+        for opt in topological.sort(
+            [
+                ("PARTITION_BY", "PARTITIONS"),
+                ("PARTITION_BY", "SUBPARTITION_BY"),
+                ("PARTITION_BY", "SUBPARTITIONS"),
+                ("PARTITIONS", "SUBPARTITIONS"),
+                ("PARTITIONS", "SUBPARTITION_BY"),
+                ("SUBPARTITION_BY", "SUBPARTITIONS"),
+            ],
+            part_options,
+        ):
+            arg = opts[opt]
+            if opt in _reflection._options_of_type_string:
+                arg = self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                    arg, sqltypes.String()
+                )
+
+            opt = opt.replace("_", " ")
+            joiner = " "
+
+            table_opts.append(joiner.join((opt, arg)))
+
+        return " ".join(table_opts)
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        table = preparer.format_table(index.table)
+
+        columns = [
+            self.sql_compiler.process(
+                (
+                    elements.Grouping(expr)
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(expr, elements.BinaryExpression)
+                        or (
+                            isinstance(expr, elements.UnaryExpression)
+                            and expr.modifier
+                            not in (operators.desc_op, operators.asc_op)
+                        )
+                        or isinstance(expr, functions.FunctionElement)
+                    )
+                    else expr
+                ),
+                include_table=False,
+                literal_binds=True,
+            )
+            for expr in index.expressions
+        ]
+
+        name = self._prepared_index_name(index)
+
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        index_prefix = index.kwargs.get("%s_prefix" % self.dialect.name, None)
+        if index_prefix:
+            text += index_prefix + " "
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+        text += "%s ON %s " % (name, table)
+
+        length = index.dialect_options[self.dialect.name]["length"]
+        if length is not None:
+            if isinstance(length, dict):
+                # length value can be a (column_name --> integer value)
+                # mapping specifying the prefix length for each column of the
+                # index
+                columns = ", ".join(
+                    (
+                        "%s(%d)" % (expr, length[col.name])
+                        if col.name in length
+                        else (
+                            "%s(%d)" % (expr, length[expr])
+                            if expr in length
+                            else "%s" % expr
+                        )
+                    )
+                    for col, expr in zip(index.expressions, columns)
+                )
+            else:
+                # or can be an integer value specifying the same
+                # prefix length for all columns of the index
+                columns = ", ".join(
+                    "%s(%d)" % (col, length) for col in columns
+                )
+        else:
+            columns = ", ".join(columns)
+        text += "(%s)" % columns
+
+        parser = index.dialect_options["mysql"]["with_parser"]
+        if parser is not None:
+            text += " WITH PARSER %s" % (parser,)
+
+        using = index.dialect_options["mysql"]["using"]
+        if using is not None:
+            text += " USING %s" % (preparer.quote(using))
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_primary_key_constraint(constraint)
+        using = constraint.dialect_options["mysql"]["using"]
+        if using:
+            text += " USING %s" % (self.preparer.quote(using))
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        index = drop.element
+        text = "\nDROP INDEX "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+
+        return text + "%s ON %s" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=False),
+            self.preparer.format_table(index.table),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop, **kw):
+        constraint = drop.element
+        if isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "FOREIGN KEY "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint):
+            qual = "PRIMARY KEY "
+            const = ""
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.UniqueConstraint):
+            qual = "INDEX "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        elif isinstance(constraint, sa_schema.CheckConstraint):
+            if self.dialect.is_mariadb:
+                qual = "CONSTRAINT "
+            else:
+                qual = "CHECK "
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            qual = ""
+            const = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP %s%s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(constraint.table),
+            qual,
+            const,
+        )
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "MySQL ignores the 'MATCH' keyword while at the same time "
+                "causes ON UPDATE/ON DELETE clauses to be ignored."
+            )
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_set_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s COMMENT %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s COMMENT ''" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element)
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_column_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s CHANGE %s %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.preparer.format_column(create.element),
+            self.get_column_specification(create.element),
+        )
+
+
+class MySQLTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def _extend_numeric(self, type_, spec):
+        "Extend a numeric-type declaration with MySQL specific extensions."
+
+        if not self._mysql_type(type_):
+            return spec
+
+        if type_.unsigned:
+            spec += " UNSIGNED"
+        if type_.zerofill:
+            spec += " ZEROFILL"
+        return spec
+
+    def _extend_string(self, type_, defaults, spec):
+        """Extend a string-type declaration with standard SQL CHARACTER SET /
+        COLLATE annotations and MySQL specific extensions.
+
+        """
+
+        def attr(name):
+            return getattr(type_, name, defaults.get(name))
+
+        if attr("charset"):
+            charset = "CHARACTER SET %s" % attr("charset")
+        elif attr("ascii"):
+            charset = "ASCII"
+        elif attr("unicode"):
+            charset = "UNICODE"
+        else:
+            charset = None
+
+        if attr("collation"):
+            collation = "COLLATE %s" % type_.collation
+        elif attr("binary"):
+            collation = "BINARY"
+        else:
+            collation = None
+
+        if attr("national"):
+            # NATIONAL (aka NCHAR/NVARCHAR) trumps charsets.
+            return " ".join(
+                [c for c in ("NATIONAL", spec, collation) if c is not None]
+            )
+        return " ".join(
+            [c for c in (spec, charset, collation) if c is not None]
+        )
+
+    def _mysql_type(self, type_):
+        return isinstance(type_, (_StringType, _NumericType))
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "NUMERIC")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "DECIMAL")
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "DOUBLE(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "DOUBLE")
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.precision is not None and type_.scale is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "REAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+                % {"precision": type_.precision, "scale": type_.scale},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "REAL")
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            self._mysql_type(type_)
+            and type_.scale is not None
+            and type_.precision is not None
+        ):
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "FLOAT(%s, %s)" % (type_.precision, type_.scale)
+            )
+        elif type_.precision is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "FLOAT(%s)" % (type_.precision,)
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "FLOAT")
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "INTEGER(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "INTEGER")
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "BIGINT(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "BIGINT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "MEDIUMINT(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "MEDIUMINT")
+
+    def visit_TINYINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_, "TINYINT(%s)" % type_.display_width
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "TINYINT")
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self._mysql_type(type_) and type_.display_width is not None:
+            return self._extend_numeric(
+                type_,
+                "SMALLINT(%(display_width)s)"
+                % {"display_width": type_.display_width},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_numeric(type_, "SMALLINT")
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return "BIT(%s)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BIT"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "fsp", None):
+            return "DATETIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "fsp", None):
+            return "TIME(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "fsp", None):
+            return "TIMESTAMP(%d)" % type_.fsp
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_YEAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.display_width is None:
+            return "YEAR"
+        else:
+            return "YEAR(%s)" % type_.display_width
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TEXT")
+
+    def visit_TINYTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "TINYTEXT")
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "MEDIUMTEXT")
+
+    def visit_LONGTEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "LONGTEXT")
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "VARCHAR(%d)" % type_.length)
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "VARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" % self.dialect.name
+            )
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_, {}, "CHAR(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length}
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv. "NATIONAL VARCHAR" instead
+        # of "NVARCHAR".
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_,
+                {"national": True},
+                "VARCHAR(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length},
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "NVARCHAR requires a length on dialect %s" % self.dialect.name
+            )
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        # We'll actually generate the equiv.
+        # "NATIONAL CHAR" instead of "NCHAR".
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return self._extend_string(
+                type_,
+                {"national": True},
+                "CHAR(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length},
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._extend_string(type_, {"national": True}, "CHAR")
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "VARBINARY(%d)" % type_.length
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSON"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.native_enum:
+            return super().visit_enum(type_)
+        else:
+            return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_, type_.enums)
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length is not None:
+            return "BLOB(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_TINYBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TINYBLOB"
+
+    def visit_MEDIUMBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MEDIUMBLOB"
+
+    def visit_LONGBLOB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "LONGBLOB"
+
+    def _visit_enumerated_values(self, name, type_, enumerated_values):
+        quoted_enums = []
+        for e in enumerated_values:
+            if self.dialect.identifier_preparer._double_percents:
+                e = e.replace("%", "%%")
+            quoted_enums.append("'%s'" % e.replace("'", "''"))
+        return self._extend_string(
+            type_, {}, "%s(%s)" % (name, ",".join(quoted_enums))
+        )
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("ENUM", type_, type_.enums)
+
+    def visit_SET(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_enumerated_values("SET", type_, type_.values)
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BOOL"
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS_MYSQL
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, server_ansiquotes=False, **kw):
+        if not server_ansiquotes:
+            quote = "`"
+        else:
+            quote = '"'
+
+        super().__init__(dialect, initial_quote=quote, escape_quote=quote)
+
+    def _quote_free_identifiers(self, *ids):
+        """Unilaterally identifier-quote any number of strings."""
+
+        return tuple([self.quote_identifier(i) for i in ids if i is not None])
+
+
+class MariaDBIdentifierPreparer(MySQLIdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS_MARIADB
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    """Details of the MySQL dialect.
+    Not used directly in application code.
+    """
+
+    name = "mysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_alter = True
+
+    # MySQL has no true "boolean" type; we
+    # allow for the "true" and "false" keywords, however
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+
+    # support for BIT type; mysqlconnector coerces result values automatically,
+    # all other MySQL DBAPIs require a conversion routine
+    supports_native_bit = False
+
+    # identifiers are 64, however aliases can be 255...
+    max_identifier_length = 255
+    max_index_name_length = 64
+    max_constraint_name_length = 64
+
+    div_is_floordiv = False
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    supports_sequences = False  # default for MySQL ...
+    # ... may be updated to True for MariaDB 10.3+ in initialize()
+
+    sequences_optional = False
+
+    supports_for_update_of = False  # default for MySQL ...
+    # ... may be updated to True for MySQL 8+ in initialize()
+
+    _requires_alias_for_on_duplicate_key = False  # Only available ...
+    # ... in MySQL 8+
+
+    # MySQL doesn't support "DEFAULT VALUES" but *does* support
+    # "VALUES (DEFAULT)"
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = True
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+    )
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = True
+
+    supports_comments = True
+    inline_comments = True
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    cte_follows_insert = True
+
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = MySQLDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = MySQLTypeCompiler
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+
+    is_mariadb = False
+    _mariadb_normalized_version_info = None
+
+    # default SQL compilation settings -
+    # these are modified upon initialize(),
+    # i.e. first connect
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+    _server_ansiquotes = False
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (sa_schema.Table, {"*": None}),
+        (sql.Update, {"limit": None}),
+        (sql.Delete, {"limit": None}),
+        (sa_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint, {"using": None}),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Index,
+            {
+                "using": None,
+                "length": None,
+                "prefix": None,
+                "with_parser": None,
+            },
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        is_mariadb=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        kwargs.pop("use_ansiquotes", None)  # legacy
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+        self._set_mariadb(is_mariadb, None)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_conn):
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(f"SET SESSION TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL {level}")
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        if self._is_mysql and self.server_version_info >= (5, 7, 20):
+            cursor.execute("SELECT @@transaction_isolation")
+        else:
+            cursor.execute("SELECT @@tx_isolation")
+        row = cursor.fetchone()
+        if row is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Could not retrieve transaction isolation level for MySQL "
+                "connection."
+            )
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        val = row[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        if isinstance(val, bytes):
+            val = val.decode()
+        return val.upper().replace("-", " ")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _is_mariadb_from_url(cls, url):
+        dbapi = cls.import_dbapi()
+        dialect = cls(dbapi=dbapi)
+
+        cargs, cparams = dialect.create_connect_args(url)
+        conn = dialect.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+        try:
+            cursor = conn.cursor()
+            cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION() LIKE '%MariaDB%'")
+            val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        except:
+            raise
+        else:
+            return bool(val)
+        finally:
+            conn.close()
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # get database server version info explicitly over the wire
+        # to avoid proxy servers like MaxScale getting in the
+        # way with their own values, see #4205
+        dbapi_con = connection.connection
+        cursor = dbapi_con.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT VERSION()")
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        if isinstance(val, bytes):
+            val = val.decode()
+
+        return self._parse_server_version(val)
+
+    def _parse_server_version(self, val):
+        version = []
+        is_mariadb = False
+
+        r = re.compile(r"[.\-+]")
+        tokens = r.split(val)
+        for token in tokens:
+            parsed_token = re.match(
+                r"^(?:(\d+)(?:a|b|c)?|(MariaDB\w*))$", token
+            )
+            if not parsed_token:
+                continue
+            elif parsed_token.group(2):
+                self._mariadb_normalized_version_info = tuple(version[-3:])
+                is_mariadb = True
+            else:
+                digit = int(parsed_token.group(1))
+                version.append(digit)
+
+        server_version_info = tuple(version)
+
+        self._set_mariadb(
+            server_version_info and is_mariadb, server_version_info
+        )
+
+        if not is_mariadb:
+            self._mariadb_normalized_version_info = server_version_info
+
+        if server_version_info < (5, 0, 2):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "the MySQL/MariaDB dialect supports server "
+                "version info 5.0.2 and above."
+            )
+
+        # setting it here to help w the test suite
+        self.server_version_info = server_version_info
+        return server_version_info
+
+    def _set_mariadb(self, is_mariadb, server_version_info):
+        if is_mariadb is None:
+            return
+
+        if not is_mariadb and self.is_mariadb:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "MySQL version %s is not a MariaDB variant."
+                % (".".join(map(str, server_version_info)),)
+            )
+        if is_mariadb:
+
+            if not issubclass(self.preparer, MariaDBIdentifierPreparer):
+                self.preparer = MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+                # this would have been set by the default dialect already,
+                # so set it again
+                self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(self)
+
+            # this will be updated on first connect in initialize()
+            # if using older mariadb version
+            self.delete_returning = True
+            self.insert_returning = True
+
+        self.is_mariadb = is_mariadb
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA BEGIN :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA PREPARE :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            connection.execute(sql.text("XA END :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA ROLLBACK :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        connection.execute(sql.text("XA COMMIT :xid"), dict(xid=xid))
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        resultset = connection.exec_driver_sql("XA RECOVER")
+        return [row["data"][0 : row["gtrid_length"]] for row in resultset]
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(
+            e,
+            (
+                self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+                self.dbapi.ProgrammingError,
+                self.dbapi.InterfaceError,
+            ),
+        ) and self._extract_error_code(e) in (
+            1927,
+            2006,
+            2013,
+            2014,
+            2045,
+            2055,
+            4031,
+        ):
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(
+            e, (self.dbapi.InterfaceError, self.dbapi.InternalError)
+        ):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return "(0, '')" in str(e)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy result rows to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        return [_DecodingRow(row, charset) for row in rp.fetchall()]
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        row = rp.fetchone()
+        if row:
+            return _DecodingRow(row, charset)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _compat_first(self, rp, charset=None):
+        """Proxy a result row to smooth over MySQL-Python driver
+        inconsistencies."""
+
+        row = rp.first()
+        if row:
+            return _DecodingRow(row, charset)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT DATABASE()").scalar()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        assert schema is not None
+
+        full_name = ".".join(
+            self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+                schema, table_name
+            )
+        )
+
+        # DESCRIBE *must* be used because there is no information schema
+        # table that returns information on temp tables that is consistently
+        # available on MariaDB / MySQL / engine-agnostic etc.
+        # therefore we have no choice but to use DESCRIBE and an error catch
+        # to detect "False".  See issue #9058
+
+        try:
+            with connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                f"DESCRIBE {full_name}",
+                execution_options={"skip_user_error_events": True},
+            ) as rs:
+                return rs.fetchone() is not None
+        except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+            # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-errors/8.0/en/server-error-reference.html  # noqa: E501
+            # there are a lot of codes that *may* pop up here at some point
+            # but we continue to be fairly conservative.  We include:
+            # 1146: Table '%s.%s' doesn't exist - what every MySQL has emitted
+            # for decades
+            #
+            # mysql 8 suddenly started emitting:
+            # 1049: Unknown database '%s'  - for nonexistent schema
+            #
+            # also added:
+            # 1051: Unknown table '%s' - not known to emit
+            #
+            # there's more "doesn't exist" kinds of messages but they are
+            # less clear if mysql 8 would suddenly start using one of those
+            if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) in (1146, 1049, 1051):
+                return False
+            raise
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_sequences:
+            self._sequences_not_supported()
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        # MariaDB implements sequences as a special type of table
+        #
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES "
+                "WHERE TABLE_TYPE='SEQUENCE' and TABLE_NAME=:name AND "
+                "TABLE_SCHEMA=:schema_name"
+            ),
+            dict(
+                name=str(sequence_name),
+                schema_name=str(schema),
+            ),
+        )
+        return cursor.first() is not None
+
+    def _sequences_not_supported(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Sequences are supported only by the "
+            "MariaDB series 10.3 or greater"
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_sequences:
+            self._sequences_not_supported()
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        # MariaDB implements sequences as a special type of table
+        cursor = connection.execute(
+            sql.text(
+                "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES "
+                "WHERE TABLE_TYPE='SEQUENCE' and TABLE_SCHEMA=:schema_name"
+            ),
+            dict(schema_name=schema),
+        )
+        return [
+            row[0]
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(
+                cursor, charset=self._connection_charset
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        # this is driver-based, does not need server version info
+        # and is fairly critical for even basic SQL operations
+        self._connection_charset = self._detect_charset(connection)
+
+        # call super().initialize() because we need to have
+        # server_version_info set up.  in 1.4 under python 2 only this does the
+        # "check unicode returns" thing, which is the one area that some
+        # SQL gets compiled within initialize() currently
+        default.DefaultDialect.initialize(self, connection)
+
+        self._detect_sql_mode(connection)
+        self._detect_ansiquotes(connection)  # depends on sql mode
+        self._detect_casing(connection)
+        if self._server_ansiquotes:
+            # if ansiquotes == True, build a new IdentifierPreparer
+            # with the new setting
+            self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(
+                self, server_ansiquotes=self._server_ansiquotes
+            )
+
+        self.supports_sequences = (
+            self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (10, 3)
+        )
+
+        self.supports_for_update_of = (
+            self._is_mysql and self.server_version_info >= (8,)
+        )
+
+        self._needs_correct_for_88718_96365 = (
+            not self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (8,)
+        )
+
+        self.delete_returning = (
+            self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (10, 0, 5)
+        )
+
+        self.insert_returning = (
+            self.is_mariadb and self.server_version_info >= (10, 5)
+        )
+
+        self._requires_alias_for_on_duplicate_key = (
+            self._is_mysql and self.server_version_info >= (8, 0, 20)
+        )
+
+        self._warn_for_known_db_issues()
+
+    def _warn_for_known_db_issues(self):
+        if self.is_mariadb:
+            mdb_version = self._mariadb_normalized_version_info
+            if mdb_version > (10, 2) and mdb_version < (10, 2, 9):
+                util.warn(
+                    "MariaDB %r before 10.2.9 has known issues regarding "
+                    "CHECK constraints, which impact handling of NULL values "
+                    "with SQLAlchemy's boolean datatype (MDEV-13596). An "
+                    "additional issue prevents proper migrations of columns "
+                    "with CHECK constraints (MDEV-11114).  Please upgrade to "
+                    "MariaDB 10.2.9 or greater, or use the MariaDB 10.1 "
+                    "series, to avoid these issues." % (mdb_version,)
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def _support_float_cast(self):
+        if not self.server_version_info:
+            return False
+        elif self.is_mariadb:
+            # ref https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-1045-release-notes/
+            return self.server_version_info >= (10, 4, 5)
+        else:
+            # ref https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/8.0/en/news-8-0-17.html#mysqld-8-0-17-feature  # noqa
+            return self.server_version_info >= (8, 0, 17)
+
+    @property
+    def _support_default_function(self):
+        if not self.server_version_info:
+            return False
+        elif self.is_mariadb:
+            # ref https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-1021-release-notes/
+            return self.server_version_info >= (10, 2, 1)
+        else:
+            # ref https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/data-type-defaults.html # noqa
+            return self.server_version_info >= (8, 0, 13)
+
+    @property
+    def _is_mariadb(self):
+        return self.is_mariadb
+
+    @property
+    def _is_mysql(self):
+        return not self.is_mariadb
+
+    @property
+    def _is_mariadb_102(self):
+        return self.is_mariadb and self._mariadb_normalized_version_info > (
+            10,
+            2,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        rp = connection.exec_driver_sql("SHOW schemas")
+        return [r[0] for r in rp]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Return a Unicode SHOW TABLES from a given schema."""
+        if schema is not None:
+            current_schema = schema
+        else:
+            current_schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+
+        rp = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s"
+            % self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(current_schema)
+        )
+
+        return [
+            row[0]
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+            if row[1] == "BASE TABLE"
+        ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        rp = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "SHOW FULL TABLES FROM %s"
+            % self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+        )
+        return [
+            row[0]
+            for row in self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+            if row[1] in ("VIEW", "SYSTEM VIEW")
+        ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        if parsed_state.table_options:
+            return parsed_state.table_options
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.table_options()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        if parsed_state.columns:
+            return parsed_state.columns
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.columns()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        for key in parsed_state.keys:
+            if key["type"] == "PRIMARY":
+                # There can be only one.
+                cols = [s[0] for s in key["columns"]]
+                return {"constrained_columns": cols, "name": None}
+        return ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        default_schema = None
+
+        fkeys = []
+
+        for spec in parsed_state.fk_constraints:
+            ref_name = spec["table"][-1]
+            ref_schema = len(spec["table"]) > 1 and spec["table"][-2] or schema
+
+            if not ref_schema:
+                if default_schema is None:
+                    default_schema = connection.dialect.default_schema_name
+                if schema == default_schema:
+                    ref_schema = schema
+
+            loc_names = spec["local"]
+            ref_names = spec["foreign"]
+
+            con_kw = {}
+            for opt in ("onupdate", "ondelete"):
+                if spec.get(opt, False) not in ("NO ACTION", None):
+                    con_kw[opt] = spec[opt]
+
+            fkey_d = {
+                "name": spec["name"],
+                "constrained_columns": loc_names,
+                "referred_schema": ref_schema,
+                "referred_table": ref_name,
+                "referred_columns": ref_names,
+                "options": con_kw,
+            }
+            fkeys.append(fkey_d)
+
+        if self._needs_correct_for_88718_96365:
+            self._correct_for_mysql_bugs_88718_96365(fkeys, connection)
+
+        return fkeys if fkeys else ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys()
+
+    def _correct_for_mysql_bugs_88718_96365(self, fkeys, connection):
+        # Foreign key is always in lower case (MySQL 8.0)
+        # https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=88718
+        # issue #4344 for SQLAlchemy
+
+        # table name also for MySQL 8.0
+        # https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=96365
+        # issue #4751 for SQLAlchemy
+
+        # for lower_case_table_names=2, information_schema.columns
+        # preserves the original table/schema casing, but SHOW CREATE
+        # TABLE does not.   this problem is not in lower_case_table_names=1,
+        # but use case-insensitive matching for these two modes in any case.
+
+        if self._casing in (1, 2):
+
+            def lower(s):
+                return s.lower()
+
+        else:
+            # if on case sensitive, there can be two tables referenced
+            # with the same name different casing, so we need to use
+            # case-sensitive matching.
+            def lower(s):
+                return s
+
+        default_schema_name = connection.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+        # NOTE: using (table_schema, table_name, lower(column_name)) in (...)
+        # is very slow since mysql does not seem able to properly use indexse.
+        # Unpack the where condition instead.
+        schema_by_table_by_column = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
+        for rec in fkeys:
+            sch = lower(rec["referred_schema"] or default_schema_name)
+            tbl = lower(rec["referred_table"])
+            for col_name in rec["referred_columns"]:
+                schema_by_table_by_column[sch][tbl].append(col_name)
+
+        if schema_by_table_by_column:
+
+            condition = sql.or_(
+                *(
+                    sql.and_(
+                        _info_columns.c.table_schema == schema,
+                        sql.or_(
+                            *(
+                                sql.and_(
+                                    _info_columns.c.table_name == table,
+                                    sql.func.lower(
+                                        _info_columns.c.column_name
+                                    ).in_(columns),
+                                )
+                                for table, columns in tables.items()
+                            )
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    for schema, tables in schema_by_table_by_column.items()
+                )
+            )
+
+            select = sql.select(
+                _info_columns.c.table_schema,
+                _info_columns.c.table_name,
+                _info_columns.c.column_name,
+            ).where(condition)
+
+            correct_for_wrong_fk_case = connection.execute(select)
+
+            # in casing=0, table name and schema name come back in their
+            # exact case.
+            # in casing=1, table name and schema name come back in lower
+            # case.
+            # in casing=2, table name and schema name come back from the
+            # information_schema.columns view in the case
+            # that was used in CREATE DATABASE and CREATE TABLE, but
+            # SHOW CREATE TABLE converts them to *lower case*, therefore
+            # not matching.  So for this case, case-insensitive lookup
+            # is necessary
+            d = defaultdict(dict)
+            for schema, tname, cname in correct_for_wrong_fk_case:
+                d[(lower(schema), lower(tname))]["SCHEMANAME"] = schema
+                d[(lower(schema), lower(tname))]["TABLENAME"] = tname
+                d[(lower(schema), lower(tname))][cname.lower()] = cname
+
+            for fkey in fkeys:
+                rec = d[
+                    (
+                        lower(fkey["referred_schema"] or default_schema_name),
+                        lower(fkey["referred_table"]),
+                    )
+                ]
+
+                fkey["referred_table"] = rec["TABLENAME"]
+                if fkey["referred_schema"] is not None:
+                    fkey["referred_schema"] = rec["SCHEMANAME"]
+
+                fkey["referred_columns"] = [
+                    rec[col.lower()] for col in fkey["referred_columns"]
+                ]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        cks = [
+            {"name": spec["name"], "sqltext": spec["sqltext"]}
+            for spec in parsed_state.ck_constraints
+        ]
+        cks.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        return cks if cks else ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+        comment = parsed_state.table_options.get(f"{self.name}_comment", None)
+        if comment is not None:
+            return {"text": comment}
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.table_comment()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        indexes = []
+
+        for spec in parsed_state.keys:
+            dialect_options = {}
+            unique = False
+            flavor = spec["type"]
+            if flavor == "PRIMARY":
+                continue
+            if flavor == "UNIQUE":
+                unique = True
+            elif flavor in ("FULLTEXT", "SPATIAL"):
+                dialect_options["%s_prefix" % self.name] = flavor
+            elif flavor is None:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.logger.info(
+                    "Converting unknown KEY type %s to a plain KEY", flavor
+                )
+                pass
+
+            if spec["parser"]:
+                dialect_options["%s_with_parser" % (self.name)] = spec[
+                    "parser"
+                ]
+
+            index_d = {}
+
+            index_d["name"] = spec["name"]
+            index_d["column_names"] = [s[0] for s in spec["columns"]]
+            mysql_length = {
+                s[0]: s[1] for s in spec["columns"] if s[1] is not None
+            }
+            if mysql_length:
+                dialect_options["%s_length" % self.name] = mysql_length
+
+            index_d["unique"] = unique
+            if flavor:
+                index_d["type"] = flavor
+
+            if dialect_options:
+                index_d["dialect_options"] = dialect_options
+
+            indexes.append(index_d)
+        indexes.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        return indexes if indexes else ReflectionDefaults.indexes()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        parsed_state = self._parsed_state_or_create(
+            connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        ucs = [
+            {
+                "name": key["name"],
+                "column_names": [col[0] for col in key["columns"]],
+                "duplicates_index": key["name"],
+            }
+            for key in parsed_state.keys
+            if key["type"] == "UNIQUE"
+        ]
+        ucs.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        if ucs:
+            return ucs
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        full_name = ".".join(
+            self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(schema, view_name)
+        )
+        sql = self._show_create_table(
+            connection, None, charset, full_name=full_name
+        )
+        if sql.upper().startswith("CREATE TABLE"):
+            # it's a table, not a view
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+        return sql
+
+    def _parsed_state_or_create(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        return self._setup_parser(
+            connection,
+            table_name,
+            schema,
+            info_cache=kw.get("info_cache", None),
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _tabledef_parser(self):
+        """return the MySQLTableDefinitionParser, generate if needed.
+
+        The deferred creation ensures that the dialect has
+        retrieved server version information first.
+
+        """
+        preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+        return _reflection.MySQLTableDefinitionParser(self, preparer)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _setup_parser(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        parser = self._tabledef_parser
+        full_name = ".".join(
+            self.identifier_preparer._quote_free_identifiers(
+                schema, table_name
+            )
+        )
+        sql = self._show_create_table(
+            connection, None, charset, full_name=full_name
+        )
+        if parser._check_view(sql):
+            # Adapt views to something table-like.
+            columns = self._describe_table(
+                connection, None, charset, full_name=full_name
+            )
+            sql = parser._describe_to_create(table_name, columns)
+        return parser.parse(sql, charset)
+
+    def _fetch_setting(self, connection, setting_name):
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+
+        if self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info < (5, 6):
+            sql = "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%s'" % setting_name
+            fetch_col = 1
+        else:
+            sql = "SELECT @@%s" % setting_name
+            fetch_col = 0
+
+        show_var = connection.exec_driver_sql(sql)
+        row = self._compat_first(show_var, charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row[fetch_col]
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _detect_casing(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out identifier case sensitivity.
+
+        Cached per-connection. This value can not change without a server
+        restart.
+
+        """
+        # https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/identifier-case-sensitivity.html
+
+        setting = self._fetch_setting(connection, "lower_case_table_names")
+        if setting is None:
+            cs = 0
+        else:
+            # 4.0.15 returns OFF or ON according to [ticket:489]
+            # 3.23 doesn't, 4.0.27 doesn't..
+            if setting == "OFF":
+                cs = 0
+            elif setting == "ON":
+                cs = 1
+            else:
+                cs = int(setting)
+        self._casing = cs
+        return cs
+
+    def _detect_collations(self, connection):
+        """Pull the active COLLATIONS list from the server.
+
+        Cached per-connection.
+        """
+
+        collations = {}
+        charset = self._connection_charset
+        rs = connection.exec_driver_sql("SHOW COLLATION")
+        for row in self._compat_fetchall(rs, charset):
+            collations[row[0]] = row[1]
+        return collations
+
+    def _detect_sql_mode(self, connection):
+        setting = self._fetch_setting(connection, "sql_mode")
+
+        if setting is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Could not retrieve SQL_MODE; please ensure the "
+                "MySQL user has permissions to SHOW VARIABLES"
+            )
+            self._sql_mode = ""
+        else:
+            self._sql_mode = setting or ""
+
+    def _detect_ansiquotes(self, connection):
+        """Detect and adjust for the ANSI_QUOTES sql mode."""
+
+        mode = self._sql_mode
+        if not mode:
+            mode = ""
+        elif mode.isdigit():
+            mode_no = int(mode)
+            mode = (mode_no | 4 == mode_no) and "ANSI_QUOTES" or ""
+
+        self._server_ansiquotes = "ANSI_QUOTES" in mode
+
+        # as of MySQL 5.0.1
+        self._backslash_escapes = "NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES" not in mode
+
+    def _show_create_table(
+        self, connection, table, charset=None, full_name=None
+    ):
+        """Run SHOW CREATE TABLE for a ``Table``."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "SHOW CREATE TABLE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp = None
+        try:
+            rp = connection.execution_options(
+                skip_user_error_events=True
+            ).exec_driver_sql(st)
+        except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+            if self._extract_error_code(e.orig) == 1146:
+                raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name) from e
+            else:
+                raise
+        row = self._compat_first(rp, charset=charset)
+        if not row:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name)
+        return row[1].strip()
+
+    def _describe_table(self, connection, table, charset=None, full_name=None):
+        """Run DESCRIBE for a ``Table`` and return processed rows."""
+
+        if full_name is None:
+            full_name = self.identifier_preparer.format_table(table)
+        st = "DESCRIBE %s" % full_name
+
+        rp, rows = None, None
+        try:
+            try:
+                rp = connection.execution_options(
+                    skip_user_error_events=True
+                ).exec_driver_sql(st)
+            except exc.DBAPIError as e:
+                code = self._extract_error_code(e.orig)
+                if code == 1146:
+                    raise exc.NoSuchTableError(full_name) from e
+
+                elif code == 1356:
+                    raise exc.UnreflectableTableError(
+                        "Table or view named %s could not be "
+                        "reflected: %s" % (full_name, e)
+                    ) from e
+
+                else:
+                    raise
+            rows = self._compat_fetchall(rp, charset=charset)
+        finally:
+            if rp:
+                rp.close()
+        return rows
+
+
+class _DecodingRow:
+    """Return unicode-decoded values based on type inspection.
+
+    Smooth over data type issues (esp. with alpha driver versions) and
+    normalize strings as Unicode regardless of user-configured driver
+    encoding settings.
+
+    """
+
+    # Some MySQL-python versions can return some columns as
+    # sets.Set(['value']) (seriously) but thankfully that doesn't
+    # seem to come up in DDL queries.
+
+    _encoding_compat = {
+        "koi8r": "koi8_r",
+        "koi8u": "koi8_u",
+        "utf16": "utf-16-be",  # MySQL's uft16 is always bigendian
+        "utf8mb4": "utf8",  # real utf8
+        "utf8mb3": "utf8",  # real utf8; saw this happen on CI but I cannot
+        # reproduce, possibly mariadb10.6 related
+        "eucjpms": "ujis",
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, rowproxy, charset):
+        self.rowproxy = rowproxy
+        self.charset = self._encoding_compat.get(charset, charset)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        item = self.rowproxy[index]
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, bytes):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        item = getattr(self.rowproxy, attr)
+        if isinstance(item, _array):
+            item = item.tostring()
+        if self.charset and isinstance(item, bytes):
+            return item.decode(self.charset)
+        else:
+            return item
+
+
+_info_columns = sql.table(
+    "columns",
+    sql.column("table_schema", VARCHAR(64)),
+    sql.column("table_name", VARCHAR(64)),
+    sql.column("column_name", VARCHAR(64)),
+    schema="information_schema",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c00ada9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# dialects/mysql/cymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+cymysql
+    :name: CyMySQL
+    :dbapi: cymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+cymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
+    :url: https://github.com/nakagami/CyMySQL
+
+.. note::
+
+    The CyMySQL dialect is **not tested as part of SQLAlchemy's continuous
+    integration** and may have unresolved issues.  The recommended MySQL
+    dialects are mysqlclient and PyMySQL.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _cymysqlBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a long."""
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in iter(value):
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_cymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = "cymysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    description_encoding = None
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(MySQLDialect.colspecs, {BIT: _cymysqlBIT})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("cymysql")
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.OperationalError):
+            return self._extract_error_code(e) in (
+                2006,
+                2013,
+                2014,
+                2045,
+                2055,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError):
+            # if underlying connection is closed,
+            # this is the error you get
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_cymysql
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/dml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cceb0818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/dml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# dialects/mysql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...sql._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+from ...sql.base import _exclusive_against
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ...sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+from ...sql.dml import Insert as StandardInsert
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+from ...sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ...sql.expression import alias
+from ...sql.selectable import NamedFromClause
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+
+__all__ = ("Insert", "insert")
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct a MySQL/MariaDB-specific variant :class:`_mysql.Insert`
+    construct.
+
+    .. container:: inherited_member
+
+        The :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.insert` function creates
+        a :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.Insert`.  This class is based
+        on the dialect-agnostic :class:`_sql.Insert` construct which may
+        be constructed using the :func:`_sql.insert` function in
+        SQLAlchemy Core.
+
+    The :class:`_mysql.Insert` construct includes additional methods
+    :meth:`_mysql.Insert.on_duplicate_key_update`.
+
+    """
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+class Insert(StandardInsert):
+    """MySQL-specific implementation of INSERT.
+
+    Adds methods for MySQL-specific syntaxes such as ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.
+
+    The :class:`~.mysql.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.insert` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    stringify_dialect = "mysql"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @property
+    def inserted(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Provide the "inserted" namespace for an ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+        statement
+
+        MySQL's ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause allows reference to the row
+        that would be inserted, via a special function called ``VALUES()``.
+        This attribute provides all columns in this row to be referenceable
+        such that they will render within a ``VALUES()`` function inside the
+        ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause.    The attribute is named ``.inserted``
+        so as not to conflict with the existing
+        :meth:`_expression.Insert.values` method.
+
+        .. tip::  The :attr:`_mysql.Insert.inserted` attribute is an instance
+            of :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`, which provides an
+            interface the same as that of the :attr:`_schema.Table.c`
+            collection described at :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+            With this collection, ordinary names are accessible like attributes
+            (e.g. ``stmt.inserted.some_column``), but special names and
+            dictionary method names should be accessed using indexed access,
+            such as ``stmt.inserted["column name"]`` or
+            ``stmt.inserted["values"]``.  See the docstring for
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` for further examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update` - example of how
+            to use :attr:`_expression.Insert.inserted`
+
+        """
+        return self.inserted_alias.columns
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def inserted_alias(self) -> NamedFromClause:
+        return alias(self.table, name="inserted")
+
+    @_generative
+    @_exclusive_against(
+        "_post_values_clause",
+        msgs={
+            "_post_values_clause": "This Insert construct already "
+            "has an ON DUPLICATE KEY clause present"
+        },
+    )
+    def on_duplicate_key_update(self, *args: _UpdateArg, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""
+        Specifies the ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE clause.
+
+        :param \**kw:  Column keys linked to UPDATE values.  The
+         values may be any SQL expression or supported literal Python
+         values.
+
+        .. warning:: This dictionary does **not** take into account
+           Python-specified default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+           e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+           These values will not be exercised for an ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
+           style of UPDATE, unless values are manually specified here.
+
+        :param \*args: As an alternative to passing key/value parameters,
+         a dictionary or list of 2-tuples can be passed as a single positional
+         argument.
+
+         Passing a single dictionary is equivalent to the keyword argument
+         form::
+
+            insert().on_duplicate_key_update({"name": "some name"})
+
+         Passing a list of 2-tuples indicates that the parameter assignments
+         in the UPDATE clause should be ordered as sent, in a manner similar
+         to that described for the :class:`_expression.Update`
+         construct overall
+         in :ref:`tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates`::
+
+            insert().on_duplicate_key_update(
+                [
+                    ("name", "some name"),
+                    ("value", "some value"),
+                ]
+            )
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.3 parameters can be specified as a dictionary
+            or list of 2-tuples; the latter form provides for parameter
+            ordering.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mysql_insert_on_duplicate_key_update`
+
+        """
+        if args and kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't pass kwargs and positional arguments simultaneously"
+            )
+
+        if args:
+            if len(args) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary or list of tuples "
+                    "is accepted positionally."
+                )
+            values = args[0]
+        else:
+            values = kw
+
+        self._post_values_clause = OnDuplicateClause(
+            self.inserted_alias, values
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class OnDuplicateClause(ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_duplicate_key_update"
+
+    _parameter_ordering: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    update: Dict[str, Any]
+    stringify_dialect = "mysql"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, inserted_alias: NamedFromClause, update: _UpdateArg
+    ) -> None:
+        self.inserted_alias = inserted_alias
+
+        # auto-detect that parameters should be ordered.   This is copied from
+        # Update._proces_colparams(), however we don't look for a special flag
+        # in this case since we are not disambiguating from other use cases as
+        # we are in Update.values().
+        if isinstance(update, list) and (
+            update and isinstance(update[0], tuple)
+        ):
+            self._parameter_ordering = [key for key, value in update]
+            update = dict(update)
+
+        if isinstance(update, dict):
+            if not update:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "update parameter dictionary must not be empty"
+                )
+        elif isinstance(update, ColumnCollection):
+            update = dict(update)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "update parameter must be a non-empty dictionary "
+                "or a ColumnCollection such as the `.c.` collection "
+                "of a Table object"
+            )
+        self.update = update
+
+
+_UpdateArg = Union[
+    Mapping[Any, Any], List[Tuple[str, Any]], ColumnCollection[Any, Any]
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/enumerated.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/enumerated.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6745cae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/enumerated.py
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+# dialects/mysql/enumerated.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import re
+
+from .types import _StringType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+
+
+class ENUM(sqltypes.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes.Enum, _StringType):
+    """MySQL ENUM type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ENUM"
+
+    native_enum = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums, **kw):
+        """Construct an ENUM.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column("myenum", ENUM("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+        :param enums: The range of valid values for this ENUM.  Values in
+          enums are not quoted, they will be escaped and surrounded by single
+          quotes when generating the schema.  This object may also be a
+          PEP-435-compliant enumerated type.
+
+          .. versionadded: 1.1 added support for PEP-435-compliant enumerated
+             types.
+
+        :param strict: This flag has no effect.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: The MySQL ENUM type as well as the base Enum
+            type now validates all Python data values.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        kw.pop("strict", None)
+        self._enum_init(enums, kw)
+        _StringType.__init__(self, length=self.length, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, impl, **kw):
+        """Produce a MySQL native :class:`.mysql.ENUM` from plain
+        :class:`.Enum`.
+
+        """
+        kw.setdefault("validate_strings", impl.validate_strings)
+        kw.setdefault("values_callable", impl.values_callable)
+        kw.setdefault("omit_aliases", impl._omit_aliases)
+        return cls(**kw)
+
+    def _object_value_for_elem(self, elem):
+        # mysql sends back a blank string for any value that
+        # was persisted that was not in the enums; that is, it does no
+        # validation on the incoming data, it "truncates" it to be
+        # the blank string.  Return it straight.
+        if elem == "":
+            return elem
+        else:
+            return super()._object_value_for_elem(elem)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[ENUM, _StringType, sqltypes.Enum]
+        )
+
+
+class SET(_StringType):
+    """MySQL SET type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "SET"
+
+    def __init__(self, *values, **kw):
+        """Construct a SET.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column("myset", SET("foo", "bar", "baz"))
+
+        The list of potential values is required in the case that this
+        set will be used to generate DDL for a table, or if the
+        :paramref:`.SET.retrieve_as_bitwise` flag is set to True.
+
+        :param values: The range of valid values for this SET. The values
+          are not quoted, they will be escaped and surrounded by single
+          quotes when generating the schema.
+
+        :param convert_unicode: Same flag as that of
+         :paramref:`.String.convert_unicode`.
+
+        :param collation: same as that of :paramref:`.String.collation`
+
+        :param charset: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.charset`.
+
+        :param ascii: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.ascii`.
+
+        :param unicode: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.unicode`.
+
+        :param binary: same as that of :paramref:`.VARCHAR.binary`.
+
+        :param retrieve_as_bitwise: if True, the data for the set type will be
+          persisted and selected using an integer value, where a set is coerced
+          into a bitwise mask for persistence.  MySQL allows this mode which
+          has the advantage of being able to store values unambiguously,
+          such as the blank string ``''``.   The datatype will appear
+          as the expression ``col + 0`` in a SELECT statement, so that the
+          value is coerced into an integer value in result sets.
+          This flag is required if one wishes
+          to persist a set that can store the blank string ``''`` as a value.
+
+          .. warning::
+
+            When using :paramref:`.mysql.SET.retrieve_as_bitwise`, it is
+            essential that the list of set values is expressed in the
+            **exact same order** as exists on the MySQL database.
+
+        """
+        self.retrieve_as_bitwise = kw.pop("retrieve_as_bitwise", False)
+        self.values = tuple(values)
+        if not self.retrieve_as_bitwise and "" in values:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't use the blank value '' in a SET without "
+                "setting retrieve_as_bitwise=True"
+            )
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            self._bitmap = {
+                value: 2**idx for idx, value in enumerate(self.values)
+            }
+            self._bitmap.update(
+                (2**idx, value) for idx, value in enumerate(self.values)
+            )
+        length = max([len(v) for v in values] + [0])
+        kw.setdefault("length", length)
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def column_expression(self, colexpr):
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+            return sql.type_coerce(
+                sql.type_coerce(colexpr, sqltypes.Integer) + 0, self
+            )
+        else:
+            return colexpr
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = int(value)
+
+                    return set(util.map_bits(self._bitmap.__getitem__, value))
+                else:
+                    return None
+
+        else:
+            super_convert = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, str):
+                    # MySQLdb returns a string, let's parse
+                    if super_convert:
+                        value = super_convert(value)
+                    return set(re.findall(r"[^,]+", value))
+                else:
+                    # mysql-connector-python does a naive
+                    # split(",") which throws in an empty string
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value.discard("")
+                    return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_convert = super().bind_processor(dialect)
+        if self.retrieve_as_bitwise:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                elif isinstance(value, (int, str)):
+                    if super_convert:
+                        return super_convert(value)
+                    else:
+                        return value
+                else:
+                    int_value = 0
+                    for v in value:
+                        int_value |= self._bitmap[v]
+                    return int_value
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                # accept strings and int (actually bitflag) values directly
+                if value is not None and not isinstance(value, (int, str)):
+                    value = ",".join(value)
+
+                if super_convert:
+                    return super_convert(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype, **kw):
+        kw["retrieve_as_bitwise"] = self.retrieve_as_bitwise
+        return util.constructor_copy(self, impltype, *self.values, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self,
+            to_inspect=[SET, _StringType],
+            additional_kw=[
+                ("retrieve_as_bitwise", False),
+            ],
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/expression.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/expression.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b60a0888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/expression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# dialects/mysql/expression.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import Generative
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+
+class match(Generative, elements.BinaryExpression):
+    """Produce a ``MATCH (X, Y) AGAINST ('TEXT')`` clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import match
+
+        match_expr = match(
+            users_table.c.firstname,
+            users_table.c.lastname,
+            against="Firstname Lastname",
+        )
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(users_table)
+            .where(match_expr.in_boolean_mode())
+            .order_by(desc(match_expr))
+        )
+
+    Would produce SQL resembling:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, firstname, lastname
+        FROM user
+        WHERE MATCH(firstname, lastname) AGAINST (:param_1 IN BOOLEAN MODE)
+        ORDER BY MATCH(firstname, lastname) AGAINST (:param_2) DESC
+
+    The :func:`_mysql.match` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.match` method available on all
+    SQL expressions, as when :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.match` is
+    used, but allows to pass multiple columns
+
+    :param cols: column expressions to match against
+
+    :param against: expression to be compared towards
+
+    :param in_boolean_mode: boolean, set "boolean mode" to true
+
+    :param in_natural_language_mode: boolean , set "natural language" to true
+
+    :param with_query_expansion: boolean, set "query expansion" to true
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.19
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.match`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "mysql_match"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *cols, **kw):
+        if not cols:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("columns are required")
+
+        against = kw.pop("against", None)
+
+        if against is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("against is required")
+        against = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            against,
+        )
+
+        left = elements.BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(
+            operators.comma_op,
+            clauses=cols,
+        )
+        left.group = False
+
+        flags = util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                "mysql_boolean_mode": kw.pop("in_boolean_mode", False),
+                "mysql_natural_language": kw.pop(
+                    "in_natural_language_mode", False
+                ),
+                "mysql_query_expansion": kw.pop("with_query_expansion", False),
+            }
+        )
+
+        if kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("unknown arguments: %s" % (", ".join(kw)))
+
+        super().__init__(left, against, operators.match_op, modifiers=flags)
+
+    @_generative
+    def in_boolean_mode(self) -> Self:
+        """Apply the "IN BOOLEAN MODE" modifier to the MATCH expression.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_mysql.match` instance with modifications
+         applied.
+        """
+
+        self.modifiers = self.modifiers.union({"mysql_boolean_mode": True})
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def in_natural_language_mode(self) -> Self:
+        """Apply the "IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE" modifier to the MATCH
+        expression.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_mysql.match` instance with modifications
+         applied.
+        """
+
+        self.modifiers = self.modifiers.union({"mysql_natural_language": True})
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_query_expansion(self) -> Self:
+        """Apply the "WITH QUERY EXPANSION" modifier to the MATCH expression.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_mysql.match` instance with modifications
+         applied.
+        """
+
+        self.modifiers = self.modifiers.union({"mysql_query_expansion": True})
+        return self
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8912af36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# dialects/mysql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """MySQL JSON type.
+
+    MySQL supports JSON as of version 5.7.
+    MariaDB supports JSON (as an alias for LONGTEXT) as of version 10.2.
+
+    :class:`_mysql.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a MySQL or MariaDB backend.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The :class:`.mysql.JSON` type supports persistence of JSON values
+    as well as the core index operations provided by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype, by adapting the operations to render the ``JSON_EXTRACT``
+    function at the database level.
+
+    """
+
+    pass
+
+
+class _FormatTypeMixin:
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSONIndexType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            value = "$[%s]" % value
+        else:
+            value = '$."%s"' % value
+        return value
+
+
+class JSONPathType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        return "$%s" % (
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    "[%s]" % elem if isinstance(elem, int) else '."%s"' % elem
+                    for elem in value
+                ]
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b84dee37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mariadb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from .base import MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLTypeCompiler
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+
+
+class INET4(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """INET4 column type for MariaDB
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.37
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INET4"
+
+
+class INET6(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """INET6 column type for MariaDB
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.37
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INET6"
+
+
+class MariaDBTypeCompiler(MySQLTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_INET4(self, type_, **kwargs) -> str:
+        return "INET4"
+
+    def visit_INET6(self, type_, **kwargs) -> str:
+        return "INET6"
+
+
+class MariaDBDialect(MySQLDialect):
+    is_mariadb = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    name = "mariadb"
+    preparer = MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+    type_compiler_cls = MariaDBTypeCompiler
+
+
+def loader(driver):
+    dialect_mod = __import__(
+        "sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.%s" % driver
+    ).dialects.mysql
+
+    driver_mod = getattr(dialect_mod, driver)
+    if hasattr(driver_mod, "mariadb_dialect"):
+        driver_cls = driver_mod.mariadb_dialect
+        return driver_cls
+    else:
+        driver_cls = driver_mod.dialect
+
+        return type(
+            "MariaDBDialect_%s" % driver,
+            (
+                MariaDBDialect,
+                driver_cls,
+            ),
+            {"supports_statement_cache": True},
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d2ad199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mariadbconnector.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+mariadbconnector
+    :name: MariaDB Connector/Python
+    :dbapi: mariadb
+    :connectstring: mariadb+mariadbconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/mariadb/
+
+Driver Status
+-------------
+
+MariaDB Connector/Python enables Python programs to access MariaDB and MySQL
+databases using an API which is compliant with the Python DB API 2.0 (PEP-249).
+It is written in C and uses MariaDB Connector/C client library for client server
+communication.
+
+Note that the default driver for a ``mariadb://`` connection URI continues to
+be ``mysqldb``. ``mariadb+mariadbconnector://`` is required to use this driver.
+
+.. mariadb: https://github.com/mariadb-corporation/mariadb-connector-python
+
+"""  # noqa
+import re
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from .base import MySQLCompiler
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLExecutionContext
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+
+
+mariadb_cpy_minimum_version = (1, 0, 1)
+
+
+class _MariaDBUUID(sqltypes.UUID[sqltypes._UUID_RETURN]):
+    # work around JIRA issue
+    # https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/CONPY-270.  When that issue is fixed,
+    # this type can be removed.
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.as_uuid:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    if hasattr(value, "decode"):
+                        value = value.decode("ascii")
+                    value = _python_UUID(value)
+                return value
+
+            return process
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    if hasattr(value, "decode"):
+                        value = value.decode("ascii")
+                    value = str(_python_UUID(value))
+                return value
+
+            return process
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mariadbconnector(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    _lastrowid = None
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(buffered=False)
+
+    def create_default_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(buffered=True)
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        super().post_exec()
+
+        self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+
+        if self.isinsert and self.compiled.postfetch_lastrowid:
+            self._lastrowid = self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        return self._lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mariadbconnector(MySQLCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mariadbconnector(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = "mariadbconnector"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    # set this to True at the module level to prevent the driver from running
+    # against a backend that server detects as MySQL. currently this appears to
+    # be unnecessary as MariaDB client libraries have always worked against
+    # MySQL databases.   However, if this changes at some point, this can be
+    # adjusted, but PLEASE ADD A TEST in test/dialect/mysql/test_dialect.py if
+    # this change is made at some point to ensure the correct exception
+    # is raised at the correct point when running the driver against
+    # a MySQL backend.
+    # is_mariadb = True
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    encoding = "utf8mb4"
+    convert_unicode = True
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+    default_paramstyle = "qmark"
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mariadbconnector
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mariadbconnector
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        MySQLDialect.colspecs, {sqltypes.Uuid: _MariaDBUUID}
+    )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            return tuple(
+                [
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in re.findall(
+                        r"(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)", self.dbapi.__version__
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return (99, 99, 99)
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.paramstyle = "qmark"
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            if self._dbapi_version < mariadb_cpy_minimum_version:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "The minimum required version for MariaDB "
+                    "Connector/Python is %s"
+                    % ".".join(str(x) for x in mariadb_cpy_minimum_version)
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("mariadb")
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return "not connected" in str_e or "isn't valid" in str_e
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        int_params = [
+            "connect_timeout",
+            "read_timeout",
+            "write_timeout",
+            "client_flag",
+            "port",
+            "pool_size",
+        ]
+        bool_params = [
+            "local_infile",
+            "ssl_verify_cert",
+            "ssl",
+            "pool_reset_connection",
+            "compress",
+        ]
+
+        for key in int_params:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, key, int)
+        for key in bool_params:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, key, bool)
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        client_flag = opts.get("client_flag", 0)
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                CLIENT_FLAGS = __import__(
+                    self.dbapi.__name__ + ".constants.CLIENT"
+                ).constants.CLIENT
+                client_flag |= CLIENT_FLAGS.FOUND_ROWS
+            except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+                self.supports_sane_rowcount = False
+            opts["client_flag"] = client_flag
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        try:
+            rc = exception.errno
+        except:
+            rc = -1
+        return rc
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return "utf8mb4"
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+            super().set_isolation_level(connection, level)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA BEGIN :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA END :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA PREPARE :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            connection.execute(
+                sql.text("XA END :xid").bindparams(
+                    sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+                )
+            )
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA ROLLBACK :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_prepare_twophase(connection, xid)
+        connection.execute(
+            sql.text("XA COMMIT :xid").bindparams(
+                sql.bindparam("xid", xid, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mariadbconnector
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71ac5860
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mysqlconnector.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqlconnector
+    :name: MySQL Connector/Python
+    :dbapi: myconnpy
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/mysql-connector-python/
+
+Driver Status
+-------------
+
+MySQL Connector/Python is supported as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.39 to the
+degree which the driver is functional.   There are still ongoing issues
+with features such as server side cursors which remain disabled until
+upstream issues are repaired.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.39
+
+    The MySQL Connector/Python dialect has been updated to support the
+    latest version of this DBAPI.   Previously, MySQL Connector/Python
+    was not fully supported.
+
+Connecting to MariaDB with MySQL Connector/Python
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+MySQL Connector/Python may attempt to pass an incompatible collation to the
+database when connecting to MariaDB.  Experimentation has shown that using
+``?charset=utf8mb4&collation=utfmb4_general_ci`` or similar MariaDB-compatible
+charset/collation will allow connectivity.
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import re
+
+from .base import BIT
+from .base import MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import MySQLCompiler
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLExecutionContext
+from .base import MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+from .mariadb import MariaDBDialect
+from ... import util
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mysqlconnector(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(buffered=False)
+
+    def create_default_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(buffered=True)
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector(MySQLCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+            + " % "
+            + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+
+class IdentifierPreparerCommon_mysqlconnector:
+    @property
+    def _double_percents(self):
+        return False
+
+    @_double_percents.setter
+    def _double_percents(self, value):
+        pass
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value):
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        return value
+
+
+class MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector(
+    IdentifierPreparerCommon_mysqlconnector, MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class MariaDBIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector(
+    IdentifierPreparerCommon_mysqlconnector, MariaDBIdentifierPreparer
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class _myconnpyBIT(BIT):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """MySQL-connector already converts mysql bits, so."""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = "mysqlconnector"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    supports_native_bit = True
+
+    # not until https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=117548
+    supports_server_side_cursors = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqlconnector
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mysqlconnector
+
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(MySQLDialect.colspecs, {BIT: _myconnpyBIT})
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        from mysql import connector
+
+        return connector
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.ping(False)
+        return True
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "allow_local_infile", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "autocommit", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "buffered", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "client_flag", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "compress", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "connection_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "connect_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "consume_results", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "force_ipv6", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "get_warnings", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "pool_reset_session", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "pool_size", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "raise_on_warnings", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "raw", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "ssl_verify_cert", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "use_pure", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "use_unicode", bool)
+
+        # note that "buffered" is set to False by default in MySQL/connector
+        # python.  If you set it to True, then there is no way to get a server
+        # side cursor because the logic is written to disallow that.
+
+        # leaving this at True until
+        # https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=117548 can be fixed
+        opts["buffered"] = True
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in ClientFlag to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                from mysql.connector.constants import ClientFlag
+
+                client_flags = opts.get(
+                    "client_flags", ClientFlag.get_default()
+                )
+                client_flags |= ClientFlag.FOUND_ROWS
+                opts["client_flags"] = client_flags
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mysqlconnector_version_info(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None)
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        return connection.connection.charset
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.errno
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        errnos = (2006, 2013, 2014, 2045, 2055, 2048)
+        exceptions = (
+            self.dbapi.OperationalError,
+            self.dbapi.InterfaceError,
+            self.dbapi.ProgrammingError,
+        )
+        if isinstance(e, exceptions):
+            return (
+                e.errno in errnos
+                or "MySQL Connection not available." in str(e)
+                or "Connection to MySQL is not available" in str(e)
+            )
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _compat_fetchall(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchall()
+
+    def _compat_fetchone(self, rp, charset=None):
+        return rp.fetchone()
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            connection.autocommit = False
+            super().set_isolation_level(connection, level)
+
+
+class MariaDBDialect_mysqlconnector(
+    MariaDBDialect, MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector
+):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    _allows_uuid_binds = False
+    preparer = MariaDBIdentifierPreparer_mysqlconnector
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqlconnector
+mariadb_dialect = MariaDBDialect_mysqlconnector
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cf56c1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+# dialects/mysql/mysqldb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+mysqldb
+    :name: mysqlclient (maintained fork of MySQL-Python)
+    :dbapi: mysqldb
+    :connectstring: mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/mysqlclient/
+
+Driver Status
+-------------
+
+The mysqlclient DBAPI is a maintained fork of the
+`MySQL-Python <https://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python>`_ DBAPI
+that is no longer maintained.  `mysqlclient`_ supports Python 2 and Python 3
+and is very stable.
+
+.. _mysqlclient: https://github.com/PyMySQL/mysqlclient-python
+
+.. _mysqldb_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+.. _mysqldb_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+----------------
+
+The mysqlclient and PyMySQL DBAPIs accept an additional dictionary under the
+key "ssl", which may be specified using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test",
+        connect_args={
+            "ssl": {
+                "ca": "/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem",
+                "cert": "/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem",
+                "key": "/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem",
+            }
+        },
+    )
+
+For convenience, the following keys may also be specified inline within the URL
+where they will be interpreted into the "ssl" dictionary automatically:
+"ssl_ca", "ssl_cert", "ssl_key", "ssl_capath", "ssl_cipher",
+"ssl_check_hostname". An example is as follows::
+
+    connection_uri = (
+        "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test"
+        "?ssl_ca=/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem"
+        "&ssl_cert=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem"
+        "&ssl_key=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem"
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pymysql_ssl` in the PyMySQL dialect
+
+
+Using MySQLdb with Google Cloud SQL
+-----------------------------------
+
+Google Cloud SQL now recommends use of the MySQLdb dialect.  Connect
+using a URL like the following:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    mysql+mysqldb://root@/<dbname>?unix_socket=/cloudsql/<projectid>:<instancename>
+
+Server Side Cursors
+-------------------
+
+The mysqldb dialect supports server-side cursors. See :ref:`mysql_ss_cursors`.
+
+"""
+
+import re
+
+from .base import MySQLCompiler
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLExecutionContext
+from .base import MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import TEXT
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLCompiler_mysqldb(MySQLCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_mysqldb(MySQLDialect):
+    driver = "mysqldb"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    supports_native_decimal = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_mysqldb
+    statement_compiler = MySQLCompiler_mysqldb
+    preparer = MySQLIdentifierPreparer
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._mysql_dbapi_version = (
+            self._parse_dbapi_version(self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if self.dbapi is not None and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__")
+            else (0, 0, 0)
+        )
+
+    def _parse_dbapi_version(self, version):
+        m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", version)
+        if m:
+            return tuple(int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None)
+        else:
+            return (0, 0, 0)
+
+    @util.langhelpers.memoized_property
+    def supports_server_side_cursors(self):
+        try:
+            cursors = __import__("MySQLdb.cursors").cursors
+            self._sscursor = cursors.SSCursor
+            return True
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("MySQLdb")
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        super_ = super().on_connect()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            if super_ is not None:
+                super_(conn)
+
+            charset_name = conn.character_set_name()
+
+            if charset_name is not None:
+                cursor = conn.cursor()
+                cursor.execute("SET NAMES %s" % charset_name)
+                cursor.close()
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.ping()
+        return True
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        rowcount = cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+        if context is not None:
+            context._rowcount = rowcount
+
+    def _check_unicode_returns(self, connection):
+        # work around issue fixed in
+        # https://github.com/farcepest/MySQLdb1/commit/cd44524fef63bd3fcb71947392326e9742d520e8
+        # specific issue w/ the utf8mb4_bin collation and unicode returns
+
+        collation = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "show collation where %s = 'utf8mb4' and %s = 'utf8mb4_bin'"
+            % (
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote("Charset"),
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote("Collation"),
+            )
+        ).scalar()
+        has_utf8mb4_bin = self.server_version_info > (5,) and collation
+        if has_utf8mb4_bin:
+            additional_tests = [
+                sql.collate(
+                    sql.cast(
+                        sql.literal_column("'test collated returns'"),
+                        TEXT(charset="utf8mb4"),
+                    ),
+                    "utf8mb4_bin",
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            additional_tests = []
+        return super()._check_unicode_returns(connection, additional_tests)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url, _translate_args=None):
+        if _translate_args is None:
+            _translate_args = dict(
+                database="db", username="user", password="passwd"
+            )
+
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(**_translate_args)
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "compress", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "connect_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "read_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "write_timeout", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "client_flag", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "local_infile", bool)
+        # Note: using either of the below will cause all strings to be
+        # returned as Unicode, both in raw SQL operations and with column
+        # types like String and MSString.
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "use_unicode", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "charset", str)
+
+        # Rich values 'cursorclass' and 'conv' are not supported via
+        # query string.
+
+        ssl = {}
+        keys = [
+            ("ssl_ca", str),
+            ("ssl_key", str),
+            ("ssl_cert", str),
+            ("ssl_capath", str),
+            ("ssl_cipher", str),
+            ("ssl_check_hostname", bool),
+        ]
+        for key, kw_type in keys:
+            if key in opts:
+                ssl[key[4:]] = opts[key]
+                util.coerce_kw_type(ssl, key[4:], kw_type)
+                del opts[key]
+        if ssl:
+            opts["ssl"] = ssl
+
+        # FOUND_ROWS must be set in CLIENT_FLAGS to enable
+        # supports_sane_rowcount.
+        client_flag = opts.get("client_flag", 0)
+
+        client_flag_found_rows = self._found_rows_client_flag()
+        if client_flag_found_rows is not None:
+            client_flag |= client_flag_found_rows
+            opts["client_flag"] = client_flag
+        return [[], opts]
+
+    def _found_rows_client_flag(self):
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            try:
+                CLIENT_FLAGS = __import__(
+                    self.dbapi.__name__ + ".constants.CLIENT"
+                ).constants.CLIENT
+            except (AttributeError, ImportError):
+                return None
+            else:
+                return CLIENT_FLAGS.FOUND_ROWS
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        return exception.args[0]
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        try:
+            # note: the SQL here would be
+            # "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character_set%%'"
+            cset_name = connection.connection.character_set_name
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "No 'character_set_name' can be detected with "
+                "this MySQL-Python version; "
+                "please upgrade to a recent version of MySQL-Python.  "
+                "Assuming latin1."
+            )
+            return "latin1"
+        else:
+            return cset_name()
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(True)
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit(False)
+            super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_mysqldb
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/provision.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46070848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/provision.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# dialects/mysql/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import exc
+from ...testing.provision import configure_follower
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import generate_driver_url
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import upsert
+
+
+@generate_driver_url.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    backend = url.get_backend_name()
+
+    # NOTE: at the moment, tests are running mariadbconnector
+    # against both mariadb and mysql backends.   if we want this to be
+    # limited, do the decision making here to reject a "mysql+mariadbconnector"
+    # URL.  Optionally also re-enable the module level
+    # MySQLDialect_mariadbconnector.is_mysql flag as well, which must include
+    # a unit and/or functional test.
+
+    # all the Jenkins tests have been running mysqlclient Python library
+    # built against mariadb client drivers for years against all MySQL /
+    # MariaDB versions going back to MySQL 5.6, currently they can talk
+    # to MySQL databases without problems.
+
+    if backend == "mysql":
+        dialect_cls = url.get_dialect()
+        if dialect_cls._is_mariadb_from_url(url):
+            backend = "mariadb"
+
+    new_url = url.set(
+        drivername="%s+%s" % (backend, driver)
+    ).update_query_string(query_str)
+
+    if driver == "mariadbconnector":
+        new_url = new_url.difference_update_query(["charset"])
+    elif driver == "mysqlconnector":
+        new_url = new_url.update_query_pairs(
+            [("collation", "utf8mb4_general_ci")]
+        )
+
+    try:
+        new_url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return new_url
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        try:
+            _mysql_drop_db(cfg, conn, ident)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "CREATE DATABASE %s CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "CREATE DATABASE %s_test_schema CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" % ident
+        )
+        conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "CREATE DATABASE %s_test_schema_2 CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" % ident
+        )
+
+
+@configure_follower.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_configure_follower(config, ident):
+    config.test_schema = "%s_test_schema" % ident
+    config.test_schema_2 = "%s_test_schema_2" % ident
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s_test_schema" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s_test_schema_2" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s" % ident)
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("mysql", "mariadb")
+def _mysql_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {"prefixes": ["TEMPORARY"]}
+
+
+@upsert.for_db("mariadb")
+def _upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import insert
+
+    stmt = insert(table)
+
+    if set_lambda:
+        stmt = stmt.on_duplicate_key_update(**set_lambda(stmt.inserted))
+    else:
+        pk1 = table.primary_key.c[0]
+        stmt = stmt.on_duplicate_key_update({pk1.key: pk1})
+
+    stmt = stmt.returning(
+        *returning, sort_by_parameter_order=sort_by_parameter_order
+    )
+    return stmt
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67cb4cdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# dialects/mysql/pymysql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pymysql
+    :name: PyMySQL
+    :dbapi: pymysql
+    :connectstring: mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
+    :url: https://pymysql.readthedocs.io/
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+Please see :ref:`mysql_unicode` for current recommendations on unicode
+handling.
+
+.. _pymysql_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+------------------
+
+The PyMySQL DBAPI accepts the same SSL arguments as that of MySQLdb,
+described at :ref:`mysqldb_ssl`.   See that section for additional examples.
+
+If the server uses an automatically-generated certificate that is self-signed
+or does not match the host name (as seen from the client), it may also be
+necessary to indicate ``ssl_check_hostname=false`` in PyMySQL::
+
+    connection_uri = (
+        "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@192.168.0.134/test"
+        "?ssl_ca=/home/gord/client-ssl/ca.pem"
+        "&ssl_cert=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-cert.pem"
+        "&ssl_key=/home/gord/client-ssl/client-key.pem"
+        "&ssl_check_hostname=false"
+    )
+
+MySQL-Python Compatibility
+--------------------------
+
+The pymysql DBAPI is a pure Python port of the MySQL-python (MySQLdb) driver,
+and targets 100% compatibility.   Most behavioral notes for MySQL-python apply
+to the pymysql driver as well.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from .mysqldb import MySQLDialect_mysqldb
+from ...util import langhelpers
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pymysql(MySQLDialect_mysqldb):
+    driver = "pymysql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    description_encoding = None
+
+    @langhelpers.memoized_property
+    def supports_server_side_cursors(self):
+        try:
+            cursors = __import__("pymysql.cursors").cursors
+            self._sscursor = cursors.SSCursor
+            return True
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("pymysql")
+
+    @langhelpers.memoized_property
+    def _send_false_to_ping(self):
+        """determine if pymysql has deprecated, changed the default of,
+        or removed the 'reconnect' argument of connection.ping().
+
+        See #10492 and
+        https://github.com/PyMySQL/mysqlclient/discussions/651#discussioncomment-7308971
+        for background.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        try:
+            Connection = __import__(
+                "pymysql.connections"
+            ).connections.Connection
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            return True
+        else:
+            insp = langhelpers.get_callable_argspec(Connection.ping)
+            try:
+                reconnect_arg = insp.args[1]
+            except IndexError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return reconnect_arg == "reconnect" and (
+                    not insp.defaults or insp.defaults[0] is not False
+                )
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        if self._send_false_to_ping:
+            dbapi_connection.ping(False)
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.ping()
+
+        return True
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url, _translate_args=None):
+        if _translate_args is None:
+            _translate_args = dict(username="user")
+        return super().create_connect_args(
+            url, _translate_args=_translate_args
+        )
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor):
+            return True
+        elif isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            str_e = str(e).lower()
+            return (
+                "already closed" in str_e or "connection was killed" in str_e
+            )
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        if isinstance(exception.args[0], Exception):
+            exception = exception.args[0]
+        return exception.args[0]
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pymysql
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d44bd38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# dialects/mysql/pyodbc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+
+.. dialect:: mysql+pyodbc
+    :name: PyODBC
+    :dbapi: pyodbc
+    :connectstring: mysql+pyodbc://<username>:<password>@<dsnname>
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/pyodbc/
+
+.. note::
+
+    The PyODBC for MySQL dialect is **not tested as part of
+    SQLAlchemy's continuous integration**.
+    The recommended MySQL dialects are mysqlclient and PyMySQL.
+    However, if you want to use the mysql+pyodbc dialect and require
+    full support for ``utf8mb4`` characters (including supplementary
+    characters like emoji) be sure to use a current release of
+    MySQL Connector/ODBC and specify the "ANSI" (**not** "Unicode")
+    version of the driver in your DSN or connection string.
+
+Pass through exact pyodbc connection string::
+
+    import urllib
+
+    connection_string = (
+        "DRIVER=MySQL ODBC 8.0 ANSI Driver;"
+        "SERVER=localhost;"
+        "PORT=3307;"
+        "DATABASE=mydb;"
+        "UID=root;"
+        "PWD=(whatever);"
+        "charset=utf8mb4;"
+    )
+    params = urllib.parse.quote_plus(connection_string)
+    connection_uri = "mysql+pyodbc:///?odbc_connect=%s" % params
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import re
+
+from .base import MySQLDialect
+from .base import MySQLExecutionContext
+from .types import TIME
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...connectors.pyodbc import PyODBCConnector
+from ...sql.sqltypes import Time
+
+
+class _pyodbcTIME(TIME):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            # pyodbc returns a datetime.time object; no need to convert
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc(MySQLExecutionContext):
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SELECT LAST_INSERT_ID()")
+        lastrowid = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return lastrowid
+
+
+class MySQLDialect_pyodbc(PyODBCConnector, MySQLDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(MySQLDialect.colspecs, {Time: _pyodbcTIME})
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = MySQLExecutionContext_pyodbc
+
+    pyodbc_driver_name = "MySQL"
+
+    def _detect_charset(self, connection):
+        """Sniff out the character set in use for connection results."""
+
+        # Prefer 'character_set_results' for the current connection over the
+        # value in the driver.  SET NAMES or individual variable SETs will
+        # change the charset without updating the driver's view of the world.
+        #
+        # If it's decided that issuing that sort of SQL leaves you SOL, then
+        # this can prefer the driver value.
+
+        # set this to None as _fetch_setting attempts to use it (None is OK)
+        self._connection_charset = None
+        try:
+            value = self._fetch_setting(connection, "character_set_client")
+            if value:
+                return value
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            pass
+
+        util.warn(
+            "Could not detect the connection character set.  "
+            "Assuming latin1."
+        )
+        return "latin1"
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return MySQLDialect._get_server_version_info(self, connection)
+
+    def _extract_error_code(self, exception):
+        m = re.compile(r"\((\d+)\)").search(str(exception.args))
+        c = m.group(1)
+        if c:
+            return int(c)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        super_ = super().on_connect()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            if super_ is not None:
+                super_(conn)
+
+            # declare Unicode encoding for pyodbc as per
+            #   https://github.com/mkleehammer/pyodbc/wiki/Unicode
+            pyodbc_SQL_CHAR = 1  # pyodbc.SQL_CHAR
+            pyodbc_SQL_WCHAR = -8  # pyodbc.SQL_WCHAR
+            conn.setdecoding(pyodbc_SQL_CHAR, encoding="utf-8")
+            conn.setdecoding(pyodbc_SQL_WCHAR, encoding="utf-8")
+            conn.setencoding(encoding="utf-8")
+
+        return on_connect
+
+
+dialect = MySQLDialect_pyodbc
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reflection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d62390bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+# dialects/mysql/reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import re
+
+from .enumerated import ENUM
+from .enumerated import SET
+from .types import DATETIME
+from .types import TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from ... import log
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+
+
+class ReflectedState:
+    """Stores raw information about a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.columns = []
+        self.table_options = {}
+        self.table_name = None
+        self.keys = []
+        self.fk_constraints = []
+        self.ck_constraints = []
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class MySQLTableDefinitionParser:
+    """Parses the results of a SHOW CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect, preparer):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.preparer = preparer
+        self._prep_regexes()
+
+    def parse(self, show_create, charset):
+        state = ReflectedState()
+        state.charset = charset
+        for line in re.split(r"\r?\n", show_create):
+            if line.startswith("  " + self.preparer.initial_quote):
+                self._parse_column(line, state)
+            # a regular table options line
+            elif line.startswith(") "):
+                self._parse_table_options(line, state)
+            # an ANSI-mode table options line
+            elif line == ")":
+                pass
+            elif line.startswith("CREATE "):
+                self._parse_table_name(line, state)
+            elif "PARTITION" in line:
+                self._parse_partition_options(line, state)
+            # Not present in real reflection, but may be if
+            # loading from a file.
+            elif not line:
+                pass
+            else:
+                type_, spec = self._parse_constraints(line)
+                if type_ is None:
+                    util.warn("Unknown schema content: %r" % line)
+                elif type_ == "key":
+                    state.keys.append(spec)
+                elif type_ == "fk_constraint":
+                    state.fk_constraints.append(spec)
+                elif type_ == "ck_constraint":
+                    state.ck_constraints.append(spec)
+                else:
+                    pass
+        return state
+
+    def _check_view(self, sql: str) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._re_is_view.match(sql))
+
+    def _parse_constraints(self, line):
+        """Parse a KEY or CONSTRAINT line.
+
+        :param line: A line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output
+        """
+
+        # KEY
+        m = self._re_key.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            # convert columns into name, length pairs
+            # NOTE: we may want to consider SHOW INDEX as the
+            # format of indexes in MySQL becomes more complex
+            spec["columns"] = self._parse_keyexprs(spec["columns"])
+            if spec["version_sql"]:
+                m2 = self._re_key_version_sql.match(spec["version_sql"])
+                if m2 and m2.groupdict()["parser"]:
+                    spec["parser"] = m2.groupdict()["parser"]
+            if spec["parser"]:
+                spec["parser"] = self.preparer.unformat_identifiers(
+                    spec["parser"]
+                )[0]
+            return "key", spec
+
+        # FOREIGN KEY CONSTRAINT
+        m = self._re_fk_constraint.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec["table"] = self.preparer.unformat_identifiers(spec["table"])
+            spec["local"] = [c[0] for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec["local"])]
+            spec["foreign"] = [
+                c[0] for c in self._parse_keyexprs(spec["foreign"])
+            ]
+            return "fk_constraint", spec
+
+        # CHECK constraint
+        m = self._re_ck_constraint.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            return "ck_constraint", spec
+
+        # PARTITION and SUBPARTITION
+        m = self._re_partition.match(line)
+        if m:
+            # Punt!
+            return "partition", line
+
+        # No match.
+        return (None, line)
+
+    def _parse_table_name(self, line, state):
+        """Extract the table name.
+
+        :param line: The first line of SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        regex, cleanup = self._pr_name
+        m = regex.match(line)
+        if m:
+            state.table_name = cleanup(m.group("name"))
+
+    def _parse_table_options(self, line, state):
+        """Build a dictionary of all reflected table-level options.
+
+        :param line: The final line of SHOW CREATE TABLE output.
+        """
+
+        options = {}
+
+        if line and line != ")":
+            rest_of_line = line
+            for regex, cleanup in self._pr_options:
+                m = regex.search(rest_of_line)
+                if not m:
+                    continue
+                directive, value = m.group("directive"), m.group("val")
+                if cleanup:
+                    value = cleanup(value)
+                options[directive.lower()] = value
+                rest_of_line = regex.sub("", rest_of_line)
+
+        for nope in ("auto_increment", "data directory", "index directory"):
+            options.pop(nope, None)
+
+        for opt, val in options.items():
+            state.table_options["%s_%s" % (self.dialect.name, opt)] = val
+
+    def _parse_partition_options(self, line, state):
+        options = {}
+        new_line = line[:]
+
+        while new_line.startswith("(") or new_line.startswith(" "):
+            new_line = new_line[1:]
+
+        for regex, cleanup in self._pr_options:
+            m = regex.search(new_line)
+            if not m or "PARTITION" not in regex.pattern:
+                continue
+
+            directive = m.group("directive")
+            directive = directive.lower()
+            is_subpartition = directive == "subpartition"
+
+            if directive == "partition" or is_subpartition:
+                new_line = new_line.replace(") */", "")
+                new_line = new_line.replace(",", "")
+                if is_subpartition and new_line.endswith(")"):
+                    new_line = new_line[:-1]
+                if self.dialect.name == "mariadb" and new_line.endswith(")"):
+                    if (
+                        "MAXVALUE" in new_line
+                        or "MINVALUE" in new_line
+                        or "ENGINE" in new_line
+                    ):
+                        # final line of MariaDB partition endswith ")"
+                        new_line = new_line[:-1]
+
+                defs = "%s_%s_definitions" % (self.dialect.name, directive)
+                options[defs] = new_line
+
+            else:
+                directive = directive.replace(" ", "_")
+                value = m.group("val")
+                if cleanup:
+                    value = cleanup(value)
+                options[directive] = value
+            break
+
+        for opt, val in options.items():
+            part_def = "%s_partition_definitions" % (self.dialect.name)
+            subpart_def = "%s_subpartition_definitions" % (self.dialect.name)
+            if opt == part_def or opt == subpart_def:
+                # builds a string of definitions
+                if opt not in state.table_options:
+                    state.table_options[opt] = val
+                else:
+                    state.table_options[opt] = "%s, %s" % (
+                        state.table_options[opt],
+                        val,
+                    )
+            else:
+                state.table_options["%s_%s" % (self.dialect.name, opt)] = val
+
+    def _parse_column(self, line, state):
+        """Extract column details.
+
+        Falls back to a 'minimal support' variant if full parse fails.
+
+        :param line: Any column-bearing line from SHOW CREATE TABLE
+        """
+
+        spec = None
+        m = self._re_column.match(line)
+        if m:
+            spec = m.groupdict()
+            spec["full"] = True
+        else:
+            m = self._re_column_loose.match(line)
+            if m:
+                spec = m.groupdict()
+                spec["full"] = False
+        if not spec:
+            util.warn("Unknown column definition %r" % line)
+            return
+        if not spec["full"]:
+            util.warn("Incomplete reflection of column definition %r" % line)
+
+        name, type_, args = spec["name"], spec["coltype"], spec["arg"]
+
+        try:
+            col_type = self.dialect.ischema_names[type_]
+        except KeyError:
+            util.warn(
+                "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'" % (type_, name)
+            )
+            col_type = sqltypes.NullType
+
+        # Column type positional arguments eg. varchar(32)
+        if args is None or args == "":
+            type_args = []
+        elif args[0] == "'" and args[-1] == "'":
+            type_args = self._re_csv_str.findall(args)
+        else:
+            type_args = [int(v) for v in self._re_csv_int.findall(args)]
+
+        # Column type keyword options
+        type_kw = {}
+
+        if issubclass(col_type, (DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP)):
+            if type_args:
+                type_kw["fsp"] = type_args.pop(0)
+
+        for kw in ("unsigned", "zerofill"):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = True
+        for kw in ("charset", "collate"):
+            if spec.get(kw, False):
+                type_kw[kw] = spec[kw]
+        if issubclass(col_type, (ENUM, SET)):
+            type_args = _strip_values(type_args)
+
+            if issubclass(col_type, SET) and "" in type_args:
+                type_kw["retrieve_as_bitwise"] = True
+
+        type_instance = col_type(*type_args, **type_kw)
+
+        col_kw = {}
+
+        # NOT NULL
+        col_kw["nullable"] = True
+        # this can be "NULL" in the case of TIMESTAMP
+        if spec.get("notnull", False) == "NOT NULL":
+            col_kw["nullable"] = False
+        # For generated columns, the nullability is marked in a different place
+        if spec.get("notnull_generated", False) == "NOT NULL":
+            col_kw["nullable"] = False
+
+        # AUTO_INCREMENT
+        if spec.get("autoincr", False):
+            col_kw["autoincrement"] = True
+        elif issubclass(col_type, sqltypes.Integer):
+            col_kw["autoincrement"] = False
+
+        # DEFAULT
+        default = spec.get("default", None)
+
+        if default == "NULL":
+            # eliminates the need to deal with this later.
+            default = None
+
+        comment = spec.get("comment", None)
+
+        if comment is not None:
+            comment = cleanup_text(comment)
+
+        sqltext = spec.get("generated")
+        if sqltext is not None:
+            computed = dict(sqltext=sqltext)
+            persisted = spec.get("persistence")
+            if persisted is not None:
+                computed["persisted"] = persisted == "STORED"
+            col_kw["computed"] = computed
+
+        col_d = dict(
+            name=name, type=type_instance, default=default, comment=comment
+        )
+        col_d.update(col_kw)
+        state.columns.append(col_d)
+
+    def _describe_to_create(self, table_name, columns):
+        """Re-format DESCRIBE output as a SHOW CREATE TABLE string.
+
+        DESCRIBE is a much simpler reflection and is sufficient for
+        reflecting views for runtime use.  This method formats DDL
+        for columns only- keys are omitted.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of DESCRIBE or SHOW COLUMNS 6-tuples.
+          SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM rows must be rearranged for use with
+          this function.
+        """
+
+        buffer = []
+        for row in columns:
+            (name, col_type, nullable, default, extra) = (
+                row[i] for i in (0, 1, 2, 4, 5)
+            )
+
+            line = [" "]
+            line.append(self.preparer.quote_identifier(name))
+            line.append(col_type)
+            if not nullable:
+                line.append("NOT NULL")
+            if default:
+                if "auto_increment" in default:
+                    pass
+                elif col_type.startswith("timestamp") and default.startswith(
+                    "C"
+                ):
+                    line.append("DEFAULT")
+                    line.append(default)
+                elif default == "NULL":
+                    line.append("DEFAULT")
+                    line.append(default)
+                else:
+                    line.append("DEFAULT")
+                    line.append("'%s'" % default.replace("'", "''"))
+            if extra:
+                line.append(extra)
+
+            buffer.append(" ".join(line))
+
+        return "".join(
+            [
+                (
+                    "CREATE TABLE %s (\n"
+                    % self.preparer.quote_identifier(table_name)
+                ),
+                ",\n".join(buffer),
+                "\n) ",
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def _parse_keyexprs(self, identifiers):
+        """Unpack '"col"(2),"col" ASC'-ish strings into components."""
+
+        return [
+            (colname, int(length) if length else None, modifiers)
+            for colname, length, modifiers in self._re_keyexprs.findall(
+                identifiers
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def _prep_regexes(self):
+        """Pre-compile regular expressions."""
+
+        self._re_columns = []
+        self._pr_options = []
+
+        _final = self.preparer.final_quote
+
+        quotes = dict(
+            zip(
+                ("iq", "fq", "esc_fq"),
+                [
+                    re.escape(s)
+                    for s in (
+                        self.preparer.initial_quote,
+                        _final,
+                        self.preparer._escape_identifier(_final),
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+        )
+
+        self._pr_name = _pr_compile(
+            r"^CREATE (?:\w+ +)?TABLE +"
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +\($" % quotes,
+            self.preparer._unescape_identifier,
+        )
+
+        self._re_is_view = _re_compile(r"^CREATE(?! TABLE)(\s.*)?\sVIEW")
+
+        # `col`,`col2`(32),`col3`(15) DESC
+        #
+        self._re_keyexprs = _re_compile(
+            r"(?:"
+            r"(?:%(iq)s((?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)"
+            r"(?:\((\d+)\))?(?: +(ASC|DESC))?(?=\,|$))+" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # 'foo' or 'foo','bar' or 'fo,o','ba''a''r'
+        self._re_csv_str = _re_compile(r"\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])*\x27")
+
+        # 123 or 123,456
+        self._re_csv_int = _re_compile(r"\d+")
+
+        # `colname` <type> [type opts]
+        #  (NOT NULL | NULL)
+        #   DEFAULT ('value' | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP...)
+        #   COMMENT 'comment'
+        #  COLUMN_FORMAT (FIXED|DYNAMIC|DEFAULT)
+        #  STORAGE (DISK|MEMORY)
+        self._re_column = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"(?P<coltype>\w+)"
+            r"(?:\((?P<arg>(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|"
+            r"(?:'(?:''|[^'])*',?)+))\))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<unsigned>UNSIGNED))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<zerofill>ZEROFILL))?"
+            r"(?: +CHARACTER SET +(?P<charset>[\w_]+))?"
+            r"(?: +COLLATE +(?P<collate>[\w_]+))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<notnull>(?:NOT )?NULL))?"
+            r"(?: +DEFAULT +(?P<default>"
+            r"(?:NULL|'(?:''|[^'])*'|\(.+?\)|[\-\w\.\(\)]+"
+            r"(?: +ON UPDATE [\-\w\.\(\)]+)?)"
+            r"))?"
+            r"(?: +(?:GENERATED ALWAYS)? ?AS +(?P<generated>\("
+            r".*\))? ?(?P<persistence>VIRTUAL|STORED)?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<notnull_generated>(?:NOT )?NULL))?"
+            r")?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<autoincr>AUTO_INCREMENT))?"
+            r"(?: +COMMENT +'(?P<comment>(?:''|[^'])*)')?"
+            r"(?: +COLUMN_FORMAT +(?P<colfmt>\w+))?"
+            r"(?: +STORAGE +(?P<storage>\w+))?"
+            r"(?: +(?P<extra>.*))?"
+            r",?$" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # Fallback, try to parse as little as possible
+        self._re_column_loose = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"(?P<coltype>\w+)"
+            r"(?:\((?P<arg>(?:\d+|\d+,\d+|\x27(?:\x27\x27|[^\x27])+\x27))\))?"
+            r".*?(?P<notnull>(?:NOT )NULL)?" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # (PRIMARY|UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL) INDEX `name` (USING (BTREE|HASH))?
+        # (`col` (ASC|DESC)?, `col` (ASC|DESC)?)
+        # KEY_BLOCK_SIZE size | WITH PARSER name  /*!50100 WITH PARSER name */
+        self._re_key = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"(?:(?P<type>\S+) )?KEY"
+            r"(?: +%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s)?"
+            r"(?: +USING +(?P<using_pre>\S+))?"
+            r" +\((?P<columns>.+?)\)"
+            r"(?: +USING +(?P<using_post>\S+))?"
+            r"(?: +KEY_BLOCK_SIZE *[ =]? *(?P<keyblock>\S+))?"
+            r"(?: +WITH PARSER +(?P<parser>\S+))?"
+            r"(?: +COMMENT +(?P<comment>(\x27\x27|\x27([^\x27])*?\x27)+))?"
+            r"(?: +/\*(?P<version_sql>.+)\*/ *)?"
+            r",?$" % quotes
+        )
+
+        # https://forums.mysql.com/read.php?20,567102,567111#msg-567111
+        # It means if the MySQL version >= \d+, execute what's in the comment
+        self._re_key_version_sql = _re_compile(
+            r"\!\d+ " r"(?: *WITH PARSER +(?P<parser>\S+) *)?"
+        )
+
+        # CONSTRAINT `name` FOREIGN KEY (`local_col`)
+        # REFERENCES `remote` (`remote_col`)
+        # MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE
+        # ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE RESTRICT
+        #
+        # unique constraints come back as KEYs
+        kw = quotes.copy()
+        kw["on"] = "RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NO ACTION|SET DEFAULT"
+        self._re_fk_constraint = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"CONSTRAINT +"
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"FOREIGN KEY +"
+            r"\((?P<local>[^\)]+?)\) REFERENCES +"
+            r"(?P<table>%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s"
+            r"(?:\.%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s)?) +"
+            r"\((?P<foreign>(?:%(iq)s[^%(fq)s]+%(fq)s(?: *, *)?)+)\)"
+            r"(?: +(?P<match>MATCH \w+))?"
+            r"(?: +ON DELETE (?P<ondelete>%(on)s))?"
+            r"(?: +ON UPDATE (?P<onupdate>%(on)s))?" % kw
+        )
+
+        # CONSTRAINT `CONSTRAINT_1` CHECK (`x` > 5)'
+        # testing on MariaDB 10.2 shows that the CHECK constraint
+        # is returned on a line by itself, so to match without worrying
+        # about parenthesis in the expression we go to the end of the line
+        self._re_ck_constraint = _re_compile(
+            r"  "
+            r"CONSTRAINT +"
+            r"%(iq)s(?P<name>(?:%(esc_fq)s|[^%(fq)s])+)%(fq)s +"
+            r"CHECK +"
+            r"\((?P<sqltext>.+)\),?" % kw
+        )
+
+        # PARTITION
+        #
+        # punt!
+        self._re_partition = _re_compile(r"(?:.*)(?:SUB)?PARTITION(?:.*)")
+
+        # Table-level options (COLLATE, ENGINE, etc.)
+        # Do the string options first, since they have quoted
+        # strings we need to get rid of.
+        for option in _options_of_type_string:
+            self._add_option_string(option)
+
+        for option in (
+            "ENGINE",
+            "TYPE",
+            "AUTO_INCREMENT",
+            "AVG_ROW_LENGTH",
+            "CHARACTER SET",
+            "DEFAULT CHARSET",
+            "CHECKSUM",
+            "COLLATE",
+            "DELAY_KEY_WRITE",
+            "INSERT_METHOD",
+            "MAX_ROWS",
+            "MIN_ROWS",
+            "PACK_KEYS",
+            "ROW_FORMAT",
+            "KEY_BLOCK_SIZE",
+            "STATS_SAMPLE_PAGES",
+        ):
+            self._add_option_word(option)
+
+        for option in (
+            "PARTITION BY",
+            "SUBPARTITION BY",
+            "PARTITIONS",
+            "SUBPARTITIONS",
+            "PARTITION",
+            "SUBPARTITION",
+        ):
+            self._add_partition_option_word(option)
+
+        self._add_option_regex("UNION", r"\([^\)]+\)")
+        self._add_option_regex("TABLESPACE", r".*? STORAGE DISK")
+        self._add_option_regex(
+            "RAID_TYPE",
+            r"\w+\s+RAID_CHUNKS\s*\=\s*\w+RAID_CHUNKSIZE\s*=\s*\w+",
+        )
+
+    _optional_equals = r"(?:\s*(?:=\s*)|\s+)"
+
+    def _add_option_string(self, directive):
+        regex = r"(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"'(?P<val>(?:[^']|'')*?)'(?!')" % (
+            re.escape(directive),
+            self._optional_equals,
+        )
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex, cleanup_text))
+
+    def _add_option_word(self, directive):
+        regex = r"(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>\w+)" % (
+            re.escape(directive),
+            self._optional_equals,
+        )
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+    def _add_partition_option_word(self, directive):
+        if directive == "PARTITION BY" or directive == "SUBPARTITION BY":
+            regex = r"(?<!\S)(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>\w+.*)" % (
+                re.escape(directive),
+                self._optional_equals,
+            )
+        elif directive == "SUBPARTITIONS" or directive == "PARTITIONS":
+            regex = r"(?<!\S)(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>\d+)" % (
+                re.escape(directive),
+                self._optional_equals,
+            )
+        else:
+            regex = r"(?<!\S)(?P<directive>%s)(?!\S)" % (re.escape(directive),)
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+    def _add_option_regex(self, directive, regex):
+        regex = r"(?P<directive>%s)%s" r"(?P<val>%s)" % (
+            re.escape(directive),
+            self._optional_equals,
+            regex,
+        )
+        self._pr_options.append(_pr_compile(regex))
+
+
+_options_of_type_string = (
+    "COMMENT",
+    "DATA DIRECTORY",
+    "INDEX DIRECTORY",
+    "PASSWORD",
+    "CONNECTION",
+)
+
+
+def _pr_compile(regex, cleanup=None):
+    """Prepare a 2-tuple of compiled regex and callable."""
+
+    return (_re_compile(regex), cleanup)
+
+
+def _re_compile(regex):
+    """Compile a string to regex, I and UNICODE."""
+
+    return re.compile(regex, re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+def _strip_values(values):
+    "Strip reflected values quotes"
+    strip_values = []
+    for a in values:
+        if a[0:1] == '"' or a[0:1] == "'":
+            # strip enclosing quotes and unquote interior
+            a = a[1:-1].replace(a[0] * 2, a[0])
+        strip_values.append(a)
+    return strip_values
+
+
+def cleanup_text(raw_text: str) -> str:
+    if "\\" in raw_text:
+        raw_text = re.sub(
+            _control_char_regexp, lambda s: _control_char_map[s[0]], raw_text
+        )
+    return raw_text.replace("''", "'")
+
+
+_control_char_map = {
+    "\\\\": "\\",
+    "\\0": "\0",
+    "\\a": "\a",
+    "\\b": "\b",
+    "\\t": "\t",
+    "\\n": "\n",
+    "\\v": "\v",
+    "\\f": "\f",
+    "\\r": "\r",
+    # '\\e':'\e',
+}
+_control_char_regexp = re.compile(
+    "|".join(re.escape(k) for k in _control_char_map)
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34fecf42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+# dialects/mysql/reserved_words.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# generated using:
+# https://gist.github.com/kkirsche/4f31f2153ed7a3248be1ec44ca6ddbc9
+#
+# https://mariadb.com/kb/en/reserved-words/
+# includes: Reserved Words, Oracle Mode (separate set unioned)
+# excludes: Exceptions, Function Names
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+RESERVED_WORDS_MARIADB = {
+    "accessible",
+    "add",
+    "all",
+    "alter",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asensitive",
+    "before",
+    "between",
+    "bigint",
+    "binary",
+    "blob",
+    "both",
+    "by",
+    "call",
+    "cascade",
+    "case",
+    "change",
+    "char",
+    "character",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "condition",
+    "constraint",
+    "continue",
+    "convert",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_role",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "cursor",
+    "database",
+    "databases",
+    "day_hour",
+    "day_microsecond",
+    "day_minute",
+    "day_second",
+    "dec",
+    "decimal",
+    "declare",
+    "default",
+    "delayed",
+    "delete",
+    "desc",
+    "describe",
+    "deterministic",
+    "distinct",
+    "distinctrow",
+    "div",
+    "do_domain_ids",
+    "double",
+    "drop",
+    "dual",
+    "each",
+    "else",
+    "elseif",
+    "enclosed",
+    "escaped",
+    "except",
+    "exists",
+    "exit",
+    "explain",
+    "false",
+    "fetch",
+    "float",
+    "float4",
+    "float8",
+    "for",
+    "force",
+    "foreign",
+    "from",
+    "fulltext",
+    "general",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "high_priority",
+    "hour_microsecond",
+    "hour_minute",
+    "hour_second",
+    "if",
+    "ignore",
+    "ignore_domain_ids",
+    "ignore_server_ids",
+    "in",
+    "index",
+    "infile",
+    "inner",
+    "inout",
+    "insensitive",
+    "insert",
+    "int",
+    "int1",
+    "int2",
+    "int3",
+    "int4",
+    "int8",
+    "integer",
+    "intersect",
+    "interval",
+    "into",
+    "is",
+    "iterate",
+    "join",
+    "key",
+    "keys",
+    "kill",
+    "leading",
+    "leave",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "limit",
+    "linear",
+    "lines",
+    "load",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "lock",
+    "long",
+    "longblob",
+    "longtext",
+    "loop",
+    "low_priority",
+    "master_heartbeat_period",
+    "master_ssl_verify_server_cert",
+    "match",
+    "maxvalue",
+    "mediumblob",
+    "mediumint",
+    "mediumtext",
+    "middleint",
+    "minute_microsecond",
+    "minute_second",
+    "mod",
+    "modifies",
+    "natural",
+    "no_write_to_binlog",
+    "not",
+    "null",
+    "numeric",
+    "offset",
+    "on",
+    "optimize",
+    "option",
+    "optionally",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "out",
+    "outer",
+    "outfile",
+    "over",
+    "page_checksum",
+    "parse_vcol_expr",
+    "partition",
+    "position",
+    "precision",
+    "primary",
+    "procedure",
+    "purge",
+    "range",
+    "read",
+    "read_write",
+    "reads",
+    "real",
+    "recursive",
+    "ref_system_id",
+    "references",
+    "regexp",
+    "release",
+    "rename",
+    "repeat",
+    "replace",
+    "require",
+    "resignal",
+    "restrict",
+    "return",
+    "returning",
+    "revoke",
+    "right",
+    "rlike",
+    "rows",
+    "row_number",
+    "schema",
+    "schemas",
+    "second_microsecond",
+    "select",
+    "sensitive",
+    "separator",
+    "set",
+    "show",
+    "signal",
+    "slow",
+    "smallint",
+    "spatial",
+    "specific",
+    "sql",
+    "sql_big_result",
+    "sql_calc_found_rows",
+    "sql_small_result",
+    "sqlexception",
+    "sqlstate",
+    "sqlwarning",
+    "ssl",
+    "starting",
+    "stats_auto_recalc",
+    "stats_persistent",
+    "stats_sample_pages",
+    "straight_join",
+    "table",
+    "terminated",
+    "then",
+    "tinyblob",
+    "tinyint",
+    "tinytext",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "trigger",
+    "true",
+    "undo",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "unlock",
+    "unsigned",
+    "update",
+    "usage",
+    "use",
+    "using",
+    "utc_date",
+    "utc_time",
+    "utc_timestamp",
+    "values",
+    "varbinary",
+    "varchar",
+    "varcharacter",
+    "varying",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "while",
+    "window",
+    "with",
+    "write",
+    "xor",
+    "year_month",
+    "zerofill",
+}.union(
+    {
+        "body",
+        "elsif",
+        "goto",
+        "history",
+        "others",
+        "package",
+        "period",
+        "raise",
+        "rowtype",
+        "system",
+        "system_time",
+        "versioning",
+        "without",
+    }
+)
+
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.3/en/keywords.html
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/keywords.html
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/keywords.html
+# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/keywords.html
+# includes: MySQL x.0 Keywords and Reserved Words
+# excludes: MySQL x.0 New Keywords and Reserved Words,
+#       MySQL x.0 Removed Keywords and Reserved Words
+RESERVED_WORDS_MYSQL = {
+    "accessible",
+    "add",
+    "admin",
+    "all",
+    "alter",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "array",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asensitive",
+    "before",
+    "between",
+    "bigint",
+    "binary",
+    "blob",
+    "both",
+    "by",
+    "call",
+    "cascade",
+    "case",
+    "change",
+    "char",
+    "character",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "condition",
+    "constraint",
+    "continue",
+    "convert",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "cube",
+    "cume_dist",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "cursor",
+    "database",
+    "databases",
+    "day_hour",
+    "day_microsecond",
+    "day_minute",
+    "day_second",
+    "dec",
+    "decimal",
+    "declare",
+    "default",
+    "delayed",
+    "delete",
+    "dense_rank",
+    "desc",
+    "describe",
+    "deterministic",
+    "distinct",
+    "distinctrow",
+    "div",
+    "double",
+    "drop",
+    "dual",
+    "each",
+    "else",
+    "elseif",
+    "empty",
+    "enclosed",
+    "escaped",
+    "except",
+    "exists",
+    "exit",
+    "explain",
+    "false",
+    "fetch",
+    "first_value",
+    "float",
+    "float4",
+    "float8",
+    "for",
+    "force",
+    "foreign",
+    "from",
+    "fulltext",
+    "function",
+    "general",
+    "generated",
+    "get",
+    "get_master_public_key",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "grouping",
+    "groups",
+    "having",
+    "high_priority",
+    "hour_microsecond",
+    "hour_minute",
+    "hour_second",
+    "if",
+    "ignore",
+    "ignore_server_ids",
+    "in",
+    "index",
+    "infile",
+    "inner",
+    "inout",
+    "insensitive",
+    "insert",
+    "int",
+    "int1",
+    "int2",
+    "int3",
+    "int4",
+    "int8",
+    "integer",
+    "intersect",
+    "interval",
+    "into",
+    "io_after_gtids",
+    "io_before_gtids",
+    "is",
+    "iterate",
+    "join",
+    "json_table",
+    "key",
+    "keys",
+    "kill",
+    "lag",
+    "last_value",
+    "lateral",
+    "lead",
+    "leading",
+    "leave",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "limit",
+    "linear",
+    "lines",
+    "load",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "lock",
+    "long",
+    "longblob",
+    "longtext",
+    "loop",
+    "low_priority",
+    "master_bind",
+    "master_heartbeat_period",
+    "master_ssl_verify_server_cert",
+    "match",
+    "maxvalue",
+    "mediumblob",
+    "mediumint",
+    "mediumtext",
+    "member",
+    "middleint",
+    "minute_microsecond",
+    "minute_second",
+    "mod",
+    "modifies",
+    "natural",
+    "no_write_to_binlog",
+    "not",
+    "nth_value",
+    "ntile",
+    "null",
+    "numeric",
+    "of",
+    "on",
+    "optimize",
+    "optimizer_costs",
+    "option",
+    "optionally",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "out",
+    "outer",
+    "outfile",
+    "over",
+    "parse_gcol_expr",
+    "parallel",
+    "partition",
+    "percent_rank",
+    "persist",
+    "persist_only",
+    "precision",
+    "primary",
+    "procedure",
+    "purge",
+    "qualify",
+    "range",
+    "rank",
+    "read",
+    "read_write",
+    "reads",
+    "real",
+    "recursive",
+    "references",
+    "regexp",
+    "release",
+    "rename",
+    "repeat",
+    "replace",
+    "require",
+    "resignal",
+    "restrict",
+    "return",
+    "revoke",
+    "right",
+    "rlike",
+    "role",
+    "row",
+    "row_number",
+    "rows",
+    "schema",
+    "schemas",
+    "second_microsecond",
+    "select",
+    "sensitive",
+    "separator",
+    "set",
+    "show",
+    "signal",
+    "slow",
+    "smallint",
+    "spatial",
+    "specific",
+    "sql",
+    "sql_after_gtids",
+    "sql_before_gtids",
+    "sql_big_result",
+    "sql_calc_found_rows",
+    "sql_small_result",
+    "sqlexception",
+    "sqlstate",
+    "sqlwarning",
+    "ssl",
+    "starting",
+    "stored",
+    "straight_join",
+    "system",
+    "table",
+    "terminated",
+    "then",
+    "tinyblob",
+    "tinyint",
+    "tinytext",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "trigger",
+    "true",
+    "undo",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "unlock",
+    "unsigned",
+    "update",
+    "usage",
+    "use",
+    "using",
+    "utc_date",
+    "utc_time",
+    "utc_timestamp",
+    "values",
+    "varbinary",
+    "varchar",
+    "varcharacter",
+    "varying",
+    "virtual",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "while",
+    "window",
+    "with",
+    "write",
+    "xor",
+    "year_month",
+    "zerofill",
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ace6824a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/mysql/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
+# dialects/mysql/types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import datetime
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+
+
+class _NumericType:
+    """Base for MySQL numeric types.
+
+    This is the base both for NUMERIC as well as INTEGER, hence
+    it's a mixin.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, unsigned=False, zerofill=False, **kw):
+        self.unsigned = unsigned
+        self.zerofill = zerofill
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_NumericType, sqltypes.Numeric]
+        )
+
+
+class _FloatType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Float):
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        if isinstance(self, (REAL, DOUBLE)) and (
+            (precision is None and scale is not None)
+            or (precision is not None and scale is None)
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "You must specify both precision and scale or omit "
+                "both altogether."
+            )
+        super().__init__(precision=precision, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw)
+        self.scale = scale
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_FloatType, _NumericType, sqltypes.Float]
+        )
+
+
+class _IntegerType(_NumericType, sqltypes.Integer):
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_IntegerType, _NumericType, sqltypes.Integer]
+        )
+
+
+class _StringType(sqltypes.String):
+    """Base for MySQL string types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        charset=None,
+        collation=None,
+        ascii=False,  # noqa
+        binary=False,
+        unicode=False,
+        national=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        self.charset = charset
+
+        # allow collate= or collation=
+        kw.setdefault("collation", kw.pop("collate", collation))
+
+        self.ascii = ascii
+        self.unicode = unicode
+        self.binary = binary
+        self.national = national
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self, to_inspect=[_StringType, sqltypes.String]
+        )
+
+
+class _MatchType(sqltypes.Float, sqltypes.MatchType):
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        # TODO: float arguments?
+        sqltypes.Float.__init__(self)
+        sqltypes.MatchType.__init__(self)
+
+
+class NUMERIC(_NumericType, sqltypes.NUMERIC):
+    """MySQL NUMERIC type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMERIC"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a NUMERIC.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class DECIMAL(_NumericType, sqltypes.DECIMAL):
+    """MySQL DECIMAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DECIMAL"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DECIMAL.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class DOUBLE(_FloatType, sqltypes.DOUBLE):
+    """MySQL DOUBLE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOUBLE"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a DOUBLE.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.DOUBLE` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class REAL(_FloatType, sqltypes.REAL):
+    """MySQL REAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REAL"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=True, **kw):
+        """Construct a REAL.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.REAL` type by default converts from float
+            to Decimal, using a truncation that defaults to 10 digits.
+            Specify either ``scale=n`` or ``decimal_return_scale=n`` in order
+            to change this scale, or ``asdecimal=False`` to return values
+            directly as Python floating points.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class FLOAT(_FloatType, sqltypes.FLOAT):
+    """MySQL FLOAT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "FLOAT"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=False, **kw):
+        """Construct a FLOAT.
+
+        :param precision: Total digits in this number.  If scale and precision
+          are both None, values are stored to limits allowed by the server.
+
+        :param scale: The number of digits after the decimal point.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal, **kw
+        )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class INTEGER(_IntegerType, sqltypes.INTEGER):
+    """MySQL INTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INTEGER"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct an INTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIGINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.BIGINT):
+    """MySQL BIGINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIGINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a BIGINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class MEDIUMINT(_IntegerType):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MEDIUMINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMINTEGER
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYINT(_IntegerType):
+    """MySQL TINYINT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TINYINT.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class SMALLINT(_IntegerType, sqltypes.SMALLINT):
+    """MySQL SMALLINTEGER type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLINT"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a SMALLINTEGER.
+
+        :param display_width: Optional, maximum display width for this number.
+
+        :param unsigned: a boolean, optional.
+
+        :param zerofill: Optional. If true, values will be stored as strings
+          left-padded with zeros. Note that this does not effect the values
+          returned by the underlying database API, which continue to be
+          numeric.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(display_width=display_width, **kw)
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """MySQL BIT type.
+
+    This type is for MySQL 5.0.3 or greater for MyISAM, and 5.0.5 or greater
+    for MyISAM, MEMORY, InnoDB and BDB.  For older versions, use a
+    MSTinyInteger() type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIT"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None):
+        """Construct a BIT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, number of bits.
+
+        """
+        self.length = length
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        """Convert a MySQL's 64 bit, variable length binary string to a
+        long."""
+
+        if dialect.supports_native_bit:
+            return None
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                v = 0
+                for i in value:
+                    if not isinstance(i, int):
+                        i = ord(i)  # convert byte to int on Python 2
+                    v = v << 8 | i
+                return v
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+    """MySQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIME"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        time = datetime.time
+
+        def process(value):
+            # convert from a timedelta value
+            if value is not None:
+                microseconds = value.microseconds
+                seconds = value.seconds
+                minutes = seconds // 60
+                return time(
+                    minutes // 60,
+                    minutes % 60,
+                    seconds - minutes * 60,
+                    microsecond=microseconds,
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """MySQL TIMESTAMP type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the TIMESTAMP type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class DATETIME(sqltypes.DATETIME):
+    """MySQL DATETIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIME"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone=False, fsp=None):
+        """Construct a MySQL DATETIME type.
+
+        :param timezone: not used by the MySQL dialect.
+        :param fsp: fractional seconds precision value.
+         MySQL 5.6.4 supports storage of fractional seconds;
+         this parameter will be used when emitting DDL
+         for the DATETIME type.
+
+         .. note::
+
+            DBAPI driver support for fractional seconds may
+            be limited; current support includes
+            MySQL Connector/Python.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.fsp = fsp
+
+
+class YEAR(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """MySQL YEAR type, for single byte storage of years 1901-2155."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "YEAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, display_width=None):
+        self.display_width = display_width
+
+
+class TEXT(_StringType, sqltypes.TEXT):
+    """MySQL TEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^16 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a TEXT.
+
+        :param length: Optional, if provided the server may optimize storage
+          by substituting the smallest TEXT type sufficient to store
+          ``length`` bytes of characters.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kw)
+
+
+class TINYTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL TINYTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^8 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYTEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a TINYTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class MEDIUMTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMTEXT type, for character storage encoded up
+    to 2^24 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MEDIUMTEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a MEDIUMTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class LONGTEXT(_StringType):
+    """MySQL LONGTEXT type, for character storage encoded up to 2^32 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "LONGTEXT"
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a LONGTEXT.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+class VARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.VARCHAR):
+    """MySQL VARCHAR type, for variable-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARCHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a VARCHAR.
+
+        :param charset: Optional, a column-level character set for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'ascii' or 'unicode' short-hand.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for this string
+          value.  Takes precedence to 'binary' short-hand.
+
+        :param ascii: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``latin1``
+          character set, generates ASCII in schema.
+
+        :param unicode: Defaults to False: short-hand for the ``ucs2``
+          character set, generates UNICODE in schema.
+
+        :param national: Optional. If true, use the server's configured
+          national character set.
+
+        :param binary: Defaults to False: short-hand, pick the binary
+          collation type that matches the column's character set.  Generates
+          BINARY in schema.  This does not affect the type of data stored,
+          only the collation of character data.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class CHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.CHAR):
+    """MySQL CHAR type, for fixed-length character data."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a CHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_string_for_cast(cls, type_):
+        # copy the given string type into a CHAR
+        # for the purposes of rendering a CAST expression
+        type_ = sqltypes.to_instance(type_)
+        if isinstance(type_, sqltypes.CHAR):
+            return type_
+        elif isinstance(type_, _StringType):
+            return CHAR(
+                length=type_.length,
+                charset=type_.charset,
+                collation=type_.collation,
+                ascii=type_.ascii,
+                binary=type_.binary,
+                unicode=type_.unicode,
+                national=False,  # not supported in CAST
+            )
+        else:
+            return CHAR(length=type_.length)
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NVARCHAR):
+    """MySQL NVARCHAR type.
+
+    For variable-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NVARCHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NVARCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs["national"] = True
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class NCHAR(_StringType, sqltypes.NCHAR):
+    """MySQL NCHAR type.
+
+    For fixed-length character data in the server's configured national
+    character set.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NCHAR"
+
+    def __init__(self, length=None, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an NCHAR.
+
+        :param length: Maximum data length, in characters.
+
+        :param binary: Optional, use the default binary collation for the
+          national character set.  This does not affect the type of data
+          stored, use a BINARY type for binary data.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, request a particular collation.  Must be
+          compatible with the national character set.
+
+        """
+        kwargs["national"] = True
+        super().__init__(length=length, **kwargs)
+
+
+class TINYBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL TINYBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^8 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TINYBLOB"
+
+
+class MEDIUMBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL MEDIUMBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^24 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MEDIUMBLOB"
+
+
+class LONGBLOB(sqltypes._Binary):
+    """MySQL LONGBLOB type, for binary data up to 2^32 bytes."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "LONGBLOB"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ceb743d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# dialects/oracle/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from types import ModuleType
+
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import cx_oracle  # noqa
+from . import oracledb  # noqa
+from .base import BFILE
+from .base import BINARY_DOUBLE
+from .base import BINARY_FLOAT
+from .base import BLOB
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import CLOB
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import LONG
+from .base import NCHAR
+from .base import NCLOB
+from .base import NUMBER
+from .base import NVARCHAR
+from .base import NVARCHAR2
+from .base import RAW
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import ROWID
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .base import VARCHAR2
+
+# Alias oracledb also as oracledb_async
+oracledb_async = type(
+    "oracledb_async", (ModuleType,), {"dialect": oracledb.dialect_async}
+)
+
+base.dialect = dialect = cx_oracle.dialect
+
+__all__ = (
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "NVARCHAR",
+    "CHAR",
+    "NCHAR",
+    "DATE",
+    "NUMBER",
+    "BLOB",
+    "BFILE",
+    "CLOB",
+    "NCLOB",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "RAW",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "DOUBLE_PRECISION",
+    "BINARY_DOUBLE",
+    "BINARY_FLOAT",
+    "LONG",
+    "dialect",
+    "INTERVAL",
+    "VARCHAR2",
+    "NVARCHAR2",
+    "ROWID",
+    "REAL",
+)
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@@ -0,0 +1,3484 @@
+# dialects/oracle/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: oracle
+    :name: Oracle Database
+    :normal_support: 11+
+    :best_effort: 9+
+
+
+Auto Increment Behavior
+-----------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy Table objects which include integer primary keys are usually assumed
+to have "autoincrementing" behavior, meaning they can generate their own
+primary key values upon INSERT. For use within Oracle Database, two options are
+available, which are the use of IDENTITY columns (Oracle Database 12 and above
+only) or the association of a SEQUENCE with the column.
+
+Specifying GENERATED AS IDENTITY (Oracle Database 12 and above)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Starting from version 12, Oracle Database can make use of identity columns
+using the :class:`_sql.Identity` to specify the autoincrementing behavior::
+
+    t = Table(
+        "mytable",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, Identity(start=3), primary_key=True),
+        Column(...),
+        ...,
+    )
+
+The CREATE TABLE for the above :class:`_schema.Table` object would be:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE mytable (
+        id INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 3),
+        ...,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+The :class:`_schema.Identity` object support many options to control the
+"autoincrementing" behavior of the column, like the starting value, the
+incrementing value, etc.  In addition to the standard options, Oracle Database
+supports setting :paramref:`_schema.Identity.always` to ``None`` to use the
+default generated mode, rendering GENERATED AS IDENTITY in the DDL. It also supports
+setting :paramref:`_schema.Identity.on_null` to ``True`` to specify ON NULL
+in conjunction with a 'BY DEFAULT' identity column.
+
+Using a SEQUENCE (all Oracle Database versions)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Older version of Oracle Database had no "autoincrement" feature: SQLAlchemy
+relies upon sequences to produce these values.  With the older Oracle Database
+versions, *a sequence must always be explicitly specified to enable
+autoincrement*.  This is divergent with the majority of documentation examples
+which assume the usage of an autoincrement-capable database.  To specify
+sequences, use the sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence object which is passed to a
+Column construct::
+
+  t = Table(
+      "mytable",
+      metadata,
+      Column("id", Integer, Sequence("id_seq", start=1), primary_key=True),
+      Column(...),
+      ...,
+  )
+
+This step is also required when using table reflection, i.e. autoload_with=engine::
+
+  t = Table(
+      "mytable",
+      metadata,
+      Column("id", Integer, Sequence("id_seq", start=1), primary_key=True),
+      autoload_with=engine,
+  )
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Added :class:`_schema.Identity` construct
+   in a :class:`_schema.Column` to specify the option of an autoincrementing
+   column.
+
+.. _oracle_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level / Autocommit
+----------------------------------------
+
+Oracle Database supports "READ COMMITTED" and "SERIALIZABLE" modes of
+isolation. The AUTOCOMMIT isolation level is also supported by the
+python-oracledb and cx_Oracle dialects.
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    connection = engine.connect()
+    connection = connection.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")
+
+For ``READ COMMITTED`` and ``SERIALIZABLE``, the Oracle Database dialects sets
+the level at the session level using ``ALTER SESSION``, which is reverted back
+to its default setting when the connection is returned to the connection pool.
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+
+.. note:: The implementation for the
+   :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method as implemented by the
+   Oracle Database dialects necessarily force the start of a transaction using the
+   Oracle Database DBMS_TRANSACTION.LOCAL_TRANSACTION_ID function; otherwise no
+   level is normally readable.
+
+   Additionally, the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method will
+   raise an exception if the ``v$transaction`` view is not available due to
+   permissions or other reasons, which is a common occurrence in Oracle Database
+   installations.
+
+   The python-oracledb and cx_Oracle dialects attempt to call the
+   :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method when the dialect makes
+   its first connection to the database in order to acquire the
+   "default"isolation level.  This default level is necessary so that the level
+   can be reset on a connection after it has been temporarily modified using
+   :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method.  In the common event
+   that the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method raises an
+   exception due to ``v$transaction`` not being readable as well as any other
+   database-related failure, the level is assumed to be "READ COMMITTED".  No
+   warning is emitted for this initial first-connect condition as it is
+   expected to be a common restriction on Oracle databases.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.16 added support for AUTOCOMMIT to the cx_Oracle dialect
+   as well as the notion of a default isolation level
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.21 Added support for SERIALIZABLE as well as live
+   reading of the isolation level.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3.22 In the event that the default isolation
+   level cannot be read due to permissions on the v$transaction view as
+   is common in Oracle installations, the default isolation level is hardcoded
+   to "READ COMMITTED" which was the behavior prior to 1.3.21.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+Identifier Casing
+-----------------
+
+In Oracle Database, the data dictionary represents all case insensitive
+identifier names using UPPERCASE text.  This is in contradiction to the
+expectations of SQLAlchemy, which assume a case insensitive name is represented
+as lowercase text.
+
+As an example of case insensitive identifier names, consider the following table:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE MyTable (Identifier INTEGER PRIMARY KEY)
+
+If you were to ask Oracle Database for information about this table, the
+table name would be reported as ``MYTABLE`` and the column name would
+be reported as ``IDENTIFIER``.    Compare to most other databases such as
+PostgreSQL and MySQL which would report these names as ``mytable`` and
+``identifier``.   The names are **not quoted, therefore are case insensitive**.
+The special casing of ``MyTable`` and ``Identifier`` would only be maintained
+if they were quoted in the table definition:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE "MyTable" ("Identifier" INTEGER PRIMARY KEY)
+
+When constructing a SQLAlchemy :class:`.Table` object, **an all lowercase name
+is considered to be case insensitive**.   So the following table assumes
+case insensitive names::
+
+    Table("mytable", metadata, Column("identifier", Integer, primary_key=True))
+
+Whereas when mixed case or UPPERCASE names are used, case sensitivity is
+assumed::
+
+    Table("MyTable", metadata, Column("Identifier", Integer, primary_key=True))
+
+A similar situation occurs at the database driver level when emitting a
+textual SQL SELECT statement and looking at column names in the DBAPI
+``cursor.description`` attribute.  A database like PostgreSQL will normalize
+case insensitive names to be lowercase::
+
+    >>> pg_engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+    >>> pg_connection = pg_engine.connect()
+    >>> result = pg_connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT 1 AS SomeName")
+    >>> result.cursor.description
+    (Column(name='somename', type_code=23),)
+
+Whereas Oracle normalizes them to UPPERCASE::
+
+    >>> oracle_engine = create_engine("oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@oracle18c/xe")
+    >>> oracle_connection = oracle_engine.connect()
+    >>> result = oracle_connection.exec_driver_sql(
+    ...     "SELECT 1 AS SomeName FROM DUAL"
+    ... )
+    >>> result.cursor.description
+    [('SOMENAME', <DbType DB_TYPE_NUMBER>, 127, None, 0, -127, True)]
+
+In order to achieve cross-database parity for the two cases of a. table
+reflection and b. textual-only SQL statement round trips, SQLAlchemy performs a step
+called **name normalization** when using the Oracle dialect.  This process may
+also apply to other third party dialects that have similar UPPERCASE handling
+of case insensitive names.
+
+When using name normalization, SQLAlchemy attempts to detect if a name is
+case insensitive by checking if all characters are UPPERCASE letters only;
+if so, then it assumes this is a case insensitive name and is delivered as
+a lowercase name.
+
+For table reflection, a tablename that is seen represented as all UPPERCASE
+in Oracle Database's catalog tables will be assumed to have a case insensitive
+name.  This is what allows the ``Table`` definition to use lower case names
+and be equally compatible from a reflection point of view on Oracle Database
+and all other databases such as PostgreSQL and MySQL::
+
+    # matches a table created with CREATE TABLE mytable
+    Table("mytable", metadata, autoload_with=some_engine)
+
+Above, the all lowercase name ``"mytable"`` is case insensitive; it will match
+a table reported by PostgreSQL as ``"mytable"`` and a table reported by
+Oracle as ``"MYTABLE"``.  If name normalization were not present, it would
+not be possible for the above :class:`.Table` definition to be introspectable
+in a cross-database way, since we are dealing with a case insensitive name
+that is not reported by each database in the same way.
+
+Case sensitivity can be forced on in this case, such as if we wanted to represent
+the quoted tablename ``"MYTABLE"`` with that exact casing, most simply by using
+that casing directly, which will be seen as a case sensitive name::
+
+    # matches a table created with CREATE TABLE "MYTABLE"
+    Table("MYTABLE", metadata, autoload_with=some_engine)
+
+For the unusual case of a quoted all-lowercase name, the :class:`.quoted_name`
+construct may be used::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import quoted_name
+
+    # matches a table created with CREATE TABLE "mytable"
+    Table(
+        quoted_name("mytable", quote=True), metadata, autoload_with=some_engine
+    )
+
+Name normalization also takes place when handling result sets from **purely
+textual SQL strings**, that have no other :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Column`
+metadata associated with them. This includes SQL strings executed using
+:meth:`.Connection.exec_driver_sql` and SQL strings executed using the
+:func:`.text` construct which do not include :class:`.Column` metadata.
+
+Returning to the Oracle Database SELECT statement, we see that even though
+``cursor.description`` reports the column name as ``SOMENAME``, SQLAlchemy
+name normalizes this to ``somename``::
+
+    >>> oracle_engine = create_engine("oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@oracle18c/xe")
+    >>> oracle_connection = oracle_engine.connect()
+    >>> result = oracle_connection.exec_driver_sql(
+    ...     "SELECT 1 AS SomeName FROM DUAL"
+    ... )
+    >>> result.cursor.description
+    [('SOMENAME', <DbType DB_TYPE_NUMBER>, 127, None, 0, -127, True)]
+    >>> result.keys()
+    RMKeyView(['somename'])
+
+The single scenario where the above behavior produces inaccurate results
+is when using an all-uppercase, quoted name.  SQLAlchemy has no way to determine
+that a particular name in ``cursor.description`` was quoted, and is therefore
+case sensitive, or was not quoted, and should be name normalized::
+
+    >>> result = oracle_connection.exec_driver_sql(
+    ...     'SELECT 1 AS "SOMENAME" FROM DUAL'
+    ... )
+    >>> result.cursor.description
+    [('SOMENAME', <DbType DB_TYPE_NUMBER>, 127, None, 0, -127, True)]
+    >>> result.keys()
+    RMKeyView(['somename'])
+
+For this case, a new feature will be available in SQLAlchemy 2.1 to disable
+the name normalization behavior in specific cases.
+
+
+.. _oracle_max_identifier_lengths:
+
+Maximum Identifier Lengths
+--------------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy is sensitive to the maximum identifier length supported by Oracle
+Database. This affects generated SQL label names as well as the generation of
+constraint names, particularly in the case where the constraint naming
+convention feature described at :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` is being
+used.
+
+Oracle Database 12.2 increased the default maximum identifier length from 30 to
+128. As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the default maximum identifier length for the Oracle
+dialects is 128 characters.  Upon first connection, the maximum length actually
+supported by the database is obtained. In all cases, setting the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length` parameter will bypass this
+change and the value given will be used as is::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost:1521?service_name=freepdb1",
+        max_identifier_length=30,
+    )
+
+If :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length` is not set, the oracledb
+dialect internally uses the ``max_identifier_length`` attribute available on
+driver connections since python-oracledb version 2.5. When using an older
+driver version, or using the cx_Oracle dialect, SQLAlchemy will instead attempt
+to use the query ``SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'compatible'``
+upon first connect in order to determine the effective compatibility version of
+the database. The "compatibility" version is a version number that is
+independent of the actual database version. It is used to assist database
+migration. It is configured by an Oracle Database initialization parameter. The
+compatibility version then determines the maximum allowed identifier length for
+the database. If the V$ view is not available, the database version information
+is used instead.
+
+The maximum identifier length comes into play both when generating anonymized
+SQL labels in SELECT statements, but more crucially when generating constraint
+names from a naming convention.  It is this area that has created the need for
+SQLAlchemy to change this default conservatively.  For example, the following
+naming convention produces two very different constraint names based on the
+identifier length::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column
+    from sqlalchemy import Index
+    from sqlalchemy import Integer
+    from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+    from sqlalchemy import Table
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects import oracle
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateIndex
+
+    m = MetaData(naming_convention={"ix": "ix_%(column_0N_name)s"})
+
+    t = Table(
+        "t",
+        m,
+        Column("some_column_name_1", Integer),
+        Column("some_column_name_2", Integer),
+        Column("some_column_name_3", Integer),
+    )
+
+    ix = Index(
+        None,
+        t.c.some_column_name_1,
+        t.c.some_column_name_2,
+        t.c.some_column_name_3,
+    )
+
+    oracle_dialect = oracle.dialect(max_identifier_length=30)
+    print(CreateIndex(ix).compile(dialect=oracle_dialect))
+
+With an identifier length of 30, the above CREATE INDEX looks like:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE INDEX ix_some_column_name_1s_70cd ON t
+    (some_column_name_1, some_column_name_2, some_column_name_3)
+
+However with length of 128, it becomes::
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE INDEX ix_some_column_name_1some_column_name_2some_column_name_3 ON t
+    (some_column_name_1, some_column_name_2, some_column_name_3)
+
+Applications which have run versions of SQLAlchemy prior to 1.4 on Oracle
+Database version 12.2 or greater are therefore subject to the scenario of a
+database migration that wishes to "DROP CONSTRAINT" on a name that was
+previously generated with the shorter length.  This migration will fail when
+the identifier length is changed without the name of the index or constraint
+first being adjusted.  Such applications are strongly advised to make use of
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length` in order to maintain
+control of the generation of truncated names, and to fully review and test all
+database migrations in a staging environment when changing this value to ensure
+that the impact of this change has been mitigated.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4 the default max_identifier_length for Oracle Database
+   is 128 characters, which is adjusted down to 30 upon first connect if the
+   Oracle Database, or its compatibility setting, are lower than version 12.2.
+
+
+LIMIT/OFFSET/FETCH Support
+--------------------------
+
+Methods like :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` make use
+of ``FETCH FIRST N ROW / OFFSET N ROWS`` syntax assuming Oracle Database 12c or
+above, and assuming the SELECT statement is not embedded within a compound
+statement like UNION.  This syntax is also available directly by using the
+:meth:`_sql.Select.fetch` method.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 the Oracle Database dialects now use ``FETCH FIRST N
+   ROW / OFFSET N ROWS`` for all :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and
+   :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` usage including within the ORM and legacy
+   :class:`_orm.Query`.  To force the legacy behavior using window functions,
+   specify the ``enable_offset_fetch=False`` dialect parameter to
+   :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+The use of ``FETCH FIRST / OFFSET`` may be disabled on any Oracle Database
+version by passing ``enable_offset_fetch=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+which will force the use of "legacy" mode that makes use of window functions.
+This mode is also selected automatically when using a version of Oracle
+Database prior to 12c.
+
+When using legacy mode, or when a :class:`.Select` statement with limit/offset
+is embedded in a compound statement, an emulated approach for LIMIT / OFFSET
+based on window functions is used, which involves creation of a subquery using
+``ROW_NUMBER`` that is prone to performance issues as well as SQL construction
+issues for complex statements. However, this approach is supported by all
+Oracle Database versions. See notes below.
+
+Notes on LIMIT / OFFSET emulation (when fetch() method cannot be used)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If using :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset`, or with the
+ORM the :meth:`_orm.Query.limit` and :meth:`_orm.Query.offset` methods on an
+Oracle Database version prior to 12c, the following notes apply:
+
+* SQLAlchemy currently makes use of ROWNUM to achieve
+  LIMIT/OFFSET; the exact methodology is taken from
+  https://blogs.oracle.com/oraclemagazine/on-rownum-and-limiting-results .
+
+* the "FIRST_ROWS()" optimization keyword is not used by default.  To enable
+  the usage of this optimization directive, specify ``optimize_limits=True``
+  to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+      The Oracle Database dialect renders limit/offset integer values using a
+      "post compile" scheme which renders the integer directly before passing
+      the statement to the cursor for execution.  The ``use_binds_for_limits``
+      flag no longer has an effect.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`change_4808`.
+
+.. _oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+Oracle Database supports RETURNING fully for INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
+statements that are invoked with a single collection of bound parameters (that
+is, a ``cursor.execute()`` style statement; SQLAlchemy does not generally
+support RETURNING with :term:`executemany` statements).  Multiple rows may be
+returned as well.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 the Oracle Database backend has full support for
+   RETURNING on parity with other backends.
+
+
+ON UPDATE CASCADE
+-----------------
+
+Oracle Database doesn't have native ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality.  A trigger
+based solution is available at
+https://web.archive.org/web/20090317041251/https://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html
+
+When using the SQLAlchemy ORM, the ORM has limited ability to manually issue
+cascading updates - specify ForeignKey objects using the
+"deferrable=True, initially='deferred'" keyword arguments,
+and specify "passive_updates=False" on each relationship().
+
+Oracle Database 8 Compatibility
+-------------------------------
+
+.. warning:: The status of Oracle Database 8 compatibility is not known for
+   SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+When Oracle Database 8 is detected, the dialect internally configures itself to
+the following behaviors:
+
+* the use_ansi flag is set to False.  This has the effect of converting all
+  JOIN phrases into the WHERE clause, and in the case of LEFT OUTER JOIN
+  makes use of Oracle's (+) operator.
+
+* the NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB datatypes are no longer generated as DDL when
+  the :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` is used - VARCHAR2 and CLOB are issued
+  instead. This because these types don't seem to work correctly on Oracle 8
+  even though they are available. The :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR` and
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.NCLOB` types will always generate
+  NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB.
+
+
+Synonym/DBLINK Reflection
+-------------------------
+
+When using reflection with Table objects, the dialect can optionally search
+for tables indicated by synonyms, either in local or remote schemas or
+accessed over DBLINK, by passing the flag ``oracle_resolve_synonyms=True`` as
+a keyword argument to the :class:`_schema.Table` construct::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        "some_table", autoload_with=some_engine, oracle_resolve_synonyms=True
+    )
+
+When this flag is set, the given name (such as ``some_table`` above) will be
+searched not just in the ``ALL_TABLES`` view, but also within the
+``ALL_SYNONYMS`` view to see if this name is actually a synonym to another
+name.  If the synonym is located and refers to a DBLINK, the Oracle Database
+dialects know how to locate the table's information using DBLINK syntax(e.g.
+``@dblink``).
+
+``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` is accepted wherever reflection arguments are
+accepted, including methods such as :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` and
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+If synonyms are not in use, this flag should be left disabled.
+
+.. _oracle_constraint_reflection:
+
+Constraint Reflection
+---------------------
+
+The Oracle Database dialects can return information about foreign key, unique,
+and CHECK constraints, as well as indexes on tables.
+
+Raw information regarding these constraints can be acquired using
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_foreign_keys`,
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`,
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_check_constraints`, and
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.2 The Oracle Database dialect can now reflect UNIQUE and
+   CHECK constraints.
+
+When using reflection at the :class:`_schema.Table` level, the
+:class:`_schema.Table`
+will also include these constraints.
+
+Note the following caveats:
+
+* When using the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_check_constraints` method,
+  Oracle Database builds a special "IS NOT NULL" constraint for columns that
+  specify "NOT NULL".  This constraint is **not** returned by default; to
+  include the "IS NOT NULL" constraints, pass the flag ``include_all=True``::
+
+      from sqlalchemy import create_engine, inspect
+
+      engine = create_engine(
+          "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost:1521?service_name=freepdb1"
+      )
+      inspector = inspect(engine)
+      all_check_constraints = inspector.get_check_constraints(
+          "some_table", include_all=True
+      )
+
+* in most cases, when reflecting a :class:`_schema.Table`, a UNIQUE constraint
+  will **not** be available as a :class:`.UniqueConstraint` object, as Oracle
+  Database mirrors unique constraints with a UNIQUE index in most cases (the
+  exception seems to be when two or more unique constraints represent the same
+  columns); the :class:`_schema.Table` will instead represent these using
+  :class:`.Index` with the ``unique=True`` flag set.
+
+* Oracle Database creates an implicit index for the primary key of a table;
+  this index is **excluded** from all index results.
+
+* the list of columns reflected for an index will not include column names
+  that start with SYS_NC.
+
+Table names with SYSTEM/SYSAUX tablespaces
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names` and
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_temp_table_names`
+methods each return a list of table names for the current engine. These methods
+are also part of the reflection which occurs within an operation such as
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`.  By default,
+these operations exclude the ``SYSTEM``
+and ``SYSAUX`` tablespaces from the operation.   In order to change this, the
+default list of tablespaces excluded can be changed at the engine level using
+the ``exclude_tablespaces`` parameter::
+
+    # exclude SYSAUX and SOME_TABLESPACE, but not SYSTEM
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost:1521/?service_name=freepdb1",
+        exclude_tablespaces=["SYSAUX", "SOME_TABLESPACE"],
+    )
+
+.. _oracle_float_support:
+
+FLOAT / DOUBLE Support and Behaviors
+------------------------------------
+
+The SQLAlchemy :class:`.Float` and :class:`.Double` datatypes are generic
+datatypes that resolve to the "least surprising" datatype for a given backend.
+For Oracle Database, this means they resolve to the ``FLOAT`` and ``DOUBLE``
+types::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import cast, literal, Float
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects import oracle
+    >>> float_datatype = Float()
+    >>> print(cast(literal(5.0), float_datatype).compile(dialect=oracle.dialect()))
+    CAST(:param_1 AS FLOAT)
+
+Oracle's ``FLOAT`` / ``DOUBLE`` datatypes are aliases for ``NUMBER``.   Oracle
+Database stores ``NUMBER`` values with full precision, not floating point
+precision, which means that ``FLOAT`` / ``DOUBLE`` do not actually behave like
+native FP values. Oracle Database instead offers special datatypes
+``BINARY_FLOAT`` and ``BINARY_DOUBLE`` to deliver real 4- and 8- byte FP
+values.
+
+SQLAlchemy supports these datatypes directly using :class:`.BINARY_FLOAT` and
+:class:`.BINARY_DOUBLE`.   To use the :class:`.Float` or :class:`.Double`
+datatypes in a database agnostic way, while allowing Oracle backends to utilize
+one of these types, use the :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant` method to set up a
+variant::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import cast, literal, Float
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects import oracle
+    >>> float_datatype = Float().with_variant(oracle.BINARY_FLOAT(), "oracle")
+    >>> print(cast(literal(5.0), float_datatype).compile(dialect=oracle.dialect()))
+    CAST(:param_1 AS BINARY_FLOAT)
+
+E.g. to use this datatype in a :class:`.Table` definition::
+
+    my_table = Table(
+        "my_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            "fp_data", Float().with_variant(oracle.BINARY_FLOAT(), "oracle")
+        ),
+    )
+
+DateTime Compatibility
+----------------------
+
+Oracle Database has no datatype known as ``DATETIME``, it instead has only
+``DATE``, which can actually store a date and time value.  For this reason, the
+Oracle Database dialects provide a type :class:`_oracle.DATE` which is a
+subclass of :class:`.DateTime`.  This type has no special behavior, and is only
+present as a "marker" for this type; additionally, when a database column is
+reflected and the type is reported as ``DATE``, the time-supporting
+:class:`_oracle.DATE` type is used.
+
+.. _oracle_table_options:
+
+Oracle Database Table Options
+-----------------------------
+
+The CREATE TABLE phrase supports the following options with Oracle Database
+dialects in conjunction with the :class:`_schema.Table` construct:
+
+
+* ``ON COMMIT``::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        ...,
+        prefixes=["GLOBAL TEMPORARY"],
+        oracle_on_commit="PRESERVE ROWS",
+    )
+
+*
+  ``COMPRESS``::
+
+     Table(
+         "mytable", metadata, Column("data", String(32)), oracle_compress=True
+     )
+
+     Table("mytable", metadata, Column("data", String(32)), oracle_compress=6)
+
+  The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer compression
+  level, or ``True`` to use the default compression level.
+
+*
+  ``TABLESPACE``::
+
+     Table("mytable", metadata, ..., oracle_tablespace="EXAMPLE_TABLESPACE")
+
+  The ``oracle_tablespace`` parameter specifies the tablespace in which the
+  table is to be created. This is useful when you want to create a table in a
+  tablespace other than the default tablespace of the user.
+
+  .. versionadded:: 2.0.37
+
+.. _oracle_index_options:
+
+Oracle Database Specific Index Options
+--------------------------------------
+
+Bitmap Indexes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can specify the ``oracle_bitmap`` parameter to create a bitmap index
+instead of a B-tree index::
+
+    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, oracle_bitmap=True)
+
+Bitmap indexes cannot be unique and cannot be compressed. SQLAlchemy will not
+check for such limitations, only the database will.
+
+Index compression
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Oracle Database has a more efficient storage mode for indexes containing lots
+of repeated values. Use the ``oracle_compress`` parameter to turn on key
+compression::
+
+    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, oracle_compress=True)
+
+    Index(
+        "my_index",
+        my_table.c.data1,
+        my_table.c.data2,
+        unique=True,
+        oracle_compress=1,
+    )
+
+The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer specifying the
+number of prefix columns to compress, or ``True`` to use the default (all
+columns for non-unique indexes, all but the last column for unique indexes).
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import lru_cache
+from functools import wraps
+import re
+
+from . import dictionary
+from .types import _OracleBoolean
+from .types import _OracleDate
+from .types import BFILE
+from .types import BINARY_DOUBLE
+from .types import BINARY_FLOAT
+from .types import DATE
+from .types import FLOAT
+from .types import INTERVAL
+from .types import LONG
+from .types import NCLOB
+from .types import NUMBER
+from .types import NVARCHAR2  # noqa
+from .types import OracleRaw  # noqa
+from .types import RAW
+from .types import ROWID  # noqa
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from .types import VARCHAR2  # noqa
+from ... import Computed
+from ... import exc
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import ObjectKind
+from ...engine import ObjectScope
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import and_
+from ...sql import bindparam
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import func
+from ...sql import null
+from ...sql import or_
+from ...sql import select
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql import visitors
+from ...sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ...types import BLOB
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import CLOB
+from ...types import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from ...types import INTEGER
+from ...types import NCHAR
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import REAL
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = set(
+    "SHARE RAW DROP BETWEEN FROM DESC OPTION PRIOR LONG THEN "
+    "DEFAULT ALTER IS INTO MINUS INTEGER NUMBER GRANT IDENTIFIED "
+    "ALL TO ORDER ON FLOAT DATE HAVING CLUSTER NOWAIT RESOURCE "
+    "ANY TABLE INDEX FOR UPDATE WHERE CHECK SMALLINT WITH DELETE "
+    "BY ASC REVOKE LIKE SIZE RENAME NOCOMPRESS NULL GROUP VALUES "
+    "AS IN VIEW EXCLUSIVE COMPRESS SYNONYM SELECT INSERT EXISTS "
+    "NOT TRIGGER ELSE CREATE INTERSECT PCTFREE DISTINCT USER "
+    "CONNECT SET MODE OF UNIQUE VARCHAR2 VARCHAR LOCK OR CHAR "
+    "DECIMAL UNION PUBLIC AND START UID COMMENT CURRENT LEVEL".split()
+)
+
+NO_ARG_FNS = set(
+    "UID CURRENT_DATE SYSDATE USER CURRENT_TIME CURRENT_TIMESTAMP".split()
+)
+
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Boolean: _OracleBoolean,
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATE,
+    sqltypes.Date: _OracleDate,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "VARCHAR2": VARCHAR,
+    "NVARCHAR2": NVARCHAR,
+    "CHAR": CHAR,
+    "NCHAR": NCHAR,
+    "DATE": DATE,
+    "NUMBER": NUMBER,
+    "BLOB": BLOB,
+    "BFILE": BFILE,
+    "CLOB": CLOB,
+    "NCLOB": NCLOB,
+    "TIMESTAMP": TIMESTAMP,
+    "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE": TIMESTAMP,
+    "TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE": TIMESTAMP,
+    "INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND": INTERVAL,
+    "RAW": RAW,
+    "FLOAT": FLOAT,
+    "DOUBLE PRECISION": DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    "REAL": REAL,
+    "LONG": LONG,
+    "BINARY_DOUBLE": BINARY_DOUBLE,
+    "BINARY_FLOAT": BINARY_FLOAT,
+    "ROWID": ROWID,
+}
+
+
+class OracleTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    # Note:
+    # Oracle DATE == DATETIME
+    # Oracle does not allow milliseconds in DATE
+    # Oracle does not support TIME columns
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._use_nchar_for_unicode:
+            return self.visit_NVARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INTERVAL DAY%s TO SECOND%s" % (
+            type_.day_precision is not None
+            and "(%d)" % type_.day_precision
+            or "",
+            type_.second_precision is not None
+            and "(%d)" % type_.second_precision
+            or "",
+        )
+
+    def visit_LONG(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "LONG"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        if getattr(type_, "local_timezone", False):
+            return "TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE"
+        elif type_.timezone:
+            return "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE"
+        else:
+            return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "DOUBLE PRECISION", **kw)
+
+    def visit_BINARY_DOUBLE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "BINARY_DOUBLE", **kw)
+
+    def visit_BINARY_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "BINARY_FLOAT", **kw)
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        kw["_requires_binary_precision"] = True
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "FLOAT", **kw)
+
+    def visit_NUMBER(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._generate_numeric(type_, "NUMBER", **kw)
+
+    def _generate_numeric(
+        self,
+        type_,
+        name,
+        precision=None,
+        scale=None,
+        _requires_binary_precision=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if precision is None:
+            precision = getattr(type_, "precision", None)
+
+        if _requires_binary_precision:
+            binary_precision = getattr(type_, "binary_precision", None)
+
+            if precision and binary_precision is None:
+                # https://www.oracletutorial.com/oracle-basics/oracle-float/
+                estimated_binary_precision = int(precision / 0.30103)
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Oracle Database FLOAT types use 'binary precision', "
+                    "which does not convert cleanly from decimal "
+                    "'precision'.  Please specify "
+                    "this type with a separate Oracle Database variant, such "
+                    f"as {type_.__class__.__name__}(precision={precision})."
+                    f"with_variant(oracle.FLOAT"
+                    f"(binary_precision="
+                    f"{estimated_binary_precision}), 'oracle'), so that the "
+                    "Oracle Database specific 'binary_precision' may be "
+                    "specified accurately."
+                )
+            else:
+                precision = binary_precision
+
+        if scale is None:
+            scale = getattr(type_, "scale", None)
+
+        if precision is None:
+            return name
+        elif scale is None:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s)"
+            return n % {"name": name, "precision": precision}
+        else:
+            n = "%(name)s(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)"
+            return n % {"name": name, "precision": precision, "scale": scale}
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR2(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR2(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, "", "2")
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR2(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, "N", "2")
+
+    visit_NVARCHAR = visit_NVARCHAR2
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self._visit_varchar(type_, "", "")
+
+    def _visit_varchar(self, type_, n, num):
+        if not type_.length:
+            return "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s" % {"two": num, "n": n}
+        elif not n and self.dialect._supports_char_length:
+            varchar = "VARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s CHAR)"
+            return varchar % {"length": type_.length, "two": num}
+        else:
+            varchar = "%(n)sVARCHAR%(two)s(%(length)s)"
+            return varchar % {"length": type_.length, "two": num, "n": n}
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_CLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(self, type_, **kw):
+        if self.dialect._use_nchar_for_unicode:
+            return self.visit_NCLOB(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_CLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_NUMBER(type_, precision=19, **kw)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_RAW(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.length:
+            return "RAW(%(length)s)" % {"length": type_.length}
+        else:
+            return "RAW"
+
+    def visit_ROWID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "ROWID"
+
+
+class OracleCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    """Oracle compiler modifies the lexical structure of Select
+    statements to work under non-ANSI configured Oracle databases, if
+    the use_ansi flag is False.
+    """
+
+    compound_keywords = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.compound_keywords,
+        {expression.CompoundSelect.EXCEPT: "MINUS"},
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.__wheres = {}
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "mod(%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LENGTH" + self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "CONTAINS (%s, %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        return "WITH"
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return " ".join("/*+ %s */" % text for table, text in byfroms.items())
+
+    def function_argspec(self, fn, **kw):
+        if len(fn.clauses) > 0 or fn.name.upper() not in NO_ARG_FNS:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.function_argspec(self, fn, **kw)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_function(self, func, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_function(func, **kw)
+        if kw.get("asfrom", False) and func.name.lower() != "table":
+            text = "TABLE (%s)" % text
+        return text
+
+    def visit_table_valued_column(self, element, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_table_valued_column(element, **kw)
+        text = text + ".COLUMN_VALUE"
+        return text
+
+    def default_from(self):
+        """Called when a ``SELECT`` statement has no froms,
+        and no ``FROM`` clause is to be appended.
+
+        The Oracle compiler tacks a "FROM DUAL" to the statement.
+        """
+
+        return " FROM DUAL"
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, from_linter=None, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.use_ansi:
+            return compiler.SQLCompiler.visit_join(
+                self, join, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.edges.add((join.left, join.right))
+
+            kwargs["asfrom"] = True
+            if isinstance(join.right, expression.FromGrouping):
+                right = join.right.element
+            else:
+                right = join.right
+            return (
+                self.process(join.left, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs)
+                + ", "
+                + self.process(right, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs)
+            )
+
+    def _get_nonansi_join_whereclause(self, froms):
+        clauses = []
+
+        def visit_join(join):
+            if join.isouter:
+                # https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/SQLRF/queries006.htm#SQLRF52354
+                # "apply the outer join operator (+) to all columns of B in
+                # the join condition in the WHERE clause" - that is,
+                # unconditionally regardless of operator or the other side
+                def visit_binary(binary):
+                    if isinstance(
+                        binary.left, expression.ColumnClause
+                    ) and join.right.is_derived_from(binary.left.table):
+                        binary.left = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.left)
+                    elif isinstance(
+                        binary.right, expression.ColumnClause
+                    ) and join.right.is_derived_from(binary.right.table):
+                        binary.right = _OuterJoinColumn(binary.right)
+
+                clauses.append(
+                    visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                        join.onclause, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                clauses.append(join.onclause)
+
+            for j in join.left, join.right:
+                if isinstance(j, expression.Join):
+                    visit_join(j)
+                elif isinstance(j, expression.FromGrouping):
+                    visit_join(j.element)
+
+        for f in froms:
+            if isinstance(f, expression.Join):
+                visit_join(f)
+
+        if not clauses:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sql.and_(*clauses)
+
+    def visit_outer_join_column(self, vc, **kw):
+        return self.process(vc.column, **kw) + "(+)"
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return self.preparer.format_sequence(seq) + ".nextval"
+
+    def get_render_as_alias_suffix(self, alias_name_text):
+        """Oracle doesn't like ``FROM table AS alias``"""
+
+        return " " + alias_name_text
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self, stmt, returning_cols, *, populate_result_map, **kw
+    ):
+        columns = []
+        binds = []
+
+        for i, column in enumerate(
+            expression._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ):
+            if (
+                self.isupdate
+                and isinstance(column, sa_schema.Column)
+                and isinstance(column.server_default, Computed)
+                and not self.dialect._supports_update_returning_computed_cols
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Computed columns don't work with Oracle Database UPDATE "
+                    "statements that use RETURNING; the value of the column "
+                    "*before* the UPDATE takes place is returned.   It is "
+                    "advised to not use RETURNING with an Oracle Database "
+                    "computed column.  Consider setting implicit_returning "
+                    "to False on the Table object in order to avoid implicit "
+                    "RETURNING clauses from being generated for this Table."
+                )
+            if column.type._has_column_expression:
+                col_expr = column.type.column_expression(column)
+            else:
+                col_expr = column
+
+            outparam = sql.outparam("ret_%d" % i, type_=column.type)
+            self.binds[outparam.key] = outparam
+            binds.append(
+                self.bindparam_string(self._truncate_bindparam(outparam))
+            )
+
+            # has_out_parameters would in a normal case be set to True
+            # as a result of the compiler visiting an outparam() object.
+            # in this case, the above outparam() objects are not being
+            # visited.   Ensure the statement itself didn't have other
+            # outparam() objects independently.
+            # technically, this could be supported, but as it would be
+            # a very strange use case without a clear rationale, disallow it
+            if self.has_out_parameters:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Using explicit outparam() objects with "
+                    "UpdateBase.returning() in the same Core DML statement "
+                    "is not supported in the Oracle Database dialects."
+                )
+
+            self._oracle_returning = True
+
+            columns.append(self.process(col_expr, within_columns_clause=False))
+            if populate_result_map:
+                self._add_to_result_map(
+                    getattr(col_expr, "name", col_expr._anon_name_label),
+                    getattr(col_expr, "name", col_expr._anon_name_label),
+                    (
+                        column,
+                        getattr(column, "name", None),
+                        getattr(column, "key", None),
+                    ),
+                    column.type,
+                )
+
+        return "RETURNING " + ", ".join(columns) + " INTO " + ", ".join(binds)
+
+    def _row_limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """Oracle Database 12c supports OFFSET/FETCH operators
+        Use it instead subquery with row_number
+
+        """
+
+        if (
+            select._fetch_clause is not None
+            or not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+        ):
+            return super()._row_limit_clause(
+                select, use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=True, **kw
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.fetch_clause(
+                select,
+                fetch_clause=self._get_limit_or_fetch(select),
+                use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=True,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    def _get_limit_or_fetch(self, select):
+        if select._fetch_clause is None:
+            return select._limit_clause
+        else:
+            return select._fetch_clause
+
+    def translate_select_structure(self, select_stmt, **kwargs):
+        select = select_stmt
+
+        if not getattr(select, "_oracle_visit", None):
+            if not self.dialect.use_ansi:
+                froms = self._display_froms_for_select(
+                    select, kwargs.get("asfrom", False)
+                )
+                whereclause = self._get_nonansi_join_whereclause(froms)
+                if whereclause is not None:
+                    select = select.where(whereclause)
+                    select._oracle_visit = True
+
+            # if fetch is used this is not needed
+            if (
+                select._has_row_limiting_clause
+                and not self.dialect._supports_offset_fetch
+                and select._fetch_clause is None
+            ):
+                limit_clause = select._limit_clause
+                offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+
+                if select._simple_int_clause(limit_clause):
+                    limit_clause = limit_clause.render_literal_execute()
+
+                if select._simple_int_clause(offset_clause):
+                    offset_clause = offset_clause.render_literal_execute()
+
+                # currently using form at:
+                # https://blogs.oracle.com/oraclemagazine/\
+                # on-rownum-and-limiting-results
+
+                orig_select = select
+                select = select._generate()
+                select._oracle_visit = True
+
+                # add expressions to accommodate FOR UPDATE OF
+                for_update = select._for_update_arg
+                if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                    for_update = for_update._clone()
+                    for_update._copy_internals()
+
+                    for elem in for_update.of:
+                        if not select.selected_columns.contains_column(elem):
+                            select = select.add_columns(elem)
+
+                # Wrap the middle select and add the hint
+                inner_subquery = select.alias()
+                limitselect = sql.select(
+                    *[
+                        c
+                        for c in inner_subquery.c
+                        if orig_select.selected_columns.corresponding_column(c)
+                        is not None
+                    ]
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    limit_clause is not None
+                    and self.dialect.optimize_limits
+                    and select._simple_int_clause(limit_clause)
+                ):
+                    limitselect = limitselect.prefix_with(
+                        expression.text(
+                            "/*+ FIRST_ROWS(%s) */"
+                            % self.process(limit_clause, **kwargs)
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                # add expressions to accommodate FOR UPDATE OF
+                if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                    adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(inner_subquery)
+                    for_update.of = [
+                        adapter.traverse(elem) for elem in for_update.of
+                    ]
+
+                # If needed, add the limiting clause
+                if limit_clause is not None:
+                    if select._simple_int_clause(limit_clause) and (
+                        offset_clause is None
+                        or select._simple_int_clause(offset_clause)
+                    ):
+                        max_row = limit_clause
+
+                        if offset_clause is not None:
+                            max_row = max_row + offset_clause
+
+                    else:
+                        max_row = limit_clause
+
+                        if offset_clause is not None:
+                            max_row = max_row + offset_clause
+                    limitselect = limitselect.where(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM") <= max_row
+                    )
+
+                # If needed, add the ora_rn, and wrap again with offset.
+                if offset_clause is None:
+                    limitselect._for_update_arg = for_update
+                    select = limitselect
+                else:
+                    limitselect = limitselect.add_columns(
+                        sql.literal_column("ROWNUM").label("ora_rn")
+                    )
+                    limitselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    limitselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                        limitselect_cols = limitselect.selected_columns
+                        for elem in for_update.of:
+                            if (
+                                limitselect_cols.corresponding_column(elem)
+                                is None
+                            ):
+                                limitselect = limitselect.add_columns(elem)
+
+                    limit_subquery = limitselect.alias()
+                    origselect_cols = orig_select.selected_columns
+                    offsetselect = sql.select(
+                        *[
+                            c
+                            for c in limit_subquery.c
+                            if origselect_cols.corresponding_column(c)
+                            is not None
+                        ]
+                    )
+
+                    offsetselect._oracle_visit = True
+                    offsetselect._is_wrapper = True
+
+                    if for_update is not None and for_update.of:
+                        adapter = sql_util.ClauseAdapter(limit_subquery)
+                        for_update.of = [
+                            adapter.traverse(elem) for elem in for_update.of
+                        ]
+
+                    offsetselect = offsetselect.where(
+                        sql.literal_column("ora_rn") > offset_clause
+                    )
+
+                    offsetselect._for_update_arg = for_update
+                    select = offsetselect
+
+        return select
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "SELECT 1 FROM DUAL WHERE 1!=1"
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if self.is_subquery():
+            return ""
+
+        tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(elem, **kw) for elem in select._for_update_arg.of
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+        if select._for_update_arg.skip_locked:
+            tmp += " SKIP LOCKED"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "DECODE(%s, %s, 0, 1) = 1" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "DECODE(%s, %s, 0, 1) = 0" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        string = self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+        pattern = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_LIKE(%s, %s)" % (string, pattern)
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_LIKE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern,
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT %s" % self.visit_regexp_match_op_binary(
+            binary, operator, **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        string = self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+        pattern_replace = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+            )
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "LISTAGG%s" % self.function_argspec(fn, **kw)
+
+    def _visit_bitwise(self, binary, fn_name, custom_right=None, **kw):
+        left = self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+        right = self.process(
+            custom_right if custom_right is not None else binary.right, **kw
+        )
+        return f"{fn_name}({left}, {right})"
+
+    def visit_bitwise_xor_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._visit_bitwise(binary, "BITXOR", **kw)
+
+    def visit_bitwise_or_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._visit_bitwise(binary, "BITOR", **kw)
+
+    def visit_bitwise_and_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._visit_bitwise(binary, "BITAND", **kw)
+
+    def visit_bitwise_rshift_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError("Cannot compile bitwise_rshift in oracle")
+
+    def visit_bitwise_lshift_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError("Cannot compile bitwise_lshift in oracle")
+
+    def visit_bitwise_not_op_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError("Cannot compile bitwise_not in oracle")
+
+
+class OracleDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def define_constraint_cascades(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += " ON DELETE %s" % constraint.ondelete
+
+        # oracle has no ON UPDATE CASCADE -
+        # its only available via triggers
+        # https://web.archive.org/web/20090317041251/https://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Oracle Database does not contain native UPDATE CASCADE "
+                "functionality - onupdates will not be rendered for foreign "
+                "keys.  Consider using deferrable=True, initially='deferred' "
+                "or triggers."
+            )
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON TABLE %s IS ''" % self.preparer.format_table(
+            drop.element
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        if index.dialect_options["oracle"]["bitmap"]:
+            text += "BITMAP "
+        text += "INDEX %s ON %s (%s)" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table, use_schema=True),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            ),
+        )
+        if index.dialect_options["oracle"]["compress"] is not False:
+            if index.dialect_options["oracle"]["compress"] is True:
+                text += " COMPRESS"
+            else:
+                text += " COMPRESS %d" % (
+                    index.dialect_options["oracle"]["compress"]
+                )
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        table_opts = []
+        opts = table.dialect_options["oracle"]
+
+        if opts["on_commit"]:
+            on_commit_options = opts["on_commit"].replace("_", " ").upper()
+            table_opts.append("\n ON COMMIT %s" % on_commit_options)
+
+        if opts["compress"]:
+            if opts["compress"] is True:
+                table_opts.append("\n COMPRESS")
+            else:
+                table_opts.append("\n COMPRESS FOR %s" % (opts["compress"]))
+        if opts["tablespace"]:
+            table_opts.append(
+                "\n TABLESPACE %s" % self.preparer.quote(opts["tablespace"])
+            )
+        return "".join(table_opts)
+
+    def get_identity_options(self, identity_options):
+        text = super().get_identity_options(identity_options)
+        text = text.replace("NO MINVALUE", "NOMINVALUE")
+        text = text.replace("NO MAXVALUE", "NOMAXVALUE")
+        text = text.replace("NO CYCLE", "NOCYCLE")
+        if identity_options.order is not None:
+            text += " ORDER" if identity_options.order else " NOORDER"
+        return text.strip()
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        text = "GENERATED ALWAYS AS (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        if generated.persisted is True:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Oracle Database computed columns do not support 'stored' "
+                "persistence; set the 'persisted' flag to None or False for "
+                "Oracle Database support."
+            )
+        elif generated.persisted is False:
+            text += " VIRTUAL"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_identity_column(self, identity, **kw):
+        if identity.always is None:
+            kind = ""
+        else:
+            kind = "ALWAYS" if identity.always else "BY DEFAULT"
+        text = "GENERATED %s" % kind
+        if identity.on_null:
+            text += " ON NULL"
+        text += " AS IDENTITY"
+        options = self.get_identity_options(identity)
+        if options:
+            text += " (%s)" % options
+        return text
+
+
+class OracleIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = {x.lower() for x in RESERVED_WORDS}
+    illegal_initial_characters = {str(dig) for dig in range(0, 10)}.union(
+        ["_", "$"]
+    )
+
+    def _bindparam_requires_quotes(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (
+            lc_value in self.reserved_words
+            or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+            or not self.legal_characters.match(str(value))
+        )
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint):
+        name = savepoint.ident.lstrip("_")
+        return super().format_savepoint(savepoint, name)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            "SELECT "
+            + self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            + ".nextval FROM DUAL",
+            type_,
+        )
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if self.statement and "_oracle_dblink" in self.execution_options:
+            self.statement = self.statement.replace(
+                dictionary.DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+                self.execution_options["_oracle_dblink"],
+            )
+
+
+class OracleDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = "oracle"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_alter = True
+    max_identifier_length = 128
+
+    _supports_offset_fetch = True
+
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+
+    div_is_floordiv = False
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = False
+    cte_follows_insert = True
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    default_paramstyle = "named"
+    colspecs = colspecs
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    requires_name_normalize = True
+
+    supports_comments = True
+
+    supports_default_values = False
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_identity_columns = True
+
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = OracleDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = OracleTypeCompiler
+    preparer = OracleIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext
+
+    reflection_options = ("oracle_resolve_synonyms",)
+
+    _use_nchar_for_unicode = False
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (
+            sa_schema.Table,
+            {
+                "resolve_synonyms": False,
+                "on_commit": None,
+                "compress": False,
+                "tablespace": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {"bitmap": False, "compress": False}),
+    ]
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        use_binds_for_limits=(
+            "1.4",
+            "The ``use_binds_for_limits`` Oracle Database dialect parameter "
+            "is deprecated. The dialect now renders LIMIT / OFFSET integers "
+            "inline in all cases using a post-compilation hook, so that the "
+            "value is still represented by a 'bound parameter' on the Core "
+            "Expression side.",
+        )
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        use_ansi=True,
+        optimize_limits=False,
+        use_binds_for_limits=None,
+        use_nchar_for_unicode=False,
+        exclude_tablespaces=("SYSTEM", "SYSAUX"),
+        enable_offset_fetch=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self._use_nchar_for_unicode = use_nchar_for_unicode
+        self.use_ansi = use_ansi
+        self.optimize_limits = optimize_limits
+        self.exclude_tablespaces = exclude_tablespaces
+        self.enable_offset_fetch = self._supports_offset_fetch = (
+            enable_offset_fetch
+        )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+
+        # Oracle 8i has RETURNING:
+        # https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A87860_01/doc/index.htm
+
+        # so does Oracle8:
+        # https://docs.oracle.com/cd/A64702_01/doc/index.htm
+
+        if self._is_oracle_8:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            self.colspecs.pop(sqltypes.Interval)
+            self.use_ansi = False
+
+        self.supports_identity_columns = self.server_version_info >= (12,)
+        self._supports_offset_fetch = (
+            self.enable_offset_fetch and self.server_version_info >= (12,)
+        )
+
+    def _get_effective_compat_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        # dialect does not need compat levels below 12.2, so don't query
+        # in those cases
+
+        if self.server_version_info < (12, 2):
+            return self.server_version_info
+        try:
+            compat = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'compatible'"
+            ).scalar()
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            compat = None
+
+        if compat:
+            try:
+                return tuple(int(x) for x in compat.split("."))
+            except:
+                return self.server_version_info
+        else:
+            return self.server_version_info
+
+    @property
+    def _is_oracle_8(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info < (9,)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_table_compression(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (10, 1)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_table_compress_for(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (11,)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_char_length(self):
+        return not self._is_oracle_8
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_update_returning_computed_cols(self):
+        # on version 18 this error is no longet present while it happens on 11
+        # it may work also on versions before the 18
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (18,)
+
+    @property
+    def _supports_except_all(self):
+        return self.server_version_info and self.server_version_info >= (21,)
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        # Oracle does not support RELEASE SAVEPOINT
+        pass
+
+    def _check_max_identifier_length(self, connection):
+        if self._get_effective_compat_server_version_info(connection) < (
+            12,
+            2,
+        ):
+            return 30
+        else:
+            # use the default
+            return None
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return ["READ COMMITTED", "SERIALIZABLE"]
+
+    def get_default_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        try:
+            return self.get_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            raise
+        except:
+            return "READ COMMITTED"
+
+    def _execute_reflection(
+        self, connection, query, dblink, returns_long, params=None
+    ):
+        if dblink and not dblink.startswith("@"):
+            dblink = f"@{dblink}"
+        execution_options = {
+            # handle db links
+            "_oracle_dblink": dblink or "",
+            # override any schema translate map
+            "schema_translate_map": None,
+        }
+
+        if dblink and returns_long:
+            # Oracle seems to error with
+            # "ORA-00997: illegal use of LONG datatype" when returning
+            # LONG columns via a dblink in a query with bind params
+            # This type seems to be very hard to cast into something else
+            # so it seems easier to just use bind param in this case
+            def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+                bindparam.literal_execute = True
+
+            query = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                query, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam}
+            )
+        return connection.execute(
+            query, params, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_table_query(self):
+        # materialized views are returned by all_tables
+        tables = (
+            select(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.owner,
+            )
+            .union_all(
+                select(
+                    dictionary.all_views.c.view_name.label("table_name"),
+                    dictionary.all_views.c.owner,
+                )
+            )
+            .subquery("tables_and_views")
+        )
+
+        query = select(tables.c.table_name).where(
+            tables.c.table_name == bindparam("table_name"),
+            tables.c.owner == bindparam("owner"),
+        )
+        return query
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        params = {
+            "table_name": self.denormalize_name(table_name),
+            "owner": self.denormalize_schema_name(schema),
+        }
+        cursor = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection,
+            self._has_table_query,
+            dblink,
+            returns_long=False,
+            params=params,
+        )
+        return bool(cursor.scalar())
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_sequence(
+        self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_name
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(sequence_name),
+            dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema),
+        )
+
+        cursor = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        )
+        return bool(cursor.scalar())
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return self.normalize_name(
+            connection.exec_driver_sql(
+                "select sys_context( 'userenv', 'current_schema' ) from dual"
+            ).scalar()
+        )
+
+    def denormalize_schema_name(self, name):
+        # look for quoted_name
+        force = getattr(name, "quote", None)
+        if force is None and name == "public":
+            # look for case insensitive, no quoting specified, "public"
+            return "PUBLIC"
+        return super().denormalize_name(name)
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("filter_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    )
+    def _get_synonyms(self, connection, schema, filter_names, dblink, **kw):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = select(
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name,
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_name,
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_owner,
+            dictionary.all_synonyms.c.db_link,
+        ).where(dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner == owner)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name.in_(
+                    params["filter_names"]
+                )
+            )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).mappings()
+        return result.all()
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _all_objects_query(
+        self, owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+    ):
+        query = (
+            select(dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name)
+            .select_from(dictionary.all_objects)
+            .where(dictionary.all_objects.c.owner == owner)
+        )
+
+        # NOTE: materialized views are listed in all_objects twice;
+        # once as MATERIALIZE VIEW and once as TABLE
+        if kind is ObjectKind.ANY:
+            # materilaized view are listed also as tables so there is no
+            # need to add them to the in_.
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_objects.c.object_type.in_(("TABLE", "VIEW"))
+            )
+        else:
+            object_type = []
+            if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+                object_type.append("VIEW")
+            if (
+                ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind
+                and ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind
+            ):
+                # materilaized view are listed also as tables so there is no
+                # need to add them to the in_ if also selecting tables.
+                object_type.append("MATERIALIZED VIEW")
+            if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+                object_type.append("TABLE")
+                if has_mat_views and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind:
+                    # materialized view are listed also as tables,
+                    # so they need to be filtered out
+                    # EXCEPT ALL / MINUS profiles as faster than using
+                    # NOT EXISTS or NOT IN with a subquery, but it's in
+                    # general faster to get the mat view names and exclude
+                    # them only when needed
+                    query = query.where(
+                        dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name.not_in(
+                            bindparam("mat_views")
+                        )
+                    )
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_objects.c.object_type.in_(object_type)
+            )
+
+        # handles scope
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            query = query.where(dictionary.all_objects.c.temporary == "N")
+        elif scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            query = query.where(dictionary.all_objects.c.temporary == "Y")
+
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("filter_names")
+                )
+            )
+        return query
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("scope", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("kind", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("filter_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    )
+    def _get_all_objects(
+        self, connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+    ):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        has_mat_views = False
+        if (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind
+        ):
+            # see note in _all_objects_query
+            mat_views = self.get_materialized_view_names(
+                connection, schema, dblink, _normalize=False, **kw
+            )
+            if mat_views:
+                params["mat_views"] = mat_views
+                has_mat_views = True
+
+        query = self._all_objects_query(
+            owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False, params=params
+        ).scalars()
+
+        return result.all()
+
+    def _handle_synonyms_decorator(fn):
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            return self._handle_synonyms(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    def _handle_synonyms(self, fn, connection, *args, **kwargs):
+        if not kwargs.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False):
+            return fn(self, connection, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        original_kw = kwargs.copy()
+        schema = kwargs.pop("schema", None)
+        result = self._get_synonyms(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=kwargs.pop("filter_names", None),
+            dblink=kwargs.pop("dblink", None),
+            info_cache=kwargs.get("info_cache", None),
+        )
+
+        dblinks_owners = defaultdict(dict)
+        for row in result:
+            key = row["db_link"], row["table_owner"]
+            tn = self.normalize_name(row["table_name"])
+            dblinks_owners[key][tn] = row["synonym_name"]
+
+        if not dblinks_owners:
+            # No synonym, do the plain thing
+            return fn(self, connection, *args, **original_kw)
+
+        data = {}
+        for (dblink, table_owner), mapping in dblinks_owners.items():
+            call_kw = {
+                **original_kw,
+                "schema": table_owner,
+                "dblink": self.normalize_name(dblink),
+                "filter_names": mapping.keys(),
+            }
+            call_result = fn(self, connection, *args, **call_kw)
+            for (_, tn), value in call_result:
+                synonym_name = self.normalize_name(mapping[tn])
+                data[(schema, synonym_name)] = value
+        return data.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        query = select(dictionary.all_users.c.username).order_by(
+            dictionary.all_users.c.username
+        )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        # note that table_names() isn't loading DBLINKed or synonym'ed tables
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        den_schema = self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        if kw.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False):
+            tables = (
+                select(
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.owner,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.iot_name,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.duration,
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.tablespace_name,
+                )
+                .union_all(
+                    select(
+                        dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name.label(
+                            "table_name"
+                        ),
+                        dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner,
+                        dictionary.all_tables.c.iot_name,
+                        dictionary.all_tables.c.duration,
+                        dictionary.all_tables.c.tablespace_name,
+                    )
+                    .select_from(dictionary.all_tables)
+                    .join(
+                        dictionary.all_synonyms,
+                        and_(
+                            dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name
+                            == dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_name,
+                            dictionary.all_tables.c.owner
+                            == func.coalesce(
+                                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_owner,
+                                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner,
+                            ),
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+                .subquery("available_tables")
+            )
+        else:
+            tables = dictionary.all_tables
+
+        query = select(tables.c.table_name)
+        if self.exclude_tablespaces:
+            query = query.where(
+                func.coalesce(
+                    tables.c.tablespace_name, "no tablespace"
+                ).not_in(self.exclude_tablespaces)
+            )
+        query = query.where(
+            tables.c.owner == den_schema,
+            tables.c.iot_name.is_(null()),
+            tables.c.duration.is_(null()),
+        )
+
+        # remove materialized views
+        mat_query = select(
+            dictionary.all_mviews.c.mview_name.label("table_name")
+        ).where(dictionary.all_mviews.c.owner == den_schema)
+
+        query = (
+            query.except_all(mat_query)
+            if self._supports_except_all
+            else query.except_(mat_query)
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        schema = self.denormalize_schema_name(self.default_schema_name)
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name)
+        if self.exclude_tablespaces:
+            query = query.where(
+                func.coalesce(
+                    dictionary.all_tables.c.tablespace_name, "no tablespace"
+                ).not_in(self.exclude_tablespaces)
+            )
+        query = query.where(
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.owner == schema,
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.iot_name.is_(null()),
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.duration.is_not(null()),
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_materialized_view_names(
+        self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, _normalize=True, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_mviews.c.mview_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_mviews.c.owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        if _normalize:
+            return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+        else:
+            return result.all()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+
+        query = select(dictionary.all_views.c.view_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_views.c.owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        )
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, schema=None, dblink=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link."""
+        if not schema:
+            schema = self.default_schema_name
+        query = select(dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_name).where(
+            dictionary.all_sequences.c.sequence_owner
+            == self.denormalize_schema_name(schema)
+        )
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(row) for row in result]
+
+    def _value_or_raise(self, data, table, schema):
+        table = self.normalize_name(str(table))
+        try:
+            return dict(data)[(schema, table)]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table}" if schema else table
+            ) from None
+
+    def _prepare_filter_names(self, filter_names):
+        if filter_names:
+            fn = [self.denormalize_name(name) for name in filter_names]
+            return True, {"filter_names": fn}
+        else:
+            return False, {}
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_options(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_table_options(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _table_options_query(
+        self, owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+    ):
+        query = select(
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name,
+            (
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.compression
+                if self._supports_table_compression
+                else sql.null().label("compression")
+            ),
+            (
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.compress_for
+                if self._supports_table_compress_for
+                else sql.null().label("compress_for")
+            ),
+            dictionary.all_tables.c.tablespace_name,
+        ).where(dictionary.all_tables.c.owner == owner)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("filter_names")
+                )
+            )
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            query = query.where(dictionary.all_tables.c.duration.is_(null()))
+        elif scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.duration.is_not(null())
+            )
+
+        if (
+            has_mat_views
+            and ObjectKind.TABLE in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind
+        ):
+            # cant use EXCEPT ALL / MINUS here because we don't have an
+            # excludable row vs. the query above
+            # outerjoin + where null works better on oracle 21 but 11 does
+            # not like it at all. this is the next best thing
+
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name.not_in(
+                    bindparam("mat_views")
+                )
+            )
+        elif (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind
+        ):
+            query = query.where(
+                dictionary.all_tables.c.table_name.in_(bindparam("mat_views"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_table_options(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        has_mat_views = False
+
+        if (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW not in kind
+        ):
+            # see note in _table_options_query
+            mat_views = self.get_materialized_view_names(
+                connection, schema, dblink, _normalize=False, **kw
+            )
+            if mat_views:
+                params["mat_views"] = mat_views
+                has_mat_views = True
+        elif (
+            ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind
+            and ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind
+        ):
+            mat_views = self.get_materialized_view_names(
+                connection, schema, dblink, _normalize=False, **kw
+            )
+            params["mat_views"] = mat_views
+
+        options = {}
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.table_options
+
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind or ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            query = self._table_options_query(
+                owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names, has_mat_views
+            )
+            result = self._execute_reflection(
+                connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False, params=params
+            )
+
+            for table, compression, compress_for, tablespace in result:
+                data = default()
+                if compression == "ENABLED":
+                    data["oracle_compress"] = compress_for
+                if tablespace:
+                    data["oracle_tablespace"] = tablespace
+                options[(schema, self.normalize_name(table))] = data
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind and ObjectScope.DEFAULT in scope:
+            # add the views (no temporary views)
+            for view in self.get_view_names(connection, schema, dblink, **kw):
+                if not filter_names or view in filter_names:
+                    options[(schema, view)] = default()
+
+        return options.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+
+        data = self.get_multi_columns(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    def _run_batches(
+        self, connection, query, dblink, returns_long, mappings, all_objects
+    ):
+        each_batch = 500
+        batches = list(all_objects)
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:each_batch]
+            batches[0:each_batch] = []
+
+            result = self._execute_reflection(
+                connection,
+                query,
+                dblink,
+                returns_long=returns_long,
+                params={"all_objects": batch},
+            )
+            if mappings:
+                yield from result.mappings()
+            else:
+                yield from result
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _column_query(self, owner):
+        all_cols = dictionary.all_tab_cols
+        all_comments = dictionary.all_col_comments
+        all_ids = dictionary.all_tab_identity_cols
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= (12,):
+            add_cols = (
+                all_cols.c.default_on_null,
+                sql.case(
+                    (all_ids.c.table_name.is_(None), sql.null()),
+                    else_=all_ids.c.generation_type
+                    + ","
+                    + all_ids.c.identity_options,
+                ).label("identity_options"),
+            )
+            join_identity_cols = True
+        else:
+            add_cols = (
+                sql.null().label("default_on_null"),
+                sql.null().label("identity_options"),
+            )
+            join_identity_cols = False
+
+        # NOTE: on oracle cannot create tables/views without columns and
+        # a table cannot have all column hidden:
+        # ORA-54039: table must have at least one column that is not invisible
+        # all_tab_cols returns data for tables/views/mat-views.
+        # all_tab_cols does not return recycled tables
+
+        query = (
+            select(
+                all_cols.c.table_name,
+                all_cols.c.column_name,
+                all_cols.c.data_type,
+                all_cols.c.char_length,
+                all_cols.c.data_precision,
+                all_cols.c.data_scale,
+                all_cols.c.nullable,
+                all_cols.c.data_default,
+                all_comments.c.comments,
+                all_cols.c.virtual_column,
+                *add_cols,
+            ).select_from(all_cols)
+            # NOTE: all_col_comments has a row for each column even if no
+            # comment is present, so a join could be performed, but there
+            # seems to be no difference compared to an outer join
+            .outerjoin(
+                all_comments,
+                and_(
+                    all_cols.c.table_name == all_comments.c.table_name,
+                    all_cols.c.column_name == all_comments.c.column_name,
+                    all_cols.c.owner == all_comments.c.owner,
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        if join_identity_cols:
+            query = query.outerjoin(
+                all_ids,
+                and_(
+                    all_cols.c.table_name == all_ids.c.table_name,
+                    all_cols.c.column_name == all_ids.c.column_name,
+                    all_cols.c.owner == all_ids.c.owner,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        query = query.where(
+            all_cols.c.table_name.in_(bindparam("all_objects")),
+            all_cols.c.hidden_column == "NO",
+            all_cols.c.owner == owner,
+        ).order_by(all_cols.c.table_name, all_cols.c.column_id)
+        return query
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        query = self._column_query(owner)
+
+        if (
+            filter_names
+            and kind is ObjectKind.ANY
+            and scope is ObjectScope.ANY
+        ):
+            all_objects = [self.denormalize_name(n) for n in filter_names]
+        else:
+            all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+                connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+            )
+
+        columns = defaultdict(list)
+
+        # all_tab_cols.data_default is LONG
+        result = self._run_batches(
+            connection,
+            query,
+            dblink,
+            returns_long=True,
+            mappings=True,
+            all_objects=all_objects,
+        )
+
+        def maybe_int(value):
+            if isinstance(value, float) and value.is_integer():
+                return int(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        remove_size = re.compile(r"\(\d+\)")
+
+        for row_dict in result:
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            orig_colname = row_dict["column_name"]
+            colname = self.normalize_name(orig_colname)
+            coltype = row_dict["data_type"]
+            precision = maybe_int(row_dict["data_precision"])
+
+            if coltype == "NUMBER":
+                scale = maybe_int(row_dict["data_scale"])
+                if precision is None and scale == 0:
+                    coltype = INTEGER()
+                else:
+                    coltype = NUMBER(precision, scale)
+            elif coltype == "FLOAT":
+                # https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B14117_01/server.101/b10758/sqlqr06.htm
+                if precision == 126:
+                    # The DOUBLE PRECISION datatype is a floating-point
+                    # number with binary precision 126.
+                    coltype = DOUBLE_PRECISION()
+                elif precision == 63:
+                    # The REAL datatype is a floating-point number with a
+                    # binary precision of 63, or 18 decimal.
+                    coltype = REAL()
+                else:
+                    # non standard precision
+                    coltype = FLOAT(binary_precision=precision)
+
+            elif coltype in ("VARCHAR2", "NVARCHAR2", "CHAR", "NCHAR"):
+                char_length = maybe_int(row_dict["char_length"])
+                coltype = self.ischema_names.get(coltype)(char_length)
+            elif "WITH TIME ZONE" in coltype:
+                coltype = TIMESTAMP(timezone=True)
+            elif "WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE" in coltype:
+                coltype = TIMESTAMP(local_timezone=True)
+            else:
+                coltype = re.sub(remove_size, "", coltype)
+                try:
+                    coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Did not recognize type '%s' of column '%s'"
+                        % (coltype, colname)
+                    )
+                    coltype = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+            default = row_dict["data_default"]
+            if row_dict["virtual_column"] == "YES":
+                computed = dict(sqltext=default)
+                default = None
+            else:
+                computed = None
+
+            identity_options = row_dict["identity_options"]
+            if identity_options is not None:
+                identity = self._parse_identity_options(
+                    identity_options, row_dict["default_on_null"]
+                )
+                default = None
+            else:
+                identity = None
+
+            cdict = {
+                "name": colname,
+                "type": coltype,
+                "nullable": row_dict["nullable"] == "Y",
+                "default": default,
+                "comment": row_dict["comments"],
+            }
+            if orig_colname.lower() == orig_colname:
+                cdict["quote"] = True
+            if computed is not None:
+                cdict["computed"] = computed
+            if identity is not None:
+                cdict["identity"] = identity
+
+            columns[(schema, table_name)].append(cdict)
+
+        # NOTE: default not needed since all tables have columns
+        # default = ReflectionDefaults.columns
+        # return (
+        #     (key, value if value else default())
+        #     for key, value in columns.items()
+        # )
+        return columns.items()
+
+    def _parse_identity_options(self, identity_options, default_on_null):
+        # identity_options is a string that starts with 'ALWAYS,' or
+        # 'BY DEFAULT,' and continues with
+        # START WITH: 1, INCREMENT BY: 1, MAX_VALUE: 123, MIN_VALUE: 1,
+        # CYCLE_FLAG: N, CACHE_SIZE: 1, ORDER_FLAG: N, SCALE_FLAG: N,
+        # EXTEND_FLAG: N, SESSION_FLAG: N, KEEP_VALUE: N
+        parts = [p.strip() for p in identity_options.split(",")]
+        identity = {
+            "always": parts[0] == "ALWAYS",
+            "on_null": default_on_null == "YES",
+        }
+
+        for part in parts[1:]:
+            option, value = part.split(":")
+            value = value.strip()
+
+            if "START WITH" in option:
+                identity["start"] = int(value)
+            elif "INCREMENT BY" in option:
+                identity["increment"] = int(value)
+            elif "MAX_VALUE" in option:
+                identity["maxvalue"] = int(value)
+            elif "MIN_VALUE" in option:
+                identity["minvalue"] = int(value)
+            elif "CYCLE_FLAG" in option:
+                identity["cycle"] = value == "Y"
+            elif "CACHE_SIZE" in option:
+                identity["cache"] = int(value)
+            elif "ORDER_FLAG" in option:
+                identity["order"] = value == "Y"
+        return identity
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_table_comment(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _comment_query(self, owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names):
+        # NOTE: all_tab_comments / all_mview_comments have a row for all
+        # object even if they don't have comments
+        queries = []
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind or ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            # all_tab_comments returns also plain views
+            tbl_view = select(
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.comments,
+            ).where(
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_name.not_like("BIN$%"),
+            )
+            if ObjectKind.VIEW not in kind:
+                tbl_view = tbl_view.where(
+                    dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_type == "TABLE"
+                )
+            elif ObjectKind.TABLE not in kind:
+                tbl_view = tbl_view.where(
+                    dictionary.all_tab_comments.c.table_type == "VIEW"
+                )
+            queries.append(tbl_view)
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            mat_view = select(
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.mview_name.label("table_name"),
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.comments,
+            ).where(
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_mview_comments.c.mview_name.not_like("BIN$%"),
+            )
+            queries.append(mat_view)
+        if len(queries) == 1:
+            query = queries[0]
+        else:
+            union = sql.union_all(*queries).subquery("tables_and_views")
+            query = select(union.c.table_name, union.c.comments)
+
+        name_col = query.selected_columns.table_name
+
+        if scope in (ObjectScope.DEFAULT, ObjectScope.TEMPORARY):
+            temp = "Y" if scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY else "N"
+            # need distinct since materialized view are listed also
+            # as tables in all_objects
+            query = query.distinct().join(
+                dictionary.all_objects,
+                and_(
+                    dictionary.all_objects.c.owner == owner,
+                    dictionary.all_objects.c.object_name == name_col,
+                    dictionary.all_objects.c.temporary == temp,
+                ),
+            )
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(name_col.in_(bindparam("filter_names")))
+        return query
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._comment_query(owner, scope, kind, has_filter_names)
+
+        result = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False, params=params
+        )
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.table_comment
+        # materialized views by default seem to have a comment like
+        # "snapshot table for snapshot owner.mat_view_name"
+        ignore_mat_view = "snapshot table for snapshot "
+        return (
+            (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(table)),
+                (
+                    {"text": comment}
+                    if comment is not None
+                    and not comment.startswith(ignore_mat_view)
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for table, comment in result
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_indexes(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _index_query(self, owner):
+        return (
+            select(
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.column_name,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.index_type,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.uniqueness,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.compression,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.prefix_length,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.descend,
+                dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.column_expression,
+            )
+            .select_from(dictionary.all_ind_columns)
+            .join(
+                dictionary.all_indexes,
+                sql.and_(
+                    dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name
+                    == dictionary.all_indexes.c.index_name,
+                    dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_owner
+                    == dictionary.all_indexes.c.owner,
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                # NOTE: this adds about 20% to the query time. Using a
+                # case expression with a scalar subquery only when needed
+                # with the assumption that most indexes are not expression
+                # would be faster but oracle does not like that with
+                # LONG datatype. It errors with:
+                # ORA-00997: illegal use of LONG datatype
+                dictionary.all_ind_expressions,
+                sql.and_(
+                    dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.index_name
+                    == dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name,
+                    dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.index_owner
+                    == dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_owner,
+                    dictionary.all_ind_expressions.c.column_position
+                    == dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.column_position,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.table_owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_indexes.c.table_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("all_objects")
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.index_name,
+                dictionary.all_ind_columns.c.column_position,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("all_objects", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+    )
+    def _get_indexes_rows(self, connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        query = self._index_query(owner)
+
+        pks = {
+            row_dict["constraint_name"]
+            for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+                connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+            )
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] == "P"
+        }
+
+        # all_ind_expressions.column_expression is LONG
+        result = self._run_batches(
+            connection,
+            query,
+            dblink,
+            returns_long=True,
+            mappings=True,
+            all_objects=all_objects,
+        )
+
+        return [
+            row_dict
+            for row_dict in result
+            if row_dict["index_name"] not in pks
+        ]
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        uniqueness = {"NONUNIQUE": False, "UNIQUE": True}
+        enabled = {"DISABLED": False, "ENABLED": True}
+        is_bitmap = {"BITMAP", "FUNCTION-BASED BITMAP"}
+
+        indexes = defaultdict(dict)
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_indexes_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            index_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["index_name"])
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            table_indexes = indexes[(schema, table_name)]
+
+            if index_name not in table_indexes:
+                table_indexes[index_name] = index_dict = {
+                    "name": index_name,
+                    "column_names": [],
+                    "dialect_options": {},
+                    "unique": uniqueness.get(row_dict["uniqueness"], False),
+                }
+                do = index_dict["dialect_options"]
+                if row_dict["index_type"] in is_bitmap:
+                    do["oracle_bitmap"] = True
+                if enabled.get(row_dict["compression"], False):
+                    do["oracle_compress"] = row_dict["prefix_length"]
+
+            else:
+                index_dict = table_indexes[index_name]
+
+            expr = row_dict["column_expression"]
+            if expr is not None:
+                index_dict["column_names"].append(None)
+                if "expressions" in index_dict:
+                    index_dict["expressions"].append(expr)
+                else:
+                    index_dict["expressions"] = index_dict["column_names"][:-1]
+                    index_dict["expressions"].append(expr)
+
+                if row_dict["descend"].lower() != "asc":
+                    assert row_dict["descend"].lower() == "desc"
+                    cs = index_dict.setdefault("column_sorting", {})
+                    cs[expr] = ("desc",)
+            else:
+                assert row_dict["descend"].lower() == "asc"
+                cn = self.normalize_name(row_dict["column_name"])
+                index_dict["column_names"].append(cn)
+                if "expressions" in index_dict:
+                    index_dict["expressions"].append(cn)
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.indexes
+
+        return (
+            (key, list(indexes[key].values()) if key in indexes else default())
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_pk_constraint(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _constraint_query(self, owner):
+        local = dictionary.all_cons_columns.alias("local")
+        remote = dictionary.all_cons_columns.alias("remote")
+        return (
+            select(
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_type,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_name,
+                local.c.column_name.label("local_column"),
+                remote.c.table_name.label("remote_table"),
+                remote.c.column_name.label("remote_column"),
+                remote.c.owner.label("remote_owner"),
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.search_condition,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.delete_rule,
+            )
+            .select_from(dictionary.all_constraints)
+            .join(
+                local,
+                and_(
+                    local.c.owner == dictionary.all_constraints.c.owner,
+                    dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_name
+                    == local.c.constraint_name,
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                remote,
+                and_(
+                    dictionary.all_constraints.c.r_owner == remote.c.owner,
+                    dictionary.all_constraints.c.r_constraint_name
+                    == remote.c.constraint_name,
+                    or_(
+                        remote.c.position.is_(sql.null()),
+                        local.c.position == remote.c.position,
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.owner == owner,
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.table_name.in_(
+                    bindparam("all_objects")
+                ),
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_type.in_(
+                    ("R", "P", "U", "C")
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                dictionary.all_constraints.c.constraint_name, local.c.position
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("dblink", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("all_objects", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+    )
+    def _get_all_constraint_rows(
+        self, connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+    ):
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        query = self._constraint_query(owner)
+
+        # since the result is cached a list must be created
+        values = list(
+            self._run_batches(
+                connection,
+                query,
+                dblink,
+                returns_long=False,
+                mappings=True,
+                all_objects=all_objects,
+            )
+        )
+        return values
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        scope,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        primary_keys = defaultdict(dict)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "P":
+                continue
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["constraint_name"])
+            column_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["local_column"])
+
+            table_pk = primary_keys[(schema, table_name)]
+            if not table_pk:
+                table_pk["name"] = constraint_name
+                table_pk["constrained_columns"] = [column_name]
+            else:
+                table_pk["constrained_columns"].append(column_name)
+
+        return (
+            (key, primary_keys[key] if key in primary_keys else default())
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        table_name,
+        schema=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_foreign_keys(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        scope,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        resolve_synonyms = kw.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False)
+
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+
+        all_remote_owners = set()
+        fkeys = defaultdict(dict)
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "R":
+                continue
+
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["constraint_name"])
+            table_fkey = fkeys[(schema, table_name)]
+
+            assert constraint_name is not None
+
+            local_column = self.normalize_name(row_dict["local_column"])
+            remote_table = self.normalize_name(row_dict["remote_table"])
+            remote_column = self.normalize_name(row_dict["remote_column"])
+            remote_owner_orig = row_dict["remote_owner"]
+            remote_owner = self.normalize_name(remote_owner_orig)
+            if remote_owner_orig is not None:
+                all_remote_owners.add(remote_owner_orig)
+
+            if remote_table is None:
+                # ticket 363
+                if dblink and not dblink.startswith("@"):
+                    dblink = f"@{dblink}"
+                util.warn(
+                    "Got 'None' querying 'table_name' from "
+                    f"all_cons_columns{dblink or ''} - does the user have "
+                    "proper rights to the table?"
+                )
+                continue
+
+            if constraint_name not in table_fkey:
+                table_fkey[constraint_name] = fkey = {
+                    "name": constraint_name,
+                    "constrained_columns": [],
+                    "referred_schema": None,
+                    "referred_table": remote_table,
+                    "referred_columns": [],
+                    "options": {},
+                }
+
+                if resolve_synonyms:
+                    # will be removed below
+                    fkey["_ref_schema"] = remote_owner
+
+                if schema is not None or remote_owner_orig != owner:
+                    fkey["referred_schema"] = remote_owner
+
+                delete_rule = row_dict["delete_rule"]
+                if delete_rule != "NO ACTION":
+                    fkey["options"]["ondelete"] = delete_rule
+
+            else:
+                fkey = table_fkey[constraint_name]
+
+            fkey["constrained_columns"].append(local_column)
+            fkey["referred_columns"].append(remote_column)
+
+        if resolve_synonyms and all_remote_owners:
+            query = select(
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner,
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_name,
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.table_owner,
+                dictionary.all_synonyms.c.synonym_name,
+            ).where(dictionary.all_synonyms.c.owner.in_(all_remote_owners))
+
+            result = self._execute_reflection(
+                connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+            ).mappings()
+
+            remote_owners_lut = {}
+            for row in result:
+                synonym_owner = self.normalize_name(row["owner"])
+                table_name = self.normalize_name(row["table_name"])
+
+                remote_owners_lut[(synonym_owner, table_name)] = (
+                    row["table_owner"],
+                    row["synonym_name"],
+                )
+
+            empty = (None, None)
+            for table_fkeys in fkeys.values():
+                for table_fkey in table_fkeys.values():
+                    key = (
+                        table_fkey.pop("_ref_schema"),
+                        table_fkey["referred_table"],
+                    )
+                    remote_owner, syn_name = remote_owners_lut.get(key, empty)
+                    if syn_name:
+                        sn = self.normalize_name(syn_name)
+                        table_fkey["referred_table"] = sn
+                        if schema is not None or remote_owner != owner:
+                            ro = self.normalize_name(remote_owner)
+                            table_fkey["referred_schema"] = ro
+                        else:
+                            table_fkey["referred_schema"] = None
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys
+
+        return (
+            (key, list(fkeys[key].values()) if key in fkeys else default())
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_unique_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        scope,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        kind,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        unique_cons = defaultdict(dict)
+
+        index_names = {
+            row_dict["index_name"]
+            for row_dict in self._get_indexes_rows(
+                connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+            )
+        }
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "U":
+                continue
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name_orig = row_dict["constraint_name"]
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(constraint_name_orig)
+            column_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["local_column"])
+            table_uc = unique_cons[(schema, table_name)]
+
+            assert constraint_name is not None
+
+            if constraint_name not in table_uc:
+                table_uc[constraint_name] = uc = {
+                    "name": constraint_name,
+                    "column_names": [],
+                    "duplicates_index": (
+                        constraint_name
+                        if constraint_name_orig in index_names
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                }
+            else:
+                uc = table_uc[constraint_name]
+
+            uc["column_names"].append(column_name)
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints
+
+        return (
+            (
+                key,
+                (
+                    list(unique_cons[key].values())
+                    if key in unique_cons
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        view_name,
+        schema=None,
+        dblink=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        if kw.get("oracle_resolve_synonyms", False):
+            synonyms = self._get_synonyms(
+                connection, schema, filter_names=[view_name], dblink=dblink
+            )
+            if synonyms:
+                assert len(synonyms) == 1
+                row_dict = synonyms[0]
+                dblink = self.normalize_name(row_dict["db_link"])
+                schema = row_dict["table_owner"]
+                view_name = row_dict["table_name"]
+
+        name = self.denormalize_name(view_name)
+        owner = self.denormalize_schema_name(
+            schema or self.default_schema_name
+        )
+        query = (
+            select(dictionary.all_views.c.text)
+            .where(
+                dictionary.all_views.c.view_name == name,
+                dictionary.all_views.c.owner == owner,
+            )
+            .union_all(
+                select(dictionary.all_mviews.c.query).where(
+                    dictionary.all_mviews.c.mview_name == name,
+                    dictionary.all_mviews.c.owner == owner,
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+        rp = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalar()
+        if rp is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{view_name}" if schema else view_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return rp
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, include_all=False, **kw
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        data = self.get_multi_check_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            include_all=include_all,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @_handle_synonyms_decorator
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        *,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        dblink=None,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        include_all=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Supported kw arguments are: ``dblink`` to reflect via a db link;
+        ``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` to resolve names to synonyms
+        """
+        all_objects = self._get_all_objects(
+            connection, schema, scope, kind, filter_names, dblink, **kw
+        )
+
+        not_null = re.compile(r"..+?. IS NOT NULL$")
+
+        check_constraints = defaultdict(list)
+
+        for row_dict in self._get_all_constraint_rows(
+            connection, schema, dblink, all_objects, **kw
+        ):
+            if row_dict["constraint_type"] != "C":
+                continue
+            table_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["table_name"])
+            constraint_name = self.normalize_name(row_dict["constraint_name"])
+            search_condition = row_dict["search_condition"]
+
+            table_checks = check_constraints[(schema, table_name)]
+            if constraint_name is not None and (
+                include_all or not not_null.match(search_condition)
+            ):
+                table_checks.append(
+                    {"name": constraint_name, "sqltext": search_condition}
+                )
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints
+
+        return (
+            (
+                key,
+                (
+                    check_constraints[key]
+                    if key in check_constraints
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for key in (
+                (schema, self.normalize_name(obj_name))
+                for obj_name in all_objects
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _list_dblinks(self, connection, dblink=None):
+        query = select(dictionary.all_db_links.c.db_link)
+        links = self._execute_reflection(
+            connection, query, dblink, returns_long=False
+        ).scalars()
+        return [self.normalize_name(link) for link in links]
+
+
+class _OuterJoinColumn(sql.ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = "outer_join_column"
+
+    def __init__(self, column):
+        self.column = column
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0514ebbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1552 @@
+# dialects/oracle/cx_oracle.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r""".. dialect:: oracle+cx_oracle
+    :name: cx-Oracle
+    :dbapi: cx_oracle
+    :connectstring: oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@hostname:port[/dbname][?service_name=<service>[&key=value&key=value...]]
+    :url: https://oracle.github.io/python-cx_Oracle/
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+cx_Oracle was the original driver for Oracle Database. It was superseded by
+python-oracledb which should be used instead.
+
+DSN vs. Hostname connections
+-----------------------------
+
+cx_Oracle provides several methods of indicating the target database.  The
+dialect translates from a series of different URL forms.
+
+Hostname Connections with Easy Connect Syntax
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Given a hostname, port and service name of the target database, for example
+from Oracle Database's Easy Connect syntax then connect in SQLAlchemy using the
+``service_name`` query string parameter::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@hostname:port?service_name=myservice&encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8"
+    )
+
+Note that the default driver value for encoding and nencoding was changed to
+“UTF-8” in cx_Oracle 8.0 so these parameters can be omitted when using that
+version, or later.
+
+To use a full Easy Connect string, pass it as the ``dsn`` key value in a
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary::
+
+    import cx_Oracle
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://@",
+        connect_args={
+            "user": "scott",
+            "password": "tiger",
+            "dsn": "hostname:port/myservice?transport_connect_timeout=30&expire_time=60",
+        },
+    )
+
+Connections with tnsnames.ora or to Oracle Autonomous Database
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Alternatively, if no port, database name, or service name is provided, the
+dialect will use an Oracle Database DSN "connection string".  This takes the
+"hostname" portion of the URL as the data source name.  For example, if the
+``tnsnames.ora`` file contains a TNS Alias of ``myalias`` as below:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    myalias =
+      (DESCRIPTION =
+        (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = mymachine.example.com)(PORT = 1521))
+        (CONNECT_DATA =
+          (SERVER = DEDICATED)
+          (SERVICE_NAME = orclpdb1)
+        )
+      )
+
+The cx_Oracle dialect connects to this database service when ``myalias`` is the
+hostname portion of the URL, without specifying a port, database name or
+``service_name``::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@myalias")
+
+Users of Oracle Autonomous Database should use this syntax. If the database is
+configured for mutural TLS ("mTLS"), then you must also configure the cloud
+wallet as shown in cx_Oracle documentation `Connecting to Autononmous Databases
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#autonomousdb>`_.
+
+SID Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To use Oracle Database's obsolete System Identifier connection syntax, the SID
+can be passed in a "database name" portion of the URL::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@hostname:port/dbname"
+    )
+
+Above, the DSN passed to cx_Oracle is created by ``cx_Oracle.makedsn()`` as
+follows::
+
+    >>> import cx_Oracle
+    >>> cx_Oracle.makedsn("hostname", 1521, sid="dbname")
+    '(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=hostname)(PORT=1521))(CONNECT_DATA=(SID=dbname)))'
+
+Note that although the SQLAlchemy syntax ``hostname:port/dbname`` looks like
+Oracle's Easy Connect syntax it is different. It uses a SID in place of the
+service name required by Easy Connect.  The Easy Connect syntax does not
+support SIDs.
+
+Passing cx_Oracle connect arguments
+-----------------------------------
+
+Additional connection arguments can usually be passed via the URL query string;
+particular symbols like ``SYSDBA`` are intercepted and converted to the correct
+symbol::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@dsn?encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8&mode=SYSDBA&events=true"
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3 the cx_Oracle dialect now accepts all argument names
+   within the URL string itself, to be passed to the cx_Oracle DBAPI.   As
+   was the case earlier but not correctly documented, the
+   :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` parameter also accepts all
+   cx_Oracle DBAPI connect arguments.
+
+To pass arguments directly to ``.connect()`` without using the query
+string, use the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary.
+Any cx_Oracle parameter value and/or constant may be passed, such as::
+
+    import cx_Oracle
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@dsn",
+        connect_args={
+            "encoding": "UTF-8",
+            "nencoding": "UTF-8",
+            "mode": cx_Oracle.SYSDBA,
+            "events": True,
+        },
+    )
+
+Note that the default driver value for ``encoding`` and ``nencoding`` was
+changed to "UTF-8" in cx_Oracle 8.0 so these parameters can be omitted when
+using that version, or later.
+
+Options consumed by the SQLAlchemy cx_Oracle dialect outside of the driver
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+There are also options that are consumed by the SQLAlchemy cx_oracle dialect
+itself.  These options are always passed directly to :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+, such as::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@dsn", coerce_to_decimal=False
+    )
+
+The parameters accepted by the cx_oracle dialect are as follows:
+
+* ``arraysize`` - set the cx_oracle.arraysize value on cursors; defaults
+  to ``None``, indicating that the driver default should be used (typically
+  the value is 100).  This setting controls how many rows are buffered when
+  fetching rows, and can have a significant effect on performance when
+  modified.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0.26 - changed the default value from 50 to None,
+    to use the default value of the driver itself.
+
+* ``auto_convert_lobs`` - defaults to True; See :ref:`cx_oracle_lob`.
+
+* ``coerce_to_decimal`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_numeric` for detail.
+
+* ``encoding_errors`` - see :ref:`cx_oracle_unicode_encoding_errors` for detail.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_sessionpool:
+
+Using cx_Oracle SessionPool
+---------------------------
+
+The cx_Oracle driver provides its own connection pool implementation that may
+be used in place of SQLAlchemy's pooling functionality. The driver pool
+supports Oracle Database features such dead connection detection, connection
+draining for planned database downtime, support for Oracle Application
+Continuity and Transparent Application Continuity, and gives support for
+Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP).
+
+Using the driver pool can be achieved by using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.creator` parameter to provide a function that
+returns a new connection, along with setting
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_class` to ``NullPool`` to disable
+SQLAlchemy's pooling::
+
+    import cx_Oracle
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+    pool = cx_Oracle.SessionPool(
+        user="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        dsn="orclpdb",
+        min=1,
+        max=4,
+        increment=1,
+        threaded=True,
+        encoding="UTF-8",
+        nencoding="UTF-8",
+    )
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://", creator=pool.acquire, poolclass=NullPool
+    )
+
+The above engine may then be used normally where cx_Oracle's pool handles
+connection pooling::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        print(conn.scalar("select 1 from dual"))
+
+As well as providing a scalable solution for multi-user applications, the
+cx_Oracle session pool supports some Oracle features such as DRCP and
+`Application Continuity
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/ha.html#application-continuity-ac>`_.
+
+Note that the pool creation parameters ``threaded``, ``encoding`` and
+``nencoding`` were deprecated in later cx_Oracle releases.
+
+Using Oracle Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP)
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+When using Oracle Database's DRCP, the best practice is to pass a connection
+class and "purity" when acquiring a connection from the SessionPool.  Refer to
+the `cx_Oracle DRCP documentation
+<https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#database-resident-connection-pooling-drcp>`_.
+
+This can be achieved by wrapping ``pool.acquire()``::
+
+    import cx_Oracle
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+    pool = cx_Oracle.SessionPool(
+        user="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        dsn="orclpdb",
+        min=2,
+        max=5,
+        increment=1,
+        threaded=True,
+        encoding="UTF-8",
+        nencoding="UTF-8",
+    )
+
+
+    def creator():
+        return pool.acquire(
+            cclass="MYCLASS", purity=cx_Oracle.ATTR_PURITY_SELF
+        )
+
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://", creator=creator, poolclass=NullPool
+    )
+
+The above engine may then be used normally where cx_Oracle handles session
+pooling and Oracle Database additionally uses DRCP::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        print(conn.scalar("select 1 from dual"))
+
+.. _cx_oracle_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+As is the case for all DBAPIs under Python 3, all strings are inherently
+Unicode strings. In all cases however, the driver requires an explicit
+encoding configuration.
+
+Ensuring the Correct Client Encoding
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The long accepted standard for establishing client encoding for nearly all
+Oracle Database related software is via the `NLS_LANG
+<https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/faq-nls-lang.html>`_ environment
+variable.  Older versions of cx_Oracle use this environment variable as the
+source of its encoding configuration.  The format of this variable is
+Territory_Country.CharacterSet; a typical value would be
+``AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8``.  cx_Oracle version 8 and later use the character
+set "UTF-8" by default, and ignore the character set component of NLS_LANG.
+
+The cx_Oracle driver also supported a programmatic alternative which is to pass
+the ``encoding`` and ``nencoding`` parameters directly to its ``.connect()``
+function.  These can be present in the URL as follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@tnsalias?encoding=UTF-8&nencoding=UTF-8"
+    )
+
+For the meaning of the ``encoding`` and ``nencoding`` parameters, please
+consult
+`Characters Sets and National Language Support (NLS) <https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/globalization.html#globalization>`_.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Characters Sets and National Language Support (NLS) <https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/globalization.html#globalization>`_
+    - in the cx_Oracle documentation.
+
+
+Unicode-specific Column datatypes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Core expression language handles unicode data by use of the
+:class:`.Unicode` and :class:`.UnicodeText` datatypes.  These types correspond
+to the VARCHAR2 and CLOB Oracle Database datatypes by default.  When using
+these datatypes with Unicode data, it is expected that the database is
+configured with a Unicode-aware character set, as well as that the ``NLS_LANG``
+environment variable is set appropriately (this applies to older versions of
+cx_Oracle), so that the VARCHAR2 and CLOB datatypes can accommodate the data.
+
+In the case that Oracle Database is not configured with a Unicode character
+set, the two options are to use the :class:`_types.NCHAR` and
+:class:`_oracle.NCLOB` datatypes explicitly, or to pass the flag
+``use_nchar_for_unicode=True`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`, which will cause
+the SQLAlchemy dialect to use NCHAR/NCLOB for the :class:`.Unicode` /
+:class:`.UnicodeText` datatypes instead of VARCHAR/CLOB.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3 The :class:`.Unicode` and :class:`.UnicodeText`
+   datatypes now correspond to the ``VARCHAR2`` and ``CLOB`` Oracle Database
+   datatypes unless the ``use_nchar_for_unicode=True`` is passed to the dialect
+   when :func:`_sa.create_engine` is called.
+
+
+.. _cx_oracle_unicode_encoding_errors:
+
+Encoding Errors
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For the unusual case that data in Oracle Database is present with a broken
+encoding, the dialect accepts a parameter ``encoding_errors`` which will be
+passed to Unicode decoding functions in order to affect how decoding errors are
+handled.  The value is ultimately consumed by the Python `decode
+<https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytes.decode>`_ function, and
+is passed both via cx_Oracle's ``encodingErrors`` parameter consumed by
+``Cursor.var()``, as well as SQLAlchemy's own decoding function, as the
+cx_Oracle dialect makes use of both under different circumstances.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+
+.. _cx_oracle_setinputsizes:
+
+Fine grained control over cx_Oracle data binding performance with setinputsizes
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The cx_Oracle DBAPI has a deep and fundamental reliance upon the usage of the
+DBAPI ``setinputsizes()`` call.  The purpose of this call is to establish the
+datatypes that are bound to a SQL statement for Python values being passed as
+parameters.  While virtually no other DBAPI assigns any use to the
+``setinputsizes()`` call, the cx_Oracle DBAPI relies upon it heavily in its
+interactions with the Oracle Database client interface, and in some scenarios
+it is not possible for SQLAlchemy to know exactly how data should be bound, as
+some settings can cause profoundly different performance characteristics, while
+altering the type coercion behavior at the same time.
+
+Users of the cx_Oracle dialect are **strongly encouraged** to read through
+cx_Oracle's list of built-in datatype symbols at
+https://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/module.html#database-types.
+Note that in some cases, significant performance degradation can occur when
+using these types vs. not, in particular when specifying ``cx_Oracle.CLOB``.
+
+On the SQLAlchemy side, the :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes` event can
+be used both for runtime visibility (e.g. logging) of the setinputsizes step as
+well as to fully control how ``setinputsizes()`` is used on a per-statement
+basis.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.2.9 Added :meth:`.DialectEvents.setinputsizes`
+
+
+Example 1 - logging all setinputsizes calls
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The following example illustrates how to log the intermediary values from a
+SQLAlchemy perspective before they are converted to the raw ``setinputsizes()``
+parameter dictionary.  The keys of the dictionary are :class:`.BindParameter`
+objects which have a ``.key`` and a ``.type`` attribute::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host/xe")
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
+    def _log_setinputsizes(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        for bindparam, dbapitype in inputsizes.items():
+            log.info(
+                "Bound parameter name: %s  SQLAlchemy type: %r DBAPI object: %s",
+                bindparam.key,
+                bindparam.type,
+                dbapitype,
+            )
+
+Example 2 - remove all bindings to CLOB
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The ``CLOB`` datatype in cx_Oracle incurs a significant performance overhead,
+however is set by default for the ``Text`` type within the SQLAlchemy 1.2
+series.   This setting can be modified as follows::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+    from cx_Oracle import CLOB
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@host/xe")
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
+    def _remove_clob(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        for bindparam, dbapitype in list(inputsizes.items()):
+            if dbapitype is CLOB:
+                del inputsizes[bindparam]
+
+.. _cx_oracle_lob:
+
+LOB Datatypes
+--------------
+
+LOB datatypes refer to the "large object" datatypes such as CLOB, NCLOB and
+BLOB. Modern versions of cx_Oracle is optimized for these datatypes to be
+delivered as a single buffer. As such, SQLAlchemy makes use of these newer type
+handlers by default.
+
+To disable the use of newer type handlers and deliver LOB objects as classic
+buffered objects with a ``read()`` method, the parameter
+``auto_convert_lobs=False`` may be passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+which takes place only engine-wide.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The cx_Oracle dialect implements RETURNING using OUT parameters.
+The dialect supports RETURNING fully.
+
+Two Phase Transactions Not Supported
+------------------------------------
+
+Two phase transactions are **not supported** under cx_Oracle due to poor driver
+support. The newer :ref:`oracledb` dialect however **does** support two phase
+transactions.
+
+.. _cx_oracle_numeric:
+
+Precision Numerics
+------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy's numeric types can handle receiving and returning values as Python
+``Decimal`` objects or float objects.  When a :class:`.Numeric` object, or a
+subclass such as :class:`.Float`, :class:`_oracle.DOUBLE_PRECISION` etc. is in
+use, the :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` flag determines if values should be
+coerced to ``Decimal`` upon return, or returned as float objects.  To make
+matters more complicated under Oracle Database, the ``NUMBER`` type can also
+represent integer values if the "scale" is zero, so the Oracle
+Database-specific :class:`_oracle.NUMBER` type takes this into account as well.
+
+The cx_Oracle dialect makes extensive use of connection- and cursor-level
+"outputtypehandler" callables in order to coerce numeric values as requested.
+These callables are specific to the specific flavor of :class:`.Numeric` in
+use, as well as if no SQLAlchemy typing objects are present.  There are
+observed scenarios where Oracle Database may send incomplete or ambiguous
+information about the numeric types being returned, such as a query where the
+numeric types are buried under multiple levels of subquery.  The type handlers
+do their best to make the right decision in all cases, deferring to the
+underlying cx_Oracle DBAPI for all those cases where the driver can make the
+best decision.
+
+When no typing objects are present, as when executing plain SQL strings, a
+default "outputtypehandler" is present which will generally return numeric
+values which specify precision and scale as Python ``Decimal`` objects.  To
+disable this coercion to decimal for performance reasons, pass the flag
+``coerce_to_decimal=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://dsn", coerce_to_decimal=False)
+
+The ``coerce_to_decimal`` flag only impacts the results of plain string
+SQL statements that are not otherwise associated with a :class:`.Numeric`
+SQLAlchemy type (or a subclass of such).
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.2  The numeric handling system for cx_Oracle has been
+   reworked to take advantage of newer cx_Oracle features as well
+   as better integration of outputtypehandlers.
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import decimal
+import random
+import re
+
+from . import base as oracle
+from .base import OracleCompiler
+from .base import OracleDialect
+from .base import OracleExecutionContext
+from .types import _OracleDateLiteralRender
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ...engine import interfaces
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql._typing import is_sql_compiler
+
+# source:
+# https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/596#issuecomment-999243649
+_CX_ORACLE_MAGIC_LOB_SIZE = 131072
+
+
+class _OracleInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # see https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/
+        # 208#issuecomment-409715955
+        return int
+
+    def _cx_oracle_var(self, dialect, cursor, arraysize=None):
+        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi
+        return cursor.var(
+            cx_Oracle.STRING,
+            255,
+            arraysize=arraysize if arraysize is not None else cursor.arraysize,
+            outconverter=int,
+        )
+
+    def _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self, dialect):
+        def handler(cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale):
+            return self._cx_oracle_var(dialect, cursor)
+
+        return handler
+
+
+class _OracleNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    is_number = False
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if self.scale == 0:
+            return None
+        elif self.asdecimal:
+            processor = processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+            )
+
+            def process(value):
+                if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+                    return processor(value)
+                elif value is not None and value.is_infinite():
+                    return float(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+    def _cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self, dialect):
+        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi
+
+        def handler(cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale):
+            outconverter = None
+
+            if precision:
+                if self.asdecimal:
+                    if default_type == cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT:
+                        # receiving float and doing Decimal after the fact
+                        # allows for float("inf") to be handled
+                        type_ = default_type
+                        outconverter = decimal.Decimal
+                    else:
+                        type_ = decimal.Decimal
+                else:
+                    if self.is_number and scale == 0:
+                        # integer. cx_Oracle is observed to handle the widest
+                        # variety of ints when no directives are passed,
+                        # from 5.2 to 7.0.  See [ticket:4457]
+                        return None
+                    else:
+                        type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT
+
+            else:
+                if self.asdecimal:
+                    if default_type == cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT:
+                        type_ = default_type
+                        outconverter = decimal.Decimal
+                    else:
+                        type_ = decimal.Decimal
+                else:
+                    if self.is_number and scale == 0:
+                        # integer. cx_Oracle is observed to handle the widest
+                        # variety of ints when no directives are passed,
+                        # from 5.2 to 7.0.  See [ticket:4457]
+                        return None
+                    else:
+                        type_ = cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT
+
+            return cursor.var(
+                type_,
+                255,
+                arraysize=cursor.arraysize,
+                outconverter=outconverter,
+            )
+
+        return handler
+
+
+class _OracleUUID(sqltypes.Uuid):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.STRING
+
+
+class _OracleBinaryFloat(_OracleNumeric):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NATIVE_FLOAT
+
+
+class _OracleBINARY_FLOAT(_OracleBinaryFloat, oracle.BINARY_FLOAT):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE(_OracleBinaryFloat, oracle.BINARY_DOUBLE):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleNUMBER(_OracleNumeric):
+    is_number = True
+
+
+class _CXOracleDate(oracle._OracleDate):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return value.date()
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _CXOracleTIMESTAMP(_OracleDateLiteralRender, sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_datetime(dialect)
+
+
+class _LOBDataType:
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO: the names used across CHAR / VARCHAR / NCHAR / NVARCHAR
+# here are inconsistent and not very good
+class _OracleChar(sqltypes.CHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.FIXED_CHAR
+
+
+class _OracleNChar(sqltypes.NCHAR):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.FIXED_NCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeStringNCHAR(oracle.NVARCHAR2):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeStringCHAR(sqltypes.Unicode):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.LONG_STRING
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeTextNCLOB(_LOBDataType, oracle.NCLOB):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.NCLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleUnicodeTextCLOB(_LOBDataType, sqltypes.UnicodeText):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.CLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleText(_LOBDataType, sqltypes.Text):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.CLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR
+
+
+class _OracleLong(_LOBDataType, oracle.LONG):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.LONG_STRING
+
+
+class _OracleString(sqltypes.String):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleEnum(sqltypes.Enum):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        enum_proc = sqltypes.Enum.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            raw_str = enum_proc(value)
+            return raw_str
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _OracleBinary(_LOBDataType, sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        # previously, this was dbapi.BLOB.
+        # DB_TYPE_RAW will instead be passed to setinputsizes()
+        # when this datatype is used.
+        return dbapi.DB_TYPE_RAW
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if not dialect.auto_convert_lobs:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _OracleInterval(oracle.INTERVAL):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.INTERVAL
+
+
+class _OracleRaw(oracle.RAW):
+    pass
+
+
+class _OracleRowid(oracle.ROWID):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.ROWID
+
+
+class OracleCompiler_cx_oracle(OracleCompiler):
+    _oracle_cx_sql_compiler = True
+
+    _oracle_returning = False
+
+    # Oracle bind names can't start with digits or underscores.
+    # currently we rely upon Oracle-specific quoting of bind names in most
+    # cases.  however for expanding params, the escape chars are used.
+    # see #8708
+    bindname_escape_characters = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "%": "P",
+            "(": "A",
+            ")": "Z",
+            ":": "C",
+            ".": "C",
+            "[": "C",
+            "]": "C",
+            " ": "C",
+            "\\": "C",
+            "/": "C",
+            "?": "C",
+        }
+    )
+
+    def bindparam_string(self, name, **kw):
+        quote = getattr(name, "quote", None)
+        if (
+            quote is True
+            or quote is not False
+            and self.preparer._bindparam_requires_quotes(name)
+            # bind param quoting for Oracle doesn't work with post_compile
+            # params.  For those, the default bindparam_string will escape
+            # special chars, and the appending of a number "_1" etc. will
+            # take care of reserved words
+            and not kw.get("post_compile", False)
+        ):
+            # interesting to note about expanding parameters - since the
+            # new parameters take the form <paramname>_<int>, at least if
+            # they are originally formed from reserved words, they no longer
+            # need quoting :).    names that include illegal characters
+            # won't work however.
+            quoted_name = '"%s"' % name
+            kw["escaped_from"] = name
+            name = quoted_name
+            return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, name, **kw)
+
+        # TODO: we could likely do away with quoting altogether for
+        # Oracle parameters and use the custom escaping here
+        escaped_from = kw.get("escaped_from", None)
+        if not escaped_from:
+            if self._bind_translate_re.search(name):
+                # not quite the translate use case as we want to
+                # also get a quick boolean if we even found
+                # unusual characters in the name
+                new_name = self._bind_translate_re.sub(
+                    lambda m: self._bind_translate_chars[m.group(0)],
+                    name,
+                )
+                if new_name[0].isdigit() or new_name[0] == "_":
+                    new_name = "D" + new_name
+                kw["escaped_from"] = name
+                name = new_name
+            elif name[0].isdigit() or name[0] == "_":
+                new_name = "D" + name
+                kw["escaped_from"] = name
+                name = new_name
+
+        return OracleCompiler.bindparam_string(self, name, **kw)
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle(OracleExecutionContext):
+    out_parameters = None
+
+    def _generate_out_parameter_vars(self):
+        # check for has_out_parameters or RETURNING, create cx_Oracle.var
+        # objects if so
+        if self.compiled.has_out_parameters or self.compiled._oracle_returning:
+            out_parameters = self.out_parameters
+            assert out_parameters is not None
+
+            len_params = len(self.parameters)
+
+            quoted_bind_names = self.compiled.escaped_bind_names
+            for bindparam in self.compiled.binds.values():
+                if bindparam.isoutparam:
+                    name = self.compiled.bind_names[bindparam]
+                    type_impl = bindparam.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+
+                    if hasattr(type_impl, "_cx_oracle_var"):
+                        out_parameters[name] = type_impl._cx_oracle_var(
+                            self.dialect, self.cursor, arraysize=len_params
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        dbtype = type_impl.get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.dbapi)
+
+                        cx_Oracle = self.dialect.dbapi
+
+                        assert cx_Oracle is not None
+
+                        if dbtype is None:
+                            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                "Cannot create out parameter for "
+                                "parameter "
+                                "%r - its type %r is not supported by"
+                                " cx_oracle" % (bindparam.key, bindparam.type)
+                            )
+
+                        # note this is an OUT parameter.   Using
+                        # non-LOB datavalues with large unicode-holding
+                        # values causes the failure (both cx_Oracle and
+                        # oracledb):
+                        # ORA-22835: Buffer too small for CLOB to CHAR or
+                        # BLOB to RAW conversion (actual: 16507,
+                        # maximum: 4000)
+                        # [SQL: INSERT INTO long_text (x, y, z) VALUES
+                        # (:x, :y, :z) RETURNING long_text.x, long_text.y,
+                        # long_text.z INTO :ret_0, :ret_1, :ret_2]
+                        # so even for DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR we convert to a LOB
+
+                        if isinstance(type_impl, _LOBDataType):
+                            if dbtype == cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR:
+                                dbtype = cx_Oracle.NCLOB
+                            elif dbtype == cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_RAW:
+                                dbtype = cx_Oracle.BLOB
+                            # other LOB types go in directly
+
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(
+                                dbtype,
+                                # this is fine also in oracledb_async since
+                                # the driver will await the read coroutine
+                                outconverter=lambda value: value.read(),
+                                arraysize=len_params,
+                            )
+                        elif (
+                            isinstance(type_impl, _OracleNumeric)
+                            and type_impl.asdecimal
+                        ):
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(
+                                decimal.Decimal,
+                                arraysize=len_params,
+                            )
+
+                        else:
+                            out_parameters[name] = self.cursor.var(
+                                dbtype, arraysize=len_params
+                            )
+
+                    for param in self.parameters:
+                        param[quoted_bind_names.get(name, name)] = (
+                            out_parameters[name]
+                        )
+
+    def _generate_cursor_outputtype_handler(self):
+        output_handlers = {}
+
+        for keyname, name, objects, type_ in self.compiled._result_columns:
+            handler = type_._cached_custom_processor(
+                self.dialect,
+                "cx_oracle_outputtypehandler",
+                self._get_cx_oracle_type_handler,
+            )
+
+            if handler:
+                denormalized_name = self.dialect.denormalize_name(keyname)
+                output_handlers[denormalized_name] = handler
+
+        if output_handlers:
+            default_handler = self._dbapi_connection.outputtypehandler
+
+            def output_type_handler(
+                cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+            ):
+                if name in output_handlers:
+                    return output_handlers[name](
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return default_handler(
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+
+            self.cursor.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+
+    def _get_cx_oracle_type_handler(self, impl):
+        if hasattr(impl, "_cx_oracle_outputtypehandler"):
+            return impl._cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(self.dialect)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        super().pre_exec()
+        if not getattr(self.compiled, "_oracle_cx_sql_compiler", False):
+            return
+
+        self.out_parameters = {}
+
+        self._generate_out_parameter_vars()
+
+        self._generate_cursor_outputtype_handler()
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        if (
+            self.compiled
+            and is_sql_compiler(self.compiled)
+            and self.compiled._oracle_returning
+        ):
+            initial_buffer = self.fetchall_for_returning(
+                self.cursor, _internal=True
+            )
+
+            fetch_strategy = _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                self.cursor,
+                [
+                    (entry.keyname, None)
+                    for entry in self.compiled._result_columns
+                ],
+                initial_buffer=initial_buffer,
+            )
+
+            self.cursor_fetch_strategy = fetch_strategy
+
+    def create_cursor(self):
+        c = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        if self.dialect.arraysize:
+            c.arraysize = self.dialect.arraysize
+
+        return c
+
+    def fetchall_for_returning(self, cursor, *, _internal=False):
+        compiled = self.compiled
+        if (
+            not _internal
+            and compiled is None
+            or not is_sql_compiler(compiled)
+            or not compiled._oracle_returning
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "execution context was not prepared for Oracle RETURNING"
+            )
+
+        # create a fake cursor result from the out parameters. unlike
+        # get_out_parameter_values(), the result-row handlers here will be
+        # applied at the Result level
+
+        numcols = len(self.out_parameters)
+
+        # [stmt_result for stmt_result in outparam.values] == each
+        # statement in executemany
+        # [val for val in stmt_result] == each row for a particular
+        # statement
+        return list(
+            zip(
+                *[
+                    [
+                        val
+                        for stmt_result in self.out_parameters[
+                            f"ret_{j}"
+                        ].values
+                        for val in (stmt_result or ())
+                    ]
+                    for j in range(numcols)
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+    def get_out_parameter_values(self, out_param_names):
+        # this method should not be called when the compiler has
+        # RETURNING as we've turned the has_out_parameters flag set to
+        # False.
+        assert not self.compiled.returning
+
+        return [
+            self.dialect._paramval(self.out_parameters[name])
+            for name in out_param_names
+        ]
+
+
+class OracleDialect_cx_oracle(OracleDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle
+    statement_compiler = OracleCompiler_cx_oracle
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    insert_executemany_returning = True
+    insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order = True
+    update_executemany_returning = True
+    delete_executemany_returning = True
+
+    bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES
+
+    driver = "cx_oracle"
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        OracleDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP: _CXOracleTIMESTAMP,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _OracleNumeric,
+            sqltypes.Float: _OracleNumeric,
+            oracle.BINARY_FLOAT: _OracleBINARY_FLOAT,
+            oracle.BINARY_DOUBLE: _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE,
+            sqltypes.Integer: _OracleInteger,
+            oracle.NUMBER: _OracleNUMBER,
+            sqltypes.Date: _CXOracleDate,
+            sqltypes.LargeBinary: _OracleBinary,
+            sqltypes.Boolean: oracle._OracleBoolean,
+            sqltypes.Interval: _OracleInterval,
+            oracle.INTERVAL: _OracleInterval,
+            sqltypes.Text: _OracleText,
+            sqltypes.String: _OracleString,
+            sqltypes.UnicodeText: _OracleUnicodeTextCLOB,
+            sqltypes.CHAR: _OracleChar,
+            sqltypes.NCHAR: _OracleNChar,
+            sqltypes.Enum: _OracleEnum,
+            oracle.LONG: _OracleLong,
+            oracle.RAW: _OracleRaw,
+            sqltypes.Unicode: _OracleUnicodeStringCHAR,
+            sqltypes.NVARCHAR: _OracleUnicodeStringNCHAR,
+            sqltypes.Uuid: _OracleUUID,
+            oracle.NCLOB: _OracleUnicodeTextNCLOB,
+            oracle.ROWID: _OracleRowid,
+        },
+    )
+
+    execute_sequence_format = list
+
+    _cx_oracle_threaded = None
+
+    _cursor_var_unicode_kwargs = util.immutabledict()
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        threaded=(
+            "1.3",
+            "The 'threaded' parameter to the cx_oracle/oracledb dialect "
+            "is deprecated as a dialect-level argument, and will be removed "
+            "in a future release.  As of version 1.3, it defaults to False "
+            "rather than True.  The 'threaded' option can be passed to "
+            "cx_Oracle directly in the URL query string passed to "
+            ":func:`_sa.create_engine`.",
+        )
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        auto_convert_lobs=True,
+        coerce_to_decimal=True,
+        arraysize=None,
+        encoding_errors=None,
+        threaded=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        OracleDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.arraysize = arraysize
+        self.encoding_errors = encoding_errors
+        if encoding_errors:
+            self._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs = {
+                "encodingErrors": encoding_errors
+            }
+        if threaded is not None:
+            self._cx_oracle_threaded = threaded
+        self.auto_convert_lobs = auto_convert_lobs
+        self.coerce_to_decimal = coerce_to_decimal
+        if self._use_nchar_for_unicode:
+            self.colspecs = self.colspecs.copy()
+            self.colspecs[sqltypes.Unicode] = _OracleUnicodeStringNCHAR
+            self.colspecs[sqltypes.UnicodeText] = _OracleUnicodeTextNCLOB
+
+        dbapi_module = self.dbapi
+        self._load_version(dbapi_module)
+
+        if dbapi_module is not None:
+            # these constants will first be seen in SQLAlchemy datatypes
+            # coming from the get_dbapi_type() method.   We then
+            # will place the following types into setinputsizes() calls
+            # on each statement.  Oracle constants that are not in this
+            # list will not be put into setinputsizes().
+            self.include_set_input_sizes = {
+                dbapi_module.DATETIME,
+                dbapi_module.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR,  # used for CLOB, NCLOB
+                dbapi_module.DB_TYPE_RAW,  # used for BLOB
+                dbapi_module.NCLOB,  # not currently used except for OUT param
+                dbapi_module.CLOB,  # not currently used except for OUT param
+                dbapi_module.LOB,  # not currently used
+                dbapi_module.BLOB,  # not currently used except for OUT param
+                dbapi_module.NCHAR,
+                dbapi_module.FIXED_NCHAR,
+                dbapi_module.FIXED_CHAR,
+                dbapi_module.TIMESTAMP,
+                int,  # _OracleInteger,
+                # _OracleBINARY_FLOAT, _OracleBINARY_DOUBLE,
+                dbapi_module.NATIVE_FLOAT,
+            }
+
+            self._paramval = lambda value: value.getvalue()
+
+    def _load_version(self, dbapi_module):
+        version = (0, 0, 0)
+        if dbapi_module is not None:
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", dbapi_module.version)
+            if m:
+                version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+        self.cx_oracle_ver = version
+        if self.cx_oracle_ver < (8,) and self.cx_oracle_ver > (0, 0, 0):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "cx_Oracle version 8 and above are supported"
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import cx_Oracle
+
+        return cx_Oracle
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+        self._detect_decimal_char(connection)
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        # sources:
+
+        # general idea of transaction id, have to start one, etc.
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10711204/how-to-check-isoloation-level
+
+        # how to decode xid cols from v$transaction to match
+        # https://asktom.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=100:11:0::::P11_QUESTION_ID:9532779900346079444
+
+        # Oracle tuple comparison without using IN:
+        # https://www.sql-workbench.eu/comparison/tuple_comparison.html
+
+        with dbapi_connection.cursor() as cursor:
+            # this is the only way to ensure a transaction is started without
+            # actually running DML.   There's no way to see the configured
+            # isolation level without getting it from v$transaction which
+            # means transaction has to be started.
+            outval = cursor.var(str)
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
+                begin
+                   :trans_id := dbms_transaction.local_transaction_id( TRUE );
+                end;
+                """,
+                {"trans_id": outval},
+            )
+            trans_id = outval.getvalue()
+            xidusn, xidslot, xidsqn = trans_id.split(".", 2)
+
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SELECT CASE BITAND(t.flag, POWER(2, 28)) "
+                "WHEN 0 THEN 'READ COMMITTED' "
+                "ELSE 'SERIALIZABLE' END AS isolation_level "
+                "FROM v$transaction t WHERE "
+                "(t.xidusn, t.xidslot, t.xidsqn) = "
+                "((:xidusn, :xidslot, :xidsqn))",
+                {"xidusn": xidusn, "xidslot": xidslot, "xidsqn": xidsqn},
+            )
+            row = cursor.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "could not retrieve isolation level"
+                )
+            result = row[0]
+
+        return result
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return super().get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_connection) + [
+            "AUTOCOMMIT"
+        ]
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = False
+            dbapi_connection.rollback()
+            with dbapi_connection.cursor() as cursor:
+                cursor.execute(f"ALTER SESSION SET ISOLATION_LEVEL={level}")
+
+    def _detect_decimal_char(self, connection):
+        # we have the option to change this setting upon connect,
+        # or just look at what it is upon connect and convert.
+        # to minimize the chance of interference with changes to
+        # NLS_TERRITORY or formatting behavior of the DB, we opt
+        # to just look at it
+
+        dbapi_connection = connection.connection
+
+        with dbapi_connection.cursor() as cursor:
+            # issue #8744
+            # nls_session_parameters is not available in some Oracle
+            # modes like "mount mode".  But then, v$nls_parameters is not
+            # available if the connection doesn't have SYSDBA priv.
+            #
+            # simplify the whole thing and just use the method that we were
+            # doing in the test suite already, selecting a number
+
+            def output_type_handler(
+                cursor, name, defaultType, size, precision, scale
+            ):
+                return cursor.var(
+                    self.dbapi.STRING, 255, arraysize=cursor.arraysize
+                )
+
+            cursor.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+            cursor.execute("SELECT 1.1 FROM DUAL")
+            value = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+
+            decimal_char = value.lstrip("0")[1]
+            assert not decimal_char[0].isdigit()
+
+        self._decimal_char = decimal_char
+
+        if self._decimal_char != ".":
+            _detect_decimal = self._detect_decimal
+            _to_decimal = self._to_decimal
+
+            self._detect_decimal = lambda value: _detect_decimal(
+                value.replace(self._decimal_char, ".")
+            )
+            self._to_decimal = lambda value: _to_decimal(
+                value.replace(self._decimal_char, ".")
+            )
+
+    def _detect_decimal(self, value):
+        if "." in value:
+            return self._to_decimal(value)
+        else:
+            return int(value)
+
+    _to_decimal = decimal.Decimal
+
+    def _generate_connection_outputtype_handler(self):
+        """establish the default outputtypehandler established at the
+        connection level.
+
+        """
+
+        dialect = self
+        cx_Oracle = dialect.dbapi
+
+        number_handler = _OracleNUMBER(
+            asdecimal=True
+        )._cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(dialect)
+        float_handler = _OracleNUMBER(
+            asdecimal=False
+        )._cx_oracle_outputtypehandler(dialect)
+
+        def output_type_handler(
+            cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+        ):
+            if (
+                default_type == cx_Oracle.NUMBER
+                and default_type is not cx_Oracle.NATIVE_FLOAT
+            ):
+                if not dialect.coerce_to_decimal:
+                    return None
+                elif precision == 0 and scale in (0, -127):
+                    # ambiguous type, this occurs when selecting
+                    # numbers from deep subqueries
+                    return cursor.var(
+                        cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                        255,
+                        outconverter=dialect._detect_decimal,
+                        arraysize=cursor.arraysize,
+                    )
+                elif precision and scale > 0:
+                    return number_handler(
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return float_handler(
+                        cursor, name, default_type, size, precision, scale
+                    )
+
+            # if unicode options were specified, add a decoder, otherwise
+            # cx_Oracle should return Unicode
+            elif (
+                dialect._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs
+                and default_type
+                in (
+                    cx_Oracle.STRING,
+                    cx_Oracle.FIXED_CHAR,
+                )
+                and default_type is not cx_Oracle.CLOB
+                and default_type is not cx_Oracle.NCLOB
+            ):
+                return cursor.var(
+                    str,
+                    size,
+                    cursor.arraysize,
+                    **dialect._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs,
+                )
+
+            elif dialect.auto_convert_lobs and default_type in (
+                cx_Oracle.CLOB,
+                cx_Oracle.NCLOB,
+            ):
+                typ = (
+                    cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_VARCHAR
+                    if default_type is cx_Oracle.CLOB
+                    else cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_NVARCHAR
+                )
+                return cursor.var(
+                    typ,
+                    _CX_ORACLE_MAGIC_LOB_SIZE,
+                    cursor.arraysize,
+                    **dialect._cursor_var_unicode_kwargs,
+                )
+
+            elif dialect.auto_convert_lobs and default_type in (
+                cx_Oracle.BLOB,
+            ):
+                return cursor.var(
+                    cx_Oracle.DB_TYPE_RAW,
+                    _CX_ORACLE_MAGIC_LOB_SIZE,
+                    cursor.arraysize,
+                )
+
+        return output_type_handler
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        output_type_handler = self._generate_connection_outputtype_handler()
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            conn.outputtypehandler = output_type_handler
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = dict(url.query)
+
+        for opt in ("use_ansi", "auto_convert_lobs"):
+            if opt in opts:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    f"{self.driver} dialect option {opt!r} should only be "
+                    "passed to create_engine directly, not within the URL "
+                    "string",
+                    version="1.3",
+                )
+                util.coerce_kw_type(opts, opt, bool)
+                setattr(self, opt, opts.pop(opt))
+
+        database = url.database
+        service_name = opts.pop("service_name", None)
+        if database or service_name:
+            # if we have a database, then we have a remote host
+            port = url.port
+            if port:
+                port = int(port)
+            else:
+                port = 1521
+
+            if database and service_name:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    '"service_name" option shouldn\'t '
+                    'be used with a "database" part of the url'
+                )
+            if database:
+                makedsn_kwargs = {"sid": database}
+            if service_name:
+                makedsn_kwargs = {"service_name": service_name}
+
+            dsn = self.dbapi.makedsn(url.host, port, **makedsn_kwargs)
+        else:
+            # we have a local tnsname
+            dsn = url.host
+
+        if dsn is not None:
+            opts["dsn"] = dsn
+        if url.password is not None:
+            opts["password"] = url.password
+        if url.username is not None:
+            opts["user"] = url.username
+
+        if self._cx_oracle_threaded is not None:
+            opts.setdefault("threaded", self._cx_oracle_threaded)
+
+        def convert_cx_oracle_constant(value):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                try:
+                    int_val = int(value)
+                except ValueError:
+                    value = value.upper()
+                    return getattr(self.dbapi, value)
+                else:
+                    return int_val
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "mode", convert_cx_oracle_constant)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "threaded", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "events", bool)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "purity", convert_cx_oracle_constant)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return tuple(int(x) for x in connection.connection.version.split("."))
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        (error,) = e.args
+        if isinstance(
+            e, (self.dbapi.InterfaceError, self.dbapi.DatabaseError)
+        ) and "not connected" in str(e):
+            return True
+
+        if hasattr(error, "code") and error.code in {
+            28,
+            3114,
+            3113,
+            3135,
+            1033,
+            2396,
+        }:
+            # ORA-00028: your session has been killed
+            # ORA-03114: not connected to ORACLE
+            # ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel
+            # ORA-03135: connection lost contact
+            # ORA-01033: ORACLE initialization or shutdown in progress
+            # ORA-02396: exceeded maximum idle time, please connect again
+            # TODO: Others ?
+            return True
+
+        if re.match(r"^(?:DPI-1010|DPI-1080|DPY-1001|DPY-4011)", str(e)):
+            # DPI-1010: not connected
+            # DPI-1080: connection was closed by ORA-3113
+            # python-oracledb's DPY-1001: not connected to database
+            # python-oracledb's DPY-4011: the database or network closed the
+            # connection
+            # TODO: others?
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        id_ = random.randint(0, 2**128)
+        return (0x1234, "%032x" % id_, "%032x" % 9)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+            parameters = list(parameters)
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.begin(*xid)
+        connection.connection.info["cx_oracle_xid"] = xid
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        result = connection.connection.prepare()
+        connection.info["cx_oracle_prepared"] = result
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        # TODO: need to end XA state here
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if not is_prepared:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            if recover:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "2pc recovery not implemented for cx_Oracle"
+                )
+            oci_prepared = connection.info["cx_oracle_prepared"]
+            if oci_prepared:
+                self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+        # TODO: need to end XA state here
+
+    def do_set_input_sizes(self, cursor, list_of_tuples, context):
+        if self.positional:
+            # not usually used, here to support if someone is modifying
+            # the dialect to use positional style
+            cursor.setinputsizes(
+                *[dbtype for key, dbtype, sqltype in list_of_tuples]
+            )
+        else:
+            collection = (
+                (key, dbtype)
+                for key, dbtype, sqltype in list_of_tuples
+                if dbtype
+            )
+
+            cursor.setinputsizes(**{key: dbtype for key, dbtype in collection})
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "recover two phase query for cx_Oracle not implemented"
+        )
+
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_cx_oracle
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/dictionary.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/dictionary.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f785a66e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/dictionary.py
@@ -0,0 +1,507 @@
+# dialects/oracle/dictionary.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .types import DATE
+from .types import LONG
+from .types import NUMBER
+from .types import RAW
+from .types import VARCHAR2
+from ... import Column
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Table
+from ... import table
+from ...sql.sqltypes import CHAR
+
+# constants
+DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER = "__$sa_dblink$__"
+# tables
+dual = table("dual")
+dictionary_meta = MetaData()
+
+# NOTE: all the dictionary_meta are aliases because oracle does not like
+# using the full table@dblink for every column in query, and complains with
+# ORA-00960: ambiguous column naming in select list
+all_tables = Table(
+    "all_tables" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("tablespace_name", VARCHAR2(30)),
+    Column("cluster_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("iot_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("pct_free", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_used", NUMBER),
+    Column("ini_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("initial_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("next_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("min_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_increase", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelists", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelist_groups", NUMBER),
+    Column("logging", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("backed_up", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("num_rows", NUMBER),
+    Column("blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("empty_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_space", NUMBER),
+    Column("chain_cnt", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_row_len", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_space_freelist_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_freelist_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("degree", VARCHAR2(10)),
+    Column("instances", VARCHAR2(10)),
+    Column("cache", VARCHAR2(5)),
+    Column("table_lock", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("sample_size", NUMBER),
+    Column("last_analyzed", DATE),
+    Column("partitioned", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("iot_type", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("temporary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("secondary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("nested", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("buffer_pool", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("cell_flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("row_movement", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("global_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("user_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("duration", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("skip_corrupt", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("monitoring", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("cluster_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("dependencies", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("compression", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("compress_for", VARCHAR2(30)),
+    Column("dropped", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("read_only", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("segment_created", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("result_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("clustering", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("activity_tracking", VARCHAR2(23)),
+    Column("dml_timestamp", VARCHAR2(25)),
+    Column("has_identity", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("container_data", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("inmemory", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("inmemory_priority", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("inmemory_distribute", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("inmemory_compression", VARCHAR2(17)),
+    Column("inmemory_duplicate", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("duplicated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("sharded", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("externally_sharded", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("externally_duplicated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("external", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("hybrid", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("cellmemory", VARCHAR2(24)),
+    Column("containers_default", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("container_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("inmemory_service", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("inmemory_service_name", VARCHAR2(1000)),
+    Column("container_map_object", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("memoptimize_read", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("memoptimize_write", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("has_sensitive_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("admit_null", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("data_link_dml_enabled", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("logical_replication", VARCHAR2(8)),
+).alias("a_tables")
+
+all_views = Table(
+    "all_views" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("view_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("text_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("text", LONG),
+    Column("text_vc", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("type_text_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("type_text", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("oid_text_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("oid_text", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("view_type_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("view_type", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("superview_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("editioning_view", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("read_only", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("container_data", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("bequeath", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", VARCHAR2(256)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("containers_default", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("container_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("extended_data_link_map", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("has_sensitive_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("admit_null", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("pdb_local_only", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_views")
+
+all_sequences = Table(
+    "all_sequences" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("sequence_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("sequence_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("min_value", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_value", NUMBER),
+    Column("increment_by", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("cycle_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("order_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("cache_size", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("last_number", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("scale_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("extend_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("sharded_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("session_flag", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("keep_value", VARCHAR2(1)),
+).alias("a_sequences")
+
+all_users = Table(
+    "all_users" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("username", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("user_id", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("created", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("common", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("oracle_maintained", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("inherited", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("implicit", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("all_shard", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("external_shard", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_users")
+
+all_mviews = Table(
+    "all_mviews" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("mview_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("container_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("query", LONG),
+    Column("query_len", NUMBER(38)),
+    Column("updatable", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("update_log", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("master_rollback_seg", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("master_link", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("rewrite_enabled", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("rewrite_capability", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("refresh_mode", VARCHAR2(6)),
+    Column("refresh_method", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("build_mode", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("fast_refreshable", VARCHAR2(18)),
+    Column("last_refresh_type", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("last_refresh_date", DATE),
+    Column("last_refresh_end_time", DATE),
+    Column("staleness", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("after_fast_refresh", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("unknown_prebuilt", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_plsql_func", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_external_table", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_consider_fresh", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_import", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("unknown_trusted_fd", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("compile_state", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("use_no_index", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("stale_since", DATE),
+    Column("num_pct_tables", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_fresh_pct_regions", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_stale_pct_regions", NUMBER),
+    Column("segment_created", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("evaluation_edition", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_before", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_beginning", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("on_query_computation", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("auto", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_mviews")
+
+all_tab_identity_cols = Table(
+    "all_tab_identity_cols" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("generation_type", VARCHAR2(10)),
+    Column("sequence_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("identity_options", VARCHAR2(298)),
+).alias("a_tab_identity_cols")
+
+all_tab_cols = Table(
+    "all_tab_cols" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("data_type", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("data_type_mod", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("data_type_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("data_length", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("data_precision", NUMBER),
+    Column("data_scale", NUMBER),
+    Column("nullable", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("column_id", NUMBER),
+    Column("default_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("data_default", LONG),
+    Column("num_distinct", NUMBER),
+    Column("low_value", RAW(1000)),
+    Column("high_value", RAW(1000)),
+    Column("density", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_nulls", NUMBER),
+    Column("num_buckets", NUMBER),
+    Column("last_analyzed", DATE),
+    Column("sample_size", NUMBER),
+    Column("character_set_name", VARCHAR2(44)),
+    Column("char_col_decl_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("global_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("user_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("avg_col_len", NUMBER),
+    Column("char_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("char_used", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("v80_fmt_image", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("data_upgraded", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("hidden_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("virtual_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("segment_column_id", NUMBER),
+    Column("internal_column_id", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("histogram", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("qualified_col_name", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("user_generated", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("default_on_null", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("identity_column", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("evaluation_edition", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_before", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("unusable_beginning", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("collated_column_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_tab_cols")
+
+all_tab_comments = Table(
+    "all_tab_comments" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_type", VARCHAR2(11)),
+    Column("comments", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_tab_comments")
+
+all_col_comments = Table(
+    "all_col_comments" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("comments", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_col_comments")
+
+all_mview_comments = Table(
+    "all_mview_comments" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("mview_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("comments", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+).alias("a_mview_comments")
+
+all_ind_columns = Table(
+    "all_ind_columns" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("index_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("column_position", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("column_length", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("char_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("descend", VARCHAR2(4)),
+    Column("collated_column_id", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_ind_columns")
+
+all_indexes = Table(
+    "all_indexes" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_type", VARCHAR2(27)),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_type", CHAR(11)),
+    Column("uniqueness", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("compression", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("prefix_length", NUMBER),
+    Column("tablespace_name", VARCHAR2(30)),
+    Column("ini_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_trans", NUMBER),
+    Column("initial_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("next_extent", NUMBER),
+    Column("min_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("max_extents", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_increase", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_threshold", NUMBER),
+    Column("include_column", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelists", NUMBER),
+    Column("freelist_groups", NUMBER),
+    Column("pct_free", NUMBER),
+    Column("logging", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("blevel", NUMBER),
+    Column("leaf_blocks", NUMBER),
+    Column("distinct_keys", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_leaf_blocks_per_key", NUMBER),
+    Column("avg_data_blocks_per_key", NUMBER),
+    Column("clustering_factor", NUMBER),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("num_rows", NUMBER),
+    Column("sample_size", NUMBER),
+    Column("last_analyzed", DATE),
+    Column("degree", VARCHAR2(40)),
+    Column("instances", VARCHAR2(40)),
+    Column("partitioned", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("temporary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("generated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("secondary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("buffer_pool", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("cell_flash_cache", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("user_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("duration", VARCHAR2(15)),
+    Column("pct_direct_access", NUMBER),
+    Column("ityp_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("ityp_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("parameters", VARCHAR2(1000)),
+    Column("global_stats", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("domidx_status", VARCHAR2(12)),
+    Column("domidx_opstatus", VARCHAR2(6)),
+    Column("funcidx_status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("join_index", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("iot_redundant_pkey_elim", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("dropped", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("visibility", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("domidx_management", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("segment_created", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("orphaned_entries", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("indexing", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("auto", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_indexes")
+
+all_ind_expressions = Table(
+    "all_ind_expressions" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("index_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_expression", LONG),
+    Column("column_position", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+).alias("a_ind_expressions")
+
+all_constraints = Table(
+    "all_constraints" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("constraint_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("constraint_type", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("search_condition", LONG),
+    Column("search_condition_vc", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("r_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("r_constraint_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("delete_rule", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(8)),
+    Column("deferrable", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("deferred", VARCHAR2(9)),
+    Column("validated", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("generated", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("bad", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("rely", VARCHAR2(4)),
+    Column("last_change", DATE),
+    Column("index_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("index_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("invalid", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("view_related", VARCHAR2(14)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", VARCHAR2(256)),
+).alias("a_constraints")
+
+all_cons_columns = Table(
+    "all_cons_columns" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("constraint_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("column_name", VARCHAR2(4000)),
+    Column("position", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_cons_columns")
+
+# TODO figure out if it's still relevant, since there is no mention from here
+# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/refrn/ALL_DB_LINKS.html
+# original note:
+# using user_db_links here since all_db_links appears
+# to have more restricted permissions.
+# https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28310/ds_admin005.htm
+# will need to hear from more users if we are doing
+# the right thing here.  See [ticket:2619]
+all_db_links = Table(
+    "all_db_links" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("db_link", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("username", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("host", VARCHAR2(2000)),
+    Column("created", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("hidden", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("shard_internal", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("valid", VARCHAR2(3)),
+    Column("intra_cdb", VARCHAR2(3)),
+).alias("a_db_links")
+
+all_synonyms = Table(
+    "all_synonyms" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("synonym_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("table_owner", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("table_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("db_link", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("origin_con_id", VARCHAR2(256)),
+).alias("a_synonyms")
+
+all_objects = Table(
+    "all_objects" + DB_LINK_PLACEHOLDER,
+    dictionary_meta,
+    Column("owner", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("object_name", VARCHAR2(128), nullable=False),
+    Column("subobject_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("object_id", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("data_object_id", NUMBER),
+    Column("object_type", VARCHAR2(23)),
+    Column("created", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("last_ddl_time", DATE, nullable=False),
+    Column("timestamp", VARCHAR2(19)),
+    Column("status", VARCHAR2(7)),
+    Column("temporary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("generated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("secondary", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("namespace", NUMBER, nullable=False),
+    Column("edition_name", VARCHAR2(128)),
+    Column("sharing", VARCHAR2(13)),
+    Column("editionable", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("oracle_maintained", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("application", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("default_collation", VARCHAR2(100)),
+    Column("duplicated", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("sharded", VARCHAR2(1)),
+    Column("created_appid", NUMBER),
+    Column("created_vsnid", NUMBER),
+    Column("modified_appid", NUMBER),
+    Column("modified_vsnid", NUMBER),
+).alias("a_objects")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/oracledb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/oracledb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c09d2bae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/oracledb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+# dialects/oracle/oracledb.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r""".. dialect:: oracle+oracledb
+    :name: python-oracledb
+    :dbapi: oracledb
+    :connectstring: oracle+oracledb://user:pass@hostname:port[/dbname][?service_name=<service>[&key=value&key=value...]]
+    :url: https://oracle.github.io/python-oracledb/
+
+Description
+-----------
+
+Python-oracledb is the Oracle Database driver for Python. It features a default
+"thin" client mode that requires no dependencies, and an optional "thick" mode
+that uses Oracle Client libraries.  It supports SQLAlchemy features including
+two phase transactions and Asyncio.
+
+Python-oracle is the renamed, updated cx_Oracle driver. Oracle is no longer
+doing any releases in the cx_Oracle namespace.
+
+The SQLAlchemy ``oracledb`` dialect provides both a sync and an async
+implementation under the same dialect name. The proper version is
+selected depending on how the engine is created:
+
+* calling :func:`_sa.create_engine` with ``oracle+oracledb://...`` will
+  automatically select the sync version::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    sync_engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost?service_name=FREEPDB1"
+    )
+
+* calling :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` with ``oracle+oracledb://...``
+  will automatically select the async version::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    asyncio_engine = create_async_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost?service_name=FREEPDB1"
+    )
+
+  The asyncio version of the dialect may also be specified explicitly using the
+  ``oracledb_async`` suffix::
+
+      from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+      asyncio_engine = create_async_engine(
+          "oracle+oracledb_async://scott:tiger@localhost?service_name=FREEPDB1"
+      )
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.25 added support for the async version of oracledb.
+
+Thick mode support
+------------------
+
+By default, the python-oracledb driver runs in a "thin" mode that does not
+require Oracle Client libraries to be installed. The driver also supports a
+"thick" mode that uses Oracle Client libraries to get functionality such as
+Oracle Application Continuity.
+
+To enable thick mode, call `oracledb.init_oracle_client()
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/module.html#oracledb.init_oracle_client>`_
+explicitly, or pass the parameter ``thick_mode=True`` to
+:func:`_sa.create_engine`. To pass custom arguments to
+``init_oracle_client()``, like the ``lib_dir`` path, a dict may be passed, for
+example::
+
+    engine = sa.create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://...",
+        thick_mode={
+            "lib_dir": "/path/to/oracle/client/lib",
+            "config_dir": "/path/to/network_config_file_directory",
+            "driver_name": "my-app : 1.0.0",
+        },
+    )
+
+Note that passing a ``lib_dir`` path should only be done on macOS or
+Windows. On Linux it does not behave as you might expect.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    python-oracledb documentation `Enabling python-oracledb Thick mode
+    <https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/initialization.html#enabling-python-oracledb-thick-mode>`_
+
+Connecting to Oracle Database
+-----------------------------
+
+python-oracledb provides several methods of indicating the target database.
+The dialect translates from a series of different URL forms.
+
+Given the hostname, port and service name of the target database, you can
+connect in SQLAlchemy using the ``service_name`` query string parameter::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@hostname:port?service_name=myservice"
+    )
+
+Connecting with Easy Connect strings
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+You can pass any valid python-oracledb connection string as the ``dsn`` key
+value in a :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary.  See
+python-oracledb documentation `Oracle Net Services Connection Strings
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#oracle-net-services-connection-strings>`_.
+
+For example to use an `Easy Connect string
+<https://download.oracle.com/ocomdocs/global/Oracle-Net-Easy-Connect-Plus.pdf>`_
+with a timeout to prevent connection establishment from hanging if the network
+transport to the database cannot be establishd in 30 seconds, and also setting
+a keep-alive time of 60 seconds to stop idle network connections from being
+terminated by a firewall::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://@",
+        connect_args={
+            "user": "scott",
+            "password": "tiger",
+            "dsn": "hostname:port/myservice?transport_connect_timeout=30&expire_time=60",
+        },
+    )
+
+The Easy Connect syntax has been enhanced during the life of Oracle Database.
+Review the documentation for your database version.  The current documentation
+is at `Understanding the Easy Connect Naming Method
+<https://www.oracle.com/pls/topic/lookup?ctx=dblatest&id=GUID-B0437826-43C1-49EC-A94D-B650B6A4A6EE>`_.
+
+The general syntax is similar to:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    [[protocol:]//]host[:port][/[service_name]][?parameter_name=value{&parameter_name=value}]
+
+Note that although the SQLAlchemy URL syntax ``hostname:port/dbname`` looks
+like Oracle's Easy Connect syntax, it is different. SQLAlchemy's URL requires a
+system identifier (SID) for the ``dbname`` component::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@hostname:port/sid")
+
+Easy Connect syntax does not support SIDs. It uses services names, which are
+the preferred choice for connecting to Oracle Database.
+
+Passing python-oracledb connect arguments
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Other python-oracledb driver `connection options
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/module.html#oracledb.connect>`_
+can be passed in ``connect_args``.  For example::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://@",
+        connect_args={
+            "user": "scott",
+            "password": "tiger",
+            "dsn": "hostname:port/myservice",
+            "events": True,
+            "mode": oracledb.AUTH_MODE_SYSDBA,
+        },
+    )
+
+Connecting with tnsnames.ora TNS aliases
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+If no port, database name, or service name is provided, the dialect will use an
+Oracle Database DSN "connection string".  This takes the "hostname" portion of
+the URL as the data source name.  For example, if the ``tnsnames.ora`` file
+contains a `TNS Alias
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#tns-aliases-for-connection-strings>`_
+of ``myalias`` as below:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    myalias =
+      (DESCRIPTION =
+        (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = mymachine.example.com)(PORT = 1521))
+        (CONNECT_DATA =
+          (SERVER = DEDICATED)
+          (SERVICE_NAME = orclpdb1)
+        )
+      )
+
+The python-oracledb dialect connects to this database service when ``myalias`` is the
+hostname portion of the URL, without specifying a port, database name or
+``service_name``::
+
+    engine = create_engine("oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@myalias")
+
+Connecting to Oracle Autonomous Database
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Users of Oracle Autonomous Database should use either use the TNS Alias URL
+shown above, or pass the TNS Alias as the ``dsn`` key value in a
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary.
+
+If Oracle Autonomous Database is configured for mutual TLS ("mTLS")
+connections, then additional configuration is required as shown in `Connecting
+to Oracle Cloud Autonomous Databases
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#connecting-to-oracle-cloud-autonomous-databases>`_. In
+summary, Thick mode users should configure file locations and set the wallet
+path in ``sqlnet.ora`` appropriately::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://@",
+        thick_mode={
+            # directory containing tnsnames.ora and cwallet.so
+            "config_dir": "/opt/oracle/wallet_dir",
+        },
+        connect_args={
+            "user": "scott",
+            "password": "tiger",
+            "dsn": "mydb_high",
+        },
+    )
+
+Thin mode users of mTLS should pass the appropriate directories and PEM wallet
+password when creating the engine, similar to::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://@",
+        connect_args={
+            "user": "scott",
+            "password": "tiger",
+            "dsn": "mydb_high",
+            "config_dir": "/opt/oracle/wallet_dir",  # directory containing tnsnames.ora
+            "wallet_location": "/opt/oracle/wallet_dir",  # directory containing ewallet.pem
+            "wallet_password": "top secret",  # password for the PEM file
+        },
+    )
+
+Typically ``config_dir`` and ``wallet_location`` are the same directory, which
+is where the Oracle Autonomous Database wallet zip file was extracted.  Note
+this directory should be protected.
+
+Connection Pooling
+------------------
+
+Applications with multiple concurrent users should use connection pooling. A
+minimal sized connection pool is also beneficial for long-running, single-user
+applications that do not frequently use a connection.
+
+The python-oracledb driver provides its own connection pool implementation that
+may be used in place of SQLAlchemy's pooling functionality.  The driver pool
+gives support for high availability features such as dead connection detection,
+connection draining for planned database downtime, support for Oracle
+Application Continuity and Transparent Application Continuity, and gives
+support for `Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP)
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#database-resident-connection-pooling-drcp>`_.
+
+To take advantage of python-oracledb's pool, use the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.creator` parameter to provide a function that
+returns a new connection, along with setting
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_class` to ``NullPool`` to disable
+SQLAlchemy's pooling::
+
+    import oracledb
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+    # Uncomment to use the optional python-oracledb Thick mode.
+    # Review the python-oracledb doc for the appropriate parameters
+    # oracledb.init_oracle_client(<your parameters>)
+
+    pool = oracledb.create_pool(
+        user="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        dsn="localhost:1521/freepdb1",
+        min=1,
+        max=4,
+        increment=1,
+    )
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://", creator=pool.acquire, poolclass=NullPool
+    )
+
+The above engine may then be used normally. Internally, python-oracledb handles
+connection pooling::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        print(conn.scalar(text("select 1 from dual")))
+
+Refer to the python-oracledb documentation for `oracledb.create_pool()
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/module.html#oracledb.create_pool>`_
+for the arguments that can be used when creating a connection pool.
+
+.. _drcp:
+
+Using Oracle Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP)
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+When using Oracle Database's Database Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP), the
+best practice is to specify a connection class and "purity". Refer to the
+`python-oracledb documentation on DRCP
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/user_guide/connection_handling.html#database-resident-connection-pooling-drcp>`_.
+For example::
+
+    import oracledb
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+    # Uncomment to use the optional python-oracledb Thick mode.
+    # Review the python-oracledb doc for the appropriate parameters
+    # oracledb.init_oracle_client(<your parameters>)
+
+    pool = oracledb.create_pool(
+        user="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        dsn="localhost:1521/freepdb1",
+        min=1,
+        max=4,
+        increment=1,
+        cclass="MYCLASS",
+        purity=oracledb.PURITY_SELF,
+    )
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://", creator=pool.acquire, poolclass=NullPool
+    )
+
+The above engine may then be used normally where python-oracledb handles
+application connection pooling and Oracle Database additionally uses DRCP::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        print(conn.scalar(text("select 1 from dual")))
+
+If you wish to use different connection classes or purities for different
+connections, then wrap ``pool.acquire()``::
+
+    import oracledb
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import NullPool
+
+    # Uncomment to use python-oracledb Thick mode.
+    # Review the python-oracledb doc for the appropriate parameters
+    # oracledb.init_oracle_client(<your parameters>)
+
+    pool = oracledb.create_pool(
+        user="scott",
+        password="tiger",
+        dsn="localhost:1521/freepdb1",
+        min=1,
+        max=4,
+        increment=1,
+        cclass="MYCLASS",
+        purity=oracledb.PURITY_SELF,
+    )
+
+
+    def creator():
+        return pool.acquire(cclass="MYOTHERCLASS", purity=oracledb.PURITY_NEW)
+
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://", creator=creator, poolclass=NullPool
+    )
+
+Engine Options consumed by the SQLAlchemy oracledb dialect outside of the driver
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+There are also options that are consumed by the SQLAlchemy oracledb dialect
+itself.  These options are always passed directly to :func:`_sa.create_engine`,
+such as::
+
+    e = create_engine("oracle+oracledb://user:pass@tnsalias", arraysize=500)
+
+The parameters accepted by the oracledb dialect are as follows:
+
+* ``arraysize`` - set the driver cursor.arraysize value. It defaults to
+  ``None``, indicating that the driver default value of 100 should be used.
+  This setting controls how many rows are buffered when fetching rows, and can
+  have a significant effect on performance if increased for queries that return
+  large numbers of rows.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0.26 - changed the default value from 50 to None,
+    to use the default value of the driver itself.
+
+* ``auto_convert_lobs`` - defaults to True; See :ref:`oracledb_lob`.
+
+* ``coerce_to_decimal`` - see :ref:`oracledb_numeric` for detail.
+
+* ``encoding_errors`` - see :ref:`oracledb_unicode_encoding_errors` for detail.
+
+.. _oracledb_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+As is the case for all DBAPIs under Python 3, all strings are inherently
+Unicode strings.
+
+Ensuring the Correct Client Encoding
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In python-oracledb, the encoding used for all character data is "UTF-8".
+
+Unicode-specific Column datatypes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The Core expression language handles unicode data by use of the
+:class:`.Unicode` and :class:`.UnicodeText` datatypes.  These types correspond
+to the VARCHAR2 and CLOB Oracle Database datatypes by default.  When using
+these datatypes with Unicode data, it is expected that the database is
+configured with a Unicode-aware character set so that the VARCHAR2 and CLOB
+datatypes can accommodate the data.
+
+In the case that Oracle Database is not configured with a Unicode character
+set, the two options are to use the :class:`_types.NCHAR` and
+:class:`_oracle.NCLOB` datatypes explicitly, or to pass the flag
+``use_nchar_for_unicode=True`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`, which will cause
+the SQLAlchemy dialect to use NCHAR/NCLOB for the :class:`.Unicode` /
+:class:`.UnicodeText` datatypes instead of VARCHAR/CLOB.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.3 The :class:`.Unicode` and :class:`.UnicodeText`
+   datatypes now correspond to the ``VARCHAR2`` and ``CLOB`` Oracle Database
+   datatypes unless the ``use_nchar_for_unicode=True`` is passed to the dialect
+   when :func:`_sa.create_engine` is called.
+
+
+.. _oracledb_unicode_encoding_errors:
+
+Encoding Errors
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For the unusual case that data in Oracle Database is present with a broken
+encoding, the dialect accepts a parameter ``encoding_errors`` which will be
+passed to Unicode decoding functions in order to affect how decoding errors are
+handled.  The value is ultimately consumed by the Python `decode
+<https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytes.decode>`_ function, and
+is passed both via python-oracledb's ``encodingErrors`` parameter consumed by
+``Cursor.var()``, as well as SQLAlchemy's own decoding function, as the
+python-oracledb dialect makes use of both under different circumstances.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+
+.. _oracledb_setinputsizes:
+
+Fine grained control over python-oracledb data binding with setinputsizes
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The python-oracle DBAPI has a deep and fundamental reliance upon the usage of
+the DBAPI ``setinputsizes()`` call.  The purpose of this call is to establish
+the datatypes that are bound to a SQL statement for Python values being passed
+as parameters.  While virtually no other DBAPI assigns any use to the
+``setinputsizes()`` call, the python-oracledb DBAPI relies upon it heavily in
+its interactions with the Oracle Database, and in some scenarios it is not
+possible for SQLAlchemy to know exactly how data should be bound, as some
+settings can cause profoundly different performance characteristics, while
+altering the type coercion behavior at the same time.
+
+Users of the oracledb dialect are **strongly encouraged** to read through
+python-oracledb's list of built-in datatype symbols at `Database Types
+<https://python-oracledb.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api_manual/module.html#database-types>`_
+Note that in some cases, significant performance degradation can occur when
+using these types vs. not.
+
+On the SQLAlchemy side, the :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes` event can
+be used both for runtime visibility (e.g. logging) of the setinputsizes step as
+well as to fully control how ``setinputsizes()`` is used on a per-statement
+basis.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.2.9 Added :meth:`.DialectEvents.setinputsizes`
+
+
+Example 1 - logging all setinputsizes calls
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The following example illustrates how to log the intermediary values from a
+SQLAlchemy perspective before they are converted to the raw ``setinputsizes()``
+parameter dictionary.  The keys of the dictionary are :class:`.BindParameter`
+objects which have a ``.key`` and a ``.type`` attribute::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost:1521?service_name=freepdb1"
+    )
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
+    def _log_setinputsizes(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        for bindparam, dbapitype in inputsizes.items():
+            log.info(
+                "Bound parameter name: %s  SQLAlchemy type: %r DBAPI object: %s",
+                bindparam.key,
+                bindparam.type,
+                dbapitype,
+            )
+
+Example 2 - remove all bindings to CLOB
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+For performance, fetching LOB datatypes from Oracle Database is set by default
+for the ``Text`` type within SQLAlchemy.  This setting can be modified as
+follows::
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+    from oracledb import CLOB
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@localhost:1521?service_name=freepdb1"
+    )
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "do_setinputsizes")
+    def _remove_clob(inputsizes, cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+        for bindparam, dbapitype in list(inputsizes.items()):
+            if dbapitype is CLOB:
+                del inputsizes[bindparam]
+
+.. _oracledb_lob:
+
+LOB Datatypes
+--------------
+
+LOB datatypes refer to the "large object" datatypes such as CLOB, NCLOB and
+BLOB. Oracle Database can efficiently return these datatypes as a single
+buffer. SQLAlchemy makes use of type handlers to do this by default.
+
+To disable the use of the type handlers and deliver LOB objects as classic
+buffered objects with a ``read()`` method, the parameter
+``auto_convert_lobs=False`` may be passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+.. _oracledb_returning:
+
+RETURNING Support
+-----------------
+
+The oracledb dialect implements RETURNING using OUT parameters.  The dialect
+supports RETURNING fully.
+
+Two Phase Transaction Support
+-----------------------------
+
+Two phase transactions are fully supported with python-oracledb. (Thin mode
+requires python-oracledb 2.3).  APIs for two phase transactions are provided at
+the Core level via :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase` and
+:paramref:`_orm.Session.twophase` for transparent ORM use.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.32 added support for two phase transactions
+
+.. _oracledb_numeric:
+
+Precision Numerics
+------------------
+
+SQLAlchemy's numeric types can handle receiving and returning values as Python
+``Decimal`` objects or float objects.  When a :class:`.Numeric` object, or a
+subclass such as :class:`.Float`, :class:`_oracle.DOUBLE_PRECISION` etc. is in
+use, the :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` flag determines if values should be
+coerced to ``Decimal`` upon return, or returned as float objects.  To make
+matters more complicated under Oracle Database, the ``NUMBER`` type can also
+represent integer values if the "scale" is zero, so the Oracle
+Database-specific :class:`_oracle.NUMBER` type takes this into account as well.
+
+The oracledb dialect makes extensive use of connection- and cursor-level
+"outputtypehandler" callables in order to coerce numeric values as requested.
+These callables are specific to the specific flavor of :class:`.Numeric` in
+use, as well as if no SQLAlchemy typing objects are present.  There are
+observed scenarios where Oracle Database may send incomplete or ambiguous
+information about the numeric types being returned, such as a query where the
+numeric types are buried under multiple levels of subquery.  The type handlers
+do their best to make the right decision in all cases, deferring to the
+underlying python-oracledb DBAPI for all those cases where the driver can make
+the best decision.
+
+When no typing objects are present, as when executing plain SQL strings, a
+default "outputtypehandler" is present which will generally return numeric
+values which specify precision and scale as Python ``Decimal`` objects.  To
+disable this coercion to decimal for performance reasons, pass the flag
+``coerce_to_decimal=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "oracle+oracledb://scott:tiger@tnsalias", coerce_to_decimal=False
+    )
+
+The ``coerce_to_decimal`` flag only impacts the results of plain string
+SQL statements that are not otherwise associated with a :class:`.Numeric`
+SQLAlchemy type (or a subclass of such).
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.2 The numeric handling system for the oracle dialects has
+   been reworked to take advantage of newer driver features as well as better
+   integration of outputtypehandlers.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.0 added support for the python-oracledb driver.
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import cx_oracle as _cx_oracle
+from ... import exc
+from ... import pool
+from ...connectors.asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection
+from ...connectors.asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor
+from ...connectors.asyncio import AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor
+from ...connectors.asyncio import AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection
+from ...engine import default
+from ...util import asbool
+from ...util import await_fallback
+from ...util import await_only
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from oracledb import AsyncConnection
+    from oracledb import AsyncCursor
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContext_oracledb(
+    _cx_oracle.OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class OracleDialect_oracledb(_cx_oracle.OracleDialect_cx_oracle):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContext_oracledb
+
+    driver = "oracledb"
+    _min_version = (1,)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        auto_convert_lobs=True,
+        coerce_to_decimal=True,
+        arraysize=None,
+        encoding_errors=None,
+        thick_mode=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            auto_convert_lobs,
+            coerce_to_decimal,
+            arraysize,
+            encoding_errors,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None and (
+            thick_mode or isinstance(thick_mode, dict)
+        ):
+            kw = thick_mode if isinstance(thick_mode, dict) else {}
+            self.dbapi.init_oracle_client(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import oracledb
+
+        return oracledb
+
+    @classmethod
+    def is_thin_mode(cls, connection):
+        return connection.connection.dbapi_connection.thin
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_async_dialect_cls(cls, url):
+        return OracleDialectAsync_oracledb
+
+    def _load_version(self, dbapi_module):
+        version = (0, 0, 0)
+        if dbapi_module is not None:
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", dbapi_module.version)
+            if m:
+                version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+        self.oracledb_ver = version
+        if (
+            self.oracledb_ver > (0, 0, 0)
+            and self.oracledb_ver < self._min_version
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"oracledb version {self._min_version} and above are supported"
+            )
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        conn_xis = connection.connection.xid(*xid)
+        connection.connection.tpc_begin(conn_xis)
+        connection.connection.info["oracledb_xid"] = conn_xis
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        should_commit = connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+        connection.info["oracledb_should_commit"] = should_commit
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if recover:
+            conn_xid = connection.connection.xid(*xid)
+        else:
+            conn_xid = None
+        connection.connection.tpc_rollback(conn_xid)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        conn_xid = None
+        if not is_prepared:
+            should_commit = connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+        elif recover:
+            conn_xid = connection.connection.xid(*xid)
+            should_commit = True
+        else:
+            should_commit = connection.info["oracledb_should_commit"]
+        if should_commit:
+            connection.connection.tpc_commit(conn_xid)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        return [
+            # oracledb seems to return bytes
+            (
+                fi,
+                gti.decode() if isinstance(gti, bytes) else gti,
+                bq.decode() if isinstance(bq, bytes) else bq,
+            )
+            for fi, gti, bq in connection.connection.tpc_recover()
+        ]
+
+    def _check_max_identifier_length(self, connection):
+        if self.oracledb_ver >= (2, 5):
+            max_len = connection.connection.max_identifier_length
+            if max_len is not None:
+                return max_len
+        return super()._check_max_identifier_length(connection)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_oracledb_cursor(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_cursor):
+    _cursor: AsyncCursor
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def outputtypehandler(self):
+        return self._cursor.outputtypehandler
+
+    @outputtypehandler.setter
+    def outputtypehandler(self, value):
+        self._cursor.outputtypehandler = value
+
+    def var(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self._cursor.var(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows.clear()
+        self._cursor.close()
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._cursor.setinputsizes(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _aenter_cursor(self, cursor: AsyncCursor) -> AsyncCursor:
+        try:
+            return cursor.__enter__()
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _execute_async(self, operation, parameters):
+        # override to not use mutex, oracledb already has a mutex
+
+        if parameters is None:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation)
+        else:
+            result = await self._cursor.execute(operation, parameters)
+
+        if self._cursor.description and not self.server_side:
+            self._rows = collections.deque(await self._cursor.fetchall())
+        return result
+
+    async def _executemany_async(
+        self,
+        operation,
+        seq_of_parameters,
+    ):
+        # override to not use mutex, oracledb already has a mutex
+        return await self._cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_oracledb_ss_cursor(
+    AsyncAdapt_dbapi_ss_cursor, AsyncAdapt_oracledb_cursor
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self._cursor.close()
+            self._cursor = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_oracledb_connection(AsyncAdapt_dbapi_connection):
+    _connection: AsyncConnection
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    thin = True
+
+    _cursor_cls = AsyncAdapt_oracledb_cursor
+    _ss_cursor_cls = None
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self._connection.autocommit = value
+
+    @property
+    def outputtypehandler(self):
+        return self._connection.outputtypehandler
+
+    @outputtypehandler.setter
+    def outputtypehandler(self, value):
+        self._connection.outputtypehandler = value
+
+    @property
+    def version(self):
+        return self._connection.version
+
+    @property
+    def stmtcachesize(self):
+        return self._connection.stmtcachesize
+
+    @stmtcachesize.setter
+    def stmtcachesize(self, value):
+        self._connection.stmtcachesize = value
+
+    @property
+    def max_identifier_length(self):
+        return self._connection.max_identifier_length
+
+    def cursor(self):
+        return AsyncAdapt_oracledb_cursor(self)
+
+    def ss_cursor(self):
+        return AsyncAdapt_oracledb_ss_cursor(self)
+
+    def xid(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._connection.xid(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def tpc_begin(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self.await_(self._connection.tpc_begin(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def tpc_commit(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self.await_(self._connection.tpc_commit(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def tpc_prepare(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self.await_(self._connection.tpc_prepare(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def tpc_recover(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self.await_(self._connection.tpc_recover(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def tpc_rollback(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return self.await_(self._connection.tpc_rollback(*args, **kwargs))
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_oracledb_connection(
+    AsyncAdaptFallback_dbapi_connection, AsyncAdapt_oracledb_connection
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class OracledbAdaptDBAPI:
+    def __init__(self, oracledb) -> None:
+        self.oracledb = oracledb
+
+        for k, v in self.oracledb.__dict__.items():
+            if k != "connect":
+                self.__dict__[k] = v
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.oracledb.connect_async)
+
+        if asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_oracledb_connection(
+                self, await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_oracledb_connection(
+                self, await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+
+
+class OracleExecutionContextAsync_oracledb(OracleExecutionContext_oracledb):
+    # restore default create cursor
+    create_cursor = default.DefaultExecutionContext.create_cursor
+
+    def create_default_cursor(self):
+        # copy of OracleExecutionContext_cx_oracle.create_cursor
+        c = self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        if self.dialect.arraysize:
+            c.arraysize = self.dialect.arraysize
+
+        return c
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        c = self._dbapi_connection.ss_cursor()
+        if self.dialect.arraysize:
+            c.arraysize = self.dialect.arraysize
+
+        return c
+
+
+class OracleDialectAsync_oracledb(OracleDialect_oracledb):
+    is_async = True
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = OracleExecutionContextAsync_oracledb
+
+    _min_version = (2,)
+
+    # thick_mode mode is not supported by asyncio, oracledb will raise
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import oracledb
+
+        return OracledbAdaptDBAPI(oracledb)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = OracleDialect_oracledb
+dialect_async = OracleDialectAsync_oracledb
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/provision.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3587de9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/provision.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+# dialects/oracle/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import create_engine
+from ... import exc
+from ... import inspect
+from ...engine import url as sa_url
+from ...testing.provision import configure_follower
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import follower_url_from_main
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import post_configure_engine
+from ...testing.provision import run_reap_dbs
+from ...testing.provision import set_default_schema_on_connection
+from ...testing.provision import stop_test_class_outside_fixtures
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import update_db_opts
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    # NOTE: make sure you've run "ALTER DATABASE default tablespace users" or
+    # similar, so that the default tablespace is not "system"; reflection will
+    # fail otherwise
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create user %s identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create user %s_ts1 identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("create user %s_ts2 identified by xe" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant dba to %s" % (ident,))
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant unlimited tablespace to %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant unlimited tablespace to %s_ts1" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant unlimited tablespace to %s_ts2" % ident)
+        # these are needed to create materialized views
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant create table to %s" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant create table to %s_ts1" % ident)
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("grant create table to %s_ts2" % ident)
+
+
+@configure_follower.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_configure_follower(config, ident):
+    config.test_schema = "%s_ts1" % ident
+    config.test_schema_2 = "%s_ts2" % ident
+
+
+def _ora_drop_ignore(conn, dbname):
+    try:
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("drop user %s cascade" % dbname)
+        log.info("Reaped db: %s", dbname)
+        return True
+    except exc.DatabaseError as err:
+        log.warning("couldn't drop db: %s", err)
+        return False
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables.for_db("oracle")
+def _ora_drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    _purge_recyclebin(eng)
+    _purge_recyclebin(eng, cfg.test_schema)
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables.for_db("oracle")
+def _ora_drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        for syn in conn.dialect._get_synonyms(conn, None, None, None):
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(f"drop synonym {syn['synonym_name']}")
+
+        for syn in conn.dialect._get_synonyms(
+            conn, cfg.test_schema, None, None
+        ):
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                f"drop synonym {cfg.test_schema}.{syn['synonym_name']}"
+            )
+
+        for tmp_table in inspect(conn).get_temp_table_names():
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(f"drop table {tmp_table}")
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        # cx_Oracle seems to occasionally leak open connections when a large
+        # suite it run, even if we confirm we have zero references to
+        # connection objects.
+        # while there is a "kill session" command in Oracle Database,
+        # it unfortunately does not release the connection sufficiently.
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, ident)
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, "%s_ts1" % ident)
+        _ora_drop_ignore(conn, "%s_ts2" % ident)
+
+
+@stop_test_class_outside_fixtures.for_db("oracle")
+def _ora_stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, db, cls):
+    try:
+        _purge_recyclebin(db)
+    except exc.DatabaseError as err:
+        log.warning("purge recyclebin command failed: %s", err)
+
+    # clear statement cache on all connections that were used
+    # https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/519
+
+    for cx_oracle_conn in _all_conns:
+        try:
+            sc = cx_oracle_conn.stmtcachesize
+        except db.dialect.dbapi.InterfaceError:
+            # connection closed
+            pass
+        else:
+            cx_oracle_conn.stmtcachesize = 0
+            cx_oracle_conn.stmtcachesize = sc
+    _all_conns.clear()
+
+
+def _purge_recyclebin(eng, schema=None):
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        if schema is None:
+            # run magic command to get rid of identity sequences
+            # https://floo.bar/2019/11/29/drop-the-underlying-sequence-of-an-identity-column/  # noqa: E501
+            conn.exec_driver_sql("purge recyclebin")
+        else:
+            # per user: https://community.oracle.com/tech/developers/discussion/2255402/how-to-clear-dba-recyclebin-for-a-particular-user  # noqa: E501
+            for owner, object_name, type_ in conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                "select owner, object_name,type from "
+                "dba_recyclebin where owner=:schema and type='TABLE'",
+                {"schema": conn.dialect.denormalize_name(schema)},
+            ).all():
+                conn.exec_driver_sql(f'purge {type_} {owner}."{object_name}"')
+
+
+_all_conns = set()
+
+
+@post_configure_engine.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "checkout")
+    def checkout(dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        _all_conns.add(dbapi_con)
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "checkin")
+    def checkin(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # work around cx_Oracle issue:
+        # https://github.com/oracle/python-cx_Oracle/issues/530
+        # invalidate oracle connections that had 2pc set up
+        if "cx_oracle_xid" in connection_record.info:
+            connection_record.invalidate()
+
+
+@run_reap_dbs.for_db("oracle")
+def _reap_oracle_dbs(url, idents):
+    log.info("db reaper connecting to %r", url)
+    eng = create_engine(url)
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        log.info("identifiers in file: %s", ", ".join(idents))
+
+        to_reap = conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "select u.username from all_users u where username "
+            "like 'TEST_%' and not exists (select username "
+            "from v$session where username=u.username)"
+        )
+        all_names = {username.lower() for (username,) in to_reap}
+        to_drop = set()
+        for name in all_names:
+            if name.endswith("_ts1") or name.endswith("_ts2"):
+                continue
+            elif name in idents:
+                to_drop.add(name)
+                if "%s_ts1" % name in all_names:
+                    to_drop.add("%s_ts1" % name)
+                if "%s_ts2" % name in all_names:
+                    to_drop.add("%s_ts2" % name)
+
+        dropped = total = 0
+        for total, username in enumerate(to_drop, 1):
+            if _ora_drop_ignore(conn, username):
+                dropped += 1
+        log.info(
+            "Dropped %d out of %d stale databases detected", dropped, total
+        )
+
+
+@follower_url_from_main.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    return url.set(username=ident, password="xe")
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {
+        "prefixes": ["GLOBAL TEMPORARY"],
+        "oracle_on_commit": "PRESERVE ROWS",
+    }
+
+
+@set_default_schema_on_connection.for_db("oracle")
+def _oracle_set_default_schema_on_connection(
+    cfg, dbapi_connection, schema_name
+):
+    cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+    cursor.execute("ALTER SESSION SET CURRENT_SCHEMA=%s" % schema_name)
+    cursor.close()
+
+
+@update_db_opts.for_db("oracle")
+def _update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts, options):
+    """Set database options (db_opts) for a test database that we created."""
+    if (
+        options.oracledb_thick_mode
+        and sa_url.make_url(db_url).get_driver_name() == "oracledb"
+    ):
+        db_opts["thick_mode"] = True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06aeaace
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/oracle/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+# dialects/oracle/types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime as dt
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from ... import exc
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...types import NVARCHAR
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...sql.type_api import _LiteralProcessorType
+
+
+class RAW(sqltypes._Binary):
+    __visit_name__ = "RAW"
+
+
+OracleRaw = RAW
+
+
+class NCLOB(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = "NCLOB"
+
+
+class VARCHAR2(VARCHAR):
+    __visit_name__ = "VARCHAR2"
+
+
+NVARCHAR2 = NVARCHAR
+
+
+class NUMBER(sqltypes.Numeric, sqltypes.Integer):
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMBER"
+
+    def __init__(self, precision=None, scale=None, asdecimal=None):
+        if asdecimal is None:
+            asdecimal = bool(scale and scale > 0)
+
+        super().__init__(precision=precision, scale=scale, asdecimal=asdecimal)
+
+    def adapt(self, impltype):
+        ret = super().adapt(impltype)
+        # leave a hint for the DBAPI handler
+        ret._is_oracle_number = True
+        return ret
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        if bool(self.scale and self.scale > 0):
+            return sqltypes.Numeric
+        else:
+            return sqltypes.Integer
+
+
+class FLOAT(sqltypes.FLOAT):
+    """Oracle Database FLOAT.
+
+    This is the same as :class:`_sqltypes.FLOAT` except that
+    an Oracle Database -specific :paramref:`_oracle.FLOAT.binary_precision`
+    parameter is accepted, and
+    the :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.precision` parameter is not accepted.
+
+    Oracle Database FLOAT types indicate precision in terms of "binary
+    precision", which defaults to 126. For a REAL type, the value is 63. This
+    parameter does not cleanly map to a specific number of decimal places but
+    is roughly equivalent to the desired number of decimal places divided by
+    0.3103.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "FLOAT"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        binary_precision=None,
+        asdecimal=False,
+        decimal_return_scale=None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a FLOAT
+
+        :param binary_precision: Oracle Database binary precision value to be
+         rendered in DDL. This may be approximated to the number of decimal
+         characters using the formula "decimal precision = 0.30103 * binary
+         precision".  The default value used by Oracle Database for FLOAT /
+         DOUBLE PRECISION is 126.
+
+        :param asdecimal: See :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.asdecimal`
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: See
+         :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.decimal_return_scale`
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(
+            asdecimal=asdecimal, decimal_return_scale=decimal_return_scale
+        )
+        self.binary_precision = binary_precision
+
+
+class BINARY_DOUBLE(sqltypes.Double):
+    """Implement the Oracle ``BINARY_DOUBLE`` datatype.
+
+    This datatype differs from the Oracle ``DOUBLE`` datatype in that it
+    delivers a true 8-byte FP value.   The datatype may be combined with a
+    generic :class:`.Double` datatype using :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`oracle_float_support`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BINARY_DOUBLE"
+
+
+class BINARY_FLOAT(sqltypes.Float):
+    """Implement the Oracle ``BINARY_FLOAT`` datatype.
+
+    This datatype differs from the Oracle ``FLOAT`` datatype in that it
+    delivers a true 4-byte FP value.   The datatype may be combined with a
+    generic :class:`.Float` datatype using :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`oracle_float_support`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BINARY_FLOAT"
+
+
+class BFILE(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = "BFILE"
+
+
+class LONG(sqltypes.Text):
+    __visit_name__ = "LONG"
+
+
+class _OracleDateLiteralRender:
+    def _literal_processor_datetime(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if getattr(value, "microsecond", None):
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_TIMESTAMP"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().replace("T", " ")}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS.FF')"""
+                )
+            else:
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_DATE"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().replace("T", " ")}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')"""
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def _literal_processor_date(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if getattr(value, "microsecond", None):
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_TIMESTAMP"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().split("T")[0]}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD')"""
+                )
+            else:
+                value = (
+                    f"""TO_DATE"""
+                    f"""('{value.isoformat().split("T")[0]}', """
+                    """'YYYY-MM-DD')"""
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class DATE(_OracleDateLiteralRender, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    """Provide the Oracle Database DATE type.
+
+    This type has no special Python behavior, except that it subclasses
+    :class:`_types.DateTime`; this is to suit the fact that the Oracle Database
+    ``DATE`` type supports a time value.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATE"
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_datetime(dialect)
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other):
+        return other._type_affinity in (sqltypes.DateTime, sqltypes.Date)
+
+
+class _OracleDate(_OracleDateLiteralRender, sqltypes.Date):
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_date(dialect)
+
+
+class INTERVAL(sqltypes.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes._AbstractInterval):
+    __visit_name__ = "INTERVAL"
+
+    def __init__(self, day_precision=None, second_precision=None):
+        """Construct an INTERVAL.
+
+        Note that only DAY TO SECOND intervals are currently supported.
+        This is due to a lack of support for YEAR TO MONTH intervals
+        within available DBAPIs.
+
+        :param day_precision: the day precision value.  this is the number of
+          digits to store for the day field.  Defaults to "2"
+        :param second_precision: the second precision value.  this is the
+          number of digits to store for the fractional seconds field.
+          Defaults to "6".
+
+        """
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adapt_from_generic_interval(cls, interval):
+        return INTERVAL(
+            day_precision=interval.day_precision,
+            second_precision=interval.second_precision,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(
+        cls, interval: sqltypes.Interval, **kw  # type: ignore[override]
+    ):
+        return INTERVAL(
+            day_precision=interval.day_precision,
+            second_precision=interval.second_precision,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self):
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype=False):
+        return sqltypes.Interval(
+            native=True,
+            second_precision=self.second_precision,
+            day_precision=self.day_precision,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[dt.timedelta]:
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[dt.timedelta]]:
+        def process(value: dt.timedelta) -> str:
+            return f"NUMTODSINTERVAL({value.total_seconds()}, 'SECOND')"
+
+        return process
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """Oracle Database implementation of ``TIMESTAMP``, which supports
+    additional Oracle Database-specific modes
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False, local_timezone: bool = False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_oracle.TIMESTAMP`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the TIMESTAMP type should
+         use Oracle Database's ``TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE`` datatype.
+
+        :param local_timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the TIMESTAMP type
+         should use Oracle Database's ``TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE``
+         datatype.
+
+
+        """
+        if timezone and local_timezone:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "timezone and local_timezone are mutually exclusive"
+            )
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.local_timezone = local_timezone
+
+
+class ROWID(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Oracle Database ROWID type.
+
+    When used in a cast() or similar, generates ROWID.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ROWID"
+
+
+class _OracleBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88935e20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from types import ModuleType
+
+from . import array as arraylib  # noqa # keep above base and other dialects
+from . import asyncpg  # noqa
+from . import base
+from . import pg8000  # noqa
+from . import psycopg  # noqa
+from . import psycopg2  # noqa
+from . import psycopg2cffi  # noqa
+from .array import All
+from .array import Any
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .array import array
+from .base import BIGINT
+from .base import BOOLEAN
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DOMAIN
+from .base import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import UUID
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import insert
+from .ext import aggregate_order_by
+from .ext import array_agg
+from .ext import ExcludeConstraint
+from .ext import phraseto_tsquery
+from .ext import plainto_tsquery
+from .ext import to_tsquery
+from .ext import to_tsvector
+from .ext import ts_headline
+from .ext import websearch_to_tsquery
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .hstore import hstore
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from .json import JSONPATH
+from .named_types import CreateDomainType
+from .named_types import CreateEnumType
+from .named_types import DropDomainType
+from .named_types import DropEnumType
+from .named_types import ENUM
+from .named_types import NamedType
+from .ranges import AbstractMultiRange
+from .ranges import AbstractRange
+from .ranges import AbstractSingleRange
+from .ranges import DATEMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import DATERANGE
+from .ranges import INT4MULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import INT4RANGE
+from .ranges import INT8MULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import INT8RANGE
+from .ranges import MultiRange
+from .ranges import NUMMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import NUMRANGE
+from .ranges import Range
+from .ranges import TSMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import TSRANGE
+from .ranges import TSTZMULTIRANGE
+from .ranges import TSTZRANGE
+from .types import BIT
+from .types import BYTEA
+from .types import CIDR
+from .types import CITEXT
+from .types import INET
+from .types import INTERVAL
+from .types import MACADDR
+from .types import MACADDR8
+from .types import MONEY
+from .types import OID
+from .types import REGCLASS
+from .types import REGCONFIG
+from .types import TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP
+from .types import TSQUERY
+from .types import TSVECTOR
+
+
+# Alias psycopg also as psycopg_async
+psycopg_async = type(
+    "psycopg_async", (ModuleType,), {"dialect": psycopg.dialect_async}
+)
+
+base.dialect = dialect = psycopg2.dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "INTEGER",
+    "BIGINT",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "CHAR",
+    "TEXT",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "REAL",
+    "INET",
+    "CIDR",
+    "CITEXT",
+    "UUID",
+    "BIT",
+    "MACADDR",
+    "MACADDR8",
+    "MONEY",
+    "OID",
+    "REGCLASS",
+    "REGCONFIG",
+    "TSQUERY",
+    "TSVECTOR",
+    "DOUBLE_PRECISION",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "TIME",
+    "DATE",
+    "BYTEA",
+    "BOOLEAN",
+    "INTERVAL",
+    "ARRAY",
+    "ENUM",
+    "DOMAIN",
+    "dialect",
+    "array",
+    "HSTORE",
+    "hstore",
+    "INT4RANGE",
+    "INT8RANGE",
+    "NUMRANGE",
+    "DATERANGE",
+    "INT4MULTIRANGE",
+    "INT8MULTIRANGE",
+    "NUMMULTIRANGE",
+    "DATEMULTIRANGE",
+    "TSVECTOR",
+    "TSRANGE",
+    "TSTZRANGE",
+    "TSMULTIRANGE",
+    "TSTZMULTIRANGE",
+    "JSON",
+    "JSONB",
+    "JSONPATH",
+    "Any",
+    "All",
+    "DropEnumType",
+    "DropDomainType",
+    "CreateDomainType",
+    "NamedType",
+    "CreateEnumType",
+    "ExcludeConstraint",
+    "Range",
+    "aggregate_order_by",
+    "array_agg",
+    "insert",
+    "Insert",
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d827e054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/_psycopg_common.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import decimal
+
+from .array import ARRAY as PGARRAY
+from .base import _DECIMAL_TYPES
+from .base import _FLOAT_TYPES
+from .base import _INT_TYPES
+from .base import PGDialect
+from .base import PGExecutionContext
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .pg_catalog import _SpaceVector
+from .pg_catalog import INT2VECTOR
+from .pg_catalog import OIDVECTOR
+from ... import exc
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import processors
+
+_server_side_id = util.counter()
+
+
+class _PsycopgNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+                )
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # psycopg returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # psycopg returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+
+
+class _PsycopgFloat(_PsycopgNumeric):
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+
+
+class _PsycopgHStore(HSTORE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect._has_native_hstore:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _PsycopgARRAY(PGARRAY):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PsycopgINT2VECTOR(_SpaceVector, INT2VECTOR):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PsycopgOIDVECTOR(_SpaceVector, OIDVECTOR):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg(PGExecutionContext):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        # use server-side cursors:
+        # psycopg
+        # https://www.psycopg.org/psycopg3/docs/advanced/cursors.html#server-side-cursors
+        # psycopg2
+        # https://www.psycopg.org/docs/usage.html#server-side-cursors
+        ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:], hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(ident)
+
+
+class _PGDialect_common_psycopg(PGDialect):
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+
+    _has_native_hstore = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PsycopgNumeric,
+            sqltypes.Float: _PsycopgFloat,
+            HSTORE: _PsycopgHStore,
+            sqltypes.ARRAY: _PsycopgARRAY,
+            INT2VECTOR: _PsycopgINT2VECTOR,
+            OIDVECTOR: _PsycopgOIDVECTOR,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        client_encoding=None,
+        use_native_hstore=True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        if not use_native_hstore:
+            self._has_native_hstore = False
+        self.use_native_hstore = use_native_hstore
+        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user", database="dbname")
+
+        multihosts, multiports = self._split_multihost_from_url(url)
+
+        if opts or url.query:
+            if not opts:
+                opts = {}
+            if "port" in opts:
+                opts["port"] = int(opts["port"])
+            opts.update(url.query)
+
+            if multihosts:
+                opts["host"] = ",".join(multihosts)
+                comma_ports = ",".join(str(p) if p else "" for p in multiports)
+                if comma_ports:
+                    opts["port"] = comma_ports
+            return ([], opts)
+        else:
+            # no connection arguments whatsoever; psycopg2.connect()
+            # requires that "dsn" be present as a blank string.
+            return ([""], opts)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+        )
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.deferrable = value
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        return connection.deferrable
+
+    def _do_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        connection.autocommit = value
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = None
+        before_autocommit = dbapi_connection.autocommit
+
+        if not before_autocommit:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(self._dialect_specific_select_one)
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+            if not before_autocommit and not dbapi_connection.closed:
+                dbapi_connection.autocommit = before_autocommit
+
+        return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/array.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/array.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e094973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/array.py
@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/array.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any as typing_Any
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import OVERLAP
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ...sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from ...sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ...sql.elements import Grouping
+    from ...sql.expression import BindParameter
+    from ...sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ...sql.selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from ...sql.type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import _LiteralProcessorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+    from ...sql.visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from ...util.typing import Self
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=typing_Any)
+
+
+def Any(
+    other: typing_Any,
+    arrexpr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    operator: OperatorType = operators.eq,
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """A synonym for the ARRAY-level :meth:`.ARRAY.Comparator.any` method.
+    See that method for details.
+
+    """
+
+    return arrexpr.any(other, operator)  # type: ignore[no-any-return, union-attr]  # noqa: E501
+
+
+def All(
+    other: typing_Any,
+    arrexpr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    operator: OperatorType = operators.eq,
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """A synonym for the ARRAY-level :meth:`.ARRAY.Comparator.all` method.
+    See that method for details.
+
+    """
+
+    return arrexpr.all(other, operator)  # type: ignore[no-any-return, union-attr]  # noqa: E501
+
+
+class array(expression.ExpressionClauseList[_T]):
+    """A PostgreSQL ARRAY literal.
+
+    This is used to produce ARRAY literals in SQL expressions, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+        from sqlalchemy import select, func
+
+        stmt = select(array([1, 2]) + array([3, 4, 5]))
+
+        print(stmt.compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect()))
+
+    Produces the SQL:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s] ||
+            ARRAY[%(param_3)s, %(param_4)s, %(param_5)s]) AS anon_1
+
+    An instance of :class:`.array` will always have the datatype
+    :class:`_types.ARRAY`.  The "inner" type of the array is inferred from the
+    values present, unless the :paramref:`_postgresql.array.type_` keyword
+    argument is passed::
+
+        array(["foo", "bar"], type_=CHAR)
+
+    When constructing an empty array, the :paramref:`_postgresql.array.type_`
+    argument is particularly important as PostgreSQL server typically requires
+    a cast to be rendered for the inner type in order to render an empty array.
+    SQLAlchemy's compilation for the empty array will produce this cast so
+    that::
+
+        stmt = array([], type_=Integer)
+        print(stmt.compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect()))
+
+    Produces:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        ARRAY[]::INTEGER[]
+
+    As required by PostgreSQL for empty arrays.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.40 added support to render empty PostgreSQL array
+       literals with a required cast.
+
+    Multidimensional arrays are produced by nesting :class:`.array` constructs.
+    The dimensionality of the final :class:`_types.ARRAY`
+    type is calculated by
+    recursively adding the dimensions of the inner :class:`_types.ARRAY`
+    type::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            array(
+                [array([1, 2]), array([3, 4]), array([column("q"), column("x")])]
+            )
+        )
+        print(stmt.compile(dialect=postgresql.dialect()))
+
+    Produces:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT ARRAY[
+            ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s],
+            ARRAY[%(param_3)s, %(param_4)s],
+            ARRAY[q, x]
+        ] AS anon_1
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.6 added support for multidimensional array literals
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __visit_name__ = "array"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        clauses: Iterable[_T],
+        *,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        **kw: typing_Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct an ARRAY literal.
+
+        :param clauses: iterable, such as a list, containing elements to be
+         rendered in the array
+        :param type\_: optional type.  If omitted, the type is inferred
+         from the contents of the array.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(operators.comma_op, *clauses, **kw)
+
+        main_type = (
+            type_
+            if type_ is not None
+            else self.clauses[0].type if self.clauses else sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(main_type, ARRAY):
+            self.type = ARRAY(
+                main_type.item_type,
+                dimensions=(
+                    main_type.dimensions + 1
+                    if main_type.dimensions is not None
+                    else 2
+                ),
+            )  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        else:
+            self.type = ARRAY(main_type)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        obj: typing_Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        _assume_scalar: bool = False,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        if _assume_scalar or operator is operators.getitem:
+            return expression.BindParameter(
+                None,
+                obj,
+                _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                type_=type_,
+                _compared_to_type=self.type,
+                unique=True,
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return array(
+                [
+                    self._bind_param(
+                        operator, o, _assume_scalar=True, type_=type_
+                    )
+                    for o in obj
+                ]
+            )  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[_T]]:
+        if against in (operators.any_op, operators.all_op, operators.getitem):
+            return expression.Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class ARRAY(sqltypes.ARRAY[_T]):
+    """PostgreSQL ARRAY type.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` type is constructed in the same way
+    as the core :class:`_types.ARRAY` type; a member type is required, and a
+    number of dimensions is recommended if the type is to be used for more
+    than one dimension::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+        mytable = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("data", postgresql.ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=2)),
+        )
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` type provides all operations defined on the
+    core :class:`_types.ARRAY` type, including support for "dimensions",
+    indexed access, and simple matching such as
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any` and
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`.  :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`
+    class also
+    provides PostgreSQL-specific methods for containment operations, including
+    :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.contains`
+    :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.contained_by`, and
+    :meth:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator.overlap`, e.g.::
+
+        mytable.c.data.contains([1, 2])
+
+    Indexed access is one-based by default, to match that of PostgreSQL;
+    for zero-based indexed access, set
+    :paramref:`_postgresql.ARRAY.zero_indexes`.
+
+    Additionally, the :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`
+    type does not work directly in
+    conjunction with the :class:`.ENUM` type.  For a workaround, see the
+    special type at :ref:`postgresql_array_of_enum`.
+
+    .. container:: topic
+
+        **Detecting Changes in ARRAY columns when using the ORM**
+
+        The :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM,
+        does not detect in-place mutations to the array. In order to detect
+        these, the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used, using
+        the :class:`.MutableList` class::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import ARRAY
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableList
+
+
+            class SomeOrmClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                data = Column(MutableList.as_mutable(ARRAY(Integer)))
+
+        This extension will allow "in-place" changes such to the array
+        such as ``.append()`` to produce events which will be detected by the
+        unit of work.  Note that changes to elements **inside** the array,
+        including subarrays that are mutated in place, are **not** detected.
+
+        Alternatively, assigning a new array value to an ORM element that
+        replaces the old one will always trigger a change event.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.ARRAY` - base array type
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.array` - produces a literal array value.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        item_type: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+        as_tuple: bool = False,
+        dimensions: Optional[int] = None,
+        zero_indexes: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Construct an ARRAY.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column("myarray", ARRAY(Integer))
+
+        Arguments are:
+
+        :param item_type: The data type of items of this array. Note that
+          dimensionality is irrelevant here, so multi-dimensional arrays like
+          ``INTEGER[][]``, are constructed as ``ARRAY(Integer)``, not as
+          ``ARRAY(ARRAY(Integer))`` or such.
+
+        :param as_tuple=False: Specify whether return results
+          should be converted to tuples from lists. DBAPIs such
+          as psycopg2 return lists by default. When tuples are
+          returned, the results are hashable.
+
+        :param dimensions: if non-None, the ARRAY will assume a fixed
+         number of dimensions.  This will cause the DDL emitted for this
+         ARRAY to include the exact number of bracket clauses ``[]``,
+         and will also optimize the performance of the type overall.
+         Note that PG arrays are always implicitly "non-dimensioned",
+         meaning they can store any number of dimensions no matter how
+         they were declared.
+
+        :param zero_indexes=False: when True, index values will be converted
+         between Python zero-based and PostgreSQL one-based indexes, e.g.
+         a value of one will be added to all index values before passing
+         to the database.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(item_type, ARRAY):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Do not nest ARRAY types; ARRAY(basetype) "
+                "handles multi-dimensional arrays of basetype"
+            )
+        if isinstance(item_type, type):
+            item_type = item_type()
+        self.item_type = item_type
+        self.as_tuple = as_tuple
+        self.dimensions = dimensions
+        self.zero_indexes = zero_indexes
+
+    class Comparator(sqltypes.ARRAY.Comparator[_T]):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+        Note that these operations are in addition to those provided
+        by the base :class:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator` class, including
+        :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any` and
+        :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`.
+
+        """
+
+        def contains(
+            self, other: typing_Any, **kwargs: typing_Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a superset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.operate(CONTAINS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other: typing_Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if elements are a proper subset of the
+            elements of the argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                CONTAINED_BY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def overlap(self, other: typing_Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if array has elements in common with
+            an argument array expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(OVERLAP, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _against_native_enum(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(self.item_type, sqltypes.Enum)
+            and self.item_type.native_enum  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        )
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).literal_processor(
+            dialect
+        )
+        if item_proc is None:
+            return None
+
+        def to_str(elements: Iterable[typing_Any]) -> str:
+            return f"ARRAY[{', '.join(elements)}]"
+
+        def process(value: Sequence[typing_Any]) -> str:
+            inner = self._apply_item_processor(
+                value, item_proc, self.dimensions, to_str
+            )
+            return inner
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[Sequence[typing_Any]]]:
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).bind_processor(
+            dialect
+        )
+
+        def process(
+            value: Optional[Sequence[typing_Any]],
+        ) -> Optional[list[typing_Any]]:
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._apply_item_processor(
+                    value, item_proc, self.dimensions, list
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: object
+    ) -> _ResultProcessorType[Sequence[typing_Any]]:
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).result_processor(
+            dialect, coltype
+        )
+
+        def process(
+            value: Sequence[typing_Any],
+        ) -> Optional[Sequence[typing_Any]]:
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            else:
+                return self._apply_item_processor(
+                    value,
+                    item_proc,
+                    self.dimensions,
+                    tuple if self.as_tuple else list,
+                )
+
+        if self._against_native_enum:
+            super_rp = process
+            pattern = re.compile(r"^{(.*)}$")
+
+            def handle_raw_string(value: str) -> list[str]:
+                inner = pattern.match(value).group(1)  # type: ignore[union-attr]  # noqa: E501
+                return _split_enum_values(inner)
+
+            def process(
+                value: Sequence[typing_Any],
+            ) -> Optional[Sequence[typing_Any]]:
+                if value is None:
+                    return value
+                # isinstance(value, str) is required to handle
+                # the case where a TypeDecorator for and Array of Enum is
+                # used like was required in sa < 1.3.17
+                return super_rp(
+                    handle_raw_string(value)
+                    if isinstance(value, str)
+                    else value
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+
+def _split_enum_values(array_string: str) -> list[str]:
+    if '"' not in array_string:
+        # no escape char is present so it can just split on the comma
+        return array_string.split(",") if array_string else []
+
+    # handles quoted strings from:
+    # r'abc,"quoted","also\\\\quoted", "quoted, comma", "esc \" quot", qpr'
+    # returns
+    # ['abc', 'quoted', 'also\\quoted', 'quoted, comma', 'esc " quot', 'qpr']
+    text = array_string.replace(r"\"", "_$ESC_QUOTE$_")
+    text = text.replace(r"\\", "\\")
+    result = []
+    on_quotes = re.split(r'(")', text)
+    in_quotes = False
+    for tok in on_quotes:
+        if tok == '"':
+            in_quotes = not in_quotes
+        elif in_quotes:
+            result.append(tok.replace("_$ESC_QUOTE$_", '"'))
+        else:
+            result.extend(re.findall(r"([^\s,]+),?", tok))
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09689212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1287 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/asyncpg.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+asyncpg
+    :name: asyncpg
+    :dbapi: asyncpg
+    :connectstring: postgresql+asyncpg://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://magicstack.github.io/asyncpg/
+
+The asyncpg dialect is SQLAlchemy's first Python asyncio dialect.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the asyncpg dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@hostname/dbname"
+    )
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+.. note::
+
+    By default asyncpg does not decode the ``json`` and ``jsonb`` types and
+    returns them as strings. SQLAlchemy sets default type decoder for ``json``
+    and ``jsonb`` types using the python builtin ``json.loads`` function.
+    The json implementation used can be changed by setting the attribute
+    ``json_deserializer`` when creating the engine with
+    :func:`create_engine` or :func:`create_async_engine`.
+
+.. _asyncpg_multihost:
+
+Multihost Connections
+--------------------------
+
+The asyncpg dialect features support for multiple fallback hosts in the
+same way as that of the psycopg2 and psycopg dialects.  The
+syntax is the same,
+using ``host=<host>:<port>`` combinations as additional query string arguments;
+however, there is no default port, so all hosts must have a complete port number
+present, otherwise an exception is raised::
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA:5432&host=HostB:5432&host=HostC:5432"
+    )
+
+For complete background on this syntax, see :ref:`psycopg2_multi_host`.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.18
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_multi_host`
+
+.. _asyncpg_prepared_statement_cache:
+
+Prepared Statement Cache
+--------------------------
+
+The asyncpg SQLAlchemy dialect makes use of ``asyncpg.connection.prepare()``
+for all statements.   The prepared statement objects are cached after
+construction which appears to grant a 10% or more performance improvement for
+statement invocation.   The cache is on a per-DBAPI connection basis, which
+means that the primary storage for prepared statements is within DBAPI
+connections pooled within the connection pool.   The size of this cache
+defaults to 100 statements per DBAPI connection and may be adjusted using the
+``prepared_statement_cache_size`` DBAPI argument (note that while this argument
+is implemented by SQLAlchemy, it is part of the DBAPI emulation portion of the
+asyncpg dialect, therefore is handled as a DBAPI argument, not a dialect
+argument)::
+
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@hostname/dbname?prepared_statement_cache_size=500"
+    )
+
+To disable the prepared statement cache, use a value of zero::
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@hostname/dbname?prepared_statement_cache_size=0"
+    )
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 Added ``prepared_statement_cache_size`` for asyncpg.
+
+
+.. warning::  The ``asyncpg`` database driver necessarily uses caches for
+   PostgreSQL type OIDs, which become stale when custom PostgreSQL datatypes
+   such as ``ENUM`` objects are changed via DDL operations.   Additionally,
+   prepared statements themselves which are optionally cached by SQLAlchemy's
+   driver as described above may also become "stale" when DDL has been emitted
+   to the PostgreSQL database which modifies the tables or other objects
+   involved in a particular prepared statement.
+
+   The SQLAlchemy asyncpg dialect will invalidate these caches within its local
+   process when statements that represent DDL are emitted on a local
+   connection, but this is only controllable within a single Python process /
+   database engine.     If DDL changes are made from other database engines
+   and/or processes, a running application may encounter asyncpg exceptions
+   ``InvalidCachedStatementError`` and/or ``InternalServerError("cache lookup
+   failed for type <oid>")`` if it refers to pooled database connections which
+   operated upon the previous structures. The SQLAlchemy asyncpg dialect will
+   recover from these error cases when the driver raises these exceptions by
+   clearing its internal caches as well as those of the asyncpg driver in
+   response to them, but cannot prevent them from being raised in the first
+   place if the cached prepared statement or asyncpg type caches have gone
+   stale, nor can it retry the statement as the PostgreSQL transaction is
+   invalidated when these errors occur.
+
+.. _asyncpg_prepared_statement_name:
+
+Prepared Statement Name with PGBouncer
+--------------------------------------
+
+By default, asyncpg enumerates prepared statements in numeric order, which
+can lead to errors if a name has already been taken for another prepared
+statement. This issue can arise if your application uses database proxies
+such as PgBouncer to handle connections. One possible workaround is to
+use dynamic prepared statement names, which asyncpg now supports through
+an optional ``name`` value for the statement name. This allows you to
+generate your own unique names that won't conflict with existing ones.
+To achieve this, you can provide a function that will be called every time
+a prepared statement is prepared::
+
+    from uuid import uuid4
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@somepgbouncer/dbname",
+        poolclass=NullPool,
+        connect_args={
+            "prepared_statement_name_func": lambda: f"__asyncpg_{uuid4()}__",
+        },
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+   https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/837
+
+   https://github.com/sqlalchemy/sqlalchemy/issues/6467
+
+.. warning:: When using PGBouncer, to prevent a buildup of useless prepared statements in
+   your application, it's important to use the :class:`.NullPool` pool
+   class, and to configure PgBouncer to use `DISCARD <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-discard.html>`_
+   when returning connections.  The DISCARD command is used to release resources held by the db connection,
+   including prepared statements. Without proper setup, prepared statements can
+   accumulate quickly and cause performance issues.
+
+Disabling the PostgreSQL JIT to improve ENUM datatype handling
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Asyncpg has an `issue <https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/727>`_ when
+using PostgreSQL ENUM datatypes, where upon the creation of new database
+connections, an expensive query may be emitted in order to retrieve metadata
+regarding custom types which has been shown to negatively affect performance.
+To mitigate this issue, the PostgreSQL "jit" setting may be disabled from the
+client using this setting passed to :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+asyncpg://user:password@localhost/tmp",
+        connect_args={"server_settings": {"jit": "off"}},
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/727
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import decimal
+import json as _py_json
+import re
+import time
+
+from . import json
+from . import ranges
+from .array import ARRAY as PGARRAY
+from .base import _DECIMAL_TYPES
+from .base import _FLOAT_TYPES
+from .base import _INT_TYPES
+from .base import ENUM
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import OID
+from .base import PGCompiler
+from .base import PGDialect
+from .base import PGExecutionContext
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import REGCLASS
+from .base import REGCONFIG
+from .types import BIT
+from .types import BYTEA
+from .types import CITEXT
+from ... import exc
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...util.concurrency import asyncio
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncpgARRAY(PGARRAY):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgString(sqltypes.String):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgREGCONFIG(REGCONFIG):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgTime(sqltypes.Time):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgBit(BIT):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgByteA(BYTEA):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgDateTime(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncPgInterval(INTERVAL):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, interval, **kw):
+        return AsyncPgInterval(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+
+class AsyncPgEnum(ENUM):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgSmallInteger(sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgBigInteger(sqltypes.BigInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSON(json.JSON):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONB(json.JSONB):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    pass
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONIntIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_int_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONStrIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_str_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgJSONPathType(json.JSONPathType):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                # If it's already a string assume that it's in json path
+                # format. This allows using cast with json paths literals
+                return value
+            elif value:
+                tokens = [str(elem) for elem in value]
+                return tokens
+            else:
+                return []
+
+        return process
+
+
+class AsyncpgNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+                )
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+
+
+class AsyncpgFloat(AsyncpgNumeric, sqltypes.Float):
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgREGCLASS(REGCLASS):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgOID(OID):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class AsyncpgCHAR(sqltypes.CHAR):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _AsyncpgRange(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        asyncpg_Range = dialect.dbapi.asyncpg.Range
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = asyncpg_Range(
+                    value.lower,
+                    value.upper,
+                    lower_inc=value.bounds[0] == "[",
+                    upper_inc=value.bounds[1] == "]",
+                    empty=value.empty,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                empty = value.isempty
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value.lower,
+                    value.upper,
+                    bounds=f"{'[' if empty or value.lower_inc else '('}"  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                    f"{']' if not empty and value.upper_inc else ')'}",
+                    empty=empty,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _AsyncpgMultiRange(ranges.AbstractMultiRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        asyncpg_Range = dialect.dbapi.asyncpg.Range
+
+        NoneType = type(None)
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, (str, NoneType)):
+                return value
+
+            def to_range(value):
+                if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                    value = asyncpg_Range(
+                        value.lower,
+                        value.upper,
+                        lower_inc=value.bounds[0] == "[",
+                        upper_inc=value.bounds[1] == "]",
+                        empty=value.empty,
+                    )
+                return value
+
+            return [to_range(element) for element in value]
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range_array(value):
+            def to_range(rvalue):
+                if rvalue is not None:
+                    empty = rvalue.isempty
+                    rvalue = ranges.Range(
+                        rvalue.lower,
+                        rvalue.upper,
+                        bounds=f"{'[' if empty or rvalue.lower_inc else '('}"  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                        f"{']' if not empty and rvalue.upper_inc else ')'}",
+                        empty=empty,
+                    )
+                return rvalue
+
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.MultiRange(to_range(elem) for elem in value)
+
+            return value
+
+        return to_range_array
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_asyncpg(PGExecutionContext):
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        if isinstance(
+            e,
+            (
+                self.dialect.dbapi.InvalidCachedStatementError,
+                self.dialect.dbapi.InternalServerError,
+            ),
+        ):
+            self.dialect._invalidate_schema_cache()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if self.isddl:
+            self.dialect._invalidate_schema_cache()
+
+        self.cursor._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = (
+            self.dialect._invalidate_schema_cache_asof
+        )
+
+        if not self.compiled:
+            return
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(server_side=True)
+
+
+class PGCompiler_asyncpg(PGCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_asyncpg(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_cursor:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "_rows",
+        "description",
+        "arraysize",
+        "rowcount",
+        "_cursor",
+        "_invalidate_schema_cache_asof",
+    )
+
+    server_side = False
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self._rows = deque()
+        self._cursor = None
+        self.description = None
+        self.arraysize = 1
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = 0
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows.clear()
+
+    def _handle_exception(self, error):
+        self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _prepare_and_execute(self, operation, parameters):
+        adapt_connection = self._adapt_connection
+
+        async with adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            if not adapt_connection._started:
+                await adapt_connection._start_transaction()
+
+            if parameters is None:
+                parameters = ()
+
+            try:
+                prepared_stmt, attributes = await adapt_connection._prepare(
+                    operation, self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof
+                )
+
+                if attributes:
+                    self.description = [
+                        (
+                            attr.name,
+                            attr.type.oid,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                        )
+                        for attr in attributes
+                    ]
+                else:
+                    self.description = None
+
+                if self.server_side:
+                    self._cursor = await prepared_stmt.cursor(*parameters)
+                    self.rowcount = -1
+                else:
+                    self._rows = deque(await prepared_stmt.fetch(*parameters))
+                    status = prepared_stmt.get_statusmsg()
+
+                    reg = re.match(
+                        r"(?:SELECT|UPDATE|DELETE|INSERT \d+) (\d+)",
+                        status or "",
+                    )
+                    if reg:
+                        self.rowcount = int(reg.group(1))
+                    else:
+                        self.rowcount = -1
+
+            except Exception as error:
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        adapt_connection = self._adapt_connection
+
+        self.description = None
+        async with adapt_connection._execute_mutex:
+            await adapt_connection._check_type_cache_invalidation(
+                self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof
+            )
+
+            if not adapt_connection._started:
+                await adapt_connection._start_transaction()
+
+            try:
+                return await self._connection.executemany(
+                    operation, seq_of_parameters
+                )
+            except Exception as error:
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        self._adapt_connection.await_(
+            self._prepare_and_execute(operation, parameters)
+        )
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        return self._adapt_connection.await_(
+            self._executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters)
+        )
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.popleft()
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        rr = self._rows
+        return [rr.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rr)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = list(self._rows)
+        self._rows.clear()
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_cursor):
+    server_side = True
+    __slots__ = ("_rowbuffer",)
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        super().__init__(adapt_connection)
+        self._rowbuffer = deque()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._cursor = None
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self):
+        assert self._cursor is not None
+        new_rows = self._adapt_connection.await_(self._cursor.fetch(50))
+        self._rowbuffer.extend(new_rows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self):
+        while True:
+            while self._rowbuffer:
+                yield self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+            self._buffer_rows()
+            if not self._rowbuffer:
+                break
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if not self._rowbuffer:
+            self._buffer_rows()
+            if not self._rowbuffer:
+                return None
+        return self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall()
+
+        if not self._rowbuffer:
+            self._buffer_rows()
+
+        assert self._cursor is not None
+        rb = self._rowbuffer
+        lb = len(rb)
+        if size > lb:
+            rb.extend(
+                self._adapt_connection.await_(self._cursor.fetch(size - lb))
+            )
+
+        return [rb.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rb)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        ret = list(self._rowbuffer)
+        ret.extend(self._adapt_connection.await_(self._all()))
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        return ret
+
+    async def _all(self):
+        rows = []
+
+        # TODO: looks like we have to hand-roll some kind of batching here.
+        # hardcoding for the moment but this should be improved.
+        while True:
+            batch = await self._cursor.fetch(1000)
+            if batch:
+                rows.extend(batch)
+                continue
+            else:
+                break
+        return rows
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "server side cursor doesn't support executemany yet"
+        )
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "dbapi",
+        "isolation_level",
+        "_isolation_setting",
+        "readonly",
+        "deferrable",
+        "_transaction",
+        "_started",
+        "_prepared_statement_cache",
+        "_prepared_statement_name_func",
+        "_invalidate_schema_cache_asof",
+        "_execute_mutex",
+    )
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dbapi,
+        connection,
+        prepared_statement_cache_size=100,
+        prepared_statement_name_func=None,
+    ):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+        self.isolation_level = self._isolation_setting = None
+        self.readonly = False
+        self.deferrable = False
+        self._transaction = None
+        self._started = False
+        self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = time.time()
+        self._execute_mutex = asyncio.Lock()
+
+        if prepared_statement_cache_size:
+            self._prepared_statement_cache = util.LRUCache(
+                prepared_statement_cache_size
+            )
+        else:
+            self._prepared_statement_cache = None
+
+        if prepared_statement_name_func:
+            self._prepared_statement_name_func = prepared_statement_name_func
+        else:
+            self._prepared_statement_name_func = self._default_name_func
+
+    async def _check_type_cache_invalidation(self, invalidate_timestamp):
+        if invalidate_timestamp > self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof:
+            await self._connection.reload_schema_state()
+            self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = invalidate_timestamp
+
+    async def _prepare(self, operation, invalidate_timestamp):
+        await self._check_type_cache_invalidation(invalidate_timestamp)
+
+        cache = self._prepared_statement_cache
+        if cache is None:
+            prepared_stmt = await self._connection.prepare(
+                operation, name=self._prepared_statement_name_func()
+            )
+            attributes = prepared_stmt.get_attributes()
+            return prepared_stmt, attributes
+
+        # asyncpg uses a type cache for the "attributes" which seems to go
+        # stale independently of the PreparedStatement itself, so place that
+        # collection in the cache as well.
+        if operation in cache:
+            prepared_stmt, attributes, cached_timestamp = cache[operation]
+
+            # preparedstatements themselves also go stale for certain DDL
+            # changes such as size of a VARCHAR changing, so there is also
+            # a cross-connection invalidation timestamp
+            if cached_timestamp > invalidate_timestamp:
+                return prepared_stmt, attributes
+
+        prepared_stmt = await self._connection.prepare(
+            operation, name=self._prepared_statement_name_func()
+        )
+        attributes = prepared_stmt.get_attributes()
+        cache[operation] = (prepared_stmt, attributes, time.time())
+
+        return prepared_stmt, attributes
+
+    def _handle_exception(self, error):
+        if self._connection.is_closed():
+            self._transaction = None
+            self._started = False
+
+        if not isinstance(error, AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_dbapi.Error):
+            exception_mapping = self.dbapi._asyncpg_error_translate
+
+            for super_ in type(error).__mro__:
+                if super_ in exception_mapping:
+                    translated_error = exception_mapping[super_](
+                        "%s: %s" % (type(error), error)
+                    )
+                    translated_error.pgcode = translated_error.sqlstate = (
+                        getattr(error, "sqlstate", None)
+                    )
+                    raise translated_error from error
+            else:
+                raise error
+        else:
+            raise error
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self.isolation_level == "autocommit"
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        if value:
+            self.isolation_level = "autocommit"
+        else:
+            self.isolation_level = self._isolation_setting
+
+    def ping(self):
+        try:
+            _ = self.await_(self._async_ping())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    async def _async_ping(self):
+        if self._transaction is None and self.isolation_level != "autocommit":
+            # create a tranasction explicitly to support pgbouncer
+            # transaction mode.   See #10226
+            tr = self._connection.transaction()
+            await tr.start()
+            try:
+                await self._connection.fetchrow(";")
+            finally:
+                await tr.rollback()
+        else:
+            await self._connection.fetchrow(";")
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, level):
+        if self._started:
+            self.rollback()
+        self.isolation_level = self._isolation_setting = level
+
+    async def _start_transaction(self):
+        if self.isolation_level == "autocommit":
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self._transaction = self._connection.transaction(
+                isolation=self.isolation_level,
+                readonly=self.readonly,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            )
+            await self._transaction.start()
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+        else:
+            self._started = True
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_cursor(self)
+
+    async def _rollback_and_discard(self):
+        try:
+            await self._transaction.rollback()
+        finally:
+            # if asyncpg .rollback() was actually called, then whether or
+            # not it raised or succeeded, the transation is done, discard it
+            self._transaction = None
+            self._started = False
+
+    async def _commit_and_discard(self):
+        try:
+            await self._transaction.commit()
+        finally:
+            # if asyncpg .commit() was actually called, then whether or
+            # not it raised or succeeded, the transation is done, discard it
+            self._transaction = None
+            self._started = False
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        if self._started:
+            try:
+                self.await_(self._rollback_and_discard())
+                self._transaction = None
+                self._started = False
+            except Exception as error:
+                # don't dereference asyncpg transaction if we didn't
+                # actually try to call rollback() on it
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        if self._started:
+            try:
+                self.await_(self._commit_and_discard())
+                self._transaction = None
+                self._started = False
+            except Exception as error:
+                # don't dereference asyncpg transaction if we didn't
+                # actually try to call commit() on it
+                self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.rollback()
+
+        self.await_(self._connection.close())
+
+    def terminate(self):
+        if util.concurrency.in_greenlet():
+            # in a greenlet; this is the connection was invalidated
+            # case.
+            try:
+                # try to gracefully close; see #10717
+                # timeout added in asyncpg 0.14.0 December 2017
+                self.await_(asyncio.shield(self._connection.close(timeout=2)))
+            except (
+                asyncio.TimeoutError,
+                asyncio.CancelledError,
+                OSError,
+                self.dbapi.asyncpg.PostgresError,
+            ):
+                # in the case where we are recycling an old connection
+                # that may have already been disconnected, close() will
+                # fail with the above timeout.  in this case, terminate
+                # the connection without any further waiting.
+                # see issue #8419
+                self._connection.terminate()
+        else:
+            # not in a greenlet; this is the gc cleanup case
+            self._connection.terminate()
+        self._started = False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _default_name_func():
+        return None
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncpg_connection(AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, asyncpg):
+        self.asyncpg = asyncpg
+        self.paramstyle = "numeric_dollar"
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", self.asyncpg.connect)
+        prepared_statement_cache_size = kw.pop(
+            "prepared_statement_cache_size", 100
+        )
+        prepared_statement_name_func = kw.pop(
+            "prepared_statement_name_func", None
+        )
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_asyncpg_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+                prepared_statement_cache_size=prepared_statement_cache_size,
+                prepared_statement_name_func=prepared_statement_name_func,
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw)),
+                prepared_statement_cache_size=prepared_statement_cache_size,
+                prepared_statement_name_func=prepared_statement_name_func,
+            )
+
+    class Error(Exception):
+        pass
+
+    class Warning(Exception):  # noqa
+        pass
+
+    class InterfaceError(Error):
+        pass
+
+    class DatabaseError(Error):
+        pass
+
+    class InternalError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class DataError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
+        pass
+
+    class InternalServerError(InternalError):
+        pass
+
+    class InvalidCachedStatementError(NotSupportedError):
+        def __init__(self, message):
+            super().__init__(
+                message + " (SQLAlchemy asyncpg dialect will now invalidate "
+                "all prepared caches in response to this exception)",
+            )
+
+    # pep-249 datatype placeholders.  As of SQLAlchemy 2.0 these aren't
+    # used, however the test suite looks for these in a few cases.
+    STRING = util.symbol("STRING")
+    NUMBER = util.symbol("NUMBER")
+    DATETIME = util.symbol("DATETIME")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _asyncpg_error_translate(self):
+        import asyncpg
+
+        return {
+            asyncpg.exceptions.IntegrityConstraintViolationError: self.IntegrityError,  # noqa: E501
+            asyncpg.exceptions.PostgresError: self.Error,
+            asyncpg.exceptions.SyntaxOrAccessError: self.ProgrammingError,
+            asyncpg.exceptions.InterfaceError: self.InterfaceError,
+            asyncpg.exceptions.InvalidCachedStatementError: self.InvalidCachedStatementError,  # noqa: E501
+            asyncpg.exceptions.InternalServerError: self.InternalServerError,
+        }
+
+    def Binary(self, value):
+        return value
+
+
+class PGDialect_asyncpg(PGDialect):
+    driver = "asyncpg"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+    has_terminate = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "numeric_dollar"
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_asyncpg
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_asyncpg
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_asyncpg
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.String: AsyncpgString,
+            sqltypes.ARRAY: AsyncpgARRAY,
+            BIT: AsyncpgBit,
+            CITEXT: CITEXT,
+            REGCONFIG: AsyncpgREGCONFIG,
+            sqltypes.Time: AsyncpgTime,
+            sqltypes.Date: AsyncpgDate,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: AsyncpgDateTime,
+            sqltypes.Interval: AsyncPgInterval,
+            INTERVAL: AsyncPgInterval,
+            sqltypes.Boolean: AsyncpgBoolean,
+            sqltypes.Integer: AsyncpgInteger,
+            sqltypes.SmallInteger: AsyncpgSmallInteger,
+            sqltypes.BigInteger: AsyncpgBigInteger,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: AsyncpgNumeric,
+            sqltypes.Float: AsyncpgFloat,
+            sqltypes.JSON: AsyncpgJSON,
+            sqltypes.LargeBinary: AsyncpgByteA,
+            json.JSONB: AsyncpgJSONB,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: AsyncpgJSONPathType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: AsyncpgJSONIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType: AsyncpgJSONIntIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType: AsyncpgJSONStrIndexType,
+            sqltypes.Enum: AsyncPgEnum,
+            OID: AsyncpgOID,
+            REGCLASS: AsyncpgREGCLASS,
+            sqltypes.CHAR: AsyncpgCHAR,
+            ranges.AbstractSingleRange: _AsyncpgRange,
+            ranges.AbstractMultiRange: _AsyncpgMultiRange,
+        },
+    )
+    is_async = True
+    _invalidate_schema_cache_asof = 0
+
+    def _invalidate_schema_cache(self):
+        self._invalidate_schema_cache_asof = time.time()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            return tuple(
+                [
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in re.findall(
+                        r"(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)", self.dbapi.__version__
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return (99, 99, 99)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_asyncpg_dbapi(__import__("asyncpg"))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        return {
+            "AUTOCOMMIT": "autocommit",
+            "READ COMMITTED": "read_committed",
+            "REPEATABLE READ": "repeatable_read",
+            "SERIALIZABLE": "serializable",
+        }
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return list(self._isolation_lookup)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        dbapi_connection.set_isolation_level(self._isolation_lookup[level])
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.readonly = value
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        return connection.readonly
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.deferrable = value
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        return connection.deferrable
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.terminate()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        multihosts, multiports = self._split_multihost_from_url(url)
+
+        opts.update(url.query)
+
+        if multihosts:
+            assert multiports
+            if len(multihosts) == 1:
+                opts["host"] = multihosts[0]
+                if multiports[0] is not None:
+                    opts["port"] = multiports[0]
+            elif not all(multihosts):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "All hosts are required to be present"
+                    " for asyncpg multiple host URL"
+                )
+            elif not all(multiports):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "All ports are required to be present"
+                    " for asyncpg multiple host URL"
+                )
+            else:
+                opts["host"] = list(multihosts)
+                opts["port"] = list(multiports)
+        else:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "port", int)
+        util.coerce_kw_type(opts, "prepared_statement_cache_size", int)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.ping()
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if connection:
+            return connection._connection.is_closed()
+        else:
+            return isinstance(
+                e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError
+            ) and "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+    async def setup_asyncpg_json_codec(self, conn):
+        """set up JSON codec for asyncpg.
+
+        This occurs for all new connections and
+        can be overridden by third party dialects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.27
+
+        """
+
+        asyncpg_connection = conn._connection
+        deserializer = self._json_deserializer or _py_json.loads
+
+        def _json_decoder(bin_value):
+            return deserializer(bin_value.decode())
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "json",
+            encoder=str.encode,
+            decoder=_json_decoder,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="binary",
+        )
+
+    async def setup_asyncpg_jsonb_codec(self, conn):
+        """set up JSONB codec for asyncpg.
+
+        This occurs for all new connections and
+        can be overridden by third party dialects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.27
+
+        """
+
+        asyncpg_connection = conn._connection
+        deserializer = self._json_deserializer or _py_json.loads
+
+        def _jsonb_encoder(str_value):
+            # \x01 is the prefix for jsonb used by PostgreSQL.
+            # asyncpg requires it when format='binary'
+            return b"\x01" + str_value.encode()
+
+        deserializer = self._json_deserializer or _py_json.loads
+
+        def _jsonb_decoder(bin_value):
+            # the byte is the \x01 prefix for jsonb used by PostgreSQL.
+            # asyncpg returns it when format='binary'
+            return deserializer(bin_value[1:].decode())
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "jsonb",
+            encoder=_jsonb_encoder,
+            decoder=_jsonb_decoder,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="binary",
+        )
+
+    async def _disable_asyncpg_inet_codecs(self, conn):
+        asyncpg_connection = conn._connection
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "inet",
+            encoder=lambda s: s,
+            decoder=lambda s: s,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="text",
+        )
+
+        await asyncpg_connection.set_type_codec(
+            "cidr",
+            encoder=lambda s: s,
+            decoder=lambda s: s,
+            schema="pg_catalog",
+            format="text",
+        )
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        """on_connect for asyncpg
+
+        A major component of this for asyncpg is to set up type decoders at the
+        asyncpg level.
+
+        See https://github.com/MagicStack/asyncpg/issues/623 for
+        notes on JSON/JSONB implementation.
+
+        """
+
+        super_connect = super().on_connect()
+
+        def connect(conn):
+            conn.await_(self.setup_asyncpg_json_codec(conn))
+            conn.await_(self.setup_asyncpg_jsonb_codec(conn))
+
+            if self._native_inet_types is False:
+                conn.await_(self._disable_asyncpg_inet_codecs(conn))
+            if super_connect is not None:
+                super_connect(conn)
+
+        return connect
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_asyncpg
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae97cc0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5082 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql
+    :name: PostgreSQL
+    :normal_support: 9.6+
+    :best_effort: 9+
+
+.. _postgresql_sequences:
+
+Sequences/SERIAL/IDENTITY
+-------------------------
+
+PostgreSQL supports sequences, and SQLAlchemy uses these as the default means
+of creating new primary key values for integer-based primary key columns. When
+creating tables, SQLAlchemy will issue the ``SERIAL`` datatype for
+integer-based primary key columns, which generates a sequence and server side
+default corresponding to the column.
+
+To specify a specific named sequence to be used for primary key generation,
+use the :func:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence` construct::
+
+    Table(
+        "sometable",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            "id", Integer, Sequence("some_id_seq", start=1), primary_key=True
+        ),
+    )
+
+When SQLAlchemy issues a single INSERT statement, to fulfill the contract of
+having the "last insert identifier" available, a RETURNING clause is added to
+the INSERT statement which specifies the primary key columns should be
+returned after the statement completes. The RETURNING functionality only takes
+place if PostgreSQL 8.2 or later is in use. As a fallback approach, the
+sequence, whether specified explicitly or implicitly via ``SERIAL``, is
+executed independently beforehand, the returned value to be used in the
+subsequent insert. Note that when an
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.insert()` construct is executed using
+"executemany" semantics, the "last inserted identifier" functionality does not
+apply; no RETURNING clause is emitted nor is the sequence pre-executed in this
+case.
+
+
+PostgreSQL 10 and above IDENTITY columns
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL 10 and above have a new IDENTITY feature that supersedes the use
+of SERIAL. The :class:`_schema.Identity` construct in a
+:class:`_schema.Column` can be used to control its behavior::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, MetaData, Integer, Computed
+
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    data = Table(
+        "data",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            "id", Integer, Identity(start=42, cycle=True), primary_key=True
+        ),
+        Column("data", String),
+    )
+
+The CREATE TABLE for the above :class:`_schema.Table` object would be:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE data (
+        id INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 42 CYCLE),
+        data VARCHAR,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged::  1.4   Added :class:`_schema.Identity` construct
+   in a :class:`_schema.Column` to specify the option of an autoincrementing
+   column.
+
+.. note::
+
+   Previous versions of SQLAlchemy did not have built-in support for rendering
+   of IDENTITY, and could use the following compilation hook to replace
+   occurrences of SERIAL with IDENTITY::
+
+       from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateColumn
+       from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+
+       @compiles(CreateColumn, "postgresql")
+       def use_identity(element, compiler, **kw):
+           text = compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+           text = text.replace("SERIAL", "INT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY")
+           return text
+
+   Using the above, a table such as::
+
+       t = Table(
+           "t", m, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True), Column("data", String)
+       )
+
+   Will generate on the backing database as:
+
+   .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+       CREATE TABLE t (
+           id INT GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,
+           data VARCHAR,
+           PRIMARY KEY (id)
+       )
+
+.. _postgresql_ss_cursors:
+
+Server Side Cursors
+-------------------
+
+Server-side cursor support is available for the psycopg2, asyncpg
+dialects and may also be available in others.
+
+Server side cursors are enabled on a per-statement basis by using the
+:paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` connection execution
+option::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        result = conn.execution_options(stream_results=True).execute(
+            text("select * from table")
+        )
+
+Note that some kinds of SQL statements may not be supported with
+server side cursors; generally, only SQL statements that return rows should be
+used with this option.
+
+.. deprecated:: 1.4  The dialect-level server_side_cursors flag is deprecated
+   and will be removed in a future release.  Please use the
+   :paramref:`_engine.Connection.stream_results` execution option for
+   unbuffered cursor support.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+.. _postgresql_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level
+---------------------------
+
+Most SQLAlchemy dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+using the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` parameter
+at the :func:`_sa.create_engine` level, and at the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+level via the :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+parameter.
+
+For PostgreSQL dialects, this feature works either by making use of the
+DBAPI-specific features, such as psycopg2's isolation level flags which will
+embed the isolation level setting inline with the ``"BEGIN"`` statement, or for
+DBAPIs with no direct support by emitting ``SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS
+TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL <level>`` ahead of the ``"BEGIN"`` statement
+emitted by the DBAPI.   For the special AUTOCOMMIT isolation level,
+DBAPI-specific techniques are used which is typically an ``.autocommit``
+flag on the DBAPI connection object.
+
+To set isolation level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+        isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ",
+    )
+
+To set using per-connection execution options::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        conn = conn.execution_options(isolation_level="REPEATABLE READ")
+        with conn.begin():
+            ...  # work with transaction
+
+There are also more options for isolation level configurations, such as
+"sub-engine" objects linked to a main :class:`_engine.Engine` which each apply
+different isolation level settings.  See the discussion at
+:ref:`dbapi_autocommit` for background.
+
+Valid values for ``isolation_level`` on most PostgreSQL dialects include:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_readonly_deferrable`
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+.. _postgresql_readonly_deferrable:
+
+Setting READ ONLY / DEFERRABLE
+------------------------------
+
+Most PostgreSQL dialects support setting the "READ ONLY" and "DEFERRABLE"
+characteristics of the transaction, which is in addition to the isolation level
+setting. These two attributes can be established either in conjunction with or
+independently of the isolation level by passing the ``postgresql_readonly`` and
+``postgresql_deferrable`` flags with
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.  The example below illustrates
+passing the ``"SERIALIZABLE"`` isolation level at the same time as setting
+"READ ONLY" and "DEFERRABLE"::
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        conn = conn.execution_options(
+            isolation_level="SERIALIZABLE",
+            postgresql_readonly=True,
+            postgresql_deferrable=True,
+        )
+        with conn.begin():
+            ...  # work with transaction
+
+Note that some DBAPIs such as asyncpg only support "readonly" with
+SERIALIZABLE isolation.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4 added support for the ``postgresql_readonly``
+   and ``postgresql_deferrable`` execution options.
+
+.. _postgresql_reset_on_return:
+
+Temporary Table / Resource Reset for Connection Pooling
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+The :class:`.QueuePool` connection pool implementation used
+by the SQLAlchemy :class:`.Engine` object includes
+:ref:`reset on return <pool_reset_on_return>` behavior that will invoke
+the DBAPI ``.rollback()`` method when connections are returned to the pool.
+While this rollback will clear out the immediate state used by the previous
+transaction, it does not cover a wider range of session-level state, including
+temporary tables as well as other server state such as prepared statement
+handles and statement caches.   The PostgreSQL database includes a variety
+of commands which may be used to reset this state, including
+``DISCARD``, ``RESET``, ``DEALLOCATE``, and ``UNLISTEN``.
+
+
+To install
+one or more of these commands as the means of performing reset-on-return,
+the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event hook may be used, as demonstrated
+in the example below. The implementation
+will end transactions in progress as well as discard temporary tables
+using the ``CLOSE``, ``RESET`` and ``DISCARD`` commands; see the PostgreSQL
+documentation for background on what each of these statements do.
+
+The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_reset_on_return` parameter
+is set to ``None`` so that the custom scheme can replace the default behavior
+completely.   The custom hook implementation calls ``.rollback()`` in any case,
+as it's usually important that the DBAPI's own tracking of commit/rollback
+will remain consistent with the state of the transaction::
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    postgresql_engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pyscopg2://scott:tiger@hostname/dbname",
+        # disable default reset-on-return scheme
+        pool_reset_on_return=None,
+    )
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(postgresql_engine, "reset")
+    def _reset_postgresql(dbapi_connection, connection_record, reset_state):
+        if not reset_state.terminate_only:
+            dbapi_connection.execute("CLOSE ALL")
+            dbapi_connection.execute("RESET ALL")
+            dbapi_connection.execute("DISCARD TEMP")
+
+        # so that the DBAPI itself knows that the connection has been
+        # reset
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.0b3  Added additional state arguments to
+   the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event and additionally ensured the event
+   is invoked for all "reset" occurrences, so that it's appropriate
+   as a place for custom "reset" handlers.   Previous schemes which
+   use the :meth:`.PoolEvents.checkin` handler remain usable as well.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`pool_reset_on_return` - in the :ref:`pooling_toplevel` documentation
+
+.. _postgresql_alternate_search_path:
+
+Setting Alternate Search Paths on Connect
+------------------------------------------
+
+The PostgreSQL ``search_path`` variable refers to the list of schema names
+that will be implicitly referenced when a particular table or other
+object is referenced in a SQL statement.  As detailed in the next section
+:ref:`postgresql_schema_reflection`, SQLAlchemy is generally organized around
+the concept of keeping this variable at its default value of ``public``,
+however, in order to have it set to any arbitrary name or names when connections
+are used automatically, the "SET SESSION search_path" command may be invoked
+for all connections in a pool using the following event handler, as discussed
+at :ref:`schema_set_default_connections`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@host/dbname")
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect", insert=True)
+    def set_search_path(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        existing_autocommit = dbapi_connection.autocommit
+        dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("SET SESSION search_path='%s'" % schema_name)
+        cursor.close()
+        dbapi_connection.autocommit = existing_autocommit
+
+The reason the recipe is complicated by use of the ``.autocommit`` DBAPI
+attribute is so that when the ``SET SESSION search_path`` directive is invoked,
+it is invoked outside of the scope of any transaction and therefore will not
+be reverted when the DBAPI connection has a rollback.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+  :ref:`schema_set_default_connections` - in the :ref:`metadata_toplevel` documentation
+
+.. _postgresql_schema_reflection:
+
+Remote-Schema Table Introspection and PostgreSQL search_path
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+.. admonition:: Section Best Practices Summarized
+
+    keep the ``search_path`` variable set to its default of ``public``, without
+    any other schema names. Ensure the username used to connect **does not**
+    match remote schemas, or ensure the ``"$user"`` token is **removed** from
+    ``search_path``.  For other schema names, name these explicitly
+    within :class:`_schema.Table` definitions. Alternatively, the
+    ``postgresql_ignore_search_path`` option will cause all reflected
+    :class:`_schema.Table` objects to have a :attr:`_schema.Table.schema`
+    attribute set up.
+
+The PostgreSQL dialect can reflect tables from any schema, as outlined in
+:ref:`metadata_reflection_schemas`.
+
+In all cases, the first thing SQLAlchemy does when reflecting tables is
+to **determine the default schema for the current database connection**.
+It does this using the PostgreSQL ``current_schema()``
+function, illustated below using a PostgreSQL client session (i.e. using
+the ``psql`` tool):
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    test=> select current_schema();
+    current_schema
+    ----------------
+    public
+    (1 row)
+
+Above we see that on a plain install of PostgreSQL, the default schema name
+is the name ``public``.
+
+However, if your database username **matches the name of a schema**, PostgreSQL's
+default is to then **use that name as the default schema**.  Below, we log in
+using the username ``scott``.  When we create a schema named ``scott``, **it
+implicitly changes the default schema**:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    test=> select current_schema();
+    current_schema
+    ----------------
+    public
+    (1 row)
+
+    test=> create schema scott;
+    CREATE SCHEMA
+    test=> select current_schema();
+    current_schema
+    ----------------
+    scott
+    (1 row)
+
+The behavior of ``current_schema()`` is derived from the
+`PostgreSQL search path
+<https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATH>`_
+variable ``search_path``, which in modern PostgreSQL versions defaults to this:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    test=> show search_path;
+    search_path
+    -----------------
+    "$user", public
+    (1 row)
+
+Where above, the ``"$user"`` variable will inject the current username as the
+default schema, if one exists.   Otherwise, ``public`` is used.
+
+When a :class:`_schema.Table` object is reflected, if it is present in the
+schema indicated by the ``current_schema()`` function, **the schema name assigned
+to the ".schema" attribute of the Table is the Python "None" value**.  Otherwise, the
+".schema" attribute will be assigned the string name of that schema.
+
+With regards to tables which these :class:`_schema.Table`
+objects refer to via foreign key constraint, a decision must be made as to how
+the ``.schema`` is represented in those remote tables, in the case where that
+remote schema name is also a member of the current ``search_path``.
+
+By default, the PostgreSQL dialect mimics the behavior encouraged by
+PostgreSQL's own ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` builtin procedure.  This function
+returns a sample definition for a particular foreign key constraint,
+omitting the referenced schema name from that definition when the name is
+also in the PostgreSQL schema search path.  The interaction below
+illustrates this behavior:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    test=> CREATE TABLE test_schema.referred(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY);
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> CREATE TABLE referring(
+    test(>         id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+    test(>         referred_id INTEGER REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id));
+    CREATE TABLE
+    test=> SET search_path TO public, test_schema;
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f'
+    test-> ;
+                   pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+Above, we created a table ``referred`` as a member of the remote schema
+``test_schema``, however when we added ``test_schema`` to the
+PG ``search_path`` and then asked ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` for the
+``FOREIGN KEY`` syntax, ``test_schema`` was not included in the output of
+the function.
+
+On the other hand, if we set the search path back to the typical default
+of ``public``:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    test=> SET search_path TO public;
+    SET
+
+The same query against ``pg_get_constraintdef()`` now returns the fully
+schema-qualified name for us:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    test=> SELECT pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(r.oid, true) FROM
+    test-> pg_catalog.pg_class c JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
+    test-> ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
+    test-> JOIN pg_catalog.pg_constraint r  ON c.oid = r.conrelid
+    test-> WHERE c.relname='referring' AND r.contype = 'f';
+                         pg_get_constraintdef
+    ---------------------------------------------------------------
+     FOREIGN KEY (referred_id) REFERENCES test_schema.referred(id)
+    (1 row)
+
+SQLAlchemy will by default use the return value of ``pg_get_constraintdef()``
+in order to determine the remote schema name.  That is, if our ``search_path``
+were set to include ``test_schema``, and we invoked a table
+reflection process as follows::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import Table, MetaData, create_engine, text
+    >>> engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute(text("SET search_path TO test_schema, public"))
+    ...     metadata_obj = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table("referring", metadata_obj, autoload_with=conn)
+    <sqlalchemy.engine.result.CursorResult object at 0x101612ed0>
+
+The above process would deliver to the :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables`
+collection
+``referred`` table named **without** the schema::
+
+    >>> metadata_obj.tables["referred"].schema is None
+    True
+
+To alter the behavior of reflection such that the referred schema is
+maintained regardless of the ``search_path`` setting, use the
+``postgresql_ignore_search_path`` option, which can be specified as a
+dialect-specific argument to both :class:`_schema.Table` as well as
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`::
+
+    >>> with engine.connect() as conn:
+    ...     conn.execute(text("SET search_path TO test_schema, public"))
+    ...     metadata_obj = MetaData()
+    ...     referring = Table(
+    ...         "referring",
+    ...         metadata_obj,
+    ...         autoload_with=conn,
+    ...         postgresql_ignore_search_path=True,
+    ...     )
+    <sqlalchemy.engine.result.CursorResult object at 0x1016126d0>
+
+We will now have ``test_schema.referred`` stored as schema-qualified::
+
+    >>> metadata_obj.tables["test_schema.referred"].schema
+    'test_schema'
+
+.. sidebar:: Best Practices for PostgreSQL Schema reflection
+
+    The description of PostgreSQL schema reflection behavior is complex, and
+    is the product of many years of dealing with widely varied use cases and
+    user preferences. But in fact, there's no need to understand any of it if
+    you just stick to the simplest use pattern: leave the ``search_path`` set
+    to its default of ``public`` only, never refer to the name ``public`` as
+    an explicit schema name otherwise, and refer to all other schema names
+    explicitly when building up a :class:`_schema.Table` object.  The options
+    described here are only for those users who can't, or prefer not to, stay
+    within these guidelines.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`reflection_schema_qualified_interaction` - discussion of the issue
+    from a backend-agnostic perspective
+
+    `The Schema Search Path
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATH>`_
+    - on the PostgreSQL website.
+
+INSERT/UPDATE...RETURNING
+-------------------------
+
+The dialect supports PG 8.2's ``INSERT..RETURNING``, ``UPDATE..RETURNING`` and
+``DELETE..RETURNING`` syntaxes.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` is used by default
+for single-row INSERT statements in order to fetch newly generated
+primary key identifiers.   To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause,
+use the :meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = (
+        table.insert().returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).values(name="foo")
+    )
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    result = (
+        table.update()
+        .returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+        .where(table.c.name == "foo")
+        .values(name="bar")
+    )
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = (
+        table.delete()
+        .returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+        .where(table.c.name == "foo")
+    )
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+.. _postgresql_insert_on_conflict:
+
+INSERT...ON CONFLICT (Upsert)
+------------------------------
+
+Starting with version 9.5, PostgreSQL allows "upserts" (update or insert) of
+rows into a table via the ``ON CONFLICT`` clause of the ``INSERT`` statement. A
+candidate row will only be inserted if that row does not violate any unique
+constraints.  In the case of a unique constraint violation, a secondary action
+can occur which can be either "DO UPDATE", indicating that the data in the
+target row should be updated, or "DO NOTHING", which indicates to silently skip
+this row.
+
+Conflicts are determined using existing unique constraints and indexes.  These
+constraints may be identified either using their name as stated in DDL,
+or they may be inferred by stating the columns and conditions that comprise
+the indexes.
+
+SQLAlchemy provides ``ON CONFLICT`` support via the PostgreSQL-specific
+:func:`_postgresql.insert()` function, which provides
+the generative methods :meth:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`
+and :meth:`~.postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_existing_id", data="inserted value"
+    ... )
+    >>> do_nothing_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=["id"])
+    >>> print(do_nothing_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+    {stop}
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint="pk_my_table", set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT pk_my_table DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `INSERT .. ON CONFLICT
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-insert.html#SQL-ON-CONFLICT>`_
+    - in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+Specifying the Target
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Both methods supply the "target" of the conflict using either the
+named constraint or by column inference:
+
+* The :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements` argument
+  specifies a sequence containing string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+  objects, and/or SQL expression elements, which would identify a unique
+  index:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"], set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+    {stop}
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=[my_table.c.id], set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+* When using :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements` to
+  infer an index, a partial index can be inferred by also specifying the
+  use the :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_where` parameter:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(user_email="a@b.com", data="inserted data")
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=[my_table.c.user_email],
+    ...     index_where=my_table.c.user_email.like("%@gmail.com"),
+    ...     set_=dict(data=stmt.excluded.data),
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (data, user_email)
+    VALUES (%(data)s, %(user_email)s) ON CONFLICT (user_email)
+    WHERE user_email LIKE %(user_email_1)s DO UPDATE SET data = excluded.data
+
+* The :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.constraint` argument is
+  used to specify an index directly rather than inferring it.  This can be
+  the name of a UNIQUE constraint, a PRIMARY KEY constraint, or an INDEX:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint="my_table_idx_1", set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT my_table_idx_1 DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+    {stop}
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint="my_table_pk", set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT my_table_pk DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+    {stop}
+
+* The :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.constraint` argument may
+  also refer to a SQLAlchemy construct representing a constraint,
+  e.g. :class:`.UniqueConstraint`, :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`,
+  :class:`.Index`, or :class:`.ExcludeConstraint`.   In this use,
+  if the constraint has a name, it is used directly.  Otherwise, if the
+  constraint is unnamed, then inference will be used, where the expressions
+  and optional WHERE clause of the constraint will be spelled out in the
+  construct.  This use is especially convenient
+  to refer to the named or unnamed primary key of a :class:`_schema.Table`
+  using the
+  :attr:`_schema.Table.primary_key` attribute:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     constraint=my_table.primary_key, set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+The SET Clause
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT...DO UPDATE`` is used to perform an update of the already
+existing row, using any combination of new values as well as values
+from the proposed insertion.   These values are specified using the
+:paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` parameter.  This
+parameter accepts a dictionary which consists of direct values
+for UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id="some_id", data="inserted value")
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"], set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s
+
+.. warning::
+
+    The :meth:`_expression.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`
+    method does **not** take into
+    account Python-side default UPDATE values or generation functions, e.g.
+    those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+    These values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of UPDATE,
+    unless they are manually specified in the
+    :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+Updating using the Excluded INSERT Values
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In order to refer to the proposed insertion row, the special alias
+:attr:`~.postgresql.Insert.excluded` is available as an attribute on
+the :class:`_postgresql.Insert` object; this object is a
+:class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+which alias contains all columns of the target
+table:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_id", data="inserted value", author="jlh"
+    ... )
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"],
+    ...     set_=dict(data="updated value", author=stmt.excluded.author),
+    ... )
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author)
+    VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s, %(author)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s, author = excluded.author
+
+Additional WHERE Criteria
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :meth:`_expression.Insert.on_conflict_do_update` method also accepts
+a WHERE clause using the :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.where`
+parameter, which will limit those rows which receive an UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_id", data="inserted value", author="jlh"
+    ... )
+    >>> on_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"],
+    ...     set_=dict(data="updated value", author=stmt.excluded.author),
+    ...     where=(my_table.c.status == 2),
+    ... )
+    >>> print(on_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author)
+    VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s, %(author)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = %(param_1)s, author = excluded.author
+    WHERE my_table.status = %(status_1)s
+
+Skipping Rows with DO NOTHING
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT`` may be used to skip inserting a row entirely
+if any conflict with a unique or exclusion constraint occurs; below
+this is illustrated using the
+:meth:`~.postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing` method:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id="some_id", data="inserted value")
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=["id"])
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+
+If ``DO NOTHING`` is used without specifying any columns or constraint,
+it has the effect of skipping the INSERT for any unique or exclusion
+constraint violation which occurs:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id="some_id", data="inserted value")
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (%(id)s, %(data)s)
+    ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+
+.. _postgresql_match:
+
+Full Text Search
+----------------
+
+PostgreSQL's full text search system is available through the use of the
+:data:`.func` namespace, combined with the use of custom operators
+via the :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` method.    For simple cases with some
+degree of cross-backend compatibility, the :meth:`.Operators.match` operator
+may also be used.
+
+.. _postgresql_simple_match:
+
+Simple plain text matching with ``match()``
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :meth:`.Operators.match` operator provides for cross-compatible simple
+text matching.   For the PostgreSQL backend, it's hardcoded to generate
+an expression using the ``@@`` operator in conjunction with the
+``plainto_tsquery()`` PostgreSQL function.
+
+On the PostgreSQL dialect, an expression like the following::
+
+    select(sometable.c.text.match("search string"))
+
+would emit to the database:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT text @@ plainto_tsquery('search string') FROM table
+
+Above, passing a plain string to :meth:`.Operators.match` will automatically
+make use of ``plainto_tsquery()`` to specify the type of tsquery.  This
+establishes basic database cross-compatibility for :meth:`.Operators.match`
+with other backends.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 The default tsquery generation function used by the
+   PostgreSQL dialect with :meth:`.Operators.match` is ``plainto_tsquery()``.
+
+   To render exactly what was rendered in 1.4, use the following form::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+
+        select(sometable.c.text.bool_op("@@")(func.to_tsquery("search string")))
+
+   Which would emit:
+
+   .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT text @@ to_tsquery('search string') FROM table
+
+Using PostgreSQL full text functions and operators directly
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Text search operations beyond the simple use of :meth:`.Operators.match`
+may make use of the :data:`.func` namespace to generate PostgreSQL full-text
+functions, in combination with :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` to generate
+any boolean operator.
+
+For example, the query::
+
+    select(func.to_tsquery("cat").bool_op("@>")(func.to_tsquery("cat & rat")))
+
+would generate:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT to_tsquery('cat') @> to_tsquery('cat & rat')
+
+
+The :class:`_postgresql.TSVECTOR` type can provide for explicit CAST::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import TSVECTOR
+    from sqlalchemy import select, cast
+
+    select(cast("some text", TSVECTOR))
+
+produces a statement equivalent to:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT CAST('some text' AS TSVECTOR) AS anon_1
+
+The ``func`` namespace is augmented by the PostgreSQL dialect to set up
+correct argument and return types for most full text search functions.
+These functions are used automatically by the :attr:`_sql.func` namespace
+assuming the ``sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql`` package has been imported,
+or :func:`_sa.create_engine` has been invoked using a ``postgresql``
+dialect.  These functions are documented at:
+
+* :class:`_postgresql.to_tsvector`
+* :class:`_postgresql.to_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.plainto_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.phraseto_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.websearch_to_tsquery`
+* :class:`_postgresql.ts_headline`
+
+Specifying the "regconfig" with ``match()`` or custom operators
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL's ``plainto_tsquery()`` function accepts an optional
+"regconfig" argument that is used to instruct PostgreSQL to use a
+particular pre-computed GIN or GiST index in order to perform the search.
+When using :meth:`.Operators.match`, this additional parameter may be
+specified using the ``postgresql_regconfig`` parameter, such as::
+
+    select(mytable.c.id).where(
+        mytable.c.title.match("somestring", postgresql_regconfig="english")
+    )
+
+Which would emit:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE mytable.title @@ plainto_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+When using other PostgreSQL search functions with :data:`.func`, the
+"regconfig" parameter may be passed directly as the initial argument::
+
+    select(mytable.c.id).where(
+        func.to_tsvector("english", mytable.c.title).bool_op("@@")(
+            func.to_tsquery("english", "somestring")
+        )
+    )
+
+produces a statement equivalent to:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT mytable.id FROM mytable
+    WHERE to_tsvector('english', mytable.title) @@
+        to_tsquery('english', 'somestring')
+
+It is recommended that you use the ``EXPLAIN ANALYZE...`` tool from
+PostgreSQL to ensure that you are generating queries with SQLAlchemy that
+take full advantage of any indexes you may have created for full text search.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Full Text Search <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html>`_ - in the PostgreSQL documentation
+
+
+FROM ONLY ...
+-------------
+
+The dialect supports PostgreSQL's ONLY keyword for targeting only a particular
+table in an inheritance hierarchy. This can be used to produce the
+``SELECT ... FROM ONLY``, ``UPDATE ONLY ...``, and ``DELETE FROM ONLY ...``
+syntaxes. It uses SQLAlchemy's hints mechanism::
+
+    # SELECT ... FROM ONLY ...
+    result = table.select().with_hint(table, "ONLY", "postgresql")
+    print(result.fetchall())
+
+    # UPDATE ONLY ...
+    table.update(values=dict(foo="bar")).with_hint(
+        "ONLY", dialect_name="postgresql"
+    )
+
+    # DELETE FROM ONLY ...
+    table.delete().with_hint("ONLY", dialect_name="postgresql")
+
+.. _postgresql_indexes:
+
+PostgreSQL-Specific Index Options
+---------------------------------
+
+Several extensions to the :class:`.Index` construct are available, specific
+to the PostgreSQL dialect.
+
+Covering Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The ``postgresql_include`` option renders INCLUDE(colname) for the given
+string names::
+
+    Index("my_index", table.c.x, postgresql_include=["y"])
+
+would render the index as ``CREATE INDEX my_index ON table (x) INCLUDE (y)``
+
+Note that this feature requires PostgreSQL 11 or later.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+.. _postgresql_partial_indexes:
+
+Partial Indexes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Partial indexes add criterion to the index definition so that the index is
+applied to a subset of rows.   These can be specified on :class:`.Index`
+using the ``postgresql_where`` keyword argument::
+
+  Index("my_index", my_table.c.id, postgresql_where=my_table.c.value > 10)
+
+.. _postgresql_operator_classes:
+
+Operator Classes
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL allows the specification of an *operator class* for each column of
+an index (see
+https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/indexes-opclass.html).
+The :class:`.Index` construct allows these to be specified via the
+``postgresql_ops`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index(
+        "my_index",
+        my_table.c.id,
+        my_table.c.data,
+        postgresql_ops={"data": "text_pattern_ops", "id": "int4_ops"},
+    )
+
+Note that the keys in the ``postgresql_ops`` dictionaries are the
+"key" name of the :class:`_schema.Column`, i.e. the name used to access it from
+the ``.c`` collection of :class:`_schema.Table`, which can be configured to be
+different than the actual name of the column as expressed in the database.
+
+If ``postgresql_ops`` is to be used against a complex SQL expression such
+as a function call, then to apply to the column it must be given a label
+that is identified in the dictionary by name, e.g.::
+
+    Index(
+        "my_index",
+        my_table.c.id,
+        func.lower(my_table.c.data).label("data_lower"),
+        postgresql_ops={"data_lower": "text_pattern_ops", "id": "int4_ops"},
+    )
+
+Operator classes are also supported by the
+:class:`_postgresql.ExcludeConstraint` construct using the
+:paramref:`_postgresql.ExcludeConstraint.ops` parameter. See that parameter for
+details.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.21 added support for operator classes with
+   :class:`_postgresql.ExcludeConstraint`.
+
+
+Index Types
+^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL provides several index types: B-Tree, Hash, GiST, and GIN, as well
+as the ability for users to create their own (see
+https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/indexes-types.html). These can be
+specified on :class:`.Index` using the ``postgresql_using`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, postgresql_using="gin")
+
+The value passed to the keyword argument will be simply passed through to the
+underlying CREATE INDEX command, so it *must* be a valid index type for your
+version of PostgreSQL.
+
+.. _postgresql_index_storage:
+
+Index Storage Parameters
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL allows storage parameters to be set on indexes. The storage
+parameters available depend on the index method used by the index. Storage
+parameters can be specified on :class:`.Index` using the ``postgresql_with``
+keyword argument::
+
+    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, postgresql_with={"fillfactor": 50})
+
+PostgreSQL allows to define the tablespace in which to create the index.
+The tablespace can be specified on :class:`.Index` using the
+``postgresql_tablespace`` keyword argument::
+
+    Index("my_index", my_table.c.data, postgresql_tablespace="my_tablespace")
+
+Note that the same option is available on :class:`_schema.Table` as well.
+
+.. _postgresql_index_concurrently:
+
+Indexes with CONCURRENTLY
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The PostgreSQL index option CONCURRENTLY is supported by passing the
+flag ``postgresql_concurrently`` to the :class:`.Index` construct::
+
+    tbl = Table("testtbl", m, Column("data", Integer))
+
+    idx1 = Index("test_idx1", tbl.c.data, postgresql_concurrently=True)
+
+The above index construct will render DDL for CREATE INDEX, assuming
+PostgreSQL 8.2 or higher is detected or for a connection-less dialect, as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY test_idx1 ON testtbl (data)
+
+For DROP INDEX, assuming PostgreSQL 9.2 or higher is detected or for
+a connection-less dialect, it will emit:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY test_idx1
+
+When using CONCURRENTLY, the PostgreSQL database requires that the statement
+be invoked outside of a transaction block.   The Python DBAPI enforces that
+even for a single statement, a transaction is present, so to use this
+construct, the DBAPI's "autocommit" mode must be used::
+
+    metadata = MetaData()
+    table = Table("foo", metadata, Column("id", String))
+    index = Index("foo_idx", table.c.id, postgresql_concurrently=True)
+
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        with conn.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT"):
+            table.create(conn)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+.. _postgresql_index_reflection:
+
+PostgreSQL Index Reflection
+---------------------------
+
+The PostgreSQL database creates a UNIQUE INDEX implicitly whenever the
+UNIQUE CONSTRAINT construct is used.   When inspecting a table using
+:class:`_reflection.Inspector`, the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`
+and the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+will report on these
+two constructs distinctly; in the case of the index, the key
+``duplicates_constraint`` will be present in the index entry if it is
+detected as mirroring a constraint.   When performing reflection using
+``Table(..., autoload_with=engine)``, the UNIQUE INDEX is **not** returned
+in :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` when it is detected as mirroring a
+:class:`.UniqueConstraint` in the :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints` collection
+.
+
+Special Reflection Options
+--------------------------
+
+The :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+used for the PostgreSQL backend is an instance
+of :class:`.PGInspector`, which offers additional methods::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, inspect
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://localhost/test")
+    insp = inspect(engine)  # will be a PGInspector
+
+    print(insp.get_enums())
+
+.. autoclass:: PGInspector
+    :members:
+
+.. _postgresql_table_options:
+
+PostgreSQL Table Options
+------------------------
+
+Several options for CREATE TABLE are supported directly by the PostgreSQL
+dialect in conjunction with the :class:`_schema.Table` construct:
+
+* ``INHERITS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_inherits="some_supertable")
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_inherits=("t1", "t2", ...))
+
+* ``ON COMMIT``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_on_commit="PRESERVE ROWS")
+
+*
+  ``PARTITION BY``::
+
+    Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        ...,
+        postgresql_partition_by="LIST (part_column)",
+    )
+
+  .. versionadded:: 1.2.6
+
+*
+  ``TABLESPACE``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_tablespace="some_tablespace")
+
+  The above option is also available on the :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+*
+  ``USING``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_using="heap")
+
+  .. versionadded:: 2.0.26
+
+* ``WITH OIDS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_with_oids=True)
+
+* ``WITHOUT OIDS``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., postgresql_with_oids=False)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `PostgreSQL CREATE TABLE options
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html>`_ -
+    in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+.. _postgresql_constraint_options:
+
+PostgreSQL Constraint Options
+-----------------------------
+
+The following option(s) are supported by the PostgreSQL dialect in conjunction
+with selected constraint constructs:
+
+* ``NOT VALID``:  This option applies towards CHECK and FOREIGN KEY constraints
+  when the constraint is being added to an existing table via ALTER TABLE,
+  and has the effect that existing rows are not scanned during the ALTER
+  operation against the constraint being added.
+
+  When using a SQL migration tool such as `Alembic <https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org>`_
+  that renders ALTER TABLE constructs, the ``postgresql_not_valid`` argument
+  may be specified as an additional keyword argument within the operation
+  that creates the constraint, as in the following Alembic example::
+
+        def update():
+            op.create_foreign_key(
+                "fk_user_address",
+                "address",
+                "user",
+                ["user_id"],
+                ["id"],
+                postgresql_not_valid=True,
+            )
+
+  The keyword is ultimately accepted directly by the
+  :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`, :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+  and :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` constructs; when using a tool like
+  Alembic, dialect-specific keyword arguments are passed through to
+  these constructs from the migration operation directives::
+
+       CheckConstraint("some_field IS NOT NULL", postgresql_not_valid=True)
+
+       ForeignKeyConstraint(
+           ["some_id"], ["some_table.some_id"], postgresql_not_valid=True
+       )
+
+  .. versionadded:: 1.4.32
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+      `PostgreSQL ALTER TABLE options
+      <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-altertable.html>`_ -
+      in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+* Column list with foreign key ``ON DELETE SET`` actions:  This applies to
+  :class:`.ForeignKey` and :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the :paramref:`.ForeignKey.ondelete`
+  parameter will accept on the PostgreSQL backend only a string list of column
+  names inside parenthesis, following the ``SET NULL`` or ``SET DEFAULT``
+  phrases, which will limit the set of columns that are subject to the
+  action::
+
+        fktable = Table(
+            "fktable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("tid", Integer),
+            Column("id", Integer),
+            Column("fk_id_del_set_null", Integer),
+            ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                columns=["tid", "fk_id_del_set_null"],
+                refcolumns=[pktable.c.tid, pktable.c.id],
+                ondelete="SET NULL (fk_id_del_set_null)",
+            ),
+        )
+
+  .. versionadded:: 2.0.40
+
+
+.. _postgresql_table_valued_overview:
+
+Table values, Table and Column valued functions, Row and Tuple objects
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+PostgreSQL makes great use of modern SQL forms such as table-valued functions,
+tables and rows as values.   These constructs are commonly used as part
+of PostgreSQL's support for complex datatypes such as JSON, ARRAY, and other
+datatypes.  SQLAlchemy's SQL expression language has native support for
+most table-valued and row-valued forms.
+
+.. _postgresql_table_valued:
+
+Table-Valued Functions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Many PostgreSQL built-in functions are intended to be used in the FROM clause
+of a SELECT statement, and are capable of returning table rows or sets of table
+rows. A large portion of PostgreSQL's JSON functions for example such as
+``json_array_elements()``, ``json_object_keys()``, ``json_each_text()``,
+``json_each()``, ``json_to_record()``, ``json_populate_recordset()`` use such
+forms. These classes of SQL function calling forms in SQLAlchemy are available
+using the :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method in conjunction
+with :class:`_functions.Function` objects generated from the :data:`_sql.func`
+namespace.
+
+Examples from PostgreSQL's reference documentation follow below:
+
+* ``json_each()``:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.json_each('{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}').table_valued("key", "value")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT anon_1.key, anon_1.value
+    FROM json_each(:json_each_1) AS anon_1
+
+* ``json_populate_record()``:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func, literal_column
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.json_populate_record(
+    ...         literal_column("null::myrowtype"), '{"a":1,"b":2}'
+    ...     ).table_valued("a", "b", name="x")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT x.a, x.b
+    FROM json_populate_record(null::myrowtype, :json_populate_record_1) AS x
+
+* ``json_to_record()`` - this form uses a PostgreSQL specific form of derived
+  columns in the alias, where we may make use of :func:`_sql.column` elements with
+  types to produce them.  The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+  method produces  a :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias` construct, and the method
+  :meth:`_sql.TableValuedAlias.render_derived` method sets up the derived
+  columns specification:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func, column, Integer, Text
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.json_to_record('{"a":1,"b":[1,2,3],"c":"bar"}')
+    ...     .table_valued(
+    ...         column("a", Integer),
+    ...         column("b", Text),
+    ...         column("d", Text),
+    ...     )
+    ...     .render_derived(name="x", with_types=True)
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT x.a, x.b, x.d
+    FROM json_to_record(:json_to_record_1) AS x(a INTEGER, b TEXT, d TEXT)
+
+* ``WITH ORDINALITY`` - part of the SQL standard, ``WITH ORDINALITY`` adds an
+  ordinal counter to the output of a function and is accepted by a limited set
+  of PostgreSQL functions including ``unnest()`` and ``generate_series()``. The
+  :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method accepts a keyword
+  parameter ``with_ordinality`` for this purpose, which accepts the string name
+  that will be applied to the "ordinality" column:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.generate_series(4, 1, -1)
+    ...     .table_valued("value", with_ordinality="ordinality")
+    ...     .render_derived()
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.ordinality
+    FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3)
+    WITH ORDINALITY AS anon_1(value, ordinality)
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+.. _postgresql_column_valued:
+
+Column Valued Functions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Similar to the table valued function, a column valued function is present
+in the FROM clause, but delivers itself to the columns clause as a single
+scalar value.  PostgreSQL functions such as ``json_array_elements()``,
+``unnest()`` and ``generate_series()`` may use this form. Column valued functions are available using the
+:meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued` method of :class:`_functions.FunctionElement`:
+
+* ``json_array_elements()``:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(
+    ...     func.json_array_elements('["one", "two"]').column_valued("x")
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT x
+    FROM json_array_elements(:json_array_elements_1) AS x
+
+* ``unnest()`` - in order to generate a PostgreSQL ARRAY literal, the
+  :func:`_postgresql.array` construct may be used:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> stmt = select(func.unnest(array([1, 2])).column_valued())
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT anon_1
+    FROM unnest(ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s]) AS anon_1
+
+  The function can of course be used against an existing table-bound column
+  that's of type :class:`_types.ARRAY`:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, ARRAY, Integer
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+    >>> t = table("t", column("value", ARRAY(Integer)))
+    >>> stmt = select(func.unnest(t.c.value).column_valued("unnested_value"))
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT unnested_value
+    FROM unnest(t.value) AS unnested_value
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`tutorial_functions_column_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+Row Types
+^^^^^^^^^
+
+Built-in support for rendering a ``ROW`` may be approximated using
+``func.ROW`` with the :attr:`_sa.func` namespace, or by using the
+:func:`_sql.tuple_` construct:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, func, tuple_
+    >>> t = table("t", column("id"), column("fk"))
+    >>> stmt = (
+    ...     t.select()
+    ...     .where(tuple_(t.c.id, t.c.fk) > (1, 2))
+    ...     .where(func.ROW(t.c.id, t.c.fk) < func.ROW(3, 7))
+    ... )
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT t.id, t.fk
+    FROM t
+    WHERE (t.id, t.fk) > (:param_1, :param_2) AND ROW(t.id, t.fk) < ROW(:ROW_1, :ROW_2)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `PostgreSQL Row Constructors
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ROW-CONSTRUCTORS>`_
+
+    `PostgreSQL Row Constructor Comparison
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/functions-comparisons.html#ROW-WISE-COMPARISON>`_
+
+Table Types passed to Functions
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+PostgreSQL supports passing a table as an argument to a function, which is
+known as a "record" type. SQLAlchemy :class:`_sql.FromClause` objects
+such as :class:`_schema.Table` support this special form using the
+:meth:`_sql.FromClause.table_valued` method, which is comparable to the
+:meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method except that the collection
+of columns is already established by that of the :class:`_sql.FromClause`
+itself:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, func, select
+    >>> a = table("a", column("id"), column("x"), column("y"))
+    >>> stmt = select(func.row_to_json(a.table_valued()))
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}SELECT row_to_json(a) AS row_to_json_1
+    FROM a
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import lru_cache
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import arraylib as _array
+from . import json as _json
+from . import pg_catalog
+from . import ranges as _ranges
+from .ext import _regconfig_fn
+from .ext import aggregate_order_by
+from .hstore import HSTORE
+from .named_types import CreateDomainType as CreateDomainType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import CreateEnumType as CreateEnumType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import DOMAIN as DOMAIN  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import DropDomainType as DropDomainType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import DropEnumType as DropEnumType  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import ENUM as ENUM  # noqa: F401
+from .named_types import NamedType as NamedType  # noqa: F401
+from .types import _DECIMAL_TYPES  # noqa: F401
+from .types import _FLOAT_TYPES  # noqa: F401
+from .types import _INT_TYPES  # noqa: F401
+from .types import BIT as BIT
+from .types import BYTEA as BYTEA
+from .types import CIDR as CIDR
+from .types import CITEXT as CITEXT
+from .types import INET as INET
+from .types import INTERVAL as INTERVAL
+from .types import MACADDR as MACADDR
+from .types import MACADDR8 as MACADDR8
+from .types import MONEY as MONEY
+from .types import OID as OID
+from .types import PGBit as PGBit  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGCidr as PGCidr  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGInet as PGInet  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGInterval as PGInterval  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGMacAddr as PGMacAddr  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGMacAddr8 as PGMacAddr8  # noqa: F401
+from .types import PGUuid as PGUuid
+from .types import REGCLASS as REGCLASS
+from .types import REGCONFIG as REGCONFIG  # noqa: F401
+from .types import TIME as TIME
+from .types import TIMESTAMP as TIMESTAMP
+from .types import TSVECTOR as TSVECTOR
+from ... import exc
+from ... import schema
+from ... import select
+from ... import sql
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import characteristics
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import interfaces
+from ...engine import ObjectKind
+from ...engine import ObjectScope
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine import URL
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import bindparam
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import util as sql_util
+from ...sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ...sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ...types import BIGINT
+from ...types import BOOLEAN
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import DATE
+from ...types import DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from ...types import FLOAT
+from ...types import INTEGER
+from ...types import NUMERIC
+from ...types import REAL
+from ...types import SMALLINT
+from ...types import TEXT
+from ...types import UUID as UUID
+from ...types import VARCHAR
+from ...util.typing import TypedDict
+
+IDX_USING = re.compile(r"^(?:btree|hash|gist|gin|[\w_]+)$", re.I)
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = {
+    "all",
+    "analyse",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "any",
+    "array",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asymmetric",
+    "both",
+    "case",
+    "cast",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "constraint",
+    "create",
+    "current_catalog",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_role",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "default",
+    "deferrable",
+    "desc",
+    "distinct",
+    "do",
+    "else",
+    "end",
+    "except",
+    "false",
+    "fetch",
+    "for",
+    "foreign",
+    "from",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "in",
+    "initially",
+    "intersect",
+    "into",
+    "leading",
+    "limit",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "new",
+    "not",
+    "null",
+    "of",
+    "off",
+    "offset",
+    "old",
+    "on",
+    "only",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "placing",
+    "primary",
+    "references",
+    "returning",
+    "select",
+    "session_user",
+    "some",
+    "symmetric",
+    "table",
+    "then",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "true",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "user",
+    "using",
+    "variadic",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+    "window",
+    "with",
+    "authorization",
+    "between",
+    "binary",
+    "cross",
+    "current_schema",
+    "freeze",
+    "full",
+    "ilike",
+    "inner",
+    "is",
+    "isnull",
+    "join",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "natural",
+    "notnull",
+    "outer",
+    "over",
+    "overlaps",
+    "right",
+    "similar",
+    "verbose",
+}
+
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.ARRAY: _array.ARRAY,
+    sqltypes.Interval: INTERVAL,
+    sqltypes.Enum: ENUM,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _json.JSONPATH,
+    sqltypes.JSON: _json.JSON,
+    sqltypes.Uuid: PGUuid,
+}
+
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "_array": _array.ARRAY,
+    "hstore": HSTORE,
+    "json": _json.JSON,
+    "jsonb": _json.JSONB,
+    "int4range": _ranges.INT4RANGE,
+    "int8range": _ranges.INT8RANGE,
+    "numrange": _ranges.NUMRANGE,
+    "daterange": _ranges.DATERANGE,
+    "tsrange": _ranges.TSRANGE,
+    "tstzrange": _ranges.TSTZRANGE,
+    "int4multirange": _ranges.INT4MULTIRANGE,
+    "int8multirange": _ranges.INT8MULTIRANGE,
+    "nummultirange": _ranges.NUMMULTIRANGE,
+    "datemultirange": _ranges.DATEMULTIRANGE,
+    "tsmultirange": _ranges.TSMULTIRANGE,
+    "tstzmultirange": _ranges.TSTZMULTIRANGE,
+    "integer": INTEGER,
+    "bigint": BIGINT,
+    "smallint": SMALLINT,
+    "character varying": VARCHAR,
+    "character": CHAR,
+    '"char"': sqltypes.String,
+    "name": sqltypes.String,
+    "text": TEXT,
+    "numeric": NUMERIC,
+    "float": FLOAT,
+    "real": REAL,
+    "inet": INET,
+    "cidr": CIDR,
+    "citext": CITEXT,
+    "uuid": UUID,
+    "bit": BIT,
+    "bit varying": BIT,
+    "macaddr": MACADDR,
+    "macaddr8": MACADDR8,
+    "money": MONEY,
+    "oid": OID,
+    "regclass": REGCLASS,
+    "double precision": DOUBLE_PRECISION,
+    "timestamp": TIMESTAMP,
+    "timestamp with time zone": TIMESTAMP,
+    "timestamp without time zone": TIMESTAMP,
+    "time with time zone": TIME,
+    "time without time zone": TIME,
+    "date": DATE,
+    "time": TIME,
+    "bytea": BYTEA,
+    "boolean": BOOLEAN,
+    "interval": INTERVAL,
+    "tsvector": TSVECTOR,
+}
+
+
+class PGCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    def visit_to_tsvector_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_to_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_plainto_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_phraseto_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_websearch_to_tsquery_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_ts_headline_func(self, element, **kw):
+        return self._assert_pg_ts_ext(element, **kw)
+
+    def _assert_pg_ts_ext(self, element, **kw):
+        if not isinstance(element, _regconfig_fn):
+            # other options here include trying to rewrite the function
+            # with the correct types.  however, that means we have to
+            # "un-SQL-ize" the first argument, which can't work in a
+            # generalized way. Also, parent compiler class has already added
+            # the incorrect return type to the result map.   So let's just
+            # make sure the function we want is used up front.
+
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f'Can\'t compile "{element.name}()" full text search '
+                f"function construct that does not originate from the "
+                f'"sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql" package.  '
+                f'Please ensure "import sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql" is '
+                f"called before constructing "
+                f'"sqlalchemy.func.{element.name}()" to ensure registration '
+                f"of the correct argument and return types."
+            )
+
+        return f"{element.name}{self.function_argspec(element, **kw)}"
+
+    def render_bind_cast(self, type_, dbapi_type, sqltext):
+        if dbapi_type._type_affinity is sqltypes.String and dbapi_type.length:
+            # use VARCHAR with no length for VARCHAR cast.
+            # see #9511
+            dbapi_type = sqltypes.STRINGTYPE
+        return f"""{sqltext}::{
+            self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                dbapi_type, identifier_preparer=self.preparer
+            )
+        }"""
+
+    def visit_array(self, element, **kw):
+        if not element.clauses and not element.type.item_type._isnull:
+            return "ARRAY[]::%s" % element.type.compile(self.dialect)
+        return "ARRAY[%s]" % self.visit_clauselist(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_slice(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s:%s" % (
+            self.process(element.start, **kw),
+            self.process(element.stop, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_bitwise_xor_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " # ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(
+        self, binary, operator, _cast_applied=False, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            not _cast_applied
+            and binary.type._type_affinity is not sqltypes.JSON
+        ):
+            kw["_cast_applied"] = True
+            return self.process(sql.cast(binary, binary.type), **kw)
+
+        kw["eager_grouping"] = True
+
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " -> " if not _cast_applied else " ->> ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(
+        self, binary, operator, _cast_applied=False, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            not _cast_applied
+            and binary.type._type_affinity is not sqltypes.JSON
+        ):
+            kw["_cast_applied"] = True
+            return self.process(sql.cast(binary, binary.type), **kw)
+
+        kw["eager_grouping"] = True
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " #> " if not _cast_applied else " #>> ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_getitem_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s[%s]" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_aggregate_order_by(self, element, **kw):
+        return "%s ORDER BY %s" % (
+            self.process(element.target, **kw),
+            self.process(element.order_by, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if "postgresql_regconfig" in binary.modifiers:
+            regconfig = self.render_literal_value(
+                binary.modifiers["postgresql_regconfig"], sqltypes.STRINGTYPE
+            )
+            if regconfig:
+                return "%s @@ plainto_tsquery(%s, %s)" % (
+                    self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+                    regconfig,
+                    self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+                )
+        return "%s @@ plainto_tsquery(%s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_ilike_case_insensitive_operand(self, element, **kw):
+        return element.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        return "%s ILIKE %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return "%s NOT ILIKE %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def _regexp_match(self, base_op, binary, operator, kw):
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return self._generate_generic_binary(
+                binary, " %s " % base_op, **kw
+            )
+        if flags == "i":
+            return self._generate_generic_binary(
+                binary, " %s* " % base_op, **kw
+            )
+        return "%s %s CONCAT('(?', %s, ')', %s)" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            base_op,
+            self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match("~", binary, operator, kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._regexp_match("!~", binary, operator, kw)
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        string = self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+        pattern_replace = self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        flags = binary.modifiers["flags"]
+        if flags is None:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+            )
+        else:
+            return "REGEXP_REPLACE(%s, %s, %s)" % (
+                string,
+                pattern_replace,
+                self.render_literal_value(flags, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE),
+            )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        # cast the empty set to the type we are comparing against.  if
+        # we are comparing against the null type, pick an arbitrary
+        # datatype for the empty set
+        return "SELECT %s WHERE 1!=1" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                "CAST(NULL AS %s)"
+                % self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                    INTEGER() if type_._isnull else type_
+                )
+                for type_ in element_types or [INTEGER()]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def render_literal_value(self, value, type_):
+        value = super().render_literal_value(value, type_)
+
+        if self.dialect._backslash_escapes:
+            value = value.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+        return value
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "string_agg%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, seq, **kw):
+        return "nextval('%s')" % self.preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += " \n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT ALL"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        if hint.upper() != "ONLY":
+            raise exc.CompileError("Unrecognized hint: %r" % hint)
+        return "ONLY " + sqltext
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select, **kw):
+        # Do not call super().get_select_precolumns because
+        # it will warn/raise when distinct on is present
+        if select._distinct or select._distinct_on:
+            if select._distinct_on:
+                return (
+                    "DISTINCT ON ("
+                    + ", ".join(
+                        [
+                            self.process(col, **kw)
+                            for col in select._distinct_on
+                        ]
+                    )
+                    + ") "
+                )
+            else:
+                return "DISTINCT "
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        if select._for_update_arg.read:
+            if select._for_update_arg.key_share:
+                tmp = " FOR KEY SHARE"
+            else:
+                tmp = " FOR SHARE"
+        elif select._for_update_arg.key_share:
+            tmp = " FOR NO KEY UPDATE"
+        else:
+            tmp = " FOR UPDATE"
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.of:
+            tables = util.OrderedSet()
+            for c in select._for_update_arg.of:
+                tables.update(sql_util.surface_selectables_only(c))
+
+            of_kw = dict(kw)
+            of_kw.update(ashint=True, use_schema=False)
+            tmp += " OF " + ", ".join(
+                self.process(table, **of_kw) for table in tables
+            )
+
+        if select._for_update_arg.nowait:
+            tmp += " NOWAIT"
+        if select._for_update_arg.skip_locked:
+            tmp += " SKIP LOCKED"
+
+        return tmp
+
+    def visit_substring_func(self, func, **kw):
+        s = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[0], **kw)
+        start = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[1], **kw)
+        if len(func.clauses.clauses) > 2:
+            length = self.process(func.clauses.clauses[2], **kw)
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s FOR %s)" % (s, start, length)
+        else:
+            return "SUBSTRING(%s FROM %s)" % (s, start)
+
+    def _on_conflict_target(self, clause, **kw):
+        if clause.constraint_target is not None:
+            # target may be a name of an Index, UniqueConstraint or
+            # ExcludeConstraint.  While there is a separate
+            # "max_identifier_length" for indexes, PostgreSQL uses the same
+            # length for all objects so we can use
+            # truncate_and_render_constraint_name
+            target_text = (
+                "ON CONSTRAINT %s"
+                % self.preparer.truncate_and_render_constraint_name(
+                    clause.constraint_target
+                )
+            )
+        elif clause.inferred_target_elements is not None:
+            target_text = "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+                (
+                    self.preparer.quote(c)
+                    if isinstance(c, str)
+                    else self.process(c, include_table=False, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                for c in clause.inferred_target_elements
+            )
+            if clause.inferred_target_whereclause is not None:
+                target_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                    clause.inferred_target_whereclause,
+                    include_table=False,
+                    use_schema=False,
+                )
+        else:
+            target_text = ""
+
+        return target_text
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_nothing(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        if target_text:
+            return "ON CONFLICT %s DO NOTHING" % target_text
+        else:
+            return "ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING"
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_update(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        clause = on_conflict
+
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        action_set_ops = []
+
+        set_parameters = dict(clause.update_values_to_set)
+        # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+
+        insert_statement = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+        cols = insert_statement.table.c
+        for c in cols:
+            col_key = c.key
+
+            if col_key in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(col_key)
+            elif c in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(c)
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            # TODO: this coercion should be up front.  we can't cache
+            # SQL constructs with non-bound literals buried in them
+            if coercions._is_literal(value):
+                value = elements.BindParameter(None, value, type_=c.type)
+
+            else:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(value, elements.BindParameter)
+                    and value.type._isnull
+                ):
+                    value = value._clone()
+                    value.type = c.type
+            value_text = self.process(value.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+
+            key_text = self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+            action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        # check for names that don't match columns
+        if set_parameters:
+            util.warn(
+                "Additional column names not matching "
+                "any column keys in table '%s': %s"
+                % (
+                    self.current_executable.table.name,
+                    (", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in set_parameters)),
+                )
+            )
+            for k, v in set_parameters.items():
+                key_text = (
+                    self.preparer.quote(k)
+                    if isinstance(k, str)
+                    else self.process(k, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                value_text = self.process(
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, v),
+                    use_schema=False,
+                )
+                action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        action_text = ", ".join(action_set_ops)
+        if clause.update_whereclause is not None:
+            action_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                clause.update_whereclause, include_table=True, use_schema=False
+            )
+
+        return "ON CONFLICT %s DO UPDATE SET %s" % (target_text, action_text)
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render the DELETE .. USING clause specific to PostgreSQL."""
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "USING " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def fetch_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # pg requires parens for non literal clauses. It's also required for
+        # bind parameters if a ::type casts is used by the driver (asyncpg),
+        # so it's easiest to just always add it
+        text = ""
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n OFFSET (%s) ROWS" % self.process(
+                select._offset_clause, **kw
+            )
+        if select._fetch_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n FETCH FIRST (%s)%s ROWS %s" % (
+                self.process(select._fetch_clause, **kw),
+                " PERCENT" if select._fetch_clause_options["percent"] else "",
+                (
+                    "WITH TIES"
+                    if select._fetch_clause_options["with_ties"]
+                    else "ONLY"
+                ),
+            )
+        return text
+
+
+class PGDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column)
+        impl_type = column.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+        if isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.TypeDecorator):
+            impl_type = impl_type.impl
+
+        has_identity = (
+            column.identity is not None
+            and self.dialect.supports_identity_columns
+        )
+
+        if (
+            column.primary_key
+            and column is column.table._autoincrement_column
+            and (
+                self.dialect.supports_smallserial
+                or not isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger)
+            )
+            and not has_identity
+            and (
+                column.default is None
+                or (
+                    isinstance(column.default, schema.Sequence)
+                    and column.default.optional
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+            if isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.BigInteger):
+                colspec += " BIGSERIAL"
+            elif isinstance(impl_type, sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+                colspec += " SMALLSERIAL"
+            else:
+                colspec += " SERIAL"
+        else:
+            colspec += " " + self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type,
+                type_expression=column,
+                identifier_preparer=self.preparer,
+            )
+            default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+        if has_identity:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.identity)
+
+        if not column.nullable and not has_identity:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        elif column.nullable and has_identity:
+            colspec += " NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def _define_constraint_validity(self, constraint):
+        not_valid = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"]["not_valid"]
+        return " NOT VALID" if not_valid else ""
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if constraint._type_bound:
+            typ = list(constraint.columns)[0].type
+            if (
+                isinstance(typ, sqltypes.ARRAY)
+                and isinstance(typ.item_type, sqltypes.Enum)
+                and not typ.item_type.native_enum
+            ):
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "PostgreSQL dialect cannot produce the CHECK constraint "
+                    "for ARRAY of non-native ENUM; please specify "
+                    "create_constraint=False on this Enum datatype."
+                )
+
+        text = super().visit_check_constraint(constraint)
+        text += self._define_constraint_validity(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_foreign_key_constraint(constraint)
+        text += self._define_constraint_validity(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _fk_ondelete_pattern(self):
+        return re.compile(
+            r"^(?:RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET (?:NULL|DEFAULT)(?:\s*\(.+\))?"
+            r"|NO ACTION)$",
+            re.I,
+        )
+
+    def define_constraint_ondelete_cascade(self, constraint):
+        return " ON DELETE %s" % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+            constraint.ondelete, self._fk_ondelete_pattern
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_enum_type(self, create, **kw):
+        type_ = create.element
+
+        return "CREATE TYPE %s AS ENUM (%s)" % (
+            self.preparer.format_type(type_),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(sql.literal(e), literal_binds=True)
+                for e in type_.enums
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_enum_type(self, drop, **kw):
+        type_ = drop.element
+
+        return "DROP TYPE %s" % (self.preparer.format_type(type_))
+
+    def visit_create_domain_type(self, create, **kw):
+        domain: DOMAIN = create.element
+
+        options = []
+        if domain.collation is not None:
+            options.append(f"COLLATE {self.preparer.quote(domain.collation)}")
+        if domain.default is not None:
+            default = self.render_default_string(domain.default)
+            options.append(f"DEFAULT {default}")
+        if domain.constraint_name is not None:
+            name = self.preparer.truncate_and_render_constraint_name(
+                domain.constraint_name
+            )
+            options.append(f"CONSTRAINT {name}")
+        if domain.not_null:
+            options.append("NOT NULL")
+        if domain.check is not None:
+            check = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                domain.check, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            options.append(f"CHECK ({check})")
+
+        return (
+            f"CREATE DOMAIN {self.preparer.format_type(domain)} AS "
+            f"{self.type_compiler.process(domain.data_type)} "
+            f"{' '.join(options)}"
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_domain_type(self, drop, **kw):
+        domain = drop.element
+        return f"DROP DOMAIN {self.preparer.format_type(domain)}"
+
+    def visit_create_index(self, create, **kw):
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+
+        if self.dialect._supports_create_index_concurrently:
+            concurrently = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["concurrently"]
+            if concurrently:
+                text += "CONCURRENTLY "
+
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += "%s ON %s " % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=False),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table),
+        )
+
+        using = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["using"]
+        if using:
+            text += (
+                "USING %s "
+                % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(using, IDX_USING).lower()
+            )
+
+        ops = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["ops"]
+        text += "(%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                [
+                    self.sql_compiler.process(
+                        (
+                            expr.self_group()
+                            if not isinstance(expr, expression.ColumnClause)
+                            else expr
+                        ),
+                        include_table=False,
+                        literal_binds=True,
+                    )
+                    + (
+                        (" " + ops[expr.key])
+                        if hasattr(expr, "key") and expr.key in ops
+                        else ""
+                    )
+                    for expr in index.expressions
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        includeclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["include"]
+        if includeclause:
+            inclusions = [
+                index.table.c[col] if isinstance(col, str) else col
+                for col in includeclause
+            ]
+            text += " INCLUDE (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                [preparer.quote(c.name) for c in inclusions]
+            )
+
+        nulls_not_distinct = index.dialect_options["postgresql"][
+            "nulls_not_distinct"
+        ]
+        if nulls_not_distinct is True:
+            text += " NULLS NOT DISTINCT"
+        elif nulls_not_distinct is False:
+            text += " NULLS DISTINCT"
+
+        withclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["with"]
+        if withclause:
+            text += " WITH (%s)" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        "%s = %s" % storage_parameter
+                        for storage_parameter in withclause.items()
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+        tablespace_name = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["tablespace"]
+        if tablespace_name:
+            text += " TABLESPACE %s" % preparer.quote(tablespace_name)
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["where"]
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            whereclause = coercions.expect(
+                roles.DDLExpressionRole, whereclause
+            )
+
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+
+        return text
+
+    def define_unique_constraint_distinct(self, constraint, **kw):
+        nulls_not_distinct = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"][
+            "nulls_not_distinct"
+        ]
+        if nulls_not_distinct is True:
+            nulls_not_distinct_param = "NULLS NOT DISTINCT "
+        elif nulls_not_distinct is False:
+            nulls_not_distinct_param = "NULLS DISTINCT "
+        else:
+            nulls_not_distinct_param = ""
+        return nulls_not_distinct_param
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        index = drop.element
+
+        text = "\nDROP INDEX "
+
+        if self.dialect._supports_drop_index_concurrently:
+            concurrently = index.dialect_options["postgresql"]["concurrently"]
+            if concurrently:
+                text += "CONCURRENTLY "
+
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+
+        text += self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_exclude_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % self.preparer.format_constraint(
+                constraint
+            )
+        elements = []
+        kw["include_table"] = False
+        kw["literal_binds"] = True
+        for expr, name, op in constraint._render_exprs:
+            exclude_element = self.sql_compiler.process(expr, **kw) + (
+                (" " + constraint.ops[expr.key])
+                if hasattr(expr, "key") and expr.key in constraint.ops
+                else ""
+            )
+
+            elements.append("%s WITH %s" % (exclude_element, op))
+        text += "EXCLUDE USING %s (%s)" % (
+            self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+                constraint.using, IDX_USING
+            ).lower(),
+            ", ".join(elements),
+        )
+        if constraint.where is not None:
+            text += " WHERE (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+                constraint.where, literal_binds=True
+            )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        table_opts = []
+        pg_opts = table.dialect_options["postgresql"]
+
+        inherits = pg_opts.get("inherits")
+        if inherits is not None:
+            if not isinstance(inherits, (list, tuple)):
+                inherits = (inherits,)
+            table_opts.append(
+                "\n INHERITS ( "
+                + ", ".join(self.preparer.quote(name) for name in inherits)
+                + " )"
+            )
+
+        if pg_opts["partition_by"]:
+            table_opts.append("\n PARTITION BY %s" % pg_opts["partition_by"])
+
+        if pg_opts["using"]:
+            table_opts.append("\n USING %s" % pg_opts["using"])
+
+        if pg_opts["with_oids"] is True:
+            table_opts.append("\n WITH OIDS")
+        elif pg_opts["with_oids"] is False:
+            table_opts.append("\n WITHOUT OIDS")
+
+        if pg_opts["on_commit"]:
+            on_commit_options = pg_opts["on_commit"].replace("_", " ").upper()
+            table_opts.append("\n ON COMMIT %s" % on_commit_options)
+
+        if pg_opts["tablespace"]:
+            tablespace_name = pg_opts["tablespace"]
+            table_opts.append(
+                "\n TABLESPACE %s" % self.preparer.quote(tablespace_name)
+            )
+
+        return "".join(table_opts)
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        if generated.persisted is False:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "PostrgreSQL computed columns do not support 'virtual' "
+                "persistence; set the 'persisted' flag to None or True for "
+                "PostgreSQL support."
+            )
+
+        return "GENERATED ALWAYS AS (%s) STORED" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create, **kw):
+        prefix = None
+        if create.element.data_type is not None:
+            prefix = " AS %s" % self.type_compiler.process(
+                create.element.data_type
+            )
+
+        return super().visit_create_sequence(create, prefix=prefix, **kw)
+
+    def _can_comment_on_constraint(self, ddl_instance):
+        constraint = ddl_instance.element
+        if constraint.name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"Can't emit COMMENT ON for constraint {constraint!r}: "
+                "it has no name"
+            )
+        if constraint.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"Can't emit COMMENT ON for constraint {constraint!r}: "
+                "it has no associated table"
+            )
+
+    def visit_set_constraint_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        self._can_comment_on_constraint(create)
+        return "COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT %s ON %s IS %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_constraint(create.element),
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        self._can_comment_on_constraint(drop)
+        return "COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT %s ON %s IS NULL" % (
+            self.preparer.format_constraint(drop.element),
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+        )
+
+
+class PGTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_TSVECTOR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSVECTOR"
+
+    def visit_TSQUERY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSQUERY"
+
+    def visit_INET(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INET"
+
+    def visit_CIDR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "CIDR"
+
+    def visit_CITEXT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "CITEXT"
+
+    def visit_MACADDR(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MACADDR"
+
+    def visit_MACADDR8(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MACADDR8"
+
+    def visit_MONEY(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "MONEY"
+
+    def visit_OID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "OID"
+
+    def visit_REGCONFIG(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "REGCONFIG"
+
+    def visit_REGCLASS(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "REGCLASS"
+
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.precision:
+            return "FLOAT"
+        else:
+            return "FLOAT(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision}
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(type, **kw)
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_HSTORE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "HSTORE"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSON"
+
+    def visit_JSONB(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSONB"
+
+    def visit_INT4MULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT4MULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT8MULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT8MULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_NUMMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NUMMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_DATEMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATEMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSTZMULTIRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSTZMULTIRANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT4RANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT4RANGE"
+
+    def visit_INT8RANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT8RANGE"
+
+    def visit_NUMRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NUMRANGE"
+
+    def visit_DATERANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "DATERANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSRANGE"
+
+    def visit_TSTZRANGE(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TSTZRANGE"
+
+    def visit_json_int_index(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "INT"
+
+    def visit_json_str_index(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TEXT"
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_TIMESTAMP(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_, **kw):
+        if not type_.native_enum or not self.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return super().visit_enum(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_ENUM(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_ENUM(self, type_, identifier_preparer=None, **kw):
+        if identifier_preparer is None:
+            identifier_preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        return identifier_preparer.format_type(type_)
+
+    def visit_DOMAIN(self, type_, identifier_preparer=None, **kw):
+        if identifier_preparer is None:
+            identifier_preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        return identifier_preparer.format_type(type_)
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIMESTAMP%s %s" % (
+            (
+                "(%d)" % type_.precision
+                if getattr(type_, "precision", None) is not None
+                else ""
+            ),
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE",
+        )
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "TIME%s %s" % (
+            (
+                "(%d)" % type_.precision
+                if getattr(type_, "precision", None) is not None
+                else ""
+            ),
+            (type_.timezone and "WITH" or "WITHOUT") + " TIME ZONE",
+        )
+
+    def visit_INTERVAL(self, type_, **kw):
+        text = "INTERVAL"
+        if type_.fields is not None:
+            text += " " + type_.fields
+        if type_.precision is not None:
+            text += " (%d)" % type_.precision
+        return text
+
+    def visit_BIT(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.varying:
+            compiled = "BIT VARYING"
+            if type_.length is not None:
+                compiled += "(%d)" % type_.length
+        else:
+            compiled = "BIT(%d)" % type_.length
+        return compiled
+
+    def visit_uuid(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.native_uuid:
+            return self.visit_UUID(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return super().visit_uuid(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BYTEA(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_BYTEA(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "BYTEA"
+
+    def visit_ARRAY(self, type_, **kw):
+        inner = self.process(type_.item_type, **kw)
+        return re.sub(
+            r"((?: COLLATE.*)?)$",
+            (
+                r"%s\1"
+                % (
+                    "[]"
+                    * (type_.dimensions if type_.dimensions is not None else 1)
+                )
+            ),
+            inner,
+            count=1,
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_path(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_JSONPATH(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_JSONPATH(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "JSONPATH"
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    def _unquote_identifier(self, value):
+        if value[0] == self.initial_quote:
+            value = value[1:-1].replace(
+                self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote
+            )
+        return value
+
+    def format_type(self, type_, use_schema=True):
+        if not type_.name:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"PostgreSQL {type_.__class__.__name__} type requires a name."
+            )
+
+        name = self.quote(type_.name)
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(type_)
+
+        if (
+            not self.omit_schema
+            and use_schema
+            and effective_schema is not None
+        ):
+            name = f"{self.quote_schema(effective_schema)}.{name}"
+        return name
+
+
+class ReflectedNamedType(TypedDict):
+    """Represents a reflected named type."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Name of the type."""
+    schema: str
+    """The schema of the type."""
+    visible: bool
+    """Indicates if this type is in the current search path."""
+
+
+class ReflectedDomainConstraint(TypedDict):
+    """Represents a reflect check constraint of a domain."""
+
+    name: str
+    """Name of the constraint."""
+    check: str
+    """The check constraint text."""
+
+
+class ReflectedDomain(ReflectedNamedType):
+    """Represents a reflected enum."""
+
+    type: str
+    """The string name of the underlying data type of the domain."""
+    nullable: bool
+    """Indicates if the domain allows null or not."""
+    default: Optional[str]
+    """The string representation of the default value of this domain
+    or ``None`` if none present.
+    """
+    constraints: List[ReflectedDomainConstraint]
+    """The constraints defined in the domain, if any.
+    The constraint are in order of evaluation by postgresql.
+    """
+    collation: Optional[str]
+    """The collation for the domain."""
+
+
+class ReflectedEnum(ReflectedNamedType):
+    """Represents a reflected enum."""
+
+    labels: List[str]
+    """The labels that compose the enum."""
+
+
+class PGInspector(reflection.Inspector):
+    dialect: PGDialect
+
+    def get_table_oid(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> int:
+        """Return the OID for the given table name.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_oid(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def get_domains(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> List[ReflectedDomain]:
+        """Return a list of DOMAIN objects.
+
+        Each member is a dictionary containing these fields:
+
+            * name - name of the domain
+            * schema - the schema name for the domain.
+            * visible - boolean, whether or not this domain is visible
+              in the default search path.
+            * type - the type defined by this domain.
+            * nullable - Indicates if this domain can be ``NULL``.
+            * default - The default value of the domain or ``None`` if the
+              domain has no default.
+            * constraints - A list of dict wit the constraint defined by this
+              domain. Each element constaints two keys: ``name`` of the
+              constraint and ``check`` with the constraint text.
+
+        :param schema: schema name.  If None, the default schema
+         (typically 'public') is used.  May also be set to ``'*'`` to
+         indicate load domains for all schemas.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect._load_domains(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def get_enums(self, schema: Optional[str] = None) -> List[ReflectedEnum]:
+        """Return a list of ENUM objects.
+
+        Each member is a dictionary containing these fields:
+
+            * name - name of the enum
+            * schema - the schema name for the enum.
+            * visible - boolean, whether or not this enum is visible
+              in the default search path.
+            * labels - a list of string labels that apply to the enum.
+
+        :param schema: schema name.  If None, the default schema
+         (typically 'public') is used.  May also be set to ``'*'`` to
+         indicate load enums for all schemas.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect._load_enums(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def get_foreign_table_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of FOREIGN TABLE names.
+
+        Behavior is similar to that of
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`,
+        except that the list is limited to those tables that report a
+        ``relkind`` value of ``f``.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect._get_foreign_table_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+    def has_type(
+        self, type_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return if the database has the specified type in the provided
+        schema.
+
+        :param type_name: the type to check.
+        :param schema: schema name.  If None, the default schema
+         (typically 'public') is used.  May also be set to ``'*'`` to
+         check in all schemas.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_type(
+                conn, type_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache
+            )
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq, type_):
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            (
+                "select nextval('%s')"
+                % self.identifier_preparer.format_sequence(seq)
+            ),
+            type_,
+        )
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.primary_key and column is column.table._autoincrement_column:
+            if column.server_default and column.server_default.has_argument:
+                # pre-execute passive defaults on primary key columns
+                return self._execute_scalar(
+                    "select %s" % column.server_default.arg, column.type
+                )
+
+            elif column.default is None or (
+                column.default.is_sequence and column.default.optional
+            ):
+                # execute the sequence associated with a SERIAL primary
+                # key column. for non-primary-key SERIAL, the ID just
+                # generates server side.
+
+                try:
+                    seq_name = column._postgresql_seq_name
+                except AttributeError:
+                    tab = column.table.name
+                    col = column.name
+                    tab = tab[0 : 29 + max(0, (29 - len(col)))]
+                    col = col[0 : 29 + max(0, (29 - len(tab)))]
+                    name = "%s_%s_seq" % (tab, col)
+                    column._postgresql_seq_name = seq_name = name
+
+                if column.table is not None:
+                    effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(
+                        column.table
+                    )
+                else:
+                    effective_schema = None
+
+                if effective_schema is not None:
+                    exc = 'select nextval(\'"%s"."%s"\')' % (
+                        effective_schema,
+                        seq_name,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    exc = "select nextval('\"%s\"')" % (seq_name,)
+
+                return self._execute_scalar(exc, column.type)
+
+        return super().get_insert_default(column)
+
+
+class PGReadOnlyConnectionCharacteristic(
+    characteristics.ConnectionCharacteristic
+):
+    transactional = True
+
+    def reset_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        dialect.set_readonly(dbapi_conn, False)
+
+    def set_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn, value):
+        dialect.set_readonly(dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    def get_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        return dialect.get_readonly(dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class PGDeferrableConnectionCharacteristic(
+    characteristics.ConnectionCharacteristic
+):
+    transactional = True
+
+    def reset_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        dialect.set_deferrable(dbapi_conn, False)
+
+    def set_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn, value):
+        dialect.set_deferrable(dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    def get_characteristic(self, dialect, dbapi_conn):
+        return dialect.get_deferrable(dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class PGDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = "postgresql"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_alter = True
+    max_identifier_length = 63
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+
+    bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.RENDER_CASTS
+
+    supports_native_enum = True
+    supports_native_boolean = True
+    supports_native_uuid = True
+    supports_smallserial = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = True
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+    use_insertmanyvalues = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT
+        | InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS
+    )
+
+    supports_comments = True
+    supports_constraint_comments = True
+    supports_default_values = True
+
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+
+    supports_identity_columns = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = PGDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = PGTypeCompiler
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext
+    inspector = PGInspector
+
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+    delete_returning_multifrom = True
+
+    connection_characteristics = (
+        default.DefaultDialect.connection_characteristics
+    )
+    connection_characteristics = connection_characteristics.union(
+        {
+            "postgresql_readonly": PGReadOnlyConnectionCharacteristic(),
+            "postgresql_deferrable": PGDeferrableConnectionCharacteristic(),
+        }
+    )
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (
+            schema.Index,
+            {
+                "using": False,
+                "include": None,
+                "where": None,
+                "ops": {},
+                "concurrently": False,
+                "with": {},
+                "tablespace": None,
+                "nulls_not_distinct": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.Table,
+            {
+                "ignore_search_path": False,
+                "tablespace": None,
+                "partition_by": None,
+                "with_oids": None,
+                "on_commit": None,
+                "inherits": None,
+                "using": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.CheckConstraint,
+            {
+                "not_valid": False,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.ForeignKeyConstraint,
+            {
+                "not_valid": False,
+            },
+        ),
+        (
+            schema.UniqueConstraint,
+            {"nulls_not_distinct": None},
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    reflection_options = ("postgresql_ignore_search_path",)
+
+    _backslash_escapes = True
+    _supports_create_index_concurrently = True
+    _supports_drop_index_concurrently = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        native_inet_types=None,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        self._native_inet_types = native_inet_types
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.3/static/release-9-2.html#AEN116689
+        self.supports_smallserial = self.server_version_info >= (9, 2)
+
+        self._set_backslash_escapes(connection)
+
+        self._supports_drop_index_concurrently = self.server_version_info >= (
+            9,
+            2,
+        )
+        self.supports_identity_columns = self.server_version_info >= (10,)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_conn):
+        # note the generic dialect doesn't have AUTOCOMMIT, however
+        # all postgresql dialects should include AUTOCOMMIT.
+        return (
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(
+            "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+            f"ISOLATION LEVEL {level}"
+        )
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("show transaction isolation level")
+        val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        cursor.close()
+        return val.upper()
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _split_multihost_from_url(self, url: URL) -> Union[
+        Tuple[None, None],
+        Tuple[Tuple[Optional[str], ...], Tuple[Optional[int], ...]],
+    ]:
+        hosts: Optional[Tuple[Optional[str], ...]] = None
+        ports_str: Union[str, Tuple[Optional[str], ...], None] = None
+
+        integrated_multihost = False
+
+        if "host" in url.query:
+            if isinstance(url.query["host"], (list, tuple)):
+                integrated_multihost = True
+                hosts, ports_str = zip(
+                    *[
+                        token.split(":") if ":" in token else (token, None)
+                        for token in url.query["host"]
+                    ]
+                )
+
+            elif isinstance(url.query["host"], str):
+                hosts = tuple(url.query["host"].split(","))
+
+                if (
+                    "port" not in url.query
+                    and len(hosts) == 1
+                    and ":" in hosts[0]
+                ):
+                    # internet host is alphanumeric plus dots or hyphens.
+                    # this is essentially rfc1123, which refers to rfc952.
+                    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3523028/
+                    # valid-characters-of-a-hostname
+                    host_port_match = re.match(
+                        r"^([a-zA-Z0-9\-\.]*)(?:\:(\d*))?$", hosts[0]
+                    )
+                    if host_port_match:
+                        integrated_multihost = True
+                        h, p = host_port_match.group(1, 2)
+                        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                            assert isinstance(h, str)
+                            assert isinstance(p, str)
+                        hosts = (h,)
+                        ports_str = cast(
+                            "Tuple[Optional[str], ...]", (p,) if p else (None,)
+                        )
+
+        if "port" in url.query:
+            if integrated_multihost:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't mix 'multihost' formats together; use "
+                    '"host=h1,h2,h3&port=p1,p2,p3" or '
+                    '"host=h1:p1&host=h2:p2&host=h3:p3" separately'
+                )
+            if isinstance(url.query["port"], (list, tuple)):
+                ports_str = url.query["port"]
+            elif isinstance(url.query["port"], str):
+                ports_str = tuple(url.query["port"].split(","))
+
+        ports: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], ...]] = None
+
+        if ports_str:
+            try:
+                ports = tuple(int(x) if x else None for x in ports_str)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Received non-integer port arguments: {ports_str}"
+                ) from None
+
+        if ports and (
+            (not hosts and len(ports) > 1)
+            or (
+                hosts
+                and ports
+                and len(hosts) != len(ports)
+                and (len(hosts) > 1 or len(ports) > 1)
+            )
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("number of hosts and ports don't match")
+
+        if hosts is not None:
+            if ports is None:
+                ports = tuple(None for _ in hosts)
+
+        return hosts, ports  # type: ignore
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        self.do_begin(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.exec_driver_sql("PREPARE TRANSACTION '%s'" % xid)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                # FIXME: ugly hack to get out of transaction
+                # context when committing recoverable transactions
+                # Must find out a way how to make the dbapi not
+                # open a transaction.
+                connection.exec_driver_sql("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("ROLLBACK PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            if recover:
+                connection.exec_driver_sql("ROLLBACK")
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("COMMIT PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+            connection.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+        else:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        return connection.scalars(
+            sql.text("SELECT gid FROM pg_prepared_xacts")
+        ).all()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return connection.exec_driver_sql("select current_schema()").scalar()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_schema(self, connection, schema, **kw):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema
+        )
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query))
+
+    def _pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+        self, query, schema, scope, pg_class_table=None
+    ):
+        if pg_class_table is None:
+            pg_class_table = pg_catalog.pg_class
+        query = query.join(
+            pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+            pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid == pg_class_table.c.relnamespace,
+        )
+
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            query = query.where(pg_class_table.c.relpersistence != "t")
+        elif scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            query = query.where(pg_class_table.c.relpersistence == "t")
+
+        if schema is None:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(pg_class_table.c.oid),
+                # ignore pg_catalog schema
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname != "pg_catalog",
+            )
+        else:
+            query = query.where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema)
+        return query
+
+    def _pg_class_relkind_condition(self, relkinds, pg_class_table=None):
+        if pg_class_table is None:
+            pg_class_table = pg_catalog.pg_class
+        # uses the any form instead of in otherwise postgresql complaings
+        # that 'IN could not convert type character to "char"'
+        return pg_class_table.c.relkind == sql.any_(_array.array(relkinds))
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _has_table_query(self, schema):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == bindparam("table_name"),
+            self._pg_class_relkind_condition(
+                pg_catalog.RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE
+            ),
+        )
+        return self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+        query = self._has_table_query(schema)
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query, {"table_name": table_name}))
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_sequence(self, connection, sequence_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relkind == "S",
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == sequence_name,
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query))
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_type(self, connection, type_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        query = (
+            select(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname)
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnamespace,
+            )
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname == type_name)
+        )
+        if schema is None:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid),
+                # ignore pg_catalog schema
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname != "pg_catalog",
+            )
+        elif schema != "*":
+            query = query.where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema)
+
+        return bool(connection.scalar(query))
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        v = connection.exec_driver_sql("select pg_catalog.version()").scalar()
+        m = re.match(
+            r".*(?:PostgreSQL|EnterpriseDB) "
+            r"(\d+)\.?(\d+)?(?:\.(\d+))?(?:\.\d+)?(?:devel|beta)?",
+            v,
+        )
+        if not m:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Could not determine version from string '%s'" % v
+            )
+        return tuple([int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None])
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_oid(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        """Fetch the oid for schema.table_name."""
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid).where(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == table_name,
+            self._pg_class_relkind_condition(
+                pg_catalog.RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE
+            ),
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+        table_oid = connection.scalar(query)
+        if table_oid is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table_name}" if schema else table_name
+            )
+        return table_oid
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        query = (
+            select(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname)
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname.not_like("pg_%"))
+            .order_by(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname)
+        )
+        return connection.scalars(query).all()
+
+    def _get_relnames_for_relkinds(self, connection, schema, relkinds, scope):
+        query = select(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname).where(
+            self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds)
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope=scope)
+        return connection.scalars(query).all()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN,
+            scope=ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema=None,
+            relkinds=pg_catalog.RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN,
+            scope=ObjectScope.TEMPORARY,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_foreign_table_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection, schema, relkinds=("f",), scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW,
+            scope=ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_materialized_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW,
+            scope=ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_view_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            # NOTE: do not include temp materialzied views (that do not
+            # seem to be a thing at least up to version 14)
+            pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW,
+            scope=ObjectScope.TEMPORARY,
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_sequence_names(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        return self._get_relnames_for_relkinds(
+            connection, schema, relkinds=("S",), scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        query = (
+            select(pg_catalog.pg_get_viewdef(pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid))
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname == view_name,
+                self._pg_class_relkind_condition(
+                    pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW + pg_catalog.RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(
+            query, schema, scope=ObjectScope.ANY
+        )
+        res = connection.scalar(query)
+        if res is None:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{view_name}" if schema else view_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return res
+
+    def _value_or_raise(self, data, table, schema):
+        try:
+            return dict(data)[(schema, table)]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table}" if schema else table
+            ) from None
+
+    def _prepare_filter_names(self, filter_names):
+        if filter_names:
+            return True, {"filter_names": filter_names}
+        else:
+            return False, {}
+
+    def _kind_to_relkinds(self, kind: ObjectKind) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+        if kind is ObjectKind.ANY:
+            return pg_catalog.RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE
+        relkinds = ()
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+            relkinds += pg_catalog.RELKINDS_TABLE
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            relkinds += pg_catalog.RELKINDS_VIEW
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            relkinds += pg_catalog.RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW
+        return relkinds
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_columns(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _columns_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        # NOTE: the query with the default and identity options scalar
+        # subquery is faster than trying to use outer joins for them
+        generated = (
+            pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attgenerated.label("generated")
+            if self.server_version_info >= (12,)
+            else sql.null().label("generated")
+        )
+        if self.server_version_info >= (10,):
+            # join lateral performs worse (~2x slower) than a scalar_subquery
+            identity = (
+                select(
+                    sql.func.json_build_object(
+                        "always",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attidentity == "a",
+                        "start",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqstart,
+                        "increment",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqincrement,
+                        "minvalue",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqmin,
+                        "maxvalue",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqmax,
+                        "cache",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqcache,
+                        "cycle",
+                        pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqcycle,
+                        type_=sqltypes.JSON(),
+                    )
+                )
+                .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_sequence)
+                .where(
+                    # attidentity != '' is required or it will reflect also
+                    # serial columns as identity.
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attidentity != "",
+                    pg_catalog.pg_sequence.c.seqrelid
+                    == sql.cast(
+                        sql.cast(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_get_serial_sequence(
+                                sql.cast(
+                                    sql.cast(
+                                        pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                                        REGCLASS,
+                                    ),
+                                    TEXT,
+                                ),
+                                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname,
+                            ),
+                            REGCLASS,
+                        ),
+                        OID,
+                    ),
+                )
+                .correlate(pg_catalog.pg_attribute)
+                .scalar_subquery()
+                .label("identity_options")
+            )
+        else:
+            identity = sql.null().label("identity_options")
+
+        # join lateral performs the same as scalar_subquery here
+        default = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adbin,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adrelid,
+                )
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_attrdef)
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adrelid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attrdef.c.adnum
+                == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.atthasdef,
+            )
+            .correlate(pg_catalog.pg_attribute)
+            .scalar_subquery()
+            .label("default")
+        )
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname.label("name"),
+                pg_catalog.format_type(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.atttypid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.atttypmod,
+                ).label("format_type"),
+                default,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnotnull.label("not_null"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.label("table_name"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description.label("comment"),
+                generated,
+                identity,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            # NOTE: postgresql support table with no user column, meaning
+            # there is no row with pg_attribute.attnum > 0. use a left outer
+            # join to avoid filtering these tables.
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum > 0,
+                    ~pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attisdropped,
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objsubid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname, pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum
+            )
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope=scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._columns_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        rows = connection.execute(query, params).mappings()
+
+        # dictionary with (name, ) if default search path or (schema, name)
+        # as keys
+        domains = {
+            ((d["schema"], d["name"]) if not d["visible"] else (d["name"],)): d
+            for d in self._load_domains(
+                connection, schema="*", info_cache=kw.get("info_cache")
+            )
+        }
+
+        # dictionary with (name, ) if default search path or (schema, name)
+        # as keys
+        enums = dict(
+            (
+                ((rec["name"],), rec)
+                if rec["visible"]
+                else ((rec["schema"], rec["name"]), rec)
+            )
+            for rec in self._load_enums(
+                connection, schema="*", info_cache=kw.get("info_cache")
+            )
+        )
+
+        columns = self._get_columns_info(rows, domains, enums, schema)
+
+        return columns.items()
+
+    _format_type_args_pattern = re.compile(r"\((.*)\)")
+    _format_type_args_delim = re.compile(r"\s*,\s*")
+    _format_array_spec_pattern = re.compile(r"((?:\[\])*)$")
+
+    def _reflect_type(
+        self,
+        format_type: Optional[str],
+        domains: Dict[str, ReflectedDomain],
+        enums: Dict[str, ReflectedEnum],
+        type_description: str,
+    ) -> sqltypes.TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """
+        Attempts to reconstruct a column type defined in ischema_names based
+        on the information available in the format_type.
+
+        If the `format_type` cannot be associated with a known `ischema_names`,
+        it is treated as a reference to a known PostgreSQL named `ENUM` or
+        `DOMAIN` type.
+        """
+        type_description = type_description or "unknown type"
+        if format_type is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "PostgreSQL format_type() returned NULL for %s"
+                % type_description
+            )
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+        attype_args_match = self._format_type_args_pattern.search(format_type)
+        if attype_args_match and attype_args_match.group(1):
+            attype_args = self._format_type_args_delim.split(
+                attype_args_match.group(1)
+            )
+        else:
+            attype_args = ()
+
+        match_array_dim = self._format_array_spec_pattern.search(format_type)
+        # Each "[]" in array specs corresponds to an array dimension
+        array_dim = len(match_array_dim.group(1) or "") // 2
+
+        # Remove all parameters and array specs from format_type to obtain an
+        # ischema_name candidate
+        attype = self._format_type_args_pattern.sub("", format_type)
+        attype = self._format_array_spec_pattern.sub("", attype)
+
+        schema_type = self.ischema_names.get(attype.lower(), None)
+        args, kwargs = (), {}
+
+        if attype == "numeric":
+            if len(attype_args) == 2:
+                precision, scale = map(int, attype_args)
+                args = (precision, scale)
+
+        elif attype == "double precision":
+            args = (53,)
+
+        elif attype == "integer":
+            args = ()
+
+        elif attype in ("timestamp with time zone", "time with time zone"):
+            kwargs["timezone"] = True
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                kwargs["precision"] = int(attype_args[0])
+
+        elif attype in (
+            "timestamp without time zone",
+            "time without time zone",
+            "time",
+        ):
+            kwargs["timezone"] = False
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                kwargs["precision"] = int(attype_args[0])
+
+        elif attype == "bit varying":
+            kwargs["varying"] = True
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                charlen = int(attype_args[0])
+                args = (charlen,)
+
+        elif attype.startswith("interval"):
+            schema_type = INTERVAL
+
+            field_match = re.match(r"interval (.+)", attype)
+            if field_match:
+                kwargs["fields"] = field_match.group(1)
+
+            if len(attype_args) == 1:
+                kwargs["precision"] = int(attype_args[0])
+
+        else:
+            enum_or_domain_key = tuple(util.quoted_token_parser(attype))
+
+            if enum_or_domain_key in enums:
+                schema_type = ENUM
+                enum = enums[enum_or_domain_key]
+
+                args = tuple(enum["labels"])
+                kwargs["name"] = enum["name"]
+
+                if not enum["visible"]:
+                    kwargs["schema"] = enum["schema"]
+                args = tuple(enum["labels"])
+            elif enum_or_domain_key in domains:
+                schema_type = DOMAIN
+                domain = domains[enum_or_domain_key]
+
+                data_type = self._reflect_type(
+                    domain["type"],
+                    domains,
+                    enums,
+                    type_description="DOMAIN '%s'" % domain["name"],
+                )
+                args = (domain["name"], data_type)
+
+                kwargs["collation"] = domain["collation"]
+                kwargs["default"] = domain["default"]
+                kwargs["not_null"] = not domain["nullable"]
+                kwargs["create_type"] = False
+
+                if domain["constraints"]:
+                    # We only support a single constraint
+                    check_constraint = domain["constraints"][0]
+
+                    kwargs["constraint_name"] = check_constraint["name"]
+                    kwargs["check"] = check_constraint["check"]
+
+                if not domain["visible"]:
+                    kwargs["schema"] = domain["schema"]
+
+            else:
+                try:
+                    charlen = int(attype_args[0])
+                    args = (charlen, *attype_args[1:])
+                except (ValueError, IndexError):
+                    args = attype_args
+
+        if not schema_type:
+            util.warn(
+                "Did not recognize type '%s' of %s"
+                % (attype, type_description)
+            )
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+        data_type = schema_type(*args, **kwargs)
+        if array_dim >= 1:
+            # postgres does not preserve dimensionality or size of array types.
+            data_type = _array.ARRAY(data_type)
+
+        return data_type
+
+    def _get_columns_info(self, rows, domains, enums, schema):
+        columns = defaultdict(list)
+        for row_dict in rows:
+            # ensure that each table has an entry, even if it has no columns
+            if row_dict["name"] is None:
+                columns[(schema, row_dict["table_name"])] = (
+                    ReflectionDefaults.columns()
+                )
+                continue
+            table_cols = columns[(schema, row_dict["table_name"])]
+
+            coltype = self._reflect_type(
+                row_dict["format_type"],
+                domains,
+                enums,
+                type_description="column '%s'" % row_dict["name"],
+            )
+
+            default = row_dict["default"]
+            name = row_dict["name"]
+            generated = row_dict["generated"]
+            nullable = not row_dict["not_null"]
+
+            if isinstance(coltype, DOMAIN):
+                if not default:
+                    # domain can override the default value but
+                    # cant set it to None
+                    if coltype.default is not None:
+                        default = coltype.default
+
+                nullable = nullable and not coltype.not_null
+
+            identity = row_dict["identity_options"]
+
+            # If a zero byte or blank string depending on driver (is also
+            # absent for older PG versions), then not a generated column.
+            # Otherwise, s = stored. (Other values might be added in the
+            # future.)
+            if generated not in (None, "", b"\x00"):
+                computed = dict(
+                    sqltext=default, persisted=generated in ("s", b"s")
+                )
+                default = None
+            else:
+                computed = None
+
+            # adjust the default value
+            autoincrement = False
+            if default is not None:
+                match = re.search(r"""(nextval\(')([^']+)('.*$)""", default)
+                if match is not None:
+                    if issubclass(coltype._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer):
+                        autoincrement = True
+                    # the default is related to a Sequence
+                    if "." not in match.group(2) and schema is not None:
+                        # unconditionally quote the schema name.  this could
+                        # later be enhanced to obey quoting rules /
+                        # "quote schema"
+                        default = (
+                            match.group(1)
+                            + ('"%s"' % schema)
+                            + "."
+                            + match.group(2)
+                            + match.group(3)
+                        )
+
+            column_info = {
+                "name": name,
+                "type": coltype,
+                "nullable": nullable,
+                "default": default,
+                "autoincrement": autoincrement or identity is not None,
+                "comment": row_dict["comment"],
+            }
+            if computed is not None:
+                column_info["computed"] = computed
+            if identity is not None:
+                column_info["identity"] = identity
+
+            table_cols.append(column_info)
+
+        return columns
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _table_oids_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        oid_q = select(
+            pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid, pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname
+        ).where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        oid_q = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(oid_q, schema, scope=scope)
+
+        if has_filter_names:
+            oid_q = oid_q.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return oid_q
+
+    @reflection.flexi_cache(
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("filter_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+        ("kind", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("scope", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    )
+    def _get_table_oids(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        oid_q = self._table_oids_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        result = connection.execute(oid_q, params)
+        return result.all()
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _constraint_query(self, is_unique):
+        con_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conindid,
+                sql.func.unnest(pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conkey).label(
+                    "attnum"
+                ),
+                sql.func.generate_subscripts(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conkey, 1
+                ).label("ord"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid,
+            )
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype == bindparam("contype"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")),
+            )
+            .subquery("con")
+        )
+
+        attr_sq = (
+            select(
+                con_sq.c.conrelid,
+                con_sq.c.conname,
+                con_sq.c.conindid,
+                con_sq.c.description,
+                con_sq.c.ord,
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_attribute)
+            .join(
+                con_sq,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum == con_sq.c.attnum,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid == con_sq.c.conrelid,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(
+                # NOTE: restate the condition here, since pg15 otherwise
+                # seems to get confused on pscopg2 sometimes, doing
+                # a sequential scan of pg_attribute.
+                # The condition in the con_sq subquery is not actually needed
+                # in pg15, but it may be needed in older versions. Keeping it
+                # does not seems to have any inpact in any case.
+                con_sq.c.conrelid.in_(bindparam("oids"))
+            )
+            .subquery("attr")
+        )
+
+        constraint_query = (
+            select(
+                attr_sq.c.conrelid,
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    # NOTE: cast since some postgresql derivatives may
+                    # not support array_agg on the name type
+                    aggregate_order_by(
+                        attr_sq.c.attname.cast(TEXT), attr_sq.c.ord
+                    )
+                ).label("cols"),
+                attr_sq.c.conname,
+                sql.func.min(attr_sq.c.description).label("description"),
+            )
+            .group_by(attr_sq.c.conrelid, attr_sq.c.conname)
+            .order_by(attr_sq.c.conrelid, attr_sq.c.conname)
+        )
+
+        if is_unique:
+            if self.server_version_info >= (15,):
+                constraint_query = constraint_query.join(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index,
+                    attr_sq.c.conindid == pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid,
+                ).add_columns(
+                    sql.func.bool_and(
+                        pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indnullsnotdistinct
+                    ).label("indnullsnotdistinct")
+                )
+            else:
+                constraint_query = constraint_query.add_columns(
+                    sql.false().label("indnullsnotdistinct")
+                )
+        else:
+            constraint_query = constraint_query.add_columns(
+                sql.null().label("extra")
+            )
+        return constraint_query
+
+    def _reflect_constraint(
+        self, connection, contype, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        # used to reflect primary and unique constraint
+        table_oids = self._get_table_oids(
+            connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+        batches = list(table_oids)
+        is_unique = contype == "u"
+
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:3000]
+            batches[0:3000] = []
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                self._constraint_query(is_unique),
+                {"oids": [r[0] for r in batch], "contype": contype},
+            )
+
+            result_by_oid = defaultdict(list)
+            for oid, cols, constraint_name, comment, extra in result:
+                result_by_oid[oid].append(
+                    (cols, constraint_name, comment, extra)
+                )
+
+            for oid, tablename in batch:
+                for_oid = result_by_oid.get(oid, ())
+                if for_oid:
+                    for cols, constraint, comment, extra in for_oid:
+                        if is_unique:
+                            yield tablename, cols, constraint, comment, {
+                                "nullsnotdistinct": extra
+                            }
+                        else:
+                            yield tablename, cols, constraint, comment, None
+                else:
+                    yield tablename, None, None, None, None
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_pk_constraint(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        result = self._reflect_constraint(
+            connection, "p", schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+
+        # only a single pk can be present for each table. Return an entry
+        # even if a table has no primary key
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint
+        return (
+            (
+                (schema, table_name),
+                (
+                    {
+                        "constrained_columns": [] if cols is None else cols,
+                        "name": pk_name,
+                        "comment": comment,
+                    }
+                    if pk_name is not None
+                    else default()
+                ),
+            )
+            for table_name, cols, pk_name, comment, _ in result
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        table_name,
+        schema=None,
+        postgresql_ignore_search_path=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        data = self.get_multi_foreign_keys(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            postgresql_ignore_search_path=postgresql_ignore_search_path,
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _foreing_key_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        pg_class_ref = pg_catalog.pg_class.alias("cls_ref")
+        pg_namespace_ref = pg_catalog.pg_namespace.alias("nsp_ref")
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+                # NOTE: avoid calling pg_get_constraintdef when not needed
+                # to speed up the query
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid.is_not(None),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid, True
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    else_=None,
+                ),
+                pg_namespace_ref.c.nspname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype == "f",
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_class_ref,
+                pg_class_ref.c.oid == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.confrelid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_namespace_ref,
+                pg_class_ref.c.relnamespace == pg_namespace_ref.c.oid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid,
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _fk_regex_pattern(self):
+        # optionally quoted token
+        qtoken = '(?:"[^"]+"|[A-Za-z0-9_]+?)'
+
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html
+        return re.compile(
+            r"FOREIGN KEY \((.*?)\) "
+            rf"REFERENCES (?:({qtoken})\.)?({qtoken})\(((?:{qtoken}(?: *, *)?)+)\)"  # noqa: E501
+            r"[\s]?(MATCH (FULL|PARTIAL|SIMPLE)+)?"
+            r"[\s]?(ON UPDATE "
+            r"(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|SET NULL|SET DEFAULT)+)?"
+            r"[\s]?(ON DELETE "
+            r"(CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION|"
+            r"SET (?:NULL|DEFAULT)(?:\s\(.+\))?)+)?"
+            r"[\s]?(DEFERRABLE|NOT DEFERRABLE)?"
+            r"[\s]?(INITIALLY (DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE)+)?"
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        postgresql_ignore_search_path=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        preparer = self.identifier_preparer
+
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._foreing_key_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        result = connection.execute(query, params)
+
+        FK_REGEX = self._fk_regex_pattern
+
+        fkeys = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys
+        for table_name, conname, condef, conschema, comment in result:
+            # ensure that each table has an entry, even if it has
+            # no foreign keys
+            if conname is None:
+                fkeys[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                continue
+            table_fks = fkeys[(schema, table_name)]
+            m = re.search(FK_REGEX, condef).groups()
+
+            (
+                constrained_columns,
+                referred_schema,
+                referred_table,
+                referred_columns,
+                _,
+                match,
+                _,
+                onupdate,
+                _,
+                ondelete,
+                deferrable,
+                _,
+                initially,
+            ) = m
+
+            if deferrable is not None:
+                deferrable = True if deferrable == "DEFERRABLE" else False
+            constrained_columns = [
+                preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                for x in re.split(r"\s*,\s*", constrained_columns)
+            ]
+
+            if postgresql_ignore_search_path:
+                # when ignoring search path, we use the actual schema
+                # provided it isn't the "default" schema
+                if conschema != self.default_schema_name:
+                    referred_schema = conschema
+                else:
+                    referred_schema = schema
+            elif referred_schema:
+                # referred_schema is the schema that we regexp'ed from
+                # pg_get_constraintdef().  If the schema is in the search
+                # path, pg_get_constraintdef() will give us None.
+                referred_schema = preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_schema)
+            elif schema is not None and schema == conschema:
+                # If the actual schema matches the schema of the table
+                # we're reflecting, then we will use that.
+                referred_schema = schema
+
+            referred_table = preparer._unquote_identifier(referred_table)
+            referred_columns = [
+                preparer._unquote_identifier(x)
+                for x in re.split(r"\s*,\s", referred_columns)
+            ]
+            options = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in [
+                    ("onupdate", onupdate),
+                    ("ondelete", ondelete),
+                    ("initially", initially),
+                    ("deferrable", deferrable),
+                    ("match", match),
+                ]
+                if v is not None and v != "NO ACTION"
+            }
+            fkey_d = {
+                "name": conname,
+                "constrained_columns": constrained_columns,
+                "referred_schema": referred_schema,
+                "referred_table": referred_table,
+                "referred_columns": referred_columns,
+                "options": options,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            table_fks.append(fkey_d)
+        return fkeys.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_indexes(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _index_query(self):
+        pg_class_index = pg_catalog.pg_class.alias("cls_idx")
+        # NOTE: repeating oids clause improve query performance
+
+        # subquery to get the columns
+        idx_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid,
+                sql.func.unnest(pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indkey).label("attnum"),
+                sql.func.generate_subscripts(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indkey, 1
+                ).label("ord"),
+            )
+            .where(
+                ~pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indisprimary,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")),
+            )
+            .subquery("idx")
+        )
+
+        attr_sq = (
+            select(
+                idx_sq.c.indexrelid,
+                idx_sq.c.indrelid,
+                idx_sq.c.ord,
+                # NOTE: always using pg_get_indexdef is too slow so just
+                # invoke when the element is an expression
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        idx_sq.c.attnum == 0,
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_indexdef(
+                            idx_sq.c.indexrelid, idx_sq.c.ord + 1, True
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    # NOTE: need to cast this since attname is of type "name"
+                    # that's limited to 63 bytes, while pg_get_indexdef
+                    # returns "text" so its output may get cut
+                    else_=pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attname.cast(TEXT),
+                ).label("element"),
+                (idx_sq.c.attnum == 0).label("is_expr"),
+            )
+            .select_from(idx_sq)
+            .outerjoin(
+                # do not remove rows where idx_sq.c.attnum is 0
+                pg_catalog.pg_attribute,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attnum == idx_sq.c.attnum,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_attribute.c.attrelid == idx_sq.c.indrelid,
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(idx_sq.c.indrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")))
+            .subquery("idx_attr")
+        )
+
+        cols_sq = (
+            select(
+                attr_sq.c.indexrelid,
+                sql.func.min(attr_sq.c.indrelid),
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    aggregate_order_by(attr_sq.c.element, attr_sq.c.ord)
+                ).label("elements"),
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    aggregate_order_by(attr_sq.c.is_expr, attr_sq.c.ord)
+                ).label("elements_is_expr"),
+            )
+            .group_by(attr_sq.c.indexrelid)
+            .subquery("idx_cols")
+        )
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= (11, 0):
+            indnkeyatts = pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indnkeyatts
+        else:
+            indnkeyatts = sql.null().label("indnkeyatts")
+
+        if self.server_version_info >= (15,):
+            nulls_not_distinct = pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indnullsnotdistinct
+        else:
+            nulls_not_distinct = sql.false().label("indnullsnotdistinct")
+
+        return (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid,
+                pg_class_index.c.relname.label("relname_index"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indisunique,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid.is_not(None).label(
+                    "has_constraint"
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indoption,
+                pg_class_index.c.reloptions,
+                pg_catalog.pg_am.c.amname,
+                # NOTE: pg_get_expr is very fast so this case has almost no
+                # performance impact
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indpred.is_not(None),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indpred,
+                            pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid,
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    else_=None,
+                ).label("filter_definition"),
+                indnkeyatts,
+                nulls_not_distinct,
+                cols_sq.c.elements,
+                cols_sq.c.elements_is_expr,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_index)
+            .where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid.in_(bindparam("oids")),
+                ~pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indisprimary,
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_class_index,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid == pg_class_index.c.oid,
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_am,
+                pg_class_index.c.relam == pg_catalog.pg_am.c.oid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                cols_sq,
+                pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid == cols_sq.c.indexrelid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indexrelid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conindid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype
+                    == sql.any_(_array.array(("p", "u", "x"))),
+                ),
+            )
+            .order_by(pg_catalog.pg_index.c.indrelid, pg_class_index.c.relname)
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        table_oids = self._get_table_oids(
+            connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+
+        indexes = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.indexes
+
+        batches = list(table_oids)
+
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:3000]
+            batches[0:3000] = []
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                self._index_query, {"oids": [r[0] for r in batch]}
+            ).mappings()
+
+            result_by_oid = defaultdict(list)
+            for row_dict in result:
+                result_by_oid[row_dict["indrelid"]].append(row_dict)
+
+            for oid, table_name in batch:
+                if oid not in result_by_oid:
+                    # ensure that each table has an entry, even if reflection
+                    # is skipped because not supported
+                    indexes[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                    continue
+
+                for row in result_by_oid[oid]:
+                    index_name = row["relname_index"]
+
+                    table_indexes = indexes[(schema, table_name)]
+
+                    all_elements = row["elements"]
+                    all_elements_is_expr = row["elements_is_expr"]
+                    indnkeyatts = row["indnkeyatts"]
+                    # "The number of key columns in the index, not counting any
+                    # included columns, which are merely stored and do not
+                    # participate in the index semantics"
+                    if indnkeyatts and len(all_elements) > indnkeyatts:
+                        # this is a "covering index" which has INCLUDE columns
+                        # as well as regular index columns
+                        inc_cols = all_elements[indnkeyatts:]
+                        idx_elements = all_elements[:indnkeyatts]
+                        idx_elements_is_expr = all_elements_is_expr[
+                            :indnkeyatts
+                        ]
+                        # postgresql does not support expression on included
+                        # columns as of v14: "ERROR: expressions are not
+                        # supported in included columns".
+                        assert all(
+                            not is_expr
+                            for is_expr in all_elements_is_expr[indnkeyatts:]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        idx_elements = all_elements
+                        idx_elements_is_expr = all_elements_is_expr
+                        inc_cols = []
+
+                    index = {"name": index_name, "unique": row["indisunique"]}
+                    if any(idx_elements_is_expr):
+                        index["column_names"] = [
+                            None if is_expr else expr
+                            for expr, is_expr in zip(
+                                idx_elements, idx_elements_is_expr
+                            )
+                        ]
+                        index["expressions"] = idx_elements
+                    else:
+                        index["column_names"] = idx_elements
+
+                    sorting = {}
+                    for col_index, col_flags in enumerate(row["indoption"]):
+                        col_sorting = ()
+                        # try to set flags only if they differ from PG
+                        # defaults...
+                        if col_flags & 0x01:
+                            col_sorting += ("desc",)
+                            if not (col_flags & 0x02):
+                                col_sorting += ("nulls_last",)
+                        else:
+                            if col_flags & 0x02:
+                                col_sorting += ("nulls_first",)
+                        if col_sorting:
+                            sorting[idx_elements[col_index]] = col_sorting
+                    if sorting:
+                        index["column_sorting"] = sorting
+                    if row["has_constraint"]:
+                        index["duplicates_constraint"] = index_name
+
+                    dialect_options = {}
+                    if row["reloptions"]:
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_with"] = dict(
+                            [
+                                option.split("=", 1)
+                                for option in row["reloptions"]
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    # it *might* be nice to include that this is 'btree' in the
+                    # reflection info.  But we don't want an Index object
+                    # to have a ``postgresql_using`` in it that is just the
+                    # default, so for the moment leaving this out.
+                    amname = row["amname"]
+                    if amname != "btree":
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_using"] = row["amname"]
+                    if row["filter_definition"]:
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_where"] = row[
+                            "filter_definition"
+                        ]
+                    if self.server_version_info >= (11,):
+                        # NOTE: this is legacy, this is part of
+                        # dialect_options now as of #7382
+                        index["include_columns"] = inc_cols
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_include"] = inc_cols
+                    if row["indnullsnotdistinct"]:
+                        # the default is False, so ignore it.
+                        dialect_options["postgresql_nulls_not_distinct"] = row[
+                            "indnullsnotdistinct"
+                        ]
+
+                    if dialect_options:
+                        index["dialect_options"] = dialect_options
+
+                    table_indexes.append(index)
+        return indexes.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        data = self.get_multi_unique_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema=schema,
+            filter_names=[table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        kind,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        result = self._reflect_constraint(
+            connection, "u", schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+        )
+
+        # each table can have multiple unique constraints
+        uniques = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints
+        for table_name, cols, con_name, comment, options in result:
+            # ensure a list is created for each table. leave it empty if
+            # the table has no unique cosntraint
+            if con_name is None:
+                uniques[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                continue
+
+            uc_dict = {
+                "column_names": cols,
+                "name": con_name,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            if options:
+                if options["nullsnotdistinct"]:
+                    uc_dict["dialect_options"] = {
+                        "postgresql_nulls_not_distinct": options[
+                            "nullsnotdistinct"
+                        ]
+                    }
+
+            uniques[(schema, table_name)].append(uc_dict)
+        return uniques.items()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_comment(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_table_comment(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            [table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _comment_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objsubid == 0,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_description.c.classoid
+                    == sql.func.cast("pg_catalog.pg_class", REGCLASS),
+                ),
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._comment_query(schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind)
+        result = connection.execute(query, params)
+
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.table_comment
+        return (
+            (
+                (schema, table),
+                {"text": comment} if comment is not None else default(),
+            )
+            for table, comment in result
+        )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        data = self.get_multi_check_constraints(
+            connection,
+            schema,
+            [table_name],
+            scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+            kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return self._value_or_raise(data, table_name, schema)
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _check_constraint_query(self, schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind):
+        relkinds = self._kind_to_relkinds(kind)
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+                # NOTE: avoid calling pg_get_constraintdef when not needed
+                # to speed up the query
+                sql.case(
+                    (
+                        pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid.is_not(None),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(
+                            pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid, True
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    else_=None,
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.description,
+            )
+            .select_from(pg_catalog.pg_class)
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint,
+                sql.and_(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_class.c.oid
+                    == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conrelid,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contype == "c",
+                ),
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_description,
+                pg_catalog.pg_description.c.objoid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid,
+            )
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname,
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname,
+            )
+            .where(self._pg_class_relkind_condition(relkinds))
+        )
+        query = self._pg_class_filter_scope_schema(query, schema, scope)
+        if has_filter_names:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_class.c.relname.in_(bindparam("filter_names"))
+            )
+        return query
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self, connection, schema, filter_names, scope, kind, **kw
+    ):
+        has_filter_names, params = self._prepare_filter_names(filter_names)
+        query = self._check_constraint_query(
+            schema, has_filter_names, scope, kind
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(query, params)
+
+        check_constraints = defaultdict(list)
+        default = ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints
+        for table_name, check_name, src, comment in result:
+            # only two cases for check_name and src: both null or both defined
+            if check_name is None and src is None:
+                check_constraints[(schema, table_name)] = default()
+                continue
+            # samples:
+            # "CHECK (((a > 1) AND (a < 5)))"
+            # "CHECK (((a = 1) OR ((a > 2) AND (a < 5))))"
+            # "CHECK (((a > 1) AND (a < 5))) NOT VALID"
+            # "CHECK (some_boolean_function(a))"
+            # "CHECK (((a\n < 1)\n OR\n (a\n >= 5))\n)"
+            # "CHECK (a NOT NULL) NO INHERIT"
+            # "CHECK (a NOT NULL) NO INHERIT NOT VALID"
+
+            m = re.match(
+                r"^CHECK *\((.+)\)( NO INHERIT)?( NOT VALID)?$",
+                src,
+                flags=re.DOTALL,
+            )
+            if not m:
+                util.warn("Could not parse CHECK constraint text: %r" % src)
+                sqltext = ""
+            else:
+                sqltext = re.compile(
+                    r"^[\s\n]*\((.+)\)[\s\n]*$", flags=re.DOTALL
+                ).sub(r"\1", m.group(1))
+            entry = {
+                "name": check_name,
+                "sqltext": sqltext,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            if m:
+                do = {}
+                if " NOT VALID" in m.groups():
+                    do["not_valid"] = True
+                if " NO INHERIT" in m.groups():
+                    do["no_inherit"] = True
+                if do:
+                    entry["dialect_options"] = do
+
+            check_constraints[(schema, table_name)].append(entry)
+        return check_constraints.items()
+
+    def _pg_type_filter_schema(self, query, schema):
+        if schema is None:
+            query = query.where(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid),
+                # ignore pg_catalog schema
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname != "pg_catalog",
+            )
+        elif schema != "*":
+            query = query.where(pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname == schema)
+        return query
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _enum_query(self, schema):
+        lbl_agg_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumtypid,
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    aggregate_order_by(
+                        # NOTE: cast since some postgresql derivatives may
+                        # not support array_agg on the name type
+                        pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumlabel.cast(TEXT),
+                        pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumsortorder,
+                    )
+                ).label("labels"),
+            )
+            .group_by(pg_catalog.pg_enum.c.enumtypid)
+            .subquery("lbl_agg")
+        )
+
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname.label("name"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid).label(
+                    "visible"
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname.label("schema"),
+                lbl_agg_sq.c.labels.label("labels"),
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnamespace,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                lbl_agg_sq, pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid == lbl_agg_sq.c.enumtypid
+            )
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typtype == "e")
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname, pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname
+            )
+        )
+
+        return self._pg_type_filter_schema(query, schema)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _load_enums(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.supports_native_enum:
+            return []
+
+        result = connection.execute(self._enum_query(schema))
+
+        enums = []
+        for name, visible, schema, labels in result:
+            enums.append(
+                {
+                    "name": name,
+                    "schema": schema,
+                    "visible": visible,
+                    "labels": [] if labels is None else labels,
+                }
+            )
+        return enums
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def _domain_query(self, schema):
+        con_sq = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contypid,
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_get_constraintdef(
+                        pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.oid, True
+                    )
+                ).label("condefs"),
+                sql.func.array_agg(
+                    # NOTE: cast since some postgresql derivatives may
+                    # not support array_agg on the name type
+                    pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.conname.cast(TEXT)
+                ).label("connames"),
+            )
+            # The domain this constraint is on; zero if not a domain constraint
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contypid != 0)
+            .group_by(pg_catalog.pg_constraint.c.contypid)
+            .subquery("domain_constraints")
+        )
+
+        query = (
+            select(
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname.label("name"),
+                pg_catalog.format_type(
+                    pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typbasetype,
+                    pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typtypmod,
+                ).label("attype"),
+                (~pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnotnull).label("nullable"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typdefault.label("default"),
+                pg_catalog.pg_type_is_visible(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid).label(
+                    "visible"
+                ),
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname.label("schema"),
+                con_sq.c.condefs,
+                con_sq.c.connames,
+                pg_catalog.pg_collation.c.collname,
+            )
+            .join(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace,
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.oid
+                == pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typnamespace,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                pg_catalog.pg_collation,
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typcollation
+                == pg_catalog.pg_collation.c.oid,
+            )
+            .outerjoin(
+                con_sq,
+                pg_catalog.pg_type.c.oid == con_sq.c.contypid,
+            )
+            .where(pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typtype == "d")
+            .order_by(
+                pg_catalog.pg_namespace.c.nspname, pg_catalog.pg_type.c.typname
+            )
+        )
+        return self._pg_type_filter_schema(query, schema)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _load_domains(self, connection, schema=None, **kw):
+        result = connection.execute(self._domain_query(schema))
+
+        domains: List[ReflectedDomain] = []
+        for domain in result.mappings():
+            # strip (30) from character varying(30)
+            attype = re.search(r"([^\(]+)", domain["attype"]).group(1)
+            constraints: List[ReflectedDomainConstraint] = []
+            if domain["connames"]:
+                # When a domain has multiple CHECK constraints, they will
+                # be tested in alphabetical order by name.
+                sorted_constraints = sorted(
+                    zip(domain["connames"], domain["condefs"]),
+                    key=lambda t: t[0],
+                )
+                for name, def_ in sorted_constraints:
+                    # constraint is in the form "CHECK (expression)"
+                    # or "NOT NULL". Ignore the "NOT NULL" and
+                    # remove "CHECK (" and the tailing ")".
+                    if def_.casefold().startswith("check"):
+                        check = def_[7:-1]
+                        constraints.append({"name": name, "check": check})
+            domain_rec: ReflectedDomain = {
+                "name": domain["name"],
+                "schema": domain["schema"],
+                "visible": domain["visible"],
+                "type": attype,
+                "nullable": domain["nullable"],
+                "default": domain["default"],
+                "constraints": constraints,
+                "collation": domain["collname"],
+            }
+            domains.append(domain_rec)
+
+        return domains
+
+    def _set_backslash_escapes(self, connection):
+        # this method is provided as an override hook for descendant
+        # dialects (e.g. Redshift), so removing it may break them
+        std_string = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "show standard_conforming_strings"
+        ).scalar()
+        self._backslash_escapes = std_string == "off"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/dml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1187b6bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/dml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import ext
+from .._typing import _OnConflictConstraintT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexElementsT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexWhereT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictSetT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictWhereT
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import schema
+from ...sql._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+from ...sql.base import _exclusive_against
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ...sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+from ...sql.dml import Insert as StandardInsert
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+from ...sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ...sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ...sql.elements import TextClause
+from ...sql.expression import alias
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+
+__all__ = ("Insert", "insert")
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct a PostgreSQL-specific variant :class:`_postgresql.Insert`
+    construct.
+
+    .. container:: inherited_member
+
+        The :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.insert` function creates
+        a :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.Insert`.  This class is based
+        on the dialect-agnostic :class:`_sql.Insert` construct which may
+        be constructed using the :func:`_sql.insert` function in
+        SQLAlchemy Core.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.Insert` construct includes additional methods
+    :meth:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`,
+    :meth:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`.
+
+    """
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+class Insert(StandardInsert):
+    """PostgreSQL-specific implementation of INSERT.
+
+    Adds methods for PG-specific syntaxes such as ON CONFLICT.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.insert` function.
+
+    """
+
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def excluded(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Provide the ``excluded`` namespace for an ON CONFLICT statement
+
+        PG's ON CONFLICT clause allows reference to the row that would
+        be inserted, known as ``excluded``.  This attribute provides
+        all columns in this row to be referenceable.
+
+        .. tip::  The :attr:`_postgresql.Insert.excluded` attribute is an
+            instance of :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`, which provides
+            an interface the same as that of the :attr:`_schema.Table.c`
+            collection described at :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+            With this collection, ordinary names are accessible like attributes
+            (e.g. ``stmt.excluded.some_column``), but special names and
+            dictionary method names should be accessed using indexed access,
+            such as ``stmt.excluded["column name"]`` or
+            ``stmt.excluded["values"]``.   See the docstring for
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` for further examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_insert_on_conflict` - example of how
+            to use :attr:`_expression.Insert.excluded`
+
+        """
+        return alias(self.table, name="excluded").columns
+
+    _on_conflict_exclusive = _exclusive_against(
+        "_post_values_clause",
+        msgs={
+            "_post_values_clause": "This Insert construct already has "
+            "an ON CONFLICT clause established"
+        },
+    )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_update(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""
+        Specifies a DO UPDATE SET action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        Either the ``constraint`` or ``index_elements`` argument is
+        required, but only one of these can be specified.
+
+        :param constraint:
+         The name of a unique or exclusion constraint on the table,
+         or the constraint object itself if it has a .name attribute.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        :param set\_:
+         A dictionary or other mapping object
+         where the keys are either names of columns in the target table,
+         or :class:`_schema.Column` objects or other ORM-mapped columns
+         matching that of the target table, and expressions or literals
+         as values, specifying the ``SET`` actions to take.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4 The
+            :paramref:`_postgresql.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_`
+            parameter supports :class:`_schema.Column` objects from the target
+            :class:`_schema.Table` as keys.
+
+         .. warning:: This dictionary does **not** take into account
+            Python-specified default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+            e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+            These values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of
+            UPDATE, unless they are manually specified in the
+            :paramref:`.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+        :param where:
+         Optional argument. An expression object representing a ``WHERE``
+         clause that restricts the rows affected by ``DO UPDATE SET``. Rows not
+         meeting the ``WHERE`` condition will not be updated (effectively a
+         ``DO NOTHING`` for those rows).
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_insert_on_conflict`
+
+        """
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoUpdate(
+            constraint, index_elements, index_where, set_, where
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_nothing(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Specifies a DO NOTHING action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        The ``constraint`` and ``index_elements`` arguments
+        are optional, but only one of these can be specified.
+
+        :param constraint:
+         The name of a unique or exclusion constraint on the table,
+         or the constraint object itself if it has a .name attribute.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_insert_on_conflict`
+
+        """
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoNothing(
+            constraint, index_elements, index_where
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class OnConflictClause(ClauseElement):
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+
+    constraint_target: Optional[str]
+    inferred_target_elements: Optional[List[Union[str, schema.Column[Any]]]]
+    inferred_target_whereclause: Optional[
+        Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        if constraint is not None:
+            if not isinstance(constraint, str) and isinstance(
+                constraint,
+                (schema.Constraint, ext.ExcludeConstraint),
+            ):
+                constraint = getattr(constraint, "name") or constraint
+
+        if constraint is not None:
+            if index_elements is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "'constraint' and 'index_elements' are mutually exclusive"
+                )
+
+            if isinstance(constraint, str):
+                self.constraint_target = constraint
+                self.inferred_target_elements = None
+                self.inferred_target_whereclause = None
+            elif isinstance(constraint, schema.Index):
+                index_elements = constraint.expressions
+                index_where = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"].get(
+                    "where"
+                )
+            elif isinstance(constraint, ext.ExcludeConstraint):
+                index_elements = constraint.columns
+                index_where = constraint.where
+            else:
+                index_elements = constraint.columns
+                index_where = constraint.dialect_options["postgresql"].get(
+                    "where"
+                )
+
+        if index_elements is not None:
+            self.constraint_target = None
+            self.inferred_target_elements = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, column)
+                for column in index_elements
+            ]
+
+            self.inferred_target_whereclause = (
+                coercions.expect(
+                    (
+                        roles.StatementOptionRole
+                        if isinstance(constraint, ext.ExcludeConstraint)
+                        else roles.WhereHavingRole
+                    ),
+                    index_where,
+                )
+                if index_where is not None
+                else None
+            )
+
+        elif constraint is None:
+            self.constraint_target = self.inferred_target_elements = (
+                self.inferred_target_whereclause
+            ) = None
+
+
+class OnConflictDoNothing(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_nothing"
+
+
+class OnConflictDoUpdate(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_update"
+
+    update_values_to_set: List[Tuple[Union[schema.Column[Any], str], Any]]
+    update_whereclause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        constraint: _OnConflictConstraintT = None,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            constraint=constraint,
+            index_elements=index_elements,
+            index_where=index_where,
+        )
+
+        if (
+            self.inferred_target_elements is None
+            and self.constraint_target is None
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Either constraint or index_elements, "
+                "but not both, must be specified unless DO NOTHING"
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(set_, dict):
+            if not set_:
+                raise ValueError("set parameter dictionary must not be empty")
+        elif isinstance(set_, ColumnCollection):
+            set_ = dict(set_)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "set parameter must be a non-empty dictionary "
+                "or a ColumnCollection such as the `.c.` collection "
+                "of a Table object"
+            )
+        self.update_values_to_set = [
+            (coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, key), value)
+            for key, value in set_.items()
+        ]
+        self.update_whereclause = (
+            coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, where)
+            if where is not None
+            else None
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ext.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ext.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94466ae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,501 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/ext.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from . import types
+from .array import ARRAY
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import expression
+from ...sql import functions
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import schema
+from ...sql.schema import ColumnCollectionConstraint
+from ...sql.sqltypes import TEXT
+from ...sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+
+
+class aggregate_order_by(expression.ColumnElement):
+    """Represent a PostgreSQL aggregate order by expression.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import aggregate_order_by
+
+        expr = func.array_agg(aggregate_order_by(table.c.a, table.c.b.desc()))
+        stmt = select(expr)
+
+    would represent the expression:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT array_agg(a ORDER BY b DESC) FROM table;
+
+    Similarly::
+
+        expr = func.string_agg(
+            table.c.a, aggregate_order_by(literal_column("','"), table.c.a)
+        )
+        stmt = select(expr)
+
+    Would represent:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT string_agg(a, ',' ORDER BY a) FROM table;
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2.13 - the ORDER BY argument may be multiple terms
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_functions.array_agg`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "aggregate_order_by"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("target", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("order_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, target, *order_by):
+        self.target = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, target)
+        self.type = self.target.type
+
+        _lob = len(order_by)
+        if _lob == 0:
+            raise TypeError("at least one ORDER BY element is required")
+        elif _lob == 1:
+            self.order_by = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole, order_by[0]
+            )
+        else:
+            self.order_by = elements.ClauseList(
+                *order_by, _literal_as_text_role=roles.ExpressionElementRole
+            )
+
+    def self_group(self, against=None):
+        return self
+
+    def get_children(self, **kwargs):
+        return self.target, self.order_by
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, clone=elements._clone, **kw):
+        self.target = clone(self.target, **kw)
+        self.order_by = clone(self.order_by, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        return self.target._from_objects + self.order_by._from_objects
+
+
+class ExcludeConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level EXCLUDE constraint.
+
+    Defines an EXCLUDE constraint as described in the `PostgreSQL
+    documentation`__.
+
+    __ https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtable.html#SQL-CREATETABLE-EXCLUDE
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    __visit_name__ = "exclude_constraint"
+
+    where = None
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    create_drop_stringify_dialect = "postgresql"
+
+    @elements._document_text_coercion(
+        "where",
+        ":class:`.ExcludeConstraint`",
+        ":paramref:`.ExcludeConstraint.where`",
+    )
+    def __init__(self, *elements, **kw):
+        r"""
+        Create an :class:`.ExcludeConstraint` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            const = ExcludeConstraint(
+                (Column("period"), "&&"),
+                (Column("group"), "="),
+                where=(Column("group") != "some group"),
+                ops={"group": "my_operator_class"},
+            )
+
+        The constraint is normally embedded into the :class:`_schema.Table`
+        construct
+        directly, or added later using :meth:`.append_constraint`::
+
+            some_table = Table(
+                "some_table",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("period", TSRANGE()),
+                Column("group", String),
+            )
+
+            some_table.append_constraint(
+                ExcludeConstraint(
+                    (some_table.c.period, "&&"),
+                    (some_table.c.group, "="),
+                    where=some_table.c.group != "some group",
+                    name="some_table_excl_const",
+                    ops={"group": "my_operator_class"},
+                )
+            )
+
+        The exclude constraint defined in this example requires the
+        ``btree_gist`` extension, that can be created using the
+        command ``CREATE EXTENSION btree_gist;``.
+
+        :param \*elements:
+
+          A sequence of two tuples of the form ``(column, operator)`` where
+          "column" is either a :class:`_schema.Column` object, or a SQL
+          expression element (e.g. ``func.int8range(table.from, table.to)``)
+          or the name of a column as string, and "operator" is a string
+          containing the operator to use (e.g. `"&&"` or `"="`).
+
+          In order to specify a column name when a :class:`_schema.Column`
+          object is not available, while ensuring
+          that any necessary quoting rules take effect, an ad-hoc
+          :class:`_schema.Column` or :func:`_expression.column`
+          object should be used.
+          The ``column`` may also be a string SQL expression when
+          passed as :func:`_expression.literal_column` or
+          :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param using:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit USING <index_method> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint. Defaults to 'gist'.
+
+        :param where:
+          Optional SQL expression construct or literal SQL string.
+          If set, emit WHERE <predicate> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param ops:
+          Optional dictionary.  Used to define operator classes for the
+          elements; works the same way as that of the
+          :ref:`postgresql_ops <postgresql_operator_classes>`
+          parameter specified to the :class:`_schema.Index` construct.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3.21
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_operator_classes` - general description of how
+            PostgreSQL operator classes are specified.
+
+        """
+        columns = []
+        render_exprs = []
+        self.operators = {}
+
+        expressions, operators = zip(*elements)
+
+        for (expr, column, strname, add_element), operator in zip(
+            coercions.expect_col_expression_collection(
+                roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, expressions
+            ),
+            operators,
+        ):
+            if add_element is not None:
+                columns.append(add_element)
+
+            name = column.name if column is not None else strname
+
+            if name is not None:
+                # backwards compat
+                self.operators[name] = operator
+
+            render_exprs.append((expr, name, operator))
+
+        self._render_exprs = render_exprs
+
+        ColumnCollectionConstraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            *columns,
+            name=kw.get("name"),
+            deferrable=kw.get("deferrable"),
+            initially=kw.get("initially"),
+        )
+        self.using = kw.get("using", "gist")
+        where = kw.get("where")
+        if where is not None:
+            self.where = coercions.expect(roles.StatementOptionRole, where)
+
+        self.ops = kw.get("ops", {})
+
+    def _set_parent(self, table, **kw):
+        super()._set_parent(table)
+
+        self._render_exprs = [
+            (
+                expr if not isinstance(expr, str) else table.c[expr],
+                name,
+                operator,
+            )
+            for expr, name, operator in (self._render_exprs)
+        ]
+
+    def _copy(self, target_table=None, **kw):
+        elements = [
+            (
+                schema._copy_expression(expr, self.parent, target_table),
+                operator,
+            )
+            for expr, _, operator in self._render_exprs
+        ]
+        c = self.__class__(
+            *elements,
+            name=self.name,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            where=self.where,
+            using=self.using,
+        )
+        c.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return c
+
+
+def array_agg(*arg, **kw):
+    """PostgreSQL-specific form of :class:`_functions.array_agg`, ensures
+    return type is :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` and not
+    the plain :class:`_types.ARRAY`, unless an explicit ``type_``
+    is passed.
+
+    """
+    kw["_default_array_type"] = ARRAY
+    return functions.func.array_agg(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+class _regconfig_fn(functions.GenericFunction[_T]):
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        args = list(args)
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            initial_arg = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                args.pop(0),
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                type_=types.REGCONFIG,
+            )
+            initial_arg = [initial_arg]
+        else:
+            initial_arg = []
+
+        addtl_args = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+        super().__init__(*(initial_arg + addtl_args), **kwargs)
+
+
+class to_tsvector(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``to_tsvector`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSVECTOR`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.to_tsvector` will be used automatically when invoking
+    ``sqlalchemy.func.to_tsvector()``, ensuring the correct argument and return
+    type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSVECTOR
+
+
+class to_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``to_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.to_tsquery` will be used automatically when invoking
+    ``sqlalchemy.func.to_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct argument and return
+    type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class plainto_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``plainto_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.plainto_tsquery` will be used automatically when
+    invoking ``sqlalchemy.func.plainto_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct
+    argument and return type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class phraseto_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``phraseto_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.phraseto_tsquery` will be used automatically when
+    invoking ``sqlalchemy.func.phraseto_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct
+    argument and return type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class websearch_to_tsquery(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``websearch_to_tsquery`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_postgresql.TSQUERY`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.websearch_to_tsquery` will be used automatically when
+    invoking ``sqlalchemy.func.websearch_to_tsquery()``, ensuring the correct
+    argument and return type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = types.TSQUERY
+
+
+class ts_headline(_regconfig_fn):
+    """The PostgreSQL ``ts_headline`` SQL function.
+
+    This function applies automatic casting of the REGCONFIG argument
+    to use the :class:`_postgresql.REGCONFIG` datatype automatically,
+    and applies a return type of :class:`_types.TEXT`.
+
+    Assuming the PostgreSQL dialect has been imported, either by invoking
+    ``from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql``, or by creating a PostgreSQL
+    engine using ``create_engine("postgresql...")``,
+    :class:`_postgresql.ts_headline` will be used automatically when invoking
+    ``sqlalchemy.func.ts_headline()``, ensuring the correct argument and return
+    type handlers are used at compile and execution time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    type = TEXT
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        args = list(args)
+
+        # parse types according to
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch-controls.html#TEXTSEARCH-HEADLINE
+        if len(args) < 2:
+            # invalid args; don't do anything
+            has_regconfig = False
+        elif (
+            isinstance(args[1], elements.ColumnElement)
+            and args[1].type._type_affinity is types.TSQUERY
+        ):
+            # tsquery is second argument, no regconfig argument
+            has_regconfig = False
+        else:
+            has_regconfig = True
+
+        if has_regconfig:
+            initial_arg = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                args.pop(0),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                type_=types.REGCONFIG,
+            )
+            initial_arg = [initial_arg]
+        else:
+            initial_arg = []
+
+        addtl_args = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+        super().__init__(*(initial_arg + addtl_args), **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a915b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/hstore.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import re
+
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import GETITEM
+from .operators import HAS_ALL
+from .operators import HAS_ANY
+from .operators import HAS_KEY
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import functions as sqlfunc
+
+
+__all__ = ("HSTORE", "hstore")
+
+
+class HSTORE(sqltypes.Indexable, sqltypes.Concatenable, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL HSTORE type.
+
+    The :class:`.HSTORE` type stores dictionaries containing strings, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table(
+            "data_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", HSTORE),
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(), data={"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    :class:`.HSTORE` provides for a wide range of operations, including:
+
+    * Index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data["some key"] == "some value"
+
+    * Containment operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_key("some key")
+
+        data_table.c.data.has_all(["one", "two", "three"])
+
+    * Concatenation::
+
+        data_table.c.data + {"k1": "v1"}
+
+    For a full list of special methods see
+    :class:`.HSTORE.comparator_factory`.
+
+    .. container:: topic
+
+        **Detecting Changes in HSTORE columns when using the ORM**
+
+        For usage with the SQLAlchemy ORM, it may be desirable to combine the
+        usage of :class:`.HSTORE` with :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary now
+        part of the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension. This extension
+        will allow "in-place" changes to the dictionary, e.g. addition of new
+        keys or replacement/removal of existing keys to/from the current
+        dictionary, to produce events which will be detected by the unit of
+        work::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableDict
+
+
+            class MyClass(Base):
+                __tablename__ = "data_table"
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                data = Column(MutableDict.as_mutable(HSTORE))
+
+
+            my_object = session.query(MyClass).one()
+
+            # in-place mutation, requires Mutable extension
+            # in order for the ORM to detect
+            my_object.data["some_key"] = "some value"
+
+            session.commit()
+
+        When the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension is not used, the ORM
+        will not be alerted to any changes to the contents of an existing
+        dictionary, unless that dictionary value is re-assigned to the
+        HSTORE-attribute itself, thus generating a change event.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.hstore` - render the PostgreSQL ``hstore()`` function.
+
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __visit_name__ = "HSTORE"
+    hashable = False
+    text_type = sqltypes.Text()
+
+    def __init__(self, text_type=None):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.HSTORE`.
+
+        :param text_type: the type that should be used for indexed values.
+         Defaults to :class:`_types.Text`.
+
+        """
+        if text_type is not None:
+            self.text_type = text_type
+
+    class Comparator(
+        sqltypes.Indexable.Comparator, sqltypes.Concatenable.Comparator
+    ):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`.HSTORE`."""
+
+        def has_key(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key.  Note that the
+            key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(HAS_KEY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_all(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in jsonb"""
+            return self.operate(HAS_ALL, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_any(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in jsonb"""
+            return self.operate(HAS_ANY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contains(self, other, **kwargs):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys (or array) are a superset
+            of/contained the keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.operate(CONTAINS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument jsonb expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                CONTAINED_BY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index):
+            return GETITEM, index, self.type.text_type
+
+        def defined(self, key):
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a non-NULL value for
+            the key.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return _HStoreDefinedFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def delete(self, key):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns the contents of this hstore with the
+            given key deleted.  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            if isinstance(key, dict):
+                key = _serialize_hstore(key)
+            return _HStoreDeleteFunction(self.expr, key)
+
+        def slice(self, array):
+            """HStore expression.  Returns a subset of an hstore defined by
+            array of keys.
+            """
+            return _HStoreSliceFunction(self.expr, array)
+
+        def keys(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of keys."""
+            return _HStoreKeysFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def vals(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of values."""
+            return _HStoreValsFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def array(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of alternating keys and
+            values.
+            """
+            return _HStoreArrayFunction(self.expr)
+
+        def matrix(self):
+            """Text array expression.  Returns array of [key, value] pairs."""
+            return _HStoreMatrixFunction(self.expr)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        # note that dialect-specific types like that of psycopg and
+        # psycopg2 will override this method to allow driver-level conversion
+        # instead, see _PsycopgHStore
+        def process(value):
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                return _serialize_hstore(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        # note that dialect-specific types like that of psycopg and
+        # psycopg2 will override this method to allow driver-level conversion
+        # instead, see _PsycopgHStore
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return _parse_hstore(value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class hstore(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    """Construct an hstore value within a SQL expression using the
+    PostgreSQL ``hstore()`` function.
+
+    The :class:`.hstore` function accepts one or two arguments as described
+    in the PostgreSQL documentation.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array, hstore
+
+        select(hstore("key1", "value1"))
+
+        select(
+            hstore(
+                array(["key1", "key2", "key3"]),
+                array(["value1", "value2", "value3"]),
+            )
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.HSTORE` - the PostgreSQL ``HSTORE`` datatype.
+
+    """
+
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = "hstore"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreDefinedFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = sqltypes.Boolean
+    name = "defined"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreDeleteFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = "delete"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreSliceFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = HSTORE
+    name = "slice"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreKeysFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "akeys"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreValsFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "avals"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreArrayFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "hstore_to_array"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _HStoreMatrixFunction(sqlfunc.GenericFunction):
+    type = ARRAY(sqltypes.Text)
+    name = "hstore_to_matrix"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+#
+# parsing.  note that none of this is used with the psycopg2 backend,
+# which provides its own native extensions.
+#
+
+# My best guess at the parsing rules of hstore literals, since no formal
+# grammar is given.  This is mostly reverse engineered from PG's input parser
+# behavior.
+HSTORE_PAIR_RE = re.compile(
+    r"""
+(
+  "(?P<key> (\\ . | [^"])* )"       # Quoted key
+)
+[ ]* => [ ]*    # Pair operator, optional adjoining whitespace
+(
+    (?P<value_null> NULL )          # NULL value
+  | "(?P<value> (\\ . | [^"])* )"   # Quoted value
+)
+""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE = re.compile(
+    r"""
+[ ]* , [ ]*
+""",
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
+
+def _parse_error(hstore_str, pos):
+    """format an unmarshalling error."""
+
+    ctx = 20
+    hslen = len(hstore_str)
+
+    parsed_tail = hstore_str[max(pos - ctx - 1, 0) : min(pos, hslen)]
+    residual = hstore_str[min(pos, hslen) : min(pos + ctx + 1, hslen)]
+
+    if len(parsed_tail) > ctx:
+        parsed_tail = "[...]" + parsed_tail[1:]
+    if len(residual) > ctx:
+        residual = residual[:-1] + "[...]"
+
+    return "After %r, could not parse residual at position %d: %r" % (
+        parsed_tail,
+        pos,
+        residual,
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_hstore(hstore_str):
+    """Parse an hstore from its literal string representation.
+
+    Attempts to approximate PG's hstore input parsing rules as closely as
+    possible. Although currently this is not strictly necessary, since the
+    current implementation of hstore's output syntax is stricter than what it
+    accepts as input, the documentation makes no guarantees that will always
+    be the case.
+
+
+
+    """
+    result = {}
+    pos = 0
+    pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str)
+
+    while pair_match is not None:
+        key = pair_match.group("key").replace(r"\"", '"').replace("\\\\", "\\")
+        if pair_match.group("value_null"):
+            value = None
+        else:
+            value = (
+                pair_match.group("value")
+                .replace(r"\"", '"')
+                .replace("\\\\", "\\")
+            )
+        result[key] = value
+
+        pos += pair_match.end()
+
+        delim_match = HSTORE_DELIMITER_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+        if delim_match is not None:
+            pos += delim_match.end()
+
+        pair_match = HSTORE_PAIR_RE.match(hstore_str[pos:])
+
+    if pos != len(hstore_str):
+        raise ValueError(_parse_error(hstore_str, pos))
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _serialize_hstore(val):
+    """Serialize a dictionary into an hstore literal.  Keys and values must
+    both be strings (except None for values).
+
+    """
+
+    def esc(s, position):
+        if position == "value" and s is None:
+            return "NULL"
+        elif isinstance(s, str):
+            return '"%s"' % s.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', r"\"")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "%r in %s position is not a string." % (s, position)
+            )
+
+    return ", ".join(
+        "%s=>%s" % (esc(k, "key"), esc(v, "value")) for k, v in val.items()
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06f8db5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .array import array as _pg_array
+from .operators import ASTEXT
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import DELETE_PATH
+from .operators import HAS_ALL
+from .operators import HAS_ANY
+from .operators import HAS_KEY
+from .operators import JSONPATH_ASTEXT
+from .operators import PATH_EXISTS
+from .operators import PATH_MATCH
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import cast
+from ...sql._typing import _T
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ...sql.type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import _LiteralProcessorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+__all__ = ("JSON", "JSONB")
+
+
+class JSONPathType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, super_proc: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], Any]:
+        def process(value: Any) -> Any:
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                # If it's already a string assume that it's in json path
+                # format. This allows using cast with json paths literals
+                return value
+            elif value:
+                # If it's already a string assume that it's in json path
+                # format. This allows using cast with json paths literals
+                value = "{%s}" % (", ".join(map(str, value)))
+            else:
+                value = "{}"
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect: Dialect) -> _BindProcessorType[Any]:
+        return self._processor(dialect, self.string_bind_processor(dialect))  # type: ignore[return-value]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> _LiteralProcessorType[Any]:
+        return self._processor(dialect, self.string_literal_processor(dialect))  # type: ignore[return-value]  # noqa: E501
+
+
+class JSONPATH(JSONPathType):
+    """JSON Path Type.
+
+    This is usually required to cast literal values to json path when using
+    json search like function, such as ``jsonb_path_query_array`` or
+    ``jsonb_path_exists``::
+
+        stmt = sa.select(
+            sa.func.jsonb_path_query_array(
+                table.c.jsonb_col, cast("$.address.id", JSONPATH)
+            )
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "JSONPATH"
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL JSON type.
+
+    :class:`_postgresql.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a PostgreSQL backend,
+    however base :class:`_types.JSON` datatype does not provide Python
+    accessors for PostgreSQL-specific comparison methods such as
+    :meth:`_postgresql.JSON.Comparator.astext`; additionally, to use
+    PostgreSQL ``JSONB``, the :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` datatype should
+    be used explicitly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The operators provided by the PostgreSQL version of :class:`_types.JSON`
+    include:
+
+    * Index operations (the ``->`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data["some key"]
+
+        data_table.c.data[5]
+
+    * Index operations returning text
+      (the ``->>`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data["some key"].astext == "some value"
+
+      Note that equivalent functionality is available via the
+      :attr:`.JSON.Comparator.as_string` accessor.
+
+    * Index operations with CAST
+      (equivalent to ``CAST(col ->> ['some key'] AS <type>)``)::
+
+        data_table.c.data["some key"].astext.cast(Integer) == 5
+
+      Note that equivalent functionality is available via the
+      :attr:`.JSON.Comparator.as_integer` and similar accessors.
+
+    * Path index operations (the ``#>`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[("key_1", "key_2", 5, ..., "key_n")]
+
+    * Path index operations returning text (the ``#>>`` operator)::
+
+        data_table.c.data[
+            ("key_1", "key_2", 5, ..., "key_n")
+        ].astext == "some value"
+
+    Index operations return an expression object whose type defaults to
+    :class:`_types.JSON` by default,
+    so that further JSON-oriented instructions
+    may be called upon the result type.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers are specified at the dialect level,
+    that is using :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  The reason for this is that when
+    using psycopg2, the DBAPI only allows serializers at the per-cursor
+    or per-connection level.   E.g.::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+            json_serializer=my_serialize_fn,
+            json_deserializer=my_deserialize_fn,
+        )
+
+    When using the psycopg2 dialect, the json_deserializer is registered
+    against the database using ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - Core level JSON type
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.JSONB`
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+    astext_type: TypeEngine[str] = sqltypes.Text()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        none_as_null: bool = False,
+        astext_type: Optional[TypeEngine[str]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a :class:`_types.JSON` type.
+
+        :param none_as_null: if True, persist the value ``None`` as a
+         SQL NULL value, not the JSON encoding of ``null``.   Note that
+         when this flag is False, the :func:`.null` construct can still
+         be used to persist a NULL value::
+
+             from sqlalchemy import null
+
+             conn.execute(table.insert(), {"data": null()})
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+              :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`
+
+        :param astext_type: the type to use for the
+         :attr:`.JSON.Comparator.astext`
+         accessor on indexed attributes.  Defaults to :class:`_types.Text`.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(none_as_null=none_as_null)
+        if astext_type is not None:
+            self.astext_type = astext_type
+
+    class Comparator(sqltypes.JSON.Comparator[_T]):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.JSON`."""
+
+        type: JSON
+
+        @property
+        def astext(self) -> ColumnElement[str]:
+            """On an indexed expression, use the "astext" (e.g. "->>")
+            conversion when rendered in SQL.
+
+            E.g.::
+
+                select(data_table.c.data["some key"].astext)
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.cast`
+
+            """
+            if isinstance(self.expr.right.type, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+                return self.expr.left.operate(  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+                    JSONPATH_ASTEXT,
+                    self.expr.right,
+                    result_type=self.type.astext_type,
+                )
+            else:
+                return self.expr.left.operate(  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+                    ASTEXT, self.expr.right, result_type=self.type.astext_type
+                )
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class JSONB(JSON):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL JSONB type.
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` type stores arbitrary JSONB format data,
+    e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table(
+            "data_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", JSONB),
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(), data={"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+            )
+
+    The :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` type includes all operations provided by
+    :class:`_types.JSON`, including the same behaviors for indexing
+    operations.
+    It also adds additional operators specific to JSONB, including
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.has_key`, :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.has_all`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.has_any`, :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.contains`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.contained_by`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.delete_path`,
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.path_exists` and
+    :meth:`.JSONB.Comparator.path_match`.
+
+    Like the :class:`_types.JSON` type, the :class:`_postgresql.JSONB`
+    type does not detect
+    in-place changes when used with the ORM, unless the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension is used.
+
+    Custom serializers and deserializers
+    are shared with the :class:`_types.JSON` class,
+    using the ``json_serializer``
+    and ``json_deserializer`` keyword arguments.  These must be specified
+    at the dialect level using :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  When using
+    psycopg2, the serializers are associated with the jsonb type using
+    ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_jsonb`` on a per-connection basis,
+    in the same way that ``psycopg2.extras.register_default_json`` is used
+    to register these handlers with the json type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "JSONB"
+
+    class Comparator(JSON.Comparator[_T]):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.JSON`."""
+
+        type: JSONB
+
+        def has_key(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of a key (equivalent of
+            the ``?`` operator).  Note that the key may be a SQLA expression.
+            """
+            return self.operate(HAS_KEY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_all(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of all keys in jsonb
+            (equivalent of the ``?&`` operator)
+            """
+            return self.operate(HAS_ALL, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def has_any(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test for presence of any key in jsonb
+            (equivalent of the ``?|`` operator)
+            """
+            return self.operate(HAS_ANY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contains(self, other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys (or array) are a superset
+            of/contained the keys of the argument jsonb expression
+            (equivalent of the ``@>`` operator).
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.operate(CONTAINS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression.  Test if keys are a proper subset of the
+            keys of the argument jsonb expression
+            (equivalent of the ``<@`` operator).
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                CONTAINED_BY, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def delete_path(
+            self, array: Union[List[str], _pg_array[str]]
+        ) -> ColumnElement[JSONB]:
+            """JSONB expression. Deletes field or array element specified in
+            the argument array (equivalent of the ``#-`` operator).
+
+            The input may be a list of strings that will be coerced to an
+            ``ARRAY`` or an instance of :meth:`_postgres.array`.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+            """
+            if not isinstance(array, _pg_array):
+                array = _pg_array(array)
+            right_side = cast(array, ARRAY(sqltypes.TEXT))
+            return self.operate(DELETE_PATH, right_side, result_type=JSONB)
+
+        def path_exists(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Test for presence of item given by the
+            argument JSONPath expression (equivalent of the ``@?`` operator).
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                PATH_EXISTS, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+        def path_match(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Test if JSONPath predicate given by the
+            argument JSONPath expression matches
+            (equivalent of the ``@@`` operator).
+
+            Only the first item of the result is taken into account.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+            """
+            return self.operate(
+                PATH_MATCH, other, result_type=sqltypes.Boolean
+            )
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/named_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/named_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1b8e84c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/named_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,505 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/named_types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from ... import schema
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import type_api
+from ...sql.base import _NoArg
+from ...sql.ddl import InvokeCreateDDLBase
+from ...sql.ddl import InvokeDropDDLBase
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+
+
+class NamedType(sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+    """Base for named types."""
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+    DDLGenerator: Type[NamedTypeGenerator]
+    DDLDropper: Type[NamedTypeDropper]
+    create_type: bool
+
+    def create(self, bind, checkfirst=True, **kw):
+        """Emit ``CREATE`` DDL for this type.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type does not exist already before
+         creating.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(self.DDLGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind, checkfirst=True, **kw):
+        """Emit ``DROP`` DDL for this type.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type actually exists before dropping.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(self.DDLDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _check_for_name_in_memos(self, checkfirst, kw):
+        """Look in the 'ddl runner' for 'memos', then
+        note our name in that collection.
+
+        This to ensure a particular named type is operated
+        upon only once within any kind of create/drop
+        sequence without relying upon "checkfirst".
+
+        """
+        if not self.create_type:
+            return True
+        if "_ddl_runner" in kw:
+            ddl_runner = kw["_ddl_runner"]
+            type_name = f"pg_{self.__visit_name__}"
+            if type_name in ddl_runner.memo:
+                existing = ddl_runner.memo[type_name]
+            else:
+                existing = ddl_runner.memo[type_name] = set()
+            present = (self.schema, self.name) in existing
+            existing.add((self.schema, self.name))
+            return present
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if (
+            checkfirst
+            or (
+                not self.metadata
+                and not kw.get("_is_metadata_operation", False)
+            )
+        ) and not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_table_drop(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if (
+            not self.metadata
+            and not kw.get("_is_metadata_operation", False)
+            and not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw)
+        ):
+            self.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.create(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, checkfirst=False, **kw):
+        if not self._check_for_name_in_memos(checkfirst, kw):
+            self.drop(bind=bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+
+class NamedTypeGenerator(InvokeCreateDDLBase):
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+
+    def _can_create_type(self, type_):
+        if not self.checkfirst:
+            return True
+
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(type_)
+        return not self.connection.dialect.has_type(
+            self.connection, type_.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+
+class NamedTypeDropper(InvokeDropDDLBase):
+    def __init__(self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+
+    def _can_drop_type(self, type_):
+        if not self.checkfirst:
+            return True
+
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(type_)
+        return self.connection.dialect.has_type(
+            self.connection, type_.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+
+class EnumGenerator(NamedTypeGenerator):
+    def visit_enum(self, enum):
+        if not self._can_create_type(enum):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(enum):
+            self.connection.execute(CreateEnumType(enum))
+
+
+class EnumDropper(NamedTypeDropper):
+    def visit_enum(self, enum):
+        if not self._can_drop_type(enum):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(enum):
+            self.connection.execute(DropEnumType(enum))
+
+
+class ENUM(NamedType, type_api.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes.Enum):
+    """PostgreSQL ENUM type.
+
+    This is a subclass of :class:`_types.Enum` which includes
+    support for PG's ``CREATE TYPE`` and ``DROP TYPE``.
+
+    When the builtin type :class:`_types.Enum` is used and the
+    :paramref:`.Enum.native_enum` flag is left at its default of
+    True, the PostgreSQL backend will use a :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`
+    type as the implementation, so the special create/drop rules
+    will be used.
+
+    The create/drop behavior of ENUM is necessarily intricate, due to the
+    awkward relationship the ENUM type has in relationship to the
+    parent table, in that it may be "owned" by just a single table, or
+    may be shared among many tables.
+
+    When using :class:`_types.Enum` or :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`
+    in an "inline" fashion, the ``CREATE TYPE`` and ``DROP TYPE`` is emitted
+    corresponding to when the :meth:`_schema.Table.create` and
+    :meth:`_schema.Table.drop`
+    methods are called::
+
+        table = Table(
+            "sometable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("some_enum", ENUM("a", "b", "c", name="myenum")),
+        )
+
+        table.create(engine)  # will emit CREATE ENUM and CREATE TABLE
+        table.drop(engine)  # will emit DROP TABLE and DROP ENUM
+
+    To use a common enumerated type between multiple tables, the best
+    practice is to declare the :class:`_types.Enum` or
+    :class:`_postgresql.ENUM` independently, and associate it with the
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` object itself::
+
+        my_enum = ENUM("a", "b", "c", name="myenum", metadata=metadata)
+
+        t1 = Table("sometable_one", metadata, Column("some_enum", myenum))
+
+        t2 = Table("sometable_two", metadata, Column("some_enum", myenum))
+
+    When this pattern is used, care must still be taken at the level
+    of individual table creates.  Emitting CREATE TABLE without also
+    specifying ``checkfirst=True`` will still cause issues::
+
+        t1.create(engine)  # will fail: no such type 'myenum'
+
+    If we specify ``checkfirst=True``, the individual table-level create
+    operation will check for the ``ENUM`` and create if not exists::
+
+        # will check if enum exists, and emit CREATE TYPE if not
+        t1.create(engine, checkfirst=True)
+
+    When using a metadata-level ENUM type, the type will always be created
+    and dropped if either the metadata-wide create/drop is called::
+
+        metadata.create_all(engine)  # will emit CREATE TYPE
+        metadata.drop_all(engine)  # will emit DROP TYPE
+
+    The type can also be created and dropped directly::
+
+        my_enum.create(engine)
+        my_enum.drop(engine)
+
+    """
+
+    native_enum = True
+    DDLGenerator = EnumGenerator
+    DDLDropper = EnumDropper
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *enums,
+        name: Union[str, _NoArg, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        create_type: bool = True,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        """Construct an :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        Arguments are the same as that of
+        :class:`_types.Enum`, but also including
+        the following parameters.
+
+        :param create_type: Defaults to True.
+         Indicates that ``CREATE TYPE`` should be
+         emitted, after optionally checking for the
+         presence of the type, when the parent
+         table is being created; and additionally
+         that ``DROP TYPE`` is called when the table
+         is dropped.    When ``False``, no check
+         will be performed and no ``CREATE TYPE``
+         or ``DROP TYPE`` is emitted, unless
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create`
+         or :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop`
+         are called directly.
+         Setting to ``False`` is helpful
+         when invoking a creation scheme to a SQL file
+         without access to the actual database -
+         the :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.create` and
+         :meth:`~.postgresql.ENUM.drop` methods can
+         be used to emit SQL to a target bind.
+
+        """
+        native_enum = kw.pop("native_enum", None)
+        if native_enum is False:
+            util.warn(
+                "the native_enum flag does not apply to the "
+                "sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ENUM datatype; this type "
+                "always refers to ENUM.   Use sqlalchemy.types.Enum for "
+                "non-native enum."
+            )
+        self.create_type = create_type
+        if name is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["name"] = name
+        super().__init__(*enums, **kw)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        super_coerced_type = super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+        if (
+            super_coerced_type._type_affinity
+            is type_api.STRINGTYPE._type_affinity
+        ):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super_coerced_type
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __test_init__(cls):
+        return cls(name="name")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, impl, **kw):
+        """Produce a PostgreSQL native :class:`_postgresql.ENUM` from plain
+        :class:`.Enum`.
+
+        """
+        kw.setdefault("validate_strings", impl.validate_strings)
+        kw.setdefault("name", impl.name)
+        kw.setdefault("schema", impl.schema)
+        kw.setdefault("inherit_schema", impl.inherit_schema)
+        kw.setdefault("metadata", impl.metadata)
+        kw.setdefault("_create_events", False)
+        kw.setdefault("values_callable", impl.values_callable)
+        kw.setdefault("omit_aliases", impl._omit_aliases)
+        kw.setdefault("_adapted_from", impl)
+        if type_api._is_native_for_emulated(impl.__class__):
+            kw.setdefault("create_type", impl.create_type)
+
+        return cls(**kw)
+
+    def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``CREATE TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        PostgreSQL CREATE TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type does not exist already before
+         creating.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        super().create(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=True):
+        """Emit ``DROP TYPE`` for this
+        :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+        If the underlying dialect does not support
+        PostgreSQL DROP TYPE, no action is taken.
+
+        :param bind: a connectable :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         :class:`_engine.Connection`, or similar object to emit
+         SQL.
+        :param checkfirst: if ``True``, a query against
+         the PG catalog will be first performed to see
+         if the type actually exists before dropping.
+
+        """
+        if not bind.dialect.supports_native_enum:
+            return
+
+        super().drop(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        """dont return dbapi.STRING for ENUM in PostgreSQL, since that's
+        a different type"""
+
+        return None
+
+
+class DomainGenerator(NamedTypeGenerator):
+    def visit_DOMAIN(self, domain):
+        if not self._can_create_type(domain):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(domain):
+            self.connection.execute(CreateDomainType(domain))
+
+
+class DomainDropper(NamedTypeDropper):
+    def visit_DOMAIN(self, domain):
+        if not self._can_drop_type(domain):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(domain):
+            self.connection.execute(DropDomainType(domain))
+
+
+class DOMAIN(NamedType, sqltypes.SchemaType):
+    r"""Represent the DOMAIN PostgreSQL type.
+
+    A domain is essentially a data type with optional constraints
+    that restrict the allowed set of values. E.g.::
+
+        PositiveInt = DOMAIN("pos_int", Integer, check="VALUE > 0", not_null=True)
+
+        UsPostalCode = DOMAIN(
+            "us_postal_code",
+            Text,
+            check="VALUE ~ '^\d{5}$' OR VALUE ~ '^\d{5}-\d{4}$'",
+        )
+
+    See the `PostgreSQL documentation`__ for additional details
+
+    __ https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createdomain.html
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    DDLGenerator = DomainGenerator
+    DDLDropper = DomainDropper
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOMAIN"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data_type: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+        *,
+        collation: Optional[str] = None,
+        default: Union[elements.TextClause, str, None] = None,
+        constraint_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        not_null: Optional[bool] = None,
+        check: Union[elements.TextClause, str, None] = None,
+        create_type: bool = True,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a DOMAIN.
+
+        :param name: the name of the domain
+        :param data_type: The underlying data type of the domain.
+          This can include array specifiers.
+        :param collation: An optional collation for the domain.
+          If no collation is specified, the underlying data type's default
+          collation is used. The underlying type must be collatable if
+          ``collation`` is specified.
+        :param default: The DEFAULT clause specifies a default value for
+          columns of the domain data type. The default should be a string
+          or a :func:`_expression.text` value.
+          If no default value is specified, then the default value is
+          the null value.
+        :param constraint_name: An optional name for a constraint.
+          If not specified, the backend generates a name.
+        :param not_null: Values of this domain are prevented from being null.
+          By default domain are allowed to be null. If not specified
+          no nullability clause will be emitted.
+        :param check: CHECK clause specify integrity constraint or test
+          which values of the domain must satisfy. A constraint must be
+          an expression producing a Boolean result that can use the key
+          word VALUE to refer to the value being tested.
+          Differently from PostgreSQL, only a single check clause is
+          currently allowed in SQLAlchemy.
+        :param schema: optional schema name
+        :param metadata: optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` object which
+         this :class:`_postgresql.DOMAIN` will be directly associated
+        :param create_type: Defaults to True.
+         Indicates that ``CREATE TYPE`` should be emitted, after optionally
+         checking for the presence of the type, when the parent table is
+         being created; and additionally that ``DROP TYPE`` is called
+         when the table is dropped.
+
+        """
+        self.data_type = type_api.to_instance(data_type)
+        self.default = default
+        self.collation = collation
+        self.constraint_name = constraint_name
+        self.not_null = bool(not_null)
+        if check is not None:
+            check = coercions.expect(roles.DDLExpressionRole, check)
+        self.check = check
+        self.create_type = create_type
+        super().__init__(name=name, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __test_init__(cls):
+        return cls("name", sqltypes.Integer)
+
+    def adapt(self, impl, **kw):
+        if self.default:
+            kw["default"] = self.default
+        if self.constraint_name is not None:
+            kw["constraint_name"] = self.constraint_name
+        if self.not_null:
+            kw["not_null"] = self.not_null
+        if self.check is not None:
+            kw["check"] = str(self.check)
+        if self.create_type:
+            kw["create_type"] = self.create_type
+
+        return super().adapt(impl, **kw)
+
+
+class CreateEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "create_enum_type"
+
+
+class DropEnumType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_enum_type"
+
+
+class CreateDomainType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a CREATE DOMAIN statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_domain_type"
+
+
+class DropDomainType(schema._CreateDropBase):
+    """Represent a DROP DOMAIN statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_domain_type"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/operators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/operators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ebcafcba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/operators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/operators.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from ...sql import operators
+
+
+_getitem_precedence = operators._PRECEDENCE[operators.json_getitem_op]
+_eq_precedence = operators._PRECEDENCE[operators.eq]
+
+# JSON + JSONB
+ASTEXT = operators.custom_op(
+    "->>",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
+
+JSONPATH_ASTEXT = operators.custom_op(
+    "#>>",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
+
+# JSONB + HSTORE
+HAS_KEY = operators.custom_op(
+    "?",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+HAS_ALL = operators.custom_op(
+    "?&",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+HAS_ANY = operators.custom_op(
+    "?|",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# JSONB
+DELETE_PATH = operators.custom_op(
+    "#-",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
+
+PATH_EXISTS = operators.custom_op(
+    "@?",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+PATH_MATCH = operators.custom_op(
+    "@@",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# JSONB + ARRAY + HSTORE + RANGE
+CONTAINS = operators.custom_op(
+    "@>",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+CONTAINED_BY = operators.custom_op(
+    "<@",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# ARRAY + RANGE
+OVERLAP = operators.custom_op(
+    "&&",
+    precedence=_eq_precedence,
+    is_comparison=True,
+)
+
+# RANGE
+STRICTLY_LEFT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    "<<", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+STRICTLY_RIGHT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    ">>", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+NOT_EXTEND_RIGHT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    "&<", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+NOT_EXTEND_LEFT_OF = operators.custom_op(
+    "&>", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+ADJACENT_TO = operators.custom_op(
+    "-|-", precedence=_eq_precedence, is_comparison=True
+)
+
+# HSTORE
+GETITEM = operators.custom_op(
+    "->",
+    precedence=_getitem_precedence,
+    natural_self_precedent=True,
+    eager_grouping=True,
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf113230
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
@@ -0,0 +1,666 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/pg8000.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors <see AUTHORS
+# file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+pg8000
+    :name: pg8000
+    :dbapi: pg8000
+    :connectstring: postgresql+pg8000://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/pg8000/
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4  The pg8000 dialect has been updated for version
+   1.16.6 and higher, and is again part of SQLAlchemy's continuous integration
+   with full feature support.
+
+.. _pg8000_unicode:
+
+Unicode
+-------
+
+pg8000 will encode / decode string values between it and the server using the
+PostgreSQL ``client_encoding`` parameter; by default this is the value in
+the ``postgresql.conf`` file, which often defaults to ``SQL_ASCII``.
+Typically, this can be changed to ``utf-8``, as a more useful default::
+
+    # client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database encoding
+    client_encoding = utf8
+
+The ``client_encoding`` can be overridden for a session by executing the SQL:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO 'utf8';
+
+SQLAlchemy will execute this SQL on all new connections based on the value
+passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine` using the ``client_encoding`` parameter::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://user:pass@host/dbname", client_encoding="utf8"
+    )
+
+.. _pg8000_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+---------------
+
+pg8000 accepts a Python ``SSLContext`` object which may be specified using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary::
+
+    import ssl
+
+    ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context()
+    engine = sa.create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199/test",
+        connect_args={"ssl_context": ssl_context},
+    )
+
+If the server uses an automatically-generated certificate that is self-signed
+or does not match the host name (as seen from the client), it may also be
+necessary to disable hostname checking::
+
+    import ssl
+
+    ssl_context = ssl.create_default_context()
+    ssl_context.check_hostname = False
+    ssl_context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+    engine = sa.create_engine(
+        "postgresql+pg8000://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199/test",
+        connect_args={"ssl_context": ssl_context},
+    )
+
+.. _pg8000_isolation_level:
+
+pg8000 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+The pg8000 dialect offers the same isolation level settings as that
+of the :ref:`psycopg2 <psycopg2_isolation_level>` dialect:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+import decimal
+import re
+
+from . import ranges
+from .array import ARRAY as PGARRAY
+from .base import _DECIMAL_TYPES
+from .base import _FLOAT_TYPES
+from .base import _INT_TYPES
+from .base import ENUM
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import PGCompiler
+from .base import PGDialect
+from .base import PGExecutionContext
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from .pg_catalog import _SpaceVector
+from .pg_catalog import OIDVECTOR
+from .types import CITEXT
+from ... import exc
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql.elements import quoted_name
+
+
+class _PGString(sqltypes.String):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNumeric(sqltypes.Numeric):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+                )
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns Decimal natively for 1700
+                return None
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+        else:
+            if coltype in _FLOAT_TYPES:
+                # pg8000 returns float natively for 701
+                return None
+            elif coltype in _DECIMAL_TYPES or coltype in _INT_TYPES:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Unknown PG numeric type: %d" % coltype
+                )
+
+
+class _PGFloat(_PGNumeric, sqltypes.Float):
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNumericNoBind(_PGNumeric):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        raise NotImplementedError("should not be here")
+
+
+class _PGJSONIntIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_int_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONStrIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_str_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONPathType(JSONPathType):
+    pass
+
+    # DBAPI type 1009
+
+
+class _PGEnum(ENUM):
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.UNKNOWN
+
+
+class _PGInterval(INTERVAL):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.INTERVAL
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, interval, **kw):
+        return _PGInterval(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+
+class _PGTimeStamp(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGTime(sqltypes.Time):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGSmallInteger(sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNullType(sqltypes.NullType):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGBigInteger(sqltypes.BigInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGARRAY(PGARRAY):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGOIDVECTOR(_SpaceVector, OIDVECTOR):
+    pass
+
+
+class _Pg8000Range(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        pg8000_Range = dialect.dbapi.Range
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = pg8000_Range(
+                    value.lower, value.upper, value.bounds, value.empty
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value.lower,
+                    value.upper,
+                    bounds=value.bounds,
+                    empty=value.is_empty,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _Pg8000MultiRange(ranges.AbstractMultiRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        pg8000_Range = dialect.dbapi.Range
+
+        def to_multirange(value):
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                mr = []
+                for v in value:
+                    if isinstance(v, ranges.Range):
+                        mr.append(
+                            pg8000_Range(v.lower, v.upper, v.bounds, v.empty)
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        mr.append(v)
+                return mr
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        return to_multirange
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_multirange(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return ranges.MultiRange(
+                    ranges.Range(
+                        v.lower, v.upper, bounds=v.bounds, empty=v.is_empty
+                    )
+                    for v in value
+                )
+
+        return to_multirange
+
+
+_server_side_id = util.counter()
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_pg8000(PGExecutionContext):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        ident = "c_%s_%s" % (hex(id(self))[2:], hex(_server_side_id())[2:])
+        return ServerSideCursor(self._dbapi_connection.cursor(), ident)
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        if not self.compiled:
+            return
+
+
+class ServerSideCursor:
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, cursor, ident):
+        self.ident = ident
+        self.cursor = cursor
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self.cursor.connection
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self):
+        return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def description(self):
+        return self.cursor.description
+
+    def execute(self, operation, args=(), stream=None):
+        op = "DECLARE " + self.ident + " NO SCROLL CURSOR FOR " + operation
+        self.cursor.execute(op, args, stream=stream)
+        return self
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, param_sets):
+        self.cursor.executemany(operation, param_sets)
+        return self
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        self.cursor.execute("FETCH FORWARD 1 FROM " + self.ident)
+        return self.cursor.fetchone()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, num=None):
+        if num is None:
+            return self.fetchall()
+        else:
+            self.cursor.execute(
+                "FETCH FORWARD " + str(int(num)) + " FROM " + self.ident
+            )
+            return self.cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        self.cursor.execute("FETCH FORWARD ALL FROM " + self.ident)
+        return self.cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.cursor.execute("CLOSE " + self.ident)
+        self.cursor.close()
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *sizes):
+        self.cursor.setinputsizes(*sizes)
+
+    def setoutputsize(self, size, column=None):
+        pass
+
+
+class PGCompiler_pg8000(PGCompiler):
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+            + " %% "
+            + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        PGIdentifierPreparer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._double_percents = False
+
+
+class PGDialect_pg8000(PGDialect):
+    driver = "pg8000"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+
+    supports_unicode_binds = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "format"
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_pg8000
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_pg8000
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_pg8000
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    # reversed as of pg8000 1.16.6.  1.16.5 and lower
+    # are no longer compatible
+    description_encoding = None
+    # description_encoding = "use_encoding"
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        PGDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.String: _PGString,
+            sqltypes.Numeric: _PGNumericNoBind,
+            sqltypes.Float: _PGFloat,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _PGJSON,
+            sqltypes.Boolean: _PGBoolean,
+            sqltypes.NullType: _PGNullType,
+            JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+            CITEXT: CITEXT,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _PGJSONPathType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: _PGJSONIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType: _PGJSONIntIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType: _PGJSONStrIndexType,
+            sqltypes.Interval: _PGInterval,
+            INTERVAL: _PGInterval,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+            sqltypes.Date: _PGDate,
+            sqltypes.Time: _PGTime,
+            sqltypes.Integer: _PGInteger,
+            sqltypes.SmallInteger: _PGSmallInteger,
+            sqltypes.BigInteger: _PGBigInteger,
+            sqltypes.Enum: _PGEnum,
+            sqltypes.ARRAY: _PGARRAY,
+            OIDVECTOR: _PGOIDVECTOR,
+            ranges.INT4RANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.INT8RANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.NUMRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.DATERANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.TSRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.TSTZRANGE: _Pg8000Range,
+            ranges.INT4MULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.INT8MULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.NUMMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.DATEMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.TSMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+            ranges.TSTZMULTIRANGE: _Pg8000MultiRange,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, client_encoding=None, **kwargs):
+        PGDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+        self.client_encoding = client_encoding
+
+        if self._dbapi_version < (1, 16, 6):
+            raise NotImplementedError("pg8000 1.16.6 or greater is required")
+
+        if self._native_inet_types:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "The pg8000 dialect does not fully implement "
+                "ipaddress type handling; INET is supported by default, "
+                "CIDR is not"
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dbapi_version(self):
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            return tuple(
+                [
+                    int(x)
+                    for x in re.findall(
+                        r"(\d+)(?:[-\.]?|$)", self.dbapi.__version__
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return (99, 99, 99)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("pg8000")
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args(username="user")
+        if "port" in opts:
+            opts["port"] = int(opts["port"])
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.InterfaceError) and "network error" in str(
+            e
+        ):
+            # new as of pg8000 1.19.0 for broken connections
+            return True
+
+        # connection was closed normally
+        return "connection is closed" in str(e)
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return (
+            "AUTOCOMMIT",
+            "READ COMMITTED",
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+            "REPEATABLE READ",
+            "SERIALIZABLE",
+        )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        level = level.replace("_", " ")
+
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.autocommit = False
+            cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION "
+                f"ISOLATION LEVEL {level}"
+            )
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION %s"
+                % ("READ ONLY" if value else "READ WRITE")
+            )
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute("show transaction_read_only")
+            val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+        return val == "on"
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                "SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION %s"
+                % ("DEFERRABLE" if value else "NOT DEFERRABLE")
+            )
+            cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute("show transaction_deferrable")
+            val = cursor.fetchone()[0]
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+        return val == "on"
+
+    def _set_client_encoding(self, dbapi_connection, client_encoding):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(
+            f"""SET CLIENT_ENCODING TO '{
+                client_encoding.replace("'", "''")
+            }'"""
+        )
+        cursor.execute("COMMIT")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_begin((0, xid, ""))
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        connection.connection.tpc_rollback((0, xid, ""))
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        connection.connection.tpc_commit((0, xid, ""))
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection):
+        return [row[1] for row in connection.connection.tpc_recover()]
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        fns = []
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            conn.py_types[quoted_name] = conn.py_types[str]
+
+        fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self._set_client_encoding(conn, self.client_encoding)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self._native_inet_types is False:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                # inet
+                conn.register_in_adapter(869, lambda s: s)
+
+                # cidr
+                conn.register_in_adapter(650, lambda s: s)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self._json_deserializer:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                # json
+                conn.register_in_adapter(114, self._json_deserializer)
+
+                # jsonb
+                conn.register_in_adapter(3802, self._json_deserializer)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if len(fns) > 0:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                for fn in fns:
+                    fn(conn)
+
+            return on_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dialect_specific_select_one(self):
+        return ";"
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_pg8000
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78f390a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/pg_catalog.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .array import ARRAY
+from .types import OID
+from .types import REGCLASS
+from ... import Column
+from ... import func
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Table
+from ...types import BigInteger
+from ...types import Boolean
+from ...types import CHAR
+from ...types import Float
+from ...types import Integer
+from ...types import SmallInteger
+from ...types import String
+from ...types import Text
+from ...types import TypeDecorator
+
+
+# types
+class NAME(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = String(64, collation="C")
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class PG_NODE_TREE(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = Text(collation="C")
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class INT2VECTOR(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = ARRAY(SmallInteger)
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class OIDVECTOR(TypeDecorator):
+    impl = ARRAY(OID)
+    cache_ok = True
+
+
+class _SpaceVector:
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return value
+            return [int(p) for p in value.split(" ")]
+
+        return process
+
+
+REGPROC = REGCLASS  # seems an alias
+
+# functions
+_pg_cat = func.pg_catalog
+quote_ident = _pg_cat.quote_ident
+pg_table_is_visible = _pg_cat.pg_table_is_visible
+pg_type_is_visible = _pg_cat.pg_type_is_visible
+pg_get_viewdef = _pg_cat.pg_get_viewdef
+pg_get_serial_sequence = _pg_cat.pg_get_serial_sequence
+format_type = _pg_cat.format_type
+pg_get_expr = _pg_cat.pg_get_expr
+pg_get_constraintdef = _pg_cat.pg_get_constraintdef
+pg_get_indexdef = _pg_cat.pg_get_indexdef
+
+# constants
+RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN = ("r", "p")
+RELKINDS_TABLE = RELKINDS_TABLE_NO_FOREIGN + ("f",)
+RELKINDS_VIEW = ("v",)
+RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW = ("m",)
+RELKINDS_ALL_TABLE_LIKE = RELKINDS_TABLE + RELKINDS_VIEW + RELKINDS_MAT_VIEW
+
+# tables
+pg_catalog_meta = MetaData(schema="pg_catalog")
+
+pg_namespace = Table(
+    "pg_namespace",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID),
+    Column("nspname", NAME),
+    Column("nspowner", OID),
+)
+
+pg_class = Table(
+    "pg_class",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("relname", NAME),
+    Column("relnamespace", OID),
+    Column("reltype", OID),
+    Column("reloftype", OID),
+    Column("relowner", OID),
+    Column("relam", OID),
+    Column("relfilenode", OID),
+    Column("reltablespace", OID),
+    Column("relpages", Integer),
+    Column("reltuples", Float),
+    Column("relallvisible", Integer, info={"server_version": (9, 2)}),
+    Column("reltoastrelid", OID),
+    Column("relhasindex", Boolean),
+    Column("relisshared", Boolean),
+    Column("relpersistence", CHAR, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("relkind", CHAR),
+    Column("relnatts", SmallInteger),
+    Column("relchecks", SmallInteger),
+    Column("relhasrules", Boolean),
+    Column("relhastriggers", Boolean),
+    Column("relhassubclass", Boolean),
+    Column("relrowsecurity", Boolean),
+    Column("relforcerowsecurity", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 5)}),
+    Column("relispopulated", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("relreplident", CHAR, info={"server_version": (9, 4)}),
+    Column("relispartition", Boolean, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+    Column("relrewrite", OID, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("reloptions", ARRAY(Text)),
+)
+
+pg_type = Table(
+    "pg_type",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("typname", NAME),
+    Column("typnamespace", OID),
+    Column("typowner", OID),
+    Column("typlen", SmallInteger),
+    Column("typbyval", Boolean),
+    Column("typtype", CHAR),
+    Column("typcategory", CHAR),
+    Column("typispreferred", Boolean),
+    Column("typisdefined", Boolean),
+    Column("typdelim", CHAR),
+    Column("typrelid", OID),
+    Column("typelem", OID),
+    Column("typarray", OID),
+    Column("typinput", REGPROC),
+    Column("typoutput", REGPROC),
+    Column("typreceive", REGPROC),
+    Column("typsend", REGPROC),
+    Column("typmodin", REGPROC),
+    Column("typmodout", REGPROC),
+    Column("typanalyze", REGPROC),
+    Column("typalign", CHAR),
+    Column("typstorage", CHAR),
+    Column("typnotnull", Boolean),
+    Column("typbasetype", OID),
+    Column("typtypmod", Integer),
+    Column("typndims", Integer),
+    Column("typcollation", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("typdefault", Text),
+)
+
+pg_index = Table(
+    "pg_index",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("indexrelid", OID),
+    Column("indrelid", OID),
+    Column("indnatts", SmallInteger),
+    Column("indnkeyatts", SmallInteger, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("indisunique", Boolean),
+    Column("indnullsnotdistinct", Boolean, info={"server_version": (15,)}),
+    Column("indisprimary", Boolean),
+    Column("indisexclusion", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("indimmediate", Boolean),
+    Column("indisclustered", Boolean),
+    Column("indisvalid", Boolean),
+    Column("indcheckxmin", Boolean),
+    Column("indisready", Boolean),
+    Column("indislive", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),  # 9.3
+    Column("indisreplident", Boolean),
+    Column("indkey", INT2VECTOR),
+    Column("indcollation", OIDVECTOR, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),  # 9.1
+    Column("indclass", OIDVECTOR),
+    Column("indoption", INT2VECTOR),
+    Column("indexprs", PG_NODE_TREE),
+    Column("indpred", PG_NODE_TREE),
+)
+
+pg_attribute = Table(
+    "pg_attribute",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("attrelid", OID),
+    Column("attname", NAME),
+    Column("atttypid", OID),
+    Column("attstattarget", Integer),
+    Column("attlen", SmallInteger),
+    Column("attnum", SmallInteger),
+    Column("attndims", Integer),
+    Column("attcacheoff", Integer),
+    Column("atttypmod", Integer),
+    Column("attbyval", Boolean),
+    Column("attstorage", CHAR),
+    Column("attalign", CHAR),
+    Column("attnotnull", Boolean),
+    Column("atthasdef", Boolean),
+    Column("atthasmissing", Boolean, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("attidentity", CHAR, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+    Column("attgenerated", CHAR, info={"server_version": (12,)}),
+    Column("attisdropped", Boolean),
+    Column("attislocal", Boolean),
+    Column("attinhcount", Integer),
+    Column("attcollation", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+)
+
+pg_constraint = Table(
+    "pg_constraint",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID),  # 9.3
+    Column("conname", NAME),
+    Column("connamespace", OID),
+    Column("contype", CHAR),
+    Column("condeferrable", Boolean),
+    Column("condeferred", Boolean),
+    Column("convalidated", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("conrelid", OID),
+    Column("contypid", OID),
+    Column("conindid", OID),
+    Column("conparentid", OID, info={"server_version": (11,)}),
+    Column("confrelid", OID),
+    Column("confupdtype", CHAR),
+    Column("confdeltype", CHAR),
+    Column("confmatchtype", CHAR),
+    Column("conislocal", Boolean),
+    Column("coninhcount", Integer),
+    Column("connoinherit", Boolean, info={"server_version": (9, 2)}),
+    Column("conkey", ARRAY(SmallInteger)),
+    Column("confkey", ARRAY(SmallInteger)),
+)
+
+pg_sequence = Table(
+    "pg_sequence",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("seqrelid", OID),
+    Column("seqtypid", OID),
+    Column("seqstart", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqincrement", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqmax", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqmin", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqcache", BigInteger),
+    Column("seqcycle", Boolean),
+    info={"server_version": (10,)},
+)
+
+pg_attrdef = Table(
+    "pg_attrdef",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("adrelid", OID),
+    Column("adnum", SmallInteger),
+    Column("adbin", PG_NODE_TREE),
+)
+
+pg_description = Table(
+    "pg_description",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("objoid", OID),
+    Column("classoid", OID),
+    Column("objsubid", Integer),
+    Column("description", Text(collation="C")),
+)
+
+pg_enum = Table(
+    "pg_enum",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("enumtypid", OID),
+    Column("enumsortorder", Float(), info={"server_version": (9, 1)}),
+    Column("enumlabel", NAME),
+)
+
+pg_am = Table(
+    "pg_am",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("amname", NAME),
+    Column("amhandler", REGPROC, info={"server_version": (9, 6)}),
+    Column("amtype", CHAR, info={"server_version": (9, 6)}),
+)
+
+pg_collation = Table(
+    "pg_collation",
+    pg_catalog_meta,
+    Column("oid", OID, info={"server_version": (9, 3)}),
+    Column("collname", NAME),
+    Column("collnamespace", OID),
+    Column("collowner", OID),
+    Column("collprovider", CHAR, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+    Column("collisdeterministic", Boolean, info={"server_version": (12,)}),
+    Column("collencoding", Integer),
+    Column("collcollate", Text),
+    Column("collctype", Text),
+    Column("colliculocale", Text),
+    Column("collicurules", Text, info={"server_version": (16,)}),
+    Column("collversion", Text, info={"server_version": (10,)}),
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/provision.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c76f5f51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/provision.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import time
+
+from ... import exc
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import text
+from ...testing import warn_test_suite
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import post_configure_engine
+from ...testing.provision import prepare_for_drop_tables
+from ...testing.provision import set_default_schema_on_connection
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import upsert
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("postgresql")
+def _pg_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    template_db = cfg.options.postgresql_templatedb
+
+    with eng.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT").begin() as conn:
+        if not template_db:
+            template_db = conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                "select current_database()"
+            ).scalar()
+
+        attempt = 0
+        while True:
+            try:
+                conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                    "CREATE DATABASE %s TEMPLATE %s" % (ident, template_db)
+                )
+            except exc.OperationalError as err:
+                attempt += 1
+                if attempt >= 3:
+                    raise
+                if "accessed by other users" in str(err):
+                    log.info(
+                        "Waiting to create %s, URI %r, "
+                        "template DB %s is in use sleeping for .5",
+                        ident,
+                        eng.url,
+                        template_db,
+                    )
+                    time.sleep(0.5)
+            except:
+                raise
+            else:
+                break
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("postgresql")
+def _pg_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        with conn.begin():
+            conn.execute(
+                text(
+                    "select pg_terminate_backend(pid) from pg_stat_activity "
+                    "where usename=current_user and pid != pg_backend_pid() "
+                    "and datname=:dname"
+                ),
+                dict(dname=ident),
+            )
+            conn.exec_driver_sql("DROP DATABASE %s" % ident)
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("postgresql")
+def _postgresql_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {"prefixes": ["TEMPORARY"]}
+
+
+@set_default_schema_on_connection.for_db("postgresql")
+def _postgresql_set_default_schema_on_connection(
+    cfg, dbapi_connection, schema_name
+):
+    existing_autocommit = dbapi_connection.autocommit
+    dbapi_connection.autocommit = True
+    cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+    cursor.execute("SET SESSION search_path='%s'" % schema_name)
+    cursor.close()
+    dbapi_connection.autocommit = existing_autocommit
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables.for_db("postgresql")
+def drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    with eng.connect().execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT") as conn:
+        for xid in conn.exec_driver_sql(
+            "select gid from pg_prepared_xacts"
+        ).scalars():
+            conn.exec_driver_sql("ROLLBACK PREPARED '%s'" % xid)
+
+
+@drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables.for_db("postgresql")
+def drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        for enum in inspector.get_enums("*"):
+            conn.execute(
+                postgresql.DropEnumType(
+                    postgresql.ENUM(name=enum["name"], schema=enum["schema"])
+                )
+            )
+
+
+@prepare_for_drop_tables.for_db("postgresql")
+def prepare_for_drop_tables(config, connection):
+    """Ensure there are no locks on the current username/database."""
+
+    result = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+        "select pid, state, wait_event_type, query "
+        # "select pg_terminate_backend(pid), state, wait_event_type "
+        "from pg_stat_activity where "
+        "usename=current_user "
+        "and datname=current_database() and state='idle in transaction' "
+        "and pid != pg_backend_pid()"
+    )
+    rows = result.all()  # noqa
+    if rows:
+        warn_test_suite(
+            "PostgreSQL may not be able to DROP tables due to "
+            "idle in transaction: %s"
+            % ("; ".join(row._mapping["query"] for row in rows))
+        )
+
+
+@upsert.for_db("postgresql")
+def _upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
+
+    stmt = insert(table)
+
+    table_pk = inspect(table).selectable
+
+    if set_lambda:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+            index_elements=table_pk.primary_key, set_=set_lambda(stmt.excluded)
+        )
+    else:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+
+    stmt = stmt.returning(
+        *returning, sort_by_parameter_order=sort_by_parameter_order
+    )
+    return stmt
+
+
+_extensions = [
+    ("citext", (13,)),
+    ("hstore", (13,)),
+]
+
+
+@post_configure_engine.for_db("postgresql")
+def _create_citext_extension(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    with engine.connect() as conn:
+        for extension, min_version in _extensions:
+            if conn.dialect.server_version_info >= min_version:
+                conn.execute(
+                    text(f"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS {extension}")
+                )
+                conn.commit()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0554048c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,783 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/psycopg.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg
+    :name: psycopg (a.k.a. psycopg 3)
+    :dbapi: psycopg
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/psycopg/
+
+``psycopg`` is the package and module name for version 3 of the ``psycopg``
+database driver, formerly known as ``psycopg2``.  This driver is different
+enough from its ``psycopg2`` predecessor that SQLAlchemy supports it
+via a totally separate dialect; support for ``psycopg2`` is expected to remain
+for as long as that package continues to function for modern Python versions,
+and also remains the default dialect for the ``postgresql://`` dialect
+series.
+
+The SQLAlchemy ``psycopg`` dialect provides both a sync and an async
+implementation under the same dialect name. The proper version is
+selected depending on how the engine is created:
+
+* calling :func:`_sa.create_engine` with ``postgresql+psycopg://...`` will
+  automatically select the sync version, e.g.::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    sync_engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg://scott:tiger@localhost/test"
+    )
+
+* calling :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` with
+  ``postgresql+psycopg://...`` will automatically select the async version,
+  e.g.::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    asyncio_engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg://scott:tiger@localhost/test"
+    )
+
+The asyncio version of the dialect may also be specified explicitly using the
+``psycopg_async`` suffix, as::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    asyncio_engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg_async://scott:tiger@localhost/test"
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_psycopg2` - The SQLAlchemy ``psycopg``
+    dialect shares most of its behavior with the ``psycopg2`` dialect.
+    Further documentation is available there.
+
+Using a different Cursor class
+------------------------------
+
+One of the differences between ``psycopg`` and the older ``psycopg2``
+is how bound parameters are handled: ``psycopg2`` would bind them
+client side, while ``psycopg`` by default will bind them server side.
+
+It's possible to configure ``psycopg`` to do client side binding by
+specifying the ``cursor_factory`` to be ``ClientCursor`` when creating
+the engine::
+
+    from psycopg import ClientCursor
+
+    client_side_engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg://...",
+        connect_args={"cursor_factory": ClientCursor},
+    )
+
+Similarly when using an async engine the ``AsyncClientCursor`` can be
+specified::
+
+    from psycopg import AsyncClientCursor
+
+    client_side_engine = create_async_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg://...",
+        connect_args={"cursor_factory": AsyncClientCursor},
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Client-side-binding cursors <https://www.psycopg.org/psycopg3/docs/advanced/cursors.html#client-side-binding-cursors>`_
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import cast
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import ranges
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGDialect_common_psycopg
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg
+from .base import INTERVAL
+from .base import PGCompiler
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .base import REGCONFIG
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from .types import CITEXT
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Iterable
+
+    from psycopg import AsyncConnection
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql")
+
+
+class _PGString(sqltypes.String):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGREGCONFIG(REGCONFIG):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._make_bind_processor(None, dialect._psycopg_Json)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._make_bind_processor(None, dialect._psycopg_Jsonb)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONIntIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_int_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONStrIndexType(sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType):
+    __visit_name__ = "json_str_index"
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGJSONPathType(JSONPathType):
+    pass
+
+
+class _PGInterval(INTERVAL):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGTimeStamp(sqltypes.DateTime):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGDate(sqltypes.Date):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGTime(sqltypes.Time):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGInteger(sqltypes.Integer):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGSmallInteger(sqltypes.SmallInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGNullType(sqltypes.NullType):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGBigInteger(sqltypes.BigInteger):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PGBoolean(sqltypes.Boolean):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+
+class _PsycopgRange(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        psycopg_Range = cast(PGDialect_psycopg, dialect)._psycopg_Range
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = psycopg_Range(
+                    value.lower, value.upper, value.bounds, value.empty
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value._lower,
+                    value._upper,
+                    bounds=value._bounds if value._bounds else "[)",
+                    empty=not value._bounds,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _PsycopgMultiRange(ranges.AbstractMultiRangeImpl):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        psycopg_Range = cast(PGDialect_psycopg, dialect)._psycopg_Range
+        psycopg_Multirange = cast(
+            PGDialect_psycopg, dialect
+        )._psycopg_Multirange
+
+        NoneType = type(None)
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, (str, NoneType, psycopg_Multirange)):
+                return value
+
+            return psycopg_Multirange(
+                [
+                    psycopg_Range(
+                        element.lower,
+                        element.upper,
+                        element.bounds,
+                        element.empty,
+                    )
+                    for element in cast("Iterable[ranges.Range]", value)
+                ]
+            )
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return ranges.MultiRange(
+                    ranges.Range(
+                        elem._lower,
+                        elem._upper,
+                        bounds=elem._bounds if elem._bounds else "[)",
+                        empty=not elem._bounds,
+                    )
+                    for elem in value
+                )
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_psycopg(_PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGCompiler_psycopg(PGCompiler):
+    pass
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+def _log_notices(diagnostic):
+    logger.info("%s: %s", diagnostic.severity, diagnostic.message_primary)
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg(_PGDialect_common_psycopg):
+    driver = "psycopg"
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_psycopg
+    statement_compiler = PGCompiler_psycopg
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg
+    psycopg_version = (0, 0)
+
+    _has_native_hstore = True
+    _psycopg_adapters_map = None
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        _PGDialect_common_psycopg.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.String: _PGString,
+            REGCONFIG: _PGREGCONFIG,
+            JSON: _PGJSON,
+            CITEXT: CITEXT,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _PGJSON,
+            JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: _PGJSONPathType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONIntIndexType: _PGJSONIntIndexType,
+            sqltypes.JSON.JSONStrIndexType: _PGJSONStrIndexType,
+            sqltypes.Interval: _PGInterval,
+            INTERVAL: _PGInterval,
+            sqltypes.Date: _PGDate,
+            sqltypes.DateTime: _PGTimeStamp,
+            sqltypes.Time: _PGTime,
+            sqltypes.Integer: _PGInteger,
+            sqltypes.SmallInteger: _PGSmallInteger,
+            sqltypes.BigInteger: _PGBigInteger,
+            ranges.AbstractSingleRange: _PsycopgRange,
+            ranges.AbstractMultiRange: _PsycopgMultiRange,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+        if self.dbapi:
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                self.psycopg_version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+
+            if self.psycopg_version < (3, 0, 2):
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "psycopg version 3.0.2 or higher is required."
+                )
+
+            from psycopg.adapt import AdaptersMap
+
+            self._psycopg_adapters_map = adapters_map = AdaptersMap(
+                self.dbapi.adapters
+            )
+
+            if self._native_inet_types is False:
+                import psycopg.types.string
+
+                adapters_map.register_loader(
+                    "inet", psycopg.types.string.TextLoader
+                )
+                adapters_map.register_loader(
+                    "cidr", psycopg.types.string.TextLoader
+                )
+
+            if self._json_deserializer:
+                from psycopg.types.json import set_json_loads
+
+                set_json_loads(self._json_deserializer, adapters_map)
+
+            if self._json_serializer:
+                from psycopg.types.json import set_json_dumps
+
+                set_json_dumps(self._json_serializer, adapters_map)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        # see https://github.com/psycopg/psycopg/issues/83
+        cargs, cparams = super().create_connect_args(url)
+
+        if self._psycopg_adapters_map:
+            cparams["context"] = self._psycopg_adapters_map
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+            cparams["client_encoding"] = self.client_encoding
+        return cargs, cparams
+
+    def _type_info_fetch(self, connection, name):
+        from psycopg.types import TypeInfo
+
+        return TypeInfo.fetch(connection.connection.driver_connection, name)
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+
+        # PGDialect.initialize() checks server version for <= 8.2 and sets
+        # this flag to False if so
+        if not self.insert_returning:
+            self.insert_executemany_returning = False
+
+        # HSTORE can't be registered until we have a connection so that
+        # we can look up its OID, so we set up this adapter in
+        # initialize()
+        if self.use_native_hstore:
+            info = self._type_info_fetch(connection, "hstore")
+            self._has_native_hstore = info is not None
+            if self._has_native_hstore:
+                from psycopg.types.hstore import register_hstore
+
+                # register the adapter for connections made subsequent to
+                # this one
+                assert self._psycopg_adapters_map
+                register_hstore(info, self._psycopg_adapters_map)
+
+                # register the adapter for this connection
+                assert connection.connection
+                register_hstore(info, connection.connection.driver_connection)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg
+
+        return psycopg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_async_dialect_cls(cls, url):
+        return PGDialectAsync_psycopg
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        return {
+            "READ COMMITTED": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.READ_COMMITTED,
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.READ_UNCOMMITTED,
+            "REPEATABLE READ": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.REPEATABLE_READ,
+            "SERIALIZABLE": self.dbapi.IsolationLevel.SERIALIZABLE,
+        }
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Json(self):
+        from psycopg.types import json
+
+        return json.Json
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Jsonb(self):
+        from psycopg.types import json
+
+        return json.Jsonb
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_TransactionStatus(self):
+        from psycopg.pq import TransactionStatus
+
+        return TransactionStatus
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Range(self):
+        from psycopg.types.range import Range
+
+        return Range
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg_Multirange(self):
+        from psycopg.types.multirange import Multirange
+
+        return Multirange
+
+    def _do_isolation_level(self, connection, autocommit, isolation_level):
+        connection.autocommit = autocommit
+        connection.isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        status_before = dbapi_connection.info.transaction_status
+        value = super().get_isolation_level(dbapi_connection)
+
+        # don't rely on psycopg providing enum symbols, compare with
+        # eq/ne
+        if status_before == self._psycopg_TransactionStatus.IDLE:
+            dbapi_connection.rollback()
+        return value
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            self._do_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_connection, autocommit=True, isolation_level=None
+            )
+        else:
+            self._do_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_connection,
+                autocommit=False,
+                isolation_level=self._isolation_lookup[level],
+            )
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.read_only = value
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        return connection.read_only
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        def notices(conn):
+            conn.add_notice_handler(_log_notices)
+
+        fns = [notices]
+
+        if self.isolation_level is not None:
+
+            def on_connect(conn):
+                self.set_isolation_level(conn, self.isolation_level)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        # fns always has the notices function
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            for fn in fns:
+                fn(conn)
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error) and connection is not None:
+            if connection.closed or connection.broken:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _do_prepared_twophase(self, connection, command, recover=False):
+        dbapi_conn = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        if (
+            recover
+            # don't rely on psycopg providing enum symbols, compare with
+            # eq/ne
+            or dbapi_conn.info.transaction_status
+            != self._psycopg_TransactionStatus.IDLE
+        ):
+            dbapi_conn.rollback()
+        before_autocommit = dbapi_conn.autocommit
+        try:
+            if not before_autocommit:
+                self._do_autocommit(dbapi_conn, True)
+            dbapi_conn.execute(command)
+        finally:
+            if not before_autocommit:
+                self._do_autocommit(dbapi_conn, before_autocommit)
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            self._do_prepared_twophase(
+                connection, f"ROLLBACK PREPARED '{xid}'", recover=recover
+            )
+        else:
+            self.do_rollback(connection.connection)
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        if is_prepared:
+            self._do_prepared_twophase(
+                connection, f"COMMIT PREPARED '{xid}'", recover=recover
+            )
+        else:
+            self.do_commit(connection.connection)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dialect_specific_select_one(self):
+        return ";"
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor:
+    __slots__ = ("_cursor", "await_", "_rows")
+
+    _psycopg_ExecStatus = None
+
+    def __init__(self, cursor, await_) -> None:
+        self._cursor = cursor
+        self.await_ = await_
+        self._rows = deque()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._cursor, name)
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        return self._cursor.arraysize
+
+    @arraysize.setter
+    def arraysize(self, value):
+        self._cursor.arraysize = value
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows.clear()
+        # Normal cursor just call _close() in a non-sync way.
+        self._cursor._close()
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None, **kw):
+        result = self.await_(self._cursor.execute(query, params, **kw))
+        # sqlalchemy result is not async, so need to pull all rows here
+        res = self._cursor.pgresult
+
+        # don't rely on psycopg providing enum symbols, compare with
+        # eq/ne
+        if res and res.status == self._psycopg_ExecStatus.TUPLES_OK:
+            rows = self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+            self._rows = deque(rows)
+        return result
+
+    def executemany(self, query, params_seq):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.executemany(query, params_seq))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.popleft()
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self._cursor.arraysize
+
+        rr = self._rows
+        return [rr.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rr)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = list(self._rows)
+        self._rows.clear()
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_psycopg_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor):
+    def execute(self, query, params=None, **kw):
+        self.await_(self._cursor.execute(query, params, **kw))
+        return self
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=0):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        iterator = self._cursor.__aiter__()
+        while True:
+            try:
+                yield self.await_(iterator.__anext__())
+            except StopAsyncIteration:
+                break
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_psycopg_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    _connection: AsyncConnection
+    __slots__ = ()
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+
+    def __init__(self, connection) -> None:
+        self._connection = connection
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._connection, name)
+
+    def execute(self, query, params=None, **kw):
+        cursor = self.await_(self._connection.execute(query, params, **kw))
+        return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor(cursor, self.await_)
+
+    def cursor(self, *args, **kw):
+        cursor = self._connection.cursor(*args, **kw)
+        if hasattr(cursor, "name"):
+            return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_ss_cursor(cursor, self.await_)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor(cursor, self.await_)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.await_(self._connection.close())
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        return self._connection.autocommit
+
+    @autocommit.setter
+    def autocommit(self, value):
+        self.set_autocommit(value)
+
+    def set_autocommit(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_autocommit(value))
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_isolation_level(value))
+
+    def set_read_only(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_read_only(value))
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, value):
+        self.await_(self._connection.set_deferrable(value))
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_psycopg_connection(AsyncAdapt_psycopg_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class PsycopgAdaptDBAPI:
+    def __init__(self, psycopg) -> None:
+        self.psycopg = psycopg
+
+        for k, v in self.psycopg.__dict__.items():
+            if k != "connect":
+                self.__dict__[k] = v
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+        creator_fn = kw.pop(
+            "async_creator_fn", self.psycopg.AsyncConnection.connect
+        )
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_psycopg_connection(
+                await_fallback(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_psycopg_connection(
+                await_only(creator_fn(*arg, **kw))
+            )
+
+
+class PGDialectAsync_psycopg(PGDialect_psycopg):
+    is_async = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg
+        from psycopg.pq import ExecStatus
+
+        AsyncAdapt_psycopg_cursor._psycopg_ExecStatus = ExecStatus
+
+        return PsycopgAdaptDBAPI(psycopg)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        async_fallback = url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return pool.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+
+    def _type_info_fetch(self, connection, name):
+        from psycopg.types import TypeInfo
+
+        adapted = connection.connection
+        return adapted.await_(TypeInfo.fetch(adapted.driver_connection, name))
+
+    def _do_isolation_level(self, connection, autocommit, isolation_level):
+        connection.set_autocommit(autocommit)
+        connection.set_isolation_level(isolation_level)
+
+    def _do_autocommit(self, connection, value):
+        connection.set_autocommit(value)
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.set_read_only(value)
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.set_deferrable(value)
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg
+dialect_async = PGDialectAsync_psycopg
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eeb7604f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,892 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/psycopg2.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2
+    :name: psycopg2
+    :dbapi: psycopg2
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/psycopg2/
+
+.. _psycopg2_toplevel:
+
+psycopg2 Connect Arguments
+--------------------------
+
+Keyword arguments that are specific to the SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect
+may be passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine()`, and include the following:
+
+
+* ``isolation_level``: This option, available for all PostgreSQL dialects,
+  includes the ``AUTOCOMMIT`` isolation level when using the psycopg2
+  dialect.   This option sets the **default** isolation level for the
+  connection that is set immediately upon connection to the database before
+  the connection is pooled.  This option is generally superseded by the more
+  modern :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+  execution option, detailed at :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+
+* ``client_encoding``: sets the client encoding in a libpq-agnostic way,
+  using psycopg2's ``set_client_encoding()`` method.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_unicode`
+
+
+* ``executemany_mode``, ``executemany_batch_page_size``,
+  ``executemany_values_page_size``: Allows use of psycopg2
+  extensions for optimizing "executemany"-style queries.  See the referenced
+  section below for details.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`psycopg2_executemany_mode`
+
+.. tip::
+
+    The above keyword arguments are **dialect** keyword arguments, meaning
+    that they are passed as explicit keyword arguments to :func:`_sa.create_engine()`::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+            isolation_level="SERIALIZABLE",
+        )
+
+    These should not be confused with **DBAPI** connect arguments, which
+    are passed as part of the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args`
+    dictionary and/or are passed in the URL query string, as detailed in
+    the section :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`.
+
+.. _psycopg2_ssl:
+
+SSL Connections
+---------------
+
+The psycopg2 module has a connection argument named ``sslmode`` for
+controlling its behavior regarding secure (SSL) connections. The default is
+``sslmode=prefer``; it will attempt an SSL connection and if that fails it
+will fall back to an unencrypted connection. ``sslmode=require`` may be used
+to ensure that only secure connections are established.  Consult the
+psycopg2 / libpq documentation for further options that are available.
+
+Note that ``sslmode`` is specific to psycopg2 so it is included in the
+connection URI::
+
+    engine = sa.create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@192.168.0.199:5432/test?sslmode=require"
+    )
+
+Unix Domain Connections
+------------------------
+
+psycopg2 supports connecting via Unix domain connections.   When the ``host``
+portion of the URL is omitted, SQLAlchemy passes ``None`` to psycopg2,
+which specifies Unix-domain communication rather than TCP/IP communication::
+
+    create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname")
+
+By default, the socket file used is to connect to a Unix-domain socket
+in ``/tmp``, or whatever socket directory was specified when PostgreSQL
+was built.  This value can be overridden by passing a pathname to psycopg2,
+using ``host`` as an additional keyword argument::
+
+    create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=/var/lib/postgresql"
+    )
+
+.. warning::  The format accepted here allows for a hostname in the main URL
+   in addition to the "host" query string argument.  **When using this URL
+   format, the initial host is silently ignored**.  That is, this URL::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@myhost1/dbname?host=myhost2"
+        )
+
+   Above, the hostname ``myhost1`` is **silently ignored and discarded.**  The
+   host which is connected is the ``myhost2`` host.
+
+   This is to maintain some degree of compatibility with PostgreSQL's own URL
+   format which has been tested to behave the same way and for which tools like
+   PifPaf hardcode two hostnames.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `PQconnectdbParams \
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PQCONNECTDBPARAMS>`_
+
+.. _psycopg2_multi_host:
+
+Specifying multiple fallback hosts
+-----------------------------------
+
+psycopg2 supports multiple connection points in the connection string.
+When the ``host`` parameter is used multiple times in the query section of
+the URL, SQLAlchemy will create a single string of the host and port
+information provided to make the connections.  Tokens may consist of
+``host::port`` or just ``host``; in the latter case, the default port
+is selected by libpq.  In the example below, three host connections
+are specified, for ``HostA::PortA``, ``HostB`` connecting to the default port,
+and ``HostC::PortC``::
+
+    create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA:PortA&host=HostB&host=HostC:PortC"
+    )
+
+As an alternative, libpq query string format also may be used; this specifies
+``host`` and ``port`` as single query string arguments with comma-separated
+lists - the default port can be chosen by indicating an empty value
+in the comma separated list::
+
+    create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA,HostB,HostC&port=PortA,,PortC"
+    )
+
+With either URL style, connections to each host is attempted based on a
+configurable strategy, which may be configured using the libpq
+``target_session_attrs`` parameter.  Per libpq this defaults to ``any``
+which indicates a connection to each host is then attempted until a connection is successful.
+Other strategies include ``primary``, ``prefer-standby``, etc.  The complete
+list is documented by PostgreSQL at
+`libpq connection strings <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING>`_.
+
+For example, to indicate two hosts using the ``primary`` strategy::
+
+    create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@/dbname?host=HostA:PortA&host=HostB&host=HostC:PortC&target_session_attrs=primary"
+    )
+
+.. versionchanged:: 1.4.40 Port specification in psycopg2 multiple host format
+   is repaired, previously ports were not correctly interpreted in this context.
+   libpq comma-separated format is also now supported.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.20 Support for multiple hosts in PostgreSQL connection
+   string.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `libpq connection strings <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING>`_ - please refer
+    to this section in the libpq documentation for complete background on multiple host support.
+
+
+Empty DSN Connections / Environment Variable Connections
+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+The psycopg2 DBAPI can connect to PostgreSQL by passing an empty DSN to the
+libpq client library, which by default indicates to connect to a localhost
+PostgreSQL database that is open for "trust" connections.  This behavior can be
+further tailored using a particular set of environment variables which are
+prefixed with ``PG_...``, which are  consumed by ``libpq`` to take the place of
+any or all elements of the connection string.
+
+For this form, the URL can be passed without any elements other than the
+initial scheme::
+
+    engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://")
+
+In the above form, a blank "dsn" string is passed to the ``psycopg2.connect()``
+function which in turn represents an empty DSN passed to libpq.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.2 support for parameter-less connections with psycopg2.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Environment Variables\
+    <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-envars.html>`_ -
+    PostgreSQL documentation on how to use ``PG_...``
+    environment variables for connections.
+
+.. _psycopg2_execution_options:
+
+Per-Statement/Connection Execution Options
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The following DBAPI-specific options are respected when used with
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`,
+:meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+:meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`,
+in addition to those not specific to DBAPIs:
+
+* ``isolation_level`` - Set the transaction isolation level for the lifespan
+  of a :class:`_engine.Connection` (can only be set on a connection,
+  not a statement
+  or query).   See :ref:`psycopg2_isolation_level`.
+
+* ``stream_results`` - Enable or disable usage of psycopg2 server side
+  cursors - this feature makes use of "named" cursors in combination with
+  special result handling methods so that result rows are not fully buffered.
+  Defaults to False, meaning cursors are buffered by default.
+
+* ``max_row_buffer`` - when using ``stream_results``, an integer value that
+  specifies the maximum number of rows to buffer at a time.  This is
+  interpreted by the :class:`.BufferedRowCursorResult`, and if omitted the
+  buffer will grow to ultimately store 1000 rows at a time.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The ``max_row_buffer`` size can now be greater than
+     1000, and the buffer will grow to that size.
+
+.. _psycopg2_batch_mode:
+
+.. _psycopg2_executemany_mode:
+
+Psycopg2 Fast Execution Helpers
+-------------------------------
+
+Modern versions of psycopg2 include a feature known as
+`Fast Execution Helpers \
+<https://www.psycopg.org/docs/extras.html#fast-execution-helpers>`_, which
+have been shown in benchmarking to improve psycopg2's executemany()
+performance, primarily with INSERT statements, by at least
+an order of magnitude.
+
+SQLAlchemy implements a native form of the "insert many values"
+handler that will rewrite a single-row INSERT statement to accommodate for
+many values at once within an extended VALUES clause; this handler is
+equivalent to psycopg2's ``execute_values()`` handler; an overview of this
+feature and its configuration are at :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0 Replaced psycopg2's ``execute_values()`` fast execution
+   helper with a native SQLAlchemy mechanism known as
+   :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`.
+
+The psycopg2 dialect retains the ability to use the psycopg2-specific
+``execute_batch()`` feature, although it is not expected that this is a widely
+used feature.  The use of this extension may be enabled using the
+``executemany_mode`` flag which may be passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@host/dbname",
+        executemany_mode="values_plus_batch",
+    )
+
+Possible options for ``executemany_mode`` include:
+
+* ``values_only`` - this is the default value.  SQLAlchemy's native
+  :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` handler is used for qualifying
+  INSERT statements, assuming
+  :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.use_insertmanyvalues` is left at
+  its default value of ``True``.  This handler rewrites simple
+  INSERT statements to include multiple VALUES clauses so that many
+  parameter sets can be inserted with one statement.
+
+* ``'values_plus_batch'``- SQLAlchemy's native
+  :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` handler is used for qualifying
+  INSERT statements, assuming
+  :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.use_insertmanyvalues` is left at its default
+  value of ``True``. Then, psycopg2's ``execute_batch()`` handler is used for
+  qualifying UPDATE and DELETE statements when executed with multiple parameter
+  sets. When using this mode, the :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`
+  attribute will not contain a value for executemany-style executions against
+  UPDATE and DELETE statements.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Removed the ``'batch'`` and ``'None'`` options
+   from psycopg2 ``executemany_mode``.  Control over batching for INSERT
+   statements is now configured via the
+   :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.use_insertmanyvalues` engine-level parameter.
+
+The term "qualifying statements" refers to the statement being executed
+being a Core :func:`_expression.insert`, :func:`_expression.update`
+or :func:`_expression.delete` construct, and **not** a plain textual SQL
+string or one constructed using :func:`_expression.text`.  It also may **not** be
+a special "extension" statement such as an "ON CONFLICT" "upsert" statement.
+When using the ORM, all insert/update/delete statements used by the ORM flush process
+are qualifying.
+
+The "page size" for the psycopg2 "batch" strategy can be affected
+by using the ``executemany_batch_page_size`` parameter, which defaults to
+100.
+
+For the "insertmanyvalues" feature, the page size can be controlled using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.insertmanyvalues_page_size` parameter,
+which defaults to 1000.  An example of modifying both parameters
+is below::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@host/dbname",
+        executemany_mode="values_plus_batch",
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size=5000,
+        executemany_batch_page_size=500,
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` - background on "insertmanyvalues"
+
+    :ref:`tutorial_multiple_parameters` - General information on using the
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`
+    object to execute statements in such a way as to make
+    use of the DBAPI ``.executemany()`` method.
+
+
+.. _psycopg2_unicode:
+
+Unicode with Psycopg2
+----------------------
+
+The psycopg2 DBAPI driver supports Unicode data transparently.
+
+The client character encoding can be controlled for the psycopg2 dialect
+in the following ways:
+
+* For PostgreSQL 9.1 and above, the ``client_encoding`` parameter may be
+  passed in the database URL; this parameter is consumed by the underlying
+  ``libpq`` PostgreSQL client library::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?client_encoding=utf8"
+    )
+
+  Alternatively, the above ``client_encoding`` value may be passed using
+  :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` for programmatic establishment with
+  ``libpq``::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname",
+        connect_args={"client_encoding": "utf8"},
+    )
+
+* For all PostgreSQL versions, psycopg2 supports a client-side encoding
+  value that will be passed to database connections when they are first
+  established.  The SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect supports this using the
+  ``client_encoding`` parameter passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`::
+
+      engine = create_engine(
+          "postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname", client_encoding="utf8"
+      )
+
+  .. tip:: The above ``client_encoding`` parameter admittedly is very similar
+      in appearance to usage of the parameter within the
+      :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary; the difference
+      above is that the parameter is consumed by psycopg2 and is
+      passed to the database connection using ``SET client_encoding TO
+      'utf8'``; in the previously mentioned style, the parameter is instead
+      passed through psycopg2 and consumed by the ``libpq`` library.
+
+* A common way to set up client encoding with PostgreSQL databases is to
+  ensure it is configured within the server-side postgresql.conf file;
+  this is the recommended way to set encoding for a server that is
+  consistently of one encoding in all databases::
+
+    # postgresql.conf file
+
+    # client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database
+    # encoding
+    client_encoding = utf8
+
+Transactions
+------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect fully supports SAVEPOINT and two-phase commit operations.
+
+.. _psycopg2_isolation_level:
+
+Psycopg2 Transaction Isolation Level
+-------------------------------------
+
+As discussed in :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`,
+all PostgreSQL dialects support setting of transaction isolation level
+both via the ``isolation_level`` parameter passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+,
+as well as the ``isolation_level`` argument used by
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.  When using the psycopg2 dialect
+, these
+options make use of psycopg2's ``set_isolation_level()`` connection method,
+rather than emitting a PostgreSQL directive; this is because psycopg2's
+API-level setting is always emitted at the start of each transaction in any
+case.
+
+The psycopg2 dialect supports these constants for isolation level:
+
+* ``READ COMMITTED``
+* ``READ UNCOMMITTED``
+* ``REPEATABLE READ``
+* ``SERIALIZABLE``
+* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`postgresql_isolation_level`
+
+    :ref:`pg8000_isolation_level`
+
+
+NOTICE logging
+---------------
+
+The psycopg2 dialect will log PostgreSQL NOTICE messages
+via the ``sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql`` logger.  When this logger
+is set to the ``logging.INFO`` level, notice messages will be logged::
+
+    import logging
+
+    logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql").setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+Above, it is assumed that logging is configured externally.  If this is not
+the case, configuration such as ``logging.basicConfig()`` must be utilized::
+
+    import logging
+
+    logging.basicConfig()  # log messages to stdout
+    logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql").setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Logging HOWTO <https://docs.python.org/3/howto/logging.html>`_ - on the python.org website
+
+.. _psycopg2_hstore:
+
+HSTORE type
+------------
+
+The ``psycopg2`` DBAPI includes an extension to natively handle marshalling of
+the HSTORE type.   The SQLAlchemy psycopg2 dialect will enable this extension
+by default when psycopg2 version 2.4 or greater is used, and
+it is detected that the target database has the HSTORE type set up for use.
+In other words, when the dialect makes the first
+connection, a sequence like the following is performed:
+
+1. Request the available HSTORE oids using
+   ``psycopg2.extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids()``.
+   If this function returns a list of HSTORE identifiers, we then determine
+   that the ``HSTORE`` extension is present.
+   This function is **skipped** if the version of psycopg2 installed is
+   less than version 2.4.
+
+2. If the ``use_native_hstore`` flag is at its default of ``True``, and
+   we've detected that ``HSTORE`` oids are available, the
+   ``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is invoked for all
+   connections.
+
+The ``register_hstore()`` extension has the effect of **all Python
+dictionaries being accepted as parameters regardless of the type of target
+column in SQL**. The dictionaries are converted by this extension into a
+textual HSTORE expression.  If this behavior is not desired, disable the
+use of the hstore extension by setting ``use_native_hstore`` to ``False`` as
+follows::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test",
+        use_native_hstore=False,
+    )
+
+The ``HSTORE`` type is **still supported** when the
+``psycopg2.extensions.register_hstore()`` extension is not used.  It merely
+means that the coercion between Python dictionaries and the HSTORE
+string format, on both the parameter side and the result side, will take
+place within SQLAlchemy's own marshalling logic, and not that of ``psycopg2``
+which may be more performant.
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import logging
+import re
+from typing import cast
+
+from . import ranges
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGDialect_common_psycopg
+from ._psycopg_common import _PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg
+from .base import PGIdentifierPreparer
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONB
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...util import FastIntFlag
+from ...util import parse_user_argument_for_enum
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql")
+
+
+class _PGJSON(JSON):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _PGJSONB(JSONB):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        return None
+
+
+class _Psycopg2Range(ranges.AbstractSingleRangeImpl):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "none"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        psycopg2_Range = getattr(
+            cast(PGDialect_psycopg2, dialect)._psycopg2_extras,
+            self._psycopg2_range_cls,
+        )
+
+        def to_range(value):
+            if isinstance(value, ranges.Range):
+                value = psycopg2_Range(
+                    value.lower, value.upper, value.bounds, value.empty
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        def to_range(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = ranges.Range(
+                    value._lower,
+                    value._upper,
+                    bounds=value._bounds if value._bounds else "[)",
+                    empty=not value._bounds,
+                )
+            return value
+
+        return to_range
+
+
+class _Psycopg2NumericRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "NumericRange"
+
+
+class _Psycopg2DateRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "DateRange"
+
+
+class _Psycopg2DateTimeRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "DateTimeRange"
+
+
+class _Psycopg2DateTimeTZRange(_Psycopg2Range):
+    _psycopg2_range_cls = "DateTimeTZRange"
+
+
+class PGExecutionContext_psycopg2(_PGExecutionContext_common_psycopg):
+    _psycopg2_fetched_rows = None
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        self._log_notices(self.cursor)
+
+    def _log_notices(self, cursor):
+        # check also that notices is an iterable, after it's already
+        # established that we will be iterating through it.  This is to get
+        # around test suites such as SQLAlchemy's using a Mock object for
+        # cursor
+        if not cursor.connection.notices or not isinstance(
+            cursor.connection.notices, collections_abc.Iterable
+        ):
+            return
+
+        for notice in cursor.connection.notices:
+            # NOTICE messages have a
+            # newline character at the end
+            logger.info(notice.rstrip())
+
+        cursor.connection.notices[:] = []
+
+
+class PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2(PGIdentifierPreparer):
+    pass
+
+
+class ExecutemanyMode(FastIntFlag):
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES = 0
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH = 1
+
+
+(
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES,
+    EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH,
+) = ExecutemanyMode.__members__.values()
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg2(_PGDialect_common_psycopg):
+    driver = "psycopg2"
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    default_paramstyle = "pyformat"
+    # set to true based on psycopg2 version
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = False
+    execution_ctx_cls = PGExecutionContext_psycopg2
+    preparer = PGIdentifierPreparer_psycopg2
+    psycopg2_version = (0, 0)
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning = True
+
+    returns_native_bytes = False
+
+    _has_native_hstore = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        _PGDialect_common_psycopg.colspecs,
+        {
+            JSON: _PGJSON,
+            sqltypes.JSON: _PGJSON,
+            JSONB: _PGJSONB,
+            ranges.INT4RANGE: _Psycopg2NumericRange,
+            ranges.INT8RANGE: _Psycopg2NumericRange,
+            ranges.NUMRANGE: _Psycopg2NumericRange,
+            ranges.DATERANGE: _Psycopg2DateRange,
+            ranges.TSRANGE: _Psycopg2DateTimeRange,
+            ranges.TSTZRANGE: _Psycopg2DateTimeTZRange,
+        },
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        executemany_mode="values_only",
+        executemany_batch_page_size=100,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        _PGDialect_common_psycopg.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        if self._native_inet_types:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "The psycopg2 dialect does not implement "
+                "ipaddress type handling; native_inet_types cannot be set "
+                "to ``True`` when using this dialect."
+            )
+
+        # Parse executemany_mode argument, allowing it to be only one of the
+        # symbol names
+        self.executemany_mode = parse_user_argument_for_enum(
+            executemany_mode,
+            {
+                EXECUTEMANY_VALUES: ["values_only"],
+                EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH: ["values_plus_batch"],
+            },
+            "executemany_mode",
+        )
+
+        self.executemany_batch_page_size = executemany_batch_page_size
+
+        if self.dbapi and hasattr(self.dbapi, "__version__"):
+            m = re.match(r"(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:\.(\d+))?", self.dbapi.__version__)
+            if m:
+                self.psycopg2_version = tuple(
+                    int(x) for x in m.group(1, 2, 3) if x is not None
+                )
+
+            if self.psycopg2_version < (2, 7):
+                raise ImportError(
+                    "psycopg2 version 2.7 or higher is required."
+                )
+
+    def initialize(self, connection):
+        super().initialize(connection)
+        self._has_native_hstore = (
+            self.use_native_hstore
+            and self._hstore_oids(connection.connection.dbapi_connection)
+            is not None
+        )
+
+        self.supports_sane_multi_rowcount = (
+            self.executemany_mode is not EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        import psycopg2
+
+        return psycopg2
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extensions(cls):
+        from psycopg2 import extensions
+
+        return extensions
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extras(cls):
+        from psycopg2 import extras
+
+        return extras
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _isolation_lookup(self):
+        extensions = self._psycopg2_extensions
+        return {
+            "AUTOCOMMIT": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT,
+            "READ COMMITTED": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_COMMITTED,
+            "READ UNCOMMITTED": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_READ_UNCOMMITTED,
+            "REPEATABLE READ": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_REPEATABLE_READ,
+            "SERIALIZABLE": extensions.ISOLATION_LEVEL_SERIALIZABLE,
+        }
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        dbapi_connection.set_isolation_level(self._isolation_lookup[level])
+
+    def set_readonly(self, connection, value):
+        connection.readonly = value
+
+    def get_readonly(self, connection):
+        return connection.readonly
+
+    def set_deferrable(self, connection, value):
+        connection.deferrable = value
+
+    def get_deferrable(self, connection):
+        return connection.deferrable
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        extras = self._psycopg2_extras
+
+        fns = []
+        if self.client_encoding is not None:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                dbapi_conn.set_client_encoding(self.client_encoding)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                extras.register_uuid(None, dbapi_conn)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self.use_native_hstore:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                hstore_oids = self._hstore_oids(dbapi_conn)
+                if hstore_oids is not None:
+                    oid, array_oid = hstore_oids
+                    kw = {"oid": oid}
+                    kw["array_oid"] = array_oid
+                    extras.register_hstore(dbapi_conn, **kw)
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if self.dbapi and self._json_deserializer:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                extras.register_default_json(
+                    dbapi_conn, loads=self._json_deserializer
+                )
+                extras.register_default_jsonb(
+                    dbapi_conn, loads=self._json_deserializer
+                )
+
+            fns.append(on_connect)
+
+        if fns:
+
+            def on_connect(dbapi_conn):
+                for fn in fns:
+                    fn(dbapi_conn)
+
+            return on_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        if self.executemany_mode is EXECUTEMANY_VALUES_PLUS_BATCH:
+            if self.executemany_batch_page_size:
+                kwargs = {"page_size": self.executemany_batch_page_size}
+            else:
+                kwargs = {}
+            self._psycopg2_extras.execute_batch(
+                cursor, statement, parameters, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_begin(xid)
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection, xid):
+        connection.connection.tpc_prepare()
+
+    def _do_twophase(self, dbapi_conn, operation, xid, recover=False):
+        if recover:
+            if dbapi_conn.status != self._psycopg2_extensions.STATUS_READY:
+                dbapi_conn.rollback()
+            operation(xid)
+        else:
+            operation()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        dbapi_conn = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        self._do_twophase(
+            dbapi_conn, dbapi_conn.tpc_rollback, xid, recover=recover
+        )
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self, connection, xid, is_prepared=True, recover=False
+    ):
+        dbapi_conn = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        self._do_twophase(
+            dbapi_conn, dbapi_conn.tpc_commit, xid, recover=recover
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _hstore_oids(self, dbapi_connection):
+        extras = self._psycopg2_extras
+        oids = extras.HstoreAdapter.get_oids(dbapi_connection)
+        if oids is not None and oids[0]:
+            return oids[0:2]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(e, self.dbapi.Error):
+            # check the "closed" flag.  this might not be
+            # present on old psycopg2 versions.   Also,
+            # this flag doesn't actually help in a lot of disconnect
+            # situations, so don't rely on it.
+            if getattr(connection, "closed", False):
+                return True
+
+            # checks based on strings.  in the case that .closed
+            # didn't cut it, fall back onto these.
+            str_e = str(e).partition("\n")[0]
+            for msg in self._is_disconnect_messages:
+                idx = str_e.find(msg)
+                if idx >= 0 and '"' not in str_e[:idx]:
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_disconnect_messages(self):
+        return (
+            # these error messages from libpq: interfaces/libpq/fe-misc.c
+            # and interfaces/libpq/fe-secure.c.
+            "terminating connection",
+            "closed the connection",
+            "connection not open",
+            "could not receive data from server",
+            "could not send data to server",
+            # psycopg2 client errors, psycopg2/connection.h,
+            # psycopg2/cursor.h
+            "connection already closed",
+            "cursor already closed",
+            # not sure where this path is originally from, it may
+            # be obsolete.   It really says "losed", not "closed".
+            "losed the connection unexpectedly",
+            # these can occur in newer SSL
+            "connection has been closed unexpectedly",
+            "SSL error: decryption failed or bad record mac",
+            "SSL SYSCALL error: Bad file descriptor",
+            "SSL SYSCALL error: EOF detected",
+            "SSL SYSCALL error: Operation timed out",
+            "SSL SYSCALL error: Bad address",
+            # This can occur in OpenSSL 1 when an unexpected EOF occurs.
+            # https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man3/SSL_get_error.html#BUGS
+            # It may also occur in newer OpenSSL for a non-recoverable I/O
+            # error as a result of a system call that does not set 'errno'
+            # in libc.
+            "SSL SYSCALL error: Success",
+        )
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55e17607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/psycopg2cffi.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: postgresql+psycopg2cffi
+    :name: psycopg2cffi
+    :dbapi: psycopg2cffi
+    :connectstring: postgresql+psycopg2cffi://user:password@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/psycopg2cffi/
+
+``psycopg2cffi`` is an adaptation of ``psycopg2``, using CFFI for the C
+layer. This makes it suitable for use in e.g. PyPy. Documentation
+is as per ``psycopg2``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.psycopg2`
+
+"""  # noqa
+from .psycopg2 import PGDialect_psycopg2
+from ... import util
+
+
+class PGDialect_psycopg2cffi(PGDialect_psycopg2):
+    driver = "psycopg2cffi"
+    supports_unicode_statements = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    # psycopg2cffi's first release is 2.5.0, but reports
+    # __version__ as 2.4.4.  Subsequent releases seem to have
+    # fixed this.
+
+    FEATURE_VERSION_MAP = dict(
+        native_json=(2, 4, 4),
+        native_jsonb=(2, 7, 1),
+        sane_multi_rowcount=(2, 4, 4),
+        array_oid=(2, 4, 4),
+        hstore_adapter=(2, 4, 4),
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return __import__("psycopg2cffi")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extensions(cls):
+        root = __import__("psycopg2cffi", fromlist=["extensions"])
+        return root.extensions
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _psycopg2_extras(cls):
+        root = __import__("psycopg2cffi", fromlist=["extras"])
+        return root.extras
+
+
+dialect = PGDialect_psycopg2cffi
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93253570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1031 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/ranges.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from datetime import date
+from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import timedelta
+from decimal import Decimal
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .operators import ADJACENT_TO
+from .operators import CONTAINED_BY
+from .operators import CONTAINS
+from .operators import NOT_EXTEND_LEFT_OF
+from .operators import NOT_EXTEND_RIGHT_OF
+from .operators import OVERLAP
+from .operators import STRICTLY_LEFT_OF
+from .operators import STRICTLY_RIGHT_OF
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ...sql import operators
+from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ...util import py310
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ...sql.type_api import _TE
+    from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngineMixin
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_BoundsType = Literal["()", "[)", "(]", "[]"]
+
+if py310:
+    dc_slots = {"slots": True}
+    dc_kwonly = {"kw_only": True}
+else:
+    dc_slots = {}
+    dc_kwonly = {}
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True, **dc_slots)
+class Range(Generic[_T]):
+    """Represent a PostgreSQL range.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        r = Range(10, 50, bounds="()")
+
+    The calling style is similar to that of psycopg and psycopg2, in part
+    to allow easier migration from previous SQLAlchemy versions that used
+    these objects directly.
+
+    :param lower: Lower bound value, or None
+    :param upper: Upper bound value, or None
+    :param bounds: keyword-only, optional string value that is one of
+     ``"()"``, ``"[)"``, ``"(]"``, ``"[]"``.  Defaults to ``"[)"``.
+    :param empty: keyword-only, optional bool indicating this is an "empty"
+     range
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    lower: Optional[_T] = None
+    """the lower bound"""
+
+    upper: Optional[_T] = None
+    """the upper bound"""
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        bounds: _BoundsType = dataclasses.field(default="[)")
+        empty: bool = dataclasses.field(default=False)
+    else:
+        bounds: _BoundsType = dataclasses.field(default="[)", **dc_kwonly)
+        empty: bool = dataclasses.field(default=False, **dc_kwonly)
+
+    if not py310:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            lower: Optional[_T] = None,
+            upper: Optional[_T] = None,
+            *,
+            bounds: _BoundsType = "[)",
+            empty: bool = False,
+        ):
+            # no __slots__ either so we can update dict
+            self.__dict__.update(
+                {
+                    "lower": lower,
+                    "upper": upper,
+                    "bounds": bounds,
+                    "empty": empty,
+                }
+            )
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.empty
+
+    @property
+    def isempty(self) -> bool:
+        "A synonym for the 'empty' attribute."
+
+        return self.empty
+
+    @property
+    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        "A synonym for the 'empty' attribute."
+
+        return self.empty
+
+    @property
+    def lower_inc(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the lower bound is inclusive."""
+
+        return self.bounds[0] == "["
+
+    @property
+    def lower_inf(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this range is non-empty and lower bound is
+        infinite."""
+
+        return not self.empty and self.lower is None
+
+    @property
+    def upper_inc(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the upper bound is inclusive."""
+
+        return self.bounds[1] == "]"
+
+    @property
+    def upper_inf(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this range is non-empty and the upper bound is
+        infinite."""
+
+        return not self.empty and self.upper is None
+
+    @property
+    def __sa_type_engine__(self) -> AbstractSingleRange[_T]:
+        return AbstractSingleRange()
+
+    def _contains_value(self, value: _T) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this range contains the given value."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            return False
+
+        if self.lower is None:
+            return self.upper is None or (
+                value < self.upper
+                if self.bounds[1] == ")"
+                else value <= self.upper
+            )
+
+        if self.upper is None:
+            return (  # type: ignore
+                value > self.lower
+                if self.bounds[0] == "("
+                else value >= self.lower
+            )
+
+        return (  # type: ignore
+            value > self.lower
+            if self.bounds[0] == "("
+            else value >= self.lower
+        ) and (
+            value < self.upper
+            if self.bounds[1] == ")"
+            else value <= self.upper
+        )
+
+    def _get_discrete_step(self) -> Any:
+        "Determine the “step” for this range, if it is a discrete one."
+
+        # See
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/rangetypes.html#RANGETYPES-DISCRETE
+        # for the rationale
+
+        if isinstance(self.lower, int) or isinstance(self.upper, int):
+            return 1
+        elif isinstance(self.lower, datetime) or isinstance(
+            self.upper, datetime
+        ):
+            # This is required, because a `isinstance(datetime.now(), date)`
+            # is True
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(self.lower, date) or isinstance(self.upper, date):
+            return timedelta(days=1)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _compare_edges(
+        self,
+        value1: Optional[_T],
+        bound1: str,
+        value2: Optional[_T],
+        bound2: str,
+        only_values: bool = False,
+    ) -> int:
+        """Compare two range bounds.
+
+        Return -1, 0 or 1 respectively when `value1` is less than,
+        equal to or greater than `value2`.
+
+        When `only_value` is ``True``, do not consider the *inclusivity*
+        of the edges, just their values.
+        """
+
+        value1_is_lower_bound = bound1 in {"[", "("}
+        value2_is_lower_bound = bound2 in {"[", "("}
+
+        # Infinite edges are equal when they are on the same side,
+        # otherwise a lower edge is considered less than the upper end
+        if value1 is value2 is None:
+            if value1_is_lower_bound == value2_is_lower_bound:
+                return 0
+            else:
+                return -1 if value1_is_lower_bound else 1
+        elif value1 is None:
+            return -1 if value1_is_lower_bound else 1
+        elif value2 is None:
+            return 1 if value2_is_lower_bound else -1
+
+        # Short path for trivial case
+        if bound1 == bound2 and value1 == value2:
+            return 0
+
+        value1_inc = bound1 in {"[", "]"}
+        value2_inc = bound2 in {"[", "]"}
+        step = self._get_discrete_step()
+
+        if step is not None:
+            # "Normalize" the two edges as '[)', to simplify successive
+            # logic when the range is discrete: otherwise we would need
+            # to handle the comparison between ``(0`` and ``[1`` that
+            # are equal when dealing with integers while for floats the
+            # former is lesser than the latter
+
+            if value1_is_lower_bound:
+                if not value1_inc:
+                    value1 += step
+                    value1_inc = True
+            else:
+                if value1_inc:
+                    value1 += step
+                    value1_inc = False
+            if value2_is_lower_bound:
+                if not value2_inc:
+                    value2 += step
+                    value2_inc = True
+            else:
+                if value2_inc:
+                    value2 += step
+                    value2_inc = False
+
+        if value1 < value2:  # type: ignore
+            return -1
+        elif value1 > value2:  # type: ignore
+            return 1
+        elif only_values:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            # Neither one is infinite but are equal, so we
+            # need to consider the respective inclusive/exclusive
+            # flag
+
+            if value1_inc and value2_inc:
+                return 0
+            elif not value1_inc and not value2_inc:
+                if value1_is_lower_bound == value2_is_lower_bound:
+                    return 0
+                else:
+                    return 1 if value1_is_lower_bound else -1
+            elif not value1_inc:
+                return 1 if value1_is_lower_bound else -1
+            elif not value2_inc:
+                return -1 if value2_is_lower_bound else 1
+            else:
+                return 0
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        """Compare this range to the `other` taking into account
+        bounds inclusivity, returning ``True`` if they are equal.
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(other, Range):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        if self.empty and other.empty:
+            return True
+        elif self.empty != other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        return (
+            self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) == 0
+            and self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) == 0
+        )
+
+    def contained_by(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is a contained by `other`."
+
+        # Any range contains the empty one
+        if self.empty:
+            return True
+
+        # An empty range does not contain any range except the empty one
+        if other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) < 0:
+            return False
+
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0:
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def contains(self, value: Union[_T, Range[_T]]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range contains `value`."
+
+        if isinstance(value, Range):
+            return value.contained_by(self)
+        else:
+            return self._contains_value(value)
+
+    __contains__ = contains
+
+    def overlaps(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range overlaps with `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges never overlap with any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        # Check whether this lower bound is contained in the other range
+        if (
+            self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) >= 0
+            and self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, oupper, oupper_b) <= 0
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        # Check whether other lower bound is contained in this range
+        if (
+            self._compare_edges(olower, olower_b, slower, slower_b) >= 0
+            and self._compare_edges(olower, olower_b, supper, supper_b) <= 0
+        ):
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def strictly_left_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is completely to the left of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+
+        # Check whether this upper edge is less than other's lower end
+        return self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, olower, olower_b) < 0
+
+    __lshift__ = strictly_left_of
+
+    def strictly_right_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is completely to the right of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        # Check whether this lower edge is greater than other's upper end
+        return self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0
+
+    __rshift__ = strictly_right_of
+
+    def not_extend_left_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this does not extend to the left of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+
+        # Check whether this lower edge is not less than other's lower end
+        return self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) >= 0
+
+    def not_extend_right_of(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this does not extend to the right of `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are neither to left nor to the right of any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        # Check whether this upper edge is not greater than other's upper end
+        return self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) <= 0
+
+    def _upper_edge_adjacent_to_lower(
+        self,
+        value1: Optional[_T],
+        bound1: str,
+        value2: Optional[_T],
+        bound2: str,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Determine whether an upper bound is immediately successive to a
+        lower bound."""
+
+        # Since we need a peculiar way to handle the bounds inclusivity,
+        # just do a comparison by value here
+        res = self._compare_edges(value1, bound1, value2, bound2, True)
+        if res == -1:
+            step = self._get_discrete_step()
+            if step is None:
+                return False
+            if bound1 == "]":
+                if bound2 == "[":
+                    return value1 == value2 - step  # type: ignore
+                else:
+                    return value1 == value2
+            else:
+                if bound2 == "[":
+                    return value1 == value2
+                else:
+                    return value1 == value2 - step  # type: ignore
+        elif res == 0:
+            # Cover cases like [0,0] -|- [1,] and [0,2) -|- (1,3]
+            if (
+                bound1 == "]"
+                and bound2 == "["
+                or bound1 == ")"
+                and bound2 == "("
+            ):
+                step = self._get_discrete_step()
+                if step is not None:
+                    return True
+            return (
+                bound1 == ")"
+                and bound2 == "["
+                or bound1 == "]"
+                and bound2 == "("
+            )
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def adjacent_to(self, other: Range[_T]) -> bool:
+        "Determine whether this range is adjacent to the `other`."
+
+        # Empty ranges are not adjacent to any other range
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return False
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        return self._upper_edge_adjacent_to_lower(
+            supper, supper_b, olower, olower_b
+        ) or self._upper_edge_adjacent_to_lower(
+            oupper, oupper_b, slower, slower_b
+        )
+
+    def union(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        """Compute the union of this range with the `other`.
+
+        This raises a ``ValueError`` exception if the two ranges are
+        "disjunct", that is neither adjacent nor overlapping.
+        """
+
+        # Empty ranges are "additive identities"
+        if self.empty:
+            return other
+        if other.empty:
+            return self
+
+        if not self.overlaps(other) and not self.adjacent_to(other):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Adding non-overlapping and non-adjacent"
+                " ranges is not implemented"
+            )
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) < 0:
+            rlower = slower
+            rlower_b = slower_b
+        else:
+            rlower = olower
+            rlower_b = olower_b
+
+        if self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0:
+            rupper = supper
+            rupper_b = supper_b
+        else:
+            rupper = oupper
+            rupper_b = oupper_b
+
+        return Range(
+            rlower, rupper, bounds=cast(_BoundsType, rlower_b + rupper_b)
+        )
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def difference(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        """Compute the difference between this range and the `other`.
+
+        This raises a ``ValueError`` exception if the two ranges are
+        "disjunct", that is neither adjacent nor overlapping.
+        """
+
+        # Subtracting an empty range is a no-op
+        if self.empty or other.empty:
+            return self
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        sl_vs_ol = self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b)
+        su_vs_ou = self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b)
+        if sl_vs_ol < 0 and su_vs_ou > 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Subtracting a strictly inner range is not implemented"
+            )
+
+        sl_vs_ou = self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, oupper, oupper_b)
+        su_vs_ol = self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, olower, olower_b)
+
+        # If the ranges do not overlap, result is simply the first
+        if sl_vs_ou > 0 or su_vs_ol < 0:
+            return self
+
+        # If this range is completely contained by the other, result is empty
+        if sl_vs_ol >= 0 and su_vs_ou <= 0:
+            return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+
+        # If this range extends to the left of the other and ends in its
+        # middle
+        if sl_vs_ol <= 0 and su_vs_ol >= 0 and su_vs_ou <= 0:
+            rupper_b = ")" if olower_b == "[" else "]"
+            if (
+                slower_b != "["
+                and rupper_b != "]"
+                and self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, rupper_b)
+                == 0
+            ):
+                return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+            else:
+                return Range(
+                    slower,
+                    olower,
+                    bounds=cast(_BoundsType, slower_b + rupper_b),
+                )
+
+        # If this range starts in the middle of the other and extends to its
+        # right
+        if sl_vs_ol >= 0 and su_vs_ou >= 0 and sl_vs_ou <= 0:
+            rlower_b = "(" if oupper_b == "]" else "["
+            if (
+                rlower_b != "["
+                and supper_b != "]"
+                and self._compare_edges(oupper, rlower_b, supper, supper_b)
+                == 0
+            ):
+                return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+            else:
+                return Range(
+                    oupper,
+                    supper,
+                    bounds=cast(_BoundsType, rlower_b + supper_b),
+                )
+
+        assert False, f"Unhandled case computing {self} - {other}"
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def intersection(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        """Compute the intersection of this range with the `other`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+        """
+        if self.empty or other.empty or not self.overlaps(other):
+            return Range(None, None, empty=True)
+
+        slower = self.lower
+        slower_b = self.bounds[0]
+        supper = self.upper
+        supper_b = self.bounds[1]
+        olower = other.lower
+        olower_b = other.bounds[0]
+        oupper = other.upper
+        oupper_b = other.bounds[1]
+
+        if self._compare_edges(slower, slower_b, olower, olower_b) < 0:
+            rlower = olower
+            rlower_b = olower_b
+        else:
+            rlower = slower
+            rlower_b = slower_b
+
+        if self._compare_edges(supper, supper_b, oupper, oupper_b) > 0:
+            rupper = oupper
+            rupper_b = oupper_b
+        else:
+            rupper = supper
+            rupper_b = supper_b
+
+        return Range(
+            rlower,
+            rupper,
+            bounds=cast(_BoundsType, rlower_b + rupper_b),
+        )
+
+    def __mul__(self, other: Range[_T]) -> Range[_T]:
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._stringify()
+
+    def _stringify(self) -> str:
+        if self.empty:
+            return "empty"
+
+        l, r = self.lower, self.upper
+        l = "" if l is None else l  # type: ignore
+        r = "" if r is None else r  # type: ignore
+
+        b0, b1 = cast("Tuple[str, str]", self.bounds)
+
+        return f"{b0}{l},{r}{b1}"
+
+
+class MultiRange(List[Range[_T]]):
+    """Represents a multirange sequence.
+
+    This list subclass is an utility to allow automatic type inference of
+    the proper multi-range SQL type depending on the single range values.
+    This is useful when operating on literal multi-ranges::
+
+        import sqlalchemy as sa
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import MultiRange, Range
+
+        value = literal(MultiRange([Range(2, 4)]))
+
+        select(tbl).where(tbl.c.value.op("@")(MultiRange([Range(-3, 7)])))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.26
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        - :ref:`postgresql_multirange_list_use`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def __sa_type_engine__(self) -> AbstractMultiRange[_T]:
+        return AbstractMultiRange()
+
+
+class AbstractRange(sqltypes.TypeEngine[_T]):
+    """Base class for single and multi Range SQL types."""
+
+    render_bind_cast = True
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Dynamically adapt a range type to an abstract impl.
+
+        For example ``INT4RANGE().adapt(_Psycopg2NumericRange)`` should
+        produce a type that will have ``_Psycopg2NumericRange`` behaviors
+        and also render as ``INT4RANGE`` in SQL and DDL.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            issubclass(cls, (AbstractSingleRangeImpl, AbstractMultiRangeImpl))
+            and cls is not self.__class__
+        ):
+            # two ways to do this are:  1. create a new type on the fly
+            # or 2. have AbstractRangeImpl(visit_name) constructor and a
+            # visit_abstract_range_impl() method in the PG compiler.
+            # I'm choosing #1 as the resulting type object
+            # will then make use of the same mechanics
+            # as if we had made all these sub-types explicitly, and will
+            # also look more obvious under pdb etc.
+            # The adapt() operation here is cached per type-class-per-dialect,
+            # so is not much of a performance concern
+            visit_name = self.__visit_name__
+            return type(  # type: ignore
+                f"{visit_name}RangeImpl",
+                (cls, self.__class__),
+                {"__visit_name__": visit_name},
+            )()
+        else:
+            return super().adapt(cls)
+
+    class comparator_factory(TypeEngine.Comparator[Range[Any]]):
+        """Define comparison operations for range types."""
+
+        def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the right hand operand,
+            which can be an element or a range, is contained within the
+            column.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(CONTAINS, other)
+
+        def contained_by(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is contained
+            within the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(CONTAINED_BY, other)
+
+        def overlaps(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column overlaps
+            (has points in common with) the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(OVERLAP, other)
+
+        def strictly_left_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            left of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(STRICTLY_LEFT_OF, other)
+
+        __lshift__ = strictly_left_of
+
+        def strictly_right_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the column is strictly
+            right of the right hand operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(STRICTLY_RIGHT_OF, other)
+
+        __rshift__ = strictly_right_of
+
+        def not_extend_right_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend right of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(NOT_EXTEND_RIGHT_OF, other)
+
+        def not_extend_left_of(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            does not extend left of the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(NOT_EXTEND_LEFT_OF, other)
+
+        def adjacent_to(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Boolean expression. Returns true if the range in the column
+            is adjacent to the range in the operand.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(ADJACENT_TO, other)
+
+        def union(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Range expression. Returns the union of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contiguous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(operators.add, other)
+
+        def difference(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Range expression. Returns the union of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contiguous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(operators.sub, other)
+
+        def intersection(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Range[_T]]:
+            """Range expression. Returns the intersection of the two ranges.
+            Will raise an exception if the resulting range is not
+            contiguous.
+            """
+            return self.expr.operate(operators.mul, other)
+
+
+class AbstractSingleRange(AbstractRange[Range[_T]]):
+    """Base for PostgreSQL RANGE types.
+
+    These are types that return a single :class:`_postgresql.Range` object.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `PostgreSQL range functions <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-range.html>`_
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Range[Any]) -> Any:
+        spec = value.lower if value.lower is not None else value.upper
+
+        if isinstance(spec, int):
+            # pg is unreasonably picky here: the query
+            # "select 1::INTEGER <@ '[1, 4)'::INT8RANGE" raises
+            # "operator does not exist: integer <@ int8range" as of pg 16
+            if _is_int32(value):
+                return INT4RANGE()
+            else:
+                return INT8RANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, (Decimal, float)):
+            return NUMRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, datetime):
+            return TSRANGE() if not spec.tzinfo else TSTZRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, date):
+            return DATERANGE()
+        else:
+            # empty Range, SQL datatype can't be determined here
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+
+class AbstractSingleRangeImpl(AbstractSingleRange[_T]):
+    """Marker for AbstractSingleRange that will apply a subclass-specific
+    adaptation"""
+
+
+class AbstractMultiRange(AbstractRange[Sequence[Range[_T]]]):
+    """Base for PostgreSQL MULTIRANGE types.
+
+    these are types that return a sequence of :class:`_postgresql.Range`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Sequence[Range[Any]]) -> Any:
+        if not value:
+            # empty MultiRange, SQL datatype can't be determined here
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+        first = value[0]
+        spec = first.lower if first.lower is not None else first.upper
+
+        if isinstance(spec, int):
+            # pg is unreasonably picky here: the query
+            # "select 1::INTEGER <@ '{[1, 4),[6,19)}'::INT8MULTIRANGE" raises
+            # "operator does not exist: integer <@ int8multirange" as of pg 16
+            if all(_is_int32(r) for r in value):
+                return INT4MULTIRANGE()
+            else:
+                return INT8MULTIRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, (Decimal, float)):
+            return NUMMULTIRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, datetime):
+            return TSMULTIRANGE() if not spec.tzinfo else TSTZMULTIRANGE()
+        elif isinstance(spec, date):
+            return DATEMULTIRANGE()
+        else:
+            # empty Range, SQL datatype can't be determined here
+            return sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+
+
+class AbstractMultiRangeImpl(AbstractMultiRange[_T]):
+    """Marker for AbstractMultiRange that will apply a subclass-specific
+    adaptation"""
+
+
+class INT4RANGE(AbstractSingleRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT4RANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT4RANGE"
+
+
+class INT8RANGE(AbstractSingleRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT8RANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT8RANGE"
+
+
+class NUMRANGE(AbstractSingleRange[Decimal]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL NUMRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMRANGE"
+
+
+class DATERANGE(AbstractSingleRange[date]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL DATERANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATERANGE"
+
+
+class TSRANGE(AbstractSingleRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSRANGE"
+
+
+class TSTZRANGE(AbstractSingleRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSTZRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSTZRANGE"
+
+
+class INT4MULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT4MULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT4MULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class INT8MULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[int]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL INT8MULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INT8MULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class NUMMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[Decimal]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL NUMMULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class DATEMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[date]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL DATEMULTIRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATEMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class TSMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+class TSTZMULTIRANGE(AbstractMultiRange[datetime]):
+    """Represent the PostgreSQL TSTZRANGE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSTZMULTIRANGE"
+
+
+_max_int_32 = 2**31 - 1
+_min_int_32 = -(2**31)
+
+
+def _is_int32(r: Range[int]) -> bool:
+    return (r.lower is None or _min_int_32 <= r.lower <= _max_int_32) and (
+        r.upper is None or _min_int_32 <= r.upper <= _max_int_32
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1aed2bf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/postgresql/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+# dialects/postgresql/types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2013-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime as dt
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql import type_api
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import _LiteralProcessorType
+    from ...sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_DECIMAL_TYPES = (1231, 1700)
+_FLOAT_TYPES = (700, 701, 1021, 1022)
+_INT_TYPES = (20, 21, 23, 26, 1005, 1007, 1016)
+
+
+class PGUuid(sqltypes.UUID[sqltypes._UUID_RETURN]):
+    render_bind_cast = True
+    render_literal_cast = True
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __init__(
+            self: PGUuid[_python_UUID], as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __init__(
+            self: PGUuid[str], as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True) -> None: ...
+
+
+class BYTEA(sqltypes.LargeBinary):
+    __visit_name__ = "BYTEA"
+
+
+class _NetworkAddressTypeMixin:
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self, TypeEngine)
+        return self
+
+
+class INET(_NetworkAddressTypeMixin, sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "INET"
+
+
+PGInet = INET
+
+
+class CIDR(_NetworkAddressTypeMixin, sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "CIDR"
+
+
+PGCidr = CIDR
+
+
+class MACADDR(_NetworkAddressTypeMixin, sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "MACADDR"
+
+
+PGMacAddr = MACADDR
+
+
+class MACADDR8(_NetworkAddressTypeMixin, sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "MACADDR8"
+
+
+PGMacAddr8 = MACADDR8
+
+
+class MONEY(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    r"""Provide the PostgreSQL MONEY type.
+
+    Depending on driver, result rows using this type may return a
+    string value which includes currency symbols.
+
+    For this reason, it may be preferable to provide conversion to a
+    numerically-based currency datatype using :class:`_types.TypeDecorator`::
+
+        import re
+        import decimal
+        from sqlalchemy import Dialect
+        from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+
+        class NumericMoney(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = MONEY
+
+            def process_result_value(self, value: Any, dialect: Dialect) -> None:
+                if value is not None:
+                    # adjust this for the currency and numeric
+                    m = re.match(r"\$([\d.]+)", value)
+                    if m:
+                        value = decimal.Decimal(m.group(1))
+                return value
+
+    Alternatively, the conversion may be applied as a CAST using
+    the :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.column_expression` method as follows::
+
+        import decimal
+        from sqlalchemy import cast
+        from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+
+        class NumericMoney(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = MONEY
+
+            def column_expression(self, column: Any):
+                return cast(column, Numeric())
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __visit_name__ = "MONEY"
+
+
+class OID(sqltypes.TypeEngine[int]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL OID type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "OID"
+
+
+class REGCONFIG(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL REGCONFIG type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REGCONFIG"
+
+
+class TSQUERY(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL TSQUERY type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSQUERY"
+
+
+class REGCLASS(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL REGCLASS type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.7
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REGCLASS"
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(sqltypes.TIMESTAMP):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL TIMESTAMP type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, timezone: bool = False, precision: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a TIMESTAMP.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean value if timezone present, default False
+        :param precision: optional integer precision value
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class TIME(sqltypes.TIME):
+    """PostgreSQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIME"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, timezone: bool = False, precision: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a TIME.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean value if timezone present, default False
+        :param precision: optional integer precision value
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+        self.precision = precision
+
+
+class INTERVAL(type_api.NativeForEmulated, sqltypes._AbstractInterval):
+    """PostgreSQL INTERVAL type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INTERVAL"
+    native = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, precision: Optional[int] = None, fields: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct an INTERVAL.
+
+        :param precision: optional integer precision value
+        :param fields: string fields specifier.  allows storage of fields
+         to be limited, such as ``"YEAR"``, ``"MONTH"``, ``"DAY TO HOUR"``,
+         etc.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.fields = fields
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(
+        cls, interval: sqltypes.Interval, **kw: Any  # type: ignore[override]
+    ) -> INTERVAL:
+        return INTERVAL(precision=interval.second_precision)
+
+    @property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[sqltypes.Interval]:
+        return sqltypes.Interval
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype: bool = False) -> sqltypes.Interval:
+        return sqltypes.Interval(native=True, second_precision=self.precision)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[dt.timedelta]:
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[dt.timedelta]]:
+        def process(value: dt.timedelta) -> str:
+            return f"make_interval(secs=>{value.total_seconds()})"
+
+        return process
+
+
+PGInterval = INTERVAL
+
+
+class BIT(sqltypes.TypeEngine[int]):
+    __visit_name__ = "BIT"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, length: Optional[int] = None, varying: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        if varying:
+            # BIT VARYING can be unlimited-length, so no default
+            self.length = length
+        else:
+            # BIT without VARYING defaults to length 1
+            self.length = length or 1
+        self.varying = varying
+
+
+PGBit = BIT
+
+
+class TSVECTOR(sqltypes.TypeEngine[str]):
+    """The :class:`_postgresql.TSVECTOR` type implements the PostgreSQL
+    text search type TSVECTOR.
+
+    It can be used to do full text queries on natural language
+    documents.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_match`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TSVECTOR"
+
+
+class CITEXT(sqltypes.TEXT):
+    """Provide the PostgreSQL CITEXT type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.7
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CITEXT"
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return self
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7b381fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from . import aiosqlite  # noqa
+from . import base  # noqa
+from . import pysqlcipher  # noqa
+from . import pysqlite  # noqa
+from .base import BLOB
+from .base import BOOLEAN
+from .base import CHAR
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import DECIMAL
+from .base import FLOAT
+from .base import INTEGER
+from .base import JSON
+from .base import NUMERIC
+from .base import REAL
+from .base import SMALLINT
+from .base import TEXT
+from .base import TIME
+from .base import TIMESTAMP
+from .base import VARCHAR
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import insert
+
+# default dialect
+base.dialect = dialect = pysqlite.dialect
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "BLOB",
+    "BOOLEAN",
+    "CHAR",
+    "DATE",
+    "DATETIME",
+    "DECIMAL",
+    "FLOAT",
+    "INTEGER",
+    "JSON",
+    "NUMERIC",
+    "SMALLINT",
+    "TEXT",
+    "TIME",
+    "TIMESTAMP",
+    "VARCHAR",
+    "REAL",
+    "Insert",
+    "insert",
+    "dialect",
+)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82802245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/aiosqlite.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+
+.. dialect:: sqlite+aiosqlite
+    :name: aiosqlite
+    :dbapi: aiosqlite
+    :connectstring: sqlite+aiosqlite:///file_path
+    :url: https://pypi.org/project/aiosqlite/
+
+The aiosqlite dialect provides support for the SQLAlchemy asyncio interface
+running on top of pysqlite.
+
+aiosqlite is a wrapper around pysqlite that uses a background thread for
+each connection.   It does not actually use non-blocking IO, as SQLite
+databases are not socket-based.  However it does provide a working asyncio
+interface that's useful for testing and prototyping purposes.
+
+Using a special asyncio mediation layer, the aiosqlite dialect is usable
+as the backend for the :ref:`SQLAlchemy asyncio <asyncio_toplevel>`
+extension package.
+
+This dialect should normally be used only with the
+:func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` engine creation function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///filename")
+
+The URL passes through all arguments to the ``pysqlite`` driver, so all
+connection arguments are the same as they are for that of :ref:`pysqlite`.
+
+.. _aiosqlite_udfs:
+
+User-Defined Functions
+----------------------
+
+aiosqlite extends pysqlite to support async, so we can create our own user-defined functions (UDFs)
+in Python and use them directly in SQLite queries as described here: :ref:`pysqlite_udfs`.
+
+.. _aiosqlite_serializable:
+
+Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL (asyncio version)
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Similarly to pysqlite, aiosqlite does not support SAVEPOINT feature.
+
+The solution is similar to :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`. This is achieved by the event listeners in async::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///myfile.db")
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
+    def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # disable aiosqlite's emitting of the BEGIN statement entirely.
+        # also stops it from emitting COMMIT before any DDL.
+        dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        # emit our own BEGIN
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+
+.. warning:: When using the above recipe, it is advised to not use the
+   :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` setting on
+   :class:`_engine.Connection` and :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+   with the SQLite driver,
+   as this function necessarily will also alter the ".isolation_level" setting.
+
+.. _aiosqlite_pooling:
+
+Pooling Behavior
+----------------
+
+The SQLAlchemy ``aiosqlite`` DBAPI establishes the connection pool differently
+based on the kind of SQLite database that's requested:
+
+* When a ``:memory:`` SQLite database is specified, the dialect by default
+  will use :class:`.StaticPool`. This pool maintains a single
+  connection, so that all access to the engine
+  use the same ``:memory:`` database.
+* When a file-based database is specified, the dialect will use
+  :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` as the source of connections.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0.38
+
+    SQLite file database engines now use :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` by default.
+    Previously, :class:`.NullPool` were used.  The :class:`.NullPool` class
+    may be used by specifying it via the
+    :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.poolclass` parameter.
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import asyncio
+from collections import deque
+from functools import partial
+
+from .base import SQLiteExecutionContext
+from .pysqlite import SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
+from ... import pool
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import AdaptedConnection
+from ...util.concurrency import await_fallback
+from ...util.concurrency import await_only
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_cursor:
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_adapt_connection",
+        "_connection",
+        "description",
+        "await_",
+        "_rows",
+        "arraysize",
+        "rowcount",
+        "lastrowid",
+    )
+
+    server_side = False
+
+    def __init__(self, adapt_connection):
+        self._adapt_connection = adapt_connection
+        self._connection = adapt_connection._connection
+        self.await_ = adapt_connection.await_
+        self.arraysize = 1
+        self.rowcount = -1
+        self.description = None
+        self._rows = deque()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._rows.clear()
+
+    def execute(self, operation, parameters=None):
+        try:
+            _cursor = self.await_(self._connection.cursor())
+
+            if parameters is None:
+                self.await_(_cursor.execute(operation))
+            else:
+                self.await_(_cursor.execute(operation, parameters))
+
+            if _cursor.description:
+                self.description = _cursor.description
+                self.lastrowid = self.rowcount = -1
+
+                if not self.server_side:
+                    self._rows = deque(self.await_(_cursor.fetchall()))
+            else:
+                self.description = None
+                self.lastrowid = _cursor.lastrowid
+                self.rowcount = _cursor.rowcount
+
+            if not self.server_side:
+                self.await_(_cursor.close())
+            else:
+                self._cursor = _cursor
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def executemany(self, operation, seq_of_parameters):
+        try:
+            _cursor = self.await_(self._connection.cursor())
+            self.await_(_cursor.executemany(operation, seq_of_parameters))
+            self.description = None
+            self.lastrowid = _cursor.lastrowid
+            self.rowcount = _cursor.rowcount
+            self.await_(_cursor.close())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._adapt_connection._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, *inputsizes):
+        pass
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        while self._rows:
+            yield self._rows.popleft()
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        if self._rows:
+            return self._rows.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+
+        rr = self._rows
+        return [rr.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rr)))]
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        retval = list(self._rows)
+        self._rows.clear()
+        return retval
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_ss_cursor(AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_cursor):
+    # TODO: base on connectors/asyncio.py
+    # see #10415
+    __slots__ = "_cursor"
+
+    server_side = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self._cursor = None
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._cursor is not None:
+            self.await_(self._cursor.close())
+            self._cursor = None
+
+    def fetchone(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchone())
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            size = self.arraysize
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchmany(size=size))
+
+    def fetchall(self):
+        return self.await_(self._cursor.fetchall())
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_connection(AdaptedConnection):
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi",)
+
+    def __init__(self, dbapi, connection):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self._connection = connection
+
+    @property
+    def isolation_level(self):
+        return self._connection.isolation_level
+
+    @isolation_level.setter
+    def isolation_level(self, value):
+        # aiosqlite's isolation_level setter works outside the Thread
+        # that it's supposed to, necessitating setting check_same_thread=False.
+        # for improved stability, we instead invent our own awaitable version
+        # using aiosqlite's async queue directly.
+
+        def set_iso(connection, value):
+            connection.isolation_level = value
+
+        function = partial(set_iso, self._connection._conn, value)
+        future = asyncio.get_event_loop().create_future()
+
+        self._connection._tx.put_nowait((future, function))
+
+        try:
+            return self.await_(future)
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def create_function(self, *args, **kw):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.create_function(*args, **kw))
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def cursor(self, server_side=False):
+        if server_side:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_ss_cursor(self)
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_cursor(self)
+
+    def execute(self, *args, **kw):
+        return self.await_(self._connection.execute(*args, **kw))
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.rollback())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def commit(self):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.commit())
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            self.await_(self._connection.close())
+        except ValueError:
+            # this is undocumented for aiosqlite, that ValueError
+            # was raised if .close() was called more than once, which is
+            # both not customary for DBAPI and is also not a DBAPI.Error
+            # exception. This is now fixed in aiosqlite via my PR
+            # https://github.com/omnilib/aiosqlite/pull/238, so we can be
+            # assured this will not become some other kind of exception,
+            # since it doesn't raise anymore.
+
+            pass
+        except Exception as error:
+            self._handle_exception(error)
+
+    def _handle_exception(self, error):
+        if (
+            isinstance(error, ValueError)
+            and error.args[0] == "no active connection"
+        ):
+            raise self.dbapi.sqlite.OperationalError(
+                "no active connection"
+            ) from error
+        else:
+            raise error
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptFallback_aiosqlite_connection(AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_connection):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
+
+
+class AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_dbapi:
+    def __init__(self, aiosqlite, sqlite):
+        self.aiosqlite = aiosqlite
+        self.sqlite = sqlite
+        self.paramstyle = "qmark"
+        self._init_dbapi_attributes()
+
+    def _init_dbapi_attributes(self):
+        for name in (
+            "DatabaseError",
+            "Error",
+            "IntegrityError",
+            "NotSupportedError",
+            "OperationalError",
+            "ProgrammingError",
+            "sqlite_version",
+            "sqlite_version_info",
+        ):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.aiosqlite, name))
+
+        for name in ("PARSE_COLNAMES", "PARSE_DECLTYPES"):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.sqlite, name))
+
+        for name in ("Binary",):
+            setattr(self, name, getattr(self.sqlite, name))
+
+    def connect(self, *arg, **kw):
+        async_fallback = kw.pop("async_fallback", False)
+
+        creator_fn = kw.pop("async_creator_fn", None)
+        if creator_fn:
+            connection = creator_fn(*arg, **kw)
+        else:
+            connection = self.aiosqlite.connect(*arg, **kw)
+            # it's a Thread.   you'll thank us later
+            connection.daemon = True
+
+        if util.asbool(async_fallback):
+            return AsyncAdaptFallback_aiosqlite_connection(
+                self,
+                await_fallback(connection),
+            )
+        else:
+            return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_connection(
+                self,
+                await_only(connection),
+            )
+
+
+class SQLiteExecutionContext_aiosqlite(SQLiteExecutionContext):
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self):
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor(server_side=True)
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_aiosqlite(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
+    driver = "aiosqlite"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    is_async = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = True
+
+    execution_ctx_cls = SQLiteExecutionContext_aiosqlite
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        return AsyncAdapt_aiosqlite_dbapi(
+            __import__("aiosqlite"), __import__("sqlite3")
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        if cls._is_url_file_db(url):
+            return pool.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.StaticPool
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        if isinstance(
+            e, self.dbapi.OperationalError
+        ) and "no active connection" in str(e):
+            return True
+
+        return super().is_disconnect(e, connection, cursor)
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection._connection
+
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_aiosqlite
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf632f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2877 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r'''
+.. dialect:: sqlite
+    :name: SQLite
+    :normal_support: 3.12+
+    :best_effort: 3.7.16+
+
+.. _sqlite_datetime:
+
+Date and Time Types
+-------------------
+
+SQLite does not have built-in DATE, TIME, or DATETIME types, and pysqlite does
+not provide out of the box functionality for translating values between Python
+`datetime` objects and a SQLite-supported format. SQLAlchemy's own
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.types.DateTime` and related types provide date formatting
+and parsing functionality when SQLite is used. The implementation classes are
+:class:`_sqlite.DATETIME`, :class:`_sqlite.DATE` and :class:`_sqlite.TIME`.
+These types represent dates and times as ISO formatted strings, which also
+nicely support ordering. There's no reliance on typical "libc" internals for
+these functions so historical dates are fully supported.
+
+Ensuring Text affinity
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The DDL rendered for these types is the standard ``DATE``, ``TIME``
+and ``DATETIME`` indicators.    However, custom storage formats can also be
+applied to these types.   When the
+storage format is detected as containing no alpha characters, the DDL for
+these types is rendered as ``DATE_CHAR``, ``TIME_CHAR``, and ``DATETIME_CHAR``,
+so that the column continues to have textual affinity.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Type Affinity <https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html#affinity>`_ -
+    in the SQLite documentation
+
+.. _sqlite_autoincrement:
+
+SQLite Auto Incrementing Behavior
+----------------------------------
+
+Background on SQLite's autoincrement is at: https://sqlite.org/autoinc.html
+
+Key concepts:
+
+* SQLite has an implicit "auto increment" feature that takes place for any
+  non-composite primary-key column that is specifically created using
+  "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY" for the type + primary key.
+
+* SQLite also has an explicit "AUTOINCREMENT" keyword, that is **not**
+  equivalent to the implicit autoincrement feature; this keyword is not
+  recommended for general use.  SQLAlchemy does not render this keyword
+  unless a special SQLite-specific directive is used (see below).  However,
+  it still requires that the column's type is named "INTEGER".
+
+Using the AUTOINCREMENT Keyword
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To specifically render the AUTOINCREMENT keyword on the primary key column
+when rendering DDL, add the flag ``sqlite_autoincrement=True`` to the Table
+construct::
+
+    Table(
+        "sometable",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        sqlite_autoincrement=True,
+    )
+
+Allowing autoincrement behavior SQLAlchemy types other than Integer/INTEGER
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+SQLite's typing model is based on naming conventions.  Among other things, this
+means that any type name which contains the substring ``"INT"`` will be
+determined to be of "integer affinity".  A type named ``"BIGINT"``,
+``"SPECIAL_INT"`` or even ``"XYZINTQPR"``, will be considered by SQLite to be
+of "integer" affinity.  However, **the SQLite autoincrement feature, whether
+implicitly or explicitly enabled, requires that the name of the column's type
+is exactly the string "INTEGER"**.  Therefore, if an application uses a type
+like :class:`.BigInteger` for a primary key, on SQLite this type will need to
+be rendered as the name ``"INTEGER"`` when emitting the initial ``CREATE
+TABLE`` statement in order for the autoincrement behavior to be available.
+
+One approach to achieve this is to use :class:`.Integer` on SQLite
+only using :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`::
+
+    table = Table(
+        "my_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            "id",
+            BigInteger().with_variant(Integer, "sqlite"),
+            primary_key=True,
+        ),
+    )
+
+Another is to use a subclass of :class:`.BigInteger` that overrides its DDL
+name to be ``INTEGER`` when compiled against SQLite::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import BigInteger
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+
+    class SLBigInteger(BigInteger):
+        pass
+
+
+    @compiles(SLBigInteger, "sqlite")
+    def bi_c(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INTEGER"
+
+
+    @compiles(SLBigInteger)
+    def bi_c(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_BIGINT(element, **kw)
+
+
+    table = Table(
+        "my_table", metadata, Column("id", SLBigInteger(), primary_key=True)
+    )
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :meth:`.TypeEngine.with_variant`
+
+    :ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel`
+
+    `Datatypes In SQLite Version 3 <https://sqlite.org/datatype3.html>`_
+
+.. _sqlite_concurrency:
+
+Database Locking Behavior / Concurrency
+---------------------------------------
+
+SQLite is not designed for a high level of write concurrency. The database
+itself, being a file, is locked completely during write operations within
+transactions, meaning exactly one "connection" (in reality a file handle)
+has exclusive access to the database during this period - all other
+"connections" will be blocked during this time.
+
+The Python DBAPI specification also calls for a connection model that is
+always in a transaction; there is no ``connection.begin()`` method,
+only ``connection.commit()`` and ``connection.rollback()``, upon which a
+new transaction is to be begun immediately.  This may seem to imply
+that the SQLite driver would in theory allow only a single filehandle on a
+particular database file at any time; however, there are several
+factors both within SQLite itself as well as within the pysqlite driver
+which loosen this restriction significantly.
+
+However, no matter what locking modes are used, SQLite will still always
+lock the database file once a transaction is started and DML (e.g. INSERT,
+UPDATE, DELETE) has at least been emitted, and this will block
+other transactions at least at the point that they also attempt to emit DML.
+By default, the length of time on this block is very short before it times out
+with an error.
+
+This behavior becomes more critical when used in conjunction with the
+SQLAlchemy ORM.  SQLAlchemy's :class:`.Session` object by default runs
+within a transaction, and with its autoflush model, may emit DML preceding
+any SELECT statement.   This may lead to a SQLite database that locks
+more quickly than is expected.   The locking mode of SQLite and the pysqlite
+driver can be manipulated to some degree, however it should be noted that
+achieving a high degree of write-concurrency with SQLite is a losing battle.
+
+For more information on SQLite's lack of write concurrency by design, please
+see
+`Situations Where Another RDBMS May Work Better - High Concurrency
+<https://www.sqlite.org/whentouse.html>`_ near the bottom of the page.
+
+The following subsections introduce areas that are impacted by SQLite's
+file-based architecture and additionally will usually require workarounds to
+work when using the pysqlite driver.
+
+.. _sqlite_isolation_level:
+
+Transaction Isolation Level / Autocommit
+----------------------------------------
+
+SQLite supports "transaction isolation" in a non-standard way, along two
+axes.  One is that of the
+`PRAGMA read_uncommitted <https://www.sqlite.org/pragma.html#pragma_read_uncommitted>`_
+instruction.   This setting can essentially switch SQLite between its
+default mode of ``SERIALIZABLE`` isolation, and a "dirty read" isolation
+mode normally referred to as ``READ UNCOMMITTED``.
+
+SQLAlchemy ties into this PRAGMA statement using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` parameter of
+:func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+Valid values for this parameter when used with SQLite are ``"SERIALIZABLE"``
+and ``"READ UNCOMMITTED"`` corresponding to a value of 0 and 1, respectively.
+SQLite defaults to ``SERIALIZABLE``, however its behavior is impacted by
+the pysqlite driver's default behavior.
+
+When using the pysqlite driver, the ``"AUTOCOMMIT"`` isolation level is also
+available, which will alter the pysqlite connection using the ``.isolation_level``
+attribute on the DBAPI connection and set it to None for the duration
+of the setting.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.16 added support for SQLite AUTOCOMMIT isolation level
+   when using the pysqlite / sqlite3 SQLite driver.
+
+
+The other axis along which SQLite's transactional locking is impacted is
+via the nature of the ``BEGIN`` statement used.   The three varieties
+are "deferred", "immediate", and "exclusive", as described at
+`BEGIN TRANSACTION <https://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_.   A straight
+``BEGIN`` statement uses the "deferred" mode, where the database file is
+not locked until the first read or write operation, and read access remains
+open to other transactions until the first write operation.  But again,
+it is critical to note that the pysqlite driver interferes with this behavior
+by *not even emitting BEGIN* until the first write operation.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's transactional scope is impacted by unresolved
+    issues in the pysqlite driver, which defers BEGIN statements to a greater
+    degree than is often feasible. See the section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`
+    or :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable` for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE...RETURNING
+---------------------------------
+
+The SQLite dialect supports SQLite 3.35's  ``INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE..RETURNING``
+syntax.   ``INSERT..RETURNING`` may be used
+automatically in some cases in order to fetch newly generated identifiers in
+place of the traditional approach of using ``cursor.lastrowid``, however
+``cursor.lastrowid`` is currently still preferred for simple single-statement
+cases for its better performance.
+
+To specify an explicit ``RETURNING`` clause, use the
+:meth:`._UpdateBase.returning` method on a per-statement basis::
+
+    # INSERT..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.insert().values(name="foo").returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+    # UPDATE..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.update()
+        .where(table.c.name == "foo")
+        .values(name="bar")
+        .returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+    # DELETE..RETURNING
+    result = connection.execute(
+        table.delete()
+        .where(table.c.name == "foo")
+        .returning(table.c.col1, table.c.col2)
+    )
+    print(result.all())
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  Added support for SQLite RETURNING
+
+SAVEPOINT Support
+----------------------------
+
+SQLite supports SAVEPOINTs, which only function once a transaction is
+begun.   SQLAlchemy's SAVEPOINT support is available using the
+:meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method at the Core level, and
+:meth:`.Session.begin_nested` at the ORM level.   However, SAVEPOINTs
+won't work at all with pysqlite unless workarounds are taken.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's SAVEPOINT feature is impacted by unresolved
+    issues in the pysqlite and aiosqlite drivers, which defer BEGIN statements
+    to a greater degree than is often feasible. See the sections
+    :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` and :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`
+    for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+Transactional DDL
+----------------------------
+
+The SQLite database supports transactional :term:`DDL` as well.
+In this case, the pysqlite driver is not only failing to start transactions,
+it also is ending any existing transaction when DDL is detected, so again,
+workarounds are required.
+
+.. warning::
+
+    SQLite's transactional DDL is impacted by unresolved issues
+    in the pysqlite driver, which fails to emit BEGIN and additionally
+    forces a COMMIT to cancel any transaction when DDL is encountered.
+    See the section :ref:`pysqlite_serializable`
+    for techniques to work around this behavior.
+
+.. _sqlite_foreign_keys:
+
+Foreign Key Support
+-------------------
+
+SQLite supports FOREIGN KEY syntax when emitting CREATE statements for tables,
+however by default these constraints have no effect on the operation of the
+table.
+
+Constraint checking on SQLite has three prerequisites:
+
+* At least version 3.6.19 of SQLite must be in use
+* The SQLite library must be compiled *without* the SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+  or SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER symbols enabled.
+* The ``PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON`` statement must be emitted on all
+  connections before use -- including the initial call to
+  :meth:`sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+SQLAlchemy allows for the ``PRAGMA`` statement to be emitted automatically for
+new connections through the usage of events::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(Engine, "connect")
+    def set_sqlite_pragma(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON")
+        cursor.close()
+
+.. warning::
+
+    When SQLite foreign keys are enabled, it is **not possible**
+    to emit CREATE or DROP statements for tables that contain
+    mutually-dependent foreign key constraints;
+    to emit the DDL for these tables requires that ALTER TABLE be used to
+    create or drop these constraints separately, for which SQLite has
+    no support.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite Foreign Key Support <https://www.sqlite.org/foreignkeys.html>`_
+    - on the SQLite web site.
+
+    :ref:`event_toplevel` - SQLAlchemy event API.
+
+    :ref:`use_alter` - more information on SQLAlchemy's facilities for handling
+     mutually-dependent foreign key constraints.
+
+.. _sqlite_on_conflict_ddl:
+
+ON CONFLICT support for constraints
+-----------------------------------
+
+.. seealso:: This section describes the :term:`DDL` version of "ON CONFLICT" for
+   SQLite, which occurs within a CREATE TABLE statement.  For "ON CONFLICT" as
+   applied to an INSERT statement, see :ref:`sqlite_on_conflict_insert`.
+
+SQLite supports a non-standard DDL clause known as ON CONFLICT which can be applied
+to primary key, unique, check, and not null constraints.   In DDL, it is
+rendered either within the "CONSTRAINT" clause or within the column definition
+itself depending on the location of the target constraint.    To render this
+clause within DDL, the extension parameter ``sqlite_on_conflict`` can be
+specified with a string conflict resolution algorithm within the
+:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, :class:`.UniqueConstraint`,
+:class:`.CheckConstraint` objects.  Within the :class:`_schema.Column` object,
+there
+are individual parameters ``sqlite_on_conflict_not_null``,
+``sqlite_on_conflict_primary_key``, ``sqlite_on_conflict_unique`` which each
+correspond to the three types of relevant constraint types that can be
+indicated from a :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `ON CONFLICT <https://www.sqlite.org/lang_conflict.html>`_ - in the SQLite
+    documentation
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+The ``sqlite_on_conflict`` parameters accept a  string argument which is just
+the resolution name to be chosen, which on SQLite can be one of ROLLBACK,
+ABORT, FAIL, IGNORE, and REPLACE.   For example, to add a UNIQUE constraint
+that specifies the IGNORE algorithm::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("data", Integer),
+        UniqueConstraint("id", "data", sqlite_on_conflict="IGNORE"),
+    )
+
+The above renders CREATE TABLE DDL as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        data INTEGER,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id),
+        UNIQUE (id, data) ON CONFLICT IGNORE
+    )
+
+
+When using the :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique`
+flag to add a UNIQUE constraint
+to a single column, the ``sqlite_on_conflict_unique`` parameter can
+be added to the :class:`_schema.Column` as well, which will be added to the
+UNIQUE constraint in the DDL::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column(
+            "data", Integer, unique=True, sqlite_on_conflict_unique="IGNORE"
+        ),
+    )
+
+rendering:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        data INTEGER,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id),
+        UNIQUE (data) ON CONFLICT IGNORE
+    )
+
+To apply the FAIL algorithm for a NOT NULL constraint,
+``sqlite_on_conflict_not_null`` is used::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column(
+            "data", Integer, nullable=False, sqlite_on_conflict_not_null="FAIL"
+        ),
+    )
+
+this renders the column inline ON CONFLICT phrase:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        data INTEGER NOT NULL ON CONFLICT FAIL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id)
+    )
+
+
+Similarly, for an inline primary key, use ``sqlite_on_conflict_primary_key``::
+
+    some_table = Table(
+        "some_table",
+        metadata,
+        Column(
+            "id",
+            Integer,
+            primary_key=True,
+            sqlite_on_conflict_primary_key="FAIL",
+        ),
+    )
+
+SQLAlchemy renders the PRIMARY KEY constraint separately, so the conflict
+resolution algorithm is applied to the constraint itself:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE some_table (
+        id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+        PRIMARY KEY (id) ON CONFLICT FAIL
+    )
+
+.. _sqlite_on_conflict_insert:
+
+INSERT...ON CONFLICT (Upsert)
+-----------------------------
+
+.. seealso:: This section describes the :term:`DML` version of "ON CONFLICT" for
+   SQLite, which occurs within an INSERT statement.  For "ON CONFLICT" as
+   applied to a CREATE TABLE statement, see :ref:`sqlite_on_conflict_ddl`.
+
+From version 3.24.0 onwards, SQLite supports "upserts" (update or insert)
+of rows into a table via the ``ON CONFLICT`` clause of the ``INSERT``
+statement. A candidate row will only be inserted if that row does not violate
+any unique or primary key constraints. In the case of a unique constraint violation, a
+secondary action can occur which can be either "DO UPDATE", indicating that
+the data in the target row should be updated, or "DO NOTHING", which indicates
+to silently skip this row.
+
+Conflicts are determined using columns that are part of existing unique
+constraints and indexes.  These constraints are identified by stating the
+columns and conditions that comprise the indexes.
+
+SQLAlchemy provides ``ON CONFLICT`` support via the SQLite-specific
+:func:`_sqlite.insert()` function, which provides
+the generative methods :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`
+and :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert
+
+    >>> insert_stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_existing_id", data="inserted value"
+    ... )
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"], set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?{stop}
+
+    >>> do_nothing_stmt = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=["id"])
+
+    >>> print(do_nothing_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Upsert
+    <https://sqlite.org/lang_UPSERT.html>`_
+    - in the SQLite documentation.
+
+
+Specifying the Target
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Both methods supply the "target" of the conflict using column inference:
+
+* The :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements` argument
+  specifies a sequence containing string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+  objects, and/or SQL expression elements, which would identify a unique index
+  or unique constraint.
+
+* When using :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_elements`
+  to infer an index, a partial index can be inferred by also specifying the
+  :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.index_where` parameter:
+
+  .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(user_email="a@b.com", data="inserted data")
+
+        >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+        ...     index_elements=[my_table.c.user_email],
+        ...     index_where=my_table.c.user_email.like("%@gmail.com"),
+        ...     set_=dict(data=stmt.excluded.data),
+        ... )
+
+        >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+        {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (data, user_email) VALUES (?, ?)
+        ON CONFLICT (user_email)
+        WHERE user_email LIKE '%@gmail.com'
+        DO UPDATE SET data = excluded.data
+
+The SET Clause
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT...DO UPDATE`` is used to perform an update of the already
+existing row, using any combination of new values as well as values
+from the proposed insertion. These values are specified using the
+:paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` parameter.  This
+parameter accepts a dictionary which consists of direct values
+for UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id="some_id", data="inserted value")
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"], set_=dict(data="updated value")
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?
+
+.. warning::
+
+    The :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update` method does **not** take
+    into account Python-side default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+    e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`. These
+    values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of UPDATE, unless
+    they are manually specified in the
+    :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+Updating using the Excluded INSERT Values
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+In order to refer to the proposed insertion row, the special alias
+:attr:`~.sqlite.Insert.excluded` is available as an attribute on
+the :class:`_sqlite.Insert` object; this object creates an "excluded." prefix
+on a column, that informs the DO UPDATE to update the row with the value that
+would have been inserted had the constraint not failed:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_id", data="inserted value", author="jlh"
+    ... )
+
+    >>> do_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"],
+    ...     set_=dict(data="updated value", author=stmt.excluded.author),
+    ... )
+
+    >>> print(do_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?, author = excluded.author
+
+Additional WHERE Criteria
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update` method also accepts
+a WHERE clause using the :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.where`
+parameter, which will limit those rows which receive an UPDATE:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(
+    ...     id="some_id", data="inserted value", author="jlh"
+    ... )
+
+    >>> on_update_stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+    ...     index_elements=["id"],
+    ...     set_=dict(data="updated value", author=stmt.excluded.author),
+    ...     where=(my_table.c.status == 2),
+    ... )
+    >>> print(on_update_stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data, author) VALUES (?, ?, ?)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET data = ?, author = excluded.author
+    WHERE my_table.status = ?
+
+
+Skipping Rows with DO NOTHING
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+``ON CONFLICT`` may be used to skip inserting a row entirely
+if any conflict with a unique constraint occurs; below this is illustrated
+using the :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing` method:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id="some_id", data="inserted value")
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing(index_elements=["id"])
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?) ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING
+
+
+If ``DO NOTHING`` is used without specifying any columns or constraint,
+it has the effect of skipping the INSERT for any unique violation which
+occurs:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> stmt = insert(my_table).values(id="some_id", data="inserted value")
+    >>> stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+    >>> print(stmt)
+    {printsql}INSERT INTO my_table (id, data) VALUES (?, ?) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING
+
+.. _sqlite_type_reflection:
+
+Type Reflection
+---------------
+
+SQLite types are unlike those of most other database backends, in that
+the string name of the type usually does not correspond to a "type" in a
+one-to-one fashion.  Instead, SQLite links per-column typing behavior
+to one of five so-called "type affinities" based on a string matching
+pattern for the type.
+
+SQLAlchemy's reflection process, when inspecting types, uses a simple
+lookup table to link the keywords returned to provided SQLAlchemy types.
+This lookup table is present within the SQLite dialect as it is for all
+other dialects.  However, the SQLite dialect has a different "fallback"
+routine for when a particular type name is not located in the lookup map;
+it instead implements the SQLite "type affinity" scheme located at
+https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+The provided typemap will make direct associations from an exact string
+name match for the following types:
+
+:class:`_types.BIGINT`, :class:`_types.BLOB`,
+:class:`_types.BOOLEAN`, :class:`_types.BOOLEAN`,
+:class:`_types.CHAR`, :class:`_types.DATE`,
+:class:`_types.DATETIME`, :class:`_types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`_types.DECIMAL`, :class:`_types.FLOAT`,
+:class:`_types.INTEGER`, :class:`_types.INTEGER`,
+:class:`_types.NUMERIC`, :class:`_types.REAL`,
+:class:`_types.SMALLINT`, :class:`_types.TEXT`,
+:class:`_types.TIME`, :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP`,
+:class:`_types.VARCHAR`, :class:`_types.NVARCHAR`,
+:class:`_types.NCHAR`
+
+When a type name does not match one of the above types, the "type affinity"
+lookup is used instead:
+
+* :class:`_types.INTEGER` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``INT``
+* :class:`_types.TEXT` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``CHAR``, ``CLOB`` or ``TEXT``
+* :class:`_types.NullType` is returned if the type name includes the
+  string ``BLOB``
+* :class:`_types.REAL` is returned if the type name includes the string
+  ``REAL``, ``FLOA`` or ``DOUB``.
+* Otherwise, the :class:`_types.NUMERIC` type is used.
+
+.. _sqlite_partial_index:
+
+Partial Indexes
+---------------
+
+A partial index, e.g. one which uses a WHERE clause, can be specified
+with the DDL system using the argument ``sqlite_where``::
+
+    tbl = Table("testtbl", m, Column("data", Integer))
+    idx = Index(
+        "test_idx1",
+        tbl.c.data,
+        sqlite_where=and_(tbl.c.data > 5, tbl.c.data < 10),
+    )
+
+The index will be rendered at create time as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE INDEX test_idx1 ON testtbl (data)
+    WHERE data > 5 AND data < 10
+
+.. _sqlite_dotted_column_names:
+
+Dotted Column Names
+-------------------
+
+Using table or column names that explicitly have periods in them is
+**not recommended**.   While this is generally a bad idea for relational
+databases in general, as the dot is a syntactically significant character,
+the SQLite driver up until version **3.10.0** of SQLite has a bug which
+requires that SQLAlchemy filter out these dots in result sets.
+
+The bug, entirely outside of SQLAlchemy, can be illustrated thusly::
+
+    import sqlite3
+
+    assert sqlite3.sqlite_version_info < (
+        3,
+        10,
+        0,
+    ), "bug is fixed in this version"
+
+    conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
+    cursor = conn.cursor()
+
+    cursor.execute("create table x (a integer, b integer)")
+    cursor.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 1)")
+    cursor.execute("insert into x (a, b) values (2, 2)")
+
+    cursor.execute("select x.a, x.b from x")
+    assert [c[0] for c in cursor.description] == ["a", "b"]
+
+    cursor.execute(
+        """
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+        """
+    )
+    assert [c[0] for c in cursor.description] == ["a", "b"], [
+        c[0] for c in cursor.description
+    ]
+
+The second assertion fails:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "test.py", line 19, in <module>
+        [c[0] for c in cursor.description]
+    AssertionError: ['x.a', 'x.b']
+
+Where above, the driver incorrectly reports the names of the columns
+including the name of the table, which is entirely inconsistent vs.
+when the UNION is not present.
+
+SQLAlchemy relies upon column names being predictable in how they match
+to the original statement, so the SQLAlchemy dialect has no choice but
+to filter these out::
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    eng = create_engine("sqlite://")
+    conn = eng.connect()
+
+    conn.exec_driver_sql("create table x (a integer, b integer)")
+    conn.exec_driver_sql("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 1)")
+    conn.exec_driver_sql("insert into x (a, b) values (2, 2)")
+
+    result = conn.exec_driver_sql("select x.a, x.b from x")
+    assert result.keys() == ["a", "b"]
+
+    result = conn.exec_driver_sql(
+        """
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+        """
+    )
+    assert result.keys() == ["a", "b"]
+
+Note that above, even though SQLAlchemy filters out the dots, *both
+names are still addressable*::
+
+    >>> row = result.first()
+    >>> row["a"]
+    1
+    >>> row["x.a"]
+    1
+    >>> row["b"]
+    1
+    >>> row["x.b"]
+    1
+
+Therefore, the workaround applied by SQLAlchemy only impacts
+:meth:`_engine.CursorResult.keys` and :meth:`.Row.keys()` in the public API. In
+the very specific case where an application is forced to use column names that
+contain dots, and the functionality of :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.keys` and
+:meth:`.Row.keys()` is required to return these dotted names unmodified,
+the ``sqlite_raw_colnames`` execution option may be provided, either on a
+per-:class:`_engine.Connection` basis::
+
+    result = conn.execution_options(sqlite_raw_colnames=True).exec_driver_sql(
+        """
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=1
+        union
+        select x.a, x.b from x where a=2
+        """
+    )
+    assert result.keys() == ["x.a", "x.b"]
+
+or on a per-:class:`_engine.Engine` basis::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "sqlite://", execution_options={"sqlite_raw_colnames": True}
+    )
+
+When using the per-:class:`_engine.Engine` execution option, note that
+**Core and ORM queries that use UNION may not function properly**.
+
+SQLite-specific table options
+-----------------------------
+
+One option for CREATE TABLE is supported directly by the SQLite
+dialect in conjunction with the :class:`_schema.Table` construct:
+
+* ``WITHOUT ROWID``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., sqlite_with_rowid=False)
+
+*
+  ``STRICT``::
+
+    Table("some_table", metadata, ..., sqlite_strict=True)
+
+  .. versionadded:: 2.0.37
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite CREATE TABLE options
+    <https://www.sqlite.org/lang_createtable.html>`_
+
+.. _sqlite_include_internal:
+
+Reflecting internal schema tables
+----------------------------------
+
+Reflection methods that return lists of tables will omit so-called
+"SQLite internal schema object" names, which are considered by SQLite
+as any object name that is prefixed with ``sqlite_``.  An example of
+such an object is the ``sqlite_sequence`` table that's generated when
+the ``AUTOINCREMENT`` column parameter is used.   In order to return
+these objects, the parameter ``sqlite_include_internal=True`` may be
+passed to methods such as :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` or
+:meth:`.Inspector.get_table_names`.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  Added the ``sqlite_include_internal=True`` parameter.
+   Previously, these tables were not ignored by SQLAlchemy reflection
+   methods.
+
+.. note::
+
+    The ``sqlite_include_internal`` parameter does not refer to the
+    "system" tables that are present in schemas such as ``sqlite_master``.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `SQLite Internal Schema Objects <https://www.sqlite.org/fileformat2.html#intschema>`_ - in the SQLite
+    documentation.
+
+'''  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import numbers
+import re
+from typing import Optional
+
+from .json import JSON
+from .json import JSONIndexType
+from .json import JSONPathType
+from ... import exc
+from ... import schema as sa_schema
+from ... import sql
+from ... import text
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import default
+from ...engine import processors
+from ...engine import reflection
+from ...engine.reflection import ReflectionDefaults
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import compiler
+from ...sql import elements
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import schema
+from ...types import BLOB  # noqa
+from ...types import BOOLEAN  # noqa
+from ...types import CHAR  # noqa
+from ...types import DECIMAL  # noqa
+from ...types import FLOAT  # noqa
+from ...types import INTEGER  # noqa
+from ...types import NUMERIC  # noqa
+from ...types import REAL  # noqa
+from ...types import SMALLINT  # noqa
+from ...types import TEXT  # noqa
+from ...types import TIMESTAMP  # noqa
+from ...types import VARCHAR  # noqa
+
+
+class _SQliteJson(JSON):
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        default_processor = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+        def process(value):
+            try:
+                return default_processor(value)
+            except TypeError:
+                if isinstance(value, numbers.Number):
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    raise
+
+        return process
+
+
+class _DateTimeMixin:
+    _reg = None
+    _storage_format = None
+
+    def __init__(self, storage_format=None, regexp=None, **kw):
+        super().__init__(**kw)
+        if regexp is not None:
+            self._reg = re.compile(regexp)
+        if storage_format is not None:
+            self._storage_format = storage_format
+
+    @property
+    def format_is_text_affinity(self):
+        """return True if the storage format will automatically imply
+        a TEXT affinity.
+
+        If the storage format contains no non-numeric characters,
+        it will imply a NUMERIC storage format on SQLite; in this case,
+        the type will generate its DDL as DATE_CHAR, DATETIME_CHAR,
+        TIME_CHAR.
+
+        """
+        spec = self._storage_format % {
+            "year": 0,
+            "month": 0,
+            "day": 0,
+            "hour": 0,
+            "minute": 0,
+            "second": 0,
+            "microsecond": 0,
+        }
+        return bool(re.search(r"[^0-9]", spec))
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        if issubclass(cls, _DateTimeMixin):
+            if self._storage_format:
+                kw["storage_format"] = self._storage_format
+            if self._reg:
+                kw["regexp"] = self._reg
+        return super().adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        bp = self.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            return "'%s'" % bp(value)
+
+        return process
+
+
+class DATETIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.DateTime):
+    r"""Represent a Python datetime object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d %(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        2021-03-15 12:05:57.105542
+
+    The incoming storage format is by default parsed using the
+    Python ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` is used for default
+       datetime string parsing.
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATETIME
+
+        dt = DATETIME(
+            storage_format=(
+                "%(year)04d/%(month)02d/%(day)02d %(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+            ),
+            regexp=r"(\d+)/(\d+)/(\d+) (\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)",
+        )
+
+    :param truncate_microseconds: when ``True`` microseconds will be truncated
+     from the datetime. Can't be specified together with ``storage_format``
+     or ``regexp``.
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows, replacing the use of ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` to parse incoming
+     strings. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python datetime() constructor as keyword arguments.
+     Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the datetime() constructor
+     is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    _storage_format = (
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop("truncate_microseconds", False)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert "storage_format" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only "
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            )
+            assert "regexp" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only one of "
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            )
+            self._storage_format = (
+                "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d "
+                "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+            )
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_datetime = datetime.datetime
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format_ = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_datetime):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "year": value.year,
+                    "month": value.month,
+                    "day": value.day,
+                    "hour": value.hour,
+                    "minute": value.minute,
+                    "second": value.second,
+                    "microsecond": value.microsecond,
+                }
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "year": value.year,
+                    "month": value.month,
+                    "day": value.day,
+                    "hour": 0,
+                    "minute": 0,
+                    "second": 0,
+                    "microsecond": 0,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "SQLite DateTime type only accepts Python "
+                    "datetime and date objects as input."
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.datetime
+            )
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime
+
+
+class DATE(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Date):
+    r"""Represent a Python date object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    e.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        2011-03-15
+
+    The incoming storage format is by default parsed using the
+    Python ``date.fromisoformat()`` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``date.fromisoformat()`` is used for default
+       date string parsing.
+
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import DATE
+
+        d = DATE(
+            storage_format="%(month)02d/%(day)02d/%(year)04d",
+            regexp=re.compile("(?P<month>\d+)/(?P<day>\d+)/(?P<year>\d+)"),
+        )
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the
+     dict with keys year, month, and day.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to
+     incoming result rows, replacing the use of ``date.fromisoformat()`` to
+     parse incoming strings. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting
+     match dict is applied to the Python date() constructor as keyword
+     arguments. Otherwise, if positional groups are used, the date()
+     constructor is called with positional arguments via
+     ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(year)04d-%(month)02d-%(day)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_date = datetime.date
+        format_ = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_date):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "year": value.year,
+                    "month": value.month,
+                    "day": value.day,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "SQLite Date type only accepts Python "
+                    "date objects as input."
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.date
+            )
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_date
+
+
+class TIME(_DateTimeMixin, sqltypes.Time):
+    r"""Represent a Python time object in SQLite using a string.
+
+    The default string storage format is::
+
+        "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    e.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        12:05:57.10558
+
+    The incoming storage format is by default parsed using the
+    Python ``time.fromisoformat()`` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``time.fromisoformat()`` is used for default
+       time string parsing.
+
+    The storage format can be customized to some degree using the
+    ``storage_format`` and ``regexp`` parameters, such as::
+
+        import re
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import TIME
+
+        t = TIME(
+            storage_format="%(hour)02d-%(minute)02d-%(second)02d-%(microsecond)06d",
+            regexp=re.compile("(\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)-(?:-(\d+))?"),
+        )
+
+    :param truncate_microseconds: when ``True`` microseconds will be truncated
+     from the time. Can't be specified together with ``storage_format``
+     or ``regexp``.
+
+    :param storage_format: format string which will be applied to the dict
+     with keys hour, minute, second, and microsecond.
+
+    :param regexp: regular expression which will be applied to incoming result
+     rows, replacing the use of ``datetime.fromisoformat()`` to parse incoming
+     strings. If the regexp contains named groups, the resulting match dict is
+     applied to the Python time() constructor as keyword arguments. Otherwise,
+     if positional groups are used, the time() constructor is called with
+     positional arguments via ``*map(int, match_obj.groups(0))``.
+
+    """
+
+    _storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d.%(microsecond)06d"
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        truncate_microseconds = kwargs.pop("truncate_microseconds", False)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if truncate_microseconds:
+            assert "storage_format" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only "
+                "one of truncate_microseconds or storage_format."
+            )
+            assert "regexp" not in kwargs, (
+                "You can specify only one of "
+                "truncate_microseconds or regexp."
+            )
+            self._storage_format = "%(hour)02d:%(minute)02d:%(second)02d"
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        datetime_time = datetime.time
+        format_ = self._storage_format
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            elif isinstance(value, datetime_time):
+                return format_ % {
+                    "hour": value.hour,
+                    "minute": value.minute,
+                    "second": value.second,
+                    "microsecond": value.microsecond,
+                }
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "SQLite Time type only accepts Python "
+                    "time objects as input."
+                )
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self._reg:
+            return processors.str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+                self._reg, datetime.time
+            )
+        else:
+            return processors.str_to_time
+
+
+colspecs = {
+    sqltypes.Date: DATE,
+    sqltypes.DateTime: DATETIME,
+    sqltypes.JSON: _SQliteJson,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType: JSONIndexType,
+    sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType: JSONPathType,
+    sqltypes.Time: TIME,
+}
+
+ischema_names = {
+    "BIGINT": sqltypes.BIGINT,
+    "BLOB": sqltypes.BLOB,
+    "BOOL": sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    "BOOLEAN": sqltypes.BOOLEAN,
+    "CHAR": sqltypes.CHAR,
+    "DATE": sqltypes.DATE,
+    "DATE_CHAR": sqltypes.DATE,
+    "DATETIME": sqltypes.DATETIME,
+    "DATETIME_CHAR": sqltypes.DATETIME,
+    "DOUBLE": sqltypes.DOUBLE,
+    "DECIMAL": sqltypes.DECIMAL,
+    "FLOAT": sqltypes.FLOAT,
+    "INT": sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    "INTEGER": sqltypes.INTEGER,
+    "JSON": JSON,
+    "NUMERIC": sqltypes.NUMERIC,
+    "REAL": sqltypes.REAL,
+    "SMALLINT": sqltypes.SMALLINT,
+    "TEXT": sqltypes.TEXT,
+    "TIME": sqltypes.TIME,
+    "TIME_CHAR": sqltypes.TIME,
+    "TIMESTAMP": sqltypes.TIMESTAMP,
+    "VARCHAR": sqltypes.VARCHAR,
+    "NVARCHAR": sqltypes.NVARCHAR,
+    "NCHAR": sqltypes.NCHAR,
+}
+
+
+class SQLiteCompiler(compiler.SQLCompiler):
+    extract_map = util.update_copy(
+        compiler.SQLCompiler.extract_map,
+        {
+            "month": "%m",
+            "day": "%d",
+            "year": "%Y",
+            "second": "%S",
+            "hour": "%H",
+            "doy": "%j",
+            "minute": "%M",
+            "epoch": "%s",
+            "dow": "%w",
+            "week": "%W",
+        },
+    )
+
+    def visit_truediv_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+            + " / "
+            + "(%s + 0.0)" % self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+        )
+
+    def visit_now_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_localtimestamp_func(self, func, **kw):
+        return 'DATETIME(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, "localtime")'
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+    def visit_char_length_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "length%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_aggregate_strings_func(self, fn, **kw):
+        return "group_concat%s" % self.function_argspec(fn)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        if self.dialect.supports_cast:
+            return super().visit_cast(cast, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.process(cast.clause, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kw):
+        try:
+            return "CAST(STRFTIME('%s', %s) AS INTEGER)" % (
+                self.extract_map[extract.field],
+                self.process(extract.expr, **kw),
+            )
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "%s is not a valid extract argument." % extract.field
+            ) from err
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self,
+        stmt,
+        returning_cols,
+        *,
+        populate_result_map,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        kw["include_table"] = False
+        return super().returning_clause(
+            stmt, returning_cols, populate_result_map=populate_result_map, **kw
+        )
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(sql.literal(-1))
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        else:
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(sql.literal(0), **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        # sqlite has no "FOR UPDATE" AFAICT
+        return ""
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s IS NOT %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_is_not_distinct_from_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s IS %s" % (
+            self.process(binary.left),
+            self.process(binary.right),
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            expr = "JSON_QUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s))"
+        else:
+            expr = "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)"
+
+        return expr % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if binary.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.JSON:
+            expr = "JSON_QUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s))"
+        else:
+            expr = "JSON_EXTRACT(%s, %s)"
+
+        return expr % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_op_expr(self, type_, expand_op, **kw):
+        # slightly old SQLite versions don't seem to be able to handle
+        # the empty set impl
+        return self.visit_empty_set_expr(type_)
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        return "SELECT %s FROM (SELECT %s) WHERE 1!=1" % (
+            ", ".join("1" for type_ in element_types or [INTEGER()]),
+            ", ".join("1" for type_ in element_types or [INTEGER()]),
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " REGEXP ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " NOT REGEXP ", **kw)
+
+    def _on_conflict_target(self, clause, **kw):
+        if clause.inferred_target_elements is not None:
+            target_text = "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+                (
+                    self.preparer.quote(c)
+                    if isinstance(c, str)
+                    else self.process(c, include_table=False, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                for c in clause.inferred_target_elements
+            )
+            if clause.inferred_target_whereclause is not None:
+                target_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                    clause.inferred_target_whereclause,
+                    include_table=False,
+                    use_schema=False,
+                    literal_execute=True,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            target_text = ""
+
+        return target_text
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_nothing(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        if target_text:
+            return "ON CONFLICT %s DO NOTHING" % target_text
+        else:
+            return "ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING"
+
+    def visit_on_conflict_do_update(self, on_conflict, **kw):
+        clause = on_conflict
+
+        target_text = self._on_conflict_target(on_conflict, **kw)
+
+        action_set_ops = []
+
+        set_parameters = dict(clause.update_values_to_set)
+        # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+
+        insert_statement = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+        cols = insert_statement.table.c
+        for c in cols:
+            col_key = c.key
+
+            if col_key in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(col_key)
+            elif c in set_parameters:
+                value = set_parameters.pop(c)
+            else:
+                continue
+
+            if coercions._is_literal(value):
+                value = elements.BindParameter(None, value, type_=c.type)
+
+            else:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(value, elements.BindParameter)
+                    and value.type._isnull
+                ):
+                    value = value._clone()
+                    value.type = c.type
+            value_text = self.process(value.self_group(), use_schema=False)
+
+            key_text = self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+            action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        # check for names that don't match columns
+        if set_parameters:
+            util.warn(
+                "Additional column names not matching "
+                "any column keys in table '%s': %s"
+                % (
+                    self.current_executable.table.name,
+                    (", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in set_parameters)),
+                )
+            )
+            for k, v in set_parameters.items():
+                key_text = (
+                    self.preparer.quote(k)
+                    if isinstance(k, str)
+                    else self.process(k, use_schema=False)
+                )
+                value_text = self.process(
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, v),
+                    use_schema=False,
+                )
+                action_set_ops.append("%s = %s" % (key_text, value_text))
+
+        action_text = ", ".join(action_set_ops)
+        if clause.update_whereclause is not None:
+            action_text += " WHERE %s" % self.process(
+                clause.update_whereclause, include_table=True, use_schema=False
+            )
+
+        return "ON CONFLICT %s DO UPDATE SET %s" % (target_text, action_text)
+
+    def visit_bitwise_xor_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        # sqlite has no xor. Use "a XOR b" = "(a | b) - (a & b)".
+        kw["eager_grouping"] = True
+        or_ = self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " | ", **kw)
+        and_ = self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " & ", **kw)
+        return f"({or_} - {and_})"
+
+
+class SQLiteDDLCompiler(compiler.DDLCompiler):
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        coltype = self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+            column.type, type_expression=column
+        )
+        colspec = self.preparer.format_column(column) + " " + coltype
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+
+            if not re.match(r"""^\s*[\'\"\(]""", default) and re.match(
+                r".*\W.*", default
+            ):
+                colspec += f" DEFAULT ({default})"
+            else:
+                colspec += f" DEFAULT {default}"
+
+        if not column.nullable:
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+
+            on_conflict_clause = column.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+                "on_conflict_not_null"
+            ]
+            if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+                colspec += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        if column.primary_key:
+            if (
+                column.autoincrement is True
+                and len(column.table.primary_key.columns) != 1
+            ):
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "SQLite does not support autoincrement for "
+                    "composite primary keys"
+                )
+
+            if (
+                column.table.dialect_options["sqlite"]["autoincrement"]
+                and len(column.table.primary_key.columns) == 1
+                and issubclass(column.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer)
+                and not column.foreign_keys
+            ):
+                colspec += " PRIMARY KEY"
+
+                on_conflict_clause = column.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+                    "on_conflict_primary_key"
+                ]
+                if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+                    colspec += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+                colspec += " AUTOINCREMENT"
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+
+        return colspec
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        # for columns with sqlite_autoincrement=True,
+        # the PRIMARY KEY constraint can only be inline
+        # with the column itself.
+        if len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            c = list(constraint)[0]
+            if (
+                c.primary_key
+                and c.table.dialect_options["sqlite"]["autoincrement"]
+                and issubclass(c.type._type_affinity, sqltypes.Integer)
+                and not c.foreign_keys
+            ):
+                return None
+
+        text = super().visit_primary_key_constraint(constraint)
+
+        on_conflict_clause = constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+            "on_conflict"
+        ]
+        if on_conflict_clause is None and len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            on_conflict_clause = list(constraint)[0].dialect_options["sqlite"][
+                "on_conflict_primary_key"
+            ]
+
+        if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+            text += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_unique_constraint(constraint)
+
+        on_conflict_clause = constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+            "on_conflict"
+        ]
+        if on_conflict_clause is None and len(constraint.columns) == 1:
+            col1 = list(constraint)[0]
+            if isinstance(col1, schema.SchemaItem):
+                on_conflict_clause = list(constraint)[0].dialect_options[
+                    "sqlite"
+                ]["on_conflict_unique"]
+
+        if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+            text += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_check_constraint(constraint)
+
+        on_conflict_clause = constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"][
+            "on_conflict"
+        ]
+
+        if on_conflict_clause is not None:
+            text += " ON CONFLICT " + on_conflict_clause
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_column_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = super().visit_column_check_constraint(constraint)
+
+        if constraint.dialect_options["sqlite"]["on_conflict"] is not None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "SQLite does not support on conflict clause for "
+                "column check constraint"
+            )
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        local_table = constraint.elements[0].parent.table
+        remote_table = constraint.elements[0].column.table
+
+        if local_table.schema != remote_table.schema:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return super().visit_foreign_key_constraint(constraint)
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table, use_schema=False)
+
+    def visit_create_index(
+        self, create, include_schema=False, include_table_schema=True, **kw
+    ):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += "%s ON %s (%s)" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True),
+            preparer.format_table(index.table, use_schema=False),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            ),
+        )
+
+        whereclause = index.dialect_options["sqlite"]["where"]
+        if whereclause is not None:
+            where_compiled = self.sql_compiler.process(
+                whereclause, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+            )
+            text += " WHERE " + where_compiled
+
+        return text
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        table_options = []
+
+        if not table.dialect_options["sqlite"]["with_rowid"]:
+            table_options.append("WITHOUT ROWID")
+
+        if table.dialect_options["sqlite"]["strict"]:
+            table_options.append("STRICT")
+
+        if table_options:
+            return "\n " + ",\n ".join(table_options)
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+
+class SQLiteTypeCompiler(compiler.GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def visit_large_binary(self, type_, **kw):
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_)
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin)
+            or type_.format_is_text_affinity
+        ):
+            return super().visit_DATETIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return "DATETIME_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin)
+            or type_.format_is_text_affinity
+        ):
+            return super().visit_DATE(type_)
+        else:
+            return "DATE_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_, **kw):
+        if (
+            not isinstance(type_, _DateTimeMixin)
+            or type_.format_is_text_affinity
+        ):
+            return super().visit_TIME(type_)
+        else:
+            return "TIME_CHAR"
+
+    def visit_JSON(self, type_, **kw):
+        # note this name provides NUMERIC affinity, not TEXT.
+        # should not be an issue unless the JSON value consists of a single
+        # numeric value.   JSONTEXT can be used if this case is required.
+        return "JSON"
+
+
+class SQLiteIdentifierPreparer(compiler.IdentifierPreparer):
+    reserved_words = {
+        "add",
+        "after",
+        "all",
+        "alter",
+        "analyze",
+        "and",
+        "as",
+        "asc",
+        "attach",
+        "autoincrement",
+        "before",
+        "begin",
+        "between",
+        "by",
+        "cascade",
+        "case",
+        "cast",
+        "check",
+        "collate",
+        "column",
+        "commit",
+        "conflict",
+        "constraint",
+        "create",
+        "cross",
+        "current_date",
+        "current_time",
+        "current_timestamp",
+        "database",
+        "default",
+        "deferrable",
+        "deferred",
+        "delete",
+        "desc",
+        "detach",
+        "distinct",
+        "drop",
+        "each",
+        "else",
+        "end",
+        "escape",
+        "except",
+        "exclusive",
+        "exists",
+        "explain",
+        "false",
+        "fail",
+        "for",
+        "foreign",
+        "from",
+        "full",
+        "glob",
+        "group",
+        "having",
+        "if",
+        "ignore",
+        "immediate",
+        "in",
+        "index",
+        "indexed",
+        "initially",
+        "inner",
+        "insert",
+        "instead",
+        "intersect",
+        "into",
+        "is",
+        "isnull",
+        "join",
+        "key",
+        "left",
+        "like",
+        "limit",
+        "match",
+        "natural",
+        "not",
+        "notnull",
+        "null",
+        "of",
+        "offset",
+        "on",
+        "or",
+        "order",
+        "outer",
+        "plan",
+        "pragma",
+        "primary",
+        "query",
+        "raise",
+        "references",
+        "reindex",
+        "rename",
+        "replace",
+        "restrict",
+        "right",
+        "rollback",
+        "row",
+        "select",
+        "set",
+        "table",
+        "temp",
+        "temporary",
+        "then",
+        "to",
+        "transaction",
+        "trigger",
+        "true",
+        "union",
+        "unique",
+        "update",
+        "using",
+        "vacuum",
+        "values",
+        "view",
+        "virtual",
+        "when",
+        "where",
+    }
+
+
+class SQLiteExecutionContext(default.DefaultExecutionContext):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _preserve_raw_colnames(self):
+        return (
+            not self.dialect._broken_dotted_colnames
+            or self.execution_options.get("sqlite_raw_colnames", False)
+        )
+
+    def _translate_colname(self, colname):
+        # TODO: detect SQLite version 3.10.0 or greater;
+        # see [ticket:3633]
+
+        # adjust for dotted column names.  SQLite
+        # in the case of UNION may store col names as
+        # "tablename.colname", or if using an attached database,
+        # "database.tablename.colname", in cursor.description
+        if not self._preserve_raw_colnames and "." in colname:
+            return colname.split(".")[-1], colname
+        else:
+            return colname, None
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+    name = "sqlite"
+    supports_alter = False
+
+    # SQlite supports "DEFAULT VALUES" but *does not* support
+    # "VALUES (DEFAULT)"
+    supports_default_values = True
+    supports_default_metavalue = False
+
+    # sqlite issue:
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/93421
+    # note this parameter is no longer used by the ORM or default dialect
+    # see #9414
+    supports_sane_rowcount_returning = False
+
+    supports_empty_insert = False
+    supports_cast = True
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    use_insertmanyvalues = True
+    tuple_in_values = True
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = True
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+    delete_returning = True
+    update_returning_multifrom = True
+
+    supports_default_metavalue = True
+    """dialect supports INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax"""
+
+    default_metavalue_token = "NULL"
+    """for INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the
+    parenthesis."""
+
+    default_paramstyle = "qmark"
+    execution_ctx_cls = SQLiteExecutionContext
+    statement_compiler = SQLiteCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = SQLiteDDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = SQLiteTypeCompiler
+    preparer = SQLiteIdentifierPreparer
+    ischema_names = ischema_names
+    colspecs = colspecs
+
+    construct_arguments = [
+        (
+            sa_schema.Table,
+            {
+                "autoincrement": False,
+                "with_rowid": True,
+                "strict": False,
+            },
+        ),
+        (sa_schema.Index, {"where": None}),
+        (
+            sa_schema.Column,
+            {
+                "on_conflict_primary_key": None,
+                "on_conflict_not_null": None,
+                "on_conflict_unique": None,
+            },
+        ),
+        (sa_schema.Constraint, {"on_conflict": None}),
+    ]
+
+    _broken_fk_pragma_quotes = False
+    _broken_dotted_colnames = False
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        _json_serializer=(
+            "1.3.7",
+            "The _json_serializer argument to the SQLite dialect has "
+            "been renamed to the correct name of json_serializer.  The old "
+            "argument name will be removed in a future release.",
+        ),
+        _json_deserializer=(
+            "1.3.7",
+            "The _json_deserializer argument to the SQLite dialect has "
+            "been renamed to the correct name of json_deserializer.  The old "
+            "argument name will be removed in a future release.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        native_datetime=False,
+        json_serializer=None,
+        json_deserializer=None,
+        _json_serializer=None,
+        _json_deserializer=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        default.DefaultDialect.__init__(self, **kwargs)
+
+        if _json_serializer:
+            json_serializer = _json_serializer
+        if _json_deserializer:
+            json_deserializer = _json_deserializer
+        self._json_serializer = json_serializer
+        self._json_deserializer = json_deserializer
+
+        # this flag used by pysqlite dialect, and perhaps others in the
+        # future, to indicate the driver is handling date/timestamp
+        # conversions (and perhaps datetime/time as well on some hypothetical
+        # driver ?)
+        self.native_datetime = native_datetime
+
+        if self.dbapi is not None:
+            if self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 7, 16):
+                util.warn(
+                    "SQLite version %s is older than 3.7.16, and will not "
+                    "support right nested joins, as are sometimes used in "
+                    "more complex ORM scenarios.  SQLAlchemy 1.4 and above "
+                    "no longer tries to rewrite these joins."
+                    % (self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info,)
+                )
+
+            # NOTE: python 3.7 on fedora for me has SQLite 3.34.1.  These
+            # version checks are getting very stale.
+            self._broken_dotted_colnames = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (
+                3,
+                10,
+                0,
+            )
+            self.supports_default_values = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (
+                3,
+                3,
+                8,
+            )
+            self.supports_cast = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info >= (3, 2, 3)
+            self.supports_multivalues_insert = (
+                # https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_7_11.html
+                self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info
+                >= (3, 7, 11)
+            )
+            # see https://www.sqlalchemy.org/trac/ticket/2568
+            # as well as https://www.sqlite.org/src/info/600482d161
+            self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes = self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (
+                3,
+                6,
+                14,
+            )
+
+            if self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 35) or util.pypy:
+                self.update_returning = self.delete_returning = (
+                    self.insert_returning
+                ) = False
+
+            if self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info < (3, 32, 0):
+                # https://www.sqlite.org/limits.html
+                self.insertmanyvalues_max_parameters = 999
+
+    _isolation_lookup = util.immutabledict(
+        {"READ UNCOMMITTED": 1, "SERIALIZABLE": 0}
+    )
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self, dbapi_connection):
+        return list(self._isolation_lookup)
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        isolation_level = self._isolation_lookup[level]
+
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute(f"PRAGMA read_uncommitted = {isolation_level}")
+        cursor.close()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection):
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        cursor.execute("PRAGMA read_uncommitted")
+        res = cursor.fetchone()
+        if res:
+            value = res[0]
+        else:
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/changes.html#version_3_3_3
+            # "Optional READ UNCOMMITTED isolation (instead of the
+            # default isolation level of SERIALIZABLE) and
+            # table level locking when database connections
+            # share a common cache.""
+            # pre-SQLite 3.3.0 default to 0
+            value = 0
+        cursor.close()
+        if value == 0:
+            return "SERIALIZABLE"
+        elif value == 1:
+            return "READ UNCOMMITTED"
+        else:
+            assert False, "Unknown isolation level %s" % value
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection, **kw):
+        s = "PRAGMA database_list"
+        dl = connection.exec_driver_sql(s)
+
+        return [db[1] for db in dl if db[1] != "temp"]
+
+    def _format_schema(self, schema, table_name):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            name = f"{qschema}.{table_name}"
+        else:
+            name = table_name
+        return name
+
+    def _sqlite_main_query(
+        self,
+        table: str,
+        type_: str,
+        schema: Optional[str],
+        sqlite_include_internal: bool,
+    ):
+        main = self._format_schema(schema, table)
+        if not sqlite_include_internal:
+            filter_table = " AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite~_%' ESCAPE '~'"
+        else:
+            filter_table = ""
+        query = (
+            f"SELECT name FROM {main} "
+            f"WHERE type='{type_}'{filter_table} "
+            "ORDER BY name"
+        )
+        return query
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_table_names(
+        self, connection, schema=None, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_master", "table", schema, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_table_names(
+        self, connection, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_temp_master", "table", None, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_temp_view_names(
+        self, connection, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_temp_master", "view", None, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def has_table(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        self._ensure_has_table_connection(connection)
+
+        if schema is not None and schema not in self.get_schema_names(
+            connection, **kw
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        info = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "table_info", table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+        return bool(info)
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        return "main"
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_names(
+        self, connection, schema=None, sqlite_include_internal=False, **kw
+    ):
+        query = self._sqlite_main_query(
+            "sqlite_master", "view", schema, sqlite_include_internal
+        )
+        names = connection.exec_driver_sql(query).scalars().all()
+        return names
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_view_definition(self, connection, view_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema is not None:
+            qschema = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            master = f"{qschema}.sqlite_master"
+            s = ("SELECT sql FROM %s WHERE name = ? AND type='view'") % (
+                master,
+            )
+            rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (view_name,))
+        else:
+            try:
+                s = (
+                    "SELECT sql FROM "
+                    " (SELECT * FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                    "  SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+                    "WHERE name = ? "
+                    "AND type='view'"
+                )
+                rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (view_name,))
+            except exc.DBAPIError:
+                s = (
+                    "SELECT sql FROM sqlite_master WHERE name = ? "
+                    "AND type='view'"
+                )
+                rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (view_name,))
+
+        result = rs.fetchall()
+        if result:
+            return result[0].sql
+        else:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{view_name}" if schema else view_name
+            )
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_columns(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        pragma = "table_info"
+        # computed columns are threaded as hidden, they require table_xinfo
+        if self.server_version_info >= (3, 31):
+            pragma = "table_xinfo"
+        info = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, pragma, table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+        columns = []
+        tablesql = None
+        for row in info:
+            name = row[1]
+            type_ = row[2].upper()
+            nullable = not row[3]
+            default = row[4]
+            primary_key = row[5]
+            hidden = row[6] if pragma == "table_xinfo" else 0
+
+            # hidden has value 0 for normal columns, 1 for hidden columns,
+            # 2 for computed virtual columns and 3 for computed stored columns
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/src/info/069351b85f9a706f60d3e98fbc8aaf40c374356b967c0464aede30ead3d9d18b
+            if hidden == 1:
+                continue
+
+            generated = bool(hidden)
+            persisted = hidden == 3
+
+            if tablesql is None and generated:
+                tablesql = self._get_table_sql(
+                    connection, table_name, schema, **kw
+                )
+                # remove create table
+                match = re.match(
+                    r"create table .*?\((.*)\)$",
+                    tablesql.strip(),
+                    re.DOTALL | re.IGNORECASE,
+                )
+                assert match, f"create table not found in {tablesql}"
+                tablesql = match.group(1).strip()
+
+            columns.append(
+                self._get_column_info(
+                    name,
+                    type_,
+                    nullable,
+                    default,
+                    primary_key,
+                    generated,
+                    persisted,
+                    tablesql,
+                )
+            )
+        if columns:
+            return columns
+        elif not self.has_table(connection, table_name, schema):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table_name}" if schema else table_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.columns()
+
+    def _get_column_info(
+        self,
+        name,
+        type_,
+        nullable,
+        default,
+        primary_key,
+        generated,
+        persisted,
+        tablesql,
+    ):
+        if generated:
+            # the type of a column "cc INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS (1 + 42)"
+            # somehow is "INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS"
+            type_ = re.sub("generated", "", type_, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+            type_ = re.sub("always", "", type_, flags=re.IGNORECASE).strip()
+
+        coltype = self._resolve_type_affinity(type_)
+
+        if default is not None:
+            default = str(default)
+
+        colspec = {
+            "name": name,
+            "type": coltype,
+            "nullable": nullable,
+            "default": default,
+            "primary_key": primary_key,
+        }
+        if generated:
+            sqltext = ""
+            if tablesql:
+                pattern = (
+                    r"[^,]*\s+GENERATED\s+ALWAYS\s+AS"
+                    r"\s+\((.*)\)\s*(?:virtual|stored)?"
+                )
+                match = re.search(
+                    re.escape(name) + pattern, tablesql, re.IGNORECASE
+                )
+                if match:
+                    sqltext = match.group(1)
+            colspec["computed"] = {"sqltext": sqltext, "persisted": persisted}
+        return colspec
+
+    def _resolve_type_affinity(self, type_):
+        """Return a data type from a reflected column, using affinity rules.
+
+        SQLite's goal for universal compatibility introduces some complexity
+        during reflection, as a column's defined type might not actually be a
+        type that SQLite understands - or indeed, my not be defined *at all*.
+        Internally, SQLite handles this with a 'data type affinity' for each
+        column definition, mapping to one of 'TEXT', 'NUMERIC', 'INTEGER',
+        'REAL', or 'NONE' (raw bits). The algorithm that determines this is
+        listed in https://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html section 2.1.
+
+        This method allows SQLAlchemy to support that algorithm, while still
+        providing access to smarter reflection utilities by recognizing
+        column definitions that SQLite only supports through affinity (like
+        DATE and DOUBLE).
+
+        """
+        match = re.match(r"([\w ]+)(\(.*?\))?", type_)
+        if match:
+            coltype = match.group(1)
+            args = match.group(2)
+        else:
+            coltype = ""
+            args = ""
+
+        if coltype in self.ischema_names:
+            coltype = self.ischema_names[coltype]
+        elif "INT" in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.INTEGER
+        elif "CHAR" in coltype or "CLOB" in coltype or "TEXT" in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.TEXT
+        elif "BLOB" in coltype or not coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NullType
+        elif "REAL" in coltype or "FLOA" in coltype or "DOUB" in coltype:
+            coltype = sqltypes.REAL
+        else:
+            coltype = sqltypes.NUMERIC
+
+        if args is not None:
+            args = re.findall(r"(\d+)", args)
+            try:
+                coltype = coltype(*[int(a) for a in args])
+            except TypeError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Could not instantiate type %s with "
+                    "reflected arguments %s; using no arguments."
+                    % (coltype, args)
+                )
+                coltype = coltype()
+        else:
+            coltype = coltype()
+
+        return coltype
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_pk_constraint(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        constraint_name = None
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(connection, table_name, schema=schema)
+        if table_data:
+            PK_PATTERN = r"CONSTRAINT (\w+) PRIMARY KEY"
+            result = re.search(PK_PATTERN, table_data, re.I)
+            constraint_name = result.group(1) if result else None
+
+        cols = self.get_columns(connection, table_name, schema, **kw)
+        # consider only pk columns. This also avoids sorting the cached
+        # value returned by get_columns
+        cols = [col for col in cols if col.get("primary_key", 0) > 0]
+        cols.sort(key=lambda col: col.get("primary_key"))
+        pkeys = [col["name"] for col in cols]
+
+        if pkeys:
+            return {"constrained_columns": pkeys, "name": constraint_name}
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.pk_constraint()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_foreign_keys(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        # sqlite makes this *extremely difficult*.
+        # First, use the pragma to get the actual FKs.
+        pragma_fks = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "foreign_key_list", table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+
+        fks = {}
+
+        for row in pragma_fks:
+            (numerical_id, rtbl, lcol, rcol) = (row[0], row[2], row[3], row[4])
+
+            if not rcol:
+                # no referred column, which means it was not named in the
+                # original DDL.  The referred columns of the foreign key
+                # constraint are therefore the primary key of the referred
+                # table.
+                try:
+                    referred_pk = self.get_pk_constraint(
+                        connection, rtbl, schema=schema, **kw
+                    )
+                    referred_columns = referred_pk["constrained_columns"]
+                except exc.NoSuchTableError:
+                    # ignore not existing parents
+                    referred_columns = []
+            else:
+                # note we use this list only if this is the first column
+                # in the constraint.  for subsequent columns we ignore the
+                # list and append "rcol" if present.
+                referred_columns = []
+
+            if self._broken_fk_pragma_quotes:
+                rtbl = re.sub(r"^[\"\[`\']|[\"\]`\']$", "", rtbl)
+
+            if numerical_id in fks:
+                fk = fks[numerical_id]
+            else:
+                fk = fks[numerical_id] = {
+                    "name": None,
+                    "constrained_columns": [],
+                    "referred_schema": schema,
+                    "referred_table": rtbl,
+                    "referred_columns": referred_columns,
+                    "options": {},
+                }
+                fks[numerical_id] = fk
+
+            fk["constrained_columns"].append(lcol)
+
+            if rcol:
+                fk["referred_columns"].append(rcol)
+
+        def fk_sig(constrained_columns, referred_table, referred_columns):
+            return (
+                tuple(constrained_columns)
+                + (referred_table,)
+                + tuple(referred_columns)
+            )
+
+        # then, parse the actual SQL and attempt to find DDL that matches
+        # the names as well.   SQLite saves the DDL in whatever format
+        # it was typed in as, so need to be liberal here.
+
+        keys_by_signature = {
+            fk_sig(
+                fk["constrained_columns"],
+                fk["referred_table"],
+                fk["referred_columns"],
+            ): fk
+            for fk in fks.values()
+        }
+
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(connection, table_name, schema=schema)
+
+        def parse_fks():
+            if table_data is None:
+                # system tables, etc.
+                return
+
+            # note that we already have the FKs from PRAGMA above.  This whole
+            # regexp thing is trying to locate additional detail about the
+            # FKs, namely the name of the constraint and other options.
+            # so parsing the columns is really about matching it up to what
+            # we already have.
+            FK_PATTERN = (
+                r"(?:CONSTRAINT (\w+) +)?"
+                r"FOREIGN KEY *\( *(.+?) *\) +"
+                r'REFERENCES +(?:(?:"(.+?)")|([a-z0-9_]+)) *\( *((?:(?:"[^"]+"|[a-z0-9_]+) *(?:, *)?)+)\) *'  # noqa: E501
+                r"((?:ON (?:DELETE|UPDATE) "
+                r"(?:SET NULL|SET DEFAULT|CASCADE|RESTRICT|NO ACTION) *)*)"
+                r"((?:NOT +)?DEFERRABLE)?"
+                r"(?: +INITIALLY +(DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE))?"
+            )
+            for match in re.finditer(FK_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                (
+                    constraint_name,
+                    constrained_columns,
+                    referred_quoted_name,
+                    referred_name,
+                    referred_columns,
+                    onupdatedelete,
+                    deferrable,
+                    initially,
+                ) = match.group(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+                constrained_columns = list(
+                    self._find_cols_in_sig(constrained_columns)
+                )
+                if not referred_columns:
+                    referred_columns = constrained_columns
+                else:
+                    referred_columns = list(
+                        self._find_cols_in_sig(referred_columns)
+                    )
+                referred_name = referred_quoted_name or referred_name
+                options = {}
+
+                for token in re.split(r" *\bON\b *", onupdatedelete.upper()):
+                    if token.startswith("DELETE"):
+                        ondelete = token[6:].strip()
+                        if ondelete and ondelete != "NO ACTION":
+                            options["ondelete"] = ondelete
+                    elif token.startswith("UPDATE"):
+                        onupdate = token[6:].strip()
+                        if onupdate and onupdate != "NO ACTION":
+                            options["onupdate"] = onupdate
+
+                if deferrable:
+                    options["deferrable"] = "NOT" not in deferrable.upper()
+                if initially:
+                    options["initially"] = initially.upper()
+
+                yield (
+                    constraint_name,
+                    constrained_columns,
+                    referred_name,
+                    referred_columns,
+                    options,
+                )
+
+        fkeys = []
+
+        for (
+            constraint_name,
+            constrained_columns,
+            referred_name,
+            referred_columns,
+            options,
+        ) in parse_fks():
+            sig = fk_sig(constrained_columns, referred_name, referred_columns)
+            if sig not in keys_by_signature:
+                util.warn(
+                    "WARNING: SQL-parsed foreign key constraint "
+                    "'%s' could not be located in PRAGMA "
+                    "foreign_keys for table %s" % (sig, table_name)
+                )
+                continue
+            key = keys_by_signature.pop(sig)
+            key["name"] = constraint_name
+            key["options"] = options
+            fkeys.append(key)
+        # assume the remainders are the unnamed, inline constraints, just
+        # use them as is as it's extremely difficult to parse inline
+        # constraints
+        fkeys.extend(keys_by_signature.values())
+        if fkeys:
+            return fkeys
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.foreign_keys()
+
+    def _find_cols_in_sig(self, sig):
+        for match in re.finditer(r'(?:"(.+?)")|([a-z0-9_]+)', sig, re.I):
+            yield match.group(1) or match.group(2)
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw
+    ):
+        auto_index_by_sig = {}
+        for idx in self.get_indexes(
+            connection,
+            table_name,
+            schema=schema,
+            include_auto_indexes=True,
+            **kw,
+        ):
+            if not idx["name"].startswith("sqlite_autoindex"):
+                continue
+            sig = tuple(idx["column_names"])
+            auto_index_by_sig[sig] = idx
+
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(
+            connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw
+        )
+        unique_constraints = []
+
+        def parse_uqs():
+            if table_data is None:
+                return
+            UNIQUE_PATTERN = r'(?:CONSTRAINT "?(.+?)"? +)?UNIQUE *\((.+?)\)'
+            INLINE_UNIQUE_PATTERN = (
+                r'(?:(".+?")|(?:[\[`])?([a-z0-9_]+)(?:[\]`])?)[\t ]'
+                r"+[a-z0-9_ ]+?[\t ]+UNIQUE"
+            )
+
+            for match in re.finditer(UNIQUE_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                name, cols = match.group(1, 2)
+                yield name, list(self._find_cols_in_sig(cols))
+
+            # we need to match inlines as well, as we seek to differentiate
+            # a UNIQUE constraint from a UNIQUE INDEX, even though these
+            # are kind of the same thing :)
+            for match in re.finditer(INLINE_UNIQUE_PATTERN, table_data, re.I):
+                cols = list(
+                    self._find_cols_in_sig(match.group(1) or match.group(2))
+                )
+                yield None, cols
+
+        for name, cols in parse_uqs():
+            sig = tuple(cols)
+            if sig in auto_index_by_sig:
+                auto_index_by_sig.pop(sig)
+                parsed_constraint = {"name": name, "column_names": cols}
+                unique_constraints.append(parsed_constraint)
+        # NOTE: auto_index_by_sig might not be empty here,
+        # the PRIMARY KEY may have an entry.
+        if unique_constraints:
+            return unique_constraints
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.unique_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_check_constraints(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        table_data = self._get_table_sql(
+            connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw
+        )
+
+        # NOTE NOTE NOTE
+        # DO NOT CHANGE THIS REGULAR EXPRESSION.   There is no known way
+        # to parse CHECK constraints that contain newlines themselves using
+        # regular expressions, and the approach here relies upon each
+        # individual
+        # CHECK constraint being on a single line by itself.   This
+        # necessarily makes assumptions as to how the CREATE TABLE
+        # was emitted.   A more comprehensive DDL parsing solution would be
+        # needed to improve upon the current situation. See #11840 for
+        # background
+        CHECK_PATTERN = r"(?:CONSTRAINT (.+) +)?CHECK *\( *(.+) *\),? *"
+        cks = []
+
+        for match in re.finditer(CHECK_PATTERN, table_data or "", re.I):
+
+            name = match.group(1)
+
+            if name:
+                name = re.sub(r'^"|"$', "", name)
+
+            cks.append({"sqltext": match.group(2), "name": name})
+        cks.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        if cks:
+            return cks
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.check_constraints()
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def get_indexes(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        pragma_indexes = self._get_table_pragma(
+            connection, "index_list", table_name, schema=schema
+        )
+        indexes = []
+
+        # regular expression to extract the filter predicate of a partial
+        # index. this could fail to extract the predicate correctly on
+        # indexes created like
+        #   CREATE INDEX i ON t (col || ') where') WHERE col <> ''
+        # but as this function does not support expression-based indexes
+        # this case does not occur.
+        partial_pred_re = re.compile(r"\)\s+where\s+(.+)", re.IGNORECASE)
+
+        if schema:
+            schema_expr = "%s." % self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(
+                schema
+            )
+        else:
+            schema_expr = ""
+
+        include_auto_indexes = kw.pop("include_auto_indexes", False)
+        for row in pragma_indexes:
+            # ignore implicit primary key index.
+            # https://www.mail-archive.com/sqlite-users@sqlite.org/msg30517.html
+            if not include_auto_indexes and row[1].startswith(
+                "sqlite_autoindex"
+            ):
+                continue
+            indexes.append(
+                dict(
+                    name=row[1],
+                    column_names=[],
+                    unique=row[2],
+                    dialect_options={},
+                )
+            )
+
+            # check partial indexes
+            if len(row) >= 5 and row[4]:
+                s = (
+                    "SELECT sql FROM %(schema)ssqlite_master "
+                    "WHERE name = ? "
+                    "AND type = 'index'" % {"schema": schema_expr}
+                )
+                rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (row[1],))
+                index_sql = rs.scalar()
+                predicate_match = partial_pred_re.search(index_sql)
+                if predicate_match is None:
+                    # unless the regex is broken this case shouldn't happen
+                    # because we know this is a partial index, so the
+                    # definition sql should match the regex
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Failed to look up filter predicate of "
+                        "partial index %s" % row[1]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    predicate = predicate_match.group(1)
+                    indexes[-1]["dialect_options"]["sqlite_where"] = text(
+                        predicate
+                    )
+
+        # loop thru unique indexes to get the column names.
+        for idx in list(indexes):
+            pragma_index = self._get_table_pragma(
+                connection, "index_info", idx["name"], schema=schema
+            )
+
+            for row in pragma_index:
+                if row[2] is None:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Skipped unsupported reflection of "
+                        "expression-based index %s" % idx["name"]
+                    )
+                    indexes.remove(idx)
+                    break
+                else:
+                    idx["column_names"].append(row[2])
+
+        indexes.sort(key=lambda d: d["name"] or "~")  # sort None as last
+        if indexes:
+            return indexes
+        elif not self.has_table(connection, table_name, schema):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(
+                f"{schema}.{table_name}" if schema else table_name
+            )
+        else:
+            return ReflectionDefaults.indexes()
+
+    def _is_sys_table(self, table_name):
+        return table_name in {
+            "sqlite_schema",
+            "sqlite_master",
+            "sqlite_temp_schema",
+            "sqlite_temp_master",
+        }
+
+    @reflection.cache
+    def _get_table_sql(self, connection, table_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if schema:
+            schema_expr = "%s." % (
+                self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier(schema)
+            )
+        else:
+            schema_expr = ""
+        try:
+            s = (
+                "SELECT sql FROM "
+                " (SELECT * FROM %(schema)ssqlite_master UNION ALL "
+                "  SELECT * FROM %(schema)ssqlite_temp_master) "
+                "WHERE name = ? "
+                "AND type in ('table', 'view')" % {"schema": schema_expr}
+            )
+            rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (table_name,))
+        except exc.DBAPIError:
+            s = (
+                "SELECT sql FROM %(schema)ssqlite_master "
+                "WHERE name = ? "
+                "AND type in ('table', 'view')" % {"schema": schema_expr}
+            )
+            rs = connection.exec_driver_sql(s, (table_name,))
+        value = rs.scalar()
+        if value is None and not self._is_sys_table(table_name):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(f"{schema_expr}{table_name}")
+        return value
+
+    def _get_table_pragma(self, connection, pragma, table_name, schema=None):
+        quote = self.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
+        if schema is not None:
+            statements = [f"PRAGMA {quote(schema)}."]
+        else:
+            # because PRAGMA looks in all attached databases if no schema
+            # given, need to specify "main" schema, however since we want
+            # 'temp' tables in the same namespace as 'main', need to run
+            # the PRAGMA twice
+            statements = ["PRAGMA main.", "PRAGMA temp."]
+
+        qtable = quote(table_name)
+        for statement in statements:
+            statement = f"{statement}{pragma}({qtable})"
+            cursor = connection.exec_driver_sql(statement)
+            if not cursor._soft_closed:
+                # work around SQLite issue whereby cursor.description
+                # is blank when PRAGMA returns no rows:
+                # https://www.sqlite.org/cvstrac/tktview?tn=1884
+                result = cursor.fetchall()
+            else:
+                result = []
+            if result:
+                return result
+        else:
+            return []
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/dml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84cdb8be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/dml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexElementsT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictIndexWhereT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictSetT
+from .._typing import _OnConflictWhereT
+from ... import util
+from ...sql import coercions
+from ...sql import roles
+from ...sql import schema
+from ...sql._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+from ...sql.base import _exclusive_against
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ...sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+from ...sql.dml import Insert as StandardInsert
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+from ...sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ...sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ...sql.elements import TextClause
+from ...sql.expression import alias
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+__all__ = ("Insert", "insert")
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct a sqlite-specific variant :class:`_sqlite.Insert`
+    construct.
+
+    .. container:: inherited_member
+
+        The :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.insert` function creates
+        a :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.Insert`.  This class is based
+        on the dialect-agnostic :class:`_sql.Insert` construct which may
+        be constructed using the :func:`_sql.insert` function in
+        SQLAlchemy Core.
+
+    The :class:`_sqlite.Insert` construct includes additional methods
+    :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update`,
+    :meth:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_nothing`.
+
+    """
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+class Insert(StandardInsert):
+    """SQLite-specific implementation of INSERT.
+
+    Adds methods for SQLite-specific syntaxes such as ON CONFLICT.
+
+    The :class:`_sqlite.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.insert` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sqlite_on_conflict_insert`
+
+    """
+
+    stringify_dialect = "sqlite"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def excluded(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Provide the ``excluded`` namespace for an ON CONFLICT statement
+
+        SQLite's ON CONFLICT clause allows reference to the row that would
+        be inserted, known as ``excluded``.  This attribute provides
+        all columns in this row to be referenceable.
+
+        .. tip::  The :attr:`_sqlite.Insert.excluded` attribute is an instance
+            of :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`, which provides an
+            interface the same as that of the :attr:`_schema.Table.c`
+            collection described at :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+            With this collection, ordinary names are accessible like attributes
+            (e.g. ``stmt.excluded.some_column``), but special names and
+            dictionary method names should be accessed using indexed access,
+            such as ``stmt.excluded["column name"]`` or
+            ``stmt.excluded["values"]``.  See the docstring for
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` for further examples.
+
+        """
+        return alias(self.table, name="excluded").columns
+
+    _on_conflict_exclusive = _exclusive_against(
+        "_post_values_clause",
+        msgs={
+            "_post_values_clause": "This Insert construct already has "
+            "an ON CONFLICT clause established"
+        },
+    )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_update(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""
+        Specifies a DO UPDATE SET action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index or unique constraint.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        :param set\_:
+         A dictionary or other mapping object
+         where the keys are either names of columns in the target table,
+         or :class:`_schema.Column` objects or other ORM-mapped columns
+         matching that of the target table, and expressions or literals
+         as values, specifying the ``SET`` actions to take.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4 The
+            :paramref:`_sqlite.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_`
+            parameter supports :class:`_schema.Column` objects from the target
+            :class:`_schema.Table` as keys.
+
+         .. warning:: This dictionary does **not** take into account
+            Python-specified default UPDATE values or generation functions,
+            e.g. those specified using :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate`.
+            These values will not be exercised for an ON CONFLICT style of
+            UPDATE, unless they are manually specified in the
+            :paramref:`.Insert.on_conflict_do_update.set_` dictionary.
+
+        :param where:
+         Optional argument. An expression object representing a ``WHERE``
+         clause that restricts the rows affected by ``DO UPDATE SET``. Rows not
+         meeting the ``WHERE`` condition will not be updated (effectively a
+         ``DO NOTHING`` for those rows).
+
+        """
+
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoUpdate(
+            index_elements, index_where, set_, where
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_on_conflict_exclusive
+    def on_conflict_do_nothing(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """
+        Specifies a DO NOTHING action for ON CONFLICT clause.
+
+        :param index_elements:
+         A sequence consisting of string column names, :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects, or other column expression objects that will be used
+         to infer a target index or unique constraint.
+
+        :param index_where:
+         Additional WHERE criterion that can be used to infer a
+         conditional target index.
+
+        """
+
+        self._post_values_clause = OnConflictDoNothing(
+            index_elements, index_where
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class OnConflictClause(ClauseElement):
+    stringify_dialect = "sqlite"
+
+    inferred_target_elements: Optional[List[Union[str, schema.Column[Any]]]]
+    inferred_target_whereclause: Optional[
+        Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        if index_elements is not None:
+            self.inferred_target_elements = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, column)
+                for column in index_elements
+            ]
+            self.inferred_target_whereclause = (
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.WhereHavingRole,
+                    index_where,
+                )
+                if index_where is not None
+                else None
+            )
+        else:
+            self.inferred_target_elements = (
+                self.inferred_target_whereclause
+            ) = None
+
+
+class OnConflictDoNothing(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_nothing"
+
+
+class OnConflictDoUpdate(OnConflictClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "on_conflict_do_update"
+
+    update_values_to_set: List[Tuple[Union[schema.Column[Any], str], Any]]
+    update_whereclause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        index_elements: _OnConflictIndexElementsT = None,
+        index_where: _OnConflictIndexWhereT = None,
+        set_: _OnConflictSetT = None,
+        where: _OnConflictWhereT = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            index_elements=index_elements,
+            index_where=index_where,
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(set_, dict):
+            if not set_:
+                raise ValueError("set parameter dictionary must not be empty")
+        elif isinstance(set_, ColumnCollection):
+            set_ = dict(set_)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "set parameter must be a non-empty dictionary "
+                "or a ColumnCollection such as the `.c.` collection "
+                "of a Table object"
+            )
+        self.update_values_to_set = [
+            (coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, key), value)
+            for key, value in set_.items()
+        ]
+        self.update_whereclause = (
+            coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, where)
+            if where is not None
+            else None
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/json.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/json.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02f4ea4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/json.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/json.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+
+
+class JSON(sqltypes.JSON):
+    """SQLite JSON type.
+
+    SQLite supports JSON as of version 3.9 through its JSON1_ extension. Note
+    that JSON1_ is a
+    `loadable extension <https://www.sqlite.org/loadext.html>`_ and as such
+    may not be available, or may require run-time loading.
+
+    :class:`_sqlite.JSON` is used automatically whenever the base
+    :class:`_types.JSON` datatype is used against a SQLite backend.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.JSON` - main documentation for the generic
+        cross-platform JSON datatype.
+
+    The :class:`_sqlite.JSON` type supports persistence of JSON values
+    as well as the core index operations provided by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype, by adapting the operations to render the ``JSON_EXTRACT``
+    function wrapped in the ``JSON_QUOTE`` function at the database level.
+    Extracted values are quoted in order to ensure that the results are
+    always JSON string values.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+    .. _JSON1: https://www.sqlite.org/json1.html
+
+    """
+
+
+# Note: these objects currently match exactly those of MySQL, however since
+# these are not generalizable to all JSON implementations, remain separately
+# implemented for each dialect.
+class _FormatTypeMixin:
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        super_proc = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._format_value(value)
+            if super_proc:
+                value = super_proc(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSONIndexType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONIndexType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, int):
+            value = "$[%s]" % value
+        else:
+            value = '$."%s"' % value
+        return value
+
+
+class JSONPathType(_FormatTypeMixin, sqltypes.JSON.JSONPathType):
+    def _format_value(self, value):
+        return "$%s" % (
+            "".join(
+                [
+                    "[%s]" % elem if isinstance(elem, int) else '."%s"' % elem
+                    for elem in value
+                ]
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/provision.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97f882e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/provision.py
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import os
+import re
+
+from ... import exc
+from ...engine import url as sa_url
+from ...testing.provision import create_db
+from ...testing.provision import drop_db
+from ...testing.provision import follower_url_from_main
+from ...testing.provision import generate_driver_url
+from ...testing.provision import log
+from ...testing.provision import post_configure_engine
+from ...testing.provision import run_reap_dbs
+from ...testing.provision import stop_test_class_outside_fixtures
+from ...testing.provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ...testing.provision import upsert
+
+
+# TODO: I can't get this to build dynamically with pytest-xdist procs
+_drivernames = {
+    "pysqlite",
+    "aiosqlite",
+    "pysqlcipher",
+    "pysqlite_numeric",
+    "pysqlite_dollar",
+}
+
+
+def _format_url(url, driver, ident):
+    """given a sqlite url + desired driver + ident, make a canonical
+    URL out of it
+
+    """
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+
+    if driver is None:
+        driver = url.get_driver_name()
+
+    filename = url.database
+
+    needs_enc = driver == "pysqlcipher"
+    name_token = None
+
+    if filename and filename != ":memory:":
+        assert "test_schema" not in filename
+        tokens = re.split(r"[_\.]", filename)
+
+        new_filename = f"{driver}"
+
+        for token in tokens:
+            if token in _drivernames:
+                if driver is None:
+                    driver = token
+                continue
+            elif token in ("db", "enc"):
+                continue
+            elif name_token is None:
+                name_token = token.strip("_")
+
+        assert name_token, f"sqlite filename has no name token: {url.database}"
+
+        new_filename = f"{name_token}_{driver}"
+        if ident:
+            new_filename += f"_{ident}"
+        new_filename += ".db"
+        if needs_enc:
+            new_filename += ".enc"
+        url = url.set(database=new_filename)
+
+    if needs_enc:
+        url = url.set(password="test")
+
+    url = url.set(drivername="sqlite+%s" % (driver,))
+
+    return url
+
+
+@generate_driver_url.for_db("sqlite")
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    url = _format_url(url, driver, None)
+
+    try:
+        url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return url
+
+
+@follower_url_from_main.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    return _format_url(url, None, ident)
+
+
+@post_configure_engine.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+    if follower_ident:
+        attach_path = f"{follower_ident}_{engine.driver}_test_schema.db"
+    else:
+        attach_path = f"{engine.driver}_test_schema.db"
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # use file DBs in all cases, memory acts kind of strangely
+        # as an attached
+
+        # NOTE!  this has to be done *per connection*.  New sqlite connection,
+        # as we get with say, QueuePool, the attaches are gone.
+        # so schemes to delete those attached files have to be done at the
+        # filesystem level and not rely upon what attachments are in a
+        # particular SQLite connection
+        dbapi_connection.execute(
+            f'ATTACH DATABASE "{attach_path}" AS test_schema'
+        )
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "engine_disposed")
+    def dispose(engine):
+        """most databases should be dropped using
+        stop_test_class_outside_fixtures
+
+        however a few tests like AttachedDBTest might not get triggered on
+        that main hook
+
+        """
+
+        if os.path.exists(attach_path):
+            os.remove(attach_path)
+
+        filename = engine.url.database
+
+        if filename and filename != ":memory:" and os.path.exists(filename):
+            os.remove(filename)
+
+
+@create_db.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    pass
+
+
+@drop_db.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    _drop_dbs_w_ident(eng.url.database, eng.driver, ident)
+
+
+def _drop_dbs_w_ident(databasename, driver, ident):
+    for path in os.listdir("."):
+        fname, ext = os.path.split(path)
+        if ident in fname and ext in [".db", ".db.enc"]:
+            log.info("deleting SQLite database file: %s", path)
+            os.remove(path)
+
+
+@stop_test_class_outside_fixtures.for_db("sqlite")
+def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, db, cls):
+    db.dispose()
+
+
+@temp_table_keyword_args.for_db("sqlite")
+def _sqlite_temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    return {"prefixes": ["TEMPORARY"]}
+
+
+@run_reap_dbs.for_db("sqlite")
+def _reap_sqlite_dbs(url, idents):
+    log.info("db reaper connecting to %r", url)
+    log.info("identifiers in file: %s", ", ".join(idents))
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    for ident in idents:
+        for drivername in _drivernames:
+            _drop_dbs_w_ident(url.database, drivername, ident)
+
+
+@upsert.for_db("sqlite")
+def _upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite import insert
+
+    stmt = insert(table)
+
+    if set_lambda:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_update(set_=set_lambda(stmt.excluded))
+    else:
+        stmt = stmt.on_conflict_do_nothing()
+
+    stmt = stmt.returning(
+        *returning, sort_by_parameter_order=sort_by_parameter_order
+    )
+    return stmt
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a3dc1ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/pysqlcipher.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlcipher
+    :name: pysqlcipher
+    :dbapi: sqlcipher 3 or pysqlcipher
+    :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlcipher://:passphrase@/file_path[?kdf_iter=<iter>]
+
+    Dialect for support of DBAPIs that make use of the
+    `SQLCipher <https://www.zetetic.net/sqlcipher>`_ backend.
+
+
+Driver
+------
+
+Current dialect selection logic is:
+
+* If the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.module` parameter supplies a DBAPI module,
+  that module is used.
+* Otherwise for Python 3, choose https://pypi.org/project/sqlcipher3/
+* If not available, fall back to https://pypi.org/project/pysqlcipher3/
+* For Python 2, https://pypi.org/project/pysqlcipher/ is used.
+
+.. warning:: The ``pysqlcipher3`` and ``pysqlcipher`` DBAPI drivers are no
+   longer maintained; the ``sqlcipher3`` driver as of this writing appears
+   to be current.  For future compatibility, any pysqlcipher-compatible DBAPI
+   may be used as follows::
+
+        import sqlcipher_compatible_driver
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        e = create_engine(
+            "sqlite+pysqlcipher://:password@/dbname.db",
+            module=sqlcipher_compatible_driver,
+        )
+
+These drivers make use of the SQLCipher engine. This system essentially
+introduces new PRAGMA commands to SQLite which allows the setting of a
+passphrase and other encryption parameters, allowing the database file to be
+encrypted.
+
+
+Connect Strings
+---------------
+
+The format of the connect string is in every way the same as that
+of the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite` driver, except that the
+"password" field is now accepted, which should contain a passphrase::
+
+    e = create_engine("sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@/foo.db")
+
+For an absolute file path, two leading slashes should be used for the
+database name::
+
+    e = create_engine("sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@//path/to/foo.db")
+
+A selection of additional encryption-related pragmas supported by SQLCipher
+as documented at https://www.zetetic.net/sqlcipher/sqlcipher-api/ can be passed
+in the query string, and will result in that PRAGMA being called for each
+new connection.  Currently, ``cipher``, ``kdf_iter``
+``cipher_page_size`` and ``cipher_use_hmac`` are supported::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "sqlite+pysqlcipher://:testing@/foo.db?cipher=aes-256-cfb&kdf_iter=64000"
+    )
+
+.. warning:: Previous versions of sqlalchemy did not take into consideration
+   the encryption-related pragmas passed in the url string, that were silently
+   ignored. This may cause errors when opening files saved by a
+   previous sqlalchemy version if the encryption options do not match.
+
+
+Pooling Behavior
+----------------
+
+The driver makes a change to the default pool behavior of pysqlite
+as described in :ref:`pysqlite_threading_pooling`.   The pysqlcipher driver
+has been observed to be significantly slower on connection than the
+pysqlite driver, most likely due to the encryption overhead, so the
+dialect here defaults to using the :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`
+implementation,
+instead of the :class:`.NullPool` pool used by pysqlite.  As always, the pool
+implementation is entirely configurable using the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.poolclass` parameter; the :class:`.
+StaticPool` may
+be more feasible for single-threaded use, or :class:`.NullPool` may be used
+to prevent unencrypted connections from being held open for long periods of
+time, at the expense of slower startup time for new connections.
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from .pysqlite import SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
+from ... import pool
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
+    driver = "pysqlcipher"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    pragmas = ("kdf_iter", "cipher", "cipher_page_size", "cipher_use_hmac")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        try:
+            import sqlcipher3 as sqlcipher
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return sqlcipher
+
+        from pysqlcipher3 import dbapi2 as sqlcipher
+
+        return sqlcipher
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        return pool.SingletonThreadPool
+
+    def on_connect_url(self, url):
+        super_on_connect = super().on_connect_url(url)
+
+        # pull the info we need from the URL early.  Even though URL
+        # is immutable, we don't want any in-place changes to the URL
+        # to affect things
+        passphrase = url.password or ""
+        url_query = dict(url.query)
+
+        def on_connect(conn):
+            cursor = conn.cursor()
+            cursor.execute('pragma key="%s"' % passphrase)
+            for prag in self.pragmas:
+                value = url_query.get(prag, None)
+                if value is not None:
+                    cursor.execute('pragma %s="%s"' % (prag, value))
+            cursor.close()
+
+            if super_on_connect:
+                super_on_connect(conn)
+
+        return on_connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        plain_url = url._replace(password=None)
+        plain_url = plain_url.difference_update_query(self.pragmas)
+        return super().create_connect_args(plain_url)
+
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlcipher
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dafda6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+# dialects/sqlite/pysqlite.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+r"""
+.. dialect:: sqlite+pysqlite
+    :name: pysqlite
+    :dbapi: sqlite3
+    :connectstring: sqlite+pysqlite:///file_path
+    :url: https://docs.python.org/library/sqlite3.html
+
+    Note that ``pysqlite`` is the same driver as the ``sqlite3``
+    module included with the Python distribution.
+
+Driver
+------
+
+The ``sqlite3`` Python DBAPI is standard on all modern Python versions;
+for cPython and Pypy, no additional installation is necessary.
+
+
+Connect Strings
+---------------
+
+The file specification for the SQLite database is taken as the "database"
+portion of the URL.  Note that the format of a SQLAlchemy url is:
+
+.. sourcecode:: text
+
+    driver://user:pass@host/database
+
+This means that the actual filename to be used starts with the characters to
+the **right** of the third slash.   So connecting to a relative filepath
+looks like::
+
+    # relative path
+    e = create_engine("sqlite:///path/to/database.db")
+
+An absolute path, which is denoted by starting with a slash, means you
+need **four** slashes::
+
+    # absolute path
+    e = create_engine("sqlite:////path/to/database.db")
+
+To use a Windows path, regular drive specifications and backslashes can be
+used. Double backslashes are probably needed::
+
+    # absolute path on Windows
+    e = create_engine("sqlite:///C:\\path\\to\\database.db")
+
+To use sqlite ``:memory:`` database specify it as the filename using
+``sqlite:///:memory:``. It's also the default if no filepath is
+present, specifying only ``sqlite://`` and nothing else::
+
+    # in-memory database (note three slashes)
+    e = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
+    # also in-memory database
+    e2 = create_engine("sqlite://")
+
+.. _pysqlite_uri_connections:
+
+URI Connections
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Modern versions of SQLite support an alternative system of connecting using a
+`driver level URI <https://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_, which has the  advantage
+that additional driver-level arguments can be passed including options such as
+"read only".   The Python sqlite3 driver supports this mode under modern Python
+3 versions.   The SQLAlchemy pysqlite driver supports this mode of use by
+specifying "uri=true" in the URL query string.  The SQLite-level "URI" is kept
+as the "database" portion of the SQLAlchemy url (that is, following a slash)::
+
+    e = create_engine("sqlite:///file:path/to/database?mode=ro&uri=true")
+
+.. note::  The "uri=true" parameter must appear in the **query string**
+   of the URL.  It will not currently work as expected if it is only
+   present in the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args`
+   parameter dictionary.
+
+The logic reconciles the simultaneous presence of SQLAlchemy's query string and
+SQLite's query string by separating out the parameters that belong to the
+Python sqlite3 driver vs. those that belong to the SQLite URI.  This is
+achieved through the use of a fixed list of parameters known to be accepted by
+the Python side of the driver.  For example, to include a URL that indicates
+the Python sqlite3 "timeout" and "check_same_thread" parameters, along with the
+SQLite "mode" and "nolock" parameters, they can all be passed together on the
+query string::
+
+    e = create_engine(
+        "sqlite:///file:path/to/database?"
+        "check_same_thread=true&timeout=10&mode=ro&nolock=1&uri=true"
+    )
+
+Above, the pysqlite / sqlite3 DBAPI would be passed arguments as::
+
+    sqlite3.connect(
+        "file:path/to/database?mode=ro&nolock=1",
+        check_same_thread=True,
+        timeout=10,
+        uri=True,
+    )
+
+Regarding future parameters added to either the Python or native drivers. new
+parameter names added to the SQLite URI scheme should be automatically
+accommodated by this scheme.  New parameter names added to the Python driver
+side can be accommodated by specifying them in the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` dictionary,
+until dialect support is
+added by SQLAlchemy.   For the less likely case that the native SQLite driver
+adds a new parameter name that overlaps with one of the existing, known Python
+driver parameters (such as "timeout" perhaps), SQLAlchemy's dialect would
+require adjustment for the URL scheme to continue to support this.
+
+As is always the case for all SQLAlchemy dialects, the entire "URL" process
+can be bypassed in :func:`_sa.create_engine` through the use of the
+:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.creator`
+parameter which allows for a custom callable
+that creates a Python sqlite3 driver level connection directly.
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.3.9
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Uniform Resource Identifiers <https://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_ - in
+    the SQLite documentation
+
+.. _pysqlite_regexp:
+
+Regular Expression Support
+---------------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+Support for the :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_match` operator is provided
+using Python's re.search_ function.  SQLite itself does not include a working
+regular expression operator; instead, it includes a non-implemented placeholder
+operator ``REGEXP`` that calls a user-defined function that must be provided.
+
+SQLAlchemy's implementation makes use of the pysqlite create_function_ hook
+as follows::
+
+
+    def regexp(a, b):
+        return re.search(a, b) is not None
+
+
+    sqlite_connection.create_function(
+        "regexp",
+        2,
+        regexp,
+    )
+
+There is currently no support for regular expression flags as a separate
+argument, as these are not supported by SQLite's REGEXP operator, however these
+may be included inline within the regular expression string.  See `Python regular expressions`_ for
+details.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Python regular expressions`_: Documentation for Python's regular expression syntax.
+
+.. _create_function: https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Connection.create_function
+
+.. _re.search: https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html#re.search
+
+.. _Python regular expressions: https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html#re.search
+
+
+
+Compatibility with sqlite3 "native" date and datetime types
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+
+The pysqlite driver includes the sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES and
+sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES options, which have the effect of any column
+or expression explicitly cast as "date" or "timestamp" will be converted
+to a Python date or datetime object.  The date and datetime types provided
+with the pysqlite dialect are not currently compatible with these options,
+since they render the ISO date/datetime including microseconds, which
+pysqlite's driver does not.   Additionally, SQLAlchemy does not at
+this time automatically render the "cast" syntax required for the
+freestanding functions "current_timestamp" and "current_date" to return
+datetime/date types natively.   Unfortunately, pysqlite
+does not provide the standard DBAPI types in ``cursor.description``,
+leaving SQLAlchemy with no way to detect these types on the fly
+without expensive per-row type checks.
+
+Keeping in mind that pysqlite's parsing option is not recommended,
+nor should be necessary, for use with SQLAlchemy, usage of PARSE_DECLTYPES
+can be forced if one configures "native_datetime=True" on create_engine()::
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "sqlite://",
+        connect_args={
+            "detect_types": sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES | sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES
+        },
+        native_datetime=True,
+    )
+
+With this flag enabled, the DATE and TIMESTAMP types (but note - not the
+DATETIME or TIME types...confused yet ?) will not perform any bind parameter
+or result processing. Execution of "func.current_date()" will return a string.
+"func.current_timestamp()" is registered as returning a DATETIME type in
+SQLAlchemy, so this function still receives SQLAlchemy-level result
+processing.
+
+.. _pysqlite_threading_pooling:
+
+Threading/Pooling Behavior
+---------------------------
+
+The ``sqlite3`` DBAPI by default prohibits the use of a particular connection
+in a thread which is not the one in which it was created.  As SQLite has
+matured, it's behavior under multiple threads has improved, and even includes
+options for memory only databases to be used in multiple threads.
+
+The thread prohibition is known as "check same thread" and may be controlled
+using the ``sqlite3`` parameter ``check_same_thread``, which will disable or
+enable this check. SQLAlchemy's default behavior here is to set
+``check_same_thread`` to ``False`` automatically whenever a file-based database
+is in use, to establish compatibility with the default pool class
+:class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+The SQLAlchemy ``pysqlite`` DBAPI establishes the connection pool differently
+based on the kind of SQLite database that's requested:
+
+* When a ``:memory:`` SQLite database is specified, the dialect by default
+  will use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool`. This pool maintains a single
+  connection per thread, so that all access to the engine within the current
+  thread use the same ``:memory:`` database - other threads would access a
+  different ``:memory:`` database.  The ``check_same_thread`` parameter
+  defaults to ``True``.
+* When a file-based database is specified, the dialect will use
+  :class:`.QueuePool` as the source of connections.   at the same time,
+  the ``check_same_thread`` flag is set to False by default unless overridden.
+
+  .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+    SQLite file database engines now use :class:`.QueuePool` by default.
+    Previously, :class:`.NullPool` were used.  The :class:`.NullPool` class
+    may be used by specifying it via the
+    :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.poolclass` parameter.
+
+Disabling Connection Pooling for File Databases
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Pooling may be disabled for a file based database by specifying the
+:class:`.NullPool` implementation for the :func:`_sa.create_engine.poolclass`
+parameter::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import NullPool
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///myfile.db", poolclass=NullPool)
+
+It's been observed that the :class:`.NullPool` implementation incurs an
+extremely small performance overhead for repeated checkouts due to the lack of
+connection re-use implemented by :class:`.QueuePool`.  However, it still
+may be beneficial to use this class if the application is experiencing
+issues with files being locked.
+
+Using a Memory Database in Multiple Threads
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+To use a ``:memory:`` database in a multithreaded scenario, the same
+connection object must be shared among threads, since the database exists
+only within the scope of that connection.   The
+:class:`.StaticPool` implementation will maintain a single connection
+globally, and the ``check_same_thread`` flag can be passed to Pysqlite
+as ``False``::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+
+    engine = create_engine(
+        "sqlite://",
+        connect_args={"check_same_thread": False},
+        poolclass=StaticPool,
+    )
+
+Note that using a ``:memory:`` database in multiple threads requires a recent
+version of SQLite.
+
+Using Temporary Tables with SQLite
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Due to the way SQLite deals with temporary tables, if you wish to use a
+temporary table in a file-based SQLite database across multiple checkouts
+from the connection pool, such as when using an ORM :class:`.Session` where
+the temporary table should continue to remain after :meth:`.Session.commit` or
+:meth:`.Session.rollback` is called, a pool which maintains a single
+connection must be used.   Use :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` if the scope is
+only needed within the current thread, or :class:`.StaticPool` is scope is
+needed within multiple threads for this case::
+
+    # maintain the same connection per thread
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import SingletonThreadPool
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydb.db", poolclass=SingletonThreadPool)
+
+
+    # maintain the same connection across all threads
+    from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydb.db", poolclass=StaticPool)
+
+Note that :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` should be configured for the number
+of threads that are to be used; beyond that number, connections will be
+closed out in a non deterministic way.
+
+
+Dealing with Mixed String / Binary Columns
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+The SQLite database is weakly typed, and as such it is possible when using
+binary values, which in Python are represented as ``b'some string'``, that a
+particular SQLite database can have data values within different rows where
+some of them will be returned as a ``b''`` value by the Pysqlite driver, and
+others will be returned as Python strings, e.g. ``''`` values.   This situation
+is not known to occur if the SQLAlchemy :class:`.LargeBinary` datatype is used
+consistently, however if a particular SQLite database has data that was
+inserted using the Pysqlite driver directly, or when using the SQLAlchemy
+:class:`.String` type which was later changed to :class:`.LargeBinary`, the
+table will not be consistently readable because SQLAlchemy's
+:class:`.LargeBinary` datatype does not handle strings so it has no way of
+"encoding" a value that is in string format.
+
+To deal with a SQLite table that has mixed string / binary data in the
+same column, use a custom type that will check each row individually::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+
+    class MixedBinary(TypeDecorator):
+        impl = String
+        cache_ok = True
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                value = bytes(value, "utf-8")
+            elif value is not None:
+                value = bytes(value)
+
+            return value
+
+Then use the above ``MixedBinary`` datatype in the place where
+:class:`.LargeBinary` would normally be used.
+
+.. _pysqlite_serializable:
+
+Serializable isolation / Savepoints / Transactional DDL
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the section :ref:`sqlite_concurrency`, we refer to the pysqlite
+driver's assortment of issues that prevent several features of SQLite
+from working correctly.  The pysqlite DBAPI driver has several
+long-standing bugs which impact the correctness of its transactional
+behavior.   In its default mode of operation, SQLite features such as
+SERIALIZABLE isolation, transactional DDL, and SAVEPOINT support are
+non-functional, and in order to use these features, workarounds must
+be taken.
+
+The issue is essentially that the driver attempts to second-guess the user's
+intent, failing to start transactions and sometimes ending them prematurely, in
+an effort to minimize the SQLite databases's file locking behavior, even
+though SQLite itself uses "shared" locks for read-only activities.
+
+SQLAlchemy chooses to not alter this behavior by default, as it is the
+long-expected behavior of the pysqlite driver; if and when the pysqlite
+driver attempts to repair these issues, that will be more of a driver towards
+defaults for SQLAlchemy.
+
+The good news is that with a few events, we can implement transactional
+support fully, by disabling pysqlite's feature entirely and emitting BEGIN
+ourselves. This is achieved using two event listeners::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, event
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///myfile.db")
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+        # disable pysqlite's emitting of the BEGIN statement entirely.
+        # also stops it from emitting COMMIT before any DDL.
+        dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        # emit our own BEGIN
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+
+.. warning:: When using the above recipe, it is advised to not use the
+   :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` setting on
+   :class:`_engine.Connection` and :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+   with the SQLite driver,
+   as this function necessarily will also alter the ".isolation_level" setting.
+
+
+Above, we intercept a new pysqlite connection and disable any transactional
+integration.   Then, at the point at which SQLAlchemy knows that transaction
+scope is to begin, we emit ``"BEGIN"`` ourselves.
+
+When we take control of ``"BEGIN"``, we can also control directly SQLite's
+locking modes, introduced at
+`BEGIN TRANSACTION <https://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_,
+by adding the desired locking mode to our ``"BEGIN"``::
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+    def do_begin(conn):
+        conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN EXCLUSIVE")
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `BEGIN TRANSACTION <https://sqlite.org/lang_transaction.html>`_ -
+    on the SQLite site
+
+    `sqlite3 SELECT does not BEGIN a transaction <https://bugs.python.org/issue9924>`_ -
+    on the Python bug tracker
+
+    `sqlite3 module breaks transactions and potentially corrupts data <https://bugs.python.org/issue10740>`_ -
+    on the Python bug tracker
+
+.. _pysqlite_udfs:
+
+User-Defined Functions
+----------------------
+
+pysqlite supports a `create_function() <https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Connection.create_function>`_
+method that allows us to create our own user-defined functions (UDFs) in Python and use them directly in SQLite queries.
+These functions are registered with a specific DBAPI Connection.
+
+SQLAlchemy uses connection pooling with file-based SQLite databases, so we need to ensure that the UDF is attached to the
+connection when it is created. That is accomplished with an event listener::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+    from sqlalchemy import text
+
+
+    def udf():
+        return "udf-ok"
+
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///./db_file")
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+    def connect(conn, rec):
+        conn.create_function("udf", 0, udf)
+
+
+    for i in range(5):
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            print(conn.scalar(text("SELECT UDF()")))
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+import math
+import os
+import re
+
+from .base import DATE
+from .base import DATETIME
+from .base import SQLiteDialect
+from ... import exc
+from ... import pool
+from ... import types as sqltypes
+from ... import util
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp(DATETIME):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATETIME.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class _SQLite_pysqliteDate(DATE):
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.bind_processor(self, dialect)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.native_datetime:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return DATE.result_processor(self, dialect, coltype)
+
+
+class SQLiteDialect_pysqlite(SQLiteDialect):
+    default_paramstyle = "qmark"
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    returns_native_bytes = True
+
+    colspecs = util.update_copy(
+        SQLiteDialect.colspecs,
+        {
+            sqltypes.Date: _SQLite_pysqliteDate,
+            sqltypes.TIMESTAMP: _SQLite_pysqliteTimeStamp,
+        },
+    )
+
+    description_encoding = None
+
+    driver = "pysqlite"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls):
+        from sqlite3 import dbapi2 as sqlite
+
+        return sqlite
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _is_url_file_db(cls, url):
+        if (url.database and url.database != ":memory:") and (
+            url.query.get("mode", None) != "memory"
+        ):
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url):
+        if cls._is_url_file_db(url):
+            return pool.QueuePool
+        else:
+            return pool.SingletonThreadPool
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection):
+        return self.dbapi.sqlite_version_info
+
+    _isolation_lookup = SQLiteDialect._isolation_lookup.union(
+        {
+            "AUTOCOMMIT": None,
+        }
+    )
+
+    def set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection, level):
+        if level == "AUTOCOMMIT":
+            dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+        else:
+            dbapi_connection.isolation_level = ""
+            return super().set_isolation_level(dbapi_connection, level)
+
+    def on_connect(self):
+        def regexp(a, b):
+            if b is None:
+                return None
+            return re.search(a, b) is not None
+
+        if util.py38 and self._get_server_version_info(None) >= (3, 9):
+            # sqlite must be greater than 3.8.3 for deterministic=True
+            # https://docs.python.org/3/library/sqlite3.html#sqlite3.Connection.create_function
+            # the check is more conservative since there were still issues
+            # with following 3.8 sqlite versions
+            create_func_kw = {"deterministic": True}
+        else:
+            create_func_kw = {}
+
+        def set_regexp(dbapi_connection):
+            dbapi_connection.create_function(
+                "regexp", 2, regexp, **create_func_kw
+            )
+
+        def floor_func(dbapi_connection):
+            # NOTE: floor is optionally present in sqlite 3.35+ , however
+            # as it is normally non-present we deliver floor() unconditionally
+            # for now.
+            # https://www.sqlite.org/lang_mathfunc.html
+            dbapi_connection.create_function(
+                "floor", 1, math.floor, **create_func_kw
+            )
+
+        fns = [set_regexp, floor_func]
+
+        def connect(conn):
+            for fn in fns:
+                fn(conn)
+
+        return connect
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        if url.username or url.password or url.host or url.port:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid SQLite URL: %s\n"
+                "Valid SQLite URL forms are:\n"
+                " sqlite:///:memory: (or, sqlite://)\n"
+                " sqlite:///relative/path/to/file.db\n"
+                " sqlite:////absolute/path/to/file.db" % (url,)
+            )
+
+        # theoretically, this list can be augmented, at least as far as
+        # parameter names accepted by sqlite3/pysqlite, using
+        # inspect.getfullargspec().  for the moment this seems like overkill
+        # as these parameters don't change very often, and as always,
+        # parameters passed to connect_args will always go to the
+        # sqlite3/pysqlite driver.
+        pysqlite_args = [
+            ("uri", bool),
+            ("timeout", float),
+            ("isolation_level", str),
+            ("detect_types", int),
+            ("check_same_thread", bool),
+            ("cached_statements", int),
+        ]
+        opts = url.query
+        pysqlite_opts = {}
+        for key, type_ in pysqlite_args:
+            util.coerce_kw_type(opts, key, type_, dest=pysqlite_opts)
+
+        if pysqlite_opts.get("uri", False):
+            uri_opts = dict(opts)
+            # here, we are actually separating the parameters that go to
+            # sqlite3/pysqlite vs. those that go the SQLite URI.  What if
+            # two names conflict?  again, this seems to be not the case right
+            # now, and in the case that new names are added to
+            # either side which overlap, again the sqlite3/pysqlite parameters
+            # can be passed through connect_args instead of in the URL.
+            # If SQLite native URIs add a parameter like "timeout" that
+            # we already have listed here for the python driver, then we need
+            # to adjust for that here.
+            for key, type_ in pysqlite_args:
+                uri_opts.pop(key, None)
+            filename = url.database
+            if uri_opts:
+                # sorting of keys is for unit test support
+                filename += "?" + (
+                    "&".join(
+                        "%s=%s" % (key, uri_opts[key])
+                        for key in sorted(uri_opts)
+                    )
+                )
+        else:
+            filename = url.database or ":memory:"
+            if filename != ":memory:":
+                filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
+
+        pysqlite_opts.setdefault(
+            "check_same_thread", not self._is_url_file_db(url)
+        )
+
+        return ([filename], pysqlite_opts)
+
+    def is_disconnect(self, e, connection, cursor):
+        return isinstance(
+            e, self.dbapi.ProgrammingError
+        ) and "Cannot operate on a closed database." in str(e)
+
+
+dialect = SQLiteDialect_pysqlite
+
+
+class _SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_numeric(SQLiteDialect_pysqlite):
+    """numeric dialect for testing only
+
+    internal use only.  This dialect is **NOT** supported by SQLAlchemy
+    and may change at any time.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    default_paramstyle = "numeric"
+    driver = "pysqlite_numeric"
+
+    _first_bind = ":1"
+    _not_in_statement_regexp = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("paramstyle", "numeric")
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url):
+        arg, opts = super().create_connect_args(url)
+        opts["factory"] = self._fix_sqlite_issue_99953()
+        return arg, opts
+
+    def _fix_sqlite_issue_99953(self):
+        import sqlite3
+
+        first_bind = self._first_bind
+        if self._not_in_statement_regexp:
+            nis = self._not_in_statement_regexp
+
+            def _test_sql(sql):
+                m = nis.search(sql)
+                assert not m, f"Found {nis.pattern!r} in {sql!r}"
+
+        else:
+
+            def _test_sql(sql):
+                pass
+
+        def _numeric_param_as_dict(parameters):
+            if parameters:
+                assert isinstance(parameters, tuple)
+                return {
+                    str(idx): value for idx, value in enumerate(parameters, 1)
+                }
+            else:
+                return ()
+
+        class SQLiteFix99953Cursor(sqlite3.Cursor):
+            def execute(self, sql, parameters=()):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = _numeric_param_as_dict(parameters)
+                return super().execute(sql, parameters)
+
+            def executemany(self, sql, parameters):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = [
+                        _numeric_param_as_dict(p) for p in parameters
+                    ]
+                return super().executemany(sql, parameters)
+
+        class SQLiteFix99953Connection(sqlite3.Connection):
+            def cursor(self, factory=None):
+                if factory is None:
+                    factory = SQLiteFix99953Cursor
+                return super().cursor(factory=factory)
+
+            def execute(self, sql, parameters=()):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = _numeric_param_as_dict(parameters)
+                return super().execute(sql, parameters)
+
+            def executemany(self, sql, parameters):
+                _test_sql(sql)
+                if first_bind in sql:
+                    parameters = [
+                        _numeric_param_as_dict(p) for p in parameters
+                    ]
+                return super().executemany(sql, parameters)
+
+        return SQLiteFix99953Connection
+
+
+class _SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_dollar(_SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_numeric):
+    """numeric dialect that uses $ for testing only
+
+    internal use only.  This dialect is **NOT** supported by SQLAlchemy
+    and may change at any time.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+    default_paramstyle = "numeric_dollar"
+    driver = "pysqlite_dollar"
+
+    _first_bind = "$1"
+    _not_in_statement_regexp = re.compile(r"[^\d]:\d+")
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("paramstyle", "numeric_dollar")
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/type_migration_guidelines.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/type_migration_guidelines.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6be2056
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/dialects/type_migration_guidelines.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+Rules for Migrating TypeEngine classes to 0.6
+---------------------------------------------
+
+1. the TypeEngine classes are used for:
+
+    a. Specifying behavior which needs to occur for bind parameters
+    or result row columns.
+
+    b. Specifying types that are entirely specific to the database
+    in use and have no analogue in the sqlalchemy.types package.
+
+    c. Specifying types where there is an analogue in sqlalchemy.types,
+    but the database in use takes vendor-specific flags for those
+    types.
+
+    d. If a TypeEngine class doesn't provide any of this, it should be
+    *removed* from the dialect.
+
+2. the TypeEngine classes are *no longer* used for generating DDL.  Dialects
+now have a TypeCompiler subclass which uses the same visit_XXX model as
+other compilers.
+
+3. the "ischema_names" and "colspecs" dictionaries are now required members on
+the Dialect class.
+
+4. The names of types within dialects are now important.   If a dialect-specific type
+is a subclass of an existing generic type and is only provided for bind/result behavior, 
+the current mixed case naming can remain, i.e. _PGNumeric for Numeric - in this case, 
+end users would never need to use _PGNumeric directly.   However, if a dialect-specific 
+type is specifying a type *or* arguments that are not present generically, it should
+match the real name of the type on that backend, in uppercase.  E.g. postgresql.INET,
+mysql.ENUM, postgresql.ARRAY.
+
+Or follow this handy flowchart:
+
+    is the type meant to provide bind/result                  is the type the same name as an
+    behavior to a generic type (i.e. MixedCase)  ---- no ---> UPPERCASE type in types.py ?
+    type in types.py ?                                          |                     |
+                    |                                           no                    yes
+                   yes                                          |                     |
+                    |                                           |             does your type need special
+                    |                                           +<--- yes --- behavior or arguments ?
+                    |                                           |                               |
+                    |                                           |                              no
+           name the type using                                  |                               |
+           _MixedCase, i.e.                                     v                               V
+           _OracleBoolean. it                          name the type                        don't make a
+           stays private to the dialect                identically as that                  type, make sure the dialect's
+           and is invoked *only* via                   within the DB,                       base.py imports the types.py
+           the colspecs dict.                          using UPPERCASE                      UPPERCASE name into its namespace
+                    |                                  (i.e. BIT, NCHAR, INTERVAL).
+                    |                                  Users can import it.
+                    |                                       |
+                    v                                       v
+           subclass the closest                        is the name of this type
+           MixedCase type types.py,                    identical to an UPPERCASE
+           i.e.                        <--- no ------- name in types.py ?
+           class _DateTime(types.DateTime),
+           class DATETIME2(types.DateTime),                   |
+           class BIT(types.TypeEngine).                      yes
+                                                              |
+                                                              v
+                                                        the type should
+                                                        subclass the
+                                                        UPPERCASE
+                                                        type in types.py
+                                                        (i.e. class BLOB(types.BLOB))
+
+
+Example 1.   pysqlite needs bind/result processing for the DateTime type in types.py, 
+which applies to all DateTimes and subclasses.   It's named _SLDateTime and 
+subclasses types.DateTime.
+
+Example 2.  MS-SQL has a TIME type which takes a non-standard "precision" argument
+that is rendered within DDL.   So it's named TIME in the MS-SQL dialect's base.py, 
+and subclasses types.TIME.  Users can then say mssql.TIME(precision=10).
+
+Example 3.  MS-SQL dialects also need special bind/result processing for date 
+But its DATE type doesn't render DDL differently than that of a plain 
+DATE, i.e. it takes no special arguments.  Therefore we are just adding behavior
+to types.Date, so it's named _MSDate in the MS-SQL dialect's base.py, and subclasses
+types.Date.
+
+Example 4.  MySQL has a SET type, there's no analogue for this in types.py. So
+MySQL names it SET in the dialect's base.py, and it subclasses types.String, since 
+it ultimately deals with strings.
+
+Example 5.  PostgreSQL has a DATETIME type.  The DBAPIs handle dates correctly,
+and no special arguments are used in PG's DDL beyond what types.py provides.
+PostgreSQL dialect therefore imports types.DATETIME into its base.py.
+
+Ideally one should be able to specify a schema using names imported completely from a 
+dialect, all matching the real name on that backend:
+
+   from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import base as pg
+
+   t = Table('mytable', metadata,
+              Column('id', pg.INTEGER, primary_key=True),
+              Column('name', pg.VARCHAR(300)),
+              Column('inetaddr', pg.INET)
+   )
+
+where above, the INTEGER and VARCHAR types are ultimately from sqlalchemy.types, 
+but the PG dialect makes them available in its own namespace.
+
+5. "colspecs" now is a dictionary of generic or uppercased types from sqlalchemy.types
+linked to types specified in the dialect.   Again, if a type in the dialect does not
+specify any special behavior for bind_processor() or result_processor() and does not
+indicate a special type only available in this database, it must be *removed* from the 
+module and from this dictionary.
+
+6. "ischema_names" indicates string descriptions of types as returned from the database
+linked to TypeEngine classes.
+
+    a. The string name should be matched to the most specific type possible within
+    sqlalchemy.types, unless there is no matching type within sqlalchemy.types in which
+    case it points to a dialect type.   *It doesn't matter* if the dialect has its 
+    own subclass of that type with special bind/result behavior - reflect to the types.py
+    UPPERCASE type as much as possible.   With very few exceptions, all types
+    should reflect to an UPPERCASE type.
+
+    b. If the dialect contains a matching dialect-specific type that takes extra arguments 
+    which the generic one does not, then point to the dialect-specific type.  E.g.
+    mssql.VARCHAR takes a "collation" parameter which should be preserved.
+
+5. DDL, or what was formerly issued by "get_col_spec()", is now handled exclusively by
+a subclass of compiler.GenericTypeCompiler.
+
+    a. your TypeCompiler class will receive generic and uppercase types from 
+    sqlalchemy.types.  Do not assume the presence of dialect-specific attributes on
+    these types. 
+
+    b. the visit_UPPERCASE methods on GenericTypeCompiler should *not* be overridden with
+    methods that produce a different DDL name.   Uppercase types don't do any kind of 
+    "guessing" - if visit_TIMESTAMP is called, the DDL should render as TIMESTAMP in
+    all cases, regardless of whether or not that type is legal on the backend database.
+
+    c. the visit_UPPERCASE methods *should* be overridden with methods that add additional
+    arguments and flags to those types.
+
+    d. the visit_lowercase methods are overridden to provide an interpretation of a generic 
+    type.  E.g.  visit_large_binary() might be overridden to say "return self.visit_BIT(type_)".
+
+    e. visit_lowercase methods should *never* render strings directly - it should always
+    be via calling a visit_UPPERCASE() method.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4205d89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# engine/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQL connections, SQL execution and high-level DB-API interface.
+
+The engine package defines the basic components used to interface
+DB-API modules with higher-level statement construction,
+connection-management, execution and result contexts.  The primary
+"entry point" class into this package is the Engine and its public
+constructor ``create_engine()``.
+
+"""
+
+from . import events as events
+from . import util as util
+from .base import Connection as Connection
+from .base import Engine as Engine
+from .base import NestedTransaction as NestedTransaction
+from .base import RootTransaction as RootTransaction
+from .base import Transaction as Transaction
+from .base import TwoPhaseTransaction as TwoPhaseTransaction
+from .create import create_engine as create_engine
+from .create import create_pool_from_url as create_pool_from_url
+from .create import engine_from_config as engine_from_config
+from .cursor import CursorResult as CursorResult
+from .cursor import ResultProxy as ResultProxy
+from .interfaces import AdaptedConnection as AdaptedConnection
+from .interfaces import BindTyping as BindTyping
+from .interfaces import Compiled as Compiled
+from .interfaces import Connectable as Connectable
+from .interfaces import ConnectArgsType as ConnectArgsType
+from .interfaces import ConnectionEventsTarget as ConnectionEventsTarget
+from .interfaces import CreateEnginePlugin as CreateEnginePlugin
+from .interfaces import Dialect as Dialect
+from .interfaces import ExceptionContext as ExceptionContext
+from .interfaces import ExecutionContext as ExecutionContext
+from .interfaces import TypeCompiler as TypeCompiler
+from .mock import create_mock_engine as create_mock_engine
+from .reflection import Inspector as Inspector
+from .reflection import ObjectKind as ObjectKind
+from .reflection import ObjectScope as ObjectScope
+from .result import ChunkedIteratorResult as ChunkedIteratorResult
+from .result import FilterResult as FilterResult
+from .result import FrozenResult as FrozenResult
+from .result import IteratorResult as IteratorResult
+from .result import MappingResult as MappingResult
+from .result import MergedResult as MergedResult
+from .result import Result as Result
+from .result import result_tuple as result_tuple
+from .result import ScalarResult as ScalarResult
+from .result import TupleResult as TupleResult
+from .row import BaseRow as BaseRow
+from .row import Row as Row
+from .row import RowMapping as RowMapping
+from .url import make_url as make_url
+from .url import URL as URL
+from .util import connection_memoize as connection_memoize
+from ..sql import ddl as ddl
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_processors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_processors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8536d53d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_processors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+# engine/_py_processors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Copyright (C) 2010 Gaetan de Menten gdementen@gmail.com
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""defines generic type conversion functions, as used in bind and result
+processors.
+
+They all share one common characteristic: None is passed through unchanged.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+from datetime import date as date_cls
+from datetime import datetime as datetime_cls
+from datetime import time as time_cls
+from decimal import Decimal
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+
+_DT = TypeVar(
+    "_DT", bound=Union[datetime.datetime, datetime.time, datetime.date]
+)
+
+
+def str_to_datetime_processor_factory(
+    regexp: typing.Pattern[str], type_: Callable[..., _DT]
+) -> Callable[[Optional[str]], Optional[_DT]]:
+    rmatch = regexp.match
+    # Even on python2.6 datetime.strptime is both slower than this code
+    # and it does not support microseconds.
+    has_named_groups = bool(regexp.groupindex)
+
+    def process(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[_DT]:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            try:
+                m = rmatch(value)
+            except TypeError as err:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't parse %s string '%r' "
+                    "- value is not a string." % (type_.__name__, value)
+                ) from err
+
+            if m is None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't parse %s string: "
+                    "'%s'" % (type_.__name__, value)
+                )
+            if has_named_groups:
+                groups = m.groupdict(0)
+                return type_(
+                    **dict(
+                        list(
+                            zip(
+                                iter(groups.keys()),
+                                list(map(int, iter(groups.values()))),
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                return type_(*list(map(int, m.groups(0))))
+
+    return process
+
+
+def to_decimal_processor_factory(
+    target_class: Type[Decimal], scale: int
+) -> Callable[[Optional[float]], Optional[Decimal]]:
+    fstring = "%%.%df" % scale
+
+    def process(value: Optional[float]) -> Optional[Decimal]:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return target_class(fstring % value)
+
+    return process
+
+
+def to_float(value: Optional[Union[int, float]]) -> Optional[float]:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return float(value)
+
+
+def to_str(value: Optional[Any]) -> Optional[str]:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return str(value)
+
+
+def int_to_boolean(value: Optional[int]) -> Optional[bool]:
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return bool(value)
+
+
+def str_to_datetime(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
+    if value is not None:
+        dt_value = datetime_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    else:
+        dt_value = None
+    return dt_value
+
+
+def str_to_time(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.time]:
+    if value is not None:
+        dt_value = time_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    else:
+        dt_value = None
+    return dt_value
+
+
+def str_to_date(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.date]:
+    if value is not None:
+        dt_value = date_cls.fromisoformat(value)
+    else:
+        dt_value = None
+    return dt_value
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_row.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_row.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..38c60fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_row.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# engine/_py_row.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .result import _KeyType
+    from .result import _ProcessorsType
+    from .result import _RawRowType
+    from .result import _TupleGetterType
+    from .result import ResultMetaData
+
+MD_INDEX = 0  # integer index in cursor.description
+
+
+class BaseRow:
+    __slots__ = ("_parent", "_data", "_key_to_index")
+
+    _parent: ResultMetaData
+    _key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int]
+    _data: _RawRowType
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: ResultMetaData,
+        processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType],
+        key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int],
+        data: _RawRowType,
+    ):
+        """Row objects are constructed by CursorResult objects."""
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_parent", parent)
+
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_key_to_index", key_to_index)
+
+        if processors:
+            object.__setattr__(
+                self,
+                "_data",
+                tuple(
+                    [
+                        proc(value) if proc else value
+                        for proc, value in zip(processors, data)
+                    ]
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            object.__setattr__(self, "_data", tuple(data))
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Tuple[Callable[..., BaseRow], Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            rowproxy_reconstructor,
+            (self.__class__, self.__getstate__()),
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"_parent": self._parent, "_data": self._data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        parent = state["_parent"]
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_parent", parent)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_data", state["_data"])
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_key_to_index", parent._key_to_index)
+
+    def _values_impl(self) -> List[Any]:
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._data)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def _get_by_key_impl_mapping(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self._data[self._key_to_index[key]]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self._parent._key_not_found(key, False)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self._data[self._key_to_index[name]]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        self._parent._key_not_found(name, True)
+
+    def _to_tuple_instance(self) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return self._data
+
+
+# This reconstructor is necessary so that pickles with the Cy extension or
+# without use the same Binary format.
+def rowproxy_reconstructor(
+    cls: Type[BaseRow], state: Dict[str, Any]
+) -> BaseRow:
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__setstate__(state)
+    return obj
+
+
+def tuplegetter(*indexes: int) -> _TupleGetterType:
+    if len(indexes) != 1:
+        for i in range(1, len(indexes)):
+            if indexes[i - 1] != indexes[i] - 1:
+                return operator.itemgetter(*indexes)
+    # slice form is faster but returns a list if input is list
+    return operator.itemgetter(slice(indexes[0], indexes[-1] + 1))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50badea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/_py_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# engine/_py_util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+
+from .. import exc
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+
+
+_no_tuple: Tuple[Any, ...] = ()
+
+
+def _distill_params_20(
+    params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams],
+) -> _CoreMultiExecuteParams:
+    if params is None:
+        return _no_tuple
+    # Assume list is more likely than tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list) or isinstance(params, tuple):
+        # collections_abc.MutableSequence): # avoid abc.__instancecheck__
+        if params and not isinstance(params[0], (tuple, Mapping)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries"
+            )
+
+        return params
+    elif isinstance(params, dict) or isinstance(
+        # only do immutabledict or abc.__instancecheck__ for Mapping after
+        # we've checked for plain dictionaries and would otherwise raise
+        params,
+        Mapping,
+    ):
+        return [params]
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or list expected for parameters")
+
+
+def _distill_raw_params(
+    params: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams],
+) -> _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams:
+    if params is None:
+        return _no_tuple
+    elif isinstance(params, list):
+        # collections_abc.MutableSequence): # avoid abc.__instancecheck__
+        if params and not isinstance(params[0], (tuple, Mapping)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "List argument must consist only of tuples or dictionaries"
+            )
+
+        return params
+    elif isinstance(params, (tuple, dict)) or isinstance(
+        # only do abc.__instancecheck__ for Mapping after we've checked
+        # for plain dictionaries and would otherwise raise
+        params,
+        Mapping,
+    ):
+        # cast("Union[List[Mapping[str, Any]], Tuple[Any, ...]]", [params])
+        return [params]  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError("mapping or sequence expected for parameters")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbf11acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3371 @@
+# engine/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Defines :class:`_engine.Connection` and :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .interfaces import BindTyping
+from .interfaces import ConnectionEventsTarget
+from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+from .interfaces import ExceptionContext
+from .interfaces import ExecuteStyle
+from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+from .interfaces import IsolationLevel
+from .util import _distill_params_20
+from .util import _distill_raw_params
+from .util import TransactionalContext
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import compiler
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import CursorResult
+    from . import ScalarResult
+    from .interfaces import _AnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _AnyMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from .interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from .reflection import Inspector  # noqa
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+    from ..log import _EchoFlagType
+    from ..pool import _ConnectionFairy
+    from ..pool import Pool
+    from ..pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.compiler import Compiled
+    from ..sql.ddl import ExecutableDDLElement
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaDropper
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaGenerator
+    from ..sql.functions import FunctionElement
+    from ..sql.schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from ..sql.schema import HasSchemaAttr
+    from ..sql.schema import SchemaItem
+    from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_EMPTY_EXECUTION_OPTS: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+NO_OPTIONS: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+
+class Connection(ConnectionEventsTarget, inspection.Inspectable["Inspector"]):
+    """Provides high-level functionality for a wrapped DB-API connection.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.Connection` object is procured by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` method of the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    object, and provides services for execution of SQL statements as well
+    as transaction control.
+
+    The Connection object is **not** thread-safe. While a Connection can be
+    shared among threads using properly synchronized access, it is still
+    possible that the underlying DBAPI connection may not support shared
+    access between threads. Check the DBAPI documentation for details.
+
+    The Connection object represents a single DBAPI connection checked out
+    from the connection pool. In this state, the connection pool has no
+    affect upon the connection, including its expiration or timeout state.
+    For the connection pool to properly manage connections, connections
+    should be returned to the connection pool (i.e. ``connection.close()``)
+    whenever the connection is not in use.
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Connection
+
+    """
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+
+    _sqla_logger_namespace = "sqlalchemy.engine.Connection"
+
+    # used by sqlalchemy.engine.util.TransactionalContext
+    _trans_context_manager: Optional[TransactionalContext] = None
+
+    # legacy as of 2.0, should be eventually deprecated and
+    # removed.  was used in the "pre_ping" recipe that's been in the docs
+    # a long time
+    should_close_with_result = False
+
+    _dbapi_connection: Optional[PoolProxiedConnection]
+
+    _execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+
+    _transaction: Optional[RootTransaction]
+    _nested_transaction: Optional[NestedTransaction]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        engine: Engine,
+        connection: Optional[PoolProxiedConnection] = None,
+        _has_events: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _allow_revalidate: bool = True,
+        _allow_autobegin: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new Connection."""
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.dialect = dialect = engine.dialect
+
+        if connection is None:
+            try:
+                self._dbapi_connection = engine.raw_connection()
+            except dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error as err:
+                Connection._handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(
+                    err, dialect, engine
+                )
+                raise
+        else:
+            self._dbapi_connection = connection
+
+        self._transaction = self._nested_transaction = None
+        self.__savepoint_seq = 0
+        self.__in_begin = False
+
+        self.__can_reconnect = _allow_revalidate
+        self._allow_autobegin = _allow_autobegin
+        self._echo = self.engine._should_log_info()
+
+        if _has_events is None:
+            # if _has_events is sent explicitly as False,
+            # then don't join the dispatch of the engine; we don't
+            # want to handle any of the engine's events in that case.
+            self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(engine.dispatch)
+        self._has_events = _has_events or (
+            _has_events is None and engine._has_events
+        )
+
+        self._execution_options = engine._execution_options
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.engine_connect(self)
+
+    # this can be assigned differently via
+    # characteristics.LoggingTokenCharacteristic
+    _message_formatter: Any = None
+
+    def _log_info(self, message: str, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        fmt = self._message_formatter
+
+        if fmt:
+            message = fmt(message)
+
+        if log.STACKLEVEL:
+            kw["stacklevel"] = 1 + log.STACKLEVEL_OFFSET
+
+        self.engine.logger.info(message, *arg, **kw)
+
+    def _log_debug(self, message: str, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        fmt = self._message_formatter
+
+        if fmt:
+            message = fmt(message)
+
+        if log.STACKLEVEL:
+            kw["stacklevel"] = 1 + log.STACKLEVEL_OFFSET
+
+        self.engine.logger.debug(message, *arg, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _schema_translate_map(self) -> Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType]:
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = (
+            self._execution_options.get("schema_translate_map", None)
+        )
+
+        return schema_translate_map
+
+    def schema_for_object(self, obj: HasSchemaAttr) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Return the schema name for the given schema item taking into
+        account current schema translate map.
+
+        """
+
+        name = obj.schema
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = (
+            self._execution_options.get("schema_translate_map", None)
+        )
+
+        if (
+            schema_translate_map
+            and name in schema_translate_map
+            and obj._use_schema_map
+        ):
+            return schema_translate_map[name]
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Connection:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> Connection: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Connection: ...
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Connection:
+        r"""Set non-SQL options for the connection which take effect
+        during execution.
+
+        This method modifies this :class:`_engine.Connection` **in-place**;
+        the return value is the same :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        upon which the method is called.   Note that this is in contrast
+        to the behavior of the ``execution_options`` methods on other
+        objects such as :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options` and
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options`.  The rationale is that many
+        such execution options necessarily modify the state of the base
+        DBAPI connection in any case so there is no feasible means of
+        keeping the effect of such an option localized to a "sub" connection.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+           method, in contrast to other objects with this method, modifies
+           the connection in-place without creating copy of it.
+
+        As discussed elsewhere, the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+        method accepts any arbitrary parameters including user defined names.
+        All parameters given are consumable in a number of ways including
+        by using the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_execution_options` method.
+        See the examples at :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options`
+        and :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`.
+
+        The keywords that are currently recognized by SQLAlchemy itself
+        include all those listed under :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`,
+        as well as others that are specific to :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        :param compiled_cache: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+          A dictionary where :class:`.Compiled` objects
+          will be cached when the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+          compiles a clause
+          expression into a :class:`.Compiled` object.  This dictionary will
+          supersede the statement cache that may be configured on the
+          :class:`_engine.Engine` itself.   If set to None, caching
+          is disabled, even if the engine has a configured cache size.
+
+          Note that the ORM makes use of its own "compiled" caches for
+          some operations, including flush operations.  The caching
+          used by the ORM internally supersedes a cache dictionary
+          specified here.
+
+        :param logging_token: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`, :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          Adds the specified string token surrounded by brackets in log
+          messages logged by the connection, i.e. the logging that's enabled
+          either via the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.echo` flag or via the
+          ``logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.engine")`` logger. This allows a
+          per-connection or per-sub-engine token to be available which is
+          useful for debugging concurrent connection scenarios.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging_tokens` - usage example
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.logging_name` - adds a name to the
+            name used by the Python logger object itself.
+
+        :param isolation_level: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+          Set the transaction isolation level for the lifespan of this
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+          Valid values include those string
+          values accepted by the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+          parameter passed to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  These levels are
+          semi-database specific; see individual dialect documentation for
+          valid levels.
+
+          The isolation level option applies the isolation level by emitting
+          statements on the DBAPI connection, and **necessarily affects the
+          original Connection object overall**. The isolation level will remain
+          at the given setting until explicitly changed, or when the DBAPI
+          connection itself is :term:`released` to the connection pool, i.e. the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.close` method is called, at which time an
+          event handler will emit additional statements on the DBAPI connection
+          in order to revert the isolation level change.
+
+          .. note:: The ``isolation_level`` execution option may only be
+             established before the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is
+             called, as well as before any SQL statements are emitted which
+             would otherwise trigger "autobegin", or directly after a call to
+             :meth:`_engine.Connection.commit` or
+             :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback`. A database cannot change the
+             isolation level on a transaction in progress.
+
+          .. note:: The ``isolation_level`` execution option is implicitly
+             reset if the :class:`_engine.Connection` is invalidated, e.g. via
+             the :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` method, or if a
+             disconnection error occurs. The new connection produced after the
+             invalidation will **not** have the selected isolation level
+             re-applied to it automatically.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+                - view current actual level
+
+        :param no_parameters: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          When ``True``, if the final parameter
+          list or dictionary is totally empty, will invoke the
+          statement on the cursor as ``cursor.execute(statement)``,
+          not passing the parameter collection at all.
+          Some DBAPIs such as psycopg2 and mysql-python consider
+          percent signs as significant only when parameters are
+          present; this option allows code to generate SQL
+          containing percent signs (and possibly other characters)
+          that is neutral regarding whether it's executed by the DBAPI
+          or piped into a script that's later invoked by
+          command line tools.
+
+        :param stream_results: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          Indicate to the dialect that results should be "streamed" and not
+          pre-buffered, if possible.  For backends such as PostgreSQL, MySQL
+          and MariaDB, this indicates the use of a "server side cursor" as
+          opposed to a client side cursor.  Other backends such as that of
+          Oracle Database may already use server side cursors by default.
+
+          The usage of
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` is
+          usually combined with setting a fixed number of rows to to be fetched
+          in batches, to allow for efficient iteration of database rows while
+          at the same time not loading all result rows into memory at once;
+          this can be configured on a :class:`_engine.Result` object using the
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method, after execution has
+          returned a new :class:`_engine.Result`.   If
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` is not used,
+          the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+          mode of operation will instead use a dynamically sized buffer
+          which buffers sets of rows at a time, growing on each batch
+          based on a fixed growth size up until a limit which may
+          be configured using the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.max_row_buffer`
+          parameter.
+
+          When using the ORM to fetch ORM mapped objects from a result,
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` should always be used with
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`,
+          so that the ORM does not fetch all rows into new ORM objects at once.
+
+          For typical use, the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per` execution
+          option should be preferred, which sets up both
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` and
+          :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` at once. This option is supported
+          both at a core level by :class:`_engine.Connection` as well as by the
+          ORM :class:`_engine.Session`; the latter is described at
+          :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per`.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - background on
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.max_row_buffer`
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+            describing the ORM version of ``yield_per``
+
+        :param max_row_buffer: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.  Sets a maximum
+          buffer size to use when the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+          execution option is used on a backend that supports server side
+          cursors.  The default value if not specified is 1000.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+
+        :param yield_per: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`.  Integer value applied which will
+          set the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+          execution option and invoke :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`
+          automatically at once.  Allows equivalent functionality as
+          is present when using this parameter with the ORM.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.40
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - background and examples
+            on using server side cursors with Core.
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+            describing the ORM version of ``yield_per``
+
+        :param insertmanyvalues_page_size: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+            :class:`_engine.Engine`. Number of rows to format into an
+            INSERT statement when the statement uses "insertmanyvalues" mode,
+            which is a paged form of bulk insert that is used for many backends
+            when using :term:`executemany` execution typically in conjunction
+            with RETURNING. Defaults to 1000. May also be modified on a
+            per-engine basis using the
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.insertmanyvalues_page_size` parameter.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :param schema_translate_map: Available on: :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`, :class:`_sql.Executable`.
+
+          A dictionary mapping schema names to schema names, that will be
+          applied to the :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema` element of each
+          :class:`_schema.Table`
+          encountered when SQL or DDL expression elements
+          are compiled into strings; the resulting schema name will be
+          converted based on presence in the map of the original name.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`schema_translating`
+
+        :param preserve_rowcount: Boolean; when True, the ``cursor.rowcount``
+          attribute will be unconditionally memoized within the result and
+          made available via the :attr:`.CursorResult.rowcount` attribute.
+          Normally, this attribute is only preserved for UPDATE and DELETE
+          statements.  Using this option, the DBAPIs rowcount value can
+          be accessed for other kinds of statements such as INSERT and SELECT,
+          to the degree that the DBAPI supports these statements.  See
+          :attr:`.CursorResult.rowcount` for notes regarding the behavior
+          of this attribute.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0.28
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_execution_options`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - documentation on all
+            ORM-specific execution options
+
+        """  # noqa
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.set_connection_execution_options(self, opt)
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(opt)
+        self.dialect.set_connection_execution_options(self, opt)
+        return self
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+    @property
+    def _still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+        return (
+            pool_proxied_connection is not None
+            and pool_proxied_connection.is_valid
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this connection is closed."""
+
+        return self._dbapi_connection is None and not self.__can_reconnect
+
+    @property
+    def invalidated(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this connection was invalidated.
+
+        This does not indicate whether or not the connection was
+        invalidated at the pool level, however
+
+        """
+
+        # prior to 1.4, "invalid" was stored as a state independent of
+        # "closed", meaning an invalidated connection could be "closed",
+        # the _dbapi_connection would be None and closed=True, yet the
+        # "invalid" flag would stay True.  This meant that there were
+        # three separate states (open/valid, closed/valid, closed/invalid)
+        # when there is really no reason for that; a connection that's
+        # "closed" does not need to be "invalid".  So the state is now
+        # represented by the two facts alone.
+
+        pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+        return pool_proxied_connection is None and self.__can_reconnect
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """The underlying DB-API connection managed by this Connection.
+
+        This is a SQLAlchemy connection-pool proxied connection
+        which then has the attribute
+        :attr:`_pool._ConnectionFairy.dbapi_connection` that refers to the
+        actual driver connection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._dbapi_connection is None:
+            try:
+                return self._revalidate_connection()
+            except (exc.PendingRollbackError, exc.ResourceClosedError):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        else:
+            return self._dbapi_connection
+
+    def get_isolation_level(self) -> IsolationLevel:
+        """Return the current **actual** isolation level that's present on
+        the database within the scope of this connection.
+
+        This attribute will perform a live SQL operation against the database
+        in order to procure the current isolation level, so the value returned
+        is the actual level on the underlying DBAPI connection regardless of
+        how this state was set. This will be one of the four actual isolation
+        modes ``READ UNCOMMITTED``, ``READ COMMITTED``, ``REPEATABLE READ``,
+        ``SERIALIZABLE``. It will **not** include the ``AUTOCOMMIT`` isolation
+        level setting. Third party dialects may also feature additional
+        isolation level settings.
+
+        .. note::  This method **will not report** on the ``AUTOCOMMIT``
+          isolation level, which is a separate :term:`dbapi` setting that's
+          independent of **actual** isolation level.  When ``AUTOCOMMIT`` is
+          in use, the database connection still has a "traditional" isolation
+          mode in effect, that is typically one of the four values
+          ``READ UNCOMMITTED``, ``READ COMMITTED``, ``REPEATABLE READ``,
+          ``SERIALIZABLE``.
+
+        Compare to the :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+        accessor which returns the isolation level that is present on the
+        database at initial connection time.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+        """
+        dbapi_connection = self.connection.dbapi_connection
+        assert dbapi_connection is not None
+        try:
+            return self.dialect.get_isolation_level(dbapi_connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    @property
+    def default_isolation_level(self) -> Optional[IsolationLevel]:
+        """The initial-connection time isolation level associated with the
+        :class:`_engine.Dialect` in use.
+
+        This value is independent of the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` and
+        :paramref:`.Engine.execution_options.isolation_level` execution
+        options, and is determined by the :class:`_engine.Dialect` when the
+        first connection is created, by performing a SQL query against the
+        database for the current isolation level before any additional commands
+        have been emitted.
+
+        Calling this accessor does not invoke any new SQL queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current actual isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_isolation_level
+
+    def _invalid_transaction(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.PendingRollbackError(
+            "Can't reconnect until invalid %stransaction is rolled "
+            "back.  Please rollback() fully before proceeding"
+            % ("savepoint " if self._nested_transaction is not None else ""),
+            code="8s2b",
+        )
+
+    def _revalidate_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        if self.__can_reconnect and self.invalidated:
+            if self._transaction is not None:
+                self._invalid_transaction()
+            self._dbapi_connection = self.engine.raw_connection()
+            return self._dbapi_connection
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`_engine.Connection`, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data here will follow along with the DBAPI connection including
+        after it is returned to the connection pool and used again
+        in subsequent instances of :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.connection.info
+
+    def invalidate(self, exception: Optional[BaseException] = None) -> None:
+        """Invalidate the underlying DBAPI connection associated with
+        this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        An attempt will be made to close the underlying DBAPI connection
+        immediately; however if this operation fails, the error is logged
+        but not raised.  The connection is then discarded whether or not
+        close() succeeded.
+
+        Upon the next use (where "use" typically means using the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method or similar),
+        this :class:`_engine.Connection` will attempt to
+        procure a new DBAPI connection using the services of the
+        :class:`_pool.Pool` as a source of connectivity (e.g.
+        a "reconnection").
+
+        If a transaction was in progress (e.g. the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method has been called) when
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` method is called, at the DBAPI
+        level all state associated with this transaction is lost, as
+        the DBAPI connection is closed.  The :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        will not allow a reconnection to proceed until the
+        :class:`.Transaction` object is ended, by calling the
+        :meth:`.Transaction.rollback` method; until that point, any attempt at
+        continuing to use the :class:`_engine.Connection` will raise an
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+        This is to prevent applications from accidentally
+        continuing an ongoing transactional operations despite the
+        fact that the transaction has been lost due to an
+        invalidation.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` method,
+        just like auto-invalidation,
+        will at the connection pool level invoke the
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.invalidate` event.
+
+        :param exception: an optional ``Exception`` instance that's the
+         reason for the invalidation.  is passed along to event handlers
+         and logging functions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+        if self.invalidated:
+            return
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+            assert pool_proxied_connection is not None
+            pool_proxied_connection.invalidate(exception)
+
+        self._dbapi_connection = None
+
+    def detach(self) -> None:
+        """Detach the underlying DB-API connection from its connection pool.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                conn.detach()
+                conn.execute(text("SET search_path TO schema1, schema2"))
+
+                # work with connection
+
+            # connection is fully closed (since we used "with:", can
+            # also call .close())
+
+        This :class:`_engine.Connection` instance will remain usable.
+        When closed
+        (or exited from a context manager context as above),
+        the DB-API connection will be literally closed and not
+        returned to its originating pool.
+
+        This method can be used to insulate the rest of an application
+        from a modified state on a connection (such as a transaction
+        isolation level or similar).
+
+        """
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This Connection is closed")
+
+        pool_proxied_connection = self._dbapi_connection
+        if pool_proxied_connection is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't detach an invalidated Connection"
+            )
+        pool_proxied_connection.detach()
+
+    def _autobegin(self) -> None:
+        if self._allow_autobegin and not self.__in_begin:
+            self.begin()
+
+    def begin(self) -> RootTransaction:
+        """Begin a transaction prior to autobegin occurring.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                with conn.begin() as trans:
+                    conn.execute(table.insert(), {"username": "sandy"})
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`_engine.RootTransaction`.
+        This object represents the "scope" of the transaction,
+        which completes when either the :meth:`_engine.Transaction.rollback`
+        or :meth:`_engine.Transaction.commit` method is called; the object
+        also works as a context manager as illustrated above.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method begins a
+        transaction that normally will be begun in any case when the connection
+        is first used to execute a statement.  The reason this method might be
+        used would be to invoke the :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.begin`
+        event at a specific time, or to organize code within the scope of a
+        connection checkout in terms of context managed blocks, such as::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                with conn.begin():
+                    conn.execute(...)
+                    conn.execute(...)
+
+                with conn.begin():
+                    conn.execute(...)
+                    conn.execute(...)
+
+        The above code is not  fundamentally any different in its behavior than
+        the following code  which does not use
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`; the below style is known
+        as "commit as you go" style::
+
+            with engine.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.commit()
+
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.execute(...)
+                conn.commit()
+
+        From a database point of view, the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+        method does not emit any SQL or change the state of the underlying
+        DBAPI connection in any way; the Python DBAPI does not have any
+        concept of explicit transaction begin.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_working_with_transactions` - in the
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` - use a SAVEPOINT
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase` -
+            use a two phase /XID transaction
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.begin` - context manager available from
+            :class:`_engine.Engine`
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            self._transaction = RootTransaction(self)
+            return self._transaction
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This connection has already initialized a SQLAlchemy "
+                "Transaction() object via begin() or autobegin; can't "
+                "call begin() here unless rollback() or commit() "
+                "is called first."
+            )
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> NestedTransaction:
+        """Begin a nested transaction (i.e. SAVEPOINT) and return a transaction
+        handle that controls the scope of the SAVEPOINT.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.begin() as connection:
+                with connection.begin_nested():
+                    connection.execute(table.insert(), {"username": "sandy"})
+
+        The returned object is an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction`, which includes transactional
+        methods :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.commit` and
+        :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.rollback`; for a nested transaction,
+        these methods correspond to the operations "RELEASE SAVEPOINT <name>"
+        and "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT <name>". The name of the savepoint is local
+        to the :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` object and is generated
+        automatically. Like any other :class:`_engine.Transaction`, the
+        :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` may be used as a context manager as
+        illustrated above which will "release" or "rollback" corresponding to
+        if the operation within the block were successful or raised an
+        exception.
+
+        Nested transactions require SAVEPOINT support in the underlying
+        database, else the behavior is undefined. SAVEPOINT is commonly used to
+        run operations within a transaction that may fail, while continuing the
+        outer transaction. E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import exc
+
+            with engine.begin() as connection:
+                trans = connection.begin_nested()
+                try:
+                    connection.execute(table.insert(), {"username": "sandy"})
+                    trans.commit()
+                except exc.IntegrityError:  # catch for duplicate username
+                    trans.rollback()  # rollback to savepoint
+
+                # outer transaction continues
+                connection.execute(...)
+
+        If :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` is called without first
+        calling :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` or
+        :meth:`_engine.Engine.begin`, the :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        will "autobegin" the outer transaction first. This outer transaction
+        may be committed using "commit-as-you-go" style, e.g.::
+
+            with engine.connect() as connection:  # begin() wasn't called
+
+                with connection.begin_nested():  # will auto-"begin()" first
+                    connection.execute(...)
+                # savepoint is released
+
+                connection.execute(...)
+
+                # explicitly commit outer transaction
+                connection.commit()
+
+                # can continue working with connection here
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` will now participate
+            in the connection "autobegin" behavior that is new as of
+            2.0 / "future" style connections in 1.4.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+
+            :ref:`session_begin_nested` - ORM support for SAVEPOINT
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            self._autobegin()
+
+        return NestedTransaction(self)
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, xid: Optional[Any] = None) -> TwoPhaseTransaction:
+        """Begin a two-phase or XA transaction and return a transaction
+        handle.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`,
+        which in addition to the methods provided by
+        :class:`.Transaction`, also provides a
+        :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` method.
+
+        :param xid: the two phase transaction id.  If not supplied, a
+          random id will be generated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._transaction is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot start a two phase transaction when a transaction "
+                "is already in progress."
+            )
+        if xid is None:
+            xid = self.engine.dialect.create_xid()
+        return TwoPhaseTransaction(self, xid)
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method commits the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect, assuming
+        the connection is in a non-invalidated state.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+        .. note:: The :meth:`_engine.Connection.commit` method only acts upon
+          the primary database transaction that is linked to the
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` object.  It does not operate upon a
+          SAVEPOINT that would have been invoked from the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method; for control of a
+          SAVEPOINT, call :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.commit` on the
+          :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` that is returned by the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method itself.
+
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction:
+            self._transaction.commit()
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method rolls back the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect.  If a
+        transaction was started and the connection is in an invalidated state,
+        the transaction is cleared using this method.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+        .. note:: The :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback` method only acts
+          upon the primary database transaction that is linked to the
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` object.  It does not operate upon a
+          SAVEPOINT that would have been invoked from the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method; for control of a
+          SAVEPOINT, call :meth:`_engine.NestedTransaction.rollback` on the
+          :class:`_engine.NestedTransaction` that is returned by the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method itself.
+
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction:
+            self._transaction.rollback()
+
+    def recover_twophase(self) -> List[Any]:
+        return self.engine.dialect.do_recover_twophase(self)
+
+    def rollback_prepared(self, xid: Any, recover: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def commit_prepared(self, xid: Any, recover: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, recover=recover)
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+        return self._transaction is not None and self._transaction.is_active
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+        return (
+            self._nested_transaction is not None
+            and self._nested_transaction.is_active
+        )
+
+    def _is_autocommit_isolation(self) -> bool:
+        opt_iso = self._execution_options.get("isolation_level", None)
+        return bool(
+            opt_iso == "AUTOCOMMIT"
+            or (
+                opt_iso is None
+                and self.engine.dialect._on_connect_isolation_level
+                == "AUTOCOMMIT"
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _get_required_transaction(self) -> RootTransaction:
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("connection is not in a transaction")
+        return trans
+
+    def _get_required_nested_transaction(self) -> NestedTransaction:
+        trans = self._nested_transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "connection is not in a nested transaction"
+            )
+        return trans
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[RootTransaction]:
+        """Return the current root transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self._transaction
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[NestedTransaction]:
+        """Return the current nested transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self._nested_transaction
+
+    def _begin_impl(self, transaction: RootTransaction) -> None:
+        if self._echo:
+            if self._is_autocommit_isolation():
+                self._log_info(
+                    "BEGIN (implicit; DBAPI should not BEGIN due to "
+                    "autocommit mode)"
+                )
+            else:
+                self._log_info("BEGIN (implicit)")
+
+        self.__in_begin = True
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin(self)
+
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin(self.connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        finally:
+            self.__in_begin = False
+
+    def _rollback_impl(self) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback(self)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            if self._echo:
+                if self._is_autocommit_isolation():
+                    self._log_info(
+                        "ROLLBACK using DBAPI connection.rollback(), "
+                        "DBAPI should ignore due to autocommit mode"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._log_info("ROLLBACK")
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback(self.connection)
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _commit_impl(self) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit(self)
+
+        if self._echo:
+            if self._is_autocommit_isolation():
+                self._log_info(
+                    "COMMIT using DBAPI connection.commit(), "
+                    "DBAPI should ignore due to autocommit mode"
+                )
+            else:
+                self._log_info("COMMIT")
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_commit(self.connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _savepoint_impl(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.savepoint(self, name)
+
+        if name is None:
+            self.__savepoint_seq += 1
+            name = "sa_savepoint_%s" % self.__savepoint_seq
+        self.engine.dialect.do_savepoint(self, name)
+        return name
+
+    def _rollback_to_savepoint_impl(self, name: str) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_savepoint(self, name, None)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, name)
+
+    def _release_savepoint_impl(self, name: str) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.release_savepoint(self, name, None)
+
+        self.engine.dialect.do_release_savepoint(self, name)
+
+    def _begin_twophase_impl(self, transaction: TwoPhaseTransaction) -> None:
+        if self._echo:
+            self._log_info("BEGIN TWOPHASE (implicit)")
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+
+        self.__in_begin = True
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_begin_twophase(self, transaction.xid)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+        finally:
+            self.__in_begin = False
+
+    def _prepare_twophase_impl(self, xid: Any) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+
+        assert isinstance(self._transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_prepare_twophase(self, xid)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _rollback_twophase_impl(self, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.rollback_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        if self._still_open_and_dbapi_connection_is_valid:
+            assert isinstance(self._transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+            try:
+                self.engine.dialect.do_rollback_twophase(
+                    self, xid, is_prepared
+                )
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def _commit_twophase_impl(self, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool) -> None:
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+
+        assert isinstance(self._transaction, TwoPhaseTransaction)
+        try:
+            self.engine.dialect.do_commit_twophase(self, xid, is_prepared)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This results in a release of the underlying database
+        resources, that is, the DBAPI connection referenced
+        internally. The DBAPI connection is typically restored
+        back to the connection-holding :class:`_pool.Pool` referenced
+        by the :class:`_engine.Engine` that produced this
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`. Any transactional state present on
+        the DBAPI connection is also unconditionally released via
+        the DBAPI connection's ``rollback()`` method, regardless
+        of any :class:`.Transaction` object that may be
+        outstanding with regards to this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This has the effect of also calling :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback`
+        if any transaction is in place.
+
+        After :meth:`_engine.Connection.close` is called, the
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` is permanently in a closed state,
+        and will allow no further operations.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._transaction:
+            self._transaction.close()
+            skip_reset = True
+        else:
+            skip_reset = False
+
+        if self._dbapi_connection is not None:
+            conn = self._dbapi_connection
+
+            # as we just closed the transaction, close the connection
+            # pool connection without doing an additional reset
+            if skip_reset:
+                cast("_ConnectionFairy", conn)._close_special(
+                    transaction_reset=True
+                )
+            else:
+                conn.close()
+
+            # There is a slight chance that conn.close() may have
+            # triggered an invalidation here in which case
+            # _dbapi_connection would already be None, however usually
+            # it will be non-None here and in a "closed" state.
+            self._dbapi_connection = None
+        self.__can_reconnect = False
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar object.
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        :return: a scalar Python value representing the first column of the
+         first row returned.
+
+        """
+        distilled_parameters = _distill_params_20(parameters)
+        try:
+            meth = statement._execute_on_scalar
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(statement) from err
+        else:
+            return meth(
+                self,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                execution_options or NO_OPTIONS,
+            )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Executes and returns a scalar result set, which yields scalar values
+        from the first column of each row.
+
+        This method is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`
+        to receive a :class:`_result.Result` object, then invoking the
+        :meth:`_result.Result.scalars` method to produce a
+        :class:`_result.ScalarResult` instance.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_result.ScalarResult`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+
+        return self.execute(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        ).scalars()
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a
+        :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+        :param statement: The statement to be executed.  This is always
+         an object that is in both the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` and
+         :class:`_expression.Executable` hierarchies, including:
+
+         * :class:`_expression.Select`
+         * :class:`_expression.Insert`, :class:`_expression.Update`,
+           :class:`_expression.Delete`
+         * :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+           :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+         * :class:`_schema.DDL` and objects which inherit from
+           :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement`
+
+        :param parameters: parameters which will be bound into the statement.
+         This may be either a dictionary of parameter names to values,
+         or a mutable sequence (e.g. a list) of dictionaries.  When a
+         list of dictionaries is passed, the underlying statement execution
+         will make use of the DBAPI ``cursor.executemany()`` method.
+         When a single dictionary is passed, the DBAPI ``cursor.execute()``
+         method will be used.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        distilled_parameters = _distill_params_20(parameters)
+        try:
+            meth = statement._execute_on_connection
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(statement) from err
+        else:
+            return meth(
+                self,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                execution_options or NO_OPTIONS,
+            )
+
+    def _execute_function(
+        self,
+        func: FunctionElement[Any],
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a sql.FunctionElement object."""
+
+        return self._execute_clauseelement(
+            func.select(), distilled_parameters, execution_options
+        )
+
+    def _execute_default(
+        self,
+        default: DefaultGenerator,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a schema.ColumnDefault object."""
+
+        execution_options = self._execution_options.merge_with(
+            execution_options
+        )
+
+        event_multiparams: Optional[_CoreMultiExecuteParams]
+        event_params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams]
+
+        # note for event handlers, the "distilled parameters" which is always
+        # a list of dicts is broken out into separate "multiparams" and
+        # "params" collections, which allows the handler to distinguish
+        # between an executemany and execute style set of parameters.
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            (
+                default,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                default, distilled_parameters, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            event_multiparams = event_params = None
+
+        try:
+            conn = self._dbapi_connection
+            if conn is None:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            dialect = self.dialect
+            ctx = dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_default(
+                dialect, self, conn, execution_options
+            )
+        except (exc.PendingRollbackError, exc.ResourceClosedError):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(e, None, None, None, None)
+
+        ret = ctx._exec_default(None, default, None)
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                default,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+                ret,
+            )
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_ddl(
+        self,
+        ddl: ExecutableDDLElement,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a schema.DDL object."""
+
+        exec_opts = ddl._execution_options.merge_with(
+            self._execution_options, execution_options
+        )
+
+        event_multiparams: Optional[_CoreMultiExecuteParams]
+        event_params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            (
+                ddl,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                ddl, distilled_parameters, exec_opts
+            )
+        else:
+            event_multiparams = event_params = None
+
+        schema_translate_map = exec_opts.get("schema_translate_map", None)
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        compiled = ddl.compile(
+            dialect=dialect, schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map
+        )
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_ddl,
+            compiled,
+            None,
+            exec_opts,
+            compiled,
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                ddl,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                exec_opts,
+                ret,
+            )
+        return ret
+
+    def _invoke_before_exec_event(
+        self,
+        elem: Any,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Any,
+        _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+    ]:
+        event_multiparams: _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+        event_params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+
+        if len(distilled_params) == 1:
+            event_multiparams, event_params = [], distilled_params[0]
+        else:
+            event_multiparams, event_params = distilled_params, {}
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.before_execute:
+            elem, event_multiparams, event_params = fn(
+                self,
+                elem,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+            )
+
+        if event_multiparams:
+            distilled_params = list(event_multiparams)
+            if event_params:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Event handler can't return non-empty multiparams "
+                    "and params at the same time"
+                )
+        elif event_params:
+            distilled_params = [event_params]
+        else:
+            distilled_params = []
+
+        return elem, distilled_params, event_multiparams, event_params
+
+    def _execute_clauseelement(
+        self,
+        elem: Executable,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a sql.ClauseElement object."""
+
+        execution_options = elem._execution_options.merge_with(
+            self._execution_options, execution_options
+        )
+
+        has_events = self._has_events or self.engine._has_events
+        if has_events:
+            (
+                elem,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                elem, distilled_parameters, execution_options
+            )
+
+        if distilled_parameters:
+            # ensure we don't retain a link to the view object for keys()
+            # which links to the values, which we don't want to cache
+            keys = sorted(distilled_parameters[0])
+            for_executemany = len(distilled_parameters) > 1
+        else:
+            keys = []
+            for_executemany = False
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        schema_translate_map = execution_options.get(
+            "schema_translate_map", None
+        )
+
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = execution_options.get(
+            "compiled_cache", self.engine._compiled_cache
+        )
+
+        compiled_sql, extracted_params, cache_hit = elem._compile_w_cache(
+            dialect=dialect,
+            compiled_cache=compiled_cache,
+            column_keys=keys,
+            for_executemany=for_executemany,
+            schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+            linting=self.dialect.compiler_linting | compiler.WARN_LINTING,
+        )
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled_sql,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            execution_options,
+            compiled_sql,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            elem,
+            extracted_params,
+            cache_hit=cache_hit,
+        )
+        if has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                elem,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+                ret,
+            )
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_compiled(
+        self,
+        compiled: Compiled,
+        distilled_parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter = _EMPTY_EXECUTION_OPTS,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a sql.Compiled object.
+
+        TODO: why do we have this?   likely deprecate or remove
+
+        """
+
+        execution_options = compiled.execution_options.merge_with(
+            self._execution_options, execution_options
+        )
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            (
+                compiled,
+                distilled_parameters,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+            ) = self._invoke_before_exec_event(
+                compiled, distilled_parameters, execution_options
+            )
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_compiled,
+            compiled,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            execution_options,
+            compiled,
+            distilled_parameters,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_execute(
+                self,
+                compiled,
+                event_multiparams,
+                event_params,
+                execution_options,
+                ret,
+            )
+        return ret
+
+    def exec_driver_sql(
+        self,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a string SQL statement on the DBAPI cursor directly,
+        without any SQL compilation steps.
+
+        This can be used to pass any string directly to the
+        ``cursor.execute()`` method of the DBAPI in use.
+
+        :param statement: The statement str to be executed.   Bound parameters
+         must use the underlying DBAPI's paramstyle, such as "qmark",
+         "pyformat", "format", etc.
+
+        :param parameters: represent bound parameter values to be used in the
+         execution.  The format is one of:   a dictionary of named parameters,
+         a tuple of positional parameters, or a list containing either
+         dictionaries or tuples for multiple-execute support.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+         E.g. multiple dictionaries::
+
+
+             conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (%(id)s, %(value)s)",
+                 [{"id": 1, "value": "v1"}, {"id": 2, "value": "v2"}],
+             )
+
+         Single dictionary::
+
+             conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (%(id)s, %(value)s)",
+                 dict(id=1, value="v1"),
+             )
+
+         Single tuple::
+
+             conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                 "INSERT INTO table (id, value) VALUES (?, ?)", (1, "v1")
+             )
+
+         .. note:: The :meth:`_engine.Connection.exec_driver_sql` method does
+             not participate in the
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_execute` and
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_execute` events.   To
+             intercept calls to :meth:`_engine.Connection.exec_driver_sql`, use
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` and
+             :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_cursor_execute`.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :pep:`249`
+
+        """
+
+        distilled_parameters = _distill_raw_params(parameters)
+
+        execution_options = self._execution_options.merge_with(
+            execution_options
+        )
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        ret = self._execute_context(
+            dialect,
+            dialect.execution_ctx_cls._init_statement,
+            statement,
+            None,
+            execution_options,
+            statement,
+            distilled_parameters,
+        )
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _execute_context(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        constructor: Callable[..., ExecutionContext],
+        statement: Union[str, Compiled],
+        parameters: Optional[_AnyMultiExecuteParams],
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """Create an :class:`.ExecutionContext` and execute, returning
+        a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`."""
+
+        if execution_options:
+            yp = execution_options.get("yield_per", None)
+            if yp:
+                execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                    {"stream_results": True, "max_row_buffer": yp}
+                )
+        try:
+            conn = self._dbapi_connection
+            if conn is None:
+                conn = self._revalidate_connection()
+
+            context = constructor(
+                dialect, self, conn, execution_options, *args, **kw
+            )
+        except (exc.PendingRollbackError, exc.ResourceClosedError):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, str(statement), parameters, None, None
+            )
+
+        if (
+            self._transaction
+            and not self._transaction.is_active
+            or (
+                self._nested_transaction
+                and not self._nested_transaction.is_active
+            )
+        ):
+            self._invalid_transaction()
+
+        elif self._trans_context_manager:
+            TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(self)
+
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            self._autobegin()
+
+        context.pre_exec()
+
+        if context.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES:
+            return self._exec_insertmany_context(dialect, context)
+        else:
+            return self._exec_single_context(
+                dialect, context, statement, parameters
+            )
+
+    def _exec_single_context(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+        statement: Union[str, Compiled],
+        parameters: Optional[_AnyMultiExecuteParams],
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """continue the _execute_context() method for a single DBAPI
+        cursor.execute() or cursor.executemany() call.
+
+        """
+        if dialect.bind_typing is BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES:
+            generic_setinputsizes = context._prepare_set_input_sizes()
+
+            if generic_setinputsizes:
+                try:
+                    dialect.do_set_input_sizes(
+                        context.cursor, generic_setinputsizes, context
+                    )
+                except BaseException as e:
+                    self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                        e, str(statement), parameters, None, context
+                    )
+
+        cursor, str_statement, parameters = (
+            context.cursor,
+            context.statement,
+            context.parameters,
+        )
+
+        effective_parameters: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams]
+
+        if not context.executemany:
+            effective_parameters = parameters[0]
+        else:
+            effective_parameters = parameters
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                str_statement, effective_parameters = fn(
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    str_statement,
+                    effective_parameters,
+                    context,
+                    context.executemany,
+                )
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self._log_info(str_statement)
+
+            stats = context._get_cache_stats()
+
+            if not self.engine.hide_parameters:
+                self._log_info(
+                    "[%s] %r",
+                    stats,
+                    sql_util._repr_params(
+                        effective_parameters,
+                        batches=10,
+                        ismulti=context.executemany,
+                    ),
+                )
+            else:
+                self._log_info(
+                    "[%s] [SQL parameters hidden due to hide_parameters=True]",
+                    stats,
+                )
+
+        evt_handled: bool = False
+        try:
+            if context.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY:
+                effective_parameters = cast(
+                    "_CoreMultiExecuteParams", effective_parameters
+                )
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_executemany:
+                        if fn(
+                            cursor,
+                            str_statement,
+                            effective_parameters,
+                            context,
+                        ):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_executemany(
+                        cursor,
+                        str_statement,
+                        effective_parameters,
+                        context,
+                    )
+            elif not effective_parameters and context.no_parameters:
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute_no_params:
+                        if fn(cursor, str_statement, context):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute_no_params(
+                        cursor, str_statement, context
+                    )
+            else:
+                effective_parameters = cast(
+                    "_CoreSingleExecuteParams", effective_parameters
+                )
+                if self.dialect._has_events:
+                    for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute:
+                        if fn(
+                            cursor,
+                            str_statement,
+                            effective_parameters,
+                            context,
+                        ):
+                            evt_handled = True
+                            break
+                if not evt_handled:
+                    self.dialect.do_execute(
+                        cursor, str_statement, effective_parameters, context
+                    )
+
+            if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+                self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    str_statement,
+                    effective_parameters,
+                    context,
+                    context.executemany,
+                )
+
+            context.post_exec()
+
+            result = context._setup_result_proxy()
+
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, str_statement, effective_parameters, cursor, context
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _exec_insertmany_context(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        """continue the _execute_context() method for an "insertmanyvalues"
+        operation, which will invoke DBAPI
+        cursor.execute() one or more times with individual log and
+        event hook calls.
+
+        """
+
+        if dialect.bind_typing is BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES:
+            generic_setinputsizes = context._prepare_set_input_sizes()
+        else:
+            generic_setinputsizes = None
+
+        cursor, str_statement, parameters = (
+            context.cursor,
+            context.statement,
+            context.parameters,
+        )
+
+        effective_parameters = parameters
+
+        engine_events = self._has_events or self.engine._has_events
+        if self.dialect._has_events:
+            do_execute_dispatch: Iterable[Any] = (
+                self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute
+            )
+        else:
+            do_execute_dispatch = ()
+
+        if self._echo:
+            stats = context._get_cache_stats() + " (insertmanyvalues)"
+
+        preserve_rowcount = context.execution_options.get(
+            "preserve_rowcount", False
+        )
+        rowcount = 0
+
+        for imv_batch in dialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+            self,
+            cursor,
+            str_statement,
+            effective_parameters,
+            generic_setinputsizes,
+            context,
+        ):
+            if imv_batch.processed_setinputsizes:
+                try:
+                    dialect.do_set_input_sizes(
+                        context.cursor,
+                        imv_batch.processed_setinputsizes,
+                        context,
+                    )
+                except BaseException as e:
+                    self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                        e,
+                        sql_util._long_statement(imv_batch.replaced_statement),
+                        imv_batch.replaced_parameters,
+                        None,
+                        context,
+                        is_sub_exec=True,
+                    )
+
+            sub_stmt = imv_batch.replaced_statement
+            sub_params = imv_batch.replaced_parameters
+
+            if engine_events:
+                for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                    sub_stmt, sub_params = fn(
+                        self,
+                        cursor,
+                        sub_stmt,
+                        sub_params,
+                        context,
+                        True,
+                    )
+
+            if self._echo:
+                self._log_info(sql_util._long_statement(sub_stmt))
+
+                imv_stats = f""" {imv_batch.batchnum}/{
+                            imv_batch.total_batches
+                } ({
+                    'ordered'
+                    if imv_batch.rows_sorted else 'unordered'
+                }{
+                    '; batch not supported'
+                    if imv_batch.is_downgraded
+                    else ''
+                })"""
+
+                if imv_batch.batchnum == 1:
+                    stats += imv_stats
+                else:
+                    stats = f"insertmanyvalues{imv_stats}"
+
+                if not self.engine.hide_parameters:
+                    self._log_info(
+                        "[%s] %r",
+                        stats,
+                        sql_util._repr_params(
+                            sub_params,
+                            batches=10,
+                            ismulti=False,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self._log_info(
+                        "[%s] [SQL parameters hidden due to "
+                        "hide_parameters=True]",
+                        stats,
+                    )
+
+            try:
+                for fn in do_execute_dispatch:
+                    if fn(
+                        cursor,
+                        sub_stmt,
+                        sub_params,
+                        context,
+                    ):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    dialect.do_execute(
+                        cursor,
+                        sub_stmt,
+                        sub_params,
+                        context,
+                    )
+
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                    e,
+                    sql_util._long_statement(sub_stmt),
+                    sub_params,
+                    cursor,
+                    context,
+                    is_sub_exec=True,
+                )
+
+            if engine_events:
+                self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    str_statement,
+                    effective_parameters,
+                    context,
+                    context.executemany,
+                )
+
+            if preserve_rowcount:
+                rowcount += imv_batch.current_batch_size
+
+        try:
+            context.post_exec()
+
+            if preserve_rowcount:
+                context._rowcount = rowcount  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+            result = context._setup_result_proxy()
+
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, str_statement, effective_parameters, cursor, context
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _cursor_execute(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPISingleExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute a statement + params on the given cursor.
+
+        Adds appropriate logging and exception handling.
+
+        This method is used by DefaultDialect for special-case
+        executions, such as for sequences and column defaults.
+        The path of statement execution in the majority of cases
+        terminates at _execute_context().
+
+        """
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_cursor_execute:
+                statement, parameters = fn(
+                    self, cursor, statement, parameters, context, False
+                )
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self._log_info(statement)
+            self._log_info("[raw sql] %r", parameters)
+        try:
+            for fn in (
+                ()
+                if not self.dialect._has_events
+                else self.dialect.dispatch.do_execute
+            ):
+                if fn(cursor, statement, parameters, context):
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.dialect.do_execute(cursor, statement, parameters, context)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                e, statement, parameters, cursor, context
+            )
+
+        if self._has_events or self.engine._has_events:
+            self.dispatch.after_cursor_execute(
+                self, cursor, statement, parameters, context, False
+            )
+
+    def _safe_close_cursor(self, cursor: DBAPICursor) -> None:
+        """Close the given cursor, catching exceptions
+        and turning into log warnings.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            cursor.close()
+        except Exception:
+            # log the error through the connection pool's logger.
+            self.engine.pool.logger.error(
+                "Error closing cursor", exc_info=True
+            )
+
+    _reentrant_error = False
+    _is_disconnect = False
+
+    def _handle_dbapi_exception(
+        self,
+        e: BaseException,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        parameters: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        is_sub_exec: bool = False,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        is_exit_exception = util.is_exit_exception(e)
+
+        if not self._is_disconnect:
+            self._is_disconnect = (
+                isinstance(e, self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error)
+                and not self.closed
+                and self.dialect.is_disconnect(
+                    e,
+                    self._dbapi_connection if not self.invalidated else None,
+                    cursor,
+                )
+            ) or (is_exit_exception and not self.closed)
+
+        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = not is_exit_exception
+
+        ismulti: bool = (
+            not is_sub_exec and context.executemany
+            if context is not None
+            else False
+        )
+        if self._reentrant_error:
+            raise exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                e,
+                self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error,
+                hide_parameters=self.engine.hide_parameters,
+                dialect=self.dialect,
+                ismulti=ismulti,
+            ).with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+        self._reentrant_error = True
+        try:
+            # non-DBAPI error - if we already got a context,
+            # or there's no string statement, don't wrap it
+            should_wrap = isinstance(e, self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error) or (
+                statement is not None
+                and context is None
+                and not is_exit_exception
+            )
+
+            if should_wrap:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    cast(Exception, e),
+                    self.dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error,
+                    hide_parameters=self.engine.hide_parameters,
+                    connection_invalidated=self._is_disconnect,
+                    dialect=self.dialect,
+                    ismulti=ismulti,
+                )
+            else:
+                sqlalchemy_exception = None
+
+            newraise = None
+
+            if (self.dialect._has_events) and not self._execution_options.get(
+                "skip_user_error_events", False
+            ):
+                ctx = ExceptionContextImpl(
+                    e,
+                    sqlalchemy_exception,
+                    self.engine,
+                    self.dialect,
+                    self,
+                    cursor,
+                    statement,
+                    parameters,
+                    context,
+                    self._is_disconnect,
+                    invalidate_pool_on_disconnect,
+                    False,
+                )
+
+                for fn in self.dialect.dispatch.handle_error:
+                    try:
+                        # handler returns an exception;
+                        # call next handler in a chain
+                        per_fn = fn(ctx)
+                        if per_fn is not None:
+                            ctx.chained_exception = newraise = per_fn
+                    except Exception as _raised:
+                        # handler raises an exception - stop processing
+                        newraise = _raised
+                        break
+
+                if self._is_disconnect != ctx.is_disconnect:
+                    self._is_disconnect = ctx.is_disconnect
+                    if sqlalchemy_exception:
+                        sqlalchemy_exception.connection_invalidated = (
+                            ctx.is_disconnect
+                        )
+
+                # set up potentially user-defined value for
+                # invalidate pool.
+                invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = (
+                    ctx.invalidate_pool_on_disconnect
+                )
+
+            if should_wrap and context:
+                context.handle_dbapi_exception(e)
+
+            if not self._is_disconnect:
+                if cursor:
+                    self._safe_close_cursor(cursor)
+                # "autorollback" was mostly relevant in 1.x series.
+                # It's very unlikely to reach here, as the connection
+                # does autobegin so when we are here, we are usually
+                # in an explicit / semi-explicit transaction.
+                # however we have a test which manufactures this
+                # scenario in any case using an event handler.
+                # test/engine/test_execute.py-> test_actual_autorollback
+                if not self.in_transaction():
+                    self._rollback_impl()
+
+            if newraise:
+                raise newraise.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+            elif should_wrap:
+                assert sqlalchemy_exception is not None
+                raise sqlalchemy_exception.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+            else:
+                assert exc_info[1] is not None
+                raise exc_info[1].with_traceback(exc_info[2])
+        finally:
+            del self._reentrant_error
+            if self._is_disconnect:
+                del self._is_disconnect
+                if not self.invalidated:
+                    dbapi_conn_wrapper = self._dbapi_connection
+                    assert dbapi_conn_wrapper is not None
+                    if invalidate_pool_on_disconnect:
+                        self.engine.pool._invalidate(dbapi_conn_wrapper, e)
+                    self.invalidate(e)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(
+        cls,
+        e: BaseException,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        engine: Optional[Engine] = None,
+        is_disconnect: Optional[bool] = None,
+        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect: bool = True,
+        is_pre_ping: bool = False,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+        if is_disconnect is None:
+            is_disconnect = isinstance(
+                e, dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error
+            ) and dialect.is_disconnect(e, None, None)
+
+        should_wrap = isinstance(e, dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error)
+
+        if should_wrap:
+            sqlalchemy_exception = exc.DBAPIError.instance(
+                None,
+                None,
+                cast(Exception, e),
+                dialect.loaded_dbapi.Error,
+                hide_parameters=(
+                    engine.hide_parameters if engine is not None else False
+                ),
+                connection_invalidated=is_disconnect,
+                dialect=dialect,
+            )
+        else:
+            sqlalchemy_exception = None
+
+        newraise = None
+
+        if dialect._has_events:
+            ctx = ExceptionContextImpl(
+                e,
+                sqlalchemy_exception,
+                engine,
+                dialect,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                is_disconnect,
+                invalidate_pool_on_disconnect,
+                is_pre_ping,
+            )
+            for fn in dialect.dispatch.handle_error:
+                try:
+                    # handler returns an exception;
+                    # call next handler in a chain
+                    per_fn = fn(ctx)
+                    if per_fn is not None:
+                        ctx.chained_exception = newraise = per_fn
+                except Exception as _raised:
+                    # handler raises an exception - stop processing
+                    newraise = _raised
+                    break
+
+            if sqlalchemy_exception and is_disconnect != ctx.is_disconnect:
+                sqlalchemy_exception.connection_invalidated = is_disconnect = (
+                    ctx.is_disconnect
+                )
+
+        if newraise:
+            raise newraise.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+        elif should_wrap:
+            assert sqlalchemy_exception is not None
+            raise sqlalchemy_exception.with_traceback(exc_info[2]) from e
+        else:
+            assert exc_info[1] is not None
+            raise exc_info[1].with_traceback(exc_info[2])
+
+    def _run_ddl_visitor(
+        self,
+        visitorcallable: Type[Union[SchemaGenerator, SchemaDropper]],
+        element: SchemaItem,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """run a DDL visitor.
+
+        This method is only here so that the MockConnection can change the
+        options given to the visitor so that "checkfirst" is skipped.
+
+        """
+        visitorcallable(self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+
+class ExceptionContextImpl(ExceptionContext):
+    """Implement the :class:`.ExceptionContext` interface."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "connection",
+        "engine",
+        "dialect",
+        "cursor",
+        "statement",
+        "parameters",
+        "original_exception",
+        "sqlalchemy_exception",
+        "chained_exception",
+        "execution_context",
+        "is_disconnect",
+        "invalidate_pool_on_disconnect",
+        "is_pre_ping",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception: BaseException,
+        sqlalchemy_exception: Optional[exc.StatementError],
+        engine: Optional[Engine],
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Optional[Connection],
+        cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams],
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        is_disconnect: bool,
+        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect: bool,
+        is_pre_ping: bool,
+    ):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.sqlalchemy_exception = sqlalchemy_exception
+        self.original_exception = exception
+        self.execution_context = context
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.is_disconnect = is_disconnect
+        self.invalidate_pool_on_disconnect = invalidate_pool_on_disconnect
+        self.is_pre_ping = is_pre_ping
+
+
+class Transaction(TransactionalContext):
+    """Represent a database transaction in progress.
+
+    The :class:`.Transaction` object is procured by
+    calling the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method of
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+        connection = engine.connect()
+        trans = connection.begin()
+        connection.execute(text("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)"))
+        trans.commit()
+
+    The object provides :meth:`.rollback` and :meth:`.commit`
+    methods in order to control transaction boundaries.  It
+    also implements a context manager interface so that
+    the Python ``with`` statement can be used with the
+    :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method::
+
+        with connection.begin():
+            connection.execute(text("insert into x (a, b) values (1, 2)"))
+
+    The Transaction object is **not** threadsafe.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase`
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested`
+
+    .. index::
+      single: thread safety; Transaction
+    """  # noqa
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_root: bool = False
+    is_active: bool
+    connection: Connection
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _deactivated_from_connection(self) -> bool:
+        """True if this transaction is totally deactivated from the connection
+        and therefore can no longer affect its state.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_close(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_rollback(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_commit(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_active and not self.connection.invalidated
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        If this transaction is the base transaction in a begin/commit
+        nesting, the transaction will rollback().  Otherwise, the
+        method returns.
+
+        This is used to cancel a Transaction without affecting the scope of
+        an enclosing transaction.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            self._do_close()
+        finally:
+            assert not self.is_active
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        The implementation of this may vary based on the type of transaction in
+        use:
+
+        * For a simple database transaction (e.g. :class:`.RootTransaction`),
+          it corresponds to a ROLLBACK.
+
+        * For a :class:`.NestedTransaction`, it corresponds to a
+          "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT" operation.
+
+        * For a :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`, DBAPI-specific methods for two
+          phase transactions may be used.
+
+
+        """
+        try:
+            self._do_rollback()
+        finally:
+            assert not self.is_active
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit this :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        The implementation of this may vary based on the type of transaction in
+        use:
+
+        * For a simple database transaction (e.g. :class:`.RootTransaction`),
+          it corresponds to a COMMIT.
+
+        * For a :class:`.NestedTransaction`, it corresponds to a
+          "RELEASE SAVEPOINT" operation.
+
+        * For a :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`, DBAPI-specific methods for two
+          phase transactions may be used.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            self._do_commit()
+        finally:
+            assert not self.is_active
+
+    def _get_subject(self) -> Connection:
+        return self.connection
+
+    def _transaction_is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_active
+
+    def _transaction_is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return not self._deactivated_from_connection
+
+    def _rollback_can_be_called(self) -> bool:
+        # for RootTransaction / NestedTransaction, it's safe to call
+        # rollback() even if the transaction is deactive and no warnings
+        # will be emitted.  tested in
+        # test_transaction.py -> test_no_rollback_in_deactive(?:_savepoint)?
+        return True
+
+
+class RootTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent the "root" transaction on a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    This corresponds to the current "BEGIN/COMMIT/ROLLBACK" that's occurring
+    for the :class:`_engine.Connection`. The :class:`_engine.RootTransaction`
+    is created by calling upon the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method, and
+    remains associated with the :class:`_engine.Connection` throughout its
+    active span. The current :class:`_engine.RootTransaction` in use is
+    accessible via the :attr:`_engine.Connection.get_transaction` method of
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    In :term:`2.0 style` use, the :class:`_engine.Connection` also employs
+    "autobegin" behavior that will create a new
+    :class:`_engine.RootTransaction` whenever a connection in a
+    non-transactional state is used to emit commands on the DBAPI connection.
+    The scope of the :class:`_engine.RootTransaction` in 2.0 style
+    use can be controlled using the :meth:`_engine.Connection.commit` and
+    :meth:`_engine.Connection.rollback` methods.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_root = True
+
+    __slots__ = ("connection", "is_active")
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection):
+        assert connection._transaction is None
+        if connection._trans_context_manager:
+            TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(connection)
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._connection_begin_impl()
+        connection._transaction = self
+
+        self.is_active = True
+
+    def _deactivate_from_connection(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_active:
+            assert self.connection._transaction is self
+            self.is_active = False
+
+        elif self.connection._transaction is not self:
+            util.warn("transaction already deassociated from connection")
+
+    @property
+    def _deactivated_from_connection(self) -> bool:
+        return self.connection._transaction is not self
+
+    def _connection_begin_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._begin_impl(self)
+
+    def _connection_rollback_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._rollback_impl()
+
+    def _connection_commit_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._commit_impl()
+
+    def _close_impl(self, try_deactivate: bool = False) -> None:
+        try:
+            if self.is_active:
+                self._connection_rollback_impl()
+
+            if self.connection._nested_transaction:
+                self.connection._nested_transaction._cancel()
+        finally:
+            if self.is_active or try_deactivate:
+                self._deactivate_from_connection()
+            if self.connection._transaction is self:
+                self.connection._transaction = None
+
+        assert not self.is_active
+        assert self.connection._transaction is not self
+
+    def _do_close(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl()
+
+    def _do_rollback(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl(try_deactivate=True)
+
+    def _do_commit(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_active:
+            assert self.connection._transaction is self
+
+            try:
+                self._connection_commit_impl()
+            finally:
+                # whether or not commit succeeds, cancel any
+                # nested transactions, make this transaction "inactive"
+                # and remove it as a reset agent
+                if self.connection._nested_transaction:
+                    self.connection._nested_transaction._cancel()
+
+                self._deactivate_from_connection()
+
+            # ...however only remove as the connection's current transaction
+            # if commit succeeded.  otherwise it stays on so that a rollback
+            # needs to occur.
+            self.connection._transaction = None
+        else:
+            if self.connection._transaction is self:
+                self.connection._invalid_transaction()
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+
+        assert not self.is_active
+        assert self.connection._transaction is not self
+
+
+class NestedTransaction(Transaction):
+    """Represent a 'nested', or SAVEPOINT transaction.
+
+    The :class:`.NestedTransaction` object is created by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested` method of
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    When using :class:`.NestedTransaction`, the semantics of "begin" /
+    "commit" / "rollback" are as follows:
+
+    * the "begin" operation corresponds to the "BEGIN SAVEPOINT" command, where
+      the savepoint is given an explicit name that is part of the state
+      of this object.
+
+    * The :meth:`.NestedTransaction.commit` method corresponds to a
+      "RELEASE SAVEPOINT" operation, using the savepoint identifier associated
+      with this :class:`.NestedTransaction`.
+
+    * The :meth:`.NestedTransaction.rollback` method corresponds to a
+      "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT" operation, using the savepoint identifier
+      associated with this :class:`.NestedTransaction`.
+
+    The rationale for mimicking the semantics of an outer transaction in
+    terms of savepoints so that code may deal with a "savepoint" transaction
+    and an "outer" transaction in an agnostic way.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`session_begin_nested` - ORM version of the SAVEPOINT API.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("connection", "is_active", "_savepoint", "_previous_nested")
+
+    _savepoint: str
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection):
+        assert connection._transaction is not None
+        if connection._trans_context_manager:
+            TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(connection)
+        self.connection = connection
+        self._savepoint = self.connection._savepoint_impl()
+        self.is_active = True
+        self._previous_nested = connection._nested_transaction
+        connection._nested_transaction = self
+
+    def _deactivate_from_connection(self, warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        if self.connection._nested_transaction is self:
+            self.connection._nested_transaction = self._previous_nested
+        elif warn:
+            util.warn(
+                "nested transaction already deassociated from connection"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _deactivated_from_connection(self) -> bool:
+        return self.connection._nested_transaction is not self
+
+    def _cancel(self) -> None:
+        # called by RootTransaction when the outer transaction is
+        # committed, rolled back, or closed to cancel all savepoints
+        # without any action being taken
+        self.is_active = False
+        self._deactivate_from_connection()
+        if self._previous_nested:
+            self._previous_nested._cancel()
+
+    def _close_impl(
+        self, deactivate_from_connection: bool, warn_already_deactive: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            if (
+                self.is_active
+                and self.connection._transaction
+                and self.connection._transaction.is_active
+            ):
+                self.connection._rollback_to_savepoint_impl(self._savepoint)
+        finally:
+            self.is_active = False
+
+            if deactivate_from_connection:
+                self._deactivate_from_connection(warn=warn_already_deactive)
+
+        assert not self.is_active
+        if deactivate_from_connection:
+            assert self.connection._nested_transaction is not self
+
+    def _do_close(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl(True, False)
+
+    def _do_rollback(self) -> None:
+        self._close_impl(True, True)
+
+    def _do_commit(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_active:
+            try:
+                self.connection._release_savepoint_impl(self._savepoint)
+            finally:
+                # nested trans becomes inactive on failed release
+                # unconditionally.  this prevents it from trying to
+                # emit SQL when it rolls back.
+                self.is_active = False
+
+            # but only de-associate from connection if it succeeded
+            self._deactivate_from_connection()
+        else:
+            if self.connection._nested_transaction is self:
+                self.connection._invalid_transaction()
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This nested transaction is inactive"
+                )
+
+
+class TwoPhaseTransaction(RootTransaction):
+    """Represent a two-phase transaction.
+
+    A new :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` object may be procured
+    using the :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_twophase` method.
+
+    The interface is the same as that of :class:`.Transaction`
+    with the addition of the :meth:`prepare` method.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("xid", "_is_prepared")
+
+    xid: Any
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: Connection, xid: Any):
+        self._is_prepared = False
+        self.xid = xid
+        super().__init__(connection)
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        """Prepare this :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction`.
+
+        After a PREPARE, the transaction can be committed.
+
+        """
+        if not self.is_active:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This transaction is inactive")
+        self.connection._prepare_twophase_impl(self.xid)
+        self._is_prepared = True
+
+    def _connection_begin_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._begin_twophase_impl(self)
+
+    def _connection_rollback_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._rollback_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+    def _connection_commit_impl(self) -> None:
+        self.connection._commit_twophase_impl(self.xid, self._is_prepared)
+
+
+class Engine(
+    ConnectionEventsTarget, log.Identified, inspection.Inspectable["Inspector"]
+):
+    """
+    Connects a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool` and
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` together to provide a
+    source of database connectivity and behavior.
+
+    An :class:`_engine.Engine` object is instantiated publicly using the
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.create_engine` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+        :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+
+    _compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType]
+
+    _execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = _EMPTY_EXECUTION_OPTS
+    _has_events: bool = False
+    _connection_cls: Type[Connection] = Connection
+    _sqla_logger_namespace: str = "sqlalchemy.engine.Engine"
+    _is_future: bool = False
+
+    _schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None
+    _option_cls: Type[OptionEngine]
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    pool: Pool
+    url: URL
+    hide_parameters: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool: Pool,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        url: URL,
+        logging_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        echo: Optional[_EchoFlagType] = None,
+        query_cache_size: int = 500,
+        execution_options: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.pool = pool
+        self.url = url
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = logging_name
+        self.echo = echo
+        self.hide_parameters = hide_parameters
+        if query_cache_size != 0:
+            self._compiled_cache = util.LRUCache(
+                query_cache_size, size_alert=self._lru_size_alert
+            )
+        else:
+            self._compiled_cache = None
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        if execution_options:
+            self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def _lru_size_alert(self, cache: util.LRUCache[Any, Any]) -> None:
+        if self._should_log_info():
+            self.logger.info(
+                "Compiled cache size pruning from %d items to %d.  "
+                "Increase cache size to reduce the frequency of pruning.",
+                len(cache),
+                cache.capacity,
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def engine(self) -> Engine:
+        """Returns this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        Used for legacy schemes that accept :class:`.Connection` /
+        :class:`.Engine` objects within the same variable.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def clear_compiled_cache(self) -> None:
+        """Clear the compiled cache associated with the dialect.
+
+        This applies **only** to the built-in cache that is established
+        via the :paramref:`_engine.create_engine.query_cache_size` parameter.
+        It will not impact any dictionary caches that were passed via the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.compiled_cache` parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        if self._compiled_cache:
+            self._compiled_cache.clear()
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        r"""Update the default execution_options dictionary
+        of this :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        The given keys/values in \**opt are added to the
+        default execution options that will be used for
+        all connections.  The initial contents of this dictionary
+        can be sent via the ``execution_options`` parameter
+        to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+        """
+        self.dispatch.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(opt)
+        self.dialect.set_engine_execution_options(self, opt)
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> OptionEngine: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> OptionEngine: ...
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> OptionEngine:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.Engine` that will provide
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` objects with the given execution options.
+
+        The returned :class:`_engine.Engine` remains related to the original
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` in that it shares the same connection pool and
+        other state:
+
+        * The :class:`_pool.Pool` used by the new :class:`_engine.Engine`
+          is the
+          same instance.  The :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose`
+          method will replace
+          the connection pool instance for the parent engine as well
+          as this one.
+        * Event listeners are "cascaded" - meaning, the new
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`
+          inherits the events of the parent, and new events can be associated
+          with the new :class:`_engine.Engine` individually.
+        * The logging configuration and logging_name is copied from the parent
+          :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        The intent of the :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options` method is
+        to implement schemes where multiple :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        objects refer to the same connection pool, but are differentiated
+        by options that affect some execution-level behavior for each
+        engine.    One such example is breaking into separate "reader" and
+        "writer" :class:`_engine.Engine` instances, where one
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        has a lower :term:`isolation level` setting configured or is even
+        transaction-disabled using "autocommit".  An example of this
+        configuration is at :ref:`dbapi_autocommit_multiple`.
+
+        Another example is one that
+        uses a custom option ``shard_id`` which is consumed by an event
+        to change the current schema on a database connection::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import event
+            from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+
+            primary_engine = create_engine("mysql+mysqldb://")
+            shard1 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard1")
+            shard2 = primary_engine.execution_options(shard_id="shard2")
+
+            shards = {"default": "base", "shard_1": "db1", "shard_2": "db2"}
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute")
+            def _switch_shard(conn, cursor, stmt, params, context, executemany):
+                shard_id = conn.get_execution_options().get("shard_id", "default")
+                current_shard = conn.info.get("current_shard", None)
+
+                if current_shard != shard_id:
+                    cursor.execute("use %s" % shards[shard_id])
+                    conn.info["current_shard"] = shard_id
+
+        The above recipe illustrates two :class:`_engine.Engine` objects that
+        will each serve as factories for :class:`_engine.Connection` objects
+        that have pre-established "shard_id" execution options present. A
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` event handler
+        then interprets this execution option to emit a MySQL ``use`` statement
+        to switch databases before a statement execution, while at the same
+        time keeping track of which database we've established using the
+        :attr:`_engine.Connection.info` dictionary.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+            - update execution options
+            on a :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.update_execution_options`
+            - update the execution
+            options for a given :class:`_engine.Engine` in place.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.get_execution_options`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self._option_cls(self, opt)
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """String name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.name
+
+    @property
+    def driver(self) -> str:
+        """Driver name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.driver
+
+    echo = log.echo_property()
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Engine(%r)" % (self.url,)
+
+    def dispose(self, close: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the connection pool used by this
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        A new connection pool is created immediately after the old one has been
+        disposed. The previous connection pool is disposed either actively, by
+        closing out all currently checked-in connections in that pool, or
+        passively, by losing references to it but otherwise not closing any
+        connections. The latter strategy is more appropriate for an initializer
+        in a forked Python process.
+
+        :param close: if left at its default of ``True``, has the
+         effect of fully closing all **currently checked in**
+         database connections.  Connections that are still checked out
+         will **not** be closed, however they will no longer be associated
+         with this :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         so when they are closed individually, eventually the
+         :class:`_pool.Pool` which they are associated with will
+         be garbage collected and they will be closed out fully, if
+         not already closed on checkin.
+
+         If set to ``False``, the previous connection pool is de-referenced,
+         and otherwise not touched in any way.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.33  Added the :paramref:`.Engine.dispose.close`
+            parameter to allow the replacement of a connection pool in a child
+            process without interfering with the connections used by the parent
+            process.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_disposal`
+
+            :ref:`pooling_multiprocessing`
+
+        """
+        if close:
+            self.pool.dispose()
+        self.pool = self.pool.recreate()
+        self.dispatch.engine_disposed(self)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _optional_conn_ctx_manager(
+        self, connection: Optional[Connection] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[Connection]:
+        if connection is None:
+            with self.connect() as conn:
+                yield conn
+        else:
+            yield connection
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def begin(self) -> Iterator[Connection]:
+        """Return a context manager delivering a :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        with a :class:`.Transaction` established.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            with engine.begin() as conn:
+                conn.execute(text("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)"))
+                conn.execute(text("my_special_procedure(5)"))
+
+        Upon successful operation, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is committed.  If an error is raised, the :class:`.Transaction`
+        is rolled back.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` - procure a
+            :class:`_engine.Connection` from
+            an :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` - start a :class:`.Transaction`
+            for a particular :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        with self.connect() as conn:
+            with conn.begin():
+                yield conn
+
+    def _run_ddl_visitor(
+        self,
+        visitorcallable: Type[Union[SchemaGenerator, SchemaDropper]],
+        element: SchemaItem,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        with self.begin() as conn:
+            conn._run_ddl_visitor(visitorcallable, element, **kwargs)
+
+    def connect(self) -> Connection:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+        The :class:`_engine.Connection` acts as a Python context manager, so
+        the typical use of this method looks like::
+
+            with engine.connect() as connection:
+                connection.execute(text("insert into table values ('foo')"))
+                connection.commit()
+
+        Where above, after the block is completed, the connection is "closed"
+        and its underlying DBAPI resources are returned to the connection pool.
+        This also has the effect of rolling back any transaction that
+        was explicitly begun or was begun via autobegin, and will
+        emit the :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.rollback` event if one was
+        started and is still in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.begin`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(self)
+
+    def raw_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return a "raw" DBAPI connection from the connection pool.
+
+        The returned object is a proxied version of the DBAPI
+        connection object used by the underlying driver in use.
+        The object will have all the same behavior as the real DBAPI
+        connection, except that its ``close()`` method will result in the
+        connection being returned to the pool, rather than being closed
+        for real.
+
+        This method provides direct DBAPI connection access for
+        special situations when the API provided by
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        is not needed.   When a :class:`_engine.Connection` object is already
+        present, the DBAPI connection is available using
+        the :attr:`_engine.Connection.connection` accessor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+        return self.pool.connect()
+
+
+class OptionEngineMixin(log.Identified):
+    _sa_propagate_class_events = False
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+    _compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType]
+    dialect: Dialect
+    pool: Pool
+    url: URL
+    hide_parameters: bool
+    echo: log.echo_property
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, proxied: Engine, execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    ):
+        self._proxied = proxied
+        self.url = proxied.url
+        self.dialect = proxied.dialect
+        self.logging_name = proxied.logging_name
+        self.echo = proxied.echo
+        self._compiled_cache = proxied._compiled_cache
+        self.hide_parameters = proxied.hide_parameters
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=self.echo)
+
+        # note: this will propagate events that are assigned to the parent
+        # engine after this OptionEngine is created.   Since we share
+        # the events of the parent we also disallow class-level events
+        # to apply to the OptionEngine class directly.
+        #
+        # the other way this can work would be to transfer existing
+        # events only, using:
+        # self.dispatch._update(proxied.dispatch)
+        #
+        # that might be more appropriate however it would be a behavioral
+        # change for logic that assigns events to the parent engine and
+        # would like it to take effect for the already-created sub-engine.
+        self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(proxied.dispatch)
+
+        self._execution_options = proxied._execution_options
+        self.update_execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # https://github.com/python/typing/discussions/1095
+
+        @property
+        def pool(self) -> Pool:
+            return self._proxied.pool
+
+        @pool.setter
+        def pool(self, pool: Pool) -> None:
+            self._proxied.pool = pool
+
+        @property
+        def _has_events(self) -> bool:
+            return self._proxied._has_events or self.__dict__.get(
+                "_has_events", False
+            )
+
+        @_has_events.setter
+        def _has_events(self, value: bool) -> None:
+            self.__dict__["_has_events"] = value
+
+
+class OptionEngine(OptionEngineMixin, Engine):
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        Engine.update_execution_options(self, **opt)
+
+
+Engine._option_cls = OptionEngine
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/characteristics.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/characteristics.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..322c28b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/characteristics.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# engine/characteristics.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import ClassVar
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Connection
+    from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+
+
+class ConnectionCharacteristic(abc.ABC):
+    """An abstract base for an object that can set, get and reset a
+    per-connection characteristic, typically one that gets reset when the
+    connection is returned to the connection pool.
+
+    transaction isolation is the canonical example, and the
+    ``IsolationLevelCharacteristic`` implementation provides this for the
+    ``DefaultDialect``.
+
+    The ``ConnectionCharacteristic`` class should call upon the ``Dialect`` for
+    the implementation of each method.   The object exists strictly to serve as
+    a dialect visitor that can be placed into the
+    ``DefaultDialect.connection_characteristics`` dictionary where it will take
+    effect for calls to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` and
+    related APIs.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    transactional: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def reset_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> None:
+        """Reset the characteristic on the DBAPI connection to its default
+        value."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def set_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """set characteristic on the DBAPI connection to a given value."""
+
+    def set_connection_characteristic(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        conn: Connection,
+        dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection,
+        value: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """set characteristic on the :class:`_engine.Connection` to a given
+        value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.30 - added to support elements that are local
+           to the :class:`_engine.Connection` itself.
+
+        """
+        self.set_characteristic(dialect, dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, get the current value of the
+        characteristic.
+
+        """
+
+    def get_connection_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, conn: Connection, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, get the current value of the
+        characteristic.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.30 - added to support elements that are local
+           to the :class:`_engine.Connection` itself.
+
+        """
+        return self.get_characteristic(dialect, dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class IsolationLevelCharacteristic(ConnectionCharacteristic):
+    """Manage the isolation level on a DBAPI connection"""
+
+    transactional: ClassVar[bool] = True
+
+    def reset_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> None:
+        dialect.reset_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+
+    def set_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        dialect._assert_and_set_isolation_level(dbapi_conn, value)
+
+    def get_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        return dialect.get_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+
+
+class LoggingTokenCharacteristic(ConnectionCharacteristic):
+    """Manage the 'logging_token' option of a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.30
+
+    """
+
+    transactional: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    def reset_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def set_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_connection_characteristic(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        conn: Connection,
+        dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection,
+        value: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if value:
+            conn._message_formatter = lambda msg: "[%s] %s" % (value, msg)
+        else:
+            del conn._message_formatter
+
+    def get_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_connection_characteristic(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, conn: Connection, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Any:
+        return conn._execution_options.get("logging_token", None)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..920f620b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/create.py
@@ -0,0 +1,878 @@
+# engine/create.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base
+from . import url as _url
+from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+from .mock import create_mock_engine
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..pool import _AdhocProxiedConnection
+from ..pool import ConnectionPoolEntry
+from ..sql import compiler
+from ..util import immutabledict
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import _ParamStyle
+    from .interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..log import _EchoFlagType
+    from ..pool import _CreatorFnType
+    from ..pool import _CreatorWRecFnType
+    from ..pool import _ResetStyleArgType
+    from ..pool import Pool
+    from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+
+@overload
+def create_engine(
+    url: Union[str, URL],
+    *,
+    connect_args: Dict[Any, Any] = ...,
+    convert_unicode: bool = ...,
+    creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType] = ...,
+    echo: _EchoFlagType = ...,
+    echo_pool: _EchoFlagType = ...,
+    enable_from_linting: bool = ...,
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = ...,
+    future: Literal[True],
+    hide_parameters: bool = ...,
+    implicit_returning: Literal[True] = ...,
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+    isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+    json_deserializer: Callable[..., Any] = ...,
+    json_serializer: Callable[..., Any] = ...,
+    label_length: Optional[int] = ...,
+    logging_name: str = ...,
+    max_identifier_length: Optional[int] = ...,
+    max_overflow: int = ...,
+    module: Optional[Any] = ...,
+    paramstyle: Optional[_ParamStyle] = ...,
+    pool: Optional[Pool] = ...,
+    poolclass: Optional[Type[Pool]] = ...,
+    pool_logging_name: str = ...,
+    pool_pre_ping: bool = ...,
+    pool_size: int = ...,
+    pool_recycle: int = ...,
+    pool_reset_on_return: Optional[_ResetStyleArgType] = ...,
+    pool_timeout: float = ...,
+    pool_use_lifo: bool = ...,
+    plugins: List[str] = ...,
+    query_cache_size: int = ...,
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = ...,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def create_engine(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@util.deprecated_params(
+    strategy=(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.strategy` keyword is deprecated, "
+        "and the only argument accepted is 'mock'; please use "
+        ":func:`.create_mock_engine` going forward.  For general "
+        "customization of create_engine which may have been accomplished "
+        "using strategies, see :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin`.",
+    ),
+    empty_in_strategy=(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.empty_in_strategy` keyword is "
+        "deprecated, and no longer has any effect.  All IN expressions "
+        "are now rendered using "
+        'the "expanding parameter" strategy which renders a set of bound'
+        'expressions, or an "empty set" SELECT, at statement execution'
+        "time.",
+    ),
+    implicit_returning=(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.implicit_returning` parameter "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. ",
+    ),
+)
+def create_engine(url: Union[str, _url.URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Engine:
+    """Create a new :class:`_engine.Engine` instance.
+
+    The standard calling form is to send the :ref:`URL <database_urls>` as the
+    first positional argument, usually a string
+    that indicates database dialect and connection arguments::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Please review :ref:`database_urls` for general guidelines in composing
+        URL strings.  In particular, special characters, such as those often
+        part of passwords, must be URL encoded to be properly parsed.
+
+    Additional keyword arguments may then follow it which
+    establish various options on the resulting :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    and its underlying :class:`.Dialect` and :class:`_pool.Pool`
+    constructs::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "mysql+mysqldb://scott:tiger@hostname/dbname",
+            pool_recycle=3600,
+            echo=True,
+        )
+
+    The string form of the URL is
+    ``dialect[+driver]://user:password@host/dbname[?key=value..]``, where
+    ``dialect`` is a database name such as ``mysql``, ``oracle``,
+    ``postgresql``, etc., and ``driver`` the name of a DBAPI, such as
+    ``psycopg2``, ``pyodbc``, ``cx_oracle``, etc.  Alternatively,
+    the URL can be an instance of :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL`.
+
+    ``**kwargs`` takes a wide variety of options which are routed
+    towards their appropriate components.  Arguments may be specific to
+    the :class:`_engine.Engine`, the underlying :class:`.Dialect`,
+    as well as the
+    :class:`_pool.Pool`.  Specific dialects also accept keyword arguments that
+    are unique to that dialect.   Here, we describe the parameters
+    that are common to most :func:`_sa.create_engine()` usage.
+
+    Once established, the newly resulting :class:`_engine.Engine` will
+    request a connection from the underlying :class:`_pool.Pool` once
+    :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` is called, or a method which depends on it
+    such as :meth:`_engine.Engine.execute` is invoked.   The
+    :class:`_pool.Pool` in turn
+    will establish the first actual DBAPI connection when this request
+    is received.   The :func:`_sa.create_engine` call itself does **not**
+    establish any actual DBAPI connections directly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :doc:`/core/engines`
+
+        :doc:`/dialects/index`
+
+        :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+    :param connect_args: a dictionary of options which will be
+        passed directly to the DBAPI's ``connect()`` method as
+        additional keyword arguments.  See the example
+        at :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`.
+
+    :param creator: a callable which returns a DBAPI connection.
+        This creation function will be passed to the underlying
+        connection pool and will be used to create all new database
+        connections. Usage of this function causes connection
+        parameters specified in the URL argument to be bypassed.
+
+        This hook is not as flexible as the newer
+        :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.do_connect` hook which allows complete
+        control over how a connection is made to the database, given the full
+        set of URL arguments and state beforehand.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.do_connect` - event hook that allows
+            full control over DBAPI connection mechanics.
+
+            :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`
+
+    :param echo=False: if True, the Engine will log all statements
+        as well as a ``repr()`` of their parameter lists to the default log
+        handler, which defaults to ``sys.stdout`` for output.   If set to the
+        string ``"debug"``, result rows will be printed to the standard output
+        as well. The ``echo`` attribute of ``Engine`` can be modified at any
+        time to turn logging on and off; direct control of logging is also
+        available using the standard Python ``logging`` module.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+
+    :param echo_pool=False: if True, the connection pool will log
+        informational output such as when connections are invalidated
+        as well as when connections are recycled to the default log handler,
+        which defaults to ``sys.stdout`` for output.   If set to the string
+        ``"debug"``, the logging will include pool checkouts and checkins.
+        Direct control of logging is also available using the standard Python
+        ``logging`` module.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+
+    :param empty_in_strategy:   No longer used; SQLAlchemy now uses
+        "empty set" behavior for IN in all cases.
+
+    :param enable_from_linting: defaults to True.  Will emit a warning
+        if a given SELECT statement is found to have un-linked FROM elements
+        which would cause a cartesian product.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`change_4737`
+
+    :param execution_options: Dictionary execution options which will
+        be applied to all connections.  See
+        :meth:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+    :param future: Use the 2.0 style :class:`_engine.Engine` and
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` API.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 2.0, this parameter is present for backwards
+        compatibility only and must remain at its default value of ``True``.
+
+        The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.future` parameter will be
+        deprecated in a subsequent 2.x release and eventually removed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 All :class:`_engine.Engine` objects are
+           "future" style engines and there is no longer a ``future=False``
+           mode of operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`migration_20_toplevel`
+
+    :param hide_parameters: Boolean, when set to True, SQL statement parameters
+        will not be displayed in INFO logging nor will they be formatted into
+        the string representation of :class:`.StatementError` objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+    :param implicit_returning=True:  Legacy parameter that may only be set
+        to True. In SQLAlchemy 2.0, this parameter does nothing. In order to
+        disable "implicit returning" for statements invoked by the ORM,
+        configure this on a per-table basis using the
+        :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning` parameter.
+
+
+    :param insertmanyvalues_page_size: number of rows to format into an
+     INSERT statement when the statement uses "insertmanyvalues" mode, which is
+     a paged form of bulk insert that is used for many backends when using
+     :term:`executemany` execution typically in conjunction with RETURNING.
+     Defaults to 1000, but may also be subject to dialect-specific limiting
+     factors which may override this value on a per-statement basis.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_page_size`
+
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.insertmanyvalues_page_size`
+
+    :param isolation_level: optional string name of an isolation level
+        which will be set on all new connections unconditionally.
+        Isolation levels are typically some subset of the string names
+        ``"SERIALIZABLE"``, ``"REPEATABLE READ"``,
+        ``"READ COMMITTED"``, ``"READ UNCOMMITTED"`` and ``"AUTOCOMMIT"``
+        based on backend.
+
+        The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` parameter is
+        in contrast to the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+        execution option, which may be set on an individual
+        :class:`.Connection`, as well as the same parameter passed to
+        :meth:`.Engine.execution_options`, where it may be used to create
+        multiple engines with different isolation levels that share a common
+        connection pool and dialect.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 The
+           :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+           parameter has been generalized to work on all dialects which support
+           the concept of isolation level, and is provided as a more succinct,
+           up front configuration switch in contrast to the execution option
+           which is more of an ad-hoc programmatic option.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
+
+    :param json_deserializer: for dialects that support the
+        :class:`_types.JSON`
+        datatype, this is a Python callable that will convert a JSON string
+        to a Python object.  By default, the Python ``json.loads`` function is
+        used.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.7  The SQLite dialect renamed this from
+           ``_json_deserializer``.
+
+    :param json_serializer: for dialects that support the :class:`_types.JSON`
+        datatype, this is a Python callable that will render a given object
+        as JSON.   By default, the Python ``json.dumps`` function is used.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.7  The SQLite dialect renamed this from
+           ``_json_serializer``.
+
+
+    :param label_length=None: optional integer value which limits
+        the size of dynamically generated column labels to that many
+        characters. If less than 6, labels are generated as
+        "_(counter)". If ``None``, the value of
+        ``dialect.max_identifier_length``, which may be affected via the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length` parameter,
+        is used instead.   The value of
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.label_length`
+        may not be larger than that of
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identfier_length`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length`
+
+    :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+        the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+        "sqlalchemy.engine" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the
+        object's id.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.logging_token`
+
+    :param max_identifier_length: integer; override the max_identifier_length
+        determined by the dialect.  if ``None`` or zero, has no effect.  This
+        is the database's configured maximum number of characters that may be
+        used in a SQL identifier such as a table name, column name, or label
+        name. All dialects determine this value automatically, however in the
+        case of a new database version for which this value has changed but
+        SQLAlchemy's dialect has not been adjusted, the value may be passed
+        here.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.9
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.label_length`
+
+    :param max_overflow=10: the number of connections to allow in
+        connection pool "overflow", that is connections that can be
+        opened above and beyond the pool_size setting, which defaults
+        to five. this is only used with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`.
+
+    :param module=None: reference to a Python module object (the module
+        itself, not its string name).  Specifies an alternate DBAPI module to
+        be used by the engine's dialect.  Each sub-dialect references a
+        specific DBAPI which will be imported before first connect.  This
+        parameter causes the import to be bypassed, and the given module to
+        be used instead. Can be used for testing of DBAPIs as well as to
+        inject "mock" DBAPI implementations into the :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    :param paramstyle=None: The `paramstyle <https://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#paramstyle>`_
+        to use when rendering bound parameters.  This style defaults to the
+        one recommended by the DBAPI itself, which is retrieved from the
+        ``.paramstyle`` attribute of the DBAPI.  However, most DBAPIs accept
+        more than one paramstyle, and in particular it may be desirable
+        to change a "named" paramstyle into a "positional" one, or vice versa.
+        When this attribute is passed, it should be one of the values
+        ``"qmark"``, ``"numeric"``, ``"named"``, ``"format"`` or
+        ``"pyformat"``, and should correspond to a parameter style known
+        to be supported by the DBAPI in use.
+
+    :param pool=None: an already-constructed instance of
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`, such as a
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` instance. If non-None, this
+        pool will be used directly as the underlying connection pool
+        for the engine, bypassing whatever connection parameters are
+        present in the URL argument. For information on constructing
+        connection pools manually, see :ref:`pooling_toplevel`.
+
+    :param poolclass=None: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.Pool`
+        subclass, which will be used to create a connection pool
+        instance using the connection parameters given in the URL. Note
+        this differs from ``pool`` in that you don't actually
+        instantiate the pool in this case, you just indicate what type
+        of pool to be used.
+
+    :param pool_logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+       the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+       "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+       id.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+            logging.
+
+    :param pool_pre_ping: boolean, if True will enable the connection pool
+        "pre-ping" feature that tests connections for liveness upon
+        each checkout.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_disconnects_pessimistic`
+
+    :param pool_size=5: the number of connections to keep open
+        inside the connection pool. This used with
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool` as
+        well as :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.SingletonThreadPool`.  With
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`, a ``pool_size`` setting
+        of 0 indicates no limit; to disable pooling, set ``poolclass`` to
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool` instead.
+
+    :param pool_recycle=-1: this setting causes the pool to recycle
+        connections after the given number of seconds has passed. It
+        defaults to -1, or no timeout. For example, setting to 3600
+        means connections will be recycled after one hour. Note that
+        MySQL in particular will disconnect automatically if no
+        activity is detected on a connection for eight hours (although
+        this is configurable with the MySQLDB connection itself and the
+        server configuration as well).
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_setting_recycle`
+
+    :param pool_reset_on_return='rollback': set the
+        :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` parameter of the underlying
+        :class:`_pool.Pool` object, which can be set to the values
+        ``"rollback"``, ``"commit"``, or ``None``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_reset_on_return`
+
+    :param pool_timeout=30: number of seconds to wait before giving
+        up on getting a connection from the pool. This is only used
+        with :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool`. This can be a float but is
+        subject to the limitations of Python time functions which may not be
+        reliable in the tens of milliseconds.
+
+        .. note: don't use 30.0 above, it seems to break with the :param tag
+
+    :param pool_use_lifo=False: use LIFO (last-in-first-out) when retrieving
+        connections from :class:`.QueuePool` instead of FIFO
+        (first-in-first-out). Using LIFO, a server-side timeout scheme can
+        reduce the number of connections used during non- peak   periods of
+        use.   When planning for server-side timeouts, ensure that a recycle or
+        pre-ping strategy is in use to gracefully   handle stale connections.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_use_lifo`
+
+            :ref:`pool_disconnects`
+
+    :param plugins: string list of plugin names to load.  See
+        :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin` for background.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.3
+
+    :param query_cache_size: size of the cache used to cache the SQL string
+     form of queries.  Set to zero to disable caching.
+
+     The cache is pruned of its least recently used items when its size reaches
+     N * 1.5.  Defaults to 500, meaning the cache will always store at least
+     500 SQL statements when filled, and will grow up to 750 items at which
+     point it is pruned back down to 500 by removing the 250 least recently
+     used items.
+
+     Caching is accomplished on a per-statement basis by generating a
+     cache key that represents the statement's structure, then generating
+     string SQL for the current dialect only if that key is not present
+     in the cache.   All statements support caching, however some features
+     such as an INSERT with a large set of parameters will intentionally
+     bypass the cache.   SQL logging will indicate statistics for each
+     statement whether or not it were pull from the cache.
+
+     .. note:: some ORM functions related to unit-of-work persistence as well
+        as some attribute loading strategies will make use of individual
+        per-mapper caches outside of the main cache.
+
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    :param use_insertmanyvalues: True by default, use the "insertmanyvalues"
+     execution style for INSERT..RETURNING statements by default.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    if "strategy" in kwargs:
+        strat = kwargs.pop("strategy")
+        if strat == "mock":
+            # this case is deprecated
+            return create_mock_engine(url, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("unknown strategy: %r" % strat)
+
+    kwargs.pop("empty_in_strategy", None)
+
+    # create url.URL object
+    u = _url.make_url(url)
+
+    u, plugins, kwargs = u._instantiate_plugins(kwargs)
+
+    entrypoint = u._get_entrypoint()
+    _is_async = kwargs.pop("_is_async", False)
+    if _is_async:
+        dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_async_dialect_cls(u)
+    else:
+        dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_dialect_cls(u)
+
+    if kwargs.pop("_coerce_config", False):
+
+        def pop_kwarg(key: str, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Any:
+            value = kwargs.pop(key, default)
+            if key in dialect_cls.engine_config_types:
+                value = dialect_cls.engine_config_types[key](value)
+            return value
+
+    else:
+        pop_kwarg = kwargs.pop  # type: ignore
+
+    dialect_args = {}
+    # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+    for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+        if k in kwargs:
+            dialect_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+    dbapi = kwargs.pop("module", None)
+    if dbapi is None:
+        dbapi_args = {}
+
+        if "import_dbapi" in dialect_cls.__dict__:
+            dbapi_meth = dialect_cls.import_dbapi
+
+        elif hasattr(dialect_cls, "dbapi") and inspect.ismethod(
+            dialect_cls.dbapi
+        ):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The dbapi() classmethod on dialect classes has been "
+                "renamed to import_dbapi().  Implement an import_dbapi() "
+                f"classmethod directly on class {dialect_cls} to remove this "
+                "warning; the old .dbapi() classmethod may be maintained for "
+                "backwards compatibility.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            dbapi_meth = dialect_cls.dbapi
+        else:
+            dbapi_meth = dialect_cls.import_dbapi
+
+        for k in util.get_func_kwargs(dbapi_meth):
+            if k in kwargs:
+                dbapi_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+        dbapi = dbapi_meth(**dbapi_args)
+
+    dialect_args["dbapi"] = dbapi
+
+    dialect_args.setdefault("compiler_linting", compiler.NO_LINTING)
+    enable_from_linting = kwargs.pop("enable_from_linting", True)
+    if enable_from_linting:
+        dialect_args["compiler_linting"] ^= compiler.COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS
+
+    for plugin in plugins:
+        plugin.handle_dialect_kwargs(dialect_cls, dialect_args)
+
+    # create dialect
+    dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+    # assemble connection arguments
+    (cargs_tup, cparams) = dialect.create_connect_args(u)
+    cparams.update(pop_kwarg("connect_args", {}))
+
+    if "async_fallback" in cparams and util.asbool(cparams["async_fallback"]):
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "The async_fallback dialect argument is deprecated and will be "
+            "removed in SQLAlchemy 2.1.",
+            "2.0",
+        )
+
+    cargs = list(cargs_tup)  # allow mutability
+
+    # look for existing pool or create
+    pool = pop_kwarg("pool", None)
+    if pool is None:
+
+        def connect(
+            connection_record: Optional[ConnectionPoolEntry] = None,
+        ) -> DBAPIConnection:
+            if dialect._has_events:
+                for fn in dialect.dispatch.do_connect:
+                    connection = cast(
+                        DBAPIConnection,
+                        fn(dialect, connection_record, cargs, cparams),
+                    )
+                    if connection is not None:
+                        return connection
+
+            return dialect.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+        creator = pop_kwarg("creator", connect)
+
+        poolclass = pop_kwarg("poolclass", None)
+        if poolclass is None:
+            poolclass = dialect.get_dialect_pool_class(u)
+        pool_args = {"dialect": dialect}
+
+        # consume pool arguments from kwargs, translating a few of
+        # the arguments
+        for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(poolclass):
+            tk = _pool_translate_kwargs.get(k, k)
+            if tk in kwargs:
+                pool_args[k] = pop_kwarg(tk)
+
+        for plugin in plugins:
+            plugin.handle_pool_kwargs(poolclass, pool_args)
+
+        pool = poolclass(creator, **pool_args)
+    else:
+        pool._dialect = dialect
+
+    if (
+        hasattr(pool, "_is_asyncio")
+        and pool._is_asyncio is not dialect.is_async
+    ):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            f"Pool class {pool.__class__.__name__} cannot be "
+            f"used with {'non-' if not dialect.is_async else ''}"
+            "asyncio engine",
+            code="pcls",
+        )
+
+    # create engine.
+    if not pop_kwarg("future", True):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "The 'future' parameter passed to "
+            "create_engine() may only be set to True."
+        )
+
+    engineclass = base.Engine
+
+    engine_args = {}
+    for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(engineclass):
+        if k in kwargs:
+            engine_args[k] = pop_kwarg(k)
+
+    # internal flags used by the test suite for instrumenting / proxying
+    # engines with mocks etc.
+    _initialize = kwargs.pop("_initialize", True)
+
+    # all kwargs should be consumed
+    if kwargs:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Invalid argument(s) %s sent to create_engine(), "
+            "using configuration %s/%s/%s.  Please check that the "
+            "keyword arguments are appropriate for this combination "
+            "of components."
+            % (
+                ",".join("'%s'" % k for k in kwargs),
+                dialect.__class__.__name__,
+                pool.__class__.__name__,
+                engineclass.__name__,
+            )
+        )
+
+    engine = engineclass(pool, dialect, u, **engine_args)
+
+    if _initialize:
+        do_on_connect = dialect.on_connect_url(u)
+        if do_on_connect:
+
+            def on_connect(
+                dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+                connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+            ) -> None:
+                assert do_on_connect is not None
+                do_on_connect(dbapi_connection)
+
+            event.listen(pool, "connect", on_connect)
+
+        builtin_on_connect = dialect._builtin_onconnect()
+        if builtin_on_connect:
+            event.listen(pool, "connect", builtin_on_connect)
+
+        def first_connect(
+            dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+            connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        ) -> None:
+            c = base.Connection(
+                engine,
+                connection=_AdhocProxiedConnection(
+                    dbapi_connection, connection_record
+                ),
+                _has_events=False,
+                # reconnecting will be a reentrant condition, so if the
+                # connection goes away, Connection is then closed
+                _allow_revalidate=False,
+                # dont trigger the autobegin sequence
+                # within the up front dialect checks
+                _allow_autobegin=False,
+            )
+            c._execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+            try:
+                dialect.initialize(c)
+            finally:
+                # note that "invalidated" and "closed" are mutually
+                # exclusive in 1.4 Connection.
+                if not c.invalidated and not c.closed:
+                    # transaction is rolled back otherwise, tested by
+                    # test/dialect/postgresql/test_dialect.py
+                    # ::MiscBackendTest::test_initial_transaction_state
+                    dialect.do_rollback(c.connection)
+
+        # previously, the "first_connect" event was used here, which was then
+        # scaled back if the "on_connect" handler were present.  now,
+        # since "on_connect" is virtually always present, just use
+        # "connect" event with once_unless_exception in all cases so that
+        # the connection event flow is consistent in all cases.
+        event.listen(
+            pool, "connect", first_connect, _once_unless_exception=True
+        )
+
+    dialect_cls.engine_created(engine)
+    if entrypoint is not dialect_cls:
+        entrypoint.engine_created(engine)
+
+    for plugin in plugins:
+        plugin.engine_created(engine)
+
+    return engine
+
+
+def engine_from_config(
+    configuration: Dict[str, Any], prefix: str = "sqlalchemy.", **kwargs: Any
+) -> Engine:
+    """Create a new Engine instance using a configuration dictionary.
+
+    The dictionary is typically produced from a config file.
+
+    The keys of interest to ``engine_from_config()`` should be prefixed, e.g.
+    ``sqlalchemy.url``, ``sqlalchemy.echo``, etc.  The 'prefix' argument
+    indicates the prefix to be searched for.  Each matching key (after the
+    prefix is stripped) is treated as though it were the corresponding keyword
+    argument to a :func:`_sa.create_engine` call.
+
+    The only required key is (assuming the default prefix) ``sqlalchemy.url``,
+    which provides the :ref:`database URL <database_urls>`.
+
+    A select set of keyword arguments will be "coerced" to their
+    expected type based on string values.    The set of arguments
+    is extensible per-dialect using the ``engine_config_types`` accessor.
+
+    :param configuration: A dictionary (typically produced from a config file,
+        but this is not a requirement).  Items whose keys start with the value
+        of 'prefix' will have that prefix stripped, and will then be passed to
+        :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+    :param prefix: Prefix to match and then strip from keys
+        in 'configuration'.
+
+    :param kwargs: Each keyword argument to ``engine_from_config()`` itself
+        overrides the corresponding item taken from the 'configuration'
+        dictionary.  Keyword arguments should *not* be prefixed.
+
+    """
+
+    options = {
+        key[len(prefix) :]: configuration[key]
+        for key in configuration
+        if key.startswith(prefix)
+    }
+    options["_coerce_config"] = True
+    options.update(kwargs)
+    url = options.pop("url")
+    return create_engine(url, **options)
+
+
+@overload
+def create_pool_from_url(
+    url: Union[str, URL],
+    *,
+    poolclass: Optional[Type[Pool]] = ...,
+    logging_name: str = ...,
+    pre_ping: bool = ...,
+    size: int = ...,
+    recycle: int = ...,
+    reset_on_return: Optional[_ResetStyleArgType] = ...,
+    timeout: float = ...,
+    use_lifo: bool = ...,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> Pool: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def create_pool_from_url(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Pool: ...
+
+
+def create_pool_from_url(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Pool:
+    """Create a pool instance from the given url.
+
+    If ``poolclass`` is not provided the pool class used
+    is selected using the dialect specified in the URL.
+
+    The arguments passed to :func:`_sa.create_pool_from_url` are
+    identical to the pool argument passed to the :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+    function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+    """
+
+    for key in _pool_translate_kwargs:
+        if key in kwargs:
+            kwargs[_pool_translate_kwargs[key]] = kwargs.pop(key)
+
+    engine = create_engine(url, **kwargs, _initialize=False)
+    return engine.pool
+
+
+_pool_translate_kwargs = immutabledict(
+    {
+        "logging_name": "pool_logging_name",
+        "echo": "echo_pool",
+        "timeout": "pool_timeout",
+        "recycle": "pool_recycle",
+        "events": "pool_events",  # deprecated
+        "reset_on_return": "pool_reset_on_return",
+        "pre_ping": "pool_pre_ping",
+        "use_lifo": "pool_use_lifo",
+    }
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/cursor.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/cursor.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54e9784e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/cursor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2181 @@
+# engine/cursor.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Define cursor-specific result set constructs including
+:class:`.CursorResult`."""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import functools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .result import IteratorResult
+from .result import MergedResult
+from .result import Result
+from .result import ResultMetaData
+from .result import SimpleResultMetaData
+from .result import tuplegetter
+from .row import Row
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import elements
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..sql.compiler import ResultColumnsEntry
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_NAME
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_OBJECTS
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_RENDERED_NAME
+from ..sql.compiler import RM_TYPE
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import compat
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Connection
+    from .default import DefaultExecutionContext
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPICursorDescription
+    from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+    from .result import _KeyIndexType
+    from .result import _KeyMapRecType
+    from .result import _KeyMapType
+    from .result import _KeyType
+    from .result import _ProcessorsType
+    from .result import _TupleGetterType
+    from ..sql.type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+# metadata entry tuple indexes.
+# using raw tuple is faster than namedtuple.
+# these match up to the positions in
+# _CursorKeyMapRecType
+MD_INDEX: Literal[0] = 0
+"""integer index in cursor.description
+
+"""
+
+MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX: Literal[1] = 1
+"""integer index in compiled._result_columns"""
+
+MD_OBJECTS: Literal[2] = 2
+"""other string keys and ColumnElement obj that can match.
+
+This comes from compiler.RM_OBJECTS / compiler.ResultColumnsEntry.objects
+
+"""
+
+MD_LOOKUP_KEY: Literal[3] = 3
+"""string key we usually expect for key-based lookup
+
+this comes from compiler.RM_NAME / compiler.ResultColumnsEntry.name
+"""
+
+
+MD_RENDERED_NAME: Literal[4] = 4
+"""name that is usually in cursor.description
+
+this comes from compiler.RENDERED_NAME / compiler.ResultColumnsEntry.keyname
+"""
+
+
+MD_PROCESSOR: Literal[5] = 5
+"""callable to process a result value into a row"""
+
+MD_UNTRANSLATED: Literal[6] = 6
+"""raw name from cursor.description"""
+
+
+_CursorKeyMapRecType = Tuple[
+    Optional[int],  # MD_INDEX, None means the record is ambiguously named
+    int,  # MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX
+    List[Any],  # MD_OBJECTS
+    str,  # MD_LOOKUP_KEY
+    str,  # MD_RENDERED_NAME
+    Optional["_ResultProcessorType[Any]"],  # MD_PROCESSOR
+    Optional[str],  # MD_UNTRANSLATED
+]
+
+_CursorKeyMapType = Mapping["_KeyType", _CursorKeyMapRecType]
+
+# same as _CursorKeyMapRecType except the MD_INDEX value is definitely
+# not None
+_NonAmbigCursorKeyMapRecType = Tuple[
+    int,
+    int,
+    List[Any],
+    str,
+    str,
+    Optional["_ResultProcessorType[Any]"],
+    str,
+]
+
+
+class CursorResultMetaData(ResultMetaData):
+    """Result metadata for DBAPI cursors."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_keymap",
+        "_processors",
+        "_keys",
+        "_keymap_by_result_column_idx",
+        "_tuplefilter",
+        "_translated_indexes",
+        "_safe_for_cache",
+        "_unpickled",
+        "_key_to_index",
+        # don't need _unique_filters support here for now.  Can be added
+        # if a need arises.
+    )
+
+    _keymap: _CursorKeyMapType
+    _processors: _ProcessorsType
+    _keymap_by_result_column_idx: Optional[Dict[int, _KeyMapRecType]]
+    _unpickled: bool
+    _safe_for_cache: bool
+    _translated_indexes: Optional[List[int]]
+
+    returns_rows: ClassVar[bool] = True
+
+    def _has_key(self, key: Any) -> bool:
+        return key in self._keymap
+
+    def _for_freeze(self) -> ResultMetaData:
+        return SimpleResultMetaData(
+            self._keys,
+            extra=[self._keymap[key][MD_OBJECTS] for key in self._keys],
+        )
+
+    def _make_new_metadata(
+        self,
+        *,
+        unpickled: bool,
+        processors: _ProcessorsType,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        keymap: _KeyMapType,
+        tuplefilter: Optional[_TupleGetterType],
+        translated_indexes: Optional[List[int]],
+        safe_for_cache: bool,
+        keymap_by_result_column_idx: Any,
+    ) -> CursorResultMetaData:
+        new_obj = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        new_obj._unpickled = unpickled
+        new_obj._processors = processors
+        new_obj._keys = keys
+        new_obj._keymap = keymap
+        new_obj._tuplefilter = tuplefilter
+        new_obj._translated_indexes = translated_indexes
+        new_obj._safe_for_cache = safe_for_cache
+        new_obj._keymap_by_result_column_idx = keymap_by_result_column_idx
+        new_obj._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(keymap, MD_INDEX)
+        return new_obj
+
+    def _remove_processors(self) -> CursorResultMetaData:
+        assert not self._tuplefilter
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=[None] * len(self._processors),
+            tuplefilter=None,
+            translated_indexes=None,
+            keymap={
+                key: value[0:5] + (None,) + value[6:]
+                for key, value in self._keymap.items()
+            },
+            keys=self._keys,
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx=self._keymap_by_result_column_idx,
+        )
+
+    def _splice_horizontally(
+        self, other: CursorResultMetaData
+    ) -> CursorResultMetaData:
+        assert not self._tuplefilter
+
+        keymap = dict(self._keymap)
+        offset = len(self._keys)
+        keymap.update(
+            {
+                key: (
+                    # int index should be None for ambiguous key
+                    (
+                        value[0] + offset
+                        if value[0] is not None and key not in keymap
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                    value[1] + offset,
+                    *value[2:],
+                )
+                for key, value in other._keymap.items()
+            }
+        )
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=self._processors + other._processors,  # type: ignore
+            tuplefilter=None,
+            translated_indexes=None,
+            keys=self._keys + other._keys,  # type: ignore
+            keymap=keymap,
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx={
+                metadata_entry[MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in keymap.values()
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> ResultMetaData:
+        recs = list(self._metadata_for_keys(keys))
+
+        indexes = [rec[MD_INDEX] for rec in recs]
+        new_keys: List[str] = [rec[MD_LOOKUP_KEY] for rec in recs]
+
+        if self._translated_indexes:
+            indexes = [self._translated_indexes[idx] for idx in indexes]
+        tup = tuplegetter(*indexes)
+        new_recs = [(index,) + rec[1:] for index, rec in enumerate(recs)]
+
+        keymap = {rec[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]: rec for rec in new_recs}
+        # TODO: need unit test for:
+        # result = connection.execute("raw sql, no columns").scalars()
+        # without the "or ()" it's failing because MD_OBJECTS is None
+        keymap.update(
+            (e, new_rec)
+            for new_rec in new_recs
+            for e in new_rec[MD_OBJECTS] or ()
+        )
+
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=self._processors,
+            keys=new_keys,
+            tuplefilter=tup,
+            translated_indexes=indexes,
+            keymap=keymap,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx=self._keymap_by_result_column_idx,
+        )
+
+    def _adapt_to_context(self, context: ExecutionContext) -> ResultMetaData:
+        """When using a cached Compiled construct that has a _result_map,
+        for a new statement that used the cached Compiled, we need to ensure
+        the keymap has the Column objects from our new statement as keys.
+        So here we rewrite keymap with new entries for the new columns
+        as matched to those of the cached statement.
+
+        """
+
+        if not context.compiled or not context.compiled._result_columns:
+            return self
+
+        compiled_statement = context.compiled.statement
+        invoked_statement = context.invoked_statement
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(invoked_statement, elements.ClauseElement)
+
+        if compiled_statement is invoked_statement:
+            return self
+
+        assert invoked_statement is not None
+
+        # this is the most common path for Core statements when
+        # caching is used.  In ORM use, this codepath is not really used
+        # as the _result_disable_adapt_to_context execution option is
+        # set by the ORM.
+
+        # make a copy and add the columns from the invoked statement
+        # to the result map.
+
+        keymap_by_position = self._keymap_by_result_column_idx
+
+        if keymap_by_position is None:
+            # first retrival from cache, this map will not be set up yet,
+            # initialize lazily
+            keymap_by_position = self._keymap_by_result_column_idx = {
+                metadata_entry[MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in self._keymap.values()
+            }
+
+        assert not self._tuplefilter
+        return self._make_new_metadata(
+            keymap=compat.dict_union(
+                self._keymap,
+                {
+                    new: keymap_by_position[idx]
+                    for idx, new in enumerate(
+                        invoked_statement._all_selected_columns
+                    )
+                    if idx in keymap_by_position
+                },
+            ),
+            unpickled=self._unpickled,
+            processors=self._processors,
+            tuplefilter=None,
+            translated_indexes=None,
+            keys=self._keys,
+            safe_for_cache=self._safe_for_cache,
+            keymap_by_result_column_idx=self._keymap_by_result_column_idx,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: CursorResult[Any],
+        cursor_description: _DBAPICursorDescription,
+    ):
+        context = parent.context
+        self._tuplefilter = None
+        self._translated_indexes = None
+        self._safe_for_cache = self._unpickled = False
+
+        if context.result_column_struct:
+            (
+                result_columns,
+                cols_are_ordered,
+                textual_ordered,
+                ad_hoc_textual,
+                loose_column_name_matching,
+            ) = context.result_column_struct
+            num_ctx_cols = len(result_columns)
+        else:
+            result_columns = cols_are_ordered = (  # type: ignore
+                num_ctx_cols
+            ) = ad_hoc_textual = loose_column_name_matching = (
+                textual_ordered
+            ) = False
+
+        # merge cursor.description with the column info
+        # present in the compiled structure, if any
+        raw = self._merge_cursor_description(
+            context,
+            cursor_description,
+            result_columns,
+            num_ctx_cols,
+            cols_are_ordered,
+            textual_ordered,
+            ad_hoc_textual,
+            loose_column_name_matching,
+        )
+
+        # processors in key order which are used when building up
+        # a row
+        self._processors = [
+            metadata_entry[MD_PROCESSOR] for metadata_entry in raw
+        ]
+
+        # this is used when using this ResultMetaData in a Core-only cache
+        # retrieval context.  it's initialized on first cache retrieval
+        # when the _result_disable_adapt_to_context execution option
+        # (which the ORM generally sets) is not set.
+        self._keymap_by_result_column_idx = None
+
+        # for compiled SQL constructs, copy additional lookup keys into
+        # the key lookup map, such as Column objects, labels,
+        # column keys and other names
+        if num_ctx_cols:
+            # keymap by primary string...
+            by_key = {
+                metadata_entry[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in raw
+            }
+
+            if len(by_key) != num_ctx_cols:
+                # if by-primary-string dictionary smaller than
+                # number of columns, assume we have dupes; (this check
+                # is also in place if string dictionary is bigger, as
+                # can occur when '*' was used as one of the compiled columns,
+                # which may or may not be suggestive of dupes), rewrite
+                # dupe records with "None" for index which results in
+                # ambiguous column exception when accessed.
+                #
+                # this is considered to be the less common case as it is not
+                # common to have dupe column keys in a SELECT statement.
+                #
+                # new in 1.4: get the complete set of all possible keys,
+                # strings, objects, whatever, that are dupes across two
+                # different records, first.
+                index_by_key: Dict[Any, Any] = {}
+                dupes = set()
+                for metadata_entry in raw:
+                    for key in (metadata_entry[MD_RENDERED_NAME],) + (
+                        metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS] or ()
+                    ):
+                        idx = metadata_entry[MD_INDEX]
+                        # if this key has been associated with more than one
+                        # positional index, it's a dupe
+                        if index_by_key.setdefault(key, idx) != idx:
+                            dupes.add(key)
+
+                # then put everything we have into the keymap excluding only
+                # those keys that are dupes.
+                self._keymap = {
+                    obj_elem: metadata_entry
+                    for metadata_entry in raw
+                    if metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                    for obj_elem in metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                    if obj_elem not in dupes
+                }
+
+                # then for the dupe keys, put the "ambiguous column"
+                # record into by_key.
+                by_key.update(
+                    {
+                        key: (None, None, [], key, key, None, None)
+                        for key in dupes
+                    }
+                )
+
+            else:
+                # no dupes - copy secondary elements from compiled
+                # columns into self._keymap.  this is the most common
+                # codepath for Core / ORM statement executions before the
+                # result metadata is cached
+                self._keymap = {
+                    obj_elem: metadata_entry
+                    for metadata_entry in raw
+                    if metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                    for obj_elem in metadata_entry[MD_OBJECTS]
+                }
+            # update keymap with primary string names taking
+            # precedence
+            self._keymap.update(by_key)
+        else:
+            # no compiled objects to map, just create keymap by primary string
+            self._keymap = {
+                metadata_entry[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]: metadata_entry
+                for metadata_entry in raw
+            }
+
+        # update keymap with "translated" names.  In SQLAlchemy this is a
+        # sqlite only thing, and in fact impacting only extremely old SQLite
+        # versions unlikely to be present in modern Python versions.
+        # however, the pyhive third party dialect is
+        # also using this hook, which means others still might use it as well.
+        # I dislike having this awkward hook here but as long as we need
+        # to use names in cursor.description in some cases we need to have
+        # some hook to accomplish this.
+        if not num_ctx_cols and context._translate_colname:
+            self._keymap.update(
+                {
+                    metadata_entry[MD_UNTRANSLATED]: self._keymap[
+                        metadata_entry[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]
+                    ]
+                    for metadata_entry in raw
+                    if metadata_entry[MD_UNTRANSLATED]
+                }
+            )
+
+        self._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(self._keymap, MD_INDEX)
+
+    def _merge_cursor_description(
+        self,
+        context,
+        cursor_description,
+        result_columns,
+        num_ctx_cols,
+        cols_are_ordered,
+        textual_ordered,
+        ad_hoc_textual,
+        loose_column_name_matching,
+    ):
+        """Merge a cursor.description with compiled result column information.
+
+        There are at least four separate strategies used here, selected
+        depending on the type of SQL construct used to start with.
+
+        The most common case is that of the compiled SQL expression construct,
+        which generated the column names present in the raw SQL string and
+        which has the identical number of columns as were reported by
+        cursor.description.  In this case, we assume a 1-1 positional mapping
+        between the entries in cursor.description and the compiled object.
+        This is also the most performant case as we disregard extracting /
+        decoding the column names present in cursor.description since we
+        already have the desired name we generated in the compiled SQL
+        construct.
+
+        The next common case is that of the completely raw string SQL,
+        such as passed to connection.execute().  In this case we have no
+        compiled construct to work with, so we extract and decode the
+        names from cursor.description and index those as the primary
+        result row target keys.
+
+        The remaining fairly common case is that of the textual SQL
+        that includes at least partial column information; this is when
+        we use a :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` construct.
+        This construct may have
+        unordered or ordered column information.  In the ordered case, we
+        merge the cursor.description and the compiled construct's information
+        positionally, and warn if there are additional description names
+        present, however we still decode the names in cursor.description
+        as we don't have a guarantee that the names in the columns match
+        on these.   In the unordered case, we match names in cursor.description
+        to that of the compiled construct based on name matching.
+        In both of these cases, the cursor.description names and the column
+        expression objects and names are indexed as result row target keys.
+
+        The final case is much less common, where we have a compiled
+        non-textual SQL expression construct, but the number of columns
+        in cursor.description doesn't match what's in the compiled
+        construct.  We make the guess here that there might be textual
+        column expressions in the compiled construct that themselves include
+        a comma in them causing them to split.  We do the same name-matching
+        as with textual non-ordered columns.
+
+        The name-matched system of merging is the same as that used by
+        SQLAlchemy for all cases up through the 0.9 series.   Positional
+        matching for compiled SQL expressions was introduced in 1.0 as a
+        major performance feature, and positional matching for textual
+        :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` objects in 1.1.
+        As name matching is no longer
+        a common case, it was acceptable to factor it into smaller generator-
+        oriented methods that are easier to understand, but incur slightly
+        more performance overhead.
+
+        """
+
+        if (
+            num_ctx_cols
+            and cols_are_ordered
+            and not textual_ordered
+            and num_ctx_cols == len(cursor_description)
+        ):
+            self._keys = [elem[0] for elem in result_columns]
+            # pure positional 1-1 case; doesn't need to read
+            # the names from cursor.description
+
+            # most common case for Core and ORM
+
+            # this metadata is safe to cache because we are guaranteed
+            # to have the columns in the same order for new executions
+            self._safe_for_cache = True
+            return [
+                (
+                    idx,
+                    idx,
+                    rmap_entry[RM_OBJECTS],
+                    rmap_entry[RM_NAME],
+                    rmap_entry[RM_RENDERED_NAME],
+                    context.get_result_processor(
+                        rmap_entry[RM_TYPE],
+                        rmap_entry[RM_RENDERED_NAME],
+                        cursor_description[idx][1],
+                    ),
+                    None,
+                )
+                for idx, rmap_entry in enumerate(result_columns)
+            ]
+        else:
+            # name-based or text-positional cases, where we need
+            # to read cursor.description names
+
+            if textual_ordered or (
+                ad_hoc_textual and len(cursor_description) == num_ctx_cols
+            ):
+                self._safe_for_cache = True
+                # textual positional case
+                raw_iterator = self._merge_textual_cols_by_position(
+                    context, cursor_description, result_columns
+                )
+            elif num_ctx_cols:
+                # compiled SQL with a mismatch of description cols
+                # vs. compiled cols, or textual w/ unordered columns
+                # the order of columns can change if the query is
+                # against a "select *", so not safe to cache
+                self._safe_for_cache = False
+                raw_iterator = self._merge_cols_by_name(
+                    context,
+                    cursor_description,
+                    result_columns,
+                    loose_column_name_matching,
+                )
+            else:
+                # no compiled SQL, just a raw string, order of columns
+                # can change for "select *"
+                self._safe_for_cache = False
+                raw_iterator = self._merge_cols_by_none(
+                    context, cursor_description
+                )
+
+            return [
+                (
+                    idx,
+                    ridx,
+                    obj,
+                    cursor_colname,
+                    cursor_colname,
+                    context.get_result_processor(
+                        mapped_type, cursor_colname, coltype
+                    ),
+                    untranslated,
+                )
+                for (
+                    idx,
+                    ridx,
+                    cursor_colname,
+                    mapped_type,
+                    coltype,
+                    obj,
+                    untranslated,
+                ) in raw_iterator
+            ]
+
+    def _colnames_from_description(self, context, cursor_description):
+        """Extract column names and data types from a cursor.description.
+
+        Applies unicode decoding, column translation, "normalization",
+        and case sensitivity rules to the names based on the dialect.
+
+        """
+
+        dialect = context.dialect
+        translate_colname = context._translate_colname
+        normalize_name = (
+            dialect.normalize_name if dialect.requires_name_normalize else None
+        )
+        untranslated = None
+
+        self._keys = []
+
+        for idx, rec in enumerate(cursor_description):
+            colname = rec[0]
+            coltype = rec[1]
+
+            if translate_colname:
+                colname, untranslated = translate_colname(colname)
+
+            if normalize_name:
+                colname = normalize_name(colname)
+
+            self._keys.append(colname)
+
+            yield idx, colname, untranslated, coltype
+
+    def _merge_textual_cols_by_position(
+        self, context, cursor_description, result_columns
+    ):
+        num_ctx_cols = len(result_columns)
+
+        if num_ctx_cols > len(cursor_description):
+            util.warn(
+                "Number of columns in textual SQL (%d) is "
+                "smaller than number of columns requested (%d)"
+                % (num_ctx_cols, len(cursor_description))
+            )
+        seen = set()
+
+        for (
+            idx,
+            colname,
+            untranslated,
+            coltype,
+        ) in self._colnames_from_description(context, cursor_description):
+            if idx < num_ctx_cols:
+                ctx_rec = result_columns[idx]
+                obj = ctx_rec[RM_OBJECTS]
+                ridx = idx
+                mapped_type = ctx_rec[RM_TYPE]
+                if obj[0] in seen:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Duplicate column expression requested "
+                        "in textual SQL: %r" % obj[0]
+                    )
+                seen.add(obj[0])
+            else:
+                mapped_type = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+                obj = None
+                ridx = None
+            yield idx, ridx, colname, mapped_type, coltype, obj, untranslated
+
+    def _merge_cols_by_name(
+        self,
+        context,
+        cursor_description,
+        result_columns,
+        loose_column_name_matching,
+    ):
+        match_map = self._create_description_match_map(
+            result_columns, loose_column_name_matching
+        )
+        mapped_type: TypeEngine[Any]
+
+        for (
+            idx,
+            colname,
+            untranslated,
+            coltype,
+        ) in self._colnames_from_description(context, cursor_description):
+            try:
+                ctx_rec = match_map[colname]
+            except KeyError:
+                mapped_type = sqltypes.NULLTYPE
+                obj = None
+                result_columns_idx = None
+            else:
+                obj = ctx_rec[1]
+                mapped_type = ctx_rec[2]
+                result_columns_idx = ctx_rec[3]
+            yield (
+                idx,
+                result_columns_idx,
+                colname,
+                mapped_type,
+                coltype,
+                obj,
+                untranslated,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_description_match_map(
+        cls,
+        result_columns: List[ResultColumnsEntry],
+        loose_column_name_matching: bool = False,
+    ) -> Dict[
+        Union[str, object], Tuple[str, Tuple[Any, ...], TypeEngine[Any], int]
+    ]:
+        """when matching cursor.description to a set of names that are present
+        in a Compiled object, as is the case with TextualSelect, get all the
+        names we expect might match those in cursor.description.
+        """
+
+        d: Dict[
+            Union[str, object],
+            Tuple[str, Tuple[Any, ...], TypeEngine[Any], int],
+        ] = {}
+        for ridx, elem in enumerate(result_columns):
+            key = elem[RM_RENDERED_NAME]
+            if key in d:
+                # conflicting keyname - just add the column-linked objects
+                # to the existing record.  if there is a duplicate column
+                # name in the cursor description, this will allow all of those
+                # objects to raise an ambiguous column error
+                e_name, e_obj, e_type, e_ridx = d[key]
+                d[key] = e_name, e_obj + elem[RM_OBJECTS], e_type, ridx
+            else:
+                d[key] = (elem[RM_NAME], elem[RM_OBJECTS], elem[RM_TYPE], ridx)
+
+            if loose_column_name_matching:
+                # when using a textual statement with an unordered set
+                # of columns that line up, we are expecting the user
+                # to be using label names in the SQL that match to the column
+                # expressions.  Enable more liberal matching for this case;
+                # duplicate keys that are ambiguous will be fixed later.
+                for r_key in elem[RM_OBJECTS]:
+                    d.setdefault(
+                        r_key,
+                        (elem[RM_NAME], elem[RM_OBJECTS], elem[RM_TYPE], ridx),
+                    )
+        return d
+
+    def _merge_cols_by_none(self, context, cursor_description):
+        for (
+            idx,
+            colname,
+            untranslated,
+            coltype,
+        ) in self._colnames_from_description(context, cursor_description):
+            yield (
+                idx,
+                None,
+                colname,
+                sqltypes.NULLTYPE,
+                coltype,
+                None,
+                untranslated,
+            )
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _key_fallback(
+            self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: bool = True
+        ) -> Optional[NoReturn]:
+            if raiseerr:
+                if self._unpickled and isinstance(key, elements.ColumnElement):
+                    raise exc.NoSuchColumnError(
+                        "Row was unpickled; lookup by ColumnElement "
+                        "is unsupported"
+                    ) from err
+                else:
+                    raise exc.NoSuchColumnError(
+                        "Could not locate column in row for column '%s'"
+                        % util.string_or_unprintable(key)
+                    ) from err
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def _raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(self, rec):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Ambiguous column name '%s' in "
+            "result set column descriptions" % rec[MD_LOOKUP_KEY]
+        )
+
+    def _index_for_key(self, key: Any, raiseerr: bool = True) -> Optional[int]:
+        # TODO: can consider pre-loading ints and negative ints
+        # into _keymap - also no coverage here
+        if isinstance(key, int):
+            key = self._keys[key]
+
+        try:
+            rec = self._keymap[key]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            x = self._key_fallback(key, ke, raiseerr)
+            assert x is None
+            return None
+
+        index = rec[0]
+
+        if index is None:
+            self._raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(rec)
+        return index
+
+    def _indexes_for_keys(self, keys):
+        try:
+            return [self._keymap[key][0] for key in keys]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            # ensure it raises
+            CursorResultMetaData._key_fallback(self, ke.args[0], ke)
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[Any]
+    ) -> Iterator[_NonAmbigCursorKeyMapRecType]:
+        for key in keys:
+            if int in key.__class__.__mro__:
+                key = self._keys[key]
+
+            try:
+                rec = self._keymap[key]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                # ensure it raises
+                CursorResultMetaData._key_fallback(self, ke.args[0], ke)
+
+            index = rec[MD_INDEX]
+
+            if index is None:
+                self._raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(rec)
+
+            yield cast(_NonAmbigCursorKeyMapRecType, rec)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        # TODO: consider serializing this as SimpleResultMetaData
+        return {
+            "_keymap": {
+                key: (
+                    rec[MD_INDEX],
+                    rec[MD_RESULT_MAP_INDEX],
+                    [],
+                    key,
+                    rec[MD_RENDERED_NAME],
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                )
+                for key, rec in self._keymap.items()
+                if isinstance(key, (str, int))
+            },
+            "_keys": self._keys,
+            "_translated_indexes": self._translated_indexes,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self._processors = [None for _ in range(len(state["_keys"]))]
+        self._keymap = state["_keymap"]
+        self._keymap_by_result_column_idx = None
+        self._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(self._keymap, MD_INDEX)
+        self._keys = state["_keys"]
+        self._unpickled = True
+        if state["_translated_indexes"]:
+            self._translated_indexes = cast(
+                "List[int]", state["_translated_indexes"]
+            )
+            self._tuplefilter = tuplegetter(*self._translated_indexes)
+        else:
+            self._translated_indexes = self._tuplefilter = None
+
+
+class ResultFetchStrategy:
+    """Define a fetching strategy for a result object.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    alternate_cursor_description: Optional[_DBAPICursorDescription] = None
+
+    def soft_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def hard_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def yield_per(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        num: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        return
+
+    def fetchone(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        hard_close: bool = False,
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fetchmany(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        size: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fetchall(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_exception(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        err: BaseException,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise err
+
+
+class NoCursorFetchStrategy(ResultFetchStrategy):
+    """Cursor strategy for a result that has no open cursor.
+
+    There are two varieties of this strategy, one for DQL and one for
+    DML (and also DDL), each of which represent a result that had a cursor
+    but no longer has one.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def soft_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        pass
+
+    def hard_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        pass
+
+    def fetchone(self, result, dbapi_cursor, hard_close=False):
+        return self._non_result(result, None)
+
+    def fetchmany(self, result, dbapi_cursor, size=None):
+        return self._non_result(result, [])
+
+    def fetchall(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        return self._non_result(result, [])
+
+    def _non_result(self, result, default, err=None):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class NoCursorDQLFetchStrategy(NoCursorFetchStrategy):
+    """Cursor strategy for a DQL result that has no open cursor.
+
+    This is a result set that can return rows, i.e. for a SELECT, or for an
+    INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE that includes RETURNING. However it is in the state
+    where the cursor is closed and no rows remain available.  The owning result
+    object may or may not be "hard closed", which determines if the fetch
+    methods send empty results or raise for closed result.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _non_result(self, result, default, err=None):
+        if result.closed:
+            raise exc.ResourceClosedError(
+                "This result object is closed."
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return default
+
+
+_NO_CURSOR_DQL = NoCursorDQLFetchStrategy()
+
+
+class NoCursorDMLFetchStrategy(NoCursorFetchStrategy):
+    """Cursor strategy for a DML result that has no open cursor.
+
+    This is a result set that does not return rows, i.e. for an INSERT,
+    UPDATE, DELETE that does not include RETURNING.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _non_result(self, result, default, err=None):
+        # we only expect to have a _NoResultMetaData() here right now.
+        assert not result._metadata.returns_rows
+        result._metadata._we_dont_return_rows(err)
+
+
+_NO_CURSOR_DML = NoCursorDMLFetchStrategy()
+
+
+class CursorFetchStrategy(ResultFetchStrategy):
+    """Call fetch methods from a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    Alternate versions of this class may instead buffer the rows from
+    cursors or not use cursors at all.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def soft_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        result.cursor_strategy = _NO_CURSOR_DQL
+
+    def hard_close(
+        self, result: CursorResult[Any], dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    ) -> None:
+        result.cursor_strategy = _NO_CURSOR_DQL
+
+    def handle_exception(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        err: BaseException,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        result.connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+            err, None, None, dbapi_cursor, result.context
+        )
+
+    def yield_per(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        num: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        result.cursor_strategy = BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+            dbapi_cursor,
+            {"max_row_buffer": num},
+            initial_buffer=collections.deque(),
+            growth_factor=0,
+        )
+
+    def fetchone(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        hard_close: bool = False,
+    ) -> Any:
+        try:
+            row = dbapi_cursor.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                result._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+            return row
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+    def fetchmany(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        size: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        try:
+            if size is None:
+                l = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany()
+            else:
+                l = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(size)
+
+            if not l:
+                result._soft_close()
+            return l
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+    def fetchall(
+        self,
+        result: CursorResult[Any],
+        dbapi_cursor: DBAPICursor,
+    ) -> Any:
+        try:
+            rows = dbapi_cursor.fetchall()
+            result._soft_close()
+            return rows
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+
+_DEFAULT_FETCH = CursorFetchStrategy()
+
+
+class BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(CursorFetchStrategy):
+    """A cursor fetch strategy with row buffering behavior.
+
+    This strategy buffers the contents of a selection of rows
+    before ``fetchone()`` is called.  This is to allow the results of
+    ``cursor.description`` to be available immediately, when
+    interfacing with a DB-API that requires rows to be consumed before
+    this information is available (currently psycopg2, when used with
+    server-side cursors).
+
+    The pre-fetching behavior fetches only one row initially, and then
+    grows its buffer size by a fixed amount with each successive need
+    for additional rows up the ``max_row_buffer`` size, which defaults
+    to 1000::
+
+        with psycopg2_engine.connect() as conn:
+
+            result = conn.execution_options(
+                stream_results=True, max_row_buffer=50
+            ).execute(text("select * from table"))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 ``max_row_buffer`` may now exceed 1000 rows.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`psycopg2_execution_options`
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_max_row_buffer", "_rowbuffer", "_bufsize", "_growth_factor")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dbapi_cursor,
+        execution_options,
+        growth_factor=5,
+        initial_buffer=None,
+    ):
+        self._max_row_buffer = execution_options.get("max_row_buffer", 1000)
+
+        if initial_buffer is not None:
+            self._rowbuffer = initial_buffer
+        else:
+            self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(1))
+        self._growth_factor = growth_factor
+
+        if growth_factor:
+            self._bufsize = min(self._max_row_buffer, self._growth_factor)
+        else:
+            self._bufsize = self._max_row_buffer
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(cls, result):
+        return BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+            result.cursor,
+            result.context.execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _buffer_rows(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        """this is currently used only by fetchone()."""
+
+        size = self._bufsize
+        try:
+            if size < 1:
+                new_rows = dbapi_cursor.fetchall()
+            else:
+                new_rows = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(size)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+        if not new_rows:
+            return
+        self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(new_rows)
+        if self._growth_factor and size < self._max_row_buffer:
+            self._bufsize = min(
+                self._max_row_buffer, size * self._growth_factor
+            )
+
+    def yield_per(self, result, dbapi_cursor, num):
+        self._growth_factor = 0
+        self._max_row_buffer = self._bufsize = num
+
+    def soft_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().soft_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def hard_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().hard_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def fetchone(self, result, dbapi_cursor, hard_close=False):
+        if not self._rowbuffer:
+            self._buffer_rows(result, dbapi_cursor)
+            if not self._rowbuffer:
+                try:
+                    result._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+                except BaseException as e:
+                    self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+                return None
+        return self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, result, dbapi_cursor, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+        rb = self._rowbuffer
+        lb = len(rb)
+        close = False
+        if size > lb:
+            try:
+                new = dbapi_cursor.fetchmany(size - lb)
+            except BaseException as e:
+                self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+            else:
+                if not new:
+                    # defer closing since it may clear the row buffer
+                    close = True
+                else:
+                    rb.extend(new)
+
+        res = [rb.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rb)))]
+        if close:
+            result._soft_close()
+        return res
+
+    def fetchall(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        try:
+            ret = list(self._rowbuffer) + list(dbapi_cursor.fetchall())
+            self._rowbuffer.clear()
+            result._soft_close()
+            return ret
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.handle_exception(result, dbapi_cursor, e)
+
+
+class FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(CursorFetchStrategy):
+    """A cursor strategy that buffers rows fully upon creation.
+
+    Used for operations where a result is to be delivered
+    after the database conversation can not be continued,
+    such as MSSQL INSERT...OUTPUT after an autocommit.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_rowbuffer", "alternate_cursor_description")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dbapi_cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+        alternate_description: Optional[_DBAPICursorDescription] = None,
+        initial_buffer: Optional[Iterable[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.alternate_cursor_description = alternate_description
+        if initial_buffer is not None:
+            self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(initial_buffer)
+        else:
+            assert dbapi_cursor is not None
+            self._rowbuffer = collections.deque(dbapi_cursor.fetchall())
+
+    def yield_per(self, result, dbapi_cursor, num):
+        pass
+
+    def soft_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().soft_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def hard_close(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        self._rowbuffer.clear()
+        super().hard_close(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+    def fetchone(self, result, dbapi_cursor, hard_close=False):
+        if self._rowbuffer:
+            return self._rowbuffer.popleft()
+        else:
+            result._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+            return None
+
+    def fetchmany(self, result, dbapi_cursor, size=None):
+        if size is None:
+            return self.fetchall(result, dbapi_cursor)
+
+        rb = self._rowbuffer
+        rows = [rb.popleft() for _ in range(min(size, len(rb)))]
+        if not rows:
+            result._soft_close()
+        return rows
+
+    def fetchall(self, result, dbapi_cursor):
+        ret = self._rowbuffer
+        self._rowbuffer = collections.deque()
+        result._soft_close()
+        return ret
+
+
+class _NoResultMetaData(ResultMetaData):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    returns_rows = False
+
+    def _we_dont_return_rows(self, err=None):
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError(
+            "This result object does not return rows. "
+            "It has been closed automatically."
+        ) from err
+
+    def _index_for_key(self, keys, raiseerr):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(self, key):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def _keymap(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def _key_to_index(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def _processors(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+    @property
+    def keys(self):
+        self._we_dont_return_rows()
+
+
+_NO_RESULT_METADATA = _NoResultMetaData()
+
+
+def null_dml_result() -> IteratorResult[Any]:
+    it: IteratorResult[Any] = IteratorResult(_NoResultMetaData(), iter([]))
+    it._soft_close()
+    return it
+
+
+class CursorResult(Result[_T]):
+    """A Result that is representing state from a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :class:`.CursorResult``
+       class replaces the previous :class:`.ResultProxy` interface.
+       This classes are based on the :class:`.Result` calling API
+       which provides an updated usage model and calling facade for
+       SQLAlchemy Core and SQLAlchemy ORM.
+
+    Returns database rows via the :class:`.Row` class, which provides
+    additional API features and behaviors on top of the raw data returned by
+    the DBAPI.   Through the use of filters such as the :meth:`.Result.scalars`
+    method, other kinds of objects may also be returned.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - introductory material for accessing
+        :class:`_engine.CursorResult` and :class:`.Row` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "context",
+        "dialect",
+        "cursor",
+        "cursor_strategy",
+        "_echo",
+        "connection",
+    )
+
+    _metadata: Union[CursorResultMetaData, _NoResultMetaData]
+    _no_result_metadata = _NO_RESULT_METADATA
+    _soft_closed: bool = False
+    closed: bool = False
+    _is_cursor = True
+
+    context: DefaultExecutionContext
+    dialect: Dialect
+    cursor_strategy: ResultFetchStrategy
+    connection: Connection
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        context: DefaultExecutionContext,
+        cursor_strategy: ResultFetchStrategy,
+        cursor_description: Optional[_DBAPICursorDescription],
+    ):
+        self.context = context
+        self.dialect = context.dialect
+        self.cursor = context.cursor
+        self.cursor_strategy = cursor_strategy
+        self.connection = context.root_connection
+        self._echo = echo = (
+            self.connection._echo and context.engine._should_log_debug()
+        )
+
+        if cursor_description is not None:
+            # inline of Result._row_getter(), set up an initial row
+            # getter assuming no transformations will be called as this
+            # is the most common case
+
+            metadata = self._init_metadata(context, cursor_description)
+
+            _make_row: Any
+            _make_row = functools.partial(
+                Row,
+                metadata,
+                metadata._effective_processors,
+                metadata._key_to_index,
+            )
+
+            if context._num_sentinel_cols:
+                sentinel_filter = operator.itemgetter(
+                    slice(-context._num_sentinel_cols)
+                )
+
+                def _sliced_row(raw_data):
+                    return _make_row(sentinel_filter(raw_data))
+
+                sliced_row = _sliced_row
+            else:
+                sliced_row = _make_row
+
+            if echo:
+                log = self.context.connection._log_debug
+
+                def _log_row(row):
+                    log("Row %r", sql_util._repr_row(row))
+                    return row
+
+                self._row_logging_fn = _log_row
+
+                def _make_row_2(row):
+                    return _log_row(sliced_row(row))
+
+                make_row = _make_row_2
+            else:
+                make_row = sliced_row
+            self._set_memoized_attribute("_row_getter", make_row)
+
+        else:
+            assert context._num_sentinel_cols == 0
+            self._metadata = self._no_result_metadata
+
+    def _init_metadata(self, context, cursor_description):
+        if context.compiled:
+            compiled = context.compiled
+
+            if compiled._cached_metadata:
+                metadata = compiled._cached_metadata
+            else:
+                metadata = CursorResultMetaData(self, cursor_description)
+                if metadata._safe_for_cache:
+                    compiled._cached_metadata = metadata
+
+            # result rewrite/ adapt step.  this is to suit the case
+            # when we are invoked against a cached Compiled object, we want
+            # to rewrite the ResultMetaData to reflect the Column objects
+            # that are in our current SQL statement object, not the one
+            # that is associated with the cached Compiled object.
+            # the Compiled object may also tell us to not
+            # actually do this step; this is to support the ORM where
+            # it is to produce a new Result object in any case, and will
+            # be using the cached Column objects against this database result
+            # so we don't want to rewrite them.
+            #
+            # Basically this step suits the use case where the end user
+            # is using Core SQL expressions and is accessing columns in the
+            # result row using row._mapping[table.c.column].
+            if (
+                not context.execution_options.get(
+                    "_result_disable_adapt_to_context", False
+                )
+                and compiled._result_columns
+                and context.cache_hit is context.dialect.CACHE_HIT
+                and compiled.statement is not context.invoked_statement
+            ):
+                metadata = metadata._adapt_to_context(context)
+
+            self._metadata = metadata
+
+        else:
+            self._metadata = metadata = CursorResultMetaData(
+                self, cursor_description
+            )
+        if self._echo:
+            context.connection._log_debug(
+                "Col %r", tuple(x[0] for x in cursor_description)
+            )
+        return metadata
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard=False):
+        """Soft close this :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+        This releases all DBAPI cursor resources, but leaves the
+        CursorResult "open" from a semantic perspective, meaning the
+        fetchXXX() methods will continue to return empty results.
+
+        This method is called automatically when:
+
+        * all result rows are exhausted using the fetchXXX() methods.
+        * cursor.description is None.
+
+        This method is **not public**, but is documented in order to clarify
+        the "autoclose" process used.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+
+
+        """
+
+        if (not hard and self._soft_closed) or (hard and self.closed):
+            return
+
+        if hard:
+            self.closed = True
+            self.cursor_strategy.hard_close(self, self.cursor)
+        else:
+            self.cursor_strategy.soft_close(self, self.cursor)
+
+        if not self._soft_closed:
+            cursor = self.cursor
+            self.cursor = None  # type: ignore
+            self.connection._safe_close_cursor(cursor)
+            self._soft_closed = True
+
+    @property
+    def inserted_primary_key_rows(self):
+        """Return the value of
+        :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+        as a row contained within a list; some dialects may support a
+        multiple row form as well.
+
+        .. note:: As indicated below, in current SQLAlchemy versions this
+           accessor is only useful beyond what's already supplied by
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` when using the
+           :ref:`postgresql_psycopg2` dialect.   Future versions hope to
+           generalize this feature to more dialects.
+
+        This accessor is added to support dialects that offer the feature
+        that is currently implemented by the :ref:`psycopg2_executemany_mode`
+        feature, currently **only the psycopg2 dialect**, which provides
+        for many rows to be INSERTed at once while still retaining the
+        behavior of being able to return server-generated primary key values.
+
+        * **When using the psycopg2 dialect, or other dialects that may support
+          "fast executemany" style inserts in upcoming releases** : When
+          invoking an INSERT statement while passing a list of rows as the
+          second argument to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, this accessor
+          will then provide a list of rows, where each row contains the primary
+          key value for each row that was INSERTed.
+
+        * **When using all other dialects / backends that don't yet support
+          this feature**: This accessor is only useful for **single row INSERT
+          statements**, and returns the same information as that of the
+          :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` within a
+          single-element list. When an INSERT statement is executed in
+          conjunction with a list of rows to be INSERTed, the list will contain
+          one row per row inserted in the statement, however it will contain
+          ``None`` for any server-generated values.
+
+        Future releases of SQLAlchemy will further generalize the
+        "fast execution helper" feature of psycopg2 to suit other dialects,
+        thus allowing this accessor to be of more general use.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() expression construct."
+            )
+        elif self.context._is_explicit_returning:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't call inserted_primary_key "
+                "when returning() "
+                "is used."
+            )
+        return self.context.inserted_primary_key_rows
+
+    @property
+    def inserted_primary_key(self):
+        """Return the primary key for the row just inserted.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`_result.Row` object representing
+        a named tuple of primary key values in the order in which the
+        primary key columns are configured in the source
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.8 - the
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+           value is now a named tuple via the :class:`_result.Row` class,
+           rather than a plain tuple.
+
+        This accessor only applies to single row :func:`_expression.insert`
+        constructs which did not explicitly specify
+        :meth:`_expression.Insert.returning`.    Support for multirow inserts,
+        while not yet available for most backends, would be accessed using
+        the :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` accessor.
+
+        Note that primary key columns which specify a server_default clause, or
+        otherwise do not qualify as "autoincrement" columns (see the notes at
+        :class:`_schema.Column`), and were generated using the database-side
+        default, will appear in this list as ``None`` unless the backend
+        supports "returning" and the insert statement executed with the
+        "implicit returning" enabled.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.context.executemany:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This statement was an executemany call; if primary key "
+                "returning is supported, please "
+                "use .inserted_primary_key_rows."
+            )
+
+        ikp = self.inserted_primary_key_rows
+        if ikp:
+            return ikp[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def last_updated_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of updated parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an update() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an update() expression construct."
+            )
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    def last_inserted_params(self):
+        """Return the collection of inserted parameters from this
+        execution.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() construct.
+
+        """
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() expression construct."
+            )
+        elif self.context.executemany:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters
+        else:
+            return self.context.compiled_parameters[0]
+
+    @property
+    def returned_defaults_rows(self):
+        """Return a list of rows each containing the values of default
+        columns that were fetched using
+        the :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` feature.
+
+        The return value is a list of :class:`.Row` objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self.context.returned_default_rows
+
+    def splice_horizontally(self, other):
+        """Return a new :class:`.CursorResult` that "horizontally splices"
+        together the rows of this :class:`.CursorResult` with that of another
+        :class:`.CursorResult`.
+
+        .. tip::  This method is for the benefit of the SQLAlchemy ORM and is
+           not intended for general use.
+
+        "horizontally splices" means that for each row in the first and second
+        result sets, a new row that concatenates the two rows together is
+        produced, which then becomes the new row.  The incoming
+        :class:`.CursorResult` must have the identical number of rows.  It is
+        typically expected that the two result sets come from the same sort
+        order as well, as the result rows are spliced together based on their
+        position in the result.
+
+        The expected use case here is so that multiple INSERT..RETURNING
+        statements (which definitely need to be sorted) against different
+        tables can produce a single result that looks like a JOIN of those two
+        tables.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            r1 = connection.execute(
+                users.insert().returning(
+                    users.c.user_name, users.c.user_id, sort_by_parameter_order=True
+                ),
+                user_values,
+            )
+
+            r2 = connection.execute(
+                addresses.insert().returning(
+                    addresses.c.address_id,
+                    addresses.c.address,
+                    addresses.c.user_id,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=True,
+                ),
+                address_values,
+            )
+
+            rows = r1.splice_horizontally(r2).all()
+            assert rows == [
+                ("john", 1, 1, "foo@bar.com", 1),
+                ("jack", 2, 2, "bar@bat.com", 2),
+            ]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.CursorResult.splice_vertically`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        clone = self._generate()
+        total_rows = [
+            tuple(r1) + tuple(r2)
+            for r1, r2 in zip(
+                list(self._raw_row_iterator()),
+                list(other._raw_row_iterator()),
+            )
+        ]
+
+        clone._metadata = clone._metadata._splice_horizontally(other._metadata)
+
+        clone.cursor_strategy = FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+            None,
+            initial_buffer=total_rows,
+        )
+        clone._reset_memoizations()
+        return clone
+
+    def splice_vertically(self, other):
+        """Return a new :class:`.CursorResult` that "vertically splices",
+        i.e. "extends", the rows of this :class:`.CursorResult` with that of
+        another :class:`.CursorResult`.
+
+        .. tip::  This method is for the benefit of the SQLAlchemy ORM and is
+           not intended for general use.
+
+        "vertically splices" means the rows of the given result are appended to
+        the rows of this cursor result. The incoming :class:`.CursorResult`
+        must have rows that represent the identical list of columns in the
+        identical order as they are in this :class:`.CursorResult`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.CursorResult.splice_horizontally`
+
+        """
+        clone = self._generate()
+        total_rows = list(self._raw_row_iterator()) + list(
+            other._raw_row_iterator()
+        )
+
+        clone.cursor_strategy = FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+            None,
+            initial_buffer=total_rows,
+        )
+        clone._reset_memoizations()
+        return clone
+
+    def _rewind(self, rows):
+        """rewind this result back to the given rowset.
+
+        this is used internally for the case where an :class:`.Insert`
+        construct combines the use of
+        :meth:`.Insert.return_defaults` along with the
+        "supplemental columns" feature.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._echo:
+            self.context.connection._log_debug(
+                "CursorResult rewound %d row(s)", len(rows)
+            )
+
+        # the rows given are expected to be Row objects, so we
+        # have to clear out processors which have already run on these
+        # rows
+        self._metadata = cast(
+            CursorResultMetaData, self._metadata
+        )._remove_processors()
+
+        self.cursor_strategy = FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+            None,
+            # TODO: if these are Row objects, can we save on not having to
+            # re-make new Row objects out of them a second time?  is that
+            # what's actually happening right now?  maybe look into this
+            initial_buffer=rows,
+        )
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def returned_defaults(self):
+        """Return the values of default columns that were fetched using
+        the :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` feature.
+
+        The value is an instance of :class:`.Row`, or ``None``
+        if :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults` was not used or if the
+        backend does not support RETURNING.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ValuesBase.return_defaults`
+
+        """
+
+        if self.context.executemany:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This statement was an executemany call; if return defaults "
+                "is supported, please use .returned_defaults_rows."
+            )
+
+        rows = self.context.returned_default_rows
+        if rows:
+            return rows[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        """Return ``lastrow_has_defaults()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.context.lastrow_has_defaults()
+
+    def postfetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``postfetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct."
+            )
+        return self.context.postfetch_cols
+
+    def prefetch_cols(self):
+        """Return ``prefetch_cols()`` from the underlying
+        :class:`.ExecutionContext`.
+
+        See :class:`.ExecutionContext` for details.
+
+        Raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` if the executed
+        statement is not a compiled expression construct
+        or is not an insert() or update() construct.
+
+        """
+
+        if not self.context.compiled:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not a compiled expression construct."
+            )
+        elif not self.context.isinsert and not self.context.isupdate:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Statement is not an insert() or update() "
+                "expression construct."
+            )
+        return self.context.prefetch_cols
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        """Return ``supports_sane_multi_rowcount`` from the dialect.
+
+        See :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` for background.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def rowcount(self) -> int:
+        """Return the 'rowcount' for this result.
+
+        The primary purpose of 'rowcount' is to report the number of rows
+        matched by the WHERE criterion of an UPDATE or DELETE statement
+        executed once (i.e. for a single parameter set), which may then be
+        compared to the number of rows expected to be updated or deleted as a
+        means of asserting data integrity.
+
+        This attribute is transferred from the ``cursor.rowcount`` attribute
+        of the DBAPI before the cursor is closed, to support DBAPIs that
+        don't make this value available after cursor close.   Some DBAPIs may
+        offer meaningful values for other kinds of statements, such as INSERT
+        and SELECT statements as well.  In order to retrieve ``cursor.rowcount``
+        for these statements, set the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+        execution option to True, which will cause the ``cursor.rowcount``
+        value to be unconditionally memoized before any results are returned
+        or the cursor is closed, regardless of statement type.
+
+        For cases where the DBAPI does not support rowcount for a particular
+        kind of statement and/or execution, the returned value will be ``-1``,
+        which is delivered directly from the DBAPI and is part of :pep:`249`.
+        All DBAPIs should support rowcount for single-parameter-set
+        UPDATE and DELETE statements, however.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           Notes regarding :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`:
+
+
+           * This attribute returns the number of rows *matched*,
+             which is not necessarily the same as the number of rows
+             that were actually *modified*. For example, an UPDATE statement
+             may have no net change on a given row if the SET values
+             given are the same as those present in the row already.
+             Such a row would be matched but not modified.
+             On backends that feature both styles, such as MySQL,
+             rowcount is configured to return the match
+             count in all cases.
+
+           * :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` in the default case is
+             *only* useful in conjunction with an UPDATE or DELETE statement,
+             and only with a single set of parameters. For other kinds of
+             statements, SQLAlchemy will not attempt to pre-memoize the value
+             unless the
+             :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+             execution option is used.  Note that contrary to :pep:`249`, many
+             DBAPIs do not support rowcount values for statements that are not
+             UPDATE or DELETE, particularly when rows are being returned which
+             are not fully pre-buffered.   DBAPIs that dont support rowcount
+             for a particular kind of statement should return the value ``-1``
+             for such statements.
+
+           * :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` may not be meaningful
+             when executing a single statement with multiple parameter sets
+             (i.e. an :term:`executemany`). Most DBAPIs do not sum "rowcount"
+             values across multiple parameter sets and will return ``-1``
+             when accessed.
+
+           * SQLAlchemy's :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` feature does support
+             a correct population of :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount`
+             when the :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+             execution option is set to True.
+
+           * Statements that use RETURNING may not support rowcount, returning
+             a ``-1`` value instead.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_update_delete_rowcount` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.preserve_rowcount`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        try:
+            return self.context.rowcount
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.cursor_strategy.handle_exception(self, self.cursor, e)
+            raise  # not called
+
+    @property
+    def lastrowid(self):
+        """Return the 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI cursor.
+
+        This is a DBAPI specific method and is only functional
+        for those backends which support it, for statements
+        where it is appropriate.  It's behavior is not
+        consistent across backends.
+
+        Usage of this method is normally unnecessary when
+        using insert() expression constructs; the
+        :attr:`~CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` attribute provides a
+        tuple of primary key values for a newly inserted row,
+        regardless of database backend.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.context.get_lastrowid()
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.cursor_strategy.handle_exception(self, self.cursor, e)
+
+    @property
+    def returns_rows(self):
+        """True if this :class:`_engine.CursorResult` returns zero or more
+        rows.
+
+        I.e. if it is legal to call the methods
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchone`,
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchmany`
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchall`.
+
+        Overall, the value of :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returns_rows` should
+        always be synonymous with whether or not the DBAPI cursor had a
+        ``.description`` attribute, indicating the presence of result columns,
+        noting that a cursor that returns zero rows still has a
+        ``.description`` if a row-returning statement was emitted.
+
+        This attribute should be True for all results that are against
+        SELECT statements, as well as for DML statements INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
+        that use RETURNING.   For INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements that were
+        not using RETURNING, the value will usually be False, however
+        there are some dialect-specific exceptions to this, such as when
+        using the MSSQL / pyodbc dialect a SELECT is emitted inline in
+        order to retrieve an inserted primary key value.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._metadata.returns_rows
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self):
+        """True if this :class:`_engine.CursorResult` is the result
+        of a executing an expression language compiled
+        :func:`_expression.insert` construct.
+
+        When True, this implies that the
+        :attr:`inserted_primary_key` attribute is accessible,
+        assuming the statement did not include
+        a user defined "returning" construct.
+
+        """
+        return self.context.isinsert
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self):
+        fetchone = self.cursor_strategy.fetchone
+
+        while True:
+            row = fetchone(self, self.cursor)
+            if row is None:
+                break
+            yield row
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(self, hard_close=False):
+        return self.cursor_strategy.fetchone(self, self.cursor, hard_close)
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self):
+        return self.cursor_strategy.fetchall(self, self.cursor)
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(self, size=None):
+        return self.cursor_strategy.fetchmany(self, self.cursor, size)
+
+    def _raw_row_iterator(self):
+        return self._fetchiter_impl()
+
+    def merge(self, *others: Result[Any]) -> MergedResult[Any]:
+        merged_result = super().merge(*others)
+        if self.context._has_rowcount:
+            merged_result.rowcount = sum(
+                cast("CursorResult[Any]", result).rowcount
+                for result in (self,) + others
+            )
+        return merged_result
+
+    def close(self) -> Any:
+        """Close this :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+
+        This closes out the underlying DBAPI cursor corresponding to the
+        statement execution, if one is still present.  Note that the DBAPI
+        cursor is automatically released when the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+        exhausts all available rows.  :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close` is
+        generally an optional method except in the case when discarding a
+        :class:`_engine.CursorResult` that still has additional rows pending
+        for fetch.
+
+        After this method is called, it is no longer valid to call upon
+        the fetch methods, which will raise a :class:`.ResourceClosedError`
+        on subsequent use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`connections_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._soft_close(hard=True)
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        self._yield_per = num
+        self.cursor_strategy.yield_per(self, self.cursor, num)
+        return self
+
+
+ResultProxy = CursorResult
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0b58b63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/default.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2382 @@
+# engine/default.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Default implementations of per-dialect sqlalchemy.engine classes.
+
+These are semi-private implementation classes which are only of importance
+to database dialect authors; dialects will usually use the classes here
+as the base class for their own corresponding classes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import operator
+import random
+import re
+from time import perf_counter
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import MutableSequence
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import characteristics
+from . import cursor as _cursor
+from . import interfaces
+from .base import Connection
+from .interfaces import CacheStats
+from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+from .interfaces import Dialect
+from .interfaces import ExecuteStyle
+from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+from .reflection import ObjectKind
+from .reflection import ObjectScope
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import pool
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import compiler
+from ..sql import dml
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import type_api
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql._typing import is_tuple_type
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.compiler import DDLCompiler
+from ..sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+from ..sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+from ..sql.elements import quoted_name
+from ..util.typing import Final
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from types import ModuleType
+
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .cursor import ResultFetchStrategy
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPICursorDescription
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ParamStyle
+    from .interfaces import ConnectArgsType
+    from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+    from .interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from .row import Row
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..event import _ListenerFnType
+    from ..pool import Pool
+    from ..pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql.compiler import Compiled
+    from ..sql.compiler import Linting
+    from ..sql.compiler import ResultColumnsEntry
+    from ..sql.dml import DMLState
+    from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from ..sql.type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+    from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+
+# When we're handed literal SQL, ensure it's a SELECT query
+SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE = re.compile(r"\s*SELECT", re.I | re.UNICODE)
+
+
+(
+    CACHE_HIT,
+    CACHE_MISS,
+    CACHING_DISABLED,
+    NO_CACHE_KEY,
+    NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT,
+) = list(CacheStats)
+
+
+class DefaultDialect(Dialect):
+    """Default implementation of Dialect"""
+
+    statement_compiler = compiler.SQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = compiler.DDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = compiler.GenericTypeCompiler
+
+    preparer = compiler.IdentifierPreparer
+    supports_alter = True
+    supports_comments = False
+    supports_constraint_comments = False
+    inline_comments = False
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    div_is_floordiv = True
+
+    bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.NONE
+
+    include_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]] = None
+    exclude_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]] = None
+
+    # the first value we'd get for an autoincrement column.
+    default_sequence_base = 1
+
+    # most DBAPIs happy with this for execute().
+    # not cx_oracle.
+    execute_sequence_format = tuple
+
+    supports_schemas = True
+    supports_views = True
+    supports_sequences = False
+    sequences_optional = False
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = False
+    supports_identity_columns = False
+    postfetch_lastrowid = True
+    favor_returning_over_lastrowid = False
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = False
+    update_returning = False
+    delete_returning = False
+    update_returning_multifrom = False
+    delete_returning_multifrom = False
+    insert_returning = False
+
+    cte_follows_insert = False
+
+    supports_native_enum = False
+    supports_native_boolean = False
+    supports_native_uuid = False
+    returns_native_bytes = False
+
+    non_native_boolean_check_constraint = True
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = True
+
+    tuple_in_values = False
+
+    connection_characteristics = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "isolation_level": characteristics.IsolationLevelCharacteristic(),
+            "logging_token": characteristics.LoggingTokenCharacteristic(),
+        }
+    )
+
+    engine_config_types: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "pool_timeout": util.asint,
+            "echo": util.bool_or_str("debug"),
+            "echo_pool": util.bool_or_str("debug"),
+            "pool_recycle": util.asint,
+            "pool_size": util.asint,
+            "max_overflow": util.asint,
+            "future": util.asbool,
+        }
+    )
+
+    # if the NUMERIC type
+    # returns decimal.Decimal.
+    # *not* the FLOAT type however.
+    supports_native_decimal = False
+
+    name = "default"
+
+    # length at which to truncate
+    # any identifier.
+    max_identifier_length = 9999
+    _user_defined_max_identifier_length: Optional[int] = None
+
+    isolation_level: Optional[str] = None
+
+    # sub-categories of max_identifier_length.
+    # currently these accommodate for MySQL which allows alias names
+    # of 255 but DDL names only of 64.
+    max_index_name_length: Optional[int] = None
+    max_constraint_name_length: Optional[int] = None
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount = True
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount = True
+    colspecs: MutableMapping[Type[TypeEngine[Any]], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]] = {}
+    default_paramstyle = "named"
+
+    supports_default_values = False
+    """dialect supports INSERT... DEFAULT VALUES syntax"""
+
+    supports_default_metavalue = False
+    """dialect supports INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax"""
+
+    default_metavalue_token = "DEFAULT"
+    """for INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the
+    parenthesis."""
+
+    # not sure if this is a real thing but the compiler will deliver it
+    # if this is the only flag enabled.
+    supports_empty_insert = True
+    """dialect supports INSERT () VALUES ()"""
+
+    supports_multivalues_insert = False
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = False
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning: bool = False
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel: InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts = (
+        InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.NOT_SUPPORTED
+    )
+
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = 1000
+    insertmanyvalues_max_parameters = 32700
+
+    supports_is_distinct_from = True
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors = False
+
+    server_side_cursors = False
+
+    # extra record-level locking features (#4860)
+    supports_for_update_of = False
+
+    server_version_info = None
+
+    default_schema_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    # indicates symbol names are
+    # UPPERCASED if they are case insensitive
+    # within the database.
+    # if this is True, the methods normalize_name()
+    # and denormalize_name() must be provided.
+    requires_name_normalize = False
+
+    is_async = False
+
+    has_terminate = False
+
+    # TODO: this is not to be part of 2.0.  implement rudimentary binary
+    # literals for SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL only within
+    # _Binary.literal_processor
+    _legacy_binary_type_literal_encoding = "utf-8"
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        empty_in_strategy=(
+            "1.4",
+            "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.empty_in_strategy` keyword is "
+            "deprecated, and no longer has any effect.  All IN expressions "
+            "are now rendered using "
+            'the "expanding parameter" strategy which renders a set of bound'
+            'expressions, or an "empty set" SELECT, at statement execution'
+            "time.",
+        ),
+        server_side_cursors=(
+            "1.4",
+            "The :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.server_side_cursors` parameter "
+            "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  Please "
+            "use the "
+            ":paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` "
+            "parameter.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        paramstyle: Optional[_ParamStyle] = None,
+        isolation_level: Optional[IsolationLevel] = None,
+        dbapi: Optional[ModuleType] = None,
+        implicit_returning: Literal[True] = True,
+        supports_native_boolean: Optional[bool] = None,
+        max_identifier_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        label_length: Optional[int] = None,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: Union[_NoArg, int] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        use_insertmanyvalues: Optional[bool] = None,
+        # util.deprecated_params decorator cannot render the
+        # Linting.NO_LINTING constant
+        compiler_linting: Linting = int(compiler.NO_LINTING),  # type: ignore
+        server_side_cursors: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        if server_side_cursors:
+            if not self.supports_server_side_cursors:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Dialect %s does not support server side cursors" % self
+                )
+            else:
+                self.server_side_cursors = True
+
+        if getattr(self, "use_setinputsizes", False):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The dialect-level use_setinputsizes attribute is "
+                "deprecated.  Please use "
+                "bind_typing = BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            self.bind_typing = interfaces.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES
+
+        self.positional = False
+        self._ischema = None
+
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+
+        if paramstyle is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = paramstyle
+        elif self.dbapi is not None:
+            self.paramstyle = self.dbapi.paramstyle
+        else:
+            self.paramstyle = self.default_paramstyle
+        self.positional = self.paramstyle in (
+            "qmark",
+            "format",
+            "numeric",
+            "numeric_dollar",
+        )
+        self.identifier_preparer = self.preparer(self)
+        self._on_connect_isolation_level = isolation_level
+
+        legacy_tt_callable = getattr(self, "type_compiler", None)
+        if legacy_tt_callable is not None:
+            tt_callable = cast(
+                Type[compiler.GenericTypeCompiler],
+                self.type_compiler,
+            )
+        else:
+            tt_callable = self.type_compiler_cls
+
+        self.type_compiler_instance = self.type_compiler = tt_callable(self)
+
+        if supports_native_boolean is not None:
+            self.supports_native_boolean = supports_native_boolean
+
+        self._user_defined_max_identifier_length = max_identifier_length
+        if self._user_defined_max_identifier_length:
+            self.max_identifier_length = (
+                self._user_defined_max_identifier_length
+            )
+        self.label_length = label_length
+        self.compiler_linting = compiler_linting
+
+        if use_insertmanyvalues is not None:
+            self.use_insertmanyvalues = use_insertmanyvalues
+
+        if insertmanyvalues_page_size is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            self.insertmanyvalues_page_size = insertmanyvalues_page_size
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "full_returning is deprecated, please use insert_returning, "
+        "update_returning, delete_returning",
+    )
+    def full_returning(self):
+        return (
+            self.insert_returning
+            and self.update_returning
+            and self.delete_returning
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def insert_executemany_returning(self):
+        """Default implementation for insert_executemany_returning, if not
+        otherwise overridden by the specific dialect.
+
+        The default dialect determines "insert_executemany_returning" is
+        available if the dialect in use has opted into using the
+        "use_insertmanyvalues" feature. If they haven't opted into that, then
+        this attribute is False, unless the dialect in question overrides this
+        and provides some other implementation (such as the Oracle Database
+        dialects).
+
+        """
+        return self.insert_returning and self.use_insertmanyvalues
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order(self):
+        """Default implementation for
+        insert_executemany_returning_deterministic_order, if not otherwise
+        overridden by the specific dialect.
+
+        The default dialect determines "insert_executemany_returning" can have
+        deterministic order only if the dialect in use has opted into using the
+        "use_insertmanyvalues" feature, which implements deterministic ordering
+        using client side sentinel columns only by default.  The
+        "insertmanyvalues" feature also features alternate forms that can
+        use server-generated PK values as "sentinels", but those are only
+        used if the :attr:`.Dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel`
+        bitflag enables those alternate SQL forms, which are disabled
+        by default.
+
+        If the dialect in use hasn't opted into that, then this attribute is
+        False, unless the dialect in question overrides this and provides some
+        other implementation (such as the Oracle Database dialects).
+
+        """
+        return self.insert_returning and self.use_insertmanyvalues
+
+    update_executemany_returning = False
+    delete_executemany_returning = False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def loaded_dbapi(self) -> ModuleType:
+        if self.dbapi is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Dialect {self} does not have a Python DBAPI established "
+                "and cannot be used for actual database interaction"
+            )
+        return self.dbapi
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _bind_typing_render_casts(self):
+        return self.bind_typing is interfaces.BindTyping.RENDER_CASTS
+
+    def _ensure_has_table_connection(self, arg: Connection) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(arg, Connection):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The argument passed to Dialect.has_table() should be a "
+                "%s, got %s. "
+                "Additionally, the Dialect.has_table() method is for "
+                "internal dialect "
+                "use only; please use "
+                "``inspect(some_engine).has_table(<tablename>>)`` "
+                "for public API use." % (Connection, type(arg))
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _supports_statement_cache(self):
+        ssc = self.__class__.__dict__.get("supports_statement_cache", None)
+        if ssc is None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Dialect %s:%s will not make use of SQL compilation caching "
+                "as it does not set the 'supports_statement_cache' attribute "
+                "to ``True``.  This can have "
+                "significant performance implications including some "
+                "performance degradations in comparison to prior SQLAlchemy "
+                "versions.  Dialect maintainers should seek to set this "
+                "attribute to True after appropriate development and testing "
+                "for SQLAlchemy 1.4 caching support.   Alternatively, this "
+                "attribute may be set to False which will disable this "
+                "warning." % (self.name, self.driver),
+                code="cprf",
+            )
+
+        return bool(ssc)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _type_memos(self):
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @property
+    def dialect_description(self):
+        return self.name + "+" + self.driver
+
+    @property
+    def supports_sane_rowcount_returning(self):
+        """True if this dialect supports sane rowcount even if RETURNING is
+        in use.
+
+        For dialects that don't support RETURNING, this is synonymous with
+        ``supports_sane_rowcount``.
+
+        """
+        return self.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_pool_class(cls, url: URL) -> Type[Pool]:
+        return getattr(cls, "poolclass", pool.QueuePool)
+
+    def get_dialect_pool_class(self, url: URL) -> Type[Pool]:
+        return self.get_pool_class(url)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_provisioning(cls):
+        package = ".".join(cls.__module__.split(".")[0:-1])
+        try:
+            __import__(package + ".provision")
+        except ImportError:
+            pass
+
+    def _builtin_onconnect(self) -> Optional[_ListenerFnType]:
+        if self._on_connect_isolation_level is not None:
+
+            def builtin_connect(dbapi_conn, conn_rec):
+                self._assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+                    dbapi_conn, self._on_connect_isolation_level
+                )
+
+            return builtin_connect
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def initialize(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.server_version_info = self._get_server_version_info(
+                connection
+            )
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.server_version_info = None
+        try:
+            self.default_schema_name = self._get_default_schema_name(
+                connection
+            )
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_schema_name = None
+
+        try:
+            self.default_isolation_level = self.get_default_isolation_level(
+                connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+            )
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.default_isolation_level = None
+
+        if not self._user_defined_max_identifier_length:
+            max_ident_length = self._check_max_identifier_length(connection)
+            if max_ident_length:
+                self.max_identifier_length = max_ident_length
+
+        if (
+            self.label_length
+            and self.label_length > self.max_identifier_length
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Label length of %d is greater than this dialect's"
+                " maximum identifier length of %d"
+                % (self.label_length, self.max_identifier_length)
+            )
+
+    def on_connect(self) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]:
+        # inherits the docstring from interfaces.Dialect.on_connect
+        return None
+
+    def _check_max_identifier_length(self, connection):
+        """Perform a connection / server version specific check to determine
+        the max_identifier_length.
+
+        If the dialect's class level max_identifier_length should be used,
+        can return None.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.9
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def get_default_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level, or
+        a default isolation level if one cannot be retrieved.
+
+        May be overridden by subclasses in order to provide a
+        "fallback" isolation level for databases that cannot reliably
+        retrieve the actual isolation level.
+
+        By default, calls the :meth:`_engine.Interfaces.get_isolation_level`
+        method, propagating any exceptions raised.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.22
+
+        """
+        return self.get_isolation_level(dbapi_conn)
+
+    def type_descriptor(self, typeobj):
+        """Provide a database-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` object, given
+        the generic object which comes from the types module.
+
+        This method looks for a dictionary called
+        ``colspecs`` as a class or instance-level variable,
+        and passes on to :func:`_types.adapt_type`.
+
+        """
+        return type_api.adapt_type(typeobj, self.colspecs)
+
+    def has_index(self, connection, table_name, index_name, schema=None, **kw):
+        if not self.has_table(connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw):
+            return False
+        for idx in self.get_indexes(
+            connection, table_name, schema=schema, **kw
+        ):
+            if idx["name"] == index_name:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def has_schema(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema_name: str, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        return schema_name in self.get_schema_names(connection, **kw)
+
+    def validate_identifier(self, ident: str) -> None:
+        if len(ident) > self.max_identifier_length:
+            raise exc.IdentifierError(
+                "Identifier '%s' exceeds maximum length of %d characters"
+                % (ident, self.max_identifier_length)
+            )
+
+    def connect(self, *cargs: Any, **cparams: Any) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        # inherits the docstring from interfaces.Dialect.connect
+        return self.loaded_dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # NOQA: E501
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url: URL) -> ConnectArgsType:
+        # inherits the docstring from interfaces.Dialect.create_connect_args
+        opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+        opts.update(url.query)
+        return ([], opts)
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(
+        self, engine: Engine, opts: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        supported_names = set(self.connection_characteristics).intersection(
+            opts
+        )
+        if supported_names:
+            characteristics: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(
+                (name, opts[name]) for name in supported_names
+            )
+
+            @event.listens_for(engine, "engine_connect")
+            def set_connection_characteristics(connection):
+                self._set_connection_characteristics(
+                    connection, characteristics
+                )
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(
+        self, connection: Connection, opts: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        supported_names = set(self.connection_characteristics).intersection(
+            opts
+        )
+        if supported_names:
+            characteristics: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(
+                (name, opts[name]) for name in supported_names
+            )
+            self._set_connection_characteristics(connection, characteristics)
+
+    def _set_connection_characteristics(self, connection, characteristics):
+        characteristic_values = [
+            (name, self.connection_characteristics[name], value)
+            for name, value in characteristics.items()
+        ]
+
+        if connection.in_transaction():
+            trans_objs = [
+                (name, obj)
+                for name, obj, _ in characteristic_values
+                if obj.transactional
+            ]
+            if trans_objs:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This connection has already initialized a SQLAlchemy "
+                    "Transaction() object via begin() or autobegin; "
+                    "%s may not be altered unless rollback() or commit() "
+                    "is called first."
+                    % (", ".join(name for name, obj in trans_objs))
+                )
+
+        dbapi_connection = connection.connection.dbapi_connection
+        for _, characteristic, value in characteristic_values:
+            characteristic.set_connection_characteristic(
+                self, connection, dbapi_connection, value
+            )
+        connection.connection._connection_record.finalize_callback.append(
+            functools.partial(self._reset_characteristics, characteristics)
+        )
+
+    def _reset_characteristics(self, characteristics, dbapi_connection):
+        for characteristic_name in characteristics:
+            characteristic = self.connection_characteristics[
+                characteristic_name
+            ]
+            characteristic.reset_characteristic(self, dbapi_connection)
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection):
+        pass
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection):
+        self.do_close(dbapi_connection)
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection):
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _dialect_specific_select_one(self):
+        return str(expression.select(1).compile(dialect=self))
+
+    def _do_ping_w_event(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return self.do_ping(dbapi_connection)
+        except self.loaded_dbapi.Error as err:
+            is_disconnect = self.is_disconnect(err, dbapi_connection, None)
+
+            if self._has_events:
+                try:
+                    Connection._handle_dbapi_exception_noconnection(
+                        err,
+                        self,
+                        is_disconnect=is_disconnect,
+                        invalidate_pool_on_disconnect=False,
+                        is_pre_ping=True,
+                    )
+                except exc.StatementError as new_err:
+                    is_disconnect = new_err.connection_invalidated
+
+            if is_disconnect:
+                return False
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        cursor = None
+
+        cursor = dbapi_connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(self._dialect_specific_select_one)
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+        return True
+
+    def create_xid(self):
+        """Create a random two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(), do_rollback_twophase(),
+        do_commit_twophase().  Its format is unspecified.
+        """
+
+        return "_sa_%032x" % random.randint(0, 2**128)
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.SavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.RollbackToSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection, name):
+        connection.execute(expression.ReleaseSavepointClause(name))
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        cursor,
+        statement,
+        parameters,
+        generic_setinputsizes,
+        context,
+    ):
+        context = cast(DefaultExecutionContext, context)
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, context.compiled)
+
+        _composite_sentinel_proc: Sequence[
+            Optional[_ResultProcessorType[Any]]
+        ] = ()
+        _scalar_sentinel_proc: Optional[_ResultProcessorType[Any]] = None
+        _sentinel_proc_initialized: bool = False
+
+        compiled_parameters = context.compiled_parameters
+
+        imv = compiled._insertmanyvalues
+        assert imv is not None
+
+        is_returning: Final[bool] = bool(compiled.effective_returning)
+        batch_size = context.execution_options.get(
+            "insertmanyvalues_page_size", self.insertmanyvalues_page_size
+        )
+
+        if compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            schema_translate_map = context.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+        else:
+            schema_translate_map = None
+
+        if is_returning:
+            result: Optional[List[Any]] = []
+            context._insertmanyvalues_rows = result
+
+            sort_by_parameter_order = imv.sort_by_parameter_order
+
+        else:
+            sort_by_parameter_order = False
+            result = None
+
+        for imv_batch in compiled._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            compiled_parameters,
+            generic_setinputsizes,
+            batch_size,
+            sort_by_parameter_order,
+            schema_translate_map,
+        ):
+            yield imv_batch
+
+            if is_returning:
+
+                try:
+                    rows = context.fetchall_for_returning(cursor)
+                except BaseException as be:
+                    connection._handle_dbapi_exception(
+                        be,
+                        sql_util._long_statement(imv_batch.replaced_statement),
+                        imv_batch.replaced_parameters,
+                        None,
+                        context,
+                        is_sub_exec=True,
+                    )
+
+                # I would have thought "is_returning: Final[bool]"
+                # would have assured this but pylance thinks not
+                assert result is not None
+
+                if imv.num_sentinel_columns and not imv_batch.is_downgraded:
+                    composite_sentinel = imv.num_sentinel_columns > 1
+                    if imv.implicit_sentinel:
+                        # for implicit sentinel, which is currently single-col
+                        # integer autoincrement, do a simple sort.
+                        assert not composite_sentinel
+                        result.extend(
+                            sorted(rows, key=operator.itemgetter(-1))
+                        )
+                        continue
+
+                    # otherwise, create dictionaries to match up batches
+                    # with parameters
+                    assert imv.sentinel_param_keys
+                    assert imv.sentinel_columns
+
+                    _nsc = imv.num_sentinel_columns
+
+                    if not _sentinel_proc_initialized:
+                        if composite_sentinel:
+                            _composite_sentinel_proc = [
+                                col.type._cached_result_processor(
+                                    self, cursor_desc[1]
+                                )
+                                for col, cursor_desc in zip(
+                                    imv.sentinel_columns,
+                                    cursor.description[-_nsc:],
+                                )
+                            ]
+                        else:
+                            _scalar_sentinel_proc = (
+                                imv.sentinel_columns[0]
+                            ).type._cached_result_processor(
+                                self, cursor.description[-1][1]
+                            )
+                        _sentinel_proc_initialized = True
+
+                    rows_by_sentinel: Union[
+                        Dict[Tuple[Any, ...], Any],
+                        Dict[Any, Any],
+                    ]
+                    if composite_sentinel:
+                        rows_by_sentinel = {
+                            tuple(
+                                (proc(val) if proc else val)
+                                for val, proc in zip(
+                                    row[-_nsc:], _composite_sentinel_proc
+                                )
+                            ): row
+                            for row in rows
+                        }
+                    elif _scalar_sentinel_proc:
+                        rows_by_sentinel = {
+                            _scalar_sentinel_proc(row[-1]): row for row in rows
+                        }
+                    else:
+                        rows_by_sentinel = {row[-1]: row for row in rows}
+
+                    if len(rows_by_sentinel) != len(imv_batch.batch):
+                        # see test_insert_exec.py::
+                        # IMVSentinelTest::test_sentinel_incorrect_rowcount
+                        # for coverage / demonstration
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            f"Sentinel-keyed result set did not produce "
+                            f"correct number of rows {len(imv_batch.batch)}; "
+                            "produced "
+                            f"{len(rows_by_sentinel)}.  Please ensure the "
+                            "sentinel column is fully unique and populated in "
+                            "all cases."
+                        )
+
+                    try:
+                        ordered_rows = [
+                            rows_by_sentinel[sentinel_keys]
+                            for sentinel_keys in imv_batch.sentinel_values
+                        ]
+                    except KeyError as ke:
+                        # see test_insert_exec.py::
+                        # IMVSentinelTest::test_sentinel_cant_match_keys
+                        # for coverage / demonstration
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            f"Can't match sentinel values in result set to "
+                            f"parameter sets; key {ke.args[0]!r} was not "
+                            "found. "
+                            "There may be a mismatch between the datatype "
+                            "passed to the DBAPI driver vs. that which it "
+                            "returns in a result row.  Ensure the given "
+                            "Python value matches the expected result type "
+                            "*exactly*, taking care to not rely upon implicit "
+                            "conversions which may occur such as when using "
+                            "strings in place of UUID or integer values, etc. "
+                        ) from ke
+
+                    result.extend(ordered_rows)
+
+                else:
+                    result.extend(rows)
+
+    def do_executemany(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.executemany(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute(self, cursor, statement, parameters, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement, parameters)
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(self, cursor, statement, context=None):
+        cursor.execute(statement)
+
+    def is_disconnect(
+        self,
+        e: Exception,
+        connection: Union[
+            pool.PoolProxiedConnection, interfaces.DBAPIConnection, None
+        ],
+        cursor: Optional[interfaces.DBAPICursor],
+    ) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _gen_allowed_isolation_levels(self, dbapi_conn):
+        try:
+            raw_levels = list(self.get_isolation_level_values(dbapi_conn))
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            return None
+        else:
+            normalized_levels = [
+                level.replace("_", " ").upper() for level in raw_levels
+            ]
+            if raw_levels != normalized_levels:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Dialect {self.name!r} get_isolation_level_values() "
+                    f"method should return names as UPPERCASE using spaces, "
+                    f"not underscores; got "
+                    f"{sorted(set(raw_levels).difference(normalized_levels))}"
+                )
+            return tuple(normalized_levels)
+
+    def _assert_and_set_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn, level):
+        level = level.replace("_", " ").upper()
+
+        _allowed_isolation_levels = self._gen_allowed_isolation_levels(
+            dbapi_conn
+        )
+        if (
+            _allowed_isolation_levels
+            and level not in _allowed_isolation_levels
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Invalid value {level!r} for isolation_level. "
+                f"Valid isolation levels for {self.name!r} are "
+                f"{', '.join(_allowed_isolation_levels)}"
+            )
+
+        self.set_isolation_level(dbapi_conn, level)
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_conn):
+        if self._on_connect_isolation_level is not None:
+            assert (
+                self._on_connect_isolation_level == "AUTOCOMMIT"
+                or self._on_connect_isolation_level
+                == self.default_isolation_level
+            )
+            self._assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_conn, self._on_connect_isolation_level
+            )
+        else:
+            assert self.default_isolation_level is not None
+            self._assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+                dbapi_conn,
+                self.default_isolation_level,
+            )
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+
+        name_lower = name.lower()
+        name_upper = name.upper()
+
+        if name_upper == name_lower:
+            # name has no upper/lower conversion, e.g. non-european characters.
+            # return unchanged
+            return name
+        elif name_upper == name and not (
+            self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes
+        )(name_lower):
+            # name is all uppercase and doesn't require quoting; normalize
+            # to all lower case
+            return name_lower
+        elif name_lower == name:
+            # name is all lower case, which if denormalized means we need to
+            # force quoting on it
+            return quoted_name(name, quote=True)
+        else:
+            # name is mixed case, means it will be quoted in SQL when used
+            # later, no normalizes
+            return name
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name):
+        if name is None:
+            return None
+
+        name_lower = name.lower()
+        name_upper = name.upper()
+
+        if name_upper == name_lower:
+            # name has no upper/lower conversion, e.g. non-european characters.
+            # return unchanged
+            return name
+        elif name_lower == name and not (
+            self.identifier_preparer._requires_quotes
+        )(name_lower):
+            name = name_upper
+        return name
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection):
+        return connection
+
+    def _overrides_default(self, method):
+        return (
+            getattr(type(self), method).__code__
+            is not getattr(DefaultDialect, method).__code__
+        )
+
+    def _default_multi_reflect(
+        self,
+        single_tbl_method,
+        connection,
+        kind,
+        schema,
+        filter_names,
+        scope,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        names_fns = []
+        temp_names_fns = []
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+            names_fns.append(self.get_table_names)
+            temp_names_fns.append(self.get_temp_table_names)
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            names_fns.append(self.get_view_names)
+            temp_names_fns.append(self.get_temp_view_names)
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            names_fns.append(self.get_materialized_view_names)
+            # no temp materialized view at the moment
+            # temp_names_fns.append(self.get_temp_materialized_view_names)
+
+        unreflectable = kw.pop("unreflectable", {})
+
+        if (
+            filter_names
+            and scope is ObjectScope.ANY
+            and kind is ObjectKind.ANY
+        ):
+            # if names are given and no qualification on type of table
+            # (i.e. the Table(..., autoload) case), take the names as given,
+            # don't run names queries. If a table does not exit
+            # NoSuchTableError is raised and it's skipped
+
+            # this also suits the case for mssql where we can reflect
+            # individual temp tables but there's no temp_names_fn
+            names = filter_names
+        else:
+            names = []
+            name_kw = {"schema": schema, **kw}
+            fns = []
+            if ObjectScope.DEFAULT in scope:
+                fns.extend(names_fns)
+            if ObjectScope.TEMPORARY in scope:
+                fns.extend(temp_names_fns)
+
+            for fn in fns:
+                try:
+                    names.extend(fn(connection, **name_kw))
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+
+        if filter_names:
+            filter_names = set(filter_names)
+
+        # iterate over all the tables/views and call the single table method
+        for table in names:
+            if not filter_names or table in filter_names:
+                key = (schema, table)
+                try:
+                    yield (
+                        key,
+                        single_tbl_method(
+                            connection, table, schema=schema, **kw
+                        ),
+                    )
+                except exc.UnreflectableTableError as err:
+                    if key not in unreflectable:
+                        unreflectable[key] = err
+                except exc.NoSuchTableError:
+                    pass
+
+    def get_multi_table_options(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_table_options, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_columns(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(self.get_columns, connection, **kw)
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_pk_constraint, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_foreign_keys, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(self.get_indexes, connection, **kw)
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_unique_constraints, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_check_constraints, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(self, connection, **kw):
+        return self._default_multi_reflect(
+            self.get_table_comment, connection, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class StrCompileDialect(DefaultDialect):
+    statement_compiler = compiler.StrSQLCompiler
+    ddl_compiler = compiler.DDLCompiler
+    type_compiler_cls = compiler.StrSQLTypeCompiler
+    preparer = compiler.IdentifierPreparer
+
+    insert_returning = True
+    update_returning = True
+    delete_returning = True
+
+    supports_statement_cache = True
+
+    supports_identity_columns = True
+
+    supports_sequences = True
+    sequences_optional = True
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences = False
+
+    supports_native_boolean = True
+
+    supports_multivalues_insert = True
+    supports_simple_order_by_label = True
+
+
+class DefaultExecutionContext(ExecutionContext):
+    isinsert = False
+    isupdate = False
+    isdelete = False
+    is_crud = False
+    is_text = False
+    isddl = False
+
+    execute_style: ExecuteStyle = ExecuteStyle.EXECUTE
+
+    compiled: Optional[Compiled] = None
+    result_column_struct: Optional[
+        Tuple[List[ResultColumnsEntry], bool, bool, bool, bool]
+    ] = None
+    returned_default_rows: Optional[Sequence[Row[Any]]] = None
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    cursor_fetch_strategy = _cursor._DEFAULT_FETCH
+
+    invoked_statement: Optional[Executable] = None
+
+    _is_implicit_returning = False
+    _is_explicit_returning = False
+    _is_supplemental_returning = False
+    _is_server_side = False
+
+    _soft_closed = False
+
+    _rowcount: Optional[int] = None
+
+    # a hook for SQLite's translation of
+    # result column names
+    # NOTE: pyhive is using this hook, can't remove it :(
+    _translate_colname: Optional[Callable[[str], str]] = None
+
+    _expanded_parameters: Mapping[str, List[str]] = util.immutabledict()
+    """used by set_input_sizes().
+
+    This collection comes from ``ExpandedState.parameter_expansion``.
+
+    """
+
+    cache_hit = NO_CACHE_KEY
+
+    root_connection: Connection
+    _dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection
+    dialect: Dialect
+    unicode_statement: str
+    cursor: DBAPICursor
+    compiled_parameters: List[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]
+    parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]]
+
+    _empty_dict_params = cast("Mapping[str, Any]", util.EMPTY_DICT)
+
+    _insertmanyvalues_rows: Optional[List[Tuple[Any, ...]]] = None
+    _num_sentinel_cols: int = 0
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_ddl(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled_ddl: DDLCompiler,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for an ExecutableDDLElement
+        construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+
+        self.compiled = compiled = compiled_ddl
+        self.isddl = True
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        self.unicode_statement = str(compiled)
+        if compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            schema_translate_map = self.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+
+            rst = compiled.preparer._render_schema_translates
+            self.unicode_statement = rst(
+                self.unicode_statement, schema_translate_map
+            )
+
+        self.statement = self.unicode_statement
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        self.compiled_parameters = []
+
+        if dialect.positional:
+            self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [self._empty_dict_params]
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiled(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled: SQLCompiler,
+        parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        invoked_statement: Executable,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]],
+        cache_hit: CacheStats = CacheStats.CACHING_DISABLED,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for a Compiled construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+        self.extracted_parameters = extracted_parameters
+        self.invoked_statement = invoked_statement
+        self.compiled = compiled
+        self.cache_hit = cache_hit
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        self.result_column_struct = (
+            compiled._result_columns,
+            compiled._ordered_columns,
+            compiled._textual_ordered_columns,
+            compiled._ad_hoc_textual,
+            compiled._loose_column_name_matching,
+        )
+
+        self.isinsert = ii = compiled.isinsert
+        self.isupdate = iu = compiled.isupdate
+        self.isdelete = id_ = compiled.isdelete
+        self.is_text = compiled.isplaintext
+
+        if ii or iu or id_:
+            dml_statement = compiled.compile_state.statement  # type: ignore
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(dml_statement, UpdateBase)
+            self.is_crud = True
+            self._is_explicit_returning = ier = bool(dml_statement._returning)
+            self._is_implicit_returning = iir = bool(
+                compiled.implicit_returning
+            )
+            if iir and dml_statement._supplemental_returning:
+                self._is_supplemental_returning = True
+
+            # dont mix implicit and explicit returning
+            assert not (iir and ier)
+
+            if (ier or iir) and compiled.for_executemany:
+                if ii and not self.dialect.insert_executemany_returning:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "INSERT..RETURNING when executemany is used"
+                    )
+                elif (
+                    ii
+                    and dml_statement._sort_by_parameter_order
+                    and not self.dialect.insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order  # noqa: E501
+                ):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "INSERT..RETURNING with deterministic row ordering "
+                        "when executemany is used"
+                    )
+                elif (
+                    ii
+                    and self.dialect.use_insertmanyvalues
+                    and not compiled._insertmanyvalues
+                ):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        'Statement does not have "insertmanyvalues" '
+                        "enabled, can't use INSERT..RETURNING with "
+                        "executemany in this case."
+                    )
+                elif iu and not self.dialect.update_executemany_returning:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "UPDATE..RETURNING when executemany is used"
+                    )
+                elif id_ and not self.dialect.delete_executemany_returning:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Dialect {self.dialect.dialect_description} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        "DELETE..RETURNING when executemany is used"
+                    )
+
+        if not parameters:
+            self.compiled_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters,
+                    escape_names=False,
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.compiled_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    m,
+                    escape_names=False,
+                    _group_number=grp,
+                    extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters,
+                )
+                for grp, m in enumerate(parameters)
+            ]
+
+            if len(parameters) > 1:
+                if self.isinsert and compiled._insertmanyvalues:
+                    self.execute_style = ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES
+
+                    imv = compiled._insertmanyvalues
+                    if imv.sentinel_columns is not None:
+                        self._num_sentinel_cols = imv.num_sentinel_columns
+                else:
+                    self.execute_style = ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY
+
+        self.unicode_statement = compiled.string
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+
+        if self.compiled.insert_prefetch or self.compiled.update_prefetch:
+            self._process_execute_defaults()
+
+        processors = compiled._bind_processors
+
+        flattened_processors: Mapping[
+            str, _BindProcessorType[Any]
+        ] = processors  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        if compiled.literal_execute_params or compiled.post_compile_params:
+            if self.executemany:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'literal_execute' or 'expanding' parameters can't be "
+                    "used with executemany()"
+                )
+
+            expanded_state = compiled._process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+                self.compiled_parameters[0]
+            )
+
+            # re-assign self.unicode_statement
+            self.unicode_statement = expanded_state.statement
+
+            self._expanded_parameters = expanded_state.parameter_expansion
+
+            flattened_processors = dict(processors)  # type: ignore
+            flattened_processors.update(expanded_state.processors)
+            positiontup = expanded_state.positiontup
+        elif compiled.positional:
+            positiontup = self.compiled.positiontup
+        else:
+            positiontup = None
+
+        if compiled.schema_translate_map:
+            schema_translate_map = self.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+            rst = compiled.preparer._render_schema_translates
+            self.unicode_statement = rst(
+                self.unicode_statement, schema_translate_map
+            )
+
+        # final self.unicode_statement is now assigned, encode if needed
+        # by dialect
+        self.statement = self.unicode_statement
+
+        # Convert the dictionary of bind parameter values
+        # into a dict or list to be sent to the DBAPI's
+        # execute() or executemany() method.
+
+        if compiled.positional:
+            core_positional_parameters: MutableSequence[Sequence[Any]] = []
+            assert positiontup is not None
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+                l_param: List[Any] = [
+                    (
+                        flattened_processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                        if key in flattened_processors
+                        else compiled_params[key]
+                    )
+                    for key in positiontup
+                ]
+                core_positional_parameters.append(
+                    dialect.execute_sequence_format(l_param)
+                )
+
+            self.parameters = core_positional_parameters
+        else:
+            core_dict_parameters: MutableSequence[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+            escaped_names = compiled.escaped_bind_names
+
+            # note that currently, "expanded" parameters will be present
+            # in self.compiled_parameters in their quoted form.   This is
+            # slightly inconsistent with the approach taken as of
+            # #8056 where self.compiled_parameters is meant to contain unquoted
+            # param names.
+            d_param: Dict[str, Any]
+            for compiled_params in self.compiled_parameters:
+                if escaped_names:
+                    d_param = {
+                        escaped_names.get(key, key): (
+                            flattened_processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                            if key in flattened_processors
+                            else compiled_params[key]
+                        )
+                        for key in compiled_params
+                    }
+                else:
+                    d_param = {
+                        key: (
+                            flattened_processors[key](compiled_params[key])
+                            if key in flattened_processors
+                            else compiled_params[key]
+                        )
+                        for key in compiled_params
+                    }
+
+                core_dict_parameters.append(d_param)
+
+            self.parameters = core_dict_parameters
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_statement(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for a string SQL statement."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+        self.is_text = True
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        if not parameters:
+            if self.dialect.positional:
+                self.parameters = [dialect.execute_sequence_format()]
+            else:
+                self.parameters = [self._empty_dict_params]
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dialect.execute_sequence_format):
+            self.parameters = parameters
+        elif isinstance(parameters[0], dict):
+            self.parameters = parameters
+        else:
+            self.parameters = [
+                dialect.execute_sequence_format(p) for p in parameters
+            ]
+
+        if len(parameters) > 1:
+            self.execute_style = ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY
+
+        self.statement = self.unicode_statement = statement
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_default(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        """Initialize execution context for a ColumnDefault construct."""
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.root_connection = connection
+        self._dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self.dialect = connection.dialect
+
+        self.execution_options = execution_options
+
+        self.cursor = self.create_cursor()
+        return self
+
+    def _get_cache_stats(self) -> str:
+        if self.compiled is None:
+            return "raw sql"
+
+        now = perf_counter()
+
+        ch = self.cache_hit
+
+        gen_time = self.compiled._gen_time
+        assert gen_time is not None
+
+        if ch is NO_CACHE_KEY:
+            return "no key %.5fs" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is CACHE_HIT:
+            return "cached since %.4gs ago" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is CACHE_MISS:
+            return "generated in %.5fs" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is CACHING_DISABLED:
+            if "_cache_disable_reason" in self.execution_options:
+                return "caching disabled (%s) %.5fs " % (
+                    self.execution_options["_cache_disable_reason"],
+                    now - gen_time,
+                )
+            else:
+                return "caching disabled %.5fs" % (now - gen_time,)
+        elif ch is NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT:
+            return "dialect %s+%s does not support caching %.5fs" % (
+                self.dialect.name,
+                self.dialect.driver,
+                now - gen_time,
+            )
+        else:
+            return "unknown"
+
+    @property
+    def executemany(self):
+        return self.execute_style in (
+            ExecuteStyle.EXECUTEMANY,
+            ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES,
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def identifier_preparer(self):
+        if self.compiled:
+            return self.compiled.preparer
+        elif "schema_translate_map" in self.execution_options:
+            return self.dialect.identifier_preparer._with_schema_translate(
+                self.execution_options["schema_translate_map"]
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def engine(self):
+        return self.root_connection.engine
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def postfetch_cols(self) -> Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.compiled, SQLCompiler)
+        return self.compiled.postfetch
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def prefetch_cols(self) -> Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.compiled, SQLCompiler)
+        if self.isinsert:
+            return self.compiled.insert_prefetch
+        elif self.isupdate:
+            return self.compiled.update_prefetch
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def no_parameters(self):
+        return self.execution_options.get("no_parameters", False)
+
+    def _execute_scalar(
+        self,
+        stmt: str,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]],
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a string statement on the current cursor, returning a
+        scalar result.
+
+        Used to fire off sequences, default phrases, and "select lastrowid"
+        types of statements individually or in the context of a parent INSERT
+        or UPDATE statement.
+
+        """
+
+        conn = self.root_connection
+
+        if "schema_translate_map" in self.execution_options:
+            schema_translate_map = self.execution_options.get(
+                "schema_translate_map", {}
+            )
+
+            rst = self.identifier_preparer._render_schema_translates
+            stmt = rst(stmt, schema_translate_map)
+
+        if not parameters:
+            if self.dialect.positional:
+                parameters = self.dialect.execute_sequence_format()
+            else:
+                parameters = {}
+
+        conn._cursor_execute(self.cursor, stmt, parameters, context=self)
+        row = self.cursor.fetchone()
+        if row is not None:
+            r = row[0]
+        else:
+            r = None
+        if type_ is not None:
+            # apply type post processors to the result
+            proc = type_._cached_result_processor(
+                self.dialect, self.cursor.description[0][1]
+            )
+            if proc:
+                return proc(r)
+        return r
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def connection(self):
+        return self.root_connection
+
+    def _use_server_side_cursor(self):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors:
+            return False
+
+        if self.dialect.server_side_cursors:
+            # this is deprecated
+            use_server_side = self.execution_options.get(
+                "stream_results", True
+            ) and (
+                self.compiled
+                and isinstance(self.compiled.statement, expression.Selectable)
+                or (
+                    (
+                        not self.compiled
+                        or isinstance(
+                            self.compiled.statement, expression.TextClause
+                        )
+                    )
+                    and self.unicode_statement
+                    and SERVER_SIDE_CURSOR_RE.match(self.unicode_statement)
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            use_server_side = self.execution_options.get(
+                "stream_results", False
+            )
+
+        return use_server_side
+
+    def create_cursor(self) -> DBAPICursor:
+        if (
+            # inlining initial preference checks for SS cursors
+            self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors
+            and (
+                self.execution_options.get("stream_results", False)
+                or (
+                    self.dialect.server_side_cursors
+                    and self._use_server_side_cursor()
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+            self._is_server_side = True
+            return self.create_server_side_cursor()
+        else:
+            self._is_server_side = False
+            return self.create_default_cursor()
+
+    def fetchall_for_returning(self, cursor):
+        return cursor.fetchall()
+
+    def create_default_cursor(self) -> DBAPICursor:
+        return self._dbapi_connection.cursor()
+
+    def create_server_side_cursor(self) -> DBAPICursor:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_out_parameter_values(self, names):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This dialect does not support OUT parameters"
+        )
+
+    def post_exec(self):
+        pass
+
+    def get_result_processor(self, type_, colname, coltype):
+        """Return a 'result processor' for a given type as present in
+        cursor.description.
+
+        This has a default implementation that dialects can override
+        for context-sensitive result type handling.
+
+        """
+        return type_._cached_result_processor(self.dialect, coltype)
+
+    def get_lastrowid(self):
+        """return self.cursor.lastrowid, or equivalent, after an INSERT.
+
+        This may involve calling special cursor functions, issuing a new SELECT
+        on the cursor (or a new one), or returning a stored value that was
+        calculated within post_exec().
+
+        This function will only be called for dialects which support "implicit"
+        primary key generation, keep preexecute_autoincrement_sequences set to
+        False, and when no explicit id value was bound to the statement.
+
+        The function is called once for an INSERT statement that would need to
+        return the last inserted primary key for those dialects that make use
+        of the lastrowid concept.  In these cases, it is called directly after
+        :meth:`.ExecutionContext.post_exec`.
+
+        """
+        return self.cursor.lastrowid
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e):
+        pass
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def rowcount(self) -> int:
+        if self._rowcount is not None:
+            return self._rowcount
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.rowcount
+
+    @property
+    def _has_rowcount(self):
+        return self._rowcount is not None
+
+    def supports_sane_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+    def supports_sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        return self.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+
+    def _setup_result_proxy(self):
+        exec_opt = self.execution_options
+
+        if self._rowcount is None and exec_opt.get("preserve_rowcount", False):
+            self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+
+        if self.is_crud or self.is_text:
+            result = self._setup_dml_or_text_result()
+            yp = sr = False
+        else:
+            yp = exec_opt.get("yield_per", None)
+            sr = self._is_server_side or exec_opt.get("stream_results", False)
+            strategy = self.cursor_fetch_strategy
+            if sr and strategy is _cursor._DEFAULT_FETCH:
+                strategy = _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor, self.execution_options
+                )
+            cursor_description: _DBAPICursorDescription = (
+                strategy.alternate_cursor_description
+                or self.cursor.description
+            )
+            if cursor_description is None:
+                strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DQL
+
+            result = _cursor.CursorResult(self, strategy, cursor_description)
+
+        compiled = self.compiled
+
+        if (
+            compiled
+            and not self.isddl
+            and cast(SQLCompiler, compiled).has_out_parameters
+        ):
+            self._setup_out_parameters(result)
+
+        self._soft_closed = result._soft_closed
+
+        if yp:
+            result = result.yield_per(yp)
+
+        return result
+
+    def _setup_out_parameters(self, result):
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        out_bindparams = [
+            (param, name)
+            for param, name in compiled.bind_names.items()
+            if param.isoutparam
+        ]
+        out_parameters = {}
+
+        for bindparam, raw_value in zip(
+            [param for param, name in out_bindparams],
+            self.get_out_parameter_values(
+                [name for param, name in out_bindparams]
+            ),
+        ):
+            type_ = bindparam.type
+            impl_type = type_.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+            dbapi_type = impl_type.get_dbapi_type(self.dialect.loaded_dbapi)
+            result_processor = impl_type.result_processor(
+                self.dialect, dbapi_type
+            )
+            if result_processor is not None:
+                raw_value = result_processor(raw_value)
+            out_parameters[bindparam.key] = raw_value
+
+        result.out_parameters = out_parameters
+
+    def _setup_dml_or_text_result(self):
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        strategy: ResultFetchStrategy = self.cursor_fetch_strategy
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            if (
+                self.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES
+                and compiled.effective_returning
+            ):
+                strategy = _cursor.FullyBufferedCursorFetchStrategy(
+                    self.cursor,
+                    initial_buffer=self._insertmanyvalues_rows,
+                    # maintain alt cursor description if set by the
+                    # dialect, e.g. mssql preserves it
+                    alternate_description=(
+                        strategy.alternate_cursor_description
+                    ),
+                )
+
+            if compiled.postfetch_lastrowid:
+                self.inserted_primary_key_rows = (
+                    self._setup_ins_pk_from_lastrowid()
+                )
+            # else if not self._is_implicit_returning,
+            # the default inserted_primary_key_rows accessor will
+            # return an "empty" primary key collection when accessed.
+
+        if self._is_server_side and strategy is _cursor._DEFAULT_FETCH:
+            strategy = _cursor.BufferedRowCursorFetchStrategy(
+                self.cursor, self.execution_options
+            )
+
+        if strategy is _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML:
+            cursor_description = None
+        else:
+            cursor_description = (
+                strategy.alternate_cursor_description
+                or self.cursor.description
+            )
+
+        if cursor_description is None:
+            strategy = _cursor._NO_CURSOR_DML
+        elif self._num_sentinel_cols:
+            assert self.execute_style is ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES
+            # strip out the sentinel columns from cursor description
+            # a similar logic is done to the rows only in CursorResult
+            cursor_description = cursor_description[
+                0 : -self._num_sentinel_cols
+            ]
+
+        result: _cursor.CursorResult[Any] = _cursor.CursorResult(
+            self, strategy, cursor_description
+        )
+
+        if self.isinsert:
+            if self._is_implicit_returning:
+                rows = result.all()
+
+                self.returned_default_rows = rows
+
+                self.inserted_primary_key_rows = (
+                    self._setup_ins_pk_from_implicit_returning(result, rows)
+                )
+
+                # test that it has a cursor metadata that is accurate. the
+                # first row will have been fetched and current assumptions
+                # are that the result has only one row, until executemany()
+                # support is added here.
+                assert result._metadata.returns_rows
+
+                # Insert statement has both return_defaults() and
+                # returning().  rewind the result on the list of rows
+                # we just used.
+                if self._is_supplemental_returning:
+                    result._rewind(rows)
+                else:
+                    result._soft_close()
+            elif not self._is_explicit_returning:
+                result._soft_close()
+
+                # we assume here the result does not return any rows.
+                # *usually*, this will be true.  However, some dialects
+                # such as that of MSSQL/pyodbc need to SELECT a post fetch
+                # function so this is not necessarily true.
+                # assert not result.returns_rows
+
+        elif self._is_implicit_returning:
+            rows = result.all()
+
+            if rows:
+                self.returned_default_rows = rows
+            self._rowcount = len(rows)
+
+            if self._is_supplemental_returning:
+                result._rewind(rows)
+            else:
+                result._soft_close()
+
+            # test that it has a cursor metadata that is accurate.
+            # the rows have all been fetched however.
+            assert result._metadata.returns_rows
+
+        elif not result._metadata.returns_rows:
+            # no results, get rowcount
+            # (which requires open cursor on some drivers)
+            if self._rowcount is None:
+                self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+            result._soft_close()
+        elif self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            if self._rowcount is None:
+                self._rowcount = self.cursor.rowcount
+        return result
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def inserted_primary_key_rows(self):
+        # if no specific "get primary key" strategy was set up
+        # during execution, return a "default" primary key based
+        # on what's in the compiled_parameters and nothing else.
+        return self._setup_ins_pk_from_empty()
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_lastrowid(self):
+        getter = cast(
+            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+        )._inserted_primary_key_from_lastrowid_getter
+        lastrowid = self.get_lastrowid()
+        return [getter(lastrowid, self.compiled_parameters[0])]
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_empty(self):
+        getter = cast(
+            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+        )._inserted_primary_key_from_lastrowid_getter
+        return [getter(None, param) for param in self.compiled_parameters]
+
+    def _setup_ins_pk_from_implicit_returning(self, result, rows):
+        if not rows:
+            return []
+
+        getter = cast(
+            SQLCompiler, self.compiled
+        )._inserted_primary_key_from_returning_getter
+        compiled_params = self.compiled_parameters
+
+        return [
+            getter(row, param) for row, param in zip(rows, compiled_params)
+        ]
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self):
+        return (self.isinsert or self.isupdate) and bool(
+            cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled).postfetch
+        )
+
+    def _prepare_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]]]:
+        """Given a cursor and ClauseParameters, prepare arguments
+        in order to call the appropriate
+        style of ``setinputsizes()`` on the cursor, using DB-API types
+        from the bind parameter's ``TypeEngine`` objects.
+
+        This method only called by those dialects which set the
+        :attr:`.Dialect.bind_typing` attribute to
+        :attr:`.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES`.  Python-oracledb and cx_Oracle are
+        the only DBAPIs that requires setinputsizes(); pyodbc offers it as an
+        option.
+
+        Prior to SQLAlchemy 2.0, the setinputsizes() approach was also used
+        for pg8000 and asyncpg, which has been changed to inline rendering
+        of casts.
+
+        """
+        if self.isddl or self.is_text:
+            return None
+
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        inputsizes = compiled._get_set_input_sizes_lookup()
+
+        if inputsizes is None:
+            return None
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        # all of the rest of this... cython?
+
+        if dialect._has_events:
+            inputsizes = dict(inputsizes)
+            dialect.dispatch.do_setinputsizes(
+                inputsizes, self.cursor, self.statement, self.parameters, self
+            )
+
+        if compiled.escaped_bind_names:
+            escaped_bind_names = compiled.escaped_bind_names
+        else:
+            escaped_bind_names = None
+
+        if dialect.positional:
+            items = [
+                (key, compiled.binds[key])
+                for key in compiled.positiontup or ()
+            ]
+        else:
+            items = [
+                (key, bindparam)
+                for bindparam, key in compiled.bind_names.items()
+            ]
+
+        generic_inputsizes: List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]] = []
+        for key, bindparam in items:
+            if bindparam in compiled.literal_execute_params:
+                continue
+
+            if key in self._expanded_parameters:
+                if is_tuple_type(bindparam.type):
+                    num = len(bindparam.type.types)
+                    dbtypes = inputsizes[bindparam]
+                    generic_inputsizes.extend(
+                        (
+                            (
+                                escaped_bind_names.get(paramname, paramname)
+                                if escaped_bind_names is not None
+                                else paramname
+                            ),
+                            dbtypes[idx % num],
+                            bindparam.type.types[idx % num],
+                        )
+                        for idx, paramname in enumerate(
+                            self._expanded_parameters[key]
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    dbtype = inputsizes.get(bindparam, None)
+                    generic_inputsizes.extend(
+                        (
+                            (
+                                escaped_bind_names.get(paramname, paramname)
+                                if escaped_bind_names is not None
+                                else paramname
+                            ),
+                            dbtype,
+                            bindparam.type,
+                        )
+                        for paramname in self._expanded_parameters[key]
+                    )
+            else:
+                dbtype = inputsizes.get(bindparam, None)
+
+                escaped_name = (
+                    escaped_bind_names.get(key, key)
+                    if escaped_bind_names is not None
+                    else key
+                )
+
+                generic_inputsizes.append(
+                    (escaped_name, dbtype, bindparam.type)
+                )
+
+        return generic_inputsizes
+
+    def _exec_default(self, column, default, type_):
+        if default.is_sequence:
+            return self.fire_sequence(default, type_)
+        elif default.is_callable:
+            # this codepath is not normally used as it's inlined
+            # into _process_execute_defaults
+            self.current_column = column
+            return default.arg(self)
+        elif default.is_clause_element:
+            return self._exec_default_clause_element(column, default, type_)
+        else:
+            # this codepath is not normally used as it's inlined
+            # into _process_execute_defaults
+            return default.arg
+
+    def _exec_default_clause_element(self, column, default, type_):
+        # execute a default that's a complete clause element.  Here, we have
+        # to re-implement a miniature version of the compile->parameters->
+        # cursor.execute() sequence, since we don't want to modify the state
+        # of the connection  / result in progress or create new connection/
+        # result objects etc.
+        # .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        if not default._arg_is_typed:
+            default_arg = expression.type_coerce(default.arg, type_)
+        else:
+            default_arg = default.arg
+        compiled = expression.select(default_arg).compile(dialect=self.dialect)
+        compiled_params = compiled.construct_params()
+        processors = compiled._bind_processors
+        if compiled.positional:
+            parameters = self.dialect.execute_sequence_format(
+                [
+                    (
+                        processors[key](compiled_params[key])  # type: ignore
+                        if key in processors
+                        else compiled_params[key]
+                    )
+                    for key in compiled.positiontup or ()
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            parameters = {
+                key: (
+                    processors[key](compiled_params[key])  # type: ignore
+                    if key in processors
+                    else compiled_params[key]
+                )
+                for key in compiled_params
+            }
+        return self._execute_scalar(
+            str(compiled), type_, parameters=parameters
+        )
+
+    current_parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None
+    """A dictionary of parameters applied to the current row.
+
+    This attribute is only available in the context of a user-defined default
+    generation function, e.g. as described at :ref:`context_default_functions`.
+    It consists of a dictionary which includes entries for each column/value
+    pair that is to be part of the INSERT or UPDATE statement. The keys of the
+    dictionary will be the key value of each :class:`_schema.Column`,
+    which is usually
+    synonymous with the name.
+
+    Note that the :attr:`.DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters` attribute
+    does not accommodate for the "multi-values" feature of the
+    :meth:`_expression.Insert.values` method.  The
+    :meth:`.DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters` method should be
+    preferred.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters`
+
+        :ref:`context_default_functions`
+
+    """
+
+    def get_current_parameters(self, isolate_multiinsert_groups=True):
+        """Return a dictionary of parameters applied to the current row.
+
+        This method can only be used in the context of a user-defined default
+        generation function, e.g. as described at
+        :ref:`context_default_functions`. When invoked, a dictionary is
+        returned which includes entries for each column/value pair that is part
+        of the INSERT or UPDATE statement. The keys of the dictionary will be
+        the key value of each :class:`_schema.Column`,
+        which is usually synonymous
+        with the name.
+
+        :param isolate_multiinsert_groups=True: indicates that multi-valued
+         INSERT constructs created using :meth:`_expression.Insert.values`
+         should be
+         handled by returning only the subset of parameters that are local
+         to the current column default invocation.   When ``False``, the
+         raw parameters of the statement are returned including the
+         naming convention used in the case of multi-valued INSERT.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2  added
+           :meth:`.DefaultExecutionContext.get_current_parameters`
+           which provides more functionality over the existing
+           :attr:`.DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters`
+           attribute.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DefaultExecutionContext.current_parameters`
+
+            :ref:`context_default_functions`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            parameters = self.current_parameters
+            column = self.current_column
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "get_current_parameters() can only be invoked in the "
+                "context of a Python side column default function"
+            )
+        else:
+            assert column is not None
+            assert parameters is not None
+        compile_state = cast(
+            "DMLState", cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled).compile_state
+        )
+        assert compile_state is not None
+        if (
+            isolate_multiinsert_groups
+            and dml.isinsert(compile_state)
+            and compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+        ):
+            if column._is_multiparam_column:
+                index = column.index + 1
+                d = {column.original.key: parameters[column.key]}
+            else:
+                d = {column.key: parameters[column.key]}
+                index = 0
+            assert compile_state._dict_parameters is not None
+            keys = compile_state._dict_parameters.keys()
+            d.update(
+                (key, parameters["%s_m%d" % (key, index)]) for key in keys
+            )
+            return d
+        else:
+            return parameters
+
+    def get_insert_default(self, column):
+        if column.default is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column, column.default, column.type)
+
+    def get_update_default(self, column):
+        if column.onupdate is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._exec_default(column, column.onupdate, column.type)
+
+    def _process_execute_defaults(self):
+        compiled = cast(SQLCompiler, self.compiled)
+
+        key_getter = compiled._within_exec_param_key_getter
+
+        sentinel_counter = 0
+
+        if compiled.insert_prefetch:
+            prefetch_recs = [
+                (
+                    c,
+                    key_getter(c),
+                    c._default_description_tuple,
+                    self.get_insert_default,
+                )
+                for c in compiled.insert_prefetch
+            ]
+        elif compiled.update_prefetch:
+            prefetch_recs = [
+                (
+                    c,
+                    key_getter(c),
+                    c._onupdate_description_tuple,
+                    self.get_update_default,
+                )
+                for c in compiled.update_prefetch
+            ]
+        else:
+            prefetch_recs = []
+
+        for param in self.compiled_parameters:
+            self.current_parameters = param
+
+            for (
+                c,
+                param_key,
+                (arg, is_scalar, is_callable, is_sentinel),
+                fallback,
+            ) in prefetch_recs:
+                if is_sentinel:
+                    param[param_key] = sentinel_counter
+                    sentinel_counter += 1
+                elif is_scalar:
+                    param[param_key] = arg
+                elif is_callable:
+                    self.current_column = c
+                    param[param_key] = arg(self)
+                else:
+                    val = fallback(c)
+                    if val is not None:
+                        param[param_key] = val
+
+        del self.current_parameters
+
+
+DefaultDialect.execution_ctx_cls = DefaultExecutionContext
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b759382c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,965 @@
+# engine/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import Connection
+from .base import Engine
+from .interfaces import ConnectionEventsTarget
+from .interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+from .interfaces import DBAPICursor
+from .interfaces import Dialect
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from .interfaces import ExceptionContext
+    from .interfaces import ExecutionContext
+    from .result import Result
+    from ..pool import ConnectionPoolEntry
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+
+
+class ConnectionEvents(event.Events[ConnectionEventsTarget]):
+    """Available events for
+    :class:`_engine.Connection` and :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well as the names of
+    members that are passed to listener functions.
+
+    An event listener can be associated with any
+    :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    class or instance, such as an :class:`_engine.Engine`, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event, create_engine
+
+
+        def before_cursor_execute(
+            conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+        ):
+            log.info("Received statement: %s", statement)
+
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+        event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", before_cursor_execute)
+
+    or with a specific :class:`_engine.Connection`::
+
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+
+            @event.listens_for(conn, "before_cursor_execute")
+            def before_cursor_execute(
+                conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+            ):
+                log.info("Received statement: %s", statement)
+
+    When the methods are called with a `statement` parameter, such as in
+    :meth:`.after_cursor_execute` or :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`,
+    the statement is the exact SQL string that was prepared for transmission
+    to the DBAPI ``cursor`` in the connection's :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+    The :meth:`.before_execute` and :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+    events can also be established with the ``retval=True`` flag, which
+    allows modification of the statement and parameters to be sent
+    to the database.  The :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` event is
+    particularly useful here to add ad-hoc string transformations, such
+    as comments, to all executions::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.engine import Engine
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+        @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+        def comment_sql_calls(
+            conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+        ):
+            statement = statement + " -- some comment"
+            return statement, parameters
+
+    .. note:: :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents` can be established on any
+       combination of :class:`_engine.Engine`, :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+       as well
+       as instances of each of those classes.  Events across all
+       four scopes will fire off for a given instance of
+       :class:`_engine.Connection`.  However, for performance reasons, the
+       :class:`_engine.Connection` object determines at instantiation time
+       whether or not its parent :class:`_engine.Engine` has event listeners
+       established.   Event listeners added to the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+       class or to an instance of :class:`_engine.Engine`
+       *after* the instantiation
+       of a dependent :class:`_engine.Connection` instance will usually
+       *not* be available on that :class:`_engine.Connection` instance.
+       The newly
+       added listeners will instead take effect for
+       :class:`_engine.Connection`
+       instances created subsequent to those event listeners being
+       established on the parent :class:`_engine.Engine` class or instance.
+
+    :param retval=False: Applies to the :meth:`.before_execute` and
+      :meth:`.before_cursor_execute` events only.  When True, the
+      user-defined event function must have a return value, which
+      is a tuple of parameters that replace the given statement
+      and parameters.  See those methods for a description of
+      specific return arguments.
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = ConnectionEventsTarget
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[ConnectionEventsTarget, Type[ConnectionEventsTarget]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[ConnectionEventsTarget, Type[ConnectionEventsTarget]]]:
+        default_dispatch = super()._accept_with(target, identifier)
+        if default_dispatch is None and hasattr(
+            target, "_no_async_engine_events"
+        ):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+
+        return default_dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: event._EventKey[ConnectionEventsTarget],
+        *,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            event_key.dispatch_target,
+            event_key.identifier,
+            event_key._listen_fn,
+        )
+        target._has_events = True
+
+        if not retval:
+            if identifier == "before_execute":
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_execute(  # type: ignore
+                    conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
+                ):
+                    orig_fn(
+                        conn,
+                        clauseelement,
+                        multiparams,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                    )
+                    return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+                fn = wrap_before_execute
+            elif identifier == "before_cursor_execute":
+                orig_fn = fn
+
+                def wrap_before_cursor_execute(  # type: ignore
+                    conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+                ):
+                    orig_fn(
+                        conn,
+                        cursor,
+                        statement,
+                        parameters,
+                        context,
+                        executemany,
+                    )
+                    return statement, parameters
+
+                fn = wrap_before_cursor_execute
+        elif retval and identifier not in (
+            "before_execute",
+            "before_cursor_execute",
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Only the 'before_execute', "
+                "'before_cursor_execute' and 'handle_error' engine "
+                "event listeners accept the 'retval=True' "
+                "argument."
+            )
+        event_key.with_wrapper(fn).base_listen()
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "1.4",
+        ["conn", "clauseelement", "multiparams", "params"],
+        lambda conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options: (
+            conn,
+            clauseelement,
+            multiparams,
+            params,
+        ),
+    )
+    def before_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        clauseelement: Executable,
+        multiparams: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> Optional[
+        Tuple[Executable, _CoreMultiExecuteParams, _CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+    ]:
+        """Intercept high level execute() events, receiving uncompiled
+        SQL constructs and other objects prior to rendering into SQL.
+
+        This event is good for debugging SQL compilation issues as well
+        as early manipulation of the parameters being sent to the database,
+        as the parameter lists will be in a consistent format here.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``clauseelement``, ``multiparams``, and ``params``
+        arguments should be returned as a three-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_execute(conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+                # do something with clauseelement, multiparams, params
+                return clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+        :param execution_options: dictionary of execution
+         options passed along with the statement, if any.  This is a merge
+         of all options that will be used, including those of the statement,
+         the connection, and those passed in to the method itself for
+         the 2.0 style of execution.
+
+         .. versionadded: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "1.4",
+        ["conn", "clauseelement", "multiparams", "params", "result"],
+        lambda conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options, result: (  # noqa
+            conn,
+            clauseelement,
+            multiparams,
+            params,
+            result,
+        ),
+    )
+    def after_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        clauseelement: Executable,
+        multiparams: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        result: Result[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept high level execute() events after execute.
+
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param clauseelement: SQL expression construct, :class:`.Compiled`
+         instance, or string statement passed to
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+        :param multiparams: Multiple parameter sets, a list of dictionaries.
+        :param params: Single parameter set, a single dictionary.
+        :param execution_options: dictionary of execution
+         options passed along with the statement, if any.  This is a merge
+         of all options that will be used, including those of the statement,
+         the connection, and those passed in to the method itself for
+         the 2.0 style of execution.
+
+         .. versionadded: 1.4
+
+        :param result: :class:`_engine.CursorResult` generated by the
+         execution.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_cursor_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        executemany: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[Tuple[str, _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams]]:
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events before execution,
+        receiving the string SQL statement and DBAPI-specific parameter list to
+        be invoked against a cursor.
+
+        This event is a good choice for logging as well as late modifications
+        to the SQL string.  It's less ideal for parameter modifications except
+        for those which are specific to a target backend.
+
+        This event can be optionally established with the ``retval=True``
+        flag.  The ``statement`` and ``parameters`` arguments should be
+        returned as a two-tuple in this case::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "before_cursor_execute", retval=True)
+            def before_cursor_execute(
+                conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+            ):
+                # do something with statement, parameters
+                return statement, parameters
+
+        See the example at :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object
+        :param statement: string SQL statement, as to be passed to the DBAPI
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.before_execute`
+
+            :meth:`.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_cursor_execute(
+        self,
+        conn: Connection,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext],
+        executemany: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept low-level cursor execute() events after execution.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param cursor: DBAPI cursor object.  Will have results pending
+         if the statement was a SELECT, but these should not be consumed
+         as they will be needed by the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`.
+        :param statement: string SQL statement, as passed to the DBAPI
+        :param parameters: Dictionary, tuple, or list of parameters being
+         passed to the ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` method of the
+         DBAPI ``cursor``.  In some cases may be ``None``.
+        :param context: :class:`.ExecutionContext` object in use.  May
+         be ``None``.
+        :param executemany: boolean, if ``True``, this is an ``executemany()``
+         call, if ``False``, this is an ``execute()`` call.
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "2.0", ["conn", "branch"], converter=lambda conn: (conn, False)
+    )
+    def engine_connect(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept the creation of a new :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This event is called typically as the direct result of calling
+        the :meth:`_engine.Engine.connect` method.
+
+        It differs from the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.connect` method, which
+        refers to the actual connection to a database at the DBAPI level;
+        a DBAPI connection may be pooled and reused for many operations.
+        In contrast, this event refers only to the production of a higher level
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` wrapper around such a DBAPI connection.
+
+        It also differs from the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout` event
+        in that it is specific to the :class:`_engine.Connection` object,
+        not the
+        DBAPI connection that :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout` deals with,
+        although
+        this DBAPI connection is available here via the
+        :attr:`_engine.Connection.connection` attribute.
+        But note there can in fact
+        be multiple :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`
+        events within the lifespan
+        of a single :class:`_engine.Connection` object, if that
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        is invalidated and re-established.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`
+            the lower-level pool checkout event
+            for an individual DBAPI connection
+
+        """
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(
+        self, conn: Connection, opts: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        This method is called after the new :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        has been
+        produced, with the newly updated execution options collection, but
+        before the :class:`.Dialect` has acted upon any of those new options.
+
+        Note that this method is not called when a new
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        is produced which is inheriting execution options from its parent
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`; to intercept this condition, use the
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect` event.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method.
+         This dictionary may be modified in place to affect the ultimate
+         options which take effect.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 the ``opts`` dictionary may be modified
+            in place.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.set_engine_execution_options`
+            - event
+            which is called when :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+            is called.
+
+
+        """
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(
+        self, engine: Engine, opts: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+        method is called.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options` method produces a shallow
+        copy of the :class:`_engine.Engine` which stores the new options.
+        That new
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` is passed here.
+        A particular application of this
+        method is to add a :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect`
+        event
+        handler to the given :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        which will perform some per-
+        :class:`_engine.Connection` task specific to these execution options.
+
+        :param conn: The newly copied :class:`_engine.Engine` object
+
+        :param opts: dictionary of options that were passed to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method.
+         This dictionary may be modified in place to affect the ultimate
+         options which take effect.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 the ``opts`` dictionary may be modified
+            in place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.set_connection_execution_options`
+            - event
+            which is called when :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+            is
+            called.
+
+        """
+
+    def engine_disposed(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        """Intercept when the :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose` method is called.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose` method instructs the engine to
+        "dispose" of it's connection pool (e.g. :class:`_pool.Pool`), and
+        replaces it with a new one.  Disposing of the old pool has the
+        effect that existing checked-in connections are closed.  The new
+        pool does not establish any new connections until it is first used.
+
+        This event can be used to indicate that resources related to the
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` should also be cleaned up,
+        keeping in mind that the
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        can still be used for new requests in which case
+        it re-acquires connection resources.
+
+        """
+
+    def begin(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept begin() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept rollback() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_pool.Pool` also "auto-rolls back"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to its default value of ``'rollback'``.
+        To intercept this
+        rollback, use the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset`
+
+        """
+
+    def commit(self, conn: Connection) -> None:
+        """Intercept commit() events, as initiated by a
+        :class:`.Transaction`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_pool.Pool` may also "auto-commit"
+        a DBAPI connection upon checkin, if the ``reset_on_return``
+        flag is set to the value ``'commit'``.  To intercept this
+        commit, use the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` hook.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        """
+
+    def savepoint(self, conn: Connection, name: str) -> None:
+        """Intercept savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+
+        """
+
+    def rollback_savepoint(
+        self, conn: Connection, name: str, context: None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept rollback_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: not used
+
+        """
+        # TODO: deprecate "context"
+
+    def release_savepoint(
+        self, conn: Connection, name: str, context: None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept release_savepoint() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param name: specified name used for the savepoint.
+        :param context: not used
+
+        """
+        # TODO: deprecate "context"
+
+    def begin_twophase(self, conn: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Intercept begin_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+
+        """
+
+    def prepare_twophase(self, conn: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Intercept prepare_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        """
+
+    def rollback_twophase(
+        self, conn: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept rollback_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+    def commit_twophase(
+        self, conn: Connection, xid: Any, is_prepared: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Intercept commit_twophase() events.
+
+        :param conn: :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        :param xid: two-phase XID identifier
+        :param is_prepared: boolean, indicates if
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+
+        """
+
+
+class DialectEvents(event.Events[Dialect]):
+    """event interface for execution-replacement functions.
+
+    These events allow direct instrumentation and replacement
+    of key dialect functions which interact with the DBAPI.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :class:`.DialectEvents` hooks should be considered **semi-public**
+        and experimental.
+        These hooks are not for general use and are only for those situations
+        where intricate re-statement of DBAPI mechanics must be injected onto
+        an existing dialect.  For general-use statement-interception events,
+        please use the :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents` interface.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_execute`
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_cursor_execute`
+
+        :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.after_execute`
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngine"
+    _dispatch_target = Dialect
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: event._EventKey[Dialect],
+        *,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+        target._has_events = True
+        event_key.base_listen()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[Engine, Type[Engine], Dialect, Type[Dialect]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[Dialect, Type[Dialect]]]:
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Dialect
+            elif issubclass(target, Dialect):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.dialect
+        elif isinstance(target, Dialect):
+            return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Connection) and identifier == "handle_error":
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The handle_error() event hook as of SQLAlchemy 2.0 is "
+                "established on the Dialect, and may only be applied to the "
+                "Engine as a whole or to a specific Dialect as a whole, "
+                "not on a per-Connection basis."
+            )
+        elif hasattr(target, "_no_async_engine_events"):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def handle_error(
+        self, exception_context: ExceptionContext
+    ) -> Optional[BaseException]:
+        r"""Intercept all exceptions processed by the
+        :class:`_engine.Dialect`, typically but not limited to those
+        emitted within the scope of a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 the :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` event
+           is moved to the :class:`.DialectEvents` class, moved from the
+           :class:`.ConnectionEvents` class, so that it may also participate in
+           the "pre ping" operation configured with the
+           :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` parameter. The event
+           remains registered by using the :class:`_engine.Engine` as the event
+           target, however note that using the :class:`_engine.Connection` as
+           an event target for :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` is no longer
+           supported.
+
+        This includes all exceptions emitted by the DBAPI as well as
+        within SQLAlchemy's statement invocation process, including
+        encoding errors and other statement validation errors.  Other areas
+        in which the event is invoked include transaction begin and end,
+        result row fetching, cursor creation.
+
+        Note that :meth:`.handle_error` may support new kinds of exceptions
+        and new calling scenarios at *any time*.  Code which uses this
+        event must expect new calling patterns to be present in minor
+        releases.
+
+        To support the wide variety of members that correspond to an exception,
+        as well as to allow extensibility of the event without backwards
+        incompatibility, the sole argument received is an instance of
+        :class:`.ExceptionContext`.   This object contains data members
+        representing detail about the exception.
+
+        Use cases supported by this hook include:
+
+        * read-only, low-level exception handling for logging and
+          debugging purposes
+        * Establishing whether a DBAPI connection error message indicates
+          that the database connection needs to be reconnected, including
+          for the "pre_ping" handler used by **some** dialects
+        * Establishing or disabling whether a connection or the owning
+          connection pool is invalidated or expired in response to a
+          specific exception
+        * exception re-writing
+
+        The hook is called while the cursor from the failed operation
+        (if any) is still open and accessible.   Special cleanup operations
+        can be called on this cursor; SQLAlchemy will attempt to close
+        this cursor subsequent to this hook being invoked.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 2.0, the "pre_ping" handler enabled using the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` parameter will also
+        participate in the :meth:`.handle_error` process, **for those dialects
+        that rely upon disconnect codes to detect database liveness**. Note
+        that some dialects such as psycopg, psycopg2, and most MySQL dialects
+        make use of a native ``ping()`` method supplied by the DBAPI which does
+        not make use of disconnect codes.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0 The :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error`
+           event hook participates in connection pool "pre-ping" operations.
+           Within this usage, the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine` attribute
+           will be ``None``, however the :class:`.Dialect` in use is always
+           available via the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.dialect` attribute.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.5 Added :attr:`.ExceptionContext.is_pre_ping`
+           attribute which will be set to ``True`` when the
+           :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` event hook is triggered within
+           a connection pool pre-ping operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.5 An issue was repaired that allows for the
+           PostgreSQL ``psycopg`` and ``psycopg2`` drivers, as well as all
+           MySQL drivers, to properly participate in the
+           :meth:`.DialectEvents.handle_error` event hook during
+           connection pool "pre-ping" operations; previously, the
+           implementation was non-working for these drivers.
+
+
+        A handler function has two options for replacing
+        the SQLAlchemy-constructed exception into one that is user
+        defined.   It can either raise this new exception directly, in
+        which case all further event listeners are bypassed and the
+        exception will be raised, after appropriate cleanup as taken
+        place::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error")
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if isinstance(
+                    context.original_exception, psycopg2.OperationalError
+                ) and "failed" in str(context.original_exception):
+                    raise MySpecialException("failed operation")
+
+        .. warning::  Because the
+           :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error`
+           event specifically provides for exceptions to be re-thrown as
+           the ultimate exception raised by the failed statement,
+           **stack traces will be misleading** if the user-defined event
+           handler itself fails and throws an unexpected exception;
+           the stack trace may not illustrate the actual code line that
+           failed!  It is advised to code carefully here and use
+           logging and/or inline debugging if unexpected exceptions are
+           occurring.
+
+        Alternatively, a "chained" style of event handling can be
+        used, by configuring the handler with the ``retval=True``
+        modifier and returning the new exception instance from the
+        function.  In this case, event handling will continue onto the
+        next handler.   The "chained" exception is available using
+        :attr:`.ExceptionContext.chained_exception`::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Engine, "handle_error", retval=True)
+            def handle_exception(context):
+                if (
+                    context.chained_exception is not None
+                    and "special" in context.chained_exception.message
+                ):
+                    return MySpecialException(
+                        "failed", cause=context.chained_exception
+                    )
+
+        Handlers that return ``None`` may be used within the chain; when
+        a handler returns ``None``, the previous exception instance,
+        if any, is maintained as the current exception that is passed onto the
+        next handler.
+
+        When a custom exception is raised or returned, SQLAlchemy raises
+        this new exception as-is, it is not wrapped by any SQLAlchemy
+        object.  If the exception is not a subclass of
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError`,
+        certain features may not be available; currently this includes
+        the ORM's feature of adding a detail hint about "autoflush" to
+        exceptions raised within the autoflush process.
+
+        :param context: an :class:`.ExceptionContext` object.  See this
+         class for details on all available members.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_new_disconnect_codes`
+
+        """
+
+    def do_connect(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        conn_rec: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        cargs: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        cparams: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> Optional[DBAPIConnection]:
+        """Receive connection arguments before a connection is made.
+
+        This event is useful in that it allows the handler to manipulate the
+        cargs and/or cparams collections that control how the DBAPI
+        ``connect()`` function will be called. ``cargs`` will always be a
+        Python list that can be mutated in-place, and ``cparams`` a Python
+        dictionary that may also be mutated::
+
+            e = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user@host/dbname")
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
+            def receive_do_connect(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
+                cparams["password"] = "some_password"
+
+        The event hook may also be used to override the call to ``connect()``
+        entirely, by returning a non-``None`` DBAPI connection object::
+
+            e = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user@host/dbname")
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(e, "do_connect")
+            def receive_do_connect(dialect, conn_rec, cargs, cparams):
+                return psycopg2.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`custom_dbapi_args`
+
+        """
+
+    def do_executemany(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Optional[Literal[True]]:
+        """Receive a cursor to have executemany() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(
+        self, cursor: DBAPICursor, statement: str, context: ExecutionContext
+    ) -> Optional[Literal[True]]:
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() with no parameters called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_execute(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPISingleExecuteParams,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Optional[Literal[True]]:
+        """Receive a cursor to have execute() called.
+
+        Return the value True to halt further events from invoking,
+        and to indicate that the cursor execution has already taken
+        place within the event handler.
+
+        """
+
+    def do_setinputsizes(
+        self,
+        inputsizes: Dict[BindParameter[Any], Any],
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive the setinputsizes dictionary for possible modification.
+
+        This event is emitted in the case where the dialect makes use of the
+        DBAPI ``cursor.setinputsizes()`` method which passes information about
+        parameter binding for a particular statement.   The given
+        ``inputsizes`` dictionary will contain :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        as keys, linked to DBAPI-specific type objects as values; for
+        parameters that are not bound, they are added to the dictionary with
+        ``None`` as the value, which means the parameter will not be included
+        in the ultimate setinputsizes call.   The event may be used to inspect
+        and/or log the datatypes that are being bound, as well as to modify the
+        dictionary in place.  Parameters can be added, modified, or removed
+        from this dictionary.   Callers will typically want to inspect the
+        :attr:`.BindParameter.type` attribute of the given bind objects in
+        order to make decisions about the DBAPI object.
+
+        After the event, the ``inputsizes`` dictionary is converted into
+        an appropriate datastructure to be passed to ``cursor.setinputsizes``;
+        either a list for a positional bound parameter execution style,
+        or a dictionary of string parameter keys to DBAPI type objects for
+        a named bound parameter execution style.
+
+        The setinputsizes hook overall is only used for dialects which include
+        the flag ``use_setinputsizes=True``.  Dialects which use this
+        include python-oracledb, cx_Oracle, pg8000, asyncpg, and pyodbc
+        dialects.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            For use with pyodbc, the ``use_setinputsizes`` flag
+            must be passed to the dialect, e.g.::
+
+                create_engine("mssql+pyodbc://...", use_setinputsizes=True)
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                  :ref:`mssql_pyodbc_setinputsizes`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.9
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`cx_oracle_setinputsizes`
+
+        """
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1823c97f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3413 @@
+# engine/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define core interfaces used by the engine system."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import util
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..pool import Pool
+from ..pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+from ..sql.compiler import Compiled as Compiled
+from ..sql.compiler import Compiled  # noqa
+from ..sql.compiler import TypeCompiler as TypeCompiler
+from ..sql.compiler import TypeCompiler  # noqa
+from ..util import immutabledict
+from ..util.concurrency import await_only
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import NotRequired
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Connection
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .cursor import CursorResult
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..event import _ListenerFnType
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+    from ..exc import StatementError
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql.compiler import _InsertManyValuesBatch
+    from ..sql.compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from ..sql.compiler import IdentifierPreparer
+    from ..sql.compiler import InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+    from ..sql.compiler import Linting
+    from ..sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from ..sql.schema import SchemaItem
+    from ..sql.schema import Sequence as Sequence_SchemaItem
+    from ..sql.sqltypes import Integer
+    from ..sql.type_api import _TypeMemoDict
+    from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+ConnectArgsType = Tuple[Sequence[str], MutableMapping[str, Any]]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+
+
+class CacheStats(Enum):
+    CACHE_HIT = 0
+    CACHE_MISS = 1
+    CACHING_DISABLED = 2
+    NO_CACHE_KEY = 3
+    NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT = 4
+
+
+class ExecuteStyle(Enum):
+    """indicates the :term:`DBAPI` cursor method that will be used to invoke
+    a statement."""
+
+    EXECUTE = 0
+    """indicates cursor.execute() will be used"""
+
+    EXECUTEMANY = 1
+    """indicates cursor.executemany() will be used."""
+
+    INSERTMANYVALUES = 2
+    """indicates cursor.execute() will be used with an INSERT where the
+    VALUES expression will be expanded to accommodate for multiple
+    parameter sets
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """
+
+
+class DBAPIConnection(Protocol):
+    """protocol representing a :pep:`249` database connection.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `Connection Objects <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#connection-objects>`_
+        - in :pep:`249`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def close(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def commit(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def cursor(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> DBAPICursor: ...
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None: ...
+
+    autocommit: bool
+
+
+class DBAPIType(Protocol):
+    """protocol representing a :pep:`249` database type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `Type Objects <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#type-objects>`_
+        - in :pep:`249`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+
+class DBAPICursor(Protocol):
+    """protocol representing a :pep:`249` database cursor.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        `Cursor Objects <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#cursor-objects>`_
+        - in :pep:`249`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @property
+    def description(
+        self,
+    ) -> _DBAPICursorDescription:
+        """The description attribute of the Cursor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            `cursor.description <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#description>`_
+            - in :pep:`249`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def rowcount(self) -> int: ...
+
+    arraysize: int
+
+    lastrowid: int
+
+    def close(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        operation: Any,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams] = None,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def executemany(
+        self,
+        operation: Any,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def fetchone(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: int = ...) -> Sequence[Any]: ...
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[Any]: ...
+
+    def setinputsizes(self, sizes: Sequence[Any]) -> None: ...
+
+    def setoutputsize(self, size: Any, column: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def callproc(
+        self, procname: str, parameters: Sequence[Any] = ...
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def nextset(self) -> Optional[bool]: ...
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any: ...
+
+
+_CoreSingleExecuteParams = Mapping[str, Any]
+_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams = MutableMapping[str, Any]
+_CoreMultiExecuteParams = Sequence[_CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+_CoreAnyExecuteParams = Union[
+    _CoreMultiExecuteParams, _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+]
+
+_DBAPISingleExecuteParams = Union[Sequence[Any], _CoreSingleExecuteParams]
+
+_DBAPIMultiExecuteParams = Union[
+    Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+]
+_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams = Union[
+    _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams, _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+]
+_DBAPICursorDescription = Sequence[
+    Tuple[
+        str,
+        "DBAPIType",
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[int],
+        Optional[bool],
+    ]
+]
+
+_AnySingleExecuteParams = _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+_AnyMultiExecuteParams = _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+_AnyExecuteParams = _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+
+CompiledCacheType = MutableMapping[Any, "Compiled"]
+SchemaTranslateMapType = Mapping[Optional[str], Optional[str]]
+
+_ImmutableExecuteOptions = immutabledict[str, Any]
+
+_ParamStyle = Literal[
+    "qmark", "numeric", "named", "format", "pyformat", "numeric_dollar"
+]
+
+_GenericSetInputSizesType = List[Tuple[str, Any, "TypeEngine[Any]"]]
+
+IsolationLevel = Literal[
+    "SERIALIZABLE",
+    "REPEATABLE READ",
+    "READ COMMITTED",
+    "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+    "AUTOCOMMIT",
+]
+
+
+class _CoreKnownExecutionOptions(TypedDict, total=False):
+    compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType]
+    logging_token: str
+    isolation_level: IsolationLevel
+    no_parameters: bool
+    stream_results: bool
+    max_row_buffer: int
+    yield_per: int
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int
+    schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType]
+    preserve_rowcount: bool
+
+
+_ExecuteOptions = immutabledict[str, Any]
+CoreExecuteOptionsParameter = Union[
+    _CoreKnownExecutionOptions, Mapping[str, Any]
+]
+
+
+class ReflectedIdentity(TypedDict):
+    """represent the reflected IDENTITY structure of a column, corresponding
+    to the :class:`_schema.Identity` construct.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedIdentity` structure is part of the
+    :class:`.ReflectedColumn` structure, which is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_columns` method.
+
+    """
+
+    always: bool
+    """type of identity column"""
+
+    on_null: bool
+    """indicates ON NULL"""
+
+    start: int
+    """starting index of the sequence"""
+
+    increment: int
+    """increment value of the sequence"""
+
+    minvalue: int
+    """the minimum value of the sequence."""
+
+    maxvalue: int
+    """the maximum value of the sequence."""
+
+    nominvalue: bool
+    """no minimum value of the sequence."""
+
+    nomaxvalue: bool
+    """no maximum value of the sequence."""
+
+    cycle: bool
+    """allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+    or minvalue has been reached."""
+
+    cache: Optional[int]
+    """number of future values in the
+    sequence which are calculated in advance."""
+
+    order: bool
+    """if true, renders the ORDER keyword."""
+
+
+class ReflectedComputed(TypedDict):
+    """Represent the reflected elements of a computed column, corresponding
+    to the :class:`_schema.Computed` construct.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedComputed` structure is part of the
+    :class:`.ReflectedColumn` structure, which is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_columns` method.
+
+    """
+
+    sqltext: str
+    """the expression used to generate this column returned
+    as a string SQL expression"""
+
+    persisted: NotRequired[bool]
+    """indicates if the value is stored in the table or computed on demand"""
+
+
+class ReflectedColumn(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    a :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedColumn` structure is returned by the
+    :class:`.Inspector.get_columns` method.
+
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    """column name"""
+
+    type: TypeEngine[Any]
+    """column type represented as a :class:`.TypeEngine` instance."""
+
+    nullable: bool
+    """boolean flag if the column is NULL or NOT NULL"""
+
+    default: Optional[str]
+    """column default expression as a SQL string"""
+
+    autoincrement: NotRequired[bool]
+    """database-dependent autoincrement flag.
+
+    This flag indicates if the column has a database-side "autoincrement"
+    flag of some kind.   Within SQLAlchemy, other kinds of columns may
+    also act as an "autoincrement" column without necessarily having
+    such a flag on them.
+
+    See :paramref:`_schema.Column.autoincrement` for more background on
+    "autoincrement".
+
+    """
+
+    comment: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    """comment for the column, if present.
+    Only some dialects return this key
+    """
+
+    computed: NotRequired[ReflectedComputed]
+    """indicates that this column is computed by the database.
+    Only some dialects return this key.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.16 - added support for computed reflection.
+    """
+
+    identity: NotRequired[ReflectedIdentity]
+    """indicates this column is an IDENTITY column.
+    Only some dialects return this key.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 - added support for identity column reflection.
+    """
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this reflected
+    object"""
+
+
+class ReflectedConstraint(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.Constraint`
+
+    A base class for all constraints
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """constraint name"""
+
+    comment: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    """comment for the constraint, if present"""
+
+
+class ReflectedCheckConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.CheckConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_check_constraints` method.
+
+    """
+
+    sqltext: str
+    """the check constraint's SQL expression"""
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this check constraint
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+    """
+
+
+class ReflectedUniqueConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.UniqueConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_unique_constraints` method.
+
+    """
+
+    column_names: List[str]
+    """column names which comprise the unique constraint"""
+
+    duplicates_index: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    "Indicates if this unique constraint duplicates an index with this name"
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this unique
+    constraint"""
+
+
+class ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_pk_constraint` method.
+
+    """
+
+    constrained_columns: List[str]
+    """column names which comprise the primary key"""
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this primary key"""
+
+
+class ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint(ReflectedConstraint):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint` structure is returned by
+    the :meth:`.Inspector.get_foreign_keys` method.
+
+    """
+
+    constrained_columns: List[str]
+    """local column names which comprise the foreign key"""
+
+    referred_schema: Optional[str]
+    """schema name of the table being referred"""
+
+    referred_table: str
+    """name of the table being referred"""
+
+    referred_columns: List[str]
+    """referred column names that correspond to ``constrained_columns``"""
+
+    options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional options detected for this foreign key constraint"""
+
+
+class ReflectedIndex(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected elements corresponding to
+    :class:`.Index`.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedIndex` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_indexes` method.
+
+    """
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+    """index name"""
+
+    column_names: List[Optional[str]]
+    """column names which the index references.
+    An element of this list is ``None`` if it's an expression and is
+    returned in the ``expressions`` list.
+    """
+
+    expressions: NotRequired[List[str]]
+    """Expressions that compose the index. This list, when present, contains
+    both plain column names (that are also in ``column_names``) and
+    expressions (that are ``None`` in ``column_names``).
+    """
+
+    unique: bool
+    """whether or not the index has a unique flag"""
+
+    duplicates_constraint: NotRequired[Optional[str]]
+    "Indicates if this index mirrors a constraint with this name"
+
+    include_columns: NotRequired[List[str]]
+    """columns to include in the INCLUDE clause for supporting databases.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0
+
+        Legacy value, will be replaced with
+        ``index_dict["dialect_options"]["<dialect name>_include"]``
+
+    """
+
+    column_sorting: NotRequired[Dict[str, Tuple[str]]]
+    """optional dict mapping column names or expressions to tuple of sort
+    keywords, which may include ``asc``, ``desc``, ``nulls_first``,
+    ``nulls_last``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.5
+    """
+
+    dialect_options: NotRequired[Dict[str, Any]]
+    """Additional dialect-specific options detected for this index"""
+
+
+class ReflectedTableComment(TypedDict):
+    """Dictionary representing the reflected comment corresponding to
+    the :attr:`_schema.Table.comment` attribute.
+
+    The :class:`.ReflectedTableComment` structure is returned by the
+    :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_comment` method.
+
+    """
+
+    text: Optional[str]
+    """text of the comment"""
+
+
+class BindTyping(Enum):
+    """Define different methods of passing typing information for
+    bound parameters in a statement to the database driver.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    NONE = 1
+    """No steps are taken to pass typing information to the database driver.
+
+    This is the default behavior for databases such as SQLite, MySQL / MariaDB,
+    SQL Server.
+
+    """
+
+    SETINPUTSIZES = 2
+    """Use the pep-249 setinputsizes method.
+
+    This is only implemented for DBAPIs that support this method and for which
+    the SQLAlchemy dialect has the appropriate infrastructure for that dialect
+    set up.  Current dialects include python-oracledb, cx_Oracle as well as
+    optional support for SQL Server using pyodbc.
+
+    When using setinputsizes, dialects also have a means of only using the
+    method for certain datatypes using include/exclude lists.
+
+    When SETINPUTSIZES is used, the :meth:`.Dialect.do_set_input_sizes` method
+    is called for each statement executed which has bound parameters.
+
+    """
+
+    RENDER_CASTS = 3
+    """Render casts or other directives in the SQL string.
+
+    This method is used for all PostgreSQL dialects, including asyncpg,
+    pg8000, psycopg, psycopg2.   Dialects which implement this can choose
+    which kinds of datatypes are explicitly cast in SQL statements and which
+    aren't.
+
+    When RENDER_CASTS is used, the compiler will invoke the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast` method for the rendered
+    string representation of each :class:`.BindParameter` object whose
+    dialect-level type sets the :attr:`.TypeEngine.render_bind_cast` attribute.
+
+    The :meth:`.SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast` is also used to render casts
+    for one form of "insertmanyvalues" query, when both
+    :attr:`.InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT` and
+    :attr:`.InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS` are set,
+    where the casts are applied to the intermediary columns e.g.
+    "INSERT INTO t (a, b, c) SELECT p0::TYP, p1::TYP, p2::TYP "
+    "FROM (VALUES (?, ?), (?, ?), ...)".
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10 - :meth:`.SQLCompiler.render_bind_cast` is now
+       used within some elements of the "insertmanyvalues" implementation.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+VersionInfoType = Tuple[Union[int, str], ...]
+TableKey = Tuple[Optional[str], str]
+
+
+class Dialect(EventTarget):
+    """Define the behavior of a specific database and DB-API combination.
+
+    Any aspect of metadata definition, SQL query generation,
+    execution, result-set handling, or anything else which varies
+    between databases is defined under the general category of the
+    Dialect.  The Dialect acts as a factory for other
+    database-specific object implementations including
+    ExecutionContext, Compiled, DefaultGenerator, and TypeEngine.
+
+    .. note:: Third party dialects should not subclass :class:`.Dialect`
+       directly.  Instead, subclass :class:`.default.DefaultDialect` or
+       descendant class.
+
+    """
+
+    CACHE_HIT = CacheStats.CACHE_HIT
+    CACHE_MISS = CacheStats.CACHE_MISS
+    CACHING_DISABLED = CacheStats.CACHING_DISABLED
+    NO_CACHE_KEY = CacheStats.NO_CACHE_KEY
+    NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT = CacheStats.NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Dialect]
+
+    name: str
+    """identifying name for the dialect from a DBAPI-neutral point of view
+      (i.e. 'sqlite')
+    """
+
+    driver: str
+    """identifying name for the dialect's DBAPI"""
+
+    dialect_description: str
+
+    dbapi: Optional[ModuleType]
+    """A reference to the DBAPI module object itself.
+
+    SQLAlchemy dialects import DBAPI modules using the classmethod
+    :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi`. The rationale is so that any dialect
+    module can be imported and used to generate SQL statements without the
+    need for the actual DBAPI driver to be installed.  Only when an
+    :class:`.Engine` is constructed using :func:`.create_engine` does the
+    DBAPI get imported; at that point, the creation process will assign
+    the DBAPI module to this attribute.
+
+    Dialects should therefore implement :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi`
+    which will import the necessary module and return it, and then refer
+    to ``self.dbapi`` in dialect code in order to refer to the DBAPI module
+    contents.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: The :attr:`.Dialect.dbapi` attribute is exclusively
+       used as the per-:class:`.Dialect`-instance reference to the DBAPI
+       module.   The previous not-fully-documented ``.Dialect.dbapi()``
+       classmethod is deprecated and replaced by :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi`.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def loaded_dbapi(self) -> ModuleType:
+        """same as .dbapi, but is never None; will raise an error if no
+        DBAPI was set up.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    positional: bool
+    """True if the paramstyle for this Dialect is positional."""
+
+    paramstyle: str
+    """the paramstyle to be used (some DB-APIs support multiple
+      paramstyles).
+    """
+
+    compiler_linting: Linting
+
+    statement_compiler: Type[SQLCompiler]
+    """a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL statements"""
+
+    ddl_compiler: Type[DDLCompiler]
+    """a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile DDL statements"""
+
+    type_compiler_cls: ClassVar[Type[TypeCompiler]]
+    """a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL type objects
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    type_compiler_instance: TypeCompiler
+    """instance of a :class:`.Compiled` class used to compile SQL type
+    objects
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    type_compiler: Any
+    """legacy; this is a TypeCompiler class at the class level, a
+    TypeCompiler instance at the instance level.
+
+    Refer to type_compiler_instance instead.
+
+    """
+
+    preparer: Type[IdentifierPreparer]
+    """a :class:`.IdentifierPreparer` class used to
+    quote identifiers.
+    """
+
+    identifier_preparer: IdentifierPreparer
+    """This element will refer to an instance of :class:`.IdentifierPreparer`
+    once a :class:`.DefaultDialect` has been constructed.
+
+    """
+
+    server_version_info: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    """a tuple containing a version number for the DB backend in use.
+
+    This value is only available for supporting dialects, and is
+    typically populated during the initial connection to the database.
+    """
+
+    default_schema_name: Optional[str]
+    """the name of the default schema.  This value is only available for
+    supporting dialects, and is typically populated during the
+    initial connection to the database.
+
+    """
+
+    # NOTE: this does not take into effect engine-level isolation level.
+    # not clear if this should be changed, seems like it should
+    default_isolation_level: Optional[IsolationLevel]
+    """the isolation that is implicitly present on new connections"""
+
+    # create_engine()  -> isolation_level  currently goes here
+    _on_connect_isolation_level: Optional[IsolationLevel]
+
+    execution_ctx_cls: Type[ExecutionContext]
+    """a :class:`.ExecutionContext` class used to handle statement execution"""
+
+    execute_sequence_format: Union[
+        Type[Tuple[Any, ...]], Type[Tuple[List[Any]]]
+    ]
+    """either the 'tuple' or 'list' type, depending on what cursor.execute()
+    accepts for the second argument (they vary)."""
+
+    supports_alter: bool
+    """``True`` if the database supports ``ALTER TABLE`` - used only for
+    generating foreign key constraints in certain circumstances
+    """
+
+    max_identifier_length: int
+    """The maximum length of identifier names."""
+    max_index_name_length: Optional[int]
+    """The maximum length of index names if different from
+    ``max_identifier_length``."""
+    max_constraint_name_length: Optional[int]
+    """The maximum length of constraint names if different from
+    ``max_identifier_length``."""
+
+    supports_server_side_cursors: bool
+    """indicates if the dialect supports server side cursors"""
+
+    server_side_cursors: bool
+    """deprecated; indicates if the dialect should attempt to use server
+    side cursors by default"""
+
+    supports_sane_rowcount: bool
+    """Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements.
+    """
+
+    supports_sane_multi_rowcount: bool
+    """Indicate whether the dialect properly implements rowcount for
+      ``UPDATE`` and ``DELETE`` statements when executed via
+      executemany.
+    """
+
+    supports_empty_insert: bool
+    """dialect supports INSERT () VALUES (), i.e. a plain INSERT with no
+    columns in it.
+
+    This is not usually supported; an "empty" insert is typically
+    suited using either "INSERT..DEFAULT VALUES" or
+    "INSERT ... (col) VALUES (DEFAULT)".
+
+    """
+
+    supports_default_values: bool
+    """dialect supports INSERT... DEFAULT VALUES syntax"""
+
+    supports_default_metavalue: bool
+    """dialect supports INSERT...(col) VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax.
+
+    Most databases support this in some way, e.g. SQLite supports it using
+    ``VALUES (NULL)``.    MS SQL Server supports the syntax also however
+    is the only included dialect where we have this disabled, as
+    MSSQL does not support the field for the IDENTITY column, which is
+    usually where we like to make use of the feature.
+
+    """
+
+    default_metavalue_token: str = "DEFAULT"
+    """for INSERT... VALUES (DEFAULT) syntax, the token to put in the
+    parenthesis.
+
+    E.g. for SQLite this is the keyword "NULL".
+
+    """
+
+    supports_multivalues_insert: bool
+    """Target database supports INSERT...VALUES with multiple value
+    sets, i.e. INSERT INTO table (cols) VALUES (...), (...), (...), ...
+
+    """
+
+    insert_executemany_returning: bool
+    """dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing
+    INSERT...RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used.
+
+    """
+
+    insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order: bool
+    """dialect / driver / database supports some means of providing
+    INSERT...RETURNING support when dialect.do_executemany() is used
+    along with the :paramref:`_dml.Insert.returning.sort_by_parameter_order`
+    parameter being set.
+
+    """
+
+    update_executemany_returning: bool
+    """dialect supports UPDATE..RETURNING with executemany."""
+
+    delete_executemany_returning: bool
+    """dialect supports DELETE..RETURNING with executemany."""
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool
+    """if True, indicates "insertmanyvalues" functionality should be used
+    to allow for ``insert_executemany_returning`` behavior, if possible.
+
+    In practice, setting this to True means:
+
+    if ``supports_multivalues_insert``, ``insert_returning`` and
+    ``use_insertmanyvalues`` are all True, the SQL compiler will produce
+    an INSERT that will be interpreted by the :class:`.DefaultDialect`
+    as an :attr:`.ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` execution that allows
+    for INSERT of many rows with RETURNING by rewriting a single-row
+    INSERT statement to have multiple VALUES clauses, also executing
+    the statement multiple times for a series of batches when large numbers
+    of rows are given.
+
+    The parameter is False for the default dialect, and is set to True for
+    SQLAlchemy internal dialects SQLite, MySQL/MariaDB, PostgreSQL, SQL Server.
+    It remains at False for Oracle Database, which provides native "executemany
+    with RETURNING" support and also does not support
+    ``supports_multivalues_insert``.  For MySQL/MariaDB, those MySQL dialects
+    that don't support RETURNING will not report
+    ``insert_executemany_returning`` as True.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """
+
+    use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning: bool
+    """if True, and use_insertmanyvalues is also True, INSERT statements
+    that don't include RETURNING will also use "insertmanyvalues".
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+    """
+
+    insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel: InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts
+    """Options indicating the database supports a form of bulk INSERT where
+    the autoincrement integer primary key can be reliably used as an ordering
+    for INSERTed rows.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_returning_order`
+
+    """
+
+    insertmanyvalues_page_size: int
+    """Number of rows to render into an individual INSERT..VALUES() statement
+    for :attr:`.ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` executions.
+
+    The default dialect defaults this to 1000.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.insertmanyvalues_page_size` -
+        execution option available on :class:`_engine.Connection`, statements
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    insertmanyvalues_max_parameters: int
+    """Alternate to insertmanyvalues_page_size, will additionally limit
+    page size based on number of parameters total in the statement.
+
+
+    """
+
+    preexecute_autoincrement_sequences: bool
+    """True if 'implicit' primary key functions must be executed separately
+      in order to get their value, if RETURNING is not used.
+
+      This is currently oriented towards PostgreSQL when the
+      ``implicit_returning=False`` parameter is used on a :class:`.Table`
+      object.
+
+    """
+
+    insert_returning: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with INSERT
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    update_returning: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    update_returning_multifrom: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with UPDATE..FROM
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    delete_returning: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    delete_returning_multifrom: bool
+    """if the dialect supports RETURNING with DELETE..FROM
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    favor_returning_over_lastrowid: bool
+    """for backends that support both a lastrowid and a RETURNING insert
+    strategy, favor RETURNING for simple single-int pk inserts.
+
+    cursor.lastrowid tends to be more performant on most backends.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_identity_columns: bool
+    """target database supports IDENTITY"""
+
+    cte_follows_insert: bool
+    """target database, when given a CTE with an INSERT statement, needs
+    the CTE to be below the INSERT"""
+
+    colspecs: MutableMapping[Type[TypeEngine[Any]], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]]
+    """A dictionary of TypeEngine classes from sqlalchemy.types mapped
+      to subclasses that are specific to the dialect class.  This
+      dictionary is class-level only and is not accessed from the
+      dialect instance itself.
+    """
+
+    supports_sequences: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports CREATE SEQUENCE or similar."""
+
+    sequences_optional: bool
+    """If True, indicates if the :paramref:`_schema.Sequence.optional`
+      parameter on the :class:`_schema.Sequence` construct
+      should signal to not generate a CREATE SEQUENCE. Applies only to
+      dialects that support sequences. Currently used only to allow PostgreSQL
+      SERIAL to be used on a column that specifies Sequence() for usage on
+      other backends.
+    """
+
+    default_sequence_base: int
+    """the default value that will be rendered as the "START WITH" portion of
+    a CREATE SEQUENCE DDL statement.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_native_enum: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports a native ENUM construct.
+      This will prevent :class:`_types.Enum` from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used in "native" mode.
+    """
+
+    supports_native_boolean: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports a native boolean construct.
+      This will prevent :class:`_types.Boolean` from generating a CHECK
+      constraint when that type is used.
+    """
+
+    supports_native_decimal: bool
+    """indicates if Decimal objects are handled and returned for precision
+    numeric types, or if floats are returned"""
+
+    supports_native_uuid: bool
+    """indicates if Python UUID() objects are handled natively by the
+    driver for SQL UUID datatypes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    returns_native_bytes: bool
+    """indicates if Python bytes() objects are returned natively by the
+    driver for SQL "binary" datatypes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.11
+
+    """
+
+    construct_arguments: Optional[
+        List[Tuple[Type[Union[SchemaItem, ClauseElement]], Mapping[str, Any]]]
+    ] = None
+    """Optional set of argument specifiers for various SQLAlchemy
+    constructs, typically schema items.
+
+    To implement, establish as a series of tuples, as in::
+
+        construct_arguments = [
+            (schema.Index, {"using": False, "where": None, "ops": None}),
+        ]
+
+    If the above construct is established on the PostgreSQL dialect,
+    the :class:`.Index` construct will now accept the keyword arguments
+    ``postgresql_using``, ``postgresql_where``, nad ``postgresql_ops``.
+    Any other argument specified to the constructor of :class:`.Index`
+    which is prefixed with ``postgresql_`` will raise :class:`.ArgumentError`.
+
+    A dialect which does not include a ``construct_arguments`` member will
+    not participate in the argument validation system.  For such a dialect,
+    any argument name is accepted by all participating constructs, within
+    the namespace of arguments prefixed with that dialect name.  The rationale
+    here is so that third-party dialects that haven't yet implemented this
+    feature continue to function in the old way.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DialectKWArgs` - implementing base class which consumes
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+
+    """
+
+    reflection_options: Sequence[str] = ()
+    """Sequence of string names indicating keyword arguments that can be
+    established on a :class:`.Table` object which will be passed as
+    "reflection options" when using :paramref:`.Table.autoload_with`.
+
+    Current example is "oracle_resolve_synonyms" in the Oracle Database
+    dialects.
+
+    """
+
+    dbapi_exception_translation_map: Mapping[str, str] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    """A dictionary of names that will contain as values the names of
+       pep-249 exceptions ("IntegrityError", "OperationalError", etc)
+       keyed to alternate class names, to support the case where a
+       DBAPI has exception classes that aren't named as they are
+       referred to (e.g. IntegrityError = MyException).   In the vast
+       majority of cases this dictionary is empty.
+    """
+
+    supports_comments: bool
+    """Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL on tables and columns."""
+
+    inline_comments: bool
+    """Indicates the dialect supports comment DDL that's inline with the
+    definition of a Table or Column.  If False, this implies that ALTER must
+    be used to set table and column comments."""
+
+    supports_constraint_comments: bool
+    """Indicates if the dialect supports comment DDL on constraints.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+    """
+
+    _has_events = False
+
+    supports_statement_cache: bool = True
+    """indicates if this dialect supports caching.
+
+    All dialects that are compatible with statement caching should set this
+    flag to True directly on each dialect class and subclass that supports
+    it.  SQLAlchemy tests that this flag is locally present on each dialect
+    subclass before it will use statement caching.  This is to provide
+    safety for legacy or new dialects that are not yet fully tested to be
+    compliant with SQL statement caching.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.5
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_thirdparty_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    _supports_statement_cache: bool
+    """internal evaluation for supports_statement_cache"""
+
+    bind_typing = BindTyping.NONE
+    """define a means of passing typing information to the database and/or
+    driver for bound parameters.
+
+    See :class:`.BindTyping` for values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_async: bool
+    """Whether or not this dialect is intended for asyncio use."""
+
+    has_terminate: bool
+    """Whether or not this dialect has a separate "terminate" implementation
+    that does not block or require awaiting."""
+
+    engine_config_types: Mapping[str, Any]
+    """a mapping of string keys that can be in an engine config linked to
+    type conversion functions.
+
+    """
+
+    label_length: Optional[int]
+    """optional user-defined max length for SQL labels"""
+
+    include_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]]
+    """set of DBAPI type objects that should be included in
+    automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.
+
+    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES
+
+    """
+
+    exclude_set_input_sizes: Optional[Set[Any]]
+    """set of DBAPI type objects that should be excluded in
+    automatic cursor.setinputsizes() calls.
+
+    This is only used if bind_typing is BindTyping.SET_INPUT_SIZES
+
+    """
+
+    supports_simple_order_by_label: bool
+    """target database supports ORDER BY <labelname>, where <labelname>
+    refers to a label in the columns clause of the SELECT"""
+
+    div_is_floordiv: bool
+    """target database treats the / division operator as "floor division" """
+
+    tuple_in_values: bool
+    """target database supports tuple IN, i.e. (x, y) IN ((q, p), (r, z))"""
+
+    _bind_typing_render_casts: bool
+
+    _type_memos: MutableMapping[TypeEngine[Any], _TypeMemoDict]
+
+    def _builtin_onconnect(self) -> Optional[_ListenerFnType]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_connect_args(self, url: URL) -> ConnectArgsType:
+        """Build DB-API compatible connection arguments.
+
+        Given a :class:`.URL` object, returns a tuple
+        consisting of a ``(*args, **kwargs)`` suitable to send directly
+        to the dbapi's connect function.   The arguments are sent to the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.connect` method which then runs the DBAPI-level
+        ``connect()`` function.
+
+        The method typically makes use of the
+        :meth:`.URL.translate_connect_args`
+        method in order to generate a dictionary of options.
+
+        The default implementation is::
+
+            def create_connect_args(self, url):
+                opts = url.translate_connect_args()
+                opts.update(url.query)
+                return ([], opts)
+
+        :param url: a :class:`.URL` object
+
+        :return: a tuple of ``(*args, **kwargs)`` which will be passed to the
+         :meth:`.Dialect.connect` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.URL.translate_connect_args`
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def import_dbapi(cls) -> ModuleType:
+        """Import the DBAPI module that is used by this dialect.
+
+        The Python module object returned here will be assigned as an
+        instance variable to a constructed dialect under the name
+        ``.dbapi``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :meth:`.Dialect.import_dbapi` class
+           method is renamed from the previous method ``.Dialect.dbapi()``,
+           which would be replaced at dialect instantiation time by the
+           DBAPI module itself, thus using the same name in two different ways.
+           If a ``.Dialect.dbapi()`` classmethod is present on a third-party
+           dialect, it will be used and a deprecation warning will be emitted.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def type_descriptor(self, typeobj: TypeEngine[_T]) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Transform a generic type to a dialect-specific type.
+
+        Dialect classes will usually use the
+        :func:`_types.adapt_type` function in the types module to
+        accomplish this.
+
+        The returned result is cached *per dialect class* so can
+        contain no dialect-instance state.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def initialize(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
+        """Called during strategized creation of the dialect with a
+        connection.
+
+        Allows dialects to configure options based on server version info or
+        other properties.
+
+        The connection passed here is a SQLAlchemy Connection object,
+        with full capabilities.
+
+        The initialize() method of the base dialect should be called via
+        super().
+
+        .. note:: as of SQLAlchemy 1.4, this method is called **before**
+           any :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` hooks are called.
+
+        """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _overrides_default(self, method_name: str) -> bool: ...
+
+    def get_columns(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        """Return information about columns in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return column
+        information as a list of dictionaries
+        corresponding to the :class:`.ReflectedColumn` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_columns`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]]:
+        """Return information about columns in all tables in the
+        given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_columns`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        """Return information about the primary key constraint on
+        table_name`.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return primary
+        key information as a dictionary corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_pk_constraint`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]]:
+        """Return information about primary key constraints in
+        all tables in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_pk_constraint`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return foreign
+        key information as a list of dicts corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_foreign_keys`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]]:
+        """Return information about foreign_keys in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_multi_foreign_keys`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of table names for ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_table_names`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_temp_table_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of temporary table names on the given connection,
+        if supported by the underlying backend.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_temp_table_names`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_view_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all non-materialized view names available in the
+        database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_view_names`.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_materialized_view_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all materialized view names available in the
+        database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_sequence_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all sequence names available in the database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_sequence_names`.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_temp_view_names(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of temporary view names on the given connection,
+        if supported by the underlying backend.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_temp_view_names`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_schema_names(self, connection: Connection, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        """Return a list of all schema names available in the database.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_schema_names`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        view_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Return plain or materialized view definition.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_view_definition`.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``view_name``, and an optional string ``schema``, return the view
+        definition.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_indexes(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        """Return information about indexes in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection`, a string
+        ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return index
+        information as a list of dictionaries corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedIndex` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_indexes`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]]:
+        """Return information about indexes in in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_indexes`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding
+        to the :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]]:
+        """Return information about unique constraints in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_unique_constraints`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return
+        check constraint information as a list of dicts corresponding
+        to the :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_check_constraints`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]]:
+        """Return information about check constraints in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_multi_check_constraints`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_options(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a dictionary of options specified when ``table_name``
+        was created.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_table_options`.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_table_options(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Return a dictionary of options specified when the tables in the
+        given schema were created.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_multi_table_options`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_table_comment(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        r"""Return the "comment" for the table identified by ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``, return
+        table comment information as a dictionary corresponding to the
+        :class:`.ReflectedTableComment` dictionary.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_table_comment`.
+
+        :raise: ``NotImplementedError`` for dialects that don't support
+         comments.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[TableKey, ReflectedTableComment]]:
+        """Return information about the table comment in all tables
+        in the given ``schema``.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.get_multi_table_comment`.
+
+        .. note:: The :class:`_engine.DefaultDialect` provides a default
+          implementation that will call the single table method for
+          each object returned by :meth:`Dialect.get_table_names`,
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_view_names` or
+          :meth:`Dialect.get_materialized_view_names` depending on the
+          provided ``kind``. Dialects that want to support a faster
+          implementation should implement this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def normalize_name(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """convert the given name to lowercase if it is detected as
+        case insensitive.
+
+        This method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def denormalize_name(self, name: str) -> str:
+        """convert the given name to a case insensitive identifier
+        for the backend if it is an all-lowercase name.
+
+        This method is only used if the dialect defines
+        requires_name_normalize=True.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_table(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """For internal dialect use, check the existence of a particular table
+        or view in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object, a string table_name and
+        optional schema name, return True if the given table exists in the
+        database, False otherwise.
+
+        This method serves as the underlying implementation of the
+        public facing :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` method, and is also used
+        internally to implement the "checkfirst" behavior for methods like
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.create` and :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        .. note:: This method is used internally by SQLAlchemy, and is
+           published so that third-party dialects may provide an
+           implementation. It is **not** the public API for checking for table
+           presence. Please use the :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0:: :meth:`_engine.Dialect.has_table` now
+           formally supports checking for additional table-like objects:
+
+           * any type of views (plain or materialized)
+           * temporary tables of any kind
+
+           Previously, these two checks were not formally specified and
+           different dialects would vary in their behavior.   The dialect
+           testing suite now includes tests for all of these object types,
+           and dialects to the degree that the backing database supports views
+           or temporary tables should seek to support locating these objects
+           for full compliance.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_index(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        table_name: str,
+        index_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check the existence of a particular index name in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object, a string
+        ``table_name`` and string index name, return ``True`` if an index of
+        the given name on the given table exists, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        The :class:`.DefaultDialect` implements this in terms of the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.has_table` and :meth:`.Dialect.get_indexes` methods,
+        however dialects can implement a more performant version.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.has_index`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_sequence(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        sequence_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check the existence of a particular sequence in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object and a string
+        `sequence_name`, return ``True`` if the given sequence exists in
+        the database, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.has_sequence`.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def has_schema(
+        self, connection: Connection, schema_name: str, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Check the existence of a particular schema name in the database.
+
+        Given a :class:`_engine.Connection` object, a string
+        ``schema_name``, return ``True`` if a schema of the
+        given exists, ``False`` otherwise.
+
+        The :class:`.DefaultDialect` implements this by checking
+        the presence of ``schema_name`` among the schemas returned by
+        :meth:`.Dialect.get_schema_names`,
+        however dialects can implement a more performant version.
+
+        This is an internal dialect method. Applications should use
+        :meth:`_engine.Inspector.has_schema`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_server_version_info(self, connection: Connection) -> Any:
+        """Retrieve the server version info from the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "server_version_info" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_default_schema_name(self, connection: Connection) -> str:
+        """Return the string name of the currently selected schema from
+        the given connection.
+
+        This is used by the default implementation to populate the
+        "default_schema_name" attribute and is called exactly
+        once upon first connect.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.begin()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        The DBAPI has no dedicated "begin" method and it is expected
+        that transactions are implicit.  This hook is provided for those
+        DBAPIs that might need additional help in this area.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.rollback()``, given
+        a DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.commit()``, given a
+        DB-API connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection, typically
+         proxied within a :class:`.ConnectionFairy`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.close()`` that tries as
+        much as possible to not block, given a DBAPI
+        connection.
+
+        In the vast majority of cases this just calls .close(), however
+        for some asyncio dialects may call upon different API features.
+
+        This hook is called by the :class:`_pool.Pool`
+        when a connection is being recycled or has been invalidated.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.41
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``connection.close()``, given a DBAPI
+        connection.
+
+        This hook is called by the :class:`_pool.Pool`
+        when a connection has been
+        detached from the pool, or is being returned beyond the normal
+        capacity of the pool.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_ping_w_event(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_ping(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        """ping the DBAPI connection and return True if the connection is
+        usable."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        list_of_tuples: _GenericSetInputSizesType,
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """invoke the cursor.setinputsizes() method with appropriate arguments
+
+        This hook is called if the :attr:`.Dialect.bind_typing` attribute is
+        set to the
+        :attr:`.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES` value.
+        Parameter data is passed in a list of tuples (paramname, dbtype,
+        sqltype), where ``paramname`` is the key of the parameter in the
+        statement, ``dbtype`` is the DBAPI datatype and ``sqltype`` is the
+        SQLAlchemy type. The order of tuples is in the correct parameter order.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  - setinputsizes mode is now enabled by
+           setting :attr:`.Dialect.bind_typing` to
+           :attr:`.BindTyping.SETINPUTSIZES`.  Dialects which accept
+           a ``use_setinputsizes`` parameter should set this value
+           appropriately.
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_xid(self) -> Any:
+        """Create a two-phase transaction ID.
+
+        This id will be passed to do_begin_twophase(),
+        do_rollback_twophase(), do_commit_twophase().  Its format is
+        unspecified.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_savepoint(self, connection: Connection, name: str) -> None:
+        """Create a savepoint with the given name.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_to_savepoint(
+        self, connection: Connection, name: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Rollback a connection to the named savepoint.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_release_savepoint(self, connection: Connection, name: str) -> None:
+        """Release the named savepoint on a connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param name: savepoint name.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_begin_twophase(self, connection: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Begin a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_prepare_twophase(self, connection: Connection, xid: Any) -> None:
+        """Prepare a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_rollback_twophase(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        xid: Any,
+        is_prepared: bool = True,
+        recover: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Rollback a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_commit_twophase(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        xid: Any,
+        is_prepared: bool = True,
+        recover: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Commit a two phase transaction on the given connection.
+
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+        :param xid: xid
+        :param is_prepared: whether or not
+         :meth:`.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare` was called.
+        :param recover: if the recover flag was passed.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_recover_twophase(self, connection: Connection) -> List[Any]:
+        """Recover list of uncommitted prepared two phase transaction
+        identifiers on the given connection.
+
+        :param connection: a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        generic_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType],
+        context: ExecutionContext,
+    ) -> Iterator[_InsertManyValuesBatch]:
+        """convert executemany parameters for an INSERT into an iterator
+        of statement/single execute values, used by the insertmanyvalues
+        feature.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_executemany(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.executemany(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams],
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement,
+        parameters)``."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def do_execute_no_params(
+        self,
+        cursor: DBAPICursor,
+        statement: str,
+        context: Optional[ExecutionContext] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Provide an implementation of ``cursor.execute(statement)``.
+
+        The parameter collection should not be sent.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def is_disconnect(
+        self,
+        e: Exception,
+        connection: Optional[Union[PoolProxiedConnection, DBAPIConnection]],
+        cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor],
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given DB-API error indicates an invalid
+        connection"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self, *cargs: Any, **cparams: Any) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        r"""Establish a connection using this dialect's DBAPI.
+
+        The default implementation of this method is::
+
+            def connect(self, *cargs, **cparams):
+                return self.dbapi.connect(*cargs, **cparams)
+
+        The ``*cargs, **cparams`` parameters are generated directly
+        from this dialect's :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
+
+        This method may be used for dialects that need to perform programmatic
+        per-connection steps when a new connection is procured from the
+        DBAPI.
+
+
+        :param \*cargs: positional parameters returned from the
+         :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method
+
+        :param \*\*cparams: keyword parameters returned from the
+         :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
+
+        :return: a DBAPI connection, typically from the :pep:`249` module
+         level ``.connect()`` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.create_connect_args`
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.on_connect`
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def on_connect_url(self, url: URL) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]:
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        This method is a new hook that supersedes the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` method when implemented by a
+        dialect.   When not implemented by a dialect, it invokes the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` method directly to maintain
+        compatibility with existing dialects.   There is no deprecation
+        for :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` expected.
+
+        The callable should accept a single argument "conn" which is the
+        DBAPI connection itself.  The inner callable has no
+        return value.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+                # ...
+
+                def on_connect_url(self, url):
+                    def do_on_connect(connection):
+                        connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")
+
+                    return do_on_connect
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.
+
+        This method differs from :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` in that
+        it is passed the :class:`_engine.URL` object that's relevant to the
+        connect args.  Normally the only way to get this is from the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` hook is to look on the
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` itself, however this URL object may have been
+        replaced by plugins.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The default implementation of
+            :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect_url` is to invoke the
+            :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect` method. Therefore if a dialect
+            implements this method, the :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect`
+            method **will not be called** unless the overriding dialect calls
+            it directly from here.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.3 added :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect_url`
+           which normally calls into :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect`.
+
+        :param url: a :class:`_engine.URL` object representing the
+         :class:`_engine.URL` that was passed to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Dialect.create_connect_args` method.
+
+        :return: a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an
+         argument, or None.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Dialect.on_connect`
+
+        """
+        return self.on_connect()
+
+    def on_connect(self) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]:
+        """return a callable which sets up a newly created DBAPI connection.
+
+        The callable should accept a single argument "conn" which is the
+        DBAPI connection itself.  The inner callable has no
+        return value.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            class MyDialect(default.DefaultDialect):
+                # ...
+
+                def on_connect(self):
+                    def do_on_connect(connection):
+                        connection.execute("SET SPECIAL FLAGS etc")
+
+                    return do_on_connect
+
+        This is used to set dialect-wide per-connection options such as
+        isolation modes, Unicode modes, etc.
+
+        The "do_on_connect" callable is invoked by using the
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.connect` event
+        hook, then unwrapping the DBAPI connection and passing it into the
+        callable.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the on_connect hook is no longer called twice
+           for the first connection of a dialect.  The on_connect hook is still
+           called before the :meth:`_engine.Dialect.initialize` method however.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.3 the on_connect hook is invoked from a new
+           method on_connect_url that passes the URL that was used to create
+           the connect args.   Dialects can implement on_connect_url instead
+           of on_connect if they need the URL object that was used for the
+           connection in order to get additional context.
+
+        If None is returned, no event listener is generated.
+
+        :return: a callable that accepts a single DBAPI connection as an
+         argument, or None.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.connect` - allows the DBAPI ``connect()`` sequence
+            itself to be controlled.
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.on_connect_url` - supersedes
+            :meth:`.Dialect.on_connect` to also receive the
+            :class:`_engine.URL` object in context.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def reset_isolation_level(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, revert its isolation to the default.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
+        most typical use cases.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current level
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection, level: IsolationLevel
+    ) -> None:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, set its isolation level.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        isolation level facilities; these APIs should be preferred for
+        most typical use cases.
+
+        If the dialect also implements the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.get_isolation_level_values` method, then the given
+        level is guaranteed to be one of the string names within that sequence,
+        and the method will not need to anticipate a lookup failure.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current level
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> IsolationLevel:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level.
+
+        When working with a :class:`_engine.Connection` object,
+        the corresponding
+        DBAPI connection may be procured using the
+        :attr:`_engine.Connection.connection` accessor.
+
+        Note that this is a dialect-level method which is used as part
+        of the implementation of the :class:`_engine.Connection` and
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level facilities;
+        these APIs should be preferred for most typical use cases.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current level
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Connection.default_isolation_level`
+            - view default level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level` -
+            set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_default_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> IsolationLevel:
+        """Given a DBAPI connection, return its isolation level, or
+        a default isolation level if one cannot be retrieved.
+
+        This method may only raise NotImplementedError and
+        **must not raise any other exception**, as it is used implicitly upon
+        first connect.
+
+        The method **must return a value** for a dialect that supports
+        isolation level settings, as this level is what will be reverted
+        towards when a per-connection isolation level change is made.
+
+        The method defaults to using the :meth:`.Dialect.get_isolation_level`
+        method unless overridden by a dialect.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.22
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_isolation_level_values(
+        self, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection
+    ) -> Sequence[IsolationLevel]:
+        """return a sequence of string isolation level names that are accepted
+        by this dialect.
+
+        The available names should use the following conventions:
+
+        * use UPPERCASE names.   isolation level methods will accept lowercase
+          names but these are normalized into UPPERCASE before being passed
+          along to the dialect.
+        * separate words should be separated by spaces, not underscores, e.g.
+          ``REPEATABLE READ``.  isolation level names will have underscores
+          converted to spaces before being passed along to the dialect.
+        * The names for the four standard isolation names to the extent that
+          they are supported by the backend should be ``READ UNCOMMITTED``,
+          ``READ COMMITTED``, ``REPEATABLE READ``, ``SERIALIZABLE``
+        * if the dialect supports an autocommit option it should be provided
+          using the isolation level name ``AUTOCOMMIT``.
+        * Other isolation modes may also be present, provided that they
+          are named in UPPERCASE and use spaces not underscores.
+
+        This function is used so that the default dialect can check that
+        a given isolation level parameter is valid, else raises an
+        :class:`_exc.ArgumentError`.
+
+        A DBAPI connection is passed to the method, in the unlikely event that
+        the dialect needs to interrogate the connection itself to determine
+        this list, however it is expected that most backends will return
+        a hardcoded list of values.  If the dialect supports "AUTOCOMMIT",
+        that value should also be present in the sequence returned.
+
+        The method raises ``NotImplementedError`` by default.  If a dialect
+        does not implement this method, then the default dialect will not
+        perform any checking on a given isolation level value before passing
+        it onto the :meth:`.Dialect.set_isolation_level` method.  This is
+        to allow backwards-compatibility with third party dialects that may
+        not yet be implementing this method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _assert_and_set_isolation_level(
+        self, dbapi_conn: DBAPIConnection, level: IsolationLevel
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_dialect_cls(cls, url: URL) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Given a URL, return the :class:`.Dialect` that will be used.
+
+        This is a hook that allows an external plugin to provide functionality
+        around an existing dialect, by allowing the plugin to be loaded
+        from the url based on an entrypoint, and then the plugin returns
+        the actual dialect to be used.
+
+        By default this just returns the cls.
+
+        """
+        return cls
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_async_dialect_cls(cls, url: URL) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Given a URL, return the :class:`.Dialect` that will be used by
+        an async engine.
+
+        By default this is an alias of :meth:`.Dialect.get_dialect_cls` and
+        just returns the cls. It may be used if a dialect provides
+        both a sync and async version under the same name, like the
+        ``psycopg`` driver.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Dialect.get_dialect_cls`
+
+        """
+        return cls.get_dialect_cls(url)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_provisioning(cls) -> None:
+        """set up the provision.py module for this dialect.
+
+        For dialects that include a provision.py module that sets up
+        provisioning followers, this method should initiate that process.
+
+        A typical implementation would be::
+
+            @classmethod
+            def load_provisioning(cls):
+                __import__("mydialect.provision")
+
+        The default method assumes a module named ``provision.py`` inside
+        the owning package of the current dialect, based on the ``__module__``
+        attribute::
+
+            @classmethod
+            def load_provisioning(cls):
+                package = ".".join(cls.__module__.split(".")[0:-1])
+                try:
+                    __import__(package + ".provision")
+                except ImportError:
+                    pass
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def engine_created(cls, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        """A convenience hook called before returning the final
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        If the dialect returned a different class from the
+        :meth:`.get_dialect_cls`
+        method, then the hook is called on both classes, first on
+        the dialect class returned by the :meth:`.get_dialect_cls` method and
+        then on the class on which the method was called.
+
+        The hook should be used by dialects and/or wrappers to apply special
+        events to the engine or its components.   In particular, it allows
+        a dialect-wrapping class to apply dialect-level events.
+
+        """
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection: DBAPIConnection) -> Any:
+        """Returns the connection object as returned by the external driver
+        package.
+
+        For normal dialects that use a DBAPI compliant driver this call
+        will just return the ``connection`` passed as argument.
+        For dialects that instead adapt a non DBAPI compliant driver, like
+        when adapting an asyncio driver, this call will return the
+        connection-like object as returned by the driver.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_engine_execution_options(
+        self, engine: Engine, opts: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish execution options for a given engine.
+
+        This is implemented by :class:`.DefaultDialect` to establish
+        event hooks for new :class:`.Connection` instances created
+        by the given :class:`.Engine` which will then invoke the
+        :meth:`.Dialect.set_connection_execution_options` method for that
+        connection.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_connection_execution_options(
+        self, connection: Connection, opts: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish execution options for a given connection.
+
+        This is implemented by :class:`.DefaultDialect` in order to implement
+        the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+        execution option.  Dialects can intercept various execution options
+        which may need to modify state on a particular DBAPI connection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_dialect_pool_class(self, url: URL) -> Type[Pool]:
+        """return a Pool class to use for a given URL"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def validate_identifier(self, ident: str) -> None:
+        """Validates an identifier name, raising an exception if invalid"""
+
+
+class CreateEnginePlugin:
+    """A set of hooks intended to augment the construction of an
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` object based on entrypoint names in a URL.
+
+    The purpose of :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` is to allow third-party
+    systems to apply engine, pool and dialect level event listeners without
+    the need for the target application to be modified; instead, the plugin
+    names can be added to the database URL.  Target applications for
+    :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` include:
+
+    * connection and SQL performance tools, e.g. which use events to track
+      number of checkouts and/or time spent with statements
+
+    * connectivity plugins such as proxies
+
+    A rudimentary :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` that attaches a logger
+    to an :class:`_engine.Engine` object might look like::
+
+
+        import logging
+
+        from sqlalchemy.engine import CreateEnginePlugin
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+        class LogCursorEventsPlugin(CreateEnginePlugin):
+            def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
+                # consume the parameter "log_cursor_logging_name" from the
+                # URL query
+                logging_name = url.query.get(
+                    "log_cursor_logging_name", "log_cursor"
+                )
+
+                self.log = logging.getLogger(logging_name)
+
+            def update_url(self, url):
+                "update the URL to one that no longer includes our parameters"
+                return url.difference_update_query(["log_cursor_logging_name"])
+
+            def engine_created(self, engine):
+                "attach an event listener after the new Engine is constructed"
+                event.listen(engine, "before_cursor_execute", self._log_event)
+
+            def _log_event(
+                self,
+                conn,
+                cursor,
+                statement,
+                parameters,
+                context,
+                executemany,
+            ):
+
+                self.log.info("Plugin logged cursor event: %s", statement)
+
+    Plugins are registered using entry points in a similar way as that
+    of dialects::
+
+        entry_points = {
+            "sqlalchemy.plugins": [
+                "log_cursor_plugin = myapp.plugins:LogCursorEventsPlugin"
+            ]
+        }
+
+    A plugin that uses the above names would be invoked from a database
+    URL as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?"
+            "plugin=log_cursor_plugin&log_cursor_logging_name=mylogger"
+        )
+
+    The ``plugin`` URL parameter supports multiple instances, so that a URL
+    may specify multiple plugins; they are loaded in the order stated
+    in the URL::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?"
+            "plugin=plugin_one&plugin=plugin_twp&plugin=plugin_three"
+        )
+
+    The plugin names may also be passed directly to :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+    using the :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.plugins` argument::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test", plugins=["myplugin"]
+        )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.3  plugin names can also be specified
+       to :func:`_sa.create_engine` as a list
+
+    A plugin may consume plugin-specific arguments from the
+    :class:`_engine.URL` object as well as the ``kwargs`` dictionary, which is
+    the dictionary of arguments passed to the :func:`_sa.create_engine`
+    call.  "Consuming" these arguments includes that they must be removed
+    when the plugin initializes, so that the arguments are not passed along
+    to the :class:`_engine.Dialect` constructor, where they will raise an
+    :class:`_exc.ArgumentError` because they are not known by the dialect.
+
+    As of version 1.4 of SQLAlchemy, arguments should continue to be consumed
+    from the ``kwargs`` dictionary directly, by removing the values with a
+    method such as ``dict.pop``. Arguments from the :class:`_engine.URL` object
+    should be consumed by implementing the
+    :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method, returning a new copy
+    of the :class:`_engine.URL` with plugin-specific parameters removed::
+
+        class MyPlugin(CreateEnginePlugin):
+            def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
+                self.my_argument_one = url.query["my_argument_one"]
+                self.my_argument_two = url.query["my_argument_two"]
+                self.my_argument_three = kwargs.pop("my_argument_three", None)
+
+            def update_url(self, url):
+                return url.difference_update_query(
+                    ["my_argument_one", "my_argument_two"]
+                )
+
+    Arguments like those illustrated above would be consumed from a
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine` call such as::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "mysql+pymysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test?"
+            "plugin=myplugin&my_argument_one=foo&my_argument_two=bar",
+            my_argument_three="bat",
+        )
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now immutable; a
+        :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` that needs to alter the
+        :class:`_engine.URL` should implement the newly added
+        :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method, which
+        is invoked after the plugin is constructed.
+
+        For migration, construct the plugin in the following way, checking
+        for the existence of the :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url`
+        method to detect which version is running::
+
+            class MyPlugin(CreateEnginePlugin):
+                def __init__(self, url, kwargs):
+                    if hasattr(CreateEnginePlugin, "update_url"):
+                        # detect the 1.4 API
+                        self.my_argument_one = url.query["my_argument_one"]
+                        self.my_argument_two = url.query["my_argument_two"]
+                    else:
+                        # detect the 1.3 and earlier API - mutate the
+                        # URL directly
+                        self.my_argument_one = url.query.pop("my_argument_one")
+                        self.my_argument_two = url.query.pop("my_argument_two")
+
+                    self.my_argument_three = kwargs.pop("my_argument_three", None)
+
+                def update_url(self, url):
+                    # this method is only called in the 1.4 version
+                    return url.difference_update_query(
+                        ["my_argument_one", "my_argument_two"]
+                    )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`change_5526` - overview of the :class:`_engine.URL` change which
+            also includes notes regarding :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin`.
+
+
+    When the engine creation process completes and produces the
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` object, it is again passed to the plugin via the
+    :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.engine_created` hook.  In this hook, additional
+    changes can be made to the engine, most typically involving setup of
+    events (e.g. those defined in :ref:`core_event_toplevel`).
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(self, url: URL, kwargs: Dict[str, Any]):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.CreateEnginePlugin`.
+
+        The plugin object is instantiated individually for each call
+        to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.  A single :class:`_engine.
+        Engine` will be
+        passed to the :meth:`.CreateEnginePlugin.engine_created` method
+        corresponding to this URL.
+
+        :param url: the :class:`_engine.URL` object.  The plugin may inspect
+         the :class:`_engine.URL` for arguments.  Arguments used by the
+         plugin should be removed, by returning an updated :class:`_engine.URL`
+         from the :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method.
+
+         .. versionchanged::  1.4
+
+            The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now immutable, so a
+            :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` that needs to alter the
+            :class:`_engine.URL` object should implement the
+            :meth:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin.update_url` method.
+
+        :param kwargs: The keyword arguments passed to
+         :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+        """
+        self.url = url
+
+    def update_url(self, url: URL) -> URL:
+        """Update the :class:`_engine.URL`.
+
+        A new :class:`_engine.URL` should be returned.   This method is
+        typically used to consume configuration arguments from the
+        :class:`_engine.URL` which must be removed, as they will not be
+        recognized by the dialect.  The
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query` method is available
+        to remove these arguments.   See the docstring at
+        :class:`_engine.CreateEnginePlugin` for an example.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_dialect_kwargs(
+        self, dialect_cls: Type[Dialect], dialect_args: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """parse and modify dialect kwargs"""
+
+    def handle_pool_kwargs(
+        self, pool_cls: Type[Pool], pool_args: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """parse and modify pool kwargs"""
+
+    def engine_created(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        """Receive the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        object when it is fully constructed.
+
+        The plugin may make additional changes to the engine, such as
+        registering engine or connection pool events.
+
+        """
+
+
+class ExecutionContext:
+    """A messenger object for a Dialect that corresponds to a single
+    execution.
+
+    """
+
+    engine: Engine
+    """engine which the Connection is associated with"""
+
+    connection: Connection
+    """Connection object which can be freely used by default value
+      generators to execute SQL.  This Connection should reference the
+      same underlying connection/transactional resources of
+      root_connection."""
+
+    root_connection: Connection
+    """Connection object which is the source of this ExecutionContext."""
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    """dialect which created this ExecutionContext."""
+
+    cursor: DBAPICursor
+    """DB-API cursor procured from the connection"""
+
+    compiled: Optional[Compiled]
+    """if passed to constructor, sqlalchemy.engine.base.Compiled object
+      being executed"""
+
+    statement: str
+    """string version of the statement to be executed.  Is either
+      passed to the constructor, or must be created from the
+      sql.Compiled object by the time pre_exec() has completed."""
+
+    invoked_statement: Optional[Executable]
+    """The Executable statement object that was given in the first place.
+
+    This should be structurally equivalent to compiled.statement, but not
+    necessarily the same object as in a caching scenario the compiled form
+    will have been extracted from the cache.
+
+    """
+
+    parameters: _AnyMultiExecuteParams
+    """bind parameters passed to the execute() or exec_driver_sql() methods.
+
+    These are always stored as a list of parameter entries.  A single-element
+    list corresponds to a ``cursor.execute()`` call and a multiple-element
+    list corresponds to ``cursor.executemany()``, except in the case
+    of :attr:`.ExecuteStyle.INSERTMANYVALUES` which will use
+    ``cursor.execute()`` one or more times.
+
+    """
+
+    no_parameters: bool
+    """True if the execution style does not use parameters"""
+
+    isinsert: bool
+    """True if the statement is an INSERT."""
+
+    isupdate: bool
+    """True if the statement is an UPDATE."""
+
+    execute_style: ExecuteStyle
+    """the style of DBAPI cursor method that will be used to execute
+    a statement.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    executemany: bool
+    """True if the context has a list of more than one parameter set.
+
+    Historically this attribute links to whether ``cursor.execute()`` or
+    ``cursor.executemany()`` will be used.  It also can now mean that
+    "insertmanyvalues" may be used which indicates one or more
+    ``cursor.execute()`` calls.
+
+    """
+
+    prefetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]]
+    """a list of Column objects for which a client-side default
+      was fired off.  Applies to inserts and updates."""
+
+    postfetch_cols: util.generic_fn_descriptor[Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]]
+    """a list of Column objects for which a server-side default or
+      inline SQL expression value was fired off.  Applies to inserts
+      and updates."""
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+    """Execution options associated with the current statement execution"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_ddl(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled_ddl: DDLCompiler,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiled(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        compiled: SQLCompiler,
+        parameters: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        invoked_statement: Executable,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]],
+        cache_hit: CacheStats = CacheStats.CACHING_DISABLED,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_statement(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_default(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        connection: Connection,
+        dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+    ) -> ExecutionContext:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _exec_default(
+        self,
+        column: Optional[Column[Any]],
+        default: DefaultGenerator,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]],
+    ) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _prepare_set_input_sizes(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[List[Tuple[str, Any, TypeEngine[Any]]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_cache_stats(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _setup_result_proxy(self) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fire_sequence(self, seq: Sequence_SchemaItem, type_: Integer) -> int:
+        """given a :class:`.Sequence`, invoke it and return the next int
+        value"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def create_cursor(self) -> DBAPICursor:
+        """Return a new cursor generated from this ExecutionContext's
+        connection.
+
+        Some dialects may wish to change the behavior of
+        connection.cursor(), such as postgresql which may return a PG
+        "server side" cursor.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def pre_exec(self) -> None:
+        """Called before an execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `statement` and `parameters` datamembers must be
+        initialized after this statement is complete.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_out_parameter_values(
+        self, out_param_names: Sequence[str]
+    ) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a sequence of OUT parameter values from a cursor.
+
+        For dialects that support OUT parameters, this method will be called
+        when there is a :class:`.SQLCompiler` object which has the
+        :attr:`.SQLCompiler.has_out_parameters` flag set.  This flag in turn
+        will be set to True if the statement itself has :class:`.BindParameter`
+        objects that have the ``.isoutparam`` flag set which are consumed by
+        the :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam` method.  If the dialect
+        compiler produces :class:`.BindParameter` objects with ``.isoutparam``
+        set which are not handled by :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_bindparam`, it
+        should set this flag explicitly.
+
+        The list of names that were rendered for each bound parameter
+        is passed to the method.  The method should then return a sequence of
+        values corresponding to the list of parameter objects. Unlike in
+        previous SQLAlchemy versions, the values can be the **raw values** from
+        the DBAPI; the execution context will apply the appropriate type
+        handler based on what's present in self.compiled.binds and update the
+        values.  The processed dictionary will then be made available via the
+        ``.out_parameters`` collection on the result object.  Note that
+        SQLAlchemy 1.4 has multiple kinds of result object as part of the 2.0
+        transition.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - added
+           :meth:`.ExecutionContext.get_out_parameter_values`, which is invoked
+           automatically by the :class:`.DefaultExecutionContext` when there
+           are :class:`.BindParameter` objects with the ``.isoutparam`` flag
+           set.  This replaces the practice of setting out parameters within
+           the now-removed ``get_result_proxy()`` method.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def post_exec(self) -> None:
+        """Called after the execution of a compiled statement.
+
+        If a compiled statement was passed to this ExecutionContext,
+        the `last_insert_ids`, `last_inserted_params`, etc.
+        datamembers should be available after this method completes.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def handle_dbapi_exception(self, e: BaseException) -> None:
+        """Receive a DBAPI exception which occurred upon execute, result
+        fetch, etc."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def lastrow_has_defaults(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the last INSERT or UPDATE row contained
+        inlined or database-side defaults.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_rowcount(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Return the DBAPI ``cursor.rowcount`` value, or in some
+        cases an interpreted value.
+
+        See :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.rowcount` for details on this.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fetchall_for_returning(self, cursor: DBAPICursor) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """For a RETURNING result, deliver cursor.fetchall() from the
+        DBAPI cursor.
+
+        This is a dialect-specific hook for dialects that have special
+        considerations when calling upon the rows delivered for a
+        "RETURNING" statement.   Default implementation is
+        ``cursor.fetchall()``.
+
+        This hook is currently used only by the :term:`insertmanyvalues`
+        feature.   Dialects that don't set ``use_insertmanyvalues=True``
+        don't need to consider this hook.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ConnectionEventsTarget(EventTarget):
+    """An object which can accept events from :class:`.ConnectionEvents`.
+
+    Includes :class:`_engine.Connection` and :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ConnectionEventsTarget]
+
+
+Connectable = ConnectionEventsTarget
+
+
+class ExceptionContext:
+    """Encapsulate information about an error condition in progress.
+
+    This object exists solely to be passed to the
+    :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error` event,
+    supporting an interface that
+    can be extended without backwards-incompatibility.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    dialect: Dialect
+    """The :class:`_engine.Dialect` in use.
+
+    This member is present for all invocations of the event hook.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    connection: Optional[Connection]
+    """The :class:`_engine.Connection` in use during the exception.
+
+    This member is present, except in the case of a failure when
+    first connecting.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine`
+
+
+    """
+
+    engine: Optional[Engine]
+    """The :class:`_engine.Engine` in use during the exception.
+
+    This member is present in all cases except for when handling an error
+    within the connection pool "pre-ping" process.
+
+    """
+
+    cursor: Optional[DBAPICursor]
+    """The DBAPI cursor object.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    statement: Optional[str]
+    """String SQL statement that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams]
+    """Parameter collection that was emitted directly to the DBAPI.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    original_exception: BaseException
+    """The exception object which was caught.
+
+    This member is always present.
+
+    """
+
+    sqlalchemy_exception: Optional[StatementError]
+    """The :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.StatementError` which wraps the original,
+    and will be raised if exception handling is not circumvented by the event.
+
+    May be None, as not all exception types are wrapped by SQLAlchemy.
+    For DBAPI-level exceptions that subclass the dbapi's Error class, this
+    field will always be present.
+
+    """
+
+    chained_exception: Optional[BaseException]
+    """The exception that was returned by the previous handler in the
+    exception chain, if any.
+
+    If present, this exception will be the one ultimately raised by
+    SQLAlchemy unless a subsequent handler replaces it.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    execution_context: Optional[ExecutionContext]
+    """The :class:`.ExecutionContext` corresponding to the execution
+    operation in progress.
+
+    This is present for statement execution operations, but not for
+    operations such as transaction begin/end.  It also is not present when
+    the exception was raised before the :class:`.ExecutionContext`
+    could be constructed.
+
+    Note that the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.statement` and
+    :attr:`.ExceptionContext.parameters` members may represent a
+    different value than that of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+    potentially in the case where a
+    :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute` event or similar
+    modified the statement/parameters to be sent.
+
+    May be None.
+
+    """
+
+    is_disconnect: bool
+    """Represent whether the exception as occurred represents a "disconnect"
+    condition.
+
+    This flag will always be True or False within the scope of the
+    :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error` handler.
+
+    SQLAlchemy will defer to this flag in order to determine whether or not
+    the connection should be invalidated subsequently.    That is, by
+    assigning to this flag, a "disconnect" event which then results in
+    a connection and pool invalidation can be invoked or prevented by
+    changing this flag.
+
+
+    .. note:: The pool "pre_ping" handler enabled using the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` parameter does **not**
+        consult this event before deciding if the "ping" returned false,
+        as opposed to receiving an unhandled error.   For this use case, the
+        :ref:`legacy recipe based on engine_connect() may be used
+        <pool_disconnects_pessimistic_custom>`.  A future API allow more
+        comprehensive customization of the "disconnect" detection mechanism
+        across all functions.
+
+    """
+
+    invalidate_pool_on_disconnect: bool
+    """Represent whether all connections in the pool should be invalidated
+    when a "disconnect" condition is in effect.
+
+    Setting this flag to False within the scope of the
+    :meth:`_events.DialectEvents.handle_error`
+    event will have the effect such
+    that the full collection of connections in the pool will not be
+    invalidated during a disconnect; only the current connection that is the
+    subject of the error will actually be invalidated.
+
+    The purpose of this flag is for custom disconnect-handling schemes where
+    the invalidation of other connections in the pool is to be performed
+    based on other conditions, or even on a per-connection basis.
+
+    """
+
+    is_pre_ping: bool
+    """Indicates if this error is occurring within the "pre-ping" step
+    performed when :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_pre_ping` is set to
+    ``True``.  In this mode, the :attr:`.ExceptionContext.engine` attribute
+    will be ``None``.  The dialect in use is accessible via the
+    :attr:`.ExceptionContext.dialect` attribute.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.5
+
+    """
+
+
+class AdaptedConnection:
+    """Interface of an adapted connection object to support the DBAPI protocol.
+
+    Used by asyncio dialects to provide a sync-style pep-249 facade on top
+    of the asyncio connection/cursor API provided by the driver.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_connection",)
+
+    _connection: Any
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Any:
+        """The connection object as returned by the driver after a connect."""
+        return self._connection
+
+    def run_async(self, fn: Callable[[Any], Awaitable[_T]]) -> _T:
+        """Run the awaitable returned by the given function, which is passed
+        the raw asyncio driver connection.
+
+        This is used to invoke awaitable-only methods on the driver connection
+        within the context of a "synchronous" method, like a connection
+        pool event handler.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            engine = create_async_engine(...)
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(engine.sync_engine, "connect")
+            def register_custom_types(
+                dbapi_connection,  # ...
+            ):
+                dbapi_connection.run_async(
+                    lambda connection: connection.set_type_codec(
+                        "MyCustomType", encoder, decoder, ...
+                    )
+                )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.30
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_events_run_async`
+
+        """
+        return await_only(fn(self._connection))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<AdaptedConnection %s>" % self._connection
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/mock.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/mock.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08dba5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/mock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# engine/mock.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from operator import attrgetter
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import url as _url
+from .. import util
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import Engine
+    from .interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from .interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .url import URL
+    from ..sql.base import Executable
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaDropper
+    from ..sql.ddl import SchemaGenerator
+    from ..sql.schema import HasSchemaAttr
+    from ..sql.schema import SchemaItem
+
+
+class MockConnection:
+    def __init__(self, dialect: Dialect, execute: Callable[..., Any]):
+        self._dialect = dialect
+        self._execute_impl = execute
+
+    engine: Engine = cast(Any, property(lambda s: s))
+    dialect: Dialect = cast(Any, property(attrgetter("_dialect")))
+    name: str = cast(Any, property(lambda s: s._dialect.name))
+
+    def connect(self, **kwargs: Any) -> MockConnection:
+        return self
+
+    def schema_for_object(self, obj: HasSchemaAttr) -> Optional[str]:
+        return obj.schema
+
+    def execution_options(self, **kw: Any) -> MockConnection:
+        return self
+
+    def _run_ddl_visitor(
+        self,
+        visitorcallable: Type[Union[SchemaGenerator, SchemaDropper]],
+        element: SchemaItem,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        kwargs["checkfirst"] = False
+        visitorcallable(self.dialect, self, **kwargs).traverse_single(element)
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        obj: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return self._execute_impl(obj, parameters)
+
+
+def create_mock_engine(
+    url: Union[str, URL], executor: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> MockConnection:
+    """Create a "mock" engine used for echoing DDL.
+
+    This is a utility function used for debugging or storing the output of DDL
+    sequences as generated by :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`
+    and related methods.
+
+    The function accepts a URL which is used only to determine the kind of
+    dialect to be used, as well as an "executor" callable function which
+    will receive a SQL expression object and parameters, which can then be
+    echoed or otherwise printed.   The executor's return value is not handled,
+    nor does the engine allow regular string statements to be invoked, and
+    is therefore only useful for DDL that is sent to the database without
+    receiving any results.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_mock_engine
+
+
+        def dump(sql, *multiparams, **params):
+            print(sql.compile(dialect=engine.dialect))
+
+
+        engine = create_mock_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://", dump)
+        metadata.create_all(engine, checkfirst=False)
+
+    :param url: A string URL which typically needs to contain only the
+     database backend name.
+
+    :param executor: a callable which receives the arguments ``sql``,
+     ``*multiparams`` and ``**params``.  The ``sql`` parameter is typically
+     an instance of :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`, which can then be compiled
+     into a string using :meth:`.ExecutableDDLElement.compile`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :func:`.create_mock_engine` function replaces
+       the previous "mock" engine strategy used with
+       :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_ddl_as_string`
+
+    """
+
+    # create url.URL object
+    u = _url.make_url(url)
+
+    dialect_cls = u.get_dialect()
+
+    dialect_args = {}
+    # consume dialect arguments from kwargs
+    for k in util.get_cls_kwargs(dialect_cls):
+        if k in kw:
+            dialect_args[k] = kw.pop(k)
+
+    # create dialect
+    dialect = dialect_cls(**dialect_args)
+
+    return MockConnection(dialect, executor)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/processors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/processors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3f93308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/processors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# engine/processors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2010-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Copyright (C) 2010 Gaetan de Menten gdementen@gmail.com
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""defines generic type conversion functions, as used in bind and result
+processors.
+
+They all share one common characteristic: None is passed through unchanged.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from ._py_processors import str_to_datetime_processor_factory  # noqa
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_processors import int_to_boolean as int_to_boolean
+    from ._py_processors import str_to_date as str_to_date
+    from ._py_processors import str_to_datetime as str_to_datetime
+    from ._py_processors import str_to_time as str_to_time
+    from ._py_processors import (
+        to_decimal_processor_factory as to_decimal_processor_factory,
+    )
+    from ._py_processors import to_float as to_float
+    from ._py_processors import to_str as to_str
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (
+        DecimalResultProcessor,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401
+        int_to_boolean as int_to_boolean,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        str_to_date as str_to_date,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401
+        str_to_datetime as str_to_datetime,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        str_to_time as str_to_time,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        to_float as to_float,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.processors import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        to_str as to_str,
+    )
+
+    def to_decimal_processor_factory(target_class, scale):
+        # Note that the scale argument is not taken into account for integer
+        # values in the C implementation while it is in the Python one.
+        # For example, the Python implementation might return
+        # Decimal('5.00000') whereas the C implementation will
+        # return Decimal('5'). These are equivalent of course.
+        return DecimalResultProcessor(target_class, "%%.%df" % scale).process
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5d754c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2099 @@
+# engine/reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides an abstraction for obtaining database schema information.
+
+Usage Notes:
+
+Here are some general conventions when accessing the low level inspector
+methods such as get_table_names, get_columns, etc.
+
+1. Inspector methods return lists of dicts in most cases for the following
+   reasons:
+
+   * They're both standard types that can be serialized.
+   * Using a dict instead of a tuple allows easy expansion of attributes.
+   * Using a list for the outer structure maintains order and is easy to work
+     with (e.g. list comprehension [d['name'] for d in cols]).
+
+2. Records that contain a name, such as the column name in a column record
+   use the key 'name'. So for most return values, each record will have a
+   'name' attribute..
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from enum import auto
+from enum import Flag
+from enum import unique
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import Connection
+from .base import Engine
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import schema as sa_schema
+from ..sql.cache_key import _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args
+from ..sql.elements import quoted_name
+from ..sql.elements import TextClause
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ..util import topological
+from ..util.typing import final
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import Dialect
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedCheckConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedColumn
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedIndex
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedTableComment
+    from .interfaces import ReflectedUniqueConstraint
+    from .interfaces import TableKey
+
+_R = TypeVar("_R")
+
+
+@util.decorator
+def cache(
+    fn: Callable[..., _R],
+    self: Dialect,
+    con: Connection,
+    *args: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _R:
+    info_cache = kw.get("info_cache", None)
+    if info_cache is None:
+        return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+    exclude = {"info_cache", "unreflectable"}
+    key = (
+        fn.__name__,
+        tuple(
+            (str(a), a.quote) if isinstance(a, quoted_name) else a
+            for a in args
+            if isinstance(a, str)
+        ),
+        tuple(
+            (k, (str(v), v.quote) if isinstance(v, quoted_name) else v)
+            for k, v in kw.items()
+            if k not in exclude
+        ),
+    )
+    ret: _R = info_cache.get(key)
+    if ret is None:
+        ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        info_cache[key] = ret
+    return ret
+
+
+def flexi_cache(
+    *traverse_args: Tuple[str, InternalTraversal]
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., _R]], Callable[..., _R]]:
+    @util.decorator
+    def go(
+        fn: Callable[..., _R],
+        self: Dialect,
+        con: Connection,
+        *args: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _R:
+        info_cache = kw.get("info_cache", None)
+        if info_cache is None:
+            return fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+        key = _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args((fn.__name__,), traverse_args, args)
+        ret: _R = info_cache.get(key)
+        if ret is None:
+            ret = fn(self, con, *args, **kw)
+            info_cache[key] = ret
+        return ret
+
+    return go
+
+
+@unique
+class ObjectKind(Flag):
+    """Enumerator that indicates which kind of object to return when calling
+    the ``get_multi`` methods.
+
+    This is a Flag enum, so custom combinations can be passed. For example,
+    to reflect tables and plain views ``ObjectKind.TABLE | ObjectKind.VIEW``
+    may be used.
+
+    .. note::
+      Not all dialect may support all kind of object. If a dialect does
+      not support a particular object an empty dict is returned.
+      In case a dialect supports an object, but the requested method
+      is not applicable for the specified kind the default value
+      will be returned for each reflected object. For example reflecting
+      check constraints of view return a dict with all the views with
+      empty lists as values.
+    """
+
+    TABLE = auto()
+    "Reflect table objects"
+    VIEW = auto()
+    "Reflect plain view objects"
+    MATERIALIZED_VIEW = auto()
+    "Reflect materialized view object"
+
+    ANY_VIEW = VIEW | MATERIALIZED_VIEW
+    "Reflect any kind of view objects"
+    ANY = TABLE | VIEW | MATERIALIZED_VIEW
+    "Reflect all type of objects"
+
+
+@unique
+class ObjectScope(Flag):
+    """Enumerator that indicates which scope to use when calling
+    the ``get_multi`` methods.
+    """
+
+    DEFAULT = auto()
+    "Include default scope"
+    TEMPORARY = auto()
+    "Include only temp scope"
+    ANY = DEFAULT | TEMPORARY
+    "Include both default and temp scope"
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class Inspector(inspection.Inspectable["Inspector"]):
+    """Performs database schema inspection.
+
+    The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`, providing a
+    consistent interface as well as caching support for previously
+    fetched metadata.
+
+    A :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object is usually created via the
+    :func:`_sa.inspect` function, which may be passed an
+    :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    or a :class:`_engine.Connection`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
+
+        engine = create_engine("...")
+        insp = inspect(engine)
+
+    Where above, the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` associated
+    with the engine may opt to return an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+    subclass that
+    provides additional methods specific to the dialect's target database.
+
+    """
+
+    bind: Union[Engine, Connection]
+    engine: Engine
+    _op_context_requires_connect: bool
+    dialect: Dialect
+    info_cache: Dict[Any, Any]
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The __init__() method on :class:`_reflection.Inspector` "
+        "is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":func:`.sqlalchemy.inspect` "
+        "function on an :class:`_engine.Engine` or "
+        ":class:`_engine.Connection` "
+        "in order to "
+        "acquire an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.",
+    )
+    def __init__(self, bind: Union[Engine, Connection]):
+        """Initialize a new :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`,
+          which is typically an instance of
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` or
+          :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a dialect-specific instance of :class:`_reflection.Inspector`, see
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.from_engine`
+
+        """
+        self._init_legacy(bind)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(
+        cls, init: Callable[..., Any], bind: Union[Engine, Connection]
+    ) -> Inspector:
+        if hasattr(bind.dialect, "inspector"):
+            cls = bind.dialect.inspector
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        init(self, bind)
+        return self
+
+    def _init_legacy(self, bind: Union[Engine, Connection]) -> None:
+        if hasattr(bind, "exec_driver_sql"):
+            self._init_connection(bind)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        else:
+            self._init_engine(bind)
+
+    def _init_engine(self, engine: Engine) -> None:
+        self.bind = self.engine = engine
+        engine.connect().close()
+        self._op_context_requires_connect = True
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    def _init_connection(self, connection: Connection) -> None:
+        self.bind = connection
+        self.engine = connection.engine
+        self._op_context_requires_connect = False
+        self.dialect = self.engine.dialect
+        self.info_cache = {}
+
+    def clear_cache(self) -> None:
+        """reset the cache for this :class:`.Inspector`.
+
+        Inspection methods that have data cached will emit SQL queries
+        when next called to get new data.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        self.info_cache.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The from_engine() method on :class:`_reflection.Inspector` "
+        "is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":func:`.sqlalchemy.inspect` "
+        "function on an :class:`_engine.Engine` or "
+        ":class:`_engine.Connection` "
+        "in order to "
+        "acquire an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.",
+    )
+    def from_engine(cls, bind: Engine) -> Inspector:
+        """Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given
+        engine or connection.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Connection`
+         or :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine`.
+
+        This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of
+        :class:`_reflection.Inspector` in that the
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect` is given a chance to
+        provide a dialect-specific :class:`_reflection.Inspector` instance,
+        which may
+        provide additional methods.
+
+        See the example at :class:`_reflection.Inspector`.
+
+        """
+        return cls._construct(cls._init_legacy, bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Engine)
+    def _engine_insp(bind: Engine) -> Inspector:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        return Inspector._construct(Inspector._init_engine, bind)
+
+    @inspection._inspects(Connection)
+    def _connection_insp(bind: Connection) -> Inspector:  # type: ignore[misc]
+        return Inspector._construct(Inspector._init_connection, bind)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _operation_context(self) -> Generator[Connection, None, None]:
+        """Return a context that optimizes for multiple operations on a single
+        transaction.
+
+        This essentially allows connect()/close() to be called if we detected
+        that we're against an :class:`_engine.Engine` and not a
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+        conn: Connection
+        if self._op_context_requires_connect:
+            conn = self.bind.connect()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        else:
+            conn = self.bind  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        try:
+            yield conn
+        finally:
+            if self._op_context_requires_connect:
+                conn.close()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _inspection_context(self) -> Generator[Inspector, None, None]:
+        """Return an :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+        from this one that will run all
+        operations on a single connection.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            sub_insp = self._construct(self.__class__._init_connection, conn)
+            sub_insp.info_cache = self.info_cache
+            yield sub_insp
+
+    @property
+    def default_schema_name(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """Return the default schema name presented by the dialect
+        for the current engine's database user.
+
+        E.g. this is typically ``public`` for PostgreSQL and ``dbo``
+        for SQL Server.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+    def get_schema_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all schema names.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_schema_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_table_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all table names within a particular schema.
+
+        The names are expected to be real tables only, not views.
+        Views are instead returned using the
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_view_names` and/or
+        :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`
+        methods.
+
+        :param schema: Schema name. If ``schema`` is left at ``None``, the
+         database's default schema is
+         used, else the named schema is searched.  If the database does not
+         support named schemas, behavior is undefined if ``schema`` is not
+         passed as ``None``.  For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_table(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a table, view, or temporary
+        table of the given name.
+
+        :param table_name: name of the table to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` method
+           replaces the :meth:`_engine.Engine.has_table` method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0:: :meth:`.Inspector.has_table` now formally
+           supports checking for additional table-like objects:
+
+           * any type of views (plain or materialized)
+           * temporary tables of any kind
+
+           Previously, these two checks were not formally specified and
+           different dialects would vary in their behavior.   The dialect
+           testing suite now includes tests for all of these object types
+           and should be supported by all SQLAlchemy-included dialects.
+           Support among third party dialects may be lagging, however.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_table(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_sequence(
+        self, sequence_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a sequence with the given name.
+
+        :param sequence_name: name of the sequence to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                conn, sequence_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def has_index(
+        self,
+        table_name: str,
+        index_name: str,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Check the existence of a particular index name in the database.
+
+        :param table_name: the name of the table the index belongs to
+        :param index_name: the name of the index to check
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_index(
+                conn,
+                table_name,
+                index_name,
+                schema,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+    def has_schema(self, schema_name: str, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the backend has a schema with the given name.
+
+        :param schema_name: name of the schema to check
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.has_schema(
+                conn, schema_name, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[Optional[str], List[Tuple[str, Optional[str]]]]]:
+        r"""Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names in
+        referred to within a particular schema.
+
+        This will yield 2-tuples of
+        ``(tablename, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ...])``
+        consisting of table names in CREATE order grouped with the foreign key
+        constraint names that are not detected as belonging to a cycle.
+        The final element
+        will be ``(None, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ..])``
+        which will consist of remaining
+        foreign key constraint names that would require a separate CREATE
+        step after-the-fact, based on dependencies between tables.
+
+        :param schema: schema name to query, if not the default schema.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+            :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints` - similar method which works
+            with an already-given :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        """
+
+        return [
+            (
+                table_key[1] if table_key else None,
+                [(tname, fks) for (_, tname), fks in fk_collection],
+            )
+            for (
+                table_key,
+                fk_collection,
+            ) in self.sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+                consider_schemas=(schema,)
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+        self,
+        consider_schemas: Collection[Optional[str]] = (None,),
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> List[
+        Tuple[
+            Optional[Tuple[Optional[str], str]],
+            List[Tuple[Tuple[Optional[str], str], Optional[str]]],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        r"""Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names
+        referred to within multiple schemas.
+
+        This method may be compared to
+        :meth:`.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`, which
+        works on one schema at a time; here, the method is a generalization
+        that will consider multiple schemas at once including that it will
+        resolve for cross-schema foreign keys.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        SchemaTab = Tuple[Optional[str], str]
+
+        tuples: Set[Tuple[SchemaTab, SchemaTab]] = set()
+        remaining_fkcs: Set[Tuple[SchemaTab, Optional[str]]] = set()
+        fknames_for_table: Dict[SchemaTab, Set[Optional[str]]] = {}
+        tnames: List[SchemaTab] = []
+
+        for schname in consider_schemas:
+            schema_fkeys = self.get_multi_foreign_keys(schname, **kw)
+            tnames.extend(schema_fkeys)
+            for (_, tname), fkeys in schema_fkeys.items():
+                fknames_for_table[(schname, tname)] = {
+                    fk["name"] for fk in fkeys
+                }
+                for fkey in fkeys:
+                    if (
+                        tname != fkey["referred_table"]
+                        or schname != fkey["referred_schema"]
+                    ):
+                        tuples.add(
+                            (
+                                (
+                                    fkey["referred_schema"],
+                                    fkey["referred_table"],
+                                ),
+                                (schname, tname),
+                            )
+                        )
+        try:
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
+            edge: Tuple[SchemaTab, SchemaTab]
+            for edge in err.edges:
+                tuples.remove(edge)
+                remaining_fkcs.update(
+                    (edge[1], fkc) for fkc in fknames_for_table[edge[1]]
+                )
+
+            candidate_sort = list(topological.sort(tuples, tnames))
+        ret: List[
+            Tuple[Optional[SchemaTab], List[Tuple[SchemaTab, Optional[str]]]]
+        ]
+        ret = [
+            (
+                (schname, tname),
+                [
+                    ((schname, tname), fk)
+                    for fk in fknames_for_table[(schname, tname)].difference(
+                        name for _, name in remaining_fkcs
+                    )
+                ],
+            )
+            for (schname, tname) in candidate_sort
+        ]
+        return ret + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]
+
+    def get_temp_table_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return a list of temporary table names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only Oracle Database, PostgreSQL and SQLite implements it.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_temp_table_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_temp_view_names(self, **kw: Any) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return a list of temporary view names for the current bind.
+
+        This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently
+        only PostgreSQL and SQLite implements it.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_temp_view_names(
+                conn, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_table_options(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        r"""Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the
+        given name was created.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL and Oracle
+        Database tables.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dict with the table options. The returned keys depend on the
+         dialect in use. Each one is prefixed with the dialect name.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_table_options`
+
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_options(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_table_options(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]:
+        r"""Return a dictionary of options specified when the tables in the
+        given schema were created.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL and Oracle
+        tables.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if options of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries with the table options.
+         The returned keys in each dict depend on the
+         dialect in use. Each one is prefixed with the dialect name.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_table_options`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            res = self.dialect.get_multi_table_options(
+                conn,
+                schema=schema,
+                filter_names=filter_names,
+                kind=kind,
+                scope=scope,
+                info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            return dict(res)
+
+    def get_view_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all non-materialized view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  For those dialects that previously included
+           the names of materialized views in this list (currently PostgreSQL),
+           this method no longer returns the names of materialized views.
+           the :meth:`.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names` method should
+           be used instead.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_materialized_view_names`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_view_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_materialized_view_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all materialized view names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Inspector.get_view_names`
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_materialized_view_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_sequence_names(
+        self, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[str]:
+        r"""Return all sequence names in `schema`.
+
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_sequence_names(
+                conn, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_view_definition(
+        self, view_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        r"""Return definition for the plain or materialized view called
+        ``view_name``.
+
+        :param view_name: Name of the view.
+        :param schema: Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema.
+         For special quoting, use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_view_definition(
+                conn, view_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_columns(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        r"""Return information about columns in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``,
+        return column information as a list of :class:`.ReflectedColumn`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: list of dictionaries, each representing the definition of
+         a database column.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_columns`.
+
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            col_defs = self.dialect.get_columns(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+        if col_defs:
+            self._instantiate_types([col_defs])
+        return col_defs
+
+    def _instantiate_types(
+        self, data: Iterable[List[ReflectedColumn]]
+    ) -> None:
+        # make this easy and only return instances for coltype
+        for col_defs in data:
+            for col_def in col_defs:
+                coltype = col_def["type"]
+                if not isinstance(coltype, TypeEngine):
+                    col_def["type"] = coltype()
+
+    def get_multi_columns(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]:
+        r"""Return information about columns in all objects in the given
+        schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of :class:`.ReflectedColumn`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if columns of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a database column.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_columns`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            table_col_defs = dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_columns(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+        self._instantiate_types(table_col_defs.values())
+        return table_col_defs
+
+    def get_pk_constraint(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        r"""Return information about primary key constraint in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name``, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        primary key information as a :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary representing the definition of
+         a primary key constraint.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_pk_constraint`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_pk_constraint(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about primary key constraints in
+        all tables in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a :class:`.ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if primary keys of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a primary key constraint.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_pk_constraint`
+        """
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_pk_constraint(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_foreign_keys(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about foreign_keys in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name``, and an optional string `schema`, return
+        foreign key information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         a foreign key definition.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_foreign_keys`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_foreign_keys(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about foreign_keys in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if foreign keys of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing
+         a foreign key definition.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_foreign_keys`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_foreign_keys(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_indexes(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        r"""Return information about indexes in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        index information as a list of :class:`.ReflectedIndex`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an index.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_indexes`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_indexes(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_indexes(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]:
+        r"""Return information about indexes in in all objects
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of :class:`.ReflectedIndex`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if indexes of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an index.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_indexes`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_indexes(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_unique_constraints(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        unique constraint information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an unique constraint.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_unique_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_unique_constraints(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about unique constraints in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedUniqueConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if constraints of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of an unique constraint.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_unique_constraints(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_table_comment(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        r"""Return information about the table comment for ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string ``schema``,
+        return table comment information as a :class:`.ReflectedTableComment`.
+
+        Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for a dialect that does not support
+        comments.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary, with the table comment.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_table_comment`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_table_comment(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_table_comment(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, ReflectedTableComment]:
+        r"""Return information about the table comment in all objects
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The objects can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a :class:`.ReflectedTableComment`.
+
+        Raises ``NotImplementedError`` for a dialect that does not support
+        comments.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if comments of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are dictionaries, representing the
+         table comments.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_table_comment`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_table_comment(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def get_check_constraints(
+        self, table_name: str, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in ``table_name``.
+
+        Given a string ``table_name`` and an optional string `schema`, return
+        check constraint information as a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint`.
+
+        :param table_name: string name of the table.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a check constraints.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_multi_check_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return self.dialect.get_check_constraints(
+                conn, table_name, schema, info_cache=self.info_cache, **kw
+            )
+
+    def get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        kind: ObjectKind = ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        scope: ObjectScope = ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]:
+        r"""Return information about check constraints in all tables
+        in the given schema.
+
+        The tables can be filtered by passing the names to use to
+        ``filter_names``.
+
+        For each table the value is a list of
+        :class:`.ReflectedCheckConstraint`.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema
+         of the database connection.  For special quoting,
+         use :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        :param filter_names: optionally return information only for the
+         objects listed here.
+
+        :param kind: a :class:`.ObjectKind` that specifies the type of objects
+         to reflect. Defaults to ``ObjectKind.TABLE``.
+
+        :param scope: a :class:`.ObjectScope` that specifies if constraints of
+         default, temporary or any tables should be reflected.
+         Defaults to ``ObjectScope.DEFAULT``.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword argument to pass to the dialect
+         specific implementation. See the documentation of the dialect
+         in use for more information.
+
+        :return: a dictionary where the keys are two-tuple schema,table-name
+         and the values are list of dictionaries, each representing the
+         definition of a check constraints.
+         The schema is ``None`` if no schema is provided.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`Inspector.get_check_constraints`
+        """
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            return dict(
+                self.dialect.get_multi_check_constraints(
+                    conn,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    filter_names=filter_names,
+                    kind=kind,
+                    scope=scope,
+                    info_cache=self.info_cache,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def reflect_table(
+        self,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str] = (),
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[sa_schema.Table]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: Optional[_ReflectionInfo] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Given a :class:`_schema.Table` object, load its internal
+        constructs based on introspection.
+
+        This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce
+        table reflection.  Direct usage is like::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
+            from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+            engine = create_engine("...")
+            meta = MetaData()
+            user_table = Table("user", meta)
+            insp = inspect(engine)
+            insp.reflect_table(user_table, None)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 Renamed from ``reflecttable`` to
+           ``reflect_table``
+
+        :param table: a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` instance.
+        :param include_columns: a list of string column names to include
+          in the reflection process.  If ``None``, all columns are reflected.
+
+        """
+
+        if _extend_on is not None:
+            if table in _extend_on:
+                return
+            else:
+                _extend_on.add(table)
+
+        dialect = self.bind.dialect
+
+        with self._operation_context() as conn:
+            schema = conn.schema_for_object(table)
+
+        table_name = table.name
+
+        # get table-level arguments that are specifically
+        # intended for reflection, e.g. oracle_resolve_synonyms.
+        # these are unconditionally passed to related Table
+        # objects
+        reflection_options = {
+            k: table.dialect_kwargs.get(k)
+            for k in dialect.reflection_options
+            if k in table.dialect_kwargs
+        }
+
+        table_key = (schema, table_name)
+        if _reflect_info is None or table_key not in _reflect_info.columns:
+            _reflect_info = self._get_reflection_info(
+                schema,
+                filter_names=[table_name],
+                kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+                scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                **table.dialect_kwargs,
+            )
+        if table_key in _reflect_info.unreflectable:
+            raise _reflect_info.unreflectable[table_key]
+
+        if table_key not in _reflect_info.columns:
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+
+        # reflect table options, like mysql_engine
+        if _reflect_info.table_options:
+            tbl_opts = _reflect_info.table_options.get(table_key)
+            if tbl_opts:
+                # add additional kwargs to the Table if the dialect
+                # returned them
+                table._validate_dialect_kwargs(tbl_opts)
+
+        found_table = False
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]] = {}
+
+        for col_d in _reflect_info.columns[table_key]:
+            found_table = True
+
+            self._reflect_column(
+                table,
+                col_d,
+                include_columns,
+                exclude_columns,
+                cols_by_orig_name,
+            )
+
+        # NOTE: support tables/views with no columns
+        if not found_table and not self.has_table(table_name, schema):
+            raise exc.NoSuchTableError(table_name)
+
+        self._reflect_pk(
+            _reflect_info, table_key, table, cols_by_orig_name, exclude_columns
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_fk(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            resolve_fks,
+            _extend_on,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_indexes(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_unique_constraints(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_check_constraints(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            cols_by_orig_name,
+            include_columns,
+            exclude_columns,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+        self._reflect_table_comment(
+            _reflect_info,
+            table_key,
+            table,
+            reflection_options,
+        )
+
+    def _reflect_column(
+        self,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        col_d: ReflectedColumn,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        orig_name = col_d["name"]
+
+        table.metadata.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+        table.dispatch.column_reflect(self, table, col_d)
+
+        # fetch name again as column_reflect is allowed to
+        # change it
+        name = col_d["name"]
+        if (include_columns and name not in include_columns) or (
+            exclude_columns and name in exclude_columns
+        ):
+            return
+
+        coltype = col_d["type"]
+
+        col_kw = {
+            k: col_d[k]  # type: ignore[literal-required]
+            for k in [
+                "nullable",
+                "autoincrement",
+                "quote",
+                "info",
+                "key",
+                "comment",
+            ]
+            if k in col_d
+        }
+
+        if "dialect_options" in col_d:
+            col_kw.update(col_d["dialect_options"])
+
+        colargs = []
+        default: Any
+        if col_d.get("default") is not None:
+            default_text = col_d["default"]
+            assert default_text is not None
+            if isinstance(default_text, TextClause):
+                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                    default_text, _reflected=True
+                )
+            elif not isinstance(default_text, sa_schema.FetchedValue):
+                default = sa_schema.DefaultClause(
+                    sql.text(default_text), _reflected=True
+                )
+            else:
+                default = default_text
+            colargs.append(default)
+
+        if "computed" in col_d:
+            computed = sa_schema.Computed(**col_d["computed"])
+            colargs.append(computed)
+
+        if "identity" in col_d:
+            identity = sa_schema.Identity(**col_d["identity"])
+            colargs.append(identity)
+
+        cols_by_orig_name[orig_name] = col = sa_schema.Column(
+            name, coltype, *colargs, **col_kw
+        )
+
+        if col.key in table.primary_key:
+            col.primary_key = True
+        table.append_column(col, replace_existing=True)
+
+    def _reflect_pk(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        pk_cons = _reflect_info.pk_constraint.get(table_key)
+        if pk_cons:
+            pk_cols = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[pk]
+                for pk in pk_cons["constrained_columns"]
+                if pk in cols_by_orig_name and pk not in exclude_columns
+            ]
+
+            # update pk constraint name and comment
+            table.primary_key.name = pk_cons.get("name")
+            table.primary_key.comment = pk_cons.get("comment", None)
+
+            # tell the PKConstraint to re-initialize
+            # its column collection
+            table.primary_key._reload(pk_cols)
+
+    def _reflect_fk(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        resolve_fks: bool,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[sa_schema.Table]],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        fkeys = _reflect_info.foreign_keys.get(table_key, [])
+        for fkey_d in fkeys:
+            conname = fkey_d["name"]
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_columns = [
+                cols_by_orig_name[c].key if c in cols_by_orig_name else c
+                for c in fkey_d["constrained_columns"]
+            ]
+
+            if (
+                exclude_columns
+                and set(constrained_columns).intersection(exclude_columns)
+                or (
+                    include_columns
+                    and set(constrained_columns).difference(include_columns)
+                )
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            referred_schema = fkey_d["referred_schema"]
+            referred_table = fkey_d["referred_table"]
+            referred_columns = fkey_d["referred_columns"]
+            refspec = []
+            if referred_schema is not None:
+                if resolve_fks:
+                    sa_schema.Table(
+                        referred_table,
+                        table.metadata,
+                        schema=referred_schema,
+                        autoload_with=self.bind,
+                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                        _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                        **reflection_options,
+                    )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(
+                        ".".join([referred_schema, referred_table, column])
+                    )
+            else:
+                if resolve_fks:
+                    sa_schema.Table(
+                        referred_table,
+                        table.metadata,
+                        autoload_with=self.bind,
+                        schema=sa_schema.BLANK_SCHEMA,
+                        _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                        _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                        **reflection_options,
+                    )
+                for column in referred_columns:
+                    refspec.append(".".join([referred_table, column]))
+            if "options" in fkey_d:
+                options = fkey_d["options"]
+            else:
+                options = {}
+
+            try:
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    sa_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                        constrained_columns,
+                        refspec,
+                        conname,
+                        link_to_name=True,
+                        comment=fkey_d.get("comment"),
+                        **options,
+                    )
+                )
+            except exc.ConstraintColumnNotFoundError:
+                util.warn(
+                    f"On reflected table {table.name}, skipping reflection of "
+                    "foreign key constraint "
+                    f"{conname}; one or more subject columns within "
+                    f"name(s) {', '.join(constrained_columns)} are not "
+                    "present in the table"
+                )
+
+    _index_sort_exprs = {
+        "asc": operators.asc_op,
+        "desc": operators.desc_op,
+        "nulls_first": operators.nulls_first_op,
+        "nulls_last": operators.nulls_last_op,
+    }
+
+    def _reflect_indexes(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        # Indexes
+        indexes = _reflect_info.indexes.get(table_key, [])
+        for index_d in indexes:
+            name = index_d["name"]
+            columns = index_d["column_names"]
+            expressions = index_d.get("expressions")
+            column_sorting = index_d.get("column_sorting", {})
+            unique = index_d["unique"]
+            flavor = index_d.get("type", "index")
+            dialect_options = index_d.get("dialect_options", {})
+
+            duplicates = index_d.get("duplicates_constraint")
+            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            idx_element: Any
+            idx_elements = []
+            for index, c in enumerate(columns):
+                if c is None:
+                    if not expressions:
+                        util.warn(
+                            f"Skipping {flavor} {name!r} because key "
+                            f"{index + 1} reflected as None but no "
+                            "'expressions' were returned"
+                        )
+                        break
+                    idx_element = sql.text(expressions[index])
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name:
+                            idx_element = cols_by_orig_name[c]
+                        else:
+                            idx_element = table.c[c]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        util.warn(
+                            f"{flavor} key {c!r} was not located in "
+                            f"columns for table {table.name!r}"
+                        )
+                        continue
+                    for option in column_sorting.get(c, ()):
+                        if option in self._index_sort_exprs:
+                            op = self._index_sort_exprs[option]
+                            idx_element = op(idx_element)
+                idx_elements.append(idx_element)
+            else:
+                sa_schema.Index(
+                    name,
+                    *idx_elements,
+                    _table=table,
+                    unique=unique,
+                    **dialect_options,
+                )
+
+    def _reflect_unique_constraints(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        constraints = _reflect_info.unique_constraints.get(table_key, [])
+        # Unique Constraints
+        for const_d in constraints:
+            conname = const_d["name"]
+            columns = const_d["column_names"]
+            comment = const_d.get("comment")
+            duplicates = const_d.get("duplicates_index")
+            dialect_options = const_d.get("dialect_options", {})
+            if include_columns and not set(columns).issubset(include_columns):
+                continue
+            if duplicates:
+                continue
+            # look for columns by orig name in cols_by_orig_name,
+            # but support columns that are in-Python only as fallback
+            constrained_cols = []
+            for c in columns:
+                try:
+                    constrained_col = (
+                        cols_by_orig_name[c]
+                        if c in cols_by_orig_name
+                        else table.c[c]
+                    )
+                except KeyError:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "unique constraint key '%s' was not located in "
+                        "columns for table '%s'" % (c, table.name)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    constrained_cols.append(constrained_col)
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa_schema.UniqueConstraint(
+                    *constrained_cols,
+                    name=conname,
+                    comment=comment,
+                    **dialect_options,
+                )
+            )
+
+    def _reflect_check_constraints(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        cols_by_orig_name: Dict[str, sa_schema.Column[Any]],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str],
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        constraints = _reflect_info.check_constraints.get(table_key, [])
+        for const_d in constraints:
+            table.append_constraint(sa_schema.CheckConstraint(**const_d))
+
+    def _reflect_table_comment(
+        self,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo,
+        table_key: TableKey,
+        table: sa_schema.Table,
+        reflection_options: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        comment_dict = _reflect_info.table_comment.get(table_key)
+        if comment_dict:
+            table.comment = comment_dict["text"]
+
+    def _get_reflection_info(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        filter_names: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        available: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: Optional[_ReflectionInfo] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _ReflectionInfo:
+        kw["schema"] = schema
+
+        if filter_names and available and len(filter_names) > 100:
+            fraction = len(filter_names) / len(available)
+        else:
+            fraction = None
+
+        unreflectable: Dict[TableKey, exc.UnreflectableTableError]
+        kw["unreflectable"] = unreflectable = {}
+
+        has_result: bool = True
+
+        def run(
+            meth: Any,
+            *,
+            optional: bool = False,
+            check_filter_names_from_meth: bool = False,
+        ) -> Any:
+            nonlocal has_result
+            # simple heuristic to improve reflection performance if a
+            # dialect implements multi_reflection:
+            # if more than 50% of the tables in the db are in filter_names
+            # load all the tables, since it's most likely faster to avoid
+            # a filter on that many tables.
+            if (
+                fraction is None
+                or fraction <= 0.5
+                or not self.dialect._overrides_default(meth.__name__)
+            ):
+                _fn = filter_names
+            else:
+                _fn = None
+            try:
+                if has_result:
+                    res = meth(filter_names=_fn, **kw)
+                    if check_filter_names_from_meth and not res:
+                        # method returned no result data.
+                        # skip any future call methods
+                        has_result = False
+                else:
+                    res = {}
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                if not optional:
+                    raise
+                res = {}
+            return res
+
+        info = _ReflectionInfo(
+            columns=run(
+                self.get_multi_columns, check_filter_names_from_meth=True
+            ),
+            pk_constraint=run(self.get_multi_pk_constraint),
+            foreign_keys=run(self.get_multi_foreign_keys),
+            indexes=run(self.get_multi_indexes),
+            unique_constraints=run(
+                self.get_multi_unique_constraints, optional=True
+            ),
+            table_comment=run(self.get_multi_table_comment, optional=True),
+            check_constraints=run(
+                self.get_multi_check_constraints, optional=True
+            ),
+            table_options=run(self.get_multi_table_options, optional=True),
+            unreflectable=unreflectable,
+        )
+        if _reflect_info:
+            _reflect_info.update(info)
+            return _reflect_info
+        else:
+            return info
+
+
+@final
+class ReflectionDefaults:
+    """provides blank default values for reflection methods."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def columns(cls) -> List[ReflectedColumn]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pk_constraint(cls) -> ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint:
+        return {
+            "name": None,
+            "constrained_columns": [],
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def foreign_keys(cls) -> List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def indexes(cls) -> List[ReflectedIndex]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def unique_constraints(cls) -> List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def check_constraints(cls) -> List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]:
+        return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def table_options(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def table_comment(cls) -> ReflectedTableComment:
+        return {"text": None}
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _ReflectionInfo:
+    columns: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedColumn]]
+    pk_constraint: Dict[TableKey, Optional[ReflectedPrimaryKeyConstraint]]
+    foreign_keys: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedForeignKeyConstraint]]
+    indexes: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedIndex]]
+    # optionals
+    unique_constraints: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedUniqueConstraint]]
+    table_comment: Dict[TableKey, Optional[ReflectedTableComment]]
+    check_constraints: Dict[TableKey, List[ReflectedCheckConstraint]]
+    table_options: Dict[TableKey, Dict[str, Any]]
+    unreflectable: Dict[TableKey, exc.UnreflectableTableError]
+
+    def update(self, other: _ReflectionInfo) -> None:
+        for k, v in self.__dict__.items():
+            ov = getattr(other, k)
+            if ov is not None:
+                if v is None:
+                    setattr(self, k, ov)
+                else:
+                    v.update(ov)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c81fc60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2380 @@
+# engine/result.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define generic result set constructs."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .row import Row
+from .row import RowMapping
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..sql.base import HasMemoized
+from ..sql.base import InPlaceGenerative
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util import NONE_SET
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_row import tuplegetter as tuplegetter
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.resultproxy import tuplegetter as tuplegetter
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..sql.elements import SQLCoreOperations
+    from ..sql.type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+
+_KeyType = Union[str, "SQLCoreOperations[Any]"]
+_KeyIndexType = Union[_KeyType, int]
+
+# is overridden in cursor using _CursorKeyMapRecType
+_KeyMapRecType = Any
+
+_KeyMapType = Mapping[_KeyType, _KeyMapRecType]
+
+
+_RowData = Union[Row[Any], RowMapping, Any]
+"""A generic form of "row" that accommodates for the different kinds of
+"rows" that different result objects return, including row, row mapping, and
+scalar values"""
+
+_RawRowType = Tuple[Any, ...]
+"""represents the kind of row we get from a DBAPI cursor"""
+
+_R = TypeVar("_R", bound=_RowData)
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+_InterimRowType = Union[_R, _RawRowType]
+"""a catchall "anything" kind of return type that can be applied
+across all the result types
+
+"""
+
+_InterimSupportsScalarsRowType = Union[Row[Any], Any]
+
+_ProcessorsType = Sequence[Optional["_ResultProcessorType[Any]"]]
+_TupleGetterType = Callable[[Sequence[Any]], Sequence[Any]]
+_UniqueFilterType = Callable[[Any], Any]
+_UniqueFilterStateType = Tuple[Set[Any], Optional[_UniqueFilterType]]
+
+
+class ResultMetaData:
+    """Base for metadata about result rows."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _tuplefilter: Optional[_TupleGetterType] = None
+    _translated_indexes: Optional[Sequence[int]] = None
+    _unique_filters: Optional[Sequence[Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None
+    _keymap: _KeyMapType
+    _keys: Sequence[str]
+    _processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType]
+    _key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int]
+
+    @property
+    def keys(self) -> RMKeyView:
+        return RMKeyView(self)
+
+    def _has_key(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _for_freeze(self) -> ResultMetaData:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: Literal[True] = ...
+    ) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self,
+        key: Any,
+        err: Optional[Exception],
+        raiseerr: Literal[False] = ...,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: bool = ...
+    ) -> Optional[NoReturn]: ...
+
+    def _key_fallback(
+        self, key: Any, err: Optional[Exception], raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[NoReturn]:
+        assert raiseerr
+        raise KeyError(key) from err
+
+    def _raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(
+        self, rec: _KeyMapRecType
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "ambiguous column name logic is implemented for "
+            "CursorResultMetaData"
+        )
+
+    def _index_for_key(
+        self, key: _KeyIndexType, raiseerr: bool
+    ) -> Optional[int]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _indexes_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]
+    ) -> Sequence[int]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]
+    ) -> Iterator[_KeyMapRecType]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> ResultMetaData:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _getter(
+        self, key: Any, raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]]:
+        index = self._index_for_key(key, raiseerr)
+
+        if index is not None:
+            return operator.itemgetter(index)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _row_as_tuple_getter(
+        self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]
+    ) -> _TupleGetterType:
+        indexes = self._indexes_for_keys(keys)
+        return tuplegetter(*indexes)
+
+    def _make_key_to_index(
+        self, keymap: Mapping[_KeyType, Sequence[Any]], index: int
+    ) -> Mapping[_KeyType, int]:
+        return {
+            key: rec[index]
+            for key, rec in keymap.items()
+            if rec[index] is not None
+        }
+
+    def _key_not_found(self, key: Any, attr_error: bool) -> NoReturn:
+        if key in self._keymap:
+            # the index must be none in this case
+            self._raise_for_ambiguous_column_name(self._keymap[key])
+        else:
+            # unknown key
+            if attr_error:
+                try:
+                    self._key_fallback(key, None)
+                except KeyError as ke:
+                    raise AttributeError(ke.args[0]) from ke
+            else:
+                self._key_fallback(key, None)
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_processors(self) -> Optional[_ProcessorsType]:
+        if not self._processors or NONE_SET.issuperset(self._processors):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._processors
+
+
+class RMKeyView(typing.KeysView[Any]):
+    __slots__ = ("_parent", "_keys")
+
+    _parent: ResultMetaData
+    _keys: Sequence[str]
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: ResultMetaData):
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._keys = [k for k in parent._keys if k is not None]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._keys)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "{0.__class__.__name__}({0._keys!r})".format(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return iter(self._keys)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            return False
+
+        # note this also includes special key fallback behaviors
+        # which also don't seem to be tested in test_resultset right now
+        return self._parent._has_key(item)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) == list(self)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) != list(self)
+
+
+class SimpleResultMetaData(ResultMetaData):
+    """result metadata for in-memory collections."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_keys",
+        "_keymap",
+        "_processors",
+        "_tuplefilter",
+        "_translated_indexes",
+        "_unique_filters",
+        "_key_to_index",
+    )
+
+    _keys: Sequence[str]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keys: Sequence[str],
+        extra: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None,
+        _processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType] = None,
+        _tuplefilter: Optional[_TupleGetterType] = None,
+        _translated_indexes: Optional[Sequence[int]] = None,
+        _unique_filters: Optional[Sequence[Callable[[Any], Any]]] = None,
+    ):
+        self._keys = list(keys)
+        self._tuplefilter = _tuplefilter
+        self._translated_indexes = _translated_indexes
+        self._unique_filters = _unique_filters
+        if extra:
+            recs_names = [
+                (
+                    (name,) + (extras if extras else ()),
+                    (index, name, extras),
+                )
+                for index, (name, extras) in enumerate(zip(self._keys, extra))
+            ]
+        else:
+            recs_names = [
+                ((name,), (index, name, ()))
+                for index, name in enumerate(self._keys)
+            ]
+
+        self._keymap = {key: rec for keys, rec in recs_names for key in keys}
+
+        self._processors = _processors
+
+        self._key_to_index = self._make_key_to_index(self._keymap, 0)
+
+    def _has_key(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        return key in self._keymap
+
+    def _for_freeze(self) -> ResultMetaData:
+        unique_filters = self._unique_filters
+        if unique_filters and self._tuplefilter:
+            unique_filters = self._tuplefilter(unique_filters)
+
+        # TODO: are we freezing the result with or without uniqueness
+        # applied?
+        return SimpleResultMetaData(
+            self._keys,
+            extra=[self._keymap[key][2] for key in self._keys],
+            _unique_filters=unique_filters,
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "_keys": self._keys,
+            "_translated_indexes": self._translated_indexes,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        if state["_translated_indexes"]:
+            _translated_indexes = state["_translated_indexes"]
+            _tuplefilter = tuplegetter(*_translated_indexes)
+        else:
+            _translated_indexes = _tuplefilter = None
+        self.__init__(  # type: ignore
+            state["_keys"],
+            _translated_indexes=_translated_indexes,
+            _tuplefilter=_tuplefilter,
+        )
+
+    def _index_for_key(self, key: Any, raiseerr: bool = True) -> int:
+        if int in key.__class__.__mro__:
+            key = self._keys[key]
+        try:
+            rec = self._keymap[key]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            rec = self._key_fallback(key, ke, raiseerr)
+
+        return rec[0]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def _indexes_for_keys(self, keys: Sequence[Any]) -> Sequence[int]:
+        return [self._keymap[key][0] for key in keys]
+
+    def _metadata_for_keys(
+        self, keys: Sequence[Any]
+    ) -> Iterator[_KeyMapRecType]:
+        for key in keys:
+            if int in key.__class__.__mro__:
+                key = self._keys[key]
+
+            try:
+                rec = self._keymap[key]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                rec = self._key_fallback(key, ke, True)
+
+            yield rec
+
+    def _reduce(self, keys: Sequence[Any]) -> ResultMetaData:
+        try:
+            metadata_for_keys = [
+                self._keymap[
+                    self._keys[key] if int in key.__class__.__mro__ else key
+                ]
+                for key in keys
+            ]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            self._key_fallback(ke.args[0], ke, True)
+
+        indexes: Sequence[int]
+        new_keys: Sequence[str]
+        extra: Sequence[Any]
+        indexes, new_keys, extra = zip(*metadata_for_keys)
+
+        if self._translated_indexes:
+            indexes = [self._translated_indexes[idx] for idx in indexes]
+
+        tup = tuplegetter(*indexes)
+
+        new_metadata = SimpleResultMetaData(
+            new_keys,
+            extra=extra,
+            _tuplefilter=tup,
+            _translated_indexes=indexes,
+            _processors=self._processors,
+            _unique_filters=self._unique_filters,
+        )
+
+        return new_metadata
+
+
+def result_tuple(
+    fields: Sequence[str], extra: Optional[Any] = None
+) -> Callable[[Iterable[Any]], Row[Any]]:
+    parent = SimpleResultMetaData(fields, extra)
+    return functools.partial(
+        Row, parent, parent._effective_processors, parent._key_to_index
+    )
+
+
+# a symbol that indicates to internal Result methods that
+# "no row is returned".  We can't use None for those cases where a scalar
+# filter is applied to rows.
+class _NoRow(Enum):
+    _NO_ROW = 0
+
+
+_NO_ROW = _NoRow._NO_ROW
+
+
+class ResultInternal(InPlaceGenerative, Generic[_R]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _real_result: Optional[Result[Any]] = None
+    _generate_rows: bool = True
+    _row_logging_fn: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
+
+    _unique_filter_state: Optional[_UniqueFilterStateType] = None
+    _post_creational_filter: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
+    _is_cursor = False
+
+    _metadata: ResultMetaData
+
+    _source_supports_scalars: bool
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(
+        self, hard_close: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _row_getter(self) -> Optional[Callable[..., _R]]:
+        real_result: Result[Any] = (
+            self._real_result
+            if self._real_result
+            else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+        )
+
+        if real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            if not self._generate_rows:
+                return None
+            else:
+                _proc = Row
+
+                def process_row(
+                    metadata: ResultMetaData,
+                    processors: Optional[_ProcessorsType],
+                    key_to_index: Mapping[_KeyType, int],
+                    scalar_obj: Any,
+                ) -> Row[Any]:
+                    return _proc(
+                        metadata, processors, key_to_index, (scalar_obj,)
+                    )
+
+        else:
+            process_row = Row  # type: ignore
+
+        metadata = self._metadata
+
+        key_to_index = metadata._key_to_index
+        processors = metadata._effective_processors
+        tf = metadata._tuplefilter
+
+        if tf and not real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            if processors:
+                processors = tf(processors)
+
+            _make_row_orig: Callable[..., _R] = functools.partial(  # type: ignore  # noqa E501
+                process_row, metadata, processors, key_to_index
+            )
+
+            fixed_tf = tf
+
+            def make_row(row: _InterimRowType[Row[Any]]) -> _R:
+                return _make_row_orig(fixed_tf(row))
+
+        else:
+            make_row = functools.partial(  # type: ignore
+                process_row, metadata, processors, key_to_index
+            )
+
+        if real_result._row_logging_fn:
+            _log_row = real_result._row_logging_fn
+            _make_row = make_row
+
+            def make_row(row: _InterimRowType[Row[Any]]) -> _R:
+                return _log_row(_make_row(row))  # type: ignore
+
+        return make_row
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _iterator_getter(self) -> Callable[..., Iterator[_R]]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            def iterrows(self: Result[Any]) -> Iterator[_R]:
+                for raw_row in self._fetchiter_impl():
+                    obj: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                        make_row(raw_row) if make_row else raw_row
+                    )
+                    hashed = strategy(obj) if strategy else obj
+                    if hashed in uniques:
+                        continue
+                    uniques.add(hashed)
+                    if post_creational_filter:
+                        obj = post_creational_filter(obj)
+                    yield obj  # type: ignore
+
+        else:
+
+            def iterrows(self: Result[Any]) -> Iterator[_R]:
+                for raw_row in self._fetchiter_impl():
+                    row: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                        make_row(raw_row) if make_row else raw_row
+                    )
+                    if post_creational_filter:
+                        row = post_creational_filter(row)
+                    yield row  # type: ignore
+
+        return iterrows
+
+    def _raw_all_rows(self) -> List[_R]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+        assert make_row is not None
+        rows = self._fetchall_impl()
+        return [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+
+    def _allrows(self) -> List[_R]:
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        rows = self._fetchall_impl()
+        made_rows: List[_InterimRowType[_R]]
+        if make_row:
+            made_rows = [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+        else:
+            made_rows = rows  # type: ignore
+
+        interim_rows: List[_R]
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            interim_rows = [
+                made_row  # type: ignore
+                for made_row, sig_row in [
+                    (
+                        made_row,
+                        strategy(made_row) if strategy else made_row,
+                    )
+                    for made_row in made_rows
+                ]
+                if sig_row not in uniques and not uniques.add(sig_row)  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+            ]
+        else:
+            interim_rows = made_rows  # type: ignore
+
+        if post_creational_filter:
+            interim_rows = [
+                post_creational_filter(row) for row in interim_rows
+            ]
+        return interim_rows
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _onerow_getter(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[..., Union[Literal[_NoRow._NO_ROW], _R]]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            def onerow(self: Result[Any]) -> Union[_NoRow, _R]:
+                _onerow = self._fetchone_impl
+                while True:
+                    row = _onerow()
+                    if row is None:
+                        return _NO_ROW
+                    else:
+                        obj: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                            make_row(row) if make_row else row
+                        )
+                        hashed = strategy(obj) if strategy else obj
+                        if hashed in uniques:
+                            continue
+                        else:
+                            uniques.add(hashed)
+                        if post_creational_filter:
+                            obj = post_creational_filter(obj)
+                        return obj  # type: ignore
+
+        else:
+
+            def onerow(self: Result[Any]) -> Union[_NoRow, _R]:
+                row = self._fetchone_impl()
+                if row is None:
+                    return _NO_ROW
+                else:
+                    interim_row: _InterimRowType[Any] = (
+                        make_row(row) if make_row else row
+                    )
+                    if post_creational_filter:
+                        interim_row = post_creational_filter(interim_row)
+                    return interim_row  # type: ignore
+
+        return onerow
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _manyrow_getter(self) -> Callable[..., List[_R]]:
+        make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+
+        if self._unique_filter_state:
+            uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+            def filterrows(
+                make_row: Optional[Callable[..., _R]],
+                rows: List[Any],
+                strategy: Optional[Callable[[List[Any]], Any]],
+                uniques: Set[Any],
+            ) -> List[_R]:
+                if make_row:
+                    rows = [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+
+                if strategy:
+                    made_rows = (
+                        (made_row, strategy(made_row)) for made_row in rows
+                    )
+                else:
+                    made_rows = ((made_row, made_row) for made_row in rows)
+                return [
+                    made_row
+                    for made_row, sig_row in made_rows
+                    if sig_row not in uniques and not uniques.add(sig_row)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                ]
+
+            def manyrows(
+                self: ResultInternal[_R], num: Optional[int]
+            ) -> List[_R]:
+                collect: List[_R] = []
+
+                _manyrows = self._fetchmany_impl
+
+                if num is None:
+                    # if None is passed, we don't know the default
+                    # manyrows number, DBAPI has this as cursor.arraysize
+                    # different DBAPIs / fetch strategies may be different.
+                    # do a fetch to find what the number is.  if there are
+                    # only fewer rows left, then it doesn't matter.
+                    real_result = (
+                        self._real_result
+                        if self._real_result
+                        else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+                    )
+                    if real_result._yield_per:
+                        num_required = num = real_result._yield_per
+                    else:
+                        rows = _manyrows(num)
+                        num = len(rows)
+                        assert make_row is not None
+                        collect.extend(
+                            filterrows(make_row, rows, strategy, uniques)
+                        )
+                        num_required = num - len(collect)
+                else:
+                    num_required = num
+
+                assert num is not None
+
+                while num_required:
+                    rows = _manyrows(num_required)
+                    if not rows:
+                        break
+
+                    collect.extend(
+                        filterrows(make_row, rows, strategy, uniques)
+                    )
+                    num_required = num - len(collect)
+
+                if post_creational_filter:
+                    collect = [post_creational_filter(row) for row in collect]
+                return collect
+
+        else:
+
+            def manyrows(
+                self: ResultInternal[_R], num: Optional[int]
+            ) -> List[_R]:
+                if num is None:
+                    real_result = (
+                        self._real_result
+                        if self._real_result
+                        else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+                    )
+                    num = real_result._yield_per
+
+                rows: List[_InterimRowType[Any]] = self._fetchmany_impl(num)
+                if make_row:
+                    rows = [make_row(row) for row in rows]
+                if post_creational_filter:
+                    rows = [post_creational_filter(row) for row in rows]
+                return rows  # type: ignore
+
+        return manyrows
+
+    @overload
+    def _only_one_row(
+        self,
+        raise_for_second_row: bool,
+        raise_for_none: Literal[True],
+        scalar: bool,
+    ) -> _R: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _only_one_row(
+        self,
+        raise_for_second_row: bool,
+        raise_for_none: bool,
+        scalar: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[_R]: ...
+
+    def _only_one_row(
+        self,
+        raise_for_second_row: bool,
+        raise_for_none: bool,
+        scalar: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[_R]:
+        onerow = self._fetchone_impl
+
+        row: Optional[_InterimRowType[Any]] = onerow(hard_close=True)
+        if row is None:
+            if raise_for_none:
+                raise exc.NoResultFound(
+                    "No row was found when one was required"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        if scalar and self._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._generate_rows = False
+            make_row = None
+        else:
+            make_row = self._row_getter
+
+        try:
+            row = make_row(row) if make_row else row
+        except:
+            self._soft_close(hard=True)
+            raise
+
+        if raise_for_second_row:
+            if self._unique_filter_state:
+                # for no second row but uniqueness, need to essentially
+                # consume the entire result :(
+                uniques, strategy = self._unique_strategy
+
+                existing_row_hash = strategy(row) if strategy else row
+
+                while True:
+                    next_row: Any = onerow(hard_close=True)
+                    if next_row is None:
+                        next_row = _NO_ROW
+                        break
+
+                    try:
+                        next_row = make_row(next_row) if make_row else next_row
+
+                        if strategy:
+                            assert next_row is not _NO_ROW
+                            if existing_row_hash == strategy(next_row):
+                                continue
+                        elif row == next_row:
+                            continue
+                        # here, we have a row and it's different
+                        break
+                    except:
+                        self._soft_close(hard=True)
+                        raise
+            else:
+                next_row = onerow(hard_close=True)
+                if next_row is None:
+                    next_row = _NO_ROW
+
+            if next_row is not _NO_ROW:
+                self._soft_close(hard=True)
+                raise exc.MultipleResultsFound(
+                    "Multiple rows were found when exactly one was required"
+                    if raise_for_none
+                    else "Multiple rows were found when one or none "
+                    "was required"
+                )
+        else:
+            next_row = _NO_ROW
+            # if we checked for second row then that would have
+            # closed us :)
+            self._soft_close(hard=True)
+
+        if not scalar:
+            post_creational_filter = self._post_creational_filter
+            if post_creational_filter:
+                row = post_creational_filter(row)
+
+        if scalar and make_row:
+            return row[0]  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return row  # type: ignore
+
+    def _iter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_R]:
+        return self._iterator_getter(self)
+
+    def _next_impl(self) -> _R:
+        row = self._onerow_getter(self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    @_generative
+    def _column_slices(self, indexes: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> Self:
+        real_result = (
+            self._real_result
+            if self._real_result
+            else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+        )
+
+        if not real_result._source_supports_scalars or len(indexes) != 1:
+            self._metadata = self._metadata._reduce(indexes)
+
+        assert self._generate_rows
+
+        return self
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _unique_strategy(self) -> _UniqueFilterStateType:
+        assert self._unique_filter_state is not None
+        uniques, strategy = self._unique_filter_state
+
+        real_result = (
+            self._real_result
+            if self._real_result is not None
+            else cast("Result[Any]", self)
+        )
+
+        if not strategy and self._metadata._unique_filters:
+            if (
+                real_result._source_supports_scalars
+                and not self._generate_rows
+            ):
+                strategy = self._metadata._unique_filters[0]
+            else:
+                filters = self._metadata._unique_filters
+                if self._metadata._tuplefilter:
+                    filters = self._metadata._tuplefilter(filters)
+
+                strategy = operator.methodcaller("_filter_on_values", filters)
+        return uniques, strategy
+
+
+class _WithKeys:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _metadata: ResultMetaData
+
+    # used mainly to share documentation on the keys method.
+    def keys(self) -> RMKeyView:
+        """Return an iterable view which yields the string keys that would
+        be represented by each :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        The keys can represent the labels of the columns returned by a core
+        statement or the names of the orm classes returned by an orm
+        execution.
+
+        The view also can be tested for key containment using the Python
+        ``in`` operator, which will test both for the string keys represented
+        in the view, as well as for alternate keys such as column objects.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 a key view object is returned rather than a
+           plain list.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._metadata.keys
+
+
+class Result(_WithKeys, ResultInternal[Row[_TP]]):
+    """Represent a set of database results.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4  The :class:`_engine.Result` object provides a
+       completely updated usage model and calling facade for SQLAlchemy
+       Core and SQLAlchemy ORM.   In Core, it forms the basis of the
+       :class:`_engine.CursorResult` object which replaces the previous
+       :class:`_engine.ResultProxy` interface.   When using the ORM, a
+       higher level object called :class:`_engine.ChunkedIteratorResult`
+       is normally used.
+
+    .. note:: In SQLAlchemy 1.4 and above, this object is
+       used for ORM results returned by :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`, which can
+       yield instances of ORM mapped objects either individually or within
+       tuple-like rows. Note that the :class:`_engine.Result` object does not
+       deduplicate instances or rows automatically as is the case with the
+       legacy :class:`_orm.Query` object. For in-Python de-duplication of
+       instances or rows, use the :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` modifier
+       method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_fetching_rows` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_metadata", "__dict__")
+
+    _row_logging_fn: Optional[Callable[[Row[Any]], Row[Any]]] = None
+
+    _source_supports_scalars: bool = False
+
+    _yield_per: Optional[int] = None
+
+    _attributes: util.immutabledict[Any, Any] = util.immutabledict()
+
+    def __init__(self, cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData):
+        self._metadata = cursor_metadata
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """close this :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        The behavior of this method is implementation specific, and is
+        not implemented by default.    The method should generally end
+        the resources in use by the result object and also cause any
+        subsequent iteration or row fetching to raise
+        :class:`.ResourceClosedError`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.27 - ``.close()`` was previously not generally
+           available for all :class:`_engine.Result` classes, instead only
+           being available on the :class:`_engine.CursorResult` returned for
+           Core statement executions. As most other result objects, namely the
+           ones used by the ORM, are proxying a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+           in any case, this allows the underlying cursor result to be closed
+           from the outside facade for the case when the ORM query is using
+           the ``yield_per`` execution option where it does not immediately
+           exhaust and autoclose the database cursor.
+
+        """
+        self._soft_close(hard=True)
+
+    @property
+    def _soft_closed(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """return ``True`` if this :class:`_engine.Result` reports .closed
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        """Configure the row-fetching strategy to fetch ``num`` rows at a time.
+
+        This impacts the underlying behavior of the result when iterating over
+        the result object, or otherwise making use of  methods such as
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchone` that return one row at a time.   Data
+        from the underlying cursor or other data source will be buffered up to
+        this many rows in memory, and the buffered collection will then be
+        yielded out one row at a time or as many rows are requested. Each time
+        the buffer clears, it will be refreshed to this many rows or as many
+        rows remain if fewer remain.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method is generally used in
+        conjunction with the
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+        execution option, which will allow the database dialect in use to make
+        use of a server side cursor, if the DBAPI supports a specific "server
+        side cursor" mode separate from its default mode of operation.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            Consider using the
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+            execution option, which will simultaneously set
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+            to ensure the use of server side cursors, as well as automatically
+            invoke the :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method to establish
+            a fixed row buffer size at once.
+
+            The :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+            execution option is available for ORM operations, with
+            :class:`_orm.Session`-oriented use described at
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per`. The Core-only version which works
+            with :class:`_engine.Connection` is new as of SQLAlchemy 1.4.40.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param num: number of rows to fetch each time the buffer is refilled.
+         If set to a value below 1, fetches all rows for the next buffer.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - describes Core behavior for
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._yield_per = num
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        When this filter is applied with no arguments, the rows or objects
+        returned will filtered such that each row is returned uniquely. The
+        algorithm used to determine this uniqueness is by default the Python
+        hashing identity of the whole tuple.   In some cases a specialized
+        per-entity hashing scheme may be used, such as when using the ORM, a
+        scheme is applied which  works against the primary key identity of
+        returned objects.
+
+        The unique filter is applied **after all other filters**, which means
+        if the columns returned have been refined using a method such as the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` or :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+        method, the uniquing is applied to **only the column or columns
+        returned**.   This occurs regardless of the order in which these
+        methods have been called upon the :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        The unique filter also changes the calculus used for methods like
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` and :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions`.
+        When using :meth:`_engine.Result.unique`, these methods will continue
+        to yield the number of rows or objects requested, after uniquing
+        has been applied.  However, this necessarily impacts the buffering
+        behavior of the underlying cursor or datasource, such that multiple
+        underlying calls to ``cursor.fetchmany()`` may be necessary in order
+        to accumulate enough objects in order to provide a unique collection
+        of the requested size.
+
+        :param strategy: a callable that will be applied to rows or objects
+         being iterated, which should return an object that represents the
+         unique value of the row.   A Python ``set()`` is used to store
+         these identities.   If not passed, a default uniqueness strategy
+         is used which may have been assembled by the source of this
+         :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row.
+
+        This method may be used to limit the columns returned as well
+        as to reorder them.   The given list of expressions are normally
+        a series of integers or string key names.   They may also be
+        appropriate :class:`.ColumnElement` objects which correspond to
+        a given statement construct.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  Due to a bug in 1.4, the
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` method had an incorrect behavior
+           where calling upon the method with just one index would cause the
+           :class:`_engine.Result` object to yield scalar values rather than
+           :class:`_engine.Row` objects.   In version 2.0, this behavior
+           has been corrected such that calling upon
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` with a single index will
+           produce a :class:`_engine.Result` object that continues
+           to yield :class:`_engine.Row` objects, which include
+           only a single column.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            statement = select(table.c.x, table.c.y, table.c.z)
+            result = connection.execute(statement)
+
+            for z, y in result.columns("z", "y"):
+                ...
+
+        Example of using the column objects from the statement itself::
+
+            for z, y in result.columns(
+                statement.selected_columns.c.z, statement.selected_columns.c.y
+            ):
+                ...
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param \*col_expressions: indicates columns to be returned.  Elements
+         may be integer row indexes, string column names, or appropriate
+         :class:`.ColumnElement` objects corresponding to a select construct.
+
+        :return: this :class:`_engine.Result` object with the modifications
+         given.
+
+        """
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self: Result[Tuple[_T]], index: Literal[0]
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Return a :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> result = conn.execute(text("select int_id from table"))
+            >>> result.scalars().all()
+            [1, 2, 3]
+
+        When results are fetched from the :class:`_engine.ScalarResult`
+        filtering object, the single column-row that would be returned by the
+        :class:`_engine.Result` is instead returned as the column's value.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param index: integer or row key indicating the column to be fetched
+         from each row, defaults to ``0`` indicating the first column.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` filtering object referring
+         to this :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        return ScalarResult(self, index)
+
+    def _getter(
+        self, key: _KeyIndexType, raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]]:
+        """return a callable that will retrieve the given key from a
+        :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        """
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "can't use this function in 'only scalars' mode"
+            )
+        return self._metadata._getter(key, raiseerr)
+
+    def _tuple_getter(self, keys: Sequence[_KeyIndexType]) -> _TupleGetterType:
+        """return a callable that will retrieve the given keys from a
+        :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        """
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "can't use this function in 'only scalars' mode"
+            )
+        return self._metadata._row_as_tuple_getter(keys)
+
+    def mappings(self) -> MappingResult:
+        """Apply a mappings filter to returned rows, returning an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.MappingResult`.
+
+        When this filter is applied, fetching rows will return
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` objects instead of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_engine.MappingResult` filtering object
+         referring to this :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+
+        return MappingResult(self)
+
+    @property
+    def t(self) -> TupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        The :attr:`_engine.Result.t` attribute is a synonym for
+        calling the :meth:`_engine.Result.tuples` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    def tuples(self) -> TupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        This method returns the same :class:`_engine.Result` object
+        at runtime,
+        however annotates as returning a :class:`_engine.TupleResult` object
+        that will indicate to :pep:`484` typing tools that plain typed
+        ``Tuple`` instances are returned rather than rows.  This allows
+        tuple unpacking and ``__getitem__`` access of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects to by typed, for those cases where the statement invoked
+        itself included typing information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: the :class:`_engine.TupleResult` type at typing time.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Result.t` - shorter synonym
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Row._t` - :class:`_engine.Row` version
+
+        """
+
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    def _raw_row_iterator(self) -> Iterator[_RowData]:
+        """Return a safe iterator that yields raw row data.
+
+        This is used by the :meth:`_engine.Result.merge` method
+        to merge multiple compatible results together.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Row[_TP]]:
+        return self._iter_impl()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        return self._next_impl()
+
+    def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[Sequence[Row[_TP]]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of rows of the size given.
+
+        Each list will be of the size given, excluding the last list to
+        be yielded, which may have a small number of rows.  No empty
+        lists will be yielded.
+
+        The result object is automatically closed when the iterator
+        is fully consumed.
+
+        Note that the backend driver will usually buffer the entire result
+        ahead of time unless the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` execution
+        option is used indicating that the driver should not pre-buffer
+        results, if possible.   Not all drivers support this option and
+        the option is silently ignored for those who do not.
+
+        When using the ORM, the :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` method
+        is typically more effective from a memory perspective when it is
+        combined with use of the
+        :ref:`yield_per execution option <orm_queryguide_yield_per>`,
+        which instructs both the DBAPI driver to use server side cursors,
+        if available, as well as instructs the ORM loading internals to only
+        build a certain amount of ORM objects from a result at a time before
+        yielding them out.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param size: indicate the maximum number of rows to be present
+         in each list yielded.  If None, makes use of the value set by
+         the :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`, method, if it were called,
+         or the :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.yield_per`
+         execution option, which is equivalent in this regard.  If
+         yield_per weren't set, it makes use of the
+         :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` default, which may be backend
+         specific and not well defined.
+
+        :return: iterator of lists
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = getter(self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.Result.all` method."""
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def fetchone(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch one row.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns None.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch the first row of a result only, use the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.first` method.  To iterate through all
+        rows, iterate the :class:`_engine.Result` object directly.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object if no filters are applied,
+         or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        row = self._onerow_getter(self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch many rows.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns an empty sequence.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch rows in groups, use the :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions`
+        method.
+
+        :return: a sequence of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._manyrow_getter(self, size)
+
+    def all(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return all rows in a sequence.
+
+        Closes the result set after invocation.   Subsequent invocations
+        will return an empty sequence.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: a sequence of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - How to stream a large result set
+            without loading it completely in python.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch the first row or ``None`` if no row is present.
+
+        Closes the result set and discards remaining rows.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` method,
+           or combine :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.first`.
+
+           Additionally, in contrast to the behavior of the legacy  ORM
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.first` method, **no limit is applied** to the
+           SQL query which was invoked to produce this
+           :class:`_engine.Result`;
+           for a DBAPI driver that buffers results in memory before yielding
+           rows, all rows will be sent to the Python process and all but
+           the first row will be discarded.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`migration_20_unify_select`
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object, or None
+         if no rows remain.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return at most one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the result has no rows.
+        Raises :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+        if multiple rows are returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row` or ``None`` if no row
+         is available.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.first`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=True
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one_or_none(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or ``None``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one_or_none`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=True
+        )
+
+    def one(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        """Return exactly one row or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises :class:`.NoResultFound` if the result returns no
+        rows, or :class:`.MultipleResultsFound` if multiple rows
+        would be returned.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one` method, or combine
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_engine.Result.one`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`, :class:`.NoResultFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.first`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one`
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(self: Result[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(self) -> Any:
+        """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result set.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+        No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+        After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+        e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+        method will have been called.
+
+        :return: a Python scalar value, or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=True
+        )
+
+    def freeze(self) -> FrozenResult[_TP]:
+        """Return a callable object that will produce copies of this
+        :class:`_engine.Result` when invoked.
+
+        The callable object returned is an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`.
+
+        This is used for result set caching.  The method must be called
+        on the result when it has been unconsumed, and calling the method
+        will consume the result fully.   When the :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`
+        is retrieved from a cache, it can be called any number of times where
+        it will produce a new :class:`_engine.Result` object each time
+        against its stored set of rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - example usage within the
+            ORM to implement a result-set cache.
+
+        """
+
+        return FrozenResult(self)
+
+    def merge(self, *others: Result[Any]) -> MergedResult[_TP]:
+        """Merge this :class:`_engine.Result` with other compatible result
+        objects.
+
+        The object returned is an instance of :class:`_engine.MergedResult`,
+        which will be composed of iterators from the given result
+        objects.
+
+        The new result will use the metadata from this result object.
+        The subsequent result objects must be against an identical
+        set of result / cursor metadata, otherwise the behavior is
+        undefined.
+
+        """
+        return MergedResult(self._metadata, (self,) + others)
+
+
+class FilterResult(ResultInternal[_R]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_engine.Result` that returns objects other than
+    :class:`_engine.Row` objects, such as dictionaries or scalar objects.
+
+    :class:`_engine.FilterResult` is the common base for additional result
+    APIs including :class:`_engine.MappingResult`,
+    :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` and :class:`_engine.AsyncResult`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_real_result",
+        "_post_creational_filter",
+        "_metadata",
+        "_unique_filter_state",
+        "__dict__",
+    )
+
+    _post_creational_filter: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
+
+    _real_result: Result[Any]
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self._real_result.__exit__(type_, value, traceback)
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        """Configure the row-fetching strategy to fetch ``num`` rows at a time.
+
+        The :meth:`_engine.FilterResult.yield_per` method is a pass through
+        to the :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per` method.  See that method's
+        documentation for usage notes.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.40 - added :meth:`_engine.FilterResult.yield_per`
+           so that the method is available on all result set implementations
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results` - describes Core behavior for
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.yield_per`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._real_result = self._real_result.yield_per(num)
+        return self
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._real_result._soft_close(hard=hard)
+
+    @property
+    def _soft_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._real_result._soft_closed
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the underlying :class:`_engine.Result` reports
+        closed
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        return self._real_result.closed
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`_engine.FilterResult`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        self._real_result.close()
+
+    @property
+    def _attributes(self) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
+        return self._real_result._attributes
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchiter_impl()
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(
+        self, hard_close: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchone_impl(hard_close=hard_close)
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchall_impl()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        return self._real_result._fetchmany_impl(size=size)
+
+
+class ScalarResult(FilterResult[_R]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_engine.Result` that returns scalar values
+    rather than :class:`_row.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` method.
+
+    A special limitation of :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` is that it has
+    no ``fetchone()`` method; since the semantics of ``fetchone()`` are that
+    the ``None`` value indicates no more results, this is not compatible
+    with :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` since there is no way to distinguish
+    between ``None`` as a row value versus ``None`` as an indicator.  Use
+    ``next(result)`` to receive values individually.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = False
+
+    _post_creational_filter: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, real_result: Result[Any], index: _KeyIndexType):
+        self._real_result = real_result
+
+        if real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata
+            self._post_creational_filter = None
+        else:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata._reduce([index])
+            self._post_creational_filter = operator.itemgetter(0)
+
+        self._unique_filter_state = real_result._unique_filter_state
+
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_engine.ScalarResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def partitions(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Iterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = getter(self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.all` method."""
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Fetch many objects.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._manyrow_getter(self, size)
+
+    def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Return all scalar values in a sequence.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.all` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_R]:
+        return self._iter_impl()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> _R:
+        return self._next_impl()
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.first` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one(self) -> _R:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=False
+        )
+
+
+class TupleResult(FilterResult[_R], util.TypingOnly):
+    """A :class:`_engine.Result` that's typed as returning plain
+    Python tuples instead of rows.
+
+    Since :class:`_engine.Row` acts like a tuple in every way already,
+    this class is a typing only class, regular :class:`_engine.Result` is
+    still used at runtime.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def partitions(
+            self, size: Optional[int] = None
+        ) -> Iterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+            """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def fetchone(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch one tuple.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchone` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+            objects, are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.all` method."""
+            ...
+
+        def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """Fetch many objects.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:  # noqa: A001
+            """Return all scalar values in a sequence.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.all` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_R]: ...
+
+        def __next__(self) -> _R: ...
+
+        def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.first` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        def one(self) -> _R:
+            """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one(self: TupleResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+            """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one_or_none(
+            self: TupleResult[Tuple[_T]],
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+        def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+            """Return exactly one or no scalar result.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one_or_none`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.one_or_none`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar(self: TupleResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        def scalar(self) -> Any:
+            """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result
+            set.
+
+            Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+            No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+            After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+            e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+            method will have been called.
+
+            :return: a Python scalar value , or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+
+class MappingResult(_WithKeys, FilterResult[RowMapping]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_engine.Result` that returns dictionary values
+    rather than :class:`_engine.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.MappingResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.mappings` method.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = True
+
+    _post_creational_filter = operator.attrgetter("_mapping")
+
+    def __init__(self, result: Result[Any]):
+        self._real_result = result
+        self._unique_filter_state = result._unique_filter_state
+        self._metadata = result._metadata
+        if result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = self._metadata._reduce([0])
+
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_engine.MappingResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row."""
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Iterator[Sequence[RowMapping]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = getter(self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.MappingResult.all` method."""
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def fetchone(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch one object.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchone` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        row = self._onerow_getter(self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch many objects.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.fetchmany` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._manyrow_getter(self, size)
+
+    def all(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Return all scalar values in a sequence.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.all` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._allrows()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[RowMapping]:
+        return self._iter_impl()
+
+    def __next__(self) -> RowMapping:
+        return self._next_impl()
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.first` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=False, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=False, scalar=False
+        )
+
+    def one(self) -> RowMapping:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_engine.Result.one` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._only_one_row(
+            raise_for_second_row=True, raise_for_none=True, scalar=False
+        )
+
+
+class FrozenResult(Generic[_TP]):
+    """Represents a :class:`_engine.Result` object in a "frozen" state suitable
+    for caching.
+
+    The :class:`_engine.FrozenResult` object is returned from the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.freeze` method of any :class:`_engine.Result`
+    object.
+
+    A new iterable :class:`_engine.Result` object is generated from a fixed
+    set of data each time the :class:`_engine.FrozenResult` is invoked as
+    a callable::
+
+
+        result = connection.execute(query)
+
+        frozen = result.freeze()
+
+        unfrozen_result_one = frozen()
+
+        for row in unfrozen_result_one:
+            print(row)
+
+        unfrozen_result_two = frozen()
+        rows = unfrozen_result_two.all()
+
+        # ... etc
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - example usage within the
+        ORM to implement a result-set cache.
+
+        :func:`_orm.loading.merge_frozen_result` - ORM function to merge
+        a frozen result back into a :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+    """
+
+    data: Sequence[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, result: Result[_TP]):
+        self.metadata = result._metadata._for_freeze()
+        self._source_supports_scalars = result._source_supports_scalars
+        self._attributes = result._attributes
+
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            self.data = list(result._raw_row_iterator())
+        else:
+            self.data = result.fetchall()
+
+    def rewrite_rows(self) -> Sequence[Sequence[Any]]:
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            return [[elem] for elem in self.data]
+        else:
+            return [list(row) for row in self.data]
+
+    def with_new_rows(
+        self, tuple_data: Sequence[Row[_TP]]
+    ) -> FrozenResult[_TP]:
+        fr = FrozenResult.__new__(FrozenResult)
+        fr.metadata = self.metadata
+        fr._attributes = self._attributes
+        fr._source_supports_scalars = self._source_supports_scalars
+
+        if self._source_supports_scalars:
+            fr.data = [d[0] for d in tuple_data]
+        else:
+            fr.data = tuple_data
+        return fr
+
+    def __call__(self) -> Result[_TP]:
+        result: IteratorResult[_TP] = IteratorResult(
+            self.metadata, iter(self.data)
+        )
+        result._attributes = self._attributes
+        result._source_supports_scalars = self._source_supports_scalars
+        return result
+
+
+class IteratorResult(Result[_TP]):
+    """A :class:`_engine.Result` that gets data from a Python iterator of
+    :class:`_engine.Row` objects or similar row-like data.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    _hard_closed = False
+    _soft_closed = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData,
+        iterator: Iterator[_InterimSupportsScalarsRowType],
+        raw: Optional[Result[Any]] = None,
+        _source_supports_scalars: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self._metadata = cursor_metadata
+        self.iterator = iterator
+        self.raw = raw
+        self._source_supports_scalars = _source_supports_scalars
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`_engine.IteratorResult` has
+        been closed
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.43
+
+        """
+        return self._hard_closed
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if hard:
+            self._hard_closed = True
+        if self.raw is not None:
+            self.raw._soft_close(hard=hard, **kw)
+        self.iterator = iter([])
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        self._soft_closed = True
+
+    def _raise_hard_closed(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.ResourceClosedError("This result object is closed.")
+
+    def _raw_row_iterator(self) -> Iterator[_RowData]:
+        return self.iterator
+
+    def _fetchiter_impl(self) -> Iterator[_InterimSupportsScalarsRowType]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+        return self.iterator
+
+    def _fetchone_impl(
+        self, hard_close: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+
+        row = next(self.iterator, _NO_ROW)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            self._soft_close(hard=hard_close)
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    def _fetchall_impl(self) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+        try:
+            return list(self.iterator)
+        finally:
+            self._soft_close()
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self._hard_closed:
+            self._raise_hard_closed()
+
+        return list(itertools.islice(self.iterator, 0, size))
+
+
+def null_result() -> IteratorResult[Any]:
+    return IteratorResult(SimpleResultMetaData([]), iter([]))
+
+
+class ChunkedIteratorResult(IteratorResult[_TP]):
+    """An :class:`_engine.IteratorResult` that works from an
+    iterator-producing callable.
+
+    The given ``chunks`` argument is a function that is given a number of rows
+    to return in each chunk, or ``None`` for all rows.  The function should
+    then return an un-consumed iterator of lists, each list of the requested
+    size.
+
+    The function can be called at any time again, in which case it should
+    continue from the same result set but adjust the chunk size as given.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData,
+        chunks: Callable[
+            [Optional[int]], Iterator[Sequence[_InterimRowType[_R]]]
+        ],
+        source_supports_scalars: bool = False,
+        raw: Optional[Result[Any]] = None,
+        dynamic_yield_per: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self._metadata = cursor_metadata
+        self.chunks = chunks
+        self._source_supports_scalars = source_supports_scalars
+        self.raw = raw
+        self.iterator = itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.chunks(None))
+        self.dynamic_yield_per = dynamic_yield_per
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, num: int) -> Self:
+        # TODO: this throws away the iterator which may be holding
+        # onto a chunk.   the yield_per cannot be changed once any
+        # rows have been fetched.   either find a way to enforce this,
+        # or we can't use itertools.chain and will instead have to
+        # keep track.
+
+        self._yield_per = num
+        self.iterator = itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.chunks(num))
+        return self
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        super()._soft_close(hard=hard, **kw)
+        self.chunks = lambda size: []  # type: ignore
+
+    def _fetchmany_impl(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> List[_InterimRowType[Row[Any]]]:
+        if self.dynamic_yield_per:
+            self.iterator = itertools.chain.from_iterable(self.chunks(size))
+        return super()._fetchmany_impl(size=size)
+
+
+class MergedResult(IteratorResult[_TP]):
+    """A :class:`_engine.Result` that is merged from any number of
+    :class:`_engine.Result` objects.
+
+    Returned by the :meth:`_engine.Result.merge` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    closed = False
+    rowcount: Optional[int]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, cursor_metadata: ResultMetaData, results: Sequence[Result[_TP]]
+    ):
+        self._results = results
+        super().__init__(
+            cursor_metadata,
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                r._raw_row_iterator() for r in results
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._unique_filter_state = results[0]._unique_filter_state
+        self._yield_per = results[0]._yield_per
+
+        # going to try something w/ this in next rev
+        self._source_supports_scalars = results[0]._source_supports_scalars
+
+        self._attributes = self._attributes.merge_with(
+            *[r._attributes for r in results]
+        )
+
+    def _soft_close(self, hard: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        for r in self._results:
+            r._soft_close(hard=hard, **kw)
+        if hard:
+            self.closed = True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/row.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/row.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da7ae9af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/row.py
@@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
+# engine/row.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Define row constructs including :class:`.Row`."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..util import deprecated
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_row import BaseRow as BaseRow
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.resultproxy import BaseRow as BaseRow
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .result import _KeyType
+    from .result import _ProcessorsType
+    from .result import RMKeyView
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+
+class Row(BaseRow, Sequence[Any], Generic[_TP]):
+    """Represent a single result row.
+
+    The :class:`.Row` object represents a row of a database result.  It is
+    typically associated in the 1.x series of SQLAlchemy with the
+    :class:`_engine.CursorResult` object, however is also used by the ORM for
+    tuple-like results as of SQLAlchemy 1.4.
+
+    The :class:`.Row` object seeks to act as much like a Python named
+    tuple as possible.   For mapping (i.e. dictionary) behavior on a row,
+    such as testing for containment of keys, refer to the :attr:`.Row._mapping`
+    attribute.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - includes examples of selecting
+        rows from SELECT statements.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        Renamed ``RowProxy`` to :class:`.Row`. :class:`.Row` is no longer a
+        "proxy" object in that it contains the final form of data within it,
+        and now acts mostly like a named tuple. Mapping-like functionality is
+        moved to the :attr:`.Row._mapping` attribute. See
+        :ref:`change_4710_core` for background on this change.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
+
+    def __delattr__(self, name: str) -> NoReturn:
+        raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
+
+    def _tuple(self) -> _TP:
+        """Return a 'tuple' form of this :class:`.Row`.
+
+        At runtime, this method returns "self"; the :class:`.Row` object is
+        already a named tuple. However, at the typing level, if this
+        :class:`.Row` is typed, the "tuple" return type will be a :pep:`484`
+        ``Tuple`` datatype that contains typing information about individual
+        elements, supporting typed unpacking and attribute access.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.19 - The :meth:`.Row._tuple` method supersedes
+           the previous :meth:`.Row.tuple` method, which is now underscored
+           to avoid name conflicts with column names in the same way as other
+           named-tuple methods on :class:`.Row`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._t` - shorthand attribute notation
+
+            :meth:`.Result.tuples`
+
+
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    @deprecated(
+        "2.0.19",
+        "The :meth:`.Row.tuple` method is deprecated in favor of "
+        ":meth:`.Row._tuple`; all :class:`.Row` "
+        "methods and library-level attributes are intended to be underscored "
+        "to avoid name conflicts.  Please use :meth:`Row._tuple`.",
+    )
+    def tuple(self) -> _TP:
+        """Return a 'tuple' form of this :class:`.Row`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self._tuple()
+
+    @property
+    def _t(self) -> _TP:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`.Row._tuple`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.19 - The :attr:`.Row._t` attribute supersedes
+           the previous :attr:`.Row.t` attribute, which is now underscored
+           to avoid name conflicts with column names in the same way as other
+           named-tuple methods on :class:`.Row`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Result.t`
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    @deprecated(
+        "2.0.19",
+        "The :attr:`.Row.t` attribute is deprecated in favor of "
+        ":attr:`.Row._t`; all :class:`.Row` "
+        "methods and library-level attributes are intended to be underscored "
+        "to avoid name conflicts.  Please use :attr:`Row._t`.",
+    )
+    def t(self) -> _TP:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`.Row._tuple`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self._t
+
+    @property
+    def _mapping(self) -> RowMapping:
+        """Return a :class:`.RowMapping` for this :class:`.Row`.
+
+        This object provides a consistent Python mapping (i.e. dictionary)
+        interface for the data contained within the row.   The :class:`.Row`
+        by itself behaves like a named tuple.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._fields`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return RowMapping(self._parent, None, self._key_to_index, self._data)
+
+    def _filter_on_values(
+        self, processor: Optional[_ProcessorsType]
+    ) -> Row[Any]:
+        return Row(self._parent, processor, self._key_to_index, self._data)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _special_name_accessor(name: str) -> Any:
+            """Handle ambiguous names such as "count" and "index" """
+
+            @property
+            def go(self: Row) -> Any:
+                if self._parent._has_key(name):
+                    return self.__getattr__(name)
+                else:
+
+                    def meth(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                        return getattr(collections_abc.Sequence, name)(
+                            self, *arg, **kw
+                        )
+
+                    return meth
+
+            return go
+
+        count = _special_name_accessor("count")
+        index = _special_name_accessor("index")
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: Any) -> bool:
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def _op(self, other: Any, op: Callable[[Any, Any], bool]) -> bool:
+        return (
+            op(self._to_tuple_instance(), other._to_tuple_instance())
+            if isinstance(other, Row)
+            else op(self._to_tuple_instance(), other)
+        )
+
+    __hash__ = BaseRow.__hash__
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> Any: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> Sequence[Any]: ...
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> Any: ...
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.lt)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.le)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.ge)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.gt)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.eq)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self._op(other, operator.ne)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(sql_util._repr_row(self))
+
+    @property
+    def _fields(self) -> Tuple[str, ...]:
+        """Return a tuple of string keys as represented by this
+        :class:`.Row`.
+
+        The keys can represent the labels of the columns returned by a core
+        statement or the names of the orm classes returned by an orm
+        execution.
+
+        This attribute is analogous to the Python named tuple ``._fields``
+        attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._mapping`
+
+        """
+        return tuple([k for k in self._parent.keys if k is not None])
+
+    def _asdict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a new dict which maps field names to their corresponding
+        values.
+
+        This method is analogous to the Python named tuple ``._asdict()``
+        method, and works by applying the ``dict()`` constructor to the
+        :attr:`.Row._mapping` attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.Row._mapping`
+
+        """
+        return dict(self._mapping)
+
+
+BaseRowProxy = BaseRow
+RowProxy = Row
+
+
+class ROMappingView(ABC):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _items: Sequence[Any]
+    _mapping: Mapping["_KeyType", Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, mapping: Mapping["_KeyType", Any], items: Sequence[Any]
+    ):
+        self._mapping = mapping  # type: ignore[misc]
+        self._items = items  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._items)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "{0.__class__.__name__}({0._mapping!r})".format(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self._items)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        return item in self._items
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) == list(self)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return list(other) != list(self)
+
+
+class ROMappingKeysValuesView(
+    ROMappingView, typing.KeysView["_KeyType"], typing.ValuesView[Any]
+):
+    __slots__ = ("_items",)  # mapping slot is provided by KeysView
+
+
+class ROMappingItemsView(ROMappingView, typing.ItemsView["_KeyType", Any]):
+    __slots__ = ("_items",)  # mapping slot is provided by ItemsView
+
+
+class RowMapping(BaseRow, typing.Mapping["_KeyType", Any]):
+    """A ``Mapping`` that maps column names and objects to :class:`.Row`
+    values.
+
+    The :class:`.RowMapping` is available from a :class:`.Row` via the
+    :attr:`.Row._mapping` attribute, as well as from the iterable interface
+    provided by the :class:`.MappingResult` object returned by the
+    :meth:`_engine.Result.mappings` method.
+
+    :class:`.RowMapping` supplies Python mapping (i.e. dictionary) access to
+    the  contents of the row.   This includes support for testing of
+    containment of specific keys (string column names or objects), as well
+    as iteration of keys, values, and items::
+
+        for row in result:
+            if "a" in row._mapping:
+                print("Column 'a': %s" % row._mapping["a"])
+
+            print("Column b: %s" % row._mapping[table.c.b])
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 The :class:`.RowMapping` object replaces the
+       mapping-like access previously provided by a database result row,
+       which now seeks to behave mostly like a named tuple.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key: _KeyType) -> Any: ...
+
+    else:
+        __getitem__ = BaseRow._get_by_key_impl_mapping
+
+    def _values_impl(self) -> List[Any]:
+        return list(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[str]:
+        return (k for k in self._parent.keys if k is not None)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        return self._parent._has_key(key)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(dict(self))
+
+    def items(self) -> ROMappingItemsView:
+        """Return a view of key/value tuples for the elements in the
+        underlying :class:`.Row`.
+
+        """
+        return ROMappingItemsView(
+            self, [(key, self[key]) for key in self.keys()]
+        )
+
+    def keys(self) -> RMKeyView:
+        """Return a view of 'keys' for string column names represented
+        by the underlying :class:`.Row`.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._parent.keys
+
+    def values(self) -> ROMappingKeysValuesView:
+        """Return a view of values for the values represented in the
+        underlying :class:`.Row`.
+
+        """
+        return ROMappingKeysValuesView(self, self._values_impl())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5dd7bca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/strategies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# engine/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Deprecated mock engine strategy used by Alembic.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .mock import MockConnection  # noqa
+
+
+class MockEngineStrategy:
+    MockConnection = MockConnection
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb004f11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,924 @@
+# engine/url.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL` class which encapsulates
+information about a database connection specification.
+
+The URL object is created automatically when
+:func:`~sqlalchemy.engine.create_engine` is called with a string
+argument; alternatively, the URL is a public-facing construct which can
+be used directly and is also accepted directly by ``create_engine()``.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+from urllib.parse import parse_qsl
+from urllib.parse import quote
+from urllib.parse import quote_plus
+from urllib.parse import unquote
+
+from .interfaces import Dialect
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..dialects import plugins
+from ..dialects import registry
+
+
+class URL(NamedTuple):
+    """
+    Represent the components of a URL used to connect to a database.
+
+    URLs are typically constructed from a fully formatted URL string, where the
+    :func:`.make_url` function is used internally by the
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine` function in order to parse the URL string into
+    its individual components, which are then used to construct a new
+    :class:`.URL` object. When parsing from a formatted URL string, the parsing
+    format generally follows
+    `RFC-1738 <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt>`_, with some exceptions.
+
+    A :class:`_engine.URL` object may also be produced directly, either by
+    using the :func:`.make_url` function with a fully formed URL string, or
+    by using the :meth:`_engine.URL.create` constructor in order
+    to construct a :class:`_engine.URL` programmatically given individual
+    fields. The resulting :class:`.URL` object may be passed directly to
+    :func:`_sa.create_engine` in place of a string argument, which will bypass
+    the usage of :func:`.make_url` within the engine's creation process.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now an immutable object.  To
+        create a URL, use the :func:`_engine.make_url` or
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.create` function / method.  To modify
+        a :class:`_engine.URL`, use methods like
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.set` and
+        :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict` to return a new
+        :class:`_engine.URL` object with modifications.   See notes for this
+        change at :ref:`change_5526`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`database_urls`
+
+    :class:`_engine.URL` contains the following attributes:
+
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername`: database backend and driver name, such as
+      ``postgresql+psycopg2``
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.username`: username string
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.password`: password string
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.host`: string hostname
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.port`: integer port number
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.database`: string database name
+    * :attr:`_engine.URL.query`: an immutable mapping representing the query
+      string.  contains strings for keys and either strings or tuples of
+      strings for values.
+
+
+    """
+
+    drivername: str
+    """database backend and driver name, such as
+    ``postgresql+psycopg2``
+
+    """
+
+    username: Optional[str]
+    "username string"
+
+    password: Optional[str]
+    """password, which is normally a string but may also be any
+    object that has a ``__str__()`` method."""
+
+    host: Optional[str]
+    """hostname or IP number.  May also be a data source name for some
+    drivers."""
+
+    port: Optional[int]
+    """integer port number"""
+
+    database: Optional[str]
+    """database name"""
+
+    query: util.immutabledict[str, Union[Tuple[str, ...], str]]
+    """an immutable mapping representing the query string.  contains strings
+       for keys and either strings or tuples of strings for values, e.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url(
+            ...     "postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt"
+            ... )
+            >>> url.query
+            immutabledict({'alt_host': ('host1', 'host2'), 'ssl_cipher': '/path/to/crt'})
+
+         To create a mutable copy of this mapping, use the ``dict`` constructor::
+
+            mutable_query_opts = dict(url.query)
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+          :attr:`_engine.URL.normalized_query` - normalizes all values into sequences
+          for consistent processing
+
+          Methods for altering the contents of :attr:`_engine.URL.query`:
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_string`
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_pairs`
+
+          :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        drivername: str,
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        database: Optional[str] = None,
+        query: Mapping[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Create a new :class:`_engine.URL` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`database_urls`
+
+        :param drivername: the name of the database backend. This name will
+          correspond to a module in sqlalchemy/databases or a third party
+          plug-in.
+        :param username: The user name.
+        :param password: database password.  Is typically a string, but may
+          also be an object that can be stringified with ``str()``.
+
+          .. note:: The password string should **not** be URL encoded when
+             passed as an argument to :meth:`_engine.URL.create`; the string
+             should contain the password characters exactly as they would be
+             typed.
+
+          .. note::  A password-producing object will be stringified only
+             **once** per :class:`_engine.Engine` object.  For dynamic password
+             generation per connect, see :ref:`engines_dynamic_tokens`.
+
+        :param host: The name of the host.
+        :param port: The port number.
+        :param database: The database name.
+        :param query: A dictionary of string keys to string values to be passed
+          to the dialect and/or the DBAPI upon connect.   To specify non-string
+          parameters to a Python DBAPI directly, use the
+          :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.connect_args` parameter to
+          :func:`_sa.create_engine`.   See also
+          :attr:`_engine.URL.normalized_query` for a dictionary that is
+          consistently string->list of string.
+        :return: new :class:`_engine.URL` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+            The :class:`_engine.URL` object is now an **immutable named
+            tuple**.  In addition, the ``query`` dictionary is also immutable.
+            To create a URL, use the :func:`_engine.url.make_url` or
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.create` function/ method.  To modify a
+            :class:`_engine.URL`, use the :meth:`_engine.URL.set` and
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query` methods.
+
+        """
+
+        return cls(
+            cls._assert_str(drivername, "drivername"),
+            cls._assert_none_str(username, "username"),
+            password,
+            cls._assert_none_str(host, "host"),
+            cls._assert_port(port),
+            cls._assert_none_str(database, "database"),
+            cls._str_dict(query),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_port(cls, port: Optional[int]) -> Optional[int]:
+        if port is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            return int(port)
+        except TypeError:
+            raise TypeError("Port argument must be an integer or None")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_str(cls, v: str, paramname: str) -> str:
+        if not isinstance(v, str):
+            raise TypeError("%s must be a string" % paramname)
+        return v
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_none_str(
+        cls, v: Optional[str], paramname: str
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        if v is None:
+            return v
+
+        return cls._assert_str(v, paramname)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _str_dict(
+        cls,
+        dict_: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Sequence[Tuple[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]]],
+                Mapping[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]],
+            ]
+        ],
+    ) -> util.immutabledict[str, Union[Tuple[str, ...], str]]:
+        if dict_ is None:
+            return util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+        @overload
+        def _assert_value(
+            val: str,
+        ) -> str: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def _assert_value(
+            val: Sequence[str],
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]: ...
+
+        def _assert_value(
+            val: Union[str, Sequence[str]],
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]:
+            if isinstance(val, str):
+                return val
+            elif isinstance(val, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                return tuple(_assert_value(elem) for elem in val)
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Query dictionary values must be strings or "
+                    "sequences of strings"
+                )
+
+        def _assert_str(v: str) -> str:
+            if not isinstance(v, str):
+                raise TypeError("Query dictionary keys must be strings")
+            return v
+
+        dict_items: Iterable[Tuple[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]]]
+        if isinstance(dict_, collections_abc.Sequence):
+            dict_items = dict_
+        else:
+            dict_items = dict_.items()
+
+        return util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                _assert_str(key): _assert_value(
+                    value,
+                )
+                for key, value in dict_items
+            }
+        )
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        drivername: Optional[str] = None,
+        username: Optional[str] = None,
+        password: Optional[str] = None,
+        host: Optional[str] = None,
+        port: Optional[int] = None,
+        database: Optional[str] = None,
+        query: Optional[Mapping[str, Union[Sequence[str], str]]] = None,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with modifications.
+
+        Values are used if they are non-None.  To set a value to ``None``
+        explicitly, use the :meth:`_engine.URL._replace` method adapted
+        from ``namedtuple``.
+
+        :param drivername: new drivername
+        :param username: new username
+        :param password: new password
+        :param host: new hostname
+        :param port: new port
+        :param query: new query parameters, passed a dict of string keys
+         referring to string or sequence of string values.  Fully
+         replaces the previous list of arguments.
+
+        :return: new :class:`_engine.URL` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+        """
+
+        kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if drivername is not None:
+            kw["drivername"] = drivername
+        if username is not None:
+            kw["username"] = username
+        if password is not None:
+            kw["password"] = password
+        if host is not None:
+            kw["host"] = host
+        if port is not None:
+            kw["port"] = port
+        if database is not None:
+            kw["database"] = database
+        if query is not None:
+            kw["query"] = query
+
+        return self._assert_replace(**kw)
+
+    def _assert_replace(self, **kw: Any) -> URL:
+        """argument checks before calling _replace()"""
+
+        if "drivername" in kw:
+            self._assert_str(kw["drivername"], "drivername")
+        for name in "username", "host", "database":
+            if name in kw:
+                self._assert_none_str(kw[name], name)
+        if "port" in kw:
+            self._assert_port(kw["port"])
+        if "query" in kw:
+            kw["query"] = self._str_dict(kw["query"])
+
+        return self._replace(**kw)
+
+    def update_query_string(
+        self, query_string: str, append: bool = False
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with the :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+        parameter dictionary updated by the given query string.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")
+            >>> url = url.update_query_string(
+            ...     "alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt"
+            ... )
+            >>> str(url)
+            'postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt'
+
+        :param query_string: a URL escaped query string, not including the
+         question mark.
+
+        :param append: if True, parameters in the existing query string will
+         not be removed; new parameters will be in addition to those present.
+         If left at its default of False, keys present in the given query
+         parameters will replace those of the existing query string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.update_query_pairs(parse_qsl(query_string), append=append)
+
+    def update_query_pairs(
+        self,
+        key_value_pairs: Iterable[Tuple[str, Union[str, List[str]]]],
+        append: bool = False,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with the
+        :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+        parameter dictionary updated by the given sequence of key/value pairs
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")
+            >>> url = url.update_query_pairs(
+            ...     [
+            ...         ("alt_host", "host1"),
+            ...         ("alt_host", "host2"),
+            ...         ("ssl_cipher", "/path/to/crt"),
+            ...     ]
+            ... )
+            >>> str(url)
+            'postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt'
+
+        :param key_value_pairs: A sequence of tuples containing two strings
+         each.
+
+        :param append: if True, parameters in the existing query string will
+         not be removed; new parameters will be in addition to those present.
+         If left at its default of False, keys present in the given query
+         parameters will replace those of the existing query string.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.set`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        existing_query = self.query
+        new_keys: Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]] = {}
+
+        for key, value in key_value_pairs:
+            if key in new_keys:
+                new_keys[key] = util.to_list(new_keys[key])
+                cast("List[str]", new_keys[key]).append(cast(str, value))
+            else:
+                new_keys[key] = (
+                    list(value) if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)) else value
+                )
+
+        new_query: Mapping[str, Union[str, Sequence[str]]]
+        if append:
+            new_query = {}
+
+            for k in new_keys:
+                if k in existing_query:
+                    new_query[k] = tuple(
+                        util.to_list(existing_query[k])
+                        + util.to_list(new_keys[k])
+                    )
+                else:
+                    new_query[k] = new_keys[k]
+
+            new_query.update(
+                {
+                    k: existing_query[k]
+                    for k in set(existing_query).difference(new_keys)
+                }
+            )
+        else:
+            new_query = self.query.union(
+                {
+                    k: tuple(v) if isinstance(v, list) else v
+                    for k, v in new_keys.items()
+                }
+            )
+        return self.set(query=new_query)
+
+    def update_query_dict(
+        self,
+        query_parameters: Mapping[str, Union[str, List[str]]],
+        append: bool = False,
+    ) -> URL:
+        """Return a new :class:`_engine.URL` object with the
+        :attr:`_engine.URL.query` parameter dictionary updated by the given
+        dictionary.
+
+        The dictionary typically contains string keys and string values.
+        In order to represent a query parameter that is expressed multiple
+        times, pass a sequence of string values.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url("postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname")
+            >>> url = url.update_query_dict(
+            ...     {"alt_host": ["host1", "host2"], "ssl_cipher": "/path/to/crt"}
+            ... )
+            >>> str(url)
+            'postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt'
+
+
+        :param query_parameters: A dictionary with string keys and values
+         that are either strings, or sequences of strings.
+
+        :param append: if True, parameters in the existing query string will
+         not be removed; new parameters will be in addition to those present.
+         If left at its default of False, keys present in the given query
+         parameters will replace those of the existing query string.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_string`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_pairs`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.difference_update_query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.set`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.update_query_pairs(query_parameters.items(), append=append)
+
+    def difference_update_query(self, names: Iterable[str]) -> URL:
+        """
+        Remove the given names from the :attr:`_engine.URL.query` dictionary,
+        returning the new :class:`_engine.URL`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            url = url.difference_update_query(["foo", "bar"])
+
+        Equivalent to using :meth:`_engine.URL.set` as follows::
+
+            url = url.set(
+                query={
+                    key: url.query[key]
+                    for key in set(url.query).difference(["foo", "bar"])
+                }
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_engine.URL.query`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.update_query_dict`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.URL.set`
+
+        """
+
+        if not set(names).intersection(self.query):
+            return self
+
+        return URL(
+            self.drivername,
+            self.username,
+            self.password,
+            self.host,
+            self.port,
+            self.database,
+            util.immutabledict(
+                {
+                    key: self.query[key]
+                    for key in set(self.query).difference(names)
+                }
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def normalized_query(self) -> Mapping[str, Sequence[str]]:
+        """Return the :attr:`_engine.URL.query` dictionary with values normalized
+        into sequences.
+
+        As the :attr:`_engine.URL.query` dictionary may contain either
+        string values or sequences of string values to differentiate between
+        parameters that are specified multiple times in the query string,
+        code that needs to handle multiple parameters generically will wish
+        to use this attribute so that all parameters present are presented
+        as sequences.   Inspiration is from Python's ``urllib.parse.parse_qs``
+        function.  E.g.::
+
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy.engine import make_url
+            >>> url = make_url(
+            ...     "postgresql+psycopg2://user:pass@host/dbname?alt_host=host1&alt_host=host2&ssl_cipher=%2Fpath%2Fto%2Fcrt"
+            ... )
+            >>> url.query
+            immutabledict({'alt_host': ('host1', 'host2'), 'ssl_cipher': '/path/to/crt'})
+            >>> url.normalized_query
+            immutabledict({'alt_host': ('host1', 'host2'), 'ssl_cipher': ('/path/to/crt',)})
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                k: (v,) if not isinstance(v, tuple) else v
+                for k, v in self.query.items()
+            }
+        )
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_engine.URL.__to_string__ method is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release.  Please use the "
+        ":meth:`_engine.URL.render_as_string` method.",
+    )
+    def __to_string__(self, hide_password: bool = True) -> str:
+        """Render this :class:`_engine.URL` object as a string.
+
+        :param hide_password: Defaults to True.   The password is not shown
+         in the string unless this is set to False.
+
+        """
+        return self.render_as_string(hide_password=hide_password)
+
+    def render_as_string(self, hide_password: bool = True) -> str:
+        """Render this :class:`_engine.URL` object as a string.
+
+        This method is used when the ``__str__()`` or ``__repr__()``
+        methods are used.   The method directly includes additional options.
+
+        :param hide_password: Defaults to True.   The password is not shown
+         in the string unless this is set to False.
+
+        """
+        s = self.drivername + "://"
+        if self.username is not None:
+            s += quote(self.username, safe=" +")
+            if self.password is not None:
+                s += ":" + (
+                    "***"
+                    if hide_password
+                    else quote(str(self.password), safe=" +")
+                )
+            s += "@"
+        if self.host is not None:
+            if ":" in self.host:
+                s += f"[{self.host}]"
+            else:
+                s += self.host
+        if self.port is not None:
+            s += ":" + str(self.port)
+        if self.database is not None:
+            s += "/" + self.database
+        if self.query:
+            keys = list(self.query)
+            keys.sort()
+            s += "?" + "&".join(
+                f"{quote_plus(k)}={quote_plus(element)}"
+                for k in keys
+                for element in util.to_list(self.query[k])
+            )
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return self.render_as_string()
+
+    def __copy__(self) -> URL:
+        return self.__class__.create(
+            self.drivername,
+            self.username,
+            self.password,
+            self.host,
+            self.port,
+            self.database,
+            # note this is an immutabledict of str-> str / tuple of str,
+            # also fully immutable.  does not require deepcopy
+            self.query,
+        )
+
+    def __deepcopy__(self, memo: Any) -> URL:
+        return self.__copy__()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(str(self))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, URL)
+            and self.drivername == other.drivername
+            and self.username == other.username
+            and self.password == other.password
+            and self.host == other.host
+            and self.database == other.database
+            and self.query == other.query
+            and self.port == other.port
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not self == other
+
+    def get_backend_name(self) -> str:
+        """Return the backend name.
+
+        This is the name that corresponds to the database backend in
+        use, and is the portion of the :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername`
+        that is to the left of the plus sign.
+
+        """
+        if "+" not in self.drivername:
+            return self.drivername
+        else:
+            return self.drivername.split("+")[0]
+
+    def get_driver_name(self) -> str:
+        """Return the backend name.
+
+        This is the name that corresponds to the DBAPI driver in
+        use, and is the portion of the :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername`
+        that is to the right of the plus sign.
+
+        If the :attr:`_engine.URL.drivername` does not include a plus sign,
+        then the default :class:`_engine.Dialect` for this :class:`_engine.URL`
+        is imported in order to get the driver name.
+
+        """
+
+        if "+" not in self.drivername:
+            return self.get_dialect().driver
+        else:
+            return self.drivername.split("+")[1]
+
+    def _instantiate_plugins(
+        self, kwargs: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> Tuple[URL, List[Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        plugin_names = util.to_list(self.query.get("plugin", ()))
+        plugin_names += kwargs.get("plugins", [])
+
+        kwargs = dict(kwargs)
+
+        loaded_plugins = [
+            plugins.load(plugin_name)(self, kwargs)
+            for plugin_name in plugin_names
+        ]
+
+        u = self.difference_update_query(["plugin", "plugins"])
+
+        for plugin in loaded_plugins:
+            new_u = plugin.update_url(u)
+            if new_u is not None:
+                u = new_u
+
+        kwargs.pop("plugins", None)
+
+        return u, loaded_plugins, kwargs
+
+    def _get_entrypoint(self) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Return the "entry point" dialect class.
+
+        This is normally the dialect itself except in the case when the
+        returned class implements the get_dialect_cls() method.
+
+        """
+        if "+" not in self.drivername:
+            name = self.drivername
+        else:
+            name = self.drivername.replace("+", ".")
+        cls = registry.load(name)
+        # check for legacy dialects that
+        # would return a module with 'dialect' as the
+        # actual class
+        if (
+            hasattr(cls, "dialect")
+            and isinstance(cls.dialect, type)
+            and issubclass(cls.dialect, Dialect)
+        ):
+            return cls.dialect
+        else:
+            return cast("Type[Dialect]", cls)
+
+    def get_dialect(self, _is_async: bool = False) -> Type[Dialect]:
+        """Return the SQLAlchemy :class:`_engine.Dialect` class corresponding
+        to this URL's driver name.
+
+        """
+        entrypoint = self._get_entrypoint()
+        if _is_async:
+            dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_async_dialect_cls(self)
+        else:
+            dialect_cls = entrypoint.get_dialect_cls(self)
+        return dialect_cls
+
+    def translate_connect_args(
+        self, names: Optional[List[str]] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        r"""Translate url attributes into a dictionary of connection arguments.
+
+        Returns attributes of this url (`host`, `database`, `username`,
+        `password`, `port`) as a plain dictionary.  The attribute names are
+        used as the keys by default.  Unset or false attributes are omitted
+        from the final dictionary.
+
+        :param \**kw: Optional, alternate key names for url attributes.
+
+        :param names: Deprecated.  Same purpose as the keyword-based alternate
+            names, but correlates the name to the original positionally.
+        """
+
+        if names is not None:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The `URL.translate_connect_args.name`s parameter is "
+                "deprecated. Please pass the "
+                "alternate names as kw arguments.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+
+        translated = {}
+        attribute_names = ["host", "database", "username", "password", "port"]
+        for sname in attribute_names:
+            if names:
+                name = names.pop(0)
+            elif sname in kw:
+                name = kw[sname]
+            else:
+                name = sname
+            if name is not None and getattr(self, sname, False):
+                if sname == "password":
+                    translated[name] = str(getattr(self, sname))
+                else:
+                    translated[name] = getattr(self, sname)
+
+        return translated
+
+
+def make_url(name_or_url: Union[str, URL]) -> URL:
+    """Given a string, produce a new URL instance.
+
+    The format of the URL generally follows `RFC-1738
+    <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt>`_, with some exceptions, including
+    that underscores, and not dashes or periods, are accepted within the
+    "scheme" portion.
+
+    If a :class:`.URL` object is passed, it is returned as is.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`database_urls`
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(name_or_url, str):
+        return _parse_url(name_or_url)
+    elif not isinstance(name_or_url, URL) and not hasattr(
+        name_or_url, "_sqla_is_testing_if_this_is_a_mock_object"
+    ):
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            f"Expected string or URL object, got {name_or_url!r}"
+        )
+    else:
+        return name_or_url
+
+
+def _parse_url(name: str) -> URL:
+    pattern = re.compile(
+        r"""
+            (?P<name>[\w\+]+)://
+            (?:
+                (?P<username>[^:/]*)
+                (?::(?P<password>[^@]*))?
+            @)?
+            (?:
+                (?:
+                    \[(?P<ipv6host>[^/\?]+)\] |
+                    (?P<ipv4host>[^/:\?]+)
+                )?
+                (?::(?P<port>[^/\?]*))?
+            )?
+            (?:/(?P<database>[^\?]*))?
+            (?:\?(?P<query>.*))?
+            """,
+        re.X,
+    )
+
+    m = pattern.match(name)
+    if m is not None:
+        components = m.groupdict()
+        query: Optional[Dict[str, Union[str, List[str]]]]
+        if components["query"] is not None:
+            query = {}
+
+            for key, value in parse_qsl(components["query"]):
+                if key in query:
+                    query[key] = util.to_list(query[key])
+                    cast("List[str]", query[key]).append(value)
+                else:
+                    query[key] = value
+        else:
+            query = None
+        components["query"] = query
+
+        if components["username"] is not None:
+            components["username"] = unquote(components["username"])
+
+        if components["password"] is not None:
+            components["password"] = unquote(components["password"])
+
+        ipv4host = components.pop("ipv4host")
+        ipv6host = components.pop("ipv6host")
+        components["host"] = ipv4host or ipv6host
+        name = components.pop("name")
+
+        if components["port"]:
+            components["port"] = int(components["port"])
+
+        return URL.create(name, **components)  # type: ignore
+
+    else:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Could not parse SQLAlchemy URL from string '%s'" % name
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e499efa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/engine/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# engine/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_util import _distill_params_20 as _distill_params_20
+    from ._py_util import _distill_raw_params as _distill_raw_params
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401
+        _distill_params_20 as _distill_params_20,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401
+        _distill_raw_params as _distill_raw_params,
+    )
+
+_C = TypeVar("_C", bound=Callable[[], Any])
+
+
+def connection_memoize(key: str) -> Callable[[_C], _C]:
+    """Decorator, memoize a function in a connection.info stash.
+
+    Only applicable to functions which take no arguments other than a
+    connection.  The memo will be stored in ``connection.info[key]``.
+    """
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def decorated(fn, self, connection):  # type: ignore
+        connection = connection.connect()
+        try:
+            return connection.info[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            connection.info[key] = val = fn(self, connection)
+            return val
+
+    return decorated
+
+
+class _TConsSubject(Protocol):
+    _trans_context_manager: Optional[TransactionalContext]
+
+
+class TransactionalContext:
+    """Apply Python context manager behavior to transaction objects.
+
+    Performs validation to ensure the subject of the transaction is not
+    used if the transaction were ended prematurely.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_outer_trans_ctx", "_trans_subject", "__weakref__")
+
+    _trans_subject: Optional[_TConsSubject]
+
+    def _transaction_is_active(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _transaction_is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _rollback_can_be_called(self) -> bool:
+        """indicates the object is in a state that is known to be acceptable
+        for rollback() to be called.
+
+        This does not necessarily mean rollback() will succeed or not raise
+        an error, just that there is currently no state detected that indicates
+        rollback() would fail or emit warnings.
+
+        It also does not mean that there's a transaction in progress, as
+        it is usually safe to call rollback() even if no transaction is
+        present.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.28
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_subject(self) -> _TConsSubject:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _trans_ctx_check(cls, subject: _TConsSubject) -> None:
+        trans_context = subject._trans_context_manager
+        if trans_context:
+            if not trans_context._transaction_is_active():
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't operate on closed transaction inside context "
+                    "manager.  Please complete the context manager "
+                    "before emitting further commands."
+                )
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        subject = self._get_subject()
+
+        # none for outer transaction, may be non-None for nested
+        # savepoint, legacy nesting cases
+        trans_context = subject._trans_context_manager
+        self._outer_trans_ctx = trans_context
+
+        self._trans_subject = subject
+        subject._trans_context_manager = self
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        subject = getattr(self, "_trans_subject", None)
+
+        # simplistically we could assume that
+        # "subject._trans_context_manager is self".  However, any calling
+        # code that is manipulating __exit__ directly would break this
+        # assumption.  alembic context manager
+        # is an example of partial use that just calls __exit__ and
+        # not __enter__ at the moment.  it's safe to assume this is being done
+        # in the wild also
+        out_of_band_exit = (
+            subject is None or subject._trans_context_manager is not self
+        )
+
+        if type_ is None and self._transaction_is_active():
+            try:
+                self.commit()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    if self._rollback_can_be_called():
+                        self.rollback()
+            finally:
+                if not out_of_band_exit:
+                    assert subject is not None
+                    subject._trans_context_manager = self._outer_trans_ctx
+                self._trans_subject = self._outer_trans_ctx = None
+        else:
+            try:
+                if not self._transaction_is_active():
+                    if not self._transaction_is_closed():
+                        self.close()
+                else:
+                    if self._rollback_can_be_called():
+                        self.rollback()
+            finally:
+                if not out_of_band_exit:
+                    assert subject is not None
+                    subject._trans_context_manager = self._outer_trans_ctx
+                self._trans_subject = self._outer_trans_ctx = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..309b7bd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# event/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .api import CANCEL as CANCEL
+from .api import contains as contains
+from .api import listen as listen
+from .api import listens_for as listens_for
+from .api import NO_RETVAL as NO_RETVAL
+from .api import remove as remove
+from .attr import _InstanceLevelDispatch as _InstanceLevelDispatch
+from .attr import RefCollection as RefCollection
+from .base import _Dispatch as _Dispatch
+from .base import _DispatchCommon as _DispatchCommon
+from .base import dispatcher as dispatcher
+from .base import Events as Events
+from .legacy import _legacy_signature as _legacy_signature
+from .registry import _EventKey as _EventKey
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType as _ListenerFnType
+from .registry import EventTarget as EventTarget
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6ec8f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+# event/api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Public API functions for the event system.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+
+from .base import _registrars
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _EventKey
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+
+
+CANCEL = util.symbol("CANCEL")
+NO_RETVAL = util.symbol("NO_RETVAL")
+
+
+def _event_key(
+    target: _ET, identifier: str, fn: _ListenerFnType
+) -> _EventKey[_ET]:
+    for evt_cls in _registrars[identifier]:
+        tgt = evt_cls._accept_with(target, identifier)
+        if tgt is not None:
+            return _EventKey(target, identifier, fn, tgt)
+    else:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "No such event '%s' for target '%s'" % (identifier, target)
+        )
+
+
+def listen(
+    target: Any, identifier: str, fn: Callable[..., Any], *args: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> None:
+    """Register a listener function for the given target.
+
+    The :func:`.listen` function is part of the primary interface for the
+    SQLAlchemy event system, documented at :ref:`event_toplevel`.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (table.name, list(const.columns)[0].name)
+
+
+        event.listen(
+            UniqueConstraint, "after_parent_attach", unique_constraint_name
+        )
+
+    :param bool insert: The default behavior for event handlers is to append
+      the decorated user defined function to an internal list of registered
+      event listeners upon discovery. If a user registers a function with
+      ``insert=True``, SQLAlchemy will insert (prepend) the function to the
+      internal list upon discovery. This feature is not typically used or
+      recommended by the SQLAlchemy maintainers, but is provided to ensure
+      certain user defined functions can run before others, such as when
+      :ref:`Changing the sql_mode in MySQL <mysql_sql_mode>`.
+
+    :param bool named: When using named argument passing, the names listed in
+      the function argument specification will be used as keys in the
+      dictionary.
+      See :ref:`event_named_argument_styles`.
+
+    :param bool once: Private/Internal API usage. Deprecated.  This parameter
+      would provide that an event function would run only once per given
+      target. It does not however imply automatic de-registration of the
+      listener function; associating an arbitrarily high number of listeners
+      without explicitly removing them will cause memory to grow unbounded even
+      if ``once=True`` is specified.
+
+    :param bool propagate: The ``propagate`` kwarg is available when working
+      with ORM instrumentation and mapping events.
+      See :class:`_ormevent.MapperEvents` and
+      :meth:`_ormevent.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured` for examples.
+
+    :param bool retval: This flag applies only to specific event listeners,
+      each of which includes documentation explaining when it should be used.
+      By default, no listener ever requires a return value.
+      However, some listeners do support special behaviors for return values,
+      and include in their documentation that the ``retval=True`` flag is
+      necessary for a return value to be processed.
+
+      Event listener suites that make use of :paramref:`_event.listen.retval`
+      include :class:`_events.ConnectionEvents` and
+      :class:`_ormevent.AttributeEvents`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :func:`.listen` function cannot be called at the same time
+        that the target event is being run.   This has implications
+        for thread safety, and also means an event cannot be added
+        from inside the listener function for itself.  The list of
+        events to be run are present inside of a mutable collection
+        that can't be changed during iteration.
+
+        Event registration and removal is not intended to be a "high
+        velocity" operation; it is a configurational operation.  For
+        systems that need to quickly associate and deassociate with
+        events at high scale, use a mutable structure that is handled
+        from inside of a single listener.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listens_for`
+
+        :func:`.remove`
+
+    """
+
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).listen(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def listens_for(
+    target: Any, identifier: str, *args: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]:
+    """Decorate a function as a listener for the given target + identifier.
+
+    The :func:`.listens_for` decorator is part of the primary interface for the
+    SQLAlchemy event system, documented at :ref:`event_toplevel`.
+
+    This function generally shares the same kwargs as :func:`.listen`.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import UniqueConstraint
+
+
+        @event.listens_for(UniqueConstraint, "after_parent_attach")
+        def unique_constraint_name(const, table):
+            const.name = "uq_%s_%s" % (table.name, list(const.columns)[0].name)
+
+    A given function can also be invoked for only the first invocation
+    of the event using the ``once`` argument::
+
+        @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configure", once=True)
+        def on_config():
+            do_config()
+
+    .. warning:: The ``once`` argument does not imply automatic de-registration
+       of the listener function after it has been invoked a first time; a
+       listener entry will remain associated with the target object.
+       Associating an arbitrarily high number of listeners without explicitly
+       removing them will cause memory to grow unbounded even if ``once=True``
+       is specified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listen` - general description of event listening
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        listen(target, identifier, fn, *args, **kw)
+        return fn
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def remove(target: Any, identifier: str, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+    """Remove an event listener.
+
+    The arguments here should match exactly those which were sent to
+    :func:`.listen`; all the event registration which proceeded as a result
+    of this call will be reverted by calling :func:`.remove` with the same
+    arguments.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        # if a function was registered like this...
+        @event.listens_for(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", propagate=True)
+        def my_listener_function(*arg):
+            pass
+
+
+        # ... it's removed like this
+        event.remove(SomeMappedClass, "before_insert", my_listener_function)
+
+    Above, the listener function associated with ``SomeMappedClass`` was also
+    propagated to subclasses of ``SomeMappedClass``; the :func:`.remove`
+    function will revert all of these operations.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :func:`.remove` function cannot be called at the same time
+        that the target event is being run.   This has implications
+        for thread safety, and also means an event cannot be removed
+        from inside the listener function for itself.  The list of
+        events to be run are present inside of a mutable collection
+        that can't be changed during iteration.
+
+        Event registration and removal is not intended to be a "high
+        velocity" operation; it is a configurational operation.  For
+        systems that need to quickly associate and deassociate with
+        events at high scale, use a mutable structure that is handled
+        from inside of a single listener.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.listen`
+
+    """
+    _event_key(target, identifier, fn).remove()
+
+
+def contains(target: Any, identifier: str, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given target/ident/fn is set up to listen."""
+
+    return _event_key(target, identifier, fn).contains()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec5d5822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/attr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+# event/attr.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Attribute implementation for _Dispatch classes.
+
+The various listener targets for a particular event class are represented
+as attributes, which refer to collections of listeners to be fired off.
+These collections can exist at the class level as well as at the instance
+level.  An event is fired off using code like this::
+
+    some_object.dispatch.first_connect(arg1, arg2)
+
+Above, ``some_object.dispatch`` would be an instance of ``_Dispatch`` and
+``first_connect`` is typically an instance of ``_ListenerCollection``
+if event listeners are present, or ``_EmptyListener`` if none are present.
+
+The attribute mechanics here spend effort trying to ensure listener functions
+are available with a minimum of function call overhead, that unnecessary
+objects aren't created (i.e. many empty per-instance listener collections),
+as well as that everything is garbage collectable when owning references are
+lost.  Other features such as "propagation" of listener functions across
+many ``_Dispatch`` instances, "joining" of multiple ``_Dispatch`` instances,
+as well as support for subclass propagation (e.g. events assigned to
+``Pool`` vs. ``QueuePool``) are all implemented here.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from itertools import chain
+import threading
+from types import TracebackType
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import MutableSequence
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import legacy
+from . import registry
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _EventKey
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.concurrency import AsyncAdaptedLock
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import _Dispatch
+    from .base import _DispatchCommon
+    from .base import _HasEventsDispatch
+
+
+class RefCollection(util.MemoizedSlots, Generic[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = ("ref",)
+
+    ref: weakref.ref[RefCollection[_ET]]
+
+    def _memoized_attr_ref(self) -> weakref.ref[RefCollection[_ET]]:
+        return weakref.ref(self, registry._collection_gced)
+
+
+class _empty_collection(Collection[_T]):
+    def append(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def appendleft(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def extend(self, other: Sequence[_T]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def remove(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __contains__(self, element: Any) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter([])
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+
+_ListenerFnSequenceType = Union[Deque[_T], _empty_collection[_T]]
+
+
+class _ClsLevelDispatch(RefCollection[_ET]):
+    """Class-level events on :class:`._Dispatch` classes."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "clsname",
+        "name",
+        "arg_names",
+        "has_kw",
+        "legacy_signatures",
+        "_clslevel",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    clsname: str
+    name: str
+    arg_names: Sequence[str]
+    has_kw: bool
+    legacy_signatures: MutableSequence[legacy._LegacySignatureType]
+    _clslevel: MutableMapping[
+        Type[_ET], _ListenerFnSequenceType[_ListenerFnType]
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent_dispatch_cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+        fn: _ListenerFnType,
+    ):
+        self.name = fn.__name__
+        self.clsname = parent_dispatch_cls.__name__
+        argspec = util.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        self.arg_names = argspec.args[1:]
+        self.has_kw = bool(argspec.varkw)
+        self.legacy_signatures = list(
+            reversed(
+                sorted(
+                    getattr(fn, "_legacy_signatures", []), key=lambda s: s[0]
+                )
+            )
+        )
+        fn.__doc__ = legacy._augment_fn_docs(self, parent_dispatch_cls, fn)
+
+        self._clslevel = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(
+        self, fn: _ListenerFnType, named: bool
+    ) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        if named:
+            fn = self._wrap_fn_for_kw(fn)
+        if self.legacy_signatures:
+            try:
+                argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+            except TypeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                fn = legacy._wrap_fn_for_legacy(self, fn, argspec)
+        return fn
+
+    def _wrap_fn_for_kw(self, fn: _ListenerFnType) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        def wrap_kw(*args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            argdict = dict(zip(self.arg_names, args))
+            argdict.update(kw)
+            return fn(**argdict)
+
+        return wrap_kw
+
+    def _do_insert_or_append(
+        self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], is_append: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        assert isinstance(
+            target, type
+        ), "Class-level Event targets must be classes."
+        if not getattr(target, "_sa_propagate_class_events", True):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Can't assign an event directly to the {target} class"
+            )
+
+        cls: Type[_ET]
+
+        for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target):
+            if cls is not target and cls not in self._clslevel:
+                self.update_subclass(cls)
+            else:
+                if cls not in self._clslevel:
+                    self.update_subclass(cls)
+                if is_append:
+                    self._clslevel[cls].append(event_key._listen_fn)
+                else:
+                    self._clslevel[cls].appendleft(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self._do_insert_or_append(event_key, is_append=False)
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self._do_insert_or_append(event_key, is_append=True)
+
+    def update_subclass(self, target: Type[_ET]) -> None:
+        if target not in self._clslevel:
+            if getattr(target, "_sa_propagate_class_events", True):
+                self._clslevel[target] = collections.deque()
+            else:
+                self._clslevel[target] = _empty_collection()
+
+        clslevel = self._clslevel[target]
+        cls: Type[_ET]
+        for cls in target.__mro__[1:]:
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                clslevel.extend(
+                    [fn for fn in self._clslevel[cls] if fn not in clslevel]
+                )
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+        cls: Type[_ET]
+        for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target):
+            if cls in self._clslevel:
+                self._clslevel[cls].remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear all class level listeners"""
+
+        to_clear: Set[_ListenerFnType] = set()
+        for dispatcher in self._clslevel.values():
+            to_clear.update(dispatcher)
+            dispatcher.clear()
+        registry._clear(self, to_clear)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj: _Dispatch[_ET]) -> _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ClsLevelDispatch at the class level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+
+class _InstanceLevelDispatch(RefCollection[_ET], Collection[_ListenerFnType]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(
+        self, fn: _ListenerFnType, named: bool
+    ) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        return self.parent._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_ListenerFnType]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def exec_once_unless_exception(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _exec_w_sync_on_first_run(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def for_modify(
+        self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ClsLevelDispatch at the class level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+
+class _EmptyListener(_InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]):
+    """Serves as a proxy interface to the events
+    served by a _ClsLevelDispatch, when there are no
+    instance-level events present.
+
+    Is replaced by _ListenerCollection when instance-level
+    events are added.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "parent", "parent_listeners", "name"
+
+    propagate: FrozenSet[_ListenerFnType] = frozenset()
+    listeners: Tuple[()] = ()
+    parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]
+    parent_listeners: _ListenerFnSequenceType[_ListenerFnType]
+    name: str
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET], target_cls: Type[_ET]):
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.name = parent.name
+
+    def for_modify(
+        self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ) -> _ListenerCollection[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _EmptyListener at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this generates a new
+        _ListenerCollection, applies it to the instance,
+        and returns it.
+
+        """
+        obj = cast("_Dispatch[_ET]", obj)
+
+        assert obj._instance_cls is not None
+        result = _ListenerCollection(self.parent, obj._instance_cls)
+        if getattr(obj, self.name) is self:
+            setattr(obj, self.name, result)
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(getattr(obj, self.name), _JoinedListener)
+        return result
+
+    def _needs_modify(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError("need to call for_modify()")
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def exec_once_unless_exception(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def insert(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def append(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def clear(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._needs_modify(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        return item in self.parent_listeners
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_ListenerFnType]:
+        return iter(self.parent_listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.parent_listeners)
+
+
+class _MutexProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __enter__(self) -> bool: ...
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> Optional[bool]: ...
+
+
+class _CompoundListener(_InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_exec_once_mutex",
+        "_exec_once",
+        "_exec_w_sync_once",
+        "_is_asyncio",
+    )
+
+    _exec_once_mutex: _MutexProtocol
+    parent_listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+    listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+    _exec_once: bool
+    _exec_w_sync_once: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self._is_asyncio = False
+
+    def _set_asyncio(self) -> None:
+        self._is_asyncio = True
+
+    def _memoized_attr__exec_once_mutex(self) -> _MutexProtocol:
+        if self._is_asyncio:
+            return AsyncAdaptedLock()
+        else:
+            return threading.Lock()
+
+    def _exec_once_impl(
+        self, retry_on_exception: bool, *args: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        with self._exec_once_mutex:
+            if not self._exec_once:
+                try:
+                    self(*args, **kw)
+                    exception = False
+                except:
+                    exception = True
+                    raise
+                finally:
+                    if not exception or not retry_on_exception:
+                        self._exec_once = True
+
+    def exec_once(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event, but only if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection."""
+
+        if not self._exec_once:
+            self._exec_once_impl(False, *args, **kw)
+
+    def exec_once_unless_exception(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event, but only if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection, or was called
+        by a previous exec_once_unless_exception call and
+        raised an exception.
+
+        If exec_once was already called, then this method will never run
+        the callable regardless of whether it raised or not.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        """
+        if not self._exec_once:
+            self._exec_once_impl(True, *args, **kw)
+
+    def _exec_w_sync_on_first_run(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event, and use a mutex if it has not been
+        executed already for this collection, or was called
+        by a previous _exec_w_sync_on_first_run call and
+        raised an exception.
+
+        If _exec_w_sync_on_first_run was already called and didn't raise an
+        exception, then a mutex is not used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.11
+
+        """
+        if not self._exec_w_sync_once:
+            with self._exec_once_mutex:
+                try:
+                    self(*args, **kw)
+                except:
+                    raise
+                else:
+                    self._exec_w_sync_once = True
+        else:
+            self(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Execute this event."""
+
+        for fn in self.parent_listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+        for fn in self.listeners:
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
+        return item in self.parent_listeners or item in self.listeners
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.parent_listeners) + len(self.listeners)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_ListenerFnType]:
+        return chain(self.parent_listeners, self.listeners)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.listeners or self.parent_listeners)
+
+
+class _ListenerCollection(_CompoundListener[_ET]):
+    """Instance-level attributes on instances of :class:`._Dispatch`.
+
+    Represents a collection of listeners.
+
+    As of 0.7.9, _ListenerCollection is only first
+    created via the _EmptyListener.for_modify() method.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "parent_listeners",
+        "parent",
+        "name",
+        "listeners",
+        "propagate",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    parent_listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+    parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]
+    name: str
+    listeners: Deque[_ListenerFnType]
+    propagate: Set[_ListenerFnType]
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET], target_cls: Type[_ET]):
+        super().__init__()
+        if target_cls not in parent._clslevel:
+            parent.update_subclass(target_cls)
+        self._exec_once = False
+        self._exec_w_sync_once = False
+        self.parent_listeners = parent._clslevel[target_cls]
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = parent.name
+        self.listeners = collections.deque()
+        self.propagate = set()
+
+    def for_modify(
+        self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ) -> _ListenerCollection[_ET]:
+        """Return an event collection which can be modified.
+
+        For _ListenerCollection at the instance level of
+        a dispatcher, this returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _update(
+        self, other: _ListenerCollection[_ET], only_propagate: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+        object."""
+        existing_listeners = self.listeners
+        existing_listener_set = set(existing_listeners)
+        self.propagate.update(other.propagate)
+        other_listeners = [
+            l
+            for l in other.listeners
+            if l not in existing_listener_set
+            and not only_propagate
+            or l in self.propagate
+        ]
+
+        existing_listeners.extend(other_listeners)
+
+        if other._is_asyncio:
+            self._set_asyncio()
+
+        to_associate = other.propagate.union(other_listeners)
+        registry._stored_in_collection_multi(self, other, to_associate)
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        if event_key.prepend_to_list(self, self.listeners):
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        if event_key.append_to_list(self, self.listeners):
+            if propagate:
+                self.propagate.add(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        self.listeners.remove(event_key._listen_fn)
+        self.propagate.discard(event_key._listen_fn)
+        registry._removed_from_collection(event_key, self)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        registry._clear(self, self.listeners)
+        self.propagate.clear()
+        self.listeners.clear()
+
+
+class _JoinedListener(_CompoundListener[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = "parent_dispatch", "name", "local", "parent_listeners"
+
+    parent_dispatch: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    name: str
+    local: _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]
+    parent_listeners: Collection[_ListenerFnType]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent_dispatch: _DispatchCommon[_ET],
+        name: str,
+        local: _EmptyListener[_ET],
+    ):
+        self._exec_once = False
+        self.parent_dispatch = parent_dispatch
+        self.name = name
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent_listeners = self.local
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # first error, I don't really understand:
+        # Signature of "listeners" incompatible with
+        # supertype "_CompoundListener"  [override]
+        # the name / return type are exactly the same
+        # second error is getattr_isn't typed, the cast() here
+        # adds too much method overhead
+        @property
+        def listeners(self) -> Collection[_ListenerFnType]:
+            return getattr(self.parent_dispatch, self.name)
+
+    def _adjust_fn_spec(
+        self, fn: _ListenerFnType, named: bool
+    ) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        return self.local._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+    def for_modify(self, obj: _DispatchCommon[_ET]) -> _JoinedListener[_ET]:
+        self.local = self.parent_listeners = self.local.for_modify(obj)
+        return self
+
+    def insert(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self.local.insert(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def append(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], propagate: bool) -> None:
+        self.local.append(event_key, propagate)
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        self.local.remove(event_key)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66dc1299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+# event/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base implementation classes.
+
+The public-facing ``Events`` serves as the base class for an event interface;
+its public attributes represent different kinds of events.   These attributes
+are mirrored onto a ``_Dispatch`` class, which serves as a container for
+collections of listener functions.   These collections are represented both
+at the class level of a particular ``_Dispatch`` class as well as within
+instances of ``_Dispatch``.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .attr import _ClsLevelDispatch
+from .attr import _EmptyListener
+from .attr import _InstanceLevelDispatch
+from .attr import _JoinedListener
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _EventKey
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+_registrars: MutableMapping[str, List[Type[_HasEventsDispatch[Any]]]] = (
+    util.defaultdict(list)
+)
+
+
+def _is_event_name(name: str) -> bool:
+    # _sa_event prefix is special to support internal-only event names.
+    # most event names are just plain method names that aren't
+    # underscored.
+
+    return (
+        not name.startswith("_") and name != "dispatch"
+    ) or name.startswith("_sa_event")
+
+
+class _UnpickleDispatch:
+    """Serializable callable that re-generates an instance of
+    :class:`_Dispatch` given a particular :class:`.Events` subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, _instance_cls: Type[_ET]) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        for cls in _instance_cls.__mro__:
+            if "dispatch" in cls.__dict__:
+                return cast(
+                    "_Dispatch[_ET]", cls.__dict__["dispatch"].dispatch
+                )._for_class(_instance_cls)
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError("No class with a 'dispatch' member present.")
+
+
+class _DispatchCommon(Generic[_ET]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+
+    def _join(self, other: _DispatchCommon[_ET]) -> _JoinedDispatcher[_ET]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _events(self) -> Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _Dispatch(_DispatchCommon[_ET]):
+    """Mirror the event listening definitions of an Events class with
+    listener collections.
+
+    Classes which define a "dispatch" member will return a
+    non-instantiated :class:`._Dispatch` subclass when the member
+    is accessed at the class level.  When the "dispatch" member is
+    accessed at the instance level of its owner, an instance
+    of the :class:`._Dispatch` class is returned.
+
+    A :class:`._Dispatch` class is generated for each :class:`.Events`
+    class defined, by the :meth:`._HasEventsDispatch._create_dispatcher_class`
+    method.  The original :class:`.Events` classes remain untouched.
+    This decouples the construction of :class:`.Events` subclasses from
+    the implementation used by the event internals, and allows
+    inspecting tools like Sphinx to work in an unsurprising
+    way against the public API.
+
+    """
+
+    # "active_history" is an ORM case we add here.   ideally a better
+    # system would be in place for ad-hoc attributes.
+    __slots__ = "_parent", "_instance_cls", "__dict__", "_empty_listeners"
+
+    _active_history: bool
+
+    _empty_listener_reg: MutableMapping[
+        Type[_ET], Dict[str, _EmptyListener[_ET]]
+    ] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    _empty_listeners: Dict[str, _EmptyListener[_ET]]
+
+    _event_names: List[str]
+
+    _instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+
+    _joined_dispatch_cls: Type[_JoinedDispatcher[_ET]]
+
+    _events: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]
+    """reference back to the Events class.
+
+    Bidirectional against _HasEventsDispatch.dispatch
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: Optional[_Dispatch[_ET]],
+        instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]] = None,
+    ):
+        self._parent = parent
+        self._instance_cls = instance_cls
+
+        if instance_cls:
+            assert parent is not None
+            try:
+                self._empty_listeners = self._empty_listener_reg[instance_cls]
+            except KeyError:
+                self._empty_listeners = self._empty_listener_reg[
+                    instance_cls
+                ] = {
+                    ls.name: _EmptyListener(ls, instance_cls)
+                    for ls in parent._event_descriptors
+                }
+        else:
+            self._empty_listeners = {}
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]:
+        # Assign EmptyListeners as attributes on demand
+        # to reduce startup time for new dispatch objects.
+        try:
+            ls = self._empty_listeners[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        else:
+            setattr(self, ls.name, ls)
+            return ls
+
+    @property
+    def _event_descriptors(self) -> Iterator[_ClsLevelDispatch[_ET]]:
+        for k in self._event_names:
+            # Yield _ClsLevelDispatch related
+            # to relevant event name.
+            yield getattr(self, k)
+
+    def _listen(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], **kw: Any) -> None:
+        return self._events._listen(event_key, **kw)
+
+    def _for_class(self, instance_cls: Type[_ET]) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        return self.__class__(self, instance_cls)
+
+    def _for_instance(self, instance: _ET) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        instance_cls = instance.__class__
+        return self._for_class(instance_cls)
+
+    def _join(self, other: _DispatchCommon[_ET]) -> _JoinedDispatcher[_ET]:
+        """Create a 'join' of this :class:`._Dispatch` and another.
+
+        This new dispatcher will dispatch events to both
+        :class:`._Dispatch` objects.
+
+        """
+        assert "_joined_dispatch_cls" in self.__class__.__dict__
+
+        return self._joined_dispatch_cls(self, other)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return _UnpickleDispatch(), (self._instance_cls,)
+
+    def _update(
+        self, other: _Dispatch[_ET], only_propagate: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        """Populate from the listeners in another :class:`_Dispatch`
+        object."""
+        for ls in other._event_descriptors:
+            if isinstance(ls, _EmptyListener):
+                continue
+            getattr(self, ls.name).for_modify(self)._update(
+                ls, only_propagate=only_propagate
+            )
+
+    def _clear(self) -> None:
+        for ls in self._event_descriptors:
+            ls.for_modify(self).clear()
+
+
+def _remove_dispatcher(cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]) -> None:
+    for k in cls.dispatch._event_names:
+        _registrars[k].remove(cls)
+        if not _registrars[k]:
+            del _registrars[k]
+
+
+class _HasEventsDispatch(Generic[_ET]):
+    _dispatch_target: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+    """class which will receive the .dispatch collection"""
+
+    dispatch: _Dispatch[_ET]
+    """reference back to the _Dispatch class.
+
+    Bidirectional against _Dispatch._events
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _InstanceLevelDispatch[_ET]: ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        """Intercept new Event subclasses and create associated _Dispatch
+        classes."""
+
+        cls._create_dispatcher_class(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, cls.__dict__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls, target: Union[_ET, Type[_ET]], identifier: str
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_ET, Type[_ET]]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        *,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        insert: bool = False,
+        named: bool = False,
+        asyncio: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(
+        klass: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+        dispatch_cls: Type[_Dispatch[_ET]],
+    ) -> _Dispatch[_ET]:
+        # This allows an Events subclass to define additional utility
+        # methods made available to the target via
+        # "self.dispatch._events.<utilitymethod>"
+        # @staticmethod to allow easy "super" calls while in a metaclass
+        # constructor.
+        klass.dispatch = dispatch_cls(None)
+        dispatch_cls._events = klass
+        return klass.dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_dispatcher_class(
+        cls, classname: str, bases: Tuple[type, ...], dict_: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a :class:`._Dispatch` class corresponding to an
+        :class:`.Events` class."""
+
+        # there's all kinds of ways to do this,
+        # i.e. make a Dispatch class that shares the '_listen' method
+        # of the Event class, this is the straight monkeypatch.
+        if hasattr(cls, "dispatch"):
+            dispatch_base = cls.dispatch.__class__
+        else:
+            dispatch_base = _Dispatch
+
+        event_names = [k for k in dict_ if _is_event_name(k)]
+        dispatch_cls = cast(
+            "Type[_Dispatch[_ET]]",
+            type(
+                "%sDispatch" % classname,
+                (dispatch_base,),
+                {"__slots__": event_names},
+            ),
+        )
+
+        dispatch_cls._event_names = event_names
+        dispatch_inst = cls._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+        for k in dispatch_cls._event_names:
+            setattr(dispatch_inst, k, _ClsLevelDispatch(cls, dict_[k]))
+            _registrars[k].append(cls)
+
+        for super_ in dispatch_cls.__bases__:
+            if issubclass(super_, _Dispatch) and super_ is not _Dispatch:
+                for ls in super_._events.dispatch._event_descriptors:
+                    setattr(dispatch_inst, ls.name, ls)
+                    dispatch_cls._event_names.append(ls.name)
+
+        if getattr(cls, "_dispatch_target", None):
+            dispatch_target_cls = cls._dispatch_target
+            assert dispatch_target_cls is not None
+            if (
+                hasattr(dispatch_target_cls, "__slots__")
+                and "_slots_dispatch" in dispatch_target_cls.__slots__
+            ):
+                dispatch_target_cls.dispatch = slots_dispatcher(cls)
+            else:
+                dispatch_target_cls.dispatch = dispatcher(cls)
+
+        klass = type(
+            "Joined%s" % dispatch_cls.__name__,
+            (_JoinedDispatcher,),
+            {"__slots__": event_names},
+        )
+        dispatch_cls._joined_dispatch_cls = klass
+
+        # establish pickle capability by adding it to this module
+        globals()[klass.__name__] = klass
+
+
+class _JoinedDispatcher(_DispatchCommon[_ET]):
+    """Represent a connection between two _Dispatch objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = "local", "parent", "_instance_cls"
+
+    local: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    parent: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    _instance_cls: Optional[Type[_ET]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, local: _DispatchCommon[_ET], parent: _DispatchCommon[_ET]
+    ):
+        self.local = local
+        self.parent = parent
+        self._instance_cls = self.local._instance_cls
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return (self.__class__, (self.local, self.parent))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _JoinedListener[_ET]:
+        # Assign _JoinedListeners as attributes on demand
+        # to reduce startup time for new dispatch objects.
+        ls = getattr(self.local, name)
+        jl = _JoinedListener(self.parent, ls.name, ls)
+        setattr(self, ls.name, jl)
+        return jl
+
+    def _listen(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET], **kw: Any) -> None:
+        return self.parent._listen(event_key, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _events(self) -> Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]:
+        return self.parent._events
+
+
+class Events(_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]):
+    """Define event listening functions for a particular target type."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls, target: Union[_ET, Type[_ET]], identifier: str
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_ET, Type[_ET]]]:
+        def dispatch_is(*types: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+            return all(isinstance(target.dispatch, t) for t in types)
+
+        def dispatch_parent_is(t: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+            parent = cast("_JoinedDispatcher[_ET]", target.dispatch).parent
+            while isinstance(parent, _JoinedDispatcher):
+                parent = cast("_JoinedDispatcher[_ET]", parent).parent
+
+            return isinstance(parent, t)
+
+        # Mapper, ClassManager, Session override this to
+        # also accept classes, scoped_sessions, sessionmakers, etc.
+        if hasattr(target, "dispatch"):
+            if (
+                dispatch_is(cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                or dispatch_is(type, cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                or (
+                    dispatch_is(_JoinedDispatcher)
+                    and dispatch_parent_is(cls.dispatch.__class__)
+                )
+            ):
+                return target
+
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        *,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        insert: bool = False,
+        named: bool = False,
+        asyncio: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        event_key.base_listen(
+            propagate=propagate, insert=insert, named=named, asyncio=asyncio
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove(cls, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        event_key.remove()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        cls.dispatch._clear()
+
+
+class dispatcher(Generic[_ET]):
+    """Descriptor used by target classes to
+    deliver the _Dispatch class at the class level
+    and produce new _Dispatch instances for target
+    instances.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, events: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]]):
+        self.dispatch = events.dispatch
+        self.events = events
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, obj: Literal[None], cls: Type[Any]
+    ) -> Type[_Dispatch[_ET]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> _DispatchCommon[_ET]: ...
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> Any:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self.dispatch
+
+        disp = self.dispatch._for_instance(obj)
+        try:
+            obj.__dict__["dispatch"] = disp
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "target %r doesn't have __dict__, should it be "
+                "defining _slots_dispatch?" % (obj,)
+            ) from ae
+        return disp
+
+
+class slots_dispatcher(dispatcher[_ET]):
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> Any:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self.dispatch
+
+        if hasattr(obj, "_slots_dispatch"):
+            return obj._slots_dispatch
+
+        disp = self.dispatch._for_instance(obj)
+        obj._slots_dispatch = disp
+        return disp
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e60fd9a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/legacy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+# event/legacy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to handle adaption of legacy call signatures,
+generation of deprecation notes and docstrings.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+
+from .registry import _ET
+from .registry import _ListenerFnType
+from .. import util
+from ..util.compat import FullArgSpec
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attr import _ClsLevelDispatch
+    from .base import _HasEventsDispatch
+
+
+_LegacySignatureType = Tuple[str, List[str], Optional[Callable[..., Any]]]
+
+
+def _legacy_signature(
+    since: str,
+    argnames: List[str],
+    converter: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]:
+    """legacy sig decorator
+
+
+    :param since: string version for deprecation warning
+    :param argnames: list of strings, which is *all* arguments that the legacy
+     version accepted, including arguments that are still there
+    :param converter: lambda that will accept tuple of this full arg signature
+     and return tuple of new arg signature.
+
+    """
+
+    def leg(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        if not hasattr(fn, "_legacy_signatures"):
+            fn._legacy_signatures = []  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        fn._legacy_signatures.append((since, argnames, converter))  # type: ignore[attr-defined] # noqa: E501
+        return fn
+
+    return leg
+
+
+def _wrap_fn_for_legacy(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+    argspec: FullArgSpec,
+) -> _ListenerFnType:
+    for since, argnames, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        if argnames[-1] == "**kw":
+            has_kw = True
+            argnames = argnames[0:-1]
+        else:
+            has_kw = False
+
+        if len(argnames) == len(argspec.args) and has_kw is bool(
+            argspec.varkw
+        ):
+            formatted_def = "def %s(%s%s)" % (
+                dispatch_collection.name,
+                ", ".join(dispatch_collection.arg_names),
+                ", **kw" if has_kw else "",
+            )
+            warning_txt = (
+                'The argument signature for the "%s.%s" event listener '
+                "has changed as of version %s, and conversion for "
+                "the old argument signature will be removed in a "
+                'future release.  The new signature is "%s"'
+                % (
+                    dispatch_collection.clsname,
+                    dispatch_collection.name,
+                    since,
+                    formatted_def,
+                )
+            )
+
+            if conv is not None:
+                assert not has_kw
+
+                def wrap_leg(*args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                    util.warn_deprecated(warning_txt, version=since)
+                    assert conv is not None
+                    return fn(*conv(*args))
+
+            else:
+
+                def wrap_leg(*args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                    util.warn_deprecated(warning_txt, version=since)
+                    argdict = dict(zip(dispatch_collection.arg_names, args))
+                    args_from_dict = [argdict[name] for name in argnames]
+                    if has_kw:
+                        return fn(*args_from_dict, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        return fn(*args_from_dict)
+
+            return wrap_leg
+    else:
+        return fn
+
+
+def _indent(text: str, indent: str) -> str:
+    return "\n".join(indent + line for line in text.split("\n"))
+
+
+def _standard_listen_example(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    sample_target: Any,
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+) -> str:
+    example_kw_arg = _indent(
+        "\n".join(
+            "%(arg)s = kw['%(arg)s']" % {"arg": arg}
+            for arg in dispatch_collection.arg_names[0:2]
+        ),
+        "    ",
+    )
+    if dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        current_since = max(
+            since
+            for since, args, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures
+        )
+    else:
+        current_since = None
+    text = (
+        "from sqlalchemy import event\n\n\n"
+        "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+        "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+        "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+        "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+        "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+    )
+
+    text %= {
+        "current_since": (
+            " (arguments as of %s)" % current_since if current_since else ""
+        ),
+        "event_name": fn.__name__,
+        "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else "",
+        "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(dispatch_collection.arg_names),
+        "example_kw_arg": example_kw_arg,
+        "sample_target": sample_target,
+    }
+    return text
+
+
+def _legacy_listen_examples(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    sample_target: str,
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+) -> str:
+    text = ""
+    for since, args, conv in dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        text += (
+            "\n# DEPRECATED calling style (pre-%(since)s, "
+            "will be removed in a future release)\n"
+            "@event.listens_for(%(sample_target)s, '%(event_name)s')\n"
+            "def receive_%(event_name)s("
+            "%(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s):\n"
+            "    \"listen for the '%(event_name)s' event\"\n"
+            "\n    # ... (event handling logic) ...\n"
+            % {
+                "since": since,
+                "event_name": fn.__name__,
+                "has_kw_arguments": (
+                    " **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else ""
+                ),
+                "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(args),
+                "sample_target": sample_target,
+            }
+        )
+    return text
+
+
+def _version_signature_changes(
+    parent_dispatch_cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+) -> str:
+    since, args, conv = dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures[0]
+    return (
+        "\n.. versionchanged:: %(since)s\n"
+        "    The :meth:`.%(clsname)s.%(event_name)s` event now accepts the \n"
+        "    arguments %(named_event_arguments)s%(has_kw_arguments)s.\n"
+        "    Support for listener functions which accept the previous \n"
+        '    argument signature(s) listed above as "deprecated" will be \n'
+        "    removed in a future release."
+        % {
+            "since": since,
+            "clsname": parent_dispatch_cls.__name__,
+            "event_name": dispatch_collection.name,
+            "named_event_arguments": ", ".join(
+                ":paramref:`.%(clsname)s.%(event_name)s.%(param_name)s`"
+                % {
+                    "clsname": parent_dispatch_cls.__name__,
+                    "event_name": dispatch_collection.name,
+                    "param_name": param_name,
+                }
+                for param_name in dispatch_collection.arg_names
+            ),
+            "has_kw_arguments": ", **kw" if dispatch_collection.has_kw else "",
+        }
+    )
+
+
+def _augment_fn_docs(
+    dispatch_collection: _ClsLevelDispatch[_ET],
+    parent_dispatch_cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[_ET]],
+    fn: _ListenerFnType,
+) -> str:
+    header = (
+        ".. container:: event_signatures\n\n"
+        "     Example argument forms::\n"
+        "\n"
+    )
+
+    sample_target = getattr(parent_dispatch_cls, "_target_class_doc", "obj")
+    text = header + _indent(
+        _standard_listen_example(dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn),
+        " " * 8,
+    )
+    if dispatch_collection.legacy_signatures:
+        text += _indent(
+            _legacy_listen_examples(dispatch_collection, sample_target, fn),
+            " " * 8,
+        )
+
+        text += _version_signature_changes(
+            parent_dispatch_cls, dispatch_collection
+        )
+
+    return util.inject_docstring_text(fn.__doc__, text, 1)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7e4b321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/event/registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+# event/registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides managed registration services on behalf of :func:`.listen`
+arguments.
+
+By "managed registration", we mean that event listening functions and
+other objects can be added to various collections in such a way that their
+membership in all those collections can be revoked at once, based on
+an equivalent :class:`._EventKey`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attr import RefCollection
+    from .base import dispatcher
+
+_ListenerFnType = Callable[..., Any]
+_ListenerFnKeyType = Union[int, Tuple[int, int]]
+_EventKeyTupleType = Tuple[int, str, _ListenerFnKeyType]
+
+
+_ET = TypeVar("_ET", bound="EventTarget")
+
+
+class EventTarget:
+    """represents an event target, that is, something we can listen on
+    either with that target as a class or as an instance.
+
+    Examples include:  Connection, Mapper, Table, Session,
+    InstrumentedAttribute, Engine, Pool, Dialect.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Any]
+
+
+_RefCollectionToListenerType = Dict[
+    "weakref.ref[RefCollection[Any]]",
+    "weakref.ref[_ListenerFnType]",
+]
+
+_key_to_collection: Dict[_EventKeyTupleType, _RefCollectionToListenerType] = (
+    collections.defaultdict(dict)
+)
+"""
+Given an original listen() argument, can locate all
+listener collections and the listener fn contained
+
+(target, identifier, fn) -> {
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                            ref(listenercollection) -> ref(listener_fn)
+                        }
+"""
+
+_ListenerToEventKeyType = Dict[
+    "weakref.ref[_ListenerFnType]",
+    _EventKeyTupleType,
+]
+_collection_to_key: Dict[
+    weakref.ref[RefCollection[Any]],
+    _ListenerToEventKeyType,
+] = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+"""
+Given a _ListenerCollection or _ClsLevelListener, can locate
+all the original listen() arguments and the listener fn contained
+
+ref(listenercollection) -> {
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                            ref(listener_fn) -> (target, identifier, fn),
+                        }
+"""
+
+
+def _collection_gced(ref: weakref.ref[Any]) -> None:
+    # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+    if not _collection_to_key or ref not in _collection_to_key:
+        return
+
+    ref = cast("weakref.ref[RefCollection[EventTarget]]", ref)
+
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key.pop(ref)
+    for key in listener_to_key.values():
+        if key in _key_to_collection:
+            # defaultdict, so can't get a KeyError
+            dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+            dispatch_reg.pop(ref)
+            if not dispatch_reg:
+                _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection(
+    event_key: _EventKey[_ET], owner: RefCollection[_ET]
+) -> bool:
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    if owner_ref in dispatch_reg:
+        return False
+
+    dispatch_reg[owner_ref] = listen_ref
+
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+    listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+    return True
+
+
+def _removed_from_collection(
+    event_key: _EventKey[_ET], owner: RefCollection[_ET]
+) -> None:
+    key = event_key._key
+
+    dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    listen_ref = weakref.ref(event_key._listen_fn)
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    dispatch_reg.pop(owner_ref, None)
+    if not dispatch_reg:
+        del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+    if owner_ref in _collection_to_key:
+        listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+        # see #12216 - this guards against a removal that already occurred
+        # here. however, I cannot come up with a test that shows any negative
+        # side effects occurring from this removal happening, even though an
+        # event key may still be referenced from a clsleveldispatch here
+        listener_to_key.pop(listen_ref, None)
+
+
+def _stored_in_collection_multi(
+    newowner: RefCollection[_ET],
+    oldowner: RefCollection[_ET],
+    elements: Iterable[_ListenerFnType],
+) -> None:
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    oldowner_ref = oldowner.ref
+    newowner_ref = newowner.ref
+
+    old_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[oldowner_ref]
+    new_listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[newowner_ref]
+
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        try:
+            key = old_listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        except KeyError:
+            # can occur during interpreter shutdown.
+            # see #6740
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+
+        if newowner_ref in dispatch_reg:
+            assert dispatch_reg[newowner_ref] == listen_ref
+        else:
+            dispatch_reg[newowner_ref] = listen_ref
+
+        new_listener_to_key[listen_ref] = key
+
+
+def _clear(
+    owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+    elements: Iterable[_ListenerFnType],
+) -> None:
+    if not elements:
+        return
+
+    owner_ref = owner.ref
+    listener_to_key = _collection_to_key[owner_ref]
+    for listen_fn in elements:
+        listen_ref = weakref.ref(listen_fn)
+        key = listener_to_key[listen_ref]
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection[key]
+        dispatch_reg.pop(owner_ref, None)
+
+        if not dispatch_reg:
+            del _key_to_collection[key]
+
+
+class _EventKey(Generic[_ET]):
+    """Represent :func:`.listen` arguments."""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "target",
+        "identifier",
+        "fn",
+        "fn_key",
+        "fn_wrap",
+        "dispatch_target",
+    )
+
+    target: _ET
+    identifier: str
+    fn: _ListenerFnType
+    fn_key: _ListenerFnKeyType
+    dispatch_target: Any
+    _fn_wrap: Optional[_ListenerFnType]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target: _ET,
+        identifier: str,
+        fn: _ListenerFnType,
+        dispatch_target: Any,
+        _fn_wrap: Optional[_ListenerFnType] = None,
+    ):
+        self.target = target
+        self.identifier = identifier
+        self.fn = fn
+        if isinstance(fn, types.MethodType):
+            self.fn_key = id(fn.__func__), id(fn.__self__)
+        else:
+            self.fn_key = id(fn)
+        self.fn_wrap = _fn_wrap
+        self.dispatch_target = dispatch_target
+
+    @property
+    def _key(self) -> _EventKeyTupleType:
+        return (id(self.target), self.identifier, self.fn_key)
+
+    def with_wrapper(self, fn_wrap: _ListenerFnType) -> _EventKey[_ET]:
+        if fn_wrap is self._listen_fn:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                self.dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=fn_wrap,
+            )
+
+    def with_dispatch_target(self, dispatch_target: Any) -> _EventKey[_ET]:
+        if dispatch_target is self.dispatch_target:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _EventKey(
+                self.target,
+                self.identifier,
+                self.fn,
+                dispatch_target,
+                _fn_wrap=self.fn_wrap,
+            )
+
+    def listen(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        once = kw.pop("once", False)
+        once_unless_exception = kw.pop("_once_unless_exception", False)
+        named = kw.pop("named", False)
+
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            self.dispatch_target,
+            self.identifier,
+            self._listen_fn,
+        )
+
+        dispatch_collection = getattr(target.dispatch, identifier)
+
+        adjusted_fn = dispatch_collection._adjust_fn_spec(fn, named)
+
+        self = self.with_wrapper(adjusted_fn)
+
+        stub_function = getattr(
+            self.dispatch_target.dispatch._events, self.identifier
+        )
+        if hasattr(stub_function, "_sa_warn"):
+            stub_function._sa_warn()
+
+        if once or once_unless_exception:
+            self.with_wrapper(
+                util.only_once(
+                    self._listen_fn, retry_on_exception=once_unless_exception
+                )
+            ).listen(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            self.dispatch_target.dispatch._listen(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def remove(self) -> None:
+        key = self._key
+
+        if key not in _key_to_collection:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No listeners found for event %s / %r / %s "
+                % (self.target, self.identifier, self.fn)
+            )
+
+        dispatch_reg = _key_to_collection.pop(key)
+
+        for collection_ref, listener_ref in dispatch_reg.items():
+            collection = collection_ref()
+            listener_fn = listener_ref()
+            if collection is not None and listener_fn is not None:
+                collection.remove(self.with_wrapper(listener_fn))
+
+    def contains(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this event key is registered to listen."""
+        return self._key in _key_to_collection
+
+    def base_listen(
+        self,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        insert: bool = False,
+        named: bool = False,
+        retval: Optional[bool] = None,
+        asyncio: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier = self.dispatch_target, self.identifier
+
+        dispatch_collection = getattr(target.dispatch, identifier)
+
+        for_modify = dispatch_collection.for_modify(target.dispatch)
+        if asyncio:
+            for_modify._set_asyncio()
+
+        if insert:
+            for_modify.insert(self, propagate)
+        else:
+            for_modify.append(self, propagate)
+
+    @property
+    def _listen_fn(self) -> _ListenerFnType:
+        return self.fn_wrap or self.fn
+
+    def append_to_list(
+        self,
+        owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+        list_: Deque[_ListenerFnType],
+    ) -> bool:
+        if _stored_in_collection(self, owner):
+            list_.append(self._listen_fn)
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def remove_from_list(
+        self,
+        owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+        list_: Deque[_ListenerFnType],
+    ) -> None:
+        _removed_from_collection(self, owner)
+        list_.remove(self._listen_fn)
+
+    def prepend_to_list(
+        self,
+        owner: RefCollection[_ET],
+        list_: Deque[_ListenerFnType],
+    ) -> bool:
+        if _stored_in_collection(self, owner):
+            list_.appendleft(self._listen_fn)
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce832439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Core event interfaces."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .engine.events import ConnectionEvents
+from .engine.events import DialectEvents
+from .pool import PoolResetState
+from .pool.events import PoolEvents
+from .sql.base import SchemaEventTarget
+from .sql.events import DDLEvents
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71e5dd81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,832 @@
+# exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Exceptions used with SQLAlchemy.
+
+The base exception class is :exc:`.SQLAlchemyError`.  Exceptions which are
+raised as a result of DBAPI exceptions are all subclasses of
+:exc:`.DBAPIError`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from .util import compat
+from .util import preloaded as _preloaded
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .engine.interfaces import _AnyExecuteParams
+    from .engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from .sql.compiler import Compiled
+    from .sql.compiler import TypeCompiler
+    from .sql.elements import ClauseElement
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _version_token: str
+else:
+    # set by __init__.py
+    _version_token = None
+
+
+class HasDescriptionCode:
+    """helper which adds 'code' as an attribute and '_code_str' as a method"""
+
+    code: Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        code = kw.pop("code", None)
+        if code is not None:
+            self.code = code
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+
+    _what_are_we = "error"
+
+    def _code_str(self) -> str:
+        if not self.code:
+            return ""
+        else:
+            return (
+                f"(Background on this {self._what_are_we} at: "
+                f"https://sqlalche.me/e/{_version_token}/{self.code})"
+            )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        message = super().__str__()
+        if self.code:
+            message = "%s %s" % (message, self._code_str())
+        return message
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyError(HasDescriptionCode, Exception):
+    """Generic error class."""
+
+    def _message(self) -> str:
+        # rules:
+        #
+        # 1. single arg string will usually be a unicode
+        # object, but since __str__() must return unicode, check for
+        # bytestring just in case
+        #
+        # 2. for multiple self.args, this is not a case in current
+        # SQLAlchemy though this is happening in at least one known external
+        # library, call str() which does a repr().
+        #
+        text: str
+
+        if len(self.args) == 1:
+            arg_text = self.args[0]
+
+            if isinstance(arg_text, bytes):
+                text = compat.decode_backslashreplace(arg_text, "utf-8")
+            # This is for when the argument is not a string of any sort.
+            # Otherwise, converting this exception to string would fail for
+            # non-string arguments.
+            else:
+                text = str(arg_text)
+
+            return text
+        else:
+            # this is not a normal case within SQLAlchemy but is here for
+            # compatibility with Exception.args - the str() comes out as
+            # a repr() of the tuple
+            return str(self.args)
+
+    def _sql_message(self) -> str:
+        message = self._message()
+
+        if self.code:
+            message = "%s %s" % (message, self._code_str())
+
+        return message
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._sql_message()
+
+
+class ArgumentError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an invalid or conflicting function argument is supplied.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to construction time state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class DuplicateColumnError(ArgumentError):
+    """a Column is being added to a Table that would replace another
+    Column, without appropriate parameters to allow this in place.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    """
+
+
+class ObjectNotExecutableError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when an object is passed to .execute() that can't be
+    executed as SQL.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target: Any):
+        super().__init__("Not an executable object: %r" % target)
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.target,)
+
+
+class NoSuchModuleError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when a dynamically-loaded module (usually a database dialect)
+    of a particular name cannot be located."""
+
+
+class NoForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when no foreign keys can be located between two selectables
+    during a join."""
+
+
+class AmbiguousForeignKeysError(ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when more than one foreign key matching can be located
+    between two selectables during a join."""
+
+
+class ConstraintColumnNotFoundError(ArgumentError):
+    """raised when a constraint refers to a string column name that
+    is not present in the table being constrained.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class CircularDependencyError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised by topological sorts when a circular dependency is detected.
+
+    There are two scenarios where this error occurs:
+
+    * In a Session flush operation, if two objects are mutually dependent
+      on each other, they can not be inserted or deleted via INSERT or
+      DELETE statements alone; an UPDATE will be needed to post-associate
+      or pre-deassociate one of the foreign key constrained values.
+      The ``post_update`` flag described at :ref:`post_update` can resolve
+      this cycle.
+    * In a :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables` operation, two
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+      or :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects mutually refer to each
+      other.  Apply the ``use_alter=True`` flag to one or both,
+      see :ref:`use_alter`.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        cycles: Any,
+        edges: Any,
+        msg: Optional[str] = None,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        if msg is None:
+            message += " (%s)" % ", ".join(repr(s) for s in cycles)
+        else:
+            message = msg
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message, code=code)
+        self.cycles = cycles
+        self.edges = edges
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (None, self.cycles, self.edges, self.args[0]),
+            {"code": self.code} if self.code is not None else {},
+        )
+
+
+class CompileError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when an error occurs during SQL compilation"""
+
+
+class UnsupportedCompilationError(CompileError):
+    """Raised when an operation is not supported by the given compiler.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+        :ref:`error_l7de`
+    """
+
+    code = "l7de"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compiler: Union[Compiled, TypeCompiler],
+        element_type: Type[ClauseElement],
+        message: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            "Compiler %r can't render element of type %s%s"
+            % (compiler, element_type, ": %s" % message if message else "")
+        )
+        self.compiler = compiler
+        self.element_type = element_type
+        self.message = message
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.compiler, self.element_type, self.message)
+
+
+class IdentifierError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """Raised when a schema name is beyond the max character limit"""
+
+
+class DisconnectionError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A disconnect is detected on a raw DB-API connection.
+
+    This error is raised and consumed internally by a connection pool.  It can
+    be raised by the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`
+    event so that the host pool
+    forces a retry; the exception will be caught three times in a row before
+    the pool gives up and raises :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`
+    regarding the connection attempt.
+
+    """
+
+    invalidate_pool: bool = False
+
+
+class InvalidatePoolError(DisconnectionError):
+    """Raised when the connection pool should invalidate all stale connections.
+
+    A subclass of :class:`_exc.DisconnectionError` that indicates that the
+    disconnect situation encountered on the connection probably means the
+    entire pool should be invalidated, as the database has been restarted.
+
+    This exception will be handled otherwise the same way as
+    :class:`_exc.DisconnectionError`, allowing three attempts to reconnect
+    before giving up.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    invalidate_pool: bool = True
+
+
+class TimeoutError(SQLAlchemyError):  # noqa
+    """Raised when a connection pool times out on getting a connection."""
+
+
+class InvalidRequestError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """SQLAlchemy was asked to do something it can't do.
+
+    This error generally corresponds to runtime state errors.
+
+    """
+
+
+class IllegalStateChangeError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """An object that tracks state encountered an illegal state change
+    of some kind.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoInspectionAvailable(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A subject passed to :func:`sqlalchemy.inspection.inspect` produced
+    no context for inspection."""
+
+
+class PendingRollbackError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A transaction has failed and needs to be rolled back before
+    continuing.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+
+class ResourceClosedError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """An operation was requested from a connection, cursor, or other
+    object that's in a closed state."""
+
+
+class NoSuchColumnError(InvalidRequestError, KeyError):
+    """A nonexistent column is requested from a ``Row``."""
+
+
+class NoResultFound(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A database result was required but none was found.
+
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  This exception is now part of the
+       ``sqlalchemy.exc`` module in Core, moved from the ORM.  The symbol
+       remains importable from ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc``.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+class MultipleResultsFound(InvalidRequestError):
+    """A single database result was required but more than one were found.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  This exception is now part of the
+       ``sqlalchemy.exc`` module in Core, moved from the ORM.  The symbol
+       remains importable from ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc``.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+class NoReferenceError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` to indicate a reference cannot be resolved."""
+
+    table_name: str
+
+
+class AwaitRequired(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Error raised by the async greenlet spawn if no async operation
+    was awaited when it required one.
+
+    """
+
+    code = "xd1r"
+
+
+class MissingGreenlet(InvalidRequestError):
+    r"""Error raised by the async greenlet await\_ if called while not inside
+    the greenlet spawn context.
+
+    """
+
+    code = "xd2s"
+
+
+class NoReferencedTableError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Table`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, tname: str):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.args[0], self.table_name)
+
+
+class NoReferencedColumnError(NoReferenceError):
+    """Raised by ``ForeignKey`` when the referred ``Column`` cannot be
+    located.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, tname: str, cname: str):
+        NoReferenceError.__init__(self, message)
+        self.table_name = tname
+        self.column_name = cname
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (self.args[0], self.table_name, self.column_name),
+        )
+
+
+class NoSuchTableError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Table does not exist or is not visible to a connection."""
+
+
+class UnreflectableTableError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """Table exists but can't be reflected for some reason.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+
+class UnboundExecutionError(InvalidRequestError):
+    """SQL was attempted without a database connection to execute it on."""
+
+
+class DontWrapMixin:
+    """A mixin class which, when applied to a user-defined Exception class,
+    will not be wrapped inside of :exc:`.StatementError` if the error is
+    emitted within the process of executing a statement.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.exc import DontWrapMixin
+
+
+        class MyCustomException(Exception, DontWrapMixin):
+            pass
+
+
+        class MySpecialType(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                if value == "invalid":
+                    raise MyCustomException("invalid!")
+
+    """
+
+
+class StatementError(SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An error occurred during execution of a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`StatementError` wraps the exception raised
+    during execution, and features :attr:`.statement`
+    and :attr:`.params` attributes which supply context regarding
+    the specifics of the statement which had an issue.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in
+    the :attr:`.orig` attribute.
+
+    """
+
+    statement: Optional[str] = None
+    """The string SQL statement being invoked when this exception occurred."""
+
+    params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams] = None
+    """The parameter list being used when this exception occurred."""
+
+    orig: Optional[BaseException] = None
+    """The original exception that was thrown.
+
+    """
+
+    ismulti: Optional[bool] = None
+    """multi parameter passed to repr_params().  None is meaningful."""
+
+    connection_invalidated: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: Optional[BaseException],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        SQLAlchemyError.__init__(self, message, code=code)
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.orig = orig
+        self.ismulti = ismulti
+        self.hide_parameters = hide_parameters
+        self.detail: List[str] = []
+
+    def add_detail(self, msg: str) -> None:
+        self.detail.append(msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (
+                self.args[0],
+                self.statement,
+                self.params,
+                self.orig,
+                self.hide_parameters,
+                self.__dict__.get("code"),
+                self.ismulti,
+            ),
+            {"detail": self.detail},
+        )
+
+    @_preloaded.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _sql_message(self) -> str:
+        util = _preloaded.sql_util
+
+        details = [self._message()]
+        if self.statement:
+            stmt_detail = "[SQL: %s]" % self.statement
+            details.append(stmt_detail)
+            if self.params:
+                if self.hide_parameters:
+                    details.append(
+                        "[SQL parameters hidden due to hide_parameters=True]"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    params_repr = util._repr_params(
+                        self.params, 10, ismulti=self.ismulti
+                    )
+                    details.append("[parameters: %r]" % params_repr)
+        code_str = self._code_str()
+        if code_str:
+            details.append(code_str)
+        return "\n".join(["(%s)" % det for det in self.detail] + details)
+
+
+class DBAPIError(StatementError):
+    """Raised when the execution of a database operation fails.
+
+    Wraps exceptions raised by the DB-API underlying the
+    database operation.  Driver-specific implementations of the standard
+    DB-API exception types are wrapped by matching sub-types of SQLAlchemy's
+    :class:`DBAPIError` when possible.  DB-API's ``Error`` type maps to
+    :class:`DBAPIError` in SQLAlchemy, otherwise the names are identical.  Note
+    that there is no guarantee that different DB-API implementations will
+    raise the same exception type for any given error condition.
+
+    :class:`DBAPIError` features :attr:`~.StatementError.statement`
+    and :attr:`~.StatementError.params` attributes which supply context
+    regarding the specifics of the statement which had an issue, for the
+    typical case when the error was raised within the context of
+    emitting a SQL statement.
+
+    The wrapped exception object is available in the
+    :attr:`~.StatementError.orig` attribute. Its type and properties are
+    DB-API implementation specific.
+
+    """
+
+    code = "dbapi"
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: Exception,
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> StatementError: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: DontWrapMixin,
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> DontWrapMixin: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: BaseException,
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> BaseException: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def instance(
+        cls,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: Union[BaseException, DontWrapMixin],
+        dbapi_base_err: Type[Exception],
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Union[BaseException, DontWrapMixin]:
+        # Don't ever wrap these, just return them directly as if
+        # DBAPIError didn't exist.
+        if (
+            isinstance(orig, BaseException) and not isinstance(orig, Exception)
+        ) or isinstance(orig, DontWrapMixin):
+            return orig
+
+        if orig is not None:
+            # not a DBAPI error, statement is present.
+            # raise a StatementError
+            if isinstance(orig, SQLAlchemyError) and statement:
+                return StatementError(
+                    "(%s.%s) %s"
+                    % (
+                        orig.__class__.__module__,
+                        orig.__class__.__name__,
+                        orig.args[0],
+                    ),
+                    statement,
+                    params,
+                    orig,
+                    hide_parameters=hide_parameters,
+                    code=orig.code,
+                    ismulti=ismulti,
+                )
+            elif not isinstance(orig, dbapi_base_err) and statement:
+                return StatementError(
+                    "(%s.%s) %s"
+                    % (
+                        orig.__class__.__module__,
+                        orig.__class__.__name__,
+                        orig,
+                    ),
+                    statement,
+                    params,
+                    orig,
+                    hide_parameters=hide_parameters,
+                    ismulti=ismulti,
+                )
+
+            glob = globals()
+            for super_ in orig.__class__.__mro__:
+                name = super_.__name__
+                if dialect:
+                    name = dialect.dbapi_exception_translation_map.get(
+                        name, name
+                    )
+                if name in glob and issubclass(glob[name], DBAPIError):
+                    cls = glob[name]
+                    break
+
+        return cls(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            orig,
+            connection_invalidated=connection_invalidated,
+            hide_parameters=hide_parameters,
+            code=cls.code,
+            ismulti=ismulti,
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Union[str, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            (
+                self.statement,
+                self.params,
+                self.orig,
+                self.hide_parameters,
+                self.connection_invalidated,
+                self.__dict__.get("code"),
+                self.ismulti,
+            ),
+            {"detail": self.detail},
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        statement: Optional[str],
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        orig: BaseException,
+        hide_parameters: bool = False,
+        connection_invalidated: bool = False,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        try:
+            text = str(orig)
+        except Exception as e:
+            text = "Error in str() of DB-API-generated exception: " + str(e)
+        StatementError.__init__(
+            self,
+            "(%s.%s) %s"
+            % (orig.__class__.__module__, orig.__class__.__name__, text),
+            statement,
+            params,
+            orig,
+            hide_parameters,
+            code=code,
+            ismulti=ismulti,
+        )
+        self.connection_invalidated = connection_invalidated
+
+
+class InterfaceError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InterfaceError."""
+
+    code = "rvf5"
+
+
+class DatabaseError(DBAPIError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DatabaseError."""
+
+    code = "4xp6"
+
+
+class DataError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API DataError."""
+
+    code = "9h9h"
+
+
+class OperationalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API OperationalError."""
+
+    code = "e3q8"
+
+
+class IntegrityError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API IntegrityError."""
+
+    code = "gkpj"
+
+
+class InternalError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API InternalError."""
+
+    code = "2j85"
+
+
+class ProgrammingError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API ProgrammingError."""
+
+    code = "f405"
+
+
+class NotSupportedError(DatabaseError):
+    """Wraps a DB-API NotSupportedError."""
+
+    code = "tw8g"
+
+
+# Warnings
+
+
+class SATestSuiteWarning(Warning):
+    """warning for a condition detected during tests that is non-fatal
+
+    Currently outside of SAWarning so that we can work around tools like
+    Alembic doing the wrong thing with warnings.
+
+    """
+
+
+class SADeprecationWarning(HasDescriptionCode, DeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued for usage of deprecated APIs."""
+
+    deprecated_since: Optional[str] = None
+    "Indicates the version that started raising this deprecation warning"
+
+
+class Base20DeprecationWarning(SADeprecationWarning):
+    """Issued for usage of APIs specifically deprecated or legacy in
+    SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`error_b8d9`.
+
+        :ref:`deprecation_20_mode`
+
+    """
+
+    deprecated_since: Optional[str] = "1.4"
+    "Indicates the version that started raising this deprecation warning"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            super().__str__()
+            + " (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: https://sqlalche.me/e/b8d9)"
+        )
+
+
+class LegacyAPIWarning(Base20DeprecationWarning):
+    """indicates an API that is in 'legacy' status, a long term deprecation."""
+
+
+class MovedIn20Warning(Base20DeprecationWarning):
+    """Subtype of RemovedIn20Warning to indicate an API that moved only."""
+
+
+class SAPendingDeprecationWarning(PendingDeprecationWarning):
+    """A similar warning as :class:`_exc.SADeprecationWarning`, this warning
+    is not used in modern versions of SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+
+    deprecated_since: Optional[str] = None
+    "Indicates the version that started raising this deprecation warning"
+
+
+class SAWarning(HasDescriptionCode, RuntimeWarning):
+    """Issued at runtime."""
+
+    _what_are_we = "warning"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2751bcf9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# ext/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+
+_sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.ext")
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f2c19b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/associationproxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2013 @@
+# ext/associationproxy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Contain the ``AssociationProxy`` class.
+
+The ``AssociationProxy`` is a Python property object which provides
+transparent proxied access to the endpoint of an association object.
+
+See the example ``examples/association/proxied_association.py``.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import ItemsView
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import KeysView
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import MutableSequence
+from typing import MutableSet
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+from typing import ValuesView
+
+from .. import ColumnElement
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import orm
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import collections
+from ..orm import InspectionAttrExtensionType
+from ..orm import interfaces
+from ..orm import ORMDescriptor
+from ..orm.base import SQLORMOperations
+from ..orm.interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from ..orm.interfaces import _DCAttributeOptions
+from ..orm.interfaces import _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import or_
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import SupportsIndex
+from ..util.typing import SupportsKeysAndGetItem
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from ..orm.interfaces import PropComparator
+    from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_T_con = TypeVar("_T_con", bound=Any, contravariant=True)
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+
+def association_proxy(
+    target_collection: str,
+    attr: str,
+    *,
+    creator: Optional[_CreatorProtocol] = None,
+    getset_factory: Optional[_GetSetFactoryProtocol] = None,
+    proxy_factory: Optional[_ProxyFactoryProtocol] = None,
+    proxy_bulk_set: Optional[_ProxyBulkSetProtocol] = None,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    cascade_scalar_deletes: bool = False,
+    create_on_none_assignment: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+) -> AssociationProxy[Any]:
+    r"""Return a Python property implementing a view of a target
+    attribute which references an attribute on members of the
+    target.
+
+    The returned value is an instance of :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    Implements a Python property representing a relationship as a collection
+    of simpler values, or a scalar value.  The proxied property will mimic
+    the collection type of the target (list, dict or set), or, in the case of
+    a one to one relationship, a simple scalar value.
+
+    :param target_collection: Name of the attribute that is the immediate
+      target.  This attribute is typically mapped by
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.relationship` to link to a target collection, but
+      can also be a many-to-one or non-scalar relationship.
+
+    :param attr: Attribute on the associated instance or instances that
+      are available on instances of the target object.
+
+    :param creator: optional.
+
+      Defines custom behavior when new items are added to the proxied
+      collection.
+
+      By default, adding new items to the collection will trigger a
+      construction of an instance of the target object, passing the given
+      item as a positional argument to the target constructor.  For cases
+      where this isn't sufficient, :paramref:`.association_proxy.creator`
+      can supply a callable that will construct the object in the
+      appropriate way, given the item that was passed.
+
+      For list- and set- oriented collections, a single argument is
+      passed to the callable. For dictionary oriented collections, two
+      arguments are passed, corresponding to the key and value.
+
+      The :paramref:`.association_proxy.creator` callable is also invoked
+      for scalar (i.e. many-to-one, one-to-one) relationships. If the
+      current value of the target relationship attribute is ``None``, the
+      callable is used to construct a new object.  If an object value already
+      exists, the given attribute value is populated onto that object.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`associationproxy_creator`
+
+    :param cascade_scalar_deletes: when True, indicates that setting
+        the proxied value to ``None``, or deleting it via ``del``, should
+        also remove the source object.  Only applies to scalar attributes.
+        Normally, removing the proxied target will not remove the proxy
+        source, as this object may have other state that is still to be
+        kept.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`cascade_scalar_deletes` - complete usage example
+
+    :param create_on_none_assignment: when True, indicates that setting
+      the proxied value to ``None`` should **create** the source object
+      if it does not exist, using the creator.  Only applies to scalar
+      attributes.  This is mutually exclusive
+      vs. the :paramref:`.assocation_proxy.cascade_scalar_deletes`.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 2.0.18
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the attribute established by this :class:`.AssociationProxy`
+     should be part of the ``__repr__()`` method as generated by the dataclass
+     process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, specifies a default-value
+     generation function that will take place as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     indicates if this field should be marked as keyword-only when generating
+     the ``__init__()`` method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param hash: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, controls if this field
+     is included when generating the ``__hash__()`` method for the mapped
+     class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.36
+
+    :param info: optional, will be assigned to
+     :attr:`.AssociationProxy.info` if present.
+
+
+    The following additional parameters involve injection of custom behaviors
+    within the :class:`.AssociationProxy` object and are for advanced use
+    only:
+
+    :param getset_factory: Optional.  Proxied attribute access is
+        automatically handled by routines that get and set values based on
+        the `attr` argument for this proxy.
+
+        If you would like to customize this behavior, you may supply a
+        `getset_factory` callable that produces a tuple of `getter` and
+        `setter` functions.  The factory is called with two arguments, the
+        abstract type of the underlying collection and this proxy instance.
+
+    :param proxy_factory: Optional.  The type of collection to emulate is
+        determined by sniffing the target collection.  If your collection
+        type can't be determined by duck typing or you'd like to use a
+        different collection implementation, you may supply a factory
+        function to produce those collections.  Only applicable to
+        non-scalar relationships.
+
+    :param proxy_bulk_set: Optional, use with proxy_factory.
+
+
+    """
+    return AssociationProxy(
+        target_collection,
+        attr,
+        creator=creator,
+        getset_factory=getset_factory,
+        proxy_factory=proxy_factory,
+        proxy_bulk_set=proxy_bulk_set,
+        info=info,
+        cascade_scalar_deletes=cascade_scalar_deletes,
+        create_on_none_assignment=create_on_none_assignment,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only, hash
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+class AssociationProxyExtensionType(InspectionAttrExtensionType):
+    ASSOCIATION_PROXY = "ASSOCIATION_PROXY"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`.InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+
+
+class _GetterProtocol(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, instance: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+
+# mypy 0.990 we are no longer allowed to make this Protocol[_T_con]
+class _SetterProtocol(Protocol): ...
+
+
+class _PlainSetterProtocol(_SetterProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, instance: Any, value: _T_con) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _DictSetterProtocol(_SetterProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, instance: Any, key: Any, value: _T_con) -> None: ...
+
+
+# mypy 0.990 we are no longer allowed to make this Protocol[_T_con]
+class _CreatorProtocol(Protocol): ...
+
+
+class _PlainCreatorProtocol(_CreatorProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, value: _T_con) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _KeyCreatorProtocol(_CreatorProtocol, Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, key: Any, value: Optional[_T_con]) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _LazyCollectionProtocol(Protocol[_T]):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        MutableSet[_T], MutableMapping[Any, _T], MutableSequence[_T]
+    ]: ...
+
+
+class _GetSetFactoryProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        collection_class: Optional[Type[Any]],
+        assoc_instance: AssociationProxyInstance[Any],
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]: ...
+
+
+class _ProxyFactoryProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[Any],
+        creator: _CreatorProtocol,
+        value_attr: str,
+        parent: AssociationProxyInstance[Any],
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _ProxyBulkSetProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, proxy: _AssociationCollection[Any], collection: Iterable[Any]
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _AssociationProxyProtocol(Protocol[_T]):
+    """describes the interface of :class:`.AssociationProxy`
+    without including descriptor methods in the interface."""
+
+    creator: Optional[_CreatorProtocol]
+    key: str
+    target_collection: str
+    value_attr: str
+    cascade_scalar_deletes: bool
+    create_on_none_assignment: bool
+    getset_factory: Optional[_GetSetFactoryProtocol]
+    proxy_factory: Optional[_ProxyFactoryProtocol]
+    proxy_bulk_set: Optional[_ProxyBulkSetProtocol]
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType: ...
+
+    def for_class(
+        self, class_: Type[Any], obj: Optional[object] = None
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]: ...
+
+    def _default_getset(
+        self, collection_class: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]: ...
+
+
+class AssociationProxy(
+    interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo,
+    ORMDescriptor[_T],
+    _DCAttributeOptions,
+    _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T],
+):
+    """A descriptor that presents a read/write view of an object attribute."""
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = AssociationProxyExtensionType.ASSOCIATION_PROXY
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target_collection: str,
+        attr: str,
+        *,
+        creator: Optional[_CreatorProtocol] = None,
+        getset_factory: Optional[_GetSetFactoryProtocol] = None,
+        proxy_factory: Optional[_ProxyFactoryProtocol] = None,
+        proxy_bulk_set: Optional[_ProxyBulkSetProtocol] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        cascade_scalar_deletes: bool = False,
+        create_on_none_assignment: bool = False,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        The :class:`.AssociationProxy` object is typically constructed using
+        the :func:`.association_proxy` constructor function. See the
+        description of :func:`.association_proxy` for a description of all
+        parameters.
+
+
+        """
+        self.target_collection = target_collection
+        self.value_attr = attr
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getset_factory = getset_factory
+        self.proxy_factory = proxy_factory
+        self.proxy_bulk_set = proxy_bulk_set
+
+        if cascade_scalar_deletes and create_on_none_assignment:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The cascade_scalar_deletes and create_on_none_assignment "
+                "parameters are mutually exclusive."
+            )
+        self.cascade_scalar_deletes = cascade_scalar_deletes
+        self.create_on_none_assignment = create_on_none_assignment
+
+        self.key = "_%s_%s_%s" % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            target_collection,
+            id(self),
+        )
+        if info:
+            self.info = info  # type: ignore
+
+        if (
+            attribute_options
+            and attribute_options != _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+        ):
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = True
+            self._attribute_options = attribute_options
+        else:
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = False
+            self._attribute_options = _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Literal[None]
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Any
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: object, owner: Any
+    ) -> Union[AssociationProxyInstance[_T], _T, AssociationProxy[_T]]:
+        if owner is None:
+            return self
+        inst = self._as_instance(owner, instance)
+        if inst:
+            return inst.get(instance)
+
+        assert instance is None
+
+        return self
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: object, values: _T) -> None:
+        class_ = type(instance)
+        self._as_instance(class_, instance).set(instance, values)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        class_ = type(instance)
+        self._as_instance(class_, instance).delete(instance)
+
+    def for_class(
+        self, class_: Type[Any], obj: Optional[object] = None
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        r"""Return the internal state local to a specific mapped class.
+
+        E.g., given a class ``User``::
+
+            class User(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                keywords = association_proxy("kws", "keyword")
+
+        If we access this :class:`.AssociationProxy` from
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`, and we want to view the
+        target class for this proxy as mapped by ``User``::
+
+            inspect(User).all_orm_descriptors["keywords"].for_class(User).target_class
+
+        This returns an instance of :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` that
+        is specific to the ``User`` class.   The :class:`.AssociationProxy`
+        object remains agnostic of its parent class.
+
+        :param class\_: the class that we are returning state for.
+
+        :param obj: optional, an instance of the class that is required
+         if the attribute refers to a polymorphic target, e.g. where we have
+         to look at the type of the actual destination object to get the
+         complete path.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3 - :class:`.AssociationProxy` no longer stores
+           any state specific to a particular parent class; the state is now
+           stored in per-class :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` objects.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._as_instance(class_, obj)
+
+    def _as_instance(
+        self, class_: Any, obj: Any
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        try:
+            inst = class_.__dict__[self.key + "_inst"]
+        except KeyError:
+            inst = None
+
+        # avoid exception context
+        if inst is None:
+            owner = self._calc_owner(class_)
+            if owner is not None:
+                inst = AssociationProxyInstance.for_proxy(self, owner, obj)
+                setattr(class_, self.key + "_inst", inst)
+            else:
+                inst = None
+
+        if inst is not None and not inst._is_canonical:
+            # the AssociationProxyInstance can't be generalized
+            # since the proxied attribute is not on the targeted
+            # class, only on subclasses of it, which might be
+            # different.  only return for the specific
+            # object's current value
+            return inst._non_canonical_get_for_object(obj)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return inst  # type: ignore  # TODO
+
+    def _calc_owner(self, target_cls: Any) -> Any:
+        # we might be getting invoked for a subclass
+        # that is not mapped yet, in some declarative situations.
+        # save until we are mapped
+        try:
+            insp = inspect(target_cls)
+        except exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+            # can't find a mapper, don't set owner. if we are a not-yet-mapped
+            # subclass, we can also scan through __mro__ to find a mapped
+            # class, but instead just wait for us to be called again against a
+            # mapped class normally.
+            return None
+        else:
+            return insp.mapper.class_manager.class_
+
+    def _default_getset(
+        self, collection_class: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]:
+        attr = self.value_attr
+        _getter = operator.attrgetter(attr)
+
+        def getter(instance: Any) -> Optional[Any]:
+            return _getter(instance) if instance is not None else None
+
+        if collection_class is dict:
+
+            def dict_setter(instance: Any, k: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+                setattr(instance, attr, value)
+
+            return getter, dict_setter
+
+        else:
+
+            def plain_setter(o: Any, v: Any) -> None:
+                setattr(o, attr, v)
+
+            return getter, plain_setter
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "AssociationProxy(%r, %r)" % (
+            self.target_collection,
+            self.value_attr,
+        )
+
+
+# the pep-673 Self type does not work in Mypy for a "hybrid"
+# style method that returns type or Self, so for one specific case
+# we still need to use the pre-pep-673 workaround.
+_Self = TypeVar("_Self", bound="AssociationProxyInstance[Any]")
+
+
+class AssociationProxyInstance(SQLORMOperations[_T]):
+    """A per-class object that serves class- and object-specific results.
+
+    This is used by :class:`.AssociationProxy` when it is invoked
+    in terms of a specific class or instance of a class, i.e. when it is
+    used as a regular Python descriptor.
+
+    When referring to the :class:`.AssociationProxy` as a normal Python
+    descriptor, the :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` is the object that
+    actually serves the information.   Under normal circumstances, its presence
+    is transparent::
+
+        >>> User.keywords.scalar
+        False
+
+    In the special case that the :class:`.AssociationProxy` object is being
+    accessed directly, in order to get an explicit handle to the
+    :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`, use the
+    :meth:`.AssociationProxy.for_class` method::
+
+        proxy_state = inspect(User).all_orm_descriptors["keywords"].for_class(User)
+
+        # view if proxy object is scalar or not
+        >>> proxy_state.scalar
+        False
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    collection_class: Optional[Type[Any]]
+    parent: _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T],
+        owning_class: Type[Any],
+        target_class: Type[Any],
+        value_attr: str,
+    ):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.key = parent.key
+        self.owning_class = owning_class
+        self.target_collection = parent.target_collection
+        self.collection_class = None
+        self.target_class = target_class
+        self.value_attr = value_attr
+
+    target_class: Type[Any]
+    """The intermediary class handled by this
+    :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`.
+
+    Intercepted append/set/assignment events will result
+    in the generation of new instances of this class.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def for_proxy(
+        cls,
+        parent: AssociationProxy[_T],
+        owning_class: Type[Any],
+        parent_instance: Any,
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        target_collection = parent.target_collection
+        value_attr = parent.value_attr
+        prop = cast(
+            "orm.RelationshipProperty[_T]",
+            orm.class_mapper(owning_class).get_property(target_collection),
+        )
+
+        # this was never asserted before but this should be made clear.
+        if not isinstance(prop, orm.RelationshipProperty):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "association proxy to a non-relationship "
+                "intermediary is not supported"
+            ) from None
+
+        target_class = prop.mapper.class_
+
+        try:
+            target_assoc = cast(
+                "AssociationProxyInstance[_T]",
+                cls._cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(target_class, value_attr),
+            )
+        except AttributeError:
+            # the proxied attribute doesn't exist on the target class;
+            # return an "ambiguous" instance that will work on a per-object
+            # basis
+            return AmbiguousAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+        except Exception as err:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Association proxy received an unexpected error when "
+                f"trying to retreive attribute "
+                f'"{target_class.__name__}.{parent.value_attr}" from '
+                f'class "{target_class.__name__}": {err}'
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return cls._construct_for_assoc(
+                target_assoc, parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_assoc(
+        cls,
+        target_assoc: Optional[AssociationProxyInstance[_T]],
+        parent: _AssociationProxyProtocol[_T],
+        owning_class: Type[Any],
+        target_class: Type[Any],
+        value_attr: str,
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        if target_assoc is not None:
+            return ObjectAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+
+        attr = getattr(target_class, value_attr)
+        if not hasattr(attr, "_is_internal_proxy"):
+            return AmbiguousAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+        is_object = attr._impl_uses_objects
+        if is_object:
+            return ObjectAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+        else:
+            return ColumnAssociationProxyInstance(
+                parent, owning_class, target_class, value_attr
+            )
+
+    def _get_property(self) -> MapperProperty[Any]:
+        return orm.class_mapper(self.owning_class).get_property(
+            self.target_collection
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _comparator(self) -> PropComparator[Any]:
+        return getattr(  # type: ignore
+            self.owning_class, self.target_collection
+        ).comparator
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The association proxy can't be used as a plain column "
+            "expression; it only works inside of a comparison expression"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+        cls, target_class: Any, value_attr: str
+    ) -> Optional[AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        attr = getattr(target_class, value_attr)
+        assert not isinstance(attr, AssociationProxy)
+        if isinstance(attr, AssociationProxyInstance):
+            return attr
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        return self._cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+            self.target_class, self.value_attr
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def remote_attr(self) -> SQLORMOperations[_T]:
+        """The 'remote' class attribute referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.attr`
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.local_attr`
+
+        """
+        return cast(
+            "SQLORMOperations[_T]", getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def local_attr(self) -> SQLORMOperations[Any]:
+        """The 'local' class attribute referenced by this
+        :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.attr`
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return cast(
+            "SQLORMOperations[Any]",
+            getattr(self.owning_class, self.target_collection),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def attr(self) -> Tuple[SQLORMOperations[Any], SQLORMOperations[_T]]:
+        """Return a tuple of ``(local_attr, remote_attr)``.
+
+        This attribute was originally intended to facilitate using the
+        :meth:`_query.Query.join` method to join across the two relationships
+        at once, however this makes use of a deprecated calling style.
+
+        To use :meth:`_sql.select.join` or :meth:`_orm.Query.join` with
+        an association proxy, the current method is to make use of the
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.local_attr` and
+        :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.remote_attr` attributes separately::
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(Parent)
+                .join(Parent.proxied.local_attr)
+                .join(Parent.proxied.remote_attr)
+            )
+
+        A future release may seek to provide a more succinct join pattern
+        for association proxy attributes.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.local_attr`
+
+            :attr:`.AssociationProxyInstance.remote_attr`
+
+        """
+        return (self.local_attr, self.remote_attr)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def scalar(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance`
+        proxies a scalar relationship on the local side."""
+
+        scalar = not self._get_property().uselist
+        if scalar:
+            self._initialize_scalar_accessors()
+        return scalar
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _value_is_scalar(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            not self._get_property()
+            .mapper.get_property(self.value_attr)
+            .uselist
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _target_is_object(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    _scalar_get: _GetterProtocol[_T]
+    _scalar_set: _PlainSetterProtocol[_T]
+
+    def _initialize_scalar_accessors(self) -> None:
+        if self.parent.getset_factory:
+            get, set_ = self.parent.getset_factory(None, self)
+        else:
+            get, set_ = self.parent._default_getset(None)
+        self._scalar_get, self._scalar_set = get, cast(
+            "_PlainSetterProtocol[_T]", set_
+        )
+
+    def _default_getset(
+        self, collection_class: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[_GetterProtocol[Any], _SetterProtocol]:
+        attr = self.value_attr
+        _getter = operator.attrgetter(attr)
+
+        def getter(instance: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+            return _getter(instance) if instance is not None else None
+
+        if collection_class is dict:
+
+            def dict_setter(instance: Any, k: Any, value: _T) -> None:
+                setattr(instance, attr, value)
+
+            return getter, dict_setter
+        else:
+
+            def plain_setter(o: Any, v: _T) -> None:
+                setattr(o, attr, v)
+
+            return getter, plain_setter
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return self.parent.info
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self: _Self, obj: Literal[None]) -> _Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, obj: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, obj: Any
+    ) -> Union[Optional[_T], AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+
+        proxy: _T
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            return self._scalar_get(target)
+        else:
+            try:
+                # If the owning instance is reborn (orm session resurrect,
+                # etc.), refresh the proxy cache.
+                creator_id, self_id, proxy = cast(
+                    "Tuple[int, int, _T]", getattr(obj, self.key)
+                )
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if id(obj) == creator_id and id(self) == self_id:
+                    assert self.collection_class is not None
+                    return proxy
+
+            self.collection_class, proxy = self._new(
+                _lazy_collection(obj, self.target_collection)
+            )
+            setattr(obj, self.key, (id(obj), id(self), proxy))
+            return proxy
+
+    def set(self, obj: Any, values: _T) -> None:
+        if self.scalar:
+            creator = cast(
+                "_PlainCreatorProtocol[_T]",
+                (
+                    self.parent.creator
+                    if self.parent.creator
+                    else self.target_class
+                ),
+            )
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            if target is None:
+                if (
+                    values is None
+                    and not self.parent.create_on_none_assignment
+                ):
+                    return
+                setattr(obj, self.target_collection, creator(values))
+            else:
+                self._scalar_set(target, values)
+                if values is None and self.parent.cascade_scalar_deletes:
+                    setattr(obj, self.target_collection, None)
+        else:
+            proxy = self.get(obj)
+            assert self.collection_class is not None
+            if proxy is not values:
+                proxy._bulk_replace(self, values)
+
+    def delete(self, obj: Any) -> None:
+        if self.owning_class is None:
+            self._calc_owner(obj, None)
+
+        if self.scalar:
+            target = getattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+            if target is not None:
+                delattr(target, self.value_attr)
+        delattr(obj, self.target_collection)
+
+    def _new(
+        self, lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[_T]
+    ) -> Tuple[Type[Any], _T]:
+        creator = (
+            self.parent.creator
+            if self.parent.creator is not None
+            else cast("_CreatorProtocol", self.target_class)
+        )
+        collection_class = util.duck_type_collection(lazy_collection())
+
+        if collection_class is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"lazy collection factory did not return a "
+                f"valid collection type, got {collection_class}"
+            )
+        if self.parent.proxy_factory:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                self.parent.proxy_factory(
+                    lazy_collection, creator, self.value_attr, self
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if self.parent.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.parent.getset_factory(collection_class, self)
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self.parent._default_getset(collection_class)
+
+        if collection_class is list:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                cast(
+                    _T,
+                    _AssociationList(
+                        lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+        elif collection_class is dict:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                cast(
+                    _T,
+                    _AssociationDict(
+                        lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+        elif collection_class is set:
+            return (
+                collection_class,
+                cast(
+                    _T,
+                    _AssociationSet(
+                        lazy_collection, creator, getter, setter, self
+                    ),
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "could not guess which interface to use for "
+                'collection_class "%s" backing "%s"; specify a '
+                "proxy_factory and proxy_bulk_set manually"
+                % (self.collection_class, self.target_collection)
+            )
+
+    def _set(
+        self, proxy: _AssociationCollection[Any], values: Iterable[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.parent.proxy_bulk_set:
+            self.parent.proxy_bulk_set(proxy, values)
+        elif self.collection_class is list:
+            cast("_AssociationList[Any]", proxy).extend(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is dict:
+            cast("_AssociationDict[Any, Any]", proxy).update(values)
+        elif self.collection_class is set:
+            cast("_AssociationSet[Any]", proxy).update(values)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "no proxy_bulk_set supplied for custom "
+                "collection_class implementation"
+            )
+
+    def _inflate(self, proxy: _AssociationCollection[Any]) -> None:
+        creator = (
+            self.parent.creator
+            and self.parent.creator
+            or cast(_CreatorProtocol, self.target_class)
+        )
+
+        if self.parent.getset_factory:
+            getter, setter = self.parent.getset_factory(
+                self.collection_class, self
+            )
+        else:
+            getter, setter = self.parent._default_getset(self.collection_class)
+
+        proxy.creator = creator
+        proxy.getter = getter
+        proxy.setter = setter
+
+    def _criterion_exists(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        is_has = kwargs.pop("is_has", None)
+
+        target_assoc = self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy
+        if target_assoc is not None:
+            inner = target_assoc._criterion_exists(
+                criterion=criterion, **kwargs
+            )
+            return self._comparator._criterion_exists(inner)
+
+        if self._target_is_object:
+            attr = getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr)
+            value_expr = attr.comparator._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            if kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't apply keyword arguments to column-targeted "
+                    "association proxy; use =="
+                )
+            elif is_has and criterion is not None:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Non-empty has() not allowed for "
+                    "column-targeted association proxy; use =="
+                )
+
+            value_expr = criterion
+
+        return self._comparator._criterion_exists(value_expr)
+
+    def any(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a proxied 'any' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+        if self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy is None and (
+            self.scalar
+            and (not self._target_is_object or self._value_is_scalar)
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'any()' not implemented for scalar attributes. Use has()."
+            )
+        return self._criterion_exists(
+            criterion=criterion, is_has=False, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def has(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a proxied 'has' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`
+        and/or :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+
+        """
+        if self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy is None and (
+            not self.scalar
+            or (self._target_is_object and not self._value_is_scalar)
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'has()' not implemented for collections. Use any()."
+            )
+        return self._criterion_exists(
+            criterion=criterion, is_has=True, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.parent)
+
+
+class AmbiguousAssociationProxyInstance(AssociationProxyInstance[_T]):
+    """an :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` where we cannot determine
+    the type of target object.
+    """
+
+    _is_canonical = False
+
+    def _ambiguous(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise AttributeError(
+            "Association proxy %s.%s refers to an attribute '%s' that is not "
+            "directly mapped on class %s; therefore this operation cannot "
+            "proceed since we don't know what type of object is referred "
+            "towards"
+            % (
+                self.owning_class.__name__,
+                self.target_collection,
+                self.value_attr,
+                self.target_class,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def get(self, obj: Any) -> Any:
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().get(obj)
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj: object) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    def __ne__(self, obj: object) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    def any(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    def has(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        self._ambiguous()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _lookup_cache(self) -> Dict[Type[Any], AssociationProxyInstance[_T]]:
+        # mapping of <subclass>->AssociationProxyInstance.
+        # e.g. proxy is A-> A.b -> B -> B.b_attr, but B.b_attr doesn't exist;
+        # only B1(B) and B2(B) have "b_attr", keys in here would be B1, B2
+        return {}
+
+    def _non_canonical_get_for_object(
+        self, parent_instance: Any
+    ) -> AssociationProxyInstance[_T]:
+        if parent_instance is not None:
+            actual_obj = getattr(parent_instance, self.target_collection)
+            if actual_obj is not None:
+                try:
+                    insp = inspect(actual_obj)
+                except exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    mapper = insp.mapper
+                    instance_class = mapper.class_
+                    if instance_class not in self._lookup_cache:
+                        self._populate_cache(instance_class, mapper)
+
+                    try:
+                        return self._lookup_cache[instance_class]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+
+        # no object or ambiguous object given, so return "self", which
+        # is a proxy with generally only instance-level functionality
+        return self
+
+    def _populate_cache(
+        self, instance_class: Any, mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        prop = orm.class_mapper(self.owning_class).get_property(
+            self.target_collection
+        )
+
+        if mapper.isa(prop.mapper):
+            target_class = instance_class
+            try:
+                target_assoc = self._cls_unwrap_target_assoc_proxy(
+                    target_class, self.value_attr
+                )
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self._lookup_cache[instance_class] = self._construct_for_assoc(
+                    cast("AssociationProxyInstance[_T]", target_assoc),
+                    self.parent,
+                    self.owning_class,
+                    target_class,
+                    self.value_attr,
+                )
+
+
+class ObjectAssociationProxyInstance(AssociationProxyInstance[_T]):
+    """an :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` that has an object as a target."""
+
+    _target_is_object: bool = True
+    _is_canonical = True
+
+    def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a proxied 'contains' expression using EXISTS.
+
+        This expression will be a composed product
+        using the :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`,
+        :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`,
+        and/or :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+        operators of the underlying proxied attributes.
+        """
+
+        target_assoc = self._unwrap_target_assoc_proxy
+        if target_assoc is not None:
+            return self._comparator._criterion_exists(
+                target_assoc.contains(other)
+                if not target_assoc.scalar
+                else target_assoc == other
+            )
+        elif (
+            self._target_is_object
+            and self.scalar
+            and not self._value_is_scalar
+        ):
+            return self._comparator.has(
+                getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr).contains(other)
+            )
+        elif self._target_is_object and self.scalar and self._value_is_scalar:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "contains() doesn't apply to a scalar object endpoint; use =="
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator._criterion_exists(
+                **{self.value_attr: other}
+            )
+
+    def __eq__(self, obj: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        if obj is None:
+            return or_(
+                self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj}),
+                self._comparator == None,
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._comparator.has(**{self.value_attr: obj})
+
+    def __ne__(self, obj: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        # note the has() here will fail for collections; eq_()
+        # is only allowed with a scalar.
+        return self._comparator.has(
+            getattr(self.target_class, self.value_attr) != obj
+        )
+
+
+class ColumnAssociationProxyInstance(AssociationProxyInstance[_T]):
+    """an :class:`.AssociationProxyInstance` that has a database column as a
+    target.
+    """
+
+    _target_is_object: bool = False
+    _is_canonical = True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        # special case "is None" to check for no related row as well
+        expr = self._criterion_exists(
+            self.remote_attr.operate(operators.eq, other)
+        )
+        if other is None:
+            return or_(expr, self._comparator == None)
+        else:
+            return expr
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: operators.OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self._criterion_exists(
+            self.remote_attr.operate(op, *other, **kwargs)
+        )
+
+
+class _lazy_collection(_LazyCollectionProtocol[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, obj: Any, target: str):
+        self.parent = obj
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[MutableSet[_T], MutableMapping[Any, _T], MutableSequence[_T]]:
+        return getattr(self.parent, self.target)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Any:
+        return {"obj": self.parent, "target": self.target}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Any) -> None:
+        self.parent = state["obj"]
+        self.target = state["target"]
+
+
+_IT = TypeVar("_IT", bound="Any")
+"""instance type - this is the type of object inside a collection.
+
+this is not the same as the _T of AssociationProxy and
+AssociationProxyInstance itself, which will often refer to the
+collection[_IT] type.
+
+"""
+
+
+class _AssociationCollection(Generic[_IT]):
+    getter: _GetterProtocol[_IT]
+    """A function.  Given an associated object, return the 'value'."""
+
+    creator: _CreatorProtocol
+    """
+    A function that creates new target entities.  Given one parameter:
+    value.  This assertion is assumed::
+
+    obj = creator(somevalue)
+    assert getter(obj) == somevalue
+    """
+
+    parent: AssociationProxyInstance[_IT]
+    setter: _SetterProtocol
+    """A function.  Given an associated object and a value, store that
+        value on the object.
+    """
+
+    lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[_IT]
+    """A callable returning a list-based collection of entities (usually an
+          object attribute managed by a SQLAlchemy relationship())"""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        lazy_collection: _LazyCollectionProtocol[_IT],
+        creator: _CreatorProtocol,
+        getter: _GetterProtocol[_IT],
+        setter: _SetterProtocol,
+        parent: AssociationProxyInstance[_IT],
+    ):
+        """Constructs an _AssociationCollection.
+
+        This will always be a subclass of either _AssociationList,
+        _AssociationSet, or _AssociationDict.
+
+        """
+        self.lazy_collection = lazy_collection
+        self.creator = creator
+        self.getter = getter
+        self.setter = setter
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        col: Collection[_IT]
+    else:
+        col = property(lambda self: self.lazy_collection())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.col)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Any:
+        return {"parent": self.parent, "lazy_collection": self.lazy_collection}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Any) -> None:
+        self.parent = state["parent"]
+        self.lazy_collection = state["lazy_collection"]
+        self.parent._inflate(self)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _AssociationSingleItem(_AssociationCollection[_T]):
+    setter: _PlainSetterProtocol[_T]
+    creator: _PlainCreatorProtocol[_T]
+
+    def _create(self, value: _T) -> Any:
+        return self.creator(value)
+
+    def _get(self, object_: Any) -> _T:
+        return self.getter(object_)
+
+    def _bulk_replace(
+        self, assoc_proxy: AssociationProxyInstance[Any], values: Iterable[_IT]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.clear()
+        assoc_proxy._set(self, values)
+
+
+class _AssociationList(_AssociationSingleItem[_T], MutableSequence[_T]):
+    """Generic, converting, list-to-list proxy."""
+
+    col: MutableSequence[_T]
+
+    def _set(self, object_: Any, value: _T) -> None:
+        self.setter(object_, value)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, index: slice) -> MutableSequence[_T]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, index: Union[int, slice]
+    ) -> Union[_T, MutableSequence[_T]]:
+        if not isinstance(index, slice):
+            return self._get(self.col[index])
+        else:
+            return [self._get(member) for member in self.col[index]]
+
+    @overload
+    def __setitem__(self, index: int, value: _T) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __setitem__(self, index: slice, value: Iterable[_T]) -> None: ...
+
+    def __setitem__(
+        self, index: Union[int, slice], value: Union[_T, Iterable[_T]]
+    ) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(index, slice):
+            self._set(self.col[index], cast("_T", value))
+        else:
+            if index.stop is None:
+                stop = len(self)
+            elif index.stop < 0:
+                stop = len(self) + index.stop
+            else:
+                stop = index.stop
+            step = index.step or 1
+
+            start = index.start or 0
+            rng = list(range(index.start or 0, stop, step))
+
+            sized_value = list(value)
+
+            if step == 1:
+                for i in rng:
+                    del self[start]
+                i = start
+                for item in sized_value:
+                    self.insert(i, item)
+                    i += 1
+            else:
+                if len(sized_value) != len(rng):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                        "extended slice of size %s"
+                        % (len(sized_value), len(rng))
+                    )
+                for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                    self._set(self.col[i], item)
+
+    @overload
+    def __delitem__(self, index: int) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __delitem__(self, index: slice) -> None: ...
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index: Union[slice, int]) -> None:
+        del self.col[index]
+
+    def __contains__(self, value: object) -> bool:
+        for member in self.col:
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            if self._get(member) == value:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or
+        just use the underlying collection directly from its property
+        on the parent.
+        """
+
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        return
+
+    def append(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        col = self.col
+        item = self._create(value)
+        col.append(item)
+
+    def count(self, value: Any) -> int:
+        count = 0
+        for v in self:
+            if v == value:
+                count += 1
+        return count
+
+    def extend(self, values: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for v in values:
+            self.append(v)
+
+    def insert(self, index: int, value: _T) -> None:
+        self.col[index:index] = [self._create(value)]
+
+    def pop(self, index: int = -1) -> _T:
+        return self.getter(self.col.pop(index))
+
+    def remove(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        for i, val in enumerate(self):
+            if val == value:
+                del self.col[i]
+                return
+        raise ValueError("value not in list")
+
+    def reverse(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Not supported, use reversed(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def sort(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Not supported, use sorted(mylist)"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        del self.col[0 : len(self.col)]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return list(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return list(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: List[_T]) -> bool:
+        return list(self) >= other
+
+    def __add__(self, other: List[_T]) -> List[_T]:
+        try:
+            other = list(other)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) + other
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: List[_T]) -> List[_T]:
+        try:
+            other = list(other)
+        except TypeError:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return other + list(self)
+
+    def __mul__(self, n: SupportsIndex) -> List[_T]:
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return list(self) * n
+
+    def __rmul__(self, n: SupportsIndex) -> List[_T]:
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return n * list(self)
+
+    def __iadd__(self, iterable: Iterable[_T]) -> Self:
+        self.extend(iterable)
+        return self
+
+    def __imul__(self, n: SupportsIndex) -> Self:
+        # unlike a regular list *=, proxied __imul__ will generate unique
+        # backing objects for each copy.  *= on proxied lists is a bit of
+        # a stretch anyhow, and this interpretation of the __imul__ contract
+        # is more plausibly useful than copying the backing objects.
+        if not isinstance(n, int):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        if n == 0:
+            self.clear()
+        elif n > 1:
+            self.extend(list(self) * (n - 1))
+        return self
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # TODO: no idea how to do this without separate "stub"
+        def index(
+            self, value: Any, start: int = ..., stop: int = ...
+        ) -> int: ...
+
+    else:
+
+        def index(self, value: Any, *arg) -> int:
+            ls = list(self)
+            return ls.index(value, *arg)
+
+    def copy(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(list(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+            if (
+                callable(func)
+                and func.__name__ == func_name
+                and not func.__doc__
+                and hasattr(list, func_name)
+            ):
+                func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+        del func_name, func
+
+
+class _AssociationDict(_AssociationCollection[_VT], MutableMapping[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Generic, converting, dict-to-dict proxy."""
+
+    setter: _DictSetterProtocol[_VT]
+    creator: _KeyCreatorProtocol[_VT]
+    col: MutableMapping[_KT, Optional[_VT]]
+
+    def _create(self, key: _KT, value: Optional[_VT]) -> Any:
+        return self.creator(key, value)
+
+    def _get(self, object_: Any) -> _VT:
+        return self.getter(object_)
+
+    def _set(self, object_: Any, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        return self.setter(object_, key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _KT) -> _VT:
+        return self._get(self.col[key])
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        if key in self.col:
+            self._set(self.col[key], key, value)
+        else:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: _KT) -> None:
+        del self.col[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        return key in self.col
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_KT]:
+        return iter(self.col.keys())
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return dict(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return dict(self) != other
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(dict(self))
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, __key: _KT) -> Optional[_VT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, __key: _KT, default: Union[_VT, _T]) -> Union[_VT, _T]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _KT, default: Optional[Union[_VT, _T]] = None
+    ) -> Union[_VT, _T, None]:
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: _KT, default: Optional[_VT] = None) -> _VT:
+        # TODO: again, no idea how to create an actual MutableMapping.
+        # default must allow None, return type can't include None,
+        # the stub explicitly allows for default of None with a cryptic message
+        # "This overload should be allowed only if the value type is
+        # compatible with None.".
+        if key not in self.col:
+            self.col[key] = self._create(key, default)
+            return default  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self[key]
+
+    def keys(self) -> KeysView[_KT]:
+        return self.col.keys()
+
+    def items(self) -> ItemsView[_KT, _VT]:
+        return ItemsView(self)
+
+    def values(self) -> ValuesView[_VT]:
+        return ValuesView(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def pop(self, __key: _KT) -> _VT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def pop(
+        self, __key: _KT, default: Union[_VT, _T] = ...
+    ) -> Union[_VT, _T]: ...
+
+    def pop(self, __key: _KT, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Union[_VT, _T]:
+        member = self.col.pop(__key, *arg, **kw)
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def popitem(self) -> Tuple[_KT, _VT]:
+        item = self.col.popitem()
+        return (item[0], self._get(item[1]))
+
+    @overload
+    def update(
+        self, __m: SupportsKeysAndGetItem[_KT, _VT], **kwargs: _VT
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def update(
+        self, __m: Iterable[tuple[_KT, _VT]], **kwargs: _VT
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def update(self, **kwargs: _VT) -> None: ...
+
+    def update(self, *a: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        up: Dict[_KT, _VT] = {}
+        up.update(*a, **kw)
+
+        for key, value in up.items():
+            self[key] = value
+
+    def _bulk_replace(
+        self,
+        assoc_proxy: AssociationProxyInstance[Any],
+        values: Mapping[_KT, _VT],
+    ) -> None:
+        existing = set(self)
+        constants = existing.intersection(values or ())
+        additions = set(values or ()).difference(constants)
+        removals = existing.difference(constants)
+
+        for key, member in values.items() or ():
+            if key in additions:
+                self[key] = member
+            elif key in constants:
+                self[key] = member
+
+        for key in removals:
+            del self[key]
+
+    def copy(self) -> Dict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return dict(self.items())
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+            if (
+                callable(func)
+                and func.__name__ == func_name
+                and not func.__doc__
+                and hasattr(dict, func_name)
+            ):
+                func.__doc__ = getattr(dict, func_name).__doc__
+        del func_name, func
+
+
+class _AssociationSet(_AssociationSingleItem[_T], MutableSet[_T]):
+    """Generic, converting, set-to-set proxy."""
+
+    col: MutableSet[_T]
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.col)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        if self.col:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __contains__(self, __o: object) -> bool:
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == __o:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        """Iterate over proxied values.
+
+        For the actual domain objects, iterate over .col instead or just use
+        the underlying collection directly from its property on the parent.
+
+        """
+        for member in self.col:
+            yield self._get(member)
+        return
+
+    def add(self, __element: _T) -> None:
+        if __element not in self:
+            self.col.add(self._create(__element))
+
+    # for discard and remove, choosing a more expensive check strategy rather
+    # than call self.creator()
+    def discard(self, __element: _T) -> None:
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == __element:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                break
+
+    def remove(self, __element: _T) -> None:
+        for member in self.col:
+            if self._get(member) == __element:
+                self.col.discard(member)
+                return
+        raise KeyError(__element)
+
+    def pop(self) -> _T:
+        if not self.col:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set")
+        member = self.col.pop()
+        return self._get(member)
+
+    def update(self, *s: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for iterable in s:
+            for value in iterable:
+                self.add(value)
+
+    def _bulk_replace(self, assoc_proxy: Any, values: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        existing = set(self)
+        constants = existing.intersection(values or ())
+        additions = set(values or ()).difference(constants)
+        removals = existing.difference(constants)
+
+        appender = self.add
+        remover = self.remove
+
+        for member in values or ():
+            if member in additions:
+                appender(member)
+            elif member in constants:
+                appender(member)
+
+        for member in removals:
+            remover(member)
+
+    def __ior__(  # type: ignore
+        self, other: AbstractSet[_S]
+    ) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        for value in other:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def _set(self) -> Set[_T]:
+        return set(iter(self))
+
+    def union(self, *s: Iterable[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return set(self).union(*s)
+
+    def __or__(self, __s: AbstractSet[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return self.union(__s)
+
+    def difference(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return set(self).difference(*s)
+
+    def __sub__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return self.difference(s)
+
+    def difference_update(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        for other in s:
+            for value in other:
+                self.discard(value)
+
+    def __isub__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> Self:
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, s):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        for value in s:
+            self.discard(value)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return set(self).intersection(*s)
+
+    def __and__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return self.intersection(s)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *s: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        for other in s:
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for value in remove:
+                self.remove(value)
+            for value in add:
+                self.add(value)
+
+    def __iand__(self, s: AbstractSet[Any]) -> Self:
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, s):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        want = self.intersection(s)
+        have: Set[_T] = set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, __s: Iterable[_T]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        return set(self).symmetric_difference(__s)
+
+    def __xor__(self, s: AbstractSet[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return self.symmetric_difference(s)
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+
+        remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+        for value in remove:
+            self.remove(value)
+        for value in add:
+            self.add(value)
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> MutableSet[Union[_T, _S]]:  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        if not collections._set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def issubset(self, __s: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self).issubset(__s)
+
+    def issuperset(self, __s: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self).issuperset(__s)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self.col.clear()
+
+    def copy(self) -> AbstractSet[_T]:
+        return set(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return set(self) == other
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return set(self) != other
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) < other
+
+    def __le__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) <= other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) > other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: AbstractSet[Any]) -> bool:
+        return set(self) >= other
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(set(self))
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s objects are unhashable" % type(self).__name__)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+            if (
+                callable(func)
+                and func.__name__ == func_name
+                and not func.__doc__
+                and hasattr(set, func_name)
+            ):
+                func.__doc__ = getattr(set, func_name).__doc__
+        del func_name, func
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d8a04bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# ext/asyncio/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from .engine import async_engine_from_config as async_engine_from_config
+from .engine import AsyncConnection as AsyncConnection
+from .engine import AsyncEngine as AsyncEngine
+from .engine import AsyncTransaction as AsyncTransaction
+from .engine import create_async_engine as create_async_engine
+from .engine import create_async_pool_from_url as create_async_pool_from_url
+from .result import AsyncMappingResult as AsyncMappingResult
+from .result import AsyncResult as AsyncResult
+from .result import AsyncScalarResult as AsyncScalarResult
+from .result import AsyncTupleResult as AsyncTupleResult
+from .scoping import async_scoped_session as async_scoped_session
+from .session import async_object_session as async_object_session
+from .session import async_session as async_session
+from .session import async_sessionmaker as async_sessionmaker
+from .session import AsyncAttrs as AsyncAttrs
+from .session import AsyncSession as AsyncSession
+from .session import AsyncSessionTransaction as AsyncSessionTransaction
+from .session import close_all_sessions as close_all_sessions
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce2c439f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+# ext/asyncio/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+import functools
+from typing import Any
+from typing import AsyncGenerator
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+import weakref
+
+from . import exc as async_exc
+from ... import util
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class ReversibleProxy(Generic[_PT]):
+    _proxy_objects: ClassVar[
+        Dict[weakref.ref[Any], weakref.ref[ReversibleProxy[Any]]]
+    ] = {}
+    __slots__ = ("__weakref__",)
+
+    @overload
+    def _assign_proxied(self, target: _PT) -> _PT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _assign_proxied(self, target: None) -> None: ...
+
+    def _assign_proxied(self, target: Optional[_PT]) -> Optional[_PT]:
+        if target is not None:
+            target_ref: weakref.ref[_PT] = weakref.ref(
+                target, ReversibleProxy._target_gced
+            )
+            proxy_ref = weakref.ref(
+                self,
+                functools.partial(ReversibleProxy._target_gced, target_ref),
+            )
+            ReversibleProxy._proxy_objects[target_ref] = proxy_ref
+
+        return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _target_gced(
+        cls,
+        ref: weakref.ref[_PT],
+        proxy_ref: Optional[weakref.ref[Self]] = None,  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> None:
+        cls._proxy_objects.pop(ref, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: _PT, **additional_kw: Any
+    ) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def _retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: _PT, regenerate: Literal[True] = ..., **additional_kw: Any
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def _retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: _PT, regenerate: bool = True, **additional_kw: Any
+    ) -> Optional[Self]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: _PT, regenerate: bool = True, **additional_kw: Any
+    ) -> Optional[Self]:
+        try:
+            proxy_ref = cls._proxy_objects[weakref.ref(target)]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            proxy = proxy_ref()
+            if proxy is not None:
+                return proxy  # type: ignore
+
+        if regenerate:
+            return cls._regenerate_proxy_for_target(target, **additional_kw)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class StartableContext(Awaitable[_T_co], abc.ABC):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def start(self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False) -> _T_co:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, Any, _T_co]:
+        return self.start().__await__()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> _T_co:
+        return await self.start(is_ctxmanager=True)
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any
+    ) -> Optional[bool]:
+        pass
+
+    def _raise_for_not_started(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise async_exc.AsyncContextNotStarted(
+            "%s context has not been started and object has not been awaited."
+            % (self.__class__.__name__)
+        )
+
+
+class GeneratorStartableContext(StartableContext[_T_co]):
+    __slots__ = ("gen",)
+
+    gen: AsyncGenerator[_T_co, Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[..., AsyncIterator[_T_co]],
+        args: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        kwds: Dict[str, Any],
+    ):
+        self.gen = func(*args, **kwds)  # type: ignore
+
+    async def start(self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False) -> _T_co:
+        try:
+            start_value = await util.anext_(self.gen)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't yield") from None
+
+        # if not a context manager, then interrupt the generator, don't
+        # let it complete.   this step is technically not needed, as the
+        # generator will close in any case at gc time.  not clear if having
+        # this here is a good idea or not (though it helps for clarity IMO)
+        if not is_ctxmanager:
+            await self.gen.aclose()
+
+        return start_value
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self, typ: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any
+    ) -> Optional[bool]:
+        # vendored from contextlib.py
+        if typ is None:
+            try:
+                await util.anext_(self.gen)
+            except StopAsyncIteration:
+                return False
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
+        else:
+            if value is None:
+                # Need to force instantiation so we can reliably
+                # tell if we get the same exception back
+                value = typ()
+            try:
+                await self.gen.athrow(value)
+            except StopAsyncIteration as exc:
+                # Suppress StopIteration *unless* it's the same exception that
+                # was passed to throw().  This prevents a StopIteration
+                # raised inside the "with" statement from being suppressed.
+                return exc is not value
+            except RuntimeError as exc:
+                # Don't re-raise the passed in exception. (issue27122)
+                if exc is value:
+                    return False
+                # Avoid suppressing if a Stop(Async)Iteration exception
+                # was passed to athrow() and later wrapped into a RuntimeError
+                # (see PEP 479 for sync generators; async generators also
+                # have this behavior). But do this only if the exception
+                # wrapped
+                # by the RuntimeError is actully Stop(Async)Iteration (see
+                # issue29692).
+                if (
+                    isinstance(value, (StopIteration, StopAsyncIteration))
+                    and exc.__cause__ is value
+                ):
+                    return False
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                # only re-raise if it's *not* the exception that was
+                # passed to throw(), because __exit__() must not raise
+                # an exception unless __exit__() itself failed.  But throw()
+                # has to raise the exception to signal propagation, so this
+                # fixes the impedance mismatch between the throw() protocol
+                # and the __exit__() protocol.
+                if exc is not value:
+                    raise
+                return False
+            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after athrow()")
+
+
+def asyncstartablecontext(
+    func: Callable[..., AsyncIterator[_T_co]]
+) -> Callable[..., GeneratorStartableContext[_T_co]]:
+    """@asyncstartablecontext decorator.
+
+    the decorated function can be called either as ``async with fn()``, **or**
+    ``await fn()``.   This is decidedly different from what
+    ``@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`` supports, and the usage pattern
+    is different as well.
+
+    Typical usage:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        @asyncstartablecontext
+        async def some_async_generator(<arguments>):
+            <setup>
+            try:
+                yield <value>
+            except GeneratorExit:
+                # return value was awaited, no context manager is present
+                # and caller will .close() the resource explicitly
+                pass
+            else:
+                <context manager cleanup>
+
+
+    Above, ``GeneratorExit`` is caught if the function were used as an
+    ``await``.  In this case, it's essential that the cleanup does **not**
+    occur, so there should not be a ``finally`` block.
+
+    If ``GeneratorExit`` is not invoked, this means we're in ``__aexit__``
+    and we were invoked as a context manager, and cleanup should proceed.
+
+
+    """
+
+    @functools.wraps(func)
+    def helper(*args: Any, **kwds: Any) -> GeneratorStartableContext[_T_co]:
+        return GeneratorStartableContext(func, args, kwds)
+
+    return helper
+
+
+class ProxyComparable(ReversibleProxy[_PT]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> _PT:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            and self._proxied == other._proxied
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            not isinstance(other, self.__class__)
+            or self._proxied != other._proxied
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/engine.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..65c01995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/engine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1469 @@
+# ext/asyncio/engine.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+from typing import Any
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import exc as async_exc
+from .base import asyncstartablecontext
+from .base import GeneratorStartableContext
+from .base import ProxyComparable
+from .base import StartableContext
+from .result import _ensure_sync_result
+from .result import AsyncResult
+from .result import AsyncScalarResult
+from ... import exc
+from ... import inspection
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import Connection
+from ...engine import create_engine as _create_engine
+from ...engine import create_pool_from_url as _create_pool_from_url
+from ...engine import Engine
+from ...engine.base import NestedTransaction
+from ...engine.base import Transaction
+from ...exc import ArgumentError
+from ...util.concurrency import greenlet_spawn
+from ...util.typing import Concatenate
+from ...util.typing import ParamSpec
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ...engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from ...engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ...engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ...engine.url import URL
+    from ...pool import Pool
+    from ...pool import PoolProxiedConnection
+    from ...sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ...sql.base import Executable
+    from ...sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+def create_async_engine(url: Union[str, URL], **kw: Any) -> AsyncEngine:
+    """Create a new async engine instance.
+
+    Arguments passed to :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` are mostly
+    identical to those passed to the :func:`_sa.create_engine` function.
+    The specified dialect must be an asyncio-compatible dialect
+    such as :ref:`dialect-postgresql-asyncpg`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    :param async_creator: an async callable which returns a driver-level
+        asyncio connection. If given, the function should take no arguments,
+        and return a new asyncio connection from the underlying asyncio
+        database driver; the connection will be wrapped in the appropriate
+        structures to be used with the :class:`.AsyncEngine`.   Note that the
+        parameters specified in the URL are not applied here, and the creator
+        function should use its own connection parameters.
+
+        This parameter is the asyncio equivalent of the
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.creator` parameter of the
+        :func:`_sa.create_engine` function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.16
+
+    """
+
+    if kw.get("server_side_cursors", False):
+        raise async_exc.AsyncMethodRequired(
+            "Can't set server_side_cursors for async engine globally; "
+            "use the connection.stream() method for an async "
+            "streaming result set"
+        )
+    kw["_is_async"] = True
+    async_creator = kw.pop("async_creator", None)
+    if async_creator:
+        if kw.get("creator", None):
+            raise ArgumentError(
+                "Can only specify one of 'async_creator' or 'creator', "
+                "not both."
+            )
+
+        def creator() -> Any:
+            # note that to send adapted arguments like
+            # prepared_statement_cache_size, user would use
+            # "creator" and emulate this form here
+            return sync_engine.dialect.dbapi.connect(  # type: ignore
+                async_creator_fn=async_creator
+            )
+
+        kw["creator"] = creator
+    sync_engine = _create_engine(url, **kw)
+    return AsyncEngine(sync_engine)
+
+
+def async_engine_from_config(
+    configuration: Dict[str, Any], prefix: str = "sqlalchemy.", **kwargs: Any
+) -> AsyncEngine:
+    """Create a new AsyncEngine instance using a configuration dictionary.
+
+    This function is analogous to the :func:`_sa.engine_from_config` function
+    in SQLAlchemy Core, except that the requested dialect must be an
+    asyncio-compatible dialect such as :ref:`dialect-postgresql-asyncpg`.
+    The argument signature of the function is identical to that
+    of :func:`_sa.engine_from_config`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.29
+
+    """
+    options = {
+        key[len(prefix) :]: value
+        for key, value in configuration.items()
+        if key.startswith(prefix)
+    }
+    options["_coerce_config"] = True
+    options.update(kwargs)
+    url = options.pop("url")
+    return create_async_engine(url, **options)
+
+
+def create_async_pool_from_url(url: Union[str, URL], **kwargs: Any) -> Pool:
+    """Create a new async engine instance.
+
+    Arguments passed to :func:`_asyncio.create_async_pool_from_url` are mostly
+    identical to those passed to the :func:`_sa.create_pool_from_url` function.
+    The specified dialect must be an asyncio-compatible dialect
+    such as :ref:`dialect-postgresql-asyncpg`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+    kwargs["_is_async"] = True
+    return _create_pool_from_url(url, **kwargs)
+
+
+class AsyncConnectable:
+    __slots__ = "_slots_dispatch", "__weakref__"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _no_async_engine_events(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "asynchronous events are not implemented at this time.  Apply "
+            "synchronous listeners to the AsyncEngine.sync_engine or "
+            "AsyncConnection.sync_connection attributes."
+        )
+
+
+@util.create_proxy_methods(
+    Connection,
+    ":class:`_engine.Connection`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection`",
+    classmethods=[],
+    methods=[],
+    attributes=[
+        "closed",
+        "invalidated",
+        "dialect",
+        "default_isolation_level",
+    ],
+)
+class AsyncConnection(
+    ProxyComparable[Connection],
+    StartableContext["AsyncConnection"],
+    AsyncConnectable,
+):
+    """An asyncio proxy for a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` is acquired using the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine.connect`
+    method of :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+        engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/dbname")
+
+        async with engine.connect() as conn:
+            result = await conn.execute(select(table))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    # AsyncConnection is a thin proxy; no state should be added here
+    # that is not retrievable from the "sync" engine / connection, e.g.
+    # current transaction, info, etc.   It should be possible to
+    # create a new AsyncConnection that matches this one given only the
+    # "sync" elements.
+    __slots__ = (
+        "engine",
+        "sync_engine",
+        "sync_connection",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        async_engine: AsyncEngine,
+        sync_connection: Optional[Connection] = None,
+    ):
+        self.engine = async_engine
+        self.sync_engine = async_engine.sync_engine
+        self.sync_connection = self._assign_proxied(sync_connection)
+
+    sync_connection: Optional[Connection]
+    """Reference to the sync-style :class:`_engine.Connection` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` proxies requests towards.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+
+    """
+
+    sync_engine: Engine
+    """Reference to the sync-style :class:`_engine.Engine` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` is associated with via its underlying
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: Connection, **additional_kw: Any  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        return AsyncConnection(
+            AsyncEngine._retrieve_proxy_for_target(target.engine), target
+        )
+
+    async def start(
+        self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        """Start this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object's context
+        outside of using a Python ``with:`` block.
+
+        """
+        if self.sync_connection:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError("connection is already started")
+        self.sync_connection = self._assign_proxied(
+            await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_engine.connect)
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Not implemented for async; call
+        :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.get_raw_connection`.
+        """
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "AsyncConnection.connection accessor is not implemented as the "
+            "attribute may need to reconnect on an invalidated connection.  "
+            "Use the get_raw_connection() method."
+        )
+
+    async def get_raw_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return the pooled DBAPI-level connection in use by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection`.
+
+        This is a SQLAlchemy connection-pool proxied connection
+        which then has the attribute
+        :attr:`_pool._ConnectionFairy.driver_connection` that refers to the
+        actual driver connection. Its
+        :attr:`_pool._ConnectionFairy.dbapi_connection` refers instead
+        to an :class:`_engine.AdaptedConnection` instance that
+        adapts the driver connection to the DBAPI protocol.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(getattr, self._proxied, "connection")
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Return the :attr:`_engine.Connection.info` dictionary of the
+        underlying :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        This dictionary is freely writable for user-defined state to be
+        associated with the database connection.
+
+        This attribute is only available if the :class:`.AsyncConnection` is
+        currently connected.   If the :attr:`.AsyncConnection.closed` attribute
+        is ``True``, then accessing this attribute will raise
+        :class:`.ResourceClosedError`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Connection:
+        if not self.sync_connection:
+            self._raise_for_not_started()
+        return self.sync_connection
+
+    def begin(self) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        """Begin a transaction prior to autobegin occurring."""
+        assert self._proxied
+        return AsyncTransaction(self)
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        """Begin a nested transaction and return a transaction handle."""
+        assert self._proxied
+        return AsyncTransaction(self, nested=True)
+
+    async def invalidate(
+        self, exception: Optional[BaseException] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Invalidate the underlying DBAPI connection associated with
+        this :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        See the method :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate` for full
+        detail on this method.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.invalidate, exception=exception
+        )
+
+    async def get_isolation_level(self) -> IsolationLevel:
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.get_isolation_level)
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress."""
+
+        return self._proxied.in_transaction()
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if a transaction is in progress.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        return self._proxied.in_nested_transaction()
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncTransaction]:
+        """Return an :class:`.AsyncTransaction` representing the current
+        transaction, if any.
+
+        This makes use of the underlying synchronous connection's
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_transaction` method to get the current
+        :class:`_engine.Transaction`, which is then proxied in a new
+        :class:`.AsyncTransaction` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self._proxied.get_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(trans)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncTransaction]:
+        """Return an :class:`.AsyncTransaction` representing the current
+        nested (savepoint) transaction, if any.
+
+        This makes use of the underlying synchronous connection's
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_nested_transaction` method to get the
+        current :class:`_engine.Transaction`, which is then proxied in a new
+        :class:`.AsyncTransaction` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self._proxied.get_nested_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(trans)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @overload
+    async def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncConnection: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncConnection: ...
+
+    async def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncConnection:
+        r"""Set non-SQL options for the connection which take effect
+        during execution.
+
+        This returns this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object with
+        the new options added.
+
+        See :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` for full details
+        on this method.
+
+        """
+
+        conn = self._proxied
+        c2 = await greenlet_spawn(conn.execution_options, **opt)
+        assert c2 is conn
+        return self
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method commits the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect, assuming
+        the connection is in a non-invalidated state.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.commit)
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back the transaction that is currently in progress.
+
+        This method rolls back the current transaction if one has been started.
+        If no transaction was started, the method has no effect.  If a
+        transaction was started and the connection is in an invalidated state,
+        the transaction is cleared using this method.
+
+        A transaction is begun on a :class:`_engine.Connection` automatically
+        whenever a statement is first executed, or when the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin` method is called.
+
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.rollback)
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection`.
+
+        This has the effect of also rolling back the transaction if one
+        is in place.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.close)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.close`.
+
+        The :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.aclose` name is specifically
+        to support the Python standard library ``@contextlib.aclosing``
+        context manager function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+
+        """
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def exec_driver_sql(
+        self,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: Optional[_DBAPIAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a driver-level SQL string and return buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        """
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.exec_driver_sql,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            execution_options,
+            _require_await=True,
+        )
+
+        return await _ensure_sync_result(result, self.exec_driver_sql)
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncResult[_T]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncResult[Any]]: ...
+
+    @asyncstartablecontext
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncResult[Any]]:
+        """Execute a statement and return an awaitable yielding a
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            result = await conn.stream(stmt)
+            async for row in result:
+                print(f"{row}")
+
+        The :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream`
+        method supports optional context manager use against the
+        :class:`.AsyncResult` object, as in::
+
+            async with conn.stream(stmt) as result:
+                async for row in result:
+                    print(f"{row}")
+
+        In the above pattern, the :meth:`.AsyncResult.close` method is
+        invoked unconditionally, even if the iterator is interrupted by an
+        exception throw.   Context manager use remains optional, however,
+        and the function may be called in either an ``async with fn():`` or
+        ``await fn()`` style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3 added context manager support
+
+
+        :return: an awaitable object that will yield an
+         :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream_scalars`
+
+        """
+        if not self.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cant use `stream` or `stream_scalars` with the current "
+                "dialect since it does not support server side cursors."
+            )
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.execute,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            execution_options=util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+                execution_options, {"stream_results": True}
+            ),
+            _require_await=True,
+        )
+        assert result.context._is_server_side
+        ar = AsyncResult(result)
+        try:
+            yield ar
+        except GeneratorExit:
+            pass
+        else:
+            task = asyncio.create_task(ar.close())
+            await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and return a buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result`.
+
+        :param object: The statement to be executed.  This is always
+         an object that is in both the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` and
+         :class:`_expression.Executable` hierarchies, including:
+
+         * :class:`_expression.Select`
+         * :class:`_expression.Insert`, :class:`_expression.Update`,
+           :class:`_expression.Delete`
+         * :class:`_expression.TextClause` and
+           :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+         * :class:`_schema.DDL` and objects which inherit from
+           :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement`
+
+        :param parameters: parameters which will be bound into the statement.
+         This may be either a dictionary of parameter names to values,
+         or a mutable sequence (e.g. a list) of dictionaries.  When a
+         list of dictionaries is passed, the underlying statement execution
+         will make use of the DBAPI ``cursor.executemany()`` method.
+         When a single dictionary is passed, the DBAPI ``cursor.execute()``
+         method will be used.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        """
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._proxied.execute,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            _require_await=True,
+        )
+        return await _ensure_sync_result(result, self.execute)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar object.
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        :return: a scalar Python value representing the first column of the
+         first row returned.
+
+        """
+        result = await self.execute(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        return result.scalar()
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Executes a SQL statement construct and returns a scalar objects.
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.ScalarResult` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+        result = await self.execute(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        return result.scalars()
+
+    @overload
+    def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncScalarResult[_T]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> GeneratorStartableContext[AsyncScalarResult[Any]]: ...
+
+    @asyncstartablecontext
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncScalarResult[Any]]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return an awaitable yielding a
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            result = await conn.stream_scalars(stmt)
+            async for scalar in result:
+                print(f"{scalar}")
+
+        This method is shorthand for invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.AsyncResult.scalars` method after invoking the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.stream` method.  Parameters are equivalent.
+
+        The :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream_scalars`
+        method supports optional context manager use against the
+        :class:`.AsyncScalarResult` object, as in::
+
+            async with conn.stream_scalars(stmt) as result:
+                async for scalar in result:
+                    print(f"{scalar}")
+
+        In the above pattern, the :meth:`.AsyncScalarResult.close` method is
+        invoked unconditionally, even if the iterator is interrupted by an
+        exception throw.  Context manager use remains optional, however,
+        and the function may be called in either an ``async with fn():`` or
+        ``await fn()`` style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3 added context manager support
+
+        :return: an awaitable object that will yield an
+         :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncConnection.stream`
+
+        """
+
+        async with self.stream(
+            statement, parameters, execution_options=execution_options
+        ) as result:
+            yield result.scalars()
+
+    async def run_sync(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[Concatenate[Connection, _P], _T],
+        *arg: _P.args,
+        **kw: _P.kwargs,
+    ) -> _T:
+        '''Invoke the given synchronous (i.e. not async) callable,
+        passing a synchronous-style :class:`_engine.Connection` as the first
+        argument.
+
+        This method allows traditional synchronous SQLAlchemy functions to
+        run within the context of an asyncio application.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def do_something_with_core(conn: Connection, arg1: int, arg2: str) -> str:
+                """A synchronous function that does not require awaiting
+
+                :param conn: a Core SQLAlchemy Connection, used synchronously
+
+                :return: an optional return value is supported
+
+                """
+                conn.execute(some_table.insert().values(int_col=arg1, str_col=arg2))
+                return "success"
+
+
+            async def do_something_async(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> None:
+                """an async function that uses awaiting"""
+
+                async with async_engine.begin() as async_conn:
+                    # run do_something_with_core() with a sync-style
+                    # Connection, proxied into an awaitable
+                    return_code = await async_conn.run_sync(
+                        do_something_with_core, 5, "strval"
+                    )
+                    print(return_code)
+
+        This method maintains the asyncio event loop all the way through
+        to the database connection by running the given callable in a
+        specially instrumented greenlet.
+
+        The most rudimentary use of :meth:`.AsyncConnection.run_sync` is to
+        invoke methods such as :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`, given
+        an :class:`.AsyncConnection` that needs to be provided to
+        :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` as a :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        object::
+
+            # run metadata.create_all(conn) with a sync-style Connection,
+            # proxied into an awaitable
+            with async_engine.begin() as conn:
+                await conn.run_sync(metadata.create_all)
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The provided callable is invoked inline within the asyncio event
+            loop, and will block on traditional IO calls.  IO within this
+            callable should only call into SQLAlchemy's asyncio database
+            APIs which will be properly adapted to the greenlet context.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncSession.run_sync`
+
+            :ref:`session_run_sync`
+
+        '''  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            fn, self._proxied, *arg, _require_await=False, **kw
+        )
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, None, AsyncConnection]:
+        return self.start().__await__()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        task = asyncio.create_task(self.close())
+        await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS AsyncConnection
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return True if this connection is closed.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Connection` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.closed
+
+    @property
+    def invalidated(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return True if this connection was invalidated.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Connection` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        This does not indicate whether or not the connection was
+        invalidated at the pool level, however
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.invalidated
+
+    @property
+    def dialect(self) -> Dialect:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Connection.dialect` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dialect
+
+    @dialect.setter
+    def dialect(self, attr: Dialect) -> None:
+        self._proxied.dialect = attr
+
+    @property
+    def default_isolation_level(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The initial-connection time isolation level associated with the
+        :class:`_engine.Dialect` in use.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Connection` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` class.
+
+        This value is independent of the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` and
+        :paramref:`.Engine.execution_options.isolation_level` execution
+        options, and is determined by the :class:`_engine.Dialect` when the
+        first connection is created, by performing a SQL query against the
+        database for the current isolation level before any additional commands
+        have been emitted.
+
+        Calling this accessor does not invoke any new SQL queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level`
+            - view current actual isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Engine` isolation level
+
+            :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level`
+            - set per :class:`_engine.Connection` isolation level
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.default_isolation_level
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS AsyncConnection
+
+
+@util.create_proxy_methods(
+    Engine,
+    ":class:`_engine.Engine`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine`",
+    classmethods=[],
+    methods=[
+        "clear_compiled_cache",
+        "update_execution_options",
+        "get_execution_options",
+    ],
+    attributes=["url", "pool", "dialect", "engine", "name", "driver", "echo"],
+)
+class AsyncEngine(ProxyComparable[Engine], AsyncConnectable):
+    """An asyncio proxy for a :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` is acquired using the
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+
+        engine = create_async_engine("postgresql+asyncpg://user:pass@host/dbname")
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    # AsyncEngine is a thin proxy; no state should be added here
+    # that is not retrievable from the "sync" engine / connection, e.g.
+    # current transaction, info, etc.   It should be possible to
+    # create a new AsyncEngine that matches this one given only the
+    # "sync" elements.
+    __slots__ = "sync_engine"
+
+    _connection_cls: Type[AsyncConnection] = AsyncConnection
+
+    sync_engine: Engine
+    """Reference to the sync-style :class:`_engine.Engine` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` proxies requests towards.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, sync_engine: Engine):
+        if not sync_engine.dialect.is_async:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The asyncio extension requires an async driver to be used. "
+                f"The loaded {sync_engine.dialect.driver!r} is not async."
+            )
+        self.sync_engine = self._assign_proxied(sync_engine)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Engine:
+        return self.sync_engine
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: Engine, **additional_kw: Any  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> AsyncEngine:
+        return AsyncEngine(target)
+
+    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
+    async def begin(self) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncConnection]:
+        """Return a context manager which when entered will deliver an
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` with an
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction` established.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            async with async_engine.begin() as conn:
+                await conn.execute(
+                    text("insert into table (x, y, z) values (1, 2, 3)")
+                )
+                await conn.execute(text("my_special_procedure(5)"))
+
+        """
+        conn = self.connect()
+
+        async with conn:
+            async with conn.begin():
+                yield conn
+
+    def connect(self) -> AsyncConnection:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object.
+
+        The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` will procure a database
+        connection from the underlying connection pool when it is entered
+        as an async context manager::
+
+            async with async_engine.connect() as conn:
+                result = await conn.execute(select(user_table))
+
+        The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` may also be started outside of a
+        context manager by invoking its :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.start`
+        method.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._connection_cls(self)
+
+    async def raw_connection(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return a "raw" DBAPI connection from the connection pool.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dbapi_connections`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_engine.raw_connection)
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncEngine: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncEngine: ...
+
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> AsyncEngine:
+        """Return a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` that will provide
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` objects with the given execution
+        options.
+
+        Proxied from :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`.  See that
+        method for details.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncEngine(self.sync_engine.execution_options(**opt))
+
+    async def dispose(self, close: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the connection pool used by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine`.
+
+        :param close: if left at its default of ``True``, has the
+         effect of fully closing all **currently checked in**
+         database connections.  Connections that are still checked out
+         will **not** be closed, however they will no longer be associated
+         with this :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+         so when they are closed individually, eventually the
+         :class:`_pool.Pool` which they are associated with will
+         be garbage collected and they will be closed out fully, if
+         not already closed on checkin.
+
+         If set to ``False``, the previous connection pool is de-referenced,
+         and otherwise not touched in any way.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.dispose`
+
+        """
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_engine.dispose, close=close)
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS AsyncEngine
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def clear_compiled_cache(self) -> None:
+        r"""Clear the compiled cache associated with the dialect.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        This applies **only** to the built-in cache that is established
+        via the :paramref:`_engine.create_engine.query_cache_size` parameter.
+        It will not impact any dictionary caches that were passed via the
+        :paramref:`.Connection.execution_options.compiled_cache` parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.clear_compiled_cache()
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> None:
+        r"""Update the default execution_options dictionary
+        of this :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        The given keys/values in \**opt are added to the
+        default execution options that will be used for
+        all connections.  The initial contents of this dictionary
+        can be sent via the ``execution_options`` parameter
+        to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.update_execution_options(**opt)
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        r"""Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Engine.execution_options`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_execution_options()
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> URL:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Engine.url` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.url
+
+    @url.setter
+    def url(self, attr: URL) -> None:
+        self._proxied.url = attr
+
+    @property
+    def pool(self) -> Pool:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Engine.pool` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.pool
+
+    @pool.setter
+    def pool(self, attr: Pool) -> None:
+        self._proxied.pool = attr
+
+    @property
+    def dialect(self) -> Dialect:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_engine.Engine.dialect` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dialect
+
+    @dialect.setter
+    def dialect(self, attr: Dialect) -> None:
+        self._proxied.dialect = attr
+
+    @property
+    def engine(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Returns this :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        Used for legacy schemes that accept :class:`.Connection` /
+        :class:`.Engine` objects within the same variable.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.engine
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> Any:
+        r"""String name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.name
+
+    @property
+    def driver(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Driver name of the :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Dialect`
+        in use by this :class:`Engine`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.driver
+
+    @property
+    def echo(self) -> Any:
+        r"""When ``True``, enable log output for this element.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_engine.Engine` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` class.
+
+        This has the effect of setting the Python logging level for the namespace
+        of this element's class and object reference.  A value of boolean ``True``
+        indicates that the loglevel ``logging.INFO`` will be set for the logger,
+        whereas the string value ``debug`` will set the loglevel to
+        ``logging.DEBUG``.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.echo
+
+    @echo.setter
+    def echo(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.echo = attr
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS AsyncEngine
+
+
+class AsyncTransaction(
+    ProxyComparable[Transaction], StartableContext["AsyncTransaction"]
+):
+    """An asyncio proxy for a :class:`_engine.Transaction`."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("connection", "sync_transaction", "nested")
+
+    sync_transaction: Optional[Transaction]
+    connection: AsyncConnection
+    nested: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, connection: AsyncConnection, nested: bool = False):
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.sync_transaction = None
+        self.nested = nested
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(
+        cls, target: Transaction, **additional_kw: Any  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        sync_connection = target.connection
+        sync_transaction = target
+        nested = isinstance(target, NestedTransaction)
+
+        async_connection = AsyncConnection._retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+            sync_connection
+        )
+        assert async_connection is not None
+
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj.connection = async_connection
+        obj.sync_transaction = obj._assign_proxied(sync_transaction)
+        obj.nested = nested
+        return obj
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Transaction:
+        if not self.sync_transaction:
+            self._raise_for_not_started()
+        return self.sync_transaction
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self._proxied.is_valid
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close this :class:`.AsyncTransaction`.
+
+        If this transaction is the base transaction in a begin/commit
+        nesting, the transaction will rollback().  Otherwise, the
+        method returns.
+
+        This is used to cancel a Transaction without affecting the scope of
+        an enclosing transaction.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.close)
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back this :class:`.AsyncTransaction`."""
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.rollback)
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit this :class:`.AsyncTransaction`."""
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.commit)
+
+    async def start(self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False) -> AsyncTransaction:
+        """Start this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction` object's context
+        outside of using a Python ``with:`` block.
+
+        """
+
+        self.sync_transaction = self._assign_proxied(
+            await greenlet_spawn(
+                self.connection._proxied.begin_nested
+                if self.nested
+                else self.connection._proxied.begin
+            )
+        )
+        if is_ctxmanager:
+            self.sync_transaction.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._proxied.__exit__, type_, value, traceback)
+
+
+@overload
+def _get_sync_engine_or_connection(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _get_sync_engine_or_connection(
+    async_engine: AsyncConnection,
+) -> Connection: ...
+
+
+def _get_sync_engine_or_connection(
+    async_engine: Union[AsyncEngine, AsyncConnection]
+) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+    if isinstance(async_engine, AsyncConnection):
+        return async_engine._proxied
+
+    try:
+        return async_engine.sync_engine
+    except AttributeError as e:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "AsyncEngine expected, got %r" % async_engine
+        ) from e
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(AsyncConnection)
+def _no_insp_for_async_conn_yet(
+    subject: AsyncConnection,  # noqa: U100
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise exc.NoInspectionAvailable(
+        "Inspection on an AsyncConnection is currently not supported. "
+        "Please use ``run_sync`` to pass a callable where it's possible "
+        "to call ``inspect`` on the passed connection.",
+        code="xd3s",
+    )
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(AsyncEngine)
+def _no_insp_for_async_engine_xyet(
+    subject: AsyncEngine,  # noqa: U100
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise exc.NoInspectionAvailable(
+        "Inspection on an AsyncEngine is currently not supported. "
+        "Please obtain a connection then use ``conn.run_sync`` to pass a "
+        "callable where it's possible to call ``inspect`` on the "
+        "passed connection.",
+        code="xd3s",
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/exc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..558187c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# ext/asyncio/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from ... import exc
+
+
+class AsyncMethodRequired(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """an API can't be used because its result would not be
+    compatible with async"""
+
+
+class AsyncContextNotStarted(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """a startable context manager has not been started."""
+
+
+class AsyncContextAlreadyStarted(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """a startable context manager is already started."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/result.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/result.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8003f66a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/result.py
@@ -0,0 +1,962 @@
+# ext/asyncio/result.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import AsyncIterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from . import exc as async_exc
+from ... import util
+from ...engine import Result
+from ...engine.result import _NO_ROW
+from ...engine.result import _R
+from ...engine.result import _WithKeys
+from ...engine.result import FilterResult
+from ...engine.result import FrozenResult
+from ...engine.result import ResultMetaData
+from ...engine.row import Row
+from ...engine.row import RowMapping
+from ...sql.base import _generative
+from ...util.concurrency import greenlet_spawn
+from ...util.typing import Literal
+from ...util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...engine import CursorResult
+    from ...engine.result import _KeyIndexType
+    from ...engine.result import _UniqueFilterType
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+
+class AsyncCommon(FilterResult[_R]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _real_result: Result[Any]
+    _metadata: ResultMetaData
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Close this result."""
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._real_result.close)
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        """proxies the .closed attribute of the underlying result object,
+        if any, else raises ``AttributeError``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3
+
+        """
+        return self._real_result.closed
+
+
+class AsyncResult(_WithKeys, AsyncCommon[Row[_TP]]):
+    """An asyncio wrapper around a :class:`_result.Result` object.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` only applies to statement executions that
+    use a server-side cursor.  It is returned only from the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection.stream` and
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.stream` methods.
+
+    .. note:: As is the case with :class:`_engine.Result`, this object is
+       used for ORM results returned by :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.execute`,
+       which can yield instances of ORM mapped objects either individually or
+       within tuple-like rows.  Note that these result objects do not
+       deduplicate instances or rows automatically as is the case with the
+       legacy :class:`_orm.Query` object. For in-Python de-duplication of
+       instances or rows, use the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.unique` modifier
+       method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _real_result: Result[_TP]
+
+    def __init__(self, real_result: Result[_TP]):
+        self._real_result = real_result
+
+        self._metadata = real_result._metadata
+        self._unique_filter_state = real_result._unique_filter_state
+        self._source_supports_scalars = real_result._source_supports_scalars
+        self._post_creational_filter = None
+
+        # BaseCursorResult pre-generates the "_row_getter".  Use that
+        # if available rather than building a second one
+        if "_row_getter" in real_result.__dict__:
+            self._set_memoized_attribute(
+                "_row_getter", real_result.__dict__["_row_getter"]
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def t(self) -> AsyncTupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        The :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.t` attribute is a synonym for
+        calling the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.tuples` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    def tuples(self) -> AsyncTupleResult[_TP]:
+        """Apply a "typed tuple" typing filter to returned rows.
+
+        This method returns the same :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object
+        at runtime,
+        however annotates as returning a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTupleResult`
+        object that will indicate to :pep:`484` typing tools that plain typed
+        ``Tuple`` instances are returned rather than rows.  This allows
+        tuple unpacking and ``__getitem__`` access of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects to by typed, for those cases where the statement invoked
+        itself included typing information.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: the :class:`_result.AsyncTupleResult` type at typing time.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.t` - shorter synonym
+
+            :attr:`_engine.Row.t` - :class:`_engine.Row` version
+
+        """
+
+        return self  # type: ignore
+
+    @_generative
+    def unique(self, strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult`.
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_engine.Result.unique` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row.
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_engine.Result.columns` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        """
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    async def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[Row[_TP]]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of rows of the size given.
+
+        An async iterator is returned::
+
+            async def scroll_results(connection):
+                result = await connection.stream(select(users_table))
+
+                async for partition in result.partitions(100):
+                    print("list of rows: %s" % partition)
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_engine.Result.partitions` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = await greenlet_spawn(getter, self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.all` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    async def fetchone(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch one row.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns None.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch the first row of a result only, use the
+        :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first` method.  To iterate through all
+        rows, iterate the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object directly.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object if no filters are applied,
+         or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def fetchmany(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch many rows.
+
+        When all rows are exhausted, returns an empty list.
+
+        This method is provided for backwards compatibility with
+        SQLAlchemy 1.x.x.
+
+        To fetch rows in groups, use the
+        :meth:`._asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions` method.
+
+        :return: a list of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions`
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._manyrow_getter, self, size)
+
+    async def all(self) -> Sequence[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return all rows in a list.
+
+        Closes the result set after invocation.   Subsequent invocations
+        will return an empty list.
+
+        :return: a list of :class:`_engine.Row` objects.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncResult[_TP]:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def first(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Fetch the first row or ``None`` if no row is present.
+
+        Closes the result set and discards remaining rows.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar` method,
+           or combine :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first`.
+
+           Additionally, in contrast to the behavior of the legacy  ORM
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.first` method, **no limit is applied** to the
+           SQL query which was invoked to produce this
+           :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult`;
+           for a DBAPI driver that buffers results in memory before yielding
+           rows, all rows will be sent to the Python process and all but
+           the first row will be discarded.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`migration_20_unify_select`
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Row` object, or None
+         if no rows remain.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, False)
+
+    async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Row[_TP]]:
+        """Return at most one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the result has no rows.
+        Raises :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+        if multiple rows are returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row` or ``None`` if no row
+         is available.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, False)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one(self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult.one`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult.one`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, True)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one_or_none(
+        self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]],
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return exactly one scalar result or ``None``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+        then :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult.one_or_none`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, True)
+
+    async def one(self) -> Row[_TP]:
+        """Return exactly one row or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises :class:`.NoResultFound` if the result returns no
+        rows, or :class:`.MultipleResultsFound` if multiple rows
+        would be returned.
+
+        .. note::  This method returns one **row**, e.g. tuple, by default.
+           To return exactly one single scalar value, that is, the first
+           column of the first row, use the
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar_one` method, or combine
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` and
+           :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :return: The first :class:`_engine.Row`.
+
+        :raises: :class:`.MultipleResultsFound`, :class:`.NoResultFound`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalar_one`
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, False)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(self) -> Any:
+        """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result set.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+        No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+        After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+        e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+        method will have been called.
+
+        :return: a Python scalar value, or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, True)
+
+    async def freeze(self) -> FrozenResult[_TP]:
+        """Return a callable object that will produce copies of this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` when invoked.
+
+        The callable object returned is an instance of
+        :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`.
+
+        This is used for result set caching.  The method must be called
+        on the result when it has been unconsumed, and calling the method
+        will consume the result fully.   When the :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`
+        is retrieved from a cache, it can be called any number of times where
+        it will produce a new :class:`_engine.Result` object each time
+        against its stored set of rows.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - example usage within the
+            ORM to implement a result-set cache.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(FrozenResult, self)
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]], index: Literal[0]
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self: AsyncResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(self, index: _KeyIndexType = 0) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        Refer to :meth:`_result.Result.scalars` in the synchronous
+        SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+        :param index: integer or row key indicating the column to be fetched
+         from each row, defaults to ``0`` indicating the first column.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` filtering object
+         referring to this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        """
+        return AsyncScalarResult(self._real_result, index)
+
+    def mappings(self) -> AsyncMappingResult:
+        """Apply a mappings filter to returned rows, returning an instance of
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult`.
+
+        When this filter is applied, fetching rows will return
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` objects instead of :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects.
+
+        :return: a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult` filtering object
+         referring to the underlying :class:`_result.Result` object.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncMappingResult(self._real_result)
+
+
+class AsyncScalarResult(AsyncCommon[_R]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` that returns scalar values
+    rather than :class:`_row.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.scalars` method.
+
+    Refer to the :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object in the synchronous
+    SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = False
+
+    def __init__(self, real_result: Result[Any], index: _KeyIndexType):
+        self._real_result = real_result
+
+        if real_result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata
+            self._post_creational_filter = None
+        else:
+            self._metadata = real_result._metadata._reduce([index])
+            self._post_creational_filter = operator.itemgetter(0)
+
+        self._unique_filter_state = real_result._unique_filter_state
+
+    def unique(
+        self,
+        strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    async def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = await greenlet_spawn(getter, self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult.all` method."""
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    async def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Fetch many objects.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.fetchmany` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._manyrow_getter, self, size)
+
+    async def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+        """Return all scalar values in a list.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.all` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncScalarResult[_R]:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> _R:
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, False)
+
+    async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, False)
+
+    async def one(self) -> _R:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one` except that
+        scalar values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+        are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, False)
+
+
+class AsyncMappingResult(_WithKeys, AsyncCommon[RowMapping]):
+    """A wrapper for a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` that returns dictionary
+    values rather than :class:`_engine.Row` values.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult` object is acquired by calling the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.mappings` method.
+
+    Refer to the :class:`_result.MappingResult` object in the synchronous
+    SQLAlchemy API for a complete behavioral description.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generate_rows = True
+
+    _post_creational_filter = operator.attrgetter("_mapping")
+
+    def __init__(self, result: Result[Any]):
+        self._real_result = result
+        self._unique_filter_state = result._unique_filter_state
+        self._metadata = result._metadata
+        if result._source_supports_scalars:
+            self._metadata = self._metadata._reduce([0])
+
+    def unique(
+        self,
+        strategy: Optional[_UniqueFilterType] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply unique filtering to the objects returned by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult`.
+
+        See :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.unique` for usage details.
+
+        """
+        self._unique_filter_state = (set(), strategy)
+        return self
+
+    def columns(self, *col_expressions: _KeyIndexType) -> Self:
+        r"""Establish the columns that should be returned in each row."""
+        return self._column_slices(col_expressions)
+
+    async def partitions(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[RowMapping]]:
+        """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.partitions` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        getter = self._manyrow_getter
+
+        while True:
+            partition = await greenlet_spawn(getter, self, size)
+            if partition:
+                yield partition
+            else:
+                break
+
+    async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncMappingResult.all` method."""
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    async def fetchone(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch one object.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.fetchone` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def fetchmany(
+        self, size: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch many rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.fetchmany` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._manyrow_getter, self, size)
+
+    async def all(self) -> Sequence[RowMapping]:
+        """Return all rows in a list.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.all` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._allrows)
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncMappingResult:
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> RowMapping:
+        row = await greenlet_spawn(self._onerow_getter, self)
+        if row is _NO_ROW:
+            raise StopAsyncIteration()
+        else:
+            return row
+
+    async def first(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.first` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, False, False, False)
+
+    async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[RowMapping]:
+        """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one_or_none` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, False, False)
+
+    async def one(self) -> RowMapping:
+        """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncResult.one` except that
+        :class:`_engine.RowMapping` values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+        objects, are returned.
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(self._only_one_row, True, True, False)
+
+
+class AsyncTupleResult(AsyncCommon[_R], util.TypingOnly):
+    """A :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` that's typed as returning plain
+    Python tuples instead of rows.
+
+    Since :class:`_engine.Row` acts like a tuple in every way already,
+    this class is a typing only class, regular :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` is
+    still used at runtime.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        async def partitions(
+            self, size: Optional[int] = None
+        ) -> AsyncIterator[Sequence[_R]]:
+            """Iterate through sub-lists of elements of the size given.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.partitions` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def fetchone(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch one tuple.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.fetchone` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row`
+            objects, are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def fetchall(self) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """A synonym for the :meth:`_engine.ScalarResult.all` method."""
+            ...
+
+        async def fetchmany(self, size: Optional[int] = None) -> Sequence[_R]:
+            """Fetch many objects.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.fetchmany` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def all(self) -> Sequence[_R]:  # noqa: A001
+            """Return all scalar values in a list.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.all` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_R]: ...
+
+        async def __anext__(self) -> _R: ...
+
+        async def first(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Fetch the first object or ``None`` if no object is present.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.first` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_R]:
+            """Return at most one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.one_or_none` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        async def one(self) -> _R:
+            """Return exactly one object or raise an exception.
+
+            Equivalent to :meth:`_result.Result.one` except that
+            tuple values, rather than :class:`_engine.Row` objects,
+            are returned.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one(self: AsyncTupleResult[Tuple[_T]]) -> _T: ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        async def scalar_one(self) -> Any:
+            """Return exactly one scalar result or raise an exception.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.AsyncScalarResult.one`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.AsyncScalarResult.one`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one_or_none(
+            self: AsyncTupleResult[Tuple[_T]],
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+        async def scalar_one_or_none(self) -> Optional[Any]:
+            """Return exactly one or no scalar result.
+
+            This is equivalent to calling :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+            and then :meth:`_engine.AsyncScalarResult.one_or_none`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_engine.AsyncScalarResult.one_or_none`
+
+                :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars`
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar(
+            self: AsyncTupleResult[Tuple[_T]],
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        async def scalar(self) -> Any: ...
+
+        async def scalar(self) -> Any:
+            """Fetch the first column of the first row, and close the result
+            set.
+
+            Returns ``None`` if there are no rows to fetch.
+
+            No validation is performed to test if additional rows remain.
+
+            After calling this method, the object is fully closed,
+            e.g. the :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.close`
+            method will have been called.
+
+            :return: a Python scalar value , or ``None`` if no rows remain.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+
+_RT = TypeVar("_RT", bound="Result[Any]")
+
+
+async def _ensure_sync_result(result: _RT, calling_method: Any) -> _RT:
+    cursor_result: CursorResult[Any]
+
+    try:
+        is_cursor = result._is_cursor
+    except AttributeError:
+        # legacy execute(DefaultGenerator) case
+        return result
+
+    if not is_cursor:
+        cursor_result = getattr(result, "raw", None)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        cursor_result = result  # type: ignore
+    if cursor_result and cursor_result.context._is_server_side:
+        await greenlet_spawn(cursor_result.close)
+        raise async_exc.AsyncMethodRequired(
+            "Can't use the %s.%s() method with a "
+            "server-side cursor. "
+            "Use the %s.stream() method for an async "
+            "streaming result set."
+            % (
+                calling_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,
+                calling_method.__name__,
+                calling_method.__self__.__class__.__name__,
+            )
+        )
+    return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/scoping.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/scoping.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ecab37b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/scoping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1614 @@
+# ext/asyncio/scoping.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .session import _AS
+from .session import async_sessionmaker
+from .session import AsyncSession
+from ... import exc as sa_exc
+from ... import util
+from ...orm.session import Session
+from ...util import create_proxy_methods
+from ...util import ScopedRegistry
+from ...util import warn
+from ...util import warn_deprecated
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .engine import AsyncConnection
+    from .result import AsyncResult
+    from .result import AsyncScalarResult
+    from .session import AsyncSessionTransaction
+    from ...engine import Connection
+    from ...engine import CursorResult
+    from ...engine import Engine
+    from ...engine import Result
+    from ...engine import Row
+    from ...engine import RowMapping
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ...orm._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ...orm._typing import _O
+    from ...orm._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...orm.interfaces import ORMOption
+    from ...orm.session import _BindArguments
+    from ...orm.session import _EntityBindKey
+    from ...orm.session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from ...orm.session import _SessionBind
+    from ...sql.base import Executable
+    from ...sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ...sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ...sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+@create_proxy_methods(
+    AsyncSession,
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session`",
+    classmethods=["close_all", "object_session", "identity_key"],
+    methods=[
+        "__contains__",
+        "__iter__",
+        "aclose",
+        "add",
+        "add_all",
+        "begin",
+        "begin_nested",
+        "close",
+        "reset",
+        "commit",
+        "connection",
+        "delete",
+        "execute",
+        "expire",
+        "expire_all",
+        "expunge",
+        "expunge_all",
+        "flush",
+        "get_bind",
+        "is_modified",
+        "invalidate",
+        "merge",
+        "refresh",
+        "rollback",
+        "scalar",
+        "scalars",
+        "get",
+        "get_one",
+        "stream",
+        "stream_scalars",
+    ],
+    attributes=[
+        "bind",
+        "dirty",
+        "deleted",
+        "new",
+        "identity_map",
+        "is_active",
+        "autoflush",
+        "no_autoflush",
+        "info",
+    ],
+    use_intermediate_variable=["get"],
+)
+class async_scoped_session(Generic[_AS]):
+    """Provides scoped management of :class:`.AsyncSession` objects.
+
+    See the section :ref:`asyncio_scoped_session` for usage details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.19
+
+
+    """
+
+    _support_async = True
+
+    session_factory: async_sessionmaker[_AS]
+    """The `session_factory` provided to `__init__` is stored in this
+    attribute and may be accessed at a later time.  This can be useful when
+    a new non-scoped :class:`.AsyncSession` is needed."""
+
+    registry: ScopedRegistry[_AS]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session_factory: async_sessionmaker[_AS],
+        scopefunc: Callable[[], Any],
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session`.
+
+        :param session_factory: a factory to create new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`
+         instances. This is usually, but not necessarily, an instance
+         of :class:`_asyncio.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+        :param scopefunc: function which defines
+         the current scope.   A function such as ``asyncio.current_task``
+         may be useful here.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        self.session_factory = session_factory
+        self.registry = ScopedRegistry(session_factory, scopefunc)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxied(self) -> _AS:
+        return self.registry()
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw: Any) -> _AS:
+        r"""Return the current :class:`.AsyncSession`, creating it
+        using the :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` if not present.
+
+        :param \**kw: Keyword arguments will be passed to the
+         :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` callable, if an existing
+         :class:`.AsyncSession` is not present.  If the
+         :class:`.AsyncSession` is present
+         and keyword arguments have been passed,
+         :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if kw:
+            if self.registry.has():
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Scoped session is already present; "
+                    "no new arguments may be specified."
+                )
+            else:
+                sess = self.session_factory(**kw)
+                self.registry.set(sess)
+        else:
+            sess = self.registry()
+        if not self._support_async and sess._is_asyncio:
+            warn_deprecated(
+                "Using `scoped_session` with asyncio is deprecated and "
+                "will raise an error in a future version. "
+                "Please use `async_scoped_session` instead.",
+                "1.4.23",
+            )
+        return sess
+
+    def configure(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """reconfigure the :class:`.sessionmaker` used by this
+        :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        See :meth:`.sessionmaker.configure`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            warn(
+                "At least one scoped session is already present. "
+                " configure() can not affect sessions that have "
+                "already been created."
+            )
+
+        self.session_factory.configure(**kwargs)
+
+    async def remove(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the current :class:`.AsyncSession`, if present.
+
+        Different from scoped_session's remove method, this method would use
+        await to wait for the close method of AsyncSession.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            await self.registry().close()
+        self.registry.clear()
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS async_scoped_session
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__contains__(instance)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        r"""Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__iter__()
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        r"""A synonym for :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        The :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.aclose` name is specifically
+        to support the Python standard library ``@contextlib.aclosing``
+        context manager function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.aclose()
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        r"""Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add(instance, _warn=_warn)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        r"""Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add_all(instances)
+
+    def begin(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        r"""Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        The underlying :class:`_orm.Session` will perform the
+        "begin" action when the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction`
+        object is entered::
+
+            async with async_session.begin():
+                ...  # ORM transaction is begun
+
+        Note that database IO will not normally occur when the session-level
+        transaction is begun, as database transactions begin on an
+        on-demand basis.  However, the begin block is async to accommodate
+        for a :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+        event hook that may perform IO.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin()
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        r"""Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object
+        which will begin a "nested" transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        Behavior is the same as that of :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.begin`.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin nested, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite asyncio driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin_nested()
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - main documentation for
+            "close"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.close()
+
+    async def reset(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - main documentation for
+            "reset"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.reset()
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        r"""Commit the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` - main documentation for
+            "commit"
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.commit()
+
+    async def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object corresponding to
+        this :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        This method may also be used to establish execution options for the
+        database connection used by the current transaction.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24  Added \**kw arguments which are passed
+           through to the underlying :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` - main documentation for
+            "connection"
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.connection(
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    async def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        The database delete operation occurs upon ``flush()``.
+
+        As this operation may need to cascade along unloaded relationships,
+        it is awaitable to allow for those queries to take place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.delete` - main documentation for delete
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.delete(instance)
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` - main documentation for execute
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.execute(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire(instance, attribute_names=attribute_names)
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire_all()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge(instance)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge_all()
+
+    async def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        r"""Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.flush` - main documentation for flush
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.flush(objects=objects)
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        r"""Return a "bind" to which the synchronous proxied :class:`_orm.Session`
+        is bound.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        Unlike the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method, this method is
+        currently **not** used by this :class:`.AsyncSession` in any way
+        in order to resolve engines for requests.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method proxies directly to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind`
+            method, however is currently **not** useful as an override target,
+            in contrast to that of the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method.
+            The example below illustrates how to implement custom
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` schemes that work with
+            :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`.
+
+        The pattern introduced at :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`
+        illustrates how to apply a custom bind-lookup scheme to a
+        :class:`_orm.Session` given a set of :class:`_engine.Engine` objects.
+        To apply a corresponding :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` implementation
+        for use with a :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`
+        objects, continue to subclass :class:`_orm.Session` and apply it to
+        :class:`.AsyncSession` using
+        :paramref:`.AsyncSession.sync_session_class`. The inner method must
+        continue to return :class:`_engine.Engine` instances, which can be
+        acquired from a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` using the
+        :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine.sync_engine` attribute::
+
+            # using example from "Custom Vertical Partitioning"
+
+
+            import random
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+            # construct async engines w/ async drivers
+            engines = {
+                "leader": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///leader.db"),
+                "other": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///other.db"),
+                "follower1": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower1.db"),
+                "follower2": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower2.db"),
+            }
+
+
+            class RoutingSession(Session):
+                def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None, **kw):
+                    # within get_bind(), return sync engines
+                    if mapper and issubclass(mapper.class_, MyOtherClass):
+                        return engines["other"].sync_engine
+                    elif self._flushing or isinstance(clause, (Update, Delete)):
+                        return engines["leader"].sync_engine
+                    else:
+                        return engines[
+                            random.choice(["follower1", "follower2"])
+                        ].sync_engine
+
+
+            # apply to AsyncSession using sync_session_class
+            AsyncSessionMaker = async_sessionmaker(sync_session_class=RoutingSession)
+
+        The :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method is called in a non-asyncio,
+        implicitly non-blocking context in the same manner as ORM event hooks
+        and functions that are invoked via :meth:`.AsyncSession.run_sync`, so
+        routines that wish to run SQL commands inside of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` can continue to do so using
+        blocking-style code, which will be translated to implicitly async calls
+        at the point of invoking IO on the database drivers.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_bind(
+            mapper=mapper, clause=clause, bind=bind, **kw
+        )
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously flushed or committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_modified(
+            instance, include_collections=include_collections
+        )
+
+    async def invalidate(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        For a complete description, see :meth:`_orm.Session.invalidate`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.invalidate()
+
+    async def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.merge` - main documentation for merge
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.merge(instance, load=load, options=options)
+
+    async def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be
+        refreshed with their current database value.
+
+        This is the async version of the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method.
+        See that method for a complete description of all options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` - main documentation for refresh
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.refresh(
+            instance,
+            attribute_names=attribute_names,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        )
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        r"""Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` - main documentation for
+            "rollback"
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.rollback()
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar` - main documentation for scalar
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.scalar(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return scalar results.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added
+           :meth:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.stream_scalars` - streaming version
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.scalars(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> Union[_O, None]:
+        r"""Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get` - main documentation for get
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        result = await self._proxied.get(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+        return result
+
+    async def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.
+
+        ..versionadded: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_one` - main documentation for get_one
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.get_one(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a streaming
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.stream(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a stream of scalar results.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars` - non streaming version
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await self._proxied.stream_scalars(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.bind` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bind
+
+    @bind.setter
+    def bind(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.bind = attr
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dirty
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.deleted
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.new
+
+    @property
+    def identity_map(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.identity_map` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.identity_map
+
+    @identity_map.setter
+    def identity_map(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.identity_map = attr
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> Any:
+        r"""True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.autoflush` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.autoflush
+
+    @autoflush.setter
+    def autoflush(self, attr: Any) -> None:
+        self._proxied.autoflush = attr
+
+    @property
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.no_autoflush
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> Any:
+        r"""A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        r"""Close all :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` sessions.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 2.0 The :meth:`.AsyncSession.close_all` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  Please refer to :func:`_asyncio.close_all_sessions`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await AsyncSession.close_all()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        r"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return AsyncSession.object_session(instance)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        r"""Return an identity key.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.scoping.async_scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return AsyncSession.identity_key(
+            class_=class_,
+            ident=ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS async_scoped_session
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b8c9695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/asyncio/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1962 @@
+# ext/asyncio/session.py
+# Copyright (C) 2020-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import engine
+from .base import ReversibleProxy
+from .base import StartableContext
+from .result import _ensure_sync_result
+from .result import AsyncResult
+from .result import AsyncScalarResult
+from ... import util
+from ...orm import close_all_sessions as _sync_close_all_sessions
+from ...orm import object_session
+from ...orm import Session
+from ...orm import SessionTransaction
+from ...orm import state as _instance_state
+from ...util.concurrency import greenlet_spawn
+from ...util.typing import Concatenate
+from ...util.typing import ParamSpec
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .engine import AsyncConnection
+    from .engine import AsyncEngine
+    from ...engine import Connection
+    from ...engine import CursorResult
+    from ...engine import Engine
+    from ...engine import Result
+    from ...engine import Row
+    from ...engine import RowMapping
+    from ...engine import ScalarResult
+    from ...engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ...engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...event import dispatcher
+    from ...orm._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ...orm._typing import _O
+    from ...orm._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ...orm.identity import IdentityMap
+    from ...orm.interfaces import ORMOption
+    from ...orm.session import _BindArguments
+    from ...orm.session import _EntityBindKey
+    from ...orm.session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from ...orm.session import _SessionBind
+    from ...orm.session import _SessionBindKey
+    from ...sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ...sql.base import Executable
+    from ...sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ...sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ...sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_AsyncSessionBind = Union["AsyncEngine", "AsyncConnection"]
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+_EXECUTE_OPTIONS = util.immutabledict({"prebuffer_rows": True})
+_STREAM_OPTIONS = util.immutabledict({"stream_results": True})
+
+
+class AsyncAttrs:
+    """Mixin class which provides an awaitable accessor for all attributes.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from __future__ import annotations
+
+        from typing import List
+
+        from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncAttrs
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+
+        class Base(AsyncAttrs, DeclarativeBase):
+            pass
+
+
+        class A(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "a"
+
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            data: Mapped[str]
+            bs: Mapped[List[B]] = relationship()
+
+
+        class B(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "b"
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            a_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("a.id"))
+            data: Mapped[str]
+
+    In the above example, the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncAttrs` mixin is applied to
+    the declarative ``Base`` class where it takes effect for all subclasses.
+    This mixin adds a single new attribute
+    :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs` to all classes, which will
+    yield the value of any attribute as an awaitable. This allows attributes
+    which may be subject to lazy loading or deferred / unexpiry loading to be
+    accessed such that IO can still be emitted::
+
+        a1 = (await async_session.scalars(select(A).where(A.id == 5))).one()
+
+        # use the lazy loader on ``a1.bs`` via the ``.awaitable_attrs``
+        # interface, so that it may be awaited
+        for b1 in await a1.awaitable_attrs.bs:
+            print(b1)
+
+    The :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncAttrs.awaitable_attrs` performs a call against the
+    attribute that is approximately equivalent to using the
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.run_sync` method, e.g.::
+
+        for b1 in await async_session.run_sync(lambda sess: a1.bs):
+            print(b1)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.13
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_orm_avoid_lazyloads`
+
+    """
+
+    class _AsyncAttrGetitem:
+        __slots__ = "_instance"
+
+        def __init__(self, _instance: Any):
+            self._instance = _instance
+
+        def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> Awaitable[Any]:
+            return greenlet_spawn(getattr, self._instance, name)
+
+    @property
+    def awaitable_attrs(self) -> AsyncAttrs._AsyncAttrGetitem:
+        """provide a namespace of all attributes on this object wrapped
+        as awaitables.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+
+            a1 = (await async_session.scalars(select(A).where(A.id == 5))).one()
+
+            some_attribute = await a1.awaitable_attrs.some_deferred_attribute
+            some_collection = await a1.awaitable_attrs.some_collection
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return AsyncAttrs._AsyncAttrGetitem(self)
+
+
+@util.create_proxy_methods(
+    Session,
+    ":class:`_orm.Session`",
+    ":class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`",
+    classmethods=["object_session", "identity_key"],
+    methods=[
+        "__contains__",
+        "__iter__",
+        "add",
+        "add_all",
+        "expire",
+        "expire_all",
+        "expunge",
+        "expunge_all",
+        "is_modified",
+        "in_transaction",
+        "in_nested_transaction",
+    ],
+    attributes=[
+        "dirty",
+        "deleted",
+        "new",
+        "identity_map",
+        "is_active",
+        "autoflush",
+        "no_autoflush",
+        "info",
+    ],
+)
+class AsyncSession(ReversibleProxy[Session]):
+    """Asyncio version of :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` is a proxy for a traditional
+    :class:`_orm.Session` instance.
+
+    The :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` is **not safe for use in concurrent
+    tasks.**.  See :ref:`session_faq_threadsafe` for background.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    To use an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` with custom :class:`_orm.Session`
+    implementations, see the
+    :paramref:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.sync_session_class` parameter.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = True
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Session]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        binds: Optional[Dict[_SessionBindKey, _AsyncSessionBind]] = None,
+        sync_session_class: Optional[Type[Session]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        All parameters other than ``sync_session_class`` are passed to the
+        ``sync_session_class`` callable directly to instantiate a new
+        :class:`_orm.Session`. Refer to :meth:`_orm.Session.__init__` for
+        parameter documentation.
+
+        :param sync_session_class:
+          A :class:`_orm.Session` subclass or other callable which will be used
+          to construct the :class:`_orm.Session` which will be proxied. This
+          parameter may be used to provide custom :class:`_orm.Session`
+          subclasses. Defaults to the
+          :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.sync_session_class` class-level
+          attribute.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        """
+        sync_bind = sync_binds = None
+
+        if bind:
+            self.bind = bind
+            sync_bind = engine._get_sync_engine_or_connection(bind)
+
+        if binds:
+            self.binds = binds
+            sync_binds = {
+                key: engine._get_sync_engine_or_connection(b)
+                for key, b in binds.items()
+            }
+
+        if sync_session_class:
+            self.sync_session_class = sync_session_class
+
+        self.sync_session = self._proxied = self._assign_proxied(
+            self.sync_session_class(bind=sync_bind, binds=sync_binds, **kw)
+        )
+
+    sync_session_class: Type[Session] = Session
+    """The class or callable that provides the
+    underlying :class:`_orm.Session` instance for a particular
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+    At the class level, this attribute is the default value for the
+    :paramref:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.sync_session_class` parameter. Custom
+    subclasses of :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` can override this.
+
+    At the instance level, this attribute indicates the current class or
+    callable that was used to provide the :class:`_orm.Session` instance for
+    this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` instance.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+    """
+
+    sync_session: Session
+    """Reference to the underlying :class:`_orm.Session` this
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` proxies requests towards.
+
+    This instance can be used as an event target.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_events`
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _no_async_engine_events(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "asynchronous events are not implemented at this time.  Apply "
+            "synchronous listeners to the AsyncSession.sync_session."
+        )
+
+    async def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire and refresh the attributes on the given instance.
+
+        A query will be issued to the database and all attributes will be
+        refreshed with their current database value.
+
+        This is the async version of the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method.
+        See that method for a complete description of all options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` - main documentation for refresh
+
+        """
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.refresh,
+            instance,
+            attribute_names=attribute_names,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        )
+
+    async def run_sync(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[Concatenate[Session, _P], _T],
+        *arg: _P.args,
+        **kw: _P.kwargs,
+    ) -> _T:
+        '''Invoke the given synchronous (i.e. not async) callable,
+        passing a synchronous-style :class:`_orm.Session` as the first
+        argument.
+
+        This method allows traditional synchronous SQLAlchemy functions to
+        run within the context of an asyncio application.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def some_business_method(session: Session, param: str) -> str:
+                """A synchronous function that does not require awaiting
+
+                :param session: a SQLAlchemy Session, used synchronously
+
+                :return: an optional return value is supported
+
+                """
+                session.add(MyObject(param=param))
+                session.flush()
+                return "success"
+
+
+            async def do_something_async(async_engine: AsyncEngine) -> None:
+                """an async function that uses awaiting"""
+
+                with AsyncSession(async_engine) as async_session:
+                    # run some_business_method() with a sync-style
+                    # Session, proxied into an awaitable
+                    return_code = await async_session.run_sync(
+                        some_business_method, param="param1"
+                    )
+                    print(return_code)
+
+        This method maintains the asyncio event loop all the way through
+        to the database connection by running the given callable in a
+        specially instrumented greenlet.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            The provided callable is invoked inline within the asyncio event
+            loop, and will block on traditional IO calls.  IO within this
+            callable should only call into SQLAlchemy's asyncio database
+            APIs which will be properly adapted to the greenlet context.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AsyncAttrs`  - a mixin for ORM mapped classes that provides
+            a similar feature more succinctly on a per-attribute basis
+
+            :meth:`.AsyncConnection.run_sync`
+
+            :ref:`session_run_sync`
+        '''  # noqa: E501
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            fn, self.sync_session, *arg, _require_await=False, **kw
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    async def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return a buffered
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` - main documentation for execute
+
+        """
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.execute,
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return await _ensure_sync_result(result, self.execute)
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    async def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar` - main documentation for scalar
+
+        """
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = _EXECUTE_OPTIONS
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.scalar,
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return scalar results.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added
+           :meth:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.stream_scalars` - streaming version
+
+        """
+
+        result = await self.execute(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return result.scalars()
+
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> Union[_O, None]:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get` - main documentation for get
+
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            cast("Callable[..., _O]", self.sync_session.get),
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    async def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.
+
+        ..versionadded: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_one` - main documentation for get_one
+
+        """
+
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            cast("Callable[..., _O]", self.sync_session.get_one),
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return a streaming
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncResult` object.
+
+        """
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                _STREAM_OPTIONS
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = _STREAM_OPTIONS
+
+        result = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.execute,
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return AsyncResult(result)
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    async def stream_scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return a stream of scalar results.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` - main documentation for scalars
+
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.scalars` - non streaming version
+
+        """
+
+        result = await self.stream(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return result.scalars()
+
+    async def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        """Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        The database delete operation occurs upon ``flush()``.
+
+        As this operation may need to cascade along unloaded relationships,
+        it is awaitable to allow for those queries to take place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.delete` - main documentation for delete
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.delete, instance)
+
+    async def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.merge` - main documentation for merge
+
+        """
+        return await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.merge, instance, load=load, options=options
+        )
+
+    async def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        """Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.flush` - main documentation for flush
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.flush, objects=objects)
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncSessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current root transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object, or
+         ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+        """
+        trans = self.sync_session.get_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncSessionTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+                trans, async_session=self
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[AsyncSessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current nested transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object, or
+         ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self.sync_session.get_nested_transaction()
+        if trans is not None:
+            return AsyncSessionTransaction._retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+                trans, async_session=self
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        """Return a "bind" to which the synchronous proxied :class:`_orm.Session`
+        is bound.
+
+        Unlike the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method, this method is
+        currently **not** used by this :class:`.AsyncSession` in any way
+        in order to resolve engines for requests.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method proxies directly to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind`
+            method, however is currently **not** useful as an override target,
+            in contrast to that of the :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method.
+            The example below illustrates how to implement custom
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` schemes that work with
+            :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`.
+
+        The pattern introduced at :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`
+        illustrates how to apply a custom bind-lookup scheme to a
+        :class:`_orm.Session` given a set of :class:`_engine.Engine` objects.
+        To apply a corresponding :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` implementation
+        for use with a :class:`.AsyncSession` and :class:`.AsyncEngine`
+        objects, continue to subclass :class:`_orm.Session` and apply it to
+        :class:`.AsyncSession` using
+        :paramref:`.AsyncSession.sync_session_class`. The inner method must
+        continue to return :class:`_engine.Engine` instances, which can be
+        acquired from a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine` using the
+        :attr:`_asyncio.AsyncEngine.sync_engine` attribute::
+
+            # using example from "Custom Vertical Partitioning"
+
+
+            import random
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+            # construct async engines w/ async drivers
+            engines = {
+                "leader": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///leader.db"),
+                "other": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///other.db"),
+                "follower1": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower1.db"),
+                "follower2": create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///follower2.db"),
+            }
+
+
+            class RoutingSession(Session):
+                def get_bind(self, mapper=None, clause=None, **kw):
+                    # within get_bind(), return sync engines
+                    if mapper and issubclass(mapper.class_, MyOtherClass):
+                        return engines["other"].sync_engine
+                    elif self._flushing or isinstance(clause, (Update, Delete)):
+                        return engines["leader"].sync_engine
+                    else:
+                        return engines[
+                            random.choice(["follower1", "follower2"])
+                        ].sync_engine
+
+
+            # apply to AsyncSession using sync_session_class
+            AsyncSessionMaker = async_sessionmaker(sync_session_class=RoutingSession)
+
+        The :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` method is called in a non-asyncio,
+        implicitly non-blocking context in the same manner as ORM event hooks
+        and functions that are invoked via :meth:`.AsyncSession.run_sync`, so
+        routines that wish to run SQL commands inside of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get_bind` can continue to do so using
+        blocking-style code, which will be translated to implicitly async calls
+        at the point of invoking IO on the database drivers.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self.sync_session.get_bind(
+            mapper=mapper, clause=clause, bind=bind, **kw
+        )
+
+    async def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> AsyncConnection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncConnection` object corresponding to
+        this :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        This method may also be used to establish execution options for the
+        database connection used by the current transaction.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24  Added \**kw arguments which are passed
+           through to the underlying :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.connection` - main documentation for
+            "connection"
+
+        """
+
+        sync_connection = await greenlet_spawn(
+            self.sync_session.connection,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        return engine.AsyncConnection._retrieve_proxy_for_target(
+            sync_connection
+        )
+
+    def begin(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object.
+
+        The underlying :class:`_orm.Session` will perform the
+        "begin" action when the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction`
+        object is entered::
+
+            async with async_session.begin():
+                ...  # ORM transaction is begun
+
+        Note that database IO will not normally occur when the session-level
+        transaction is begun, as database transactions begin on an
+        on-demand basis.  However, the begin block is async to accommodate
+        for a :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+        event hook that may perform IO.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncSessionTransaction(self)
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        """Return an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction` object
+        which will begin a "nested" transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        Behavior is the same as that of :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.begin`.
+
+        For a general description of ORM begin nested, see
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite asyncio driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly.
+
+        """
+
+        return AsyncSessionTransaction(self, nested=True)
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` - main documentation for
+            "rollback"
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.rollback)
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` - main documentation for
+            "commit"
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.commit)
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - main documentation for
+            "close"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.close)
+
+    async def reset(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - main documentation for
+            "reset"
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close` and
+            :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.reset`.
+
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.reset)
+
+    async def aclose(self) -> None:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.close`.
+
+        The :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.aclose` name is specifically
+        to support the Python standard library ``@contextlib.aclosing``
+        context manager function.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+
+        """
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def invalidate(self) -> None:
+        """Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
+
+        For a complete description, see :meth:`_orm.Session.invalidate`.
+        """
+        await greenlet_spawn(self.sync_session.invalidate)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :meth:`.AsyncSession.close_all` method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":func:`_asyncio.close_all_sessions`.",
+    )
+    async def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        """Close all :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` sessions."""
+        await close_all_sessions()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: _AS) -> _AS:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        task = asyncio.create_task(self.close())
+        await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+    def _maker_context_manager(self: _AS) -> _AsyncSessionContextManager[_AS]:
+        return _AsyncSessionContextManager(self)
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS AsyncSession
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__contains__(instance)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        r"""Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__iter__()
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        r"""Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add(instance, _warn=_warn)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        r"""Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add_all(instances)
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire(instance, attribute_names=attribute_names)
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire_all()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge(instance)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge_all()
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously flushed or committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_modified(
+            instance, include_collections=include_collections
+        )
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a transaction.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.in_transaction()
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a nested
+        transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.in_nested_transaction()
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dirty
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.deleted
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.new
+
+    @property
+    def identity_map(self) -> IdentityMap:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.identity_map` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.identity_map
+
+    @identity_map.setter
+    def identity_map(self, attr: IdentityMap) -> None:
+        self._proxied.identity_map = attr
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> Any:
+        r"""True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def autoflush(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.autoflush` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.autoflush
+
+    @autoflush.setter
+    def autoflush(self, attr: bool) -> None:
+        self._proxied.autoflush = attr
+
+    @property
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.no_autoflush
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> Any:
+        r"""A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        r"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.object_session(instance)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        r"""Return an identity key.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.identity_key(
+            class_=class_,
+            ident=ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS AsyncSession
+
+
+_AS = TypeVar("_AS", bound="AsyncSession")
+
+
+class async_sessionmaker(Generic[_AS]):
+    """A configurable :class:`.AsyncSession` factory.
+
+    The :class:`.async_sessionmaker` factory works in the same way as the
+    :class:`.sessionmaker` factory, to generate new :class:`.AsyncSession`
+    objects when called, creating them given
+    the configurational arguments established here.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_sessionmaker
+
+
+        async def run_some_sql(
+            async_session: async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession],
+        ) -> None:
+            async with async_session() as session:
+                session.add(SomeObject(data="object"))
+                session.add(SomeOtherObject(name="other object"))
+                await session.commit()
+
+
+        async def main() -> None:
+            # an AsyncEngine, which the AsyncSession will use for connection
+            # resources
+            engine = create_async_engine(
+                "postgresql+asyncpg://scott:tiger@localhost/"
+            )
+
+            # create a reusable factory for new AsyncSession instances
+            async_session = async_sessionmaker(engine)
+
+            await run_some_sql(async_session)
+
+            await engine.dispose()
+
+    The :class:`.async_sessionmaker` is useful so that different parts
+    of a program can create new :class:`.AsyncSession` objects with a
+    fixed configuration established up front.  Note that :class:`.AsyncSession`
+    objects may also be instantiated directly when not using
+    :class:`.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  :class:`.async_sessionmaker` provides a
+       :class:`.sessionmaker` class that's dedicated to the
+       :class:`.AsyncSession` object, including pep-484 typing support.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`asyncio_orm` - shows example use
+
+        :class:`.sessionmaker`  - general overview of the
+         :class:`.sessionmaker` architecture
+
+
+        :ref:`session_getting` - introductory text on creating
+        sessions using :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+    """  # noqa E501
+
+    class_: Type[_AS]
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_AS],
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: "async_sessionmaker[AsyncSession]",
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_AsyncSessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_AS] = AsyncSession,  # type: ignore
+        autoflush: bool = True,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+        All arguments here except for ``class_`` correspond to arguments
+        accepted by :class:`.Session` directly. See the
+        :meth:`.AsyncSession.__init__` docstring for more details on
+        parameters.
+
+
+        """
+        kw["bind"] = bind
+        kw["autoflush"] = autoflush
+        kw["expire_on_commit"] = expire_on_commit
+        if info is not None:
+            kw["info"] = info
+        self.kw = kw
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    def begin(self) -> _AsyncSessionContextManager[_AS]:
+        """Produce a context manager that both provides a new
+        :class:`_orm.AsyncSession` as well as a transaction that commits.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            async def main():
+                Session = async_sessionmaker(some_engine)
+
+                async with Session.begin() as session:
+                    session.add(some_object)
+
+                # commits transaction, closes session
+
+        """
+
+        session = self()
+        return session._maker_context_manager()
+
+    def __call__(self, **local_kw: Any) -> _AS:
+        """Produce a new :class:`.AsyncSession` object using the configuration
+        established in this :class:`.async_sessionmaker`.
+
+        In Python, the ``__call__`` method is invoked on an object when
+        it is "called" in the same way as a function::
+
+            AsyncSession = async_sessionmaker(async_engine, expire_on_commit=False)
+            session = AsyncSession()  # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
+
+        """  # noqa E501
+        for k, v in self.kw.items():
+            if k == "info" and "info" in local_kw:
+                d = v.copy()
+                d.update(local_kw["info"])
+                local_kw["info"] = d
+            else:
+                local_kw.setdefault(k, v)
+        return self.class_(**local_kw)
+
+    def configure(self, **new_kw: Any) -> None:
+        """(Re)configure the arguments for this async_sessionmaker.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            AsyncSession = async_sessionmaker(some_engine)
+
+            AsyncSession.configure(bind=create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite://"))
+        """  # noqa E501
+
+        self.kw.update(new_kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(class_=%r, %s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            ", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.kw.items()),
+        )
+
+
+class _AsyncSessionContextManager(Generic[_AS]):
+    __slots__ = ("async_session", "trans")
+
+    async_session: _AS
+    trans: AsyncSessionTransaction
+
+    def __init__(self, async_session: _AS):
+        self.async_session = async_session
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> _AS:
+        self.trans = self.async_session.begin()
+        await self.trans.__aenter__()
+        return self.async_session
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        async def go() -> None:
+            await self.trans.__aexit__(type_, value, traceback)
+            await self.async_session.__aexit__(type_, value, traceback)
+
+        task = asyncio.create_task(go())
+        await asyncio.shield(task)
+
+
+class AsyncSessionTransaction(
+    ReversibleProxy[SessionTransaction],
+    StartableContext["AsyncSessionTransaction"],
+):
+    """A wrapper for the ORM :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` object.
+
+    This object is provided so that a transaction-holding object
+    for the :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSession.begin` may be returned.
+
+    The object supports both explicit calls to
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction.commit` and
+    :meth:`_asyncio.AsyncSessionTransaction.rollback`, as well as use as an
+    async context manager.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("session", "sync_transaction", "nested")
+
+    session: AsyncSession
+    sync_transaction: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+
+    def __init__(self, session: AsyncSession, nested: bool = False):
+        self.session = session
+        self.nested = nested
+        self.sync_transaction = None
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._sync_transaction() is not None
+            and self._sync_transaction().is_active
+        )
+
+    def _sync_transaction(self) -> SessionTransaction:
+        if not self.sync_transaction:
+            self._raise_for_not_started()
+        return self.sync_transaction
+
+    async def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Roll back this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction`."""
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._sync_transaction().rollback)
+
+    async def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Commit this :class:`_asyncio.AsyncTransaction`."""
+
+        await greenlet_spawn(self._sync_transaction().commit)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _regenerate_proxy_for_target(  # type: ignore[override]
+        cls,
+        target: SessionTransaction,
+        async_session: AsyncSession,
+        **additional_kw: Any,  # noqa: U100
+    ) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        sync_transaction = target
+        nested = target.nested
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj.session = async_session
+        obj.sync_transaction = obj._assign_proxied(sync_transaction)
+        obj.nested = nested
+        return obj
+
+    async def start(
+        self, is_ctxmanager: bool = False
+    ) -> AsyncSessionTransaction:
+        self.sync_transaction = self._assign_proxied(
+            await greenlet_spawn(
+                self.session.sync_session.begin_nested
+                if self.nested
+                else self.session.sync_session.begin
+            )
+        )
+        if is_ctxmanager:
+            self.sync_transaction.__enter__()
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        await greenlet_spawn(
+            self._sync_transaction().__exit__, type_, value, traceback
+        )
+
+
+def async_object_session(instance: object) -> Optional[AsyncSession]:
+    """Return the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` to which the given instance
+    belongs.
+
+    This function makes use of the sync-API function
+    :class:`_orm.object_session` to retrieve the :class:`_orm.Session` which
+    refers to the given instance, and from there links it to the original
+    :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession`.
+
+    If the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` has been garbage collected, the
+    return value is ``None``.
+
+    This functionality is also available from the
+    :attr:`_orm.InstanceState.async_session` accessor.
+
+    :param instance: an ORM mapped instance
+    :return: an :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` object, or ``None``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+    """
+
+    session = object_session(instance)
+    if session is not None:
+        return async_session(session)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def async_session(session: Session) -> Optional[AsyncSession]:
+    """Return the :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` which is proxying the given
+    :class:`_orm.Session` object, if any.
+
+    :param session: a :class:`_orm.Session` instance.
+    :return: a :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` instance, or ``None``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+    """
+    return AsyncSession._retrieve_proxy_for_target(session, regenerate=False)
+
+
+async def close_all_sessions() -> None:
+    """Close all :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` sessions.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.23
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.session.close_all_sessions`
+
+    """
+    await greenlet_spawn(_sync_close_all_sessions)
+
+
+_instance_state._async_provider = async_session  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..817f91d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/automap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1701 @@
+# ext/automap.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+r"""Define an extension to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` system
+which automatically generates mapped classes and relationships from a database
+schema, typically though not necessarily one which is reflected.
+
+It is hoped that the :class:`.AutomapBase` system provides a quick
+and modernized solution to the problem that the very famous
+`SQLSoup <https://pypi.org/project/sqlsoup/>`_
+also tries to solve, that of generating a quick and rudimentary object
+model from an existing database on the fly.  By addressing the issue strictly
+at the mapper configuration level, and integrating fully with existing
+Declarative class techniques, :class:`.AutomapBase` seeks to provide
+a well-integrated approach to the issue of expediently auto-generating ad-hoc
+mappings.
+
+.. tip:: The :ref:`automap_toplevel` extension is geared towards a
+   "zero declaration" approach, where a complete ORM model including classes
+   and pre-named relationships can be generated on the fly from a database
+   schema. For applications that still want to use explicit class declarations
+   including explicit relationship definitions in conjunction with reflection
+   of tables, the :class:`.DeferredReflection` class, described at
+   :ref:`orm_declarative_reflected_deferred_reflection`, is a better choice.
+
+.. _automap_basic_use:
+
+Basic Use
+=========
+
+The simplest usage is to reflect an existing database into a new model.
+We create a new :class:`.AutomapBase` class in a similar manner as to how
+we create a declarative base class, using :func:`.automap_base`.
+We then call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` on the resulting base class,
+asking it to reflect the schema and produce mappings::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    # engine, suppose it has two tables 'user' and 'address' set up
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # reflect the tables
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+    # mapped classes are now created with names by default
+    # matching that of the table name.
+    User = Base.classes.user
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    session = Session(engine)
+
+    # rudimentary relationships are produced
+    session.add(Address(email_address="foo@bar.com", user=User(name="foo")))
+    session.commit()
+
+    # collection-based relationships are by default named
+    # "<classname>_collection"
+    u1 = session.query(User).first()
+    print(u1.address_collection)
+
+Above, calling :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` while passing along the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` parameter indicates that the
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`
+method will be called on this declarative base
+classes' :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection; then, each **viable**
+:class:`_schema.Table` within the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+will get a new mapped class
+generated automatically.  The :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+objects which
+link the various tables together will be used to produce new, bidirectional
+:func:`_orm.relationship` objects between classes.
+The classes and relationships
+follow along a default naming scheme that we can customize.  At this point,
+our basic mapping consisting of related ``User`` and ``Address`` classes is
+ready to use in the traditional way.
+
+.. note:: By **viable**, we mean that for a table to be mapped, it must
+   specify a primary key.  Additionally, if the table is detected as being
+   a pure association table between two other tables, it will not be directly
+   mapped and will instead be configured as a many-to-many table between
+   the mappings for the two referring tables.
+
+Generating Mappings from an Existing MetaData
+=============================================
+
+We can pass a pre-declared :class:`_schema.MetaData` object to
+:func:`.automap_base`.
+This object can be constructed in any way, including programmatically, from
+a serialized file, or from itself being reflected using
+:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`.
+Below we illustrate a combination of reflection and
+explicit table declaration::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table, Column, ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    # produce our own MetaData object
+    metadata = MetaData()
+
+    # we can reflect it ourselves from a database, using options
+    # such as 'only' to limit what tables we look at...
+    metadata.reflect(engine, only=["user", "address"])
+
+    # ... or just define our own Table objects with it (or combine both)
+    Table(
+        "user_order",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("user_id", ForeignKey("user.id")),
+    )
+
+    # we can then produce a set of mappings from this MetaData.
+    Base = automap_base(metadata=metadata)
+
+    # calling prepare() just sets up mapped classes and relationships.
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapped classes are ready
+    User = Base.classes.user
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+    Order = Base.classes.user_order
+
+.. _automap_by_module:
+
+Generating Mappings from Multiple Schemas
+=========================================
+
+The :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method when used with reflection may reflect
+tables from one schema at a time at most, using the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.schema` parameter to indicate the name of a
+schema to be reflected from. In order to populate the :class:`.AutomapBase`
+with tables from multiple schemas, :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` may be invoked
+multiple times, each time passing a different name to the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.schema` parameter. The
+:meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method keeps an internal list of
+:class:`_schema.Table` objects that have already been mapped, and will add new
+mappings only for those :class:`_schema.Table` objects that are new since the
+last time :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` was run::
+
+    e = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    Base.metadata.create_all(e)
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    Base.prepare(e)
+    Base.prepare(e, schema="test_schema")
+    Base.prepare(e, schema="test_schema_2")
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0  The :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method may be called
+   any number of times; only newly added tables will be mapped
+   on each run.   Previously in version 1.4 and earlier, multiple calls would
+   cause errors as it would attempt to re-map an already mapped class.
+   The previous workaround approach of invoking
+   :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` directly remains available as well.
+
+Automapping same-named tables across multiple schemas
+-----------------------------------------------------
+
+For the common case where multiple schemas may have same-named tables and
+therefore would generate same-named classes, conflicts can be resolved either
+through use of the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.classname_for_table` hook to
+apply different classnames on a per-schema basis, or by using the
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table` hook, which allows
+disambiguation of same-named classes by changing their effective ``__module__``
+attribute. In the example below, this hook is used to create a ``__module__``
+attribute for all classes that is of the form ``mymodule.<schemaname>``, where
+the schema name ``default`` is used if no schema is present::
+
+    e = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+    Base.metadata.create_all(e)
+
+
+    def module_name_for_table(cls, tablename, table):
+        if table.schema is not None:
+            return f"mymodule.{table.schema}"
+        else:
+            return f"mymodule.default"
+
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    Base.prepare(e, modulename_for_table=module_name_for_table)
+    Base.prepare(
+        e, schema="test_schema", modulename_for_table=module_name_for_table
+    )
+    Base.prepare(
+        e, schema="test_schema_2", modulename_for_table=module_name_for_table
+    )
+
+The same named-classes are organized into a hierarchical collection available
+at :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module`.  This collection is traversed using the
+dot-separated name of a particular package/module down into the desired
+class name.
+
+.. note:: When using the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table`
+   hook to return a new ``__module__`` that is not ``None``, the class is
+   **not** placed into the :attr:`.AutomapBase.classes` collection; only
+   classes that were not given an explicit modulename are placed here, as the
+   collection cannot represent same-named classes individually.
+
+In the example above, if the database contained a table named ``accounts`` in
+all three of the default schema, the ``test_schema`` schema, and the
+``test_schema_2`` schema, three separate classes will be available as::
+
+    Base.by_module.mymodule.default.accounts
+    Base.by_module.mymodule.test_schema.accounts
+    Base.by_module.mymodule.test_schema_2.accounts
+
+The default module namespace generated for all :class:`.AutomapBase` classes is
+``sqlalchemy.ext.automap``. If no
+:paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table` hook is used, the
+contents of :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` will be entirely within the
+``sqlalchemy.ext.automap`` namespace (e.g.
+``MyBase.by_module.sqlalchemy.ext.automap.<classname>``), which would contain
+the same series of classes as what would be seen in
+:attr:`.AutomapBase.classes`. Therefore it's generally only necessary to use
+:attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` when explicit ``__module__`` conventions are
+present.
+
+.. versionadded: 2.0
+
+    Added the :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` collection, which stores
+    classes within a named hierarchy based on dot-separated module names,
+    as well as the :paramref:`.Automap.prepare.modulename_for_table` parameter
+    which allows for custom ``__module__`` schemes for automapped
+    classes.
+
+
+
+Specifying Classes Explicitly
+=============================
+
+.. tip:: If explicit classes are expected to be prominent in an application,
+   consider using :class:`.DeferredReflection` instead.
+
+The :mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` extension allows classes to be defined
+explicitly, in a way similar to that of the :class:`.DeferredReflection` class.
+Classes that extend from :class:`.AutomapBase` act like regular declarative
+classes, but are not immediately mapped after their construction, and are
+instead mapped when we call :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare`.  The
+:meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method will make use of the classes we've
+established based on the table name we use.  If our schema contains tables
+``user`` and ``address``, we can define one or both of the classes to be used::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+
+    # pre-declare User for the 'user' table
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "user"
+
+        # override schema elements like Columns
+        user_name = Column("name", String)
+
+        # override relationships too, if desired.
+        # we must use the same name that automap would use for the
+        # relationship, and also must refer to the class name that automap will
+        # generate for "address"
+        address_collection = relationship("address", collection_class=set)
+
+
+    # reflect
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+    # we still have Address generated from the tablename "address",
+    # but User is the same as Base.classes.User now
+
+    Address = Base.classes.address
+
+    u1 = session.query(User).first()
+    print(u1.address_collection)
+
+    # the backref is still there:
+    a1 = session.query(Address).first()
+    print(a1.user)
+
+Above, one of the more intricate details is that we illustrated overriding
+one of the :func:`_orm.relationship` objects that automap would have created.
+To do this, we needed to make sure the names match up with what automap
+would normally generate, in that the relationship name would be
+``User.address_collection`` and the name of the class referred to, from
+automap's perspective, is called ``address``, even though we are referring to
+it as ``Address`` within our usage of this class.
+
+Overriding Naming Schemes
+=========================
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` is tasked with producing mapped classes and
+relationship names based on a schema, which means it has decision points in how
+these names are determined.  These three decision points are provided using
+functions which can be passed to the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method, and
+are known as :func:`.classname_for_table`,
+:func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.  Any or all of these
+functions are provided as in the example below, where we use a "camel case"
+scheme for class names and a "pluralizer" for collection names using the
+`Inflect <https://pypi.org/project/inflect>`_ package::
+
+    import re
+    import inflect
+
+
+    def camelize_classname(base, tablename, table):
+        "Produce a 'camelized' class name, e.g."
+        "'words_and_underscores' -> 'WordsAndUnderscores'"
+
+        return str(
+            tablename[0].upper()
+            + re.sub(
+                r"_([a-z])",
+                lambda m: m.group(1).upper(),
+                tablename[1:],
+            )
+        )
+
+
+    _pluralizer = inflect.engine()
+
+
+    def pluralize_collection(base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint):
+        "Produce an 'uncamelized', 'pluralized' class name, e.g."
+        "'SomeTerm' -> 'some_terms'"
+
+        referred_name = referred_cls.__name__
+        uncamelized = re.sub(
+            r"[A-Z]",
+            lambda m: "_%s" % m.group(0).lower(),
+            referred_name,
+        )[1:]
+        pluralized = _pluralizer.plural(uncamelized)
+        return pluralized
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+
+    Base.prepare(
+        autoload_with=engine,
+        classname_for_table=camelize_classname,
+        name_for_collection_relationship=pluralize_collection,
+    )
+
+From the above mapping, we would now have classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+where the collection from ``User`` to ``Address`` is called
+``User.addresses``::
+
+    User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    u1 = User(addresses=[Address(email="foo@bar.com")])
+
+Relationship Detection
+======================
+
+The vast majority of what automap accomplishes is the generation of
+:func:`_orm.relationship` structures based on foreign keys.  The mechanism
+by which this works for many-to-one and one-to-many relationships is as
+follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`_schema.Table`, known to be mapped to a particular class,
+   is examined for :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects.
+
+2. From each :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the remote
+   :class:`_schema.Table`
+   object present is matched up to the class to which it is to be mapped,
+   if any, else it is skipped.
+
+3. As the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   we are examining corresponds to a
+   reference from the immediate mapped class,  the relationship will be set up
+   as a many-to-one referring to the referred class; a corresponding
+   one-to-many backref will be created on the referred class referring
+   to this class.
+
+4. If any of the columns that are part of the
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   are not nullable (e.g. ``nullable=False``), a
+   :paramref:`_orm.relationship.cascade` keyword argument
+   of ``all, delete-orphan`` will be added to the keyword arguments to
+   be passed to the relationship or backref.  If the
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` reports that
+   :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.ondelete`
+   is set to ``CASCADE`` for a not null or ``SET NULL`` for a nullable
+   set of columns, the option :paramref:`_orm.relationship.passive_deletes`
+   flag is set to ``True`` in the set of relationship keyword arguments.
+   Note that not all backends support reflection of ON DELETE.
+
+5. The names of the relationships are determined using the
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship` and
+   :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+   callable functions.  It is important to note that the default relationship
+   naming derives the name from the **the actual class name**.  If you've
+   given a particular class an explicit name by declaring it, or specified an
+   alternate class naming scheme, that's the name from which the relationship
+   name will be derived.
+
+6. The classes are inspected for an existing mapped property matching these
+   names.  If one is detected on one side, but none on the other side,
+   :class:`.AutomapBase` attempts to create a relationship on the missing side,
+   then uses the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`
+   parameter in order to
+   point the new relationship to the other side.
+
+7. In the usual case where no relationship is on either side,
+   :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` produces a :func:`_orm.relationship` on the
+   "many-to-one" side and matches it to the other using the
+   :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` parameter.
+
+8. Production of the :func:`_orm.relationship` and optionally the
+   :func:`.backref`
+   is handed off to the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship`
+   function, which can be supplied by the end-user in order to augment
+   the arguments passed to :func:`_orm.relationship` or :func:`.backref` or to
+   make use of custom implementations of these functions.
+
+Custom Relationship Arguments
+-----------------------------
+
+The :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` hook can be used
+to add parameters to relationships.  For most cases, we can make use of the
+existing :func:`.automap.generate_relationship` function to return
+the object, after augmenting the given keyword dictionary with our own
+arguments.
+
+Below is an illustration of how to send
+:paramref:`_orm.relationship.cascade` and
+:paramref:`_orm.relationship.passive_deletes`
+options along to all one-to-many relationships::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import generate_relationship
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import interfaces
+
+
+    def _gen_relationship(
+        base, direction, return_fn, attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw
+    ):
+        if direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY:
+            kw["cascade"] = "all, delete-orphan"
+            kw["passive_deletes"] = True
+        # make use of the built-in function to actually return
+        # the result.
+        return generate_relationship(
+            base, direction, return_fn, attrname, local_cls, referred_cls, **kw
+        )
+
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+    # automap base
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+    engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine, generate_relationship=_gen_relationship)
+
+Many-to-Many relationships
+--------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will generate many-to-many relationships, e.g.
+those which contain a ``secondary`` argument.  The process for producing these
+is as follows:
+
+1. A given :class:`_schema.Table` is examined for
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, before any mapped class has been assigned to it.
+
+2. If the table contains two and exactly two
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+   objects, and all columns within this table are members of these two
+   :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, the table is assumed to be a
+   "secondary" table, and will **not be mapped directly**.
+
+3. The two (or one, for self-referential) external tables to which the
+   :class:`_schema.Table`
+   refers to are matched to the classes to which they will be
+   mapped, if any.
+
+4. If mapped classes for both sides are located, a many-to-many bi-directional
+   :func:`_orm.relationship` / :func:`.backref`
+   pair is created between the two
+   classes.
+
+5. The override logic for many-to-many works the same as that of one-to-many/
+   many-to-one; the :func:`.generate_relationship` function is called upon
+   to generate the structures and existing attributes will be maintained.
+
+Relationships with Inheritance
+------------------------------
+
+:mod:`.sqlalchemy.ext.automap` will not generate any relationships between
+two classes that are in an inheritance relationship.   That is, with two
+classes given as follows::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "employee"
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+            "polymorphic_on": type,
+        }
+
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = "engineer"
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("employee.id"), primary_key=True)
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "engineer",
+        }
+
+The foreign key from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee`` is used not for a
+relationship, but to establish joined inheritance between the two classes.
+
+Note that this means automap will not generate *any* relationships
+for foreign keys that link from a subclass to a superclass.  If a mapping
+has actual relationships from subclass to superclass as well, those
+need to be explicit.  Below, as we have two separate foreign keys
+from ``Engineer`` to ``Employee``, we need to set up both the relationship
+we want as well as the ``inherit_condition``, as these are not things
+SQLAlchemy can guess::
+
+    class Employee(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "employee"
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        type = Column(String(50))
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+            "polymorphic_on": type,
+        }
+
+
+    class Engineer(Employee):
+        __tablename__ = "engineer"
+        id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("employee.id"), primary_key=True)
+        favorite_employee_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("employee.id"))
+
+        favorite_employee = relationship(
+            Employee, foreign_keys=favorite_employee_id
+        )
+
+        __mapper_args__ = {
+            "polymorphic_identity": "engineer",
+            "inherit_condition": id == Employee.id,
+        }
+
+Handling Simple Naming Conflicts
+--------------------------------
+
+In the case of naming conflicts during mapping, override any of
+:func:`.classname_for_table`, :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`,
+and :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship` as needed.  For example, if
+automap is attempting to name a many-to-one relationship the same as an
+existing column, an alternate convention can be conditionally selected.  Given
+a schema:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_a (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE table_b (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+        table_a INTEGER,
+        FOREIGN KEY(table_a) REFERENCES table_a(id)
+    );
+
+The above schema will first automap the ``table_a`` table as a class named
+``table_a``; it will then automap a relationship onto the class for ``table_b``
+with the same name as this related class, e.g. ``table_a``.  This
+relationship name conflicts with the mapping column ``table_b.table_a``,
+and will emit an error on mapping.
+
+We can resolve this conflict by using an underscore as follows::
+
+    def name_for_scalar_relationship(
+        base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint
+    ):
+        name = referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+        local_table = local_cls.__table__
+        if name in local_table.columns:
+            newname = name + "_"
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Already detected name %s present.  using %s" % (name, newname)
+            )
+            return newname
+        return name
+
+
+    Base.prepare(
+        autoload_with=engine,
+        name_for_scalar_relationship=name_for_scalar_relationship,
+    )
+
+Alternatively, we can change the name on the column side.   The columns
+that are mapped can be modified using the technique described at
+:ref:`mapper_column_distinct_names`, by assigning the column explicitly
+to a new name::
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+
+    class TableB(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "table_b"
+        _table_a = Column("table_a", ForeignKey("table_a.id"))
+
+
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+Using Automap with Explicit Declarations
+========================================
+
+As noted previously, automap has no dependency on reflection, and can make
+use of any collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects within a
+:class:`_schema.MetaData`
+collection.  From this, it follows that automap can also be used
+generate missing relationships given an otherwise complete model that fully
+defines table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.automap import automap_base
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
+
+    Base = automap_base()
+
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "user"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+
+    class Address(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "address"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        email = Column(String)
+        user_id = Column(ForeignKey("user.id"))
+
+
+    # produce relationships
+    Base.prepare()
+
+    # mapping is complete, with "address_collection" and
+    # "user" relationships
+    a1 = Address(email="u1")
+    a2 = Address(email="u2")
+    u1 = User(address_collection=[a1, a2])
+    assert a1.user is u1
+
+Above, given mostly complete ``User`` and ``Address`` mappings, the
+:class:`_schema.ForeignKey` which we defined on ``Address.user_id`` allowed a
+bidirectional relationship pair ``Address.user`` and
+``User.address_collection`` to be generated on the mapped classes.
+
+Note that when subclassing :class:`.AutomapBase`,
+the :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` method is required; if not called, the classes
+we've declared are in an un-mapped state.
+
+
+.. _automap_intercepting_columns:
+
+Intercepting Column Definitions
+===============================
+
+The :class:`_schema.MetaData` and :class:`_schema.Table` objects support an
+event hook :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect` that may be used to intercept
+the information reflected about a database column before the :class:`_schema.Column`
+object is constructed.   For example if we wanted to map columns using a
+naming convention such as ``"attr_<columnname>"``, the event could
+be applied as::
+
+    @event.listens_for(Base.metadata, "column_reflect")
+    def column_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+        # set column.key = "attr_<lower_case_name>"
+        column_info["key"] = "attr_%s" % column_info["name"].lower()
+
+
+    # run reflection
+    Base.prepare(autoload_with=engine)
+
+.. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 the :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event
+   may be applied to a :class:`_schema.MetaData` object.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+      :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+
+      :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` - in the ORM mapping documentation
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import backref
+from ..orm import declarative_base as _declarative_base
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ..orm import interfaces
+from ..orm import relationship
+from ..orm.decl_base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from ..orm.mapper import _CONFIGURE_MUTEX
+from ..schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..util import Properties
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.base import Engine
+    from ..orm.base import RelationshipDirection
+    from ..orm.relationships import ORMBackrefArgument
+    from ..orm.relationships import Relationship
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+    from ..sql.schema import Table
+    from ..util import immutabledict
+
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class PythonNameForTableType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, base: Type[Any], tablename: str, table: Table
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+
+def classname_for_table(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    tablename: str,
+    table: Table,
+) -> str:
+    """Return the class name that should be used, given the name
+    of a table.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return str(tablename)
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.classname_for_table`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param tablename: string name of the :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    :param table: the :class:`_schema.Table` object itself.
+
+    :return: a string class name.
+
+     .. note::
+
+        In Python 2, the string used for the class name **must** be a
+        non-Unicode object, e.g. a ``str()`` object.  The ``.name`` attribute
+        of :class:`_schema.Table` is typically a Python unicode subclass,
+        so the
+        ``str()`` function should be applied to this name, after accounting for
+        any non-ASCII characters.
+
+    """
+    return str(tablename)
+
+
+class NameForScalarRelationshipType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+
+def name_for_scalar_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+) -> str:
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a scalar object reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    Alternate implementations can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_scalar_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower()
+
+
+class NameForCollectionRelationshipType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+    ) -> str: ...
+
+
+def name_for_collection_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint,
+) -> str:
+    """Return the attribute name that should be used to refer from one
+    class to another, for a collection reference.
+
+    The default implementation is::
+
+        return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+    Alternate implementations
+    can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.name_for_collection_relationship`
+    parameter.
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param local_cls: the class to be mapped on the local side.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the class to be mapped on the referring side.
+
+    :param constraint: the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` that is being
+     inspected to produce this relationship.
+
+    """
+    return referred_cls.__name__.lower() + "_collection"
+
+
+class GenerateRelationshipType(Protocol):
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        direction: RelationshipDirection,
+        return_fn: Callable[..., Relationship[Any]],
+        attrname: str,
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Relationship[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        direction: RelationshipDirection,
+        return_fn: Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument],
+        attrname: str,
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMBackrefArgument: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        base: Type[Any],
+        direction: RelationshipDirection,
+        return_fn: Union[
+            Callable[..., Relationship[Any]], Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument]
+        ],
+        attrname: str,
+        local_cls: Type[Any],
+        referred_cls: Type[Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[ORMBackrefArgument, Relationship[Any]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def generate_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    direction: RelationshipDirection,
+    return_fn: Callable[..., Relationship[Any]],
+    attrname: str,
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Relationship[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def generate_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    direction: RelationshipDirection,
+    return_fn: Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument],
+    attrname: str,
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ORMBackrefArgument: ...
+
+
+def generate_relationship(
+    base: Type[Any],
+    direction: RelationshipDirection,
+    return_fn: Union[
+        Callable[..., Relationship[Any]], Callable[..., ORMBackrefArgument]
+    ],
+    attrname: str,
+    local_cls: Type[Any],
+    referred_cls: Type[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[Relationship[Any], ORMBackrefArgument]:
+    r"""Generate a :func:`_orm.relationship` or :func:`.backref`
+    on behalf of two
+    mapped classes.
+
+    An alternate implementation of this function can be specified using the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.generate_relationship` parameter.
+
+    The default implementation of this function is as follows::
+
+        if return_fn is backref:
+            return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+        elif return_fn is relationship:
+            return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+    :param base: the :class:`.AutomapBase` class doing the prepare.
+
+    :param direction: indicate the "direction" of the relationship; this will
+     be one of :data:`.ONETOMANY`, :data:`.MANYTOONE`, :data:`.MANYTOMANY`.
+
+    :param return_fn: the function that is used by default to create the
+     relationship.  This will be either :func:`_orm.relationship` or
+     :func:`.backref`.  The :func:`.backref` function's result will be used to
+     produce a new :func:`_orm.relationship` in a second step,
+     so it is critical
+     that user-defined implementations correctly differentiate between the two
+     functions, if a custom relationship function is being used.
+
+    :param attrname: the attribute name to which this relationship is being
+     assigned. If the value of :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` is
+     the :func:`.backref` function, then this name is the name that is being
+     assigned to the backref.
+
+    :param local_cls: the "local" class to which this relationship or backref
+     will be locally present.
+
+    :param referred_cls: the "referred" class to which the relationship or
+     backref refers to.
+
+    :param \**kw: all additional keyword arguments are passed along to the
+     function.
+
+    :return: a :func:`_orm.relationship` or :func:`.backref` construct,
+     as dictated
+     by the :paramref:`.generate_relationship.return_fn` parameter.
+
+    """
+
+    if return_fn is backref:
+        return return_fn(attrname, **kw)
+    elif return_fn is relationship:
+        return return_fn(referred_cls, **kw)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Unknown relationship function: %s" % return_fn)
+
+
+ByModuleProperties = Properties[Union["ByModuleProperties", Type[Any]]]
+
+
+class AutomapBase:
+    """Base class for an "automap" schema.
+
+    The :class:`.AutomapBase` class can be compared to the "declarative base"
+    class that is produced by the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.  In practice, the :class:`.AutomapBase` class is always used
+    as a mixin along with an actual declarative base.
+
+    A new subclassable :class:`.AutomapBase` is typically instantiated
+    using the :func:`.automap_base` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`automap_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    __abstract__ = True
+
+    classes: ClassVar[Properties[Type[Any]]]
+    """An instance of :class:`.util.Properties` containing classes.
+
+    This object behaves much like the ``.c`` collection on a table.  Classes
+    are present under the name they were given, e.g.::
+
+        Base = automap_base()
+        Base.prepare(autoload_with=some_engine)
+
+        User, Address = Base.classes.User, Base.classes.Address
+
+    For class names that overlap with a method name of
+    :class:`.util.Properties`, such as ``items()``, the getitem form
+    is also supported::
+
+        Item = Base.classes["items"]
+
+    """
+
+    by_module: ClassVar[ByModuleProperties]
+    """An instance of :class:`.util.Properties` containing a hierarchal
+    structure of dot-separated module names linked to classes.
+
+    This collection is an alternative to the :attr:`.AutomapBase.classes`
+    collection that is useful when making use of the
+    :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.modulename_for_table` parameter, which will
+    apply distinct ``__module__`` attributes to generated classes.
+
+    The default ``__module__`` an automap-generated class is
+    ``sqlalchemy.ext.automap``; to access this namespace using
+    :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` looks like::
+
+        User = Base.by_module.sqlalchemy.ext.automap.User
+
+    If a class had a ``__module__`` of ``mymodule.account``, accessing
+    this namespace looks like::
+
+        MyClass = Base.by_module.mymodule.account.MyClass
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`automap_by_module`
+
+    """
+
+    metadata: ClassVar[MetaData]
+    """Refers to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection that will be used
+    for new :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+    """
+
+    _sa_automapbase_bookkeeping: ClassVar[_Bookkeeping]
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        engine=(
+            "2.0",
+            "The :paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.engine` parameter "
+            "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  "
+            "Please use the "
+            ":paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` "
+            "parameter.",
+        ),
+        reflect=(
+            "2.0",
+            "The :paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.reflect` "
+            "parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future "
+            "release.  Reflection is enabled when "
+            ":paramref:`_automap.AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` "
+            "is passed.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def prepare(
+        cls: Type[AutomapBase],
+        autoload_with: Optional[Engine] = None,
+        engine: Optional[Any] = None,
+        reflect: bool = False,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        classname_for_table: Optional[PythonNameForTableType] = None,
+        modulename_for_table: Optional[PythonNameForTableType] = None,
+        collection_class: Optional[Any] = None,
+        name_for_scalar_relationship: Optional[
+            NameForScalarRelationshipType
+        ] = None,
+        name_for_collection_relationship: Optional[
+            NameForCollectionRelationshipType
+        ] = None,
+        generate_relationship: Optional[GenerateRelationshipType] = None,
+        reflection_options: Union[
+            Dict[_KT, _VT], immutabledict[_KT, _VT]
+        ] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Extract mapped classes and relationships from the
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData` and perform mappings.
+
+        For full documentation and examples see
+        :ref:`automap_basic_use`.
+
+        :param autoload_with: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+         :class:`_engine.Connection` with which
+         to perform schema reflection; when specified, the
+         :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` method will be invoked within
+         the scope of this method.
+
+        :param engine: legacy; use :paramref:`.AutomapBase.autoload_with`.
+         Used to indicate the :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+         :class:`_engine.Connection` with which to reflect tables with,
+         if :paramref:`.AutomapBase.reflect` is True.
+
+        :param reflect: legacy; use :paramref:`.AutomapBase.autoload_with`.
+         Indicates that :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` should be invoked.
+
+        :param classname_for_table: callable function which will be used to
+         produce new class names, given a table name.  Defaults to
+         :func:`.classname_for_table`.
+
+        :param modulename_for_table: callable function which will be used to
+         produce the effective ``__module__`` for an internally generated
+         class, to allow for multiple classes of the same name in a single
+         automap base which would be in different "modules".
+
+         Defaults to ``None``, which will indicate that ``__module__`` will not
+         be set explicitly; the Python runtime will use the value
+         ``sqlalchemy.ext.automap`` for these classes.
+
+         When assigning ``__module__`` to generated classes, they can be
+         accessed based on dot-separated module names using the
+         :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module` collection.   Classes that have
+         an explicit ``__module_`` assigned using this hook do **not** get
+         placed into the :attr:`.AutomapBase.classes` collection, only
+         into :attr:`.AutomapBase.by_module`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`automap_by_module`
+
+        :param name_for_scalar_relationship: callable function which will be
+         used to produce relationship names for scalar relationships.  Defaults
+         to :func:`.name_for_scalar_relationship`.
+
+        :param name_for_collection_relationship: callable function which will
+         be used to produce relationship names for collection-oriented
+         relationships.  Defaults to :func:`.name_for_collection_relationship`.
+
+        :param generate_relationship: callable function which will be used to
+         actually generate :func:`_orm.relationship` and :func:`.backref`
+         constructs.  Defaults to :func:`.generate_relationship`.
+
+        :param collection_class: the Python collection class that will be used
+         when a new :func:`_orm.relationship`
+         object is created that represents a
+         collection.  Defaults to ``list``.
+
+        :param schema: Schema name to reflect when reflecting tables using
+         the :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.autoload_with` parameter. The name
+         is passed to the :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.reflect.schema` parameter
+         of :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`. When omitted, the default schema
+         in use by the database connection is used.
+
+         .. note:: The :paramref:`.AutomapBase.prepare.schema`
+            parameter supports reflection of a single schema at a time.
+            In order to include tables from many schemas, use
+            multiple calls to :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare`.
+
+            For an overview of multiple-schema automap including the use
+            of additional naming conventions to resolve table name
+            conflicts, see the section :ref:`automap_by_module`.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0 :meth:`.AutomapBase.prepare` supports being
+               directly invoked any number of times, keeping track of tables
+               that have already been processed to avoid processing them
+               a second time.
+
+        :param reflection_options: When present, this dictionary of options
+         will be passed to :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`
+         to supply general reflection-specific options like ``only`` and/or
+         dialect-specific options like ``oracle_resolve_synonyms``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        for mr in cls.__mro__:
+            if "_sa_automapbase_bookkeeping" in mr.__dict__:
+                automap_base = cast("Type[AutomapBase]", mr)
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False, "Can't locate automap base in class hierarchy"
+
+        glbls = globals()
+        if classname_for_table is None:
+            classname_for_table = glbls["classname_for_table"]
+        if name_for_scalar_relationship is None:
+            name_for_scalar_relationship = glbls[
+                "name_for_scalar_relationship"
+            ]
+        if name_for_collection_relationship is None:
+            name_for_collection_relationship = glbls[
+                "name_for_collection_relationship"
+            ]
+        if generate_relationship is None:
+            generate_relationship = glbls["generate_relationship"]
+        if collection_class is None:
+            collection_class = list
+
+        if autoload_with:
+            reflect = True
+
+        if engine:
+            autoload_with = engine
+
+        if reflect:
+            assert autoload_with
+            opts = dict(
+                schema=schema,
+                extend_existing=True,
+                autoload_replace=False,
+            )
+            if reflection_options:
+                opts.update(reflection_options)
+            cls.metadata.reflect(autoload_with, **opts)  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # noqa: E501
+
+        with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            table_to_map_config: Union[
+                Dict[Optional[Table], _DeferredMapperConfig],
+                Dict[Table, _DeferredMapperConfig],
+            ] = {
+                cast("Table", m.local_table): m
+                for m in _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(
+                    cls, sort=False
+                )
+            }
+
+            many_to_many: List[
+                Tuple[Table, Table, List[ForeignKeyConstraint], Table]
+            ]
+            many_to_many = []
+
+            bookkeeping = automap_base._sa_automapbase_bookkeeping
+            metadata_tables = cls.metadata.tables
+
+            for table_key in set(metadata_tables).difference(
+                bookkeeping.table_keys
+            ):
+                table = metadata_tables[table_key]
+                bookkeeping.table_keys.add(table_key)
+
+                lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const = _is_many_to_many(cls, table)
+                if lcl_m2m is not None:
+                    assert rem_m2m is not None
+                    assert m2m_const is not None
+                    many_to_many.append((lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table))
+                elif not table.primary_key:
+                    continue
+                elif table not in table_to_map_config:
+                    clsdict: Dict[str, Any] = {"__table__": table}
+                    if modulename_for_table is not None:
+                        new_module = modulename_for_table(
+                            cls, table.name, table
+                        )
+                        if new_module is not None:
+                            clsdict["__module__"] = new_module
+                    else:
+                        new_module = None
+
+                    newname = classname_for_table(cls, table.name, table)
+                    if new_module is None and newname in cls.classes:
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Ignoring duplicate class name "
+                            f"'{newname}' "
+                            "received in automap base for table "
+                            f"{table.key} without "
+                            "``__module__`` being set; consider using the "
+                            "``modulename_for_table`` hook"
+                        )
+                        continue
+
+                    mapped_cls = type(
+                        newname,
+                        (automap_base,),
+                        clsdict,
+                    )
+                    map_config = _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(
+                        mapped_cls
+                    )
+                    assert map_config.cls.__name__ == newname
+                    if new_module is None:
+                        cls.classes[newname] = mapped_cls
+
+                    by_module_properties: ByModuleProperties = cls.by_module
+                    for token in map_config.cls.__module__.split("."):
+                        if token not in by_module_properties:
+                            by_module_properties[token] = util.Properties({})
+
+                        props = by_module_properties[token]
+
+                        # we can assert this because the clsregistry
+                        # module would have raised if there was a mismatch
+                        # between modules/classes already.
+                        # see test_cls_schema_name_conflict
+                        assert isinstance(props, Properties)
+                        by_module_properties = props
+
+                    by_module_properties[map_config.cls.__name__] = mapped_cls
+
+                    table_to_map_config[table] = map_config
+
+            for map_config in table_to_map_config.values():
+                _relationships_for_fks(
+                    automap_base,
+                    map_config,
+                    table_to_map_config,
+                    collection_class,
+                    name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                    name_for_collection_relationship,
+                    generate_relationship,
+                )
+
+            for lcl_m2m, rem_m2m, m2m_const, table in many_to_many:
+                _m2m_relationship(
+                    automap_base,
+                    lcl_m2m,
+                    rem_m2m,
+                    m2m_const,
+                    table,
+                    table_to_map_config,
+                    collection_class,
+                    name_for_scalar_relationship,
+                    name_for_collection_relationship,
+                    generate_relationship,
+                )
+
+            for map_config in _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(
+                automap_base
+            ):
+                map_config.map()
+
+    _sa_decl_prepare = True
+    """Indicate that the mapping of classes should be deferred.
+
+    The presence of this attribute name indicates to declarative
+    that the call to mapper() should not occur immediately; instead,
+    information about the table and attributes to be mapped are gathered
+    into an internal structure called _DeferredMapperConfig.  These
+    objects can be collected later using classes_for_base(), additional
+    mapping decisions can be made, and then the map() method will actually
+    apply the mapping.
+
+    The only real reason this deferral of the whole
+    thing is needed is to support primary key columns that aren't reflected
+    yet when the class is declared; everything else can theoretically be
+    added to the mapper later.  However, the _DeferredMapperConfig is a
+    nice interface in any case which exists at that not usually exposed point
+    at which declarative has the class and the Table but hasn't called
+    mapper() yet.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_raise_deferred_config(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            cls,
+            msg="Class %s is a subclass of AutomapBase.  "
+            "Mappings are not produced until the .prepare() "
+            "method is called on the class hierarchy."
+            % orm_exc._safe_cls_name(cls),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _Bookkeeping:
+    __slots__ = ("table_keys",)
+
+    table_keys: Set[str]
+
+
+def automap_base(
+    declarative_base: Optional[Type[Any]] = None, **kw: Any
+) -> Any:
+    r"""Produce a declarative automap base.
+
+    This function produces a new base class that is a product of the
+    :class:`.AutomapBase` class as well a declarative base produced by
+    :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    All parameters other than ``declarative_base`` are keyword arguments
+    that are passed directly to the :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`
+    function.
+
+    :param declarative_base: an existing class produced by
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.  When this is passed, the function
+     no longer invokes :func:`.declarative.declarative_base` itself, and all
+     other keyword arguments are ignored.
+
+    :param \**kw: keyword arguments are passed along to
+     :func:`.declarative.declarative_base`.
+
+    """
+    if declarative_base is None:
+        Base = _declarative_base(**kw)
+    else:
+        Base = declarative_base
+
+    return type(
+        Base.__name__,
+        (AutomapBase, Base),
+        {
+            "__abstract__": True,
+            "classes": util.Properties({}),
+            "by_module": util.Properties({}),
+            "_sa_automapbase_bookkeeping": _Bookkeeping(set()),
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def _is_many_to_many(
+    automap_base: Type[Any], table: Table
+) -> Tuple[
+    Optional[Table], Optional[Table], Optional[list[ForeignKeyConstraint]]
+]:
+    fk_constraints = [
+        const
+        for const in table.constraints
+        if isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)
+    ]
+    if len(fk_constraints) != 2:
+        return None, None, None
+
+    cols: List[Column[Any]] = sum(
+        [
+            [fk.parent for fk in fk_constraint.elements]
+            for fk_constraint in fk_constraints
+        ],
+        [],
+    )
+
+    if set(cols) != set(table.c):
+        return None, None, None
+
+    return (
+        fk_constraints[0].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints[1].elements[0].column.table,
+        fk_constraints,
+    )
+
+
+def _relationships_for_fks(
+    automap_base: Type[Any],
+    map_config: _DeferredMapperConfig,
+    table_to_map_config: Union[
+        Dict[Optional[Table], _DeferredMapperConfig],
+        Dict[Table, _DeferredMapperConfig],
+    ],
+    collection_class: type,
+    name_for_scalar_relationship: NameForScalarRelationshipType,
+    name_for_collection_relationship: NameForCollectionRelationshipType,
+    generate_relationship: GenerateRelationshipType,
+) -> None:
+    local_table = cast("Optional[Table]", map_config.local_table)
+    local_cls = cast(
+        "Optional[Type[Any]]", map_config.cls
+    )  # derived from a weakref, may be None
+
+    if local_table is None or local_cls is None:
+        return
+    for constraint in local_table.constraints:
+        if isinstance(constraint, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+            fks = constraint.elements
+            referred_table = fks[0].column.table
+            referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(referred_table, None)
+            if referred_cfg is None:
+                continue
+            referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+            if local_cls is not referred_cls and issubclass(
+                local_cls, referred_cls
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            relationship_name = name_for_scalar_relationship(
+                automap_base, local_cls, referred_cls, constraint
+            )
+            backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+                automap_base, referred_cls, local_cls, constraint
+            )
+
+            o2m_kws: Dict[str, Union[str, bool]] = {}
+            nullable = False not in {fk.parent.nullable for fk in fks}
+            if not nullable:
+                o2m_kws["cascade"] = "all, delete-orphan"
+
+                if (
+                    constraint.ondelete
+                    and constraint.ondelete.lower() == "cascade"
+                ):
+                    o2m_kws["passive_deletes"] = True
+            else:
+                if (
+                    constraint.ondelete
+                    and constraint.ondelete.lower() == "set null"
+                ):
+                    o2m_kws["passive_deletes"] = True
+
+            create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+            if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+                if create_backref:
+                    backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                        automap_base,
+                        interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+                        backref,
+                        backref_name,
+                        referred_cls,
+                        local_cls,
+                        collection_class=collection_class,
+                        **o2m_kws,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    backref_obj = None
+                rel = generate_relationship(
+                    automap_base,
+                    interfaces.MANYTOONE,
+                    relationship,
+                    relationship_name,
+                    local_cls,
+                    referred_cls,
+                    foreign_keys=[fk.parent for fk in constraint.elements],
+                    backref=backref_obj,
+                    remote_side=[fk.column for fk in constraint.elements],
+                )
+                if rel is not None:
+                    map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+                    if not create_backref:
+                        referred_cfg.properties[
+                            backref_name
+                        ].back_populates = relationship_name  # type: ignore[union-attr] # noqa: E501
+            elif create_backref:
+                rel = generate_relationship(
+                    automap_base,
+                    interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+                    relationship,
+                    backref_name,
+                    referred_cls,
+                    local_cls,
+                    foreign_keys=[fk.parent for fk in constraint.elements],
+                    back_populates=relationship_name,
+                    collection_class=collection_class,
+                    **o2m_kws,
+                )
+                if rel is not None:
+                    referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+                    map_config.properties[
+                        relationship_name
+                    ].back_populates = backref_name  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+
+def _m2m_relationship(
+    automap_base: Type[Any],
+    lcl_m2m: Table,
+    rem_m2m: Table,
+    m2m_const: List[ForeignKeyConstraint],
+    table: Table,
+    table_to_map_config: Union[
+        Dict[Optional[Table], _DeferredMapperConfig],
+        Dict[Table, _DeferredMapperConfig],
+    ],
+    collection_class: type,
+    name_for_scalar_relationship: NameForCollectionRelationshipType,
+    name_for_collection_relationship: NameForCollectionRelationshipType,
+    generate_relationship: GenerateRelationshipType,
+) -> None:
+    map_config = table_to_map_config.get(lcl_m2m, None)
+    referred_cfg = table_to_map_config.get(rem_m2m, None)
+    if map_config is None or referred_cfg is None:
+        return
+
+    local_cls = map_config.cls
+    referred_cls = referred_cfg.cls
+
+    relationship_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base, local_cls, referred_cls, m2m_const[0]
+    )
+    backref_name = name_for_collection_relationship(
+        automap_base, referred_cls, local_cls, m2m_const[1]
+    )
+
+    create_backref = backref_name not in referred_cfg.properties
+
+    if table in table_to_map_config:
+        overlaps = "__*"
+    else:
+        overlaps = None
+
+    if relationship_name not in map_config.properties:
+        if create_backref:
+            backref_obj = generate_relationship(
+                automap_base,
+                interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+                backref,
+                backref_name,
+                referred_cls,
+                local_cls,
+                collection_class=collection_class,
+                overlaps=overlaps,
+            )
+        else:
+            backref_obj = None
+
+        rel = generate_relationship(
+            automap_base,
+            interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+            relationship,
+            relationship_name,
+            local_cls,
+            referred_cls,
+            overlaps=overlaps,
+            secondary=table,
+            primaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[0].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            secondaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[1].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            backref=backref_obj,
+            collection_class=collection_class,
+        )
+        if rel is not None:
+            map_config.properties[relationship_name] = rel
+
+            if not create_backref:
+                referred_cfg.properties[
+                    backref_name
+                ].back_populates = relationship_name  # type: ignore[union-attr] # noqa: E501
+    elif create_backref:
+        rel = generate_relationship(
+            automap_base,
+            interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+            relationship,
+            backref_name,
+            referred_cls,
+            local_cls,
+            overlaps=overlaps,
+            secondary=table,
+            primaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[1].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            secondaryjoin=and_(
+                fk.column == fk.parent for fk in m2m_const[0].elements
+            ),  # type: ignore [arg-type]
+            back_populates=relationship_name,
+            collection_class=collection_class,
+        )
+        if rel is not None:
+            referred_cfg.properties[backref_name] = rel
+            map_config.properties[
+                relationship_name
+            ].back_populates = backref_name  # type: ignore[union-attr]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd3e0879
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/baked.py
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+# ext/baked.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Baked query extension.
+
+Provides a creational pattern for the :class:`.query.Query` object which
+allows the fully constructed object, Core select statement, and string
+compiled result to be fully cached.
+
+
+"""
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import logging
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ..orm.query import Query
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..sql import func
+from ..sql import literal_column
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class Bakery:
+    """Callable which returns a :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+    This object is returned by the class method
+    :meth:`.BakedQuery.bakery`.  It exists as an object
+    so that the "cache" can be easily inspected.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "cls", "cache"
+
+    def __init__(self, cls_, cache):
+        self.cls = cls_
+        self.cache = cache
+
+    def __call__(self, initial_fn, *args):
+        return self.cls(self.cache, initial_fn, args)
+
+
+class BakedQuery:
+    """A builder object for :class:`.query.Query` objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = "steps", "_bakery", "_cache_key", "_spoiled"
+
+    def __init__(self, bakery, initial_fn, args=()):
+        self._cache_key = ()
+        self._update_cache_key(initial_fn, args)
+        self.steps = [initial_fn]
+        self._spoiled = False
+        self._bakery = bakery
+
+    @classmethod
+    def bakery(cls, size=200, _size_alert=None):
+        """Construct a new bakery.
+
+        :return: an instance of :class:`.Bakery`
+
+        """
+
+        return Bakery(cls, util.LRUCache(size, size_alert=_size_alert))
+
+    def _clone(self):
+        b1 = BakedQuery.__new__(BakedQuery)
+        b1._cache_key = self._cache_key
+        b1.steps = list(self.steps)
+        b1._bakery = self._bakery
+        b1._spoiled = self._spoiled
+        return b1
+
+    def _update_cache_key(self, fn, args=()):
+        self._cache_key += (fn.__code__,) + args
+
+    def __iadd__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            self.add_criteria(*other)
+        else:
+            self.add_criteria(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, tuple):
+            return self.with_criteria(*other)
+        else:
+            return self.with_criteria(other)
+
+    def add_criteria(self, fn, *args):
+        """Add a criteria function to this :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+        This is equivalent to using the ``+=`` operator to
+        modify a :class:`.BakedQuery` in-place.
+
+        """
+        self._update_cache_key(fn, args)
+        self.steps.append(fn)
+        return self
+
+    def with_criteria(self, fn, *args):
+        """Add a criteria function to a :class:`.BakedQuery` cloned from this
+        one.
+
+        This is equivalent to using the ``+`` operator to
+        produce a new :class:`.BakedQuery` with modifications.
+
+        """
+        return self._clone().add_criteria(fn, *args)
+
+    def for_session(self, session):
+        """Return a :class:`_baked.Result` object for this
+        :class:`.BakedQuery`.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling the :class:`.BakedQuery` as a
+        Python callable, e.g. ``result = my_baked_query(session)``.
+
+        """
+        return Result(self, session)
+
+    def __call__(self, session):
+        return self.for_session(session)
+
+    def spoil(self, full=False):
+        """Cancel any query caching that will occur on this BakedQuery object.
+
+        The BakedQuery can continue to be used normally, however additional
+        creational functions will not be cached; they will be called
+        on every invocation.
+
+        This is to support the case where a particular step in constructing
+        a baked query disqualifies the query from being cacheable, such
+        as a variant that relies upon some uncacheable value.
+
+        :param full: if False, only functions added to this
+         :class:`.BakedQuery` object subsequent to the spoil step will be
+         non-cached; the state of the :class:`.BakedQuery` up until
+         this point will be pulled from the cache.   If True, then the
+         entire :class:`_query.Query` object is built from scratch each
+         time, with all creational functions being called on each
+         invocation.
+
+        """
+        if not full and not self._spoiled:
+            _spoil_point = self._clone()
+            _spoil_point._cache_key += ("_query_only",)
+            self.steps = [_spoil_point._retrieve_baked_query]
+        self._spoiled = True
+        return self
+
+    def _effective_key(self, session):
+        """Return the key that actually goes into the cache dictionary for
+        this :class:`.BakedQuery`, taking into account the given
+        :class:`.Session`.
+
+        This basically means we also will include the session's query_class,
+        as the actual :class:`_query.Query` object is part of what's cached
+        and needs to match the type of :class:`_query.Query` that a later
+        session will want to use.
+
+        """
+        return self._cache_key + (session._query_cls,)
+
+    def _with_lazyload_options(self, options, effective_path, cache_path=None):
+        """Cloning version of _add_lazyload_options."""
+        q = self._clone()
+        q._add_lazyload_options(options, effective_path, cache_path=cache_path)
+        return q
+
+    def _add_lazyload_options(self, options, effective_path, cache_path=None):
+        """Used by per-state lazy loaders to add options to the
+        "lazy load" query from a parent query.
+
+        Creates a cache key based on given load path and query options;
+        if a repeatable cache key cannot be generated, the query is
+        "spoiled" so that it won't use caching.
+
+        """
+
+        key = ()
+
+        if not cache_path:
+            cache_path = effective_path
+
+        for opt in options:
+            if opt._is_legacy_option or opt._is_compile_state:
+                ck = opt._generate_cache_key()
+                if ck is None:
+                    self.spoil(full=True)
+                else:
+                    assert not ck[1], (
+                        "loader options with variable bound parameters "
+                        "not supported with baked queries.  Please "
+                        "use new-style select() statements for cached "
+                        "ORM queries."
+                    )
+                    key += ck[0]
+
+        self.add_criteria(
+            lambda q: q._with_current_path(effective_path).options(*options),
+            cache_path.path,
+            key,
+        )
+
+    def _retrieve_baked_query(self, session):
+        query = self._bakery.get(self._effective_key(session), None)
+        if query is None:
+            query = self._as_query(session)
+            self._bakery[self._effective_key(session)] = query.with_session(
+                None
+            )
+        return query.with_session(session)
+
+    def _bake(self, session):
+        query = self._as_query(session)
+        query.session = None
+
+        # in 1.4, this is where before_compile() event is
+        # invoked
+        statement = query._statement_20()
+
+        # if the query is not safe to cache, we still do everything as though
+        # we did cache it, since the receiver of _bake() assumes subqueryload
+        # context was set up, etc.
+        #
+        # note also we want to cache the statement itself because this
+        # allows the statement itself to hold onto its cache key that is
+        # used by the Connection, which in itself is more expensive to
+        # generate than what BakedQuery was able to provide in 1.3 and prior
+
+        if statement._compile_options._bake_ok:
+            self._bakery[self._effective_key(session)] = (
+                query,
+                statement,
+            )
+
+        return query, statement
+
+    def to_query(self, query_or_session):
+        """Return the :class:`_query.Query` object for use as a subquery.
+
+        This method should be used within the lambda callable being used
+        to generate a step of an enclosing :class:`.BakedQuery`.   The
+        parameter should normally be the :class:`_query.Query` object that
+        is passed to the lambda::
+
+            sub_bq = self.bakery(lambda s: s.query(User.name))
+            sub_bq += lambda q: q.filter(User.id == Address.user_id).correlate(Address)
+
+            main_bq = self.bakery(lambda s: s.query(Address))
+            main_bq += lambda q: q.filter(sub_bq.to_query(q).exists())
+
+        In the case where the subquery is used in the first callable against
+        a :class:`.Session`, the :class:`.Session` is also accepted::
+
+            sub_bq = self.bakery(lambda s: s.query(User.name))
+            sub_bq += lambda q: q.filter(User.id == Address.user_id).correlate(Address)
+
+            main_bq = self.bakery(
+                lambda s: s.query(Address.id, sub_bq.to_query(q).scalar_subquery())
+            )
+
+        :param query_or_session: a :class:`_query.Query` object or a class
+         :class:`.Session` object, that is assumed to be within the context
+         of an enclosing :class:`.BakedQuery` callable.
+
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        if isinstance(query_or_session, Session):
+            session = query_or_session
+        elif isinstance(query_or_session, Query):
+            session = query_or_session.session
+            if session is None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Given Query needs to be associated with a Session"
+                )
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Query or Session object expected, got %r."
+                % type(query_or_session)
+            )
+        return self._as_query(session)
+
+    def _as_query(self, session):
+        query = self.steps[0](session)
+
+        for step in self.steps[1:]:
+            query = step(query)
+
+        return query
+
+
+class Result:
+    """Invokes a :class:`.BakedQuery` against a :class:`.Session`.
+
+    The :class:`_baked.Result` object is where the actual :class:`.query.Query`
+    object gets created, or retrieved from the cache,
+    against a target :class:`.Session`, and is then invoked for results.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "bq", "session", "_params", "_post_criteria"
+
+    def __init__(self, bq, session):
+        self.bq = bq
+        self.session = session
+        self._params = {}
+        self._post_criteria = []
+
+    def params(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Specify parameters to be replaced into the string SQL statement."""
+
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            kw.update(args[0])
+        elif len(args) > 0:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "params() takes zero or one positional argument, "
+                "which is a dictionary."
+            )
+        self._params.update(kw)
+        return self
+
+    def _using_post_criteria(self, fns):
+        if fns:
+            self._post_criteria.extend(fns)
+        return self
+
+    def with_post_criteria(self, fn):
+        """Add a criteria function that will be applied post-cache.
+
+        This adds a function that will be run against the
+        :class:`_query.Query` object after it is retrieved from the
+        cache.    This currently includes **only** the
+        :meth:`_query.Query.params` and :meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`
+        methods.
+
+        .. warning::  :meth:`_baked.Result.with_post_criteria`
+           functions are applied
+           to the :class:`_query.Query`
+           object **after** the query's SQL statement
+           object has been retrieved from the cache.   Only
+           :meth:`_query.Query.params` and
+           :meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`
+           methods should be used.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+
+        """
+        return self._using_post_criteria([fn])
+
+    def _as_query(self):
+        q = self.bq._as_query(self.session).params(self._params)
+        for fn in self._post_criteria:
+            q = fn(q)
+        return q
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self._as_query())
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self._iter().__iter__()
+
+    def _iter(self):
+        bq = self.bq
+
+        if not self.session.enable_baked_queries or bq._spoiled:
+            return self._as_query()._iter()
+
+        query, statement = bq._bakery.get(
+            bq._effective_key(self.session), (None, None)
+        )
+        if query is None:
+            query, statement = bq._bake(self.session)
+
+        if self._params:
+            q = query.params(self._params)
+        else:
+            q = query
+        for fn in self._post_criteria:
+            q = fn(q)
+
+        params = q._params
+        execution_options = dict(q._execution_options)
+        execution_options.update(
+            {
+                "_sa_orm_load_options": q.load_options,
+                "compiled_cache": bq._bakery,
+            }
+        )
+
+        result = self.session.execute(
+            statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        if result._attributes.get("is_single_entity", False):
+            result = result.scalars()
+
+        if result._attributes.get("filtered", False):
+            result = result.unique()
+
+        return result
+
+    def count(self):
+        """return the 'count'.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.count`.
+
+        Note this uses a subquery to ensure an accurate count regardless
+        of the structure of the original statement.
+
+        """
+
+        col = func.count(literal_column("*"))
+        bq = self.bq.with_criteria(lambda q: q._legacy_from_self(col))
+        return bq.for_session(self.session).params(self._params).scalar()
+
+    def scalar(self):
+        """Return the first element of the first result or None
+        if no rows present.  If multiple rows are returned,
+        raises MultipleResultsFound.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.scalar`.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            ret = self.one()
+            if not isinstance(ret, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                return ret
+            return ret[0]
+        except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+            return None
+
+    def first(self):
+        """Return the first row.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.first`.
+
+        """
+
+        bq = self.bq.with_criteria(lambda q: q.slice(0, 1))
+        return (
+            bq.for_session(self.session)
+            .params(self._params)
+            ._using_post_criteria(self._post_criteria)
+            ._iter()
+            .first()
+        )
+
+    def one(self):
+        """Return exactly one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.one`.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one()
+
+    def one_or_none(self):
+        """Return one or zero results, or raise an exception for multiple
+        rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one_or_none()
+
+    def all(self):
+        """Return all rows.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.all`.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().all()
+
+    def get(self, ident):
+        """Retrieve an object based on identity.
+
+        Equivalent to :meth:`_query.Query.get`.
+
+        """
+
+        query = self.bq.steps[0](self.session)
+        return query._get_impl(ident, self._load_on_pk_identity)
+
+    def _load_on_pk_identity(self, session, query, primary_key_identity, **kw):
+        """Load the given primary key identity from the database."""
+
+        mapper = query._raw_columns[0]._annotations["parententity"]
+
+        _get_clause, _get_params = mapper._get_clause
+
+        def setup(query):
+            _lcl_get_clause = _get_clause
+            q = query._clone()
+            q._get_condition()
+            q._order_by = None
+
+            # None present in ident - turn those comparisons
+            # into "IS NULL"
+            if None in primary_key_identity:
+                nones = {
+                    _get_params[col].key
+                    for col, value in zip(
+                        mapper.primary_key, primary_key_identity
+                    )
+                    if value is None
+                }
+                _lcl_get_clause = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                    _lcl_get_clause, nones
+                )
+
+            # TODO: can mapper._get_clause be pre-adapted?
+            q._where_criteria = (
+                sql_util._deep_annotate(_lcl_get_clause, {"_orm_adapt": True}),
+            )
+
+            for fn in self._post_criteria:
+                q = fn(q)
+            return q
+
+        # cache the query against a key that includes
+        # which positions in the primary key are NULL
+        # (remember, we can map to an OUTER JOIN)
+        bq = self.bq
+
+        # add the clause we got from mapper._get_clause to the cache
+        # key so that if a race causes multiple calls to _get_clause,
+        # we've cached on ours
+        bq = bq._clone()
+        bq._cache_key += (_get_clause,)
+
+        bq = bq.with_criteria(
+            setup, tuple(elem is None for elem in primary_key_identity)
+        )
+
+        params = {
+            _get_params[primary_key].key: id_val
+            for id_val, primary_key in zip(
+                primary_key_identity, mapper.primary_key
+            )
+        }
+
+        result = list(bq.for_session(self.session).params(**params))
+        l = len(result)
+        if l > 1:
+            raise orm_exc.MultipleResultsFound()
+        elif l:
+            return result[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+bakery = BakedQuery.bakery
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc64477e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,600 @@
+# ext/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+r"""Provides an API for creation of custom ClauseElements and compilers.
+
+Synopsis
+========
+
+Usage involves the creation of one or more
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` subclasses and one or
+more callables defining its compilation::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import ColumnClause
+
+
+    class MyColumn(ColumnClause):
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+
+    @compiles(MyColumn)
+    def compile_mycolumn(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "[%s]" % element.name
+
+Above, ``MyColumn`` extends :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnClause`,
+the base expression element for named column objects. The ``compiles``
+decorator registers itself with the ``MyColumn`` class so that it is invoked
+when the object is compiled to a string::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select
+
+    s = select(MyColumn("x"), MyColumn("y"))
+    print(str(s))
+
+Produces:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT [x], [y]
+
+Dialect-specific compilation rules
+==================================
+
+Compilers can also be made dialect-specific. The appropriate compiler will be
+invoked for the dialect in use::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.schema import DDLElement
+
+
+    class AlterColumn(DDLElement):
+        inherit_cache = False
+
+        def __init__(self, column, cmd):
+            self.column = column
+            self.cmd = cmd
+
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn)
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % element.column.name
+
+
+    @compiles(AlterColumn, "postgresql")
+    def visit_alter_column(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ALTER COLUMN %s ..." % (
+            element.table.name,
+            element.column.name,
+        )
+
+The second ``visit_alter_table`` will be invoked when any ``postgresql``
+dialect is used.
+
+.. _compilerext_compiling_subelements:
+
+Compiling sub-elements of a custom expression construct
+=======================================================
+
+The ``compiler`` argument is the
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.interfaces.Compiled` object in use. This object
+can be inspected for any information about the in-progress compilation,
+including ``compiler.dialect``, ``compiler.statement`` etc. The
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.SQLCompiler` and
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.compiler.DDLCompiler` both include a ``process()``
+method which can be used for compilation of embedded attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Executable, ClauseElement
+
+
+    class InsertFromSelect(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        inherit_cache = False
+
+        def __init__(self, table, select):
+            self.table = table
+            self.select = select
+
+
+    @compiles(InsertFromSelect)
+    def visit_insert_from_select(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INSERT INTO %s (%s)" % (
+            compiler.process(element.table, asfrom=True, **kw),
+            compiler.process(element.select, **kw),
+        )
+
+
+    insert = InsertFromSelect(t1, select(t1).where(t1.c.x > 5))
+    print(insert)
+
+Produces (formatted for readability):
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    INSERT INTO mytable (
+        SELECT mytable.x, mytable.y, mytable.z
+        FROM mytable
+        WHERE mytable.x > :x_1
+    )
+
+.. note::
+
+    The above ``InsertFromSelect`` construct is only an example, this actual
+    functionality is already available using the
+    :meth:`_expression.Insert.from_select` method.
+
+
+Cross Compiling between SQL and DDL compilers
+---------------------------------------------
+
+SQL and DDL constructs are each compiled using different base compilers -
+``SQLCompiler`` and ``DDLCompiler``.   A common need is to access the
+compilation rules of SQL expressions from within a DDL expression. The
+``DDLCompiler`` includes an accessor ``sql_compiler`` for this reason, such as
+below where we generate a CHECK constraint that embeds a SQL expression::
+
+    @compiles(MyConstraint)
+    def compile_my_constraint(constraint, ddlcompiler, **kw):
+        kw["literal_binds"] = True
+        return "CONSTRAINT %s CHECK (%s)" % (
+            constraint.name,
+            ddlcompiler.sql_compiler.process(constraint.expression, **kw),
+        )
+
+Above, we add an additional flag to the process step as called by
+:meth:`.SQLCompiler.process`, which is the ``literal_binds`` flag.  This
+indicates that any SQL expression which refers to a :class:`.BindParameter`
+object or other "literal" object such as those which refer to strings or
+integers should be rendered **in-place**, rather than being referred to as
+a bound parameter;  when emitting DDL, bound parameters are typically not
+supported.
+
+
+Changing the default compilation of existing constructs
+=======================================================
+
+The compiler extension applies just as well to the existing constructs.  When
+overriding the compilation of a built in SQL construct, the @compiles
+decorator is invoked upon the appropriate class (be sure to use the class,
+i.e. ``Insert`` or ``Select``, instead of the creation function such
+as ``insert()`` or ``select()``).
+
+Within the new compilation function, to get at the "original" compilation
+routine, use the appropriate visit_XXX method - this
+because compiler.process() will call upon the overriding routine and cause
+an endless loop.   Such as, to add "prefix" to all insert statements::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import Insert
+
+
+    @compiles(Insert)
+    def prefix_inserts(insert, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_insert(insert.prefix_with("some prefix"), **kw)
+
+The above compiler will prefix all INSERT statements with "some prefix" when
+compiled.
+
+.. _type_compilation_extension:
+
+Changing Compilation of Types
+=============================
+
+``compiler`` works for types, too, such as below where we implement the
+MS-SQL specific 'max' keyword for ``String``/``VARCHAR``::
+
+    @compiles(String, "mssql")
+    @compiles(VARCHAR, "mssql")
+    def compile_varchar(element, compiler, **kw):
+        if element.length == "max":
+            return "VARCHAR('max')"
+        else:
+            return compiler.visit_VARCHAR(element, **kw)
+
+
+    foo = Table("foo", metadata, Column("data", VARCHAR("max")))
+
+Subclassing Guidelines
+======================
+
+A big part of using the compiler extension is subclassing SQLAlchemy
+expression constructs. To make this easier, the expression and
+schema packages feature a set of "bases" intended for common tasks.
+A synopsis is as follows:
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` - This is the root
+  expression class. Any SQL expression can be derived from this base, and is
+  probably the best choice for longer constructs such as specialized INSERT
+  statements.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` - The root of all
+  "column-like" elements. Anything that you'd place in the "columns" clause of
+  a SELECT statement (as well as order by and group by) can derive from this -
+  the object will automatically have Python "comparison" behavior.
+
+  :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ColumnElement` classes want to have a
+  ``type`` member which is expression's return type.  This can be established
+  at the instance level in the constructor, or at the class level if its
+  generally constant::
+
+      class timestamp(ColumnElement):
+          type = TIMESTAMP()
+          inherit_cache = True
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.functions.FunctionElement` - This is a hybrid of a
+  ``ColumnElement`` and a "from clause" like object, and represents a SQL
+  function or stored procedure type of call. Since most databases support
+  statements along the line of "SELECT FROM <some function>"
+  ``FunctionElement`` adds in the ability to be used in the FROM clause of a
+  ``select()`` construct::
+
+      from sqlalchemy.sql.expression import FunctionElement
+
+
+      class coalesce(FunctionElement):
+          name = "coalesce"
+          inherit_cache = True
+
+
+      @compiles(coalesce)
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          return "coalesce(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses, **kw)
+
+
+      @compiles(coalesce, "oracle")
+      def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+          if len(element.clauses) > 2:
+              raise TypeError(
+                  "coalesce only supports two arguments on " "Oracle Database"
+              )
+          return "nvl(%s)" % compiler.process(element.clauses, **kw)
+
+* :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` - The root of all DDL expressions,
+  like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, etc. Compilation of
+  :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` subclasses is issued by a
+  :class:`.DDLCompiler` instead of a :class:`.SQLCompiler`.
+  :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` can also be used as an event hook in
+  conjunction with event hooks like :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_create` and
+  :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create`, allowing the construct to be invoked
+  automatically during CREATE TABLE and DROP TABLE sequences.
+
+  .. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`metadata_ddl_toplevel` - contains examples of associating
+    :class:`.DDL` objects (which are themselves :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`
+    instances) with :class:`.DDLEvents` event hooks.
+
+* :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Executable` - This is a mixin which
+  should be used with any expression class that represents a "standalone"
+  SQL statement that can be passed directly to an ``execute()`` method.  It
+  is already implicit within ``DDLElement`` and ``FunctionElement``.
+
+Most of the above constructs also respond to SQL statement caching.   A
+subclassed construct will want to define the caching behavior for the object,
+which usually means setting the flag ``inherit_cache`` to the value of
+``False`` or ``True``.  See the next section :ref:`compilerext_caching`
+for background.
+
+
+.. _compilerext_caching:
+
+Enabling Caching Support for Custom Constructs
+==============================================
+
+SQLAlchemy as of version 1.4 includes a
+:ref:`SQL compilation caching facility <sql_caching>` which will allow
+equivalent SQL constructs to cache their stringified form, along with other
+structural information used to fetch results from the statement.
+
+For reasons discussed at :ref:`caching_caveats`, the implementation of this
+caching system takes a conservative approach towards including custom SQL
+constructs and/or subclasses within the caching system.   This includes that
+any user-defined SQL constructs, including all the examples for this
+extension, will not participate in caching by default unless they positively
+assert that they are able to do so.  The :attr:`.HasCacheKey.inherit_cache`
+attribute when set to ``True`` at the class level of a specific subclass
+will indicate that instances of this class may be safely cached, using the
+cache key generation scheme of the immediate superclass.  This applies
+for example to the "synopsis" example indicated previously::
+
+    class MyColumn(ColumnClause):
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+
+    @compiles(MyColumn)
+    def compile_mycolumn(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "[%s]" % element.name
+
+Above, the ``MyColumn`` class does not include any new state that
+affects its SQL compilation; the cache key of ``MyColumn`` instances will
+make use of that of the ``ColumnClause`` superclass, meaning it will take
+into account the class of the object (``MyColumn``), the string name and
+datatype of the object::
+
+    >>> MyColumn("some_name", String())._generate_cache_key()
+    CacheKey(
+        key=('0', <class '__main__.MyColumn'>,
+        'name', 'some_name',
+        'type', (<class 'sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes.String'>,
+                 ('length', None), ('collation', None))
+    ), bindparams=[])
+
+For objects that are likely to be **used liberally as components within many
+larger statements**, such as :class:`_schema.Column` subclasses and custom SQL
+datatypes, it's important that **caching be enabled as much as possible**, as
+this may otherwise negatively affect performance.
+
+An example of an object that **does** contain state which affects its SQL
+compilation is the one illustrated at :ref:`compilerext_compiling_subelements`;
+this is an "INSERT FROM SELECT" construct that combines together a
+:class:`_schema.Table` as well as a :class:`_sql.Select` construct, each of
+which independently affect the SQL string generation of the construct.  For
+this class, the example illustrates that it simply does not participate in
+caching::
+
+    class InsertFromSelect(Executable, ClauseElement):
+        inherit_cache = False
+
+        def __init__(self, table, select):
+            self.table = table
+            self.select = select
+
+
+    @compiles(InsertFromSelect)
+    def visit_insert_from_select(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "INSERT INTO %s (%s)" % (
+            compiler.process(element.table, asfrom=True, **kw),
+            compiler.process(element.select, **kw),
+        )
+
+While it is also possible that the above ``InsertFromSelect`` could be made to
+produce a cache key that is composed of that of the :class:`_schema.Table` and
+:class:`_sql.Select` components together, the API for this is not at the moment
+fully public. However, for an "INSERT FROM SELECT" construct, which is only
+used by itself for specific operations, caching is not as critical as in the
+previous example.
+
+For objects that are **used in relative isolation and are generally
+standalone**, such as custom :term:`DML` constructs like an "INSERT FROM
+SELECT", **caching is generally less critical** as the lack of caching for such
+a construct will have only localized implications for that specific operation.
+
+
+Further Examples
+================
+
+"UTC timestamp" function
+-------------------------
+
+A function that works like "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP" except applies the
+appropriate conversions so that the time is in UTC time.   Timestamps are best
+stored in relational databases as UTC, without time zones.   UTC so that your
+database doesn't think time has gone backwards in the hour when daylight
+savings ends, without timezones because timezones are like character
+encodings - they're best applied only at the endpoints of an application
+(i.e. convert to UTC upon user input, re-apply desired timezone upon display).
+
+For PostgreSQL and Microsoft SQL Server::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+
+    class utcnow(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = DateTime()
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, "postgresql")
+    def pg_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "TIMEZONE('utc', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)"
+
+
+    @compiles(utcnow, "mssql")
+    def ms_utcnow(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "GETUTCDATE()"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer, String, DateTime, MetaData
+
+    metadata = MetaData()
+    event = Table(
+        "event",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("description", String(50), nullable=False),
+        Column("timestamp", DateTime, server_default=utcnow()),
+    )
+
+"GREATEST" function
+-------------------
+
+The "GREATEST" function is given any number of arguments and returns the one
+that is of the highest value - its equivalent to Python's ``max``
+function.  A SQL standard version versus a CASE based version which only
+accommodates two arguments::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression, case
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+    from sqlalchemy.types import Numeric
+
+
+    class greatest(expression.FunctionElement):
+        type = Numeric()
+        name = "greatest"
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+
+    @compiles(greatest)
+    def default_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return compiler.visit_function(element)
+
+
+    @compiles(greatest, "sqlite")
+    @compiles(greatest, "mssql")
+    @compiles(greatest, "oracle")
+    def case_greatest(element, compiler, **kw):
+        arg1, arg2 = list(element.clauses)
+        return compiler.process(case((arg1 > arg2, arg1), else_=arg2), **kw)
+
+Example usage::
+
+    Session.query(Account).filter(
+        greatest(Account.checking_balance, Account.savings_balance) > 10000
+    )
+
+"false" expression
+------------------
+
+Render a "false" constant expression, rendering as "0" on platforms that
+don't have a "false" constant::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import expression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+
+    class sql_false(expression.ColumnElement):
+        inherit_cache = True
+
+
+    @compiles(sql_false)
+    def default_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "false"
+
+
+    @compiles(sql_false, "mssql")
+    @compiles(sql_false, "mysql")
+    @compiles(sql_false, "oracle")
+    def int_false(element, compiler, **kw):
+        return "0"
+
+Example usage::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import select, union_all
+
+    exp = union_all(
+        select(users.c.name, sql_false().label("enrolled")),
+        select(customers.c.name, customers.c.enrolled),
+    )
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .. import exc
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+def compiles(class_: Type[Any], *specs: str) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    """Register a function as a compiler for a
+    given :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` type."""
+
+    def decorate(fn: _F) -> _F:
+        # get an existing @compiles handler
+        existing = class_.__dict__.get("_compiler_dispatcher", None)
+
+        # get the original handler.  All ClauseElement classes have one
+        # of these, but some TypeEngine classes will not.
+        existing_dispatch = getattr(class_, "_compiler_dispatch", None)
+
+        if not existing:
+            existing = _dispatcher()
+
+            if existing_dispatch:
+
+                def _wrap_existing_dispatch(
+                    element: Any, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any
+                ) -> Any:
+                    try:
+                        return existing_dispatch(element, compiler, **kw)
+                    except exc.UnsupportedCompilationError as uce:
+                        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(
+                            compiler,
+                            type(element),
+                            message="%s construct has no default "
+                            "compilation handler." % type(element),
+                        ) from uce
+
+                existing.specs["default"] = _wrap_existing_dispatch
+
+            # TODO: why is the lambda needed ?
+            setattr(
+                class_,
+                "_compiler_dispatch",
+                lambda *arg, **kw: existing(*arg, **kw),
+            )
+            setattr(class_, "_compiler_dispatcher", existing)
+
+        if specs:
+            for s in specs:
+                existing.specs[s] = fn
+
+        else:
+            existing.specs["default"] = fn
+        return fn
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def deregister(class_: Type[Any]) -> None:
+    """Remove all custom compilers associated with a given
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` type.
+
+    """
+
+    if hasattr(class_, "_compiler_dispatcher"):
+        class_._compiler_dispatch = class_._original_compiler_dispatch
+        del class_._compiler_dispatcher
+
+
+class _dispatcher:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.specs: Dict[str, Callable[..., Any]] = {}
+
+    def __call__(self, element: Any, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+        # TODO: yes, this could also switch off of DBAPI in use.
+        fn = self.specs.get(compiler.dialect.name, None)
+        if not fn:
+            try:
+                fn = self.specs["default"]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(
+                    compiler,
+                    type(element),
+                    message="%s construct has no default "
+                    "compilation handler." % type(element),
+                ) from ke
+
+        # if compilation includes add_to_result_map, collect add_to_result_map
+        # arguments from the user-defined callable, which are probably none
+        # because this is not public API.  if it wasn't called, then call it
+        # ourselves.
+        arm = kw.get("add_to_result_map", None)
+        if arm:
+            arm_collection = []
+            kw["add_to_result_map"] = lambda *args: arm_collection.append(args)
+
+        expr = fn(element, compiler, **kw)
+
+        if arm:
+            if not arm_collection:
+                arm_collection.append(
+                    (None, None, (element,), sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+                )
+            for tup in arm_collection:
+                arm(*tup)
+        return expr
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0383f9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# ext/declarative/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from .extensions import AbstractConcreteBase
+from .extensions import ConcreteBase
+from .extensions import DeferredReflection
+from ... import util
+from ...orm.decl_api import as_declarative as _as_declarative
+from ...orm.decl_api import declarative_base as _declarative_base
+from ...orm.decl_api import DeclarativeMeta
+from ...orm.decl_api import declared_attr
+from ...orm.decl_api import has_inherited_table as _has_inherited_table
+from ...orm.decl_api import synonym_for as _synonym_for
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``declarative_base()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.declarative_base`."
+)
+def declarative_base(*arg, **kw):
+    return _declarative_base(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``as_declarative()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.as_declarative`"
+)
+def as_declarative(*arg, **kw):
+    return _as_declarative(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``has_inherited_table()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.has_inherited_table`."
+)
+def has_inherited_table(*arg, **kw):
+    return _has_inherited_table(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+@util.moved_20(
+    "The ``synonym_for()`` function is now available as "
+    ":func:`sqlalchemy.orm.synonym_for`"
+)
+def synonym_for(*arg, **kw):
+    return _synonym_for(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "declarative_base",
+    "synonym_for",
+    "has_inherited_table",
+    "instrument_declarative",
+    "declared_attr",
+    "as_declarative",
+    "ConcreteBase",
+    "AbstractConcreteBase",
+    "DeclarativeMeta",
+    "DeferredReflection",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__pycache__/extensions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/__pycache__/extensions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/extensions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/extensions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3dc6bf69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/declarative/extensions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+# ext/declarative/extensions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Public API functions and helpers for declarative."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from ... import exc as sa_exc
+from ...engine import Connection
+from ...engine import Engine
+from ...orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ...orm import relationships
+from ...orm.base import _mapper_or_none
+from ...orm.clsregistry import _resolver
+from ...orm.decl_base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from ...orm.util import polymorphic_union
+from ...schema import Table
+from ...util import OrderedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ...sql.schema import MetaData
+
+
+class ConcreteBase:
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_last__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.after_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.ConcreteBase` produces a mapped
+    table for the class itself.  Compare to :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`,
+    which does not.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import ConcreteBase
+
+
+        class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
+            __tablename__ = "employee"
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+                "concrete": True,
+            }
+
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = "manager"
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                "polymorphic_identity": "manager",
+                "concrete": True,
+            }
+
+    The name of the discriminator column used by :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    defaults to the name ``type``.  To suit the use case of a mapping where an
+    actual column in a mapped table is already named ``type``, the
+    discriminator name can be configured by setting the
+    ``_concrete_discriminator_name`` attribute::
+
+        class Employee(ConcreteBase, Base):
+            _concrete_discriminator_name = "_concrete_discriminator"
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.19 Added the ``_concrete_discriminator_name``
+       attribute to :class:`_declarative.ConcreteBase` so that the
+       virtual discriminator column name can be customized.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4.2 The ``_concrete_discriminator_name`` attribute
+       need only be placed on the basemost class to take correct effect for
+       all subclasses.   An explicit error message is now raised if the
+       mapped column names conflict with the discriminator name, whereas
+       in the 1.3.x series there would be some warnings and then a non-useful
+       query would be generated.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`
+
+        :ref:`concrete_inheritance`
+
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_polymorphic_union(cls, mappers, discriminator_name):
+        return polymorphic_union(
+            OrderedDict(
+                (mp.polymorphic_identity, mp.local_table) for mp in mappers
+            ),
+            discriminator_name,
+            "pjoin",
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        m = cls.__mapper__
+        if m.with_polymorphic:
+            return
+
+        discriminator_name = (
+            getattr(cls, "_concrete_discriminator_name", None) or "type"
+        )
+
+        mappers = list(m.self_and_descendants)
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers, discriminator_name)
+        m._set_with_polymorphic(("*", pjoin))
+        m._set_polymorphic_on(pjoin.c[discriminator_name])
+
+
+class AbstractConcreteBase(ConcreteBase):
+    """A helper class for 'concrete' declarative mappings.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` will use the :func:`.polymorphic_union`
+    function automatically, against all tables mapped as a subclass
+    to this class.   The function is called via the
+    ``__declare_first__()`` function, which is essentially
+    a hook for the :meth:`.before_configured` event.
+
+    :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` applies :class:`_orm.Mapper` for its
+    immediately inheriting class, as would occur for any other
+    declarative mapped class. However, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is not
+    mapped to any particular :class:`.Table` object.  Instead, it's
+    mapped directly to the "polymorphic" selectable produced by
+    :func:`.polymorphic_union`, and performs no persistence operations on its
+    own.  Compare to :class:`.ConcreteBase`, which maps its
+    immediately inheriting class to an actual
+    :class:`.Table` that stores rows directly.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase` delays the mapper creation of the
+        base class until all the subclasses have been defined,
+        as it needs to create a mapping against a selectable that will include
+        all subclass tables.  In order to achieve this, it waits for the
+        **mapper configuration event** to occur, at which point it scans
+        through all the configured subclasses and sets up a mapping that will
+        query against all subclasses at once.
+
+        While this event is normally invoked automatically, in the case of
+        :class:`.AbstractConcreteBase`, it may be necessary to invoke it
+        explicitly after **all** subclass mappings are defined, if the first
+        operation is to be a query against this base class. To do so, once all
+        the desired classes have been configured, the
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method on the :class:`_orm.registry`
+        in use can be invoked, which is available in relation to a particular
+        declarative base class::
+
+            Base.registry.configure()
+
+    Example::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase
+
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            pass
+
+
+        class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+            pass
+
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = "manager"
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                "polymorphic_identity": "manager",
+                "concrete": True,
+            }
+
+
+        Base.registry.configure()
+
+    The abstract base class is handled by declarative in a special way;
+    at class configuration time, it behaves like a declarative mixin
+    or an ``__abstract__`` base class.   Once classes are configured
+    and mappings are produced, it then gets mapped itself, but
+    after all of its descendants.  This is a very unique system of mapping
+    not found in any other SQLAlchemy API feature.
+
+    Using this approach, we can specify columns and properties
+    that will take place on mapped subclasses, in the way that
+    we normally do as in :ref:`declarative_mixins`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import AbstractConcreteBase
+
+
+        class Company(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "company"
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+
+        class Employee(AbstractConcreteBase, Base):
+            strict_attrs = True
+
+            employee_id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def company_id(cls):
+                return Column(ForeignKey("company.id"))
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def company(cls):
+                return relationship("Company")
+
+
+        class Manager(Employee):
+            __tablename__ = "manager"
+
+            name = Column(String(50))
+            manager_data = Column(String(40))
+
+            __mapper_args__ = {
+                "polymorphic_identity": "manager",
+                "concrete": True,
+            }
+
+
+        Base.registry.configure()
+
+    When we make use of our mappings however, both ``Manager`` and
+    ``Employee`` will have an independently usable ``.company`` attribute::
+
+        session.execute(select(Employee).filter(Employee.company.has(id=5)))
+
+    :param strict_attrs: when specified on the base class, "strict" attribute
+     mode is enabled which attempts to limit ORM mapped attributes on the
+     base class to only those that are immediately present, while still
+     preserving "polymorphic" loading behavior.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.ConcreteBase`
+
+        :ref:`concrete_inheritance`
+
+        :ref:`abstract_concrete_base`
+
+    """
+
+    __no_table__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def __declare_first__(cls):
+        cls._sa_decl_prepare_nocascade()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_decl_prepare_nocascade(cls):
+        if getattr(cls, "__mapper__", None):
+            return
+
+        to_map = _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(cls)
+
+        # can't rely on 'self_and_descendants' here
+        # since technically an immediate subclass
+        # might not be mapped, but a subclass
+        # may be.
+        mappers = []
+        stack = list(cls.__subclasses__())
+        while stack:
+            klass = stack.pop()
+            stack.extend(klass.__subclasses__())
+            mn = _mapper_or_none(klass)
+            if mn is not None:
+                mappers.append(mn)
+
+        discriminator_name = (
+            getattr(cls, "_concrete_discriminator_name", None) or "type"
+        )
+        pjoin = cls._create_polymorphic_union(mappers, discriminator_name)
+
+        # For columns that were declared on the class, these
+        # are normally ignored with the "__no_table__" mapping,
+        # unless they have a different attribute key vs. col name
+        # and are in the properties argument.
+        # In that case, ensure we update the properties entry
+        # to the correct column from the pjoin target table.
+        declared_cols = set(to_map.declared_columns)
+        declared_col_keys = {c.key for c in declared_cols}
+        for k, v in list(to_map.properties.items()):
+            if v in declared_cols:
+                to_map.properties[k] = pjoin.c[v.key]
+                declared_col_keys.remove(v.key)
+
+        to_map.local_table = pjoin
+
+        strict_attrs = cls.__dict__.get("strict_attrs", False)
+
+        m_args = to_map.mapper_args_fn or dict
+
+        def mapper_args():
+            args = m_args()
+            args["polymorphic_on"] = pjoin.c[discriminator_name]
+            args["polymorphic_abstract"] = True
+            if strict_attrs:
+                args["include_properties"] = (
+                    set(pjoin.primary_key)
+                    | declared_col_keys
+                    | {discriminator_name}
+                )
+                args["with_polymorphic"] = ("*", pjoin)
+            return args
+
+        to_map.mapper_args_fn = mapper_args
+
+        to_map.map()
+
+        stack = [cls]
+        while stack:
+            scls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(scls.__subclasses__())
+            sm = _mapper_or_none(scls)
+            if sm and sm.concrete and sm.inherits is None:
+                for sup_ in scls.__mro__[1:]:
+                    sup_sm = _mapper_or_none(sup_)
+                    if sup_sm:
+                        sm._set_concrete_base(sup_sm)
+                        break
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_raise_deferred_config(cls):
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            cls,
+            msg="Class %s is a subclass of AbstractConcreteBase and "
+            "has a mapping pending until all subclasses are defined. "
+            "Call the sqlalchemy.orm.configure_mappers() function after "
+            "all subclasses have been defined to "
+            "complete the mapping of this class."
+            % orm_exc._safe_cls_name(cls),
+        )
+
+
+class DeferredReflection:
+    """A helper class for construction of mappings based on
+    a deferred reflection step.
+
+    Normally, declarative can be used with reflection by
+    setting a :class:`_schema.Table` object using autoload_with=engine
+    as the ``__table__`` attribute on a declarative class.
+    The caveat is that the :class:`_schema.Table` must be fully
+    reflected, or at the very least have a primary key column,
+    at the point at which a normal declarative mapping is
+    constructed, meaning the :class:`_engine.Engine` must be available
+    at class declaration time.
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin moves the construction
+    of mappers to be at a later point, after a specific
+    method is called which first reflects all :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects created so far.   Classes can define it as such::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import DeferredReflection
+
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+        class MyClass(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __tablename__ = "mytable"
+
+    Above, ``MyClass`` is not yet mapped.   After a series of
+    classes have been defined in the above fashion, all tables
+    can be reflected and mappings created using
+    :meth:`.prepare`::
+
+        engine = create_engine("someengine://...")
+        DeferredReflection.prepare(engine)
+
+    The :class:`.DeferredReflection` mixin can be applied to individual
+    classes, used as the base for the declarative base itself,
+    or used in a custom abstract class.   Using an abstract base
+    allows that only a subset of classes to be prepared for a
+    particular prepare step, which is necessary for applications
+    that use more than one engine.  For example, if an application
+    has two engines, you might use two bases, and prepare each
+    separately, e.g.::
+
+        class ReflectedOne(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+
+        class ReflectedTwo(DeferredReflection, Base):
+            __abstract__ = True
+
+
+        class MyClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = "mytable"
+
+
+        class MyOtherClass(ReflectedOne):
+            __tablename__ = "myothertable"
+
+
+        class YetAnotherClass(ReflectedTwo):
+            __tablename__ = "yetanothertable"
+
+
+        # ... etc.
+
+    Above, the class hierarchies for ``ReflectedOne`` and
+    ``ReflectedTwo`` can be configured separately::
+
+        ReflectedOne.prepare(engine_one)
+        ReflectedTwo.prepare(engine_two)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_reflected_deferred_reflection` - in the
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table_config_toplevel` section.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def prepare(
+        cls, bind: Union[Engine, Connection], **reflect_kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Reflect all :class:`_schema.Table` objects for all current
+        :class:`.DeferredReflection` subclasses
+
+        :param bind: :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+         instance
+
+         ..versionchanged:: 2.0.16 a :class:`_engine.Connection` is also
+         accepted.
+
+        :param \**reflect_kw: additional keyword arguments passed to
+         :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`, such as
+         :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.reflect.views`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.16
+
+        """
+
+        to_map = _DeferredMapperConfig.classes_for_base(cls)
+
+        metadata_to_table = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # first collect the primary __table__ for each class into a
+        # collection of metadata/schemaname -> table names
+        for thingy in to_map:
+            if thingy.local_table is not None:
+                metadata_to_table[
+                    (thingy.local_table.metadata, thingy.local_table.schema)
+                ].add(thingy.local_table.name)
+
+        # then reflect all those tables into their metadatas
+
+        if isinstance(bind, Connection):
+            conn = bind
+            ctx = contextlib.nullcontext(enter_result=conn)
+        elif isinstance(bind, Engine):
+            ctx = bind.connect()
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Expected Engine or Connection, got {bind!r}"
+            )
+
+        with ctx as conn:
+            for (metadata, schema), table_names in metadata_to_table.items():
+                metadata.reflect(
+                    conn,
+                    only=table_names,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    extend_existing=True,
+                    autoload_replace=False,
+                    **reflect_kw,
+                )
+
+            metadata_to_table.clear()
+
+            # .map() each class, then go through relationships and look
+            # for secondary
+            for thingy in to_map:
+                thingy.map()
+
+                mapper = thingy.cls.__mapper__
+                metadata = mapper.class_.metadata
+
+                for rel in mapper._props.values():
+                    if (
+                        isinstance(rel, relationships.RelationshipProperty)
+                        and rel._init_args.secondary._is_populated()
+                    ):
+                        secondary_arg = rel._init_args.secondary
+
+                        if isinstance(secondary_arg.argument, Table):
+                            secondary_table = secondary_arg.argument
+                            metadata_to_table[
+                                (
+                                    secondary_table.metadata,
+                                    secondary_table.schema,
+                                )
+                            ].add(secondary_table.name)
+                        elif isinstance(secondary_arg.argument, str):
+                            _, resolve_arg = _resolver(rel.parent.class_, rel)
+
+                            resolver = resolve_arg(
+                                secondary_arg.argument, True
+                            )
+                            metadata_to_table[
+                                (metadata, thingy.local_table.schema)
+                            ].add(secondary_arg.argument)
+
+                            resolver._resolvers += (
+                                cls._sa_deferred_table_resolver(metadata),
+                            )
+
+                            secondary_arg.argument = resolver()
+
+            for (metadata, schema), table_names in metadata_to_table.items():
+                metadata.reflect(
+                    conn,
+                    only=table_names,
+                    schema=schema,
+                    extend_existing=True,
+                    autoload_replace=False,
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_deferred_table_resolver(
+        cls, metadata: MetaData
+    ) -> Callable[[str], Table]:
+        def _resolve(key: str) -> Table:
+            # reflection has already occurred so this Table would have
+            # its contents already
+            return Table(key, metadata)
+
+        return _resolve
+
+    _sa_decl_prepare = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sa_raise_deferred_config(cls):
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            cls,
+            msg="Class %s is a subclass of DeferredReflection.  "
+            "Mappings are not produced until the .prepare() "
+            "method is called on the class hierarchy."
+            % orm_exc._safe_cls_name(cls),
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ea3304e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/horizontal_shard.py
@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+# ext/horizontal_shard.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Horizontal sharding support.
+
+Defines a rudimental 'horizontal sharding' system which allows a Session to
+distribute queries and persistence operations across multiple databases.
+
+For a usage example, see the :ref:`examples_sharding` example included in
+the source distribution.
+
+.. deepalchemy:: The horizontal sharding extension is an advanced feature,
+   involving a complex statement -> database interaction as well as
+   use of semi-public APIs for non-trivial cases.   Simpler approaches to
+   refering to multiple database "shards", most commonly using a distinct
+   :class:`_orm.Session` per "shard", should always be considered first
+   before using this more complex and less-production-tested system.
+
+
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import PassiveFlag
+from ..orm._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+from ..orm.interfaces import ORMOption
+from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+from ..orm.query import Query
+from ..orm.session import _BindArguments
+from ..orm.session import _PKIdentityArgument
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.base import Engine
+    from ..engine.base import OptionEngine
+    from ..engine.result import IteratorResult
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+    from ..orm import LoaderCallableStatus
+    from ..orm._typing import _O
+    from ..orm.bulk_persistence import BulkUDCompileState
+    from ..orm.context import QueryContext
+    from ..orm.session import _EntityBindKey
+    from ..orm.session import _SessionBind
+    from ..orm.session import ORMExecuteState
+    from ..orm.state import InstanceState
+    from ..sql import Executable
+    from ..sql._typing import _TP
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+
+__all__ = ["ShardedSession", "ShardedQuery"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+ShardIdentifier = str
+
+
+class ShardChooser(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_T]],
+        instance: Any,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class IdentityChooser(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_T],
+        primary_key: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]],
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ShardedQuery(Query[_T]):
+    """Query class used with :class:`.ShardedSession`.
+
+    .. legacy:: The :class:`.ShardedQuery` is a subclass of the legacy
+       :class:`.Query` class.   The :class:`.ShardedSession` now supports
+       2.0 style execution via the :meth:`.ShardedSession.execute` method.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        assert isinstance(self.session, ShardedSession)
+
+        self.identity_chooser = self.session.identity_chooser
+        self.execute_chooser = self.session.execute_chooser
+        self._shard_id = None
+
+    def set_shard(self, shard_id: ShardIdentifier) -> Self:
+        """Return a new query, limited to a single shard ID.
+
+        All subsequent operations with the returned query will
+        be against the single shard regardless of other state.
+
+        The shard_id can be passed for a 2.0 style execution to the
+        bind_arguments dictionary of :meth:`.Session.execute`::
+
+            results = session.execute(stmt, bind_arguments={"shard_id": "my_shard"})
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.execution_options(_sa_shard_id=shard_id)
+
+
+class ShardedSession(Session):
+    shard_chooser: ShardChooser
+    identity_chooser: IdentityChooser
+    execute_chooser: Callable[[ORMExecuteState], Iterable[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        shard_chooser: ShardChooser,
+        identity_chooser: Optional[IdentityChooser] = None,
+        execute_chooser: Optional[
+            Callable[[ORMExecuteState], Iterable[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        shards: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        query_cls: Type[Query[_T]] = ShardedQuery,
+        *,
+        id_chooser: Optional[
+            Callable[[Query[_T], Iterable[_T]], Iterable[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        query_chooser: Optional[Callable[[Executable], Iterable[Any]]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a ShardedSession.
+
+        :param shard_chooser: A callable which, passed a Mapper, a mapped
+          instance, and possibly a SQL clause, returns a shard ID.  This id
+          may be based off of the attributes present within the object, or on
+          some round-robin scheme. If the scheme is based on a selection, it
+          should set whatever state on the instance to mark it in the future as
+          participating in that shard.
+
+        :param identity_chooser: A callable, passed a Mapper and primary key
+         argument, which should return a list of shard ids where this
+         primary key might reside.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The ``identity_chooser`` parameter
+             supersedes the ``id_chooser`` parameter.
+
+        :param execute_chooser: For a given :class:`.ORMExecuteState`,
+          returns the list of shard_ids
+          where the query should be issued.  Results from all shards returned
+          will be combined together into a single listing.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The ``execute_chooser`` parameter
+             supersedes the ``query_chooser`` parameter.
+
+        :param shards: A dictionary of string shard names
+          to :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.Engine` objects.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(query_cls=query_cls, **kwargs)
+
+        event.listen(
+            self, "do_orm_execute", execute_and_instances, retval=True
+        )
+        self.shard_chooser = shard_chooser
+
+        if id_chooser:
+            _id_chooser = id_chooser
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The ``id_chooser`` parameter is deprecated; "
+                "please use ``identity_chooser``.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+
+            def _legacy_identity_chooser(
+                mapper: Mapper[_T],
+                primary_key: _PKIdentityArgument,
+                *,
+                lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]],
+                execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+                bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+                **kw: Any,
+            ) -> Any:
+                q = self.query(mapper)
+                if lazy_loaded_from:
+                    q = q._set_lazyload_from(lazy_loaded_from)
+                return _id_chooser(q, primary_key)
+
+            self.identity_chooser = _legacy_identity_chooser
+        elif identity_chooser:
+            self.identity_chooser = identity_chooser
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "identity_chooser or id_chooser is required"
+            )
+
+        if query_chooser:
+            _query_chooser = query_chooser
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The ``query_chooser`` parameter is deprecated; "
+                "please use ``execute_chooser``.",
+                "1.4",
+            )
+            if execute_chooser:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't pass query_chooser and execute_chooser "
+                    "at the same time."
+                )
+
+            def _default_execute_chooser(
+                orm_context: ORMExecuteState,
+            ) -> Iterable[Any]:
+                return _query_chooser(orm_context.statement)
+
+            if execute_chooser is None:
+                execute_chooser = _default_execute_chooser
+
+        if execute_chooser is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "execute_chooser or query_chooser is required"
+            )
+        self.execute_chooser = execute_chooser
+        self.__shards: Dict[ShardIdentifier, _SessionBind] = {}
+        if shards is not None:
+            for k in shards:
+                self.bind_shard(k, shards[k])
+
+    def _identity_lookup(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+        primary_key_identity: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Optional[_O], LoaderCallableStatus]:
+        """override the default :meth:`.Session._identity_lookup` method so
+        that we search for a given non-token primary key identity across all
+        possible identity tokens (e.g. shard ids).
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  Moved :meth:`.Session._identity_lookup` from
+           the :class:`_query.Query` object to the :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        if identity_token is not None:
+            obj = super()._identity_lookup(
+                mapper,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                identity_token=identity_token,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+            return obj
+        else:
+            for shard_id in self.identity_chooser(
+                mapper,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                lazy_loaded_from=lazy_loaded_from,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+                bind_arguments=dict(bind_arguments) if bind_arguments else {},
+            ):
+                obj2 = super()._identity_lookup(
+                    mapper,
+                    primary_key_identity,
+                    identity_token=shard_id,
+                    lazy_loaded_from=lazy_loaded_from,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+                if obj2 is not None:
+                    return obj2
+
+            return None
+
+    def _choose_shard_and_assign(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]],
+        instance: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if instance is not None:
+            state = inspect(instance)
+            if state.key:
+                token = state.key[2]
+                assert token is not None
+                return token
+            elif state.identity_token:
+                return state.identity_token
+
+        assert isinstance(mapper, Mapper)
+        shard_id = self.shard_chooser(mapper, instance, **kw)
+        if instance is not None:
+            state.identity_token = shard_id
+        return shard_id
+
+    def connection_callable(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_T]] = None,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        shard_id: Optional[ShardIdentifier] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        """Provide a :class:`_engine.Connection` to use in the unit of work
+        flush process.
+
+        """
+
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self._choose_shard_and_assign(mapper, instance)
+
+        if self.in_transaction():
+            trans = self.get_transaction()
+            assert trans is not None
+            return trans.connection(mapper, shard_id=shard_id)
+        else:
+            bind = self.get_bind(
+                mapper=mapper, shard_id=shard_id, instance=instance
+            )
+
+            if isinstance(bind, Engine):
+                return bind.connect(**kw)
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(bind, Connection)
+                return bind
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        shard_id: Optional[ShardIdentifier] = None,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> _SessionBind:
+        if shard_id is None:
+            shard_id = self._choose_shard_and_assign(
+                mapper, instance=instance, clause=clause
+            )
+            assert shard_id is not None
+        return self.__shards[shard_id]
+
+    def bind_shard(
+        self, shard_id: ShardIdentifier, bind: Union[Engine, OptionEngine]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.__shards[shard_id] = bind
+
+
+class set_shard_id(ORMOption):
+    """a loader option for statements to apply a specific shard id to the
+    primary query as well as for additional relationship and column
+    loaders.
+
+    The :class:`_horizontal.set_shard_id` option may be applied using
+    the :meth:`_sql.Executable.options` method of any executable statement::
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(MyObject)
+            .where(MyObject.name == "some name")
+            .options(set_shard_id("shard1"))
+        )
+
+    Above, the statement when invoked will limit to the "shard1" shard
+    identifier for the primary query as well as for all relationship and
+    column loading strategies, including eager loaders such as
+    :func:`_orm.selectinload`, deferred column loaders like :func:`_orm.defer`,
+    and the lazy relationship loader :func:`_orm.lazyload`.
+
+    In this way, the :class:`_horizontal.set_shard_id` option has much wider
+    scope than using the "shard_id" argument within the
+    :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.bind_arguments` dictionary.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("shard_id", "propagate_to_loaders")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, shard_id: ShardIdentifier, propagate_to_loaders: bool = True
+    ):
+        """Construct a :class:`_horizontal.set_shard_id` option.
+
+        :param shard_id: shard identifier
+        :param propagate_to_loaders: if left at its default of ``True``, the
+         shard option will take place for lazy loaders such as
+         :func:`_orm.lazyload` and :func:`_orm.defer`; if False, the option
+         will not be propagated to loaded objects. Note that :func:`_orm.defer`
+         always limits to the shard_id of the parent row in any case, so the
+         parameter only has a net effect on the behavior of the
+         :func:`_orm.lazyload` strategy.
+
+        """
+        self.shard_id = shard_id
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+
+
+def execute_and_instances(
+    orm_context: ORMExecuteState,
+) -> Union[Result[_T], IteratorResult[_TP]]:
+    active_options: Union[
+        None,
+        QueryContext.default_load_options,
+        Type[QueryContext.default_load_options],
+        BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+        Type[BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options],
+    ]
+
+    if orm_context.is_select:
+        active_options = orm_context.load_options
+
+    elif orm_context.is_update or orm_context.is_delete:
+        active_options = orm_context.update_delete_options
+    else:
+        active_options = None
+
+    session = orm_context.session
+    assert isinstance(session, ShardedSession)
+
+    def iter_for_shard(
+        shard_id: ShardIdentifier,
+    ) -> Union[Result[_T], IteratorResult[_TP]]:
+        bind_arguments = dict(orm_context.bind_arguments)
+        bind_arguments["shard_id"] = shard_id
+
+        orm_context.update_execution_options(identity_token=shard_id)
+        return orm_context.invoke_statement(bind_arguments=bind_arguments)
+
+    for orm_opt in orm_context._non_compile_orm_options:
+        # TODO: if we had an ORMOption that gets applied at ORM statement
+        # execution time, that would allow this to be more generalized.
+        # for now just iterate and look for our options
+        if isinstance(orm_opt, set_shard_id):
+            shard_id = orm_opt.shard_id
+            break
+    else:
+        if active_options and active_options._identity_token is not None:
+            shard_id = active_options._identity_token
+        elif "_sa_shard_id" in orm_context.execution_options:
+            shard_id = orm_context.execution_options["_sa_shard_id"]
+        elif "shard_id" in orm_context.bind_arguments:
+            shard_id = orm_context.bind_arguments["shard_id"]
+        else:
+            shard_id = None
+
+    if shard_id is not None:
+        return iter_for_shard(shard_id)
+    else:
+        partial = []
+        for shard_id in session.execute_chooser(orm_context):
+            result_ = iter_for_shard(shard_id)
+            partial.append(result_)
+        return partial[0].merge(*partial[1:])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c1c46e7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/hybrid.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1533 @@
+# ext/hybrid.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+r"""Define attributes on ORM-mapped classes that have "hybrid" behavior.
+
+"hybrid" means the attribute has distinct behaviors defined at the
+class level and at the instance level.
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` extension provides a special form of
+method decorator and has minimal dependencies on the rest of SQLAlchemy.
+Its basic theory of operation can work with any descriptor-based expression
+system.
+
+Consider a mapping ``Interval``, representing integer ``start`` and ``end``
+values. We can define higher level functions on mapped classes that produce SQL
+expressions at the class level, and Python expression evaluation at the
+instance level.  Below, each function decorated with :class:`.hybrid_method` or
+:class:`.hybrid_property` may receive ``self`` as an instance of the class, or
+may receive the class directly, depending on context::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_method
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "interval"
+
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        start: Mapped[int]
+        end: Mapped[int]
+
+        def __init__(self, start: int, end: int):
+            self.start = start
+            self.end = end
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self) -> int:
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def contains(self, point: int) -> bool:
+            return (self.start <= point) & (point <= self.end)
+
+        @hybrid_method
+        def intersects(self, other: Interval) -> bool:
+            return self.contains(other.start) | self.contains(other.end)
+
+Above, the ``length`` property returns the difference between the
+``end`` and ``start`` attributes.  With an instance of ``Interval``,
+this subtraction occurs in Python, using normal Python descriptor
+mechanics::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+
+When dealing with the ``Interval`` class itself, the :class:`.hybrid_property`
+descriptor evaluates the function body given the ``Interval`` class as
+the argument, which when evaluated with SQLAlchemy expression mechanics
+returns a new SQL expression:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(Interval.length))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval."end" - interval.start AS length
+    FROM interval{stop}
+
+
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter(Interval.length > 10))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start > :param_1
+
+Filtering methods such as :meth:`.Select.filter_by` are supported
+with hybrid attributes as well:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter_by(length=5))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval."end" - interval.start = :param_1
+
+The ``Interval`` class example also illustrates two methods,
+``contains()`` and ``intersects()``, decorated with
+:class:`.hybrid_method`. This decorator applies the same idea to
+methods that :class:`.hybrid_property` applies to attributes.   The
+methods return boolean values, and take advantage of the Python ``|``
+and ``&`` bitwise operators to produce equivalent instance-level and
+SQL expression-level boolean behavior:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> i1.contains(6)
+    True
+    >>> i1.contains(15)
+    False
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(7, 18))
+    True
+    >>> i1.intersects(Interval(25, 29))
+    False
+
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter(Interval.contains(15)))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE interval.start <= :start_1 AND interval."end" > :end_1{stop}
+
+    >>> ia = aliased(Interval)
+    >>> print(select(Interval, ia).filter(Interval.intersects(ia)))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start,
+    interval."end", interval_1.id AS interval_1_id,
+    interval_1.start AS interval_1_start, interval_1."end" AS interval_1_end
+    FROM interval, interval AS interval_1
+    WHERE interval.start <= interval_1.start
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1.start
+        OR interval.start <= interval_1."end"
+        AND interval."end" > interval_1."end"{stop}
+
+.. _hybrid_distinct_expression:
+
+Defining Expression Behavior Distinct from Attribute Behavior
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the previous section, our usage of the ``&`` and ``|`` bitwise operators
+within the ``Interval.contains`` and ``Interval.intersects`` methods was
+fortunate, considering our functions operated on two boolean values to return a
+new one. In many cases, the construction of an in-Python function and a
+SQLAlchemy SQL expression have enough differences that two separate Python
+expressions should be defined. The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid` decorator
+defines a **modifier** :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` for this purpose. As an
+example we'll define the radius of the interval, which requires the usage of
+the absolute value function::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ColumnElement
+    from sqlalchemy import Float
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+    from sqlalchemy import type_coerce
+
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self) -> float:
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _radius_expression(cls) -> ColumnElement[float]:
+            return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+In the above example, the :class:`.hybrid_property` first assigned to the
+name ``Interval.radius`` is amended by a subsequent method called
+``Interval._radius_expression``, using the decorator
+``@radius.inplace.expression``, which chains together two modifiers
+:attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` and :attr:`.hybrid_property.expression`.
+The use of :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` indicates that the
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` modifier should mutate the
+existing hybrid object at ``Interval.radius`` in place, without creating a
+new object.   Notes on this modifier and its
+rationale are discussed in the next section :ref:`hybrid_pep484_naming`.
+The use of ``@classmethod`` is optional, and is strictly to give typing
+tools a hint that ``cls`` in this case is expected to be the ``Interval``
+class, and not an instance of ``Interval``.
+
+.. note:: :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` as well as the use of ``@classmethod``
+   for proper typing support are available as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.4, and will
+   not work in earlier versions.
+
+With ``Interval.radius`` now including an expression element, the SQL
+function ``ABS()`` is returned when accessing ``Interval.radius``
+at the class level:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(Interval).filter(Interval.radius > 5))
+    {printsql}SELECT interval.id, interval.start, interval."end"
+    FROM interval
+    WHERE abs(interval."end" - interval.start) / :abs_1 > :param_1
+
+
+.. _hybrid_pep484_naming:
+
+Using ``inplace`` to create pep-484 compliant hybrid properties
+---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the previous section, a :class:`.hybrid_property` decorator is illustrated
+which includes two separate method-level functions being decorated, both
+to produce a single object attribute referenced as ``Interval.radius``.
+There are actually several different modifiers we can use for
+:class:`.hybrid_property` including :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression`,
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.setter` and :meth:`.hybrid_property.update_expression`.
+
+SQLAlchemy's :class:`.hybrid_property` decorator intends that adding on these
+methods may be done in the identical manner as Python's built-in
+``@property`` decorator, where idiomatic use is to continue to redefine the
+attribute repeatedly, using the **same attribute name** each time, as in the
+example below that illustrates the use of :meth:`.hybrid_property.setter` and
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` for the ``Interval.radius`` descriptor::
+
+    # correct use, however is not accepted by pep-484 tooling
+
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self):
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.setter
+        def radius(self, value):
+            self.length = value * 2
+
+        @radius.expression
+        def radius(cls):
+            return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+Above, there are three ``Interval.radius`` methods, but as each are decorated,
+first by the :class:`.hybrid_property` decorator and then by the
+``@radius`` name itself, the end effect is that ``Interval.radius`` is
+a single attribute with three different functions contained within it.
+This style of use is taken from `Python's documented use of @property
+<https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#property>`_.
+It is important to note that the way both ``@property`` as well as
+:class:`.hybrid_property` work, a **copy of the descriptor is made each time**.
+That is, each call to ``@radius.expression``, ``@radius.setter`` etc.
+make a new object entirely.  This allows the attribute to be re-defined in
+subclasses without issue (see :ref:`hybrid_reuse_subclass` later in this
+section for how this is used).
+
+However, the above approach is not compatible with typing tools such as
+mypy and pyright.  Python's own ``@property`` decorator does not have this
+limitation only because
+`these tools hardcode the behavior of @property
+<https://github.com/python/typing/discussions/1102>`_, meaning this syntax
+is not available to SQLAlchemy under :pep:`484` compliance.
+
+In order to produce a reasonable syntax while remaining typing compliant,
+the :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` decorator allows the same
+decorator to be re-used with different method names, while still producing
+a single decorator under one name::
+
+    # correct use which is also accepted by pep-484 tooling
+
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def radius(self) -> float:
+            return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+        @radius.inplace.setter
+        def _radius_setter(self, value: float) -> None:
+            # for example only
+            self.length = value * 2
+
+        @radius.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _radius_expression(cls) -> ColumnElement[float]:
+            return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+Using :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` further qualifies the use of the
+decorator that a new copy should not be made, thereby maintaining the
+``Interval.radius`` name while allowing additional methods
+``Interval._radius_setter`` and ``Interval._radius_expression`` to be
+differently named.
+
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.4 Added :attr:`.hybrid_property.inplace` to allow
+   less verbose construction of composite :class:`.hybrid_property` objects
+   while not having to use repeated method names.   Additionally allowed the
+   use of ``@classmethod`` within :attr:`.hybrid_property.expression`,
+   :attr:`.hybrid_property.update_expression`, and
+   :attr:`.hybrid_property.comparator` to allow typing tools to identify
+   ``cls`` as a class and not an instance in the method signature.
+
+
+Defining Setters
+----------------
+
+The :meth:`.hybrid_property.setter` modifier allows the construction of a
+custom setter method, that can modify values on the object::
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self) -> int:
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @length.inplace.setter
+        def _length_setter(self, value: int) -> None:
+            self.end = self.start + value
+
+The ``length(self, value)`` method is now called upon set::
+
+    >>> i1 = Interval(5, 10)
+    >>> i1.length
+    5
+    >>> i1.length = 12
+    >>> i1.end
+    17
+
+.. _hybrid_bulk_update:
+
+Allowing Bulk ORM Update
+------------------------
+
+A hybrid can define a custom "UPDATE" handler for when using
+ORM-enabled updates, allowing the hybrid to be used in the
+SET clause of the update.
+
+Normally, when using a hybrid with :func:`_sql.update`, the SQL
+expression is used as the column that's the target of the SET.  If our
+``Interval`` class had a hybrid ``start_point`` that linked to
+``Interval.start``, this could be substituted directly::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import update
+
+    stmt = update(Interval).values({Interval.start_point: 10})
+
+However, when using a composite hybrid like ``Interval.length``, this
+hybrid represents more than one column.   We can set up a handler that will
+accommodate a value passed in the VALUES expression which can affect
+this, using the :meth:`.hybrid_property.update_expression` decorator.
+A handler that works similarly to our setter would be::
+
+    from typing import List, Tuple, Any
+
+
+    class Interval(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def length(self) -> int:
+            return self.end - self.start
+
+        @length.inplace.setter
+        def _length_setter(self, value: int) -> None:
+            self.end = self.start + value
+
+        @length.inplace.update_expression
+        def _length_update_expression(
+            cls, value: Any
+        ) -> List[Tuple[Any, Any]]:
+            return [(cls.end, cls.start + value)]
+
+Above, if we use ``Interval.length`` in an UPDATE expression, we get
+a hybrid SET expression:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import update
+    >>> print(update(Interval).values({Interval.length: 25}))
+    {printsql}UPDATE interval SET "end"=(interval.start + :start_1)
+
+This SET expression is accommodated by the ORM automatically.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` - includes background on ORM-enabled
+    UPDATE statements
+
+
+Working with Relationships
+--------------------------
+
+There's no essential difference when creating hybrids that work with
+related objects as opposed to column-based data. The need for distinct
+expressions tends to be greater.  The two variants we'll illustrate
+are the "join-dependent" hybrid, and the "correlated subquery" hybrid.
+
+Join-Dependent Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Consider the following declarative
+mapping which relates a ``User`` to a ``SavingsAccount``::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from decimal import Decimal
+    from typing import cast
+    from typing import List
+    from typing import Optional
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy import SQLColumnExpression
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "account"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user.id"))
+        balance: Mapped[Decimal] = mapped_column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+        owner: Mapped[User] = relationship(back_populates="accounts")
+
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "user"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100))
+
+        accounts: Mapped[List[SavingsAccount]] = relationship(
+            back_populates="owner", lazy="selectin"
+        )
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self) -> Optional[Decimal]:
+            if self.accounts:
+                return self.accounts[0].balance
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        @balance.inplace.setter
+        def _balance_setter(self, value: Optional[Decimal]) -> None:
+            assert value is not None
+
+            if not self.accounts:
+                account = SavingsAccount(owner=self)
+            else:
+                account = self.accounts[0]
+            account.balance = value
+
+        @balance.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _balance_expression(cls) -> SQLColumnExpression[Optional[Decimal]]:
+            return cast(
+                "SQLColumnExpression[Optional[Decimal]]",
+                SavingsAccount.balance,
+            )
+
+The above hybrid property ``balance`` works with the first
+``SavingsAccount`` entry in the list of accounts for this user.   The
+in-Python getter/setter methods can treat ``accounts`` as a Python
+list available on ``self``.
+
+.. tip:: The ``User.balance`` getter in the above example accesses the
+   ``self.acccounts`` collection, which will normally be loaded via the
+   :func:`.selectinload` loader strategy configured on the ``User.balance``
+   :func:`_orm.relationship`. The default loader strategy when not otherwise
+   stated on :func:`_orm.relationship` is :func:`.lazyload`, which emits SQL on
+   demand. When using asyncio, on-demand loaders such as :func:`.lazyload` are
+   not supported, so care should be taken to ensure the ``self.accounts``
+   collection is accessible to this hybrid accessor when using asyncio.
+
+At the expression level, it's expected that the ``User`` class will
+be used in an appropriate context such that an appropriate join to
+``SavingsAccount`` will be present:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(
+    ...     select(User, User.balance)
+    ...     .join(User.accounts)
+    ...     .filter(User.balance > 5000)
+    ... )
+    {printsql}SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance > :balance_1
+
+Note however, that while the instance level accessors need to worry
+about whether ``self.accounts`` is even present, this issue expresses
+itself differently at the SQL expression level, where we basically
+would use an outer join:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import or_
+    >>> print(
+    ...     select(User, User.balance)
+    ...     .outerjoin(User.accounts)
+    ...     .filter(or_(User.balance < 5000, User.balance == None))
+    ... )
+    {printsql}SELECT "user".id AS user_id, "user".name AS user_name,
+    account.balance AS account_balance
+    FROM "user" LEFT OUTER JOIN account ON "user".id = account.user_id
+    WHERE account.balance <  :balance_1 OR account.balance IS NULL
+
+Correlated Subquery Relationship Hybrid
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+We can, of course, forego being dependent on the enclosing query's usage
+of joins in favor of the correlated subquery, which can portably be packed
+into a single column expression. A correlated subquery is more portable, but
+often performs more poorly at the SQL level. Using the same technique
+illustrated at :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions`,
+we can adjust our ``SavingsAccount`` example to aggregate the balances for
+*all* accounts, and use a correlated subquery for the column expression::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from decimal import Decimal
+    from typing import List
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+    from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+    from sqlalchemy import select
+    from sqlalchemy import SQLColumnExpression
+    from sqlalchemy import String
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class SavingsAccount(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "account"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user.id"))
+        balance: Mapped[Decimal] = mapped_column(Numeric(15, 5))
+
+        owner: Mapped[User] = relationship(back_populates="accounts")
+
+
+    class User(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "user"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(100))
+
+        accounts: Mapped[List[SavingsAccount]] = relationship(
+            back_populates="owner", lazy="selectin"
+        )
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def balance(self) -> Decimal:
+            return sum(
+                (acc.balance for acc in self.accounts), start=Decimal("0")
+            )
+
+        @balance.inplace.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def _balance_expression(cls) -> SQLColumnExpression[Decimal]:
+            return (
+                select(func.sum(SavingsAccount.balance))
+                .where(SavingsAccount.user_id == cls.id)
+                .label("total_balance")
+            )
+
+The above recipe will give us the ``balance`` column which renders
+a correlated SELECT:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(User).filter(User.balance > 400))
+    {printsql}SELECT "user".id, "user".name
+    FROM "user"
+    WHERE (
+        SELECT sum(account.balance) AS sum_1 FROM account
+        WHERE account.user_id = "user".id
+    ) > :param_1
+
+
+.. _hybrid_custom_comparators:
+
+Building Custom Comparators
+---------------------------
+
+The hybrid property also includes a helper that allows construction of
+custom comparators. A comparator object allows one to customize the
+behavior of each SQLAlchemy expression operator individually.  They
+are useful when creating custom types that have some highly
+idiosyncratic behavior on the SQL side.
+
+.. note::  The :meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator` decorator introduced
+   in this section **replaces** the use of the
+   :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` decorator.
+   They cannot be used together.
+
+The example class below allows case-insensitive comparisons on the attribute
+named ``word_insensitive``::
+
+    from __future__ import annotations
+
+    from typing import Any
+
+    from sqlalchemy import ColumnElement
+    from sqlalchemy import func
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import Comparator
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator[str]):
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            return func.lower(self.__clause_element__()) == func.lower(other)
+
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "searchword"
+
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        word: Mapped[str]
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self) -> str:
+            return self.word.lower()
+
+        @word_insensitive.inplace.comparator
+        @classmethod
+        def _word_insensitive_comparator(cls) -> CaseInsensitiveComparator:
+            return CaseInsensitiveComparator(cls.word)
+
+Above, SQL expressions against ``word_insensitive`` will apply the ``LOWER()``
+SQL function to both sides:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy import select
+    >>> print(select(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks"))
+    {printsql}SELECT searchword.id, searchword.word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = lower(:lower_1)
+
+
+The ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` above implements part of the
+:class:`.ColumnOperators` interface.   A "coercion" operation like
+lowercasing can be applied to all comparison operations (i.e. ``eq``,
+``lt``, ``gt``, etc.) using :meth:`.Operators.operate`::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveComparator(Comparator):
+        def operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            return op(
+                func.lower(self.__clause_element__()),
+                func.lower(other),
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+
+.. _hybrid_reuse_subclass:
+
+Reusing Hybrid Properties across Subclasses
+-------------------------------------------
+
+A hybrid can be referred to from a superclass, to allow modifying
+methods like :meth:`.hybrid_property.getter`, :meth:`.hybrid_property.setter`
+to be used to redefine those methods on a subclass.  This is similar to
+how the standard Python ``@property`` object works::
+
+    class FirstNameOnly(Base):
+        # ...
+
+        first_name: Mapped[str]
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def name(self) -> str:
+            return self.first_name
+
+        @name.inplace.setter
+        def _name_setter(self, value: str) -> None:
+            self.first_name = value
+
+
+    class FirstNameLastName(FirstNameOnly):
+        # ...
+
+        last_name: Mapped[str]
+
+        # 'inplace' is not used here; calling getter creates a copy
+        # of FirstNameOnly.name that is local to FirstNameLastName
+        @FirstNameOnly.name.getter
+        def name(self) -> str:
+            return self.first_name + " " + self.last_name
+
+        @name.inplace.setter
+        def _name_setter(self, value: str) -> None:
+            self.first_name, self.last_name = value.split(" ", 1)
+
+Above, the ``FirstNameLastName`` class refers to the hybrid from
+``FirstNameOnly.name`` to repurpose its getter and setter for the subclass.
+
+When overriding :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` and
+:meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator` alone as the first reference to the
+superclass, these names conflict with the same-named accessors on the class-
+level :class:`.QueryableAttribute` object returned at the class level.  To
+override these methods when referring directly to the parent class descriptor,
+add the special qualifier :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides`, which will de-
+reference the instrumented attribute back to the hybrid object::
+
+    class FirstNameLastName(FirstNameOnly):
+        # ...
+
+        last_name: Mapped[str]
+
+        @FirstNameOnly.name.overrides.expression
+        @classmethod
+        def name(cls):
+            return func.concat(cls.first_name, " ", cls.last_name)
+
+Hybrid Value Objects
+--------------------
+
+Note in our previous example, if we were to compare the ``word_insensitive``
+attribute of a ``SearchWord`` instance to a plain Python string, the plain
+Python string would not be coerced to lower case - the
+``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` we built, being returned by
+``@word_insensitive.comparator``, only applies to the SQL side.
+
+A more comprehensive form of the custom comparator is to construct a *Hybrid
+Value Object*. This technique applies the target value or expression to a value
+object which is then returned by the accessor in all cases.   The value object
+allows control of all operations upon the value as well as how compared values
+are treated, both on the SQL expression side as well as the Python value side.
+Replacing the previous ``CaseInsensitiveComparator`` class with a new
+``CaseInsensitiveWord`` class::
+
+    class CaseInsensitiveWord(Comparator):
+        "Hybrid value representing a lower case representation of a word."
+
+        def __init__(self, word):
+            if isinstance(word, basestring):
+                self.word = word.lower()
+            elif isinstance(word, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                self.word = word.word
+            else:
+                self.word = func.lower(word)
+
+        def operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+            if not isinstance(other, CaseInsensitiveWord):
+                other = CaseInsensitiveWord(other)
+            return op(self.word, other.word, **kwargs)
+
+        def __clause_element__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        def __str__(self):
+            return self.word
+
+        key = "word"
+        "Label to apply to Query tuple results"
+
+Above, the ``CaseInsensitiveWord`` object represents ``self.word``, which may
+be a SQL function, or may be a Python native.   By overriding ``operate()`` and
+``__clause_element__()`` to work in terms of ``self.word``, all comparison
+operations will work against the "converted" form of ``word``, whether it be
+SQL side or Python side. Our ``SearchWord`` class can now deliver the
+``CaseInsensitiveWord`` object unconditionally from a single hybrid call::
+
+    class SearchWord(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "searchword"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        word: Mapped[str]
+
+        @hybrid_property
+        def word_insensitive(self) -> CaseInsensitiveWord:
+            return CaseInsensitiveWord(self.word)
+
+The ``word_insensitive`` attribute now has case-insensitive comparison behavior
+universally, including SQL expression vs. Python expression (note the Python
+value is converted to lower case on the Python side here):
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> print(select(SearchWord).filter_by(word_insensitive="Trucks"))
+    {printsql}SELECT searchword.id AS searchword_id, searchword.word AS searchword_word
+    FROM searchword
+    WHERE lower(searchword.word) = :lower_1
+
+SQL expression versus SQL expression:
+
+.. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+    >>> sw1 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> sw2 = aliased(SearchWord)
+    >>> print(
+    ...     select(sw1.word_insensitive, sw2.word_insensitive).filter(
+    ...         sw1.word_insensitive > sw2.word_insensitive
+    ...     )
+    ... )
+    {printsql}SELECT lower(searchword_1.word) AS lower_1,
+    lower(searchword_2.word) AS lower_2
+    FROM searchword AS searchword_1, searchword AS searchword_2
+    WHERE lower(searchword_1.word) > lower(searchword_2.word)
+
+Python only expression::
+
+    >>> ws1 = SearchWord(word="SomeWord")
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "sOmEwOrD"
+    True
+    >>> ws1.word_insensitive == "XOmEwOrX"
+    False
+    >>> print(ws1.word_insensitive)
+    someword
+
+The Hybrid Value pattern is very useful for any kind of value that may have
+multiple representations, such as timestamps, time deltas, units of
+measurement, currencies and encrypted passwords.
+
+.. seealso::
+
+    `Hybrids and Value Agnostic Types
+    <https://techspot.zzzeek.org/2011/10/21/hybrids-and-value-agnostic-types/>`_
+    - on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+    `Value Agnostic Types, Part II
+    <https://techspot.zzzeek.org/2011/10/29/value-agnostic-types-part-ii/>`_ -
+    on the techspot.zzzeek.org blog
+
+
+"""  # noqa
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import attributes
+from ..orm import InspectionAttrExtensionType
+from ..orm import interfaces
+from ..orm import ORMDescriptor
+from ..orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql._typing import is_has_clause_element
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..sql.elements import SQLCoreOperations
+from ..util.typing import Concatenate
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import ParamSpec
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from ..orm.util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql import SQLColumnExpression
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _HasClauseElement
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+_R = TypeVar("_R")
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_T_con = TypeVar("_T_con", bound=Any, contravariant=True)
+
+
+class HybridExtensionType(InspectionAttrExtensionType):
+    HYBRID_METHOD = "HYBRID_METHOD"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+    of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+    """
+
+    HYBRID_PROPERTY = "HYBRID_PROPERTY"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+        of type :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_attributes`
+
+    """
+
+
+class _HybridGetterType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(s, self: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+
+class _HybridSetterType(Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(s, self: Any, value: _T_con) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _HybridUpdaterType(Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(
+        s,
+        cls: Any,
+        value: Union[_T_con, _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T_con]],
+    ) -> List[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]: ...
+
+
+class _HybridDeleterType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(s, self: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _HybridExprCallableType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(
+        s, cls: Any
+    ) -> Union[_HasClauseElement[_T_co], SQLColumnExpression[_T_co]]: ...
+
+
+class _HybridComparatorCallableType(Protocol[_T]):
+    def __call__(self, cls: Any) -> Comparator[_T]: ...
+
+
+class _HybridClassLevelAccessor(QueryableAttribute[_T]):
+    """Describe the object returned by a hybrid_property() when
+    called as a class-level descriptor.
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def getter(
+            self, fget: _HybridGetterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        def setter(
+            self, fset: _HybridSetterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        def deleter(
+            self, fdel: _HybridDeleterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def overrides(self) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+        def update_expression(
+            self, meth: _HybridUpdaterType[_T]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_T]: ...
+
+
+class hybrid_method(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo, Generic[_P, _R]):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python object method with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HybridExtensionType.HYBRID_METHOD
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Callable[Concatenate[Any, _P], _R],
+        expr: Optional[
+            Callable[Concatenate[Any, _P], SQLCoreOperations[_R]]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_method
+
+
+            class SomeClass:
+                @hybrid_method
+                def value(self, x, y):
+                    return self._value + x + y
+
+                @value.expression
+                @classmethod
+                def value(cls, x, y):
+                    return func.some_function(cls._value, x, y)
+
+        """
+        self.func = func
+        if expr is not None:
+            self.expression(expr)
+        else:
+            self.expression(func)  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def inplace(self) -> Self:
+        """Return the inplace mutator for this :class:`.hybrid_method`.
+
+        The :class:`.hybrid_method` class already performs "in place" mutation
+        when the :meth:`.hybrid_method.expression` decorator is called,
+        so this attribute returns Self.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_pep484_naming`
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> Callable[_P, SQLCoreOperations[_R]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: object, owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> Callable[_P, _R]: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> Union[Callable[_P, _R], Callable[_P, SQLCoreOperations[_R]]]:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.expr.__get__(owner, owner)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)  # type: ignore
+
+    def expression(
+        self, expr: Callable[Concatenate[Any, _P], SQLCoreOperations[_R]]
+    ) -> hybrid_method[_P, _R]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a
+        SQL-expression producing method."""
+
+        self.expr = expr
+        if not self.expr.__doc__:
+            self.expr.__doc__ = self.func.__doc__
+        return self
+
+
+def _unwrap_classmethod(meth: _T) -> _T:
+    if isinstance(meth, classmethod):
+        return meth.__func__  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return meth
+
+
+class hybrid_property(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo, ORMDescriptor[_T]):
+    """A decorator which allows definition of a Python descriptor with both
+    instance-level and class-level behavior.
+
+    """
+
+    is_attribute = True
+    extension_type = HybridExtensionType.HYBRID_PROPERTY
+
+    __name__: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fget: _HybridGetterType[_T],
+        fset: Optional[_HybridSetterType[_T]] = None,
+        fdel: Optional[_HybridDeleterType[_T]] = None,
+        expr: Optional[_HybridExprCallableType[_T]] = None,
+        custom_comparator: Optional[Comparator[_T]] = None,
+        update_expr: Optional[_HybridUpdaterType[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+
+        Usage is typically via decorator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+
+
+            class SomeClass:
+                @hybrid_property
+                def value(self):
+                    return self._value
+
+                @value.setter
+                def value(self, value):
+                    self._value = value
+
+        """
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.fset = fset
+        self.fdel = fdel
+        self.expr = _unwrap_classmethod(expr)
+        self.custom_comparator = _unwrap_classmethod(custom_comparator)
+        self.update_expr = _unwrap_classmethod(update_expr)
+        util.update_wrapper(self, fget)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Literal[None]) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Type[object]
+    ) -> _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Type[object]) -> _T: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Optional[Type[object]]
+    ) -> Union[hybrid_property[_T], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T], _T]:
+        if owner is None:
+            return self
+        elif instance is None:
+            return self._expr_comparator(owner)
+        else:
+            return self.fget(instance)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: object, value: Any) -> None:
+        if self.fset is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't set attribute")
+        self.fset(instance, value)
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        if self.fdel is None:
+            raise AttributeError("can't delete attribute")
+        self.fdel(instance)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        defaults = {
+            key: value
+            for key, value in self.__dict__.items()
+            if not key.startswith("_")
+        }
+        defaults.update(**kw)
+        return type(self)(**defaults)
+
+    @property
+    def overrides(self) -> Self:
+        """Prefix for a method that is overriding an existing attribute.
+
+        The :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides` accessor just returns
+        this hybrid object, which when called at the class level from
+        a parent class, will de-reference the "instrumented attribute"
+        normally returned at this level, and allow modifying decorators
+        like :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression` and
+        :meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator`
+        to be used without conflicting with the same-named attributes
+        normally present on the :class:`.QueryableAttribute`::
+
+            class SuperClass:
+                # ...
+
+                @hybrid_property
+                def foobar(self):
+                    return self._foobar
+
+
+            class SubClass(SuperClass):
+                # ...
+
+                @SuperClass.foobar.overrides.expression
+                def foobar(cls):
+                    return func.subfoobar(self._foobar)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_reuse_subclass`
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    class _InPlace(Generic[_TE]):
+        """A builder helper for .hybrid_property.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ("attr",)
+
+        def __init__(self, attr: hybrid_property[_TE]):
+            self.attr = attr
+
+        def _set(self, **kw: Any) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            for k, v in kw.items():
+                setattr(self.attr, k, _unwrap_classmethod(v))
+            return self.attr
+
+        def getter(self, fget: _HybridGetterType[_TE]) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(fget=fget)
+
+        def setter(self, fset: _HybridSetterType[_TE]) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(fset=fset)
+
+        def deleter(
+            self, fdel: _HybridDeleterType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(fdel=fdel)
+
+        def expression(
+            self, expr: _HybridExprCallableType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(expr=expr)
+
+        def comparator(
+            self, comparator: _HybridComparatorCallableType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(custom_comparator=comparator)
+
+        def update_expression(
+            self, meth: _HybridUpdaterType[_TE]
+        ) -> hybrid_property[_TE]:
+            return self._set(update_expr=meth)
+
+    @property
+    def inplace(self) -> _InPlace[_T]:
+        """Return the inplace mutator for this :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+
+        This is to allow in-place mutation of the hybrid, allowing the first
+        hybrid method of a certain name to be re-used in order to add
+        more methods without having to name those methods the same, e.g.::
+
+            class Interval(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                @hybrid_property
+                def radius(self) -> float:
+                    return abs(self.length) / 2
+
+                @radius.inplace.setter
+                def _radius_setter(self, value: float) -> None:
+                    self.length = value * 2
+
+                @radius.inplace.expression
+                def _radius_expression(cls) -> ColumnElement[float]:
+                    return type_coerce(func.abs(cls.length) / 2, Float)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_pep484_naming`
+
+        """
+        return hybrid_property._InPlace(self)
+
+    def getter(self, fget: _HybridGetterType[_T]) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a getter method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+
+        return self._copy(fget=fget)
+
+    def setter(self, fset: _HybridSetterType[_T]) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a setter method."""
+
+        return self._copy(fset=fset)
+
+    def deleter(self, fdel: _HybridDeleterType[_T]) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a deletion method."""
+
+        return self._copy(fdel=fdel)
+
+    def expression(
+        self, expr: _HybridExprCallableType[_T]
+    ) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a SQL-expression
+        producing method.
+
+        When a hybrid is invoked at the class level, the SQL expression given
+        here is wrapped inside of a specialized :class:`.QueryableAttribute`,
+        which is the same kind of object used by the ORM to represent other
+        mapped attributes.   The reason for this is so that other class-level
+        attributes such as docstrings and a reference to the hybrid itself may
+        be maintained within the structure that's returned, without any
+        modifications to the original SQL expression passed in.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           When referring to a hybrid property  from an owning class (e.g.
+           ``SomeClass.some_hybrid``), an instance of
+           :class:`.QueryableAttribute` is returned, representing the
+           expression or comparator object as well as this  hybrid object.
+           However, that object itself has accessors called ``expression`` and
+           ``comparator``; so when attempting to override these decorators on a
+           subclass, it may be necessary to qualify it using the
+           :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides` modifier first.  See that
+           modifier for details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`hybrid_distinct_expression`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._copy(expr=expr)
+
+    def comparator(
+        self, comparator: _HybridComparatorCallableType[_T]
+    ) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines a custom
+        comparator producing method.
+
+        The return value of the decorated method should be an instance of
+        :class:`~.hybrid.Comparator`.
+
+        .. note::  The :meth:`.hybrid_property.comparator` decorator
+           **replaces** the use of the :meth:`.hybrid_property.expression`
+           decorator.  They cannot be used together.
+
+        When a hybrid is invoked at the class level, the
+        :class:`~.hybrid.Comparator` object given here is wrapped inside of a
+        specialized :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, which is the same kind of
+        object used by the ORM to represent other mapped attributes.   The
+        reason for this is so that other class-level attributes such as
+        docstrings and a reference to the hybrid itself may be maintained
+        within the structure that's returned, without any modifications to the
+        original comparator object passed in.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           When referring to a hybrid property  from an owning class (e.g.
+           ``SomeClass.some_hybrid``), an instance of
+           :class:`.QueryableAttribute` is returned, representing the
+           expression or comparator object as this  hybrid object.  However,
+           that object itself has accessors called ``expression`` and
+           ``comparator``; so when attempting to override these decorators on a
+           subclass, it may be necessary to qualify it using the
+           :attr:`.hybrid_property.overrides` modifier first.  See that
+           modifier for details.
+
+        """
+        return self._copy(custom_comparator=comparator)
+
+    def update_expression(
+        self, meth: _HybridUpdaterType[_T]
+    ) -> hybrid_property[_T]:
+        """Provide a modifying decorator that defines an UPDATE tuple
+        producing method.
+
+        The method accepts a single value, which is the value to be
+        rendered into the SET clause of an UPDATE statement.  The method
+        should then process this value into individual column expressions
+        that fit into the ultimate SET clause, and return them as a
+        sequence of 2-tuples.  Each tuple
+        contains a column expression as the key and a value to be rendered.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            class Person(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                first_name = Column(String)
+                last_name = Column(String)
+
+                @hybrid_property
+                def fullname(self):
+                    return first_name + " " + last_name
+
+                @fullname.update_expression
+                def fullname(cls, value):
+                    fname, lname = value.split(" ", 1)
+                    return [(cls.first_name, fname), (cls.last_name, lname)]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        return self._copy(update_expr=meth)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expr_comparator(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]]:
+        if self.custom_comparator is not None:
+            return self._get_comparator(self.custom_comparator)
+        elif self.expr is not None:
+            return self._get_expr(self.expr)
+        else:
+            return self._get_expr(cast(_HybridExprCallableType[_T], self.fget))
+
+    def _get_expr(
+        self, expr: _HybridExprCallableType[_T]
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]]:
+        def _expr(cls: Any) -> ExprComparator[_T]:
+            return ExprComparator(cls, expr(cls), self)
+
+        util.update_wrapper(_expr, expr)
+
+        return self._get_comparator(_expr)
+
+    def _get_comparator(
+        self, comparator: Any
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]]:
+        proxy_attr = attributes.create_proxied_attribute(self)
+
+        def expr_comparator(
+            owner: Type[object],
+        ) -> _HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]:
+            # because this is the descriptor protocol, we don't really know
+            # what our attribute name is.  so search for it through the
+            # MRO.
+            for lookup in owner.__mro__:
+                if self.__name__ in lookup.__dict__:
+                    if lookup.__dict__[self.__name__] is self:
+                        name = self.__name__
+                        break
+            else:
+                name = attributes._UNKNOWN_ATTR_KEY  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+            return cast(
+                "_HybridClassLevelAccessor[_T]",
+                proxy_attr(
+                    owner,
+                    name,
+                    self,
+                    comparator(owner),
+                    doc=comparator.__doc__ or self.__doc__,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        return expr_comparator
+
+
+class Comparator(interfaces.PropComparator[_T]):
+    """A helper class that allows easy construction of custom
+    :class:`~.orm.interfaces.PropComparator`
+    classes for usage with hybrids."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, expression: Union[_HasClauseElement[_T], SQLColumnExpression[_T]]
+    ):
+        self.expression = expression
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        expr = self.expression
+        if is_has_clause_element(expr):
+            ret_expr = expr.__clause_element__()
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(expr, ColumnElement)
+            ret_expr = expr
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            # see test_hybrid->test_expression_isnt_clause_element
+            # that exercises the usual place this is caught if not
+            # true
+            assert isinstance(ret_expr, ColumnElement)
+        return ret_expr
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def property(self) -> interfaces.MapperProperty[_T]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(
+        self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]
+    ) -> Comparator[_T]:
+        # interesting....
+        return self
+
+
+class ExprComparator(Comparator[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        expression: Union[_HasClauseElement[_T], SQLColumnExpression[_T]],
+        hybrid: hybrid_property[_T],
+    ):
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.expression = expression
+        self.hybrid = hybrid
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.expression, key)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return self.hybrid.info
+
+    def _bulk_update_tuples(
+        self, value: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+        if isinstance(self.expression, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+            return self.expression._bulk_update_tuples(value)
+        elif self.hybrid.update_expr is not None:
+            return self.hybrid.update_expr(self.cls, value)
+        else:
+            return [(self.expression, value)]
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def property(self) -> MapperProperty[_T]:
+        # this accessor is not normally used, however is accessed by things
+        # like ORM synonyms if the hybrid is used in this context; the
+        # .property attribute is not necessarily accessible
+        return self.expression.property  # type: ignore
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.expression, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(other, self.expression, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/indexable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/indexable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..886069ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/indexable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+# ext/indexable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Define attributes on ORM-mapped classes that have "index" attributes for
+columns with :class:`_types.Indexable` types.
+
+"index" means the attribute is associated with an element of an
+:class:`_types.Indexable` column with the predefined index to access it.
+The :class:`_types.Indexable` types include types such as
+:class:`_types.ARRAY`, :class:`_types.JSON` and
+:class:`_postgresql.HSTORE`.
+
+
+
+The :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.indexable` extension provides
+:class:`_schema.Column`-like interface for any element of an
+:class:`_types.Indexable` typed column. In simple cases, it can be
+treated as a :class:`_schema.Column` - mapped attribute.
+
+Synopsis
+========
+
+Given ``Person`` as a model with a primary key and JSON data field.
+While this field may have any number of elements encoded within it,
+we would like to refer to the element called ``name`` individually
+as a dedicated attribute which behaves like a standalone column::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, JSON, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.indexable import index_property
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "person"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSON)
+
+        name = index_property("data", "name")
+
+Above, the ``name`` attribute now behaves like a mapped column.   We
+can compose a new ``Person`` and set the value of ``name``::
+
+    >>> person = Person(name="Alchemist")
+
+The value is now accessible::
+
+    >>> person.name
+    'Alchemist'
+
+Behind the scenes, the JSON field was initialized to a new blank dictionary
+and the field was set::
+
+    >>> person.data
+    {'name': 'Alchemist'}
+
+The field is mutable in place::
+
+    >>> person.name = "Renamed"
+    >>> person.name
+    'Renamed'
+    >>> person.data
+    {'name': 'Renamed'}
+
+When using :class:`.index_property`, the change that we make to the indexable
+structure is also automatically tracked as history; we no longer need
+to use :class:`~.mutable.MutableDict` in order to track this change
+for the unit of work.
+
+Deletions work normally as well::
+
+    >>> del person.name
+    >>> person.data
+    {}
+
+Above, deletion of ``person.name`` deletes the value from the dictionary,
+but not the dictionary itself.
+
+A missing key will produce ``AttributeError``::
+
+    >>> person = Person()
+    >>> person.name
+    AttributeError: 'name'
+
+Unless you set a default value::
+
+    >>> class Person(Base):
+    ...     __tablename__ = "person"
+    ...
+    ...     id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    ...     data = Column(JSON)
+    ...
+    ...     name = index_property("data", "name", default=None)  # See default
+
+    >>> person = Person()
+    >>> print(person.name)
+    None
+
+
+The attributes are also accessible at the class level.
+Below, we illustrate ``Person.name`` used to generate
+an indexed SQL criteria::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    >>> session = Session()
+    >>> query = session.query(Person).filter(Person.name == "Alchemist")
+
+The above query is equivalent to::
+
+    >>> query = session.query(Person).filter(Person.data["name"] == "Alchemist")
+
+Multiple :class:`.index_property` objects can be chained to produce
+multiple levels of indexing::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, JSON, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.indexable import index_property
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "person"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSON)
+
+        birthday = index_property("data", "birthday")
+        year = index_property("birthday", "year")
+        month = index_property("birthday", "month")
+        day = index_property("birthday", "day")
+
+Above, a query such as::
+
+    q = session.query(Person).filter(Person.year == "1980")
+
+On a PostgreSQL backend, the above query will render as:
+
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT person.id, person.data
+    FROM person
+    WHERE person.data -> %(data_1)s -> %(param_1)s = %(param_2)s
+
+Default Values
+==============
+
+:class:`.index_property` includes special behaviors for when the indexed
+data structure does not exist, and a set operation is called:
+
+* For an :class:`.index_property` that is given an integer index value,
+  the default data structure will be a Python list of ``None`` values,
+  at least as long as the index value; the value is then set at its
+  place in the list.  This means for an index value of zero, the list
+  will be initialized to ``[None]`` before setting the given value,
+  and for an index value of five, the list will be initialized to
+  ``[None, None, None, None, None]`` before setting the fifth element
+  to the given value.   Note that an existing list is **not** extended
+  in place to receive a value.
+
+* for an :class:`.index_property` that is given any other kind of index
+  value (e.g. strings usually), a Python dictionary is used as the
+  default data structure.
+
+* The default data structure can be set to any Python callable using the
+  :paramref:`.index_property.datatype` parameter, overriding the previous
+  rules.
+
+
+Subclassing
+===========
+
+:class:`.index_property` can be subclassed, in particular for the common
+use case of providing coercion of values or SQL expressions as they are
+accessed.  Below is a common recipe for use with a PostgreSQL JSON type,
+where we want to also include automatic casting plus ``astext()``::
+
+    class pg_json_property(index_property):
+        def __init__(self, attr_name, index, cast_type):
+            super(pg_json_property, self).__init__(attr_name, index)
+            self.cast_type = cast_type
+
+        def expr(self, model):
+            expr = super(pg_json_property, self).expr(model)
+            return expr.astext.cast(self.cast_type)
+
+The above subclass can be used with the PostgreSQL-specific
+version of :class:`_postgresql.JSON`::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import JSON
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+    class Person(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "person"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        data = Column(JSON)
+
+        age = pg_json_property("data", "age", Integer)
+
+The ``age`` attribute at the instance level works as before; however
+when rendering SQL, PostgreSQL's ``->>`` operator will be used
+for indexed access, instead of the usual index operator of ``->``::
+
+    >>> query = session.query(Person).filter(Person.age < 20)
+
+The above query will render:
+.. sourcecode:: sql
+
+    SELECT person.id, person.data
+    FROM person
+    WHERE CAST(person.data ->> %(data_1)s AS INTEGER) < %(param_1)s
+
+"""  # noqa
+from .. import inspect
+from ..ext.hybrid import hybrid_property
+from ..orm.attributes import flag_modified
+
+
+__all__ = ["index_property"]
+
+
+class index_property(hybrid_property):  # noqa
+    """A property generator. The generated property describes an object
+    attribute that corresponds to an :class:`_types.Indexable`
+    column.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.indexable`
+
+    """
+
+    _NO_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT = object()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr_name,
+        index,
+        default=_NO_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT,
+        datatype=None,
+        mutable=True,
+        onebased=True,
+    ):
+        """Create a new :class:`.index_property`.
+
+        :param attr_name:
+            An attribute name of an `Indexable` typed column, or other
+            attribute that returns an indexable structure.
+        :param index:
+            The index to be used for getting and setting this value.  This
+            should be the Python-side index value for integers.
+        :param default:
+            A value which will be returned instead of `AttributeError`
+            when there is not a value at given index.
+        :param datatype: default datatype to use when the field is empty.
+            By default, this is derived from the type of index used; a
+            Python list for an integer index, or a Python dictionary for
+            any other style of index.   For a list, the list will be
+            initialized to a list of None values that is at least
+            ``index`` elements long.
+        :param mutable: if False, writes and deletes to the attribute will
+            be disallowed.
+        :param onebased: assume the SQL representation of this value is
+            one-based; that is, the first index in SQL is 1, not zero.
+        """
+
+        if mutable:
+            super().__init__(self.fget, self.fset, self.fdel, self.expr)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(self.fget, None, None, self.expr)
+        self.attr_name = attr_name
+        self.index = index
+        self.default = default
+        is_numeric = isinstance(index, int)
+        onebased = is_numeric and onebased
+
+        if datatype is not None:
+            self.datatype = datatype
+        else:
+            if is_numeric:
+                self.datatype = lambda: [None for x in range(index + 1)]
+            else:
+                self.datatype = dict
+        self.onebased = onebased
+
+    def _fget_default(self, err=None):
+        if self.default == self._NO_DEFAULT_ARGUMENT:
+            raise AttributeError(self.attr_name) from err
+        else:
+            return self.default
+
+    def fget(self, instance):
+        attr_name = self.attr_name
+        column_value = getattr(instance, attr_name)
+        if column_value is None:
+            return self._fget_default()
+        try:
+            value = column_value[self.index]
+        except (KeyError, IndexError) as err:
+            return self._fget_default(err)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def fset(self, instance, value):
+        attr_name = self.attr_name
+        column_value = getattr(instance, attr_name, None)
+        if column_value is None:
+            column_value = self.datatype()
+            setattr(instance, attr_name, column_value)
+        column_value[self.index] = value
+        setattr(instance, attr_name, column_value)
+        if attr_name in inspect(instance).mapper.attrs:
+            flag_modified(instance, attr_name)
+
+    def fdel(self, instance):
+        attr_name = self.attr_name
+        column_value = getattr(instance, attr_name)
+        if column_value is None:
+            raise AttributeError(self.attr_name)
+        try:
+            del column_value[self.index]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(self.attr_name) from err
+        else:
+            setattr(instance, attr_name, column_value)
+            flag_modified(instance, attr_name)
+
+    def expr(self, model):
+        column = getattr(model, self.attr_name)
+        index = self.index
+        if self.onebased:
+            index += 1
+        return column[index]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8bb01985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/instrumentation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+# ext/instrumentation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Extensible class instrumentation.
+
+The :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` package provides for alternate
+systems of class instrumentation within the ORM.  Class instrumentation
+refers to how the ORM places attributes on the class which maintain
+data and track changes to that data, as well as event hooks installed
+on the class.
+
+.. note::
+    The extension package is provided for the benefit of integration
+    with other object management packages, which already perform
+    their own instrumentation.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+For examples of how the instrumentation extension is used,
+see the example :ref:`examples_instrumentation`.
+
+"""
+import weakref
+
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import attributes
+from ..orm import base as orm_base
+from ..orm import collections
+from ..orm import exc as orm_exc
+from ..orm import instrumentation as orm_instrumentation
+from ..orm import util as orm_util
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_dict_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_manager_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_opt_manager_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import _default_state_getter
+from ..orm.instrumentation import ClassManager
+from ..orm.instrumentation import InstrumentationFactory
+
+
+INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER = "__sa_instrumentation_manager__"
+"""Attribute, elects custom instrumentation when present on a mapped class.
+
+Allows a class to specify a slightly or wildly different technique for
+tracking changes made to mapped attributes and collections.
+
+Only one instrumentation implementation is allowed in a given object
+inheritance hierarchy.
+
+The value of this attribute must be a callable and will be passed a class
+object.  The callable must return one of:
+
+  - An instance of an :class:`.InstrumentationManager` or subclass
+  - An object implementing all or some of InstrumentationManager (TODO)
+  - A dictionary of callables, implementing all or some of the above (TODO)
+  - An instance of a :class:`.ClassManager` or subclass
+
+This attribute is consulted by SQLAlchemy instrumentation
+resolution, once the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation` module
+has been imported.  If custom finders are installed in the global
+instrumentation_finders list, they may or may not choose to honor this
+attribute.
+
+"""
+
+
+def find_native_user_instrumentation_hook(cls):
+    """Find user-specified instrumentation management for a class."""
+    return getattr(cls, INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER, None)
+
+
+instrumentation_finders = [find_native_user_instrumentation_hook]
+"""An extensible sequence of callables which return instrumentation
+implementations
+
+When a class is registered, each callable will be passed a class object.
+If None is returned, the
+next finder in the sequence is consulted.  Otherwise the return must be an
+instrumentation factory that follows the same guidelines as
+sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation.INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.
+
+By default, the only finder is find_native_user_instrumentation_hook, which
+searches for INSTRUMENTATION_MANAGER.  If all finders return None, standard
+ClassManager instrumentation is used.
+
+"""
+
+
+class ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry(InstrumentationFactory):
+    """Extends :class:`.InstrumentationFactory` with additional
+    bookkeeping, to accommodate multiple types of
+    class managers.
+
+    """
+
+    _manager_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _state_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _dict_finders = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    _extended = False
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(self, class_):
+        for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+            factory = finder(class_)
+            if factory is not None:
+                manager = self._extended_class_manager(class_, factory)
+                return manager, factory
+        else:
+            return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self, class_, factory):
+        existing_factories = self._collect_management_factories_for(
+            class_
+        ).difference([factory])
+        if existing_factories:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "multiple instrumentation implementations specified "
+                "in %s inheritance hierarchy: %r"
+                % (class_.__name__, list(existing_factories))
+            )
+
+    def _extended_class_manager(self, class_, factory):
+        manager = factory(class_)
+        if not isinstance(manager, ClassManager):
+            manager = _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(class_, manager)
+
+        if factory != ClassManager and not self._extended:
+            # somebody invoked a custom ClassManager.
+            # reinstall global "getter" functions with the more
+            # expensive ones.
+            self._extended = True
+            _install_instrumented_lookups()
+
+        self._manager_finders[class_] = manager.manager_getter()
+        self._state_finders[class_] = manager.state_getter()
+        self._dict_finders[class_] = manager.dict_getter()
+        return manager
+
+    def _collect_management_factories_for(self, cls):
+        """Return a collection of factories in play or specified for a
+        hierarchy.
+
+        Traverses the entire inheritance graph of a cls and returns a
+        collection of instrumentation factories for those classes. Factories
+        are extracted from active ClassManagers, if available, otherwise
+        instrumentation_finders is consulted.
+
+        """
+        hierarchy = util.class_hierarchy(cls)
+        factories = set()
+        for member in hierarchy:
+            manager = self.opt_manager_of_class(member)
+            if manager is not None:
+                factories.add(manager.factory)
+            else:
+                for finder in instrumentation_finders:
+                    factory = finder(member)
+                    if factory is not None:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    factory = None
+                factories.add(factory)
+        factories.discard(None)
+        return factories
+
+    def unregister(self, class_):
+        super().unregister(class_)
+        if class_ in self._manager_finders:
+            del self._manager_finders[class_]
+            del self._state_finders[class_]
+            del self._dict_finders[class_]
+
+    def opt_manager_of_class(self, cls):
+        try:
+            finder = self._manager_finders.get(
+                cls, _default_opt_manager_getter
+            )
+        except TypeError:
+            # due to weakref lookup on invalid object
+            return None
+        else:
+            return finder(cls)
+
+    def manager_of_class(self, cls):
+        try:
+            finder = self._manager_finders.get(cls, _default_manager_getter)
+        except TypeError:
+            # due to weakref lookup on invalid object
+            raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+                cls, f"Can't locate an instrumentation manager for class {cls}"
+            )
+        else:
+            manager = finder(cls)
+            if manager is None:
+                raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+                    cls,
+                    f"Can't locate an instrumentation manager for class {cls}",
+                )
+            return manager
+
+    def state_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._state_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_state_getter
+        )(instance)
+
+    def dict_of(self, instance):
+        if instance is None:
+            raise AttributeError("None has no persistent state.")
+        return self._dict_finders.get(
+            instance.__class__, _default_dict_getter
+        )(instance)
+
+
+orm_instrumentation._instrumentation_factory = _instrumentation_factory = (
+    ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry()
+)
+orm_instrumentation.instrumentation_finders = instrumentation_finders
+
+
+class InstrumentationManager:
+    """User-defined class instrumentation extension.
+
+    :class:`.InstrumentationManager` can be subclassed in order
+    to change
+    how class instrumentation proceeds. This class exists for
+    the purposes of integration with other object management
+    frameworks which would like to entirely modify the
+    instrumentation methodology of the ORM, and is not intended
+    for regular usage.  For interception of class instrumentation
+    events, see :class:`.InstrumentationEvents`.
+
+    The API for this class should be considered as semi-stable,
+    and may change slightly with new releases.
+
+    """
+
+    # r4361 added a mandatory (cls) constructor to this interface.
+    # given that, perhaps class_ should be dropped from all of these
+    # signatures.
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        pass
+
+    def manage(self, class_, manager):
+        setattr(class_, "_default_class_manager", manager)
+
+    def unregister(self, class_, manager):
+        delattr(class_, "_default_class_manager")
+
+    def manager_getter(self, class_):
+        def get(cls):
+            return cls._default_class_manager
+
+        return get
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, class_, key, inst):
+        pass
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, class_, key, inst):
+        setattr(class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, class_, key, implementation):
+        setattr(class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, class_, key):
+        delattr(class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, class_, key, collection_class):
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def get_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        return instance.__dict__
+
+    def initialize_instance_dict(self, class_, instance):
+        pass
+
+    def install_state(self, class_, instance, state):
+        setattr(instance, "_default_state", state)
+
+    def remove_state(self, class_, instance):
+        delattr(instance, "_default_state")
+
+    def state_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda instance: getattr(instance, "_default_state")
+
+    def dict_getter(self, class_):
+        return lambda inst: self.get_instance_dict(class_, inst)
+
+
+class _ClassInstrumentationAdapter(ClassManager):
+    """Adapts a user-defined InstrumentationManager to a ClassManager."""
+
+    def __init__(self, class_, override):
+        self._adapted = override
+        self._get_state = self._adapted.state_getter(class_)
+        self._get_dict = self._adapted.dict_getter(class_)
+
+        ClassManager.__init__(self, class_)
+
+    def manage(self):
+        self._adapted.manage(self.class_, self)
+
+    def unregister(self):
+        self._adapted.unregister(self.class_, self)
+
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return self._adapted.manager_getter(self.class_)
+
+    def instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated=False):
+        ClassManager.instrument_attribute(self, key, inst, propagated)
+        if not propagated:
+            self._adapted.instrument_attribute(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        super().post_configure_attribute(key)
+        self._adapted.post_configure_attribute(self.class_, key, self[key])
+
+    def install_descriptor(self, key, inst):
+        self._adapted.install_descriptor(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_descriptor(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key, implementation):
+        self._adapted.install_member(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key):
+        self._adapted.uninstall_member(self.class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(self, key, collection_class):
+        return self._adapted.instrument_collection_class(
+            self.class_, key, collection_class
+        )
+
+    def initialize_collection(self, key, state, factory):
+        delegate = getattr(self._adapted, "initialize_collection", None)
+        if delegate:
+            return delegate(key, state, factory)
+        else:
+            return ClassManager.initialize_collection(
+                self, key, state, factory
+            )
+
+    def new_instance(self, state=None):
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        self.setup_instance(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(self, instance):
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+        """
+        if self.has_state(instance):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return self.setup_instance(instance)
+
+    def setup_instance(self, instance, state=None):
+        self._adapted.initialize_instance_dict(self.class_, instance)
+
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+
+        # the given instance is assumed to have no state
+        self._adapted.install_state(self.class_, instance, state)
+        return state
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance):
+        self._adapted.remove_state(self.class_, instance)
+
+    def has_state(self, instance):
+        try:
+            self._get_state(instance)
+        except orm_exc.NO_STATE:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def state_getter(self):
+        return self._get_state
+
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return self._get_dict
+
+
+def _install_instrumented_lookups():
+    """Replace global class/object management functions
+    with ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry implementations, which
+    allow multiple types of class managers to be present,
+    at the cost of performance.
+
+    This function is called only by ExtendedInstrumentationRegistry
+    and unit tests specific to this behavior.
+
+    The _reinstall_default_lookups() function can be called
+    after this one to re-establish the default functions.
+
+    """
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_instrumentation_factory.state_of,
+            instance_dict=_instrumentation_factory.dict_of,
+            manager_of_class=_instrumentation_factory.manager_of_class,
+            opt_manager_of_class=_instrumentation_factory.opt_manager_of_class,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _reinstall_default_lookups():
+    """Restore simplified lookups."""
+    _install_lookups(
+        dict(
+            instance_state=_default_state_getter,
+            instance_dict=_default_dict_getter,
+            manager_of_class=_default_manager_getter,
+            opt_manager_of_class=_default_opt_manager_getter,
+        )
+    )
+    _instrumentation_factory._extended = False
+
+
+def _install_lookups(lookups):
+    global instance_state, instance_dict
+    global manager_of_class, opt_manager_of_class
+    instance_state = lookups["instance_state"]
+    instance_dict = lookups["instance_dict"]
+    manager_of_class = lookups["manager_of_class"]
+    opt_manager_of_class = lookups["opt_manager_of_class"]
+    orm_base.instance_state = attributes.instance_state = (
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_state
+    ) = instance_state
+    orm_base.instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict = (
+        orm_instrumentation.instance_dict
+    ) = instance_dict
+    orm_base.manager_of_class = attributes.manager_of_class = (
+        orm_instrumentation.manager_of_class
+    ) = manager_of_class
+    orm_base.opt_manager_of_class = orm_util.opt_manager_of_class = (
+        attributes.opt_manager_of_class
+    ) = orm_instrumentation.opt_manager_of_class = opt_manager_of_class
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed618c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mutable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1095 @@
+# ext/mutable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+r"""Provide support for tracking of in-place changes to scalar values,
+which are propagated into ORM change events on owning parent objects.
+
+.. _mutable_scalars:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Scalar Column Values
+===============================================
+
+A typical example of a "mutable" structure is a Python dictionary.
+Following the example introduced in :ref:`types_toplevel`, we
+begin with a custom type that marshals Python dictionaries into
+JSON strings before being persisted::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.types import TypeDecorator, VARCHAR
+    import json
+
+
+    class JSONEncodedDict(TypeDecorator):
+        "Represents an immutable structure as a json-encoded string."
+
+        impl = VARCHAR
+
+        def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.dumps(value)
+            return value
+
+        def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = json.loads(value)
+            return value
+
+The usage of ``json`` is only for the purposes of example. The
+:mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension can be used
+with any type whose target Python type may be mutable, including
+:class:`.PickleType`, :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`, etc.
+
+When using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension, the value itself
+tracks all parents which reference it.  Below, we illustrate a simple
+version of the :class:`.MutableDict` dictionary object, which applies
+the :class:`.Mutable` mixin to a plain Python dictionary::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import Mutable
+
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        @classmethod
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            "Convert plain dictionaries to MutableDict."
+
+            if not isinstance(value, MutableDict):
+                if isinstance(value, dict):
+                    return MutableDict(value)
+
+                # this call will raise ValueError
+                return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+            "Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+            self.changed()
+
+        def __delitem__(self, key):
+            "Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."
+
+            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+            self.changed()
+
+The above dictionary class takes the approach of subclassing the Python
+built-in ``dict`` to produce a dict
+subclass which routes all mutation events through ``__setitem__``.  There are
+variants on this approach, such as subclassing ``UserDict.UserDict`` or
+``collections.MutableMapping``; the part that's important to this example is
+that the :meth:`.Mutable.changed` method is called whenever an in-place
+change to the datastructure takes place.
+
+We also redefine the :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` method which will be used to
+convert any values that are not instances of ``MutableDict``, such
+as the plain dictionaries returned by the ``json`` module, into the
+appropriate type.  Defining this method is optional; we could just as well
+created our ``JSONEncodedDict`` such that it always returns an instance
+of ``MutableDict``, and additionally ensured that all calling code
+uses ``MutableDict`` explicitly.  When :meth:`.Mutable.coerce` is not
+overridden, any values applied to a parent object which are not instances
+of the mutable type will raise a ``ValueError``.
+
+Our new ``MutableDict`` type offers a class method
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` which we can use within column metadata
+to associate with types. This method grabs the given type object or
+class and associates a listener that will detect all future mappings
+of this type, applying event listening instrumentation to the mapped
+attribute. Such as, with classical table metadata::
+
+    from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer
+
+    my_data = Table(
+        "my_data",
+        metadata,
+        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        Column("data", MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict)),
+    )
+
+Above, :meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` returns an instance of ``JSONEncodedDict``
+(if the type object was not an instance already), which will intercept any
+attributes which are mapped against this type.  Below we establish a simple
+mapping against the ``my_data`` table::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "my_data"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        data: Mapped[dict[str, str]] = mapped_column(
+            MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict)
+        )
+
+The ``MyDataClass.data`` member will now be notified of in place changes
+to its value.
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``MyDataClass.data`` member
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object::
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+
+    >>> sess = Session(some_engine)
+    >>> m1 = MyDataClass(data={"value1": "foo"})
+    >>> sess.add(m1)
+    >>> sess.commit()
+
+    >>> m1.data["value1"] = "bar"
+    >>> assert m1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+
+The ``MutableDict`` can be associated with all future instances
+of ``JSONEncodedDict`` in one step, using
+:meth:`~.Mutable.associate_with`.  This is similar to
+:meth:`~.Mutable.as_mutable` except it will intercept all occurrences
+of ``MutableDict`` in all mappings unconditionally, without
+the need to declare it individually::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+
+    MutableDict.associate_with(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "my_data"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        data: Mapped[dict[str, str]] = mapped_column(JSONEncodedDict)
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+The key to the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension relies upon the
+placement of a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` upon the value object, which
+stores a mapping of parent mapped objects keyed to the attribute name under
+which they are associated with this value. ``WeakKeyDictionary`` objects are
+not picklable, due to the fact that they contain weakrefs and function
+callbacks. In our case, this is a good thing, since if this dictionary were
+picklable, it could lead to an excessively large pickle size for our value
+objects that are pickled by themselves outside of the context of the parent.
+The developer responsibility here is only to provide a ``__getstate__`` method
+that excludes the :meth:`~MutableBase._parents` collection from the pickle
+stream::
+
+    class MyMutableType(Mutable):
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            d = self.__dict__.copy()
+            d.pop("_parents", None)
+            return d
+
+With our dictionary example, we need to return the contents of the dict itself
+(and also restore them on __setstate__)::
+
+    class MutableDict(Mutable, dict):
+        # ....
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return dict(self)
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.update(state)
+
+In the case that our mutable value object is pickled as it is attached to one
+or more parent objects that are also part of the pickle, the :class:`.Mutable`
+mixin will re-establish the :attr:`.Mutable._parents` collection on each value
+object as the owning parents themselves are unpickled.
+
+Receiving Events
+----------------
+
+The :meth:`.AttributeEvents.modified` event handler may be used to receive
+an event when a mutable scalar emits a change event.  This event handler
+is called when the :func:`.attributes.flag_modified` function is called
+from within the mutable extension::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapped_column
+    from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class MyDataClass(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "my_data"
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+        data: Mapped[dict[str, str]] = mapped_column(
+            MutableDict.as_mutable(JSONEncodedDict)
+        )
+
+
+    @event.listens_for(MyDataClass.data, "modified")
+    def modified_json(instance, initiator):
+        print("json value modified:", instance.data)
+
+.. _mutable_composites:
+
+Establishing Mutability on Composites
+=====================================
+
+Composites are a special ORM feature which allow a single scalar attribute to
+be assigned an object value which represents information "composed" from one
+or more columns from the underlying mapped table. The usual example is that of
+a geometric "point", and is introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite`.
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the user-defined composite class
+subclasses :class:`.MutableComposite` as a mixin, and detects and delivers
+change events to its parents via the :meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method.
+In the case of a composite class, the detection is usually via the usage of the
+special Python method ``__setattr__()``. In the example below, we expand upon the ``Point``
+class introduced in :ref:`mapper_composite` to include
+:class:`.MutableComposite` in its bases and to route attribute set events via
+``__setattr__`` to the :meth:`.MutableComposite.changed` method::
+
+    import dataclasses
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableComposite
+
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        x: int
+        y: int
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+            "Intercept set events"
+
+            # set the attribute
+            object.__setattr__(self, key, value)
+
+            # alert all parents to the change
+            self.changed()
+
+The :class:`.MutableComposite` class makes use of class mapping events to
+automatically establish listeners for any usage of :func:`_orm.composite` that
+specifies our ``Point`` type. Below, when ``Point`` is mapped to the ``Vertex``
+class, listeners are established which will route change events from ``Point``
+objects to each of the ``Vertex.start`` and ``Vertex.end`` attributes::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import composite, mapped_column
+
+
+    class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+        pass
+
+
+    class Vertex(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "vertices"
+
+        id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+
+        start: Mapped[Point] = composite(
+            mapped_column("x1"), mapped_column("y1")
+        )
+        end: Mapped[Point] = composite(
+            mapped_column("x2"), mapped_column("y2")
+        )
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"Vertex(start={self.start}, end={self.end})"
+
+Any in-place changes to the ``Vertex.start`` or ``Vertex.end`` members
+will flag the attribute as "dirty" on the parent object:
+
+.. sourcecode:: python+sql
+
+    >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
+    >>> sess = Session(engine)
+    >>> v1 = Vertex(start=Point(3, 4), end=Point(12, 15))
+    >>> sess.add(v1)
+    {sql}>>> sess.flush()
+    BEGIN (implicit)
+    INSERT INTO vertices (x1, y1, x2, y2) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
+    [...] (3, 4, 12, 15)
+
+    {stop}>>> v1.end.x = 8
+    >>> assert v1 in sess.dirty
+    True
+    {sql}>>> sess.commit()
+    UPDATE vertices SET x2=? WHERE vertices.id = ?
+    [...] (8, 1)
+    COMMIT
+
+Coercing Mutable Composites
+---------------------------
+
+The :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is also supported on composite types.
+In the case of :class:`.MutableComposite`, the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce`
+method is only called for attribute set operations, not load operations.
+Overriding the :meth:`.MutableBase.coerce` method is essentially equivalent
+to using a :func:`.validates` validation routine for all attributes which
+make use of the custom composite type::
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # other Point methods
+        # ...
+
+        def coerce(cls, key, value):
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                value = Point(*value)
+            elif not isinstance(value, Point):
+                raise ValueError("tuple or Point expected")
+            return value
+
+Supporting Pickling
+--------------------
+
+As is the case with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` helper
+class uses a ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` available via the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` attribute which isn't picklable. If we need to
+pickle instances of ``Point`` or its owning class ``Vertex``, we at least need
+to define a ``__getstate__`` that doesn't include the ``_parents`` dictionary.
+Below we define both a ``__getstate__`` and a ``__setstate__`` that package up
+the minimal form of our ``Point`` class::
+
+    @dataclasses.dataclass
+    class Point(MutableComposite):
+        # ...
+
+        def __getstate__(self):
+            return self.x, self.y
+
+        def __setstate__(self, state):
+            self.x, self.y = state
+
+As with :class:`.Mutable`, the :class:`.MutableComposite` augments the
+pickling process of the parent's object-relational state so that the
+:meth:`MutableBase._parents` collection is restored to all ``Point`` objects.
+
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+from weakref import WeakKeyDictionary
+
+from .. import event
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import types
+from .. import util
+from ..orm import Mapper
+from ..orm._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+from ..orm._typing import _O
+from ..orm._typing import _T
+from ..orm.attributes import AttributeEventToken
+from ..orm.attributes import flag_modified
+from ..orm.attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+from ..orm.attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from ..orm.context import QueryContext
+from ..orm.decl_api import DeclarativeAttributeIntercept
+from ..orm.state import InstanceState
+from ..orm.unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+from ..sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+from ..sql.base import SchemaEventTarget
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import memoized_property
+from ..util.typing import SupportsIndex
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT")  # Key type.
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT")  # Value type.
+
+
+class MutableBase:
+    """Common base class to :class:`.Mutable`
+    and :class:`.MutableComposite`.
+
+    """
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _parents(self) -> WeakKeyDictionary[Any, Any]:
+        """Dictionary of parent object's :class:`.InstanceState`->attribute
+        name on the parent.
+
+        This attribute is a so-called "memoized" property.  It initializes
+        itself with a new ``weakref.WeakKeyDictionary`` the first time
+        it is accessed, returning the same object upon subsequent access.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :class:`.InstanceState` is now used
+           as the key in the weak dictionary rather than the instance
+           itself.
+
+        """
+
+        return weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key: str, value: Any) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Given a value, coerce it into the target type.
+
+        Can be overridden by custom subclasses to coerce incoming
+        data into a particular type.
+
+        By default, raises ``ValueError``.
+
+        This method is called in different scenarios depending on if
+        the parent class is of type :class:`.Mutable` or of type
+        :class:`.MutableComposite`.  In the case of the former, it is called
+        for both attribute-set operations as well as during ORM loading
+        operations.  For the latter, it is only called during attribute-set
+        operations; the mechanics of the :func:`.composite` construct
+        handle coercion during load operations.
+
+
+        :param key: string name of the ORM-mapped attribute being set.
+        :param value: the incoming value.
+        :return: the method should return the coerced value, or raise
+         ``ValueError`` if the coercion cannot be completed.
+
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        msg = "Attribute '%s' does not accept objects of type %s"
+        raise ValueError(msg % (key, type(value)))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_listen_keys(cls, attribute: QueryableAttribute[Any]) -> Set[str]:
+        """Given a descriptor attribute, return a ``set()`` of the attribute
+        keys which indicate a change in the state of this attribute.
+
+        This is normally just ``set([attribute.key])``, but can be overridden
+        to provide for additional keys.  E.g. a :class:`.MutableComposite`
+        augments this set with the attribute keys associated with the columns
+        that comprise the composite value.
+
+        This collection is consulted in the case of intercepting the
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh` and
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh_flush` events, which pass along a list
+        of attribute names that have been refreshed; the list is compared
+        against this set to determine if action needs to be taken.
+
+        """
+        return {attribute.key}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen_on_attribute(
+        cls,
+        attribute: QueryableAttribute[Any],
+        coerce: bool,
+        parent_cls: _ExternalEntityType[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        key = attribute.key
+        if parent_cls is not attribute.class_:
+            return
+
+        # rely on "propagate" here
+        parent_cls = attribute.class_
+
+        listen_keys = cls._get_listen_keys(attribute)
+
+        def load(state: InstanceState[_O], *args: Any) -> None:
+            """Listen for objects loaded or refreshed.
+
+            Wrap the target data member's value with
+            ``Mutable``.
+
+            """
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if coerce:
+                    val = cls.coerce(key, val)
+                    state.dict[key] = val
+                val._parents[state] = key
+
+        def load_attrs(
+            state: InstanceState[_O],
+            ctx: Union[object, QueryContext, UOWTransaction],
+            attrs: Iterable[Any],
+        ) -> None:
+            if not attrs or listen_keys.intersection(attrs):
+                load(state)
+
+        def set_(
+            target: InstanceState[_O],
+            value: MutableBase | None,
+            oldvalue: MutableBase | None,
+            initiator: AttributeEventToken,
+        ) -> MutableBase | None:
+            """Listen for set/replace events on the target
+            data member.
+
+            Establish a weak reference to the parent object
+            on the incoming value, remove it for the one
+            outgoing.
+
+            """
+            if value is oldvalue:
+                return value
+
+            if not isinstance(value, cls):
+                value = cls.coerce(key, value)
+            if value is not None:
+                value._parents[target] = key
+            if isinstance(oldvalue, cls):
+                oldvalue._parents.pop(inspect(target), None)
+            return value
+
+        def pickle(
+            state: InstanceState[_O], state_dict: Dict[str, Any]
+        ) -> None:
+            val = state.dict.get(key, None)
+            if val is not None:
+                if "ext.mutable.values" not in state_dict:
+                    state_dict["ext.mutable.values"] = defaultdict(list)
+                state_dict["ext.mutable.values"][key].append(val)
+
+        def unpickle(
+            state: InstanceState[_O], state_dict: Dict[str, Any]
+        ) -> None:
+            if "ext.mutable.values" in state_dict:
+                collection = state_dict["ext.mutable.values"]
+                if isinstance(collection, list):
+                    # legacy format
+                    for val in collection:
+                        val._parents[state] = key
+                else:
+                    for val in state_dict["ext.mutable.values"][key]:
+                        val._parents[state] = key
+
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls,
+            "_sa_event_merge_wo_load",
+            load,
+            raw=True,
+            propagate=True,
+        )
+
+        event.listen(parent_cls, "load", load, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls, "refresh", load_attrs, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls, "refresh_flush", load_attrs, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            attribute, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(parent_cls, "pickle", pickle, raw=True, propagate=True)
+        event.listen(
+            parent_cls, "unpickle", unpickle, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+
+
+class Mutable(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events to a parent object.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_scalars` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    def changed(self) -> None:
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+            flag_modified(parent.obj(), key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with_attribute(
+        cls, attribute: InstrumentedAttribute[_O]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish this type as a mutation listener for the given
+        mapped descriptor.
+
+        """
+        cls._listen_on_attribute(attribute, True, attribute.class_)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_with(cls, sqltype: type) -> None:
+        """Associate this wrapper with all future mapped columns
+        of the given type.
+
+        This is a convenience method that calls
+        ``associate_with_attribute`` automatically.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.associate_with` for types that are permanent to an
+           application, not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded
+           growth in memory usage.
+
+        """
+
+        def listen_for_type(mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: type) -> None:
+            if mapper.non_primary:
+                return
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if isinstance(prop.columns[0].type, sqltype):
+                    cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(Mapper, "mapper_configured", listen_for_type)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def as_mutable(cls, sqltype: _TypeEngineArgument[_T]) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Associate a SQL type with this mutable Python type.
+
+        This establishes listeners that will detect ORM mappings against
+        the given type, adding mutation event trackers to those mappings.
+
+        The type is returned, unconditionally as an instance, so that
+        :meth:`.as_mutable` can be used inline::
+
+            Table(
+                "mytable",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("data", MyMutableType.as_mutable(PickleType)),
+            )
+
+        Note that the returned type is always an instance, even if a class
+        is given, and that only columns which are declared specifically with
+        that type instance receive additional instrumentation.
+
+        To associate a particular mutable type with all occurrences of a
+        particular type, use the :meth:`.Mutable.associate_with` classmethod
+        of the particular :class:`.Mutable` subclass to establish a global
+        association.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+           The listeners established by this method are *global*
+           to all mappers, and are *not* garbage collected.   Only use
+           :meth:`.as_mutable` for types that are permanent to an application,
+           not with ad-hoc types else this will cause unbounded growth
+           in memory usage.
+
+        """
+        sqltype = types.to_instance(sqltype)
+
+        # a SchemaType will be copied when the Column is copied,
+        # and we'll lose our ability to link that type back to the original.
+        # so track our original type w/ columns
+        if isinstance(sqltype, SchemaEventTarget):
+
+            @event.listens_for(sqltype, "before_parent_attach")
+            def _add_column_memo(
+                sqltyp: TypeEngine[Any],
+                parent: Column[_T],
+            ) -> None:
+                parent.info["_ext_mutable_orig_type"] = sqltyp
+
+            schema_event_check = True
+        else:
+            schema_event_check = False
+
+        def listen_for_type(
+            mapper: Mapper[_T],
+            class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, type],
+        ) -> None:
+            if mapper.non_primary:
+                return
+            _APPLIED_KEY = "_ext_mutable_listener_applied"
+
+            for prop in mapper.column_attrs:
+                if (
+                    # all Mutable types refer to a Column that's mapped,
+                    # since this is the only kind of Core target the ORM can
+                    # "mutate"
+                    isinstance(prop.expression, Column)
+                    and (
+                        (
+                            schema_event_check
+                            and prop.expression.info.get(
+                                "_ext_mutable_orig_type"
+                            )
+                            is sqltype
+                        )
+                        or prop.expression.type is sqltype
+                    )
+                ):
+                    if not prop.expression.info.get(_APPLIED_KEY, False):
+                        prop.expression.info[_APPLIED_KEY] = True
+                        cls.associate_with_attribute(getattr(class_, prop.key))
+
+        event.listen(Mapper, "mapper_configured", listen_for_type)
+
+        return sqltype
+
+
+class MutableComposite(MutableBase):
+    """Mixin that defines transparent propagation of change
+    events on a SQLAlchemy "composite" object to its
+    owning parent or parents.
+
+    See the example in :ref:`mutable_composites` for usage information.
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_listen_keys(cls, attribute: QueryableAttribute[_O]) -> Set[str]:
+        return {attribute.key}.union(attribute.property._attribute_keys)
+
+    def changed(self) -> None:
+        """Subclasses should call this method whenever change events occur."""
+
+        for parent, key in self._parents.items():
+            prop = parent.mapper.get_property(key)
+            for value, attr_name in zip(
+                prop._composite_values_from_instance(self),
+                prop._attribute_keys,
+            ):
+                setattr(parent.obj(), attr_name, value)
+
+
+def _setup_composite_listener() -> None:
+    def _listen_for_type(mapper: Mapper[_T], class_: type) -> None:
+        for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+            if (
+                hasattr(prop, "composite_class")
+                and isinstance(prop.composite_class, type)
+                and issubclass(prop.composite_class, MutableComposite)
+            ):
+                prop.composite_class._listen_on_attribute(
+                    getattr(class_, prop.key), False, class_
+                )
+
+    if not event.contains(Mapper, "mapper_configured", _listen_for_type):
+        event.listen(Mapper, "mapper_configured", _listen_for_type)
+
+
+_setup_composite_listener()
+
+
+class MutableDict(Mutable, Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """A dictionary type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    The :class:`.MutableDict` object implements a dictionary that will
+    emit change events to the underlying mapping when the contents of
+    the dictionary are altered, including when values are added or removed.
+
+    Note that :class:`.MutableDict` does **not** apply mutable tracking to  the
+    *values themselves* inside the dictionary. Therefore it is not a sufficient
+    solution for the use case of tracking deep changes to a *recursive*
+    dictionary structure, such as a JSON structure.  To support this use case,
+    build a subclass of  :class:`.MutableDict` that provides appropriate
+    coercion to the values placed in the dictionary so that they too are
+    "mutable", and emit events up to their parent structure.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MutableList`
+
+        :class:`.MutableSet`
+
+    """
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        """Detect dictionary set events and emit change events."""
+        super().__setitem__(key, value)
+        self.changed()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # from https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14858
+
+        @overload
+        def setdefault(
+            self: MutableDict[_KT, Optional[_T]], key: _KT, value: None = None
+        ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def setdefault(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> _VT: ...
+
+        def setdefault(self, key: _KT, value: object = None) -> object: ...
+
+    else:
+
+        def setdefault(self, *arg):  # noqa: F811
+            result = super().setdefault(*arg)
+            self.changed()
+            return result
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: _KT) -> None:
+        """Detect dictionary del events and emit change events."""
+        super().__delitem__(key)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def update(self, *a: Any, **kw: _VT) -> None:
+        super().update(*a, **kw)
+        self.changed()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def pop(self, __key: _KT) -> _VT: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def pop(self, __key: _KT, __default: _VT | _T) -> _VT | _T: ...
+
+        def pop(
+            self, __key: _KT, __default: _VT | _T | None = None
+        ) -> _VT | _T: ...
+
+    else:
+
+        def pop(self, *arg):  # noqa: F811
+            result = super().pop(*arg)
+            self.changed()
+            return result
+
+    def popitem(self) -> Tuple[_KT, _VT]:
+        result = super().popitem()
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, key: str, value: Any) -> MutableDict[_KT, _VT] | None:
+        """Convert plain dictionary to instance of this class."""
+        if not isinstance(value, cls):
+            if isinstance(value, dict):
+                return cls(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return dict(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(
+        self, state: Union[Dict[str, int], Dict[str, str]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.update(state)
+
+
+class MutableList(Mutable, List[_T]):
+    """A list type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    The :class:`.MutableList` object implements a list that will
+    emit change events to the underlying mapping when the contents of
+    the list are altered, including when values are added or removed.
+
+    Note that :class:`.MutableList` does **not** apply mutable tracking to  the
+    *values themselves* inside the list. Therefore it is not a sufficient
+    solution for the use case of tracking deep changes to a *recursive*
+    mutable structure, such as a JSON structure.  To support this use case,
+    build a subclass of  :class:`.MutableList` that provides appropriate
+    coercion to the values placed in the dictionary so that they too are
+    "mutable", and emit events up to their parent structure.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MutableDict`
+
+        :class:`.MutableSet`
+
+    """
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(
+        self, proto: SupportsIndex
+    ) -> Tuple[type, Tuple[List[int]]]:
+        return (self.__class__, (list(self),))
+
+    # needed for backwards compatibility with
+    # older pickles
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        self[:] = state
+
+    def is_scalar(self, value: _T | Iterable[_T]) -> TypeGuard[_T]:
+        return not util.is_non_string_iterable(value)
+
+    def is_iterable(self, value: _T | Iterable[_T]) -> TypeGuard[Iterable[_T]]:
+        return util.is_non_string_iterable(value)
+
+    def __setitem__(
+        self, index: SupportsIndex | slice, value: _T | Iterable[_T]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Detect list set events and emit change events."""
+        if isinstance(index, SupportsIndex) and self.is_scalar(value):
+            super().__setitem__(index, value)
+        elif isinstance(index, slice) and self.is_iterable(value):
+            super().__setitem__(index, value)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index: SupportsIndex | slice) -> None:
+        """Detect list del events and emit change events."""
+        super().__delitem__(index)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def pop(self, *arg: SupportsIndex) -> _T:
+        result = super().pop(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def append(self, x: _T) -> None:
+        super().append(x)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def extend(self, x: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        super().extend(x)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def __iadd__(self, x: Iterable[_T]) -> MutableList[_T]:  # type: ignore[override,misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.extend(x)
+        return self
+
+    def insert(self, i: SupportsIndex, x: _T) -> None:
+        super().insert(i, x)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def remove(self, i: _T) -> None:
+        super().remove(i)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self.changed()
+
+    def sort(self, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        super().sort(**kw)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def reverse(self) -> None:
+        super().reverse()
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(
+        cls, key: str, value: MutableList[_T] | _T
+    ) -> Optional[MutableList[_T]]:
+        """Convert plain list to instance of this class."""
+        if not isinstance(value, cls):
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                return cls(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(key, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+
+class MutableSet(Mutable, Set[_T]):
+    """A set type that implements :class:`.Mutable`.
+
+    The :class:`.MutableSet` object implements a set that will
+    emit change events to the underlying mapping when the contents of
+    the set are altered, including when values are added or removed.
+
+    Note that :class:`.MutableSet` does **not** apply mutable tracking to  the
+    *values themselves* inside the set. Therefore it is not a sufficient
+    solution for the use case of tracking deep changes to a *recursive*
+    mutable structure.  To support this use case,
+    build a subclass of  :class:`.MutableSet` that provides appropriate
+    coercion to the values placed in the dictionary so that they too are
+    "mutable", and emit events up to their parent structure.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MutableDict`
+
+        :class:`.MutableList`
+
+
+    """
+
+    def update(self, *arg: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        super().update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *arg: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().intersection_update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def difference_update(self, *arg: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().difference_update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, *arg: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        super().symmetric_difference_update(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: AbstractSet[_T]) -> MutableSet[_T]:  # type: ignore[override,misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __iand__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> MutableSet[_T]:
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_T]) -> MutableSet[_T]:  # type: ignore[override,misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __isub__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> MutableSet[_T]:  # type: ignore[misc] # noqa: E501
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def add(self, elem: _T) -> None:
+        super().add(elem)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def remove(self, elem: _T) -> None:
+        super().remove(elem)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def discard(self, elem: _T) -> None:
+        super().discard(elem)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def pop(self, *arg: Any) -> _T:
+        result = super().pop(*arg)
+        self.changed()
+        return result
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self.changed()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, index: str, value: Any) -> Optional[MutableSet[_T]]:
+        """Convert plain set to instance of this class."""
+        if not isinstance(value, cls):
+            if isinstance(value, set):
+                return cls(value)
+            return Mutable.coerce(index, value)
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Set[_T]:
+        return set(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        self.update(state)
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(
+        self, proto: SupportsIndex
+    ) -> Tuple[type, Tuple[List[int]]]:
+        return (self.__class__, (list(self),))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5827cb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# ext/mypy/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__pycache__/util.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/__pycache__/util.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/apply.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/apply.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02908cc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/apply.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# ext/mypy/apply.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy.nodes import ARG_NAMED_OPT
+from mypy.nodes import Argument
+from mypy.nodes import AssignmentStmt
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import MDEF
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import RefExpr
+from mypy.nodes import StrExpr
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TempNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.nodes import Var
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.plugins.common import add_method_to_class
+from mypy.types import AnyType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneTyp
+from mypy.types import ProperType
+from mypy.types import TypeOfAny
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+from . import infer
+from . import util
+from .names import expr_to_mapped_constructor
+from .names import NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+
+
+def apply_mypy_mapped_attr(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    item: Union[NameExpr, StrExpr],
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    if isinstance(item, NameExpr):
+        name = item.name
+    elif isinstance(item, StrExpr):
+        name = item.value
+    else:
+        return None
+
+    for stmt in cls.defs.body:
+        if (
+            isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt)
+            and isinstance(stmt.lvalues[0], NameExpr)
+            and stmt.lvalues[0].name == name
+        ):
+            break
+    else:
+        util.fail(api, f"Can't find mapped attribute {name}", cls)
+        return None
+
+    if stmt.type is None:
+        util.fail(
+            api,
+            "Statement linked from _mypy_mapped_attrs has no "
+            "typing information",
+            stmt,
+        )
+        return None
+
+    left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(stmt.type)
+    assert isinstance(
+        left_hand_explicit_type, (Instance, UnionType, UnboundType)
+    )
+
+    attributes.append(
+        util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+            name=name,
+            line=item.line,
+            column=item.column,
+            typ=left_hand_explicit_type,
+            info=cls.info,
+        )
+    )
+
+    apply_type_to_mapped_statement(
+        api, stmt, stmt.lvalues[0], left_hand_explicit_type, None
+    )
+
+
+def re_apply_declarative_assignments(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """For multiple class passes, re-apply our left-hand side types as mypy
+    seems to reset them in place.
+
+    """
+    mapped_attr_lookup = {attr.name: attr for attr in attributes}
+    update_cls_metadata = False
+
+    for stmt in cls.defs.body:
+        # for a re-apply, all of our statements are AssignmentStmt;
+        # @declared_attr calls will have been converted and this
+        # currently seems to be preserved by mypy (but who knows if this
+        # will change).
+        if (
+            isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt)
+            and isinstance(stmt.lvalues[0], NameExpr)
+            and stmt.lvalues[0].name in mapped_attr_lookup
+            and isinstance(stmt.lvalues[0].node, Var)
+        ):
+            left_node = stmt.lvalues[0].node
+
+            python_type_for_type = mapped_attr_lookup[
+                stmt.lvalues[0].name
+            ].type
+
+            left_node_proper_type = get_proper_type(left_node.type)
+
+            # if we have scanned an UnboundType and now there's a more
+            # specific type than UnboundType, call the re-scan so we
+            # can get that set up correctly
+            if (
+                isinstance(python_type_for_type, UnboundType)
+                and not isinstance(left_node_proper_type, UnboundType)
+                and (
+                    isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.callee, MemberExpr)
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.callee.expr, NameExpr)
+                    and stmt.rvalue.callee.expr.node is not None
+                    and stmt.rvalue.callee.expr.node.fullname
+                    == NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+                    and stmt.rvalue.callee.name == "_empty_constructor"
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.args[0], CallExpr)
+                    and isinstance(stmt.rvalue.args[0].callee, RefExpr)
+                )
+            ):
+                new_python_type_for_type = (
+                    infer.infer_type_from_right_hand_nameexpr(
+                        api,
+                        stmt,
+                        left_node,
+                        left_node_proper_type,
+                        stmt.rvalue.args[0].callee,
+                    )
+                )
+
+                if new_python_type_for_type is not None and not isinstance(
+                    new_python_type_for_type, UnboundType
+                ):
+                    python_type_for_type = new_python_type_for_type
+
+                    # update the SQLAlchemyAttribute with the better
+                    # information
+                    mapped_attr_lookup[stmt.lvalues[0].name].type = (
+                        python_type_for_type
+                    )
+
+                    update_cls_metadata = True
+
+            if (
+                not isinstance(left_node.type, Instance)
+                or left_node.type.type.fullname != NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+            ):
+                assert python_type_for_type is not None
+                left_node.type = api.named_type(
+                    NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [python_type_for_type]
+                )
+
+    if update_cls_metadata:
+        util.set_mapped_attributes(cls.info, attributes)
+
+
+def apply_type_to_mapped_statement(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    lvalue: NameExpr,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    python_type_for_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> None:
+    """Apply the Mapped[<type>] annotation and right hand object to a
+    declarative assignment statement.
+
+    This converts a Python declarative class statement such as::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            # ...
+
+            attrname = Column(Integer)
+
+    To one that describes the final Python behavior to Mypy::
+
+    ... format: off
+
+        class User(Base):
+            # ...
+
+            attrname : Mapped[Optional[int]] = <meaningless temp node>
+
+    ... format: on
+
+    """
+    left_node = lvalue.node
+    assert isinstance(left_node, Var)
+
+    # to be completely honest I have no idea what the difference between
+    # left_node.type and stmt.type is, what it means if these are different
+    # vs. the same, why in order to get tests to pass I have to assign
+    # to stmt.type for the second case and not the first.  this is complete
+    # trying every combination until it works stuff.
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        lvalue.is_inferred_def = False
+        left_node.type = api.named_type(
+            NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [left_hand_explicit_type]
+        )
+    else:
+        lvalue.is_inferred_def = False
+        left_node.type = api.named_type(
+            NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED,
+            (
+                [AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)]
+                if python_type_for_type is None
+                else [python_type_for_type]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    # so to have it skip the right side totally, we can do this:
+    # stmt.rvalue = TempNode(AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form))
+
+    # however, if we instead manufacture a new node that uses the old
+    # one, then we can still get type checking for the call itself,
+    # e.g. the Column, relationship() call, etc.
+
+    # rewrite the node as:
+    # <attr> : Mapped[<typ>] =
+    # _sa_Mapped._empty_constructor(<original CallExpr from rvalue>)
+    # the original right-hand side is maintained so it gets type checked
+    # internally
+    stmt.rvalue = expr_to_mapped_constructor(stmt.rvalue)
+
+    if stmt.type is not None and python_type_for_type is not None:
+        stmt.type = python_type_for_type
+
+
+def add_additional_orm_attributes(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Apply __init__, __table__ and other attributes to the mapped class."""
+
+    info = util.info_for_cls(cls, api)
+
+    if info is None:
+        return
+
+    is_base = util.get_is_base(info)
+
+    if "__init__" not in info.names and not is_base:
+        mapped_attr_names = {attr.name: attr.type for attr in attributes}
+
+        for base in info.mro[1:-1]:
+            if "sqlalchemy" not in info.metadata:
+                continue
+
+            base_cls_attributes = util.get_mapped_attributes(base, api)
+            if base_cls_attributes is None:
+                continue
+
+            for attr in base_cls_attributes:
+                mapped_attr_names.setdefault(attr.name, attr.type)
+
+        arguments = []
+        for name, typ in mapped_attr_names.items():
+            if typ is None:
+                typ = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+            arguments.append(
+                Argument(
+                    variable=Var(name, typ),
+                    type_annotation=typ,
+                    initializer=TempNode(typ),
+                    kind=ARG_NAMED_OPT,
+                )
+            )
+
+        add_method_to_class(api, cls, "__init__", arguments, NoneTyp())
+
+    if "__table__" not in info.names and util.get_has_table(info):
+        _apply_placeholder_attr_to_class(
+            api, cls, "sqlalchemy.sql.schema.Table", "__table__"
+        )
+    if not is_base:
+        _apply_placeholder_attr_to_class(
+            api, cls, "sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper", "__mapper__"
+        )
+
+
+def _apply_placeholder_attr_to_class(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    qualified_name: str,
+    attrname: str,
+) -> None:
+    sym = api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none(qualified_name)
+    if sym:
+        assert isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+        type_: ProperType = Instance(sym.node, [])
+    else:
+        type_ = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+    var = Var(attrname)
+    var._fullname = cls.fullname + "." + attrname
+    var.info = cls.info
+    var.type = type_
+    cls.info.names[attrname] = SymbolTableNode(MDEF, var)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/decl_class.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/decl_class.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ce7ad56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/decl_class.py
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+# ext/mypy/decl_class.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy.nodes import AssignmentStmt
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import Decorator
+from mypy.nodes import LambdaExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ListExpr
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import PlaceholderNode
+from mypy.nodes import RefExpr
+from mypy.nodes import StrExpr
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolNode
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TempNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.nodes import Var
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.types import AnyType
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneType
+from mypy.types import ProperType
+from mypy.types import Type
+from mypy.types import TypeOfAny
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+from . import apply
+from . import infer
+from . import names
+from . import util
+
+
+def scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    is_mixin_scan: bool = False,
+) -> Optional[List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute]]:
+    info = util.info_for_cls(cls, api)
+
+    if info is None:
+        # this can occur during cached passes
+        return None
+    elif cls.fullname.startswith("builtins"):
+        return None
+
+    mapped_attributes: Optional[List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute]] = (
+        util.get_mapped_attributes(info, api)
+    )
+
+    # used by assign.add_additional_orm_attributes among others
+    util.establish_as_sqlalchemy(info)
+
+    if mapped_attributes is not None:
+        # ensure that a class that's mapped is always picked up by
+        # its mapped() decorator or declarative metaclass before
+        # it would be detected as an unmapped mixin class
+
+        if not is_mixin_scan:
+            # mypy can call us more than once.  it then *may* have reset the
+            # left hand side of everything, but not the right that we removed,
+            # removing our ability to re-scan.   but we have the types
+            # here, so lets re-apply them, or if we have an UnboundType,
+            # we can re-scan
+
+            apply.re_apply_declarative_assignments(cls, api, mapped_attributes)
+
+        return mapped_attributes
+
+    mapped_attributes = []
+
+    if not cls.defs.body:
+        # when we get a mixin class from another file, the body is
+        # empty (!) but the names are in the symbol table.  so use that.
+
+        for sym_name, sym in info.names.items():
+            _scan_symbol_table_entry(
+                cls, api, sym_name, sym, mapped_attributes
+            )
+    else:
+        for stmt in util.flatten_typechecking(cls.defs.body):
+            if isinstance(stmt, AssignmentStmt):
+                _scan_declarative_assignment_stmt(
+                    cls, api, stmt, mapped_attributes
+                )
+            elif isinstance(stmt, Decorator):
+                _scan_declarative_decorator_stmt(
+                    cls, api, stmt, mapped_attributes
+                )
+    _scan_for_mapped_bases(cls, api)
+
+    if not is_mixin_scan:
+        apply.add_additional_orm_attributes(cls, api, mapped_attributes)
+
+    util.set_mapped_attributes(info, mapped_attributes)
+
+    return mapped_attributes
+
+
+def _scan_symbol_table_entry(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    name: str,
+    value: SymbolTableNode,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Extract mapping information from a SymbolTableNode that's in the
+    type.names dictionary.
+
+    """
+    value_type = get_proper_type(value.type)
+    if not isinstance(value_type, Instance):
+        return
+
+    left_hand_explicit_type = None
+    type_id = names.type_id_for_named_node(value_type.type)
+    # type_id = names._type_id_for_unbound_type(value.type.type, cls, api)
+
+    err = False
+
+    # TODO: this is nearly the same logic as that of
+    # _scan_declarative_decorator_stmt, likely can be merged
+    if type_id in {
+        names.MAPPED,
+        names.RELATIONSHIP,
+        names.COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+        names.MAPPER_PROPERTY,
+        names.SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+        names.COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+    }:
+        if value_type.args:
+            left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(value_type.args[0])
+        else:
+            err = True
+    elif type_id is names.COLUMN:
+        if not value_type.args:
+            err = True
+        else:
+            typeengine_arg: Union[ProperType, TypeInfo] = get_proper_type(
+                value_type.args[0]
+            )
+            if isinstance(typeengine_arg, Instance):
+                typeengine_arg = typeengine_arg.type
+
+            if isinstance(typeengine_arg, (UnboundType, TypeInfo)):
+                sym = api.lookup_qualified(typeengine_arg.name, typeengine_arg)
+                if sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):
+                    if names.has_base_type_id(sym.node, names.TYPEENGINE):
+                        left_hand_explicit_type = UnionType(
+                            [
+                                infer.extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+                                    api, sym.node, []
+                                ),
+                                NoneType(),
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        util.fail(
+                            api,
+                            "Column type should be a TypeEngine "
+                            "subclass not '{}'".format(sym.node.fullname),
+                            value_type,
+                        )
+
+    if err:
+        msg = (
+            "Can't infer type from attribute {} on class {}. "
+            "please specify a return type from this function that is "
+            "one of: Mapped[<python type>], relationship[<target class>], "
+            "Column[<TypeEngine>], MapperProperty[<python type>]"
+        )
+        util.fail(api, msg.format(name, cls.name), cls)
+
+        left_hand_explicit_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        assert value.node is not None
+        attributes.append(
+            util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+                name=name,
+                line=value.node.line,
+                column=value.node.column,
+                typ=left_hand_explicit_type,
+                info=cls.info,
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _scan_declarative_decorator_stmt(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: Decorator,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Extract mapping information from a @declared_attr in a declarative
+    class.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def updated_at(cls) -> Column[DateTime]:
+                return Column(DateTime)
+
+    Will resolve in mypy as::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            updated_at: Mapped[Optional[datetime.datetime]]
+
+    """
+    for dec in stmt.decorators:
+        if (
+            isinstance(dec, (NameExpr, MemberExpr, SymbolNode))
+            and names.type_id_for_named_node(dec) is names.DECLARED_ATTR
+        ):
+            break
+    else:
+        return
+
+    dec_index = cls.defs.body.index(stmt)
+
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType] = None
+
+    if util.name_is_dunder(stmt.name):
+        # for dunder names like __table_args__, __tablename__,
+        # __mapper_args__ etc., rewrite these as simple assignment
+        # statements; otherwise mypy doesn't like if the decorated
+        # function has an annotation like ``cls: Type[Foo]`` because
+        # it isn't @classmethod
+        any_ = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+        left_node = NameExpr(stmt.var.name)
+        left_node.node = stmt.var
+        new_stmt = AssignmentStmt([left_node], TempNode(any_))
+        new_stmt.type = left_node.node.type
+        cls.defs.body[dec_index] = new_stmt
+        return
+    elif isinstance(stmt.func.type, CallableType):
+        func_type = stmt.func.type.ret_type
+        if isinstance(func_type, UnboundType):
+            type_id = names.type_id_for_unbound_type(func_type, cls, api)
+        else:
+            # this does not seem to occur unless the type argument is
+            # incorrect
+            return
+
+        if (
+            type_id
+            in {
+                names.MAPPED,
+                names.RELATIONSHIP,
+                names.COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+                names.MAPPER_PROPERTY,
+                names.SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+                names.COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+            }
+            and func_type.args
+        ):
+            left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(func_type.args[0])
+        elif type_id is names.COLUMN and func_type.args:
+            typeengine_arg = func_type.args[0]
+            if isinstance(typeengine_arg, UnboundType):
+                sym = api.lookup_qualified(typeengine_arg.name, typeengine_arg)
+                if sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):
+                    if names.has_base_type_id(sym.node, names.TYPEENGINE):
+                        left_hand_explicit_type = UnionType(
+                            [
+                                infer.extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+                                    api, sym.node, []
+                                ),
+                                NoneType(),
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        util.fail(
+                            api,
+                            "Column type should be a TypeEngine "
+                            "subclass not '{}'".format(sym.node.fullname),
+                            func_type,
+                        )
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is None:
+        # no type on the decorated function.  our option here is to
+        # dig into the function body and get the return type, but they
+        # should just have an annotation.
+        msg = (
+            "Can't infer type from @declared_attr on function '{}';  "
+            "please specify a return type from this function that is "
+            "one of: Mapped[<python type>], relationship[<target class>], "
+            "Column[<TypeEngine>], MapperProperty[<python type>]"
+        )
+        util.fail(api, msg.format(stmt.var.name), stmt)
+
+        left_hand_explicit_type = AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)
+
+    left_node = NameExpr(stmt.var.name)
+    left_node.node = stmt.var
+
+    # totally feeling around in the dark here as I don't totally understand
+    # the significance of UnboundType.  It seems to be something that is
+    # not going to do what's expected when it is applied as the type of
+    # an AssignmentStatement.  So do a feeling-around-in-the-dark version
+    # of converting it to the regular Instance/TypeInfo/UnionType structures
+    # we see everywhere else.
+    if isinstance(left_hand_explicit_type, UnboundType):
+        left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(
+            util.unbound_to_instance(api, left_hand_explicit_type)
+        )
+
+    left_node.node.type = api.named_type(
+        names.NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [left_hand_explicit_type]
+    )
+
+    # this will ignore the rvalue entirely
+    # rvalue = TempNode(AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form))
+
+    # rewrite the node as:
+    # <attr> : Mapped[<typ>] =
+    # _sa_Mapped._empty_constructor(lambda: <function body>)
+    # the function body is maintained so it gets type checked internally
+    rvalue = names.expr_to_mapped_constructor(
+        LambdaExpr(stmt.func.arguments, stmt.func.body)
+    )
+
+    new_stmt = AssignmentStmt([left_node], rvalue)
+    new_stmt.type = left_node.node.type
+
+    attributes.append(
+        util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+            name=left_node.name,
+            line=stmt.line,
+            column=stmt.column,
+            typ=left_hand_explicit_type,
+            info=cls.info,
+        )
+    )
+    cls.defs.body[dec_index] = new_stmt
+
+
+def _scan_declarative_assignment_stmt(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    attributes: List[util.SQLAlchemyAttribute],
+) -> None:
+    """Extract mapping information from an assignment statement in a
+    declarative class.
+
+    """
+    lvalue = stmt.lvalues[0]
+    if not isinstance(lvalue, NameExpr):
+        return
+
+    sym = cls.info.names.get(lvalue.name)
+
+    # this establishes that semantic analysis has taken place, which
+    # means the nodes are populated and we are called from an appropriate
+    # hook.
+    assert sym is not None
+    node = sym.node
+
+    if isinstance(node, PlaceholderNode):
+        return
+
+    assert node is lvalue.node
+    assert isinstance(node, Var)
+
+    if node.name == "__abstract__":
+        if api.parse_bool(stmt.rvalue) is True:
+            util.set_is_base(cls.info)
+        return
+    elif node.name == "__tablename__":
+        util.set_has_table(cls.info)
+    elif node.name.startswith("__"):
+        return
+    elif node.name == "_mypy_mapped_attrs":
+        if not isinstance(stmt.rvalue, ListExpr):
+            util.fail(api, "_mypy_mapped_attrs is expected to be a list", stmt)
+        else:
+            for item in stmt.rvalue.items:
+                if isinstance(item, (NameExpr, StrExpr)):
+                    apply.apply_mypy_mapped_attr(cls, api, item, attributes)
+
+    left_hand_mapped_type: Optional[Type] = None
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType] = None
+
+    if node.is_inferred or node.type is None:
+        if isinstance(stmt.type, UnboundType):
+            # look for an explicit Mapped[] type annotation on the left
+            # side with nothing on the right
+
+            # print(stmt.type)
+            # Mapped?[Optional?[A?]]
+
+            left_hand_explicit_type = stmt.type
+
+            if stmt.type.name == "Mapped":
+                mapped_sym = api.lookup_qualified("Mapped", cls)
+                if (
+                    mapped_sym is not None
+                    and mapped_sym.node is not None
+                    and names.type_id_for_named_node(mapped_sym.node)
+                    is names.MAPPED
+                ):
+                    left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(
+                        stmt.type.args[0]
+                    )
+                    left_hand_mapped_type = stmt.type
+
+            # TODO: do we need to convert from unbound for this case?
+            # left_hand_explicit_type = util._unbound_to_instance(
+            #     api, left_hand_explicit_type
+            # )
+    else:
+        node_type = get_proper_type(node.type)
+        if (
+            isinstance(node_type, Instance)
+            and names.type_id_for_named_node(node_type.type) is names.MAPPED
+        ):
+            # print(node.type)
+            # sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.Mapped[<python type>]
+            left_hand_explicit_type = get_proper_type(node_type.args[0])
+            left_hand_mapped_type = node_type
+        else:
+            # print(node.type)
+            # <python type>
+            left_hand_explicit_type = node_type
+            left_hand_mapped_type = None
+
+    if isinstance(stmt.rvalue, TempNode) and left_hand_mapped_type is not None:
+        # annotation without assignment and Mapped is present
+        # as type annotation
+        # equivalent to using _infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only.
+
+        python_type_for_type = left_hand_explicit_type
+    elif isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr) and isinstance(
+        stmt.rvalue.callee, RefExpr
+    ):
+        python_type_for_type = infer.infer_type_from_right_hand_nameexpr(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type, stmt.rvalue.callee
+        )
+
+        if python_type_for_type is None:
+            return
+
+    else:
+        return
+
+    assert python_type_for_type is not None
+
+    attributes.append(
+        util.SQLAlchemyAttribute(
+            name=node.name,
+            line=stmt.line,
+            column=stmt.column,
+            typ=python_type_for_type,
+            info=cls.info,
+        )
+    )
+
+    apply.apply_type_to_mapped_statement(
+        api,
+        stmt,
+        lvalue,
+        left_hand_explicit_type,
+        python_type_for_type,
+    )
+
+
+def _scan_for_mapped_bases(
+    cls: ClassDef,
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+) -> None:
+    """Given a class, iterate through its superclass hierarchy to find
+    all other classes that are considered as ORM-significant.
+
+    Locates non-mapped mixins and scans them for mapped attributes to be
+    applied to subclasses.
+
+    """
+
+    info = util.info_for_cls(cls, api)
+
+    if info is None:
+        return
+
+    for base_info in info.mro[1:-1]:
+        if base_info.fullname.startswith("builtins"):
+            continue
+
+        # scan each base for mapped attributes.  if they are not already
+        # scanned (but have all their type info), that means they are unmapped
+        # mixins
+        scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+            base_info.defn, api, is_mixin_scan=True
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/infer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/infer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26a83cca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/infer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+# ext/mypy/infer.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+
+from mypy.maptype import map_instance_to_supertype
+from mypy.nodes import AssignmentStmt
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import Expression
+from mypy.nodes import FuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import LambdaExpr
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import RefExpr
+from mypy.nodes import StrExpr
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.nodes import Var
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.subtypes import is_subtype
+from mypy.types import AnyType
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneType
+from mypy.types import ProperType
+from mypy.types import TypeOfAny
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+from . import names
+from . import util
+
+
+def infer_type_from_right_hand_nameexpr(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    infer_from_right_side: RefExpr,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    type_id = names.type_id_for_callee(infer_from_right_side)
+    if type_id is None:
+        return None
+    elif type_id is names.MAPPED:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_mapped(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type, infer_from_right_side
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.COLUMN:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.RELATIONSHIP:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_relationship(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.COLUMN_PROPERTY:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_decl_column_property(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.SYNONYM_PROPERTY:
+        python_type_for_type = infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif type_id is names.COMPOSITE_PROPERTY:
+        python_type_for_type = _infer_type_from_decl_composite_property(
+            api, stmt, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    else:
+        return None
+
+    return python_type_for_type
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_relationship(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a relationship.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            addresses = relationship(Address, uselist=True)
+
+            order: Mapped["Order"] = relationship("Order")
+
+    Will resolve in mypy as::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            addresses: Mapped[List[Address]]
+
+            order: Mapped["Order"]
+
+    """
+
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+    target_cls_arg = stmt.rvalue.args[0]
+    python_type_for_type: Optional[ProperType] = None
+
+    if isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+        target_cls_arg.node, TypeInfo
+    ):
+        # type
+        related_object_type = target_cls_arg.node
+        python_type_for_type = Instance(related_object_type, [])
+
+    # other cases not covered - an error message directs the user
+    # to set an explicit type annotation
+    #
+    # node.type == str, it's a string
+    # if isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+    #     target_cls_arg.node, Var
+    # )
+    # points to a type
+    # isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+    #     target_cls_arg.node, TypeAlias
+    # )
+    # string expression
+    # isinstance(target_cls_arg, StrExpr)
+
+    uselist_arg = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(stmt.rvalue, "uselist")
+    collection_cls_arg: Optional[Expression] = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(
+        stmt.rvalue, "collection_class"
+    )
+    type_is_a_collection = False
+
+    # this can be used to determine Optional for a many-to-one
+    # in the same way nullable=False could be used, if we start supporting
+    # that.
+    # innerjoin_arg = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(stmt.rvalue, "innerjoin")
+
+    if (
+        uselist_arg is not None
+        and api.parse_bool(uselist_arg) is True
+        and collection_cls_arg is None
+    ):
+        type_is_a_collection = True
+        if python_type_for_type is not None:
+            python_type_for_type = api.named_type(
+                names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_LIST, [python_type_for_type]
+            )
+    elif (
+        uselist_arg is None or api.parse_bool(uselist_arg) is True
+    ) and collection_cls_arg is not None:
+        type_is_a_collection = True
+        if isinstance(collection_cls_arg, CallExpr):
+            collection_cls_arg = collection_cls_arg.callee
+
+        if isinstance(collection_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+            collection_cls_arg.node, TypeInfo
+        ):
+            if python_type_for_type is not None:
+                # this can still be overridden by the left hand side
+                # within _infer_Type_from_left_and_inferred_right
+                python_type_for_type = Instance(
+                    collection_cls_arg.node, [python_type_for_type]
+                )
+        elif (
+            isinstance(collection_cls_arg, NameExpr)
+            and isinstance(collection_cls_arg.node, FuncDef)
+            and collection_cls_arg.node.type is not None
+        ):
+            if python_type_for_type is not None:
+                # this can still be overridden by the left hand side
+                # within _infer_Type_from_left_and_inferred_right
+
+                # TODO: handle mypy.types.Overloaded
+                if isinstance(collection_cls_arg.node.type, CallableType):
+                    rt = get_proper_type(collection_cls_arg.node.type.ret_type)
+
+                    if isinstance(rt, CallableType):
+                        callable_ret_type = get_proper_type(rt.ret_type)
+                        if isinstance(callable_ret_type, Instance):
+                            python_type_for_type = Instance(
+                                callable_ret_type.type,
+                                [python_type_for_type],
+                            )
+        else:
+            util.fail(
+                api,
+                "Expected Python collection type for "
+                "collection_class parameter",
+                stmt.rvalue,
+            )
+            python_type_for_type = None
+    elif uselist_arg is not None and api.parse_bool(uselist_arg) is False:
+        if collection_cls_arg is not None:
+            util.fail(
+                api,
+                "Sending uselist=False and collection_class at the same time "
+                "does not make sense",
+                stmt.rvalue,
+            )
+        if python_type_for_type is not None:
+            python_type_for_type = UnionType(
+                [python_type_for_type, NoneType()]
+            )
+
+    else:
+        if left_hand_explicit_type is None:
+            msg = (
+                "Can't infer scalar or collection for ORM mapped expression "
+                "assigned to attribute '{}' if both 'uselist' and "
+                "'collection_class' arguments are absent from the "
+                "relationship(); please specify a "
+                "type annotation on the left hand side."
+            )
+            util.fail(api, msg.format(node.name), node)
+
+    if python_type_for_type is None:
+        return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        if type_is_a_collection:
+            assert isinstance(left_hand_explicit_type, Instance)
+            assert isinstance(python_type_for_type, Instance)
+            return _infer_collection_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+                api, node, left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type
+            )
+        else:
+            return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+                api,
+                node,
+                left_hand_explicit_type,
+                python_type_for_type,
+            )
+    else:
+        return python_type_for_type
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_decl_composite_property(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a Composite."""
+
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+    target_cls_arg = stmt.rvalue.args[0]
+    python_type_for_type = None
+
+    if isinstance(target_cls_arg, NameExpr) and isinstance(
+        target_cls_arg.node, TypeInfo
+    ):
+        related_object_type = target_cls_arg.node
+        python_type_for_type = Instance(related_object_type, [])
+    else:
+        python_type_for_type = None
+
+    if python_type_for_type is None:
+        return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+    elif left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+        return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type
+        )
+    else:
+        return python_type_for_type
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_mapped(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    infer_from_right_side: RefExpr,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a right side expression
+    that returns Mapped.
+
+
+    """
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+
+    # (Pdb) print(stmt.rvalue.callee)
+    # NameExpr(query_expression [sqlalchemy.orm._orm_constructors.query_expression])  # noqa: E501
+    # (Pdb) stmt.rvalue.callee.node
+    # <mypy.nodes.FuncDef object at 0x7f8d92fb5940>
+    # (Pdb) stmt.rvalue.callee.node.type
+    # def [_T] (default_expr: sqlalchemy.sql.elements.ColumnElement[_T`-1] =) -> sqlalchemy.orm.base.Mapped[_T`-1]  # noqa: E501
+    # sqlalchemy.orm.base.Mapped[_T`-1]
+    # the_mapped_type = stmt.rvalue.callee.node.type.ret_type
+
+    # TODO: look at generic ref and either use that,
+    # or reconcile w/ what's present, etc.
+    the_mapped_type = util.type_for_callee(infer_from_right_side)  # noqa
+
+    return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+        api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+    )
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_decl_column_property(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a ColumnProperty.
+
+    This includes mappings against ``column_property()`` as well as the
+    ``deferred()`` function.
+
+    """
+    assert isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr)
+
+    if stmt.rvalue.args:
+        first_prop_arg = stmt.rvalue.args[0]
+
+        if isinstance(first_prop_arg, CallExpr):
+            type_id = names.type_id_for_callee(first_prop_arg.callee)
+
+            # look for column_property() / deferred() etc with Column as first
+            # argument
+            if type_id is names.COLUMN:
+                return _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+                    api,
+                    stmt,
+                    node,
+                    left_hand_explicit_type,
+                    right_hand_expression=first_prop_arg,
+                )
+
+    if isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr):
+        type_id = names.type_id_for_callee(stmt.rvalue.callee)
+        # this is probably not strictly necessary as we have to use the left
+        # hand type for query expression in any case.  any other no-arg
+        # column prop objects would go here also
+        if type_id is names.QUERY_EXPRESSION:
+            return _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+                api,
+                stmt,
+                node,
+                left_hand_explicit_type,
+            )
+
+    return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+        api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+    )
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_decl_column(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    stmt: AssignmentStmt,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+    right_hand_expression: Optional[CallExpr] = None,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Infer the type of mapping from a Column.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            a = Column(Integer)
+
+            b = Column("b", String)
+
+            c: Mapped[int] = Column(Integer)
+
+            d: bool = Column(Boolean)
+
+    Will resolve in MyPy as::
+
+        @reg.mapped
+        class MyClass:
+            # ...
+
+            a: Mapped[int]
+
+            b: Mapped[str]
+
+            c: Mapped[int]
+
+            d: Mapped[bool]
+
+    """
+    assert isinstance(node, Var)
+
+    callee = None
+
+    if right_hand_expression is None:
+        if not isinstance(stmt.rvalue, CallExpr):
+            return None
+
+        right_hand_expression = stmt.rvalue
+
+    for column_arg in right_hand_expression.args[0:2]:
+        if isinstance(column_arg, CallExpr):
+            if isinstance(column_arg.callee, RefExpr):
+                # x = Column(String(50))
+                callee = column_arg.callee
+                type_args: Sequence[Expression] = column_arg.args
+                break
+        elif isinstance(column_arg, (NameExpr, MemberExpr)):
+            if isinstance(column_arg.node, TypeInfo):
+                # x = Column(String)
+                callee = column_arg
+                type_args = ()
+                break
+            else:
+                # x = Column(some_name, String), go to next argument
+                continue
+        elif isinstance(column_arg, (StrExpr,)):
+            # x = Column("name", String), go to next argument
+            continue
+        elif isinstance(column_arg, (LambdaExpr,)):
+            # x = Column("name", String, default=lambda: uuid.uuid4())
+            # go to next argument
+            continue
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+    if callee is None:
+        return None
+
+    if isinstance(callee.node, TypeInfo) and names.mro_has_id(
+        callee.node.mro, names.TYPEENGINE
+    ):
+        python_type_for_type = extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+            api, callee.node, type_args
+        )
+
+        if left_hand_explicit_type is not None:
+            return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+                api, node, left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return UnionType([python_type_for_type, NoneType()])
+    else:
+        # it's not TypeEngine, it's typically implicitly typed
+        # like ForeignKey.  we can't infer from the right side.
+        return infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+            api, node, left_hand_explicit_type
+        )
+
+
+def _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: ProperType,
+    python_type_for_type: ProperType,
+    orig_left_hand_type: Optional[ProperType] = None,
+    orig_python_type_for_type: Optional[ProperType] = None,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Validate type when a left hand annotation is present and we also
+    could infer the right hand side::
+
+        attrname: SomeType = Column(SomeDBType)
+
+    """
+
+    if orig_left_hand_type is None:
+        orig_left_hand_type = left_hand_explicit_type
+    if orig_python_type_for_type is None:
+        orig_python_type_for_type = python_type_for_type
+
+    if not is_subtype(left_hand_explicit_type, python_type_for_type):
+        effective_type = api.named_type(
+            names.NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [orig_python_type_for_type]
+        )
+
+        msg = (
+            "Left hand assignment '{}: {}' not compatible "
+            "with ORM mapped expression of type {}"
+        )
+        util.fail(
+            api,
+            msg.format(
+                node.name,
+                util.format_type(orig_left_hand_type, api.options),
+                util.format_type(effective_type, api.options),
+            ),
+            node,
+        )
+
+    return orig_left_hand_type
+
+
+def _infer_collection_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Instance,
+    python_type_for_type: Instance,
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    orig_left_hand_type = left_hand_explicit_type
+    orig_python_type_for_type = python_type_for_type
+
+    if left_hand_explicit_type.args:
+        left_hand_arg = get_proper_type(left_hand_explicit_type.args[0])
+        python_type_arg = get_proper_type(python_type_for_type.args[0])
+    else:
+        left_hand_arg = left_hand_explicit_type
+        python_type_arg = python_type_for_type
+
+    assert isinstance(left_hand_arg, (Instance, UnionType))
+    assert isinstance(python_type_arg, (Instance, UnionType))
+
+    return _infer_type_from_left_and_inferred_right(
+        api,
+        node,
+        left_hand_arg,
+        python_type_arg,
+        orig_left_hand_type=orig_left_hand_type,
+        orig_python_type_for_type=orig_python_type_for_type,
+    )
+
+
+def infer_type_from_left_hand_type_only(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: Var,
+    left_hand_explicit_type: Optional[ProperType],
+) -> Optional[ProperType]:
+    """Determine the type based on explicit annotation only.
+
+    if no annotation were present, note that we need one there to know
+    the type.
+
+    """
+    if left_hand_explicit_type is None:
+        msg = (
+            "Can't infer type from ORM mapped expression "
+            "assigned to attribute '{}'; please specify a "
+            "Python type or "
+            "Mapped[<python type>] on the left hand side."
+        )
+        util.fail(api, msg.format(node.name), node)
+
+        return api.named_type(
+            names.NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED, [AnyType(TypeOfAny.special_form)]
+        )
+
+    else:
+        # use type from the left hand side
+        return left_hand_explicit_type
+
+
+def extract_python_type_from_typeengine(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    node: TypeInfo,
+    type_args: Sequence[Expression],
+) -> ProperType:
+    if node.fullname == "sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes.Enum" and type_args:
+        first_arg = type_args[0]
+        if isinstance(first_arg, RefExpr) and isinstance(
+            first_arg.node, TypeInfo
+        ):
+            for base_ in first_arg.node.mro:
+                if base_.fullname == "enum.Enum":
+                    return Instance(first_arg.node, [])
+            # TODO: support other pep-435 types here
+        else:
+            return api.named_type(names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_STR, [])
+
+    assert node.has_base("sqlalchemy.sql.type_api.TypeEngine"), (
+        "could not extract Python type from node: %s" % node
+    )
+
+    type_engine_sym = api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none(
+        "sqlalchemy.sql.type_api.TypeEngine"
+    )
+
+    assert type_engine_sym is not None and isinstance(
+        type_engine_sym.node, TypeInfo
+    )
+    type_engine = map_instance_to_supertype(
+        Instance(node, []),
+        type_engine_sym.node,
+    )
+    return get_proper_type(type_engine.args[-1])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/names.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/names.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31978628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/names.py
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+# ext/mypy/names.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy.nodes import ARG_POS
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import Decorator
+from mypy.nodes import Expression
+from mypy.nodes import FuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import OverloadedFuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeAlias
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+
+from ... import util
+
+COLUMN: int = util.symbol("COLUMN")
+RELATIONSHIP: int = util.symbol("RELATIONSHIP")
+REGISTRY: int = util.symbol("REGISTRY")
+COLUMN_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("COLUMN_PROPERTY")
+TYPEENGINE: int = util.symbol("TYPEENGNE")
+MAPPED: int = util.symbol("MAPPED")
+DECLARATIVE_BASE: int = util.symbol("DECLARATIVE_BASE")
+DECLARATIVE_META: int = util.symbol("DECLARATIVE_META")
+MAPPED_DECORATOR: int = util.symbol("MAPPED_DECORATOR")
+SYNONYM_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("SYNONYM_PROPERTY")
+COMPOSITE_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("COMPOSITE_PROPERTY")
+DECLARED_ATTR: int = util.symbol("DECLARED_ATTR")
+MAPPER_PROPERTY: int = util.symbol("MAPPER_PROPERTY")
+AS_DECLARATIVE: int = util.symbol("AS_DECLARATIVE")
+AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE: int = util.symbol("AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE")
+DECLARATIVE_MIXIN: int = util.symbol("DECLARATIVE_MIXIN")
+QUERY_EXPRESSION: int = util.symbol("QUERY_EXPRESSION")
+
+# names that must succeed with mypy.api.named_type
+NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_OBJECT = "builtins.object"
+NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_STR = "builtins.str"
+NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_LIST = "builtins.list"
+NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED = "sqlalchemy.orm.base.Mapped"
+
+_RelFullNames = {
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.relationships.Relationship",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.relationships.RelationshipProperty",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.relationships._RelationshipDeclared",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.Relationship",
+    "sqlalchemy.orm.RelationshipProperty",
+}
+
+_lookup: Dict[str, Tuple[int, Set[str]]] = {
+    "Column": (
+        COLUMN,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.sql.schema.Column",
+            "sqlalchemy.sql.Column",
+        },
+    ),
+    "Relationship": (RELATIONSHIP, _RelFullNames),
+    "RelationshipProperty": (RELATIONSHIP, _RelFullNames),
+    "_RelationshipDeclared": (RELATIONSHIP, _RelFullNames),
+    "registry": (
+        REGISTRY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.registry",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.registry",
+        },
+    ),
+    "ColumnProperty": (
+        COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.ColumnProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.ColumnProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "MappedSQLExpression": (
+        COLUMN_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.MappedSQLExpression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.properties.ColumnProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.ColumnProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "Synonym": (
+        SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.SynonymProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.SynonymProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "SynonymProperty": (
+        SYNONYM_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Synonym",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.SynonymProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.SynonymProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "Composite": (
+        COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.CompositeProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.CompositeProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "CompositeProperty": (
+        COMPOSITE_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.Composite",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props.CompositeProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.CompositeProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "MapperProperty": (
+        MAPPER_PROPERTY,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.MapperProperty",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.MapperProperty",
+        },
+    ),
+    "TypeEngine": (TYPEENGINE, {"sqlalchemy.sql.type_api.TypeEngine"}),
+    "Mapped": (MAPPED, {NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED}),
+    "declarative_base": (
+        DECLARATIVE_BASE,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declarative_base",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.declarative_base",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.declarative_base",
+        },
+    ),
+    "DeclarativeMeta": (
+        DECLARATIVE_META,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.DeclarativeMeta",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.DeclarativeMeta",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.DeclarativeMeta",
+        },
+    ),
+    "mapped": (
+        MAPPED_DECORATOR,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.registry.mapped",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.registry.mapped",
+        },
+    ),
+    "as_declarative": (
+        AS_DECLARATIVE,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.as_declarative",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.as_declarative",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.as_declarative",
+        },
+    ),
+    "as_declarative_base": (
+        AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.registry.as_declarative_base",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.registry.as_declarative_base",
+        },
+    ),
+    "declared_attr": (
+        DECLARED_ATTR,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.declared_attr",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.declared_attr",
+        },
+    ),
+    "declarative_mixin": (
+        DECLARATIVE_MIXIN,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.declarative_mixin",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.declarative_mixin",
+        },
+    ),
+    "query_expression": (
+        QUERY_EXPRESSION,
+        {
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.query_expression",
+            "sqlalchemy.orm._orm_constructors.query_expression",
+        },
+    ),
+}
+
+
+def has_base_type_id(info: TypeInfo, type_id: int) -> bool:
+    for mr in info.mro:
+        check_type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(mr.name, (None, None))
+        if check_type_id == type_id:
+            break
+    else:
+        return False
+
+    if fullnames is None:
+        return False
+
+    return mr.fullname in fullnames
+
+
+def mro_has_id(mro: List[TypeInfo], type_id: int) -> bool:
+    for mr in mro:
+        check_type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(mr.name, (None, None))
+        if check_type_id == type_id:
+            break
+    else:
+        return False
+
+    if fullnames is None:
+        return False
+
+    return mr.fullname in fullnames
+
+
+def type_id_for_unbound_type(
+    type_: UnboundType, cls: ClassDef, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+) -> Optional[int]:
+    sym = api.lookup_qualified(type_.name, type_)
+    if sym is not None:
+        if isinstance(sym.node, TypeAlias):
+            target_type = get_proper_type(sym.node.target)
+            if isinstance(target_type, Instance):
+                return type_id_for_named_node(target_type.type)
+        elif isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo):
+            return type_id_for_named_node(sym.node)
+
+    return None
+
+
+def type_id_for_callee(callee: Expression) -> Optional[int]:
+    if isinstance(callee, (MemberExpr, NameExpr)):
+        if isinstance(callee.node, Decorator) and isinstance(
+            callee.node.func, FuncDef
+        ):
+            if callee.node.func.type and isinstance(
+                callee.node.func.type, CallableType
+            ):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.func.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return type_id_for_fullname(ret_type.type.fullname)
+
+            return None
+
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, OverloadedFuncDef):
+            if (
+                callee.node.impl
+                and callee.node.impl.type
+                and isinstance(callee.node.impl.type, CallableType)
+            ):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.impl.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return type_id_for_fullname(ret_type.type.fullname)
+
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, FuncDef):
+            if callee.node.type and isinstance(callee.node.type, CallableType):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return type_id_for_fullname(ret_type.type.fullname)
+
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeAlias):
+            target_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.target)
+            if isinstance(target_type, Instance):
+                return type_id_for_fullname(target_type.type.fullname)
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeInfo):
+            return type_id_for_named_node(callee)
+    return None
+
+
+def type_id_for_named_node(
+    node: Union[NameExpr, MemberExpr, SymbolNode]
+) -> Optional[int]:
+    type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(node.name, (None, None))
+
+    if type_id is None or fullnames is None:
+        return None
+    elif node.fullname in fullnames:
+        return type_id
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def type_id_for_fullname(fullname: str) -> Optional[int]:
+    tokens = fullname.split(".")
+    immediate = tokens[-1]
+
+    type_id, fullnames = _lookup.get(immediate, (None, None))
+
+    if type_id is None or fullnames is None:
+        return None
+    elif fullname in fullnames:
+        return type_id
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def expr_to_mapped_constructor(expr: Expression) -> CallExpr:
+    column_descriptor = NameExpr("__sa_Mapped")
+    column_descriptor.fullname = NAMED_TYPE_SQLA_MAPPED
+    member_expr = MemberExpr(column_descriptor, "_empty_constructor")
+    return CallExpr(
+        member_expr,
+        [expr],
+        [ARG_POS],
+        ["arg1"],
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/plugin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/plugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1ec2c02b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/plugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# ext/mypy/plugin.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Mypy plugin for SQLAlchemy ORM.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type as TypingType
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy import nodes
+from mypy.mro import calculate_mro
+from mypy.mro import MroError
+from mypy.nodes import Block
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import GDEF
+from mypy.nodes import MypyFile
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTable
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.plugin import AttributeContext
+from mypy.plugin import ClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import DynamicClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import Plugin
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import Type
+
+from . import decl_class
+from . import names
+from . import util
+
+try:
+    __import__("sqlalchemy-stubs")
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    raise ImportError(
+        "The SQLAlchemy mypy plugin in SQLAlchemy "
+        "2.0 does not work with sqlalchemy-stubs or "
+        "sqlalchemy2-stubs installed, as well as with any other third party "
+        "SQLAlchemy stubs.  Please uninstall all SQLAlchemy stubs "
+        "packages."
+    )
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyPlugin(Plugin):
+    def get_dynamic_class_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[DynamicClassDefContext], None]]:
+        if names.type_id_for_fullname(fullname) is names.DECLARATIVE_BASE:
+            return _dynamic_class_hook
+        return None
+
+    def get_customize_class_mro_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        return _fill_in_decorators
+
+    def get_class_decorator_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        sym = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fullname)
+
+        if sym is not None and sym.node is not None:
+            type_id = names.type_id_for_named_node(sym.node)
+            if type_id is names.MAPPED_DECORATOR:
+                return _cls_decorator_hook
+            elif type_id in (
+                names.AS_DECLARATIVE,
+                names.AS_DECLARATIVE_BASE,
+            ):
+                return _base_cls_decorator_hook
+            elif type_id is names.DECLARATIVE_MIXIN:
+                return _declarative_mixin_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_metaclass_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        if names.type_id_for_fullname(fullname) is names.DECLARATIVE_META:
+            # Set any classes that explicitly have metaclass=DeclarativeMeta
+            # as declarative so the check in `get_base_class_hook()` works
+            return _metaclass_cls_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_base_class_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[ClassDefContext], None]]:
+        sym = self.lookup_fully_qualified(fullname)
+
+        if (
+            sym
+            and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+            and util.has_declarative_base(sym.node)
+        ):
+            return _base_cls_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_attribute_hook(
+        self, fullname: str
+    ) -> Optional[Callable[[AttributeContext], Type]]:
+        if fullname.startswith(
+            "sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.QueryableAttribute."
+        ):
+            return _queryable_getattr_hook
+
+        return None
+
+    def get_additional_deps(
+        self, file: MypyFile
+    ) -> List[Tuple[int, str, int]]:
+        return [
+            #
+            (10, "sqlalchemy.orm", -1),
+            (10, "sqlalchemy.orm.attributes", -1),
+            (10, "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api", -1),
+        ]
+
+
+def plugin(version: str) -> TypingType[SQLAlchemyPlugin]:
+    return SQLAlchemyPlugin
+
+
+def _dynamic_class_hook(ctx: DynamicClassDefContext) -> None:
+    """Generate a declarative Base class when the declarative_base() function
+    is encountered."""
+
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+
+    cls = ClassDef(ctx.name, Block([]))
+    cls.fullname = ctx.api.qualified_name(ctx.name)
+
+    info = TypeInfo(SymbolTable(), cls, ctx.api.cur_mod_id)
+    cls.info = info
+    _set_declarative_metaclass(ctx.api, cls)
+
+    cls_arg = util.get_callexpr_kwarg(ctx.call, "cls", expr_types=(NameExpr,))
+    if cls_arg is not None and isinstance(cls_arg.node, TypeInfo):
+        util.set_is_base(cls_arg.node)
+        decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+            cls_arg.node.defn, ctx.api, is_mixin_scan=True
+        )
+        info.bases = [Instance(cls_arg.node, [])]
+    else:
+        obj = ctx.api.named_type(names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_OBJECT)
+
+        info.bases = [obj]
+
+    try:
+        calculate_mro(info)
+    except MroError:
+        util.fail(
+            ctx.api, "Not able to calculate MRO for declarative base", ctx.call
+        )
+        obj = ctx.api.named_type(names.NAMED_TYPE_BUILTINS_OBJECT)
+        info.bases = [obj]
+        info.fallback_to_any = True
+
+    ctx.api.add_symbol_table_node(ctx.name, SymbolTableNode(GDEF, info))
+    util.set_is_base(info)
+
+
+def _fill_in_decorators(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    for decorator in ctx.cls.decorators:
+        # set the ".fullname" attribute of a class decorator
+        # that is a MemberExpr.   This causes the logic in
+        # semanal.py->apply_class_plugin_hooks to invoke the
+        # get_class_decorator_hook for our "registry.map_class()"
+        # and "registry.as_declarative_base()" methods.
+        # this seems like a bug in mypy that these decorators are otherwise
+        # skipped.
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(decorator, nodes.CallExpr)
+            and isinstance(decorator.callee, nodes.MemberExpr)
+            and decorator.callee.name == "as_declarative_base"
+        ):
+            target = decorator.callee
+        elif (
+            isinstance(decorator, nodes.MemberExpr)
+            and decorator.name == "mapped"
+        ):
+            target = decorator
+        else:
+            continue
+
+        if isinstance(target.expr, NameExpr):
+            sym = ctx.api.lookup_qualified(
+                target.expr.name, target, suppress_errors=True
+            )
+        else:
+            continue
+
+        if sym and sym.node:
+            sym_type = get_proper_type(sym.type)
+            if isinstance(sym_type, Instance):
+                target.fullname = f"{sym_type.type.fullname}.{target.name}"
+            else:
+                # if the registry is in the same file as where the
+                # decorator is used, it might not have semantic
+                # symbols applied and we can't get a fully qualified
+                # name or an inferred type, so we are actually going to
+                # flag an error in this case that they need to annotate
+                # it.  The "registry" is declared just
+                # once (or few times), so they have to just not use
+                # type inference for its assignment in this one case.
+                util.fail(
+                    ctx.api,
+                    "Class decorator called %s(), but we can't "
+                    "tell if it's from an ORM registry.  Please "
+                    "annotate the registry assignment, e.g. "
+                    "my_registry: registry = registry()" % target.name,
+                    sym.node,
+                )
+
+
+def _cls_decorator_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+    assert isinstance(ctx.reason, nodes.MemberExpr)
+    expr = ctx.reason.expr
+
+    assert isinstance(expr, nodes.RefExpr) and isinstance(expr.node, nodes.Var)
+
+    node_type = get_proper_type(expr.node.type)
+
+    assert (
+        isinstance(node_type, Instance)
+        and names.type_id_for_named_node(node_type.type) is names.REGISTRY
+    )
+
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(ctx.cls, ctx.api)
+
+
+def _base_cls_decorator_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+
+    cls = ctx.cls
+
+    _set_declarative_metaclass(ctx.api, cls)
+
+    util.set_is_base(ctx.cls.info)
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+        cls, ctx.api, is_mixin_scan=True
+    )
+
+
+def _declarative_mixin_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+    util.set_is_base(ctx.cls.info)
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(
+        ctx.cls, ctx.api, is_mixin_scan=True
+    )
+
+
+def _metaclass_cls_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    util.set_is_base(ctx.cls.info)
+
+
+def _base_cls_hook(ctx: ClassDefContext) -> None:
+    _add_globals(ctx)
+    decl_class.scan_declarative_assignments_and_apply_types(ctx.cls, ctx.api)
+
+
+def _queryable_getattr_hook(ctx: AttributeContext) -> Type:
+    # how do I....tell it it has no attribute of a certain name?
+    # can't find any Type that seems to match that
+    return ctx.default_attr_type
+
+
+def _add_globals(ctx: Union[ClassDefContext, DynamicClassDefContext]) -> None:
+    """Add __sa_DeclarativeMeta and __sa_Mapped symbol to the global space
+    for all class defs
+
+    """
+
+    util.add_global(ctx, "sqlalchemy.orm", "Mapped", "__sa_Mapped")
+
+
+def _set_declarative_metaclass(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, target_cls: ClassDef
+) -> None:
+    info = target_cls.info
+    sym = api.lookup_fully_qualified_or_none(
+        "sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api.DeclarativeMeta"
+    )
+    assert sym is not None and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+    info.declared_metaclass = info.metaclass_type = Instance(sym.node, [])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16761b9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/mypy/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,357 @@
+# ext/mypy/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2021-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type as TypingType
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from mypy import version
+from mypy.messages import format_type as _mypy_format_type
+from mypy.nodes import CallExpr
+from mypy.nodes import ClassDef
+from mypy.nodes import CLASSDEF_NO_INFO
+from mypy.nodes import Context
+from mypy.nodes import Expression
+from mypy.nodes import FuncDef
+from mypy.nodes import IfStmt
+from mypy.nodes import JsonDict
+from mypy.nodes import MemberExpr
+from mypy.nodes import NameExpr
+from mypy.nodes import Statement
+from mypy.nodes import SymbolTableNode
+from mypy.nodes import TypeAlias
+from mypy.nodes import TypeInfo
+from mypy.options import Options
+from mypy.plugin import ClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import DynamicClassDefContext
+from mypy.plugin import SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+from mypy.plugins.common import deserialize_and_fixup_type
+from mypy.typeops import map_type_from_supertype
+from mypy.types import CallableType
+from mypy.types import get_proper_type
+from mypy.types import Instance
+from mypy.types import NoneType
+from mypy.types import Type
+from mypy.types import TypeVarType
+from mypy.types import UnboundType
+from mypy.types import UnionType
+
+_vers = tuple(
+    [int(x) for x in version.__version__.split(".") if re.match(r"^\d+$", x)]
+)
+mypy_14 = _vers >= (1, 4)
+
+
+_TArgType = TypeVar("_TArgType", bound=Union[CallExpr, NameExpr])
+
+
+class SQLAlchemyAttribute:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        line: int,
+        column: int,
+        typ: Optional[Type],
+        info: TypeInfo,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.type = typ
+        self.info = info
+
+    def serialize(self) -> JsonDict:
+        assert self.type
+        return {
+            "name": self.name,
+            "line": self.line,
+            "column": self.column,
+            "type": serialize_type(self.type),
+        }
+
+    def expand_typevar_from_subtype(self, sub_type: TypeInfo) -> None:
+        """Expands type vars in the context of a subtype when an attribute is
+        inherited from a generic super type.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(self.type, TypeVarType):
+            return
+
+        self.type = map_type_from_supertype(self.type, sub_type, self.info)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(
+        cls,
+        info: TypeInfo,
+        data: JsonDict,
+        api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface,
+    ) -> SQLAlchemyAttribute:
+        data = data.copy()
+        typ = deserialize_and_fixup_type(data.pop("type"), api)
+        return cls(typ=typ, info=info, **data)
+
+
+def name_is_dunder(name: str) -> bool:
+    return bool(re.match(r"^__.+?__$", name))
+
+
+def _set_info_metadata(info: TypeInfo, key: str, data: Any) -> None:
+    info.metadata.setdefault("sqlalchemy", {})[key] = data
+
+
+def _get_info_metadata(info: TypeInfo, key: str) -> Optional[Any]:
+    return info.metadata.get("sqlalchemy", {}).get(key, None)
+
+
+def _get_info_mro_metadata(info: TypeInfo, key: str) -> Optional[Any]:
+    if info.mro:
+        for base in info.mro:
+            metadata = _get_info_metadata(base, key)
+            if metadata is not None:
+                return metadata
+    return None
+
+
+def establish_as_sqlalchemy(info: TypeInfo) -> None:
+    info.metadata.setdefault("sqlalchemy", {})
+
+
+def set_is_base(info: TypeInfo) -> None:
+    _set_info_metadata(info, "is_base", True)
+
+
+def get_is_base(info: TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    is_base = _get_info_metadata(info, "is_base")
+    return is_base is True
+
+
+def has_declarative_base(info: TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    is_base = _get_info_mro_metadata(info, "is_base")
+    return is_base is True
+
+
+def set_has_table(info: TypeInfo) -> None:
+    _set_info_metadata(info, "has_table", True)
+
+
+def get_has_table(info: TypeInfo) -> bool:
+    is_base = _get_info_metadata(info, "has_table")
+    return is_base is True
+
+
+def get_mapped_attributes(
+    info: TypeInfo, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+) -> Optional[List[SQLAlchemyAttribute]]:
+    mapped_attributes: Optional[List[JsonDict]] = _get_info_metadata(
+        info, "mapped_attributes"
+    )
+    if mapped_attributes is None:
+        return None
+
+    attributes: List[SQLAlchemyAttribute] = []
+
+    for data in mapped_attributes:
+        attr = SQLAlchemyAttribute.deserialize(info, data, api)
+        attr.expand_typevar_from_subtype(info)
+        attributes.append(attr)
+
+    return attributes
+
+
+def format_type(typ_: Type, options: Options) -> str:
+    if mypy_14:
+        return _mypy_format_type(typ_, options)
+    else:
+        return _mypy_format_type(typ_)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def set_mapped_attributes(
+    info: TypeInfo, attributes: List[SQLAlchemyAttribute]
+) -> None:
+    _set_info_metadata(
+        info,
+        "mapped_attributes",
+        [attribute.serialize() for attribute in attributes],
+    )
+
+
+def fail(api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, msg: str, ctx: Context) -> None:
+    msg = "[SQLAlchemy Mypy plugin] %s" % msg
+    return api.fail(msg, ctx)
+
+
+def add_global(
+    ctx: Union[ClassDefContext, DynamicClassDefContext],
+    module: str,
+    symbol_name: str,
+    asname: str,
+) -> None:
+    module_globals = ctx.api.modules[ctx.api.cur_mod_id].names
+
+    if asname not in module_globals:
+        lookup_sym: SymbolTableNode = ctx.api.modules[module].names[
+            symbol_name
+        ]
+
+        module_globals[asname] = lookup_sym
+
+
+@overload
+def get_callexpr_kwarg(
+    callexpr: CallExpr, name: str, *, expr_types: None = ...
+) -> Optional[Union[CallExpr, NameExpr]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def get_callexpr_kwarg(
+    callexpr: CallExpr,
+    name: str,
+    *,
+    expr_types: Tuple[TypingType[_TArgType], ...],
+) -> Optional[_TArgType]: ...
+
+
+def get_callexpr_kwarg(
+    callexpr: CallExpr,
+    name: str,
+    *,
+    expr_types: Optional[Tuple[TypingType[Any], ...]] = None,
+) -> Optional[Any]:
+    try:
+        arg_idx = callexpr.arg_names.index(name)
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+    kwarg = callexpr.args[arg_idx]
+    if isinstance(
+        kwarg, expr_types if expr_types is not None else (NameExpr, CallExpr)
+    ):
+        return kwarg
+
+    return None
+
+
+def flatten_typechecking(stmts: Iterable[Statement]) -> Iterator[Statement]:
+    for stmt in stmts:
+        if (
+            isinstance(stmt, IfStmt)
+            and isinstance(stmt.expr[0], NameExpr)
+            and stmt.expr[0].fullname == "typing.TYPE_CHECKING"
+        ):
+            yield from stmt.body[0].body
+        else:
+            yield stmt
+
+
+def type_for_callee(callee: Expression) -> Optional[Union[Instance, TypeInfo]]:
+    if isinstance(callee, (MemberExpr, NameExpr)):
+        if isinstance(callee.node, FuncDef):
+            if callee.node.type and isinstance(callee.node.type, CallableType):
+                ret_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.type.ret_type)
+
+                if isinstance(ret_type, Instance):
+                    return ret_type
+
+            return None
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeAlias):
+            target_type = get_proper_type(callee.node.target)
+            if isinstance(target_type, Instance):
+                return target_type
+        elif isinstance(callee.node, TypeInfo):
+            return callee.node
+    return None
+
+
+def unbound_to_instance(
+    api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface, typ: Type
+) -> Type:
+    """Take the UnboundType that we seem to get as the ret_type from a FuncDef
+    and convert it into an Instance/TypeInfo kind of structure that seems
+    to work as the left-hand type of an AssignmentStatement.
+
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(typ, UnboundType):
+        return typ
+
+    # TODO: figure out a more robust way to check this.  The node is some
+    # kind of _SpecialForm, there's a typing.Optional that's _SpecialForm,
+    # but I can't figure out how to get them to match up
+    if typ.name == "Optional":
+        # convert from "Optional?" to the more familiar
+        # UnionType[..., NoneType()]
+        return unbound_to_instance(
+            api,
+            UnionType(
+                [unbound_to_instance(api, typ_arg) for typ_arg in typ.args]
+                + [NoneType()]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    node = api.lookup_qualified(typ.name, typ)
+
+    if (
+        node is not None
+        and isinstance(node, SymbolTableNode)
+        and isinstance(node.node, TypeInfo)
+    ):
+        bound_type = node.node
+
+        return Instance(
+            bound_type,
+            [
+                (
+                    unbound_to_instance(api, arg)
+                    if isinstance(arg, UnboundType)
+                    else arg
+                )
+                for arg in typ.args
+            ],
+        )
+    else:
+        return typ
+
+
+def info_for_cls(
+    cls: ClassDef, api: SemanticAnalyzerPluginInterface
+) -> Optional[TypeInfo]:
+    if cls.info is CLASSDEF_NO_INFO:
+        sym = api.lookup_qualified(cls.name, cls)
+        if sym is None:
+            return None
+        assert sym and isinstance(sym.node, TypeInfo)
+        return sym.node
+
+    return cls.info
+
+
+def serialize_type(typ: Type) -> Union[str, JsonDict]:
+    try:
+        return typ.serialize()
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    if hasattr(typ, "args"):
+        typ.args = tuple(
+            (
+                a.resolve_string_annotation()
+                if hasattr(a, "resolve_string_annotation")
+                else a
+            )
+            for a in typ.args
+        )
+    elif hasattr(typ, "resolve_string_annotation"):
+        typ = typ.resolve_string_annotation()
+    return typ.serialize()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3cc67b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/orderinglist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+# ext/orderinglist.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""A custom list that manages index/position information for contained
+elements.
+
+:author: Jason Kirtland
+
+``orderinglist`` is a helper for mutable ordered relationships.  It will
+intercept list operations performed on a :func:`_orm.relationship`-managed
+collection and
+automatically synchronize changes in list position onto a target scalar
+attribute.
+
+Example: A ``slide`` table, where each row refers to zero or more entries
+in a related ``bullet`` table.   The bullets within a slide are
+displayed in order based on the value of the ``position`` column in the
+``bullet`` table.   As entries are reordered in memory, the value of the
+``position`` attribute should be updated to reflect the new sort order::
+
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "slide"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship("Bullet", order_by="Bullet.position")
+
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "bullet"
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("slide.id"))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+The standard relationship mapping will produce a list-like attribute on each
+``Slide`` containing all related ``Bullet`` objects,
+but coping with changes in ordering is not handled automatically.
+When appending a ``Bullet`` into ``Slide.bullets``, the ``Bullet.position``
+attribute will remain unset until manually assigned.   When the ``Bullet``
+is inserted into the middle of the list, the following ``Bullet`` objects
+will also need to be renumbered.
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` object automates this task, managing the
+``position`` attribute on all ``Bullet`` objects in the collection.  It is
+constructed using the :func:`.ordering_list` factory::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+    Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+    class Slide(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "slide"
+
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        name = Column(String)
+
+        bullets = relationship(
+            "Bullet",
+            order_by="Bullet.position",
+            collection_class=ordering_list("position"),
+        )
+
+
+    class Bullet(Base):
+        __tablename__ = "bullet"
+        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+        slide_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("slide.id"))
+        position = Column(Integer)
+        text = Column(String)
+
+With the above mapping the ``Bullet.position`` attribute is managed::
+
+    s = Slide()
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets.append(Bullet())
+    s.bullets[1].position
+    >>> 1
+    s.bullets.insert(1, Bullet())
+    s.bullets[2].position
+    >>> 2
+
+The :class:`.OrderingList` construct only works with **changes** to a
+collection, and not the initial load from the database, and requires that the
+list be sorted when loaded.  Therefore, be sure to specify ``order_by`` on the
+:func:`_orm.relationship` against the target ordering attribute, so that the
+ordering is correct when first loaded.
+
+.. warning::
+
+  :class:`.OrderingList` only provides limited functionality when a primary
+  key column or unique column is the target of the sort.  Operations
+  that are unsupported or are problematic include:
+
+    * two entries must trade values.  This is not supported directly in the
+      case of a primary key or unique constraint because it means at least
+      one row would need to be temporarily removed first, or changed to
+      a third, neutral value while the switch occurs.
+
+    * an entry must be deleted in order to make room for a new entry.
+      SQLAlchemy's unit of work performs all INSERTs before DELETEs within a
+      single flush.  In the case of a primary key, it will trade
+      an INSERT/DELETE of the same primary key for an UPDATE statement in order
+      to lessen the impact of this limitation, however this does not take place
+      for a UNIQUE column.
+      A future feature will allow the "DELETE before INSERT" behavior to be
+      possible, alleviating this limitation, though this feature will require
+      explicit configuration at the mapper level for sets of columns that
+      are to be handled in this way.
+
+:func:`.ordering_list` takes the name of the related object's ordering
+attribute as an argument.  By default, the zero-based integer index of the
+object's position in the :func:`.ordering_list` is synchronized with the
+ordering attribute: index 0 will get position 0, index 1 position 1, etc.  To
+start numbering at 1 or some other integer, provide ``count_from=1``.
+
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from ..orm.collections import collection
+from ..orm.collections import collection_adapter
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+OrderingFunc = Callable[[int, Sequence[_T]], int]
+
+
+__all__ = ["ordering_list"]
+
+
+def ordering_list(
+    attr: str,
+    count_from: Optional[int] = None,
+    ordering_func: Optional[OrderingFunc] = None,
+    reorder_on_append: bool = False,
+) -> Callable[[], OrderingList]:
+    """Prepares an :class:`OrderingList` factory for use in mapper definitions.
+
+    Returns an object suitable for use as an argument to a Mapper
+    relationship's ``collection_class`` option.  e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.orderinglist import ordering_list
+
+
+        class Slide(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "slide"
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            name = Column(String)
+
+            bullets = relationship(
+                "Bullet",
+                order_by="Bullet.position",
+                collection_class=ordering_list("position"),
+            )
+
+    :param attr:
+      Name of the mapped attribute to use for storage and retrieval of
+      ordering information
+
+    :param count_from:
+      Set up an integer-based ordering, starting at ``count_from``.  For
+      example, ``ordering_list('pos', count_from=1)`` would create a 1-based
+      list in SQL, storing the value in the 'pos' column.  Ignored if
+      ``ordering_func`` is supplied.
+
+    Additional arguments are passed to the :class:`.OrderingList` constructor.
+
+    """
+
+    kw = _unsugar_count_from(
+        count_from=count_from,
+        ordering_func=ordering_func,
+        reorder_on_append=reorder_on_append,
+    )
+    return lambda: OrderingList(attr, **kw)
+
+
+# Ordering utility functions
+
+
+def count_from_0(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 0."""
+
+    return index
+
+
+def count_from_1(index, collection):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at 1."""
+
+    return index + 1
+
+
+def count_from_n_factory(start):
+    """Numbering function: consecutive integers starting at arbitrary start."""
+
+    def f(index, collection):
+        return index + start
+
+    try:
+        f.__name__ = "count_from_%i" % start
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+    return f
+
+
+def _unsugar_count_from(**kw):
+    """Builds counting functions from keyword arguments.
+
+    Keyword argument filter, prepares a simple ``ordering_func`` from a
+    ``count_from`` argument, otherwise passes ``ordering_func`` on unchanged.
+    """
+
+    count_from = kw.pop("count_from", None)
+    if kw.get("ordering_func", None) is None and count_from is not None:
+        if count_from == 0:
+            kw["ordering_func"] = count_from_0
+        elif count_from == 1:
+            kw["ordering_func"] = count_from_1
+        else:
+            kw["ordering_func"] = count_from_n_factory(count_from)
+    return kw
+
+
+class OrderingList(List[_T]):
+    """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+    The :class:`.OrderingList` object is normally set up using the
+    :func:`.ordering_list` factory function, used in conjunction with
+    the :func:`_orm.relationship` function.
+
+    """
+
+    ordering_attr: str
+    ordering_func: OrderingFunc
+    reorder_on_append: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        ordering_attr: Optional[str] = None,
+        ordering_func: Optional[OrderingFunc] = None,
+        reorder_on_append: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """A custom list that manages position information for its children.
+
+        ``OrderingList`` is a ``collection_class`` list implementation that
+        syncs position in a Python list with a position attribute on the
+        mapped objects.
+
+        This implementation relies on the list starting in the proper order,
+        so be **sure** to put an ``order_by`` on your relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_attr:
+          Name of the attribute that stores the object's order in the
+          relationship.
+
+        :param ordering_func: Optional.  A function that maps the position in
+          the Python list to a value to store in the
+          ``ordering_attr``.  Values returned are usually (but need not be!)
+          integers.
+
+          An ``ordering_func`` is called with two positional parameters: the
+          index of the element in the list, and the list itself.
+
+          If omitted, Python list indexes are used for the attribute values.
+          Two basic pre-built numbering functions are provided in this module:
+          ``count_from_0`` and ``count_from_1``.  For more exotic examples
+          like stepped numbering, alphabetical and Fibonacci numbering, see
+          the unit tests.
+
+        :param reorder_on_append:
+          Default False.  When appending an object with an existing (non-None)
+          ordering value, that value will be left untouched unless
+          ``reorder_on_append`` is true.  This is an optimization to avoid a
+          variety of dangerous unexpected database writes.
+
+          SQLAlchemy will add instances to the list via append() when your
+          object loads.  If for some reason the result set from the database
+          skips a step in the ordering (say, row '1' is missing but you get
+          '2', '3', and '4'), reorder_on_append=True would immediately
+          renumber the items to '1', '2', '3'.  If you have multiple sessions
+          making changes, any of whom happen to load this collection even in
+          passing, all of the sessions would try to "clean up" the numbering
+          in their commits, possibly causing all but one to fail with a
+          concurrent modification error.
+
+          Recommend leaving this with the default of False, and just call
+          ``reorder()`` if you're doing ``append()`` operations with
+          previously ordered instances or when doing some housekeeping after
+          manual sql operations.
+
+        """
+        self.ordering_attr = ordering_attr
+        if ordering_func is None:
+            ordering_func = count_from_0
+        self.ordering_func = ordering_func
+        self.reorder_on_append = reorder_on_append
+
+    # More complex serialization schemes (multi column, e.g.) are possible by
+    # subclassing and reimplementing these two methods.
+    def _get_order_value(self, entity):
+        return getattr(entity, self.ordering_attr)
+
+    def _set_order_value(self, entity, value):
+        setattr(entity, self.ordering_attr, value)
+
+    def reorder(self) -> None:
+        """Synchronize ordering for the entire collection.
+
+        Sweeps through the list and ensures that each object has accurate
+        ordering information set.
+
+        """
+        for index, entity in enumerate(self):
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+
+    # As of 0.5, _reorder is no longer semi-private
+    _reorder = reorder
+
+    def _order_entity(self, index, entity, reorder=True):
+        have = self._get_order_value(entity)
+
+        # Don't disturb existing ordering if reorder is False
+        if have is not None and not reorder:
+            return
+
+        should_be = self.ordering_func(index, self)
+        if have != should_be:
+            self._set_order_value(entity, should_be)
+
+    def append(self, entity):
+        super().append(entity)
+        self._order_entity(len(self) - 1, entity, self.reorder_on_append)
+
+    def _raw_append(self, entity):
+        """Append without any ordering behavior."""
+
+        super().append(entity)
+
+    _raw_append = collection.adds(1)(_raw_append)
+
+    def insert(self, index, entity):
+        super().insert(index, entity)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def remove(self, entity):
+        super().remove(entity)
+
+        adapter = collection_adapter(self)
+        if adapter and adapter._referenced_by_owner:
+            self._reorder()
+
+    def pop(self, index=-1):
+        entity = super().pop(index)
+        self._reorder()
+        return entity
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, entity):
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            step = index.step or 1
+            start = index.start or 0
+            if start < 0:
+                start += len(self)
+            stop = index.stop or len(self)
+            if stop < 0:
+                stop += len(self)
+
+            for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                self.__setitem__(i, entity[i])
+        else:
+            self._order_entity(index, entity, True)
+            super().__setitem__(index, entity)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        super().__delitem__(index)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __setslice__(self, start, end, values):
+        super().__setslice__(start, end, values)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __delslice__(self, start, end):
+        super().__delslice__(start, end)
+        self._reorder()
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return _reconstitute, (self.__class__, self.__dict__, list(self))
+
+    for func_name, func in list(locals().items()):
+        if (
+            callable(func)
+            and func.__name__ == func_name
+            and not func.__doc__
+            and hasattr(list, func_name)
+        ):
+            func.__doc__ = getattr(list, func_name).__doc__
+    del func_name, func
+
+
+def _reconstitute(cls, dict_, items):
+    """Reconstitute an :class:`.OrderingList`.
+
+    This is the adjoint to :meth:`.OrderingList.__reduce__`.  It is used for
+    unpickling :class:`.OrderingList` objects.
+
+    """
+    obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+    obj.__dict__.update(dict_)
+    list.extend(obj, items)
+    return obj
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7032b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/ext/serializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# ext/serializer.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Serializer/Deserializer objects for usage with SQLAlchemy query structures,
+allowing "contextual" deserialization.
+
+.. legacy::
+
+    The serializer extension is **legacy** and should not be used for
+    new development.
+
+Any SQLAlchemy query structure, either based on sqlalchemy.sql.*
+or sqlalchemy.orm.* can be used.  The mappers, Tables, Columns, Session
+etc. which are referenced by the structure are not persisted in serialized
+form, but are instead re-associated with the query structure
+when it is deserialized.
+
+.. warning:: The serializer extension uses pickle to serialize and
+   deserialize objects, so the same security consideration mentioned
+   in the `python documentation
+   <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html>`_ apply.
+
+Usage is nearly the same as that of the standard Python pickle module::
+
+    from sqlalchemy.ext.serializer import loads, dumps
+
+    metadata = MetaData(bind=some_engine)
+    Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+    # ... define mappers
+
+    query = (
+        Session.query(MyClass)
+        .filter(MyClass.somedata == "foo")
+        .order_by(MyClass.sortkey)
+    )
+
+    # pickle the query
+    serialized = dumps(query)
+
+    # unpickle.  Pass in metadata + scoped_session
+    query2 = loads(serialized, metadata, Session)
+
+    print(query2.all())
+
+Similar restrictions as when using raw pickle apply; mapped classes must be
+themselves be pickleable, meaning they are importable from a module-level
+namespace.
+
+The serializer module is only appropriate for query structures.  It is not
+needed for:
+
+* instances of user-defined classes.   These contain no references to engines,
+  sessions or expression constructs in the typical case and can be serialized
+  directly.
+
+* Table metadata that is to be loaded entirely from the serialized structure
+  (i.e. is not already declared in the application).   Regular
+  pickle.loads()/dumps() can be used to fully dump any ``MetaData`` object,
+  typically one which was reflected from an existing database at some previous
+  point in time.  The serializer module is specifically for the opposite case,
+  where the Table metadata is already present in memory.
+
+"""
+
+from io import BytesIO
+import pickle
+import re
+
+from .. import Column
+from .. import Table
+from ..engine import Engine
+from ..orm import class_mapper
+from ..orm.interfaces import MapperProperty
+from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+from ..orm.session import Session
+from ..util import b64decode
+from ..util import b64encode
+
+
+__all__ = ["Serializer", "Deserializer", "dumps", "loads"]
+
+
+class Serializer(pickle.Pickler):
+
+    def persistent_id(self, obj):
+        # print "serializing:", repr(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, Mapper) and not obj.non_primary:
+            id_ = "mapper:" + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.class_))
+        elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty) and not obj.parent.non_primary:
+            id_ = (
+                "mapperprop:"
+                + b64encode(pickle.dumps(obj.parent.class_))
+                + ":"
+                + obj.key
+            )
+        elif isinstance(obj, Table):
+            if "parententity" in obj._annotations:
+                id_ = "mapper_selectable:" + b64encode(
+                    pickle.dumps(obj._annotations["parententity"].class_)
+                )
+            else:
+                id_ = f"table:{obj.key}"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Column) and isinstance(obj.table, Table):
+            id_ = f"column:{obj.table.key}:{obj.key}"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Session):
+            id_ = "session:"
+        elif isinstance(obj, Engine):
+            id_ = "engine:"
+        else:
+            return None
+        return id_
+
+
+our_ids = re.compile(
+    r"(mapperprop|mapper|mapper_selectable|table|column|"
+    r"session|attribute|engine):(.*)"
+)
+
+
+class Deserializer(pickle.Unpickler):
+
+    def __init__(self, file, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+        super().__init__(file)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.scoped_session = scoped_session
+        self.engine = engine
+
+    def get_engine(self):
+        if self.engine:
+            return self.engine
+        elif self.scoped_session and self.scoped_session().bind:
+            return self.scoped_session().bind
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def persistent_load(self, id_):
+        m = our_ids.match(str(id_))
+        if not m:
+            return None
+        else:
+            type_, args = m.group(1, 2)
+            if type_ == "attribute":
+                key, clsarg = args.split(":")
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(clsarg))
+                return getattr(cls, key)
+            elif type_ == "mapper":
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(args))
+                return class_mapper(cls)
+            elif type_ == "mapper_selectable":
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(args))
+                return class_mapper(cls).__clause_element__()
+            elif type_ == "mapperprop":
+                mapper, keyname = args.split(":")
+                cls = pickle.loads(b64decode(mapper))
+                return class_mapper(cls).attrs[keyname]
+            elif type_ == "table":
+                return self.metadata.tables[args]
+            elif type_ == "column":
+                table, colname = args.split(":")
+                return self.metadata.tables[table].c[colname]
+            elif type_ == "session":
+                return self.scoped_session()
+            elif type_ == "engine":
+                return self.get_engine()
+            else:
+                raise Exception("Unknown token: %s" % type_)
+
+
+def dumps(obj, protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL):
+    buf = BytesIO()
+    pickler = Serializer(buf, protocol)
+    pickler.dump(obj)
+    return buf.getvalue()
+
+
+def loads(data, metadata=None, scoped_session=None, engine=None):
+    buf = BytesIO(data)
+    unpickler = Deserializer(buf, metadata, scoped_session, engine)
+    return unpickler.load()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef9afb1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# future/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""2.0 API features.
+
+this module is legacy as 2.0 APIs are now standard.
+
+"""
+from .engine import Connection as Connection
+from .engine import create_engine as create_engine
+from .engine import Engine as Engine
+from ..sql._selectable_constructors import select as select
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..40d18563
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__pycache__/engine.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__pycache__/engine.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d70d50d7
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/__pycache__/engine.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/engine.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/engine.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0449c3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/future/engine.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# future/engine.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""2.0 API features.
+
+this module is legacy as 2.0 APIs are now standard.
+
+"""
+
+from ..engine import Connection as Connection  # noqa: F401
+from ..engine import create_engine as create_engine  # noqa: F401
+from ..engine import Engine as Engine  # noqa: F401
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e5b2201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/inspection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# inspection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The inspection module provides the :func:`_sa.inspect` function,
+which delivers runtime information about a wide variety
+of SQLAlchemy objects, both within the Core as well as the
+ORM.
+
+The :func:`_sa.inspect` function is the entry point to SQLAlchemy's
+public API for viewing the configuration and construction
+of in-memory objects.   Depending on the type of object
+passed to :func:`_sa.inspect`, the return value will either be
+a related object which provides a known interface, or in many
+cases it will return the object itself.
+
+The rationale for :func:`_sa.inspect` is twofold.  One is that
+it replaces the need to be aware of a large variety of "information
+getting" functions in SQLAlchemy, such as
+:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.from_engine` (deprecated in 1.4),
+:func:`.orm.attributes.instance_state`, :func:`_orm.class_mapper`,
+and others.    The other is that the return value of :func:`_sa.inspect`
+is guaranteed to obey a documented API, thus allowing third party
+tools which build on top of SQLAlchemy configurations to be constructed
+in a forwards-compatible way.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import exc
+from .util.typing import Literal
+from .util.typing import Protocol
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_TCov = TypeVar("_TCov", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+_IN = TypeVar("_IN", bound=Any)
+
+_registrars: Dict[type, Union[Literal[True], Callable[[Any], Any]]] = {}
+
+
+class Inspectable(Generic[_T]):
+    """define a class as inspectable.
+
+    This allows typing to set up a linkage between an object that
+    can be inspected and the type of inspection it returns.
+
+    Unfortunately we cannot at the moment get all classes that are
+    returned by inspection to suit this interface as we get into
+    MRO issues.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class _InspectableTypeProtocol(Protocol[_TCov]):
+    """a protocol defining a method that's used when a type (ie the class
+    itself) is passed to inspect().
+
+    """
+
+    def _sa_inspect_type(self) -> _TCov: ...
+
+
+class _InspectableProtocol(Protocol[_TCov]):
+    """a protocol defining a method that's used when an instance is
+    passed to inspect().
+
+    """
+
+    def _sa_inspect_instance(self) -> _TCov: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def inspect(
+    subject: Type[_InspectableTypeProtocol[_IN]], raiseerr: bool = True
+) -> _IN: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def inspect(
+    subject: _InspectableProtocol[_IN], raiseerr: bool = True
+) -> _IN: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def inspect(subject: Inspectable[_IN], raiseerr: bool = True) -> _IN: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def inspect(subject: Any, raiseerr: Literal[False] = ...) -> Optional[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def inspect(subject: Any, raiseerr: bool = True) -> Any: ...
+
+
+def inspect(subject: Any, raiseerr: bool = True) -> Any:
+    """Produce an inspection object for the given target.
+
+    The returned value in some cases may be the
+    same object as the one given, such as if a
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` object is passed.   In other
+    cases, it will be an instance of the registered
+    inspection type for the given object, such as
+    if an :class:`_engine.Engine` is passed, an
+    :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object is returned.
+
+    :param subject: the subject to be inspected.
+    :param raiseerr: When ``True``, if the given subject
+     does not
+     correspond to a known SQLAlchemy inspected type,
+     :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable`
+     is raised.  If ``False``, ``None`` is returned.
+
+    """
+    type_ = type(subject)
+    for cls in type_.__mro__:
+        if cls in _registrars:
+            reg = _registrars.get(cls, None)
+            if reg is None:
+                continue
+            elif reg is True:
+                return subject
+            ret = reg(subject)
+            if ret is not None:
+                return ret
+    else:
+        reg = ret = None
+
+    if raiseerr and (reg is None or ret is None):
+        raise exc.NoInspectionAvailable(
+            "No inspection system is "
+            "available for object of type %s" % type_
+        )
+    return ret
+
+
+def _inspects(
+    *types: Type[Any],
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    def decorate(fn_or_cls: _F) -> _F:
+        for type_ in types:
+            if type_ in _registrars:
+                raise AssertionError("Type %s is already registered" % type_)
+            _registrars[type_] = fn_or_cls
+        return fn_or_cls
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+_TT = TypeVar("_TT", bound="Type[Any]")
+
+
+def _self_inspects(cls: _TT) -> _TT:
+    if cls in _registrars:
+        raise AssertionError("Type %s is already registered" % cls)
+    _registrars[cls] = True
+    return cls
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..849a0bfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/log.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+# log.py
+# Copyright (C) 2006-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+# Includes alterations by Vinay Sajip vinay_sajip@yahoo.co.uk
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Logging control and utilities.
+
+Control of logging for SA can be performed from the regular python logging
+module.  The regular dotted module namespace is used, starting at
+'sqlalchemy'.  For class-level logging, the class name is appended.
+
+The "echo" keyword parameter, available on SQLA :class:`_engine.Engine`
+and :class:`_pool.Pool` objects, corresponds to a logger specific to that
+instance only.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .util import py311
+from .util import py38
+from .util.typing import Literal
+
+
+if py38:
+    STACKLEVEL = True
+    # needed as of py3.11.0b1
+    # #8019
+    STACKLEVEL_OFFSET = 2 if py311 else 1
+else:
+    STACKLEVEL = False
+    STACKLEVEL_OFFSET = 0
+
+_IT = TypeVar("_IT", bound="Identified")
+
+_EchoFlagType = Union[None, bool, Literal["debug"]]
+
+# set initial level to WARN.  This so that
+# log statements don't occur in the absence of explicit
+# logging being enabled for 'sqlalchemy'.
+rootlogger = logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy")
+if rootlogger.level == logging.NOTSET:
+    rootlogger.setLevel(logging.WARN)
+
+
+def _add_default_handler(logger: logging.Logger) -> None:
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout)
+    handler.setFormatter(
+        logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s %(message)s")
+    )
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+_logged_classes: Set[Type[Identified]] = set()
+
+
+def _qual_logger_name_for_cls(cls: Type[Identified]) -> str:
+    return (
+        getattr(cls, "_sqla_logger_namespace", None)
+        or cls.__module__ + "." + cls.__name__
+    )
+
+
+def class_logger(cls: Type[_IT]) -> Type[_IT]:
+    logger = logging.getLogger(_qual_logger_name_for_cls(cls))
+    cls._should_log_debug = lambda self: logger.isEnabledFor(  # type: ignore[method-assign]  # noqa: E501
+        logging.DEBUG
+    )
+    cls._should_log_info = lambda self: logger.isEnabledFor(  # type: ignore[method-assign]  # noqa: E501
+        logging.INFO
+    )
+    cls.logger = logger
+    _logged_classes.add(cls)
+    return cls
+
+
+_IdentifiedLoggerType = Union[logging.Logger, "InstanceLogger"]
+
+
+class Identified:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    logging_name: Optional[str] = None
+
+    logger: _IdentifiedLoggerType
+
+    _echo: _EchoFlagType
+
+    def _should_log_debug(self) -> bool:
+        return self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    def _should_log_info(self) -> bool:
+        return self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO)
+
+
+class InstanceLogger:
+    """A logger adapter (wrapper) for :class:`.Identified` subclasses.
+
+    This allows multiple instances (e.g. Engine or Pool instances)
+    to share a logger, but have its verbosity controlled on a
+    per-instance basis.
+
+    The basic functionality is to return a logging level
+    which is based on an instance's echo setting.
+
+    Default implementation is:
+
+    'debug' -> logging.DEBUG
+    True    -> logging.INFO
+    False   -> Effective level of underlying logger (
+    logging.WARNING by default)
+    None    -> same as False
+    """
+
+    # Map echo settings to logger levels
+    _echo_map = {
+        None: logging.NOTSET,
+        False: logging.NOTSET,
+        True: logging.INFO,
+        "debug": logging.DEBUG,
+    }
+
+    _echo: _EchoFlagType
+
+    __slots__ = ("echo", "logger")
+
+    def __init__(self, echo: _EchoFlagType, name: str):
+        self.echo = echo
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+
+        # if echo flag is enabled and no handlers,
+        # add a handler to the list
+        if self._echo_map[echo] <= logging.INFO and not self.logger.handlers:
+            _add_default_handler(self.logger)
+
+    #
+    # Boilerplate convenience methods
+    #
+    def debug(self, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Delegate a debug call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.DEBUG, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def info(self, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Delegate an info call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.INFO, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def warning(self, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Delegate a warning call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.WARNING, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    warn = warning
+
+    def error(self, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """
+        Delegate an error call to the underlying logger.
+        """
+        self.log(logging.ERROR, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def exception(self, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Delegate an exception call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        kwargs["exc_info"] = 1
+        self.log(logging.ERROR, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def critical(self, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Delegate a critical call to the underlying logger."""
+
+        self.log(logging.CRITICAL, msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def log(self, level: int, msg: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Delegate a log call to the underlying logger.
+
+        The level here is determined by the echo
+        flag as well as that of the underlying logger, and
+        logger._log() is called directly.
+
+        """
+
+        # inline the logic from isEnabledFor(),
+        # getEffectiveLevel(), to avoid overhead.
+
+        if self.logger.manager.disable >= level:
+            return
+
+        selected_level = self._echo_map[self.echo]
+        if selected_level == logging.NOTSET:
+            selected_level = self.logger.getEffectiveLevel()
+
+        if level >= selected_level:
+            if STACKLEVEL:
+                kwargs["stacklevel"] = (
+                    kwargs.get("stacklevel", 1) + STACKLEVEL_OFFSET
+                )
+
+            self.logger._log(level, msg, args, **kwargs)
+
+    def isEnabledFor(self, level: int) -> bool:
+        """Is this logger enabled for level 'level'?"""
+
+        if self.logger.manager.disable >= level:
+            return False
+        return level >= self.getEffectiveLevel()
+
+    def getEffectiveLevel(self) -> int:
+        """What's the effective level for this logger?"""
+
+        level = self._echo_map[self.echo]
+        if level == logging.NOTSET:
+            level = self.logger.getEffectiveLevel()
+        return level
+
+
+def instance_logger(
+    instance: Identified, echoflag: _EchoFlagType = None
+) -> None:
+    """create a logger for an instance that implements :class:`.Identified`."""
+
+    if instance.logging_name:
+        name = "%s.%s" % (
+            _qual_logger_name_for_cls(instance.__class__),
+            instance.logging_name,
+        )
+    else:
+        name = _qual_logger_name_for_cls(instance.__class__)
+
+    instance._echo = echoflag  # type: ignore
+
+    logger: Union[logging.Logger, InstanceLogger]
+
+    if echoflag in (False, None):
+        # if no echo setting or False, return a Logger directly,
+        # avoiding overhead of filtering
+        logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+    else:
+        # if a specified echo flag, return an EchoLogger,
+        # which checks the flag, overrides normal log
+        # levels by calling logger._log()
+        logger = InstanceLogger(echoflag, name)
+
+    instance.logger = logger  # type: ignore
+
+
+class echo_property:
+    __doc__ = """\
+    When ``True``, enable log output for this element.
+
+    This has the effect of setting the Python logging level for the namespace
+    of this element's class and object reference.  A value of boolean ``True``
+    indicates that the loglevel ``logging.INFO`` will be set for the logger,
+    whereas the string value ``debug`` will set the loglevel to
+    ``logging.DEBUG``.
+    """
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Type[Identified]
+    ) -> echo_property: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Identified, owner: Type[Identified]
+    ) -> _EchoFlagType: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Optional[Identified], owner: Type[Identified]
+    ) -> Union[echo_property, _EchoFlagType]:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return instance._echo
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: Identified, value: _EchoFlagType) -> None:
+        instance_logger(instance, echoflag=value)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7771de47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# orm/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+Functional constructs for ORM configuration.
+
+See the SQLAlchemy object relational tutorial and mapper configuration
+documentation for an overview of how this module is used.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from . import exc as exc
+from . import mapper as mapperlib
+from . import strategy_options as strategy_options
+from ._orm_constructors import _mapper_fn as mapper
+from ._orm_constructors import aliased as aliased
+from ._orm_constructors import backref as backref
+from ._orm_constructors import clear_mappers as clear_mappers
+from ._orm_constructors import column_property as column_property
+from ._orm_constructors import composite as composite
+from ._orm_constructors import contains_alias as contains_alias
+from ._orm_constructors import create_session as create_session
+from ._orm_constructors import deferred as deferred
+from ._orm_constructors import dynamic_loader as dynamic_loader
+from ._orm_constructors import join as join
+from ._orm_constructors import mapped_column as mapped_column
+from ._orm_constructors import orm_insert_sentinel as orm_insert_sentinel
+from ._orm_constructors import outerjoin as outerjoin
+from ._orm_constructors import query_expression as query_expression
+from ._orm_constructors import relationship as relationship
+from ._orm_constructors import synonym as synonym
+from ._orm_constructors import with_loader_criteria as with_loader_criteria
+from ._orm_constructors import with_polymorphic as with_polymorphic
+from .attributes import AttributeEventToken as AttributeEventToken
+from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute as InstrumentedAttribute
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute as QueryableAttribute
+from .base import class_mapper as class_mapper
+from .base import DynamicMapped as DynamicMapped
+from .base import InspectionAttrExtensionType as InspectionAttrExtensionType
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus as LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import Mapped as Mapped
+from .base import NotExtension as NotExtension
+from .base import ORMDescriptor as ORMDescriptor
+from .base import PassiveFlag as PassiveFlag
+from .base import SQLORMExpression as SQLORMExpression
+from .base import WriteOnlyMapped as WriteOnlyMapped
+from .context import FromStatement as FromStatement
+from .context import QueryContext as QueryContext
+from .decl_api import add_mapped_attribute as add_mapped_attribute
+from .decl_api import as_declarative as as_declarative
+from .decl_api import declarative_base as declarative_base
+from .decl_api import declarative_mixin as declarative_mixin
+from .decl_api import DeclarativeBase as DeclarativeBase
+from .decl_api import DeclarativeBaseNoMeta as DeclarativeBaseNoMeta
+from .decl_api import DeclarativeMeta as DeclarativeMeta
+from .decl_api import declared_attr as declared_attr
+from .decl_api import has_inherited_table as has_inherited_table
+from .decl_api import MappedAsDataclass as MappedAsDataclass
+from .decl_api import registry as registry
+from .decl_api import synonym_for as synonym_for
+from .decl_base import MappedClassProtocol as MappedClassProtocol
+from .descriptor_props import Composite as Composite
+from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty as CompositeProperty
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym as Synonym
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty as SynonymProperty
+from .dynamic import AppenderQuery as AppenderQuery
+from .events import AttributeEvents as AttributeEvents
+from .events import InstanceEvents as InstanceEvents
+from .events import InstrumentationEvents as InstrumentationEvents
+from .events import MapperEvents as MapperEvents
+from .events import QueryEvents as QueryEvents
+from .events import SessionEvents as SessionEvents
+from .identity import IdentityMap as IdentityMap
+from .instrumentation import ClassManager as ClassManager
+from .interfaces import EXT_CONTINUE as EXT_CONTINUE
+from .interfaces import EXT_SKIP as EXT_SKIP
+from .interfaces import EXT_STOP as EXT_STOP
+from .interfaces import InspectionAttr as InspectionAttr
+from .interfaces import InspectionAttrInfo as InspectionAttrInfo
+from .interfaces import MANYTOMANY as MANYTOMANY
+from .interfaces import MANYTOONE as MANYTOONE
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty as MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import NO_KEY as NO_KEY
+from .interfaces import NO_VALUE as NO_VALUE
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY as ONETOMANY
+from .interfaces import PropComparator as PropComparator
+from .interfaces import RelationshipDirection as RelationshipDirection
+from .interfaces import UserDefinedOption as UserDefinedOption
+from .loading import merge_frozen_result as merge_frozen_result
+from .loading import merge_result as merge_result
+from .mapped_collection import attribute_keyed_dict as attribute_keyed_dict
+from .mapped_collection import (
+    attribute_mapped_collection as attribute_mapped_collection,
+)
+from .mapped_collection import column_keyed_dict as column_keyed_dict
+from .mapped_collection import (
+    column_mapped_collection as column_mapped_collection,
+)
+from .mapped_collection import keyfunc_mapping as keyfunc_mapping
+from .mapped_collection import KeyFuncDict as KeyFuncDict
+from .mapped_collection import mapped_collection as mapped_collection
+from .mapped_collection import MappedCollection as MappedCollection
+from .mapper import configure_mappers as configure_mappers
+from .mapper import Mapper as Mapper
+from .mapper import reconstructor as reconstructor
+from .mapper import validates as validates
+from .properties import ColumnProperty as ColumnProperty
+from .properties import MappedColumn as MappedColumn
+from .properties import MappedSQLExpression as MappedSQLExpression
+from .query import AliasOption as AliasOption
+from .query import Query as Query
+from .relationships import foreign as foreign
+from .relationships import Relationship as Relationship
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty as RelationshipProperty
+from .relationships import remote as remote
+from .scoping import QueryPropertyDescriptor as QueryPropertyDescriptor
+from .scoping import scoped_session as scoped_session
+from .session import close_all_sessions as close_all_sessions
+from .session import make_transient as make_transient
+from .session import make_transient_to_detached as make_transient_to_detached
+from .session import object_session as object_session
+from .session import ORMExecuteState as ORMExecuteState
+from .session import Session as Session
+from .session import sessionmaker as sessionmaker
+from .session import SessionTransaction as SessionTransaction
+from .session import SessionTransactionOrigin as SessionTransactionOrigin
+from .state import AttributeState as AttributeState
+from .state import InstanceState as InstanceState
+from .strategy_options import contains_eager as contains_eager
+from .strategy_options import defaultload as defaultload
+from .strategy_options import defer as defer
+from .strategy_options import immediateload as immediateload
+from .strategy_options import joinedload as joinedload
+from .strategy_options import lazyload as lazyload
+from .strategy_options import Load as Load
+from .strategy_options import load_only as load_only
+from .strategy_options import noload as noload
+from .strategy_options import raiseload as raiseload
+from .strategy_options import selectin_polymorphic as selectin_polymorphic
+from .strategy_options import selectinload as selectinload
+from .strategy_options import subqueryload as subqueryload
+from .strategy_options import undefer as undefer
+from .strategy_options import undefer_group as undefer_group
+from .strategy_options import with_expression as with_expression
+from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction as UOWTransaction
+from .util import Bundle as Bundle
+from .util import CascadeOptions as CascadeOptions
+from .util import LoaderCriteriaOption as LoaderCriteriaOption
+from .util import object_mapper as object_mapper
+from .util import polymorphic_union as polymorphic_union
+from .util import was_deleted as was_deleted
+from .util import with_parent as with_parent
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyCollection as WriteOnlyCollection
+from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+
+def __go(lcls: Any) -> None:
+    _sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    _sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.ext")
+
+
+__go(locals())
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_orm_constructors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2590 @@
+# orm/_orm_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import mapperlib as mapperlib
+from ._typing import _O
+from .descriptor_props import Composite
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .properties import MappedColumn
+from .properties import MappedSQLExpression
+from .query import AliasOption
+from .relationships import _RelationshipArgumentType
+from .relationships import _RelationshipDeclared
+from .relationships import _RelationshipSecondaryArgument
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .session import Session
+from .util import _ORMJoin
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .util import AliasedInsp
+from .util import LoaderCriteriaOption
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..exc import InvalidRequestError
+from ..sql._typing import _no_kw
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import SchemaEventTarget
+from ..sql.schema import _InsertSentinelColumnDefault
+from ..sql.schema import SchemaConst
+from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+from ..util.typing import Annotated
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ORMColumnExprArgument
+    from .descriptor_props import _CC
+    from .descriptor_props import _CompositeAttrType
+    from .interfaces import PropComparator
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .relationships import _LazyLoadArgumentType
+    from .relationships import _ORMColCollectionArgument
+    from .relationships import _ORMOrderByArgument
+    from .relationships import _RelationshipJoinConditionArgument
+    from .relationships import ORMBackrefArgument
+    from .session import _SessionBind
+    from ..sql._typing import _AutoIncrementType
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.schema import _ServerDefaultArgument
+    from ..sql.schema import _ServerOnUpdateArgument
+    from ..sql.selectable import Alias
+    from ..sql.selectable import Subquery
+
+
+_T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+@util.deprecated(
+    "1.4",
+    "The :class:`.AliasOption` object is not necessary "
+    "for entities to be matched up to a query that is established "
+    "via :meth:`.Query.from_statement` and now does nothing.",
+    enable_warnings=False,  # AliasOption itself warns
+)
+def contains_alias(alias: Union[Alias, Subquery]) -> AliasOption:
+    r"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will indicate to the
+    :class:`_query.Query`
+    that the main table has been aliased.
+
+    """
+    return AliasOption(alias)
+
+
+def mapped_column(
+    __name_pos: Optional[
+        Union[str, _TypeEngineArgument[Any], SchemaEventTarget]
+    ] = None,
+    __type_pos: Optional[
+        Union[_TypeEngineArgument[Any], SchemaEventTarget]
+    ] = None,
+    *args: SchemaEventTarget,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    nullable: Optional[
+        Union[bool, Literal[SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED]]
+    ] = SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED,
+    primary_key: Optional[bool] = False,
+    deferred: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    deferred_group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred_raiseload: Optional[bool] = None,
+    use_existing_column: bool = False,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    autoincrement: _AutoIncrementType = "auto",
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    key: Optional[str] = None,
+    index: Optional[bool] = None,
+    unique: Optional[bool] = None,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    onupdate: Optional[Any] = None,
+    insert_default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    server_default: Optional[_ServerDefaultArgument] = None,
+    server_onupdate: Optional[_ServerOnUpdateArgument] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+    system: bool = False,
+    comment: Optional[str] = None,
+    sort_order: Union[_NoArg, int] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> MappedColumn[Any]:
+    r"""declare a new ORM-mapped :class:`_schema.Column` construct
+    for use within :ref:`Declarative Table <orm_declarative_table>`
+    configuration.
+
+    The :func:`_orm.mapped_column` function provides an ORM-aware and
+    Python-typing-compatible construct which is used with
+    :ref:`declarative <orm_declarative_mapping>` mappings to indicate an
+    attribute that's mapped to a Core :class:`_schema.Column` object.  It
+    provides the equivalent feature as mapping an attribute to a
+    :class:`_schema.Column` object directly when using Declarative,
+    specifically when using :ref:`Declarative Table <orm_declarative_table>`
+    configuration.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    :func:`_orm.mapped_column` is normally used with explicit typing along with
+    the :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotation type, where it can derive the SQL
+    type and nullability for the column based on what's present within the
+    :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotation.   It also may be used without annotations
+    as a drop-in replacement for how :class:`_schema.Column` is used in
+    Declarative mappings in SQLAlchemy 1.x style.
+
+    For usage examples of :func:`_orm.mapped_column`, see the documentation
+    at :ref:`orm_declarative_table`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table` - complete documentation
+
+        :ref:`whatsnew_20_orm_declarative_typing` - migration notes for
+        Declarative mappings using 1.x style mappings
+
+    :param __name: String name to give to the :class:`_schema.Column`.  This
+     is an optional, positional only argument that if present must be the
+     first positional argument passed.  If omitted, the attribute name to
+     which the :func:`_orm.mapped_column`  is mapped will be used as the SQL
+     column name.
+    :param __type: :class:`_types.TypeEngine` type or instance which will
+     indicate the datatype to be associated with the :class:`_schema.Column`.
+     This is an optional, positional-only argument that if present must
+     immediately follow the ``__name`` parameter if present also, or otherwise
+     be the first positional parameter.  If omitted, the ultimate type for
+     the column may be derived either from the annotated type, or if a
+     :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` is present, from the datatype of the
+     referenced column.
+    :param \*args: Additional positional arguments include constructs such
+     as :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`, :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`,
+     and :class:`_schema.Identity`, which are passed through to the constructed
+     :class:`_schema.Column`.
+    :param nullable: Optional bool, whether the column should be "NULL" or
+     "NOT NULL". If omitted, the nullability is derived from the type
+     annotation based on whether or not ``typing.Optional`` is present.
+     ``nullable`` defaults to ``True`` otherwise for non-primary key columns,
+     and ``False`` for primary key columns.
+    :param primary_key: optional bool, indicates the :class:`_schema.Column`
+     would be part of the table's primary key or not.
+    :param deferred: Optional bool - this keyword argument is consumed by the
+     ORM declarative process, and is not part of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+     itself; instead, it indicates that this column should be "deferred" for
+     loading as though mapped by :func:`_orm.deferred`.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_declarative`
+
+    :param deferred_group: Implies :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.deferred`
+     to ``True``, and set the :paramref:`_orm.deferred.group` parameter.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_group`
+
+    :param deferred_raiseload: Implies :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.deferred`
+     to ``True``, and set the :paramref:`_orm.deferred.raiseload` parameter.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_raiseload`
+
+    :param use_existing_column: if True, will attempt to locate the given
+     column name on an inherited superclass (typically single inheriting
+     superclass), and if present, will not produce a new column, mapping
+     to the superclass column as though it were omitted from this class.
+     This is used for mixins that add new columns to an inherited superclass.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_inheritance_column_conflicts`
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param default: Passed directly to the
+     :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` parameter if the
+     :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default` parameter is not present.
+     Additionally, when used with :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     indicates a default Python value that should be applied to the keyword
+     constructor within the generated ``__init__()`` method.
+
+     Note that in the case of dataclass generation when
+     :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default` is not present, this means
+     the :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default` value is used in **two**
+     places, both the ``__init__()`` method as well as the
+     :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` parameter. While this behavior may
+     change in a future release, for the moment this tends to "work out"; a
+     default of ``None`` will mean that the :class:`_schema.Column` gets no
+     default generator, whereas a default that refers to a non-``None`` Python
+     or SQL expression value will be assigned up front on the object when
+     ``__init__()`` is called, which is the same value that the Core
+     :class:`_sql.Insert` construct would use in any case, leading to the same
+     end result.
+
+     .. note:: When using Core level column defaults that are callables to
+        be interpreted by the underlying :class:`_schema.Column` in conjunction
+        with :ref:`ORM-mapped dataclasses
+        <orm_declarative_native_dataclasses>`, especially those that are
+        :ref:`context-aware default functions <context_default_functions>`,
+        **the** :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default` **parameter must
+        be used instead**.  This is necessary to disambiguate the callable from
+        being interpreted as a dataclass level default.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`defaults_default_factory_insert_default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default_factory`
+
+    :param insert_default: Passed directly to the
+     :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` parameter; will supersede the value
+     of :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default` when present, however
+     :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default` will always apply to the
+     constructor default for a dataclasses mapping.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`defaults_default_factory_insert_default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default_factory`
+
+    :param sort_order: An integer that indicates how this mapped column
+     should be sorted compared to the others when the ORM is creating a
+     :class:`_schema.Table`. Among mapped columns that have the same
+     value the default ordering is used, placing first the mapped columns
+     defined in the main class, then the ones in the super classes.
+     Defaults to 0. The sort is ascending.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+
+        When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+        scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+        already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+        simple non-primary-key scalar values only needs to be
+        aware of the "new" value in order to perform a flush. This
+        flag is available for applications that make use of
+        :func:`.attributes.get_history` or :meth:`.Session.is_modified`
+        which also need to know the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__repr__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies a default-value generation function that will take place
+     as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`defaults_default_factory_insert_default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default`
+
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be marked as keyword-only when generating the ``__init__()``.
+
+    :param hash: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, controls if this field
+     is included when generating the ``__hash__()`` method for the mapped
+     class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.36
+
+    :param \**kw: All remaining keyword arguments are passed through to the
+     constructor for the :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+    """
+
+    return MappedColumn(
+        __name_pos,
+        __type_pos,
+        *args,
+        name=name,
+        type_=type_,
+        autoincrement=autoincrement,
+        insert_default=insert_default,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only, hash
+        ),
+        doc=doc,
+        key=key,
+        index=index,
+        unique=unique,
+        info=info,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        nullable=nullable,
+        onupdate=onupdate,
+        primary_key=primary_key,
+        server_default=server_default,
+        server_onupdate=server_onupdate,
+        use_existing_column=use_existing_column,
+        quote=quote,
+        comment=comment,
+        system=system,
+        deferred=deferred,
+        deferred_group=deferred_group,
+        deferred_raiseload=deferred_raiseload,
+        sort_order=sort_order,
+        **kw,
+    )
+
+
+def orm_insert_sentinel(
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    *,
+    default: Optional[Any] = None,
+    omit_from_statements: bool = True,
+) -> MappedColumn[Any]:
+    """Provides a surrogate :func:`_orm.mapped_column` that generates
+    a so-called :term:`sentinel` column, allowing efficient bulk
+    inserts with deterministic RETURNING sorting for tables that don't
+    otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
+
+    Use of :func:`_orm.orm_insert_sentinel` is analogous to the use of the
+    :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel` construct within a Core
+    :class:`_schema.Table` construct.
+
+    Guidelines for adding this construct to a Declarative mapped class
+    are the same as that of the :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel` construct;
+    the database table itself also needs to have a column with this name
+    present.
+
+    For background on how this object is used, see the section
+    :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns` as part of the
+    section :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    return mapped_column(
+        name=name,
+        default=(
+            default if default is not None else _InsertSentinelColumnDefault()
+        ),
+        _omit_from_statements=omit_from_statements,
+        insert_sentinel=True,
+        use_existing_column=True,
+        nullable=True,
+    )
+
+
+@util.deprecated_params(
+    **{
+        arg: (
+            "2.0",
+            f"The :paramref:`_orm.column_property.{arg}` parameter is "
+            "deprecated for :func:`_orm.column_property`.  This parameter "
+            "applies to a writeable-attribute in a Declarative Dataclasses "
+            "configuration only, and :func:`_orm.column_property` is treated "
+            "as a read-only attribute in this context.",
+        )
+        for arg in ("init", "kw_only", "default", "default_factory")
+    }
+)
+def column_property(
+    column: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T],
+    *additional_columns: _ORMColumnExprArgument[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> MappedSQLExpression[_T]:
+    r"""Provide a column-level property for use with a mapping.
+
+    With Declarative mappings, :func:`_orm.column_property` is used to
+    map read-only SQL expressions to a mapped class.
+
+    When using Imperative mappings, :func:`_orm.column_property` also
+    takes on the role of mapping table columns with additional features.
+    When using fully Declarative mappings, the :func:`_orm.mapped_column`
+    construct should be used for this purpose.
+
+    With Declarative Dataclass mappings, :func:`_orm.column_property`
+    is considered to be **read only**, and will not be included in the
+    Dataclass ``__init__()`` constructor.
+
+    The :func:`_orm.column_property` function returns an instance of
+    :class:`.ColumnProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions` - general use of
+        :func:`_orm.column_property` to map SQL expressions
+
+        :ref:`orm_imperative_table_column_options` - usage of
+        :func:`_orm.column_property` with Imperative Table mappings to apply
+        additional options to a plain :class:`_schema.Column` object
+
+    :param \*cols:
+        list of Column objects to be mapped.
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+
+        Used only for Imperative Table mappings, or legacy-style Declarative
+        mappings (i.e. which have not been upgraded to
+        :func:`_orm.mapped_column`), for column-based attributes that are
+        expected to be writeable; use :func:`_orm.mapped_column` with
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.active_history` for Declarative mappings.
+        See that parameter for functional details.
+
+    :param comparator_factory: a class which extends
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+        clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+    :param group:
+        a group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+    :param deferred:
+        when True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that
+        it does not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the
+        attribute is first accessed on an instance.  See also
+        :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+    :param doc:
+        optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+        class-bound descriptor.
+
+    :param expire_on_flush=True:
+        Disable expiry on flush.   A column_property() which refers
+        to a SQL expression (and not a single table-bound column)
+        is considered to be a "read only" property; populating it
+        has no effect on the state of data, and it can only return
+        database state.   For this reason a column_property()'s value
+        is expired whenever the parent object is involved in a
+        flush, that is, has any kind of "dirty" state within a flush.
+        Setting this parameter to ``False`` will have the effect of
+        leaving any existing value present after the flush proceeds.
+        Note that the :class:`.Session` with default expiration
+        settings still expires
+        all attributes after a :meth:`.Session.commit` call, however.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param raiseload: if True, indicates the column should raise an error
+        when undeferred, rather than loading the value.  This can be
+        altered at query time by using the :func:`.deferred` option with
+        raiseload=False.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_raiseload`
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__repr__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies a default-value generation function that will take place
+     as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`defaults_default_factory_insert_default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.default`
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.insert_default`
+
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be marked as keyword-only when generating the ``__init__()``.
+
+    :param hash: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, controls if this field
+     is included when generating the ``__hash__()`` method for the mapped
+     class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.36
+
+    """
+    return MappedSQLExpression(
+        column,
+        *additional_columns,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            False if init is _NoArg.NO_ARG else init,
+            repr,
+            default,
+            default_factory,
+            compare,
+            kw_only,
+            hash,
+        ),
+        group=group,
+        deferred=deferred,
+        raiseload=raiseload,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        expire_on_flush=expire_on_flush,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes=True,
+    )
+
+
+@overload
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: Type[_CC],
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[_CC]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: Callable[..., _CC],
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[_CC]: ...
+
+
+def composite(
+    _class_or_attr: Union[
+        None, Type[_CC], Callable[..., _CC], _CompositeAttrType[Any]
+    ] = None,
+    *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    deferred: bool = False,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Composite.Comparator[_T]]] = None,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **__kw: Any,
+) -> Composite[Any]:
+    r"""Return a composite column-based property for use with a Mapper.
+
+    See the mapping documentation section :ref:`mapper_composite` for a
+    full usage example.
+
+    The :class:`.MapperProperty` returned by :func:`.composite`
+    is the :class:`.Composite`.
+
+    :param class\_:
+      The "composite type" class, or any classmethod or callable which
+      will produce a new instance of the composite object given the
+      column values in order.
+
+    :param \*attrs:
+      List of elements to be mapped, which may include:
+
+      * :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+      * :func:`_orm.mapped_column` constructs
+      * string names of other attributes on the mapped class, which may be
+        any other SQL or object-mapped attribute.  This can for
+        example allow a composite that refers to a many-to-one relationship
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+      When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+      scalar attribute should be loaded when replaced, if not
+      already loaded.  See the same flag on :func:`.column_property`.
+
+    :param group:
+      A group name for this property when marked as deferred.
+
+    :param deferred:
+      When True, the column property is "deferred", meaning that it does
+      not load immediately, and is instead loaded when the attribute is
+      first accessed on an instance.  See also
+      :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.deferred`.
+
+    :param comparator_factory:  a class which extends
+      :class:`.Composite.Comparator` which provides custom SQL
+      clause generation for comparison operations.
+
+    :param doc:
+      optional string that will be applied as the doc on the
+      class-bound descriptor.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__repr__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies a default-value generation function that will take place
+     as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be marked as keyword-only when generating the ``__init__()``.
+
+    :param hash: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, controls if this field
+     is included when generating the ``__hash__()`` method for the mapped
+     class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.36
+    """
+    if __kw:
+        raise _no_kw()
+
+    return Composite(
+        _class_or_attr,
+        *attrs,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only, hash
+        ),
+        group=group,
+        deferred=deferred,
+        raiseload=raiseload,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+    )
+
+
+def with_loader_criteria(
+    entity_or_base: _EntityType[Any],
+    where_criteria: Union[
+        _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+        Callable[[Any], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+    ],
+    loader_only: bool = False,
+    include_aliases: bool = False,
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+    track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+) -> LoaderCriteriaOption:
+    """Add additional WHERE criteria to the load for all occurrences of
+    a particular entity.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    The :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option is intended to add
+    limiting criteria to a particular kind of entity in a query,
+    **globally**, meaning it will apply to the entity as it appears
+    in the SELECT query as well as within any subqueries, join
+    conditions, and relationship loads, including both eager and lazy
+    loaders, without the need for it to be specified in any particular
+    part of the query.    The rendering logic uses the same system used by
+    single table inheritance to ensure a certain discriminator is applied
+    to a table.
+
+    E.g., using :term:`2.0-style` queries, we can limit the way the
+    ``User.addresses`` collection is loaded, regardless of the kind
+    of loading used::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import with_loader_criteria
+
+        stmt = select(User).options(
+            selectinload(User.addresses),
+            with_loader_criteria(Address, Address.email_address != "foo"),
+        )
+
+    Above, the "selectinload" for ``User.addresses`` will apply the
+    given filtering criteria to the WHERE clause.
+
+    Another example, where the filtering will be applied to the
+    ON clause of the join, in this example using :term:`1.x style`
+    queries::
+
+        q = (
+            session.query(User)
+            .outerjoin(User.addresses)
+            .options(with_loader_criteria(Address, Address.email_address != "foo"))
+        )
+
+    The primary purpose of :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` is to use
+    it in the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event handler
+    to ensure that all occurrences of a particular entity are filtered
+    in a certain way, such as filtering for access control roles.    It
+    also can be used to apply criteria to relationship loads.  In the
+    example below, we can apply a certain set of rules to all queries
+    emitted by a particular :class:`_orm.Session`::
+
+        session = Session(bind=engine)
+
+
+        @event.listens_for("do_orm_execute", session)
+        def _add_filtering_criteria(execute_state):
+
+            if (
+                execute_state.is_select
+                and not execute_state.is_column_load
+                and not execute_state.is_relationship_load
+            ):
+                execute_state.statement = execute_state.statement.options(
+                    with_loader_criteria(
+                        SecurityRole,
+                        lambda cls: cls.role.in_(["some_role"]),
+                        include_aliases=True,
+                    )
+                )
+
+    In the above example, the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+    event will intercept all queries emitted using the
+    :class:`_orm.Session`. For those queries which are SELECT statements
+    and are not attribute or relationship loads a custom
+    :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option is added to the query.    The
+    :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option will be used in the given
+    statement and will also be automatically propagated to all relationship
+    loads that descend from this query.
+
+    The criteria argument given is a ``lambda`` that accepts a ``cls``
+    argument.  The given class will expand to include all mapped subclass
+    and need not itself be a mapped class.
+
+    .. tip::
+
+       When using :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option in
+       conjunction with the :func:`_orm.contains_eager` loader option,
+       it's important to note that :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` only
+       affects the part of the query that determines what SQL is rendered
+       in terms of the WHERE and FROM clauses. The
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option does not affect the rendering of
+       the SELECT statement outside of the columns clause, so does not have
+       any interaction with the :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option.
+       However, the way things "work" is that :func:`_orm.contains_eager`
+       is meant to be used with a query that is already selecting from the
+       additional entities in some way, where
+       :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` can apply it's additional
+       criteria.
+
+       In the example below, assuming a mapping relationship as
+       ``A -> A.bs -> B``, the given :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria`
+       option will affect the way in which the JOIN is rendered::
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(A)
+                .join(A.bs)
+                .options(contains_eager(A.bs), with_loader_criteria(B, B.flag == 1))
+            )
+
+       Above, the given :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option will
+       affect the ON clause of the JOIN that is specified by
+       ``.join(A.bs)``, so is applied as expected. The
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option has the effect that columns from
+       ``B`` are added to the columns clause:
+
+       .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT
+                b.id, b.a_id, b.data, b.flag,
+                a.id AS id_1,
+                a.data AS data_1
+            FROM a JOIN b ON a.id = b.a_id AND b.flag = :flag_1
+
+
+       The use of the :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option within the above
+       statement has no effect on the behavior of the
+       :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` option. If the
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` option were omitted, the SQL would be
+       the same as regards the FROM and WHERE clauses, where
+       :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` continues to add its criteria to
+       the ON clause of the JOIN. The addition of
+       :func:`_orm.contains_eager` only affects the columns clause, in that
+       additional columns against ``b`` are added which are then consumed
+       by the ORM to produce ``B`` instances.
+
+    .. warning:: The use of a lambda inside of the call to
+      :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` is only invoked **once per unique
+      class**. Custom functions should not be invoked within this lambda.
+      See :ref:`engine_lambda_caching` for an overview of the "lambda SQL"
+      feature, which is for advanced use only.
+
+    :param entity_or_base: a mapped class, or a class that is a super
+     class of a particular set of mapped classes, to which the rule
+     will apply.
+
+    :param where_criteria: a Core SQL expression that applies limiting
+     criteria.   This may also be a "lambda:" or Python function that
+     accepts a target class as an argument, when the given class is
+     a base with many different mapped subclasses.
+
+     .. note:: To support pickling, use a module-level Python function to
+        produce the SQL expression instead of a lambda or a fixed SQL
+        expression, which tend to not be picklable.
+
+    :param include_aliases: if True, apply the rule to :func:`_orm.aliased`
+     constructs as well.
+
+    :param propagate_to_loaders: defaults to True, apply to relationship
+     loaders such as lazy loaders.   This indicates that the
+     option object itself including SQL expression is carried along with
+     each loaded instance.  Set to ``False`` to prevent the object from
+     being assigned to individual instances.
+
+
+     .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`examples_session_orm_events` - includes examples of using
+        :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria`.
+
+        :ref:`do_orm_execute_global_criteria` - basic example on how to
+        combine :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` with the
+        :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event.
+
+    :param track_closure_variables: when False, closure variables inside
+     of a lambda expression will not be used as part of
+     any cache key.    This allows more complex expressions to be used
+     inside of a lambda expression but requires that the lambda ensures
+     it returns the identical SQL every time given a particular class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return LoaderCriteriaOption(
+        entity_or_base,
+        where_criteria,
+        loader_only,
+        include_aliases,
+        propagate_to_loaders,
+        track_closure_variables,
+    )
+
+
+def relationship(
+    argument: Optional[_RelationshipArgumentType[Any]] = None,
+    secondary: Optional[_RelationshipSecondaryArgument] = None,
+    *,
+    uselist: Optional[bool] = None,
+    collection_class: Optional[
+        Union[Type[Collection[Any]], Callable[[], Collection[Any]]]
+    ] = None,
+    primaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+    secondaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+    back_populates: Optional[str] = None,
+    order_by: _ORMOrderByArgument = False,
+    backref: Optional[ORMBackrefArgument] = None,
+    overlaps: Optional[str] = None,
+    post_update: bool = False,
+    cascade: str = "save-update, merge",
+    viewonly: bool = False,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Union[_NoArg, _T] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    lazy: _LazyLoadArgumentType = "select",
+    passive_deletes: Union[Literal["all"], bool] = False,
+    passive_updates: bool = True,
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    enable_typechecks: bool = True,
+    foreign_keys: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+    remote_side: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+    join_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[
+        Type[RelationshipProperty.Comparator[Any]]
+    ] = None,
+    single_parent: bool = False,
+    innerjoin: bool = False,
+    distinct_target_key: Optional[bool] = None,
+    load_on_pending: bool = False,
+    query_class: Optional[Type[Query[Any]]] = None,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    omit_join: Literal[None, False] = None,
+    sync_backref: Optional[bool] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _RelationshipDeclared[Any]:
+    """Provide a relationship between two mapped classes.
+
+    This corresponds to a parent-child or associative table relationship.
+    The constructed class is an instance of :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_related_objects` - tutorial introduction
+        to :func:`_orm.relationship` in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel` - narrative documentation
+
+    :param argument:
+      This parameter refers to the class that is to be related.   It
+      accepts several forms, including a direct reference to the target
+      class itself, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` instance for the target class,
+      a Python callable / lambda that will return a reference to the
+      class or :class:`_orm.Mapper` when called, and finally a string
+      name for the class, which will be resolved from the
+      :class:`_orm.registry` in use in order to locate the class, e.g.::
+
+            class SomeClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                related = relationship("RelatedClass")
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.argument` may also be omitted from the
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` construct entirely, and instead placed inside
+      a :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotation on the left side, which should
+      include a Python collection type if the relationship is expected
+      to be a collection, such as::
+
+            class SomeClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                related_items: Mapped[List["RelatedItem"]] = relationship()
+
+      Or for a many-to-one or one-to-one relationship::
+
+            class SomeClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                related_item: Mapped["RelatedItem"] = relationship()
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_properties` - further detail
+        on relationship configuration when using Declarative.
+
+    :param secondary:
+      For a many-to-many relationship, specifies the intermediary
+      table, and is typically an instance of :class:`_schema.Table`.
+      In less common circumstances, the argument may also be specified
+      as an :class:`_expression.Alias` construct, or even a
+      :class:`_expression.Join` construct.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary` may
+      also be passed as a callable function which is evaluated at
+      mapper initialization time.  When using Declarative, it may also
+      be a string argument noting the name of a :class:`_schema.Table`
+      that is
+      present in the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+      collection associated with the
+      parent-mapped :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary` keyword argument is
+      typically applied in the case where the intermediary
+      :class:`_schema.Table`
+      is not otherwise expressed in any direct class mapping. If the
+      "secondary" table is also explicitly mapped elsewhere (e.g. as in
+      :ref:`association_pattern`), one should consider applying the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` flag so that this
+      :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      is not used for persistence operations which
+      may conflict with those of the association object pattern.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationships_many_to_many` - Reference example of "many
+          to many".
+
+          :ref:`self_referential_many_to_many` - Specifics on using
+          many-to-many in a self-referential case.
+
+          :ref:`declarative_many_to_many` - Additional options when using
+          Declarative.
+
+          :ref:`association_pattern` - an alternative to
+          :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary`
+          when composing association
+          table relationships, allowing additional attributes to be
+          specified on the association table.
+
+          :ref:`composite_secondary_join` - a lesser-used pattern which
+          in some cases can enable complex :func:`_orm.relationship` SQL
+          conditions to be used.
+
+    :param active_history=False:
+      When ``True``, indicates that the "previous" value for a
+      many-to-one reference should be loaded when replaced, if
+      not already loaded. Normally, history tracking logic for
+      simple many-to-ones only needs to be aware of the "new"
+      value in order to perform a flush. This flag is available
+      for applications that make use of
+      :func:`.attributes.get_history` which also need to know
+      the "previous" value of the attribute.
+
+    :param backref:
+      A reference to a string relationship name, or a :func:`_orm.backref`
+      construct, which will be used to automatically generate a new
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` on the related class, which then refers to this
+      one using a bi-directional :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`
+      configuration.
+
+      In modern Python, explicit use of :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      with :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates` should be preferred,
+      as it is more robust in terms of mapper configuration as well as
+      more conceptually straightforward.  It also integrates with
+      new :pep:`484` typing features introduced in SQLAlchemy 2.0 which
+      is not possible with dynamically generated attributes.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationships_backref` - notes on using
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_related_objects` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`,
+        presents an overview of bi-directional relationship configuration
+        and behaviors using :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`
+
+        :func:`.backref` - allows control over :func:`_orm.relationship`
+        configuration when using :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref`.
+
+
+    :param back_populates:
+      Indicates the name of a :func:`_orm.relationship` on the related
+      class that will be synchronized with this one.   It is usually
+      expected that the :func:`_orm.relationship` on the related class
+      also refer to this one.  This allows objects on both sides of
+      each :func:`_orm.relationship` to synchronize in-Python state
+      changes and also provides directives to the :term:`unit of work`
+      flush process how changes along these relationships should
+      be persisted.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_related_objects` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`,
+        presents an overview of bi-directional relationship configuration
+        and behaviors.
+
+        :ref:`relationship_patterns` - includes many examples of
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`.
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` - legacy form which allows
+        more succinct configuration, but does not support explicit typing
+
+    :param overlaps:
+       A string name or comma-delimited set of names of other relationships
+       on either this mapper, a descendant mapper, or a target mapper with
+       which this relationship may write to the same foreign keys upon
+       persistence.   The only effect this has is to eliminate the
+       warning that this relationship will conflict with another upon
+       persistence.   This is used for such relationships that are truly
+       capable of conflicting with each other on write, but the application
+       will ensure that no such conflicts occur.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`error_qzyx` - usage example
+
+    :param cascade:
+      A comma-separated list of cascade rules which determines how
+      Session operations should be "cascaded" from parent to child.
+      This defaults to ``False``, which means the default cascade
+      should be used - this default cascade is ``"save-update, merge"``.
+
+      The available cascades are ``save-update``, ``merge``,
+      ``expunge``, ``delete``, ``delete-orphan``, and ``refresh-expire``.
+      An additional option, ``all`` indicates shorthand for
+      ``"save-update, merge, refresh-expire,
+      expunge, delete"``, and is often used as in ``"all, delete-orphan"``
+      to indicate that related objects should follow along with the
+      parent object in all cases, and be deleted when de-associated.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - Full detail on each of the available
+        cascade options.
+
+    :param cascade_backrefs=False:
+      Legacy; this flag is always False.
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 2.0 "cascade_backrefs" functionality has been
+         removed.
+
+    :param collection_class:
+      A class or callable that returns a new list-holding object. will
+      be used in place of a plain list for storing elements.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`custom_collections` - Introductory documentation and
+        examples.
+
+    :param comparator_factory:
+      A class which extends :class:`.Relationship.Comparator`
+      which provides custom SQL clause generation for comparison
+      operations.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator` - some detail on redefining comparators
+        at this level.
+
+        :ref:`custom_comparators` - Brief intro to this feature.
+
+
+    :param distinct_target_key=None:
+      Indicate if a "subquery" eager load should apply the DISTINCT
+      keyword to the innermost SELECT statement.  When left as ``None``,
+      the DISTINCT keyword will be applied in those cases when the target
+      columns do not comprise the full primary key of the target table.
+      When set to ``True``, the DISTINCT keyword is applied to the
+      innermost SELECT unconditionally.
+
+      It may be desirable to set this flag to False when the DISTINCT is
+      reducing performance of the innermost subquery beyond that of what
+      duplicate innermost rows may be causing.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`loading_toplevel` - includes an introduction to subquery
+        eager loading.
+
+    :param doc:
+      Docstring which will be applied to the resulting descriptor.
+
+    :param foreign_keys:
+
+      A list of columns which are to be used as "foreign key"
+      columns, or columns which refer to the value in a remote
+      column, within the context of this :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      object's :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition.
+      That is, if the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin`
+      condition of this :func:`_orm.relationship` is ``a.id ==
+      b.a_id``, and the values in ``b.a_id`` are required to be
+      present in ``a.id``, then the "foreign key" column of this
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` is ``b.a_id``.
+
+      In normal cases, the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys`
+      parameter is **not required.** :func:`_orm.relationship` will
+      automatically determine which columns in the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition are to be
+      considered "foreign key" columns based on those
+      :class:`_schema.Column` objects that specify
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
+      or are otherwise listed as referencing columns in a
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` construct.
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` is only needed when:
+
+        1. There is more than one way to construct a join from the local
+           table to the remote table, as there are multiple foreign key
+           references present.  Setting ``foreign_keys`` will limit the
+           :func:`_orm.relationship`
+           to consider just those columns specified
+           here as "foreign".
+
+        2. The :class:`_schema.Table` being mapped does not actually have
+           :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` or
+           :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+           constructs present, often because the table
+           was reflected from a database that does not support foreign key
+           reflection (MySQL MyISAM).
+
+        3. The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin`
+           argument is used to
+           construct a non-standard join condition, which makes use of
+           columns or expressions that do not normally refer to their
+           "parent" column, such as a join condition expressed by a
+           complex comparison using a SQL function.
+
+      The :func:`_orm.relationship` construct will raise informative
+      error messages that suggest the use of the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter when
+      presented with an ambiguous condition.   In typical cases,
+      if :func:`_orm.relationship` doesn't raise any exceptions, the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` parameter is usually
+      not needed.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.foreign_keys` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_foreign_keys`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.foreign` - allows direct annotation of the "foreign"
+        columns within a :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin`
+        condition.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param innerjoin=False:
+      When ``True``, joined eager loads will use an inner join to join
+      against related tables instead of an outer join.  The purpose
+      of this option is generally one of performance, as inner joins
+      generally perform better than outer joins.
+
+      This flag can be set to ``True`` when the relationship references an
+      object via many-to-one using local foreign keys that are not
+      nullable, or when the reference is one-to-one or a collection that
+      is guaranteed to have one or at least one entry.
+
+      The option supports the same "nested" and "unnested" options as
+      that of :paramref:`_orm.joinedload.innerjoin`.  See that flag
+      for details on nested / unnested behaviors.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.joinedload.innerjoin` - the option as specified by
+        loader option, including detail on nesting behavior.
+
+        :ref:`what_kind_of_loading` - Discussion of some details of
+        various loader options.
+
+
+    :param join_depth:
+      When non-``None``, an integer value indicating how many levels
+      deep "eager" loaders should join on a self-referring or cyclical
+      relationship.  The number counts how many times the same Mapper
+      shall be present in the loading condition along a particular join
+      branch.  When left at its default of ``None``, eager loaders
+      will stop chaining when they encounter a the same target mapper
+      which is already higher up in the chain.  This option applies
+      both to joined- and subquery- eager loaders.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`self_referential_eager_loading` - Introductory documentation
+        and examples.
+
+    :param lazy='select': specifies
+      How the related items should be loaded.  Default value is
+      ``select``.  Values include:
+
+      * ``select`` - items should be loaded lazily when the property is
+        first accessed, using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map
+        fetch for simple many-to-one references.
+
+      * ``immediate`` - items should be loaded as the parents are loaded,
+        using a separate SELECT statement, or identity map fetch for
+        simple many-to-one references.
+
+      * ``joined`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" in the same query as
+        that of the parent, using a JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN.  Whether
+        the join is "outer" or not is determined by the
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.innerjoin` parameter.
+
+      * ``subquery`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents are
+        loaded, using one additional SQL statement, which issues a JOIN to
+        a subquery of the original statement, for each collection
+        requested.
+
+      * ``selectin`` - items should be loaded "eagerly" as the parents
+        are loaded, using one or more additional SQL statements, which
+        issues a JOIN to the immediate parent object, specifying primary
+        key identifiers using an IN clause.
+
+      * ``noload`` - no loading should occur at any time.  The related
+        collection will remain empty.   The ``noload`` strategy is not
+        recommended for general use.  For a general use "never load"
+        approach, see :ref:`write_only_relationship`
+
+      * ``raise`` - lazy loading is disallowed; accessing
+        the attribute, if its value were not already loaded via eager
+        loading, will raise an :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+        This strategy can be used when objects are to be detached from
+        their attached :class:`.Session` after they are loaded.
+
+      * ``raise_on_sql`` - lazy loading that emits SQL is disallowed;
+        accessing the attribute, if its value were not already loaded via
+        eager loading, will raise an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`, **if the lazy load
+        needs to emit SQL**.  If the lazy load can pull the related value
+        from the identity map or determine that it should be None, the
+        value is loaded.  This strategy can be used when objects will
+        remain associated with the attached :class:`.Session`, however
+        additional SELECT statements should be blocked.
+
+      * ``write_only`` - the attribute will be configured with a special
+        "virtual collection" that may receive
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.add` and
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.remove` commands to add or remove
+        individual objects, but will not under any circumstances load or
+        iterate the full set of objects from the database directly. Instead,
+        methods such as :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.select`,
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.insert`,
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.update` and
+        :meth:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection.delete` are provided which generate SQL
+        constructs that may be used to load and modify rows in bulk. Used for
+        large collections that are never appropriate to load at once into
+        memory.
+
+        The ``write_only`` loader style is configured automatically when
+        the :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyMapped` annotation is provided on the
+        left hand side within a Declarative mapping.  See the section
+        :ref:`write_only_relationship` for examples.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`write_only_relationship` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+      * ``dynamic`` - the attribute will return a pre-configured
+        :class:`_query.Query` object for all read
+        operations, onto which further filtering operations can be
+        applied before iterating the results.
+
+        The ``dynamic`` loader style is configured automatically when
+        the :class:`_orm.DynamicMapped` annotation is provided on the
+        left hand side within a Declarative mapping.  See the section
+        :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for examples.
+
+        .. legacy::  The "dynamic" lazy loader strategy is the legacy form of
+           what is now the "write_only" strategy described in the section
+           :ref:`write_only_relationship`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`write_only_relationship` - more generally useful approach
+            for large collections that should not fully load into memory
+
+      * True - a synonym for 'select'
+
+      * False - a synonym for 'joined'
+
+      * None - a synonym for 'noload'
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_loaders` - Full documentation on
+        relationship loader configuration in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`.
+
+
+    :param load_on_pending=False:
+      Indicates loading behavior for transient or pending parent objects.
+
+      When set to ``True``, causes the lazy-loader to
+      issue a query for a parent object that is not persistent, meaning it
+      has never been flushed.  This may take effect for a pending object
+      when autoflush is disabled, or for a transient object that has been
+      "attached" to a :class:`.Session` but is not part of its pending
+      collection.
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.load_on_pending`
+      flag does not improve
+      behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+      constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+      that they are present in an ordinary way before a flush proceeds.
+      This flag is not not intended for general use.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` - this method
+          establishes "load on pending" behavior for the whole object, and
+          also allows loading on objects that remain transient or
+          detached.
+
+    :param order_by:
+      Indicates the ordering that should be applied when loading these
+      items.  :paramref:`_orm.relationship.order_by`
+      is expected to refer to
+      one of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+      objects to which the target class is
+      mapped, or the attribute itself bound to the target class which
+      refers to the column.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.order_by`
+      may also be passed as a callable
+      function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time, and may
+      be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+    :param passive_deletes=False:
+       Indicates loading behavior during delete operations.
+
+       A value of True indicates that unloaded child items should not
+       be loaded during a delete operation on the parent.  Normally,
+       when a parent item is deleted, all child items are loaded so
+       that they can either be marked as deleted, or have their
+       foreign key to the parent set to NULL.  Marking this flag as
+       True usually implies an ON DELETE <CASCADE|SET NULL> rule is in
+       place which will handle updating/deleting child rows on the
+       database side.
+
+       Additionally, setting the flag to the string value 'all' will
+       disable the "nulling out" of the child foreign keys, when the parent
+       object is deleted and there is no delete or delete-orphan cascade
+       enabled.  This is typically used when a triggering or error raise
+       scenario is in place on the database side.  Note that the foreign
+       key attributes on in-session child objects will not be changed after
+       a flush occurs so this is a very special use-case setting.
+       Additionally, the "nulling out" will still occur if the child
+       object is de-associated with the parent.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`passive_deletes` - Introductory documentation
+            and examples.
+
+    :param passive_updates=True:
+      Indicates the persistence behavior to take when a referenced
+      primary key value changes in place, indicating that the referencing
+      foreign key columns will also need their value changed.
+
+      When True, it is assumed that ``ON UPDATE CASCADE`` is configured on
+      the foreign key in the database, and that the database will
+      handle propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to
+      dependent rows.  When False, the SQLAlchemy
+      :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      construct will attempt to emit its own UPDATE statements to
+      modify related targets.  However note that SQLAlchemy **cannot**
+      emit an UPDATE for more than one level of cascade.  Also,
+      setting this flag to False is not compatible in the case where
+      the database is in fact enforcing referential integrity, unless
+      those constraints are explicitly "deferred", if the target backend
+      supports it.
+
+      It is highly advised that an application which is employing
+      mutable primary keys keeps ``passive_updates`` set to True,
+      and instead uses the referential integrity features of the database
+      itself in order to handle the change efficiently and fully.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`passive_updates` - Introductory documentation and
+          examples.
+
+          :paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - a similar flag which
+          takes effect for joined-table inheritance mappings.
+
+    :param post_update:
+      This indicates that the relationship should be handled by a
+      second UPDATE statement after an INSERT or before a
+      DELETE. This flag is used to handle saving bi-directional
+      dependencies between two individual rows (i.e. each row
+      references the other), where it would otherwise be impossible to
+      INSERT or DELETE both rows fully since one row exists before the
+      other. Use this flag when a particular mapping arrangement will
+      incur two rows that are dependent on each other, such as a table
+      that has a one-to-many relationship to a set of child rows, and
+      also has a column that references a single child row within that
+      list (i.e. both tables contain a foreign key to each other). If
+      a flush operation returns an error that a "cyclical
+      dependency" was detected, this is a cue that you might want to
+      use :paramref:`_orm.relationship.post_update` to "break" the cycle.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`post_update` - Introductory documentation and examples.
+
+    :param primaryjoin:
+      A SQL expression that will be used as the primary
+      join of the child object against the parent object, or in a
+      many-to-many relationship the join of the parent object to the
+      association table. By default, this value is computed based on the
+      foreign key relationships of the parent and child tables (or
+      association table).
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+    :param remote_side:
+      Used for self-referential relationships, indicates the column or
+      list of columns that form the "remote side" of the relationship.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.remote_side` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`self_referential` - in-depth explanation of how
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.remote_side`
+        is used to configure self-referential relationships.
+
+        :func:`.remote` - an annotation function that accomplishes the
+        same purpose as :paramref:`_orm.relationship.remote_side`,
+        typically
+        when a custom :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition
+        is used.
+
+    :param query_class:
+      A :class:`_query.Query`
+      subclass that will be used internally by the
+      ``AppenderQuery`` returned by a "dynamic" relationship, that
+      is, a relationship that specifies ``lazy="dynamic"`` or was
+      otherwise constructed using the :func:`_orm.dynamic_loader`
+      function.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - Introduction to "dynamic"
+        relationship loaders.
+
+    :param secondaryjoin:
+      A SQL expression that will be used as the join of
+      an association table to the child object. By default, this value is
+      computed based on the foreign key relationships of the association
+      and child tables.
+
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondaryjoin` may also be passed as a
+      callable function which is evaluated at mapper initialization time,
+      and may be passed as a Python-evaluable string when using
+      Declarative.
+
+      .. warning:: When passed as a Python-evaluable string, the
+         argument is interpreted using Python's ``eval()`` function.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+         See :ref:`declarative_relationship_eval` for details on
+         declarative evaluation of :func:`_orm.relationship` arguments.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationship_primaryjoin`
+
+    :param single_parent:
+      When True, installs a validator which will prevent objects
+      from being associated with more than one parent at a time.
+      This is used for many-to-one or many-to-many relationships that
+      should be treated either as one-to-one or one-to-many.  Its usage
+      is optional, except for :func:`_orm.relationship` constructs which
+      are many-to-one or many-to-many and also
+      specify the ``delete-orphan`` cascade option.  The
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` construct itself will raise an error
+      instructing when this option is required.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`unitofwork_cascades` - includes detail on when the
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.single_parent`
+        flag may be appropriate.
+
+    :param uselist:
+      A boolean that indicates if this property should be loaded as a
+      list or a scalar. In most cases, this value is determined
+      automatically by :func:`_orm.relationship` at mapper configuration
+      time.  When using explicit :class:`_orm.Mapped` annotations,
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` may be derived from the
+      whether or not the annotation within :class:`_orm.Mapped` contains
+      a collection class.
+      Otherwise, :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` may be derived from
+      the type and direction
+      of the relationship - one to many forms a list, many to one
+      forms a scalar, many to many is a list. If a scalar is desired
+      where normally a list would be present, such as a bi-directional
+      one-to-one relationship, use an appropriate :class:`_orm.Mapped`
+      annotation or set :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` to False.
+
+      The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist`
+      flag is also available on an
+      existing :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      construct as a read-only attribute,
+      which can be used to determine if this :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      deals
+      with collections or scalar attributes::
+
+          >>> User.addresses.property.uselist
+          True
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+          :ref:`relationships_one_to_one` - Introduction to the "one to
+          one" relationship pattern, which is typically when an alternate
+          setting for :paramref:`_orm.relationship.uselist` is involved.
+
+    :param viewonly=False:
+      When set to ``True``, the relationship is used only for loading
+      objects, and not for any persistence operation.  A
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` which specifies
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` can work
+      with a wider range of SQL operations within the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` condition, including
+      operations that feature the use of a variety of comparison operators
+      as well as SQL functions such as :func:`_expression.cast`.  The
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly`
+      flag is also of general use when defining any kind of
+      :func:`_orm.relationship` that doesn't represent
+      the full set of related objects, to prevent modifications of the
+      collection from resulting in persistence operations.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_viewonly_notes` - more details on best practices
+        when using :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly`.
+
+    :param sync_backref:
+      A boolean that enables the events used to synchronize the in-Python
+      attributes when this relationship is target of either
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` or
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates`.
+
+      Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that an automatic value should
+      be selected based on the value of the
+      :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` flag.  When left at its
+      default, changes in state will be back-populated only if neither
+      sides of a relationship is viewonly.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3.17
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - A relationship that specifies
+         :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly` automatically implies
+         that :paramref:`_orm.relationship.sync_backref` is ``False``.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_orm.relationship.viewonly`
+
+    :param omit_join:
+      Allows manual control over the "selectin" automatic join
+      optimization.  Set to ``False`` to disable the "omit join" feature
+      added in SQLAlchemy 1.3; or leave as ``None`` to leave automatic
+      optimization in place.
+
+      .. note:: This flag may only be set to ``False``.   It is not
+         necessary to set it to ``True`` as the "omit_join" optimization is
+         automatically detected; if it is not detected, then the
+         optimization is not supported.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.3.11  setting ``omit_join`` to True will now
+            emit a warning as this was not the intended use of this flag.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+    :param init: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param repr: Specific to :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies if the mapped attribute should be part of the ``__repr__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param default_factory: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`,
+     specifies a default-value generation function that will take place
+     as part of the ``__init__()``
+     method as generated by the dataclass process.
+    :param compare: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be included in comparison operations when generating the
+     ``__eq__()`` and ``__ne__()`` methods for the mapped class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    :param kw_only: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, indicates if this field
+     should be marked as keyword-only when generating the ``__init__()``.
+
+    :param hash: Specific to
+     :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses`, controls if this field
+     is included when generating the ``__hash__()`` method for the mapped
+     class.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.36
+    """
+
+    return _RelationshipDeclared(
+        argument,
+        secondary=secondary,
+        uselist=uselist,
+        collection_class=collection_class,
+        primaryjoin=primaryjoin,
+        secondaryjoin=secondaryjoin,
+        back_populates=back_populates,
+        order_by=order_by,
+        backref=backref,
+        overlaps=overlaps,
+        post_update=post_update,
+        cascade=cascade,
+        viewonly=viewonly,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only, hash
+        ),
+        lazy=lazy,
+        passive_deletes=passive_deletes,
+        passive_updates=passive_updates,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        enable_typechecks=enable_typechecks,
+        foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+        remote_side=remote_side,
+        join_depth=join_depth,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        single_parent=single_parent,
+        innerjoin=innerjoin,
+        distinct_target_key=distinct_target_key,
+        load_on_pending=load_on_pending,
+        query_class=query_class,
+        info=info,
+        omit_join=omit_join,
+        sync_backref=sync_backref,
+        **kw,
+    )
+
+
+def synonym(
+    name: str,
+    *,
+    map_column: Optional[bool] = None,
+    descriptor: Optional[Any] = None,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Union[_NoArg, _T] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Synonym[Any]:
+    """Denote an attribute name as a synonym to a mapped property,
+    in that the attribute will mirror the value and expression behavior
+    of another attribute.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "my_table"
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            job_status = Column(String(50))
+
+            status = synonym("job_status")
+
+    :param name: the name of the existing mapped property.  This
+      can refer to the string name ORM-mapped attribute
+      configured on the class, including column-bound attributes
+      and relationships.
+
+    :param descriptor: a Python :term:`descriptor` that will be used
+      as a getter (and potentially a setter) when this attribute is
+      accessed at the instance level.
+
+    :param map_column: **For classical mappings and mappings against
+      an existing Table object only**.  if ``True``, the :func:`.synonym`
+      construct will locate the :class:`_schema.Column`
+      object upon the mapped
+      table that would normally be associated with the attribute name of
+      this synonym, and produce a new :class:`.ColumnProperty` that instead
+      maps this :class:`_schema.Column`
+      to the alternate name given as the "name"
+      argument of the synonym; in this way, the usual step of redefining
+      the mapping of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+      to be under a different name is
+      unnecessary. This is usually intended to be used when a
+      :class:`_schema.Column`
+      is to be replaced with an attribute that also uses a
+      descriptor, that is, in conjunction with the
+      :paramref:`.synonym.descriptor` parameter::
+
+        my_table = Table(
+            "my_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("job_status", String(50)),
+        )
+
+
+        class MyClass:
+            @property
+            def _job_status_descriptor(self):
+                return "Status: %s" % self._job_status
+
+
+        mapper(
+            MyClass,
+            my_table,
+            properties={
+                "job_status": synonym(
+                    "_job_status",
+                    map_column=True,
+                    descriptor=MyClass._job_status_descriptor,
+                )
+            },
+        )
+
+      Above, the attribute named ``_job_status`` is automatically
+      mapped to the ``job_status`` column::
+
+        >>> j1 = MyClass()
+        >>> j1._job_status = "employed"
+        >>> j1.job_status
+        Status: employed
+
+      When using Declarative, in order to provide a descriptor in
+      conjunction with a synonym, use the
+      :func:`sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.synonym_for` helper.  However,
+      note that the :ref:`hybrid properties <mapper_hybrids>` feature
+      should usually be preferred, particularly when redefining attribute
+      behavior.
+
+    :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+        :attr:`.InspectionAttr.info` attribute of this object.
+
+    :param comparator_factory: A subclass of :class:`.PropComparator`
+      that will provide custom comparison behavior at the SQL expression
+      level.
+
+      .. note::
+
+        For the use case of providing an attribute which redefines both
+        Python-level and SQL-expression level behavior of an attribute,
+        please refer to the Hybrid attribute introduced at
+        :ref:`mapper_hybrids` for a more effective technique.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+        :func:`.synonym_for` - a helper oriented towards Declarative
+
+        :ref:`mapper_hybrids` - The Hybrid Attribute extension provides an
+        updated approach to augmenting attribute behavior more flexibly
+        than can be achieved with synonyms.
+
+    """
+    return Synonym(
+        name,
+        map_column=map_column,
+        descriptor=descriptor,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only, hash
+        ),
+        doc=doc,
+        info=info,
+    )
+
+
+def create_session(
+    bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None, **kwargs: Any
+) -> Session:
+    r"""Create a new :class:`.Session`
+    with no automation enabled by default.
+
+    This function is used primarily for testing.   The usual
+    route to :class:`.Session` creation is via its constructor
+    or the :func:`.sessionmaker` function.
+
+    :param bind: optional, a single Connectable to use for all
+      database access in the created
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`.
+
+    :param \*\*kwargs: optional, passed through to the
+      :class:`.Session` constructor.
+
+    :returns: an :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session` instance
+
+    The defaults of create_session() are the opposite of that of
+    :func:`sessionmaker`; ``autoflush`` and ``expire_on_commit`` are
+    False.
+
+    Usage::
+
+      >>> from sqlalchemy.orm import create_session
+      >>> session = create_session()
+
+    It is recommended to use :func:`sessionmaker` instead of
+    create_session().
+
+    """
+
+    kwargs.setdefault("autoflush", False)
+    kwargs.setdefault("expire_on_commit", False)
+    return Session(bind=bind, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _mapper_fn(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+    """Placeholder for the now-removed ``mapper()`` function.
+
+    Classical mappings should be performed using the
+    :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` method.
+
+    This symbol remains in SQLAlchemy 2.0 to suit the deprecated use case
+    of using the ``mapper()`` function as a target for ORM event listeners,
+    which failed to be marked as deprecated in the 1.4 series.
+
+    Global ORM mapper listeners should instead use the :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    class as the target.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The ``mapper()`` function was removed; the
+       symbol remains temporarily as a placeholder for the event listening
+       use case.
+
+    """
+    raise InvalidRequestError(
+        "The 'sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()' function is removed as of "
+        "SQLAlchemy 2.0.  Use the "
+        "'sqlalchemy.orm.registry.map_imperatively()` "
+        "method of the ``sqlalchemy.orm.registry`` class to perform "
+        "classical mapping."
+    )
+
+
+def dynamic_loader(
+    argument: Optional[_RelationshipArgumentType[Any]] = None, **kw: Any
+) -> RelationshipProperty[Any]:
+    """Construct a dynamically-loading mapper property.
+
+    This is essentially the same as
+    using the ``lazy='dynamic'`` argument with :func:`relationship`::
+
+        dynamic_loader(SomeClass)
+
+        # is the same as
+
+        relationship(SomeClass, lazy="dynamic")
+
+    See the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for more details
+    on dynamic loading.
+
+    """
+    kw["lazy"] = "dynamic"
+    return relationship(argument, **kw)
+
+
+def backref(name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> ORMBackrefArgument:
+    """When using the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` parameter,
+    provides specific parameters to be used when the new
+    :func:`_orm.relationship` is generated.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        "items": relationship(SomeItem, backref=backref("parent", lazy="subquery"))
+
+    The :paramref:`_orm.relationship.backref` parameter is generally
+    considered to be legacy; for modern applications, using
+    explicit :func:`_orm.relationship` constructs linked together using
+    the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.back_populates` parameter should be
+    preferred.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationships_backref` - background on backrefs
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    return (name, kwargs)
+
+
+def deferred(
+    column: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T],
+    *additional_columns: _ORMColumnExprArgument[Any],
+    group: Optional[str] = None,
+    raiseload: bool = False,
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], _T]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    active_history: bool = False,
+    expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> MappedSQLExpression[_T]:
+    r"""Indicate a column-based mapped attribute that by default will
+    not load unless accessed.
+
+    When using :func:`_orm.mapped_column`, the same functionality as
+    that of :func:`_orm.deferred` construct is provided by using the
+    :paramref:`_orm.mapped_column.deferred` parameter.
+
+    :param \*columns: columns to be mapped.  This is typically a single
+     :class:`_schema.Column` object,
+     however a collection is supported in order
+     to support multiple columns mapped under the same attribute.
+
+    :param raiseload: boolean, if True, indicates an exception should be raised
+     if the load operation is to take place.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+    Additional arguments are the same as that of :func:`_orm.column_property`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_imperative`
+
+    """
+    return MappedSQLExpression(
+        column,
+        *additional_columns,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            init, repr, default, default_factory, compare, kw_only, hash
+        ),
+        group=group,
+        deferred=True,
+        raiseload=raiseload,
+        comparator_factory=comparator_factory,
+        active_history=active_history,
+        expire_on_flush=expire_on_flush,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+    )
+
+
+def query_expression(
+    default_expr: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T] = sql.null(),
+    *,
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    compare: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+    expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+    info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> MappedSQLExpression[_T]:
+    """Indicate an attribute that populates from a query-time SQL expression.
+
+    :param default_expr: Optional SQL expression object that will be used in
+        all cases if not assigned later with :func:`_orm.with_expression`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_with_expression` - background and usage examples
+
+    """
+    prop = MappedSQLExpression(
+        default_expr,
+        attribute_options=_AttributeOptions(
+            False,
+            repr,
+            _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+            _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+            compare,
+            _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+            _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        ),
+        expire_on_flush=expire_on_flush,
+        info=info,
+        doc=doc,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes=True,
+    )
+
+    prop.strategy_key = (("query_expression", True),)
+    return prop
+
+
+def clear_mappers() -> None:
+    """Remove all mappers from all classes.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  This function now locates all
+       :class:`_orm.registry` objects and calls upon the
+       :meth:`_orm.registry.dispose` method of each.
+
+    This function removes all instrumentation from classes and disposes
+    of their associated mappers.  Once called, the classes are unmapped
+    and can be later re-mapped with new mappers.
+
+    :func:`.clear_mappers` is *not* for normal use, as there is literally no
+    valid usage for it outside of very specific testing scenarios. Normally,
+    mappers are permanent structural components of user-defined classes, and
+    are never discarded independently of their class.  If a mapped class
+    itself is garbage collected, its mapper is automatically disposed of as
+    well. As such, :func:`.clear_mappers` is only for usage in test suites
+    that re-use the same classes with different mappings, which is itself an
+    extremely rare use case - the only such use case is in fact SQLAlchemy's
+    own test suite, and possibly the test suites of other ORM extension
+    libraries which intend to test various combinations of mapper construction
+    upon a fixed set of classes.
+
+    """
+
+    mapperlib._dispose_registries(mapperlib._all_registries(), False)
+
+
+# I would really like a way to get the Type[] here that shows up
+# in a different way in typing tools, however there is no current method
+# that is accepted by mypy (subclass of Type[_O] works in pylance, rejected
+# by mypy).
+AliasedType = Annotated[Type[_O], "aliased"]
+
+
+@overload
+def aliased(
+    element: Type[_O],
+    alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> AliasedType[_O]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def aliased(
+    element: Union[AliasedClass[_O], Mapper[_O], AliasedInsp[_O]],
+    alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> AliasedClass[_O]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def aliased(
+    element: FromClause,
+    alias: None = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> FromClause: ...
+
+
+def aliased(
+    element: Union[_EntityType[_O], FromClause],
+    alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+) -> Union[AliasedClass[_O], FromClause, AliasedType[_O]]:
+    """Produce an alias of the given element, usually an :class:`.AliasedClass`
+    instance.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+
+        stmt = select(MyClass, my_alias).filter(MyClass.id > my_alias.id)
+        result = session.execute(stmt)
+
+    The :func:`.aliased` function is used to create an ad-hoc mapping of a
+    mapped class to a new selectable.  By default, a selectable is generated
+    from the normally mapped selectable (typically a :class:`_schema.Table`
+    ) using the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` method. However, :func:`.aliased`
+    can also be
+    used to link the class to a new :func:`_expression.select` statement.
+    Also, the :func:`.with_polymorphic` function is a variant of
+    :func:`.aliased` that is intended to specify a so-called "polymorphic
+    selectable", that corresponds to the union of several joined-inheritance
+    subclasses at once.
+
+    For convenience, the :func:`.aliased` function also accepts plain
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` constructs, such as a
+    :class:`_schema.Table` or
+    :func:`_expression.select` construct.   In those cases, the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+    method is called on the object and the new
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` object returned.  The returned
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` is not
+    ORM-mapped in this case.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_orm_entity_aliases` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_orm_aliases` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+    :param element: element to be aliased.  Is normally a mapped class,
+     but for convenience can also be a :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+     element.
+
+    :param alias: Optional selectable unit to map the element to.  This is
+     usually used to link the object to a subquery, and should be an aliased
+     select construct as one would produce from the
+     :meth:`_query.Query.subquery` method or
+     the :meth:`_expression.Select.subquery` or
+     :meth:`_expression.Select.alias` methods of the :func:`_expression.select`
+     construct.
+
+    :param name: optional string name to use for the alias, if not specified
+     by the ``alias`` parameter.  The name, among other things, forms the
+     attribute name that will be accessible via tuples returned by a
+     :class:`_query.Query` object.  Not supported when creating aliases
+     of :class:`_sql.Join` objects.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+     :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of
+     :class:`_expression.Join` objects will alias the individual tables
+     inside the join, rather than creating a subquery.  This is generally
+     supported by all modern databases with regards to right-nested joins
+     and generally produces more efficient queries.
+
+     When :paramref:`_orm.aliased.flat` is combined with
+     :paramref:`_orm.aliased.name`, the resulting joins will alias individual
+     tables using a naming scheme similar to ``<prefix>_<tablename>``.  This
+     naming scheme is for visibility / debugging purposes only and the
+     specific scheme is subject to change without notice.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.32 added support for combining
+        :paramref:`_orm.aliased.name` with :paramref:`_orm.aliased.flat`.
+        Previously, this would raise ``NotImplementedError``.
+
+    :param adapt_on_names: if True, more liberal "matching" will be used when
+     mapping the mapped columns of the ORM entity to those of the
+     given selectable - a name-based match will be performed if the
+     given selectable doesn't otherwise have a column that corresponds
+     to one on the entity.  The use case for this is when associating
+     an entity with some derived selectable such as one that uses
+     aggregate functions::
+
+        class UnitPrice(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "unit_price"
+            ...
+            unit_id = Column(Integer)
+            price = Column(Numeric)
+
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = (
+            Session.query(func.sum(UnitPrice.price).label("price"))
+            .group_by(UnitPrice.unit_id)
+            .subquery()
+        )
+
+        aggregated_unit_price = aliased(
+            UnitPrice, alias=aggregated_unit_price, adapt_on_names=True
+        )
+
+     Above, functions on ``aggregated_unit_price`` which refer to
+     ``.price`` will return the
+     ``func.sum(UnitPrice.price).label('price')`` column, as it is
+     matched on the name "price".  Ordinarily, the "price" function
+     wouldn't have any "column correspondence" to the actual
+     ``UnitPrice.price`` column as it is not a proxy of the original.
+
+    """
+    return AliasedInsp._alias_factory(
+        element,
+        alias=alias,
+        name=name,
+        flat=flat,
+        adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+    )
+
+
+def with_polymorphic(
+    base: Union[Type[_O], Mapper[_O]],
+    classes: Union[Literal["*"], Iterable[Type[Any]]],
+    selectable: Union[Literal[False, None], FromClause] = False,
+    flat: bool = False,
+    polymorphic_on: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+    aliased: bool = False,
+    innerjoin: bool = False,
+    adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    _use_mapper_path: bool = False,
+) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+    """Produce an :class:`.AliasedClass` construct which specifies
+    columns for descendant mappers of the given base.
+
+    Using this method will ensure that each descendant mapper's
+    tables are included in the FROM clause, and will allow filter()
+    criterion to be used against those tables.  The resulting
+    instances will also have those columns already loaded so that
+    no "post fetch" of those columns will be required.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`with_polymorphic` - full discussion of
+        :func:`_orm.with_polymorphic`.
+
+    :param base: Base class to be aliased.
+
+    :param classes: a single class or mapper, or list of
+        class/mappers, which inherit from the base class.
+        Alternatively, it may also be the string ``'*'``, in which case
+        all descending mapped classes will be added to the FROM clause.
+
+    :param aliased: when True, the selectable will be aliased.   For a
+        JOIN, this means the JOIN will be SELECTed from inside of a subquery
+        unless the :paramref:`_orm.with_polymorphic.flat` flag is set to
+        True, which is recommended for simpler use cases.
+
+    :param flat: Boolean, will be passed through to the
+     :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` call so that aliases of
+     :class:`_expression.Join` objects will alias the individual tables
+     inside the join, rather than creating a subquery.  This is generally
+     supported by all modern databases with regards to right-nested joins
+     and generally produces more efficient queries.  Setting this flag is
+     recommended as long as the resulting SQL is functional.
+
+    :param selectable: a table or subquery that will
+        be used in place of the generated FROM clause. This argument is
+        required if any of the desired classes use concrete table
+        inheritance, since SQLAlchemy currently cannot generate UNIONs
+        among tables automatically. If used, the ``selectable`` argument
+        must represent the full set of tables and columns mapped by every
+        mapped class. Otherwise, the unaccounted mapped columns will
+        result in their table being appended directly to the FROM clause
+        which will usually lead to incorrect results.
+
+        When left at its default value of ``False``, the polymorphic
+        selectable assigned to the base mapper is used for selecting rows.
+        However, it may also be passed as ``None``, which will bypass the
+        configured polymorphic selectable and instead construct an ad-hoc
+        selectable for the target classes given; for joined table inheritance
+        this will be a join that includes all target mappers and their
+        subclasses.
+
+    :param polymorphic_on: a column to be used as the "discriminator"
+        column for the given selectable. If not given, the polymorphic_on
+        attribute of the base classes' mapper will be used, if any. This
+        is useful for mappings that don't have polymorphic loading
+        behavior by default.
+
+    :param innerjoin: if True, an INNER JOIN will be used.  This should
+       only be specified if querying for one specific subtype only
+
+    :param adapt_on_names: Passes through the
+      :paramref:`_orm.aliased.adapt_on_names`
+      parameter to the aliased object.  This may be useful in situations where
+      the given selectable is not directly related to the existing mapped
+      selectable.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+    :param name: Name given to the generated :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 2.0.31
+
+    """
+    return AliasedInsp._with_polymorphic_factory(
+        base,
+        classes,
+        selectable=selectable,
+        flat=flat,
+        polymorphic_on=polymorphic_on,
+        adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+        aliased=aliased,
+        innerjoin=innerjoin,
+        name=name,
+        _use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path,
+    )
+
+
+def join(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    isouter: bool = False,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> _ORMJoin:
+    r"""Produce an inner join between left and right clauses.
+
+    :func:`_orm.join` is an extension to the core join interface
+    provided by :func:`_expression.join()`, where the
+    left and right selectable may be not only core selectable
+    objects such as :class:`_schema.Table`, but also mapped classes or
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` instances.   The "on" clause can
+    be a SQL expression or an ORM mapped attribute
+    referencing a configured :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    :func:`_orm.join` is not commonly needed in modern usage,
+    as its functionality is encapsulated within that of the
+    :meth:`_sql.Select.join` and :meth:`_query.Query.join`
+    methods. which feature a
+    significant amount of automation beyond :func:`_orm.join`
+    by itself.  Explicit use of :func:`_orm.join`
+    with ORM-enabled SELECT statements involves use of the
+    :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from` method, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import join
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(User)
+            .select_from(join(User, Address, User.addresses))
+            .filter(Address.email_address == "foo@bar.com")
+        )
+
+    In modern SQLAlchemy the above join can be written more
+    succinctly as::
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(User)
+            .join(User.addresses)
+            .filter(Address.email_address == "foo@bar.com")
+        )
+
+    .. warning:: using :func:`_orm.join` directly may not work properly
+       with modern ORM options such as :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria`.
+       It is strongly recommended to use the idiomatic join patterns
+       provided by methods such as :meth:`.Select.join` and
+       :meth:`.Select.join_from` when creating ORM joins.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel` for
+        background on idiomatic ORM join patterns
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+
+def outerjoin(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> _ORMJoin:
+    """Produce a left outer join between left and right clauses.
+
+    This is the "outer join" version of the :func:`_orm.join` function,
+    featuring the same behavior except that an OUTER JOIN is generated.
+    See that function's documentation for other usage details.
+
+    """
+    return _ORMJoin(left, right, onclause, True, full)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccb8413b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/_typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# orm/_typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreKnownExecutionOptions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql._orm_types import DMLStrategyArgument as DMLStrategyArgument
+from ..sql._orm_types import (
+    SynchronizeSessionArgument as SynchronizeSessionArgument,
+)
+from ..sql._typing import _HasClauseElement
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attributes import AttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import CollectionAttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import HasCollectionAdapter
+    from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+    from .base import PassiveFlag
+    from .decl_api import registry as _registry_type
+    from .interfaces import InspectionAttr
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .interfaces import UserDefinedOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql._typing import _CE
+    from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+"""The 'ORM mapped object' type.
+
+"""
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _RegistryType = _registry_type
+
+_InternalEntityType = Union["Mapper[_T]", "AliasedInsp[_T]"]
+
+_ExternalEntityType = Union[Type[_T], "AliasedClass[_T]"]
+
+_EntityType = Union[
+    Type[_T], "AliasedClass[_T]", "Mapper[_T]", "AliasedInsp[_T]"
+]
+
+
+_ClassDict = Mapping[str, Any]
+_InstanceDict = Dict[str, Any]
+
+_IdentityKeyType = Tuple[Type[_T], Tuple[Any, ...], Optional[Any]]
+
+_ORMColumnExprArgument = Union[
+    ColumnElement[_T],
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+    roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+]
+
+
+_ORMCOLEXPR = TypeVar("_ORMCOLEXPR", bound=ColumnElement[Any])
+
+
+class _OrmKnownExecutionOptions(_CoreKnownExecutionOptions, total=False):
+    populate_existing: bool
+    autoflush: bool
+    synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument
+    is_delete_using: bool
+    is_update_from: bool
+    render_nulls: bool
+
+
+OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = Union[
+    _OrmKnownExecutionOptions, Mapping[str, Any]
+]
+
+
+class _ORMAdapterProto(Protocol):
+    """protocol for the :class:`.AliasedInsp._orm_adapt_element` method
+    which is a synonym for :class:`.AliasedInsp._adapt_element`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, obj: _CE, key: Optional[str] = None) -> _CE: ...
+
+
+class _LoaderCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+
+def is_orm_option(
+    opt: ExecutableOption,
+) -> TypeGuard[ORMOption]:
+    return not opt._is_core
+
+
+def is_user_defined_option(
+    opt: ExecutableOption,
+) -> TypeGuard[UserDefinedOption]:
+    return not opt._is_core and opt._is_user_defined  # type: ignore
+
+
+def is_composite_class(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    # inlining is_dataclass(obj)
+    return hasattr(obj, "__composite_values__") or hasattr(
+        obj, "__dataclass_fields__"
+    )
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def insp_is_mapper_property(
+        obj: Any,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[MapperProperty[Any]]: ...
+
+    def insp_is_mapper(obj: Any) -> TypeGuard[Mapper[Any]]: ...
+
+    def insp_is_aliased_class(obj: Any) -> TypeGuard[AliasedInsp[Any]]: ...
+
+    def insp_is_attribute(
+        obj: InspectionAttr,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[QueryableAttribute[Any]]: ...
+
+    def attr_is_internal_proxy(
+        obj: InspectionAttr,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[QueryableAttribute[Any]]: ...
+
+    def prop_is_relationship(
+        prop: MapperProperty[Any],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[RelationshipProperty[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_collection_impl(
+        impl: AttributeImpl,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[CollectionAttributeImpl]: ...
+
+    def is_has_collection_adapter(
+        impl: AttributeImpl,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[HasCollectionAdapter]: ...
+
+else:
+    insp_is_mapper_property = operator.attrgetter("is_property")
+    insp_is_mapper = operator.attrgetter("is_mapper")
+    insp_is_aliased_class = operator.attrgetter("is_aliased_class")
+    insp_is_attribute = operator.attrgetter("is_attribute")
+    attr_is_internal_proxy = operator.attrgetter("_is_internal_proxy")
+    is_collection_impl = operator.attrgetter("collection")
+    prop_is_relationship = operator.attrgetter("_is_relationship")
+    is_has_collection_adapter = operator.attrgetter(
+        "_is_has_collection_adapter"
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8207b4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/attributes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2835 @@
+# orm/attributes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Defines instrumentation for class attributes and their interaction
+with instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import dataclasses
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import collections
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import interfaces
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import ATTR_EMPTY
+from .base import ATTR_WAS_SET
+from .base import CALLABLES_OK
+from .base import DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+from .base import INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS  # noqa
+from .base import INIT_OK
+from .base import instance_dict as instance_dict
+from .base import instance_state as instance_state
+from .base import instance_str
+from .base import LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import manager_of_class as manager_of_class
+from .base import Mapped as Mapped  # noqa
+from .base import NEVER_SET  # noqa
+from .base import NO_AUTOFLUSH
+from .base import NO_CHANGE  # noqa
+from .base import NO_KEY
+from .base import NO_RAISE
+from .base import NO_VALUE
+from .base import NON_PERSISTENT_OK  # noqa
+from .base import opt_manager_of_class as opt_manager_of_class
+from .base import PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH  # noqa
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED  # noqa
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+from .base import PASSIVE_OFF
+from .base import PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+from .base import PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import RELATED_OBJECT_OK  # noqa
+from .base import SQL_OK  # noqa
+from .base import SQLORMExpression
+from .base import state_str
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..sql import base as sql_base
+from ..sql import cache_key
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from ..sql.visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+from ..sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _LoaderCallable
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from .writeonly import WriteOnlyAttributeImpl
+    from ..event.base import _Dispatch
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ..sql.annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.elements import Label
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+_AllPendingType = Sequence[
+    Tuple[Optional["InstanceState[Any]"], Optional[object]]
+]
+
+
+_UNKNOWN_ATTR_KEY = object()
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class QueryableAttribute(
+    _DeclarativeMapped[_T_co],
+    SQLORMExpression[_T_co],
+    interfaces.InspectionAttr,
+    interfaces.PropComparator[_T_co],
+    roles.JoinTargetRole,
+    roles.OnClauseRole,
+    sql_base.Immutable,
+    cache_key.SlotsMemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    util.MemoizedSlots,
+    EventTarget,
+):
+    """Base class for :term:`descriptor` objects that intercept
+    attribute events on behalf of a :class:`.MapperProperty`
+    object.  The actual :class:`.MapperProperty` is accessible
+    via the :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property`
+    attribute.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`
+
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "class_",
+        "key",
+        "impl",
+        "comparator",
+        "property",
+        "parent",
+        "expression",
+        "_of_type",
+        "_extra_criteria",
+        "_slots_dispatch",
+        "_propagate_attrs",
+        "_doc",
+    )
+
+    is_attribute = True
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[QueryableAttribute[_T_co]]
+
+    class_: _ExternalEntityType[Any]
+    key: str
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    impl: AttributeImpl
+    comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T_co]
+    _of_type: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]
+    _extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...]
+    _doc: Optional[str]
+
+    # PropComparator has a __visit_name__ to participate within
+    # traversals.   Disambiguate the attribute vs. a comparator.
+    __visit_name__ = "orm_instrumented_attribute"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+        key: str,
+        parententity: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+        comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T_co],
+        impl: Optional[AttributeImpl] = None,
+        of_type: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+
+        self._parententity = self.parent = parententity
+
+        # this attribute is non-None after mappers are set up, however in the
+        # interim class manager setup, there's a check for None to see if it
+        # needs to be populated, so we assign None here leaving the attribute
+        # in a temporarily not-type-correct state
+        self.impl = impl  # type: ignore
+
+        assert comparator is not None
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        self._of_type = of_type
+        self._extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+        self._doc = None
+
+        manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+        # manager is None in the case of AliasedClass
+        if manager:
+            # propagate existing event listeners from
+            # immediate superclass
+            for base in manager._bases:
+                if key in base:
+                    self.dispatch._update(base[key].dispatch)
+                    if base[key].dispatch._active_history:
+                        self.dispatch._active_history = True  # type: ignore
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("key", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("_parententity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        ("_of_type", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        ("_extra_criteria", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+    ]
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        # this method is only used in terms of the
+        # sqlalchemy.ext.serializer extension
+        return (
+            _queryable_attribute_unreduce,
+            (
+                self.key,
+                self._parententity.mapper.class_,
+                self._parententity,
+                self._parententity.entity,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _impl_uses_objects(self) -> bool:
+        return self.impl.uses_objects
+
+    def get_history(
+        self, instance: Any, passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF
+    ) -> History:
+        return self.impl.get_history(
+            instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance), passive
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Return the 'info' dictionary for the underlying SQL element.
+
+        The behavior here is as follows:
+
+        * If the attribute is a column-mapped property, i.e.
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty`, which is mapped directly
+          to a schema-level :class:`_schema.Column` object, this attribute
+          will return the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` dictionary associated
+          with the core-level :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+        * If the attribute is a :class:`.ColumnProperty` but is mapped to
+          any other kind of SQL expression other than a
+          :class:`_schema.Column`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated directly with the :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+          assuming the SQL expression itself does not have its own ``.info``
+          attribute (which should be the case, unless a user-defined SQL
+          construct has defined one).
+
+        * If the attribute refers to any other kind of
+          :class:`.MapperProperty`, including :class:`.Relationship`,
+          the attribute will refer to the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+          dictionary associated with that :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        * To access the :attr:`.MapperProperty.info` dictionary of the
+          :class:`.MapperProperty` unconditionally, including for a
+          :class:`.ColumnProperty` that's associated directly with a
+          :class:`_schema.Column`, the attribute can be referred to using
+          :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute, as
+          ``MyClass.someattribute.property.info``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+            :attr:`.MapperProperty.info`
+
+        """
+        return self.comparator.info
+
+    parent: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    """Return an inspection instance representing the parent.
+
+    This will be either an instance of :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    or :class:`.AliasedInsp`, depending upon the nature
+    of the parent entity which this attribute is associated
+    with.
+
+    """
+
+    expression: ColumnElement[_T_co]
+    """The SQL expression object represented by this
+    :class:`.QueryableAttribute`.
+
+    This will typically be an instance of a :class:`_sql.ColumnElement`
+    subclass representing a column expression.
+
+    """
+
+    def _memoized_attr_expression(self) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        annotations: _AnnotationDict
+
+        # applies only to Proxy() as used by hybrid.
+        # currently is an exception to typing rather than feeding through
+        # non-string keys.
+        # ideally Proxy() would have a separate set of methods to deal
+        # with this case.
+        entity_namespace = self._entity_namespace
+        assert isinstance(entity_namespace, HasCacheKey)
+
+        if self.key is _UNKNOWN_ATTR_KEY:
+            annotations = {"entity_namespace": entity_namespace}
+        else:
+            annotations = {
+                "proxy_key": self.key,
+                "proxy_owner": self._parententity,
+                "entity_namespace": entity_namespace,
+            }
+
+        ce = self.comparator.__clause_element__()
+        try:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(ce, ColumnElement)
+            anno = ce._annotate
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                'When interpreting attribute "%s" as a SQL expression, '
+                "expected __clause_element__() to return "
+                "a ClauseElement object, got: %r" % (self, ce)
+            ) from ae
+        else:
+            return anno(annotations)
+
+    def _memoized_attr__propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType:
+        # this suits the case in coercions where we don't actually
+        # call ``__clause_element__()`` but still need to get
+        # resolved._propagate_attrs.  See #6558.
+        return util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                "compile_state_plugin": "orm",
+                "plugin_subject": self._parentmapper,
+            }
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _entity_namespace(self) -> _InternalEntityType[Any]:
+        return self._parententity
+
+    @property
+    def _annotations(self) -> _AnnotationDict:
+        return self.__clause_element__()._annotations
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> ColumnElement[_T_co]:
+        return self.expression
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.expression._from_objects
+
+    def _bulk_update_tuples(
+        self, value: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+        """Return setter tuples for a bulk UPDATE."""
+
+        return self.comparator._bulk_update_tuples(value)
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]) -> Self:
+        assert not self._of_type
+        return self.__class__(
+            adapt_to_entity.entity,
+            self.key,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator.adapt_to_entity(adapt_to_entity),
+            parententity=adapt_to_entity,
+        )
+
+    def of_type(self, entity: _EntityType[_T]) -> QueryableAttribute[_T]:
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self._parententity,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator.of_type(entity),
+            of_type=inspection.inspect(entity),
+            extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+        )
+
+    def and_(
+        self, *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+    ) -> QueryableAttribute[bool]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.comparator, RelationshipProperty.Comparator)
+
+        exprs = tuple(
+            coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, clause)
+            for clause in util.coerce_generator_arg(clauses)
+        )
+
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self._parententity,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator.and_(*exprs),
+            of_type=self._of_type,
+            extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria + exprs,
+        )
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> QueryableAttribute[_T]:
+        return QueryableAttribute(
+            self.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self._parententity,
+            impl=self.impl,
+            comparator=self.comparator,
+            of_type=self._of_type,
+            extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+        )
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[_T_co]:
+        return self.__clause_element__().label(name)
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def hasparent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], optimistic: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic) is not False
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return util.MemoizedSlots.__getattr__(self, key)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Neither %r object nor %r object associated with %s "
+                "has an attribute %r"
+                % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    self,
+                    key,
+                )
+            ) from err
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.class_.__name__}.{self.key}"
+
+    def _memoized_attr_property(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[Any]]:
+        return self.comparator.property
+
+
+def _queryable_attribute_unreduce(
+    key: str,
+    mapped_class: Type[_O],
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+    entity: _ExternalEntityType[Any],
+) -> Any:
+    # this method is only used in terms of the
+    # sqlalchemy.ext.serializer extension
+    if insp_is_aliased_class(parententity):
+        return entity._get_from_serialized(key, mapped_class, parententity)
+    else:
+        return getattr(entity, key)
+
+
+class InstrumentedAttribute(QueryableAttribute[_T_co]):
+    """Class bound instrumented attribute which adds basic
+    :term:`descriptor` methods.
+
+    See :class:`.QueryableAttribute` for a description of most features.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    # hack to make __doc__ writeable on instances of
+    # InstrumentedAttribute, while still keeping classlevel
+    # __doc__ correct
+
+    @util.rw_hybridproperty
+    def __doc__(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._doc
+
+    @__doc__.setter  # type: ignore
+    def __doc__(self, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        self._doc = value
+
+    @__doc__.classlevel  # type: ignore
+    def __doc__(cls) -> Optional[str]:
+        return super().__doc__
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: object, value: Any) -> None:
+        self.impl.set(
+            instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance), value, None
+        )
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        self.impl.delete(instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance))
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: None, owner: Any
+    ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+    def __get__(
+        self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+    ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], _T_co]:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self
+
+        dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+        if self.impl.supports_population and self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        else:
+            try:
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+            except AttributeError as err:
+                raise orm_exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+            return self.impl.get(state, dict_)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AdHocHasEntityNamespace(HasCacheKey):
+    _traverse_internals: ClassVar[_TraverseInternalsType] = [
+        ("_entity_namespace", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+    ]
+
+    # py37 compat, no slots=True on dataclass
+    __slots__ = ("_entity_namespace",)
+    _entity_namespace: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    is_mapper: ClassVar[bool] = False
+    is_aliased_class: ClassVar[bool] = False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        return self._entity_namespace.entity_namespace
+
+
+def create_proxied_attribute(
+    descriptor: Any,
+) -> Callable[..., QueryableAttribute[Any]]:
+    """Create an QueryableAttribute / user descriptor hybrid.
+
+    Returns a new QueryableAttribute type that delegates descriptor
+    behavior and getattr() to the given descriptor.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: can move this to descriptor_props if the need for this
+    # function is removed from ext/hybrid.py
+
+    class Proxy(QueryableAttribute[Any]):
+        """Presents the :class:`.QueryableAttribute` interface as a
+        proxy on top of a Python descriptor / :class:`.PropComparator`
+        combination.
+
+        """
+
+        _extra_criteria = ()
+
+        # the attribute error catches inside of __getattr__ basically create a
+        # singularity if you try putting slots on this too
+        # __slots__ = ("descriptor", "original_property", "_comparator")
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            class_,
+            key,
+            descriptor,
+            comparator,
+            adapt_to_entity=None,
+            doc=None,
+            original_property=None,
+        ):
+            self.class_ = class_
+            self.key = key
+            self.descriptor = descriptor
+            self.original_property = original_property
+            self._comparator = comparator
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            self._doc = self.__doc__ = doc
+
+        @property
+        def _parententity(self):
+            return inspection.inspect(self.class_, raiseerr=False)
+
+        @property
+        def parent(self):
+            return inspection.inspect(self.class_, raiseerr=False)
+
+        _is_internal_proxy = True
+
+        _cache_key_traversal = [
+            ("key", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+            ("_parententity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        ]
+
+        @property
+        def _impl_uses_objects(self):
+            return (
+                self.original_property is not None
+                and getattr(self.class_, self.key).impl.uses_objects
+            )
+
+        @property
+        def _entity_namespace(self):
+            if hasattr(self._comparator, "_parententity"):
+                return self._comparator._parententity
+            else:
+                # used by hybrid attributes which try to remain
+                # agnostic of any ORM concepts like mappers
+                return AdHocHasEntityNamespace(self._parententity)
+
+        @property
+        def property(self):
+            return self.comparator.property
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def comparator(self):
+            if callable(self._comparator):
+                self._comparator = self._comparator()
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                self._comparator = self._comparator.adapt_to_entity(
+                    self._adapt_to_entity
+                )
+            return self._comparator
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(self, adapt_to_entity):
+            return self.__class__(
+                adapt_to_entity.entity,
+                self.key,
+                self.descriptor,
+                self._comparator,
+                adapt_to_entity,
+            )
+
+        def _clone(self, **kw):
+            return self.__class__(
+                self.class_,
+                self.key,
+                self.descriptor,
+                self._comparator,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                original_property=self.original_property,
+            )
+
+        def __get__(self, instance, owner):
+            retval = self.descriptor.__get__(instance, owner)
+            # detect if this is a plain Python @property, which just returns
+            # itself for class level access.  If so, then return us.
+            # Otherwise, return the object returned by the descriptor.
+            if retval is self.descriptor and instance is None:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return retval
+
+        def __str__(self) -> str:
+            return f"{self.class_.__name__}.{self.key}"
+
+        def __getattr__(self, attribute):
+            """Delegate __getattr__ to the original descriptor and/or
+            comparator."""
+
+            # this is unfortunately very complicated, and is easily prone
+            # to recursion overflows when implementations of related
+            # __getattr__ schemes are changed
+
+            try:
+                return util.MemoizedSlots.__getattr__(self, attribute)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                return getattr(descriptor, attribute)
+            except AttributeError as err:
+                if attribute == "comparator":
+                    raise AttributeError("comparator") from err
+                try:
+                    # comparator itself might be unreachable
+                    comparator = self.comparator
+                except AttributeError as err2:
+                    raise AttributeError(
+                        "Neither %r object nor unconfigured comparator "
+                        "object associated with %s has an attribute %r"
+                        % (type(descriptor).__name__, self, attribute)
+                    ) from err2
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        return getattr(comparator, attribute)
+                    except AttributeError as err3:
+                        raise AttributeError(
+                            "Neither %r object nor %r object "
+                            "associated with %s has an attribute %r"
+                            % (
+                                type(descriptor).__name__,
+                                type(comparator).__name__,
+                                self,
+                                attribute,
+                            )
+                        ) from err3
+
+    Proxy.__name__ = type(descriptor).__name__ + "Proxy"
+
+    util.monkeypatch_proxied_specials(
+        Proxy, type(descriptor), name="descriptor", from_instance=descriptor
+    )
+    return Proxy
+
+
+OP_REMOVE = util.symbol("REMOVE")
+OP_APPEND = util.symbol("APPEND")
+OP_REPLACE = util.symbol("REPLACE")
+OP_BULK_REPLACE = util.symbol("BULK_REPLACE")
+OP_MODIFIED = util.symbol("MODIFIED")
+
+
+class AttributeEventToken:
+    """A token propagated throughout the course of a chain of attribute
+    events.
+
+    Serves as an indicator of the source of the event and also provides
+    a means of controlling propagation across a chain of attribute
+    operations.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is sent as the ``initiator`` argument
+    when dealing with events such as :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append`,
+    :meth:`.AttributeEvents.set`,
+    and :meth:`.AttributeEvents.remove`.
+
+    The :class:`.Event` object is currently interpreted by the backref
+    event handlers, and is used to control the propagation of operations
+    across two mutually-dependent attributes.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  Changed the name from ``AttributeEvent``
+       to ``AttributeEventToken``.
+
+    :attribute impl: The :class:`.AttributeImpl` which is the current event
+     initiator.
+
+    :attribute op: The symbol :attr:`.OP_APPEND`, :attr:`.OP_REMOVE`,
+     :attr:`.OP_REPLACE`, or :attr:`.OP_BULK_REPLACE`, indicating the
+     source operation.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "impl", "op", "parent_token"
+
+    def __init__(self, attribute_impl: AttributeImpl, op: util.symbol):
+        self.impl = attribute_impl
+        self.op = op
+        self.parent_token = self.impl.parent_token
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, AttributeEventToken)
+            and other.impl is self.impl
+            and other.op == self.op
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        return self.impl.key
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        return self.impl.hasparent(state)
+
+
+AttributeEvent = AttributeEventToken  # legacy
+Event = AttributeEventToken  # legacy
+
+
+class AttributeImpl:
+    """internal implementation for instrumented attributes."""
+
+    collection: bool
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader: bool
+    uses_objects: bool
+    supports_population: bool
+    dynamic: bool
+
+    _is_has_collection_adapter = False
+
+    _replace_token: AttributeEventToken
+    _remove_token: AttributeEventToken
+    _append_token: AttributeEventToken
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+        key: str,
+        callable_: Optional[_LoaderCallable],
+        dispatch: _Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        trackparent: bool = False,
+        compare_function: Optional[Callable[..., bool]] = None,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        parent_token: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        load_on_unexpire: bool = True,
+        send_modified_events: bool = True,
+        accepts_scalar_loader: Optional[bool] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct an AttributeImpl.
+
+        :param \class_: associated class
+
+        :param key: string name of the attribute
+
+        :param \callable_:
+          optional function which generates a callable based on a parent
+          instance, which produces the "default" values for a scalar or
+          collection attribute when it's first accessed, if not present
+          already.
+
+        :param trackparent:
+          if True, attempt to track if an instance has a parent attached
+          to it via this attribute.
+
+        :param compare_function:
+          a function that compares two values which are normally
+          assignable to this attribute.
+
+        :param active_history:
+          indicates that get_history() should always return the "old" value,
+          even if it means executing a lazy callable upon attribute change.
+
+        :param parent_token:
+          Usually references the MapperProperty, used as a key for
+          the hasparent() function to identify an "owning" attribute.
+          Allows multiple AttributeImpls to all match a single
+          owner attribute.
+
+        :param load_on_unexpire:
+          if False, don't include this attribute in a load-on-expired
+          operation, i.e. the "expired_attribute_loader" process.
+          The attribute can still be in the "expired" list and be
+          considered to be "expired".   Previously, this flag was called
+          "expire_missing" and is only used by a deferred column
+          attribute.
+
+        :param send_modified_events:
+          if False, the InstanceState._modified_event method will have no
+          effect; this means the attribute will never show up as changed in a
+          history entry.
+
+        """
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.key = key
+        self.callable_ = callable_
+        self.dispatch = dispatch
+        self.trackparent = trackparent
+        self.parent_token = parent_token or self
+        self.send_modified_events = send_modified_events
+        if compare_function is None:
+            self.is_equal = operator.eq
+        else:
+            self.is_equal = compare_function
+
+        if accepts_scalar_loader is not None:
+            self.accepts_scalar_loader = accepts_scalar_loader
+        else:
+            self.accepts_scalar_loader = self.default_accepts_scalar_loader
+
+        _deferred_history = kwargs.pop("_deferred_history", False)
+        self._deferred_history = _deferred_history
+
+        if active_history:
+            self.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        self.load_on_unexpire = load_on_unexpire
+        self._modified_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_MODIFIED)
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "class_",
+        "key",
+        "callable_",
+        "dispatch",
+        "trackparent",
+        "parent_token",
+        "send_modified_events",
+        "is_equal",
+        "load_on_unexpire",
+        "_modified_token",
+        "accepts_scalar_loader",
+        "_deferred_history",
+    )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.class_.__name__}.{self.key}"
+
+    def _get_active_history(self):
+        """Backwards compat for impl.active_history"""
+
+        return self.dispatch._active_history
+
+    def _set_active_history(self, value):
+        self.dispatch._active_history = value
+
+    active_history = property(_get_active_history, _set_active_history)
+
+    def hasparent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], optimistic: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Return the boolean value of a `hasparent` flag attached to
+        the given state.
+
+        The `optimistic` flag determines what the default return value
+        should be if no `hasparent` flag can be located.
+
+        As this function is used to determine if an instance is an
+        *orphan*, instances that were loaded from storage should be
+        assumed to not be orphans, until a True/False value for this
+        flag is set.
+
+        An instance attribute that is loaded by a callable function
+        will also not have a `hasparent` flag.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        return (
+            state.parents.get(id(self.parent_token), optimistic) is not False
+        )
+
+    def sethasparent(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        parent_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        value: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a boolean flag on the given item corresponding to
+        whether or not it is attached to a parent object via the
+        attribute represented by this ``InstrumentedAttribute``.
+
+        """
+        msg = "This AttributeImpl is not configured to track parents."
+        assert self.trackparent, msg
+
+        id_ = id(self.parent_token)
+        if value:
+            state.parents[id_] = parent_state
+        else:
+            if id_ in state.parents:
+                last_parent = state.parents[id_]
+
+                if (
+                    last_parent is not False
+                    and last_parent.key != parent_state.key
+                ):
+                    if last_parent.obj() is None:
+                        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                            "Removing state %s from parent "
+                            "state %s along attribute '%s', "
+                            "but the parent record "
+                            "has gone stale, can't be sure this "
+                            "is the most recent parent."
+                            % (
+                                state_str(state),
+                                state_str(parent_state),
+                                self.key,
+                            )
+                        )
+
+                    return
+
+            state.parents[id_] = False
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> _AllPendingType:
+        """Return a list of tuples of (state, obj)
+        for all objects in this attribute's current state
+        + history.
+
+        Only applies to object-based attributes.
+
+        This is an inlining of existing functionality
+        which roughly corresponds to:
+
+            get_state_history(
+                        state,
+                        key,
+                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE).sum()
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _default_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Produce an empty value for an uninitialized scalar attribute."""
+
+        assert self.key not in dict_, (
+            "_default_value should only be invoked for an "
+            "uninitialized or expired attribute"
+        )
+
+        value = None
+        for fn in self.dispatch.init_scalar:
+            ret = fn(state, value, dict_)
+            if ret is not ATTR_EMPTY:
+                value = ret
+
+        return value
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Retrieve a value from the given object.
+        If a callable is assembled on this object's attribute, and
+        passive is False, the callable will be executed and the
+        resulting value will be set as the new value for this attribute.
+        """
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            # if history present, don't load
+            key = self.key
+            if (
+                key not in state.committed_state
+                or state.committed_state[key] is NO_VALUE
+            ):
+                if not passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+                    return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+                value = self._fire_loader_callables(state, key, passive)
+
+                if value is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or value is NO_VALUE:
+                    return value
+                elif value is ATTR_WAS_SET:
+                    try:
+                        return dict_[key]
+                    except KeyError as err:
+                        # TODO: no test coverage here.
+                        raise KeyError(
+                            "Deferred loader for attribute "
+                            "%r failed to populate "
+                            "correctly" % key
+                        ) from err
+                elif value is not ATTR_EMPTY:
+                    return self.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+            if not passive & INIT_OK:
+                return NO_VALUE
+            else:
+                return self._default_value(state, dict_)
+
+    def _fire_loader_callables(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: str, passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> Any:
+        if (
+            self.accepts_scalar_loader
+            and self.load_on_unexpire
+            and key in state.expired_attributes
+        ):
+            return state._load_expired(state, passive)
+        elif key in state.callables:
+            callable_ = state.callables[key]
+            return callable_(state, passive)
+        elif self.callable_:
+            return self.callable_(state, passive)
+        else:
+            return ATTR_EMPTY
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.set(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.set(
+            state, dict_, None, initiator, passive=passive, check_old=value
+        )
+
+    def pop(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.set(
+            state,
+            dict_,
+            None,
+            initiator,
+            passive=passive,
+            check_old=value,
+            pop=True,
+        )
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_committed_value(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """return the unchanged value of this attribute"""
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            value = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if value is NO_VALUE:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return value
+        else:
+            return self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def set_committed_value(self, state, dict_, value):
+        """set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+        return value
+
+
+class ScalarAttributeImpl(AttributeImpl):
+    """represents a scalar value-holding InstrumentedAttribute."""
+
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader = True
+    uses_objects = False
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+    dynamic = False
+
+    __slots__ = "_replace_token", "_append_token", "_remove_token"
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        super().__init__(*arg, **kw)
+        self._replace_token = self._append_token = AttributeEventToken(
+            self, OP_REPLACE
+        )
+        self._remove_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.remove:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+
+        existing = dict_.pop(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+        if (
+            existing is NO_VALUE
+            and old is NO_VALUE
+            and not state.expired
+            and self.key not in state.expired_attributes
+        ):
+            raise AttributeError("%s object does not have a value" % self)
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, dict_[self.key])
+        elif self.key in state.committed_state:
+            return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, NO_VALUE)
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+            else:
+                return History.from_scalar_attribute(self, state, current)
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any],
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Optional[object] = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(state, dict_, PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE)
+        else:
+            old = dict_.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        if self.dispatch.set:
+            value = self.fire_replace_event(
+                state, dict_, value, old, initiator
+            )
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    def fire_replace_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        previous: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> _T:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token
+            )
+        return value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> None:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+
+class ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(ScalarAttributeImpl):
+    """represents a scalar-holding InstrumentedAttribute,
+    where the target object is also instrumented.
+
+    Adds events to delete/set operations.
+
+    """
+
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    uses_objects = True
+    supports_population = True
+    collection = False
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+                | NO_AUTOFLUSH
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
+            )
+        else:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                | NO_RAISE,
+            )
+
+        self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, old, self._remove_token)
+
+        existing = dict_.pop(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+        # if the attribute is expired, we currently have no way to tell
+        # that an object-attribute was expired vs. not loaded.   So
+        # for this test, we look to see if the object has a DB identity.
+        if (
+            existing is NO_VALUE
+            and old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and state.key is None
+        ):
+            raise AttributeError("%s object does not have a value" % self)
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            current = dict_[self.key]
+        else:
+            if passive & INIT_OK:
+                passive ^= INIT_OK
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+
+        if not self._deferred_history:
+            return History.from_object_attribute(self, state, current)
+        else:
+            original = state.committed_state.get(self.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+            if original is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                loader_passive = passive | (
+                    PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+                    | NO_AUTOFLUSH
+                    | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                    | NO_RAISE
+                    | DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+                )
+                original = self._fire_loader_callables(
+                    state, self.key, loader_passive
+                )
+            return History.from_object_attribute(
+                self, state, current, original=original
+            )
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> _AllPendingType:
+        if self.key in dict_:
+            current = dict_[self.key]
+        elif passive & CALLABLES_OK:
+            current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        else:
+            return []
+
+        ret: _AllPendingType
+
+        # can't use __hash__(), can't use __eq__() here
+        if (
+            current is not None
+            and current is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and current is not NO_VALUE
+        ):
+            ret = [(instance_state(current), current)]
+        else:
+            ret = [(None, None)]
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if (
+                original is not None
+                and original is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                and original is not NO_VALUE
+                and original is not current
+            ):
+                ret.append((instance_state(original), original))
+        return ret
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set a value on the given InstanceState."""
+
+        if self.dispatch._active_history:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT
+                | NO_AUTOFLUSH
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
+            )
+        else:
+            old = self.get(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ INIT_OK
+                | LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                | NO_RAISE,
+            )
+
+        if (
+            check_old is not None
+            and old is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and check_old is not old
+        ):
+            if pop:
+                return
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Object %s not associated with %s on attribute '%s'"
+                    % (instance_str(check_old), state_str(state), self.key)
+                )
+
+        value = self.fire_replace_event(state, dict_, value, old, initiator)
+        dict_[self.key] = value
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.trackparent and value not in (
+            None,
+            PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+            NO_VALUE,
+        ):
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, value)
+
+    def fire_replace_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        previous: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+    ) -> _T:
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if previous is not value and previous not in (
+                None,
+                PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+                NO_VALUE,
+            ):
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(previous), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.set:
+            value = fn(
+                state, value, previous, initiator or self._replace_token
+            )
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, previous)
+
+        if self.trackparent:
+            if value is not None:
+                self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+
+class HasCollectionAdapter:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    collection: bool
+    _is_has_collection_adapter = True
+
+    def _dispose_previous_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        collection: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol,
+        adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+        fire_event: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Literal[None] = ...,
+        passive: Literal[PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF] = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]: ...
+
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+        _adapt: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def _is_collection_attribute_impl(
+        impl: AttributeImpl,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[CollectionAttributeImpl]: ...
+
+else:
+    _is_collection_attribute_impl = operator.attrgetter("collection")
+
+
+class CollectionAttributeImpl(HasCollectionAdapter, AttributeImpl):
+    """A collection-holding attribute that instruments changes in membership.
+
+    Only handles collections of instrumented objects.
+
+    InstrumentedCollectionAttribute holds an arbitrary, user-specified
+    container object (defaulting to a list) and brokers access to the
+    CollectionAdapter, a "view" onto that object that presents consistent bag
+    semantics to the orm layer independent of the user data implementation.
+
+    """
+
+    uses_objects = True
+    collection = True
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader = False
+    supports_population = True
+    dynamic = False
+
+    _bulk_replace_token: AttributeEventToken
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "copy",
+        "collection_factory",
+        "_append_token",
+        "_remove_token",
+        "_bulk_replace_token",
+        "_duck_typed_as",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_,
+        key,
+        callable_,
+        dispatch,
+        typecallable=None,
+        trackparent=False,
+        copy_function=None,
+        compare_function=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            class_,
+            key,
+            callable_,
+            dispatch,
+            trackparent=trackparent,
+            compare_function=compare_function,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if copy_function is None:
+            copy_function = self.__copy
+        self.copy = copy_function
+        self.collection_factory = typecallable
+        self._append_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_APPEND)
+        self._remove_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_REMOVE)
+        self._bulk_replace_token = AttributeEventToken(self, OP_BULK_REPLACE)
+        self._duck_typed_as = util.duck_type_collection(
+            self.collection_factory()
+        )
+
+        if getattr(self.collection_factory, "_sa_linker", None):
+
+            @event.listens_for(self, "init_collection")
+            def link(target, collection, collection_adapter):
+                collection._sa_linker(collection_adapter)
+
+            @event.listens_for(self, "dispose_collection")
+            def unlink(target, collection, collection_adapter):
+                collection._sa_linker(None)
+
+    def __copy(self, item):
+        return [y for y in collections.collection_adapter(item)]
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        current = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+        if current is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            if (
+                passive & PassiveFlag.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                and self.key in state._pending_mutations
+            ):
+                pending = state._pending_mutations[self.key]
+                return pending.merge_with_history(HISTORY_BLANK)
+            else:
+                return HISTORY_BLANK
+        else:
+            if passive & PassiveFlag.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS:
+                # this collection is loaded / present.  should not be any
+                # pending mutations
+                assert self.key not in state._pending_mutations
+
+            return History.from_collection(self, state, current)
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> _AllPendingType:
+        # NOTE: passive is ignored here at the moment
+
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return []
+
+        current = dict_[self.key]
+        current = getattr(current, "_sa_adapter")
+
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            original = state.committed_state[self.key]
+            if original is not NO_VALUE:
+                current_states = [
+                    ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                    for c in current
+                ]
+                original_states = [
+                    ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                    for c in original
+                ]
+
+                current_set = dict(current_states)
+                original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+                return (
+                    [
+                        (s, o)
+                        for s, o in current_states
+                        if s not in original_set
+                    ]
+                    + [(s, o) for s, o in current_states if s in original_set]
+                    + [
+                        (s, o)
+                        for s, o in original_states
+                        if s not in current_set
+                    ]
+                )
+
+        return [(instance_state(o), o) for o in current]
+
+    def fire_append_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> _T:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token, key=key)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+        return value
+
+    def fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> _T:
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append_wo_mutation:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token, key=key)
+
+        return value
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        """A special event used for pop() operations.
+
+        The "remove" event needs to have the item to be removed passed to
+        it, which in the case of pop from a set, we don't have a way to access
+        the item before the operation.   the event is used for all pop()
+        operations (even though set.pop is the one where it is really needed).
+
+        """
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        key: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token, key=key)
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+    def delete(self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        if self.key not in dict_:
+            return
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NO_VALUE, True)
+
+        collection = self.get_collection(state, state.dict)
+        collection.clear_with_event()
+
+        # key is always present because we checked above.  e.g.
+        # del is a no-op if collection not present.
+        del dict_[self.key]
+
+    def _default_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict
+    ) -> _AdaptedCollectionProtocol:
+        """Produce an empty collection for an un-initialized attribute"""
+
+        assert self.key not in dict_, (
+            "_default_value should only be invoked for an "
+            "uninitialized or expired attribute"
+        )
+
+        if self.key in state._empty_collections:
+            return state._empty_collections[self.key]
+
+        adapter, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        adapter._set_empty(user_data)
+        return user_data
+
+    def _initialize_collection(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any]
+    ) -> Tuple[CollectionAdapter, _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]:
+        adapter, collection = state.manager.initialize_collection(
+            self.key, state, self.collection_factory
+        )
+
+        self.dispatch.init_collection(state, collection, adapter)
+
+        return adapter, collection
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        collection = self.get_collection(
+            state, dict_, user_data=None, passive=passive
+        )
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            value = self.fire_append_event(
+                state, dict_, value, initiator, key=NO_KEY
+            )
+            assert (
+                self.key not in dict_
+            ), "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).append(value)
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(collection, CollectionAdapter)
+            collection.append_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        collection = self.get_collection(
+            state, state.dict, user_data=None, passive=passive
+        )
+        if collection is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator, key=NO_KEY)
+            assert (
+                self.key not in dict_
+            ), "Collection was loaded during event handling."
+            state._get_pending_mutation(self.key).remove(value)
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(collection, CollectionAdapter)
+            collection.remove_with_event(value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            # TODO: better solution here would be to add
+            # a "popper" role to collections.py to complement
+            # "remover".
+            self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+        except (ValueError, KeyError, IndexError):
+            pass
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+        _adapt: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        iterable = orig_iterable = value
+        new_keys = None
+
+        # pulling a new collection first so that an adaptation exception does
+        # not trigger a lazy load of the old collection.
+        new_collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+        if _adapt:
+            if new_collection._converter is not None:
+                iterable = new_collection._converter(iterable)
+            else:
+                setting_type = util.duck_type_collection(iterable)
+                receiving_type = self._duck_typed_as
+
+                if setting_type is not receiving_type:
+                    given = (
+                        iterable is None
+                        and "None"
+                        or iterable.__class__.__name__
+                    )
+                    wanted = self._duck_typed_as.__name__
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Incompatible collection type: %s is not %s-like"
+                        % (given, wanted)
+                    )
+
+                # If the object is an adapted collection, return the (iterable)
+                # adapter.
+                if hasattr(iterable, "_sa_iterator"):
+                    iterable = iterable._sa_iterator()
+                elif setting_type is dict:
+                    new_keys = list(iterable)
+                    iterable = iterable.values()
+                else:
+                    iterable = iter(iterable)
+        elif util.duck_type_collection(iterable) is dict:
+            new_keys = list(value)
+
+        new_values = list(iterable)
+
+        evt = self._bulk_replace_token
+
+        self.dispatch.bulk_replace(state, new_values, evt, keys=new_keys)
+
+        # propagate NO_RAISE in passive through to the get() for the
+        # existing object (ticket #8862)
+        old = self.get(
+            state,
+            dict_,
+            passive=PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT ^ (passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE),
+        )
+        if old is PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+            old = self._default_value(state, dict_)
+        elif old is orig_iterable:
+            # ignore re-assignment of the current collection, as happens
+            # implicitly with in-place operators (foo.collection |= other)
+            return
+
+        # place a copy of "old" in state.committed_state
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, old, True)
+
+        old_collection = old._sa_adapter
+
+        dict_[self.key] = user_data
+
+        collections.bulk_replace(
+            new_values, old_collection, new_collection, initiator=evt
+        )
+
+        self._dispose_previous_collection(state, old, old_collection, True)
+
+    def _dispose_previous_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        collection: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol,
+        adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+        fire_event: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        del collection._sa_adapter
+
+        # discarding old collection make sure it is not referenced in empty
+        # collections.
+        state._empty_collections.pop(self.key, None)
+        if fire_event:
+            self.dispatch.dispose_collection(state, collection, adapter)
+
+    def _invalidate_collection(
+        self, collection: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    ) -> None:
+        adapter = getattr(collection, "_sa_adapter")
+        adapter.invalidated = True
+
+    def set_committed_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict, value: Any
+    ) -> _AdaptedCollectionProtocol:
+        """Set an attribute value on the given instance and 'commit' it."""
+
+        collection, user_data = self._initialize_collection(state)
+
+        if value:
+            collection.append_multiple_without_event(value)
+
+        state.dict[self.key] = user_data
+
+        state._commit(dict_, [self.key])
+
+        if self.key in state._pending_mutations:
+            # pending items exist.  issue a modified event,
+            # add/remove new items.
+            state._modified_event(dict_, self, user_data, True)
+
+            pending = state._pending_mutations.pop(self.key)
+            added = pending.added_items
+            removed = pending.deleted_items
+            for item in added:
+                collection.append_without_event(item)
+            for item in removed:
+                collection.remove_without_event(item)
+
+        return user_data
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Literal[None] = ...,
+        passive: Literal[PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF] = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]: ...
+
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]:
+        """Retrieve the CollectionAdapter associated with the given state.
+
+        if user_data is None, retrieves it from the state using normal
+        "get()" rules, which will fire lazy callables or return the "empty"
+        collection value.
+
+        """
+        if user_data is None:
+            fetch_user_data = self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            if fetch_user_data is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return fetch_user_data
+            else:
+                user_data = cast("_AdaptedCollectionProtocol", fetch_user_data)
+
+        return user_data._sa_adapter
+
+
+def backref_listeners(
+    attribute: QueryableAttribute[Any], key: str, uselist: bool
+) -> None:
+    """Apply listeners to synchronize a two-way relationship."""
+
+    # use easily recognizable names for stack traces.
+
+    # in the sections marked "tokens to test for a recursive loop",
+    # this is somewhat brittle and very performance-sensitive logic
+    # that is specific to how we might arrive at each event.  a marker
+    # that can target us directly to arguments being invoked against
+    # the impl might be simpler, but could interfere with other systems.
+
+    parent_token = attribute.impl.parent_token
+    parent_impl = attribute.impl
+
+    def _acceptable_key_err(child_state, initiator, child_impl):
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Bidirectional attribute conflict detected: "
+            'Passing object %s to attribute "%s" '
+            'triggers a modify event on attribute "%s" '
+            'via the backref "%s".'
+            % (
+                state_str(child_state),
+                initiator.parent_token,
+                child_impl.parent_token,
+                attribute.impl.parent_token,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event(
+        state, child, oldchild, initiator, **kw
+    ):
+        if oldchild is child:
+            return child
+        if (
+            oldchild is not None
+            and oldchild is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and oldchild is not NO_VALUE
+        ):
+            # With lazy=None, there's no guarantee that the full collection is
+            # present when updating via a backref.
+            old_state, old_dict = (
+                instance_state(oldchild),
+                instance_dict(oldchild),
+            )
+            impl = old_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+            if not impl.collection and not impl.dynamic:
+                check_recursive_token = impl._replace_token
+            else:
+                check_recursive_token = impl._remove_token
+
+            if initiator is not check_recursive_token:
+                impl.pop(
+                    old_state,
+                    old_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    parent_impl._append_token,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                )
+
+        if child is not None:
+            child_state, child_dict = (
+                instance_state(child),
+                instance_dict(child),
+            )
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            if (
+                initiator.parent_token is not parent_token
+                and initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token
+            ):
+                _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+
+            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+            check_append_token = child_impl._append_token
+            check_bulk_replace_token = (
+                child_impl._bulk_replace_token
+                if _is_collection_attribute_impl(child_impl)
+                else None
+            )
+
+            if (
+                initiator is not check_append_token
+                and initiator is not check_bulk_replace_token
+            ):
+                child_impl.append(
+                    child_state,
+                    child_dict,
+                    state.obj(),
+                    initiator,
+                    passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                )
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_append_event(
+        state, child, initiator, **kw
+    ):
+        if child is None:
+            return
+
+        child_state, child_dict = instance_state(child), instance_dict(child)
+        child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+        if (
+            initiator.parent_token is not parent_token
+            and initiator.parent_token is not child_impl.parent_token
+        ):
+            _acceptable_key_err(state, initiator, child_impl)
+
+        # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+        check_append_token = child_impl._append_token
+        check_bulk_replace_token = (
+            child_impl._bulk_replace_token
+            if _is_collection_attribute_impl(child_impl)
+            else None
+        )
+
+        if (
+            initiator is not check_append_token
+            and initiator is not check_bulk_replace_token
+        ):
+            child_impl.append(
+                child_state,
+                child_dict,
+                state.obj(),
+                initiator,
+                passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+            )
+        return child
+
+    def emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event(
+        state, child, initiator, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            child is not None
+            and child is not PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and child is not NO_VALUE
+        ):
+            child_state, child_dict = (
+                instance_state(child),
+                instance_dict(child),
+            )
+            child_impl = child_state.manager[key].impl
+
+            check_replace_token: Optional[AttributeEventToken]
+
+            # tokens to test for a recursive loop.
+            if not child_impl.collection and not child_impl.dynamic:
+                check_remove_token = child_impl._remove_token
+                check_replace_token = child_impl._replace_token
+                check_for_dupes_on_remove = uselist and not parent_impl.dynamic
+            else:
+                check_remove_token = child_impl._remove_token
+                check_replace_token = (
+                    child_impl._bulk_replace_token
+                    if _is_collection_attribute_impl(child_impl)
+                    else None
+                )
+                check_for_dupes_on_remove = False
+
+            if (
+                initiator is not check_remove_token
+                and initiator is not check_replace_token
+            ):
+                if not check_for_dupes_on_remove or not util.has_dupes(
+                    # when this event is called, the item is usually
+                    # present in the list, except for a pop() operation.
+                    state.dict[parent_impl.key],
+                    child,
+                ):
+                    child_impl.pop(
+                        child_state,
+                        child_dict,
+                        state.obj(),
+                        initiator,
+                        passive=PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                    )
+
+    if uselist:
+        event.listen(
+            attribute,
+            "append",
+            emit_backref_from_collection_append_event,
+            retval=True,
+            raw=True,
+            include_key=True,
+        )
+    else:
+        event.listen(
+            attribute,
+            "set",
+            emit_backref_from_scalar_set_event,
+            retval=True,
+            raw=True,
+            include_key=True,
+        )
+    # TODO: need coverage in test/orm/ of remove event
+    event.listen(
+        attribute,
+        "remove",
+        emit_backref_from_collection_remove_event,
+        retval=True,
+        raw=True,
+        include_key=True,
+    )
+
+
+_NO_HISTORY = util.symbol("NO_HISTORY")
+_NO_STATE_SYMBOLS = frozenset([id(PASSIVE_NO_RESULT), id(NO_VALUE)])
+
+
+class History(NamedTuple):
+    """A 3-tuple of added, unchanged and deleted values,
+    representing the changes which have occurred on an instrumented
+    attribute.
+
+    The easiest way to get a :class:`.History` object for a particular
+    attribute on an object is to use the :func:`_sa.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        hist = inspect(myobject).attrs.myattribute.history
+
+    Each tuple member is an iterable sequence:
+
+    * ``added`` - the collection of items added to the attribute (the first
+      tuple element).
+
+    * ``unchanged`` - the collection of items that have not changed on the
+      attribute (the second tuple element).
+
+    * ``deleted`` - the collection of items that have been removed from the
+      attribute (the third tuple element).
+
+    """
+
+    added: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+    unchanged: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+    deleted: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return self != HISTORY_BLANK
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has no changes
+        and no existing, unchanged state.
+
+        """
+
+        return not bool((self.added or self.deleted) or self.unchanged)
+
+    def sum(self) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (
+            (self.added or []) + (self.unchanged or []) + (self.deleted or [])
+        )
+
+    def non_deleted(self) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a collection of added + unchanged."""
+
+        return (self.added or []) + (self.unchanged or [])
+
+    def non_added(self) -> Sequence[Any]:
+        """Return a collection of unchanged + deleted."""
+
+        return (self.unchanged or []) + (self.deleted or [])
+
+    def has_changes(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.History` has changes."""
+
+        return bool(self.added or self.deleted)
+
+    def _merge(self, added: Iterable[Any], deleted: Iterable[Any]) -> History:
+        return History(
+            list(self.added) + list(added),
+            self.unchanged,
+            list(self.deleted) + list(deleted),
+        )
+
+    def as_state(self) -> History:
+        return History(
+            [
+                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
+                for c in self.added
+            ],
+            [
+                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
+                for c in self.unchanged
+            ],
+            [
+                (c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None
+                for c in self.deleted
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_scalar_attribute(
+        cls,
+        attribute: ScalarAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        current: Any,
+    ) -> History:
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        deleted: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        # don't let ClauseElement expressions here trip things up
+        elif (
+            current is not NO_VALUE
+            and attribute.is_equal(current, original) is True
+        ):
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on native scalars is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", but
+            # we do include None, which helps in some primary
+            # key situations
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                deleted = ()
+                # indicate a "del" operation occurred when we don't have
+                # the previous value as: ([None], (), ())
+                if id(current) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                    current = None
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_object_attribute(
+        cls,
+        attribute: ScalarObjectAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        current: Any,
+        original: Any = _NO_HISTORY,
+    ) -> History:
+        deleted: Union[Tuple[()], List[Any]]
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+
+        if original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), ())
+            else:
+                return cls((), [current], ())
+        elif current is original and current is not NO_VALUE:
+            return cls((), [current], ())
+        else:
+            # current convention on related objects is to not
+            # include information
+            # about missing previous value in "deleted", and
+            # to also not include None - the dependency.py rules
+            # ignore the None in any case.
+            if id(original) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS or original is None:
+                deleted = ()
+                # indicate a "del" operation occurred when we don't have
+                # the previous value as: ([None], (), ())
+                if id(current) in _NO_STATE_SYMBOLS:
+                    current = None
+            else:
+                deleted = [original]
+            if current is NO_VALUE:
+                return cls((), (), deleted)
+            else:
+                return cls([current], (), deleted)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_collection(
+        cls,
+        attribute: CollectionAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        current: Any,
+    ) -> History:
+        original = state.committed_state.get(attribute.key, _NO_HISTORY)
+        if current is NO_VALUE:
+            return cls((), (), ())
+
+        current = getattr(current, "_sa_adapter")
+        if original is NO_VALUE:
+            return cls(list(current), (), ())
+        elif original is _NO_HISTORY:
+            return cls((), list(current), ())
+        else:
+            current_states = [
+                ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                for c in current
+            ]
+            original_states = [
+                ((c is not None) and instance_state(c) or None, c)
+                for c in original
+            ]
+
+            current_set = dict(current_states)
+            original_set = dict(original_states)
+
+            return cls(
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s not in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in current_states if s in original_set],
+                [o for s, o in original_states if s not in current_set],
+            )
+
+
+HISTORY_BLANK = History((), (), ())
+
+
+def get_history(
+    obj: object, key: str, passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF
+) -> History:
+    """Return a :class:`.History` record for the given object
+    and attribute key.
+
+    This is the **pre-flush** history for a given attribute, which is
+    reset each time the :class:`.Session` flushes changes to the
+    current database transaction.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Prefer to use the :attr:`.AttributeState.history` and
+        :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` accessors to retrieve the
+        :class:`.History` for instance attributes.
+
+
+    :param obj: an object whose class is instrumented by the
+      attributes package.
+
+    :param key: string attribute name.
+
+    :param passive: indicates loading behavior for the attribute
+       if the value is not already present.   This is a
+       bitflag attribute, which defaults to the symbol
+       :attr:`.PASSIVE_OFF` indicating all necessary SQL
+       should be emitted.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.AttributeState.history`
+
+        :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` - retrieve history
+        using loader callables if the value is not locally present.
+
+    """
+
+    return get_state_history(instance_state(obj), key, passive)
+
+
+def get_state_history(
+    state: InstanceState[Any], key: str, passive: PassiveFlag = PASSIVE_OFF
+) -> History:
+    return state.get_history(key, passive)
+
+
+def has_parent(
+    cls: Type[_O], obj: _O, key: str, optimistic: bool = False
+) -> bool:
+    """TODO"""
+    manager = manager_of_class(cls)
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    return manager.has_parent(state, key, optimistic)
+
+
+def register_attribute(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+    key: str,
+    *,
+    comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T],
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]:
+    desc = register_descriptor(
+        class_, key, comparator=comparator, parententity=parententity, doc=doc
+    )
+    register_attribute_impl(class_, key, **kw)
+    return desc
+
+
+def register_attribute_impl(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+    key: str,
+    uselist: bool = False,
+    callable_: Optional[_LoaderCallable] = None,
+    useobject: bool = False,
+    impl_class: Optional[Type[AttributeImpl]] = None,
+    backref: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> QueryableAttribute[Any]:
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+    if uselist:
+        factory = kw.pop("typecallable", None)
+        typecallable = manager.instrument_collection_class(
+            key, factory or list
+        )
+    else:
+        typecallable = kw.pop("typecallable", None)
+
+    dispatch = cast(
+        "_Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]]", manager[key].dispatch
+    )  # noqa: E501
+
+    impl: AttributeImpl
+
+    if impl_class:
+        # TODO: this appears to be the WriteOnlyAttributeImpl /
+        # DynamicAttributeImpl constructor which is hardcoded
+        impl = cast("Type[WriteOnlyAttributeImpl]", impl_class)(
+            class_, key, dispatch, **kw
+        )
+    elif uselist:
+        impl = CollectionAttributeImpl(
+            class_, key, callable_, dispatch, typecallable=typecallable, **kw
+        )
+    elif useobject:
+        impl = ScalarObjectAttributeImpl(
+            class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw
+        )
+    else:
+        impl = ScalarAttributeImpl(class_, key, callable_, dispatch, **kw)
+
+    manager[key].impl = impl
+
+    if backref:
+        backref_listeners(manager[key], backref, uselist)
+
+    manager.post_configure_attribute(key)
+    return manager[key]
+
+
+def register_descriptor(
+    class_: Type[Any],
+    key: str,
+    *,
+    comparator: interfaces.PropComparator[_T],
+    parententity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+    doc: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]:
+    manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    descriptor = InstrumentedAttribute(
+        class_, key, comparator=comparator, parententity=parententity
+    )
+
+    descriptor.__doc__ = doc  # type: ignore
+
+    manager.instrument_attribute(key, descriptor)
+    return descriptor
+
+
+def unregister_attribute(class_: Type[Any], key: str) -> None:
+    manager_of_class(class_).uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+
+def init_collection(obj: object, key: str) -> CollectionAdapter:
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.
+
+    This function is used to provide direct access to collection internals
+    for a previously unloaded attribute.  e.g.::
+
+        collection_adapter = init_collection(someobject, "elements")
+        for elem in values:
+            collection_adapter.append_without_event(elem)
+
+    For an easier way to do the above, see
+    :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.attributes.set_committed_value`.
+
+    :param obj: a mapped object
+
+    :param key: string attribute name where the collection is located.
+
+    """
+    state = instance_state(obj)
+    dict_ = state.dict
+    return init_state_collection(state, dict_, key)
+
+
+def init_state_collection(
+    state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict, key: str
+) -> CollectionAdapter:
+    """Initialize a collection attribute and return the collection adapter.
+
+    Discards any existing collection which may be there.
+
+    """
+    attr = state.manager[key].impl
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        assert isinstance(attr, HasCollectionAdapter)
+
+    old = dict_.pop(key, None)  # discard old collection
+    if old is not None:
+        old_collection = old._sa_adapter
+        attr._dispose_previous_collection(state, old, old_collection, False)
+
+    user_data = attr._default_value(state, dict_)
+    adapter: CollectionAdapter = attr.get_collection(
+        state, dict_, user_data, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+    )
+    adapter._reset_empty()
+
+    return adapter
+
+
+def set_committed_value(instance, key, value):
+    """Set the value of an attribute with no history events.
+
+    Cancels any previous history present.  The value should be
+    a scalar value for scalar-holding attributes, or
+    an iterable for any collection-holding attribute.
+
+    This is the same underlying method used when a lazy loader
+    fires off and loads additional data from the database.
+    In particular, this method can be used by application code
+    which has loaded additional attributes or collections through
+    separate queries, which can then be attached to an instance
+    as though it were part of its original loaded state.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+
+def set_attribute(
+    instance: object,
+    key: str,
+    value: Any,
+    initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Set the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    :param instance: the object that will be modified
+
+    :param key: string name of the attribute
+
+    :param value: value to assign
+
+    :param initiator: an instance of :class:`.Event` that would have
+     been propagated from a previous event listener.  This argument
+     is used when the :func:`.set_attribute` function is being used within
+     an existing event listening function where an :class:`.Event` object
+     is being supplied; the object may be used to track the origin of the
+     chain of events.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 1.2.3
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+
+def get_attribute(instance: object, key: str) -> Any:
+    """Get the value of an attribute, firing any callables required.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to make usage of attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    return state.manager[key].impl.get(state, dict_)
+
+
+def del_attribute(instance: object, key: str) -> None:
+    """Delete the value of an attribute, firing history events.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+    Custom attribute management schemes will need to make usage
+    of this method to establish attribute state as understood
+    by SQLAlchemy.
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state.manager[key].impl.delete(state, dict_)
+
+
+def flag_modified(instance: object, key: str) -> None:
+    """Mark an attribute on an instance as 'modified'.
+
+    This sets the 'modified' flag on the instance and
+    establishes an unconditional change event for the given attribute.
+    The attribute must have a value present, else an
+    :class:`.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+    To mark an object "dirty" without referring to any specific attribute
+    so that it is considered within a flush, use the
+    :func:`.attributes.flag_dirty` call.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.attributes.flag_dirty`
+
+    """
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    impl = state.manager[key].impl
+    impl.dispatch.modified(state, impl._modified_token)
+    state._modified_event(dict_, impl, NO_VALUE, is_userland=True)
+
+
+def flag_dirty(instance: object) -> None:
+    """Mark an instance as 'dirty' without any specific attribute mentioned.
+
+    This is a special operation that will allow the object to travel through
+    the flush process for interception by events such as
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`.   Note that no SQL will be emitted in
+    the flush process for an object that has no changes, even if marked dirty
+    via this method.  However, a :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` handler
+    will be able to see the object in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection and
+    may establish changes on it, which will then be included in the SQL
+    emitted.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.attributes.flag_modified`
+
+    """
+
+    state, dict_ = instance_state(instance), instance_dict(instance)
+    state._modified_event(dict_, None, NO_VALUE, is_userland=True)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae0ba102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,973 @@
+# orm/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Constants and rudimental functions used throughout the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import no_type_check
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import exc
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql.elements import SQLColumnExpression
+from ..sql.elements import SQLCoreOperations
+from ..util import FastIntFlag
+from ..util.langhelpers import TypingOnly
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+    from .dynamic import AppenderQuery
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .interfaces import PropComparator
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from .writeonly import WriteOnlyCollection
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+
+class LoaderCallableStatus(Enum):
+    PASSIVE_NO_RESULT = 0
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable or other attribute/history
+    retrieval operation when a value could not be determined, based
+    on loader callable flags.
+    """
+
+    PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH = 1
+    """Symbol indicating that an object is locally present for a given
+    primary key identity but it is not of the requested class.  The
+    return value is therefore None and no SQL should be emitted."""
+
+    ATTR_WAS_SET = 2
+    """Symbol returned by a loader callable to indicate the
+    retrieved value, or values, were assigned to their attributes
+    on the target object.
+    """
+
+    ATTR_EMPTY = 3
+    """Symbol used internally to indicate an attribute had no callable."""
+
+    NO_VALUE = 4
+    """Symbol which may be placed as the 'previous' value of an attribute,
+    indicating no value was loaded for an attribute when it was modified,
+    and flags indicated we were not to load it.
+    """
+
+    NEVER_SET = NO_VALUE
+    """
+    Synonymous with NO_VALUE
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4   NEVER_SET was merged with NO_VALUE
+
+    """
+
+
+(
+    PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+    PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH,
+    ATTR_WAS_SET,
+    ATTR_EMPTY,
+    NO_VALUE,
+) = tuple(LoaderCallableStatus)
+
+NEVER_SET = NO_VALUE
+
+
+class PassiveFlag(FastIntFlag):
+    """Bitflag interface that passes options onto loader callables"""
+
+    NO_CHANGE = 0
+    """No callables or SQL should be emitted on attribute access
+    and no state should change
+    """
+
+    CALLABLES_OK = 1
+    """Loader callables can be fired off if a value
+    is not present.
+    """
+
+    SQL_OK = 2
+    """Loader callables can emit SQL at least on scalar value attributes."""
+
+    RELATED_OBJECT_OK = 4
+    """Callables can use SQL to load related objects as well
+    as scalar value attributes.
+    """
+
+    INIT_OK = 8
+    """Attributes should be initialized with a blank
+    value (None or an empty collection) upon get, if no other
+    value can be obtained.
+    """
+
+    NON_PERSISTENT_OK = 16
+    """Callables can be emitted if the parent is not persistent."""
+
+    LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED = 32
+    """Callables should use committed values as primary/foreign keys during a
+    load.
+    """
+
+    NO_AUTOFLUSH = 64
+    """Loader callables should disable autoflush."""
+
+    NO_RAISE = 128
+    """Loader callables should not raise any assertions"""
+
+    DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD = 256
+    """indicates special load of the previous value of an attribute"""
+
+    INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS = 512
+
+    # pre-packaged sets of flags used as inputs
+    PASSIVE_OFF = (
+        RELATED_OBJECT_OK | NON_PERSISTENT_OK | INIT_OK | CALLABLES_OK | SQL_OK
+    )
+    "Callables can be emitted in all cases."
+
+    PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE = PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK
+    """PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK"""
+
+    PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE = PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE ^ CALLABLES_OK
+    "PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE ^ CALLABLES_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH = PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ SQL_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED = PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ RELATED_OBJECT_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT = PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK
+    "PASSIVE_OFF ^ NON_PERSISTENT_OK"
+
+    PASSIVE_MERGE = PASSIVE_OFF | NO_RAISE
+    """PASSIVE_OFF | NO_RAISE
+
+    Symbol used specifically for session.merge() and similar cases
+
+    """
+
+
+(
+    NO_CHANGE,
+    CALLABLES_OK,
+    SQL_OK,
+    RELATED_OBJECT_OK,
+    INIT_OK,
+    NON_PERSISTENT_OK,
+    LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED,
+    NO_AUTOFLUSH,
+    NO_RAISE,
+    DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD,
+    INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS,
+    PASSIVE_OFF,
+    PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE,
+    PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED,
+    PASSIVE_ONLY_PERSISTENT,
+    PASSIVE_MERGE,
+) = PassiveFlag.__members__.values()
+
+DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR = "_sa_class_manager"
+DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR = "_sa_instance_state"
+
+
+class EventConstants(Enum):
+    EXT_CONTINUE = 1
+    EXT_STOP = 2
+    EXT_SKIP = 3
+    NO_KEY = 4
+    """indicates an :class:`.AttributeEvent` event that did not have any
+    key argument.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+EXT_CONTINUE, EXT_STOP, EXT_SKIP, NO_KEY = tuple(EventConstants)
+
+
+class RelationshipDirection(Enum):
+    """enumeration which indicates the 'direction' of a
+    :class:`_orm.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    :class:`.RelationshipDirection` is accessible from the
+    :attr:`_orm.Relationship.direction` attribute of
+    :class:`_orm.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    """
+
+    ONETOMANY = 1
+    """Indicates the one-to-many direction for a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """
+
+    MANYTOONE = 2
+    """Indicates the many-to-one direction for a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """
+
+    MANYTOMANY = 3
+    """Indicates the many-to-many direction for a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    This symbol is typically used by the internals but may be exposed within
+    certain API features.
+
+    """
+
+
+ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE, MANYTOMANY = tuple(RelationshipDirection)
+
+
+class InspectionAttrExtensionType(Enum):
+    """Symbols indicating the type of extension that a
+    :class:`.InspectionAttr` is part of."""
+
+
+class NotExtension(InspectionAttrExtensionType):
+    NOT_EXTENSION = "not_extension"
+    """Symbol indicating an :class:`InspectionAttr` that's
+    not part of sqlalchemy.ext.
+
+    Is assigned to the :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type`
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+
+
+_never_set = frozenset([NEVER_SET])
+
+_none_set = frozenset([None, NEVER_SET, PASSIVE_NO_RESULT])
+
+_none_only_set = frozenset([None])
+
+_SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED = util.symbol("SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED")
+
+_DEFER_FOR_STATE = util.symbol("DEFER_FOR_STATE")
+
+_RAISE_FOR_STATE = util.symbol("RAISE_FOR_STATE")
+
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+_Self = TypeVar("_Self")
+
+
+def _assertions(
+    *assertions: Any,
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    @util.decorator
+    def generate(fn: _F, self: _Self, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> _Self:
+        for assertion in assertions:
+            assertion(self, fn.__name__)
+        fn(self, *args, **kw)
+        return self
+
+    return generate
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def manager_of_class(cls: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def opt_manager_of_class(cls: AliasedClass[Any]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def opt_manager_of_class(
+        cls: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+    ) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]: ...
+
+    def opt_manager_of_class(
+        cls: _ExternalEntityType[_O],
+    ) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]: ...
+
+    def instance_state(instance: _O) -> InstanceState[_O]: ...
+
+    def instance_dict(instance: object) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
+
+else:
+    # these can be replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+    # if augmented class instrumentation is enabled.
+
+    def manager_of_class(cls):
+        try:
+            return cls.__dict__[DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            raise exc.UnmappedClassError(
+                cls, f"Can't locate an instrumentation manager for class {cls}"
+            ) from ke
+
+    def opt_manager_of_class(cls):
+        return cls.__dict__.get(DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+    instance_state = operator.attrgetter(DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR)
+
+    instance_dict = operator.attrgetter("__dict__")
+
+
+def instance_str(instance: object) -> str:
+    """Return a string describing an instance."""
+
+    return state_str(instance_state(instance))
+
+
+def state_str(state: InstanceState[Any]) -> str:
+    """Return a string describing an instance via its InstanceState."""
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return "<%s at 0x%x>" % (state.class_.__name__, id(state.obj()))
+
+
+def state_class_str(state: InstanceState[Any]) -> str:
+    """Return a string describing an instance's class via its
+    InstanceState.
+    """
+
+    if state is None:
+        return "None"
+    else:
+        return "<%s>" % (state.class_.__name__,)
+
+
+def attribute_str(instance: object, attribute: str) -> str:
+    return instance_str(instance) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def state_attribute_str(state: InstanceState[Any], attribute: str) -> str:
+    return state_str(state) + "." + attribute
+
+
+def object_mapper(instance: _T) -> Mapper[_T]:
+    """Given an object, return the primary Mapper associated with the object
+    instance.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    This function is available via the inspection system as::
+
+        inspect(instance).mapper
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    return object_state(instance).mapper
+
+
+def object_state(instance: _T) -> InstanceState[_T]:
+    """Given an object, return the :class:`.InstanceState`
+    associated with the object.
+
+    Raises :class:`sqlalchemy.orm.exc.UnmappedInstanceError`
+    if no mapping is configured.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`_sa.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(instance)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the instance is
+    not part of a mapping.
+
+    """
+    state = _inspect_mapped_object(instance)
+    if state is None:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance)
+    else:
+        return state
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(object)
+def _inspect_mapped_object(instance: _T) -> Optional[InstanceState[_T]]:
+    try:
+        return instance_state(instance)
+    except (exc.UnmappedClassError,) + exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+
+
+def _class_to_mapper(
+    class_or_mapper: Union[Mapper[_T], Type[_T]]
+) -> Mapper[_T]:
+    # can't get mypy to see an overload for this
+    insp = inspection.inspect(class_or_mapper, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        assert isinstance(class_or_mapper, type)
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_or_mapper)
+
+
+def _mapper_or_none(
+    entity: Union[Type[_T], _InternalEntityType[_T]]
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_T]]:
+    """Return the :class:`_orm.Mapper` for the given class or None if the
+    class is not mapped.
+    """
+
+    # can't get mypy to see an overload for this
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    if insp is not None:
+        return insp.mapper  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_mapped_class(entity: Any) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given object is a mapped class,
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper`, or :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    """
+
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return (
+        insp is not None
+        and not insp.is_clause_element
+        and (insp.is_mapper or insp.is_aliased_class)
+    )
+
+
+def _is_aliased_class(entity: Any) -> bool:
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity, False)
+    return insp is not None and getattr(insp, "is_aliased_class", False)
+
+
+@no_type_check
+def _entity_descriptor(entity: _EntityType[Any], key: str) -> Any:
+    """Return a class attribute given an entity and string name.
+
+    May return :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute` or user-defined
+    attribute.
+
+    """
+    insp = inspection.inspect(entity)
+    if insp.is_selectable:
+        description = entity
+        entity = insp.c
+    elif insp.is_aliased_class:
+        entity = insp.entity
+        description = entity
+    elif hasattr(insp, "mapper"):
+        description = entity = insp.mapper.class_
+    else:
+        description = entity
+
+    try:
+        return getattr(entity, key)
+    except AttributeError as err:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Entity '%s' has no property '%s'" % (description, key)
+        ) from err
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def _state_mapper(state: InstanceState[_O]) -> Mapper[_O]: ...
+
+else:
+    _state_mapper = util.dottedgetter("manager.mapper")
+
+
+def _inspect_mapped_class(
+    class_: Type[_O], configure: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_O]]:
+    try:
+        class_manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+        if class_manager is None or not class_manager.is_mapped:
+            return None
+        mapper = class_manager.mapper
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+    else:
+        if configure:
+            mapper._check_configure()
+        return mapper
+
+
+def _parse_mapper_argument(arg: Union[Mapper[_O], Type[_O]]) -> Mapper[_O]:
+    insp = inspection.inspect(arg, raiseerr=False)
+    if insp_is_mapper(insp):
+        return insp
+
+    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(f"Mapper or mapped class expected, got {arg!r}")
+
+
+def class_mapper(class_: Type[_O], configure: bool = True) -> Mapper[_O]:
+    """Given a class, return the primary :class:`_orm.Mapper` associated
+    with the key.
+
+    Raises :exc:`.UnmappedClassError` if no mapping is configured
+    on the given class, or :exc:`.ArgumentError` if a non-class
+    object is passed.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the :func:`_sa.inspect`
+    function as::
+
+        inspect(some_mapped_class)
+
+    Using the inspection system will raise
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.exc.NoInspectionAvailable` if the class is not mapped.
+
+    """
+    mapper = _inspect_mapped_class(class_, configure=configure)
+    if mapper is None:
+        if not isinstance(class_, type):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Class object expected, got '%r'." % (class_,)
+            )
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(class_)
+    else:
+        return mapper
+
+
+class InspectionAttr:
+    """A base class applied to all ORM objects and attributes that are
+    related to things that can be returned by the :func:`_sa.inspect` function.
+
+    The attributes defined here allow the usage of simple boolean
+    checks to test basic facts about the object returned.
+
+    While the boolean checks here are basically the same as using
+    the Python isinstance() function, the flags here can be used without
+    the need to import all of these classes, and also such that
+    the SQLAlchemy class system can change while leaving the flags
+    here intact for forwards-compatibility.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+
+    is_selectable = False
+    """Return True if this object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.Selectable`."""
+
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`."""
+
+    is_instance = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.InstanceState`."""
+
+    is_mapper = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`_orm.Mapper`."""
+
+    is_bundle = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.Bundle`."""
+
+    is_property = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of :class:`.MapperProperty`."""
+
+    is_attribute = False
+    """True if this object is a Python :term:`descriptor`.
+
+    This can refer to one of many types.   Usually a
+    :class:`.QueryableAttribute` which handles attributes events on behalf
+    of a :class:`.MapperProperty`.   But can also be an extension type
+    such as :class:`.AssociationProxy` or :class:`.hybrid_property`.
+    The :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer to a constant
+    identifying the specific subtype.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+    """
+
+    _is_internal_proxy = False
+    """True if this object is an internal proxy object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.12
+
+    """
+
+    is_clause_element = False
+    """True if this object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`."""
+
+    extension_type: InspectionAttrExtensionType = NotExtension.NOT_EXTENSION
+    """The extension type, if any.
+    Defaults to :attr:`.interfaces.NotExtension.NOT_EXTENSION`
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.HybridExtensionType`
+
+        :class:`.AssociationProxyExtensionType`
+
+    """
+
+
+class InspectionAttrInfo(InspectionAttr):
+    """Adds the ``.info`` attribute to :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+    The rationale for :class:`.InspectionAttr` vs. :class:`.InspectionAttrInfo`
+    is that the former is compatible as a mixin for classes that specify
+    ``__slots__``; this is essentially an implementation artifact.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+        it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+        :func:`.column_property`, :func:`_orm.relationship`, or
+        :func:`.composite`
+        functions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+
+class SQLORMOperations(SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def of_type(
+            self, class_: _EntityType[Any]
+        ) -> PropComparator[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def and_(
+            self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+        ) -> PropComparator[bool]: ...
+
+        def any(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def has(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+
+class ORMDescriptor(Generic[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    """Represent any Python descriptor that provides a SQL expression
+    construct at the class level."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Any, owner: Literal[None]
+        ) -> ORMDescriptor[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Literal[None], owner: Any
+        ) -> SQLCoreOperations[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: object, owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[ORMDescriptor[_T_co], SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], _T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _MappedAnnotationBase(Generic[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    """common class for Mapped and similar ORM container classes.
+
+    these are classes that can appear on the left side of an ORM declarative
+    mapping, containing a mapped class or in some cases a collection
+    surrounding a mapped class.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class SQLORMExpression(
+    SQLORMOperations[_T_co], SQLColumnExpression[_T_co], TypingOnly
+):
+    """A type that may be used to indicate any ORM-level attribute or
+    object that acts in place of one, in the context of SQL expression
+    construction.
+
+    :class:`.SQLORMExpression` extends from the Core
+    :class:`.SQLColumnExpression` to add additional SQL methods that are ORM
+    specific, such as :meth:`.PropComparator.of_type`, and is part of the bases
+    for :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`. It may be used in :pep:`484` typing to
+    indicate arguments or return values that should behave as ORM-level
+    attribute expressions.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class Mapped(
+    SQLORMExpression[_T_co],
+    ORMDescriptor[_T_co],
+    _MappedAnnotationBase[_T_co],
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+):
+    """Represent an ORM mapped attribute on a mapped class.
+
+    This class represents the complete descriptor interface for any class
+    attribute that will have been :term:`instrumented` by the ORM
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` class.   Provides appropriate information to type
+    checkers such as pylance and mypy so that ORM-mapped attributes
+    are correctly typed.
+
+    The most prominent use of :class:`_orm.Mapped` is in
+    the :ref:`Declarative Mapping <orm_explicit_declarative_base>` form
+    of :class:`_orm.Mapper` configuration, where used explicitly it drives
+    the configuration of ORM attributes such as :func:`_orm.mapped_class`
+    and :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_explicit_declarative_base`
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table`
+
+    .. tip::
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Mapped` class represents attributes that are handled
+        directly by the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class. It does not include other
+        Python descriptor classes that are provided as extensions, including
+        :ref:`hybrids_toplevel` and the :ref:`associationproxy_toplevel`.
+        While these systems still make use of ORM-specific superclasses
+        and structures, they are not :term:`instrumented` by the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` and instead provide their own functionality
+        when they are accessed on a class.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], _T_co]: ...
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _empty_constructor(cls, arg1: Any) -> Mapped[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __set__(
+            self, instance: Any, value: Union[SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], _T_co]
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _MappedAttribute(Generic[_T_co], TypingOnly):
+    """Mixin for attributes which should be replaced by mapper-assigned
+    attributes.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class _DeclarativeMapped(Mapped[_T_co], _MappedAttribute[_T_co]):
+    """Mixin for :class:`.MapperProperty` subclasses that allows them to
+    be compatible with ORM-annotated declarative mappings.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # MappedSQLExpression, Relationship, Composite etc. dont actually do
+    # SQL expression behavior.  yet there is code that compares them with
+    # __eq__(), __ne__(), etc.   Since #8847 made Mapped even more full
+    # featured including ColumnOperators, we need to have those methods
+    # be no-ops for these objects, so return NotImplemented to fall back
+    # to normal comparison behavior.
+    def operate(self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    __sa_operate__ = operate
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        return NotImplemented
+
+
+class DynamicMapped(_MappedAnnotationBase[_T_co]):
+    """Represent the ORM mapped attribute type for a "dynamic" relationship.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DynamicMapped` type annotation may be used in an
+    :ref:`Annotated Declarative Table <orm_declarative_mapped_column>` mapping
+    to indicate that the ``lazy="dynamic"`` loader strategy should be used
+    for a particular :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    .. legacy::  The "dynamic" lazy loader strategy is the legacy form of what
+       is now the "write_only" strategy described in the section
+       :ref:`write_only_relationship`.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "user"
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            addresses: DynamicMapped[Address] = relationship(
+                cascade="all,delete-orphan"
+            )
+
+    See the section :ref:`dynamic_relationship` for background.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`dynamic_relationship` - complete background
+
+        :class:`.WriteOnlyMapped` - fully 2.0 style version
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: object, owner: Any
+        ) -> AppenderQuery[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], AppenderQuery[_T_co]]: ...
+
+        def __set__(
+            self, instance: Any, value: typing.Collection[_T_co]
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+
+class WriteOnlyMapped(_MappedAnnotationBase[_T_co]):
+    """Represent the ORM mapped attribute type for a "write only" relationship.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyMapped` type annotation may be used in an
+    :ref:`Annotated Declarative Table <orm_declarative_mapped_column>` mapping
+    to indicate that the ``lazy="write_only"`` loader strategy should be used
+    for a particular :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "user"
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            addresses: WriteOnlyMapped[Address] = relationship(
+                cascade="all,delete-orphan"
+            )
+
+    See the section :ref:`write_only_relationship` for background.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`write_only_relationship` - complete background
+
+        :class:`.DynamicMapped` - includes legacy :class:`_orm.Query` support
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: object, owner: Any
+        ) -> WriteOnlyCollection[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[
+            InstrumentedAttribute[_T_co], WriteOnlyCollection[_T_co]
+        ]: ...
+
+        def __set__(
+            self, instance: Any, value: typing.Collection[_T_co]
+        ) -> None: ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/bulk_persistence.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/bulk_persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..402d7bed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/bulk_persistence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2123 @@
+# orm/bulk_persistence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""additional ORM persistence classes related to "bulk" operations,
+specifically outside of the flush() process.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import context
+from . import evaluator
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import loading
+from . import persistence
+from .base import NO_VALUE
+from .context import AbstractORMCompileState
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMFromStatementCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import Dialect
+from ..engine import result as _result
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import dml
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import select
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+from ..sql.base import _entity_namespace_key
+from ..sql.base import CompileState
+from ..sql.base import Options
+from ..sql.dml import DeleteDMLState
+from ..sql.dml import InsertDMLState
+from ..sql.dml import UpdateDMLState
+from ..util import EMPTY_DICT
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import DMLStrategyArgument
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ._typing import SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import _BindArguments
+    from .session import ORMExecuteState
+    from .session import Session
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import cursor
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_insert(
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    return_defaults: bool,
+    render_nulls: bool,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt: Literal[None] = ...,
+    execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = ...,
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_insert(
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    return_defaults: bool,
+    render_nulls: bool,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt: Optional[dml.Insert] = ...,
+    execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = ...,
+) -> cursor.CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _bulk_insert(
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    return_defaults: bool,
+    render_nulls: bool,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt: Optional[dml.Insert] = None,
+    execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+) -> Optional[cursor.CursorResult[Any]]:
+    base_mapper = mapper.base_mapper
+
+    if session_transaction.session.connection_callable:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "connection_callable / per-instance sharding "
+            "not supported in bulk_insert()"
+        )
+
+    if isstates:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            mappings = cast(Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], mappings)
+
+        if return_defaults:
+            # list of states allows us to attach .key for return_defaults case
+            states = [(state, state.dict) for state in mappings]
+            mappings = [dict_ for (state, dict_) in states]
+        else:
+            mappings = [state.dict for state in mappings]
+    else:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            mappings = cast(Iterable[Dict[str, Any]], mappings)
+
+        if return_defaults:
+            # use dictionaries given, so that newly populated defaults
+            # can be delivered back to the caller (see #11661). This is **not**
+            # compatible with other use cases such as a session-executed
+            # insert() construct, as this will confuse the case of
+            # insert-per-subclass for joined inheritance cases (see
+            # test_bulk_statements.py::BulkDMLReturningJoinedInhTest).
+            #
+            # So in this conditional, we have **only** called
+            # session.bulk_insert_mappings() which does not have this
+            # requirement
+            mappings = list(mappings)
+        else:
+            # for all other cases we need to establish a local dictionary
+            # so that the incoming dictionaries aren't mutated
+            mappings = [dict(m) for m in mappings]
+        _expand_composites(mapper, mappings)
+
+    connection = session_transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+
+    return_result: Optional[cursor.CursorResult[Any]] = None
+
+    mappers_to_run = [
+        (table, mp)
+        for table, mp in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items()
+        if table in mapper._pks_by_table
+    ]
+
+    if return_defaults:
+        # not used by new-style bulk inserts, only used for legacy
+        bookkeeping = True
+    elif len(mappers_to_run) > 1:
+        # if we have more than one table, mapper to run where we will be
+        # either horizontally splicing, or copying values between tables,
+        # we need the "bookkeeping" / deterministic returning order
+        bookkeeping = True
+    else:
+        bookkeeping = False
+
+    for table, super_mapper in mappers_to_run:
+        # find bindparams in the statement. For bulk, we don't really know if
+        # a key in the params applies to a different table since we are
+        # potentially inserting for multiple tables here; looking at the
+        # bindparam() is a lot more direct.   in most cases this will
+        # use _generate_cache_key() which is memoized, although in practice
+        # the ultimate statement that's executed is probably not the same
+        # object so that memoization might not matter much.
+        extra_bp_names = (
+            [
+                b.key
+                for b in use_orm_insert_stmt._get_embedded_bindparams()
+                if b.key in mappings[0]
+            ]
+            if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None
+            else ()
+        )
+
+        records = (
+            (
+                None,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mapper,
+                connection,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_pks,
+                has_all_defaults,
+            )
+            for (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mp,
+                conn,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_pks,
+                has_all_defaults,
+            ) in persistence._collect_insert_commands(
+                table,
+                ((None, mapping, mapper, connection) for mapping in mappings),
+                bulk=True,
+                return_defaults=bookkeeping,
+                render_nulls=render_nulls,
+                include_bulk_keys=extra_bp_names,
+            )
+        )
+
+        result = persistence._emit_insert_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            None,
+            super_mapper,
+            table,
+            records,
+            bookkeeping=bookkeeping,
+            use_orm_insert_stmt=use_orm_insert_stmt,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+        if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+            if not use_orm_insert_stmt._returning or return_result is None:
+                return_result = result
+            elif result.returns_rows:
+                assert bookkeeping
+                return_result = return_result.splice_horizontally(result)
+
+    if return_defaults and isstates:
+        identity_cls = mapper._identity_class
+        identity_props = [p.key for p in mapper._identity_key_props]
+        for state, dict_ in states:
+            state.key = (
+                identity_cls,
+                tuple([dict_[key] for key in identity_props]),
+                None,
+            )
+
+    if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+        assert return_result is not None
+        return return_result
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_update(
+    mapper: Mapper[Any],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    update_changed_only: bool,
+    use_orm_update_stmt: Literal[None] = ...,
+    enable_check_rowcount: bool = True,
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _bulk_update(
+    mapper: Mapper[Any],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    update_changed_only: bool,
+    use_orm_update_stmt: Optional[dml.Update] = ...,
+    enable_check_rowcount: bool = True,
+) -> _result.Result[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _bulk_update(
+    mapper: Mapper[Any],
+    mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+    session_transaction: SessionTransaction,
+    *,
+    isstates: bool,
+    update_changed_only: bool,
+    use_orm_update_stmt: Optional[dml.Update] = None,
+    enable_check_rowcount: bool = True,
+) -> Optional[_result.Result[Any]]:
+    base_mapper = mapper.base_mapper
+
+    search_keys = mapper._primary_key_propkeys
+    if mapper._version_id_prop:
+        search_keys = {mapper._version_id_prop.key}.union(search_keys)
+
+    def _changed_dict(mapper, state):
+        return {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in state.dict.items()
+            if k in state.committed_state or k in search_keys
+        }
+
+    if isstates:
+        if update_changed_only:
+            mappings = [_changed_dict(mapper, state) for state in mappings]
+        else:
+            mappings = [state.dict for state in mappings]
+    else:
+        mappings = [dict(m) for m in mappings]
+        _expand_composites(mapper, mappings)
+
+    if session_transaction.session.connection_callable:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "connection_callable / per-instance sharding "
+            "not supported in bulk_update()"
+        )
+
+    connection = session_transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+
+    # find bindparams in the statement. see _bulk_insert for similar
+    # notes for the insert case
+    extra_bp_names = (
+        [
+            b.key
+            for b in use_orm_update_stmt._get_embedded_bindparams()
+            if b.key in mappings[0]
+        ]
+        if use_orm_update_stmt is not None
+        else ()
+    )
+
+    for table, super_mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if not mapper.isa(super_mapper) or table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        records = persistence._collect_update_commands(
+            None,
+            table,
+            (
+                (
+                    None,
+                    mapping,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    (
+                        mapping[mapper._version_id_prop.key]
+                        if mapper._version_id_prop
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                )
+                for mapping in mappings
+            ),
+            bulk=True,
+            use_orm_update_stmt=use_orm_update_stmt,
+            include_bulk_keys=extra_bp_names,
+        )
+        persistence._emit_update_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            None,
+            super_mapper,
+            table,
+            records,
+            bookkeeping=False,
+            use_orm_update_stmt=use_orm_update_stmt,
+            enable_check_rowcount=enable_check_rowcount,
+        )
+
+    if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+        return _result.null_result()
+
+
+def _expand_composites(mapper, mappings):
+    composite_attrs = mapper.composites
+    if not composite_attrs:
+        return
+
+    composite_keys = set(composite_attrs.keys())
+    populators = {
+        key: composite_attrs[key]._populate_composite_bulk_save_mappings_fn()
+        for key in composite_keys
+    }
+    for mapping in mappings:
+        for key in composite_keys.intersection(mapping):
+            populators[key](mapping)
+
+
+class ORMDMLState(AbstractORMCompileState):
+    is_dml_returning = True
+    from_statement_ctx: Optional[ORMFromStatementCompileState] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_orm_crud_kv_pairs(
+        cls, mapper, statement, kv_iterator, needs_to_be_cacheable
+    ):
+        core_get_crud_kv_pairs = UpdateDMLState._get_crud_kv_pairs
+
+        for k, v in kv_iterator:
+            k = coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k)
+
+            if isinstance(k, str):
+                desc = _entity_namespace_key(mapper, k, default=NO_VALUE)
+                if desc is NO_VALUE:
+                    yield (
+                        coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k),
+                        (
+                            coercions.expect(
+                                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                                v,
+                                type_=sqltypes.NullType(),
+                                is_crud=True,
+                            )
+                            if needs_to_be_cacheable
+                            else v
+                        ),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    yield from core_get_crud_kv_pairs(
+                        statement,
+                        desc._bulk_update_tuples(v),
+                        needs_to_be_cacheable,
+                    )
+            elif "entity_namespace" in k._annotations:
+                k_anno = k._annotations
+                attr = _entity_namespace_key(
+                    k_anno["entity_namespace"], k_anno["proxy_key"]
+                )
+                yield from core_get_crud_kv_pairs(
+                    statement,
+                    attr._bulk_update_tuples(v),
+                    needs_to_be_cacheable,
+                )
+            else:
+                yield (
+                    k,
+                    (
+                        v
+                        if not needs_to_be_cacheable
+                        else coercions.expect(
+                            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                            v,
+                            type_=sqltypes.NullType(),
+                            is_crud=True,
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_multi_crud_kv_pairs(cls, statement, kv_iterator):
+        plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+
+        if not plugin_subject or not plugin_subject.mapper:
+            return UpdateDMLState._get_multi_crud_kv_pairs(
+                statement, kv_iterator
+            )
+
+        return [
+            dict(
+                cls._get_orm_crud_kv_pairs(
+                    plugin_subject.mapper, statement, value_dict.items(), False
+                )
+            )
+            for value_dict in kv_iterator
+        ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_crud_kv_pairs(cls, statement, kv_iterator, needs_to_be_cacheable):
+        assert (
+            needs_to_be_cacheable
+        ), "no test coverage for needs_to_be_cacheable=False"
+
+        plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+
+        if not plugin_subject or not plugin_subject.mapper:
+            return UpdateDMLState._get_crud_kv_pairs(
+                statement, kv_iterator, needs_to_be_cacheable
+            )
+
+        return list(
+            cls._get_orm_crud_kv_pairs(
+                plugin_subject.mapper,
+                statement,
+                kv_iterator,
+                needs_to_be_cacheable,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_entity_description(cls, statement):
+        ext_info = statement.table._annotations["parententity"]
+        mapper = ext_info.mapper
+        if ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+            _label_name = ext_info.name
+        else:
+            _label_name = mapper.class_.__name__
+
+        return {
+            "name": _label_name,
+            "type": mapper.class_,
+            "expr": ext_info.entity,
+            "entity": ext_info.entity,
+            "table": mapper.local_table,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_returning_column_descriptions(cls, statement):
+        def _ent_for_col(c):
+            return c._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+
+        def _attr_for_col(c, ent):
+            if ent is None:
+                return c
+            proxy_key = c._annotations.get("proxy_key", None)
+            if not proxy_key:
+                return c
+            else:
+                return getattr(ent.entity, proxy_key, c)
+
+        return [
+            {
+                "name": c.key,
+                "type": c.type,
+                "expr": _attr_for_col(c, ent),
+                "aliased": ent.is_aliased_class,
+                "entity": ent.entity,
+            }
+            for c, ent in [
+                (c, _ent_for_col(c)) for c in statement._all_selected_columns
+            ]
+        ]
+
+    def _setup_orm_returning(
+        self,
+        compiler,
+        orm_level_statement,
+        dml_level_statement,
+        dml_mapper,
+        *,
+        use_supplemental_cols=True,
+    ):
+        """establish ORM column handlers for an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+        which uses explicit returning().
+
+        called within compilation level create_for_statement.
+
+        The _return_orm_returning() method then receives the Result
+        after the statement was executed, and applies ORM loading to the
+        state that we first established here.
+
+        """
+
+        if orm_level_statement._returning:
+            fs = FromStatement(
+                orm_level_statement._returning,
+                dml_level_statement,
+                _adapt_on_names=False,
+            )
+            fs = fs.execution_options(**orm_level_statement._execution_options)
+            fs = fs.options(*orm_level_statement._with_options)
+            self.select_statement = fs
+            self.from_statement_ctx = fsc = (
+                ORMFromStatementCompileState.create_for_statement(fs, compiler)
+            )
+            fsc.setup_dml_returning_compile_state(dml_mapper)
+
+            dml_level_statement = dml_level_statement._generate()
+            dml_level_statement._returning = ()
+
+            cols_to_return = [c for c in fsc.primary_columns if c is not None]
+
+            # since we are splicing result sets together, make sure there
+            # are columns of some kind returned in each result set
+            if not cols_to_return:
+                cols_to_return.extend(dml_mapper.primary_key)
+
+            if use_supplemental_cols:
+                dml_level_statement = dml_level_statement.return_defaults(
+                    # this is a little weird looking, but by passing
+                    # primary key as the main list of cols, this tells
+                    # return_defaults to omit server-default cols (and
+                    # actually all cols, due to some weird thing we should
+                    # clean up in crud.py).
+                    # Since we have cols_to_return, just return what we asked
+                    # for (plus primary key, which ORM persistence needs since
+                    # we likely set bookkeeping=True here, which is another
+                    # whole thing...).   We dont want to clutter the
+                    # statement up with lots of other cols the user didn't
+                    # ask for.  see #9685
+                    *dml_mapper.primary_key,
+                    supplemental_cols=cols_to_return,
+                )
+            else:
+                dml_level_statement = dml_level_statement.returning(
+                    *cols_to_return
+                )
+
+        return dml_level_statement
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _return_orm_returning(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        execution_context = result.context
+        compile_state = execution_context.compiled.compile_state
+
+        if (
+            compile_state.from_statement_ctx
+            and not compile_state.from_statement_ctx.compile_options._is_star
+        ):
+            load_options = execution_options.get(
+                "_sa_orm_load_options", QueryContext.default_load_options
+            )
+
+            querycontext = QueryContext(
+                compile_state.from_statement_ctx,
+                compile_state.select_statement,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                session,
+                load_options,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+            )
+            return loading.instances(result, querycontext)
+        else:
+            return result
+
+
+class BulkUDCompileState(ORMDMLState):
+    class default_update_options(Options):
+        _dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument = "auto"
+        _synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = "auto"
+        _can_use_returning: bool = False
+        _is_delete_using: bool = False
+        _is_update_from: bool = False
+        _autoflush: bool = True
+        _subject_mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = None
+        _resolved_values = EMPTY_DICT
+        _eval_condition = None
+        _matched_rows = None
+        _identity_token = None
+        _populate_existing: bool = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def can_use_returning(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        *,
+        is_multitable: bool = False,
+        is_update_from: bool = False,
+        is_delete_using: bool = False,
+        is_executemany: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        (
+            update_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options",
+            {
+                "synchronize_session",
+                "autoflush",
+                "populate_existing",
+                "identity_token",
+                "is_delete_using",
+                "is_update_from",
+                "dml_strategy",
+            },
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+        bind_arguments["clause"] = statement
+        try:
+            plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        except KeyError:
+            assert False, "statement had 'orm' plugin but no plugin_subject"
+        else:
+            if plugin_subject:
+                bind_arguments["mapper"] = plugin_subject.mapper
+                update_options += {"_subject_mapper": plugin_subject.mapper}
+
+        if "parententity" not in statement.table._annotations:
+            update_options += {"_dml_strategy": "core_only"}
+        elif not isinstance(params, list):
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                update_options += {"_dml_strategy": "orm"}
+            elif update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    'Can\'t use "bulk" ORM insert strategy without '
+                    "passing separate parameters"
+                )
+        else:
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                update_options += {"_dml_strategy": "bulk"}
+
+        sync = update_options._synchronize_session
+        if sync is not None:
+            if sync not in ("auto", "evaluate", "fetch", False):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Valid strategies for session synchronization "
+                    "are 'auto', 'evaluate', 'fetch', False"
+                )
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk" and sync == "fetch":
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "The 'fetch' synchronization strategy is not available "
+                    "for 'bulk' ORM updates (i.e. multiple parameter sets)"
+                )
+
+        if not is_pre_event:
+            if update_options._autoflush:
+                session._autoflush()
+
+            if update_options._dml_strategy == "orm":
+                if update_options._synchronize_session == "auto":
+                    update_options = cls._do_pre_synchronize_auto(
+                        session,
+                        statement,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                        bind_arguments,
+                        update_options,
+                    )
+                elif update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate":
+                    update_options = cls._do_pre_synchronize_evaluate(
+                        session,
+                        statement,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                        bind_arguments,
+                        update_options,
+                    )
+                elif update_options._synchronize_session == "fetch":
+                    update_options = cls._do_pre_synchronize_fetch(
+                        session,
+                        statement,
+                        params,
+                        execution_options,
+                        bind_arguments,
+                        update_options,
+                    )
+            elif update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+                if update_options._synchronize_session == "auto":
+                    update_options += {"_synchronize_session": "evaluate"}
+
+            # indicators from the "pre exec" step that are then
+            # added to the DML statement, which will also be part of the cache
+            # key.  The compile level create_for_statement() method will then
+            # consume these at compiler time.
+            statement = statement._annotate(
+                {
+                    "synchronize_session": update_options._synchronize_session,
+                    "is_delete_using": update_options._is_delete_using,
+                    "is_update_from": update_options._is_update_from,
+                    "dml_strategy": update_options._dml_strategy,
+                    "can_use_returning": update_options._can_use_returning,
+                }
+            )
+
+        return (
+            statement,
+            util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                {"_sa_orm_update_options": update_options}
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        # this stage of the execution is called after the
+        # do_orm_execute event hook.  meaning for an extension like
+        # horizontal sharding, this step happens *within* the horizontal
+        # sharding event handler which calls session.execute() re-entrantly
+        # and will occur for each backend individually.
+        # the sharding extension then returns its own merged result from the
+        # individual ones we return here.
+
+        update_options = execution_options["_sa_orm_update_options"]
+        if update_options._dml_strategy == "orm":
+            if update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate":
+                cls._do_post_synchronize_evaluate(
+                    session, statement, result, update_options
+                )
+            elif update_options._synchronize_session == "fetch":
+                cls._do_post_synchronize_fetch(
+                    session, statement, result, update_options
+                )
+        elif update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            if update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate":
+                cls._do_post_synchronize_bulk_evaluate(
+                    session, params, result, update_options
+                )
+            return result
+
+        return cls._return_orm_returning(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            result,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _adjust_for_extra_criteria(cls, global_attributes, ext_info):
+        """Apply extra criteria filtering.
+
+        For all distinct single-table-inheritance mappers represented in the
+        table being updated or deleted, produce additional WHERE criteria such
+        that only the appropriate subtypes are selected from the total results.
+
+        Additionally, add WHERE criteria originating from LoaderCriteriaOptions
+        collected from the statement.
+
+        """
+
+        return_crit = ()
+
+        adapter = ext_info._adapter if ext_info.is_aliased_class else None
+
+        if (
+            "additional_entity_criteria",
+            ext_info.mapper,
+        ) in global_attributes:
+            return_crit += tuple(
+                ae._resolve_where_criteria(ext_info)
+                for ae in global_attributes[
+                    ("additional_entity_criteria", ext_info.mapper)
+                ]
+                if ae.include_aliases or ae.entity is ext_info
+            )
+
+        if ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion is not None:
+            return_crit += (ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion,)
+
+        if adapter:
+            return_crit = tuple(adapter.traverse(crit) for crit in return_crit)
+
+        return return_crit
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _interpret_returning_rows(cls, result, mapper, rows):
+        """return rows that indicate PK cols in mapper.primary_key position
+        for RETURNING rows.
+
+        Prior to 2.0.36, this method seemed to be written for some kind of
+        inheritance scenario but the scenario was unused for actual joined
+        inheritance, and the function instead seemed to perform some kind of
+        partial translation that would remove non-PK cols if the PK cols
+        happened to be first in the row, but not otherwise.  The joined
+        inheritance walk feature here seems to have never been used as it was
+        always skipped by the "local_table" check.
+
+        As of 2.0.36 the function strips away non-PK cols and provides the
+        PK cols for the table in mapper PK order.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            if mapper.local_table is not mapper.base_mapper.local_table:
+                # TODO: dive more into how a local table PK is used for fetch
+                # sync, not clear if this is correct as it depends on the
+                # downstream routine to fetch rows using
+                # local_table.primary_key order
+                pk_keys = result._tuple_getter(mapper.local_table.primary_key)
+            else:
+                pk_keys = result._tuple_getter(mapper.primary_key)
+        except KeyError:
+            # can't use these rows, they don't have PK cols in them
+            # this is an unusual case where the user would have used
+            # .return_defaults()
+            return []
+
+        return [pk_keys(row) for row in rows]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_matched_objects_on_criteria(cls, update_options, states):
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        eval_condition = update_options._eval_condition
+
+        raw_data = [
+            (state.obj(), state, state.dict)
+            for state in states
+            if state.mapper.isa(mapper) and not state.expired
+        ]
+
+        identity_token = update_options._identity_token
+        if identity_token is not None:
+            raw_data = [
+                (obj, state, dict_)
+                for obj, state, dict_ in raw_data
+                if state.identity_token == identity_token
+            ]
+
+        result = []
+        for obj, state, dict_ in raw_data:
+            evaled_condition = eval_condition(obj)
+
+            # caution: don't use "in ()" or == here, _EXPIRE_OBJECT
+            # evaluates as True for all comparisons
+            if (
+                evaled_condition is True
+                or evaled_condition is evaluator._EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            ):
+                result.append(
+                    (
+                        obj,
+                        state,
+                        dict_,
+                        evaled_condition is evaluator._EXPIRED_OBJECT,
+                    )
+                )
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _eval_condition_from_statement(cls, update_options, statement):
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        target_cls = mapper.class_
+
+        evaluator_compiler = evaluator._EvaluatorCompiler(target_cls)
+        crit = ()
+        if statement._where_criteria:
+            crit += statement._where_criteria
+
+        global_attributes = {}
+        for opt in statement._with_options:
+            if opt._is_criteria_option:
+                opt.get_global_criteria(global_attributes)
+
+        if global_attributes:
+            crit += cls._adjust_for_extra_criteria(global_attributes, mapper)
+
+        if crit:
+            eval_condition = evaluator_compiler.process(*crit)
+        else:
+            # workaround for mypy https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14027
+            def _eval_condition(obj):
+                return True
+
+            eval_condition = _eval_condition
+
+        return eval_condition
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_pre_synchronize_auto(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        update_options,
+    ):
+        """setup auto sync strategy
+
+
+        "auto" checks if we can use "evaluate" first, then falls back
+        to "fetch"
+
+        evaluate is vastly more efficient for the common case
+        where session is empty, only has a few objects, and the UPDATE
+        statement can potentially match thousands/millions of rows.
+
+        OTOH more complex criteria that fails to work with "evaluate"
+        we would hope usually correlates with fewer net rows.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            eval_condition = cls._eval_condition_from_statement(
+                update_options, statement
+            )
+
+        except evaluator.UnevaluatableError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return update_options + {
+                "_eval_condition": eval_condition,
+                "_synchronize_session": "evaluate",
+            }
+
+        update_options += {"_synchronize_session": "fetch"}
+        return cls._do_pre_synchronize_fetch(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            update_options,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_pre_synchronize_evaluate(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        update_options,
+    ):
+        try:
+            eval_condition = cls._eval_condition_from_statement(
+                update_options, statement
+            )
+
+        except evaluator.UnevaluatableError as err:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                'Could not evaluate current criteria in Python: "%s". '
+                "Specify 'fetch' or False for the "
+                "synchronize_session execution option." % err
+            ) from err
+
+        return update_options + {
+            "_eval_condition": eval_condition,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_resolved_values(cls, mapper, statement):
+        if statement._multi_values:
+            return []
+        elif statement._ordered_values:
+            return list(statement._ordered_values)
+        elif statement._values:
+            return list(statement._values.items())
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _resolved_keys_as_propnames(cls, mapper, resolved_values):
+        values = []
+        for k, v in resolved_values:
+            if mapper and isinstance(k, expression.ColumnElement):
+                try:
+                    attr = mapper._columntoproperty[k]
+                except orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    values.append((attr.key, v))
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Attribute name not found, can't be "
+                    "synchronized back to objects: %r" % k
+                )
+        return values
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_pre_synchronize_fetch(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        update_options,
+    ):
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+
+        select_stmt = (
+            select(*(mapper.primary_key + (mapper.select_identity_token,)))
+            .select_from(mapper)
+            .options(*statement._with_options)
+        )
+        select_stmt._where_criteria = statement._where_criteria
+
+        # conditionally run the SELECT statement for pre-fetch, testing the
+        # "bind" for if we can use RETURNING or not using the do_orm_execute
+        # event.  If RETURNING is available, the do_orm_execute event
+        # will cancel the SELECT from being actually run.
+        #
+        # The way this is organized seems strange, why don't we just
+        # call can_use_returning() before invoking the statement and get
+        # answer?, why does this go through the whole execute phase using an
+        # event?  Answer: because we are integrating with extensions such
+        # as the horizontal sharding extention that "multiplexes" an individual
+        # statement run through multiple engines, and it uses
+        # do_orm_execute() to do that.
+
+        can_use_returning = None
+
+        def skip_for_returning(orm_context: ORMExecuteState) -> Any:
+            bind = orm_context.session.get_bind(**orm_context.bind_arguments)
+            nonlocal can_use_returning
+
+            per_bind_result = cls.can_use_returning(
+                bind.dialect,
+                mapper,
+                is_update_from=update_options._is_update_from,
+                is_delete_using=update_options._is_delete_using,
+                is_executemany=orm_context.is_executemany,
+            )
+
+            if can_use_returning is not None:
+                if can_use_returning != per_bind_result:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "For synchronize_session='fetch', can't mix multiple "
+                        "backends where some support RETURNING and others "
+                        "don't"
+                    )
+            elif orm_context.is_executemany and not per_bind_result:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "For synchronize_session='fetch', can't use multiple "
+                    "parameter sets in ORM mode, which this backend does not "
+                    "support with RETURNING"
+                )
+            else:
+                can_use_returning = per_bind_result
+
+            if per_bind_result:
+                return _result.null_result()
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        result = session.execute(
+            select_stmt,
+            params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _add_event=skip_for_returning,
+        )
+        matched_rows = result.fetchall()
+
+        return update_options + {
+            "_matched_rows": matched_rows,
+            "_can_use_returning": can_use_returning,
+        }
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "insert")
+class BulkORMInsert(ORMDMLState, InsertDMLState):
+    class default_insert_options(Options):
+        _dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument = "auto"
+        _render_nulls: bool = False
+        _return_defaults: bool = False
+        _subject_mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = None
+        _autoflush: bool = True
+        _populate_existing: bool = False
+
+    select_statement: Optional[FromStatement] = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        (
+            insert_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = BulkORMInsert.default_insert_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_insert_options",
+            {"dml_strategy", "autoflush", "populate_existing", "render_nulls"},
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+        bind_arguments["clause"] = statement
+        try:
+            plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        except KeyError:
+            assert False, "statement had 'orm' plugin but no plugin_subject"
+        else:
+            if plugin_subject:
+                bind_arguments["mapper"] = plugin_subject.mapper
+                insert_options += {"_subject_mapper": plugin_subject.mapper}
+
+        if not params:
+            if insert_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                insert_options += {"_dml_strategy": "orm"}
+            elif insert_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    'Can\'t use "bulk" ORM insert strategy without '
+                    "passing separate parameters"
+                )
+        else:
+            if insert_options._dml_strategy == "auto":
+                insert_options += {"_dml_strategy": "bulk"}
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy != "raw":
+            # for ORM object loading, like ORMContext, we have to disable
+            # result set adapt_to_context, because we will be generating a
+            # new statement with specific columns that's cached inside of
+            # an ORMFromStatementCompileState, which we will re-use for
+            # each result.
+            if not execution_options:
+                execution_options = context._orm_load_exec_options
+            else:
+                execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                    context._orm_load_exec_options
+                )
+
+        if not is_pre_event and insert_options._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+        statement = statement._annotate(
+            {"dml_strategy": insert_options._dml_strategy}
+        )
+
+        return (
+            statement,
+            util.immutabledict(execution_options).union(
+                {"_sa_orm_insert_options": insert_options}
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: dml.Insert,
+        params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        conn: Connection,
+    ) -> _result.Result:
+        insert_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_insert_options", cls.default_insert_options
+        )
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy not in (
+            "raw",
+            "bulk",
+            "orm",
+            "auto",
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for ORM insert strategy "
+                "are 'raw', 'orm', 'bulk', 'auto"
+            )
+
+        result: _result.Result[Any]
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy == "raw":
+            result = conn.execute(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+            return result
+
+        if insert_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            mapper = insert_options._subject_mapper
+
+            if (
+                statement._post_values_clause is not None
+                and mapper._multiple_persistence_tables
+            ):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "bulk INSERT with a 'post values' clause "
+                    "(typically upsert) not supported for multi-table "
+                    f"mapper {mapper}"
+                )
+
+            assert mapper is not None
+            assert session._transaction is not None
+            result = _bulk_insert(
+                mapper,
+                cast(
+                    "Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]",
+                    [params] if isinstance(params, dict) else params,
+                ),
+                session._transaction,
+                isstates=False,
+                return_defaults=insert_options._return_defaults,
+                render_nulls=insert_options._render_nulls,
+                use_orm_insert_stmt=statement,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+            )
+        elif insert_options._dml_strategy == "orm":
+            result = conn.execute(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError()
+
+        if not bool(statement._returning):
+            return result
+
+        if insert_options._populate_existing:
+            load_options = execution_options.get(
+                "_sa_orm_load_options", QueryContext.default_load_options
+            )
+            load_options += {"_populate_existing": True}
+            execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                {"_sa_orm_load_options": load_options}
+            )
+
+        return cls._return_orm_returning(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            result,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(cls, statement, compiler, **kw) -> BulkORMInsert:
+        self = cast(
+            BulkORMInsert,
+            super().create_for_statement(statement, compiler, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if compiler is not None:
+            toplevel = not compiler.stack
+        else:
+            toplevel = True
+        if not toplevel:
+            return self
+
+        mapper = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        dml_strategy = statement._annotations.get("dml_strategy", "raw")
+        if dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            self._setup_for_bulk_insert(compiler)
+        elif dml_strategy == "orm":
+            self._setup_for_orm_insert(compiler, mapper)
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _resolved_keys_as_col_keys(cls, mapper, resolved_value_dict):
+        return {
+            col.key if col is not None else k: v
+            for col, k, v in (
+                (mapper.c.get(k), k, v) for k, v in resolved_value_dict.items()
+            )
+        }
+
+    def _setup_for_orm_insert(self, compiler, mapper):
+        statement = orm_level_statement = cast(dml.Insert, self.statement)
+
+        statement = self._setup_orm_returning(
+            compiler,
+            orm_level_statement,
+            statement,
+            dml_mapper=mapper,
+            use_supplemental_cols=False,
+        )
+        self.statement = statement
+
+    def _setup_for_bulk_insert(self, compiler):
+        """establish an INSERT statement within the context of
+        bulk insert.
+
+        This method will be within the "conn.execute()" call that is invoked
+        by persistence._emit_insert_statement().
+
+        """
+        statement = orm_level_statement = cast(dml.Insert, self.statement)
+        an = statement._annotations
+
+        emit_insert_table, emit_insert_mapper = (
+            an["_emit_insert_table"],
+            an["_emit_insert_mapper"],
+        )
+
+        statement = statement._clone()
+
+        statement.table = emit_insert_table
+        if self._dict_parameters:
+            self._dict_parameters = {
+                col: val
+                for col, val in self._dict_parameters.items()
+                if col.table is emit_insert_table
+            }
+
+        statement = self._setup_orm_returning(
+            compiler,
+            orm_level_statement,
+            statement,
+            dml_mapper=emit_insert_mapper,
+            use_supplemental_cols=True,
+        )
+
+        if (
+            self.from_statement_ctx is not None
+            and self.from_statement_ctx.compile_options._is_star
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't use RETURNING * with bulk ORM INSERT.  "
+                "Please use a different INSERT form, such as INSERT..VALUES "
+                "or INSERT with a Core Connection"
+            )
+
+        self.statement = statement
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "update")
+class BulkORMUpdate(BulkUDCompileState, UpdateDMLState):
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(cls, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        dml_strategy = statement._annotations.get(
+            "dml_strategy", "unspecified"
+        )
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        if toplevel and dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            self._setup_for_bulk_update(statement, compiler)
+        elif (
+            dml_strategy == "core_only"
+            or dml_strategy == "unspecified"
+            and "parententity" not in statement.table._annotations
+        ):
+            UpdateDMLState.__init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw)
+        elif not toplevel or dml_strategy in ("orm", "unspecified"):
+            self._setup_for_orm_update(statement, compiler)
+
+        return self
+
+    def _setup_for_orm_update(self, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        orm_level_statement = statement
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        ext_info = statement.table._annotations["parententity"]
+
+        self.mapper = mapper = ext_info.mapper
+
+        self._resolved_values = self._get_resolved_values(mapper, statement)
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            statement,
+            compiler,
+            toplevel=toplevel,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=toplevel,
+        )
+
+        if statement._values:
+            self._resolved_values = dict(self._resolved_values)
+
+        new_stmt = statement._clone()
+
+        if new_stmt.table._annotations["parententity"] is mapper:
+            new_stmt.table = mapper.local_table
+
+        # note if the statement has _multi_values, these
+        # are passed through to the new statement, which will then raise
+        # InvalidRequestError because UPDATE doesn't support multi_values
+        # right now.
+        if statement._ordered_values:
+            new_stmt._ordered_values = self._resolved_values
+        elif statement._values:
+            new_stmt._values = self._resolved_values
+
+        new_crit = self._adjust_for_extra_criteria(
+            self.global_attributes, mapper
+        )
+        if new_crit:
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.where(*new_crit)
+
+        # if we are against a lambda statement we might not be the
+        # topmost object that received per-execute annotations
+
+        # do this first as we need to determine if there is
+        # UPDATE..FROM
+
+        UpdateDMLState.__init__(self, new_stmt, compiler, **kw)
+
+        use_supplemental_cols = False
+
+        if not toplevel:
+            synchronize_session = None
+        else:
+            synchronize_session = compiler._annotations.get(
+                "synchronize_session", None
+            )
+        can_use_returning = compiler._annotations.get(
+            "can_use_returning", None
+        )
+        if can_use_returning is not False:
+            # even though pre_exec has determined basic
+            # can_use_returning for the dialect, if we are to use
+            # RETURNING we need to run can_use_returning() at this level
+            # unconditionally because is_delete_using was not known
+            # at the pre_exec level
+            can_use_returning = (
+                synchronize_session == "fetch"
+                and self.can_use_returning(
+                    compiler.dialect, mapper, is_multitable=self.is_multitable
+                )
+            )
+
+        if synchronize_session == "fetch" and can_use_returning:
+            use_supplemental_cols = True
+
+            # NOTE: we might want to RETURNING the actual columns to be
+            # synchronized also.  however this is complicated and difficult
+            # to align against the behavior of "evaluate".  Additionally,
+            # in a large number (if not the majority) of cases, we have the
+            # "evaluate" answer, usually a fixed value, in memory already and
+            # there's no need to re-fetch the same value
+            # over and over again.   so perhaps if it could be RETURNING just
+            # the elements that were based on a SQL expression and not
+            # a constant.   For now it doesn't quite seem worth it
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.return_defaults(*new_stmt.table.primary_key)
+
+        if toplevel:
+            new_stmt = self._setup_orm_returning(
+                compiler,
+                orm_level_statement,
+                new_stmt,
+                dml_mapper=mapper,
+                use_supplemental_cols=use_supplemental_cols,
+            )
+
+        self.statement = new_stmt
+
+    def _setup_for_bulk_update(self, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        """establish an UPDATE statement within the context of
+        bulk insert.
+
+        This method will be within the "conn.execute()" call that is invoked
+        by persistence._emit_update_statement().
+
+        """
+        statement = cast(dml.Update, statement)
+        an = statement._annotations
+
+        emit_update_table, _ = (
+            an["_emit_update_table"],
+            an["_emit_update_mapper"],
+        )
+
+        statement = statement._clone()
+        statement.table = emit_update_table
+
+        UpdateDMLState.__init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw)
+
+        if self._ordered_values:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "bulk ORM UPDATE does not support ordered_values() for "
+                "custom UPDATE statements with bulk parameter sets.  Use a "
+                "non-bulk UPDATE statement or use values()."
+            )
+
+        if self._dict_parameters:
+            self._dict_parameters = {
+                col: val
+                for col, val in self._dict_parameters.items()
+                if col.table is emit_update_table
+            }
+        self.statement = statement
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: dml.Update,
+        params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        conn: Connection,
+    ) -> _result.Result:
+
+        update_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options", cls.default_update_options
+        )
+
+        if update_options._populate_existing:
+            load_options = execution_options.get(
+                "_sa_orm_load_options", QueryContext.default_load_options
+            )
+            load_options += {"_populate_existing": True}
+            execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                {"_sa_orm_load_options": load_options}
+            )
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy not in (
+            "orm",
+            "auto",
+            "bulk",
+            "core_only",
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for ORM UPDATE strategy "
+                "are 'orm', 'auto', 'bulk', 'core_only'"
+            )
+
+        result: _result.Result[Any]
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            enable_check_rowcount = not statement._where_criteria
+
+            assert update_options._synchronize_session != "fetch"
+
+            if (
+                statement._where_criteria
+                and update_options._synchronize_session == "evaluate"
+            ):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "bulk synchronize of persistent objects not supported "
+                    "when using bulk update with additional WHERE "
+                    "criteria right now.  add synchronize_session=None "
+                    "execution option to bypass synchronize of persistent "
+                    "objects."
+                )
+            mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+            assert mapper is not None
+            assert session._transaction is not None
+            result = _bulk_update(
+                mapper,
+                cast(
+                    "Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]",
+                    [params] if isinstance(params, dict) else params,
+                ),
+                session._transaction,
+                isstates=False,
+                update_changed_only=False,
+                use_orm_update_stmt=statement,
+                enable_check_rowcount=enable_check_rowcount,
+            )
+            return cls.orm_setup_cursor_result(
+                session,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                result,
+            )
+        else:
+            return super().orm_execute_statement(
+                session,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                conn,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def can_use_returning(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        *,
+        is_multitable: bool = False,
+        is_update_from: bool = False,
+        is_delete_using: bool = False,
+        is_executemany: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        # normal answer for "should we use RETURNING" at all.
+        normal_answer = (
+            dialect.update_returning and mapper.local_table.implicit_returning
+        )
+        if not normal_answer:
+            return False
+
+        if is_executemany:
+            return dialect.update_executemany_returning
+
+        # these workarounds are currently hypothetical for UPDATE,
+        # unlike DELETE where they impact MariaDB
+        if is_update_from:
+            return dialect.update_returning_multifrom
+
+        elif is_multitable and not dialect.update_returning_multifrom:
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                f'Dialect "{dialect.name}" does not support RETURNING '
+                "with UPDATE..FROM; for synchronize_session='fetch', "
+                "please add the additional execution option "
+                "'is_update_from=True' to the statement to indicate that "
+                "a separate SELECT should be used for this backend."
+            )
+
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_bulk_evaluate(
+        cls, session, params, result, update_options
+    ):
+        if not params:
+            return
+
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        pk_keys = [prop.key for prop in mapper._identity_key_props]
+
+        identity_map = session.identity_map
+
+        for param in params:
+            identity_key = mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                (param[key] for key in pk_keys),
+                update_options._identity_token,
+            )
+            state = identity_map.fast_get_state(identity_key)
+            if not state:
+                continue
+
+            evaluated_keys = set(param).difference(pk_keys)
+
+            dict_ = state.dict
+            # only evaluate unmodified attributes
+            to_evaluate = state.unmodified.intersection(evaluated_keys)
+            for key in to_evaluate:
+                if key in dict_:
+                    dict_[key] = param[key]
+
+            state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, None, to_evaluate)
+
+            state._commit(dict_, list(to_evaluate))
+
+            # attributes that were formerly modified instead get expired.
+            # this only gets hit if the session had pending changes
+            # and autoflush were set to False.
+            to_expire = evaluated_keys.intersection(dict_).difference(
+                to_evaluate
+            )
+            if to_expire:
+                state._expire_attributes(dict_, to_expire)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_evaluate(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        matched_objects = cls._get_matched_objects_on_criteria(
+            update_options,
+            session.identity_map.all_states(),
+        )
+
+        cls._apply_update_set_values_to_objects(
+            session,
+            update_options,
+            statement,
+            result.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+            [(obj, state, dict_) for obj, state, dict_, _ in matched_objects],
+            result.prefetch_cols(),
+            result.postfetch_cols(),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_fetch(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        target_mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+
+        returned_defaults_rows = result.returned_defaults_rows
+        if returned_defaults_rows:
+            pk_rows = cls._interpret_returning_rows(
+                result, target_mapper, returned_defaults_rows
+            )
+            matched_rows = [
+                tuple(row) + (update_options._identity_token,)
+                for row in pk_rows
+            ]
+        else:
+            matched_rows = update_options._matched_rows
+
+        objs = [
+            session.identity_map[identity_key]
+            for identity_key in [
+                target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                    list(primary_key),
+                    identity_token=identity_token,
+                )
+                for primary_key, identity_token in [
+                    (row[0:-1], row[-1]) for row in matched_rows
+                ]
+                if update_options._identity_token is None
+                or identity_token == update_options._identity_token
+            ]
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map
+        ]
+
+        if not objs:
+            return
+
+        cls._apply_update_set_values_to_objects(
+            session,
+            update_options,
+            statement,
+            result.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+            [
+                (
+                    obj,
+                    attributes.instance_state(obj),
+                    attributes.instance_dict(obj),
+                )
+                for obj in objs
+            ],
+            result.prefetch_cols(),
+            result.postfetch_cols(),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _apply_update_set_values_to_objects(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        update_options,
+        statement,
+        effective_params,
+        matched_objects,
+        prefetch_cols,
+        postfetch_cols,
+    ):
+        """apply values to objects derived from an update statement, e.g.
+        UPDATE..SET <values>
+
+        """
+
+        mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+        target_cls = mapper.class_
+        evaluator_compiler = evaluator._EvaluatorCompiler(target_cls)
+        resolved_values = cls._get_resolved_values(mapper, statement)
+        resolved_keys_as_propnames = cls._resolved_keys_as_propnames(
+            mapper, resolved_values
+        )
+        value_evaluators = {}
+        for key, value in resolved_keys_as_propnames:
+            try:
+                _evaluator = evaluator_compiler.process(
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, value)
+                )
+            except evaluator.UnevaluatableError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                value_evaluators[key] = _evaluator
+
+        evaluated_keys = list(value_evaluators.keys())
+        attrib = {k for k, v in resolved_keys_as_propnames}
+
+        states = set()
+
+        to_prefetch = {
+            c
+            for c in prefetch_cols
+            if c.key in effective_params
+            and c in mapper._columntoproperty
+            and c.key not in evaluated_keys
+        }
+        to_expire = {
+            mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+            for c in postfetch_cols
+            if c in mapper._columntoproperty
+        }.difference(evaluated_keys)
+
+        prefetch_transfer = [
+            (mapper._columntoproperty[c].key, c.key) for c in to_prefetch
+        ]
+
+        for obj, state, dict_ in matched_objects:
+
+            dict_.update(
+                {
+                    col_to_prop: effective_params[c_key]
+                    for col_to_prop, c_key in prefetch_transfer
+                }
+            )
+
+            state._expire_attributes(state.dict, to_expire)
+
+            to_evaluate = state.unmodified.intersection(evaluated_keys)
+
+            for key in to_evaluate:
+                if key in dict_:
+                    # only run eval for attributes that are present.
+                    dict_[key] = value_evaluators[key](obj)
+
+            state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, None, to_evaluate)
+
+            state._commit(dict_, list(to_evaluate))
+
+            # attributes that were formerly modified instead get expired.
+            # this only gets hit if the session had pending changes
+            # and autoflush were set to False.
+            to_expire = attrib.intersection(dict_).difference(to_evaluate)
+            if to_expire:
+                state._expire_attributes(dict_, to_expire)
+
+            states.add(state)
+        session._register_altered(states)
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "delete")
+class BulkORMDelete(BulkUDCompileState, DeleteDMLState):
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(cls, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        dml_strategy = statement._annotations.get(
+            "dml_strategy", "unspecified"
+        )
+
+        if (
+            dml_strategy == "core_only"
+            or dml_strategy == "unspecified"
+            and "parententity" not in statement.table._annotations
+        ):
+            DeleteDMLState.__init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw)
+            return self
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        orm_level_statement = statement
+
+        ext_info = statement.table._annotations["parententity"]
+        self.mapper = mapper = ext_info.mapper
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            statement,
+            compiler,
+            toplevel=toplevel,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=toplevel,
+        )
+
+        new_stmt = statement._clone()
+
+        if new_stmt.table._annotations["parententity"] is mapper:
+            new_stmt.table = mapper.local_table
+
+        new_crit = cls._adjust_for_extra_criteria(
+            self.global_attributes, mapper
+        )
+        if new_crit:
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.where(*new_crit)
+
+        # do this first as we need to determine if there is
+        # DELETE..FROM
+        DeleteDMLState.__init__(self, new_stmt, compiler, **kw)
+
+        use_supplemental_cols = False
+
+        if not toplevel:
+            synchronize_session = None
+        else:
+            synchronize_session = compiler._annotations.get(
+                "synchronize_session", None
+            )
+        can_use_returning = compiler._annotations.get(
+            "can_use_returning", None
+        )
+        if can_use_returning is not False:
+            # even though pre_exec has determined basic
+            # can_use_returning for the dialect, if we are to use
+            # RETURNING we need to run can_use_returning() at this level
+            # unconditionally because is_delete_using was not known
+            # at the pre_exec level
+            can_use_returning = (
+                synchronize_session == "fetch"
+                and self.can_use_returning(
+                    compiler.dialect,
+                    mapper,
+                    is_multitable=self.is_multitable,
+                    is_delete_using=compiler._annotations.get(
+                        "is_delete_using", False
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if can_use_returning:
+            use_supplemental_cols = True
+
+            new_stmt = new_stmt.return_defaults(*new_stmt.table.primary_key)
+
+        if toplevel:
+            new_stmt = self._setup_orm_returning(
+                compiler,
+                orm_level_statement,
+                new_stmt,
+                dml_mapper=mapper,
+                use_supplemental_cols=use_supplemental_cols,
+            )
+
+        self.statement = new_stmt
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: dml.Delete,
+        params: _CoreAnyExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        conn: Connection,
+    ) -> _result.Result:
+        update_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options", cls.default_update_options
+        )
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy == "bulk":
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Bulk ORM DELETE not supported right now. "
+                "Statement may be invoked at the "
+                "Core level using "
+                "session.connection().execute(stmt, parameters)"
+            )
+
+        if update_options._dml_strategy not in ("orm", "auto", "core_only"):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Valid strategies for ORM DELETE strategy are 'orm', 'auto', "
+                "'core_only'"
+            )
+
+        return super().orm_execute_statement(
+            session, statement, params, execution_options, bind_arguments, conn
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def can_use_returning(
+        cls,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        *,
+        is_multitable: bool = False,
+        is_update_from: bool = False,
+        is_delete_using: bool = False,
+        is_executemany: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
+        # normal answer for "should we use RETURNING" at all.
+        normal_answer = (
+            dialect.delete_returning and mapper.local_table.implicit_returning
+        )
+        if not normal_answer:
+            return False
+
+        # now get into special workarounds because MariaDB supports
+        # DELETE...RETURNING but not DELETE...USING...RETURNING.
+        if is_delete_using:
+            # is_delete_using hint was passed.   use
+            # additional dialect feature (True for PG, False for MariaDB)
+            return dialect.delete_returning_multifrom
+
+        elif is_multitable and not dialect.delete_returning_multifrom:
+            # is_delete_using hint was not passed, but we determined
+            # at compile time that this is in fact a DELETE..USING.
+            # it's too late to continue since we did not pre-SELECT.
+            # raise that we need that hint up front.
+
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                f'Dialect "{dialect.name}" does not support RETURNING '
+                "with DELETE..USING; for synchronize_session='fetch', "
+                "please add the additional execution option "
+                "'is_delete_using=True' to the statement to indicate that "
+                "a separate SELECT should be used for this backend."
+            )
+
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_evaluate(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        matched_objects = cls._get_matched_objects_on_criteria(
+            update_options,
+            session.identity_map.all_states(),
+        )
+
+        to_delete = []
+
+        for _, state, dict_, is_partially_expired in matched_objects:
+            if is_partially_expired:
+                state._expire(dict_, session.identity_map._modified)
+            else:
+                to_delete.append(state)
+
+        if to_delete:
+            session._remove_newly_deleted(to_delete)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _do_post_synchronize_fetch(
+        cls, session, statement, result, update_options
+    ):
+        target_mapper = update_options._subject_mapper
+
+        returned_defaults_rows = result.returned_defaults_rows
+
+        if returned_defaults_rows:
+            pk_rows = cls._interpret_returning_rows(
+                result, target_mapper, returned_defaults_rows
+            )
+
+            matched_rows = [
+                tuple(row) + (update_options._identity_token,)
+                for row in pk_rows
+            ]
+        else:
+            matched_rows = update_options._matched_rows
+
+        for row in matched_rows:
+            primary_key = row[0:-1]
+            identity_token = row[-1]
+
+            # TODO: inline this and call remove_newly_deleted
+            # once
+            identity_key = target_mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                list(primary_key),
+                identity_token=identity_token,
+            )
+            if identity_key in session.identity_map:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted(
+                    [
+                        attributes.instance_state(
+                            session.identity_map[identity_key]
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/clsregistry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/clsregistry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70307ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/clsregistry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,571 @@
+# orm/clsregistry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Routines to handle the string class registry used by declarative.
+
+This system allows specification of classes and expressions used in
+:func:`_orm.relationship` using strings.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generator
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+from .properties import ColumnProperty
+from .util import class_mapper
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.schema import _get_table_key
+from ..util.typing import CallableReference
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+    from ..sql.schema import Table
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_ClsRegistryType = MutableMapping[str, Union[type, "ClsRegistryToken"]]
+
+# strong references to registries which we place in
+# the _decl_class_registry, which is usually weak referencing.
+# the internal registries here link to classes with weakrefs and remove
+# themselves when all references to contained classes are removed.
+_registries: Set[ClsRegistryToken] = set()
+
+
+def add_class(
+    classname: str, cls: Type[_T], decl_class_registry: _ClsRegistryType
+) -> None:
+    """Add a class to the _decl_class_registry associated with the
+    given declarative class.
+
+    """
+    if classname in decl_class_registry:
+        # class already exists.
+        existing = decl_class_registry[classname]
+        if not isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+            existing = decl_class_registry[classname] = _MultipleClassMarker(
+                [cls, cast("Type[Any]", existing)]
+            )
+    else:
+        decl_class_registry[classname] = cls
+
+    try:
+        root_module = cast(
+            _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+        )
+    except KeyError:
+        decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"] = root_module = (
+            _ModuleMarker("_sa_module_registry", None)
+        )
+
+    tokens = cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    # build up a tree like this:
+    # modulename:  myapp.snacks.nuts
+    #
+    # myapp->snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # snack->nuts->(classes)
+    # nuts->(classes)
+    #
+    # this allows partial token paths to be used.
+    while tokens:
+        token = tokens.pop(0)
+        module = root_module.get_module(token)
+        for token in tokens:
+            module = module.get_module(token)
+
+        try:
+            module.add_class(classname, cls)
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            if not isinstance(module, _ModuleMarker):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f'name "{classname}" matches both a '
+                    "class name and a module name"
+                ) from ae
+            else:
+                raise
+
+
+def remove_class(
+    classname: str, cls: Type[Any], decl_class_registry: _ClsRegistryType
+) -> None:
+    if classname in decl_class_registry:
+        existing = decl_class_registry[classname]
+        if isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+            existing.remove_item(cls)
+        else:
+            del decl_class_registry[classname]
+
+    try:
+        root_module = cast(
+            _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+        )
+    except KeyError:
+        return
+
+    tokens = cls.__module__.split(".")
+
+    while tokens:
+        token = tokens.pop(0)
+        module = root_module.get_module(token)
+        for token in tokens:
+            module = module.get_module(token)
+        try:
+            module.remove_class(classname, cls)
+        except AttributeError:
+            if not isinstance(module, _ModuleMarker):
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise
+
+
+def _key_is_empty(
+    key: str,
+    decl_class_registry: _ClsRegistryType,
+    test: Callable[[Any], bool],
+) -> bool:
+    """test if a key is empty of a certain object.
+
+    used for unit tests against the registry to see if garbage collection
+    is working.
+
+    "test" is a callable that will be passed an object should return True
+    if the given object is the one we were looking for.
+
+    We can't pass the actual object itself b.c. this is for testing garbage
+    collection; the caller will have to have removed references to the
+    object itself.
+
+    """
+    if key not in decl_class_registry:
+        return True
+
+    thing = decl_class_registry[key]
+    if isinstance(thing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+        for sub_thing in thing.contents:
+            if test(sub_thing):
+                return False
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError("unknown codepath")
+    else:
+        return not test(thing)
+
+
+class ClsRegistryToken:
+    """an object that can be in the registry._class_registry as a value."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class _MultipleClassMarker(ClsRegistryToken):
+    """refers to multiple classes of the same name
+    within _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "on_remove", "contents", "__weakref__"
+
+    contents: Set[weakref.ref[Type[Any]]]
+    on_remove: CallableReference[Optional[Callable[[], None]]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        classes: Iterable[Type[Any]],
+        on_remove: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.on_remove = on_remove
+        self.contents = {
+            weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item) for item in classes
+        }
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def remove_item(self, cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        self._remove_item(weakref.ref(cls))
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Generator[Optional[Type[Any]], None, None]:
+        return (ref() for ref in self.contents)
+
+    def attempt_get(self, path: List[str], key: str) -> Type[Any]:
+        if len(self.contents) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                'Multiple classes found for path "%s" '
+                "in the registry of this declarative "
+                "base. Please use a fully module-qualified path."
+                % (".".join(path + [key]))
+            )
+        else:
+            ref = list(self.contents)[0]
+            cls = ref()
+            if cls is None:
+                raise NameError(key)
+            return cls
+
+    def _remove_item(self, ref: weakref.ref[Type[Any]]) -> None:
+        self.contents.discard(ref)
+        if not self.contents:
+            _registries.discard(self)
+            if self.on_remove:
+                self.on_remove()
+
+    def add_item(self, item: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        # protect against class registration race condition against
+        # asynchronous garbage collection calling _remove_item,
+        # [ticket:3208] and [ticket:10782]
+        modules = {
+            cls.__module__
+            for cls in [ref() for ref in list(self.contents)]
+            if cls is not None
+        }
+        if item.__module__ in modules:
+            util.warn(
+                "This declarative base already contains a class with the "
+                "same class name and module name as %s.%s, and will "
+                "be replaced in the string-lookup table."
+                % (item.__module__, item.__name__)
+            )
+        self.contents.add(weakref.ref(item, self._remove_item))
+
+
+class _ModuleMarker(ClsRegistryToken):
+    """Refers to a module name within
+    _decl_class_registry.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "parent", "name", "contents", "mod_ns", "path", "__weakref__"
+
+    parent: Optional[_ModuleMarker]
+    contents: Dict[str, Union[_ModuleMarker, _MultipleClassMarker]]
+    mod_ns: _ModNS
+    path: List[str]
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, parent: Optional[_ModuleMarker]):
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.name = name
+        self.contents = {}
+        self.mod_ns = _ModNS(self)
+        if self.parent:
+            self.path = self.parent.path + [self.name]
+        else:
+            self.path = []
+        _registries.add(self)
+
+    def __contains__(self, name: str) -> bool:
+        return name in self.contents
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name: str) -> ClsRegistryToken:
+        return self.contents[name]
+
+    def _remove_item(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.contents.pop(name, None)
+        if not self.contents:
+            if self.parent is not None:
+                self.parent._remove_item(self.name)
+            _registries.discard(self)
+
+    def resolve_attr(self, key: str) -> Union[_ModNS, Type[Any]]:
+        return self.mod_ns.__getattr__(key)
+
+    def get_module(self, name: str) -> _ModuleMarker:
+        if name not in self.contents:
+            marker = _ModuleMarker(name, self)
+            self.contents[name] = marker
+        else:
+            marker = cast(_ModuleMarker, self.contents[name])
+        return marker
+
+    def add_class(self, name: str, cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        if name in self.contents:
+            existing = cast(_MultipleClassMarker, self.contents[name])
+            try:
+                existing.add_item(cls)
+            except AttributeError as ae:
+                if not isinstance(existing, _MultipleClassMarker):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f'name "{name}" matches both a '
+                        "class name and a module name"
+                    ) from ae
+                else:
+                    raise
+        else:
+            existing = self.contents[name] = _MultipleClassMarker(
+                [cls], on_remove=lambda: self._remove_item(name)
+            )
+
+    def remove_class(self, name: str, cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        if name in self.contents:
+            existing = cast(_MultipleClassMarker, self.contents[name])
+            existing.remove_item(cls)
+
+
+class _ModNS:
+    __slots__ = ("__parent",)
+
+    __parent: _ModuleMarker
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: _ModuleMarker):
+        self.__parent = parent
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Union[_ModNS, Type[Any]]:
+        try:
+            value = self.__parent.contents[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if value is not None:
+                if isinstance(value, _ModuleMarker):
+                    return value.mod_ns
+                else:
+                    assert isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker)
+                    return value.attempt_get(self.__parent.path, key)
+        raise NameError(
+            "Module %r has no mapped classes "
+            "registered under the name %r" % (self.__parent.name, key)
+        )
+
+
+class _GetColumns:
+    __slots__ = ("cls",)
+
+    cls: Type[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, cls: Type[Any]):
+        self.cls = cls
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        mp = class_mapper(self.cls, configure=False)
+        if mp:
+            if key not in mp.all_orm_descriptors:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    "Class %r does not have a mapped column named %r"
+                    % (self.cls, key)
+                )
+
+            desc = mp.all_orm_descriptors[key]
+            if desc.extension_type is interfaces.NotExtension.NOT_EXTENSION:
+                assert isinstance(desc, attributes.QueryableAttribute)
+                prop = desc.property
+                if isinstance(prop, SynonymProperty):
+                    key = prop.name
+                elif not isinstance(prop, ColumnProperty):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Property %r is not an instance of"
+                        " ColumnProperty (i.e. does not correspond"
+                        " directly to a Column)." % key
+                    )
+        return getattr(self.cls, key)
+
+
+inspection._inspects(_GetColumns)(
+    lambda target: inspection.inspect(target.cls)
+)
+
+
+class _GetTable:
+    __slots__ = "key", "metadata"
+
+    key: str
+    metadata: MetaData
+
+    def __init__(self, key: str, metadata: MetaData):
+        self.key = key
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Table:
+        return self.metadata.tables[_get_table_key(key, self.key)]
+
+
+def _determine_container(key: str, value: Any) -> _GetColumns:
+    if isinstance(value, _MultipleClassMarker):
+        value = value.attempt_get([], key)
+    return _GetColumns(value)
+
+
+class _class_resolver:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "cls",
+        "prop",
+        "arg",
+        "fallback",
+        "_dict",
+        "_resolvers",
+        "favor_tables",
+    )
+
+    cls: Type[Any]
+    prop: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+    fallback: Mapping[str, Any]
+    arg: str
+    favor_tables: bool
+    _resolvers: Tuple[Callable[[str], Any], ...]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        prop: RelationshipProperty[Any],
+        fallback: Mapping[str, Any],
+        arg: str,
+        favor_tables: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.fallback = fallback
+        self._dict = util.PopulateDict(self._access_cls)
+        self._resolvers = ()
+        self.favor_tables = favor_tables
+
+    def _access_cls(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(cls)
+        decl_base = manager.registry
+        assert decl_base is not None
+        decl_class_registry = decl_base._class_registry
+        metadata = decl_base.metadata
+
+        if self.favor_tables:
+            if key in metadata.tables:
+                return metadata.tables[key]
+            elif key in metadata._schemas:
+                return _GetTable(key, getattr(cls, "metadata", metadata))
+
+        if key in decl_class_registry:
+            return _determine_container(key, decl_class_registry[key])
+
+        if not self.favor_tables:
+            if key in metadata.tables:
+                return metadata.tables[key]
+            elif key in metadata._schemas:
+                return _GetTable(key, getattr(cls, "metadata", metadata))
+
+        if "_sa_module_registry" in decl_class_registry and key in cast(
+            _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+        ):
+            registry = cast(
+                _ModuleMarker, decl_class_registry["_sa_module_registry"]
+            )
+            return registry.resolve_attr(key)
+        elif self._resolvers:
+            for resolv in self._resolvers:
+                value = resolv(key)
+                if value is not None:
+                    return value
+
+        return self.fallback[key]
+
+    def _raise_for_name(self, name: str, err: Exception) -> NoReturn:
+        generic_match = re.match(r"(.+)\[(.+)\]", name)
+
+        if generic_match:
+            clsarg = generic_match.group(2).strip("'")
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"When initializing mapper {self.prop.parent}, "
+                f'expression "relationship({self.arg!r})" seems to be '
+                "using a generic class as the argument to relationship(); "
+                "please state the generic argument "
+                "using an annotation, e.g. "
+                f'"{self.prop.key}: Mapped[{generic_match.group(1)}'
+                f"['{clsarg}']] = relationship()\""
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "When initializing mapper %s, expression %r failed to "
+                "locate a name (%r). If this is a class name, consider "
+                "adding this relationship() to the %r class after "
+                "both dependent classes have been defined."
+                % (self.prop.parent, self.arg, name, self.cls)
+            ) from err
+
+    def _resolve_name(self) -> Union[Table, Type[Any], _ModNS]:
+        name = self.arg
+        d = self._dict
+        rval = None
+        try:
+            for token in name.split("."):
+                if rval is None:
+                    rval = d[token]
+                else:
+                    rval = getattr(rval, token)
+        except KeyError as err:
+            self._raise_for_name(name, err)
+        except NameError as n:
+            self._raise_for_name(n.args[0], n)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(rval, _GetColumns):
+                return rval.cls
+            else:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(rval, (type, Table, _ModNS))
+                return rval
+
+    def __call__(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            x = eval(self.arg, globals(), self._dict)
+
+            if isinstance(x, _GetColumns):
+                return x.cls
+            else:
+                return x
+        except NameError as n:
+            self._raise_for_name(n.args[0], n)
+
+
+_fallback_dict: Mapping[str, Any] = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _resolver(cls: Type[Any], prop: RelationshipProperty[Any]) -> Tuple[
+    Callable[[str], Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]],
+    Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver],
+]:
+    global _fallback_dict
+
+    if _fallback_dict is None:
+        import sqlalchemy
+        from . import foreign
+        from . import remote
+
+        _fallback_dict = util.immutabledict(sqlalchemy.__dict__).union(
+            {"foreign": foreign, "remote": remote}
+        )
+
+    def resolve_arg(arg: str, favor_tables: bool = False) -> _class_resolver:
+        return _class_resolver(
+            cls, prop, _fallback_dict, arg, favor_tables=favor_tables
+        )
+
+    def resolve_name(
+        arg: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]:
+        return _class_resolver(cls, prop, _fallback_dict, arg)._resolve_name
+
+    return resolve_name, resolve_arg
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..336b1133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1627 @@
+# orm/collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Support for collections of mapped entities.
+
+The collections package supplies the machinery used to inform the ORM of
+collection membership changes.  An instrumentation via decoration approach is
+used, allowing arbitrary types (including built-ins) to be used as entity
+collections without requiring inheritance from a base class.
+
+Instrumentation decoration relays membership change events to the
+:class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` that is currently managing the collection.
+The decorators observe function call arguments and return values, tracking
+entities entering or leaving the collection.  Two decorator approaches are
+provided.  One is a bundle of generic decorators that map function arguments
+and return values to events::
+
+  from sqlalchemy.orm.collections import collection
+
+
+  class MyClass:
+      # ...
+
+      @collection.adds(1)
+      def store(self, item):
+          self.data.append(item)
+
+      @collection.removes_return()
+      def pop(self):
+          return self.data.pop()
+
+The second approach is a bundle of targeted decorators that wrap appropriate
+append and remove notifiers around the mutation methods present in the
+standard Python ``list``, ``set`` and ``dict`` interfaces.  These could be
+specified in terms of generic decorator recipes, but are instead hand-tooled
+for increased efficiency.  The targeted decorators occasionally implement
+adapter-like behavior, such as mapping bulk-set methods (``extend``,
+``update``, ``__setslice__``, etc.) into the series of atomic mutation events
+that the ORM requires.
+
+The targeted decorators are used internally for automatic instrumentation of
+entity collection classes.  Every collection class goes through a
+transformation process roughly like so:
+
+1. If the class is a built-in, substitute a trivial sub-class
+2. Is this class already instrumented?
+3. Add in generic decorators
+4. Sniff out the collection interface through duck-typing
+5. Add targeted decoration to any undecorated interface method
+
+This process modifies the class at runtime, decorating methods and adding some
+bookkeeping properties.  This isn't possible (or desirable) for built-in
+classes like ``list``, so trivial sub-classes are substituted to hold
+decoration::
+
+  class InstrumentedList(list):
+      pass
+
+Collection classes can be specified in ``relationship(collection_class=)`` as
+types or a function that returns an instance.  Collection classes are
+inspected and instrumented during the mapper compilation phase.  The
+collection_class callable will be executed once to produce a specimen
+instance, and the type of that specimen will be instrumented.  Functions that
+return built-in types like ``lists`` will be adapted to produce instrumented
+instances.
+
+When extending a known type like ``list``, additional decorations are not
+generally not needed.  Odds are, the extension method will delegate to a
+method that's already instrumented.  For example::
+
+  class QueueIsh(list):
+      def push(self, item):
+          self.append(item)
+
+      def shift(self):
+          return self.pop(0)
+
+There's no need to decorate these methods.  ``append`` and ``pop`` are already
+instrumented as part of the ``list`` interface.  Decorating them would fire
+duplicate events, which should be avoided.
+
+The targeted decoration tries not to rely on other methods in the underlying
+collection class, but some are unavoidable.  Many depend on 'read' methods
+being present to properly instrument a 'write', for example, ``__setitem__``
+needs ``__getitem__``.  "Bulk" methods like ``update`` and ``extend`` may also
+reimplemented in terms of atomic appends and removes, so the ``extend``
+decoration will actually perform many ``append`` operations and not call the
+underlying method at all.
+
+Tight control over bulk operation and the firing of events is also possible by
+implementing the instrumentation internally in your methods.  The basic
+instrumentation package works under the general assumption that collection
+mutation will not raise unusual exceptions.  If you want to closely
+orchestrate append and remove events with exception management, internal
+instrumentation may be the answer.  Within your method,
+``collection_adapter(self)`` will retrieve an object that you can use for
+explicit control over triggering append and remove events.
+
+The owning object and :class:`.CollectionAttributeImpl` are also reachable
+through the adapter, allowing for some very sophisticated behavior.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import threading
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .base import NO_KEY
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql.base import NO_ARG
+from ..util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .attributes import AttributeEventToken
+    from .attributes import CollectionAttributeImpl
+    from .mapped_collection import attribute_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import column_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import keyfunc_mapping
+    from .mapped_collection import KeyFuncDict  # noqa: F401
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "collection",
+    "collection_adapter",
+    "keyfunc_mapping",
+    "column_keyed_dict",
+    "attribute_keyed_dict",
+    "KeyFuncDict",
+    # old names in < 2.0
+    "mapped_collection",
+    "column_mapped_collection",
+    "attribute_mapped_collection",
+    "MappedCollection",
+]
+
+__instrumentation_mutex = threading.Lock()
+
+
+_CollectionFactoryType = Callable[[], "_AdaptedCollectionProtocol"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+_COL = TypeVar("_COL", bound="Collection[Any]")
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+
+class _CollectionConverterProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, collection: _COL) -> _COL: ...
+
+
+class _AdaptedCollectionProtocol(Protocol):
+    _sa_adapter: CollectionAdapter
+    _sa_appender: Callable[..., Any]
+    _sa_remover: Callable[..., Any]
+    _sa_iterator: Callable[..., Iterable[Any]]
+    _sa_converter: _CollectionConverterProtocol
+
+
+class collection:
+    """Decorators for entity collection classes.
+
+    The decorators fall into two groups: annotations and interception recipes.
+
+    The annotating decorators (appender, remover, iterator, converter,
+    internally_instrumented) indicate the method's purpose and take no
+    arguments.  They are not written with parens::
+
+        @collection.appender
+        def append(self, append): ...
+
+    The recipe decorators all require parens, even those that take no
+    arguments::
+
+        @collection.adds("entity")
+        def insert(self, position, entity): ...
+
+
+        @collection.removes_return()
+        def popitem(self): ...
+
+    """
+
+    # Bundled as a class solely for ease of use: packaging, doc strings,
+    # importability.
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def appender(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection appender.
+
+        The appender method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to append. The method will be automatically decorated with 'adds(1)'
+        if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.appender
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def add(self, append): ...
+
+
+            # for mapping type, an 'append' may kick out a previous value
+            # that occupies that slot.  consider d['a'] = 'foo'- any previous
+            # value in d['a'] is discarded.
+            @collection.appender
+            @collection.replaces(1)
+            def add(self, entity):
+                key = some_key_func(entity)
+                previous = None
+                if key in self:
+                    previous = self[key]
+                self[key] = entity
+                return previous
+
+        If the value to append is not allowed in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception.  Something to remember is that the appender
+        will be called for each object mapped by a database query.  If the
+        database contains rows that violate your collection semantics, you
+        will need to get creative to fix the problem, as access via the
+        collection will not work.
+
+        If the appender method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "appender"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def remover(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The remover method is called with one positional argument: the value
+        to remove. The method will be automatically decorated with
+        :meth:`removes_return` if not already decorated::
+
+            @collection.remover
+            def zap(self, entity): ...
+
+
+            # or, equivalently
+            @collection.remover
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def zap(self): ...
+
+        If the value to remove is not present in the collection, you may
+        raise an exception or return None to ignore the error.
+
+        If the remove method is internally instrumented, you must also
+        receive the keyword argument '_sa_initiator' and ensure its
+        promulgation to collection events.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "remover"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def iterator(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection remover.
+
+        The iterator method is called with no arguments.  It is expected to
+        return an iterator over all collection members::
+
+            @collection.iterator
+            def __iter__(self): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "iterator"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def internally_instrumented(fn):
+        """Tag the method as instrumented.
+
+        This tag will prevent any decoration from being applied to the
+        method. Use this if you are orchestrating your own calls to
+        :func:`.collection_adapter` in one of the basic SQLAlchemy
+        interface methods, or to prevent an automatic ABC method
+        decoration from wrapping your implementation::
+
+            # normally an 'extend' method on a list-like class would be
+            # automatically intercepted and re-implemented in terms of
+            # SQLAlchemy events and append().  your implementation will
+            # never be called, unless:
+            @collection.internally_instrumented
+            def extend(self, items): ...
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.3",
+        "The :meth:`.collection.converter` handler is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release.  Please refer to the "
+        ":class:`.AttributeEvents.bulk_replace` listener interface in "
+        "conjunction with the :func:`.event.listen` function.",
+    )
+    def converter(fn):
+        """Tag the method as the collection converter.
+
+        This optional method will be called when a collection is being
+        replaced entirely, as in::
+
+            myobj.acollection = [newvalue1, newvalue2]
+
+        The converter method will receive the object being assigned and should
+        return an iterable of values suitable for use by the ``appender``
+        method.  A converter must not assign values or mutate the collection,
+        its sole job is to adapt the value the user provides into an iterable
+        of values for the ORM's use.
+
+        The default converter implementation will use duck-typing to do the
+        conversion.  A dict-like collection will be convert into an iterable
+        of dictionary values, and other types will simply be iterated::
+
+            @collection.converter
+            def convert(self, other): ...
+
+        If the duck-typing of the object does not match the type of this
+        collection, a TypeError is raised.
+
+        Supply an implementation of this method if you want to expand the
+        range of possible types that can be assigned in bulk or perform
+        validation on the values about to be assigned.
+
+        """
+        fn._sa_instrument_role = "converter"
+        return fn
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def adds(arg):
+        """Mark the method as adding an entity to the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value.  Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by
+        name::
+
+            @collection.adds(1)
+            def push(self, item): ...
+
+
+            @collection.adds("entity")
+            def do_stuff(self, thing, entity=None): ...
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ("fire_append_event", arg)
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def replaces(arg):
+        """Mark the method as replacing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "add to collection" and "remove from collection" handling to
+        the method.  The decorator argument indicates which method argument
+        holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant value to be added, and return value, if
+        any will be considered the value to remove.
+
+        Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e. integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.replaces(2)
+            def __setitem__(self, index, item): ...
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ("fire_append_event", arg)
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = "fire_remove_event"
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes(arg):
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The decorator
+        argument indicates which method argument holds the SQLAlchemy-relevant
+        value to be removed. Arguments can be specified positionally (i.e.
+        integer) or by name::
+
+            @collection.removes(1)
+            def zap(self, item): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is not known at call-time, use
+        collection.removes_return.
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_before = ("fire_remove_event", arg)
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def removes_return():
+        """Mark the method as removing an entity in the collection.
+
+        Adds "remove from collection" handling to the method.  The return
+        value of the method, if any, is considered the value to remove.  The
+        method arguments are not inspected::
+
+            @collection.removes_return()
+            def pop(self): ...
+
+        For methods where the value to remove is known at call-time, use
+        collection.remove.
+
+        """
+
+        def decorator(fn):
+            fn._sa_instrument_after = "fire_remove_event"
+            return fn
+
+        return decorator
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def collection_adapter(collection: Collection[Any]) -> CollectionAdapter:
+        """Fetch the :class:`.CollectionAdapter` for a collection."""
+
+else:
+    collection_adapter = operator.attrgetter("_sa_adapter")
+
+
+class CollectionAdapter:
+    """Bridges between the ORM and arbitrary Python collections.
+
+    Proxies base-level collection operations (append, remove, iterate)
+    to the underlying Python collection, and emits add/remove events for
+    entities entering or leaving the collection.
+
+    The ORM uses :class:`.CollectionAdapter` exclusively for interaction with
+    entity collections.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "attr",
+        "_key",
+        "_data",
+        "owner_state",
+        "_converter",
+        "invalidated",
+        "empty",
+    )
+
+    attr: CollectionAttributeImpl
+    _key: str
+
+    # this is actually a weakref; see note in constructor
+    _data: Callable[..., _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]
+
+    owner_state: InstanceState[Any]
+    _converter: _CollectionConverterProtocol
+    invalidated: bool
+    empty: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr: CollectionAttributeImpl,
+        owner_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol,
+    ):
+        self.attr = attr
+        self._key = attr.key
+
+        # this weakref stays referenced throughout the lifespan of
+        # CollectionAdapter.  so while the weakref can return None, this
+        # is realistically only during garbage collection of this object, so
+        # we type this as a callable that returns _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+        # in all cases.
+        self._data = weakref.ref(data)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.owner_state = owner_state
+        data._sa_adapter = self
+        self._converter = data._sa_converter
+        self.invalidated = False
+        self.empty = False
+
+    def _warn_invalidated(self) -> None:
+        util.warn("This collection has been invalidated.")
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> _AdaptedCollectionProtocol:
+        "The entity collection being adapted."
+        return self._data()
+
+    @property
+    def _referenced_by_owner(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if the owner state still refers to this collection.
+
+        This will return False within a bulk replace operation,
+        where this collection is the one being replaced.
+
+        """
+        return self.owner_state.dict[self._key] is self._data()
+
+    def bulk_appender(self):
+        return self._data()._sa_appender
+
+    def append_with_event(
+        self, item: Any, initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an entity to the collection, firing mutation events."""
+
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def _set_empty(self, user_data):
+        assert (
+            not self.empty
+        ), "This collection adapter is already in the 'empty' state"
+        self.empty = True
+        self.owner_state._empty_collections[self._key] = user_data
+
+    def _reset_empty(self) -> None:
+        assert (
+            self.empty
+        ), "This collection adapter is not in the 'empty' state"
+        self.empty = False
+        self.owner_state.dict[self._key] = (
+            self.owner_state._empty_collections.pop(self._key)
+        )
+
+    def _refuse_empty(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This is a special 'empty' collection which cannot accommodate "
+            "internal mutation operations"
+        )
+
+    def append_without_event(self, item: Any) -> None:
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        self._data()._sa_appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def append_multiple_without_event(self, items: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        """Add or restore an entity to the collection, firing no events."""
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        appender = self._data()._sa_appender
+        for item in items:
+            appender(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def bulk_remover(self):
+        return self._data()._sa_remover
+
+    def remove_with_event(
+        self, item: Any, initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing mutation events."""
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def remove_without_event(self, item: Any) -> None:
+        """Remove an entity from the collection, firing no events."""
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        self._data()._sa_remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def clear_with_event(
+        self, initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Empty the collection, firing a mutation event for each entity."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+
+    def clear_without_event(self) -> None:
+        """Empty the collection, firing no events."""
+
+        if self.empty:
+            self._refuse_empty()
+        remover = self._data()._sa_remover
+        for item in list(self):
+            remover(item, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Iterate over entities in the collection."""
+
+        return iter(self._data()._sa_iterator())
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Count entities in the collection."""
+        return len(list(self._data()._sa_iterator()))
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _fire_append_wo_mutation_event_bulk(
+        self, items, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY
+    ):
+        if not items:
+            return
+
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            for item in items:
+                self.attr.fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+                    self.owner_state,
+                    self.owner_state.dict,
+                    item,
+                    initiator,
+                    key,
+                )
+
+    def fire_append_wo_mutation_event(self, item, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that a entity is entering the collection but is already
+        present.
+
+
+        Initiator is a token owned by the InstrumentedAttribute that
+        initiated the membership mutation, and should be left as None
+        unless you are passing along an initiator value from a chained
+        operation.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.15
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            return self.attr.fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+                self.owner_state, self.owner_state.dict, item, initiator, key
+            )
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def fire_append_event(self, item, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that a entity has entered the collection.
+
+        Initiator is a token owned by the InstrumentedAttribute that
+        initiated the membership mutation, and should be left as None
+        unless you are passing along an initiator value from a chained
+        operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            return self.attr.fire_append_event(
+                self.owner_state, self.owner_state.dict, item, initiator, key
+            )
+        else:
+            return item
+
+    def _fire_remove_event_bulk(self, items, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        if not items:
+            return
+
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            for item in items:
+                self.attr.fire_remove_event(
+                    self.owner_state,
+                    self.owner_state.dict,
+                    item,
+                    initiator,
+                    key,
+                )
+
+    def fire_remove_event(self, item, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that a entity has been removed from the collection.
+
+        Initiator is the InstrumentedAttribute that initiated the membership
+        mutation, and should be left as None unless you are passing along
+        an initiator value from a chained operation.
+
+        """
+        if initiator is not False:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                self._warn_invalidated()
+
+            if self.empty:
+                self._reset_empty()
+
+            self.attr.fire_remove_event(
+                self.owner_state, self.owner_state.dict, item, initiator, key
+            )
+
+    def fire_pre_remove_event(self, initiator=None, key=NO_KEY):
+        """Notify that an entity is about to be removed from the collection.
+
+        Only called if the entity cannot be removed after calling
+        fire_remove_event().
+
+        """
+        if self.invalidated:
+            self._warn_invalidated()
+        self.attr.fire_pre_remove_event(
+            self.owner_state,
+            self.owner_state.dict,
+            initiator=initiator,
+            key=key,
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            "key": self._key,
+            "owner_state": self.owner_state,
+            "owner_cls": self.owner_state.class_,
+            "data": self.data,
+            "invalidated": self.invalidated,
+            "empty": self.empty,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, d):
+        self._key = d["key"]
+        self.owner_state = d["owner_state"]
+
+        # see note in constructor regarding this type: ignore
+        self._data = weakref.ref(d["data"])  # type: ignore
+
+        self._converter = d["data"]._sa_converter
+        d["data"]._sa_adapter = self
+        self.invalidated = d["invalidated"]
+        self.attr = getattr(d["owner_cls"], self._key).impl
+        self.empty = d.get("empty", False)
+
+
+def bulk_replace(values, existing_adapter, new_adapter, initiator=None):
+    """Load a new collection, firing events based on prior like membership.
+
+    Appends instances in ``values`` onto the ``new_adapter``. Events will be
+    fired for any instance not present in the ``existing_adapter``.  Any
+    instances in ``existing_adapter`` not present in ``values`` will have
+    remove events fired upon them.
+
+    :param values: An iterable of collection member instances
+
+    :param existing_adapter: A :class:`.CollectionAdapter` of
+     instances to be replaced
+
+    :param new_adapter: An empty :class:`.CollectionAdapter`
+     to load with ``values``
+
+
+    """
+
+    assert isinstance(values, list)
+
+    idset = util.IdentitySet
+    existing_idset = idset(existing_adapter or ())
+    constants = existing_idset.intersection(values or ())
+    additions = idset(values or ()).difference(constants)
+    removals = existing_idset.difference(constants)
+
+    appender = new_adapter.bulk_appender()
+
+    for member in values or ():
+        if member in additions:
+            appender(member, _sa_initiator=initiator)
+        elif member in constants:
+            appender(member, _sa_initiator=False)
+
+    if existing_adapter:
+        existing_adapter._fire_append_wo_mutation_event_bulk(
+            constants, initiator=initiator
+        )
+        existing_adapter._fire_remove_event_bulk(removals, initiator=initiator)
+
+
+def prepare_instrumentation(
+    factory: Union[Type[Collection[Any]], _CollectionFactoryType],
+) -> _CollectionFactoryType:
+    """Prepare a callable for future use as a collection class factory.
+
+    Given a collection class factory (either a type or no-arg callable),
+    return another factory that will produce compatible instances when
+    called.
+
+    This function is responsible for converting collection_class=list
+    into the run-time behavior of collection_class=InstrumentedList.
+
+    """
+
+    impl_factory: _CollectionFactoryType
+
+    # Convert a builtin to 'Instrumented*'
+    if factory in __canned_instrumentation:
+        impl_factory = __canned_instrumentation[factory]
+    else:
+        impl_factory = cast(_CollectionFactoryType, factory)
+
+    cls: Union[_CollectionFactoryType, Type[Collection[Any]]]
+
+    # Create a specimen
+    cls = type(impl_factory())
+
+    # Did factory callable return a builtin?
+    if cls in __canned_instrumentation:
+        # if so, just convert.
+        # in previous major releases, this codepath wasn't working and was
+        # not covered by tests.   prior to that it supplied a "wrapper"
+        # function that would return the class, though the rationale for this
+        # case is not known
+        impl_factory = __canned_instrumentation[cls]
+        cls = type(impl_factory())
+
+    # Instrument the class if needed.
+    if __instrumentation_mutex.acquire():
+        try:
+            if getattr(cls, "_sa_instrumented", None) != id(cls):
+                _instrument_class(cls)
+        finally:
+            __instrumentation_mutex.release()
+
+    return impl_factory
+
+
+def _instrument_class(cls):
+    """Modify methods in a class and install instrumentation."""
+
+    # In the normal call flow, a request for any of the 3 basic collection
+    # types is transformed into one of our trivial subclasses
+    # (e.g. InstrumentedList).  Catch anything else that sneaks in here...
+    if cls.__module__ == "__builtin__":
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Can not instrument a built-in type. Use a "
+            "subclass, even a trivial one."
+        )
+
+    roles, methods = _locate_roles_and_methods(cls)
+
+    _setup_canned_roles(cls, roles, methods)
+
+    _assert_required_roles(cls, roles, methods)
+
+    _set_collection_attributes(cls, roles, methods)
+
+
+def _locate_roles_and_methods(cls):
+    """search for _sa_instrument_role-decorated methods in
+    method resolution order, assign to roles.
+
+    """
+
+    roles: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    methods: Dict[str, Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int], Optional[str]]] = {}
+
+    for supercls in cls.__mro__:
+        for name, method in vars(supercls).items():
+            if not callable(method):
+                continue
+
+            # note role declarations
+            if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_role"):
+                role = method._sa_instrument_role
+                assert role in (
+                    "appender",
+                    "remover",
+                    "iterator",
+                    "converter",
+                )
+                roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+            # transfer instrumentation requests from decorated function
+            # to the combined queue
+            before: Optional[Tuple[str, int]] = None
+            after: Optional[str] = None
+
+            if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_before"):
+                op, argument = method._sa_instrument_before
+                assert op in ("fire_append_event", "fire_remove_event")
+                before = op, argument
+            if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_after"):
+                op = method._sa_instrument_after
+                assert op in ("fire_append_event", "fire_remove_event")
+                after = op
+            if before:
+                methods[name] = before + (after,)
+            elif after:
+                methods[name] = None, None, after
+    return roles, methods
+
+
+def _setup_canned_roles(cls, roles, methods):
+    """see if this class has "canned" roles based on a known
+    collection type (dict, set, list).  Apply those roles
+    as needed to the "roles" dictionary, and also
+    prepare "decorator" methods
+
+    """
+    collection_type = util.duck_type_collection(cls)
+    if collection_type in __interfaces:
+        assert collection_type is not None
+        canned_roles, decorators = __interfaces[collection_type]
+        for role, name in canned_roles.items():
+            roles.setdefault(role, name)
+
+        # apply ABC auto-decoration to methods that need it
+        for method, decorator in decorators.items():
+            fn = getattr(cls, method, None)
+            if (
+                fn
+                and method not in methods
+                and not hasattr(fn, "_sa_instrumented")
+            ):
+                setattr(cls, method, decorator(fn))
+
+
+def _assert_required_roles(cls, roles, methods):
+    """ensure all roles are present, and apply implicit instrumentation if
+    needed
+
+    """
+    if "appender" not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles["appender"]):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an appender method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__
+        )
+    elif roles["appender"] not in methods and not hasattr(
+        getattr(cls, roles["appender"]), "_sa_instrumented"
+    ):
+        methods[roles["appender"]] = ("fire_append_event", 1, None)
+
+    if "remover" not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles["remover"]):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect a remover method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__
+        )
+    elif roles["remover"] not in methods and not hasattr(
+        getattr(cls, roles["remover"]), "_sa_instrumented"
+    ):
+        methods[roles["remover"]] = ("fire_remove_event", 1, None)
+
+    if "iterator" not in roles or not hasattr(cls, roles["iterator"]):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Type %s must elect an iterator method to be "
+            "a collection class" % cls.__name__
+        )
+
+
+def _set_collection_attributes(cls, roles, methods):
+    """apply ad-hoc instrumentation from decorators, class-level defaults
+    and implicit role declarations
+
+    """
+    for method_name, (before, argument, after) in methods.items():
+        setattr(
+            cls,
+            method_name,
+            _instrument_membership_mutator(
+                getattr(cls, method_name), before, argument, after
+            ),
+        )
+    # intern the role map
+    for role, method_name in roles.items():
+        setattr(cls, "_sa_%s" % role, getattr(cls, method_name))
+
+    cls._sa_adapter = None
+
+    if not hasattr(cls, "_sa_converter"):
+        cls._sa_converter = None
+    cls._sa_instrumented = id(cls)
+
+
+def _instrument_membership_mutator(method, before, argument, after):
+    """Route method args and/or return value through the collection
+    adapter."""
+    # This isn't smart enough to handle @adds(1) for 'def fn(self, (a, b))'
+    if before:
+        fn_args = list(
+            util.flatten_iterator(inspect_getfullargspec(method)[0])
+        )
+        if isinstance(argument, int):
+            pos_arg = argument
+            named_arg = len(fn_args) > argument and fn_args[argument] or None
+        else:
+            if argument in fn_args:
+                pos_arg = fn_args.index(argument)
+            else:
+                pos_arg = None
+            named_arg = argument
+        del fn_args
+
+    def wrapper(*args, **kw):
+        if before:
+            if pos_arg is None:
+                if named_arg not in kw:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument
+                    )
+                value = kw[named_arg]
+            else:
+                if len(args) > pos_arg:
+                    value = args[pos_arg]
+                elif named_arg in kw:
+                    value = kw[named_arg]
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Missing argument %s" % argument
+                    )
+
+        initiator = kw.pop("_sa_initiator", None)
+        if initiator is False:
+            executor = None
+        else:
+            executor = args[0]._sa_adapter
+
+        if before and executor:
+            getattr(executor, before)(value, initiator)
+
+        if not after or not executor:
+            return method(*args, **kw)
+        else:
+            res = method(*args, **kw)
+            if res is not None:
+                getattr(executor, after)(res, initiator)
+            return res
+
+    wrapper._sa_instrumented = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    if hasattr(method, "_sa_instrument_role"):
+        wrapper._sa_instrument_role = method._sa_instrument_role  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # noqa: E501
+    wrapper.__name__ = method.__name__
+    wrapper.__doc__ = method.__doc__
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def __set_wo_mutation(collection, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """Run set wo mutation events.
+
+    The collection is not mutated.
+
+    """
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            executor.fire_append_wo_mutation_event(
+                item, _sa_initiator, key=None
+            )
+
+
+def __set(collection, item, _sa_initiator, key):
+    """Run set events.
+
+    This event always occurs before the collection is actually mutated.
+
+    """
+
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            item = executor.fire_append_event(item, _sa_initiator, key=key)
+    return item
+
+
+def __del(collection, item, _sa_initiator, key):
+    """Run del events.
+
+    This event occurs before the collection is actually mutated, *except*
+    in the case of a pop operation, in which case it occurs afterwards.
+    For pop operations, the __before_pop hook is called before the
+    operation occurs.
+
+    """
+    if _sa_initiator is not False:
+        executor = collection._sa_adapter
+        if executor:
+            executor.fire_remove_event(item, _sa_initiator, key=key)
+
+
+def __before_pop(collection, _sa_initiator=None):
+    """An event which occurs on a before a pop() operation occurs."""
+    executor = collection._sa_adapter
+    if executor:
+        executor.fire_pre_remove_event(_sa_initiator)
+
+
+def _list_decorators() -> Dict[str, Callable[[_FN], _FN]]:
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any list-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(list, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def append(fn):
+        def append(self, item, _sa_initiator=None):
+            item = __set(self, item, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            fn(self, item)
+
+        _tidy(append)
+        return append
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            __del(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__eq__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def insert(fn):
+        def insert(self, index, value):
+            value = __set(self, value, None, index)
+            fn(self, index, value)
+
+        _tidy(insert)
+        return insert
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                existing = self[index]
+                if existing is not None:
+                    __del(self, existing, None, index)
+                value = __set(self, value, None, index)
+                fn(self, index, value)
+            else:
+                # slice assignment requires __delitem__, insert, __len__
+                step = index.step or 1
+                start = index.start or 0
+                if start < 0:
+                    start += len(self)
+                if index.stop is not None:
+                    stop = index.stop
+                else:
+                    stop = len(self)
+                if stop < 0:
+                    stop += len(self)
+
+                if step == 1:
+                    if value is self:
+                        return
+                    for i in range(start, stop, step):
+                        if len(self) > start:
+                            del self[start]
+
+                    for i, item in enumerate(value):
+                        self.insert(i + start, item)
+                else:
+                    rng = list(range(start, stop, step))
+                    if len(value) != len(rng):
+                        raise ValueError(
+                            "attempt to assign sequence of size %s to "
+                            "extended slice of size %s"
+                            % (len(value), len(rng))
+                        )
+                    for i, item in zip(rng, value):
+                        self.__setitem__(i, item)
+
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, index):
+            if not isinstance(index, slice):
+                item = self[index]
+                __del(self, item, None, index)
+                fn(self, index)
+            else:
+                # slice deletion requires __getslice__ and a slice-groking
+                # __getitem__ for stepped deletion
+                # note: not breaking this into atomic dels
+                for item in self[index]:
+                    __del(self, item, None, index)
+                fn(self, index)
+
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    def extend(fn):
+        def extend(self, iterable):
+            for value in list(iterable):
+                self.append(value)
+
+        _tidy(extend)
+        return extend
+
+    def __iadd__(fn):
+        def __iadd__(self, iterable):
+            # list.__iadd__ takes any iterable and seems to let TypeError
+            # raise as-is instead of returning NotImplemented
+            for value in list(iterable):
+                self.append(value)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__iadd__)
+        return __iadd__
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, index=-1):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            item = fn(self, index)
+            __del(self, item, None, index)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self, index=-1):
+            for item in self:
+                __del(self, item, None, index)
+            fn(self)
+
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    # __imul__ : not wrapping this.  all members of the collection are already
+    # present, so no need to fire appends... wrapping it with an explicit
+    # decorator is still possible, so events on *= can be had if they're
+    # desired.  hard to imagine a use case for __imul__, though.
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop("_tidy")
+    return l
+
+
+def _dict_decorators() -> Dict[str, Callable[[_FN], _FN]]:
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any dict-like mapping class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(dict, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def __setitem__(fn):
+        def __setitem__(self, key, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator, key)
+            value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator, key)
+            fn(self, key, value)
+
+        _tidy(__setitem__)
+        return __setitem__
+
+    def __delitem__(fn):
+        def __delitem__(self, key, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], _sa_initiator, key)
+            fn(self, key)
+
+        _tidy(__delitem__)
+        return __delitem__
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for key in self:
+                __del(self, self[key], None, key)
+            fn(self)
+
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self, key, default=NO_ARG):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            _to_del = key in self
+            if default is NO_ARG:
+                item = fn(self, key)
+            else:
+                item = fn(self, key, default)
+            if _to_del:
+                __del(self, item, None, key)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def popitem(fn):
+        def popitem(self):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            __del(self, item[1], None, 1)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(popitem)
+        return popitem
+
+    def setdefault(fn):
+        def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
+            if key not in self:
+                self.__setitem__(key, default)
+                return default
+            else:
+                value = self.__getitem__(key)
+                if value is default:
+                    __set_wo_mutation(self, value, None)
+
+                return value
+
+        _tidy(setdefault)
+        return setdefault
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, __other=NO_ARG, **kw):
+            if __other is not NO_ARG:
+                if hasattr(__other, "keys"):
+                    for key in list(__other):
+                        if key not in self or self[key] is not __other[key]:
+                            self[key] = __other[key]
+                        else:
+                            __set_wo_mutation(self, __other[key], None)
+                else:
+                    for key, value in __other:
+                        if key not in self or self[key] is not value:
+                            self[key] = value
+                        else:
+                            __set_wo_mutation(self, value, None)
+            for key in kw:
+                if key not in self or self[key] is not kw[key]:
+                    self[key] = kw[key]
+                else:
+                    __set_wo_mutation(self, kw[key], None)
+
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop("_tidy")
+    return l
+
+
+_set_binop_bases = (set, frozenset)
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_strict(self: Any, obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Allow only set, frozenset and self.__class__-derived
+    objects in binops."""
+    return isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,))
+
+
+def _set_binops_check_loose(self: Any, obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Allow anything set-like to participate in set binops."""
+    return (
+        isinstance(obj, _set_binop_bases + (self.__class__,))
+        or util.duck_type_collection(obj) == set
+    )
+
+
+def _set_decorators() -> Dict[str, Callable[[_FN], _FN]]:
+    """Tailored instrumentation wrappers for any set-like class."""
+
+    def _tidy(fn):
+        fn._sa_instrumented = True
+        fn.__doc__ = getattr(set, fn.__name__).__doc__
+
+    def add(fn):
+        def add(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            if value not in self:
+                value = __set(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            else:
+                __set_wo_mutation(self, value, _sa_initiator)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(add)
+        return add
+
+    def discard(fn):
+        def discard(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+                # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(discard)
+        return discard
+
+    def remove(fn):
+        def remove(self, value, _sa_initiator=None):
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            if value in self:
+                __del(self, value, _sa_initiator, NO_KEY)
+            # testlib.pragma exempt:__hash__
+            fn(self, value)
+
+        _tidy(remove)
+        return remove
+
+    def pop(fn):
+        def pop(self):
+            __before_pop(self)
+            item = fn(self)
+            # for set in particular, we have no way to access the item
+            # that will be popped before pop is called.
+            __del(self, item, None, NO_KEY)
+            return item
+
+        _tidy(pop)
+        return pop
+
+    def clear(fn):
+        def clear(self):
+            for item in list(self):
+                self.remove(item)
+
+        _tidy(clear)
+        return clear
+
+    def update(fn):
+        def update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+
+        _tidy(update)
+        return update
+
+    def __ior__(fn):
+        def __ior__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__ior__)
+        return __ior__
+
+    def difference_update(fn):
+        def difference_update(self, value):
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+
+        _tidy(difference_update)
+        return difference_update
+
+    def __isub__(fn):
+        def __isub__(self, value):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, value):
+                return NotImplemented
+            for item in value:
+                self.discard(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__isub__)
+        return __isub__
+
+    def intersection_update(fn):
+        def intersection_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+
+        _tidy(intersection_update)
+        return intersection_update
+
+    def __iand__(fn):
+        def __iand__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.intersection(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__iand__)
+        return __iand__
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(fn):
+        def symmetric_difference_update(self, other):
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+
+        _tidy(symmetric_difference_update)
+        return symmetric_difference_update
+
+    def __ixor__(fn):
+        def __ixor__(self, other):
+            if not _set_binops_check_strict(self, other):
+                return NotImplemented
+            want, have = self.symmetric_difference(other), set(self)
+            remove, add = have - want, want - have
+
+            for item in remove:
+                self.remove(item)
+            for item in add:
+                self.add(item)
+            return self
+
+        _tidy(__ixor__)
+        return __ixor__
+
+    l = locals().copy()
+    l.pop("_tidy")
+    return l
+
+
+class InstrumentedList(List[_T]):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in list."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedSet(Set[_T]):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in set."""
+
+
+class InstrumentedDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """An instrumented version of the built-in dict."""
+
+
+__canned_instrumentation: util.immutabledict[Any, _CollectionFactoryType] = (
+    util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            list: InstrumentedList,
+            set: InstrumentedSet,
+            dict: InstrumentedDict,
+        }
+    )
+)
+
+__interfaces: util.immutabledict[
+    Any,
+    Tuple[
+        Dict[str, str],
+        Dict[str, Callable[..., Any]],
+    ],
+] = util.immutabledict(
+    {
+        list: (
+            {
+                "appender": "append",
+                "remover": "remove",
+                "iterator": "__iter__",
+            },
+            _list_decorators(),
+        ),
+        set: (
+            {"appender": "add", "remover": "remove", "iterator": "__iter__"},
+            _set_decorators(),
+        ),
+        # decorators are required for dicts and object collections.
+        dict: ({"iterator": "values"}, _dict_decorators()),
+    }
+)
+
+
+def __go(lcls):
+    global keyfunc_mapping, mapped_collection
+    global column_keyed_dict, column_mapped_collection
+    global MappedCollection, KeyFuncDict
+    global attribute_keyed_dict, attribute_mapped_collection
+
+    from .mapped_collection import keyfunc_mapping
+    from .mapped_collection import column_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import attribute_keyed_dict
+    from .mapped_collection import KeyFuncDict
+
+    from .mapped_collection import mapped_collection
+    from .mapped_collection import column_mapped_collection
+    from .mapped_collection import attribute_mapped_collection
+    from .mapped_collection import MappedCollection
+
+    # ensure instrumentation is associated with
+    # these built-in classes; if a user-defined class
+    # subclasses these and uses @internally_instrumented,
+    # the superclass is otherwise not instrumented.
+    # see [ticket:2406].
+    _instrument_class(InstrumentedList)
+    _instrument_class(InstrumentedSet)
+    _instrument_class(KeyFuncDict)
+
+
+__go(locals())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/context.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/context.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b04d6d48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/context.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3336 @@
+# orm/context.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from . import loading
+from .base import _is_aliased_class
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnDescription
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnsClauseRole
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .util import _entity_corresponds_to
+from .util import _ORMJoin
+from .util import _TraceAdaptRole
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .util import Bundle
+from .util import ORMAdapter
+from .util import ORMStatementAdapter
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import future
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import _TP
+from ..sql._typing import is_dml
+from ..sql._typing import is_insert_update
+from ..sql._typing import is_select_base
+from ..sql.base import _select_iterables
+from ..sql.base import CacheableOptions
+from ..sql.base import CompileState
+from ..sql.base import Executable
+from ..sql.base import Generative
+from ..sql.base import Options
+from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+from ..sql.elements import GroupedElement
+from ..sql.elements import TextClause
+from ..sql.selectable import CompoundSelectState
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import Select
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectLabelStyle
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectState
+from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+from ..sql.visitors import InternalTraversal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .loading import PostLoad
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import _BindArguments
+    from .session import Session
+    from ..engine import Result
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql.compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from ..sql.dml import _DMLTableElement
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import _LabelConventionCallable
+    from ..sql.selectable import _SetupJoinsElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import ExecutableReturnsRows
+    from ..sql.selectable import SelectBase
+    from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_path_registry = PathRegistry.root
+
+_EMPTY_DICT = util.immutabledict()
+
+
+LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM = SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM
+
+
+class QueryContext:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "top_level_context",
+        "compile_state",
+        "query",
+        "user_passed_query",
+        "params",
+        "load_options",
+        "bind_arguments",
+        "execution_options",
+        "session",
+        "autoflush",
+        "populate_existing",
+        "invoke_all_eagers",
+        "version_check",
+        "refresh_state",
+        "create_eager_joins",
+        "propagated_loader_options",
+        "attributes",
+        "runid",
+        "partials",
+        "post_load_paths",
+        "identity_token",
+        "yield_per",
+        "loaders_require_buffering",
+        "loaders_require_uniquing",
+    )
+
+    runid: int
+    post_load_paths: Dict[PathRegistry, PostLoad]
+    compile_state: ORMCompileState
+
+    class default_load_options(Options):
+        _only_return_tuples = False
+        _populate_existing = False
+        _version_check = False
+        _invoke_all_eagers = True
+        _autoflush = True
+        _identity_token = None
+        _yield_per = None
+        _refresh_state = None
+        _lazy_loaded_from = None
+        _legacy_uniquing = False
+        _sa_top_level_orm_context = None
+        _is_user_refresh = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state: CompileState,
+        statement: Union[Select[Any], FromStatement[Any], UpdateBase],
+        user_passed_query: Union[
+            Select[Any],
+            FromStatement[Any],
+            UpdateBase,
+        ],
+        params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        session: Session,
+        load_options: Union[
+            Type[QueryContext.default_load_options],
+            QueryContext.default_load_options,
+        ],
+        execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ):
+        self.load_options = load_options
+        self.execution_options = execution_options or _EMPTY_DICT
+        self.bind_arguments = bind_arguments or _EMPTY_DICT
+        self.compile_state = compile_state
+        self.query = statement
+
+        # the query that the end user passed to Session.execute() or similar.
+        # this is usually the same as .query, except in the bulk_persistence
+        # routines where a separate FromStatement is manufactured in the
+        # compile stage; this allows differentiation in that case.
+        self.user_passed_query = user_passed_query
+
+        self.session = session
+        self.loaders_require_buffering = False
+        self.loaders_require_uniquing = False
+        self.params = params
+        self.top_level_context = load_options._sa_top_level_orm_context
+
+        cached_options = compile_state.select_statement._with_options
+        uncached_options = user_passed_query._with_options
+
+        # see issue #7447 , #8399 for some background
+        # propagated loader options will be present on loaded InstanceState
+        # objects under state.load_options and are typically used by
+        # LazyLoader to apply options to the SELECT statement it emits.
+        # For compile state options (i.e. loader strategy options), these
+        # need to line up with the ".load_path" attribute which in
+        # loader.py is pulled from context.compile_state.current_path.
+        # so, this means these options have to be the ones from the
+        # *cached* statement that's travelling with compile_state, not the
+        # *current* statement which won't match up for an ad-hoc
+        # AliasedClass
+        self.propagated_loader_options = tuple(
+            opt._adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(self, uncached_opt)
+            for opt, uncached_opt in zip(cached_options, uncached_options)
+            if opt.propagate_to_loaders
+        )
+
+        self.attributes = dict(compile_state.attributes)
+
+        self.autoflush = load_options._autoflush
+        self.populate_existing = load_options._populate_existing
+        self.invoke_all_eagers = load_options._invoke_all_eagers
+        self.version_check = load_options._version_check
+        self.refresh_state = load_options._refresh_state
+        self.yield_per = load_options._yield_per
+        self.identity_token = load_options._identity_token
+
+    def _get_top_level_context(self) -> QueryContext:
+        return self.top_level_context or self
+
+
+_orm_load_exec_options = util.immutabledict(
+    {"_result_disable_adapt_to_context": True}
+)
+
+
+class AbstractORMCompileState(CompileState):
+    is_dml_returning = False
+
+    def _init_global_attributes(
+        self, statement, compiler, *, toplevel, process_criteria_for_toplevel
+    ):
+        self.attributes = {}
+
+        if compiler is None:
+            # this is the legacy / testing only ORM _compile_state() use case.
+            # there is no need to apply criteria options for this.
+            self.global_attributes = ga = {}
+            assert toplevel
+            return
+        else:
+            self.global_attributes = ga = compiler._global_attributes
+
+        if toplevel:
+            ga["toplevel_orm"] = True
+
+            if process_criteria_for_toplevel:
+                for opt in statement._with_options:
+                    if opt._is_criteria_option:
+                        opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+            return
+        elif ga.get("toplevel_orm", False):
+            return
+
+        stack_0 = compiler.stack[0]
+
+        try:
+            toplevel_stmt = stack_0["selectable"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            for opt in toplevel_stmt._with_options:
+                if opt._is_compile_state and opt._is_criteria_option:
+                    opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+        ga["toplevel_orm"] = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(
+        cls,
+        statement: Executable,
+        compiler: SQLCompiler,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> CompileState:
+        """Create a context for a statement given a :class:`.Compiler`.
+
+        This method is always invoked in the context of SQLCompiler.process().
+
+        For a Select object, this would be invoked from
+        SQLCompiler.visit_select(). For the special FromStatement object used
+        by Query to indicate "Query.from_statement()", this is called by
+        FromStatement._compiler_dispatch() that would be called by
+        SQLCompiler.process().
+        """
+        return super().create_for_statement(statement, compiler, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_execute_statement(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        conn,
+    ) -> Result:
+        result = conn.execute(
+            statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+        return cls.orm_setup_cursor_result(
+            session,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+            result,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class AutoflushOnlyORMCompileState(AbstractORMCompileState):
+    """ORM compile state that is a passthrough, except for autoflush."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        # consume result-level load_options.  These may have been set up
+        # in an ORMExecuteState hook
+        (
+            load_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = QueryContext.default_load_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options",
+            {
+                "autoflush",
+            },
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+
+        if not is_pre_event and load_options._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+        return statement, execution_options
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        return result
+
+
+class ORMCompileState(AbstractORMCompileState):
+    class default_compile_options(CacheableOptions):
+        _cache_key_traversal = [
+            ("_use_legacy_query_style", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_for_statement", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_bake_ok", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_current_path", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+            ("_enable_single_crit", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_enable_eagerloads", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_only_load_props", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+            ("_set_base_alias", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_for_refresh_state", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_render_for_subquery", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_is_star", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ]
+
+        # set to True by default from Query._statement_20(), to indicate
+        # the rendered query should look like a legacy ORM query.  right
+        # now this basically indicates we should use tablename_columnname
+        # style labels.    Generally indicates the statement originated
+        # from a Query object.
+        _use_legacy_query_style = False
+
+        # set *only* when we are coming from the Query.statement
+        # accessor, or a Query-level equivalent such as
+        # query.subquery().  this supersedes "toplevel".
+        _for_statement = False
+
+        _bake_ok = True
+        _current_path = _path_registry
+        _enable_single_crit = True
+        _enable_eagerloads = True
+        _only_load_props = None
+        _set_base_alias = False
+        _for_refresh_state = False
+        _render_for_subquery = False
+        _is_star = False
+
+    attributes: Dict[Any, Any]
+    global_attributes: Dict[Any, Any]
+
+    statement: Union[Select[Any], FromStatement[Any], UpdateBase]
+    select_statement: Union[Select[Any], FromStatement[Any], UpdateBase]
+    _entities: List[_QueryEntity]
+    _polymorphic_adapters: Dict[_InternalEntityType, ORMAdapter]
+    compile_options: Union[
+        Type[default_compile_options], default_compile_options
+    ]
+    _primary_entity: Optional[_QueryEntity]
+    use_legacy_query_style: bool
+    _label_convention: _LabelConventionCallable
+    primary_columns: List[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    secondary_columns: List[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    dedupe_columns: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    create_eager_joins: List[
+        # TODO: this structure is set up by JoinedLoader
+        Tuple[Any, ...]
+    ]
+    current_path: PathRegistry = _path_registry
+    _has_mapper_entities = False
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(
+        cls,
+        statement: Executable,
+        compiler: SQLCompiler,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMCompileState:
+        return cls._create_orm_context(
+            cast("Union[Select, FromStatement]", statement),
+            toplevel=not compiler.stack,
+            compiler=compiler,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_orm_context(
+        cls,
+        statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+        *,
+        toplevel: bool,
+        compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMCompileState:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _append_dedupe_col_collection(self, obj, col_collection):
+        dedupe = self.dedupe_columns
+        if obj not in dedupe:
+            dedupe.add(obj)
+            col_collection.append(obj)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _column_naming_convention(
+        cls, label_style: SelectLabelStyle, legacy: bool
+    ) -> _LabelConventionCallable:
+        if legacy:
+
+            def name(col, col_name=None):
+                if col_name:
+                    return col_name
+                else:
+                    return getattr(col, "key")
+
+            return name
+        else:
+            return SelectState._column_naming_convention(label_style)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_column_descriptions(cls, statement):
+        return _column_descriptions(statement)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_pre_session_exec(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        is_pre_event,
+    ):
+        # consume result-level load_options.  These may have been set up
+        # in an ORMExecuteState hook
+        (
+            load_options,
+            execution_options,
+        ) = QueryContext.default_load_options.from_execution_options(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options",
+            {
+                "populate_existing",
+                "autoflush",
+                "yield_per",
+                "identity_token",
+                "sa_top_level_orm_context",
+            },
+            execution_options,
+            statement._execution_options,
+        )
+
+        # default execution options for ORM results:
+        # 1. _result_disable_adapt_to_context=True
+        #    this will disable the ResultSetMetadata._adapt_to_context()
+        #    step which we don't need, as we have result processors cached
+        #    against the original SELECT statement before caching.
+
+        if "sa_top_level_orm_context" in execution_options:
+            ctx = execution_options["sa_top_level_orm_context"]
+            execution_options = ctx.query._execution_options.merge_with(
+                ctx.execution_options, execution_options
+            )
+
+        if not execution_options:
+            execution_options = _orm_load_exec_options
+        else:
+            execution_options = execution_options.union(_orm_load_exec_options)
+
+        # would have been placed here by legacy Query only
+        if load_options._yield_per:
+            execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                {"yield_per": load_options._yield_per}
+            )
+
+        if (
+            getattr(statement._compile_options, "_current_path", None)
+            and len(statement._compile_options._current_path) > 10
+            and execution_options.get("compiled_cache", True) is not None
+        ):
+            execution_options: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = (
+                execution_options.union(
+                    {
+                        "compiled_cache": None,
+                        "_cache_disable_reason": "excess depth for "
+                        "ORM loader options",
+                    }
+                )
+            )
+
+        bind_arguments["clause"] = statement
+
+        # new in 1.4 - the coercions system is leveraged to allow the
+        # "subject" mapper of a statement be propagated to the top
+        # as the statement is built.   "subject" mapper is the generally
+        # standard object used as an identifier for multi-database schemes.
+
+        # we are here based on the fact that _propagate_attrs contains
+        # "compile_state_plugin": "orm".   The "plugin_subject"
+        # needs to be present as well.
+
+        try:
+            plugin_subject = statement._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+        except KeyError:
+            assert False, "statement had 'orm' plugin but no plugin_subject"
+        else:
+            if plugin_subject:
+                bind_arguments["mapper"] = plugin_subject.mapper
+
+        if not is_pre_event and load_options._autoflush:
+            session._autoflush()
+
+        return statement, execution_options
+
+    @classmethod
+    def orm_setup_cursor_result(
+        cls,
+        session,
+        statement,
+        params,
+        execution_options,
+        bind_arguments,
+        result,
+    ):
+        execution_context = result.context
+        compile_state = execution_context.compiled.compile_state
+
+        # cover edge case where ORM entities used in legacy select
+        # were passed to session.execute:
+        # session.execute(legacy_select([User.id, User.name]))
+        # see test_query->test_legacy_tuple_old_select
+
+        load_options = execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options", QueryContext.default_load_options
+        )
+
+        if compile_state.compile_options._is_star:
+            return result
+
+        querycontext = QueryContext(
+            compile_state,
+            statement,
+            statement,
+            params,
+            session,
+            load_options,
+            execution_options,
+            bind_arguments,
+        )
+        return loading.instances(result, querycontext)
+
+    @property
+    def _lead_mapper_entities(self):
+        """return all _MapperEntity objects in the lead entities collection.
+
+        Does **not** include entities that have been replaced by
+        with_entities(), with_only_columns()
+
+        """
+        return [
+            ent for ent in self._entities if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+        ]
+
+    def _create_with_polymorphic_adapter(self, ext_info, selectable):
+        """given MapperEntity or ORMColumnEntity, setup polymorphic loading
+        if called for by the Mapper.
+
+        As of #8168 in 2.0.0rc1, polymorphic adapters, which greatly increase
+        the complexity of the query creation process, are not used at all
+        except in the quasi-legacy cases of with_polymorphic referring to an
+        alias and/or subquery. This would apply to concrete polymorphic
+        loading, and joined inheritance where a subquery is
+        passed to with_polymorphic (which is completely unnecessary in modern
+        use).
+
+        """
+        if (
+            not ext_info.is_aliased_class
+            and ext_info.mapper.persist_selectable
+            not in self._polymorphic_adapters
+        ):
+            for mp in ext_info.mapper.iterate_to_root():
+                self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                    mp,
+                    ORMAdapter(
+                        _TraceAdaptRole.WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER,
+                        mp,
+                        equivalents=mp._equivalent_columns,
+                        selectable=selectable,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    def _mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(self, mapper, adapter):
+        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers or [mapper]:
+            self._polymorphic_adapters[m2] = adapter
+
+            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
+                self._polymorphic_adapters[m.local_table] = adapter
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_entities_collection(cls, query, legacy):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "this method only works for ORMSelectCompileState"
+        )
+
+
+class _DMLReturningColFilter:
+    """a base for an adapter used for the DML RETURNING cases
+
+    Has a subset of the interface used by
+    :class:`.ORMAdapter` and is used for :class:`._QueryEntity`
+    instances to set up their columns as used in RETURNING for a
+    DML statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("mapper", "columns", "__weakref__")
+
+    def __init__(self, target_mapper, immediate_dml_mapper):
+        if (
+            immediate_dml_mapper is not None
+            and target_mapper.local_table
+            is not immediate_dml_mapper.local_table
+        ):
+            # joined inh, or in theory other kinds of multi-table mappings
+            self.mapper = immediate_dml_mapper
+        else:
+            # single inh, normal mappings, etc.
+            self.mapper = target_mapper
+        self.columns = self.columns = util.WeakPopulateDict(
+            self.adapt_check_present  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+    def __call__(self, col, as_filter):
+        for cc in sql_util._find_columns(col):
+            c2 = self.adapt_check_present(cc)
+            if c2 is not None:
+                return col
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def adapt_check_present(self, col):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _DMLBulkInsertReturningColFilter(_DMLReturningColFilter):
+    """an adapter used for the DML RETURNING case specifically
+    for ORM bulk insert (or any hypothetical DML that is splitting out a class
+    hierarchy among multiple DML statements....ORM bulk insert is the only
+    example right now)
+
+    its main job is to limit the columns in a RETURNING to only a specific
+    mapped table in a hierarchy.
+
+    """
+
+    def adapt_check_present(self, col):
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        prop = mapper._columntoproperty.get(col, None)
+        if prop is None:
+            return None
+        return mapper.local_table.c.corresponding_column(col)
+
+
+class _DMLUpdateDeleteReturningColFilter(_DMLReturningColFilter):
+    """an adapter used for the DML RETURNING case specifically
+    for ORM enabled UPDATE/DELETE
+
+    its main job is to limit the columns in a RETURNING to include
+    only direct persisted columns from the immediate selectable, not
+    expressions like column_property(), or to also allow columns from other
+    mappers for the UPDATE..FROM use case.
+
+    """
+
+    def adapt_check_present(self, col):
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        prop = mapper._columntoproperty.get(col, None)
+        if prop is not None:
+            # if the col is from the immediate mapper, only return a persisted
+            # column, not any kind of column_property expression
+            return mapper.persist_selectable.c.corresponding_column(col)
+
+        # if the col is from some other mapper, just return it, assume the
+        # user knows what they are doing
+        return col
+
+
+@sql.base.CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "orm_from_statement")
+class ORMFromStatementCompileState(ORMCompileState):
+    _from_obj_alias = None
+    _has_mapper_entities = False
+
+    statement_container: FromStatement
+    requested_statement: Union[SelectBase, TextClause, UpdateBase]
+    dml_table: Optional[_DMLTableElement] = None
+
+    _has_orm_entities = False
+    multi_row_eager_loaders = False
+    eager_adding_joins = False
+    compound_eager_adapter = None
+
+    extra_criteria_entities = _EMPTY_DICT
+    eager_joins = _EMPTY_DICT
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_orm_context(
+        cls,
+        statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+        *,
+        toplevel: bool,
+        compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMFromStatementCompileState:
+        statement_container = statement
+
+        assert isinstance(statement_container, FromStatement)
+
+        if compiler is not None and compiler.stack:
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "The ORM FromStatement construct only supports being "
+                "invoked as the topmost statement, as it is only intended to "
+                "define how result rows should be returned."
+            )
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self._primary_entity = None
+
+        self.use_legacy_query_style = (
+            statement_container._compile_options._use_legacy_query_style
+        )
+        self.statement_container = self.select_statement = statement_container
+        self.requested_statement = statement = statement_container.element
+
+        if statement.is_dml:
+            self.dml_table = statement.table
+            self.is_dml_returning = True
+
+        self._entities = []
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+
+        self.compile_options = statement_container._compile_options
+
+        if (
+            self.use_legacy_query_style
+            and isinstance(statement, expression.SelectBase)
+            and not statement._is_textual
+            and not statement.is_dml
+            and statement._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+        ):
+            self.statement = statement.set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+        else:
+            self.statement = statement
+
+        self._label_convention = self._column_naming_convention(
+            (
+                statement._label_style
+                if not statement._is_textual and not statement.is_dml
+                else LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+            ),
+            self.use_legacy_query_style,
+        )
+
+        _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+            self,
+            statement_container._raw_columns,
+            self._entities,
+            is_current_entities=True,
+        )
+
+        self.current_path = statement_container._compile_options._current_path
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            statement_container,
+            compiler,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=False,
+            toplevel=True,
+        )
+
+        if statement_container._with_options:
+            for opt in statement_container._with_options:
+                if opt._is_compile_state:
+                    opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+        if statement_container._with_context_options:
+            for fn, key in statement_container._with_context_options:
+                fn(self)
+
+        self.primary_columns = []
+        self.secondary_columns = []
+        self.dedupe_columns = set()
+        self.create_eager_joins = []
+        self._fallback_from_clauses = []
+
+        self.order_by = None
+
+        if isinstance(self.statement, expression.TextClause):
+            # TextClause has no "column" objects at all.  for this case,
+            # we generate columns from our _QueryEntity objects, then
+            # flip on all the "please match no matter what" parameters.
+            self.extra_criteria_entities = {}
+
+            for entity in self._entities:
+                entity.setup_compile_state(self)
+
+            compiler._ordered_columns = compiler._textual_ordered_columns = (
+                False
+            )
+
+            # enable looser result column matching.  this is shown to be
+            # needed by test_query.py::TextTest
+            compiler._loose_column_name_matching = True
+
+            for c in self.primary_columns:
+                compiler.process(
+                    c,
+                    within_columns_clause=True,
+                    add_to_result_map=compiler._add_to_result_map,
+                )
+        else:
+            # for everyone else, Select, Insert, Update, TextualSelect, they
+            # have column objects already.  After much
+            # experimentation here, the best approach seems to be, use
+            # those columns completely, don't interfere with the compiler
+            # at all; just in ORM land, use an adapter to convert from
+            # our ORM columns to whatever columns are in the statement,
+            # before we look in the result row. Adapt on names
+            # to accept cases such as issue #9217, however also allow
+            # this to be overridden for cases such as #9273.
+            self._from_obj_alias = ORMStatementAdapter(
+                _TraceAdaptRole.ADAPT_FROM_STATEMENT,
+                self.statement,
+                adapt_on_names=statement_container._adapt_on_names,
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    def _adapt_col_list(self, cols, current_adapter):
+        return cols
+
+    def _get_current_adapter(self):
+        return None
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(self, dml_mapper):
+        """used by BulkORMInsert, Update, Delete to set up a handler
+        for RETURNING to return ORM objects and expressions
+
+        """
+        target_mapper = self.statement._propagate_attrs.get(
+            "plugin_subject", None
+        )
+
+        if self.statement.is_insert:
+            adapter = _DMLBulkInsertReturningColFilter(
+                target_mapper, dml_mapper
+            )
+        elif self.statement.is_update or self.statement.is_delete:
+            adapter = _DMLUpdateDeleteReturningColFilter(
+                target_mapper, dml_mapper
+            )
+        else:
+            adapter = None
+
+        if self.compile_options._is_star and (len(self._entities) != 1):
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't generate ORM query that includes multiple expressions "
+                "at the same time as '*'; query for '*' alone if present"
+            )
+
+        for entity in self._entities:
+            entity.setup_dml_returning_compile_state(self, adapter)
+
+
+class FromStatement(GroupedElement, Generative, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Core construct that represents a load of ORM objects from various
+    :class:`.ReturnsRows` and other classes including:
+
+    :class:`.Select`, :class:`.TextClause`, :class:`.TextualSelect`,
+    :class:`.CompoundSelect`, :class`.Insert`, :class:`.Update`,
+    and in theory, :class:`.Delete`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "orm_from_statement"
+
+    _compile_options = ORMFromStatementCompileState.default_compile_options
+
+    _compile_state_factory = ORMFromStatementCompileState.create_for_statement
+
+    _for_update_arg = None
+
+    element: Union[ExecutableReturnsRows, TextClause]
+
+    _adapt_on_names: bool
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_raw_columns", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ] + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = _traverse_internals + [
+        ("_compile_options", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key)
+    ]
+
+    is_from_statement = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entities: Iterable[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]],
+        element: Union[ExecutableReturnsRows, TextClause],
+        _adapt_on_names: bool = True,
+    ):
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                ent,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                post_inspect=True,
+            )
+            for ent in util.to_list(entities)
+        ]
+        self.element = element
+        self.is_dml = element.is_dml
+        self.is_select = element.is_select
+        self.is_delete = element.is_delete
+        self.is_insert = element.is_insert
+        self.is_update = element.is_update
+        self._label_style = (
+            element._label_style if is_select_base(element) else None
+        )
+        self._adapt_on_names = _adapt_on_names
+
+    def _compiler_dispatch(self, compiler, **kw):
+        """provide a fixed _compiler_dispatch method.
+
+        This is roughly similar to using the sqlalchemy.ext.compiler
+        ``@compiles`` extension.
+
+        """
+
+        compile_state = self._compile_state_factory(self, compiler, **kw)
+
+        toplevel = not compiler.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            compiler.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        return compiler.process(compile_state.statement, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self):
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` 'column descriptions' structure
+        referring to the columns which are SELECTed by this statement.
+
+        See the section :ref:`queryguide_inspection` for an overview
+        of this feature.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """
+        meth = cast(
+            ORMSelectCompileState, SelectState.get_plugin_class(self)
+        ).get_column_descriptions
+        return meth(self)
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self):
+        return self
+
+    def get_children(self, **kw):
+        yield from itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            element._from_objects for element in self._raw_columns
+        )
+        yield from super().get_children(**kw)
+
+    @property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self):
+        return self.element._all_selected_columns
+
+    @property
+    def _return_defaults(self):
+        return self.element._return_defaults if is_dml(self.element) else None
+
+    @property
+    def _returning(self):
+        return self.element._returning if is_dml(self.element) else None
+
+    @property
+    def _inline(self):
+        return self.element._inline if is_insert_update(self.element) else None
+
+
+@sql.base.CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "compound_select")
+class CompoundSelectCompileState(
+    AutoflushOnlyORMCompileState, CompoundSelectState
+):
+    pass
+
+
+@sql.base.CompileState.plugin_for("orm", "select")
+class ORMSelectCompileState(ORMCompileState, SelectState):
+    _already_joined_edges = ()
+
+    _memoized_entities = _EMPTY_DICT
+
+    _from_obj_alias = None
+    _has_mapper_entities = False
+
+    _has_orm_entities = False
+    multi_row_eager_loaders = False
+    eager_adding_joins = False
+    compound_eager_adapter = None
+
+    correlate = None
+    correlate_except = None
+    _where_criteria = ()
+    _having_criteria = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_orm_context(
+        cls,
+        statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+        *,
+        toplevel: bool,
+        compiler: Optional[SQLCompiler],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ORMSelectCompileState:
+
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        select_statement = statement
+
+        # if we are a select() that was never a legacy Query, we won't
+        # have ORM level compile options.
+        statement._compile_options = cls.default_compile_options.safe_merge(
+            statement._compile_options
+        )
+
+        if select_statement._execution_options:
+            # execution options should not impact the compilation of a
+            # query, and at the moment subqueryloader is putting some things
+            # in here that we explicitly don't want stuck in a cache.
+            self.select_statement = select_statement._clone()
+            self.select_statement._execution_options = util.immutabledict()
+        else:
+            self.select_statement = select_statement
+
+        # indicates this select() came from Query.statement
+        self.for_statement = select_statement._compile_options._for_statement
+
+        # generally if we are from Query or directly from a select()
+        self.use_legacy_query_style = (
+            select_statement._compile_options._use_legacy_query_style
+        )
+
+        self._entities = []
+        self._primary_entity = None
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+
+        self.compile_options = select_statement._compile_options
+
+        if not toplevel:
+            # for subqueries, turn off eagerloads and set
+            # "render_for_subquery".
+            self.compile_options += {
+                "_enable_eagerloads": False,
+                "_render_for_subquery": True,
+            }
+
+        # determine label style.   we can make different decisions here.
+        # at the moment, trying to see if we can always use DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+        # rather than LABEL_STYLE_NONE, and if we can use disambiguate style
+        # for new style ORM selects too.
+        if (
+            self.use_legacy_query_style
+            and self.select_statement._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM
+        ):
+            if not self.for_statement:
+                self.label_style = LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            else:
+                self.label_style = LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+        else:
+            self.label_style = self.select_statement._label_style
+
+        if select_statement._memoized_select_entities:
+            self._memoized_entities = {
+                memoized_entities: _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+                    self,
+                    memoized_entities._raw_columns,
+                    [],
+                    is_current_entities=False,
+                )
+                for memoized_entities in (
+                    select_statement._memoized_select_entities
+                )
+            }
+
+        # label_convention is stateful and will yield deduping keys if it
+        # sees the same key twice.  therefore it's important that it is not
+        # invoked for the above "memoized" entities that aren't actually
+        # in the columns clause
+        self._label_convention = self._column_naming_convention(
+            statement._label_style, self.use_legacy_query_style
+        )
+
+        _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+            self,
+            select_statement._raw_columns,
+            self._entities,
+            is_current_entities=True,
+        )
+
+        self.current_path = select_statement._compile_options._current_path
+
+        self.eager_order_by = ()
+
+        self._init_global_attributes(
+            select_statement,
+            compiler,
+            toplevel=toplevel,
+            process_criteria_for_toplevel=False,
+        )
+
+        if toplevel and (
+            select_statement._with_options
+            or select_statement._memoized_select_entities
+        ):
+            for (
+                memoized_entities
+            ) in select_statement._memoized_select_entities:
+                for opt in memoized_entities._with_options:
+                    if opt._is_compile_state:
+                        opt.process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+                            self,
+                            [
+                                ent
+                                for ent in self._memoized_entities[
+                                    memoized_entities
+                                ]
+                                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+                            ],
+                        )
+
+            for opt in self.select_statement._with_options:
+                if opt._is_compile_state:
+                    opt.process_compile_state(self)
+
+        # uncomment to print out the context.attributes structure
+        # after it's been set up above
+        # self._dump_option_struct()
+
+        if select_statement._with_context_options:
+            for fn, key in select_statement._with_context_options:
+                fn(self)
+
+        self.primary_columns = []
+        self.secondary_columns = []
+        self.dedupe_columns = set()
+        self.eager_joins = {}
+        self.extra_criteria_entities = {}
+        self.create_eager_joins = []
+        self._fallback_from_clauses = []
+
+        # normalize the FROM clauses early by themselves, as this makes
+        # it an easier job when we need to assemble a JOIN onto these,
+        # for select.join() as well as joinedload().   As of 1.4 there are now
+        # potentially more complex sets of FROM objects here as the use
+        # of lambda statements for lazyload, load_on_pk etc. uses more
+        # cloning of the select() construct.  See #6495
+        self.from_clauses = self._normalize_froms(
+            info.selectable for info in select_statement._from_obj
+        )
+
+        # this is a fairly arbitrary break into a second method,
+        # so it might be nicer to break up create_for_statement()
+        # and _setup_for_generate into three or four logical sections
+        self._setup_for_generate()
+
+        SelectState.__init__(self, self.statement, compiler, **kw)
+        return self
+
+    def _dump_option_struct(self):
+        print("\n---------------------------------------------------\n")
+        print(f"current path: {self.current_path}")
+        for key in self.attributes:
+            if isinstance(key, tuple) and key[0] == "loader":
+                print(f"\nLoader:           {PathRegistry.coerce(key[1])}")
+                print(f"    {self.attributes[key]}")
+                print(f"    {self.attributes[key].__dict__}")
+            elif isinstance(key, tuple) and key[0] == "path_with_polymorphic":
+                print(f"\nWith Polymorphic: {PathRegistry.coerce(key[1])}")
+                print(f"    {self.attributes[key]}")
+
+    def _setup_for_generate(self):
+        query = self.select_statement
+
+        self.statement = None
+        self._join_entities = ()
+
+        if self.compile_options._set_base_alias:
+            # legacy Query only
+            self._set_select_from_alias()
+
+        for memoized_entities in query._memoized_select_entities:
+            if memoized_entities._setup_joins:
+                self._join(
+                    memoized_entities._setup_joins,
+                    self._memoized_entities[memoized_entities],
+                )
+
+        if query._setup_joins:
+            self._join(query._setup_joins, self._entities)
+
+        current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+
+        if query._where_criteria:
+            self._where_criteria = query._where_criteria
+
+            if current_adapter:
+                self._where_criteria = tuple(
+                    current_adapter(crit, True)
+                    for crit in self._where_criteria
+                )
+
+        # TODO: some complexity with order_by here was due to mapper.order_by.
+        # now that this is removed we can hopefully make order_by /
+        # group_by act identically to how they are in Core select.
+        self.order_by = (
+            self._adapt_col_list(query._order_by_clauses, current_adapter)
+            if current_adapter and query._order_by_clauses not in (None, False)
+            else query._order_by_clauses
+        )
+
+        if query._having_criteria:
+            self._having_criteria = tuple(
+                current_adapter(crit, True) if current_adapter else crit
+                for crit in query._having_criteria
+            )
+
+        self.group_by = (
+            self._adapt_col_list(
+                util.flatten_iterator(query._group_by_clauses), current_adapter
+            )
+            if current_adapter and query._group_by_clauses not in (None, False)
+            else query._group_by_clauses or None
+        )
+
+        if self.eager_order_by:
+            adapter = self.from_clauses[0]._target_adapter
+            self.eager_order_by = adapter.copy_and_process(self.eager_order_by)
+
+        if query._distinct_on:
+            self.distinct_on = self._adapt_col_list(
+                query._distinct_on, current_adapter
+            )
+        else:
+            self.distinct_on = ()
+
+        self.distinct = query._distinct
+
+        if query._correlate:
+            # ORM mapped entities that are mapped to joins can be passed
+            # to .correlate, so here they are broken into their component
+            # tables.
+            self.correlate = tuple(
+                util.flatten_iterator(
+                    sql_util.surface_selectables(s) if s is not None else None
+                    for s in query._correlate
+                )
+            )
+        elif query._correlate_except is not None:
+            self.correlate_except = tuple(
+                util.flatten_iterator(
+                    sql_util.surface_selectables(s) if s is not None else None
+                    for s in query._correlate_except
+                )
+            )
+        elif not query._auto_correlate:
+            self.correlate = (None,)
+
+        # PART II
+
+        self._for_update_arg = query._for_update_arg
+
+        if self.compile_options._is_star and (len(self._entities) != 1):
+            raise sa_exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't generate ORM query that includes multiple expressions "
+                "at the same time as '*'; query for '*' alone if present"
+            )
+        for entity in self._entities:
+            entity.setup_compile_state(self)
+
+        for rec in self.create_eager_joins:
+            strategy = rec[0]
+            strategy(self, *rec[1:])
+
+        # else "load from discrete FROMs" mode,
+        # i.e. when each _MappedEntity has its own FROM
+
+        if self.compile_options._enable_single_crit:
+            self._adjust_for_extra_criteria()
+
+        if not self.primary_columns:
+            if self.compile_options._only_load_props:
+                assert False, "no columns were included in _only_load_props"
+
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query contains no columns with which to SELECT from."
+            )
+
+        if not self.from_clauses:
+            self.from_clauses = list(self._fallback_from_clauses)
+
+        if self.order_by is False:
+            self.order_by = None
+
+        if (
+            self.multi_row_eager_loaders
+            and self.eager_adding_joins
+            and self._should_nest_selectable
+        ):
+            self.statement = self._compound_eager_statement()
+        else:
+            self.statement = self._simple_statement()
+
+        if self.for_statement:
+            ezero = self._mapper_zero()
+            if ezero is not None:
+                # TODO: this goes away once we get rid of the deep entity
+                # thing
+                self.statement = self.statement._annotate(
+                    {"deepentity": ezero}
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_entities_collection(cls, query, legacy):
+        """Creates a partial ORMSelectCompileState that includes
+        the full collection of _MapperEntity and other _QueryEntity objects.
+
+        Supports a few remaining use cases that are pre-compilation
+        but still need to gather some of the column  / adaption information.
+
+        """
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        self._entities = []
+        self._primary_entity = None
+        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
+
+        self._label_convention = self._column_naming_convention(
+            query._label_style, legacy
+        )
+
+        # entities will also set up polymorphic adapters for mappers
+        # that have with_polymorphic configured
+        _QueryEntity.to_compile_state(
+            self, query._raw_columns, self._entities, is_current_entities=True
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def determine_last_joined_entity(cls, statement):
+        setup_joins = statement._setup_joins
+
+        return _determine_last_joined_entity(setup_joins, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_selected_columns(cls, statement):
+        for element in statement._raw_columns:
+            if (
+                element.is_selectable
+                and "entity_namespace" in element._annotations
+            ):
+                ens = element._annotations["entity_namespace"]
+                if not ens.is_mapper and not ens.is_aliased_class:
+                    yield from _select_iterables([element])
+                else:
+                    yield from _select_iterables(ens._all_column_expressions)
+            else:
+                yield from _select_iterables([element])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_columns_clause_froms(cls, statement):
+        return cls._normalize_froms(
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                (
+                    element._from_objects
+                    if "parententity" not in element._annotations
+                    else [
+                        element._annotations[
+                            "parententity"
+                        ].__clause_element__()
+                    ]
+                )
+                for element in statement._raw_columns
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_statement(cls, statement, from_statement):
+        from_statement = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ReturnsRowsRole,
+            from_statement,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=statement,
+        )
+
+        stmt = FromStatement(statement._raw_columns, from_statement)
+
+        stmt.__dict__.update(
+            _with_options=statement._with_options,
+            _with_context_options=statement._with_context_options,
+            _execution_options=statement._execution_options,
+            _propagate_attrs=statement._propagate_attrs,
+        )
+        return stmt
+
+    def _set_select_from_alias(self):
+        """used only for legacy Query cases"""
+
+        query = self.select_statement  # query
+
+        assert self.compile_options._set_base_alias
+        assert len(query._from_obj) == 1
+
+        adapter = self._get_select_from_alias_from_obj(query._from_obj[0])
+        if adapter:
+            self.compile_options += {"_enable_single_crit": False}
+            self._from_obj_alias = adapter
+
+    def _get_select_from_alias_from_obj(self, from_obj):
+        """used only for legacy Query cases"""
+
+        info = from_obj
+
+        if "parententity" in info._annotations:
+            info = info._annotations["parententity"]
+
+        if hasattr(info, "mapper"):
+            if not info.is_aliased_class:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "A selectable (FromClause) instance is "
+                    "expected when the base alias is being set."
+                )
+            else:
+                return info._adapter
+
+        elif isinstance(info.selectable, sql.selectable.AliasedReturnsRows):
+            equivs = self._all_equivs()
+            assert info is info.selectable
+            return ORMStatementAdapter(
+                _TraceAdaptRole.LEGACY_SELECT_FROM_ALIAS,
+                info.selectable,
+                equivalents=equivs,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _mapper_zero(self):
+        """return the Mapper associated with the first QueryEntity."""
+        return self._entities[0].mapper
+
+    def _entity_zero(self):
+        """Return the 'entity' (mapper or AliasedClass) associated
+        with the first QueryEntity, or alternatively the 'select from'
+        entity if specified."""
+
+        for ent in self.from_clauses:
+            if "parententity" in ent._annotations:
+                return ent._annotations["parententity"]
+        for qent in self._entities:
+            if qent.entity_zero:
+                return qent.entity_zero
+
+        return None
+
+    def _only_full_mapper_zero(self, methname):
+        if self._entities != [self._primary_entity]:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "%s() can only be used against "
+                "a single mapped class." % methname
+            )
+        return self._primary_entity.entity_zero
+
+    def _only_entity_zero(self, rationale=None):
+        if len(self._entities) > 1:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                rationale
+                or "This operation requires a Query "
+                "against a single mapper."
+            )
+        return self._entity_zero()
+
+    def _all_equivs(self):
+        equivs = {}
+
+        for memoized_entities in self._memoized_entities.values():
+            for ent in [
+                ent
+                for ent in memoized_entities
+                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+            ]:
+                equivs.update(ent.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+
+        for ent in [
+            ent for ent in self._entities if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity)
+        ]:
+            equivs.update(ent.mapper._equivalent_columns)
+        return equivs
+
+    def _compound_eager_statement(self):
+        # for eager joins present and LIMIT/OFFSET/DISTINCT,
+        # wrap the query inside a select,
+        # then append eager joins onto that
+
+        if self.order_by:
+            # the default coercion for ORDER BY is now the OrderByRole,
+            # which adds an additional post coercion to ByOfRole in that
+            # elements are converted into label references.  For the
+            # eager load / subquery wrapping case, we need to un-coerce
+            # the original expressions outside of the label references
+            # in order to have them render.
+            unwrapped_order_by = [
+                (
+                    elem.element
+                    if isinstance(elem, sql.elements._label_reference)
+                    else elem
+                )
+                for elem in self.order_by
+            ]
+
+            order_by_col_expr = sql_util.expand_column_list_from_order_by(
+                self.primary_columns, unwrapped_order_by
+            )
+        else:
+            order_by_col_expr = []
+            unwrapped_order_by = None
+
+        # put FOR UPDATE on the inner query, where MySQL will honor it,
+        # as well as if it has an OF so PostgreSQL can use it.
+        inner = self._select_statement(
+            self.primary_columns
+            + [c for c in order_by_col_expr if c not in self.dedupe_columns],
+            self.from_clauses,
+            self._where_criteria,
+            self._having_criteria,
+            self.label_style,
+            self.order_by,
+            for_update=self._for_update_arg,
+            hints=self.select_statement._hints,
+            statement_hints=self.select_statement._statement_hints,
+            correlate=self.correlate,
+            correlate_except=self.correlate_except,
+            **self._select_args,
+        )
+
+        inner = inner.alias()
+
+        equivs = self._all_equivs()
+
+        self.compound_eager_adapter = ORMStatementAdapter(
+            _TraceAdaptRole.COMPOUND_EAGER_STATEMENT, inner, equivalents=equivs
+        )
+
+        statement = future.select(
+            *([inner] + self.secondary_columns)  # use_labels=self.labels
+        )
+        statement._label_style = self.label_style
+
+        # Oracle Database however does not allow FOR UPDATE on the subquery,
+        # and the Oracle Database dialects ignore it, plus for PostgreSQL,
+        # MySQL we expect that all elements of the row are locked, so also put
+        # it on the outside (except in the case of PG when OF is used)
+        if (
+            self._for_update_arg is not None
+            and self._for_update_arg.of is None
+        ):
+            statement._for_update_arg = self._for_update_arg
+
+        from_clause = inner
+        for eager_join in self.eager_joins.values():
+            # EagerLoader places a 'stop_on' attribute on the join,
+            # giving us a marker as to where the "splice point" of
+            # the join should be
+            from_clause = sql_util.splice_joins(
+                from_clause, eager_join, eager_join.stop_on
+            )
+
+        statement.select_from.non_generative(statement, from_clause)
+
+        if unwrapped_order_by:
+            statement.order_by.non_generative(
+                statement,
+                *self.compound_eager_adapter.copy_and_process(
+                    unwrapped_order_by
+                ),
+            )
+
+        statement.order_by.non_generative(statement, *self.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _simple_statement(self):
+        statement = self._select_statement(
+            self.primary_columns + self.secondary_columns,
+            tuple(self.from_clauses) + tuple(self.eager_joins.values()),
+            self._where_criteria,
+            self._having_criteria,
+            self.label_style,
+            self.order_by,
+            for_update=self._for_update_arg,
+            hints=self.select_statement._hints,
+            statement_hints=self.select_statement._statement_hints,
+            correlate=self.correlate,
+            correlate_except=self.correlate_except,
+            **self._select_args,
+        )
+
+        if self.eager_order_by:
+            statement.order_by.non_generative(statement, *self.eager_order_by)
+        return statement
+
+    def _select_statement(
+        self,
+        raw_columns,
+        from_obj,
+        where_criteria,
+        having_criteria,
+        label_style,
+        order_by,
+        for_update,
+        hints,
+        statement_hints,
+        correlate,
+        correlate_except,
+        limit_clause,
+        offset_clause,
+        fetch_clause,
+        fetch_clause_options,
+        distinct,
+        distinct_on,
+        prefixes,
+        suffixes,
+        group_by,
+        independent_ctes,
+        independent_ctes_opts,
+    ):
+        statement = Select._create_raw_select(
+            _raw_columns=raw_columns,
+            _from_obj=from_obj,
+            _label_style=label_style,
+        )
+
+        if where_criteria:
+            statement._where_criteria = where_criteria
+        if having_criteria:
+            statement._having_criteria = having_criteria
+
+        if order_by:
+            statement._order_by_clauses += tuple(order_by)
+
+        if distinct_on:
+            statement.distinct.non_generative(statement, *distinct_on)
+        elif distinct:
+            statement.distinct.non_generative(statement)
+
+        if group_by:
+            statement._group_by_clauses += tuple(group_by)
+
+        statement._limit_clause = limit_clause
+        statement._offset_clause = offset_clause
+        statement._fetch_clause = fetch_clause
+        statement._fetch_clause_options = fetch_clause_options
+        statement._independent_ctes = independent_ctes
+        statement._independent_ctes_opts = independent_ctes_opts
+
+        if prefixes:
+            statement._prefixes = prefixes
+
+        if suffixes:
+            statement._suffixes = suffixes
+
+        statement._for_update_arg = for_update
+
+        if hints:
+            statement._hints = hints
+        if statement_hints:
+            statement._statement_hints = statement_hints
+
+        if correlate:
+            statement.correlate.non_generative(statement, *correlate)
+
+        if correlate_except is not None:
+            statement.correlate_except.non_generative(
+                statement, *correlate_except
+            )
+
+        return statement
+
+    def _adapt_polymorphic_element(self, element):
+        if "parententity" in element._annotations:
+            search = element._annotations["parententity"]
+            alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+            if alias:
+                return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+        if isinstance(element, expression.FromClause):
+            search = element
+        elif hasattr(element, "table"):
+            search = element.table
+        else:
+            return None
+
+        alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
+        if alias:
+            return alias.adapt_clause(element)
+
+    def _adapt_col_list(self, cols, current_adapter):
+        if current_adapter:
+            return [current_adapter(o, True) for o in cols]
+        else:
+            return cols
+
+    def _get_current_adapter(self):
+        adapters = []
+
+        if self._from_obj_alias:
+            # used for legacy going forward for query set_ops, e.g.
+            # union(), union_all(), etc.
+            # 1.4 and previously, also used for from_self(),
+            # select_entity_from()
+            #
+            # for the "from obj" alias, apply extra rule to the
+            # 'ORM only' check, if this query were generated from a
+            # subquery of itself, i.e. _from_selectable(), apply adaption
+            # to all SQL constructs.
+            adapters.append(
+                (
+                    True,
+                    self._from_obj_alias.replace,
+                )
+            )
+
+        # this was *hopefully* the only adapter we were going to need
+        # going forward...however, we unfortunately need _from_obj_alias
+        # for query.union(), which we can't drop
+        if self._polymorphic_adapters:
+            adapters.append((False, self._adapt_polymorphic_element))
+
+        if not adapters:
+            return None
+
+        def _adapt_clause(clause, as_filter):
+            # do we adapt all expression elements or only those
+            # tagged as 'ORM' constructs ?
+
+            def replace(elem):
+                is_orm_adapt = (
+                    "_orm_adapt" in elem._annotations
+                    or "parententity" in elem._annotations
+                )
+                for always_adapt, adapter in adapters:
+                    if is_orm_adapt or always_adapt:
+                        e = adapter(elem)
+                        if e is not None:
+                            return e
+
+            return visitors.replacement_traverse(clause, {}, replace)
+
+        return _adapt_clause
+
+    def _join(self, args, entities_collection):
+        for right, onclause, from_, flags in args:
+            isouter = flags["isouter"]
+            full = flags["full"]
+
+            right = inspect(right)
+            if onclause is not None:
+                onclause = inspect(onclause)
+
+            if isinstance(right, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                if onclause is not None:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "No 'on clause' argument may be passed when joining "
+                        "to a relationship path as a target"
+                    )
+
+                onclause = right
+                right = None
+            elif "parententity" in right._annotations:
+                right = right._annotations["parententity"]
+
+            if onclause is None:
+                if not right.is_selectable and not hasattr(right, "mapper"):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Expected mapped entity or "
+                        "selectable/table as join target"
+                    )
+
+            of_type = None
+
+            if isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
+                # descriptor/property given (or determined); this tells us
+                # explicitly what the expected "left" side of the join is.
+
+                of_type = getattr(onclause, "_of_type", None)
+
+                if right is None:
+                    if of_type:
+                        right = of_type
+                    else:
+                        right = onclause.property
+
+                        try:
+                            right = right.entity
+                        except AttributeError as err:
+                            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                                "Join target %s does not refer to a "
+                                "mapped entity" % right
+                            ) from err
+
+                left = onclause._parententity
+
+                prop = onclause.property
+                if not isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+                    onclause = prop
+
+                # check for this path already present.  don't render in that
+                # case.
+                if (left, right, prop.key) in self._already_joined_edges:
+                    continue
+
+                if from_ is not None:
+                    if (
+                        from_ is not left
+                        and from_._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+                        is not left
+                    ):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "explicit from clause %s does not match left side "
+                            "of relationship attribute %s"
+                            % (
+                                from_._annotations.get("parententity", from_),
+                                onclause,
+                            )
+                        )
+            elif from_ is not None:
+                prop = None
+                left = from_
+            else:
+                # no descriptor/property given; we will need to figure out
+                # what the effective "left" side is
+                prop = left = None
+
+            # figure out the final "left" and "right" sides and create an
+            # ORMJoin to add to our _from_obj tuple
+            self._join_left_to_right(
+                entities_collection,
+                left,
+                right,
+                onclause,
+                prop,
+                isouter,
+                full,
+            )
+
+    def _join_left_to_right(
+        self,
+        entities_collection,
+        left,
+        right,
+        onclause,
+        prop,
+        outerjoin,
+        full,
+    ):
+        """given raw "left", "right", "onclause" parameters consumed from
+        a particular key within _join(), add a real ORMJoin object to
+        our _from_obj list (or augment an existing one)
+
+        """
+
+        if left is None:
+            # left not given (e.g. no relationship object/name specified)
+            # figure out the best "left" side based on our existing froms /
+            # entities
+            assert prop is None
+            (
+                left,
+                replace_from_obj_index,
+                use_entity_index,
+            ) = self._join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+                entities_collection, left, right, onclause
+            )
+        else:
+            # left is given via a relationship/name, or as explicit left side.
+            # Determine where in our
+            # "froms" list it should be spliced/appended as well as what
+            # existing entity it corresponds to.
+            (
+                replace_from_obj_index,
+                use_entity_index,
+            ) = self._join_place_explicit_left_side(entities_collection, left)
+
+        if left is right:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't construct a join from %s to %s, they "
+                "are the same entity" % (left, right)
+            )
+
+        # the right side as given often needs to be adapted.  additionally
+        # a lot of things can be wrong with it.  handle all that and
+        # get back the new effective "right" side
+        r_info, right, onclause = self._join_check_and_adapt_right_side(
+            left, right, onclause, prop
+        )
+
+        if not r_info.is_selectable:
+            extra_criteria = self._get_extra_criteria(r_info)
+        else:
+            extra_criteria = ()
+
+        if replace_from_obj_index is not None:
+            # splice into an existing element in the
+            # self._from_obj list
+            left_clause = self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+
+            self.from_clauses = (
+                self.from_clauses[:replace_from_obj_index]
+                + [
+                    _ORMJoin(
+                        left_clause,
+                        right,
+                        onclause,
+                        isouter=outerjoin,
+                        full=full,
+                        _extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                    )
+                ]
+                + self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index + 1 :]
+            )
+        else:
+            # add a new element to the self._from_obj list
+            if use_entity_index is not None:
+                # make use of _MapperEntity selectable, which is usually
+                # entity_zero.selectable, but if with_polymorphic() were used
+                # might be distinct
+                assert isinstance(
+                    entities_collection[use_entity_index], _MapperEntity
+                )
+                left_clause = entities_collection[use_entity_index].selectable
+            else:
+                left_clause = left
+
+            self.from_clauses = self.from_clauses + [
+                _ORMJoin(
+                    left_clause,
+                    r_info,
+                    onclause,
+                    isouter=outerjoin,
+                    full=full,
+                    _extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                )
+            ]
+
+    def _join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+        self, entities_collection, left, right, onclause
+    ):
+        """When join conditions don't express the left side explicitly,
+        determine if an existing FROM or entity in this query
+        can serve as the left hand side.
+
+        """
+
+        # when we are here, it means join() was called without an ORM-
+        # specific way of telling us what the "left" side is, e.g.:
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity)
+        #
+        # or
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity, RightEntity.foo == LeftEntity.bar)
+        #
+
+        r_info = inspect(right)
+
+        replace_from_obj_index = use_entity_index = None
+
+        if self.from_clauses:
+            # we have a list of FROMs already.  So by definition this
+            # join has to connect to one of those FROMs.
+
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                self.from_clauses, r_info.selectable, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+                left = self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+            elif len(indexes) > 1:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't determine which FROM clause to join "
+                    "from, there are multiple FROMS which can "
+                    "join to this entity. Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity."
+                )
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Don't know how to join to %r. "
+                    "Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity." % (right,)
+                )
+
+        elif entities_collection:
+            # we have no explicit FROMs, so the implicit left has to
+            # come from our list of entities.
+
+            potential = {}
+            for entity_index, ent in enumerate(entities_collection):
+                entity = ent.entity_zero_or_selectable
+                if entity is None:
+                    continue
+                ent_info = inspect(entity)
+                if ent_info is r_info:  # left and right are the same, skip
+                    continue
+
+                # by using a dictionary with the selectables as keys this
+                # de-duplicates those selectables as occurs when the query is
+                # against a series of columns from the same selectable
+                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity):
+                    potential[ent.selectable] = (entity_index, entity)
+                else:
+                    potential[ent_info.selectable] = (None, entity)
+
+            all_clauses = list(potential.keys())
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                all_clauses, r_info.selectable, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                use_entity_index, left = potential[all_clauses[indexes[0]]]
+            elif len(indexes) > 1:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't determine which FROM clause to join "
+                    "from, there are multiple FROMS which can "
+                    "join to this entity. Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity."
+                )
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Don't know how to join to %r. "
+                    "Please use the .select_from() "
+                    "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                    "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already "
+                    "to help resolve the ambiguity." % (right,)
+                )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "No entities to join from; please use "
+                "select_from() to establish the left "
+                "entity/selectable of this join"
+            )
+
+        return left, replace_from_obj_index, use_entity_index
+
+    def _join_place_explicit_left_side(self, entities_collection, left):
+        """When join conditions express a left side explicitly, determine
+        where in our existing list of FROM clauses we should join towards,
+        or if we need to make a new join, and if so is it from one of our
+        existing entities.
+
+        """
+
+        # when we are here, it means join() was called with an indicator
+        # as to an exact left side, which means a path to a
+        # Relationship was given, e.g.:
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity, LeftEntity.right)
+        #
+        # or
+        #
+        # join(LeftEntity.right)
+        #
+        # as well as string forms:
+        #
+        # join(RightEntity, "right")
+        #
+        # etc.
+        #
+
+        replace_from_obj_index = use_entity_index = None
+
+        l_info = inspect(left)
+        if self.from_clauses:
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+                self.from_clauses, l_info.selectable
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) > 1:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't identify which entity in which to assign the "
+                    "left side of this join.   Please use a more specific "
+                    "ON clause."
+                )
+
+            # have an index, means the left side is already present in
+            # an existing FROM in the self._from_obj tuple
+            if indexes:
+                replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+
+            # no index, means we need to add a new element to the
+            # self._from_obj tuple
+
+        # no from element present, so we will have to add to the
+        # self._from_obj tuple.  Determine if this left side matches up
+        # with existing mapper entities, in which case we want to apply the
+        # aliasing / adaptation rules present on that entity if any
+        if (
+            replace_from_obj_index is None
+            and entities_collection
+            and hasattr(l_info, "mapper")
+        ):
+            for idx, ent in enumerate(entities_collection):
+                # TODO: should we be checking for multiple mapper entities
+                # matching?
+                if isinstance(ent, _MapperEntity) and ent.corresponds_to(left):
+                    use_entity_index = idx
+                    break
+
+        return replace_from_obj_index, use_entity_index
+
+    def _join_check_and_adapt_right_side(self, left, right, onclause, prop):
+        """transform the "right" side of the join as well as the onclause
+        according to polymorphic mapping translations, aliasing on the query
+        or on the join, special cases where the right and left side have
+        overlapping tables.
+
+        """
+
+        l_info = inspect(left)
+        r_info = inspect(right)
+
+        overlap = False
+
+        right_mapper = getattr(r_info, "mapper", None)
+        # if the target is a joined inheritance mapping,
+        # be more liberal about auto-aliasing.
+        if right_mapper and (
+            right_mapper.with_polymorphic
+            or isinstance(right_mapper.persist_selectable, expression.Join)
+        ):
+            for from_obj in self.from_clauses or [l_info.selectable]:
+                if sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                    l_info.selectable, from_obj
+                ) and sql_util.selectables_overlap(
+                    from_obj, r_info.selectable
+                ):
+                    overlap = True
+                    break
+
+        if overlap and l_info.selectable is r_info.selectable:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't join table/selectable '%s' to itself"
+                % l_info.selectable
+            )
+
+        right_mapper, right_selectable, right_is_aliased = (
+            getattr(r_info, "mapper", None),
+            r_info.selectable,
+            getattr(r_info, "is_aliased_class", False),
+        )
+
+        if (
+            right_mapper
+            and prop
+            and not right_mapper.common_parent(prop.mapper)
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Join target %s does not correspond to "
+                "the right side of join condition %s" % (right, onclause)
+            )
+
+        # _join_entities is used as a hint for single-table inheritance
+        # purposes at the moment
+        if hasattr(r_info, "mapper"):
+            self._join_entities += (r_info,)
+
+        need_adapter = False
+
+        # test for joining to an unmapped selectable as the target
+        if r_info.is_clause_element:
+            if prop:
+                right_mapper = prop.mapper
+
+            if right_selectable._is_lateral:
+                # orm_only is disabled to suit the case where we have to
+                # adapt an explicit correlate(Entity) - the select() loses
+                # the ORM-ness in this case right now, ideally it would not
+                current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+                if current_adapter is not None:
+                    # TODO: we had orm_only=False here before, removing
+                    # it didn't break things.   if we identify the rationale,
+                    # may need to apply "_orm_only" annotation here.
+                    right = current_adapter(right, True)
+
+            elif prop:
+                # joining to selectable with a mapper property given
+                # as the ON clause
+
+                if not right_selectable.is_derived_from(
+                    right_mapper.persist_selectable
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Selectable '%s' is not derived from '%s'"
+                        % (
+                            right_selectable.description,
+                            right_mapper.persist_selectable.description,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                # if the destination selectable is a plain select(),
+                # turn it into an alias().
+                if isinstance(right_selectable, expression.SelectBase):
+                    right_selectable = coercions.expect(
+                        roles.FromClauseRole, right_selectable
+                    )
+                    need_adapter = True
+
+                # make the right hand side target into an ORM entity
+                right = AliasedClass(right_mapper, right_selectable)
+
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "An alias is being generated automatically against "
+                    "joined entity %s for raw clauseelement, which is "
+                    "deprecated and will be removed in a later release. "
+                    "Use the aliased() "
+                    "construct explicitly, see the linked example."
+                    % right_mapper,
+                    "1.4",
+                    code="xaj1",
+                )
+
+        # test for overlap:
+        # orm/inheritance/relationships.py
+        # SelfReferentialM2MTest
+        aliased_entity = right_mapper and not right_is_aliased and overlap
+
+        if not need_adapter and aliased_entity:
+            # there are a few places in the ORM that automatic aliasing
+            # is still desirable, and can't be automatic with a Core
+            # only approach.  For illustrations of "overlaps" see
+            # test/orm/inheritance/test_relationships.py.  There are also
+            # general overlap cases with many-to-many tables where automatic
+            # aliasing is desirable.
+            right = AliasedClass(right, flat=True)
+            need_adapter = True
+
+            util.warn(
+                "An alias is being generated automatically against "
+                "joined entity %s due to overlapping tables.  This is a "
+                "legacy pattern which may be "
+                "deprecated in a later release.  Use the "
+                "aliased(<entity>, flat=True) "
+                "construct explicitly, see the linked example." % right_mapper,
+                code="xaj2",
+            )
+
+        if need_adapter:
+            # if need_adapter is True, we are in a deprecated case and
+            # a warning has been emitted.
+            assert right_mapper
+
+            adapter = ORMAdapter(
+                _TraceAdaptRole.DEPRECATED_JOIN_ADAPT_RIGHT_SIDE,
+                inspect(right),
+                equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            )
+
+            # if an alias() on the right side was generated,
+            # which is intended to wrap a the right side in a subquery,
+            # ensure that columns retrieved from this target in the result
+            # set are also adapted.
+            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(right_mapper, adapter)
+        elif (
+            not r_info.is_clause_element
+            and not right_is_aliased
+            and right_mapper._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause
+        ):
+            # for the case where the target mapper has a with_polymorphic
+            # set up, ensure an adapter is set up for criteria that works
+            # against this mapper.  Previously, this logic used to
+            # use the "create_aliases or aliased_entity" case to generate
+            # an aliased() object, but this creates an alias that isn't
+            # strictly necessary.
+            # see test/orm/test_core_compilation.py
+            # ::RelNaturalAliasedJoinsTest::test_straight
+            # and similar
+            self._mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
+                right_mapper,
+                ORMAdapter(
+                    _TraceAdaptRole.WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER_RIGHT_JOIN,
+                    right_mapper,
+                    selectable=right_mapper.selectable,
+                    equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns,
+                ),
+            )
+        # if the onclause is a ClauseElement, adapt it with any
+        # adapters that are in place right now
+        if isinstance(onclause, expression.ClauseElement):
+            current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+            if current_adapter:
+                onclause = current_adapter(onclause, True)
+
+        # if joining on a MapperProperty path,
+        # track the path to prevent redundant joins
+        if prop:
+            self._already_joined_edges += ((left, right, prop.key),)
+
+        return inspect(right), right, onclause
+
+    @property
+    def _select_args(self):
+        return {
+            "limit_clause": self.select_statement._limit_clause,
+            "offset_clause": self.select_statement._offset_clause,
+            "distinct": self.distinct,
+            "distinct_on": self.distinct_on,
+            "prefixes": self.select_statement._prefixes,
+            "suffixes": self.select_statement._suffixes,
+            "group_by": self.group_by or None,
+            "fetch_clause": self.select_statement._fetch_clause,
+            "fetch_clause_options": (
+                self.select_statement._fetch_clause_options
+            ),
+            "independent_ctes": self.select_statement._independent_ctes,
+            "independent_ctes_opts": (
+                self.select_statement._independent_ctes_opts
+            ),
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def _should_nest_selectable(self):
+        kwargs = self._select_args
+        return (
+            kwargs.get("limit_clause") is not None
+            or kwargs.get("offset_clause") is not None
+            or kwargs.get("distinct", False)
+            or kwargs.get("distinct_on", ())
+            or kwargs.get("group_by", False)
+        )
+
+    def _get_extra_criteria(self, ext_info):
+        if (
+            "additional_entity_criteria",
+            ext_info.mapper,
+        ) in self.global_attributes:
+            return tuple(
+                ae._resolve_where_criteria(ext_info)
+                for ae in self.global_attributes[
+                    ("additional_entity_criteria", ext_info.mapper)
+                ]
+                if (ae.include_aliases or ae.entity is ext_info)
+                and ae._should_include(self)
+            )
+        else:
+            return ()
+
+    def _adjust_for_extra_criteria(self):
+        """Apply extra criteria filtering.
+
+        For all distinct single-table-inheritance mappers represented in
+        the columns clause of this query, as well as the "select from entity",
+        add criterion to the WHERE
+        clause of the given QueryContext such that only the appropriate
+        subtypes are selected from the total results.
+
+        Additionally, add WHERE criteria originating from LoaderCriteriaOptions
+        associated with the global context.
+
+        """
+
+        for fromclause in self.from_clauses:
+            ext_info = fromclause._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+
+            if (
+                ext_info
+                and (
+                    ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion is not None
+                    or ("additional_entity_criteria", ext_info.mapper)
+                    in self.global_attributes
+                )
+                and ext_info not in self.extra_criteria_entities
+            ):
+                self.extra_criteria_entities[ext_info] = (
+                    ext_info,
+                    ext_info._adapter if ext_info.is_aliased_class else None,
+                )
+
+        search = set(self.extra_criteria_entities.values())
+
+        for ext_info, adapter in search:
+            if ext_info in self._join_entities:
+                continue
+
+            single_crit = ext_info.mapper._single_table_criterion
+
+            if self.compile_options._for_refresh_state:
+                additional_entity_criteria = []
+            else:
+                additional_entity_criteria = self._get_extra_criteria(ext_info)
+
+            if single_crit is not None:
+                additional_entity_criteria += (single_crit,)
+
+            current_adapter = self._get_current_adapter()
+            for crit in additional_entity_criteria:
+                if adapter:
+                    crit = adapter.traverse(crit)
+
+                if current_adapter:
+                    crit = sql_util._deep_annotate(crit, {"_orm_adapt": True})
+                    crit = current_adapter(crit, False)
+                self._where_criteria += (crit,)
+
+
+def _column_descriptions(
+    query_or_select_stmt: Union[Query, Select, FromStatement],
+    compile_state: Optional[ORMSelectCompileState] = None,
+    legacy: bool = False,
+) -> List[ORMColumnDescription]:
+    if compile_state is None:
+        compile_state = ORMSelectCompileState._create_entities_collection(
+            query_or_select_stmt, legacy=legacy
+        )
+    ctx = compile_state
+    d = [
+        {
+            "name": ent._label_name,
+            "type": ent.type,
+            "aliased": getattr(insp_ent, "is_aliased_class", False),
+            "expr": ent.expr,
+            "entity": (
+                getattr(insp_ent, "entity", None)
+                if ent.entity_zero is not None
+                and not insp_ent.is_clause_element
+                else None
+            ),
+        }
+        for ent, insp_ent in [
+            (_ent, _ent.entity_zero) for _ent in ctx._entities
+        ]
+    ]
+    return d
+
+
+def _legacy_filter_by_entity_zero(
+    query_or_augmented_select: Union[Query[Any], Select[Any]]
+) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+    self = query_or_augmented_select
+    if self._setup_joins:
+        _last_joined_entity = self._last_joined_entity
+        if _last_joined_entity is not None:
+            return _last_joined_entity
+
+    if self._from_obj and "parententity" in self._from_obj[0]._annotations:
+        return self._from_obj[0]._annotations["parententity"]
+
+    return _entity_from_pre_ent_zero(self)
+
+
+def _entity_from_pre_ent_zero(
+    query_or_augmented_select: Union[Query[Any], Select[Any]]
+) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+    self = query_or_augmented_select
+    if not self._raw_columns:
+        return None
+
+    ent = self._raw_columns[0]
+
+    if "parententity" in ent._annotations:
+        return ent._annotations["parententity"]
+    elif isinstance(ent, ORMColumnsClauseRole):
+        return ent.entity
+    elif "bundle" in ent._annotations:
+        return ent._annotations["bundle"]
+    else:
+        return ent
+
+
+def _determine_last_joined_entity(
+    setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...],
+    entity_zero: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+) -> Optional[Union[_InternalEntityType[Any], _JoinTargetElement]]:
+    if not setup_joins:
+        return None
+
+    (target, onclause, from_, flags) = setup_joins[-1]
+
+    if isinstance(
+        target,
+        attributes.QueryableAttribute,
+    ):
+        return target.entity
+    else:
+        return target
+
+
+class _QueryEntity:
+    """represent an entity column returned within a Query result."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    supports_single_entity: bool
+
+    _non_hashable_value = False
+    _null_column_type = False
+    use_id_for_hash = False
+
+    _label_name: Optional[str]
+    type: Union[Type[Any], TypeEngine[Any]]
+    expr: Union[_InternalEntityType, ColumnElement[Any]]
+    entity_zero: Optional[_InternalEntityType]
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: Optional[_DMLReturningColFilter],
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_compile_state(
+        cls, compile_state, entities, entities_collection, is_current_entities
+    ):
+        for idx, entity in enumerate(entities):
+            if entity._is_lambda_element:
+                if entity._is_sequence:
+                    cls.to_compile_state(
+                        compile_state,
+                        entity._resolved,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                    )
+                    continue
+                else:
+                    entity = entity._resolved
+
+            if entity.is_clause_element:
+                if entity.is_selectable:
+                    if "parententity" in entity._annotations:
+                        _MapperEntity(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        _ColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity._select_iterable,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            idx,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                else:
+                    if entity._annotations.get("bundle", False):
+                        _BundleEntity(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                    elif entity._is_clause_list:
+                        # this is legacy only - test_composites.py
+                        # test_query_cols_legacy
+                        _ColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                            compile_state,
+                            entity._select_iterable,
+                            entities_collection,
+                            idx,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        _ColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                            compile_state,
+                            [entity],
+                            entities_collection,
+                            idx,
+                            is_current_entities,
+                        )
+            elif entity.is_bundle:
+                _BundleEntity(compile_state, entity, entities_collection)
+
+        return entities_collection
+
+
+class _MapperEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    """mapper/class/AliasedClass entity"""
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "expr",
+        "mapper",
+        "entity_zero",
+        "is_aliased_class",
+        "path",
+        "_extra_entities",
+        "_label_name",
+        "_with_polymorphic_mappers",
+        "selectable",
+        "_polymorphic_discriminator",
+    )
+
+    expr: _InternalEntityType
+    mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    entity_zero: _InternalEntityType
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+    path: PathRegistry
+    _label_name: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, compile_state, entity, entities_collection, is_current_entities
+    ):
+        entities_collection.append(self)
+        if is_current_entities:
+            if compile_state._primary_entity is None:
+                compile_state._primary_entity = self
+            compile_state._has_mapper_entities = True
+            compile_state._has_orm_entities = True
+
+        entity = entity._annotations["parententity"]
+        entity._post_inspect
+        ext_info = self.entity_zero = entity
+        entity = ext_info.entity
+
+        self.expr = entity
+        self.mapper = mapper = ext_info.mapper
+
+        self._extra_entities = (self.expr,)
+
+        if ext_info.is_aliased_class:
+            self._label_name = ext_info.name
+        else:
+            self._label_name = mapper.class_.__name__
+
+        self.is_aliased_class = ext_info.is_aliased_class
+        self.path = ext_info._path_registry
+
+        self.selectable = ext_info.selectable
+        self._with_polymorphic_mappers = ext_info.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        self._polymorphic_discriminator = ext_info.polymorphic_on
+
+        if mapper._should_select_with_poly_adapter:
+            compile_state._create_with_polymorphic_adapter(
+                ext_info, self.selectable
+            )
+
+    supports_single_entity = True
+
+    _non_hashable_value = True
+    use_id_for_hash = True
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        return self.entity_zero
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        return _entity_corresponds_to(self.entity_zero, entity)
+
+    def _get_entity_clauses(self, compile_state):
+        adapter = None
+
+        if not self.is_aliased_class:
+            if compile_state._polymorphic_adapters:
+                adapter = compile_state._polymorphic_adapters.get(
+                    self.mapper, None
+                )
+        else:
+            adapter = self.entity_zero._adapter
+
+        if adapter:
+            if compile_state._from_obj_alias:
+                ret = adapter.wrap(compile_state._from_obj_alias)
+            else:
+                ret = adapter
+        else:
+            ret = compile_state._from_obj_alias
+
+        return ret
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(compile_state)
+
+        if compile_state.compound_eager_adapter and adapter:
+            adapter = adapter.wrap(compile_state.compound_eager_adapter)
+        elif not adapter:
+            adapter = compile_state.compound_eager_adapter
+
+        if compile_state._primary_entity is self:
+            only_load_props = compile_state.compile_options._only_load_props
+            refresh_state = context.refresh_state
+        else:
+            only_load_props = refresh_state = None
+
+        _instance = loading._instance_processor(
+            self,
+            self.mapper,
+            context,
+            result,
+            self.path,
+            adapter,
+            only_load_props=only_load_props,
+            refresh_state=refresh_state,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator,
+        )
+
+        return _instance, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: Optional[_DMLReturningColFilter],
+    ) -> None:
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            compile_state,
+            self.mapper,
+            self,
+            self.path,
+            adapter,
+            compile_state.primary_columns,
+            with_polymorphic=self._with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            only_load_props=compile_state.compile_options._only_load_props,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator,
+        )
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        adapter = self._get_entity_clauses(compile_state)
+
+        single_table_crit = self.mapper._single_table_criterion
+        if (
+            single_table_crit is not None
+            or ("additional_entity_criteria", self.mapper)
+            in compile_state.global_attributes
+        ):
+            ext_info = self.entity_zero
+            compile_state.extra_criteria_entities[ext_info] = (
+                ext_info,
+                ext_info._adapter if ext_info.is_aliased_class else None,
+            )
+
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            compile_state,
+            self.mapper,
+            self,
+            self.path,
+            adapter,
+            compile_state.primary_columns,
+            with_polymorphic=self._with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            only_load_props=compile_state.compile_options._only_load_props,
+            polymorphic_discriminator=self._polymorphic_discriminator,
+        )
+        compile_state._fallback_from_clauses.append(self.selectable)
+
+
+class _BundleEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    _extra_entities = ()
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "bundle",
+        "expr",
+        "type",
+        "_label_name",
+        "_entities",
+        "supports_single_entity",
+    )
+
+    _entities: List[_QueryEntity]
+    bundle: Bundle
+    type: Type[Any]
+    _label_name: str
+    supports_single_entity: bool
+    expr: Bundle
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        expr,
+        entities_collection,
+        is_current_entities,
+        setup_entities=True,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        compile_state._has_orm_entities = True
+
+        expr = expr._annotations["bundle"]
+        if parent_bundle:
+            parent_bundle._entities.append(self)
+        else:
+            entities_collection.append(self)
+
+        if isinstance(
+            expr, (attributes.QueryableAttribute, interfaces.PropComparator)
+        ):
+            bundle = expr.__clause_element__()
+        else:
+            bundle = expr
+
+        self.bundle = self.expr = bundle
+        self.type = type(bundle)
+        self._label_name = bundle.name
+        self._entities = []
+
+        if setup_entities:
+            for expr in bundle.exprs:
+                if "bundle" in expr._annotations:
+                    _BundleEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        expr,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=self,
+                    )
+                elif isinstance(expr, Bundle):
+                    _BundleEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        expr,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=self,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    _ORMColumnEntity._for_columns(
+                        compile_state,
+                        [expr],
+                        entities_collection,
+                        None,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=self,
+                    )
+
+        self.supports_single_entity = self.bundle.single_entity
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self):
+        ezero = self.entity_zero
+        if ezero is not None:
+            return ezero.mapper
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        # TODO: we might be able to implement this but for now
+        # we are working around it
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def entity_zero_or_selectable(self):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero_or_selectable
+            if ezero is not None:
+                return ezero
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        for ent in self._entities:
+            ent.setup_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: Optional[_DMLReturningColFilter],
+    ) -> None:
+        return self.setup_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        procs, labels, extra = zip(
+            *[ent.row_processor(context, result) for ent in self._entities]
+        )
+
+        proc = self.bundle.create_row_processor(context.query, procs, labels)
+
+        return proc, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
+
+
+class _ColumnEntity(_QueryEntity):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_fetch_column",
+        "_row_processor",
+        "raw_column_index",
+        "translate_raw_column",
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _for_columns(
+        cls,
+        compile_state,
+        columns,
+        entities_collection,
+        raw_column_index,
+        is_current_entities,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        for column in columns:
+            annotations = column._annotations
+            if "parententity" in annotations:
+                _entity = annotations["parententity"]
+            else:
+                _entity = sql_util.extract_first_column_annotation(
+                    column, "parententity"
+                )
+
+            if _entity:
+                if "identity_token" in column._annotations:
+                    _IdentityTokenEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        column,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        _entity,
+                        raw_column_index,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=parent_bundle,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    _ORMColumnEntity(
+                        compile_state,
+                        column,
+                        entities_collection,
+                        _entity,
+                        raw_column_index,
+                        is_current_entities,
+                        parent_bundle=parent_bundle,
+                    )
+            else:
+                _RawColumnEntity(
+                    compile_state,
+                    column,
+                    entities_collection,
+                    raw_column_index,
+                    is_current_entities,
+                    parent_bundle=parent_bundle,
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.column.type
+
+    @property
+    def _non_hashable_value(self):
+        return not self.column.type.hashable
+
+    @property
+    def _null_column_type(self):
+        return self.column.type._isnull
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+
+        # the resulting callable is entirely cacheable so just return
+        # it if we already made one
+        if self._row_processor is not None:
+            getter, label_name, extra_entities = self._row_processor
+            if self.translate_raw_column:
+                extra_entities += (
+                    context.query._raw_columns[self.raw_column_index],
+                )
+
+            return getter, label_name, extra_entities
+
+        # retrieve the column that would have been set up in
+        # setup_compile_state, to avoid doing redundant work
+        if self._fetch_column is not None:
+            column = self._fetch_column
+        else:
+            # fetch_column will be None when we are doing a from_statement
+            # and setup_compile_state may not have been called.
+            column = self.column
+
+            # previously, the RawColumnEntity didn't look for from_obj_alias
+            # however I can't think of a case where we would be here and
+            # we'd want to ignore it if this is the from_statement use case.
+            # it's not really a use case to have raw columns + from_statement
+            if compile_state._from_obj_alias:
+                column = compile_state._from_obj_alias.columns[column]
+
+            if column._annotations:
+                # annotated columns perform more slowly in compiler and
+                # result due to the __eq__() method, so use deannotated
+                column = column._deannotate()
+
+        if compile_state.compound_eager_adapter:
+            column = compile_state.compound_eager_adapter.columns[column]
+
+        getter = result._getter(column)
+        ret = getter, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
+        self._row_processor = ret
+
+        if self.translate_raw_column:
+            extra_entities = self._extra_entities + (
+                context.query._raw_columns[self.raw_column_index],
+            )
+            return getter, self._label_name, extra_entities
+        else:
+            return ret
+
+
+class _RawColumnEntity(_ColumnEntity):
+    entity_zero = None
+    mapper = None
+    supports_single_entity = False
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "expr",
+        "column",
+        "_label_name",
+        "entity_zero_or_selectable",
+        "_extra_entities",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        column,
+        entities_collection,
+        raw_column_index,
+        is_current_entities,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        self.expr = column
+        self.raw_column_index = raw_column_index
+        self.translate_raw_column = raw_column_index is not None
+
+        if column._is_star:
+            compile_state.compile_options += {"_is_star": True}
+
+        if not is_current_entities or column._is_text_clause:
+            self._label_name = None
+        else:
+            if parent_bundle:
+                self._label_name = column._proxy_key
+            else:
+                self._label_name = compile_state._label_convention(column)
+
+        if parent_bundle:
+            parent_bundle._entities.append(self)
+        else:
+            entities_collection.append(self)
+
+        self.column = column
+        self.entity_zero_or_selectable = (
+            self.column._from_objects[0] if self.column._from_objects else None
+        )
+        self._extra_entities = (self.expr, self.column)
+        self._fetch_column = self._row_processor = None
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        return False
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: Optional[_DMLReturningColFilter],
+    ) -> None:
+        return self.setup_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        current_adapter = compile_state._get_current_adapter()
+        if current_adapter:
+            column = current_adapter(self.column, False)
+            if column is None:
+                return
+        else:
+            column = self.column
+
+        if column._annotations:
+            # annotated columns perform more slowly in compiler and
+            # result due to the __eq__() method, so use deannotated
+            column = column._deannotate()
+
+        compile_state.dedupe_columns.add(column)
+        compile_state.primary_columns.append(column)
+        self._fetch_column = column
+
+
+class _ORMColumnEntity(_ColumnEntity):
+    """Column/expression based entity."""
+
+    supports_single_entity = False
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "expr",
+        "mapper",
+        "column",
+        "_label_name",
+        "entity_zero_or_selectable",
+        "entity_zero",
+        "_extra_entities",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        column,
+        entities_collection,
+        parententity,
+        raw_column_index,
+        is_current_entities,
+        parent_bundle=None,
+    ):
+        annotations = column._annotations
+
+        _entity = parententity
+
+        # an AliasedClass won't have proxy_key in the annotations for
+        # a column if it was acquired using the class' adapter directly,
+        # such as using AliasedInsp._adapt_element().  this occurs
+        # within internal loaders.
+
+        orm_key = annotations.get("proxy_key", None)
+        proxy_owner = annotations.get("proxy_owner", _entity)
+        if orm_key:
+            self.expr = getattr(proxy_owner.entity, orm_key)
+            self.translate_raw_column = False
+        else:
+            # if orm_key is not present, that means this is an ad-hoc
+            # SQL ColumnElement, like a CASE() or other expression.
+            # include this column position from the invoked statement
+            # in the ORM-level ResultSetMetaData on each execute, so that
+            # it can be targeted by identity after caching
+            self.expr = column
+            self.translate_raw_column = raw_column_index is not None
+
+        self.raw_column_index = raw_column_index
+
+        if is_current_entities:
+            if parent_bundle:
+                self._label_name = orm_key if orm_key else column._proxy_key
+            else:
+                self._label_name = compile_state._label_convention(
+                    column, col_name=orm_key
+                )
+        else:
+            self._label_name = None
+
+        _entity._post_inspect
+        self.entity_zero = self.entity_zero_or_selectable = ezero = _entity
+        self.mapper = mapper = _entity.mapper
+
+        if parent_bundle:
+            parent_bundle._entities.append(self)
+        else:
+            entities_collection.append(self)
+
+        compile_state._has_orm_entities = True
+
+        self.column = column
+
+        self._fetch_column = self._row_processor = None
+
+        self._extra_entities = (self.expr, self.column)
+
+        if mapper._should_select_with_poly_adapter:
+            compile_state._create_with_polymorphic_adapter(
+                ezero, ezero.selectable
+            )
+
+    def corresponds_to(self, entity):
+        if _is_aliased_class(entity):
+            # TODO: polymorphic subclasses ?
+            return entity is self.entity_zero
+        else:
+            return not _is_aliased_class(
+                self.entity_zero
+            ) and entity.common_parent(self.entity_zero)
+
+    def setup_dml_returning_compile_state(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        adapter: Optional[_DMLReturningColFilter],
+    ) -> None:
+
+        self._fetch_column = column = self.column
+        if adapter:
+            column = adapter(column, False)
+
+        if column is not None:
+            compile_state.dedupe_columns.add(column)
+            compile_state.primary_columns.append(column)
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        current_adapter = compile_state._get_current_adapter()
+        if current_adapter:
+            column = current_adapter(self.column, False)
+            if column is None:
+                assert compile_state.is_dml_returning
+                self._fetch_column = self.column
+                return
+        else:
+            column = self.column
+
+        ezero = self.entity_zero
+
+        single_table_crit = self.mapper._single_table_criterion
+        if (
+            single_table_crit is not None
+            or ("additional_entity_criteria", self.mapper)
+            in compile_state.global_attributes
+        ):
+            compile_state.extra_criteria_entities[ezero] = (
+                ezero,
+                ezero._adapter if ezero.is_aliased_class else None,
+            )
+
+        if column._annotations and not column._expression_label:
+            # annotated columns perform more slowly in compiler and
+            # result due to the __eq__() method, so use deannotated
+            column = column._deannotate()
+
+        # use entity_zero as the from if we have it. this is necessary
+        # for polymorphic scenarios where our FROM is based on ORM entity,
+        # not the FROM of the column.  but also, don't use it if our column
+        # doesn't actually have any FROMs that line up, such as when its
+        # a scalar subquery.
+        if set(self.column._from_objects).intersection(
+            ezero.selectable._from_objects
+        ):
+            compile_state._fallback_from_clauses.append(ezero.selectable)
+
+        compile_state.dedupe_columns.add(column)
+        compile_state.primary_columns.append(column)
+        self._fetch_column = column
+
+
+class _IdentityTokenEntity(_ORMColumnEntity):
+    translate_raw_column = False
+
+    def setup_compile_state(self, compile_state):
+        pass
+
+    def row_processor(self, context, result):
+        def getter(row):
+            return context.load_options._identity_token
+
+        return getter, self._label_name, self._extra_entities
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60468237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1917 @@
+# orm/decl_api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Public API functions and helpers for declarative."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import clsregistry
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import interfaces
+from . import mapperlib
+from ._orm_constructors import composite
+from ._orm_constructors import deferred
+from ._orm_constructors import mapped_column
+from ._orm_constructors import relationship
+from ._orm_constructors import synonym
+from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+from .base import _inspect_mapped_class
+from .base import _is_mapped_class
+from .base import Mapped
+from .base import ORMDescriptor
+from .decl_base import _add_attribute
+from .decl_base import _as_declarative
+from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+from .decl_base import _declarative_constructor
+from .decl_base import _DeferredMapperConfig
+from .decl_base import _del_attribute
+from .decl_base import _mapper
+from .descriptor_props import Composite
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym
+from .descriptor_props import Synonym as _orm_synonym
+from .mapper import Mapper
+from .properties import MappedColumn
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import sqltypes
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.elements import SQLCoreOperations
+from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+from ..util import hybridmethod
+from ..util import hybridproperty
+from ..util import typing as compat_typing
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+from ..util.typing import CallableReference
+from ..util.typing import de_optionalize_union_types
+from ..util.typing import flatten_newtype
+from ..util.typing import is_generic
+from ..util.typing import is_literal
+from ..util.typing import is_newtype
+from ..util.typing import is_pep695
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import LITERAL_TYPES
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .decl_base import _DataclassArguments
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState  # noqa
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from ..sql.type_api import _MatchedOnType
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_TT = TypeVar("_TT", bound=Any)
+
+# it's not clear how to have Annotated, Union objects etc. as keys here
+# from a typing perspective so just leave it open ended for now
+_TypeAnnotationMapType = Mapping[Any, "_TypeEngineArgument[Any]"]
+_MutableTypeAnnotationMapType = Dict[Any, "_TypeEngineArgument[Any]"]
+
+_DeclaredAttrDecorated = Callable[
+    ..., Union[Mapped[_T], ORMDescriptor[_T], SQLCoreOperations[_T]]
+]
+
+
+def has_inherited_table(cls: Type[_O]) -> bool:
+    """Given a class, return True if any of the classes it inherits from has a
+    mapped table, otherwise return False.
+
+    This is used in declarative mixins to build attributes that behave
+    differently for the base class vs. a subclass in an inheritance
+    hierarchy.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`decl_mixin_inheritance`
+
+    """
+    for class_ in cls.__mro__[1:]:
+        if getattr(class_, "__table__", None) is not None:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+class _DynamicAttributesType(type):
+    def __setattr__(cls, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        if "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__:
+            _add_attribute(cls, key, value)
+        else:
+            type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+
+    def __delattr__(cls, key: str) -> None:
+        if "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__:
+            _del_attribute(cls, key)
+        else:
+            type.__delattr__(cls, key)
+
+
+class DeclarativeAttributeIntercept(
+    _DynamicAttributesType,
+    # Inspectable is used only by the mypy plugin
+    inspection.Inspectable[Mapper[Any]],
+):
+    """Metaclass that may be used in conjunction with the
+    :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class to support addition of class
+    attributes dynamically.
+
+    """
+
+
+@compat_typing.dataclass_transform(
+    field_specifiers=(
+        MappedColumn,
+        RelationshipProperty,
+        Composite,
+        Synonym,
+        mapped_column,
+        relationship,
+        composite,
+        synonym,
+        deferred,
+    ),
+)
+class DCTransformDeclarative(DeclarativeAttributeIntercept):
+    """metaclass that includes @dataclass_transforms"""
+
+
+class DeclarativeMeta(DeclarativeAttributeIntercept):
+    metadata: MetaData
+    registry: RegistryType
+
+    def __init__(
+        cls, classname: Any, bases: Any, dict_: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # use cls.__dict__, which can be modified by an
+        # __init_subclass__() method (#7900)
+        dict_ = cls.__dict__
+
+        # early-consume registry from the initial declarative base,
+        # assign privately to not conflict with subclass attributes named
+        # "registry"
+        reg = getattr(cls, "_sa_registry", None)
+        if reg is None:
+            reg = dict_.get("registry", None)
+            if not isinstance(reg, registry):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Declarative base class has no 'registry' attribute, "
+                    "or registry is not a sqlalchemy.orm.registry() object"
+                )
+            else:
+                cls._sa_registry = reg
+
+        if not cls.__dict__.get("__abstract__", False):
+            _as_declarative(reg, cls, dict_)
+        type.__init__(cls, classname, bases, dict_)
+
+
+def synonym_for(
+    name: str, map_column: bool = False
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Synonym[Any]]:
+    """Decorator that produces an :func:`_orm.synonym`
+    attribute in conjunction with a Python descriptor.
+
+    The function being decorated is passed to :func:`_orm.synonym` as the
+    :paramref:`.orm.synonym.descriptor` parameter::
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "my_table"
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+            _job_status = Column("job_status", String(50))
+
+            @synonym_for("job_status")
+            @property
+            def job_status(self):
+                return "Status: %s" % self._job_status
+
+    The :ref:`hybrid properties <mapper_hybrids>` feature of SQLAlchemy
+    is typically preferred instead of synonyms, which is a more legacy
+    feature.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+        :func:`_orm.synonym` - the mapper-level function
+
+        :ref:`mapper_hybrids` - The Hybrid Attribute extension provides an
+        updated approach to augmenting attribute behavior more flexibly than
+        can be achieved with synonyms.
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Synonym[Any]:
+        return _orm_synonym(name, map_column=map_column, descriptor=fn)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+class _declared_attr_common:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[..., Any],
+        cascading: bool = False,
+        quiet: bool = False,
+    ):
+        # suppport
+        # @declared_attr
+        # @classmethod
+        # def foo(cls) -> Mapped[thing]:
+        #    ...
+        # which seems to help typing tools interpret the fn as a classmethod
+        # for situations where needed
+        if isinstance(fn, classmethod):
+            fn = fn.__func__
+
+        self.fget = fn
+        self._cascading = cascading
+        self._quiet = quiet
+        self.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+
+    def _collect_return_annotation(self) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+        return util.get_annotations(self.fget).get("return")
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any) -> Any:
+        # the declared_attr needs to make use of a cache that exists
+        # for the span of the declarative scan_attributes() phase.
+        # to achieve this we look at the class manager that's configured.
+
+        # note this method should not be called outside of the declarative
+        # setup phase
+
+        cls = owner
+        manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+        if manager is None:
+            if not re.match(r"^__.+__$", self.fget.__name__):
+                # if there is no manager at all, then this class hasn't been
+                # run through declarative or mapper() at all, emit a warning.
+                util.warn(
+                    "Unmanaged access of declarative attribute %s from "
+                    "non-mapped class %s" % (self.fget.__name__, cls.__name__)
+                )
+            return self.fget(cls)
+        elif manager.is_mapped:
+            # the class is mapped, which means we're outside of the declarative
+            # scan setup, just run the function.
+            return self.fget(cls)
+
+        # here, we are inside of the declarative scan.  use the registry
+        # that is tracking the values of these attributes.
+        declarative_scan = manager.declarative_scan()
+
+        # assert that we are in fact in the declarative scan
+        assert declarative_scan is not None
+
+        reg = declarative_scan.declared_attr_reg
+
+        if self in reg:
+            return reg[self]
+        else:
+            reg[self] = obj = self.fget(cls)
+            return obj
+
+
+class _declared_directive(_declared_attr_common, Generic[_T]):
+    # see mapping_api.rst for docstring
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            fn: Callable[..., _T],
+            cascading: bool = False,
+        ): ...
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __call__(self, fn: Callable[..., _TT]) -> _declared_directive[_TT]:
+            # extensive fooling of mypy underway...
+            ...
+
+
+class declared_attr(interfaces._MappedAttribute[_T], _declared_attr_common):
+    """Mark a class-level method as representing the definition of
+    a mapped property or Declarative directive.
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` is typically applied as a decorator to a class
+    level method, turning the attribute into a scalar-like property that can be
+    invoked from the uninstantiated class. The Declarative mapping process
+    looks for these :class:`_orm.declared_attr` callables as it scans classes,
+    and assumes any attribute marked with :class:`_orm.declared_attr` will be a
+    callable that will produce an object specific to the Declarative mapping or
+    table configuration.
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` is usually applicable to
+    :ref:`mixins <orm_mixins_toplevel>`, to define relationships that are to be
+    applied to different implementors of the class. It may also be used to
+    define dynamically generated column expressions and other Declarative
+    attributes.
+
+    Example::
+
+        class ProvidesUserMixin:
+            "A mixin that adds a 'user' relationship to classes."
+
+            user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user_table.id"))
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def user(cls) -> Mapped["User"]:
+                return relationship("User")
+
+    When used with Declarative directives such as ``__tablename__``, the
+    :meth:`_orm.declared_attr.directive` modifier may be used which indicates
+    to :pep:`484` typing tools that the given method is not dealing with
+    :class:`_orm.Mapped` attributes::
+
+        class CreateTableName:
+            @declared_attr.directive
+            def __tablename__(cls) -> str:
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` can also be applied directly to mapped
+    classes, to allow for attributes that dynamically configure themselves
+    on subclasses when using mapped inheritance schemes.   Below
+    illustrates :class:`_orm.declared_attr` to create a dynamic scheme
+    for generating the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_identity` parameter
+    for subclasses::
+
+        class Employee(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "employee"
+
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50))
+
+            @declared_attr.directive
+            def __mapper_args__(cls) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+                if cls.__name__ == "Employee":
+                    return {
+                        "polymorphic_on": cls.type,
+                        "polymorphic_identity": "Employee",
+                    }
+                else:
+                    return {"polymorphic_identity": cls.__name__}
+
+
+        class Engineer(Employee):
+            pass
+
+    :class:`_orm.declared_attr` supports decorating functions that are
+    explicitly decorated with ``@classmethod``. This is never necessary from a
+    runtime perspective, however may be needed in order to support :pep:`484`
+    typing tools that don't otherwise recognize the decorated function as
+    having class-level behaviors for the ``cls`` parameter::
+
+        class SomethingMixin:
+            x: Mapped[int]
+            y: Mapped[int]
+
+            @declared_attr
+            @classmethod
+            def x_plus_y(cls) -> Mapped[int]:
+                return column_property(cls.x + cls.y)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0 - :class:`_orm.declared_attr` can accommodate a
+       function decorated with ``@classmethod`` to help with :pep:`484`
+       integration where needed.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mixins_toplevel` - Declarative Mixin documentation with
+        background on use patterns for :class:`_orm.declared_attr`.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            fn: _DeclaredAttrDecorated[_T],
+            cascading: bool = False,
+        ): ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        # this is the Mapped[] API where at class descriptor get time we want
+        # the type checker to see InstrumentedAttribute[_T].   However the
+        # callable function prior to mapping in fact calls the given
+        # declarative function that does not return InstrumentedAttribute
+        @overload
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: None, owner: Any
+        ) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+        def __get__(
+            self, instance: Optional[object], owner: Any
+        ) -> Union[InstrumentedAttribute[_T], _T]: ...
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _stateful(cls, **kw: Any) -> _stateful_declared_attr[_T]:
+        return _stateful_declared_attr(**kw)
+
+    @hybridproperty
+    def directive(cls) -> _declared_directive[Any]:
+        # see mapping_api.rst for docstring
+        return _declared_directive  # type: ignore
+
+    @hybridproperty
+    def cascading(cls) -> _stateful_declared_attr[_T]:
+        # see mapping_api.rst for docstring
+        return cls._stateful(cascading=True)
+
+
+class _stateful_declared_attr(declared_attr[_T]):
+    kw: Dict[str, Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw: Any):
+        self.kw = kw
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _stateful(self, **kw: Any) -> _stateful_declared_attr[_T]:
+        new_kw = self.kw.copy()
+        new_kw.update(kw)
+        return _stateful_declared_attr(**new_kw)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn: _DeclaredAttrDecorated[_T]) -> declared_attr[_T]:
+        return declared_attr(fn, **self.kw)
+
+
+def declarative_mixin(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:
+    """Mark a class as providing the feature of "declarative mixin".
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import declared_attr
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_mixin
+
+
+        @declarative_mixin
+        class MyMixin:
+
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+            __table_args__ = {"mysql_engine": "InnoDB"}
+            __mapper_args__ = {"always_refresh": True}
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+
+        class MyModel(MyMixin, Base):
+            name = Column(String(1000))
+
+    The :func:`_orm.declarative_mixin` decorator currently does not modify
+    the given class in any way; it's current purpose is strictly to assist
+    the :ref:`Mypy plugin <mypy_toplevel>` in being able to identify
+    SQLAlchemy declarative mixin classes when no other context is present.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.6
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mixins_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`mypy_declarative_mixins` - in the
+        :ref:`Mypy plugin documentation <mypy_toplevel>`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    return cls
+
+
+def _setup_declarative_base(cls: Type[Any]) -> None:
+    if "metadata" in cls.__dict__:
+        metadata = cls.__dict__["metadata"]
+    else:
+        metadata = None
+
+    if "type_annotation_map" in cls.__dict__:
+        type_annotation_map = cls.__dict__["type_annotation_map"]
+    else:
+        type_annotation_map = None
+
+    reg = cls.__dict__.get("registry", None)
+    if reg is not None:
+        if not isinstance(reg, registry):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Declarative base class has a 'registry' attribute that is "
+                "not an instance of sqlalchemy.orm.registry()"
+            )
+        elif type_annotation_map is not None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Declarative base class has both a 'registry' attribute and a "
+                "type_annotation_map entry.  Per-base type_annotation_maps "
+                "are not supported.  Please apply the type_annotation_map "
+                "to this registry directly."
+            )
+
+    else:
+        reg = registry(
+            metadata=metadata, type_annotation_map=type_annotation_map
+        )
+        cls.registry = reg
+
+    cls._sa_registry = reg
+
+    if "metadata" not in cls.__dict__:
+        cls.metadata = cls.registry.metadata
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__init__", object.__init__) is object.__init__:
+        cls.__init__ = cls.registry.constructor
+
+
+class MappedAsDataclass(metaclass=DCTransformDeclarative):
+    """Mixin class to indicate when mapping this class, also convert it to be
+    a dataclass.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses` - complete background
+        on SQLAlchemy native dataclass mapping
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    def __init_subclass__(
+        cls,
+        init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+        eq: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        order: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        dataclass_callable: Union[
+            _NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        apply_dc_transforms: _DataclassArguments = {
+            "init": init,
+            "repr": repr,
+            "eq": eq,
+            "order": order,
+            "unsafe_hash": unsafe_hash,
+            "match_args": match_args,
+            "kw_only": kw_only,
+            "dataclass_callable": dataclass_callable,
+        }
+
+        current_transforms: _DataclassArguments
+
+        if hasattr(cls, "_sa_apply_dc_transforms"):
+            current = cls._sa_apply_dc_transforms
+
+            _ClassScanMapperConfig._assert_dc_arguments(current)
+
+            cls._sa_apply_dc_transforms = current_transforms = {  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                k: current.get(k, _NoArg.NO_ARG) if v is _NoArg.NO_ARG else v
+                for k, v in apply_dc_transforms.items()
+            }
+        else:
+            cls._sa_apply_dc_transforms = current_transforms = (
+                apply_dc_transforms
+            )
+
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+        if not _is_mapped_class(cls):
+            new_anno = (
+                _ClassScanMapperConfig._update_annotations_for_non_mapped_class
+            )(cls)
+            _ClassScanMapperConfig._apply_dataclasses_to_any_class(
+                current_transforms, cls, new_anno
+            )
+
+
+class DeclarativeBase(
+    # Inspectable is used only by the mypy plugin
+    inspection.Inspectable[InstanceState[Any]],
+    metaclass=DeclarativeAttributeIntercept,
+):
+    """Base class used for declarative class definitions.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` allows for the creation of new
+    declarative bases in such a way that is compatible with type checkers::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            pass
+
+    The above ``Base`` class is now usable as the base for new declarative
+    mappings.  The superclass makes use of the ``__init_subclass__()``
+    method to set up new classes and metaclasses aren't used.
+
+    When first used, the :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class instantiates a new
+    :class:`_orm.registry` to be used with the base, assuming one was not
+    provided explicitly. The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class supports
+    class-level attributes which act as parameters for the construction of this
+    registry; such as to indicate a specific :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+    collection as well as a specific value for
+    :paramref:`_orm.registry.type_annotation_map`::
+
+        from typing_extensions import Annotated
+
+        from sqlalchemy import BigInteger
+        from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+        from sqlalchemy import String
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+        bigint = Annotated[int, "bigint"]
+        my_metadata = MetaData()
+
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            metadata = my_metadata
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: String().with_variant(String(255), "mysql", "mariadb"),
+                bigint: BigInteger(),
+            }
+
+    Class-level attributes which may be specified include:
+
+    :param metadata: optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection.
+     If a :class:`_orm.registry` is constructed automatically, this
+     :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection will be used to construct it.
+     Otherwise, the local :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection will supercede
+     that used by an existing :class:`_orm.registry` passed using the
+     :paramref:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.registry` parameter.
+    :param type_annotation_map: optional type annotation map that will be
+     passed to the :class:`_orm.registry` as
+     :paramref:`_orm.registry.type_annotation_map`.
+    :param registry: supply a pre-existing :class:`_orm.registry` directly.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  Added :class:`.DeclarativeBase`, so that declarative
+       base classes may be constructed in such a way that is also recognized
+       by :pep:`484` type checkers.   As a result, :class:`.DeclarativeBase`
+       and other subclassing-oriented APIs should be seen as
+       superseding previous "class returned by a function" APIs, namely
+       :func:`_orm.declarative_base` and :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`,
+       where the base class returned cannot be recognized by type checkers
+       without using plugins.
+
+    **__init__ behavior**
+
+    In a plain Python class, the base-most ``__init__()`` method in the class
+    hierarchy is ``object.__init__()``, which accepts no arguments. However,
+    when the :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` subclass is first declared, the
+    class is given an ``__init__()`` method that links to the
+    :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` constructor function, if no
+    ``__init__()`` method is already present; this is the usual declarative
+    constructor that will assign keyword arguments as attributes on the
+    instance, assuming those attributes are established at the class level
+    (i.e. are mapped, or are linked to a descriptor). This constructor is
+    **never accessed by a mapped class without being called explicitly via
+    super()**, as mapped classes are themselves given an ``__init__()`` method
+    directly which calls :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor`, so in the
+    default case works independently of what the base-most ``__init__()``
+    method does.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.1  :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` has a default
+       constructor that links to :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` by
+       default, so that calls to ``super().__init__()`` can access this
+       constructor. Previously, due to an implementation mistake, this default
+       constructor was missing, and calling ``super().__init__()`` would invoke
+       ``object.__init__()``.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` subclass may also declare an explicit
+    ``__init__()`` method which will replace the use of the
+    :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` function at this level::
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            def __init__(self, id=None):
+                self.id = id
+
+    Mapped classes still will not invoke this constructor implicitly; it
+    remains only accessible by calling ``super().__init__()``::
+
+        class MyClass(Base):
+            def __init__(self, id=None, name=None):
+                self.name = name
+                super().__init__(id=id)
+
+    Note that this is a different behavior from what functions like the legacy
+    :func:`_orm.declarative_base` would do; the base created by those functions
+    would always install :paramref:`_orm.registry.constructor` for
+    ``__init__()``.
+
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _sa_inspect_type(self) -> Mapper[Self]: ...
+
+        def _sa_inspect_instance(self) -> InstanceState[Self]: ...
+
+        _sa_registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+
+        registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+        """Refers to the :class:`_orm.registry` in use where new
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects will be associated."""
+
+        metadata: ClassVar[MetaData]
+        """Refers to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection that will be used
+        for new :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+        """
+
+        __name__: ClassVar[str]
+
+        # this ideally should be Mapper[Self], but mypy as of 1.4.1 does not
+        # like it, and breaks the declared_attr_one test. Pyright/pylance is
+        # ok with it.
+        __mapper__: ClassVar[Mapper[Any]]
+        """The :class:`_orm.Mapper` object to which a particular class is
+        mapped.
+
+        May also be acquired using :func:`_sa.inspect`, e.g.
+        ``inspect(klass)``.
+
+        """
+
+        __table__: ClassVar[FromClause]
+        """The :class:`_sql.FromClause` to which a particular subclass is
+        mapped.
+
+        This is usually an instance of :class:`_schema.Table` but may also
+        refer to other kinds of :class:`_sql.FromClause` such as
+        :class:`_sql.Subquery`, depending on how the class is mapped.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+        """
+
+        # pyright/pylance do not consider a classmethod a ClassVar so use Any
+        # https://github.com/microsoft/pylance-release/issues/3484
+        __tablename__: Any
+        """String name to assign to the generated
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object, if not specified directly via
+        :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__table__`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table`
+
+        """
+
+        __mapper_args__: Any
+        """Dictionary of arguments which will be passed to the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapper_options`
+
+        """
+
+        __table_args__: Any
+        """A dictionary or tuple of arguments that will be passed to the
+        :class:`_schema.Table` constructor.  See
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+        for background on the specific structure of this collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, **kw: Any): ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if DeclarativeBase in cls.__bases__:
+            _check_not_declarative(cls, DeclarativeBase)
+            _setup_declarative_base(cls)
+        else:
+            _as_declarative(cls._sa_registry, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+
+def _check_not_declarative(cls: Type[Any], base: Type[Any]) -> None:
+    cls_dict = cls.__dict__
+    if (
+        "__table__" in cls_dict
+        and not (
+            callable(cls_dict["__table__"])
+            or hasattr(cls_dict["__table__"], "__get__")
+        )
+    ) or isinstance(cls_dict.get("__tablename__", None), str):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            f"Cannot use {base.__name__!r} directly as a declarative base "
+            "class. Create a Base by creating a subclass of it."
+        )
+
+
+class DeclarativeBaseNoMeta(
+    # Inspectable is used only by the mypy plugin
+    inspection.Inspectable[InstanceState[Any]]
+):
+    """Same as :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase`, but does not use a metaclass
+    to intercept new attributes.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBaseNoMeta` base may be used when use of
+    custom metaclasses is desirable.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+
+    _sa_registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+
+    registry: ClassVar[_RegistryType]
+    """Refers to the :class:`_orm.registry` in use where new
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects will be associated."""
+
+    metadata: ClassVar[MetaData]
+    """Refers to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection that will be used
+    for new :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+    """
+
+    # this ideally should be Mapper[Self], but mypy as of 1.4.1 does not
+    # like it, and breaks the declared_attr_one test. Pyright/pylance is
+    # ok with it.
+    __mapper__: ClassVar[Mapper[Any]]
+    """The :class:`_orm.Mapper` object to which a particular class is
+    mapped.
+
+    May also be acquired using :func:`_sa.inspect`, e.g.
+    ``inspect(klass)``.
+
+    """
+
+    __table__: Optional[FromClause]
+    """The :class:`_sql.FromClause` to which a particular subclass is
+    mapped.
+
+    This is usually an instance of :class:`_schema.Table` but may also
+    refer to other kinds of :class:`_sql.FromClause` such as
+    :class:`_sql.Subquery`, depending on how the class is mapped.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_metadata`
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _sa_inspect_type(self) -> Mapper[Self]: ...
+
+        def _sa_inspect_instance(self) -> InstanceState[Self]: ...
+
+        __tablename__: Any
+        """String name to assign to the generated
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object, if not specified directly via
+        :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__table__`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table`
+
+        """
+
+        __mapper_args__: Any
+        """Dictionary of arguments which will be passed to the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapper_options`
+
+        """
+
+        __table_args__: Any
+        """A dictionary or tuple of arguments that will be passed to the
+        :class:`_schema.Table` constructor.  See
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+        for background on the specific structure of this collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_table_configuration`
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, **kw: Any): ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if DeclarativeBaseNoMeta in cls.__bases__:
+            _check_not_declarative(cls, DeclarativeBaseNoMeta)
+            _setup_declarative_base(cls)
+        else:
+            _as_declarative(cls._sa_registry, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+
+def add_mapped_attribute(
+    target: Type[_O], key: str, attr: MapperProperty[Any]
+) -> None:
+    """Add a new mapped attribute to an ORM mapped class.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        add_mapped_attribute(User, "addresses", relationship(Address))
+
+    This may be used for ORM mappings that aren't using a declarative
+    metaclass that intercepts attribute set operations.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+    _add_attribute(target, key, attr)
+
+
+def declarative_base(
+    *,
+    metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+    mapper: Optional[Callable[..., Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+    cls: Type[Any] = object,
+    name: str = "Base",
+    class_registry: Optional[clsregistry._ClsRegistryType] = None,
+    type_annotation_map: Optional[_TypeAnnotationMapType] = None,
+    constructor: Callable[..., None] = _declarative_constructor,
+    metaclass: Type[Any] = DeclarativeMeta,
+) -> Any:
+    r"""Construct a base class for declarative class definitions.
+
+    The new base class will be given a metaclass that produces
+    appropriate :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects and makes
+    the appropriate :class:`_orm.Mapper` calls based on the
+    information provided declaratively in the class and any subclasses
+    of the class.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Note that the :func:`_orm.declarative_base`
+       function is superseded by the new :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class,
+       which generates a new "base" class using subclassing, rather than
+       return value of a function.  This allows an approach that is compatible
+       with :pep:`484` typing tools.
+
+    The :func:`_orm.declarative_base` function is a shorthand version
+    of using the :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`
+    method.  That is, the following::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base
+
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+        mapper_registry = registry()
+        Base = mapper_registry.generate_base()
+
+    See the docstring for :class:`_orm.registry`
+    and :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`
+    for more details.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :func:`_orm.declarative_base`
+       function is now a specialization of the more generic
+       :class:`_orm.registry` class.  The function also moves to the
+       ``sqlalchemy.orm`` package from the ``declarative.ext`` package.
+
+
+    :param metadata:
+      An optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance.  All
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` objects implicitly declared by
+      subclasses of the base will share this MetaData.  A MetaData instance
+      will be created if none is provided.  The
+      :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData` instance will be available via the
+      ``metadata`` attribute of the generated declarative base class.
+
+    :param mapper:
+      An optional callable, defaults to :class:`_orm.Mapper`. Will
+      be used to map subclasses to their Tables.
+
+    :param cls:
+      Defaults to :class:`object`. A type to use as the base for the generated
+      declarative base class. May be a class or tuple of classes.
+
+    :param name:
+      Defaults to ``Base``.  The display name for the generated
+      class.  Customizing this is not required, but can improve clarity in
+      tracebacks and debugging.
+
+    :param constructor:
+      Specify the implementation for the ``__init__`` function on a mapped
+      class that has no ``__init__`` of its own.  Defaults to an
+      implementation that assigns \**kwargs for declared
+      fields and relationships to an instance.  If ``None`` is supplied,
+      no __init__ will be provided and construction will fall back to
+      cls.__init__ by way of the normal Python semantics.
+
+    :param class_registry: optional dictionary that will serve as the
+      registry of class names-> mapped classes when string names
+      are used to identify classes inside of :func:`_orm.relationship`
+      and others.  Allows two or more declarative base classes
+      to share the same registry of class names for simplified
+      inter-base relationships.
+
+    :param type_annotation_map: optional dictionary of Python types to
+        SQLAlchemy :class:`_types.TypeEngine` classes or instances.  This
+        is used exclusively by the :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` construct
+        to produce column types based on annotations within the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapped` type.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapped_column_type_map`
+
+    :param metaclass:
+      Defaults to :class:`.DeclarativeMeta`.  A metaclass or __metaclass__
+      compatible callable to use as the meta type of the generated
+      declarative base class.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_orm.registry`
+
+    """
+
+    return registry(
+        metadata=metadata,
+        class_registry=class_registry,
+        constructor=constructor,
+        type_annotation_map=type_annotation_map,
+    ).generate_base(
+        mapper=mapper,
+        cls=cls,
+        name=name,
+        metaclass=metaclass,
+    )
+
+
+class registry:
+    """Generalized registry for mapping classes.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.registry` serves as the basis for maintaining a collection
+    of mappings, and provides configurational hooks used to map classes.
+
+    The three general kinds of mappings supported are Declarative Base,
+    Declarative Decorator, and Imperative Mapping.   All of these mapping
+    styles may be used interchangeably:
+
+    * :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` returns a new declarative base
+      class, and is the underlying implementation of the
+      :func:`_orm.declarative_base` function.
+
+    * :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped` provides a class decorator that will
+      apply declarative mapping to a class without the use of a declarative
+      base class.
+
+    * :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` will produce a
+      :class:`_orm.Mapper` for a class without scanning the class for
+      declarative class attributes. This method suits the use case historically
+      provided by the ``sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()`` classical mapping function,
+      which is removed as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mapping_classes_toplevel` - overview of class mapping
+        styles.
+
+    """
+
+    _class_registry: clsregistry._ClsRegistryType
+    _managers: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[ClassManager[Any], Literal[True]]
+    _non_primary_mappers: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[Mapper[Any], Literal[True]]
+    metadata: MetaData
+    constructor: CallableReference[Callable[..., None]]
+    type_annotation_map: _MutableTypeAnnotationMapType
+    _dependents: Set[_RegistryType]
+    _dependencies: Set[_RegistryType]
+    _new_mappers: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+        class_registry: Optional[clsregistry._ClsRegistryType] = None,
+        type_annotation_map: Optional[_TypeAnnotationMapType] = None,
+        constructor: Callable[..., None] = _declarative_constructor,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_orm.registry`
+
+        :param metadata:
+          An optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` instance.  All
+          :class:`_schema.Table` objects generated using declarative
+          table mapping will make use of this :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+          collection.  If this argument is left at its default of ``None``,
+          a blank :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection is created.
+
+        :param constructor:
+          Specify the implementation for the ``__init__`` function on a mapped
+          class that has no ``__init__`` of its own.  Defaults to an
+          implementation that assigns \**kwargs for declared
+          fields and relationships to an instance.  If ``None`` is supplied,
+          no __init__ will be provided and construction will fall back to
+          cls.__init__ by way of the normal Python semantics.
+
+        :param class_registry: optional dictionary that will serve as the
+          registry of class names-> mapped classes when string names
+          are used to identify classes inside of :func:`_orm.relationship`
+          and others.  Allows two or more declarative base classes
+          to share the same registry of class names for simplified
+          inter-base relationships.
+
+        :param type_annotation_map: optional dictionary of Python types to
+          SQLAlchemy :class:`_types.TypeEngine` classes or instances.
+          The provided dict will update the default type mapping.  This
+          is used exclusively by the :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` construct
+          to produce column types based on annotations within the
+          :class:`_orm.Mapped` type.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`orm_declarative_mapped_column_type_map`
+
+
+        """
+        lcl_metadata = metadata or MetaData()
+
+        if class_registry is None:
+            class_registry = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+        self._class_registry = class_registry
+        self._managers = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._non_primary_mappers = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.metadata = lcl_metadata
+        self.constructor = constructor
+        self.type_annotation_map = {}
+        if type_annotation_map is not None:
+            self.update_type_annotation_map(type_annotation_map)
+        self._dependents = set()
+        self._dependencies = set()
+
+        self._new_mappers = False
+
+        with mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            mapperlib._mapper_registries[self] = True
+
+    def update_type_annotation_map(
+        self,
+        type_annotation_map: _TypeAnnotationMapType,
+    ) -> None:
+        """update the :paramref:`_orm.registry.type_annotation_map` with new
+        values."""
+
+        self.type_annotation_map.update(
+            {
+                de_optionalize_union_types(typ): sqltype
+                for typ, sqltype in type_annotation_map.items()
+            }
+        )
+
+    def _resolve_type(
+        self, python_type: _MatchedOnType, _do_fallbacks: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[sqltypes.TypeEngine[Any]]:
+        python_type_type: Type[Any]
+        search: Iterable[Tuple[_MatchedOnType, Type[Any]]]
+
+        if is_generic(python_type):
+            if is_literal(python_type):
+                python_type_type = python_type  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+                search = (
+                    (python_type, python_type_type),
+                    *((lt, python_type_type) for lt in LITERAL_TYPES),
+                )
+            else:
+                python_type_type = python_type.__origin__
+                search = ((python_type, python_type_type),)
+        elif isinstance(python_type, type):
+            python_type_type = python_type
+            search = ((pt, pt) for pt in python_type_type.__mro__)
+        else:
+            python_type_type = python_type  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            search = ((python_type, python_type_type),)
+
+        for pt, flattened in search:
+            # we search through full __mro__ for types.  however...
+            sql_type = self.type_annotation_map.get(pt)
+            if sql_type is None:
+                sql_type = sqltypes._type_map_get(pt)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+            if sql_type is not None:
+                sql_type_inst = sqltypes.to_instance(sql_type)
+
+                # ... this additional step will reject most
+                # type -> supertype matches, such as if we had
+                # a MyInt(int) subclass.  note also we pass NewType()
+                # here directly; these always have to be in the
+                # type_annotation_map to be useful
+                resolved_sql_type = sql_type_inst._resolve_for_python_type(
+                    python_type_type,
+                    pt,
+                    flattened,
+                )
+                if resolved_sql_type is not None:
+                    return resolved_sql_type
+
+        # 2.0 fallbacks
+        if _do_fallbacks:
+            python_type_to_check: Any = None
+            kind = None
+            if is_pep695(python_type):
+                # NOTE: assume there aren't type alias types of new types.
+                python_type_to_check = python_type
+                while is_pep695(python_type_to_check):
+                    python_type_to_check = python_type_to_check.__value__
+                python_type_to_check = de_optionalize_union_types(
+                    python_type_to_check
+                )
+                kind = "TypeAliasType"
+            if is_newtype(python_type):
+                python_type_to_check = flatten_newtype(python_type)
+                kind = "NewType"
+
+            if python_type_to_check is not None:
+                res_after_fallback = self._resolve_type(
+                    python_type_to_check, False
+                )
+                if res_after_fallback is not None:
+                    assert kind is not None
+                    warn_deprecated(
+                        f"Matching the provided {kind} '{python_type}' on "
+                        "its resolved value without matching it in the "
+                        "type_annotation_map is deprecated; add this type to "
+                        "the type_annotation_map to allow it to match "
+                        "explicitly.",
+                        "2.0",
+                    )
+                    return res_after_fallback
+
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def mappers(self) -> FrozenSet[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """read only collection of all :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects."""
+
+        return frozenset(manager.mapper for manager in self._managers).union(
+            self._non_primary_mappers
+        )
+
+    def _set_depends_on(self, registry: RegistryType) -> None:
+        if registry is self:
+            return
+        registry._dependents.add(self)
+        self._dependencies.add(registry)
+
+    def _flag_new_mapper(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        mapper._ready_for_configure = True
+        if self._new_mappers:
+            return
+
+        for reg in self._recurse_with_dependents({self}):
+            reg._new_mappers = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _recurse_with_dependents(
+        cls, registries: Set[RegistryType]
+    ) -> Iterator[RegistryType]:
+        todo = registries
+        done = set()
+        while todo:
+            reg = todo.pop()
+            done.add(reg)
+
+            # if yielding would remove dependents, make sure we have
+            # them before
+            todo.update(reg._dependents.difference(done))
+            yield reg
+
+            # if yielding would add dependents, make sure we have them
+            # after
+            todo.update(reg._dependents.difference(done))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _recurse_with_dependencies(
+        cls, registries: Set[RegistryType]
+    ) -> Iterator[RegistryType]:
+        todo = registries
+        done = set()
+        while todo:
+            reg = todo.pop()
+            done.add(reg)
+
+            # if yielding would remove dependencies, make sure we have
+            # them before
+            todo.update(reg._dependencies.difference(done))
+
+            yield reg
+
+            # if yielding would remove dependencies, make sure we have
+            # them before
+            todo.update(reg._dependencies.difference(done))
+
+    def _mappers_to_configure(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        return itertools.chain(
+            (
+                manager.mapper
+                for manager in list(self._managers)
+                if manager.is_mapped
+                and not manager.mapper.configured
+                and manager.mapper._ready_for_configure
+            ),
+            (
+                npm
+                for npm in list(self._non_primary_mappers)
+                if not npm.configured and npm._ready_for_configure
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _add_non_primary_mapper(self, np_mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        self._non_primary_mappers[np_mapper] = True
+
+    def _dispose_cls(self, cls: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        clsregistry.remove_class(cls.__name__, cls, self._class_registry)
+
+    def _add_manager(self, manager: ClassManager[Any]) -> None:
+        self._managers[manager] = True
+        if manager.is_mapped:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Class '%s' already has a primary mapper defined. "
+                % manager.class_
+            )
+        assert manager.registry is None
+        manager.registry = self
+
+    def configure(self, cascade: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Configure all as-yet unconfigured mappers in this
+        :class:`_orm.registry`.
+
+        The configure step is used to reconcile and initialize the
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` linkages between mapped classes, as well as
+        to invoke configuration events such as the
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_configured` and
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_configured`, which may be used by ORM
+        extensions or user-defined extension hooks.
+
+        If one or more mappers in this registry contain
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` constructs that refer to mapped classes in
+        other registries, this registry is said to be *dependent* on those
+        registries. In order to configure those dependent registries
+        automatically, the :paramref:`_orm.registry.configure.cascade` flag
+        should be set to ``True``. Otherwise, if they are not configured, an
+        exception will be raised.  The rationale behind this behavior is to
+        allow an application to programmatically invoke configuration of
+        registries while controlling whether or not the process implicitly
+        reaches other registries.
+
+        As an alternative to invoking :meth:`_orm.registry.configure`, the ORM
+        function :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function may be used to ensure
+        configuration is complete for all :class:`_orm.registry` objects in
+        memory. This is generally simpler to use and also predates the usage of
+        :class:`_orm.registry` objects overall. However, this function will
+        impact all mappings throughout the running Python process and may be
+        more memory/time consuming for an application that has many registries
+        in use for different purposes that may not be needed immediately.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_orm.configure_mappers`
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        mapperlib._configure_registries({self}, cascade=cascade)
+
+    def dispose(self, cascade: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Dispose of all mappers in this :class:`_orm.registry`.
+
+        After invocation, all the classes that were mapped within this registry
+        will no longer have class instrumentation associated with them. This
+        method is the per-:class:`_orm.registry` analogue to the
+        application-wide :func:`_orm.clear_mappers` function.
+
+        If this registry contains mappers that are dependencies of other
+        registries, typically via :func:`_orm.relationship` links, then those
+        registries must be disposed as well. When such registries exist in
+        relation to this one, their :meth:`_orm.registry.dispose` method will
+        also be called, if the :paramref:`_orm.registry.dispose.cascade` flag
+        is set to ``True``; otherwise, an error is raised if those registries
+        were not already disposed.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_orm.clear_mappers`
+
+        """
+
+        mapperlib._dispose_registries({self}, cascade=cascade)
+
+    def _dispose_manager_and_mapper(self, manager: ClassManager[Any]) -> None:
+        if "mapper" in manager.__dict__:
+            mapper = manager.mapper
+
+            mapper._set_dispose_flags()
+
+        class_ = manager.class_
+        self._dispose_cls(class_)
+        instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.unregister(class_)
+
+    def generate_base(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Callable[..., Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+        cls: Type[Any] = object,
+        name: str = "Base",
+        metaclass: Type[Any] = DeclarativeMeta,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Generate a declarative base class.
+
+        Classes that inherit from the returned class object will be
+        automatically mapped using declarative mapping.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            Base = mapper_registry.generate_base()
+
+
+            class MyClass(Base):
+                __tablename__ = "my_table"
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+        The above dynamically generated class is equivalent to the
+        non-dynamic example below::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+            from sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api import DeclarativeMeta
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+
+            class Base(metaclass=DeclarativeMeta):
+                __abstract__ = True
+                registry = mapper_registry
+                metadata = mapper_registry.metadata
+
+                __init__ = mapper_registry.constructor
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Note that the
+           :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` method is superseded by the new
+           :class:`_orm.DeclarativeBase` class, which generates a new "base"
+           class using subclassing, rather than return value of a function.
+           This allows an approach that is compatible with :pep:`484` typing
+           tools.
+
+        The :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` method provides the
+        implementation for the :func:`_orm.declarative_base` function, which
+        creates the :class:`_orm.registry` and base class all at once.
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping` for background and
+        examples.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          An optional callable, defaults to :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+          This function is used to generate new :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects.
+
+        :param cls:
+          Defaults to :class:`object`. A type to use as the base for the
+          generated declarative base class. May be a class or tuple of classes.
+
+        :param name:
+          Defaults to ``Base``.  The display name for the generated
+          class.  Customizing this is not required, but can improve clarity in
+          tracebacks and debugging.
+
+        :param metaclass:
+          Defaults to :class:`.DeclarativeMeta`.  A metaclass or __metaclass__
+          compatible callable to use as the meta type of the generated
+          declarative base class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+            :func:`_orm.declarative_base`
+
+        """
+        metadata = self.metadata
+
+        bases = not isinstance(cls, tuple) and (cls,) or cls
+
+        class_dict: Dict[str, Any] = dict(registry=self, metadata=metadata)
+        if isinstance(cls, type):
+            class_dict["__doc__"] = cls.__doc__
+
+        if self.constructor is not None:
+            class_dict["__init__"] = self.constructor
+
+        class_dict["__abstract__"] = True
+        if mapper:
+            class_dict["__mapper_cls__"] = mapper
+
+        if hasattr(cls, "__class_getitem__"):
+
+            def __class_getitem__(cls: Type[_T], key: Any) -> Type[_T]:
+                # allow generic classes in py3.9+
+                return cls
+
+            class_dict["__class_getitem__"] = __class_getitem__
+
+        return metaclass(name, bases, class_dict)
+
+    @compat_typing.dataclass_transform(
+        field_specifiers=(
+            MappedColumn,
+            RelationshipProperty,
+            Composite,
+            Synonym,
+            mapped_column,
+            relationship,
+            composite,
+            synonym,
+            deferred,
+        ),
+    )
+    @overload
+    def mapped_as_dataclass(self, __cls: Type[_O]) -> Type[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def mapped_as_dataclass(
+        self,
+        __cls: Literal[None] = ...,
+        *,
+        init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,  # noqa: A002
+        eq: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        order: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = ...,
+        dataclass_callable: Union[_NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]] = ...,
+    ) -> Callable[[Type[_O]], Type[_O]]: ...
+
+    def mapped_as_dataclass(
+        self,
+        __cls: Optional[Type[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        init: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        repr: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,  # noqa: A002
+        eq: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        order: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        dataclass_callable: Union[
+            _NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    ) -> Union[Type[_O], Callable[[Type[_O]], Type[_O]]]:
+        """Class decorator that will apply the Declarative mapping process
+        to a given class, and additionally convert the class to be a
+        Python dataclass.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_native_dataclasses` - complete background
+            on SQLAlchemy native dataclass mapping
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+        """
+
+        def decorate(cls: Type[_O]) -> Type[_O]:
+            setattr(
+                cls,
+                "_sa_apply_dc_transforms",
+                {
+                    "init": init,
+                    "repr": repr,
+                    "eq": eq,
+                    "order": order,
+                    "unsafe_hash": unsafe_hash,
+                    "match_args": match_args,
+                    "kw_only": kw_only,
+                    "dataclass_callable": dataclass_callable,
+                },
+            )
+            _as_declarative(self, cls, cls.__dict__)
+            return cls
+
+        if __cls:
+            return decorate(__cls)
+        else:
+            return decorate
+
+    def mapped(self, cls: Type[_O]) -> Type[_O]:
+        """Class decorator that will apply the Declarative mapping process
+        to a given class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+
+            @mapper_registry.mapped
+            class Foo:
+                __tablename__ = "some_table"
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                name = Column(String)
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping` for complete
+        details and examples.
+
+        :param cls: class to be mapped.
+
+        :return: the class that was passed.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base` - generates a base class
+            that will apply Declarative mapping to subclasses automatically
+            using a Python metaclass.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped_as_dataclass`
+
+        """
+        _as_declarative(self, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        return cls
+
+    def as_declarative_base(self, **kw: Any) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]:
+        """
+        Class decorator which will invoke
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`
+        for a given base class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+
+            @mapper_registry.as_declarative_base()
+            class Base:
+                @declared_attr
+                def __tablename__(cls):
+                    return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+
+            class MyMappedClass(Base): ...
+
+        All keyword arguments passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.as_declarative_base` are passed
+        along to :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`.
+
+        """
+
+        def decorate(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:
+            kw["cls"] = cls
+            kw["name"] = cls.__name__
+            return self.generate_base(**kw)  # type: ignore
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def map_declaratively(self, cls: Type[_O]) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        """Map a class declaratively.
+
+        In this form of mapping, the class is scanned for mapping information,
+        including for columns to be associated with a table, and/or an
+        actual table object.
+
+        Returns the :class:`_orm.Mapper` object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+
+            class Foo:
+                __tablename__ = "some_table"
+
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                name = Column(String)
+
+
+            mapper = mapper_registry.map_declaratively(Foo)
+
+        This function is more conveniently invoked indirectly via either the
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped` class decorator or by subclassing a
+        declarative metaclass generated from
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.generate_base`.
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping` for complete
+        details and examples.
+
+        :param cls: class to be mapped.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_orm.Mapper` object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.mapped` - more common decorator interface
+            to this function.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively`
+
+        """
+        _as_declarative(self, cls, cls.__dict__)
+        return cls.__mapper__  # type: ignore
+
+    def map_imperatively(
+        self,
+        class_: Type[_O],
+        local_table: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        r"""Map a class imperatively.
+
+        In this form of mapping, the class is not scanned for any mapping
+        information.  Instead, all mapping constructs are passed as
+        arguments.
+
+        This method is intended to be fully equivalent to the now-removed
+        SQLAlchemy ``mapper()`` function, except that it's in terms of
+        a particular registry.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
+
+            mapper_registry = registry()
+
+            my_table = Table(
+                "my_table",
+                mapper_registry.metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            )
+
+
+            class MyClass:
+                pass
+
+
+            mapper_registry.map_imperatively(MyClass, my_table)
+
+        See the section :ref:`orm_imperative_mapping` for complete background
+        and usage examples.
+
+        :param class\_: The class to be mapped.  Corresponds to the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.class_` parameter.
+
+        :param local_table: the :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+         :class:`_sql.FromClause` object that is the subject of the mapping.
+         Corresponds to the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.local_table` parameter.
+
+        :param \**kw: all other keyword arguments are passed to the
+         :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor directly.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_imperative_mapping`
+
+            :ref:`orm_declarative_mapping`
+
+        """
+        return _mapper(self, class_, local_table, kw)
+
+
+RegistryType = registry
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # allow for runtime type resolution of ``ClassVar[_RegistryType]``
+    _RegistryType = registry  # noqa
+
+
+def as_declarative(**kw: Any) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]:
+    """
+    Class decorator which will adapt a given class into a
+    :func:`_orm.declarative_base`.
+
+    This function makes use of the :meth:`_orm.registry.as_declarative_base`
+    method, by first creating a :class:`_orm.registry` automatically
+    and then invoking the decorator.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import as_declarative
+
+
+        @as_declarative()
+        class Base:
+            @declared_attr
+            def __tablename__(cls):
+                return cls.__name__.lower()
+
+            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+
+
+        class MyMappedClass(Base): ...
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.as_declarative_base`
+
+    """
+    metadata, class_registry = (
+        kw.pop("metadata", None),
+        kw.pop("class_registry", None),
+    )
+
+    return registry(
+        metadata=metadata, class_registry=class_registry
+    ).as_declarative_base(**kw)
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(
+    DeclarativeMeta, DeclarativeBase, DeclarativeAttributeIntercept
+)
+def _inspect_decl_meta(cls: Type[Any]) -> Optional[Mapper[Any]]:
+    mp: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = _inspect_mapped_class(cls)
+    if mp is None:
+        if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+            _DeferredMapperConfig.raise_unmapped_for_cls(cls)
+    return mp
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f17717b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/decl_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2188 @@
+# orm/decl_base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Internal implementation for declarative."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import dataclasses
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import clsregistry
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import mapperlib
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import attr_is_internal_proxy
+from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .base import _is_mapped_class
+from .base import InspectionAttr
+from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _DCAttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import _MappedAttribute
+from .interfaces import _MapsColumns
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .mapper import Mapper
+from .properties import ColumnProperty
+from .properties import MappedColumn
+from .util import _extract_mapped_subtype
+from .util import _is_mapped_annotation
+from .util import class_mapper
+from .util import de_stringify_annotation
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.schema import Table
+from ..util import topological
+from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+from ..util.typing import get_args
+from ..util.typing import is_fwd_ref
+from ..util.typing import is_literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ClassDict
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .decl_api import declared_attr
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from ..sql.elements import NamedColumn
+    from ..sql.schema import MetaData
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_MapperKwArgs = Mapping[str, Any]
+_TableArgsType = Union[Tuple[Any, ...], Dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+class MappedClassProtocol(Protocol[_O]):
+    """A protocol representing a SQLAlchemy mapped class.
+
+    The protocol is generic on the type of class, use
+    ``MappedClassProtocol[Any]`` to allow any mapped class.
+    """
+
+    __name__: str
+    __mapper__: Mapper[_O]
+    __table__: FromClause
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw: Any) -> _O: ...
+
+
+class _DeclMappedClassProtocol(MappedClassProtocol[_O], Protocol):
+    "Internal more detailed version of ``MappedClassProtocol``."
+    metadata: MetaData
+    __tablename__: str
+    __mapper_args__: _MapperKwArgs
+    __table_args__: Optional[_TableArgsType]
+
+    _sa_apply_dc_transforms: Optional[_DataclassArguments]
+
+    def __declare_first__(self) -> None: ...
+
+    def __declare_last__(self) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _DataclassArguments(TypedDict):
+    init: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    repr: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    eq: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    order: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    unsafe_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    match_args: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclass_callable: Union[_NoArg, Callable[..., Type[Any]]]
+
+
+def _declared_mapping_info(
+    cls: Type[Any],
+) -> Optional[Union[_DeferredMapperConfig, Mapper[Any]]]:
+    # deferred mapping
+    if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+        return _DeferredMapperConfig.config_for_cls(cls)
+    # regular mapping
+    elif _is_mapped_class(cls):
+        return class_mapper(cls, configure=False)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _is_supercls_for_inherits(cls: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+    """return True if this class will be used as a superclass to set in
+    'inherits'.
+
+    This includes deferred mapper configs that aren't mapped yet, however does
+    not include classes with _sa_decl_prepare_nocascade (e.g.
+    ``AbstractConcreteBase``); these concrete-only classes are not set up as
+    "inherits" until after mappers are configured using
+    mapper._set_concrete_base()
+
+    """
+    if _DeferredMapperConfig.has_cls(cls):
+        return not _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+            cls, "_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade", strict=True
+        )
+    # regular mapping
+    elif _is_mapped_class(cls):
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(cls: Type[Any]) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+    if cls is object:
+        return None
+
+    sup: Optional[Type[Any]]
+
+    if cls.__dict__.get("__abstract__", False):
+        for base_ in cls.__bases__:
+            sup = _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(base_)
+            if sup is not None:
+                return sup
+        else:
+            return None
+    else:
+        clsmanager = _dive_for_cls_manager(cls)
+
+        if clsmanager:
+            return clsmanager.class_
+        else:
+            return cls
+
+
+def _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+    cls: Type[Any], attrname: str, strict: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Any]:
+    """return an attribute of the class that is either present directly
+    on the class, e.g. not on a superclass, or is from a superclass but
+    this superclass is a non-mapped mixin, that is, not a descendant of
+    the declarative base and is also not classically mapped.
+
+    This is used to detect attributes that indicate something about
+    a mapped class independently from any mapped classes that it may
+    inherit from.
+
+    """
+
+    # the rules are different for this name than others,
+    # make sure we've moved it out.  transitional
+    assert attrname != "__abstract__"
+
+    if not issubclass(cls, object):
+        return None
+
+    if attrname in cls.__dict__:
+        return getattr(cls, attrname)
+
+    for base in cls.__mro__[1:]:
+        _is_classical_inherits = _dive_for_cls_manager(base) is not None
+
+        if attrname in base.__dict__ and (
+            base is cls
+            or (
+                (base in cls.__bases__ if strict else True)
+                and not _is_classical_inherits
+            )
+        ):
+            return getattr(base, attrname)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _dive_for_cls_manager(cls: Type[_O]) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]:
+    # because the class manager registration is pluggable,
+    # we need to do the search for every class in the hierarchy,
+    # rather than just a simple "cls._sa_class_manager"
+
+    for base in cls.__mro__:
+        manager: Optional[ClassManager[_O]] = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(
+            base
+        )
+        if manager:
+            return manager
+    return None
+
+
+def _as_declarative(
+    registry: _RegistryType, cls: Type[Any], dict_: _ClassDict
+) -> Optional[_MapperConfig]:
+    # declarative scans the class for attributes.  no table or mapper
+    # args passed separately.
+    return _MapperConfig.setup_mapping(registry, cls, dict_, None, {})
+
+
+def _mapper(
+    registry: _RegistryType,
+    cls: Type[_O],
+    table: Optional[FromClause],
+    mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+) -> Mapper[_O]:
+    _ImperativeMapperConfig(registry, cls, table, mapper_kw)
+    return cast("MappedClassProtocol[_O]", cls).__mapper__
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _is_declarative_props(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    _declared_attr_common = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api._declared_attr_common
+
+    return isinstance(obj, (_declared_attr_common, util.classproperty))
+
+
+def _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+    obj: Any, name: str, cls: Type[_O]
+) -> bool:
+    if _is_declarative_props(obj):
+        if getattr(obj, "_cascading", False):
+            util.warn(
+                "@declared_attr.cascading is not supported on the %s "
+                "attribute on class %s.  This attribute invokes for "
+                "subclasses in any case." % (name, cls)
+            )
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+class _MapperConfig:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "cls",
+        "classname",
+        "properties",
+        "declared_attr_reg",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    cls: Type[Any]
+    classname: str
+    properties: util.OrderedDict[
+        str,
+        Union[
+            Sequence[NamedColumn[Any]], NamedColumn[Any], MapperProperty[Any]
+        ],
+    ]
+    declared_attr_reg: Dict[declared_attr[Any], Any]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_mapping(
+        cls,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[_O],
+        dict_: _ClassDict,
+        table: Optional[FromClause],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ) -> Optional[_MapperConfig]:
+        manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+        if manager and manager.class_ is cls_:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Class {cls!r} already has been instrumented declaratively"
+            )
+
+        if cls_.__dict__.get("__abstract__", False):
+            return None
+
+        defer_map = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+            cls_, "_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade", strict=True
+        ) or hasattr(cls_, "_sa_decl_prepare")
+
+        if defer_map:
+            return _DeferredMapperConfig(
+                registry, cls_, dict_, table, mapper_kw
+            )
+        else:
+            return _ClassScanMapperConfig(
+                registry, cls_, dict_, table, mapper_kw
+            )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[Any],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ):
+        self.cls = util.assert_arg_type(cls_, type, "cls_")
+        self.classname = cls_.__name__
+        self.properties = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.declared_attr_reg = {}
+
+        if not mapper_kw.get("non_primary", False):
+            instrumentation.register_class(
+                self.cls,
+                finalize=False,
+                registry=registry,
+                declarative_scan=self,
+                init_method=registry.constructor,
+            )
+        else:
+            manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(self.cls)
+            if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %s has no primary mapper configured.  Configure "
+                    "a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
+                    "Mapper." % self.cls
+                )
+
+    def set_cls_attribute(self, attrname: str, value: _T) -> _T:
+        manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(self.cls)
+        manager.install_member(attrname, value)
+        return value
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = ...) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _early_mapping(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        self.map(mapper_kw)
+
+
+class _ImperativeMapperConfig(_MapperConfig):
+    __slots__ = ("local_table", "inherits")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[_O],
+        table: Optional[FromClause],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(registry, cls_, mapper_kw)
+
+        self.local_table = self.set_cls_attribute("__table__", table)
+
+        with mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            if not mapper_kw.get("non_primary", False):
+                clsregistry.add_class(
+                    self.classname, self.cls, registry._class_registry
+                )
+
+            self._setup_inheritance(mapper_kw)
+
+            self._early_mapping(mapper_kw)
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = util.EMPTY_DICT) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        mapper_cls = Mapper
+
+        return self.set_cls_attribute(
+            "__mapper__",
+            mapper_cls(self.cls, self.local_table, **mapper_kw),
+        )
+
+    def _setup_inheritance(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        inherits = mapper_kw.get("inherits", None)
+
+        if inherits is None:
+            # since we search for classical mappings now, search for
+            # multiple mapped bases as well and raise an error.
+            inherits_search = []
+            for base_ in cls.__bases__:
+                c = _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(base_)
+                if c is None:
+                    continue
+
+                if _is_supercls_for_inherits(c) and c not in inherits_search:
+                    inherits_search.append(c)
+
+            if inherits_search:
+                if len(inherits_search) > 1:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Class %s has multiple mapped bases: %r"
+                        % (cls, inherits_search)
+                    )
+                inherits = inherits_search[0]
+        elif isinstance(inherits, Mapper):
+            inherits = inherits.class_
+
+        self.inherits = inherits
+
+
+class _CollectedAnnotation(NamedTuple):
+    raw_annotation: _AnnotationScanType
+    mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]]
+    extracted_mapped_annotation: Union[_AnnotationScanType, str]
+    is_dataclass: bool
+    attr_value: Any
+    originating_module: str
+    originating_class: Type[Any]
+
+
+class _ClassScanMapperConfig(_MapperConfig):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "registry",
+        "clsdict_view",
+        "collected_attributes",
+        "collected_annotations",
+        "local_table",
+        "persist_selectable",
+        "declared_columns",
+        "column_ordering",
+        "column_copies",
+        "table_args",
+        "tablename",
+        "mapper_args",
+        "mapper_args_fn",
+        "table_fn",
+        "inherits",
+        "single",
+        "allow_dataclass_fields",
+        "dataclass_setup_arguments",
+        "is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping",
+        "allow_unmapped_annotations",
+    )
+
+    is_deferred = False
+    registry: _RegistryType
+    clsdict_view: _ClassDict
+    collected_annotations: Dict[str, _CollectedAnnotation]
+    collected_attributes: Dict[str, Any]
+    local_table: Optional[FromClause]
+    persist_selectable: Optional[FromClause]
+    declared_columns: util.OrderedSet[Column[Any]]
+    column_ordering: Dict[Column[Any], int]
+    column_copies: Dict[
+        Union[MappedColumn[Any], Column[Any]],
+        Union[MappedColumn[Any], Column[Any]],
+    ]
+    tablename: Optional[str]
+    mapper_args: Mapping[str, Any]
+    table_args: Optional[_TableArgsType]
+    mapper_args_fn: Optional[Callable[[], Dict[str, Any]]]
+    inherits: Optional[Type[Any]]
+    single: bool
+
+    is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping: bool
+    allow_unmapped_annotations: bool
+
+    dataclass_setup_arguments: Optional[_DataclassArguments]
+    """if the class has SQLAlchemy native dataclass parameters, where
+    we will turn the class into a dataclass within the declarative mapping
+    process.
+
+    """
+
+    allow_dataclass_fields: bool
+    """if true, look for dataclass-processed Field objects on the target
+    class as well as superclasses and extract ORM mapping directives from
+    the "metadata" attribute of each Field.
+
+    if False, dataclass fields can still be used, however they won't be
+    mapped.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls_: Type[_O],
+        dict_: _ClassDict,
+        table: Optional[FromClause],
+        mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs,
+    ):
+        # grab class dict before the instrumentation manager has been added.
+        # reduces cycles
+        self.clsdict_view = (
+            util.immutabledict(dict_) if dict_ else util.EMPTY_DICT
+        )
+        super().__init__(registry, cls_, mapper_kw)
+        self.registry = registry
+        self.persist_selectable = None
+
+        self.collected_attributes = {}
+        self.collected_annotations = {}
+        self.declared_columns = util.OrderedSet()
+        self.column_ordering = {}
+        self.column_copies = {}
+        self.single = False
+        self.dataclass_setup_arguments = dca = getattr(
+            self.cls, "_sa_apply_dc_transforms", None
+        )
+
+        self.allow_unmapped_annotations = getattr(
+            self.cls, "__allow_unmapped__", False
+        ) or bool(self.dataclass_setup_arguments)
+
+        self.is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping = cld = dataclasses.is_dataclass(
+            cls_
+        )
+
+        sdk = _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls_, "__sa_dataclass_metadata_key__")
+
+        # we don't want to consume Field objects from a not-already-dataclass.
+        # the Field objects won't have their "name" or "type" populated,
+        # and while it seems like we could just set these on Field as we
+        # read them, Field is documented as "user read only" and we need to
+        # stay far away from any off-label use of dataclasses APIs.
+        if (not cld or dca) and sdk:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "SQLAlchemy mapped dataclasses can't consume mapping "
+                "information from dataclass.Field() objects if the immediate "
+                "class is not already a dataclass."
+            )
+
+        # if already a dataclass, and __sa_dataclass_metadata_key__ present,
+        # then also look inside of dataclass.Field() objects yielded by
+        # dataclasses.get_fields(cls) when scanning for attributes
+        self.allow_dataclass_fields = bool(sdk and cld)
+
+        self._setup_declared_events()
+
+        self._scan_attributes()
+
+        self._setup_dataclasses_transforms()
+
+        with mapperlib._CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            clsregistry.add_class(
+                self.classname, self.cls, registry._class_registry
+            )
+
+            self._setup_inheriting_mapper(mapper_kw)
+
+            self._extract_mappable_attributes()
+
+            self._extract_declared_columns()
+
+            self._setup_table(table)
+
+            self._setup_inheriting_columns(mapper_kw)
+
+            self._early_mapping(mapper_kw)
+
+    def _setup_declared_events(self) -> None:
+        if _get_immediate_cls_attr(self.cls, "__declare_last__"):
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "after_configured")
+            def after_configured() -> None:
+                cast(
+                    "_DeclMappedClassProtocol[Any]", self.cls
+                ).__declare_last__()
+
+        if _get_immediate_cls_attr(self.cls, "__declare_first__"):
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configured")
+            def before_configured() -> None:
+                cast(
+                    "_DeclMappedClassProtocol[Any]", self.cls
+                ).__declare_first__()
+
+    def _cls_attr_override_checker(
+        self, cls: Type[_O]
+    ) -> Callable[[str, Any], bool]:
+        """Produce a function that checks if a class has overridden an
+        attribute, taking SQLAlchemy-enabled dataclass fields into account.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.allow_dataclass_fields:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+                cls, "__sa_dataclass_metadata_key__"
+            )
+        else:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key = None
+
+        if not sa_dataclass_metadata_key:
+
+            def attribute_is_overridden(key: str, obj: Any) -> bool:
+                return getattr(cls, key, obj) is not obj
+
+        else:
+            all_datacls_fields = {
+                f.name: f.metadata[sa_dataclass_metadata_key]
+                for f in util.dataclass_fields(cls)
+                if sa_dataclass_metadata_key in f.metadata
+            }
+            local_datacls_fields = {
+                f.name: f.metadata[sa_dataclass_metadata_key]
+                for f in util.local_dataclass_fields(cls)
+                if sa_dataclass_metadata_key in f.metadata
+            }
+
+            absent = object()
+
+            def attribute_is_overridden(key: str, obj: Any) -> bool:
+                if _is_declarative_props(obj):
+                    obj = obj.fget
+
+                # this function likely has some failure modes still if
+                # someone is doing a deep mixing of the same attribute
+                # name as plain Python attribute vs. dataclass field.
+
+                ret = local_datacls_fields.get(key, absent)
+                if _is_declarative_props(ret):
+                    ret = ret.fget
+
+                if ret is obj:
+                    return False
+                elif ret is not absent:
+                    return True
+
+                all_field = all_datacls_fields.get(key, absent)
+
+                ret = getattr(cls, key, obj)
+
+                if ret is obj:
+                    return False
+
+                # for dataclasses, this could be the
+                # 'default' of the field.  so filter more specifically
+                # for an already-mapped InstrumentedAttribute
+                if ret is not absent and isinstance(
+                    ret, InstrumentedAttribute
+                ):
+                    return True
+
+                if all_field is obj:
+                    return False
+                elif all_field is not absent:
+                    return True
+
+                # can't find another attribute
+                return False
+
+        return attribute_is_overridden
+
+    _include_dunders = {
+        "__table__",
+        "__mapper_args__",
+        "__tablename__",
+        "__table_args__",
+    }
+
+    _match_exclude_dunders = re.compile(r"^(?:_sa_|__)")
+
+    def _cls_attr_resolver(
+        self, cls: Type[Any]
+    ) -> Callable[[], Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]]:
+        """produce a function to iterate the "attributes" of a class
+        which we want to consider for mapping, adjusting for SQLAlchemy fields
+        embedded in dataclass fields.
+
+        """
+        cls_annotations = util.get_annotations(cls)
+
+        cls_vars = vars(cls)
+
+        _include_dunders = self._include_dunders
+        _match_exclude_dunders = self._match_exclude_dunders
+
+        names = [
+            n
+            for n in util.merge_lists_w_ordering(
+                list(cls_vars), list(cls_annotations)
+            )
+            if not _match_exclude_dunders.match(n) or n in _include_dunders
+        ]
+
+        if self.allow_dataclass_fields:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key: Optional[str] = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+                cls, "__sa_dataclass_metadata_key__"
+            )
+        else:
+            sa_dataclass_metadata_key = None
+
+        if not sa_dataclass_metadata_key:
+
+            def local_attributes_for_class() -> (
+                Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]
+            ):
+                return (
+                    (
+                        name,
+                        cls_vars.get(name),
+                        cls_annotations.get(name),
+                        False,
+                    )
+                    for name in names
+                )
+
+        else:
+            dataclass_fields = {
+                field.name: field for field in util.local_dataclass_fields(cls)
+            }
+
+            fixed_sa_dataclass_metadata_key = sa_dataclass_metadata_key
+
+            def local_attributes_for_class() -> (
+                Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]
+            ):
+                for name in names:
+                    field = dataclass_fields.get(name, None)
+                    if field and sa_dataclass_metadata_key in field.metadata:
+                        yield field.name, _as_dc_declaredattr(
+                            field.metadata, fixed_sa_dataclass_metadata_key
+                        ), cls_annotations.get(field.name), True
+                    else:
+                        yield name, cls_vars.get(name), cls_annotations.get(
+                            name
+                        ), False
+
+        return local_attributes_for_class
+
+    def _scan_attributes(self) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        cls_as_Decl = cast("_DeclMappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls)
+
+        clsdict_view = self.clsdict_view
+        collected_attributes = self.collected_attributes
+        column_copies = self.column_copies
+        _include_dunders = self._include_dunders
+        mapper_args_fn = None
+        table_args = inherited_table_args = None
+        table_fn = None
+        tablename = None
+        fixed_table = "__table__" in clsdict_view
+
+        attribute_is_overridden = self._cls_attr_override_checker(self.cls)
+
+        bases = []
+
+        for base in cls.__mro__:
+            # collect bases and make sure standalone columns are copied
+            # to be the column they will ultimately be on the class,
+            # so that declared_attr functions use the right columns.
+            # need to do this all the way up the hierarchy first
+            # (see #8190)
+
+            class_mapped = base is not cls and _is_supercls_for_inherits(base)
+
+            local_attributes_for_class = self._cls_attr_resolver(base)
+
+            if not class_mapped and base is not cls:
+                locally_collected_columns = self._produce_column_copies(
+                    local_attributes_for_class,
+                    attribute_is_overridden,
+                    fixed_table,
+                    base,
+                )
+            else:
+                locally_collected_columns = {}
+
+            bases.append(
+                (
+                    base,
+                    class_mapped,
+                    local_attributes_for_class,
+                    locally_collected_columns,
+                )
+            )
+
+        for (
+            base,
+            class_mapped,
+            local_attributes_for_class,
+            locally_collected_columns,
+        ) in bases:
+            # this transfer can also take place as we scan each name
+            # for finer-grained control of how collected_attributes is
+            # populated, as this is what impacts column ordering.
+            # however it's simpler to get it out of the way here.
+            collected_attributes.update(locally_collected_columns)
+
+            for (
+                name,
+                obj,
+                annotation,
+                is_dataclass_field,
+            ) in local_attributes_for_class():
+                if name in _include_dunders:
+                    if name == "__mapper_args__":
+                        check_decl = _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+                            obj, name, cls
+                        )
+                        if not mapper_args_fn and (
+                            not class_mapped or check_decl
+                        ):
+                            # don't even invoke __mapper_args__ until
+                            # after we've determined everything about the
+                            # mapped table.
+                            # make a copy of it so a class-level dictionary
+                            # is not overwritten when we update column-based
+                            # arguments.
+                            def _mapper_args_fn() -> Dict[str, Any]:
+                                return dict(cls_as_Decl.__mapper_args__)
+
+                            mapper_args_fn = _mapper_args_fn
+
+                    elif name == "__tablename__":
+                        check_decl = _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+                            obj, name, cls
+                        )
+                        if not tablename and (not class_mapped or check_decl):
+                            tablename = cls_as_Decl.__tablename__
+                    elif name == "__table__":
+                        check_decl = _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+                            obj, name, cls
+                        )
+                        # if a @declared_attr using "__table__" is detected,
+                        # wrap up a callable to look for "__table__" from
+                        # the final concrete class when we set up a table.
+                        # this was fixed by
+                        # #11509, regression in 2.0 from version 1.4.
+                        if check_decl and not table_fn:
+                            # don't even invoke __table__ until we're ready
+                            def _table_fn() -> FromClause:
+                                return cls_as_Decl.__table__
+
+                            table_fn = _table_fn
+
+                    elif name == "__table_args__":
+                        check_decl = _check_declared_props_nocascade(
+                            obj, name, cls
+                        )
+                        if not table_args and (not class_mapped or check_decl):
+                            table_args = cls_as_Decl.__table_args__
+                            if not isinstance(
+                                table_args, (tuple, dict, type(None))
+                            ):
+                                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                                    "__table_args__ value must be a tuple, "
+                                    "dict, or None"
+                                )
+                            if base is not cls:
+                                inherited_table_args = True
+                    else:
+                        # any other dunder names; should not be here
+                        # as we have tested for all four names in
+                        # _include_dunders
+                        assert False
+                elif class_mapped:
+                    if _is_declarative_props(obj) and not obj._quiet:
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Regular (i.e. not __special__) "
+                            "attribute '%s.%s' uses @declared_attr, "
+                            "but owning class %s is mapped - "
+                            "not applying to subclass %s."
+                            % (base.__name__, name, base, cls)
+                        )
+
+                    continue
+                elif base is not cls:
+                    # we're a mixin, abstract base, or something that is
+                    # acting like that for now.
+
+                    if isinstance(obj, (Column, MappedColumn)):
+                        # already copied columns to the mapped class.
+                        continue
+                    elif isinstance(obj, MapperProperty):
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Mapper properties (i.e. deferred,"
+                            "column_property(), relationship(), etc.) must "
+                            "be declared as @declared_attr callables "
+                            "on declarative mixin classes.  For dataclass "
+                            "field() objects, use a lambda:"
+                        )
+                    elif _is_declarative_props(obj):
+                        # tried to get overloads to tell this to
+                        # pylance, no luck
+                        assert obj is not None
+
+                        if obj._cascading:
+                            if name in clsdict_view:
+                                # unfortunately, while we can use the user-
+                                # defined attribute here to allow a clean
+                                # override, if there's another
+                                # subclass below then it still tries to use
+                                # this.  not sure if there is enough
+                                # information here to add this as a feature
+                                # later on.
+                                util.warn(
+                                    "Attribute '%s' on class %s cannot be "
+                                    "processed due to "
+                                    "@declared_attr.cascading; "
+                                    "skipping" % (name, cls)
+                                )
+                            collected_attributes[name] = column_copies[obj] = (
+                                ret
+                            ) = obj.__get__(obj, cls)
+                            setattr(cls, name, ret)
+                        else:
+                            if is_dataclass_field:
+                                # access attribute using normal class access
+                                # first, to see if it's been mapped on a
+                                # superclass.   note if the dataclasses.field()
+                                # has "default", this value can be anything.
+                                ret = getattr(cls, name, None)
+
+                                # so, if it's anything that's not ORM
+                                # mapped, assume we should invoke the
+                                # declared_attr
+                                if not isinstance(ret, InspectionAttr):
+                                    ret = obj.fget()
+                            else:
+                                # access attribute using normal class access.
+                                # if the declared attr already took place
+                                # on a superclass that is mapped, then
+                                # this is no longer a declared_attr, it will
+                                # be the InstrumentedAttribute
+                                ret = getattr(cls, name)
+
+                            # correct for proxies created from hybrid_property
+                            # or similar.  note there is no known case that
+                            # produces nested proxies, so we are only
+                            # looking one level deep right now.
+
+                            if (
+                                isinstance(ret, InspectionAttr)
+                                and attr_is_internal_proxy(ret)
+                                and not isinstance(
+                                    ret.original_property, MapperProperty
+                                )
+                            ):
+                                ret = ret.descriptor
+
+                            collected_attributes[name] = column_copies[obj] = (
+                                ret
+                            )
+
+                        if (
+                            isinstance(ret, (Column, MapperProperty))
+                            and ret.doc is None
+                        ):
+                            ret.doc = obj.__doc__
+
+                        self._collect_annotation(
+                            name,
+                            obj._collect_return_annotation(),
+                            base,
+                            True,
+                            obj,
+                        )
+                    elif _is_mapped_annotation(annotation, cls, base):
+                        # Mapped annotation without any object.
+                        # product_column_copies should have handled this.
+                        # if future support for other MapperProperty,
+                        # then test if this name is already handled and
+                        # otherwise proceed to generate.
+                        if not fixed_table:
+                            assert (
+                                name in collected_attributes
+                                or attribute_is_overridden(name, None)
+                            )
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        # here, the attribute is some other kind of
+                        # property that we assume is not part of the
+                        # declarative mapping.  however, check for some
+                        # more common mistakes
+                        self._warn_for_decl_attributes(base, name, obj)
+                elif is_dataclass_field and (
+                    name not in clsdict_view or clsdict_view[name] is not obj
+                ):
+                    # here, we are definitely looking at the target class
+                    # and not a superclass.   this is currently a
+                    # dataclass-only path.  if the name is only
+                    # a dataclass field and isn't in local cls.__dict__,
+                    # put the object there.
+                    # assert that the dataclass-enabled resolver agrees
+                    # with what we are seeing
+
+                    assert not attribute_is_overridden(name, obj)
+
+                    if _is_declarative_props(obj):
+                        obj = obj.fget()
+
+                    collected_attributes[name] = obj
+                    self._collect_annotation(
+                        name, annotation, base, False, obj
+                    )
+                else:
+                    collected_annotation = self._collect_annotation(
+                        name, annotation, base, None, obj
+                    )
+                    is_mapped = (
+                        collected_annotation is not None
+                        and collected_annotation.mapped_container is not None
+                    )
+                    generated_obj = (
+                        collected_annotation.attr_value
+                        if collected_annotation is not None
+                        else obj
+                    )
+                    if obj is None and not fixed_table and is_mapped:
+                        collected_attributes[name] = (
+                            generated_obj
+                            if generated_obj is not None
+                            else MappedColumn()
+                        )
+                    elif name in clsdict_view:
+                        collected_attributes[name] = obj
+                    # else if the name is not in the cls.__dict__,
+                    # don't collect it as an attribute.
+                    # we will see the annotation only, which is meaningful
+                    # both for mapping and dataclasses setup
+
+        if inherited_table_args and not tablename:
+            table_args = None
+
+        self.table_args = table_args
+        self.tablename = tablename
+        self.mapper_args_fn = mapper_args_fn
+        self.table_fn = table_fn
+
+    def _setup_dataclasses_transforms(self) -> None:
+        dataclass_setup_arguments = self.dataclass_setup_arguments
+        if not dataclass_setup_arguments:
+            return
+
+        # can't use is_dataclass since it uses hasattr
+        if "__dataclass_fields__" in self.cls.__dict__:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Class {self.cls} is already a dataclass; ensure that "
+                "base classes / decorator styles of establishing dataclasses "
+                "are not being mixed. "
+                "This can happen if a class that inherits from "
+                "'MappedAsDataclass', even indirectly, is been mapped with "
+                "'@registry.mapped_as_dataclass'"
+            )
+
+        # can't create a dataclass if __table__ is already there. This would
+        # fail an assertion when calling _get_arguments_for_make_dataclass:
+        # assert False, "Mapped[] received without a mapping declaration"
+        if "__table__" in self.cls.__dict__:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Class {self.cls} already defines a '__table__'. "
+                "ORM Annotated Dataclasses do not support a pre-existing "
+                "'__table__' element"
+            )
+
+        warn_for_non_dc_attrs = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        def _allow_dataclass_field(
+            key: str, originating_class: Type[Any]
+        ) -> bool:
+            if (
+                originating_class is not self.cls
+                and "__dataclass_fields__" not in originating_class.__dict__
+            ):
+                warn_for_non_dc_attrs[originating_class].append(key)
+
+            return True
+
+        manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(self.cls)
+        assert manager is not None
+
+        field_list = [
+            _AttributeOptions._get_arguments_for_make_dataclass(
+                key,
+                anno,
+                mapped_container,
+                self.collected_attributes.get(key, _NoArg.NO_ARG),
+            )
+            for key, anno, mapped_container in (
+                (
+                    key,
+                    mapped_anno if mapped_anno else raw_anno,
+                    mapped_container,
+                )
+                for key, (
+                    raw_anno,
+                    mapped_container,
+                    mapped_anno,
+                    is_dc,
+                    attr_value,
+                    originating_module,
+                    originating_class,
+                ) in self.collected_annotations.items()
+                if _allow_dataclass_field(key, originating_class)
+                and (
+                    key not in self.collected_attributes
+                    # issue #9226; check for attributes that we've collected
+                    # which are already instrumented, which we would assume
+                    # mean we are in an ORM inheritance mapping and this
+                    # attribute is already mapped on the superclass.   Under
+                    # no circumstance should any QueryableAttribute be sent to
+                    # the dataclass() function; anything that's mapped should
+                    # be Field and that's it
+                    or not isinstance(
+                        self.collected_attributes[key], QueryableAttribute
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        ]
+
+        if warn_for_non_dc_attrs:
+            for (
+                originating_class,
+                non_dc_attrs,
+            ) in warn_for_non_dc_attrs.items():
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    f"When transforming {self.cls} to a dataclass, "
+                    f"attribute(s) "
+                    f"{', '.join(repr(key) for key in non_dc_attrs)} "
+                    f"originates from superclass "
+                    f"{originating_class}, which is not a dataclass.  This "
+                    f"usage is deprecated and will raise an error in "
+                    f"SQLAlchemy 2.1.  When declaring SQLAlchemy Declarative "
+                    f"Dataclasses, ensure that all mixin classes and other "
+                    f"superclasses which include attributes are also a "
+                    f"subclass of MappedAsDataclass.",
+                    "2.0",
+                    code="dcmx",
+                )
+
+        annotations = {}
+        defaults = {}
+        for item in field_list:
+            if len(item) == 2:
+                name, tp = item
+            elif len(item) == 3:
+                name, tp, spec = item
+                defaults[name] = spec
+            else:
+                assert False
+            annotations[name] = tp
+
+        for k, v in defaults.items():
+            setattr(self.cls, k, v)
+
+        self._apply_dataclasses_to_any_class(
+            dataclass_setup_arguments, self.cls, annotations
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _update_annotations_for_non_mapped_class(
+        cls, klass: Type[_O]
+    ) -> Mapping[str, _AnnotationScanType]:
+        cls_annotations = util.get_annotations(klass)
+
+        new_anno = {}
+        for name, annotation in cls_annotations.items():
+            if _is_mapped_annotation(annotation, klass, klass):
+                extracted = _extract_mapped_subtype(
+                    annotation,
+                    klass,
+                    klass.__module__,
+                    name,
+                    type(None),
+                    required=False,
+                    is_dataclass_field=False,
+                    expect_mapped=False,
+                )
+                if extracted:
+                    inner, _ = extracted
+                    new_anno[name] = inner
+            else:
+                new_anno[name] = annotation
+        return new_anno
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _apply_dataclasses_to_any_class(
+        cls,
+        dataclass_setup_arguments: _DataclassArguments,
+        klass: Type[_O],
+        use_annotations: Mapping[str, _AnnotationScanType],
+    ) -> None:
+        cls._assert_dc_arguments(dataclass_setup_arguments)
+
+        dataclass_callable = dataclass_setup_arguments["dataclass_callable"]
+        if dataclass_callable is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            dataclass_callable = dataclasses.dataclass
+
+        restored: Optional[Any]
+
+        if use_annotations:
+            # apply constructed annotations that should look "normal" to a
+            # dataclasses callable, based on the fields present.  This
+            # means remove the Mapped[] container and ensure all Field
+            # entries have an annotation
+            restored = getattr(klass, "__annotations__", None)
+            klass.__annotations__ = cast("Dict[str, Any]", use_annotations)
+        else:
+            restored = None
+
+        try:
+            dataclass_callable(
+                klass,
+                **{
+                    k: v
+                    for k, v in dataclass_setup_arguments.items()
+                    if v is not _NoArg.NO_ARG and k != "dataclass_callable"
+                },
+            )
+        except (TypeError, ValueError) as ex:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Python dataclasses error encountered when creating "
+                f"dataclass for {klass.__name__!r}: "
+                f"{ex!r}. Please refer to Python dataclasses "
+                "documentation for additional information.",
+                code="dcte",
+            ) from ex
+        finally:
+            # restore original annotations outside of the dataclasses
+            # process; for mixins and __abstract__ superclasses, SQLAlchemy
+            # Declarative will need to see the Mapped[] container inside the
+            # annotations in order to map subclasses
+            if use_annotations:
+                if restored is None:
+                    del klass.__annotations__
+                else:
+                    klass.__annotations__ = restored
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _assert_dc_arguments(cls, arguments: _DataclassArguments) -> None:
+        allowed = {
+            "init",
+            "repr",
+            "order",
+            "eq",
+            "unsafe_hash",
+            "kw_only",
+            "match_args",
+            "dataclass_callable",
+        }
+        disallowed_args = set(arguments).difference(allowed)
+        if disallowed_args:
+            msg = ", ".join(f"{arg!r}" for arg in sorted(disallowed_args))
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Dataclass argument(s) {msg} are not accepted"
+            )
+
+    def _collect_annotation(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        raw_annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+        originating_class: Type[Any],
+        expect_mapped: Optional[bool],
+        attr_value: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_CollectedAnnotation]:
+        if name in self.collected_annotations:
+            return self.collected_annotations[name]
+
+        if raw_annotation is None:
+            return None
+
+        is_dataclass = self.is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping
+        allow_unmapped = self.allow_unmapped_annotations
+
+        if expect_mapped is None:
+            is_dataclass_field = isinstance(attr_value, dataclasses.Field)
+            expect_mapped = (
+                not is_dataclass_field
+                and not allow_unmapped
+                and (
+                    attr_value is None
+                    or isinstance(attr_value, _MappedAttribute)
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            is_dataclass_field = False
+
+        is_dataclass_field = False
+        extracted = _extract_mapped_subtype(
+            raw_annotation,
+            self.cls,
+            originating_class.__module__,
+            name,
+            type(attr_value),
+            required=False,
+            is_dataclass_field=is_dataclass_field,
+            expect_mapped=expect_mapped and not is_dataclass,
+        )
+        if extracted is None:
+            # ClassVar can come out here
+            return None
+
+        extracted_mapped_annotation, mapped_container = extracted
+
+        if attr_value is None and not is_literal(extracted_mapped_annotation):
+            for elem in get_args(extracted_mapped_annotation):
+                if is_fwd_ref(
+                    elem, check_generic=True, check_for_plain_string=True
+                ):
+                    elem = de_stringify_annotation(
+                        self.cls,
+                        elem,
+                        originating_class.__module__,
+                        include_generic=True,
+                    )
+                # look in Annotated[...] for an ORM construct,
+                # such as Annotated[int, mapped_column(primary_key=True)]
+                if isinstance(elem, _IntrospectsAnnotations):
+                    attr_value = elem.found_in_pep593_annotated()
+
+        self.collected_annotations[name] = ca = _CollectedAnnotation(
+            raw_annotation,
+            mapped_container,
+            extracted_mapped_annotation,
+            is_dataclass,
+            attr_value,
+            originating_class.__module__,
+            originating_class,
+        )
+        return ca
+
+    def _warn_for_decl_attributes(
+        self, cls: Type[Any], key: str, c: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(c, expression.ColumnElement):
+            util.warn(
+                f"Attribute '{key}' on class {cls} appears to "
+                "be a non-schema SQLAlchemy expression "
+                "object; this won't be part of the declarative mapping. "
+                "To map arbitrary expressions, use ``column_property()`` "
+                "or a similar function such as ``deferred()``, "
+                "``query_expression()`` etc. "
+            )
+
+    def _produce_column_copies(
+        self,
+        attributes_for_class: Callable[
+            [], Iterable[Tuple[str, Any, Any, bool]]
+        ],
+        attribute_is_overridden: Callable[[str, Any], bool],
+        fixed_table: bool,
+        originating_class: Type[Any],
+    ) -> Dict[str, Union[Column[Any], MappedColumn[Any]]]:
+        cls = self.cls
+        dict_ = self.clsdict_view
+        locally_collected_attributes = {}
+        column_copies = self.column_copies
+        # copy mixin columns to the mapped class
+
+        for name, obj, annotation, is_dataclass in attributes_for_class():
+            if (
+                not fixed_table
+                and obj is None
+                and _is_mapped_annotation(annotation, cls, originating_class)
+            ):
+                # obj is None means this is the annotation only path
+
+                if attribute_is_overridden(name, obj):
+                    # perform same "overridden" check as we do for
+                    # Column/MappedColumn, this is how a mixin col is not
+                    # applied to an inherited subclass that does not have
+                    # the mixin.   the anno-only path added here for
+                    # #9564
+                    continue
+
+                collected_annotation = self._collect_annotation(
+                    name, annotation, originating_class, True, obj
+                )
+                obj = (
+                    collected_annotation.attr_value
+                    if collected_annotation is not None
+                    else obj
+                )
+                if obj is None:
+                    obj = MappedColumn()
+
+                locally_collected_attributes[name] = obj
+                setattr(cls, name, obj)
+
+            elif isinstance(obj, (Column, MappedColumn)):
+                if attribute_is_overridden(name, obj):
+                    # if column has been overridden
+                    # (like by the InstrumentedAttribute of the
+                    # superclass), skip.  don't collect the annotation
+                    # either (issue #8718)
+                    continue
+
+                collected_annotation = self._collect_annotation(
+                    name, annotation, originating_class, True, obj
+                )
+                obj = (
+                    collected_annotation.attr_value
+                    if collected_annotation is not None
+                    else obj
+                )
+
+                if name not in dict_ and not (
+                    "__table__" in dict_
+                    and (getattr(obj, "name", None) or name)
+                    in dict_["__table__"].c
+                ):
+                    if obj.foreign_keys:
+                        for fk in obj.foreign_keys:
+                            if (
+                                fk._table_column is not None
+                                and fk._table_column.table is None
+                            ):
+                                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                    "Columns with foreign keys to "
+                                    "non-table-bound "
+                                    "columns must be declared as "
+                                    "@declared_attr callables "
+                                    "on declarative mixin classes.  "
+                                    "For dataclass "
+                                    "field() objects, use a lambda:."
+                                )
+
+                    column_copies[obj] = copy_ = obj._copy()
+
+                    locally_collected_attributes[name] = copy_
+                    setattr(cls, name, copy_)
+
+        return locally_collected_attributes
+
+    def _extract_mappable_attributes(self) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+        collected_attributes = self.collected_attributes
+
+        our_stuff = self.properties
+
+        _include_dunders = self._include_dunders
+
+        late_mapped = _get_immediate_cls_attr(
+            cls, "_sa_decl_prepare_nocascade", strict=True
+        )
+
+        allow_unmapped_annotations = self.allow_unmapped_annotations
+        expect_annotations_wo_mapped = (
+            allow_unmapped_annotations or self.is_dataclass_prior_to_mapping
+        )
+
+        look_for_dataclass_things = bool(self.dataclass_setup_arguments)
+
+        for k in list(collected_attributes):
+            if k in _include_dunders:
+                continue
+
+            value = collected_attributes[k]
+
+            if _is_declarative_props(value):
+                # @declared_attr in collected_attributes only occurs here for a
+                # @declared_attr that's directly on the mapped class;
+                # for a mixin, these have already been evaluated
+                if value._cascading:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Use of @declared_attr.cascading only applies to "
+                        "Declarative 'mixin' and 'abstract' classes.  "
+                        "Currently, this flag is ignored on mapped class "
+                        "%s" % self.cls
+                    )
+
+                value = getattr(cls, k)
+
+            elif (
+                isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute)
+                and value.class_ is not cls
+                and value.key != k
+            ):
+                # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+                # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+                value = SynonymProperty(value.key)
+                setattr(cls, k, value)
+
+            if (
+                isinstance(value, tuple)
+                and len(value) == 1
+                and isinstance(value[0], (Column, _MappedAttribute))
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Ignoring declarative-like tuple value of attribute "
+                    "'%s': possibly a copy-and-paste error with a comma "
+                    "accidentally placed at the end of the line?" % k
+                )
+                continue
+            elif look_for_dataclass_things and isinstance(
+                value, dataclasses.Field
+            ):
+                # we collected a dataclass Field; dataclasses would have
+                # set up the correct state on the class
+                continue
+            elif not isinstance(value, (Column, _DCAttributeOptions)):
+                # using @declared_attr for some object that
+                # isn't Column/MapperProperty/_DCAttributeOptions; remove
+                # from the clsdict_view
+                # and place the evaluated value onto the class.
+                collected_attributes.pop(k)
+                self._warn_for_decl_attributes(cls, k, value)
+                if not late_mapped:
+                    setattr(cls, k, value)
+                continue
+            # we expect to see the name 'metadata' in some valid cases;
+            # however at this point we see it's assigned to something trying
+            # to be mapped, so raise for that.
+            # TODO: should "registry" here be also?   might be too late
+            # to change that now (2.0 betas)
+            elif k in ("metadata",):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Attribute name '{k}' is reserved when using the "
+                    "Declarative API."
+                )
+            elif isinstance(value, Column):
+                _undefer_column_name(
+                    k, self.column_copies.get(value, value)  # type: ignore
+                )
+            else:
+                if isinstance(value, _IntrospectsAnnotations):
+                    (
+                        annotation,
+                        mapped_container,
+                        extracted_mapped_annotation,
+                        is_dataclass,
+                        attr_value,
+                        originating_module,
+                        originating_class,
+                    ) = self.collected_annotations.get(
+                        k, (None, None, None, False, None, None, None)
+                    )
+
+                    # issue #8692 - don't do any annotation interpretation if
+                    # an annotation were present and a container such as
+                    # Mapped[] etc. were not used.  If annotation is None,
+                    # do declarative_scan so that the property can raise
+                    # for required
+                    if (
+                        mapped_container is not None
+                        or annotation is None
+                        # issue #10516: need to do declarative_scan even with
+                        # a non-Mapped annotation if we are doing
+                        # __allow_unmapped__, for things like col.name
+                        # assignment
+                        or allow_unmapped_annotations
+                    ):
+                        try:
+                            value.declarative_scan(
+                                self,
+                                self.registry,
+                                cls,
+                                originating_module,
+                                k,
+                                mapped_container,
+                                annotation,
+                                extracted_mapped_annotation,
+                                is_dataclass,
+                            )
+                        except NameError as ne:
+                            raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                                f"Could not resolve all types within mapped "
+                                f'annotation: "{annotation}".  Ensure all '
+                                f"types are written correctly and are "
+                                f"imported within the module in use."
+                            ) from ne
+                    else:
+                        # assert that we were expecting annotations
+                        # without Mapped[] were going to be passed.
+                        # otherwise an error should have been raised
+                        # by util._extract_mapped_subtype before we got here.
+                        assert expect_annotations_wo_mapped
+
+                if isinstance(value, _DCAttributeOptions):
+                    if (
+                        value._has_dataclass_arguments
+                        and not look_for_dataclass_things
+                    ):
+                        if isinstance(value, MapperProperty):
+                            argnames = [
+                                "init",
+                                "default_factory",
+                                "repr",
+                                "default",
+                            ]
+                        else:
+                            argnames = ["init", "default_factory", "repr"]
+
+                        args = {
+                            a
+                            for a in argnames
+                            if getattr(
+                                value._attribute_options, f"dataclasses_{a}"
+                            )
+                            is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                        }
+
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Attribute '{k}' on class {cls} includes "
+                            f"dataclasses argument(s): "
+                            f"{', '.join(sorted(repr(a) for a in args))} but "
+                            f"class does not specify "
+                            "SQLAlchemy native dataclass configuration."
+                        )
+
+                    if not isinstance(value, (MapperProperty, _MapsColumns)):
+                        # filter for _DCAttributeOptions objects that aren't
+                        # MapperProperty / mapped_column().  Currently this
+                        # includes AssociationProxy.   pop it from the things
+                        # we're going to map and set it up as a descriptor
+                        # on the class.
+                        collected_attributes.pop(k)
+
+                        # Assoc Prox (or other descriptor object that may
+                        # use _DCAttributeOptions) is usually here, except if
+                        # 1. we're a
+                        # dataclass, dataclasses would have removed the
+                        # attr here or 2. assoc proxy is coming from a
+                        # superclass, we want it to be direct here so it
+                        # tracks state or 3. assoc prox comes from
+                        # declared_attr, uncommon case
+                        setattr(cls, k, value)
+                        continue
+
+            our_stuff[k] = value
+
+    def _extract_declared_columns(self) -> None:
+        our_stuff = self.properties
+
+        # extract columns from the class dict
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+        column_ordering = self.column_ordering
+        name_to_prop_key = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+        for key, c in list(our_stuff.items()):
+            if isinstance(c, _MapsColumns):
+                mp_to_assign = c.mapper_property_to_assign
+                if mp_to_assign:
+                    our_stuff[key] = mp_to_assign
+                else:
+                    # if no mapper property to assign, this currently means
+                    # this is a MappedColumn that will produce a Column for us
+                    del our_stuff[key]
+
+                for col, sort_order in c.columns_to_assign:
+                    if not isinstance(c, CompositeProperty):
+                        name_to_prop_key[col.name].add(key)
+                    declared_columns.add(col)
+
+                    # we would assert this, however we want the below
+                    # warning to take effect instead.  See #9630
+                    # assert col not in column_ordering
+
+                    column_ordering[col] = sort_order
+
+                    # if this is a MappedColumn and the attribute key we
+                    # have is not what the column has for its key, map the
+                    # Column explicitly under the attribute key name.
+                    # otherwise, Mapper will map it under the column key.
+                    if mp_to_assign is None and key != col.key:
+                        our_stuff[key] = col
+            elif isinstance(c, Column):
+                # undefer previously occurred here, and now occurs earlier.
+                # ensure every column we get here has been named
+                assert c.name is not None
+                name_to_prop_key[c.name].add(key)
+                declared_columns.add(c)
+                # if the column is the same name as the key,
+                # remove it from the explicit properties dict.
+                # the normal rules for assigning column-based properties
+                # will take over, including precedence of columns
+                # in multi-column ColumnProperties.
+                if key == c.key:
+                    del our_stuff[key]
+
+        for name, keys in name_to_prop_key.items():
+            if len(keys) > 1:
+                util.warn(
+                    "On class %r, Column object %r named "
+                    "directly multiple times, "
+                    "only one will be used: %s. "
+                    "Consider using orm.synonym instead"
+                    % (self.classname, name, (", ".join(sorted(keys))))
+                )
+
+    def _setup_table(self, table: Optional[FromClause] = None) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+        cls_as_Decl = cast("MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls)
+
+        tablename = self.tablename
+        table_args = self.table_args
+        clsdict_view = self.clsdict_view
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+        column_ordering = self.column_ordering
+
+        manager = attributes.manager_of_class(cls)
+
+        if (
+            self.table_fn is None
+            and "__table__" not in clsdict_view
+            and table is None
+        ):
+            if hasattr(cls, "__table_cls__"):
+                table_cls = cast(
+                    Type[Table],
+                    util.unbound_method_to_callable(cls.__table_cls__),  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                )
+            else:
+                table_cls = Table
+
+            if tablename is not None:
+                args: Tuple[Any, ...] = ()
+                table_kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+                if table_args:
+                    if isinstance(table_args, dict):
+                        table_kw = table_args
+                    elif isinstance(table_args, tuple):
+                        if isinstance(table_args[-1], dict):
+                            args, table_kw = table_args[0:-1], table_args[-1]
+                        else:
+                            args = table_args
+
+                autoload_with = clsdict_view.get("__autoload_with__")
+                if autoload_with:
+                    table_kw["autoload_with"] = autoload_with
+
+                autoload = clsdict_view.get("__autoload__")
+                if autoload:
+                    table_kw["autoload"] = True
+
+                sorted_columns = sorted(
+                    declared_columns,
+                    key=lambda c: column_ordering.get(c, 0),
+                )
+                table = self.set_cls_attribute(
+                    "__table__",
+                    table_cls(
+                        tablename,
+                        self._metadata_for_cls(manager),
+                        *sorted_columns,
+                        *args,
+                        **table_kw,
+                    ),
+                )
+        else:
+            if table is None:
+                if self.table_fn:
+                    table = self.set_cls_attribute(
+                        "__table__", self.table_fn()
+                    )
+                else:
+                    table = cls_as_Decl.__table__
+            if declared_columns:
+                for c in declared_columns:
+                    if not table.c.contains_column(c):
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Can't add additional column %r when "
+                            "specifying __table__" % c.key
+                        )
+
+        self.local_table = table
+
+    def _metadata_for_cls(self, manager: ClassManager[Any]) -> MetaData:
+        meta: Optional[MetaData] = getattr(self.cls, "metadata", None)
+        if meta is not None:
+            return meta
+        else:
+            return manager.registry.metadata
+
+    def _setup_inheriting_mapper(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        cls = self.cls
+
+        inherits = mapper_kw.get("inherits", None)
+
+        if inherits is None:
+            # since we search for classical mappings now, search for
+            # multiple mapped bases as well and raise an error.
+            inherits_search = []
+            for base_ in cls.__bases__:
+                c = _resolve_for_abstract_or_classical(base_)
+                if c is None:
+                    continue
+
+                if _is_supercls_for_inherits(c) and c not in inherits_search:
+                    inherits_search.append(c)
+
+            if inherits_search:
+                if len(inherits_search) > 1:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Class %s has multiple mapped bases: %r"
+                        % (cls, inherits_search)
+                    )
+                inherits = inherits_search[0]
+        elif isinstance(inherits, Mapper):
+            inherits = inherits.class_
+
+        self.inherits = inherits
+
+        clsdict_view = self.clsdict_view
+        if "__table__" not in clsdict_view and self.tablename is None:
+            self.single = True
+
+    def _setup_inheriting_columns(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        table = self.local_table
+        cls = self.cls
+        table_args = self.table_args
+        declared_columns = self.declared_columns
+
+        if (
+            table is None
+            and self.inherits is None
+            and not _get_immediate_cls_attr(cls, "__no_table__")
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Class %r does not have a __table__ or __tablename__ "
+                "specified and does not inherit from an existing "
+                "table-mapped class." % cls
+            )
+        elif self.inherits:
+            inherited_mapper_or_config = _declared_mapping_info(self.inherits)
+            assert inherited_mapper_or_config is not None
+            inherited_table = inherited_mapper_or_config.local_table
+            inherited_persist_selectable = (
+                inherited_mapper_or_config.persist_selectable
+            )
+
+            if table is None:
+                # single table inheritance.
+                # ensure no table args
+                if table_args:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't place __table_args__ on an inherited class "
+                        "with no table."
+                    )
+
+                # add any columns declared here to the inherited table.
+                if declared_columns and not isinstance(inherited_table, Table):
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Can't declare columns on single-table-inherited "
+                        f"subclass {self.cls}; superclass {self.inherits} "
+                        "is not mapped to a Table"
+                    )
+
+                for col in declared_columns:
+                    assert inherited_table is not None
+                    if col.name in inherited_table.c:
+                        if inherited_table.c[col.name] is col:
+                            continue
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Column '{col}' on class {cls.__name__} "
+                            f"conflicts with existing column "
+                            f"'{inherited_table.c[col.name]}'.  If using "
+                            f"Declarative, consider using the "
+                            "use_existing_column parameter of mapped_column() "
+                            "to resolve conflicts."
+                        )
+                    if col.primary_key:
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Can't place primary key columns on an inherited "
+                            "class with no table."
+                        )
+
+                    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                        assert isinstance(inherited_table, Table)
+
+                    inherited_table.append_column(col)
+                    if (
+                        inherited_persist_selectable is not None
+                        and inherited_persist_selectable is not inherited_table
+                    ):
+                        inherited_persist_selectable._refresh_for_new_column(
+                            col
+                        )
+
+    def _prepare_mapper_arguments(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        properties = self.properties
+
+        if self.mapper_args_fn:
+            mapper_args = self.mapper_args_fn()
+        else:
+            mapper_args = {}
+
+        if mapper_kw:
+            mapper_args.update(mapper_kw)
+
+        if "properties" in mapper_args:
+            properties = dict(properties)
+            properties.update(mapper_args["properties"])
+
+        # make sure that column copies are used rather
+        # than the original columns from any mixins
+        for k in ("version_id_col", "polymorphic_on"):
+            if k in mapper_args:
+                v = mapper_args[k]
+                mapper_args[k] = self.column_copies.get(v, v)
+
+        if "primary_key" in mapper_args:
+            mapper_args["primary_key"] = [
+                self.column_copies.get(v, v)
+                for v in util.to_list(mapper_args["primary_key"])
+            ]
+
+        if "inherits" in mapper_args:
+            inherits_arg = mapper_args["inherits"]
+            if isinstance(inherits_arg, Mapper):
+                inherits_arg = inherits_arg.class_
+
+            if inherits_arg is not self.inherits:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "mapper inherits argument given for non-inheriting "
+                    "class %s" % (mapper_args["inherits"])
+                )
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            mapper_args["inherits"] = self.inherits
+
+        if self.inherits and not mapper_args.get("concrete", False):
+            # note the superclass is expected to have a Mapper assigned and
+            # not be a deferred config, as this is called within map()
+            inherited_mapper = class_mapper(self.inherits, False)
+            inherited_table = inherited_mapper.local_table
+
+            # single or joined inheritance
+            # exclude any cols on the inherited table which are
+            # not mapped on the parent class, to avoid
+            # mapping columns specific to sibling/nephew classes
+            if "exclude_properties" not in mapper_args:
+                mapper_args["exclude_properties"] = exclude_properties = {
+                    c.key
+                    for c in inherited_table.c
+                    if c not in inherited_mapper._columntoproperty
+                }.union(inherited_mapper.exclude_properties or ())
+                exclude_properties.difference_update(
+                    [c.key for c in self.declared_columns]
+                )
+
+            # look through columns in the current mapper that
+            # are keyed to a propname different than the colname
+            # (if names were the same, we'd have popped it out above,
+            # in which case the mapper makes this combination).
+            # See if the superclass has a similar column property.
+            # If so, join them together.
+            for k, col in list(properties.items()):
+                if not isinstance(col, expression.ColumnElement):
+                    continue
+                if k in inherited_mapper._props:
+                    p = inherited_mapper._props[k]
+                    if isinstance(p, ColumnProperty):
+                        # note here we place the subclass column
+                        # first.  See [ticket:1892] for background.
+                        properties[k] = [col] + p.columns
+        result_mapper_args = mapper_args.copy()
+        result_mapper_args["properties"] = properties
+        self.mapper_args = result_mapper_args
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = util.EMPTY_DICT) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        self._prepare_mapper_arguments(mapper_kw)
+        if hasattr(self.cls, "__mapper_cls__"):
+            mapper_cls = cast(
+                "Type[Mapper[Any]]",
+                util.unbound_method_to_callable(
+                    self.cls.__mapper_cls__  # type: ignore
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            mapper_cls = Mapper
+
+        return self.set_cls_attribute(
+            "__mapper__",
+            mapper_cls(self.cls, self.local_table, **self.mapper_args),
+        )
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _as_dc_declaredattr(
+    field_metadata: Mapping[str, Any], sa_dataclass_metadata_key: str
+) -> Any:
+    # wrap lambdas inside dataclass fields inside an ad-hoc declared_attr.
+    # we can't write it because field.metadata is immutable :( so we have
+    # to go through extra trouble to compare these
+    decl_api = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api
+    obj = field_metadata[sa_dataclass_metadata_key]
+    if callable(obj) and not isinstance(obj, decl_api.declared_attr):
+        return decl_api.declared_attr(obj)
+    else:
+        return obj
+
+
+class _DeferredMapperConfig(_ClassScanMapperConfig):
+    _cls: weakref.ref[Type[Any]]
+
+    is_deferred = True
+
+    _configs: util.OrderedDict[
+        weakref.ref[Type[Any]], _DeferredMapperConfig
+    ] = util.OrderedDict()
+
+    def _early_mapping(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    # mypy disallows plain property override of variable
+    @property  # type: ignore
+    def cls(self) -> Type[Any]:
+        return self._cls()  # type: ignore
+
+    @cls.setter
+    def cls(self, class_: Type[Any]) -> None:
+        self._cls = weakref.ref(class_, self._remove_config_cls)
+        self._configs[self._cls] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remove_config_cls(cls, ref: weakref.ref[Type[Any]]) -> None:
+        cls._configs.pop(ref, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def has_cls(cls, class_: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+        # 2.6 fails on weakref if class_ is an old style class
+        return isinstance(class_, type) and weakref.ref(class_) in cls._configs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def raise_unmapped_for_cls(cls, class_: Type[Any]) -> NoReturn:
+        if hasattr(class_, "_sa_raise_deferred_config"):
+            class_._sa_raise_deferred_config()
+
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedClassError(
+            class_,
+            msg=(
+                f"Class {orm_exc._safe_cls_name(class_)} has a deferred "
+                "mapping on it.  It is not yet usable as a mapped class."
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def config_for_cls(cls, class_: Type[Any]) -> _DeferredMapperConfig:
+        return cls._configs[weakref.ref(class_)]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def classes_for_base(
+        cls, base_cls: Type[Any], sort: bool = True
+    ) -> List[_DeferredMapperConfig]:
+        classes_for_base = [
+            m
+            for m, cls_ in [(m, m.cls) for m in cls._configs.values()]
+            if cls_ is not None and issubclass(cls_, base_cls)
+        ]
+
+        if not sort:
+            return classes_for_base
+
+        all_m_by_cls = {m.cls: m for m in classes_for_base}
+
+        tuples: List[Tuple[_DeferredMapperConfig, _DeferredMapperConfig]] = []
+        for m_cls in all_m_by_cls:
+            tuples.extend(
+                (all_m_by_cls[base_cls], all_m_by_cls[m_cls])
+                for base_cls in m_cls.__bases__
+                if base_cls in all_m_by_cls
+            )
+        return list(topological.sort(tuples, classes_for_base))
+
+    def map(self, mapper_kw: _MapperKwArgs = util.EMPTY_DICT) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        self._configs.pop(self._cls, None)
+        return super().map(mapper_kw)
+
+
+def _add_attribute(
+    cls: Type[Any], key: str, value: MapperProperty[Any]
+) -> None:
+    """add an attribute to an existing declarative class.
+
+    This runs through the logic to determine MapperProperty,
+    adds it to the Mapper, adds a column to the mapped Table, etc.
+
+    """
+
+    if "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__:
+        mapped_cls = cast("MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls)
+
+        def _table_or_raise(mc: MappedClassProtocol[Any]) -> Table:
+            if isinstance(mc.__table__, Table):
+                return mc.__table__
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Cannot add a new attribute to mapped class {mc.__name__!r} "
+                "because it's not mapped against a table."
+            )
+
+        if isinstance(value, Column):
+            _undefer_column_name(key, value)
+            _table_or_raise(mapped_cls).append_column(
+                value, replace_existing=True
+            )
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, _MapsColumns):
+            mp = value.mapper_property_to_assign
+            for col, _ in value.columns_to_assign:
+                _undefer_column_name(key, col)
+                _table_or_raise(mapped_cls).append_column(
+                    col, replace_existing=True
+                )
+                if not mp:
+                    mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, col)
+            if mp:
+                mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, mp)
+        elif isinstance(value, MapperProperty):
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        elif isinstance(value, QueryableAttribute) and value.key != key:
+            # detect a QueryableAttribute that's already mapped being
+            # assigned elsewhere in userland, turn into a synonym()
+            value = SynonymProperty(value.key)
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__.add_property(key, value)
+        else:
+            type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+            mapped_cls.__mapper__._expire_memoizations()
+    else:
+        type.__setattr__(cls, key, value)
+
+
+def _del_attribute(cls: Type[Any], key: str) -> None:
+    if (
+        "__mapper__" in cls.__dict__
+        and key in cls.__dict__
+        and not cast(
+            "MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls
+        ).__mapper__._dispose_called
+    ):
+        value = cls.__dict__[key]
+        if isinstance(
+            value, (Column, _MapsColumns, MapperProperty, QueryableAttribute)
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Can't un-map individual mapped attributes on a mapped class."
+            )
+        else:
+            type.__delattr__(cls, key)
+            cast(
+                "MappedClassProtocol[Any]", cls
+            ).__mapper__._expire_memoizations()
+    else:
+        type.__delattr__(cls, key)
+
+
+def _declarative_constructor(self: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+    """A simple constructor that allows initialization from kwargs.
+
+    Sets attributes on the constructed instance using the names and
+    values in ``kwargs``.
+
+    Only keys that are present as
+    attributes of the instance's class are allowed. These could be,
+    for example, any mapped columns or relationships.
+    """
+    cls_ = type(self)
+    for k in kwargs:
+        if not hasattr(cls_, k):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "%r is an invalid keyword argument for %s" % (k, cls_.__name__)
+            )
+        setattr(self, k, kwargs[k])
+
+
+_declarative_constructor.__name__ = "__init__"
+
+
+def _undefer_column_name(key: str, column: Column[Any]) -> None:
+    if column.key is None:
+        column.key = key
+    if column.name is None:
+        column.name = key
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59530624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dependency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1304 @@
+# orm/dependency.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Relationship dependencies.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc
+from . import sync
+from . import unitofwork
+from . import util as mapperutil
+from .interfaces import MANYTOMANY
+from .interfaces import MANYTOONE
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+
+
+class DependencyProcessor:
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.cascade = prop.cascade
+        self.mapper = prop.mapper
+        self.parent = prop.parent
+        self.secondary = prop.secondary
+        self.direction = prop.direction
+        self.post_update = prop.post_update
+        self.passive_deletes = prop.passive_deletes
+        self.passive_updates = prop.passive_updates
+        self.enable_typechecks = prop.enable_typechecks
+        if self.passive_deletes:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_delete_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+        if self.passive_updates:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            self._passive_update_flag = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+
+        self.sort_key = "%s_%s" % (self.parent._sort_key, prop.key)
+        self.key = prop.key
+        if not self.prop.synchronize_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't build a DependencyProcessor for relationship %s. "
+                "No target attributes to populate between parent and "
+                "child are present" % self.prop
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_relationship(cls, prop):
+        return _direction_to_processor[prop.direction](prop)
+
+    def hasparent(self, state):
+        """return True if the given object instance has a parent,
+        according to the ``InstrumentedAttribute`` handled by this
+        ``DependencyProcessor``.
+
+        """
+        return self.parent.class_manager.get_impl(self.key).hasparent(state)
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states in
+        the aggregate.
+
+        """
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, True)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+        before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+            uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(
+            uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        )
+
+        self.per_property_dependencies(
+            uow,
+            parent_saves,
+            child_saves,
+            parent_deletes,
+            child_deletes,
+            after_save,
+            before_delete,
+        )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        """establish actions and dependencies related to a flush.
+
+        These actions will operate on all relevant states
+        individually.    This occurs only if there are cycles
+        in the 'aggregated' version of events.
+
+        """
+
+        child_base_mapper = self.mapper.primary_base_mapper
+        child_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+        child_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, child_base_mapper)
+
+        # locate and disable the aggregate processors
+        # for this dependency
+
+        if isdelete:
+            before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, True, True)
+            before_delete.disabled = True
+        else:
+            after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, True)
+            after_save.disabled = True
+
+        # check if the "child" side is part of the cycle
+
+        if child_saves not in uow.cycles:
+            # based on the current dependencies we use, the saves/
+            # deletes should always be in the 'cycles' collection
+            # together.   if this changes, we will have to break up
+            # this method a bit more.
+            assert child_deletes not in uow.cycles
+
+            # child side is not part of the cycle, so we will link per-state
+            # actions to the aggregate "saves", "deletes" actions
+            child_actions = [(child_saves, False), (child_deletes, True)]
+            child_in_cycles = False
+        else:
+            child_in_cycles = True
+
+        # check if the "parent" side is part of the cycle
+        if not isdelete:
+            parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.parent.base_mapper
+            )
+            parent_deletes = before_delete = None
+            if parent_saves in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+        else:
+            parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteAll(uow, self.parent.base_mapper)
+            parent_saves = after_save = None
+            if parent_deletes in uow.cycles:
+                parent_in_cycles = True
+
+        # now create actions /dependencies for each state.
+
+        for state in states:
+            # detect if there's anything changed or loaded
+            # by a preprocessor on this state/attribute.   In the
+            # case of deletes we may try to load missing items here as well.
+            sum_ = state.manager[self.key].impl.get_all_pending(
+                state,
+                state.dict,
+                (
+                    self._passive_delete_flag
+                    if isdelete
+                    else attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                ),
+            )
+
+            if not sum_:
+                continue
+
+            if isdelete:
+                before_delete = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow, self, True, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_deletes = unitofwork.DeleteState(uow, state)
+            else:
+                after_save = unitofwork.ProcessState(uow, self, False, state)
+                if parent_in_cycles:
+                    parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(uow, state)
+
+            if child_in_cycles:
+                child_actions = []
+                for child_state, child in sum_:
+                    if child_state not in uow.states:
+                        child_action = (None, None)
+                    else:
+                        (deleted, listonly) = uow.states[child_state]
+                        if deleted:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.DeleteState(uow, child_state),
+                                True,
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            child_action = (
+                                unitofwork.SaveUpdateState(uow, child_state),
+                                False,
+                            )
+                    child_actions.append(child_action)
+
+            # establish dependencies between our possibly per-state
+            # parent action and our possibly per-state child action.
+            for child_action, childisdelete in child_actions:
+                self.per_state_dependencies(
+                    uow,
+                    parent_saves,
+                    parent_deletes,
+                    child_action,
+                    after_save,
+                    before_delete,
+                    isdelete,
+                    childisdelete,
+                )
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uowcommit, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = (
+                attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+            )
+        elif self.direction is MANYTOONE:
+            # here, we were hoping to optimize having to fetch many-to-one
+            # for history and ignore it, if there's no further cascades
+            # to take place.  however there are too many less common conditions
+            # that still take place and tests in test_relationships /
+            # test_cascade etc. will still fail.
+            passive = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED
+        else:
+            passive = (
+                attributes.PASSIVE_OFF | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+            )
+
+        for s in states:
+            # TODO: add a high speed method
+            # to InstanceState which returns:  attribute
+            # has a non-None value, or had one
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(s, self.key, passive)
+            if history and not history.empty():
+                return True
+        else:
+            return (
+                states
+                and not self.prop._is_self_referential
+                and self.mapper in uowcommit.mappers
+            )
+
+    def _verify_canload(self, state):
+        if self.prop.uselist and state is None:
+            raise exc.FlushError(
+                "Can't flush None value found in "
+                "collection %s" % (self.prop,)
+            )
+        elif state is not None and not self.mapper._canload(
+            state, allow_subtypes=not self.enable_typechecks
+        ):
+            if self.mapper._canload(state, allow_subtypes=True):
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Attempting to flush an item of type "
+                    "%(x)s as a member of collection "
+                    '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                    "%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of "
+                    "this type. If %(x)s is a subclass of "
+                    '%(z)s, configure mapper "%(zm)s" to '
+                    "load this subtype polymorphically, or "
+                    "set enable_typechecks=False to allow "
+                    "any subtype to be accepted for flush. "
+                    % {
+                        "x": state.class_,
+                        "y": self.prop,
+                        "z": self.mapper.class_,
+                        "zm": self.mapper,
+                    }
+                )
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Attempting to flush an item of type "
+                    "%(x)s as a member of collection "
+                    '"%(y)s". Expected an object of type '
+                    "%(z)s or a polymorphic subclass of "
+                    "this type."
+                    % {
+                        "x": state.class_,
+                        "y": self.prop,
+                        "z": self.mapper.class_,
+                    }
+                )
+
+    def _synchronize(self, state, child, associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _get_reversed_processed_set(self, uow):
+        if not self.prop._reverse_property:
+            return None
+
+        process_key = tuple(
+            sorted([self.key] + [p.key for p in self.prop._reverse_property])
+        )
+        return uow.memo(("reverse_key", process_key), set)
+
+    def _post_update(self, state, uowcommit, related, is_m2o_delete=False):
+        for x in related:
+            if not is_m2o_delete or x is not None:
+                uowcommit.register_post_update(
+                    state, [r for l, r in self.prop.synchronize_pairs]
+                )
+                break
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.prop)
+
+
+class OneToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def per_property_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        parent_saves,
+        child_saves,
+        parent_deletes,
+        child_deletes,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, False
+            )
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, True
+            )
+
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (child_saves, after_save),
+                    (parent_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                    (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                    (child_pre_updates, parent_deletes),
+                    (child_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (parent_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_saves),
+                    (after_save, child_deletes),
+                    (child_saves, parent_deletes),
+                    (child_deletes, parent_deletes),
+                    (before_delete, child_saves),
+                    (before_delete, child_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        save_parent,
+        delete_parent,
+        child_action,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+        isdelete,
+        childisdelete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            child_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, False
+            )
+            child_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.mapper.primary_base_mapper, True
+            )
+
+            # TODO: this whole block is not covered
+            # by any tests
+            if not isdelete:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (child_action, after_save),
+                            (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                        ]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (save_parent, after_save),
+                            (child_action, after_save),
+                            (after_save, child_post_updates),
+                        ]
+                    )
+            else:
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                            (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                        ]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (before_delete, child_pre_updates),
+                            (child_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                        ]
+                    )
+        elif not isdelete:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (save_parent, after_save),
+                    (after_save, child_action),
+                    (save_parent, child_action),
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [(before_delete, child_action), (child_action, delete_parent)]
+            )
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their
+        # foreign key to the parent set to NULL
+        should_null_fks = (
+            not self.cascade.delete and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if child is not None and self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child, isdelete=True)
+                        else:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(child)
+
+                if should_null_fks:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child, operation="delete", prop=self.prop
+                            )
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        children_added = uowcommit.memo(("children_added", self), set)
+
+        should_null_fks = (
+            not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            pks_changed = self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state)
+
+            if not pks_changed or self.passive_updates:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+            else:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(state, self.key, passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if child is not None:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            cancel_delete=True,
+                            operation="add",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+
+                children_added.update(history.added)
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        if should_null_fks:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                isdelete=False,
+                                operation="delete",
+                                prop=self.prop,
+                            )
+                    elif self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                            "delete", child
+                        ):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+            if pks_changed:
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        if child is not None:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                False,
+                                self.passive_updates,
+                                operation="pk change",
+                                prop=self.prop,
+                            )
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # head object is being deleted, and we manage its list of
+        # child objects the child objects have to have their foreign
+        # key to the parent set to NULL this phase can be called
+        # safely for any cascade but is unnecessary if delete cascade
+        # is on.
+
+        if self.post_update or not self.passive_deletes == "all":
+            children_added = uowcommit.memo(("children_added", self), set)
+
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if (
+                            child is not None
+                            and self.hasparent(child) is False
+                        ):
+                            self._synchronize(
+                                state, child, None, True, uowcommit, False
+                            )
+                            if self.post_update and child:
+                                self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                    if self.post_update or not self.cascade.delete:
+                        for child in set(history.unchanged).difference(
+                            children_added
+                        ):
+                            if child is not None:
+                                self._synchronize(
+                                    state, child, None, True, uowcommit, False
+                                )
+                                if self.post_update and child:
+                                    self._post_update(
+                                        child, uowcommit, [state]
+                                    )
+
+                    # technically, we can even remove each child from the
+                    # collection here too.  but this would be a somewhat
+                    # inconsistent behavior since it wouldn't happen
+                    # if the old parent wasn't deleted but child was moved.
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        should_null_fks = (
+            not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    self._synchronize(
+                        state, child, None, False, uowcommit, False
+                    )
+                    if child is not None and self.post_update:
+                        self._post_update(child, uowcommit, [state])
+
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if (
+                        should_null_fks
+                        and not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+                        and not self.hasparent(child)
+                    ):
+                        self._synchronize(
+                            state, child, None, True, uowcommit, False
+                        )
+
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        self._synchronize(
+                            state, child, None, False, uowcommit, True
+                        )
+
+    def _synchronize(
+        self, state, child, associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit, pks_changed
+    ):
+        source = state
+        dest = child
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+        if dest is None or (
+            not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(dest)
+        ):
+            return
+        if clearkeys:
+            sync.clear(dest, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            sync.populate(
+                source,
+                self.parent,
+                dest,
+                self.mapper,
+                self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                uowcommit,
+                self.passive_updates and pks_changed,
+            )
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+
+
+class ManyToOneDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def __init__(self, prop):
+        DependencyProcessor.__init__(self, prop)
+        for mapper in self.mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            mapper._dependency_processors.append(DetectKeySwitch(prop))
+
+    def per_property_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        parent_saves,
+        child_saves,
+        parent_deletes,
+        child_deletes,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            parent_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, False
+            )
+            parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, True
+            )
+
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (child_saves, after_save),
+                    (parent_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                    (after_save, parent_pre_updates),
+                    (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, child_deletes),
+                    (parent_pre_updates, parent_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [
+                    (child_saves, after_save),
+                    (after_save, parent_saves),
+                    (parent_saves, child_deletes),
+                    (parent_deletes, child_deletes),
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        save_parent,
+        delete_parent,
+        child_action,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+        isdelete,
+        childisdelete,
+    ):
+        if self.post_update:
+            if not isdelete:
+                parent_post_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                    uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, False
+                )
+                if childisdelete:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                            (parent_post_updates, child_action),
+                        ]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    uow.dependencies.update(
+                        [
+                            (save_parent, after_save),
+                            (child_action, after_save),
+                            (after_save, parent_post_updates),
+                        ]
+                    )
+            else:
+                parent_pre_updates = unitofwork.PostUpdateAll(
+                    uow, self.parent.primary_base_mapper, True
+                )
+
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [
+                        (before_delete, parent_pre_updates),
+                        (parent_pre_updates, delete_parent),
+                        (parent_pre_updates, child_action),
+                    ]
+                )
+
+        elif not isdelete:
+            if not childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [(child_action, after_save), (after_save, save_parent)]
+                )
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update([(after_save, save_parent)])
+
+        else:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update([(delete_parent, child_action)])
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if self.cascade.delete or self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            for state in states:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+                if history:
+                    if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                        todelete = history.sum()
+                    else:
+                        todelete = history.non_deleted()
+                    for child in todelete:
+                        if child is None:
+                            continue
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+                        t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator("delete", child)
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            uowcommit.register_object(state, operation="add", prop=self.prop)
+            if self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+                history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+                if history:
+                    for child in history.deleted:
+                        if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                            uowcommit.register_object(
+                                child,
+                                isdelete=True,
+                                operation="delete",
+                                prop=self.prop,
+                            )
+
+                            t = self.mapper.cascade_iterator("delete", child)
+                            for c, m, st_, dct_ in t:
+                                uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if (
+            self.post_update
+            and not self.cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.passive_deletes == "all"
+        ):
+            # post_update means we have to update our
+            # row to not reference the child object
+            # before we can DELETE the row
+            for state in states:
+                self._synchronize(state, None, None, True, uowcommit)
+                if state and self.post_update:
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                    )
+                    if history:
+                        self._post_update(
+                            state, uowcommit, history.sum(), is_m2o_delete=True
+                        )
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            )
+            if history:
+                if history.added:
+                    for child in history.added:
+                        self._synchronize(
+                            state, child, None, False, uowcommit, "add"
+                        )
+                elif history.deleted:
+                    self._synchronize(
+                        state, None, None, True, uowcommit, "delete"
+                    )
+                if self.post_update:
+                    self._post_update(state, uowcommit, history.sum())
+
+    def _synchronize(
+        self,
+        state,
+        child,
+        associationrow,
+        clearkeys,
+        uowcommit,
+        operation=None,
+    ):
+        if state is None or (
+            not self.post_update and uowcommit.is_deleted(state)
+        ):
+            return
+
+        if (
+            operation is not None
+            and child is not None
+            and not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child)
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                "operation along '%s' won't proceed"
+                % (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop)
+            )
+            return
+
+        if clearkeys or child is None:
+            sync.clear(state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            self._verify_canload(child)
+            sync.populate(
+                child,
+                self.mapper,
+                state,
+                self.parent,
+                self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                uowcommit,
+                False,
+            )
+
+
+class DetectKeySwitch(DependencyProcessor):
+    """For many-to-one relationships with no one-to-many backref,
+    searches for parents through the unit of work when a primary
+    key has changed and updates them.
+
+    Theoretically, this approach could be expanded to support transparent
+    deletion of objects referenced via many-to-one as well, although
+    the current attribute system doesn't do enough bookkeeping for this
+    to be efficient.
+
+    """
+
+    def per_property_preprocessors(self, uow):
+        if self.prop._reverse_property:
+            if self.passive_updates:
+                return
+            else:
+                if False in (
+                    prop.passive_updates
+                    for prop in self.prop._reverse_property
+                ):
+                    return
+
+        uow.register_preprocessor(self, False)
+
+    def per_property_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        parent_saves = unitofwork.SaveUpdateAll(uow, self.parent.base_mapper)
+        after_save = unitofwork.ProcessAll(uow, self, False, False)
+        uow.dependencies.update([(parent_saves, after_save)])
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        pass
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uow, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # for non-passive updates, register in the preprocess stage
+            # so that mapper save_obj() gets a hold of changes
+            self._process_key_switches(states, uow)
+
+    def prop_has_changes(self, uow, states, isdelete):
+        if not isdelete and self.passive_updates:
+            d = self._key_switchers(uow, states)
+            return bool(d)
+
+        return False
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        assert False
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # for passive updates, register objects in the process stage
+        # so that we avoid ManyToOneDP's registering the object without
+        # the listonly flag in its own preprocess stage (results in UPDATE)
+        # statements being emitted
+        assert self.passive_updates
+        self._process_key_switches(states, uowcommit)
+
+    def _key_switchers(self, uow, states):
+        switched, notswitched = uow.memo(
+            ("pk_switchers", self), lambda: (set(), set())
+        )
+
+        allstates = switched.union(notswitched)
+        for s in states:
+            if s not in allstates:
+                if self._pks_changed(uow, s):
+                    switched.add(s)
+                else:
+                    notswitched.add(s)
+        return switched
+
+    def _process_key_switches(self, deplist, uowcommit):
+        switchers = self._key_switchers(uowcommit, deplist)
+        if switchers:
+            # if primary key values have actually changed somewhere, perform
+            # a linear search through the UOW in search of a parent.
+            for state in uowcommit.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                if not issubclass(state.class_, self.parent.class_):
+                    continue
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                related = state.get_impl(self.key).get(
+                    state, dict_, passive=self._passive_update_flag
+                )
+                if (
+                    related is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                    and related is not None
+                ):
+                    if self.prop.uselist:
+                        if not related:
+                            continue
+                        related_obj = related[0]
+                    else:
+                        related_obj = related
+                    related_state = attributes.instance_state(related_obj)
+                    if related_state in switchers:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            state, False, self.passive_updates
+                        )
+                        sync.populate(
+                            related_state,
+                            self.mapper,
+                            state,
+                            self.parent,
+                            self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                            uowcommit,
+                            self.passive_updates,
+                        )
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return bool(state.key) and sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.mapper, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+
+
+class ManyToManyDP(DependencyProcessor):
+    def per_property_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        parent_saves,
+        child_saves,
+        parent_deletes,
+        child_deletes,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+    ):
+        uow.dependencies.update(
+            [
+                (parent_saves, after_save),
+                (child_saves, after_save),
+                (after_save, child_deletes),
+                # a rowswitch on the parent from  deleted to saved
+                # can make this one occur, as the "save" may remove
+                # an element from the
+                # "deleted" list before we have a chance to
+                # process its child rows
+                (before_delete, parent_saves),
+                (before_delete, parent_deletes),
+                (before_delete, child_deletes),
+                (before_delete, child_saves),
+            ]
+        )
+
+    def per_state_dependencies(
+        self,
+        uow,
+        save_parent,
+        delete_parent,
+        child_action,
+        after_save,
+        before_delete,
+        isdelete,
+        childisdelete,
+    ):
+        if not isdelete:
+            if childisdelete:
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [(save_parent, after_save), (after_save, child_action)]
+                )
+            else:
+                uow.dependencies.update(
+                    [(save_parent, after_save), (child_action, after_save)]
+                )
+        else:
+            uow.dependencies.update(
+                [(before_delete, child_action), (before_delete, delete_parent)]
+            )
+
+    def presort_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        # TODO: no tests fail if this whole
+        # thing is removed !!!!
+        if not self.passive_deletes:
+            # if no passive deletes, load history on
+            # the collection, so that prop_has_changes()
+            # returns True
+            for state in states:
+                uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                    state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+                )
+
+    def presort_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        if not self.passive_updates:
+            # if no passive updates, load history on
+            # each collection where parent has changed PK,
+            # so that prop_has_changes() returns True
+            for state in states:
+                if self._pks_changed(uowcommit, state):
+                    history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                        state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    )
+
+        if not self.cascade.delete_orphan:
+            return
+
+        # check for child items removed from the collection
+        # if delete_orphan check is turned on.
+        for state in states:
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if self.hasparent(child) is False:
+                        uowcommit.register_object(
+                            child,
+                            isdelete=True,
+                            operation="delete",
+                            prop=self.prop,
+                        )
+                        for c, m, st_, dct_ in self.mapper.cascade_iterator(
+                            "delete", child
+                        ):
+                            uowcommit.register_object(st_, isdelete=True)
+
+    def process_deletes(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+        for state in states:
+            # this history should be cached already, as
+            # we loaded it in preprocess_deletes
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+                state, self.key, self._passive_delete_flag
+            )
+            if history:
+                for child in history.non_added():
+                    if child is None or (
+                        processed is not None and (state, child) in processed
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                        state,
+                        child,
+                        associationrow,
+                        False,
+                        uowcommit,
+                        "delete",
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state) for c in history.non_added())
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(
+            uowcommit, secondary_insert, secondary_update, secondary_delete
+        )
+
+    def process_saves(self, uowcommit, states):
+        secondary_delete = []
+        secondary_insert = []
+        secondary_update = []
+
+        processed = self._get_reversed_processed_set(uowcommit)
+        tmp = set()
+
+        for state in states:
+            need_cascade_pks = not self.passive_updates and self._pks_changed(
+                uowcommit, state
+            )
+            if need_cascade_pks:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+            else:
+                passive = (
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                    | attributes.INCLUDE_PENDING_MUTATIONS
+                )
+            history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(state, self.key, passive)
+            if history:
+                for child in history.added:
+                    if processed is not None and (state, child) in processed:
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                        state, child, associationrow, False, uowcommit, "add"
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_insert.append(associationrow)
+                for child in history.deleted:
+                    if processed is not None and (state, child) in processed:
+                        continue
+                    associationrow = {}
+                    if not self._synchronize(
+                        state,
+                        child,
+                        associationrow,
+                        False,
+                        uowcommit,
+                        "delete",
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    secondary_delete.append(associationrow)
+
+                tmp.update((c, state) for c in history.added + history.deleted)
+
+                if need_cascade_pks:
+                    for child in history.unchanged:
+                        associationrow = {}
+                        sync.update(
+                            state,
+                            self.parent,
+                            associationrow,
+                            "old_",
+                            self.prop.synchronize_pairs,
+                        )
+                        sync.update(
+                            child,
+                            self.mapper,
+                            associationrow,
+                            "old_",
+                            self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs,
+                        )
+
+                        secondary_update.append(associationrow)
+
+        if processed is not None:
+            processed.update(tmp)
+
+        self._run_crud(
+            uowcommit, secondary_insert, secondary_update, secondary_delete
+        )
+
+    def _run_crud(
+        self, uowcommit, secondary_insert, secondary_update, secondary_delete
+    ):
+        connection = uowcommit.transaction.connection(self.mapper)
+
+        if secondary_delete:
+            associationrow = secondary_delete[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.delete().where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    *[
+                        c == sql.bindparam(c.key, type_=c.type)
+                        for c in self.secondary.c
+                        if c.key in associationrow
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_delete)
+
+            if (
+                result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount()
+            ) and result.rowcount != len(secondary_delete):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to delete "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched."
+                    % (
+                        self.secondary.description,
+                        len(secondary_delete),
+                        result.rowcount,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if secondary_update:
+            associationrow = secondary_update[0]
+            statement = self.secondary.update().where(
+                sql.and_(
+                    *[
+                        c == sql.bindparam("old_" + c.key, type_=c.type)
+                        for c in self.secondary.c
+                        if c.key in associationrow
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+            result = connection.execute(statement, secondary_update)
+
+            if (
+                result.supports_sane_multi_rowcount()
+            ) and result.rowcount != len(secondary_update):
+                raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to update "
+                    "%d row(s); Only %d were matched."
+                    % (
+                        self.secondary.description,
+                        len(secondary_update),
+                        result.rowcount,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if secondary_insert:
+            statement = self.secondary.insert()
+            connection.execute(statement, secondary_insert)
+
+    def _synchronize(
+        self, state, child, associationrow, clearkeys, uowcommit, operation
+    ):
+        # this checks for None if uselist=True
+        self._verify_canload(child)
+
+        # but if uselist=False we get here.   If child is None,
+        # no association row can be generated, so return.
+        if child is None:
+            return False
+
+        if child is not None and not uowcommit.session._contains_state(child):
+            if not child.deleted:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Object of type %s not in session, %s "
+                    "operation along '%s' won't proceed"
+                    % (mapperutil.state_class_str(child), operation, self.prop)
+                )
+            return False
+
+        sync.populate_dict(
+            state, self.parent, associationrow, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+        sync.populate_dict(
+            child,
+            self.mapper,
+            associationrow,
+            self.prop.secondary_synchronize_pairs,
+        )
+
+        return True
+
+    def _pks_changed(self, uowcommit, state):
+        return sync.source_modified(
+            uowcommit, state, self.parent, self.prop.synchronize_pairs
+        )
+
+
+_direction_to_processor = {
+    ONETOMANY: OneToManyDP,
+    MANYTOONE: ManyToOneDP,
+    MANYTOMANY: ManyToManyDP,
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f01cc178
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/descriptor_props.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1077 @@
+# orm/descriptor_props.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Descriptor properties are more "auxiliary" properties
+that exist as configurational elements, but don't participate
+as actively in the load/persist ORM loop.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import is_dataclass
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import Mapped
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import SQLORMOperations
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import _MapsColumns
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import PropComparator
+from .util import _none_set
+from .util import de_stringify_annotation
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+from ..util.typing import get_args
+from ..util.typing import is_fwd_ref
+from ..util.typing import is_pep593
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .attributes import History
+    from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+    from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .properties import ColumnProperty
+    from .properties import MappedColumn
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.row import Row
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseList
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..sql.schema import Column
+    from ..sql.selectable import Select
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+    from ..util.typing import CallableReference
+    from ..util.typing import DescriptorReference
+    from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class DescriptorProperty(MapperProperty[_T]):
+    """:class:`.MapperProperty` which proxies access to a
+    user-defined descriptor."""
+
+    doc: Optional[str] = None
+
+    uses_objects = False
+    _links_to_entity = False
+
+    descriptor: DescriptorReference[Any]
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        prop = self
+
+        class _ProxyImpl(attributes.AttributeImpl):
+            accepts_scalar_loader = False
+            load_on_unexpire = True
+            collection = False
+
+            @property
+            def uses_objects(self) -> bool:  # type: ignore
+                return prop.uses_objects
+
+            def __init__(self, key: str):
+                self.key = key
+
+            def get_history(
+                self,
+                state: InstanceState[Any],
+                dict_: _InstanceDict,
+                passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+            ) -> History:
+                return prop.get_history(state, dict_, passive)
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+            desc = getattr(mapper.class_, self.key, None)
+            if mapper._is_userland_descriptor(self.key, desc):
+                self.descriptor = desc
+
+        if self.descriptor is None:
+
+            def fset(obj: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+                setattr(obj, self.name, value)
+
+            def fdel(obj: Any) -> None:
+                delattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            def fget(obj: Any) -> Any:
+                return getattr(obj, self.name)
+
+            self.descriptor = property(fget=fget, fset=fset, fdel=fdel)
+
+        proxy_attr = attributes.create_proxied_attribute(self.descriptor)(
+            self.parent.class_,
+            self.key,
+            self.descriptor,
+            lambda: self._comparator_factory(mapper),
+            doc=self.doc,
+            original_property=self,
+        )
+        proxy_attr.impl = _ProxyImpl(self.key)
+        mapper.class_manager.instrument_attribute(self.key, proxy_attr)
+
+
+_CompositeAttrType = Union[
+    str,
+    "Column[_T]",
+    "MappedColumn[_T]",
+    "InstrumentedAttribute[_T]",
+    "Mapped[_T]",
+]
+
+
+_CC = TypeVar("_CC", bound=Any)
+
+
+_composite_getters: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+    Type[Any], Callable[[Any], Tuple[Any, ...]]
+] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+
+class CompositeProperty(
+    _MapsColumns[_CC], _IntrospectsAnnotations, DescriptorProperty[_CC]
+):
+    """Defines a "composite" mapped attribute, representing a collection
+    of columns as one attribute.
+
+    :class:`.CompositeProperty` is constructed using the :func:`.composite`
+    function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_composite`
+
+    """
+
+    composite_class: Union[Type[_CC], Callable[..., _CC]]
+    attrs: Tuple[_CompositeAttrType[Any], ...]
+
+    _generated_composite_accessor: CallableReference[
+        Optional[Callable[[_CC], Tuple[Any, ...]]]
+    ]
+
+    comparator_factory: Type[Comparator[_CC]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        _class_or_attr: Union[
+            None, Type[_CC], Callable[..., _CC], _CompositeAttrType[Any]
+        ] = None,
+        *attrs: _CompositeAttrType[Any],
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        deferred: bool = False,
+        group: Optional[str] = None,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[Type[Comparator[_CC]]] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(attribute_options=attribute_options)
+
+        if isinstance(_class_or_attr, (Mapped, str, sql.ColumnElement)):
+            self.attrs = (_class_or_attr,) + attrs
+            # will initialize within declarative_scan
+            self.composite_class = None  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            self.composite_class = _class_or_attr  # type: ignore
+            self.attrs = attrs
+
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self.deferred = deferred
+        self.group = group
+        self.comparator_factory = (
+            comparator_factory
+            if comparator_factory is not None
+            else self.__class__.Comparator
+        )
+        self._generated_composite_accessor = None
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._create_descriptor()
+        self._init_accessor()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        super().instrument_class(mapper)
+        self._setup_event_handlers()
+
+    def _composite_values_from_instance(self, value: _CC) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if self._generated_composite_accessor:
+            return self._generated_composite_accessor(value)
+        else:
+            try:
+                accessor = value.__composite_values__
+            except AttributeError as ae:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Composite class {self.composite_class.__name__} is not "
+                    f"a dataclass and does not define a __composite_values__()"
+                    " method; can't get state"
+                ) from ae
+            else:
+                return accessor()  # type: ignore
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        """Initialization which occurs after the :class:`.Composite`
+        has been associated with its parent mapper.
+
+        """
+        self._setup_arguments_on_columns()
+
+    _COMPOSITE_FGET = object()
+
+    def _create_descriptor(self) -> None:
+        """Create the Python descriptor that will serve as
+        the access point on instances of the mapped class.
+
+        """
+
+        def fget(instance: Any) -> Any:
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                # key not present.  Iterate through related
+                # attributes, retrieve their values.  This
+                # ensures they all load.
+                values = [
+                    getattr(instance, key) for key in self._attribute_keys
+                ]
+
+                # current expected behavior here is that the composite is
+                # created on access if the object is persistent or if
+                # col attributes have non-None.  This would be better
+                # if the composite were created unconditionally,
+                # but that would be a behavioral change.
+                if self.key not in dict_ and (
+                    state.key is not None or not _none_set.issuperset(values)
+                ):
+                    dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(*values)
+                    state.manager.dispatch.refresh(
+                        state, self._COMPOSITE_FGET, [self.key]
+                    )
+
+            return dict_.get(self.key, None)
+
+        def fset(instance: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+
+            if attr.dispatch._active_history:
+                previous = fget(instance)
+            else:
+                previous = dict_.get(self.key, LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE)
+
+            for fn in attr.dispatch.set:
+                value = fn(state, value, previous, attr.impl)
+            dict_[self.key] = value
+            if value is None:
+                for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                    setattr(instance, key, None)
+            else:
+                for key, value in zip(
+                    self._attribute_keys,
+                    self._composite_values_from_instance(value),
+                ):
+                    setattr(instance, key, value)
+
+        def fdel(instance: Any) -> None:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+            dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(instance)
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+
+            if attr.dispatch._active_history:
+                previous = fget(instance)
+                dict_.pop(self.key, None)
+            else:
+                previous = dict_.pop(self.key, LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE)
+
+            attr = state.manager[self.key]
+            attr.dispatch.remove(state, previous, attr.impl)
+            for key in self._attribute_keys:
+                setattr(instance, key, None)
+
+        self.descriptor = property(fget, fset, fdel)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+        if (
+            self.composite_class is None
+            and extracted_mapped_annotation is None
+        ):
+            self._raise_for_required(key, cls)
+        argument = extracted_mapped_annotation
+
+        if is_pep593(argument):
+            argument = get_args(argument)[0]
+
+        if argument and self.composite_class is None:
+            if isinstance(argument, str) or is_fwd_ref(
+                argument, check_generic=True
+            ):
+                if originating_module is None:
+                    str_arg = (
+                        argument.__forward_arg__
+                        if hasattr(argument, "__forward_arg__")
+                        else str(argument)
+                    )
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Can't use forward ref {argument} for composite "
+                        f"class argument; set up the type as Mapped[{str_arg}]"
+                    )
+                argument = de_stringify_annotation(
+                    cls, argument, originating_module, include_generic=True
+                )
+
+            self.composite_class = argument
+
+        if is_dataclass(self.composite_class):
+            self._setup_for_dataclass(registry, cls, originating_module, key)
+        else:
+            for attr in self.attrs:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(attr, (MappedColumn, schema.Column))
+                    and attr.name is None
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Composite class column arguments must be named "
+                        "unless a dataclass is used"
+                    )
+        self._init_accessor()
+
+    def _init_accessor(self) -> None:
+        if is_dataclass(self.composite_class) and not hasattr(
+            self.composite_class, "__composite_values__"
+        ):
+            insp = inspect.signature(self.composite_class)
+            getter = operator.attrgetter(
+                *[p.name for p in insp.parameters.values()]
+            )
+            if len(insp.parameters) == 1:
+                self._generated_composite_accessor = lambda obj: (getter(obj),)
+            else:
+                self._generated_composite_accessor = getter
+
+        if (
+            self.composite_class is not None
+            and isinstance(self.composite_class, type)
+            and self.composite_class not in _composite_getters
+        ):
+            if self._generated_composite_accessor is not None:
+                _composite_getters[self.composite_class] = (
+                    self._generated_composite_accessor
+                )
+            elif hasattr(self.composite_class, "__composite_values__"):
+                _composite_getters[self.composite_class] = (
+                    lambda obj: obj.__composite_values__()
+                )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_base")
+    def _setup_for_dataclass(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+
+        decl_base = util.preloaded.orm_decl_base
+
+        insp = inspect.signature(self.composite_class)
+        for param, attr in itertools.zip_longest(
+            insp.parameters.values(), self.attrs
+        ):
+            if param is None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"number of composite attributes "
+                    f"{len(self.attrs)} exceeds "
+                    f"that of the number of attributes in class "
+                    f"{self.composite_class.__name__} {len(insp.parameters)}"
+                )
+            if attr is None:
+                # fill in missing attr spots with empty MappedColumn
+                attr = MappedColumn()
+                self.attrs += (attr,)
+
+            if isinstance(attr, MappedColumn):
+                attr.declarative_scan_for_composite(
+                    registry,
+                    cls,
+                    originating_module,
+                    key,
+                    param.name,
+                    param.annotation,
+                )
+            elif isinstance(attr, schema.Column):
+                decl_base._undefer_column_name(param.name, attr)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _comparable_elements(self) -> Sequence[QueryableAttribute[Any]]:
+        return [getattr(self.parent.class_, prop.key) for prop in self.props]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("orm.properties")
+    def props(self) -> Sequence[MapperProperty[Any]]:
+        props = []
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            if isinstance(attr, str):
+                prop = self.parent.get_property(attr, _configure_mappers=False)
+            elif isinstance(attr, schema.Column):
+                prop = self.parent._columntoproperty[attr]
+            elif isinstance(attr, MappedColumn):
+                prop = self.parent._columntoproperty[attr.column]
+            elif isinstance(attr, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute):
+                prop = attr.property
+            else:
+                prop = None
+
+            if not isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Composite expects Column objects or mapped "
+                    f"attributes/attribute names as arguments, got: {attr!r}"
+                )
+
+            props.append(prop)
+        return props
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("orm.properties")
+    def columns(self) -> Sequence[Column[Any]]:
+        MappedColumn = util.preloaded.orm_properties.MappedColumn
+        return [
+            a.column if isinstance(a, MappedColumn) else a
+            for a in self.attrs
+            if isinstance(a, (schema.Column, MappedColumn))
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_CC]]:
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[schema.Column[Any], int]]:
+        return [(c, 0) for c in self.columns if c.table is None]
+
+    @util.preload_module("orm.properties")
+    def _setup_arguments_on_columns(self) -> None:
+        """Propagate configuration arguments made on this composite
+        to the target columns, for those that apply.
+
+        """
+        ColumnProperty = util.preloaded.orm_properties.ColumnProperty
+
+        for prop in self.props:
+            if not isinstance(prop, ColumnProperty):
+                continue
+            else:
+                cprop = prop
+
+            cprop.active_history = self.active_history
+            if self.deferred:
+                cprop.deferred = self.deferred
+                cprop.strategy_key = (("deferred", True), ("instrument", True))
+            cprop.group = self.group
+
+    def _setup_event_handlers(self) -> None:
+        """Establish events that populate/expire the composite attribute."""
+
+        def load_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any], context: ORMCompileState
+        ) -> None:
+            _load_refresh_handler(state, context, None, is_refresh=False)
+
+        def refresh_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any],
+            context: ORMCompileState,
+            to_load: Optional[Sequence[str]],
+        ) -> None:
+            # note this corresponds to sqlalchemy.ext.mutable load_attrs()
+
+            if not to_load or (
+                {self.key}.union(self._attribute_keys)
+            ).intersection(to_load):
+                _load_refresh_handler(state, context, to_load, is_refresh=True)
+
+        def _load_refresh_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any],
+            context: ORMCompileState,
+            to_load: Optional[Sequence[str]],
+            is_refresh: bool,
+        ) -> None:
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            # if context indicates we are coming from the
+            # fget() handler, this already set the value; skip the
+            # handler here. (other handlers like mutablecomposite will still
+            # want to catch it)
+            # there's an insufficiency here in that the fget() handler
+            # really should not be using the refresh event and there should
+            # be some other event that mutablecomposite can subscribe
+            # towards for this.
+
+            if (
+                not is_refresh or context is self._COMPOSITE_FGET
+            ) and self.key in dict_:
+                return
+
+            # if column elements aren't loaded, skip.
+            # __get__() will initiate a load for those
+            # columns
+            for k in self._attribute_keys:
+                if k not in dict_:
+                    return
+
+            dict_[self.key] = self.composite_class(
+                *[state.dict[key] for key in self._attribute_keys]
+            )
+
+        def expire_handler(
+            state: InstanceState[Any], keys: Optional[Sequence[str]]
+        ) -> None:
+            if keys is None or set(self._attribute_keys).intersection(keys):
+                state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        def insert_update_handler(
+            mapper: Mapper[Any],
+            connection: Connection,
+            state: InstanceState[Any],
+        ) -> None:
+            """After an insert or update, some columns may be expired due
+            to server side defaults, or re-populated due to client side
+            defaults.  Pop out the composite value here so that it
+            recreates.
+
+            """
+
+            state.dict.pop(self.key, None)
+
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "after_insert", insert_update_handler, raw=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "after_update", insert_update_handler, raw=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "load", load_handler, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "refresh", refresh_handler, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            self.parent, "expire", expire_handler, raw=True, propagate=True
+        )
+
+        proxy_attr = self.parent.class_manager[self.key]
+        proxy_attr.impl.dispatch = proxy_attr.dispatch  # type: ignore
+        proxy_attr.impl.dispatch._active_history = self.active_history
+
+        # TODO: need a deserialize hook here
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _attribute_keys(self) -> Sequence[str]:
+        return [prop.key for prop in self.props]
+
+    def _populate_composite_bulk_save_mappings_fn(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[Dict[str, Any]], None]:
+        if self._generated_composite_accessor:
+            get_values = self._generated_composite_accessor
+        else:
+
+            def get_values(val: Any) -> Tuple[Any]:
+                return val.__composite_values__()  # type: ignore
+
+        attrs = [prop.key for prop in self.props]
+
+        def populate(dest_dict: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+            dest_dict.update(
+                {
+                    key: val
+                    for key, val in zip(
+                        attrs, get_values(dest_dict.pop(self.key))
+                    )
+                }
+            )
+
+        return populate
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        """Provided for userland code that uses attributes.get_history()."""
+
+        added: List[Any] = []
+        deleted: List[Any] = []
+
+        has_history = False
+        for prop in self.props:
+            key = prop.key
+            hist = state.manager[key].impl.get_history(state, dict_)
+            if hist.has_changes():
+                has_history = True
+
+            non_deleted = hist.non_deleted()
+            if non_deleted:
+                added.extend(non_deleted)
+            else:
+                added.append(None)
+            if hist.deleted:
+                deleted.extend(hist.deleted)
+            else:
+                deleted.append(None)
+
+        if has_history:
+            return attributes.History(
+                [self.composite_class(*added)],
+                (),
+                [self.composite_class(*deleted)],
+            )
+        else:
+            return attributes.History((), [self.composite_class(*added)], ())
+
+    def _comparator_factory(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    ) -> Composite.Comparator[_CC]:
+        return self.comparator_factory(self, mapper)
+
+    class CompositeBundle(orm_util.Bundle[_T]):
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            property_: Composite[_T],
+            expr: ClauseList,
+        ):
+            self.property = property_
+            super().__init__(property_.key, *expr)
+
+        def create_row_processor(
+            self,
+            query: Select[Any],
+            procs: Sequence[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]],
+            labels: Sequence[str],
+        ) -> Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]:
+            def proc(row: Row[Any]) -> Any:
+                return self.property.composite_class(
+                    *[proc(row) for proc in procs]
+                )
+
+            return proc
+
+    class Comparator(PropComparator[_PT]):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.Composite` attributes.
+
+        See the example in :ref:`composite_operations` for an overview
+        of usage , as well as the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4266
+        __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+        prop: RODescriptorReference[Composite[_PT]]
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def clauses(self) -> ClauseList:
+            return expression.ClauseList(
+                group=False, *self._comparable_elements
+            )
+
+        def __clause_element__(self) -> CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle[_PT]:
+            return self.expression
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def expression(self) -> CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle[_PT]:
+            clauses = self.clauses._annotate(
+                {
+                    "parententity": self._parententity,
+                    "parentmapper": self._parententity,
+                    "proxy_key": self.prop.key,
+                }
+            )
+            return CompositeProperty.CompositeBundle(self.prop, clauses)
+
+        def _bulk_update_tuples(
+            self, value: Any
+        ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+            if isinstance(value, BindParameter):
+                value = value.value
+
+            values: Sequence[Any]
+
+            if value is None:
+                values = [None for key in self.prop._attribute_keys]
+            elif isinstance(self.prop.composite_class, type) and isinstance(
+                value, self.prop.composite_class
+            ):
+                values = self.prop._composite_values_from_instance(
+                    value  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                )
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't UPDATE composite attribute %s to %r"
+                    % (self.prop, value)
+                )
+
+            return list(zip(self._comparable_elements, values))
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _comparable_elements(self) -> Sequence[QueryableAttribute[Any]]:
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return [
+                    getattr(self._adapt_to_entity.entity, prop.key)
+                    for prop in self.prop._comparable_elements
+                ]
+            else:
+                return self.prop._comparable_elements
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            return self._compare(operators.eq, other)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            return self._compare(operators.ne, other)
+
+        def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.lt, other)
+
+        def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.gt, other)
+
+        def __le__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.le, other)
+
+        def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            return self._compare(operators.ge, other)
+
+        # what might be interesting would be if we create
+        # an instance of the composite class itself with
+        # the columns as data members, then use "hybrid style" comparison
+        # to create these comparisons.  then your Point.__eq__() method could
+        # be where comparison behavior is defined for SQL also.   Likely
+        # not a good choice for default behavior though, not clear how it would
+        # work w/ dataclasses, etc.  also no demand for any of this anyway.
+        def _compare(
+            self, operator: OperatorType, other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            values: Sequence[Any]
+            if other is None:
+                values = [None] * len(self.prop._comparable_elements)
+            else:
+                values = self.prop._composite_values_from_instance(other)
+            comparisons = [
+                operator(a, b)
+                for a, b in zip(self.prop._comparable_elements, values)
+            ]
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                assert self.adapter is not None
+                comparisons = [self.adapter(x) for x in comparisons]
+            return sql.and_(*comparisons)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+
+class Composite(CompositeProperty[_T], _DeclarativeMapped[_T]):
+    """Declarative-compatible front-end for the :class:`.CompositeProperty`
+    class.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.composite` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.Composite` as a Declarative
+       compatible subclass of :class:`_orm.CompositeProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`mapper_composite`
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+
+class ConcreteInheritedProperty(DescriptorProperty[_T]):
+    """A 'do nothing' :class:`.MapperProperty` that disables
+    an attribute on a concrete subclass that is only present
+    on the inherited mapper, not the concrete classes' mapper.
+
+    Cases where this occurs include:
+
+    * When the superclass mapper is mapped against a
+      "polymorphic union", which includes all attributes from
+      all subclasses.
+    * When a relationship() is configured on an inherited mapper,
+      but not on the subclass mapper.  Concrete mappers require
+      that relationship() is configured explicitly on each
+      subclass.
+
+    """
+
+    def _comparator_factory(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    ) -> Type[PropComparator[_T]]:
+        comparator_callable = None
+
+        for m in self.parent.iterate_to_root():
+            p = m._props[self.key]
+            if getattr(p, "comparator_factory", None) is not None:
+                comparator_callable = p.comparator_factory
+                break
+        assert comparator_callable is not None
+        return comparator_callable(p, mapper)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+
+        def warn() -> NoReturn:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Concrete %s does not implement "
+                "attribute %r at the instance level.  Add "
+                "this property explicitly to %s."
+                % (self.parent, self.key, self.parent)
+            )
+
+        class NoninheritedConcreteProp:
+            def __set__(s: Any, obj: Any, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+                warn()
+
+            def __delete__(s: Any, obj: Any) -> NoReturn:
+                warn()
+
+            def __get__(s: Any, obj: Any, owner: Any) -> Any:
+                if obj is None:
+                    return self.descriptor
+                warn()
+
+        self.descriptor = NoninheritedConcreteProp()
+
+
+class SynonymProperty(DescriptorProperty[_T]):
+    """Denote an attribute name as a synonym to a mapped property,
+    in that the attribute will mirror the value and expression behavior
+    of another attribute.
+
+    :class:`.Synonym` is constructed using the :func:`_orm.synonym`
+    function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+    """
+
+    comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        map_column: Optional[bool] = None,
+        descriptor: Optional[Any] = None,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(attribute_options=attribute_options)
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.map_column = map_column
+        self.descriptor = descriptor
+        self.comparator_factory = comparator_factory
+        if doc:
+            self.doc = doc
+        elif descriptor and descriptor.__doc__:
+            self.doc = descriptor.__doc__
+        else:
+            self.doc = None
+        if info:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @property
+        def uses_objects(self) -> bool:
+            return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name).impl.uses_objects
+
+    # TODO: when initialized, check _proxied_object,
+    # emit a warning if its not a column-based property
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _proxied_object(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[MapperProperty[_T], SQLORMOperations[_T]]:
+        attr = getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name)
+        if not hasattr(attr, "property") or not isinstance(
+            attr.property, MapperProperty
+        ):
+            # attribute is a non-MapperProprerty proxy such as
+            # hybrid or association proxy
+            if isinstance(attr, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+                return attr.comparator
+            elif isinstance(attr, SQLORMOperations):
+                # assocaition proxy comes here
+                return attr
+
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                """synonym() attribute "%s.%s" only supports """
+                """ORM mapped attributes, got %r"""
+                % (self.parent.class_.__name__, self.name, attr)
+            )
+        return attr.property
+
+    def _comparator_factory(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> SQLORMOperations[_T]:
+        prop = self._proxied_object
+
+        if isinstance(prop, MapperProperty):
+            if self.comparator_factory:
+                comp = self.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+            else:
+                comp = prop.comparator_factory(prop, mapper)
+            return comp
+        else:
+            return prop
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> History:
+        attr: QueryableAttribute[Any] = getattr(self.parent.class_, self.name)
+        return attr.impl.get_history(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.properties")
+    def set_parent(self, parent: Mapper[Any], init: bool) -> None:
+        properties = util.preloaded.orm_properties
+
+        if self.map_column:
+            # implement the 'map_column' option.
+            if self.key not in parent.persist_selectable.c:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't compile synonym '%s': no column on table "
+                    "'%s' named '%s'"
+                    % (
+                        self.name,
+                        parent.persist_selectable.description,
+                        self.key,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif (
+                parent.persist_selectable.c[self.key]
+                in parent._columntoproperty
+                and parent._columntoproperty[
+                    parent.persist_selectable.c[self.key]
+                ].key
+                == self.name
+            ):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                    "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                    "%r for column %r"
+                    % (self.key, self.name, self.name, self.key)
+                )
+            p: ColumnProperty[Any] = properties.ColumnProperty(
+                parent.persist_selectable.c[self.key]
+            )
+            parent._configure_property(self.name, p, init=init, setparent=True)
+            p._mapped_by_synonym = self.key
+
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+class Synonym(SynonymProperty[_T], _DeclarativeMapped[_T]):
+    """Declarative front-end for the :class:`.SynonymProperty` class.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.synonym` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.Synonym` as a Declarative
+       compatible subclass for :class:`_orm.SynonymProperty`
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`synonyms` - Overview of synonyms
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c81c396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/dynamic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# orm/dynamic.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Dynamic collection API.
+
+Dynamic collections act like Query() objects for read operations and support
+basic add/delete mutation.
+
+.. legacy:: the "dynamic" loader is a legacy feature, superseded by the
+ "write_only" loader.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import relationships
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .query import Query
+from .session import object_session
+from .writeonly import AbstractCollectionWriter
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyAttributeImpl
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyHistory
+from .writeonly import WriteOnlyLoader
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import result
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import QueryableAttribute
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import _RelationshipOrderByArg
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from ..event import _Dispatch
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+class DynamicCollectionHistory(WriteOnlyHistory[_T]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr: DynamicAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[_T],
+        passive: PassiveFlag,
+        apply_to: Optional[DynamicCollectionHistory[_T]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if apply_to:
+            coll = AppenderQuery(attr, state).autoflush(False)
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet(coll)
+            self.added_items = apply_to.added_items
+            self.deleted_items = apply_to.deleted_items
+            self._reconcile_collection = True
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self._reconcile_collection = False
+
+
+class DynamicAttributeImpl(WriteOnlyAttributeImpl):
+    _supports_dynamic_iteration = True
+    collection_history_cls = DynamicCollectionHistory[Any]
+    query_class: Type[AppenderMixin[Any]]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Union[Type[Any], AliasedClass[Any]],
+        key: str,
+        dispatch: _Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        target_mapper: Mapper[_T],
+        order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg,
+        query_class: Optional[Type[AppenderMixin[_T]]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        attributes.AttributeImpl.__init__(
+            self, class_, key, None, dispatch, **kw
+        )
+        self.target_mapper = target_mapper
+        if order_by:
+            self.order_by = tuple(order_by)
+        if not query_class:
+            self.query_class = AppenderQuery
+        elif AppenderMixin in query_class.mro():
+            self.query_class = query_class
+        else:
+            self.query_class = mixin_user_query(query_class)
+
+
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="dynamic")
+class DynaLoader(WriteOnlyLoader):
+    impl_class = DynamicAttributeImpl
+
+
+class AppenderMixin(AbstractCollectionWriter[_T]):
+    """A mixin that expects to be mixing in a Query class with
+    AbstractAppender.
+
+
+    """
+
+    query_class: Optional[Type[Query[_T]]] = None
+    _order_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, attr: DynamicAttributeImpl, state: InstanceState[_T]
+    ) -> None:
+        Query.__init__(
+            self,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            attr.target_mapper,
+            None,
+        )
+        super().__init__(attr, state)
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> Optional[Session]:
+        sess = object_session(self.instance)
+        if sess is not None and sess.autoflush and self.instance in sess:
+            sess.flush()
+        if not orm_util.has_identity(self.instance):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return sess
+
+    @session.setter
+    def session(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        self.sess = session
+
+    def _iter(self) -> Union[result.ScalarResult[_T], result.Result[_T]]:
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(self.instance)
+            if state.detached:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Instance %s is detached, dynamic relationship cannot "
+                    "return a correct result.   This warning will become "
+                    "a DetachedInstanceError in a future release."
+                    % (orm_util.state_str(state))
+                )
+
+            return result.IteratorResult(
+                result.SimpleResultMetaData([self.attr.class_.__name__]),
+                iter(
+                    self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                        attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                        PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                    ).added_items
+                ),
+                _source_supports_scalars=True,
+            ).scalars()
+        else:
+            return self._generate(sess)._iter()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: Any) -> Union[_T, List[_T]]:
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+            ).indexed(index)
+        else:
+            return self._generate(sess).__getitem__(index)  # type: ignore[no-any-return] # noqa: E501
+
+    def count(self) -> int:
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is None:
+            return len(
+                self.attr._get_collection_history(
+                    attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                    PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                ).added_items
+            )
+        else:
+            return self._generate(sess).count()
+
+    def _generate(
+        self,
+        sess: Optional[Session] = None,
+    ) -> Query[_T]:
+        # note we're returning an entirely new Query class instance
+        # here without any assignment capabilities; the class of this
+        # query is determined by the session.
+        instance = self.instance
+        if sess is None:
+            sess = object_session(instance)
+            if sess is None:
+                raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                    "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session, and no "
+                    "contextual session is established; lazy load operation "
+                    "of attribute '%s' cannot proceed"
+                    % (orm_util.instance_str(instance), self.attr.key)
+                )
+
+        if self.query_class:
+            query = self.query_class(self.attr.target_mapper, session=sess)
+        else:
+            query = sess.query(self.attr.target_mapper)
+
+        query._where_criteria = self._where_criteria
+        query._from_obj = self._from_obj
+        query._order_by_clauses = self._order_by_clauses
+
+        return query
+
+    def add_all(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        """Add an iterable of items to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given items will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        This method is provided to assist in delivering forwards-compatibility
+        with the :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection` collection class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl(iterator)
+
+    def add(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Add an item to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given item will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        This method is provided to assist in delivering forwards-compatibility
+        with the :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection` collection class.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl([item])
+
+    def extend(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        """Add an iterable of items to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given items will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl(iterator)
+
+    def append(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Append an item to this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given item will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl([item])
+
+    def remove(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Remove an item from this :class:`_orm.AppenderQuery`.
+
+        The given item will be removed from the parent instance's collection on
+        the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._remove_impl(item)
+
+
+class AppenderQuery(AppenderMixin[_T], Query[_T]):  # type: ignore[misc]
+    """A dynamic query that supports basic collection storage operations.
+
+    Methods on :class:`.AppenderQuery` include all methods of
+    :class:`_orm.Query`, plus additional methods used for collection
+    persistence.
+
+
+    """
+
+
+def mixin_user_query(cls: Any) -> type[AppenderMixin[Any]]:
+    """Return a new class with AppenderQuery functionality layered over."""
+    name = "Appender" + cls.__name__
+    return type(name, (AppenderMixin, cls), {"query_class": cls})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57aae5a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/evaluator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,379 @@
+# orm/evaluator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""Evaluation functions used **INTERNALLY** by ORM DML use cases.
+
+
+This module is **private, for internal use by SQLAlchemy**.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0.4 renamed ``EvaluatorCompiler`` to
+   ``_EvaluatorCompiler``.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Type
+
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql.sqltypes import Concatenable
+from ..sql.sqltypes import Integer
+from ..sql.sqltypes import Numeric
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+
+
+class UnevaluatableError(exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    pass
+
+
+class _NoObject(operators.ColumnOperators):
+    def operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return None
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return None
+
+
+class _ExpiredObject(operators.ColumnOperators):
+    def operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return self
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return self
+
+
+_NO_OBJECT = _NoObject()
+_EXPIRED_OBJECT = _ExpiredObject()
+
+
+class _EvaluatorCompiler:
+    def __init__(self, target_cls=None):
+        self.target_cls = target_cls
+
+    def process(self, clause, *clauses):
+        if clauses:
+            clause = and_(clause, *clauses)
+
+        meth = getattr(self, f"visit_{clause.__visit_name__}", None)
+        if not meth:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate {type(clause).__name__}"
+            )
+        return meth(clause)
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, clause):
+        return self.process(clause.element)
+
+    def visit_null(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: None
+
+    def visit_false(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: False
+
+    def visit_true(self, clause):
+        return lambda obj: True
+
+    def visit_column(self, clause):
+        try:
+            parentmapper = clause._annotations["parentmapper"]
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate column: {clause}"
+            ) from ke
+
+        if self.target_cls and not issubclass(
+            self.target_cls, parentmapper.class_
+        ):
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                "Can't evaluate criteria against "
+                f"alternate class {parentmapper.class_}"
+            )
+
+        parentmapper._check_configure()
+
+        # we'd like to use "proxy_key" annotation to get the "key", however
+        # in relationship primaryjoin cases proxy_key is sometimes deannotated
+        # and sometimes apparently not present in the first place (?).
+        # While I can stop it from being deannotated (though need to see if
+        # this breaks other things), not sure right now  about cases where it's
+        # not there in the first place.  can fix at some later point.
+        # key = clause._annotations["proxy_key"]
+
+        # for now, use the old way
+        try:
+            key = parentmapper._columntoproperty[clause].key
+        except orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate expression: {err}"
+            ) from err
+
+        # note this used to fall back to a simple `getattr(obj, key)` evaluator
+        # if impl was None; as of #8656, we ensure mappers are configured
+        # so that impl is available
+        impl = parentmapper.class_manager[key].impl
+
+        def get_corresponding_attr(obj):
+            if obj is None:
+                return _NO_OBJECT
+            state = inspect(obj)
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            value = impl.get(
+                state, dict_, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+            if value is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            return value
+
+        return get_corresponding_attr
+
+    def visit_tuple(self, clause):
+        return self.visit_clauselist(clause)
+
+    def visit_expression_clauselist(self, clause):
+        return self.visit_clauselist(clause)
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clause):
+        evaluators = [self.process(clause) for clause in clause.clauses]
+
+        dispatch = (
+            f"visit_{clause.operator.__name__.rstrip('_')}_clauselist_op"
+        )
+        meth = getattr(self, dispatch, None)
+        if meth:
+            return meth(clause.operator, evaluators, clause)
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate clauselist with operator {clause.operator}"
+            )
+
+    def visit_binary(self, clause):
+        eval_left = self.process(clause.left)
+        eval_right = self.process(clause.right)
+
+        dispatch = f"visit_{clause.operator.__name__.rstrip('_')}_binary_op"
+        meth = getattr(self, dispatch, None)
+        if meth:
+            return meth(clause.operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause)
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate {type(clause).__name__} with "
+                f"operator {clause.operator}"
+            )
+
+    def visit_or_clauselist_op(self, operator, evaluators, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            has_null = False
+            for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+                elif value:
+                    return True
+                has_null = has_null or value is None
+            if has_null:
+                return None
+            return False
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_and_clauselist_op(self, operator, evaluators, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+
+                if not value:
+                    if value is None or value is _NO_OBJECT:
+                        return None
+                    return False
+            return True
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_comma_op_clauselist_op(self, operator, evaluators, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            values = []
+            for sub_evaluate in evaluators:
+                value = sub_evaluate(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+                elif value is None or value is _NO_OBJECT:
+                    return None
+                values.append(value)
+            return tuple(values)
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_custom_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        if operator.python_impl:
+            return self._straight_evaluate(
+                operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+            )
+        else:
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Custom operator {operator.opstring!r} can't be evaluated "
+                "in Python unless it specifies a callable using "
+                "`.python_impl`."
+            )
+
+    def visit_is_binary_op(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            left_val = eval_left(obj)
+            right_val = eval_right(obj)
+            if left_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT or right_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            return left_val == right_val
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def visit_is_not_binary_op(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            left_val = eval_left(obj)
+            right_val = eval_right(obj)
+            if left_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT or right_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            return left_val != right_val
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def _straight_evaluate(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        def evaluate(obj):
+            left_val = eval_left(obj)
+            right_val = eval_right(obj)
+            if left_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT or right_val is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+            elif left_val is None or right_val is None:
+                return None
+
+            return operator(eval_left(obj), eval_right(obj))
+
+        return evaluate
+
+    def _straight_evaluate_numeric_only(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        if clause.left.type._type_affinity not in (
+            Numeric,
+            Integer,
+        ) or clause.right.type._type_affinity not in (Numeric, Integer):
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f'Cannot evaluate math operator "{operator.__name__}" for '
+                f"datatypes {clause.left.type}, {clause.right.type}"
+            )
+
+        return self._straight_evaluate(operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause)
+
+    visit_add_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_mul_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_sub_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_mod_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_truediv_binary_op = _straight_evaluate_numeric_only
+    visit_lt_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_le_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_ne_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_gt_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_ge_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+    visit_eq_binary_op = _straight_evaluate
+
+    def visit_in_op_binary_op(self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a in b if a is not _NO_OBJECT else None,
+            eval_left,
+            eval_right,
+            clause,
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_in_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a not in b if a is not _NO_OBJECT else None,
+            eval_left,
+            eval_right,
+            clause,
+        )
+
+    def visit_concat_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+
+        if not issubclass(
+            clause.left.type._type_affinity, Concatenable
+        ) or not issubclass(clause.right.type._type_affinity, Concatenable):
+            raise UnevaluatableError(
+                f"Cannot evaluate concatenate operator "
+                f'"{operator.__name__}" for '
+                f"datatypes {clause.left.type}, {clause.right.type}"
+            )
+
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a + b, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+        )
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a.startswith(b), eval_left, eval_right, clause
+        )
+
+    def visit_endswith_op_binary_op(
+        self, operator, eval_left, eval_right, clause
+    ):
+        return self._straight_evaluate(
+            lambda a, b: a.endswith(b), eval_left, eval_right, clause
+        )
+
+    def visit_unary(self, clause):
+        eval_inner = self.process(clause.element)
+        if clause.operator is operators.inv:
+
+            def evaluate(obj):
+                value = eval_inner(obj)
+                if value is _EXPIRED_OBJECT:
+                    return _EXPIRED_OBJECT
+                elif value is None:
+                    return None
+                return not value
+
+            return evaluate
+        raise UnevaluatableError(
+            f"Cannot evaluate {type(clause).__name__} "
+            f"with operator {clause.operator}"
+        )
+
+    def visit_bindparam(self, clause):
+        if clause.callable:
+            val = clause.callable()
+        else:
+            val = clause.value
+        return lambda obj: val
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Type[_EvaluatorCompiler]:
+    if name == "EvaluatorCompiler":
+        warn_deprecated(
+            "Direct use of 'EvaluatorCompiler' is not supported, and this "
+            "name will be removed in a future release.  "
+            "'_EvaluatorCompiler' is for internal use only",
+            "2.0",
+        )
+        return _EvaluatorCompiler
+    else:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f161760e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3271 @@
+# orm/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""ORM event interfaces.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import interfaces
+from . import mapperlib
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .base import _mapper_or_none
+from .base import NO_KEY
+from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+from .instrumentation import InstrumentationFactory
+from .query import BulkDelete
+from .query import BulkUpdate
+from .query import Query
+from .scoping import scoped_session
+from .session import Session
+from .session import sessionmaker
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..event.registry import _ET
+from ..util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from weakref import ReferenceType
+
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from ._typing import _T
+    from .attributes import Event
+    from .base import EventConstants
+    from .session import ORMExecuteState
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..event.base import _Dispatch
+    from ..event.base import _HasEventsDispatch
+    from ..event.registry import _EventKey
+    from ..orm.collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from ..orm.context import QueryContext
+    from ..orm.decl_api import DeclarativeAttributeIntercept
+    from ..orm.decl_api import DeclarativeMeta
+    from ..orm.mapper import Mapper
+    from ..orm.state import InstanceState
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_ET2 = TypeVar("_ET2", bound=EventTarget)
+
+
+class InstrumentationEvents(event.Events[InstrumentationFactory]):
+    """Events related to class instrumentation events.
+
+    The listeners here support being established against
+    any new style class, that is any object that is a subclass
+    of 'type'.  Events will then be fired off for events
+    against that class.  If the "propagate=True" flag is passed
+    to event.listen(), the event will fire off for subclasses
+    of that class as well.
+
+    The Python ``type`` builtin is also accepted as a target,
+    which when used has the effect of events being emitted
+    for all classes.
+
+    Note the "propagate" flag here is defaulted to ``True``,
+    unlike the other class level events where it defaults
+    to ``False``.  This means that new subclasses will also
+    be the subject of these events, when a listener
+    is established on a superclass.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeBaseClass"
+    _dispatch_target = InstrumentationFactory
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[
+            InstrumentationFactory,
+            Type[InstrumentationFactory],
+        ],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[
+        Union[
+            InstrumentationFactory,
+            Type[InstrumentationFactory],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            return _InstrumentationEventsHold(target)  # type: ignore [return-value] # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls, event_key: _EventKey[_T], propagate: bool = True, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            event_key.dispatch_target,
+            event_key.identifier,
+            event_key._listen_fn,
+        )
+
+        def listen(target_cls: type, *arg: Any) -> Optional[Any]:
+            listen_cls = target()
+
+            # if weakref were collected, however this is not something
+            # that normally happens.   it was occurring during test teardown
+            # between mapper/registry/instrumentation_manager, however this
+            # interaction was changed to not rely upon the event system.
+            if listen_cls is None:
+                return None
+
+            if propagate and issubclass(target_cls, listen_cls):
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+            elif not propagate and target_cls is listen_cls:
+                return fn(target_cls, *arg)
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        def remove(ref: ReferenceType[_T]) -> None:
+            key = event.registry._EventKey(  # type: ignore [type-var]
+                None,
+                identifier,
+                listen,
+                instrumentation._instrumentation_factory,
+            )
+            getattr(
+                instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch, identifier
+            ).remove(key)
+
+        target = weakref.ref(target.class_, remove)
+
+        event_key.with_dispatch_target(
+            instrumentation._instrumentation_factory
+        ).with_wrapper(listen).base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        super()._clear()
+        instrumentation._instrumentation_factory.dispatch._clear()
+
+    def class_instrument(self, cls: ClassManager[_O]) -> None:
+        """Called after the given class is instrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def class_uninstrument(self, cls: ClassManager[_O]) -> None:
+        """Called before the given class is uninstrumented.
+
+        To get at the :class:`.ClassManager`, use
+        :func:`.manager_of_class`.
+
+        """
+
+    def attribute_instrument(
+        self, cls: ClassManager[_O], key: _KT, inst: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when an attribute is instrumented."""
+
+
+class _InstrumentationEventsHold:
+    """temporary marker object used to transfer from _accept_with() to
+    _listen() on the InstrumentationEvents class.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, class_: type) -> None:
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(InstrumentationEvents)
+
+
+class InstanceEvents(event.Events[ClassManager[Any]]):
+    """Define events specific to object lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+        def my_load_listener(target, context):
+            print("on load!")
+
+
+        event.listen(SomeClass, "load", my_load_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class itself indicates listening for all
+      mappers.
+
+    Instance events are closely related to mapper events, but
+    are more specific to the instance and its instrumentation,
+    rather than its system of persistence.
+
+    When using :class:`.InstanceEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting classes as well as the
+       class which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param restore_load_context=False: Applies to the
+       :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` and :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh`
+       events.  Restores the loader context of the object when the event
+       hook is complete, so that ongoing eager load operations continue
+       to target the object appropriately.  A warning is emitted if the
+       object is moved to a new loader context from within one of these
+       events if this flag is not set.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+
+    _dispatch_target = ClassManager
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_classmanager_instance(
+        cls,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+        classmanager: ClassManager[_O],
+    ) -> None:
+        _InstanceEventsHold.populate(class_, classmanager)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[
+            ClassManager[Any],
+            Type[ClassManager[Any]],
+        ],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[ClassManager[Any], Type[ClassManager[Any]]]]:
+        orm = util.preloaded.orm
+
+        if isinstance(target, ClassManager):
+            return target
+        elif isinstance(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+            return target.class_manager
+        elif target is orm.mapper:  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The `sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()` symbol is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in a future release. For the mapper-wide "
+                "event target, use the 'sqlalchemy.orm.Mapper' class.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            return ClassManager
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return ClassManager
+            else:
+                manager = instrumentation.opt_manager_of_class(target)
+                if manager:
+                    return manager
+                else:
+                    return _InstanceEventsHold(target)  # type: ignore [return-value] # noqa: E501
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[ClassManager[Any]],
+        raw: bool = False,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        restore_load_context: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, fn = (event_key.dispatch_target, event_key._listen_fn)
+
+        if not raw or restore_load_context:
+
+            def wrap(
+                state: InstanceState[_O], *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+            ) -> Optional[Any]:
+                if not raw:
+                    target: Any = state.obj()
+                else:
+                    target = state
+                if restore_load_context:
+                    runid = state.runid
+                try:
+                    return fn(target, *arg, **kw)
+                finally:
+                    if restore_load_context:
+                        state.runid = runid
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate, **kw)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mgr in target.subclass_managers(True):
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr).base_listen(propagate=True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        super()._clear()
+        _InstanceEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def first_init(self, manager: ClassManager[_O], cls: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        """Called when the first instance of a particular mapping is called.
+
+        This event is called when the ``__init__`` method of a class
+        is called the first time for that particular class.    The event
+        invokes before ``__init__`` actually proceeds as well as before
+        the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init` event is invoked.
+
+        """
+
+    def init(self, target: _O, args: Any, kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor is called.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object, in conjunction with the object's constructor, e.g.
+        its ``__init__`` method.  It is not called when an object is
+        loaded from the database; see the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+        event in order to intercept a database load.
+
+        The event is called before the actual ``__init__`` constructor
+        of the object is called.  The ``kwargs`` dictionary may be
+        modified in-place in order to affect what is passed to
+        ``__init__``.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param args: positional arguments passed to the ``__init__`` method.
+         This is passed as a tuple and is currently immutable.
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments passed to the ``__init__`` method.
+         This structure *can* be altered in place.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init_failure`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def init_failure(self, target: _O, args: Any, kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """Receive an instance when its constructor has been called,
+        and raised an exception.
+
+        This method is only called during a userland construction of
+        an object, in conjunction with the object's constructor, e.g.
+        its ``__init__`` method. It is not called when an object is loaded
+        from the database.
+
+        The event is invoked after an exception raised by the ``__init__``
+        method is caught.  After the event
+        is invoked, the original exception is re-raised outwards, so that
+        the construction of the object still raises an exception.   The
+        actual exception and stack trace raised should be present in
+        ``sys.exc_info()``.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param args: positional arguments that were passed to the ``__init__``
+         method.
+        :param kwargs: keyword arguments that were passed to the ``__init__``
+         method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def _sa_event_merge_wo_load(
+        self, target: _O, context: QueryContext
+    ) -> None:
+        """receive an object instance after it was the subject of a merge()
+        call, when load=False was passed.
+
+        The target would be the already-loaded object in the Session which
+        would have had its attributes overwritten by the incoming object. This
+        overwrite operation does not use attribute events, instead just
+        populating dict directly. Therefore the purpose of this event is so
+        that extensions like sqlalchemy.ext.mutable know that object state has
+        changed and incoming state needs to be set up for "parents" etc.
+
+        This functionality is acceptable to be made public in a later release.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.41
+
+        """
+
+    def load(self, target: _O, context: QueryContext) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after it has been created via
+        ``__new__``, and after initial attribute population has
+        occurred.
+
+        This typically occurs when the instance is created based on
+        incoming result rows, and is only called once for that
+        instance's lifetime.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            During a result-row load, this event is invoked when the
+            first row received for this instance is processed.  When using
+            eager loading with collection-oriented attributes, the additional
+            rows that are to be loaded / processed in order to load subsequent
+            collection items have not occurred yet.   This has the effect
+            both that collections will not be fully loaded, as well as that
+            if an operation occurs within this event handler that emits
+            another database load operation for the object, the "loading
+            context" for the object can change and interfere with the
+            existing eager loaders still in progress.
+
+            Examples of what can cause the "loading context" to change within
+            the event handler include, but are not necessarily limited to:
+
+            * accessing deferred attributes that weren't part of the row,
+              will trigger an "undefer" operation and refresh the object
+
+            * accessing attributes on a joined-inheritance subclass that
+              weren't part of the row, will trigger a refresh operation.
+
+            As of SQLAlchemy 1.3.14, a warning is emitted when this occurs. The
+            :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context` option may  be
+            used on the event to prevent this warning; this will ensure that
+            the existing loading context is maintained for the object after the
+            event is called::
+
+                @event.listens_for(SomeClass, "load", restore_load_context=True)
+                def on_load(instance, context):
+                    instance.some_unloaded_attribute
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 1.3.14 Added
+               :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context`
+               and :paramref:`.SessionEvents.restore_load_context` flags which
+               apply to "on load" events, which will ensure that the loading
+               context for an object is restored when the event hook is
+               complete; a warning is emitted if the load context of the object
+               changes without this flag being set.
+
+
+        The :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` event is also available in a
+        class-method decorator format called :func:`_orm.reconstructor`.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`_query.Query` in progress.  This argument may be
+         ``None`` if the load does not correspond to a :class:`_query.Query`,
+         such as during :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapped_class_load_events`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.init`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.loaded_as_persistent`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def refresh(
+        self, target: _O, context: QueryContext, attrs: Optional[Iterable[str]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes have
+        been refreshed from a query.
+
+        Contrast this to the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` method, which
+        is invoked when the object is first loaded from a query.
+
+        .. note:: This event is invoked within the loader process before
+           eager loaders may have been completed, and the object's state may
+           not be complete.  Additionally, invoking row-level refresh
+           operations on the object will place the object into a new loader
+           context, interfering with the existing load context.   See the note
+           on :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` for background on making use of the
+           :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context` parameter, in
+           order to resolve this scenario.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param context: the :class:`.QueryContext` corresponding to the
+         current :class:`_query.Query` in progress.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute names which
+         were populated, or None if all column-mapped, non-deferred
+         attributes were populated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapped_class_load_events`
+
+            :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+        """
+
+    def refresh_flush(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        flush_context: UOWTransaction,
+        attrs: Optional[Iterable[str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after one or more attributes that
+        contain a column-level default or onupdate handler have been refreshed
+        during persistence of the object's state.
+
+        This event is the same as :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh` except
+        it is invoked within the unit of work flush process, and includes
+        only non-primary-key columns that have column level default or
+        onupdate handlers, including Python callables as well as server side
+        defaults and triggers which may be fetched via the RETURNING clause.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            While the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.refresh_flush` event is triggered
+            for an object that was INSERTed as well as for an object that was
+            UPDATEd, the event is geared primarily  towards the UPDATE process;
+            it is mostly an internal artifact that INSERT actions can also
+            trigger this event, and note that **primary key columns for an
+            INSERTed row are explicitly omitted** from this event.  In order to
+            intercept the newly INSERTed state of an object, the
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.pending_to_persistent` and
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_insert` are better choices.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute names which
+         were populated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapped_class_load_events`
+
+            :ref:`orm_server_defaults`
+
+            :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+    def expire(self, target: _O, attrs: Optional[Iterable[str]]) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after its attributes or some subset
+        have been expired.
+
+        'keys' is a list of attribute names.  If None, the entire
+        state was expired.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param attrs: sequence of attribute
+         names which were expired, or None if all attributes were
+         expired.
+
+        """
+
+    def pickle(self, target: _O, state_dict: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance when its associated state is
+        being pickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary returned by
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__getstate__`, containing the state
+         to be pickled.
+
+        """
+
+    def unpickle(self, target: _O, state_dict: _InstanceDict) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after its associated state has
+        been unpickled.
+
+        :param target: the mapped instance.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :param state_dict: the dictionary sent to
+         :class:`.InstanceState.__setstate__`, containing the state
+         dictionary which was pickled.
+
+        """
+
+
+class _EventsHold(event.RefCollection[_ET]):
+    """Hold onto listeners against unmapped, uninstrumented classes.
+
+    Establish _listen() for that class' mapper/instrumentation when
+    those objects are created for that class.
+
+    """
+
+    all_holds: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[Any, Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.class_ = class_
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        cls.all_holds.clear()
+
+    class HoldEvents(Generic[_ET2]):
+        _dispatch_target: Optional[Type[_ET2]] = None
+
+        @classmethod
+        def _listen(
+            cls,
+            event_key: _EventKey[_ET2],
+            raw: bool = False,
+            propagate: bool = False,
+            retval: bool = False,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> None:
+            target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+            if target.class_ in target.all_holds:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            else:
+                collection = target.all_holds[target.class_] = {}
+
+            event.registry._stored_in_collection(event_key, target)
+            collection[event_key._key] = (
+                event_key,
+                raw,
+                propagate,
+                retval,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+            if propagate:
+                stack = list(target.class_.__subclasses__())
+                while stack:
+                    subclass = stack.pop(0)
+                    stack.extend(subclass.__subclasses__())
+                    subject = target.resolve(subclass)
+                    if subject is not None:
+                        # we are already going through __subclasses__()
+                        # so leave generic propagate flag False
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).listen(
+                            raw=raw, propagate=False, retval=retval, **kw
+                        )
+
+    def remove(self, event_key: _EventKey[_ET]) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+        if isinstance(target, _EventsHold):
+            collection = target.all_holds[target.class_]
+            del collection[event_key._key]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def populate(
+        cls,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+        subject: Union[ClassManager[_O], Mapper[_O]],
+    ) -> None:
+        for subclass in class_.__mro__:
+            if subclass in cls.all_holds:
+                collection = cls.all_holds[subclass]
+                for (
+                    event_key,
+                    raw,
+                    propagate,
+                    retval,
+                    kw,
+                ) in collection.values():
+                    if propagate or subclass is class_:
+                        # since we can't be sure in what order different
+                        # classes in a hierarchy are triggered with
+                        # populate(), we rely upon _EventsHold for all event
+                        # assignment, instead of using the generic propagate
+                        # flag.
+                        event_key.with_dispatch_target(subject).listen(
+                            raw=raw, propagate=False, retval=retval, **kw
+                        )
+
+
+class _InstanceEventsHold(_EventsHold[_ET]):
+    all_holds: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[Any, Any] = (
+        weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    )
+
+    def resolve(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> Optional[ClassManager[_O]]:
+        return instrumentation.opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+
+    class HoldInstanceEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents[_ET], InstanceEvents):  # type: ignore [misc] # noqa: E501
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldInstanceEvents)
+
+
+class MapperEvents(event.Events[mapperlib.Mapper[Any]]):
+    """Define events specific to mappings.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+        def my_before_insert_listener(mapper, connection, target):
+            # execute a stored procedure upon INSERT,
+            # apply the value to the row to be inserted
+            target.calculated_value = connection.execute(
+                text("select my_special_function(%d)" % target.special_number)
+            ).scalar()
+
+
+        # associate the listener function with SomeClass,
+        # to execute during the "before_insert" hook
+        event.listen(SomeClass, "before_insert", my_before_insert_listener)
+
+    Available targets include:
+
+    * mapped classes
+    * unmapped superclasses of mapped or to-be-mapped classes
+      (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)
+    * :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects
+    * the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class itself indicates listening for all
+      mappers.
+
+    Mapper events provide hooks into critical sections of the
+    mapper, including those related to object instrumentation,
+    object loading, and object persistence. In particular, the
+    persistence methods :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_insert`,
+    and :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` are popular
+    places to augment the state being persisted - however, these
+    methods operate with several significant restrictions. The
+    user is encouraged to evaluate the
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` and
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_flush` methods as more
+    flexible and user-friendly hooks in which to apply
+    additional database state during a flush.
+
+    When using :class:`.MapperEvents`, several modifiers are
+    available to the :func:`.event.listen` function.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the event listener should
+       be applied to all inheriting mappers and/or the mappers of
+       inheriting classes, as well as any
+       mapper which is the target of this listener.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions will be the
+       instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event function
+       must have a return value, the purpose of which is either to
+       control subsequent event propagation, or to otherwise alter
+       the operation in progress by the mapper.   Possible return
+       values are:
+
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE`` - continue event
+         processing normally.
+       * ``sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.EXT_STOP`` - cancel all subsequent
+         event handlers in the chain.
+       * other values - the return value specified by specific listeners.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass"
+    _dispatch_target = mapperlib.Mapper
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_mapper_instance(
+        cls,
+        class_: Union[DeclarativeAttributeIntercept, DeclarativeMeta, type],
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    ) -> None:
+        _MapperEventsHold.populate(class_, mapper)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm")
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[mapperlib.Mapper[Any], Type[mapperlib.Mapper[Any]]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[mapperlib.Mapper[Any], Type[mapperlib.Mapper[Any]]]]:
+        orm = util.preloaded.orm
+
+        if target is orm.mapper:  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The `sqlalchemy.orm.mapper()` symbol is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in a future release. For the mapper-wide "
+                "event target, use the 'sqlalchemy.orm.Mapper' class.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+            return mapperlib.Mapper
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, mapperlib.Mapper):
+                return target
+            else:
+                mapper = _mapper_or_none(target)
+                if mapper is not None:
+                    return mapper
+                else:
+                    return _MapperEventsHold(target)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        raw: bool = False,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, identifier, fn = (
+            event_key.dispatch_target,
+            event_key.identifier,
+            event_key._listen_fn,
+        )
+
+        if (
+            identifier in ("before_configured", "after_configured")
+            and target is not mapperlib.Mapper
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                "'before_configured' and 'after_configured' ORM events "
+                "only invoke with the Mapper class "
+                "as the target."
+            )
+
+        if not raw or not retval:
+            if not raw:
+                meth = getattr(cls, identifier)
+                try:
+                    target_index = (
+                        inspect_getfullargspec(meth)[0].index("target") - 1
+                    )
+                except ValueError:
+                    target_index = None
+
+            def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                if not raw and target_index is not None:
+                    arg = list(arg)  # type: ignore [assignment]
+                    arg[target_index] = arg[target_index].obj()  # type: ignore [index] # noqa: E501
+                if not retval:
+                    fn(*arg, **kw)
+                    return interfaces.EXT_CONTINUE
+                else:
+                    return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        if propagate:
+            for mapper in target.self_and_descendants:
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mapper).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True, **kw
+                )
+        else:
+            event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _clear(cls) -> None:
+        super()._clear()
+        _MapperEventsHold._clear()
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        r"""Receive a class when the mapper is first constructed,
+        before instrumentation is applied to the mapped class.
+
+        This event is the earliest phase of mapper construction.
+        Most attributes of the mapper are not yet initialized.   To
+        receive an event within initial mapper construction where basic
+        state is available such as the :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` collection,
+        the :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_mapper_constructed` event may
+        be a better choice.
+
+        This listener can either be applied to the :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+        class overall, or to any un-mapped class which serves as a base
+        for classes that will be mapped (using the ``propagate=True`` flag)::
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(Base, "instrument_class", propagate=True)
+            def on_new_class(mapper, cls_):
+                "..."
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_mapper_constructed`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_mapper_constructed(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a class and mapper when the :class:`_orm.Mapper` has been
+        fully constructed.
+
+        This event is called after the initial constructor for
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` completes.  This occurs after the
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.instrument_class` event and after the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` has done an initial pass of its arguments
+        to generate its collection of :class:`_orm.MapperProperty` objects,
+        which are accessible via the :meth:`_orm.Mapper.get_property`
+        method and the :attr:`_orm.Mapper.iterate_properties` attribute.
+
+        This event differs from the
+        :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured` event in that it
+        is invoked within the constructor for :class:`_orm.Mapper`, rather
+        than within the :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` process.   Currently,
+        this event is the only one which is appropriate for handlers that
+        wish to create additional mapped classes in response to the
+        construction of this :class:`_orm.Mapper`, which will be part of the
+        same configure step when :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` next runs.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`examples_versioning` - an example which illustrates the use
+            of the :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+            event to create new mappers to record change-audit histories on
+            objects.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_mapper_configured(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called right before a specific mapper is to be configured.
+
+        This event is intended to allow a specific mapper to be skipped during
+        the configure step, by returning the :attr:`.orm.interfaces.EXT_SKIP`
+        symbol which indicates to the :func:`.configure_mappers` call that this
+        particular mapper (or hierarchy of mappers, if ``propagate=True`` is
+        used) should be skipped in the current configuration run. When one or
+        more mappers are skipped, the "new mappers" flag will remain set,
+        meaning the :func:`.configure_mappers` function will continue to be
+        called when mappers are used, to continue to try to configure all
+        available mappers.
+
+        In comparison to the other configure-level events,
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`,
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`, and
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`, the
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured` event provides for a
+        meaningful return value when it is registered with the ``retval=True``
+        parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import EXT_SKIP
+
+            Base = declarative_base()
+
+            DontConfigureBase = declarative_base()
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(
+                DontConfigureBase,
+                "before_mapper_configured",
+                retval=True,
+                propagate=True,
+            )
+            def dont_configure(mapper, cls):
+                return EXT_SKIP
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def mapper_configured(self, mapper: Mapper[_O], class_: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        r"""Called when a specific mapper has completed its own configuration
+        within the scope of the :func:`.configure_mappers` call.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` event is invoked
+        for each mapper that is encountered when the
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function proceeds through the current
+        list of not-yet-configured mappers.
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        When the event is called, the mapper should be in its final
+        state, but **not including backrefs** that may be invoked from
+        other mappers; they might still be pending within the
+        configuration operation.    Bidirectional relationships that
+        are instead configured via the
+        :paramref:`.orm.relationship.back_populates` argument
+        *will* be fully available, since this style of relationship does not
+        rely upon other possibly-not-configured mappers to know that they
+        exist.
+
+        For an event that is guaranteed to have **all** mappers ready
+        to go including backrefs that are defined only on other
+        mappings, use the :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+        event; this event invokes only after all known mappings have been
+        fully configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` event, unlike
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` or
+        :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`,
+        is called for each mapper/class individually, and the mapper is
+        passed to the event itself.  It also is called exactly once for
+        a particular mapper.  The event is therefore useful for
+        configurational steps that benefit from being invoked just once
+        on a specific mapper basis, which don't require that "backref"
+        configurations are necessarily ready yet.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param class\_: the mapped class.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+
+        """
+        # TODO: need coverage for this event
+
+    def before_configured(self) -> None:
+        """Called before a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` event is invoked
+        each time the :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function is
+        invoked, before the function has done any of its work.
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class,
+        and not to individual mappings or mapped classes. It is only invoked
+        for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapper
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "before_configured")
+            def go(): ...
+
+        Contrast this event to :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`,
+        which is invoked after the series of mappers has been configured,
+        as well as :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+        and :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`, which are both invoked
+        on a per-mapper basis.
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        are to be affected by a :func:`_orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event will likely be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "before_configured", once=True)
+            def go(): ...
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_configured(self) -> None:
+        """Called after a series of mappers have been configured.
+
+        The :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` event is invoked
+        each time the :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function is
+        invoked, after the function has completed its work.
+        :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` is typically invoked
+        automatically as mappings are first used, as well as each time
+        new mappers have been made available and new mapper use is
+        detected.
+
+        Contrast this event to the :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+        event, which is called on a per-mapper basis while the configuration
+        operation proceeds; unlike that event, when this event is invoked,
+        all cross-configurations (e.g. backrefs) will also have been made
+        available for any mappers that were pending.
+        Also contrast to :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`,
+        which is invoked before the series of mappers has been configured.
+
+        This event can **only** be applied to the :class:`_orm.Mapper` class,
+        and not to individual mappings or
+        mapped classes.  It is only invoked for all mappings as a whole::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Mapper
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(Mapper, "after_configured")
+            def go(): ...
+
+        Theoretically this event is called once per
+        application, but is actually called any time new mappers
+        have been affected by a :func:`_orm.configure_mappers`
+        call.   If new mappings are constructed after existing ones have
+        already been used, this event will likely be called again.  To ensure
+        that a particular event is only called once and no further, the
+        ``once=True`` argument (new in 0.9.4) can be applied::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import mapper
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(mapper, "after_configured", once=True)
+            def go(): ...
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured`
+
+            :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_insert(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance before an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their INSERT statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` object can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_insert(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after an INSERT statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an INSERT occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their INSERT statements have been
+        emitted at once in a previous step. In the extremely
+        rare case that this is not desirable, the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` object can be configured with ``batch=False``,
+        which will cause batches of instances to be broken up
+        into individual (and more poorly performing)
+        event->persist->event steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit INSERT statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_update(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance before an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify local, non-object related
+        attributes on the instance before an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.before_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement will be
+        issued, although you can affect the outcome here by
+        modifying attributes so that a net change in value does
+        exist.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and will therefore generate an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their UPDATE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_update(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after an UPDATE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to modify in-Python-only
+        state on the instance after an UPDATE occurs, as well
+        as to emit additional SQL statements on the given
+        connection.
+
+        This method is called for all instances that are
+        marked as "dirty", *even those which have no net changes
+        to their column-based attributes*, and for which
+        no UPDATE statement has proceeded. An object is marked
+        as dirty when any of its column-based attributes have a
+        "set attribute" operation called or when any of its
+        collections are modified. If, at update time, no
+        column-based attributes have any net changes, no UPDATE
+        statement will be issued. This means that an instance
+        being sent to :meth:`~.MapperEvents.after_update` is
+        *not* a guarantee that an UPDATE statement has been
+        issued.
+
+        To detect if the column-based attributes on the object have net
+        changes, and therefore resulted in an UPDATE statement, use
+        ``object_session(instance).is_modified(instance,
+        include_collections=False)``.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their UPDATE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step. In the extremely rare case that
+        this is not desirable, the :class:`_orm.Mapper` can be
+        configured with ``batch=False``, which will cause
+        batches of instances to be broken up into individual
+        (and more poorly performing) event->persist->event
+        steps.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit UPDATE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being persisted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_delete(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance before a DELETE statement
+        is emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class before their DELETE statements are emitted at
+        once in a later step.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_delete(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[_O], connection: Connection, target: _O
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive an object instance after a DELETE statement
+        has been emitted corresponding to that instance.
+
+        .. note:: this event **only** applies to the
+           :ref:`session flush operation <session_flushing>`
+           and does **not** apply to the ORM DML operations described at
+           :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`.  To intercept ORM
+           DML events, use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`.
+
+        This event is used to emit additional SQL statements on
+        the given connection as well as to perform application
+        specific bookkeeping related to a deletion event.
+
+        The event is often called for a batch of objects of the
+        same class after their DELETE statements have been emitted at
+        once in a previous step.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Mapper-level flush events only allow **very limited operations**,
+            on attributes local to the row being operated upon only,
+            as well as allowing any SQL to be emitted on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`.  **Please read fully** the notes
+            at :ref:`session_persistence_mapper` for guidelines on using
+            these methods; generally, the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+            method should be preferred for general on-flush changes.
+
+        :param mapper: the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is the target
+         of this event.
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` being used to
+         emit DELETE statements for this instance.  This
+         provides a handle into the current transaction on the
+         target database specific to this instance.
+        :param target: the mapped instance being deleted.  If
+         the event is configured with ``raw=True``, this will
+         instead be the :class:`.InstanceState` state-management
+         object associated with the instance.
+        :return: No return value is supported by this event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+
+class _MapperEventsHold(_EventsHold[_ET]):
+    all_holds = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def resolve(
+        self, class_: Union[Type[_T], _InternalEntityType[_T]]
+    ) -> Optional[Mapper[_T]]:
+        return _mapper_or_none(class_)
+
+    class HoldMapperEvents(_EventsHold.HoldEvents[_ET], MapperEvents):  # type: ignore [misc] # noqa: E501
+        pass
+
+    dispatch = event.dispatcher(HoldMapperEvents)
+
+
+_sessionevents_lifecycle_event_names: Set[str] = set()
+
+
+class SessionEvents(event.Events[Session]):
+    """Define events specific to :class:`.Session` lifecycle.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+
+        def my_before_commit(session):
+            print("before commit!")
+
+
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        event.listen(Session, "before_commit", my_before_commit)
+
+    The :func:`~.event.listen` function will accept
+    :class:`.Session` objects as well as the return result
+    of :class:`~.sessionmaker()` and :class:`~.scoped_session()`.
+
+    Additionally, it accepts the :class:`.Session` class which
+    will apply listeners to all :class:`.Session` instances
+    globally.
+
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument passed
+       to applicable event listener functions that work on individual
+       objects will be the instance's :class:`.InstanceState` management
+       object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+    :param restore_load_context=False: Applies to the
+       :meth:`.SessionEvents.loaded_as_persistent` event.  Restores the loader
+       context of the object when the event hook is complete, so that ongoing
+       eager load operations continue to target the object appropriately.  A
+       warning is emitted if the object is moved to a new loader context from
+       within this event if this flag is not set.
+
+       .. versionadded:: 1.3.14
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSessionClassOrObject"
+
+    _dispatch_target = Session
+
+    def _lifecycle_event(  # type: ignore [misc]
+        fn: Callable[[SessionEvents, Session, Any], None]
+    ) -> Callable[[SessionEvents, Session, Any], None]:
+        _sessionevents_lifecycle_event_names.add(fn.__name__)
+        return fn
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(  # type: ignore [return]
+        cls, target: Any, identifier: str
+    ) -> Union[Session, type]:
+        if isinstance(target, scoped_session):
+            target = target.session_factory
+            if not isinstance(target, sessionmaker) and (
+                not isinstance(target, type) or not issubclass(target, Session)
+            ):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Session event listen on a scoped_session "
+                    "requires that its creation callable "
+                    "is associated with the Session class."
+                )
+
+        if isinstance(target, sessionmaker):
+            return target.class_
+        elif isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, scoped_session):
+                return Session
+            elif issubclass(target, Session):
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Session):
+            return target
+        elif hasattr(target, "_no_async_engine_events"):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+        else:
+            # allows alternate SessionEvents-like-classes to be consulted
+            return event.Events._accept_with(target, identifier)  # type: ignore [return-value] # noqa: E501
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: Any,
+        *,
+        raw: bool = False,
+        restore_load_context: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        is_instance_event = (
+            event_key.identifier in _sessionevents_lifecycle_event_names
+        )
+
+        if is_instance_event:
+            if not raw or restore_load_context:
+                fn = event_key._listen_fn
+
+                def wrap(
+                    session: Session,
+                    state: InstanceState[_O],
+                    *arg: Any,
+                    **kw: Any,
+                ) -> Optional[Any]:
+                    if not raw:
+                        target = state.obj()
+                        if target is None:
+                            # existing behavior is that if the object is
+                            # garbage collected, no event is emitted
+                            return None
+                    else:
+                        target = state  # type: ignore [assignment]
+                    if restore_load_context:
+                        runid = state.runid
+                    try:
+                        return fn(session, target, *arg, **kw)
+                    finally:
+                        if restore_load_context:
+                            state.runid = runid
+
+                event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    def do_orm_execute(self, orm_execute_state: ORMExecuteState) -> None:
+        """Intercept statement executions that occur on behalf of an
+        ORM :class:`.Session` object.
+
+        This event is invoked for all top-level SQL statements invoked from the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method, as well as related methods such as
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars` and :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar`. As of
+        SQLAlchemy 1.4, all ORM queries that run through the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method as well as related methods
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`, :meth:`_orm.Session.scalar` etc.
+        will participate in this event.
+        This event hook does **not** apply to the queries that are
+        emitted internally within the ORM flush process, i.e. the
+        process described at :ref:`session_flushing`.
+
+        .. note::  The :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook
+           is triggered **for ORM statement executions only**, meaning those
+           invoked via the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` and similar methods on
+           the :class:`_orm.Session` object. It does **not** trigger for
+           statements that are invoked by SQLAlchemy Core only, i.e. statements
+           invoked directly using :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` or
+           otherwise originating from an :class:`_engine.Engine` object without
+           any :class:`_orm.Session` involved. To intercept **all** SQL
+           executions regardless of whether the Core or ORM APIs are in use,
+           see the event hooks at :class:`.ConnectionEvents`, such as
+           :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_execute` and
+           :meth:`.ConnectionEvents.before_cursor_execute`.
+
+           Also, this event hook does **not** apply to queries that are
+           emitted internally within the ORM flush process,
+           i.e. the process described at :ref:`session_flushing`; to
+           intercept steps within the flush process, see the event
+           hooks described at :ref:`session_persistence_events` as
+           well as :ref:`session_persistence_mapper`.
+
+        This event is a ``do_`` event, meaning it has the capability to replace
+        the operation that the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method normally
+        performs.  The intended use for this includes sharding and
+        result-caching schemes which may seek to invoke the same statement
+        across  multiple database connections, returning a result that is
+        merged from each of them, or which don't invoke the statement at all,
+        instead returning data from a cache.
+
+        The hook intends to replace the use of the
+        ``Query._execute_and_instances`` method that could be subclassed prior
+        to SQLAlchemy 1.4.
+
+        :param orm_execute_state: an instance of :class:`.ORMExecuteState`
+         which contains all information about the current execution, as well
+         as helper functions used to derive other commonly required
+         information.   See that object for details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_execute_events` - top level documentation on how
+            to use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+
+            :class:`.ORMExecuteState` - the object passed to the
+            :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event which contains
+            all information about the statement to be invoked.  It also
+            provides an interface to extend the current statement, options,
+            and parameters as well as an option that allows programmatic
+            invocation of the statement at any point.
+
+            :ref:`examples_session_orm_events` - includes examples of using
+            :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+
+            :ref:`examples_caching` - an example of how to integrate
+            Dogpile caching with the ORM :class:`_orm.Session` making use
+            of the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+            :ref:`examples_sharding` - the Horizontal Sharding example /
+            extension relies upon the
+            :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook to invoke a
+            SQL statement on multiple backends and return a merged result.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+    def after_transaction_create(
+        self, session: Session, transaction: SessionTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute when a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+        in that it occurs for each :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        overall, as opposed to when transactions are begun
+        on individual database connections.  It is also invoked
+        for nested transactions and subtransactions, and is always
+        matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end` event
+        (assuming normal operation of the :class:`.Session`).
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+         To detect if this is the outermost
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`, as opposed to a "subtransaction" or a
+         SAVEPOINT, test that the :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` attribute
+         is ``None``::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_create(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.parent is None:
+                        ...  # work with top-level transaction
+
+         To detect if the :class:`.SessionTransaction` is a SAVEPOINT, use the
+         :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` attribute::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_create(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.nested:
+                        ...  # work with SAVEPOINT transaction
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_transaction_end(
+        self, session: Session, transaction: SessionTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute when the span of a :class:`.SessionTransaction` ends.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+        in that it corresponds to all :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+        objects in use, including those for nested transactions
+        and subtransactions, and is always matched by a corresponding
+        :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create` event.
+
+        :param session: the target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: the target :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+         To detect if this is the outermost
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`, as opposed to a "subtransaction" or a
+         SAVEPOINT, test that the :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` attribute
+         is ``None``::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_end(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.parent is None:
+                        ...  # work with top-level transaction
+
+         To detect if the :class:`.SessionTransaction` is a SAVEPOINT, use the
+         :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` attribute::
+
+                @event.listens_for(session, "after_transaction_create")
+                def after_transaction_end(session, transaction):
+                    if transaction.nested:
+                        ...  # work with SAVEPOINT transaction
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+        """
+
+    def before_commit(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Execute before commit is called.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_commit(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Execute after a commit has occurred.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` hook is *not* per-flush,
+            that is, the :class:`.Session` can emit SQL to the database
+            many times within the scope of a transaction.
+            For interception of these events, use the
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`,
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`, or
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+            events.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :class:`.Session` is not in an active transaction
+            when the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit` event is invoked,
+            and therefore can not emit SQL.  To emit SQL corresponding to
+            every transaction, use the :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+            event.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_begin`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_rollback(self, session: Session) -> None:
+        """Execute after a real DBAPI rollback has occurred.
+
+        Note that this event only fires when the *actual* rollback against
+        the database occurs - it does *not* fire each time the
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback` method is called, if the underlying
+        DBAPI transaction has already been rolled back.  In many
+        cases, the :class:`.Session` will not be in
+        an "active" state during this event, as the current
+        transaction is not valid.   To acquire a :class:`.Session`
+        which is active after the outermost rollback has proceeded,
+        use the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_soft_rollback` event, checking the
+        :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_soft_rollback(
+        self, session: Session, previous_transaction: SessionTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after any rollback has occurred, including "soft"
+        rollbacks that don't actually emit at the DBAPI level.
+
+        This corresponds to both nested and outer rollbacks, i.e.
+        the innermost rollback that calls the DBAPI's
+        rollback() method, as well as the enclosing rollback
+        calls that only pop themselves from the transaction stack.
+
+        The given :class:`.Session` can be used to invoke SQL and
+        :meth:`.Session.query` operations after an outermost rollback
+        by first checking the :attr:`.Session.is_active` flag::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Session, "after_soft_rollback")
+            def do_something(session, previous_transaction):
+                if session.is_active:
+                    session.execute(text("select * from some_table"))
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param previous_transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         transactional marker object which was just closed.   The current
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` for the given :class:`.Session` is
+         available via the :attr:`.Session.transaction` attribute.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_flush(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        flush_context: UOWTransaction,
+        instances: Optional[Sequence[_O]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute before flush process has started.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+        :param instances: Usually ``None``, this is the collection of
+         objects which can be passed to the :meth:`.Session.flush` method
+         (note this usage is deprecated).
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush(
+        self, session: Session, flush_context: UOWTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after flush has completed, but before commit has been
+        called.
+
+        Note that the session's state is still in pre-flush, i.e. 'new',
+        'dirty', and 'deleted' lists still show pre-flush state as well
+        as the history settings on instance attributes.
+
+        .. warning:: This event runs after the :class:`.Session` has emitted
+           SQL to modify the database, but **before** it has altered its
+           internal state to reflect those changes, including that newly
+           inserted objects are placed into the identity map.  ORM operations
+           emitted within this event such as loads of related items
+           may produce new identity map entries that will immediately
+           be replaced, sometimes causing confusing results.  SQLAlchemy will
+           emit a warning for this condition as of version 1.3.9.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush_postexec`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_flush_postexec(
+        self, session: Session, flush_context: UOWTransaction
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after flush has completed, and after the post-exec
+        state occurs.
+
+        This will be when the 'new', 'dirty', and 'deleted' lists are in
+        their final state.  An actual commit() may or may not have
+        occurred, depending on whether or not the flush started its own
+        transaction or participated in a larger transaction.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param flush_context: Internal :class:`.UOWTransaction` object
+         which handles the details of the flush.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_flush`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_flush`
+
+            :ref:`session_persistence_events`
+
+        """
+
+    def after_begin(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        transaction: SessionTransaction,
+        connection: Connection,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Execute after a transaction is begun on a connection.
+
+        .. note:: This event is called within the process of the
+          :class:`_orm.Session` modifying its own internal state.
+          To invoke SQL operations within this hook, use the
+          :class:`_engine.Connection` provided to the event;
+          do not run SQL operations using the :class:`_orm.Session`
+          directly.
+
+        :param session: The target :class:`.Session`.
+        :param transaction: The :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+        :param connection: The :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+         which will be used for SQL statements.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_commit`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_create`
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_transaction_end`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def before_attach(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Execute before an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called before an add, delete or merge causes
+        the object to be part of the session.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.after_attach`
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def after_attach(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Execute after an instance is attached to a session.
+
+        This is called after an add, delete or merge.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           As of 0.8, this event fires off *after* the item
+           has been fully associated with the session, which is
+           different than previous releases.  For event
+           handlers that require the object not yet
+           be part of session state (such as handlers which
+           may autoflush while the target object is not
+           yet complete) consider the
+           new :meth:`.before_attach` event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.SessionEvents.before_attach`
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "0.9",
+        ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+        lambda update_context: (
+            update_context.session,
+            update_context.query,
+            None,
+            update_context.result,
+        ),
+    )
+    def after_bulk_update(self, update_context: _O) -> None:
+        """Event for after the legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.update` method
+        has been called.
+
+        .. legacy:: The :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_bulk_update` method
+           is a legacy event hook as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.   The event
+           **does not participate** in :term:`2.0 style` invocations
+           using :func:`_dml.update` documented at
+           :ref:`orm_queryguide_update_delete_where`.  For 2.0 style use,
+           the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook will intercept
+           these calls.
+
+        :param update_context: an "update context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`_query.Query`
+              object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``values`` The "values" dictionary that was passed to
+              :meth:`_query.Query.update`.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+              returned as a result of the
+              bulk UPDATE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the update_context no longer has a
+           ``QueryContext`` object associated with it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_delete`
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "0.9",
+        ["session", "query", "query_context", "result"],
+        lambda delete_context: (
+            delete_context.session,
+            delete_context.query,
+            None,
+            delete_context.result,
+        ),
+    )
+    def after_bulk_delete(self, delete_context: _O) -> None:
+        """Event for after the legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.delete` method
+        has been called.
+
+        .. legacy:: The :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.after_bulk_delete` method
+           is a legacy event hook as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.   The event
+           **does not participate** in :term:`2.0 style` invocations
+           using :func:`_dml.delete` documented at
+           :ref:`orm_queryguide_update_delete_where`.  For 2.0 style use,
+           the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook will intercept
+           these calls.
+
+        :param delete_context: a "delete context" object which contains
+         details about the update, including these attributes:
+
+            * ``session`` - the :class:`.Session` involved
+            * ``query`` -the :class:`_query.Query`
+              object that this update operation
+              was called upon.
+            * ``result`` the :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+              returned as a result of the
+              bulk DELETE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the update_context no longer has a
+           ``QueryContext`` object associated with it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_bulk_update`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def transient_to_pending(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "transient to pending" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is a specialization of the
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_attach` event which is only invoked
+        for this specific transition.  It is invoked typically during the
+        :meth:`.Session.add` call.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def pending_to_transient(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "pending to transient" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This less common transition occurs when an pending object that has
+        not been flushed is evicted from the session; this can occur
+        when the :meth:`.Session.rollback` method rolls back the transaction,
+        or when the :meth:`.Session.expunge` method is used.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def persistent_to_transient(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "persistent to transient" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This less common transition occurs when an pending object that has
+        has been flushed is evicted from the session; this can occur
+        when the :meth:`.Session.rollback` method rolls back the transaction.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def pending_to_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "pending to persistent"" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked within the flush process, and is
+        similar to scanning the :attr:`.Session.new` collection within
+        the :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_flush` event.  However, in this
+        case the object has already been moved to the persistent state
+        when the event is called.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def detached_to_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "detached to persistent" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is a specialization of the
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.after_attach` event which is only invoked
+        for this specific transition.  It is invoked typically during the
+        :meth:`.Session.add` call, as well as during the
+        :meth:`.Session.delete` call if the object was not previously
+        associated with the
+        :class:`.Session` (note that an object marked as "deleted" remains
+        in the "persistent" state until the flush proceeds).
+
+        .. note::
+
+            If the object becomes persistent as part of a call to
+            :meth:`.Session.delete`, the object is **not** yet marked as
+            deleted when this event is called.  To detect deleted objects,
+            check the ``deleted`` flag sent to the
+            :meth:`.SessionEvents.persistent_to_detached` to event after the
+            flush proceeds, or check the :attr:`.Session.deleted` collection
+            within the :meth:`.SessionEvents.before_flush` event if deleted
+            objects need to be intercepted before the flush.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def loaded_as_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "loaded as persistent" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked within the ORM loading process, and is invoked
+        very similarly to the :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` event.  However,
+        the event here is linkable to a :class:`.Session` class or instance,
+        rather than to a mapper or class hierarchy, and integrates
+        with the other session lifecycle events smoothly.  The object
+        is guaranteed to be present in the session's identity map when
+        this event is called.
+
+        .. note:: This event is invoked within the loader process before
+           eager loaders may have been completed, and the object's state may
+           not be complete.  Additionally, invoking row-level refresh
+           operations on the object will place the object into a new loader
+           context, interfering with the existing load context.   See the note
+           on :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load` for background on making use of the
+           :paramref:`.SessionEvents.restore_load_context` parameter, which
+           works in the same manner as that of
+           :paramref:`.InstanceEvents.restore_load_context`, in  order to
+           resolve this scenario.
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def persistent_to_deleted(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "persistent to deleted" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked when a persistent object's identity
+        is deleted from the database within a flush, however the object
+        still remains associated with the :class:`.Session` until the
+        transaction completes.
+
+        If the transaction is rolled back, the object moves again
+        to the persistent state, and the
+        :meth:`.SessionEvents.deleted_to_persistent` event is called.
+        If the transaction is committed, the object becomes detached,
+        which will emit the :meth:`.SessionEvents.deleted_to_detached`
+        event.
+
+        Note that while the :meth:`.Session.delete` method is the primary
+        public interface to mark an object as deleted, many objects
+        get deleted due to cascade rules, which are not always determined
+        until flush time.  Therefore, there's no way to catch
+        every object that will be deleted until the flush has proceeded.
+        the :meth:`.SessionEvents.persistent_to_deleted` event is therefore
+        invoked at the end of a flush.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def deleted_to_persistent(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "deleted to persistent" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This transition occurs only when an object that's been deleted
+        successfully in a flush is restored due to a call to
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback`.   The event is not called under
+        any other circumstances.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def deleted_to_detached(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "deleted to detached" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked when a deleted object is evicted
+        from the session.   The typical case when this occurs is when
+        the transaction for a :class:`.Session` in which the object
+        was deleted is committed; the object moves from the deleted
+        state to the detached state.
+
+        It is also invoked for objects that were deleted in a flush
+        when the :meth:`.Session.expunge_all` or :meth:`.Session.close`
+        events are called, as well as if the object is individually
+        expunged from its deleted state via :meth:`.Session.expunge`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+    @_lifecycle_event
+    def persistent_to_detached(self, session: Session, instance: _O) -> None:
+        """Intercept the "persistent to detached" transition for a specific
+        object.
+
+        This event is invoked when a persistent object is evicted
+        from the session.  There are many conditions that cause this
+        to happen, including:
+
+        * using a method such as :meth:`.Session.expunge`
+          or :meth:`.Session.close`
+
+        * Calling the :meth:`.Session.rollback` method, when the object
+          was part of an INSERT statement for that session's transaction
+
+
+        :param session: target :class:`.Session`
+
+        :param instance: the ORM-mapped instance being operated upon.
+
+        :param deleted: boolean.  If True, indicates this object moved
+         to the detached state because it was marked as deleted and flushed.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_lifecycle_events`
+
+        """
+
+
+class AttributeEvents(event.Events[QueryableAttribute[Any]]):
+    r"""Define events for object attributes.
+
+    These are typically defined on the class-bound descriptor for the
+    target class.
+
+    For example, to register a listener that will receive the
+    :meth:`_orm.AttributeEvents.append` event::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+        @event.listens_for(MyClass.collection, "append", propagate=True)
+        def my_append_listener(target, value, initiator):
+            print("received append event for target: %s" % target)
+
+    Listeners have the option to return a possibly modified version of the
+    value, when the :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.retval` flag is passed to
+    :func:`.event.listen` or :func:`.event.listens_for`, such as below,
+    illustrated using the :meth:`_orm.AttributeEvents.set` event::
+
+        def validate_phone(target, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            "Strip non-numeric characters from a phone number"
+
+            return re.sub(r"\D", "", value)
+
+
+        # setup listener on UserContact.phone attribute, instructing
+        # it to use the return value
+        listen(UserContact.phone, "set", validate_phone, retval=True)
+
+    A validation function like the above can also raise an exception
+    such as :exc:`ValueError` to halt the operation.
+
+    The :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.propagate` flag is also important when
+    applying listeners to mapped classes that also have mapped subclasses,
+    as when using mapper inheritance patterns::
+
+
+        @event.listens_for(MySuperClass.attr, "set", propagate=True)
+        def receive_set(target, value, initiator):
+            print("value set: %s" % target)
+
+    The full list of modifiers available to the :func:`.event.listen`
+    and :func:`.event.listens_for` functions are below.
+
+    :param active_history=False: When True, indicates that the
+      "set" event would like to receive the "old" value being
+      replaced unconditionally, even if this requires firing off
+      database loads. Note that ``active_history`` can also be
+      set directly via :func:`.column_property` and
+      :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    :param propagate=False: When True, the listener function will
+      be established not just for the class attribute given, but
+      for attributes of the same name on all current subclasses
+      of that class, as well as all future subclasses of that
+      class, using an additional listener that listens for
+      instrumentation events.
+    :param raw=False: When True, the "target" argument to the
+      event will be the :class:`.InstanceState` management
+      object, rather than the mapped instance itself.
+    :param retval=False: when True, the user-defined event
+      listening must return the "value" argument from the
+      function.  This gives the listening function the opportunity
+      to change the value that is ultimately used for a "set"
+      or "append" event.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeClass.some_attribute"
+    _dispatch_target = QueryableAttribute
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _set_dispatch(
+        cls: Type[_HasEventsDispatch[Any]], dispatch_cls: Type[_Dispatch[Any]]
+    ) -> _Dispatch[Any]:
+        dispatch = event.Events._set_dispatch(cls, dispatch_cls)
+        dispatch_cls._active_history = False
+        return dispatch
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[QueryableAttribute[Any], Type[QueryableAttribute[Any]]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Union[QueryableAttribute[Any], Type[QueryableAttribute[Any]]]:
+        # TODO: coverage
+        if isinstance(target, interfaces.MapperProperty):
+            return getattr(target.parent.class_, target.key)
+        else:
+            return target
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(  # type: ignore [override]
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        raw: bool = False,
+        retval: bool = False,
+        propagate: bool = False,
+        include_key: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        target, fn = event_key.dispatch_target, event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if active_history:
+            target.dispatch._active_history = True
+
+        if not raw or not retval or not include_key:
+
+            def wrap(target: InstanceState[_O], *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                if not raw:
+                    target = target.obj()  # type: ignore [assignment]
+                if not retval:
+                    if arg:
+                        value = arg[0]
+                    else:
+                        value = None
+                    if include_key:
+                        fn(target, *arg, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        fn(target, *arg)
+                    return value
+                else:
+                    if include_key:
+                        return fn(target, *arg, **kw)
+                    else:
+                        return fn(target, *arg)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(propagate=propagate)
+
+        if propagate:
+            manager = instrumentation.manager_of_class(target.class_)
+
+            for mgr in manager.subclass_managers(True):  # type: ignore [no-untyped-call] # noqa: E501
+                event_key.with_dispatch_target(mgr[target.key]).base_listen(
+                    propagate=True
+                )
+                if active_history:
+                    mgr[target.key].dispatch._active_history = True
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        key: EventConstants = NO_KEY,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Receive a collection append event.
+
+        The append event is invoked for each element as it is appended
+        to the collection.  This occurs for single-item appends as well
+        as for a "bulk replace" operation.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being appended.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation, as well as be inspected for information
+          about the source of the event.
+        :param key: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the key used in the operation, such as
+         ``collection[some_key_or_index] = value``.
+         The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeEvents.bulk_replace`
+
+        """
+
+    def append_wo_mutation(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        key: EventConstants = NO_KEY,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a collection append event where the collection was not
+        actually mutated.
+
+        This event differs from :meth:`_orm.AttributeEvents.append` in that
+        it is fired off for de-duplicating collections such as sets and
+        dictionaries, when the object already exists in the target collection.
+        The event does not have a return value and the identity of the
+        given object cannot be changed.
+
+        The event is used for cascading objects into a :class:`_orm.Session`
+        when the collection has already been mutated via a backref event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value that would be appended if the object did not
+          already exist in the collection.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation, as well as be inspected for information
+          about the source of the event.
+        :param key: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the key used in the operation, such as
+         ``collection[some_key_or_index] = value``.
+         The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: No return value is defined for this event.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.15
+
+        """
+
+    def bulk_replace(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        values: Iterable[_T],
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        keys: Optional[Iterable[EventConstants]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a collection 'bulk replace' event.
+
+        This event is invoked for a sequence of values as they are incoming
+        to a bulk collection set operation, which can be
+        modified in place before the values are treated as ORM objects.
+        This is an "early hook" that runs before the bulk replace routine
+        attempts to reconcile which objects are already present in the
+        collection and which are being removed by the net replace operation.
+
+        It is typical that this method be combined with use of the
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append` event.    When using both of these
+        events, note that a bulk replace operation will invoke
+        the :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append` event for all new items,
+        even after :meth:`.AttributeEvents.bulk_replace` has been invoked
+        for the collection as a whole.  In order to determine if an
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.append` event is part of a bulk replace,
+        use the symbol :attr:`~.attributes.OP_BULK_REPLACE` to test the
+        incoming initiator::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm.attributes import OP_BULK_REPLACE
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(SomeObject.collection, "bulk_replace")
+            def process_collection(target, values, initiator):
+                values[:] = [_make_value(value) for value in values]
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(SomeObject.collection, "append", retval=True)
+            def process_collection(target, value, initiator):
+                # make sure bulk_replace didn't already do it
+                if initiator is None or initiator.op is not OP_BULK_REPLACE:
+                    return _make_value(value)
+                else:
+                    return value
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: a sequence (e.g. a list) of the values being set.  The
+          handler can modify this list in place.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.
+        :param keys: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the sequence of keys used in the operation,
+         typically only for a dictionary update.  The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+
+        """
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        value: _T,
+        initiator: Event,
+        *,
+        key: EventConstants = NO_KEY,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a collection remove event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being removed.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+        :param key: When the event is established using the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key` parameter set to
+         True, this will be the key used in the operation, such as
+         ``del collection[some_key_or_index]``.  The parameter is not passed
+         to the event at all if the the
+         :paramref:`.AttributeEvents.include_key`
+         was not used to set up the event; this is to allow backwards
+         compatibility with existing event handlers that don't include the
+         ``key`` parameter.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :return: No return value is defined for this event.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+    def set(
+        self, target: _O, value: _T, oldvalue: _T, initiator: Event
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a scalar set event.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value being set.  If this listener
+          is registered with ``retval=True``, the listener
+          function must return this value, or a new value which
+          replaces it.
+        :param oldvalue: the previous value being replaced.  This
+          may also be the symbol ``NEVER_SET`` or ``NO_VALUE``.
+          If the listener is registered with ``active_history=True``,
+          the previous value of the attribute will be loaded from
+          the database if the existing value is currently unloaded
+          or expired.
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.  May be modified
+          from its original value by backref handlers in order to control
+          chained event propagation.
+
+        :return: if the event was registered with ``retval=True``,
+         the given value, or a new effective value, should be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+    def init_scalar(
+        self, target: _O, value: _T, dict_: Dict[Any, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Receive a scalar "init" event.
+
+        This event is invoked when an uninitialized, unpersisted scalar
+        attribute is accessed, e.g. read::
+
+
+            x = my_object.some_attribute
+
+        The ORM's default behavior when this occurs for an un-initialized
+        attribute is to return the value ``None``; note this differs from
+        Python's usual behavior of raising ``AttributeError``.    The
+        event here can be used to customize what value is actually returned,
+        with the assumption that the event listener would be mirroring
+        a default generator that is configured on the Core
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+        object as well.
+
+        Since a default generator on a :class:`_schema.Column`
+        might also produce
+        a changing value such as a timestamp, the
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_scalar`
+        event handler can also be used to **set** the newly returned value, so
+        that a Core-level default generation function effectively fires off
+        only once, but at the moment the attribute is accessed on the
+        non-persisted object.   Normally, no change to the object's state
+        is made when an uninitialized attribute is accessed (much older
+        SQLAlchemy versions did in fact change the object's state).
+
+        If a default generator on a column returned a particular constant,
+        a handler might be used as follows::
+
+            SOME_CONSTANT = 3.1415926
+
+
+            class MyClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                some_attribute = Column(Numeric, default=SOME_CONSTANT)
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(
+                MyClass.some_attribute, "init_scalar", retval=True, propagate=True
+            )
+            def _init_some_attribute(target, dict_, value):
+                dict_["some_attribute"] = SOME_CONSTANT
+                return SOME_CONSTANT
+
+        Above, we initialize the attribute ``MyClass.some_attribute`` to the
+        value of ``SOME_CONSTANT``.   The above code includes the following
+        features:
+
+        * By setting the value ``SOME_CONSTANT`` in the given ``dict_``,
+          we indicate that this value is to be persisted to the database.
+          This supersedes the use of ``SOME_CONSTANT`` in the default generator
+          for the :class:`_schema.Column`.  The ``active_column_defaults.py``
+          example given at :ref:`examples_instrumentation` illustrates using
+          the same approach for a changing default, e.g. a timestamp
+          generator.    In this particular example, it is not strictly
+          necessary to do this since ``SOME_CONSTANT`` would be part of the
+          INSERT statement in either case.
+
+        * By establishing the ``retval=True`` flag, the value we return
+          from the function will be returned by the attribute getter.
+          Without this flag, the event is assumed to be a passive observer
+          and the return value of our function is ignored.
+
+        * The ``propagate=True`` flag is significant if the mapped class
+          includes inheriting subclasses, which would also make use of this
+          event listener.  Without this flag, an inheriting subclass will
+          not use our event handler.
+
+        In the above example, the attribute set event
+        :meth:`.AttributeEvents.set` as well as the related validation feature
+        provided by :obj:`_orm.validates` is **not** invoked when we apply our
+        value to the given ``dict_``.  To have these events to invoke in
+        response to our newly generated value, apply the value to the given
+        object as a normal attribute set operation::
+
+            SOME_CONSTANT = 3.1415926
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(
+                MyClass.some_attribute, "init_scalar", retval=True, propagate=True
+            )
+            def _init_some_attribute(target, dict_, value):
+                # will also fire off attribute set events
+                target.some_attribute = SOME_CONSTANT
+                return SOME_CONSTANT
+
+        When multiple listeners are set up, the generation of the value
+        is "chained" from one listener to the next by passing the value
+        returned by the previous listener that specifies ``retval=True``
+        as the ``value`` argument of the next listener.
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+         If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+         be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param value: the value that is to be returned before this event
+         listener were invoked.  This value begins as the value ``None``,
+         however will be the return value of the previous event handler
+         function if multiple listeners are present.
+        :param dict\_: the attribute dictionary of this mapped object.
+         This is normally the ``__dict__`` of the object, but in all cases
+         represents the destination that the attribute system uses to get
+         at the actual value of this attribute.  Placing the value in this
+         dictionary has the effect that the value will be used in the
+         INSERT statement generated by the unit of work.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_collection` - collection version
+            of this event
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+            :ref:`examples_instrumentation` - see the
+            ``active_column_defaults.py`` example.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def init_collection(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        collection: Type[Collection[Any]],
+        collection_adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a 'collection init' event.
+
+        This event is triggered for a collection-based attribute, when
+        the initial "empty collection" is first generated for a blank
+        attribute, as well as for when the collection is replaced with
+        a new one, such as via a set event.
+
+        E.g., given that ``User.addresses`` is a relationship-based
+        collection, the event is triggered here::
+
+            u1 = User()
+            u1.addresses.append(a1)  #  <- new collection
+
+        and also during replace operations::
+
+            u1.addresses = [a2, a3]  #  <- new collection
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+         If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+         be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+        :param collection: the new collection.  This will always be generated
+         from what was specified as
+         :paramref:`_orm.relationship.collection_class`, and will always
+         be empty.
+        :param collection_adapter: the :class:`.CollectionAdapter` that will
+         mediate internal access to the collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeEvents.init_scalar` - "scalar" version of this
+            event.
+
+        """
+
+    def dispose_collection(
+        self,
+        target: _O,
+        collection: Collection[Any],
+        collection_adapter: CollectionAdapter,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Receive a 'collection dispose' event.
+
+        This event is triggered for a collection-based attribute when
+        a collection is replaced, that is::
+
+            u1.addresses.append(a1)
+
+            u1.addresses = [a2, a3]  # <- old collection is disposed
+
+        The old collection received will contain its previous contents.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.2 The collection passed to
+           :meth:`.AttributeEvents.dispose_collection` will now have its
+           contents before the dispose intact; previously, the collection
+           would be empty.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+    def modified(self, target: _O, initiator: Event) -> None:
+        """Receive a 'modified' event.
+
+        This event is triggered when the :func:`.attributes.flag_modified`
+        function is used to trigger a modify event on an attribute without
+        any specific value being set.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        :param target: the object instance receiving the event.
+          If the listener is registered with ``raw=True``, this will
+          be the :class:`.InstanceState` object.
+
+        :param initiator: An instance of :class:`.attributes.Event`
+          representing the initiation of the event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.AttributeEvents` - background on listener options such
+            as propagation to subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+
+class QueryEvents(event.Events[Query[Any]]):
+    """Represent events within the construction of a :class:`_query.Query`
+    object.
+
+    .. legacy:: The :class:`_orm.QueryEvents` event methods are legacy
+        as of SQLAlchemy 2.0, and only apply to direct use of the
+        :class:`_orm.Query` object. They are not used for :term:`2.0 style`
+        statements. For events to intercept and modify 2.0 style ORM use,
+        use the :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.
+
+
+    The :class:`_orm.QueryEvents` hooks are now superseded by the
+    :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+    """
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeQuery"
+    _dispatch_target = Query
+
+    def before_compile(self, query: Query[Any]) -> None:
+        """Receive the :class:`_query.Query`
+        object before it is composed into a
+        core :class:`_expression.Select` object.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile` event
+           is superseded by the much more capable
+           :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.   In version 1.4,
+           the :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile` event is **no longer
+           used** for ORM-level attribute loads, such as loads of deferred
+           or expired attributes as well as relationship loaders.   See the
+           new examples in :ref:`examples_session_orm_events` which
+           illustrate new ways of intercepting and modifying ORM queries
+           for the most common purpose of adding arbitrary filter criteria.
+
+
+        This event is intended to allow changes to the query given::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile", retval=True)
+            def no_deleted(query):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc["type"] is User:
+                        entity = desc["entity"]
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+                return query
+
+        The event should normally be listened with the ``retval=True``
+        parameter set, so that the modified query may be returned.
+
+        The :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event by default
+        will disallow "baked" queries from caching a query, if the event
+        hook returns a new :class:`_query.Query` object.
+        This affects both direct
+        use of the baked query extension as well as its operation within
+        lazy loaders and eager loaders for relationships.  In order to
+        re-establish the query being cached, apply the event adding the
+        ``bake_ok`` flag::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile", retval=True, bake_ok=True)
+            def my_event(query):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc["type"] is User:
+                        entity = desc["entity"]
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+                return query
+
+        When ``bake_ok`` is set to True, the event hook will only be invoked
+        once, and not called for subsequent invocations of a particular query
+        that is being cached.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.11  - added the "bake_ok" flag to the
+           :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event and disallowed caching via
+           the "baked" extension from occurring for event handlers that
+           return  a new :class:`_query.Query` object if this flag is not set.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+
+            :ref:`baked_with_before_compile`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def before_compile_update(
+        self, query: Query[Any], update_context: BulkUpdate
+    ) -> None:
+        """Allow modifications to the :class:`_query.Query` object within
+        :meth:`_query.Query.update`.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+           event is superseded by the much more capable
+           :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.
+
+        Like the :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event, if the event
+        is to be used to alter the :class:`_query.Query` object, it should
+        be configured with ``retval=True``, and the modified
+        :class:`_query.Query` object returned, as in ::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile_update", retval=True)
+            def no_deleted(query, update_context):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc["type"] is User:
+                        entity = desc["entity"]
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+
+                        update_context.values["timestamp"] = datetime.datetime.now(
+                            datetime.UTC
+                        )
+                return query
+
+        The ``.values`` dictionary of the "update context" object can also
+        be modified in place as illustrated above.
+
+        :param query: a :class:`_query.Query` instance; this is also
+         the ``.query`` attribute of the given "update context"
+         object.
+
+        :param update_context: an "update context" object which is
+         the same kind of object as described in
+         :paramref:`.QueryEvents.after_bulk_update.update_context`.
+         The object has a ``.values`` attribute in an UPDATE context which is
+         the dictionary of parameters passed to :meth:`_query.Query.update`.
+         This
+         dictionary can be modified to alter the VALUES clause of the
+         resulting UPDATE statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.17
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile`
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def before_compile_delete(
+        self, query: Query[Any], delete_context: BulkDelete
+    ) -> None:
+        """Allow modifications to the :class:`_query.Query` object within
+        :meth:`_query.Query.delete`.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :meth:`_orm.QueryEvents.before_compile_delete`
+           event is superseded by the much more capable
+           :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` hook.
+
+        Like the :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile` event, this event
+        should be configured with ``retval=True``, and the modified
+        :class:`_query.Query` object returned, as in ::
+
+            @event.listens_for(Query, "before_compile_delete", retval=True)
+            def no_deleted(query, delete_context):
+                for desc in query.column_descriptions:
+                    if desc["type"] is User:
+                        entity = desc["entity"]
+                        query = query.filter(entity.deleted == False)
+                return query
+
+        :param query: a :class:`_query.Query` instance; this is also
+         the ``.query`` attribute of the given "delete context"
+         object.
+
+        :param delete_context: a "delete context" object which is
+         the same kind of object as described in
+         :paramref:`.QueryEvents.after_bulk_delete.delete_context`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2.17
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile`
+
+            :meth:`.QueryEvents.before_compile_update`
+
+
+        """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: _EventKey[_ET],
+        retval: bool = False,
+        bake_ok: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        fn = event_key._listen_fn
+
+        if not retval:
+
+            def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                if not retval:
+                    query = arg[0]
+                    fn(*arg, **kw)
+                    return query
+                else:
+                    return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+        else:
+            # don't assume we can apply an attribute to the callable
+            def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+                return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+            event_key = event_key.with_wrapper(wrap)
+
+        wrap._bake_ok = bake_ok  # type: ignore [attr-defined]
+
+        event_key.base_listen(**kw)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2f7c9f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+# orm/exc.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""SQLAlchemy ORM exceptions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .util import _mapper_property_as_plain_name
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..exc import MultipleResultsFound  # noqa
+from ..exc import NoResultFound  # noqa
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .interfaces import LoaderStrategy
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+NO_STATE = (AttributeError, KeyError)
+"""Exception types that may be raised by instrumentation implementations."""
+
+
+class StaleDataError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation encountered database state that is unaccounted for.
+
+    Conditions which cause this to happen include:
+
+    * A flush may have attempted to update or delete rows
+      and an unexpected number of rows were matched during
+      the UPDATE or DELETE statement.   Note that when
+      version_id_col is used, rows in UPDATE or DELETE statements
+      are also matched against the current known version
+      identifier.
+
+    * A mapped object with version_id_col was refreshed,
+      and the version number coming back from the database does
+      not match that of the object itself.
+
+    * A object is detached from its parent object, however
+      the object was previously attached to a different parent
+      identity which was garbage collected, and a decision
+      cannot be made if the new parent was really the most
+      recent "parent".
+
+    """
+
+
+ConcurrentModificationError = StaleDataError
+
+
+class FlushError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """A invalid condition was detected during flush()."""
+
+
+class MappedAnnotationError(sa_exc.ArgumentError):
+    """Raised when ORM annotated declarative cannot interpret the
+    expression present inside of the :class:`.Mapped` construct.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.40
+
+    """
+
+
+class UnmappedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Base for exceptions that involve expected mappings not present."""
+
+
+class ObjectDereferencedError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An operation cannot complete due to an object being garbage
+    collected.
+
+    """
+
+
+class DetachedInstanceError(sa_exc.SQLAlchemyError):
+    """An attempt to access unloaded attributes on a
+    mapped instance that is detached."""
+
+    code = "bhk3"
+
+
+class UnmappedInstanceError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown instance."""
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, obj: object, msg: Optional[str] = None):
+        base = util.preloaded.orm_base
+
+        if not msg:
+            try:
+                base.class_mapper(type(obj))
+                name = _safe_cls_name(type(obj))
+                msg = (
+                    "Class %r is mapped, but this instance lacks "
+                    "instrumentation.  This occurs when the instance "
+                    "is created before sqlalchemy.orm.mapper(%s) "
+                    "was called." % (name, name)
+                )
+            except UnmappedClassError:
+                msg = f"Class '{_safe_cls_name(type(obj))}' is not mapped"
+                if isinstance(obj, type):
+                    msg += (
+                        "; was a class (%s) supplied where an instance was "
+                        "required?" % _safe_cls_name(obj)
+                    )
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedClassError(UnmappedError):
+    """An mapping operation was requested for an unknown class."""
+
+    def __init__(self, cls: Type[_T], msg: Optional[str] = None):
+        if not msg:
+            msg = _default_unmapped(cls)
+        UnmappedError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class ObjectDeletedError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A refresh operation failed to retrieve the database
+    row corresponding to an object's known primary key identity.
+
+    A refresh operation proceeds when an expired attribute is
+    accessed on an object, or when :meth:`_query.Query.get` is
+    used to retrieve an object which is, upon retrieval, detected
+    as expired.   A SELECT is emitted for the target row
+    based on primary key; if no row is returned, this
+    exception is raised.
+
+    The true meaning of this exception is simply that
+    no row exists for the primary key identifier associated
+    with a persistent object.   The row may have been
+    deleted, or in some cases the primary key updated
+    to a new value, outside of the ORM's management of the target
+    object.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+    def __init__(self, state: InstanceState[Any], msg: Optional[str] = None):
+        base = util.preloaded.orm_base
+
+        if not msg:
+            msg = (
+                "Instance '%s' has been deleted, or its "
+                "row is otherwise not present." % base.state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(self, msg)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.args[0])
+
+
+class UnmappedColumnError(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """Mapping operation was requested on an unknown column."""
+
+
+class LoaderStrategyException(sa_exc.InvalidRequestError):
+    """A loader strategy for an attribute does not exist."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        applied_to_property_type: Type[Any],
+        requesting_property: MapperProperty[Any],
+        applies_to: Optional[Type[MapperProperty[Any]]],
+        actual_strategy_type: Optional[Type[LoaderStrategy]],
+        strategy_key: Tuple[Any, ...],
+    ):
+        if actual_strategy_type is None:
+            sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(
+                self,
+                "Can't find strategy %s for %s"
+                % (strategy_key, requesting_property),
+            )
+        else:
+            assert applies_to is not None
+            sa_exc.InvalidRequestError.__init__(
+                self,
+                'Can\'t apply "%s" strategy to property "%s", '
+                'which is a "%s"; this loader strategy is intended '
+                'to be used with a "%s".'
+                % (
+                    util.clsname_as_plain_name(actual_strategy_type),
+                    requesting_property,
+                    _mapper_property_as_plain_name(applied_to_property_type),
+                    _mapper_property_as_plain_name(applies_to),
+                ),
+            )
+
+
+def _safe_cls_name(cls: Type[Any]) -> str:
+    cls_name: Optional[str]
+    try:
+        cls_name = ".".join((cls.__module__, cls.__name__))
+    except AttributeError:
+        cls_name = getattr(cls, "__name__", None)
+        if cls_name is None:
+            cls_name = repr(cls)
+    return cls_name
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.base")
+def _default_unmapped(cls: Type[Any]) -> Optional[str]:
+    base = util.preloaded.orm_base
+
+    try:
+        mappers = base.manager_of_class(cls).mappers  # type: ignore
+    except (
+        UnmappedClassError,
+        TypeError,
+    ) + NO_STATE:
+        mappers = {}
+    name = _safe_cls_name(cls)
+
+    if not mappers:
+        return f"Class '{name}' is not mapped"
+    else:
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1808b2d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/identity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+# orm/identity.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+import weakref
+
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+
+class IdentityMap:
+    _wr: weakref.ref[IdentityMap]
+
+    _dict: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], Any]
+    _modified: Set[InstanceState[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._dict = {}
+        self._modified = set()
+        self._wr = weakref.ref(self)
+
+    def _kill(self) -> None:
+        self._add_unpresent = _killed  # type: ignore
+
+    def all_states(self) -> List[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def contains_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def safe_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]) -> _O:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O], default: Optional[_O] = None
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def fast_get_state(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]
+    ) -> Optional[InstanceState[_O]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def keys(self) -> Iterable[_IdentityKeyType[Any]]:
+        return self._dict.keys()
+
+    def values(self) -> Iterable[object]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def replace(self, state: InstanceState[_O]) -> Optional[InstanceState[_O]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def add(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _fast_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _add_unpresent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """optional inlined form of add() which can assume item isn't present
+        in the map"""
+        self.add(state)
+
+    def _manage_incoming_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+        if state.modified:
+            self._modified.add(state)
+
+    def _manage_removed_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        del state._instance_dict
+        if state.modified:
+            self._modified.discard(state)
+
+    def _dirty_states(self) -> Set[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        return self._modified
+
+    def check_modified(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if any InstanceStates present have been marked
+        as 'modified'.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self._modified)
+
+    def has_key(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> bool:
+        return key in self
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._dict)
+
+
+class WeakInstanceDict(IdentityMap):
+    _dict: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], InstanceState[Any]]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]) -> _O:
+        state = cast("InstanceState[_O]", self._dict[key])
+        o = state.obj()
+        if o is None:
+            raise KeyError(key)
+        return o
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> bool:
+        try:
+            if key in self._dict:
+                state = self._dict[key]
+                o = state.obj()
+            else:
+                return False
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return o is not None
+
+    def contains_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert state.key is not None
+            try:
+                return self._dict[state.key] is state
+            except KeyError:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def replace(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        assert state.key is not None
+        if state.key in self._dict:
+            try:
+                existing = existing_non_none = self._dict[state.key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+                existing = None
+            else:
+                if existing_non_none is not state:
+                    self._manage_removed_state(existing_non_none)
+                else:
+                    return None
+        else:
+            existing = None
+
+        self._dict[state.key] = state
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+        return existing
+
+    def add(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        key = state.key
+        assert key is not None
+        # inline of self.__contains__
+        if key in self._dict:
+            try:
+                existing_state = self._dict[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+                pass
+            else:
+                if existing_state is not state:
+                    o = existing_state.obj()
+                    if o is not None:
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Can't attach instance "
+                            "%s; another instance with key %s is already "
+                            "present in this session."
+                            % (orm_util.state_str(state), state.key)
+                        )
+                else:
+                    return False
+        self._dict[key] = state
+        self._manage_incoming_state(state)
+        return True
+
+    def _add_unpresent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        # inlined form of add() called by loading.py
+        self._dict[key] = state
+        state._instance_dict = self._wr
+
+    def fast_get_state(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O]
+    ) -> Optional[InstanceState[_O]]:
+        return self._dict.get(key)
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _IdentityKeyType[_O], default: Optional[_O] = None
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        if key not in self._dict:
+            return default
+        try:
+            state = cast("InstanceState[_O]", self._dict[key])
+        except KeyError:
+            # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+            return default
+        else:
+            o = state.obj()
+            if o is None:
+                return default
+            return o
+
+    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[_IdentityKeyType[Any], InstanceState[Any]]]:
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            key = state.key
+            assert key is not None
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append((key, value))
+        return result
+
+    def values(self) -> List[object]:
+        values = self.all_states()
+        result = []
+        for state in values:
+            value = state.obj()
+            if value is not None:
+                result.append(value)
+
+        return result
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_IdentityKeyType[Any]]:
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    def all_states(self) -> List[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        return list(self._dict.values())
+
+    def _fast_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        # used by InstanceState for state being
+        # GC'ed, inlines _managed_removed_state
+        key = state.key
+        assert key is not None
+        try:
+            st = self._dict[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+            pass
+        else:
+            if st is state:
+                self._dict.pop(key, None)
+
+    def discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        self.safe_discard(state)
+
+    def safe_discard(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        key = state.key
+        if key in self._dict:
+            assert key is not None
+            try:
+                st = self._dict[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # catch gc removed the key after we just checked for it
+                pass
+            else:
+                if st is state:
+                    self._dict.pop(key, None)
+                    self._manage_removed_state(state)
+
+
+def _killed(state: InstanceState[Any], key: _IdentityKeyType[Any]) -> NoReturn:
+    # external function to avoid creating cycles when assigned to
+    # the IdentityMap
+    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+        "Object %s cannot be converted to 'persistent' state, as this "
+        "identity map is no longer valid.  Has the owning Session "
+        "been closed?" % orm_util.state_str(state),
+        code="lkrp",
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f87023f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/instrumentation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,754 @@
+# orm/instrumentation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Defines SQLAlchemy's system of class instrumentation.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+instrumentation.py deals with registration of end-user classes
+for state tracking.   It interacts closely with state.py
+and attributes.py which establish per-instance and per-class-attribute
+instrumentation, respectively.
+
+The class instrumentation system can be customized on a per-class
+or global basis using the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+module, which provides the means to build and specify
+alternate instrumentation forms.
+
+.. versionchanged: 0.8
+   The instrumentation extension system was moved out of the
+   ORM and into the external :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation`
+   package.  When that package is imported, it installs
+   itself within sqlalchemy.orm so that its more comprehensive
+   resolution mechanics take effect.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import base
+from . import collections
+from . import exc
+from . import interfaces
+from . import state
+from ._typing import _O
+from .attributes import _is_collection_attribute_impl
+from .. import util
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .attributes import AttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import _CollectionFactoryType
+    from .decl_base import _MapperConfig
+    from .events import InstanceEvents
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+DEL_ATTR = util.symbol("DEL_ATTR")
+
+
+class _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        state: state.InstanceState[Any],
+        toload: Set[str],
+        passive: base.PassiveFlag,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _ManagerFactory(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]: ...
+
+
+class ClassManager(
+    HasMemoized,
+    Dict[str, "QueryableAttribute[Any]"],
+    Generic[_O],
+    EventTarget,
+):
+    """Tracks state information at the class level."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[ClassManager[_O]]
+
+    MANAGER_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_MANAGER_ATTR
+    STATE_ATTR = base.DEFAULT_STATE_ATTR
+
+    _state_setter = staticmethod(util.attrsetter(STATE_ATTR))
+
+    expired_attribute_loader: _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto
+    "previously known as deferred_scalar_loader"
+
+    init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]]
+    original_init: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None
+
+    factory: Optional[_ManagerFactory]
+
+    declarative_scan: Optional[weakref.ref[_MapperConfig]] = None
+
+    registry: _RegistryType
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # starts as None during setup
+        registry = None
+
+    class_: Type[_O]
+
+    _bases: List[ClassManager[Any]]
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The ClassManager.deferred_scalar_loader attribute is now "
+        "named expired_attribute_loader",
+    )
+    def deferred_scalar_loader(self):
+        return self.expired_attribute_loader
+
+    @deferred_scalar_loader.setter
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The ClassManager.deferred_scalar_loader attribute is now "
+        "named expired_attribute_loader",
+    )
+    def deferred_scalar_loader(self, obj):
+        self.expired_attribute_loader = obj
+
+    def __init__(self, class_):
+        self.class_ = class_
+        self.info = {}
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.local_attrs = {}
+        self.originals = {}
+        self._finalized = False
+        self.factory = None
+        self.init_method = None
+
+        self._bases = [
+            mgr
+            for mgr in cast(
+                "List[Optional[ClassManager[Any]]]",
+                [
+                    opt_manager_of_class(base)
+                    for base in self.class_.__bases__
+                    if isinstance(base, type)
+                ],
+            )
+            if mgr is not None
+        ]
+
+        for base_ in self._bases:
+            self.update(base_)
+
+        cast(
+            "InstanceEvents", self.dispatch._events
+        )._new_classmanager_instance(class_, self)
+
+        for basecls in class_.__mro__:
+            mgr = opt_manager_of_class(basecls)
+            if mgr is not None:
+                self.dispatch._update(mgr.dispatch)
+
+        self.manage()
+
+        if "__del__" in class_.__dict__:
+            util.warn(
+                "__del__() method on class %s will "
+                "cause unreachable cycles and memory leaks, "
+                "as SQLAlchemy instrumentation often creates "
+                "reference cycles.  Please remove this method." % class_
+            )
+
+    def _update_state(
+        self,
+        finalize: bool = False,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = None,
+        registry: Optional[_RegistryType] = None,
+        declarative_scan: Optional[_MapperConfig] = None,
+        expired_attribute_loader: Optional[
+            _ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto
+        ] = None,
+        init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if mapper:
+            self.mapper = mapper  #
+        if registry:
+            registry._add_manager(self)
+        if declarative_scan:
+            self.declarative_scan = weakref.ref(declarative_scan)
+        if expired_attribute_loader:
+            self.expired_attribute_loader = expired_attribute_loader
+
+        if init_method:
+            assert not self._finalized, (
+                "class is already instrumented, "
+                "init_method %s can't be applied" % init_method
+            )
+            self.init_method = init_method
+
+        if not self._finalized:
+            self.original_init = (
+                self.init_method
+                if self.init_method is not None
+                and self.class_.__init__ is object.__init__
+                else self.class_.__init__
+            )
+
+        if finalize and not self._finalized:
+            self._finalize()
+
+    def _finalize(self) -> None:
+        if self._finalized:
+            return
+        self._finalized = True
+
+        self._instrument_init()
+
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.class_instrument(self.class_)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return other is self
+
+    @property
+    def is_mapped(self) -> bool:
+        return "mapper" in self.__dict__
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _all_key_set(self):
+        return frozenset(self)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _collection_impl_keys(self):
+        return frozenset(
+            [attr.key for attr in self.values() if attr.impl.collection]
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _scalar_loader_impls(self):
+        return frozenset(
+            [
+                attr.impl
+                for attr in self.values()
+                if attr.impl.accepts_scalar_loader
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _loader_impls(self):
+        return frozenset([attr.impl for attr in self.values()])
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        # raises unless self.mapper has been assigned
+        raise exc.UnmappedClassError(self.class_)
+
+    def _all_sqla_attributes(self, exclude=None):
+        """return an iterator of all classbound attributes that are
+        implement :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        This includes :class:`.QueryableAttribute` as well as extension
+        types such as :class:`.hybrid_property` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        """
+
+        found: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        # constraints:
+        # 1. yield keys in cls.__dict__ order
+        # 2. if a subclass has the same key as a superclass, include that
+        #    key as part of the ordering of the superclass, because an
+        #    overridden key is usually installed by the mapper which is going
+        #    on a different ordering
+        # 3. don't use getattr() as this fires off descriptors
+
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__[0:-1]:
+            inherits = supercls.__mro__[1]
+            for key in supercls.__dict__:
+                found.setdefault(key, supercls)
+                if key in inherits.__dict__:
+                    continue
+                val = found[key].__dict__[key]
+                if (
+                    isinstance(val, interfaces.InspectionAttr)
+                    and val.is_attribute
+                ):
+                    yield key, val
+
+    def _get_class_attr_mro(self, key, default=None):
+        """return an attribute on the class without tripping it."""
+
+        for supercls in self.class_.__mro__:
+            if key in supercls.__dict__:
+                return supercls.__dict__[key]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def _attr_has_impl(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given attribute is fully initialized.
+
+        i.e. has an impl.
+        """
+
+        return key in self and self[key].impl is not None
+
+    def _subclass_manager(self, cls: Type[_T]) -> ClassManager[_T]:
+        """Create a new ClassManager for a subclass of this ClassManager's
+        class.
+
+        This is called automatically when attributes are instrumented so that
+        the attributes can be propagated to subclasses against their own
+        class-local manager, without the need for mappers etc. to have already
+        pre-configured managers for the full class hierarchy.   Mappers
+        can post-configure the auto-generated ClassManager when needed.
+
+        """
+        return register_class(cls, finalize=False)
+
+    def _instrument_init(self):
+        self.new_init = _generate_init(self.class_, self, self.original_init)
+        self.install_member("__init__", self.new_init)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _state_constructor(self) -> Type[state.InstanceState[_O]]:
+        self.dispatch.first_init(self, self.class_)
+        return state.InstanceState
+
+    def manage(self):
+        """Mark this instance as the manager for its class."""
+
+        setattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR, self)
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def manager_getter(self):
+        return _default_manager_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def state_getter(self):
+        """Return a (instance) -> InstanceState callable.
+
+        "state getter" callables should raise either KeyError or
+        AttributeError if no InstanceState could be found for the
+        instance.
+        """
+
+        return _default_state_getter
+
+    @util.hybridmethod
+    def dict_getter(self):
+        return _default_dict_getter
+
+    def instrument_attribute(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        inst: QueryableAttribute[Any],
+        propagated: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't override local attr with inherited attr
+        else:
+            self.local_attrs[key] = inst
+            self.install_descriptor(key, inst)
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        self[key] = inst
+
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = self._subclass_manager(cls)
+            manager.instrument_attribute(key, inst, True)
+
+    def subclass_managers(self, recursive):
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            mgr = opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+            if mgr is not None and mgr is not self:
+                yield mgr
+                if recursive:
+                    yield from mgr.subclass_managers(True)
+
+    def post_configure_attribute(self, key):
+        _instrumentation_factory.dispatch.attribute_instrument(
+            self.class_, key, self[key]
+        )
+
+    def uninstrument_attribute(self, key, propagated=False):
+        if key not in self:
+            return
+        if propagated:
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                return  # don't get rid of local attr
+        else:
+            del self.local_attrs[key]
+            self.uninstall_descriptor(key)
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        del self[key]
+        for cls in self.class_.__subclasses__():
+            manager = opt_manager_of_class(cls)
+            if manager:
+                manager.uninstrument_attribute(key, True)
+
+    def unregister(self) -> None:
+        """remove all instrumentation established by this ClassManager."""
+
+        for key in list(self.originals):
+            self.uninstall_member(key)
+
+        self.mapper = None
+        self.dispatch = None  # type: ignore
+        self.new_init = None
+        self.info.clear()
+
+        for key in list(self):
+            if key in self.local_attrs:
+                self.uninstrument_attribute(key)
+
+        if self.MANAGER_ATTR in self.class_.__dict__:
+            delattr(self.class_, self.MANAGER_ATTR)
+
+    def install_descriptor(
+        self, key: str, inst: QueryableAttribute[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError(
+                "%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                "instrumentation attribute of the same name." % key
+            )
+        setattr(self.class_, key, inst)
+
+    def uninstall_descriptor(self, key: str) -> None:
+        delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def install_member(self, key: str, implementation: Any) -> None:
+        if key in (self.STATE_ATTR, self.MANAGER_ATTR):
+            raise KeyError(
+                "%r: requested attribute name conflicts with "
+                "instrumentation attribute of the same name." % key
+            )
+        self.originals.setdefault(key, self.class_.__dict__.get(key, DEL_ATTR))
+        setattr(self.class_, key, implementation)
+
+    def uninstall_member(self, key: str) -> None:
+        original = self.originals.pop(key, None)
+        if original is not DEL_ATTR:
+            setattr(self.class_, key, original)
+        else:
+            delattr(self.class_, key)
+
+    def instrument_collection_class(
+        self, key: str, collection_class: Type[Collection[Any]]
+    ) -> _CollectionFactoryType:
+        return collections.prepare_instrumentation(collection_class)
+
+    def initialize_collection(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        factory: _CollectionFactoryType,
+    ) -> Tuple[collections.CollectionAdapter, _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]:
+        user_data = factory()
+        impl = self.get_impl(key)
+        assert _is_collection_attribute_impl(impl)
+        adapter = collections.CollectionAdapter(impl, state, user_data)
+        return adapter, user_data
+
+    def is_instrumented(self, key: str, search: bool = False) -> bool:
+        if search:
+            return key in self
+        else:
+            return key in self.local_attrs
+
+    def get_impl(self, key: str) -> AttributeImpl:
+        return self[key].impl
+
+    @property
+    def attributes(self) -> Iterable[Any]:
+        return iter(self.values())
+
+    # InstanceState management
+
+    def new_instance(self, state: Optional[InstanceState[_O]] = None) -> _O:
+        # here, we would prefer _O to be bound to "object"
+        # so that mypy sees that __new__ is present.   currently
+        # it's bound to Any as there were other problems not having
+        # it that way but these can be revisited
+        instance = self.class_.__new__(self.class_)
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+        return instance
+
+    def setup_instance(
+        self, instance: _O, state: Optional[InstanceState[_O]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if state is None:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+        self._state_setter(instance, state)
+
+    def teardown_instance(self, instance: _O) -> None:
+        delattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def _serialize(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], state_dict: Dict[str, Any]
+    ) -> _SerializeManager:
+        return _SerializeManager(state, state_dict)
+
+    def _new_state_if_none(
+        self, instance: _O
+    ) -> Union[Literal[False], InstanceState[_O]]:
+        """Install a default InstanceState if none is present.
+
+        A private convenience method used by the __init__ decorator.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR):
+            return False
+        elif self.class_ is not instance.__class__ and self.is_mapped:
+            # this will create a new ClassManager for the
+            # subclass, without a mapper.  This is likely a
+            # user error situation but allow the object
+            # to be constructed, so that it is usable
+            # in a non-ORM context at least.
+            return self._subclass_manager(
+                instance.__class__
+            )._new_state_if_none(instance)
+        else:
+            state = self._state_constructor(instance, self)
+            self._state_setter(instance, state)
+            return state
+
+    def has_state(self, instance: _O) -> bool:
+        return hasattr(instance, self.STATE_ATTR)
+
+    def has_parent(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], key: str, optimistic: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        """TODO"""
+        return self.get_impl(key).hasparent(state, optimistic=optimistic)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        """All ClassManagers are non-zero regardless of attribute state."""
+        return True
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<%s of %r at %x>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_,
+            id(self),
+        )
+
+
+class _SerializeManager:
+    """Provide serialization of a :class:`.ClassManager`.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` uses ``__init__()`` on serialize
+    and ``__call__()`` on deserialize.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, state: state.InstanceState[Any], d: Dict[str, Any]):
+        self.class_ = state.class_
+        manager = state.manager
+        manager.dispatch.pickle(state, d)
+
+    def __call__(self, state, inst, state_dict):
+        state.manager = manager = opt_manager_of_class(self.class_)
+        if manager is None:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(
+                inst,
+                "Cannot deserialize object of type %r - "
+                "no mapper() has "
+                "been configured for this class within the current "
+                "Python process!" % self.class_,
+            )
+        elif manager.is_mapped and not manager.mapper.configured:
+            manager.mapper._check_configure()
+
+        # setup _sa_instance_state ahead of time so that
+        # unpickle events can access the object normally.
+        # see [ticket:2362]
+        if inst is not None:
+            manager.setup_instance(inst, state)
+        manager.dispatch.unpickle(state, state_dict)
+
+
+class InstrumentationFactory(EventTarget):
+    """Factory for new ClassManager instances."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[InstrumentationFactory]
+
+    def create_manager_for_cls(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> ClassManager[_O]:
+        assert class_ is not None
+        assert opt_manager_of_class(class_) is None
+
+        # give a more complicated subclass
+        # a chance to do what it wants here
+        manager, factory = self._locate_extended_factory(class_)
+
+        if factory is None:
+            factory = ClassManager
+            manager = ClassManager(class_)
+        else:
+            assert manager is not None
+
+        self._check_conflicts(class_, factory)
+
+        manager.factory = factory
+
+        return manager
+
+    def _locate_extended_factory(
+        self, class_: Type[_O]
+    ) -> Tuple[Optional[ClassManager[_O]], Optional[_ManagerFactory]]:
+        """Overridden by a subclass to do an extended lookup."""
+        return None, None
+
+    def _check_conflicts(
+        self, class_: Type[_O], factory: Callable[[Type[_O]], ClassManager[_O]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Overridden by a subclass to test for conflicting factories."""
+
+    def unregister(self, class_: Type[_O]) -> None:
+        manager = manager_of_class(class_)
+        manager.unregister()
+        self.dispatch.class_uninstrument(class_)
+
+
+# this attribute is replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when imported.
+_instrumentation_factory = InstrumentationFactory()
+
+# these attributes are replaced by sqlalchemy.ext.instrumentation
+# when a non-standard InstrumentationManager class is first
+# used to instrument a class.
+instance_state = _default_state_getter = base.instance_state
+
+instance_dict = _default_dict_getter = base.instance_dict
+
+manager_of_class = _default_manager_getter = base.manager_of_class
+opt_manager_of_class = _default_opt_manager_getter = base.opt_manager_of_class
+
+
+def register_class(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+    finalize: bool = True,
+    mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = None,
+    registry: Optional[_RegistryType] = None,
+    declarative_scan: Optional[_MapperConfig] = None,
+    expired_attribute_loader: Optional[_ExpiredAttributeLoaderProto] = None,
+    init_method: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+) -> ClassManager[_O]:
+    """Register class instrumentation.
+
+    Returns the existing or newly created class manager.
+
+    """
+
+    manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+    if manager is None:
+        manager = _instrumentation_factory.create_manager_for_cls(class_)
+    manager._update_state(
+        mapper=mapper,
+        registry=registry,
+        declarative_scan=declarative_scan,
+        expired_attribute_loader=expired_attribute_loader,
+        init_method=init_method,
+        finalize=finalize,
+    )
+
+    return manager
+
+
+def unregister_class(class_):
+    """Unregister class instrumentation."""
+
+    _instrumentation_factory.unregister(class_)
+
+
+def is_instrumented(instance, key):
+    """Return True if the given attribute on the given instance is
+    instrumented by the attributes package.
+
+    This function may be used regardless of instrumentation
+    applied directly to the class, i.e. no descriptors are required.
+
+    """
+    return manager_of_class(instance.__class__).is_instrumented(
+        key, search=True
+    )
+
+
+def _generate_init(class_, class_manager, original_init):
+    """Build an __init__ decorator that triggers ClassManager events."""
+
+    # TODO: we should use the ClassManager's notion of the
+    # original '__init__' method, once ClassManager is fixed
+    # to always reference that.
+
+    if original_init is None:
+        original_init = class_.__init__
+
+    # Go through some effort here and don't change the user's __init__
+    # calling signature, including the unlikely case that it has
+    # a return value.
+    # FIXME: need to juggle local names to avoid constructor argument
+    # clashes.
+    func_body = """\
+def __init__(%(apply_pos)s):
+    new_state = class_manager._new_state_if_none(%(self_arg)s)
+    if new_state:
+        return new_state._initialize_instance(%(apply_kw)s)
+    else:
+        return original_init(%(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+    func_vars = util.format_argspec_init(original_init, grouped=False)
+    func_text = func_body % func_vars
+
+    func_defaults = getattr(original_init, "__defaults__", None)
+    func_kw_defaults = getattr(original_init, "__kwdefaults__", None)
+
+    env = locals().copy()
+    env["__name__"] = __name__
+    exec(func_text, env)
+    __init__ = env["__init__"]
+    __init__.__doc__ = original_init.__doc__
+    __init__._sa_original_init = original_init
+
+    if func_defaults:
+        __init__.__defaults__ = func_defaults
+    if func_kw_defaults:
+        __init__.__kwdefaults__ = func_kw_defaults
+
+    return __init__
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4462e54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/interfaces.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1490 @@
+# orm/interfaces.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""
+
+Contains various base classes used throughout the ORM.
+
+Defines some key base classes prominent within the internals.
+
+This module and the classes within are mostly private, though some attributes
+are exposed when inspecting mappings.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import dataclasses
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import path_registry
+from .base import _MappedAttribute as _MappedAttribute
+from .base import EXT_CONTINUE as EXT_CONTINUE  # noqa: F401
+from .base import EXT_SKIP as EXT_SKIP  # noqa: F401
+from .base import EXT_STOP as EXT_STOP  # noqa: F401
+from .base import InspectionAttr as InspectionAttr  # noqa: F401
+from .base import InspectionAttrInfo as InspectionAttrInfo
+from .base import MANYTOMANY as MANYTOMANY  # noqa: F401
+from .base import MANYTOONE as MANYTOONE  # noqa: F401
+from .base import NO_KEY as NO_KEY  # noqa: F401
+from .base import NO_VALUE as NO_VALUE  # noqa: F401
+from .base import NotExtension as NotExtension  # noqa: F401
+from .base import ONETOMANY as ONETOMANY  # noqa: F401
+from .base import RelationshipDirection as RelationshipDirection  # noqa: F401
+from .base import SQLORMOperations
+from .. import ColumnElement
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from ..sql.operators import ColumnOperators
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _ORMAdapterProto
+    from .attributes import InstrumentedAttribute
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .context import _MapperEntity
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .context import QueryContext
+    from .decl_api import RegistryType
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .loading import _PopulatorDict
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import AbstractEntityRegistry
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .strategy_options import _LoadElement
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from .util import ORMAdapter
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..sql.visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+
+_StrategyKey = Tuple[Any, ...]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+_TLS = TypeVar("_TLS", bound="Type[LoaderStrategy]")
+
+
+class ORMStatementRole(roles.StatementRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Executable SQL or text() construct, including ORM aware objects"
+    )
+
+
+class ORMColumnsClauseRole(
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole, roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T]
+):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORM mapped entity, aliased entity, or Column expression"
+
+
+class ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole(ORMColumnsClauseRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORM mapped or aliased entity"
+
+
+class ORMFromClauseRole(roles.StrictFromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORM mapped entity, aliased entity, or FROM expression"
+
+
+class ORMColumnDescription(TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    # TODO: add python_type and sql_type here; combining them
+    # into "type" is a bad idea
+    type: Union[Type[Any], TypeEngine[Any]]
+    aliased: bool
+    expr: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    entity: Optional[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+
+
+class _IntrospectsAnnotations:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _mapper_property_name(cls) -> str:
+        return cls.__name__
+
+    def found_in_pep593_annotated(self) -> Any:
+        """return a copy of this object to use in declarative when the
+        object is found inside of an Annotated object."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Use of the {self._mapper_property_name()!r} "
+            "construct inside of an Annotated object is not yet supported."
+        )
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform class-specific initializaton at early declarative scanning
+        time.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+    def _raise_for_required(self, key: str, cls: Type[Any]) -> NoReturn:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            f"Python typing annotation is required for attribute "
+            f'"{cls.__name__}.{key}" when primary argument(s) for '
+            f'"{self._mapper_property_name()}" '
+            "construct are None or not present"
+        )
+
+
+class _AttributeOptions(NamedTuple):
+    """define Python-local attribute behavior options common to all
+    :class:`.MapperProperty` objects.
+
+    Currently this includes dataclass-generation arguments.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    dataclasses_init: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclasses_repr: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclasses_default: Union[_NoArg, Any]
+    dataclasses_default_factory: Union[_NoArg, Callable[[], Any]]
+    dataclasses_compare: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclasses_kw_only: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    dataclasses_hash: Union[_NoArg, bool, None]
+
+    def _as_dataclass_field(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        """Return a ``dataclasses.Field`` object given these arguments."""
+
+        kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.dataclasses_default_factory is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["default_factory"] = self.dataclasses_default_factory
+        if self.dataclasses_default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["default"] = self.dataclasses_default
+        if self.dataclasses_init is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["init"] = self.dataclasses_init
+        if self.dataclasses_repr is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["repr"] = self.dataclasses_repr
+        if self.dataclasses_compare is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["compare"] = self.dataclasses_compare
+        if self.dataclasses_kw_only is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["kw_only"] = self.dataclasses_kw_only
+        if self.dataclasses_hash is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["hash"] = self.dataclasses_hash
+
+        if "default" in kw and callable(kw["default"]):
+            # callable defaults are ambiguous. deprecate them in favour of
+            # insert_default or default_factory. #9936
+            warn_deprecated(
+                f"Callable object passed to the ``default`` parameter for "
+                f"attribute {key!r} in a ORM-mapped Dataclasses context is "
+                "ambiguous, "
+                "and this use will raise an error in a future release.  "
+                "If this callable is intended to produce Core level INSERT "
+                "default values for an underlying ``Column``, use "
+                "the ``mapped_column.insert_default`` parameter instead.  "
+                "To establish this callable as providing a default value "
+                "for instances of the dataclass itself, use the "
+                "``default_factory`` dataclasses parameter.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+
+        if (
+            "init" in kw
+            and not kw["init"]
+            and "default" in kw
+            and not callable(kw["default"])  # ignore callable defaults. #9936
+            and "default_factory" not in kw  # illegal but let dc.field raise
+        ):
+            # fix for #9879
+            default = kw.pop("default")
+            kw["default_factory"] = lambda: default
+
+        return dataclasses.field(**kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_arguments_for_make_dataclass(
+        cls,
+        key: str,
+        annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Any],
+        elem: _T,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Tuple[str, _AnnotationScanType],
+        Tuple[str, _AnnotationScanType, dataclasses.Field[Any]],
+    ]:
+        """given attribute key, annotation, and value from a class, return
+        the argument tuple we would pass to dataclasses.make_dataclass()
+        for this attribute.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(elem, _DCAttributeOptions):
+            dc_field = elem._attribute_options._as_dataclass_field(key)
+
+            return (key, annotation, dc_field)
+        elif elem is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            # why is typing not erroring on this?
+            return (key, annotation, elem)
+        elif mapped_container is not None:
+            # it's Mapped[], but there's no "element", which means declarative
+            # did not actually do anything for this field.  this shouldn't
+            # happen.
+            # previously, this would occur because _scan_attributes would
+            # skip a field that's on an already mapped superclass, but it
+            # would still include it in the annotations, leading
+            # to issue #8718
+
+            assert False, "Mapped[] received without a mapping declaration"
+
+        else:
+            # plain dataclass field, not mapped.  Is only possible
+            # if __allow_unmapped__ is set up.  I can see this mode causing
+            # problems...
+            return (key, annotation)
+
+
+_DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS = _AttributeOptions(
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+)
+
+_DEFAULT_READONLY_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS = _AttributeOptions(
+    False,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+)
+
+
+class _DCAttributeOptions:
+    """mixin for descriptors or configurational objects that include dataclass
+    field options.
+
+    This includes :class:`.MapperProperty`, :class:`._MapsColumn` within
+    the ORM, but also includes :class:`.AssociationProxy` within ext.
+    Can in theory be used for other descriptors that serve a similar role
+    as association proxy.   (*maybe* hybrids, not sure yet.)
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _attribute_options: _AttributeOptions
+    """behavioral options for ORM-enabled Python attributes
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    _has_dataclass_arguments: bool
+
+
+class _MapsColumns(_DCAttributeOptions, _MappedAttribute[_T]):
+    """interface for declarative-capable construct that delivers one or more
+    Column objects to the declarative process to be part of a Table.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_T]]:
+        """return a MapperProperty to be assigned to the declarative mapping"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[Column[_T], int]]:
+        """A list of Column objects that should be declaratively added to the
+        new Table object.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+# NOTE: MapperProperty needs to extend _MappedAttribute so that declarative
+# typing works, i.e. "Mapped[A] = relationship()".   This introduces an
+# inconvenience which is that all the MapperProperty objects are treated
+# as descriptors by typing tools, which are misled by this as assignment /
+# access to a descriptor attribute wants to move through __get__.
+# Therefore, references to MapperProperty as an instance variable, such
+# as in PropComparator, may have some special typing workarounds such as the
+# use of sqlalchemy.util.typing.DescriptorReference to avoid mis-interpretation
+# by typing tools
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class MapperProperty(
+    HasCacheKey,
+    _DCAttributeOptions,
+    _MappedAttribute[_T],
+    InspectionAttrInfo,
+    util.MemoizedSlots,
+):
+    """Represent a particular class attribute mapped by :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    The most common occurrences of :class:`.MapperProperty` are the
+    mapped :class:`_schema.Column`, which is represented in a mapping as
+    an instance of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    and a reference to another class produced by :func:`_orm.relationship`,
+    represented in the mapping as an instance of
+    :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_configure_started",
+        "_configure_finished",
+        "_attribute_options",
+        "_has_dataclass_arguments",
+        "parent",
+        "key",
+        "info",
+        "doc",
+    )
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("parent", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        ("key", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        cascade = None
+
+    is_property = True
+    """Part of the InspectionAttr interface; states this object is a
+    mapper property.
+
+    """
+
+    comparator: PropComparator[_T]
+    """The :class:`_orm.PropComparator` instance that implements SQL
+    expression construction on behalf of this mapped attribute."""
+
+    key: str
+    """name of class attribute"""
+
+    parent: Mapper[Any]
+    """the :class:`.Mapper` managing this property."""
+
+    _is_relationship = False
+
+    _links_to_entity: bool
+    """True if this MapperProperty refers to a mapped entity.
+
+    Should only be True for Relationship, False for all others.
+
+    """
+
+    doc: Optional[str]
+    """optional documentation string"""
+
+    info: _InfoType
+    """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+    data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+    The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+    it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+    :func:`.column_property`, :func:`_orm.relationship`, or :func:`.composite`
+    functions.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+        :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+    """
+
+    def _memoized_attr_info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.InspectionAttr`.
+
+        The dictionary is generated when first accessed.  Alternatively,
+        it can be specified as a constructor argument to the
+        :func:`.column_property`, :func:`_orm.relationship`, or
+        :func:`.composite`
+        functions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.info`
+
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info`
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def setup(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called by Query for the purposes of constructing a SQL statement.
+
+        Each MapperProperty associated with the target mapper processes the
+        statement referenced by the query context, adding columns and/or
+        criterion as appropriate.
+
+        """
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        result: Result[Any],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        populators: _PopulatorDict,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Produce row processing functions and append to the given
+        set of populators lists.
+
+        """
+
+    def cascade_iterator(
+        self,
+        type_: str,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        visited_states: Set[InstanceState[Any]],
+        halt_on: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[Any]], bool]] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[
+        Tuple[object, Mapper[Any], InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]
+    ]:
+        """Iterate through instances related to the given instance for
+        a particular 'cascade', starting with this MapperProperty.
+
+        Return an iterator3-tuples (instance, mapper, state).
+
+        Note that the 'cascade' collection on this MapperProperty is
+        checked first for the given type before cascade_iterator is called.
+
+        This method typically only applies to Relationship.
+
+        """
+
+        return iter(())
+
+    def set_parent(self, parent: Mapper[Any], init: bool) -> None:
+        """Set the parent mapper that references this MapperProperty.
+
+        This method is overridden by some subclasses to perform extra
+        setup when the mapper is first known.
+
+        """
+        self.parent = parent
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        """Hook called by the Mapper to the property to initiate
+        instrumentation of the class attribute managed by this
+        MapperProperty.
+
+        The MapperProperty here will typically call out to the
+        attributes module to set up an InstrumentedAttribute.
+
+        This step is the first of two steps to set up an InstrumentedAttribute,
+        and is called early in the mapper setup process.
+
+        The second step is typically the init_class_attribute step,
+        called from StrategizedProperty via the post_instrument_class()
+        hook.  This step assigns additional state to the InstrumentedAttribute
+        (specifically the "impl") which has been determined after the
+        MapperProperty has determined what kind of persistence
+        management it needs to do (e.g. scalar, object, collection, etc).
+
+        """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._configure_started = False
+        self._configure_finished = False
+
+        if _assume_readonly_dc_attributes:
+            default_attrs = _DEFAULT_READONLY_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+        else:
+            default_attrs = _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+
+        if attribute_options and attribute_options != default_attrs:
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = True
+            self._attribute_options = attribute_options
+        else:
+            self._has_dataclass_arguments = False
+            self._attribute_options = default_attrs
+
+    def init(self) -> None:
+        """Called after all mappers are created to assemble
+        relationships between mappers and perform other post-mapper-creation
+        initialization steps.
+
+
+        """
+        self._configure_started = True
+        self.do_init()
+        self._configure_finished = True
+
+    @property
+    def class_attribute(self) -> InstrumentedAttribute[_T]:
+        """Return the class-bound descriptor corresponding to this
+        :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        This is basically a ``getattr()`` call::
+
+            return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)
+
+        I.e. if this :class:`.MapperProperty` were named ``addresses``,
+        and the class to which it is mapped is ``User``, this sequence
+        is possible::
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+            >>> mapper = inspect(User)
+            >>> addresses_property = mapper.attrs.addresses
+            >>> addresses_property.class_attribute is User.addresses
+            True
+            >>> User.addresses.property is addresses_property
+            True
+
+
+        """
+
+        return getattr(self.parent.class_, self.key)  # type: ignore
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        """Perform subclass-specific initialization post-mapper-creation
+        steps.
+
+        This is a template method called by the ``MapperProperty``
+        object's init() method.
+
+        """
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        """Perform instrumentation adjustments that need to occur
+        after init() has completed.
+
+        The given Mapper is the Mapper invoking the operation, which
+        may not be the same Mapper as self.parent in an inheritance
+        scenario; however, Mapper will always at least be a sub-mapper of
+        self.parent.
+
+        This method is typically used by StrategizedProperty, which delegates
+        it to LoaderStrategy.init_class_attribute() to perform final setup
+        on the class-bound InstrumentedAttribute.
+
+        """
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        source_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        source_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        dest_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dest_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Merge the attribute represented by this ``MapperProperty``
+        from source to destination object.
+
+        """
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<%s at 0x%x; %s>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            id(self),
+            getattr(self, "key", "no key"),
+        )
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class PropComparator(SQLORMOperations[_T_co], Generic[_T_co], ColumnOperators):
+    r"""Defines SQL operations for ORM mapped attributes.
+
+    SQLAlchemy allows for operators to
+    be redefined at both the Core and ORM level.  :class:`.PropComparator`
+    is the base class of operator redefinition for ORM-level operations,
+    including those of :class:`.ColumnProperty`,
+    :class:`.Relationship`, and :class:`.Composite`.
+
+    User-defined subclasses of :class:`.PropComparator` may be created. The
+    built-in Python comparison and math operator methods, such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__lt__`, and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__`, can be overridden to provide
+    new operator behavior. The custom :class:`.PropComparator` is passed to
+    the :class:`.MapperProperty` instance via the ``comparator_factory``
+    argument. In each case,
+    the appropriate subclass of :class:`.PropComparator` should be used::
+
+        # definition of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm.properties import (
+            ColumnProperty,
+            Composite,
+            Relationship,
+        )
+
+
+        class MyColumnComparator(ColumnProperty.Comparator):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return self.__clause_element__() == other
+
+
+        class MyRelationshipComparator(Relationship.Comparator):
+            def any(self, expression):
+                "define the 'any' operation"
+                # ...
+
+
+        class MyCompositeComparator(Composite.Comparator):
+            def __gt__(self, other):
+                "redefine the 'greater than' operation"
+
+                return sql.and_(
+                    *[
+                        a > b
+                        for a, b in zip(
+                            self.__clause_element__().clauses,
+                            other.__composite_values__(),
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
+
+
+        # application of custom PropComparator subclasses
+
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import column_property, relationship, composite
+        from sqlalchemy import Column, String
+
+
+        class SomeMappedClass(Base):
+            some_column = column_property(
+                Column("some_column", String),
+                comparator_factory=MyColumnComparator,
+            )
+
+            some_relationship = relationship(
+                SomeOtherClass, comparator_factory=MyRelationshipComparator
+            )
+
+            some_composite = composite(
+                Column("a", String),
+                Column("b", String),
+                comparator_factory=MyCompositeComparator,
+            )
+
+    Note that for column-level operator redefinition, it's usually
+    simpler to define the operators at the Core level, using the
+    :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory` attribute.  See
+    :ref:`types_operators` for more detail.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.Relationship.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.Composite.Comparator`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "prop", "_parententity", "_adapt_to_entity"
+
+    __visit_name__ = "orm_prop_comparator"
+
+    _parententity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    _adapt_to_entity: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]]
+    prop: RODescriptorReference[MapperProperty[_T_co]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prop: MapperProperty[_T],
+        parentmapper: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+        adapt_to_entity: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.prop = prop
+        self._parententity = adapt_to_entity or parentmapper
+        self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def property(self) -> MapperProperty[_T_co]:
+        """Return the :class:`.MapperProperty` associated with this
+        :class:`.PropComparator`.
+
+
+        Return values here will commonly be instances of
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` or :class:`.Relationship`.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.prop
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        raise NotImplementedError("%r" % self)
+
+    def _bulk_update_tuples(
+        self, value: Any
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]]:
+        """Receive a SQL expression that represents a value in the SET
+        clause of an UPDATE statement.
+
+        Return a tuple that can be passed to a :class:`_expression.Update`
+        construct.
+
+        """
+
+        return [(cast("_DMLColumnArgument", self.__clause_element__()), value)]
+
+    def adapt_to_entity(
+        self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]
+    ) -> PropComparator[_T_co]:
+        """Return a copy of this PropComparator which will use the given
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp` to produce corresponding expressions.
+        """
+        return self.__class__(self.prop, self._parententity, adapt_to_entity)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _parentmapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        """legacy; this is renamed to _parententity to be
+        compatible with QueryableAttribute."""
+        return self._parententity.mapper
+
+    def _criterion_exists(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self.prop.comparator._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def adapter(self) -> Optional[_ORMAdapterProto]:
+        """Produce a callable that adapts column expressions
+        to suit an aliased version of this comparator.
+
+        """
+        if self._adapt_to_entity is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._adapt_to_entity._orm_adapt_element
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return self.prop.info
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _any_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return a.any(b, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _has_op(left: Any, other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+        return left.has(other, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _of_type_op(a: Any, class_: Any) -> Any:
+        return a.of_type(class_)
+
+    any_op = cast(operators.OperatorType, _any_op)
+    has_op = cast(operators.OperatorType, _has_op)
+    of_type_op = cast(operators.OperatorType, _of_type_op)
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    def of_type(self, class_: _EntityType[Any]) -> PropComparator[_T_co]:
+        r"""Redefine this object in terms of a polymorphic subclass,
+        :func:`_orm.with_polymorphic` construct, or :func:`_orm.aliased`
+        construct.
+
+        Returns a new PropComparator from which further criterion can be
+        evaluated.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            query.join(Company.employees.of_type(Engineer)).filter(
+                Engineer.name == "foo"
+            )
+
+        :param \class_: a class or mapper indicating that criterion will be
+            against this specific subclass.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joining_relationships_aliased` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_of_type`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.of_type_op, class_)  # type: ignore
+
+    def and_(
+        self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+    ) -> PropComparator[bool]:
+        """Add additional criteria to the ON clause that's represented by this
+        relationship attribute.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+
+            stmt = select(User).join(
+                User.addresses.and_(Address.email_address != "foo")
+            )
+
+            stmt = select(User).options(
+                joinedload(User.addresses.and_(Address.email_address != "foo"))
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_join_on_augmented`
+
+            :ref:`loader_option_criteria`
+
+            :func:`.with_loader_criteria`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(operators.and_, *criteria)  # type: ignore
+
+    def any(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        r"""Return a SQL expression representing true if this element
+        references a member which meets the given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``any()`` is
+        :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.any`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.any_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+    def has(
+        self,
+        criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        r"""Return a SQL expression representing true if this element
+        references a member which meets the given criterion.
+
+        The usual implementation of ``has()`` is
+        :meth:`.Relationship.Comparator.has`.
+
+        :param criterion: an optional ClauseElement formulated against the
+          member class' table or attributes.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key/value pairs corresponding to member class
+          attribute names which will be compared via equality to the
+          corresponding values.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(PropComparator.has_op, criterion, **kwargs)
+
+
+class StrategizedProperty(MapperProperty[_T]):
+    """A MapperProperty which uses selectable strategies to affect
+    loading behavior.
+
+    There is a single strategy selected by default.  Alternate
+    strategies can be selected at Query time through the usage of
+    ``StrategizedOption`` objects via the Query.options() method.
+
+    The mechanics of StrategizedProperty are used for every Query
+    invocation for every mapped attribute participating in that Query,
+    to determine first how the attribute will be rendered in SQL
+    and secondly how the attribute will retrieve a value from a result
+    row and apply it to a mapped object.  The routines here are very
+    performance-critical.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_strategies",
+        "strategy",
+        "_wildcard_token",
+        "_default_path_loader_key",
+        "strategy_key",
+    )
+    inherit_cache = True
+    strategy_wildcard_key: ClassVar[str]
+
+    strategy_key: _StrategyKey
+
+    _strategies: Dict[_StrategyKey, LoaderStrategy]
+
+    def _memoized_attr__wildcard_token(self) -> Tuple[str]:
+        return (
+            f"{self.strategy_wildcard_key}:{path_registry._WILDCARD_TOKEN}",
+        )
+
+    def _memoized_attr__default_path_loader_key(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[str, Tuple[str]]:
+        return (
+            "loader",
+            (f"{self.strategy_wildcard_key}:{path_registry._DEFAULT_TOKEN}",),
+        )
+
+    def _get_context_loader(
+        self, context: ORMCompileState, path: AbstractEntityRegistry
+    ) -> Optional[_LoadElement]:
+        load: Optional[_LoadElement] = None
+
+        search_path = path[self]
+
+        # search among: exact match, "attr.*", "default" strategy
+        # if any.
+        for path_key in (
+            search_path._loader_key,
+            search_path._wildcard_path_loader_key,
+            search_path._default_path_loader_key,
+        ):
+            if path_key in context.attributes:
+                load = context.attributes[path_key]
+                break
+
+                # note that if strategy_options.Load is placing non-actionable
+                # objects in the context like defaultload(), we would
+                # need to continue the loop here if we got such an
+                # option as below.
+                # if load.strategy or load.local_opts:
+                #    break
+
+        return load
+
+    def _get_strategy(self, key: _StrategyKey) -> LoaderStrategy:
+        try:
+            return self._strategies[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # run outside to prevent transfer of exception context
+        cls = self._strategy_lookup(self, *key)
+        # this previously was setting self._strategies[cls], that's
+        # a bad idea; should use strategy key at all times because every
+        # strategy has multiple keys at this point
+        self._strategies[key] = strategy = cls(self, key)
+        return strategy
+
+    def setup(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        strat.setup_query(
+            context, query_entity, path, loader, adapter, **kwargs
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        result: Result[Any],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        populators: _PopulatorDict,
+    ) -> None:
+        loader = self._get_context_loader(context, path)
+        if loader and loader.strategy:
+            strat = self._get_strategy(loader.strategy)
+        else:
+            strat = self.strategy
+        strat.create_row_processor(
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            loader,
+            mapper,
+            result,
+            adapter,
+            populators,
+        )
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        self._strategies = {}
+        self.strategy = self._get_strategy(self.strategy_key)
+
+    def post_instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        if (
+            not self.parent.non_primary
+            and not mapper.class_manager._attr_has_impl(self.key)
+        ):
+            self.strategy.init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    _all_strategies: collections.defaultdict[
+        Type[MapperProperty[Any]], Dict[_StrategyKey, Type[LoaderStrategy]]
+    ] = collections.defaultdict(dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strategy_for(cls, **kw: Any) -> Callable[[_TLS], _TLS]:
+        def decorate(dec_cls: _TLS) -> _TLS:
+            # ensure each subclass of the strategy has its
+            # own _strategy_keys collection
+            if "_strategy_keys" not in dec_cls.__dict__:
+                dec_cls._strategy_keys = []
+            key = tuple(sorted(kw.items()))
+            cls._all_strategies[cls][key] = dec_cls
+            dec_cls._strategy_keys.append(key)
+            return dec_cls
+
+        return decorate
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _strategy_lookup(
+        cls, requesting_property: MapperProperty[Any], *key: Any
+    ) -> Type[LoaderStrategy]:
+        requesting_property.parent._with_polymorphic_mappers
+
+        for prop_cls in cls.__mro__:
+            if prop_cls in cls._all_strategies:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert issubclass(prop_cls, MapperProperty)
+                strategies = cls._all_strategies[prop_cls]
+                try:
+                    return strategies[key]
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+
+        for property_type, strats in cls._all_strategies.items():
+            if key in strats:
+                intended_property_type = property_type
+                actual_strategy = strats[key]
+                break
+        else:
+            intended_property_type = None
+            actual_strategy = None
+
+        raise orm_exc.LoaderStrategyException(
+            cls,
+            requesting_property,
+            intended_property_type,
+            actual_strategy,
+            key,
+        )
+
+
+class ORMOption(ExecutableOption):
+    """Base class for option objects that are passed to ORM queries.
+
+    These options may be consumed by :meth:`.Query.options`,
+    :meth:`.Select.options`, or in a more general sense by any
+    :meth:`.Executable.options` method.   They are interpreted at
+    statement compile time or execution time in modern use.  The
+    deprecated :class:`.MapperOption` is consumed at ORM query construction
+    time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_legacy_option = False
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    to "secondary" SELECT statements that occur for relationship
+    lazy loaders as well as attribute load / refresh operations.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_core = False
+
+    _is_user_defined = False
+
+    _is_compile_state = False
+
+    _is_criteria_option = False
+
+    _is_strategy_option = False
+
+    def _adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(
+        self, context: QueryContext, uncached_opt: ORMOption
+    ) -> ORMOption:
+        """adapt this option to the "uncached" version of itself in a
+        loader strategy context.
+
+        given "self" which is an option from a cached query, as well as the
+        corresponding option from the uncached version of the same query,
+        return the option we should use in a new query, in the context of a
+        loader strategy being asked to load related rows on behalf of that
+        cached query, which is assumed to be building a new query based on
+        entities passed to us from the cached query.
+
+        Currently this routine chooses between "self" and "uncached" without
+        manufacturing anything new. If the option is itself a loader strategy
+        option which has a path, that path needs to match to the entities being
+        passed to us by the cached query, so the :class:`_orm.Load` subclass
+        overrides this to return "self". For all other options, we return the
+        uncached form which may have changing state, such as a
+        with_loader_criteria() option which will very often have new state.
+
+        This routine could in the future involve
+        generating a new option based on both inputs if use cases arise,
+        such as if with_loader_criteria() needed to match up to
+        ``AliasedClass`` instances given in the parent query.
+
+        However, longer term it might be better to restructure things such that
+        ``AliasedClass`` entities are always matched up on their cache key,
+        instead of identity, in things like paths and such, so that this whole
+        issue of "the uncached option does not match the entities" goes away.
+        However this would make ``PathRegistry`` more complicated and difficult
+        to debug as well as potentially less performant in that it would be
+        hashing enormous cache keys rather than a simple AliasedInsp. UNLESS,
+        we could get cache keys overall to be reliably hashed into something
+        like an md5 key.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.41
+
+        """
+        if uncached_opt is not None:
+            return uncached_opt
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class CompileStateOption(HasCacheKey, ORMOption):
+    """base for :class:`.ORMOption` classes that affect the compilation of
+    a SQL query and therefore need to be part of the cache key.
+
+    .. note::  :class:`.CompileStateOption` is generally non-public and
+       should not be used as a base class for user-defined options; instead,
+       use :class:`.UserDefinedOption`, which is easier to use as it does not
+       interact with ORM compilation internals or caching.
+
+    :class:`.CompileStateOption` defines an internal attribute
+    ``_is_compile_state=True`` which has the effect of the ORM compilation
+    routines for SELECT and other statements will call upon these options when
+    a SQL string is being compiled. As such, these classes implement
+    :class:`.HasCacheKey` and need to provide robust ``_cache_key_traversal``
+    structures.
+
+    The :class:`.CompileStateOption` class is used to implement the ORM
+    :class:`.LoaderOption` and :class:`.CriteriaOption` classes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_compile_state = True
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to a given :class:`.ORMCompileState`.
+
+        This method is part of the implementation of a particular
+        :class:`.CompileStateOption` and is only invoked internally
+        when an ORM query is compiled.
+
+        """
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to a given :class:`.ORMCompileState`,
+        given entities that were replaced by with_only_columns() or
+        with_entities().
+
+        This method is part of the implementation of a particular
+        :class:`.CompileStateOption` and is only invoked internally
+        when an ORM query is compiled.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.19
+
+        """
+
+
+class LoaderOption(CompileStateOption):
+    """Describe a loader modification to an ORM statement at compilation time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.process_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+
+class CriteriaOption(CompileStateOption):
+    """Describe a WHERE criteria modification to an ORM statement at
+    compilation time.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_criteria_option = True
+
+    def get_global_criteria(self, attributes: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """update additional entity criteria options in the given
+        attributes dictionary.
+
+        """
+
+
+class UserDefinedOption(ORMOption):
+    """Base class for a user-defined option that can be consumed from the
+    :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("payload",)
+
+    _is_legacy_option = False
+
+    _is_user_defined = True
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    to "secondary" Query objects produced during lazy loads
+    or refresh operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, payload: Optional[Any] = None):
+        self.payload = payload
+
+
+@util.deprecated_cls(
+    "1.4",
+    "The :class:`.MapperOption class is deprecated and will be removed "
+    "in a future release.   For "
+    "modifications to queries on a per-execution basis, use the "
+    ":class:`.UserDefinedOption` class to establish state within a "
+    ":class:`.Query` or other Core statement, then use the "
+    ":meth:`.SessionEvents.before_orm_execute` hook to consume them.",
+    constructor=None,
+)
+class MapperOption(ORMOption):
+    """Describe a modification to a Query"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_legacy_option = True
+
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+    """if True, indicate this option should be carried along
+    to "secondary" Query objects produced during lazy loads
+    or refresh operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def process_query(self, query: Query[Any]) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to the given :class:`_query.Query`."""
+
+    def process_query_conditionally(self, query: Query[Any]) -> None:
+        """same as process_query(), except that this option may not
+        apply to the given query.
+
+        This is typically applied during a lazy load or scalar refresh
+        operation to propagate options stated in the original Query to the
+        new Query being used for the load.  It occurs for those options that
+        specify propagate_to_loaders=True.
+
+        """
+
+        self.process_query(query)
+
+
+class LoaderStrategy:
+    """Describe the loading behavior of a StrategizedProperty object.
+
+    The ``LoaderStrategy`` interacts with the querying process in three
+    ways:
+
+    * it controls the configuration of the ``InstrumentedAttribute``
+      placed on a class to handle the behavior of the attribute.  this
+      may involve setting up class-level callable functions to fire
+      off a select operation when the attribute is first accessed
+      (i.e. a lazy load)
+
+    * it processes the ``QueryContext`` at statement construction time,
+      where it can modify the SQL statement that is being produced.
+      For example, simple column attributes will add their represented
+      column to the list of selected columns, a joined eager loader
+      may establish join clauses to add to the statement.
+
+    * It produces "row processor" functions at result fetching time.
+      These "row processor" functions populate a particular attribute
+      on a particular mapped instance.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "parent_property",
+        "is_class_level",
+        "parent",
+        "key",
+        "strategy_key",
+        "strategy_opts",
+    )
+
+    _strategy_keys: ClassVar[List[_StrategyKey]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, parent: MapperProperty[Any], strategy_key: _StrategyKey
+    ):
+        self.parent_property = parent
+        self.is_class_level = False
+        self.parent = self.parent_property.parent
+        self.key = self.parent_property.key
+        self.strategy_key = strategy_key
+        self.strategy_opts = dict(strategy_key)
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        loadopt: Optional[_LoadElement],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish column and other state for a given QueryContext.
+
+        This method fulfills the contract specified by MapperProperty.setup().
+
+        StrategizedProperty delegates its setup() method
+        directly to this method.
+
+        """
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context: ORMCompileState,
+        query_entity: _MapperEntity,
+        path: AbstractEntityRegistry,
+        loadopt: Optional[_LoadElement],
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        result: Result[Any],
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter],
+        populators: _PopulatorDict,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Establish row processing functions for a given QueryContext.
+
+        This method fulfills the contract specified by
+        MapperProperty.create_row_processor().
+
+        StrategizedProperty delegates its create_row_processor() method
+        directly to this method.
+
+        """
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.parent_property)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..679286f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/loading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1682 @@
+# orm/loading.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""private module containing functions used to convert database
+rows into object instances and associated state.
+
+the functions here are called primarily by Query, Mapper,
+as well as some of the attribute loading strategies.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import path_registry
+from .base import _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _RAISE_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .util import _none_set
+from .util import state_str
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import result_tuple
+from ..engine.result import ChunkedIteratorResult
+from ..engine.result import FrozenResult
+from ..engine.result import SimpleResultMetaData
+from ..sql import select
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectState
+from ..util import EMPTY_DICT
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+    from ..sql import Select
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+_new_runid = util.counter()
+
+
+_PopulatorDict = Dict[str, List[Tuple[str, Any]]]
+
+
+def instances(cursor: CursorResult[Any], context: QueryContext) -> Result[Any]:
+    """Return a :class:`.Result` given an ORM query context.
+
+    :param cursor: a :class:`.CursorResult`, generated by a statement
+     which came from :class:`.ORMCompileState`
+
+    :param context: a :class:`.QueryContext` object
+
+    :return: a :class:`.Result` object representing ORM results
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The instances() function now uses
+       :class:`.Result` objects and has an all new interface.
+
+    """
+
+    context.runid = _new_runid()
+
+    if context.top_level_context:
+        is_top_level = False
+        context.post_load_paths = context.top_level_context.post_load_paths
+    else:
+        is_top_level = True
+        context.post_load_paths = {}
+
+    compile_state = context.compile_state
+    filtered = compile_state._has_mapper_entities
+    single_entity = (
+        not context.load_options._only_return_tuples
+        and len(compile_state._entities) == 1
+        and compile_state._entities[0].supports_single_entity
+    )
+
+    try:
+        (process, labels, extra) = list(
+            zip(
+                *[
+                    query_entity.row_processor(context, cursor)
+                    for query_entity in context.compile_state._entities
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        if context.yield_per and (
+            context.loaders_require_buffering
+            or context.loaders_require_uniquing
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't use yield_per with eager loaders that require uniquing "
+                "or row buffering, e.g. joinedload() against collections "
+                "or subqueryload().  Consider the selectinload() strategy "
+                "for better flexibility in loading objects."
+            )
+
+    except Exception:
+        with util.safe_reraise():
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def _no_unique(entry):
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Can't use the ORM yield_per feature in conjunction with unique()"
+        )
+
+    def _not_hashable(datatype, *, legacy=False, uncertain=False):
+        if not legacy:
+
+            def go(obj):
+                if uncertain:
+                    try:
+                        return hash(obj)
+                    except:
+                        pass
+
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't apply uniqueness to row tuple containing value of "
+                    f"""type {datatype!r}; {
+                        'the values returned appear to be'
+                        if uncertain
+                        else 'this datatype produces'
+                    } non-hashable values"""
+                )
+
+            return go
+        elif not uncertain:
+            return id
+        else:
+            _use_id = False
+
+            def go(obj):
+                nonlocal _use_id
+
+                if not _use_id:
+                    try:
+                        return hash(obj)
+                    except:
+                        pass
+
+                    # in #10459, we considered using a warning here, however
+                    # as legacy query uses result.unique() in all cases, this
+                    # would lead to too many warning cases.
+                    _use_id = True
+
+                return id(obj)
+
+            return go
+
+    unique_filters = [
+        (
+            _no_unique
+            if context.yield_per
+            else (
+                _not_hashable(
+                    ent.column.type,  # type: ignore
+                    legacy=context.load_options._legacy_uniquing,
+                    uncertain=ent._null_column_type,
+                )
+                if (
+                    not ent.use_id_for_hash
+                    and (ent._non_hashable_value or ent._null_column_type)
+                )
+                else id if ent.use_id_for_hash else None
+            )
+        )
+        for ent in context.compile_state._entities
+    ]
+
+    row_metadata = SimpleResultMetaData(
+        labels, extra, _unique_filters=unique_filters
+    )
+
+    def chunks(size):  # type: ignore
+        while True:
+            yield_per = size
+
+            context.partials = {}
+
+            if yield_per:
+                fetch = cursor.fetchmany(yield_per)
+
+                if not fetch:
+                    break
+            else:
+                fetch = cursor._raw_all_rows()
+
+            if single_entity:
+                proc = process[0]
+                rows = [proc(row) for row in fetch]
+            else:
+                rows = [
+                    tuple([proc(row) for proc in process]) for row in fetch
+                ]
+
+            # if we are the originating load from a query, meaning we
+            # aren't being called as a result of a nested "post load",
+            # iterate through all the collected post loaders and fire them
+            # off.  Previously this used to work recursively, however that
+            # prevented deeply nested structures from being loadable
+            if is_top_level:
+                if yield_per:
+                    # if using yield per, memoize the state of the
+                    # collection so that it can be restored
+                    top_level_post_loads = list(
+                        context.post_load_paths.items()
+                    )
+
+                while context.post_load_paths:
+                    post_loads = list(context.post_load_paths.items())
+                    context.post_load_paths.clear()
+                    for path, post_load in post_loads:
+                        post_load.invoke(context, path)
+
+                if yield_per:
+                    context.post_load_paths.clear()
+                    context.post_load_paths.update(top_level_post_loads)
+
+            yield rows
+
+            if not yield_per:
+                break
+
+    if context.execution_options.get("prebuffer_rows", False):
+        # this is a bit of a hack at the moment.
+        # I would rather have some option in the result to pre-buffer
+        # internally.
+        _prebuffered = list(chunks(None))
+
+        def chunks(size):
+            return iter(_prebuffered)
+
+    result = ChunkedIteratorResult(
+        row_metadata,
+        chunks,
+        source_supports_scalars=single_entity,
+        raw=cursor,
+        dynamic_yield_per=cursor.context._is_server_side,
+    )
+
+    # filtered and single_entity are used to indicate to legacy Query that the
+    # query has ORM entities, so legacy deduping and scalars should be called
+    # on the result.
+    result._attributes = result._attributes.union(
+        dict(filtered=filtered, is_single_entity=single_entity)
+    )
+
+    # multi_row_eager_loaders OTOH is specific to joinedload.
+    if context.compile_state.multi_row_eager_loaders:
+
+        def require_unique(obj):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The unique() method must be invoked on this Result, "
+                "as it contains results that include joined eager loads "
+                "against collections"
+            )
+
+        result._unique_filter_state = (None, require_unique)
+
+    if context.yield_per:
+        result.yield_per(context.yield_per)
+
+    return result
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.context")
+def merge_frozen_result(session, statement, frozen_result, load=True):
+    """Merge a :class:`_engine.FrozenResult` back into a :class:`_orm.Session`,
+    returning a new :class:`_engine.Result` object with :term:`persistent`
+    objects.
+
+    See the section :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` for an example.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing`
+
+        :meth:`_engine.Result.freeze`
+
+        :class:`_engine.FrozenResult`
+
+    """
+    querycontext = util.preloaded.orm_context
+
+    if load:
+        # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+        session._autoflush()
+
+    ctx = querycontext.ORMSelectCompileState._create_entities_collection(
+        statement, legacy=False
+    )
+
+    autoflush = session.autoflush
+    try:
+        session.autoflush = False
+        mapped_entities = [
+            i
+            for i, e in enumerate(ctx._entities)
+            if isinstance(e, querycontext._MapperEntity)
+        ]
+        keys = [ent._label_name for ent in ctx._entities]
+
+        keyed_tuple = result_tuple(
+            keys, [ent._extra_entities for ent in ctx._entities]
+        )
+
+        result = []
+        for newrow in frozen_result.rewrite_rows():
+            for i in mapped_entities:
+                if newrow[i] is not None:
+                    newrow[i] = session._merge(
+                        attributes.instance_state(newrow[i]),
+                        attributes.instance_dict(newrow[i]),
+                        load=load,
+                        _recursive={},
+                        _resolve_conflict_map={},
+                    )
+
+            result.append(keyed_tuple(newrow))
+
+        return frozen_result.with_new_rows(result)
+    finally:
+        session.autoflush = autoflush
+
+
+@util.became_legacy_20(
+    ":func:`_orm.merge_result`",
+    alternative="The function as well as the method on :class:`_orm.Query` "
+    "is superseded by the :func:`_orm.merge_frozen_result` function.",
+)
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.context")
+def merge_result(
+    query: Query[Any],
+    iterator: Union[FrozenResult, Iterable[Sequence[Any]], Iterable[object]],
+    load: bool = True,
+) -> Union[FrozenResult, Iterable[Any]]:
+    """Merge a result into the given :class:`.Query` object's Session.
+
+    See :meth:`_orm.Query.merge_result` for top-level documentation on this
+    function.
+
+    """
+
+    querycontext = util.preloaded.orm_context
+
+    session = query.session
+    if load:
+        # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+        session._autoflush()
+
+    # TODO: need test coverage and documentation for the FrozenResult
+    # use case.
+    if isinstance(iterator, FrozenResult):
+        frozen_result = iterator
+        iterator = iter(frozen_result.data)
+    else:
+        frozen_result = None
+
+    ctx = querycontext.ORMSelectCompileState._create_entities_collection(
+        query, legacy=True
+    )
+
+    autoflush = session.autoflush
+    try:
+        session.autoflush = False
+        single_entity = not frozen_result and len(ctx._entities) == 1
+
+        if single_entity:
+            if isinstance(ctx._entities[0], querycontext._MapperEntity):
+                result = [
+                    session._merge(
+                        attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                        attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                        load=load,
+                        _recursive={},
+                        _resolve_conflict_map={},
+                    )
+                    for instance in iterator
+                ]
+            else:
+                result = list(iterator)
+        else:
+            mapped_entities = [
+                i
+                for i, e in enumerate(ctx._entities)
+                if isinstance(e, querycontext._MapperEntity)
+            ]
+            result = []
+            keys = [ent._label_name for ent in ctx._entities]
+
+            keyed_tuple = result_tuple(
+                keys, [ent._extra_entities for ent in ctx._entities]
+            )
+
+            for row in iterator:
+                newrow = list(row)
+                for i in mapped_entities:
+                    if newrow[i] is not None:
+                        newrow[i] = session._merge(
+                            attributes.instance_state(newrow[i]),
+                            attributes.instance_dict(newrow[i]),
+                            load=load,
+                            _recursive={},
+                            _resolve_conflict_map={},
+                        )
+                result.append(keyed_tuple(newrow))
+
+        if frozen_result:
+            return frozen_result.with_new_rows(result)
+        else:
+            return iter(result)
+    finally:
+        session.autoflush = autoflush
+
+
+def get_from_identity(
+    session: Session,
+    mapper: Mapper[_O],
+    key: _IdentityKeyType[_O],
+    passive: PassiveFlag,
+) -> Union[LoaderCallableStatus, Optional[_O]]:
+    """Look up the given key in the given session's identity map,
+    check the object for expired state if found.
+
+    """
+    instance = session.identity_map.get(key)
+    if instance is not None:
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+        if mapper.inherits and not state.mapper.isa(mapper):
+            return attributes.PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH
+
+        # expired - ensure it still exists
+        if state.expired:
+            if not passive & attributes.SQL_OK:
+                # TODO: no coverage here
+                return attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif not passive & attributes.RELATED_OBJECT_OK:
+                # this mode is used within a flush and the instance's
+                # expired state will be checked soon enough, if necessary.
+                # also used by immediateloader for a mutually-dependent
+                # o2m->m2m load, :ticket:`6301`
+                return instance
+            try:
+                state._load_expired(state, passive)
+            except orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError:
+                session._remove_newly_deleted([state])
+                return None
+        return instance
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def load_on_ident(
+    session: Session,
+    statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+    key: Optional[_IdentityKeyType],
+    *,
+    load_options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    refresh_state: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+    with_for_update: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None,
+    only_load_props: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    no_autoflush: bool = False,
+    bind_arguments: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    require_pk_cols: bool = False,
+    is_user_refresh: bool = False,
+):
+    """Load the given identity key from the database."""
+    if key is not None:
+        ident = key[1]
+        identity_token = key[2]
+    else:
+        ident = identity_token = None
+
+    return load_on_pk_identity(
+        session,
+        statement,
+        ident,
+        load_options=load_options,
+        refresh_state=refresh_state,
+        with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        only_load_props=only_load_props,
+        identity_token=identity_token,
+        no_autoflush=no_autoflush,
+        bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        execution_options=execution_options,
+        require_pk_cols=require_pk_cols,
+        is_user_refresh=is_user_refresh,
+    )
+
+
+def load_on_pk_identity(
+    session: Session,
+    statement: Union[Select, FromStatement],
+    primary_key_identity: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]],
+    *,
+    load_options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    refresh_state: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+    with_for_update: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None,
+    only_load_props: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+    identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    no_autoflush: bool = False,
+    bind_arguments: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    require_pk_cols: bool = False,
+    is_user_refresh: bool = False,
+):
+    """Load the given primary key identity from the database."""
+
+    query = statement
+    q = query._clone()
+
+    assert not q._is_lambda_element
+
+    if load_options is None:
+        load_options = QueryContext.default_load_options
+
+    if (
+        statement._compile_options
+        is SelectState.default_select_compile_options
+    ):
+        compile_options = ORMCompileState.default_compile_options
+    else:
+        compile_options = statement._compile_options
+
+    if primary_key_identity is not None:
+        mapper = query._propagate_attrs["plugin_subject"]
+
+        (_get_clause, _get_params) = mapper._get_clause
+
+        # None present in ident - turn those comparisons
+        # into "IS NULL"
+        if None in primary_key_identity:
+            nones = {
+                _get_params[col].key
+                for col, value in zip(mapper.primary_key, primary_key_identity)
+                if value is None
+            }
+
+            _get_clause = sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(_get_clause, nones)
+
+            if len(nones) == len(primary_key_identity):
+                util.warn(
+                    "fully NULL primary key identity cannot load any "
+                    "object.  This condition may raise an error in a future "
+                    "release."
+                )
+
+        q._where_criteria = (
+            sql_util._deep_annotate(_get_clause, {"_orm_adapt": True}),
+        )
+
+        params = {
+            _get_params[primary_key].key: id_val
+            for id_val, primary_key in zip(
+                primary_key_identity, mapper.primary_key
+            )
+        }
+    else:
+        params = None
+
+    if with_for_update is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q._for_update_arg = with_for_update
+    elif query._for_update_arg is not None:
+        version_check = True
+        q._for_update_arg = query._for_update_arg
+    else:
+        version_check = False
+
+    if require_pk_cols and only_load_props:
+        if not refresh_state:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "refresh_state is required when require_pk_cols is present"
+            )
+
+        refresh_state_prokeys = refresh_state.mapper._primary_key_propkeys
+        has_changes = {
+            key
+            for key in refresh_state_prokeys.difference(only_load_props)
+            if refresh_state.attrs[key].history.has_changes()
+        }
+        if has_changes:
+            # raise if pending pk changes are present.
+            # technically, this could be limited to the case where we have
+            # relationships in the only_load_props collection to be refreshed
+            # also (and only ones that have a secondary eager loader, at that).
+            # however, the error is in place across the board so that behavior
+            # here is easier to predict.   The use case it prevents is one
+            # of mutating PK attrs, leaving them unflushed,
+            # calling session.refresh(), and expecting those attrs to remain
+            # still unflushed.   It seems likely someone doing all those
+            # things would be better off having the PK attributes flushed
+            # to the database before tinkering like that (session.refresh() is
+            # tinkering).
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Please flush pending primary key changes on "
+                "attributes "
+                f"{has_changes} for mapper {refresh_state.mapper} before "
+                "proceeding with a refresh"
+            )
+
+        # overall, the ORM has no internal flow right now for "dont load the
+        # primary row of an object at all, but fire off
+        # selectinload/subqueryload/immediateload for some relationships".
+        # It would probably be a pretty big effort to add such a flow.  So
+        # here, the case for #8703 is introduced; user asks to refresh some
+        # relationship attributes only which are
+        # selectinload/subqueryload/immediateload/ etc. (not joinedload).
+        # ORM complains there's no columns in the primary row to load.
+        # So here, we just add the PK cols if that
+        # case is detected, so that there is a SELECT emitted for the primary
+        # row.
+        #
+        # Let's just state right up front, for this one little case,
+        # the ORM here is adding a whole extra SELECT just to satisfy
+        # limitations in the internal flow.  This is really not a thing
+        # SQLAlchemy finds itself doing like, ever, obviously, we are
+        # constantly working to *remove* SELECTs we don't need.   We
+        # rationalize this for now based on 1. session.refresh() is not
+        # commonly used 2. session.refresh() with only relationship attrs is
+        # even less commonly used 3. the SELECT in question is very low
+        # latency.
+        #
+        # to add the flow to not include the SELECT, the quickest way
+        # might be to just manufacture a single-row result set to send off to
+        # instances(), but we'd have to weave that into context.py and all
+        # that.  For 2.0.0, we have enough big changes to navigate for now.
+        #
+        mp = refresh_state.mapper._props
+        for p in only_load_props:
+            if mp[p]._is_relationship:
+                only_load_props = refresh_state_prokeys.union(only_load_props)
+                break
+
+    if refresh_state and refresh_state.load_options:
+        compile_options += {"_current_path": refresh_state.load_path.parent}
+        q = q.options(*refresh_state.load_options)
+
+    new_compile_options, load_options = _set_get_options(
+        compile_options,
+        load_options,
+        version_check=version_check,
+        only_load_props=only_load_props,
+        refresh_state=refresh_state,
+        identity_token=identity_token,
+        is_user_refresh=is_user_refresh,
+    )
+
+    q._compile_options = new_compile_options
+    q._order_by = None
+
+    if no_autoflush:
+        load_options += {"_autoflush": False}
+
+    execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+        execution_options, {"_sa_orm_load_options": load_options}
+    )
+    result = (
+        session.execute(
+            q,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+        .unique()
+        .scalars()
+    )
+
+    try:
+        return result.one()
+    except orm_exc.NoResultFound:
+        return None
+
+
+def _set_get_options(
+    compile_opt,
+    load_opt,
+    populate_existing=None,
+    version_check=None,
+    only_load_props=None,
+    refresh_state=None,
+    identity_token=None,
+    is_user_refresh=None,
+):
+    compile_options = {}
+    load_options = {}
+    if version_check:
+        load_options["_version_check"] = version_check
+    if populate_existing:
+        load_options["_populate_existing"] = populate_existing
+    if refresh_state:
+        load_options["_refresh_state"] = refresh_state
+        compile_options["_for_refresh_state"] = True
+    if only_load_props:
+        compile_options["_only_load_props"] = frozenset(only_load_props)
+    if identity_token:
+        load_options["_identity_token"] = identity_token
+
+    if is_user_refresh:
+        load_options["_is_user_refresh"] = is_user_refresh
+    if load_options:
+        load_opt += load_options
+    if compile_options:
+        compile_opt += compile_options
+
+    return compile_opt, load_opt
+
+
+def _setup_entity_query(
+    compile_state,
+    mapper,
+    query_entity,
+    path,
+    adapter,
+    column_collection,
+    with_polymorphic=None,
+    only_load_props=None,
+    polymorphic_discriminator=None,
+    **kw,
+):
+    if with_polymorphic:
+        poly_properties = mapper._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+            with_polymorphic
+        )
+    else:
+        poly_properties = mapper._polymorphic_properties
+
+    quick_populators = {}
+
+    path.set(compile_state.attributes, "memoized_setups", quick_populators)
+
+    # for the lead entities in the path, e.g. not eager loads, and
+    # assuming a user-passed aliased class, e.g. not a from_self() or any
+    # implicit aliasing, don't add columns to the SELECT that aren't
+    # in the thing that's aliased.
+    check_for_adapt = adapter and len(path) == 1 and path[-1].is_aliased_class
+
+    for value in poly_properties:
+        if only_load_props and value.key not in only_load_props:
+            continue
+        value.setup(
+            compile_state,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            adapter,
+            only_load_props=only_load_props,
+            column_collection=column_collection,
+            memoized_populators=quick_populators,
+            check_for_adapt=check_for_adapt,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    if (
+        polymorphic_discriminator is not None
+        and polymorphic_discriminator is not mapper.polymorphic_on
+    ):
+        if adapter:
+            pd = adapter.columns[polymorphic_discriminator]
+        else:
+            pd = polymorphic_discriminator
+        column_collection.append(pd)
+
+
+def _warn_for_runid_changed(state):
+    util.warn(
+        "Loading context for %s has changed within a load/refresh "
+        "handler, suggesting a row refresh operation took place. If this "
+        "event handler is expected to be "
+        "emitting row refresh operations within an existing load or refresh "
+        "operation, set restore_load_context=True when establishing the "
+        "listener to ensure the context remains unchanged when the event "
+        "handler completes." % (state_str(state),)
+    )
+
+
+def _instance_processor(
+    query_entity,
+    mapper,
+    context,
+    result,
+    path,
+    adapter,
+    only_load_props=None,
+    refresh_state=None,
+    polymorphic_discriminator=None,
+    _polymorphic_from=None,
+):
+    """Produce a mapper level row processor callable
+    which processes rows into mapped instances."""
+
+    # note that this method, most of which exists in a closure
+    # called _instance(), resists being broken out, as
+    # attempts to do so tend to add significant function
+    # call overhead.  _instance() is the most
+    # performance-critical section in the whole ORM.
+
+    identity_class = mapper._identity_class
+    compile_state = context.compile_state
+
+    # look for "row getter" functions that have been assigned along
+    # with the compile state that were cached from a previous load.
+    # these are operator.itemgetter() objects that each will extract a
+    # particular column from each row.
+
+    getter_key = ("getters", mapper)
+    getters = path.get(compile_state.attributes, getter_key, None)
+
+    if getters is None:
+        # no getters, so go through a list of attributes we are loading for,
+        # and the ones that are column based will have already put information
+        # for us in another collection "memoized_setups", which represents the
+        # output of the LoaderStrategy.setup_query() method.  We can just as
+        # easily call LoaderStrategy.create_row_processor for each, but by
+        # getting it all at once from setup_query we save another method call
+        # per attribute.
+        props = mapper._prop_set
+        if only_load_props is not None:
+            props = props.intersection(
+                mapper._props[k] for k in only_load_props
+            )
+
+        quick_populators = path.get(
+            context.attributes, "memoized_setups", EMPTY_DICT
+        )
+
+        todo = []
+        cached_populators = {
+            "new": [],
+            "quick": [],
+            "deferred": [],
+            "expire": [],
+            "existing": [],
+            "eager": [],
+        }
+
+        if refresh_state is None:
+            # we can also get the "primary key" tuple getter function
+            pk_cols = mapper.primary_key
+
+            if adapter:
+                pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+            primary_key_getter = result._tuple_getter(pk_cols)
+        else:
+            primary_key_getter = None
+
+        getters = {
+            "cached_populators": cached_populators,
+            "todo": todo,
+            "primary_key_getter": primary_key_getter,
+        }
+        for prop in props:
+            if prop in quick_populators:
+                # this is an inlined path just for column-based attributes.
+                col = quick_populators[prop]
+                if col is _DEFER_FOR_STATE:
+                    cached_populators["new"].append(
+                        (prop.key, prop._deferred_column_loader)
+                    )
+                elif col is _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED:
+                    # note that in this path, we are no longer
+                    # searching in the result to see if the column might
+                    # be present in some unexpected way.
+                    cached_populators["expire"].append((prop.key, False))
+                elif col is _RAISE_FOR_STATE:
+                    cached_populators["new"].append(
+                        (prop.key, prop._raise_column_loader)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    getter = None
+                    if adapter:
+                        # this logic had been removed for all 1.4 releases
+                        # up until 1.4.18; the adapter here is particularly
+                        # the compound eager adapter which isn't accommodated
+                        # in the quick_populators right now.  The "fallback"
+                        # logic below instead took over in many more cases
+                        # until issue #6596 was identified.
+
+                        # note there is still an issue where this codepath
+                        # produces no "getter" for cases where a joined-inh
+                        # mapping includes a labeled column property, meaning
+                        # KeyError is caught internally and we fall back to
+                        # _getter(col), which works anyway.   The adapter
+                        # here for joined inh without any aliasing might not
+                        # be useful.  Tests which see this include
+                        # test.orm.inheritance.test_basic ->
+                        # EagerTargetingTest.test_adapt_stringency
+                        # OptimizedLoadTest.test_column_expression_joined
+                        # PolymorphicOnNotLocalTest.test_polymorphic_on_column_prop  # noqa: E501
+                        #
+
+                        adapted_col = adapter.columns[col]
+                        if adapted_col is not None:
+                            getter = result._getter(adapted_col, False)
+                    if not getter:
+                        getter = result._getter(col, False)
+                    if getter:
+                        cached_populators["quick"].append((prop.key, getter))
+                    else:
+                        # fall back to the ColumnProperty itself, which
+                        # will iterate through all of its columns
+                        # to see if one fits
+                        prop.create_row_processor(
+                            context,
+                            query_entity,
+                            path,
+                            mapper,
+                            result,
+                            adapter,
+                            cached_populators,
+                        )
+            else:
+                # loader strategies like subqueryload, selectinload,
+                # joinedload, basically relationships, these need to interact
+                # with the context each time to work correctly.
+                todo.append(prop)
+
+        path.set(compile_state.attributes, getter_key, getters)
+
+    cached_populators = getters["cached_populators"]
+
+    populators = {key: list(value) for key, value in cached_populators.items()}
+    for prop in getters["todo"]:
+        prop.create_row_processor(
+            context, query_entity, path, mapper, result, adapter, populators
+        )
+
+    propagated_loader_options = context.propagated_loader_options
+    load_path = (
+        context.compile_state.current_path + path
+        if context.compile_state.current_path.path
+        else path
+    )
+
+    session_identity_map = context.session.identity_map
+
+    populate_existing = context.populate_existing or mapper.always_refresh
+    load_evt = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.load)
+    refresh_evt = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh)
+    persistent_evt = bool(context.session.dispatch.loaded_as_persistent)
+    if persistent_evt:
+        loaded_as_persistent = context.session.dispatch.loaded_as_persistent
+    instance_state = attributes.instance_state
+    instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict
+    session_id = context.session.hash_key
+    runid = context.runid
+    identity_token = context.identity_token
+
+    version_check = context.version_check
+    if version_check:
+        version_id_col = mapper.version_id_col
+        if version_id_col is not None:
+            if adapter:
+                version_id_col = adapter.columns[version_id_col]
+            version_id_getter = result._getter(version_id_col)
+        else:
+            version_id_getter = None
+
+    if not refresh_state and _polymorphic_from is not None:
+        key = ("loader", path.path)
+
+        if key in context.attributes and context.attributes[key].strategy == (
+            ("selectinload_polymorphic", True),
+        ):
+            option_entities = context.attributes[key].local_opts["entities"]
+        else:
+            option_entities = None
+        selectin_load_via = mapper._should_selectin_load(
+            option_entities,
+            _polymorphic_from,
+        )
+
+        if selectin_load_via and selectin_load_via is not _polymorphic_from:
+            # only_load_props goes w/ refresh_state only, and in a refresh
+            # we are a single row query for the exact entity; polymorphic
+            # loading does not apply
+            assert only_load_props is None
+
+            if selectin_load_via.is_mapper:
+                _load_supers = []
+                _endmost_mapper = selectin_load_via
+                while (
+                    _endmost_mapper
+                    and _endmost_mapper is not _polymorphic_from
+                ):
+                    _load_supers.append(_endmost_mapper)
+                    _endmost_mapper = _endmost_mapper.inherits
+            else:
+                _load_supers = [selectin_load_via]
+
+            for _selectinload_entity in _load_supers:
+                if PostLoad.path_exists(
+                    context, load_path, _selectinload_entity
+                ):
+                    continue
+                callable_ = _load_subclass_via_in(
+                    context,
+                    path,
+                    _selectinload_entity,
+                    _polymorphic_from,
+                    option_entities,
+                )
+                PostLoad.callable_for_path(
+                    context,
+                    load_path,
+                    _selectinload_entity.mapper,
+                    _selectinload_entity,
+                    callable_,
+                    _selectinload_entity,
+                )
+
+    post_load = PostLoad.for_context(context, load_path, only_load_props)
+
+    if refresh_state:
+        refresh_identity_key = refresh_state.key
+        if refresh_identity_key is None:
+            # super-rare condition; a refresh is being called
+            # on a non-instance-key instance; this is meant to only
+            # occur within a flush()
+            refresh_identity_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(
+                refresh_state
+            )
+    else:
+        refresh_identity_key = None
+
+        primary_key_getter = getters["primary_key_getter"]
+
+    if mapper.allow_partial_pks:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.issuperset
+    else:
+        is_not_primary_key = _none_set.intersection
+
+    def _instance(row):
+        # determine the state that we'll be populating
+        if refresh_identity_key:
+            # fixed state that we're refreshing
+            state = refresh_state
+            instance = state.obj()
+            dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+            isnew = state.runid != runid
+            currentload = True
+            loaded_instance = False
+        else:
+            # look at the row, see if that identity is in the
+            # session, or we have to create a new one
+            identitykey = (
+                identity_class,
+                primary_key_getter(row),
+                identity_token,
+            )
+
+            instance = session_identity_map.get(identitykey)
+
+            if instance is not None:
+                # existing instance
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+                dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+
+                isnew = state.runid != runid
+                currentload = not isnew
+                loaded_instance = False
+
+                if version_check and version_id_getter and not currentload:
+                    _validate_version_id(
+                        mapper, state, dict_, row, version_id_getter
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                # create a new instance
+
+                # check for non-NULL values in the primary key columns,
+                # else no entity is returned for the row
+                if is_not_primary_key(identitykey[1]):
+                    return None
+
+                isnew = True
+                currentload = True
+                loaded_instance = True
+
+                instance = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+
+                dict_ = instance_dict(instance)
+                state = instance_state(instance)
+                state.key = identitykey
+                state.identity_token = identity_token
+
+                # attach instance to session.
+                state.session_id = session_id
+                session_identity_map._add_unpresent(state, identitykey)
+
+        effective_populate_existing = populate_existing
+        if refresh_state is state:
+            effective_populate_existing = True
+
+        # populate.  this looks at whether this state is new
+        # for this load or was existing, and whether or not this
+        # row is the first row with this identity.
+        if currentload or effective_populate_existing:
+            # full population routines.  Objects here are either
+            # just created, or we are doing a populate_existing
+
+            # be conservative about setting load_path when populate_existing
+            # is in effect; want to maintain options from the original
+            # load.  see test_expire->test_refresh_maintains_deferred_options
+            if isnew and (
+                propagated_loader_options or not effective_populate_existing
+            ):
+                state.load_options = propagated_loader_options
+                state.load_path = load_path
+
+            _populate_full(
+                context,
+                row,
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                isnew,
+                load_path,
+                loaded_instance,
+                effective_populate_existing,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+            if isnew:
+                # state.runid should be equal to context.runid / runid
+                # here, however for event checks we are being more conservative
+                # and checking against existing run id
+                # assert state.runid == runid
+
+                existing_runid = state.runid
+
+                if loaded_instance:
+                    if load_evt:
+                        state.manager.dispatch.load(state, context)
+                        if state.runid != existing_runid:
+                            _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+                    if persistent_evt:
+                        loaded_as_persistent(context.session, state)
+                        if state.runid != existing_runid:
+                            _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+                elif refresh_evt:
+                    state.manager.dispatch.refresh(
+                        state, context, only_load_props
+                    )
+                    if state.runid != runid:
+                        _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+
+                if effective_populate_existing or state.modified:
+                    if refresh_state and only_load_props:
+                        state._commit(dict_, only_load_props)
+                    else:
+                        state._commit_all(dict_, session_identity_map)
+
+            if post_load:
+                post_load.add_state(state, True)
+
+        else:
+            # partial population routines, for objects that were already
+            # in the Session, but a row matches them; apply eager loaders
+            # on existing objects, etc.
+            unloaded = state.unloaded
+            isnew = state not in context.partials
+
+            if not isnew or unloaded or populators["eager"]:
+                # state is having a partial set of its attributes
+                # refreshed.  Populate those attributes,
+                # and add to the "context.partials" collection.
+
+                to_load = _populate_partial(
+                    context,
+                    row,
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    isnew,
+                    load_path,
+                    unloaded,
+                    populators,
+                )
+
+                if isnew:
+                    if refresh_evt:
+                        existing_runid = state.runid
+                        state.manager.dispatch.refresh(state, context, to_load)
+                        if state.runid != existing_runid:
+                            _warn_for_runid_changed(state)
+
+                    state._commit(dict_, to_load)
+
+            if post_load and context.invoke_all_eagers:
+                post_load.add_state(state, False)
+
+        return instance
+
+    if mapper.polymorphic_map and not _polymorphic_from and not refresh_state:
+        # if we are doing polymorphic, dispatch to a different _instance()
+        # method specific to the subclass mapper
+        def ensure_no_pk(row):
+            identitykey = (
+                identity_class,
+                primary_key_getter(row),
+                identity_token,
+            )
+            if not is_not_primary_key(identitykey[1]):
+                return identitykey
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        _instance = _decorate_polymorphic_switch(
+            _instance,
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            mapper,
+            result,
+            path,
+            polymorphic_discriminator,
+            adapter,
+            ensure_no_pk,
+        )
+
+    return _instance
+
+
+def _load_subclass_via_in(
+    context, path, entity, polymorphic_from, option_entities
+):
+    mapper = entity.mapper
+
+    # TODO: polymorphic_from seems to be a Mapper in all cases.
+    # this is likely not needed, but as we dont have typing in loading.py
+    # yet, err on the safe side
+    polymorphic_from_mapper = polymorphic_from.mapper
+    not_against_basemost = polymorphic_from_mapper.inherits is not None
+
+    zero_idx = len(mapper.base_mapper.primary_key) == 1
+
+    if entity.is_aliased_class or not_against_basemost:
+        q, enable_opt, disable_opt = mapper._subclass_load_via_in(
+            entity, polymorphic_from
+        )
+    else:
+        q, enable_opt, disable_opt = mapper._subclass_load_via_in_mapper
+
+    def do_load(context, path, states, load_only, effective_entity):
+        if not option_entities:
+            # filter out states for those that would have selectinloaded
+            # from another loader
+            # TODO: we are currently ignoring the case where the
+            # "selectin_polymorphic" option is used, as this is much more
+            # complex / specific / very uncommon API use
+            states = [
+                (s, v)
+                for s, v in states
+                if s.mapper._would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(mapper)
+            ]
+
+            if not states:
+                return
+
+        orig_query = context.query
+
+        if path.parent:
+            enable_opt_lcl = enable_opt._prepend_path(path)
+            disable_opt_lcl = disable_opt._prepend_path(path)
+        else:
+            enable_opt_lcl = enable_opt
+            disable_opt_lcl = disable_opt
+        options = (
+            (enable_opt_lcl,) + orig_query._with_options + (disable_opt_lcl,)
+        )
+
+        q2 = q.options(*options)
+
+        q2._compile_options = context.compile_state.default_compile_options
+        q2._compile_options += {"_current_path": path.parent}
+
+        if context.populate_existing:
+            q2 = q2.execution_options(populate_existing=True)
+
+        context.session.execute(
+            q2,
+            dict(
+                primary_keys=[
+                    state.key[1][0] if zero_idx else state.key[1]
+                    for state, load_attrs in states
+                ]
+            ),
+        ).unique().scalars().all()
+
+    return do_load
+
+
+def _populate_full(
+    context,
+    row,
+    state,
+    dict_,
+    isnew,
+    load_path,
+    loaded_instance,
+    populate_existing,
+    populators,
+):
+    if isnew:
+        # first time we are seeing a row with this identity.
+        state.runid = context.runid
+
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            dict_[key] = getter(row)
+        if populate_existing:
+            for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+                dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+        else:
+            for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+
+        for key, populator in populators["new"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    elif load_path != state.load_path:
+        # new load path, e.g. object is present in more than one
+        # column position in a series of rows
+        state.load_path = load_path
+
+        # if we have data, and the data isn't in the dict, OK, let's put
+        # it in.
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            if key not in dict_:
+                dict_[key] = getter(row)
+
+        # otherwise treat like an "already seen" row
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+            # TODO:  allow "existing" populator to know this is
+            # a new path for the state:
+            # populator(state, dict_, row, new_path=True)
+
+    else:
+        # have already seen rows with this identity in this same path.
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+            # TODO: same path
+            # populator(state, dict_, row, new_path=False)
+
+
+def _populate_partial(
+    context, row, state, dict_, isnew, load_path, unloaded, populators
+):
+    if not isnew:
+        if unloaded:
+            # extra pass, see #8166
+            for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+                if key in unloaded:
+                    dict_[key] = getter(row)
+
+        to_load = context.partials[state]
+        for key, populator in populators["existing"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+    else:
+        to_load = unloaded
+        context.partials[state] = to_load
+
+        for key, getter in populators["quick"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                dict_[key] = getter(row)
+        for key, set_callable in populators["expire"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if set_callable:
+                    state.expired_attributes.add(key)
+        for key, populator in populators["new"]:
+            if key in to_load:
+                populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    for key, populator in populators["eager"]:
+        if key not in unloaded:
+            populator(state, dict_, row)
+
+    return to_load
+
+
+def _validate_version_id(mapper, state, dict_, row, getter):
+    if mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+        state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col
+    ) != getter(row):
+        raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+            "Instance '%s' has version id '%s' which "
+            "does not match database-loaded version id '%s'."
+            % (
+                state_str(state),
+                mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col
+                ),
+                getter(row),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _decorate_polymorphic_switch(
+    instance_fn,
+    context,
+    query_entity,
+    mapper,
+    result,
+    path,
+    polymorphic_discriminator,
+    adapter,
+    ensure_no_pk,
+):
+    if polymorphic_discriminator is not None:
+        polymorphic_on = polymorphic_discriminator
+    else:
+        polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+    if polymorphic_on is None:
+        return instance_fn
+
+    if adapter:
+        polymorphic_on = adapter.columns[polymorphic_on]
+
+    def configure_subclass_mapper(discriminator):
+        try:
+            sub_mapper = mapper.polymorphic_map[discriminator]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "No such polymorphic_identity %r is defined" % discriminator
+            )
+        else:
+            if sub_mapper is mapper:
+                return None
+            elif not sub_mapper.isa(mapper):
+                return False
+
+            return _instance_processor(
+                query_entity,
+                sub_mapper,
+                context,
+                result,
+                path,
+                adapter,
+                _polymorphic_from=mapper,
+            )
+
+    polymorphic_instances = util.PopulateDict(configure_subclass_mapper)
+
+    getter = result._getter(polymorphic_on)
+
+    def polymorphic_instance(row):
+        discriminator = getter(row)
+        if discriminator is not None:
+            _instance = polymorphic_instances[discriminator]
+            if _instance:
+                return _instance(row)
+            elif _instance is False:
+                identitykey = ensure_no_pk(row)
+
+                if identitykey:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Row with identity key %s can't be loaded into an "
+                        "object; the polymorphic discriminator column '%s' "
+                        "refers to %s, which is not a sub-mapper of "
+                        "the requested %s"
+                        % (
+                            identitykey,
+                            polymorphic_on,
+                            mapper.polymorphic_map[discriminator],
+                            mapper,
+                        )
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return None
+            else:
+                return instance_fn(row)
+        else:
+            identitykey = ensure_no_pk(row)
+
+            if identitykey:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Row with identity key %s can't be loaded into an "
+                    "object; the polymorphic discriminator column '%s' is "
+                    "NULL" % (identitykey, polymorphic_on)
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    return polymorphic_instance
+
+
+class PostLoad:
+    """Track loaders and states for "post load" operations."""
+
+    __slots__ = "loaders", "states", "load_keys"
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.loaders = {}
+        self.states = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.load_keys = None
+
+    def add_state(self, state, overwrite):
+        # the states for a polymorphic load here are all shared
+        # within a single PostLoad object among multiple subtypes.
+        # Filtering of callables on a per-subclass basis needs to be done at
+        # the invocation level
+        self.states[state] = overwrite
+
+    def invoke(self, context, path):
+        if not self.states:
+            return
+        path = path_registry.PathRegistry.coerce(path)
+        for (
+            effective_context,
+            token,
+            limit_to_mapper,
+            loader,
+            arg,
+            kw,
+        ) in self.loaders.values():
+            states = [
+                (state, overwrite)
+                for state, overwrite in self.states.items()
+                if state.manager.mapper.isa(limit_to_mapper)
+            ]
+            if states:
+                loader(
+                    effective_context, path, states, self.load_keys, *arg, **kw
+                )
+        self.states.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def for_context(cls, context, path, only_load_props):
+        pl = context.post_load_paths.get(path.path)
+        if pl is not None and only_load_props:
+            pl.load_keys = only_load_props
+        return pl
+
+    @classmethod
+    def path_exists(self, context, path, key):
+        return (
+            path.path in context.post_load_paths
+            and key in context.post_load_paths[path.path].loaders
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def callable_for_path(
+        cls, context, path, limit_to_mapper, token, loader_callable, *arg, **kw
+    ):
+        if path.path in context.post_load_paths:
+            pl = context.post_load_paths[path.path]
+        else:
+            pl = context.post_load_paths[path.path] = PostLoad()
+        pl.loaders[token] = (
+            context,
+            token,
+            limit_to_mapper,
+            loader_callable,
+            arg,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+
+def load_scalar_attributes(mapper, state, attribute_names, passive):
+    """initiate a column-based attribute refresh operation."""
+
+    # assert mapper is _state_mapper(state)
+    session = state.session
+    if not session:
+        raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+            "Instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+            "attribute refresh operation cannot proceed" % (state_str(state))
+        )
+
+    no_autoflush = bool(passive & attributes.NO_AUTOFLUSH)
+
+    # in the case of inheritance, particularly concrete and abstract
+    # concrete inheritance, the class manager might have some keys
+    # of attributes on the superclass that we didn't actually map.
+    # These could be mapped as "concrete, don't load" or could be completely
+    # excluded from the mapping and we know nothing about them.  Filter them
+    # here to prevent them from coming through.
+    if attribute_names:
+        attribute_names = attribute_names.intersection(mapper.attrs.keys())
+
+    if mapper.inherits and not mapper.concrete:
+        # load based on committed attributes in the object, formed into
+        # a truncated SELECT that only includes relevant tables.  does not
+        # currently use state.key
+        statement = mapper._optimized_get_statement(state, attribute_names)
+        if statement is not None:
+            # undefer() isn't needed here because statement has the
+            # columns needed already, this implicitly undefers that column
+            stmt = FromStatement(mapper, statement)
+
+            return load_on_ident(
+                session,
+                stmt,
+                None,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names,
+                refresh_state=state,
+                no_autoflush=no_autoflush,
+            )
+
+    # normal load, use state.key as the identity to SELECT
+    has_key = bool(state.key)
+
+    if has_key:
+        identity_key = state.key
+    else:
+        # this codepath is rare - only valid when inside a flush, and the
+        # object is becoming persistent but hasn't yet been assigned
+        # an identity_key.
+        # check here to ensure we have the attrs we need.
+        pk_attrs = [
+            mapper._columntoproperty[col].key for col in mapper.primary_key
+        ]
+        if state.expired_attributes.intersection(pk_attrs):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance %s cannot be refreshed - it's not "
+                " persistent and does not "
+                "contain a full primary key." % state_str(state)
+            )
+        identity_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+    if (
+        _none_set.issubset(identity_key) and not mapper.allow_partial_pks
+    ) or _none_set.issuperset(identity_key):
+        util.warn_limited(
+            "Instance %s to be refreshed doesn't "
+            "contain a full primary key - can't be refreshed "
+            "(and shouldn't be expired, either).",
+            state_str(state),
+        )
+        return
+
+    result = load_on_ident(
+        session,
+        select(mapper).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL),
+        identity_key,
+        refresh_state=state,
+        only_load_props=attribute_names,
+        no_autoflush=no_autoflush,
+    )
+
+    # if instance is pending, a refresh operation
+    # may not complete (even if PK attributes are assigned)
+    if has_key and result is None:
+        raise orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError(state)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapped_collection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapped_collection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca085c40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapped_collection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+# orm/mapped_collection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base
+from .collections import collection
+from .collections import collection_adapter
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..util.langhelpers import Missing
+from ..util.langhelpers import MissingOr
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import AttributeEventToken
+    from . import Mapper
+    from .collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class _PlainColumnGetter(Generic[_KT]):
+    """Plain column getter, stores collection of Column objects
+    directly.
+
+    Serializes to a :class:`._SerializableColumnGetterV2`
+    which has more expensive __call__() performance
+    and some rare caveats.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("cols", "composite")
+
+    def __init__(self, cols: Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]) -> None:
+        self.cols = cols
+        self.composite = len(cols) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Type[_SerializableColumnGetterV2[_KT]],
+        Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]],
+    ]:
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2._reduce_from_cols(self.cols)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper: Mapper[_KT]) -> Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]:
+        return self.cols
+
+    def __call__(self, value: _KT) -> MissingOr[Union[_KT, Tuple[_KT, ...]]]:
+        state = base.instance_state(value)
+        m = base._state_mapper(state)
+
+        key: List[_KT] = [
+            m._get_state_attr_by_column(state, state.dict, col)
+            for col in self._cols(m)
+        ]
+        if self.composite:
+            return tuple(key)
+        else:
+            obj = key[0]
+            if obj is None:
+                return Missing
+            else:
+                return obj
+
+
+class _SerializableColumnGetterV2(_PlainColumnGetter[_KT]):
+    """Updated serializable getter which deals with
+    multi-table mapped classes.
+
+    Two extremely unusual cases are not supported.
+    Mappings which have tables across multiple metadata
+    objects, or which are mapped to non-Table selectables
+    linked across inheriting mappers may fail to function
+    here.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("colkeys",)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, colkeys: Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.colkeys = colkeys
+        self.composite = len(colkeys) > 1
+
+    def __reduce__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Type[_SerializableColumnGetterV2[_KT]],
+        Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]],
+    ]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.colkeys,)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reduce_from_cols(cls, cols: Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]) -> Tuple[
+        Type[_SerializableColumnGetterV2[_KT]],
+        Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[str]]]],
+    ]:
+        def _table_key(c: ColumnElement[_KT]) -> Optional[str]:
+            if not isinstance(c.table, expression.TableClause):
+                return None
+            else:
+                return c.table.key  # type: ignore
+
+        colkeys = [(c.key, _table_key(c)) for c in cols]
+        return _SerializableColumnGetterV2, (colkeys,)
+
+    def _cols(self, mapper: Mapper[_KT]) -> Sequence[ColumnElement[_KT]]:
+        cols: List[ColumnElement[_KT]] = []
+        metadata = getattr(mapper.local_table, "metadata", None)
+        for ckey, tkey in self.colkeys:
+            if tkey is None or metadata is None or tkey not in metadata:
+                cols.append(mapper.local_table.c[ckey])  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                cols.append(metadata.tables[tkey].c[ckey])
+        return cols
+
+
+def column_keyed_dict(
+    mapping_spec: Union[Type[_KT], Callable[[_KT], _VT]],
+    *,
+    ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False,
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]]:
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with column-based keying.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.column_mapped_collection` to
+       :class:`.column_keyed_dict`.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.KeyFuncDict` factory which will produce new
+    dictionary keys based on the value of a particular :class:`.Column`-mapped
+    attribute on ORM mapped instances to be added to the dictionary.
+
+    .. note:: the value of the target attribute must be assigned with its
+       value at the time that the object is being added to the
+       dictionary collection.   Additionally, changes to the key attribute
+       are **not tracked**, which means the key in the dictionary is not
+       automatically synchronized with the key value on the target object
+       itself.  See :ref:`key_collections_mutations` for further details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection` - background on use
+
+    :param mapping_spec: a :class:`_schema.Column` object that is expected
+     to be mapped by the target mapper to a particular attribute on the
+     mapped class, the value of which on a particular instance is to be used
+     as the key for a new dictionary entry for that instance.
+    :param ignore_unpopulated_attribute:  if True, and the mapped attribute
+     indicated by the given :class:`_schema.Column` target attribute
+     on an object is not populated at all, the operation will be silently
+     skipped.  By default, an error is raised.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0 an error is raised by default if the attribute
+        being used for the dictionary key is determined that it was never
+        populated with any value.  The
+        :paramref:`_orm.column_keyed_dict.ignore_unpopulated_attribute`
+        parameter may be set which will instead indicate that this condition
+        should be ignored, and the append operation silently skipped.
+        This is in contrast to the behavior of the 1.x series which would
+        erroneously populate the value in the dictionary with an arbitrary key
+        value of ``None``.
+
+
+    """
+    cols = [
+        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnArgumentRole, q, argname="mapping_spec")
+        for q in util.to_list(mapping_spec)
+    ]
+    keyfunc = _PlainColumnGetter(cols)
+    return _mapped_collection_cls(
+        keyfunc,
+        ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute,
+    )
+
+
+class _AttrGetter:
+    __slots__ = ("attr_name", "getter")
+
+    def __init__(self, attr_name: str):
+        self.attr_name = attr_name
+        self.getter = operator.attrgetter(attr_name)
+
+    def __call__(self, mapped_object: Any) -> Any:
+        obj = self.getter(mapped_object)
+        if obj is None:
+            state = base.instance_state(mapped_object)
+            mp = state.mapper
+            if self.attr_name in mp.attrs:
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                obj = dict_.get(self.attr_name, base.NO_VALUE)
+                if obj is None:
+                    return Missing
+            else:
+                return Missing
+
+        return obj
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Tuple[Type[_AttrGetter], Tuple[str]]:
+        return _AttrGetter, (self.attr_name,)
+
+
+def attribute_keyed_dict(
+    attr_name: str, *, ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[Any, Any]]:
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with attribute-based keying.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.attribute_mapped_collection` to
+       :func:`.attribute_keyed_dict`.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.KeyFuncDict` factory which will produce new
+    dictionary keys based on the value of a particular named attribute on
+    ORM mapped instances to be added to the dictionary.
+
+    .. note:: the value of the target attribute must be assigned with its
+       value at the time that the object is being added to the
+       dictionary collection.   Additionally, changes to the key attribute
+       are **not tracked**, which means the key in the dictionary is not
+       automatically synchronized with the key value on the target object
+       itself.  See :ref:`key_collections_mutations` for further details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection` - background on use
+
+    :param attr_name: string name of an ORM-mapped attribute
+     on the mapped class, the value of which on a particular instance
+     is to be used as the key for a new dictionary entry for that instance.
+    :param ignore_unpopulated_attribute:  if True, and the target attribute
+     on an object is not populated at all, the operation will be silently
+     skipped.  By default, an error is raised.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0 an error is raised by default if the attribute
+        being used for the dictionary key is determined that it was never
+        populated with any value.  The
+        :paramref:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict.ignore_unpopulated_attribute`
+        parameter may be set which will instead indicate that this condition
+        should be ignored, and the append operation silently skipped.
+        This is in contrast to the behavior of the 1.x series which would
+        erroneously populate the value in the dictionary with an arbitrary key
+        value of ``None``.
+
+
+    """
+
+    return _mapped_collection_cls(
+        _AttrGetter(attr_name),
+        ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute,
+    )
+
+
+def keyfunc_mapping(
+    keyfunc: Callable[[Any], Any],
+    *,
+    ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False,
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[_KT, Any]]:
+    """A dictionary-based collection type with arbitrary keying.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.mapped_collection` to
+       :func:`.keyfunc_mapping`.
+
+    Returns a :class:`.KeyFuncDict` factory with a keying function
+    generated from keyfunc, a callable that takes an entity and returns a
+    key value.
+
+    .. note:: the given keyfunc is called only once at the time that the
+       target object is being added to the collection.   Changes to the
+       effective value returned by the function are not tracked.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection` - background on use
+
+    :param keyfunc: a callable that will be passed the ORM-mapped instance
+     which should then generate a new key to use in the dictionary.
+     If the value returned is :attr:`.LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE`, an error
+     is raised.
+    :param ignore_unpopulated_attribute:  if True, and the callable returns
+     :attr:`.LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE` for a particular instance, the
+     operation will be silently skipped.  By default, an error is raised.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0 an error is raised by default if the callable
+        being used for the dictionary key returns
+        :attr:`.LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE`, which in an ORM attribute
+        context indicates an attribute that was never populated with any value.
+        The :paramref:`_orm.mapped_collection.ignore_unpopulated_attribute`
+        parameter may be set which will instead indicate that this condition
+        should be ignored, and the append operation silently skipped. This is
+        in contrast to the behavior of the 1.x series which would erroneously
+        populate the value in the dictionary with an arbitrary key value of
+        ``None``.
+
+
+    """
+    return _mapped_collection_cls(
+        keyfunc, ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute
+    )
+
+
+class KeyFuncDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Base for ORM mapped dictionary classes.
+
+    Extends the ``dict`` type with additional methods needed by SQLAlchemy ORM
+    collection classes. Use of :class:`_orm.KeyFuncDict` is most directly
+    by using the :func:`.attribute_keyed_dict` or
+    :func:`.column_keyed_dict` class factories.
+    :class:`_orm.KeyFuncDict` may also serve as the base for user-defined
+    custom dictionary classes.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :class:`.MappedCollection` to
+       :class:`.KeyFuncDict`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict`
+
+        :func:`_orm.column_keyed_dict`
+
+        :ref:`orm_dictionary_collection`
+
+        :ref:`orm_custom_collection`
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keyfunc: Callable[[Any], Any],
+        *dict_args: Any,
+        ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new collection with keying provided by keyfunc.
+
+        keyfunc may be any callable that takes an object and returns an object
+        for use as a dictionary key.
+
+        The keyfunc will be called every time the ORM needs to add a member by
+        value-only (such as when loading instances from the database) or
+        remove a member.  The usual cautions about dictionary keying apply-
+        ``keyfunc(object)`` should return the same output for the life of the
+        collection.  Keying based on mutable properties can result in
+        unreachable instances "lost" in the collection.
+
+        """
+        self.keyfunc = keyfunc
+        self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute = ignore_unpopulated_attribute
+        super().__init__(*dict_args)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _unreduce(
+        cls,
+        keyfunc: Callable[[Any], Any],
+        values: Dict[_KT, _KT],
+        adapter: Optional[CollectionAdapter] = None,
+    ) -> "KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]":
+        mp: KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT] = KeyFuncDict(keyfunc)
+        mp.update(values)
+        # note that the adapter sets itself up onto this collection
+        # when its `__setstate__` method is called
+        return mp
+
+    def __reduce__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Callable[[_KT, _KT], KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]],
+        Tuple[Any, Union[Dict[_KT, _KT], Dict[_KT, _KT]], CollectionAdapter],
+    ]:
+        return (
+            KeyFuncDict._unreduce,
+            (
+                self.keyfunc,
+                dict(self),
+                collection_adapter(self),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.attributes")
+    def _raise_for_unpopulated(
+        self,
+        value: _KT,
+        initiator: Union[AttributeEventToken, Literal[None, False]] = None,
+        *,
+        warn_only: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        mapper = base.instance_state(value).mapper
+
+        attributes = util.preloaded.orm_attributes
+
+        if not isinstance(initiator, attributes.AttributeEventToken):
+            relationship = "unknown relationship"
+        elif initiator.key in mapper.attrs:
+            relationship = f"{mapper.attrs[initiator.key]}"
+        else:
+            relationship = initiator.key
+
+        if warn_only:
+            util.warn(
+                f"Attribute keyed dictionary value for "
+                f"attribute '{relationship}' was None; this will raise "
+                "in a future release. "
+                f"To skip this assignment entirely, "
+                f'Set the "ignore_unpopulated_attribute=True" '
+                f"parameter on the mapped collection factory."
+            )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "In event triggered from population of "
+                f"attribute '{relationship}' "
+                "(potentially from a backref), "
+                f"can't populate value in KeyFuncDict; "
+                "dictionary key "
+                f"derived from {base.instance_str(value)} is not "
+                f"populated. Ensure appropriate state is set up on "
+                f"the {base.instance_str(value)} object "
+                f"before assigning to the {relationship} attribute. "
+                f"To skip this assignment entirely, "
+                f'Set the "ignore_unpopulated_attribute=True" '
+                f"parameter on the mapped collection factory."
+            )
+
+    @collection.appender  # type: ignore[misc]
+    @collection.internally_instrumented  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def set(
+        self,
+        value: _KT,
+        _sa_initiator: Union[AttributeEventToken, Literal[None, False]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+
+        if key is base.NO_VALUE:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=False
+                )
+            else:
+                return
+        elif key is Missing:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=True
+                )
+                key = None
+            else:
+                return
+
+        self.__setitem__(key, value, _sa_initiator)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+    @collection.remover  # type: ignore[misc]
+    @collection.internally_instrumented  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        value: _KT,
+        _sa_initiator: Union[AttributeEventToken, Literal[None, False]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Remove an item by value, consulting the keyfunc for the key."""
+
+        key = self.keyfunc(value)
+
+        if key is base.NO_VALUE:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=False
+                )
+            return
+        elif key is Missing:
+            if not self.ignore_unpopulated_attribute:
+                self._raise_for_unpopulated(
+                    value, _sa_initiator, warn_only=True
+                )
+                key = None
+            else:
+                return
+
+        # Let self[key] raise if key is not in this collection
+        # testlib.pragma exempt:__ne__
+        if self[key] != value:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can not remove '%s': collection holds '%s' for key '%s'. "
+                "Possible cause: is the KeyFuncDict key function "
+                "based on mutable properties or properties that only obtain "
+                "values after flush?" % (value, self[key], key)
+            )
+        self.__delitem__(key, _sa_initiator)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+
+
+def _mapped_collection_cls(
+    keyfunc: Callable[[Any], Any], ignore_unpopulated_attribute: bool
+) -> Type[KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]]:
+    class _MKeyfuncMapped(KeyFuncDict[_KT, _KT]):
+        def __init__(self, *dict_args: Any) -> None:
+            super().__init__(
+                keyfunc,
+                *dict_args,
+                ignore_unpopulated_attribute=ignore_unpopulated_attribute,
+            )
+
+    return _MKeyfuncMapped
+
+
+MappedCollection = KeyFuncDict
+"""A synonym for :class:`.KeyFuncDict`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :class:`.MappedCollection` to
+   :class:`.KeyFuncDict`.
+
+"""
+
+mapped_collection = keyfunc_mapping
+"""A synonym for :func:`_orm.keyfunc_mapping`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.mapped_collection` to
+   :func:`_orm.keyfunc_mapping`
+
+"""
+
+attribute_mapped_collection = attribute_keyed_dict
+"""A synonym for :func:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict`.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :data:`.attribute_mapped_collection` to
+   :func:`_orm.attribute_keyed_dict`
+
+"""
+
+column_mapped_collection = column_keyed_dict
+"""A synonym for :func:`_orm.column_keyed_dict.
+
+.. versionchanged:: 2.0 Renamed :func:`.column_mapped_collection` to
+   :func:`_orm.column_keyed_dict`
+
+"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eab2be55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/mapper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4431 @@
+# orm/mapper.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Logic to map Python classes to and from selectables.
+
+Defines the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.mapper.Mapper` class, the central
+configurational unit which associates a class with a database table.
+
+This is a semi-private module; the main configurational API of the ORM is
+available in :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+from functools import reduce
+from itertools import chain
+import sys
+import threading
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import instrumentation
+from . import loading
+from . import properties
+from . import util as orm_util
+from ._typing import _O
+from .base import _class_to_mapper
+from .base import _parse_mapper_argument
+from .base import _state_mapper
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import state_str
+from .interfaces import _MappedAttribute
+from .interfaces import EXT_SKIP
+from .interfaces import InspectionAttr
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole
+from .interfaces import ORMFromClauseRole
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import log
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..sql import base as sql_base
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import TableClause
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey
+from ..sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.schema import Table
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _ORMColumnExprArgument
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .decl_api import registry
+    from .dependency import DependencyProcessor
+    from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty
+    from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+    from .events import MapperEvents
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .path_registry import CachingEntityRegistry
+    from .properties import ColumnProperty
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import ORMAdapter
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ..sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnClause
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..util import OrderedSet
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_MP = TypeVar("_MP", bound="MapperProperty[Any]")
+_Fn = TypeVar("_Fn", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+
+_WithPolymorphicArg = Union[
+    Literal["*"],
+    Tuple[
+        Union[Literal["*"], Sequence[Union["Mapper[Any]", Type[Any]]]],
+        Optional["FromClause"],
+    ],
+    Sequence[Union["Mapper[Any]", Type[Any]]],
+]
+
+
+_mapper_registries: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[_RegistryType, bool] = (
+    weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+)
+
+
+def _all_registries() -> Set[registry]:
+    with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+        return set(_mapper_registries)
+
+
+def _unconfigured_mappers() -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+    for reg in _all_registries():
+        yield from reg._mappers_to_configure()
+
+
+_already_compiling = False
+
+
+# a constant returned by _get_attr_by_column to indicate
+# this mapper is not handling an attribute for a particular
+# column
+NO_ATTRIBUTE = util.symbol("NO_ATTRIBUTE")
+
+# lock used to synchronize the "mapper configure" step
+_CONFIGURE_MUTEX = threading.RLock()
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Mapper(
+    ORMFromClauseRole,
+    ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole[_O],
+    MemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    InspectionAttr,
+    log.Identified,
+    inspection.Inspectable["Mapper[_O]"],
+    EventTarget,
+    Generic[_O],
+):
+    """Defines an association between a Python class and a database table or
+    other relational structure, so that ORM operations against the class may
+    proceed.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.Mapper` object is instantiated using mapping methods
+    present on the :class:`_orm.registry` object.  For information
+    about instantiating new :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects, see
+    :ref:`orm_mapping_classes_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Mapper[_O]]
+
+    _dispose_called = False
+    _configure_failed: Any = False
+    _ready_for_configure = False
+
+    @util.deprecated_params(
+        non_primary=(
+            "1.3",
+            "The :paramref:`.mapper.non_primary` parameter is deprecated, "
+            "and will be removed in a future release.  The functionality "
+            "of non primary mappers is now better suited using the "
+            ":class:`.AliasedClass` construct, which can also be used "
+            "as the target of a :func:`_orm.relationship` in 1.3.",
+        ),
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Type[_O],
+        local_table: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        properties: Optional[Mapping[str, MapperProperty[Any]]] = None,
+        primary_key: Optional[Iterable[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any]]] = None,
+        non_primary: bool = False,
+        inherits: Optional[Union[Mapper[Any], Type[Any]]] = None,
+        inherit_condition: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        inherit_foreign_keys: Optional[
+            Sequence[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        always_refresh: bool = False,
+        version_id_col: Optional[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any]] = None,
+        version_id_generator: Optional[
+            Union[Literal[False], Callable[[Any], Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        polymorphic_on: Optional[
+            Union[_ORMColumnExprArgument[Any], str, MapperProperty[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        _polymorphic_map: Optional[Dict[Any, Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+        polymorphic_identity: Optional[Any] = None,
+        concrete: bool = False,
+        with_polymorphic: Optional[_WithPolymorphicArg] = None,
+        polymorphic_abstract: bool = False,
+        polymorphic_load: Optional[Literal["selectin", "inline"]] = None,
+        allow_partial_pks: bool = True,
+        batch: bool = True,
+        column_prefix: Optional[str] = None,
+        include_properties: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        exclude_properties: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        passive_updates: bool = True,
+        passive_deletes: bool = False,
+        confirm_deleted_rows: bool = True,
+        eager_defaults: Literal[True, False, "auto"] = "auto",
+        legacy_is_orphan: bool = False,
+        _compiled_cache_size: int = 100,
+    ):
+        r"""Direct constructor for a new :class:`_orm.Mapper` object.
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructor is not called directly, and
+        is normally invoked through the
+        use of the :class:`_orm.registry` object through either the
+        :ref:`Declarative <orm_declarative_mapping>` or
+        :ref:`Imperative <orm_imperative_mapping>` mapping styles.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 The public facing ``mapper()`` function is
+           removed; for a classical mapping configuration, use the
+           :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` method.
+
+        Parameters documented below may be passed to either the
+        :meth:`_orm.registry.map_imperatively` method, or may be passed in the
+        ``__mapper_args__`` declarative class attribute described at
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_mapper_options`.
+
+        :param class\_: The class to be mapped.  When using Declarative,
+          this argument is automatically passed as the declared class
+          itself.
+
+        :param local_table: The :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+           :class:`_sql.FromClause` (i.e. selectable) to which the class is
+           mapped. May be ``None`` if this mapper inherits from another mapper
+           using single-table inheritance. When using Declarative, this
+           argument is automatically passed by the extension, based on what is
+           configured via the :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__table__` attribute
+           or via the :class:`_schema.Table` produced as a result of
+           the :attr:`_orm.DeclarativeBase.__tablename__` attribute being
+           present.
+
+        :param polymorphic_abstract: Indicates this class will be mapped in a
+            polymorphic hierarchy, but not directly instantiated. The class is
+            mapped normally, except that it has no requirement for a
+            :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_identity` within an inheritance
+            hierarchy. The class however must be part of a polymorphic
+            inheritance scheme which uses
+            :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` at the base.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`orm_inheritance_abstract_poly`
+
+        :param always_refresh: If True, all query operations for this mapped
+           class will overwrite all data within object instances that already
+           exist within the session, erasing any in-memory changes with
+           whatever information was loaded from the database. Usage of this
+           flag is highly discouraged; as an alternative, see the method
+           :meth:`_query.Query.populate_existing`.
+
+        :param allow_partial_pks: Defaults to True.  Indicates that a
+           composite primary key with some NULL values should be considered as
+           possibly existing within the database. This affects whether a
+           mapper will assign an incoming row to an existing identity, as well
+           as if :meth:`.Session.merge` will check the database first for a
+           particular primary key value. A "partial primary key" can occur if
+           one has mapped to an OUTER JOIN, for example.
+
+           The :paramref:`.orm.Mapper.allow_partial_pks` parameter also
+           indicates to the ORM relationship lazy loader, when loading a
+           many-to-one related object, if a composite primary key that has
+           partial NULL values should result in an attempt to load from the
+           database, or if a load attempt is not necessary.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 2.0.36 :paramref:`.orm.Mapper.allow_partial_pks`
+              is consulted by the relationship lazy loader strategy, such that
+              when set to False, a SELECT for a composite primary key that
+              has partial NULL values will not be emitted.
+
+        :param batch: Defaults to ``True``, indicating that save operations
+           of multiple entities can be batched together for efficiency.
+           Setting to False indicates
+           that an instance will be fully saved before saving the next
+           instance.  This is used in the extremely rare case that a
+           :class:`.MapperEvents` listener requires being called
+           in between individual row persistence operations.
+
+        :param column_prefix: A string which will be prepended
+           to the mapped attribute name when :class:`_schema.Column`
+           objects are automatically assigned as attributes to the
+           mapped class.  Does not affect :class:`.Column` objects that
+           are mapped explicitly in the :paramref:`.Mapper.properties`
+           dictionary.
+
+           This parameter is typically useful with imperative mappings
+           that keep the :class:`.Table` object separate.  Below, assuming
+           the ``user_table`` :class:`.Table` object has columns named
+           ``user_id``, ``user_name``, and ``password``::
+
+                class User(Base):
+                    __table__ = user_table
+                    __mapper_args__ = {"column_prefix": "_"}
+
+           The above mapping will assign the ``user_id``, ``user_name``, and
+           ``password`` columns to attributes named ``_user_id``,
+           ``_user_name``, and ``_password`` on the mapped ``User`` class.
+
+           The :paramref:`.Mapper.column_prefix` parameter is uncommon in
+           modern use. For dealing with reflected tables, a more flexible
+           approach to automating a naming scheme is to intercept the
+           :class:`.Column` objects as they are reflected; see the section
+           :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` for notes on this usage
+           pattern.
+
+        :param concrete: If True, indicates this mapper should use concrete
+           table inheritance with its parent mapper.
+
+           See the section :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example.
+
+        :param confirm_deleted_rows: defaults to True; when a DELETE occurs
+          of one more rows based on specific primary keys, a warning is
+          emitted when the number of rows matched does not equal the number
+          of rows expected.  This parameter may be set to False to handle the
+          case where database ON DELETE CASCADE rules may be deleting some of
+          those rows automatically.  The warning may be changed to an
+          exception in a future release.
+
+        :param eager_defaults: if True, the ORM will immediately fetch the
+          value of server-generated default values after an INSERT or UPDATE,
+          rather than leaving them as expired to be fetched on next access.
+          This can be used for event schemes where the server-generated values
+          are needed immediately before the flush completes.
+
+          The fetch of values occurs either by using ``RETURNING`` inline
+          with the ``INSERT`` or ``UPDATE`` statement, or by adding an
+          additional ``SELECT`` statement subsequent to the ``INSERT`` or
+          ``UPDATE``, if the backend does not support ``RETURNING``.
+
+          The use of ``RETURNING`` is extremely performant in particular for
+          ``INSERT`` statements where SQLAlchemy can take advantage of
+          :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`, whereas the use of
+          an additional ``SELECT`` is relatively poor performing, adding
+          additional SQL round trips which would be unnecessary if these new
+          attributes are not to be accessed in any case.
+
+          For this reason, :paramref:`.Mapper.eager_defaults` defaults to the
+          string value ``"auto"``, which indicates that server defaults for
+          INSERT should be fetched using ``RETURNING`` if the backing database
+          supports it and if the dialect in use supports "insertmanyreturning"
+          for an INSERT statement. If the backing database does not support
+          ``RETURNING`` or "insertmanyreturning" is not available, server
+          defaults will not be fetched.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0rc1 added the "auto" option for
+             :paramref:`.Mapper.eager_defaults`
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`orm_server_defaults`
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0  RETURNING now works with multiple rows
+             INSERTed at once using the
+             :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>` feature, which
+             among other things allows the :paramref:`.Mapper.eager_defaults`
+             feature to be very performant on supporting backends.
+
+        :param exclude_properties: A list or set of string column names to
+          be excluded from mapping.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`include_exclude_cols`
+
+        :param include_properties: An inclusive list or set of string column
+          names to map.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`include_exclude_cols`
+
+        :param inherits: A mapped class or the corresponding
+          :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+          of one indicating a superclass to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+          should *inherit* from.   The mapped class here must be a subclass
+          of the other mapper's class.   When using Declarative, this argument
+          is passed automatically as a result of the natural class
+          hierarchy of the declared classes.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param inherit_condition: For joined table inheritance, a SQL
+           expression which will
+           define how the two tables are joined; defaults to a natural join
+           between the two tables.
+
+        :param inherit_foreign_keys: When ``inherit_condition`` is used and
+           the columns present are missing a :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+           configuration, this parameter can be used to specify which columns
+           are "foreign".  In most cases can be left as ``None``.
+
+        :param legacy_is_orphan: Boolean, defaults to ``False``.
+          When ``True``, specifies that "legacy" orphan consideration
+          is to be applied to objects mapped by this mapper, which means
+          that a pending (that is, not persistent) object is auto-expunged
+          from an owning :class:`.Session` only when it is de-associated
+          from *all* parents that specify a ``delete-orphan`` cascade towards
+          this mapper.  The new default behavior is that the object is
+          auto-expunged when it is de-associated with *any* of its parents
+          that specify ``delete-orphan`` cascade.  This behavior is more
+          consistent with that of a persistent object, and allows behavior to
+          be consistent in more scenarios independently of whether or not an
+          orphan object has been flushed yet or not.
+
+          See the change note and example at :ref:`legacy_is_orphan_addition`
+          for more detail on this change.
+
+        :param non_primary: Specify that this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+          is in addition
+          to the "primary" mapper, that is, the one used for persistence.
+          The :class:`_orm.Mapper` created here may be used for ad-hoc
+          mapping of the class to an alternate selectable, for loading
+          only.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationship_aliased_class` - the new pattern that removes
+            the need for the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.non_primary` flag.
+
+        :param passive_deletes: Indicates DELETE behavior of foreign key
+           columns when a joined-table inheritance entity is being deleted.
+           Defaults to ``False`` for a base mapper; for an inheriting mapper,
+           defaults to ``False`` unless the value is set to ``True``
+           on the superclass mapper.
+
+           When ``True``, it is assumed that ON DELETE CASCADE is configured
+           on the foreign key relationships that link this mapper's table
+           to its superclass table, so that when the unit of work attempts
+           to delete the entity, it need only emit a DELETE statement for the
+           superclass table, and not this table.
+
+           When ``False``, a DELETE statement is emitted for this mapper's
+           table individually.  If the primary key attributes local to this
+           table are unloaded, then a SELECT must be emitted in order to
+           validate these attributes; note that the primary key columns
+           of a joined-table subclass are not part of the "primary key" of
+           the object as a whole.
+
+           Note that a value of ``True`` is **always** forced onto the
+           subclass mappers; that is, it's not possible for a superclass
+           to specify passive_deletes without this taking effect for
+           all subclass mappers.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`passive_deletes` - description of similar feature as
+               used with :func:`_orm.relationship`
+
+               :paramref:`.mapper.passive_updates` - supporting ON UPDATE
+               CASCADE for joined-table inheritance mappers
+
+        :param passive_updates: Indicates UPDATE behavior of foreign key
+           columns when a primary key column changes on a joined-table
+           inheritance mapping.   Defaults to ``True``.
+
+           When True, it is assumed that ON UPDATE CASCADE is configured on
+           the foreign key in the database, and that the database will handle
+           propagation of an UPDATE from a source column to dependent columns
+           on joined-table rows.
+
+           When False, it is assumed that the database does not enforce
+           referential integrity and will not be issuing its own CASCADE
+           operation for an update.  The unit of work process will
+           emit an UPDATE statement for the dependent columns during a
+           primary key change.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`passive_updates` - description of a similar feature as
+               used with :func:`_orm.relationship`
+
+               :paramref:`.mapper.passive_deletes` - supporting ON DELETE
+               CASCADE for joined-table inheritance mappers
+
+        :param polymorphic_load: Specifies "polymorphic loading" behavior
+         for a subclass in an inheritance hierarchy (joined and single
+         table inheritance only).   Valid values are:
+
+          * "'inline'" - specifies this class should be part of
+            the "with_polymorphic" mappers, e.g. its columns will be included
+            in a SELECT query against the base.
+
+          * "'selectin'" - specifies that when instances of this class
+            are loaded, an additional SELECT will be emitted to retrieve
+            the columns specific to this subclass.  The SELECT uses
+            IN to fetch multiple subclasses at once.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`with_polymorphic_mapper_config`
+
+            :ref:`polymorphic_selectin`
+
+        :param polymorphic_on: Specifies the column, attribute, or
+          SQL expression used to determine the target class for an
+          incoming row, when inheriting classes are present.
+
+          May be specified as a string attribute name, or as a SQL
+          expression such as a :class:`_schema.Column` or in a Declarative
+          mapping a :func:`_orm.mapped_column` object.  It is typically
+          expected that the SQL expression corresponds to a column in the
+          base-most mapped :class:`.Table`::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = "employee"
+
+                id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+                discriminator: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on": discriminator,
+                    "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+                }
+
+          It may also be specified
+          as a SQL expression, as in this example where we
+          use the :func:`.case` construct to provide a conditional
+          approach::
+
+            class Employee(Base):
+                __tablename__ = "employee"
+
+                id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+                discriminator: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(50))
+
+                __mapper_args__ = {
+                    "polymorphic_on": case(
+                        (discriminator == "EN", "engineer"),
+                        (discriminator == "MA", "manager"),
+                        else_="employee",
+                    ),
+                    "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+                }
+
+          It may also refer to any attribute using its string name,
+          which is of particular use when using annotated column
+          configurations::
+
+                class Employee(Base):
+                    __tablename__ = "employee"
+
+                    id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+                    discriminator: Mapped[str]
+
+                    __mapper_args__ = {
+                        "polymorphic_on": "discriminator",
+                        "polymorphic_identity": "employee",
+                    }
+
+          When setting ``polymorphic_on`` to reference an
+          attribute or expression that's not present in the
+          locally mapped :class:`_schema.Table`, yet the value
+          of the discriminator should be persisted to the database,
+          the value of the
+          discriminator is not automatically set on new
+          instances; this must be handled by the user,
+          either through manual means or via event listeners.
+          A typical approach to establishing such a listener
+          looks like::
+
+                from sqlalchemy import event
+                from sqlalchemy.orm import object_mapper
+
+
+                @event.listens_for(Employee, "init", propagate=True)
+                def set_identity(instance, *arg, **kw):
+                    mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+                    instance.discriminator = mapper.polymorphic_identity
+
+          Where above, we assign the value of ``polymorphic_identity``
+          for the mapped class to the ``discriminator`` attribute,
+          thus persisting the value to the ``discriminator`` column
+          in the database.
+
+          .. warning::
+
+             Currently, **only one discriminator column may be set**, typically
+             on the base-most class in the hierarchy. "Cascading" polymorphic
+             columns are not yet supported.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param polymorphic_identity: Specifies the value which
+          identifies this particular class as returned by the column expression
+          referred to by the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` setting. As
+          rows are received, the value corresponding to the
+          :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` column expression is compared
+          to this value, indicating which subclass should be used for the newly
+          reconstructed object.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`inheritance_toplevel`
+
+        :param properties: A dictionary mapping the string names of object
+           attributes to :class:`.MapperProperty` instances, which define the
+           persistence behavior of that attribute.  Note that
+           :class:`_schema.Column`
+           objects present in
+           the mapped :class:`_schema.Table` are automatically placed into
+           ``ColumnProperty`` instances upon mapping, unless overridden.
+           When using Declarative, this argument is passed automatically,
+           based on all those :class:`.MapperProperty` instances declared
+           in the declared class body.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`orm_mapping_properties` - in the
+               :ref:`orm_mapping_classes_toplevel`
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of :class:`_schema.Column`
+           objects, or alternatively string names of attribute names which
+           refer to :class:`_schema.Column`, which define
+           the primary key to be used against this mapper's selectable unit.
+           This is normally simply the primary key of the ``local_table``, but
+           can be overridden here.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 2.0.2 :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key`
+              arguments may be indicated as string attribute names as well.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`mapper_primary_key` - background and example use
+
+        :param version_id_col: A :class:`_schema.Column`
+           that will be used to keep a running version id of rows
+           in the table.  This is used to detect concurrent updates or
+           the presence of stale data in a flush.  The methodology is to
+           detect if an UPDATE statement does not match the last known
+           version id, a
+           :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.StaleDataError` exception is
+           thrown.
+           By default, the column must be of :class:`.Integer` type,
+           unless ``version_id_generator`` specifies an alternative version
+           generator.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+              :ref:`mapper_version_counter` - discussion of version counting
+              and rationale.
+
+        :param version_id_generator: Define how new version ids should
+          be generated.  Defaults to ``None``, which indicates that
+          a simple integer counting scheme be employed.  To provide a custom
+          versioning scheme, provide a callable function of the form::
+
+              def generate_version(version):
+                  return next_version
+
+          Alternatively, server-side versioning functions such as triggers,
+          or programmatic versioning schemes outside of the version id
+          generator may be used, by specifying the value ``False``.
+          Please see :ref:`server_side_version_counter` for a discussion
+          of important points when using this option.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`custom_version_counter`
+
+             :ref:`server_side_version_counter`
+
+
+        :param with_polymorphic: A tuple in the form ``(<classes>,
+            <selectable>)`` indicating the default style of "polymorphic"
+            loading, that is, which tables are queried at once. <classes> is
+            any single or list of mappers and/or classes indicating the
+            inherited classes that should be loaded at once. The special value
+            ``'*'`` may be used to indicate all descending classes should be
+            loaded immediately. The second tuple argument <selectable>
+            indicates a selectable that will be used to query for multiple
+            classes.
+
+            The :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_load` parameter may be
+            preferable over the use of :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.with_polymorphic`
+            in modern mappings to indicate a per-subclass technique of
+            indicating polymorphic loading styles.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`with_polymorphic_mapper_config`
+
+        """
+        self.class_ = util.assert_arg_type(class_, type, "class_")
+        self._sort_key = "%s.%s" % (
+            self.class_.__module__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+        )
+
+        self._primary_key_argument = util.to_list(primary_key)
+        self.non_primary = non_primary
+
+        self.always_refresh = always_refresh
+
+        if isinstance(version_id_col, MapperProperty):
+            self.version_id_prop = version_id_col
+            self.version_id_col = None
+        else:
+            self.version_id_col = (
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole,
+                    version_id_col,
+                    argname="version_id_col",
+                )
+                if version_id_col is not None
+                else None
+            )
+
+        if version_id_generator is False:
+            self.version_id_generator = False
+        elif version_id_generator is None:
+            self.version_id_generator = lambda x: (x or 0) + 1
+        else:
+            self.version_id_generator = version_id_generator
+
+        self.concrete = concrete
+        self.single = False
+
+        if inherits is not None:
+            self.inherits = _parse_mapper_argument(inherits)
+        else:
+            self.inherits = None
+
+        if local_table is not None:
+            self.local_table = coercions.expect(
+                roles.StrictFromClauseRole,
+                local_table,
+                disable_inspection=True,
+                argname="local_table",
+            )
+        elif self.inherits:
+            # note this is a new flow as of 2.0 so that
+            # .local_table need not be Optional
+            self.local_table = self.inherits.local_table
+            self.single = True
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Mapper[{self.class_.__name__}(None)] has None for a "
+                "primary table argument and does not specify 'inherits'"
+            )
+
+        if inherit_condition is not None:
+            self.inherit_condition = coercions.expect(
+                roles.OnClauseRole, inherit_condition
+            )
+        else:
+            self.inherit_condition = None
+
+        self.inherit_foreign_keys = inherit_foreign_keys
+        self._init_properties = dict(properties) if properties else {}
+        self._delete_orphans = []
+        self.batch = batch
+        self.eager_defaults = eager_defaults
+        self.column_prefix = column_prefix
+
+        # interim - polymorphic_on is further refined in
+        # _configure_polymorphic_setter
+        self.polymorphic_on = (
+            coercions.expect(  # type: ignore
+                roles.ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole,
+                polymorphic_on,
+                argname="polymorphic_on",
+            )
+            if polymorphic_on is not None
+            else None
+        )
+        self.polymorphic_abstract = polymorphic_abstract
+        self._dependency_processors = []
+        self.validators = util.EMPTY_DICT
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
+        self.legacy_is_orphan = legacy_is_orphan
+        self._clause_adapter = None
+        self._requires_row_aliasing = False
+        self._inherits_equated_pairs = None
+        self._memoized_values = {}
+        self._compiled_cache_size = _compiled_cache_size
+        self._reconstructor = None
+        self.allow_partial_pks = allow_partial_pks
+
+        if self.inherits and not self.concrete:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = False
+        else:
+            self.confirm_deleted_rows = confirm_deleted_rows
+
+        self._set_with_polymorphic(with_polymorphic)
+        self.polymorphic_load = polymorphic_load
+
+        # our 'polymorphic identity', a string name that when located in a
+        #  result set row indicates this Mapper should be used to construct
+        # the object instance for that row.
+        self.polymorphic_identity = polymorphic_identity
+
+        # a dictionary of 'polymorphic identity' names, associating those
+        # names with Mappers that will be used to construct object instances
+        # upon a select operation.
+        if _polymorphic_map is None:
+            self.polymorphic_map = {}
+        else:
+            self.polymorphic_map = _polymorphic_map
+
+        if include_properties is not None:
+            self.include_properties = util.to_set(include_properties)
+        else:
+            self.include_properties = None
+        if exclude_properties:
+            self.exclude_properties = util.to_set(exclude_properties)
+        else:
+            self.exclude_properties = None
+
+        # prevent this mapper from being constructed
+        # while a configure_mappers() is occurring (and defer a
+        # configure_mappers() until construction succeeds)
+        with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+            cast("MapperEvents", self.dispatch._events)._new_mapper_instance(
+                class_, self
+            )
+            self._configure_inheritance()
+            self._configure_class_instrumentation()
+            self._configure_properties()
+            self._configure_polymorphic_setter()
+            self._configure_pks()
+            self.registry._flag_new_mapper(self)
+            self._log("constructed")
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+        self.dispatch.after_mapper_constructed(self, self.class_)
+
+    def _prefer_eager_defaults(self, dialect, table):
+        if self.eager_defaults == "auto":
+            if not table.implicit_returning:
+                return False
+
+            return (
+                table in self._server_default_col_keys
+                and dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.eager_defaults
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        return (self,)
+
+    # ### BEGIN
+    # ATTRIBUTE DECLARATIONS START HERE
+
+    is_mapper = True
+    """Part of the inspection API."""
+
+    represents_outer_join = False
+
+    registry: _RegistryType
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        """Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self):
+        r"""Part of the inspection API.
+
+        Returns self.class\_.
+
+        """
+        return self.class_
+
+    class_: Type[_O]
+    """The class to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is mapped."""
+
+    _identity_class: Type[_O]
+
+    _delete_orphans: List[Tuple[str, Type[Any]]]
+    _dependency_processors: List[DependencyProcessor]
+    _memoized_values: Dict[Any, Callable[[], Any]]
+    _inheriting_mappers: util.WeakSequence[Mapper[Any]]
+    _all_tables: Set[TableClause]
+    _polymorphic_attr_key: Optional[str]
+
+    _pks_by_table: Dict[FromClause, OrderedSet[ColumnClause[Any]]]
+    _cols_by_table: Dict[FromClause, OrderedSet[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+    _props: util.OrderedDict[str, MapperProperty[Any]]
+    _init_properties: Dict[str, MapperProperty[Any]]
+
+    _columntoproperty: _ColumnMapping
+
+    _set_polymorphic_identity: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[_O]], None]]
+    _validate_polymorphic_identity: Optional[
+        Callable[[Mapper[_O], InstanceState[_O], _InstanceDict], None]
+    ]
+
+    tables: Sequence[TableClause]
+    """A sequence containing the collection of :class:`_schema.Table`
+    or :class:`_schema.TableClause` objects which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    is aware of.
+
+    If the mapper is mapped to a :class:`_expression.Join`, or an
+    :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    representing a :class:`_expression.Select`, the individual
+    :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects that comprise the full construct will be represented here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    validators: util.immutabledict[str, Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]]
+    """An immutable dictionary of attributes which have been decorated
+    using the :func:`_orm.validates` decorator.
+
+    The dictionary contains string attribute names as keys
+    mapped to the actual validation method.
+
+    """
+
+    always_refresh: bool
+    allow_partial_pks: bool
+    version_id_col: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    with_polymorphic: Optional[
+        Tuple[
+            Union[Literal["*"], Sequence[Union[Mapper[Any], Type[Any]]]],
+            Optional[FromClause],
+        ]
+    ]
+
+    version_id_generator: Optional[Union[Literal[False], Callable[[Any], Any]]]
+
+    local_table: FromClause
+    """The immediate :class:`_expression.FromClause` to which this
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` refers.
+
+    Typically is an instance of :class:`_schema.Table`, may be any
+    :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    The "local" table is the
+    selectable that the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is directly responsible for
+    managing from an attribute access and flush perspective.   For
+    non-inheriting mappers, :attr:`.Mapper.local_table` will be the same
+    as :attr:`.Mapper.persist_selectable`.  For inheriting mappers,
+    :attr:`.Mapper.local_table` refers to the specific portion of
+    :attr:`.Mapper.persist_selectable` that includes the columns to which
+    this :class:`.Mapper` is loading/persisting, such as a particular
+    :class:`.Table` within a join.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable`.
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.selectable`.
+
+    """
+
+    persist_selectable: FromClause
+    """The :class:`_expression.FromClause` to which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    is mapped.
+
+    Typically is an instance of :class:`_schema.Table`, may be any
+    :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable` is similar to
+    :attr:`.Mapper.local_table`, but represents the :class:`.FromClause` that
+    represents the inheriting class hierarchy overall in an inheritance
+    scenario.
+
+    :attr.`.Mapper.persist_selectable` is also separate from the
+    :attr:`.Mapper.selectable` attribute, the latter of which may be an
+    alternate subquery used for selecting columns.
+    :attr.`.Mapper.persist_selectable` is oriented towards columns that
+    will be written on a persist operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.selectable`.
+
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.local_table`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherits: Optional[Mapper[Any]]
+    """References the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which this :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    inherits from, if any.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_condition: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+
+    configured: bool = False
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` has been configured.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.configure_mappers`.
+
+    """
+
+    concrete: bool
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a concrete
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    primary_key: Tuple[Column[Any], ...]
+    """An iterable containing the collection of :class:`_schema.Column`
+    objects
+    which comprise the 'primary key' of the mapped table, from the
+    perspective of this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    This list is against the selectable in
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.persist_selectable`.
+    In the case of inheriting mappers, some columns may be managed by a
+    superclass mapper.  For example, in the case of a
+    :class:`_expression.Join`, the
+    primary key is determined by all of the primary key columns across all
+    tables referenced by the :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+    The list is also not necessarily the same as the primary key column
+    collection associated with the underlying tables; the :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    features a ``primary_key`` argument that can override what the
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` considers as primary key columns.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    class_manager: ClassManager[_O]
+    """The :class:`.ClassManager` which maintains event listeners
+    and class-bound descriptors for this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    single: bool
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a single table
+    inheritance mapper.
+
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.local_table` will be ``None`` if this flag is set.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    non_primary: bool
+    """Represent ``True`` if this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is a "non-primary"
+    mapper, e.g. a mapper that is used only to select rows but not for
+    persistence management.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_on: Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]
+    """The :class:`_schema.Column` or SQL expression specified as the
+    ``polymorphic_on`` argument
+    for this :class:`_orm.Mapper`, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    This attribute is normally a :class:`_schema.Column` instance but
+    may also be an expression, such as one derived from
+    :func:`.cast`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_map: Dict[Any, Mapper[Any]]
+    """A mapping of "polymorphic identity" identifiers mapped to
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper` instances, within an inheritance scenario.
+
+    The identifiers can be of any type which is comparable to the
+    type of column represented by :attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    An inheritance chain of mappers will all reference the same
+    polymorphic map object.  The object is used to correlate incoming
+    result rows to target mappers.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    polymorphic_identity: Optional[Any]
+    """Represent an identifier which is matched against the
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on` column during result row loading.
+
+    Used only with inheritance, this object can be of any type which is
+    comparable to the type of column represented by
+    :attr:`_orm.Mapper.polymorphic_on`.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    base_mapper: Mapper[Any]
+    """The base-most :class:`_orm.Mapper` in an inheritance chain.
+
+    In a non-inheriting scenario, this attribute will always be this
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper`.   In an inheritance scenario, it references
+    the :class:`_orm.Mapper` which is parent to all other :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+    objects in the inheritance chain.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A collection of :class:`_schema.Column` or other scalar expression
+    objects maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+    The collection behaves the same as that of the ``c`` attribute on
+    any :class:`_schema.Table` object,
+    except that only those columns included in
+    this mapping are present, and are keyed based on the attribute name
+    defined in the mapping, not necessarily the ``key`` attribute of the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` itself.   Additionally, scalar expressions mapped
+    by :func:`.column_property` are also present here.
+
+    This is a *read only* attribute determined during mapper construction.
+    Behavior is undefined if directly modified.
+
+    """
+
+    c: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A synonym for :attr:`_orm.Mapper.columns`."""
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @util.deprecated("1.3", "Use .persist_selectable")
+    def mapped_table(self):
+        return self.persist_selectable
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _path_registry(self) -> CachingEntityRegistry:
+        return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def _configure_inheritance(self):
+        """Configure settings related to inheriting and/or inherited mappers
+        being present."""
+
+        # a set of all mappers which inherit from this one.
+        self._inheriting_mappers = util.WeakSequence()
+
+        if self.inherits:
+            if not issubclass(self.class_, self.inherits.class_):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Class '%s' does not inherit from '%s'"
+                    % (self.class_.__name__, self.inherits.class_.__name__)
+                )
+
+            self.dispatch._update(self.inherits.dispatch)
+
+            if self.non_primary != self.inherits.non_primary:
+                np = not self.non_primary and "primary" or "non-primary"
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Inheritance of %s mapper for class '%s' is "
+                    "only allowed from a %s mapper"
+                    % (np, self.class_.__name__, np)
+                )
+
+            if self.single:
+                self.persist_selectable = self.inherits.persist_selectable
+            elif self.local_table is not self.inherits.local_table:
+                if self.concrete:
+                    self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
+                    for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                        if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                            mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+                else:
+                    if self.inherit_condition is None:
+                        # figure out inherit condition from our table to the
+                        # immediate table of the inherited mapper, not its
+                        # full table which could pull in other stuff we don't
+                        # want (allows test/inheritance.InheritTest4 to pass)
+                        try:
+                            self.inherit_condition = sql_util.join_condition(
+                                self.inherits.local_table, self.local_table
+                            )
+                        except sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError as nfe:
+                            assert self.inherits.local_table is not None
+                            assert self.local_table is not None
+                            raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                                "Can't determine the inherit condition "
+                                "between inherited table '%s' and "
+                                "inheriting "
+                                "table '%s'; tables have no "
+                                "foreign key relationships established.  "
+                                "Please ensure the inheriting table has "
+                                "a foreign key relationship to the "
+                                "inherited "
+                                "table, or provide an "
+                                "'on clause' using "
+                                "the 'inherit_condition' mapper argument."
+                                % (
+                                    self.inherits.local_table.description,
+                                    self.local_table.description,
+                                )
+                            ) from nfe
+                        except sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError as afe:
+                            assert self.inherits.local_table is not None
+                            assert self.local_table is not None
+                            raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                                "Can't determine the inherit condition "
+                                "between inherited table '%s' and "
+                                "inheriting "
+                                "table '%s'; tables have more than one "
+                                "foreign key relationship established.  "
+                                "Please specify the 'on clause' using "
+                                "the 'inherit_condition' mapper argument."
+                                % (
+                                    self.inherits.local_table.description,
+                                    self.local_table.description,
+                                )
+                            ) from afe
+                    assert self.inherits.persist_selectable is not None
+                    self.persist_selectable = sql.join(
+                        self.inherits.persist_selectable,
+                        self.local_table,
+                        self.inherit_condition,
+                    )
+
+                    fks = util.to_set(self.inherit_foreign_keys)
+                    self._inherits_equated_pairs = sql_util.criterion_as_pairs(
+                        self.persist_selectable.onclause,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=fks,
+                    )
+            else:
+                self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is None:
+                self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+                if (
+                    not self.polymorphic_abstract
+                    and self.inherits.base_mapper.polymorphic_on is not None
+                ):
+                    util.warn(
+                        f"{self} does not indicate a 'polymorphic_identity', "
+                        "yet is part of an inheritance hierarchy that has a "
+                        f"'polymorphic_on' column of "
+                        f"'{self.inherits.base_mapper.polymorphic_on}'. "
+                        "If this is an intermediary class that should not be "
+                        "instantiated, the class may either be left unmapped, "
+                        "or may include the 'polymorphic_abstract=True' "
+                        "parameter in its Mapper arguments. To leave the "
+                        "class unmapped when using Declarative, set the "
+                        "'__abstract__ = True' attribute on the class."
+                    )
+            elif self.concrete:
+                self._identity_class = self.class_
+            else:
+                self._identity_class = self.inherits._identity_class
+
+            if self.version_id_col is None:
+                self.version_id_col = self.inherits.version_id_col
+                self.version_id_generator = self.inherits.version_id_generator
+            elif (
+                self.inherits.version_id_col is not None
+                and self.version_id_col is not self.inherits.version_id_col
+            ):
+                util.warn(
+                    "Inheriting version_id_col '%s' does not match inherited "
+                    "version_id_col '%s' and will not automatically populate "
+                    "the inherited versioning column. "
+                    "version_id_col should only be specified on "
+                    "the base-most mapper that includes versioning."
+                    % (
+                        self.version_id_col.description,
+                        self.inherits.version_id_col.description,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+            self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+            self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+            self.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+            self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+            self.passive_deletes = (
+                self.inherits.passive_deletes or self.passive_deletes
+            )
+            self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                if self.polymorphic_identity in self.polymorphic_map:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Reassigning polymorphic association for identity %r "
+                        "from %r to %r: Check for duplicate use of %r as "
+                        "value for polymorphic_identity."
+                        % (
+                            self.polymorphic_identity,
+                            self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity],
+                            self,
+                            self.polymorphic_identity,
+                        )
+                    )
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+
+            if self.polymorphic_load and self.concrete:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "polymorphic_load is not currently supported "
+                    "with concrete table inheritance"
+                )
+            if self.polymorphic_load == "inline":
+                self.inherits._add_with_polymorphic_subclass(self)
+            elif self.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
+                pass
+            elif self.polymorphic_load is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "unknown argument for polymorphic_load: %r"
+                    % self.polymorphic_load
+                )
+
+        else:
+            self._all_tables = set()
+            self.base_mapper = self
+            assert self.local_table is not None
+            self.persist_selectable = self.local_table
+            if self.polymorphic_identity is not None:
+                self.polymorphic_map[self.polymorphic_identity] = self
+            self._identity_class = self.class_
+
+        if self.persist_selectable is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper '%s' does not have a persist_selectable specified."
+                % self
+            )
+
+    def _set_with_polymorphic(
+        self, with_polymorphic: Optional[_WithPolymorphicArg]
+    ) -> None:
+        if with_polymorphic == "*":
+            self.with_polymorphic = ("*", None)
+        elif isinstance(with_polymorphic, (tuple, list)):
+            if isinstance(with_polymorphic[0], (str, tuple, list)):
+                self.with_polymorphic = cast(
+                    """Tuple[
+                        Union[
+                            Literal["*"],
+                            Sequence[Union["Mapper[Any]", Type[Any]]],
+                        ],
+                        Optional["FromClause"],
+                    ]""",
+                    with_polymorphic,
+                )
+            else:
+                self.with_polymorphic = (with_polymorphic, None)
+        elif with_polymorphic is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Invalid setting for with_polymorphic: {with_polymorphic!r}"
+            )
+        else:
+            self.with_polymorphic = None
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic and self.with_polymorphic[1] is not None:
+            self.with_polymorphic = (
+                self.with_polymorphic[0],
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.StrictFromClauseRole,
+                    self.with_polymorphic[1],
+                    allow_select=True,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+    def _add_with_polymorphic_subclass(self, mapper):
+        subcl = mapper.class_
+        if self.with_polymorphic is None:
+            self._set_with_polymorphic((subcl,))
+        elif self.with_polymorphic[0] != "*":
+            assert isinstance(self.with_polymorphic[0], tuple)
+            self._set_with_polymorphic(
+                (self.with_polymorphic[0] + (subcl,), self.with_polymorphic[1])
+            )
+
+    def _set_concrete_base(self, mapper):
+        """Set the given :class:`_orm.Mapper` as the 'inherits' for this
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper`, assuming this :class:`_orm.Mapper` is concrete
+        and does not already have an inherits."""
+
+        assert self.concrete
+        assert not self.inherits
+        assert isinstance(mapper, Mapper)
+        self.inherits = mapper
+        self.inherits.polymorphic_map.update(self.polymorphic_map)
+        self.polymorphic_map = self.inherits.polymorphic_map
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                mapper._requires_row_aliasing = True
+        self.batch = self.inherits.batch
+        for mp in self.self_and_descendants:
+            mp.base_mapper = self.inherits.base_mapper
+        self.inherits._inheriting_mappers.append(self)
+        self.passive_updates = self.inherits.passive_updates
+        self._all_tables = self.inherits._all_tables
+
+        for key, prop in mapper._props.items():
+            if key not in self._props and not self._should_exclude(
+                key, key, local=False, column=None
+            ):
+                self._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, False)
+
+    def _set_polymorphic_on(self, polymorphic_on):
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._configure_polymorphic_setter(True)
+
+    def _configure_class_instrumentation(self):
+        """If this mapper is to be a primary mapper (i.e. the
+        non_primary flag is not set), associate this Mapper with the
+        given class and entity name.
+
+        Subsequent calls to ``class_mapper()`` for the ``class_`` / ``entity``
+        name combination will return this mapper.  Also decorate the
+        `__init__` method on the mapped class to include optional
+        auto-session attachment logic.
+
+        """
+
+        # we expect that declarative has applied the class manager
+        # already and set up a registry.  if this is None,
+        # this raises as of 2.0.
+        manager = attributes.opt_manager_of_class(self.class_)
+
+        if self.non_primary:
+            if not manager or not manager.is_mapped:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Class %s has no primary mapper configured.  Configure "
+                    "a primary mapper first before setting up a non primary "
+                    "Mapper." % self.class_
+                )
+            self.class_manager = manager
+
+            assert manager.registry is not None
+            self.registry = manager.registry
+            self._identity_class = manager.mapper._identity_class
+            manager.registry._add_non_primary_mapper(self)
+            return
+
+        if manager is None or not manager.registry:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The _mapper() function and Mapper() constructor may not be "
+                "invoked directly outside of a declarative registry."
+                " Please use the sqlalchemy.orm.registry.map_imperatively() "
+                "function for a classical mapping."
+            )
+
+        self.dispatch.instrument_class(self, self.class_)
+
+        # this invokes the class_instrument event and sets up
+        # the __init__ method.  documented behavior is that this must
+        # occur after the instrument_class event above.
+        # yes two events with the same two words reversed and different APIs.
+        # :(
+
+        manager = instrumentation.register_class(
+            self.class_,
+            mapper=self,
+            expired_attribute_loader=util.partial(
+                loading.load_scalar_attributes, self
+            ),
+            # finalize flag means instrument the __init__ method
+            # and call the class_instrument event
+            finalize=True,
+        )
+
+        self.class_manager = manager
+
+        assert manager.registry is not None
+        self.registry = manager.registry
+
+        # The remaining members can be added by any mapper,
+        # e_name None or not.
+        if manager.mapper is None:
+            return
+
+        event.listen(manager, "init", _event_on_init, raw=True)
+
+        for key, method in util.iterate_attributes(self.class_):
+            if key == "__init__" and hasattr(method, "_sa_original_init"):
+                method = method._sa_original_init
+                if hasattr(method, "__func__"):
+                    method = method.__func__
+            if callable(method):
+                if hasattr(method, "__sa_reconstructor__"):
+                    self._reconstructor = method
+                    event.listen(manager, "load", _event_on_load, raw=True)
+                elif hasattr(method, "__sa_validators__"):
+                    validation_opts = method.__sa_validation_opts__
+                    for name in method.__sa_validators__:
+                        if name in self.validators:
+                            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                "A validation function for mapped "
+                                "attribute %r on mapper %s already exists."
+                                % (name, self)
+                            )
+                        self.validators = self.validators.union(
+                            {name: (method, validation_opts)}
+                        )
+
+    def _set_dispose_flags(self) -> None:
+        self.configured = True
+        self._ready_for_configure = True
+        self._dispose_called = True
+
+        self.__dict__.pop("_configure_failed", None)
+
+    def _str_arg_to_mapped_col(self, argname: str, key: str) -> Column[Any]:
+        try:
+            prop = self._props[key]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't determine {argname} column '{key}' - "
+                "no attribute is mapped to this name."
+            ) from err
+        try:
+            expr = prop.expression
+        except AttributeError as ae:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't determine {argname} column '{key}'; "
+                "property does not refer to a single mapped Column"
+            ) from ae
+        if not isinstance(expr, Column):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't determine {argname} column '{key}'; "
+                "property does not refer to a single "
+                "mapped Column"
+            )
+        return expr
+
+    def _configure_pks(self) -> None:
+        self.tables = sql_util.find_tables(self.persist_selectable)
+
+        self._all_tables.update(t for t in self.tables)
+
+        self._pks_by_table = {}
+        self._cols_by_table = {}
+
+        all_cols = util.column_set(
+            chain(*[col.proxy_set for col in self._columntoproperty])
+        )
+
+        pk_cols = util.column_set(c for c in all_cols if c.primary_key)
+
+        # identify primary key columns which are also mapped by this mapper.
+        for fc in set(self.tables).union([self.persist_selectable]):
+            if fc.primary_key and pk_cols.issuperset(fc.primary_key):
+                # ordering is important since it determines the ordering of
+                # mapper.primary_key (and therefore query.get())
+                self._pks_by_table[fc] = util.ordered_column_set(  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                    fc.primary_key
+                ).intersection(
+                    pk_cols
+                )
+            self._cols_by_table[fc] = util.ordered_column_set(fc.c).intersection(  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                all_cols
+            )
+
+        if self._primary_key_argument:
+            coerced_pk_arg = [
+                (
+                    self._str_arg_to_mapped_col("primary_key", c)
+                    if isinstance(c, str)
+                    else c
+                )
+                for c in (
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+                        coerce_pk,
+                        argname="primary_key",
+                    )
+                    for coerce_pk in self._primary_key_argument
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            coerced_pk_arg = None
+
+        # if explicit PK argument sent, add those columns to the
+        # primary key mappings
+        if coerced_pk_arg:
+            for k in coerced_pk_arg:
+                if k.table not in self._pks_by_table:
+                    self._pks_by_table[k.table] = util.OrderedSet()
+                self._pks_by_table[k.table].add(k)
+
+        # otherwise, see that we got a full PK for the mapped table
+        elif (
+            self.persist_selectable not in self._pks_by_table
+            or len(self._pks_by_table[self.persist_selectable]) == 0
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                "key columns for mapped table '%s'"
+                % (self, self.persist_selectable.description)
+            )
+        elif self.local_table not in self._pks_by_table and isinstance(
+            self.local_table, schema.Table
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                "Could not assemble any primary "
+                "keys for locally mapped table '%s' - "
+                "no rows will be persisted in this Table."
+                % self.local_table.description
+            )
+
+        if (
+            self.inherits
+            and not self.concrete
+            and not self._primary_key_argument
+        ):
+            # if inheriting, the "primary key" for this mapper is
+            # that of the inheriting (unless concrete or explicit)
+            self.primary_key = self.inherits.primary_key
+        else:
+            # determine primary key from argument or persist_selectable pks
+            primary_key: Collection[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+            if coerced_pk_arg:
+                primary_key = [
+                    cc if cc is not None else c
+                    for cc, c in (
+                        (self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c), c)
+                        for c in coerced_pk_arg
+                    )
+                ]
+            else:
+                # if heuristically determined PKs, reduce to the minimal set
+                # of columns by eliminating FK->PK pairs for a multi-table
+                # expression.   May over-reduce for some kinds of UNIONs
+                # / CTEs; use explicit PK argument for these special cases
+                primary_key = sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                    self._pks_by_table[self.persist_selectable],
+                    ignore_nonexistent_tables=True,
+                )
+
+            if len(primary_key) == 0:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Mapper %s could not assemble any primary "
+                    "key columns for mapped table '%s'"
+                    % (self, self.persist_selectable.description)
+                )
+
+            self.primary_key = tuple(primary_key)
+            self._log("Identified primary key columns: %s", primary_key)
+
+        # determine cols that aren't expressed within our tables; mark these
+        # as "read only" properties which are refreshed upon INSERT/UPDATE
+        self._readonly_props = {
+            self._columntoproperty[col]
+            for col in self._columntoproperty
+            if self._columntoproperty[col] not in self._identity_key_props
+            and (
+                not hasattr(col, "table")
+                or col.table not in self._cols_by_table
+            )
+        }
+
+    def _configure_properties(self) -> None:
+        self.columns = self.c = sql_base.ColumnCollection()  # type: ignore
+
+        # object attribute names mapped to MapperProperty objects
+        self._props = util.OrderedDict()
+
+        # table columns mapped to MapperProperty
+        self._columntoproperty = _ColumnMapping(self)
+
+        explicit_col_props_by_column: Dict[
+            KeyedColumnElement[Any], Tuple[str, ColumnProperty[Any]]
+        ] = {}
+        explicit_col_props_by_key: Dict[str, ColumnProperty[Any]] = {}
+
+        # step 1: go through properties that were explicitly passed
+        # in the properties dictionary.  For Columns that are local, put them
+        # aside in a separate collection we will reconcile with the Table
+        # that's given.  For other properties, set them up in _props now.
+        if self._init_properties:
+            for key, prop_arg in self._init_properties.items():
+                if not isinstance(prop_arg, MapperProperty):
+                    possible_col_prop = self._make_prop_from_column(
+                        key, prop_arg
+                    )
+                else:
+                    possible_col_prop = prop_arg
+
+                # issue #8705.  if the explicit property is actually a
+                # Column that is local to the local Table, don't set it up
+                # in ._props yet, integrate it into the order given within
+                # the Table.
+
+                _map_as_property_now = True
+                if isinstance(possible_col_prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+                    for given_col in possible_col_prop.columns:
+                        if self.local_table.c.contains_column(given_col):
+                            _map_as_property_now = False
+                            explicit_col_props_by_key[key] = possible_col_prop
+                            explicit_col_props_by_column[given_col] = (
+                                key,
+                                possible_col_prop,
+                            )
+
+                if _map_as_property_now:
+                    self._configure_property(
+                        key,
+                        possible_col_prop,
+                        init=False,
+                    )
+
+        # step 2: pull properties from the inherited mapper.  reconcile
+        # columns with those which are explicit above.  for properties that
+        # are only in the inheriting mapper, set them up as local props
+        if self.inherits:
+            for key, inherited_prop in self.inherits._props.items():
+                if self._should_exclude(key, key, local=False, column=None):
+                    continue
+
+                incoming_prop = explicit_col_props_by_key.get(key)
+                if incoming_prop:
+                    new_prop = self._reconcile_prop_with_incoming_columns(
+                        key,
+                        inherited_prop,
+                        warn_only=False,
+                        incoming_prop=incoming_prop,
+                    )
+                    explicit_col_props_by_key[key] = new_prop
+
+                    for inc_col in incoming_prop.columns:
+                        explicit_col_props_by_column[inc_col] = (
+                            key,
+                            new_prop,
+                        )
+                elif key not in self._props:
+                    self._adapt_inherited_property(key, inherited_prop, False)
+
+        # step 3.  Iterate through all columns in the persist selectable.
+        # this includes not only columns in the local table / fromclause,
+        # but also those columns in the superclass table if we are joined
+        # inh or single inh mapper.  map these columns as well. additional
+        # reconciliation against inherited columns occurs here also.
+
+        for column in self.persist_selectable.columns:
+            if column in explicit_col_props_by_column:
+                # column was explicitly passed to properties; configure
+                # it now in the order in which it corresponds to the
+                # Table / selectable
+                key, prop = explicit_col_props_by_column[column]
+                self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False)
+                continue
+
+            elif column in self._columntoproperty:
+                continue
+
+            column_key = (self.column_prefix or "") + column.key
+            if self._should_exclude(
+                column.key,
+                column_key,
+                local=self.local_table.c.contains_column(column),
+                column=column,
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            # adjust the "key" used for this column to that
+            # of the inheriting mapper
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if column in mapper._columntoproperty:
+                    column_key = mapper._columntoproperty[column].key
+
+            self._configure_property(
+                column_key,
+                column,
+                init=False,
+                setparent=True,
+            )
+
+    def _configure_polymorphic_setter(self, init=False):
+        """Configure an attribute on the mapper representing the
+        'polymorphic_on' column, if applicable, and not
+        already generated by _configure_properties (which is typical).
+
+        Also create a setter function which will assign this
+        attribute to the value of the 'polymorphic_identity'
+        upon instance construction, also if applicable.  This
+        routine will run when an instance is created.
+
+        """
+        setter = False
+        polymorphic_key: Optional[str] = None
+
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            setter = True
+
+            if isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, str):
+                # polymorphic_on specified as a string - link
+                # it to mapped ColumnProperty
+                try:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = self._props[self.polymorphic_on]
+                except KeyError as err:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine polymorphic_on "
+                        "value '%s' - no attribute is "
+                        "mapped to this name." % self.polymorphic_on
+                    ) from err
+
+            if self.polymorphic_on in self._columntoproperty:
+                # polymorphic_on is a column that is already mapped
+                # to a ColumnProperty
+                prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
+            elif isinstance(self.polymorphic_on, MapperProperty):
+                # polymorphic_on is directly a MapperProperty,
+                # ensure it's a ColumnProperty
+                if not isinstance(
+                    self.polymorphic_on, properties.ColumnProperty
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Only direct column-mapped "
+                        "property or SQL expression "
+                        "can be passed for polymorphic_on"
+                    )
+                prop = self.polymorphic_on
+            else:
+                # polymorphic_on is a Column or SQL expression and
+                # doesn't appear to be mapped. this means it can be 1.
+                # only present in the with_polymorphic selectable or
+                # 2. a totally standalone SQL expression which we'd
+                # hope is compatible with this mapper's persist_selectable
+                col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(
+                    self.polymorphic_on
+                )
+                if col is None:
+                    # polymorphic_on doesn't derive from any
+                    # column/expression isn't present in the mapped
+                    # table. we will make a "hidden" ColumnProperty
+                    # for it. Just check that if it's directly a
+                    # schema.Column and we have with_polymorphic, it's
+                    # likely a user error if the schema.Column isn't
+                    # represented somehow in either persist_selectable or
+                    # with_polymorphic.   Otherwise as of 0.7.4 we
+                    # just go with it and assume the user wants it
+                    # that way (i.e. a CASE statement)
+                    setter = False
+                    instrument = False
+                    col = self.polymorphic_on
+                    if isinstance(col, schema.Column) and (
+                        self.with_polymorphic is None
+                        or self.with_polymorphic[1] is None
+                        or self.with_polymorphic[1].corresponding_column(col)
+                        is None
+                    ):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Could not map polymorphic_on column "
+                            "'%s' to the mapped table - polymorphic "
+                            "loads will not function properly"
+                            % col.description
+                        )
+                else:
+                    # column/expression that polymorphic_on derives from
+                    # is present in our mapped table
+                    # and is probably mapped, but polymorphic_on itself
+                    # is not.  This happens when
+                    # the polymorphic_on is only directly present in the
+                    # with_polymorphic selectable, as when use
+                    # polymorphic_union.
+                    # we'll make a separate ColumnProperty for it.
+                    instrument = True
+                key = getattr(col, "key", None)
+                if key:
+                    if self._should_exclude(key, key, False, col):
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Cannot exclude or override the "
+                            "discriminator column %r" % key
+                        )
+                else:
+                    self.polymorphic_on = col = col.label("_sa_polymorphic_on")
+                    key = col.key
+
+                prop = properties.ColumnProperty(col, _instrument=instrument)
+                self._configure_property(key, prop, init=init, setparent=True)
+
+            # the actual polymorphic_on should be the first public-facing
+            # column in the property
+            self.polymorphic_on = prop.columns[0]
+            polymorphic_key = prop.key
+        else:
+            # no polymorphic_on was set.
+            # check inheriting mappers for one.
+            for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+                # determine if polymorphic_on of the parent
+                # should be propagated here.   If the col
+                # is present in our mapped table, or if our mapped
+                # table is the same as the parent (i.e. single table
+                # inheritance), we can use it
+                if mapper.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                    if self.persist_selectable is mapper.persist_selectable:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = mapper.polymorphic_on
+                    else:
+                        self.polymorphic_on = (
+                            self.persist_selectable
+                        ).corresponding_column(mapper.polymorphic_on)
+                    # we can use the parent mapper's _set_polymorphic_identity
+                    # directly; it ensures the polymorphic_identity of the
+                    # instance's mapper is used so is portable to subclasses.
+                    if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = (
+                            mapper._set_polymorphic_identity
+                        )
+                        self._polymorphic_attr_key = (
+                            mapper._polymorphic_attr_key
+                        )
+                        self._validate_polymorphic_identity = (
+                            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+                        self._polymorphic_attr_key = None
+                    return
+
+        if self.polymorphic_abstract and self.polymorphic_on is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "The Mapper.polymorphic_abstract parameter may only be used "
+                "on a mapper hierarchy which includes the "
+                "Mapper.polymorphic_on parameter at the base of the hierarchy."
+            )
+
+        if setter:
+
+            def _set_polymorphic_identity(state):
+                dict_ = state.dict
+                # TODO: what happens if polymorphic_on column attribute name
+                # does not match .key?
+
+                polymorphic_identity = (
+                    state.manager.mapper.polymorphic_identity
+                )
+                if (
+                    polymorphic_identity is None
+                    and state.manager.mapper.polymorphic_abstract
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Can't instantiate class for {state.manager.mapper}; "
+                        "mapper is marked polymorphic_abstract=True"
+                    )
+
+                state.get_impl(polymorphic_key).set(
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    polymorphic_identity,
+                    None,
+                )
+
+            self._polymorphic_attr_key = polymorphic_key
+
+            def _validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_):
+                if (
+                    polymorphic_key in dict_
+                    and dict_[polymorphic_key]
+                    not in mapper._acceptable_polymorphic_identities
+                ):
+                    util.warn_limited(
+                        "Flushing object %s with "
+                        "incompatible polymorphic identity %r; the "
+                        "object may not refresh and/or load correctly",
+                        (state_str(state), dict_[polymorphic_key]),
+                    )
+
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = _set_polymorphic_identity
+            self._validate_polymorphic_identity = (
+                _validate_polymorphic_identity
+            )
+        else:
+            self._polymorphic_attr_key = None
+            self._set_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    _validate_polymorphic_identity = None
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _version_id_prop(self):
+        if self.version_id_col is not None:
+            return self._columntoproperty[self.version_id_col]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _acceptable_polymorphic_identities(self):
+        identities = set()
+
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            if item.persist_selectable is self.persist_selectable:
+                identities.add(item.polymorphic_identity)
+                stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+
+        return identities
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _prop_set(self):
+        return frozenset(self._props.values())
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _adapt_inherited_property(self, key, prop, init):
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        if not self.concrete:
+            self._configure_property(key, prop, init=False, setparent=False)
+        elif key not in self._props:
+            # determine if the class implements this attribute; if not,
+            # or if it is implemented by the attribute that is handling the
+            # given superclass-mapped property, then we need to report that we
+            # can't use this at the instance level since we are a concrete
+            # mapper and we don't map this.  don't trip user-defined
+            # descriptors that might have side effects when invoked.
+            implementing_attribute = self.class_manager._get_class_attr_mro(
+                key, prop
+            )
+            if implementing_attribute is prop or (
+                isinstance(
+                    implementing_attribute, attributes.InstrumentedAttribute
+                )
+                and implementing_attribute._parententity is prop.parent
+            ):
+                self._configure_property(
+                    key,
+                    descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty(),
+                    init=init,
+                    setparent=True,
+                )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _configure_property(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        prop_arg: Union[KeyedColumnElement[Any], MapperProperty[Any]],
+        *,
+        init: bool = True,
+        setparent: bool = True,
+        warn_for_existing: bool = False,
+    ) -> MapperProperty[Any]:
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+        self._log(
+            "_configure_property(%s, %s)", key, prop_arg.__class__.__name__
+        )
+
+        if not isinstance(prop_arg, MapperProperty):
+            prop: MapperProperty[Any] = self._property_from_column(
+                key, prop_arg
+            )
+        else:
+            prop = prop_arg
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+
+            # if the column is not present in the mapped table,
+            # test if a column has been added after the fact to the
+            # parent table (or their parent, etc.) [ticket:1570]
+            if col is None and self.inherits:
+                path = [self]
+                for m in self.inherits.iterate_to_root():
+                    col = m.local_table.corresponding_column(prop.columns[0])
+                    if col is not None:
+                        for m2 in path:
+                            m2.persist_selectable._refresh_for_new_column(col)
+                        col = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(
+                            prop.columns[0]
+                        )
+                        break
+                    path.append(m)
+
+            # subquery expression, column not present in the mapped
+            # selectable.
+            if col is None:
+                col = prop.columns[0]
+
+                # column is coming in after _readonly_props was
+                # initialized; check for 'readonly'
+                if hasattr(self, "_readonly_props") and (
+                    not hasattr(col, "table")
+                    or col.table not in self._cols_by_table
+                ):
+                    self._readonly_props.add(prop)
+
+            else:
+                # if column is coming in after _cols_by_table was
+                # initialized, ensure the col is in the right set
+                if (
+                    hasattr(self, "_cols_by_table")
+                    and col.table in self._cols_by_table
+                    and col not in self._cols_by_table[col.table]
+                ):
+                    self._cols_by_table[col.table].add(col)
+
+            # if this properties.ColumnProperty represents the "polymorphic
+            # discriminator" column, mark it.  We'll need this when rendering
+            # columns in SELECT statements.
+            if not hasattr(prop, "_is_polymorphic_discriminator"):
+                prop._is_polymorphic_discriminator = (
+                    col is self.polymorphic_on
+                    or prop.columns[0] is self.polymorphic_on
+                )
+
+            if isinstance(col, expression.Label):
+                # new in 1.4, get column property against expressions
+                # to be addressable in subqueries
+                col.key = col._tq_key_label = key
+
+            self.columns.add(col, key)
+
+            for col in prop.columns:
+                for proxy_col in col.proxy_set:
+                    self._columntoproperty[proxy_col] = prop
+
+        if getattr(prop, "key", key) != key:
+            util.warn(
+                f"ORM mapped property {self.class_.__name__}.{prop.key} being "
+                "assigned to attribute "
+                f"{key!r} is already associated with "
+                f"attribute {prop.key!r}. The attribute will be de-associated "
+                f"from {prop.key!r}."
+            )
+
+        prop.key = key
+
+        if setparent:
+            prop.set_parent(self, init)
+
+        if key in self._props and getattr(
+            self._props[key], "_mapped_by_synonym", False
+        ):
+            syn = self._props[key]._mapped_by_synonym
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't call map_column=True for synonym %r=%r, "
+                "a ColumnProperty already exists keyed to the name "
+                "%r for column %r" % (syn, key, key, syn)
+            )
+
+        # replacement cases
+
+        # case one: prop is replacing a prop that we have mapped.  this is
+        # independent of whatever might be in the actual class dictionary
+        if (
+            key in self._props
+            and not isinstance(
+                self._props[key], descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty
+            )
+            and not isinstance(prop, descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+        ):
+            if warn_for_existing:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    f"User-placed attribute {self.class_.__name__}.{key} on "
+                    f"{self} is replacing an existing ORM-mapped attribute.  "
+                    "Behavior is not fully defined in this case.  This "
+                    "use is deprecated and will raise an error in a future "
+                    "release",
+                    "2.0",
+                )
+            oldprop = self._props[key]
+            self._path_registry.pop(oldprop, None)
+
+        # case two: prop is replacing an attribute on the class of some kind.
+        # we have to be more careful here since it's normal when using
+        # Declarative that all the "declared attributes" on the class
+        # get replaced.
+        elif (
+            warn_for_existing
+            and self.class_.__dict__.get(key, None) is not None
+            and not isinstance(prop, descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+            and not isinstance(
+                self._props.get(key, None),
+                descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty,
+            )
+        ):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                f"User-placed attribute {self.class_.__name__}.{key} on "
+                f"{self} is replacing an existing class-bound "
+                "attribute of the same name.  "
+                "Behavior is not fully defined in this case.  This "
+                "use is deprecated and will raise an error in a future "
+                "release",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+
+        self._props[key] = prop
+
+        if not self.non_primary:
+            prop.instrument_class(self)
+
+        for mapper in self._inheriting_mappers:
+            mapper._adapt_inherited_property(key, prop, init)
+
+        if init:
+            prop.init()
+            prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        if self.configured:
+            self._expire_memoizations()
+
+        return prop
+
+    def _make_prop_from_column(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        column: Union[
+            Sequence[KeyedColumnElement[Any]], KeyedColumnElement[Any]
+        ],
+    ) -> ColumnProperty[Any]:
+        columns = util.to_list(column)
+        mapped_column = []
+        for c in columns:
+            mc = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c)
+            if mc is None:
+                mc = self.local_table.corresponding_column(c)
+                if mc is not None:
+                    # if the column is in the local table but not the
+                    # mapped table, this corresponds to adding a
+                    # column after the fact to the local table.
+                    # [ticket:1523]
+                    self.persist_selectable._refresh_for_new_column(mc)
+                mc = self.persist_selectable.corresponding_column(c)
+                if mc is None:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "When configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                        "column '%s' is not represented in the mapper's "
+                        "table. Use the `column_property()` function to "
+                        "force this column to be mapped as a read-only "
+                        "attribute." % (key, self, c)
+                    )
+            mapped_column.append(mc)
+        return properties.ColumnProperty(*mapped_column)
+
+    def _reconcile_prop_with_incoming_columns(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        existing_prop: MapperProperty[Any],
+        warn_only: bool,
+        incoming_prop: Optional[ColumnProperty[Any]] = None,
+        single_column: Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnProperty[Any]:
+        if incoming_prop and (
+            self.concrete
+            or not isinstance(existing_prop, properties.ColumnProperty)
+        ):
+            return incoming_prop
+
+        existing_column = existing_prop.columns[0]
+
+        if incoming_prop and existing_column in incoming_prop.columns:
+            return incoming_prop
+
+        if incoming_prop is None:
+            assert single_column is not None
+            incoming_column = single_column
+            equated_pair_key = (existing_prop.columns[0], incoming_column)
+        else:
+            assert single_column is None
+            incoming_column = incoming_prop.columns[0]
+            equated_pair_key = (incoming_column, existing_prop.columns[0])
+
+        if (
+            (
+                not self._inherits_equated_pairs
+                or (equated_pair_key not in self._inherits_equated_pairs)
+            )
+            and not existing_column.shares_lineage(incoming_column)
+            and existing_column is not self.version_id_col
+            and incoming_column is not self.version_id_col
+        ):
+            msg = (
+                "Implicitly combining column %s with column "
+                "%s under attribute '%s'.  Please configure one "
+                "or more attributes for these same-named columns "
+                "explicitly."
+                % (
+                    existing_prop.columns[-1],
+                    incoming_column,
+                    key,
+                )
+            )
+            if warn_only:
+                util.warn(msg)
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(msg)
+
+        # existing properties.ColumnProperty from an inheriting
+        # mapper. make a copy and append our column to it
+        # breakpoint()
+        new_prop = existing_prop.copy()
+
+        new_prop.columns.insert(0, incoming_column)
+        self._log(
+            "inserting column to existing list "
+            "in properties.ColumnProperty %s",
+            key,
+        )
+        return new_prop  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _property_from_column(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        column: KeyedColumnElement[Any],
+    ) -> ColumnProperty[Any]:
+        """generate/update a :class:`.ColumnProperty` given a
+        :class:`_schema.Column` or other SQL expression object."""
+
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        prop = self._props.get(key)
+
+        if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty):
+            return self._reconcile_prop_with_incoming_columns(
+                key,
+                prop,
+                single_column=column,
+                warn_only=prop.parent is not self,
+            )
+        elif prop is None or isinstance(
+            prop, descriptor_props.ConcreteInheritedProperty
+        ):
+            return self._make_prop_from_column(key, column)
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "WARNING: when configuring property '%s' on %s, "
+                "column '%s' conflicts with property '%r'. "
+                "To resolve this, map the column to the class under a "
+                "different name in the 'properties' dictionary.  Or, "
+                "to remove all awareness of the column entirely "
+                "(including its availability as a foreign key), "
+                "use the 'include_properties' or 'exclude_properties' "
+                "mapper arguments to control specifically which table "
+                "columns get mapped." % (key, self, column.key, prop)
+            )
+
+    @util.langhelpers.tag_method_for_warnings(
+        "This warning originated from the `configure_mappers()` process, "
+        "which was invoked automatically in response to a user-initiated "
+        "operation.",
+        sa_exc.SAWarning,
+    )
+    def _check_configure(self) -> None:
+        if self.registry._new_mappers:
+            _configure_registries({self.registry}, cascade=True)
+
+    def _post_configure_properties(self) -> None:
+        """Call the ``init()`` method on all ``MapperProperties``
+        attached to this mapper.
+
+        This is a deferred configuration step which is intended
+        to execute once all mappers have been constructed.
+
+        """
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() started")
+        l = [(key, prop) for key, prop in self._props.items()]
+        for key, prop in l:
+            self._log("initialize prop %s", key)
+
+            if prop.parent is self and not prop._configure_started:
+                prop.init()
+
+            if prop._configure_finished:
+                prop.post_instrument_class(self)
+
+        self._log("_post_configure_properties() complete")
+        self.configured = True
+
+    def add_properties(self, dict_of_properties):
+        """Add the given dictionary of properties to this mapper,
+        using `add_property`.
+
+        """
+        for key, value in dict_of_properties.items():
+            self.add_property(key, value)
+
+    def add_property(
+        self, key: str, prop: Union[Column[Any], MapperProperty[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an individual MapperProperty to this mapper.
+
+        If the mapper has not been configured yet, just adds the
+        property to the initial properties dictionary sent to the
+        constructor.  If this Mapper has already been configured, then
+        the given MapperProperty is configured immediately.
+
+        """
+        prop = self._configure_property(
+            key, prop, init=self.configured, warn_for_existing=True
+        )
+        assert isinstance(prop, MapperProperty)
+        self._init_properties[key] = prop
+
+    def _expire_memoizations(self) -> None:
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            mapper._reset_memoizations()
+
+    @property
+    def _log_desc(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            "("
+            + self.class_.__name__
+            + "|"
+            + (
+                self.local_table is not None
+                and self.local_table.description
+                or str(self.local_table)
+            )
+            + (self.non_primary and "|non-primary" or "")
+            + ")"
+        )
+
+    def _log(self, msg: str, *args: Any) -> None:
+        self.logger.info("%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args))
+
+    def _log_debug(self, msg: str, *args: Any) -> None:
+        self.logger.debug("%s " + msg, *((self._log_desc,) + args))
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<Mapper at 0x%x; %s>" % (id(self), self.class_.__name__)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "Mapper[%s%s(%s)]" % (
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            self.non_primary and " (non-primary)" or "",
+            (
+                self.local_table.description
+                if self.local_table is not None
+                else self.persist_selectable.description
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _is_orphan(self, state: InstanceState[_O]) -> bool:
+        orphan_possible = False
+        for mapper in self.iterate_to_root():
+            for key, cls in mapper._delete_orphans:
+                orphan_possible = True
+
+                has_parent = attributes.manager_of_class(cls).has_parent(
+                    state, key, optimistic=state.has_identity
+                )
+
+                if self.legacy_is_orphan and has_parent:
+                    return False
+                elif not self.legacy_is_orphan and not has_parent:
+                    return True
+
+        if self.legacy_is_orphan:
+            return orphan_possible
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def has_property(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return key in self._props
+
+    def get_property(
+        self, key: str, _configure_mappers: bool = False
+    ) -> MapperProperty[Any]:
+        """return a MapperProperty associated with the given key."""
+
+        if _configure_mappers:
+            self._check_configure()
+
+        try:
+            return self._props[key]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Mapper '{self}' has no property '{key}'.  If this property "
+                "was indicated from other mappers or configure events, ensure "
+                "registry.configure() has been called."
+            ) from err
+
+    def get_property_by_column(
+        self, column: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> MapperProperty[_T]:
+        """Given a :class:`_schema.Column` object, return the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` which maps this column."""
+
+        return self._columntoproperty[column]
+
+    @property
+    def iterate_properties(self):
+        """return an iterator of all MapperProperty objects."""
+
+        return iter(self._props.values())
+
+    def _mappers_from_spec(
+        self, spec: Any, selectable: Optional[FromClause]
+    ) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """given a with_polymorphic() argument, return the set of mappers it
+        represents.
+
+        Trims the list of mappers to just those represented within the given
+        selectable, if present. This helps some more legacy-ish mappings.
+
+        """
+        if spec == "*":
+            mappers = list(self.self_and_descendants)
+        elif spec:
+            mapper_set = set()
+            for m in util.to_list(spec):
+                m = _class_to_mapper(m)
+                if not m.isa(self):
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "%r does not inherit from %r" % (m, self)
+                    )
+
+                if selectable is None:
+                    mapper_set.update(m.iterate_to_root())
+                else:
+                    mapper_set.add(m)
+            mappers = [m for m in self.self_and_descendants if m in mapper_set]
+        else:
+            mappers = []
+
+        if selectable is not None:
+            tables = set(
+                sql_util.find_tables(selectable, include_aliases=True)
+            )
+            mappers = [m for m in mappers if m.local_table in tables]
+        return mappers
+
+    def _selectable_from_mappers(
+        self, mappers: Iterable[Mapper[Any]], innerjoin: bool
+    ) -> FromClause:
+        """given a list of mappers (assumed to be within this mapper's
+        inheritance hierarchy), construct an outerjoin amongst those mapper's
+        mapped tables.
+
+        """
+        from_obj = self.persist_selectable
+        for m in mappers:
+            if m is self:
+                continue
+            if m.concrete:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'with_polymorphic()' requires 'selectable' argument "
+                    "when concrete-inheriting mappers are used."
+                )
+            elif not m.single:
+                if innerjoin:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.join(
+                        m.local_table, m.inherit_condition
+                    )
+                else:
+                    from_obj = from_obj.outerjoin(
+                        m.local_table, m.inherit_condition
+                    )
+
+        return from_obj
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _version_id_has_server_side_value(self) -> bool:
+        vid_col = self.version_id_col
+
+        if vid_col is None:
+            return False
+
+        elif not isinstance(vid_col, Column):
+            return True
+        else:
+            return vid_col.server_default is not None or (
+                vid_col.default is not None
+                and (
+                    not vid_col.default.is_scalar
+                    and not vid_col.default.is_callable
+                )
+            )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _single_table_criterion(self):
+        if self.single and self.inherits and self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            return self.polymorphic_on._annotate(
+                {"parententity": self, "parentmapper": self}
+            ).in_(
+                [
+                    m.polymorphic_identity
+                    for m in self.self_and_descendants
+                    if not m.polymorphic_abstract
+                ]
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause(self):
+        """return True if with_polymorphic[1] is an aliased fromclause,
+        like a subquery.
+
+        As of #8168, polymorphic adaption with ORMAdapter is used only
+        if this is present.
+
+        """
+        return self.with_polymorphic and isinstance(
+            self.with_polymorphic[1],
+            expression.AliasedReturnsRows,
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _should_select_with_poly_adapter(self):
+        """determine if _MapperEntity or _ORMColumnEntity will need to use
+        polymorphic adaption when setting up a SELECT as well as fetching
+        rows for mapped classes and subclasses against this Mapper.
+
+        moved here from context.py for #8456 to generalize the ruleset
+        for this condition.
+
+        """
+
+        # this has been simplified as of #8456.
+        # rule is: if we have a with_polymorphic or a concrete-style
+        # polymorphic selectable, *or* if the base mapper has either of those,
+        # we turn on the adaption thing.  if not, we do *no* adaption.
+        #
+        # (UPDATE for #8168: the above comment was not accurate, as we were
+        # still saying "do polymorphic" if we were using an auto-generated
+        # flattened JOIN for with_polymorphic.)
+        #
+        # this splits the behavior among the "regular" joined inheritance
+        # and single inheritance mappers, vs. the "weird / difficult"
+        # concrete and joined inh mappings that use a with_polymorphic of
+        # some kind or polymorphic_union.
+        #
+        # note we have some tests in test_polymorphic_rel that query against
+        # a subclass, then refer to the superclass that has a with_polymorphic
+        # on it (such as test_join_from_polymorphic_explicit_aliased_three).
+        # these tests actually adapt the polymorphic selectable (like, the
+        # UNION or the SELECT subquery with JOIN in it) to be just the simple
+        # subclass table.   Hence even if we are a "plain" inheriting mapper
+        # but our base has a wpoly on it, we turn on adaption.  This is a
+        # legacy case we should probably disable.
+        #
+        #
+        # UPDATE: simplified way more as of #8168.   polymorphic adaption
+        # is turned off even if with_polymorphic is set, as long as there
+        # is no user-defined aliased selectable / subquery configured.
+        # this scales back the use of polymorphic adaption in practice
+        # to basically no cases except for concrete inheritance with a
+        # polymorphic base class.
+        #
+        return (
+            self._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause
+            or self._requires_row_aliasing
+            or (self.base_mapper._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause)
+            or self.base_mapper._requires_row_aliasing
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _with_polymorphic_mappers(self) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        self._check_configure()
+
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return []
+        return self._mappers_from_spec(*self.with_polymorphic)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _post_inspect(self):
+        """This hook is invoked by attribute inspection.
+
+        E.g. when Query calls:
+
+            coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, ent, keep_inspect=True)
+
+        This allows the inspection process run a configure mappers hook.
+
+        """
+        self._check_configure()
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _with_polymorphic_selectable(self) -> FromClause:
+        if not self.with_polymorphic:
+            return self.persist_selectable
+
+        spec, selectable = self.with_polymorphic
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return selectable
+        else:
+            return self._selectable_from_mappers(
+                self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable), False
+            )
+
+    with_polymorphic_mappers = _with_polymorphic_mappers
+    """The list of :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects included in the
+    default "polymorphic" query.
+
+    """
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _insert_cols_evaluating_none(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                col for col in columns if col.type.should_evaluate_none
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _insert_cols_as_none(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                col.key
+                for col in columns
+                if not col.primary_key
+                and not col.server_default
+                and not col.default
+                and not col.type.should_evaluate_none
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _propkey_to_col(self):
+        return {
+            table: {self._columntoproperty[col].key: col for col in columns}
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _pk_keys_by_table(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset([col.key for col in pks])
+            for table, pks in self._pks_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _pk_attr_keys_by_table(self):
+        return {
+            table: frozenset([self._columntoproperty[col].key for col in pks])
+            for table, pks in self._pks_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_default_cols(
+        self,
+    ) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[Column[Any]]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                [
+                    col
+                    for col in cast("Iterable[Column[Any]]", columns)
+                    if col.server_default is not None
+                    or (
+                        col.default is not None
+                        and col.default.is_clause_element
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_onupdate_default_cols(
+        self,
+    ) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[Column[Any]]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(
+                [
+                    col
+                    for col in cast("Iterable[Column[Any]]", columns)
+                    if col.server_onupdate is not None
+                    or (
+                        col.onupdate is not None
+                        and col.onupdate.is_clause_element
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            for table, columns in self._cols_by_table.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_default_col_keys(self) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[str]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(col.key for col in cols if col.key is not None)
+            for table, cols in self._server_default_cols.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_onupdate_default_col_keys(
+        self,
+    ) -> Mapping[FromClause, FrozenSet[str]]:
+        return {
+            table: frozenset(col.key for col in cols if col.key is not None)
+            for table, cols in self._server_onupdate_default_cols.items()
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _server_default_plus_onupdate_propkeys(self) -> Set[str]:
+        result: Set[str] = set()
+
+        col_to_property = self._columntoproperty
+        for table, columns in self._server_default_cols.items():
+            result.update(
+                col_to_property[col].key
+                for col in columns.intersection(col_to_property)
+            )
+        for table, columns in self._server_onupdate_default_cols.items():
+            result.update(
+                col_to_property[col].key
+                for col in columns.intersection(col_to_property)
+            )
+        return result
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_instancemethod
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        annotations: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "entity_namespace": self,
+            "parententity": self,
+            "parentmapper": self,
+        }
+        if self.persist_selectable is not self.local_table:
+            # joined table inheritance, with polymorphic selectable,
+            # etc.
+            annotations["dml_table"] = self.local_table._annotate(
+                {
+                    "entity_namespace": self,
+                    "parententity": self,
+                    "parentmapper": self,
+                }
+            )._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+            )
+
+        return self.selectable._annotate(annotations)._set_propagate_attrs(
+            {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def select_identity_token(self):
+        return (
+            expression.null()
+            ._annotate(
+                {
+                    "entity_namespace": self,
+                    "parententity": self,
+                    "parentmapper": self,
+                    "identity_token": True,
+                }
+            )
+            ._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self) -> FromClause:
+        """The :class:`_schema.FromClause` construct this
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` selects from by default.
+
+        Normally, this is equivalent to :attr:`.persist_selectable`, unless
+        the ``with_polymorphic`` feature is in use, in which case the
+        full "polymorphic" selectable is returned.
+
+        """
+        return self._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+    def _with_polymorphic_args(
+        self,
+        spec: Any = None,
+        selectable: Union[Literal[False, None], FromClause] = False,
+        innerjoin: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tuple[Sequence[Mapper[Any]], FromClause]:
+        if selectable not in (None, False):
+            selectable = coercions.expect(
+                roles.StrictFromClauseRole, selectable, allow_select=True
+            )
+
+        if self.with_polymorphic:
+            if not spec:
+                spec = self.with_polymorphic[0]
+            if selectable is False:
+                selectable = self.with_polymorphic[1]
+        elif selectable is False:
+            selectable = None
+        mappers = self._mappers_from_spec(spec, selectable)
+        if selectable is not None:
+            return mappers, selectable
+        else:
+            return mappers, self._selectable_from_mappers(mappers, innerjoin)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _polymorphic_properties(self):
+        return list(
+            self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+                self._with_polymorphic_mappers
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _all_column_expressions(self):
+        poly_properties = self._polymorphic_properties
+        adapter = self._polymorphic_adapter
+
+        return [
+            adapter.columns[c] if adapter else c
+            for prop in poly_properties
+            if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty)
+            and prop._renders_in_subqueries
+            for c in prop.columns
+        ]
+
+    def _columns_plus_keys(self, polymorphic_mappers=()):
+        if polymorphic_mappers:
+            poly_properties = self._iterate_polymorphic_properties(
+                polymorphic_mappers
+            )
+        else:
+            poly_properties = self._polymorphic_properties
+
+        return [
+            (prop.key, prop.columns[0])
+            for prop in poly_properties
+            if isinstance(prop, properties.ColumnProperty)
+        ]
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _polymorphic_adapter(self) -> Optional[orm_util.ORMAdapter]:
+        if self._has_aliased_polymorphic_fromclause:
+            return orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.MAPPER_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER,
+                self,
+                selectable=self.selectable,
+                equivalents=self._equivalent_columns,
+                limit_on_entity=False,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _iterate_polymorphic_properties(self, mappers=None):
+        """Return an iterator of MapperProperty objects which will render into
+        a SELECT."""
+        if mappers is None:
+            mappers = self._with_polymorphic_mappers
+
+        if not mappers:
+            for c in self.iterate_properties:
+                yield c
+        else:
+            # in the polymorphic case, filter out discriminator columns
+            # from other mappers, as these are sometimes dependent on that
+            # mapper's polymorphic selectable (which we don't want rendered)
+            for c in util.unique_list(
+                chain(
+                    *[
+                        list(mapper.iterate_properties)
+                        for mapper in [self] + mappers
+                    ]
+                )
+            ):
+                if getattr(c, "_is_polymorphic_discriminator", False) and (
+                    self.polymorphic_on is None
+                    or c.columns[0] is not self.polymorphic_on
+                ):
+                    continue
+                yield c
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def attrs(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[MapperProperty[Any]]:
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.MapperProperty` objects
+        associated this mapper.
+
+        This is an object that provides each property based on
+        its key name.  For instance, the mapper for a
+        ``User`` class which has ``User.name`` attribute would
+        provide ``mapper.attrs.name``, which would be the
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` representing the ``name``
+        column.   The namespace object can also be iterated,
+        which would yield each :class:`.MapperProperty`.
+
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` has several pre-filtered views
+        of this attribute which limit the types of properties
+        returned, including :attr:`.synonyms`, :attr:`.column_attrs`,
+        :attr:`.relationships`, and :attr:`.composites`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.attrs[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.attrs, somename)`` to avoid name collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+
+        """
+
+        self._check_configure()
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(self._props)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def all_orm_descriptors(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[InspectionAttr]:
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.InspectionAttr` attributes associated
+        with the mapped class.
+
+        These attributes are in all cases Python :term:`descriptors`
+        associated with the mapped class or its superclasses.
+
+        This namespace includes attributes that are mapped to the class
+        as well as attributes declared by extension modules.
+        It includes any Python descriptor type that inherits from
+        :class:`.InspectionAttr`.  This includes
+        :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, as well as extension types such as
+        :class:`.hybrid_property`, :class:`.hybrid_method` and
+        :class:`.AssociationProxy`.
+
+        To distinguish between mapped attributes and extension attributes,
+        the attribute :attr:`.InspectionAttr.extension_type` will refer
+        to a constant that distinguishes between different extension types.
+
+        The sorting of the attributes is based on the following rules:
+
+        1. Iterate through the class and its superclasses in order from
+           subclass to superclass (i.e. iterate through ``cls.__mro__``)
+
+        2. For each class, yield the attributes in the order in which they
+           appear in ``__dict__``, with the exception of those in step
+           3 below.  In Python 3.6 and above this ordering will be the
+           same as that of the class' construction, with the exception
+           of attributes that were added after the fact by the application
+           or the mapper.
+
+        3. If a certain attribute key is also in the superclass ``__dict__``,
+           then it's included in the iteration for that class, and not the
+           class in which it first appeared.
+
+        The above process produces an ordering that is deterministic in terms
+        of the order in which attributes were assigned to the class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.19 ensured deterministic ordering for
+           :meth:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`.
+
+        When dealing with a :class:`.QueryableAttribute`, the
+        :attr:`.QueryableAttribute.property` attribute refers to the
+        :class:`.MapperProperty` property, which is what you get when
+        referring to the collection of mapped properties via
+        :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The :attr:`_orm.Mapper.all_orm_descriptors`
+            accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.all_orm_descriptors[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.all_orm_descriptors, somename)`` to avoid name
+            collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs`
+
+        """
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(
+            dict(self.class_manager._all_sqla_attributes())
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def _pk_synonyms(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        """return a dictionary of {syn_attribute_name: pk_attr_name} for
+        all synonyms that refer to primary key columns
+
+        """
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        pk_keys = {prop.key for prop in self._identity_key_props}
+
+        return {
+            syn.key: syn.name
+            for k, syn in self._props.items()
+            if isinstance(syn, descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+            and syn.name in pk_keys
+        }
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def synonyms(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[SynonymProperty[Any]]:
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.Synonym`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        descriptor_props = util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props
+
+        return self._filter_properties(descriptor_props.SynonymProperty)
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        return self.class_
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def column_attrs(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[ColumnProperty[Any]]:
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.ColumnProperty`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(properties.ColumnProperty)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.relationships")
+    def relationships(
+        self,
+    ) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[RelationshipProperty[Any]]:
+        """A namespace of all :class:`.Relationship` properties
+        maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            the :attr:`_orm.Mapper.relationships` accessor namespace is an
+            instance of :class:`.OrderedProperties`.  This is
+            a dictionary-like object which includes a small number of
+            named methods such as :meth:`.OrderedProperties.items`
+            and :meth:`.OrderedProperties.values`.  When
+            accessing attributes dynamically, favor using the dict-access
+            scheme, e.g. ``mapper.relationships[somename]`` over
+            ``getattr(mapper.relationships, somename)`` to avoid name
+            collisions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(
+            util.preloaded.orm_relationships.RelationshipProperty
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.descriptor_props")
+    def composites(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[CompositeProperty[Any]]:
+        """Return a namespace of all :class:`.Composite`
+        properties maintained by this :class:`_orm.Mapper`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Mapper.attrs` - namespace of all
+            :class:`.MapperProperty`
+            objects.
+
+        """
+        return self._filter_properties(
+            util.preloaded.orm_descriptor_props.CompositeProperty
+        )
+
+    def _filter_properties(
+        self, type_: Type[_MP]
+    ) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[_MP]:
+        self._check_configure()
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(
+            util.OrderedDict(
+                (k, v) for k, v in self._props.items() if isinstance(v, type_)
+            )
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _get_clause(self):
+        """create a "get clause" based on the primary key.  this is used
+        by query.get() and many-to-one lazyloads to load this item
+        by primary key.
+
+        """
+        params = [
+            (
+                primary_key,
+                sql.bindparam("pk_%d" % idx, type_=primary_key.type),
+            )
+            for idx, primary_key in enumerate(self.primary_key, 1)
+        ]
+        return (
+            sql.and_(*[k == v for (k, v) in params]),
+            util.column_dict(params),
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _equivalent_columns(self) -> _EquivalentColumnMap:
+        """Create a map of all equivalent columns, based on
+        the determination of column pairs that are equated to
+        one another based on inherit condition.  This is designed
+        to work with the queries that util.polymorphic_union
+        comes up with, which often don't include the columns from
+        the base table directly (including the subclass table columns
+        only).
+
+        The resulting structure is a dictionary of columns mapped
+        to lists of equivalent columns, e.g.::
+
+            {tablea.col1: {tableb.col1, tablec.col1}, tablea.col2: {tabled.col2}}
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        result: _EquivalentColumnMap = {}
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                if binary.left in result:
+                    result[binary.left].add(binary.right)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.left] = {binary.right}
+                if binary.right in result:
+                    result[binary.right].add(binary.left)
+                else:
+                    result[binary.right] = {binary.left}
+
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            if mapper.inherit_condition is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(
+                    mapper.inherit_condition, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+                )
+
+        return result
+
+    def _is_userland_descriptor(self, assigned_name: str, obj: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(
+            obj,
+            (
+                _MappedAttribute,
+                instrumentation.ClassManager,
+                expression.ColumnElement,
+            ),
+        ):
+            return False
+        else:
+            return assigned_name not in self._dataclass_fields
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _dataclass_fields(self):
+        return [f.name for f in util.dataclass_fields(self.class_)]
+
+    def _should_exclude(self, name, assigned_name, local, column):
+        """determine whether a particular property should be implicitly
+        present on the class.
+
+        This occurs when properties are propagated from an inherited class, or
+        are applied from the columns present in the mapped table.
+
+        """
+
+        if column is not None and sql_base._never_select_column(column):
+            return True
+
+        # check for class-bound attributes and/or descriptors,
+        # either local or from an inherited class
+        # ignore dataclass field default values
+        if local:
+            if self.class_.__dict__.get(
+                assigned_name, None
+            ) is not None and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                assigned_name, self.class_.__dict__[assigned_name]
+            ):
+                return True
+        else:
+            attr = self.class_manager._get_class_attr_mro(assigned_name, None)
+            if attr is not None and self._is_userland_descriptor(
+                assigned_name, attr
+            ):
+                return True
+
+        if (
+            self.include_properties is not None
+            and name not in self.include_properties
+            and (column is None or column not in self.include_properties)
+        ):
+            self._log("not including property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        if self.exclude_properties is not None and (
+            name in self.exclude_properties
+            or (column is not None and column in self.exclude_properties)
+        ):
+            self._log("excluding property %s" % (name))
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def common_parent(self, other: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return true if the given mapper shares a
+        common inherited parent as this mapper."""
+
+        return self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper
+
+    def is_sibling(self, other: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """return true if the other mapper is an inheriting sibling to this
+        one.  common parent but different branch
+
+        """
+        return (
+            self.base_mapper is other.base_mapper
+            and not self.isa(other)
+            and not other.isa(self)
+        )
+
+    def _canload(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], allow_subtypes: bool
+    ) -> bool:
+        s = self.primary_mapper()
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None or allow_subtypes:
+            return _state_mapper(state).isa(s)
+        else:
+            return _state_mapper(state) is s
+
+    def isa(self, other: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the this mapper inherits from the given mapper."""
+
+        m: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self
+        while m and m is not other:
+            m = m.inherits
+        return bool(m)
+
+    def iterate_to_root(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        m: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self
+        while m:
+            yield m
+            m = m.inherits
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def self_and_descendants(self) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """The collection including this mapper and all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        """
+        descendants = []
+        stack = deque([self])
+        while stack:
+            item = stack.popleft()
+            descendants.append(item)
+            stack.extend(item._inheriting_mappers)
+        return util.WeakSequence(descendants)
+
+    def polymorphic_iterator(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """Iterate through the collection including this mapper and
+        all descendant mappers.
+
+        This includes not just the immediately inheriting mappers but
+        all their inheriting mappers as well.
+
+        To iterate through an entire hierarchy, use
+        ``mapper.base_mapper.polymorphic_iterator()``.
+
+        """
+        return iter(self.self_and_descendants)
+
+    def primary_mapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        """Return the primary mapper corresponding to this mapper's class key
+        (class)."""
+
+        return self.class_manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def primary_base_mapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        return self.class_manager.mapper.base_mapper
+
+    def _result_has_identity_key(self, result, adapter=None):
+        pk_cols: Sequence[ColumnClause[Any]] = self.primary_key
+        if adapter:
+            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+        rk = result.keys()
+        for col in pk_cols:
+            if col not in rk:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def identity_key_from_row(
+        self,
+        row: Union[Row[Any], RowMapping],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        adapter: Optional[ORMAdapter] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from the identity map.
+
+        :param row: A :class:`.Row` or :class:`.RowMapping` produced from a
+         result set that selected from the ORM mapped primary key columns.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0
+            :class:`.Row` or :class:`.RowMapping` are accepted
+            for the "row" argument
+
+        """
+        pk_cols: Sequence[ColumnClause[Any]] = self.primary_key
+        if adapter:
+            pk_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in pk_cols]
+
+        mapping: RowMapping
+        if hasattr(row, "_mapping"):
+            mapping = row._mapping
+        else:
+            mapping = row  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        return (
+            self._identity_class,
+            tuple(mapping[column] for column in pk_cols),
+            identity_token,
+        )
+
+    def identity_key_from_primary_key(
+        self,
+        primary_key: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        """Return an identity-map key for use in storing/retrieving an
+        item from an identity map.
+
+        :param primary_key: A list of values indicating the identifier.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            self._identity_class,
+            tuple(primary_key),
+            identity_token,
+        )
+
+    def identity_key_from_instance(self, instance: _O) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        """Return the identity key for the given instance, based on
+        its primary key attributes.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        This value is typically also found on the instance state under the
+        attribute name `key`.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        return self._identity_key_from_state(state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF)
+
+    def _identity_key_from_state(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[_O]:
+        dict_ = state.dict
+        manager = state.manager
+        return (
+            self._identity_class,
+            tuple(
+                [
+                    manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive)
+                    for prop in self._identity_key_props
+                ]
+            ),
+            state.identity_token,
+        )
+
+    def primary_key_from_instance(self, instance: _O) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """Return the list of primary key values for the given
+        instance.
+
+        If the instance's state is expired, calling this method
+        will result in a database check to see if the object has been deleted.
+        If the row no longer exists,
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        identity_key = self._identity_key_from_state(
+            state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+        )
+        return identity_key[1]
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _persistent_sortkey_fn(self):
+        key_fns = [col.type.sort_key_function for col in self.primary_key]
+
+        if set(key_fns).difference([None]):
+
+            def key(state):
+                return tuple(
+                    key_fn(val) if key_fn is not None else val
+                    for key_fn, val in zip(key_fns, state.key[1])
+                )
+
+        else:
+
+            def key(state):
+                return state.key[1]
+
+        return key
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _identity_key_props(self):
+        return [self._columntoproperty[col] for col in self.primary_key]
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _all_pk_cols(self):
+        collection: Set[ColumnClause[Any]] = set()
+        for table in self.tables:
+            collection.update(self._pks_by_table[table])
+        return collection
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _should_undefer_in_wildcard(self):
+        cols: Set[ColumnElement[Any]] = set(self.primary_key)
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            cols.add(self.polymorphic_on)
+        return cols
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _primary_key_propkeys(self):
+        return {self._columntoproperty[col].key for col in self._all_pk_cols}
+
+    def _get_state_attr_by_column(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        column: ColumnElement[Any],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE,
+    ) -> Any:
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+
+    def _set_committed_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        state.manager[prop.key].impl.set_committed_value(state, dict_, value)
+
+    def _set_state_attr_by_column(self, state, dict_, column, value):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        state.manager[prop.key].impl.set(state, dict_, value, None)
+
+    def _get_committed_attr_by_column(self, obj, column):
+        state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(obj)
+        return self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+            state, dict_, column, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+        )
+
+    def _get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+        self, state, dict_, column, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_RETURN_NO_VALUE
+    ):
+        prop = self._columntoproperty[column]
+        return state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_committed_value(
+            state, dict_, passive=passive
+        )
+
+    def _optimized_get_statement(self, state, attribute_names):
+        """assemble a WHERE clause which retrieves a given state by primary
+        key, using a minimized set of tables.
+
+        Applies to a joined-table inheritance mapper where the
+        requested attribute names are only present on joined tables,
+        not the base table.  The WHERE clause attempts to include
+        only those tables to minimize joins.
+
+        """
+        props = self._props
+
+        col_attribute_names = set(attribute_names).intersection(
+            state.mapper.column_attrs.keys()
+        )
+        tables: Set[FromClause] = set(
+            chain(
+                *[
+                    sql_util.find_tables(c, check_columns=True)
+                    for key in col_attribute_names
+                    for c in props[key].columns
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        if self.base_mapper.local_table in tables:
+            return None
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            leftcol = binary.left
+            rightcol = binary.right
+            if leftcol is None or rightcol is None:
+                return
+
+            if leftcol.table not in tables:
+                leftval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state.dict,
+                    leftcol,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+                if leftval in orm_util._none_set:
+                    raise _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.left = sql.bindparam(
+                    None, leftval, type_=binary.right.type
+                )
+            elif rightcol.table not in tables:
+                rightval = self._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state.dict,
+                    rightcol,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+                if rightval in orm_util._none_set:
+                    raise _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable()
+                binary.right = sql.bindparam(
+                    None, rightval, type_=binary.right.type
+                )
+
+        allconds: List[ColumnElement[bool]] = []
+
+        start = False
+
+        # as of #7507, from the lowest base table on upwards,
+        # we include all intermediary tables.
+
+        for mapper in reversed(list(self.iterate_to_root())):
+            if mapper.local_table in tables:
+                start = True
+            elif not isinstance(mapper.local_table, expression.TableClause):
+                return None
+            if start and not mapper.single:
+                assert mapper.inherits
+                assert not mapper.concrete
+                assert mapper.inherit_condition is not None
+                allconds.append(mapper.inherit_condition)
+                tables.add(mapper.local_table)
+
+        # only the bottom table needs its criteria to be altered to fit
+        # the primary key ident - the rest of the tables upwards to the
+        # descendant-most class should all be present and joined to each
+        # other.
+        try:
+            _traversed = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                allconds[0], {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+            )
+        except _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable:
+            return None
+        else:
+            allconds[0] = _traversed
+
+        cond = sql.and_(*allconds)
+
+        cols = []
+        for key in col_attribute_names:
+            cols.extend(props[key].columns)
+        return (
+            sql.select(*cols)
+            .where(cond)
+            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+        )
+
+    def _iterate_to_target_viawpoly(self, mapper):
+        if self.isa(mapper):
+            prev = self
+            for m in self.iterate_to_root():
+                yield m
+
+                if m is not prev and prev not in m._with_polymorphic_mappers:
+                    break
+
+                prev = m
+                if m is mapper:
+                    break
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _would_selectinload_combinations_cache(self):
+        return {}
+
+    def _would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(self, super_mapper):
+        """return True if this mapper would "selectin" polymorphic load based
+        on the given super mapper, and not from a setting from a subclass.
+
+        given::
+
+            class A: ...
+
+
+            class B(A):
+                __mapper_args__ = {"polymorphic_load": "selectin"}
+
+
+            class C(B): ...
+
+
+            class D(B):
+                __mapper_args__ = {"polymorphic_load": "selectin"}
+
+        ``inspect(C)._would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(inspect(B))``
+        returns True, because C does selectin loading because of B's setting.
+
+        OTOH, ``inspect(D)
+        ._would_selectin_load_only_from_given_mapper(inspect(B))``
+        returns False, because D does selectin loading because of its own
+        setting; when we are doing a selectin poly load from B, we want to
+        filter out D because it would already have its own selectin poly load
+        set up separately.
+
+        Added as part of #9373.
+
+        """
+        cache = self._would_selectinload_combinations_cache
+
+        try:
+            return cache[super_mapper]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # assert that given object is a supermapper, meaning we already
+        # strong reference it directly or indirectly.  this allows us
+        # to not worry that we are creating new strongrefs to unrelated
+        # mappers or other objects.
+        assert self.isa(super_mapper)
+
+        mapper = super_mapper
+        for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
+            if m.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
+                retval = m is super_mapper
+                break
+        else:
+            retval = False
+
+        cache[super_mapper] = retval
+        return retval
+
+    def _should_selectin_load(self, enabled_via_opt, polymorphic_from):
+        if not enabled_via_opt:
+            # common case, takes place for all polymorphic loads
+            mapper = polymorphic_from
+            for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
+                if m.polymorphic_load == "selectin":
+                    return m
+        else:
+            # uncommon case, selectin load options were used
+            enabled_via_opt = set(enabled_via_opt)
+            enabled_via_opt_mappers = {e.mapper: e for e in enabled_via_opt}
+            for entity in enabled_via_opt.union([polymorphic_from]):
+                mapper = entity.mapper
+                for m in self._iterate_to_target_viawpoly(mapper):
+                    if (
+                        m.polymorphic_load == "selectin"
+                        or m in enabled_via_opt_mappers
+                    ):
+                        return enabled_via_opt_mappers.get(m, m)
+
+        return None
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.strategy_options")
+    def _subclass_load_via_in(self, entity, polymorphic_from):
+        """Assemble a that can load the columns local to
+        this subclass as a SELECT with IN.
+
+        """
+
+        strategy_options = util.preloaded.orm_strategy_options
+
+        assert self.inherits
+
+        if self.polymorphic_on is not None:
+            polymorphic_prop = self._columntoproperty[self.polymorphic_on]
+            keep_props = set([polymorphic_prop] + self._identity_key_props)
+        else:
+            keep_props = set(self._identity_key_props)
+
+        disable_opt = strategy_options.Load(entity)
+        enable_opt = strategy_options.Load(entity)
+
+        classes_to_include = {self}
+        m: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self.inherits
+        while (
+            m is not None
+            and m is not polymorphic_from
+            and m.polymorphic_load == "selectin"
+        ):
+            classes_to_include.add(m)
+            m = m.inherits
+
+        for prop in self.column_attrs + self.relationships:
+            # skip prop keys that are not instrumented on the mapped class.
+            # this is primarily the "_sa_polymorphic_on" property that gets
+            # created for an ad-hoc polymorphic_on SQL expression, issue #8704
+            if prop.key not in self.class_manager:
+                continue
+
+            if prop.parent in classes_to_include or prop in keep_props:
+                # "enable" options, to turn on the properties that we want to
+                # load by default (subject to options from the query)
+                if not isinstance(prop, StrategizedProperty):
+                    continue
+
+                enable_opt = enable_opt._set_generic_strategy(
+                    # convert string name to an attribute before passing
+                    # to loader strategy.   note this must be in terms
+                    # of given entity, such as AliasedClass, etc.
+                    (getattr(entity.entity_namespace, prop.key),),
+                    dict(prop.strategy_key),
+                    _reconcile_to_other=True,
+                )
+            else:
+                # "disable" options, to turn off the properties from the
+                # superclass that we *don't* want to load, applied after
+                # the options from the query to override them
+                disable_opt = disable_opt._set_generic_strategy(
+                    # convert string name to an attribute before passing
+                    # to loader strategy.   note this must be in terms
+                    # of given entity, such as AliasedClass, etc.
+                    (getattr(entity.entity_namespace, prop.key),),
+                    {"do_nothing": True},
+                    _reconcile_to_other=False,
+                )
+
+        primary_key = [
+            sql_util._deep_annotate(pk, {"_orm_adapt": True})
+            for pk in self.primary_key
+        ]
+
+        in_expr: ColumnElement[Any]
+
+        if len(primary_key) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*primary_key)
+        else:
+            in_expr = primary_key[0]
+
+        if entity.is_aliased_class:
+            assert entity.mapper is self
+
+            q = sql.select(entity).set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+
+            in_expr = entity._adapter.traverse(in_expr)
+            primary_key = [entity._adapter.traverse(k) for k in primary_key]
+            q = q.where(
+                in_expr.in_(sql.bindparam("primary_keys", expanding=True))
+            ).order_by(*primary_key)
+        else:
+            q = sql.select(self).set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+            q = q.where(
+                in_expr.in_(sql.bindparam("primary_keys", expanding=True))
+            ).order_by(*primary_key)
+
+        return q, enable_opt, disable_opt
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _subclass_load_via_in_mapper(self):
+        # the default is loading this mapper against the basemost mapper
+        return self._subclass_load_via_in(self, self.base_mapper)
+
+    def cascade_iterator(
+        self,
+        type_: str,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        halt_on: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[Any]], bool]] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[
+        Tuple[object, Mapper[Any], InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]
+    ]:
+        r"""Iterate each element and its mapper in an object graph,
+        for all relationships that meet the given cascade rule.
+
+        :param type\_:
+          The name of the cascade rule (i.e. ``"save-update"``, ``"delete"``,
+          etc.).
+
+          .. note::  the ``"all"`` cascade is not accepted here.  For a generic
+             object traversal function, see :ref:`faq_walk_objects`.
+
+        :param state:
+          The lead InstanceState.  child items will be processed per
+          the relationships defined for this object's mapper.
+
+        :return: the method yields individual object instances.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_cascades`
+
+            :ref:`faq_walk_objects` - illustrates a generic function to
+            traverse all objects without relying on cascades.
+
+        """
+        visited_states: Set[InstanceState[Any]] = set()
+        prp, mpp = object(), object()
+
+        assert state.mapper.isa(self)
+
+        # this is actually a recursive structure, fully typing it seems
+        # a little too difficult for what it's worth here
+        visitables: Deque[
+            Tuple[
+                Deque[Any],
+                object,
+                Optional[InstanceState[Any]],
+                Optional[_InstanceDict],
+            ]
+        ]
+
+        visitables = deque(
+            [(deque(state.mapper._props.values()), prp, state, state.dict)]
+        )
+
+        while visitables:
+            iterator, item_type, parent_state, parent_dict = visitables[-1]
+            if not iterator:
+                visitables.pop()
+                continue
+
+            if item_type is prp:
+                prop = iterator.popleft()
+                if not prop.cascade or type_ not in prop.cascade:
+                    continue
+                assert parent_state is not None
+                assert parent_dict is not None
+                queue = deque(
+                    prop.cascade_iterator(
+                        type_,
+                        parent_state,
+                        parent_dict,
+                        visited_states,
+                        halt_on,
+                    )
+                )
+                if queue:
+                    visitables.append((queue, mpp, None, None))
+            elif item_type is mpp:
+                (
+                    instance,
+                    instance_mapper,
+                    corresponding_state,
+                    corresponding_dict,
+                ) = iterator.popleft()
+                yield (
+                    instance,
+                    instance_mapper,
+                    corresponding_state,
+                    corresponding_dict,
+                )
+                visitables.append(
+                    (
+                        deque(instance_mapper._props.values()),
+                        prp,
+                        corresponding_state,
+                        corresponding_dict,
+                    )
+                )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _compiled_cache(self):
+        return util.LRUCache(self._compiled_cache_size)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _multiple_persistence_tables(self):
+        return len(self.tables) > 1
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _sorted_tables(self):
+        table_to_mapper: Dict[TableClause, Mapper[Any]] = {}
+
+        for mapper in self.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for t in mapper.tables:
+                table_to_mapper.setdefault(t, mapper)
+
+        extra_dependencies = []
+        for table, mapper in table_to_mapper.items():
+            super_ = mapper.inherits
+            if super_:
+                extra_dependencies.extend(
+                    [(super_table, table) for super_table in super_.tables]
+                )
+
+        def skip(fk):
+            # attempt to skip dependencies that are not
+            # significant to the inheritance chain
+            # for two tables that are related by inheritance.
+            # while that dependency may be important, it's technically
+            # not what we mean to sort on here.
+            parent = table_to_mapper.get(fk.parent.table)
+            dep = table_to_mapper.get(fk.column.table)
+            if (
+                parent is not None
+                and dep is not None
+                and dep is not parent
+                and dep.inherit_condition is not None
+            ):
+                cols = set(sql_util._find_columns(dep.inherit_condition))
+                if parent.inherit_condition is not None:
+                    cols = cols.union(
+                        sql_util._find_columns(parent.inherit_condition)
+                    )
+                    return fk.parent not in cols and fk.column not in cols
+                else:
+                    return fk.parent not in cols
+            return False
+
+        sorted_ = sql_util.sort_tables(
+            table_to_mapper,
+            skip_fn=skip,
+            extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies,
+        )
+
+        ret = util.OrderedDict()
+        for t in sorted_:
+            ret[t] = table_to_mapper[t]
+        return ret
+
+    def _memo(self, key: Any, callable_: Callable[[], _T]) -> _T:
+        if key in self._memoized_values:
+            return cast(_T, self._memoized_values[key])
+        else:
+            self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_()
+            return value
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _table_to_equated(self):
+        """memoized map of tables to collections of columns to be
+        synchronized upwards to the base mapper."""
+
+        result: util.defaultdict[
+            Table,
+            List[
+                Tuple[
+                    Mapper[Any],
+                    List[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]],
+                ]
+            ],
+        ] = util.defaultdict(list)
+
+        def set_union(x, y):
+            return x.union(y)
+
+        for table in self._sorted_tables:
+            cols = set(table.c)
+
+            for m in self.iterate_to_root():
+                if m._inherits_equated_pairs and cols.intersection(
+                    reduce(
+                        set_union,
+                        [l.proxy_set for l, r in m._inherits_equated_pairs],
+                    )
+                ):
+                    result[table].append((m, m._inherits_equated_pairs))
+
+        return result
+
+
+class _OptGetColumnsNotAvailable(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def configure_mappers() -> None:
+    """Initialize the inter-mapper relationships of all mappers that
+    have been constructed thus far across all :class:`_orm.registry`
+    collections.
+
+    The configure step is used to reconcile and initialize the
+    :func:`_orm.relationship` linkages between mapped classes, as well as to
+    invoke configuration events such as the
+    :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.before_configured` and
+    :meth:`_orm.MapperEvents.after_configured`, which may be used by ORM
+    extensions or user-defined extension hooks.
+
+    Mapper configuration is normally invoked automatically, the first time
+    mappings from a particular :class:`_orm.registry` are used, as well as
+    whenever mappings are used and additional not-yet-configured mappers have
+    been constructed. The automatic configuration process however is local only
+    to the :class:`_orm.registry` involving the target mapper and any related
+    :class:`_orm.registry` objects which it may depend on; this is
+    equivalent to invoking the :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method
+    on a particular :class:`_orm.registry`.
+
+    By contrast, the :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` function will invoke the
+    configuration process on all :class:`_orm.registry` objects that
+    exist in memory, and may be useful for scenarios where many individual
+    :class:`_orm.registry` objects that are nonetheless interrelated are
+    in use.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4.0b2, this function works on a
+        per-:class:`_orm.registry` basis, locating all :class:`_orm.registry`
+        objects present and invoking the :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method
+        on each. The :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` method may be preferred to
+        limit the configuration of mappers to those local to a particular
+        :class:`_orm.registry` and/or declarative base class.
+
+    Points at which automatic configuration is invoked include when a mapped
+    class is instantiated into an instance, as well as when ORM queries
+    are emitted using :meth:`.Session.query` or :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`
+    with an ORM-enabled statement.
+
+    The mapper configure process, whether invoked by
+    :func:`_orm.configure_mappers` or from :meth:`_orm.registry.configure`,
+    provides several event hooks that can be used to augment the mapper
+    configuration step. These hooks include:
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.before_configured` - called once before
+      :func:`.configure_mappers` or :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` does any
+      work; this can be used to establish additional options, properties, or
+      related mappings before the operation proceeds.
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.mapper_configured` - called as each individual
+      :class:`_orm.Mapper` is configured within the process; will include all
+      mapper state except for backrefs set up by other mappers that are still
+      to be configured.
+
+    * :meth:`.MapperEvents.after_configured` - called once after
+      :func:`.configure_mappers` or :meth:`_orm.registry.configure` is
+      complete; at this stage, all :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects that fall
+      within the scope of the configuration operation will be fully configured.
+      Note that the calling application may still have other mappings that
+      haven't been produced yet, such as if they are in modules as yet
+      unimported, and may also have mappings that are still to be configured,
+      if they are in other :class:`_orm.registry` collections not part of the
+      current scope of configuration.
+
+    """
+
+    _configure_registries(_all_registries(), cascade=True)
+
+
+def _configure_registries(
+    registries: Set[_RegistryType], cascade: bool
+) -> None:
+    for reg in registries:
+        if reg._new_mappers:
+            break
+    else:
+        return
+
+    with _CONFIGURE_MUTEX:
+        global _already_compiling
+        if _already_compiling:
+            return
+        _already_compiling = True
+        try:
+            # double-check inside mutex
+            for reg in registries:
+                if reg._new_mappers:
+                    break
+            else:
+                return
+
+            Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).before_configured()  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+            # initialize properties on all mappers
+            # note that _mapper_registry is unordered, which
+            # may randomly conceal/reveal issues related to
+            # the order of mapper compilation
+
+            _do_configure_registries(registries, cascade)
+        finally:
+            _already_compiling = False
+    Mapper.dispatch._for_class(Mapper).after_configured()  # type: ignore
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _do_configure_registries(
+    registries: Set[_RegistryType], cascade: bool
+) -> None:
+    registry = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api.registry
+
+    orig = set(registries)
+
+    for reg in registry._recurse_with_dependencies(registries):
+        has_skip = False
+
+        for mapper in reg._mappers_to_configure():
+            run_configure = None
+
+            for fn in mapper.dispatch.before_mapper_configured:
+                run_configure = fn(mapper, mapper.class_)
+                if run_configure is EXT_SKIP:
+                    has_skip = True
+                    break
+            if run_configure is EXT_SKIP:
+                continue
+
+            if getattr(mapper, "_configure_failed", False):
+                e = sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "One or more mappers failed to initialize - "
+                    "can't proceed with initialization of other "
+                    "mappers. Triggering mapper: '%s'. "
+                    "Original exception was: %s"
+                    % (mapper, mapper._configure_failed)
+                )
+                e._configure_failed = mapper._configure_failed  # type: ignore
+                raise e
+
+            if not mapper.configured:
+                try:
+                    mapper._post_configure_properties()
+                    mapper._expire_memoizations()
+                    mapper.dispatch.mapper_configured(mapper, mapper.class_)
+                except Exception:
+                    exc = sys.exc_info()[1]
+                    if not hasattr(exc, "_configure_failed"):
+                        mapper._configure_failed = exc
+                    raise
+        if not has_skip:
+            reg._new_mappers = False
+
+        if not cascade and reg._dependencies.difference(orig):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "configure was called with cascade=False but "
+                "additional registries remain"
+            )
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+def _dispose_registries(registries: Set[_RegistryType], cascade: bool) -> None:
+    registry = util.preloaded.orm_decl_api.registry
+
+    orig = set(registries)
+
+    for reg in registry._recurse_with_dependents(registries):
+        if not cascade and reg._dependents.difference(orig):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Registry has dependent registries that are not disposed; "
+                "pass cascade=True to clear these also"
+            )
+
+        while reg._managers:
+            try:
+                manager, _ = reg._managers.popitem()
+            except KeyError:
+                # guard against race between while and popitem
+                pass
+            else:
+                reg._dispose_manager_and_mapper(manager)
+
+        reg._non_primary_mappers.clear()
+        reg._dependents.clear()
+        for dep in reg._dependencies:
+            dep._dependents.discard(reg)
+        reg._dependencies.clear()
+        # this wasn't done in the 1.3 clear_mappers() and in fact it
+        # was a bug, as it could cause configure_mappers() to invoke
+        # the "before_configured" event even though mappers had all been
+        # disposed.
+        reg._new_mappers = False
+
+
+def reconstructor(fn):
+    """Decorate a method as the 'reconstructor' hook.
+
+    Designates a single method as the "reconstructor", an ``__init__``-like
+    method that will be called by the ORM after the instance has been
+    loaded from the database or otherwise reconstituted.
+
+    .. tip::
+
+        The :func:`_orm.reconstructor` decorator makes use of the
+        :meth:`_orm.InstanceEvents.load` event hook, which can be
+        used directly.
+
+    The reconstructor will be invoked with no arguments.  Scalar
+    (non-collection) database-mapped attributes of the instance will
+    be available for use within the function.  Eagerly-loaded
+    collections are generally not yet available and will usually only
+    contain the first element.  ORM state changes made to objects at
+    this stage will not be recorded for the next flush() operation, so
+    the activity within a reconstructor should be conservative.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.InstanceEvents.load`
+
+    """
+    fn.__sa_reconstructor__ = True
+    return fn
+
+
+def validates(
+    *names: str, include_removes: bool = False, include_backrefs: bool = True
+) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+    r"""Decorate a method as a 'validator' for one or more named properties.
+
+    Designates a method as a validator, a method which receives the
+    name of the attribute as well as a value to be assigned, or in the
+    case of a collection, the value to be added to the collection.
+    The function can then raise validation exceptions to halt the
+    process from continuing (where Python's built-in ``ValueError``
+    and ``AssertionError`` exceptions are reasonable choices), or can
+    modify or replace the value before proceeding. The function should
+    otherwise return the given value.
+
+    Note that a validator for a collection **cannot** issue a load of that
+    collection within the validation routine - this usage raises
+    an assertion to avoid recursion overflows.  This is a reentrant
+    condition which is not supported.
+
+    :param \*names: list of attribute names to be validated.
+    :param include_removes: if True, "remove" events will be
+     sent as well - the validation function must accept an additional
+     argument "is_remove" which will be a boolean.
+
+    :param include_backrefs: defaults to ``True``; if ``False``, the
+     validation function will not emit if the originator is an attribute
+     event related via a backref.  This can be used for bi-directional
+     :func:`.validates` usage where only one validator should emit per
+     attribute operation.
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 2.0.16 This paramter inadvertently defaulted to
+        ``False`` for releases 2.0.0 through 2.0.15.  Its correct default
+        of ``True`` is restored in 2.0.16.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+      :ref:`simple_validators` - usage examples for :func:`.validates`
+
+    """
+
+    def wrap(fn: _Fn) -> _Fn:
+        fn.__sa_validators__ = names  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        fn.__sa_validation_opts__ = {  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            "include_removes": include_removes,
+            "include_backrefs": include_backrefs,
+        }
+        return fn
+
+    return wrap
+
+
+def _event_on_load(state, ctx):
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+    if instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor:
+        instrumenting_mapper._reconstructor(state.obj())
+
+
+def _event_on_init(state, args, kwargs):
+    """Run init_instance hooks.
+
+    This also includes mapper compilation, normally not needed
+    here but helps with some piecemeal configuration
+    scenarios (such as in the ORM tutorial).
+
+    """
+
+    instrumenting_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+    if instrumenting_mapper:
+        instrumenting_mapper._check_configure()
+        if instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
+            instrumenting_mapper._set_polymorphic_identity(state)
+
+
+class _ColumnMapping(Dict["ColumnElement[Any]", "MapperProperty[Any]"]):
+    """Error reporting helper for mapper._columntoproperty."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("mapper",)
+
+    def __init__(self, mapper):
+        # TODO: weakref would be a good idea here
+        self.mapper = mapper
+
+    def __missing__(self, column):
+        prop = self.mapper._props.get(column)
+        if prop:
+            raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+                "Column '%s.%s' is not available, due to "
+                "conflicting property '%s':%r"
+                % (column.table.name, column.name, column.key, prop)
+            )
+        raise orm_exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "No column %s is configured on mapper %s..."
+            % (column, self.mapper)
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..388e4609
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/path_registry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+# orm/path_registry.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""Path tracking utilities, representing mapper graph traversals.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from functools import reduce
+from itertools import chain
+import logging
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base as orm_base
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper_property
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql.cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.visitors import anon_map
+    from ..util.typing import _LiteralStar
+    from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+    def is_root(path: PathRegistry) -> TypeGuard[RootRegistry]: ...
+
+    def is_entity(path: PathRegistry) -> TypeGuard[AbstractEntityRegistry]: ...
+
+else:
+    is_root = operator.attrgetter("is_root")
+    is_entity = operator.attrgetter("is_entity")
+
+
+_SerializedPath = List[Any]
+_StrPathToken = str
+_PathElementType = Union[
+    _StrPathToken, "_InternalEntityType[Any]", "StrategizedProperty[Any]"
+]
+
+# the representation is in fact
+# a tuple with alternating:
+# [_InternalEntityType[Any], Union[str, StrategizedProperty[Any]],
+# _InternalEntityType[Any], Union[str, StrategizedProperty[Any]], ...]
+# this might someday be a tuple of 2-tuples instead, but paths can be
+# chopped at odd intervals as well so this is less flexible
+_PathRepresentation = Tuple[_PathElementType, ...]
+
+# NOTE: these names are weird since the array is 0-indexed,
+# the "_Odd" entries are at 0, 2, 4, etc
+_OddPathRepresentation = Sequence["_InternalEntityType[Any]"]
+_EvenPathRepresentation = Sequence[Union["StrategizedProperty[Any]", str]]
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _unreduce_path(path: _SerializedPath) -> PathRegistry:
+    return PathRegistry.deserialize(path)
+
+
+_WILDCARD_TOKEN: _LiteralStar = "*"
+_DEFAULT_TOKEN = "_sa_default"
+
+
+class PathRegistry(HasCacheKey):
+    """Represent query load paths and registry functions.
+
+    Basically represents structures like:
+
+    (<User mapper>, "orders", <Order mapper>, "items", <Item mapper>)
+
+    These structures are generated by things like
+    query options (joinedload(), subqueryload(), etc.) and are
+    used to compose keys stored in the query._attributes dictionary
+    for various options.
+
+    They are then re-composed at query compile/result row time as
+    the query is formed and as rows are fetched, where they again
+    serve to compose keys to look up options in the context.attributes
+    dictionary, which is copied from query._attributes.
+
+    The path structure has a limited amount of caching, where each
+    "root" ultimately pulls from a fixed registry associated with
+    the first mapper, that also contains elements for each of its
+    property keys.  However paths longer than two elements, which
+    are the exception rather than the rule, are generated on an
+    as-needed basis.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    is_token = False
+    is_root = False
+    has_entity = False
+    is_property = False
+    is_entity = False
+
+    is_unnatural: bool
+
+    path: _PathRepresentation
+    natural_path: _PathRepresentation
+    parent: Optional[PathRegistry]
+    root: RootRegistry
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = [
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list)
+    ]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return other is not None and self.path == other._path_for_compare
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "Comparison of PathRegistry to %r is not supported"
+                % (type(other))
+            )
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        try:
+            return other is None or self.path != other._path_for_compare
+        except AttributeError:
+            util.warn(
+                "Comparison of PathRegistry to %r is not supported"
+                % (type(other))
+            )
+            return True
+
+    @property
+    def _path_for_compare(self) -> Optional[_PathRepresentation]:
+        return self.path
+
+    def odd_element(self, index: int) -> _InternalEntityType[Any]:
+        return self.path[index]  # type: ignore
+
+    def set(self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+        log.debug("set '%s' on path '%s' to '%s'", key, self, value)
+        attributes[(key, self.natural_path)] = value
+
+    def setdefault(
+        self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any, value: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        log.debug("setdefault '%s' on path '%s' to '%s'", key, self, value)
+        attributes.setdefault((key, self.natural_path), value)
+
+    def get(
+        self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any, value: Optional[Any] = None
+    ) -> Any:
+        key = (key, self.natural_path)
+        if key in attributes:
+            return attributes[key]
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, entity: _StrPathToken) -> TokenRegistry: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, entity: int) -> _PathElementType: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, entity: slice) -> _PathRepresentation: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    ) -> AbstractEntityRegistry: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, entity: StrategizedProperty[Any]
+    ) -> PropRegistry: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self,
+        entity: Union[
+            _StrPathToken,
+            int,
+            slice,
+            _InternalEntityType[Any],
+            StrategizedProperty[Any],
+        ],
+    ) -> Union[
+        TokenRegistry,
+        _PathElementType,
+        _PathRepresentation,
+        PropRegistry,
+        AbstractEntityRegistry,
+    ]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    # TODO: what are we using this for?
+    @property
+    def length(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.path)
+
+    def pairs(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterator[
+        Tuple[_InternalEntityType[Any], Union[str, StrategizedProperty[Any]]]
+    ]:
+        odd_path = cast(_OddPathRepresentation, self.path)
+        even_path = cast(_EvenPathRepresentation, odd_path)
+        for i in range(0, len(odd_path), 2):
+            yield odd_path[i], even_path[i + 1]
+
+    def contains_mapper(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        _m_path = cast(_OddPathRepresentation, self.path)
+        for path_mapper in [_m_path[i] for i in range(0, len(_m_path), 2)]:
+            if path_mapper.mapper.isa(mapper):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def contains(self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any], key: Any) -> bool:
+        return (key, self.path) in attributes
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return _unreduce_path, (self.serialize(),)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _serialize_path(cls, path: _PathRepresentation) -> _SerializedPath:
+        _m_path = cast(_OddPathRepresentation, path)
+        _p_path = cast(_EvenPathRepresentation, path)
+
+        return list(
+            zip(
+                tuple(
+                    m.class_ if (m.is_mapper or m.is_aliased_class) else str(m)
+                    for m in [_m_path[i] for i in range(0, len(_m_path), 2)]
+                ),
+                tuple(
+                    p.key if insp_is_mapper_property(p) else str(p)
+                    for p in [_p_path[i] for i in range(1, len(_p_path), 2)]
+                )
+                + (None,),
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _deserialize_path(cls, path: _SerializedPath) -> _PathRepresentation:
+        def _deserialize_mapper_token(mcls: Any) -> Any:
+            return (
+                # note: we likely dont want configure=True here however
+                # this is maintained at the moment for backwards compatibility
+                orm_base._inspect_mapped_class(mcls, configure=True)
+                if mcls not in PathToken._intern
+                else PathToken._intern[mcls]
+            )
+
+        def _deserialize_key_token(mcls: Any, key: Any) -> Any:
+            if key is None:
+                return None
+            elif key in PathToken._intern:
+                return PathToken._intern[key]
+            else:
+                mp = orm_base._inspect_mapped_class(mcls, configure=True)
+                assert mp is not None
+                return mp.attrs[key]
+
+        p = tuple(
+            chain(
+                *[
+                    (
+                        _deserialize_mapper_token(mcls),
+                        _deserialize_key_token(mcls, key),
+                    )
+                    for mcls, key in path
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        if p and p[-1] is None:
+            p = p[0:-1]
+        return p
+
+    def serialize(self) -> _SerializedPath:
+        path = self.path
+        return self._serialize_path(path)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def deserialize(cls, path: _SerializedPath) -> PathRegistry:
+        assert path is not None
+        p = cls._deserialize_path(path)
+        return cls.coerce(p)
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(cls, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> CachingEntityRegistry: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(cls, mapper: AliasedInsp[Any]) -> SlotsEntityRegistry: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def per_mapper(
+        cls, mapper: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    ) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        if mapper.is_mapper:
+            return CachingEntityRegistry(cls.root, mapper)
+        else:
+            return SlotsEntityRegistry(cls.root, mapper)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def coerce(cls, raw: _PathRepresentation) -> PathRegistry:
+        def _red(prev: PathRegistry, next_: _PathElementType) -> PathRegistry:
+            return prev[next_]
+
+        # can't quite get mypy to appreciate this one :)
+        return reduce(_red, raw, cls.root)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __add__(self, other: PathRegistry) -> PathRegistry:
+        def _red(prev: PathRegistry, next_: _PathElementType) -> PathRegistry:
+            return prev[next_]
+
+        return reduce(_red, other.path, self)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"ORM Path[{' -> '.join(str(elem) for elem in self.path)}]"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.path!r})"
+
+
+class CreatesToken(PathRegistry):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+    is_root: bool
+
+    def token(self, token: _StrPathToken) -> TokenRegistry:
+        if token.endswith(f":{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"):
+            return TokenRegistry(self, token)
+        elif token.endswith(f":{_DEFAULT_TOKEN}"):
+            return TokenRegistry(self.root, token)
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(f"invalid token: {token}")
+
+
+class RootRegistry(CreatesToken):
+    """Root registry, defers to mappers so that
+    paths are maintained per-root-mapper.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    path = natural_path = ()
+    has_entity = False
+    is_aliased_class = False
+    is_root = True
+    is_unnatural = False
+
+    def _getitem(
+        self, entity: Any
+    ) -> Union[TokenRegistry, AbstractEntityRegistry]:
+        if entity in PathToken._intern:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(entity, _StrPathToken)
+            return TokenRegistry(self, PathToken._intern[entity])
+        else:
+            try:
+                return entity._path_registry  # type: ignore
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise IndexError(
+                    f"invalid argument for RootRegistry.__getitem__: {entity}"
+                )
+
+    def _truncate_recursive(self) -> RootRegistry:
+        return self
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+PathRegistry.root = RootRegistry()
+
+
+class PathToken(orm_base.InspectionAttr, HasCacheKey, str):
+    """cacheable string token"""
+
+    _intern: Dict[str, PathToken] = {}
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (str(self),)
+
+    @property
+    def _path_for_compare(self) -> Optional[_PathRepresentation]:
+        return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def intern(cls, strvalue: str) -> PathToken:
+        if strvalue in cls._intern:
+            return cls._intern[strvalue]
+        else:
+            cls._intern[strvalue] = result = PathToken(strvalue)
+            return result
+
+
+class TokenRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    __slots__ = ("token", "parent", "path", "natural_path")
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    token: _StrPathToken
+    parent: CreatesToken
+
+    def __init__(self, parent: CreatesToken, token: _StrPathToken):
+        token = PathToken.intern(token)
+
+        self.token = token
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (token,)
+        self.natural_path = parent.natural_path + (token,)
+
+    has_entity = False
+
+    is_token = True
+
+    def generate_for_superclasses(self) -> Iterator[PathRegistry]:
+        # NOTE: this method is no longer used.  consider removal
+        parent = self.parent
+        if is_root(parent):
+            yield self
+            return
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(parent, AbstractEntityRegistry)
+        if not parent.is_aliased_class:
+            for mp_ent in parent.mapper.iterate_to_root():
+                yield TokenRegistry(parent.parent[mp_ent], self.token)
+        elif (
+            parent.is_aliased_class
+            and cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]",
+                parent.entity,
+            )._is_with_polymorphic
+        ):
+            yield self
+            for ent in cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]", parent.entity
+            )._with_polymorphic_entities:
+                yield TokenRegistry(parent.parent[ent], self.token)
+        else:
+            yield self
+
+    def _generate_natural_for_superclasses(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterator[_PathRepresentation]:
+        parent = self.parent
+        if is_root(parent):
+            yield self.natural_path
+            return
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(parent, AbstractEntityRegistry)
+        for mp_ent in parent.mapper.iterate_to_root():
+            yield TokenRegistry(parent.parent[mp_ent], self.token).natural_path
+        if (
+            parent.is_aliased_class
+            and cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]",
+                parent.entity,
+            )._is_with_polymorphic
+        ):
+            yield self.natural_path
+            for ent in cast(
+                "AliasedInsp[Any]", parent.entity
+            )._with_polymorphic_entities:
+                yield (
+                    TokenRegistry(parent.parent[ent], self.token).natural_path
+                )
+        else:
+            yield self.natural_path
+
+    def _getitem(self, entity: Any) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return self.path[entity]
+        except TypeError as err:
+            raise IndexError(f"{entity}") from err
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+class PropRegistry(PathRegistry):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "prop",
+        "parent",
+        "path",
+        "natural_path",
+        "has_entity",
+        "entity",
+        "mapper",
+        "_wildcard_path_loader_key",
+        "_default_path_loader_key",
+        "_loader_key",
+        "is_unnatural",
+    )
+    inherit_cache = True
+    is_property = True
+
+    prop: StrategizedProperty[Any]
+    mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]]
+    entity: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, parent: AbstractEntityRegistry, prop: StrategizedProperty[Any]
+    ):
+
+        # restate this path in terms of the
+        # given StrategizedProperty's parent.
+        insp = cast("_InternalEntityType[Any]", parent[-1])
+        natural_parent: AbstractEntityRegistry = parent
+
+        # inherit "is_unnatural" from the parent
+        self.is_unnatural = parent.parent.is_unnatural or bool(
+            parent.mapper.inherits
+        )
+
+        if not insp.is_aliased_class or insp._use_mapper_path:  # type: ignore
+            parent = natural_parent = parent.parent[prop.parent]
+        elif (
+            insp.is_aliased_class
+            and insp.with_polymorphic_mappers
+            and prop.parent in insp.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        ):
+            subclass_entity: _InternalEntityType[Any] = parent[-1]._entity_for_mapper(prop.parent)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+            parent = parent.parent[subclass_entity]
+
+            # when building a path where with_polymorphic() is in use,
+            # special logic to determine the "natural path" when subclass
+            # entities are used.
+            #
+            # here we are trying to distinguish between a path that starts
+            # on a with_polymorphic entity vs. one that starts on a
+            # normal entity that introduces a with_polymorphic() in the
+            # middle using of_type():
+            #
+            #  # as in test_polymorphic_rel->
+            #  #    test_subqueryload_on_subclass_uses_path_correctly
+            #  wp = with_polymorphic(RegularEntity, "*")
+            #  sess.query(wp).options(someload(wp.SomeSubEntity.foos))
+            #
+            # vs
+            #
+            #  # as in test_relationship->JoinedloadWPolyOfTypeContinued
+            #  wp = with_polymorphic(SomeFoo, "*")
+            #  sess.query(RegularEntity).options(
+            #       someload(RegularEntity.foos.of_type(wp))
+            #       .someload(wp.SubFoo.bar)
+            #   )
+            #
+            # in the former case, the Query as it generates a path that we
+            # want to match will be in terms of the with_polymorphic at the
+            # beginning.  in the latter case, Query will generate simple
+            # paths that don't know about this with_polymorphic, so we must
+            # use a separate natural path.
+            #
+            #
+            if parent.parent:
+                natural_parent = parent.parent[subclass_entity.mapper]
+                self.is_unnatural = True
+            else:
+                natural_parent = parent
+        elif (
+            natural_parent.parent
+            and insp.is_aliased_class
+            and prop.parent  # this should always be the case here
+            is not insp.mapper
+            and insp.mapper.isa(prop.parent)
+        ):
+            natural_parent = parent.parent[prop.parent]
+
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.path = parent.path + (prop,)
+        self.natural_path = natural_parent.natural_path + (prop,)
+
+        self.has_entity = prop._links_to_entity
+        if prop._is_relationship:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(prop, RelationshipProperty)
+            self.entity = prop.entity
+            self.mapper = prop.mapper
+        else:
+            self.entity = None
+            self.mapper = None
+
+        self._wildcard_path_loader_key = (
+            "loader",
+            parent.natural_path + self.prop._wildcard_token,
+        )
+        self._default_path_loader_key = self.prop._default_path_loader_key
+        self._loader_key = ("loader", self.natural_path)
+
+    def _truncate_recursive(self) -> PropRegistry:
+        earliest = None
+        for i, token in enumerate(reversed(self.path[:-1])):
+            if token is self.prop:
+                earliest = i
+
+        if earliest is None:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self.coerce(self.path[0 : -(earliest + 1)])  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def entity_path(self) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        assert self.entity is not None
+        return self[self.entity]
+
+    def _getitem(
+        self, entity: Union[int, slice, _InternalEntityType[Any]]
+    ) -> Union[AbstractEntityRegistry, _PathElementType, _PathRepresentation]:
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        else:
+            return SlotsEntityRegistry(self, entity)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+class AbstractEntityRegistry(CreatesToken):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "key",
+        "parent",
+        "is_aliased_class",
+        "path",
+        "entity",
+        "natural_path",
+    )
+
+    has_entity = True
+    is_entity = True
+
+    parent: Union[RootRegistry, PropRegistry]
+    key: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: Union[RootRegistry, PropRegistry],
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+    ):
+        self.key = entity
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.is_aliased_class = entity.is_aliased_class
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.path = parent.path + (entity,)
+
+        # the "natural path" is the path that we get when Query is traversing
+        # from the lead entities into the various relationships; it corresponds
+        # to the structure of mappers and relationships. when we are given a
+        # path that comes from loader options, as of 1.3 it can have ac-hoc
+        # with_polymorphic() and other AliasedInsp objects inside of it, which
+        # are usually not present in mappings.  So here we track both the
+        # "enhanced" path in self.path and the "natural" path that doesn't
+        # include those objects so these two traversals can be matched up.
+
+        # the test here for "(self.is_aliased_class or parent.is_unnatural)"
+        # are to avoid the more expensive conditional logic that follows if we
+        # know we don't have to do it.   This conditional can just as well be
+        # "if parent.path:", it just is more function calls.
+        #
+        # This is basically the only place that the "is_unnatural" flag
+        # actually changes behavior.
+        if parent.path and (self.is_aliased_class or parent.is_unnatural):
+            # this is an infrequent code path used only for loader strategies
+            # that also make use of of_type().
+            if entity.mapper.isa(parent.natural_path[-1].mapper):  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+                self.natural_path = parent.natural_path + (entity.mapper,)
+            else:
+                self.natural_path = parent.natural_path + (
+                    parent.natural_path[-1].entity,  # type: ignore
+                )
+        # it seems to make sense that since these paths get mixed up
+        # with statements that are cached or not, we should make
+        # sure the natural path is cacheable across different occurrences
+        # of equivalent AliasedClass objects.  however, so far this
+        # does not seem to be needed for whatever reason.
+        # elif not parent.path and self.is_aliased_class:
+        #     self.natural_path = (self.entity._generate_cache_key()[0], )
+        else:
+            self.natural_path = self.path
+
+    def _truncate_recursive(self) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        return self.parent._truncate_recursive()[self.entity]
+
+    @property
+    def root_entity(self) -> _InternalEntityType[Any]:
+        return self.odd_element(0)
+
+    @property
+    def entity_path(self) -> PathRegistry:
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        return self.entity.mapper
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def _getitem(
+        self, entity: Any
+    ) -> Union[_PathElementType, _PathRepresentation, PathRegistry]:
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        elif entity in PathToken._intern:
+            return TokenRegistry(self, PathToken._intern[entity])
+        else:
+            return PropRegistry(self, entity)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+class SlotsEntityRegistry(AbstractEntityRegistry):
+    # for aliased class, return lightweight, no-cycles created
+    # version
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class _ERDict(Dict[Any, Any]):
+    def __init__(self, registry: CachingEntityRegistry):
+        self.registry = registry
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: Any) -> PropRegistry:
+        self[key] = item = PropRegistry(self.registry, key)
+
+        return item
+
+
+class CachingEntityRegistry(AbstractEntityRegistry):
+    # for long lived mapper, return dict based caching
+    # version that creates reference cycles
+
+    __slots__ = ("_cache",)
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent: Union[RootRegistry, PropRegistry],
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+    ):
+        super().__init__(parent, entity)
+        self._cache = _ERDict(self)
+
+    def pop(self, key: Any, default: Any) -> Any:
+        return self._cache.pop(key, default)
+
+    def _getitem(self, entity: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(entity, (int, slice)):
+            return self.path[entity]
+        elif isinstance(entity, PathToken):
+            return TokenRegistry(self, entity)
+        else:
+            return self._cache[entity]
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __getitem__ = _getitem
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def path_is_entity(
+        path: PathRegistry,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[AbstractEntityRegistry]: ...
+
+    def path_is_property(path: PathRegistry) -> TypeGuard[PropRegistry]: ...
+
+else:
+    path_is_entity = operator.attrgetter("is_entity")
+    path_is_property = operator.attrgetter("is_property")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbe8557a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/persistence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1782 @@
+# orm/persistence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""private module containing functions used to emit INSERT, UPDATE
+and DELETE statements on behalf of a :class:`_orm.Mapper` and its descending
+mappers.
+
+The functions here are called only by the unit of work functions
+in unitofwork.py.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from itertools import chain
+from itertools import groupby
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import operator
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import loading
+from . import sync
+from .base import state_str
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import future
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import cursor as _cursor
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql.elements import BooleanClauseList
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+
+
+def save_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, single=False):
+    """Issue ``INSERT`` and/or ``UPDATE`` statements for a list
+    of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation, given a list of states to be flushed.  The
+    base mapper in an inheritance hierarchy handles the inserts/
+    updates for all descendant mappers.
+
+    """
+
+    # if batch=false, call _save_obj separately for each object
+    if not single and not base_mapper.batch:
+        for state in _sort_states(base_mapper, states):
+            save_obj(base_mapper, [state], uowtransaction, single=True)
+        return
+
+    states_to_update = []
+    states_to_insert = []
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        dict_,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        has_identity,
+        row_switch,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+        if has_identity or row_switch:
+            states_to_update.append(
+                (state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)
+            )
+        else:
+            states_to_insert.append((state, dict_, mapper, connection))
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+        insert = _collect_insert_commands(table, states_to_insert)
+
+        update = _collect_update_commands(
+            uowtransaction, table, states_to_update
+        )
+
+        _emit_update_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            update,
+        )
+
+        _emit_insert_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            insert,
+        )
+
+    _finalize_insert_update_commands(
+        base_mapper,
+        uowtransaction,
+        chain(
+            (
+                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, False)
+                for (state, state_dict, mapper, connection) in states_to_insert
+            ),
+            (
+                (state, state_dict, mapper, connection, True)
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    update_version_id,
+                ) in states_to_update
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction, post_update_cols):
+    """Issue UPDATE statements on behalf of a relationship() which
+    specifies post_update.
+
+    """
+
+    states_to_update = list(
+        _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction)
+    )
+
+    for table, mapper in base_mapper._sorted_tables.items():
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        update = (
+            (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                sub_mapper,
+                connection,
+                (
+                    mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, state_dict, mapper.version_id_col
+                    )
+                    if mapper.version_id_col is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+            )
+            for state, state_dict, sub_mapper, connection in states_to_update
+            if table in sub_mapper._pks_by_table
+        )
+
+        update = _collect_post_update_commands(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, update, post_update_cols
+        )
+
+        _emit_post_update_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            update,
+        )
+
+
+def delete_obj(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Issue ``DELETE`` statements for a list of objects.
+
+    This is called within the context of a UOWTransaction during a
+    flush operation.
+
+    """
+
+    states_to_delete = list(
+        _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction)
+    )
+
+    table_to_mapper = base_mapper._sorted_tables
+
+    for table in reversed(list(table_to_mapper.keys())):
+        mapper = table_to_mapper[table]
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+        elif mapper.inherits and mapper.passive_deletes:
+            continue
+
+        delete = _collect_delete_commands(
+            base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_delete
+        )
+
+        _emit_delete_statements(
+            base_mapper,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper,
+            table,
+            delete,
+        )
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_delete:
+        mapper.dispatch.after_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_save(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for INSERT or
+    UPDATE.
+
+    This includes splitting out into distinct lists for
+    each, calling before_insert/before_update, obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state,
+    and the identity flag.
+
+    """
+
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+        base_mapper, uowtransaction, states
+    ):
+        has_identity = bool(state.key)
+
+        instance_key = state.key or mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+        row_switch = update_version_id = None
+
+        # call before_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.before_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity:
+            mapper._validate_polymorphic_identity(mapper, state, dict_)
+
+        # detect if we have a "pending" instance (i.e. has
+        # no instance_key attached to it), and another instance
+        # with the same identity key already exists as persistent.
+        # convert to an UPDATE if so.
+        if (
+            not has_identity
+            and instance_key in uowtransaction.session.identity_map
+        ):
+            instance = uowtransaction.session.identity_map[instance_key]
+            existing = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+
+            if not uowtransaction.was_already_deleted(existing):
+                if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(existing):
+                    util.warn(
+                        "New instance %s with identity key %s conflicts "
+                        "with persistent instance %s"
+                        % (state_str(state), instance_key, state_str(existing))
+                    )
+                else:
+                    base_mapper._log_debug(
+                        "detected row switch for identity %s.  "
+                        "will update %s, remove %s from "
+                        "transaction",
+                        instance_key,
+                        state_str(state),
+                        state_str(existing),
+                    )
+
+                    # remove the "delete" flag from the existing element
+                    uowtransaction.remove_state_actions(existing)
+                    row_switch = existing
+
+        if (has_identity or row_switch) and mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            update_version_id = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                row_switch if row_switch else state,
+                row_switch.dict if row_switch else dict_,
+                mapper.version_id_col,
+            )
+
+        yield (
+            state,
+            dict_,
+            mapper,
+            connection,
+            has_identity,
+            row_switch,
+            update_version_id,
+        )
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_post_update(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for UPDATE
+    corresponding to post_update.
+
+    This includes obtaining key information for each state
+    including its dictionary, mapper, the connection to use for
+    the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    return _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states)
+
+
+def _organize_states_for_delete(base_mapper, states, uowtransaction):
+    """Make an initial pass across a set of states for DELETE.
+
+    This includes calling out before_delete and obtaining
+    key information for each state including its dictionary,
+    mapper, the connection to use for the execution per state.
+
+    """
+    for state, dict_, mapper, connection in _connections_for_states(
+        base_mapper, uowtransaction, states
+    ):
+        mapper.dispatch.before_delete(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+            update_version_id = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                state, dict_, mapper.version_id_col
+            )
+        else:
+            update_version_id = None
+
+        yield (state, dict_, mapper, connection, update_version_id)
+
+
+def _collect_insert_commands(
+    table,
+    states_to_insert,
+    *,
+    bulk=False,
+    return_defaults=False,
+    render_nulls=False,
+    include_bulk_keys=(),
+):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in INSERT statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    """
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection in states_to_insert:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        params = {}
+        value_params = {}
+
+        propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]
+
+        eval_none = mapper._insert_cols_evaluating_none[table]
+
+        for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(state_dict):
+            value = state_dict[propkey]
+            col = propkey_to_col[propkey]
+            if value is None and col not in eval_none and not render_nulls:
+                continue
+            elif not bulk and (
+                hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                or isinstance(value, sql.ClauseElement)
+            ):
+                value_params[col] = (
+                    value.__clause_element__()
+                    if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                    else value
+                )
+            else:
+                params[col.key] = value
+
+        if not bulk:
+            # for all the columns that have no default and we don't have
+            # a value and where "None" is not a special value, add
+            # explicit None to the INSERT.   This is a legacy behavior
+            # which might be worth removing, as it should not be necessary
+            # and also produces confusion, given that "missing" and None
+            # now have distinct meanings
+            for colkey in (
+                mapper._insert_cols_as_none[table]
+                .difference(params)
+                .difference([c.key for c in value_params])
+            ):
+                params[colkey] = None
+
+        if not bulk or return_defaults:
+            # params are in terms of Column key objects, so
+            # compare to pk_keys_by_table
+            has_all_pks = mapper._pk_keys_by_table[table].issubset(params)
+
+            if mapper.base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
+                connection.dialect, table
+            ):
+                has_all_defaults = mapper._server_default_col_keys[
+                    table
+                ].issubset(params)
+            else:
+                has_all_defaults = True
+        else:
+            has_all_defaults = has_all_pks = True
+
+        if (
+            mapper.version_id_generator is not False
+            and mapper.version_id_col is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+        ):
+            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = mapper.version_id_generator(
+                None
+            )
+
+        if bulk:
+            if mapper._set_polymorphic_identity:
+                params.setdefault(
+                    mapper._polymorphic_attr_key, mapper.polymorphic_identity
+                )
+
+            if include_bulk_keys:
+                params.update((k, state_dict[k]) for k in include_bulk_keys)
+
+        yield (
+            state,
+            state_dict,
+            params,
+            mapper,
+            connection,
+            value_params,
+            has_all_pks,
+            has_all_defaults,
+        )
+
+
+def _collect_update_commands(
+    uowtransaction,
+    table,
+    states_to_update,
+    *,
+    bulk=False,
+    use_orm_update_stmt=None,
+    include_bulk_keys=(),
+):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states.
+
+    This function works intricately with the history system
+    to determine exactly what values should be updated
+    as well as how the row should be matched within an UPDATE
+    statement.  Includes some tricky scenarios where the primary
+    key of an object might have been changed.
+
+    """
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_update:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+
+        if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+            # TODO: ordered values, etc
+            value_params = use_orm_update_stmt._values
+        else:
+            value_params = {}
+
+        propkey_to_col = mapper._propkey_to_col[table]
+
+        if bulk:
+            # keys here are mapped attribute keys, so
+            # look at mapper attribute keys for pk
+            params = {
+                propkey_to_col[propkey].key: state_dict[propkey]
+                for propkey in set(propkey_to_col)
+                .intersection(state_dict)
+                .difference(mapper._pk_attr_keys_by_table[table])
+            }
+            has_all_defaults = True
+        else:
+            params = {}
+            for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(
+                state.committed_state
+            ):
+                value = state_dict[propkey]
+                col = propkey_to_col[propkey]
+
+                if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__") or isinstance(
+                    value, sql.ClauseElement
+                ):
+                    value_params[col] = (
+                        value.__clause_element__()
+                        if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                        else value
+                    )
+                # guard against values that generate non-__nonzero__
+                # objects for __eq__()
+                elif (
+                    state.manager[propkey].impl.is_equal(
+                        value, state.committed_state[propkey]
+                    )
+                    is not True
+                ):
+                    params[col.key] = value
+
+            if mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults is True:
+                has_all_defaults = (
+                    mapper._server_onupdate_default_col_keys[table]
+                ).issubset(params)
+            else:
+                has_all_defaults = True
+
+        if (
+            update_version_id is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+        ):
+            if not bulk and not (params or value_params):
+                # HACK: check for history in other tables, in case the
+                # history is only in a different table than the one
+                # where the version_id_col is.  This logic was lost
+                # from 0.9 -> 1.0.0 and restored in 1.0.6.
+                for prop in mapper._columntoproperty.values():
+                    history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                        state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                    )
+                    if history.added:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    # no net change, break
+                    continue
+
+            col = mapper.version_id_col
+            no_params = not params and not value_params
+            params[col._label] = update_version_id
+
+            if (
+                bulk or col.key not in params
+            ) and mapper.version_id_generator is not False:
+                val = mapper.version_id_generator(update_version_id)
+                params[col.key] = val
+            elif mapper.version_id_generator is False and no_params:
+                # no version id generator, no values set on the table,
+                # and version id wasn't manually incremented.
+                # set version id to itself so we get an UPDATE
+                # statement
+                params[col.key] = update_version_id
+
+        elif not (params or value_params):
+            continue
+
+        has_all_pks = True
+        expect_pk_cascaded = False
+        if bulk:
+            # keys here are mapped attribute keys, so
+            # look at mapper attribute keys for pk
+            pk_params = {
+                propkey_to_col[propkey]._label: state_dict.get(propkey)
+                for propkey in set(propkey_to_col).intersection(
+                    mapper._pk_attr_keys_by_table[table]
+                )
+            }
+            if util.NONE_SET.intersection(pk_params.values()):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"No primary key value supplied for column(s) "
+                    f"""{
+                        ', '.join(
+                            str(c) for c in pks if pk_params[c._label] is None
+                        )
+                    }; """
+                    "per-row ORM Bulk UPDATE by Primary Key requires that "
+                    "records contain primary key values",
+                    code="bupq",
+                )
+
+        else:
+            pk_params = {}
+            for col in pks:
+                propkey = mapper._columntoproperty[col].key
+
+                history = state.manager[propkey].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                )
+
+                if history.added:
+                    if (
+                        not history.deleted
+                        or ("pk_cascaded", state, col)
+                        in uowtransaction.attributes
+                    ):
+                        expect_pk_cascaded = True
+                        pk_params[col._label] = history.added[0]
+                        params.pop(col.key, None)
+                    else:
+                        # else, use the old value to locate the row
+                        pk_params[col._label] = history.deleted[0]
+                        if col in value_params:
+                            has_all_pks = False
+                else:
+                    pk_params[col._label] = history.unchanged[0]
+                if pk_params[col._label] is None:
+                    raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                        "Can't update table %s using NULL for primary "
+                        "key value on column %s" % (table, col)
+                    )
+
+        if include_bulk_keys:
+            params.update((k, state_dict[k]) for k in include_bulk_keys)
+
+        if params or value_params:
+            params.update(pk_params)
+            yield (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mapper,
+                connection,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_defaults,
+                has_all_pks,
+            )
+        elif expect_pk_cascaded:
+            # no UPDATE occurs on this table, but we expect that CASCADE rules
+            # have changed the primary key of the row; propagate this event to
+            # other columns that expect to have been modified. this normally
+            # occurs after the UPDATE is emitted however we invoke it here
+            # explicitly in the absence of our invoking an UPDATE
+            for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+                sync.populate(
+                    state,
+                    m,
+                    state,
+                    m,
+                    equated_pairs,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    mapper.passive_updates,
+                )
+
+
+def _collect_post_update_commands(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_update, post_update_cols
+):
+    """Identify sets of values to use in UPDATE statements for a
+    list of states within a post_update operation.
+
+    """
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_update:
+        # assert table in mapper._pks_by_table
+
+        pks = mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+        params = {}
+        hasdata = False
+
+        for col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]:
+            if col in pks:
+                params[col._label] = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state_dict, col, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                )
+
+            elif col in post_update_cols or col.onupdate is not None:
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty[col]
+                history = state.manager[prop.key].impl.get_history(
+                    state, state_dict, attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+                )
+                if history.added:
+                    value = history.added[0]
+                    params[col.key] = value
+                    hasdata = True
+        if hasdata:
+            if (
+                update_version_id is not None
+                and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+            ):
+                col = mapper.version_id_col
+                params[col._label] = update_version_id
+
+                if (
+                    bool(state.key)
+                    and col.key not in params
+                    and mapper.version_id_generator is not False
+                ):
+                    val = mapper.version_id_generator(update_version_id)
+                    params[col.key] = val
+            yield state, state_dict, mapper, connection, params
+
+
+def _collect_delete_commands(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, table, states_to_delete
+):
+    """Identify values to use in DELETE statements for a list of
+    states to be deleted."""
+
+    for (
+        state,
+        state_dict,
+        mapper,
+        connection,
+        update_version_id,
+    ) in states_to_delete:
+        if table not in mapper._pks_by_table:
+            continue
+
+        params = {}
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            params[col.key] = value = (
+                mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state, state_dict, col
+                )
+            )
+            if value is None:
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "Can't delete from table %s "
+                    "using NULL for primary "
+                    "key value on column %s" % (table, col)
+                )
+
+        if (
+            update_version_id is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+        ):
+            params[mapper.version_id_col.key] = update_version_id
+        yield params, connection
+
+
+def _emit_update_statements(
+    base_mapper,
+    uowtransaction,
+    mapper,
+    table,
+    update,
+    *,
+    bookkeeping=True,
+    use_orm_update_stmt=None,
+    enable_check_rowcount=True,
+):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_update_commands()."""
+
+    needs_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+
+    def update_stmt(existing_stmt=None):
+        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col._label, type_=col.type)
+            )
+
+        if needs_version_id:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                mapper.version_id_col
+                == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col._label,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type,
+                )
+            )
+
+        if existing_stmt is not None:
+            stmt = existing_stmt.where(clauses)
+        else:
+            stmt = table.update().where(clauses)
+        return stmt
+
+    if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+        cached_stmt = update_stmt(use_orm_update_stmt)
+
+    else:
+        cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(("update", table), update_stmt)
+
+    for (
+        (connection, paramkeys, hasvalue, has_all_defaults, has_all_pks),
+        records,
+    ) in groupby(
+        update,
+        lambda rec: (
+            rec[4],  # connection
+            set(rec[2]),  # set of parameter keys
+            bool(rec[5]),  # whether or not we have "value" parameters
+            rec[6],  # has_all_defaults
+            rec[7],  # has all pks
+        ),
+    ):
+        rows = 0
+        records = list(records)
+
+        statement = cached_stmt
+
+        if use_orm_update_stmt is not None:
+            statement = statement._annotate(
+                {
+                    "_emit_update_table": table,
+                    "_emit_update_mapper": mapper,
+                }
+            )
+
+        return_defaults = False
+
+        if not has_all_pks:
+            statement = statement.return_defaults(*mapper._pks_by_table[table])
+            return_defaults = True
+
+        if (
+            bookkeeping
+            and not has_all_defaults
+            and mapper.base_mapper.eager_defaults is True
+            # change as of #8889 - if RETURNING is not going to be used anyway,
+            # (applies to MySQL, MariaDB which lack UPDATE RETURNING) ensure
+            # we can do an executemany UPDATE which is more efficient
+            and table.implicit_returning
+            and connection.dialect.update_returning
+        ):
+            statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                *mapper._server_onupdate_default_cols[table]
+            )
+            return_defaults = True
+
+        if mapper._version_id_has_server_side_value:
+            statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+            return_defaults = True
+
+        assert_singlerow = connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+
+        assert_multirow = (
+            assert_singlerow
+            and connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+        )
+
+        # change as of #8889 - if RETURNING is not going to be used anyway,
+        # (applies to MySQL, MariaDB which lack UPDATE RETURNING) ensure
+        # we can do an executemany UPDATE which is more efficient
+        allow_executemany = not return_defaults and not needs_version_id
+
+        if hasvalue:
+            for (
+                state,
+                state_dict,
+                params,
+                mapper,
+                connection,
+                value_params,
+                has_all_defaults,
+                has_all_pks,
+            ) in records:
+                c = connection.execute(
+                    statement.values(value_params),
+                    params,
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                )
+                if bookkeeping:
+                    _postfetch(
+                        mapper,
+                        uowtransaction,
+                        table,
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        c,
+                        c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                        value_params,
+                        True,
+                        c.returned_defaults,
+                    )
+                rows += c.rowcount
+                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and assert_singlerow
+        else:
+            if not allow_executemany:
+                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and assert_singlerow
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    params,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    value_params,
+                    has_all_defaults,
+                    has_all_pks,
+                ) in records:
+                    c = connection.execute(
+                        statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+                    )
+
+                    # TODO: why with bookkeeping=False?
+                    if bookkeeping:
+                        _postfetch(
+                            mapper,
+                            uowtransaction,
+                            table,
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            c,
+                            c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                            value_params,
+                            True,
+                            c.returned_defaults,
+                        )
+                    rows += c.rowcount
+            else:
+                multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+                check_rowcount = enable_check_rowcount and (
+                    assert_multirow
+                    or (assert_singlerow and len(multiparams) == 1)
+                )
+
+                c = connection.execute(
+                    statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+
+                rows += c.rowcount
+
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    params,
+                    mapper,
+                    connection,
+                    value_params,
+                    has_all_defaults,
+                    has_all_pks,
+                ) in records:
+                    if bookkeeping:
+                        _postfetch(
+                            mapper,
+                            uowtransaction,
+                            table,
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            c,
+                            c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                            value_params,
+                            True,
+                            (
+                                c.returned_defaults
+                                if not c.context.executemany
+                                else None
+                            ),
+                        )
+
+        if check_rowcount:
+            if rows != len(records):
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "update %d row(s); %d were matched."
+                    % (table.description, len(records), rows)
+                )
+
+        elif needs_version_id:
+            util.warn(
+                "Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
+                "- versioning cannot be verified."
+                % c.dialect.dialect_description
+            )
+
+
+def _emit_insert_statements(
+    base_mapper,
+    uowtransaction,
+    mapper,
+    table,
+    insert,
+    *,
+    bookkeeping=True,
+    use_orm_insert_stmt=None,
+    execution_options=None,
+):
+    """Emit INSERT statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_insert_commands()."""
+
+    if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+        cached_stmt = use_orm_insert_stmt
+        exec_opt = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+        # if a user query with RETURNING was passed, we definitely need
+        # to use RETURNING.
+        returning_is_required_anyway = bool(use_orm_insert_stmt._returning)
+        deterministic_results_reqd = (
+            returning_is_required_anyway
+            and use_orm_insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+        ) or bookkeeping
+    else:
+        returning_is_required_anyway = False
+        deterministic_results_reqd = bookkeeping
+        cached_stmt = base_mapper._memo(("insert", table), table.insert)
+        exec_opt = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+
+    if execution_options:
+        execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+            exec_opt, execution_options
+        )
+    else:
+        execution_options = exec_opt
+
+    return_result = None
+
+    for (
+        (connection, _, hasvalue, has_all_pks, has_all_defaults),
+        records,
+    ) in groupby(
+        insert,
+        lambda rec: (
+            rec[4],  # connection
+            set(rec[2]),  # parameter keys
+            bool(rec[5]),  # whether we have "value" parameters
+            rec[6],
+            rec[7],
+        ),
+    ):
+        statement = cached_stmt
+
+        if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+            statement = statement._annotate(
+                {
+                    "_emit_insert_table": table,
+                    "_emit_insert_mapper": mapper,
+                }
+            )
+
+        if (
+            (
+                not bookkeeping
+                or (
+                    has_all_defaults
+                    or not base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
+                        connection.dialect, table
+                    )
+                    or not table.implicit_returning
+                    or not connection.dialect.insert_returning
+                )
+            )
+            and not returning_is_required_anyway
+            and has_all_pks
+            and not hasvalue
+        ):
+            # the "we don't need newly generated values back" section.
+            # here we have all the PKs, all the defaults or we don't want
+            # to fetch them, or the dialect doesn't support RETURNING at all
+            # so we have to post-fetch / use lastrowid anyway.
+            records = list(records)
+            multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+            if bookkeeping:
+                for (
+                    (
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        params,
+                        mapper_rec,
+                        conn,
+                        value_params,
+                        has_all_pks,
+                        has_all_defaults,
+                    ),
+                    last_inserted_params,
+                ) in zip(records, result.context.compiled_parameters):
+                    if state:
+                        _postfetch(
+                            mapper_rec,
+                            uowtransaction,
+                            table,
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            result,
+                            last_inserted_params,
+                            value_params,
+                            False,
+                            (
+                                result.returned_defaults
+                                if not result.context.executemany
+                                else None
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)
+
+        else:
+            # here, we need defaults and/or pk values back or we otherwise
+            # know that we are using RETURNING in any case
+
+            records = list(records)
+
+            if returning_is_required_anyway or (
+                table.implicit_returning and not hasvalue and len(records) > 1
+            ):
+                if (
+                    deterministic_results_reqd
+                    and connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning_sort_by_parameter_order  # noqa: E501
+                ) or (
+                    not deterministic_results_reqd
+                    and connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+                ):
+                    do_executemany = True
+                elif returning_is_required_anyway:
+                    if deterministic_results_reqd:
+                        dt = " with RETURNING and sort by parameter order"
+                    else:
+                        dt = " with RETURNING"
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Can't use explicit RETURNING for bulk INSERT "
+                        f"operation with "
+                        f"{connection.dialect.dialect_description} backend; "
+                        f"executemany{dt} is not enabled for this dialect."
+                    )
+                else:
+                    do_executemany = False
+            else:
+                do_executemany = False
+
+            if use_orm_insert_stmt is None:
+                if (
+                    not has_all_defaults
+                    and base_mapper._prefer_eager_defaults(
+                        connection.dialect, table
+                    )
+                ):
+                    statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                        *mapper._server_default_cols[table],
+                        sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping,
+                    )
+
+            if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping,
+                )
+            elif do_executemany:
+                statement = statement.return_defaults(
+                    *table.primary_key, sort_by_parameter_order=bookkeeping
+                )
+
+            if do_executemany:
+                multiparams = [rec[2] for rec in records]
+
+                result = connection.execute(
+                    statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+
+                if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+                    if return_result is None:
+                        return_result = result
+                    else:
+                        return_result = return_result.splice_vertically(result)
+
+                if bookkeeping:
+                    for (
+                        (
+                            state,
+                            state_dict,
+                            params,
+                            mapper_rec,
+                            conn,
+                            value_params,
+                            has_all_pks,
+                            has_all_defaults,
+                        ),
+                        last_inserted_params,
+                        inserted_primary_key,
+                        returned_defaults,
+                    ) in zip_longest(
+                        records,
+                        result.context.compiled_parameters,
+                        result.inserted_primary_key_rows,
+                        result.returned_defaults_rows or (),
+                    ):
+                        if inserted_primary_key is None:
+                            # this is a real problem and means that we didn't
+                            # get back as many PK rows.  we can't continue
+                            # since this indicates PK rows were missing, which
+                            # means we likely mis-populated records starting
+                            # at that point with incorrectly matched PK
+                            # values.
+                            raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                                "Multi-row INSERT statement for %s did not "
+                                "produce "
+                                "the correct number of INSERTed rows for "
+                                "RETURNING.  Ensure there are no triggers or "
+                                "special driver issues preventing INSERT from "
+                                "functioning properly." % mapper_rec
+                            )
+
+                        for pk, col in zip(
+                            inserted_primary_key,
+                            mapper._pks_by_table[table],
+                        ):
+                            prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
+                            if state_dict.get(prop.key) is None:
+                                state_dict[prop.key] = pk
+
+                        if state:
+                            _postfetch(
+                                mapper_rec,
+                                uowtransaction,
+                                table,
+                                state,
+                                state_dict,
+                                result,
+                                last_inserted_params,
+                                value_params,
+                                False,
+                                returned_defaults,
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)
+            else:
+                assert not returning_is_required_anyway
+
+                for (
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    params,
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    connection,
+                    value_params,
+                    has_all_pks,
+                    has_all_defaults,
+                ) in records:
+                    if value_params:
+                        result = connection.execute(
+                            statement.values(value_params),
+                            params,
+                            execution_options=execution_options,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        result = connection.execute(
+                            statement,
+                            params,
+                            execution_options=execution_options,
+                        )
+
+                    primary_key = result.inserted_primary_key
+                    if primary_key is None:
+                        raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                            "Single-row INSERT statement for %s "
+                            "did not produce a "
+                            "new primary key result "
+                            "being invoked.  Ensure there are no triggers or "
+                            "special driver issues preventing INSERT from "
+                            "functioning properly." % (mapper_rec,)
+                        )
+                    for pk, col in zip(
+                        primary_key, mapper._pks_by_table[table]
+                    ):
+                        prop = mapper_rec._columntoproperty[col]
+                        if (
+                            col in value_params
+                            or state_dict.get(prop.key) is None
+                        ):
+                            state_dict[prop.key] = pk
+                    if bookkeeping:
+                        if state:
+                            _postfetch(
+                                mapper_rec,
+                                uowtransaction,
+                                table,
+                                state,
+                                state_dict,
+                                result,
+                                result.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                                value_params,
+                                False,
+                                (
+                                    result.returned_defaults
+                                    if not result.context.executemany
+                                    else None
+                                ),
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper_rec, state_dict, table)
+
+    if use_orm_insert_stmt is not None:
+        if return_result is None:
+            return _cursor.null_dml_result()
+        else:
+            return return_result
+
+
+def _emit_post_update_statements(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, mapper, table, update
+):
+    """Emit UPDATE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_post_update_commands()."""
+
+    execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+
+    needs_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    def update_stmt():
+        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col._label, type_=col.type)
+            )
+
+        if needs_version_id:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                mapper.version_id_col
+                == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col._label,
+                    type_=mapper.version_id_col.type,
+                )
+            )
+
+        stmt = table.update().where(clauses)
+
+        return stmt
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(("post_update", table), update_stmt)
+
+    if mapper._version_id_has_server_side_value:
+        statement = statement.return_defaults(mapper.version_id_col)
+
+    # execute each UPDATE in the order according to the original
+    # list of states to guarantee row access order, but
+    # also group them into common (connection, cols) sets
+    # to support executemany().
+    for key, records in groupby(
+        update,
+        lambda rec: (rec[3], set(rec[4])),  # connection  # parameter keys
+    ):
+        rows = 0
+
+        records = list(records)
+        connection = key[0]
+
+        assert_singlerow = connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount
+        assert_multirow = (
+            assert_singlerow
+            and connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+        )
+        allow_executemany = not needs_version_id or assert_multirow
+
+        if not allow_executemany:
+            check_rowcount = assert_singlerow
+            for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, connection, params in records:
+                c = connection.execute(
+                    statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+
+                _postfetch_post_update(
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    table,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    c,
+                    c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                )
+                rows += c.rowcount
+        else:
+            multiparams = [
+                params
+                for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, conn, params in records
+            ]
+
+            check_rowcount = assert_multirow or (
+                assert_singlerow and len(multiparams) == 1
+            )
+
+            c = connection.execute(
+                statement, multiparams, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+            rows += c.rowcount
+            for state, state_dict, mapper_rec, connection, params in records:
+                _postfetch_post_update(
+                    mapper_rec,
+                    uowtransaction,
+                    table,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    c,
+                    c.context.compiled_parameters[0],
+                )
+
+        if check_rowcount:
+            if rows != len(records):
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "UPDATE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "update %d row(s); %d were matched."
+                    % (table.description, len(records), rows)
+                )
+
+        elif needs_version_id:
+            util.warn(
+                "Dialect %s does not support updated rowcount "
+                "- versioning cannot be verified."
+                % c.dialect.dialect_description
+            )
+
+
+def _emit_delete_statements(
+    base_mapper, uowtransaction, mapper, table, delete
+):
+    """Emit DELETE statements corresponding to value lists collected
+    by _collect_delete_commands()."""
+
+    need_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    def delete_stmt():
+        clauses = BooleanClauseList._construct_raw(operators.and_)
+
+        for col in mapper._pks_by_table[table]:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                col == sql.bindparam(col.key, type_=col.type)
+            )
+
+        if need_version_id:
+            clauses._append_inplace(
+                mapper.version_id_col
+                == sql.bindparam(
+                    mapper.version_id_col.key, type_=mapper.version_id_col.type
+                )
+            )
+
+        return table.delete().where(clauses)
+
+    statement = base_mapper._memo(("delete", table), delete_stmt)
+    for connection, recs in groupby(delete, lambda rec: rec[1]):  # connection
+        del_objects = [params for params, connection in recs]
+
+        execution_options = {"compiled_cache": base_mapper._compiled_cache}
+        expected = len(del_objects)
+        rows_matched = -1
+        only_warn = False
+
+        if (
+            need_version_id
+            and not connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+        ):
+            if connection.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount:
+                rows_matched = 0
+                # execute deletes individually so that versioned
+                # rows can be verified
+                for params in del_objects:
+                    c = connection.execute(
+                        statement, params, execution_options=execution_options
+                    )
+                    rows_matched += c.rowcount
+            else:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Dialect %s does not support deleted rowcount "
+                    "- versioning cannot be verified."
+                    % connection.dialect.dialect_description
+                )
+                connection.execute(
+                    statement, del_objects, execution_options=execution_options
+                )
+        else:
+            c = connection.execute(
+                statement, del_objects, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+            if not need_version_id:
+                only_warn = True
+
+            rows_matched = c.rowcount
+
+        if (
+            base_mapper.confirm_deleted_rows
+            and rows_matched > -1
+            and expected != rows_matched
+            and (
+                connection.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount
+                or len(del_objects) == 1
+            )
+        ):
+            # TODO: why does this "only warn" if versioning is turned off,
+            # whereas the UPDATE raises?
+            if only_warn:
+                util.warn(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning."
+                    % (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+            else:
+                raise orm_exc.StaleDataError(
+                    "DELETE statement on table '%s' expected to "
+                    "delete %d row(s); %d were matched.  Please set "
+                    "confirm_deleted_rows=False within the mapper "
+                    "configuration to prevent this warning."
+                    % (table.description, expected, rows_matched)
+                )
+
+
+def _finalize_insert_update_commands(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
+    """finalize state on states that have been inserted or updated,
+    including calling after_insert/after_update events.
+
+    """
+    for state, state_dict, mapper, connection, has_identity in states:
+        if mapper._readonly_props:
+            readonly = state.unmodified_intersection(
+                [
+                    p.key
+                    for p in mapper._readonly_props
+                    if (
+                        p.expire_on_flush
+                        and (not p.deferred or p.key in state.dict)
+                    )
+                    or (
+                        not p.expire_on_flush
+                        and not p.deferred
+                        and p.key not in state.dict
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+            if readonly:
+                state._expire_attributes(state.dict, readonly)
+
+        # if eager_defaults option is enabled, load
+        # all expired cols.  Else if we have a version_id_col, make sure
+        # it isn't expired.
+        toload_now = []
+
+        # this is specifically to emit a second SELECT for eager_defaults,
+        # so only if it's set to True, not "auto"
+        if base_mapper.eager_defaults is True:
+            toload_now.extend(
+                state._unloaded_non_object.intersection(
+                    mapper._server_default_plus_onupdate_propkeys
+                )
+            )
+
+        if (
+            mapper.version_id_col is not None
+            and mapper.version_id_generator is False
+        ):
+            if mapper._version_id_prop.key in state.unloaded:
+                toload_now.extend([mapper._version_id_prop.key])
+
+        if toload_now:
+            state.key = base_mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+            stmt = future.select(mapper).set_label_style(
+                LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            )
+            loading.load_on_ident(
+                uowtransaction.session,
+                stmt,
+                state.key,
+                refresh_state=state,
+                only_load_props=toload_now,
+            )
+
+        # call after_XXX extensions
+        if not has_identity:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_insert(mapper, connection, state)
+        else:
+            mapper.dispatch.after_update(mapper, connection, state)
+
+        if (
+            mapper.version_id_generator is False
+            and mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        ):
+            if state_dict[mapper._version_id_prop.key] is None:
+                raise orm_exc.FlushError(
+                    "Instance does not contain a non-NULL version value"
+                )
+
+
+def _postfetch_post_update(
+    mapper, uowtransaction, table, state, dict_, result, params
+):
+    needs_version_id = (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    )
+
+    if not uowtransaction.is_deleted(state):
+        # post updating after a regular INSERT or UPDATE, do a full postfetch
+        prefetch_cols = result.context.compiled.prefetch
+        postfetch_cols = result.context.compiled.postfetch
+    elif needs_version_id:
+        # post updating before a DELETE with a version_id_col, need to
+        # postfetch just version_id_col
+        prefetch_cols = postfetch_cols = ()
+    else:
+        # post updating before a DELETE without a version_id_col,
+        # don't need to postfetch
+        return
+
+    if needs_version_id:
+        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]
+
+    refresh_flush = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush)
+    if refresh_flush:
+        load_evt_attrs = []
+
+    for c in prefetch_cols:
+        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
+            dict_[mapper._columntoproperty[c].key] = params[c.key]
+            if refresh_flush:
+                load_evt_attrs.append(mapper._columntoproperty[c].key)
+
+    if refresh_flush and load_evt_attrs:
+        mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush(
+            state, uowtransaction, load_evt_attrs
+        )
+
+    if postfetch_cols:
+        state._expire_attributes(
+            state.dict,
+            [
+                mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+                for c in postfetch_cols
+                if c in mapper._columntoproperty
+            ],
+        )
+
+
+def _postfetch(
+    mapper,
+    uowtransaction,
+    table,
+    state,
+    dict_,
+    result,
+    params,
+    value_params,
+    isupdate,
+    returned_defaults,
+):
+    """Expire attributes in need of newly persisted database state,
+    after an INSERT or UPDATE statement has proceeded for that
+    state."""
+
+    prefetch_cols = result.context.compiled.prefetch
+    postfetch_cols = result.context.compiled.postfetch
+    returning_cols = result.context.compiled.effective_returning
+
+    if (
+        mapper.version_id_col is not None
+        and mapper.version_id_col in mapper._cols_by_table[table]
+    ):
+        prefetch_cols = list(prefetch_cols) + [mapper.version_id_col]
+
+    refresh_flush = bool(mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush)
+    if refresh_flush:
+        load_evt_attrs = []
+
+    if returning_cols:
+        row = returned_defaults
+        if row is not None:
+            for row_value, col in zip(row, returning_cols):
+                # pk cols returned from insert are handled
+                # distinctly, don't step on the values here
+                if col.primary_key and result.context.isinsert:
+                    continue
+
+                # note that columns can be in the "return defaults" that are
+                # not mapped to this mapper, typically because they are
+                # "excluded", which can be specified directly or also occurs
+                # when using declarative w/ single table inheritance
+                prop = mapper._columntoproperty.get(col)
+                if prop:
+                    dict_[prop.key] = row_value
+                    if refresh_flush:
+                        load_evt_attrs.append(prop.key)
+
+    for c in prefetch_cols:
+        if c.key in params and c in mapper._columntoproperty:
+            pkey = mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+
+            # set prefetched value in dict and also pop from committed_state,
+            # since this is new database state that replaces whatever might
+            # have previously been fetched (see #10800).  this is essentially a
+            # shorthand version of set_committed_value(), which could also be
+            # used here directly (with more overhead)
+            dict_[pkey] = params[c.key]
+            state.committed_state.pop(pkey, None)
+
+            if refresh_flush:
+                load_evt_attrs.append(pkey)
+
+    if refresh_flush and load_evt_attrs:
+        mapper.class_manager.dispatch.refresh_flush(
+            state, uowtransaction, load_evt_attrs
+        )
+
+    if isupdate and value_params:
+        # explicitly suit the use case specified by
+        # [ticket:3801], PK SQL expressions for UPDATE on non-RETURNING
+        # database which are set to themselves in order to do a version bump.
+        postfetch_cols.extend(
+            [
+                col
+                for col in value_params
+                if col.primary_key and col not in returning_cols
+            ]
+        )
+
+    if postfetch_cols:
+        state._expire_attributes(
+            state.dict,
+            [
+                mapper._columntoproperty[c].key
+                for c in postfetch_cols
+                if c in mapper._columntoproperty
+            ],
+        )
+
+    # synchronize newly inserted ids from one table to the next
+    # TODO: this still goes a little too often.  would be nice to
+    # have definitive list of "columns that changed" here
+    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+        sync.populate(
+            state,
+            m,
+            state,
+            m,
+            equated_pairs,
+            uowtransaction,
+            mapper.passive_updates,
+        )
+
+
+def _postfetch_bulk_save(mapper, dict_, table):
+    for m, equated_pairs in mapper._table_to_equated[table]:
+        sync.bulk_populate_inherit_keys(dict_, m, equated_pairs)
+
+
+def _connections_for_states(base_mapper, uowtransaction, states):
+    """Return an iterator of (state, state.dict, mapper, connection).
+
+    The states are sorted according to _sort_states, then paired
+    with the connection they should be using for the given
+    unit of work transaction.
+
+    """
+    # if session has a connection callable,
+    # organize individual states with the connection
+    # to use for update
+    if uowtransaction.session.connection_callable:
+        connection_callable = uowtransaction.session.connection_callable
+    else:
+        connection = uowtransaction.transaction.connection(base_mapper)
+        connection_callable = None
+
+    for state in _sort_states(base_mapper, states):
+        if connection_callable:
+            connection = connection_callable(base_mapper, state.obj())
+
+        mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+        yield state, state.dict, mapper, connection
+
+
+def _sort_states(mapper, states):
+    pending = set(states)
+    persistent = {s for s in pending if s.key is not None}
+    pending.difference_update(persistent)
+
+    try:
+        persistent_sorted = sorted(
+            persistent, key=mapper._persistent_sortkey_fn
+        )
+    except TypeError as err:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Could not sort objects by primary key; primary key "
+            "values must be sortable in Python (was: %s)" % err
+        ) from err
+    return (
+        sorted(pending, key=operator.attrgetter("insert_order"))
+        + persistent_sorted
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..218285ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/properties.py
@@ -0,0 +1,886 @@
+# orm/properties.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""MapperProperty implementations.
+
+This is a private module which defines the behavior of individual ORM-
+mapped attributes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import strategy_options
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import class_mapper
+from .descriptor_props import CompositeProperty
+from .descriptor_props import ConcreteInheritedProperty
+from .descriptor_props import SynonymProperty
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import _MapsColumns
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import PropComparator
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+from .util import de_stringify_annotation
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import ForeignKey
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.schema import Column
+from ..sql.schema import SchemaConst
+from ..sql.type_api import TypeEngine
+from ..util.typing import de_optionalize_union_types
+from ..util.typing import get_args
+from ..util.typing import includes_none
+from ..util.typing import is_a_type
+from ..util.typing import is_fwd_ref
+from ..util.typing import is_pep593
+from ..util.typing import is_pep695
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _ORMColumnExprArgument
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import _InstallLoaderCallableProto
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.elements import NamedColumn
+    from ..sql.operators import OperatorType
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+    from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+_NC = TypeVar("_NC", bound="NamedColumn[Any]")
+
+__all__ = [
+    "ColumnProperty",
+    "CompositeProperty",
+    "ConcreteInheritedProperty",
+    "RelationshipProperty",
+    "SynonymProperty",
+]
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class ColumnProperty(
+    _MapsColumns[_T],
+    StrategizedProperty[_T],
+    _IntrospectsAnnotations,
+    log.Identified,
+):
+    """Describes an object attribute that corresponds to a table column
+    or other column expression.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.column_property` function.
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = strategy_options._COLUMN_TOKEN
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    _links_to_entity = False
+
+    columns: List[NamedColumn[Any]]
+
+    _is_polymorphic_discriminator: bool
+
+    _mapped_by_synonym: Optional[str]
+
+    comparator_factory: Type[PropComparator[_T]]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "columns",
+        "group",
+        "deferred",
+        "instrument",
+        "comparator_factory",
+        "active_history",
+        "expire_on_flush",
+        "_creation_order",
+        "_is_polymorphic_discriminator",
+        "_mapped_by_synonym",
+        "_deferred_column_loader",
+        "_raise_column_loader",
+        "_renders_in_subqueries",
+        "raiseload",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        column: _ORMColumnExprArgument[_T],
+        *additional_columns: _ORMColumnExprArgument[Any],
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        group: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferred: bool = False,
+        raiseload: bool = False,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[Type[PropComparator[_T]]] = None,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        expire_on_flush: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        _instrument: bool = True,
+        _assume_readonly_dc_attributes: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            attribute_options=attribute_options,
+            _assume_readonly_dc_attributes=_assume_readonly_dc_attributes,
+        )
+        columns = (column,) + additional_columns
+        self.columns = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, c) for c in columns
+        ]
+        self.group = group
+        self.deferred = deferred
+        self.raiseload = raiseload
+        self.instrument = _instrument
+        self.comparator_factory = (
+            comparator_factory
+            if comparator_factory is not None
+            else self.__class__.Comparator
+        )
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self.expire_on_flush = expire_on_flush
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        if doc is not None:
+            self.doc = doc
+        else:
+            for col in reversed(self.columns):
+                doc = getattr(col, "doc", None)
+                if doc is not None:
+                    self.doc = doc
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.doc = None
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        self.strategy_key = (
+            ("deferred", self.deferred),
+            ("instrument", self.instrument),
+        )
+        if self.raiseload:
+            self.strategy_key += (("raiseload", True),)
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        column = self.columns[0]
+        if column.key is None:
+            column.key = key
+        if column.name is None:
+            column.name = key
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_T]]:
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[Column[Any], int]]:
+        # mypy doesn't care about the isinstance here
+        return [
+            (c, 0)  # type: ignore
+            for c in self.columns
+            if isinstance(c, Column) and c.table is None
+        ]
+
+    def _memoized_attr__renders_in_subqueries(self) -> bool:
+        if ("query_expression", True) in self.strategy_key:
+            return self.strategy._have_default_expression  # type: ignore
+
+        return ("deferred", True) not in self.strategy_key or (
+            self not in self.parent._readonly_props  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.state", "sqlalchemy.orm.strategies")
+    def _memoized_attr__deferred_column_loader(
+        self,
+    ) -> _InstallLoaderCallableProto[Any]:
+        state = util.preloaded.orm_state
+        strategies = util.preloaded.orm_strategies
+        return state.InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor(
+            self.parent.class_manager,
+            strategies.LoadDeferredColumns(self.key),
+            self.key,
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.state", "sqlalchemy.orm.strategies")
+    def _memoized_attr__raise_column_loader(
+        self,
+    ) -> _InstallLoaderCallableProto[Any]:
+        state = util.preloaded.orm_state
+        strategies = util.preloaded.orm_strategies
+        return state.InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor(
+            self.parent.class_manager,
+            strategies.LoadDeferredColumns(self.key, True),
+            self.key,
+        )
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        """Allow the ColumnProperty to work in expression before it is turned
+        into an instrumented attribute.
+        """
+
+        return self.expression
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self) -> roles.ColumnsClauseRole:
+        """Return the primary column or expression for this ColumnProperty.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+
+            class File(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                name = Column(String(64))
+                extension = Column(String(8))
+                filename = column_property(name + "." + extension)
+                path = column_property("C:/" + filename.expression)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapper_column_property_sql_expressions_composed`
+
+        """
+        return self.columns[0]
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc,
+        )
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        super().do_init()
+
+        if len(self.columns) > 1 and set(self.parent.primary_key).issuperset(
+            self.columns
+        ):
+            util.warn(
+                (
+                    "On mapper %s, primary key column '%s' is being combined "
+                    "with distinct primary key column '%s' in attribute '%s'. "
+                    "Use explicit properties to give each column its own "
+                    "mapped attribute name."
+                )
+                % (self.parent, self.columns[1], self.columns[0], self.key)
+            )
+
+    def copy(self) -> ColumnProperty[_T]:
+        return ColumnProperty(
+            *self.columns,
+            deferred=self.deferred,
+            group=self.group,
+            active_history=self.active_history,
+        )
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        source_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        source_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        dest_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dest_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self.instrument:
+            return
+        elif self.key in source_dict:
+            value = source_dict[self.key]
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = value
+            else:
+                impl = dest_state.get_impl(self.key)
+                impl.set(dest_state, dest_dict, value, None)
+        elif dest_state.has_identity and self.key not in dest_dict:
+            dest_state._expire_attributes(
+                dest_dict, [self.key], no_loader=True
+            )
+
+    class Comparator(util.MemoizedSlots, PropComparator[_PT]):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.ColumnProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+            # prevent pylance from being clever about slots
+            __slots__ = "__clause_element__", "info", "expressions"
+
+        prop: RODescriptorReference[ColumnProperty[_PT]]
+
+        expressions: Sequence[NamedColumn[Any]]
+        """The full sequence of columns referenced by this
+         attribute, adjusted for any aliasing in progress.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.17
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :ref:`maptojoin` - usage example
+        """
+
+        def _orm_annotate_column(self, column: _NC) -> _NC:
+            """annotate and possibly adapt a column to be returned
+            as the mapped-attribute exposed version of the column.
+
+            The column in this context needs to act as much like the
+            column in an ORM mapped context as possible, so includes
+            annotations to give hints to various ORM functions as to
+            the source entity of this column.   It also adapts it
+            to the mapper's with_polymorphic selectable if one is
+            present.
+
+            """
+
+            pe = self._parententity
+            annotations: Dict[str, Any] = {
+                "entity_namespace": pe,
+                "parententity": pe,
+                "parentmapper": pe,
+                "proxy_key": self.prop.key,
+            }
+
+            col = column
+
+            # for a mapper with polymorphic_on and an adapter, return
+            # the column against the polymorphic selectable.
+            # see also orm.util._orm_downgrade_polymorphic_columns
+            # for the reverse operation.
+            if self._parentmapper._polymorphic_adapter:
+                mapper_local_col = col
+                col = self._parentmapper._polymorphic_adapter.traverse(col)
+
+                # this is a clue to the ORM Query etc. that this column
+                # was adapted to the mapper's polymorphic_adapter.  the
+                # ORM uses this hint to know which column its adapting.
+                annotations["adapt_column"] = mapper_local_col
+
+            return col._annotate(annotations)._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": pe}
+            )
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+            def __clause_element__(self) -> NamedColumn[_PT]: ...
+
+        def _memoized_method___clause_element__(
+            self,
+        ) -> NamedColumn[_PT]:
+            if self.adapter:
+                return self.adapter(self.prop.columns[0], self.prop.key)
+            else:
+                return self._orm_annotate_column(self.prop.columns[0])
+
+        def _memoized_attr_info(self) -> _InfoType:
+            """The .info dictionary for this attribute."""
+
+            ce = self.__clause_element__()
+            try:
+                return ce.info  # type: ignore
+            except AttributeError:
+                return self.prop.info
+
+        def _memoized_attr_expressions(self) -> Sequence[NamedColumn[Any]]:
+            """The full sequence of columns referenced by this
+            attribute, adjusted for any aliasing in progress.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.17
+
+            """
+            if self.adapter:
+                return [
+                    self.adapter(col, self.prop.key)
+                    for col in self.prop.columns
+                ]
+            else:
+                return [
+                    self._orm_annotate_column(col) for col in self.prop.columns
+                ]
+
+        def _fallback_getattr(self, key: str) -> Any:
+            """proxy attribute access down to the mapped column.
+
+            this allows user-defined comparison methods to be accessed.
+            """
+            return getattr(self.__clause_element__(), key)
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+            return op(self.__clause_element__(), *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+            col = self.__clause_element__()
+            return op(col._bind_param(op, other), col, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if not self.parent or not self.key:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+
+class MappedSQLExpression(ColumnProperty[_T], _DeclarativeMapped[_T]):
+    """Declarative front-end for the :class:`.ColumnProperty` class.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.column_property` function.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.MappedSQLExpression` as
+       a Declarative compatible subclass for :class:`_orm.ColumnProperty`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.MappedColumn`
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+
+class MappedColumn(
+    _IntrospectsAnnotations,
+    _MapsColumns[_T],
+    _DeclarativeMapped[_T],
+):
+    """Maps a single :class:`_schema.Column` on a class.
+
+    :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` is a specialization of the
+    :class:`_orm.ColumnProperty` class and is oriented towards declarative
+    configuration.
+
+    To construct :class:`_orm.MappedColumn` objects, use the
+    :func:`_orm.mapped_column` constructor function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "column",
+        "_creation_order",
+        "_sort_order",
+        "foreign_keys",
+        "_has_nullable",
+        "_has_insert_default",
+        "deferred",
+        "deferred_group",
+        "deferred_raiseload",
+        "active_history",
+        "_attribute_options",
+        "_has_dataclass_arguments",
+        "_use_existing_column",
+    )
+
+    deferred: Union[_NoArg, bool]
+    deferred_raiseload: bool
+    deferred_group: Optional[str]
+
+    column: Column[_T]
+    foreign_keys: Optional[Set[ForeignKey]]
+    _attribute_options: _AttributeOptions
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        self._attribute_options = attr_opts = kw.pop(
+            "attribute_options", _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+        )
+
+        self._use_existing_column = kw.pop("use_existing_column", False)
+
+        self._has_dataclass_arguments = (
+            attr_opts is not None
+            and attr_opts != _DEFAULT_ATTRIBUTE_OPTIONS
+            and any(
+                attr_opts[i] is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                for i, attr in enumerate(attr_opts._fields)
+                if attr != "dataclasses_default"
+            )
+        )
+
+        insert_default = kw.pop("insert_default", _NoArg.NO_ARG)
+        self._has_insert_default = insert_default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+
+        if self._has_insert_default:
+            kw["default"] = insert_default
+        elif attr_opts.dataclasses_default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            kw["default"] = attr_opts.dataclasses_default
+
+        self.deferred_group = kw.pop("deferred_group", None)
+        self.deferred_raiseload = kw.pop("deferred_raiseload", None)
+        self.deferred = kw.pop("deferred", _NoArg.NO_ARG)
+        self.active_history = kw.pop("active_history", False)
+
+        self._sort_order = kw.pop("sort_order", _NoArg.NO_ARG)
+        self.column = cast("Column[_T]", Column(*arg, **kw))
+        self.foreign_keys = self.column.foreign_keys
+        self._has_nullable = "nullable" in kw and kw.get("nullable") not in (
+            None,
+            SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED,
+        )
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        new = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        new.column = self.column._copy(**kw)
+        new.deferred = self.deferred
+        new.deferred_group = self.deferred_group
+        new.deferred_raiseload = self.deferred_raiseload
+        new.foreign_keys = new.column.foreign_keys
+        new.active_history = self.active_history
+        new._has_nullable = self._has_nullable
+        new._attribute_options = self._attribute_options
+        new._has_insert_default = self._has_insert_default
+        new._has_dataclass_arguments = self._has_dataclass_arguments
+        new._use_existing_column = self._use_existing_column
+        new._sort_order = self._sort_order
+        util.set_creation_order(new)
+        return new
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return self.column.name
+
+    @property
+    def mapper_property_to_assign(self) -> Optional[MapperProperty[_T]]:
+        effective_deferred = self.deferred
+        if effective_deferred is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            effective_deferred = bool(
+                self.deferred_group or self.deferred_raiseload
+            )
+
+        if effective_deferred or self.active_history:
+            return ColumnProperty(
+                self.column,
+                deferred=effective_deferred,
+                group=self.deferred_group,
+                raiseload=self.deferred_raiseload,
+                attribute_options=self._attribute_options,
+                active_history=self.active_history,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def columns_to_assign(self) -> List[Tuple[Column[Any], int]]:
+        return [
+            (
+                self.column,
+                (
+                    self._sort_order
+                    if self._sort_order is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                    else 0
+                ),
+            )
+        ]
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> Column[_T]:
+        return self.column
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.__clause_element__(), *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        col = self.__clause_element__()
+        return op(col._bind_param(op, other), col, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def found_in_pep593_annotated(self) -> Any:
+        # return a blank mapped_column().  This mapped_column()'s
+        # Column will be merged into it in _init_column_for_annotation().
+        return MappedColumn()
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        column = self.column
+
+        if (
+            self._use_existing_column
+            and decl_scan.inherits
+            and decl_scan.single
+        ):
+            if decl_scan.is_deferred:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't use use_existing_column with deferred mappers"
+                )
+            supercls_mapper = class_mapper(decl_scan.inherits, False)
+
+            colname = column.name if column.name is not None else key
+            column = self.column = supercls_mapper.local_table.c.get(  # type: ignore[assignment] # noqa: E501
+                colname, column
+            )
+
+        if column.key is None:
+            column.key = key
+        if column.name is None:
+            column.name = key
+
+        sqltype = column.type
+
+        if extracted_mapped_annotation is None:
+            if sqltype._isnull and not self.column.foreign_keys:
+                self._raise_for_required(key, cls)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        self._init_column_for_annotation(
+            cls,
+            registry,
+            extracted_mapped_annotation,
+            originating_module,
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_base")
+    def declarative_scan_for_composite(
+        self,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        param_name: str,
+        param_annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+    ) -> None:
+        decl_base = util.preloaded.orm_decl_base
+        decl_base._undefer_column_name(param_name, self.column)
+        self._init_column_for_annotation(
+            cls, registry, param_annotation, originating_module
+        )
+
+    def _init_column_for_annotation(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        argument: _AnnotationScanType,
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        sqltype = self.column.type
+
+        if is_fwd_ref(
+            argument, check_generic=True, check_for_plain_string=True
+        ):
+            assert originating_module is not None
+            argument = de_stringify_annotation(
+                cls, argument, originating_module, include_generic=True
+            )
+
+        nullable = includes_none(argument)
+
+        if not self._has_nullable:
+            self.column.nullable = nullable
+
+        our_type = de_optionalize_union_types(argument)
+
+        find_mapped_in: Tuple[Any, ...] = ()
+        our_type_is_pep593 = False
+        raw_pep_593_type = None
+
+        if is_pep593(our_type):
+            our_type_is_pep593 = True
+
+            pep_593_components = get_args(our_type)
+            raw_pep_593_type = pep_593_components[0]
+            if nullable:
+                raw_pep_593_type = de_optionalize_union_types(raw_pep_593_type)
+            find_mapped_in = pep_593_components[1:]
+        elif is_pep695(argument) and is_pep593(argument.__value__):
+            # do not support nested annotation inside unions ets
+            find_mapped_in = get_args(argument.__value__)[1:]
+
+        use_args_from: Optional[MappedColumn[Any]]
+        for elem in find_mapped_in:
+            if isinstance(elem, MappedColumn):
+                use_args_from = elem
+                break
+        else:
+            use_args_from = None
+
+        if use_args_from is not None:
+            if (
+                not self._has_insert_default
+                and use_args_from.column.default is not None
+            ):
+                self.column.default = None
+
+            use_args_from.column._merge(self.column)
+            sqltype = self.column.type
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.deferred is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                and self.deferred is _NoArg.NO_ARG
+            ):
+                self.deferred = use_args_from.deferred
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.deferred_group is not None
+                and self.deferred_group is None
+            ):
+                self.deferred_group = use_args_from.deferred_group
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.deferred_raiseload is not None
+                and self.deferred_raiseload is None
+            ):
+                self.deferred_raiseload = use_args_from.deferred_raiseload
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from._use_existing_column
+                and not self._use_existing_column
+            ):
+                self._use_existing_column = True
+
+            if use_args_from.active_history:
+                self.active_history = use_args_from.active_history
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from._sort_order is not None
+                and self._sort_order is _NoArg.NO_ARG
+            ):
+                self._sort_order = use_args_from._sort_order
+
+            if (
+                use_args_from.column.key is not None
+                or use_args_from.column.name is not None
+            ):
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Can't use the 'key' or 'name' arguments in "
+                    "Annotated with mapped_column(); this will be ignored",
+                    "2.0.22",
+                )
+
+            if use_args_from._has_dataclass_arguments:
+                for idx, arg in enumerate(
+                    use_args_from._attribute_options._fields
+                ):
+                    if (
+                        use_args_from._attribute_options[idx]
+                        is not _NoArg.NO_ARG
+                    ):
+                        arg = arg.replace("dataclasses_", "")
+                        util.warn_deprecated(
+                            f"Argument '{arg}' is a dataclass argument and "
+                            "cannot be specified within a mapped_column() "
+                            "bundled inside of an Annotated object",
+                            "2.0.22",
+                        )
+
+        if sqltype._isnull and not self.column.foreign_keys:
+            new_sqltype = None
+
+            checks: List[Any]
+            if our_type_is_pep593:
+                checks = [our_type, raw_pep_593_type]
+            else:
+                checks = [our_type]
+
+            for check_type in checks:
+                new_sqltype = registry._resolve_type(check_type)
+                if new_sqltype is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                if isinstance(our_type, TypeEngine) or (
+                    isinstance(our_type, type)
+                    and issubclass(our_type, TypeEngine)
+                ):
+                    raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                        f"The type provided inside the {self.column.key!r} "
+                        "attribute Mapped annotation is the SQLAlchemy type "
+                        f"{our_type}. Expected a Python type instead"
+                    )
+                elif is_a_type(our_type):
+                    raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                        "Could not locate SQLAlchemy Core type for Python "
+                        f"type {our_type} inside the {self.column.key!r} "
+                        "attribute Mapped annotation"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                        f"The object provided inside the {self.column.key!r} "
+                        "attribute Mapped annotation is not a Python type, "
+                        f"it's the object {our_type!r}. Expected a Python "
+                        "type."
+                    )
+
+            self.column._set_type(new_sqltype)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af496b24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3454 @@
+# orm/query.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The Query class and support.
+
+Defines the :class:`_query.Query` class, the central
+construct used by the ORM to construct database queries.
+
+The :class:`_query.Query` class should not be confused with the
+:class:`_expression.Select` class, which defines database
+SELECT operations at the SQL (non-ORM) level.  ``Query`` differs from
+``Select`` in that it returns ORM-mapped objects and interacts with an
+ORM session, whereas the ``Select`` construct interacts directly with the
+database to return iterable result sets.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from . import loading
+from . import util as orm_util
+from ._typing import _O
+from .base import _assertions
+from .context import _column_descriptions
+from .context import _determine_last_joined_entity
+from .context import _legacy_filter_by_entity_zero
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnDescription
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnsClauseRole
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .util import object_mapper
+from .util import with_parent
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import log
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import Result
+from ..engine import Row
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import Select
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+from ..sql._typing import _TP
+from ..sql.annotation import SupportsCloneAnnotations
+from ..sql.base import _entity_namespace_key
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import Executable
+from ..sql.base import Generative
+from ..sql.elements import BooleanClauseList
+from ..sql.expression import Exists
+from ..sql.selectable import _MemoizedSelectEntities
+from ..sql.selectable import _SelectFromElements
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+from ..sql.selectable import HasHints
+from ..sql.selectable import HasPrefixes
+from ..sql.selectable import HasSuffixes
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import SelectLabelStyle
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+    from .session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ImmutableExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ..engine.result import FrozenResult
+    from ..engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _JoinTargetArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _LimitOffsetType
+    from ..sql._typing import _MAYBE_ENTITY
+    from ..sql._typing import _no_kw
+    from ..sql._typing import _NOT_ENTITY
+    from ..sql._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ..sql._typing import _T0
+    from ..sql._typing import _T1
+    from ..sql._typing import _T2
+    from ..sql._typing import _T3
+    from ..sql._typing import _T4
+    from ..sql._typing import _T5
+    from ..sql._typing import _T6
+    from ..sql._typing import _T7
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ..sql.base import CacheableOptions
+    from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+    from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+    from ..sql.elements import Label
+    from ..sql.selectable import _ForUpdateOfArgument
+    from ..sql.selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import _SetupJoinsElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import Alias
+    from ..sql.selectable import CTE
+    from ..sql.selectable import ExecutableReturnsRows
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..sql.selectable import ScalarSelect
+    from ..sql.selectable import Subquery
+
+
+__all__ = ["Query", "QueryContext"]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+@log.class_logger
+class Query(
+    _SelectFromElements,
+    SupportsCloneAnnotations,
+    HasPrefixes,
+    HasSuffixes,
+    HasHints,
+    EventTarget,
+    log.Identified,
+    Generative,
+    Executable,
+    Generic[_T],
+):
+    """ORM-level SQL construction object.
+
+    .. legacy:: The ORM :class:`.Query` object is a legacy construct
+       as of SQLAlchemy 2.0.   See the notes at the top of
+       :ref:`query_api_toplevel` for an overview, including links to migration
+       documentation.
+
+    :class:`_query.Query` objects are normally initially generated using the
+    :meth:`~.Session.query` method of :class:`.Session`, and in
+    less common cases by instantiating the :class:`_query.Query` directly and
+    associating with a :class:`.Session` using the
+    :meth:`_query.Query.with_session`
+    method.
+
+    """
+
+    # elements that are in Core and can be cached in the same way
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _having_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+
+    _order_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _group_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _limit_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _offset_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+
+    _distinct: bool = False
+    _distinct_on: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+
+    _for_update_arg: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None
+    _correlate: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _auto_correlate: bool = True
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...] = ()
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM
+
+    _memoized_select_entities = ()
+
+    _compile_options: Union[Type[CacheableOptions], CacheableOptions] = (
+        ORMCompileState.default_compile_options
+    )
+
+    _with_options: Tuple[ExecutableOption, ...]
+    load_options = QueryContext.default_load_options + {
+        "_legacy_uniquing": True
+    }
+
+    _params: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    # local Query builder state, not needed for
+    # compilation or execution
+    _enable_assertions = True
+
+    _statement: Optional[ExecutableReturnsRows] = None
+
+    session: Session
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Query[_T]]
+
+    # mirrors that of ClauseElement, used to propagate the "orm"
+    # plugin as well as the "subject" of the plugin, e.g. the mapper
+    # we are querying against.
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType:
+        return util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entities: Union[
+            _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], Sequence[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+        ],
+        session: Optional[Session] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a :class:`_query.Query` directly.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            q = Query([User, Address], session=some_session)
+
+        The above is equivalent to::
+
+            q = some_session.query(User, Address)
+
+        :param entities: a sequence of entities and/or SQL expressions.
+
+        :param session: a :class:`.Session` with which the
+         :class:`_query.Query`
+         will be associated.   Optional; a :class:`_query.Query`
+         can be associated
+         with a :class:`.Session` generatively via the
+         :meth:`_query.Query.with_session` method as well.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Session.query`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.with_session`
+
+        """
+
+        # session is usually present.  There's one case in subqueryloader
+        # where it stores a Query without a Session and also there are tests
+        # for the query(Entity).with_session(session) API which is likely in
+        # some old recipes, however these are legacy as select() can now be
+        # used.
+        self.session = session  # type: ignore
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+
+    def _set_propagate_attrs(self, values: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Self:
+        self._propagate_attrs = util.immutabledict(values)
+        return self
+
+    def _set_entities(
+        self,
+        entities: Union[
+            _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], Iterable[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                ent,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                post_inspect=True,
+            )
+            for ent in util.to_list(entities)
+        ]
+
+    def tuples(self: Query[_O]) -> Query[Tuple[_O]]:
+        """return a tuple-typed form of this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        This method invokes the :meth:`.Query.only_return_tuples`
+        method with a value of ``True``, which by itself ensures that this
+        :class:`.Query` will always return :class:`.Row` objects, even
+        if the query is made against a single entity.  It then also
+        at the typing level will return a "typed" query, if possible,
+        that will type result rows as ``Tuple`` objects with typed
+        elements.
+
+        This method can be compared to the :meth:`.Result.tuples` method,
+        which returns "self", but from a typing perspective returns an object
+        that will yield typed ``Tuple`` objects for results.   Typing
+        takes effect only if this :class:`.Query` object is a typed
+        query object already.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Result.tuples` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self.only_return_tuples(True)  # type: ignore
+
+    def _entity_from_pre_ent_zero(self) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+        if not self._raw_columns:
+            return None
+
+        ent = self._raw_columns[0]
+
+        if "parententity" in ent._annotations:
+            return ent._annotations["parententity"]  # type: ignore
+        elif "bundle" in ent._annotations:
+            return ent._annotations["bundle"]  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            # label, other SQL expression
+            for element in visitors.iterate(ent):
+                if "parententity" in element._annotations:
+                    return element._annotations["parententity"]  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def _only_full_mapper_zero(self, methname: str) -> Mapper[Any]:
+        if (
+            len(self._raw_columns) != 1
+            or "parententity" not in self._raw_columns[0]._annotations
+            or not self._raw_columns[0].is_selectable
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "%s() can only be used against "
+                "a single mapped class." % methname
+            )
+
+        return self._raw_columns[0]._annotations["parententity"]  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+    def _set_select_from(
+        self, obj: Iterable[_FromClauseArgument], set_base_alias: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        fa = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.StrictFromClauseRole,
+                elem,
+                allow_select=True,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for elem in obj
+        ]
+
+        self._compile_options += {"_set_base_alias": set_base_alias}
+        self._from_obj = tuple(fa)
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_lazyload_from(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> Self:
+        self.load_options += {"_lazy_loaded_from": state}
+        return self
+
+    def _get_condition(self) -> None:
+        """used by legacy BakedQuery"""
+        self._no_criterion_condition("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _get_existing_condition(self) -> None:
+        self._no_criterion_assertion("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+    def _no_criterion_assertion(
+        self, meth: str, order_by: bool = True, distinct: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if (
+            self._where_criteria
+            or self._statement is not None
+            or self._from_obj
+            or self._setup_joins
+            or self._limit_clause is not None
+            or self._offset_clause is not None
+            or self._group_by_clauses
+            or (order_by and self._order_by_clauses)
+            or (distinct and self._distinct)
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth
+            )
+
+    def _no_criterion_condition(
+        self, meth: str, order_by: bool = True, distinct: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        self._no_criterion_assertion(meth, order_by, distinct)
+
+        self._from_obj = self._setup_joins = ()
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            self._compile_options += {"_statement": None}
+        self._where_criteria = ()
+        self._distinct = False
+
+        self._order_by_clauses = self._group_by_clauses = ()
+
+    def _no_clauseelement_condition(self, meth: str) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._order_by_clauses:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a "
+                "Query with existing criterion. " % meth
+            )
+        self._no_criterion_condition(meth)
+
+    def _no_statement_condition(self, meth: str) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                (
+                    "Query.%s() being called on a Query with an existing full "
+                    "statement - can't apply criterion."
+                )
+                % meth
+            )
+
+    def _no_limit_offset(self, meth: str) -> None:
+        if not self._enable_assertions:
+            return
+        if self._limit_clause is not None or self._offset_clause is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Query.%s() being called on a Query which already has LIMIT "
+                "or OFFSET applied.  Call %s() before limit() or offset() "
+                "are applied." % (meth, meth)
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _has_row_limiting_clause(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._limit_clause is not None or self._offset_clause is not None
+        )
+
+    def _get_options(
+        self,
+        populate_existing: Optional[bool] = None,
+        version_check: Optional[bool] = None,
+        only_load_props: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        refresh_state: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        load_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        compile_options: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        if version_check:
+            load_options["_version_check"] = version_check
+        if populate_existing:
+            load_options["_populate_existing"] = populate_existing
+        if refresh_state:
+            load_options["_refresh_state"] = refresh_state
+            compile_options["_for_refresh_state"] = True
+        if only_load_props:
+            compile_options["_only_load_props"] = frozenset(only_load_props)
+        if identity_token:
+            load_options["_identity_token"] = identity_token
+
+        if load_options:
+            self.load_options += load_options
+        if compile_options:
+            self._compile_options += compile_options
+
+        return self
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._generate()
+
+    def _get_select_statement_only(self) -> Select[_T]:
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't call this method on a Query that uses from_statement()"
+            )
+        return cast("Select[_T]", self.statement)
+
+    @property
+    def statement(self) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T], UpdateBase]:
+        """The full SELECT statement represented by this Query.
+
+        The statement by default will not have disambiguating labels
+        applied to the construct unless with_labels(True) is called
+        first.
+
+        """
+
+        # .statement can return the direct future.Select() construct here, as
+        # long as we are not using subsequent adaption features that
+        # are made against raw entities, e.g. from_self(), with_polymorphic(),
+        # select_entity_from().  If these features are being used, then
+        # the Select() we return will not have the correct .selected_columns
+        # collection and will not embed in subsequent queries correctly.
+        # We could find a way to make this collection "correct", however
+        # this would not be too different from doing the full compile as
+        # we are doing in any case, the Select() would still not have the
+        # proper state for other attributes like whereclause, order_by,
+        # and these features are all deprecated in any case.
+        #
+        # for these reasons, Query is not a Select, it remains an ORM
+        # object for which __clause_element__() must be called in order for
+        # it to provide a real expression object.
+        #
+        # from there, it starts to look much like Query itself won't be
+        # passed into the execute process and won't generate its own cache
+        # key; this will all occur in terms of the ORM-enabled Select.
+        stmt: Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T], UpdateBase]
+
+        if not self._compile_options._set_base_alias:
+            # if we don't have legacy top level aliasing features in use
+            # then convert to a future select() directly
+            stmt = self._statement_20(for_statement=True)
+        else:
+            stmt = self._compile_state(for_statement=True).statement
+
+        if self._params:
+            stmt = stmt.params(self._params)
+
+        return stmt
+
+    def _final_statement(self, legacy_query_style: bool = True) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Return the 'final' SELECT statement for this :class:`.Query`.
+
+        This is used by the testing suite only and is fairly inefficient.
+
+        This is the Core-only select() that will be rendered by a complete
+        compilation of this query, and is what .statement used to return
+        in 1.3.
+
+
+        """
+
+        q = self._clone()
+
+        return q._compile_state(
+            use_legacy_query_style=legacy_query_style
+        ).statement  # type: ignore
+
+    def _statement_20(
+        self, for_statement: bool = False, use_legacy_query_style: bool = True
+    ) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T]]:
+        # TODO: this event needs to be deprecated, as it currently applies
+        # only to ORM query and occurs at this spot that is now more
+        # or less an artificial spot
+        if self.dispatch.before_compile:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_compile:
+                new_query = fn(self)
+                if new_query is not None and new_query is not self:
+                    self = new_query
+                    if not fn._bake_ok:  # type: ignore
+                        self._compile_options += {"_bake_ok": False}
+
+        compile_options = self._compile_options
+        compile_options += {
+            "_for_statement": for_statement,
+            "_use_legacy_query_style": use_legacy_query_style,
+        }
+
+        stmt: Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T]]
+
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            stmt = FromStatement(self._raw_columns, self._statement)
+            stmt.__dict__.update(
+                _with_options=self._with_options,
+                _with_context_options=self._with_context_options,
+                _compile_options=compile_options,
+                _execution_options=self._execution_options,
+                _propagate_attrs=self._propagate_attrs,
+            )
+        else:
+            # Query / select() internal attributes are 99% cross-compatible
+            stmt = Select._create_raw_select(**self.__dict__)
+            stmt.__dict__.update(
+                _label_style=self._label_style,
+                _compile_options=compile_options,
+                _propagate_attrs=self._propagate_attrs,
+            )
+            stmt.__dict__.pop("session", None)
+
+        # ensure the ORM context is used to compile the statement, even
+        # if it has no ORM entities.  This is so ORM-only things like
+        # _legacy_joins are picked up that wouldn't be picked up by the
+        # Core statement context
+        if "compile_state_plugin" not in stmt._propagate_attrs:
+            stmt._propagate_attrs = stmt._propagate_attrs.union(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": None}
+            )
+
+        return stmt
+
+    def subquery(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        with_labels: bool = False,
+        reduce_columns: bool = False,
+    ) -> Subquery:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by
+        this :class:`_query.Query`, embedded within an
+        :class:`_expression.Alias`.
+
+        Eager JOIN generation within the query is disabled.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.subquery` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias;
+            this is passed through to :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`.
+            If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated
+            at compile time.
+
+        :param with_labels: if True, :meth:`.with_labels` will be called
+         on the :class:`_query.Query` first to apply table-qualified labels
+         to all columns.
+
+        :param reduce_columns: if True,
+         :meth:`_expression.Select.reduce_columns` will
+         be called on the resulting :func:`_expression.select` construct,
+         to remove same-named columns where one also refers to the other
+         via foreign key or WHERE clause equivalence.
+
+        """
+        q = self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+        if with_labels:
+            q = q.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+
+        stmt = q._get_select_statement_only()
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(stmt, Select)
+
+        if reduce_columns:
+            stmt = stmt.reduce_columns()
+        return stmt.subquery(name=name)
+
+    def cte(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+        nesting: bool = False,
+    ) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query` represented as a common table expression (CTE).
+
+        Parameters and usage are the same as those of the
+        :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.cte` method; see that method for
+        further details.
+
+        Here is the `PostgreSQL WITH
+        RECURSIVE example
+        <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html>`_.
+        Note that, in this example, the ``included_parts`` cte and the
+        ``incl_alias`` alias of it are Core selectables, which
+        means the columns are accessed via the ``.c.`` attribute.  The
+        ``parts_alias`` object is an :func:`_orm.aliased` instance of the
+        ``Part`` entity, so column-mapped attributes are available
+        directly::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+
+            class Part(Base):
+                __tablename__ = "part"
+                part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                sub_part = Column(String, primary_key=True)
+                quantity = Column(Integer)
+
+
+            included_parts = (
+                session.query(Part.sub_part, Part.part, Part.quantity)
+                .filter(Part.part == "our part")
+                .cte(name="included_parts", recursive=True)
+            )
+
+            incl_alias = aliased(included_parts, name="pr")
+            parts_alias = aliased(Part, name="p")
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                session.query(
+                    parts_alias.sub_part, parts_alias.part, parts_alias.quantity
+                ).filter(parts_alias.part == incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+            )
+
+            q = session.query(
+                included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).label("total_quantity"),
+            ).group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.cte` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .cte(name=name, recursive=recursive, nesting=nesting)
+        )
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[Any]:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`, converted
+        to a scalar subquery with a label of the given name.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.label` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .label(name)
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def as_scalar(  # type: ignore[overload-overlap]
+        self: Query[Tuple[_MAYBE_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[_MAYBE_ENTITY]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def as_scalar(
+        self: Query[Tuple[_NOT_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[_NOT_ENTITY]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_query.Query.as_scalar` method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.scalar_subquery`.",
+    )
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`, converted to a scalar subquery.
+
+        """
+        return self.scalar_subquery()
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_subquery(
+        self: Query[Tuple[_MAYBE_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_subquery(
+        self: Query[Tuple[_NOT_ENTITY]],
+    ) -> ScalarSelect[_NOT_ENTITY]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        """Return the full SELECT statement represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`, converted to a scalar subquery.
+
+        Analogous to
+        :meth:`sqlalchemy.sql.expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :meth:`_query.Query.scalar_subquery`
+           method replaces the :meth:`_query.Query.as_scalar` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.scalar_subquery` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .scalar_subquery()
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T], UpdateBase]:
+        """Return the :class:`_expression.Select` object emitted by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        Used for :func:`_sa.inspect` compatibility, this is equivalent to::
+
+            query.enable_eagerloads(False).with_labels().statement
+
+        """
+        return self.__clause_element__()
+
+    def __clause_element__(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[Select[_T], FromStatement[_T], UpdateBase]:
+        return (
+            self._with_compile_options(
+                _enable_eagerloads=False, _render_for_subquery=True
+            )
+            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+            .statement
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def only_return_tuples(
+        self: Query[_O], value: Literal[True]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_O]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def only_return_tuples(
+        self: Query[_O], value: Literal[False]
+    ) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def only_return_tuples(self, value: bool) -> Query[Any]:
+        """When set to True, the query results will always be a
+        :class:`.Row` object.
+
+        This can change a query that normally returns a single entity
+        as a scalar to return a :class:`.Row` result in all cases.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Query.tuples` - returns tuples, but also at the typing
+            level will type results as ``Tuple``.
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.is_single_entity`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.tuples` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += dict(_only_return_tuples=value)
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def is_single_entity(self) -> bool:
+        """Indicates if this :class:`_query.Query`
+        returns tuples or single entities.
+
+        Returns True if this query returns a single entity for each instance
+        in its result list, and False if this query returns a tuple of entities
+        for each result.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.only_return_tuples`
+
+        """
+        return (
+            not self.load_options._only_return_tuples
+            and len(self._raw_columns) == 1
+            and "parententity" in self._raw_columns[0]._annotations
+            and isinstance(
+                self._raw_columns[0]._annotations["parententity"],
+                ORMColumnsClauseRole,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def enable_eagerloads(self, value: bool) -> Self:
+        """Control whether or not eager joins and subqueries are
+        rendered.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will not render
+        eager joins regardless of :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.joinedload`,
+        :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.subqueryload` options
+        or mapper-level ``lazy='joined'``/``lazy='subquery'``
+        configurations.
+
+        This is used primarily when nesting the Query's
+        statement into a subquery or other
+        selectable, or when using :meth:`_query.Query.yield_per`.
+
+        """
+        self._compile_options += {"_enable_eagerloads": value}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _with_compile_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self:
+        self._compile_options += opt
+        return self
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.with_labels` and :meth:`_orm.Query.apply_labels`",
+        alternative="Use set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL) "
+        "instead.",
+    )
+    def with_labels(self) -> Self:
+        return self.set_label_style(
+            SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        )
+
+    apply_labels = with_labels
+
+    @property
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        """
+        Retrieve the current label style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.get_label_style` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._label_style
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> Self:
+        """Apply column labels to the return value of Query.statement.
+
+        Indicates that this Query's `statement` accessor should return
+        a SELECT statement that applies labels to all columns in the
+        form <tablename>_<columnname>; this is commonly used to
+        disambiguate columns from multiple tables which have the same
+        name.
+
+        When the `Query` actually issues SQL to load rows, it always
+        uses column labeling.
+
+        .. note:: The :meth:`_query.Query.set_label_style` method *only* applies
+           the output of :attr:`_query.Query.statement`, and *not* to any of
+           the result-row invoking systems of :class:`_query.Query` itself,
+           e.g.
+           :meth:`_query.Query.first`, :meth:`_query.Query.all`, etc.
+           To execute
+           a query using :meth:`_query.Query.set_label_style`, invoke the
+           :attr:`_query.Query.statement` using :meth:`.Session.execute`::
+
+                result = session.execute(
+                    query.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL).statement
+                )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """  # noqa
+        if self._label_style is not style:
+            self = self._generate()
+            self._label_style = style
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def enable_assertions(self, value: bool) -> Self:
+        """Control whether assertions are generated.
+
+        When set to False, the returned Query will
+        not assert its state before certain operations,
+        including that LIMIT/OFFSET has not been applied
+        when filter() is called, no criterion exists
+        when get() is called, and no "from_statement()"
+        exists when filter()/order_by()/group_by() etc.
+        is called.  This more permissive mode is used by
+        custom Query subclasses to specify criterion or
+        other modifiers outside of the usual usage patterns.
+
+        Care should be taken to ensure that the usage
+        pattern is even possible.  A statement applied
+        by from_statement() will override any criterion
+        set by filter() or order_by(), for example.
+
+        """
+        self._enable_assertions = value
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self) -> Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]:
+        """A readonly attribute which returns the current WHERE criterion for
+        this Query.
+
+        This returned value is a SQL expression construct, or ``None`` if no
+        criterion has been established.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.whereclause` - v2 equivalent property.
+
+        """
+        return BooleanClauseList._construct_for_whereclause(
+            self._where_criteria
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def _with_current_path(self, path: PathRegistry) -> Self:
+        """indicate that this query applies to objects loaded
+        within a certain path.
+
+        Used by deferred loaders (see strategies.py) which transfer
+        query options from an originating query to a newly generated
+        query intended for the deferred load.
+
+        """
+        self._compile_options += {"_current_path": path}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def yield_per(self, count: int) -> Self:
+        r"""Yield only ``count`` rows at a time.
+
+        The purpose of this method is when fetching very large result sets
+        (> 10K rows), to batch results in sub-collections and yield them
+        out partially, so that the Python interpreter doesn't need to declare
+        very large areas of memory which is both time consuming and leads
+        to excessive memory use.   The performance from fetching hundreds of
+        thousands of rows can often double when a suitable yield-per setting
+        (e.g. approximately 1000) is used, even with DBAPIs that buffer
+        rows (which are most).
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the :meth:`_orm.Query.yield_per` method is
+        equivalent to using the ``yield_per`` execution option at the ORM
+        level. See the section :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per` for further
+        background on this option.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_yield_per`
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_yield_per": count}
+        return self
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.get`",
+        alternative="The method is now available as :meth:`_orm.Session.get`",
+    )
+    def get(self, ident: _PKIdentityArgument) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.query(User).get(5)
+
+            some_object = session.query(VersionedFoo).get((5, 10))
+
+            some_object = session.query(VersionedFoo).get({"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the owning :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get` is only used to return a single
+        mapped instance, not multiple instances or
+        individual column constructs, and strictly
+        on a single primary key value.  The originating
+        :class:`_query.Query` must be constructed in this way,
+        i.e. against a single mapped entity,
+        with no additional filtering criterion.  Loading
+        options via :meth:`_query.Query.options` may be applied
+        however, and will be used if the object is not
+        yet locally present.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar, tuple, or dictionary representing the
+         primary key.  For a composite (e.g. multiple column) primary key,
+         a tuple or dictionary should be passed.
+
+         For a single-column primary key, the scalar calling form is typically
+         the most expedient.  If the primary key of a row is the value "5",
+         the call looks like::
+
+            my_object = query.get(5)
+
+         The tuple form contains primary key values typically in
+         the order in which they correspond to the mapped
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         object's primary key columns, or if the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key` configuration parameter were
+         used, in
+         the order used for that parameter. For example, if the primary key
+         of a row is represented by the integer
+         digits "5, 10" the call would look like::
+
+             my_object = query.get((5, 10))
+
+         The dictionary form should include as keys the mapped attribute names
+         corresponding to each element of the primary key.  If the mapped class
+         has the attributes ``id``, ``version_id`` as the attributes which
+         store the object's primary key value, the call would look like::
+
+            my_object = query.get({"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.3 the :meth:`_query.Query.get`
+            method now optionally
+            accepts a dictionary of attribute names to values in order to
+            indicate a primary key identifier.
+
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self._no_criterion_assertion("get", order_by=False, distinct=False)
+
+        # we still implement _get_impl() so that baked query can override
+        # it
+        return self._get_impl(ident, loading.load_on_pk_identity)
+
+    def _get_impl(
+        self,
+        primary_key_identity: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        db_load_fn: Callable[..., Any],
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[Any]:
+        mapper = self._only_full_mapper_zero("get")
+        return self.session._get_impl(
+            mapper,
+            primary_key_identity,
+            db_load_fn,
+            populate_existing=self.load_options._populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=self._for_update_arg,
+            options=self._with_options,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=self._execution_options,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def lazy_loaded_from(self) -> Optional[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        """An :class:`.InstanceState` that is using this :class:`_query.Query`
+        for a lazy load operation.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  This attribute should be viewed via the
+           :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.lazy_loaded_from` attribute, within
+           the context of the :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+           event.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.lazy_loaded_from`
+
+        """
+        return self.load_options._lazy_loaded_from  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def _current_path(self) -> PathRegistry:
+        return self._compile_options._current_path  # type: ignore
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a :class:`.Query` construct which will correlate the given
+        FROM clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`.Query` or
+        :func:`~.expression.select`.
+
+        The method here accepts mapped classes, :func:`.aliased` constructs,
+        and :class:`_orm.Mapper` constructs as arguments, which are resolved
+        into expression constructs, in addition to appropriate expression
+        constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments are ultimately passed to
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+        after coercion to expression constructs.
+
+        The correlation arguments take effect in such cases
+        as when :meth:`_query.Query.from_self` is used, or when
+        a subquery as returned by :meth:`_query.Query.subquery` is
+        embedded in another :func:`_expression.select` construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.correlate` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if fromclauses and fromclauses[0] in {None, False}:
+            self._correlate = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate = self._correlate + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, f) for f in fromclauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def autoflush(self, setting: bool) -> Self:
+        """Return a Query with a specific 'autoflush' setting.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the :meth:`_orm.Query.autoflush` method
+        is equivalent to using the ``autoflush`` execution option at the
+        ORM level. See the section :ref:`orm_queryguide_autoflush` for
+        further background on this option.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_autoflush": setting}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def populate_existing(self) -> Self:
+        """Return a :class:`_query.Query`
+        that will expire and refresh all instances
+        as they are loaded, or reused from the current :class:`.Session`.
+
+        As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` method
+        is equivalent to using the ``populate_existing`` execution option at
+        the ORM level. See the section :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing`
+        for further background on this option.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_populate_existing": True}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _with_invoke_all_eagers(self, value: bool) -> Self:
+        """Set the 'invoke all eagers' flag which causes joined- and
+        subquery loaders to traverse into already-loaded related objects
+        and collections.
+
+        Default is that of :attr:`_query.Query._invoke_all_eagers`.
+
+        """
+        self.load_options += {"_invoke_all_eagers": value}
+        return self
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.with_parent`",
+        alternative="Use the :func:`_orm.with_parent` standalone construct.",
+    )
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.relationships")
+    def with_parent(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        property: Optional[  # noqa: A002
+            attributes.QueryableAttribute[Any]
+        ] = None,
+        from_entity: Optional[_ExternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Add filtering criterion that relates the given instance
+        to a child object or collection, using its attribute state
+        as well as an established :func:`_orm.relationship()`
+        configuration.
+
+        The method uses the :func:`.with_parent` function to generate
+        the clause, the result of which is passed to
+        :meth:`_query.Query.filter`.
+
+        Parameters are the same as :func:`.with_parent`, with the exception
+        that the given property can be None, in which case a search is
+        performed against this :class:`_query.Query` object's target mapper.
+
+        :param instance:
+          An instance which has some :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+        :param property:
+          Class bound attribute which indicates
+          what relationship from the instance should be used to reconcile the
+          parent/child relationship.
+
+        :param from_entity:
+          Entity in which to consider as the left side.  This defaults to the
+          "zero" entity of the :class:`_query.Query` itself.
+
+        """
+        relationships = util.preloaded.orm_relationships
+
+        if from_entity:
+            entity_zero = inspect(from_entity)
+        else:
+            entity_zero = _legacy_filter_by_entity_zero(self)
+        if property is None:
+            # TODO: deprecate, property has to be supplied
+            mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                if (
+                    isinstance(prop, relationships.RelationshipProperty)
+                    and prop.mapper is entity_zero.mapper  # type: ignore
+                ):
+                    property = prop  # type: ignore  # noqa: A001
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Could not locate a property which relates instances "
+                    "of class '%s' to instances of class '%s'"
+                    % (
+                        entity_zero.mapper.class_.__name__,  # type: ignore
+                        instance.__class__.__name__,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        return self.filter(
+            with_parent(
+                instance,
+                property,  # type: ignore
+                entity_zero.entity,  # type: ignore
+            )
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_entity(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityType[Any],
+        alias: Optional[Union[Alias, Subquery]] = None,
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """add a mapped entity to the list of result columns
+        to be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.add_columns` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            # TODO: deprecate
+            entity = AliasedClass(entity, alias)
+
+        self._raw_columns = list(self._raw_columns)
+
+        self._raw_columns.append(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, entity, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_session(self, session: Session) -> Self:
+        """Return a :class:`_query.Query` that will use the given
+        :class:`.Session`.
+
+        While the :class:`_query.Query`
+        object is normally instantiated using the
+        :meth:`.Session.query` method, it is legal to build the
+        :class:`_query.Query`
+        directly without necessarily using a :class:`.Session`.  Such a
+        :class:`_query.Query` object, or any :class:`_query.Query`
+        already associated
+        with a different :class:`.Session`, can produce a new
+        :class:`_query.Query`
+        object associated with a target session using this method::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Query
+
+            query = Query([MyClass]).filter(MyClass.id == 5)
+
+            result = query.with_session(my_session).one()
+
+        """
+
+        self.session = session
+        return self
+
+    def _legacy_from_self(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Self:
+        # used for query.count() as well as for the same
+        # function in BakedQuery, as well as some old tests in test_baked.py.
+
+        fromclause = (
+            self.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+            .correlate(None)
+            .subquery()
+            ._anonymous_fromclause()
+        )
+
+        q = self._from_selectable(fromclause)
+
+        if entities:
+            q._set_entities(entities)
+        return q
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_enable_single_crit(self, val: bool) -> Self:
+        self._compile_options += {"_enable_single_crit": val}
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _from_selectable(
+        self, fromclause: FromClause, set_entity_from: bool = True
+    ) -> Self:
+        for attr in (
+            "_where_criteria",
+            "_order_by_clauses",
+            "_group_by_clauses",
+            "_limit_clause",
+            "_offset_clause",
+            "_last_joined_entity",
+            "_setup_joins",
+            "_memoized_select_entities",
+            "_distinct",
+            "_distinct_on",
+            "_having_criteria",
+            "_prefixes",
+            "_suffixes",
+        ):
+            self.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        self._set_select_from([fromclause], set_entity_from)
+        self._compile_options += {
+            "_enable_single_crit": False,
+        }
+
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.values` "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a "
+        "future release.  Please use :meth:`_query.Query.with_entities`",
+    )
+    def values(self, *columns: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]) -> Iterable[Any]:
+        """Return an iterator yielding result tuples corresponding
+        to the given list of columns
+
+        """
+        return self._values_no_warn(*columns)
+
+    _values = values
+
+    def _values_no_warn(
+        self, *columns: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Iterable[Any]:
+        if not columns:
+            return iter(())
+        q = self._clone().enable_eagerloads(False)
+        q._set_entities(columns)
+        if not q.load_options._yield_per:
+            q.load_options += {"_yield_per": 10}
+        return iter(q)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.value` "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a "
+        "future release.  Please use :meth:`_query.Query.with_entities` "
+        "in combination with :meth:`_query.Query.scalar`",
+    )
+    def value(self, column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Any:
+        """Return a scalar result corresponding to the given
+        column expression.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return next(self._values_no_warn(column))[0]  # type: ignore
+        except StopIteration:
+            return None
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(self, _entity: _EntityType[_O]) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        _colexpr: roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T]]: ...
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_entities RowReturningQuery 2-8
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_entities
+
+    @overload
+    def with_entities(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Query[Any]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_entities(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_query.Query`
+        replacing the SELECT list with the
+        given entities.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            # Users, filtered on some arbitrary criterion
+            # and then ordered by related email address
+            q = (
+                session.query(User)
+                .join(User.address)
+                .filter(User.name.like("%ed%"))
+                .order_by(Address.email)
+            )
+
+            # given *only* User.id==5, Address.email, and 'q', what
+            # would the *next* User in the result be ?
+            subq = (
+                q.with_entities(Address.email)
+                .order_by(None)
+                .filter(User.id == 5)
+                .subquery()
+            )
+            q = q.join((subq, subq.c.email < Address.email)).limit(1)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+        if __kw:
+            raise _no_kw()
+
+        # Query has all the same fields as Select for this operation
+        # this could in theory be based on a protocol but not sure if it's
+        # worth it
+        _MemoizedSelectEntities._generate_for_statement(self)  # type: ignore
+        self._set_entities(entities)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_columns(
+        self, *column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Add one or more column expressions to the list
+        of result columns to be returned.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.add_columns` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+
+        self._raw_columns = list(self._raw_columns)
+
+        self._raw_columns.extend(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                c,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                post_inspect=True,
+            )
+            for c in column
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_query.Query.add_column` "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a "
+        "future release.  Please use :meth:`_query.Query.add_columns`",
+    )
+    def add_column(self, column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Add a column expression to the list of result columns to be
+        returned.
+
+        """
+        return self.add_columns(column)
+
+    @_generative
+    def options(self, *args: ExecutableOption) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object,
+        applying the given list of
+        mapper options.
+
+        Most supplied options regard changing how column- and
+        relationship-mapped attributes are loaded.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_columns`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_loader_options`
+
+        """
+
+        opts = tuple(util.flatten_iterator(args))
+        if self._compile_options._current_path:
+            # opting for lower method overhead for the checks
+            for opt in opts:
+                if not opt._is_core and opt._is_legacy_option:  # type: ignore
+                    opt.process_query_conditionally(self)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            for opt in opts:
+                if not opt._is_core and opt._is_legacy_option:  # type: ignore
+                    opt.process_query(self)  # type: ignore
+
+        self._with_options += opts
+        return self
+
+    def with_transformation(
+        self, fn: Callable[[Query[Any]], Query[Any]]
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object transformed by
+        the given function.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            def filter_something(criterion):
+                def transform(q):
+                    return q.filter(criterion)
+
+                return transform
+
+
+            q = q.with_transformation(filter_something(x == 5))
+
+        This allows ad-hoc recipes to be created for :class:`_query.Query`
+        objects.
+
+        """
+        return fn(self)
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ImmutableExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.get_execution_options` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        autoflush: bool = False,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def execution_options(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        """Set non-SQL options which take effect during execution.
+
+        Options allowed here include all of those accepted by
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, as well as a series
+        of ORM specific options:
+
+        ``populate_existing=True`` - equivalent to using
+        :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+        ``autoflush=True|False`` - equivalent to using
+        :meth:`_orm.Query.autoflush`
+
+        ``yield_per=<value>`` - equivalent to using
+        :meth:`_orm.Query.yield_per`
+
+        Note that the ``stream_results`` execution option is enabled
+        automatically if the :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.yield_per()`
+        method or execution option is used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - added ORM options to
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.execution_options`
+
+        The execution options may also be specified on a per execution basis
+        when using :term:`2.0 style` queries via the
+        :paramref:`_orm.Session.execution_options` parameter.
+
+        .. warning:: The
+           :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results`
+           parameter should not be used at the level of individual ORM
+           statement executions, as the :class:`_orm.Session` will not track
+           objects from different schema translate maps within a single
+           session.  For multiple schema translate maps within the scope of a
+           single :class:`_orm.Session`, see :ref:`examples_sharding`.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_stream_results`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.get_execution_options`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.execution_options` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kwargs)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_for_update(
+        self,
+        *,
+        nowait: bool = False,
+        read: bool = False,
+        of: Optional[_ForUpdateOfArgument] = None,
+        skip_locked: bool = False,
+        key_share: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """return a new :class:`_query.Query`
+        with the specified options for the
+        ``FOR UPDATE`` clause.
+
+        The behavior of this method is identical to that of
+        :meth:`_expression.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update`.
+        When called with no arguments,
+        the resulting ``SELECT`` statement will have a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause
+        appended.  When additional arguments are specified, backend-specific
+        options such as ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` or ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE``
+        can take effect.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            q = (
+                sess.query(User)
+                .populate_existing()
+                .with_for_update(nowait=True, of=User)
+            )
+
+        The above query on a PostgreSQL backend will render like:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT users.id AS users_id FROM users FOR UPDATE OF users NOWAIT
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            Using ``with_for_update`` in the context of eager loading
+            relationships is not officially supported or recommended by
+            SQLAlchemy and may not work with certain queries on various
+            database backends.  When ``with_for_update`` is successfully used
+            with a query that involves :func:`_orm.joinedload`, SQLAlchemy will
+            attempt to emit SQL that locks all involved tables.
+
+        .. note::  It is generally a good idea to combine the use of the
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` method when using the
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.with_for_update` method.   The purpose of
+           :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` is to force all the data read
+           from the SELECT to be populated into the ORM objects returned,
+           even if these objects are already in the :term:`identity map`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.GenerativeSelect.with_for_update`
+            - Core level method with
+            full argument and behavioral description.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing` - overwrites attributes of
+            objects already loaded in the identity map.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg(
+            read=read,
+            nowait=nowait,
+            of=of,
+            skip_locked=skip_locked,
+            key_share=key_share,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def params(
+        self, __params: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add values for bind parameters which may have been
+        specified in filter().
+
+        Parameters may be specified using \**kwargs, or optionally a single
+        dictionary as the first positional argument. The reason for both is
+        that \**kwargs is convenient, however some parameter dictionaries
+        contain unicode keys in which case \**kwargs cannot be used.
+
+        """
+        if __params:
+            kw.update(__params)
+        self._params = self._params.union(kw)
+        return self
+
+    def where(self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """A synonym for :meth:`.Query.filter`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.where` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self.filter(*criterion)
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def filter(self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`_query.Query`, using SQL expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.name == "some name")
+
+        Multiple criteria may be specified as comma separated; the effect
+        is that they will be joined together using the :func:`.and_`
+        function::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.name == "some name", MyClass.id > 5)
+
+        The criterion is any SQL expression object applicable to the
+        WHERE clause of a select.   String expressions are coerced
+        into SQL expression constructs via the :func:`_expression.text`
+        construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.filter_by` - filter on keyword expressions.
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.where` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        for crit in list(criterion):
+            crit = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, crit, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+
+            self._where_criteria += (crit,)
+        return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _last_joined_entity(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_InternalEntityType[Any], _JoinTargetElement]]:
+        if self._setup_joins:
+            return _determine_last_joined_entity(
+                self._setup_joins,
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _filter_by_zero(self) -> Any:
+        """for the filter_by() method, return the target entity for which
+        we will attempt to derive an expression from based on string name.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._setup_joins:
+            _last_joined_entity = self._last_joined_entity
+            if _last_joined_entity is not None:
+                return _last_joined_entity
+
+        # discussion related to #7239
+        # special check determines if we should try to derive attributes
+        # for filter_by() from the "from object", i.e., if the user
+        # called query.select_from(some selectable).filter_by(some_attr=value).
+        # We don't want to do that in the case that methods like
+        # from_self(), select_entity_from(), or a set op like union() were
+        # called; while these methods also place a
+        # selectable in the _from_obj collection, they also set up
+        # the _set_base_alias boolean which turns on the whole "adapt the
+        # entity to this selectable" thing, meaning the query still continues
+        # to construct itself in terms of the lead entity that was passed
+        # to query(), e.g. query(User).from_self() is still in terms of User,
+        # and not the subquery that from_self() created.   This feature of
+        # "implicitly adapt all occurrences of entity X to some arbitrary
+        # subquery" is the main thing I am trying to do away with in 2.0 as
+        # users should now used aliased() for that, but I can't entirely get
+        # rid of it due to query.union() and other set ops relying upon it.
+        #
+        # compare this to the base Select()._filter_by_zero() which can
+        # just return self._from_obj[0] if present, because there is no
+        # "_set_base_alias" feature.
+        #
+        # IOW, this conditional essentially detects if
+        # "select_from(some_selectable)" has been called, as opposed to
+        # "select_entity_from()", "from_self()"
+        # or "union() / some_set_op()".
+        if self._from_obj and not self._compile_options._set_base_alias:
+            return self._from_obj[0]
+
+        return self._raw_columns[0]
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply the given filtering criterion to a copy
+        of this :class:`_query.Query`, using keyword expressions.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter_by(name="some name")
+
+        Multiple criteria may be specified as comma separated; the effect
+        is that they will be joined together using the :func:`.and_`
+        function::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).filter_by(name="some name", id=5)
+
+        The keyword expressions are extracted from the primary
+        entity of the query, or the last entity that was the
+        target of a call to :meth:`_query.Query.join`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.filter` - filter on SQL expressions.
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.filter_by` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        from_entity = self._filter_by_zero()
+
+        clauses = [
+            _entity_namespace_key(from_entity, key) == value
+            for key, value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return self.filter(*clauses)
+
+    @_generative
+    def order_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, False, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply one or more ORDER BY criteria to the query and return
+        the newly resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q = session.query(Entity).order_by(Entity.id, Entity.name)
+
+        Calling this method multiple times is equivalent to calling it once
+        with all the clauses concatenated. All existing ORDER BY criteria may
+        be cancelled by passing ``None`` by itself.  New ORDER BY criteria may
+        then be added by invoking :meth:`_orm.Query.order_by` again, e.g.::
+
+            # will erase all ORDER BY and ORDER BY new_col alone
+            q = q.order_by(None).order_by(new_col)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            These sections describe ORDER BY in terms of :term:`2.0 style`
+            invocation but apply to :class:`_orm.Query` as well:
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.order_by` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        for assertion in (self._no_statement_condition, self._no_limit_offset):
+            assertion("order_by")
+
+        if not clauses and (__first is None or __first is False):
+            self._order_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            criterion = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.OrderByRole, clause)
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+            self._order_by_clauses += criterion
+
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def group_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, False, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply one or more GROUP BY criterion to the query and return
+        the newly resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        All existing GROUP BY settings can be suppressed by
+        passing ``None`` - this will suppress any GROUP BY configured
+        on mappers as well.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            These sections describe GROUP BY in terms of :term:`2.0 style`
+            invocation but apply to :class:`_orm.Query` as well:
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_group_by_w_aggregates` - in the
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.group_by` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        for assertion in (self._no_statement_condition, self._no_limit_offset):
+            assertion("group_by")
+
+        if not clauses and (__first is None or __first is False):
+            self._group_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            criterion = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.GroupByRole, clause)
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+            self._group_by_clauses += criterion
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def having(self, *having: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a HAVING criterion to the query and return the
+        newly resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        :meth:`_query.Query.having` is used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`_query.Query.group_by`.
+
+        HAVING criterion makes it possible to use filters on aggregate
+        functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, and MIN, eg.::
+
+            q = (
+                session.query(User.id)
+                .join(User.addresses)
+                .group_by(User.id)
+                .having(func.count(Address.id) > 2)
+            )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.having` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        for criterion in having:
+            having_criteria = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion
+            )
+            self._having_criteria += (having_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    def _set_op(self, expr_fn: Any, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        list_of_queries = (self,) + q
+        return self._from_selectable(expr_fn(*(list_of_queries)).subquery())
+
+    def union(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce a UNION of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q1 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.foo == "bar")
+            q2 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.bar == "foo")
+
+            q3 = q1.union(q2)
+
+        The method accepts multiple Query objects so as to control
+        the level of nesting.  A series of ``union()`` calls such as::
+
+            x.union(y).union(z).all()
+
+        will nest on each ``union()``, and produces:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM y) UNION SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Whereas::
+
+            x.union(y, z).all()
+
+        produces:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION SELECT * FROM y UNION
+                            SELECT * FROM Z)
+
+        Note that many database backends do not allow ORDER BY to
+        be rendered on a query called within UNION, EXCEPT, etc.
+        To disable all ORDER BY clauses including those configured
+        on mappers, issue ``query.order_by(None)`` - the resulting
+        :class:`_query.Query` object will not render ORDER BY within
+        its SELECT statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.union` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.union, *q)
+
+    def union_all(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce a UNION ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.union_all` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.union_all, *q)
+
+    def intersect(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an INTERSECT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.intersect` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.intersect, *q)
+
+    def intersect_all(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an INTERSECT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.intersect_all` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.intersect_all, *q)
+
+    def except_(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an EXCEPT of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.except_` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.except_, *q)
+
+    def except_all(self, *q: Query[Any]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an EXCEPT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.
+
+        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`. See
+        that method for usage examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.except_all` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self._set_op(expression.except_all, *q)
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
+    def join(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`_query.Query`
+        object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting
+        :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        **Simple Relationship Joins**
+
+        Consider a mapping between two classes ``User`` and ``Address``,
+        with a relationship ``User.addresses`` representing a collection
+        of ``Address`` objects associated with each ``User``.   The most
+        common usage of :meth:`_query.Query.join`
+        is to create a JOIN along this
+        relationship, using the ``User.addresses`` attribute as an indicator
+        for how this should occur::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(User.addresses)
+
+        Where above, the call to :meth:`_query.Query.join` along
+        ``User.addresses`` will result in SQL approximately equivalent to:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name
+            FROM user JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        In the above example we refer to ``User.addresses`` as passed to
+        :meth:`_query.Query.join` as the "on clause", that is, it indicates
+        how the "ON" portion of the JOIN should be constructed.
+
+        To construct a chain of joins, multiple :meth:`_query.Query.join`
+        calls may be used.  The relationship-bound attribute implies both
+        the left and right side of the join at once::
+
+            q = (
+                session.query(User)
+                .join(User.orders)
+                .join(Order.items)
+                .join(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+        .. note:: as seen in the above example, **the order in which each
+           call to the join() method occurs is important**.    Query would not,
+           for example, know how to join correctly if we were to specify
+           ``User``, then ``Item``, then ``Order``, in our chain of joins; in
+           such a case, depending on the arguments passed, it may raise an
+           error that it doesn't know how to join, or it may produce invalid
+           SQL in which case the database will raise an error. In correct
+           practice, the
+           :meth:`_query.Query.join` method is invoked in such a way that lines
+           up with how we would want the JOIN clauses in SQL to be
+           rendered, and each call should represent a clear link from what
+           precedes it.
+
+        **Joins to a Target Entity or Selectable**
+
+        A second form of :meth:`_query.Query.join` allows any mapped entity or
+        core selectable construct as a target.   In this usage,
+        :meth:`_query.Query.join` will attempt to create a JOIN along the
+        natural foreign key relationship between two entities::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address)
+
+        In the above calling form, :meth:`_query.Query.join` is called upon to
+        create the "on clause" automatically for us.  This calling form will
+        ultimately raise an error if either there are no foreign keys between
+        the two entities, or if there are multiple foreign key linkages between
+        the target entity and the entity or entities already present on the
+        left side such that creating a join requires more information.  Note
+        that when indicating a join to a target without any ON clause, ORM
+        configured relationships are not taken into account.
+
+        **Joins to a Target with an ON Clause**
+
+        The third calling form allows both the target entity as well
+        as the ON clause to be passed explicitly.    A example that includes
+        a SQL expression as the ON clause is as follows::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address, User.id == Address.user_id)
+
+        The above form may also use a relationship-bound attribute as the
+        ON clause as well::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(Address, User.addresses)
+
+        The above syntax can be useful for the case where we wish
+        to join to an alias of a particular target entity.  If we wanted
+        to join to ``Address`` twice, it could be achieved using two
+        aliases set up using the :func:`~sqlalchemy.orm.aliased` function::
+
+            a1 = aliased(Address)
+            a2 = aliased(Address)
+
+            q = (
+                session.query(User)
+                .join(a1, User.addresses)
+                .join(a2, User.addresses)
+                .filter(a1.email_address == "ed@foo.com")
+                .filter(a2.email_address == "ed@bar.com")
+            )
+
+        The relationship-bound calling form can also specify a target entity
+        using the :meth:`_orm.PropComparator.of_type` method; a query
+        equivalent to the one above would be::
+
+            a1 = aliased(Address)
+            a2 = aliased(Address)
+
+            q = (
+                session.query(User)
+                .join(User.addresses.of_type(a1))
+                .join(User.addresses.of_type(a2))
+                .filter(a1.email_address == "ed@foo.com")
+                .filter(a2.email_address == "ed@bar.com")
+            )
+
+        **Augmenting Built-in ON Clauses**
+
+        As a substitute for providing a full custom ON condition for an
+        existing relationship, the :meth:`_orm.PropComparator.and_` function
+        may be applied to a relationship attribute to augment additional
+        criteria into the ON clause; the additional criteria will be combined
+        with the default criteria using AND::
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(
+                User.addresses.and_(Address.email_address != "foo@bar.com")
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        **Joining to Tables and Subqueries**
+
+
+        The target of a join may also be any table or SELECT statement,
+        which may be related to a target entity or not.   Use the
+        appropriate ``.subquery()`` method in order to make a subquery
+        out of a query::
+
+            subq = (
+                session.query(Address)
+                .filter(Address.email_address == "ed@foo.com")
+                .subquery()
+            )
+
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(subq, User.id == subq.c.user_id)
+
+        Joining to a subquery in terms of a specific relationship and/or
+        target entity may be achieved by linking the subquery to the
+        entity using :func:`_orm.aliased`::
+
+            subq = (
+                session.query(Address)
+                .filter(Address.email_address == "ed@foo.com")
+                .subquery()
+            )
+
+            address_subq = aliased(Address, subq)
+
+            q = session.query(User).join(User.addresses.of_type(address_subq))
+
+        **Controlling what to Join From**
+
+        In cases where the left side of the current state of
+        :class:`_query.Query` is not in line with what we want to join from,
+        the :meth:`_query.Query.select_from` method may be used::
+
+            q = (
+                session.query(Address)
+                .select_from(User)
+                .join(User.addresses)
+                .filter(User.name == "ed")
+            )
+
+        Which will produce SQL similar to:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+                JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+                WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.join` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        :param \*props: Incoming arguments for :meth:`_query.Query.join`,
+         the props collection in modern use should be considered to be a  one
+         or two argument form, either as a single "target" entity or ORM
+         attribute-bound relationship, or as a target entity plus an "on
+         clause" which  may be a SQL expression or ORM attribute-bound
+         relationship.
+
+        :param isouter=False: If True, the join used will be a left outer join,
+         just as if the :meth:`_query.Query.outerjoin` method were called.
+
+        :param full=False: render FULL OUTER JOIN; implies ``isouter``.
+
+        """
+
+        join_target = coercions.expect(
+            roles.JoinTargetRole,
+            target,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            legacy=True,
+        )
+        if onclause is not None:
+            onclause_element = coercions.expect(
+                roles.OnClauseRole, onclause, legacy=True
+            )
+        else:
+            onclause_element = None
+
+        self._setup_joins += (
+            (
+                join_target,
+                onclause_element,
+                None,
+                {
+                    "isouter": isouter,
+                    "full": full,
+                },
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.__dict__.pop("_last_joined_entity", None)
+        return self
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a left outer join against this ``Query`` object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting ``Query``.
+
+        Usage is the same as the ``join()`` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.outerjoin` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        return self.join(target, onclause=onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def reset_joinpoint(self) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`.Query`, where the "join point" has
+        been reset back to the base FROM entities of the query.
+
+        This method is usually used in conjunction with the
+        ``aliased=True`` feature of the :meth:`~.Query.join`
+        method.  See the example in :meth:`~.Query.join` for how
+        this is used.
+
+        """
+        self._last_joined_entity = None
+
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def select_from(self, *from_obj: _FromClauseArgument) -> Self:
+        r"""Set the FROM clause of this :class:`.Query` explicitly.
+
+        :meth:`.Query.select_from` is often used in conjunction with
+        :meth:`.Query.join` in order to control which entity is selected
+        from on the "left" side of the join.
+
+        The entity or selectable object here effectively replaces the
+        "left edge" of any calls to :meth:`~.Query.join`, when no
+        joinpoint is otherwise established - usually, the default "join
+        point" is the leftmost entity in the :class:`~.Query` object's
+        list of entities to be selected.
+
+        A typical example::
+
+            q = (
+                session.query(Address)
+                .select_from(User)
+                .join(User.addresses)
+                .filter(User.name == "ed")
+            )
+
+        Which produces SQL equivalent to:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT address.* FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id=address.user_id
+            WHERE user.name = :name_1
+
+        :param \*from_obj: collection of one or more entities to apply
+         to the FROM clause.  Entities can be mapped classes,
+         :class:`.AliasedClass` objects, :class:`.Mapper` objects
+         as well as core :class:`.FromClause` elements like subqueries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`~.Query.join`
+
+            :meth:`.Query.select_entity_from`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        self._set_select_from(from_obj, False)
+        return self
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: Any) -> Any:
+        return orm_util._getitem(
+            self,
+            item,
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def slice(
+        self,
+        start: int,
+        stop: int,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Computes the "slice" of the :class:`_query.Query` represented by
+        the given indices and returns the resulting :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        The start and stop indices behave like the argument to Python's
+        built-in :func:`range` function. This method provides an
+        alternative to using ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` to get a slice of the
+        query.
+
+        For example, ::
+
+            session.query(User).order_by(User.id).slice(1, 3)
+
+        renders as
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+           SELECT users.id AS users_id,
+                  users.name AS users_name
+           FROM users ORDER BY users.id
+           LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
+           (2, 1)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_query.Query.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_query.Query.offset`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.slice` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+
+        self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause = sql_util._make_slice(
+            self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause, start, stop
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def limit(self, limit: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Apply a ``LIMIT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        """
+        self._limit_clause = sql_util._offset_or_limit_clause(limit)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def offset(self, offset: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Apply an ``OFFSET`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` - v2 equivalent method.
+        """
+        self._offset_clause = sql_util._offset_or_limit_clause(offset)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_statement_condition)
+    def distinct(self, *expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a ``DISTINCT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
+        ``Query``.
+
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The ORM-level :meth:`.distinct` call includes logic that will
+            automatically add columns from the ORDER BY of the query to the
+            columns clause of the SELECT statement, to satisfy the common need
+            of the database backend that ORDER BY columns be part of the SELECT
+            list when DISTINCT is used.   These columns *are not* added to the
+            list of columns actually fetched by the :class:`_query.Query`,
+            however,
+            so would not affect results. The columns are passed through when
+            using the :attr:`_query.Query.statement` accessor, however.
+
+            .. deprecated:: 2.0  This logic is deprecated and will be removed
+               in SQLAlchemy 2.0.     See :ref:`migration_20_query_distinct`
+               for a description of this use case in 2.0.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.distinct` - v2 equivalent method.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the PostgreSQL dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (<expressions>)``
+         construct.
+
+         .. deprecated:: 1.4 Using \*expr in other dialects is deprecated
+            and will raise :class:`_exc.CompileError` in a future version.
+
+        """
+        if expr:
+            self._distinct = True
+            self._distinct_on = self._distinct_on + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, e) for e in expr
+            )
+        else:
+            self._distinct = True
+        return self
+
+    def all(self) -> List[_T]:
+        """Return the results represented by this :class:`_query.Query`
+        as a list.
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying SQL statement.
+
+        .. warning::  The :class:`_query.Query` object,
+           when asked to return either
+           a sequence or iterator that consists of full ORM-mapped entities,
+           will **deduplicate entries based on primary key**.  See the FAQ for
+           more details.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`faq_query_deduplicating`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.all` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` - v2 comparable method.
+        """
+        return self._iter().all()  # type: ignore
+
+    @_generative
+    @_assertions(_no_clauseelement_condition)
+    def from_statement(self, statement: ExecutableReturnsRows) -> Self:
+        """Execute the given SELECT statement and return results.
+
+        This method bypasses all internal statement compilation, and the
+        statement is executed without modification.
+
+        The statement is typically either a :func:`_expression.text`
+        or :func:`_expression.select` construct, and should return the set
+        of columns
+        appropriate to the entity class represented by this
+        :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        statement = coercions.expect(
+            roles.SelectStatementRole, statement, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        self._statement = statement
+        return self
+
+    def first(self) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Return the first result of this ``Query`` or
+        None if the result doesn't contain any row.
+
+        first() applies a limit of one within the generated SQL, so that
+        only one primary entity row is generated on the server side
+        (note this may consist of multiple result rows if join-loaded
+        collections are present).
+
+        Calling :meth:`_query.Query.first`
+        results in an execution of the underlying
+        query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.first` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalars` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        # replicates limit(1) behavior
+        if self._statement is not None:
+            return self._iter().first()  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self.limit(1)._iter().first()  # type: ignore
+
+    def one_or_none(self) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Return at most one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the query selects
+        no rows.  Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.MultipleResultsFound``
+        if multiple object identities are returned, or if multiple
+        rows are returned for a query that returns only scalar values
+        as opposed to full identity-mapped entities.
+
+        Calling :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`
+        results in an execution of the
+        underlying query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.first`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one_or_none` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one_or_none` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one_or_none()  # type: ignore
+
+    def one(self) -> _T:
+        """Return exactly one result or raise an exception.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query selects
+        no rows.  Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.MultipleResultsFound``
+        if multiple object identities are returned, or if multiple
+        rows are returned for a query that returns only scalar values
+        as opposed to full identity-mapped entities.
+
+        Calling :meth:`.one` results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.first`
+
+            :meth:`_query.Query.one_or_none`
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.one` - v2 comparable method.
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar_one` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        return self._iter().one()  # type: ignore
+
+    def scalar(self) -> Any:
+        """Return the first element of the first result or None
+        if no rows present.  If multiple rows are returned,
+        raises MultipleResultsFound.
+
+          >>> session.query(Item).scalar()
+          <Item>
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(Item.id).filter(Item.id < 0).scalar()
+          None
+          >>> session.query(Item.id, Item.name).scalar()
+          1
+          >>> session.query(func.count(Parent.id)).scalar()
+          20
+
+        This results in an execution of the underlying query.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Result.scalar` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+        # TODO: not sure why we can't use result.scalar() here
+        try:
+            ret = self.one()
+            if not isinstance(ret, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                return ret
+            return ret[0]
+        except sa_exc.NoResultFound:
+            return None
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        result = self._iter()
+        try:
+            yield from result  # type: ignore
+        except GeneratorExit:
+            # issue #8710 - direct iteration is not re-usable after
+            # an iterable block is broken, so close the result
+            result._soft_close()
+            raise
+
+    def _iter(self) -> Union[ScalarResult[_T], Result[_T]]:
+        # new style execution.
+        params = self._params
+
+        statement = self._statement_20()
+        result: Union[ScalarResult[_T], Result[_T]] = self.session.execute(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options={"_sa_orm_load_options": self.load_options},
+        )
+
+        # legacy: automatically set scalars, unique
+        if result._attributes.get("is_single_entity", False):
+            result = cast("Result[_T]", result).scalars()
+
+        if (
+            result._attributes.get("filtered", False)
+            and not self.load_options._yield_per
+        ):
+            result = result.unique()
+
+        return result
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        statement = self._statement_20()
+
+        try:
+            bind = (
+                self._get_bind_args(statement, self.session.get_bind)
+                if self.session
+                else None
+            )
+        except sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError:
+            bind = None
+
+        return str(statement.compile(bind))
+
+    def _get_bind_args(self, statement: Any, fn: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+        return fn(clause=statement, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self) -> List[ORMColumnDescription]:
+        """Return metadata about the columns which would be
+        returned by this :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        Format is a list of dictionaries::
+
+            user_alias = aliased(User, name="user2")
+            q = sess.query(User, User.id, user_alias)
+
+            # this expression:
+            q.column_descriptions
+
+            # would return:
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "User",
+                    "type": User,
+                    "aliased": False,
+                    "expr": User,
+                    "entity": User,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "id",
+                    "type": Integer(),
+                    "aliased": False,
+                    "expr": User.id,
+                    "entity": User,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "user2",
+                    "type": User,
+                    "aliased": True,
+                    "expr": user_alias,
+                    "entity": user_alias,
+                },
+            ]
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            This API is available using :term:`2.0 style` queries as well,
+            documented at:
+
+            * :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+
+            * :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions`
+
+        """
+
+        return _column_descriptions(self, legacy=True)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :meth:`_orm.Query.instances` method is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release. "
+        "Use the Select.from_statement() method or aliased() construct in "
+        "conjunction with Session.execute() instead.",
+    )
+    def instances(
+        self,
+        result_proxy: CursorResult[Any],
+        context: Optional[QueryContext] = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Return an ORM result given a :class:`_engine.CursorResult` and
+        :class:`.QueryContext`.
+
+        """
+        if context is None:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Using the Query.instances() method without a context "
+                "is deprecated and will be disallowed in a future release.  "
+                "Please make use of :meth:`_query.Query.from_statement` "
+                "for linking ORM results to arbitrary select constructs.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            compile_state = self._compile_state(for_statement=False)
+
+            context = QueryContext(
+                compile_state,
+                compile_state.statement,
+                compile_state.statement,
+                self._params,
+                self.session,
+                self.load_options,
+            )
+
+        result = loading.instances(result_proxy, context)
+
+        # legacy: automatically set scalars, unique
+        if result._attributes.get("is_single_entity", False):
+            result = result.scalars()  # type: ignore
+
+        if result._attributes.get("filtered", False):
+            result = result.unique()
+
+        # TODO: isn't this supposed to be a list?
+        return result
+
+    @util.became_legacy_20(
+        ":meth:`_orm.Query.merge_result`",
+        alternative="The method is superseded by the "
+        ":func:`_orm.merge_frozen_result` function.",
+        enable_warnings=False,  # warnings occur via loading.merge_result
+    )
+    def merge_result(
+        self,
+        iterator: Union[
+            FrozenResult[Any], Iterable[Sequence[Any]], Iterable[object]
+        ],
+        load: bool = True,
+    ) -> Union[FrozenResult[Any], Iterable[Any]]:
+        """Merge a result into this :class:`_query.Query` object's Session.
+
+        Given an iterator returned by a :class:`_query.Query`
+        of the same structure
+        as this one, return an identical iterator of results, with all mapped
+        instances merged into the session using :meth:`.Session.merge`. This
+        is an optimized method which will merge all mapped instances,
+        preserving the structure of the result rows and unmapped columns with
+        less method overhead than that of calling :meth:`.Session.merge`
+        explicitly for each value.
+
+        The structure of the results is determined based on the column list of
+        this :class:`_query.Query` - if these do not correspond,
+        unchecked errors
+        will occur.
+
+        The 'load' argument is the same as that of :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        For an example of how :meth:`_query.Query.merge_result` is used, see
+        the source code for the example :ref:`examples_caching`, where
+        :meth:`_query.Query.merge_result` is used to efficiently restore state
+        from a cache back into a target :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return loading.merge_result(self, iterator, load)
+
+    def exists(self) -> Exists:
+        """A convenience method that turns a query into an EXISTS subquery
+        of the form EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ... WHERE ...).
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            q = session.query(User).filter(User.name == "fred")
+            session.query(q.exists())
+
+        Producing SQL similar to:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT EXISTS (
+                SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE users.name = :name_1
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        The EXISTS construct is usually used in the WHERE clause::
+
+            session.query(User.id).filter(q.exists()).scalar()
+
+        Note that some databases such as SQL Server don't allow an
+        EXISTS expression to be present in the columns clause of a
+        SELECT.    To select a simple boolean value based on the exists
+        as a WHERE, use :func:`.literal`::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import literal
+
+            session.query(literal(True)).filter(q.exists()).scalar()
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.exists` - v2 comparable method.
+
+        """
+
+        # .add_columns() for the case that we are a query().select_from(X),
+        # so that ".statement" can be produced (#2995) but also without
+        # omitting the FROM clause from a query(X) (#2818);
+        # .with_only_columns() after we have a core select() so that
+        # we get just "SELECT 1" without any entities.
+
+        inner = (
+            self.enable_eagerloads(False)
+            .add_columns(sql.literal_column("1"))
+            .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+            ._get_select_statement_only()
+            .with_only_columns(1)
+        )
+
+        ezero = self._entity_from_pre_ent_zero()
+        if ezero is not None:
+            inner = inner.select_from(ezero)
+
+        return sql.exists(inner)
+
+    def count(self) -> int:
+        r"""Return a count of rows this the SQL formed by this :class:`Query`
+        would return.
+
+        This generates the SQL for this Query as follows:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT count(1) AS count_1 FROM (
+                SELECT <rest of query follows...>
+            ) AS anon_1
+
+        The above SQL returns a single row, which is the aggregate value
+        of the count function; the :meth:`_query.Query.count`
+        method then returns
+        that single integer value.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            It is important to note that the value returned by
+            count() is **not the same as the number of ORM objects that this
+            Query would return from a method such as the .all() method**.
+            The :class:`_query.Query` object,
+            when asked to return full entities,
+            will **deduplicate entries based on primary key**, meaning if the
+            same primary key value would appear in the results more than once,
+            only one object of that primary key would be present.  This does
+            not apply to a query that is against individual columns.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`faq_query_deduplicating`
+
+        For fine grained control over specific columns to count, to skip the
+        usage of a subquery or otherwise control of the FROM clause, or to use
+        other aggregate functions, use :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`
+        expressions in conjunction with :meth:`~.Session.query`, i.e.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import func
+
+            # count User records, without
+            # using a subquery.
+            session.query(func.count(User.id))
+
+            # return count of user "id" grouped
+            # by "name"
+            session.query(func.count(User.id)).group_by(User.name)
+
+            from sqlalchemy import distinct
+
+            # count distinct "name" values
+            session.query(func.count(distinct(User.name)))
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`migration_20_query_usage`
+
+        """
+        col = sql.func.count(sql.literal_column("*"))
+        return (  # type: ignore
+            self._legacy_from_self(col).enable_eagerloads(False).scalar()
+        )
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = "auto",
+        delete_args: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> int:
+        r"""Perform a DELETE with an arbitrary WHERE clause.
+
+        Deletes rows matched by this query from the database.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).delete(synchronize_session=False)
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).delete(
+                synchronize_session="evaluate"
+            )
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            See the section :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for important
+            caveats and warnings, including limitations when using bulk UPDATE
+            and DELETE with mapper inheritance configurations.
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy to update the
+         attributes on objects in the session.   See the section
+         :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for a discussion of these
+         strategies.
+
+        :param delete_args: Optional dictionary, if present will be passed
+         to the underlying :func:`_expression.delete` construct as the ``**kw``
+         for the object.  May be used to pass dialect-specific arguments such
+         as ``mysql_limit``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.37
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+          "row count" feature.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        bulk_del = BulkDelete(self, delete_args)
+        if self.dispatch.before_compile_delete:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_compile_delete:
+                new_query = fn(bulk_del.query, bulk_del)
+                if new_query is not None:
+                    bulk_del.query = new_query
+
+                self = bulk_del.query
+
+        delete_ = sql.delete(*self._raw_columns)  # type: ignore
+
+        if delete_args:
+            delete_ = delete_.with_dialect_options(**delete_args)
+
+        delete_._where_criteria = self._where_criteria
+        result: CursorResult[Any] = self.session.execute(
+            delete_,
+            self._params,
+            execution_options=self._execution_options.union(
+                {"synchronize_session": synchronize_session}
+            ),
+        )
+        bulk_del.result = result  # type: ignore
+        self.session.dispatch.after_bulk_delete(bulk_del)
+        result.close()
+
+        return result.rowcount
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        values: Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any],
+        synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = "auto",
+        update_args: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> int:
+        r"""Perform an UPDATE with an arbitrary WHERE clause.
+
+        Updates rows matched by this query in the database.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).update(
+                {User.age: User.age - 10}, synchronize_session=False
+            )
+
+            sess.query(User).filter(User.age == 25).update(
+                {"age": User.age - 10}, synchronize_session="evaluate"
+            )
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            See the section :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for important
+            caveats and warnings, including limitations when using arbitrary
+            UPDATE and DELETE with mapper inheritance configurations.
+
+        :param values: a dictionary with attributes names, or alternatively
+         mapped attributes or SQL expressions, as keys, and literal
+         values or sql expressions as values.   If :ref:`parameter-ordered
+         mode <tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates>` is desired, the values can
+         be passed as a list of 2-tuples; this requires that the
+         :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+         flag is passed to the :paramref:`.Query.update.update_args` dictionary
+         as well.
+
+        :param synchronize_session: chooses the strategy to update the
+         attributes on objects in the session.   See the section
+         :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete` for a discussion of these
+         strategies.
+
+        :param update_args: Optional dictionary, if present will be passed
+         to the underlying :func:`_expression.update` construct as the ``**kw``
+         for the object.  May be used to pass dialect-specific arguments such
+         as ``mysql_limit``, as well as other special arguments such as
+         :paramref:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`.
+
+        :return: the count of rows matched as returned by the database's
+         "row count" feature.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_expression_update_delete`
+
+        """
+
+        update_args = update_args or {}
+
+        bulk_ud = BulkUpdate(self, values, update_args)
+
+        if self.dispatch.before_compile_update:
+            for fn in self.dispatch.before_compile_update:
+                new_query = fn(bulk_ud.query, bulk_ud)
+                if new_query is not None:
+                    bulk_ud.query = new_query
+            self = bulk_ud.query
+
+        upd = sql.update(*self._raw_columns)  # type: ignore
+
+        ppo = update_args.pop("preserve_parameter_order", False)
+        if ppo:
+            upd = upd.ordered_values(*values)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            upd = upd.values(values)
+        if update_args:
+            upd = upd.with_dialect_options(**update_args)
+
+        upd._where_criteria = self._where_criteria
+        result: CursorResult[Any] = self.session.execute(
+            upd,
+            self._params,
+            execution_options=self._execution_options.union(
+                {"synchronize_session": synchronize_session}
+            ),
+        )
+        bulk_ud.result = result  # type: ignore
+        self.session.dispatch.after_bulk_update(bulk_ud)
+        result.close()
+        return result.rowcount
+
+    def _compile_state(
+        self, for_statement: bool = False, **kw: Any
+    ) -> ORMCompileState:
+        """Create an out-of-compiler ORMCompileState object.
+
+        The ORMCompileState object is normally created directly as a result
+        of the SQLCompiler.process() method being handed a Select()
+        or FromStatement() object that uses the "orm" plugin.   This method
+        provides a means of creating this ORMCompileState object directly
+        without using the compiler.
+
+        This method is used only for deprecated cases, which include
+        the .from_self() method for a Query that has multiple levels
+        of .from_self() in use, as well as the instances() method.  It is
+        also used within the test suite to generate ORMCompileState objects
+        for test purposes.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = self._statement_20(for_statement=for_statement, **kw)
+        assert for_statement == stmt._compile_options._for_statement
+
+        # this chooses between ORMFromStatementCompileState and
+        # ORMSelectCompileState.  We could also base this on
+        # query._statement is not None as we have the ORM Query here
+        # however this is the more general path.
+        compile_state_cls = cast(
+            ORMCompileState,
+            ORMCompileState._get_plugin_class_for_plugin(stmt, "orm"),
+        )
+
+        return compile_state_cls._create_orm_context(
+            stmt, toplevel=True, compiler=None
+        )
+
+    def _compile_context(self, for_statement: bool = False) -> QueryContext:
+        compile_state = self._compile_state(for_statement=for_statement)
+        context = QueryContext(
+            compile_state,
+            compile_state.statement,
+            compile_state.statement,
+            self._params,
+            self.session,
+            self.load_options,
+        )
+
+        return context
+
+
+class AliasOption(interfaces.LoaderOption):
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :class:`.AliasOption` object is not necessary "
+        "for entities to be matched up to a query that is established "
+        "via :meth:`.Query.from_statement` and now does nothing.",
+    )
+    def __init__(self, alias: Union[Alias, Subquery]):
+        r"""Return a :class:`.MapperOption` that will indicate to the
+        :class:`_query.Query`
+        that the main table has been aliased.
+
+        """
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class BulkUD:
+    """State used for the orm.Query version of update() / delete().
+
+    This object is now specific to Query only.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, query: Query[Any]):
+        self.query = query.enable_eagerloads(False)
+        self._validate_query_state()
+        self.mapper = self.query._entity_from_pre_ent_zero()
+
+    def _validate_query_state(self) -> None:
+        for attr, methname, notset, op in (
+            ("_limit_clause", "limit()", None, operator.is_),
+            ("_offset_clause", "offset()", None, operator.is_),
+            ("_order_by_clauses", "order_by()", (), operator.eq),
+            ("_group_by_clauses", "group_by()", (), operator.eq),
+            ("_distinct", "distinct()", False, operator.is_),
+            (
+                "_from_obj",
+                "join(), outerjoin(), select_from(), or from_self()",
+                (),
+                operator.eq,
+            ),
+            (
+                "_setup_joins",
+                "join(), outerjoin(), select_from(), or from_self()",
+                (),
+                operator.eq,
+            ),
+        ):
+            if not op(getattr(self.query, attr), notset):
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't call Query.update() or Query.delete() "
+                    "when %s has been called" % (methname,)
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> Session:
+        return self.query.session
+
+
+class BulkUpdate(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles UPDATEs."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        query: Query[Any],
+        values: Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any],
+        update_kwargs: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]],
+    ):
+        super().__init__(query)
+        self.values = values
+        self.update_kwargs = update_kwargs
+
+
+class BulkDelete(BulkUD):
+    """BulkUD which handles DELETEs."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        query: Query[Any],
+        delete_kwargs: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]],
+    ):
+        super().__init__(query)
+        self.delete_kwargs = delete_kwargs
+
+
+class RowReturningQuery(Query[Row[_TP]]):
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def tuples(self) -> Query[_TP]:  # type: ignore
+            ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d0bc708
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/relationships.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3514 @@
+# orm/relationships.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Heuristics related to join conditions as used in
+:func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+Provides the :class:`.JoinCondition` object, which encapsulates
+SQL annotation and aliasing behavior focused on the `primaryjoin`
+and `secondaryjoin` aspects of :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from collections import abc
+import dataclasses
+import inspect as _py_inspect
+import itertools
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import strategy_options
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from ._typing import is_has_collection_adapter
+from .base import _DeclarativeMapped
+from .base import _is_mapped_class
+from .base import class_mapper
+from .base import DynamicMapped
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import state_str
+from .base import WriteOnlyMapped
+from .interfaces import _AttributeOptions
+from .interfaces import _IntrospectsAnnotations
+from .interfaces import MANYTOMANY
+from .interfaces import MANYTOONE
+from .interfaces import ONETOMANY
+from .interfaces import PropComparator
+from .interfaces import RelationshipDirection
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .util import _orm_annotate
+from .util import _orm_deannotate
+from .util import CascadeOptions
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import Exists
+from .. import log
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import operators
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+from ..sql._typing import _HasClauseElement
+from ..sql.annotation import _safe_annotate
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnClause
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..sql.util import _deep_annotate
+from ..sql.util import _deep_deannotate
+from ..sql.util import _shallow_annotate
+from ..sql.util import adapt_criterion_to_null
+from ..sql.util import ClauseAdapter
+from ..sql.util import join_condition
+from ..sql.util import selectables_overlap
+from ..sql.util import visit_binary_product
+from ..util.typing import de_optionalize_union_types
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import resolve_name_to_real_class_name
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _ExternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _O
+    from ._typing import _RegistryType
+    from .base import Mapped
+    from .clsregistry import _class_resolver
+    from .clsregistry import _ModNS
+    from .decl_base import _ClassScanMapperConfig
+    from .dependency import DependencyProcessor
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .session import Session
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .strategies import LazyLoader
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from .util import AliasedInsp
+    from ..sql._typing import _CoreAdapterProto
+    from ..sql._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql.annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from ..sql.annotation import SupportsAnnotations
+    from ..sql.elements import BinaryExpression
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.schema import Table
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+    from ..util.typing import RODescriptorReference
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T1 = TypeVar("_T1", bound=Any)
+_T2 = TypeVar("_T2", bound=Any)
+
+_PT = TypeVar("_PT", bound=Any)
+
+_PT2 = TypeVar("_PT2", bound=Any)
+
+
+_RelationshipArgumentType = Union[
+    str,
+    Type[_T],
+    Callable[[], Type[_T]],
+    "Mapper[_T]",
+    "AliasedClass[_T]",
+    Callable[[], "Mapper[_T]"],
+    Callable[[], "AliasedClass[_T]"],
+]
+
+_LazyLoadArgumentType = Literal[
+    "select",
+    "joined",
+    "selectin",
+    "subquery",
+    "raise",
+    "raise_on_sql",
+    "noload",
+    "immediate",
+    "write_only",
+    "dynamic",
+    True,
+    False,
+    None,
+]
+
+
+_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument = Union[
+    str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+]
+_RelationshipSecondaryArgument = Union[
+    "FromClause", str, Callable[[], "FromClause"]
+]
+_ORMOrderByArgument = Union[
+    Literal[False],
+    str,
+    _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    Callable[[], _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+    Callable[[], Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]]],
+    Iterable[Union[str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]]],
+]
+ORMBackrefArgument = Union[str, Tuple[str, Dict[str, Any]]]
+
+_ORMColCollectionElement = Union[
+    ColumnClause[Any],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    "Mapped[Any]",
+]
+_ORMColCollectionArgument = Union[
+    str,
+    Sequence[_ORMColCollectionElement],
+    Callable[[], Sequence[_ORMColCollectionElement]],
+    Callable[[], _ORMColCollectionElement],
+    _ORMColCollectionElement,
+]
+
+
+_CEA = TypeVar("_CEA", bound=_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any])
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+
+_ColumnPairIterable = Iterable[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+_ColumnPairs = Sequence[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+_MutableColumnPairs = List[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]]
+
+
+def remote(expr: _CEA) -> _CEA:
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'remote' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.foreign`
+
+    """
+    return _annotate_columns(  # type: ignore
+        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnArgumentRole, expr), {"remote": True}
+    )
+
+
+def foreign(expr: _CEA) -> _CEA:
+    """Annotate a portion of a primaryjoin expression
+    with a 'foreign' annotation.
+
+    See the section :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign` for a
+    description of use.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_foreign`
+
+        :func:`.remote`
+
+    """
+
+    return _annotate_columns(  # type: ignore
+        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnArgumentRole, expr), {"foreign": True}
+    )
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass
+class _RelationshipArg(Generic[_T1, _T2]):
+    """stores a user-defined parameter value that must be resolved and
+    parsed later at mapper configuration time.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "name", "argument", "resolved"
+    name: str
+    argument: _T1
+    resolved: Optional[_T2]
+
+    def _is_populated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.argument is not None
+
+    def _resolve_against_registry(
+        self, clsregistry_resolver: Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver]
+    ) -> None:
+        attr_value = self.argument
+
+        if isinstance(attr_value, str):
+            self.resolved = clsregistry_resolver(
+                attr_value, self.name == "secondary"
+            )()
+        elif callable(attr_value) and not _is_mapped_class(attr_value):
+            self.resolved = attr_value()
+        else:
+            self.resolved = attr_value
+
+
+_RelationshipOrderByArg = Union[Literal[False], Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]]
+
+
+class _RelationshipArgs(NamedTuple):
+    """stores user-passed parameters that are resolved at mapper configuration
+    time.
+
+    """
+
+    secondary: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_RelationshipSecondaryArgument],
+        Optional[FromClause],
+    ]
+    primaryjoin: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]
+    secondaryjoin: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]
+    order_by: _RelationshipArg[_ORMOrderByArgument, _RelationshipOrderByArg]
+    foreign_keys: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument], Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ]
+    remote_side: _RelationshipArg[
+        Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument], Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ]
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+class RelationshipProperty(
+    _IntrospectsAnnotations, StrategizedProperty[_T], log.Identified
+):
+    """Describes an object property that holds a single item or list
+    of items that correspond to a related database table.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.relationship` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    strategy_wildcard_key = strategy_options._RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    _links_to_entity = True
+    _is_relationship = True
+
+    _overlaps: Sequence[str]
+
+    _lazy_strategy: LazyLoader
+
+    _persistence_only = dict(
+        passive_deletes=False,
+        passive_updates=True,
+        enable_typechecks=True,
+        active_history=False,
+        cascade_backrefs=False,
+    )
+
+    _dependency_processor: Optional[DependencyProcessor] = None
+
+    primaryjoin: ColumnElement[bool]
+    secondaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    secondary: Optional[FromClause]
+    _join_condition: JoinCondition
+    order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg
+
+    _user_defined_foreign_keys: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    _calculated_foreign_keys: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    remote_side: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    local_columns: Set[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    synchronize_pairs: _ColumnPairs
+    secondary_synchronize_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs]
+
+    local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs]
+
+    direction: RelationshipDirection
+
+    _init_args: _RelationshipArgs
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        argument: Optional[_RelationshipArgumentType[_T]] = None,
+        secondary: Optional[_RelationshipSecondaryArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        uselist: Optional[bool] = None,
+        collection_class: Optional[
+            Union[Type[Collection[Any]], Callable[[], Collection[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+        primaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+        secondaryjoin: Optional[_RelationshipJoinConditionArgument] = None,
+        back_populates: Optional[str] = None,
+        order_by: _ORMOrderByArgument = False,
+        backref: Optional[ORMBackrefArgument] = None,
+        overlaps: Optional[str] = None,
+        post_update: bool = False,
+        cascade: str = "save-update, merge",
+        viewonly: bool = False,
+        attribute_options: Optional[_AttributeOptions] = None,
+        lazy: _LazyLoadArgumentType = "select",
+        passive_deletes: Union[Literal["all"], bool] = False,
+        passive_updates: bool = True,
+        active_history: bool = False,
+        enable_typechecks: bool = True,
+        foreign_keys: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+        remote_side: Optional[_ORMColCollectionArgument] = None,
+        join_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+        comparator_factory: Optional[
+            Type[RelationshipProperty.Comparator[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        single_parent: bool = False,
+        innerjoin: bool = False,
+        distinct_target_key: Optional[bool] = None,
+        load_on_pending: bool = False,
+        query_class: Optional[Type[Query[Any]]] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        omit_join: Literal[None, False] = None,
+        sync_backref: Optional[bool] = None,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        bake_queries: Literal[True] = True,
+        cascade_backrefs: Literal[False] = False,
+        _local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs] = None,
+        _legacy_inactive_history_style: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(attribute_options=attribute_options)
+
+        self.uselist = uselist
+        self.argument = argument
+
+        self._init_args = _RelationshipArgs(
+            _RelationshipArg("secondary", secondary, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("primaryjoin", primaryjoin, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("secondaryjoin", secondaryjoin, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("order_by", order_by, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("foreign_keys", foreign_keys, None),
+            _RelationshipArg("remote_side", remote_side, None),
+        )
+
+        self.post_update = post_update
+        self.viewonly = viewonly
+        if viewonly:
+            self._warn_for_persistence_only_flags(
+                passive_deletes=passive_deletes,
+                passive_updates=passive_updates,
+                enable_typechecks=enable_typechecks,
+                active_history=active_history,
+                cascade_backrefs=cascade_backrefs,
+            )
+        if viewonly and sync_backref:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "sync_backref and viewonly cannot both be True"
+            )
+        self.sync_backref = sync_backref
+        self.lazy = lazy
+        self.single_parent = single_parent
+        self.collection_class = collection_class
+        self.passive_deletes = passive_deletes
+
+        if cascade_backrefs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The 'cascade_backrefs' parameter passed to "
+                "relationship() may only be set to False."
+            )
+
+        self.passive_updates = passive_updates
+        self.enable_typechecks = enable_typechecks
+        self.query_class = query_class
+        self.innerjoin = innerjoin
+        self.distinct_target_key = distinct_target_key
+        self.doc = doc
+        self.active_history = active_history
+        self._legacy_inactive_history_style = _legacy_inactive_history_style
+
+        self.join_depth = join_depth
+        if omit_join:
+            util.warn(
+                "setting omit_join to True is not supported; selectin "
+                "loading of this relationship may not work correctly if this "
+                "flag is set explicitly.  omit_join optimization is "
+                "automatically detected for conditions under which it is "
+                "supported."
+            )
+
+        self.omit_join = omit_join
+        self.local_remote_pairs = _local_remote_pairs
+        self.load_on_pending = load_on_pending
+        self.comparator_factory = (
+            comparator_factory or RelationshipProperty.Comparator
+        )
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        self.strategy_key = (("lazy", self.lazy),)
+
+        self._reverse_property: Set[RelationshipProperty[Any]] = set()
+
+        if overlaps:
+            self._overlaps = set(re.split(r"\s*,\s*", overlaps))  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            self._overlaps = ()
+
+        # mypy ignoring the @property setter
+        self.cascade = cascade  # type: ignore
+
+        self.back_populates = back_populates
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            if backref:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "backref and back_populates keyword arguments "
+                    "are mutually exclusive"
+                )
+            self.backref = None
+        else:
+            self.backref = backref
+
+    def _warn_for_persistence_only_flags(self, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        for k, v in kw.items():
+            if v != self._persistence_only[k]:
+                # we are warning here rather than warn deprecated as this is a
+                # configuration mistake, and Python shows regular warnings more
+                # aggressively than deprecation warnings by default. Unlike the
+                # case of setting viewonly with cascade, the settings being
+                # warned about here are not actively doing the wrong thing
+                # against viewonly=True, so it is not as urgent to have these
+                # raise an error.
+                util.warn(
+                    "Setting %s on relationship() while also "
+                    "setting viewonly=True does not make sense, as a "
+                    "viewonly=True relationship does not perform persistence "
+                    "operations. This configuration may raise an error "
+                    "in a future release." % (k,)
+                )
+
+    def instrument_class(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        attributes.register_descriptor(
+            mapper.class_,
+            self.key,
+            comparator=self.comparator_factory(self, mapper),
+            parententity=mapper,
+            doc=self.doc,
+        )
+
+    class Comparator(util.MemoizedSlots, PropComparator[_PT]):
+        """Produce boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty` attributes.
+
+        See the documentation for :class:`.PropComparator` for a brief
+        overview of ORM level operator definition.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnProperty.Comparator`
+
+            :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = (
+            "entity",
+            "mapper",
+            "property",
+            "_of_type",
+            "_extra_criteria",
+        )
+
+        prop: RODescriptorReference[RelationshipProperty[_PT]]
+        _of_type: Optional[_EntityType[_PT]]
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            prop: RelationshipProperty[_PT],
+            parentmapper: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+            adapt_to_entity: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]] = None,
+            of_type: Optional[_EntityType[_PT]] = None,
+            extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+        ):
+            """Construction of :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`
+            is internal to the ORM's attribute mechanics.
+
+            """
+            self.prop = prop
+            self._parententity = parentmapper
+            self._adapt_to_entity = adapt_to_entity
+            if of_type:
+                self._of_type = of_type
+            else:
+                self._of_type = None
+            self._extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+
+        def adapt_to_entity(
+            self, adapt_to_entity: AliasedInsp[Any]
+        ) -> RelationshipProperty.Comparator[Any]:
+            return self.__class__(
+                self.prop,
+                self._parententity,
+                adapt_to_entity=adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=self._of_type,
+            )
+
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[_PT]
+        """The target entity referred to by this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
+
+        This is either a :class:`_orm.Mapper` or :class:`.AliasedInsp`
+        object.
+
+        This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
+        :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+        """
+
+        mapper: Mapper[_PT]
+        """The target :class:`_orm.Mapper` referred to by this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty.Comparator`.
+
+        This is the "target" or "remote" side of the
+        :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+        """
+
+        def _memoized_attr_entity(self) -> _InternalEntityType[_PT]:
+            if self._of_type:
+                return inspect(self._of_type)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                return self.prop.entity
+
+        def _memoized_attr_mapper(self) -> Mapper[_PT]:
+            return self.entity.mapper
+
+        def _source_selectable(self) -> FromClause:
+            if self._adapt_to_entity:
+                return self._adapt_to_entity.selectable
+            else:
+                return self.property.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        def __clause_element__(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            adapt_from = self._source_selectable()
+            if self._of_type:
+                of_type_entity = inspect(self._of_type)
+            else:
+                of_type_entity = None
+
+            (
+                pj,
+                sj,
+                source,
+                dest,
+                secondary,
+                target_adapter,
+            ) = self.prop._create_joins(
+                source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                source_polymorphic=True,
+                of_type_entity=of_type_entity,
+                alias_secondary=True,
+                extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+            )
+            if sj is not None:
+                return pj & sj
+            else:
+                return pj
+
+        def of_type(self, class_: _EntityType[Any]) -> PropComparator[_PT]:
+            r"""Redefine this object in terms of a polymorphic subclass.
+
+            See :meth:`.PropComparator.of_type` for an example.
+
+
+            """
+            return RelationshipProperty.Comparator(
+                self.prop,
+                self._parententity,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=class_,
+                extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria,
+            )
+
+        def and_(
+            self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+        ) -> PropComparator[Any]:
+            """Add AND criteria.
+
+            See :meth:`.PropComparator.and_` for an example.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+            """
+            exprs = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, clause)
+                for clause in util.coerce_generator_arg(criteria)
+            )
+
+            return RelationshipProperty.Comparator(
+                self.prop,
+                self._parententity,
+                adapt_to_entity=self._adapt_to_entity,
+                of_type=self._of_type,
+                extra_criteria=self._extra_criteria + exprs,
+            )
+
+        def in_(self, other: Any) -> NoReturn:
+            """Produce an IN clause - this is not implemented
+            for :func:`_orm.relationship`-based attributes at this time.
+
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "in_() not yet supported for "
+                "relationships.  For a simple "
+                "many-to-one, use in_() against "
+                "the set of foreign key values."
+            )
+
+        # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4266
+        __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: text
+
+              MyClass.some_prop == <some object>
+
+            this will typically produce a
+            clause such as:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: text
+
+              mytable.related_id == <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the given
+            object.
+
+            The ``==`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce a NOT EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if other is None or isinstance(other, expression.Null):
+                if self.property.direction in [ONETOMANY, MANYTOMANY]:
+                    return ~self._criterion_exists()
+                else:
+                    return _orm_annotate(
+                        self.property._optimized_compare(
+                            None, adapt_source=self.adapter
+                        )
+                    )
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection to an object or collection; "
+                    "use contains() to test for membership."
+                )
+            else:
+                return _orm_annotate(
+                    self.property._optimized_compare(
+                        other, adapt_source=self.adapter
+                    )
+                )
+
+        def _criterion_exists(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> Exists:
+            where_criteria = (
+                coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion)
+                if criterion is not None
+                else None
+            )
+
+            if getattr(self, "_of_type", None):
+                info: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = inspect(
+                    self._of_type
+                )
+                assert info is not None
+                target_mapper, to_selectable, is_aliased_class = (
+                    info.mapper,
+                    info.selectable,
+                    info.is_aliased_class,
+                )
+                if self.property._is_self_referential and not is_aliased_class:
+                    to_selectable = to_selectable._anonymous_fromclause()
+
+                single_crit = target_mapper._single_table_criterion
+                if single_crit is not None:
+                    if where_criteria is not None:
+                        where_criteria = single_crit & where_criteria
+                    else:
+                        where_criteria = single_crit
+            else:
+                is_aliased_class = False
+                to_selectable = None
+
+            if self.adapter:
+                source_selectable = self._source_selectable()
+            else:
+                source_selectable = None
+
+            (
+                pj,
+                sj,
+                source,
+                dest,
+                secondary,
+                target_adapter,
+            ) = self.property._create_joins(
+                dest_selectable=to_selectable,
+                source_selectable=source_selectable,
+            )
+
+            for k in kwargs:
+                crit = getattr(self.property.mapper.class_, k) == kwargs[k]
+                if where_criteria is None:
+                    where_criteria = crit
+                else:
+                    where_criteria = where_criteria & crit
+
+            # annotate the *local* side of the join condition, in the case
+            # of pj + sj this is the full primaryjoin, in the case of just
+            # pj its the local side of the primaryjoin.
+            if sj is not None:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj) & sj
+            else:
+                j = _orm_annotate(pj, exclude=self.property.remote_side)
+
+            if (
+                where_criteria is not None
+                and target_adapter
+                and not is_aliased_class
+            ):
+                # limit this adapter to annotated only?
+                where_criteria = target_adapter.traverse(where_criteria)
+
+            # only have the "joined left side" of what we
+            # return be subject to Query adaption.  The right
+            # side of it is used for an exists() subquery and
+            # should not correlate or otherwise reach out
+            # to anything in the enclosing query.
+            if where_criteria is not None:
+                where_criteria = where_criteria._annotate(
+                    {"no_replacement_traverse": True}
+                )
+
+            crit = j & sql.True_._ifnone(where_criteria)
+
+            if secondary is not None:
+                ex = (
+                    sql.exists(1)
+                    .where(crit)
+                    .select_from(dest, secondary)
+                    .correlate_except(dest, secondary)
+                )
+            else:
+                ex = (
+                    sql.exists(1)
+                    .where(crit)
+                    .select_from(dest)
+                    .correlate_except(dest)
+                )
+            return ex
+
+        def any(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Produce an expression that tests a collection against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.any(SomeRelated.x == 2)
+                )
+
+            Will produce a query like:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE related.my_id=my_table.id
+                AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` is particularly
+            useful for testing for empty collections::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(~MyClass.somereference.any())
+
+            will produce:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                NOT (EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.my_id=my_table.id))
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` is only
+            valid for collections, i.e. a :func:`_orm.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=True``.  For scalar references,
+            use :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has`.
+
+            """
+            if not self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'any()' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes. Use has()."
+                )
+
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def has(
+            self,
+            criterion: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Produce an expression that tests a scalar reference against
+            particular criterion, using EXISTS.
+
+            An expression like::
+
+                session.query(MyClass).filter(
+                    MyClass.somereference.has(SomeRelated.x == 2)
+                )
+
+            Will produce a query like:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table WHERE
+                EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM related WHERE
+                related.id==my_table.related_id AND related.x=2)
+
+            Because :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` uses
+            a correlated subquery, its performance is not nearly as
+            good when compared against large target tables as that of
+            using a join.
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` is only
+            valid for scalar references, i.e. a :func:`_orm.relationship`
+            that has ``uselist=False``.  For collection references,
+            use :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any`.
+
+            """
+            if self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'has()' not implemented for collections. Use any()."
+                )
+            return self._criterion_exists(criterion, **kwargs)
+
+        def contains(
+            self, other: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Return a simple expression that tests a collection for
+            containment of a particular item.
+
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains` is
+            only valid for a collection, i.e. a
+            :func:`_orm.relationship` that implements
+            one-to-many or many-to-many with ``uselist=True``.
+
+            When used in a simple one-to-many context, an
+            expression like::
+
+                MyClass.contains(other)
+
+            Produces a clause like:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                mytable.id == <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the value of the foreign key
+            attribute on ``other`` which refers to the primary
+            key of its parent object. From this it follows that
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains` is
+            very useful when used with simple one-to-many
+            operations.
+
+            For many-to-many operations, the behavior of
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+            has more caveats. The association table will be
+            rendered in the statement, producing an "implicit"
+            join, that is, includes multiple tables in the FROM
+            clause which are equated in the WHERE clause::
+
+                query(MyClass).filter(MyClass.contains(other))
+
+            Produces a query like:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                SELECT * FROM my_table, my_association_table AS
+                my_association_table_1 WHERE
+                my_table.id = my_association_table_1.parent_id
+                AND my_association_table_1.child_id = <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` would be the primary key of
+            ``other``. From the above, it is clear that
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+            will **not** work with many-to-many collections when
+            used in queries that move beyond simple AND
+            conjunctions, such as multiple
+            :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+            expressions joined by OR. In such cases subqueries or
+            explicit "outer joins" will need to be used instead.
+            See :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.any` for
+            a less-performant alternative using EXISTS, or refer
+            to :meth:`_query.Query.outerjoin`
+            as well as :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins`
+            for more details on constructing outer joins.
+
+            kwargs may be ignored by this operator but are required for API
+            conformance.
+            """
+            if not self.prop.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "'contains' not implemented for scalar "
+                    "attributes.  Use =="
+                )
+
+            clause = self.prop._optimized_compare(
+                other, adapt_source=self.adapter
+            )
+
+            if self.prop.secondaryjoin is not None:
+                clause.negation_clause = self.__negated_contains_or_equals(
+                    other
+                )
+
+            return clause
+
+        def __negated_contains_or_equals(
+            self, other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            if self.prop.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                state = attributes.instance_state(other)
+
+                def state_bindparam(
+                    local_col: ColumnElement[Any],
+                    state: InstanceState[Any],
+                    remote_col: ColumnElement[Any],
+                ) -> BindParameter[Any]:
+                    dict_ = state.dict
+                    return sql.bindparam(
+                        local_col.key,
+                        type_=local_col.type,
+                        unique=True,
+                        callable_=self.prop._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                            self.prop.mapper, state, dict_, remote_col
+                        ),
+                    )
+
+                def adapt(col: _CE) -> _CE:
+                    if self.adapter:
+                        return self.adapter(col)
+                    else:
+                        return col
+
+                if self.property._use_get:
+                    return sql.and_(
+                        *[
+                            sql.or_(
+                                adapt(x)
+                                != state_bindparam(adapt(x), state, y),
+                                adapt(x) == None,
+                            )
+                            for (x, y) in self.property.local_remote_pairs
+                        ]
+                    )
+
+            criterion = sql.and_(
+                *[
+                    x == y
+                    for (x, y) in zip(
+                        self.property.mapper.primary_key,
+                        self.property.mapper.primary_key_from_instance(other),
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+            return ~self._criterion_exists(criterion)
+
+        def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+            In a many-to-one context, such as:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: text
+
+              MyClass.some_prop != <some object>
+
+            This will typically produce a clause such as:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+              mytable.related_id != <some id>
+
+            Where ``<some id>`` is the primary key of the
+            given object.
+
+            The ``!=`` operator provides partial functionality for non-
+            many-to-one comparisons:
+
+            * Comparisons against collections are not supported.
+              Use
+              :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.contains`
+              in conjunction with :func:`_expression.not_`.
+            * Compared to a scalar one-to-many, will produce a
+              clause that compares the target columns in the parent to
+              the given target.
+            * Compared to a scalar many-to-many, an alias
+              of the association table will be rendered as
+              well, forming a natural join that is part of the
+              main body of the query. This will not work for
+              queries that go beyond simple AND conjunctions of
+              comparisons, such as those which use OR. Use
+              explicit joins, outerjoins, or
+              :meth:`~.Relationship.Comparator.has` in
+              conjunction with :func:`_expression.not_` for
+              more comprehensive non-many-to-one scalar
+              membership tests.
+            * Comparisons against ``None`` given in a one-to-many
+              or many-to-many context produce an EXISTS clause.
+
+            """
+            if other is None or isinstance(other, expression.Null):
+                if self.property.direction == MANYTOONE:
+                    return _orm_annotate(
+                        ~self.property._optimized_compare(
+                            None, adapt_source=self.adapter
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                else:
+                    return self._criterion_exists()
+            elif self.property.uselist:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't compare a collection"
+                    " to an object or collection; use "
+                    "contains() to test for membership."
+                )
+            else:
+                return _orm_annotate(self.__negated_contains_or_equals(other))
+
+        def _memoized_attr_property(self) -> RelationshipProperty[_PT]:
+            self.prop.parent._check_configure()
+            return self.prop
+
+    def _with_parent(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        alias_secondary: bool = True,
+        from_entity: Optional[_EntityType[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        assert instance is not None
+        adapt_source: Optional[_CoreAdapterProto] = None
+        if from_entity is not None:
+            insp: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = inspect(from_entity)
+            assert insp is not None
+            if insp_is_aliased_class(insp):
+                adapt_source = insp._adapter.adapt_clause
+        return self._optimized_compare(
+            instance,
+            value_is_parent=True,
+            adapt_source=adapt_source,
+            alias_secondary=alias_secondary,
+        )
+
+    def _optimized_compare(
+        self,
+        state: Any,
+        value_is_parent: bool = False,
+        adapt_source: Optional[_CoreAdapterProto] = None,
+        alias_secondary: bool = True,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if state is not None:
+            try:
+                state = inspect(state)
+            except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+                state = None
+
+            if state is None or not getattr(state, "is_instance", False):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Mapped instance expected for relationship "
+                    "comparison to object.   Classes, queries and other "
+                    "SQL elements are not accepted in this context; for "
+                    "comparison with a subquery, "
+                    "use %s.has(**criteria)." % self
+                )
+        reverse_direction = not value_is_parent
+
+        if state is None:
+            return self._lazy_none_clause(
+                reverse_direction, adapt_source=adapt_source
+            )
+
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col,
+            )
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col,
+            )
+
+        if reverse_direction:
+            mapper = self.mapper
+        else:
+            mapper = self.parent
+
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(state.obj())
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam: BindParameter[Any]) -> None:
+            if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                bindparam.callable = self._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                    mapper,
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
+                )
+
+        if self.secondary is not None and alias_secondary:
+            criterion = ClauseAdapter(
+                self.secondary._anonymous_fromclause()
+            ).traverse(criterion)
+
+        criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            criterion, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam}
+        )
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def _get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        column: ColumnElement[Any],
+    ) -> Callable[[], Any]:
+        """Create the callable that is used in a many-to-one expression.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            u1 = s.query(User).get(5)
+
+            expr = Address.user == u1
+
+        Above, the SQL should be "address.user_id = 5". The callable
+        returned by this method produces the value "5" based on the identity
+        of ``u1``.
+
+        """
+
+        # in this callable, we're trying to thread the needle through
+        # a wide variety of scenarios, including:
+        #
+        # * the object hasn't been flushed yet and there's no value for
+        #   the attribute as of yet
+        #
+        # * the object hasn't been flushed yet but it has a user-defined
+        #   value
+        #
+        # * the object has a value but it's expired and not locally present
+        #
+        # * the object has a value but it's expired and not locally present,
+        #   and the object is also detached
+        #
+        # * The object hadn't been flushed yet, there was no value, but
+        #   later, the object has been expired and detached, and *now*
+        #   they're trying to evaluate it
+        #
+        # * the object had a value, but it was changed to a new value, and
+        #   then expired
+        #
+        # * the object had a value, but it was changed to a new value, and
+        #   then expired, then the object was detached
+        #
+        # * the object has a user-set value, but it's None and we don't do
+        #   the comparison correctly for that so warn
+        #
+
+        prop = mapper.get_property_by_column(column)
+
+        # by invoking this method, InstanceState will track the last known
+        # value for this key each time the attribute is to be expired.
+        # this feature was added explicitly for use in this method.
+        state._track_last_known_value(prop.key)
+
+        lkv_fixed = state._last_known_values
+
+        def _go() -> Any:
+            assert lkv_fixed is not None
+            last_known = to_return = lkv_fixed[prop.key]
+            existing_is_available = (
+                last_known is not LoaderCallableStatus.NO_VALUE
+            )
+
+            # we support that the value may have changed.  so here we
+            # try to get the most recent value including re-fetching.
+            # only if we can't get a value now due to detachment do we return
+            # the last known value
+            current_value = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                column,
+                passive=(
+                    PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    if state.persistent
+                    else PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH ^ PassiveFlag.INIT_OK
+                ),
+            )
+
+            if current_value is LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET:
+                if not existing_is_available:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't resolve value for column %s on object "
+                        "%s; no value has been set for this column"
+                        % (column, state_str(state))
+                    )
+            elif current_value is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT:
+                if not existing_is_available:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't resolve value for column %s on object "
+                        "%s; the object is detached and the value was "
+                        "expired" % (column, state_str(state))
+                    )
+            else:
+                to_return = current_value
+            if to_return is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Got None for value of column %s; this is unsupported "
+                    "for a relationship comparison and will not "
+                    "currently produce an IS comparison "
+                    "(but may in a future release)" % column
+                )
+            return to_return
+
+        return _go
+
+    def _lazy_none_clause(
+        self,
+        reverse_direction: bool = False,
+        adapt_source: Optional[_CoreAdapterProto] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if not reverse_direction:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._bind_to_col,
+            )
+        else:
+            criterion, bind_to_col = (
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_lazywhere,
+                self._lazy_strategy._rev_bind_to_col,
+            )
+
+        criterion = adapt_criterion_to_null(criterion, bind_to_col)
+
+        if adapt_source:
+            criterion = adapt_source(criterion)
+        return criterion
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.parent.class_.__name__) + "." + self.key
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        source_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        source_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        dest_state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dest_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> None:
+        if load:
+            for r in self._reverse_property:
+                if (source_state, r) in _recursive:
+                    return
+
+        if "merge" not in self._cascade:
+            return
+
+        if self.key not in source_dict:
+            return
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            impl = source_state.get_impl(self.key)
+
+            assert is_has_collection_adapter(impl)
+            instances_iterable = impl.get_collection(source_state, source_dict)
+
+            # if this is a CollectionAttributeImpl, then empty should
+            # be False, otherwise "self.key in source_dict" should not be
+            # True
+            assert not instances_iterable.empty if impl.collection else True
+
+            if load:
+                # for a full merge, pre-load the destination collection,
+                # so that individual _merge of each item pulls from identity
+                # map for those already present.
+                # also assumes CollectionAttributeImpl behavior of loading
+                # "old" list in any case
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).get(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_MERGE
+                )
+
+            dest_list = []
+            for current in instances_iterable:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(
+                    current_state,
+                    current_dict,
+                    load=load,
+                    _recursive=_recursive,
+                    _resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
+                )
+                if obj is not None:
+                    dest_list.append(obj)
+
+            if not load:
+                coll = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, self.key
+                )
+                for c in dest_list:
+                    coll.append_without_event(c)
+            else:
+                dest_impl = dest_state.get_impl(self.key)
+                assert is_has_collection_adapter(dest_impl)
+                dest_impl.set(
+                    dest_state,
+                    dest_dict,
+                    dest_list,
+                    _adapt=False,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_MERGE,
+                )
+        else:
+            current = source_dict[self.key]
+            if current is not None:
+                current_state = attributes.instance_state(current)
+                current_dict = attributes.instance_dict(current)
+                _recursive[(current_state, self)] = True
+                obj = session._merge(
+                    current_state,
+                    current_dict,
+                    load=load,
+                    _recursive=_recursive,
+                    _resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
+                )
+            else:
+                obj = None
+
+            if not load:
+                dest_dict[self.key] = obj
+            else:
+                dest_state.get_impl(self.key).set(
+                    dest_state, dest_dict, obj, None
+                )
+
+    def _value_as_iterable(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        key: str,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Sequence[Tuple[InstanceState[_O], _O]]:
+        """Return a list of tuples (state, obj) for the given
+        key.
+
+        returns an empty list if the value is None/empty/PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+        """
+
+        impl = state.manager[key].impl
+        x = impl.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+        if x is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT or x is None:
+            return []
+        elif is_has_collection_adapter(impl):
+            return [
+                (attributes.instance_state(o), o)
+                for o in impl.get_collection(state, dict_, x, passive=passive)
+            ]
+        else:
+            return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x)]
+
+    def cascade_iterator(
+        self,
+        type_: str,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        visited_states: Set[InstanceState[Any]],
+        halt_on: Optional[Callable[[InstanceState[Any]], bool]] = None,
+    ) -> Iterator[Tuple[Any, Mapper[Any], InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]]:
+        # assert type_ in self._cascade
+
+        # only actively lazy load on the 'delete' cascade
+        if type_ != "delete" or self.passive_deletes:
+            passive = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        else:
+            passive = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF | PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+
+        if type_ == "save-update":
+            tuples = state.manager[self.key].impl.get_all_pending(state, dict_)
+        else:
+            tuples = self._value_as_iterable(
+                state, dict_, self.key, passive=passive
+            )
+
+        skip_pending = (
+            type_ == "refresh-expire" and "delete-orphan" not in self._cascade
+        )
+
+        for instance_state, c in tuples:
+            if instance_state in visited_states:
+                continue
+
+            if c is None:
+                # would like to emit a warning here, but
+                # would not be consistent with collection.append(None)
+                # current behavior of silently skipping.
+                # see [ticket:2229]
+                continue
+
+            assert instance_state is not None
+            instance_dict = attributes.instance_dict(c)
+
+            if halt_on and halt_on(instance_state):
+                continue
+
+            if skip_pending and not instance_state.key:
+                continue
+
+            instance_mapper = instance_state.manager.mapper
+
+            if not instance_mapper.isa(self.mapper.class_manager.mapper):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Attribute '%s' on class '%s' "
+                    "doesn't handle objects "
+                    "of type '%s'"
+                    % (self.key, self.parent.class_, c.__class__)
+                )
+
+            visited_states.add(instance_state)
+
+            yield c, instance_mapper, instance_state, instance_dict
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_sync_backref(self) -> bool:
+        if self.viewonly:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return self.sync_backref is not False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _check_sync_backref(
+        rel_a: RelationshipProperty[Any], rel_b: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        if rel_a.viewonly and rel_b.sync_backref:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Relationship %s cannot specify sync_backref=True since %s "
+                "includes viewonly=True." % (rel_b, rel_a)
+            )
+        if (
+            rel_a.viewonly
+            and not rel_b.viewonly
+            and rel_b.sync_backref is not False
+        ):
+            rel_b.sync_backref = False
+
+    def _add_reverse_property(self, key: str) -> None:
+        other = self.mapper.get_property(key, _configure_mappers=False)
+        if not isinstance(other, RelationshipProperty):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "back_populates on relationship '%s' refers to attribute '%s' "
+                "that is not a relationship.  The back_populates parameter "
+                "should refer to the name of a relationship on the target "
+                "class." % (self, other)
+            )
+        # viewonly and sync_backref cases
+        # 1. self.viewonly==True and other.sync_backref==True -> error
+        # 2. self.viewonly==True and other.viewonly==False and
+        #    other.sync_backref==None -> warn sync_backref=False, set to False
+        self._check_sync_backref(self, other)
+        # 3. other.viewonly==True and self.sync_backref==True -> error
+        # 4. other.viewonly==True and self.viewonly==False and
+        #    self.sync_backref==None -> warn sync_backref=False, set to False
+        self._check_sync_backref(other, self)
+
+        self._reverse_property.add(other)
+        other._reverse_property.add(self)
+
+        other._setup_entity()
+
+        if not other.mapper.common_parent(self.parent):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "reverse_property %r on "
+                "relationship %s references relationship %s, which "
+                "does not reference mapper %s"
+                % (key, self, other, self.parent)
+            )
+
+        if (
+            other._configure_started
+            and self.direction in (ONETOMANY, MANYTOONE)
+            and self.direction == other.direction
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "%s and back-reference %s are "
+                "both of the same direction %r.  Did you mean to "
+                "set remote_side on the many-to-one side ?"
+                % (other, self, self.direction)
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def entity(self) -> _InternalEntityType[_T]:
+        """Return the target mapped entity, which is an inspect() of the
+        class or aliased class that is referenced by this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        """
+        self.parent._check_configure()
+        return self.entity
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_T]:
+        """Return the targeted :class:`_orm.Mapper` for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        """
+        return self.entity.mapper
+
+    def do_init(self) -> None:
+        self._check_conflicts()
+        self._process_dependent_arguments()
+        self._setup_entity()
+        self._setup_registry_dependencies()
+        self._setup_join_conditions()
+        self._check_cascade_settings(self._cascade)
+        self._post_init()
+        self._generate_backref()
+        self._join_condition._warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets()
+        super().do_init()
+        self._lazy_strategy = cast(
+            "LazyLoader", self._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+        )
+
+    def _setup_registry_dependencies(self) -> None:
+        self.parent.mapper.registry._set_depends_on(
+            self.entity.mapper.registry
+        )
+
+    def _process_dependent_arguments(self) -> None:
+        """Convert incoming configuration arguments to their
+        proper form.
+
+        Callables are resolved, ORM annotations removed.
+
+        """
+
+        # accept callables for other attributes which may require
+        # deferred initialization.  This technique is used
+        # by declarative "string configs" and some recipes.
+        init_args = self._init_args
+
+        for attr in (
+            "order_by",
+            "primaryjoin",
+            "secondaryjoin",
+            "secondary",
+            "foreign_keys",
+            "remote_side",
+        ):
+            rel_arg = getattr(init_args, attr)
+
+            rel_arg._resolve_against_registry(self._clsregistry_resolvers[1])
+
+        # remove "annotations" which are present if mapped class
+        # descriptors are used to create the join expression.
+        for attr in "primaryjoin", "secondaryjoin":
+            rel_arg = getattr(init_args, attr)
+            val = rel_arg.resolved
+            if val is not None:
+                rel_arg.resolved = _orm_deannotate(
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        roles.ColumnArgumentRole, val, argname=attr
+                    )
+                )
+
+        secondary = init_args.secondary.resolved
+        if secondary is not None and _is_mapped_class(secondary):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "secondary argument %s passed to to relationship() %s must "
+                "be a Table object or other FROM clause; can't send a mapped "
+                "class directly as rows in 'secondary' are persisted "
+                "independently of a class that is mapped "
+                "to that same table." % (secondary, self)
+            )
+
+        # ensure expressions in self.order_by, foreign_keys,
+        # remote_side are all columns, not strings.
+        if (
+            init_args.order_by.resolved is not False
+            and init_args.order_by.resolved is not None
+        ):
+            self.order_by = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ColumnArgumentRole, x, argname="order_by"
+                )
+                for x in util.to_list(init_args.order_by.resolved)
+            )
+        else:
+            self.order_by = False
+
+        self._user_defined_foreign_keys = util.column_set(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnArgumentRole, x, argname="foreign_keys"
+            )
+            for x in util.to_column_set(init_args.foreign_keys.resolved)
+        )
+
+        self.remote_side = util.column_set(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnArgumentRole, x, argname="remote_side"
+            )
+            for x in util.to_column_set(init_args.remote_side.resolved)
+        )
+
+    def declarative_scan(
+        self,
+        decl_scan: _ClassScanMapperConfig,
+        registry: _RegistryType,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        originating_module: Optional[str],
+        key: str,
+        mapped_container: Optional[Type[Mapped[Any]]],
+        annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        extracted_mapped_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+        is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        argument = extracted_mapped_annotation
+
+        if extracted_mapped_annotation is None:
+            if self.argument is None:
+                self._raise_for_required(key, cls)
+            else:
+                return
+
+        argument = extracted_mapped_annotation
+        assert originating_module is not None
+
+        if mapped_container is not None:
+            is_write_only = issubclass(mapped_container, WriteOnlyMapped)
+            is_dynamic = issubclass(mapped_container, DynamicMapped)
+            if is_write_only:
+                self.lazy = "write_only"
+                self.strategy_key = (("lazy", self.lazy),)
+            elif is_dynamic:
+                self.lazy = "dynamic"
+                self.strategy_key = (("lazy", self.lazy),)
+        else:
+            is_write_only = is_dynamic = False
+
+        argument = de_optionalize_union_types(argument)
+
+        if hasattr(argument, "__origin__"):
+            arg_origin = argument.__origin__
+            if isinstance(arg_origin, type) and issubclass(
+                arg_origin, abc.Collection
+            ):
+                if self.collection_class is None:
+                    if _py_inspect.isabstract(arg_origin):
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Collection annotation type {arg_origin} cannot "
+                            "be instantiated; please provide an explicit "
+                            "'collection_class' parameter "
+                            "(e.g. list, set, etc.) to the "
+                            "relationship() function to accompany this "
+                            "annotation"
+                        )
+
+                    self.collection_class = arg_origin
+
+            elif not is_write_only and not is_dynamic:
+                self.uselist = False
+
+            if argument.__args__:  # type: ignore
+                if isinstance(arg_origin, type) and issubclass(
+                    arg_origin, typing.Mapping
+                ):
+                    type_arg = argument.__args__[-1]  # type: ignore
+                else:
+                    type_arg = argument.__args__[0]  # type: ignore
+                if hasattr(type_arg, "__forward_arg__"):
+                    str_argument = type_arg.__forward_arg__
+
+                    argument = resolve_name_to_real_class_name(
+                        str_argument, originating_module
+                    )
+                else:
+                    argument = type_arg
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Generic alias {argument} requires an argument"
+                )
+        elif hasattr(argument, "__forward_arg__"):
+            argument = argument.__forward_arg__
+
+            argument = resolve_name_to_real_class_name(
+                argument, originating_module
+            )
+
+        if (
+            self.collection_class is None
+            and not is_write_only
+            and not is_dynamic
+        ):
+            self.uselist = False
+
+        # ticket #8759
+        # if a lead argument was given to relationship(), like
+        # `relationship("B")`, use that, don't replace it with class we
+        # found in the annotation.  The declarative_scan() method call here is
+        # still useful, as we continue to derive collection type and do
+        # checking of the annotation in any case.
+        if self.argument is None:
+            self.argument = cast("_RelationshipArgumentType[_T]", argument)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.mapper")
+    def _setup_entity(self, __argument: Any = None) -> None:
+        if "entity" in self.__dict__:
+            return
+
+        mapperlib = util.preloaded.orm_mapper
+
+        if __argument:
+            argument = __argument
+        else:
+            argument = self.argument
+
+        resolved_argument: _ExternalEntityType[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(argument, str):
+            # we might want to cleanup clsregistry API to make this
+            # more straightforward
+            resolved_argument = cast(
+                "_ExternalEntityType[Any]",
+                self._clsregistry_resolve_name(argument)(),
+            )
+        elif callable(argument) and not isinstance(
+            argument, (type, mapperlib.Mapper)
+        ):
+            resolved_argument = argument()
+        else:
+            resolved_argument = argument
+
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(resolved_argument, type):
+            entity = class_mapper(resolved_argument, configure=False)
+        else:
+            try:
+                entity = inspect(resolved_argument)
+            except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable:
+                entity = None  # type: ignore
+
+            if not hasattr(entity, "mapper"):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "relationship '%s' expects "
+                    "a class or a mapper argument (received: %s)"
+                    % (self.key, type(resolved_argument))
+                )
+
+        self.entity = entity
+        self.target = self.entity.persist_selectable
+
+    def _setup_join_conditions(self) -> None:
+        self._join_condition = jc = JoinCondition(
+            parent_persist_selectable=self.parent.persist_selectable,
+            child_persist_selectable=self.entity.persist_selectable,
+            parent_local_selectable=self.parent.local_table,
+            child_local_selectable=self.entity.local_table,
+            primaryjoin=self._init_args.primaryjoin.resolved,
+            secondary=self._init_args.secondary.resolved,
+            secondaryjoin=self._init_args.secondaryjoin.resolved,
+            parent_equivalents=self.parent._equivalent_columns,
+            child_equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            consider_as_foreign_keys=self._user_defined_foreign_keys,
+            local_remote_pairs=self.local_remote_pairs,
+            remote_side=self.remote_side,
+            self_referential=self._is_self_referential,
+            prop=self,
+            support_sync=not self.viewonly,
+            can_be_synced_fn=self._columns_are_mapped,
+        )
+        self.primaryjoin = jc.primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = jc.secondaryjoin
+        self.secondary = jc.secondary
+        self.direction = jc.direction
+        self.local_remote_pairs = jc.local_remote_pairs
+        self.remote_side = jc.remote_columns
+        self.local_columns = jc.local_columns
+        self.synchronize_pairs = jc.synchronize_pairs
+        self._calculated_foreign_keys = jc.foreign_key_columns
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = jc.secondary_synchronize_pairs
+
+    @property
+    def _clsregistry_resolve_arg(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver]:
+        return self._clsregistry_resolvers[1]
+
+    @property
+    def _clsregistry_resolve_name(
+        self,
+    ) -> Callable[[str], Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]]:
+        return self._clsregistry_resolvers[0]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.clsregistry")
+    def _clsregistry_resolvers(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Callable[[str], Callable[[], Union[Type[Any], Table, _ModNS]]],
+        Callable[[str, bool], _class_resolver],
+    ]:
+        _resolver = util.preloaded.orm_clsregistry._resolver
+
+        return _resolver(self.parent.class_, self)
+
+    def _check_conflicts(self) -> None:
+        """Test that this relationship is legal, warn about
+        inheritance conflicts."""
+        if self.parent.non_primary and not class_mapper(
+            self.parent.class_, configure=False
+        ).has_property(self.key):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Attempting to assign a new "
+                "relationship '%s' to a non-primary mapper on "
+                "class '%s'.  New relationships can only be added "
+                "to the primary mapper, i.e. the very first mapper "
+                "created for class '%s' "
+                % (
+                    self.key,
+                    self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                    self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                )
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def cascade(self) -> CascadeOptions:
+        """Return the current cascade setting for this
+        :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+        """
+        return self._cascade
+
+    @cascade.setter
+    def cascade(self, cascade: Union[str, CascadeOptions]) -> None:
+        self._set_cascade(cascade)
+
+    def _set_cascade(self, cascade_arg: Union[str, CascadeOptions]) -> None:
+        cascade = CascadeOptions(cascade_arg)
+
+        if self.viewonly:
+            cascade = CascadeOptions(
+                cascade.intersection(CascadeOptions._viewonly_cascades)
+            )
+
+        if "mapper" in self.__dict__:
+            self._check_cascade_settings(cascade)
+        self._cascade = cascade
+
+        if self._dependency_processor:
+            self._dependency_processor.cascade = cascade
+
+    def _check_cascade_settings(self, cascade: CascadeOptions) -> None:
+        if (
+            cascade.delete_orphan
+            and not self.single_parent
+            and (self.direction is MANYTOMANY or self.direction is MANYTOONE)
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "For %(direction)s relationship %(rel)s, delete-orphan "
+                "cascade is normally "
+                'configured only on the "one" side of a one-to-many '
+                "relationship, "
+                'and not on the "many" side of a many-to-one or many-to-many '
+                "relationship.  "
+                "To force this relationship to allow a particular "
+                '"%(relatedcls)s" object to be referenced by only '
+                'a single "%(clsname)s" object at a time via the '
+                "%(rel)s relationship, which "
+                "would allow "
+                "delete-orphan cascade to take place in this direction, set "
+                "the single_parent=True flag."
+                % {
+                    "rel": self,
+                    "direction": (
+                        "many-to-one"
+                        if self.direction is MANYTOONE
+                        else "many-to-many"
+                    ),
+                    "clsname": self.parent.class_.__name__,
+                    "relatedcls": self.mapper.class_.__name__,
+                },
+                code="bbf0",
+            )
+
+        if self.passive_deletes == "all" and (
+            "delete" in cascade or "delete-orphan" in cascade
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "On %s, can't set passive_deletes='all' in conjunction "
+                "with 'delete' or 'delete-orphan' cascade" % self
+            )
+
+        if cascade.delete_orphan:
+            self.mapper.primary_mapper()._delete_orphans.append(
+                (self.key, self.parent.class_)
+            )
+
+    def _persists_for(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this property will persist values on behalf
+        of the given mapper.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.key in mapper.relationships
+            and mapper.relationships[self.key] is self
+        )
+
+    def _columns_are_mapped(self, *cols: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if all columns in the given collection are
+        mapped by the tables referenced by this :class:`.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+        """
+
+        secondary = self._init_args.secondary.resolved
+        for c in cols:
+            if secondary is not None and secondary.c.contains_column(c):
+                continue
+            if not self.parent.persist_selectable.c.contains_column(
+                c
+            ) and not self.target.c.contains_column(c):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def _generate_backref(self) -> None:
+        """Interpret the 'backref' instruction to create a
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` complementary to this one."""
+
+        if self.parent.non_primary:
+            return
+        if self.backref is not None and not self.back_populates:
+            kwargs: Dict[str, Any]
+            if isinstance(self.backref, str):
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref, {}
+            else:
+                backref_key, kwargs = self.backref
+            mapper = self.mapper.primary_mapper()
+
+            if not mapper.concrete:
+                check = set(mapper.iterate_to_root()).union(
+                    mapper.self_and_descendants
+                )
+                for m in check:
+                    if m.has_property(backref_key) and not m.concrete:
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Error creating backref "
+                            "'%s' on relationship '%s': property of that "
+                            "name exists on mapper '%s'"
+                            % (backref_key, self, m)
+                        )
+
+            # determine primaryjoin/secondaryjoin for the
+            # backref.  Use the one we had, so that
+            # a custom join doesn't have to be specified in
+            # both directions.
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                # for many to many, just switch primaryjoin/
+                # secondaryjoin.   use the annotated
+                # pj/sj on the _join_condition.
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    "primaryjoin",
+                    self._join_condition.secondaryjoin_minus_local,
+                )
+                sj = kwargs.pop(
+                    "secondaryjoin",
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_minus_local,
+                )
+            else:
+                pj = kwargs.pop(
+                    "primaryjoin",
+                    self._join_condition.primaryjoin_reverse_remote,
+                )
+                sj = kwargs.pop("secondaryjoin", None)
+                if sj:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "Can't assign 'secondaryjoin' on a backref "
+                        "against a non-secondary relationship."
+                    )
+
+            foreign_keys = kwargs.pop(
+                "foreign_keys", self._user_defined_foreign_keys
+            )
+            parent = self.parent.primary_mapper()
+            kwargs.setdefault("viewonly", self.viewonly)
+            kwargs.setdefault("post_update", self.post_update)
+            kwargs.setdefault("passive_updates", self.passive_updates)
+            kwargs.setdefault("sync_backref", self.sync_backref)
+            self.back_populates = backref_key
+            relationship = RelationshipProperty(
+                parent,
+                self.secondary,
+                primaryjoin=pj,
+                secondaryjoin=sj,
+                foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                back_populates=self.key,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            mapper._configure_property(
+                backref_key, relationship, warn_for_existing=True
+            )
+
+        if self.back_populates:
+            self._add_reverse_property(self.back_populates)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.dependency")
+    def _post_init(self) -> None:
+        dependency = util.preloaded.orm_dependency
+
+        if self.uselist is None:
+            self.uselist = self.direction is not MANYTOONE
+        if not self.viewonly:
+            self._dependency_processor = (  # type: ignore
+                dependency.DependencyProcessor.from_relationship
+            )(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _use_get(self) -> bool:
+        """memoize the 'use_get' attribute of this RelationshipLoader's
+        lazyloader."""
+
+        strategy = self._lazy_strategy
+        return strategy.use_get
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_self_referential(self) -> bool:
+        return self.mapper.common_parent(self.parent)
+
+    def _create_joins(
+        self,
+        source_polymorphic: bool = False,
+        source_selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        dest_selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        of_type_entity: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = None,
+        alias_secondary: bool = False,
+        extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        ColumnElement[bool],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[bool]],
+        FromClause,
+        FromClause,
+        Optional[FromClause],
+        Optional[ClauseAdapter],
+    ]:
+        aliased = False
+
+        if alias_secondary and self.secondary is not None:
+            aliased = True
+
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            if source_polymorphic and self.parent.with_polymorphic:
+                source_selectable = self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+
+        if of_type_entity:
+            dest_mapper = of_type_entity.mapper
+            if dest_selectable is None:
+                dest_selectable = of_type_entity.selectable
+                aliased = True
+        else:
+            dest_mapper = self.mapper
+
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            dest_selectable = self.entity.selectable
+            if self.mapper.with_polymorphic:
+                aliased = True
+
+            if self._is_self_referential and source_selectable is None:
+                dest_selectable = dest_selectable._anonymous_fromclause()
+                aliased = True
+        elif (
+            dest_selectable is not self.mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable
+            or self.mapper.with_polymorphic
+        ):
+            aliased = True
+
+        single_crit = dest_mapper._single_table_criterion
+        aliased = aliased or (
+            source_selectable is not None
+            and (
+                source_selectable
+                is not self.parent._with_polymorphic_selectable
+                or source_selectable._is_subquery
+            )
+        )
+
+        (
+            primaryjoin,
+            secondaryjoin,
+            secondary,
+            target_adapter,
+            dest_selectable,
+        ) = self._join_condition.join_targets(
+            source_selectable,
+            dest_selectable,
+            aliased,
+            single_crit,
+            extra_criteria,
+        )
+        if source_selectable is None:
+            source_selectable = self.parent.local_table
+        if dest_selectable is None:
+            dest_selectable = self.entity.local_table
+        return (
+            primaryjoin,
+            secondaryjoin,
+            source_selectable,
+            dest_selectable,
+            secondary,
+            target_adapter,
+        )
+
+
+def _annotate_columns(element: _CE, annotations: _AnnotationDict) -> _CE:
+    def clone(elem: _CE) -> _CE:
+        if isinstance(elem, expression.ColumnClause):
+            elem = elem._annotate(annotations.copy())  # type: ignore
+        elem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+        return elem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = clone(element)
+    clone = None  # type: ignore # remove gc cycles
+    return element
+
+
+class JoinCondition:
+    primaryjoin_initial: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    primaryjoin: ColumnElement[bool]
+    secondaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    secondary: Optional[FromClause]
+    prop: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+
+    synchronize_pairs: _ColumnPairs
+    secondary_synchronize_pairs: _ColumnPairs
+    direction: RelationshipDirection
+
+    parent_persist_selectable: FromClause
+    child_persist_selectable: FromClause
+    parent_local_selectable: FromClause
+    child_local_selectable: FromClause
+
+    _local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        parent_persist_selectable: FromClause,
+        child_persist_selectable: FromClause,
+        parent_local_selectable: FromClause,
+        child_local_selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        primaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None,
+        secondary: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        secondaryjoin: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None,
+        parent_equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        child_equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Any = None,
+        local_remote_pairs: Optional[_ColumnPairs] = None,
+        remote_side: Any = None,
+        self_referential: Any = False,
+        prop: RelationshipProperty[Any],
+        support_sync: bool = True,
+        can_be_synced_fn: Callable[..., bool] = lambda *c: True,
+    ):
+        self.parent_persist_selectable = parent_persist_selectable
+        self.parent_local_selectable = parent_local_selectable
+        self.child_persist_selectable = child_persist_selectable
+        self.child_local_selectable = child_local_selectable
+        self.parent_equivalents = parent_equivalents
+        self.child_equivalents = child_equivalents
+        self.primaryjoin_initial = primaryjoin
+        self.secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin
+        self.secondary = secondary
+        self.consider_as_foreign_keys = consider_as_foreign_keys
+        self._local_remote_pairs = local_remote_pairs
+        self._remote_side = remote_side
+        self.prop = prop
+        self.self_referential = self_referential
+        self.support_sync = support_sync
+        self.can_be_synced_fn = can_be_synced_fn
+
+        self._determine_joins()
+        assert self.primaryjoin is not None
+
+        self._sanitize_joins()
+        self._annotate_fks()
+        self._annotate_remote()
+        self._annotate_local()
+        self._annotate_parentmapper()
+        self._setup_pairs()
+        self._check_foreign_cols(self.primaryjoin, True)
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self._check_foreign_cols(self.secondaryjoin, False)
+        self._determine_direction()
+        self._check_remote_side()
+        self._log_joins()
+
+    def _log_joins(self) -> None:
+        log = self.prop.logger
+        log.info("%s setup primary join %s", self.prop, self.primaryjoin)
+        log.info("%s setup secondary join %s", self.prop, self.secondaryjoin)
+        log.info(
+            "%s synchronize pairs [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join(
+                "(%s => %s)" % (l, r) for (l, r) in self.synchronize_pairs
+            ),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s secondary synchronize pairs [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join(
+                "(%s => %s)" % (l, r)
+                for (l, r) in self.secondary_synchronize_pairs or []
+            ),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s local/remote pairs [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join(
+                "(%s / %s)" % (l, r) for (l, r) in self.local_remote_pairs
+            ),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s remote columns [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join("%s" % col for col in self.remote_columns),
+        )
+        log.info(
+            "%s local columns [%s]",
+            self.prop,
+            ",".join("%s" % col for col in self.local_columns),
+        )
+        log.info("%s relationship direction %s", self.prop, self.direction)
+
+    def _sanitize_joins(self) -> None:
+        """remove the parententity annotation from our join conditions which
+        can leak in here based on some declarative patterns and maybe others.
+
+        "parentmapper" is relied upon both by the ORM evaluator as well as
+        the use case in _join_fixture_inh_selfref_w_entity
+        that relies upon it being present, see :ticket:`3364`.
+
+        """
+
+        self.primaryjoin = _deep_deannotate(
+            self.primaryjoin, values=("parententity", "proxy_key")
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = _deep_deannotate(
+                self.secondaryjoin, values=("parententity", "proxy_key")
+            )
+
+    def _determine_joins(self) -> None:
+        """Determine the 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' attributes,
+        if not passed to the constructor already.
+
+        This is based on analysis of the foreign key relationships
+        between the parent and target mapped selectables.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None and self.secondary is None:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Property %s specified with secondary "
+                "join condition but "
+                "no secondary argument" % self.prop
+            )
+
+        # find a join between the given mapper's mapped table and
+        # the given table. will try the mapper's local table first
+        # for more specificity, then if not found will try the more
+        # general mapped table, which in the case of inheritance is
+        # a join.
+        try:
+            consider_as_foreign_keys = self.consider_as_foreign_keys or None
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                if self.secondaryjoin is None:
+                    self.secondaryjoin = join_condition(
+                        self.child_persist_selectable,
+                        self.secondary,
+                        a_subset=self.child_local_selectable,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+                    )
+                if self.primaryjoin_initial is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = join_condition(
+                        self.parent_persist_selectable,
+                        self.secondary,
+                        a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.primaryjoin = self.primaryjoin_initial
+            else:
+                if self.primaryjoin_initial is None:
+                    self.primaryjoin = join_condition(
+                        self.parent_persist_selectable,
+                        self.child_persist_selectable,
+                        a_subset=self.parent_local_selectable,
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.primaryjoin = self.primaryjoin_initial
+        except sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError as nfe:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify 'primaryjoin' and 'secondaryjoin' "
+                    "expressions." % (self.prop, self.secondary)
+                ) from nfe
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are no foreign keys "
+                    "linking these tables.  "
+                    "Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                    "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or "
+                    "specify a 'primaryjoin' expression." % self.prop
+                ) from nfe
+        except sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError as afe:
+            if self.secondary is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables via secondary table '%s'.  "
+                    "Specify the 'foreign_keys' "
+                    "argument, providing a list of those columns which "
+                    "should be counted as containing a foreign key "
+                    "reference from the secondary table to each of the "
+                    "parent and child tables." % (self.prop, self.secondary)
+                ) from afe
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                    "Could not determine join "
+                    "condition between parent/child tables on "
+                    "relationship %s - there are multiple foreign key "
+                    "paths linking the tables.  Specify the "
+                    "'foreign_keys' argument, providing a list of those "
+                    "columns which should be counted as containing a "
+                    "foreign key reference to the parent table." % self.prop
+                ) from afe
+
+    @property
+    def primaryjoin_minus_local(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @property
+    def secondaryjoin_minus_local(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        assert self.secondaryjoin is not None
+        return _deep_deannotate(self.secondaryjoin, values=("local", "remote"))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def primaryjoin_reverse_remote(self) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Return the primaryjoin condition suitable for the
+        "reverse" direction.
+
+        If the primaryjoin was delivered here with pre-existing
+        "remote" annotations, the local/remote annotations
+        are reversed.  Otherwise, the local/remote annotations
+        are removed.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+
+            def replace(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+                if "remote" in element._annotations:
+                    v = dict(element._annotations)
+                    del v["remote"]
+                    v["local"] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+                elif "local" in element._annotations:
+                    v = dict(element._annotations)
+                    del v["local"]
+                    v["remote"] = True
+                    return element._with_annotations(v)
+
+                return None
+
+            return visitors.replacement_traverse(self.primaryjoin, {}, replace)
+        else:
+            if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+                # TODO: coverage
+                return _deep_deannotate(
+                    self.primaryjoin, values=("local", "remote")
+                )
+            else:
+                return _deep_deannotate(self.primaryjoin)
+
+    def _has_annotation(self, clause: ClauseElement, annotation: str) -> bool:
+        for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {}):
+            if annotation in col._annotations:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_foreign_annotations(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "foreign")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_remote_annotations(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "remote")
+
+    def _annotate_fks(self) -> None:
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'foreign' annotations marking columns
+        considered as foreign.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_foreign_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            self._annotate_from_fk_list()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_present_fks()
+
+    def _annotate_from_fk_list(self) -> None:
+        def check_fk(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if element in self.consider_as_foreign_keys:
+                return element._annotate({"foreign": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, check_fk
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin, {}, check_fk
+            )
+
+    def _annotate_present_fks(self) -> None:
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            secondarycols = util.column_set(self.secondary.c)
+        else:
+            secondarycols = set()
+
+        def is_foreign(
+            a: ColumnElement[Any], b: ColumnElement[Any]
+        ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(a, schema.Column) and isinstance(b, schema.Column):
+                if a.references(b):
+                    return a
+                elif b.references(a):
+                    return b
+
+            if secondarycols:
+                if a in secondarycols and b not in secondarycols:
+                    return a
+                elif b in secondarycols and a not in secondarycols:
+                    return b
+
+            return None
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            if not isinstance(
+                binary.left, sql.ColumnElement
+            ) or not isinstance(binary.right, sql.ColumnElement):
+                return
+
+            if (
+                "foreign" not in binary.left._annotations
+                and "foreign" not in binary.right._annotations
+            ):
+                col = is_foreign(binary.left, binary.right)
+                if col is not None:
+                    if col.compare(binary.left):
+                        binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"foreign": True})
+                    elif col.compare(binary.right):
+                        binary.right = binary.right._annotate(
+                            {"foreign": True}
+                        )
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.secondaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+                self.secondaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+            )
+
+    def _refers_to_parent_table(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the join condition contains column
+        comparisons where both columns are in both tables.
+
+        """
+        pt = self.parent_persist_selectable
+        mt = self.child_persist_selectable
+        result = False
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            nonlocal result
+            c, f = binary.left, binary.right
+            if (
+                isinstance(c, expression.ColumnClause)
+                and isinstance(f, expression.ColumnClause)
+                and pt.is_derived_from(c.table)
+                and pt.is_derived_from(f.table)
+                and mt.is_derived_from(c.table)
+                and mt.is_derived_from(f.table)
+            ):
+                result = True
+
+        visitors.traverse(self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+        return result
+
+    def _tables_overlap(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if parent/child tables have some overlap."""
+
+        return selectables_overlap(
+            self.parent_persist_selectable, self.child_persist_selectable
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_remote(self) -> None:
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'remote' annotations marking columns
+        considered as part of the 'remote' side.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_remote_annotations:
+            return
+
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            self._annotate_remote_secondary()
+        elif self._local_remote_pairs or self._remote_side:
+            self._annotate_remote_from_args()
+        elif self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(
+                lambda col: "foreign" in col._annotations, False
+            )
+        elif self._tables_overlap():
+            self._annotate_remote_with_overlap()
+        else:
+            self._annotate_remote_distinct_selectables()
+
+    def _annotate_remote_secondary(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when 'secondary' is present.
+
+        """
+
+        assert self.secondary is not None
+        fixed_secondary = self.secondary
+
+        def repl(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if fixed_secondary.c.contains_column(element):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
+        )
+
+        assert self.secondaryjoin is not None
+        self.secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.secondaryjoin, {}, repl
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_selfref(
+        self, fn: Callable[[ColumnElement[Any]], bool], remote_side_given: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the relationship is detected as self-referential.
+
+        """
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            equated = binary.left.compare(binary.right)
+            if isinstance(binary.left, expression.ColumnClause) and isinstance(
+                binary.right, expression.ColumnClause
+            ):
+                # assume one to many - FKs are "remote"
+                if fn(binary.left):
+                    binary.left = binary.left._annotate({"remote": True})
+                if fn(binary.right) and not equated:
+                    binary.right = binary.right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif not remote_side_given:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_remote_from_args(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the 'remote_side' or '_local_remote_pairs'
+        arguments are used.
+
+        """
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            if self._remote_side:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "remote_side argument is redundant "
+                    "against more detailed _local_remote_side "
+                    "argument."
+                )
+
+            remote_side = [r for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
+        else:
+            remote_side = self._remote_side
+
+        if self._refers_to_parent_table():
+            self._annotate_selfref(lambda col: col in remote_side, True)
+        else:
+
+            def repl(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+                # use set() to avoid generating ``__eq__()`` expressions
+                # against each element
+                if element in set(remote_side):
+                    return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+                return None
+
+            self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
+            )
+
+    def _annotate_remote_with_overlap(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables have some set of
+        tables in common, though is not a fully self-referential
+        relationship.
+
+        """
+
+        def visit_binary(binary: BinaryExpression[Any]) -> None:
+            binary.left, binary.right = proc_left_right(
+                binary.left, binary.right
+            )
+            binary.right, binary.left = proc_left_right(
+                binary.right, binary.left
+            )
+
+        check_entities = (
+            self.prop is not None and self.prop.mapper is not self.prop.parent
+        )
+
+        def proc_left_right(
+            left: ColumnElement[Any], right: ColumnElement[Any]
+        ) -> Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(left, expression.ColumnClause) and isinstance(
+                right, expression.ColumnClause
+            ):
+                if self.child_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(
+                    right
+                ) and self.parent_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(left):
+                    right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif (
+                check_entities
+                and right._annotations.get("parentmapper") is self.prop.mapper
+            ):
+                right = right._annotate({"remote": True})
+            elif (
+                check_entities
+                and left._annotations.get("parentmapper") is self.prop.mapper
+            ):
+                left = left._annotate({"remote": True})
+            else:
+                self._warn_non_column_elements()
+
+            return left, right
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, {"binary": visit_binary}
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_remote_distinct_selectables(self) -> None:
+        """annotate 'remote' in primaryjoin, secondaryjoin
+        when the parent/child tables are entirely
+        separate.
+
+        """
+
+        def repl(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if self.child_persist_selectable.c.contains_column(element) and (
+                not self.parent_local_selectable.c.contains_column(element)
+                or self.child_local_selectable.c.contains_column(element)
+            ):
+                return element._annotate({"remote": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, repl
+        )
+
+    def _warn_non_column_elements(self) -> None:
+        util.warn(
+            "Non-simple column elements in primary "
+            "join condition for property %s - consider using "
+            "remote() annotations to mark the remote side." % self.prop
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_local(self) -> None:
+        """Annotate the primaryjoin and secondaryjoin
+        structures with 'local' annotations.
+
+        This annotates all column elements found
+        simultaneously in the parent table
+        and the join condition that don't have a
+        'remote' annotation set up from
+        _annotate_remote() or user-defined.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_annotation(self.primaryjoin, "local"):
+            return
+
+        if self._local_remote_pairs:
+            local_side = util.column_set(
+                [l for (l, r) in self._local_remote_pairs]
+            )
+        else:
+            local_side = util.column_set(self.parent_persist_selectable.c)
+
+        def locals_(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if "remote" not in element._annotations and element in local_side:
+                return element._annotate({"local": True})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, locals_
+        )
+
+    def _annotate_parentmapper(self) -> None:
+        def parentmappers_(element: _CE, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_CE]:
+            if "remote" in element._annotations:
+                return element._annotate({"parentmapper": self.prop.mapper})
+            elif "local" in element._annotations:
+                return element._annotate({"parentmapper": self.prop.parent})
+            return None
+
+        self.primaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+            self.primaryjoin, {}, parentmappers_
+        )
+
+    def _check_remote_side(self) -> None:
+        if not self.local_remote_pairs:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Relationship %s could "
+                "not determine any unambiguous local/remote column "
+                "pairs based on join condition and remote_side "
+                "arguments.  "
+                "Consider using the remote() annotation to "
+                "accurately mark those elements of the join "
+                "condition that are on the remote side of "
+                "the relationship." % (self.prop,)
+            )
+        else:
+            not_target = util.column_set(
+                self.parent_persist_selectable.c
+            ).difference(self.child_persist_selectable.c)
+
+            for _, rmt in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                if rmt in not_target:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Expression %s is marked as 'remote', but these "
+                        "column(s) are local to the local side.  The "
+                        "remote() annotation is needed only for a "
+                        "self-referential relationship where both sides "
+                        "of the relationship refer to the same tables."
+                        % (rmt,)
+                    )
+
+    def _check_foreign_cols(
+        self, join_condition: ColumnElement[bool], primary: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        """Check the foreign key columns collected and emit error
+        messages."""
+
+        can_sync = False
+
+        foreign_cols = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+            join_condition, "foreign"
+        )
+
+        has_foreign = bool(foreign_cols)
+
+        if primary:
+            can_sync = bool(self.synchronize_pairs)
+        else:
+            can_sync = bool(self.secondary_synchronize_pairs)
+
+        if (
+            self.support_sync
+            and can_sync
+            or (not self.support_sync and has_foreign)
+        ):
+            return
+
+        # from here below is just determining the best error message
+        # to report.  Check for a join condition using any operator
+        # (not just ==), perhaps they need to turn on "viewonly=True".
+        if self.support_sync and has_foreign and not can_sync:
+            err = (
+                "Could not locate any simple equality expressions "
+                "involving locally mapped foreign key columns for "
+                "%s join condition "
+                "'%s' on relationship %s."
+                % (
+                    primary and "primary" or "secondary",
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop,
+                )
+            )
+            err += (
+                "  Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "
+                "annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "
+                "annotation. To allow comparison operators other than "
+                "'==', the relationship can be marked as viewonly=True."
+            )
+
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+        else:
+            err = (
+                "Could not locate any relevant foreign key columns "
+                "for %s join condition '%s' on relationship %s."
+                % (
+                    primary and "primary" or "secondary",
+                    join_condition,
+                    self.prop,
+                )
+            )
+            err += (
+                "  Ensure that referencing columns are associated "
+                "with a ForeignKey or ForeignKeyConstraint, or are "
+                "annotated in the join condition with the foreign() "
+                "annotation."
+            )
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(err)
+
+    def _determine_direction(self) -> None:
+        """Determine if this relationship is one to many, many to one,
+        many to many.
+
+        """
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            self.direction = MANYTOMANY
+        else:
+            parentcols = util.column_set(self.parent_persist_selectable.c)
+            targetcols = util.column_set(self.child_persist_selectable.c)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests ONETOMANY.
+            onetomany_fk = targetcols.intersection(self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            # fk collection which suggests MANYTOONE.
+
+            manytoone_fk = parentcols.intersection(self.foreign_key_columns)
+
+            if onetomany_fk and manytoone_fk:
+                # fks on both sides.  test for overlap of local/remote
+                # with foreign key.
+                # we will gather columns directly from their annotations
+                # without deannotating, so that we can distinguish on a column
+                # that refers to itself.
+
+                # 1. columns that are both remote and FK suggest
+                # onetomany.
+                onetomany_local = self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.primaryjoin, "remote", "foreign"
+                )
+
+                # 2. columns that are FK but are not remote (e.g. local)
+                # suggest manytoone.
+                manytoone_local = {
+                    c
+                    for c in self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                        self.primaryjoin, "foreign"
+                    )
+                    if "remote" not in c._annotations
+                }
+
+                # 3. if both collections are present, remove columns that
+                # refer to themselves.  This is for the case of
+                # and_(Me.id == Me.remote_id, Me.version == Me.version)
+                if onetomany_local and manytoone_local:
+                    self_equated = self.remote_columns.intersection(
+                        self.local_columns
+                    )
+                    onetomany_local = onetomany_local.difference(self_equated)
+                    manytoone_local = manytoone_local.difference(self_equated)
+
+                # at this point, if only one or the other collection is
+                # present, we know the direction, otherwise it's still
+                # ambiguous.
+
+                if onetomany_local and not manytoone_local:
+                    self.direction = ONETOMANY
+                elif manytoone_local and not onetomany_local:
+                    self.direction = MANYTOONE
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't determine relationship"
+                        " direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                        "key columns within the join condition are present "
+                        "in both the parent and the child's mapped tables.  "
+                        "Ensure that only those columns referring "
+                        "to a parent column are marked as foreign, "
+                        "either via the foreign() annotation or "
+                        "via the foreign_keys argument." % self.prop
+                    )
+            elif onetomany_fk:
+                self.direction = ONETOMANY
+            elif manytoone_fk:
+                self.direction = MANYTOONE
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't determine relationship "
+                    "direction for relationship '%s' - foreign "
+                    "key columns are present in neither the parent "
+                    "nor the child's mapped tables" % self.prop
+                )
+
+    def _deannotate_pairs(
+        self, collection: _ColumnPairIterable
+    ) -> _MutableColumnPairs:
+        """provide deannotation for the various lists of
+        pairs, so that using them in hashes doesn't incur
+        high-overhead __eq__() comparisons against
+        original columns mapped.
+
+        """
+        return [(x._deannotate(), y._deannotate()) for x, y in collection]
+
+    def _setup_pairs(self) -> None:
+        sync_pairs: _MutableColumnPairs = []
+        lrp: util.OrderedSet[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]] = (
+            util.OrderedSet([])
+        )
+        secondary_sync_pairs: _MutableColumnPairs = []
+
+        def go(
+            joincond: ColumnElement[bool],
+            collection: _MutableColumnPairs,
+        ) -> None:
+            def visit_binary(
+                binary: BinaryExpression[Any],
+                left: ColumnElement[Any],
+                right: ColumnElement[Any],
+            ) -> None:
+                if (
+                    "remote" in right._annotations
+                    and "remote" not in left._annotations
+                    and self.can_be_synced_fn(left)
+                ):
+                    lrp.add((left, right))
+                elif (
+                    "remote" in left._annotations
+                    and "remote" not in right._annotations
+                    and self.can_be_synced_fn(right)
+                ):
+                    lrp.add((right, left))
+                if binary.operator is operators.eq and self.can_be_synced_fn(
+                    left, right
+                ):
+                    if "foreign" in right._annotations:
+                        collection.append((left, right))
+                    elif "foreign" in left._annotations:
+                        collection.append((right, left))
+
+            visit_binary_product(visit_binary, joincond)
+
+        for joincond, collection in [
+            (self.primaryjoin, sync_pairs),
+            (self.secondaryjoin, secondary_sync_pairs),
+        ]:
+            if joincond is None:
+                continue
+            go(joincond, collection)
+
+        self.local_remote_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(lrp)
+        self.synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(sync_pairs)
+        self.secondary_synchronize_pairs = self._deannotate_pairs(
+            secondary_sync_pairs
+        )
+
+    _track_overlapping_sync_targets: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+        ColumnElement[Any],
+        weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+            RelationshipProperty[Any], ColumnElement[Any]
+        ],
+    ] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _warn_for_conflicting_sync_targets(self) -> None:
+        if not self.support_sync:
+            return
+
+        # we would like to detect if we are synchronizing any column
+        # pairs in conflict with another relationship that wishes to sync
+        # an entirely different column to the same target.   This is a
+        # very rare edge case so we will try to minimize the memory/overhead
+        # impact of this check
+        for from_, to_ in [
+            (from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.synchronize_pairs
+        ] + [
+            (from_, to_) for (from_, to_) in self.secondary_synchronize_pairs
+        ]:
+            # save ourselves a ton of memory and overhead by only
+            # considering columns that are subject to a overlapping
+            # FK constraints at the core level.   This condition can arise
+            # if multiple relationships overlap foreign() directly, but
+            # we're going to assume it's typically a ForeignKeyConstraint-
+            # level configuration that benefits from this warning.
+
+            if to_ not in self._track_overlapping_sync_targets:
+                self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_] = (
+                    weakref.WeakKeyDictionary({self.prop: from_})
+                )
+            else:
+                other_props = []
+                prop_to_from = self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_]
+
+                for pr, fr_ in prop_to_from.items():
+                    if (
+                        not pr.mapper._dispose_called
+                        and pr not in self.prop._reverse_property
+                        and pr.key not in self.prop._overlaps
+                        and self.prop.key not in pr._overlaps
+                        # note: the "__*" symbol is used internally by
+                        # SQLAlchemy as a general means of suppressing the
+                        # overlaps warning for some extension cases, however
+                        # this is not currently
+                        # a publicly supported symbol and may change at
+                        # any time.
+                        and "__*" not in self.prop._overlaps
+                        and "__*" not in pr._overlaps
+                        and not self.prop.parent.is_sibling(pr.parent)
+                        and not self.prop.mapper.is_sibling(pr.mapper)
+                        and not self.prop.parent.is_sibling(pr.mapper)
+                        and not self.prop.mapper.is_sibling(pr.parent)
+                        and (
+                            self.prop.key != pr.key
+                            or not self.prop.parent.common_parent(pr.parent)
+                        )
+                    ):
+                        other_props.append((pr, fr_))
+
+                if other_props:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "relationship '%s' will copy column %s to column %s, "
+                        "which conflicts with relationship(s): %s. "
+                        "If this is not the intention, consider if these "
+                        "relationships should be linked with "
+                        "back_populates, or if viewonly=True should be "
+                        "applied to one or more if they are read-only. "
+                        "For the less common case that foreign key "
+                        "constraints are partially overlapping, the "
+                        "orm.foreign() "
+                        "annotation can be used to isolate the columns that "
+                        "should be written towards.   To silence this "
+                        "warning, add the parameter 'overlaps=\"%s\"' to the "
+                        "'%s' relationship."
+                        % (
+                            self.prop,
+                            from_,
+                            to_,
+                            ", ".join(
+                                sorted(
+                                    "'%s' (copies %s to %s)" % (pr, fr_, to_)
+                                    for (pr, fr_) in other_props
+                                )
+                            ),
+                            ",".join(sorted(pr.key for pr, fr in other_props)),
+                            self.prop,
+                        ),
+                        code="qzyx",
+                    )
+                self._track_overlapping_sync_targets[to_][self.prop] = from_
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def remote_columns(self) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("remote")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def local_columns(self) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("local")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def foreign_key_columns(self) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._gather_join_annotations("foreign")
+
+    def _gather_join_annotations(
+        self, annotation: str
+    ) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        s = set(
+            self._gather_columns_with_annotation(self.primaryjoin, annotation)
+        )
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            s.update(
+                self._gather_columns_with_annotation(
+                    self.secondaryjoin, annotation
+                )
+            )
+        return {x._deannotate() for x in s}
+
+    def _gather_columns_with_annotation(
+        self, clause: ColumnElement[Any], *annotation: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> Set[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        annotation_set = set(annotation)
+        return {
+            cast(ColumnElement[Any], col)
+            for col in visitors.iterate(clause, {})
+            if annotation_set.issubset(col._annotations)
+        }
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _secondary_lineage_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if self.secondary is not None:
+            return frozenset(
+                itertools.chain(*[c.proxy_set for c in self.secondary.c])
+            )
+        else:
+            return util.EMPTY_SET
+
+    def join_targets(
+        self,
+        source_selectable: Optional[FromClause],
+        dest_selectable: FromClause,
+        aliased: bool,
+        single_crit: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        ColumnElement[bool],
+        Optional[ColumnElement[bool]],
+        Optional[FromClause],
+        Optional[ClauseAdapter],
+        FromClause,
+    ]:
+        """Given a source and destination selectable, create a
+        join between them.
+
+        This takes into account aliasing the join clause
+        to reference the appropriate corresponding columns
+        in the target objects, as well as the extra child
+        criterion, equivalent column sets, etc.
+
+        """
+        # place a barrier on the destination such that
+        # replacement traversals won't ever dig into it.
+        # its internal structure remains fixed
+        # regardless of context.
+        dest_selectable = _shallow_annotate(
+            dest_selectable, {"no_replacement_traverse": True}
+        )
+
+        primaryjoin, secondaryjoin, secondary = (
+            self.primaryjoin,
+            self.secondaryjoin,
+            self.secondary,
+        )
+
+        # adjust the join condition for single table inheritance,
+        # in the case that the join is to a subclass
+        # this is analogous to the
+        # "_adjust_for_single_table_inheritance()" method in Query.
+
+        if single_crit is not None:
+            if secondaryjoin is not None:
+                secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin & single_crit
+            else:
+                primaryjoin = primaryjoin & single_crit
+
+        if extra_criteria:
+
+            def mark_exclude_cols(
+                elem: SupportsAnnotations, annotations: _AnnotationDict
+            ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+                """note unrelated columns in the "extra criteria" as either
+                should be adapted or not adapted, even though they are not
+                part of our "local" or "remote" side.
+
+                see #9779 for this case, as well as #11010 for a follow up
+
+                """
+
+                parentmapper_for_element = elem._annotations.get(
+                    "parentmapper", None
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    parentmapper_for_element is not self.prop.parent
+                    and parentmapper_for_element is not self.prop.mapper
+                    and elem not in self._secondary_lineage_set
+                ):
+                    return _safe_annotate(elem, annotations)
+                else:
+                    return elem
+
+            extra_criteria = tuple(
+                _deep_annotate(
+                    elem,
+                    {"should_not_adapt": True},
+                    annotate_callable=mark_exclude_cols,
+                )
+                for elem in extra_criteria
+            )
+
+            if secondaryjoin is not None:
+                secondaryjoin = secondaryjoin & sql.and_(*extra_criteria)
+            else:
+                primaryjoin = primaryjoin & sql.and_(*extra_criteria)
+
+        if aliased:
+            if secondary is not None:
+                secondary = secondary._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True)
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    secondary,
+                    exclude_fn=_local_col_exclude,
+                )
+                secondary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    dest_selectable, equivalents=self.child_equivalents
+                ).chain(primary_aliasizer)
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                        secondary,
+                        exclude_fn=_local_col_exclude,
+                    ).chain(
+                        ClauseAdapter(
+                            source_selectable,
+                            equivalents=self.parent_equivalents,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                secondaryjoin = secondary_aliasizer.traverse(secondaryjoin)
+            else:
+                primary_aliasizer = ClauseAdapter(
+                    dest_selectable,
+                    exclude_fn=_local_col_exclude,
+                    equivalents=self.child_equivalents,
+                )
+                if source_selectable is not None:
+                    primary_aliasizer.chain(
+                        ClauseAdapter(
+                            source_selectable,
+                            exclude_fn=_remote_col_exclude,
+                            equivalents=self.parent_equivalents,
+                        )
+                    )
+                secondary_aliasizer = None
+
+            primaryjoin = primary_aliasizer.traverse(primaryjoin)
+            target_adapter = secondary_aliasizer or primary_aliasizer
+            target_adapter.exclude_fn = None
+        else:
+            target_adapter = None
+        return (
+            primaryjoin,
+            secondaryjoin,
+            secondary,
+            target_adapter,
+            dest_selectable,
+        )
+
+    def create_lazy_clause(self, reverse_direction: bool = False) -> Tuple[
+        ColumnElement[bool],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]:
+        binds: Dict[ColumnElement[Any], BindParameter[Any]] = {}
+        equated_columns: Dict[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]] = {}
+
+        has_secondary = self.secondaryjoin is not None
+
+        if has_secondary:
+            lookup = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                lookup[l].append((l, r))
+                equated_columns[r] = l
+        elif not reverse_direction:
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                equated_columns[r] = l
+        else:
+            for l, r in self.local_remote_pairs:
+                equated_columns[l] = r
+
+        def col_to_bind(
+            element: ColumnElement[Any], **kw: Any
+        ) -> Optional[BindParameter[Any]]:
+            if (
+                (not reverse_direction and "local" in element._annotations)
+                or reverse_direction
+                and (
+                    (has_secondary and element in lookup)
+                    or (not has_secondary and "remote" in element._annotations)
+                )
+            ):
+                if element not in binds:
+                    binds[element] = sql.bindparam(
+                        None, None, type_=element.type, unique=True
+                    )
+                return binds[element]
+            return None
+
+        lazywhere = self.primaryjoin
+        if self.secondaryjoin is None or not reverse_direction:
+            lazywhere = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                lazywhere, {}, col_to_bind
+            )
+
+        if self.secondaryjoin is not None:
+            secondaryjoin = self.secondaryjoin
+            if reverse_direction:
+                secondaryjoin = visitors.replacement_traverse(
+                    secondaryjoin, {}, col_to_bind
+                )
+            lazywhere = sql.and_(lazywhere, secondaryjoin)
+
+        bind_to_col = {binds[col].key: col for col in binds}
+
+        return lazywhere, bind_to_col, equated_columns
+
+
+class _ColInAnnotations:
+    """Serializable object that tests for names in c._annotations.
+
+    TODO: does this need to be serializable anymore?  can we find what the
+    use case was for that?
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("names",)
+
+    def __init__(self, *names: str):
+        self.names = frozenset(names)
+
+    def __call__(self, c: ClauseElement) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.names.intersection(c._annotations))
+
+
+_local_col_exclude = _ColInAnnotations("local", "should_not_adapt")
+_remote_col_exclude = _ColInAnnotations("remote", "should_not_adapt")
+
+
+class Relationship(
+    RelationshipProperty[_T],
+    _DeclarativeMapped[_T],
+):
+    """Describes an object property that holds a single item or list
+    of items that correspond to a related database table.
+
+    Public constructor is the :func:`_orm.relationship` function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`relationship_config_toplevel`
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0 Added :class:`_orm.Relationship` as a Declarative
+       compatible subclass for :class:`_orm.RelationshipProperty`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+
+class _RelationshipDeclared(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    Relationship[_T],
+    WriteOnlyMapped[_T],  # not compatible with Mapped[_T]
+    DynamicMapped[_T],  # not compatible with Mapped[_T]
+):
+    """Relationship subclass used implicitly for declarative mapping."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    """:meta private:"""
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _mapper_property_name(cls) -> str:
+        return "Relationship"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0e9f17e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/scoping.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2163 @@
+# orm/scoping.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .session import _S
+from .session import Session
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import create_proxy_methods
+from ..util import ScopedRegistry
+from ..util import ThreadLocalRegistry
+from ..util import warn
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .identity import IdentityMap
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .query import Query
+    from .query import RowReturningQuery
+    from .session import _BindArguments
+    from .session import _EntityBindKey
+    from .session import _PKIdentityArgument
+    from .session import _SessionBind
+    from .session import sessionmaker
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import CursorResult
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine import Result
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _T0
+    from ..sql._typing import _T1
+    from ..sql._typing import _T2
+    from ..sql._typing import _T3
+    from ..sql._typing import _T4
+    from ..sql._typing import _T5
+    from ..sql._typing import _T6
+    from ..sql._typing import _T7
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ..sql.base import Executable
+    from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.roles import TypedColumnsClauseRole
+    from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+class QueryPropertyDescriptor(Protocol):
+    """Describes the type applied to a class-level
+    :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.query_property` attribute.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.5
+
+    """
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Type[_T]) -> Query[_T]: ...
+
+
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+
+__all__ = ["scoped_session"]
+
+
+@create_proxy_methods(
+    Session,
+    ":class:`_orm.Session`",
+    ":class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session`",
+    classmethods=["close_all", "object_session", "identity_key"],
+    methods=[
+        "__contains__",
+        "__iter__",
+        "add",
+        "add_all",
+        "begin",
+        "begin_nested",
+        "close",
+        "reset",
+        "commit",
+        "connection",
+        "delete",
+        "execute",
+        "expire",
+        "expire_all",
+        "expunge",
+        "expunge_all",
+        "flush",
+        "get",
+        "get_one",
+        "get_bind",
+        "is_modified",
+        "bulk_save_objects",
+        "bulk_insert_mappings",
+        "bulk_update_mappings",
+        "merge",
+        "query",
+        "refresh",
+        "rollback",
+        "scalar",
+        "scalars",
+    ],
+    attributes=[
+        "bind",
+        "dirty",
+        "deleted",
+        "new",
+        "identity_map",
+        "is_active",
+        "autoflush",
+        "no_autoflush",
+        "info",
+    ],
+)
+class scoped_session(Generic[_S]):
+    """Provides scoped management of :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+    See :ref:`unitofwork_contextual` for a tutorial.
+
+    .. note::
+
+       When using :ref:`asyncio_toplevel`, the async-compatible
+       :class:`_asyncio.async_scoped_session` class should be
+       used in place of :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+    """
+
+    _support_async: bool = False
+
+    session_factory: sessionmaker[_S]
+    """The `session_factory` provided to `__init__` is stored in this
+    attribute and may be accessed at a later time.  This can be useful when
+    a new non-scoped :class:`.Session` is needed."""
+
+    registry: ScopedRegistry[_S]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session_factory: sessionmaker[_S],
+        scopefunc: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        :param session_factory: a factory to create new :class:`.Session`
+         instances. This is usually, but not necessarily, an instance
+         of :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+        :param scopefunc: optional function which defines
+         the current scope.   If not passed, the :class:`.scoped_session`
+         object assumes "thread-local" scope, and will use
+         a Python ``threading.local()`` in order to maintain the current
+         :class:`.Session`.  If passed, the function should return
+         a hashable token; this token will be used as the key in a
+         dictionary in order to store and retrieve the current
+         :class:`.Session`.
+
+        """
+        self.session_factory = session_factory
+
+        if scopefunc:
+            self.registry = ScopedRegistry(session_factory, scopefunc)
+        else:
+            self.registry = ThreadLocalRegistry(session_factory)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxied(self) -> _S:
+        return self.registry()
+
+    def __call__(self, **kw: Any) -> _S:
+        r"""Return the current :class:`.Session`, creating it
+        using the :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` if not present.
+
+        :param \**kw: Keyword arguments will be passed to the
+         :attr:`.scoped_session.session_factory` callable, if an existing
+         :class:`.Session` is not present.  If the :class:`.Session` is present
+         and keyword arguments have been passed,
+         :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        if kw:
+            if self.registry.has():
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Scoped session is already present; "
+                    "no new arguments may be specified."
+                )
+            else:
+                sess = self.session_factory(**kw)
+                self.registry.set(sess)
+        else:
+            sess = self.registry()
+        if not self._support_async and sess._is_asyncio:
+            warn_deprecated(
+                "Using `scoped_session` with asyncio is deprecated and "
+                "will raise an error in a future version. "
+                "Please use `async_scoped_session` instead.",
+                "1.4.23",
+            )
+        return sess
+
+    def configure(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        """reconfigure the :class:`.sessionmaker` used by this
+        :class:`.scoped_session`.
+
+        See :meth:`.sessionmaker.configure`.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            warn(
+                "At least one scoped session is already present. "
+                " configure() can not affect sessions that have "
+                "already been created."
+            )
+
+        self.session_factory.configure(**kwargs)
+
+    def remove(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of the current :class:`.Session`, if present.
+
+        This will first call :meth:`.Session.close` method
+        on the current :class:`.Session`, which releases any existing
+        transactional/connection resources still being held; transactions
+        specifically are rolled back.  The :class:`.Session` is then
+        discarded.   Upon next usage within the same scope,
+        the :class:`.scoped_session` will produce a new
+        :class:`.Session` object.
+
+        """
+
+        if self.registry.has():
+            self.registry().close()
+        self.registry.clear()
+
+    def query_property(
+        self, query_cls: Optional[Type[Query[_T]]] = None
+    ) -> QueryPropertyDescriptor:
+        """return a class property which produces a legacy
+        :class:`_query.Query` object against the class and the current
+        :class:`.Session` when called.
+
+        .. legacy:: The :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.query_property` accessor
+           is specific to the legacy :class:`.Query` object and is not
+           considered to be part of :term:`2.0-style` ORM use.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import QueryPropertyDescriptor
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import scoped_session
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+            Session = scoped_session(sessionmaker())
+
+
+            class MyClass:
+                query: QueryPropertyDescriptor = Session.query_property()
+
+
+            # after mappers are defined
+            result = MyClass.query.filter(MyClass.name == "foo").all()
+
+        Produces instances of the session's configured query class by
+        default.  To override and use a custom implementation, provide
+        a ``query_cls`` callable.  The callable will be invoked with
+        the class's mapper as a positional argument and a session
+        keyword argument.
+
+        There is no limit to the number of query properties placed on
+        a class.
+
+        """
+
+        class query:
+            def __get__(s, instance: Any, owner: Type[_O]) -> Query[_O]:
+                if query_cls:
+                    # custom query class
+                    return query_cls(owner, session=self.registry())  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                else:
+                    # session's configured query class
+                    return self.registry().query(owner)
+
+        return query()
+
+    # START PROXY METHODS scoped_session
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_proxy_methods.py
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        r"""Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__contains__(instance)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        r"""Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.__iter__()
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        r"""Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add(instance, _warn=_warn)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        r"""Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.add_all(instances)
+
+    def begin(self, nested: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        r"""Begin a transaction, or nested transaction,
+        on this :class:`.Session`, if one is not already begun.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Session` object features **autobegin** behavior,
+        so that normally it is not necessary to call the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`
+        method explicitly. However, it may be used in order to control
+        the scope of when the transactional state is begun.
+
+        When used to begin the outermost transaction, an error is raised
+        if this :class:`.Session` is already inside of a transaction.
+
+        :param nested: if True, begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is
+         equivalent to calling :meth:`~.Session.begin_nested`. For
+         documentation on SAVEPOINT transactions, please see
+         :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         acts as a Python context manager, allowing :meth:`.Session.begin`
+         to be used in a "with" block.  See :ref:`session_explicit_begin` for
+         an example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_autobegin`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin(nested=nested)
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> SessionTransaction:
+        r"""Begin a "nested" transaction on this Session, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The target database(s) and associated drivers must support SQL
+        SAVEPOINT for this method to function correctly.
+
+        For documentation on SAVEPOINT
+        transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` acts as a context manager, allowing
+         :meth:`.Session.begin_nested` to be used in a "with" block.
+         See :ref:`session_begin_nested` for a usage example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_begin_nested`
+
+            :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly. For asyncio use cases, see the section
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.begin_nested()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This expunges all ORM objects associated with this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, ends any transaction in progress and
+        :term:`releases` any :class:`_engine.Connection` objects which this
+        :class:`_orm.Session` itself has checked out from associated
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` objects. The operation then leaves the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` in a state which it may be used again.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            In the default running mode the :meth:`_orm.Session.close`
+            method **does not prevent the Session from being used again**.
+            The :class:`_orm.Session` itself does not actually have a
+            distinct "closed" state; it merely means
+            the :class:`_orm.Session` will release all database connections
+            and ORM objects.
+
+            Setting the parameter :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only`
+            to ``False`` will instead make the ``close`` final, meaning that
+            any further action on the session will be forbidden.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :meth:`.Session.close` method does not
+           immediately create a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` object;
+           instead, the new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created only if
+           the :class:`.Session` is used again for a database operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - a similar method that behaves like
+            ``close()`` with  the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` set to ``True``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.close()
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        r"""Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This method provides for same "reset-only" behavior that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.close` method has provided historically, where the
+        state of the :class:`_orm.Session` is reset as though the object were
+        brand new, and ready to be used again.
+        This method may then be useful for :class:`_orm.Session` objects
+        which set :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` to ``False``,
+        so that "reset only" behavior is still available.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - a similar method will additionally
+            prevent re-use of the Session when the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` is set to ``False``.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.reset()
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        r"""Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        When the COMMIT operation is complete, all objects are fully
+        :term:`expired`, erasing their internal contents, which will be
+        automatically re-loaded when the objects are next accessed. In the
+        interim, these objects are in an expired state and will not function if
+        they are :term:`detached` from the :class:`.Session`. Additionally,
+        this re-load operation is not supported when using asyncio-oriented
+        APIs. The :paramref:`.Session.expire_on_commit` parameter may be used
+        to disable this behavior.
+
+        When there is no transaction in place for the :class:`.Session`,
+        indicating that no operations were invoked on this :class:`.Session`
+        since the previous call to :meth:`.Session.commit`, the method will
+        begin and commit an internal-only "logical" transaction, that does not
+        normally affect the database unless pending flush changes were
+        detected, but will still invoke event handlers and object expiration
+        rules.
+
+        The outermost database transaction is committed unconditionally,
+        automatically releasing any SAVEPOINTs in effect.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_committing`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_orm_avoid_lazyloads`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.commit()
+
+    def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_engine.Connection` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Either the :class:`_engine.Connection` corresponding to the current
+        transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new
+        one is begun and the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        returned (note that no
+        transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first
+        SQL statement is emitted).
+
+        Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound :class:`.Session` objects can be
+        resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments.   This
+        ultimately makes usage of the :meth:`.get_bind` method for resolution.
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of bind arguments.  May include
+         "mapper", "bind", "clause", other custom arguments that are passed
+         to :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.
+
+        :param execution_options: a dictionary of execution options that will
+         be passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, **when the
+         connection is first procured only**.   If the connection is already
+         present within the :class:`.Session`, a warning is emitted and
+         the arguments are ignored.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_transaction_isolation`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.connection(
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+
+    def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The object is assumed to be either :term:`persistent` or
+        :term:`detached` when passed; after the method is called, the
+        object will remain in the :term:`persistent` state until the next
+        flush proceeds.  During this time, the object will also be a member
+        of the :attr:`_orm.Session.deleted` collection.
+
+        When the next flush proceeds, the object will move to the
+        :term:`deleted` state, indicating a ``DELETE`` statement was emitted
+        for its row within the current transaction.   When the transaction
+        is successfully committed,
+        the deleted object is moved to the :term:`detached` state and is
+        no longer present within this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_deleting` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.delete(instance)
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a SQL expression construct.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Returns a :class:`_engine.Result` object representing
+        results of the statement execution.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+
+            result = session.execute(select(User).where(User.id == 5))
+
+        The API contract of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` is similar to that
+        of :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, the :term:`2.0 style` version
+        of :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method is
+           now the primary point of ORM statement execution when using
+           :term:`2.0 style` ORM usage.
+
+        :param statement:
+            An executable statement (i.e. an :class:`.Executable` expression
+            such as :func:`_expression.select`).
+
+        :param params:
+            Optional dictionary, or list of dictionaries, containing
+            bound parameter values.   If a single dictionary, single-row
+            execution occurs; if a list of dictionaries, an
+            "executemany" will be invoked.  The keys in each dictionary
+            must correspond to parameter names present in the statement.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may also
+         provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.execute(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _parent_execute_state=_parent_execute_state,
+            _add_event=_add_event,
+        )
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire(instance, attribute_names=attribute_names)
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expire_all()
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        r"""Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge(instance)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        r"""Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.expunge_all()
+
+    def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        r"""Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications
+        to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc.  Operations are
+        automatically ordered by the Session's unit of work dependency
+        solver.
+
+        Database operations will be issued in the current transactional
+        context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an
+        error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back.
+        You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move
+        changes from Python to the database's transaction buffer.
+
+        :param objects: Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate
+          only on elements that are in the given collection.
+
+          This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where
+          particular objects may need to be operated upon before the
+          full flush() occurs.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.flush(objects=objects)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        r"""Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.get(User, 5)
+
+            some_object = session.get(VersionedFoo, (5, 10))
+
+            some_object = session.get(VersionedFoo, {"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.get`, which is moved
+           from the now legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.get` method.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :param entity: a mapped class or :class:`.Mapper` indicating the
+         type of entity to be loaded.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar, tuple, or dictionary representing the
+         primary key.  For a composite (e.g. multiple column) primary key,
+         a tuple or dictionary should be passed.
+
+         For a single-column primary key, the scalar calling form is typically
+         the most expedient.  If the primary key of a row is the value "5",
+         the call looks like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, 5)
+
+         The tuple form contains primary key values typically in
+         the order in which they correspond to the mapped
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         object's primary key columns, or if the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key` configuration parameter were
+         used, in
+         the order used for that parameter. For example, if the primary key
+         of a row is represented by the integer
+         digits "5, 10" the call would look like::
+
+             my_object = session.get(SomeClass, (5, 10))
+
+         The dictionary form should include as keys the mapped attribute names
+         corresponding to each element of the primary key.  If the mapped class
+         has the attributes ``id``, ``version_id`` as the attributes which
+         store the object's primary key value, the call would look like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, {"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the query, if one is emitted.
+
+        :param populate_existing: causes the method to unconditionally emit
+         a SQL query and refresh the object with the newly loaded data,
+         regardless of whether or not the object is already present.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the query execution if one is emitted.
+         This dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are
+         accepted by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may
+         also provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.29
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+         .. versionadded: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Return exactly one instance based on the given primary key
+        identifier, or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query
+        selects no rows.
+
+        For a detailed documentation of the arguments see the
+        method :meth:`.Session.get`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        :return: The object instance.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Session.get` - equivalent method that instead
+              returns ``None`` if no row was found with the provided primary
+              key
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_one(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        _sa_skip_events: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _sa_skip_for_implicit_returning: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        r"""Return a "bind" to which this :class:`.Session` is bound.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The "bind" is usually an instance of :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+        except in the case where the :class:`.Session` has been
+        explicitly bound directly to a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a multiply-bound or unbound :class:`.Session`, the
+        ``mapper`` or ``clause`` arguments are used to determine the
+        appropriate bind to return.
+
+        Note that the "mapper" argument is usually present
+        when :meth:`.Session.get_bind` is called via an ORM
+        operation such as a :meth:`.Session.query`, each
+        individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a
+        :meth:`.Session.flush`, call, etc.
+
+        The order of resolution is:
+
+        1. if mapper given and :paramref:`.Session.binds` is present,
+           locate a bind based first on the mapper in use, then
+           on the mapped class in use, then on any base classes that are
+           present in the ``__mro__`` of the mapped class, from more specific
+           superclasses to more general.
+        2. if clause given and ``Session.binds`` is present,
+           locate a bind based on :class:`_schema.Table` objects
+           found in the given clause present in ``Session.binds``.
+        3. if ``Session.binds`` is present, return that.
+        4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the clause.
+        5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+           selectable to which the mapper is mapped.
+        6. No bind can be found, :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.UnboundExecutionError`
+           is raised.
+
+        Note that the :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method can be overridden on
+        a user-defined subclass of :class:`.Session` to provide any kind
+        of bind resolution scheme.  See the example at
+        :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional mapped class or corresponding :class:`_orm.Mapper` instance.
+          The bind can be derived from a :class:`_orm.Mapper` first by
+          consulting the "binds" map associated with this :class:`.Session`,
+          and secondly by consulting the :class:`_schema.MetaData` associated
+          with the :class:`_schema.Table` to which the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is
+          mapped for a bind.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` (i.e.
+            :func:`_expression.select`,
+            :func:`_expression.text`,
+            etc.).  If the ``mapper`` argument is not present or could not
+            produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched
+            for a bound element, typically a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            associated with
+            bound :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+             :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.get_bind(
+            mapper=mapper,
+            clause=clause,
+            bind=bind,
+            _sa_skip_events=_sa_skip_events,
+            _sa_skip_for_implicit_returning=_sa_skip_for_implicit_returning,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously flushed or committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_modified(
+            instance, include_collections=include_collections
+        )
+
+    def bulk_save_objects(
+        self,
+        objects: Iterable[object],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        update_changed_only: bool = True,
+        preserve_order: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Perform a bulk save of the given list of objects.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.
+
+            For general INSERT and UPDATE of existing ORM mapped objects,
+            prefer standard :term:`unit of work` data management patterns,
+            introduced in the :ref:`unified_tutorial` at
+            :ref:`tutorial_orm_data_manipulation`.  SQLAlchemy 2.0
+            now uses :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` with modern dialects
+            which solves previous issues of bulk INSERT slowness.
+
+        :param objects: a sequence of mapped object instances.  The mapped
+         objects are persisted as is, and are **not** associated with the
+         :class:`.Session` afterwards.
+
+         For each object, whether the object is sent as an INSERT or an
+         UPDATE is dependent on the same rules used by the :class:`.Session`
+         in traditional operation; if the object has the
+         :attr:`.InstanceState.key`
+         attribute set, then the object is assumed to be "detached" and
+         will result in an UPDATE.  Otherwise, an INSERT is used.
+
+         In the case of an UPDATE, statements are grouped based on which
+         attributes have changed, and are thus to be the subject of each
+         SET clause.  If ``update_changed_only`` is False, then all
+         attributes present within each object are applied to the UPDATE
+         statement, which may help in allowing the statements to be grouped
+         together into a larger executemany(), and will also reduce the
+         overhead of checking history on attributes.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
+         generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
+         will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
+         is available.  In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
+         and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
+         to provide primary key values ahead of time; however,
+         :paramref:`.Session.bulk_save_objects.return_defaults` **greatly
+         reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.  It is strongly
+         advised to please use the standard :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+         approach.
+
+        :param update_changed_only: when True, UPDATE statements are rendered
+         based on those attributes in each state that have logged changes.
+         When False, all attributes present are rendered into the SET clause
+         with the exception of primary key attributes.
+
+        :param preserve_order: when True, the order of inserts and updates
+         matches exactly the order in which the objects are given.   When
+         False, common types of objects are grouped into inserts
+         and updates, to allow for more batching opportunities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bulk_save_objects(
+            objects,
+            return_defaults=return_defaults,
+            update_changed_only=update_changed_only,
+            preserve_order=preserve_order,
+        )
+
+    def bulk_insert_mappings(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        render_nulls: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Perform a bulk insert of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be inserted, in terms of the attribute
+         names on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables,
+         such as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary must contain all
+         keys to be populated into all tables.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, the INSERT process will be altered
+         to ensure that newly generated primary key values will be fetched.
+         The rationale for this parameter is typically to enable
+         :ref:`Joined Table Inheritance <joined_inheritance>` mappings to
+         be bulk inserted.
+
+         .. note:: for backends that don't support RETURNING, the
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.bulk_insert_mappings.return_defaults`
+            parameter can significantly decrease performance as INSERT
+            statements can no longer be batched.   See
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+            for background on which backends are affected.
+
+        :param render_nulls: When True, a value of ``None`` will result
+         in a NULL value being included in the INSERT statement, rather
+         than the column being omitted from the INSERT.   This allows all
+         the rows being INSERTed to have the identical set of columns which
+         allows the full set of rows to be batched to the DBAPI.  Normally,
+         each column-set that contains a different combination of NULL values
+         than the previous row must omit a different series of columns from
+         the rendered INSERT statement, which means it must be emitted as a
+         separate statement.   By passing this flag, the full set of rows
+         are guaranteed to be batchable into one batch; the cost however is
+         that server-side defaults which are invoked by an omitted column will
+         be skipped, so care must be taken to ensure that these are not
+         necessary.
+
+         .. warning::
+
+            When this flag is set, **server side default SQL values will
+            not be invoked** for those columns that are inserted as NULL;
+            the NULL value will be sent explicitly.   Care must be taken
+            to ensure that no server-side default functions need to be
+            invoked for the operation as a whole.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bulk_insert_mappings(
+            mapper,
+            mappings,
+            return_defaults=return_defaults,
+            render_nulls=render_nulls,
+        )
+
+    def bulk_update_mappings(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any], mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Perform a bulk update of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be updated, in terms of the attribute names
+         on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables, such
+         as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary may contain keys
+         corresponding to all tables.   All those keys which are present and
+         are not part of the primary key are applied to the SET clause of the
+         UPDATE statement; the primary key values, which are required, are
+         applied to the WHERE clause.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bulk_update_mappings(mapper, mappings)
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        r"""Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.merge` examines the primary key attributes of the
+        source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the
+        same primary key in the session.   If not found locally, it attempts
+        to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if
+        none can be located, creates a new instance.  The state of each
+        attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target
+        instance.  The resulting target instance is then returned by the
+        method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and
+        un-associated with the :class:`.Session` if not already.
+
+        This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is
+        mapped with ``cascade="merge"``.
+
+        See :ref:`unitofwork_merging` for a detailed discussion of merging.
+
+        :param instance: Instance to be merged.
+        :param load: Boolean, when False, :meth:`.merge` switches into
+         a "high performance" mode which causes it to forego emitting history
+         events as well as all database access.  This flag is used for
+         cases such as transferring graphs of objects into a :class:`.Session`
+         from a second level cache, or to transfer just-loaded objects
+         into the :class:`.Session` owned by a worker thread or process
+         without re-querying the database.
+
+         The ``load=False`` use case adds the caveat that the given
+         object has to be in a "clean" state, that is, has no pending changes
+         to be flushed - even if the incoming object is detached from any
+         :class:`.Session`.   This is so that when
+         the merge operation populates local attributes and
+         cascades to related objects and
+         collections, the values can be "stamped" onto the
+         target object as is, without generating any history or attribute
+         events, and without the need to reconcile the incoming data with
+         any existing related objects or collections that might not
+         be loaded.  The resulting objects from ``load=False`` are always
+         produced as "clean", so it is only appropriate that the given objects
+         should be "clean" as well, else this suggests a mis-use of the
+         method.
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get` method when the merge
+         operation loads the existing version of the object from the database.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - provides for an alternative
+            means of "merging" a single object into the :class:`.Session`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.merge(instance, load=load, options=options)
+
+    @overload
+    def query(self, _entity: _EntityType[_O]) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, _colexpr: TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T]]: ...
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query RowReturningQuery 2-8
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]: ...
+
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_query.Query` object is legacy as of
+        SQLAlchemy 2.0; the :func:`_sql.select` construct is now used
+        to construct ORM queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`query_api_toplevel` - legacy API doc
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.query(*entities, **kwargs)
+
+    def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Expire and refresh attributes on the given instance.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The selected attributes will first be expired as they would when using
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.expire`; then a SELECT statement will be issued to
+        the database to refresh column-oriented attributes with the current
+        value available in the current transaction.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes will also be immediately
+        loaded if they were already eagerly loaded on the object, using the
+        same eager loading strategy that they were loaded with originally.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           can also refresh eagerly loaded attributes.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes that would normally
+        load using the ``select`` (or "lazy") loader strategy will also
+        load **if they are named explicitly in the attribute_names
+        collection**, emitting a SELECT statement for the attribute using the
+        ``immediate`` loader strategy.  If lazy-loaded relationships are not
+        named in :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names`, then
+        they remain as "lazy loaded" attributes and are not implicitly
+        refreshed.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.4  The :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           will now refresh lazy-loaded :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented
+           attributes for those which are named explicitly in the
+           :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names` collection.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            While the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method is capable of
+            refreshing both column and relationship oriented attributes, its
+            primary focus is on refreshing of local column-oriented attributes
+            on a single instance. For more open ended "refresh" functionality,
+            including the ability to refresh the attributes on many objects at
+            once while having explicit control over relationship loader
+            strategies, use the
+            :ref:`populate existing <orm_queryguide_populate_existing>` feature
+            instead.
+
+        Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as
+        were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.   Refreshing
+        attributes usually only makes sense at the start of a transaction
+        where database rows have not yet been accessed.
+
+        :param attribute_names: optional.  An iterable collection of
+          string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to
+          be refreshed.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire_all`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing` - allows any ORM query
+            to refresh objects as they would be loaded normally.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.refresh(
+            instance,
+            attribute_names=attribute_names,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+        )
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        r"""Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
+
+        The method always rolls back
+        the topmost database transaction, discarding any nested
+        transactions that may be in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_rollback`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.rollback()
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a scalar Python
+        value.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.scalar(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a statement and return the results as scalars.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a
+        :class:`_result.ScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        :return:  a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_select_orm_entities` - contrasts the behavior
+            of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` to :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.scalars(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def bind(self) -> Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]]:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.bind` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.bind
+
+    @bind.setter
+    def bind(self, attr: Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]]) -> None:
+        self._proxied.bind = attr
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.dirty
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.deleted
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> Any:
+        r"""The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.new
+
+    @property
+    def identity_map(self) -> IdentityMap:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.identity_map` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.identity_map
+
+    @identity_map.setter
+    def identity_map(self, attr: IdentityMap) -> None:
+        self._proxied.identity_map = attr
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> Any:
+        r"""True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def autoflush(self) -> bool:
+        r"""Proxy for the :attr:`_orm.Session.autoflush` attribute
+        on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.autoflush
+
+    @autoflush.setter
+    def autoflush(self, attr: bool) -> None:
+        self._proxied.autoflush = attr
+
+    @property
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Any:
+        r"""Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.no_autoflush
+
+    @property
+    def info(self) -> Any:
+        r"""A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class
+            on behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return self._proxied.info
+
+    @classmethod
+    def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        r"""Close *all* sessions in memory.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.3 The :meth:`.Session.close_all` method is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  Please refer to :func:`.session.close_all_sessions`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.close_all()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        r"""Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.object_session(instance)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        r"""Return an identity key.
+
+        .. container:: class_bases
+
+            Proxied for the :class:`_orm.Session` class on
+            behalf of the :class:`_orm.scoping.scoped_session` class.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Session.identity_key(
+            class_=class_,
+            ident=ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    # END PROXY METHODS scoped_session
+
+
+ScopedSession = scoped_session
+"""Old name for backwards compatibility."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cd7cd63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/session.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5302 @@
+# orm/session.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Provides the Session class and related utilities."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import bulk_persistence
+from . import context
+from . import descriptor_props
+from . import exc
+from . import identity
+from . import loading
+from . import query
+from . import state as statelib
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from ._typing import is_composite_class
+from ._typing import is_orm_option
+from ._typing import is_user_defined_option
+from .base import _class_to_mapper
+from .base import _none_set
+from .base import _state_mapper
+from .base import instance_str
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import object_mapper
+from .base import object_state
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import state_str
+from .context import FromStatement
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .identity import IdentityMap
+from .query import Query
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .state_changes import _StateChange
+from .state_changes import _StateChangeState
+from .state_changes import _StateChangeStates
+from .unitofwork import UOWTransaction
+from .. import engine
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import Connection
+from ..engine import Engine
+from ..engine.util import TransactionalContext
+from ..event import dispatcher
+from ..event import EventTarget
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from ..inspection import Inspectable
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import dml
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import Select
+from ..sql import TableClause
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.base import _NoArg
+from ..sql.base import CompileState
+from ..sql.schema import Table
+from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateArg
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..util import IdentitySet
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import OrmExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .interfaces import UserDefinedOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+    from .query import RowReturningQuery
+    from ..engine import CursorResult
+    from ..engine import Result
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..engine.base import Transaction
+    from ..engine.base import TwoPhaseTransaction
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreAnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.result import ScalarResult
+    from ..event import _InstanceLevelDispatch
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+    from ..sql._typing import _T0
+    from ..sql._typing import _T1
+    from ..sql._typing import _T2
+    from ..sql._typing import _T3
+    from ..sql._typing import _T4
+    from ..sql._typing import _T5
+    from ..sql._typing import _T6
+    from ..sql._typing import _T7
+    from ..sql._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ..sql.base import Executable
+    from ..sql.base import ExecutableOption
+    from ..sql.dml import UpdateBase
+    from ..sql.elements import ClauseElement
+    from ..sql.roles import TypedColumnsClauseRole
+    from ..sql.selectable import ForUpdateParameter
+    from ..sql.selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "Session",
+    "SessionTransaction",
+    "sessionmaker",
+    "ORMExecuteState",
+    "close_all_sessions",
+    "make_transient",
+    "make_transient_to_detached",
+    "object_session",
+]
+
+_sessions: weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, Session] = (
+    weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+)
+"""Weak-referencing dictionary of :class:`.Session` objects.
+"""
+
+statelib._sessions = _sessions
+
+_PKIdentityArgument = Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]]
+
+_BindArguments = Dict[str, Any]
+
+_EntityBindKey = Union[Type[_O], "Mapper[_O]"]
+_SessionBindKey = Union[Type[Any], "Mapper[Any]", "TableClause", str]
+_SessionBind = Union["Engine", "Connection"]
+
+JoinTransactionMode = Literal[
+    "conditional_savepoint",
+    "rollback_only",
+    "control_fully",
+    "create_savepoint",
+]
+
+
+class _ConnectionCallableProto(Protocol):
+    """a callable that returns a :class:`.Connection` given an instance.
+
+    This callable, when present on a :class:`.Session`, is called only from the
+    ORM's persistence mechanism (i.e. the unit of work flush process) to allow
+    for connection-per-instance schemes (i.e. horizontal sharding) to be used
+    as persistence time.
+
+    This callable is not present on a plain :class:`.Session`, however
+    is established when using the horizontal sharding extension.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = None,
+        instance: Optional[object] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Connection: ...
+
+
+def _state_session(state: InstanceState[Any]) -> Optional[Session]:
+    """Given an :class:`.InstanceState`, return the :class:`.Session`
+    associated, if any.
+    """
+    return state.session
+
+
+class _SessionClassMethods:
+    """Class-level methods for :class:`.Session`, :class:`.sessionmaker`."""
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.3",
+        "The :meth:`.Session.close_all` method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":func:`.session.close_all_sessions`.",
+    )
+    def close_all(cls) -> None:
+        """Close *all* sessions in memory."""
+
+        close_all_sessions()
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.util")
+    def identity_key(
+        cls,
+        class_: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+        ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+        *,
+        instance: Optional[Any] = None,
+        row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> _IdentityKeyType[Any]:
+        """Return an identity key.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.util.identity_key`.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.orm_util.identity_key(
+            class_,
+            ident,
+            instance=instance,
+            row=row,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def object_session(cls, instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+        """Return the :class:`.Session` to which an object belongs.
+
+        This is an alias of :func:`.object_session`.
+
+        """
+
+        return object_session(instance)
+
+
+class SessionTransactionState(_StateChangeState):
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    PREPARED = 2
+    COMMITTED = 3
+    DEACTIVE = 4
+    CLOSED = 5
+    PROVISIONING_CONNECTION = 6
+
+
+# backwards compatibility
+ACTIVE, PREPARED, COMMITTED, DEACTIVE, CLOSED, PROVISIONING_CONNECTION = tuple(
+    SessionTransactionState
+)
+
+
+class ORMExecuteState(util.MemoizedSlots):
+    """Represents a call to the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method, as passed
+    to the :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event hook.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`session_execute_events` - top level documentation on how
+        to use :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "session",
+        "statement",
+        "parameters",
+        "execution_options",
+        "local_execution_options",
+        "bind_arguments",
+        "identity_token",
+        "_compile_state_cls",
+        "_starting_event_idx",
+        "_events_todo",
+        "_update_execution_options",
+    )
+
+    session: Session
+    """The :class:`_orm.Session` in use."""
+
+    statement: Executable
+    """The SQL statement being invoked.
+
+    For an ORM selection as would
+    be retrieved from :class:`_orm.Query`, this is an instance of
+    :class:`_sql.select` that was generated from the ORM query.
+    """
+
+    parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams]
+    """Dictionary of parameters that was passed to
+    :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`."""
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+    """The complete dictionary of current execution options.
+
+    This is a merge of the statement level options with the
+    locally passed execution options.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.local_execution_options`
+
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options`
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options`
+
+    """
+
+    local_execution_options: _ExecuteOptions
+    """Dictionary view of the execution options passed to the
+    :meth:`.Session.execute` method.
+
+    This does not include options that may be associated with the statement
+    being invoked.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.execution_options`
+
+    """
+
+    bind_arguments: _BindArguments
+    """The dictionary passed as the
+    :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.bind_arguments` dictionary.
+
+    This dictionary may be used by extensions to :class:`_orm.Session` to pass
+    arguments that will assist in determining amongst a set of database
+    connections which one should be used to invoke this statement.
+
+    """
+
+    _compile_state_cls: Optional[Type[ORMCompileState]]
+    _starting_event_idx: int
+    _events_todo: List[Any]
+    _update_execution_options: Optional[_ExecuteOptions]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        statement: Executable,
+        parameters: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams],
+        execution_options: _ExecuteOptions,
+        bind_arguments: _BindArguments,
+        compile_state_cls: Optional[Type[ORMCompileState]],
+        events_todo: List[_InstanceLevelDispatch[Session]],
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_orm.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+        this object is constructed internally.
+
+        """
+        self.session = session
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.parameters = parameters
+        self.local_execution_options = execution_options
+        self.execution_options = statement._execution_options.union(
+            execution_options
+        )
+        self.bind_arguments = bind_arguments
+        self._compile_state_cls = compile_state_cls
+        self._events_todo = list(events_todo)
+
+    def _remaining_events(self) -> List[_InstanceLevelDispatch[Session]]:
+        return self._events_todo[self._starting_event_idx + 1 :]
+
+    def invoke_statement(
+        self,
+        statement: Optional[Executable] = None,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[OrmExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        """Execute the statement represented by this
+        :class:`.ORMExecuteState`, without re-invoking events that have
+        already proceeded.
+
+        This method essentially performs a re-entrant execution of the current
+        statement for which the :meth:`.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` event is
+        being currently invoked.    The use case for this is for event handlers
+        that want to override how the ultimate
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object is returned, such as for schemes that
+        retrieve results from an offline cache or which concatenate results
+        from multiple executions.
+
+        When the :class:`_engine.Result` object is returned by the actual
+        handler function within :meth:`_orm.SessionEvents.do_orm_execute` and
+        is propagated to the calling
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method, the remainder of the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method is preempted and the
+        :class:`_engine.Result` object is returned to the caller of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` immediately.
+
+        :param statement: optional statement to be invoked, in place of the
+         statement currently represented by :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.statement`.
+
+        :param params: optional dictionary of parameters or list of parameters
+         which will be merged into the existing
+         :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.parameters` of this :class:`.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0 a list of parameter dictionaries is accepted
+            for executemany executions.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options
+         will be merged into the existing
+         :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.execution_options` of this
+         :class:`.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+        :param bind_arguments: optional dictionary of bind_arguments
+         which will be merged amongst the current
+         :attr:`.ORMExecuteState.bind_arguments`
+         of this :class:`.ORMExecuteState`.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object with ORM-level results.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`do_orm_execute_re_executing` - background and examples on the
+            appropriate usage of :meth:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.invoke_statement`.
+
+
+        """
+
+        if statement is None:
+            statement = self.statement
+
+        _bind_arguments = dict(self.bind_arguments)
+        if bind_arguments:
+            _bind_arguments.update(bind_arguments)
+        _bind_arguments["_sa_skip_events"] = True
+
+        _params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams]
+        if params:
+            if self.is_executemany:
+                _params = []
+                exec_many_parameters = cast(
+                    "List[Dict[str, Any]]", self.parameters
+                )
+                for _existing_params, _new_params in itertools.zip_longest(
+                    exec_many_parameters,
+                    cast("List[Dict[str, Any]]", params),
+                ):
+                    if _existing_params is None or _new_params is None:
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            f"Can't apply executemany parameters to "
+                            f"statement; number of parameter sets passed to "
+                            f"Session.execute() ({len(exec_many_parameters)}) "
+                            f"does not match number of parameter sets given "
+                            f"to ORMExecuteState.invoke_statement() "
+                            f"({len(params)})"
+                        )
+                    _existing_params = dict(_existing_params)
+                    _existing_params.update(_new_params)
+                    _params.append(_existing_params)
+            else:
+                _params = dict(cast("Dict[str, Any]", self.parameters))
+                _params.update(cast("Dict[str, Any]", params))
+        else:
+            _params = self.parameters
+
+        _execution_options = self.local_execution_options
+        if execution_options:
+            _execution_options = _execution_options.union(execution_options)
+
+        return self.session._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            _params,
+            execution_options=_execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=_bind_arguments,
+            _parent_execute_state=self,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def bind_mapper(self) -> Optional[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """Return the :class:`_orm.Mapper` that is the primary "bind" mapper.
+
+        For an :class:`_orm.ORMExecuteState` object invoking an ORM
+        statement, that is, the :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_orm_statement`
+        attribute is ``True``, this attribute will return the
+        :class:`_orm.Mapper` that is considered to be the "primary" mapper
+        of the statement.   The term "bind mapper" refers to the fact that
+        a :class:`_orm.Session` object may be "bound" to multiple
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` objects keyed to mapped classes, and the
+        "bind mapper" determines which of those :class:`_engine.Engine` objects
+        would be selected.
+
+        For a statement that is invoked against a single mapped class,
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.bind_mapper` is intended to be a reliable
+        way of getting this mapper.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.all_mappers`
+
+
+        """
+        mp: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self.bind_arguments.get("mapper", None)
+        return mp
+
+    @property
+    def all_mappers(self) -> Sequence[Mapper[Any]]:
+        """Return a sequence of all :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects that are
+        involved at the top level of this statement.
+
+        By "top level" we mean those :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects that would
+        be represented in the result set rows for a :func:`_sql.select`
+        query, or for a :func:`_dml.update` or :func:`_dml.delete` query,
+        the mapper that is the main subject of the UPDATE or DELETE.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.bind_mapper`
+
+
+
+        """
+        if not self.is_orm_statement:
+            return []
+        elif isinstance(self.statement, (Select, FromStatement)):
+            result = []
+            seen = set()
+            for d in self.statement.column_descriptions:
+                ent = d["entity"]
+                if ent:
+                    insp = inspect(ent, raiseerr=False)
+                    if insp and insp.mapper and insp.mapper not in seen:
+                        seen.add(insp.mapper)
+                        result.append(insp.mapper)
+            return result
+        elif self.statement.is_dml and self.bind_mapper:
+            return [self.bind_mapper]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @property
+    def is_orm_statement(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if the operation is an ORM statement.
+
+        This indicates that the select(), insert(), update(), or delete()
+        being invoked contains ORM entities as subjects.   For a statement
+        that does not have ORM entities and instead refers only to
+        :class:`.Table` metadata, it is invoked as a Core SQL statement
+        and no ORM-level automation takes place.
+
+        """
+        return self._compile_state_cls is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_executemany(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if the parameters are a multi-element list of
+        dictionaries with more than one dictionary.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return isinstance(self.parameters, list)
+
+    @property
+    def is_select(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is a SELECT operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Select` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(select(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_select
+
+    @property
+    def is_from_statement(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this operation is a
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` operation.
+
+        This is independent from :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_select`, as a
+        ``select().from_statement()`` construct can be used with
+        INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE RETURNING types of statements as well.
+        :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_select` will only be set if the
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` is itself against a
+        :class:`_sql.Select` construct.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.30
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_from_statement
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is an INSERT operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Insert` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(insert(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_dml and self.statement.is_insert
+
+    @property
+    def is_update(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is an UPDATE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Update` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(update(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_dml and self.statement.is_update
+
+    @property
+    def is_delete(self) -> bool:
+        """return True if this is a DELETE operation.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.30 - the attribute is also True for a
+           :meth:`_sql.Select.from_statement` construct that is itself against
+           a :class:`_sql.Delete` construct, such as
+           ``select(Entity).from_statement(delete(..))``
+
+        """
+        return self.statement.is_dml and self.statement.is_delete
+
+    @property
+    def _is_crud(self) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(self.statement, (dml.Update, dml.Delete))
+
+    def update_execution_options(self, **opts: Any) -> None:
+        """Update the local execution options with new values."""
+        self.local_execution_options = self.local_execution_options.union(opts)
+
+    def _orm_compile_options(
+        self,
+    ) -> Optional[
+        Union[
+            context.ORMCompileState.default_compile_options,
+            Type[context.ORMCompileState.default_compile_options],
+        ]
+    ]:
+        if not self.is_select:
+            return None
+        try:
+            opts = self.statement._compile_options
+        except AttributeError:
+            return None
+
+        if opts is not None and opts.isinstance(
+            context.ORMCompileState.default_compile_options
+        ):
+            return opts  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def lazy_loaded_from(self) -> Optional[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        """An :class:`.InstanceState` that is using this statement execution
+        for a lazy load operation.
+
+        The primary rationale for this attribute is to support the horizontal
+        sharding extension, where it is available within specific query
+        execution time hooks created by this extension.   To that end, the
+        attribute is only intended to be meaningful at **query execution
+        time**, and importantly not any time prior to that, including query
+        compilation time.
+
+        """
+        return self.load_options._lazy_loaded_from
+
+    @property
+    def loader_strategy_path(self) -> Optional[PathRegistry]:
+        """Return the :class:`.PathRegistry` for the current load path.
+
+        This object represents the "path" in a query along relationships
+        when a particular object or collection is being loaded.
+
+        """
+        opts = self._orm_compile_options()
+        if opts is not None:
+            return opts._current_path
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def is_column_load(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the operation is refreshing column-oriented
+        attributes on an existing ORM object.
+
+        This occurs during operations such as :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh`,
+        as well as when an attribute deferred by :func:`_orm.defer` is
+        being loaded, or an attribute that was expired either directly
+        by :meth:`_orm.Session.expire` or via a commit operation is being
+        loaded.
+
+        Handlers will very likely not want to add any options to queries
+        when such an operation is occurring as the query should be a straight
+        primary key fetch which should not have any additional WHERE criteria,
+        and loader options travelling with the instance
+        will have already been added to the query.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_relationship_load`
+
+        """
+        opts = self._orm_compile_options()
+        return opts is not None and opts._for_refresh_state
+
+    @property
+    def is_relationship_load(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this load is loading objects on behalf of a
+        relationship.
+
+        This means, the loader in effect is either a LazyLoader,
+        SelectInLoader, SubqueryLoader, or similar, and the entire
+        SELECT statement being emitted is on behalf of a relationship
+        load.
+
+        Handlers will very likely not want to add any options to queries
+        when such an operation is occurring, as loader options are already
+        capable of being propagated to relationship loaders and should
+        be already present.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.is_column_load`
+
+        """
+        opts = self._orm_compile_options()
+        if opts is None:
+            return False
+        path = self.loader_strategy_path
+        return path is not None and not path.is_root
+
+    @property
+    def load_options(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        context.QueryContext.default_load_options,
+        Type[context.QueryContext.default_load_options],
+    ]:
+        """Return the load_options that will be used for this execution."""
+
+        if not self.is_select:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ORM execution is not against a SELECT statement "
+                "so there are no load options."
+            )
+
+        lo: Union[
+            context.QueryContext.default_load_options,
+            Type[context.QueryContext.default_load_options],
+        ] = self.execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_load_options", context.QueryContext.default_load_options
+        )
+        return lo
+
+    @property
+    def update_delete_options(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+        Type[bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options],
+    ]:
+        """Return the update_delete_options that will be used for this
+        execution."""
+
+        if not self._is_crud:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ORM execution is not against an UPDATE or DELETE "
+                "statement so there are no update options."
+            )
+        uo: Union[
+            bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+            Type[bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options],
+        ] = self.execution_options.get(
+            "_sa_orm_update_options",
+            bulk_persistence.BulkUDCompileState.default_update_options,
+        )
+        return uo
+
+    @property
+    def _non_compile_orm_options(self) -> Sequence[ORMOption]:
+        return [
+            opt
+            for opt in self.statement._with_options
+            if is_orm_option(opt) and not opt._is_compile_state
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def user_defined_options(self) -> Sequence[UserDefinedOption]:
+        """The sequence of :class:`.UserDefinedOptions` that have been
+        associated with the statement being invoked.
+
+        """
+        return [
+            opt
+            for opt in self.statement._with_options
+            if is_user_defined_option(opt)
+        ]
+
+
+class SessionTransactionOrigin(Enum):
+    """indicates the origin of a :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    This enumeration is present on the
+    :attr:`.SessionTransaction.origin` attribute of any
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    AUTOBEGIN = 0
+    """transaction were started by autobegin"""
+
+    BEGIN = 1
+    """transaction were started by calling :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`"""
+
+    BEGIN_NESTED = 2
+    """tranaction were started by :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested`"""
+
+    SUBTRANSACTION = 3
+    """transaction is an internal "subtransaction" """
+
+
+class SessionTransaction(_StateChange, TransactionalContext):
+    """A :class:`.Session`-level transaction.
+
+    :class:`.SessionTransaction` is produced from the
+    :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`
+    and :meth:`_orm.Session.begin_nested` methods.   It's largely an internal
+    object that in modern use provides a context manager for session
+    transactions.
+
+    Documentation on interacting with :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` is
+    at: :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`.
+
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The scoping and API methods to work with the
+       :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` object directly have been simplified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.begin`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.rollback`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.commit`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.in_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.in_nested_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.get_transaction`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.get_nested_transaction`
+
+
+    """
+
+    _rollback_exception: Optional[BaseException] = None
+
+    _connections: Dict[
+        Union[Engine, Connection], Tuple[Connection, Transaction, bool, bool]
+    ]
+    session: Session
+    _parent: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+
+    _state: SessionTransactionState
+
+    _new: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[InstanceState[Any], object]
+    _deleted: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[InstanceState[Any], object]
+    _dirty: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[InstanceState[Any], object]
+    _key_switches: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[
+        InstanceState[Any], Tuple[Any, Any]
+    ]
+
+    origin: SessionTransactionOrigin
+    """Origin of this :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    Refers to a :class:`.SessionTransactionOrigin` instance which is an
+    enumeration indicating the source event that led to constructing
+    this :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    nested: bool = False
+    """Indicates if this is a nested, or SAVEPOINT, transaction.
+
+    When :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` is True, it is expected
+    that :attr:`.SessionTransaction.parent` will be present as well,
+    linking to the enclosing :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.SessionTransaction.origin`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        session: Session,
+        origin: SessionTransactionOrigin,
+        parent: Optional[SessionTransaction] = None,
+    ):
+        TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(session)
+
+        self.session = session
+        self._connections = {}
+        self._parent = parent
+        self.nested = nested = origin is SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN_NESTED
+        self.origin = origin
+
+        if session._close_state is _SessionCloseState.CLOSED:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This Session has been permanently closed and is unable "
+                "to handle any more transaction requests."
+            )
+
+        if nested:
+            if not parent:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't start a SAVEPOINT transaction when no existing "
+                    "transaction is in progress"
+                )
+
+            self._previous_nested_transaction = session._nested_transaction
+        elif origin is SessionTransactionOrigin.SUBTRANSACTION:
+            assert parent is not None
+        else:
+            assert parent is None
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+
+        self._take_snapshot()
+
+        # make sure transaction is assigned before we call the
+        # dispatch
+        self.session._transaction = self
+
+        self.session.dispatch.after_transaction_create(self.session, self)
+
+    def _raise_for_prerequisite_state(
+        self, operation_name: str, state: _StateChangeState
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        if state is SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE:
+            if self._rollback_exception:
+                raise sa_exc.PendingRollbackError(
+                    "This Session's transaction has been rolled back "
+                    "due to a previous exception during flush."
+                    " To begin a new transaction with this Session, "
+                    "first issue Session.rollback()."
+                    f" Original exception was: {self._rollback_exception}",
+                    code="7s2a",
+                )
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "This session is in 'inactive' state, due to the "
+                    "SQL transaction being rolled back; no further SQL "
+                    "can be emitted within this transaction."
+                )
+        elif state is SessionTransactionState.CLOSED:
+            raise sa_exc.ResourceClosedError("This transaction is closed")
+        elif state is SessionTransactionState.PROVISIONING_CONNECTION:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This session is provisioning a new connection; concurrent "
+                "operations are not permitted",
+                code="isce",
+            )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"This session is in '{state.name.lower()}' state; no "
+                "further SQL can be emitted within this transaction."
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def parent(self) -> Optional[SessionTransaction]:
+        """The parent :class:`.SessionTransaction` of this
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction`.
+
+        If this attribute is ``None``, indicates this
+        :class:`.SessionTransaction` is at the top of the stack, and
+        corresponds to a real "COMMIT"/"ROLLBACK"
+        block.  If non-``None``, then this is either a "subtransaction"
+        (an internal marker object used by the flush process) or a
+        "nested" / SAVEPOINT transaction.  If the
+        :attr:`.SessionTransaction.nested` attribute is ``True``, then
+        this is a SAVEPOINT, and if ``False``, indicates this a subtransaction.
+
+        """
+        return self._parent
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self.session is not None
+            and self._state is SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _is_transaction_boundary(self) -> bool:
+        return self.nested or not self._parent
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    )
+    def connection(
+        self,
+        bindkey: Optional[Mapper[Any]],
+        execution_options: Optional[_ExecuteOptions] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        bind = self.session.get_bind(bindkey, **kwargs)
+        return self._connection_for_bind(bind, execution_options)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    )
+    def _begin(self, nested: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        return SessionTransaction(
+            self.session,
+            (
+                SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN_NESTED
+                if nested
+                else SessionTransactionOrigin.SUBTRANSACTION
+            ),
+            self,
+        )
+
+    def _iterate_self_and_parents(
+        self, upto: Optional[SessionTransaction] = None
+    ) -> Iterable[SessionTransaction]:
+        current = self
+        result: Tuple[SessionTransaction, ...] = ()
+        while current:
+            result += (current,)
+            if current._parent is upto:
+                break
+            elif current._parent is None:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Transaction %s is not on the active transaction list"
+                    % (upto)
+                )
+            else:
+                current = current._parent
+
+        return result
+
+    def _take_snapshot(self) -> None:
+        if not self._is_transaction_boundary:
+            parent = self._parent
+            assert parent is not None
+            self._new = parent._new
+            self._deleted = parent._deleted
+            self._dirty = parent._dirty
+            self._key_switches = parent._key_switches
+            return
+
+        is_begin = self.origin in (
+            SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN,
+            SessionTransactionOrigin.AUTOBEGIN,
+        )
+        if not is_begin and not self.session._flushing:
+            self.session.flush()
+
+        self._new = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._deleted = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._dirty = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self._key_switches = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+
+    def _restore_snapshot(self, dirty_only: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Restore the restoration state taken before a transaction began.
+
+        Corresponds to a rollback.
+
+        """
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        to_expunge = set(self._new).union(self.session._new)
+        self.session._expunge_states(to_expunge, to_transient=True)
+
+        for s, (oldkey, newkey) in self._key_switches.items():
+            # we probably can do this conditionally based on
+            # if we expunged or not, but safe_discard does that anyway
+            self.session.identity_map.safe_discard(s)
+
+            # restore the old key
+            s.key = oldkey
+
+            # now restore the object, but only if we didn't expunge
+            if s not in to_expunge:
+                self.session.identity_map.replace(s)
+
+        for s in set(self._deleted).union(self.session._deleted):
+            self.session._update_impl(s, revert_deletion=True)
+
+        assert not self.session._deleted
+
+        for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+            if not dirty_only or s.modified or s in self._dirty:
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def _remove_snapshot(self) -> None:
+        """Remove the restoration state taken before a transaction began.
+
+        Corresponds to a commit.
+
+        """
+        assert self._is_transaction_boundary
+
+        if not self.nested and self.session.expire_on_commit:
+            for s in self.session.identity_map.all_states():
+                s._expire(s.dict, self.session.identity_map._modified)
+
+            statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(
+                list(self._deleted), self.session
+            )
+            self._deleted.clear()
+        elif self.nested:
+            parent = self._parent
+            assert parent is not None
+            parent._new.update(self._new)
+            parent._dirty.update(self._dirty)
+            parent._deleted.update(self._deleted)
+            parent._key_switches.update(self._key_switches)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    )
+    def _connection_for_bind(
+        self,
+        bind: _SessionBind,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter],
+    ) -> Connection:
+        if bind in self._connections:
+            if execution_options:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Connection is already established for the "
+                    "given bind; execution_options ignored"
+                )
+            return self._connections[bind][0]
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.PROVISIONING_CONNECTION
+
+        local_connect = False
+        should_commit = True
+
+        try:
+            if self._parent:
+                conn = self._parent._connection_for_bind(
+                    bind, execution_options
+                )
+                if not self.nested:
+                    return conn
+            else:
+                if isinstance(bind, engine.Connection):
+                    conn = bind
+                    if conn.engine in self._connections:
+                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Session already has a Connection associated "
+                            "for the given Connection's Engine"
+                        )
+                else:
+                    conn = bind.connect()
+                    local_connect = True
+
+            try:
+                if execution_options:
+                    conn = conn.execution_options(**execution_options)
+
+                transaction: Transaction
+                if self.session.twophase and self._parent is None:
+                    # TODO: shouldn't we only be here if not
+                    # conn.in_transaction() ?
+                    # if twophase is set and conn.in_transaction(), validate
+                    # that it is in fact twophase.
+                    transaction = conn.begin_twophase()
+                elif self.nested:
+                    transaction = conn.begin_nested()
+                elif conn.in_transaction():
+                    join_transaction_mode = self.session.join_transaction_mode
+
+                    if join_transaction_mode == "conditional_savepoint":
+                        if conn.in_nested_transaction():
+                            join_transaction_mode = "create_savepoint"
+                        else:
+                            join_transaction_mode = "rollback_only"
+
+                        if local_connect:
+                            util.warn(
+                                "The engine provided as bind produced a "
+                                "connection that is already in a transaction. "
+                                "This is usually caused by a core event, "
+                                "such as 'engine_connect', that has left a "
+                                "transaction open. The effective join "
+                                "transaction mode used by this session is "
+                                f"{join_transaction_mode!r}. To silence this "
+                                "warning, do not leave transactions open"
+                            )
+                    if join_transaction_mode in (
+                        "control_fully",
+                        "rollback_only",
+                    ):
+                        if conn.in_nested_transaction():
+                            transaction = (
+                                conn._get_required_nested_transaction()
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            transaction = conn._get_required_transaction()
+                        if join_transaction_mode == "rollback_only":
+                            should_commit = False
+                    elif join_transaction_mode == "create_savepoint":
+                        transaction = conn.begin_nested()
+                    else:
+                        assert False, join_transaction_mode
+                else:
+                    transaction = conn.begin()
+            except:
+                # connection will not not be associated with this Session;
+                # close it immediately so that it isn't closed under GC
+                if local_connect:
+                    conn.close()
+                raise
+            else:
+                bind_is_connection = isinstance(bind, engine.Connection)
+
+                self._connections[conn] = self._connections[conn.engine] = (
+                    conn,
+                    transaction,
+                    should_commit,
+                    not bind_is_connection,
+                )
+                self.session.dispatch.after_begin(self.session, self, conn)
+                return conn
+        finally:
+            self._state = SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        if self._parent is not None or not self.session.twophase:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'twophase' mode not enabled, or not root transaction; "
+                "can't prepare."
+            )
+        self._prepare_impl()
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,), SessionTransactionState.PREPARED
+    )
+    def _prepare_impl(self) -> None:
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            self.session.dispatch.before_commit(self.session)
+
+        stx = self.session._transaction
+        assert stx is not None
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_self_and_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.commit()
+
+        if not self.session._flushing:
+            for _flush_guard in range(100):
+                if self.session._is_clean():
+                    break
+                self.session.flush()
+            else:
+                raise exc.FlushError(
+                    "Over 100 subsequent flushes have occurred within "
+                    "session.commit() - is an after_flush() hook "
+                    "creating new objects?"
+                )
+
+        if self._parent is None and self.session.twophase:
+            try:
+                for t in set(self._connections.values()):
+                    cast("TwoPhaseTransaction", t[1]).prepare()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self.rollback()
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.PREPARED
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE, SessionTransactionState.PREPARED),
+        SessionTransactionState.CLOSED,
+    )
+    def commit(self, _to_root: bool = False) -> None:
+        if self._state is not SessionTransactionState.PREPARED:
+            with self._expect_state(SessionTransactionState.PREPARED):
+                self._prepare_impl()
+
+        if self._parent is None or self.nested:
+            for conn, trans, should_commit, autoclose in set(
+                self._connections.values()
+            ):
+                if should_commit:
+                    trans.commit()
+
+            self._state = SessionTransactionState.COMMITTED
+            self.session.dispatch.after_commit(self.session)
+
+            self._remove_snapshot()
+
+        with self._expect_state(SessionTransactionState.CLOSED):
+            self.close()
+
+        if _to_root and self._parent:
+            self._parent.commit(_to_root=True)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        (
+            SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,
+            SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE,
+            SessionTransactionState.PREPARED,
+        ),
+        SessionTransactionState.CLOSED,
+    )
+    def rollback(
+        self, _capture_exception: bool = False, _to_root: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        stx = self.session._transaction
+        assert stx is not None
+        if stx is not self:
+            for subtransaction in stx._iterate_self_and_parents(upto=self):
+                subtransaction.close()
+
+        boundary = self
+        rollback_err = None
+        if self._state in (
+            SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE,
+            SessionTransactionState.PREPARED,
+        ):
+            for transaction in self._iterate_self_and_parents():
+                if transaction._parent is None or transaction.nested:
+                    try:
+                        for t in set(transaction._connections.values()):
+                            t[1].rollback()
+
+                        transaction._state = SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE
+                        self.session.dispatch.after_rollback(self.session)
+                    except:
+                        rollback_err = sys.exc_info()
+                    finally:
+                        transaction._state = SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE
+                        transaction._restore_snapshot(
+                            dirty_only=transaction.nested
+                        )
+                    boundary = transaction
+                    break
+                else:
+                    transaction._state = SessionTransactionState.DEACTIVE
+
+        sess = self.session
+
+        if not rollback_err and not sess._is_clean():
+            # if items were added, deleted, or mutated
+            # here, we need to re-restore the snapshot
+            util.warn(
+                "Session's state has been changed on "
+                "a non-active transaction - this state "
+                "will be discarded."
+            )
+            boundary._restore_snapshot(dirty_only=boundary.nested)
+
+        with self._expect_state(SessionTransactionState.CLOSED):
+            self.close()
+
+        if self._parent and _capture_exception:
+            self._parent._rollback_exception = sys.exc_info()[1]
+
+        if rollback_err and rollback_err[1]:
+            raise rollback_err[1].with_traceback(rollback_err[2])
+
+        sess.dispatch.after_soft_rollback(sess, self)
+
+        if _to_root and self._parent:
+            self._parent.rollback(_to_root=True)
+
+    @_StateChange.declare_states(
+        _StateChangeStates.ANY, SessionTransactionState.CLOSED
+    )
+    def close(self, invalidate: bool = False) -> None:
+        if self.nested:
+            self.session._nested_transaction = (
+                self._previous_nested_transaction
+            )
+
+        self.session._transaction = self._parent
+
+        for connection, transaction, should_commit, autoclose in set(
+            self._connections.values()
+        ):
+            if invalidate and self._parent is None:
+                connection.invalidate()
+            if should_commit and transaction.is_active:
+                transaction.close()
+            if autoclose and self._parent is None:
+                connection.close()
+
+        self._state = SessionTransactionState.CLOSED
+        sess = self.session
+
+        # TODO: these two None sets were historically after the
+        # event hook below, and in 2.0 I changed it this way for some reason,
+        # and I remember there being a reason, but not what it was.
+        # Why do we need to get rid of them at all?  test_memusage::CycleTest
+        # passes with these commented out.
+        # self.session = None  # type: ignore
+        # self._connections = None  # type: ignore
+
+        sess.dispatch.after_transaction_end(sess, self)
+
+    def _get_subject(self) -> Session:
+        return self.session
+
+    def _transaction_is_active(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state is SessionTransactionState.ACTIVE
+
+    def _transaction_is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state is SessionTransactionState.CLOSED
+
+    def _rollback_can_be_called(self) -> bool:
+        return self._state not in (COMMITTED, CLOSED)
+
+
+class _SessionCloseState(Enum):
+    ACTIVE = 1
+    CLOSED = 2
+    CLOSE_IS_RESET = 3
+
+
+class Session(_SessionClassMethods, EventTarget):
+    """Manages persistence operations for ORM-mapped objects.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.Session` is **not safe for use in concurrent threads.**.
+    See :ref:`session_faq_threadsafe` for background.
+
+    The Session's usage paradigm is described at :doc:`/orm/session`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = False
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Session]
+
+    identity_map: IdentityMap
+    """A mapping of object identities to objects themselves.
+
+    Iterating through ``Session.identity_map.values()`` provides
+    access to the full set of persistent objects (i.e., those
+    that have row identity) currently in the session.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.identity_key` - helper function to produce the keys used
+        in this dictionary.
+
+    """
+
+    _new: Dict[InstanceState[Any], Any]
+    _deleted: Dict[InstanceState[Any], Any]
+    bind: Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]]
+    __binds: Dict[_SessionBindKey, _SessionBind]
+    _flushing: bool
+    _warn_on_events: bool
+    _transaction: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+    _nested_transaction: Optional[SessionTransaction]
+    hash_key: int
+    autoflush: bool
+    expire_on_commit: bool
+    enable_baked_queries: bool
+    twophase: bool
+    join_transaction_mode: JoinTransactionMode
+    _query_cls: Type[Query[Any]]
+    _close_state: _SessionCloseState
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        autoflush: bool = True,
+        future: Literal[True] = True,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = True,
+        autobegin: bool = True,
+        twophase: bool = False,
+        binds: Optional[Dict[_SessionBindKey, _SessionBind]] = None,
+        enable_baked_queries: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        query_cls: Optional[Type[Query[Any]]] = None,
+        autocommit: Literal[False] = False,
+        join_transaction_mode: JoinTransactionMode = "conditional_savepoint",
+        close_resets_only: Union[bool, _NoArg] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        See also the :class:`.sessionmaker` function which is used to
+        generate a :class:`.Session`-producing callable with a given
+        set of arguments.
+
+        :param autoflush: When ``True``, all query operations will issue a
+           :meth:`~.Session.flush` call to this ``Session`` before proceeding.
+           This is a convenience feature so that :meth:`~.Session.flush` need
+           not be called repeatedly in order for database queries to retrieve
+           results.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`session_flushing` - additional background on autoflush
+
+        :param autobegin: Automatically start transactions (i.e. equivalent to
+           invoking :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`) when database access is
+           requested by an operation.   Defaults to ``True``.    Set to
+           ``False`` to prevent a :class:`_orm.Session` from implicitly
+           beginning transactions after construction, as well as after any of
+           the :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback`, :meth:`_orm.Session.commit`,
+           or :meth:`_orm.Session.close` methods are called.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`session_autobegin_disable`
+
+        :param bind: An optional :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+           :class:`_engine.Connection` to
+           which this ``Session`` should be bound. When specified, all SQL
+           operations performed by this session will execute via this
+           connectable.
+
+        :param binds: A dictionary which may specify any number of
+           :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+           objects as the source of
+           connectivity for SQL operations on a per-entity basis.   The keys
+           of the dictionary consist of any series of mapped classes,
+           arbitrary Python classes that are bases for mapped classes,
+           :class:`_schema.Table` objects and :class:`_orm.Mapper` objects.
+           The
+           values of the dictionary are then instances of
+           :class:`_engine.Engine`
+           or less commonly :class:`_engine.Connection` objects.
+           Operations which
+           proceed relative to a particular mapped class will consult this
+           dictionary for the closest matching entity in order to determine
+           which :class:`_engine.Engine` should be used for a particular SQL
+           operation.    The complete heuristics for resolution are
+           described at :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.  Usage looks like::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(
+                binds={
+                    SomeMappedClass: create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://engine1"),
+                    SomeDeclarativeBase: create_engine(
+                        "postgresql+psycopg2://engine2"
+                    ),
+                    some_mapper: create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://engine3"),
+                    some_table: create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://engine4"),
+                }
+            )
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+                :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+                :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+                :meth:`.Session.get_bind`
+
+
+        :param \class_: Specify an alternate class other than
+           ``sqlalchemy.orm.session.Session`` which should be used by the
+           returned class. This is the only argument that is local to the
+           :class:`.sessionmaker` function, and is not sent directly to the
+           constructor for ``Session``.
+
+        :param enable_baked_queries: legacy; defaults to ``True``.
+           A parameter consumed
+           by the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.baked` extension to determine if
+           "baked queries" should be cached, as is the normal operation
+           of this extension.  When set to ``False``, caching as used by
+           this particular extension is disabled.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``sqlalchemy.ext.baked`` extension is
+              legacy and is not used by any of SQLAlchemy's internals. This
+              flag therefore only affects applications that are making explicit
+              use of this extension within their own code.
+
+        :param expire_on_commit:  Defaults to ``True``. When ``True``, all
+           instances will be fully expired after each :meth:`~.commit`,
+           so that all attribute/object access subsequent to a completed
+           transaction will load from the most recent database state.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`session_committing`
+
+        :param future: Deprecated; this flag is always True.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`migration_20_toplevel`
+
+        :param info: optional dictionary of arbitrary data to be associated
+           with this :class:`.Session`.  Is available via the
+           :attr:`.Session.info` attribute.  Note the dictionary is copied at
+           construction time so that modifications to the per-
+           :class:`.Session` dictionary will be local to that
+           :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :param query_cls:  Class which should be used to create new Query
+          objects, as returned by the :meth:`~.Session.query` method.
+          Defaults to :class:`_query.Query`.
+
+        :param twophase:  When ``True``, all transactions will be started as
+            a "two phase" transaction, i.e. using the "two phase" semantics
+            of the database in use along with an XID.  During a
+            :meth:`~.commit`, after :meth:`~.flush` has been issued for all
+            attached databases, the :meth:`~.TwoPhaseTransaction.prepare`
+            method on each database's :class:`.TwoPhaseTransaction` will be
+            called. This allows each database to roll back the entire
+            transaction, before each transaction is committed.
+
+        :param autocommit: the "autocommit" keyword is present for backwards
+            compatibility but must remain at its default value of ``False``.
+
+        :param join_transaction_mode: Describes the transactional behavior to
+          take when a given bind is a :class:`_engine.Connection` that
+          has already begun a transaction outside the scope of this
+          :class:`_orm.Session`; in other words the
+          :meth:`_engine.Connection.in_transaction()` method returns True.
+
+          The following behaviors only take effect when the :class:`_orm.Session`
+          **actually makes use of the connection given**; that is, a method
+          such as :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`, :meth:`_orm.Session.connection`,
+          etc. are actually invoked:
+
+          * ``"conditional_savepoint"`` - this is the default.  if the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection` is begun within a transaction but
+            does not have a SAVEPOINT, then ``"rollback_only"`` is used.
+            If the :class:`_engine.Connection` is additionally within
+            a SAVEPOINT, in other words
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.in_nested_transaction()` method returns
+            True, then ``"create_savepoint"`` is used.
+
+            ``"conditional_savepoint"`` behavior attempts to make use of
+            savepoints in order to keep the state of the existing transaction
+            unchanged, but only if there is already a savepoint in progress;
+            otherwise, it is not assumed that the backend in use has adequate
+            support for SAVEPOINT, as availability of this feature varies.
+            ``"conditional_savepoint"`` also seeks to establish approximate
+            backwards compatibility with previous :class:`_orm.Session`
+            behavior, for applications that are not setting a specific mode. It
+            is recommended that one of the explicit settings be used.
+
+          * ``"create_savepoint"`` - the :class:`_orm.Session` will use
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested()` in all cases to create
+            its own transaction.  This transaction by its nature rides
+            "on top" of any existing transaction that's opened on the given
+            :class:`_engine.Connection`; if the underlying database and
+            the driver in use has full, non-broken support for SAVEPOINT, the
+            external transaction will remain unaffected throughout the
+            lifespan of the :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+            The ``"create_savepoint"`` mode is the most useful for integrating
+            a :class:`_orm.Session` into a test suite where an externally
+            initiated transaction should remain unaffected; however, it relies
+            on proper SAVEPOINT support from the underlying driver and
+            database.
+
+            .. tip:: When using SQLite, the SQLite driver included through
+               Python 3.11 does not handle SAVEPOINTs correctly in all cases
+               without workarounds. See the sections
+               :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` and :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`
+               for details on current workarounds.
+
+          * ``"control_fully"`` - the :class:`_orm.Session` will take
+            control of the given transaction as its own;
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` will call ``.commit()`` on the
+            transaction, :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` will call
+            ``.rollback()`` on the transaction, :meth:`_orm.Session.close` will
+            call ``.rollback`` on the transaction.
+
+            .. tip:: This mode of use is equivalent to how SQLAlchemy 1.4 would
+               handle a :class:`_engine.Connection` given with an existing
+               SAVEPOINT (i.e. :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin_nested`); the
+               :class:`_orm.Session` would take full control of the existing
+               SAVEPOINT.
+
+          * ``"rollback_only"`` - the :class:`_orm.Session` will take control
+            of the given transaction for ``.rollback()`` calls only;
+            ``.commit()`` calls will not be propagated to the given
+            transaction.  ``.close()`` calls will have no effect on the
+            given transaction.
+
+            .. tip:: This mode of use is equivalent to how SQLAlchemy 1.4 would
+               handle a :class:`_engine.Connection` given with an existing
+               regular database transaction (i.e.
+               :meth:`_engine.Connection.begin`); the :class:`_orm.Session`
+               would propagate :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` calls to the
+               underlying transaction, but not :meth:`_orm.Session.commit` or
+               :meth:`_orm.Session.close` calls.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        :param close_resets_only: Defaults to ``True``. Determines if
+          the session should reset itself after calling ``.close()``
+          or should pass in a no longer usable state, disabling re-use.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0.22 added flag ``close_resets_only``.
+            A future SQLAlchemy version may change the default value of
+            this flag to ``False``.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - Detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+        """  # noqa
+
+        # considering allowing the "autocommit" keyword to still be accepted
+        # as long as it's False, so that external test suites, oslo.db etc
+        # continue to function as the argument appears to be passed in lots
+        # of cases including in our own test suite
+        if autocommit:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "autocommit=True is no longer supported"
+            )
+        self.identity_map = identity.WeakInstanceDict()
+
+        if not future:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The 'future' parameter passed to "
+                "Session() may only be set to True."
+            )
+
+        self._new = {}  # InstanceState->object, strong refs object
+        self._deleted = {}  # same
+        self.bind = bind
+        self.__binds = {}
+        self._flushing = False
+        self._warn_on_events = False
+        self._transaction = None
+        self._nested_transaction = None
+        self.hash_key = _new_sessionid()
+        self.autobegin = autobegin
+        self.autoflush = autoflush
+        self.expire_on_commit = expire_on_commit
+        self.enable_baked_queries = enable_baked_queries
+
+        # the idea is that at some point NO_ARG will warn that in the future
+        # the default will switch to close_resets_only=False.
+        if close_resets_only in (True, _NoArg.NO_ARG):
+            self._close_state = _SessionCloseState.CLOSE_IS_RESET
+        else:
+            self._close_state = _SessionCloseState.ACTIVE
+        if (
+            join_transaction_mode
+            and join_transaction_mode
+            not in JoinTransactionMode.__args__  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"invalid selection for join_transaction_mode: "
+                f'"{join_transaction_mode}"'
+            )
+        self.join_transaction_mode = join_transaction_mode
+
+        self.twophase = twophase
+        self._query_cls = query_cls if query_cls else query.Query
+        if info:
+            self.info.update(info)
+
+        if binds is not None:
+            for key, bind in binds.items():
+                self._add_bind(key, bind)
+
+        _sessions[self.hash_key] = self
+
+    # used by sqlalchemy.engine.util.TransactionalContext
+    _trans_context_manager: Optional[TransactionalContext] = None
+
+    connection_callable: Optional[_ConnectionCallableProto] = None
+
+    def __enter__(self: _S) -> _S:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, type_: Any, value: Any, traceback: Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _maker_context_manager(self: _S) -> Iterator[_S]:
+        with self:
+            with self.begin():
+                yield self
+
+    def in_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a transaction.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active`
+
+
+        """
+        return self._transaction is not None
+
+    def in_nested_transaction(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`_orm.Session` has begun a nested
+        transaction, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self._nested_transaction is not None
+
+    def get_transaction(self) -> Optional[SessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current root transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        trans = self._transaction
+        while trans is not None and trans._parent is not None:
+            trans = trans._parent
+        return trans
+
+    def get_nested_transaction(self) -> Optional[SessionTransaction]:
+        """Return the current nested transaction in progress, if any.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self._nested_transaction
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """A user-modifiable dictionary.
+
+        The initial value of this dictionary can be populated using the
+        ``info`` argument to the :class:`.Session` constructor or
+        :class:`.sessionmaker` constructor or factory methods.  The dictionary
+        here is always local to this :class:`.Session` and can be modified
+        independently of all other :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def _autobegin_t(self, begin: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            if not begin and not self.autobegin:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Autobegin is disabled on this Session; please call "
+                    "session.begin() to start a new transaction"
+                )
+            trans = SessionTransaction(
+                self,
+                (
+                    SessionTransactionOrigin.BEGIN
+                    if begin
+                    else SessionTransactionOrigin.AUTOBEGIN
+                ),
+            )
+            assert self._transaction is trans
+            return trans
+
+        return self._transaction
+
+    def begin(self, nested: bool = False) -> SessionTransaction:
+        """Begin a transaction, or nested transaction,
+        on this :class:`.Session`, if one is not already begun.
+
+        The :class:`_orm.Session` object features **autobegin** behavior,
+        so that normally it is not necessary to call the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.begin`
+        method explicitly. However, it may be used in order to control
+        the scope of when the transactional state is begun.
+
+        When used to begin the outermost transaction, an error is raised
+        if this :class:`.Session` is already inside of a transaction.
+
+        :param nested: if True, begins a SAVEPOINT transaction and is
+         equivalent to calling :meth:`~.Session.begin_nested`. For
+         documentation on SAVEPOINT transactions, please see
+         :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction`
+         acts as a Python context manager, allowing :meth:`.Session.begin`
+         to be used in a "with" block.  See :ref:`session_explicit_begin` for
+         an example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_autobegin`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.begin_nested`
+
+
+        """
+
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t(begin=True)
+
+            if not nested:
+                return trans
+
+        assert trans is not None
+
+        if nested:
+            trans = trans._begin(nested=nested)
+            assert self._transaction is trans
+            self._nested_transaction = trans
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "A transaction is already begun on this Session."
+            )
+
+        return trans  # needed for __enter__/__exit__ hook
+
+    def begin_nested(self) -> SessionTransaction:
+        """Begin a "nested" transaction on this Session, e.g. SAVEPOINT.
+
+        The target database(s) and associated drivers must support SQL
+        SAVEPOINT for this method to function correctly.
+
+        For documentation on SAVEPOINT
+        transactions, please see :ref:`session_begin_nested`.
+
+        :return: the :class:`.SessionTransaction` object.  Note that
+         :class:`.SessionTransaction` acts as a context manager, allowing
+         :meth:`.Session.begin_nested` to be used in a "with" block.
+         See :ref:`session_begin_nested` for a usage example.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_begin_nested`
+
+            :ref:`pysqlite_serializable` - special workarounds required
+            with the SQLite driver in order for SAVEPOINT to work
+            correctly. For asyncio use cases, see the section
+            :ref:`aiosqlite_serializable`.
+
+        """
+        return self.begin(nested=True)
+
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
+        """Rollback the current transaction in progress.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method is a pass-through.
+
+        The method always rolls back
+        the topmost database transaction, discarding any nested
+        transactions that may be in progress.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_rollback`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+        """
+        if self._transaction is None:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self._transaction.rollback(_to_root=True)
+
+    def commit(self) -> None:
+        """Flush pending changes and commit the current transaction.
+
+        When the COMMIT operation is complete, all objects are fully
+        :term:`expired`, erasing their internal contents, which will be
+        automatically re-loaded when the objects are next accessed. In the
+        interim, these objects are in an expired state and will not function if
+        they are :term:`detached` from the :class:`.Session`. Additionally,
+        this re-load operation is not supported when using asyncio-oriented
+        APIs. The :paramref:`.Session.expire_on_commit` parameter may be used
+        to disable this behavior.
+
+        When there is no transaction in place for the :class:`.Session`,
+        indicating that no operations were invoked on this :class:`.Session`
+        since the previous call to :meth:`.Session.commit`, the method will
+        begin and commit an internal-only "logical" transaction, that does not
+        normally affect the database unless pending flush changes were
+        detected, but will still invoke event handlers and object expiration
+        rules.
+
+        The outermost database transaction is committed unconditionally,
+        automatically releasing any SAVEPOINTs in effect.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_committing`
+
+            :ref:`unitofwork_transaction`
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_orm_avoid_lazyloads`
+
+        """
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t()
+
+        trans.commit(_to_root=True)
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        """Prepare the current transaction in progress for two phase commit.
+
+        If no transaction is in progress, this method raises an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError`.
+
+        Only root transactions of two phase sessions can be prepared. If the
+        current transaction is not such, an
+        :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` is raised.
+
+        """
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t()
+
+        trans.prepare()
+
+    def connection(
+        self,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_engine.Connection` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`.Session` object's transactional state.
+
+        Either the :class:`_engine.Connection` corresponding to the current
+        transaction is returned, or if no transaction is in progress, a new
+        one is begun and the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        returned (note that no
+        transactional state is established with the DBAPI until the first
+        SQL statement is emitted).
+
+        Ambiguity in multi-bind or unbound :class:`.Session` objects can be
+        resolved through any of the optional keyword arguments.   This
+        ultimately makes usage of the :meth:`.get_bind` method for resolution.
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of bind arguments.  May include
+         "mapper", "bind", "clause", other custom arguments that are passed
+         to :meth:`.Session.get_bind`.
+
+        :param execution_options: a dictionary of execution options that will
+         be passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, **when the
+         connection is first procured only**.   If the connection is already
+         present within the :class:`.Session`, a warning is emitted and
+         the arguments are ignored.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_transaction_isolation`
+
+        """
+
+        if bind_arguments:
+            bind = bind_arguments.pop("bind", None)
+
+            if bind is None:
+                bind = self.get_bind(**bind_arguments)
+        else:
+            bind = self.get_bind()
+
+        return self._connection_for_bind(
+            bind,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _connection_for_bind(
+        self,
+        engine: _SessionBind,
+        execution_options: Optional[CoreExecuteOptionsParameter] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Connection:
+        TransactionalContext._trans_ctx_check(self)
+
+        trans = self._transaction
+        if trans is None:
+            trans = self._autobegin_t()
+        return trans._connection_for_bind(engine, execution_options)
+
+    @overload
+    def _execute_internal(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _scalar_result: Literal[True] = ...,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _execute_internal(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _scalar_result: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    def _execute_internal(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _scalar_result: bool = False,
+    ) -> Any:
+        statement = coercions.expect(roles.StatementRole, statement)
+
+        if not bind_arguments:
+            bind_arguments = {}
+        else:
+            bind_arguments = dict(bind_arguments)
+
+        if (
+            statement._propagate_attrs.get("compile_state_plugin", None)
+            == "orm"
+        ):
+            compile_state_cls = CompileState._get_plugin_class_for_plugin(
+                statement, "orm"
+            )
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(
+                    compile_state_cls, context.AbstractORMCompileState
+                )
+        else:
+            compile_state_cls = None
+            bind_arguments.setdefault("clause", statement)
+
+        execution_options = util.coerce_to_immutabledict(execution_options)
+
+        if _parent_execute_state:
+            events_todo = _parent_execute_state._remaining_events()
+        else:
+            events_todo = self.dispatch.do_orm_execute
+            if _add_event:
+                events_todo = list(events_todo) + [_add_event]
+
+        if events_todo:
+            if compile_state_cls is not None:
+                # for event handlers, do the orm_pre_session_exec
+                # pass ahead of the event handlers, so that things like
+                # .load_options, .update_delete_options etc. are populated.
+                # is_pre_event=True allows the hook to hold off on things
+                # it doesn't want to do twice, including autoflush as well
+                # as "pre fetch" for DML, etc.
+                (
+                    statement,
+                    execution_options,
+                ) = compile_state_cls.orm_pre_session_exec(
+                    self,
+                    statement,
+                    params,
+                    execution_options,
+                    bind_arguments,
+                    True,
+                )
+
+            orm_exec_state = ORMExecuteState(
+                self,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                compile_state_cls,
+                events_todo,
+            )
+            for idx, fn in enumerate(events_todo):
+                orm_exec_state._starting_event_idx = idx
+                fn_result: Optional[Result[Any]] = fn(orm_exec_state)
+                if fn_result:
+                    if _scalar_result:
+                        return fn_result.scalar()
+                    else:
+                        return fn_result
+
+            statement = orm_exec_state.statement
+            execution_options = orm_exec_state.local_execution_options
+
+        if compile_state_cls is not None:
+            # now run orm_pre_session_exec() "for real".   if there were
+            # event hooks, this will re-run the steps that interpret
+            # new execution_options into load_options / update_delete_options,
+            # which we assume the event hook might have updated.
+            # autoflush will also be invoked in this step if enabled.
+            (
+                statement,
+                execution_options,
+            ) = compile_state_cls.orm_pre_session_exec(
+                self,
+                statement,
+                params,
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                False,
+            )
+
+        bind = self.get_bind(**bind_arguments)
+
+        conn = self._connection_for_bind(bind)
+
+        if _scalar_result and not compile_state_cls:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                params = cast(_CoreSingleExecuteParams, params)
+            return conn.scalar(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+        if compile_state_cls:
+            result: Result[Any] = compile_state_cls.orm_execute_statement(
+                self,
+                statement,
+                params or {},
+                execution_options,
+                bind_arguments,
+                conn,
+            )
+        else:
+            result = conn.execute(
+                statement, params or {}, execution_options=execution_options
+            )
+
+        if _scalar_result:
+            return result.scalar()
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[_T],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]: ...
+
+    def execute(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        _parent_execute_state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _add_event: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        r"""Execute a SQL expression construct.
+
+        Returns a :class:`_engine.Result` object representing
+        results of the statement execution.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+
+            result = session.execute(select(User).where(User.id == 5))
+
+        The API contract of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` is similar to that
+        of :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, the :term:`2.0 style` version
+        of :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` method is
+           now the primary point of ORM statement execution when using
+           :term:`2.0 style` ORM usage.
+
+        :param statement:
+            An executable statement (i.e. an :class:`.Executable` expression
+            such as :func:`_expression.select`).
+
+        :param params:
+            Optional dictionary, or list of dictionaries, containing
+            bound parameter values.   If a single dictionary, single-row
+            execution occurs; if a list of dictionaries, an
+            "executemany" will be invoked.  The keys in each dictionary
+            must correspond to parameter names present in the statement.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the statement execution.  This
+         dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are accepted
+         by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may also
+         provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :return: a :class:`_engine.Result` object.
+
+
+        """
+        return self._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _parent_execute_state=_parent_execute_state,
+            _add_event=_add_event,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+    def scalar(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Execute a statement and return a scalar result.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a scalar Python
+        value.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _scalar_result=True,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: TypedReturnsRows[Tuple[_T]],
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]: ...
+
+    def scalars(
+        self,
+        statement: Executable,
+        params: Optional[_CoreAnyExecuteParams] = None,
+        *,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ScalarResult[Any]:
+        """Execute a statement and return the results as scalars.
+
+        Usage and parameters are the same as that of
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`; the return result is a
+        :class:`_result.ScalarResult` filtering object which
+        will return single elements rather than :class:`_row.Row` objects.
+
+        :return:  a :class:`_result.ScalarResult` object
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.24 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.26 Added :meth:`_orm.scoped_session.scalars`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_select_orm_entities` - contrasts the behavior
+            of :meth:`_orm.Session.execute` to :meth:`_orm.Session.scalars`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._execute_internal(
+            statement,
+            params=params,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            _scalar_result=False,  # mypy appreciates this
+            **kw,
+        ).scalars()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        This expunges all ORM objects associated with this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, ends any transaction in progress and
+        :term:`releases` any :class:`_engine.Connection` objects which this
+        :class:`_orm.Session` itself has checked out from associated
+        :class:`_engine.Engine` objects. The operation then leaves the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` in a state which it may be used again.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            In the default running mode the :meth:`_orm.Session.close`
+            method **does not prevent the Session from being used again**.
+            The :class:`_orm.Session` itself does not actually have a
+            distinct "closed" state; it merely means
+            the :class:`_orm.Session` will release all database connections
+            and ORM objects.
+
+            Setting the parameter :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only`
+            to ``False`` will instead make the ``close`` final, meaning that
+            any further action on the session will be forbidden.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :meth:`.Session.close` method does not
+           immediately create a new :class:`.SessionTransaction` object;
+           instead, the new :class:`.SessionTransaction` is created only if
+           the :class:`.Session` is used again for a database operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.reset` - a similar method that behaves like
+            ``close()`` with  the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` set to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=False)
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        """Close out the transactional resources and ORM objects used by this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`, resetting the session to its initial state.
+
+        This method provides for same "reset-only" behavior that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.close` method has provided historically, where the
+        state of the :class:`_orm.Session` is reset as though the object were
+        brand new, and ready to be used again.
+        This method may then be useful for :class:`_orm.Session` objects
+        which set :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` to ``False``,
+        so that "reset only" behavior is still available.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_closing` - detail on the semantics of
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` and :meth:`_orm.Session.reset`.
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.close` - a similar method will additionally
+            prevent re-use of the Session when the parameter
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.close_resets_only` is set to ``False``.
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=False, is_reset=True)
+
+    def invalidate(self) -> None:
+        """Close this Session, using connection invalidation.
+
+        This is a variant of :meth:`.Session.close` that will additionally
+        ensure that the :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate`
+        method will be called on each :class:`_engine.Connection` object
+        that is currently in use for a transaction (typically there is only
+        one connection unless the :class:`_orm.Session` is used with
+        multiple engines).
+
+        This can be called when the database is known to be in a state where
+        the connections are no longer safe to be used.
+
+        Below illustrates a scenario when using `gevent
+        <https://www.gevent.org/>`_, which can produce ``Timeout`` exceptions
+        that may mean the underlying connection should be discarded::
+
+            import gevent
+
+            try:
+                sess = Session()
+                sess.add(User())
+                sess.commit()
+            except gevent.Timeout:
+                sess.invalidate()
+                raise
+            except:
+                sess.rollback()
+                raise
+
+        The method additionally does everything that :meth:`_orm.Session.close`
+        does, including that all ORM objects are expunged.
+
+        """
+        self._close_impl(invalidate=True)
+
+    def _close_impl(self, invalidate: bool, is_reset: bool = False) -> None:
+        if not is_reset and self._close_state is _SessionCloseState.ACTIVE:
+            self._close_state = _SessionCloseState.CLOSED
+        self.expunge_all()
+        if self._transaction is not None:
+            for transaction in self._transaction._iterate_self_and_parents():
+                transaction.close(invalidate)
+
+    def expunge_all(self) -> None:
+        """Remove all object instances from this ``Session``.
+
+        This is equivalent to calling ``expunge(obj)`` on all objects in this
+        ``Session``.
+
+        """
+
+        all_states = self.identity_map.all_states() + list(self._new)
+        self.identity_map._kill()
+        self.identity_map = identity.WeakInstanceDict()
+        self._new = {}
+        self._deleted = {}
+
+        statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(all_states, self)
+
+    def _add_bind(self, key: _SessionBindKey, bind: _SessionBind) -> None:
+        try:
+            insp = inspect(key)
+        except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
+            if not isinstance(key, type):
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Not an acceptable bind target: %s" % key
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                self.__binds[key] = bind
+        else:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(insp, Inspectable)
+
+            if isinstance(insp, TableClause):
+                self.__binds[insp] = bind
+            elif insp_is_mapper(insp):
+                self.__binds[insp.class_] = bind
+                for _selectable in insp._all_tables:
+                    self.__binds[_selectable] = bind
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Not an acceptable bind target: %s" % key
+                )
+
+    def bind_mapper(
+        self, mapper: _EntityBindKey[_O], bind: _SessionBind
+    ) -> None:
+        """Associate a :class:`_orm.Mapper` or arbitrary Python class with a
+        "bind", e.g. an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+        :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        The given entity is added to a lookup used by the
+        :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :param mapper: a :class:`_orm.Mapper` object,
+         or an instance of a mapped
+         class, or any Python class that is the base of a set of mapped
+         classes.
+
+        :param bind: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+                    object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+            :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+
+        """
+        self._add_bind(mapper, bind)
+
+    def bind_table(self, table: TableClause, bind: _SessionBind) -> None:
+        """Associate a :class:`_schema.Table` with a "bind", e.g. an
+        :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        or :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        The given :class:`_schema.Table` is added to a lookup used by the
+        :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+        :param table: a :class:`_schema.Table` object,
+         which is typically the target
+         of an ORM mapping, or is present within a selectable that is
+         mapped.
+
+        :param bind: an :class:`_engine.Engine` or :class:`_engine.Connection`
+         object.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+            :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+
+        """
+        self._add_bind(table, bind)
+
+    def get_bind(
+        self,
+        mapper: Optional[_EntityBindKey[_O]] = None,
+        *,
+        clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        _sa_skip_events: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _sa_skip_for_implicit_returning: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Union[Engine, Connection]:
+        """Return a "bind" to which this :class:`.Session` is bound.
+
+        The "bind" is usually an instance of :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+        except in the case where the :class:`.Session` has been
+        explicitly bound directly to a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        For a multiply-bound or unbound :class:`.Session`, the
+        ``mapper`` or ``clause`` arguments are used to determine the
+        appropriate bind to return.
+
+        Note that the "mapper" argument is usually present
+        when :meth:`.Session.get_bind` is called via an ORM
+        operation such as a :meth:`.Session.query`, each
+        individual INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operation within a
+        :meth:`.Session.flush`, call, etc.
+
+        The order of resolution is:
+
+        1. if mapper given and :paramref:`.Session.binds` is present,
+           locate a bind based first on the mapper in use, then
+           on the mapped class in use, then on any base classes that are
+           present in the ``__mro__`` of the mapped class, from more specific
+           superclasses to more general.
+        2. if clause given and ``Session.binds`` is present,
+           locate a bind based on :class:`_schema.Table` objects
+           found in the given clause present in ``Session.binds``.
+        3. if ``Session.binds`` is present, return that.
+        4. if clause given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the clause.
+        5. if mapper given, attempt to return a bind
+           linked to the :class:`_schema.MetaData` ultimately
+           associated with the :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+           selectable to which the mapper is mapped.
+        6. No bind can be found, :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.UnboundExecutionError`
+           is raised.
+
+        Note that the :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method can be overridden on
+        a user-defined subclass of :class:`.Session` to provide any kind
+        of bind resolution scheme.  See the example at
+        :ref:`session_custom_partitioning`.
+
+        :param mapper:
+          Optional mapped class or corresponding :class:`_orm.Mapper` instance.
+          The bind can be derived from a :class:`_orm.Mapper` first by
+          consulting the "binds" map associated with this :class:`.Session`,
+          and secondly by consulting the :class:`_schema.MetaData` associated
+          with the :class:`_schema.Table` to which the :class:`_orm.Mapper` is
+          mapped for a bind.
+
+        :param clause:
+            A :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` (i.e.
+            :func:`_expression.select`,
+            :func:`_expression.text`,
+            etc.).  If the ``mapper`` argument is not present or could not
+            produce a bind, the given expression construct will be searched
+            for a bound element, typically a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            associated with
+            bound :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`session_partitioning`
+
+             :paramref:`.Session.binds`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_mapper`
+
+             :meth:`.Session.bind_table`
+
+        """
+
+        # this function is documented as a subclassing hook, so we have
+        # to call this method even if the return is simple
+        if bind:
+            return bind
+        elif not self.__binds and self.bind:
+            # simplest and most common case, we have a bind and no
+            # per-mapper/table binds, we're done
+            return self.bind
+
+        # we don't have self.bind and either have self.__binds
+        # or we don't have self.__binds (which is legacy).  Look at the
+        # mapper and the clause
+        if mapper is None and clause is None:
+            if self.bind:
+                return self.bind
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+                    "This session is not bound to a single Engine or "
+                    "Connection, and no context was provided to locate "
+                    "a binding."
+                )
+
+        # look more closely at the mapper.
+        if mapper is not None:
+            try:
+                inspected_mapper = inspect(mapper)
+            except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
+                if isinstance(mapper, type):
+                    raise exc.UnmappedClassError(mapper) from err
+                else:
+                    raise
+        else:
+            inspected_mapper = None
+
+        # match up the mapper or clause in the __binds
+        if self.__binds:
+            # matching mappers and selectables to entries in the
+            # binds dictionary; supported use case.
+            if inspected_mapper:
+                for cls in inspected_mapper.class_.__mro__:
+                    if cls in self.__binds:
+                        return self.__binds[cls]
+                if clause is None:
+                    clause = inspected_mapper.persist_selectable
+
+            if clause is not None:
+                plugin_subject = clause._propagate_attrs.get(
+                    "plugin_subject", None
+                )
+
+                if plugin_subject is not None:
+                    for cls in plugin_subject.mapper.class_.__mro__:
+                        if cls in self.__binds:
+                            return self.__binds[cls]
+
+                for obj in visitors.iterate(clause):
+                    if obj in self.__binds:
+                        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                            assert isinstance(obj, Table)
+                        return self.__binds[obj]
+
+        # none of the __binds matched, but we have a fallback bind.
+        # return that
+        if self.bind:
+            return self.bind
+
+        context = []
+        if inspected_mapper is not None:
+            context.append(f"mapper {inspected_mapper}")
+        if clause is not None:
+            context.append("SQL expression")
+
+        raise sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError(
+            f"Could not locate a bind configured on "
+            f'{", ".join(context)} or this Session.'
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def query(self, _entity: _EntityType[_O]) -> Query[_O]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, _colexpr: TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T]]: ...
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query RowReturningQuery 2-8
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    ) -> RowReturningQuery[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.query
+
+    @overload
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]: ...
+
+    def query(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Query[Any]:
+        """Return a new :class:`_query.Query` object corresponding to this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_query.Query` object is legacy as of
+        SQLAlchemy 2.0; the :func:`_sql.select` construct is now used
+        to construct ORM queries.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`query_api_toplevel` - legacy API doc
+
+        """
+
+        return self._query_cls(entities, self, **kwargs)
+
+    def _identity_lookup(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+        primary_key_identity: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]],
+        identity_token: Any = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        lazy_loaded_from: Optional[InstanceState[Any]] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Union[Optional[_O], LoaderCallableStatus]:
+        """Locate an object in the identity map.
+
+        Given a primary key identity, constructs an identity key and then
+        looks in the session's identity map.  If present, the object may
+        be run through unexpiration rules (e.g. load unloaded attributes,
+        check if was deleted).
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            obj = session._identity_lookup(inspect(SomeClass), (1,))
+
+        :param mapper: mapper in use
+        :param primary_key_identity: the primary key we are searching for, as
+         a tuple.
+        :param identity_token: identity token that should be used to create
+         the identity key.  Used as is, however overriding subclasses can
+         repurpose this in order to interpret the value in a special way,
+         such as if None then look among multiple target tokens.
+        :param passive: passive load flag passed to
+         :func:`.loading.get_from_identity`, which impacts the behavior if
+         the object is found; the object may be validated and/or unexpired
+         if the flag allows for SQL to be emitted.
+        :param lazy_loaded_from: an :class:`.InstanceState` that is
+         specifically asking for this identity as a related identity.  Used
+         for sharding schemes where there is a correspondence between an object
+         and a related object being lazy-loaded (or otherwise
+         relationship-loaded).
+
+        :return: None if the object is not found in the identity map, *or*
+         if the object was unexpired and found to have been deleted.
+         if passive flags disallow SQL and the object is expired, returns
+         PASSIVE_NO_RESULT.   In all other cases the instance is returned.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.0 - the :meth:`.Session._identity_lookup`
+           method was moved from :class:`_query.Query` to
+           :class:`.Session`, to avoid having to instantiate the
+           :class:`_query.Query` object.
+
+
+        """
+
+        key = mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+            primary_key_identity, identity_token=identity_token
+        )
+
+        # work around: https://github.com/python/typing/discussions/1143
+        return_value = loading.get_from_identity(self, mapper, key, passive)
+        return return_value
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def no_autoflush(self) -> Iterator[Session]:
+        """Return a context manager that disables autoflush.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            with session.no_autoflush:
+
+                some_object = SomeClass()
+                session.add(some_object)
+                # won't autoflush
+                some_object.related_thing = session.query(SomeRelated).first()
+
+        Operations that proceed within the ``with:`` block
+        will not be subject to flushes occurring upon query
+        access.  This is useful when initializing a series
+        of objects which involve existing database queries,
+        where the uncompleted object should not yet be flushed.
+
+        """
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        self.autoflush = False
+        try:
+            yield self
+        finally:
+            self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    @util.langhelpers.tag_method_for_warnings(
+        "This warning originated from the Session 'autoflush' process, "
+        "which was invoked automatically in response to a user-initiated "
+        "operation. Consider using ``no_autoflush`` context manager if this "
+        "warning happended while initializing objects.",
+        sa_exc.SAWarning,
+    )
+    def _autoflush(self) -> None:
+        if self.autoflush and not self._flushing:
+            try:
+                self.flush()
+            except sa_exc.StatementError as e:
+                # note we are reraising StatementError as opposed to
+                # raising FlushError with "chaining" to remain compatible
+                # with code that catches StatementError, IntegrityError,
+                # etc.
+                e.add_detail(
+                    "raised as a result of Query-invoked autoflush; "
+                    "consider using a session.no_autoflush block if this "
+                    "flush is occurring prematurely"
+                )
+                raise e.with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
+
+    def refresh(
+        self,
+        instance: object,
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire and refresh attributes on the given instance.
+
+        The selected attributes will first be expired as they would when using
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.expire`; then a SELECT statement will be issued to
+        the database to refresh column-oriented attributes with the current
+        value available in the current transaction.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes will also be immediately
+        loaded if they were already eagerly loaded on the object, using the
+        same eager loading strategy that they were loaded with originally.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           can also refresh eagerly loaded attributes.
+
+        :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented attributes that would normally
+        load using the ``select`` (or "lazy") loader strategy will also
+        load **if they are named explicitly in the attribute_names
+        collection**, emitting a SELECT statement for the attribute using the
+        ``immediate`` loader strategy.  If lazy-loaded relationships are not
+        named in :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names`, then
+        they remain as "lazy loaded" attributes and are not implicitly
+        refreshed.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0.4  The :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method
+           will now refresh lazy-loaded :func:`_orm.relationship` oriented
+           attributes for those which are named explicitly in the
+           :paramref:`_orm.Session.refresh.attribute_names` collection.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            While the :meth:`_orm.Session.refresh` method is capable of
+            refreshing both column and relationship oriented attributes, its
+            primary focus is on refreshing of local column-oriented attributes
+            on a single instance. For more open ended "refresh" functionality,
+            including the ability to refresh the attributes on many objects at
+            once while having explicit control over relationship loader
+            strategies, use the
+            :ref:`populate existing <orm_queryguide_populate_existing>` feature
+            instead.
+
+        Note that a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as
+        were previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.   Refreshing
+        attributes usually only makes sense at the start of a transaction
+        where database rows have not yet been accessed.
+
+        :param attribute_names: optional.  An iterable collection of
+          string attribute names indicating a subset of attributes to
+          be refreshed.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire_all`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing` - allows any ORM query
+            to refresh objects as they would be loaded normally.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+        # this autoflush previously used to occur as a secondary effect
+        # of the load_on_ident below.   Meaning we'd organize the SELECT
+        # based on current DB pks, then flush, then if pks changed in that
+        # flush, crash.  this was unticketed but discovered as part of
+        # #8703.  So here, autoflush up front, dont autoflush inside
+        # load_on_ident.
+        self._autoflush()
+
+        if with_for_update == {}:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "with_for_update should be the boolean value "
+                "True, or a dictionary with options.  "
+                "A blank dictionary is ambiguous."
+            )
+
+        with_for_update = ForUpdateArg._from_argument(with_for_update)
+
+        stmt: Select[Any] = sql.select(object_mapper(instance))
+        if (
+            loading.load_on_ident(
+                self,
+                stmt,
+                state.key,
+                refresh_state=state,
+                with_for_update=with_for_update,
+                only_load_props=attribute_names,
+                require_pk_cols=True,
+                # technically unnecessary as we just did autoflush
+                # above, however removes the additional unnecessary
+                # call to _autoflush()
+                no_autoflush=True,
+                is_user_refresh=True,
+            )
+            is None
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Could not refresh instance '%s'" % instance_str(instance)
+            )
+
+    def expire_all(self) -> None:
+        """Expires all persistent instances within this Session.
+
+        When any attributes on a persistent instance is next accessed,
+        a query will be issued using the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire individual objects and individual attributes
+        on those objects, use :meth:`Session.expire`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire_all` is not usually needed,
+        assuming the transaction is isolated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+        """
+        for state in self.identity_map.all_states():
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+
+    def expire(
+        self, instance: object, attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire the attributes on an instance.
+
+        Marks the attributes of an instance as out of date. When an expired
+        attribute is next accessed, a query will be issued to the
+        :class:`.Session` object's current transactional context in order to
+        load all expired attributes for the given instance.   Note that
+        a highly isolated transaction will return the same values as were
+        previously read in that same transaction, regardless of changes
+        in database state outside of that transaction.
+
+        To expire all objects in the :class:`.Session` simultaneously,
+        use :meth:`Session.expire_all`.
+
+        The :class:`.Session` object's default behavior is to
+        expire all state whenever the :meth:`Session.rollback`
+        or :meth:`Session.commit` methods are called, so that new
+        state can be loaded for the new transaction.   For this reason,
+        calling :meth:`Session.expire` only makes sense for the specific
+        case that a non-ORM SQL statement was emitted in the current
+        transaction.
+
+        :param instance: The instance to be refreshed.
+        :param attribute_names: optional list of string attribute names
+          indicating a subset of attributes to be expired.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_expire` - introductory material
+
+            :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.refresh`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.populate_existing`
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+        self._expire_state(state, attribute_names)
+
+    def _expire_state(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        attribute_names: Optional[Iterable[str]],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._validate_persistent(state)
+        if attribute_names:
+            state._expire_attributes(state.dict, attribute_names)
+        else:
+            # pre-fetch the full cascade since the expire is going to
+            # remove associations
+            cascaded = list(
+                state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("refresh-expire", state)
+            )
+            self._conditional_expire(state)
+            for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded:
+                self._conditional_expire(st_)
+
+    def _conditional_expire(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], autoflush: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Expire a state if persistent, else expunge if pending"""
+
+        if state.key:
+            state._expire(state.dict, self.identity_map._modified)
+        elif state in self._new:
+            self._new.pop(state)
+            state._detach(self)
+
+    def expunge(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        """Remove the `instance` from this ``Session``.
+
+        This will free all internal references to the instance.  Cascading
+        will be applied according to the *expunge* cascade rule.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+        if state.session_id is not self.hash_key:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance %s is not present in this Session" % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        cascaded = list(
+            state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("expunge", state)
+        )
+        self._expunge_states([state] + [st_ for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascaded])
+
+    def _expunge_states(
+        self, states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]], to_transient: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        for state in states:
+            if state in self._new:
+                self._new.pop(state)
+            elif self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+                self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+                self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            elif self._transaction:
+                # state is "detached" from being deleted, but still present
+                # in the transaction snapshot
+                self._transaction._deleted.pop(state, None)
+        statelib.InstanceState._detach_states(
+            states, self, to_transient=to_transient
+        )
+
+    def _register_persistent(self, states: Set[InstanceState[Any]]) -> None:
+        """Register all persistent objects from a flush.
+
+        This is used both for pending objects moving to the persistent
+        state as well as already persistent objects.
+
+        """
+
+        pending_to_persistent = self.dispatch.pending_to_persistent or None
+        for state in states:
+            mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+
+            # prevent against last minute dereferences of the object
+            obj = state.obj()
+            if obj is not None:
+                instance_key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+
+                if (
+                    _none_set.intersection(instance_key[1])
+                    and not mapper.allow_partial_pks
+                    or _none_set.issuperset(instance_key[1])
+                ):
+                    raise exc.FlushError(
+                        "Instance %s has a NULL identity key.  If this is an "
+                        "auto-generated value, check that the database table "
+                        "allows generation of new primary key values, and "
+                        "that the mapped Column object is configured to "
+                        "expect these generated values.  Ensure also that "
+                        "this flush() is not occurring at an inappropriate "
+                        "time, such as within a load() event."
+                        % state_str(state)
+                    )
+
+                if state.key is None:
+                    state.key = instance_key
+                elif state.key != instance_key:
+                    # primary key switch. use safe_discard() in case another
+                    # state has already replaced this one in the identity
+                    # map (see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py ReversePKsTest)
+                    self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+                    trans = self._transaction
+                    assert trans is not None
+                    if state in trans._key_switches:
+                        orig_key = trans._key_switches[state][0]
+                    else:
+                        orig_key = state.key
+                    trans._key_switches[state] = (
+                        orig_key,
+                        instance_key,
+                    )
+                    state.key = instance_key
+
+                # there can be an existing state in the identity map
+                # that is replaced when the primary keys of two instances
+                # are swapped; see test/orm/test_naturalpks.py -> test_reverse
+                old = self.identity_map.replace(state)
+                if (
+                    old is not None
+                    and mapper._identity_key_from_state(old) == instance_key
+                    and old.obj() is not None
+                ):
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Identity map already had an identity for %s, "
+                        "replacing it with newly flushed object.   Are there "
+                        "load operations occurring inside of an event handler "
+                        "within the flush?" % (instance_key,)
+                    )
+                state._orphaned_outside_of_session = False
+
+        statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+            ((state, state.dict) for state in states), self.identity_map
+        )
+
+        self._register_altered(states)
+
+        if pending_to_persistent is not None:
+            for state in states.intersection(self._new):
+                pending_to_persistent(self, state)
+
+        # remove from new last, might be the last strong ref
+        for state in set(states).intersection(self._new):
+            self._new.pop(state)
+
+    def _register_altered(self, states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]) -> None:
+        if self._transaction:
+            for state in states:
+                if state in self._new:
+                    self._transaction._new[state] = True
+                else:
+                    self._transaction._dirty[state] = True
+
+    def _remove_newly_deleted(
+        self, states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        persistent_to_deleted = self.dispatch.persistent_to_deleted or None
+        for state in states:
+            if self._transaction:
+                self._transaction._deleted[state] = True
+
+            if persistent_to_deleted is not None:
+                # get a strong reference before we pop out of
+                # self._deleted
+                obj = state.obj()  # noqa
+
+            self.identity_map.safe_discard(state)
+            self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+            state._deleted = True
+            # can't call state._detach() here, because this state
+            # is still in the transaction snapshot and needs to be
+            # tracked as part of that
+            if persistent_to_deleted is not None:
+                persistent_to_deleted(self, state)
+
+    def add(self, instance: object, _warn: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Place an object into this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`transient` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the
+        :term:`pending` state, until the next flush, at which point they
+        will move to the :term:`persistent` state.
+
+        Objects that are in the :term:`detached` state when passed to the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` method will move to the :term:`persistent`
+        state directly.
+
+        If the transaction used by the :class:`_orm.Session` is rolled back,
+        objects which were transient when they were passed to
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.add` will be moved back to the
+        :term:`transient` state, and will no longer be present within this
+        :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+        """
+        if _warn and self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+
+        self._save_or_update_state(state)
+
+    def add_all(self, instances: Iterable[object]) -> None:
+        """Add the given collection of instances to this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        See the documentation for :meth:`_orm.Session.add` for a general
+        behavioral description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.add`
+
+            :ref:`session_adding` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.add_all()")
+
+        for instance in instances:
+            self.add(instance, _warn=False)
+
+    def _save_or_update_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        state._orphaned_outside_of_session = False
+        self._save_or_update_impl(state)
+
+        mapper = _state_mapper(state)
+        for o, m, st_, dct_ in mapper.cascade_iterator(
+            "save-update", state, halt_on=self._contains_state
+        ):
+            self._save_or_update_impl(st_)
+
+    def delete(self, instance: object) -> None:
+        """Mark an instance as deleted.
+
+        The object is assumed to be either :term:`persistent` or
+        :term:`detached` when passed; after the method is called, the
+        object will remain in the :term:`persistent` state until the next
+        flush proceeds.  During this time, the object will also be a member
+        of the :attr:`_orm.Session.deleted` collection.
+
+        When the next flush proceeds, the object will move to the
+        :term:`deleted` state, indicating a ``DELETE`` statement was emitted
+        for its row within the current transaction.   When the transaction
+        is successfully committed,
+        the deleted object is moved to the :term:`detached` state and is
+        no longer present within this :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_deleting` - at :ref:`session_basics`
+
+        """
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.delete()")
+
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+
+        self._delete_impl(state, instance, head=True)
+
+    def _delete_impl(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], obj: object, head: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        if state.key is None:
+            if head:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance '%s' is not persisted" % state_str(state)
+                )
+            else:
+                return
+
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+
+        if state in self._deleted:
+            return
+
+        self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+
+        if head:
+            # grab the cascades before adding the item to the deleted list
+            # so that autoflush does not delete the item
+            # the strong reference to the instance itself is significant here
+            cascade_states = list(
+                state.manager.mapper.cascade_iterator("delete", state)
+            )
+        else:
+            cascade_states = None
+
+        self._deleted[state] = obj
+
+        if head:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert cascade_states is not None
+            for o, m, st_, dct_ in cascade_states:
+                self._delete_impl(st_, o, False)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        """Return an instance based on the given primary key identifier,
+        or ``None`` if not found.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_user = session.get(User, 5)
+
+            some_object = session.get(VersionedFoo, (5, 10))
+
+            some_object = session.get(VersionedFoo, {"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added :meth:`_orm.Session.get`, which is moved
+           from the now legacy :meth:`_orm.Query.get` method.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` is special in that it provides direct
+        access to the identity map of the :class:`.Session`.
+        If the given primary key identifier is present
+        in the local identity map, the object is returned
+        directly from this collection and no SQL is emitted,
+        unless the object has been marked fully expired.
+        If not present,
+        a SELECT is performed in order to locate the object.
+
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.get` also will perform a check if
+        the object is present in the identity map and
+        marked as expired - a SELECT
+        is emitted to refresh the object as well as to
+        ensure that the row is still present.
+        If not, :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.exc.ObjectDeletedError` is raised.
+
+        :param entity: a mapped class or :class:`.Mapper` indicating the
+         type of entity to be loaded.
+
+        :param ident: A scalar, tuple, or dictionary representing the
+         primary key.  For a composite (e.g. multiple column) primary key,
+         a tuple or dictionary should be passed.
+
+         For a single-column primary key, the scalar calling form is typically
+         the most expedient.  If the primary key of a row is the value "5",
+         the call looks like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, 5)
+
+         The tuple form contains primary key values typically in
+         the order in which they correspond to the mapped
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         object's primary key columns, or if the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.primary_key` configuration parameter were
+         used, in
+         the order used for that parameter. For example, if the primary key
+         of a row is represented by the integer
+         digits "5, 10" the call would look like::
+
+             my_object = session.get(SomeClass, (5, 10))
+
+         The dictionary form should include as keys the mapped attribute names
+         corresponding to each element of the primary key.  If the mapped class
+         has the attributes ``id``, ``version_id`` as the attributes which
+         store the object's primary key value, the call would look like::
+
+            my_object = session.get(SomeClass, {"id": 5, "version_id": 10})
+
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the query, if one is emitted.
+
+        :param populate_existing: causes the method to unconditionally emit
+         a SQL query and refresh the object with the newly loaded data,
+         regardless of whether or not the object is already present.
+
+        :param with_for_update: optional boolean ``True`` indicating FOR UPDATE
+          should be used, or may be a dictionary containing flags to
+          indicate a more specific set of FOR UPDATE flags for the SELECT;
+          flags should match the parameters of
+          :meth:`_query.Query.with_for_update`.
+          Supersedes the :paramref:`.Session.refresh.lockmode` parameter.
+
+        :param execution_options: optional dictionary of execution options,
+         which will be associated with the query execution if one is emitted.
+         This dictionary can provide a subset of the options that are
+         accepted by :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`, and may
+         also provide additional options understood only in an ORM context.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.29
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - ORM-specific execution
+            options
+
+        :param bind_arguments: dictionary of additional arguments to determine
+         the bind.  May include "mapper", "bind", or other custom arguments.
+         Contents of this dictionary are passed to the
+         :meth:`.Session.get_bind` method.
+
+         .. versionadded: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        :return: The object instance, or ``None``.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self._get_impl(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            loading.load_on_pk_identity,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def get_one(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        ident: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Return exactly one instance based on the given primary key
+        identifier, or raise an exception if not found.
+
+        Raises ``sqlalchemy.orm.exc.NoResultFound`` if the query
+        selects no rows.
+
+        For a detailed documentation of the arguments see the
+        method :meth:`.Session.get`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.22
+
+        :return: The object instance.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Session.get` - equivalent method that instead
+              returns ``None`` if no row was found with the provided primary
+              key
+
+        """
+
+        instance = self.get(
+            entity,
+            ident,
+            options=options,
+            populate_existing=populate_existing,
+            with_for_update=with_for_update,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+        if instance is None:
+            raise sa_exc.NoResultFound(
+                "No row was found when one was required"
+            )
+
+        return instance
+
+    def _get_impl(
+        self,
+        entity: _EntityBindKey[_O],
+        primary_key_identity: _PKIdentityArgument,
+        db_load_fn: Callable[..., _O],
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ExecutableOption]] = None,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter = None,
+        identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+        execution_options: OrmExecuteOptionsParameter = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+        bind_arguments: Optional[_BindArguments] = None,
+    ) -> Optional[_O]:
+        # convert composite types to individual args
+        if (
+            is_composite_class(primary_key_identity)
+            and type(primary_key_identity)
+            in descriptor_props._composite_getters
+        ):
+            getter = descriptor_props._composite_getters[
+                type(primary_key_identity)
+            ]
+            primary_key_identity = getter(primary_key_identity)
+
+        mapper: Optional[Mapper[_O]] = inspect(entity)
+
+        if mapper is None or not mapper.is_mapper:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected mapped class or mapper, got: %r" % entity
+            )
+
+        is_dict = isinstance(primary_key_identity, dict)
+        if not is_dict:
+            primary_key_identity = util.to_list(
+                primary_key_identity, default=[None]
+            )
+
+        if len(primary_key_identity) != len(mapper.primary_key):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Incorrect number of values in identifier to formulate "
+                "primary key for session.get(); primary key columns "
+                "are %s" % ",".join("'%s'" % c for c in mapper.primary_key)
+            )
+
+        if is_dict:
+            pk_synonyms = mapper._pk_synonyms
+
+            if pk_synonyms:
+                correct_keys = set(pk_synonyms).intersection(
+                    primary_key_identity
+                )
+
+                if correct_keys:
+                    primary_key_identity = dict(primary_key_identity)
+                    for k in correct_keys:
+                        primary_key_identity[pk_synonyms[k]] = (
+                            primary_key_identity[k]
+                        )
+
+            try:
+                primary_key_identity = list(
+                    primary_key_identity[prop.key]
+                    for prop in mapper._identity_key_props
+                )
+
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Incorrect names of values in identifier to formulate "
+                    "primary key for session.get(); primary key attribute "
+                    "names are %s (synonym names are also accepted)"
+                    % ",".join(
+                        "'%s'" % prop.key
+                        for prop in mapper._identity_key_props
+                    )
+                ) from err
+
+        if (
+            not populate_existing
+            and not mapper.always_refresh
+            and with_for_update is None
+        ):
+            instance = self._identity_lookup(
+                mapper,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                identity_token=identity_token,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+                bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+            )
+
+            if instance is not None:
+                # reject calls for id in identity map but class
+                # mismatch.
+                if not isinstance(instance, mapper.class_):
+                    return None
+                return instance
+
+            # TODO: this was being tested before, but this is not possible
+            assert instance is not LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH
+
+        # set_label_style() not strictly necessary, however this will ensure
+        # that tablename_colname style is used which at the moment is
+        # asserted in a lot of unit tests :)
+
+        load_options = context.QueryContext.default_load_options
+
+        if populate_existing:
+            load_options += {"_populate_existing": populate_existing}
+        statement = sql.select(mapper).set_label_style(
+            LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        )
+        if with_for_update is not None:
+            statement._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg._from_argument(
+                with_for_update
+            )
+
+        if options:
+            statement = statement.options(*options)
+        return db_load_fn(
+            self,
+            statement,
+            primary_key_identity,
+            load_options=load_options,
+            identity_token=identity_token,
+            execution_options=execution_options,
+            bind_arguments=bind_arguments,
+        )
+
+    def merge(
+        self,
+        instance: _O,
+        *,
+        load: bool = True,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+    ) -> _O:
+        """Copy the state of a given instance into a corresponding instance
+        within this :class:`.Session`.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.merge` examines the primary key attributes of the
+        source instance, and attempts to reconcile it with an instance of the
+        same primary key in the session.   If not found locally, it attempts
+        to load the object from the database based on primary key, and if
+        none can be located, creates a new instance.  The state of each
+        attribute on the source instance is then copied to the target
+        instance.  The resulting target instance is then returned by the
+        method; the original source instance is left unmodified, and
+        un-associated with the :class:`.Session` if not already.
+
+        This operation cascades to associated instances if the association is
+        mapped with ``cascade="merge"``.
+
+        See :ref:`unitofwork_merging` for a detailed discussion of merging.
+
+        :param instance: Instance to be merged.
+        :param load: Boolean, when False, :meth:`.merge` switches into
+         a "high performance" mode which causes it to forego emitting history
+         events as well as all database access.  This flag is used for
+         cases such as transferring graphs of objects into a :class:`.Session`
+         from a second level cache, or to transfer just-loaded objects
+         into the :class:`.Session` owned by a worker thread or process
+         without re-querying the database.
+
+         The ``load=False`` use case adds the caveat that the given
+         object has to be in a "clean" state, that is, has no pending changes
+         to be flushed - even if the incoming object is detached from any
+         :class:`.Session`.   This is so that when
+         the merge operation populates local attributes and
+         cascades to related objects and
+         collections, the values can be "stamped" onto the
+         target object as is, without generating any history or attribute
+         events, and without the need to reconcile the incoming data with
+         any existing related objects or collections that might not
+         be loaded.  The resulting objects from ``load=False`` are always
+         produced as "clean", so it is only appropriate that the given objects
+         should be "clean" as well, else this suggests a mis-use of the
+         method.
+        :param options: optional sequence of loader options which will be
+         applied to the :meth:`_orm.Session.get` method when the merge
+         operation loads the existing version of the object from the database.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - provides for an alternative
+            means of "merging" a single object into the :class:`.Session`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._warn_on_events:
+            self._flush_warning("Session.merge()")
+
+        _recursive: Dict[InstanceState[Any], object] = {}
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object] = {}
+
+        if load:
+            # flush current contents if we expect to load data
+            self._autoflush()
+
+        object_mapper(instance)  # verify mapped
+        autoflush = self.autoflush
+        try:
+            self.autoflush = False
+            return self._merge(
+                attributes.instance_state(instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(instance),
+                load=load,
+                options=options,
+                _recursive=_recursive,
+                _resolve_conflict_map=_resolve_conflict_map,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.autoflush = autoflush
+
+    def _merge(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[_O],
+        state_dict: _InstanceDict,
+        *,
+        options: Optional[Sequence[ORMOption]] = None,
+        load: bool,
+        _recursive: Dict[Any, object],
+        _resolve_conflict_map: Dict[_IdentityKeyType[Any], object],
+    ) -> _O:
+        mapper: Mapper[_O] = _state_mapper(state)
+        if state in _recursive:
+            return cast(_O, _recursive[state])
+
+        new_instance = False
+        key = state.key
+
+        merged: Optional[_O]
+
+        if key is None:
+            if state in self._new:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Instance %s is already pending in this Session yet is "
+                    "being merged again; this is probably not what you want "
+                    "to do" % state_str(state)
+                )
+
+            if not load:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                    "objects transient (i.e. unpersisted) objects.  flush() "
+                    "all changes on mapped instances before merging with "
+                    "load=False."
+                )
+            key = mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+            key_is_persistent = LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET not in key[
+                1
+            ] and (
+                not _none_set.intersection(key[1])
+                or (
+                    mapper.allow_partial_pks
+                    and not _none_set.issuperset(key[1])
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            key_is_persistent = True
+
+        if key in self.identity_map:
+            try:
+                merged = self.identity_map[key]
+            except KeyError:
+                # object was GC'ed right as we checked for it
+                merged = None
+        else:
+            merged = None
+
+        if merged is None:
+            if key_is_persistent and key in _resolve_conflict_map:
+                merged = cast(_O, _resolve_conflict_map[key])
+
+            elif not load:
+                if state.modified:
+                    raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "merge() with load=False option does not support "
+                        "objects marked as 'dirty'.  flush() all changes on "
+                        "mapped instances before merging with load=False."
+                    )
+                merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+                merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+                merged_state.key = key
+                self._update_impl(merged_state)
+                new_instance = True
+
+            elif key_is_persistent:
+                merged = self.get(
+                    mapper.class_,
+                    key[1],
+                    identity_token=key[2],
+                    options=options,
+                )
+
+        if merged is None:
+            merged = mapper.class_manager.new_instance()
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+            new_instance = True
+            self._save_or_update_state(merged_state)
+        else:
+            merged_state = attributes.instance_state(merged)
+            merged_dict = attributes.instance_dict(merged)
+
+        _recursive[state] = merged
+        _resolve_conflict_map[key] = merged
+
+        # check that we didn't just pull the exact same
+        # state out.
+        if state is not merged_state:
+            # version check if applicable
+            if mapper.version_id_col is not None:
+                existing_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+
+                merged_version = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                    merged_state,
+                    merged_dict,
+                    mapper.version_id_col,
+                    passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    existing_version
+                    is not LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                    and merged_version
+                    is not LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                    and existing_version != merged_version
+                ):
+                    raise exc.StaleDataError(
+                        "Version id '%s' on merged state %s "
+                        "does not match existing version '%s'. "
+                        "Leave the version attribute unset when "
+                        "merging to update the most recent version."
+                        % (
+                            existing_version,
+                            state_str(merged_state),
+                            merged_version,
+                        )
+                    )
+
+            merged_state.load_path = state.load_path
+            merged_state.load_options = state.load_options
+
+            # since we are copying load_options, we need to copy
+            # the callables_ that would have been generated by those
+            # load_options.
+            # assumes that the callables we put in state.callables_
+            # are not instance-specific (which they should not be)
+            merged_state._copy_callables(state)
+
+            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
+                prop.merge(
+                    self,
+                    state,
+                    state_dict,
+                    merged_state,
+                    merged_dict,
+                    load,
+                    _recursive,
+                    _resolve_conflict_map,
+                )
+
+        if not load:
+            # remove any history
+            merged_state._commit_all(merged_dict, self.identity_map)
+            merged_state.manager.dispatch._sa_event_merge_wo_load(
+                merged_state, None
+            )
+
+        if new_instance:
+            merged_state.manager.dispatch.load(merged_state, None)
+
+        return merged
+
+    def _validate_persistent(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if not self.identity_map.contains_state(state):
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persistent within this Session"
+                % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+    def _save_impl(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if state.key is not None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' already has an identity - "
+                "it can't be registered as pending" % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        obj = state.obj()
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+        if state not in self._new:
+            self._new[state] = obj
+            state.insert_order = len(self._new)
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+
+    def _update_impl(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], revert_deletion: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        if state.key is None:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Instance '%s' is not persisted" % state_str(state)
+            )
+
+        if state._deleted:
+            if revert_deletion:
+                if not state._attached:
+                    return
+                del state._deleted
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance '%s' has been deleted.  "
+                    "Use the make_transient() "
+                    "function to send this object back "
+                    "to the transient state." % state_str(state)
+                )
+
+        obj = state.obj()
+
+        # check for late gc
+        if obj is None:
+            return
+
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+
+        self._deleted.pop(state, None)
+        if revert_deletion:
+            self.identity_map.replace(state)
+        else:
+            self.identity_map.add(state)
+
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+        elif revert_deletion:
+            self.dispatch.deleted_to_persistent(self, state)
+
+    def _save_or_update_impl(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if state.key is None:
+            self._save_impl(state)
+        else:
+            self._update_impl(state)
+
+    def enable_relationship_loading(self, obj: object) -> None:
+        """Associate an object with this :class:`.Session` for related
+        object loading.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            :meth:`.enable_relationship_loading` exists to serve special
+            use cases and is not recommended for general use.
+
+        Accesses of attributes mapped with :func:`_orm.relationship`
+        will attempt to load a value from the database using this
+        :class:`.Session` as the source of connectivity.  The values
+        will be loaded based on foreign key and primary key values
+        present on this object - if not present, then those relationships
+        will be unavailable.
+
+        The object will be attached to this session, but will
+        **not** participate in any persistence operations; its state
+        for almost all purposes will remain either "transient" or
+        "detached", except for the case of relationship loading.
+
+        Also note that backrefs will often not work as expected.
+        Altering a relationship-bound attribute on the target object
+        may not fire off a backref event, if the effective value
+        is what was already loaded from a foreign-key-holding value.
+
+        The :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` method is
+        similar to the ``load_on_pending`` flag on :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+        Unlike that flag, :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` allows
+        an object to remain transient while still being able to load
+        related items.
+
+        To make a transient object associated with a :class:`.Session`
+        via :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` pending, add
+        it to the :class:`.Session` using :meth:`.Session.add` normally.
+        If the object instead represents an existing identity in the database,
+        it should be merged using :meth:`.Session.merge`.
+
+        :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading` does not improve
+        behavior when the ORM is used normally - object references should be
+        constructed at the object level, not at the foreign key level, so
+        that they are present in an ordinary way before flush()
+        proceeds.  This method is not intended for general use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_orm.relationship.load_on_pending` - this flag
+            allows per-relationship loading of many-to-ones on items that
+            are pending.
+
+            :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` - allows for an object to
+            be added to a :class:`.Session` without SQL emitted, which then
+            will unexpire attributes on access.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(obj)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(obj) from err
+
+        to_attach = self._before_attach(state, obj)
+        state._load_pending = True
+        if to_attach:
+            self._after_attach(state, obj)
+
+    def _before_attach(self, state: InstanceState[Any], obj: object) -> bool:
+        self._autobegin_t()
+
+        if state.session_id == self.hash_key:
+            return False
+
+        if state.session_id and state.session_id in _sessions:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Object '%s' is already attached to session '%s' "
+                "(this is '%s')"
+                % (state_str(state), state.session_id, self.hash_key)
+            )
+
+        self.dispatch.before_attach(self, state)
+
+        return True
+
+    def _after_attach(self, state: InstanceState[Any], obj: object) -> None:
+        state.session_id = self.hash_key
+        if state.modified and state._strong_obj is None:
+            state._strong_obj = obj
+        self.dispatch.after_attach(self, state)
+
+        if state.key:
+            self.dispatch.detached_to_persistent(self, state)
+        else:
+            self.dispatch.transient_to_pending(self, state)
+
+    def __contains__(self, instance: object) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the instance is associated with this session.
+
+        The instance may be pending or persistent within the Session for a
+        result of True.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+        except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+            raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+        return self._contains_state(state)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[object]:
+        """Iterate over all pending or persistent instances within this
+        Session.
+
+        """
+        return iter(
+            list(self._new.values()) + list(self.identity_map.values())
+        )
+
+    def _contains_state(self, state: InstanceState[Any]) -> bool:
+        return state in self._new or self.identity_map.contains_state(state)
+
+    def flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None) -> None:
+        """Flush all the object changes to the database.
+
+        Writes out all pending object creations, deletions and modifications
+        to the database as INSERTs, DELETEs, UPDATEs, etc.  Operations are
+        automatically ordered by the Session's unit of work dependency
+        solver.
+
+        Database operations will be issued in the current transactional
+        context and do not affect the state of the transaction, unless an
+        error occurs, in which case the entire transaction is rolled back.
+        You may flush() as often as you like within a transaction to move
+        changes from Python to the database's transaction buffer.
+
+        :param objects: Optional; restricts the flush operation to operate
+          only on elements that are in the given collection.
+
+          This feature is for an extremely narrow set of use cases where
+          particular objects may need to be operated upon before the
+          full flush() occurs.  It is not intended for general use.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._flushing:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Session is already flushing")
+
+        if self._is_clean():
+            return
+        try:
+            self._flushing = True
+            self._flush(objects)
+        finally:
+            self._flushing = False
+
+    def _flush_warning(self, method: Any) -> None:
+        util.warn(
+            "Usage of the '%s' operation is not currently supported "
+            "within the execution stage of the flush process. "
+            "Results may not be consistent.  Consider using alternative "
+            "event listeners or connection-level operations instead." % method
+        )
+
+    def _is_clean(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            not self.identity_map.check_modified()
+            and not self._deleted
+            and not self._new
+        )
+
+    def _flush(self, objects: Optional[Sequence[object]] = None) -> None:
+        dirty = self._dirty_states
+        if not dirty and not self._deleted and not self._new:
+            self.identity_map._modified.clear()
+            return
+
+        flush_context = UOWTransaction(self)
+
+        if self.dispatch.before_flush:
+            self.dispatch.before_flush(self, flush_context, objects)
+            # re-establish "dirty states" in case the listeners
+            # added
+            dirty = self._dirty_states
+
+        deleted = set(self._deleted)
+        new = set(self._new)
+
+        dirty = set(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        # create the set of all objects we want to operate upon
+        if objects:
+            # specific list passed in
+            objset = set()
+            for o in objects:
+                try:
+                    state = attributes.instance_state(o)
+
+                except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+                    raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(o) from err
+                objset.add(state)
+        else:
+            objset = None
+
+        # store objects whose fate has been decided
+        processed = set()
+
+        # put all saves/updates into the flush context.  detect top-level
+        # orphans and throw them into deleted.
+        if objset:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).intersection(objset).difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            proc = new.union(dirty).difference(deleted)
+
+        for state in proc:
+            is_orphan = _state_mapper(state)._is_orphan(state)
+
+            is_persistent_orphan = is_orphan and state.has_identity
+
+            if (
+                is_orphan
+                and not is_persistent_orphan
+                and state._orphaned_outside_of_session
+            ):
+                self._expunge_states([state])
+            else:
+                _reg = flush_context.register_object(
+                    state, isdelete=is_persistent_orphan
+                )
+                assert _reg, "Failed to add object to the flush context!"
+                processed.add(state)
+
+        # put all remaining deletes into the flush context.
+        if objset:
+            proc = deleted.intersection(objset).difference(processed)
+        else:
+            proc = deleted.difference(processed)
+        for state in proc:
+            _reg = flush_context.register_object(state, isdelete=True)
+            assert _reg, "Failed to add object to the flush context!"
+
+        if not flush_context.has_work:
+            return
+
+        flush_context.transaction = transaction = self._autobegin_t()._begin()
+        try:
+            self._warn_on_events = True
+            try:
+                flush_context.execute()
+            finally:
+                self._warn_on_events = False
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush(self, flush_context)
+
+            flush_context.finalize_flush_changes()
+
+            if not objects and self.identity_map._modified:
+                len_ = len(self.identity_map._modified)
+
+                statelib.InstanceState._commit_all_states(
+                    [
+                        (state, state.dict)
+                        for state in self.identity_map._modified
+                    ],
+                    instance_dict=self.identity_map,
+                )
+                util.warn(
+                    "Attribute history events accumulated on %d "
+                    "previously clean instances "
+                    "within inner-flush event handlers have been "
+                    "reset, and will not result in database updates. "
+                    "Consider using set_committed_value() within "
+                    "inner-flush event handlers to avoid this warning." % len_
+                )
+
+            # useful assertions:
+            # if not objects:
+            #    assert not self.identity_map._modified
+            # else:
+            #    assert self.identity_map._modified == \
+            #            self.identity_map._modified.difference(objects)
+
+            self.dispatch.after_flush_postexec(self, flush_context)
+
+            transaction.commit()
+
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
+
+    def bulk_save_objects(
+        self,
+        objects: Iterable[object],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        update_changed_only: bool = True,
+        preserve_order: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform a bulk save of the given list of objects.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.
+
+            For general INSERT and UPDATE of existing ORM mapped objects,
+            prefer standard :term:`unit of work` data management patterns,
+            introduced in the :ref:`unified_tutorial` at
+            :ref:`tutorial_orm_data_manipulation`.  SQLAlchemy 2.0
+            now uses :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues` with modern dialects
+            which solves previous issues of bulk INSERT slowness.
+
+        :param objects: a sequence of mapped object instances.  The mapped
+         objects are persisted as is, and are **not** associated with the
+         :class:`.Session` afterwards.
+
+         For each object, whether the object is sent as an INSERT or an
+         UPDATE is dependent on the same rules used by the :class:`.Session`
+         in traditional operation; if the object has the
+         :attr:`.InstanceState.key`
+         attribute set, then the object is assumed to be "detached" and
+         will result in an UPDATE.  Otherwise, an INSERT is used.
+
+         In the case of an UPDATE, statements are grouped based on which
+         attributes have changed, and are thus to be the subject of each
+         SET clause.  If ``update_changed_only`` is False, then all
+         attributes present within each object are applied to the UPDATE
+         statement, which may help in allowing the statements to be grouped
+         together into a larger executemany(), and will also reduce the
+         overhead of checking history on attributes.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, rows that are missing values which
+         generate defaults, namely integer primary key defaults and sequences,
+         will be inserted **one at a time**, so that the primary key value
+         is available.  In particular this will allow joined-inheritance
+         and other multi-table mappings to insert correctly without the need
+         to provide primary key values ahead of time; however,
+         :paramref:`.Session.bulk_save_objects.return_defaults` **greatly
+         reduces the performance gains** of the method overall.  It is strongly
+         advised to please use the standard :meth:`_orm.Session.add_all`
+         approach.
+
+        :param update_changed_only: when True, UPDATE statements are rendered
+         based on those attributes in each state that have logged changes.
+         When False, all attributes present are rendered into the SET clause
+         with the exception of primary key attributes.
+
+        :param preserve_order: when True, the order of inserts and updates
+         matches exactly the order in which the objects are given.   When
+         False, common types of objects are grouped into inserts
+         and updates, to allow for more batching opportunities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+        """
+
+        obj_states: Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]
+
+        obj_states = (attributes.instance_state(obj) for obj in objects)
+
+        if not preserve_order:
+            # the purpose of this sort is just so that common mappers
+            # and persistence states are grouped together, so that groupby
+            # will return a single group for a particular type of mapper.
+            # it's not trying to be deterministic beyond that.
+            obj_states = sorted(
+                obj_states,
+                key=lambda state: (id(state.mapper), state.key is not None),
+            )
+
+        def grouping_key(
+            state: InstanceState[_O],
+        ) -> Tuple[Mapper[_O], bool]:
+            return (state.mapper, state.key is not None)
+
+        for (mapper, isupdate), states in itertools.groupby(
+            obj_states, grouping_key
+        ):
+            self._bulk_save_mappings(
+                mapper,
+                states,
+                isupdate=isupdate,
+                isstates=True,
+                return_defaults=return_defaults,
+                update_changed_only=update_changed_only,
+                render_nulls=False,
+            )
+
+    def bulk_insert_mappings(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[Any],
+        mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]],
+        return_defaults: bool = False,
+        render_nulls: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform a bulk insert of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be inserted, in terms of the attribute
+         names on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables,
+         such as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary must contain all
+         keys to be populated into all tables.
+
+        :param return_defaults: when True, the INSERT process will be altered
+         to ensure that newly generated primary key values will be fetched.
+         The rationale for this parameter is typically to enable
+         :ref:`Joined Table Inheritance <joined_inheritance>` mappings to
+         be bulk inserted.
+
+         .. note:: for backends that don't support RETURNING, the
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.bulk_insert_mappings.return_defaults`
+            parameter can significantly decrease performance as INSERT
+            statements can no longer be batched.   See
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+            for background on which backends are affected.
+
+        :param render_nulls: When True, a value of ``None`` will result
+         in a NULL value being included in the INSERT statement, rather
+         than the column being omitted from the INSERT.   This allows all
+         the rows being INSERTed to have the identical set of columns which
+         allows the full set of rows to be batched to the DBAPI.  Normally,
+         each column-set that contains a different combination of NULL values
+         than the previous row must omit a different series of columns from
+         the rendered INSERT statement, which means it must be emitted as a
+         separate statement.   By passing this flag, the full set of rows
+         are guaranteed to be batchable into one batch; the cost however is
+         that server-side defaults which are invoked by an omitted column will
+         be skipped, so care must be taken to ensure that these are not
+         necessary.
+
+         .. warning::
+
+            When this flag is set, **server side default SQL values will
+            not be invoked** for those columns that are inserted as NULL;
+            the NULL value will be sent explicitly.   Care must be taken
+            to ensure that no server-side default functions need to be
+            invoked for the operation as a whole.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_update_mappings`
+
+        """
+        self._bulk_save_mappings(
+            mapper,
+            mappings,
+            isupdate=False,
+            isstates=False,
+            return_defaults=return_defaults,
+            update_changed_only=False,
+            render_nulls=render_nulls,
+        )
+
+    def bulk_update_mappings(
+        self, mapper: Mapper[Any], mappings: Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Perform a bulk update of the given list of mapping dictionaries.
+
+        .. legacy::
+
+            This method is a legacy feature as of the 2.0 series of
+            SQLAlchemy.   For modern bulk INSERT and UPDATE, see
+            the sections :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` and
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_update`.  The 2.0 API shares
+            implementation details with this method and adds new features
+            as well.
+
+        :param mapper: a mapped class, or the actual :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+         object,
+         representing the single kind of object represented within the mapping
+         list.
+
+        :param mappings: a sequence of dictionaries, each one containing the
+         state of the mapped row to be updated, in terms of the attribute names
+         on the mapped class.   If the mapping refers to multiple tables, such
+         as a joined-inheritance mapping, each dictionary may contain keys
+         corresponding to all tables.   All those keys which are present and
+         are not part of the primary key are applied to the SET clause of the
+         UPDATE statement; the primary key values, which are required, are
+         applied to the WHERE clause.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :doc:`queryguide/dml`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_insert_mappings`
+
+            :meth:`.Session.bulk_save_objects`
+
+        """
+        self._bulk_save_mappings(
+            mapper,
+            mappings,
+            isupdate=True,
+            isstates=False,
+            return_defaults=False,
+            update_changed_only=False,
+            render_nulls=False,
+        )
+
+    def _bulk_save_mappings(
+        self,
+        mapper: Mapper[_O],
+        mappings: Union[Iterable[InstanceState[_O]], Iterable[Dict[str, Any]]],
+        *,
+        isupdate: bool,
+        isstates: bool,
+        return_defaults: bool,
+        update_changed_only: bool,
+        render_nulls: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        mapper = _class_to_mapper(mapper)
+        self._flushing = True
+
+        transaction = self._autobegin_t()._begin()
+        try:
+            if isupdate:
+                bulk_persistence._bulk_update(
+                    mapper,
+                    mappings,
+                    transaction,
+                    isstates=isstates,
+                    update_changed_only=update_changed_only,
+                )
+            else:
+                bulk_persistence._bulk_insert(
+                    mapper,
+                    mappings,
+                    transaction,
+                    isstates=isstates,
+                    return_defaults=return_defaults,
+                    render_nulls=render_nulls,
+                )
+            transaction.commit()
+
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                transaction.rollback(_capture_exception=True)
+        finally:
+            self._flushing = False
+
+    def is_modified(
+        self, instance: object, include_collections: bool = True
+    ) -> bool:
+        r"""Return ``True`` if the given instance has locally
+        modified attributes.
+
+        This method retrieves the history for each instrumented
+        attribute on the instance and performs a comparison of the current
+        value to its previously flushed or committed value, if any.
+
+        It is in effect a more expensive and accurate
+        version of checking for the given instance in the
+        :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection; a full test for
+        each attribute's net "dirty" status is performed.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            return session.is_modified(someobject)
+
+        A few caveats to this method apply:
+
+        * Instances present in the :attr:`.Session.dirty` collection may
+          report ``False`` when tested with this method.  This is because
+          the object may have received change events via attribute mutation,
+          thus placing it in :attr:`.Session.dirty`, but ultimately the state
+          is the same as that loaded from the database, resulting in no net
+          change here.
+        * Scalar attributes may not have recorded the previously set
+          value when a new value was applied, if the attribute was not loaded,
+          or was expired, at the time the new value was received - in these
+          cases, the attribute is assumed to have a change, even if there is
+          ultimately no net change against its database value. SQLAlchemy in
+          most cases does not need the "old" value when a set event occurs, so
+          it skips the expense of a SQL call if the old value isn't present,
+          based on the assumption that an UPDATE of the scalar value is
+          usually needed, and in those few cases where it isn't, is less
+          expensive on average than issuing a defensive SELECT.
+
+          The "old" value is fetched unconditionally upon set only if the
+          attribute container has the ``active_history`` flag set to ``True``.
+          This flag is set typically for primary key attributes and scalar
+          object references that are not a simple many-to-one.  To set this
+          flag for any arbitrary mapped column, use the ``active_history``
+          argument with :func:`.column_property`.
+
+        :param instance: mapped instance to be tested for pending changes.
+        :param include_collections: Indicates if multivalued collections
+         should be included in the operation.  Setting this to ``False`` is a
+         way to detect only local-column based properties (i.e. scalar columns
+         or many-to-one foreign keys) that would result in an UPDATE for this
+         instance upon flush.
+
+        """
+        state = object_state(instance)
+
+        if not state.modified:
+            return False
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        for attr in state.manager.attributes:
+            if (
+                not include_collections
+                and hasattr(attr.impl, "get_collection")
+            ) or not hasattr(attr.impl, "get_history"):
+                continue
+
+            (added, unchanged, deleted) = attr.impl.get_history(
+                state, dict_, passive=PassiveFlag.NO_CHANGE
+            )
+
+            if added or deleted:
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def is_active(self) -> bool:
+        """True if this :class:`.Session` not in "partial rollback" state.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :class:`_orm.Session` no longer begins
+           a new transaction immediately, so this attribute will be False
+           when the :class:`_orm.Session` is first instantiated.
+
+        "partial rollback" state typically indicates that the flush process
+        of the :class:`_orm.Session` has failed, and that the
+        :meth:`_orm.Session.rollback` method must be emitted in order to
+        fully roll back the transaction.
+
+        If this :class:`_orm.Session` is not in a transaction at all, the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` will autobegin when it is first used, so in this
+        case :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will return True.
+
+        Otherwise, if this :class:`_orm.Session` is within a transaction,
+        and that transaction has not been rolled back internally, the
+        :attr:`_orm.Session.is_active` will also return True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_session_rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Session.in_transaction`
+
+        """
+        return self._transaction is None or self._transaction.is_active
+
+    @property
+    def _dirty_states(self) -> Iterable[InstanceState[Any]]:
+        """The set of all persistent states considered dirty.
+
+        This method returns all states that were modified including
+        those that were possibly deleted.
+
+        """
+        return self.identity_map._dirty_states()
+
+    @property
+    def dirty(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        """The set of all persistent instances considered dirty.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            some_mapped_object in session.dirty
+
+        Instances are considered dirty when they were modified but not
+        deleted.
+
+        Note that this 'dirty' calculation is 'optimistic'; most
+        attribute-setting or collection modification operations will
+        mark an instance as 'dirty' and place it in this set, even if
+        there is no net change to the attribute's value.  At flush
+        time, the value of each attribute is compared to its
+        previously saved value, and if there's no net change, no SQL
+        operation will occur (this is a more expensive operation so
+        it's only done at flush time).
+
+        To check if an instance has actionable net changes to its
+        attributes, use the :meth:`.Session.is_modified` method.
+
+        """
+        return IdentitySet(
+            [
+                state.obj()
+                for state in self._dirty_states
+                if state not in self._deleted
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'deleted' within this ``Session``"
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._deleted.values()))
+
+    @property
+    def new(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        "The set of all instances marked as 'new' within this ``Session``."
+
+        return util.IdentitySet(list(self._new.values()))
+
+
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound="Session")
+
+
+class sessionmaker(_SessionClassMethods, Generic[_S]):
+    """A configurable :class:`.Session` factory.
+
+    The :class:`.sessionmaker` factory generates new
+    :class:`.Session` objects when called, creating them given
+    the configurational arguments established here.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+
+        # an Engine, which the Session will use for connection
+        # resources
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/")
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(engine)
+
+        with Session() as session:
+            session.add(some_object)
+            session.add(some_other_object)
+            session.commit()
+
+    Context manager use is optional; otherwise, the returned
+    :class:`_orm.Session` object may be closed explicitly via the
+    :meth:`_orm.Session.close` method.   Using a
+    ``try:/finally:`` block is optional, however will ensure that the close
+    takes place even if there are database errors::
+
+        session = Session()
+        try:
+            session.add(some_object)
+            session.add(some_other_object)
+            session.commit()
+        finally:
+            session.close()
+
+    :class:`.sessionmaker` acts as a factory for :class:`_orm.Session`
+    objects in the same way as an :class:`_engine.Engine` acts as a factory
+    for :class:`_engine.Connection` objects.  In this way it also includes
+    a :meth:`_orm.sessionmaker.begin` method, that provides a context
+    manager which both begins and commits a transaction, as well as closes
+    out the :class:`_orm.Session` when complete, rolling back the transaction
+    if any errors occur::
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(engine)
+
+        with Session.begin() as session:
+            session.add(some_object)
+            session.add(some_other_object)
+        # commits transaction, closes session
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    When calling upon :class:`_orm.sessionmaker` to construct a
+    :class:`_orm.Session`, keyword arguments may also be passed to the
+    method; these arguments will override that of the globally configured
+    parameters.  Below we use a :class:`_orm.sessionmaker` bound to a certain
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` to produce a :class:`_orm.Session` that is instead
+    bound to a specific :class:`_engine.Connection` procured from that engine::
+
+        Session = sessionmaker(engine)
+
+        # bind an individual session to a connection
+
+        with engine.connect() as connection:
+            with Session(bind=connection) as session:
+                ...  # work with session
+
+    The class also includes a method :meth:`_orm.sessionmaker.configure`, which
+    can be used to specify additional keyword arguments to the factory, which
+    will take effect for subsequent :class:`.Session` objects generated. This
+    is usually used to associate one or more :class:`_engine.Engine` objects
+    with an existing
+    :class:`.sessionmaker` factory before it is first used::
+
+        # application starts, sessionmaker does not have
+        # an engine bound yet
+        Session = sessionmaker()
+
+        # ... later, when an engine URL is read from a configuration
+        # file or other events allow the engine to be created
+        engine = create_engine("sqlite:///foo.db")
+        Session.configure(bind=engine)
+
+        sess = Session()
+        # work with session
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`session_getting` - introductory text on creating
+        sessions using :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+    """
+
+    class_: Type[_S]
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_S],
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: "sessionmaker[Session]",
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = ...,
+        *,
+        autoflush: bool = ...,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = ...,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = ...,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_SessionBind] = None,
+        *,
+        class_: Type[_S] = Session,  # type: ignore
+        autoflush: bool = True,
+        expire_on_commit: bool = True,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        All arguments here except for ``class_`` correspond to arguments
+        accepted by :class:`.Session` directly.  See the
+        :meth:`.Session.__init__` docstring for more details on parameters.
+
+        :param bind: a :class:`_engine.Engine` or other :class:`.Connectable`
+         with
+         which newly created :class:`.Session` objects will be associated.
+        :param class\_: class to use in order to create new :class:`.Session`
+         objects.  Defaults to :class:`.Session`.
+        :param autoflush: The autoflush setting to use with newly created
+         :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_flushing` - additional background on autoflush
+
+        :param expire_on_commit=True: the
+         :paramref:`_orm.Session.expire_on_commit` setting to use
+         with newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        :param info: optional dictionary of information that will be available
+         via :attr:`.Session.info`.  Note this dictionary is *updated*, not
+         replaced, when the ``info`` parameter is specified to the specific
+         :class:`.Session` construction operation.
+
+        :param \**kw: all other keyword arguments are passed to the
+         constructor of newly created :class:`.Session` objects.
+
+        """
+        kw["bind"] = bind
+        kw["autoflush"] = autoflush
+        kw["expire_on_commit"] = expire_on_commit
+        if info is not None:
+            kw["info"] = info
+        self.kw = kw
+        # make our own subclass of the given class, so that
+        # events can be associated with it specifically.
+        self.class_ = type(class_.__name__, (class_,), {})
+
+    def begin(self) -> contextlib.AbstractContextManager[_S]:
+        """Produce a context manager that both provides a new
+        :class:`_orm.Session` as well as a transaction that commits.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(some_engine)
+
+            with Session.begin() as session:
+                session.add(some_object)
+
+            # commits transaction, closes session
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+
+        """
+
+        session = self()
+        return session._maker_context_manager()
+
+    def __call__(self, **local_kw: Any) -> _S:
+        """Produce a new :class:`.Session` object using the configuration
+        established in this :class:`.sessionmaker`.
+
+        In Python, the ``__call__`` method is invoked on an object when
+        it is "called" in the same way as a function::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker(some_engine)
+            session = Session()  # invokes sessionmaker.__call__()
+
+        """
+        for k, v in self.kw.items():
+            if k == "info" and "info" in local_kw:
+                d = v.copy()
+                d.update(local_kw["info"])
+                local_kw["info"] = d
+            else:
+                local_kw.setdefault(k, v)
+        return self.class_(**local_kw)
+
+    def configure(self, **new_kw: Any) -> None:
+        """(Re)configure the arguments for this sessionmaker.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            Session = sessionmaker()
+
+            Session.configure(bind=create_engine("sqlite://"))
+        """
+        self.kw.update(new_kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(class_=%r, %s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            ", ".join("%s=%r" % (k, v) for k, v in self.kw.items()),
+        )
+
+
+def close_all_sessions() -> None:
+    """Close all sessions in memory.
+
+    This function consults a global registry of all :class:`.Session` objects
+    and calls :meth:`.Session.close` on them, which resets them to a clean
+    state.
+
+    This function is not for general use but may be useful for test suites
+    within the teardown scheme.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+    """
+
+    for sess in _sessions.values():
+        sess.close()
+
+
+def make_transient(instance: object) -> None:
+    """Alter the state of the given instance so that it is :term:`transient`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient` is a special-case function for
+        advanced use cases only.
+
+    The given mapped instance is assumed to be in the :term:`persistent` or
+    :term:`detached` state.   The function will remove its association with any
+    :class:`.Session` as well as its :attr:`.InstanceState.identity`. The
+    effect is that the object will behave as though it were newly constructed,
+    except retaining any attribute / collection values that were loaded at the
+    time of the call.   The :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` flag is also reset
+    if this object had been deleted as a result of using
+    :meth:`.Session.delete`.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient` does **not** "unexpire" or otherwise eagerly
+        load ORM-mapped attributes that are not currently loaded at the time
+        the function is called.   This includes attributes which:
+
+        * were expired via :meth:`.Session.expire`
+
+        * were expired as the natural effect of committing a session
+          transaction, e.g. :meth:`.Session.commit`
+
+        * are normally :term:`lazy loaded` but are not currently loaded
+
+        * are "deferred" (see :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral`) and are
+          not yet loaded
+
+        * were not present in the query which loaded this object, such as that
+          which is common in joined table inheritance and other scenarios.
+
+        After :func:`.make_transient` is called, unloaded attributes such
+        as those above will normally resolve to the value ``None`` when
+        accessed, or an empty collection for a collection-oriented attribute.
+        As the object is transient and un-associated with any database
+        identity, it will no longer retrieve these values.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient_to_detached`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    s = _state_session(state)
+    if s:
+        s._expunge_states([state])
+
+    # remove expired state
+    state.expired_attributes.clear()
+
+    # remove deferred callables
+    if state.callables:
+        del state.callables
+
+    if state.key:
+        del state.key
+    if state._deleted:
+        del state._deleted
+
+
+def make_transient_to_detached(instance: object) -> None:
+    """Make the given transient instance :term:`detached`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient_to_detached` is a special-case function for
+        advanced use cases only.
+
+    All attribute history on the given instance
+    will be reset as though the instance were freshly loaded
+    from a query.  Missing attributes will be marked as expired.
+    The primary key attributes of the object, which are required, will be made
+    into the "key" of the instance.
+
+    The object can then be added to a session, or merged
+    possibly with the load=False flag, at which point it will look
+    as if it were loaded that way, without emitting SQL.
+
+    This is a special use case function that differs from a normal
+    call to :meth:`.Session.merge` in that a given persistent state
+    can be manufactured without any SQL calls.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.make_transient`
+
+        :meth:`.Session.enable_relationship_loading`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    if state.session_id or state.key:
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Given object must be transient")
+    state.key = state.mapper._identity_key_from_state(state)
+    if state._deleted:
+        del state._deleted
+    state._commit_all(state.dict)
+    state._expire_attributes(state.dict, state.unloaded)
+
+
+def object_session(instance: object) -> Optional[Session]:
+    """Return the :class:`.Session` to which the given instance belongs.
+
+    This is essentially the same as the :attr:`.InstanceState.session`
+    accessor.  See that attribute for details.
+
+    """
+
+    try:
+        state = attributes.instance_state(instance)
+    except exc.NO_STATE as err:
+        raise exc.UnmappedInstanceError(instance) from err
+    else:
+        return _state_session(state)
+
+
+_new_sessionid = util.counter()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d4bbf920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1143 @@
+# orm/state.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines instrumentation of instances.
+
+This module is usually not directly visible to user applications, but
+defines a large part of the ORM's interactivity.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import base
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import interfaces
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import is_collection_impl
+from .base import ATTR_WAS_SET
+from .base import INIT_OK
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import NEVER_SET
+from .base import NO_VALUE
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+from .base import PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+from .base import PASSIVE_OFF
+from .base import SQL_OK
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from ._typing import _LoaderCallable
+    from .attributes import AttributeImpl
+    from .attributes import History
+    from .base import PassiveFlag
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .identity import IdentityMap
+    from .instrumentation import ClassManager
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import Session
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..ext.asyncio.session import async_session as _async_provider
+    from ..ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _sessions: weakref.WeakValueDictionary[int, Session]
+else:
+    # late-populated by session.py
+    _sessions = None
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # optionally late-provided by sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.session
+
+    _async_provider = None  # noqa
+
+
+class _InstanceDictProto(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self) -> Optional[IdentityMap]: ...
+
+
+class _InstallLoaderCallableProto(Protocol[_O]):
+    """used at result loading time to install a _LoaderCallable callable
+    upon a specific InstanceState, which will be used to populate an
+    attribute when that attribute is accessed.
+
+    Concrete examples are per-instance deferred column loaders and
+    relationship lazy loaders.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], dict_: _InstanceDict, row: Row[Any]
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class InstanceState(interfaces.InspectionAttrInfo, Generic[_O]):
+    """Tracks state information at the instance level.
+
+    The :class:`.InstanceState` is a key object used by the
+    SQLAlchemy ORM in order to track the state of an object;
+    it is created the moment an object is instantiated, typically
+    as a result of :term:`instrumentation` which SQLAlchemy applies
+    to the ``__init__()`` method of the class.
+
+    :class:`.InstanceState` is also a semi-public object,
+    available for runtime inspection as to the state of a
+    mapped instance, including information such as its current
+    status within a particular :class:`.Session` and details
+    about data on individual attributes.  The public API
+    in order to acquire a :class:`.InstanceState` object
+    is to use the :func:`_sa.inspect` system::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        >>> insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+        >>> insp.attrs.nickname.history
+        History(added=['new nickname'], unchanged=(), deleted=['nickname'])
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_mapper_inspection_instancestate`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__dict__",
+        "__weakref__",
+        "class_",
+        "manager",
+        "obj",
+        "committed_state",
+        "expired_attributes",
+    )
+
+    manager: ClassManager[_O]
+    session_id: Optional[int] = None
+    key: Optional[_IdentityKeyType[_O]] = None
+    runid: Optional[int] = None
+    load_options: Tuple[ORMOption, ...] = ()
+    load_path: PathRegistry = PathRegistry.root
+    insert_order: Optional[int] = None
+    _strong_obj: Optional[object] = None
+    obj: weakref.ref[_O]
+
+    committed_state: Dict[str, Any]
+
+    modified: bool = False
+    """When ``True`` the object was modified."""
+    expired: bool = False
+    """When ``True`` the object is :term:`expired`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`session_expire`
+    """
+    _deleted: bool = False
+    _load_pending: bool = False
+    _orphaned_outside_of_session: bool = False
+    is_instance: bool = True
+    identity_token: object = None
+    _last_known_values: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
+
+    _instance_dict: _InstanceDictProto
+    """A weak reference, or in the default case a plain callable, that
+    returns a reference to the current :class:`.IdentityMap`, if any.
+
+    """
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _instance_dict(self):
+            """default 'weak reference' for _instance_dict"""
+            return None
+
+    expired_attributes: Set[str]
+    """The set of keys which are 'expired' to be loaded by
+    the manager's deferred scalar loader, assuming no pending
+    changes.
+
+    See also the ``unmodified`` collection which is intersected
+    against this set when a refresh operation occurs.
+    """
+
+    callables: Dict[str, Callable[[InstanceState[_O], PassiveFlag], Any]]
+    """A namespace where a per-state loader callable can be associated.
+
+    In SQLAlchemy 1.0, this is only used for lazy loaders / deferred
+    loaders that were set up via query option.
+
+    Previously, callables was used also to indicate expired attributes
+    by storing a link to the InstanceState itself in this dictionary.
+    This role is now handled by the expired_attributes set.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        callables = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def __init__(self, obj: _O, manager: ClassManager[_O]):
+        self.class_ = obj.__class__
+        self.manager = manager
+        self.obj = weakref.ref(obj, self._cleanup)
+        self.committed_state = {}
+        self.expired_attributes = set()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def attrs(self) -> util.ReadOnlyProperties[AttributeState]:
+        """Return a namespace representing each attribute on
+        the mapped object, including its current value
+        and history.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`.AttributeState`.
+        This object allows inspection of the current data
+        within an attribute as well as attribute history
+        since the last flush.
+
+        """
+        return util.ReadOnlyProperties(
+            {key: AttributeState(self, key) for key in self.manager}
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def transient(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`transient`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and not self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def pending(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`pending`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is None and self._attached
+
+    @property
+    def deleted(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`deleted`.
+
+        An object that is in the deleted state is guaranteed to
+        not be within the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` of its parent
+        :class:`.Session`; however if the session's transaction is rolled
+        back, the object will be restored to the persistent state and
+        the identity map.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` attribute refers to a specific
+            state of the object that occurs between the "persistent" and
+            "detached" states; once the object is :term:`detached`, the
+            :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` attribute **no longer returns
+            True**; in order to detect that a state was deleted, regardless
+            of whether or not the object is associated with a
+            :class:`.Session`, use the :attr:`.InstanceState.was_deleted`
+            accessor.
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and self._attached and self._deleted
+
+    @property
+    def was_deleted(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this object is or was previously in the
+        "deleted" state and has not been reverted to persistent.
+
+        This flag returns True once the object was deleted in flush.
+        When the object is expunged from the session either explicitly
+        or via transaction commit and enters the "detached" state,
+        this flag will continue to report True.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.InstanceState.deleted` - refers to the "deleted" state
+
+            :func:`.orm.util.was_deleted` - standalone function
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self._deleted
+
+    @property
+    def persistent(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`persistent`.
+
+        An object that is in the persistent state is guaranteed to
+        be within the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` of its parent
+        :class:`.Session`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and self._attached and not self._deleted
+
+    @property
+    def detached(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if the object is :term:`detached`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_object_states`
+
+        """
+        return self.key is not None and not self._attached
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.session")
+    def _attached(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self.session_id is not None
+            and self.session_id in util.preloaded.orm_session._sessions
+        )
+
+    def _track_last_known_value(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """Track the last known value of a particular key after expiration
+        operations.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        """
+
+        lkv = self._last_known_values
+        if lkv is None:
+            self._last_known_values = lkv = {}
+        if key not in lkv:
+            lkv[key] = NO_VALUE
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> Optional[Session]:
+        """Return the owning :class:`.Session` for this instance,
+        or ``None`` if none available.
+
+        Note that the result here can in some cases be *different*
+        from that of ``obj in session``; an object that's been deleted
+        will report as not ``in session``, however if the transaction is
+        still in progress, this attribute will still refer to that session.
+        Only when the transaction is completed does the object become
+        fully detached under normal circumstances.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_orm.InstanceState.async_session`
+
+        """
+        if self.session_id:
+            try:
+                return _sessions[self.session_id]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def async_session(self) -> Optional[AsyncSession]:
+        """Return the owning :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` for this instance,
+        or ``None`` if none available.
+
+        This attribute is only non-None when the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio`
+        API is in use for this ORM object. The returned
+        :class:`_asyncio.AsyncSession` object will be a proxy for the
+        :class:`_orm.Session` object that would be returned from the
+        :attr:`_orm.InstanceState.session` attribute for this
+        :class:`_orm.InstanceState`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.18
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`asyncio_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        if _async_provider is None:
+            return None
+
+        sess = self.session
+        if sess is not None:
+            return _async_provider(sess)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def object(self) -> Optional[_O]:
+        """Return the mapped object represented by this
+        :class:`.InstanceState`.
+
+        Returns None if the object has been garbage collected
+
+        """
+        return self.obj()
+
+    @property
+    def identity(self) -> Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        """Return the mapped identity of the mapped object.
+        This is the primary key identity as persisted by the ORM
+        which can always be passed directly to
+        :meth:`_query.Query.get`.
+
+        Returns ``None`` if the object has no primary key identity.
+
+        .. note::
+            An object which is :term:`transient` or :term:`pending`
+            does **not** have a mapped identity until it is flushed,
+            even if its attributes include primary key values.
+
+        """
+        if self.key is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.key[1]
+
+    @property
+    def identity_key(self) -> Optional[_IdentityKeyType[_O]]:
+        """Return the identity key for the mapped object.
+
+        This is the key used to locate the object within
+        the :attr:`.Session.identity_map` mapping.   It contains
+        the identity as returned by :attr:`.identity` within it.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def parents(self) -> Dict[int, Union[Literal[False], InstanceState[Any]]]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _pending_mutations(self) -> Dict[str, PendingCollection]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _empty_collections(self) -> Dict[str, _AdaptedCollectionProtocol]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def mapper(self) -> Mapper[_O]:
+        """Return the :class:`_orm.Mapper` used for this mapped object."""
+        return self.manager.mapper
+
+    @property
+    def has_identity(self) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this object has an identity key.
+
+        This should always have the same value as the
+        expression ``state.persistent`` or ``state.detached``.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self.key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _detach_states(
+        self,
+        states: Iterable[InstanceState[_O]],
+        session: Session,
+        to_transient: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        persistent_to_detached = (
+            session.dispatch.persistent_to_detached or None
+        )
+        deleted_to_detached = session.dispatch.deleted_to_detached or None
+        pending_to_transient = session.dispatch.pending_to_transient or None
+        persistent_to_transient = (
+            session.dispatch.persistent_to_transient or None
+        )
+
+        for state in states:
+            deleted = state._deleted
+            pending = state.key is None
+            persistent = not pending and not deleted
+
+            state.session_id = None
+
+            if to_transient and state.key:
+                del state.key
+            if persistent:
+                if to_transient:
+                    if persistent_to_transient is not None:
+                        persistent_to_transient(session, state)
+                elif persistent_to_detached is not None:
+                    persistent_to_detached(session, state)
+            elif deleted and deleted_to_detached is not None:
+                deleted_to_detached(session, state)
+            elif pending and pending_to_transient is not None:
+                pending_to_transient(session, state)
+
+            state._strong_obj = None
+
+    def _detach(self, session: Optional[Session] = None) -> None:
+        if session:
+            InstanceState._detach_states([self], session)
+        else:
+            self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+
+    def _dispose(self) -> None:
+        # used by the test suite, apparently
+        self._detach()
+
+    def _cleanup(self, ref: weakref.ref[_O]) -> None:
+        """Weakref callback cleanup.
+
+        This callable cleans out the state when it is being garbage
+        collected.
+
+        this _cleanup **assumes** that there are no strong refs to us!
+        Will not work otherwise!
+
+        """
+
+        # Python builtins become undefined during interpreter shutdown.
+        # Guard against exceptions during this phase, as the method cannot
+        # proceed in any case if builtins have been undefined.
+        if dict is None:
+            return
+
+        instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+        if instance_dict is not None:
+            instance_dict._fast_discard(self)
+            del self._instance_dict
+
+            # we can't possibly be in instance_dict._modified
+            # b.c. this is weakref cleanup only, that set
+            # is strong referencing!
+            # assert self not in instance_dict._modified
+
+        self.session_id = self._strong_obj = None
+
+    @property
+    def dict(self) -> _InstanceDict:
+        """Return the instance dict used by the object.
+
+        Under normal circumstances, this is always synonymous
+        with the ``__dict__`` attribute of the mapped object,
+        unless an alternative instrumentation system has been
+        configured.
+
+        In the case that the actual object has been garbage
+        collected, this accessor returns a blank dictionary.
+
+        """
+        o = self.obj()
+        if o is not None:
+            return base.instance_dict(o)
+        else:
+            return {}
+
+    def _initialize_instance(*mixed: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self, instance, args = mixed[0], mixed[1], mixed[2:]  # noqa
+        manager = self.manager
+
+        manager.dispatch.init(self, args, kwargs)
+
+        try:
+            manager.original_init(*mixed[1:], **kwargs)
+        except:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                manager.dispatch.init_failure(self, args, kwargs)
+
+    def get_history(self, key: str, passive: PassiveFlag) -> History:
+        return self.manager[key].impl.get_history(self, self.dict, passive)
+
+    def get_impl(self, key: str) -> AttributeImpl:
+        return self.manager[key].impl
+
+    def _get_pending_mutation(self, key: str) -> PendingCollection:
+        if key not in self._pending_mutations:
+            self._pending_mutations[key] = PendingCollection()
+        return self._pending_mutations[key]
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        state_dict: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "instance": self.obj(),
+            "class_": self.class_,
+            "committed_state": self.committed_state,
+            "expired_attributes": self.expired_attributes,
+        }
+        state_dict.update(
+            (k, self.__dict__[k])
+            for k in (
+                "_pending_mutations",
+                "modified",
+                "expired",
+                "callables",
+                "key",
+                "parents",
+                "load_options",
+                "class_",
+                "expired_attributes",
+                "info",
+            )
+            if k in self.__dict__
+        )
+        if self.load_path:
+            state_dict["load_path"] = self.load_path.serialize()
+
+        state_dict["manager"] = self.manager._serialize(self, state_dict)
+
+        return state_dict
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state_dict: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        inst = state_dict["instance"]
+        if inst is not None:
+            self.obj = weakref.ref(inst, self._cleanup)
+            self.class_ = inst.__class__
+        else:
+            self.obj = lambda: None  # type: ignore
+            self.class_ = state_dict["class_"]
+
+        self.committed_state = state_dict.get("committed_state", {})
+        self._pending_mutations = state_dict.get("_pending_mutations", {})
+        self.parents = state_dict.get("parents", {})
+        self.modified = state_dict.get("modified", False)
+        self.expired = state_dict.get("expired", False)
+        if "info" in state_dict:
+            self.info.update(state_dict["info"])
+        if "callables" in state_dict:
+            self.callables = state_dict["callables"]
+
+            self.expired_attributes = state_dict["expired_attributes"]
+        else:
+            if "expired_attributes" in state_dict:
+                self.expired_attributes = state_dict["expired_attributes"]
+            else:
+                self.expired_attributes = set()
+
+        self.__dict__.update(
+            [
+                (k, state_dict[k])
+                for k in ("key", "load_options")
+                if k in state_dict
+            ]
+        )
+        if self.key:
+            self.identity_token = self.key[2]
+
+        if "load_path" in state_dict:
+            self.load_path = PathRegistry.deserialize(state_dict["load_path"])
+
+        state_dict["manager"](self, inst, state_dict)
+
+    def _reset(self, dict_: _InstanceDict, key: str) -> None:
+        """Remove the given attribute and any
+        callables associated with it."""
+
+        old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+        manager_impl = self.manager[key].impl
+        if old is not None and is_collection_impl(manager_impl):
+            manager_impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+        self.expired_attributes.discard(key)
+        if self.callables:
+            self.callables.pop(key, None)
+
+    def _copy_callables(self, from_: InstanceState[Any]) -> None:
+        if "callables" in from_.__dict__:
+            self.callables = dict(from_.callables)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance_level_callable_processor(
+        cls, manager: ClassManager[_O], fn: _LoaderCallable, key: Any
+    ) -> _InstallLoaderCallableProto[_O]:
+        impl = manager[key].impl
+        if is_collection_impl(impl):
+            fixed_impl = impl
+
+            def _set_callable(
+                state: InstanceState[_O], dict_: _InstanceDict, row: Row[Any]
+            ) -> None:
+                if "callables" not in state.__dict__:
+                    state.callables = {}
+                old = dict_.pop(key, None)
+                if old is not None:
+                    fixed_impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+
+        else:
+
+            def _set_callable(
+                state: InstanceState[_O], dict_: _InstanceDict, row: Row[Any]
+            ) -> None:
+                if "callables" not in state.__dict__:
+                    state.callables = {}
+                state.callables[key] = fn
+
+        return _set_callable
+
+    def _expire(
+        self, dict_: _InstanceDict, modified_set: Set[InstanceState[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.expired = True
+        if self.modified:
+            modified_set.discard(self)
+            self.committed_state.clear()
+            self.modified = False
+
+        self._strong_obj = None
+
+        if "_pending_mutations" in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__["_pending_mutations"]
+
+        if "parents" in self.__dict__:
+            del self.__dict__["parents"]
+
+        self.expired_attributes.update(
+            [impl.key for impl in self.manager._loader_impls]
+        )
+
+        if self.callables:
+            # the per state loader callables we can remove here are
+            # LoadDeferredColumns, which undefers a column at the instance
+            # level that is mapped with deferred, and LoadLazyAttribute,
+            # which lazy loads a relationship at the instance level that
+            # is mapped with "noload" or perhaps "immediateload".
+            # Before 1.4, only column-based
+            # attributes could be considered to be "expired", so here they
+            # were the only ones "unexpired", which means to make them deferred
+            # again.   For the moment, as of 1.4 we also apply the same
+            # treatment relationships now, that is, an instance level lazy
+            # loader is reset in the same way as a column loader.
+            for k in self.expired_attributes.intersection(self.callables):
+                del self.callables[k]
+
+        for k in self.manager._collection_impl_keys.intersection(dict_):
+            collection = dict_.pop(k)
+            collection._sa_adapter.invalidated = True
+
+        if self._last_known_values:
+            self._last_known_values.update(
+                {k: dict_[k] for k in self._last_known_values if k in dict_}
+            )
+
+        for key in self.manager._all_key_set.intersection(dict_):
+            del dict_[key]
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, None)
+
+    def _expire_attributes(
+        self,
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        attribute_names: Iterable[str],
+        no_loader: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        pending = self.__dict__.get("_pending_mutations", None)
+
+        callables = self.callables
+
+        for key in attribute_names:
+            impl = self.manager[key].impl
+            if impl.accepts_scalar_loader:
+                if no_loader and (impl.callable_ or key in callables):
+                    continue
+
+                self.expired_attributes.add(key)
+                if callables and key in callables:
+                    del callables[key]
+            old = dict_.pop(key, NO_VALUE)
+            if is_collection_impl(impl) and old is not NO_VALUE:
+                impl._invalidate_collection(old)
+
+            lkv = self._last_known_values
+            if lkv is not None and key in lkv and old is not NO_VALUE:
+                lkv[key] = old
+
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+            if pending:
+                pending.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.manager.dispatch.expire(self, attribute_names)
+
+    def _load_expired(
+        self, state: InstanceState[_O], passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> LoaderCallableStatus:
+        """__call__ allows the InstanceState to act as a deferred
+        callable for loading expired attributes, which is also
+        serializable (picklable).
+
+        """
+
+        if not passive & SQL_OK:
+            return PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        toload = self.expired_attributes.intersection(self.unmodified)
+        toload = toload.difference(
+            attr
+            for attr in toload
+            if not self.manager[attr].impl.load_on_unexpire
+        )
+
+        self.manager.expired_attribute_loader(self, toload, passive)
+
+        # if the loader failed, or this
+        # instance state didn't have an identity,
+        # the attributes still might be in the callables
+        # dict.  ensure they are removed.
+        self.expired_attributes.clear()
+
+        return ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+    @property
+    def unmodified(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Return the set of keys which have no uncommitted changes"""
+
+        return set(self.manager).difference(self.committed_state)
+
+    def unmodified_intersection(self, keys: Iterable[str]) -> Set[str]:
+        """Return self.unmodified.intersection(keys)."""
+
+        return (
+            set(keys)
+            .intersection(self.manager)
+            .difference(self.committed_state)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def unloaded(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Return the set of keys which do not have a loaded value.
+
+        This includes expired attributes and any other attribute that was never
+        populated or modified.
+
+        """
+        return (
+            set(self.manager)
+            .difference(self.committed_state)
+            .difference(self.dict)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The :attr:`.InstanceState.unloaded_expirable` attribute is "
+        "deprecated.  Please use :attr:`.InstanceState.unloaded`.",
+    )
+    def unloaded_expirable(self) -> Set[str]:
+        """Synonymous with :attr:`.InstanceState.unloaded`.
+
+        This attribute was added as an implementation-specific detail at some
+        point and should be considered to be private.
+
+        """
+        return self.unloaded
+
+    @property
+    def _unloaded_non_object(self) -> Set[str]:
+        return self.unloaded.intersection(
+            attr
+            for attr in self.manager
+            if self.manager[attr].impl.accepts_scalar_loader
+        )
+
+    def _modified_event(
+        self,
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        attr: Optional[AttributeImpl],
+        previous: Any,
+        collection: bool = False,
+        is_userland: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        if attr:
+            if not attr.send_modified_events:
+                return
+            if is_userland and attr.key not in dict_:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't flag attribute '%s' modified; it's not present in "
+                    "the object state" % attr.key
+                )
+            if attr.key not in self.committed_state or is_userland:
+                if collection:
+                    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                        assert is_collection_impl(attr)
+                    if previous is NEVER_SET:
+                        if attr.key in dict_:
+                            previous = dict_[attr.key]
+
+                    if previous not in (None, NO_VALUE, NEVER_SET):
+                        previous = attr.copy(previous)
+                self.committed_state[attr.key] = previous
+
+            lkv = self._last_known_values
+            if lkv is not None and attr.key in lkv:
+                lkv[attr.key] = NO_VALUE
+
+        # assert self._strong_obj is None or self.modified
+
+        if (self.session_id and self._strong_obj is None) or not self.modified:
+            self.modified = True
+            instance_dict = self._instance_dict()
+            if instance_dict:
+                has_modified = bool(instance_dict._modified)
+                instance_dict._modified.add(self)
+            else:
+                has_modified = False
+
+            # only create _strong_obj link if attached
+            # to a session
+
+            inst = self.obj()
+            if self.session_id:
+                self._strong_obj = inst
+
+                # if identity map already had modified objects,
+                # assume autobegin already occurred, else check
+                # for autobegin
+                if not has_modified:
+                    # inline of autobegin, to ensure session transaction
+                    # snapshot is established
+                    try:
+                        session = _sessions[self.session_id]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        if session._transaction is None:
+                            session._autobegin_t()
+
+            if inst is None and attr:
+                raise orm_exc.ObjectDereferencedError(
+                    "Can't emit change event for attribute '%s' - "
+                    "parent object of type %s has been garbage "
+                    "collected."
+                    % (self.manager[attr.key], base.state_class_str(self))
+                )
+
+    def _commit(self, dict_: _InstanceDict, keys: Iterable[str]) -> None:
+        """Commit attributes.
+
+        This is used by a partial-attribute load operation to mark committed
+        those attributes which were refreshed from the database.
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain "expired" after
+        this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        for key in keys:
+            self.committed_state.pop(key, None)
+
+        self.expired = False
+
+        self.expired_attributes.difference_update(
+            set(keys).intersection(dict_)
+        )
+
+        # the per-keys commit removes object-level callables,
+        # while that of commit_all does not.  it's not clear
+        # if this behavior has a clear rationale, however tests do
+        # ensure this is what it does.
+        if self.callables:
+            for key in (
+                set(self.callables).intersection(keys).intersection(dict_)
+            ):
+                del self.callables[key]
+
+    def _commit_all(
+        self, dict_: _InstanceDict, instance_dict: Optional[IdentityMap] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """commit all attributes unconditionally.
+
+        This is used after a flush() or a full load/refresh
+        to remove all pending state from the instance.
+
+         - all attributes are marked as "committed"
+         - the "strong dirty reference" is removed
+         - the "modified" flag is set to False
+         - any "expired" markers for scalar attributes loaded are removed.
+         - lazy load callables for objects / collections *stay*
+
+        Attributes marked as "expired" can potentially remain
+        "expired" after this step if a value was not populated in state.dict.
+
+        """
+        self._commit_all_states([(self, dict_)], instance_dict)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _commit_all_states(
+        self,
+        iter_: Iterable[Tuple[InstanceState[Any], _InstanceDict]],
+        instance_dict: Optional[IdentityMap] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mass / highly inlined version of commit_all()."""
+
+        for state, dict_ in iter_:
+            state_dict = state.__dict__
+
+            state.committed_state.clear()
+
+            if "_pending_mutations" in state_dict:
+                del state_dict["_pending_mutations"]
+
+            state.expired_attributes.difference_update(dict_)
+
+            if instance_dict and state.modified:
+                instance_dict._modified.discard(state)
+
+            state.modified = state.expired = False
+            state._strong_obj = None
+
+
+class AttributeState:
+    """Provide an inspection interface corresponding
+    to a particular attribute on a particular mapped object.
+
+    The :class:`.AttributeState` object is accessed
+    via the :attr:`.InstanceState.attrs` collection
+    of a particular :class:`.InstanceState`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        insp = inspect(some_mapped_object)
+        attr_state = insp.attrs.some_attribute
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("state", "key")
+
+    state: InstanceState[Any]
+    key: str
+
+    def __init__(self, state: InstanceState[Any], key: str):
+        self.state = state
+        self.key = key
+
+    @property
+    def loaded_value(self) -> Any:
+        """The current value of this attribute as loaded from the database.
+
+        If the value has not been loaded, or is otherwise not present
+        in the object's dictionary, returns NO_VALUE.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.dict.get(self.key, NO_VALUE)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self) -> Any:
+        """Return the value of this attribute.
+
+        This operation is equivalent to accessing the object's
+        attribute directly or via ``getattr()``, and will fire
+        off any pending loader callables if needed.
+
+        """
+        return self.state.manager[self.key].__get__(
+            self.state.obj(), self.state.class_
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def history(self) -> History:
+        """Return the current **pre-flush** change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method will **not** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The attribute history system tracks changes on a **per flush
+            basis**. Each time the :class:`.Session` is flushed, the history
+            of each attribute is reset to empty.   The :class:`.Session` by
+            default autoflushes each time a :class:`_query.Query` is invoked.
+            For
+            options on how to control this, see :ref:`session_flushing`.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.AttributeState.load_history` - retrieve history
+            using loader callables if the value is not locally present.
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key, PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE)
+
+    def load_history(self) -> History:
+        """Return the current **pre-flush** change history for
+        this attribute, via the :class:`.History` interface.
+
+        This method **will** emit loader callables if the value of the
+        attribute is unloaded.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The attribute history system tracks changes on a **per flush
+            basis**. Each time the :class:`.Session` is flushed, the history
+            of each attribute is reset to empty.   The :class:`.Session` by
+            default autoflushes each time a :class:`_query.Query` is invoked.
+            For
+            options on how to control this, see :ref:`session_flushing`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.AttributeState.history`
+
+            :func:`.attributes.get_history` - underlying function
+
+        """
+        return self.state.get_history(self.key, PASSIVE_OFF ^ INIT_OK)
+
+
+class PendingCollection:
+    """A writable placeholder for an unloaded collection.
+
+    Stores items appended to and removed from a collection that has not yet
+    been loaded. When the collection is loaded, the changes stored in
+    PendingCollection are applied to it to produce the final result.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("deleted_items", "added_items")
+
+    deleted_items: util.IdentitySet
+    added_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.deleted_items = util.IdentitySet()
+        self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+
+    def merge_with_history(self, history: History) -> History:
+        return history._merge(self.added_items, self.deleted_items)
+
+    def append(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        if value in self.deleted_items:
+            self.deleted_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def remove(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state_changes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state_changes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10e417e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/state_changes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# orm/state_changes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""State tracking utilities used by :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+class _StateChangeState(Enum):
+    pass
+
+
+class _StateChangeStates(_StateChangeState):
+    ANY = 1
+    NO_CHANGE = 2
+    CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS = 3
+
+
+class _StateChange:
+    """Supplies state assertion decorators.
+
+    The current use case is for the :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` class. The
+    :class:`_StateChange` class itself is agnostic of the
+    :class:`_orm.SessionTransaction` class so could in theory be generalized
+    for other systems as well.
+
+    """
+
+    _next_state: _StateChangeState = _StateChangeStates.ANY
+    _state: _StateChangeState = _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+    _current_fn: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+
+    def _raise_for_prerequisite_state(
+        self, operation_name: str, state: _StateChangeState
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+            f"Can't run operation '{operation_name}()' when Session "
+            f"is in state {state!r}",
+            code="isce",
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def declare_states(
+        cls,
+        prerequisite_states: Union[
+            Literal[_StateChangeStates.ANY], Tuple[_StateChangeState, ...]
+        ],
+        moves_to: _StateChangeState,
+    ) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+        """Method decorator declaring valid states.
+
+        :param prerequisite_states: sequence of acceptable prerequisite
+         states.   Can be the single constant _State.ANY to indicate no
+         prerequisite state
+
+        :param moves_to: the expected state at the end of the method, assuming
+         no exceptions raised.   Can be the constant _State.NO_CHANGE to
+         indicate state should not change at the end of the method.
+
+        """
+        assert prerequisite_states, "no prequisite states sent"
+        has_prerequisite_states = (
+            prerequisite_states is not _StateChangeStates.ANY
+        )
+
+        prerequisite_state_collection = cast(
+            "Tuple[_StateChangeState, ...]", prerequisite_states
+        )
+        expect_state_change = moves_to is not _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE
+
+        @util.decorator
+        def _go(fn: _F, self: Any, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            current_state = self._state
+
+            if (
+                has_prerequisite_states
+                and current_state not in prerequisite_state_collection
+            ):
+                self._raise_for_prerequisite_state(fn.__name__, current_state)
+
+            next_state = self._next_state
+            existing_fn = self._current_fn
+            expect_state = moves_to if expect_state_change else current_state
+
+            if (
+                # destination states are restricted
+                next_state is not _StateChangeStates.ANY
+                # method seeks to change state
+                and expect_state_change
+                # destination state incorrect
+                and next_state is not expect_state
+            ):
+                if existing_fn and next_state in (
+                    _StateChangeStates.NO_CHANGE,
+                    _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS,
+                ):
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Method '{fn.__name__}()' can't be called here; "
+                        f"method '{existing_fn.__name__}()' is already "
+                        f"in progress and this would cause an unexpected "
+                        f"state change to {moves_to!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Cant run operation '{fn.__name__}()' here; "
+                        f"will move to state {moves_to!r} where we are "
+                        f"expecting {next_state!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+
+            self._current_fn = fn
+            self._next_state = _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS
+            try:
+                ret_value = fn(self, *arg, **kw)
+            except:
+                raise
+            else:
+                if self._state is expect_state:
+                    return ret_value
+
+                if self._state is current_state:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Method '{fn.__name__}()' failed to "
+                        "change state "
+                        f"to {moves_to!r} as expected",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+                elif existing_fn:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"While method '{existing_fn.__name__}()' was "
+                        "running, "
+                        f"method '{fn.__name__}()' caused an "
+                        "unexpected "
+                        f"state change to {self._state!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                        f"Method '{fn.__name__}()' caused an unexpected "
+                        f"state change to {self._state!r}",
+                        code="isce",
+                    )
+
+            finally:
+                self._next_state = next_state
+                self._current_fn = existing_fn
+
+        return _go
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _expect_state(self, expected: _StateChangeState) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        """called within a method that changes states.
+
+        method must also use the ``@declare_states()`` decorator.
+
+        """
+        assert self._next_state is _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS, (
+            "Unexpected call to _expect_state outside of "
+            "state-changing method"
+        )
+
+        self._next_state = expected
+        try:
+            yield
+        except:
+            raise
+        else:
+            if self._state is not expected:
+                raise sa_exc.IllegalStateChangeError(
+                    f"Unexpected state change to {self._state!r}", code="isce"
+                )
+        finally:
+            self._next_state = _StateChangeStates.CHANGE_IN_PROGRESS
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2d16514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3473 @@
+# orm/strategies.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.LoaderStrategy
+   implementations, and related MapperOptions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import itertools
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import interfaces
+from . import loading
+from . import path_registry
+from . import properties
+from . import query
+from . import relationships
+from . import unitofwork
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _RAISE_FOR_STATE
+from .base import _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED
+from .base import ATTR_WAS_SET
+from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+from .base import PASSIVE_OFF
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .context import _column_descriptions
+from .context import ORMCompileState
+from .context import ORMSelectCompileState
+from .context import QueryContext
+from .interfaces import LoaderStrategy
+from .interfaces import StrategizedProperty
+from .session import _state_session
+from .state import InstanceState
+from .strategy_options import Load
+from .util import _none_only_set
+from .util import AliasedClass
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import log
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..sql.selectable import Select
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+
+
+def _register_attribute(
+    prop,
+    mapper,
+    useobject,
+    compare_function=None,
+    typecallable=None,
+    callable_=None,
+    proxy_property=None,
+    active_history=False,
+    impl_class=None,
+    **kw,
+):
+    listen_hooks = []
+
+    uselist = useobject and prop.uselist
+
+    if useobject and prop.single_parent:
+        listen_hooks.append(single_parent_validator)
+
+    if prop.key in prop.parent.validators:
+        fn, opts = prop.parent.validators[prop.key]
+        listen_hooks.append(
+            lambda desc, prop: orm_util._validator_events(
+                desc, prop.key, fn, **opts
+            )
+        )
+
+    if useobject:
+        listen_hooks.append(unitofwork.track_cascade_events)
+
+    # need to assemble backref listeners
+    # after the singleparentvalidator, mapper validator
+    if useobject:
+        backref = prop.back_populates
+        if backref and prop._effective_sync_backref:
+            listen_hooks.append(
+                lambda desc, prop: attributes.backref_listeners(
+                    desc, backref, uselist
+                )
+            )
+
+    # a single MapperProperty is shared down a class inheritance
+    # hierarchy, so we set up attribute instrumentation and backref event
+    # for each mapper down the hierarchy.
+
+    # typically, "mapper" is the same as prop.parent, due to the way
+    # the configure_mappers() process runs, however this is not strongly
+    # enforced, and in the case of a second configure_mappers() run the
+    # mapper here might not be prop.parent; also, a subclass mapper may
+    # be called here before a superclass mapper.  That is, can't depend
+    # on mappers not already being set up so we have to check each one.
+
+    for m in mapper.self_and_descendants:
+        if prop is m._props.get(
+            prop.key
+        ) and not m.class_manager._attr_has_impl(prop.key):
+            desc = attributes.register_attribute_impl(
+                m.class_,
+                prop.key,
+                parent_token=prop,
+                uselist=uselist,
+                compare_function=compare_function,
+                useobject=useobject,
+                trackparent=useobject
+                and (
+                    prop.single_parent
+                    or prop.direction is interfaces.ONETOMANY
+                ),
+                typecallable=typecallable,
+                callable_=callable_,
+                active_history=active_history,
+                impl_class=impl_class,
+                send_modified_events=not useobject or not prop.viewonly,
+                doc=prop.doc,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+            for hook in listen_hooks:
+                hook(desc, prop)
+
+
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=False, deferred=False)
+class UninstrumentedColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Represent a non-instrumented MapperProperty.
+
+    The polymorphic_on argument of mapper() often results in this,
+    if the argument is against the with_polymorphic selectable.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("columns",)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(c, column_collection)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        pass
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(instrument=True, deferred=False)
+class ColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    __slots__ = "columns", "is_composite"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.is_composite = hasattr(self.parent_property, "composite_class")
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        memoized_populators,
+        check_for_adapt=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        for c in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                if check_for_adapt:
+                    c = adapter.adapt_check_present(c)
+                    if c is None:
+                        return
+                else:
+                    c = adapter.columns[c]
+
+            compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(c, column_collection)
+
+        fetch = self.columns[0]
+        if adapter:
+            fetch = adapter.columns[fetch]
+            if fetch is None:
+                # None happens here only for dml bulk_persistence cases
+                # when context.DMLReturningColFilter is used
+                return
+
+        memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = fetch
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        coltype = self.columns[0].type
+        # TODO: check all columns ?  check for foreign key as well?
+        active_history = (
+            self.parent_property.active_history
+            or self.columns[0].primary_key
+            or (
+                mapper.version_id_col is not None
+                and mapper._columntoproperty.get(mapper.version_id_col, None)
+                is self.parent_property
+            )
+        )
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=False,
+            compare_function=coltype.compare_values,
+            active_history=active_history,
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        # look through list of columns represented here
+        # to see which, if any, is present in the row.
+
+        for col in self.columns:
+            if adapter:
+                col = adapter.columns[col]
+            getter = result._getter(col, False)
+            if getter:
+                populators["quick"].append((self.key, getter))
+                break
+        else:
+            populators["expire"].append((self.key, True))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(query_expression=True)
+class ExpressionColumnLoader(ColumnLoader):
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+
+        # compare to the "default" expression that is mapped in
+        # the column.   If it's sql.null, we don't need to render
+        # unless an expr is passed in the options.
+        null = sql.null().label(None)
+        self._have_default_expression = any(
+            not c.compare(null) for c in self.parent_property.columns
+        )
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        memoized_populators,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        columns = None
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            columns = loadopt._extra_criteria
+
+        elif self._have_default_expression:
+            columns = self.parent_property.columns
+
+        if columns is None:
+            return
+
+        for c in columns:
+            if adapter:
+                c = adapter.columns[c]
+            compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(c, column_collection)
+
+        fetch = columns[0]
+        if adapter:
+            fetch = adapter.columns[fetch]
+            if fetch is None:
+                # None is not expected to be the result of any
+                # adapter implementation here, however there may be theoretical
+                # usages of returning() with context.DMLReturningColFilter
+                return
+
+        memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = fetch
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        # look through list of columns represented here
+        # to see which, if any, is present in the row.
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            columns = loadopt._extra_criteria
+
+            for col in columns:
+                if adapter:
+                    col = adapter.columns[col]
+                getter = result._getter(col, False)
+                if getter:
+                    populators["quick"].append((self.key, getter))
+                    break
+            else:
+                populators["expire"].append((self.key, True))
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=False,
+            compare_function=self.columns[0].type.compare_values,
+            accepts_scalar_loader=False,
+        )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(deferred=True, instrument=True)
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(
+    deferred=True, instrument=True, raiseload=True
+)
+@properties.ColumnProperty.strategy_for(do_nothing=True)
+class DeferredColumnLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a deferred :class:`.ColumnProperty`."""
+
+    __slots__ = "columns", "group", "raiseload"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        if hasattr(self.parent_property, "composite_class"):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Deferred loading for composite types not implemented yet"
+            )
+        self.raiseload = self.strategy_opts.get("raiseload", False)
+        self.columns = self.parent_property.columns
+        self.group = self.parent_property.group
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        # for a DeferredColumnLoader, this method is only used during a
+        # "row processor only" query; see test_deferred.py ->
+        # tests with "rowproc_only" in their name.  As of the 1.0 series,
+        # loading._instance_processor doesn't use a "row processing" function
+        # to populate columns, instead it uses data in the "populators"
+        # dictionary.  Normally, the DeferredColumnLoader.setup_query()
+        # sets up that data in the "memoized_populators" dictionary
+        # and "create_row_processor()" here is never invoked.
+
+        if (
+            context.refresh_state
+            and context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+            and self.key in context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+        ):
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("deferred", False), ("instrument", True))
+            ).create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        elif not self.is_class_level:
+            if self.raiseload:
+                set_deferred_for_local_state = (
+                    self.parent_property._raise_column_loader
+                )
+            else:
+                set_deferred_for_local_state = (
+                    self.parent_property._deferred_column_loader
+                )
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, set_deferred_for_local_state))
+        else:
+            populators["expire"].append((self.key, False))
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=False,
+            compare_function=self.columns[0].type.compare_values,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            load_on_unexpire=False,
+        )
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        memoized_populators,
+        only_load_props=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if (
+            (
+                compile_state.compile_options._render_for_subquery
+                and self.parent_property._renders_in_subqueries
+            )
+            or (
+                loadopt
+                and set(self.columns).intersection(
+                    self.parent._should_undefer_in_wildcard
+                )
+            )
+            or (
+                loadopt
+                and self.group
+                and loadopt.local_opts.get(
+                    "undefer_group_%s" % self.group, False
+                )
+            )
+            or (only_load_props and self.key in only_load_props)
+        ):
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("deferred", False), ("instrument", True))
+            ).setup_query(
+                compile_state,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                adapter,
+                column_collection,
+                memoized_populators,
+                **kw,
+            )
+        elif self.is_class_level:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _SET_DEFERRED_EXPIRED
+        elif not self.raiseload:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _DEFER_FOR_STATE
+        else:
+            memoized_populators[self.parent_property] = _RAISE_FOR_STATE
+
+    def _load_for_state(self, state, passive):
+        if not state.key:
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if self.group:
+            toload = [
+                p.key
+                for p in localparent.iterate_properties
+                if isinstance(p, StrategizedProperty)
+                and isinstance(p.strategy, DeferredColumnLoader)
+                and p.group == self.group
+            ]
+        else:
+            toload = [self.key]
+
+        # narrow the keys down to just those which have no history
+        group = [k for k in toload if k in state.unmodified]
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if session is None:
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "deferred load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed"
+                % (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        if self.raiseload:
+            self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise")
+
+        loading.load_scalar_attributes(
+            state.mapper, state, set(group), PASSIVE_OFF
+        )
+
+        return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+    def _invoke_raise_load(self, state, passive, lazy):
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "'%s' is not available due to raiseload=True" % (self,)
+        )
+
+
+class LoadDeferredColumns:
+    """serializable loader object used by DeferredColumnLoader"""
+
+    def __init__(self, key: str, raiseload: bool = False):
+        self.key = key
+        self.raiseload = raiseload
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+
+        localparent = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = localparent._props[key]
+        if self.raiseload:
+            strategy_key = (
+                ("deferred", True),
+                ("instrument", True),
+                ("raiseload", True),
+            )
+        else:
+            strategy_key = (("deferred", True), ("instrument", True))
+        strategy = prop._get_strategy(strategy_key)
+        return strategy._load_for_state(state, passive)
+
+
+class AbstractRelationshipLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """LoaderStratgies which deal with related objects."""
+
+    __slots__ = "mapper", "target", "uselist", "entity"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.mapper = self.parent_property.mapper
+        self.entity = self.parent_property.entity
+        self.target = self.parent_property.target
+        self.uselist = self.parent_property.uselist
+
+    def _immediateload_create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        return self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "immediate"),)
+        ).create_row_processor(
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            loadopt,
+            mapper,
+            result,
+            adapter,
+            populators,
+        )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(do_nothing=True)
+class DoNothingLoader(LoaderStrategy):
+    """Relationship loader that makes no change to the object's state.
+
+    Compared to NoLoader, this loader does not initialize the
+    collection/attribute to empty/none; the usual default LazyLoader will
+    take effect.
+
+    """
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="noload")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=None)
+class NoLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.Relationship`
+    with "lazy=None".
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+        )
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        def invoke_no_load(state, dict_, row):
+            if self.uselist:
+                attributes.init_state_collection(state, dict_, self.key)
+            else:
+                dict_[self.key] = None
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, invoke_no_load))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=True)
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="select")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="raise")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="raise_on_sql")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="baked_select")
+class LazyLoader(
+    AbstractRelationshipLoader, util.MemoizedSlots, log.Identified
+):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.Relationship`
+    with "lazy=True", that is loads when first accessed.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_lazywhere",
+        "_rev_lazywhere",
+        "_lazyload_reverse_option",
+        "_order_by",
+        "use_get",
+        "is_aliased_class",
+        "_bind_to_col",
+        "_equated_columns",
+        "_rev_bind_to_col",
+        "_rev_equated_columns",
+        "_simple_lazy_clause",
+        "_raise_always",
+        "_raise_on_sql",
+    )
+
+    _lazywhere: ColumnElement[bool]
+    _bind_to_col: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]]
+    _rev_lazywhere: ColumnElement[bool]
+    _rev_bind_to_col: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    parent_property: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, parent: RelationshipProperty[Any], strategy_key: Tuple[Any, ...]
+    ):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self._raise_always = self.strategy_opts["lazy"] == "raise"
+        self._raise_on_sql = self.strategy_opts["lazy"] == "raise_on_sql"
+
+        self.is_aliased_class = inspect(self.entity).is_aliased_class
+
+        join_condition = self.parent_property._join_condition
+        (
+            self._lazywhere,
+            self._bind_to_col,
+            self._equated_columns,
+        ) = join_condition.create_lazy_clause()
+
+        (
+            self._rev_lazywhere,
+            self._rev_bind_to_col,
+            self._rev_equated_columns,
+        ) = join_condition.create_lazy_clause(reverse_direction=True)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            self._order_by = [
+                sql_util._deep_annotate(elem, {"_orm_adapt": True})
+                for elem in util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+            ]
+        else:
+            self._order_by = None
+
+        self.logger.info("%s lazy loading clause %s", self, self._lazywhere)
+
+        # determine if our "lazywhere" clause is the same as the mapper's
+        # get() clause.  then we can just use mapper.get()
+        #
+        # TODO: the "not self.uselist" can be taken out entirely; a m2o
+        # load that populates for a list (very unusual, but is possible with
+        # the API) can still set for "None" and the attribute system will
+        # populate as an empty list.
+        self.use_get = (
+            not self.is_aliased_class
+            and not self.uselist
+            and self.entity._get_clause[0].compare(
+                self._lazywhere,
+                use_proxies=True,
+                compare_keys=False,
+                equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            )
+        )
+
+        if self.use_get:
+            for col in list(self._equated_columns):
+                if col in self.mapper._equivalent_columns:
+                    for c in self.mapper._equivalent_columns[col]:
+                        self._equated_columns[c] = self._equated_columns[col]
+
+            self.logger.info(
+                "%s will use Session.get() to optimize instance loads", self
+            )
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.is_class_level = True
+
+        _legacy_inactive_history_style = (
+            self.parent_property._legacy_inactive_history_style
+        )
+
+        if self.parent_property.active_history:
+            active_history = True
+            _deferred_history = False
+
+        elif (
+            self.parent_property.direction is not interfaces.MANYTOONE
+            or not self.use_get
+        ):
+            if _legacy_inactive_history_style:
+                active_history = True
+                _deferred_history = False
+            else:
+                active_history = False
+                _deferred_history = True
+        else:
+            active_history = _deferred_history = False
+
+        _register_attribute(
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            callable_=self._load_for_state,
+            typecallable=self.parent_property.collection_class,
+            active_history=active_history,
+            _deferred_history=_deferred_history,
+        )
+
+    def _memoized_attr__simple_lazy_clause(self):
+        lazywhere = sql_util._deep_annotate(
+            self._lazywhere, {"_orm_adapt": True}
+        )
+
+        criterion, bind_to_col = (lazywhere, self._bind_to_col)
+
+        params = []
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+            bindparam.unique = False
+
+        visitors.traverse(criterion, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam})
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bindparam):
+            if bindparam._identifying_key in bind_to_col:
+                params.append(
+                    (
+                        bindparam.key,
+                        bind_to_col[bindparam._identifying_key],
+                        None,
+                    )
+                )
+            elif bindparam.callable is None:
+                params.append((bindparam.key, None, bindparam.value))
+
+        criterion = visitors.cloned_traverse(
+            criterion, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam}
+        )
+
+        return criterion, params
+
+    def _generate_lazy_clause(self, state, passive):
+        criterion, param_keys = self._simple_lazy_clause
+
+        if state is None:
+            return sql_util.adapt_criterion_to_null(
+                criterion, [key for key, ident, value in param_keys]
+            )
+
+        mapper = self.parent_property.parent
+
+        o = state.obj()  # strong ref
+        dict_ = attributes.instance_dict(o)
+
+        if passive & PassiveFlag.INIT_OK:
+            passive ^= PassiveFlag.INIT_OK
+
+        params = {}
+        for key, ident, value in param_keys:
+            if ident is not None:
+                if passive and passive & PassiveFlag.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+                    value = mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, dict_, ident, passive
+                    )
+                else:
+                    value = mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state, dict_, ident, passive
+                    )
+
+            params[key] = value
+
+        return criterion, params
+
+    def _invoke_raise_load(self, state, passive, lazy):
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "'%s' is not available due to lazy='%s'" % (self, lazy)
+        )
+
+    def _load_for_state(
+        self,
+        state,
+        passive,
+        loadopt=None,
+        extra_criteria=(),
+        extra_options=(),
+        alternate_effective_path=None,
+        execution_options=util.EMPTY_DICT,
+    ):
+        if not state.key and (
+            (
+                not self.parent_property.load_on_pending
+                and not state._load_pending
+            )
+            or not state.session_id
+        ):
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_EMPTY
+
+        pending = not state.key
+        primary_key_identity = None
+
+        use_get = self.use_get and (not loadopt or not loadopt._extra_criteria)
+
+        if (not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK and not use_get) or (
+            not passive & attributes.NON_PERSISTENT_OK and pending
+        ):
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        if (
+            # we were given lazy="raise"
+            self._raise_always
+            # the no_raise history-related flag was not passed
+            and not passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+            and (
+                # if we are use_get and related_object_ok is disabled,
+                # which means we are at most looking in the identity map
+                # for history purposes or otherwise returning
+                # PASSIVE_NO_RESULT, don't raise.  This is also a
+                # history-related flag
+                not use_get
+                or passive & PassiveFlag.RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+            )
+        ):
+            self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise")
+
+        session = _state_session(state)
+        if not session:
+            if passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE:
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+            raise orm_exc.DetachedInstanceError(
+                "Parent instance %s is not bound to a Session; "
+                "lazy load operation of attribute '%s' cannot proceed"
+                % (orm_util.state_str(state), self.key)
+            )
+
+        # if we have a simple primary key load, check the
+        # identity map without generating a Query at all
+        if use_get:
+            primary_key_identity = self._get_ident_for_use_get(
+                session, state, passive
+            )
+            if LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT in primary_key_identity:
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            elif LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET in primary_key_identity:
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.NEVER_SET
+
+            # test for None alone in primary_key_identity based on
+            # allow_partial_pks preference.   PASSIVE_NO_RESULT and NEVER_SET
+            # have already been tested above
+            if not self.mapper.allow_partial_pks:
+                if _none_only_set.intersection(primary_key_identity):
+                    return None
+            else:
+                if _none_only_set.issuperset(primary_key_identity):
+                    return None
+
+            if (
+                self.key in state.dict
+                and not passive & PassiveFlag.DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+            ):
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+            # look for this identity in the identity map.  Delegate to the
+            # Query class in use, as it may have special rules for how it
+            # does this, including how it decides what the correct
+            # identity_token would be for this identity.
+
+            instance = session._identity_lookup(
+                self.entity,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                passive=passive,
+                lazy_loaded_from=state,
+            )
+
+            if instance is not None:
+                if instance is LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_CLASS_MISMATCH:
+                    return None
+                else:
+                    return instance
+            elif (
+                not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK
+                or not passive & PassiveFlag.RELATED_OBJECT_OK
+            ):
+                return LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+
+        return self._emit_lazyload(
+            session,
+            state,
+            primary_key_identity,
+            passive,
+            loadopt,
+            extra_criteria,
+            extra_options,
+            alternate_effective_path,
+            execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _get_ident_for_use_get(self, session, state, passive):
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+        if passive & PassiveFlag.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_committed_state_attr_by_column
+        else:
+            get_attr = instance_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+
+        dict_ = state.dict
+
+        return [
+            get_attr(state, dict_, self._equated_columns[pk], passive=passive)
+            for pk in self.mapper.primary_key
+        ]
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.strategy_options")
+    def _emit_lazyload(
+        self,
+        session,
+        state,
+        primary_key_identity,
+        passive,
+        loadopt,
+        extra_criteria,
+        extra_options,
+        alternate_effective_path,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        strategy_options = util.preloaded.orm_strategy_options
+
+        clauseelement = self.entity.__clause_element__()
+        stmt = Select._create_raw_select(
+            _raw_columns=[clauseelement],
+            _propagate_attrs=clauseelement._propagate_attrs,
+            _label_style=LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+            _compile_options=ORMCompileState.default_compile_options,
+        )
+        load_options = QueryContext.default_load_options
+
+        load_options += {
+            "_invoke_all_eagers": False,
+            "_lazy_loaded_from": state,
+        }
+
+        if self.parent_property.secondary is not None:
+            stmt = stmt.select_from(
+                self.mapper, self.parent_property.secondary
+            )
+
+        pending = not state.key
+
+        # don't autoflush on pending
+        if pending or passive & attributes.NO_AUTOFLUSH:
+            stmt._execution_options = util.immutabledict({"autoflush": False})
+
+        use_get = self.use_get
+
+        if state.load_options or (loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria):
+            if alternate_effective_path is None:
+                effective_path = state.load_path[self.parent_property]
+            else:
+                effective_path = alternate_effective_path[self.parent_property]
+
+            opts = state.load_options
+
+            if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+                use_get = False
+                opts += (
+                    orm_util.LoaderCriteriaOption(self.entity, extra_criteria),
+                )
+
+            stmt._with_options = opts
+        elif alternate_effective_path is None:
+            # this path is used if there are not already any options
+            # in the query, but an event may want to add them
+            effective_path = state.mapper._path_registry[self.parent_property]
+        else:
+            # added by immediateloader
+            effective_path = alternate_effective_path[self.parent_property]
+
+        if extra_options:
+            stmt._with_options += extra_options
+
+        stmt._compile_options += {"_current_path": effective_path}
+
+        if use_get:
+            if self._raise_on_sql and not passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE:
+                self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise_on_sql")
+
+            return loading.load_on_pk_identity(
+                session,
+                stmt,
+                primary_key_identity,
+                load_options=load_options,
+                execution_options=execution_options,
+            )
+
+        if self._order_by:
+            stmt._order_by_clauses = self._order_by
+
+        def _lazyload_reverse(compile_context):
+            for rev in self.parent_property._reverse_property:
+                # reverse props that are MANYTOONE are loading *this*
+                # object from get(), so don't need to eager out to those.
+                if (
+                    rev.direction is interfaces.MANYTOONE
+                    and rev._use_get
+                    and not isinstance(rev.strategy, LazyLoader)
+                ):
+                    strategy_options.Load._construct_for_existing_path(
+                        compile_context.compile_options._current_path[
+                            rev.parent
+                        ]
+                    ).lazyload(rev).process_compile_state(compile_context)
+
+        stmt._with_context_options += (
+            (_lazyload_reverse, self.parent_property),
+        )
+
+        lazy_clause, params = self._generate_lazy_clause(state, passive)
+
+        if execution_options:
+            execution_options = util.EMPTY_DICT.merge_with(
+                execution_options,
+                {
+                    "_sa_orm_load_options": load_options,
+                },
+            )
+        else:
+            execution_options = {
+                "_sa_orm_load_options": load_options,
+            }
+
+        if (
+            self.key in state.dict
+            and not passive & PassiveFlag.DEFERRED_HISTORY_LOAD
+        ):
+            return LoaderCallableStatus.ATTR_WAS_SET
+
+        if pending:
+            if util.has_intersection(orm_util._none_set, params.values()):
+                return None
+
+        elif util.has_intersection(orm_util._never_set, params.values()):
+            return None
+
+        if self._raise_on_sql and not passive & PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE:
+            self._invoke_raise_load(state, passive, "raise_on_sql")
+
+        stmt._where_criteria = (lazy_clause,)
+
+        result = session.execute(
+            stmt, params, execution_options=execution_options
+        )
+
+        result = result.unique().scalars().all()
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            return result
+        else:
+            l = len(result)
+            if l:
+                if l > 1:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Multiple rows returned with "
+                        "uselist=False for lazily-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                        % self.parent_property
+                    )
+
+                return result[0]
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        key = self.key
+
+        if (
+            context.load_options._is_user_refresh
+            and context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+            and self.key in context.query._compile_options._only_load_props
+        ):
+            return self._immediateload_create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        if not self.is_class_level or (loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria):
+            # we are not the primary manager for this attribute
+            # on this class - set up a
+            # per-instance lazyloader, which will override the
+            # class-level behavior.
+            # this currently only happens when using a
+            # "lazyload" option on a "no load"
+            # attribute - "eager" attributes always have a
+            # class-level lazyloader installed.
+            set_lazy_callable = (
+                InstanceState._instance_level_callable_processor
+            )(
+                mapper.class_manager,
+                LoadLazyAttribute(
+                    key,
+                    self,
+                    loadopt,
+                    (
+                        loadopt._generate_extra_criteria(context)
+                        if loadopt._extra_criteria
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                ),
+                key,
+            )
+
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, set_lazy_callable))
+        elif context.populate_existing or mapper.always_refresh:
+
+            def reset_for_lazy_callable(state, dict_, row):
+                # we are the primary manager for this attribute on
+                # this class - reset its
+                # per-instance attribute state, so that the class-level
+                # lazy loader is
+                # executed when next referenced on this instance.
+                # this is needed in
+                # populate_existing() types of scenarios to reset
+                # any existing state.
+                state._reset(dict_, key)
+
+            populators["new"].append((self.key, reset_for_lazy_callable))
+
+
+class LoadLazyAttribute:
+    """semi-serializable loader object used by LazyLoader
+
+    Historically, this object would be carried along with instances that
+    needed to run lazyloaders, so it had to be serializable to support
+    cached instances.
+
+    this is no longer a general requirement, and the case where this object
+    is used is exactly the case where we can't really serialize easily,
+    which is when extra criteria in the loader option is present.
+
+    We can't reliably serialize that as it refers to mapped entities and
+    AliasedClass objects that are local to the current process, which would
+    need to be matched up on deserialize e.g. the sqlalchemy.ext.serializer
+    approach.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, key, initiating_strategy, loadopt, extra_criteria):
+        self.key = key
+        self.strategy_key = initiating_strategy.strategy_key
+        self.loadopt = loadopt
+        self.extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        if self.extra_criteria is not None:
+            util.warn(
+                "Can't reliably serialize a lazyload() option that "
+                "contains additional criteria; please use eager loading "
+                "for this case"
+            )
+        return {
+            "key": self.key,
+            "strategy_key": self.strategy_key,
+            "loadopt": self.loadopt,
+            "extra_criteria": (),
+        }
+
+    def __call__(self, state, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_OFF):
+        key = self.key
+        instance_mapper = state.manager.mapper
+        prop = instance_mapper._props[key]
+        strategy = prop._strategies[self.strategy_key]
+
+        return strategy._load_for_state(
+            state,
+            passive,
+            loadopt=self.loadopt,
+            extra_criteria=self.extra_criteria,
+        )
+
+
+class PostLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """A relationship loader that emits a second SELECT statement."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _setup_for_recursion(self, context, path, loadopt, join_depth=None):
+        effective_path = (
+            context.compile_state.current_path or orm_util.PathRegistry.root
+        ) + path
+
+        top_level_context = context._get_top_level_context()
+        execution_options = util.immutabledict(
+            {"sa_top_level_orm_context": top_level_context}
+        )
+
+        if loadopt:
+            recursion_depth = loadopt.local_opts.get("recursion_depth", None)
+            unlimited_recursion = recursion_depth == -1
+        else:
+            recursion_depth = None
+            unlimited_recursion = False
+
+        if recursion_depth is not None:
+            if not self.parent_property._is_self_referential:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"recursion_depth option on relationship "
+                    f"{self.parent_property} not valid for "
+                    "non-self-referential relationship"
+                )
+            recursion_depth = context.execution_options.get(
+                f"_recursion_depth_{id(self)}", recursion_depth
+            )
+
+            if not unlimited_recursion and recursion_depth < 0:
+                return (
+                    effective_path,
+                    False,
+                    execution_options,
+                    recursion_depth,
+                )
+
+            if not unlimited_recursion:
+                execution_options = execution_options.union(
+                    {
+                        f"_recursion_depth_{id(self)}": recursion_depth - 1,
+                    }
+                )
+
+        if loading.PostLoad.path_exists(
+            context, effective_path, self.parent_property
+        ):
+            return effective_path, False, execution_options, recursion_depth
+
+        path_w_prop = path[self.parent_property]
+        effective_path_w_prop = effective_path[self.parent_property]
+
+        if not path_w_prop.contains(context.attributes, "loader"):
+            if join_depth:
+                if effective_path_w_prop.length / 2 > join_depth:
+                    return (
+                        effective_path,
+                        False,
+                        execution_options,
+                        recursion_depth,
+                    )
+            elif effective_path_w_prop.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                return (
+                    effective_path,
+                    False,
+                    execution_options,
+                    recursion_depth,
+                )
+
+        return effective_path, True, execution_options, recursion_depth
+
+
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="immediate")
+class ImmediateLoader(PostLoader):
+    __slots__ = ("join_depth",)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        if not context.compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        (
+            effective_path,
+            run_loader,
+            execution_options,
+            recursion_depth,
+        ) = self._setup_for_recursion(context, path, loadopt, self.join_depth)
+
+        if not run_loader:
+            # this will not emit SQL and will only emit for a many-to-one
+            # "use get" load.   the "_RELATED" part means it may return
+            # instance even if its expired, since this is a mutually-recursive
+            # load operation.
+            flags = attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH_RELATED | PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+        else:
+            flags = attributes.PASSIVE_OFF | PassiveFlag.NO_RAISE
+
+        loading.PostLoad.callable_for_path(
+            context,
+            effective_path,
+            self.parent,
+            self.parent_property,
+            self._load_for_path,
+            loadopt,
+            flags,
+            recursion_depth,
+            execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _load_for_path(
+        self,
+        context,
+        path,
+        states,
+        load_only,
+        loadopt,
+        flags,
+        recursion_depth,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        if recursion_depth:
+            new_opt = Load(loadopt.path.entity)
+            new_opt.context = (
+                loadopt,
+                loadopt._recurse(),
+            )
+            alternate_effective_path = path._truncate_recursive()
+            extra_options = (new_opt,)
+        else:
+            new_opt = None
+            alternate_effective_path = path
+            extra_options = ()
+
+        key = self.key
+        lazyloader = self.parent_property._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+        for state, overwrite in states:
+            dict_ = state.dict
+
+            if overwrite or key not in dict_:
+                value = lazyloader._load_for_state(
+                    state,
+                    flags,
+                    extra_options=extra_options,
+                    alternate_effective_path=alternate_effective_path,
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                )
+                if value not in (
+                    ATTR_WAS_SET,
+                    LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT,
+                ):
+                    state.get_impl(key).set_committed_value(
+                        state, dict_, value
+                    )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="subquery")
+class SubqueryLoader(PostLoader):
+    __slots__ = ("join_depth",)
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def _get_leftmost(
+        self,
+        orig_query_entity_index,
+        subq_path,
+        current_compile_state,
+        is_root,
+    ):
+        given_subq_path = subq_path
+        subq_path = subq_path.path
+        subq_mapper = orm_util._class_to_mapper(subq_path[0])
+
+        # determine attributes of the leftmost mapper
+        if (
+            self.parent.isa(subq_mapper)
+            and self.parent_property is subq_path[1]
+        ):
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = self.parent, self.parent_property
+        else:
+            leftmost_mapper, leftmost_prop = subq_mapper, subq_path[1]
+
+        if is_root:
+            # the subq_path is also coming from cached state, so when we start
+            # building up this path, it has to also be converted to be in terms
+            # of the current state. this is for the specific case of the entity
+            # is an AliasedClass against a subquery that's not otherwise going
+            # to adapt
+            new_subq_path = current_compile_state._entities[
+                orig_query_entity_index
+            ].entity_zero._path_registry[leftmost_prop]
+            additional = len(subq_path) - len(new_subq_path)
+            if additional:
+                new_subq_path += path_registry.PathRegistry.coerce(
+                    subq_path[-additional:]
+                )
+        else:
+            new_subq_path = given_subq_path
+
+        leftmost_cols = leftmost_prop.local_columns
+
+        leftmost_attr = [
+            getattr(
+                new_subq_path.path[0].entity,
+                leftmost_mapper._columntoproperty[c].key,
+            )
+            for c in leftmost_cols
+        ]
+
+        return leftmost_mapper, leftmost_attr, leftmost_prop, new_subq_path
+
+    def _generate_from_original_query(
+        self,
+        orig_compile_state,
+        orig_query,
+        leftmost_mapper,
+        leftmost_attr,
+        leftmost_relationship,
+        orig_entity,
+    ):
+        # reformat the original query
+        # to look only for significant columns
+        q = orig_query._clone().correlate(None)
+
+        # LEGACY: make a Query back from the select() !!
+        # This suits at least two legacy cases:
+        # 1. applications which expect before_compile() to be called
+        #    below when we run .subquery() on this query (Keystone)
+        # 2. applications which are doing subqueryload with complex
+        #    from_self() queries, as query.subquery() / .statement
+        #    has to do the full compile context for multiply-nested
+        #    from_self() (Neutron) - see test_subqload_from_self
+        #    for demo.
+        q2 = query.Query.__new__(query.Query)
+        q2.__dict__.update(q.__dict__)
+        q = q2
+
+        # set the query's "FROM" list explicitly to what the
+        # FROM list would be in any case, as we will be limiting
+        # the columns in the SELECT list which may no longer include
+        # all entities mentioned in things like WHERE, JOIN, etc.
+        if not q._from_obj:
+            q._enable_assertions = False
+            q.select_from.non_generative(
+                q,
+                *{
+                    ent["entity"]
+                    for ent in _column_descriptions(
+                        orig_query, compile_state=orig_compile_state
+                    )
+                    if ent["entity"] is not None
+                },
+            )
+
+        # select from the identity columns of the outer (specifically, these
+        # are the 'local_cols' of the property).  This will remove other
+        # columns from the query that might suggest the right entity which is
+        # why we do set select_from above.   The attributes we have are
+        # coerced and adapted using the original query's adapter, which is
+        # needed only for the case of adapting a subclass column to
+        # that of a polymorphic selectable, e.g. we have
+        # Engineer.primary_language and the entity is Person.  All other
+        # adaptations, e.g. from_self, select_entity_from(), will occur
+        # within the new query when it compiles, as the compile_state we are
+        # using here is only a partial one.  If the subqueryload is from a
+        # with_polymorphic() or other aliased() object, left_attr will already
+        # be the correct attributes so no adaptation is needed.
+        target_cols = orig_compile_state._adapt_col_list(
+            [
+                sql.coercions.expect(sql.roles.ColumnsClauseRole, o)
+                for o in leftmost_attr
+            ],
+            orig_compile_state._get_current_adapter(),
+        )
+        q._raw_columns = target_cols
+
+        distinct_target_key = leftmost_relationship.distinct_target_key
+
+        if distinct_target_key is True:
+            q._distinct = True
+        elif distinct_target_key is None:
+            # if target_cols refer to a non-primary key or only
+            # part of a composite primary key, set the q as distinct
+            for t in {c.table for c in target_cols}:
+                if not set(target_cols).issuperset(t.primary_key):
+                    q._distinct = True
+                    break
+
+        # don't need ORDER BY if no limit/offset
+        if not q._has_row_limiting_clause:
+            q._order_by_clauses = ()
+
+        if q._distinct is True and q._order_by_clauses:
+            # the logic to automatically add the order by columns to the query
+            # when distinct is True is deprecated in the query
+            to_add = sql_util.expand_column_list_from_order_by(
+                target_cols, q._order_by_clauses
+            )
+            if to_add:
+                q._set_entities(target_cols + to_add)
+
+        # the original query now becomes a subquery
+        # which we'll join onto.
+        # LEGACY: as "q" is a Query, the before_compile() event is invoked
+        # here.
+        embed_q = q.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL).subquery()
+        left_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+            leftmost_mapper, embed_q, use_mapper_path=True
+        )
+        return left_alias
+
+    def _prep_for_joins(self, left_alias, subq_path):
+        # figure out what's being joined.  a.k.a. the fun part
+        to_join = []
+        pairs = list(subq_path.pairs())
+
+        for i, (mapper, prop) in enumerate(pairs):
+            if i > 0:
+                # look at the previous mapper in the chain -
+                # if it is as or more specific than this prop's
+                # mapper, use that instead.
+                # note we have an assumption here that
+                # the non-first element is always going to be a mapper,
+                # not an AliasedClass
+
+                prev_mapper = pairs[i - 1][1].mapper
+                to_append = prev_mapper if prev_mapper.isa(mapper) else mapper
+            else:
+                to_append = mapper
+
+            to_join.append((to_append, prop.key))
+
+        # determine the immediate parent class we are joining from,
+        # which needs to be aliased.
+
+        if len(to_join) < 2:
+            # in the case of a one level eager load, this is the
+            # leftmost "left_alias".
+            parent_alias = left_alias
+        else:
+            info = inspect(to_join[-1][0])
+            if info.is_aliased_class:
+                parent_alias = info.entity
+            else:
+                # alias a plain mapper as we may be
+                # joining multiple times
+                parent_alias = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                    info.entity, use_mapper_path=True
+                )
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        local_attr = [
+            getattr(parent_alias, self.parent._columntoproperty[c].key)
+            for c in local_cols
+        ]
+        return to_join, local_attr, parent_alias
+
+    def _apply_joins(
+        self, q, to_join, left_alias, parent_alias, effective_entity
+    ):
+        ltj = len(to_join)
+        if ltj == 1:
+            to_join = [
+                getattr(left_alias, to_join[0][1]).of_type(effective_entity)
+            ]
+        elif ltj == 2:
+            to_join = [
+                getattr(left_alias, to_join[0][1]).of_type(parent_alias),
+                getattr(parent_alias, to_join[-1][1]).of_type(
+                    effective_entity
+                ),
+            ]
+        elif ltj > 2:
+            middle = [
+                (
+                    (
+                        orm_util.AliasedClass(item[0])
+                        if not inspect(item[0]).is_aliased_class
+                        else item[0].entity
+                    ),
+                    item[1],
+                )
+                for item in to_join[1:-1]
+            ]
+            inner = []
+
+            while middle:
+                item = middle.pop(0)
+                attr = getattr(item[0], item[1])
+                if middle:
+                    attr = attr.of_type(middle[0][0])
+                else:
+                    attr = attr.of_type(parent_alias)
+
+                inner.append(attr)
+
+            to_join = (
+                [getattr(left_alias, to_join[0][1]).of_type(inner[0].parent)]
+                + inner
+                + [
+                    getattr(parent_alias, to_join[-1][1]).of_type(
+                        effective_entity
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+        for attr in to_join:
+            q = q.join(attr)
+
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_options(
+        self,
+        context,
+        q,
+        subq_path,
+        rewritten_path,
+        orig_query,
+        effective_entity,
+        loadopt,
+    ):
+        # note that because the subqueryload object
+        # does not re-use the cached query, instead always making
+        # use of the current invoked query, while we have two queries
+        # here (orig and context.query), they are both non-cached
+        # queries and we can transfer the options as is without
+        # adjusting for new criteria.   Some work on #6881 / #6889
+        # brought this into question.
+        new_options = orig_query._with_options
+
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            new_options += (
+                orm_util.LoaderCriteriaOption(
+                    self.entity,
+                    loadopt._generate_extra_criteria(context),
+                ),
+            )
+
+        # propagate loader options etc. to the new query.
+        # these will fire relative to subq_path.
+        q = q._with_current_path(rewritten_path)
+        q = q.options(*new_options)
+
+        return q
+
+    def _setup_outermost_orderby(self, q):
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+
+            def _setup_outermost_orderby(compile_context):
+                compile_context.eager_order_by += tuple(
+                    util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+                )
+
+            q = q._add_context_option(
+                _setup_outermost_orderby, self.parent_property
+            )
+
+        return q
+
+    class _SubqCollections:
+        """Given a :class:`_query.Query` used to emit the "subquery load",
+        provide a load interface that executes the query at the
+        first moment a value is needed.
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = (
+            "session",
+            "execution_options",
+            "load_options",
+            "params",
+            "subq",
+            "_data",
+        )
+
+        def __init__(self, context, subq):
+            # avoid creating a cycle by storing context
+            # even though that's preferable
+            self.session = context.session
+            self.execution_options = context.execution_options
+            self.load_options = context.load_options
+            self.params = context.params or {}
+            self.subq = subq
+            self._data = None
+
+        def get(self, key, default):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+            return self._data.get(key, default)
+
+        def _load(self):
+            self._data = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+            q = self.subq
+            assert q.session is None
+
+            q = q.with_session(self.session)
+
+            if self.load_options._populate_existing:
+                q = q.populate_existing()
+            # to work with baked query, the parameters may have been
+            # updated since this query was created, so take these into account
+
+            rows = list(q.params(self.params))
+            for k, v in itertools.groupby(rows, lambda x: x[1:]):
+                self._data[k].extend(vv[0] for vv in v)
+
+        def loader(self, state, dict_, row):
+            if self._data is None:
+                self._load()
+
+    def _setup_query_from_rowproc(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        entity,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+    ):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+        if (
+            not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads
+            or compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+        ):
+            return
+
+        orig_query_entity_index = compile_state._entities.index(query_entity)
+        context.loaders_require_buffering = True
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        # build up a path indicating the path from the leftmost
+        # entity to the thing we're subquery loading.
+        with_poly_entity = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity is not None:
+            effective_entity = with_poly_entity
+        else:
+            effective_entity = self.entity
+
+        subq_path, rewritten_path = context.query._execution_options.get(
+            ("subquery_paths", None),
+            (orm_util.PathRegistry.root, orm_util.PathRegistry.root),
+        )
+        is_root = subq_path is orm_util.PathRegistry.root
+        subq_path = subq_path + path
+        rewritten_path = rewritten_path + path
+
+        # use the current query being invoked, not the compile state
+        # one.  this is so that we get the current parameters.  however,
+        # it means we can't use the existing compile state, we have to make
+        # a new one.    other approaches include possibly using the
+        # compiled query but swapping the params, seems only marginally
+        # less time spent but more complicated
+        orig_query = context.query._execution_options.get(
+            ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader), context.query
+        )
+
+        # make a new compile_state for the query that's probably cached, but
+        # we're sort of undoing a bit of that caching :(
+        compile_state_cls = ORMCompileState._get_plugin_class_for_plugin(
+            orig_query, "orm"
+        )
+
+        if orig_query._is_lambda_element:
+            if context.load_options._lazy_loaded_from is None:
+                util.warn(
+                    'subqueryloader for "%s" must invoke lambda callable '
+                    "at %r in "
+                    "order to produce a new query, decreasing the efficiency "
+                    "of caching for this statement.  Consider using "
+                    "selectinload() for more effective full-lambda caching"
+                    % (self, orig_query)
+                )
+            orig_query = orig_query._resolved
+
+        # this is the more "quick" version, however it's not clear how
+        # much of this we need.    in particular I can't get a test to
+        # fail if the "set_base_alias" is missing and not sure why that is.
+        orig_compile_state = compile_state_cls._create_entities_collection(
+            orig_query, legacy=False
+        )
+
+        (
+            leftmost_mapper,
+            leftmost_attr,
+            leftmost_relationship,
+            rewritten_path,
+        ) = self._get_leftmost(
+            orig_query_entity_index,
+            rewritten_path,
+            orig_compile_state,
+            is_root,
+        )
+
+        # generate a new Query from the original, then
+        # produce a subquery from it.
+        left_alias = self._generate_from_original_query(
+            orig_compile_state,
+            orig_query,
+            leftmost_mapper,
+            leftmost_attr,
+            leftmost_relationship,
+            entity,
+        )
+
+        # generate another Query that will join the
+        # left alias to the target relationships.
+        # basically doing a longhand
+        # "from_self()".  (from_self() itself not quite industrial
+        # strength enough for all contingencies...but very close)
+
+        q = query.Query(effective_entity)
+
+        q._execution_options = context.query._execution_options.merge_with(
+            context.execution_options,
+            {
+                ("orig_query", SubqueryLoader): orig_query,
+                ("subquery_paths", None): (subq_path, rewritten_path),
+            },
+        )
+
+        q = q._set_enable_single_crit(False)
+        to_join, local_attr, parent_alias = self._prep_for_joins(
+            left_alias, subq_path
+        )
+
+        q = q.add_columns(*local_attr)
+        q = self._apply_joins(
+            q, to_join, left_alias, parent_alias, effective_entity
+        )
+
+        q = self._setup_options(
+            context,
+            q,
+            subq_path,
+            rewritten_path,
+            orig_query,
+            effective_entity,
+            loadopt,
+        )
+        q = self._setup_outermost_orderby(q)
+
+        return q
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        if (
+            loadopt
+            and context.compile_state.statement is not None
+            and context.compile_state.statement.is_dml
+        ):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The subqueryload loader option is not compatible with DML "
+                "statements such as INSERT, UPDATE.  Only SELECT may be used."
+                "This warning will become an exception in a future release.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+
+        if context.refresh_state:
+            return self._immediateload_create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        _, run_loader, _, _ = self._setup_for_recursion(
+            context, path, loadopt, self.join_depth
+        )
+        if not run_loader:
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(context.compile_state, ORMSelectCompileState):
+            # issue 7505 - subqueryload() in 1.3 and previous would silently
+            # degrade for from_statement() without warning. this behavior
+            # is restored here
+            return
+
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." % self
+            )
+
+        # a little dance here as the "path" is still something that only
+        # semi-tracks the exact series of things we are loading, still not
+        # telling us about with_polymorphic() and stuff like that when it's at
+        # the root..  the initial MapperEntity is more accurate for this case.
+        if len(path) == 1:
+            if not orm_util._entity_isa(query_entity.entity_zero, self.parent):
+                return
+        elif not orm_util._entity_isa(path[-1], self.parent):
+            return
+
+        subq = self._setup_query_from_rowproc(
+            context,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            path[-1],
+            loadopt,
+            adapter,
+        )
+
+        if subq is None:
+            return
+
+        assert subq.session is None
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        local_cols = self.parent_property.local_columns
+
+        # cache the loaded collections in the context
+        # so that inheriting mappers don't re-load when they
+        # call upon create_row_processor again
+        collections = path.get(context.attributes, "collections")
+        if collections is None:
+            collections = self._SubqCollections(context, subq)
+            path.set(context.attributes, "collections", collections)
+
+        if adapter:
+            local_cols = [adapter.columns[c] for c in local_cols]
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            self._create_collection_loader(
+                context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+            )
+        else:
+            self._create_scalar_loader(
+                context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+            )
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(
+        self, context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+    ):
+        tuple_getter = result._tuple_getter(local_cols)
+
+        def load_collection_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(tuple_getter(row), ())
+            state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                state, dict_, collection
+            )
+
+        def load_collection_from_subq_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                load_collection_from_subq(state, dict_, row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_collection_from_subq))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_collection_from_subq_existing_row)
+        )
+
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append((self.key, collections.loader))
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(
+        self, context, result, collections, local_cols, populators
+    ):
+        tuple_getter = result._tuple_getter(local_cols)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_subq(state, dict_, row):
+            collection = collections.get(tuple_getter(row), (None,))
+            if len(collection) > 1:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Multiple rows returned with "
+                    "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' " % self
+                )
+
+            scalar = collection[0]
+            state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(state, dict_, scalar)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_subq_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if self.key not in dict_:
+                load_scalar_from_subq(state, dict_, row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_scalar_from_subq))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_scalar_from_subq_existing_row)
+        )
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append((self.key, collections.loader))
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="joined")
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy=False)
+class JoinedLoader(AbstractRelationshipLoader):
+    """Provide loading behavior for a :class:`.Relationship`
+    using joined eager loading.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "join_depth"
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def setup_query(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection=None,
+        parentmapper=None,
+        chained_from_outerjoin=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """Add a left outer join to the statement that's being constructed."""
+
+        if not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+        elif (
+            loadopt
+            and compile_state.statement is not None
+            and compile_state.statement.is_dml
+        ):
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The joinedload loader option is not compatible with DML "
+                "statements such as INSERT, UPDATE.  Only SELECT may be used."
+                "This warning will become an exception in a future release.",
+                "2.0",
+            )
+        elif self.uselist:
+            compile_state.multi_row_eager_loaders = True
+
+        path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        with_polymorphic = None
+
+        user_defined_adapter = (
+            self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+                loadopt, compile_state, compile_state.attributes
+            )
+            if loadopt
+            else False
+        )
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            # setup an adapter but dont create any JOIN, assume it's already
+            # in the query
+            (
+                clauses,
+                adapter,
+                add_to_collection,
+            ) = self._setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+                compile_state,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                adapter,
+                user_defined_adapter,
+            )
+
+            # don't do "wrap" for multi-row, we want to wrap
+            # limited/distinct SELECT,
+            # because we want to put the JOIN on the outside.
+
+        else:
+            # if not via query option, check for
+            # a cycle
+            if not path.contains(compile_state.attributes, "loader"):
+                if self.join_depth:
+                    if path.length / 2 > self.join_depth:
+                        return
+                elif path.contains_mapper(self.mapper):
+                    return
+
+            # add the JOIN and create an adapter
+            (
+                clauses,
+                adapter,
+                add_to_collection,
+                chained_from_outerjoin,
+            ) = self._generate_row_adapter(
+                compile_state,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                adapter,
+                column_collection,
+                parentmapper,
+                chained_from_outerjoin,
+            )
+
+            # for multi-row, we want to wrap limited/distinct SELECT,
+            # because we want to put the JOIN on the outside.
+            compile_state.eager_adding_joins = True
+
+        with_poly_entity = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity is not None:
+            with_polymorphic = inspect(
+                with_poly_entity
+            ).with_polymorphic_mappers
+        else:
+            with_polymorphic = None
+
+        path = path[self.entity]
+
+        loading._setup_entity_query(
+            compile_state,
+            self.mapper,
+            query_entity,
+            path,
+            clauses,
+            add_to_collection,
+            with_polymorphic=with_polymorphic,
+            parentmapper=self.mapper,
+            chained_from_outerjoin=chained_from_outerjoin,
+        )
+
+        has_nones = util.NONE_SET.intersection(compile_state.secondary_columns)
+
+        if has_nones:
+            if with_poly_entity is not None:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Detected unaliased columns when generating joined "
+                    "load.  Make sure to use aliased=True or flat=True "
+                    "when using joined loading with with_polymorphic()."
+                )
+            else:
+                compile_state.secondary_columns = [
+                    c for c in compile_state.secondary_columns if c is not None
+                ]
+
+    def _init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+        self, loadopt, compile_state, target_attributes
+    ):
+        # check if the opt applies at all
+        if "eager_from_alias" not in loadopt.local_opts:
+            # nope
+            return False
+
+        path = loadopt.path.parent
+
+        # the option applies.  check if the "user_defined_eager_row_processor"
+        # has been built up.
+        adapter = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "user_defined_eager_row_processor", False
+        )
+        if adapter is not False:
+            # just return it
+            return adapter
+
+        # otherwise figure it out.
+        alias = loadopt.local_opts["eager_from_alias"]
+        root_mapper, prop = path[-2:]
+
+        if alias is not None:
+            if isinstance(alias, str):
+                alias = prop.target.alias(alias)
+            adapter = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.JOINEDLOAD_USER_DEFINED_ALIAS,
+                prop.mapper,
+                selectable=alias,
+                equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+                limit_on_entity=False,
+            )
+        else:
+            if path.contains(
+                compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic"
+            ):
+                with_poly_entity = path.get(
+                    compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic"
+                )
+                adapter = orm_util.ORMAdapter(
+                    orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.JOINEDLOAD_PATH_WITH_POLYMORPHIC,
+                    with_poly_entity,
+                    equivalents=prop.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+                )
+            else:
+                adapter = compile_state._polymorphic_adapters.get(
+                    prop.mapper, None
+                )
+        path.set(
+            target_attributes,
+            "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+            adapter,
+        )
+
+        return adapter
+
+    def _setup_query_on_user_defined_adapter(
+        self, context, entity, path, adapter, user_defined_adapter
+    ):
+        # apply some more wrapping to the "user defined adapter"
+        # if we are setting up the query for SQL render.
+        adapter = entity._get_entity_clauses(context)
+
+        if adapter and user_defined_adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = user_defined_adapter.wrap(adapter)
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes,
+                "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter,
+            )
+        elif adapter:
+            user_defined_adapter = adapter
+            path.set(
+                context.attributes,
+                "user_defined_eager_row_processor",
+                user_defined_adapter,
+            )
+
+        add_to_collection = context.primary_columns
+        return user_defined_adapter, adapter, add_to_collection
+
+    def _generate_row_adapter(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        adapter,
+        column_collection,
+        parentmapper,
+        chained_from_outerjoin,
+    ):
+        with_poly_entity = path.get(
+            compile_state.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity:
+            to_adapt = with_poly_entity
+        else:
+            insp = inspect(self.entity)
+            if insp.is_aliased_class:
+                alt_selectable = insp.selectable
+            else:
+                alt_selectable = None
+
+            to_adapt = orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                self.mapper,
+                alias=(
+                    alt_selectable._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True)
+                    if alt_selectable is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+                flat=True,
+                use_mapper_path=True,
+            )
+
+        to_adapt_insp = inspect(to_adapt)
+
+        clauses = to_adapt_insp._memo(
+            ("joinedloader_ormadapter", self),
+            orm_util.ORMAdapter,
+            orm_util._TraceAdaptRole.JOINEDLOAD_MEMOIZED_ADAPTER,
+            to_adapt_insp,
+            equivalents=self.mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_required=True,
+            allow_label_resolve=False,
+            anonymize_labels=True,
+        )
+
+        assert clauses.is_aliased_class
+
+        innerjoin = (
+            loadopt.local_opts.get("innerjoin", self.parent_property.innerjoin)
+            if loadopt is not None
+            else self.parent_property.innerjoin
+        )
+
+        if not innerjoin:
+            # if this is an outer join, all non-nested eager joins from
+            # this path must also be outer joins
+            chained_from_outerjoin = True
+
+        compile_state.create_eager_joins.append(
+            (
+                self._create_eager_join,
+                entity,
+                path,
+                adapter,
+                parentmapper,
+                clauses,
+                innerjoin,
+                chained_from_outerjoin,
+                loadopt._extra_criteria if loadopt else (),
+            )
+        )
+
+        add_to_collection = compile_state.secondary_columns
+        path.set(compile_state.attributes, "eager_row_processor", clauses)
+
+        return clauses, adapter, add_to_collection, chained_from_outerjoin
+
+    def _create_eager_join(
+        self,
+        compile_state,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        adapter,
+        parentmapper,
+        clauses,
+        innerjoin,
+        chained_from_outerjoin,
+        extra_criteria,
+    ):
+        if parentmapper is None:
+            localparent = query_entity.mapper
+        else:
+            localparent = parentmapper
+
+        # whether or not the Query will wrap the selectable in a subquery,
+        # and then attach eager load joins to that (i.e., in the case of
+        # LIMIT/OFFSET etc.)
+        should_nest_selectable = (
+            compile_state.multi_row_eager_loaders
+            and compile_state._should_nest_selectable
+        )
+
+        query_entity_key = None
+
+        if (
+            query_entity not in compile_state.eager_joins
+            and not should_nest_selectable
+            and compile_state.from_clauses
+        ):
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+                compile_state.from_clauses, query_entity.selectable
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) > 1:
+                # for the eager load case, I can't reproduce this right
+                # now.   For query.join() I can.
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Can't identify which query entity in which to joined "
+                    "eager load from.   Please use an exact match when "
+                    "specifying the join path."
+                )
+
+            if indexes:
+                clause = compile_state.from_clauses[indexes[0]]
+                # join to an existing FROM clause on the query.
+                # key it to its list index in the eager_joins dict.
+                # Query._compile_context will adapt as needed and
+                # append to the FROM clause of the select().
+                query_entity_key, default_towrap = indexes[0], clause
+
+        if query_entity_key is None:
+            query_entity_key, default_towrap = (
+                query_entity,
+                query_entity.selectable,
+            )
+
+        towrap = compile_state.eager_joins.setdefault(
+            query_entity_key, default_towrap
+        )
+
+        if adapter:
+            if getattr(adapter, "is_aliased_class", False):
+                # joining from an adapted entity.  The adapted entity
+                # might be a "with_polymorphic", so resolve that to our
+                # specific mapper's entity before looking for our attribute
+                # name on it.
+                efm = adapter.aliased_insp._entity_for_mapper(
+                    localparent
+                    if localparent.isa(self.parent)
+                    else self.parent
+                )
+
+                # look for our attribute on the adapted entity, else fall back
+                # to our straight property
+                onclause = getattr(efm.entity, self.key, self.parent_property)
+            else:
+                onclause = getattr(
+                    orm_util.AliasedClass(
+                        self.parent, adapter.selectable, use_mapper_path=True
+                    ),
+                    self.key,
+                    self.parent_property,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            onclause = self.parent_property
+
+        assert clauses.is_aliased_class
+
+        attach_on_outside = (
+            not chained_from_outerjoin
+            or not innerjoin
+            or innerjoin == "unnested"
+            or query_entity.entity_zero.represents_outer_join
+        )
+
+        extra_join_criteria = extra_criteria
+        additional_entity_criteria = compile_state.global_attributes.get(
+            ("additional_entity_criteria", self.mapper), ()
+        )
+        if additional_entity_criteria:
+            extra_join_criteria += tuple(
+                ae._resolve_where_criteria(self.mapper)
+                for ae in additional_entity_criteria
+                if ae.propagate_to_loaders
+            )
+
+        if attach_on_outside:
+            # this is the "classic" eager join case.
+            eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                towrap,
+                clauses.aliased_insp,
+                onclause,
+                isouter=not innerjoin
+                or query_entity.entity_zero.represents_outer_join
+                or (chained_from_outerjoin and isinstance(towrap, sql.Join)),
+                _left_memo=self.parent,
+                _right_memo=path[self.mapper],
+                _extra_criteria=extra_join_criteria,
+            )
+        else:
+            # all other cases are innerjoin=='nested' approach
+            eagerjoin = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path, path[-2], towrap, clauses, onclause, extra_join_criteria
+            )
+
+        compile_state.eager_joins[query_entity_key] = eagerjoin
+
+        # send a hint to the Query as to where it may "splice" this join
+        eagerjoin.stop_on = query_entity.selectable
+
+        if not parentmapper:
+            # for parentclause that is the non-eager end of the join,
+            # ensure all the parent cols in the primaryjoin are actually
+            # in the
+            # columns clause (i.e. are not deferred), so that aliasing applied
+            # by the Query propagates those columns outward.
+            # This has the effect
+            # of "undefering" those columns.
+            for col in sql_util._find_columns(
+                self.parent_property.primaryjoin
+            ):
+                if localparent.persist_selectable.c.contains_column(col):
+                    if adapter:
+                        col = adapter.columns[col]
+                    compile_state._append_dedupe_col_collection(
+                        col, compile_state.primary_columns
+                    )
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            compile_state.eager_order_by += tuple(
+                (eagerjoin._target_adapter.copy_and_process)(
+                    util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+                )
+            )
+
+    def _splice_nested_inner_join(
+        self,
+        path,
+        entity_we_want_to_splice_onto,
+        join_obj,
+        clauses,
+        onclause,
+        extra_criteria,
+        entity_inside_join_structure: Union[
+            Mapper, None, Literal[False]
+        ] = False,
+        detected_existing_path: Optional[path_registry.PathRegistry] = None,
+    ):
+        # recursive fn to splice a nested join into an existing one.
+        # entity_inside_join_structure=False means this is the outermost call,
+        # and it should return a value.  entity_inside_join_structure=<mapper>
+        # indicates we've descended into a join and are looking at a FROM
+        # clause representing this mapper; if this is not
+        # entity_we_want_to_splice_onto then return None to end the recursive
+        # branch
+
+        assert entity_we_want_to_splice_onto is path[-2]
+
+        if entity_inside_join_structure is False:
+            assert isinstance(join_obj, orm_util._ORMJoin)
+
+        if isinstance(join_obj, sql.selectable.FromGrouping):
+            # FromGrouping - continue descending into the structure
+            return self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path,
+                entity_we_want_to_splice_onto,
+                join_obj.element,
+                clauses,
+                onclause,
+                extra_criteria,
+                entity_inside_join_structure,
+            )
+        elif isinstance(join_obj, orm_util._ORMJoin):
+            # _ORMJoin - continue descending into the structure
+
+            join_right_path = join_obj._right_memo
+
+            # see if right side of join is viable
+            target_join = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                path,
+                entity_we_want_to_splice_onto,
+                join_obj.right,
+                clauses,
+                onclause,
+                extra_criteria,
+                entity_inside_join_structure=(
+                    join_right_path[-1].mapper
+                    if join_right_path is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+            )
+
+            if target_join is not None:
+                # for a right splice, attempt to flatten out
+                # a JOIN b JOIN c JOIN .. to avoid needless
+                # parenthesis nesting
+                if not join_obj.isouter and not target_join.isouter:
+                    eagerjoin = join_obj._splice_into_center(target_join)
+                else:
+                    eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                        join_obj.left,
+                        target_join,
+                        join_obj.onclause,
+                        isouter=join_obj.isouter,
+                        _left_memo=join_obj._left_memo,
+                    )
+
+                eagerjoin._target_adapter = target_join._target_adapter
+                return eagerjoin
+
+            else:
+                # see if left side of join is viable
+                target_join = self._splice_nested_inner_join(
+                    path,
+                    entity_we_want_to_splice_onto,
+                    join_obj.left,
+                    clauses,
+                    onclause,
+                    extra_criteria,
+                    entity_inside_join_structure=join_obj._left_memo,
+                    detected_existing_path=join_right_path,
+                )
+
+                if target_join is not None:
+                    eagerjoin = orm_util._ORMJoin(
+                        target_join,
+                        join_obj.right,
+                        join_obj.onclause,
+                        isouter=join_obj.isouter,
+                        _right_memo=join_obj._right_memo,
+                    )
+                    eagerjoin._target_adapter = target_join._target_adapter
+                    return eagerjoin
+
+            # neither side viable, return None, or fail if this was the top
+            # most call
+            if entity_inside_join_structure is False:
+                assert (
+                    False
+                ), "assertion failed attempting to produce joined eager loads"
+            return None
+
+        # reached an endpoint (e.g. a table that's mapped, or an alias of that
+        # table).  determine if we can use this endpoint to splice onto
+
+        # is this the entity we want to splice onto in the first place?
+        if not entity_we_want_to_splice_onto.isa(entity_inside_join_structure):
+            return None
+
+        # path check.  if we know the path how this join endpoint got here,
+        # lets look at our path we are satisfying and see if we're in the
+        # wrong place.  This is specifically for when our entity may
+        # appear more than once in the path, issue #11449
+        # updated in issue #11965.
+        if detected_existing_path and len(detected_existing_path) > 2:
+            # this assertion is currently based on how this call is made,
+            # where given a join_obj, the call will have these parameters as
+            # entity_inside_join_structure=join_obj._left_memo
+            # and entity_inside_join_structure=join_obj._right_memo.mapper
+            assert detected_existing_path[-3] is entity_inside_join_structure
+
+            # from that, see if the path we are targeting matches the
+            # "existing" path of this join all the way up to the midpoint
+            # of this join object (e.g. the relationship).
+            # if not, then this is not our target
+            #
+            # a test condition where this test is false looks like:
+            #
+            # desired splice:         Node->kind->Kind
+            # path of desired splice: NodeGroup->nodes->Node->kind
+            # path we've located:     NodeGroup->nodes->Node->common_node->Node
+            #
+            # above, because we want to splice kind->Kind onto
+            # NodeGroup->nodes->Node, this is not our path because it actually
+            # goes more steps than we want into self-referential
+            # ->common_node->Node
+            #
+            # a test condition where this test is true looks like:
+            #
+            # desired splice:         B->c2s->C2
+            # path of desired splice: A->bs->B->c2s
+            # path we've located:     A->bs->B->c1s->C1
+            #
+            # above, we want to splice c2s->C2 onto B, and the located path
+            # shows that the join ends with B->c1s->C1.  so we will
+            # add another join onto that, which would create a "branch" that
+            # we might represent in a pseudopath as:
+            #
+            # B->c1s->C1
+            #  ->c2s->C2
+            #
+            # i.e. A JOIN B ON <bs> JOIN C1 ON <c1s>
+            #                       JOIN C2 ON <c2s>
+            #
+
+            if detected_existing_path[0:-2] != path.path[0:-1]:
+                return None
+
+        return orm_util._ORMJoin(
+            join_obj,
+            clauses.aliased_insp,
+            onclause,
+            isouter=False,
+            _left_memo=entity_inside_join_structure,
+            _right_memo=path[path[-1].mapper],
+            _extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+        )
+
+    def _create_eager_adapter(self, context, result, adapter, path, loadopt):
+        compile_state = context.compile_state
+
+        user_defined_adapter = (
+            self._init_user_defined_eager_proc(
+                loadopt, compile_state, context.attributes
+            )
+            if loadopt
+            else False
+        )
+
+        if user_defined_adapter is not False:
+            decorator = user_defined_adapter
+            # user defined eagerloads are part of the "primary"
+            # portion of the load.
+            # the adapters applied to the Query should be honored.
+            if compile_state.compound_eager_adapter and decorator:
+                decorator = decorator.wrap(
+                    compile_state.compound_eager_adapter
+                )
+            elif compile_state.compound_eager_adapter:
+                decorator = compile_state.compound_eager_adapter
+        else:
+            decorator = path.get(
+                compile_state.attributes, "eager_row_processor"
+            )
+            if decorator is None:
+                return False
+
+        if self.mapper._result_has_identity_key(result, decorator):
+            return decorator
+        else:
+            # no identity key - don't return a row
+            # processor, will cause a degrade to lazy
+            return False
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+
+        if not context.compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." % self
+            )
+
+        if self.uselist:
+            context.loaders_require_uniquing = True
+
+        our_path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        eager_adapter = self._create_eager_adapter(
+            context, result, adapter, our_path, loadopt
+        )
+
+        if eager_adapter is not False:
+            key = self.key
+
+            _instance = loading._instance_processor(
+                query_entity,
+                self.mapper,
+                context,
+                result,
+                our_path[self.entity],
+                eager_adapter,
+            )
+
+            if not self.uselist:
+                self._create_scalar_loader(context, key, _instance, populators)
+            else:
+                self._create_collection_loader(
+                    context, key, _instance, populators
+                )
+        else:
+            self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("lazy", "select"),)
+            ).create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+    def _create_collection_loader(self, context, key, _instance, populators):
+        def load_collection_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # note this must unconditionally clear out any existing collection.
+            # an existing collection would be present only in the case of
+            # populate_existing().
+            collection = attributes.init_state_collection(state, dict_, key)
+            result_list = util.UniqueAppender(
+                collection, "append_without_event"
+            )
+            context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            inst = _instance(row)
+            if inst is not None:
+                result_list.append(inst)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            if (state, key) in context.attributes:
+                result_list = context.attributes[(state, key)]
+            else:
+                # appender_key can be absent from context.attributes
+                # with isnew=False when self-referential eager loading
+                # is used; the same instance may be present in two
+                # distinct sets of result columns
+                collection = attributes.init_state_collection(
+                    state, dict_, key
+                )
+                result_list = util.UniqueAppender(
+                    collection, "append_without_event"
+                )
+                context.attributes[(state, key)] = result_list
+            inst = _instance(row)
+            if inst is not None:
+                result_list.append(inst)
+
+        def load_collection_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row)
+
+        populators["new"].append(
+            (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_new_row)
+        )
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_existing_row)
+        )
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append(
+                (self.key, load_collection_from_joined_exec)
+            )
+
+    def _create_scalar_loader(self, context, key, _instance, populators):
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_new_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # set a scalar object instance directly on the parent
+            # object, bypassing InstrumentedAttribute event handlers.
+            dict_[key] = _instance(row)
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row(state, dict_, row):
+            # call _instance on the row, even though the object has
+            # been created, so that we further descend into properties
+            existing = _instance(row)
+
+            # conflicting value already loaded, this shouldn't happen
+            if key in dict_:
+                if existing is not dict_[key]:
+                    util.warn(
+                        "Multiple rows returned with "
+                        "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded attribute '%s' "
+                        % self
+                    )
+            else:
+                # this case is when one row has multiple loads of the
+                # same entity (e.g. via aliasing), one has an attribute
+                # that the other doesn't.
+                dict_[key] = existing
+
+        def load_scalar_from_joined_exec(state, dict_, row):
+            _instance(row)
+
+        populators["new"].append((self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_new_row))
+        populators["existing"].append(
+            (self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_existing_row)
+        )
+        if context.invoke_all_eagers:
+            populators["eager"].append(
+                (self.key, load_scalar_from_joined_exec)
+            )
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="selectin")
+class SelectInLoader(PostLoader, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "join_depth",
+        "omit_join",
+        "_parent_alias",
+        "_query_info",
+        "_fallback_query_info",
+    )
+
+    query_info = collections.namedtuple(
+        "queryinfo",
+        [
+            "load_only_child",
+            "load_with_join",
+            "in_expr",
+            "pk_cols",
+            "zero_idx",
+            "child_lookup_cols",
+        ],
+    )
+
+    _chunksize = 500
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, strategy_key):
+        super().__init__(parent, strategy_key)
+        self.join_depth = self.parent_property.join_depth
+        is_m2o = self.parent_property.direction is interfaces.MANYTOONE
+
+        if self.parent_property.omit_join is not None:
+            self.omit_join = self.parent_property.omit_join
+        else:
+            lazyloader = self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+                (("lazy", "select"),)
+            )
+            if is_m2o:
+                self.omit_join = lazyloader.use_get
+            else:
+                self.omit_join = self.parent._get_clause[0].compare(
+                    lazyloader._rev_lazywhere,
+                    use_proxies=True,
+                    compare_keys=False,
+                    equivalents=self.parent._equivalent_columns,
+                )
+
+        if self.omit_join:
+            if is_m2o:
+                self._query_info = self._init_for_omit_join_m2o()
+                self._fallback_query_info = self._init_for_join()
+            else:
+                self._query_info = self._init_for_omit_join()
+        else:
+            self._query_info = self._init_for_join()
+
+    def _init_for_omit_join(self):
+        pk_to_fk = dict(
+            self.parent_property._join_condition.local_remote_pairs
+        )
+        pk_to_fk.update(
+            (equiv, pk_to_fk[k])
+            for k in list(pk_to_fk)
+            for equiv in self.parent._equivalent_columns.get(k, ())
+        )
+
+        pk_cols = fk_cols = [
+            pk_to_fk[col] for col in self.parent.primary_key if col in pk_to_fk
+        ]
+        if len(fk_cols) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*fk_cols)
+            zero_idx = False
+        else:
+            in_expr = fk_cols[0]
+            zero_idx = True
+
+        return self.query_info(False, False, in_expr, pk_cols, zero_idx, None)
+
+    def _init_for_omit_join_m2o(self):
+        pk_cols = self.mapper.primary_key
+        if len(pk_cols) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*pk_cols)
+            zero_idx = False
+        else:
+            in_expr = pk_cols[0]
+            zero_idx = True
+
+        lazyloader = self.parent_property._get_strategy((("lazy", "select"),))
+        lookup_cols = [lazyloader._equated_columns[pk] for pk in pk_cols]
+
+        return self.query_info(
+            True, False, in_expr, pk_cols, zero_idx, lookup_cols
+        )
+
+    def _init_for_join(self):
+        self._parent_alias = AliasedClass(self.parent.class_)
+        pa_insp = inspect(self._parent_alias)
+        pk_cols = [
+            pa_insp._adapt_element(col) for col in self.parent.primary_key
+        ]
+        if len(pk_cols) > 1:
+            in_expr = sql.tuple_(*pk_cols)
+            zero_idx = False
+        else:
+            in_expr = pk_cols[0]
+            zero_idx = True
+        return self.query_info(False, True, in_expr, pk_cols, zero_idx, None)
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper):
+        self.parent_property._get_strategy(
+            (("lazy", "select"),)
+        ).init_class_attribute(mapper)
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        context,
+        query_entity,
+        path,
+        loadopt,
+        mapper,
+        result,
+        adapter,
+        populators,
+    ):
+        if context.refresh_state:
+            return self._immediateload_create_row_processor(
+                context,
+                query_entity,
+                path,
+                loadopt,
+                mapper,
+                result,
+                adapter,
+                populators,
+            )
+
+        (
+            effective_path,
+            run_loader,
+            execution_options,
+            recursion_depth,
+        ) = self._setup_for_recursion(
+            context, path, loadopt, join_depth=self.join_depth
+        )
+
+        if not run_loader:
+            return
+
+        if not context.compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        if not self.parent.class_manager[self.key].impl.supports_population:
+            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "'%s' does not support object "
+                "population - eager loading cannot be applied." % self
+            )
+
+        # a little dance here as the "path" is still something that only
+        # semi-tracks the exact series of things we are loading, still not
+        # telling us about with_polymorphic() and stuff like that when it's at
+        # the root..  the initial MapperEntity is more accurate for this case.
+        if len(path) == 1:
+            if not orm_util._entity_isa(query_entity.entity_zero, self.parent):
+                return
+        elif not orm_util._entity_isa(path[-1], self.parent):
+            return
+
+        selectin_path = effective_path
+
+        path_w_prop = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        # build up a path indicating the path from the leftmost
+        # entity to the thing we're subquery loading.
+        with_poly_entity = path_w_prop.get(
+            context.attributes, "path_with_polymorphic", None
+        )
+        if with_poly_entity is not None:
+            effective_entity = inspect(with_poly_entity)
+        else:
+            effective_entity = self.entity
+
+        loading.PostLoad.callable_for_path(
+            context,
+            selectin_path,
+            self.parent,
+            self.parent_property,
+            self._load_for_path,
+            effective_entity,
+            loadopt,
+            recursion_depth,
+            execution_options,
+        )
+
+    def _load_for_path(
+        self,
+        context,
+        path,
+        states,
+        load_only,
+        effective_entity,
+        loadopt,
+        recursion_depth,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        if load_only and self.key not in load_only:
+            return
+
+        query_info = self._query_info
+
+        if query_info.load_only_child:
+            our_states = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            none_states = []
+
+            mapper = self.parent
+
+            for state, overwrite in states:
+                state_dict = state.dict
+                related_ident = tuple(
+                    mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                        state,
+                        state_dict,
+                        lk,
+                        passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+                    )
+                    for lk in query_info.child_lookup_cols
+                )
+                # if the loaded parent objects do not have the foreign key
+                # to the related item loaded, then degrade into the joined
+                # version of selectinload
+                if LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT in related_ident:
+                    query_info = self._fallback_query_info
+                    break
+
+                # organize states into lists keyed to particular foreign
+                # key values.
+                if None not in related_ident:
+                    our_states[related_ident].append(
+                        (state, state_dict, overwrite)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # For FK values that have None, add them to a
+                    # separate collection that will be populated separately
+                    none_states.append((state, state_dict, overwrite))
+
+        # note the above conditional may have changed query_info
+        if not query_info.load_only_child:
+            our_states = [
+                (state.key[1], state, state.dict, overwrite)
+                for state, overwrite in states
+            ]
+
+        pk_cols = query_info.pk_cols
+        in_expr = query_info.in_expr
+
+        if not query_info.load_with_join:
+            # in "omit join" mode, the primary key column and the
+            # "in" expression are in terms of the related entity.  So
+            # if the related entity is polymorphic or otherwise aliased,
+            # we need to adapt our "pk_cols" and "in_expr" to that
+            # entity.   in non-"omit join" mode, these are against the
+            # parent entity and do not need adaption.
+            if effective_entity.is_aliased_class:
+                pk_cols = [
+                    effective_entity._adapt_element(col) for col in pk_cols
+                ]
+                in_expr = effective_entity._adapt_element(in_expr)
+
+        bundle_ent = orm_util.Bundle("pk", *pk_cols)
+        bundle_sql = bundle_ent.__clause_element__()
+
+        entity_sql = effective_entity.__clause_element__()
+        q = Select._create_raw_select(
+            _raw_columns=[bundle_sql, entity_sql],
+            _label_style=LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+            _compile_options=ORMCompileState.default_compile_options,
+            _propagate_attrs={
+                "compile_state_plugin": "orm",
+                "plugin_subject": effective_entity,
+            },
+        )
+
+        if not query_info.load_with_join:
+            # the Bundle we have in the "omit_join" case is against raw, non
+            # annotated columns, so to ensure the Query knows its primary
+            # entity, we add it explicitly.  If we made the Bundle against
+            # annotated columns, we hit a performance issue in this specific
+            # case, which is detailed in issue #4347.
+            q = q.select_from(effective_entity)
+        else:
+            # in the non-omit_join case, the Bundle is against the annotated/
+            # mapped column of the parent entity, but the #4347 issue does not
+            # occur in this case.
+            q = q.select_from(self._parent_alias).join(
+                getattr(self._parent_alias, self.parent_property.key).of_type(
+                    effective_entity
+                )
+            )
+
+        q = q.filter(in_expr.in_(sql.bindparam("primary_keys")))
+
+        # a test which exercises what these comments talk about is
+        # test_selectin_relations.py -> test_twolevel_selectin_w_polymorphic
+        #
+        # effective_entity above is given to us in terms of the cached
+        # statement, namely this one:
+        orig_query = context.compile_state.select_statement
+
+        # the actual statement that was requested is this one:
+        #  context_query = context.user_passed_query
+        #
+        # that's not the cached one, however.  So while it is of the identical
+        # structure, if it has entities like AliasedInsp, which we get from
+        # aliased() or with_polymorphic(), the AliasedInsp will likely be a
+        # different object identity each time, and will not match up
+        # hashing-wise to the corresponding AliasedInsp that's in the
+        # cached query, meaning it won't match on paths and loader lookups
+        # and loaders like this one will be skipped if it is used in options.
+        #
+        # as it turns out, standard loader options like selectinload(),
+        # lazyload() that have a path need
+        # to come from the cached query so that the AliasedInsp etc. objects
+        # that are in the query line up with the object that's in the path
+        # of the strategy object. however other options like
+        # with_loader_criteria() that doesn't have a path (has a fixed entity)
+        # and needs to have access to the latest closure state in order to
+        # be correct, we need to use the uncached one.
+        #
+        # as of #8399 we let the loader option itself figure out what it
+        # wants to do given cached and uncached version of itself.
+
+        effective_path = path[self.parent_property]
+
+        if orig_query is context.user_passed_query:
+            new_options = orig_query._with_options
+        else:
+            cached_options = orig_query._with_options
+            uncached_options = context.user_passed_query._with_options
+
+            # propagate compile state options from the original query,
+            # updating their "extra_criteria" as necessary.
+            # note this will create a different cache key than
+            # "orig" options if extra_criteria is present, because the copy
+            # of extra_criteria will have different boundparam than that of
+            # the QueryableAttribute in the path
+            new_options = [
+                orig_opt._adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(
+                    context, uncached_opt
+                )
+                for orig_opt, uncached_opt in zip(
+                    cached_options, uncached_options
+                )
+            ]
+
+        if loadopt and loadopt._extra_criteria:
+            new_options += (
+                orm_util.LoaderCriteriaOption(
+                    effective_entity,
+                    loadopt._generate_extra_criteria(context),
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if recursion_depth is not None:
+            effective_path = effective_path._truncate_recursive()
+
+        q = q.options(*new_options)
+
+        q = q._update_compile_options({"_current_path": effective_path})
+        if context.populate_existing:
+            q = q.execution_options(populate_existing=True)
+
+        if self.parent_property.order_by:
+            if not query_info.load_with_join:
+                eager_order_by = self.parent_property.order_by
+                if effective_entity.is_aliased_class:
+                    eager_order_by = [
+                        effective_entity._adapt_element(elem)
+                        for elem in eager_order_by
+                    ]
+                q = q.order_by(*eager_order_by)
+            else:
+
+                def _setup_outermost_orderby(compile_context):
+                    compile_context.eager_order_by += tuple(
+                        util.to_list(self.parent_property.order_by)
+                    )
+
+                q = q._add_context_option(
+                    _setup_outermost_orderby, self.parent_property
+                )
+
+        if query_info.load_only_child:
+            self._load_via_child(
+                our_states,
+                none_states,
+                query_info,
+                q,
+                context,
+                execution_options,
+            )
+        else:
+            self._load_via_parent(
+                our_states, query_info, q, context, execution_options
+            )
+
+    def _load_via_child(
+        self,
+        our_states,
+        none_states,
+        query_info,
+        q,
+        context,
+        execution_options,
+    ):
+        uselist = self.uselist
+
+        # this sort is really for the benefit of the unit tests
+        our_keys = sorted(our_states)
+        while our_keys:
+            chunk = our_keys[0 : self._chunksize]
+            our_keys = our_keys[self._chunksize :]
+            data = {
+                k: v
+                for k, v in context.session.execute(
+                    q,
+                    params={
+                        "primary_keys": [
+                            key[0] if query_info.zero_idx else key
+                            for key in chunk
+                        ]
+                    },
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                ).unique()
+            }
+
+            for key in chunk:
+                # for a real foreign key and no concurrent changes to the
+                # DB while running this method, "key" is always present in
+                # data.  However, for primaryjoins without real foreign keys
+                # a non-None primaryjoin condition may still refer to no
+                # related object.
+                related_obj = data.get(key, None)
+                for state, dict_, overwrite in our_states[key]:
+                    if not overwrite and self.key in dict_:
+                        continue
+
+                    state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                        state,
+                        dict_,
+                        related_obj if not uselist else [related_obj],
+                    )
+        # populate none states with empty value / collection
+        for state, dict_, overwrite in none_states:
+            if not overwrite and self.key in dict_:
+                continue
+
+            # note it's OK if this is a uselist=True attribute, the empty
+            # collection will be populated
+            state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(state, dict_, None)
+
+    def _load_via_parent(
+        self, our_states, query_info, q, context, execution_options
+    ):
+        uselist = self.uselist
+        _empty_result = () if uselist else None
+
+        while our_states:
+            chunk = our_states[0 : self._chunksize]
+            our_states = our_states[self._chunksize :]
+
+            primary_keys = [
+                key[0] if query_info.zero_idx else key
+                for key, state, state_dict, overwrite in chunk
+            ]
+
+            data = collections.defaultdict(list)
+            for k, v in itertools.groupby(
+                context.session.execute(
+                    q,
+                    params={"primary_keys": primary_keys},
+                    execution_options=execution_options,
+                ).unique(),
+                lambda x: x[0],
+            ):
+                data[k].extend(vv[1] for vv in v)
+
+            for key, state, state_dict, overwrite in chunk:
+                if not overwrite and self.key in state_dict:
+                    continue
+
+                collection = data.get(key, _empty_result)
+
+                if not uselist and collection:
+                    if len(collection) > 1:
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Multiple rows returned with "
+                            "uselist=False for eagerly-loaded "
+                            "attribute '%s' " % self
+                        )
+                    state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                        state, state_dict, collection[0]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # note that empty tuple set on uselist=False sets the
+                    # value to None
+                    state.get_impl(self.key).set_committed_value(
+                        state, state_dict, collection
+                    )
+
+
+def single_parent_validator(desc, prop):
+    def _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        if value is not None and initiator.key == prop.key:
+            hasparent = initiator.hasparent(attributes.instance_state(value))
+            if hasparent and oldvalue is not value:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Instance %s is already associated with an instance "
+                    "of %s via its %s attribute, and is only allowed a "
+                    "single parent."
+                    % (orm_util.instance_str(value), state.class_, prop),
+                    code="bbf1",
+                )
+        return value
+
+    def append(state, value, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, None, initiator)
+
+    def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+        return _do_check(state, value, oldvalue, initiator)
+
+    event.listen(
+        desc, "append", append, raw=True, retval=True, active_history=True
+    )
+    event.listen(desc, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True, active_history=True)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4f292ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/strategy_options.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2550 @@
+# orm/strategy_options.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import util as orm_util
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from ._typing import insp_is_attribute
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper_property
+from .attributes import QueryableAttribute
+from .base import InspectionAttr
+from .interfaces import LoaderOption
+from .path_registry import _DEFAULT_TOKEN
+from .path_registry import _StrPathToken
+from .path_registry import _WILDCARD_TOKEN
+from .path_registry import AbstractEntityRegistry
+from .path_registry import path_is_property
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry
+from .path_registry import TokenRegistry
+from .util import _orm_full_deannotate
+from .util import AliasedInsp
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import and_
+from ..sql import cache_key
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import traversals
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql.base import _generative
+from ..util.typing import Final
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+_RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN: Final[Literal["relationship"]] = "relationship"
+_COLUMN_TOKEN: Final[Literal["column"]] = "column"
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from .context import _MapperEntity
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .context import QueryContext
+    from .interfaces import _StrategyKey
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .interfaces import ORMOption
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import _PathRepresentation
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ..sql.cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from ..sql.cache_key import CacheKey
+
+
+_AttrType = Union[Literal["*"], "QueryableAttribute[Any]"]
+
+_WildcardKeyType = Literal["relationship", "column"]
+_StrategySpec = Dict[str, Any]
+_OptsType = Dict[str, Any]
+_AttrGroupType = Tuple[_AttrType, ...]
+
+
+class _AbstractLoad(traversals.GenerativeOnTraversal, LoaderOption):
+    __slots__ = ("propagate_to_loaders",)
+
+    _is_strategy_option = True
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool
+
+    def contains_eager(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        alias: Optional[_FromClauseArgument] = None,
+        _is_chain: bool = False,
+        _propagate_to_loaders: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that the given attribute should be eagerly loaded from
+        columns stated manually in the query.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        The option is used in conjunction with an explicit join that loads
+        the desired rows, i.e.::
+
+            sess.query(Order).join(Order.user).options(contains_eager(Order.user))
+
+        The above query would join from the ``Order`` entity to its related
+        ``User`` entity, and the returned ``Order`` objects would have the
+        ``Order.user`` attribute pre-populated.
+
+        It may also be used for customizing the entries in an eagerly loaded
+        collection; queries will normally want to use the
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_populate_existing` execution option assuming the
+        primary collection of parent objects may already have been loaded::
+
+            sess.query(User).join(User.addresses).filter(
+                Address.email_address.like("%@aol.com")
+            ).options(contains_eager(User.addresses)).populate_existing()
+
+        See the section :ref:`contains_eager` for complete usage details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`contains_eager`
+
+        """
+        if alias is not None:
+            if not isinstance(alias, str):
+                coerced_alias = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, alias)
+            else:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Passing a string name for the 'alias' argument to "
+                    "'contains_eager()` is deprecated, and will not work in a "
+                    "future release.  Please use a sqlalchemy.alias() or "
+                    "sqlalchemy.orm.aliased() construct.",
+                    version="1.4",
+                )
+                coerced_alias = alias
+
+        elif getattr(attr, "_of_type", None):
+            assert isinstance(attr, QueryableAttribute)
+            ot: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = inspect(attr._of_type)
+            assert ot is not None
+            coerced_alias = ot.selectable
+        else:
+            coerced_alias = None
+
+        cloned = self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "joined"},
+            propagate_to_loaders=_propagate_to_loaders,
+            opts={"eager_from_alias": coerced_alias},
+            _reconcile_to_other=True if _is_chain else None,
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def load_only(self, *attrs: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that for a particular entity, only the given list
+        of column-based attribute names should be loaded; all others will be
+        deferred.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        Example - given a class ``User``, load only the ``name`` and
+        ``fullname`` attributes::
+
+            session.query(User).options(load_only(User.name, User.fullname))
+
+        Example - given a relationship ``User.addresses -> Address``, specify
+        subquery loading for the ``User.addresses`` collection, but on each
+        ``Address`` object load only the ``email_address`` attribute::
+
+            session.query(User).options(
+                subqueryload(User.addresses).load_only(Address.email_address)
+            )
+
+        For a statement that has multiple entities,
+        the lead entity can be
+        specifically referred to using the :class:`_orm.Load` constructor::
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(User, Address)
+                .join(User.addresses)
+                .options(
+                    Load(User).load_only(User.name, User.fullname),
+                    Load(Address).load_only(Address.email_address),
+                )
+            )
+
+        When used together with the
+        :ref:`populate_existing <orm_queryguide_populate_existing>`
+        execution option only the attributes listed will be refreshed.
+
+        :param \*attrs: Attributes to be loaded, all others will be deferred.
+
+        :param raiseload: raise :class:`.InvalidRequestError` rather than
+         lazy loading a value when a deferred attribute is accessed. Used
+         to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+        :param \*attrs: Attributes to be loaded, all others will be deferred.
+
+        :param raiseload: raise :class:`.InvalidRequestError` rather than
+         lazy loading a value when a deferred attribute is accessed. Used
+         to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        cloned = self._set_column_strategy(
+            attrs,
+            {"deferred": False, "instrument": True},
+        )
+
+        wildcard_strategy = {"deferred": True, "instrument": True}
+        if raiseload:
+            wildcard_strategy["raiseload"] = True
+
+        cloned = cloned._set_column_strategy(
+            ("*",),
+            wildcard_strategy,
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def joinedload(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        innerjoin: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using joined
+        eager loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        examples::
+
+            # joined-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+            select(User).options(joinedload(User.orders))
+
+            # joined-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+            select(Order).options(joinedload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))
+
+            # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+            # joined-load the keywords collection
+            select(Order).options(lazyload(Order.items).joinedload(Item.keywords))
+
+        :param innerjoin: if ``True``, indicates that the joined eager load
+         should use an inner join instead of the default of left outer join::
+
+            select(Order).options(joinedload(Order.user, innerjoin=True))
+
+        In order to chain multiple eager joins together where some may be
+        OUTER and others INNER, right-nested joins are used to link them::
+
+            select(A).options(
+                joinedload(A.bs, innerjoin=False).joinedload(B.cs, innerjoin=True)
+            )
+
+        The above query, linking A.bs via "outer" join and B.cs via "inner"
+        join would render the joins as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN (b JOIN c)". When
+        using older versions of SQLite (< 3.7.16), this form of JOIN is
+        translated to use full subqueries as this syntax is otherwise not
+        directly supported.
+
+        The ``innerjoin`` flag can also be stated with the term ``"unnested"``.
+        This indicates that an INNER JOIN should be used, *unless* the join
+        is linked to a LEFT OUTER JOIN to the left, in which case it
+        will render as LEFT OUTER JOIN.  For example, supposing ``A.bs``
+        is an outerjoin::
+
+            select(A).options(joinedload(A.bs).joinedload(B.cs, innerjoin="unnested"))
+
+        The above join will render as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN b LEFT OUTER JOIN c",
+        rather than as "a LEFT OUTER JOIN (b JOIN c)".
+
+        .. note:: The "unnested" flag does **not** affect the JOIN rendered
+            from a many-to-many association table, e.g. a table configured as
+            :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary`, to the target table; for
+            correctness of results, these joins are always INNER and are
+            therefore right-nested if linked to an OUTER join.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The joins produced by :func:`_orm.joinedload` are **anonymously
+            aliased**. The criteria by which the join proceeds cannot be
+            modified, nor can the ORM-enabled :class:`_sql.Select` or legacy
+            :class:`_query.Query` refer to these joins in any way, including
+            ordering. See :ref:`zen_of_eager_loading` for further detail.
+
+            To produce a specific SQL JOIN which is explicitly available, use
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.join` and :meth:`_query.Query.join`. To combine
+            explicit JOINs with eager loading of collections, use
+            :func:`_orm.contains_eager`; see :ref:`contains_eager`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`joined_eager_loading`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        loader = self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "joined"},
+            opts=(
+                {"innerjoin": innerjoin}
+                if innerjoin is not None
+                else util.EMPTY_DICT
+            ),
+        )
+        return loader
+
+    def subqueryload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+        subquery eager loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        examples::
+
+            # subquery-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+            select(User).options(subqueryload(User.orders))
+
+            # subquery-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+            select(Order).options(
+                subqueryload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+            # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+            # subquery-load the keywords collection
+            select(Order).options(lazyload(Order.items).subqueryload(Item.keywords))
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`subquery_eager_loading`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "subquery"})
+
+    def selectinload(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+        SELECT IN eager loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        examples::
+
+            # selectin-load the "orders" collection on "User"
+            select(User).options(selectinload(User.orders))
+
+            # selectin-load Order.items and then Item.keywords
+            select(Order).options(
+                selectinload(Order.items).selectinload(Item.keywords)
+            )
+
+            # lazily load Order.items, but when Items are loaded,
+            # selectin-load the keywords collection
+            select(Order).options(lazyload(Order.items).selectinload(Item.keywords))
+
+        :param recursion_depth: optional int; when set to a positive integer
+         in conjunction with a self-referential relationship,
+         indicates "selectin" loading will continue that many levels deep
+         automatically until no items are found.
+
+         .. note:: The :paramref:`_orm.selectinload.recursion_depth` option
+            currently supports only self-referential relationships.  There
+            is not yet an option to automatically traverse recursive structures
+            with more than one relationship involved.
+
+            Additionally, the :paramref:`_orm.selectinload.recursion_depth`
+            parameter is new and experimental and should be treated as "alpha"
+            status for the 2.0 series.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 added
+            :paramref:`_orm.selectinload.recursion_depth`
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`selectin_eager_loading`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "selectin"},
+            opts={"recursion_depth": recursion_depth},
+        )
+
+    def lazyload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using "lazy"
+        loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`lazy_loading`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "select"})
+
+    def immediateload(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should be loaded using
+        an immediate load with a per-attribute SELECT statement.
+
+        The load is achieved using the "lazyloader" strategy and does not
+        fire off any additional eager loaders.
+
+        The :func:`.immediateload` option is superseded in general
+        by the :func:`.selectinload` option, which performs the same task
+        more efficiently by emitting a SELECT for all loaded objects.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        :param recursion_depth: optional int; when set to a positive integer
+         in conjunction with a self-referential relationship,
+         indicates "selectin" loading will continue that many levels deep
+         automatically until no items are found.
+
+         .. note:: The :paramref:`_orm.immediateload.recursion_depth` option
+            currently supports only self-referential relationships.  There
+            is not yet an option to automatically traverse recursive structures
+            with more than one relationship involved.
+
+         .. warning:: This parameter is new and experimental and should be
+            treated as "alpha" status
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 added
+            :paramref:`_orm.immediateload.recursion_depth`
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`selectin_eager_loading`
+
+        """
+        loader = self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr,
+            {"lazy": "immediate"},
+            opts={"recursion_depth": recursion_depth},
+        )
+        return loader
+
+    def noload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given relationship attribute should remain
+        unloaded.
+
+        The relationship attribute will return ``None`` when accessed without
+        producing any loading effect.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        :func:`_orm.noload` applies to :func:`_orm.relationship` attributes
+        only.
+
+        .. legacy:: The :func:`_orm.noload` option is **legacy**.  As it
+           forces collections to be empty, which invariably leads to
+           non-intuitive and difficult to predict results.  There are no
+           legitimate uses for this option in modern SQLAlchemy.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, {"lazy": "noload"})
+
+    def raiseload(self, attr: _AttrType, sql_only: bool = False) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that the given attribute should raise an error if accessed.
+
+        A relationship attribute configured with :func:`_orm.raiseload` will
+        raise an :exc:`~sqlalchemy.exc.InvalidRequestError` upon access. The
+        typical way this is useful is when an application is attempting to
+        ensure that all relationship attributes that are accessed in a
+        particular context would have been already loaded via eager loading.
+        Instead of having to read through SQL logs to ensure lazy loads aren't
+        occurring, this strategy will cause them to raise immediately.
+
+        :func:`_orm.raiseload` applies to :func:`_orm.relationship` attributes
+        only. In order to apply raise-on-SQL behavior to a column-based
+        attribute, use the :paramref:`.orm.defer.raiseload` parameter on the
+        :func:`.defer` loader option.
+
+        :param sql_only: if True, raise only if the lazy load would emit SQL,
+         but not if it is only checking the identity map, or determining that
+         the related value should just be None due to missing keys. When False,
+         the strategy will raise for all varieties of relationship loading.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_toplevel`
+
+            :ref:`prevent_lazy_with_raiseload`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_deferred_raiseload`
+
+        """
+
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(
+            attr, {"lazy": "raise_on_sql" if sql_only else "raise"}
+        )
+
+    def defaultload(self, attr: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        """Indicate an attribute should load using its predefined loader style.
+
+        The behavior of this loading option is to not change the current
+        loading style of the attribute, meaning that the previously configured
+        one is used or, if no previous style was selected, the default
+        loading will be used.
+
+        This method is used to link to other loader options further into
+        a chain of attributes without altering the loader style of the links
+        along the chain.  For example, to set joined eager loading for an
+        element of an element::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload(MyClass.someattribute).joinedload(
+                    MyOtherClass.someotherattribute
+                )
+            )
+
+        :func:`.defaultload` is also useful for setting column-level options on
+        a related class, namely that of :func:`.defer` and :func:`.undefer`::
+
+            session.scalars(
+                select(MyClass).options(
+                    defaultload(MyClass.someattribute)
+                    .defer("some_column")
+                    .undefer("some_other_column")
+                )
+            )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_sub_options`
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Load.options`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_relationship_strategy(attr, None)
+
+    def defer(self, key: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be
+        deferred, e.g. not loaded until accessed.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import defer
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                defer(MyClass.attribute_one), defer(MyClass.attribute_two)
+            )
+
+        To specify a deferred load of an attribute on a related class,
+        the path can be specified one token at a time, specifying the loading
+        style for each link along the chain.  To leave the loading style
+        for a link unchanged, use :func:`_orm.defaultload`::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload(MyClass.someattr).defer(RelatedClass.some_column)
+            )
+
+        Multiple deferral options related to a relationship can be bundled
+        at once using :meth:`_orm.Load.options`::
+
+
+            select(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload(MyClass.someattr).options(
+                    defer(RelatedClass.some_column),
+                    defer(RelatedClass.some_other_column),
+                    defer(RelatedClass.another_column),
+                )
+            )
+
+        :param key: Attribute to be deferred.
+
+        :param raiseload: raise :class:`.InvalidRequestError` rather than
+         lazy loading a value when the deferred attribute is accessed. Used
+         to prevent unwanted SQL from being emitted.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :func:`_orm.load_only`
+
+            :func:`_orm.undefer`
+
+        """
+        strategy = {"deferred": True, "instrument": True}
+        if raiseload:
+            strategy["raiseload"] = True
+        return self._set_column_strategy((key,), strategy)
+
+    def undefer(self, key: _AttrType) -> Self:
+        r"""Indicate that the given column-oriented attribute should be
+        undeferred, e.g. specified within the SELECT statement of the entity
+        as a whole.
+
+        The column being undeferred is typically set up on the mapping as a
+        :func:`.deferred` attribute.
+
+        This function is part of the :class:`_orm.Load` interface and supports
+        both method-chained and standalone operation.
+
+        Examples::
+
+            # undefer two columns
+            session.query(MyClass).options(
+                undefer(MyClass.col1), undefer(MyClass.col2)
+            )
+
+            # undefer all columns specific to a single class using Load + *
+            session.query(MyClass, MyOtherClass).options(Load(MyClass).undefer("*"))
+
+            # undefer a column on a related object
+            select(MyClass).options(defaultload(MyClass.items).undefer(MyClass.text))
+
+        :param key: Attribute to be undeferred.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :func:`_orm.defer`
+
+            :func:`_orm.undefer_group`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self._set_column_strategy(
+            (key,), {"deferred": False, "instrument": True}
+        )
+
+    def undefer_group(self, name: str) -> Self:
+        """Indicate that columns within the given deferred group name should be
+        undeferred.
+
+        The columns being undeferred are set up on the mapping as
+        :func:`.deferred` attributes and include a "group" name.
+
+        E.g::
+
+            session.query(MyClass).options(undefer_group("large_attrs"))
+
+        To undefer a group of attributes on a related entity, the path can be
+        spelled out using relationship loader options, such as
+        :func:`_orm.defaultload`::
+
+            select(MyClass).options(
+                defaultload("someattr").undefer_group("large_attrs")
+            )
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_column_deferral` - in the
+            :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :func:`_orm.defer`
+
+            :func:`_orm.undefer`
+
+        """
+        return self._set_column_strategy(
+            (_WILDCARD_TOKEN,), None, {f"undefer_group_{name}": True}
+        )
+
+    def with_expression(
+        self,
+        key: _AttrType,
+        expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply an ad-hoc SQL expression to a "deferred expression"
+        attribute.
+
+        This option is used in conjunction with the
+        :func:`_orm.query_expression` mapper-level construct that indicates an
+        attribute which should be the target of an ad-hoc SQL expression.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(SomeClass).options(
+                with_expression(SomeClass.x_y_expr, SomeClass.x + SomeClass.y)
+            )
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        :param key: Attribute to be populated
+
+        :param expr: SQL expression to be applied to the attribute.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_with_expression` - background and usage
+            examples
+
+        """
+
+        expression = _orm_full_deannotate(
+            coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, expression)
+        )
+
+        return self._set_column_strategy(
+            (key,), {"query_expression": True}, extra_criteria=(expression,)
+        )
+
+    def selectin_polymorphic(self, classes: Iterable[Type[Any]]) -> Self:
+        """Indicate an eager load should take place for all attributes
+        specific to a subclass.
+
+        This uses an additional SELECT with IN against all matched primary
+        key values, and is the per-query analogue to the ``"selectin"``
+        setting on the :paramref:`.mapper.polymorphic_load` parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`polymorphic_selectin`
+
+        """
+        self = self._set_class_strategy(
+            {"selectinload_polymorphic": True},
+            opts={
+                "entities": tuple(
+                    sorted((inspect(cls) for cls in classes), key=id)
+                )
+            },
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @overload
+    def _coerce_strat(self, strategy: _StrategySpec) -> _StrategyKey: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _coerce_strat(self, strategy: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    def _coerce_strat(
+        self, strategy: Optional[_StrategySpec]
+    ) -> Optional[_StrategyKey]:
+        if strategy is not None:
+            strategy_key = tuple(sorted(strategy.items()))
+        else:
+            strategy_key = None
+        return strategy_key
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_relationship_strategy(
+        self,
+        attr: _AttrType,
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategySpec],
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        _reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(
+            (attr,),
+            strategy_key,
+            _RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN,
+            opts=opts,
+            propagate_to_loaders=propagate_to_loaders,
+            reconcile_to_other=_reconcile_to_other,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_column_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Tuple[_AttrType, ...],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategySpec],
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(
+            attrs,
+            strategy_key,
+            _COLUMN_TOKEN,
+            opts=opts,
+            attr_group=attrs,
+            extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_generic_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Tuple[_AttrType, ...],
+        strategy: _StrategySpec,
+        _reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(
+            attrs,
+            strategy_key,
+            None,
+            propagate_to_loaders=True,
+            reconcile_to_other=_reconcile_to_other,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_class_strategy(
+        self, strategy: _StrategySpec, opts: _OptsType
+    ) -> Self:
+        strategy_key = self._coerce_strat(strategy)
+
+        self._clone_for_bind_strategy(None, strategy_key, None, opts=opts)
+        return self
+
+    def _apply_to_parent(self, parent: Load) -> None:
+        """apply this :class:`_orm._AbstractLoad` object as a sub-option o
+        a :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        Implementation is provided by subclasses.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def options(self, *opts: _AbstractLoad) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a series of options as sub-options to this
+        :class:`_orm._AbstractLoad` object.
+
+        Implementation is provided by subclasses.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _clone_for_bind_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Optional[Tuple[_AttrType, ...]],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey],
+        wildcard_key: Optional[_WildcardKeyType],
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        attr_group: Optional[_AttrGroupType] = None,
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        if not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        # process is being run here so that the options given are validated
+        # against what the lead entities were, as well as to accommodate
+        # for the entities having been replaced with equivalents
+        self._process(
+            compile_state,
+            mapper_entities,
+            not bool(compile_state.current_path),
+        )
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        if not compile_state.compile_options._enable_eagerloads:
+            return
+
+        self._process(
+            compile_state,
+            compile_state._lead_mapper_entities,
+            not bool(compile_state.current_path)
+            and not compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state,
+        )
+
+    def _process(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+        raiseerr: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        """implemented by subclasses"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _chop_path(
+        cls,
+        to_chop: _PathRepresentation,
+        path: PathRegistry,
+        debug: bool = False,
+    ) -> Optional[_PathRepresentation]:
+        i = -1
+
+        for i, (c_token, p_token) in enumerate(
+            zip(to_chop, path.natural_path)
+        ):
+            if isinstance(c_token, str):
+                if i == 0 and (
+                    c_token.endswith(f":{_DEFAULT_TOKEN}")
+                    or c_token.endswith(f":{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}")
+                ):
+                    return to_chop
+                elif (
+                    c_token != f"{_RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN}:{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"
+                    and c_token != p_token.key  # type: ignore
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+            if c_token is p_token:
+                continue
+            elif (
+                isinstance(c_token, InspectionAttr)
+                and insp_is_mapper(c_token)
+                and insp_is_mapper(p_token)
+                and c_token.isa(p_token)
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            else:
+                return None
+        return to_chop[i + 1 :]
+
+
+class Load(_AbstractLoad):
+    """Represents loader options which modify the state of a
+    ORM-enabled :class:`_sql.Select` or a legacy :class:`_query.Query` in
+    order to affect how various mapped attributes are loaded.
+
+    The :class:`_orm.Load` object is in most cases used implicitly behind the
+    scenes when one makes use of a query option like :func:`_orm.joinedload`,
+    :func:`_orm.defer`, or similar.   It typically is not instantiated directly
+    except for in some very specific cases.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_per_entity_wildcard` - illustrates an
+        example where direct use of :class:`_orm.Load` may be useful
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "path",
+        "context",
+        "additional_source_entities",
+    )
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        (
+            "context",
+            visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list,
+        ),
+        ("propagate_to_loaders", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        (
+            "additional_source_entities",
+            visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list,
+        ),
+    ]
+    _cache_key_traversal = None
+
+    path: PathRegistry
+    context: Tuple[_LoadElement, ...]
+    additional_source_entities: Tuple[_InternalEntityType[Any], ...]
+
+    def __init__(self, entity: _EntityType[Any]):
+        insp = cast("Union[Mapper[Any], AliasedInsp[Any]]", inspect(entity))
+        insp._post_inspect
+
+        self.path = insp._path_registry
+        self.context = ()
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = False
+        self.additional_source_entities = ()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Load({self.path[0]})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_existing_path(
+        cls, path: AbstractEntityRegistry
+    ) -> Load:
+        load = cls.__new__(cls)
+        load.path = path
+        load.context = ()
+        load.propagate_to_loaders = False
+        load.additional_source_entities = ()
+        return load
+
+    def _adapt_cached_option_to_uncached_option(
+        self, context: QueryContext, uncached_opt: ORMOption
+    ) -> ORMOption:
+        if uncached_opt is self:
+            return self
+        return self._adjust_for_extra_criteria(context)
+
+    def _prepend_path(self, path: PathRegistry) -> Load:
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.context = tuple(
+            element._prepend_path(path) for element in self.context
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def _adjust_for_extra_criteria(self, context: QueryContext) -> Load:
+        """Apply the current bound parameters in a QueryContext to all
+        occurrences "extra_criteria" stored within this ``Load`` object,
+        returning a new instance of this ``Load`` object.
+
+        """
+
+        # avoid generating cache keys for the queries if we don't
+        # actually have any extra_criteria options, which is the
+        # common case
+        for value in self.context:
+            if value._extra_criteria:
+                break
+        else:
+            return self
+
+        replacement_cache_key = context.user_passed_query._generate_cache_key()
+
+        if replacement_cache_key is None:
+            return self
+
+        orig_query = context.compile_state.select_statement
+        orig_cache_key = orig_query._generate_cache_key()
+        assert orig_cache_key is not None
+
+        def process(
+            opt: _LoadElement,
+            replacement_cache_key: CacheKey,
+            orig_cache_key: CacheKey,
+        ) -> _LoadElement:
+            cloned_opt = opt._clone()
+
+            cloned_opt._extra_criteria = tuple(
+                replacement_cache_key._apply_params_to_element(
+                    orig_cache_key, crit
+                )
+                for crit in cloned_opt._extra_criteria
+            )
+
+            return cloned_opt
+
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.context = tuple(
+            (
+                process(value, replacement_cache_key, orig_cache_key)
+                if value._extra_criteria
+                else value
+            )
+            for value in self.context
+        )
+        return cloned
+
+    def _reconcile_query_entities_with_us(self, mapper_entities, raiseerr):
+        """called at process time to allow adjustment of the root
+        entity inside of _LoadElement objects.
+
+        """
+        path = self.path
+
+        ezero = None
+        for ent in mapper_entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero and orm_util._entity_corresponds_to(
+                # technically this can be a token also, but this is
+                # safe to pass to _entity_corresponds_to()
+                ezero,
+                cast("_InternalEntityType[Any]", path[0]),
+            ):
+                return ezero
+
+        return None
+
+    def _process(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Sequence[_MapperEntity],
+        raiseerr: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        reconciled_lead_entity = self._reconcile_query_entities_with_us(
+            mapper_entities, raiseerr
+        )
+
+        # if the context has a current path, this is a lazy load
+        has_current_path = bool(compile_state.compile_options._current_path)
+
+        for loader in self.context:
+            # issue #11292
+            # historically, propagate_to_loaders was only considered at
+            # object loading time, whether or not to carry along options
+            # onto an object's loaded state where it would be used by lazyload.
+            # however, the defaultload() option needs to propagate in case
+            # its sub-options propagate_to_loaders, but its sub-options
+            # that dont propagate should not be applied for lazy loaders.
+            # so we check again
+            if has_current_path and not loader.propagate_to_loaders:
+                continue
+            loader.process_compile_state(
+                self,
+                compile_state,
+                mapper_entities,
+                reconciled_lead_entity,
+                raiseerr,
+            )
+
+    def _apply_to_parent(self, parent: Load) -> None:
+        """apply this :class:`_orm.Load` object as a sub-option of another
+        :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        This method is used by the :meth:`_orm.Load.options` method.
+
+        """
+        cloned = self._generate()
+
+        assert cloned.propagate_to_loaders == self.propagate_to_loaders
+
+        if not any(
+            orm_util._entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+                elem, cloned.path.odd_element(0)
+            )
+            for elem in (parent.path.odd_element(-1),)
+            + parent.additional_source_entities
+        ):
+            if len(cloned.path) > 1:
+                attrname = cloned.path[1]
+                parent_entity = cloned.path[0]
+            else:
+                attrname = cloned.path[0]
+                parent_entity = cloned.path[0]
+            _raise_for_does_not_link(parent.path, attrname, parent_entity)
+
+        cloned.path = PathRegistry.coerce(parent.path[0:-1] + cloned.path[:])
+
+        if self.context:
+            cloned.context = tuple(
+                value._prepend_path_from(parent) for value in self.context
+            )
+
+        if cloned.context:
+            parent.context += cloned.context
+            parent.additional_source_entities += (
+                cloned.additional_source_entities
+            )
+
+    @_generative
+    def options(self, *opts: _AbstractLoad) -> Self:
+        r"""Apply a series of options as sub-options to this
+        :class:`_orm.Load`
+        object.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            query = session.query(Author)
+            query = query.options(
+                joinedload(Author.book).options(
+                    load_only(Book.summary, Book.excerpt),
+                    joinedload(Book.citations).options(joinedload(Citation.author)),
+                )
+            )
+
+        :param \*opts: A series of loader option objects (ultimately
+         :class:`_orm.Load` objects) which should be applied to the path
+         specified by this :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.6
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.defaultload`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_relationship_sub_options`
+
+        """
+        for opt in opts:
+            try:
+                opt._apply_to_parent(self)
+            except AttributeError as ae:
+                if not isinstance(opt, _AbstractLoad):
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Loader option {opt} is not compatible with the "
+                        "Load.options() method."
+                    ) from ae
+                else:
+                    raise
+        return self
+
+    def _clone_for_bind_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs: Optional[Tuple[_AttrType, ...]],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey],
+        wildcard_key: Optional[_WildcardKeyType],
+        opts: Optional[_OptsType] = None,
+        attr_group: Optional[_AttrGroupType] = None,
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        # for individual strategy that needs to propagate, set the whole
+        # Load container to also propagate, so that it shows up in
+        # InstanceState.load_options
+        if propagate_to_loaders:
+            self.propagate_to_loaders = True
+
+        if self.path.is_token:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Wildcard token cannot be followed by another entity"
+            )
+
+        elif path_is_property(self.path):
+            # re-use the lookup which will raise a nicely formatted
+            # LoaderStrategyException
+            if strategy:
+                self.path.prop._strategy_lookup(self.path.prop, strategy[0])
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Mapped attribute '{self.path.prop}' does not "
+                    "refer to a mapped entity"
+                )
+
+        if attrs is None:
+            load_element = _ClassStrategyLoad.create(
+                self.path,
+                None,
+                strategy,
+                wildcard_key,
+                opts,
+                propagate_to_loaders,
+                attr_group=attr_group,
+                reconcile_to_other=reconcile_to_other,
+                extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+            )
+            if load_element:
+                self.context += (load_element,)
+                assert opts is not None
+                self.additional_source_entities += cast(
+                    "Tuple[_InternalEntityType[Any]]", opts["entities"]
+                )
+
+        else:
+            for attr in attrs:
+                if isinstance(attr, str):
+                    load_element = _TokenStrategyLoad.create(
+                        self.path,
+                        attr,
+                        strategy,
+                        wildcard_key,
+                        opts,
+                        propagate_to_loaders,
+                        attr_group=attr_group,
+                        reconcile_to_other=reconcile_to_other,
+                        extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    load_element = _AttributeStrategyLoad.create(
+                        self.path,
+                        attr,
+                        strategy,
+                        wildcard_key,
+                        opts,
+                        propagate_to_loaders,
+                        attr_group=attr_group,
+                        reconcile_to_other=reconcile_to_other,
+                        extra_criteria=extra_criteria,
+                    )
+
+                if load_element:
+                    # for relationship options, update self.path on this Load
+                    # object with the latest path.
+                    if wildcard_key is _RELATIONSHIP_TOKEN:
+                        self.path = load_element.path
+                    self.context += (load_element,)
+
+                    # this seems to be effective for selectinloader,
+                    # giving the extra match to one more level deep.
+                    # but does not work for immediateloader, which still
+                    # must add additional options at load time
+                    if load_element.local_opts.get("recursion_depth", False):
+                        r1 = load_element._recurse()
+                        self.context += (r1,)
+
+        return self
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self._shallow_to_dict()
+        d["path"] = self.path.serialize()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        state["path"] = PathRegistry.deserialize(state["path"])
+        self._shallow_from_dict(state)
+
+
+class _WildcardLoad(_AbstractLoad):
+    """represent a standalone '*' load operation"""
+
+    __slots__ = ("strategy", "path", "local_opts")
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("strategy", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        (
+            "local_opts",
+            visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string_multi_dict,
+        ),
+    ]
+    cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = None
+
+    strategy: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    local_opts: _OptsType
+    path: Union[Tuple[()], Tuple[str]]
+    propagate_to_loaders = False
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.path = ()
+        self.strategy = None
+        self.local_opts = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def _clone_for_bind_strategy(
+        self,
+        attrs,
+        strategy,
+        wildcard_key,
+        opts=None,
+        attr_group=None,
+        propagate_to_loaders=True,
+        reconcile_to_other=None,
+        extra_criteria=None,
+    ):
+        assert attrs is not None
+        attr = attrs[0]
+        assert (
+            wildcard_key
+            and isinstance(attr, str)
+            and attr in (_WILDCARD_TOKEN, _DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+        )
+
+        attr = f"{wildcard_key}:{attr}"
+
+        self.strategy = strategy
+        self.path = (attr,)
+        if opts:
+            self.local_opts = util.immutabledict(opts)
+
+        assert extra_criteria is None
+
+    def options(self, *opts: _AbstractLoad) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Star option does not support sub-options")
+
+    def _apply_to_parent(self, parent: Load) -> None:
+        """apply this :class:`_orm._WildcardLoad` object as a sub-option of
+        a :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        This method is used by the :meth:`_orm.Load.options` method.   Note
+        that :class:`_orm.WildcardLoad` itself can't have sub-options, but
+        it may be used as the sub-option of a :class:`_orm.Load` object.
+
+        """
+        assert self.path
+        attr = self.path[0]
+        if attr.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            attr = f"{attr.split(':')[0]}:{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"
+
+        effective_path = cast(AbstractEntityRegistry, parent.path).token(attr)
+
+        assert effective_path.is_token
+
+        loader = _TokenStrategyLoad.create(
+            effective_path,
+            None,
+            self.strategy,
+            None,
+            self.local_opts,
+            self.propagate_to_loaders,
+        )
+
+        parent.context += (loader,)
+
+    def _process(self, compile_state, mapper_entities, raiseerr):
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return
+
+        entities = [ent.entity_zero for ent in mapper_entities]
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+
+        start_path: _PathRepresentation = self.path
+
+        if current_path:
+            # TODO: no cases in test suite where we actually get
+            # None back here
+            new_path = self._chop_path(start_path, current_path)
+            if new_path is None:
+                return
+
+            # chop_path does not actually "chop" a wildcard token path,
+            # just returns it
+            assert new_path == start_path
+
+        # start_path is a single-token tuple
+        assert start_path and len(start_path) == 1
+
+        token = start_path[0]
+        assert isinstance(token, str)
+        entity = self._find_entity_basestring(entities, token, raiseerr)
+
+        if not entity:
+            return
+
+        path_element = entity
+
+        # transfer our entity-less state into a Load() object
+        # with a real entity path.  Start with the lead entity
+        # we just located, then go through the rest of our path
+        # tokens and populate into the Load().
+
+        assert isinstance(token, str)
+        loader = _TokenStrategyLoad.create(
+            path_element._path_registry,
+            token,
+            self.strategy,
+            None,
+            self.local_opts,
+            self.propagate_to_loaders,
+            raiseerr=raiseerr,
+        )
+        if not loader:
+            return
+
+        assert loader.path.is_token
+
+        # don't pass a reconciled lead entity here
+        loader.process_compile_state(
+            self, compile_state, mapper_entities, None, raiseerr
+        )
+
+        return loader
+
+    def _find_entity_basestring(
+        self,
+        entities: Iterable[_InternalEntityType[Any]],
+        token: str,
+        raiseerr: bool,
+    ) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+        if token.endswith(f":{_WILDCARD_TOKEN}"):
+            if len(list(entities)) != 1:
+                if raiseerr:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't apply wildcard ('*') or load_only() "
+                        f"loader option to multiple entities "
+                        f"{', '.join(str(ent) for ent in entities)}. Specify "
+                        "loader options for each entity individually, such as "
+                        f"""{
+                            ", ".join(
+                                f"Load({ent}).some_option('*')"
+                                for ent in entities
+                            )
+                        }."""
+                    )
+        elif token.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN):
+            raiseerr = False
+
+        for ent in entities:
+            # return only the first _MapperEntity when searching
+            # based on string prop name.   Ideally object
+            # attributes are used to specify more exactly.
+            return ent
+        else:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Query has only expression-based entities - "
+                    f'can\'t find property named "{token}".'
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        d = self._shallow_to_dict()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self._shallow_from_dict(state)
+
+
+class _LoadElement(
+    cache_key.HasCacheKey, traversals.HasShallowCopy, visitors.Traversible
+):
+    """represents strategy information to select for a LoaderStrategy
+    and pass options to it.
+
+    :class:`._LoadElement` objects provide the inner datastructure
+    stored by a :class:`_orm.Load` object and are also the object passed
+    to methods like :meth:`.LoaderStrategy.setup_query`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "path",
+        "strategy",
+        "propagate_to_loaders",
+        "local_opts",
+        "_extra_criteria",
+        "_reconcile_to_other",
+    )
+    __visit_name__ = "load_element"
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        ("strategy", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        (
+            "local_opts",
+            visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string_multi_dict,
+        ),
+        ("_extra_criteria", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("propagate_to_loaders", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("_reconcile_to_other", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    ]
+    _cache_key_traversal = None
+
+    _extra_criteria: Tuple[Any, ...]
+
+    _reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool]
+    strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey]
+    path: PathRegistry
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool
+
+    local_opts: util.immutabledict[str, Any]
+
+    is_token_strategy: bool
+    is_class_strategy: bool
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return traversals.compare(self, other)
+
+    @property
+    def is_opts_only(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.local_opts and self.strategy is None)
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> _LoadElement:
+        cls = self.__class__
+        s = cls.__new__(cls)
+
+        self._shallow_copy_to(s)
+        return s
+
+    def _update_opts(self, **kw: Any) -> _LoadElement:
+        new = self._clone()
+        new.local_opts = new.local_opts.union(kw)
+        return new
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        d = self._shallow_to_dict()
+        d["path"] = self.path.serialize()
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        state["path"] = PathRegistry.deserialize(state["path"])
+        self._shallow_from_dict(state)
+
+    def _raise_for_no_match(self, parent_loader, mapper_entities):
+        path = parent_loader.path
+
+        found_entities = False
+        for ent in mapper_entities:
+            ezero = ent.entity_zero
+            if ezero:
+                found_entities = True
+                break
+
+        if not found_entities:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Query has only expression-based entities; "
+                f"attribute loader options for {path[0]} can't "
+                "be applied here."
+            )
+        else:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Mapped class {path[0]} does not apply to any of the "
+                f"root entities in this query, e.g. "
+                f"""{
+                    ", ".join(
+                        str(x.entity_zero)
+                        for x in mapper_entities if x.entity_zero
+                    )}. Please """
+                "specify the full path "
+                "from one of the root entities to the target "
+                "attribute. "
+            )
+
+    def _adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+        self, effective_path: PathRegistry, current_path: PathRegistry
+    ) -> Optional[PathRegistry]:
+        """receives the 'current_path' entry from an :class:`.ORMCompileState`
+        instance, which is set during lazy loads and secondary loader strategy
+        loads, and adjusts the given path to be relative to the
+        current_path.
+
+        E.g. given a loader path and current path:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: text
+
+            lp: User -> orders -> Order -> items -> Item -> keywords -> Keyword
+
+            cp: User -> orders -> Order -> items
+
+        The adjusted path would be:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: text
+
+            Item -> keywords -> Keyword
+
+
+        """
+        chopped_start_path = Load._chop_path(
+            effective_path.natural_path, current_path
+        )
+        if not chopped_start_path:
+            return None
+
+        tokens_removed_from_start_path = len(effective_path) - len(
+            chopped_start_path
+        )
+
+        loader_lead_path_element = self.path[tokens_removed_from_start_path]
+
+        effective_path = PathRegistry.coerce(
+            (loader_lead_path_element,) + chopped_start_path[1:]
+        )
+
+        return effective_path
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        """Apply ORM attributes and/or wildcard to an existing path, producing
+        a new path.
+
+        This method is used within the :meth:`.create` method to initialize
+        a :class:`._LoadElement` object.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        """implemented by subclasses."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        """populate ORMCompileState.attributes with loader state for this
+        _LoadElement.
+
+        """
+        keys = self._prepare_for_compile_state(
+            parent_loader,
+            compile_state,
+            mapper_entities,
+            reconciled_lead_entity,
+            raiseerr,
+        )
+        for key in keys:
+            if key in compile_state.attributes:
+                compile_state.attributes[key] = _LoadElement._reconcile(
+                    self, compile_state.attributes[key]
+                )
+            else:
+                compile_state.attributes[key] = self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        path: PathRegistry,
+        attr: Union[_AttrType, _StrPathToken, None],
+        strategy: Optional[_StrategyKey],
+        wildcard_key: Optional[_WildcardKeyType],
+        local_opts: Optional[_OptsType],
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool,
+        raiseerr: bool = True,
+        attr_group: Optional[_AttrGroupType] = None,
+        reconcile_to_other: Optional[bool] = None,
+        extra_criteria: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    ) -> _LoadElement:
+        """Create a new :class:`._LoadElement` object."""
+
+        opt = cls.__new__(cls)
+        opt.path = path
+        opt.strategy = strategy
+        opt.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+        opt.local_opts = (
+            util.immutabledict(local_opts) if local_opts else util.EMPTY_DICT
+        )
+        opt._extra_criteria = ()
+
+        if reconcile_to_other is not None:
+            opt._reconcile_to_other = reconcile_to_other
+        elif strategy is None and not local_opts:
+            opt._reconcile_to_other = True
+        else:
+            opt._reconcile_to_other = None
+
+        path = opt._init_path(
+            path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+        )
+
+        if not path:
+            return None  # type: ignore
+
+        assert opt.is_token_strategy == path.is_token
+
+        opt.path = path
+        return opt
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _recurse(self) -> _LoadElement:
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.path = PathRegistry.coerce(self.path[:] + self.path[-2:])
+
+        return cloned
+
+    def _prepend_path_from(self, parent: Load) -> _LoadElement:
+        """adjust the path of this :class:`._LoadElement` to be
+        a subpath of that of the given parent :class:`_orm.Load` object's
+        path.
+
+        This is used by the :meth:`_orm.Load._apply_to_parent` method,
+        which is in turn part of the :meth:`_orm.Load.options` method.
+
+        """
+
+        if not any(
+            orm_util._entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+                elem,
+                self.path.odd_element(0),
+            )
+            for elem in (parent.path.odd_element(-1),)
+            + parent.additional_source_entities
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f'Attribute "{self.path[1]}" does not link '
+                f'from element "{parent.path[-1]}".'
+            )
+
+        return self._prepend_path(parent.path)
+
+    def _prepend_path(self, path: PathRegistry) -> _LoadElement:
+        cloned = self._clone()
+
+        assert cloned.strategy == self.strategy
+        assert cloned.local_opts == self.local_opts
+        assert cloned.is_class_strategy == self.is_class_strategy
+
+        cloned.path = PathRegistry.coerce(path[0:-1] + cloned.path[:])
+
+        return cloned
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reconcile(
+        replacement: _LoadElement, existing: _LoadElement
+    ) -> _LoadElement:
+        """define behavior for when two Load objects are to be put into
+        the context.attributes under the same key.
+
+        :param replacement: ``_LoadElement`` that seeks to replace the
+         existing one
+
+        :param existing: ``_LoadElement`` that is already present.
+
+        """
+        # mapper inheritance loading requires fine-grained "block other
+        # options" / "allow these options to be overridden" behaviors
+        # see test_poly_loading.py
+
+        if replacement._reconcile_to_other:
+            return existing
+        elif replacement._reconcile_to_other is False:
+            return replacement
+        elif existing._reconcile_to_other:
+            return replacement
+        elif existing._reconcile_to_other is False:
+            return existing
+
+        if existing is replacement:
+            return replacement
+        elif (
+            existing.strategy == replacement.strategy
+            and existing.local_opts == replacement.local_opts
+        ):
+            return replacement
+        elif replacement.is_opts_only:
+            existing = existing._clone()
+            existing.local_opts = existing.local_opts.union(
+                replacement.local_opts
+            )
+            existing._extra_criteria += replacement._extra_criteria
+            return existing
+        elif existing.is_opts_only:
+            replacement = replacement._clone()
+            replacement.local_opts = replacement.local_opts.union(
+                existing.local_opts
+            )
+            replacement._extra_criteria += existing._extra_criteria
+            return replacement
+        elif replacement.path.is_token:
+            # use 'last one wins' logic for wildcard options.  this is also
+            # kind of inconsistent vs. options that are specific paths which
+            # will raise as below
+            return replacement
+
+        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            f"Loader strategies for {replacement.path} conflict"
+        )
+
+
+class _AttributeStrategyLoad(_LoadElement):
+    """Loader strategies against specific relationship or column paths.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        joinedload(User.addresses)
+        defer(Order.name)
+        selectinload(User.orders).lazyload(Order.items)
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_of_type", "_path_with_polymorphic_path")
+
+    __visit_name__ = "attribute_strategy_load_element"
+
+    _traverse_internals = _LoadElement._traverse_internals + [
+        ("_of_type", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_multi),
+        (
+            "_path_with_polymorphic_path",
+            visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    _of_type: Union[Mapper[Any], AliasedInsp[Any], None]
+    _path_with_polymorphic_path: Optional[PathRegistry]
+
+    is_class_strategy = False
+    is_token_strategy = False
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        assert attr is not None
+        self._of_type = None
+        self._path_with_polymorphic_path = None
+        insp, _, prop = _parse_attr_argument(attr)
+
+        if insp.is_property:
+            # direct property can be sent from internal strategy logic
+            # that sets up specific loaders, such as
+            # emit_lazyload->_lazyload_reverse
+            # prop = found_property = attr
+            prop = attr
+            path = path[prop]
+
+            if path.has_entity:
+                path = path.entity_path
+            return path
+
+        elif not insp.is_attribute:
+            # should not reach here;
+            assert False
+
+        # here we assume we have user-passed InstrumentedAttribute
+        if not orm_util._entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+            path[-1], attr.parent
+        ):
+            if raiseerr:
+                if attr_group and attr is not attr_group[0]:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Can't apply wildcard ('*') or load_only() "
+                        "loader option to multiple entities in the "
+                        "same option. Use separate options per entity."
+                    )
+                else:
+                    _raise_for_does_not_link(path, str(attr), attr.parent)
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        # note the essential logic of this attribute was very different in
+        # 1.4, where there were caching failures in e.g.
+        # test_relationship_criteria.py::RelationshipCriteriaTest::
+        # test_selectinload_nested_criteria[True] if an existing
+        # "_extra_criteria" on a Load object were replaced with that coming
+        # from an attribute.   This appears to have been an artifact of how
+        # _UnboundLoad / Load interacted together, which was opaque and
+        # poorly defined.
+        if extra_criteria:
+            assert not attr._extra_criteria
+            self._extra_criteria = extra_criteria
+        else:
+            self._extra_criteria = attr._extra_criteria
+
+        if getattr(attr, "_of_type", None):
+            ac = attr._of_type
+            ext_info = inspect(ac)
+            self._of_type = ext_info
+
+            self._path_with_polymorphic_path = path.entity_path[prop]
+
+            path = path[prop][ext_info]
+
+        else:
+            path = path[prop]
+
+        if path.has_entity:
+            path = path.entity_path
+
+        return path
+
+    def _generate_extra_criteria(self, context):
+        """Apply the current bound parameters in a QueryContext to the
+        immediate "extra_criteria" stored with this Load object.
+
+        Load objects are typically pulled from the cached version of
+        the statement from a QueryContext.  The statement currently being
+        executed will have new values (and keys) for bound parameters in the
+        extra criteria which need to be applied by loader strategies when
+        they handle this criteria for a result set.
+
+        """
+
+        assert (
+            self._extra_criteria
+        ), "this should only be called if _extra_criteria is present"
+
+        orig_query = context.compile_state.select_statement
+        current_query = context.query
+
+        # NOTE: while it seems like we should not do the "apply" operation
+        # here if orig_query is current_query, skipping it in the "optimized"
+        # case causes the query to be different from a cache key perspective,
+        # because we are creating a copy of the criteria which is no longer
+        # the same identity of the _extra_criteria in the loader option
+        # itself.  cache key logic produces a different key for
+        # (A, copy_of_A) vs. (A, A), because in the latter case it shortens
+        # the second part of the key to just indicate on identity.
+
+        # if orig_query is current_query:
+        # not cached yet.   just do the and_()
+        #    return and_(*self._extra_criteria)
+
+        k1 = orig_query._generate_cache_key()
+        k2 = current_query._generate_cache_key()
+
+        return k2._apply_params_to_element(k1, and_(*self._extra_criteria))
+
+    def _set_of_type_info(self, context, current_path):
+        assert self._path_with_polymorphic_path
+
+        pwpi = self._of_type
+        assert pwpi
+        if not pwpi.is_aliased_class:
+            pwpi = inspect(
+                orm_util.AliasedInsp._with_polymorphic_factory(
+                    pwpi.mapper.base_mapper,
+                    (pwpi.mapper,),
+                    aliased=True,
+                    _use_mapper_path=True,
+                )
+            )
+        start_path = self._path_with_polymorphic_path
+        if current_path:
+            new_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                start_path, current_path
+            )
+            if new_path is None:
+                return
+            start_path = new_path
+
+        key = ("path_with_polymorphic", start_path.natural_path)
+        if key in context:
+            existing_aliased_insp = context[key]
+            this_aliased_insp = pwpi
+            new_aliased_insp = existing_aliased_insp._merge_with(
+                this_aliased_insp
+            )
+            context[key] = new_aliased_insp
+        else:
+            context[key] = pwpi
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        # _AttributeStrategyLoad
+
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+        assert not self.path.is_token
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return []
+
+        if self._of_type:
+            # apply additional with_polymorphic alias that may have been
+            # generated.  this has to happen even if this is a defaultload
+            self._set_of_type_info(compile_state.attributes, current_path)
+
+        # omit setting loader attributes for a "defaultload" type of option
+        if not self.strategy and not self.local_opts:
+            return []
+
+        if raiseerr and not reconciled_lead_entity:
+            self._raise_for_no_match(parent_loader, mapper_entities)
+
+        if self.path.has_entity:
+            effective_path = self.path.parent
+        else:
+            effective_path = self.path
+
+        if current_path:
+            assert effective_path is not None
+            effective_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                effective_path, current_path
+            )
+            if effective_path is None:
+                return []
+
+        return [("loader", cast(PathRegistry, effective_path).natural_path)]
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = super().__getstate__()
+
+        # can't pickle this.  See
+        # test_pickled.py -> test_lazyload_extra_criteria_not_supported
+        # where we should be emitting a warning for the usual case where this
+        # would be non-None
+        d["_extra_criteria"] = ()
+
+        if self._path_with_polymorphic_path:
+            d["_path_with_polymorphic_path"] = (
+                self._path_with_polymorphic_path.serialize()
+            )
+
+        if self._of_type:
+            if self._of_type.is_aliased_class:
+                d["_of_type"] = None
+            elif self._of_type.is_mapper:
+                d["_of_type"] = self._of_type.class_
+            else:
+                assert False, "unexpected object for _of_type"
+
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        super().__setstate__(state)
+
+        if state.get("_path_with_polymorphic_path", None):
+            self._path_with_polymorphic_path = PathRegistry.deserialize(
+                state["_path_with_polymorphic_path"]
+            )
+        else:
+            self._path_with_polymorphic_path = None
+
+        if state.get("_of_type", None):
+            self._of_type = inspect(state["_of_type"])
+        else:
+            self._of_type = None
+
+
+class _TokenStrategyLoad(_LoadElement):
+    """Loader strategies against wildcard attributes
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        raiseload("*")
+        Load(User).lazyload("*")
+        defer("*")
+        load_only(User.name, User.email)  # will create a defer('*')
+        joinedload(User.addresses).raiseload("*")
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "token_strategy_load_element"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    is_class_strategy = False
+    is_token_strategy = True
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        # assert isinstance(attr, str) or attr is None
+        if attr is not None:
+            default_token = attr.endswith(_DEFAULT_TOKEN)
+            if attr.endswith(_WILDCARD_TOKEN) or default_token:
+                if wildcard_key:
+                    attr = f"{wildcard_key}:{attr}"
+
+                path = path.token(attr)
+                return path
+            else:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Strings are not accepted for attribute names in loader "
+                    "options; please use class-bound attributes directly."
+                )
+        return path
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        # _TokenStrategyLoad
+
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+
+        assert self.path.is_token
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return []
+
+        # omit setting attributes for a "defaultload" type of option
+        if not self.strategy and not self.local_opts:
+            return []
+
+        effective_path = self.path
+        if reconciled_lead_entity:
+            effective_path = PathRegistry.coerce(
+                (reconciled_lead_entity,) + effective_path.path[1:]
+            )
+
+        if current_path:
+            new_effective_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                effective_path, current_path
+            )
+            if new_effective_path is None:
+                return []
+            effective_path = new_effective_path
+
+        # for a wildcard token, expand out the path we set
+        # to encompass everything from the query entity on
+        # forward.  not clear if this is necessary when current_path
+        # is set.
+
+        return [
+            ("loader", natural_path)
+            for natural_path in (
+                cast(
+                    TokenRegistry, effective_path
+                )._generate_natural_for_superclasses()
+            )
+        ]
+
+
+class _ClassStrategyLoad(_LoadElement):
+    """Loader strategies that deals with a class as a target, not
+    an attribute path
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        q = s.query(Person).options(
+            selectin_polymorphic(Person, [Engineer, Manager])
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    is_class_strategy = True
+    is_token_strategy = False
+
+    __visit_name__ = "class_strategy_load_element"
+
+    def _init_path(
+        self, path, attr, wildcard_key, attr_group, raiseerr, extra_criteria
+    ):
+        return path
+
+    def _prepare_for_compile_state(
+        self,
+        parent_loader,
+        compile_state,
+        mapper_entities,
+        reconciled_lead_entity,
+        raiseerr,
+    ):
+        # _ClassStrategyLoad
+
+        current_path = compile_state.current_path
+        is_refresh = compile_state.compile_options._for_refresh_state
+
+        if is_refresh and not self.propagate_to_loaders:
+            return []
+
+        # omit setting attributes for a "defaultload" type of option
+        if not self.strategy and not self.local_opts:
+            return []
+
+        effective_path = self.path
+
+        if current_path:
+            new_effective_path = self._adjust_effective_path_for_current_path(
+                effective_path, current_path
+            )
+            if new_effective_path is None:
+                return []
+            effective_path = new_effective_path
+
+        return [("loader", effective_path.natural_path)]
+
+
+def _generate_from_keys(
+    meth: Callable[..., _AbstractLoad],
+    keys: Tuple[_AttrType, ...],
+    chained: bool,
+    kw: Any,
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    lead_element: Optional[_AbstractLoad] = None
+
+    attr: Any
+    for is_default, _keys in (True, keys[0:-1]), (False, keys[-1:]):
+        for attr in _keys:
+            if isinstance(attr, str):
+                if attr.startswith("." + _WILDCARD_TOKEN):
+                    util.warn_deprecated(
+                        "The undocumented `.{WILDCARD}` format is "
+                        "deprecated "
+                        "and will be removed in a future version as "
+                        "it is "
+                        "believed to be unused. "
+                        "If you have been using this functionality, "
+                        "please "
+                        "comment on Issue #4390 on the SQLAlchemy project "
+                        "tracker.",
+                        version="1.4",
+                    )
+                    attr = attr[1:]
+
+                if attr == _WILDCARD_TOKEN:
+                    if is_default:
+                        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                            "Wildcard token cannot be followed by "
+                            "another entity",
+                        )
+
+                    if lead_element is None:
+                        lead_element = _WildcardLoad()
+
+                    lead_element = meth(lead_element, _DEFAULT_TOKEN, **kw)
+
+                else:
+                    raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Strings are not accepted for attribute names in "
+                        "loader options; please use class-bound "
+                        "attributes directly.",
+                    )
+            else:
+                if lead_element is None:
+                    _, lead_entity, _ = _parse_attr_argument(attr)
+                    lead_element = Load(lead_entity)
+
+                if is_default:
+                    if not chained:
+                        lead_element = lead_element.defaultload(attr)
+                    else:
+                        lead_element = meth(
+                            lead_element, attr, _is_chain=True, **kw
+                        )
+                else:
+                    lead_element = meth(lead_element, attr, **kw)
+
+    assert lead_element
+    return lead_element
+
+
+def _parse_attr_argument(
+    attr: _AttrType,
+) -> Tuple[InspectionAttr, _InternalEntityType[Any], MapperProperty[Any]]:
+    """parse an attribute or wildcard argument to produce an
+    :class:`._AbstractLoad` instance.
+
+    This is used by the standalone loader strategy functions like
+    ``joinedload()``, ``defer()``, etc. to produce :class:`_orm.Load` or
+    :class:`._WildcardLoad` objects.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        # TODO: need to figure out this None thing being returned by
+        # inspect(), it should not have None as an option in most cases
+        # if at all
+        insp: InspectionAttr = inspect(attr)  # type: ignore
+    except sa_exc.NoInspectionAvailable as err:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "expected ORM mapped attribute for loader strategy argument"
+        ) from err
+
+    lead_entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+
+    if insp_is_mapper_property(insp):
+        lead_entity = insp.parent
+        prop = insp
+    elif insp_is_attribute(insp):
+        lead_entity = insp.parent
+        prop = insp.prop
+    else:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "expected ORM mapped attribute for loader strategy argument"
+        )
+
+    return insp, lead_entity, prop
+
+
+def loader_unbound_fn(fn: _FN) -> _FN:
+    """decorator that applies docstrings between standalone loader functions
+    and the loader methods on :class:`._AbstractLoad`.
+
+    """
+    bound_fn = getattr(_AbstractLoad, fn.__name__)
+    fn_doc = bound_fn.__doc__
+    bound_fn.__doc__ = f"""Produce a new :class:`_orm.Load` object with the
+:func:`_orm.{fn.__name__}` option applied.
+
+See :func:`_orm.{fn.__name__}` for usage examples.
+
+"""
+
+    fn.__doc__ = fn_doc
+    return fn
+
+
+# standalone functions follow.  docstrings are filled in
+# by the ``@loader_unbound_fn`` decorator.
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def contains_eager(*keys: _AttrType, **kw: Any) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.contains_eager, keys, True, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def load_only(*attrs: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    # TODO: attrs against different classes.  we likely have to
+    # add some extra state to Load of some kind
+    _, lead_element, _ = _parse_attr_argument(attrs[0])
+    return Load(lead_element).load_only(*attrs, raiseload=raiseload)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def joinedload(*keys: _AttrType, **kw: Any) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.joinedload, keys, False, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def subqueryload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.subqueryload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def selectinload(
+    *keys: _AttrType, recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(
+        Load.selectinload, keys, False, {"recursion_depth": recursion_depth}
+    )
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def lazyload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.lazyload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def immediateload(
+    *keys: _AttrType, recursion_depth: Optional[int] = None
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(
+        Load.immediateload, keys, False, {"recursion_depth": recursion_depth}
+    )
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def noload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.noload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def raiseload(*keys: _AttrType, **kw: Any) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.raiseload, keys, False, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def defaultload(*keys: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.defaultload, keys, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def defer(
+    key: _AttrType, *addl_attrs: _AttrType, raiseload: bool = False
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    if addl_attrs:
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "The *addl_attrs on orm.defer is deprecated.  Please use "
+            "method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to "
+            "indicate a path.",
+            version="1.3",
+        )
+
+    if raiseload:
+        kw = {"raiseload": raiseload}
+    else:
+        kw = {}
+
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.defer, (key,) + addl_attrs, False, kw)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def undefer(key: _AttrType, *addl_attrs: _AttrType) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    if addl_attrs:
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "The *addl_attrs on orm.undefer is deprecated.  Please use "
+            "method chaining in conjunction with defaultload() to "
+            "indicate a path.",
+            version="1.3",
+        )
+    return _generate_from_keys(Load.undefer, (key,) + addl_attrs, False, {})
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def undefer_group(name: str) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    element = _WildcardLoad()
+    return element.undefer_group(name)
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def with_expression(
+    key: _AttrType, expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    return _generate_from_keys(
+        Load.with_expression, (key,), False, {"expression": expression}
+    )
+
+
+@loader_unbound_fn
+def selectin_polymorphic(
+    base_cls: _EntityType[Any], classes: Iterable[Type[Any]]
+) -> _AbstractLoad:
+    ul = Load(base_cls)
+    return ul.selectin_polymorphic(classes)
+
+
+def _raise_for_does_not_link(path, attrname, parent_entity):
+    if len(path) > 1:
+        path_is_of_type = path[-1].entity is not path[-2].mapper.class_
+        if insp_is_aliased_class(parent_entity):
+            parent_entity_str = str(parent_entity)
+        else:
+            parent_entity_str = parent_entity.class_.__name__
+
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            f'ORM mapped entity or attribute "{attrname}" does not '
+            f'link from relationship "{path[-2]}%s".%s'
+            % (
+                f".of_type({path[-1]})" if path_is_of_type else "",
+                (
+                    "  Did you mean to use "
+                    f'"{path[-2]}'
+                    f'.of_type({parent_entity_str})" or "loadopt.options('
+                    f"selectin_polymorphic({path[-2].mapper.class_.__name__}, "
+                    f'[{parent_entity_str}]), ...)" ?'
+                    if not path_is_of_type
+                    and not path[-1].is_aliased_class
+                    and orm_util._entity_corresponds_to(
+                        path.entity, inspect(parent_entity).mapper
+                    )
+                    else ""
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            f'ORM mapped attribute "{attrname}" does not '
+            f'link mapped class "{path[-1]}"'
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f85a41a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/sync.py
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# orm/sync.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+
+"""private module containing functions used for copying data
+between instances based on join conditions.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from . import exc
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+
+
+def populate(
+    source,
+    source_mapper,
+    dest,
+    dest_mapper,
+    synchronize_pairs,
+    uowcommit,
+    flag_cascaded_pks,
+):
+    source_dict = source.dict
+    dest_dict = dest.dict
+
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            # inline of source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+            value = source.manager[prop.key].impl.get(
+                source, source_dict, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+            )
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r, err)
+
+        try:
+            # inline of dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column
+            prop = dest_mapper._columntoproperty[r]
+            dest.manager[prop.key].impl.set(dest, dest_dict, value, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, source_mapper, l, dest_mapper, r, err)
+
+        # technically the "r.primary_key" check isn't
+        # needed here, but we check for this condition to limit
+        # how often this logic is invoked for memory/performance
+        # reasons, since we only need this info for a primary key
+        # destination.
+        if (
+            flag_cascaded_pks
+            and l.primary_key
+            and r.primary_key
+            and r.references(l)
+        ):
+            uowcommit.attributes[("pk_cascaded", dest, r)] = True
+
+
+def bulk_populate_inherit_keys(source_dict, source_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    # a simplified version of populate() used by bulk insert mode
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+            value = source_dict[prop.key]
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, source_mapper, r, err)
+
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[r]
+            source_dict[prop.key] = value
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, source_mapper, l, source_mapper, r, err)
+
+
+def clear(dest, dest_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        if (
+            r.primary_key
+            and dest_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(dest, dest.dict, r)
+            not in orm_util._none_set
+        ):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                f"Dependency rule on column '{l}' "
+                "tried to blank-out primary key "
+                f"column '{r}' on instance '{orm_util.state_str(dest)}'"
+            )
+        try:
+            dest_mapper._set_state_attr_by_column(dest, dest.dict, r, None)
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(True, None, l, dest_mapper, r, err)
+
+
+def update(source, source_mapper, dest, old_prefix, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            oldvalue = source_mapper._get_committed_attr_by_column(
+                source.obj(), l
+            )
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+            )
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r, err)
+        dest[r.key] = value
+        dest[old_prefix + r.key] = oldvalue
+
+
+def populate_dict(source, source_mapper, dict_, synchronize_pairs):
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            value = source_mapper._get_state_attr_by_column(
+                source, source.dict, l, passive=PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF
+            )
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r, err)
+
+        dict_[r.key] = value
+
+
+def source_modified(uowcommit, source, source_mapper, synchronize_pairs):
+    """return true if the source object has changes from an old to a
+    new value on the given synchronize pairs
+
+    """
+    for l, r in synchronize_pairs:
+        try:
+            prop = source_mapper._columntoproperty[l]
+        except exc.UnmappedColumnError as err:
+            _raise_col_to_prop(False, source_mapper, l, None, r, err)
+        history = uowcommit.get_attribute_history(
+            source, prop.key, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+        )
+        if bool(history.deleted):
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def _raise_col_to_prop(
+    isdest, source_mapper, source_column, dest_mapper, dest_column, err
+):
+    if isdest:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "destination column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map "
+            "this column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include this column (or use "
+            "a viewonly=True relation)." % (dest_column, dest_mapper)
+        ) from err
+    else:
+        raise exc.UnmappedColumnError(
+            "Can't execute sync rule for "
+            "source column '%s'; mapper '%s' does not map this "
+            "column.  Try using an explicit `foreign_keys` "
+            "collection which does not include destination column "
+            "'%s' (or use a viewonly=True relation)."
+            % (source_column, source_mapper, dest_column)
+        ) from err
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..80897f29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/unitofwork.py
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+# orm/unitofwork.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""The internals for the unit of work system.
+
+The session's flush() process passes objects to a contextual object
+here, which assembles flush tasks based on mappers and their properties,
+organizes them in order of dependency, and executes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import attributes
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from . import util as orm_util
+from .. import event
+from .. import util
+from ..util import topological
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .dependency import DependencyProcessor
+    from .interfaces import MapperProperty
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .session import Session
+    from .session import SessionTransaction
+    from .state import InstanceState
+
+
+def track_cascade_events(descriptor, prop):
+    """Establish event listeners on object attributes which handle
+    cascade-on-set/append.
+
+    """
+    key = prop.key
+
+    def append(state, item, initiator, **kw):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when
+        # an instance is appended to the list of another instance
+
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("collection append")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+
+            if (
+                prop._cascade.save_update
+                and (key == initiator.key)
+                and not sess._contains_state(item_state)
+            ):
+                sess._save_or_update_state(item_state)
+        return item
+
+    def remove(state, item, initiator, **kw):
+        if item is None:
+            return
+
+        sess = state.session
+
+        prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+
+        if sess and sess._warn_on_events:
+            sess._flush_warning(
+                "collection remove"
+                if prop.uselist
+                else "related attribute delete"
+            )
+
+        if (
+            item is not None
+            and item is not attributes.NEVER_SET
+            and item is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+            and prop._cascade.delete_orphan
+        ):
+            # expunge pending orphans
+            item_state = attributes.instance_state(item)
+
+            if prop.mapper._is_orphan(item_state):
+                if sess and item_state in sess._new:
+                    sess.expunge(item)
+                else:
+                    # the related item may or may not itself be in a
+                    # Session, however the parent for which we are catching
+                    # the event is not in a session, so memoize this on the
+                    # item
+                    item_state._orphaned_outside_of_session = True
+
+    def set_(state, newvalue, oldvalue, initiator, **kw):
+        # process "save_update" cascade rules for when an instance
+        # is attached to another instance
+        if oldvalue is newvalue:
+            return newvalue
+
+        sess = state.session
+        if sess:
+            if sess._warn_on_events:
+                sess._flush_warning("related attribute set")
+
+            prop = state.manager.mapper._props[key]
+            if newvalue is not None:
+                newvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(newvalue)
+                if (
+                    prop._cascade.save_update
+                    and (key == initiator.key)
+                    and not sess._contains_state(newvalue_state)
+                ):
+                    sess._save_or_update_state(newvalue_state)
+
+            if (
+                oldvalue is not None
+                and oldvalue is not attributes.NEVER_SET
+                and oldvalue is not attributes.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT
+                and prop._cascade.delete_orphan
+            ):
+                # possible to reach here with attributes.NEVER_SET ?
+                oldvalue_state = attributes.instance_state(oldvalue)
+
+                if oldvalue_state in sess._new and prop.mapper._is_orphan(
+                    oldvalue_state
+                ):
+                    sess.expunge(oldvalue)
+        return newvalue
+
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "append_wo_mutation", append, raw=True, include_key=True
+    )
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "append", append, raw=True, retval=True, include_key=True
+    )
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "remove", remove, raw=True, retval=True, include_key=True
+    )
+    event.listen(
+        descriptor, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True, include_key=True
+    )
+
+
+class UOWTransaction:
+    session: Session
+    transaction: SessionTransaction
+    attributes: Dict[str, Any]
+    deps: util.defaultdict[Mapper[Any], Set[DependencyProcessor]]
+    mappers: util.defaultdict[Mapper[Any], Set[InstanceState[Any]]]
+
+    def __init__(self, session: Session):
+        self.session = session
+
+        # dictionary used by external actors to
+        # store arbitrary state information.
+        self.attributes = {}
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of
+        # DependencyProcessors, which are also
+        # set to be part of the sorted flush actions,
+        # which have that mapper as a parent.
+        self.deps = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # dictionary of mappers to sets of InstanceState
+        # items pending for flush which have that mapper
+        # as a parent.
+        self.mappers = util.defaultdict(set)
+
+        # a dictionary of Preprocess objects, which gather
+        # additional states impacted by the flush
+        # and determine if a flush action is needed
+        self.presort_actions = {}
+
+        # dictionary of PostSortRec objects, each
+        # one issues work during the flush within
+        # a certain ordering.
+        self.postsort_actions = {}
+
+        # a set of 2-tuples, each containing two
+        # PostSortRec objects where the second
+        # is dependent on the first being executed
+        # first
+        self.dependencies = set()
+
+        # dictionary of InstanceState-> (isdelete, listonly)
+        # tuples, indicating if this state is to be deleted
+        # or insert/updated, or just refreshed
+        self.states = {}
+
+        # tracks InstanceStates which will be receiving
+        # a "post update" call.  Keys are mappers,
+        # values are a set of states and a set of the
+        # columns which should be included in the update.
+        self.post_update_states = util.defaultdict(lambda: (set(), set()))
+
+    @property
+    def has_work(self):
+        return bool(self.states)
+
+    def was_already_deleted(self, state):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given state is expired and was deleted
+        previously.
+        """
+        if state.expired:
+            try:
+                state._load_expired(state, attributes.PASSIVE_OFF)
+            except orm_exc.ObjectDeletedError:
+                self.session._remove_newly_deleted([state])
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def is_deleted(self, state):
+        """Return ``True`` if the given state is marked as deleted
+        within this uowtransaction."""
+
+        return state in self.states and self.states[state][0]
+
+    def memo(self, key, callable_):
+        if key in self.attributes:
+            return self.attributes[key]
+        else:
+            self.attributes[key] = ret = callable_()
+            return ret
+
+    def remove_state_actions(self, state):
+        """Remove pending actions for a state from the uowtransaction."""
+
+        isdelete = self.states[state][0]
+
+        self.states[state] = (isdelete, True)
+
+    def get_attribute_history(
+        self, state, key, passive=attributes.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+    ):
+        """Facade to attributes.get_state_history(), including
+        caching of results."""
+
+        hashkey = ("history", state, key)
+
+        # cache the objects, not the states; the strong reference here
+        # prevents newly loaded objects from being dereferenced during the
+        # flush process
+
+        if hashkey in self.attributes:
+            history, state_history, cached_passive = self.attributes[hashkey]
+            # if the cached lookup was "passive" and now
+            # we want non-passive, do a non-passive lookup and re-cache
+
+            if (
+                not cached_passive & attributes.SQL_OK
+                and passive & attributes.SQL_OK
+            ):
+                impl = state.manager[key].impl
+                history = impl.get_history(
+                    state,
+                    state.dict,
+                    attributes.PASSIVE_OFF
+                    | attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                    | attributes.NO_RAISE,
+                )
+                if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                    state_history = history.as_state()
+                else:
+                    state_history = history
+                self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history, passive)
+        else:
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            # TODO: store the history as (state, object) tuples
+            # so we don't have to keep converting here
+            history = impl.get_history(
+                state,
+                state.dict,
+                passive
+                | attributes.LOAD_AGAINST_COMMITTED
+                | attributes.NO_RAISE,
+            )
+            if history and impl.uses_objects:
+                state_history = history.as_state()
+            else:
+                state_history = history
+            self.attributes[hashkey] = (history, state_history, passive)
+
+        return state_history
+
+    def has_dep(self, processor):
+        return (processor, True) in self.presort_actions
+
+    def register_preprocessor(self, processor, fromparent):
+        key = (processor, fromparent)
+        if key not in self.presort_actions:
+            self.presort_actions[key] = Preprocess(processor, fromparent)
+
+    def register_object(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        isdelete: bool = False,
+        listonly: bool = False,
+        cancel_delete: bool = False,
+        operation: Optional[str] = None,
+        prop: Optional[MapperProperty] = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if not self.session._contains_state(state):
+            # this condition is normal when objects are registered
+            # as part of a relationship cascade operation.  it should
+            # not occur for the top-level register from Session.flush().
+            if not state.deleted and operation is not None:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Object of type %s not in session, %s operation "
+                    "along '%s' will not proceed"
+                    % (orm_util.state_class_str(state), operation, prop)
+                )
+            return False
+
+        if state not in self.states:
+            mapper = state.manager.mapper
+
+            if mapper not in self.mappers:
+                self._per_mapper_flush_actions(mapper)
+
+            self.mappers[mapper].add(state)
+            self.states[state] = (isdelete, listonly)
+        else:
+            if not listonly and (isdelete or cancel_delete):
+                self.states[state] = (isdelete, False)
+        return True
+
+    def register_post_update(self, state, post_update_cols):
+        mapper = state.manager.mapper.base_mapper
+        states, cols = self.post_update_states[mapper]
+        states.add(state)
+        cols.update(post_update_cols)
+
+    def _per_mapper_flush_actions(self, mapper):
+        saves = SaveUpdateAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        deletes = DeleteAll(self, mapper.base_mapper)
+        self.dependencies.add((saves, deletes))
+
+        for dep in mapper._dependency_processors:
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+        for prop in mapper.relationships:
+            if prop.viewonly:
+                continue
+            dep = prop._dependency_processor
+            dep.per_property_preprocessors(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _mapper_for_dep(self):
+        """return a dynamic mapping of (Mapper, DependencyProcessor) to
+        True or False, indicating if the DependencyProcessor operates
+        on objects of that Mapper.
+
+        The result is stored in the dictionary persistently once
+        calculated.
+
+        """
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            lambda tup: tup[0]._props.get(tup[1].key) is tup[1].prop
+        )
+
+    def filter_states_for_dep(self, dep, states):
+        """Filter the given list of InstanceStates to those relevant to the
+        given DependencyProcessor.
+
+        """
+        mapper_for_dep = self._mapper_for_dep
+        return [s for s in states if mapper_for_dep[(s.manager.mapper, dep)]]
+
+    def states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self, mapper, isdelete, listonly):
+        checktup = (isdelete, listonly)
+        for mapper in mapper.base_mapper.self_and_descendants:
+            for state in self.mappers[mapper]:
+                if self.states[state] == checktup:
+                    yield state
+
+    def _generate_actions(self):
+        """Generate the full, unsorted collection of PostSortRecs as
+        well as dependency pairs for this UOWTransaction.
+
+        """
+        # execute presort_actions, until all states
+        # have been processed.   a presort_action might
+        # add new states to the uow.
+        while True:
+            ret = False
+            for action in list(self.presort_actions.values()):
+                if action.execute(self):
+                    ret = True
+            if not ret:
+                break
+
+        # see if the graph of mapper dependencies has cycles.
+        self.cycles = cycles = topological.find_cycles(
+            self.dependencies, list(self.postsort_actions.values())
+        )
+
+        if cycles:
+            # if yes, break the per-mapper actions into
+            # per-state actions
+            convert = {
+                rec: set(rec.per_state_flush_actions(self)) for rec in cycles
+            }
+
+            # rewrite the existing dependencies to point to
+            # the per-state actions for those per-mapper actions
+            # that were broken up.
+            for edge in list(self.dependencies):
+                if (
+                    None in edge
+                    or edge[0].disabled
+                    or edge[1].disabled
+                    or cycles.issuperset(edge)
+                ):
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                elif edge[0] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[0]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((dep, edge[1]))
+                elif edge[1] in cycles:
+                    self.dependencies.remove(edge)
+                    for dep in convert[edge[1]]:
+                        self.dependencies.add((edge[0], dep))
+
+        return {
+            a for a in self.postsort_actions.values() if not a.disabled
+        }.difference(cycles)
+
+    def execute(self) -> None:
+        postsort_actions = self._generate_actions()
+
+        postsort_actions = sorted(
+            postsort_actions,
+            key=lambda item: item.sort_key,
+        )
+        # sort = topological.sort(self.dependencies, postsort_actions)
+        # print "--------------"
+        # print "\ndependencies:", self.dependencies
+        # print "\ncycles:", self.cycles
+        # print "\nsort:", list(sort)
+        # print "\nCOUNT OF POSTSORT ACTIONS", len(postsort_actions)
+
+        # execute
+        if self.cycles:
+            for subset in topological.sort_as_subsets(
+                self.dependencies, postsort_actions
+            ):
+                set_ = set(subset)
+                while set_:
+                    n = set_.pop()
+                    n.execute_aggregate(self, set_)
+        else:
+            for rec in topological.sort(self.dependencies, postsort_actions):
+                rec.execute(self)
+
+    def finalize_flush_changes(self) -> None:
+        """Mark processed objects as clean / deleted after a successful
+        flush().
+
+        This method is called within the flush() method after the
+        execute() method has succeeded and the transaction has been committed.
+
+        """
+        if not self.states:
+            return
+
+        states = set(self.states)
+        isdel = {
+            s for (s, (isdelete, listonly)) in self.states.items() if isdelete
+        }
+        other = states.difference(isdel)
+        if isdel:
+            self.session._remove_newly_deleted(isdel)
+        if other:
+            self.session._register_persistent(other)
+
+
+class IterateMappersMixin:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _mappers(self, uow):
+        if self.fromparent:
+            return iter(
+                m
+                for m in self.dependency_processor.parent.self_and_descendants
+                if uow._mapper_for_dep[(m, self.dependency_processor)]
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.dependency_processor.mapper.self_and_descendants
+
+
+class Preprocess(IterateMappersMixin):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "dependency_processor",
+        "fromparent",
+        "processed",
+        "setup_flush_actions",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, dependency_processor, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        self.processed = set()
+        self.setup_flush_actions = False
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        delete_states = set()
+        save_states = set()
+
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper].difference(self.processed):
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if not listonly:
+                    if isdelete:
+                        delete_states.add(state)
+                    else:
+                        save_states.add(state)
+
+        if delete_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_deletes(uow, delete_states)
+            self.processed.update(delete_states)
+        if save_states:
+            self.dependency_processor.presort_saves(uow, save_states)
+            self.processed.update(save_states)
+
+        if delete_states or save_states:
+            if not self.setup_flush_actions and (
+                self.dependency_processor.prop_has_changes(
+                    uow, delete_states, True
+                )
+                or self.dependency_processor.prop_has_changes(
+                    uow, save_states, False
+                )
+            ):
+                self.dependency_processor.per_property_flush_actions(uow)
+                self.setup_flush_actions = True
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class PostSortRec:
+    __slots__ = ("disabled",)
+
+    def __new__(cls, uow, *args):
+        key = (cls,) + args
+        if key in uow.postsort_actions:
+            return uow.postsort_actions[key]
+        else:
+            uow.postsort_actions[key] = ret = object.__new__(cls)
+            ret.disabled = False
+            return ret
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        self.execute(uow)
+
+
+class ProcessAll(IterateMappersMixin, PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "dependency_processor", "isdelete", "fromparent", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, isdelete, fromparent):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.sort_key = (
+            "ProcessAll",
+            self.dependency_processor.sort_key,
+            isdelete,
+        )
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+        self.fromparent = fromparent
+        uow.deps[dependency_processor.parent.base_mapper].add(
+            dependency_processor
+        )
+
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        states = self._elements(uow)
+        if self.isdelete:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            self.dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        # this is handled by SaveUpdateAll and DeleteAll,
+        # since a ProcessAll should unconditionally be pulled
+        # into per-state if either the parent/child mappers
+        # are part of a cycle
+        return iter([])
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, isdelete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            self.isdelete,
+        )
+
+    def _elements(self, uow):
+        for mapper in self._mappers(uow):
+            for state in uow.mappers[mapper]:
+                (isdelete, listonly) = uow.states[state]
+                if isdelete == self.isdelete and not listonly:
+                    yield state
+
+
+class PostUpdateAll(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "mapper", "isdelete", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper, isdelete):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+        self.sort_key = ("PostUpdateAll", mapper._sort_key, isdelete)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        persistence = util.preloaded.orm_persistence
+        states, cols = uow.post_update_states[self.mapper]
+        states = [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0] == self.isdelete]
+
+        persistence.post_update(self.mapper, states, uow, cols)
+
+
+class SaveUpdateAll(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = ("mapper", "sort_key")
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("SaveUpdateAll", mapper._sort_key)
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        util.preloaded.orm_persistence.save_obj(
+            self.mapper,
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, False, False),
+            uow,
+        )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, False, False)
+        )
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        delete_all = DeleteAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = SaveUpdateState(uow, state)
+            uow.dependencies.add((action, delete_all))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, False)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.mapper)
+
+
+class DeleteAll(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = ("mapper", "sort_key")
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, mapper):
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("DeleteAll", mapper._sort_key)
+        assert mapper is mapper.base_mapper
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute(self, uow):
+        util.preloaded.orm_persistence.delete_obj(
+            self.mapper,
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, True, False),
+            uow,
+        )
+
+    def per_state_flush_actions(self, uow):
+        states = list(
+            uow.states_for_mapper_hierarchy(self.mapper, True, False)
+        )
+        base_mapper = self.mapper.base_mapper
+        save_all = SaveUpdateAll(uow, base_mapper)
+        for state in states:
+            # keep saves before deletes -
+            # this ensures 'row switch' operations work
+            action = DeleteState(uow, state)
+            uow.dependencies.add((save_all, action))
+            yield action
+
+        for dep in uow.deps[self.mapper]:
+            states_for_prop = uow.filter_states_for_dep(dep, states)
+            dep.per_state_flush_actions(uow, states_for_prop, True)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.mapper)
+
+
+class ProcessState(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "dependency_processor", "isdelete", "state", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, dependency_processor, isdelete, state):
+        self.dependency_processor = dependency_processor
+        self.sort_key = ("ProcessState", dependency_processor.sort_key)
+        self.isdelete = isdelete
+        self.state = state
+
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        dependency_processor = self.dependency_processor
+        isdelete = self.isdelete
+        our_recs = [
+            r
+            for r in recs
+            if r.__class__ is cls_
+            and r.dependency_processor is dependency_processor
+            and r.isdelete is isdelete
+        ]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        if isdelete:
+            dependency_processor.process_deletes(uow, states)
+        else:
+            dependency_processor.process_saves(uow, states)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s, %s, delete=%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.dependency_processor,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+            self.isdelete,
+        )
+
+
+class SaveUpdateState(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "state", "mapper", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, state):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = state.mapper.base_mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("ProcessState", self.mapper._sort_key)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        persistence = util.preloaded.orm_persistence
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [
+            r for r in recs if r.__class__ is cls_ and r.mapper is mapper
+        ]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        persistence.save_obj(
+            mapper, [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs], uow
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+        )
+
+
+class DeleteState(PostSortRec):
+    __slots__ = "state", "mapper", "sort_key"
+
+    def __init__(self, uow, state):
+        self.state = state
+        self.mapper = state.mapper.base_mapper
+        self.sort_key = ("DeleteState", self.mapper._sort_key)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.persistence")
+    def execute_aggregate(self, uow, recs):
+        persistence = util.preloaded.orm_persistence
+        cls_ = self.__class__
+        mapper = self.mapper
+        our_recs = [
+            r for r in recs if r.__class__ is cls_ and r.mapper is mapper
+        ]
+        recs.difference_update(our_recs)
+        states = [self.state] + [r.state for r in our_recs]
+        persistence.delete_obj(
+            mapper, [s for s in states if uow.states[s][0]], uow
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            orm_util.state_str(self.state),
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..874c4f53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2403 @@
+# orm/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import functools
+import re
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Match
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import attributes  # noqa
+from . import exc
+from . import exc as orm_exc
+from ._typing import _O
+from ._typing import insp_is_aliased_class
+from ._typing import insp_is_mapper
+from ._typing import prop_is_relationship
+from .base import _class_to_mapper as _class_to_mapper
+from .base import _MappedAnnotationBase
+from .base import _never_set as _never_set  # noqa: F401
+from .base import _none_only_set as _none_only_set  # noqa: F401
+from .base import _none_set as _none_set  # noqa: F401
+from .base import attribute_str as attribute_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import class_mapper as class_mapper
+from .base import DynamicMapped
+from .base import InspectionAttr as InspectionAttr
+from .base import instance_str as instance_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import Mapped
+from .base import object_mapper as object_mapper
+from .base import object_state as object_state  # noqa: F401
+from .base import opt_manager_of_class
+from .base import ORMDescriptor
+from .base import state_attribute_str as state_attribute_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import state_class_str as state_class_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import state_str as state_str  # noqa: F401
+from .base import WriteOnlyMapped
+from .interfaces import CriteriaOption
+from .interfaces import MapperProperty as MapperProperty
+from .interfaces import ORMColumnsClauseRole
+from .interfaces import ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole
+from .interfaces import ORMFromClauseRole
+from .path_registry import PathRegistry as PathRegistry
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import sql
+from .. import util
+from ..engine.result import result_tuple
+from ..sql import coercions
+from ..sql import expression
+from ..sql import lambdas
+from ..sql import roles
+from ..sql import util as sql_util
+from ..sql import visitors
+from ..sql._typing import is_selectable
+from ..sql.annotation import SupportsCloneAnnotations
+from ..sql.base import ColumnCollection
+from ..sql.cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from ..sql.cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey
+from ..sql.elements import ColumnElement
+from ..sql.elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+from ..util.langhelpers import MemoizedSlots
+from ..util.typing import de_stringify_annotation as _de_stringify_annotation
+from ..util.typing import eval_name_only as _eval_name_only
+from ..util.typing import fixup_container_fwd_refs
+from ..util.typing import get_origin
+from ..util.typing import is_origin_of_cls
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EntityType
+    from ._typing import _IdentityKeyType
+    from ._typing import _InternalEntityType
+    from ._typing import _ORMCOLEXPR
+    from .context import _MapperEntity
+    from .context import ORMCompileState
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .path_registry import AbstractEntityRegistry
+    from .query import Query
+    from .relationships import RelationshipProperty
+    from ..engine import Row
+    from ..engine import RowMapping
+    from ..sql._typing import _CE
+    from ..sql._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ..sql._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ..sql._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ..sql.annotation import _SA
+    from ..sql.base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from ..sql.elements import BindParameter
+    from ..sql.selectable import _ColumnsClauseElement
+    from ..sql.selectable import Select
+    from ..sql.selectable import Selectable
+    from ..sql.visitors import anon_map
+    from ..util.typing import _AnnotationScanType
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+all_cascades = frozenset(
+    (
+        "delete",
+        "delete-orphan",
+        "all",
+        "merge",
+        "expunge",
+        "save-update",
+        "refresh-expire",
+        "none",
+    )
+)
+
+_de_stringify_partial = functools.partial(
+    functools.partial,
+    locals_=util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            "Mapped": Mapped,
+            "WriteOnlyMapped": WriteOnlyMapped,
+            "DynamicMapped": DynamicMapped,
+        }
+    ),
+)
+
+# partial is practically useless as we have to write out the whole
+# function and maintain the signature anyway
+
+
+class _DeStringifyAnnotation(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        cls: Type[Any],
+        annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+        originating_module: str,
+        *,
+        str_cleanup_fn: Optional[Callable[[str, str], str]] = None,
+        include_generic: bool = False,
+    ) -> Type[Any]: ...
+
+
+de_stringify_annotation = cast(
+    _DeStringifyAnnotation, _de_stringify_partial(_de_stringify_annotation)
+)
+
+
+class _EvalNameOnly(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, name: str, module_name: str) -> Any: ...
+
+
+eval_name_only = cast(_EvalNameOnly, _de_stringify_partial(_eval_name_only))
+
+
+class CascadeOptions(FrozenSet[str]):
+    """Keeps track of the options sent to
+    :paramref:`.relationship.cascade`"""
+
+    _add_w_all_cascades = all_cascades.difference(
+        ["all", "none", "delete-orphan"]
+    )
+    _allowed_cascades = all_cascades
+
+    _viewonly_cascades = ["expunge", "all", "none", "refresh-expire", "merge"]
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "save_update",
+        "delete",
+        "refresh_expire",
+        "merge",
+        "expunge",
+        "delete_orphan",
+    )
+
+    save_update: bool
+    delete: bool
+    refresh_expire: bool
+    merge: bool
+    expunge: bool
+    delete_orphan: bool
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, value_list: Optional[Union[Iterable[str], str]]
+    ) -> CascadeOptions:
+        if isinstance(value_list, str) or value_list is None:
+            return cls.from_string(value_list)  # type: ignore
+        values = set(value_list)
+        if values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Invalid cascade option(s): %s"
+                % ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        repr(x)
+                        for x in sorted(
+                            values.difference(cls._allowed_cascades)
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
+
+        if "all" in values:
+            values.update(cls._add_w_all_cascades)
+        if "none" in values:
+            values.clear()
+        values.discard("all")
+
+        self = super().__new__(cls, values)
+        self.save_update = "save-update" in values
+        self.delete = "delete" in values
+        self.refresh_expire = "refresh-expire" in values
+        self.merge = "merge" in values
+        self.expunge = "expunge" in values
+        self.delete_orphan = "delete-orphan" in values
+
+        if self.delete_orphan and not self.delete:
+            util.warn("The 'delete-orphan' cascade option requires 'delete'.")
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "CascadeOptions(%r)" % (",".join([x for x in sorted(self)]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_string(cls, arg):
+        values = [c for c in re.split(r"\s*,\s*", arg or "") if c]
+        return cls(values)
+
+
+def _validator_events(desc, key, validator, include_removes, include_backrefs):
+    """Runs a validation method on an attribute value to be set or
+    appended.
+    """
+
+    if not include_backrefs:
+
+        def detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+            impl = state.manager[key].impl
+            return initiator.impl is not impl
+
+    if include_removes:
+
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if initiator.op is not attributes.OP_BULK_REPLACE and (
+                include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator)
+            ):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def bulk_set(state, values, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                obj = state.obj()
+                values[:] = [
+                    validator(obj, key, value, False) for value in values
+                ]
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value, False)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def remove(state, value, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                validator(state.obj(), key, value, True)
+
+    else:
+
+        def append(state, value, initiator):
+            if initiator.op is not attributes.OP_BULK_REPLACE and (
+                include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator)
+            ):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+        def bulk_set(state, values, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                obj = state.obj()
+                values[:] = [validator(obj, key, value) for value in values]
+
+        def set_(state, value, oldvalue, initiator):
+            if include_backrefs or not detect_is_backref(state, initiator):
+                return validator(state.obj(), key, value)
+            else:
+                return value
+
+    event.listen(desc, "append", append, raw=True, retval=True)
+    event.listen(desc, "bulk_replace", bulk_set, raw=True)
+    event.listen(desc, "set", set_, raw=True, retval=True)
+    if include_removes:
+        event.listen(desc, "remove", remove, raw=True, retval=True)
+
+
+def polymorphic_union(
+    table_map, typecolname, aliasname="p_union", cast_nulls=True
+):
+    """Create a ``UNION`` statement used by a polymorphic mapper.
+
+    See  :ref:`concrete_inheritance` for an example of how
+    this is used.
+
+    :param table_map: mapping of polymorphic identities to
+     :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+    :param typecolname: string name of a "discriminator" column, which will be
+     derived from the query, producing the polymorphic identity for
+     each row.  If ``None``, no polymorphic discriminator is generated.
+    :param aliasname: name of the :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias()`
+     construct generated.
+    :param cast_nulls: if True, non-existent columns, which are represented
+     as labeled NULLs, will be passed into CAST.   This is a legacy behavior
+     that is problematic on some backends such as Oracle - in which case it
+     can be set to False.
+
+    """
+
+    colnames: util.OrderedSet[str] = util.OrderedSet()
+    colnamemaps = {}
+    types = {}
+    for key in table_map:
+        table = table_map[key]
+
+        table = coercions.expect(
+            roles.StrictFromClauseRole, table, allow_select=True
+        )
+        table_map[key] = table
+
+        m = {}
+        for c in table.c:
+            if c.key == typecolname:
+                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Polymorphic union can't use '%s' as the discriminator "
+                    "column due to mapped column %r; please apply the "
+                    "'typecolname' "
+                    "argument; this is available on "
+                    "ConcreteBase as '_concrete_discriminator_name'"
+                    % (typecolname, c)
+                )
+            colnames.add(c.key)
+            m[c.key] = c
+            types[c.key] = c.type
+        colnamemaps[table] = m
+
+    def col(name, table):
+        try:
+            return colnamemaps[table][name]
+        except KeyError:
+            if cast_nulls:
+                return sql.cast(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+            else:
+                return sql.type_coerce(sql.null(), types[name]).label(name)
+
+    result = []
+    for type_, table in table_map.items():
+        if typecolname is not None:
+            result.append(
+                sql.select(
+                    *(
+                        [col(name, table) for name in colnames]
+                        + [
+                            sql.literal_column(
+                                sql_util._quote_ddl_expr(type_)
+                            ).label(typecolname)
+                        ]
+                    )
+                ).select_from(table)
+            )
+        else:
+            result.append(
+                sql.select(
+                    *[col(name, table) for name in colnames]
+                ).select_from(table)
+            )
+    return sql.union_all(*result).alias(aliasname)
+
+
+def identity_key(
+    class_: Optional[Type[_T]] = None,
+    ident: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]] = None,
+    *,
+    instance: Optional[_T] = None,
+    row: Optional[Union[Row[Any], RowMapping]] = None,
+    identity_token: Optional[Any] = None,
+) -> _IdentityKeyType[_T]:
+    r"""Generate "identity key" tuples, as are used as keys in the
+    :attr:`.Session.identity_map` dictionary.
+
+    This function has several call styles:
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, ident, identity_token=token)``
+
+      This form receives a mapped class and a primary key scalar or
+      tuple as an argument.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, (1, 2))
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2), None)
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param ident: primary key, may be a scalar or tuple argument.
+      :param identity_token: optional identity token
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2 added identity_token
+
+
+    * ``identity_key(instance=instance)``
+
+      This form will produce the identity key for a given instance.  The
+      instance need not be persistent, only that its primary key attributes
+      are populated (else the key will contain ``None`` for those missing
+      values).
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> instance = MyClass(1, 2)
+        >>> identity_key(instance=instance)
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2), None)
+
+      In this form, the given instance is ultimately run though
+      :meth:`_orm.Mapper.identity_key_from_instance`, which will have the
+      effect of performing a database check for the corresponding row
+      if the object is expired.
+
+      :param instance: object instance (must be given as a keyword arg)
+
+    * ``identity_key(class, row=row, identity_token=token)``
+
+      This form is similar to the class/tuple form, except is passed a
+      database result row as a :class:`.Row` or :class:`.RowMapping` object.
+
+      E.g.::
+
+        >>> row = engine.execute(text("select * from table where a=1 and b=2")).first()
+        >>> identity_key(MyClass, row=row)
+        (<class '__main__.MyClass'>, (1, 2), None)
+
+      :param class: mapped class (must be a positional argument)
+      :param row: :class:`.Row` row returned by a :class:`_engine.CursorResult`
+       (must be given as a keyword arg)
+      :param identity_token: optional identity token
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.2 added identity_token
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    if class_ is not None:
+        mapper = class_mapper(class_)
+        if row is None:
+            if ident is None:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("ident or row is required")
+            return mapper.identity_key_from_primary_key(
+                tuple(util.to_list(ident)), identity_token=identity_token
+            )
+        else:
+            return mapper.identity_key_from_row(
+                row, identity_token=identity_token
+            )
+    elif instance is not None:
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        return mapper.identity_key_from_instance(instance)
+    else:
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("class or instance is required")
+
+
+class _TraceAdaptRole(enum.Enum):
+    """Enumeration of all the use cases for ORMAdapter.
+
+    ORMAdapter remains one of the most complicated aspects of the ORM, as it is
+    used for in-place adaption of column expressions to be applied to a SELECT,
+    replacing :class:`.Table` and other objects that are mapped to classes with
+    aliases of those tables in the case of joined eager loading, or in the case
+    of polymorphic loading as used with concrete mappings or other custom "with
+    polymorphic" parameters, with whole user-defined subqueries. The
+    enumerations provide an overview of all the use cases used by ORMAdapter, a
+    layer of formality as to the introduction of new ORMAdapter use cases (of
+    which none are anticipated), as well as a means to trace the origins of a
+    particular ORMAdapter within runtime debugging.
+
+    SQLAlchemy 2.0 has greatly scaled back ORM features which relied heavily on
+    open-ended statement adaption, including the ``Query.with_polymorphic()``
+    method and the ``Query.select_from_entity()`` methods, favoring
+    user-explicit aliasing schemes using the ``aliased()`` and
+    ``with_polymorphic()`` standalone constructs; these still use adaption,
+    however the adaption is applied in a narrower scope.
+
+    """
+
+    # aliased() use that is used to adapt individual attributes at query
+    # construction time
+    ALIASED_INSP = enum.auto()
+
+    # joinedload cases; typically adapt an ON clause of a relationship
+    # join
+    JOINEDLOAD_USER_DEFINED_ALIAS = enum.auto()
+    JOINEDLOAD_PATH_WITH_POLYMORPHIC = enum.auto()
+    JOINEDLOAD_MEMOIZED_ADAPTER = enum.auto()
+
+    # polymorphic cases - these are complex ones that replace FROM
+    # clauses, replacing tables with subqueries
+    MAPPER_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER = enum.auto()
+    WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER = enum.auto()
+    WITH_POLYMORPHIC_ADAPTER_RIGHT_JOIN = enum.auto()
+    DEPRECATED_JOIN_ADAPT_RIGHT_SIDE = enum.auto()
+
+    # the from_statement() case, used only to adapt individual attributes
+    # from a given statement to local ORM attributes at result fetching
+    # time.  assigned to ORMCompileState._from_obj_alias
+    ADAPT_FROM_STATEMENT = enum.auto()
+
+    # the joinedload for queries that have LIMIT/OFFSET/DISTINCT case;
+    # the query is placed inside of a subquery with the LIMIT/OFFSET/etc.,
+    # joinedloads are then placed on the outside.
+    # assigned to ORMCompileState.compound_eager_adapter
+    COMPOUND_EAGER_STATEMENT = enum.auto()
+
+    # the legacy Query._set_select_from() case.
+    # this is needed for Query's set operations (i.e. UNION, etc. )
+    # as well as "legacy from_self()", which while removed from 2.0 as
+    # public API, is used for the Query.count() method.  this one
+    # still does full statement traversal
+    # assigned to ORMCompileState._from_obj_alias
+    LEGACY_SELECT_FROM_ALIAS = enum.auto()
+
+
+class ORMStatementAdapter(sql_util.ColumnAdapter):
+    """ColumnAdapter which includes a role attribute."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("role",)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        role: _TraceAdaptRole,
+        selectable: Selectable,
+        *,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        adapt_required: bool = False,
+        allow_label_resolve: bool = True,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.role = role
+        super().__init__(
+            selectable,
+            equivalents=equivalents,
+            adapt_required=adapt_required,
+            allow_label_resolve=allow_label_resolve,
+            anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            adapt_from_selectables=adapt_from_selectables,
+        )
+
+
+class ORMAdapter(sql_util.ColumnAdapter):
+    """ColumnAdapter subclass which excludes adaptation of entities from
+    non-matching mappers.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("role", "mapper", "is_aliased_class", "aliased_insp")
+
+    is_aliased_class: bool
+    aliased_insp: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        role: _TraceAdaptRole,
+        entity: _InternalEntityType[Any],
+        *,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        adapt_required: bool = False,
+        allow_label_resolve: bool = True,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        selectable: Optional[Selectable] = None,
+        limit_on_entity: bool = True,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.role = role
+        self.mapper = entity.mapper
+        if selectable is None:
+            selectable = entity.selectable
+        if insp_is_aliased_class(entity):
+            self.is_aliased_class = True
+            self.aliased_insp = entity
+        else:
+            self.is_aliased_class = False
+            self.aliased_insp = None
+
+        super().__init__(
+            selectable,
+            equivalents,
+            adapt_required=adapt_required,
+            allow_label_resolve=allow_label_resolve,
+            anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels,
+            include_fn=self._include_fn if limit_on_entity else None,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            adapt_from_selectables=adapt_from_selectables,
+        )
+
+    def _include_fn(self, elem):
+        entity = elem._annotations.get("parentmapper", None)
+
+        return not entity or entity.isa(self.mapper) or self.mapper.isa(entity)
+
+
+class AliasedClass(
+    inspection.Inspectable["AliasedInsp[_O]"], ORMColumnsClauseRole[_O]
+):
+    r"""Represents an "aliased" form of a mapped class for usage with Query.
+
+    The ORM equivalent of a :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.alias`
+    construct, this object mimics the mapped class using a
+    ``__getattr__`` scheme and maintains a reference to a
+    real :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Alias` object.
+
+    A primary purpose of :class:`.AliasedClass` is to serve as an alternate
+    within a SQL statement generated by the ORM, such that an existing
+    mapped entity can be used in multiple contexts.   A simple example::
+
+        # find all pairs of users with the same name
+        user_alias = aliased(User)
+        session.query(User, user_alias).join(
+            (user_alias, User.id > user_alias.id)
+        ).filter(User.name == user_alias.name)
+
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` is also capable of mapping an existing mapped
+    class to an entirely new selectable, provided this selectable is column-
+    compatible with the existing mapped selectable, and it can also be
+    configured in a mapping as the target of a :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+    See the links below for examples.
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedClass` object is constructed typically using the
+    :func:`_orm.aliased` function.   It also is produced with additional
+    configuration when using the :func:`_orm.with_polymorphic` function.
+
+    The resulting object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    This object implements an attribute scheme which produces the
+    same attribute and method interface as the original mapped
+    class, allowing :class:`.AliasedClass` to be compatible
+    with any attribute technique which works on the original class,
+    including hybrid attributes (see :ref:`hybrids_toplevel`).
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedClass` can be inspected for its underlying
+    :class:`_orm.Mapper`, aliased selectable, and other information
+    using :func:`_sa.inspect`::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    The resulting inspection object is an instance of :class:`.AliasedInsp`.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.aliased`
+
+        :func:`.with_polymorphic`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_aliased_class`
+
+        :ref:`relationship_to_window_function`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __name__: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        mapped_class_or_ac: _EntityType[_O],
+        alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        flat: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        with_polymorphic_mappers: Optional[Sequence[Mapper[Any]]] = None,
+        with_polymorphic_discriminator: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+        base_alias: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]] = None,
+        use_mapper_path: bool = False,
+        represents_outer_join: bool = False,
+    ):
+        insp = cast(
+            "_InternalEntityType[_O]", inspection.inspect(mapped_class_or_ac)
+        )
+        mapper = insp.mapper
+
+        nest_adapters = False
+
+        if alias is None:
+            if insp.is_aliased_class and insp.selectable._is_subquery:
+                alias = insp.selectable.alias()
+            else:
+                alias = (
+                    mapper._with_polymorphic_selectable._anonymous_fromclause(
+                        name=name,
+                        flat=flat,
+                    )
+                )
+        elif insp.is_aliased_class:
+            nest_adapters = True
+
+        assert alias is not None
+        self._aliased_insp = AliasedInsp(
+            self,
+            insp,
+            alias,
+            name,
+            (
+                with_polymorphic_mappers
+                if with_polymorphic_mappers
+                else mapper.with_polymorphic_mappers
+            ),
+            (
+                with_polymorphic_discriminator
+                if with_polymorphic_discriminator is not None
+                else mapper.polymorphic_on
+            ),
+            base_alias,
+            use_mapper_path,
+            adapt_on_names,
+            represents_outer_join,
+            nest_adapters,
+        )
+
+        self.__name__ = f"aliased({mapper.class_.__name__})"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _reconstitute_from_aliased_insp(
+        cls, aliased_insp: AliasedInsp[_O]
+    ) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj.__name__ = f"aliased({aliased_insp.mapper.class_.__name__})"
+        obj._aliased_insp = aliased_insp
+
+        if aliased_insp._is_with_polymorphic:
+            for sub_aliased_insp in aliased_insp._with_polymorphic_entities:
+                if sub_aliased_insp is not aliased_insp:
+                    ent = AliasedClass._reconstitute_from_aliased_insp(
+                        sub_aliased_insp
+                    )
+                    setattr(obj, sub_aliased_insp.class_.__name__, ent)
+
+        return obj
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            _aliased_insp = self.__dict__["_aliased_insp"]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError()
+        else:
+            target = _aliased_insp._target
+            # maintain all getattr mechanics
+            attr = getattr(target, key)
+
+        # attribute is a method, that will be invoked against a
+        # "self"; so just return a new method with the same function and
+        # new self
+        if hasattr(attr, "__call__") and hasattr(attr, "__self__"):
+            return types.MethodType(attr.__func__, self)
+
+        # attribute is a descriptor, that will be invoked against a
+        # "self"; so invoke the descriptor against this self
+        if hasattr(attr, "__get__"):
+            attr = attr.__get__(None, self)
+
+        # attributes within the QueryableAttribute system will want this
+        # to be invoked so the object can be adapted
+        if hasattr(attr, "adapt_to_entity"):
+            attr = attr.adapt_to_entity(_aliased_insp)
+            setattr(self, key, attr)
+
+        return attr
+
+    def _get_from_serialized(
+        self, key: str, mapped_class: _O, aliased_insp: AliasedInsp[_O]
+    ) -> Any:
+        # this method is only used in terms of the
+        # sqlalchemy.ext.serializer extension
+        attr = getattr(mapped_class, key)
+        if hasattr(attr, "__call__") and hasattr(attr, "__self__"):
+            return types.MethodType(attr.__func__, self)
+
+        # attribute is a descriptor, that will be invoked against a
+        # "self"; so invoke the descriptor against this self
+        if hasattr(attr, "__get__"):
+            attr = attr.__get__(None, self)
+
+        # attributes within the QueryableAttribute system will want this
+        # to be invoked so the object can be adapted
+        if hasattr(attr, "adapt_to_entity"):
+            aliased_insp._weak_entity = weakref.ref(self)
+            attr = attr.adapt_to_entity(aliased_insp)
+            setattr(self, key, attr)
+
+        return attr
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "<AliasedClass at 0x%x; %s>" % (
+            id(self),
+            self._aliased_insp._target.__name__,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self._aliased_insp)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class AliasedInsp(
+    ORMEntityColumnsClauseRole[_O],
+    ORMFromClauseRole,
+    HasCacheKey,
+    InspectionAttr,
+    MemoizedSlots,
+    inspection.Inspectable["AliasedInsp[_O]"],
+    Generic[_O],
+):
+    """Provide an inspection interface for an
+    :class:`.AliasedClass` object.
+
+    The :class:`.AliasedInsp` object is returned
+    given an :class:`.AliasedClass` using the
+    :func:`_sa.inspect` function::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
+
+        my_alias = aliased(MyMappedClass)
+        insp = inspect(my_alias)
+
+    Attributes on :class:`.AliasedInsp`
+    include:
+
+    * ``entity`` - the :class:`.AliasedClass` represented.
+    * ``mapper`` - the :class:`_orm.Mapper` mapping the underlying class.
+    * ``selectable`` - the :class:`_expression.Alias`
+      construct which ultimately
+      represents an aliased :class:`_schema.Table` or
+      :class:`_expression.Select`
+      construct.
+    * ``name`` - the name of the alias.  Also is used as the attribute
+      name when returned in a result tuple from :class:`_query.Query`.
+    * ``with_polymorphic_mappers`` - collection of :class:`_orm.Mapper`
+      objects
+      indicating all those mappers expressed in the select construct
+      for the :class:`.AliasedClass`.
+    * ``polymorphic_on`` - an alternate column or SQL expression which
+      will be used as the "discriminator" for a polymorphic load.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`inspection_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__weakref__",
+        "_weak_entity",
+        "mapper",
+        "selectable",
+        "name",
+        "_adapt_on_names",
+        "with_polymorphic_mappers",
+        "polymorphic_on",
+        "_use_mapper_path",
+        "_base_alias",
+        "represents_outer_join",
+        "persist_selectable",
+        "local_table",
+        "_is_with_polymorphic",
+        "_with_polymorphic_entities",
+        "_adapter",
+        "_target",
+        "__clause_element__",
+        "_memoized_values",
+        "_all_column_expressions",
+        "_nest_adapters",
+    )
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("name", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("_adapt_on_names", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_use_mapper_path", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_target", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_inspectable),
+        ("selectable", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        (
+            "with_polymorphic_mappers",
+            visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key_list,
+        ),
+        ("polymorphic_on", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    mapper: Mapper[_O]
+    selectable: FromClause
+    _adapter: ORMAdapter
+    with_polymorphic_mappers: Sequence[Mapper[Any]]
+    _with_polymorphic_entities: Sequence[AliasedInsp[Any]]
+
+    _weak_entity: weakref.ref[AliasedClass[_O]]
+    """the AliasedClass that refers to this AliasedInsp"""
+
+    _target: Union[Type[_O], AliasedClass[_O]]
+    """the thing referenced by the AliasedClass/AliasedInsp.
+
+    In the vast majority of cases, this is the mapped class.  However
+    it may also be another AliasedClass (alias of alias).
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entity: AliasedClass[_O],
+        inspected: _InternalEntityType[_O],
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        name: Optional[str],
+        with_polymorphic_mappers: Optional[Sequence[Mapper[Any]]],
+        polymorphic_on: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+        _base_alias: Optional[AliasedInsp[Any]],
+        _use_mapper_path: bool,
+        adapt_on_names: bool,
+        represents_outer_join: bool,
+        nest_adapters: bool,
+    ):
+        mapped_class_or_ac = inspected.entity
+        mapper = inspected.mapper
+
+        self._weak_entity = weakref.ref(entity)
+        self.mapper = mapper
+        self.selectable = self.persist_selectable = self.local_table = (
+            selectable
+        )
+        self.name = name
+        self.polymorphic_on = polymorphic_on
+        self._base_alias = weakref.ref(_base_alias or self)
+        self._use_mapper_path = _use_mapper_path
+        self.represents_outer_join = represents_outer_join
+        self._nest_adapters = nest_adapters
+
+        if with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            self._is_with_polymorphic = True
+            self.with_polymorphic_mappers = with_polymorphic_mappers
+            self._with_polymorphic_entities = []
+            for poly in self.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+                if poly is not mapper:
+                    ent = AliasedClass(
+                        poly.class_,
+                        selectable,
+                        base_alias=self,
+                        adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+                        use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path,
+                    )
+
+                    setattr(self.entity, poly.class_.__name__, ent)
+                    self._with_polymorphic_entities.append(ent._aliased_insp)
+
+        else:
+            self._is_with_polymorphic = False
+            self.with_polymorphic_mappers = [mapper]
+
+        self._adapter = ORMAdapter(
+            _TraceAdaptRole.ALIASED_INSP,
+            mapper,
+            selectable=selectable,
+            equivalents=mapper._equivalent_columns,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            anonymize_labels=True,
+            # make sure the adapter doesn't try to grab other tables that
+            # are not even the thing we are mapping, such as embedded
+            # selectables in subqueries or CTEs.  See issue #6060
+            adapt_from_selectables={
+                m.selectable
+                for m in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+                if not adapt_on_names
+            },
+            limit_on_entity=False,
+        )
+
+        if nest_adapters:
+            # supports "aliased class of aliased class" use case
+            assert isinstance(inspected, AliasedInsp)
+            self._adapter = inspected._adapter.wrap(self._adapter)
+
+        self._adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+        self._target = mapped_class_or_ac
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _alias_factory(
+        cls,
+        element: Union[_EntityType[_O], FromClause],
+        alias: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        flat: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+    ) -> Union[AliasedClass[_O], FromClause]:
+        if isinstance(element, FromClause):
+            if adapt_on_names:
+                raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "adapt_on_names only applies to ORM elements"
+                )
+            if name:
+                return element.alias(name=name, flat=flat)
+            else:
+                return coercions.expect(
+                    roles.AnonymizedFromClauseRole, element, flat=flat
+                )
+        else:
+            return AliasedClass(
+                element,
+                alias=alias,
+                flat=flat,
+                name=name,
+                adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_polymorphic_factory(
+        cls,
+        base: Union[Type[_O], Mapper[_O]],
+        classes: Union[Literal["*"], Iterable[_EntityType[Any]]],
+        selectable: Union[Literal[False, None], FromClause] = False,
+        flat: bool = False,
+        polymorphic_on: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None,
+        aliased: bool = False,
+        innerjoin: bool = False,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        _use_mapper_path: bool = False,
+    ) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        primary_mapper = _class_to_mapper(base)
+
+        if selectable not in (None, False) and flat:
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                "the 'flat' and 'selectable' arguments cannot be passed "
+                "simultaneously to with_polymorphic()"
+            )
+
+        mappers, selectable = primary_mapper._with_polymorphic_args(
+            classes, selectable, innerjoin=innerjoin
+        )
+        if aliased or flat:
+            assert selectable is not None
+            selectable = selectable._anonymous_fromclause(flat=flat)
+
+        return AliasedClass(
+            base,
+            selectable,
+            name=name,
+            with_polymorphic_mappers=mappers,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            with_polymorphic_discriminator=polymorphic_on,
+            use_mapper_path=_use_mapper_path,
+            represents_outer_join=not innerjoin,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        # to eliminate reference cycles, the AliasedClass is held weakly.
+        # this produces some situations where the AliasedClass gets lost,
+        # particularly when one is created internally and only the AliasedInsp
+        # is passed around.
+        # to work around this case, we just generate a new one when we need
+        # it, as it is a simple class with very little initial state on it.
+        ent = self._weak_entity()
+        if ent is None:
+            ent = AliasedClass._reconstitute_from_aliased_insp(self)
+            self._weak_entity = weakref.ref(ent)
+        return ent
+
+    is_aliased_class = True
+    "always returns True"
+
+    def _memoized_method___clause_element__(self) -> FromClause:
+        return self.selectable._annotate(
+            {
+                "parentmapper": self.mapper,
+                "parententity": self,
+                "entity_namespace": self,
+            }
+        )._set_propagate_attrs(
+            {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> AliasedClass[_O]:
+        return self.entity
+
+    @property
+    def class_(self) -> Type[_O]:
+        """Return the mapped class ultimately represented by this
+        :class:`.AliasedInsp`."""
+        return self.mapper.class_
+
+    @property
+    def _path_registry(self) -> AbstractEntityRegistry:
+        if self._use_mapper_path:
+            return self.mapper._path_registry
+        else:
+            return PathRegistry.per_mapper(self)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "entity": self.entity,
+            "mapper": self.mapper,
+            "alias": self.selectable,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "adapt_on_names": self._adapt_on_names,
+            "with_polymorphic_mappers": self.with_polymorphic_mappers,
+            "with_polymorphic_discriminator": self.polymorphic_on,
+            "base_alias": self._base_alias(),
+            "use_mapper_path": self._use_mapper_path,
+            "represents_outer_join": self.represents_outer_join,
+            "nest_adapters": self._nest_adapters,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self.__init__(  # type: ignore
+            state["entity"],
+            state["mapper"],
+            state["alias"],
+            state["name"],
+            state["with_polymorphic_mappers"],
+            state["with_polymorphic_discriminator"],
+            state["base_alias"],
+            state["use_mapper_path"],
+            state["adapt_on_names"],
+            state["represents_outer_join"],
+            state["nest_adapters"],
+        )
+
+    def _merge_with(self, other: AliasedInsp[_O]) -> AliasedInsp[_O]:
+        # assert self._is_with_polymorphic
+        # assert other._is_with_polymorphic
+
+        primary_mapper = other.mapper
+
+        assert self.mapper is primary_mapper
+
+        our_classes = util.to_set(
+            mp.class_ for mp in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        )
+        new_classes = {mp.class_ for mp in other.with_polymorphic_mappers}
+        if our_classes == new_classes:
+            return other
+        else:
+            classes = our_classes.union(new_classes)
+
+        mappers, selectable = primary_mapper._with_polymorphic_args(
+            classes, None, innerjoin=not other.represents_outer_join
+        )
+        selectable = selectable._anonymous_fromclause(flat=True)
+        return AliasedClass(
+            primary_mapper,
+            selectable,
+            with_polymorphic_mappers=mappers,
+            with_polymorphic_discriminator=other.polymorphic_on,
+            use_mapper_path=other._use_mapper_path,
+            represents_outer_join=other.represents_outer_join,
+        )._aliased_insp
+
+    def _adapt_element(
+        self, expr: _ORMCOLEXPR, key: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> _ORMCOLEXPR:
+        assert isinstance(expr, ColumnElement)
+        d: Dict[str, Any] = {
+            "parententity": self,
+            "parentmapper": self.mapper,
+        }
+        if key:
+            d["proxy_key"] = key
+
+        # IMO mypy should see this one also as returning the same type
+        # we put into it, but it's not
+        return (
+            self._adapter.traverse(expr)
+            ._annotate(d)
+            ._set_propagate_attrs(
+                {"compile_state_plugin": "orm", "plugin_subject": self}
+            )
+        )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # establish compatibility with the _ORMAdapterProto protocol,
+        # which in turn is compatible with _CoreAdapterProto.
+
+        def _orm_adapt_element(
+            self,
+            obj: _CE,
+            key: Optional[str] = None,
+        ) -> _CE: ...
+
+    else:
+        _orm_adapt_element = _adapt_element
+
+    def _entity_for_mapper(self, mapper):
+        self_poly = self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        if mapper in self_poly:
+            if mapper is self.mapper:
+                return self
+            else:
+                return getattr(
+                    self.entity, mapper.class_.__name__
+                )._aliased_insp
+        elif mapper.isa(self.mapper):
+            return self
+        else:
+            assert False, "mapper %s doesn't correspond to %s" % (mapper, self)
+
+    def _memoized_attr__get_clause(self):
+        onclause, replacemap = self.mapper._get_clause
+        return (
+            self._adapter.traverse(onclause),
+            {
+                self._adapter.traverse(col): param
+                for col, param in replacemap.items()
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _memoized_attr__memoized_values(self):
+        return {}
+
+    def _memoized_attr__all_column_expressions(self):
+        if self._is_with_polymorphic:
+            cols_plus_keys = self.mapper._columns_plus_keys(
+                [ent.mapper for ent in self._with_polymorphic_entities]
+            )
+        else:
+            cols_plus_keys = self.mapper._columns_plus_keys()
+
+        cols_plus_keys = [
+            (key, self._adapt_element(col)) for key, col in cols_plus_keys
+        ]
+
+        return ColumnCollection(cols_plus_keys)
+
+    def _memo(self, key, callable_, *args, **kw):
+        if key in self._memoized_values:
+            return self._memoized_values[key]
+        else:
+            self._memoized_values[key] = value = callable_(*args, **kw)
+            return value
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+            with_poly = "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+                mp.class_.__name__ for mp in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+            )
+        else:
+            with_poly = ""
+        return "<AliasedInsp at 0x%x; %s%s>" % (
+            id(self),
+            self.class_.__name__,
+            with_poly,
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self._is_with_polymorphic:
+            return "with_polymorphic(%s, [%s])" % (
+                self._target.__name__,
+                ", ".join(
+                    mp.class_.__name__
+                    for mp in self.with_polymorphic_mappers
+                    if mp is not self.mapper
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            return "aliased(%s)" % (self._target.__name__,)
+
+
+class _WrapUserEntity:
+    """A wrapper used within the loader_criteria lambda caller so that
+    we can bypass declared_attr descriptors on unmapped mixins, which
+    normally emit a warning for such use.
+
+    might also be useful for other per-lambda instrumentations should
+    the need arise.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("subject",)
+
+    def __init__(self, subject):
+        self.subject = subject
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.orm.decl_api")
+    def __getattribute__(self, name):
+        decl_api = util.preloaded.orm.decl_api
+
+        subject = object.__getattribute__(self, "subject")
+        if name in subject.__dict__ and isinstance(
+            subject.__dict__[name], decl_api.declared_attr
+        ):
+            return subject.__dict__[name].fget(subject)
+        else:
+            return getattr(subject, name)
+
+
+class LoaderCriteriaOption(CriteriaOption):
+    """Add additional WHERE criteria to the load for all occurrences of
+    a particular entity.
+
+    :class:`_orm.LoaderCriteriaOption` is invoked using the
+    :func:`_orm.with_loader_criteria` function; see that function for
+    details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "root_entity",
+        "entity",
+        "deferred_where_criteria",
+        "where_criteria",
+        "_where_crit_orig",
+        "include_aliases",
+        "propagate_to_loaders",
+    )
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("root_entity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("entity", visitors.ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+        ("where_criteria", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("include_aliases", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("propagate_to_loaders", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    root_entity: Optional[Type[Any]]
+    entity: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]
+    where_criteria: Union[ColumnElement[bool], lambdas.DeferredLambdaElement]
+    deferred_where_criteria: bool
+    include_aliases: bool
+    propagate_to_loaders: bool
+
+    _where_crit_orig: Any
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        entity_or_base: _EntityType[Any],
+        where_criteria: Union[
+            _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+            Callable[[Any], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+        ],
+        loader_only: bool = False,
+        include_aliases: bool = False,
+        propagate_to_loaders: bool = True,
+        track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+    ):
+        entity = cast(
+            "_InternalEntityType[Any]",
+            inspection.inspect(entity_or_base, False),
+        )
+        if entity is None:
+            self.root_entity = cast("Type[Any]", entity_or_base)
+            self.entity = None
+        else:
+            self.root_entity = None
+            self.entity = entity
+
+        self._where_crit_orig = where_criteria
+        if callable(where_criteria):
+            if self.root_entity is not None:
+                wrap_entity = self.root_entity
+            else:
+                assert entity is not None
+                wrap_entity = entity.entity
+
+            self.deferred_where_criteria = True
+            self.where_criteria = lambdas.DeferredLambdaElement(
+                where_criteria,
+                roles.WhereHavingRole,
+                lambda_args=(_WrapUserEntity(wrap_entity),),
+                opts=lambdas.LambdaOptions(
+                    track_closure_variables=track_closure_variables
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            self.deferred_where_criteria = False
+            self.where_criteria = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, where_criteria
+            )
+
+        self.include_aliases = include_aliases
+        self.propagate_to_loaders = propagate_to_loaders
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _unreduce(
+        cls, entity, where_criteria, include_aliases, propagate_to_loaders
+    ):
+        return LoaderCriteriaOption(
+            entity,
+            where_criteria,
+            include_aliases=include_aliases,
+            propagate_to_loaders=propagate_to_loaders,
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (
+            LoaderCriteriaOption._unreduce,
+            (
+                self.entity.class_ if self.entity else self.root_entity,
+                self._where_crit_orig,
+                self.include_aliases,
+                self.propagate_to_loaders,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _all_mappers(self) -> Iterator[Mapper[Any]]:
+        if self.entity:
+            yield from self.entity.mapper.self_and_descendants
+        else:
+            assert self.root_entity
+            stack = list(self.root_entity.__subclasses__())
+            while stack:
+                subclass = stack.pop(0)
+                ent = cast(
+                    "_InternalEntityType[Any]",
+                    inspection.inspect(subclass, raiseerr=False),
+                )
+                if ent:
+                    yield from ent.mapper.self_and_descendants
+                else:
+                    stack.extend(subclass.__subclasses__())
+
+    def _should_include(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> bool:
+        if (
+            compile_state.select_statement._annotations.get(
+                "for_loader_criteria", None
+            )
+            is self
+        ):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _resolve_where_criteria(
+        self, ext_info: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if self.deferred_where_criteria:
+            crit = cast(
+                "ColumnElement[bool]",
+                self.where_criteria._resolve_with_args(ext_info.entity),
+            )
+        else:
+            crit = self.where_criteria  # type: ignore
+        assert isinstance(crit, ColumnElement)
+        return sql_util._deep_annotate(
+            crit,
+            {"for_loader_criteria": self},
+            detect_subquery_cols=True,
+            ind_cols_on_fromclause=True,
+        )
+
+    def process_compile_state_replaced_entities(
+        self,
+        compile_state: ORMCompileState,
+        mapper_entities: Iterable[_MapperEntity],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.process_compile_state(compile_state)
+
+    def process_compile_state(self, compile_state: ORMCompileState) -> None:
+        """Apply a modification to a given :class:`.CompileState`."""
+
+        # if options to limit the criteria to immediate query only,
+        # use compile_state.attributes instead
+
+        self.get_global_criteria(compile_state.global_attributes)
+
+    def get_global_criteria(self, attributes: Dict[Any, Any]) -> None:
+        for mp in self._all_mappers():
+            load_criteria = attributes.setdefault(
+                ("additional_entity_criteria", mp), []
+            )
+
+            load_criteria.append(self)
+
+
+inspection._inspects(AliasedClass)(lambda target: target._aliased_insp)
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(type)
+def _inspect_mc(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_O]]:
+    try:
+        class_manager = opt_manager_of_class(class_)
+        if class_manager is None or not class_manager.is_mapped:
+            return None
+        mapper = class_manager.mapper
+    except exc.NO_STATE:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return mapper
+
+
+GenericAlias = type(List[Any])
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(GenericAlias)
+def _inspect_generic_alias(
+    class_: Type[_O],
+) -> Optional[Mapper[_O]]:
+    origin = cast("Type[_O]", get_origin(class_))
+    return _inspect_mc(origin)
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class Bundle(
+    ORMColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    SupportsCloneAnnotations,
+    MemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    inspection.Inspectable["Bundle[_T]"],
+    InspectionAttr,
+):
+    """A grouping of SQL expressions that are returned by a :class:`.Query`
+    under one namespace.
+
+    The :class:`.Bundle` essentially allows nesting of the tuple-based
+    results returned by a column-oriented :class:`_query.Query` object.
+    It also
+    is extensible via simple subclassing, where the primary capability
+    to override is that of how the set of expressions should be returned,
+    allowing post-processing as well as custom return types, without
+    involving ORM identity-mapped classes.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`bundles`
+
+
+    """
+
+    single_entity = False
+    """If True, queries for a single Bundle will be returned as a single
+    entity, rather than an element within a keyed tuple."""
+
+    is_clause_element = False
+
+    is_mapper = False
+
+    is_aliased_class = False
+
+    is_bundle = True
+
+    _propagate_attrs: _PropagateAttrsType = util.immutabledict()
+
+    proxy_set = util.EMPTY_SET  # type: ignore
+
+    exprs: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, name: str, *exprs: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kw: Any
+    ):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            for row in session.query(bn).filter(bn.c.x == 5).filter(bn.c.y == 4):
+                print(row.mybundle.x, row.mybundle.y)
+
+        :param name: name of the bundle.
+        :param \*exprs: columns or SQL expressions comprising the bundle.
+        :param single_entity=False: if True, rows for this :class:`.Bundle`
+         can be returned as a "single entity" outside of any enclosing tuple
+         in the same manner as a mapped entity.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self.name = self._label = name
+        coerced_exprs = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, expr, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for expr in exprs
+        ]
+        self.exprs = coerced_exprs
+
+        self.c = self.columns = ColumnCollection(
+            (getattr(col, "key", col._label), col)
+            for col in [e._annotations.get("bundle", e) for e in coerced_exprs]
+        ).as_readonly()
+        self.single_entity = kw.pop("single_entity", self.single_entity)
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (self.__class__, self.name, self.single_entity) + tuple(
+            [expr._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for expr in self.exprs]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def mapper(self) -> Optional[Mapper[Any]]:
+        mp: Optional[Mapper[Any]] = self.exprs[0]._annotations.get(
+            "parentmapper", None
+        )
+        return mp
+
+    @property
+    def entity(self) -> Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]]:
+        ie: Optional[_InternalEntityType[Any]] = self.exprs[
+            0
+        ]._annotations.get("parententity", None)
+        return ie
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.c
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    """A namespace of SQL expressions referred to by this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            bn = Bundle("mybundle", MyClass.x, MyClass.y)
+
+            q = sess.query(bn).filter(bn.c.x == 5)
+
+        Nesting of bundles is also supported::
+
+            b1 = Bundle(
+                "b1",
+                Bundle("b2", MyClass.a, MyClass.b),
+                Bundle("b3", MyClass.x, MyClass.y),
+            )
+
+            q = sess.query(b1).filter(b1.c.b2.c.a == 5).filter(b1.c.b3.c.y == 9)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.Bundle.c`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    c: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]
+    """An alias for :attr:`.Bundle.columns`."""
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw):
+        cloned = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        cloned.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return cloned
+
+    def __clause_element__(self):
+        # ensure existing entity_namespace remains
+        annotations = {"bundle": self, "entity_namespace": self}
+        annotations.update(self._annotations)
+
+        plugin_subject = self.exprs[0]._propagate_attrs.get(
+            "plugin_subject", self.entity
+        )
+        return (
+            expression.ClauseList(
+                _literal_as_text_role=roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+                group=False,
+                *[e._annotations.get("bundle", e) for e in self.exprs],
+            )
+            ._annotate(annotations)
+            ._set_propagate_attrs(
+                # the Bundle *must* use the orm plugin no matter what.  the
+                # subject can be None but it's much better if it's not.
+                {
+                    "compile_state_plugin": "orm",
+                    "plugin_subject": plugin_subject,
+                }
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def clauses(self):
+        return self.__clause_element__().clauses
+
+    def label(self, name):
+        """Provide a copy of this :class:`.Bundle` passing a new label."""
+
+        cloned = self._clone()
+        cloned.name = name
+        return cloned
+
+    def create_row_processor(
+        self,
+        query: Select[Any],
+        procs: Sequence[Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]],
+        labels: Sequence[str],
+    ) -> Callable[[Row[Any]], Any]:
+        """Produce the "row processing" function for this :class:`.Bundle`.
+
+        May be overridden by subclasses to provide custom behaviors when
+        results are fetched. The method is passed the statement object and a
+        set of "row processor" functions at query execution time; these
+        processor functions when given a result row will return the individual
+        attribute value, which can then be adapted into any kind of return data
+        structure.
+
+        The example below illustrates replacing the usual :class:`.Row`
+        return structure with a straight Python dictionary::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.orm import Bundle
+
+
+            class DictBundle(Bundle):
+                def create_row_processor(self, query, procs, labels):
+                    "Override create_row_processor to return values as dictionaries"
+
+                    def proc(row):
+                        return dict(zip(labels, (proc(row) for proc in procs)))
+
+                    return proc
+
+        A result from the above :class:`_orm.Bundle` will return dictionary
+        values::
+
+            bn = DictBundle("mybundle", MyClass.data1, MyClass.data2)
+            for row in session.execute(select(bn)).where(bn.c.data1 == "d1"):
+                print(row.mybundle["data1"], row.mybundle["data2"])
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        keyed_tuple = result_tuple(labels, [() for l in labels])
+
+        def proc(row: Row[Any]) -> Any:
+            return keyed_tuple([proc(row) for proc in procs])
+
+        return proc
+
+
+def _orm_annotate(element: _SA, exclude: Optional[Any] = None) -> _SA:
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element with the
+    "_orm_adapt" flag.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+    return sql_util._deep_annotate(element, {"_orm_adapt": True}, exclude)
+
+
+def _orm_deannotate(element: _SA) -> _SA:
+    """Remove annotations that link a column to a particular mapping.
+
+    Note this doesn't affect "remote" and "foreign" annotations
+    passed by the :func:`_orm.foreign` and :func:`_orm.remote`
+    annotators.
+
+    """
+
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(
+        element, values=("_orm_adapt", "parententity")
+    )
+
+
+def _orm_full_deannotate(element: _SA) -> _SA:
+    return sql_util._deep_deannotate(element)
+
+
+class _ORMJoin(expression.Join):
+    """Extend Join to support ORM constructs as input."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = expression.Join.__visit_name__
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        left: _FromClauseArgument,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+        _left_memo: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _right_memo: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _extra_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ...] = (),
+    ):
+        left_info = cast(
+            "Union[FromClause, _InternalEntityType[Any]]",
+            inspection.inspect(left),
+        )
+
+        right_info = cast(
+            "Union[FromClause, _InternalEntityType[Any]]",
+            inspection.inspect(right),
+        )
+        adapt_to = right_info.selectable
+
+        # used by joined eager loader
+        self._left_memo = _left_memo
+        self._right_memo = _right_memo
+
+        if isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(
+                    onclause.comparator, RelationshipProperty.Comparator
+                )
+            on_selectable = onclause.comparator._source_selectable()
+            prop = onclause.property
+            _extra_criteria += onclause._extra_criteria
+        elif isinstance(onclause, MapperProperty):
+            # used internally by joined eager loader...possibly not ideal
+            prop = onclause
+            on_selectable = prop.parent.selectable
+        else:
+            prop = None
+            on_selectable = None
+
+        left_selectable = left_info.selectable
+        if prop:
+            adapt_from: Optional[FromClause]
+            if sql_util.clause_is_present(on_selectable, left_selectable):
+                adapt_from = on_selectable
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(left_selectable, FromClause)
+                adapt_from = left_selectable
+
+            (
+                pj,
+                sj,
+                source,
+                dest,
+                secondary,
+                target_adapter,
+            ) = prop._create_joins(
+                source_selectable=adapt_from,
+                dest_selectable=adapt_to,
+                source_polymorphic=True,
+                of_type_entity=right_info,
+                alias_secondary=True,
+                extra_criteria=_extra_criteria,
+            )
+
+            if sj is not None:
+                if isouter:
+                    # note this is an inner join from secondary->right
+                    right = sql.join(secondary, right, sj)
+                    onclause = pj
+                else:
+                    left = sql.join(left, secondary, pj, isouter)
+                    onclause = sj
+            else:
+                onclause = pj
+
+            self._target_adapter = target_adapter
+
+        # we don't use the normal coercions logic for _ORMJoin
+        # (probably should), so do some gymnastics to get the entity.
+        # logic here is for #8721, which was a major bug in 1.4
+        # for almost two years, not reported/fixed until 1.4.43 (!)
+        if is_selectable(left_info):
+            parententity = left_selectable._annotations.get(
+                "parententity", None
+            )
+        elif insp_is_mapper(left_info) or insp_is_aliased_class(left_info):
+            parententity = left_info
+        else:
+            parententity = None
+
+        if parententity is not None:
+            self._annotations = self._annotations.union(
+                {"parententity": parententity}
+            )
+
+        augment_onclause = bool(_extra_criteria) and not prop
+        expression.Join.__init__(self, left, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+        assert self.onclause is not None
+
+        if augment_onclause:
+            self.onclause &= sql.and_(*_extra_criteria)
+
+        if (
+            not prop
+            and getattr(right_info, "mapper", None)
+            and right_info.mapper.single  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            right_info = cast("_InternalEntityType[Any]", right_info)
+            # if single inheritance target and we are using a manual
+            # or implicit ON clause, augment it the same way we'd augment the
+            # WHERE.
+            single_crit = right_info.mapper._single_table_criterion
+            if single_crit is not None:
+                if insp_is_aliased_class(right_info):
+                    single_crit = right_info._adapter.traverse(single_crit)
+                self.onclause = self.onclause & single_crit
+
+    def _splice_into_center(self, other):
+        """Splice a join into the center.
+
+        Given join(a, b) and join(b, c), return join(a, b).join(c)
+
+        """
+        leftmost = other
+        while isinstance(leftmost, sql.Join):
+            leftmost = leftmost.left
+
+        assert self.right is leftmost
+
+        left = _ORMJoin(
+            self.left,
+            other.left,
+            self.onclause,
+            isouter=self.isouter,
+            _left_memo=self._left_memo,
+            _right_memo=other._left_memo._path_registry,
+        )
+
+        return _ORMJoin(
+            left,
+            other.right,
+            other.onclause,
+            isouter=other.isouter,
+            _right_memo=other._right_memo,
+        )
+
+    def join(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> _ORMJoin:
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, full=full, isouter=isouter)
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> _ORMJoin:
+        return _ORMJoin(self, right, onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+
+def with_parent(
+    instance: object,
+    prop: attributes.QueryableAttribute[Any],
+    from_entity: Optional[_EntityType[Any]] = None,
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """Create filtering criterion that relates this query's primary entity
+    to the given related instance, using established
+    :func:`_orm.relationship()`
+    configuration.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        stmt = select(Address).where(with_parent(some_user, User.addresses))
+
+    The SQL rendered is the same as that rendered when a lazy loader
+    would fire off from the given parent on that attribute, meaning
+    that the appropriate state is taken from the parent object in
+    Python without the need to render joins to the parent table
+    in the rendered statement.
+
+    The given property may also make use of :meth:`_orm.PropComparator.of_type`
+    to indicate the left side of the criteria::
+
+
+        a1 = aliased(Address)
+        a2 = aliased(Address)
+        stmt = select(a1, a2).where(with_parent(u1, User.addresses.of_type(a2)))
+
+    The above use is equivalent to using the
+    :func:`_orm.with_parent.from_entity` argument::
+
+        a1 = aliased(Address)
+        a2 = aliased(Address)
+        stmt = select(a1, a2).where(
+            with_parent(u1, User.addresses, from_entity=a2)
+        )
+
+    :param instance:
+      An instance which has some :func:`_orm.relationship`.
+
+    :param property:
+      Class-bound attribute, which indicates
+      what relationship from the instance should be used to reconcile the
+      parent/child relationship.
+
+    :param from_entity:
+      Entity in which to consider as the left side.  This defaults to the
+      "zero" entity of the :class:`_query.Query` itself.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    prop_t: RelationshipProperty[Any]
+
+    if isinstance(prop, str):
+        raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+            "with_parent() accepts class-bound mapped attributes, not strings"
+        )
+    elif isinstance(prop, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
+        if prop._of_type:
+            from_entity = prop._of_type
+        mapper_property = prop.property
+        if mapper_property is None or not prop_is_relationship(
+            mapper_property
+        ):
+            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Expected relationship property for with_parent(), "
+                f"got {mapper_property}"
+            )
+        prop_t = mapper_property
+    else:
+        prop_t = prop
+
+    return prop_t._with_parent(instance, from_entity=from_entity)
+
+
+def has_identity(object_: object) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given object has a database
+    identity.
+
+    This typically corresponds to the object being
+    in either the persistent or detached state.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.was_deleted`
+
+    """
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object_)
+    return state.has_identity
+
+
+def was_deleted(object_: object) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given object was deleted
+    within a session flush.
+
+    This is regardless of whether or not the object is
+    persistent or detached.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.InstanceState.was_deleted`
+
+    """
+
+    state = attributes.instance_state(object_)
+    return state.was_deleted
+
+
+def _entity_corresponds_to(
+    given: _InternalEntityType[Any], entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+) -> bool:
+    """determine if 'given' corresponds to 'entity', in terms
+    of an entity passed to Query that would match the same entity
+    being referred to elsewhere in the query.
+
+    """
+    if insp_is_aliased_class(entity):
+        if insp_is_aliased_class(given):
+            if entity._base_alias() is given._base_alias():
+                return True
+        return False
+    elif insp_is_aliased_class(given):
+        if given._use_mapper_path:
+            return entity in given.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        else:
+            return entity is given
+
+    assert insp_is_mapper(given)
+    return entity.common_parent(given)
+
+
+def _entity_corresponds_to_use_path_impl(
+    given: _InternalEntityType[Any], entity: _InternalEntityType[Any]
+) -> bool:
+    """determine if 'given' corresponds to 'entity', in terms
+    of a path of loader options where a mapped attribute is taken to
+    be a member of a parent entity.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        someoption(A).someoption(A.b)  # -> fn(A, A) -> True
+        someoption(A).someoption(C.d)  # -> fn(A, C) -> False
+
+        a1 = aliased(A)
+        someoption(a1).someoption(A.b)  # -> fn(a1, A) -> False
+        someoption(a1).someoption(a1.b)  # -> fn(a1, a1) -> True
+
+        wp = with_polymorphic(A, [A1, A2])
+        someoption(wp).someoption(A1.foo)  # -> fn(wp, A1) -> False
+        someoption(wp).someoption(wp.A1.foo)  # -> fn(wp, wp.A1) -> True
+
+    """
+    if insp_is_aliased_class(given):
+        return (
+            insp_is_aliased_class(entity)
+            and not entity._use_mapper_path
+            and (given is entity or entity in given._with_polymorphic_entities)
+        )
+    elif not insp_is_aliased_class(entity):
+        return given.isa(entity.mapper)
+    else:
+        return (
+            entity._use_mapper_path
+            and given in entity.with_polymorphic_mappers
+        )
+
+
+def _entity_isa(given: _InternalEntityType[Any], mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> bool:
+    """determine if 'given' "is a" mapper, in terms of the given
+    would load rows of type 'mapper'.
+
+    """
+    if given.is_aliased_class:
+        return mapper in given.with_polymorphic_mappers or given.mapper.isa(
+            mapper
+        )
+    elif given.with_polymorphic_mappers:
+        return mapper in given.with_polymorphic_mappers or given.isa(mapper)
+    else:
+        return given.isa(mapper)
+
+
+def _getitem(iterable_query: Query[Any], item: Any) -> Any:
+    """calculate __getitem__ in terms of an iterable query object
+    that also has a slice() method.
+
+    """
+
+    def _no_negative_indexes():
+        raise IndexError(
+            "negative indexes are not accepted by SQL "
+            "index / slice operators"
+        )
+
+    if isinstance(item, slice):
+        start, stop, step = util.decode_slice(item)
+
+        if (
+            isinstance(stop, int)
+            and isinstance(start, int)
+            and stop - start <= 0
+        ):
+            return []
+
+        elif (isinstance(start, int) and start < 0) or (
+            isinstance(stop, int) and stop < 0
+        ):
+            _no_negative_indexes()
+
+        res = iterable_query.slice(start, stop)
+        if step is not None:
+            return list(res)[None : None : item.step]
+        else:
+            return list(res)
+    else:
+        if item == -1:
+            _no_negative_indexes()
+        else:
+            return list(iterable_query[item : item + 1])[0]
+
+
+def _is_mapped_annotation(
+    raw_annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+    cls: Type[Any],
+    originating_cls: Type[Any],
+) -> bool:
+    try:
+        annotated = de_stringify_annotation(
+            cls, raw_annotation, originating_cls.__module__
+        )
+    except NameError:
+        # in most cases, at least within our own tests, we can raise
+        # here, which is more accurate as it prevents us from returning
+        # false negatives.  However, in the real world, try to avoid getting
+        # involved with end-user annotations that have nothing to do with us.
+        # see issue #8888 where we bypass using this function in the case
+        # that we want to detect an unresolvable Mapped[] type.
+        return False
+    else:
+        return is_origin_of_cls(annotated, _MappedAnnotationBase)
+
+
+class _CleanupError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _cleanup_mapped_str_annotation(
+    annotation: str, originating_module: str
+) -> str:
+    # fix up an annotation that comes in as the form:
+    # 'Mapped[List[Address]]'  so that it instead looks like:
+    # 'Mapped[List["Address"]]' , which will allow us to get
+    # "Address" as a string
+
+    # additionally, resolve symbols for these names since this is where
+    # we'd have to do it
+
+    inner: Optional[Match[str]]
+
+    mm = re.match(r"^([^ \|]+?)\[(.+)\]$", annotation)
+
+    if not mm:
+        return annotation
+
+    # ticket #8759.  Resolve the Mapped name to a real symbol.
+    # originally this just checked the name.
+    try:
+        obj = eval_name_only(mm.group(1), originating_module)
+    except NameError as ne:
+        raise _CleanupError(
+            f'For annotation "{annotation}", could not resolve '
+            f'container type "{mm.group(1)}".  '
+            "Please ensure this type is imported at the module level "
+            "outside of TYPE_CHECKING blocks"
+        ) from ne
+
+    if obj is typing.ClassVar:
+        real_symbol = "ClassVar"
+    else:
+        try:
+            if issubclass(obj, _MappedAnnotationBase):
+                real_symbol = obj.__name__
+            else:
+                return annotation
+        except TypeError:
+            # avoid isinstance(obj, type) check, just catch TypeError
+            return annotation
+
+    # note: if one of the codepaths above didn't define real_symbol and
+    # then didn't return, real_symbol raises UnboundLocalError
+    # which is actually a NameError, and the calling routines don't
+    # notice this since they are catching NameError anyway.   Just in case
+    # this is being modified in the future, something to be aware of.
+
+    stack = []
+    inner = mm
+    while True:
+        stack.append(real_symbol if mm is inner else inner.group(1))
+        g2 = inner.group(2)
+        inner = re.match(r"^([^ \|]+?)\[(.+)\]$", g2)
+        if inner is None:
+            stack.append(g2)
+            break
+
+    # stacks we want to rewrite, that is, quote the last entry which
+    # we think is a relationship class name:
+    #
+    #   ['Mapped', 'List', 'Address']
+    #   ['Mapped', 'A']
+    #
+    # stacks we dont want to rewrite, which are generally MappedColumn
+    # use cases:
+    #
+    # ['Mapped', "'Optional[Dict[str, str]]'"]
+    # ['Mapped', 'dict[str, str] | None']
+
+    if (
+        # avoid already quoted symbols such as
+        # ['Mapped', "'Optional[Dict[str, str]]'"]
+        not re.match(r"""^["'].*["']$""", stack[-1])
+        # avoid further generics like Dict[] such as
+        # ['Mapped', 'dict[str, str] | None'],
+        # ['Mapped', 'list[int] | list[str]'],
+        # ['Mapped', 'Union[list[int], list[str]]'],
+        and not re.search(r"[\[\]]", stack[-1])
+    ):
+        stripchars = "\"' "
+        stack[-1] = ", ".join(
+            f'"{elem.strip(stripchars)}"' for elem in stack[-1].split(",")
+        )
+
+        annotation = "[".join(stack) + ("]" * (len(stack) - 1))
+
+    return annotation
+
+
+def _extract_mapped_subtype(
+    raw_annotation: Optional[_AnnotationScanType],
+    cls: type,
+    originating_module: str,
+    key: str,
+    attr_cls: Type[Any],
+    required: bool,
+    is_dataclass_field: bool,
+    expect_mapped: bool = True,
+    raiseerr: bool = True,
+) -> Optional[Tuple[Union[_AnnotationScanType, str], Optional[type]]]:
+    """given an annotation, figure out if it's ``Mapped[something]`` and if
+    so, return the ``something`` part.
+
+    Includes error raise scenarios and other options.
+
+    """
+
+    if raw_annotation is None:
+        if required:
+            raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                f"Python typing annotation is required for attribute "
+                f'"{cls.__name__}.{key}" when primary argument(s) for '
+                f'"{attr_cls.__name__}" construct are None or not present'
+            )
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        # destringify the "outside" of the annotation.  note we are not
+        # adding include_generic so it will *not* dig into generic contents,
+        # which will remain as ForwardRef or plain str under future annotations
+        # mode.  The full destringify happens later when mapped_column goes
+        # to do a full lookup in the registry type_annotations_map.
+        annotated = de_stringify_annotation(
+            cls,
+            raw_annotation,
+            originating_module,
+            str_cleanup_fn=_cleanup_mapped_str_annotation,
+        )
+    except _CleanupError as ce:
+        raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+            f"Could not interpret annotation {raw_annotation}.  "
+            "Check that it uses names that are correctly imported at the "
+            "module level. See chained stack trace for more hints."
+        ) from ce
+    except NameError as ne:
+        if raiseerr and "Mapped[" in raw_annotation:  # type: ignore
+            raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                f"Could not interpret annotation {raw_annotation}.  "
+                "Check that it uses names that are correctly imported at the "
+                "module level. See chained stack trace for more hints."
+            ) from ne
+
+        annotated = raw_annotation  # type: ignore
+
+    if is_dataclass_field:
+        return annotated, None
+    else:
+        if not hasattr(annotated, "__origin__") or not is_origin_of_cls(
+            annotated, _MappedAnnotationBase
+        ):
+            if expect_mapped:
+                if not raiseerr:
+                    return None
+
+                origin = getattr(annotated, "__origin__", None)
+                if origin is typing.ClassVar:
+                    return None
+
+                # check for other kind of ORM descriptor like AssociationProxy,
+                # don't raise for that (issue #9957)
+                elif isinstance(origin, type) and issubclass(
+                    origin, ORMDescriptor
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+                raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                    f'Type annotation for "{cls.__name__}.{key}" '
+                    "can't be correctly interpreted for "
+                    "Annotated Declarative Table form.  ORM annotations "
+                    "should normally make use of the ``Mapped[]`` generic "
+                    "type, or other ORM-compatible generic type, as a "
+                    "container for the actual type, which indicates the "
+                    "intent that the attribute is mapped. "
+                    "Class variables that are not intended to be mapped "
+                    "by the ORM should use ClassVar[].  "
+                    "To allow Annotated Declarative to disregard legacy "
+                    "annotations which don't use Mapped[] to pass, set "
+                    '"__allow_unmapped__ = True" on the class or a '
+                    "superclass this class.",
+                    code="zlpr",
+                )
+
+            else:
+                return annotated, None
+
+        if len(annotated.__args__) != 1:
+            raise orm_exc.MappedAnnotationError(
+                "Expected sub-type for Mapped[] annotation"
+            )
+
+        return (
+            # fix dict/list/set args to be ForwardRef, see #11814
+            fixup_container_fwd_refs(annotated.__args__[0]),
+            annotated.__origin__,
+        )
+
+
+def _mapper_property_as_plain_name(prop: Type[Any]) -> str:
+    if hasattr(prop, "_mapper_property_name"):
+        name = prop._mapper_property_name()
+    else:
+        name = None
+    return util.clsname_as_plain_name(prop, name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/writeonly.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/writeonly.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac034a09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/orm/writeonly.py
@@ -0,0 +1,678 @@
+# orm/writeonly.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Write-only collection API.
+
+This is an alternate mapped attribute style that only supports single-item
+collection mutation operations.   To read the collection, a select()
+object must be executed each time.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from sqlalchemy.sql import bindparam
+from . import attributes
+from . import interfaces
+from . import relationships
+from . import strategies
+from .base import NEVER_SET
+from .base import object_mapper
+from .base import PassiveFlag
+from .base import RelationshipDirection
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..sql import delete
+from ..sql import insert
+from ..sql import select
+from ..sql import update
+from ..sql.dml import Delete
+from ..sql.dml import Insert
+from ..sql.dml import Update
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import QueryableAttribute
+    from ._typing import _InstanceDict
+    from .attributes import AttributeEventToken
+    from .base import LoaderCallableStatus
+    from .collections import _AdaptedCollectionProtocol
+    from .collections import CollectionAdapter
+    from .mapper import Mapper
+    from .relationships import _RelationshipOrderByArg
+    from .state import InstanceState
+    from .util import AliasedClass
+    from ..event import _Dispatch
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+    from ..sql.selectable import Select
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+class WriteOnlyHistory(Generic[_T]):
+    """Overrides AttributeHistory to receive append/remove events directly."""
+
+    unchanged_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    added_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    deleted_items: util.OrderedIdentitySet
+    _reconcile_collection: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        attr: WriteOnlyAttributeImpl,
+        state: InstanceState[_T],
+        passive: PassiveFlag,
+        apply_to: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[_T]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if apply_to:
+            if passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Attribute {attr} can't load the existing state from the "
+                    "database for this operation; full iteration is not "
+                    "permitted.  If this is a delete operation, configure "
+                    f"passive_deletes=True on the {attr} relationship in "
+                    "order to resolve this error."
+                )
+
+            self.unchanged_items = apply_to.unchanged_items
+            self.added_items = apply_to.added_items
+            self.deleted_items = apply_to.deleted_items
+            self._reconcile_collection = apply_to._reconcile_collection
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.added_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self.unchanged_items = util.OrderedIdentitySet()
+            self._reconcile_collection = False
+
+    @property
+    def added_plus_unchanged(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items))
+
+    @property
+    def all_items(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(
+            self.added_items.union(self.unchanged_items).union(
+                self.deleted_items
+            )
+        )
+
+    def as_history(self) -> attributes.History:
+        if self._reconcile_collection:
+            added = self.added_items.difference(self.unchanged_items)
+            deleted = self.deleted_items.intersection(self.unchanged_items)
+            unchanged = self.unchanged_items.difference(deleted)
+        else:
+            added, unchanged, deleted = (
+                self.added_items,
+                self.unchanged_items,
+                self.deleted_items,
+            )
+        return attributes.History(list(added), list(unchanged), list(deleted))
+
+    def indexed(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[List[_T], _T]:
+        return list(self.added_items)[index]
+
+    def add_added(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        self.added_items.add(value)
+
+    def add_removed(self, value: _T) -> None:
+        if value in self.added_items:
+            self.added_items.remove(value)
+        else:
+            self.deleted_items.add(value)
+
+
+class WriteOnlyAttributeImpl(
+    attributes.HasCollectionAdapter, attributes.AttributeImpl
+):
+    uses_objects: bool = True
+    default_accepts_scalar_loader: bool = False
+    supports_population: bool = False
+    _supports_dynamic_iteration: bool = False
+    collection: bool = False
+    dynamic: bool = True
+    order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg = ()
+    collection_history_cls: Type[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = WriteOnlyHistory
+
+    query_class: Type[WriteOnlyCollection[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        class_: Union[Type[Any], AliasedClass[Any]],
+        key: str,
+        dispatch: _Dispatch[QueryableAttribute[Any]],
+        target_mapper: Mapper[_T],
+        order_by: _RelationshipOrderByArg,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(class_, key, None, dispatch, **kw)
+        self.target_mapper = target_mapper
+        self.query_class = WriteOnlyCollection
+        if order_by:
+            self.order_by = tuple(order_by)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[util.OrderedIdentitySet, WriteOnlyCollection[Any]]:
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            return self._get_collection_history(
+                state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE
+            ).added_items
+        else:
+            return self.query_class(self, state)
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Literal[None] = ...,
+        passive: Literal[PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF] = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: _AdaptedCollectionProtocol = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> CollectionAdapter: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = ...,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = ...,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]: ...
+
+    def get_collection(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        user_data: Optional[_AdaptedCollectionProtocol] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+    ) -> Union[
+        Literal[LoaderCallableStatus.PASSIVE_NO_RESULT], CollectionAdapter
+    ]:
+        data: Collection[Any]
+        if not passive & PassiveFlag.SQL_OK:
+            data = self._get_collection_history(state, passive).added_items
+        else:
+            history = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+            data = history.added_plus_unchanged
+        return DynamicCollectionAdapter(data)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _append_token(  # type:ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> attributes.AttributeEventToken:
+        return attributes.AttributeEventToken(self, attributes.OP_APPEND)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _remove_token(  # type:ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> attributes.AttributeEventToken:
+        return attributes.AttributeEventToken(self, attributes.OP_REMOVE)
+
+    def fire_append_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        collection_history: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_added(value)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.append:
+            value = fn(state, value, initiator or self._append_token)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, True)
+
+    def fire_remove_event(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        collection_history: Optional[WriteOnlyHistory[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if collection_history is None:
+            collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+
+        collection_history.add_removed(value)
+
+        if self.trackparent and value is not None:
+            self.sethasparent(attributes.instance_state(value), state, False)
+
+        for fn in self.dispatch.remove:
+            fn(state, value, initiator or self._remove_token)
+
+    def _modified_event(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict
+    ) -> WriteOnlyHistory[Any]:
+        if self.key not in state.committed_state:
+            state.committed_state[self.key] = self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+
+        state._modified_event(dict_, self, NEVER_SET)
+
+        # this is a hack to allow the entities.ComparableEntity fixture
+        # to work
+        dict_[self.key] = True
+        return state.committed_state[self.key]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def set(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken] = None,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_OFF,
+        check_old: Any = None,
+        pop: bool = False,
+        _adapt: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator and initiator.parent_token is self.parent_token:
+            return
+
+        if pop and value is None:
+            return
+
+        iterable = value
+        new_values = list(iterable)
+        if state.has_identity:
+            if not self._supports_dynamic_iteration:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f'Collection "{self}" does not support implicit '
+                    "iteration; collection replacement operations "
+                    "can't be used"
+                )
+            old_collection = util.IdentitySet(
+                self.get(state, dict_, passive=passive)
+            )
+
+        collection_history = self._modified_event(state, dict_)
+        if not state.has_identity:
+            old_collection = collection_history.added_items
+        else:
+            old_collection = old_collection.union(
+                collection_history.added_items
+            )
+
+        constants = old_collection.intersection(new_values)
+        additions = util.IdentitySet(new_values).difference(constants)
+        removals = old_collection.difference(constants)
+
+        for member in new_values:
+            if member in additions:
+                self.fire_append_event(
+                    state,
+                    dict_,
+                    member,
+                    None,
+                    collection_history=collection_history,
+                )
+
+        for member in removals:
+            self.fire_remove_event(
+                state,
+                dict_,
+                member,
+                None,
+                collection_history=collection_history,
+            )
+
+    def delete(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_committed_value(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], dict_: _InstanceDict, value: Any
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dynamic attributes don't support collection population."
+        )
+
+    def get_history(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> attributes.History:
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return c.as_history()
+
+    def get_all_pending(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_INITIALIZE,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[InstanceState[Any], Any]]:
+        c = self._get_collection_history(state, passive)
+        return [(attributes.instance_state(x), x) for x in c.all_items]
+
+    def _get_collection_history(
+        self, state: InstanceState[Any], passive: PassiveFlag
+    ) -> WriteOnlyHistory[Any]:
+        c: WriteOnlyHistory[Any]
+        if self.key in state.committed_state:
+            c = state.committed_state[self.key]
+        else:
+            c = self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH
+            )
+
+        if state.has_identity and (passive & PassiveFlag.INIT_OK):
+            return self.collection_history_cls(
+                self, state, passive, apply_to=c
+            )
+        else:
+            return c
+
+    def append(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_append_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def remove(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        if initiator is not self:
+            self.fire_remove_event(state, dict_, value, initiator)
+
+    def pop(
+        self,
+        state: InstanceState[Any],
+        dict_: _InstanceDict,
+        value: Any,
+        initiator: Optional[AttributeEventToken],
+        passive: PassiveFlag = PassiveFlag.PASSIVE_NO_FETCH,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.remove(state, dict_, value, initiator, passive=passive)
+
+
+@log.class_logger
+@relationships.RelationshipProperty.strategy_for(lazy="write_only")
+class WriteOnlyLoader(strategies.AbstractRelationshipLoader, log.Identified):
+    impl_class = WriteOnlyAttributeImpl
+
+    def init_class_attribute(self, mapper: Mapper[Any]) -> None:
+        self.is_class_level = True
+        if not self.uselist or self.parent_property.direction not in (
+            interfaces.ONETOMANY,
+            interfaces.MANYTOMANY,
+        ):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "On relationship %s, 'dynamic' loaders cannot be used with "
+                "many-to-one/one-to-one relationships and/or "
+                "uselist=False." % self.parent_property
+            )
+
+        strategies._register_attribute(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-call]
+            self.parent_property,
+            mapper,
+            useobject=True,
+            impl_class=self.impl_class,
+            target_mapper=self.parent_property.mapper,
+            order_by=self.parent_property.order_by,
+            query_class=self.parent_property.query_class,
+        )
+
+
+class DynamicCollectionAdapter:
+    """simplified CollectionAdapter for internal API consistency"""
+
+    data: Collection[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, data: Collection[Any]):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+    def _reset_empty(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.data)
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+class AbstractCollectionWriter(Generic[_T]):
+    """Virtual collection which includes append/remove methods that synchronize
+    into the attribute event system.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    instance: _T
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...]
+
+    def __init__(self, attr: WriteOnlyAttributeImpl, state: InstanceState[_T]):
+        instance = state.obj()
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert instance
+        self.instance = instance
+        self.attr = attr
+
+        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+
+        if prop.secondary is not None:
+            # this is a hack right now.  The Query only knows how to
+            # make subsequent joins() without a given left-hand side
+            # from self._from_obj[0].  We need to ensure prop.secondary
+            # is in the FROM.  So we purposely put the mapper selectable
+            # in _from_obj[0] to ensure a user-defined join() later on
+            # doesn't fail, and secondary is then in _from_obj[1].
+
+            # note also, we are using the official ORM-annotated selectable
+            # from __clause_element__(), see #7868
+            self._from_obj = (prop.mapper.__clause_element__(), prop.secondary)
+        else:
+            self._from_obj = ()
+
+        self._where_criteria = (
+            prop._with_parent(instance, alias_secondary=False),
+        )
+
+        if self.attr.order_by:
+            self._order_by_clauses = self.attr.order_by
+        else:
+            self._order_by_clauses = ()
+
+    def _add_all_impl(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for item in iterator:
+            self.attr.append(
+                attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+                attributes.instance_dict(self.instance),
+                item,
+                None,
+            )
+
+    def _remove_impl(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        self.attr.remove(
+            attributes.instance_state(self.instance),
+            attributes.instance_dict(self.instance),
+            item,
+            None,
+        )
+
+
+class WriteOnlyCollection(AbstractCollectionWriter[_T]):
+    """Write-only collection which can synchronize changes into the
+    attribute event system.
+
+    The :class:`.WriteOnlyCollection` is used in a mapping by
+    using the ``"write_only"`` lazy loading strategy with
+    :func:`_orm.relationship`.     For background on this configuration,
+    see :ref:`write_only_relationship`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`write_only_relationship`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "instance",
+        "attr",
+        "_where_criteria",
+        "_from_obj",
+        "_order_by_clauses",
+    )
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "WriteOnly collections don't support iteration in-place; "
+            "to query for collection items, use the select() method to "
+            "produce a SQL statement and execute it with session.scalars()."
+        )
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Tuple[_T]]:
+        """Produce a :class:`_sql.Select` construct that represents the
+        rows within this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        stmt = select(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+        if self._from_obj:
+            stmt = stmt.select_from(*self._from_obj)
+        if self._order_by_clauses:
+            stmt = stmt.order_by(*self._order_by_clauses)
+        return stmt
+
+    def insert(self) -> Insert:
+        """For one-to-many collections, produce a :class:`_dml.Insert` which
+        will insert new rows in terms of this this instance-local
+        :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        This construct is only supported for a :class:`_orm.Relationship`
+        that does **not** include the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.secondary`
+        parameter.  For relationships that refer to a many-to-many table,
+        use ordinary bulk insert techniques to produce new objects, then
+        use :meth:`_orm.AbstractCollectionWriter.add_all` to associate them
+        with the collection.
+
+
+        """
+
+        state = inspect(self.instance)
+        mapper = state.mapper
+        prop = mapper._props[self.attr.key]
+
+        if prop.direction is not RelationshipDirection.ONETOMANY:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Write only bulk INSERT only supported for one-to-many "
+                "collections; for many-to-many, use a separate bulk "
+                "INSERT along with add_all()."
+            )
+
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        for l, r in prop.synchronize_pairs:
+            fn = prop._get_attr_w_warn_on_none(
+                mapper,
+                state,
+                state.dict,
+                l,
+            )
+
+            dict_[r.key] = bindparam(None, callable_=fn)
+
+        return insert(self.attr.target_mapper).values(**dict_)
+
+    def update(self) -> Update:
+        """Produce a :class:`_dml.Update` which will refer to rows in terms
+        of this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        return update(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+
+    def delete(self) -> Delete:
+        """Produce a :class:`_dml.Delete` which will refer to rows in terms
+        of this instance-local :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        """
+        return delete(self.attr.target_mapper).where(*self._where_criteria)
+
+    def add_all(self, iterator: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        """Add an iterable of items to this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given items will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl(iterator)
+
+    def add(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Add an item to this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given item will be persisted to the database in terms of
+        the parent instance's collection on the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._add_all_impl([item])
+
+    def remove(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Remove an item from this :class:`_orm.WriteOnlyCollection`.
+
+        The given item will be removed from the parent instance's collection on
+        the next flush.
+
+        """
+        self._remove_impl(item)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51bf0ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# pool/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Connection pooling for DB-API connections.
+
+Provides a number of connection pool implementations for a variety of
+usage scenarios and thread behavior requirements imposed by the
+application, DB-API or database itself.
+
+Also provides a DB-API 2.0 connection proxying mechanism allowing
+regular DB-API connect() methods to be transparently managed by a
+SQLAlchemy connection pool.
+"""
+
+from . import events
+from .base import _AdhocProxiedConnection as _AdhocProxiedConnection
+from .base import _ConnectionFairy as _ConnectionFairy
+from .base import _ConnectionRecord
+from .base import _CreatorFnType as _CreatorFnType
+from .base import _CreatorWRecFnType as _CreatorWRecFnType
+from .base import _finalize_fairy
+from .base import _ResetStyleArgType as _ResetStyleArgType
+from .base import ConnectionPoolEntry as ConnectionPoolEntry
+from .base import ManagesConnection as ManagesConnection
+from .base import Pool as Pool
+from .base import PoolProxiedConnection as PoolProxiedConnection
+from .base import PoolResetState as PoolResetState
+from .base import reset_commit as reset_commit
+from .base import reset_none as reset_none
+from .base import reset_rollback as reset_rollback
+from .impl import AssertionPool as AssertionPool
+from .impl import AsyncAdaptedQueuePool as AsyncAdaptedQueuePool
+from .impl import (
+    FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool as FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool,
+)
+from .impl import NullPool as NullPool
+from .impl import QueuePool as QueuePool
+from .impl import SingletonThreadPool as SingletonThreadPool
+from .impl import StaticPool as StaticPool
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__pycache__/impl.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/__pycache__/impl.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b070bff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1516 @@
+# pool/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Base constructs for connection pools.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import dataclasses
+from enum import Enum
+import threading
+import time
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import log
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPICursor
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..event import _DispatchCommon
+    from ..event import _ListenerFnType
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+    from ..sql._typing import _InfoType
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PoolResetState:
+    """describes the state of a DBAPI connection as it is being passed to
+    the :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` connection pool event.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b3
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("transaction_was_reset", "terminate_only", "asyncio_safe")
+
+    transaction_was_reset: bool
+    """Indicates if the transaction on the DBAPI connection was already
+    essentially "reset" back by the :class:`.Connection` object.
+
+    This boolean is True if the :class:`.Connection` had transactional
+    state present upon it, which was then not closed using the
+    :meth:`.Connection.rollback` or :meth:`.Connection.commit` method;
+    instead, the transaction was closed inline within the
+    :meth:`.Connection.close` method so is guaranteed to remain non-present
+    when this event is reached.
+
+    """
+
+    terminate_only: bool
+    """indicates if the connection is to be immediately terminated and
+    not checked in to the pool.
+
+    This occurs for connections that were invalidated, as well as asyncio
+    connections that were not cleanly handled by the calling code that
+    are instead being garbage collected.   In the latter case,
+    operations can't be safely run on asyncio connections within garbage
+    collection as there is not necessarily an event loop present.
+
+    """
+
+    asyncio_safe: bool
+    """Indicates if the reset operation is occurring within a scope where
+    an enclosing event loop is expected to be present for asyncio applications.
+
+    Will be False in the case that the connection is being garbage collected.
+
+    """
+
+
+class ResetStyle(Enum):
+    """Describe options for "reset on return" behaviors."""
+
+    reset_rollback = 0
+    reset_commit = 1
+    reset_none = 2
+
+
+_ResetStyleArgType = Union[
+    ResetStyle,
+    Literal[True, None, False, "commit", "rollback"],
+]
+reset_rollback, reset_commit, reset_none = list(ResetStyle)
+
+
+class _ConnDialect:
+    """partial implementation of :class:`.Dialect`
+    which provides DBAPI connection methods.
+
+    When a :class:`_pool.Pool` is combined with an :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+    the :class:`_engine.Engine` replaces this with its own
+    :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+    """
+
+    is_async = False
+    has_terminate = False
+
+    def do_rollback(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.rollback()
+
+    def do_commit(self, dbapi_connection: PoolProxiedConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.commit()
+
+    def do_terminate(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    def do_close(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        dbapi_connection.close()
+
+    def _do_ping_w_event(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The ping feature requires that a dialect is "
+            "passed to the connection pool."
+        )
+
+    def get_driver_connection(self, connection: DBAPIConnection) -> Any:
+        return connection
+
+
+class _AsyncConnDialect(_ConnDialect):
+    is_async = True
+
+
+class _CreatorFnType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self) -> DBAPIConnection: ...
+
+
+class _CreatorWRecFnType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, rec: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> DBAPIConnection: ...
+
+
+class Pool(log.Identified, event.EventTarget):
+    """Abstract base class for connection pools."""
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[Pool]
+    echo: log._EchoFlagType
+
+    _orig_logging_name: Optional[str]
+    _dialect: Union[_ConnDialect, Dialect] = _ConnDialect()
+    _creator_arg: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]
+    _invoke_creator: _CreatorWRecFnType
+    _invalidate_time: float
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
+        recycle: int = -1,
+        echo: log._EchoFlagType = None,
+        logging_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        reset_on_return: _ResetStyleArgType = True,
+        events: Optional[List[Tuple[_ListenerFnType, str]]] = None,
+        dialect: Optional[Union[_ConnDialect, Dialect]] = None,
+        pre_ping: bool = False,
+        _dispatch: Optional[_DispatchCommon[Pool]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a Pool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object.  The function will be called with
+          parameters.
+
+        :param recycle: If set to a value other than -1, number of
+          seconds between connection recycling, which means upon
+          checkout, if this timeout is surpassed the connection will be
+          closed and replaced with a newly opened connection. Defaults to -1.
+
+        :param logging_name:  String identifier which will be used within
+          the "name" field of logging records generated within the
+          "sqlalchemy.pool" logger. Defaults to a hexstring of the object's
+          id.
+
+        :param echo: if True, the connection pool will log
+         informational output such as when connections are invalidated
+         as well as when connections are recycled to the default log handler,
+         which defaults to ``sys.stdout`` for output..   If set to the string
+         ``"debug"``, the logging will include pool checkouts and checkins.
+
+         The :paramref:`_pool.Pool.echo` parameter can also be set from the
+         :func:`_sa.create_engine` call by using the
+         :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.echo_pool` parameter.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+             :ref:`dbengine_logging` - further detail on how to configure
+             logging.
+
+        :param reset_on_return: Determine steps to take on
+         connections as they are returned to the pool, which were
+         not otherwise handled by a :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+         Available from :func:`_sa.create_engine` via the
+         :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.pool_reset_on_return` parameter.
+
+         :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` can have any of these values:
+
+         * ``"rollback"`` - call rollback() on the connection,
+           to release locks and transaction resources.
+           This is the default value.  The vast majority
+           of use cases should leave this value set.
+         * ``"commit"`` - call commit() on the connection,
+           to release locks and transaction resources.
+           A commit here may be desirable for databases that
+           cache query plans if a commit is emitted,
+           such as Microsoft SQL Server.  However, this
+           value is more dangerous than 'rollback' because
+           any data changes present on the transaction
+           are committed unconditionally.
+         * ``None`` - don't do anything on the connection.
+           This setting may be appropriate if the database / DBAPI
+           works in pure "autocommit" mode at all times, or if
+           a custom reset handler is established using the
+           :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event handler.
+
+         * ``True`` - same as 'rollback', this is here for
+           backwards compatibility.
+         * ``False`` - same as None, this is here for
+           backwards compatibility.
+
+         For further customization of reset on return, the
+         :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset` event hook may be used which can perform
+         any connection activity desired on reset.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_reset_on_return`
+
+            :meth:`.PoolEvents.reset`
+
+        :param events: a list of 2-tuples, each of the form
+         ``(callable, target)`` which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen`
+         upon construction.   Provided here so that event listeners
+         can be assigned via :func:`_sa.create_engine` before dialect-level
+         listeners are applied.
+
+        :param dialect: a :class:`.Dialect` that will handle the job
+         of calling rollback(), close(), or commit() on DBAPI connections.
+         If omitted, a built-in "stub" dialect is used.   Applications that
+         make use of :func:`_sa.create_engine` should not use this parameter
+         as it is handled by the engine creation strategy.
+
+        :param pre_ping: if True, the pool will emit a "ping" (typically
+         "SELECT 1", but is dialect-specific) on the connection
+         upon checkout, to test if the connection is alive or not.   If not,
+         the connection is transparently re-connected and upon success, all
+         other pooled connections established prior to that timestamp are
+         invalidated.     Requires that a dialect is passed as well to
+         interpret the disconnection error.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+        """
+        if logging_name:
+            self.logging_name = self._orig_logging_name = logging_name
+        else:
+            self._orig_logging_name = None
+
+        log.instance_logger(self, echoflag=echo)
+        self._creator = creator
+        self._recycle = recycle
+        self._invalidate_time = 0
+        self._pre_ping = pre_ping
+        self._reset_on_return = util.parse_user_argument_for_enum(
+            reset_on_return,
+            {
+                ResetStyle.reset_rollback: ["rollback", True],
+                ResetStyle.reset_none: ["none", None, False],
+                ResetStyle.reset_commit: ["commit"],
+            },
+            "reset_on_return",
+        )
+
+        self.echo = echo
+
+        if _dispatch:
+            self.dispatch._update(_dispatch, only_propagate=False)
+        if dialect:
+            self._dialect = dialect
+        if events:
+            for fn, target in events:
+                event.listen(self, target, fn)
+
+    @util.hybridproperty
+    def _is_asyncio(self) -> bool:
+        return self._dialect.is_async
+
+    @property
+    def _creator(self) -> Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]:
+        return self._creator_arg
+
+    @_creator.setter
+    def _creator(
+        self, creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._creator_arg = creator
+
+        # mypy seems to get super confused assigning functions to
+        # attributes
+        self._invoke_creator = self._should_wrap_creator(creator)
+
+    @_creator.deleter
+    def _creator(self) -> None:
+        # needed for mock testing
+        del self._creator_arg
+        del self._invoke_creator
+
+    def _should_wrap_creator(
+        self, creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType]
+    ) -> _CreatorWRecFnType:
+        """Detect if creator accepts a single argument, or is sent
+        as a legacy style no-arg function.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(self._creator, no_self=True)
+        except TypeError:
+            creator_fn = cast(_CreatorFnType, creator)
+            return lambda rec: creator_fn()
+
+        if argspec.defaults is not None:
+            defaulted = len(argspec.defaults)
+        else:
+            defaulted = 0
+        positionals = len(argspec[0]) - defaulted
+
+        # look for the exact arg signature that DefaultStrategy
+        # sends us
+        if (argspec[0], argspec[3]) == (["connection_record"], (None,)):
+            return cast(_CreatorWRecFnType, creator)
+        # or just a single positional
+        elif positionals == 1:
+            return cast(_CreatorWRecFnType, creator)
+        # all other cases, just wrap and assume legacy "creator" callable
+        # thing
+        else:
+            creator_fn = cast(_CreatorFnType, creator)
+            return lambda rec: creator_fn()
+
+    def _close_connection(
+        self, connection: DBAPIConnection, *, terminate: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        self.logger.debug(
+            "%s connection %r",
+            "Hard-closing" if terminate else "Closing",
+            connection,
+        )
+        try:
+            if terminate:
+                self._dialect.do_terminate(connection)
+            else:
+                self._dialect.do_close(connection)
+        except BaseException as e:
+            self.logger.error(
+                f"Exception {'terminating' if terminate else 'closing'} "
+                f"connection %r",
+                connection,
+                exc_info=True,
+            )
+            if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                raise
+
+    def _create_connection(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        """Called by subclasses to create a new ConnectionRecord."""
+
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def _invalidate(
+        self,
+        connection: PoolProxiedConnection,
+        exception: Optional[BaseException] = None,
+        _checkin: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mark all connections established within the generation
+        of the given connection as invalidated.
+
+        If this pool's last invalidate time is before when the given
+        connection was created, update the timestamp til now.  Otherwise,
+        no action is performed.
+
+        Connections with a start time prior to this pool's invalidation
+        time will be recycled upon next checkout.
+        """
+        rec = getattr(connection, "_connection_record", None)
+        if not rec or self._invalidate_time < rec.starttime:
+            self._invalidate_time = time.time()
+        if _checkin and getattr(connection, "is_valid", False):
+            connection.invalidate(exception)
+
+    def recreate(self) -> Pool:
+        """Return a new :class:`_pool.Pool`, of the same class as this one
+        and configured with identical creation arguments.
+
+        This method is used in conjunction with :meth:`dispose`
+        to close out an entire :class:`_pool.Pool` and create a new one in
+        its place.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of this pool.
+
+        This method leaves the possibility of checked-out connections
+        remaining open, as it only affects connections that are
+        idle in the pool.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`Pool.recreate`
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def connect(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        """Return a DBAPI connection from the pool.
+
+        The connection is instrumented such that when its
+        ``close()`` method is called, the connection will be returned to
+        the pool.
+
+        """
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self)
+
+    def _return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        """Given a _ConnectionRecord, return it to the :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+        This method is called when an instrumented DBAPI connection
+        has its ``close()`` method called.
+
+        """
+        self._do_return_conn(record)
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        """Implementation for :meth:`get`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        """Implementation for :meth:`return_conn`, supplied by subclasses."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        """Returns a brief description of the state of this pool."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ManagesConnection:
+    """Common base for the two connection-management interfaces
+    :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` and :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`.
+
+    These two objects are typically exposed in the public facing API
+    via the connection pool event hooks, documented at :class:`.PoolEvents`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection]
+    """A reference to the actual DBAPI connection being tracked.
+
+    This is a :pep:`249`-compliant object that for traditional sync-style
+    dialects is provided by the third-party
+    DBAPI implementation in use.  For asyncio dialects, the implementation
+    is typically an adapter object provided by the SQLAlchemy dialect
+    itself; the underlying asyncio object is available via the
+    :attr:`.ManagesConnection.driver_connection` attribute.
+
+    SQLAlchemy's interface for the DBAPI connection is based on the
+    :class:`.DBAPIConnection` protocol object
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ManagesConnection.driver_connection`
+
+        :ref:`faq_dbapi_connection`
+
+    """
+
+    driver_connection: Optional[Any]
+    """The "driver level" connection object as used by the Python
+    DBAPI or database driver.
+
+    For traditional :pep:`249` DBAPI implementations, this object will
+    be the same object as that of
+    :attr:`.ManagesConnection.dbapi_connection`.   For an asyncio database
+    driver, this will be the ultimate "connection" object used by that
+    driver, such as the ``asyncpg.Connection`` object which will not have
+    standard pep-249 methods.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.ManagesConnection.dbapi_connection`
+
+        :ref:`faq_dbapi_connection`
+
+    """
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the underlying DBAPI connection
+        referred to by this :class:`.ManagesConnection` instance, allowing
+        user-defined data to be associated with the connection.
+
+        The data in this dictionary is persistent for the lifespan
+        of the DBAPI connection itself, including across pool checkins
+        and checkouts.  When the connection is invalidated
+        and replaced with a new one, this dictionary is cleared.
+
+        For a :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` instance that's not associated
+        with a :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`, such as if it were detached, the
+        attribute returns a dictionary that is local to that
+        :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`. Therefore the
+        :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info` attribute will always provide a Python
+        dictionary.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.ManagesConnection.record_info`
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        """Persistent info dictionary associated with this
+        :class:`.ManagesConnection`.
+
+        Unlike the :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info` dictionary, the lifespan
+        of this dictionary is that of the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+        which owns it; therefore this dictionary will persist across
+        reconnects and connection invalidation for a particular entry
+        in the connection pool.
+
+        For a :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` instance that's not associated
+        with a :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`, such as if it were detached, the
+        attribute returns None. Contrast to the :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info`
+        dictionary which is never None.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.ManagesConnection.info`
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Mark the managed connection as invalidated.
+
+        :param e: an exception object indicating a reason for the invalidation.
+
+        :param soft: if True, the connection isn't closed; instead, this
+         connection will be recycled on next checkout.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ConnectionPoolEntry(ManagesConnection):
+    """Interface for the object that maintains an individual database
+    connection on behalf of a :class:`_pool.Pool` instance.
+
+    The :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` object represents the long term
+    maintainance of a particular connection for a pool, including expiring or
+    invalidating that connection to have it replaced with a new one, which will
+    continue to be maintained by that same :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+    instance. Compared to :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection`, which is the
+    short-term, per-checkout connection manager, this object lasts for the
+    lifespan of a particular "slot" within a connection pool.
+
+    The :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` object is mostly visible to public-facing
+    API code when it is delivered to connection pool event hooks, such as
+    :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.connect` and :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkout`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` provides the public
+       facing interface for the :class:`._ConnectionRecord` internal class.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @property
+    def in_use(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True the connection is currently checked out"""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the DBAPI connection managed by this connection pool entry."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _ConnectionRecord(ConnectionPoolEntry):
+    """Maintains a position in a connection pool which references a pooled
+    connection.
+
+    This is an internal object used by the :class:`_pool.Pool` implementation
+    to provide context management to a DBAPI connection maintained by
+    that :class:`_pool.Pool`.   The public facing interface for this class
+    is described by the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` class.  See that
+    class for public API details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+
+        :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__pool",
+        "fairy_ref",
+        "finalize_callback",
+        "fresh",
+        "starttime",
+        "dbapi_connection",
+        "__weakref__",
+        "__dict__",
+    )
+
+    finalize_callback: Deque[Callable[[DBAPIConnection], None]]
+    fresh: bool
+    fairy_ref: Optional[weakref.ref[_ConnectionFairy]]
+    starttime: float
+
+    def __init__(self, pool: Pool, connect: bool = True):
+        self.fresh = False
+        self.fairy_ref = None
+        self.starttime = 0
+        self.dbapi_connection = None
+
+        self.__pool = pool
+        if connect:
+            self.__connect()
+        self.finalize_callback = deque()
+
+    dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection]
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Optional[Any]:  # type: ignore[override]  # mypy#4125  # noqa: E501
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self.__pool._dialect.get_driver_connection(
+                self.dbapi_connection
+            )
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The _ConnectionRecord.connection attribute is deprecated; "
+        "please use 'driver_connection'",
+    )
+    def connection(self) -> Optional[DBAPIConnection]:
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    _soft_invalidate_time: float = 0
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def checkout(cls, pool: Pool) -> _ConnectionFairy:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            rec = cast(_ConnectionRecord, pool._do_get())
+        else:
+            rec = pool._do_get()
+
+        try:
+            dbapi_connection = rec.get_connection()
+        except BaseException as err:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                rec._checkin_failed(err, _fairy_was_created=False)
+
+            # not reached, for code linters only
+            raise
+
+        echo = pool._should_log_debug()
+        fairy = _ConnectionFairy(pool, dbapi_connection, rec, echo)
+
+        rec.fairy_ref = ref = weakref.ref(
+            fairy,
+            lambda ref: (
+                _finalize_fairy(
+                    None, rec, pool, ref, echo, transaction_was_reset=False
+                )
+                if _finalize_fairy is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+        _strong_ref_connection_records[ref] = rec
+        if echo:
+            pool.logger.debug(
+                "Connection %r checked out from pool", dbapi_connection
+            )
+        return fairy
+
+    def _checkin_failed(
+        self, err: BaseException, _fairy_was_created: bool = True
+    ) -> None:
+        self.invalidate(e=err)
+        self.checkin(
+            _fairy_was_created=_fairy_was_created,
+        )
+
+    def checkin(self, _fairy_was_created: bool = True) -> None:
+        if self.fairy_ref is None and _fairy_was_created:
+            # _fairy_was_created is False for the initial get connection phase;
+            # meaning there was no _ConnectionFairy and we must unconditionally
+            # do a checkin.
+            #
+            # otherwise, if fairy_was_created==True, if fairy_ref is None here
+            # that means we were checked in already, so this looks like
+            # a double checkin.
+            util.warn("Double checkin attempted on %s" % self)
+            return
+        self.fairy_ref = None
+        connection = self.dbapi_connection
+        pool = self.__pool
+        while self.finalize_callback:
+            finalizer = self.finalize_callback.pop()
+            if connection is not None:
+                finalizer(connection)
+        if pool.dispatch.checkin:
+            pool.dispatch.checkin(connection, self)
+
+        pool._return_conn(self)
+
+    @property
+    def in_use(self) -> bool:
+        return self.fairy_ref is not None
+
+    @property
+    def last_connect_time(self) -> float:
+        return self.starttime
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self.dbapi_connection is not None:
+            self.__close()
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        # already invalidated
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            return
+        if soft:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.soft_invalidate(
+                self.dbapi_connection, self, e
+            )
+        else:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.invalidate(self.dbapi_connection, self, e)
+        if e is not None:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "%sInvalidate connection %r (reason: %s:%s)",
+                "Soft " if soft else "",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+                e.__class__.__name__,
+                e,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "%sInvalidate connection %r",
+                "Soft " if soft else "",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+
+        if soft:
+            self._soft_invalidate_time = time.time()
+        else:
+            self.__close(terminate=True)
+            self.dbapi_connection = None
+
+    def get_connection(self) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        recycle = False
+
+        # NOTE: the various comparisons here are assuming that measurable time
+        # passes between these state changes.  however, time.time() is not
+        # guaranteed to have sub-second precision.  comparisons of
+        # "invalidation time" to "starttime" should perhaps use >= so that the
+        # state change can take place assuming no measurable  time has passed,
+        # however this does not guarantee correct behavior here as if time
+        # continues to not pass, it will try to reconnect repeatedly until
+        # these timestamps diverge, so in that sense using > is safer.  Per
+        # https://stackoverflow.com/a/1938096/34549, Windows time.time() may be
+        # within 16 milliseconds accuracy, so unit tests for connection
+        # invalidation need a sleep of at least this long between initial start
+        # time and invalidation for the logic below to work reliably.
+
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            self.info.clear()
+            self.__connect()
+        elif (
+            self.__pool._recycle > -1
+            and time.time() - self.starttime > self.__pool._recycle
+        ):
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r exceeded timeout; recycling",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+            recycle = True
+        elif self.__pool._invalidate_time > self.starttime:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r invalidated due to pool invalidation; "
+                + "recycling",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+            recycle = True
+        elif self._soft_invalidate_time > self.starttime:
+            self.__pool.logger.info(
+                "Connection %r invalidated due to local soft invalidation; "
+                + "recycling",
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+            )
+            recycle = True
+
+        if recycle:
+            self.__close(terminate=True)
+            self.info.clear()
+
+            self.__connect()
+
+        assert self.dbapi_connection is not None
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    def _is_hard_or_soft_invalidated(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self.dbapi_connection is None
+            or self.__pool._invalidate_time > self.starttime
+            or (self._soft_invalidate_time > self.starttime)
+        )
+
+    def __close(self, *, terminate: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.finalize_callback.clear()
+        if self.__pool.dispatch.close:
+            self.__pool.dispatch.close(self.dbapi_connection, self)
+        assert self.dbapi_connection is not None
+        self.__pool._close_connection(
+            self.dbapi_connection, terminate=terminate
+        )
+        self.dbapi_connection = None
+
+    def __connect(self) -> None:
+        pool = self.__pool
+
+        # ensure any existing connection is removed, so that if
+        # creator fails, this attribute stays None
+        self.dbapi_connection = None
+        try:
+            self.starttime = time.time()
+            self.dbapi_connection = connection = pool._invoke_creator(self)
+            pool.logger.debug("Created new connection %r", connection)
+            self.fresh = True
+        except BaseException as e:
+            with util.safe_reraise():
+                pool.logger.debug("Error on connect(): %s", e)
+        else:
+            # in SQLAlchemy 1.4 the first_connect event is not used by
+            # the engine, so this will usually not be set
+            if pool.dispatch.first_connect:
+                pool.dispatch.first_connect.for_modify(
+                    pool.dispatch
+                ).exec_once_unless_exception(self.dbapi_connection, self)
+
+            # init of the dialect now takes place within the connect
+            # event, so ensure a mutex is used on the first run
+            pool.dispatch.connect.for_modify(
+                pool.dispatch
+            )._exec_w_sync_on_first_run(self.dbapi_connection, self)
+
+
+def _finalize_fairy(
+    dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection],
+    connection_record: Optional[_ConnectionRecord],
+    pool: Pool,
+    ref: Optional[
+        weakref.ref[_ConnectionFairy]
+    ],  # this is None when called directly, not by the gc
+    echo: Optional[log._EchoFlagType],
+    transaction_was_reset: bool = False,
+    fairy: Optional[_ConnectionFairy] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Cleanup for a :class:`._ConnectionFairy` whether or not it's already
+    been garbage collected.
+
+    When using an async dialect no IO can happen here (without using
+    a dedicated thread), since this is called outside the greenlet
+    context and with an already running loop. In this case function
+    will only log a message and raise a warning.
+    """
+
+    is_gc_cleanup = ref is not None
+
+    if is_gc_cleanup:
+        assert ref is not None
+        _strong_ref_connection_records.pop(ref, None)
+        assert connection_record is not None
+        if connection_record.fairy_ref is not ref:
+            return
+        assert dbapi_connection is None
+        dbapi_connection = connection_record.dbapi_connection
+
+    elif fairy:
+        _strong_ref_connection_records.pop(weakref.ref(fairy), None)
+
+    # null pool is not _is_asyncio but can be used also with async dialects
+    dont_restore_gced = pool._dialect.is_async
+
+    if dont_restore_gced:
+        detach = connection_record is None or is_gc_cleanup
+        can_manipulate_connection = not is_gc_cleanup
+        can_close_or_terminate_connection = (
+            not pool._dialect.is_async or pool._dialect.has_terminate
+        )
+        requires_terminate_for_close = (
+            pool._dialect.is_async and pool._dialect.has_terminate
+        )
+
+    else:
+        detach = connection_record is None
+        can_manipulate_connection = can_close_or_terminate_connection = True
+        requires_terminate_for_close = False
+
+    if dbapi_connection is not None:
+        if connection_record and echo:
+            pool.logger.debug(
+                "Connection %r being returned to pool", dbapi_connection
+            )
+
+        try:
+            if not fairy:
+                assert connection_record is not None
+                fairy = _ConnectionFairy(
+                    pool,
+                    dbapi_connection,
+                    connection_record,
+                    echo,
+                )
+            assert fairy.dbapi_connection is dbapi_connection
+
+            fairy._reset(
+                pool,
+                transaction_was_reset=transaction_was_reset,
+                terminate_only=detach,
+                asyncio_safe=can_manipulate_connection,
+            )
+
+            if detach:
+                if connection_record:
+                    fairy._pool = pool
+                    fairy.detach()
+
+                if can_close_or_terminate_connection:
+                    if pool.dispatch.close_detached:
+                        pool.dispatch.close_detached(dbapi_connection)
+
+                    pool._close_connection(
+                        dbapi_connection,
+                        terminate=requires_terminate_for_close,
+                    )
+
+        except BaseException as e:
+            pool.logger.error(
+                "Exception during reset or similar", exc_info=True
+            )
+            if connection_record:
+                connection_record.invalidate(e=e)
+            if not isinstance(e, Exception):
+                raise
+        finally:
+            if detach and is_gc_cleanup and dont_restore_gced:
+                message = (
+                    "The garbage collector is trying to clean up "
+                    f"non-checked-in connection {dbapi_connection!r}, "
+                    f"""which will be {
+                        'dropped, as it cannot be safely terminated'
+                        if not can_close_or_terminate_connection
+                        else 'terminated'
+                    }.  """
+                    "Please ensure that SQLAlchemy pooled connections are "
+                    "returned to "
+                    "the pool explicitly, either by calling ``close()`` "
+                    "or by using appropriate context managers to manage "
+                    "their lifecycle."
+                )
+                pool.logger.error(message)
+                util.warn(message)
+
+    if connection_record and connection_record.fairy_ref is not None:
+        connection_record.checkin()
+
+    # give gc some help.  See
+    # test/engine/test_pool.py::PoolEventsTest::test_checkin_event_gc[True]
+    # which actually started failing when pytest warnings plugin was
+    # turned on, due to util.warn() above
+    if fairy is not None:
+        fairy.dbapi_connection = None  # type: ignore
+        fairy._connection_record = None
+    del dbapi_connection
+    del connection_record
+    del fairy
+
+
+# a dictionary of the _ConnectionFairy weakrefs to _ConnectionRecord, so that
+# GC under pypy will call ConnectionFairy finalizers.  linked directly to the
+# weakref that will empty itself when collected so that it should not create
+# any unmanaged memory references.
+_strong_ref_connection_records: Dict[
+    weakref.ref[_ConnectionFairy], _ConnectionRecord
+] = {}
+
+
+class PoolProxiedConnection(ManagesConnection):
+    """A connection-like adapter for a :pep:`249` DBAPI connection, which
+    includes additional methods specific to the :class:`.Pool` implementation.
+
+    :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` is the public-facing interface for the
+    internal :class:`._ConnectionFairy` implementation object; users familiar
+    with :class:`._ConnectionFairy` can consider this object to be equivalent.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` provides the public-
+       facing interface for the :class:`._ConnectionFairy` internal class.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def commit(self) -> None: ...
+
+        def cursor(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> DBAPICursor: ...
+
+        def rollback(self) -> None: ...
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` still refers
+        to an active DBAPI connection."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def is_detached(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` is detached
+        from its pool."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def detach(self) -> None:
+        """Separate this connection from its Pool.
+
+        This means that the connection will no longer be returned to the
+        pool when closed, and will instead be literally closed.  The
+        associated :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` is de-associated from this
+        DBAPI connection.
+
+        Note that any overall connection limiting constraints imposed by a
+        Pool implementation may be violated after a detach, as the detached
+        connection is removed from the pool's knowledge and control.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Release this connection back to the pool.
+
+        The :meth:`.PoolProxiedConnection.close` method shadows the
+        :pep:`249` ``.close()`` method, altering its behavior to instead
+        :term:`release` the proxied connection back to the connection pool.
+
+        Upon release to the pool, whether the connection stays "opened" and
+        pooled in the Python process, versus actually closed out and removed
+        from the Python process, is based on the pool implementation in use and
+        its configuration and current state.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _AdhocProxiedConnection(PoolProxiedConnection):
+    """provides the :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` interface for cases where
+    the DBAPI connection is not actually proxied.
+
+    This is used by the engine internals to pass a consistent
+    :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` object to consuming dialects in response to
+    pool events that may not always have the :class:`._ConnectionFairy`
+    available.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("dbapi_connection", "_connection_record", "_is_valid")
+
+    dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection
+    _connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ):
+        self.dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self._connection_record = connection_record
+        self._is_valid = True
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Any:  # type: ignore[override]  # mypy#4125
+        return self._connection_record.driver_connection
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        """Implement is_valid state attribute.
+
+        for the adhoc proxied connection it's assumed the connection is valid
+        as there is no "invalidate" routine.
+
+        """
+        return self._is_valid
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        self._is_valid = False
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        return self._connection_record.record_info
+
+    def cursor(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> DBAPICursor:
+        return self.dbapi_connection.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.dbapi_connection, key)
+
+
+class _ConnectionFairy(PoolProxiedConnection):
+    """Proxies a DBAPI connection and provides return-on-dereference
+    support.
+
+    This is an internal object used by the :class:`_pool.Pool` implementation
+    to provide context management to a DBAPI connection delivered by
+    that :class:`_pool.Pool`.   The public facing interface for this class
+    is described by the :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` class.  See that
+    class for public API details.
+
+    The name "fairy" is inspired by the fact that the
+    :class:`._ConnectionFairy` object's lifespan is transitory, as it lasts
+    only for the length of a specific DBAPI connection being checked out from
+    the pool, and additionally that as a transparent proxy, it is mostly
+    invisible.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection`
+
+        :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "dbapi_connection",
+        "_connection_record",
+        "_echo",
+        "_pool",
+        "_counter",
+        "__weakref__",
+        "__dict__",
+    )
+
+    pool: Pool
+    dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection
+    _echo: log._EchoFlagType
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        pool: Pool,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: _ConnectionRecord,
+        echo: log._EchoFlagType,
+    ):
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._counter = 0
+        self.dbapi_connection = dbapi_connection
+        self._connection_record = connection_record
+        self._echo = echo
+
+    _connection_record: Optional[_ConnectionRecord]
+
+    @property
+    def driver_connection(self) -> Optional[Any]:  # type: ignore[override]  # mypy#4125  # noqa: E501
+        if self._connection_record is None:
+            return None
+        return self._connection_record.driver_connection
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "2.0",
+        "The _ConnectionFairy.connection attribute is deprecated; "
+        "please use 'driver_connection'",
+    )
+    def connection(self) -> DBAPIConnection:
+        return self.dbapi_connection
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _checkout(
+        cls,
+        pool: Pool,
+        threadconns: Optional[threading.local] = None,
+        fairy: Optional[_ConnectionFairy] = None,
+    ) -> _ConnectionFairy:
+        if not fairy:
+            fairy = _ConnectionRecord.checkout(pool)
+
+            if threadconns is not None:
+                threadconns.current = weakref.ref(fairy)
+
+        assert (
+            fairy._connection_record is not None
+        ), "can't 'checkout' a detached connection fairy"
+        assert (
+            fairy.dbapi_connection is not None
+        ), "can't 'checkout' an invalidated connection fairy"
+
+        fairy._counter += 1
+        if (
+            not pool.dispatch.checkout and not pool._pre_ping
+        ) or fairy._counter != 1:
+            return fairy
+
+        # Pool listeners can trigger a reconnection on checkout, as well
+        # as the pre-pinger.
+        # there are three attempts made here, but note that if the database
+        # is not accessible from a connection standpoint, those won't proceed
+        # here.
+
+        attempts = 2
+
+        while attempts > 0:
+            connection_is_fresh = fairy._connection_record.fresh
+            fairy._connection_record.fresh = False
+            try:
+                if pool._pre_ping:
+                    if not connection_is_fresh:
+                        if fairy._echo:
+                            pool.logger.debug(
+                                "Pool pre-ping on connection %s",
+                                fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                            )
+                        result = pool._dialect._do_ping_w_event(
+                            fairy.dbapi_connection
+                        )
+                        if not result:
+                            if fairy._echo:
+                                pool.logger.debug(
+                                    "Pool pre-ping on connection %s failed, "
+                                    "will invalidate pool",
+                                    fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                                )
+                            raise exc.InvalidatePoolError()
+                    elif fairy._echo:
+                        pool.logger.debug(
+                            "Connection %s is fresh, skipping pre-ping",
+                            fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                        )
+
+                pool.dispatch.checkout(
+                    fairy.dbapi_connection, fairy._connection_record, fairy
+                )
+                return fairy
+            except exc.DisconnectionError as e:
+                if e.invalidate_pool:
+                    pool.logger.info(
+                        "Disconnection detected on checkout, "
+                        "invalidating all pooled connections prior to "
+                        "current timestamp (reason: %r)",
+                        e,
+                    )
+                    fairy._connection_record.invalidate(e)
+                    pool._invalidate(fairy, e, _checkin=False)
+                else:
+                    pool.logger.info(
+                        "Disconnection detected on checkout, "
+                        "invalidating individual connection %s (reason: %r)",
+                        fairy.dbapi_connection,
+                        e,
+                    )
+                    fairy._connection_record.invalidate(e)
+                try:
+                    fairy.dbapi_connection = (
+                        fairy._connection_record.get_connection()
+                    )
+                except BaseException as err:
+                    with util.safe_reraise():
+                        fairy._connection_record._checkin_failed(
+                            err,
+                            _fairy_was_created=True,
+                        )
+
+                        # prevent _ConnectionFairy from being carried
+                        # in the stack trace.  Do this after the
+                        # connection record has been checked in, so that
+                        # if the del triggers a finalize fairy, it won't
+                        # try to checkin a second time.
+                        del fairy
+
+                    # never called, this is for code linters
+                    raise
+
+                attempts -= 1
+            except BaseException as be_outer:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    rec = fairy._connection_record
+                    if rec is not None:
+                        rec._checkin_failed(
+                            be_outer,
+                            _fairy_was_created=True,
+                        )
+
+                    # prevent _ConnectionFairy from being carried
+                    # in the stack trace, see above
+                    del fairy
+
+                # never called, this is for code linters
+                raise
+
+        pool.logger.info("Reconnection attempts exhausted on checkout")
+        fairy.invalidate()
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError("This connection is closed")
+
+    def _checkout_existing(self) -> _ConnectionFairy:
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self._pool, fairy=self)
+
+    def _checkin(self, transaction_was_reset: bool = False) -> None:
+        _finalize_fairy(
+            self.dbapi_connection,
+            self._connection_record,
+            self._pool,
+            None,
+            self._echo,
+            transaction_was_reset=transaction_was_reset,
+            fairy=self,
+        )
+
+    def _close(self) -> None:
+        self._checkin()
+
+    def _reset(
+        self,
+        pool: Pool,
+        transaction_was_reset: bool,
+        terminate_only: bool,
+        asyncio_safe: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        if pool.dispatch.reset:
+            pool.dispatch.reset(
+                self.dbapi_connection,
+                self._connection_record,
+                PoolResetState(
+                    transaction_was_reset=transaction_was_reset,
+                    terminate_only=terminate_only,
+                    asyncio_safe=asyncio_safe,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if not asyncio_safe:
+            return
+
+        if pool._reset_on_return is reset_rollback:
+            if transaction_was_reset:
+                if self._echo:
+                    pool.logger.debug(
+                        "Connection %s reset, transaction already reset",
+                        self.dbapi_connection,
+                    )
+            else:
+                if self._echo:
+                    pool.logger.debug(
+                        "Connection %s rollback-on-return",
+                        self.dbapi_connection,
+                    )
+                pool._dialect.do_rollback(self)
+        elif pool._reset_on_return is reset_commit:
+            if self._echo:
+                pool.logger.debug(
+                    "Connection %s commit-on-return",
+                    self.dbapi_connection,
+                )
+            pool._dialect.do_commit(self)
+
+    @property
+    def _logger(self) -> log._IdentifiedLoggerType:
+        return self._pool.logger
+
+    @property
+    def is_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.dbapi_connection is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_detached(self) -> bool:
+        return self._connection_record is None
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        if self._connection_record is None:
+            return {}
+        else:
+            return self._connection_record.info
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def record_info(self) -> Optional[_InfoType]:
+        if self._connection_record is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._connection_record.record_info
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self, e: Optional[BaseException] = None, soft: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.dbapi_connection is None:
+            util.warn("Can't invalidate an already-closed connection.")
+            return
+        if self._connection_record:
+            self._connection_record.invalidate(e=e, soft=soft)
+        if not soft:
+            # prevent any rollback / reset actions etc. on
+            # the connection
+            self.dbapi_connection = None  # type: ignore
+
+            # finalize
+            self._checkin()
+
+    def cursor(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> DBAPICursor:
+        assert self.dbapi_connection is not None
+        return self.dbapi_connection.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.dbapi_connection, key)
+
+    def detach(self) -> None:
+        if self._connection_record is not None:
+            rec = self._connection_record
+            rec.fairy_ref = None
+            rec.dbapi_connection = None
+            # TODO: should this be _return_conn?
+            self._pool._do_return_conn(self._connection_record)
+
+            # can't get the descriptor assignment to work here
+            # in pylance.  mypy is OK w/ it
+            self.info = self.info.copy()  # type: ignore
+
+            self._connection_record = None
+
+            if self._pool.dispatch.detach:
+                self._pool.dispatch.detach(self.dbapi_connection, rec)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._counter -= 1
+        if self._counter == 0:
+            self._checkin()
+
+    def _close_special(self, transaction_reset: bool = False) -> None:
+        self._counter -= 1
+        if self._counter == 0:
+            self._checkin(transaction_was_reset=transaction_reset)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ceb260f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+# pool/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import ConnectionPoolEntry
+from .base import Pool
+from .base import PoolProxiedConnection
+from .base import PoolResetState
+from .. import event
+from .. import util
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+
+
+class PoolEvents(event.Events[Pool]):
+    """Available events for :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+    The methods here define the name of an event as well
+    as the names of members that are passed to listener
+    functions.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+        def my_on_checkout(dbapi_conn, connection_rec, connection_proxy):
+            "handle an on checkout event"
+
+
+        event.listen(Pool, "checkout", my_on_checkout)
+
+    In addition to accepting the :class:`_pool.Pool` class and
+    :class:`_pool.Pool` instances, :class:`_events.PoolEvents` also accepts
+    :class:`_engine.Engine` objects and the :class:`_engine.Engine` class as
+    targets, which will be resolved to the ``.pool`` attribute of the
+    given engine or the :class:`_pool.Pool` class::
+
+        engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
+
+        # will associate with engine.pool
+        event.listen(engine, "checkout", my_on_checkout)
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeEngineOrPool"
+    _dispatch_target = Pool
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine")
+    @classmethod
+    def _accept_with(
+        cls,
+        target: Union[Pool, Type[Pool], Engine, Type[Engine]],
+        identifier: str,
+    ) -> Optional[Union[Pool, Type[Pool]]]:
+        if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+            Engine = util.preloaded.engine.Engine
+
+        if isinstance(target, type):
+            if issubclass(target, Engine):
+                return Pool
+            else:
+                assert issubclass(target, Pool)
+                return target
+        elif isinstance(target, Engine):
+            return target.pool
+        elif isinstance(target, Pool):
+            return target
+        elif hasattr(target, "_no_async_engine_events"):
+            target._no_async_engine_events()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listen(
+        cls,
+        event_key: event._EventKey[Pool],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        target = event_key.dispatch_target
+
+        kw.setdefault("asyncio", target._is_asyncio)
+
+        event_key.base_listen(**kw)
+
+    def connect(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called at the moment a particular DBAPI connection is first
+        created for a given :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+        This event allows one to capture the point directly after which
+        the DBAPI module-level ``.connect()`` method has been used in order
+        to produce a new DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def first_connect(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called exactly once for the first time a DBAPI connection is
+        checked out from a particular :class:`_pool.Pool`.
+
+        The rationale for :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.first_connect`
+        is to determine
+        information about a particular series of database connections based
+        on the settings used for all connections.  Since a particular
+        :class:`_pool.Pool`
+        refers to a single "creator" function (which in terms
+        of a :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        refers to the URL and connection options used),
+        it is typically valid to make observations about a single connection
+        that can be safely assumed to be valid about all subsequent
+        connections, such as the database version, the server and client
+        encoding settings, collation settings, and many others.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkout(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        connection_proxy: PoolProxiedConnection,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a connection is retrieved from the Pool.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param connection_proxy: the :class:`.PoolProxiedConnection` object
+          which will proxy the public interface of the DBAPI connection for the
+          lifespan of the checkout.
+
+        If you raise a :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DisconnectionError`, the current
+        connection will be disposed and a fresh connection retrieved.
+        Processing of all checkout listeners will abort and restart
+        using the new connection.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.engine_connect`
+           - a similar event
+           which occurs upon creation of a new :class:`_engine.Connection`.
+
+        """
+
+    def checkin(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: Optional[DBAPIConnection],
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a connection returns to the pool.
+
+        Note that the connection may be closed, and may be None if the
+        connection has been invalidated.  ``checkin`` will not be called
+        for detached connections.  (They do not return to the pool.)
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    @event._legacy_signature(
+        "2.0",
+        ["dbapi_connection", "connection_record"],
+        lambda dbapi_connection, connection_record, reset_state: (
+            dbapi_connection,
+            connection_record,
+        ),
+    )
+    def reset(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        reset_state: PoolResetState,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called before the "reset" action occurs for a pooled connection.
+
+        This event represents
+        when the ``rollback()`` method is called on the DBAPI connection
+        before it is returned to the pool or discarded.
+        A custom "reset" strategy may be implemented using this event hook,
+        which may also be combined with disabling the default "reset"
+        behavior using the :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` parameter.
+
+        The primary difference between the :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` and
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkin` events are that
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` is called not just for pooled
+        connections that are being returned to the pool, but also for
+        connections that were detached using the
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.detach` method as well as asyncio connections
+        that are being discarded due to garbage collection taking place on
+        connections before the connection was checked in.
+
+        Note that the event **is not** invoked for connections that were
+        invalidated using :meth:`_engine.Connection.invalidate`.    These
+        events may be intercepted using the :meth:`.PoolEvents.soft_invalidate`
+        and :meth:`.PoolEvents.invalidate` event hooks, and all "connection
+        close" events may be intercepted using :meth:`.PoolEvents.close`.
+
+        The :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.reset` event is usually followed by the
+        :meth:`_events.PoolEvents.checkin` event, except in those
+        cases where the connection is discarded immediately after reset.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param reset_state: :class:`.PoolResetState` instance which provides
+         information about the circumstances under which the connection
+         is being reset.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_reset_on_return`
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.rollback`
+
+            :meth:`_events.ConnectionEvents.commit`
+
+        """
+
+    def invalidate(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        exception: Optional[BaseException],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is to be "invalidated".
+
+        This event is called any time the
+        :meth:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.invalidate` method is invoked, either from
+        API usage or via "auto-invalidation", without the ``soft`` flag.
+
+        The event occurs before a final attempt to call ``.close()`` on the
+        connection occurs.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param exception: the exception object corresponding to the reason
+         for this invalidation, if any.  May be ``None``.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_connection_invalidation`
+
+        """
+
+    def soft_invalidate(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+        exception: Optional[BaseException],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is to be "soft invalidated".
+
+        This event is called any time the
+        :meth:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.invalidate`
+        method is invoked with the ``soft`` flag.
+
+        Soft invalidation refers to when the connection record that tracks
+        this connection will force a reconnect after the current connection
+        is checked in.   It does not actively close the dbapi_connection
+        at the point at which it is called.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        :param exception: the exception object corresponding to the reason
+         for this invalidation, if any.  May be ``None``.
+
+        """
+
+    def close(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is closed.
+
+        The event is emitted before the close occurs.
+
+        The close of a connection can fail; typically this is because
+        the connection is already closed.  If the close operation fails,
+        the connection is discarded.
+
+        The :meth:`.close` event corresponds to a connection that's still
+        associated with the pool. To intercept close events for detached
+        connections use :meth:`.close_detached`.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def detach(
+        self,
+        dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection,
+        connection_record: ConnectionPoolEntry,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called when a DBAPI connection is "detached" from a pool.
+
+        This event is emitted after the detach occurs.  The connection
+        is no longer associated with the given connection record.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        :param connection_record: the :class:`.ConnectionPoolEntry` managing
+         the DBAPI connection.
+
+        """
+
+    def close_detached(self, dbapi_connection: DBAPIConnection) -> None:
+        """Called when a detached DBAPI connection is closed.
+
+        The event is emitted before the close occurs.
+
+        The close of a connection can fail; typically this is because
+        the connection is already closed.  If the close operation fails,
+        the connection is discarded.
+
+        :param dbapi_connection: a DBAPI connection.
+         The :attr:`.ConnectionPoolEntry.dbapi_connection` attribute.
+
+        """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2b951d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/pool/impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,581 @@
+# pool/impl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""Pool implementation classes.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import threading
+import traceback
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from .base import _AsyncConnDialect
+from .base import _ConnectionFairy
+from .base import _ConnectionRecord
+from .base import _CreatorFnType
+from .base import _CreatorWRecFnType
+from .base import ConnectionPoolEntry
+from .base import Pool
+from .base import PoolProxiedConnection
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import chop_traceback
+from ..util import queue as sqla_queue
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine.interfaces import DBAPIConnection
+
+
+class QueuePool(Pool):
+    """A :class:`_pool.Pool`
+    that imposes a limit on the number of open connections.
+
+    :class:`.QueuePool` is the default pooling implementation used for
+    all :class:`_engine.Engine` objects other than SQLite with a ``:memory:``
+    database.
+
+    The :class:`.QueuePool` class **is not compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.  The
+    :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` class is used automatically when
+    using :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`, if no other kind of pool
+    is specified.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool`
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = False  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    _queue_class: Type[sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]] = (
+        sqla_queue.Queue
+    )
+
+    _pool: sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
+        pool_size: int = 5,
+        max_overflow: int = 10,
+        timeout: float = 30.0,
+        use_lifo: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a QueuePool.
+
+        :param creator: a callable function that returns a DB-API
+          connection object, same as that of :paramref:`_pool.Pool.creator`.
+
+        :param pool_size: The size of the pool to be maintained,
+          defaults to 5. This is the largest number of connections that
+          will be kept persistently in the pool. Note that the pool
+          begins with no connections; once this number of connections
+          is requested, that number of connections will remain.
+          ``pool_size`` can be set to 0 to indicate no size limit; to
+          disable pooling, use a :class:`~sqlalchemy.pool.NullPool`
+          instead.
+
+        :param max_overflow: The maximum overflow size of the
+          pool. When the number of checked-out connections reaches the
+          size set in pool_size, additional connections will be
+          returned up to this limit. When those additional connections
+          are returned to the pool, they are disconnected and
+          discarded. It follows then that the total number of
+          simultaneous connections the pool will allow is pool_size +
+          `max_overflow`, and the total number of "sleeping"
+          connections the pool will allow is pool_size. `max_overflow`
+          can be set to -1 to indicate no overflow limit; no limit
+          will be placed on the total number of concurrent
+          connections. Defaults to 10.
+
+        :param timeout: The number of seconds to wait before giving up
+          on returning a connection. Defaults to 30.0. This can be a float
+          but is subject to the limitations of Python time functions which
+          may not be reliable in the tens of milliseconds.
+
+        :param use_lifo: use LIFO (last-in-first-out) when retrieving
+          connections instead of FIFO (first-in-first-out). Using LIFO, a
+          server-side timeout scheme can reduce the number of connections used
+          during non-peak periods of use.   When planning for server-side
+          timeouts, ensure that a recycle or pre-ping strategy is in use to
+          gracefully handle stale connections.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`pool_use_lifo`
+
+            :ref:`pool_disconnects`
+
+        :param \**kw: Other keyword arguments including
+          :paramref:`_pool.Pool.recycle`, :paramref:`_pool.Pool.echo`,
+          :paramref:`_pool.Pool.reset_on_return` and others are passed to the
+          :class:`_pool.Pool` constructor.
+
+        """
+
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._pool = self._queue_class(pool_size, use_lifo=use_lifo)
+        self._overflow = 0 - pool_size
+        self._max_overflow = -1 if pool_size == 0 else max_overflow
+        self._timeout = timeout
+        self._overflow_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._pool.put(record, False)
+        except sqla_queue.Full:
+            try:
+                record.close()
+            finally:
+                self._dec_overflow()
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        use_overflow = self._max_overflow > -1
+
+        wait = use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow
+        try:
+            return self._pool.get(wait, self._timeout)
+        except sqla_queue.Empty:
+            # don't do things inside of "except Empty", because when we say
+            # we timed out or can't connect and raise, Python 3 tells
+            # people the real error is queue.Empty which it isn't.
+            pass
+        if use_overflow and self._overflow >= self._max_overflow:
+            if not wait:
+                return self._do_get()
+            else:
+                raise exc.TimeoutError(
+                    "QueuePool limit of size %d overflow %d reached, "
+                    "connection timed out, timeout %0.2f"
+                    % (self.size(), self.overflow(), self._timeout),
+                    code="3o7r",
+                )
+
+        if self._inc_overflow():
+            try:
+                return self._create_connection()
+            except:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    self._dec_overflow()
+                raise
+        else:
+            return self._do_get()
+
+    def _inc_overflow(self) -> bool:
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow += 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            if self._overflow < self._max_overflow:
+                self._overflow += 1
+                return True
+            else:
+                return False
+
+    def _dec_overflow(self) -> Literal[True]:
+        if self._max_overflow == -1:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+        with self._overflow_lock:
+            self._overflow -= 1
+            return True
+
+    def recreate(self) -> QueuePool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            pool_size=self._pool.maxsize,
+            max_overflow=self._max_overflow,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            use_lifo=self._pool.use_lifo,
+            timeout=self._timeout,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        while True:
+            try:
+                conn = self._pool.get(False)
+                conn.close()
+            except sqla_queue.Empty:
+                break
+
+        self._overflow = 0 - self.size()
+        self.logger.info("Pool disposed. %s", self.status())
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            "Pool size: %d  Connections in pool: %d "
+            "Current Overflow: %d Current Checked out "
+            "connections: %d"
+            % (
+                self.size(),
+                self.checkedin(),
+                self.overflow(),
+                self.checkedout(),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def size(self) -> int:
+        return self._pool.maxsize
+
+    def timeout(self) -> float:
+        return self._timeout
+
+    def checkedin(self) -> int:
+        return self._pool.qsize()
+
+    def overflow(self) -> int:
+        return self._overflow if self._pool.maxsize else 0
+
+    def checkedout(self) -> int:
+        return self._pool.maxsize - self._pool.qsize() + self._overflow
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptedQueuePool(QueuePool):
+    """An asyncio-compatible version of :class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+    This pool is used by default when using :class:`.AsyncEngine` engines that
+    were generated from :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.   It uses an
+    asyncio-compatible queue implementation that does not use
+    ``threading.Lock``.
+
+    The arguments and operation of :class:`.AsyncAdaptedQueuePool` are
+    otherwise identical to that of :class:`.QueuePool`.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = True  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    _queue_class: Type[sqla_queue.QueueCommon[ConnectionPoolEntry]] = (
+        sqla_queue.AsyncAdaptedQueue
+    )
+
+    _dialect = _AsyncConnDialect()
+
+
+class FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueuePool(AsyncAdaptedQueuePool):
+    _queue_class = sqla_queue.FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueue
+
+
+class NullPool(Pool):
+    """A Pool which does not pool connections.
+
+    Instead it literally opens and closes the underlying DB-API connection
+    per each connection open/close.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation are not supported by this Pool implementation, since
+    no connections are held persistently.
+
+    The :class:`.NullPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "NullPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        record.close()
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        return self._create_connection()
+
+    def recreate(self) -> NullPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class SingletonThreadPool(Pool):
+    """A Pool that maintains one connection per thread.
+
+    Maintains one connection per each thread, never moving a connection to a
+    thread other than the one which it was created in.
+
+    .. warning::  the :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` will call ``.close()``
+       on arbitrary connections that exist beyond the size setting of
+       ``pool_size``, e.g. if more unique **thread identities**
+       than what ``pool_size`` states are used.   This cleanup is
+       non-deterministic and not sensitive to whether or not the connections
+       linked to those thread identities are currently in use.
+
+       :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` may be improved in a future release,
+       however in its current status it is generally used only for test
+       scenarios using a SQLite ``:memory:`` database and is not recommended
+       for production use.
+
+    The :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` class **is not compatible** with asyncio
+    and :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+
+    Options are the same as those of :class:`_pool.Pool`, as well as:
+
+    :param pool_size: The number of threads in which to maintain connections
+        at once.  Defaults to five.
+
+    :class:`.SingletonThreadPool` is used by the SQLite dialect
+    automatically when a memory-based database is used.
+    See :ref:`sqlite_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_asyncio = False  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        creator: Union[_CreatorFnType, _CreatorWRecFnType],
+        pool_size: int = 5,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        Pool.__init__(self, creator, **kw)
+        self._conn = threading.local()
+        self._fairy = threading.local()
+        self._all_conns: Set[ConnectionPoolEntry] = set()
+        self.size = pool_size
+
+    def recreate(self) -> SingletonThreadPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            pool_size=self.size,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        """Dispose of this pool."""
+
+        for conn in self._all_conns:
+            try:
+                conn.close()
+            except Exception:
+                # pysqlite won't even let you close a conn from a thread
+                # that didn't create it
+                pass
+
+        self._all_conns.clear()
+
+    def _cleanup(self) -> None:
+        while len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            c = self._all_conns.pop()
+            c.close()
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "SingletonThreadPool id:%d size: %d" % (
+            id(self),
+            len(self._all_conns),
+        )
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        try:
+            del self._fairy.current
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        try:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                c = cast(ConnectionPoolEntry, self._conn.current())
+            else:
+                c = self._conn.current()
+            if c:
+                return c
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        c = self._create_connection()
+        self._conn.current = weakref.ref(c)
+        if len(self._all_conns) >= self.size:
+            self._cleanup()
+        self._all_conns.add(c)
+        return c
+
+    def connect(self) -> PoolProxiedConnection:
+        # vendored from Pool to include the now removed use_threadlocal
+        # behavior
+        try:
+            rec = cast(_ConnectionFairy, self._fairy.current())
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            if rec is not None:
+                return rec._checkout_existing()
+
+        return _ConnectionFairy._checkout(self, self._fairy)
+
+
+class StaticPool(Pool):
+    """A Pool of exactly one connection, used for all requests.
+
+    Reconnect-related functions such as ``recycle`` and connection
+    invalidation (which is also used to support auto-reconnect) are only
+    partially supported right now and may not yield good results.
+
+    The :class:`.StaticPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def connection(self) -> _ConnectionRecord:
+        return _ConnectionRecord(self)
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "StaticPool"
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        if (
+            "connection" in self.__dict__
+            and self.connection.dbapi_connection is not None
+        ):
+            self.connection.close()
+            del self.__dict__["connection"]
+
+    def recreate(self) -> StaticPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            creator=self._creator,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def _transfer_from(self, other_static_pool: StaticPool) -> None:
+        # used by the test suite to make a new engine / pool without
+        # losing the state of an existing SQLite :memory: connection
+        def creator(rec: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> DBAPIConnection:
+            conn = other_static_pool.connection.dbapi_connection
+            assert conn is not None
+            return conn
+
+        self._invoke_creator = creator
+
+    def _create_connection(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        rec = self.connection
+        if rec._is_hard_or_soft_invalidated():
+            del self.__dict__["connection"]
+            rec = self.connection
+
+        return rec
+
+
+class AssertionPool(Pool):
+    """A :class:`_pool.Pool` that allows at most one checked out connection at
+    any given time.
+
+    This will raise an exception if more than one connection is checked out
+    at a time.  Useful for debugging code that is using more connections
+    than desired.
+
+    The :class:`.AssertionPool` class **is compatible** with asyncio and
+    :func:`_asyncio.create_async_engine`.
+
+    """
+
+    _conn: Optional[ConnectionPoolEntry]
+    _checkout_traceback: Optional[List[str]]
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kw: Any):
+        self._conn = None
+        self._checked_out = False
+        self._store_traceback = kw.pop("store_traceback", True)
+        self._checkout_traceback = None
+        Pool.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def status(self) -> str:
+        return "AssertionPool"
+
+    def _do_return_conn(self, record: ConnectionPoolEntry) -> None:
+        if not self._checked_out:
+            raise AssertionError("connection is not checked out")
+        self._checked_out = False
+        assert record is self._conn
+
+    def dispose(self) -> None:
+        self._checked_out = False
+        if self._conn:
+            self._conn.close()
+
+    def recreate(self) -> AssertionPool:
+        self.logger.info("Pool recreating")
+        return self.__class__(
+            self._creator,
+            echo=self.echo,
+            pre_ping=self._pre_ping,
+            recycle=self._recycle,
+            reset_on_return=self._reset_on_return,
+            logging_name=self._orig_logging_name,
+            _dispatch=self.dispatch,
+            dialect=self._dialect,
+        )
+
+    def _do_get(self) -> ConnectionPoolEntry:
+        if self._checked_out:
+            if self._checkout_traceback:
+                suffix = " at:\n%s" % "".join(
+                    chop_traceback(self._checkout_traceback)
+                )
+            else:
+                suffix = ""
+            raise AssertionError("connection is already checked out" + suffix)
+
+        if not self._conn:
+            self._conn = self._create_connection()
+
+        self._checked_out = True
+        if self._store_traceback:
+            self._checkout_traceback = traceback.format_stack()
+        return self._conn
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32adc9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Compatibility namespace for sqlalchemy.sql.schema and related.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .sql.base import SchemaVisitor as SchemaVisitor
+from .sql.ddl import _CreateDropBase as _CreateDropBase
+from .sql.ddl import _DropView as _DropView
+from .sql.ddl import AddConstraint as AddConstraint
+from .sql.ddl import BaseDDLElement as BaseDDLElement
+from .sql.ddl import CreateColumn as CreateColumn
+from .sql.ddl import CreateIndex as CreateIndex
+from .sql.ddl import CreateSchema as CreateSchema
+from .sql.ddl import CreateSequence as CreateSequence
+from .sql.ddl import CreateTable as CreateTable
+from .sql.ddl import DDL as DDL
+from .sql.ddl import DDLElement as DDLElement
+from .sql.ddl import DropColumnComment as DropColumnComment
+from .sql.ddl import DropConstraint as DropConstraint
+from .sql.ddl import DropConstraintComment as DropConstraintComment
+from .sql.ddl import DropIndex as DropIndex
+from .sql.ddl import DropSchema as DropSchema
+from .sql.ddl import DropSequence as DropSequence
+from .sql.ddl import DropTable as DropTable
+from .sql.ddl import DropTableComment as DropTableComment
+from .sql.ddl import ExecutableDDLElement as ExecutableDDLElement
+from .sql.ddl import InvokeDDLBase as InvokeDDLBase
+from .sql.ddl import SetColumnComment as SetColumnComment
+from .sql.ddl import SetConstraintComment as SetConstraintComment
+from .sql.ddl import SetTableComment as SetTableComment
+from .sql.ddl import sort_tables as sort_tables
+from .sql.ddl import (
+    sort_tables_and_constraints as sort_tables_and_constraints,
+)
+from .sql.naming import conv as conv
+from .sql.schema import _get_table_key as _get_table_key
+from .sql.schema import BLANK_SCHEMA as BLANK_SCHEMA
+from .sql.schema import CheckConstraint as CheckConstraint
+from .sql.schema import Column as Column
+from .sql.schema import (
+    ColumnCollectionConstraint as ColumnCollectionConstraint,
+)
+from .sql.schema import ColumnCollectionMixin as ColumnCollectionMixin
+from .sql.schema import ColumnDefault as ColumnDefault
+from .sql.schema import Computed as Computed
+from .sql.schema import Constraint as Constraint
+from .sql.schema import DefaultClause as DefaultClause
+from .sql.schema import DefaultGenerator as DefaultGenerator
+from .sql.schema import FetchedValue as FetchedValue
+from .sql.schema import ForeignKey as ForeignKey
+from .sql.schema import ForeignKeyConstraint as ForeignKeyConstraint
+from .sql.schema import HasConditionalDDL as HasConditionalDDL
+from .sql.schema import Identity as Identity
+from .sql.schema import Index as Index
+from .sql.schema import insert_sentinel as insert_sentinel
+from .sql.schema import MetaData as MetaData
+from .sql.schema import PrimaryKeyConstraint as PrimaryKeyConstraint
+from .sql.schema import SchemaConst as SchemaConst
+from .sql.schema import SchemaItem as SchemaItem
+from .sql.schema import Sequence as Sequence
+from .sql.schema import Table as Table
+from .sql.schema import UniqueConstraint as UniqueConstraint
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..188f709d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# sql/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from ._typing import ColumnExpressionArgument as ColumnExpressionArgument
+from ._typing import NotNullable as NotNullable
+from ._typing import Nullable as Nullable
+from .base import Executable as Executable
+from .compiler import COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS as COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS
+from .compiler import FROM_LINTING as FROM_LINTING
+from .compiler import NO_LINTING as NO_LINTING
+from .compiler import WARN_LINTING as WARN_LINTING
+from .ddl import BaseDDLElement as BaseDDLElement
+from .ddl import DDL as DDL
+from .ddl import DDLElement as DDLElement
+from .ddl import ExecutableDDLElement as ExecutableDDLElement
+from .expression import Alias as Alias
+from .expression import alias as alias
+from .expression import all_ as all_
+from .expression import and_ as and_
+from .expression import any_ as any_
+from .expression import asc as asc
+from .expression import between as between
+from .expression import bindparam as bindparam
+from .expression import case as case
+from .expression import cast as cast
+from .expression import ClauseElement as ClauseElement
+from .expression import collate as collate
+from .expression import column as column
+from .expression import ColumnCollection as ColumnCollection
+from .expression import ColumnElement as ColumnElement
+from .expression import CompoundSelect as CompoundSelect
+from .expression import cte as cte
+from .expression import Delete as Delete
+from .expression import delete as delete
+from .expression import desc as desc
+from .expression import distinct as distinct
+from .expression import except_ as except_
+from .expression import except_all as except_all
+from .expression import exists as exists
+from .expression import extract as extract
+from .expression import false as false
+from .expression import False_ as False_
+from .expression import FromClause as FromClause
+from .expression import func as func
+from .expression import funcfilter as funcfilter
+from .expression import Insert as Insert
+from .expression import insert as insert
+from .expression import intersect as intersect
+from .expression import intersect_all as intersect_all
+from .expression import Join as Join
+from .expression import join as join
+from .expression import label as label
+from .expression import LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT as LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT
+from .expression import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY as LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+)
+from .expression import LABEL_STYLE_NONE as LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+from .expression import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL as LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+)
+from .expression import lambda_stmt as lambda_stmt
+from .expression import LambdaElement as LambdaElement
+from .expression import lateral as lateral
+from .expression import literal as literal
+from .expression import literal_column as literal_column
+from .expression import modifier as modifier
+from .expression import not_ as not_
+from .expression import null as null
+from .expression import nulls_first as nulls_first
+from .expression import nulls_last as nulls_last
+from .expression import nullsfirst as nullsfirst
+from .expression import nullslast as nullslast
+from .expression import or_ as or_
+from .expression import outerjoin as outerjoin
+from .expression import outparam as outparam
+from .expression import over as over
+from .expression import quoted_name as quoted_name
+from .expression import Select as Select
+from .expression import select as select
+from .expression import Selectable as Selectable
+from .expression import SelectLabelStyle as SelectLabelStyle
+from .expression import SQLColumnExpression as SQLColumnExpression
+from .expression import StatementLambdaElement as StatementLambdaElement
+from .expression import Subquery as Subquery
+from .expression import table as table
+from .expression import TableClause as TableClause
+from .expression import TableSample as TableSample
+from .expression import tablesample as tablesample
+from .expression import text as text
+from .expression import true as true
+from .expression import True_ as True_
+from .expression import try_cast as try_cast
+from .expression import tuple_ as tuple_
+from .expression import type_coerce as type_coerce
+from .expression import union as union
+from .expression import union_all as union_all
+from .expression import Update as Update
+from .expression import update as update
+from .expression import Values as Values
+from .expression import values as values
+from .expression import within_group as within_group
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor as ClauseVisitor
+
+
+def __go(lcls: Any) -> None:
+    from .. import util as _sa_util
+
+    from . import base
+    from . import coercions
+    from . import elements
+    from . import lambdas
+    from . import selectable
+    from . import schema
+    from . import traversals
+    from . import type_api
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        base.coercions = elements.coercions = coercions
+        base.elements = elements
+        base.type_api = type_api
+        coercions.elements = elements
+        coercions.lambdas = lambdas
+        coercions.schema = schema
+        coercions.selectable = selectable
+
+    from .annotation import _prepare_annotations
+    from .annotation import Annotated
+    from .elements import AnnotatedColumnElement
+    from .elements import ClauseList
+    from .selectable import AnnotatedFromClause
+
+    _prepare_annotations(ColumnElement, AnnotatedColumnElement)
+    _prepare_annotations(FromClause, AnnotatedFromClause)
+    _prepare_annotations(ClauseList, Annotated)
+
+    _sa_util.preloaded.import_prefix("sqlalchemy.sql")
+
+
+__go(locals())
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_dml_constructors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_dml_constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a6f6011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_dml_constructors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+# sql/_dml_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .dml import Delete
+from .dml import Insert
+from .dml import Update
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+
+
+def insert(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Insert:
+    """Construct an :class:`_expression.Insert` object.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import insert
+
+        stmt = insert(user_table).values(name="username", fullname="Full Username")
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TableClause.insert` method on
+    :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_insert` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    :param table: :class:`_expression.TableClause`
+     which is the subject of the
+     insert.
+
+    :param values: collection of values to be inserted; see
+     :meth:`_expression.Insert.values`
+     for a description of allowed formats here.
+     Can be omitted entirely; a :class:`_expression.Insert` construct
+     will also dynamically render the VALUES clause at execution time
+     based on the parameters passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+
+    :param inline: if True, no attempt will be made to retrieve the
+     SQL-generated default values to be provided within the statement;
+     in particular,
+     this allows SQL expressions to be rendered 'inline' within the
+     statement without the need to pre-execute them beforehand; for
+     backends that support "returning", this turns off the "implicit
+     returning" feature for the statement.
+
+    If both :paramref:`_expression.insert.values` and compile-time bind
+    parameters are present, the compile-time bind parameters override the
+    information specified within :paramref:`_expression.insert.values` on a
+    per-key basis.
+
+    The keys within :paramref:`_expression.Insert.values` can be either
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` objects or their string
+    identifiers. Each key may reference one of:
+
+    * a literal data value (i.e. string, number, etc.);
+    * a Column object;
+    * a SELECT statement.
+
+    If a ``SELECT`` statement is specified which references this
+    ``INSERT`` statement's table, the statement will be correlated
+    against the ``INSERT`` statement.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_insert` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return Insert(table)
+
+
+def update(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Update:
+    r"""Construct an :class:`_expression.Update` object.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import update
+
+        stmt = (
+            update(user_table).where(user_table.c.id == 5).values(name="user #5")
+        )
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TableClause.update` method on
+    :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    :param table: A :class:`_schema.Table`
+     object representing the database
+     table to be updated.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_update_delete` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return Update(table)
+
+
+def delete(table: _DMLTableArgument) -> Delete:
+    r"""Construct :class:`_expression.Delete` object.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import delete
+
+        stmt = delete(user_table).where(user_table.c.id == 5)
+
+    Similar functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TableClause.delete` method on
+    :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+    :param table: The table to delete rows from.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_core_update_delete` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    """
+    return Delete(table)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_elements_constructors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_elements_constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3359998f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_elements_constructors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1872 @@
+# sql/_elements_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple as typing_Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import roles
+from .base import _NoArg
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import Case
+from .elements import Cast
+from .elements import CollationClause
+from .elements import CollectionAggregate
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Extract
+from .elements import False_
+from .elements import FunctionFilter
+from .elements import Label
+from .elements import Null
+from .elements import Over
+from .elements import TextClause
+from .elements import True_
+from .elements import TryCast
+from .elements import Tuple
+from .elements import TypeCoerce
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .elements import WithinGroup
+from .functions import FunctionElement
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ByArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .elements import BinaryExpression
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+def all_(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+    """Produce an ALL expression.
+
+    For dialects such as that of PostgreSQL, this operator applies
+    to usage of the :class:`_types.ARRAY` datatype, for that of
+    MySQL, it may apply to a subquery.  e.g.::
+
+        # renders on PostgreSQL:
+        # '5 = ALL (somearray)'
+        expr = 5 == all_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+        # renders on MySQL:
+        # '5 = ALL (SELECT value FROM table)'
+        expr = 5 == all_(select(table.c.value))
+
+    Comparison to NULL may work using ``None``::
+
+        None == all_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+    The any_() / all_() operators also feature a special "operand flipping"
+    behavior such that if any_() / all_() are used on the left side of a
+    comparison using a standalone operator such as ``==``, ``!=``, etc.
+    (not including operator methods such as
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.is_`) the rendered expression is flipped::
+
+        # would render '5 = ALL (column)`
+        all_(mytable.c.column) == 5
+
+    Or with ``None``, which note will not perform
+    the usual step of rendering "IS" as is normally the case for NULL::
+
+        # would render 'NULL = ALL(somearray)'
+        all_(mytable.c.somearray) == None
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4.26  repaired the use of any_() / all_()
+       comparing to NULL on the right side to be flipped to the left.
+
+    The column-level :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.all_` method (not to be
+    confused with :class:`_types.ARRAY` level
+    :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`) is shorthand for
+    ``all_(col)``::
+
+        5 == mytable.c.somearray.all_()
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.all_`
+
+        :func:`_expression.any_`
+
+    """
+    return CollectionAggregate._create_all(expr)
+
+
+def and_(  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+    initial_clause: Union[Literal[True], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+    *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    r"""Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import and_
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            and_(users_table.c.name == "wendy", users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+        )
+
+    The :func:`.and_` conjunction is also available using the
+    Python ``&`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+    need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+    operator precedence behavior)::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            (users_table.c.name == "wendy") & (users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+        )
+
+    The :func:`.and_` operation is also implicit in some cases;
+    the :meth:`_expression.Select.where`
+    method for example can be invoked multiple
+    times against a statement, which will have the effect of each
+    clause being combined using :func:`.and_`::
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(users_table)
+            .where(users_table.c.name == "wendy")
+            .where(users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+        )
+
+    The :func:`.and_` construct must be given at least one positional
+    argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.and_` construct with no
+    arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+    generated :func:`.and_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+    a "default" element of :func:`_sql.true` (or just ``True``) should be
+    specified::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import true
+
+        criteria = and_(true(), *expressions)
+
+    The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``true``
+    or ``1 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+    present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.true` value is
+    ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an AND expression that
+    has other elements.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.and_` element now requires that at
+       least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.and_` construct
+       with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+       while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.or_`
+
+    """
+    ...
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # handle deprecated case which allows zero-arguments
+    def and_(*clauses):  # noqa: F811
+        r"""Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                and_(users_table.c.name == "wendy", users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+            )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``&`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                (users_table.c.name == "wendy") & (users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+            )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` operation is also implicit in some cases;
+        the :meth:`_expression.Select.where`
+        method for example can be invoked multiple
+        times against a statement, which will have the effect of each
+        clause being combined using :func:`.and_`::
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(users_table)
+                .where(users_table.c.name == "wendy")
+                .where(users_table.c.enrolled == True)
+            )
+
+        The :func:`.and_` construct must be given at least one positional
+        argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.and_` construct with no
+        arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+        generated :func:`.and_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+        a "default" element of :func:`_sql.true` (or just ``True``) should be
+        specified::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import true
+
+            criteria = and_(true(), *expressions)
+
+        The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``true``
+        or ``1 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+        present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.true` value
+        is ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an AND expression that
+        has other elements.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.and_` element now requires that at
+          least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.and_` construct
+          with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+          while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.or_`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return BooleanClauseList.and_(*clauses)
+
+
+def any_(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+    """Produce an ANY expression.
+
+    For dialects such as that of PostgreSQL, this operator applies
+    to usage of the :class:`_types.ARRAY` datatype, for that of
+    MySQL, it may apply to a subquery.  e.g.::
+
+        # renders on PostgreSQL:
+        # '5 = ANY (somearray)'
+        expr = 5 == any_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+        # renders on MySQL:
+        # '5 = ANY (SELECT value FROM table)'
+        expr = 5 == any_(select(table.c.value))
+
+    Comparison to NULL may work using ``None`` or :func:`_sql.null`::
+
+        None == any_(mytable.c.somearray)
+
+    The any_() / all_() operators also feature a special "operand flipping"
+    behavior such that if any_() / all_() are used on the left side of a
+    comparison using a standalone operator such as ``==``, ``!=``, etc.
+    (not including operator methods such as
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.is_`) the rendered expression is flipped::
+
+        # would render '5 = ANY (column)`
+        any_(mytable.c.column) == 5
+
+    Or with ``None``, which note will not perform
+    the usual step of rendering "IS" as is normally the case for NULL::
+
+        # would render 'NULL = ANY(somearray)'
+        any_(mytable.c.somearray) == None
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4.26  repaired the use of any_() / all_()
+       comparing to NULL on the right side to be flipped to the left.
+
+    The column-level :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.any_` method (not to be
+    confused with :class:`_types.ARRAY` level
+    :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`) is shorthand for
+    ``any_(col)``::
+
+        5 = mytable.c.somearray.any_()
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.any_`
+
+        :func:`_expression.all_`
+
+    """
+    return CollectionAggregate._create_any(expr)
+
+
+def asc(
+    column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T],
+) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce an ascending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import asc
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(asc(users_table.c.name))
+
+    will produce SQL as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name ASC
+
+    The :func:`.asc` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.asc`
+    method available on all SQL expressions,
+    e.g.::
+
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(users_table.c.name.asc())
+
+    :param column: A :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` (e.g.
+     scalar SQL expression)
+     with which to apply the :func:`.asc` operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.desc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_first`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_last`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """
+    return UnaryExpression._create_asc(column)
+
+
+def collate(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[str], collation: str
+) -> BinaryExpression[str]:
+    """Return the clause ``expression COLLATE collation``.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        collate(mycolumn, "utf8_bin")
+
+    produces:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        mycolumn COLLATE utf8_bin
+
+    The collation expression is also quoted if it is a case sensitive
+    identifier, e.g. contains uppercase characters.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2 quoting is automatically applied to COLLATE
+       expressions if they are case sensitive.
+
+    """
+    return CollationClause._create_collation_expression(expression, collation)
+
+
+def between(
+    expr: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+    lower_bound: Any,
+    upper_bound: Any,
+    symmetric: bool = False,
+) -> BinaryExpression[bool]:
+    """Produce a ``BETWEEN`` predicate clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import between
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(between(users_table.c.id, 5, 7))
+
+    Would produce SQL resembling:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE id BETWEEN :id_1 AND :id_2
+
+    The :func:`.between` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.between` method available on all
+    SQL expressions, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(users_table.c.id.between(5, 7))
+
+    All arguments passed to :func:`.between`, including the left side
+    column expression, are coerced from Python scalar values if a
+    the value is not a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` subclass.
+    For example,
+    three fixed values can be compared as in::
+
+        print(between(5, 3, 7))
+
+    Which would produce::
+
+        :param_1 BETWEEN :param_2 AND :param_3
+
+    :param expr: a column expression, typically a
+     :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+     instance or alternatively a Python scalar expression to be coerced
+     into a column expression, serving as the left side of the ``BETWEEN``
+     expression.
+
+    :param lower_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     lower bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param upper_bound: a column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+     upper bound of the right side of the ``BETWEEN`` expression.
+
+    :param symmetric: if True, will render " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC ". Note
+     that not all databases support this syntax.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.between`
+
+    """
+    col_expr = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr)
+    return col_expr.between(lower_bound, upper_bound, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+def outparam(
+    key: str, type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None
+) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+    """Create an 'OUT' parameter for usage in functions (stored procedures),
+    for databases which support them.
+
+    The ``outparam`` can be used like a regular function parameter.
+    The "output" value will be available from the
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.engine.CursorResult` object via its ``out_parameters``
+    attribute, which returns a dictionary containing the values.
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(key, None, type_=type_, unique=False, isoutparam=True)
+
+
+@overload
+def not_(clause: BinaryExpression[_T]) -> BinaryExpression[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def not_(clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+
+def not_(clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+    """Return a negation of the given clause, i.e. ``NOT(clause)``.
+
+    The ``~`` operator is also overloaded on all
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` subclasses to produce the
+    same result.
+
+    """
+
+    return coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, clause).__invert__()
+
+
+def bindparam(
+    key: Optional[str],
+    value: Any = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    unique: bool = False,
+    required: Union[bool, Literal[_NoArg.NO_ARG]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+    quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+    callable_: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = None,
+    expanding: bool = False,
+    isoutparam: bool = False,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a "bound expression".
+
+    The return value is an instance of :class:`.BindParameter`; this
+    is a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    subclass which represents a so-called
+    "placeholder" value in a SQL expression, the value of which is
+    supplied at the point at which the statement in executed against a
+    database connection.
+
+    In SQLAlchemy, the :func:`.bindparam` construct has
+    the ability to carry along the actual value that will be ultimately
+    used at expression time.  In this way, it serves not just as
+    a "placeholder" for eventual population, but also as a means of
+    representing so-called "unsafe" values which should not be rendered
+    directly in a SQL statement, but rather should be passed along
+    to the :term:`DBAPI` as values which need to be correctly escaped
+    and potentially handled for type-safety.
+
+    When using :func:`.bindparam` explicitly, the use case is typically
+    one of traditional deferment of parameters; the :func:`.bindparam`
+    construct accepts a name which can then be referred to at execution
+    time::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            users_table.c.name == bindparam("username")
+        )
+
+    The above statement, when rendered, will produce SQL similar to:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name = :username
+
+    In order to populate the value of ``:username`` above, the value
+    would typically be applied at execution time to a method
+    like :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`::
+
+        result = connection.execute(stmt, {"username": "wendy"})
+
+    Explicit use of :func:`.bindparam` is also common when producing
+    UPDATE or DELETE statements that are to be invoked multiple times,
+    where the WHERE criterion of the statement is to change on each
+    invocation, such as::
+
+        stmt = (
+            users_table.update()
+            .where(user_table.c.name == bindparam("username"))
+            .values(fullname=bindparam("fullname"))
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                {"username": "wendy", "fullname": "Wendy Smith"},
+                {"username": "jack", "fullname": "Jack Jones"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    SQLAlchemy's Core expression system makes wide use of
+    :func:`.bindparam` in an implicit sense.   It is typical that Python
+    literal values passed to virtually all SQL expression functions are
+    coerced into fixed :func:`.bindparam` constructs.  For example, given
+    a comparison operation such as::
+
+        expr = users_table.c.name == "Wendy"
+
+    The above expression will produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression`
+    construct, where the left side is the :class:`_schema.Column` object
+    representing the ``name`` column, and the right side is a
+    :class:`.BindParameter` representing the literal value::
+
+        print(repr(expr.right))
+        BindParameter("%(4327771088 name)s", "Wendy", type_=String())
+
+    The expression above will render SQL such as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        user.name = :name_1
+
+    Where the ``:name_1`` parameter name is an anonymous name.  The
+    actual string ``Wendy`` is not in the rendered string, but is carried
+    along where it is later used within statement execution.  If we
+    invoke a statement like the following::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(users_table.c.name == "Wendy")
+        result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+    We would see SQL logging output as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT "user".id, "user".name
+        FROM "user"
+        WHERE "user".name = %(name_1)s
+        {'name_1': 'Wendy'}
+
+    Above, we see that ``Wendy`` is passed as a parameter to the database,
+    while the placeholder ``:name_1`` is rendered in the appropriate form
+    for the target database, in this case the PostgreSQL database.
+
+    Similarly, :func:`.bindparam` is invoked automatically when working
+    with :term:`CRUD` statements as far as the "VALUES" portion is
+    concerned.   The :func:`_expression.insert` construct produces an
+    ``INSERT`` expression which will, at statement execution time, generate
+    bound placeholders based on the arguments passed, as in::
+
+        stmt = users_table.insert()
+        result = connection.execute(stmt, {"name": "Wendy"})
+
+    The above will produce SQL output as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        INSERT INTO "user" (name) VALUES (%(name)s)
+        {'name': 'Wendy'}
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Insert` construct, at
+    compilation/execution time, rendered a single :func:`.bindparam`
+    mirroring the column name ``name`` as a result of the single ``name``
+    parameter we passed to the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` method.
+
+    :param key:
+      the key (e.g. the name) for this bind param.
+      Will be used in the generated
+      SQL statement for dialects that use named parameters.  This
+      value may be modified when part of a compilation operation,
+      if other :class:`BindParameter` objects exist with the same
+      key, or if its length is too long and truncation is
+      required.
+
+      If omitted, an "anonymous" name is generated for the bound parameter;
+      when given a value to bind, the end result is equivalent to calling upon
+      the :func:`.literal` function with a value to bind, particularly
+      if the :paramref:`.bindparam.unique` parameter is also provided.
+
+    :param value:
+      Initial value for this bind param.  Will be used at statement
+      execution time as the value for this parameter passed to the
+      DBAPI, if no other value is indicated to the statement execution
+      method for this particular parameter name.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+    :param callable\_:
+      A callable function that takes the place of "value".  The function
+      will be called at statement execution time to determine the
+      ultimate value.   Used for scenarios where the actual bind
+      value cannot be determined at the point at which the clause
+      construct is created, but embedded bind values are still desirable.
+
+    :param type\_:
+      A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance representing an optional
+      datatype for this :func:`.bindparam`.  If not passed, a type
+      may be determined automatically for the bind, based on the given
+      value; for example, trivial Python types such as ``str``,
+      ``int``, ``bool``
+      may result in the :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer` or
+      :class:`.Boolean` types being automatically selected.
+
+      The type of a :func:`.bindparam` is significant especially in that
+      the type will apply pre-processing to the value before it is
+      passed to the database.  For example, a :func:`.bindparam` which
+      refers to a datetime value, and is specified as holding the
+      :class:`.DateTime` type, may apply conversion needed to the
+      value (such as stringification on SQLite) before passing the value
+      to the database.
+
+    :param unique:
+      if True, the key name of this :class:`.BindParameter` will be
+      modified if another :class:`.BindParameter` of the same name
+      already has been located within the containing
+      expression.  This flag is used generally by the internals
+      when producing so-called "anonymous" bound expressions, it
+      isn't generally applicable to explicitly-named :func:`.bindparam`
+      constructs.
+
+    :param required:
+      If ``True``, a value is required at execution time.  If not passed,
+      it defaults to ``True`` if neither :paramref:`.bindparam.value`
+      or :paramref:`.bindparam.callable` were passed.  If either of these
+      parameters are present, then :paramref:`.bindparam.required`
+      defaults to ``False``.
+
+    :param quote:
+      True if this parameter name requires quoting and is not
+      currently known as a SQLAlchemy reserved word; this currently
+      only applies to the Oracle Database backends, where bound names must
+      sometimes be quoted.
+
+    :param isoutparam:
+      if True, the parameter should be treated like a stored procedure
+      "OUT" parameter.  This applies to backends such as Oracle Database which
+      support OUT parameters.
+
+    :param expanding:
+      if True, this parameter will be treated as an "expanding" parameter
+      at execution time; the parameter value is expected to be a sequence,
+      rather than a scalar value, and the string SQL statement will
+      be transformed on a per-execution basis to accommodate the sequence
+      with a variable number of parameter slots passed to the DBAPI.
+      This is to allow statement caching to be used in conjunction with
+      an IN clause.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`
+
+        :ref:`baked_in` - with baked queries
+
+      .. note:: The "expanding" feature does not support "executemany"-
+         style parameter sets.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+      .. versionchanged:: 1.3 the "expanding" bound parameter feature now
+         supports empty lists.
+
+    :param literal_execute:
+      if True, the bound parameter will be rendered in the compile phase
+      with a special "POSTCOMPILE" token, and the SQLAlchemy compiler will
+      render the final value of the parameter into the SQL statement at
+      statement execution time, omitting the value from the parameter
+      dictionary / list passed to DBAPI ``cursor.execute()``.  This
+      produces a similar effect as that of using the ``literal_binds``,
+      compilation flag,  however takes place as the statement is sent to
+      the DBAPI ``cursor.execute()`` method, rather than when the statement
+      is compiled.   The primary use of this
+      capability is for rendering LIMIT / OFFSET clauses for database
+      drivers that can't accommodate for bound parameters in these
+      contexts, while allowing SQL constructs to be cacheable at the
+      compilation level.
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added "post compile" bound parameters
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`change_4808`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_sending_parameters` - in the
+        :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+    """
+    return BindParameter(
+        key,
+        value,
+        type_,
+        unique,
+        required,
+        quote,
+        callable_,
+        expanding,
+        isoutparam,
+        literal_execute,
+    )
+
+
+def case(
+    *whens: Union[
+        typing_Tuple[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], Any], Mapping[Any, Any]
+    ],
+    value: Optional[Any] = None,
+    else_: Optional[Any] = None,
+) -> Case[Any]:
+    r"""Produce a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+    The ``CASE`` construct in SQL is a conditional object that
+    acts somewhat analogously to an "if/then" construct in other
+    languages.  It returns an instance of :class:`.Case`.
+
+    :func:`.case` in its usual form is passed a series of "when"
+    constructs, that is, a list of conditions and results as tuples::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            case(
+                (users_table.c.name == "wendy", "W"),
+                (users_table.c.name == "jack", "J"),
+                else_="E",
+            )
+        )
+
+    The above statement will produce SQL resembling:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+        WHERE CASE
+            WHEN (name = :name_1) THEN :param_1
+            WHEN (name = :name_2) THEN :param_2
+            ELSE :param_3
+        END
+
+    When simple equality expressions of several values against a single
+    parent column are needed, :func:`.case` also has a "shorthand" format
+    used via the
+    :paramref:`.case.value` parameter, which is passed a column
+    expression to be compared.  In this form, the :paramref:`.case.whens`
+    parameter is passed as a dictionary containing expressions to be
+    compared against keyed to result expressions.  The statement below is
+    equivalent to the preceding statement::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            case({"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"}, value=users_table.c.name, else_="E")
+        )
+
+    The values which are accepted as result values in
+    :paramref:`.case.whens` as well as with :paramref:`.case.else_` are
+    coerced from Python literals into :func:`.bindparam` constructs.
+    SQL expressions, e.g. :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` constructs,
+    are accepted
+    as well.  To coerce a literal string expression into a constant
+    expression rendered inline, use the :func:`_expression.literal_column`
+    construct,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case, literal_column
+
+        case(
+            (orderline.c.qty > 100, literal_column("'greaterthan100'")),
+            (orderline.c.qty > 10, literal_column("'greaterthan10'")),
+            else_=literal_column("'lessthan10'"),
+        )
+
+    The above will render the given constants without using bound
+    parameters for the result values (but still for the comparison
+    values), as in:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        CASE
+            WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_1) THEN 'greaterthan100'
+            WHEN (orderline.qty > :qty_2) THEN 'greaterthan10'
+            ELSE 'lessthan10'
+        END
+
+    :param \*whens: The criteria to be compared against,
+     :paramref:`.case.whens` accepts two different forms, based on
+     whether or not :paramref:`.case.value` is used.
+
+     .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :func:`_sql.case`
+        function now accepts the series of WHEN conditions positionally
+
+     In the first form, it accepts multiple 2-tuples passed as positional
+     arguments; each 2-tuple consists of ``(<sql expression>, <value>)``,
+     where the SQL expression is a boolean expression and "value" is a
+     resulting value, e.g.::
+
+        case(
+            (users_table.c.name == "wendy", "W"),
+            (users_table.c.name == "jack", "J"),
+        )
+
+     In the second form, it accepts a Python dictionary of comparison
+     values mapped to a resulting value; this form requires
+     :paramref:`.case.value` to be present, and values will be compared
+     using the ``==`` operator, e.g.::
+
+        case({"wendy": "W", "jack": "J"}, value=users_table.c.name)
+
+    :param value: An optional SQL expression which will be used as a
+      fixed "comparison point" for candidate values within a dictionary
+      passed to :paramref:`.case.whens`.
+
+    :param else\_: An optional SQL expression which will be the evaluated
+      result of the ``CASE`` construct if all expressions within
+      :paramref:`.case.whens` evaluate to false.  When omitted, most
+      databases will produce a result of NULL if none of the "when"
+      expressions evaluate to true.
+
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return Case(*whens, value=value, else_=else_)
+
+
+def cast(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+) -> Cast[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+    :func:`.cast` returns an instance of :class:`.Cast`.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select(cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4)))
+
+    The above statement will produce SQL resembling:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT CAST(unit_price AS NUMERIC(10, 4)) FROM product
+
+    The :func:`.cast` function performs two distinct functions when
+    used.  The first is that it renders the ``CAST`` expression within
+    the resulting SQL string.  The second is that it associates the given
+    type (e.g. :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance) with the column
+    expression on the Python side, which means the expression will take
+    on the expression operator behavior associated with that type,
+    as well as the bound-value handling and result-row-handling behavior
+    of the type.
+
+    An alternative to :func:`.cast` is the :func:`.type_coerce` function.
+    This function performs the second task of associating an expression
+    with a specific type, but does not render the ``CAST`` expression
+    in SQL.
+
+    :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a
+     :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+     expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound
+     literal value.
+
+    :param type\_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+     the type to which the ``CAST`` should apply.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+        :func:`.try_cast` - an alternative to CAST that results in
+        NULLs when the cast fails, instead of raising an error.
+        Only supported by some dialects.
+
+        :func:`.type_coerce` - an alternative to CAST that coerces the type
+        on the Python side only, which is often sufficient to generate the
+        correct SQL and data coercion.
+
+
+    """
+    return Cast(expression, type_)
+
+
+def try_cast(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+) -> TryCast[_T]:
+    """Produce a ``TRY_CAST`` expression for backends which support it;
+    this is a ``CAST`` which returns NULL for un-castable conversions.
+
+    In SQLAlchemy, this construct is supported **only** by the SQL Server
+    dialect, and will raise a :class:`.CompileError` if used on other
+    included backends.  However, third party backends may also support
+    this construct.
+
+    .. tip:: As :func:`_sql.try_cast` originates from the SQL Server dialect,
+       it's importable both from ``sqlalchemy.`` as well as from
+       ``sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql``.
+
+    :func:`_sql.try_cast` returns an instance of :class:`.TryCast` and
+    generally behaves similarly to the :class:`.Cast` construct;
+    at the SQL level, the difference between ``CAST`` and ``TRY_CAST``
+    is that ``TRY_CAST`` returns NULL for an un-castable expression,
+    such as attempting to cast a string ``"hi"`` to an integer value.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import select, try_cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select(try_cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4)))
+
+    The above would render on Microsoft SQL Server as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT TRY_CAST (product_table.unit_price AS NUMERIC(10, 4))
+        FROM product_table
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.14  :func:`.try_cast` has been
+       generalized from the SQL Server dialect into a general use
+       construct that may be supported by additional dialects.
+
+    """
+    return TryCast(expression, type_)
+
+
+def column(
+    text: str,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    is_literal: bool = False,
+    _selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+) -> ColumnClause[_T]:
+    """Produce a :class:`.ColumnClause` object.
+
+    The :class:`.ColumnClause` is a lightweight analogue to the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` class.  The :func:`_expression.column`
+    function can
+    be invoked with just a name alone, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select(id, name).select_from("user")
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL like:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+    Once constructed, :func:`_expression.column`
+    may be used like any other SQL
+    expression element such as within :func:`_expression.select`
+    constructs::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select(id, name).select_from("user")
+
+    The text handled by :func:`_expression.column`
+    is assumed to be handled
+    like the name of a database column; if the string contains mixed case,
+    special characters, or matches a known reserved word on the target
+    backend, the column expression will render using the quoting
+    behavior determined by the backend.  To produce a textual SQL
+    expression that is rendered exactly without any quoting,
+    use :func:`_expression.literal_column` instead,
+    or pass ``True`` as the
+    value of :paramref:`_expression.column.is_literal`.   Additionally,
+    full SQL
+    statements are best handled using the :func:`_expression.text`
+    construct.
+
+    :func:`_expression.column` can be used in a table-like
+    fashion by combining it with the :func:`.table` function
+    (which is the lightweight analogue to :class:`_schema.Table`
+    ) to produce
+    a working table construct with minimal boilerplate::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column, select
+
+        user = table(
+            "user",
+            column("id"),
+            column("name"),
+            column("description"),
+        )
+
+        stmt = select(user.c.description).where(user.c.name == "wendy")
+
+    A :func:`_expression.column` / :func:`.table`
+    construct like that illustrated
+    above can be created in an
+    ad-hoc fashion and is not associated with any
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData`, DDL, or events, unlike its
+    :class:`_schema.Table` counterpart.
+
+    :param text: the text of the element.
+
+    :param type: :class:`_types.TypeEngine` object which can associate
+      this :class:`.ColumnClause` with a type.
+
+    :param is_literal: if True, the :class:`.ColumnClause` is assumed to
+      be an exact expression that will be delivered to the output with no
+      quoting rules applied regardless of case sensitive settings. the
+      :func:`_expression.literal_column()` function essentially invokes
+      :func:`_expression.column` while passing ``is_literal=True``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+
+        :func:`_expression.literal_column`
+
+        :func:`.table`
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_select_arbitrary_text`
+
+    """
+    return ColumnClause(text, type_, is_literal, _selectable)
+
+
+def desc(
+    column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T],
+) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce a descending ``ORDER BY`` clause element.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(desc(users_table.c.name))
+
+    will produce SQL as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC
+
+    The :func:`.desc` function is a standalone version of the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.desc`
+    method available on all SQL expressions,
+    e.g.::
+
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(users_table.c.name.desc())
+
+    :param column: A :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` (e.g.
+     scalar SQL expression)
+     with which to apply the :func:`.desc` operation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.asc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_first`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_last`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """
+    return UnaryExpression._create_desc(column)
+
+
+def distinct(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce an column-expression-level unary ``DISTINCT`` clause.
+
+    This applies the ``DISTINCT`` keyword to an **individual column
+    expression** (e.g. not the whole statement), and renders **specifically
+    in that column position**; this is used for containment within
+    an aggregate function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import distinct, func
+
+        stmt = select(users_table.c.id, func.count(distinct(users_table.c.name)))
+
+    The above would produce an statement resembling:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT user.id, count(DISTINCT user.name) FROM user
+
+    .. tip:: The :func:`_sql.distinct` function does **not** apply DISTINCT
+       to the full SELECT statement, instead applying a DISTINCT modifier
+       to **individual column expressions**.  For general ``SELECT DISTINCT``
+       support, use the
+       :meth:`_sql.Select.distinct` method on :class:`_sql.Select`.
+
+    The :func:`.distinct` function is also available as a column-level
+    method, e.g. :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.distinct`, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(func.count(users_table.c.name.distinct()))
+
+    The :func:`.distinct` operator is different from the
+    :meth:`_expression.Select.distinct` method of
+    :class:`_expression.Select`,
+    which produces a ``SELECT`` statement
+    with ``DISTINCT`` applied to the result set as a whole,
+    e.g. a ``SELECT DISTINCT`` expression.  See that method for further
+    information.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.distinct`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.distinct`
+
+        :data:`.func`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return UnaryExpression._create_distinct(expr)
+
+
+def bitwise_not(expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce a unary bitwise NOT clause, typically via the ``~`` operator.
+
+    Not to be confused with boolean negation :func:`_sql.not_`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+
+    """
+
+    return UnaryExpression._create_bitwise_not(expr)
+
+
+def extract(field: str, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Extract:
+    """Return a :class:`.Extract` construct.
+
+    This is typically available as :func:`.extract`
+    as well as ``func.extract`` from the
+    :data:`.func` namespace.
+
+    :param field: The field to extract.
+
+     .. warning:: This field is used as a literal SQL string.
+         **DO NOT PASS UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS STRING**.
+
+    :param expr: A column or Python scalar expression serving as the
+      right side of the ``EXTRACT`` expression.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import extract
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column
+
+        logged_table = table(
+            "user",
+            column("id"),
+            column("date_created"),
+        )
+
+        stmt = select(logged_table.c.id).where(
+            extract("YEAR", logged_table.c.date_created) == 2021
+        )
+
+    In the above example, the statement is used to select ids from the
+    database where the ``YEAR`` component matches a specific value.
+
+    Similarly, one can also select an extracted component::
+
+        stmt = select(extract("YEAR", logged_table.c.date_created)).where(
+            logged_table.c.id == 1
+        )
+
+    The implementation of ``EXTRACT`` may vary across database backends.
+    Users are reminded to consult their database documentation.
+    """
+    return Extract(field, expr)
+
+
+def false() -> False_:
+    """Return a :class:`.False_` construct.
+
+    E.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import false
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(false()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE false
+
+    A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+    an expression against 1 or 0:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(false()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE 0 = 1
+
+    The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+    "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+    conjunction:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE true{stop}
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE false{stop}
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.true`
+
+    """
+
+    return False_._instance()
+
+
+def funcfilter(
+    func: FunctionElement[_T], *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+) -> FunctionFilter[_T]:
+    """Produce a :class:`.FunctionFilter` object against a function.
+
+    Used against aggregate and window functions,
+    for database backends that support the "FILTER" clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import funcfilter
+
+        funcfilter(func.count(1), MyClass.name == "some name")
+
+    Would produce "COUNT(1) FILTER (WHERE myclass.name = 'some name')".
+
+    This function is also available from the :data:`~.expression.func`
+    construct itself via the :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter` method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` - in the
+        :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`
+
+    """
+    return FunctionFilter(func, *criterion)
+
+
+def label(
+    name: str,
+    element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+) -> Label[_T]:
+    """Return a :class:`Label` object for the
+    given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+
+    A label changes the name of an element in the columns clause of a
+    ``SELECT`` statement, typically via the ``AS`` SQL keyword.
+
+    This functionality is more conveniently available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.label` method on
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+
+    :param name: label name
+
+    :param obj: a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+
+    """
+    return Label(name, element, type_)
+
+
+def null() -> Null:
+    """Return a constant :class:`.Null` construct."""
+
+    return Null._instance()
+
+
+def nulls_first(column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce the ``NULLS FIRST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+    :func:`.nulls_first` is intended to modify the expression produced
+    by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+    should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc, nulls_first
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(nulls_first(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+    The SQL expression from the above would resemble:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS FIRST
+
+    Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nulls_first` is typically
+    invoked from the column expression itself using
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.nulls_first`,
+    rather than as its standalone
+    function version, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(
+            users_table.c.name.desc().nulls_first()
+        )
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :func:`.nulls_first` is renamed from
+        :func:`.nullsfirst` in previous releases.
+        The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.asc`
+
+        :func:`.desc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_last`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return UnaryExpression._create_nulls_first(column)
+
+
+def nulls_last(column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+    """Produce the ``NULLS LAST`` modifier for an ``ORDER BY`` expression.
+
+    :func:`.nulls_last` is intended to modify the expression produced
+    by :func:`.asc` or :func:`.desc`, and indicates how NULL values
+    should be handled when they are encountered during ordering::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy import desc, nulls_last
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(nulls_last(desc(users_table.c.name)))
+
+    The SQL expression from the above would resemble:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user ORDER BY name DESC NULLS LAST
+
+    Like :func:`.asc` and :func:`.desc`, :func:`.nulls_last` is typically
+    invoked from the column expression itself using
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.nulls_last`,
+    rather than as its standalone
+    function version, as in::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).order_by(users_table.c.name.desc().nulls_last())
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :func:`.nulls_last` is renamed from
+        :func:`.nullslast` in previous releases.
+        The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.asc`
+
+        :func:`.desc`
+
+        :func:`.nulls_first`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.order_by`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return UnaryExpression._create_nulls_last(column)
+
+
+def or_(  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+    initial_clause: Union[Literal[False], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]],
+    *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import or_
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            or_(users_table.c.name == "wendy", users_table.c.name == "jack")
+        )
+
+    The :func:`.or_` conjunction is also available using the
+    Python ``|`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+    need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+    operator precedence behavior)::
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            (users_table.c.name == "wendy") | (users_table.c.name == "jack")
+        )
+
+    The :func:`.or_` construct must be given at least one positional
+    argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.or_` construct with no
+    arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+    generated :func:`.or_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+    a "default" element of :func:`_sql.false` (or just ``False``) should be
+    specified::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import false
+
+        or_criteria = or_(false(), *expressions)
+
+    The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``false``
+    or ``0 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+    present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.false` value is
+    ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an OR expression which
+    has other elements.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.or_` element now requires that at
+       least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.or_` construct
+       with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+       while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.and_`
+
+    """
+    ...
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # handle deprecated case which allows zero-arguments
+    def or_(*clauses):  # noqa: F811
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                or_(users_table.c.name == "wendy", users_table.c.name == "jack")
+            )
+
+        The :func:`.or_` conjunction is also available using the
+        Python ``|`` operator (though note that compound expressions
+        need to be parenthesized in order to function with Python
+        operator precedence behavior)::
+
+            stmt = select(users_table).where(
+                (users_table.c.name == "wendy") | (users_table.c.name == "jack")
+            )
+
+        The :func:`.or_` construct must be given at least one positional
+        argument in order to be valid; a :func:`.or_` construct with no
+        arguments is ambiguous.   To produce an "empty" or dynamically
+        generated :func:`.or_`  expression, from a given list of expressions,
+        a "default" element of :func:`_sql.false` (or just ``False``) should be
+        specified::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import false
+
+            or_criteria = or_(false(), *expressions)
+
+        The above expression will compile to SQL as the expression ``false``
+        or ``0 = 1``, depending on backend, if no other expressions are
+        present.  If expressions are present, then the :func:`_sql.false` value
+        is ignored as it does not affect the outcome of an OR expression which
+        has other elements.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 1.4  The :func:`.or_` element now requires that at
+           least one argument is passed; creating the :func:`.or_` construct
+           with no arguments is deprecated, and will emit a deprecation warning
+           while continuing to produce a blank SQL string.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`.and_`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return BooleanClauseList.or_(*clauses)
+
+
+def over(
+    element: FunctionElement[_T],
+    partition_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+    order_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+    range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    groups: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+) -> Over[_T]:
+    r"""Produce an :class:`.Over` object against a function.
+
+    Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+    for database backends that support window functions.
+
+    :func:`_expression.over` is usually called using
+    the :meth:`.FunctionElement.over` method, e.g.::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by=mytable.c.some_column)
+
+    Would produce:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY some_column)
+
+    Ranges are also possible using the :paramref:`.expression.over.range_`,
+    :paramref:`.expression.over.rows`, and :paramref:`.expression.over.groups`
+    parameters.  These
+    mutually-exclusive parameters each accept a 2-tuple, which contains
+    a combination of integers and None::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by=my_table.c.some_column, range_=(None, 0))
+
+    The above would produce:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY some_column
+        RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW)
+
+    A value of ``None`` indicates "unbounded", a
+    value of zero indicates "current row", and negative / positive
+    integers indicate "preceding" and "following":
+
+    * RANGE BETWEEN 5 PRECEDING AND 10 FOLLOWING::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by="x", range_=(-5, 10))
+
+    * ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by="x", rows=(None, 0))
+
+    * RANGE BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by="x", range_=(-2, None))
+
+    * RANGE BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 3 FOLLOWING::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by="x", range_=(1, 3))
+
+    * GROUPS BETWEEN 1 FOLLOWING AND 3 FOLLOWING::
+
+        func.row_number().over(order_by="x", groups=(1, 3))
+
+    :param element: a :class:`.FunctionElement`, :class:`.WithinGroup`,
+     or other compatible construct.
+    :param partition_by: a column element or string, or a list
+     of such, that will be used as the PARTITION BY clause
+     of the OVER construct.
+    :param order_by: a column element or string, or a list
+     of such, that will be used as the ORDER BY clause
+     of the OVER construct.
+    :param range\_: optional range clause for the window.  This is a
+     tuple value which can contain integer values or ``None``,
+     and will render a RANGE BETWEEN PRECEDING / FOLLOWING clause.
+    :param rows: optional rows clause for the window.  This is a tuple
+     value which can contain integer values or None, and will render
+     a ROWS BETWEEN PRECEDING / FOLLOWING clause.
+    :param groups: optional groups clause for the window.  This is a
+     tuple value which can contain integer values or ``None``,
+     and will render a GROUPS BETWEEN PRECEDING / FOLLOWING clause.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0.40
+
+    This function is also available from the :data:`~.expression.func`
+    construct itself via the :meth:`.FunctionElement.over` method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_window_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :data:`.expression.func`
+
+        :func:`_expression.within_group`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+    return Over(element, partition_by, order_by, range_, rows, groups)
+
+
+@_document_text_coercion("text", ":func:`.text`", ":paramref:`.text.text`")
+def text(text: str) -> TextClause:
+    r"""Construct a new :class:`_expression.TextClause` clause,
+    representing
+    a textual SQL string directly.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users")
+        result = connection.execute(t)
+
+    The advantages :func:`_expression.text`
+    provides over a plain string are
+    backend-neutral support for bind parameters, per-statement
+    execution options, as well as
+    bind parameter and result-column typing behavior, allowing
+    SQLAlchemy type constructs to play a role when executing
+    a statement that is specified literally.  The construct can also
+    be provided with a ``.c`` collection of column elements, allowing
+    it to be embedded in other SQL expression constructs as a subquery.
+
+    Bind parameters are specified by name, using the format ``:name``.
+    E.g.::
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=:user_id")
+        result = connection.execute(t, {"user_id": 12})
+
+    For SQL statements where a colon is required verbatim, as within
+    an inline string, use a backslash to escape::
+
+        t = text(r"SELECT * FROM users WHERE name='\:username'")
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TextClause`
+    construct includes methods which can
+    provide information about the bound parameters as well as the column
+    values which would be returned from the textual statement, assuming
+    it's an executable SELECT type of statement.  The
+    :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+    method is used to provide bound
+    parameter detail, and :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`
+    method allows
+    specification of return columns including names and types::
+
+        t = (
+            text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=:user_id")
+            .bindparams(user_id=7)
+            .columns(id=Integer, name=String)
+        )
+
+        for id, name in connection.execute(t):
+            print(id, name)
+
+    The :func:`_expression.text` construct is used in cases when
+    a literal string SQL fragment is specified as part of a larger query,
+    such as for the WHERE clause of a SELECT statement::
+
+        s = select(users.c.id, users.c.name).where(text("id=:user_id"))
+        result = connection.execute(s, {"user_id": 12})
+
+    :func:`_expression.text` is also used for the construction
+    of a full, standalone statement using plain text.
+    As such, SQLAlchemy refers
+    to it as an :class:`.Executable` object and may be used
+    like any other statement passed to an ``.execute()`` method.
+
+    :param text:
+      the text of the SQL statement to be created.  Use ``:<param>``
+      to specify bind parameters; they will be compiled to their
+      engine-specific format.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_select_arbitrary_text`
+
+    """
+    return TextClause(text)
+
+
+def true() -> True_:
+    """Return a constant :class:`.True_` construct.
+
+    E.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import true
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(true()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE true
+
+    A backend which does not support true/false constants will render as
+    an expression against 1 or 0:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(true()))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE 1 = 1
+
+    The :func:`.true` and :func:`.false` constants also feature
+    "short circuit" operation within an :func:`.and_` or :func:`.or_`
+    conjunction:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(or_(t.c.x > 5, true())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE true{stop}
+
+        >>> print(select(t.c.x).where(and_(t.c.x > 5, false())))
+        {printsql}SELECT x FROM t WHERE false{stop}
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.false`
+
+    """
+
+    return True_._instance()
+
+
+def tuple_(
+    *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    types: Optional[Sequence[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]]] = None,
+) -> Tuple:
+    """Return a :class:`.Tuple`.
+
+    Main usage is to produce a composite IN construct using
+    :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_` ::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+
+        tuple_(table.c.col1, table.c.col2).in_([(1, 2), (5, 12), (10, 19)])
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.3.6 Added support for SQLite IN tuples.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        The composite IN construct is not supported by all backends, and is
+        currently known to work on PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite.
+        Unsupported backends will raise a subclass of
+        :class:`~sqlalchemy.exc.DBAPIError` when such an expression is
+        invoked.
+
+    """
+    return Tuple(*clauses, types=types)
+
+
+def type_coerce(
+    expression: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+) -> TypeCoerce[_T]:
+    r"""Associate a SQL expression with a particular type, without rendering
+    ``CAST``.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import type_coerce
+
+        stmt = select(type_coerce(log_table.date_string, StringDateTime()))
+
+    The above construct will produce a :class:`.TypeCoerce` object, which
+    does not modify the rendering in any way on the SQL side, with the
+    possible exception of a generated label if used in a columns clause
+    context:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT date_string AS date_string FROM log
+
+    When result rows are fetched, the ``StringDateTime`` type processor
+    will be applied to result rows on behalf of the ``date_string`` column.
+
+    .. note:: the :func:`.type_coerce` construct does not render any
+       SQL syntax of its own, including that it does not imply
+       parenthesization.   Please use :meth:`.TypeCoerce.self_group`
+       if explicit parenthesization is required.
+
+    In order to provide a named label for the expression, use
+    :meth:`_expression.ColumnElement.label`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            type_coerce(log_table.date_string, StringDateTime()).label("date")
+        )
+
+    A type that features bound-value handling will also have that behavior
+    take effect when literal values or :func:`.bindparam` constructs are
+    passed to :func:`.type_coerce` as targets.
+    For example, if a type implements the
+    :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_expression`
+    method or :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method or equivalent,
+    these functions will take effect at statement compilation/execution
+    time when a literal value is passed, as in::
+
+        # bound-value handling of MyStringType will be applied to the
+        # literal value "some string"
+        stmt = select(type_coerce("some string", MyStringType))
+
+    When using :func:`.type_coerce` with composed expressions, note that
+    **parenthesis are not applied**.   If :func:`.type_coerce` is being
+    used in an operator context where the parenthesis normally present from
+    CAST are necessary, use the :meth:`.TypeCoerce.self_group` method:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> some_integer = column("someint", Integer)
+        >>> some_string = column("somestr", String)
+        >>> expr = type_coerce(some_integer + 5, String) + some_string
+        >>> print(expr)
+        {printsql}someint + :someint_1 || somestr{stop}
+        >>> expr = type_coerce(some_integer + 5, String).self_group() + some_string
+        >>> print(expr)
+        {printsql}(someint + :someint_1) || somestr{stop}
+
+    :param expression: A SQL expression, such as a
+     :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+     expression or a Python string which will be coerced into a bound
+     literal value.
+
+    :param type\_: A :class:`.TypeEngine` class or instance indicating
+     the type to which the expression is coerced.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """  # noqa
+    return TypeCoerce(expression, type_)
+
+
+def within_group(
+    element: FunctionElement[_T], *order_by: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+) -> WithinGroup[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a :class:`.WithinGroup` object against a function.
+
+    Used against so-called "ordered set aggregate" and "hypothetical
+    set aggregate" functions, including :class:`.percentile_cont`,
+    :class:`.rank`, :class:`.dense_rank`, etc.
+
+    :func:`_expression.within_group` is usually called using
+    the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group` method, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import within_group
+
+        stmt = select(
+            department.c.id,
+            func.percentile_cont(0.5).within_group(department.c.salary.desc()),
+        )
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL similar to
+    ``SELECT department.id, percentile_cont(0.5)
+    WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY department.salary DESC)``.
+
+    :param element: a :class:`.FunctionElement` construct, typically
+     generated by :data:`~.expression.func`.
+    :param \*order_by: one or more column elements that will be used
+     as the ORDER BY clause of the WITHIN GROUP construct.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` - in the
+        :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :data:`.expression.func`
+
+        :func:`_expression.over`
+
+    """
+    return WithinGroup(element, *order_by)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_orm_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_orm_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c37d805e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_orm_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# sql/_orm_types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""ORM types that need to present specifically for **documentation only** of
+the Executable.execution_options() method, which includes options that
+are meaningful to the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+SynchronizeSessionArgument = Literal[False, "auto", "evaluate", "fetch"]
+DMLStrategyArgument = Literal["bulk", "raw", "orm", "auto"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_py_util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_py_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e1a084a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_py_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# sql/_py_util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .cache_key import CacheConst
+
+
+class prefix_anon_map(Dict[str, str]):
+    """A map that creates new keys for missing key access.
+
+    Considers keys of the form "<ident> <name>" to produce
+    new symbols "<name>_<index>", where "index" is an incrementing integer
+    corresponding to <name>.
+
+    Inlines the approach taken by :class:`sqlalchemy.util.PopulateDict` which
+    is otherwise usually used for this type of operation.
+
+    """
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        (ident, derived) = key.split(" ", 1)
+        anonymous_counter = self.get(derived, 1)
+        self[derived] = anonymous_counter + 1  # type: ignore
+        value = f"{derived}_{anonymous_counter}"
+        self[key] = value
+        return value
+
+
+class cache_anon_map(
+    Dict[Union[int, "Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]"], Union[Literal[True], str]]
+):
+    """A map that creates new keys for missing key access.
+
+    Produces an incrementing sequence given a series of unique keys.
+
+    This is similar to the compiler prefix_anon_map class although simpler.
+
+    Inlines the approach taken by :class:`sqlalchemy.util.PopulateDict` which
+    is otherwise usually used for this type of operation.
+
+    """
+
+    _index = 0
+
+    def get_anon(self, object_: Any) -> Tuple[str, bool]:
+        idself = id(object_)
+        if idself in self:
+            s_val = self[idself]
+            assert s_val is not True
+            return s_val, True
+        else:
+            # inline of __missing__
+            self[idself] = id_ = str(self._index)
+            self._index += 1
+
+            return id_, False
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: int) -> str:
+        self[key] = val = str(self._index)
+        self._index += 1
+        return val
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_selectable_constructors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_selectable_constructors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae83efa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_selectable_constructors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+# sql/_selectable_constructors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import roles
+from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+from ._typing import _no_kw
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .selectable import Alias
+from .selectable import CompoundSelect
+from .selectable import Exists
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import Join
+from .selectable import Lateral
+from .selectable import LateralFromClause
+from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+from .selectable import Select
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .selectable import TableSample
+from .selectable import Values
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    from ._typing import _T0
+    from ._typing import _T1
+    from ._typing import _T2
+    from ._typing import _T3
+    from ._typing import _T4
+    from ._typing import _T5
+    from ._typing import _T6
+    from ._typing import _T7
+    from ._typing import _T8
+    from ._typing import _T9
+    from ._typing import _TP
+    from ._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .selectable import CTE
+    from .selectable import HasCTE
+    from .selectable import ScalarSelect
+    from .selectable import SelectBase
+
+
+def alias(
+    selectable: FromClause, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+) -> NamedFromClause:
+    """Return a named alias of the given :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+    For :class:`.Table` and :class:`.Join` objects, the return type is the
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` object. Other kinds of :class:`.NamedFromClause`
+    objects may be returned for other kinds of :class:`.FromClause` objects.
+
+    The named alias represents any :class:`_expression.FromClause` with an
+    alternate name assigned within SQL, typically using the ``AS`` clause when
+    generated, e.g. ``SELECT * FROM table AS aliasname``.
+
+    Equivalent functionality is available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+    method available on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects.
+
+    :param selectable: any :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclass,
+        such as a table, select statement, etc.
+
+    :param name: string name to be assigned as the alias.
+        If ``None``, a name will be deterministically generated at compile
+        time. Deterministic means the name is guaranteed to be unique against
+        other constructs used in the same statement, and will also be the same
+        name for each successive compilation of the same statement object.
+
+    :param flat: Will be passed through to if the given selectable
+     is an instance of :class:`_expression.Join` - see
+     :meth:`_expression.Join.alias` for details.
+
+    """
+    return Alias._factory(selectable, name=name, flat=flat)
+
+
+def cte(
+    selectable: HasCTE, name: Optional[str] = None, recursive: bool = False
+) -> CTE:
+    r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE`,
+    or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+    Please see :meth:`_expression.HasCTE.cte` for detail on CTE usage.
+
+    """
+    return coercions.expect(roles.HasCTERole, selectable).cte(
+        name=name, recursive=recursive
+    )
+
+
+# TODO: mypy requires the _TypedSelectable overloads in all compound select
+# constructors since _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument includes
+# untyped args that make it return CompoundSelect[Unpack[tuple[Never, ...]]]
+# pyright does not have this issue
+_TypedSelectable = Union["Select[_TP]", "CompoundSelect[_TP]"]
+
+
+@overload
+def except_(
+    *selects: _TypedSelectable[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def except_(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+def except_(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+    r"""Return an ``EXCEPT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_except(*selects)
+
+
+@overload
+def except_all(
+    *selects: _TypedSelectable[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def except_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+def except_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+    r"""Return an ``EXCEPT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_except_all(*selects)
+
+
+def exists(
+    __argument: Optional[
+        Union[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], SelectBase, ScalarSelect[Any]]
+    ] = None,
+) -> Exists:
+    """Construct a new :class:`_expression.Exists` construct.
+
+    The :func:`_sql.exists` can be invoked by itself to produce an
+    :class:`_sql.Exists` construct, which will accept simple WHERE
+    criteria::
+
+        exists_criteria = exists().where(table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col2)
+
+    However, for greater flexibility in constructing the SELECT, an
+    existing :class:`_sql.Select` construct may be converted to an
+    :class:`_sql.Exists`, most conveniently by making use of the
+    :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` method::
+
+        exists_criteria = (
+            select(table2.c.col2).where(table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col2).exists()
+        )
+
+    The EXISTS criteria is then used inside of an enclosing SELECT::
+
+        stmt = select(table1.c.col1).where(exists_criteria)
+
+    The above statement will then be of the form:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT col1 FROM table1 WHERE EXISTS
+        (SELECT table2.col2 FROM table2 WHERE table2.col2 = table1.col1)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_exists` - in the :term:`2.0 style` tutorial.
+
+        :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` - method to transform a ``SELECT`` to an
+        ``EXISTS`` clause.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    return Exists(__argument)
+
+
+@overload
+def intersect(
+    *selects: _TypedSelectable[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def intersect(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+def intersect(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+    r"""Return an ``INTERSECT`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_intersect(*selects)
+
+
+@overload
+def intersect_all(
+    *selects: _TypedSelectable[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def intersect_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+def intersect_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+    r"""Return an ``INTERSECT ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all(*selects)
+
+
+def join(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    isouter: bool = False,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> Join:
+    """Produce a :class:`_expression.Join` object, given two
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+    expressions.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        j = join(
+            user_table, address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id
+        )
+        stmt = select(user_table).select_from(j)
+
+    would emit SQL along the lines of:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+        JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+    Similar functionality is available given any
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` object (e.g. such as a
+    :class:`_schema.Table`) using
+    the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` method.
+
+    :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+    :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+     :class:`_expression.FromClause` object such as a
+     :class:`_schema.Table` object, and
+     may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+     class.
+
+    :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+     join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+     will attempt to
+     join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+    :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+    :param full: if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` - method form,
+        based on a given left side.
+
+        :class:`_expression.Join` - the type of object produced.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    return Join(left, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+
+def lateral(
+    selectable: Union[SelectBase, _FromClauseArgument],
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> LateralFromClause:
+    """Return a :class:`_expression.Lateral` object.
+
+    :class:`_expression.Lateral` is an :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    subclass that represents
+    a subquery with the LATERAL keyword applied to it.
+
+    The special behavior of a LATERAL subquery is that it appears in the
+    FROM clause of an enclosing SELECT, but may correlate to other
+    FROM clauses of that SELECT.   It is a special case of subquery
+    only supported by a small number of backends, currently more recent
+    PostgreSQL versions.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+    """
+    return Lateral._factory(selectable, name=name)
+
+
+def outerjoin(
+    left: _FromClauseArgument,
+    right: _FromClauseArgument,
+    onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+    full: bool = False,
+) -> Join:
+    """Return an ``OUTER JOIN`` clause element.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+    Similar functionality is also available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.outerjoin` method on any
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+    :param left: The left side of the join.
+
+    :param right: The right side of the join.
+
+    :param onclause:  Optional criterion for the ``ON`` clause, is
+      derived from foreign key relationships established between
+      left and right otherwise.
+
+    To chain joins together, use the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+    or
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.outerjoin` methods on the resulting
+    :class:`_expression.Join` object.
+
+    """
+    return Join(left, right, onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+
+# START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS select Select 1-10
+
+# code within this block is **programmatically,
+# statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+
+@overload
+def select(__ent0: _TCCA[_T0]) -> Select[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    __ent8: _TCCA[_T8],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7, _T8]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+    __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+    __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+    __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+    __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+    __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+    __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+    __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+    __ent8: _TCCA[_T8],
+    __ent9: _TCCA[_T9],
+) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7, _T8, _T9]]: ...
+
+
+# END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS select
+
+
+@overload
+def select(
+    *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+) -> Select[Any]: ...
+
+
+def select(*entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any) -> Select[Any]:
+    r"""Construct a new :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 - The :func:`_sql.select` function now accepts
+       column arguments positionally.   The top-level :func:`_sql.select`
+       function will automatically use the 1.x or 2.x style API based on
+       the incoming arguments; using :func:`_sql.select` from the
+       ``sqlalchemy.future`` module will enforce that only the 2.x style
+       constructor is used.
+
+    Similar functionality is also available via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.select` method on any
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+    :param \*entities:
+      Entities to SELECT from.  For Core usage, this is typically a series
+      of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` and / or
+      :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+      objects which will form the columns clause of the resulting
+      statement.   For those objects that are instances of
+      :class:`_expression.FromClause` (typically :class:`_schema.Table`
+      or :class:`_expression.Alias`
+      objects), the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.c`
+      collection is extracted
+      to form a collection of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects.
+
+      This parameter will also accept :class:`_expression.TextClause`
+      constructs as
+      given, as well as ORM-mapped classes.
+
+    """
+    # the keyword args are a necessary element in order for the typing
+    # to work out w/ the varargs vs. having named "keyword" arguments that
+    # aren't always present.
+    if __kw:
+        raise _no_kw()
+    return Select(*entities)
+
+
+def table(name: str, *columns: ColumnClause[Any], **kw: Any) -> TableClause:
+    """Produce a new :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+    The object returned is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.TableClause`, which
+    represents the "syntactical" portion of the schema-level
+    :class:`_schema.Table` object.
+    It may be used to construct lightweight table constructs.
+
+    :param name: Name of the table.
+
+    :param columns: A collection of :func:`_expression.column` constructs.
+
+    :param schema: The schema name for this table.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.18 :func:`_expression.table` can now
+           accept a ``schema`` argument.
+    """
+
+    return TableClause(name, *columns, **kw)
+
+
+def tablesample(
+    selectable: _FromClauseArgument,
+    sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+) -> TableSample:
+    """Return a :class:`_expression.TableSample` object.
+
+    :class:`_expression.TableSample` is an :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    subclass that represents
+    a table with the TABLESAMPLE clause applied to it.
+    :func:`_expression.tablesample`
+    is also available from the :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+    class via the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.tablesample` method.
+
+    The TABLESAMPLE clause allows selecting a randomly selected approximate
+    percentage of rows from a table. It supports multiple sampling methods,
+    most commonly BERNOULLI and SYSTEM.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+
+        selectable = people.tablesample(
+            func.bernoulli(1), name="alias", seed=func.random()
+        )
+        stmt = select(selectable.c.people_id)
+
+    Assuming ``people`` with a column ``people_id``, the above
+    statement would render as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT alias.people_id FROM
+        people AS alias TABLESAMPLE bernoulli(:bernoulli_1)
+        REPEATABLE (random())
+
+    :param sampling: a ``float`` percentage between 0 and 100 or
+        :class:`_functions.Function`.
+
+    :param name: optional alias name
+
+    :param seed: any real-valued SQL expression.  When specified, the
+     REPEATABLE sub-clause is also rendered.
+
+    """
+    return TableSample._factory(selectable, sampling, name=name, seed=seed)
+
+
+@overload
+def union(
+    *selects: _TypedSelectable[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def union(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+def union(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+    r"""Return a ``UNION`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    A similar :func:`union()` method is available on all
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    :param \**kwargs:
+      available keyword arguments are the same as those of
+      :func:`select`.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_union(*selects)
+
+
+@overload
+def union_all(
+    *selects: _TypedSelectable[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def union_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]: ...
+
+
+def union_all(
+    *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+    r"""Return a ``UNION ALL`` of multiple selectables.
+
+    The returned object is an instance of
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`.
+
+    A similar :func:`union_all()` method is available on all
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    :param \*selects:
+      a list of :class:`_expression.Select` instances.
+
+    """
+    return CompoundSelect._create_union_all(*selects)
+
+
+def values(
+    *columns: ColumnClause[Any],
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    literal_binds: bool = False,
+) -> Values:
+    r"""Construct a :class:`_expression.Values` construct.
+
+    The column expressions and the actual data for
+    :class:`_expression.Values` are given in two separate steps.  The
+    constructor receives the column expressions typically as
+    :func:`_expression.column` constructs,
+    and the data is then passed via the
+    :meth:`_expression.Values.data` method as a list,
+    which can be called multiple
+    times to add more data, e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import column
+        from sqlalchemy import values
+        from sqlalchemy import Integer
+        from sqlalchemy import String
+
+        value_expr = values(
+            column("id", Integer),
+            column("name", String),
+            name="my_values",
+        ).data([(1, "name1"), (2, "name2"), (3, "name3")])
+
+    :param \*columns: column expressions, typically composed using
+     :func:`_expression.column` objects.
+
+    :param name: the name for this VALUES construct.  If omitted, the
+     VALUES construct will be unnamed in a SQL expression.   Different
+     backends may have different requirements here.
+
+    :param literal_binds: Defaults to False.  Whether or not to render
+     the data values inline in the SQL output, rather than using bound
+     parameters.
+
+    """
+    return Values(*columns, literal_binds=literal_binds, name=name)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1af53f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/_typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+# sql/_typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import roles
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..inspection import Inspectable
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import TypeAlias
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from datetime import date
+    from datetime import datetime
+    from datetime import time
+    from datetime import timedelta
+    from decimal import Decimal
+    from uuid import UUID
+
+    from .base import Executable
+    from .compiler import Compiled
+    from .compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .dml import UpdateBase
+    from .dml import ValuesBase
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .elements import quoted_name
+    from .elements import SQLCoreOperations
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .lambdas import LambdaElement
+    from .roles import FromClauseRole
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .selectable import Alias
+    from .selectable import CompoundSelect
+    from .selectable import CTE
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import Join
+    from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+    from .selectable import ReturnsRows
+    from .selectable import Select
+    from .selectable import Selectable
+    from .selectable import SelectBase
+    from .selectable import Subquery
+    from .selectable import TableClause
+    from .sqltypes import TableValueType
+    from .sqltypes import TupleType
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from ..engine import Dialect
+    from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+_CLE = TypeVar("_CLE", bound="ClauseElement")
+
+
+class _HasClauseElement(Protocol, Generic[_T_co]):
+    """indicates a class that has a __clause_element__() method"""
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _CoreAdapterProto(Protocol):
+    """protocol for the ClauseAdapter/ColumnAdapter.traverse() method."""
+
+    def __call__(self, obj: _CE) -> _CE: ...
+
+
+class _HasDialect(Protocol):
+    """protocol for Engine/Connection-like objects that have dialect
+    attribute.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def dialect(self) -> Dialect: ...
+
+
+# match column types that are not ORM entities
+_NOT_ENTITY = TypeVar(
+    "_NOT_ENTITY",
+    int,
+    str,
+    bool,
+    "datetime",
+    "date",
+    "time",
+    "timedelta",
+    "UUID",
+    float,
+    "Decimal",
+)
+
+_StarOrOne = Literal["*", 1]
+
+_MAYBE_ENTITY = TypeVar(
+    "_MAYBE_ENTITY",
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    _StarOrOne,
+    Type[Any],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[Any]],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+)
+
+
+# convention:
+# XYZArgument - something that the end user is passing to a public API method
+# XYZElement - the internal representation that we use for the thing.
+# the coercions system is responsible for converting from XYZArgument to
+# XYZElement.
+
+_TextCoercedExpressionArgument = Union[
+    str,
+    "TextClause",
+    "ColumnElement[_T]",
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+    roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+]
+
+_ColumnsClauseArgument = Union[
+    roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+    _StarOrOne,
+    Type[_T],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[_T]],
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+]
+"""open-ended SELECT columns clause argument.
+
+Includes column expressions, tables, ORM mapped entities, a few literal values.
+
+This type is used for lists of columns  / entities to be returned in result
+sets; select(...), insert().returning(...), etc.
+
+
+"""
+
+_TypedColumnClauseArgument = Union[
+    roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+    Type[_T],
+]
+
+_TP = TypeVar("_TP", bound=Tuple[Any, ...])
+
+_T0 = TypeVar("_T0", bound=Any)
+_T1 = TypeVar("_T1", bound=Any)
+_T2 = TypeVar("_T2", bound=Any)
+_T3 = TypeVar("_T3", bound=Any)
+_T4 = TypeVar("_T4", bound=Any)
+_T5 = TypeVar("_T5", bound=Any)
+_T6 = TypeVar("_T6", bound=Any)
+_T7 = TypeVar("_T7", bound=Any)
+_T8 = TypeVar("_T8", bound=Any)
+_T9 = TypeVar("_T9", bound=Any)
+
+
+_ColumnExpressionArgument = Union[
+    "ColumnElement[_T]",
+    _HasClauseElement[_T],
+    "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+    roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+    roles.TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T],
+    Callable[[], "ColumnElement[_T]"],
+    "LambdaElement",
+]
+"See docs in public alias ColumnExpressionArgument."
+
+ColumnExpressionArgument: TypeAlias = _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]
+"""Narrower "column expression" argument.
+
+This type is used for all the other "column" kinds of expressions that
+typically represent a single SQL column expression, not a set of columns the
+way a table or ORM entity does.
+
+This includes ColumnElement, or ORM-mapped attributes that will have a
+``__clause_element__()`` method, it also has the ExpressionElementRole
+overall which brings in the TextClause object also.
+
+.. versionadded:: 2.0.13
+
+"""
+
+_ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument = Union[Any, _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]]
+
+_ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument = Union[str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]]
+
+_ByArgument = Union[
+    Iterable[_ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any]],
+    _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+]
+"""Used for keyword-based ``order_by`` and ``partition_by`` parameters."""
+
+
+_InfoType = Dict[Any, Any]
+"""the .info dictionary accepted and used throughout Core /ORM"""
+
+_FromClauseArgument = Union[
+    roles.FromClauseRole,
+    Type[Any],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[Any]],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+]
+"""A FROM clause, like we would send to select().select_from().
+
+Also accommodates ORM entities and related constructs.
+
+"""
+
+_JoinTargetArgument = Union[_FromClauseArgument, roles.JoinTargetRole]
+"""target for join() builds on _FromClauseArgument to include additional
+join target roles such as those which come from the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+_OnClauseArgument = Union[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], roles.OnClauseRole]
+"""target for an ON clause, includes additional roles such as those which
+come from the ORM.
+
+"""
+
+_SelectStatementForCompoundArgument = Union[
+    "Select[_TP]",
+    "CompoundSelect[_TP]",
+    roles.CompoundElementRole,
+]
+"""SELECT statement acceptable by ``union()`` and other SQL set operations"""
+
+_DMLColumnArgument = Union[
+    str,
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    "SQLCoreOperations[Any]",
+]
+"""A DML column expression.  This is a "key" inside of insert().values(),
+update().values(), and related.
+
+These are usually strings or SQL table columns.
+
+There's also edge cases like JSON expression assignment, which we would want
+the DMLColumnRole to be able to accommodate.
+
+"""
+
+_DMLKey = TypeVar("_DMLKey", bound=_DMLColumnArgument)
+_DMLColumnKeyMapping = Mapping[_DMLKey, Any]
+
+
+_DDLColumnArgument = Union[str, "Column[Any]", roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole]
+"""DDL column.
+
+used for :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, :class:`.UniqueConstraint`, etc.
+
+"""
+
+_DMLTableArgument = Union[
+    "TableClause",
+    "Join",
+    "Alias",
+    "CTE",
+    Type[Any],
+    Inspectable[_HasClauseElement[Any]],
+    _HasClauseElement[Any],
+]
+
+_PropagateAttrsType = util.immutabledict[str, Any]
+
+_TypeEngineArgument = Union[Type["TypeEngine[_T]"], "TypeEngine[_T]"]
+
+_EquivalentColumnMap = Dict["ColumnElement[Any]", Set["ColumnElement[Any]"]]
+
+_LimitOffsetType = Union[int, _ColumnExpressionArgument[int], None]
+
+_AutoIncrementType = Union[bool, Literal["auto", "ignore_fk"]]
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def is_sql_compiler(c: Compiled) -> TypeGuard[SQLCompiler]: ...
+
+    def is_ddl_compiler(c: Compiled) -> TypeGuard[DDLCompiler]: ...
+
+    def is_named_from_clause(
+        t: FromClauseRole,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[NamedFromClause]: ...
+
+    def is_column_element(
+        c: ClauseElement,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[ColumnElement[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_keyed_column_element(
+        c: ClauseElement,
+    ) -> TypeGuard[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_text_clause(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[TextClause]: ...
+
+    def is_from_clause(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[FromClause]: ...
+
+    def is_tuple_type(t: TypeEngine[Any]) -> TypeGuard[TupleType]: ...
+
+    def is_table_value_type(
+        t: TypeEngine[Any],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[TableValueType]: ...
+
+    def is_selectable(t: Any) -> TypeGuard[Selectable]: ...
+
+    def is_select_base(
+        t: Union[Executable, ReturnsRows]
+    ) -> TypeGuard[SelectBase]: ...
+
+    def is_select_statement(
+        t: Union[Executable, ReturnsRows]
+    ) -> TypeGuard[Select[Any]]: ...
+
+    def is_table(t: FromClause) -> TypeGuard[TableClause]: ...
+
+    def is_subquery(t: FromClause) -> TypeGuard[Subquery]: ...
+
+    def is_dml(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[UpdateBase]: ...
+
+else:
+    is_sql_compiler = operator.attrgetter("is_sql")
+    is_ddl_compiler = operator.attrgetter("is_ddl")
+    is_named_from_clause = operator.attrgetter("named_with_column")
+    is_column_element = operator.attrgetter("_is_column_element")
+    is_keyed_column_element = operator.attrgetter("_is_keyed_column_element")
+    is_text_clause = operator.attrgetter("_is_text_clause")
+    is_from_clause = operator.attrgetter("_is_from_clause")
+    is_tuple_type = operator.attrgetter("_is_tuple_type")
+    is_table_value_type = operator.attrgetter("_is_table_value")
+    is_selectable = operator.attrgetter("is_selectable")
+    is_select_base = operator.attrgetter("_is_select_base")
+    is_select_statement = operator.attrgetter("_is_select_statement")
+    is_table = operator.attrgetter("_is_table")
+    is_subquery = operator.attrgetter("_is_subquery")
+    is_dml = operator.attrgetter("is_dml")
+
+
+def has_schema_attr(t: FromClauseRole) -> TypeGuard[TableClause]:
+    return hasattr(t, "schema")
+
+
+def is_quoted_name(s: str) -> TypeGuard[quoted_name]:
+    return hasattr(s, "quote")
+
+
+def is_has_clause_element(s: object) -> TypeGuard[_HasClauseElement[Any]]:
+    return hasattr(s, "__clause_element__")
+
+
+def is_insert_update(c: ClauseElement) -> TypeGuard[ValuesBase]:
+    return c.is_dml and (c.is_insert or c.is_update)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _no_kw() -> exc.ArgumentError:
+    return exc.ArgumentError(
+        "Additional keyword arguments are not accepted by this "
+        "function/method.  The presence of **kw is for pep-484 typing purposes"
+    )
+
+
+def _unexpected_kw(methname: str, kw: Dict[str, Any]) -> NoReturn:
+    k = list(kw)[0]
+    raise TypeError(f"{methname} got an unexpected keyword argument '{k}'")
+
+
+@overload
+def Nullable(
+    val: "SQLCoreOperations[_T]",
+) -> "SQLCoreOperations[Optional[_T]]": ...
+
+
+@overload
+def Nullable(
+    val: roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T],
+) -> roles.ExpressionElementRole[Optional[_T]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def Nullable(val: Type[_T]) -> Type[Optional[_T]]: ...
+
+
+def Nullable(
+    val: _TypedColumnClauseArgument[_T],
+) -> _TypedColumnClauseArgument[Optional[_T]]:
+    """Types a column or ORM class as nullable.
+
+    This can be used in select and other contexts to express that the value of
+    a column can be null, for example due to an outer join::
+
+        stmt1 = select(A, Nullable(B)).outerjoin(A.bs)
+        stmt2 = select(A.data, Nullable(B.data)).outerjoin(A.bs)
+
+    At runtime this method returns the input unchanged.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+    """
+    return val
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(
+    val: "SQLCoreOperations[Optional[_T]]",
+) -> "SQLCoreOperations[_T]": ...
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(
+    val: roles.ExpressionElementRole[Optional[_T]],
+) -> roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(val: Type[Optional[_T]]) -> Type[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def NotNullable(val: Optional[Type[_T]]) -> Type[_T]: ...
+
+
+def NotNullable(
+    val: Union[_TypedColumnClauseArgument[Optional[_T]], Optional[Type[_T]]],
+) -> _TypedColumnClauseArgument[_T]:
+    """Types a column or ORM class as not nullable.
+
+    This can be used in select and other contexts to express that the value of
+    a column cannot be null, for example due to a where condition on a
+    nullable column::
+
+        stmt = select(NotNullable(A.value)).where(A.value.is_not(None))
+
+    At runtime this method returns the input unchanged.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.20
+    """
+    return val  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf445ff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/annotation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,585 @@
+# sql/annotation.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`.Annotated` class and related routines; creates hash-equivalent
+copies of SQL constructs which contain context-specific markers and
+associations.
+
+Note that the :class:`.Annotated` concept as implemented in this module is not
+related in any way to the pep-593 concept of "Annotated".
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from . import operators
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .visitors import anon_map
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .base import _EntityNamespace
+    from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+
+_AnnotationDict = Mapping[str, Any]
+
+EMPTY_ANNOTATIONS: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+
+class SupportsAnnotations(ExternallyTraversible):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _annotations: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = EMPTY_ANNOTATIONS
+
+    proxy_set: util.generic_fn_descriptor[FrozenSet[Any]]
+
+    _is_immutable: bool
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = False,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _annotations_cache_key(self) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        anon_map_ = anon_map()
+
+        return self._gen_annotations_cache_key(anon_map_)
+
+    def _gen_annotations_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            "_annotations",
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    key,
+                    (
+                        value._gen_cache_key(anon_map, [])
+                        if isinstance(value, HasCacheKey)
+                        else value
+                    ),
+                )
+                for key, value in [
+                    (key, self._annotations[key])
+                    for key in sorted(self._annotations)
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class SupportsWrappingAnnotations(SupportsAnnotations):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _constructor: Callable[..., SupportsWrappingAnnotations]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace: ...
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        updated by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated._as_annotated_instance(self, values)  # type: ignore
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        replaced by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        return Annotated._as_annotated_instance(self, values)  # type: ignore
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = False,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        """return a copy of this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        with annotations
+        removed.
+
+        :param values: optional tuple of individual values
+         to remove.
+
+        """
+        if clone:
+            s = self._clone()
+            return s
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class SupportsCloneAnnotations(SupportsWrappingAnnotations):
+    # SupportsCloneAnnotations extends from SupportsWrappingAnnotations
+    # to support the structure of having the base ClauseElement
+    # be a subclass of SupportsWrappingAnnotations.  Any ClauseElement
+    # subclass that wants to extend from SupportsCloneAnnotations
+    # will inherently also be subclassing SupportsWrappingAnnotations, so
+    # make that specific here.
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    _clone_annotations_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_annotations", InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key)
+    ]
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        updated by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        new = self._clone()
+        new._annotations = new._annotations.union(values)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        return new
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        """return a copy of this ClauseElement with annotations
+        replaced by the given dictionary.
+
+        """
+        new = self._clone()
+        new._annotations = util.immutabledict(values)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        new.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        return new
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = False,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        """return a copy of this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        with annotations
+        removed.
+
+        :param values: optional tuple of individual values
+         to remove.
+
+        """
+        if clone or self._annotations:
+            # clone is used when we are also copying
+            # the expression for a deep deannotation
+            new = self._clone()
+            new._annotations = util.immutabledict()
+            new.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+            return new
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class Annotated(SupportsAnnotations):
+    """clones a SupportsAnnotations and applies an 'annotations' dictionary.
+
+    Unlike regular clones, this clone also mimics __hash__() and
+    __eq__() of the original element so that it takes its place
+    in hashed collections.
+
+    A reference to the original element is maintained, for the important
+    reason of keeping its hash value current.  When GC'ed, the
+    hash value may be reused, causing conflicts.
+
+    .. note::  The rationale for Annotated producing a brand new class,
+       rather than placing the functionality directly within ClauseElement,
+       is **performance**.  The __hash__() method is absent on plain
+       ClauseElement which leads to significantly reduced function call
+       overhead, as the use of sets and dictionaries against ClauseElement
+       objects is prevalent, but most are not "annotated".
+
+    """
+
+    _is_column_operators = False
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _as_annotated_instance(
+        cls, element: SupportsWrappingAnnotations, values: _AnnotationDict
+    ) -> Annotated:
+        try:
+            cls = annotated_classes[element.__class__]
+        except KeyError:
+            cls = _new_annotation_type(element.__class__, cls)
+        return cls(element, values)
+
+    _annotations: util.immutabledict[str, Any]
+    __element: SupportsWrappingAnnotations
+    _hash: int
+
+    def __new__(cls: Type[Self], *args: Any) -> Self:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, element: SupportsWrappingAnnotations, values: _AnnotationDict
+    ):
+        self.__dict__ = element.__dict__.copy()
+        self.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        self.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        self.__element = element
+        self._annotations = util.immutabledict(values)
+        self._hash = hash(element)
+
+    def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        _values = self._annotations.union(values)
+        new = self._with_annotations(_values)
+        return new
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self:
+        clone = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        clone.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        clone.__dict__.pop("_annotations_cache_key", None)
+        clone.__dict__.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        clone._annotations = util.immutabledict(values)
+        return clone
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Literal[None] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str] = ...,
+        clone: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Annotated: ...
+
+    def _deannotate(
+        self,
+        values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        clone: bool = True,
+    ) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        if values is None:
+            return self.__element
+        else:
+            return self._with_annotations(
+                util.immutabledict(
+                    {
+                        key: value
+                        for key, value in self._annotations.items()
+                        if key not in values
+                    }
+                )
+            )
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # manually proxy some methods that need extra attention
+        def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            return self.__element.__class__._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, visitor, **kw
+            )
+
+        @property
+        def _constructor(self):
+            return self.__element._constructor
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        clone = self.__element._clone(**kw)
+        if clone is self.__element:
+            # detect immutable, don't change anything
+            return self
+        else:
+            # update the clone with any changes that have occurred
+            # to this object's __dict__.
+            clone.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+            return self.__class__(clone, self._annotations)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Tuple[Type[Annotated], Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return self.__class__, (self.__element, self._annotations)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if self._is_column_operators:
+            return self.__element.__class__.__eq__(self, other)
+        else:
+            return hash(other) == hash(self)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace:
+        if "entity_namespace" in self._annotations:
+            return cast(
+                SupportsWrappingAnnotations,
+                self._annotations["entity_namespace"],
+            ).entity_namespace
+        else:
+            return self.__element.entity_namespace
+
+
+# hard-generate Annotated subclasses.  this technique
+# is used instead of on-the-fly types (i.e. type.__new__())
+# so that the resulting objects are pickleable; additionally, other
+# decisions can be made up front about the type of object being annotated
+# just once per class rather than per-instance.
+annotated_classes: Dict[Type[SupportsWrappingAnnotations], Type[Annotated]] = (
+    {}
+)
+
+_SA = TypeVar("_SA", bound="SupportsAnnotations")
+
+
+def _safe_annotate(to_annotate: _SA, annotations: _AnnotationDict) -> _SA:
+    try:
+        _annotate = to_annotate._annotate
+    except AttributeError:
+        # skip objects that don't actually have an `_annotate`
+        # attribute, namely QueryableAttribute inside of a join
+        # condition
+        return to_annotate
+    else:
+        return _annotate(annotations)
+
+
+def _deep_annotate(
+    element: _SA,
+    annotations: _AnnotationDict,
+    exclude: Optional[Sequence[SupportsAnnotations]] = None,
+    *,
+    detect_subquery_cols: bool = False,
+    ind_cols_on_fromclause: bool = False,
+    annotate_callable: Optional[
+        Callable[[SupportsAnnotations, _AnnotationDict], SupportsAnnotations]
+    ] = None,
+) -> _SA:
+    """Deep copy the given ClauseElement, annotating each element
+    with the given annotations dictionary.
+
+    Elements within the exclude collection will be cloned but not annotated.
+
+    """
+
+    # annotated objects hack the __hash__() method so if we want to
+    # uniquely process them we have to use id()
+
+    cloned_ids: Dict[int, SupportsAnnotations] = {}
+
+    def clone(elem: SupportsAnnotations, **kw: Any) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        # ind_cols_on_fromclause means make sure an AnnotatedFromClause
+        # has its own .c collection independent of that which its proxying.
+        # this is used specifically by orm.LoaderCriteriaOption to break
+        # a reference cycle that it's otherwise prone to building,
+        # see test_relationship_criteria->
+        # test_loader_criteria_subquery_w_same_entity.  logic here was
+        # changed for #8796 and made explicit; previously it occurred
+        # by accident
+
+        kw["detect_subquery_cols"] = detect_subquery_cols
+        id_ = id(elem)
+
+        if id_ in cloned_ids:
+            return cloned_ids[id_]
+
+        if (
+            exclude
+            and hasattr(elem, "proxy_set")
+            and elem.proxy_set.intersection(exclude)
+        ):
+            newelem = elem._clone(clone=clone, **kw)
+        elif annotations != elem._annotations:
+            if detect_subquery_cols and elem._is_immutable:
+                to_annotate = elem._clone(clone=clone, **kw)
+            else:
+                to_annotate = elem
+            if annotate_callable:
+                newelem = annotate_callable(to_annotate, annotations)
+            else:
+                newelem = _safe_annotate(to_annotate, annotations)
+        else:
+            newelem = elem
+
+        newelem._copy_internals(
+            clone=clone, ind_cols_on_fromclause=ind_cols_on_fromclause
+        )
+
+        cloned_ids[id_] = newelem
+        return newelem
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = cast(_SA, clone(element))
+    clone = None  # type: ignore  # remove gc cycles
+    return element
+
+
+@overload
+def _deep_deannotate(
+    element: Literal[None], values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+) -> Literal[None]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _deep_deannotate(
+    element: _SA, values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+) -> _SA: ...
+
+
+def _deep_deannotate(
+    element: Optional[_SA], values: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+) -> Optional[_SA]:
+    """Deep copy the given element, removing annotations."""
+
+    cloned: Dict[Any, SupportsAnnotations] = {}
+
+    def clone(elem: SupportsAnnotations, **kw: Any) -> SupportsAnnotations:
+        key: Any
+        if values:
+            key = id(elem)
+        else:
+            key = elem
+
+        if key not in cloned:
+            newelem = elem._deannotate(values=values, clone=True)
+            newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone)
+            cloned[key] = newelem
+            return newelem
+        else:
+            return cloned[key]
+
+    if element is not None:
+        element = cast(_SA, clone(element))
+    clone = None  # type: ignore  # remove gc cycles
+    return element
+
+
+def _shallow_annotate(element: _SA, annotations: _AnnotationDict) -> _SA:
+    """Annotate the given ClauseElement and copy its internals so that
+    internal objects refer to the new annotated object.
+
+    Basically used to apply a "don't traverse" annotation to a
+    selectable, without digging throughout the whole
+    structure wasting time.
+    """
+    element = element._annotate(annotations)
+    element._copy_internals()
+    return element
+
+
+def _new_annotation_type(
+    cls: Type[SupportsWrappingAnnotations], base_cls: Type[Annotated]
+) -> Type[Annotated]:
+    """Generates a new class that subclasses Annotated and proxies a given
+    element type.
+
+    """
+    if issubclass(cls, Annotated):
+        return cls
+    elif cls in annotated_classes:
+        return annotated_classes[cls]
+
+    for super_ in cls.__mro__:
+        # check if an Annotated subclass more specific than
+        # the given base_cls is already registered, such
+        # as AnnotatedColumnElement.
+        if super_ in annotated_classes:
+            base_cls = annotated_classes[super_]
+            break
+
+    annotated_classes[cls] = anno_cls = cast(
+        Type[Annotated],
+        type("Annotated%s" % cls.__name__, (base_cls, cls), {}),
+    )
+    globals()["Annotated%s" % cls.__name__] = anno_cls
+
+    if "_traverse_internals" in cls.__dict__:
+        anno_cls._traverse_internals = list(cls._traverse_internals) + [
+            ("_annotations", InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key)
+        ]
+    elif cls.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", False):
+        anno_cls._traverse_internals = list(cls._traverse_internals) + [
+            ("_annotations", InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key)
+        ]
+
+    # some classes include this even if they have traverse_internals
+    # e.g. BindParameter, add it if present.
+    if cls.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", False):
+        anno_cls.inherit_cache = True  # type: ignore
+    elif "inherit_cache" in cls.__dict__:
+        anno_cls.inherit_cache = cls.__dict__["inherit_cache"]  # type: ignore
+
+    anno_cls._is_column_operators = issubclass(cls, operators.ColumnOperators)
+
+    return anno_cls
+
+
+def _prepare_annotations(
+    target_hierarchy: Type[SupportsWrappingAnnotations],
+    base_cls: Type[Annotated],
+) -> None:
+    for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target_hierarchy):
+        _new_annotation_type(cls, base_cls)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ccef84e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2185 @@
+# sql/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Foundational utilities common to many sql modules.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import operator
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import roles
+from . import visitors
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey  # noqa
+from .cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey  # noqa
+from .traversals import HasCopyInternals  # noqa
+from .visitors import ClauseVisitor
+from .visitors import ExtendedInternalTraversal
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized as HasMemoized
+from ..util import hybridmethod
+from ..util import typing as compat_typing
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from . import coercions
+    from . import elements
+    from . import type_api
+    from ._orm_types import DMLStrategyArgument
+    from ._orm_types import SynchronizeSessionArgument
+    from ._typing import _CLE
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseList
+    from .elements import ColumnClause  # noqa
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import NamedColumn
+    from .elements import SQLCoreOperations
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from .selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ImmutableExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CacheStats
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Compiled
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import IsolationLevel
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ..event import dispatcher
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    coercions = None  # noqa
+    elements = None  # noqa
+    type_api = None  # noqa
+
+
+class _NoArg(Enum):
+    NO_ARG = 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"_NoArg.{self.name}"
+
+
+NO_ARG = _NoArg.NO_ARG
+
+
+class _NoneName(Enum):
+    NONE_NAME = 0
+    """indicate a 'deferred' name that was ultimately the value None."""
+
+
+_NONE_NAME = _NoneName.NONE_NAME
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_Fn = TypeVar("_Fn", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+_AmbiguousTableNameMap = MutableMapping[str, str]
+
+
+class _DefaultDescriptionTuple(NamedTuple):
+    arg: Any
+    is_scalar: Optional[bool]
+    is_callable: Optional[bool]
+    is_sentinel: Optional[bool]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_column_default(
+        cls, default: Optional[DefaultGenerator]
+    ) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        return (
+            _DefaultDescriptionTuple(
+                default.arg,  # type: ignore
+                default.is_scalar,
+                default.is_callable,
+                default.is_sentinel,
+            )
+            if default
+            and (
+                default.has_arg
+                or (not default.for_update and default.is_sentinel)
+            )
+            else _DefaultDescriptionTuple(None, None, None, None)
+        )
+
+
+_never_select_column = operator.attrgetter("_omit_from_statements")
+
+
+class _EntityNamespace(Protocol):
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> SQLCoreOperations[Any]: ...
+
+
+class _HasEntityNamespace(Protocol):
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace: ...
+
+
+def _is_has_entity_namespace(element: Any) -> TypeGuard[_HasEntityNamespace]:
+    return hasattr(element, "entity_namespace")
+
+
+# Remove when https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14640 will be fixed
+_Self = TypeVar("_Self", bound=Any)
+
+
+class Immutable:
+    """mark a ClauseElement as 'immutable' when expressions are cloned.
+
+    "immutable" objects refers to the "mutability" of an object in the
+    context of SQL DQL and DML generation.   Such as, in DQL, one can
+    compose a SELECT or subquery of varied forms, but one cannot modify
+    the structure of a specific table or column within DQL.
+    :class:`.Immutable` is mostly intended to follow this concept, and as
+    such the primary "immutable" objects are :class:`.ColumnClause`,
+    :class:`.Column`, :class:`.TableClause`, :class:`.Table`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _is_immutable = True
+
+    def unique_params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def params(self, *optionaldict, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Immutable objects do not support copying")
+
+    def _clone(self: _Self, **kw: Any) -> _Self:
+        return self
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Iterable[str] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class SingletonConstant(Immutable):
+    """Represent SQL constants like NULL, TRUE, FALSE"""
+
+    _is_singleton_constant = True
+
+    _singleton: SingletonConstant
+
+    def __new__(cls: _T, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> _T:
+        return cast(_T, cls._singleton)
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def proxy_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_singleton(cls):
+        obj = object.__new__(cls)
+        obj.__init__()  # type: ignore
+
+        # for a long time this was an empty frozenset, meaning
+        # a SingletonConstant would never be a "corresponding column" in
+        # a statement.  This referred to #6259.  However, in #7154 we see
+        # that we do in fact need "correspondence" to work when matching cols
+        # in result sets, so the non-correspondence was moved to a more
+        # specific level when we are actually adapting expressions for SQL
+        # render only.
+        obj.proxy_set = frozenset([obj])
+        cls._singleton = obj
+
+
+def _from_objects(
+    *elements: Union[
+        ColumnElement[Any], FromClause, TextClause, _JoinTargetElement
+    ]
+) -> Iterator[FromClause]:
+    return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        [element._from_objects for element in elements]
+    )
+
+
+def _select_iterables(
+    elements: Iterable[roles.ColumnsClauseRole],
+) -> _SelectIterable:
+    """expand tables into individual columns in the
+    given list of column expressions.
+
+    """
+    return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+        [c._select_iterable for c in elements]
+    )
+
+
+_SelfGenerativeType = TypeVar("_SelfGenerativeType", bound="_GenerativeType")
+
+
+class _GenerativeType(compat_typing.Protocol):
+    def _generate(self) -> Self: ...
+
+
+def _generative(fn: _Fn) -> _Fn:
+    """non-caching _generative() decorator.
+
+    This is basically the legacy decorator that copies the object and
+    runs a method on the new copy.
+
+    """
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def _generative(
+        fn: _Fn, self: _SelfGenerativeType, *args: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> _SelfGenerativeType:
+        """Mark a method as generative."""
+
+        self = self._generate()
+        x = fn(self, *args, **kw)
+        assert x is self, "generative methods must return self"
+        return self
+
+    decorated = _generative(fn)
+    decorated.non_generative = fn  # type: ignore
+    return decorated
+
+
+def _exclusive_against(*names: str, **kw: Any) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+    msgs = kw.pop("msgs", {})
+
+    defaults = kw.pop("defaults", {})
+
+    getters = [
+        (name, operator.attrgetter(name), defaults.get(name, None))
+        for name in names
+    ]
+
+    @util.decorator
+    def check(fn, *args, **kw):
+        # make pylance happy by not including "self" in the argument
+        # list
+        self = args[0]
+        args = args[1:]
+        for name, getter, default_ in getters:
+            if getter(self) is not default_:
+                msg = msgs.get(
+                    name,
+                    "Method %s() has already been invoked on this %s construct"
+                    % (fn.__name__, self.__class__),
+                )
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(msg)
+        return fn(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    return check
+
+
+def _clone(element, **kw):
+    return element._clone(**kw)
+
+
+def _expand_cloned(
+    elements: Iterable[_CLE],
+) -> Iterable[_CLE]:
+    """expand the given set of ClauseElements to be the set of all 'cloned'
+    predecessors.
+
+    """
+    # TODO: cython candidate
+    return itertools.chain(*[x._cloned_set for x in elements])
+
+
+def _de_clone(
+    elements: Iterable[_CLE],
+) -> Iterable[_CLE]:
+    for x in elements:
+        while x._is_clone_of is not None:
+            x = x._is_clone_of
+        yield x
+
+
+def _cloned_intersection(a: Iterable[_CLE], b: Iterable[_CLE]) -> Set[_CLE]:
+    """return the intersection of sets a and b, counting
+    any overlap between 'cloned' predecessors.
+
+    The returned set is in terms of the entities present within 'a'.
+
+    """
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return {elem for elem in a if all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set)}
+
+
+def _cloned_difference(a: Iterable[_CLE], b: Iterable[_CLE]) -> Set[_CLE]:
+    all_overlap = set(_expand_cloned(a)).intersection(_expand_cloned(b))
+    return {
+        elem for elem in a if not all_overlap.intersection(elem._cloned_set)
+    }
+
+
+class _DialectArgView(MutableMapping[str, Any]):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments in the form
+    <dialectname>_<argument_name>.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, obj):
+        self.obj = obj
+
+    def _key(self, key):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = key.split("_", 1)
+        except ValueError as err:
+            raise KeyError(key) from err
+        else:
+            return dialect, value_key
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+
+        try:
+            opt = self.obj.dialect_options[dialect]
+        except exc.NoSuchModuleError as err:
+            raise KeyError(key) from err
+        else:
+            return opt[value_key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        try:
+            dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Keys must be of the form <dialectname>_<argname>"
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        dialect, value_key = self._key(key)
+        del self.obj.dialect_options[dialect][value_key]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return sum(
+            len(args._non_defaults)
+            for args in self.obj.dialect_options.values()
+        )
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (
+            "%s_%s" % (dialect_name, value_name)
+            for dialect_name in self.obj.dialect_options
+            for value_name in self.obj.dialect_options[
+                dialect_name
+            ]._non_defaults
+        )
+
+
+class _DialectArgDict(MutableMapping[str, Any]):
+    """A dictionary view of dialect-level arguments for a specific
+    dialect.
+
+    Maintains a separate collection of user-specified arguments
+    and dialect-specified default arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._non_defaults = {}
+        self._defaults = {}
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(set(self._non_defaults).union(self._defaults))
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self._non_defaults:
+            return self._non_defaults[key]
+        else:
+            return self._defaults[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self._non_defaults[key] = value
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        del self._non_defaults[key]
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.dialects")
+def _kw_reg_for_dialect(dialect_name):
+    dialect_cls = util.preloaded.dialects.registry.load(dialect_name)
+    if dialect_cls.construct_arguments is None:
+        return None
+    return dict(dialect_cls.construct_arguments)
+
+
+class DialectKWArgs:
+    """Establish the ability for a class to have dialect-specific arguments
+    with defaults and constructor validation.
+
+    The :class:`.DialectKWArgs` interacts with the
+    :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` present on a dialect.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals = [
+        ("dialect_options", InternalTraversal.dp_dialect_options)
+    ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def argument_for(cls, dialect_name, argument_name, default):
+        """Add a new kind of dialect-specific keyword argument for this class.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            Index.argument_for("mydialect", "length", None)
+
+            some_index = Index("a", "b", mydialect_length=5)
+
+        The :meth:`.DialectKWArgs.argument_for` method is a per-argument
+        way adding extra arguments to the
+        :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` dictionary. This
+        dictionary provides a list of argument names accepted by various
+        schema-level constructs on behalf of a dialect.
+
+        New dialects should typically specify this dictionary all at once as a
+        data member of the dialect class.  The use case for ad-hoc addition of
+        argument names is typically for end-user code that is also using
+        a custom compilation scheme which consumes the additional arguments.
+
+        :param dialect_name: name of a dialect.  The dialect must be
+         locatable, else a :class:`.NoSuchModuleError` is raised.   The
+         dialect must also include an existing
+         :attr:`.DefaultDialect.construct_arguments` collection, indicating
+         that it participates in the keyword-argument validation and default
+         system, else :class:`.ArgumentError` is raised.  If the dialect does
+         not include this collection, then any keyword argument can be
+         specified on behalf of this dialect already.  All dialects packaged
+         within SQLAlchemy include this collection, however for third party
+         dialects, support may vary.
+
+        :param argument_name: name of the parameter.
+
+        :param default: default value of the parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Dialect '%s' does have keyword-argument "
+                "validation and defaults enabled configured" % dialect_name
+            )
+        if cls not in construct_arg_dictionary:
+            construct_arg_dictionary[cls] = {}
+        construct_arg_dictionary[cls][argument_name] = default
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_kwargs(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        The arguments are present here in their original ``<dialect>_<kwarg>``
+        format.  Only arguments that were actually passed are included;
+        unlike the :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` collection, which
+        contains all options known by this dialect including defaults.
+
+        The collection is also writable; keys are accepted of the
+        form ``<dialect>_<kwarg>`` where the value will be assembled
+        into the list of options.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_options` - nested dictionary form
+
+        """
+        return _DialectArgView(self)
+
+    @property
+    def kwargs(self):
+        """A synonym for :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs`."""
+        return self.dialect_kwargs
+
+    _kw_registry = util.PopulateDict(_kw_reg_for_dialect)
+
+    def _kw_reg_for_dialect_cls(self, dialect_name):
+        construct_arg_dictionary = DialectKWArgs._kw_registry[dialect_name]
+        d = _DialectArgDict()
+
+        if construct_arg_dictionary is None:
+            d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+        else:
+            for cls in reversed(self.__class__.__mro__):
+                if cls in construct_arg_dictionary:
+                    d._defaults.update(construct_arg_dictionary[cls])
+        return d
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def dialect_options(self):
+        """A collection of keyword arguments specified as dialect-specific
+        options to this construct.
+
+        This is a two-level nested registry, keyed to ``<dialect_name>``
+        and ``<argument_name>``.  For example, the ``postgresql_where``
+        argument would be locatable as::
+
+            arg = my_object.dialect_options["postgresql"]["where"]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 0.9.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.DialectKWArgs.dialect_kwargs` - flat dictionary form
+
+        """
+
+        return util.PopulateDict(
+            util.portable_instancemethod(self._kw_reg_for_dialect_cls)
+        )
+
+    def _validate_dialect_kwargs(self, kwargs: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        # validate remaining kwargs that they all specify DB prefixes
+
+        if not kwargs:
+            return
+
+        for k in kwargs:
+            m = re.match("^(.+?)_(.+)$", k)
+            if not m:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Additional arguments should be "
+                    "named <dialectname>_<argument>, got '%s'" % k
+                )
+            dialect_name, arg_name = m.group(1, 2)
+
+            try:
+                construct_arg_dictionary = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]
+            except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't validate argument %r; can't "
+                    "locate any SQLAlchemy dialect named %r"
+                    % (k, dialect_name)
+                )
+                self.dialect_options[dialect_name] = d = _DialectArgDict()
+                d._defaults.update({"*": None})
+                d._non_defaults[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+            else:
+                if (
+                    "*" not in construct_arg_dictionary
+                    and arg_name not in construct_arg_dictionary
+                ):
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "Argument %r is not accepted by "
+                        "dialect %r on behalf of %r"
+                        % (k, dialect_name, self.__class__)
+                    )
+                else:
+                    construct_arg_dictionary[arg_name] = kwargs[k]
+
+
+class CompileState:
+    """Produces additional object state necessary for a statement to be
+    compiled.
+
+    the :class:`.CompileState` class is at the base of classes that assemble
+    state for a particular statement object that is then used by the
+    compiler.   This process is essentially an extension of the process that
+    the SQLCompiler.visit_XYZ() method takes, however there is an emphasis
+    on converting raw user intent into more organized structures rather than
+    producing string output.   The top-level :class:`.CompileState` for the
+    statement being executed is also accessible when the execution context
+    works with invoking the statement and collecting results.
+
+    The production of :class:`.CompileState` is specific to the compiler,  such
+    as within the :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_insert`,
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler.visit_select` etc. methods.  These methods are also
+    responsible for associating the :class:`.CompileState` with the
+    :class:`.SQLCompiler` itself, if the statement is the "toplevel" statement,
+    i.e. the outermost SQL statement that's actually being executed.
+    There can be other :class:`.CompileState` objects that are not the
+    toplevel, such as when a SELECT subquery or CTE-nested
+    INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE is generated.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("statement", "_ambiguous_table_name_map")
+
+    plugins: Dict[Tuple[str, str], Type[CompileState]] = {}
+
+    _ambiguous_table_name_map: Optional[_AmbiguousTableNameMap]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_for_statement(
+        cls, statement: Executable, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any
+    ) -> CompileState:
+        # factory construction.
+
+        if statement._propagate_attrs:
+            plugin_name = statement._propagate_attrs.get(
+                "compile_state_plugin", "default"
+            )
+            klass = cls.plugins.get(
+                (plugin_name, statement._effective_plugin_target), None
+            )
+            if klass is None:
+                klass = cls.plugins[
+                    ("default", statement._effective_plugin_target)
+                ]
+
+        else:
+            klass = cls.plugins[
+                ("default", statement._effective_plugin_target)
+            ]
+
+        if klass is cls:
+            return cls(statement, compiler, **kw)
+        else:
+            return klass.create_for_statement(statement, compiler, **kw)
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, compiler, **kw):
+        self.statement = statement
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_plugin_class(
+        cls, statement: Executable
+    ) -> Optional[Type[CompileState]]:
+        plugin_name = statement._propagate_attrs.get(
+            "compile_state_plugin", None
+        )
+
+        if plugin_name:
+            key = (plugin_name, statement._effective_plugin_target)
+            if key in cls.plugins:
+                return cls.plugins[key]
+
+        # there's no case where we call upon get_plugin_class() and want
+        # to get None back, there should always be a default.  return that
+        # if there was no plugin-specific class  (e.g. Insert with "orm"
+        # plugin)
+        try:
+            return cls.plugins[("default", statement._effective_plugin_target)]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_plugin_class_for_plugin(
+        cls, statement: Executable, plugin_name: str
+    ) -> Optional[Type[CompileState]]:
+        try:
+            return cls.plugins[
+                (plugin_name, statement._effective_plugin_target)
+            ]
+        except KeyError:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def plugin_for(
+        cls, plugin_name: str, visit_name: str
+    ) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+        def decorate(cls_to_decorate):
+            cls.plugins[(plugin_name, visit_name)] = cls_to_decorate
+            return cls_to_decorate
+
+        return decorate
+
+
+class Generative(HasMemoized):
+    """Provide a method-chaining pattern in conjunction with the
+    @_generative decorator."""
+
+    def _generate(self) -> Self:
+        skip = self._memoized_keys
+        cls = self.__class__
+        s = cls.__new__(cls)
+        if skip:
+            # ensure this iteration remains atomic
+            s.__dict__ = {
+                k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.copy().items() if k not in skip
+            }
+        else:
+            s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+class InPlaceGenerative(HasMemoized):
+    """Provide a method-chaining pattern in conjunction with the
+    @_generative decorator that mutates in place."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        skip = self._memoized_keys
+        # note __dict__ needs to be in __slots__ if this is used
+        for k in skip:
+            self.__dict__.pop(k, None)
+        return self
+
+
+class HasCompileState(Generative):
+    """A class that has a :class:`.CompileState` associated with it."""
+
+    _compile_state_plugin: Optional[Type[CompileState]] = None
+
+    _attributes: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    _compile_state_factory = CompileState.create_for_statement
+
+
+class _MetaOptions(type):
+    """metaclass for the Options class.
+
+    This metaclass is actually necessary despite the availability of the
+    ``__init_subclass__()`` hook as this type also provides custom class-level
+    behavior for the ``__add__()`` method.
+
+    """
+
+    _cache_attrs: Tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        o1 = self()
+
+        if set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "dictionary contains attributes not covered by "
+                "Options class %s: %r"
+                % (self, set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs))
+            )
+
+        o1.__dict__.update(other)
+        return o1
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any: ...
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delattr__(self, key: str) -> None: ...
+
+
+class Options(metaclass=_MetaOptions):
+    """A cacheable option dictionary with defaults."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _cache_attrs: Tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        dict_ = cls.__dict__
+        cls._cache_attrs = tuple(
+            sorted(
+                d
+                for d in dict_
+                if not d.startswith("__")
+                and d not in ("_cache_key_traversal",)
+            )
+        )
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        self.__dict__.update(kw)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        o1 = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        o1.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+
+        if set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "dictionary contains attributes not covered by "
+                "Options class %s: %r"
+                % (self, set(other).difference(self._cache_attrs))
+            )
+
+        o1.__dict__.update(other)
+        return o1
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        # TODO: very inefficient.  This is used only in test suites
+        # right now.
+        for a, b in zip_longest(self._cache_attrs, other._cache_attrs):
+            if getattr(self, a) != getattr(other, b):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        # TODO: fairly inefficient, used only in debugging right now.
+
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ", ".join(
+                "%s=%r" % (k, self.__dict__[k])
+                for k in self._cache_attrs
+                if k in self.__dict__
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def isinstance(cls, klass: Type[Any]) -> bool:
+        return issubclass(cls, klass)
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def add_to_element(self, name, value):
+        return self + {name: getattr(self, name) + value}
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _state_dict_inst(self) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        return self.__dict__
+
+    _state_dict_const: util.immutabledict[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    @_state_dict_inst.classlevel
+    def _state_dict(cls) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        return cls._state_dict_const
+
+    @classmethod
+    def safe_merge(cls, other):
+        d = other._state_dict()
+
+        # only support a merge with another object of our class
+        # and which does not have attrs that we don't.   otherwise
+        # we risk having state that might not be part of our cache
+        # key strategy
+
+        if (
+            cls is not other.__class__
+            and other._cache_attrs
+            and set(other._cache_attrs).difference(cls._cache_attrs)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "other element %r is not empty, is not of type %s, "
+                "and contains attributes not covered here %r"
+                % (
+                    other,
+                    cls,
+                    set(other._cache_attrs).difference(cls._cache_attrs),
+                )
+            )
+        return cls + d
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_execution_options(
+        cls, key, attrs, exec_options, statement_exec_options
+    ):
+        """process Options argument in terms of execution options.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            (
+                load_options,
+                execution_options,
+            ) = QueryContext.default_load_options.from_execution_options(
+                "_sa_orm_load_options",
+                {"populate_existing", "autoflush", "yield_per"},
+                execution_options,
+                statement._execution_options,
+            )
+
+        get back the Options and refresh "_sa_orm_load_options" in the
+        exec options dict w/ the Options as well
+
+        """
+
+        # common case is that no options we are looking for are
+        # in either dictionary, so cancel for that first
+        check_argnames = attrs.intersection(
+            set(exec_options).union(statement_exec_options)
+        )
+
+        existing_options = exec_options.get(key, cls)
+
+        if check_argnames:
+            result = {}
+            for argname in check_argnames:
+                local = "_" + argname
+                if argname in exec_options:
+                    result[local] = exec_options[argname]
+                elif argname in statement_exec_options:
+                    result[local] = statement_exec_options[argname]
+
+            new_options = existing_options + result
+            exec_options = util.immutabledict().merge_with(
+                exec_options, {key: new_options}
+            )
+            return new_options, exec_options
+
+        else:
+            return existing_options, exec_options
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any: ...
+
+        def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delattr__(self, key: str) -> None: ...
+
+
+class CacheableOptions(Options, HasCacheKey):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _gen_cache_key_inst(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        return HasCacheKey._gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams)
+
+    @_gen_cache_key_inst.classlevel
+    def _gen_cache_key(cls, anon_map, bindparams):
+        return (cls, ())
+
+    @hybridmethod
+    def _generate_cache_key(self):
+        return HasCacheKey._generate_cache_key_for_object(self)
+
+
+class ExecutableOption(HasCopyInternals):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _annotations = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    __visit_name__ = "executable_option"
+
+    _is_has_cache_key = False
+
+    _is_core = True
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw):
+        """Create a shallow copy of this ExecutableOption."""
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = dict(self.__dict__)  # type: ignore
+        return c
+
+
+class Executable(roles.StatementRole):
+    """Mark a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` as supporting execution.
+
+    :class:`.Executable` is a superclass for all "statement" types
+    of objects, including :func:`select`, :func:`delete`, :func:`update`,
+    :func:`insert`, :func:`text`.
+
+    """
+
+    supports_execution: bool = True
+    _execution_options: _ImmutableExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    _is_default_generator = False
+    _with_options: Tuple[ExecutableOption, ...] = ()
+    _with_context_options: Tuple[
+        Tuple[Callable[[CompileState], None], Any], ...
+    ] = ()
+    _compile_options: Optional[Union[Type[CacheableOptions], CacheableOptions]]
+
+    _executable_traverse_internals = [
+        ("_with_options", InternalTraversal.dp_executable_options),
+        (
+            "_with_context_options",
+            ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_with_context_options,
+        ),
+        ("_propagate_attrs", ExtendedInternalTraversal.dp_propagate_attrs),
+    ]
+
+    is_select = False
+    is_from_statement = False
+    is_update = False
+    is_insert = False
+    is_text = False
+    is_delete = False
+    is_dml = False
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        __visit_name__: str
+
+        def _compile_w_cache(
+            self,
+            dialect: Dialect,
+            *,
+            compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType],
+            column_keys: List[str],
+            for_executemany: bool = False,
+            schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Tuple[
+            Compiled, Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]], CacheStats
+        ]: ...
+
+        def _execute_on_connection(
+            self,
+            connection: Connection,
+            distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+            execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        ) -> CursorResult[Any]: ...
+
+        def _execute_on_scalar(
+            self,
+            connection: Connection,
+            distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+            execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+        ) -> Any: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_plugin_target(self) -> str:
+        return self.__visit_name__
+
+    @_generative
+    def options(self, *options: ExecutableOption) -> Self:
+        """Apply options to this statement.
+
+        In the general sense, options are any kind of Python object
+        that can be interpreted by the SQL compiler for the statement.
+        These options can be consumed by specific dialects or specific kinds
+        of compilers.
+
+        The most commonly known kind of option are the ORM level options
+        that apply "eager load" and other loading behaviors to an ORM
+        query.   However, options can theoretically be used for many other
+        purposes.
+
+        For background on specific kinds of options for specific kinds of
+        statements, refer to the documentation for those option objects.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - added :meth:`.Executable.options` to
+           Core statement objects towards the goal of allowing unified
+           Core / ORM querying capabilities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`loading_columns` - refers to options specific to the usage
+            of ORM queries
+
+            :ref:`relationship_loader_options` - refers to options specific
+            to the usage of ORM queries
+
+        """
+        self._with_options += tuple(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ExecutableOptionRole, opt)
+            for opt in options
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _set_compile_options(self, compile_options: CacheableOptions) -> Self:
+        """Assign the compile options to a new value.
+
+        :param compile_options: appropriate CacheableOptions structure
+
+        """
+
+        self._compile_options = compile_options
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _update_compile_options(self, options: CacheableOptions) -> Self:
+        """update the _compile_options with new keys."""
+
+        assert self._compile_options is not None
+        self._compile_options += options
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def _add_context_option(
+        self,
+        callable_: Callable[[CompileState], None],
+        cache_args: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Add a context option to this statement.
+
+        These are callable functions that will
+        be given the CompileState object upon compilation.
+
+        A second argument cache_args is required, which will be combined with
+        the ``__code__`` identity of the function itself in order to produce a
+        cache key.
+
+        """
+        self._with_context_options += ((callable_, cache_args),)
+        return self
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(
+        self,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType] = ...,
+        logging_token: str = ...,
+        isolation_level: IsolationLevel = ...,
+        no_parameters: bool = False,
+        stream_results: bool = False,
+        max_row_buffer: int = ...,
+        yield_per: int = ...,
+        insertmanyvalues_page_size: int = ...,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+        populate_existing: bool = False,
+        autoflush: bool = False,
+        synchronize_session: SynchronizeSessionArgument = ...,
+        dml_strategy: DMLStrategyArgument = ...,
+        render_nulls: bool = ...,
+        is_delete_using: bool = ...,
+        is_update_from: bool = ...,
+        preserve_rowcount: bool = False,
+        **opt: Any,
+    ) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def execution_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def execution_options(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Set non-SQL options for the statement which take effect during
+        execution.
+
+        Execution options can be set at many scopes, including per-statement,
+        per-connection, or per execution, using methods such as
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` and parameters which
+        accept a dictionary of options such as
+        :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execute.execution_options` and
+        :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.execution_options`.
+
+        The primary characteristic of an execution option, as opposed to
+        other kinds of options such as ORM loader options, is that
+        **execution options never affect the compiled SQL of a query, only
+        things that affect how the SQL statement itself is invoked or how
+        results are fetched**.  That is, execution options are not part of
+        what's accommodated by SQL compilation nor are they considered part of
+        the cached state of a statement.
+
+        The :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` method is
+        :term:`generative`, as
+        is the case for the method as applied to the :class:`_engine.Engine`
+        and :class:`_orm.Query` objects, which means when the method is called,
+        a copy of the object is returned, which applies the given parameters to
+        that new copy, but leaves the original unchanged::
+
+            statement = select(table.c.x, table.c.y)
+            new_statement = statement.execution_options(my_option=True)
+
+        An exception to this behavior is the :class:`_engine.Connection`
+        object, where the :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method
+        is explicitly **not** generative.
+
+        The kinds of options that may be passed to
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` and other related methods and
+        parameter dictionaries include parameters that are explicitly consumed
+        by SQLAlchemy Core or ORM, as well as arbitrary keyword arguments not
+        defined by SQLAlchemy, which means the methods and/or parameter
+        dictionaries may be used for user-defined parameters that interact with
+        custom code, which may access the parameters using methods such as
+        :meth:`_sql.Executable.get_execution_options` and
+        :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_execution_options`, or within selected
+        event hooks using a dedicated ``execution_options`` event parameter
+        such as
+        :paramref:`_events.ConnectionEvents.before_execute.execution_options`
+        or :attr:`_orm.ORMExecuteState.execution_options`, e.g.::
+
+             from sqlalchemy import event
+
+
+             @event.listens_for(some_engine, "before_execute")
+             def _process_opt(conn, statement, multiparams, params, execution_options):
+                 "run a SQL function before invoking a statement"
+
+                 if execution_options.get("do_special_thing", False):
+                     conn.exec_driver_sql("run_special_function()")
+
+        Within the scope of options that are explicitly recognized by
+        SQLAlchemy, most apply to specific classes of objects and not others.
+        The most common execution options include:
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.isolation_level` -
+          sets the isolation level for a connection or a class of connections
+          via an :class:`_engine.Engine`.  This option is accepted only
+          by :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`.
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.stream_results` -
+          indicates results should be fetched using a server side cursor;
+          this option is accepted by :class:`_engine.Connection`, by the
+          :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execute.execution_options` parameter
+          on :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`, and additionally by
+          :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` on a SQL statement object,
+          as well as by ORM constructs like :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`.
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.compiled_cache` -
+          indicates a dictionary that will serve as the
+          :ref:`SQL compilation cache <sql_caching>`
+          for a :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`, as
+          well as for ORM methods like :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`.
+          Can be passed as ``None`` to disable caching for statements.
+          This option is not accepted by
+          :meth:`_sql.Executable.execution_options` as it is inadvisable to
+          carry along a compilation cache within a statement object.
+
+        * :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execution_options.schema_translate_map`
+          - a mapping of schema names used by the
+          :ref:`Schema Translate Map <schema_translating>` feature, accepted
+          by :class:`_engine.Connection`, :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+          :class:`_sql.Executable`, as well as by ORM constructs
+          like :meth:`_orm.Session.execute`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options`
+
+            :paramref:`_engine.Connection.execute.execution_options`
+
+            :paramref:`_orm.Session.execute.execution_options`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_execution_options` - documentation on all
+            ORM-specific execution options
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if "isolation_level" in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'isolation_level' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), or "
+                "per-engine using the isolation_level "
+                "argument to create_engine()."
+            )
+        if "compiled_cache" in kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "'compiled_cache' execution option may only be specified "
+                "on Connection.execution_options(), not per statement."
+            )
+        self._execution_options = self._execution_options.union(kw)
+        return self
+
+    def get_execution_options(self) -> _ExecuteOptions:
+        """Get the non-SQL options which will take effect during execution.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Executable.execution_options`
+        """
+        return self._execution_options
+
+
+class SchemaEventTarget(event.EventTarget):
+    """Base class for elements that are the targets of :class:`.DDLEvents`
+    events.
+
+    This includes :class:`.SchemaItem` as well as :class:`.SchemaType`.
+
+    """
+
+    dispatch: dispatcher[SchemaEventTarget]
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Associate with this SchemaEvent's parent object."""
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        self.dispatch.before_parent_attach(self, parent)
+        self._set_parent(parent, **kw)
+        self.dispatch.after_parent_attach(self, parent)
+
+
+class SchemaVisitor(ClauseVisitor):
+    """Define the visiting for ``SchemaItem`` objects."""
+
+    __traverse_options__ = {"schema_visitor": True}
+
+
+class _SentinelDefaultCharacterization(Enum):
+    NONE = "none"
+    UNKNOWN = "unknown"
+    CLIENTSIDE = "clientside"
+    SENTINEL_DEFAULT = "sentinel_default"
+    SERVERSIDE = "serverside"
+    IDENTITY = "identity"
+    SEQUENCE = "sequence"
+
+
+class _SentinelColumnCharacterization(NamedTuple):
+    columns: Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+    is_explicit: bool = False
+    is_autoinc: bool = False
+    default_characterization: _SentinelDefaultCharacterization = (
+        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE
+    )
+
+
+_COLKEY = TypeVar("_COLKEY", Union[None, str], str)
+
+_COL_co = TypeVar("_COL_co", bound="ColumnElement[Any]", covariant=True)
+_COL = TypeVar("_COL", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+
+class _ColumnMetrics(Generic[_COL_co]):
+    __slots__ = ("column",)
+
+    column: _COL_co
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, collection: ColumnCollection[Any, _COL_co], col: _COL_co
+    ):
+        self.column = col
+
+        # proxy_index being non-empty means it was initialized.
+        # so we need to update it
+        pi = collection._proxy_index
+        if pi:
+            for eps_col in col._expanded_proxy_set:
+                pi[eps_col].add(self)
+
+    def get_expanded_proxy_set(self):
+        return self.column._expanded_proxy_set
+
+    def dispose(self, collection):
+        pi = collection._proxy_index
+        if not pi:
+            return
+        for col in self.column._expanded_proxy_set:
+            colset = pi.get(col, None)
+            if colset:
+                colset.discard(self)
+            if colset is not None and not colset:
+                del pi[col]
+
+    def embedded(
+        self,
+        target_set: Union[
+            Set[ColumnElement[Any]], FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]
+        ],
+    ) -> bool:
+        expanded_proxy_set = self.column._expanded_proxy_set
+        for t in target_set.difference(expanded_proxy_set):
+            if not expanded_proxy_set.intersection(_expand_cloned([t])):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+class ColumnCollection(Generic[_COLKEY, _COL_co]):
+    """Collection of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` instances,
+    typically for
+    :class:`_sql.FromClause` objects.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection` object is most commonly available
+    as the :attr:`_schema.Table.c` or :attr:`_schema.Table.columns` collection
+    on the :class:`_schema.Table` object, introduced at
+    :ref:`metadata_tables_and_columns`.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` has both mapping- and sequence-
+    like behaviors. A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` usually stores
+    :class:`_schema.Column` objects, which are then accessible both via mapping
+    style access as well as attribute access style.
+
+    To access :class:`_schema.Column` objects using ordinary attribute-style
+    access, specify the name like any other object attribute, such as below
+    a column named ``employee_name`` is accessed::
+
+        >>> employee_table.c.employee_name
+
+    To access columns that have names with special characters or spaces,
+    index-style access is used, such as below which illustrates a column named
+    ``employee ' payment`` is accessed::
+
+        >>> employee_table.c["employee ' payment"]
+
+    As the :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection` object provides a Python dictionary
+    interface, common dictionary method names like
+    :meth:`_sql.ColumnCollection.keys`, :meth:`_sql.ColumnCollection.values`,
+    and :meth:`_sql.ColumnCollection.items` are available, which means that
+    database columns that are keyed under these names also need to use indexed
+    access::
+
+        >>> employee_table.c["values"]
+
+
+    The name for which a :class:`_schema.Column` would be present is normally
+    that of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.key` parameter.  In some contexts,
+    such as a :class:`_sql.Select` object that uses a label style set
+    using the :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style` method, a column of a certain
+    key may instead be represented under a particular label name such
+    as ``tablename_columnname``::
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import select, column, table
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        >>> t = table("t", column("c"))
+        >>> stmt = select(t).set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+        >>> subq = stmt.subquery()
+        >>> subq.c.t_c
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.elements.ColumnClause at 0x7f59dcf04fa0; t_c>
+
+    :class:`.ColumnCollection` also indexes the columns in order and allows
+    them to be accessible by their integer position::
+
+        >>> cc[0]
+        Column('x', Integer(), table=None)
+        >>> cc[1]
+        Column('y', Integer(), table=None)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+       allows integer-based
+       index access to the collection.
+
+    Iterating the collection yields the column expressions in order::
+
+        >>> list(cc)
+        [Column('x', Integer(), table=None),
+         Column('y', Integer(), table=None)]
+
+    The base :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` object can store
+    duplicates, which can
+    mean either two columns with the same key, in which case the column
+    returned by key  access is **arbitrary**::
+
+        >>> x1, x2 = Column("x", Integer), Column("x", Integer)
+        >>> cc = ColumnCollection(columns=[(x1.name, x1), (x2.name, x2)])
+        >>> list(cc)
+        [Column('x', Integer(), table=None),
+         Column('x', Integer(), table=None)]
+        >>> cc["x"] is x1
+        False
+        >>> cc["x"] is x2
+        True
+
+    Or it can also mean the same column multiple times.   These cases are
+    supported as :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+    is used to represent the columns in
+    a SELECT statement which may include duplicates.
+
+    A special subclass :class:`.DedupeColumnCollection` exists which instead
+    maintains SQLAlchemy's older behavior of not allowing duplicates; this
+    collection is used for schema level objects like :class:`_schema.Table`
+    and
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` where this deduping is helpful.  The
+    :class:`.DedupeColumnCollection` class also has additional mutation methods
+    as the schema constructs have more use cases that require removal and
+    replacement of columns.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+       now stores duplicate
+       column keys as well as the same column in multiple positions.  The
+       :class:`.DedupeColumnCollection` class is added to maintain the
+       former behavior in those cases where deduplication as well as
+       additional replace/remove operations are needed.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "_collection", "_index", "_colset", "_proxy_index"
+
+    _collection: List[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co, _ColumnMetrics[_COL_co]]]
+    _index: Dict[Union[None, str, int], Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]
+    _proxy_index: Dict[ColumnElement[Any], Set[_ColumnMetrics[_COL_co]]]
+    _colset: Set[_COL_co]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, columns: Optional[Iterable[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]] = None
+    ):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_colset", set())
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_index", {})
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self, "_proxy_index", collections.defaultdict(util.OrderedSet)
+        )
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_collection", [])
+        if columns:
+            self._initial_populate(columns)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> ClauseList:
+        elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+
+        return elements.ClauseList(
+            _literal_as_text_role=roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+            group=False,
+            *self._all_columns,
+        )
+
+    def _initial_populate(
+        self, iter_: Iterable[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._populate_separate_keys(iter_)
+
+    @property
+    def _all_columns(self) -> List[_COL_co]:
+        return [col for (_, col, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def keys(self) -> List[_COLKEY]:
+        """Return a sequence of string key names for all columns in this
+        collection."""
+        return [k for (k, _, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def values(self) -> List[_COL_co]:
+        """Return a sequence of :class:`_sql.ColumnClause` or
+        :class:`_schema.Column` objects for all columns in this
+        collection."""
+        return [col for (_, col, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]:
+        """Return a sequence of (key, column) tuples for all columns in this
+        collection each consisting of a string key name and a
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnClause` or
+        :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+        """
+
+        return [(k, col) for (k, col, _) in self._collection]
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._collection)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._collection)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_COL_co]:
+        # turn to a list first to maintain over a course of changes
+        return iter([col for _, col, _ in self._collection])
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[str, int]) -> _COL_co: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, key: Tuple[Union[str, int], ...]
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, key: slice
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(
+        self, key: Union[str, int, slice, Tuple[Union[str, int], ...]]
+    ) -> Union[ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co], _COL_co]:
+        try:
+            if isinstance(key, (tuple, slice)):
+                if isinstance(key, slice):
+                    cols = (
+                        (sub_key, col)
+                        for (sub_key, col, _) in self._collection[key]
+                    )
+                else:
+                    cols = (self._index[sub_key] for sub_key in key)
+
+                return ColumnCollection(cols).as_readonly()
+            else:
+                return self._index[key][1]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            if isinstance(err.args[0], int):
+                raise IndexError(err.args[0]) from err
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> _COL_co:
+        try:
+            return self._index[key][1]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(key) from err
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        if key not in self._index:
+            if not isinstance(key, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "__contains__ requires a string argument"
+                )
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def compare(self, other: ColumnCollection[Any, Any]) -> bool:
+        """Compare this :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` to another
+        based on the names of the keys"""
+
+        for l, r in zip_longest(self, other):
+            if l is not r:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return self.compare(other)
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str, default: None = None) -> Optional[_COL_co]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str, default: _COL) -> Union[_COL_co, _COL]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: str, default: Optional[_COL] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_COL_co, _COL]]:
+        """Get a :class:`_sql.ColumnClause` or :class:`_schema.Column` object
+        based on a string key name from this
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`."""
+
+        if key in self._index:
+            return self._index[key][1]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%s)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            ", ".join(str(c) for c in self),
+        )
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key: str, obj: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def clear(self) -> NoReturn:
+        """Dictionary clear() is not implemented for
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def remove(self, column: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def update(self, iter_: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        """Dictionary update() is not implemented for
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/4266
+    __hash__ = None  # type: ignore
+
+    def _populate_separate_keys(
+        self, iter_: Iterable[Tuple[_COLKEY, _COL_co]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """populate from an iterator of (key, column)"""
+
+        self._collection[:] = collection = [
+            (k, c, _ColumnMetrics(self, c)) for k, c in iter_
+        ]
+        self._colset.update(c._deannotate() for _, c, _ in collection)
+        self._index.update(
+            {idx: (k, c) for idx, (k, c, _) in enumerate(collection)}
+        )
+        self._index.update({k: (k, col) for k, col, _ in reversed(collection)})
+
+    def add(
+        self, column: ColumnElement[Any], key: Optional[_COLKEY] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add a column to this :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is **not normally used by user-facing code**, as the
+            :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection` is usually part of an existing
+            object such as a :class:`_schema.Table`. To add a
+            :class:`_schema.Column` to an existing :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object, use the :meth:`_schema.Table.append_column` method.
+
+        """
+        colkey: _COLKEY
+
+        if key is None:
+            colkey = column.key  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            colkey = key
+
+        l = len(self._collection)
+
+        # don't really know how this part is supposed to work w/ the
+        # covariant thing
+
+        _column = cast(_COL_co, column)
+
+        self._collection.append(
+            (colkey, _column, _ColumnMetrics(self, _column))
+        )
+        self._colset.add(_column._deannotate())
+        self._index[l] = (colkey, _column)
+        if colkey not in self._index:
+            self._index[colkey] = (colkey, _column)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "_collection": [(k, c) for k, c, _ in self._collection],
+            "_index": self._index,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_index", state["_index"])
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self, "_proxy_index", collections.defaultdict(util.OrderedSet)
+        )
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self,
+            "_collection",
+            [
+                (k, c, _ColumnMetrics(self, c))
+                for (k, c) in state["_collection"]
+            ],
+        )
+        object.__setattr__(
+            self, "_colset", {col for k, col, _ in self._collection}
+        )
+
+    def contains_column(self, col: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Checks if a column object exists in this collection"""
+        if col not in self._colset:
+            if isinstance(col, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "contains_column cannot be used with string arguments. "
+                    "Use ``col_name in table.c`` instead."
+                )
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def as_readonly(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]:
+        """Return a "read only" form of this
+        :class:`_sql.ColumnCollection`."""
+
+        return ReadOnlyColumnCollection(self)
+
+    def _init_proxy_index(self):
+        """populate the "proxy index", if empty.
+
+        proxy index is added in 2.0 to provide more efficient operation
+        for the corresponding_column() method.
+
+        For reasons of both time to construct new .c collections as well as
+        memory conservation for large numbers of large .c collections, the
+        proxy_index is only filled if corresponding_column() is called. once
+        filled it stays that way, and new _ColumnMetrics objects created after
+        that point will populate it with new data. Note this case would be
+        unusual, if not nonexistent, as it means a .c collection is being
+        mutated after corresponding_column() were used, however it is tested in
+        test/base/test_utils.py.
+
+        """
+        pi = self._proxy_index
+        if pi:
+            return
+
+        for _, _, metrics in self._collection:
+            eps = metrics.column._expanded_proxy_set
+
+            for eps_col in eps:
+                pi[eps_col].add(metrics)
+
+    def corresponding_column(
+        self, column: _COL, require_embedded: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_COL, _COL_co]]:
+        """Given a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, return the exported
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` object from this
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        which corresponds to that original :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        via a common
+        ancestor column.
+
+        :param column: the target :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+                      to be matched.
+
+        :param require_embedded: only return corresponding columns for
+         the given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, if the given
+         :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         is actually present within a sub-element
+         of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+         Normally the column will match if
+         it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported
+         columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Selectable.corresponding_column`
+            - invokes this method
+            against the collection returned by
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the implementation for ``corresponding_column``
+           was moved onto the :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` itself.
+
+        """
+        # TODO: cython candidate
+
+        # don't dig around if the column is locally present
+        if column in self._colset:
+            return column
+
+        selected_intersection, selected_metrics = None, None
+        target_set = column.proxy_set
+
+        pi = self._proxy_index
+        if not pi:
+            self._init_proxy_index()
+
+        for current_metrics in (
+            mm for ts in target_set if ts in pi for mm in pi[ts]
+        ):
+            if not require_embedded or current_metrics.embedded(target_set):
+                if selected_metrics is None:
+                    # no corresponding column yet, pick this one.
+                    selected_metrics = current_metrics
+                    continue
+
+                current_intersection = target_set.intersection(
+                    current_metrics.column._expanded_proxy_set
+                )
+                if selected_intersection is None:
+                    selected_intersection = target_set.intersection(
+                        selected_metrics.column._expanded_proxy_set
+                    )
+
+                if len(current_intersection) > len(selected_intersection):
+                    # 'current' has a larger field of correspondence than
+                    # 'selected'. i.e. selectable.c.a1_x->a1.c.x->table.c.x
+                    # matches a1.c.x->table.c.x better than
+                    # selectable.c.x->table.c.x does.
+
+                    selected_metrics = current_metrics
+                    selected_intersection = current_intersection
+                elif current_intersection == selected_intersection:
+                    # they have the same field of correspondence. see
+                    # which proxy_set has fewer columns in it, which
+                    # indicates a closer relationship with the root
+                    # column. Also take into account the "weight"
+                    # attribute which CompoundSelect() uses to give
+                    # higher precedence to columns based on vertical
+                    # position in the compound statement, and discard
+                    # columns that have no reference to the target
+                    # column (also occurs with CompoundSelect)
+
+                    selected_col_distance = sum(
+                        [
+                            sc._annotations.get("weight", 1)
+                            for sc in (
+                                selected_metrics.column._uncached_proxy_list()
+                            )
+                            if sc.shares_lineage(column)
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    current_col_distance = sum(
+                        [
+                            sc._annotations.get("weight", 1)
+                            for sc in (
+                                current_metrics.column._uncached_proxy_list()
+                            )
+                            if sc.shares_lineage(column)
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    if current_col_distance < selected_col_distance:
+                        selected_metrics = current_metrics
+                        selected_intersection = current_intersection
+
+        return selected_metrics.column if selected_metrics else None
+
+
+_NAMEDCOL = TypeVar("_NAMEDCOL", bound="NamedColumn[Any]")
+
+
+class DedupeColumnCollection(ColumnCollection[str, _NAMEDCOL]):
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+    that maintains deduplicating behavior.
+
+    This is useful by schema level objects such as :class:`_schema.Table` and
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`.    The collection includes more
+    sophisticated mutator methods as well to suit schema objects which
+    require mutable column collections.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    def add(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, column: _NAMEDCOL, key: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if key is not None and column.key != key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "DedupeColumnCollection requires columns be under "
+                "the same key as their .key"
+            )
+        key = column.key
+
+        if key is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Can't add unnamed column to column collection"
+            )
+
+        if key in self._index:
+            existing = self._index[key][1]
+
+            if existing is column:
+                return
+
+            self.replace(column)
+
+            # pop out memoized proxy_set as this
+            # operation may very well be occurring
+            # in a _make_proxy operation
+            util.memoized_property.reset(column, "proxy_set")
+        else:
+            self._append_new_column(key, column)
+
+    def _append_new_column(self, key: str, named_column: _NAMEDCOL) -> None:
+        l = len(self._collection)
+        self._collection.append(
+            (key, named_column, _ColumnMetrics(self, named_column))
+        )
+        self._colset.add(named_column._deannotate())
+        self._index[l] = (key, named_column)
+        self._index[key] = (key, named_column)
+
+    def _populate_separate_keys(
+        self, iter_: Iterable[Tuple[str, _NAMEDCOL]]
+    ) -> None:
+        """populate from an iterator of (key, column)"""
+        cols = list(iter_)
+
+        replace_col = []
+        for k, col in cols:
+            if col.key != k:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "DedupeColumnCollection requires columns be under "
+                    "the same key as their .key"
+                )
+            if col.name in self._index and col.key != col.name:
+                replace_col.append(col)
+            elif col.key in self._index:
+                replace_col.append(col)
+            else:
+                self._index[k] = (k, col)
+                self._collection.append((k, col, _ColumnMetrics(self, col)))
+        self._colset.update(c._deannotate() for (k, c, _) in self._collection)
+
+        self._index.update(
+            (idx, (k, c)) for idx, (k, c, _) in enumerate(self._collection)
+        )
+        for col in replace_col:
+            self.replace(col)
+
+    def extend(self, iter_: Iterable[_NAMEDCOL]) -> None:
+        self._populate_separate_keys((col.key, col) for col in iter_)
+
+    def remove(self, column: _NAMEDCOL) -> None:
+        if column not in self._colset:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't remove column %r; column is not in this collection"
+                % column
+            )
+        del self._index[column.key]
+        self._colset.remove(column)
+        self._collection[:] = [
+            (k, c, metrics)
+            for (k, c, metrics) in self._collection
+            if c is not column
+        ]
+        for metrics in self._proxy_index.get(column, ()):
+            metrics.dispose(self)
+
+        self._index.update(
+            {idx: (k, col) for idx, (k, col, _) in enumerate(self._collection)}
+        )
+        # delete higher index
+        del self._index[len(self._collection)]
+
+    def replace(
+        self,
+        column: _NAMEDCOL,
+        extra_remove: Optional[Iterable[_NAMEDCOL]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """add the given column to this collection, removing unaliased
+        versions of this column  as well as existing columns with the
+        same key.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            t = Table("sometable", metadata, Column("col1", Integer))
+            t.columns.replace(Column("col1", Integer, key="columnone"))
+
+        will remove the original 'col1' from the collection, and add
+        the new column under the name 'columnname'.
+
+        Used by schema.Column to override columns during table reflection.
+
+        """
+
+        if extra_remove:
+            remove_col = set(extra_remove)
+        else:
+            remove_col = set()
+        # remove up to two columns based on matches of name as well as key
+        if column.name in self._index and column.key != column.name:
+            other = self._index[column.name][1]
+            if other.name == other.key:
+                remove_col.add(other)
+
+        if column.key in self._index:
+            remove_col.add(self._index[column.key][1])
+
+        if not remove_col:
+            self._append_new_column(column.key, column)
+            return
+        new_cols: List[Tuple[str, _NAMEDCOL, _ColumnMetrics[_NAMEDCOL]]] = []
+        replaced = False
+        for k, col, metrics in self._collection:
+            if col in remove_col:
+                if not replaced:
+                    replaced = True
+                    new_cols.append(
+                        (column.key, column, _ColumnMetrics(self, column))
+                    )
+            else:
+                new_cols.append((k, col, metrics))
+
+        if remove_col:
+            self._colset.difference_update(remove_col)
+
+            for rc in remove_col:
+                for metrics in self._proxy_index.get(rc, ()):
+                    metrics.dispose(self)
+
+        if not replaced:
+            new_cols.append((column.key, column, _ColumnMetrics(self, column)))
+
+        self._colset.add(column._deannotate())
+        self._collection[:] = new_cols
+
+        self._index.clear()
+
+        self._index.update(
+            {idx: (k, col) for idx, (k, col, _) in enumerate(self._collection)}
+        )
+        self._index.update({k: (k, col) for (k, col, _) in self._collection})
+
+
+class ReadOnlyColumnCollection(
+    util.ReadOnlyContainer, ColumnCollection[_COLKEY, _COL_co]
+):
+    __slots__ = ("_parent",)
+
+    def __init__(self, collection):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_parent", collection)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_colset", collection._colset)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_index", collection._index)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_collection", collection._collection)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_proxy_index", collection._proxy_index)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {"_parent": self._parent}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        parent = state["_parent"]
+        self.__init__(parent)  # type: ignore
+
+    def add(self, column: Any, key: Any = ...) -> Any:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def extend(self, elements: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def remove(self, item: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+
+class ColumnSet(util.OrderedSet["ColumnClause[Any]"]):
+    def contains_column(self, col):
+        return col in self
+
+    def extend(self, cols):
+        for col in cols:
+            self.add(col)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        l = []
+        for c in other:
+            for local in self:
+                if c.shares_lineage(local):
+                    l.append(c == local)
+        return elements.and_(*l)
+
+    def __hash__(self):  # type: ignore[override]
+        return hash(tuple(x for x in self))
+
+
+def _entity_namespace(
+    entity: Union[_HasEntityNamespace, ExternallyTraversible]
+) -> _EntityNamespace:
+    """Return the nearest .entity_namespace for the given entity.
+
+    If not immediately available, does an iterate to find a sub-element
+    that has one, if any.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return cast(_HasEntityNamespace, entity).entity_namespace
+    except AttributeError:
+        for elem in visitors.iterate(cast(ExternallyTraversible, entity)):
+            if _is_has_entity_namespace(elem):
+                return elem.entity_namespace
+        else:
+            raise
+
+
+def _entity_namespace_key(
+    entity: Union[_HasEntityNamespace, ExternallyTraversible],
+    key: str,
+    default: Union[SQLCoreOperations[Any], _NoArg] = NO_ARG,
+) -> SQLCoreOperations[Any]:
+    """Return an entry from an entity_namespace.
+
+
+    Raises :class:`_exc.InvalidRequestError` rather than attribute error
+    on not found.
+
+    """
+
+    try:
+        ns = _entity_namespace(entity)
+        if default is not NO_ARG:
+            return getattr(ns, key, default)
+        else:
+            return getattr(ns, key)  # type: ignore
+    except AttributeError as err:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            'Entity namespace for "%s" has no property "%s"' % (entity, key)
+        ) from err
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/cache_key.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/cache_key.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1f562f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/cache_key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1057 @@
+# sql/cache_key.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Union
+
+from .visitors import anon_map
+from .visitors import HasTraversalDispatch
+from .visitors import HasTraverseInternals
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .visitors import prefix_anon_map
+from .. import util
+from ..inspection import inspect
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+
+
+class _CacheKeyTraversalDispatchType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        s, self: HasCacheKey, visitor: _CacheKeyTraversal
+    ) -> _CacheKeyTraversalDispatchTypeReturn: ...
+
+
+class CacheConst(enum.Enum):
+    NO_CACHE = 0
+
+
+NO_CACHE = CacheConst.NO_CACHE
+
+
+_CacheKeyTraversalType = Union[
+    "_TraverseInternalsType", Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE], Literal[None]
+]
+
+
+class CacheTraverseTarget(enum.Enum):
+    CACHE_IN_PLACE = 0
+    CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY = 1
+    STATIC_CACHE_KEY = 2
+    PROPAGATE_ATTRS = 3
+    ANON_NAME = 4
+
+
+(
+    CACHE_IN_PLACE,
+    CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY,
+    STATIC_CACHE_KEY,
+    PROPAGATE_ATTRS,
+    ANON_NAME,
+) = tuple(CacheTraverseTarget)
+
+_CacheKeyTraversalDispatchTypeReturn = Sequence[
+    Tuple[
+        str,
+        Any,
+        Union[
+            Callable[..., Tuple[Any, ...]],
+            CacheTraverseTarget,
+            InternalTraversal,
+        ],
+    ]
+]
+
+
+class HasCacheKey:
+    """Mixin for objects which can produce a cache key.
+
+    This class is usually in a hierarchy that starts with the
+    :class:`.HasTraverseInternals` base, but this is optional.  Currently,
+    the class should be able to work on its own without including
+    :class:`.HasTraverseInternals`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.CacheKey`
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = NO_CACHE
+
+    _is_has_cache_key = True
+
+    _hierarchy_supports_caching = True
+    """private attribute which may be set to False to prevent the
+    inherit_cache warning from being emitted for a hierarchy of subclasses.
+
+    Currently applies to the :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` hierarchy which
+    does not implement caching.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache: Optional[bool] = None
+    """Indicate if this :class:`.HasCacheKey` instance should make use of the
+    cache key generation scheme used by its immediate superclass.
+
+    The attribute defaults to ``None``, which indicates that a construct has
+    not yet taken into account whether or not its appropriate for it to
+    participate in caching; this is functionally equivalent to setting the
+    value to ``False``, except that a warning is also emitted.
+
+    This flag can be set to ``True`` on a particular class, if the SQL that
+    corresponds to the object does not change based on attributes which
+    are local to this class, and not its superclass.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`compilerext_caching` - General guideslines for setting the
+        :attr:`.HasCacheKey.inherit_cache` attribute for third-party or user
+        defined SQL constructs.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _generated_cache_key_traversal: Any
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_cache_attrs(
+        cls,
+    ) -> Union[_CacheKeyTraversalDispatchType, Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]]:
+        """generate cache key dispatcher for a new class.
+
+        This sets the _generated_cache_key_traversal attribute once called
+        so should only be called once per class.
+
+        """
+        inherit_cache = cls.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", None)
+        inherit = bool(inherit_cache)
+
+        if inherit:
+            _cache_key_traversal = getattr(cls, "_cache_key_traversal", None)
+            if _cache_key_traversal is None:
+                try:
+                    assert issubclass(cls, HasTraverseInternals)
+                    _cache_key_traversal = cls._traverse_internals
+                except AttributeError:
+                    cls._generated_cache_key_traversal = NO_CACHE
+                    return NO_CACHE
+
+            assert _cache_key_traversal is not NO_CACHE, (
+                f"class {cls} has _cache_key_traversal=NO_CACHE, "
+                "which conflicts with inherit_cache=True"
+            )
+
+            # TODO: wouldn't we instead get this from our superclass?
+            # also, our superclass may not have this yet, but in any case,
+            # we'd generate for the superclass that has it.   this is a little
+            # more complicated, so for the moment this is a little less
+            # efficient on startup but simpler.
+            return _cache_key_traversal_visitor.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                _cache_key_traversal,
+                "_generated_cache_key_traversal",
+            )
+        else:
+            _cache_key_traversal = cls.__dict__.get(
+                "_cache_key_traversal", None
+            )
+            if _cache_key_traversal is None:
+                _cache_key_traversal = cls.__dict__.get(
+                    "_traverse_internals", None
+                )
+                if _cache_key_traversal is None:
+                    cls._generated_cache_key_traversal = NO_CACHE
+                    if (
+                        inherit_cache is None
+                        and cls._hierarchy_supports_caching
+                    ):
+                        util.warn(
+                            "Class %s will not make use of SQL compilation "
+                            "caching as it does not set the 'inherit_cache' "
+                            "attribute to ``True``.  This can have "
+                            "significant performance implications including "
+                            "some performance degradations in comparison to "
+                            "prior SQLAlchemy versions.  Set this attribute "
+                            "to True if this object can make use of the cache "
+                            "key generated by the superclass.  Alternatively, "
+                            "this attribute may be set to False which will "
+                            "disable this warning." % (cls.__name__),
+                            code="cprf",
+                        )
+                    return NO_CACHE
+
+            return _cache_key_traversal_visitor.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                _cache_key_traversal,
+                "_generated_cache_key_traversal",
+            )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        """return an optional cache key.
+
+        The cache key is a tuple which can contain any series of
+        objects that are hashable and also identifies
+        this object uniquely within the presence of a larger SQL expression
+        or statement, for the purposes of caching the resulting query.
+
+        The cache key should be based on the SQL compiled structure that would
+        ultimately be produced.   That is, two structures that are composed in
+        exactly the same way should produce the same cache key; any difference
+        in the structures that would affect the SQL string or the type handlers
+        should result in a different cache key.
+
+        If a structure cannot produce a useful cache key, the NO_CACHE
+        symbol should be added to the anon_map and the method should
+        return None.
+
+        """
+
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        id_, found = anon_map.get_anon(self)
+        if found:
+            return (id_, cls)
+
+        dispatcher: Union[
+            Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE],
+            _CacheKeyTraversalDispatchType,
+        ]
+
+        try:
+            dispatcher = cls.__dict__["_generated_cache_key_traversal"]
+        except KeyError:
+            # traversals.py -> _preconfigure_traversals()
+            # may be used to run these ahead of time, but
+            # is not enabled right now.
+            # this block will generate any remaining dispatchers.
+            dispatcher = cls._generate_cache_attrs()
+
+        if dispatcher is NO_CACHE:
+            anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+            return None
+
+        result: Tuple[Any, ...] = (id_, cls)
+
+        # inline of _cache_key_traversal_visitor.run_generated_dispatch()
+
+        for attrname, obj, meth in dispatcher(
+            self, _cache_key_traversal_visitor
+        ):
+            if obj is not None:
+                # TODO: see if C code can help here as Python lacks an
+                # efficient switch construct
+
+                if meth is STATIC_CACHE_KEY:
+                    sck = obj._static_cache_key
+                    if sck is NO_CACHE:
+                        anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+                        return None
+                    result += (attrname, sck)
+                elif meth is ANON_NAME:
+                    elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+                    if isinstance(obj, elements._anonymous_label):
+                        obj = obj.apply_map(anon_map)  # type: ignore
+                    result += (attrname, obj)
+                elif meth is CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY:
+                    result += (
+                        attrname,
+                        obj._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                    )
+
+                # remaining cache functions are against
+                # Python tuples, dicts, lists, etc. so we can skip
+                # if they are empty
+                elif obj:
+                    if meth is CACHE_IN_PLACE:
+                        result += (attrname, obj)
+                    elif meth is PROPAGATE_ATTRS:
+                        result += (
+                            attrname,
+                            obj["compile_state_plugin"],
+                            (
+                                obj["plugin_subject"]._gen_cache_key(
+                                    anon_map, bindparams
+                                )
+                                if obj["plugin_subject"]
+                                else None
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    elif meth is InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key:
+                        # obj is here is the _annotations dict.  Table uses
+                        # a memoized version of it.  however in other cases,
+                        # we generate it given anon_map as we may be from a
+                        # Join, Aliased, etc.
+                        # see #8790
+
+                        if self._gen_static_annotations_cache_key:  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                            result += self._annotations_cache_key  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+                        else:
+                            result += self._gen_annotations_cache_key(anon_map)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+                    elif (
+                        meth is InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list
+                        or meth is InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple
+                        or meth
+                        is InternalTraversal.dp_memoized_select_entities
+                    ):
+                        result += (
+                            attrname,
+                            tuple(
+                                [
+                                    elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                                    for elem in obj
+                                ]
+                            ),
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        result += meth(  # type: ignore
+                            attrname, obj, self, anon_map, bindparams
+                        )
+        return result
+
+    def _generate_cache_key(self) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        """return a cache key.
+
+        The cache key is a tuple which can contain any series of
+        objects that are hashable and also identifies
+        this object uniquely within the presence of a larger SQL expression
+        or statement, for the purposes of caching the resulting query.
+
+        The cache key should be based on the SQL compiled structure that would
+        ultimately be produced.   That is, two structures that are composed in
+        exactly the same way should produce the same cache key; any difference
+        in the structures that would affect the SQL string or the type handlers
+        should result in a different cache key.
+
+        The cache key returned by this method is an instance of
+        :class:`.CacheKey`, which consists of a tuple representing the
+        cache key, as well as a list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        which are extracted from the expression.   While two expressions
+        that produce identical cache key tuples will themselves generate
+        identical SQL strings, the list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        indicates the bound values which may have different values in
+        each one; these bound parameters must be consulted in order to
+        execute the statement with the correct parameters.
+
+        a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` structure that does not implement
+        a :meth:`._gen_cache_key` method and does not implement a
+        :attr:`.traverse_internals` attribute will not be cacheable; when
+        such an element is embedded into a larger structure, this method
+        will return None, indicating no cache key is available.
+
+        """
+
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+        _anon_map = anon_map()
+        key = self._gen_cache_key(_anon_map, bindparams)
+        if NO_CACHE in _anon_map:
+            return None
+        else:
+            assert key is not None
+            return CacheKey(key, bindparams)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_cache_key_for_object(
+        cls, obj: HasCacheKey
+    ) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+        _anon_map = anon_map()
+        key = obj._gen_cache_key(_anon_map, bindparams)
+        if NO_CACHE in _anon_map:
+            return None
+        else:
+            assert key is not None
+            return CacheKey(key, bindparams)
+
+
+class HasCacheKeyTraverse(HasTraverseInternals, HasCacheKey):
+    pass
+
+
+class MemoizedHasCacheKey(HasCacheKey, HasMemoized):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _generate_cache_key(self) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        return HasCacheKey._generate_cache_key(self)
+
+
+class SlotsMemoizedHasCacheKey(HasCacheKey, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _memoized_method__generate_cache_key(self) -> Optional[CacheKey]:
+        return HasCacheKey._generate_cache_key(self)
+
+
+class CacheKey(NamedTuple):
+    """The key used to identify a SQL statement construct in the
+    SQL compilation cache.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    key: Tuple[Any, ...]
+    bindparams: Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]
+
+    # can't set __hash__ attribute because it interferes
+    # with namedtuple
+    # can't use "if not TYPE_CHECKING" because mypy rejects it
+    # inside of a NamedTuple
+    def __hash__(self) -> Optional[int]:  # type: ignore
+        """CacheKey itself is not hashable - hash the .key portion"""
+        return None
+
+    def to_offline_string(
+        self,
+        statement_cache: MutableMapping[Any, str],
+        statement: ClauseElement,
+        parameters: _CoreSingleExecuteParams,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Generate an "offline string" form of this :class:`.CacheKey`
+
+        The "offline string" is basically the string SQL for the
+        statement plus a repr of the bound parameter values in series.
+        Whereas the :class:`.CacheKey` object is dependent on in-memory
+        identities in order to work as a cache key, the "offline" version
+        is suitable for a cache that will work for other processes as well.
+
+        The given ``statement_cache`` is a dictionary-like object where the
+        string form of the statement itself will be cached.  This dictionary
+        should be in a longer lived scope in order to reduce the time spent
+        stringifying statements.
+
+
+        """
+        if self.key not in statement_cache:
+            statement_cache[self.key] = sql_str = str(statement)
+        else:
+            sql_str = statement_cache[self.key]
+
+        if not self.bindparams:
+            param_tuple = tuple(parameters[key] for key in sorted(parameters))
+        else:
+            param_tuple = tuple(
+                parameters.get(bindparam.key, bindparam.value)
+                for bindparam in self.bindparams
+            )
+
+        return repr((sql_str, param_tuple))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.key == other.key)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not (self.key == other.key)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _diff_tuples(cls, left: CacheKey, right: CacheKey) -> str:
+        ck1 = CacheKey(left, [])
+        ck2 = CacheKey(right, [])
+        return ck1._diff(ck2)
+
+    def _whats_different(self, other: CacheKey) -> Iterator[str]:
+        k1 = self.key
+        k2 = other.key
+
+        stack: List[int] = []
+        pickup_index = 0
+        while True:
+            s1, s2 = k1, k2
+            for idx in stack:
+                s1 = s1[idx]
+                s2 = s2[idx]
+
+            for idx, (e1, e2) in enumerate(zip_longest(s1, s2)):
+                if idx < pickup_index:
+                    continue
+                if e1 != e2:
+                    if isinstance(e1, tuple) and isinstance(e2, tuple):
+                        stack.append(idx)
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        yield "key%s[%d]:  %s != %s" % (
+                            "".join("[%d]" % id_ for id_ in stack),
+                            idx,
+                            e1,
+                            e2,
+                        )
+            else:
+                pickup_index = stack.pop(-1)
+                break
+
+    def _diff(self, other: CacheKey) -> str:
+        return ", ".join(self._whats_different(other))
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        stack: List[Union[Tuple[Any, ...], HasCacheKey]] = [self.key]
+
+        output = []
+        sentinel = object()
+        indent = -1
+        while stack:
+            elem = stack.pop(0)
+            if elem is sentinel:
+                output.append((" " * (indent * 2)) + "),")
+                indent -= 1
+            elif isinstance(elem, tuple):
+                if not elem:
+                    output.append((" " * ((indent + 1) * 2)) + "()")
+                else:
+                    indent += 1
+                    stack = list(elem) + [sentinel] + stack
+                    output.append((" " * (indent * 2)) + "(")
+            else:
+                if isinstance(elem, HasCacheKey):
+                    repr_ = "<%s object at %s>" % (
+                        type(elem).__name__,
+                        hex(id(elem)),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    repr_ = repr(elem)
+                output.append((" " * (indent * 2)) + "  " + repr_ + ", ")
+
+        return "CacheKey(key=%s)" % ("\n".join(output),)
+
+    def _generate_param_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """used for testing"""
+
+        _anon_map = prefix_anon_map()
+        return {b.key % _anon_map: b.effective_value for b in self.bindparams}
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def _apply_params_to_element(
+        self, original_cache_key: CacheKey, target_element: ColumnElement[Any]
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if target_element._is_immutable or original_cache_key is self:
+            return target_element
+
+        elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+        return elements._OverrideBinds(
+            target_element, self.bindparams, original_cache_key.bindparams
+        )
+
+
+def _ad_hoc_cache_key_from_args(
+    tokens: Tuple[Any, ...],
+    traverse_args: Iterable[Tuple[str, InternalTraversal]],
+    args: Iterable[Any],
+) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """a quick cache key generator used by reflection.flexi_cache."""
+    bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+    _anon_map = anon_map()
+
+    tup = tokens
+
+    for (attrname, sym), arg in zip(traverse_args, args):
+        key = sym.name
+        visit_key = key.replace("dp_", "visit_")
+
+        if arg is None:
+            tup += (attrname, None)
+            continue
+
+        meth = getattr(_cache_key_traversal_visitor, visit_key)
+        if meth is CACHE_IN_PLACE:
+            tup += (attrname, arg)
+        elif meth in (
+            CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY,
+            STATIC_CACHE_KEY,
+            ANON_NAME,
+            PROPAGATE_ATTRS,
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Haven't implemented symbol {meth} for ad-hoc key from args"
+            )
+        else:
+            tup += meth(attrname, arg, None, _anon_map, bindparams)
+    return tup
+
+
+class _CacheKeyTraversal(HasTraversalDispatch):
+    # very common elements are inlined into the main _get_cache_key() method
+    # to produce a dramatic savings in Python function call overhead
+
+    visit_has_cache_key = visit_clauseelement = CALL_GEN_CACHE_KEY
+    visit_clauseelement_list = InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list
+    visit_annotations_key = InternalTraversal.dp_annotations_key
+    visit_clauseelement_tuple = InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple
+    visit_memoized_select_entities = (
+        InternalTraversal.dp_memoized_select_entities
+    )
+
+    visit_string = visit_boolean = visit_operator = visit_plain_obj = (
+        CACHE_IN_PLACE
+    )
+    visit_statement_hint_list = CACHE_IN_PLACE
+    visit_type = STATIC_CACHE_KEY
+    visit_anon_name = ANON_NAME
+
+    visit_propagate_attrs = PROPAGATE_ATTRS
+
+    def visit_with_context_options(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return tuple((fn.__code__, c_key) for fn, c_key in obj)
+
+    def visit_inspectable(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (attrname, inspect(obj)._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams))
+
+    def visit_string_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return tuple(obj)
+
+    def visit_multi(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            (
+                obj._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                if isinstance(obj, HasCacheKey)
+                else obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_multi_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    if isinstance(elem, HasCacheKey)
+                    else elem
+                )
+                for elem in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key_tuples(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                tuple(
+                    elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    for elem in tup_elem
+                )
+                for tup_elem in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for elem in obj),
+        )
+
+    def visit_executable_options(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                for elem in obj
+                if elem._is_has_cache_key
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_inspectable_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return self.visit_has_cache_key_list(
+            attrname, [inspect(o) for o in obj], parent, anon_map, bindparams
+        )
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return self.visit_has_cache_key_tuples(
+            attrname, obj, parent, anon_map, bindparams
+        )
+
+    def visit_fromclause_ordered_set(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple([elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for elem in obj]),
+        )
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+        cache_keys = [
+            elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams) for elem in obj
+        ]
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                sorted(cache_keys)
+            ),  # cache keys all start with (id_, class)
+        )
+
+    def visit_named_ddl_element(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (attrname, obj.name)
+
+    def visit_prefix_sequence(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                [
+                    (clause._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams), strval)
+                    for clause, strval in obj
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            (
+                target._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                (
+                    onclause._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    if onclause is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+                (
+                    from_._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    if from_ is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+                tuple([(key, flags[key]) for key in sorted(flags)]),
+            )
+            for (target, onclause, from_, flags) in obj
+        )
+
+    def visit_table_hint_list(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if not obj:
+            return ()
+
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                [
+                    (
+                        clause._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                        dialect_name,
+                        text,
+                    )
+                    for (clause, dialect_name), text in obj.items()
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_plain_dict(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (attrname, tuple([(key, obj[key]) for key in sorted(obj)]))
+
+    def visit_dialect_options(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    dialect_name,
+                    tuple(
+                        [
+                            (key, obj[dialect_name][key])
+                            for key in sorted(obj[dialect_name])
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                )
+                for dialect_name in sorted(obj)
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (key, obj[key]._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams))
+                for key in sorted(obj)
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_string_multi_dict(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    key,
+                    (
+                        value._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        if isinstance(value, HasCacheKey)
+                        else value
+                    ),
+                )
+                for key, value in [(key, obj[key]) for key in sorted(obj)]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_fromclause_canonical_column_collection(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        # inlining into the internals of ColumnCollection
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                col._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                for k, col, _ in obj._collection
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_unknown_structure(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    (
+                        key._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__")
+                        else key
+                    ),
+                    value._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                )
+                for key, value in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_dml_values(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        # in py37 we can assume two dictionaries created in the same
+        # insert ordering will retain that sorting
+        return (
+            attrname,
+            tuple(
+                (
+                    (
+                        k._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        if hasattr(k, "__clause_element__")
+                        else k
+                    ),
+                    obj[k]._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams),
+                )
+                for k in obj
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(
+        self,
+        attrname: str,
+        obj: Any,
+        parent: Any,
+        anon_map: anon_map,
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        # multivalues are simply not cacheable right now
+        anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+        return ()
+
+
+_cache_key_traversal_visitor = _CacheKeyTraversal()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/coercions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/coercions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e174833f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/coercions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1403 @@
+# sql/coercions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import numbers
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import roles
+from . import visitors
+from ._typing import is_from_clause
+from .base import ExecutableOption
+from .base import Options
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # elements lambdas schema selectable are set by __init__
+    from . import elements
+    from . import lambdas
+    from . import schema
+    from . import selectable
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _DDLColumnArgument
+    from ._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+    from ._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from .dml import _DMLTableElement
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import ColumnClause
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import NamedColumn
+    from .elements import SQLCoreOperations
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .selectable import _ColumnsClauseElement
+    from .selectable import _JoinTargetProtocol
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import HasCTE
+    from .selectable import SelectBase
+    from .selectable import Subquery
+    from .visitors import _TraverseCallableType
+
+_SR = TypeVar("_SR", bound=roles.SQLRole)
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+_StringOnlyR = TypeVar("_StringOnlyR", bound=roles.StringRole)
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+def _is_literal(element: Any) -> bool:
+    """Return whether or not the element is a "literal" in the context
+    of a SQL expression construct.
+
+    """
+
+    return not isinstance(
+        element,
+        (Visitable, schema.SchemaEventTarget),
+    ) and not hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+
+
+def _deep_is_literal(element):
+    """Return whether or not the element is a "literal" in the context
+    of a SQL expression construct.
+
+    does a deeper more esoteric check than _is_literal.   is used
+    for lambda elements that have to distinguish values that would
+    be bound vs. not without any context.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(element, collections_abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(
+        element, str
+    ):
+        for elem in element:
+            if not _deep_is_literal(elem):
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    return (
+        not isinstance(
+            element,
+            (
+                Visitable,
+                schema.SchemaEventTarget,
+                HasCacheKey,
+                Options,
+                util.langhelpers.symbol,
+            ),
+        )
+        and not hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+        and (
+            not isinstance(element, type)
+            or not issubclass(element, HasCacheKey)
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _document_text_coercion(
+    paramname: str, meth_rst: str, param_rst: str
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    return util.add_parameter_text(
+        paramname,
+        (
+            ".. warning:: "
+            "The %s argument to %s can be passed as a Python string argument, "
+            "which will be treated "
+            "as **trusted SQL text** and rendered as given.  **DO NOT PASS "
+            "UNTRUSTED INPUT TO THIS PARAMETER**."
+        )
+        % (param_rst, meth_rst),
+    )
+
+
+def _expression_collection_was_a_list(
+    attrname: str,
+    fnname: str,
+    args: Union[Sequence[_T], Sequence[Sequence[_T]]],
+) -> Sequence[_T]:
+    if args and isinstance(args[0], (list, set, dict)) and len(args) == 1:
+        if isinstance(args[0], list):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f'The "{attrname}" argument to {fnname}(), when '
+                "referring to a sequence "
+                "of items, is now passed as a series of positional "
+                "elements, rather than as a list. "
+            )
+        return cast("Sequence[_T]", args[0])
+
+    return cast("Sequence[_T]", args)
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.TruncatedLabelRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DMLColumnRole],
+    element: Any,
+    *,
+    as_key: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.LiteralValueRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DDLReferredColumnRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[Column[Any], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[Column[Any], str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.StatementOptionRole],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.LabeledColumnExprRole[Any]],
+    element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> NamedColumn[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Union[
+        Type[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]],
+        Type[roles.LimitOffsetRole],
+        Type[roles.WhereHavingRole],
+    ],
+    element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Union[
+        Type[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]],
+        Type[roles.LimitOffsetRole],
+        Type[roles.WhereHavingRole],
+        Type[roles.OnClauseRole],
+        Type[roles.ColumnArgumentRole],
+    ],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.DMLTableRole],
+    element: _DMLTableArgument,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _DMLTableElement: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.HasCTERole],
+    element: HasCTE,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> HasCTE: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.SelectStatementRole],
+    element: SelectBase,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> SelectBase: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.FromClauseRole],
+    element: _FromClauseArgument,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> FromClause: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.FromClauseRole],
+    element: SelectBase,
+    *,
+    explicit_subquery: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Subquery: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.ColumnsClauseRole],
+    element: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _ColumnsClauseElement: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[roles.JoinTargetRole],
+    element: _JoinTargetProtocol,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _JoinTargetProtocol: ...
+
+
+# catchall for not-yet-implemented overloads
+@overload
+def expect(
+    role: Type[_SR],
+    element: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Any: ...
+
+
+def expect(
+    role: Type[_SR],
+    element: Any,
+    *,
+    apply_propagate_attrs: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+    argname: Optional[str] = None,
+    post_inspect: bool = False,
+    disable_inspection: bool = False,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Any:
+    if (
+        role.allows_lambda
+        # note callable() will not invoke a __getattr__() method, whereas
+        # hasattr(obj, "__call__") will. by keeping the callable() check here
+        # we prevent most needless calls to hasattr()  and therefore
+        # __getattr__(), which is present on ColumnElement.
+        and callable(element)
+        and hasattr(element, "__code__")
+    ):
+        return lambdas.LambdaElement(
+            element,
+            role,
+            lambdas.LambdaOptions(**kw),
+            apply_propagate_attrs=apply_propagate_attrs,
+        )
+
+    # major case is that we are given a ClauseElement already, skip more
+    # elaborate logic up front if possible
+    impl = _impl_lookup[role]
+
+    original_element = element
+
+    if not isinstance(
+        element,
+        (
+            elements.CompilerElement,
+            schema.SchemaItem,
+            schema.FetchedValue,
+            lambdas.PyWrapper,
+        ),
+    ):
+        resolved = None
+
+        if impl._resolve_literal_only:
+            resolved = impl._literal_coercion(element, **kw)
+        else:
+            original_element = element
+
+            is_clause_element = False
+
+            # this is a special performance optimization for ORM
+            # joins used by JoinTargetImpl that we don't go through the
+            # work of creating __clause_element__() when we only need the
+            # original QueryableAttribute, as the former will do clause
+            # adaption and all that which is just thrown away here.
+            if (
+                impl._skip_clauseelement_for_target_match
+                and isinstance(element, role)
+                and hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+            ):
+                is_clause_element = True
+            else:
+                while hasattr(element, "__clause_element__"):
+                    is_clause_element = True
+
+                    if not getattr(element, "is_clause_element", False):
+                        element = element.__clause_element__()
+                    else:
+                        break
+
+            if not is_clause_element:
+                if impl._use_inspection and not disable_inspection:
+                    insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+                    if insp is not None:
+                        if post_inspect:
+                            insp._post_inspect
+                        try:
+                            resolved = insp.__clause_element__()
+                        except AttributeError:
+                            impl._raise_for_expected(original_element, argname)
+
+                if resolved is None:
+                    resolved = impl._literal_coercion(
+                        element, argname=argname, **kw
+                    )
+            else:
+                resolved = element
+    elif isinstance(element, lambdas.PyWrapper):
+        resolved = element._sa__py_wrapper_literal(**kw)
+    else:
+        resolved = element
+
+    if apply_propagate_attrs is not None:
+        if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(resolved, (SQLCoreOperations, ClauseElement))
+
+        if not apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs and getattr(
+            resolved, "_propagate_attrs", None
+        ):
+            apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs = resolved._propagate_attrs
+
+    if impl._role_class in resolved.__class__.__mro__:
+        if impl._post_coercion:
+            resolved = impl._post_coercion(
+                resolved,
+                argname=argname,
+                original_element=original_element,
+                **kw,
+            )
+        return resolved
+    else:
+        return impl._implicit_coercions(
+            original_element, resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+        )
+
+
+def expect_as_key(
+    role: Type[roles.DMLColumnRole], element: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> str:
+    kw.pop("as_key", None)
+    return expect(role, element, as_key=True, **kw)
+
+
+def expect_col_expression_collection(
+    role: Type[roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole],
+    expressions: Iterable[_DDLColumnArgument],
+) -> Iterator[
+    Tuple[
+        Union[str, Column[Any]],
+        Optional[ColumnClause[Any]],
+        Optional[str],
+        Optional[Union[Column[Any], str]],
+    ]
+]:
+    for expr in expressions:
+        strname = None
+        column = None
+
+        resolved: Union[Column[Any], str] = expect(role, expr)
+        if isinstance(resolved, str):
+            assert isinstance(expr, str)
+            strname = resolved = expr
+        else:
+            cols: List[Column[Any]] = []
+            col_append: _TraverseCallableType[Column[Any]] = cols.append
+            visitors.traverse(resolved, {}, {"column": col_append})
+            if cols:
+                column = cols[0]
+        add_element = column if column is not None else strname
+
+        yield resolved, column, strname, add_element
+
+
+class RoleImpl:
+    __slots__ = ("_role_class", "name", "_use_inspection")
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    _post_coercion: Any = None
+    _resolve_literal_only = False
+    _skip_clauseelement_for_target_match = False
+
+    def __init__(self, role_class):
+        self._role_class = role_class
+        self.name = role_class._role_name
+        self._use_inspection = issubclass(role_class, roles.UsesInspection)
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        resolved: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *,
+        advice: Optional[str] = None,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        err: Optional[Exception] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        if resolved is not None and resolved is not element:
+            got = "%r object resolved from %r object" % (resolved, element)
+        else:
+            got = repr(element)
+
+        if argname:
+            msg = "%s expected for argument %r; got %s." % (
+                self.name,
+                argname,
+                got,
+            )
+        else:
+            msg = "%s expected, got %s." % (self.name, got)
+
+        if advice:
+            msg += " " + advice
+
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(msg, code=code) from err
+
+
+class _Deannotate:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, **kw):
+        from .util import _deep_deannotate
+
+        return _deep_deannotate(resolved)
+
+
+class _StringOnly:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _resolve_literal_only = True
+
+
+class _ReturnsStringKey(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(self, element, resolved, argname=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, str):
+            return element
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class _ColumnCoercions(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _warn_for_scalar_subquery_coercion(self):
+        util.warn(
+            "implicitly coercing SELECT object to scalar subquery; "
+            "please use the .scalar_subquery() method to produce a scalar "
+            "subquery.",
+        )
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(self, element, resolved, argname=None, **kw):
+        original_element = element
+        if not getattr(resolved, "is_clause_element", False):
+            self._raise_for_expected(original_element, argname, resolved)
+        elif resolved._is_select_base:
+            self._warn_for_scalar_subquery_coercion()
+            return resolved.scalar_subquery()
+        elif resolved._is_from_clause and isinstance(
+            resolved, selectable.Subquery
+        ):
+            self._warn_for_scalar_subquery_coercion()
+            return resolved.element.scalar_subquery()
+        elif self._role_class.allows_lambda and resolved._is_lambda_element:
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(original_element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+def _no_text_coercion(
+    element: Any,
+    argname: Optional[str] = None,
+    exc_cls: Type[exc.SQLAlchemyError] = exc.ArgumentError,
+    extra: Optional[str] = None,
+    err: Optional[Exception] = None,
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise exc_cls(
+        "%(extra)sTextual SQL expression %(expr)r %(argname)sshould be "
+        "explicitly declared as text(%(expr)r)"
+        % {
+            "expr": util.ellipses_string(element),
+            "argname": "for argument %s" % (argname,) if argname else "",
+            "extra": "%s " % extra if extra else "",
+        }
+    ) from err
+
+
+class _NoTextCoercion(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, *, argname=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, str) and issubclass(
+            elements.TextClause, self._role_class
+        ):
+            _no_text_coercion(element, argname)
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+
+class _CoerceLiterals(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _coerce_consts = False
+    _coerce_star = False
+    _coerce_numerics = False
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return _no_text_coercion(element, argname)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, *, argname=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, str):
+            if self._coerce_star and element == "*":
+                return elements.ColumnClause("*", is_literal=True)
+            else:
+                return self._text_coercion(element, argname, **kw)
+
+        if self._coerce_consts:
+            if element is None:
+                return elements.Null()
+            elif element is False:
+                return elements.False_()
+            elif element is True:
+                return elements.True_()
+
+        if self._coerce_numerics and isinstance(element, (numbers.Number)):
+            return elements.ColumnClause(str(element), is_literal=True)
+
+        self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+
+class LiteralValueImpl(RoleImpl):
+    _resolve_literal_only = True
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element,
+        resolved,
+        argname=None,
+        *,
+        type_=None,
+        literal_execute=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if not _is_literal(resolved):
+            self._raise_for_expected(
+                element, resolved=resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+            )
+
+        return elements.BindParameter(
+            None,
+            element,
+            type_=type_,
+            unique=True,
+            literal_execute=literal_execute,
+        )
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class _SelectIsNotFrom(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        resolved: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *,
+        advice: Optional[str] = None,
+        code: Optional[str] = None,
+        err: Optional[Exception] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        if (
+            not advice
+            and isinstance(element, roles.SelectStatementRole)
+            or isinstance(resolved, roles.SelectStatementRole)
+        ):
+            advice = (
+                "To create a "
+                "FROM clause from a %s object, use the .subquery() method."
+                % (resolved.__class__ if resolved is not None else element,)
+            )
+            code = "89ve"
+        else:
+            code = None
+
+        super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element,
+            argname=argname,
+            resolved=resolved,
+            advice=advice,
+            code=code,
+            err=err,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        # never reached
+        assert False
+
+
+class HasCacheKeyImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, HasCacheKey):
+            return element
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class ExecutableOptionImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, ExecutableOption):
+            return element
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+
+class ExpressionElementImpl(_ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(
+        self, element, *, name=None, type_=None, is_crud=False, **kw
+    ):
+        if (
+            element is None
+            and not is_crud
+            and (type_ is None or not type_.should_evaluate_none)
+        ):
+            # TODO: there's no test coverage now for the
+            # "should_evaluate_none" part of this, as outside of "crud" this
+            # codepath is not normally used except in some special cases
+            return elements.Null()
+        else:
+            try:
+                return elements.BindParameter(
+                    name, element, type_, unique=True, _is_crud=is_crud
+                )
+            except exc.ArgumentError as err:
+                self._raise_for_expected(element, err=err)
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(self, element, argname=None, resolved=None, **kw):
+        # select uses implicit coercion with warning instead of raising
+        if isinstance(element, selectable.Values):
+            advice = (
+                "To create a column expression from a VALUES clause, "
+                "use the .scalar_values() method."
+            )
+        elif isinstance(element, roles.AnonymizedFromClauseRole):
+            advice = (
+                "To create a column expression from a FROM clause row "
+                "as a whole, use the .table_valued() method."
+            )
+        else:
+            advice = None
+
+        return super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element, argname=argname, resolved=resolved, advice=advice, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class BinaryElementImpl(ExpressionElementImpl, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        element,
+        *,
+        expr,
+        operator,
+        bindparam_type=None,
+        argname=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        try:
+            return expr._bind_param(operator, element, type_=bindparam_type)
+        except exc.ArgumentError as err:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, err=err)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, *, expr, bindparam_type=None, **kw):
+        if resolved.type._isnull and not expr.type._isnull:
+            resolved = resolved._with_binary_element_type(
+                bindparam_type if bindparam_type is not None else expr.type
+            )
+        return resolved
+
+
+class InElementImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_from_clause:
+            if (
+                isinstance(resolved, selectable.Alias)
+                and resolved.element._is_select_base
+            ):
+                self._warn_for_implicit_coercion(resolved)
+                return self._post_coercion(resolved.element, **kw)
+            else:
+                self._warn_for_implicit_coercion(resolved)
+                return self._post_coercion(resolved.select(), **kw)
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _warn_for_implicit_coercion(self, elem):
+        util.warn(
+            "Coercing %s object into a select() for use in IN(); "
+            "please pass a select() construct explicitly"
+            % (elem.__class__.__name__)
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, *, expr, operator, **kw):
+        if util.is_non_string_iterable(element):
+            non_literal_expressions: Dict[
+                Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+                _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+            ] = {}
+            element = list(element)
+            for o in element:
+                if not _is_literal(o):
+                    if not isinstance(
+                        o, util.preloaded.sql_elements.ColumnElement
+                    ) and not hasattr(o, "__clause_element__"):
+                        self._raise_for_expected(element, **kw)
+
+                    else:
+                        non_literal_expressions[o] = o
+
+            if non_literal_expressions:
+                return elements.ClauseList(
+                    *[
+                        (
+                            non_literal_expressions[o]
+                            if o in non_literal_expressions
+                            else expr._bind_param(operator, o)
+                        )
+                        for o in element
+                    ]
+                )
+            else:
+                return expr._bind_param(operator, element, expanding=True)
+
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, **kw)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, *, expr, operator, **kw):
+        if element._is_select_base:
+            # for IN, we are doing scalar_subquery() coercion without
+            # a warning
+            return element.scalar_subquery()
+        elif isinstance(element, elements.ClauseList):
+            assert not len(element.clauses) == 0
+            return element.self_group(against=operator)
+
+        elif isinstance(element, elements.BindParameter):
+            element = element._clone(maintain_key=True)
+            element.expanding = True
+            element.expand_op = operator
+
+            return element
+        elif isinstance(element, selectable.Values):
+            return element.scalar_values()
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class OnClauseImpl(_ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        self._raise_for_expected(element)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, *, original_element=None, **kw):
+        # this is a hack right now as we want to use coercion on an
+        # ORM InstrumentedAttribute, but we want to return the object
+        # itself if it is one, not its clause element.
+        # ORM context _join and _legacy_join() would need to be improved
+        # to look for annotations in a clause element form.
+        if isinstance(original_element, roles.JoinTargetRole):
+            return original_element
+        return resolved
+
+
+class WhereHavingImpl(_CoerceLiterals, _ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return _no_text_coercion(element, argname)
+
+
+class StatementOptionImpl(_CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return elements.TextClause(element)
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentOrKeyImpl(_ReturnsStringKey, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StrAsPlainColumnImpl(_CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return elements.ColumnClause(element)
+
+
+class ByOfImpl(_CoerceLiterals, _ColumnCoercions, RoleImpl, roles.ByOfRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        return elements._textual_label_reference(element)
+
+
+class OrderByImpl(ByOfImpl, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, resolved, **kw):
+        if (
+            isinstance(resolved, self._role_class)
+            and resolved._order_by_label_element is not None
+        ):
+            return elements._label_reference(resolved)
+        else:
+            return resolved
+
+
+class GroupByImpl(ByOfImpl, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if is_from_clause(resolved):
+            return elements.ClauseList(*resolved.c)
+        else:
+            return resolved
+
+
+class DMLColumnImpl(_ReturnsStringKey, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, *, as_key=False, **kw):
+        if as_key:
+            return element.key
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class ConstExprImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, *, argname=None, **kw):
+        if element is None:
+            return elements.Null()
+        elif element is False:
+            return elements.False_()
+        elif element is True:
+            return elements.True_()
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+
+class TruncatedLabelImpl(_StringOnly, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, str):
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        """coerce the given value to :class:`._truncated_label`.
+
+        Existing :class:`._truncated_label` and
+        :class:`._anonymous_label` objects are passed
+        unchanged.
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(element, elements._truncated_label):
+            return element
+        else:
+            return elements._truncated_label(element)
+
+
+class DDLExpressionImpl(_Deannotate, _CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        # see #5754 for why we can't easily deprecate this coercion.
+        # essentially expressions like postgresql_where would have to be
+        # text() as they come back from reflection and we don't want to
+        # have text() elements wired into the inspection dictionaries.
+        return elements.TextClause(element)
+
+
+class DDLConstraintColumnImpl(_Deannotate, _ReturnsStringKey, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class DDLReferredColumnImpl(DDLConstraintColumnImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class LimitOffsetImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _literal_coercion(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, element, *, name, type_, **kw
+    ):
+        if element is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            value = util.asint(element)
+            return selectable._OffsetLimitParam(
+                name, value, type_=type_, unique=True
+            )
+
+
+class LabeledColumnExprImpl(ExpressionElementImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(resolved, roles.ExpressionElementRole):
+            return resolved.label(None)
+        else:
+            new = super()._implicit_coercions(
+                element, resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+            )
+            if isinstance(new, roles.ExpressionElementRole):
+                return new.label(None)
+            else:
+                self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class ColumnsClauseImpl(_SelectIsNotFrom, _CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _coerce_consts = True
+    _coerce_numerics = True
+    _coerce_star = True
+
+    _guess_straight_column = re.compile(r"^\w\S*$", re.I)
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(
+        self, element, argname=None, resolved=None, *, advice=None, **kw
+    ):
+        if not advice and isinstance(element, list):
+            advice = (
+                f"Did you mean to say select("
+                f"{', '.join(repr(e) for e in element)})?"
+            )
+
+        return super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element, argname=argname, resolved=resolved, advice=advice, **kw
+        )
+
+    def _text_coercion(self, element, argname=None):
+        element = str(element)
+
+        guess_is_literal = not self._guess_straight_column.match(element)
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Textual column expression %(column)r %(argname)sshould be "
+            "explicitly declared with text(%(column)r), "
+            "or use %(literal_column)s(%(column)r) "
+            "for more specificity"
+            % {
+                "column": util.ellipses_string(element),
+                "argname": "for argument %s" % (argname,) if argname else "",
+                "literal_column": (
+                    "literal_column" if guess_is_literal else "column"
+                ),
+            }
+        )
+
+
+class ReturnsRowsImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StatementImpl(_CoerceLiterals, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(
+        self, resolved, *, original_element, argname=None, **kw
+    ):
+        if resolved is not original_element and not isinstance(
+            original_element, str
+        ):
+            # use same method as Connection uses; this will later raise
+            # ObjectNotExecutableError
+            try:
+                original_element._execute_on_connection
+            except AttributeError:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Object %r should not be used directly in a SQL statement "
+                    "context, such as passing to methods such as "
+                    "session.execute().  This usage will be disallowed in a "
+                    "future release.  "
+                    "Please use Core select() / update() / delete() etc. "
+                    "with Session.execute() and other statement execution "
+                    "methods." % original_element,
+                    "1.4",
+                )
+
+        return resolved
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_lambda_element:
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            return super()._implicit_coercions(
+                element, resolved, argname=argname, **kw
+            )
+
+
+class SelectStatementImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_text_clause:
+            return resolved.columns()
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class HasCTEImpl(ReturnsRowsImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class IsCTEImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class JoinTargetImpl(RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _skip_clauseelement_for_target_match = True
+
+    def _literal_coercion(self, element, *, argname=None, **kw):
+        self._raise_for_expected(element, argname)
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        legacy: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(element, roles.JoinTargetRole):
+            # note that this codepath no longer occurs as of
+            # #6550, unless JoinTargetImpl._skip_clauseelement_for_target_match
+            # were set to False.
+            return element
+        elif legacy and resolved._is_select_base:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Implicit coercion of SELECT and textual SELECT "
+                "constructs into FROM clauses is deprecated; please call "
+                ".subquery() on any Core select or ORM Query object in "
+                "order to produce a subquery object.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            # TODO: doing _implicit_subquery here causes tests to fail,
+            # how was this working before?  probably that ORM
+            # join logic treated it as a select and subquery would happen
+            # in _ORMJoin->Join
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class FromClauseImpl(_SelectIsNotFrom, _NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        explicit_subquery: bool = False,
+        allow_select: bool = True,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_select_base:
+            if explicit_subquery:
+                return resolved.subquery()
+            elif allow_select:
+                util.warn_deprecated(
+                    "Implicit coercion of SELECT and textual SELECT "
+                    "constructs into FROM clauses is deprecated; please call "
+                    ".subquery() on any Core select or ORM Query object in "
+                    "order to produce a subquery object.",
+                    version="1.4",
+                )
+                return resolved._implicit_subquery
+        elif resolved._is_text_clause:
+            return resolved
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, *, deannotate=False, **kw):
+        if deannotate:
+            return element._deannotate()
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class StrictFromClauseImpl(FromClauseImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        *,
+        allow_select: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_select_base and allow_select:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "Implicit coercion of SELECT and textual SELECT constructs "
+                "into FROM clauses is deprecated; please call .subquery() "
+                "on any Core select or ORM Query object in order to produce a "
+                "subquery object.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            return resolved._implicit_subquery
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class AnonymizedFromClauseImpl(StrictFromClauseImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, *, flat=False, name=None, **kw):
+        assert name is None
+
+        return element._anonymous_fromclause(flat=flat)
+
+
+class DMLTableImpl(_SelectIsNotFrom, _NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _post_coercion(self, element, **kw):
+        if "dml_table" in element._annotations:
+            return element._annotations["dml_table"]
+        else:
+            return element
+
+
+class DMLSelectImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _implicit_coercions(
+        self,
+        element: Any,
+        resolved: Any,
+        argname: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Any:
+        if resolved._is_from_clause:
+            if (
+                isinstance(resolved, selectable.Alias)
+                and resolved.element._is_select_base
+            ):
+                return resolved.element
+            else:
+                return resolved.select()
+        else:
+            self._raise_for_expected(element, argname, resolved)
+
+
+class CompoundElementImpl(_NoTextCoercion, RoleImpl):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _raise_for_expected(self, element, argname=None, resolved=None, **kw):
+        if isinstance(element, roles.FromClauseRole):
+            if element._is_subquery:
+                advice = (
+                    "Use the plain select() object without "
+                    "calling .subquery() or .alias()."
+                )
+            else:
+                advice = (
+                    "To SELECT from any FROM clause, use the .select() method."
+                )
+        else:
+            advice = None
+        return super()._raise_for_expected(
+            element, argname=argname, resolved=resolved, advice=advice, **kw
+        )
+
+
+_impl_lookup = {}
+
+
+for name in dir(roles):
+    cls = getattr(roles, name)
+    if name.endswith("Role"):
+        name = name.replace("Role", "Impl")
+        if name in globals():
+            impl = globals()[name](cls)
+            _impl_lookup[cls] = impl
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+    ee_impl = _impl_lookup[roles.ExpressionElementRole]
+
+    for py_type in (int, bool, str, float):
+        _impl_lookup[roles.ExpressionElementRole[py_type]] = ee_impl
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..098667f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7946 @@
+# sql/compiler.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Base SQL and DDL compiler implementations.
+
+Classes provided include:
+
+:class:`.compiler.SQLCompiler` - renders SQL
+strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.DDLCompiler` - renders DDL
+(data definition language) strings
+
+:class:`.compiler.GenericTypeCompiler` - renders
+type specification strings.
+
+To generate user-defined SQL strings, see
+:doc:`/ext/compiler`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import contextlib
+from enum import IntEnum
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import re
+from time import perf_counter
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Pattern
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import base
+from . import coercions
+from . import crud
+from . import elements
+from . import functions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import schema
+from . import selectable
+from . import sqltypes
+from . import util as sql_util
+from ._typing import is_column_element
+from ._typing import is_dml
+from .base import _de_clone
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .base import _NONE_NAME
+from .base import _SentinelDefaultCharacterization
+from .base import NO_ARG
+from .elements import quoted_name
+from .sqltypes import TupleType
+from .visitors import prefix_anon_map
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import FastIntFlag
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from .base import _AmbiguousTableNameMap
+    from .base import CompileState
+    from .base import Executable
+    from .cache_key import CacheKey
+    from .ddl import ExecutableDDLElement
+    from .dml import Insert
+    from .dml import Update
+    from .dml import UpdateBase
+    from .dml import UpdateDMLState
+    from .dml import ValuesBase
+    from .elements import _truncated_label
+    from .elements import BinaryExpression
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import ColumnClause
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import False_
+    from .elements import Label
+    from .elements import Null
+    from .elements import True_
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import Constraint
+    from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .schema import Index
+    from .schema import PrimaryKeyConstraint
+    from .schema import Table
+    from .schema import UniqueConstraint
+    from .selectable import _ColumnsClauseElement
+    from .selectable import AliasedReturnsRows
+    from .selectable import CompoundSelectState
+    from .selectable import CTE
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+    from .selectable import ReturnsRows
+    from .selectable import Select
+    from .selectable import SelectState
+    from .type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from .type_api import TypeDecorator
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from .type_api import UserDefinedType
+    from .visitors import Visitable
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResultMetaData
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _DBAPISingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _ExecuteOptions
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _GenericSetInputSizesType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+
+
+_FromHintsType = Dict["FromClause", str]
+
+RESERVED_WORDS = {
+    "all",
+    "analyse",
+    "analyze",
+    "and",
+    "any",
+    "array",
+    "as",
+    "asc",
+    "asymmetric",
+    "authorization",
+    "between",
+    "binary",
+    "both",
+    "case",
+    "cast",
+    "check",
+    "collate",
+    "column",
+    "constraint",
+    "create",
+    "cross",
+    "current_date",
+    "current_role",
+    "current_time",
+    "current_timestamp",
+    "current_user",
+    "default",
+    "deferrable",
+    "desc",
+    "distinct",
+    "do",
+    "else",
+    "end",
+    "except",
+    "false",
+    "for",
+    "foreign",
+    "freeze",
+    "from",
+    "full",
+    "grant",
+    "group",
+    "having",
+    "ilike",
+    "in",
+    "initially",
+    "inner",
+    "intersect",
+    "into",
+    "is",
+    "isnull",
+    "join",
+    "leading",
+    "left",
+    "like",
+    "limit",
+    "localtime",
+    "localtimestamp",
+    "natural",
+    "new",
+    "not",
+    "notnull",
+    "null",
+    "off",
+    "offset",
+    "old",
+    "on",
+    "only",
+    "or",
+    "order",
+    "outer",
+    "overlaps",
+    "placing",
+    "primary",
+    "references",
+    "right",
+    "select",
+    "session_user",
+    "set",
+    "similar",
+    "some",
+    "symmetric",
+    "table",
+    "then",
+    "to",
+    "trailing",
+    "true",
+    "union",
+    "unique",
+    "user",
+    "using",
+    "verbose",
+    "when",
+    "where",
+}
+
+LEGAL_CHARACTERS = re.compile(r"^[A-Z0-9_$]+$", re.I)
+LEGAL_CHARACTERS_PLUS_SPACE = re.compile(r"^[A-Z0-9_ $]+$", re.I)
+ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS = {str(x) for x in range(0, 10)}.union(["$"])
+
+FK_ON_DELETE = re.compile(
+    r"^(?:RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NO ACTION|SET DEFAULT)$", re.I
+)
+FK_ON_UPDATE = re.compile(
+    r"^(?:RESTRICT|CASCADE|SET NULL|NO ACTION|SET DEFAULT)$", re.I
+)
+FK_INITIALLY = re.compile(r"^(?:DEFERRED|IMMEDIATE)$", re.I)
+BIND_PARAMS = re.compile(r"(?<![:\w\$\x5c]):([\w\$]+)(?![:\w\$])", re.UNICODE)
+BIND_PARAMS_ESC = re.compile(r"\x5c(:[\w\$]*)(?![:\w\$])", re.UNICODE)
+
+_pyformat_template = "%%(%(name)s)s"
+BIND_TEMPLATES = {
+    "pyformat": _pyformat_template,
+    "qmark": "?",
+    "format": "%%s",
+    "numeric": ":[_POSITION]",
+    "numeric_dollar": "$[_POSITION]",
+    "named": ":%(name)s",
+}
+
+
+OPERATORS = {
+    # binary
+    operators.and_: " AND ",
+    operators.or_: " OR ",
+    operators.add: " + ",
+    operators.mul: " * ",
+    operators.sub: " - ",
+    operators.mod: " % ",
+    operators.neg: "-",
+    operators.lt: " < ",
+    operators.le: " <= ",
+    operators.ne: " != ",
+    operators.gt: " > ",
+    operators.ge: " >= ",
+    operators.eq: " = ",
+    operators.is_distinct_from: " IS DISTINCT FROM ",
+    operators.is_not_distinct_from: " IS NOT DISTINCT FROM ",
+    operators.concat_op: " || ",
+    operators.match_op: " MATCH ",
+    operators.not_match_op: " NOT MATCH ",
+    operators.in_op: " IN ",
+    operators.not_in_op: " NOT IN ",
+    operators.comma_op: ", ",
+    operators.from_: " FROM ",
+    operators.as_: " AS ",
+    operators.is_: " IS ",
+    operators.is_not: " IS NOT ",
+    operators.collate: " COLLATE ",
+    # unary
+    operators.exists: "EXISTS ",
+    operators.distinct_op: "DISTINCT ",
+    operators.inv: "NOT ",
+    operators.any_op: "ANY ",
+    operators.all_op: "ALL ",
+    # modifiers
+    operators.desc_op: " DESC",
+    operators.asc_op: " ASC",
+    operators.nulls_first_op: " NULLS FIRST",
+    operators.nulls_last_op: " NULLS LAST",
+    # bitwise
+    operators.bitwise_xor_op: " ^ ",
+    operators.bitwise_or_op: " | ",
+    operators.bitwise_and_op: " & ",
+    operators.bitwise_not_op: "~",
+    operators.bitwise_lshift_op: " << ",
+    operators.bitwise_rshift_op: " >> ",
+}
+
+FUNCTIONS: Dict[Type[Function[Any]], str] = {
+    functions.coalesce: "coalesce",
+    functions.current_date: "CURRENT_DATE",
+    functions.current_time: "CURRENT_TIME",
+    functions.current_timestamp: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
+    functions.current_user: "CURRENT_USER",
+    functions.localtime: "LOCALTIME",
+    functions.localtimestamp: "LOCALTIMESTAMP",
+    functions.random: "random",
+    functions.sysdate: "sysdate",
+    functions.session_user: "SESSION_USER",
+    functions.user: "USER",
+    functions.cube: "CUBE",
+    functions.rollup: "ROLLUP",
+    functions.grouping_sets: "GROUPING SETS",
+}
+
+
+EXTRACT_MAP = {
+    "month": "month",
+    "day": "day",
+    "year": "year",
+    "second": "second",
+    "hour": "hour",
+    "doy": "doy",
+    "minute": "minute",
+    "quarter": "quarter",
+    "dow": "dow",
+    "week": "week",
+    "epoch": "epoch",
+    "milliseconds": "milliseconds",
+    "microseconds": "microseconds",
+    "timezone_hour": "timezone_hour",
+    "timezone_minute": "timezone_minute",
+}
+
+COMPOUND_KEYWORDS = {
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION: "UNION",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION_ALL: "UNION ALL",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT: "EXCEPT",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT_ALL: "EXCEPT ALL",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT: "INTERSECT",
+    selectable._CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT_ALL: "INTERSECT ALL",
+}
+
+
+class ResultColumnsEntry(NamedTuple):
+    """Tracks a column expression that is expected to be represented
+    in the result rows for this statement.
+
+    This normally refers to the columns clause of a SELECT statement
+    but may also refer to a RETURNING clause, as well as for dialect-specific
+    emulations.
+
+    """
+
+    keyname: str
+    """string name that's expected in cursor.description"""
+
+    name: str
+    """column name, may be labeled"""
+
+    objects: Tuple[Any, ...]
+    """sequence of objects that should be able to locate this column
+    in a RowMapping.  This is typically string names and aliases
+    as well as Column objects.
+
+    """
+
+    type: TypeEngine[Any]
+    """Datatype to be associated with this column.   This is where
+    the "result processing" logic directly links the compiled statement
+    to the rows that come back from the cursor.
+
+    """
+
+
+class _ResultMapAppender(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        keyname: str,
+        name: str,
+        objects: Sequence[Any],
+        type_: TypeEngine[Any],
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+
+# integer indexes into ResultColumnsEntry used by cursor.py.
+# some profiling showed integer access faster than named tuple
+RM_RENDERED_NAME: Literal[0] = 0
+RM_NAME: Literal[1] = 1
+RM_OBJECTS: Literal[2] = 2
+RM_TYPE: Literal[3] = 3
+
+
+class _BaseCompilerStackEntry(TypedDict):
+    asfrom_froms: Set[FromClause]
+    correlate_froms: Set[FromClause]
+    selectable: ReturnsRows
+
+
+class _CompilerStackEntry(_BaseCompilerStackEntry, total=False):
+    compile_state: CompileState
+    need_result_map_for_nested: bool
+    need_result_map_for_compound: bool
+    select_0: ReturnsRows
+    insert_from_select: Select[Any]
+
+
+class ExpandedState(NamedTuple):
+    """represents state to use when producing "expanded" and
+    "post compile" bound parameters for a statement.
+
+    "expanded" parameters are parameters that are generated at
+    statement execution time to suit a number of parameters passed, the most
+    prominent example being the individual elements inside of an IN expression.
+
+    "post compile" parameters are parameters where the SQL literal value
+    will be rendered into the SQL statement at execution time, rather than
+    being passed as separate parameters to the driver.
+
+    To create an :class:`.ExpandedState` instance, use the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler.construct_expanded_state` method on any
+    :class:`.SQLCompiler` instance.
+
+    """
+
+    statement: str
+    """String SQL statement with parameters fully expanded"""
+
+    parameters: _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    """Parameter dictionary with parameters fully expanded.
+
+    For a statement that uses named parameters, this dictionary will map
+    exactly to the names in the statement.  For a statement that uses
+    positional parameters, the :attr:`.ExpandedState.positional_parameters`
+    will yield a tuple with the positional parameter set.
+
+    """
+
+    processors: Mapping[str, _BindProcessorType[Any]]
+    """mapping of bound value processors"""
+
+    positiontup: Optional[Sequence[str]]
+    """Sequence of string names indicating the order of positional
+    parameters"""
+
+    parameter_expansion: Mapping[str, List[str]]
+    """Mapping representing the intermediary link from original parameter
+    name to list of "expanded" parameter names, for those parameters that
+    were expanded."""
+
+    @property
+    def positional_parameters(self) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        """Tuple of positional parameters, for statements that were compiled
+        using a positional paramstyle.
+
+        """
+        if self.positiontup is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "statement does not use a positional paramstyle"
+            )
+        return tuple(self.parameters[key] for key in self.positiontup)
+
+    @property
+    def additional_parameters(self) -> _CoreSingleExecuteParams:
+        """synonym for :attr:`.ExpandedState.parameters`."""
+        return self.parameters
+
+
+class _InsertManyValues(NamedTuple):
+    """represents state to use for executing an "insertmanyvalues" statement.
+
+    The primary consumers of this object are the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` and
+    :meth:`.DefaultDialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` methods.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_default_expr: bool
+    """if True, the statement is of the form
+    ``INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES``, and can't be rewritten as a "batch"
+
+    """
+
+    single_values_expr: str
+    """The rendered "values" clause of the INSERT statement.
+
+    This is typically the parenthesized section e.g. "(?, ?, ?)" or similar.
+    The insertmanyvalues logic uses this string as a search and replace
+    target.
+
+    """
+
+    insert_crud_params: List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]
+    """List of Column / bind names etc. used while rewriting the statement"""
+
+    num_positional_params_counted: int
+    """the number of bound parameters in a single-row statement.
+
+    This count may be larger or smaller than the actual number of columns
+    targeted in the INSERT, as it accommodates for SQL expressions
+    in the values list that may have zero or more parameters embedded
+    within them.
+
+    This count is part of what's used to organize rewritten parameter lists
+    when batching.
+
+    """
+
+    sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False
+    """if the deterministic_returnined_order parameter were used on the
+    insert.
+
+    All of the attributes following this will only be used if this is True.
+
+    """
+
+    includes_upsert_behaviors: bool = False
+    """if True, we have to accommodate for upsert behaviors.
+
+    This will in some cases downgrade "insertmanyvalues" that requests
+    deterministic ordering.
+
+    """
+
+    sentinel_columns: Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+    """List of sentinel columns that were located.
+
+    This list is only here if the INSERT asked for
+    sort_by_parameter_order=True,
+    and dialect-appropriate sentinel columns were located.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    num_sentinel_columns: int = 0
+    """how many sentinel columns are in the above list, if any.
+
+    This is the same as
+    ``len(sentinel_columns) if sentinel_columns is not None else 0``
+
+    """
+
+    sentinel_param_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+    """parameter str keys in each param dictionary / tuple
+    that would link to the client side "sentinel" values for that row, which
+    we can use to match up parameter sets to result rows.
+
+    This is only present if sentinel_columns is present and the INSERT
+    statement actually refers to client side values for these sentinel
+    columns.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.29 - the sequence is now string dictionary keys
+       only, used against the "compiled parameteters" collection before
+       the parameters were converted by bound parameter processors
+
+    """
+
+    implicit_sentinel: bool = False
+    """if True, we have exactly one sentinel column and it uses a server side
+    value, currently has to generate an incrementing integer value.
+
+    The dialect in question would have asserted that it supports receiving
+    these values back and sorting on that value as a means of guaranteeing
+    correlation with the incoming parameter list.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    embed_values_counter: bool = False
+    """Whether to embed an incrementing integer counter in each parameter
+    set within the VALUES clause as parameters are batched over.
+
+    This is only used for a specific INSERT..SELECT..VALUES..RETURNING syntax
+    where a subquery is used to produce value tuples.  Current support
+    includes PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+
+class _InsertManyValuesBatch(NamedTuple):
+    """represents an individual batch SQL statement for insertmanyvalues.
+
+    This is passed through the
+    :meth:`.SQLCompiler._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` and
+    :meth:`.DefaultDialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches` methods out
+    to the :class:`.Connection` within the
+    :meth:`.Connection._exec_insertmany_context` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+
+    replaced_statement: str
+    replaced_parameters: _DBAPIAnyExecuteParams
+    processed_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType]
+    batch: Sequence[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams]
+    sentinel_values: Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    current_batch_size: int
+    batchnum: int
+    total_batches: int
+    rows_sorted: bool
+    is_downgraded: bool
+
+
+class InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts(FastIntFlag):
+    """bitflag enum indicating styles of PK defaults
+    which can work as implicit sentinel columns
+
+    """
+
+    NOT_SUPPORTED = 1
+    AUTOINCREMENT = 2
+    IDENTITY = 4
+    SEQUENCE = 8
+
+    ANY_AUTOINCREMENT = AUTOINCREMENT | IDENTITY | SEQUENCE
+    _SUPPORTED_OR_NOT = NOT_SUPPORTED | ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+
+    USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT = 16
+    RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS = 64
+
+
+class CompilerState(IntEnum):
+    COMPILING = 0
+    """statement is present, compilation phase in progress"""
+
+    STRING_APPLIED = 1
+    """statement is present, string form of the statement has been applied.
+
+    Additional processors by subclasses may still be pending.
+
+    """
+
+    NO_STATEMENT = 2
+    """compiler does not have a statement to compile, is used
+    for method access"""
+
+
+class Linting(IntEnum):
+    """represent preferences for the 'SQL linting' feature.
+
+    this feature currently includes support for flagging cartesian products
+    in SQL statements.
+
+    """
+
+    NO_LINTING = 0
+    "Disable all linting."
+
+    COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS = 1
+    """Collect data on FROMs and cartesian products and gather into
+    'self.from_linter'"""
+
+    WARN_LINTING = 2
+    "Emit warnings for linters that find problems"
+
+    FROM_LINTING = COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS | WARN_LINTING
+    """Warn for cartesian products; combines COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS
+    and WARN_LINTING"""
+
+
+NO_LINTING, COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS, WARN_LINTING, FROM_LINTING = tuple(
+    Linting
+)
+
+
+class FromLinter(collections.namedtuple("FromLinter", ["froms", "edges"])):
+    """represents current state for the "cartesian product" detection
+    feature."""
+
+    def lint(self, start=None):
+        froms = self.froms
+        if not froms:
+            return None, None
+
+        edges = set(self.edges)
+        the_rest = set(froms)
+
+        if start is not None:
+            start_with = start
+            the_rest.remove(start_with)
+        else:
+            start_with = the_rest.pop()
+
+        stack = collections.deque([start_with])
+
+        while stack and the_rest:
+            node = stack.popleft()
+            the_rest.discard(node)
+
+            # comparison of nodes in edges here is based on hash equality, as
+            # there are "annotated" elements that match the non-annotated ones.
+            #   to remove the need for in-python hash() calls, use native
+            # containment routines (e.g. "node in edge", "edge.index(node)")
+            to_remove = {edge for edge in edges if node in edge}
+
+            # appendleft the node in each edge that is not
+            # the one that matched.
+            stack.extendleft(edge[not edge.index(node)] for edge in to_remove)
+            edges.difference_update(to_remove)
+
+        # FROMS left over?  boom
+        if the_rest:
+            return the_rest, start_with
+        else:
+            return None, None
+
+    def warn(self, stmt_type="SELECT"):
+        the_rest, start_with = self.lint()
+
+        # FROMS left over?  boom
+        if the_rest:
+            froms = the_rest
+            if froms:
+                template = (
+                    "{stmt_type} statement has a cartesian product between "
+                    "FROM element(s) {froms} and "
+                    'FROM element "{start}".  Apply join condition(s) '
+                    "between each element to resolve."
+                )
+                froms_str = ", ".join(
+                    f'"{self.froms[from_]}"' for from_ in froms
+                )
+                message = template.format(
+                    stmt_type=stmt_type,
+                    froms=froms_str,
+                    start=self.froms[start_with],
+                )
+
+                util.warn(message)
+
+
+class Compiled:
+    """Represent a compiled SQL or DDL expression.
+
+    The ``__str__`` method of the ``Compiled`` object should produce
+    the actual text of the statement.  ``Compiled`` objects are
+    specific to their underlying database dialect, and also may
+    or may not be specific to the columns referenced within a
+    particular set of bind parameters.  In no case should the
+    ``Compiled`` object be dependent on the actual values of those
+    bind parameters, even though it may reference those values as
+    defaults.
+    """
+
+    statement: Optional[ClauseElement] = None
+    "The statement to compile."
+    string: str = ""
+    "The string representation of the ``statement``"
+
+    state: CompilerState
+    """description of the compiler's state"""
+
+    is_sql = False
+    is_ddl = False
+
+    _cached_metadata: Optional[CursorResultMetaData] = None
+
+    _result_columns: Optional[List[ResultColumnsEntry]] = None
+
+    schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None
+
+    execution_options: _ExecuteOptions = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    """
+    Execution options propagated from the statement.   In some cases,
+    sub-elements of the statement can modify these.
+    """
+
+    preparer: IdentifierPreparer
+
+    _annotations: _AnnotationDict = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    compile_state: Optional[CompileState] = None
+    """Optional :class:`.CompileState` object that maintains additional
+    state used by the compiler.
+
+    Major executable objects such as :class:`_expression.Insert`,
+    :class:`_expression.Update`, :class:`_expression.Delete`,
+    :class:`_expression.Select` will generate this
+    state when compiled in order to calculate additional information about the
+    object.   For the top level object that is to be executed, the state can be
+    stored here where it can also have applicability towards result set
+    processing.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    dml_compile_state: Optional[CompileState] = None
+    """Optional :class:`.CompileState` assigned at the same point that
+    .isinsert, .isupdate, or .isdelete is assigned.
+
+    This will normally be the same object as .compile_state, with the
+    exception of cases like the :class:`.ORMFromStatementCompileState`
+    object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.40
+
+    """
+
+    cache_key: Optional[CacheKey] = None
+    """The :class:`.CacheKey` that was generated ahead of creating this
+    :class:`.Compiled` object.
+
+    This is used for routines that need access to the original
+    :class:`.CacheKey` instance generated when the :class:`.Compiled`
+    instance was first cached, typically in order to reconcile
+    the original list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects with a
+    per-statement list that's generated on each call.
+
+    """
+
+    _gen_time: float
+    """Generation time of this :class:`.Compiled`, used for reporting
+    cache stats."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        statement: Optional[ClauseElement],
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+        render_schema_translate: bool = False,
+        compile_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = util.immutabledict(),
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.Compiled` object.
+
+        :param dialect: :class:`.Dialect` to compile against.
+
+        :param statement: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` to be compiled.
+
+        :param schema_translate_map: dictionary of schema names to be
+         translated when forming the resultant SQL
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`schema_translating`
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: additional kwargs that will be
+         passed to the initial call to :meth:`.Compiled.process`.
+
+
+        """
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.preparer = self.dialect.identifier_preparer
+        if schema_translate_map:
+            self.schema_translate_map = schema_translate_map
+            self.preparer = self.preparer._with_schema_translate(
+                schema_translate_map
+            )
+
+        if statement is not None:
+            self.state = CompilerState.COMPILING
+            self.statement = statement
+            self.can_execute = statement.supports_execution
+            self._annotations = statement._annotations
+            if self.can_execute:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(statement, Executable)
+                self.execution_options = statement._execution_options
+            self.string = self.process(self.statement, **compile_kwargs)
+
+            if render_schema_translate:
+                assert schema_translate_map is not None
+                self.string = self.preparer._render_schema_translates(
+                    self.string, schema_translate_map
+                )
+
+            self.state = CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED
+        else:
+            self.state = CompilerState.NO_STATEMENT
+
+        self._gen_time = perf_counter()
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        cls._init_compiler_cls()
+        return super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiler_cls(cls):
+        pass
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        if self.can_execute:
+            return connection._execute_compiled(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self.statement)
+
+    def visit_unsupported_compilation(self, element, err, **kw):
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, type(element)) from err
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self) -> SQLCompiler:
+        """Return a Compiled that is capable of processing SQL expressions.
+
+        If this compiler is one, it would likely just return 'self'.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process(self, obj: Visitable, **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        return obj._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        """Return the string text of the generated SQL or DDL."""
+
+        if self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED:
+            return self.string
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def construct_params(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+    ) -> Optional[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]:
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object.
+
+        :param params: a dict of string/object pairs whose values will
+                       override bind values compiled in to the
+                       statement.
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind params for this compiled object."""
+        return self.construct_params()
+
+
+class TypeCompiler(util.EnsureKWArg):
+    """Produces DDL specification for TypeEngine objects."""
+
+    ensure_kwarg = r"visit_\w+"
+
+    def __init__(self, dialect: Dialect):
+        self.dialect = dialect
+
+    def process(self, type_: TypeEngine[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        if (
+            type_._variant_mapping
+            and self.dialect.name in type_._variant_mapping
+        ):
+            type_ = type_._variant_mapping[self.dialect.name]
+        return type_._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unsupported_compilation(
+        self, element: Any, err: Exception, **kw: Any
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, element) from err
+
+
+# this was a Visitable, but to allow accurate detection of
+# column elements this is actually a column element
+class _CompileLabel(
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[Any], elements.CompilerColumnElement
+):
+    """lightweight label object which acts as an expression.Label."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "label"
+    __slots__ = "element", "name", "_alt_names"
+
+    def __init__(self, col, name, alt_names=()):
+        self.element = col
+        self.name = name
+        self._alt_names = (col,) + alt_names
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        return self.element.proxy_set
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.element.type
+
+    def self_group(self, **kw):
+        return self
+
+
+class ilike_case_insensitive(
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[Any], elements.CompilerColumnElement
+):
+    """produce a wrapping element for a case-insensitive portion of
+    an ILIKE construct.
+
+    The construct usually renders the ``lower()`` function, but on
+    PostgreSQL will pass silently with the assumption that "ILIKE"
+    is being used.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ilike_case_insensitive_operand"
+    __slots__ = "element", "comparator"
+
+    def __init__(self, element):
+        self.element = element
+        self.comparator = element.comparator
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_set(self):
+        return self.element.proxy_set
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self.element.type
+
+    def self_group(self, **kw):
+        return self
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        return ilike_case_insensitive(
+            self.element._with_binary_element_type(type_)
+        )
+
+
+class SQLCompiler(Compiled):
+    """Default implementation of :class:`.Compiled`.
+
+    Compiles :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects into SQL strings.
+
+    """
+
+    extract_map = EXTRACT_MAP
+
+    bindname_escape_characters: ClassVar[Mapping[str, str]] = (
+        util.immutabledict(
+            {
+                "%": "P",
+                "(": "A",
+                ")": "Z",
+                ":": "C",
+                ".": "_",
+                "[": "_",
+                "]": "_",
+                " ": "_",
+            }
+        )
+    )
+    """A mapping (e.g. dict or similar) containing a lookup of
+    characters keyed to replacement characters which will be applied to all
+    'bind names' used in SQL statements as a form of 'escaping'; the given
+    characters are replaced entirely with the 'replacement' character when
+    rendered in the SQL statement, and a similar translation is performed
+    on the incoming names used in parameter dictionaries passed to methods
+    like :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+
+    This allows bound parameter names used in :func:`_sql.bindparam` and
+    other constructs to have any arbitrary characters present without any
+    concern for characters that aren't allowed at all on the target database.
+
+    Third party dialects can establish their own dictionary here to replace the
+    default mapping, which will ensure that the particular characters in the
+    mapping will never appear in a bound parameter name.
+
+    The dictionary is evaluated at **class creation time**, so cannot be
+    modified at runtime; it must be present on the class when the class
+    is first declared.
+
+    Note that for dialects that have additional bound parameter rules such
+    as additional restrictions on leading characters, the
+    :meth:`_sql.SQLCompiler.bindparam_string` method may need to be augmented.
+    See the cx_Oracle compiler for an example of this.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    _bind_translate_re: ClassVar[Pattern[str]]
+    _bind_translate_chars: ClassVar[Mapping[str, str]]
+
+    is_sql = True
+
+    compound_keywords = COMPOUND_KEYWORDS
+
+    isdelete: bool = False
+    isinsert: bool = False
+    isupdate: bool = False
+    """class-level defaults which can be set at the instance
+    level to define if this Compiled instance represents
+    INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
+    """
+
+    postfetch: Optional[List[Column[Any]]]
+    """list of columns that can be post-fetched after INSERT or UPDATE to
+    receive server-updated values"""
+
+    insert_prefetch: Sequence[Column[Any]] = ()
+    """list of columns for which default values should be evaluated before
+    an INSERT takes place"""
+
+    update_prefetch: Sequence[Column[Any]] = ()
+    """list of columns for which onupdate default values should be evaluated
+    before an UPDATE takes place"""
+
+    implicit_returning: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None
+    """list of "implicit" returning columns for a toplevel INSERT or UPDATE
+    statement, used to receive newly generated values of columns.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0  ``implicit_returning`` replaces the previous
+       ``returning`` collection, which was not a generalized RETURNING
+       collection and instead was in fact specific to the "implicit returning"
+       feature.
+
+    """
+
+    isplaintext: bool = False
+
+    binds: Dict[str, BindParameter[Any]]
+    """a dictionary of bind parameter keys to BindParameter instances."""
+
+    bind_names: Dict[BindParameter[Any], str]
+    """a dictionary of BindParameter instances to "compiled" names
+    that are actually present in the generated SQL"""
+
+    stack: List[_CompilerStackEntry]
+    """major statements such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE are
+    tracked in this stack using an entry format."""
+
+    returning_precedes_values: bool = False
+    """set to True classwide to generate RETURNING
+    clauses before the VALUES or WHERE clause (i.e. MSSQL)
+    """
+
+    render_table_with_column_in_update_from: bool = False
+    """set to True classwide to indicate the SET clause
+    in a multi-table UPDATE statement should qualify
+    columns with the table name (i.e. MySQL only)
+    """
+
+    ansi_bind_rules: bool = False
+    """SQL 92 doesn't allow bind parameters to be used
+    in the columns clause of a SELECT, nor does it allow
+    ambiguous expressions like "? = ?".  A compiler
+    subclass can set this flag to False if the target
+    driver/DB enforces this
+    """
+
+    bindtemplate: str
+    """template to render bound parameters based on paramstyle."""
+
+    compilation_bindtemplate: str
+    """template used by compiler to render parameters before positional
+    paramstyle application"""
+
+    _numeric_binds_identifier_char: str
+    """Character that's used to as the identifier of a numerical bind param.
+    For example if this char is set to ``$``, numerical binds will be rendered
+    in the form ``$1, $2, $3``.
+    """
+
+    _result_columns: List[ResultColumnsEntry]
+    """relates label names in the final SQL to a tuple of local
+    column/label name, ColumnElement object (if any) and
+    TypeEngine. CursorResult uses this for type processing and
+    column targeting"""
+
+    _textual_ordered_columns: bool = False
+    """tell the result object that the column names as rendered are important,
+    but they are also "ordered" vs. what is in the compiled object here.
+
+    As of 1.4.42 this condition is only present when the statement is a
+    TextualSelect, e.g. text("....").columns(...), where it is required
+    that the columns are considered positionally and not by name.
+
+    """
+
+    _ad_hoc_textual: bool = False
+    """tell the result that we encountered text() or '*' constructs in the
+    middle of the result columns, but we also have compiled columns, so
+    if the number of columns in cursor.description does not match how many
+    expressions we have, that means we can't rely on positional at all and
+    should match on name.
+
+    """
+
+    _ordered_columns: bool = True
+    """
+    if False, means we can't be sure the list of entries
+    in _result_columns is actually the rendered order.  Usually
+    True unless using an unordered TextualSelect.
+    """
+
+    _loose_column_name_matching: bool = False
+    """tell the result object that the SQL statement is textual, wants to match
+    up to Column objects, and may be using the ._tq_label in the SELECT rather
+    than the base name.
+
+    """
+
+    _numeric_binds: bool = False
+    """
+    True if paramstyle is "numeric".  This paramstyle is trickier than
+    all the others.
+
+    """
+
+    _render_postcompile: bool = False
+    """
+    whether to render out POSTCOMPILE params during the compile phase.
+
+    This attribute is used only for end-user invocation of stmt.compile();
+    it's never used for actual statement execution, where instead the
+    dialect internals access and render the internal postcompile structure
+    directly.
+
+    """
+
+    _post_compile_expanded_state: Optional[ExpandedState] = None
+    """When render_postcompile is used, the ``ExpandedState`` used to create
+    the "expanded" SQL is assigned here, and then used by the ``.params``
+    accessor and ``.construct_params()`` methods for their return values.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+    """
+
+    _pre_expanded_string: Optional[str] = None
+    """Stores the original string SQL before 'post_compile' is applied,
+    for cases where 'post_compile' were used.
+
+    """
+
+    _pre_expanded_positiontup: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    _insertmanyvalues: Optional[_InsertManyValues] = None
+
+    _insert_crud_params: Optional[crud._CrudParamSequence] = None
+
+    literal_execute_params: FrozenSet[BindParameter[Any]] = frozenset()
+    """bindparameter objects that are rendered as literal values at statement
+    execution time.
+
+    """
+
+    post_compile_params: FrozenSet[BindParameter[Any]] = frozenset()
+    """bindparameter objects that are rendered as bound parameter placeholders
+    at statement execution time.
+
+    """
+
+    escaped_bind_names: util.immutabledict[str, str] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    """Late escaping of bound parameter names that has to be converted
+    to the original name when looking in the parameter dictionary.
+
+    """
+
+    has_out_parameters = False
+    """if True, there are bindparam() objects that have the isoutparam
+    flag set."""
+
+    postfetch_lastrowid = False
+    """if True, and this in insert, use cursor.lastrowid to populate
+    result.inserted_primary_key. """
+
+    _cache_key_bind_match: Optional[
+        Tuple[
+            Dict[
+                BindParameter[Any],
+                List[BindParameter[Any]],
+            ],
+            Dict[
+                str,
+                BindParameter[Any],
+            ],
+        ]
+    ] = None
+    """a mapping that will relate the BindParameter object we compile
+    to those that are part of the extracted collection of parameters
+    in the cache key, if we were given a cache key.
+
+    """
+
+    positiontup: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    """for a compiled construct that uses a positional paramstyle, will be
+    a sequence of strings, indicating the names of bound parameters in order.
+
+    This is used in order to render bound parameters in their correct order,
+    and is combined with the :attr:`_sql.Compiled.params` dictionary to
+    render parameters.
+
+    This sequence always contains the unescaped name of the parameters.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string` - includes a usage example for
+        debugging use cases.
+
+    """
+    _values_bindparam: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    _visited_bindparam: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+    inline: bool = False
+
+    ctes: Optional[MutableMapping[CTE, str]]
+
+    # Detect same CTE references - Dict[(level, name), cte]
+    # Level is required for supporting nesting
+    ctes_by_level_name: Dict[Tuple[int, str], CTE]
+
+    # To retrieve key/level in ctes_by_level_name -
+    # Dict[cte_reference, (level, cte_name, cte_opts)]
+    level_name_by_cte: Dict[CTE, Tuple[int, str, selectable._CTEOpts]]
+
+    ctes_recursive: bool
+
+    _post_compile_pattern = re.compile(r"__\[POSTCOMPILE_(\S+?)(~~.+?~~)?\]")
+    _pyformat_pattern = re.compile(r"%\(([^)]+?)\)s")
+    _positional_pattern = re.compile(
+        f"{_pyformat_pattern.pattern}|{_post_compile_pattern.pattern}"
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_compiler_cls(cls):
+        cls._init_bind_translate()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_bind_translate(cls):
+        reg = re.escape("".join(cls.bindname_escape_characters))
+        cls._bind_translate_re = re.compile(f"[{reg}]")
+        cls._bind_translate_chars = cls.bindname_escape_characters
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        statement: Optional[ClauseElement],
+        cache_key: Optional[CacheKey] = None,
+        column_keys: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
+        for_executemany: bool = False,
+        linting: Linting = NO_LINTING,
+        _supporting_against: Optional[SQLCompiler] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.SQLCompiler` object.
+
+        :param dialect: :class:`.Dialect` to be used
+
+        :param statement: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` to be compiled
+
+        :param column_keys:  a list of column names to be compiled into an
+         INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+
+        :param for_executemany: whether INSERT / UPDATE statements should
+         expect that they are to be invoked in an "executemany" style,
+         which may impact how the statement will be expected to return the
+         values of defaults and autoincrement / sequences and similar.
+         Depending on the backend and driver in use, support for retrieving
+         these values may be disabled which means SQL expressions may
+         be rendered inline, RETURNING may not be rendered, etc.
+
+        :param kwargs: additional keyword arguments to be consumed by the
+         superclass.
+
+        """
+        self.column_keys = column_keys
+
+        self.cache_key = cache_key
+
+        if cache_key:
+            cksm = {b.key: b for b in cache_key[1]}
+            ckbm = {b: [b] for b in cache_key[1]}
+            self._cache_key_bind_match = (ckbm, cksm)
+
+        # compile INSERT/UPDATE defaults/sequences to expect executemany
+        # style execution, which may mean no pre-execute of defaults,
+        # or no RETURNING
+        self.for_executemany = for_executemany
+
+        self.linting = linting
+
+        # a dictionary of bind parameter keys to BindParameter
+        # instances.
+        self.binds = {}
+
+        # a dictionary of BindParameter instances to "compiled" names
+        # that are actually present in the generated SQL
+        self.bind_names = util.column_dict()
+
+        # stack which keeps track of nested SELECT statements
+        self.stack = []
+
+        self._result_columns = []
+
+        # true if the paramstyle is positional
+        self.positional = dialect.positional
+        if self.positional:
+            self._numeric_binds = nb = dialect.paramstyle.startswith("numeric")
+            if nb:
+                self._numeric_binds_identifier_char = (
+                    "$" if dialect.paramstyle == "numeric_dollar" else ":"
+                )
+
+            self.compilation_bindtemplate = _pyformat_template
+        else:
+            self.compilation_bindtemplate = BIND_TEMPLATES[dialect.paramstyle]
+
+        self.ctes = None
+
+        self.label_length = (
+            dialect.label_length or dialect.max_identifier_length
+        )
+
+        # a map which tracks "anonymous" identifiers that are created on
+        # the fly here
+        self.anon_map = prefix_anon_map()
+
+        # a map which tracks "truncated" names based on
+        # dialect.label_length or dialect.max_identifier_length
+        self.truncated_names: Dict[Tuple[str, str], str] = {}
+        self._truncated_counters: Dict[str, int] = {}
+
+        Compiled.__init__(self, dialect, statement, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.isinsert or self.isupdate or self.isdelete:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(statement, UpdateBase)
+
+            if self.isinsert or self.isupdate:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(statement, ValuesBase)
+                if statement._inline:
+                    self.inline = True
+                elif self.for_executemany and (
+                    not self.isinsert
+                    or (
+                        self.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+                        and statement._return_defaults
+                    )
+                ):
+                    self.inline = True
+
+        self.bindtemplate = BIND_TEMPLATES[dialect.paramstyle]
+
+        if _supporting_against:
+            self.__dict__.update(
+                {
+                    k: v
+                    for k, v in _supporting_against.__dict__.items()
+                    if k
+                    not in {
+                        "state",
+                        "dialect",
+                        "preparer",
+                        "positional",
+                        "_numeric_binds",
+                        "compilation_bindtemplate",
+                        "bindtemplate",
+                    }
+                }
+            )
+
+        if self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED:
+            if self.positional:
+                if self._numeric_binds:
+                    self._process_numeric()
+                else:
+                    self._process_positional()
+
+            if self._render_postcompile:
+                parameters = self.construct_params(
+                    escape_names=False,
+                    _no_postcompile=True,
+                )
+
+                self._process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+                    parameters, _populate_self=True
+                )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_single_values_expr(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """When an INSERT is compiled with a single set of parameters inside
+        a VALUES expression, the string is assigned here, where it can be
+        used for insert batching schemes to rewrite the VALUES expression.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 This collection is no longer used by
+           SQLAlchemy's built-in dialects, in favor of the currently
+           internal ``_insertmanyvalues`` collection that is used only by
+           :class:`.SQLCompiler`.
+
+        """
+        if self._insertmanyvalues is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return self._insertmanyvalues.single_values_expr
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def effective_returning(self) -> Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]:
+        """The effective "returning" columns for INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE.
+
+        This is either the so-called "implicit returning" columns which are
+        calculated by the compiler on the fly, or those present based on what's
+        present in ``self.statement._returning`` (expanded into individual
+        columns using the ``._all_selected_columns`` attribute) i.e. those set
+        explicitly using the :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        if self.implicit_returning:
+            return self.implicit_returning
+        elif self.statement is not None and is_dml(self.statement):
+            return [
+                c
+                for c in self.statement._all_selected_columns
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def returning(self):
+        """backwards compatibility; returns the
+        effective_returning collection.
+
+        """
+        return self.effective_returning
+
+    @property
+    def current_executable(self):
+        """Return the current 'executable' that is being compiled.
+
+        This is currently the :class:`_sql.Select`, :class:`_sql.Insert`,
+        :class:`_sql.Update`, :class:`_sql.Delete`,
+        :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object that is being compiled.
+        Specifically it's assigned to the ``self.stack`` list of elements.
+
+        When a statement like the above is being compiled, it normally
+        is also assigned to the ``.statement`` attribute of the
+        :class:`_sql.Compiler` object.   However, all SQL constructs are
+        ultimately nestable, and this attribute should never be consulted
+        by a ``visit_`` method, as it is not guaranteed to be assigned
+        nor guaranteed to correspond to the current statement being compiled.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.21
+
+            For compatibility with previous versions, use the following
+            recipe::
+
+                statement = getattr(self, "current_executable", False)
+                if statement is False:
+                    statement = self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+
+            For versions 1.4 and above, ensure only .current_executable
+            is used; the format of "self.stack" may change.
+
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return self.stack[-1]["selectable"]
+        except IndexError as ie:
+            raise IndexError("Compiler does not have a stack entry") from ie
+
+    @property
+    def prefetch(self):
+        return list(self.insert_prefetch) + list(self.update_prefetch)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _global_attributes(self) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
+        return {}
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _init_cte_state(self) -> MutableMapping[CTE, str]:
+        """Initialize collections related to CTEs only if
+        a CTE is located, to save on the overhead of
+        these collections otherwise.
+
+        """
+        # collect CTEs to tack on top of a SELECT
+        # To store the query to print - Dict[cte, text_query]
+        ctes: MutableMapping[CTE, str] = util.OrderedDict()
+        self.ctes = ctes
+
+        # Detect same CTE references - Dict[(level, name), cte]
+        # Level is required for supporting nesting
+        self.ctes_by_level_name = {}
+
+        # To retrieve key/level in ctes_by_level_name -
+        # Dict[cte_reference, (level, cte_name, cte_opts)]
+        self.level_name_by_cte = {}
+
+        self.ctes_recursive = False
+
+        return ctes
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _nested_result(self):
+        """special API to support the use case of 'nested result sets'"""
+        result_columns, ordered_columns = (
+            self._result_columns,
+            self._ordered_columns,
+        )
+        self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns = [], False
+
+        try:
+            if self.stack:
+                entry = self.stack[-1]
+                entry["need_result_map_for_nested"] = True
+            else:
+                entry = None
+            yield self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns
+        finally:
+            if entry:
+                entry.pop("need_result_map_for_nested")
+            self._result_columns, self._ordered_columns = (
+                result_columns,
+                ordered_columns,
+            )
+
+    def _process_positional(self):
+        assert not self.positiontup
+        assert self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED
+        assert not self._numeric_binds
+
+        if self.dialect.paramstyle == "format":
+            placeholder = "%s"
+        else:
+            assert self.dialect.paramstyle == "qmark"
+            placeholder = "?"
+
+        positions = []
+
+        def find_position(m: re.Match[str]) -> str:
+            normal_bind = m.group(1)
+            if normal_bind:
+                positions.append(normal_bind)
+                return placeholder
+            else:
+                # this a post-compile bind
+                positions.append(m.group(2))
+                return m.group(0)
+
+        self.string = re.sub(
+            self._positional_pattern, find_position, self.string
+        )
+
+        if self.escaped_bind_names:
+            reverse_escape = {v: k for k, v in self.escaped_bind_names.items()}
+            assert len(self.escaped_bind_names) == len(reverse_escape)
+            self.positiontup = [
+                reverse_escape.get(name, name) for name in positions
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.positiontup = positions
+
+        if self._insertmanyvalues:
+            positions = []
+
+            single_values_expr = re.sub(
+                self._positional_pattern,
+                find_position,
+                self._insertmanyvalues.single_values_expr,
+            )
+            insert_crud_params = [
+                (
+                    v[0],
+                    v[1],
+                    re.sub(self._positional_pattern, find_position, v[2]),
+                    v[3],
+                )
+                for v in self._insertmanyvalues.insert_crud_params
+            ]
+
+            self._insertmanyvalues = self._insertmanyvalues._replace(
+                single_values_expr=single_values_expr,
+                insert_crud_params=insert_crud_params,
+            )
+
+    def _process_numeric(self):
+        assert self._numeric_binds
+        assert self.state is CompilerState.STRING_APPLIED
+
+        num = 1
+        param_pos: Dict[str, str] = {}
+        order: Iterable[str]
+        if self._insertmanyvalues and self._values_bindparam is not None:
+            # bindparams that are not in values are always placed first.
+            # this avoids the need of changing them when using executemany
+            # values () ()
+            order = itertools.chain(
+                (
+                    name
+                    for name in self.bind_names.values()
+                    if name not in self._values_bindparam
+                ),
+                self.bind_names.values(),
+            )
+        else:
+            order = self.bind_names.values()
+
+        for bind_name in order:
+            if bind_name in param_pos:
+                continue
+            bind = self.binds[bind_name]
+            if (
+                bind in self.post_compile_params
+                or bind in self.literal_execute_params
+            ):
+                # set to None to just mark the in positiontup, it will not
+                # be replaced below.
+                param_pos[bind_name] = None  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                ph = f"{self._numeric_binds_identifier_char}{num}"
+                num += 1
+                param_pos[bind_name] = ph
+
+        self.next_numeric_pos = num
+
+        self.positiontup = list(param_pos)
+        if self.escaped_bind_names:
+            len_before = len(param_pos)
+            param_pos = {
+                self.escaped_bind_names.get(name, name): pos
+                for name, pos in param_pos.items()
+            }
+            assert len(param_pos) == len_before
+
+        # Can't use format here since % chars are not escaped.
+        self.string = self._pyformat_pattern.sub(
+            lambda m: param_pos[m.group(1)], self.string
+        )
+
+        if self._insertmanyvalues:
+            single_values_expr = (
+                # format is ok here since single_values_expr includes only
+                # place-holders
+                self._insertmanyvalues.single_values_expr
+                % param_pos
+            )
+            insert_crud_params = [
+                (v[0], v[1], "%s", v[3])
+                for v in self._insertmanyvalues.insert_crud_params
+            ]
+
+            self._insertmanyvalues = self._insertmanyvalues._replace(
+                # This has the numbers (:1, :2)
+                single_values_expr=single_values_expr,
+                # The single binds are instead %s so they can be formatted
+                insert_crud_params=insert_crud_params,
+            )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _bind_processors(
+        self,
+    ) -> MutableMapping[
+        str, Union[_BindProcessorType[Any], Sequence[_BindProcessorType[Any]]]
+    ]:
+        # mypy is not able to see the two value types as the above Union,
+        # it just sees "object".  don't know how to resolve
+        return {
+            key: value  # type: ignore
+            for key, value in (
+                (
+                    self.bind_names[bindparam],
+                    (
+                        bindparam.type._cached_bind_processor(self.dialect)
+                        if not bindparam.type._is_tuple_type
+                        else tuple(
+                            elem_type._cached_bind_processor(self.dialect)
+                            for elem_type in cast(
+                                TupleType, bindparam.type
+                            ).types
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+                for bindparam in self.bind_names
+            )
+            if value is not None
+        }
+
+    def is_subquery(self):
+        return len(self.stack) > 1
+
+    @property
+    def sql_compiler(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def construct_expanded_state(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+    ) -> ExpandedState:
+        """Return a new :class:`.ExpandedState` for a given parameter set.
+
+        For queries that use "expanding" or other late-rendered parameters,
+        this method will provide for both the finalized SQL string as well
+        as the parameters that would be used for a particular parameter set.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0rc1
+
+        """
+        parameters = self.construct_params(
+            params,
+            escape_names=escape_names,
+            _no_postcompile=True,
+        )
+        return self._process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+            parameters,
+        )
+
+    def construct_params(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+        _group_number: Optional[int] = None,
+        _check: bool = True,
+        _no_postcompile: bool = False,
+    ) -> _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams:
+        """return a dictionary of bind parameter keys and values"""
+
+        if self._render_postcompile and not _no_postcompile:
+            assert self._post_compile_expanded_state is not None
+            if not params:
+                return dict(self._post_compile_expanded_state.parameters)
+            else:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "can't construct new parameters when render_postcompile "
+                    "is used; the statement is hard-linked to the original "
+                    "parameters.  Use construct_expanded_state to generate a "
+                    "new statement and parameters."
+                )
+
+        has_escaped_names = escape_names and bool(self.escaped_bind_names)
+
+        if extracted_parameters:
+            # related the bound parameters collected in the original cache key
+            # to those collected in the incoming cache key.  They will not have
+            # matching names but they will line up positionally in the same
+            # way.   The parameters present in self.bind_names may be clones of
+            # these original cache key params in the case of DML but the .key
+            # will be guaranteed to match.
+            if self.cache_key is None:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "This compiled object has no original cache key; "
+                    "can't pass extracted_parameters to construct_params"
+                )
+            else:
+                orig_extracted = self.cache_key[1]
+
+            ckbm_tuple = self._cache_key_bind_match
+            assert ckbm_tuple is not None
+            ckbm, _ = ckbm_tuple
+            resolved_extracted = {
+                bind: extracted
+                for b, extracted in zip(orig_extracted, extracted_parameters)
+                for bind in ckbm[b]
+            }
+        else:
+            resolved_extracted = None
+
+        if params:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam, name in self.bind_names.items():
+                escaped_name = (
+                    self.escaped_bind_names.get(name, name)
+                    if has_escaped_names
+                    else name
+                )
+
+                if bindparam.key in params:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = params[bindparam.key]
+                elif name in params:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = params[name]
+
+                elif _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d"
+                            % (bindparam.key, _group_number),
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key,
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+                else:
+                    if resolved_extracted:
+                        value_param = resolved_extracted.get(
+                            bindparam, bindparam
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        value_param = bindparam
+
+                    if bindparam.callable:
+                        pd[escaped_name] = value_param.effective_value
+                    else:
+                        pd[escaped_name] = value_param.value
+            return pd
+        else:
+            pd = {}
+            for bindparam, name in self.bind_names.items():
+                escaped_name = (
+                    self.escaped_bind_names.get(name, name)
+                    if has_escaped_names
+                    else name
+                )
+
+                if _check and bindparam.required:
+                    if _group_number:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r, "
+                            "in parameter group %d"
+                            % (bindparam.key, _group_number),
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "A value is required for bind parameter %r"
+                            % bindparam.key,
+                            code="cd3x",
+                        )
+
+                if resolved_extracted:
+                    value_param = resolved_extracted.get(bindparam, bindparam)
+                else:
+                    value_param = bindparam
+
+                if bindparam.callable:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = value_param.effective_value
+                else:
+                    pd[escaped_name] = value_param.value
+
+            return pd
+
+    @util.memoized_instancemethod
+    def _get_set_input_sizes_lookup(self):
+        dialect = self.dialect
+
+        include_types = dialect.include_set_input_sizes
+        exclude_types = dialect.exclude_set_input_sizes
+
+        dbapi = dialect.dbapi
+
+        def lookup_type(typ):
+            dbtype = typ._unwrapped_dialect_impl(dialect).get_dbapi_type(dbapi)
+
+            if (
+                dbtype is not None
+                and (exclude_types is None or dbtype not in exclude_types)
+                and (include_types is None or dbtype in include_types)
+            ):
+                return dbtype
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        inputsizes = {}
+
+        literal_execute_params = self.literal_execute_params
+
+        for bindparam in self.bind_names:
+            if bindparam in literal_execute_params:
+                continue
+
+            if bindparam.type._is_tuple_type:
+                inputsizes[bindparam] = [
+                    lookup_type(typ)
+                    for typ in cast(TupleType, bindparam.type).types
+                ]
+            else:
+                inputsizes[bindparam] = lookup_type(bindparam.type)
+
+        return inputsizes
+
+    @property
+    def params(self):
+        """Return the bind param dictionary embedded into this
+        compiled object, for those values that are present.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string` - includes a usage example for
+            debugging use cases.
+
+        """
+        return self.construct_params(_check=False)
+
+    def _process_parameters_for_postcompile(
+        self,
+        parameters: _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams,
+        _populate_self: bool = False,
+    ) -> ExpandedState:
+        """handle special post compile parameters.
+
+        These include:
+
+        * "expanding" parameters -typically IN tuples that are rendered
+          on a per-parameter basis for an otherwise fixed SQL statement string.
+
+        * literal_binds compiled with the literal_execute flag.  Used for
+          things like SQL Server "TOP N" where the driver does not accommodate
+          N as a bound parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        expanded_parameters = {}
+        new_positiontup: Optional[List[str]]
+
+        pre_expanded_string = self._pre_expanded_string
+        if pre_expanded_string is None:
+            pre_expanded_string = self.string
+
+        if self.positional:
+            new_positiontup = []
+
+            pre_expanded_positiontup = self._pre_expanded_positiontup
+            if pre_expanded_positiontup is None:
+                pre_expanded_positiontup = self.positiontup
+
+        else:
+            new_positiontup = pre_expanded_positiontup = None
+
+        processors = self._bind_processors
+        single_processors = cast(
+            "Mapping[str, _BindProcessorType[Any]]", processors
+        )
+        tuple_processors = cast(
+            "Mapping[str, Sequence[_BindProcessorType[Any]]]", processors
+        )
+
+        new_processors: Dict[str, _BindProcessorType[Any]] = {}
+
+        replacement_expressions: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        to_update_sets: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        # notes:
+        # *unescaped* parameter names in:
+        # self.bind_names, self.binds, self._bind_processors, self.positiontup
+        #
+        # *escaped* parameter names in:
+        # construct_params(), replacement_expressions
+
+        numeric_positiontup: Optional[List[str]] = None
+
+        if self.positional and pre_expanded_positiontup is not None:
+            names: Iterable[str] = pre_expanded_positiontup
+            if self._numeric_binds:
+                numeric_positiontup = []
+        else:
+            names = self.bind_names.values()
+
+        ebn = self.escaped_bind_names
+        for name in names:
+            escaped_name = ebn.get(name, name) if ebn else name
+            parameter = self.binds[name]
+
+            if parameter in self.literal_execute_params:
+                if escaped_name not in replacement_expressions:
+                    replacement_expressions[escaped_name] = (
+                        self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                            parameter,
+                            render_literal_value=parameters.pop(escaped_name),
+                        )
+                    )
+                continue
+
+            if parameter in self.post_compile_params:
+                if escaped_name in replacement_expressions:
+                    to_update = to_update_sets[escaped_name]
+                    values = None
+                else:
+                    # we are removing the parameter from parameters
+                    # because it is a list value, which is not expected by
+                    # TypeEngine objects that would otherwise be asked to
+                    # process it. the single name is being replaced with
+                    # individual numbered parameters for each value in the
+                    # param.
+                    #
+                    # note we are also inserting *escaped* parameter names
+                    # into the given dictionary.   default dialect will
+                    # use these param names directly as they will not be
+                    # in the escaped_bind_names dictionary.
+                    values = parameters.pop(name)
+
+                    leep_res = self._literal_execute_expanding_parameter(
+                        escaped_name, parameter, values
+                    )
+                    (to_update, replacement_expr) = leep_res
+
+                    to_update_sets[escaped_name] = to_update
+                    replacement_expressions[escaped_name] = replacement_expr
+
+                if not parameter.literal_execute:
+                    parameters.update(to_update)
+                    if parameter.type._is_tuple_type:
+                        assert values is not None
+                        new_processors.update(
+                            (
+                                "%s_%s_%s" % (name, i, j),
+                                tuple_processors[name][j - 1],
+                            )
+                            for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values, 1)
+                            for j, _ in enumerate(tuple_element, 1)
+                            if name in tuple_processors
+                            and tuple_processors[name][j - 1] is not None
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        new_processors.update(
+                            (key, single_processors[name])
+                            for key, _ in to_update
+                            if name in single_processors
+                        )
+                    if numeric_positiontup is not None:
+                        numeric_positiontup.extend(
+                            name for name, _ in to_update
+                        )
+                    elif new_positiontup is not None:
+                        # to_update has escaped names, but that's ok since
+                        # these are new names, that aren't in the
+                        # escaped_bind_names dict.
+                        new_positiontup.extend(name for name, _ in to_update)
+                    expanded_parameters[name] = [
+                        expand_key for expand_key, _ in to_update
+                    ]
+            elif new_positiontup is not None:
+                new_positiontup.append(name)
+
+        def process_expanding(m):
+            key = m.group(1)
+            expr = replacement_expressions[key]
+
+            # if POSTCOMPILE included a bind_expression, render that
+            # around each element
+            if m.group(2):
+                tok = m.group(2).split("~~")
+                be_left, be_right = tok[1], tok[3]
+                expr = ", ".join(
+                    "%s%s%s" % (be_left, exp, be_right)
+                    for exp in expr.split(", ")
+                )
+            return expr
+
+        statement = re.sub(
+            self._post_compile_pattern, process_expanding, pre_expanded_string
+        )
+
+        if numeric_positiontup is not None:
+            assert new_positiontup is not None
+            param_pos = {
+                key: f"{self._numeric_binds_identifier_char}{num}"
+                for num, key in enumerate(
+                    numeric_positiontup, self.next_numeric_pos
+                )
+            }
+            # Can't use format here since % chars are not escaped.
+            statement = self._pyformat_pattern.sub(
+                lambda m: param_pos[m.group(1)], statement
+            )
+            new_positiontup.extend(numeric_positiontup)
+
+        expanded_state = ExpandedState(
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            new_processors,
+            new_positiontup,
+            expanded_parameters,
+        )
+
+        if _populate_self:
+            # this is for the "render_postcompile" flag, which is not
+            # otherwise used internally and is for end-user debugging and
+            # special use cases.
+            self._pre_expanded_string = pre_expanded_string
+            self._pre_expanded_positiontup = pre_expanded_positiontup
+            self.string = expanded_state.statement
+            self.positiontup = (
+                list(expanded_state.positiontup or ())
+                if self.positional
+                else None
+            )
+            self._post_compile_expanded_state = expanded_state
+
+        return expanded_state
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.cursor")
+    def _create_result_map(self):
+        """utility method used for unit tests only."""
+        cursor = util.preloaded.engine_cursor
+        return cursor.CursorResultMetaData._create_description_match_map(
+            self._result_columns
+        )
+
+    # assigned by crud.py for insert/update statements
+    _get_bind_name_for_col: _BindNameForColProtocol
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _within_exec_param_key_getter(self) -> Callable[[Any], str]:
+        getter = self._get_bind_name_for_col
+        return getter
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.result")
+    def _inserted_primary_key_from_lastrowid_getter(self):
+        result = util.preloaded.engine_result
+
+        param_key_getter = self._within_exec_param_key_getter
+
+        assert self.compile_state is not None
+        statement = self.compile_state.statement
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(statement, Insert)
+
+        table = statement.table
+
+        getters = [
+            (operator.methodcaller("get", param_key_getter(col), None), col)
+            for col in table.primary_key
+        ]
+
+        autoinc_getter = None
+        autoinc_col = table._autoincrement_column
+        if autoinc_col is not None:
+            # apply type post processors to the lastrowid
+            lastrowid_processor = autoinc_col.type._cached_result_processor(
+                self.dialect, None
+            )
+            autoinc_key = param_key_getter(autoinc_col)
+
+            # if a bind value is present for the autoincrement column
+            # in the parameters, we need to do the logic dictated by
+            # #7998; honor a non-None user-passed parameter over lastrowid.
+            # previously in the 1.4 series we weren't fetching lastrowid
+            # at all if the key were present in the parameters
+            if autoinc_key in self.binds:
+
+                def _autoinc_getter(lastrowid, parameters):
+                    param_value = parameters.get(autoinc_key, lastrowid)
+                    if param_value is not None:
+                        # they supplied non-None parameter, use that.
+                        # SQLite at least is observed to return the wrong
+                        # cursor.lastrowid for INSERT..ON CONFLICT so it
+                        # can't be used in all cases
+                        return param_value
+                    else:
+                        # use lastrowid
+                        return lastrowid
+
+                # work around mypy https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/14027
+                autoinc_getter = _autoinc_getter
+
+        else:
+            lastrowid_processor = None
+
+        row_fn = result.result_tuple([col.key for col in table.primary_key])
+
+        def get(lastrowid, parameters):
+            """given cursor.lastrowid value and the parameters used for INSERT,
+            return a "row" that represents the primary key, either by
+            using the "lastrowid" or by extracting values from the parameters
+            that were sent along with the INSERT.
+
+            """
+            if lastrowid_processor is not None:
+                lastrowid = lastrowid_processor(lastrowid)
+
+            if lastrowid is None:
+                return row_fn(getter(parameters) for getter, col in getters)
+            else:
+                return row_fn(
+                    (
+                        (
+                            autoinc_getter(lastrowid, parameters)
+                            if autoinc_getter is not None
+                            else lastrowid
+                        )
+                        if col is autoinc_col
+                        else getter(parameters)
+                    )
+                    for getter, col in getters
+                )
+
+        return get
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.result")
+    def _inserted_primary_key_from_returning_getter(self):
+        if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+            from ..engine import result
+        else:
+            result = util.preloaded.engine_result
+
+        assert self.compile_state is not None
+        statement = self.compile_state.statement
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(statement, Insert)
+
+        param_key_getter = self._within_exec_param_key_getter
+        table = statement.table
+
+        returning = self.implicit_returning
+        assert returning is not None
+        ret = {col: idx for idx, col in enumerate(returning)}
+
+        getters = cast(
+            "List[Tuple[Callable[[Any], Any], bool]]",
+            [
+                (
+                    (operator.itemgetter(ret[col]), True)
+                    if col in ret
+                    else (
+                        operator.methodcaller(
+                            "get", param_key_getter(col), None
+                        ),
+                        False,
+                    )
+                )
+                for col in table.primary_key
+            ],
+        )
+
+        row_fn = result.result_tuple([col.key for col in table.primary_key])
+
+        def get(row, parameters):
+            return row_fn(
+                getter(row) if use_row else getter(parameters)
+                for getter, use_row in getters
+            )
+
+        return get
+
+    def default_from(self) -> str:
+        """Called when a SELECT statement has no froms, and no FROM clause is
+        to be appended.
+
+        Gives Oracle Database a chance to tack on a ``FROM DUAL`` to the string
+        output.
+
+        """
+        return ""
+
+    def visit_override_binds(self, override_binds, **kw):
+        """SQL compile the nested element of an _OverrideBinds with
+        bindparams swapped out.
+
+        The _OverrideBinds is not normally expected to be compiled; it
+        is meant to be used when an already cached statement is to be used,
+        the compilation was already performed, and only the bound params should
+        be swapped in at execution time.
+
+        However, there are test cases that exericise this object, and
+        additionally the ORM subquery loader is known to feed in expressions
+        which include this construct into new queries (discovered in #11173),
+        so it has to do the right thing at compile time as well.
+
+        """
+
+        # get SQL text first
+        sqltext = override_binds.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+        # for a test compile that is not for caching, change binds after the
+        # fact.  note that we don't try to
+        # swap the bindparam as we compile, because our element may be
+        # elsewhere in the statement already (e.g. a subquery or perhaps a
+        # CTE) and was already visited / compiled. See
+        # test_relationship_criteria.py ->
+        #    test_selectinload_local_criteria_subquery
+        for k in override_binds.translate:
+            if k not in self.binds:
+                continue
+            bp = self.binds[k]
+
+            # so this would work, just change the value of bp in place.
+            # but we dont want to mutate things outside.
+            # bp.value = override_binds.translate[bp.key]
+            # continue
+
+            # instead, need to replace bp with new_bp or otherwise accommodate
+            # in all internal collections
+            new_bp = bp._with_value(
+                override_binds.translate[bp.key],
+                maintain_key=True,
+                required=False,
+            )
+
+            name = self.bind_names[bp]
+            self.binds[k] = self.binds[name] = new_bp
+            self.bind_names[new_bp] = name
+            self.bind_names.pop(bp, None)
+
+            if bp in self.post_compile_params:
+                self.post_compile_params |= {new_bp}
+            if bp in self.literal_execute_params:
+                self.literal_execute_params |= {new_bp}
+
+            ckbm_tuple = self._cache_key_bind_match
+            if ckbm_tuple:
+                ckbm, cksm = ckbm_tuple
+                for bp in bp._cloned_set:
+                    if bp.key in cksm:
+                        cb = cksm[bp.key]
+                        ckbm[cb].append(new_bp)
+
+        return sqltext
+
+    def visit_grouping(self, grouping, asfrom=False, **kwargs):
+        return "(" + grouping.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + ")"
+
+    def visit_select_statement_grouping(self, grouping, **kwargs):
+        return "(" + grouping.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + ")"
+
+    def visit_label_reference(
+        self, element, within_columns_clause=False, **kwargs
+    ):
+        if self.stack and self.dialect.supports_simple_order_by_label:
+            try:
+                compile_state = cast(
+                    "Union[SelectState, CompoundSelectState]",
+                    self.stack[-1]["compile_state"],
+                )
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Can't resolve label reference for ORDER BY / "
+                    "GROUP BY / DISTINCT etc."
+                ) from ke
+
+            (
+                with_cols,
+                only_froms,
+                only_cols,
+            ) = compile_state._label_resolve_dict
+            if within_columns_clause:
+                resolve_dict = only_froms
+            else:
+                resolve_dict = only_cols
+
+            # this can be None in the case that a _label_reference()
+            # were subject to a replacement operation, in which case
+            # the replacement of the Label element may have changed
+            # to something else like a ColumnClause expression.
+            order_by_elem = element.element._order_by_label_element
+
+            if (
+                order_by_elem is not None
+                and order_by_elem.name in resolve_dict
+                and order_by_elem.shares_lineage(
+                    resolve_dict[order_by_elem.name]
+                )
+            ):
+                kwargs["render_label_as_label"] = (
+                    element.element._order_by_label_element
+                )
+        return self.process(
+            element.element,
+            within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def visit_textual_label_reference(
+        self, element, within_columns_clause=False, **kwargs
+    ):
+        if not self.stack:
+            # compiling the element outside of the context of a SELECT
+            return self.process(element._text_clause)
+
+        try:
+            compile_state = cast(
+                "Union[SelectState, CompoundSelectState]",
+                self.stack[-1]["compile_state"],
+            )
+        except KeyError as ke:
+            coercions._no_text_coercion(
+                element.element,
+                extra=(
+                    "Can't resolve label reference for ORDER BY / "
+                    "GROUP BY / DISTINCT etc."
+                ),
+                exc_cls=exc.CompileError,
+                err=ke,
+            )
+
+        with_cols, only_froms, only_cols = compile_state._label_resolve_dict
+        try:
+            if within_columns_clause:
+                col = only_froms[element.element]
+            else:
+                col = with_cols[element.element]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            coercions._no_text_coercion(
+                element.element,
+                extra=(
+                    "Can't resolve label reference for ORDER BY / "
+                    "GROUP BY / DISTINCT etc."
+                ),
+                exc_cls=exc.CompileError,
+                err=err,
+            )
+        else:
+            kwargs["render_label_as_label"] = col
+            return self.process(
+                col, within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    def visit_label(
+        self,
+        label,
+        add_to_result_map=None,
+        within_label_clause=False,
+        within_columns_clause=False,
+        render_label_as_label=None,
+        result_map_targets=(),
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        # only render labels within the columns clause
+        # or ORDER BY clause of a select.  dialect-specific compilers
+        # can modify this behavior.
+        render_label_with_as = (
+            within_columns_clause and not within_label_clause
+        )
+        render_label_only = render_label_as_label is label
+
+        if render_label_only or render_label_with_as:
+            if isinstance(label.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                labelname = self._truncated_identifier("colident", label.name)
+            else:
+                labelname = label.name
+
+        if render_label_with_as:
+            if add_to_result_map is not None:
+                add_to_result_map(
+                    labelname,
+                    label.name,
+                    (label, labelname) + label._alt_names + result_map_targets,
+                    label.type,
+                )
+            return (
+                label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self,
+                    within_columns_clause=True,
+                    within_label_clause=True,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+                + OPERATORS[operators.as_]
+                + self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+            )
+        elif render_label_only:
+            return self.preparer.format_label(label, labelname)
+        else:
+            return label.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, within_columns_clause=False, **kw
+            )
+
+    def _fallback_column_name(self, column):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "Cannot compile Column object until its 'name' is assigned."
+        )
+
+    def visit_lambda_element(self, element, **kw):
+        sql_element = element._resolved
+        return self.process(sql_element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_column(
+        self,
+        column: ColumnClause[Any],
+        add_to_result_map: Optional[_ResultMapAppender] = None,
+        include_table: bool = True,
+        result_map_targets: Tuple[Any, ...] = (),
+        ambiguous_table_name_map: Optional[_AmbiguousTableNameMap] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        name = orig_name = column.name
+        if name is None:
+            name = self._fallback_column_name(column)
+
+        is_literal = column.is_literal
+        if not is_literal and isinstance(name, elements._truncated_label):
+            name = self._truncated_identifier("colident", name)
+
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            targets = (column, name, column.key) + result_map_targets
+            if column._tq_label:
+                targets += (column._tq_label,)
+
+            add_to_result_map(name, orig_name, targets, column.type)
+
+        if is_literal:
+            # note we are not currently accommodating for
+            # literal_column(quoted_name('ident', True)) here
+            name = self.escape_literal_column(name)
+        else:
+            name = self.preparer.quote(name)
+        table = column.table
+        if table is None or not include_table or not table.named_with_column:
+            return name
+        else:
+            effective_schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(table)
+
+            if effective_schema:
+                schema_prefix = (
+                    self.preparer.quote_schema(effective_schema) + "."
+                )
+            else:
+                schema_prefix = ""
+
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(table, NamedFromClause)
+            tablename = table.name
+
+            if (
+                not effective_schema
+                and ambiguous_table_name_map
+                and tablename in ambiguous_table_name_map
+            ):
+                tablename = ambiguous_table_name_map[tablename]
+
+            if isinstance(tablename, elements._truncated_label):
+                tablename = self._truncated_identifier("alias", tablename)
+
+            return schema_prefix + self.preparer.quote(tablename) + "." + name
+
+    def visit_collation(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.preparer.format_collation(element.collation)
+
+    def visit_fromclause(self, fromclause, **kwargs):
+        return fromclause.name
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, **kwargs):
+        return index.name
+
+    def visit_typeclause(self, typeclause, **kw):
+        kw["type_expression"] = typeclause
+        kw["identifier_preparer"] = self.preparer
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+            typeclause.type, **kw
+        )
+
+    def post_process_text(self, text):
+        if self.preparer._double_percents:
+            text = text.replace("%", "%%")
+        return text
+
+    def escape_literal_column(self, text):
+        if self.preparer._double_percents:
+            text = text.replace("%", "%%")
+        return text
+
+    def visit_textclause(self, textclause, add_to_result_map=None, **kw):
+        def do_bindparam(m):
+            name = m.group(1)
+            if name in textclause._bindparams:
+                return self.process(textclause._bindparams[name], **kw)
+            else:
+                return self.bindparam_string(name, **kw)
+
+        if not self.stack:
+            self.isplaintext = True
+
+        if add_to_result_map:
+            # text() object is present in the columns clause of a
+            # select().   Add a no-name entry to the result map so that
+            # row[text()] produces a result
+            add_to_result_map(None, None, (textclause,), sqltypes.NULLTYPE)
+
+        # un-escape any \:params
+        return BIND_PARAMS_ESC.sub(
+            lambda m: m.group(1),
+            BIND_PARAMS.sub(
+                do_bindparam, self.post_process_text(textclause.text)
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_textual_select(
+        self, taf, compound_index=None, asfrom=False, **kw
+    ):
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        new_entry: _CompilerStackEntry = {
+            "correlate_froms": set(),
+            "asfrom_froms": set(),
+            "selectable": taf,
+        }
+        self.stack.append(new_entry)
+
+        if taf._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(taf, kw)
+
+        populate_result_map = (
+            toplevel
+            or (
+                compound_index == 0
+                and entry.get("need_result_map_for_compound", False)
+            )
+            or entry.get("need_result_map_for_nested", False)
+        )
+
+        if populate_result_map:
+            self._ordered_columns = self._textual_ordered_columns = (
+                taf.positional
+            )
+
+            # enable looser result column matching when the SQL text links to
+            # Column objects by name only
+            self._loose_column_name_matching = not taf.positional and bool(
+                taf.column_args
+            )
+
+            for c in taf.column_args:
+                self.process(
+                    c,
+                    within_columns_clause=True,
+                    add_to_result_map=self._add_to_result_map,
+                )
+
+        text = self.process(taf.element, **kw)
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_null(self, expr: Null, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "NULL"
+
+    def visit_true(self, expr: True_, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return "true"
+        else:
+            return "1"
+
+    def visit_false(self, expr: False_, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        if self.dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return "false"
+        else:
+            return "0"
+
+    def _generate_delimited_list(self, elements, separator, **kw):
+        return separator.join(
+            s
+            for s in (c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for c in elements)
+            if s
+        )
+
+    def _generate_delimited_and_list(self, clauses, **kw):
+        lcc, clauses = elements.BooleanClauseList._process_clauses_for_boolean(
+            operators.and_,
+            elements.True_._singleton,
+            elements.False_._singleton,
+            clauses,
+        )
+        if lcc == 1:
+            return clauses[0]._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            separator = OPERATORS[operators.and_]
+            return separator.join(
+                s
+                for s in (c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) for c in clauses)
+                if s
+            )
+
+    def visit_tuple(self, clauselist, **kw):
+        return "(%s)" % self.visit_clauselist(clauselist, **kw)
+
+    def visit_clauselist(self, clauselist, **kw):
+        sep = clauselist.operator
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = " "
+        else:
+            sep = OPERATORS[clauselist.operator]
+
+        return self._generate_delimited_list(clauselist.clauses, sep, **kw)
+
+    def visit_expression_clauselist(self, clauselist, **kw):
+        operator_ = clauselist.operator
+
+        disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(
+            operator_, "expression_clauselist", None
+        )
+        if disp:
+            return disp(clauselist, operator_, **kw)
+
+        try:
+            opstring = OPERATORS[operator_]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, operator_) from err
+        else:
+            kw["_in_operator_expression"] = True
+            return self._generate_delimited_list(
+                clauselist.clauses, opstring, **kw
+            )
+
+    def visit_case(self, clause, **kwargs):
+        x = "CASE "
+        if clause.value is not None:
+            x += clause.value._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + " "
+        for cond, result in clause.whens:
+            x += (
+                "WHEN "
+                + cond._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+                + " THEN "
+                + result._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+                + " "
+            )
+        if clause.else_ is not None:
+            x += (
+                "ELSE " + clause.else_._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs) + " "
+            )
+        x += "END"
+        return x
+
+    def visit_type_coerce(self, type_coerce, **kw):
+        return type_coerce.typed_expression._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def visit_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        type_clause = cast.typeclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+        match = re.match("(.*)( COLLATE .*)", type_clause)
+        return "CAST(%s AS %s)%s" % (
+            cast.clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            match.group(1) if match else type_clause,
+            match.group(2) if match else "",
+        )
+
+    def _format_frame_clause(self, range_, **kw):
+        return "%s AND %s" % (
+            (
+                "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING"
+                if range_[0] is elements.RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+                else (
+                    "CURRENT ROW"
+                    if range_[0] is elements.RANGE_CURRENT
+                    else (
+                        "%s PRECEDING"
+                        % (
+                            self.process(
+                                elements.literal(abs(range_[0])), **kw
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        if range_[0] < 0
+                        else "%s FOLLOWING"
+                        % (self.process(elements.literal(range_[0]), **kw),)
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+            (
+                "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING"
+                if range_[1] is elements.RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+                else (
+                    "CURRENT ROW"
+                    if range_[1] is elements.RANGE_CURRENT
+                    else (
+                        "%s PRECEDING"
+                        % (
+                            self.process(
+                                elements.literal(abs(range_[1])), **kw
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        if range_[1] < 0
+                        else "%s FOLLOWING"
+                        % (self.process(elements.literal(range_[1]), **kw),)
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_over(self, over, **kwargs):
+        text = over.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+        if over.range_ is not None:
+            range_ = "RANGE BETWEEN %s" % self._format_frame_clause(
+                over.range_, **kwargs
+            )
+        elif over.rows is not None:
+            range_ = "ROWS BETWEEN %s" % self._format_frame_clause(
+                over.rows, **kwargs
+            )
+        elif over.groups is not None:
+            range_ = "GROUPS BETWEEN %s" % self._format_frame_clause(
+                over.groups, **kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            range_ = None
+
+        return "%s OVER (%s)" % (
+            text,
+            " ".join(
+                [
+                    "%s BY %s"
+                    % (word, clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs))
+                    for word, clause in (
+                        ("PARTITION", over.partition_by),
+                        ("ORDER", over.order_by),
+                    )
+                    if clause is not None and len(clause)
+                ]
+                + ([range_] if range_ else [])
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_withingroup(self, withingroup, **kwargs):
+        return "%s WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY %s)" % (
+            withingroup.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            withingroup.order_by._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+    def visit_funcfilter(self, funcfilter, **kwargs):
+        return "%s FILTER (WHERE %s)" % (
+            funcfilter.func._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            funcfilter.criterion._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+    def visit_extract(self, extract, **kwargs):
+        field = self.extract_map.get(extract.field, extract.field)
+        return "EXTRACT(%s FROM %s)" % (
+            field,
+            extract.expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+    def visit_scalar_function_column(self, element, **kw):
+        compiled_fn = self.visit_function(element.fn, **kw)
+        compiled_col = self.visit_column(element, **kw)
+        return "(%s).%s" % (compiled_fn, compiled_col)
+
+    def visit_function(
+        self,
+        func: Function[Any],
+        add_to_result_map: Optional[_ResultMapAppender] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            add_to_result_map(func.name, func.name, (func.name,), func.type)
+
+        disp = getattr(self, "visit_%s_func" % func.name.lower(), None)
+
+        text: str
+
+        if disp:
+            text = disp(func, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            name = FUNCTIONS.get(func._deannotate().__class__, None)
+            if name:
+                if func._has_args:
+                    name += "%(expr)s"
+            else:
+                name = func.name
+                name = (
+                    self.preparer.quote(name)
+                    if self.preparer._requires_quotes_illegal_chars(name)
+                    or isinstance(name, elements.quoted_name)
+                    else name
+                )
+                name = name + "%(expr)s"
+            text = ".".join(
+                [
+                    (
+                        self.preparer.quote(tok)
+                        if self.preparer._requires_quotes_illegal_chars(tok)
+                        or isinstance(name, elements.quoted_name)
+                        else tok
+                    )
+                    for tok in func.packagenames
+                ]
+                + [name]
+            ) % {"expr": self.function_argspec(func, **kwargs)}
+
+        if func._with_ordinality:
+            text += " WITH ORDINALITY"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_next_value_func(self, next_value, **kw):
+        return self.visit_sequence(next_value.sequence)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dialect '%s' does not support sequence increments."
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def function_argspec(self, func: Function[Any], **kwargs: Any) -> str:
+        return func.clause_expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs)
+
+    def visit_compound_select(
+        self, cs, asfrom=False, compound_index=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        compile_state = cs._compile_state_factory(cs, self, **kwargs)
+
+        if toplevel and not self.compile_state:
+            self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        compound_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+        need_result_map = toplevel or (
+            not compound_index
+            and entry.get("need_result_map_for_compound", False)
+        )
+
+        # indicates there is already a CompoundSelect in play
+        if compound_index == 0:
+            entry["select_0"] = cs
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": entry["correlate_froms"],
+                "asfrom_froms": entry["asfrom_froms"],
+                "selectable": cs,
+                "compile_state": compile_state,
+                "need_result_map_for_compound": need_result_map,
+            }
+        )
+
+        if compound_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(compound_stmt, kwargs)
+
+        keyword = self.compound_keywords[cs.keyword]
+
+        text = (" " + keyword + " ").join(
+            (
+                c._compiler_dispatch(
+                    self, asfrom=asfrom, compound_index=i, **kwargs
+                )
+                for i, c in enumerate(cs.selects)
+            )
+        )
+
+        kwargs["include_table"] = False
+        text += self.group_by_clause(cs, **dict(asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs))
+        text += self.order_by_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+        if cs._has_row_limiting_clause:
+            text += self._row_limit_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = (
+                self._render_cte_clause(
+                    nesting_level=nesting_level,
+                    include_following_stack=True,
+                )
+                + text
+            )
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+        return text
+
+    def _row_limit_clause(self, cs, **kwargs):
+        if cs._fetch_clause is not None:
+            return self.fetch_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+        else:
+            return self.limit_clause(cs, **kwargs)
+
+    def _get_operator_dispatch(self, operator_, qualifier1, qualifier2):
+        attrname = "visit_%s_%s%s" % (
+            operator_.__name__,
+            qualifier1,
+            "_" + qualifier2 if qualifier2 else "",
+        )
+        return getattr(self, attrname, None)
+
+    def visit_unary(
+        self, unary, add_to_result_map=None, result_map_targets=(), **kw
+    ):
+        if add_to_result_map is not None:
+            result_map_targets += (unary,)
+            kw["add_to_result_map"] = add_to_result_map
+            kw["result_map_targets"] = result_map_targets
+
+        if unary.operator:
+            if unary.modifier:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "Unary expression does not support operator "
+                    "and modifier simultaneously"
+                )
+            disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(
+                unary.operator, "unary", "operator"
+            )
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.operator, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.operator], **kw
+                )
+        elif unary.modifier:
+            disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(
+                unary.modifier, "unary", "modifier"
+            )
+            if disp:
+                return disp(unary, unary.modifier, **kw)
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+                    unary, OPERATORS[unary.modifier], **kw
+                )
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unary expression has no operator or modifier"
+            )
+
+    def visit_truediv_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if self.dialect.div_is_floordiv:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                # TODO: would need a fast cast again here,
+                # unless we want to use an implicit cast like "+ 0.0"
+                + self.process(
+                    elements.Cast(
+                        binary.right,
+                        (
+                            binary.right.type
+                            if binary.right.type._type_affinity
+                            is sqltypes.Numeric
+                            else sqltypes.Numeric()
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    **kw,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+
+    def visit_floordiv_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if (
+            self.dialect.div_is_floordiv
+            and binary.right.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.Integer
+        ):
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+        else:
+            return "FLOOR(%s)" % (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " / "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+
+    def visit_is_true_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if (
+            element._is_implicitly_boolean
+            or self.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+        ):
+            return self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 1" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_is_false_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        if (
+            element._is_implicitly_boolean
+            or self.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+        ):
+            return "NOT %s" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return "%s = 0" % self.process(element.element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "NOT %s" % self.visit_binary(
+            binary, override_operator=operators.match_op
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_in_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        # The brackets are required in the NOT IN operation because the empty
+        # case is handled using the form "(col NOT IN (null) OR 1 = 1)".
+        # The presence of the OR makes the brackets required.
+        return "(%s)" % self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, OPERATORS[operator], **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_op_expr(self, type_, expand_op, **kw):
+        if expand_op is operators.not_in_op:
+            if len(type_) > 1:
+                return "(%s)) OR (1 = 1" % (
+                    ", ".join("NULL" for element in type_)
+                )
+            else:
+                return "NULL) OR (1 = 1"
+        elif expand_op is operators.in_op:
+            if len(type_) > 1:
+                return "(%s)) AND (1 != 1" % (
+                    ", ".join("NULL" for element in type_)
+                )
+            else:
+                return "NULL) AND (1 != 1"
+        else:
+            return self.visit_empty_set_expr(type_)
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Dialect '%s' does not support empty set expression."
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def _literal_execute_expanding_parameter_literal_binds(
+        self, parameter, values, bind_expression_template=None
+    ):
+        typ_dialect_impl = parameter.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+
+        if not values:
+            # empty IN expression.  note we don't need to use
+            # bind_expression_template here because there are no
+            # expressions to render.
+
+            if typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type:
+                replacement_expression = (
+                    "VALUES " if self.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""
+                ) + self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    parameter.type.types, parameter.expand_op
+                )
+
+            else:
+                replacement_expression = self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    [parameter.type], parameter.expand_op
+                )
+
+        elif typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type or (
+            typ_dialect_impl._isnull
+            and isinstance(values[0], collections_abc.Sequence)
+            and not isinstance(values[0], (str, bytes))
+        ):
+            if typ_dialect_impl._has_bind_expression:
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "bind_expression() on TupleType not supported with "
+                    "literal_binds"
+                )
+
+            replacement_expression = (
+                "VALUES " if self.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""
+            ) + ", ".join(
+                "(%s)"
+                % (
+                    ", ".join(
+                        self.render_literal_value(value, param_type)
+                        for value, param_type in zip(
+                            tuple_element, parameter.type.types
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+                for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values)
+            )
+        else:
+            if bind_expression_template:
+                post_compile_pattern = self._post_compile_pattern
+                m = post_compile_pattern.search(bind_expression_template)
+                assert m and m.group(
+                    2
+                ), "unexpected format for expanding parameter"
+
+                tok = m.group(2).split("~~")
+                be_left, be_right = tok[1], tok[3]
+                replacement_expression = ", ".join(
+                    "%s%s%s"
+                    % (
+                        be_left,
+                        self.render_literal_value(value, parameter.type),
+                        be_right,
+                    )
+                    for value in values
+                )
+            else:
+                replacement_expression = ", ".join(
+                    self.render_literal_value(value, parameter.type)
+                    for value in values
+                )
+
+        return (), replacement_expression
+
+    def _literal_execute_expanding_parameter(self, name, parameter, values):
+        if parameter.literal_execute:
+            return self._literal_execute_expanding_parameter_literal_binds(
+                parameter, values
+            )
+
+        dialect = self.dialect
+        typ_dialect_impl = parameter.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+        if self._numeric_binds:
+            bind_template = self.compilation_bindtemplate
+        else:
+            bind_template = self.bindtemplate
+
+        if (
+            self.dialect._bind_typing_render_casts
+            and typ_dialect_impl.render_bind_cast
+        ):
+
+            def _render_bindtemplate(name):
+                return self.render_bind_cast(
+                    parameter.type,
+                    typ_dialect_impl,
+                    bind_template % {"name": name},
+                )
+
+        else:
+
+            def _render_bindtemplate(name):
+                return bind_template % {"name": name}
+
+        if not values:
+            to_update = []
+            if typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type:
+                replacement_expression = self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    parameter.type.types, parameter.expand_op
+                )
+            else:
+                replacement_expression = self.visit_empty_set_op_expr(
+                    [parameter.type], parameter.expand_op
+                )
+
+        elif typ_dialect_impl._is_tuple_type or (
+            typ_dialect_impl._isnull
+            and isinstance(values[0], collections_abc.Sequence)
+            and not isinstance(values[0], (str, bytes))
+        ):
+            assert not typ_dialect_impl._is_array
+            to_update = [
+                ("%s_%s_%s" % (name, i, j), value)
+                for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values, 1)
+                for j, value in enumerate(tuple_element, 1)
+            ]
+
+            replacement_expression = (
+                "VALUES " if dialect.tuple_in_values else ""
+            ) + ", ".join(
+                "(%s)"
+                % (
+                    ", ".join(
+                        _render_bindtemplate(
+                            to_update[i * len(tuple_element) + j][0]
+                        )
+                        for j, value in enumerate(tuple_element)
+                    )
+                )
+                for i, tuple_element in enumerate(values)
+            )
+        else:
+            to_update = [
+                ("%s_%s" % (name, i), value)
+                for i, value in enumerate(values, 1)
+            ]
+            replacement_expression = ", ".join(
+                _render_bindtemplate(key) for key, value in to_update
+            )
+
+        return to_update, replacement_expression
+
+    def visit_binary(
+        self,
+        binary,
+        override_operator=None,
+        eager_grouping=False,
+        from_linter=None,
+        lateral_from_linter=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if from_linter and operators.is_comparison(binary.operator):
+            if lateral_from_linter is not None:
+                enclosing_lateral = kw["enclosing_lateral"]
+                lateral_from_linter.edges.update(
+                    itertools.product(
+                        _de_clone(
+                            binary.left._from_objects + [enclosing_lateral]
+                        ),
+                        _de_clone(
+                            binary.right._from_objects + [enclosing_lateral]
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                from_linter.edges.update(
+                    itertools.product(
+                        _de_clone(binary.left._from_objects),
+                        _de_clone(binary.right._from_objects),
+                    )
+                )
+
+        # don't allow "? = ?" to render
+        if (
+            self.ansi_bind_rules
+            and isinstance(binary.left, elements.BindParameter)
+            and isinstance(binary.right, elements.BindParameter)
+        ):
+            kw["literal_execute"] = True
+
+        operator_ = override_operator or binary.operator
+        disp = self._get_operator_dispatch(operator_, "binary", None)
+        if disp:
+            return disp(binary, operator_, **kw)
+        else:
+            try:
+                opstring = OPERATORS[operator_]
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, operator_) from err
+            else:
+                return self._generate_generic_binary(
+                    binary,
+                    opstring,
+                    from_linter=from_linter,
+                    lateral_from_linter=lateral_from_linter,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+
+    def visit_function_as_comparison_op_binary(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self.process(element.sql_function, **kw)
+
+    def visit_mod_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if self.preparer._double_percents:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " %% "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+        else:
+            return (
+                self.process(binary.left, **kw)
+                + " % "
+                + self.process(binary.right, **kw)
+            )
+
+    def visit_custom_op_binary(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        kw["eager_grouping"] = operator.eager_grouping
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            element,
+            " " + self.escape_literal_column(operator.opstring) + " ",
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_operator(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_operator(
+            element, self.escape_literal_column(operator.opstring) + " ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_custom_op_unary_modifier(self, element, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_unary_modifier(
+            element, " " + self.escape_literal_column(operator.opstring), **kw
+        )
+
+    def _generate_generic_binary(
+        self,
+        binary: BinaryExpression[Any],
+        opstring: str,
+        eager_grouping: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        _in_operator_expression = kw.get("_in_operator_expression", False)
+
+        kw["_in_operator_expression"] = True
+        kw["_binary_op"] = binary.operator
+        text = (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, eager_grouping=eager_grouping, **kw
+            )
+            + opstring
+            + binary.right._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, eager_grouping=eager_grouping, **kw
+            )
+        )
+
+        if _in_operator_expression and eager_grouping:
+            text = "(%s)" % text
+        return text
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_operator(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return opstring + unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def _generate_generic_unary_modifier(self, unary, opstring, **kw):
+        return unary.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw) + opstring
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _like_percent_literal(self):
+        return elements.literal_column("'%'", type_=sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+
+    def visit_ilike_case_insensitive_operand(self, element, **kw):
+        return f"lower({element.element._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)})"
+
+    def visit_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_contains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_icontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(
+            ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        ).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_icontains_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(
+            ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        ).concat(percent)
+        return self.visit_not_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_startswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_istartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_istartswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent._rconcat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_not_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_endswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_endswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.right = percent.concat(binary.right)
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_iendswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_iendswith_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        binary = binary._clone()
+        percent = self._like_percent_literal
+        binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+        binary.right = percent.concat(ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right))
+        return self.visit_not_ilike_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_like_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+
+        return "%s LIKE %s" % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_like_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        escape = binary.modifiers.get("escape", None)
+        return "%s NOT LIKE %s" % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        ) + (
+            " ESCAPE " + self.render_literal_value(escape, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE)
+            if escape is not None
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def visit_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if operator is operators.ilike_op:
+            binary = binary._clone()
+            binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+            binary.right = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        # else we assume ilower() has been applied
+
+        return self.visit_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_ilike_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        if operator is operators.not_ilike_op:
+            binary = binary._clone()
+            binary.left = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.left)
+            binary.right = ilike_case_insensitive(binary.right)
+        # else we assume ilower() has been applied
+
+        return self.visit_not_like_op_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_between_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary, " BETWEEN SYMMETRIC " if symmetric else " BETWEEN ", **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_between_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        symmetric = binary.modifiers.get("symmetric", False)
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(
+            binary,
+            " NOT BETWEEN SYMMETRIC " if symmetric else " NOT BETWEEN ",
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(
+        self, binary: BinaryExpression[Any], operator: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "%s dialect does not support regular expressions"
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(
+        self, binary: BinaryExpression[Any], operator: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "%s dialect does not support regular expressions"
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(
+        self, binary: BinaryExpression[Any], operator: Any, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "%s dialect does not support regular expression replacements"
+            % self.dialect.name
+        )
+
+    def visit_bindparam(
+        self,
+        bindparam,
+        within_columns_clause=False,
+        literal_binds=False,
+        skip_bind_expression=False,
+        literal_execute=False,
+        render_postcompile=False,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+
+        if not skip_bind_expression:
+            impl = bindparam.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+            if impl._has_bind_expression:
+                bind_expression = impl.bind_expression(bindparam)
+                wrapped = self.process(
+                    bind_expression,
+                    skip_bind_expression=True,
+                    within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+                    literal_binds=literal_binds and not bindparam.expanding,
+                    literal_execute=literal_execute,
+                    render_postcompile=render_postcompile,
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+                if bindparam.expanding:
+                    # for postcompile w/ expanding, move the "wrapped" part
+                    # of this into the inside
+
+                    m = re.match(
+                        r"^(.*)\(__\[POSTCOMPILE_(\S+?)\]\)(.*)$", wrapped
+                    )
+                    assert m, "unexpected format for expanding parameter"
+                    wrapped = "(__[POSTCOMPILE_%s~~%s~~REPL~~%s~~])" % (
+                        m.group(2),
+                        m.group(1),
+                        m.group(3),
+                    )
+
+                    if literal_binds:
+                        ret = self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                            bindparam,
+                            within_columns_clause=True,
+                            bind_expression_template=wrapped,
+                            **kwargs,
+                        )
+                        return "(%s)" % ret
+
+                return wrapped
+
+        if not literal_binds:
+            literal_execute = (
+                literal_execute
+                or bindparam.literal_execute
+                or (within_columns_clause and self.ansi_bind_rules)
+            )
+            post_compile = literal_execute or bindparam.expanding
+        else:
+            post_compile = False
+
+        if literal_binds:
+            ret = self.render_literal_bindparam(
+                bindparam, within_columns_clause=True, **kwargs
+            )
+            if bindparam.expanding:
+                ret = "(%s)" % ret
+            return ret
+
+        name = self._truncate_bindparam(bindparam)
+
+        if name in self.binds:
+            existing = self.binds[name]
+            if existing is not bindparam:
+                if (
+                    (existing.unique or bindparam.unique)
+                    and not existing.proxy_set.intersection(
+                        bindparam.proxy_set
+                    )
+                    and not existing._cloned_set.intersection(
+                        bindparam._cloned_set
+                    )
+                ):
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Bind parameter '%s' conflicts with "
+                        "unique bind parameter of the same name" % name
+                    )
+                elif existing.expanding != bindparam.expanding:
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Can't reuse bound parameter name '%s' in both "
+                        "'expanding' (e.g. within an IN expression) and "
+                        "non-expanding contexts.  If this parameter is to "
+                        "receive a list/array value, set 'expanding=True' on "
+                        "it for expressions that aren't IN, otherwise use "
+                        "a different parameter name." % (name,)
+                    )
+                elif existing._is_crud or bindparam._is_crud:
+                    if existing._is_crud and bindparam._is_crud:
+                        # TODO: this condition is not well understood.
+                        # see tests in test/sql/test_update.py
+                        raise exc.CompileError(
+                            "Encountered unsupported case when compiling an "
+                            "INSERT or UPDATE statement.  If this is a "
+                            "multi-table "
+                            "UPDATE statement, please provide string-named "
+                            "arguments to the "
+                            "values() method with distinct names; support for "
+                            "multi-table UPDATE statements that "
+                            "target multiple tables for UPDATE is very "
+                            "limited",
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise exc.CompileError(
+                            f"bindparam() name '{bindparam.key}' is reserved "
+                            "for automatic usage in the VALUES or SET "
+                            "clause of this "
+                            "insert/update statement.   Please use a "
+                            "name other than column name when using "
+                            "bindparam() "
+                            "with insert() or update() (for example, "
+                            f"'b_{bindparam.key}')."
+                        )
+
+        self.binds[bindparam.key] = self.binds[name] = bindparam
+
+        # if we are given a cache key that we're going to match against,
+        # relate the bindparam here to one that is most likely present
+        # in the "extracted params" portion of the cache key.  this is used
+        # to set up a positional mapping that is used to determine the
+        # correct parameters for a subsequent use of this compiled with
+        # a different set of parameter values.   here, we accommodate for
+        # parameters that may have been cloned both before and after the cache
+        # key was been generated.
+        ckbm_tuple = self._cache_key_bind_match
+
+        if ckbm_tuple:
+            ckbm, cksm = ckbm_tuple
+            for bp in bindparam._cloned_set:
+                if bp.key in cksm:
+                    cb = cksm[bp.key]
+                    ckbm[cb].append(bindparam)
+
+        if bindparam.isoutparam:
+            self.has_out_parameters = True
+
+        if post_compile:
+            if render_postcompile:
+                self._render_postcompile = True
+
+            if literal_execute:
+                self.literal_execute_params |= {bindparam}
+            else:
+                self.post_compile_params |= {bindparam}
+
+        ret = self.bindparam_string(
+            name,
+            post_compile=post_compile,
+            expanding=bindparam.expanding,
+            bindparam_type=bindparam.type,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if bindparam.expanding:
+            ret = "(%s)" % ret
+
+        return ret
+
+    def render_bind_cast(self, type_, dbapi_type, sqltext):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def render_literal_bindparam(
+        self,
+        bindparam,
+        render_literal_value=NO_ARG,
+        bind_expression_template=None,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if render_literal_value is not NO_ARG:
+            value = render_literal_value
+        else:
+            if bindparam.value is None and bindparam.callable is None:
+                op = kw.get("_binary_op", None)
+                if op and op not in (operators.is_, operators.is_not):
+                    util.warn_limited(
+                        "Bound parameter '%s' rendering literal NULL in a SQL "
+                        "expression; comparisons to NULL should not use "
+                        "operators outside of 'is' or 'is not'",
+                        (bindparam.key,),
+                    )
+                return self.process(sqltypes.NULLTYPE, **kw)
+            value = bindparam.effective_value
+
+        if bindparam.expanding:
+            leep = self._literal_execute_expanding_parameter_literal_binds
+            to_update, replacement_expr = leep(
+                bindparam,
+                value,
+                bind_expression_template=bind_expression_template,
+            )
+            return replacement_expr
+        else:
+            return self.render_literal_value(value, bindparam.type)
+
+    def render_literal_value(
+        self, value: Any, type_: sqltypes.TypeEngine[Any]
+    ) -> str:
+        """Render the value of a bind parameter as a quoted literal.
+
+        This is used for statement sections that do not accept bind parameters
+        on the target driver/database.
+
+        This should be implemented by subclasses using the quoting services
+        of the DBAPI.
+
+        """
+
+        if value is None and not type_.should_evaluate_none:
+            # issue #10535 - handle NULL in the compiler without placing
+            # this onto each type, except for "evaluate None" types
+            # (e.g. JSON)
+            return self.process(elements.Null._instance())
+
+        processor = type_._cached_literal_processor(self.dialect)
+        if processor:
+            try:
+                return processor(value)
+            except Exception as e:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    f"Could not render literal value "
+                    f'"{sql_util._repr_single_value(value)}" '
+                    f"with datatype "
+                    f"{type_}; see parent stack trace for "
+                    "more detail."
+                ) from e
+
+        else:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"No literal value renderer is available for literal value "
+                f'"{sql_util._repr_single_value(value)}" '
+                f"with datatype {type_}"
+            )
+
+    def _truncate_bindparam(self, bindparam):
+        if bindparam in self.bind_names:
+            return self.bind_names[bindparam]
+
+        bind_name = bindparam.key
+        if isinstance(bind_name, elements._truncated_label):
+            bind_name = self._truncated_identifier("bindparam", bind_name)
+
+        # add to bind_names for translation
+        self.bind_names[bindparam] = bind_name
+
+        return bind_name
+
+    def _truncated_identifier(
+        self, ident_class: str, name: _truncated_label
+    ) -> str:
+        if (ident_class, name) in self.truncated_names:
+            return self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)]
+
+        anonname = name.apply_map(self.anon_map)
+
+        if len(anonname) > self.label_length - 6:
+            counter = self._truncated_counters.get(ident_class, 1)
+            truncname = (
+                anonname[0 : max(self.label_length - 6, 0)]
+                + "_"
+                + hex(counter)[2:]
+            )
+            self._truncated_counters[ident_class] = counter + 1
+        else:
+            truncname = anonname
+        self.truncated_names[(ident_class, name)] = truncname
+        return truncname
+
+    def _anonymize(self, name: str) -> str:
+        return name % self.anon_map
+
+    def bindparam_string(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        post_compile: bool = False,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        escaped_from: Optional[str] = None,
+        bindparam_type: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]] = None,
+        accumulate_bind_names: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+        visited_bindparam: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        # TODO: accumulate_bind_names is passed by crud.py to gather
+        # names on a per-value basis, visited_bindparam is passed by
+        # visit_insert() to collect all parameters in the statement.
+        # see if this gathering can be simplified somehow
+        if accumulate_bind_names is not None:
+            accumulate_bind_names.add(name)
+        if visited_bindparam is not None:
+            visited_bindparam.append(name)
+
+        if not escaped_from:
+            if self._bind_translate_re.search(name):
+                # not quite the translate use case as we want to
+                # also get a quick boolean if we even found
+                # unusual characters in the name
+                new_name = self._bind_translate_re.sub(
+                    lambda m: self._bind_translate_chars[m.group(0)],
+                    name,
+                )
+                escaped_from = name
+                name = new_name
+
+        if escaped_from:
+            self.escaped_bind_names = self.escaped_bind_names.union(
+                {escaped_from: name}
+            )
+        if post_compile:
+            ret = "__[POSTCOMPILE_%s]" % name
+            if expanding:
+                # for expanding, bound parameters or literal values will be
+                # rendered per item
+                return ret
+
+            # otherwise, for non-expanding "literal execute", apply
+            # bind casts as determined by the datatype
+            if bindparam_type is not None:
+                type_impl = bindparam_type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(
+                    self.dialect
+                )
+                if type_impl.render_literal_cast:
+                    ret = self.render_bind_cast(bindparam_type, type_impl, ret)
+            return ret
+        elif self.state is CompilerState.COMPILING:
+            ret = self.compilation_bindtemplate % {"name": name}
+        else:
+            ret = self.bindtemplate % {"name": name}
+
+        if (
+            bindparam_type is not None
+            and self.dialect._bind_typing_render_casts
+        ):
+            type_impl = bindparam_type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+            if type_impl.render_bind_cast:
+                ret = self.render_bind_cast(bindparam_type, type_impl, ret)
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _dispatch_independent_ctes(self, stmt, kw):
+        local_kw = kw.copy()
+        local_kw.pop("cte_opts", None)
+        for cte, opt in zip(
+            stmt._independent_ctes, stmt._independent_ctes_opts
+        ):
+            cte._compiler_dispatch(self, cte_opts=opt, **local_kw)
+
+    def visit_cte(
+        self,
+        cte: CTE,
+        asfrom: bool = False,
+        ashint: bool = False,
+        fromhints: Optional[_FromHintsType] = None,
+        visiting_cte: Optional[CTE] = None,
+        from_linter: Optional[FromLinter] = None,
+        cte_opts: selectable._CTEOpts = selectable._CTEOpts(False),
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        self_ctes = self._init_cte_state()
+        assert self_ctes is self.ctes
+
+        kwargs["visiting_cte"] = cte
+
+        cte_name = cte.name
+
+        if isinstance(cte_name, elements._truncated_label):
+            cte_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", cte_name)
+
+        is_new_cte = True
+        embedded_in_current_named_cte = False
+
+        _reference_cte = cte._get_reference_cte()
+
+        nesting = cte.nesting or cte_opts.nesting
+
+        # check for CTE already encountered
+        if _reference_cte in self.level_name_by_cte:
+            cte_level, _, existing_cte_opts = self.level_name_by_cte[
+                _reference_cte
+            ]
+            assert _ == cte_name
+
+            cte_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+            existing_cte = self.ctes_by_level_name[cte_level_name]
+
+            # check if we are receiving it here with a specific
+            # "nest_here" location; if so, move it to this location
+
+            if cte_opts.nesting:
+                if existing_cte_opts.nesting:
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "CTE is stated as 'nest_here' in "
+                        "more than one location"
+                    )
+
+                old_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+                cte_level = len(self.stack) if nesting else 1
+                cte_level_name = new_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+
+                del self.ctes_by_level_name[old_level_name]
+                self.ctes_by_level_name[new_level_name] = existing_cte
+                self.level_name_by_cte[_reference_cte] = new_level_name + (
+                    cte_opts,
+                )
+
+        else:
+            cte_level = len(self.stack) if nesting else 1
+            cte_level_name = (cte_level, cte_name)
+
+            if cte_level_name in self.ctes_by_level_name:
+                existing_cte = self.ctes_by_level_name[cte_level_name]
+            else:
+                existing_cte = None
+
+        if existing_cte is not None:
+            embedded_in_current_named_cte = visiting_cte is existing_cte
+
+            # we've generated a same-named CTE that we are enclosed in,
+            # or this is the same CTE.  just return the name.
+            if cte is existing_cte._restates or cte is existing_cte:
+                is_new_cte = False
+            elif existing_cte is cte._restates:
+                # we've generated a same-named CTE that is
+                # enclosed in us - we take precedence, so
+                # discard the text for the "inner".
+                del self_ctes[existing_cte]
+
+                existing_cte_reference_cte = existing_cte._get_reference_cte()
+
+                assert existing_cte_reference_cte is _reference_cte
+                assert existing_cte_reference_cte is existing_cte
+
+                del self.level_name_by_cte[existing_cte_reference_cte]
+            else:
+                if (
+                    # if the two CTEs have the same hash, which we expect
+                    # here means that one/both is an annotated of the other
+                    (hash(cte) == hash(existing_cte))
+                    # or...
+                    or (
+                        (
+                            # if they are clones, i.e. they came from the ORM
+                            # or some other visit method
+                            cte._is_clone_of is not None
+                            or existing_cte._is_clone_of is not None
+                        )
+                        # and are deep-copy identical
+                        and cte.compare(existing_cte)
+                    )
+                ):
+                    # then consider these two CTEs the same
+                    is_new_cte = False
+                else:
+                    # otherwise these are two CTEs that either will render
+                    # differently, or were indicated separately by the user,
+                    # with the same name
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Multiple, unrelated CTEs found with "
+                        "the same name: %r" % cte_name
+                    )
+
+        if not asfrom and not is_new_cte:
+            return None
+
+        if cte._cte_alias is not None:
+            pre_alias_cte = cte._cte_alias
+            cte_pre_alias_name = cte._cte_alias.name
+            if isinstance(cte_pre_alias_name, elements._truncated_label):
+                cte_pre_alias_name = self._truncated_identifier(
+                    "alias", cte_pre_alias_name
+                )
+        else:
+            pre_alias_cte = cte
+            cte_pre_alias_name = None
+
+        if is_new_cte:
+            self.ctes_by_level_name[cte_level_name] = cte
+            self.level_name_by_cte[_reference_cte] = cte_level_name + (
+                cte_opts,
+            )
+
+            if pre_alias_cte not in self.ctes:
+                self.visit_cte(pre_alias_cte, **kwargs)
+
+            if not cte_pre_alias_name and cte not in self_ctes:
+                if cte.recursive:
+                    self.ctes_recursive = True
+                text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+                if cte.recursive:
+                    col_source = cte.element
+
+                    # TODO: can we get at the .columns_plus_names collection
+                    # that is already (or will be?) generated for the SELECT
+                    # rather than calling twice?
+                    recur_cols = [
+                        # TODO: proxy_name is not technically safe,
+                        # see test_cte->
+                        # test_with_recursive_no_name_currently_buggy.  not
+                        # clear what should be done with such a case
+                        fallback_label_name or proxy_name
+                        for (
+                            _,
+                            proxy_name,
+                            fallback_label_name,
+                            c,
+                            repeated,
+                        ) in (col_source._generate_columns_plus_names(True))
+                        if not repeated
+                    ]
+
+                    text += "(%s)" % (
+                        ", ".join(
+                            self.preparer.format_label_name(
+                                ident, anon_map=self.anon_map
+                            )
+                            for ident in recur_cols
+                        )
+                    )
+
+                assert kwargs.get("subquery", False) is False
+
+                if not self.stack:
+                    # toplevel, this is a stringify of the
+                    # cte directly.  just compile the inner
+                    # the way alias() does.
+                    return cte.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                        self, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs
+                    )
+                else:
+                    prefixes = self._generate_prefixes(
+                        cte, cte._prefixes, **kwargs
+                    )
+                    inner = cte.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                        self, asfrom=True, **kwargs
+                    )
+
+                    text += " AS %s\n(%s)" % (prefixes, inner)
+
+                if cte._suffixes:
+                    text += " " + self._generate_prefixes(
+                        cte, cte._suffixes, **kwargs
+                    )
+
+                self_ctes[cte] = text
+
+        if asfrom:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.froms[cte._de_clone()] = cte_name
+
+            if not is_new_cte and embedded_in_current_named_cte:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+
+            if cte_pre_alias_name:
+                text = self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_pre_alias_name)
+                if self.preparer._requires_quotes(cte_name):
+                    cte_name = self.preparer.quote(cte_name)
+                text += self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(cte_name)
+                return text
+            else:
+                return self.preparer.format_alias(cte, cte_name)
+
+        return None
+
+    def visit_table_valued_alias(self, element, **kw):
+        if element.joins_implicitly:
+            kw["from_linter"] = None
+        if element._is_lateral:
+            return self.visit_lateral(element, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_alias(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_table_valued_column(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_column(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_alias(
+        self,
+        alias,
+        asfrom=False,
+        ashint=False,
+        iscrud=False,
+        fromhints=None,
+        subquery=False,
+        lateral=False,
+        enclosing_alias=None,
+        from_linter=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        if lateral:
+            if "enclosing_lateral" not in kwargs:
+                # if lateral is set and enclosing_lateral is not
+                # present, we assume we are being called directly
+                # from visit_lateral() and we need to set enclosing_lateral.
+                assert alias._is_lateral
+                kwargs["enclosing_lateral"] = alias
+
+            # for lateral objects, we track a second from_linter that is...
+            # lateral!  to the level above us.
+            if (
+                from_linter
+                and "lateral_from_linter" not in kwargs
+                and "enclosing_lateral" in kwargs
+            ):
+                kwargs["lateral_from_linter"] = from_linter
+
+        if enclosing_alias is not None and enclosing_alias.element is alias:
+            inner = alias.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self,
+                asfrom=asfrom,
+                ashint=ashint,
+                iscrud=iscrud,
+                fromhints=fromhints,
+                lateral=lateral,
+                enclosing_alias=alias,
+                **kwargs,
+            )
+            if subquery and (asfrom or lateral):
+                inner = "(%s)" % (inner,)
+            return inner
+        else:
+            enclosing_alias = kwargs["enclosing_alias"] = alias
+
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            if isinstance(alias.name, elements._truncated_label):
+                alias_name = self._truncated_identifier("alias", alias.name)
+            else:
+                alias_name = alias.name
+
+        if ashint:
+            return self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+        elif asfrom:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.froms[alias._de_clone()] = alias_name
+
+            inner = alias.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, asfrom=True, lateral=lateral, **kwargs
+            )
+            if subquery:
+                inner = "(%s)" % (inner,)
+
+            ret = inner + self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(
+                self.preparer.format_alias(alias, alias_name)
+            )
+
+            if alias._supports_derived_columns and alias._render_derived:
+                ret += "(%s)" % (
+                    ", ".join(
+                        "%s%s"
+                        % (
+                            self.preparer.quote(col.name),
+                            (
+                                " %s"
+                                % self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                                    col.type, **kwargs
+                                )
+                                if alias._render_derived_w_types
+                                else ""
+                            ),
+                        )
+                        for col in alias.c
+                    )
+                )
+
+            if fromhints and alias in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    ret, alias, fromhints[alias], iscrud
+                )
+
+            return ret
+        else:
+            # note we cancel the "subquery" flag here as well
+            return alias.element._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, lateral=lateral, **kwargs
+            )
+
+    def visit_subquery(self, subquery, **kw):
+        kw["subquery"] = True
+        return self.visit_alias(subquery, **kw)
+
+    def visit_lateral(self, lateral_, **kw):
+        kw["lateral"] = True
+        return "LATERAL %s" % self.visit_alias(lateral_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_tablesample(self, tablesample, asfrom=False, **kw):
+        text = "%s TABLESAMPLE %s" % (
+            self.visit_alias(tablesample, asfrom=True, **kw),
+            tablesample._get_method()._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        )
+
+        if tablesample.seed is not None:
+            text += " REPEATABLE (%s)" % (
+                tablesample.seed._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            )
+
+        return text
+
+    def _render_values(self, element, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("literal_binds", element.literal_binds)
+        tuples = ", ".join(
+            self.process(
+                elements.Tuple(
+                    types=element._column_types, *elem
+                ).self_group(),
+                **kw,
+            )
+            for chunk in element._data
+            for elem in chunk
+        )
+        return f"VALUES {tuples}"
+
+    def visit_values(self, element, asfrom=False, from_linter=None, **kw):
+        v = self._render_values(element, **kw)
+
+        if element._unnamed:
+            name = None
+        elif isinstance(element.name, elements._truncated_label):
+            name = self._truncated_identifier("values", element.name)
+        else:
+            name = element.name
+
+        if element._is_lateral:
+            lateral = "LATERAL "
+        else:
+            lateral = ""
+
+        if asfrom:
+            if from_linter:
+                from_linter.froms[element._de_clone()] = (
+                    name if name is not None else "(unnamed VALUES element)"
+                )
+
+            if name:
+                kw["include_table"] = False
+                v = "%s(%s)%s (%s)" % (
+                    lateral,
+                    v,
+                    self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(self.preparer.quote(name)),
+                    (
+                        ", ".join(
+                            c._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+                            for c in element.columns
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+            else:
+                v = "%s(%s)" % (lateral, v)
+        return v
+
+    def visit_scalar_values(self, element, **kw):
+        return f"({self._render_values(element, **kw)})"
+
+    def get_render_as_alias_suffix(self, alias_name_text):
+        return " AS " + alias_name_text
+
+    def _add_to_result_map(
+        self,
+        keyname: str,
+        name: str,
+        objects: Tuple[Any, ...],
+        type_: TypeEngine[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+
+        # note objects must be non-empty for cursor.py to handle the
+        # collection properly
+        assert objects
+
+        if keyname is None or keyname == "*":
+            self._ordered_columns = False
+            self._ad_hoc_textual = True
+        if type_._is_tuple_type:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Most backends don't support SELECTing "
+                "from a tuple() object.  If this is an ORM query, "
+                "consider using the Bundle object."
+            )
+        self._result_columns.append(
+            ResultColumnsEntry(keyname, name, objects, type_)
+        )
+
+    def _label_returning_column(
+        self, stmt, column, populate_result_map, column_clause_args=None, **kw
+    ):
+        """Render a column with necessary labels inside of a RETURNING clause.
+
+        This method is provided for individual dialects in place of calling
+        the _label_select_column method directly, so that the two use cases
+        of RETURNING vs. SELECT can be disambiguated going forward.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.21
+
+        """
+        return self._label_select_column(
+            None,
+            column,
+            populate_result_map,
+            False,
+            {} if column_clause_args is None else column_clause_args,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def _label_select_column(
+        self,
+        select,
+        column,
+        populate_result_map,
+        asfrom,
+        column_clause_args,
+        name=None,
+        proxy_name=None,
+        fallback_label_name=None,
+        within_columns_clause=True,
+        column_is_repeated=False,
+        need_column_expressions=False,
+        include_table=True,
+    ):
+        """produce labeled columns present in a select()."""
+        impl = column.type.dialect_impl(self.dialect)
+
+        if impl._has_column_expression and (
+            need_column_expressions or populate_result_map
+        ):
+            col_expr = impl.column_expression(column)
+        else:
+            col_expr = column
+
+        if populate_result_map:
+            # pass an "add_to_result_map" callable into the compilation
+            # of embedded columns.  this collects information about the
+            # column as it will be fetched in the result and is coordinated
+            # with cursor.description when the query is executed.
+            add_to_result_map = self._add_to_result_map
+
+            # if the SELECT statement told us this column is a repeat,
+            # wrap the callable with one that prevents the addition of the
+            # targets
+            if column_is_repeated:
+                _add_to_result_map = add_to_result_map
+
+                def add_to_result_map(keyname, name, objects, type_):
+                    _add_to_result_map(keyname, name, (keyname,), type_)
+
+            # if we redefined col_expr for type expressions, wrap the
+            # callable with one that adds the original column to the targets
+            elif col_expr is not column:
+                _add_to_result_map = add_to_result_map
+
+                def add_to_result_map(keyname, name, objects, type_):
+                    _add_to_result_map(
+                        keyname, name, (column,) + objects, type_
+                    )
+
+        else:
+            add_to_result_map = None
+
+        # this method is used by some of the dialects for RETURNING,
+        # which has different inputs.  _label_returning_column was added
+        # as the better target for this now however for 1.4 we will keep
+        # _label_select_column directly compatible with this use case.
+        # these assertions right now set up the current expected inputs
+        assert within_columns_clause, (
+            "_label_select_column is only relevant within "
+            "the columns clause of a SELECT or RETURNING"
+        )
+        if isinstance(column, elements.Label):
+            if col_expr is not column:
+                result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                    col_expr, column.name, alt_names=(column.element,)
+                )
+            else:
+                result_expr = col_expr
+
+        elif name:
+            # here, _columns_plus_names has determined there's an explicit
+            # label name we need to use.  this is the default for
+            # tablenames_plus_columnnames as well as when columns are being
+            # deduplicated on name
+
+            assert (
+                proxy_name is not None
+            ), "proxy_name is required if 'name' is passed"
+
+            result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                col_expr,
+                name,
+                alt_names=(
+                    proxy_name,
+                    # this is a hack to allow legacy result column lookups
+                    # to work as they did before; this goes away in 2.0.
+                    # TODO: this only seems to be tested indirectly
+                    # via test/orm/test_deprecations.py.   should be a
+                    # resultset test for this
+                    column._tq_label,
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            # determine here whether this column should be rendered in
+            # a labelled context or not, as we were given no required label
+            # name from the caller. Here we apply heuristics based on the kind
+            # of SQL expression involved.
+
+            if col_expr is not column:
+                # type-specific expression wrapping the given column,
+                # so we render a label
+                render_with_label = True
+            elif isinstance(column, elements.ColumnClause):
+                # table-bound column, we render its name as a label if we are
+                # inside of a subquery only
+                render_with_label = (
+                    asfrom
+                    and not column.is_literal
+                    and column.table is not None
+                )
+            elif isinstance(column, elements.TextClause):
+                render_with_label = False
+            elif isinstance(column, elements.UnaryExpression):
+                render_with_label = column.wraps_column_expression or asfrom
+            elif (
+                # general class of expressions that don't have a SQL-column
+                # addressible name.  includes scalar selects, bind parameters,
+                # SQL functions, others
+                not isinstance(column, elements.NamedColumn)
+                # deeper check that indicates there's no natural "name" to
+                # this element, which accommodates for custom SQL constructs
+                # that might have a ".name" attribute (but aren't SQL
+                # functions) but are not implementing this more recently added
+                # base class.  in theory the "NamedColumn" check should be
+                # enough, however here we seek to maintain legacy behaviors
+                # as well.
+                and column._non_anon_label is None
+            ):
+                render_with_label = True
+            else:
+                render_with_label = False
+
+            if render_with_label:
+                if not fallback_label_name:
+                    # used by the RETURNING case right now.  we generate it
+                    # here as 3rd party dialects may be referring to
+                    # _label_select_column method directly instead of the
+                    # just-added _label_returning_column method
+                    assert not column_is_repeated
+                    fallback_label_name = column._anon_name_label
+
+                fallback_label_name = (
+                    elements._truncated_label(fallback_label_name)
+                    if not isinstance(
+                        fallback_label_name, elements._truncated_label
+                    )
+                    else fallback_label_name
+                )
+
+                result_expr = _CompileLabel(
+                    col_expr, fallback_label_name, alt_names=(proxy_name,)
+                )
+            else:
+                result_expr = col_expr
+
+        column_clause_args.update(
+            within_columns_clause=within_columns_clause,
+            add_to_result_map=add_to_result_map,
+            include_table=include_table,
+        )
+        return result_expr._compiler_dispatch(self, **column_clause_args)
+
+    def format_from_hint_text(self, sqltext, table, hint, iscrud):
+        hinttext = self.get_from_hint_text(table, hint)
+        if hinttext:
+            sqltext += " " + hinttext
+        return sqltext
+
+    def get_select_hint_text(self, byfroms):
+        return None
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(
+        self, table: FromClause, text: Optional[str]
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    def get_crud_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return None
+
+    def get_statement_hint_text(self, hint_texts):
+        return " ".join(hint_texts)
+
+    _default_stack_entry: _CompilerStackEntry
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        _default_stack_entry = util.immutabledict(
+            [("correlate_froms", frozenset()), ("asfrom_froms", frozenset())]
+        )
+
+    def _display_froms_for_select(
+        self, select_stmt, asfrom, lateral=False, **kw
+    ):
+        # utility method to help external dialects
+        # get the correct from list for a select.
+        # specifically the oracle dialect needs this feature
+        # right now.
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        compile_state = select_stmt._compile_state_factory(select_stmt, self)
+
+        correlate_froms = entry["correlate_froms"]
+        asfrom_froms = entry["asfrom_froms"]
+
+        if asfrom and not lateral:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms
+                ),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=(),
+            )
+        else:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms,
+            )
+        return froms
+
+    translate_select_structure: Any = None
+    """if not ``None``, should be a callable which accepts ``(select_stmt,
+    **kw)`` and returns a select object.   this is used for structural changes
+    mostly to accommodate for LIMIT/OFFSET schemes
+
+    """
+
+    def visit_select(
+        self,
+        select_stmt,
+        asfrom=False,
+        insert_into=False,
+        fromhints=None,
+        compound_index=None,
+        select_wraps_for=None,
+        lateral=False,
+        from_linter=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        assert select_wraps_for is None, (
+            "SQLAlchemy 1.4 requires use of "
+            "the translate_select_structure hook for structural "
+            "translations of SELECT objects"
+        )
+
+        # initial setup of SELECT.  the compile_state_factory may now
+        # be creating a totally different SELECT from the one that was
+        # passed in.  for ORM use this will convert from an ORM-state
+        # SELECT to a regular "Core" SELECT.  other composed operations
+        # such as computation of joins will be performed.
+
+        kwargs["within_columns_clause"] = False
+
+        compile_state = select_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+            select_stmt, self, **kwargs
+        )
+        kwargs["ambiguous_table_name_map"] = (
+            compile_state._ambiguous_table_name_map
+        )
+
+        select_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel and not self.compile_state:
+            self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        is_embedded_select = compound_index is not None or insert_into
+
+        # translate step for Oracle, SQL Server which often need to
+        # restructure the SELECT to allow for LIMIT/OFFSET and possibly
+        # other conditions
+        if self.translate_select_structure:
+            new_select_stmt = self.translate_select_structure(
+                select_stmt, asfrom=asfrom, **kwargs
+            )
+
+            # if SELECT was restructured, maintain a link to the originals
+            # and assemble a new compile state
+            if new_select_stmt is not select_stmt:
+                compile_state_wraps_for = compile_state
+                select_wraps_for = select_stmt
+                select_stmt = new_select_stmt
+
+                compile_state = select_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+                    select_stmt, self, **kwargs
+                )
+                select_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        entry = self._default_stack_entry if toplevel else self.stack[-1]
+
+        populate_result_map = need_column_expressions = (
+            toplevel
+            or entry.get("need_result_map_for_compound", False)
+            or entry.get("need_result_map_for_nested", False)
+        )
+
+        # indicates there is a CompoundSelect in play and we are not the
+        # first select
+        if compound_index:
+            populate_result_map = False
+
+        # this was first proposed as part of #3372; however, it is not
+        # reached in current tests and could possibly be an assertion
+        # instead.
+        if not populate_result_map and "add_to_result_map" in kwargs:
+            del kwargs["add_to_result_map"]
+
+        froms = self._setup_select_stack(
+            select_stmt, compile_state, entry, asfrom, lateral, compound_index
+        )
+
+        column_clause_args = kwargs.copy()
+        column_clause_args.update(
+            {"within_label_clause": False, "within_columns_clause": False}
+        )
+
+        text = "SELECT "  # we're off to a good start !
+
+        if select_stmt._hints:
+            hint_text, byfrom = self._setup_select_hints(select_stmt)
+            if hint_text:
+                text += hint_text + " "
+        else:
+            byfrom = None
+
+        if select_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(select_stmt, kwargs)
+
+        if select_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                select_stmt, select_stmt._prefixes, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        text += self.get_select_precolumns(select_stmt, **kwargs)
+        # the actual list of columns to print in the SELECT column list.
+        inner_columns = [
+            c
+            for c in [
+                self._label_select_column(
+                    select_stmt,
+                    column,
+                    populate_result_map,
+                    asfrom,
+                    column_clause_args,
+                    name=name,
+                    proxy_name=proxy_name,
+                    fallback_label_name=fallback_label_name,
+                    column_is_repeated=repeated,
+                    need_column_expressions=need_column_expressions,
+                )
+                for (
+                    name,
+                    proxy_name,
+                    fallback_label_name,
+                    column,
+                    repeated,
+                ) in compile_state.columns_plus_names
+            ]
+            if c is not None
+        ]
+
+        if populate_result_map and select_wraps_for is not None:
+            # if this select was generated from translate_select,
+            # rewrite the targeted columns in the result map
+
+            translate = dict(
+                zip(
+                    [
+                        name
+                        for (
+                            key,
+                            proxy_name,
+                            fallback_label_name,
+                            name,
+                            repeated,
+                        ) in compile_state.columns_plus_names
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        name
+                        for (
+                            key,
+                            proxy_name,
+                            fallback_label_name,
+                            name,
+                            repeated,
+                        ) in compile_state_wraps_for.columns_plus_names
+                    ],
+                )
+            )
+
+            self._result_columns = [
+                ResultColumnsEntry(
+                    key, name, tuple(translate.get(o, o) for o in obj), type_
+                )
+                for key, name, obj, type_ in self._result_columns
+            ]
+
+        text = self._compose_select_body(
+            text,
+            select_stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            inner_columns,
+            froms,
+            byfrom,
+            toplevel,
+            kwargs,
+        )
+
+        if select_stmt._statement_hints:
+            per_dialect = [
+                ht
+                for (dialect_name, ht) in select_stmt._statement_hints
+                if dialect_name in ("*", self.dialect.name)
+            ]
+            if per_dialect:
+                text += " " + self.get_statement_hint_text(per_dialect)
+
+        # In compound query, CTEs are shared at the compound level
+        if self.ctes and (not is_embedded_select or toplevel):
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        if select_stmt._suffixes:
+            text += " " + self._generate_prefixes(
+                select_stmt, select_stmt._suffixes, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def _setup_select_hints(
+        self, select: Select[Any]
+    ) -> Tuple[str, _FromHintsType]:
+        byfrom = {
+            from_: hinttext
+            % {"name": from_._compiler_dispatch(self, ashint=True)}
+            for (from_, dialect), hinttext in select._hints.items()
+            if dialect in ("*", self.dialect.name)
+        }
+        hint_text = self.get_select_hint_text(byfrom)
+        return hint_text, byfrom
+
+    def _setup_select_stack(
+        self, select, compile_state, entry, asfrom, lateral, compound_index
+    ):
+        correlate_froms = entry["correlate_froms"]
+        asfrom_froms = entry["asfrom_froms"]
+
+        if compound_index == 0:
+            entry["select_0"] = select
+        elif compound_index:
+            select_0 = entry["select_0"]
+            numcols = len(select_0._all_selected_columns)
+
+            if len(compile_state.columns_plus_names) != numcols:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "All selectables passed to "
+                    "CompoundSelect must have identical numbers of "
+                    "columns; select #%d has %d columns, select "
+                    "#%d has %d"
+                    % (
+                        1,
+                        numcols,
+                        compound_index + 1,
+                        len(select._all_selected_columns),
+                    )
+                )
+
+        if asfrom and not lateral:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms.difference(
+                    asfrom_froms
+                ),
+                implicit_correlate_froms=(),
+            )
+        else:
+            froms = compile_state._get_display_froms(
+                explicit_correlate_froms=correlate_froms,
+                implicit_correlate_froms=asfrom_froms,
+            )
+
+        new_correlate_froms = set(_from_objects(*froms))
+        all_correlate_froms = new_correlate_froms.union(correlate_froms)
+
+        new_entry: _CompilerStackEntry = {
+            "asfrom_froms": new_correlate_froms,
+            "correlate_froms": all_correlate_froms,
+            "selectable": select,
+            "compile_state": compile_state,
+        }
+        self.stack.append(new_entry)
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _compose_select_body(
+        self,
+        text,
+        select,
+        compile_state,
+        inner_columns,
+        froms,
+        byfrom,
+        toplevel,
+        kwargs,
+    ):
+        text += ", ".join(inner_columns)
+
+        if self.linting & COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS:
+            from_linter = FromLinter({}, set())
+            warn_linting = self.linting & WARN_LINTING
+            if toplevel:
+                self.from_linter = from_linter
+        else:
+            from_linter = None
+            warn_linting = False
+
+        # adjust the whitespace for no inner columns, part of #9440,
+        # so that a no-col SELECT comes out as "SELECT WHERE..." or
+        # "SELECT FROM ...".
+        # while it would be better to have built the SELECT starting string
+        # without trailing whitespace first, then add whitespace only if inner
+        # cols were present, this breaks compatibility with various custom
+        # compilation schemes that are currently being tested.
+        if not inner_columns:
+            text = text.rstrip()
+
+        if froms:
+            text += " \nFROM "
+
+            if select._hints:
+                text += ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        f._compiler_dispatch(
+                            self,
+                            asfrom=True,
+                            fromhints=byfrom,
+                            from_linter=from_linter,
+                            **kwargs,
+                        )
+                        for f in froms
+                    ]
+                )
+            else:
+                text += ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        f._compiler_dispatch(
+                            self,
+                            asfrom=True,
+                            from_linter=from_linter,
+                            **kwargs,
+                        )
+                        for f in froms
+                    ]
+                )
+        else:
+            text += self.default_from()
+
+        if select._where_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                select._where_criteria, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " \nWHERE " + t
+
+        if warn_linting:
+            assert from_linter is not None
+            from_linter.warn()
+
+        if select._group_by_clauses:
+            text += self.group_by_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._having_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                select._having_criteria, **kwargs
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " \nHAVING " + t
+
+        if select._order_by_clauses:
+            text += self.order_by_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._has_row_limiting_clause:
+            text += self._row_limit_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        if select._for_update_arg is not None:
+            text += self.for_update_clause(select, **kwargs)
+
+        return text
+
+    def _generate_prefixes(self, stmt, prefixes, **kw):
+        clause = " ".join(
+            prefix._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+            for prefix, dialect_name in prefixes
+            if dialect_name in (None, "*") or dialect_name == self.dialect.name
+        )
+        if clause:
+            clause += " "
+        return clause
+
+    def _render_cte_clause(
+        self,
+        nesting_level=None,
+        include_following_stack=False,
+    ):
+        """
+        include_following_stack
+            Also render the nesting CTEs on the next stack. Useful for
+            SQL structures like UNION or INSERT that can wrap SELECT
+            statements containing nesting CTEs.
+        """
+        if not self.ctes:
+            return ""
+
+        ctes: MutableMapping[CTE, str]
+
+        if nesting_level and nesting_level > 1:
+            ctes = util.OrderedDict()
+            for cte in list(self.ctes.keys()):
+                cte_level, cte_name, cte_opts = self.level_name_by_cte[
+                    cte._get_reference_cte()
+                ]
+                nesting = cte.nesting or cte_opts.nesting
+                is_rendered_level = cte_level == nesting_level or (
+                    include_following_stack and cte_level == nesting_level + 1
+                )
+                if not (nesting and is_rendered_level):
+                    continue
+
+                ctes[cte] = self.ctes[cte]
+
+        else:
+            ctes = self.ctes
+
+        if not ctes:
+            return ""
+        ctes_recursive = any([cte.recursive for cte in ctes])
+
+        cte_text = self.get_cte_preamble(ctes_recursive) + " "
+        cte_text += ", \n".join([txt for txt in ctes.values()])
+        cte_text += "\n "
+
+        if nesting_level and nesting_level > 1:
+            for cte in list(ctes.keys()):
+                cte_level, cte_name, cte_opts = self.level_name_by_cte[
+                    cte._get_reference_cte()
+                ]
+                del self.ctes[cte]
+                del self.ctes_by_level_name[(cte_level, cte_name)]
+                del self.level_name_by_cte[cte._get_reference_cte()]
+
+        return cte_text
+
+    def get_cte_preamble(self, recursive):
+        if recursive:
+            return "WITH RECURSIVE"
+        else:
+            return "WITH"
+
+    def get_select_precolumns(self, select: Select[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        """Called when building a ``SELECT`` statement, position is just
+        before column list.
+
+        """
+        if select._distinct_on:
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "DISTINCT ON is currently supported only by the PostgreSQL "
+                "dialect.  Use of DISTINCT ON for other backends is currently "
+                "silently ignored, however this usage is deprecated, and will "
+                "raise CompileError in a future release for all backends "
+                "that do not support this syntax.",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+        return "DISTINCT " if select._distinct else ""
+
+    def group_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """allow dialects to customize how GROUP BY is rendered."""
+
+        group_by = self._generate_delimited_list(
+            select._group_by_clauses, OPERATORS[operators.comma_op], **kw
+        )
+        if group_by:
+            return " GROUP BY " + group_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def order_by_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        """allow dialects to customize how ORDER BY is rendered."""
+
+        order_by = self._generate_delimited_list(
+            select._order_by_clauses, OPERATORS[operators.comma_op], **kw
+        )
+
+        if order_by:
+            return " ORDER BY " + order_by
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def for_update_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        return " FOR UPDATE"
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self,
+        stmt: UpdateBase,
+        returning_cols: Sequence[_ColumnsClauseElement],
+        *,
+        populate_result_map: bool,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        columns = [
+            self._label_returning_column(
+                stmt,
+                column,
+                populate_result_map,
+                fallback_label_name=fallback_label_name,
+                column_is_repeated=repeated,
+                name=name,
+                proxy_name=proxy_name,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            for (
+                name,
+                proxy_name,
+                fallback_label_name,
+                column,
+                repeated,
+            ) in stmt._generate_columns_plus_names(
+                True, cols=base._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+            )
+        ]
+
+        return "RETURNING " + ", ".join(columns)
+
+    def limit_clause(self, select, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if select._limit_clause is not None:
+            text += "\n LIMIT " + self.process(select._limit_clause, **kw)
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            if select._limit_clause is None:
+                text += "\n LIMIT -1"
+            text += " OFFSET " + self.process(select._offset_clause, **kw)
+        return text
+
+    def fetch_clause(
+        self,
+        select,
+        fetch_clause=None,
+        require_offset=False,
+        use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=False,
+        **kw,
+    ):
+        if fetch_clause is None:
+            fetch_clause = select._fetch_clause
+            fetch_clause_options = select._fetch_clause_options
+        else:
+            fetch_clause_options = {"percent": False, "with_ties": False}
+
+        text = ""
+
+        if select._offset_clause is not None:
+            offset_clause = select._offset_clause
+            if (
+                use_literal_execute_for_simple_int
+                and select._simple_int_clause(offset_clause)
+            ):
+                offset_clause = offset_clause.render_literal_execute()
+            offset_str = self.process(offset_clause, **kw)
+            text += "\n OFFSET %s ROWS" % offset_str
+        elif require_offset:
+            text += "\n OFFSET 0 ROWS"
+
+        if fetch_clause is not None:
+            if (
+                use_literal_execute_for_simple_int
+                and select._simple_int_clause(fetch_clause)
+            ):
+                fetch_clause = fetch_clause.render_literal_execute()
+            text += "\n FETCH FIRST %s%s ROWS %s" % (
+                self.process(fetch_clause, **kw),
+                " PERCENT" if fetch_clause_options["percent"] else "",
+                "WITH TIES" if fetch_clause_options["with_ties"] else "ONLY",
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def visit_table(
+        self,
+        table,
+        asfrom=False,
+        iscrud=False,
+        ashint=False,
+        fromhints=None,
+        use_schema=True,
+        from_linter=None,
+        ambiguous_table_name_map=None,
+        enclosing_alias=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        if from_linter:
+            from_linter.froms[table] = table.fullname
+
+        if asfrom or ashint:
+            effective_schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(table)
+
+            if use_schema and effective_schema:
+                ret = (
+                    self.preparer.quote_schema(effective_schema)
+                    + "."
+                    + self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+                )
+            else:
+                ret = self.preparer.quote(table.name)
+
+                if (
+                    (
+                        enclosing_alias is None
+                        or enclosing_alias.element is not table
+                    )
+                    and not effective_schema
+                    and ambiguous_table_name_map
+                    and table.name in ambiguous_table_name_map
+                ):
+                    anon_name = self._truncated_identifier(
+                        "alias", ambiguous_table_name_map[table.name]
+                    )
+
+                    ret = ret + self.get_render_as_alias_suffix(
+                        self.preparer.format_alias(None, anon_name)
+                    )
+
+            if fromhints and table in fromhints:
+                ret = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                    ret, table, fromhints[table], iscrud
+                )
+            return ret
+        else:
+            return ""
+
+    def visit_join(self, join, asfrom=False, from_linter=None, **kwargs):
+        if from_linter:
+            from_linter.edges.update(
+                itertools.product(
+                    _de_clone(join.left._from_objects),
+                    _de_clone(join.right._from_objects),
+                )
+            )
+
+        if join.full:
+            join_type = " FULL OUTER JOIN "
+        elif join.isouter:
+            join_type = " LEFT OUTER JOIN "
+        else:
+            join_type = " JOIN "
+        return (
+            join.left._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+            + join_type
+            + join.right._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, asfrom=True, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+            + " ON "
+            # TODO: likely need asfrom=True here?
+            + join.onclause._compiler_dispatch(
+                self, from_linter=from_linter, **kwargs
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _setup_crud_hints(self, stmt, table_text):
+        dialect_hints = {
+            table: hint_text
+            for (table, dialect), hint_text in stmt._hints.items()
+            if dialect in ("*", self.dialect.name)
+        }
+        if stmt.table in dialect_hints:
+            table_text = self.format_from_hint_text(
+                table_text, stmt.table, dialect_hints[stmt.table], True
+            )
+        return dialect_hints, table_text
+
+    # within the realm of "insertmanyvalues sentinel columns",
+    # these lookups match different kinds of Column() configurations
+    # to specific backend capabilities.  they are broken into two
+    # lookups, one for autoincrement columns and the other for non
+    # autoincrement columns
+    _sentinel_col_non_autoinc_lookup = util.immutabledict(
+        {
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.CLIENTSIDE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts._SUPPORTED_OR_NOT
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SENTINEL_DEFAULT: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts._SUPPORTED_OR_NOT
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts._SUPPORTED_OR_NOT
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.IDENTITY: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.IDENTITY
+            ),
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SEQUENCE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.SEQUENCE
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+    _sentinel_col_autoinc_lookup = _sentinel_col_non_autoinc_lookup.union(
+        {
+            _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE: (
+                InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.AUTOINCREMENT
+            ),
+        }
+    )
+
+    def _get_sentinel_column_for_table(
+        self, table: Table
+    ) -> Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]]:
+        """given a :class:`.Table`, return a usable sentinel column or
+        columns for this dialect if any.
+
+        Return None if no sentinel columns could be identified, or raise an
+        error if a column was marked as a sentinel explicitly but isn't
+        compatible with this dialect.
+
+        """
+
+        sentinel_opts = self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+        sentinel_characteristics = table._sentinel_column_characteristics
+
+        sent_cols = sentinel_characteristics.columns
+
+        if sent_cols is None:
+            return None
+
+        if sentinel_characteristics.is_autoinc:
+            bitmask = self._sentinel_col_autoinc_lookup.get(
+                sentinel_characteristics.default_characterization, 0
+            )
+        else:
+            bitmask = self._sentinel_col_non_autoinc_lookup.get(
+                sentinel_characteristics.default_characterization, 0
+            )
+
+        if sentinel_opts & bitmask:
+            return sent_cols
+
+        if sentinel_characteristics.is_explicit:
+            # a column was explicitly marked as insert_sentinel=True,
+            # however it is not compatible with this dialect.   they should
+            # not indicate this column as a sentinel if they need to include
+            # this dialect.
+
+            # TODO: do we want non-primary key explicit sentinel cols
+            # that can gracefully degrade for some backends?
+            # insert_sentinel="degrade" perhaps.  not for the initial release.
+            # I am hoping people are generally not dealing with this sentinel
+            # business at all.
+
+            # if is_explicit is True, there will be only one sentinel column.
+
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Column {sent_cols[0]} can't be explicitly "
+                "marked as a sentinel column when using the "
+                f"{self.dialect.name} dialect, as the "
+                "particular type of default generation on this column is "
+                "not currently compatible with this dialect's specific "
+                f"INSERT..RETURNING syntax which can receive the "
+                "server-generated value in "
+                "a deterministic way.  To remove this error, remove "
+                "insert_sentinel=True from primary key autoincrement "
+                "columns; these columns are automatically used as "
+                "sentinels for supported dialects in any case."
+            )
+
+        return None
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        self,
+        statement: str,
+        parameters: _DBAPIMultiExecuteParams,
+        compiled_parameters: List[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams],
+        generic_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType],
+        batch_size: int,
+        sort_by_parameter_order: bool,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType],
+    ) -> Iterator[_InsertManyValuesBatch]:
+        imv = self._insertmanyvalues
+        assert imv is not None
+
+        if not imv.sentinel_param_keys:
+            _sentinel_from_params = None
+        else:
+            _sentinel_from_params = operator.itemgetter(
+                *imv.sentinel_param_keys
+            )
+
+        lenparams = len(parameters)
+        if imv.is_default_expr and not self.dialect.supports_default_metavalue:
+            # backend doesn't support
+            # INSERT INTO table (pk_col) VALUES (DEFAULT), (DEFAULT), ...
+            # at the moment this is basically SQL Server due to
+            # not being able to use DEFAULT for identity column
+            # just yield out that many single statements!  still
+            # faster than a whole connection.execute() call ;)
+            #
+            # note we still are taking advantage of the fact that we know
+            # we are using RETURNING.   The generalized approach of fetching
+            # cursor.lastrowid etc. still goes through the more heavyweight
+            # "ExecutionContext per statement" system as it isn't usable
+            # as a generic "RETURNING" approach
+            use_row_at_a_time = True
+            downgraded = False
+        elif not self.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert or (
+            sort_by_parameter_order
+            and self._result_columns
+            and (imv.sentinel_columns is None or imv.includes_upsert_behaviors)
+        ):
+            # deterministic order was requested and the compiler could
+            # not organize sentinel columns for this dialect/statement.
+            # use row at a time
+            use_row_at_a_time = True
+            downgraded = True
+        else:
+            use_row_at_a_time = False
+            downgraded = False
+
+        if use_row_at_a_time:
+            for batchnum, (param, compiled_param) in enumerate(
+                cast(
+                    "Sequence[Tuple[_DBAPISingleExecuteParams, _MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]]",  # noqa: E501
+                    zip(parameters, compiled_parameters),
+                ),
+                1,
+            ):
+                yield _InsertManyValuesBatch(
+                    statement,
+                    param,
+                    generic_setinputsizes,
+                    [param],
+                    (
+                        [_sentinel_from_params(compiled_param)]
+                        if _sentinel_from_params
+                        else []
+                    ),
+                    1,
+                    batchnum,
+                    lenparams,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order,
+                    downgraded,
+                )
+            return
+
+        if schema_translate_map:
+            rst = functools.partial(
+                self.preparer._render_schema_translates,
+                schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+            )
+        else:
+            rst = None
+
+        imv_single_values_expr = imv.single_values_expr
+        if rst:
+            imv_single_values_expr = rst(imv_single_values_expr)
+
+        executemany_values = f"({imv_single_values_expr})"
+        statement = statement.replace(executemany_values, "__EXECMANY_TOKEN__")
+
+        # Use optional insertmanyvalues_max_parameters
+        # to further shrink the batch size so that there are no more than
+        # insertmanyvalues_max_parameters params.
+        # Currently used by SQL Server, which limits statements to 2100 bound
+        # parameters (actually 2099).
+        max_params = self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_max_parameters
+        if max_params:
+            total_num_of_params = len(self.bind_names)
+            num_params_per_batch = len(imv.insert_crud_params)
+            num_params_outside_of_batch = (
+                total_num_of_params - num_params_per_batch
+            )
+            batch_size = min(
+                batch_size,
+                (
+                    (max_params - num_params_outside_of_batch)
+                    // num_params_per_batch
+                ),
+            )
+
+        batches = cast("List[Sequence[Any]]", list(parameters))
+        compiled_batches = cast(
+            "List[Sequence[Any]]", list(compiled_parameters)
+        )
+
+        processed_setinputsizes: Optional[_GenericSetInputSizesType] = None
+        batchnum = 1
+        total_batches = lenparams // batch_size + (
+            1 if lenparams % batch_size else 0
+        )
+
+        insert_crud_params = imv.insert_crud_params
+        assert insert_crud_params is not None
+
+        if rst:
+            insert_crud_params = [
+                (col, key, rst(expr), st)
+                for col, key, expr, st in insert_crud_params
+            ]
+
+        escaped_bind_names: Mapping[str, str]
+        expand_pos_lower_index = expand_pos_upper_index = 0
+
+        if not self.positional:
+            if self.escaped_bind_names:
+                escaped_bind_names = self.escaped_bind_names
+            else:
+                escaped_bind_names = {}
+
+            all_keys = set(parameters[0])
+
+            def apply_placeholders(keys, formatted):
+                for key in keys:
+                    key = escaped_bind_names.get(key, key)
+                    formatted = formatted.replace(
+                        self.bindtemplate % {"name": key},
+                        self.bindtemplate
+                        % {"name": f"{key}__EXECMANY_INDEX__"},
+                    )
+                return formatted
+
+            if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                imv_values_counter = ", _IMV_VALUES_COUNTER"
+            else:
+                imv_values_counter = ""
+            formatted_values_clause = f"""({', '.join(
+                apply_placeholders(bind_keys, formatted)
+                for _, _, formatted, bind_keys in insert_crud_params
+            )}{imv_values_counter})"""
+
+            keys_to_replace = all_keys.intersection(
+                escaped_bind_names.get(key, key)
+                for _, _, _, bind_keys in insert_crud_params
+                for key in bind_keys
+            )
+            base_parameters = {
+                key: parameters[0][key]
+                for key in all_keys.difference(keys_to_replace)
+            }
+            executemany_values_w_comma = ""
+        else:
+            formatted_values_clause = ""
+            keys_to_replace = set()
+            base_parameters = {}
+
+            if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                executemany_values_w_comma = (
+                    f"({imv_single_values_expr}, _IMV_VALUES_COUNTER), "
+                )
+            else:
+                executemany_values_w_comma = f"({imv_single_values_expr}), "
+
+            all_names_we_will_expand: Set[str] = set()
+            for elem in imv.insert_crud_params:
+                all_names_we_will_expand.update(elem[3])
+
+            # get the start and end position in a particular list
+            # of parameters where we will be doing the "expanding".
+            # statements can have params on either side or both sides,
+            # given RETURNING and CTEs
+            if all_names_we_will_expand:
+                positiontup = self.positiontup
+                assert positiontup is not None
+
+                all_expand_positions = {
+                    idx
+                    for idx, name in enumerate(positiontup)
+                    if name in all_names_we_will_expand
+                }
+                expand_pos_lower_index = min(all_expand_positions)
+                expand_pos_upper_index = max(all_expand_positions) + 1
+                assert (
+                    len(all_expand_positions)
+                    == expand_pos_upper_index - expand_pos_lower_index
+                )
+
+            if self._numeric_binds:
+                escaped = re.escape(self._numeric_binds_identifier_char)
+                executemany_values_w_comma = re.sub(
+                    rf"{escaped}\d+", "%s", executemany_values_w_comma
+                )
+
+        while batches:
+            batch = batches[0:batch_size]
+            compiled_batch = compiled_batches[0:batch_size]
+
+            batches[0:batch_size] = []
+            compiled_batches[0:batch_size] = []
+
+            if batches:
+                current_batch_size = batch_size
+            else:
+                current_batch_size = len(batch)
+
+            if generic_setinputsizes:
+                # if setinputsizes is present, expand this collection to
+                # suit the batch length as well
+                # currently this will be mssql+pyodbc for internal dialects
+                processed_setinputsizes = [
+                    (new_key, len_, typ)
+                    for new_key, len_, typ in (
+                        (f"{key}_{index}", len_, typ)
+                        for index in range(current_batch_size)
+                        for key, len_, typ in generic_setinputsizes
+                    )
+                ]
+
+            replaced_parameters: Any
+            if self.positional:
+                num_ins_params = imv.num_positional_params_counted
+
+                batch_iterator: Iterable[Sequence[Any]]
+                extra_params_left: Sequence[Any]
+                extra_params_right: Sequence[Any]
+
+                if num_ins_params == len(batch[0]):
+                    extra_params_left = extra_params_right = ()
+                    batch_iterator = batch
+                else:
+                    extra_params_left = batch[0][:expand_pos_lower_index]
+                    extra_params_right = batch[0][expand_pos_upper_index:]
+                    batch_iterator = (
+                        b[expand_pos_lower_index:expand_pos_upper_index]
+                        for b in batch
+                    )
+
+                if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                    expanded_values_string = (
+                        "".join(
+                            executemany_values_w_comma.replace(
+                                "_IMV_VALUES_COUNTER", str(i)
+                            )
+                            for i, _ in enumerate(batch)
+                        )
+                    )[:-2]
+                else:
+                    expanded_values_string = (
+                        (executemany_values_w_comma * current_batch_size)
+                    )[:-2]
+
+                if self._numeric_binds and num_ins_params > 0:
+                    # numeric will always number the parameters inside of
+                    # VALUES (and thus order self.positiontup) to be higher
+                    # than non-VALUES parameters, no matter where in the
+                    # statement those non-VALUES parameters appear (this is
+                    # ensured in _process_numeric by numbering first all
+                    # params that are not in _values_bindparam)
+                    # therefore all extra params are always
+                    # on the left side and numbered lower than the VALUES
+                    # parameters
+                    assert not extra_params_right
+
+                    start = expand_pos_lower_index + 1
+                    end = num_ins_params * (current_batch_size) + start
+
+                    # need to format here, since statement may contain
+                    # unescaped %, while values_string contains just (%s, %s)
+                    positions = tuple(
+                        f"{self._numeric_binds_identifier_char}{i}"
+                        for i in range(start, end)
+                    )
+                    expanded_values_string = expanded_values_string % positions
+
+                replaced_statement = statement.replace(
+                    "__EXECMANY_TOKEN__", expanded_values_string
+                )
+
+                replaced_parameters = tuple(
+                    itertools.chain.from_iterable(batch_iterator)
+                )
+
+                replaced_parameters = (
+                    extra_params_left
+                    + replaced_parameters
+                    + extra_params_right
+                )
+
+            else:
+                replaced_values_clauses = []
+                replaced_parameters = base_parameters.copy()
+
+                for i, param in enumerate(batch):
+                    fmv = formatted_values_clause.replace(
+                        "EXECMANY_INDEX__", str(i)
+                    )
+                    if imv.embed_values_counter:
+                        fmv = fmv.replace("_IMV_VALUES_COUNTER", str(i))
+
+                    replaced_values_clauses.append(fmv)
+                    replaced_parameters.update(
+                        {f"{key}__{i}": param[key] for key in keys_to_replace}
+                    )
+
+                replaced_statement = statement.replace(
+                    "__EXECMANY_TOKEN__",
+                    ", ".join(replaced_values_clauses),
+                )
+
+            yield _InsertManyValuesBatch(
+                replaced_statement,
+                replaced_parameters,
+                processed_setinputsizes,
+                batch,
+                (
+                    [_sentinel_from_params(cb) for cb in compiled_batch]
+                    if _sentinel_from_params
+                    else []
+                ),
+                current_batch_size,
+                batchnum,
+                total_batches,
+                sort_by_parameter_order,
+                False,
+            )
+            batchnum += 1
+
+    def visit_insert(
+        self, insert_stmt, visited_bindparam=None, visiting_cte=None, **kw
+    ):
+        compile_state = insert_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+            insert_stmt, self, **kw
+        )
+        insert_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        if visiting_cte is not None:
+            kw["visiting_cte"] = visiting_cte
+            toplevel = False
+        else:
+            toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            self.isinsert = True
+            if not self.dml_compile_state:
+                self.dml_compile_state = compile_state
+            if not self.compile_state:
+                self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": set(),
+                "asfrom_froms": set(),
+                "selectable": insert_stmt,
+            }
+        )
+
+        counted_bindparam = 0
+
+        # reset any incoming "visited_bindparam" collection
+        visited_bindparam = None
+
+        # for positional, insertmanyvalues needs to know how many
+        # bound parameters are in the VALUES sequence; there's no simple
+        # rule because default expressions etc. can have zero or more
+        # params inside them.   After multiple attempts to figure this out,
+        # this very simplistic "count after" works and is
+        # likely the least amount of callcounts, though looks clumsy
+        if self.positional and visiting_cte is None:
+            # if we are inside a CTE, don't count parameters
+            # here since they wont be for insertmanyvalues. keep
+            # visited_bindparam at None so no counting happens.
+            # see #9173
+            visited_bindparam = []
+
+        crud_params_struct = crud._get_crud_params(
+            self,
+            insert_stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            toplevel,
+            visited_bindparam=visited_bindparam,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+        if self.positional and visited_bindparam is not None:
+            counted_bindparam = len(visited_bindparam)
+            if self._numeric_binds:
+                if self._values_bindparam is not None:
+                    self._values_bindparam += visited_bindparam
+                else:
+                    self._values_bindparam = visited_bindparam
+
+        crud_params_single = crud_params_struct.single_params
+
+        if (
+            not crud_params_single
+            and not self.dialect.supports_default_values
+            and not self.dialect.supports_default_metavalue
+            and not self.dialect.supports_empty_insert
+        ):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                "version settings does not support empty "
+                "inserts." % self.dialect.name
+            )
+
+        if compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "The '%s' dialect with current database "
+                    "version settings does not support "
+                    "in-place multirow inserts." % self.dialect.name
+                )
+            elif (
+                self.implicit_returning or insert_stmt._returning
+            ) and insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "RETURNING cannot be determinstically sorted when "
+                    "using an INSERT which includes multi-row values()."
+                )
+            crud_params_single = crud_params_struct.single_params
+        else:
+            crud_params_single = crud_params_struct.single_params
+
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        supports_default_values = self.dialect.supports_default_values
+
+        text = "INSERT "
+
+        if insert_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                insert_stmt, insert_stmt._prefixes, **kw
+            )
+
+        text += "INTO "
+        table_text = preparer.format_table(insert_stmt.table)
+
+        if insert_stmt._hints:
+            _, table_text = self._setup_crud_hints(insert_stmt, table_text)
+
+        if insert_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(insert_stmt, kw)
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if crud_params_single or not supports_default_values:
+            text += " (%s)" % ", ".join(
+                [expr for _, expr, _, _ in crud_params_single]
+            )
+
+        # look for insertmanyvalues attributes that would have been configured
+        # by crud.py as it scanned through the columns to be part of the
+        # INSERT
+        use_insertmanyvalues = crud_params_struct.use_insertmanyvalues
+        named_sentinel_params: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None
+        add_sentinel_cols = None
+        implicit_sentinel = False
+
+        returning_cols = self.implicit_returning or insert_stmt._returning
+        if returning_cols:
+            add_sentinel_cols = crud_params_struct.use_sentinel_columns
+            if add_sentinel_cols is not None:
+                assert use_insertmanyvalues
+
+                # search for the sentinel column explicitly present
+                # in the INSERT columns list, and additionally check that
+                # this column has a bound parameter name set up that's in the
+                # parameter list.  If both of these cases are present, it means
+                # we will have a client side value for the sentinel in each
+                # parameter set.
+
+                _params_by_col = {
+                    col: param_names
+                    for col, _, _, param_names in crud_params_single
+                }
+                named_sentinel_params = []
+                for _add_sentinel_col in add_sentinel_cols:
+                    if _add_sentinel_col not in _params_by_col:
+                        named_sentinel_params = None
+                        break
+                    param_name = self._within_exec_param_key_getter(
+                        _add_sentinel_col
+                    )
+                    if param_name not in _params_by_col[_add_sentinel_col]:
+                        named_sentinel_params = None
+                        break
+                    named_sentinel_params.append(param_name)
+
+                if named_sentinel_params is None:
+                    # if we are not going to have a client side value for
+                    # the sentinel in the parameter set, that means it's
+                    # an autoincrement, an IDENTITY, or a server-side SQL
+                    # expression like nextval('seqname').  So this is
+                    # an "implicit" sentinel; we will look for it in
+                    # RETURNING
+                    # only, and then sort on it.  For this case on PG,
+                    # SQL Server we have to use a special INSERT form
+                    # that guarantees the server side function lines up with
+                    # the entries in the VALUES.
+                    if (
+                        self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+                        & InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.ANY_AUTOINCREMENT
+                    ):
+                        implicit_sentinel = True
+                    else:
+                        # here, we are not using a sentinel at all
+                        # and we are likely the SQLite dialect.
+                        # The first add_sentinel_col that we have should not
+                        # be marked as "insert_sentinel=True".  if it was,
+                        # an error should have been raised in
+                        # _get_sentinel_column_for_table.
+                        assert not add_sentinel_cols[0]._insert_sentinel, (
+                            "sentinel selection rules should have prevented "
+                            "us from getting here for this dialect"
+                        )
+
+                # always put the sentinel columns last.  even if they are
+                # in the returning list already, they will be there twice
+                # then.
+                returning_cols = list(returning_cols) + list(add_sentinel_cols)
+
+            returning_clause = self.returning_clause(
+                insert_stmt,
+                returning_cols,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        else:
+            returning_clause = None
+
+        if insert_stmt.select is not None:
+            # placed here by crud.py
+            select_text = self.process(
+                self.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"], insert_into=True, **kw
+            )
+
+            if self.ctes and self.dialect.cte_follows_insert:
+                nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+                text += " %s%s" % (
+                    self._render_cte_clause(
+                        nesting_level=nesting_level,
+                        include_following_stack=True,
+                    ),
+                    select_text,
+                )
+            else:
+                text += " %s" % select_text
+        elif not crud_params_single and supports_default_values:
+            text += " DEFAULT VALUES"
+            if use_insertmanyvalues:
+                self._insertmanyvalues = _InsertManyValues(
+                    True,
+                    self.dialect.default_metavalue_token,
+                    cast(
+                        "List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]", crud_params_single
+                    ),
+                    counted_bindparam,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=(
+                        insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+                    ),
+                    includes_upsert_behaviors=(
+                        insert_stmt._post_values_clause is not None
+                    ),
+                    sentinel_columns=add_sentinel_cols,
+                    num_sentinel_columns=(
+                        len(add_sentinel_cols) if add_sentinel_cols else 0
+                    ),
+                    implicit_sentinel=implicit_sentinel,
+                )
+        elif compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+            text += " VALUES %s" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    "(%s)"
+                    % (", ".join(value for _, _, value, _ in crud_param_set))
+                    for crud_param_set in crud_params_struct.all_multi_params
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            insert_single_values_expr = ", ".join(
+                [
+                    value
+                    for _, _, value, _ in cast(
+                        "List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]",
+                        crud_params_single,
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+
+            if use_insertmanyvalues:
+                if (
+                    implicit_sentinel
+                    and (
+                        self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+                        & InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.USE_INSERT_FROM_SELECT
+                    )
+                    # this is checking if we have
+                    # INSERT INTO table (id) VALUES (DEFAULT).
+                    and not (crud_params_struct.is_default_metavalue_only)
+                ):
+                    # if we have a sentinel column that is server generated,
+                    # then for selected backends render the VALUES list as a
+                    # subquery.  This is the orderable form supported by
+                    # PostgreSQL and SQL Server.
+                    embed_sentinel_value = True
+
+                    render_bind_casts = (
+                        self.dialect.insertmanyvalues_implicit_sentinel
+                        & InsertmanyvaluesSentinelOpts.RENDER_SELECT_COL_CASTS
+                    )
+
+                    colnames = ", ".join(
+                        f"p{i}" for i, _ in enumerate(crud_params_single)
+                    )
+
+                    if render_bind_casts:
+                        # render casts for the SELECT list.  For PG, we are
+                        # already rendering bind casts in the parameter list,
+                        # selectively for the more "tricky" types like ARRAY.
+                        # however, even for the "easy" types, if the parameter
+                        # is NULL for every entry, PG gives up and says
+                        # "it must be TEXT", which fails for other easy types
+                        # like ints.  So we cast on this side too.
+                        colnames_w_cast = ", ".join(
+                            self.render_bind_cast(
+                                col.type,
+                                col.type._unwrapped_dialect_impl(self.dialect),
+                                f"p{i}",
+                            )
+                            for i, (col, *_) in enumerate(crud_params_single)
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        colnames_w_cast = colnames
+
+                    text += (
+                        f" SELECT {colnames_w_cast} FROM "
+                        f"(VALUES ({insert_single_values_expr})) "
+                        f"AS imp_sen({colnames}, sen_counter) "
+                        "ORDER BY sen_counter"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # otherwise, if no sentinel or backend doesn't support
+                    # orderable subquery form, use a plain VALUES list
+                    embed_sentinel_value = False
+                    text += f" VALUES ({insert_single_values_expr})"
+
+                self._insertmanyvalues = _InsertManyValues(
+                    is_default_expr=False,
+                    single_values_expr=insert_single_values_expr,
+                    insert_crud_params=cast(
+                        "List[crud._CrudParamElementStr]",
+                        crud_params_single,
+                    ),
+                    num_positional_params_counted=counted_bindparam,
+                    sort_by_parameter_order=(
+                        insert_stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+                    ),
+                    includes_upsert_behaviors=(
+                        insert_stmt._post_values_clause is not None
+                    ),
+                    sentinel_columns=add_sentinel_cols,
+                    num_sentinel_columns=(
+                        len(add_sentinel_cols) if add_sentinel_cols else 0
+                    ),
+                    sentinel_param_keys=named_sentinel_params,
+                    implicit_sentinel=implicit_sentinel,
+                    embed_values_counter=embed_sentinel_value,
+                )
+
+            else:
+                text += f" VALUES ({insert_single_values_expr})"
+
+        if insert_stmt._post_values_clause is not None:
+            post_values_clause = self.process(
+                insert_stmt._post_values_clause, **kw
+            )
+            if post_values_clause:
+                text += " " + post_values_clause
+
+        if returning_clause and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + returning_clause
+
+        if self.ctes and not self.dialect.cte_follows_insert:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = (
+                self._render_cte_clause(
+                    nesting_level=nesting_level,
+                    include_following_stack=True,
+                )
+                + text
+            )
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def update_limit_clause(self, update_stmt):
+        """Provide a hook for MySQL to add LIMIT to the UPDATE"""
+        return None
+
+    def delete_limit_clause(self, delete_stmt):
+        """Provide a hook for MySQL to add LIMIT to the DELETE"""
+        return None
+
+    def update_tables_clause(self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        """Provide a hook to override the initial table clause
+        in an UPDATE statement.
+
+        MySQL overrides this.
+
+        """
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(self, iscrud=True, **kw)
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Provide a hook to override the generation of an
+        UPDATE..FROM clause.
+
+        MySQL and MSSQL override this.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This backend does not support multiple-table "
+            "criteria within UPDATE"
+        )
+
+    def visit_update(
+        self,
+        update_stmt: Update,
+        visiting_cte: Optional[CTE] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        compile_state = update_stmt._compile_state_factory(  # type: ignore[call-arg] # noqa: E501
+            update_stmt, self, **kw  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        )
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(compile_state, UpdateDMLState)
+        update_stmt = compile_state.statement  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        if visiting_cte is not None:
+            kw["visiting_cte"] = visiting_cte
+            toplevel = False
+        else:
+            toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            self.isupdate = True
+            if not self.dml_compile_state:
+                self.dml_compile_state = compile_state
+            if not self.compile_state:
+                self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        if self.linting & COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS:
+            from_linter = FromLinter({}, set())
+            warn_linting = self.linting & WARN_LINTING
+            if toplevel:
+                self.from_linter = from_linter
+        else:
+            from_linter = None
+            warn_linting = False
+
+        extra_froms = compile_state._extra_froms
+        is_multitable = bool(extra_froms)
+
+        if is_multitable:
+            # main table might be a JOIN
+            main_froms = set(_from_objects(update_stmt.table))
+            render_extra_froms = [
+                f for f in extra_froms if f not in main_froms
+            ]
+            correlate_froms = main_froms.union(extra_froms)
+        else:
+            render_extra_froms = []
+            correlate_froms = {update_stmt.table}
+
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "asfrom_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "selectable": update_stmt,
+            }
+        )
+
+        text = "UPDATE "
+
+        if update_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                update_stmt, update_stmt._prefixes, **kw
+            )
+
+        table_text = self.update_tables_clause(
+            update_stmt,
+            update_stmt.table,
+            render_extra_froms,
+            from_linter=from_linter,
+            **kw,
+        )
+        crud_params_struct = crud._get_crud_params(
+            self, update_stmt, compile_state, toplevel, **kw
+        )
+        crud_params = crud_params_struct.single_params
+
+        if update_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints, table_text = self._setup_crud_hints(
+                update_stmt, table_text
+            )
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        if update_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(update_stmt, kw)
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        text += " SET "
+        text += ", ".join(
+            expr + "=" + value
+            for _, expr, value, _ in cast(
+                "List[Tuple[Any, str, str, Any]]", crud_params
+            )
+        )
+
+        if self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning:
+            if self.returning_precedes_values:
+                text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                    update_stmt,
+                    self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning,
+                    populate_result_map=toplevel,
+                )
+
+        if extra_froms:
+            extra_from_text = self.update_from_clause(
+                update_stmt,
+                update_stmt.table,
+                render_extra_froms,
+                dialect_hints,
+                from_linter=from_linter,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            if extra_from_text:
+                text += " " + extra_from_text
+
+        if update_stmt._where_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                update_stmt._where_criteria, from_linter=from_linter, **kw
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        limit_clause = self.update_limit_clause(update_stmt)
+        if limit_clause:
+            text += " " + limit_clause
+
+        if (
+            self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning
+        ) and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                update_stmt,
+                self.implicit_returning or update_stmt._returning,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        if warn_linting:
+            assert from_linter is not None
+            from_linter.warn(stmt_type="UPDATE")
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        """Provide a hook to override the generation of an
+        DELETE..FROM clause.
+
+        This can be used to implement DELETE..USING for example.
+
+        MySQL and MSSQL override this.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "This backend does not support multiple-table "
+            "criteria within DELETE"
+        )
+
+    def delete_table_clause(self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, **kw):
+        return from_table._compiler_dispatch(
+            self, asfrom=True, iscrud=True, **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_delete(self, delete_stmt, visiting_cte=None, **kw):
+        compile_state = delete_stmt._compile_state_factory(
+            delete_stmt, self, **kw
+        )
+        delete_stmt = compile_state.statement
+
+        if visiting_cte is not None:
+            kw["visiting_cte"] = visiting_cte
+            toplevel = False
+        else:
+            toplevel = not self.stack
+
+        if toplevel:
+            self.isdelete = True
+            if not self.dml_compile_state:
+                self.dml_compile_state = compile_state
+            if not self.compile_state:
+                self.compile_state = compile_state
+
+        if self.linting & COLLECT_CARTESIAN_PRODUCTS:
+            from_linter = FromLinter({}, set())
+            warn_linting = self.linting & WARN_LINTING
+            if toplevel:
+                self.from_linter = from_linter
+        else:
+            from_linter = None
+            warn_linting = False
+
+        extra_froms = compile_state._extra_froms
+
+        correlate_froms = {delete_stmt.table}.union(extra_froms)
+        self.stack.append(
+            {
+                "correlate_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "asfrom_froms": correlate_froms,
+                "selectable": delete_stmt,
+            }
+        )
+
+        text = "DELETE "
+
+        if delete_stmt._prefixes:
+            text += self._generate_prefixes(
+                delete_stmt, delete_stmt._prefixes, **kw
+            )
+
+        text += "FROM "
+
+        try:
+            table_text = self.delete_table_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                delete_stmt.table,
+                extra_froms,
+                from_linter=from_linter,
+            )
+        except TypeError:
+            # anticipate 3rd party dialects that don't include **kw
+            # TODO: remove in 2.1
+            table_text = self.delete_table_clause(
+                delete_stmt, delete_stmt.table, extra_froms
+            )
+            if from_linter:
+                _ = self.process(delete_stmt.table, from_linter=from_linter)
+
+        crud._get_crud_params(self, delete_stmt, compile_state, toplevel, **kw)
+
+        if delete_stmt._hints:
+            dialect_hints, table_text = self._setup_crud_hints(
+                delete_stmt, table_text
+            )
+        else:
+            dialect_hints = None
+
+        if delete_stmt._independent_ctes:
+            self._dispatch_independent_ctes(delete_stmt, kw)
+
+        text += table_text
+
+        if (
+            self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning
+        ) and self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+        if extra_froms:
+            extra_from_text = self.delete_extra_from_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                delete_stmt.table,
+                extra_froms,
+                dialect_hints,
+                from_linter=from_linter,
+                **kw,
+            )
+            if extra_from_text:
+                text += " " + extra_from_text
+
+        if delete_stmt._where_criteria:
+            t = self._generate_delimited_and_list(
+                delete_stmt._where_criteria, from_linter=from_linter, **kw
+            )
+            if t:
+                text += " WHERE " + t
+
+        limit_clause = self.delete_limit_clause(delete_stmt)
+        if limit_clause:
+            text += " " + limit_clause
+
+        if (
+            self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning
+        ) and not self.returning_precedes_values:
+            text += " " + self.returning_clause(
+                delete_stmt,
+                self.implicit_returning or delete_stmt._returning,
+                populate_result_map=toplevel,
+            )
+
+        if self.ctes:
+            nesting_level = len(self.stack) if not toplevel else None
+            text = self._render_cte_clause(nesting_level=nesting_level) + text
+
+        if warn_linting:
+            assert from_linter is not None
+            from_linter.warn(stmt_type="DELETE")
+
+        self.stack.pop(-1)
+
+        return text
+
+    def visit_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(savepoint_stmt)
+
+    def visit_rollback_to_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+    def visit_release_savepoint(self, savepoint_stmt, **kw):
+        return "RELEASE SAVEPOINT %s" % self.preparer.format_savepoint(
+            savepoint_stmt
+        )
+
+
+class StrSQLCompiler(SQLCompiler):
+    """A :class:`.SQLCompiler` subclass which allows a small selection
+    of non-standard SQL features to render into a string value.
+
+    The :class:`.StrSQLCompiler` is invoked whenever a Core expression
+    element is directly stringified without calling upon the
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.compile` method.
+    It can render a limited set
+    of non-standard SQL constructs to assist in basic stringification,
+    however for more substantial custom or dialect-specific SQL constructs,
+    it will be necessary to make use of
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.compile`
+    directly.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+    """
+
+    def _fallback_column_name(self, column):
+        return "<name unknown>"
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def visit_unsupported_compilation(self, element, err, **kw):
+        if element.stringify_dialect != "default":
+            url = util.preloaded.engine_url
+            dialect = url.URL.create(element.stringify_dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+            compiler = dialect.statement_compiler(
+                dialect, None, _supporting_against=self
+            )
+            if not isinstance(compiler, StrSQLCompiler):
+                return compiler.process(element, **kw)
+
+        return super().visit_unsupported_compilation(element, err)
+
+    def visit_getitem_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "%s[%s]" % (
+            self.process(binary.left, **kw),
+            self.process(binary.right, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_json_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.visit_getitem_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_json_path_getitem_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self.visit_getitem_binary(binary, operator, **kw)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, **kw):
+        return (
+            f"<next sequence value: {self.preparer.format_sequence(sequence)}>"
+        )
+
+    def returning_clause(
+        self,
+        stmt: UpdateBase,
+        returning_cols: Sequence[_ColumnsClauseElement],
+        *,
+        populate_result_map: bool,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> str:
+        columns = [
+            self._label_select_column(None, c, True, False, {})
+            for c in base._select_iterables(returning_cols)
+        ]
+        return "RETURNING " + ", ".join(columns)
+
+    def update_from_clause(
+        self, update_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return "FROM " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def delete_extra_from_clause(
+        self, delete_stmt, from_table, extra_froms, from_hints, **kw
+    ):
+        kw["asfrom"] = True
+        return ", " + ", ".join(
+            t._compiler_dispatch(self, fromhints=from_hints, **kw)
+            for t in extra_froms
+        )
+
+    def visit_empty_set_expr(self, element_types, **kw):
+        return "SELECT 1 WHERE 1!=1"
+
+    def get_from_hint_text(self, table, text):
+        return "[%s]" % text
+
+    def visit_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " <regexp> ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_not_regexp_match_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return self._generate_generic_binary(binary, " <not regexp> ", **kw)
+
+    def visit_regexp_replace_op_binary(self, binary, operator, **kw):
+        return "<regexp replace>(%s, %s)" % (
+            binary.left._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+            binary.right._compiler_dispatch(self, **kw),
+        )
+
+    def visit_try_cast(self, cast, **kwargs):
+        return "TRY_CAST(%s AS %s)" % (
+            cast.clause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+            cast.typeclause._compiler_dispatch(self, **kwargs),
+        )
+
+
+class DDLCompiler(Compiled):
+    is_ddl = True
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            dialect: Dialect,
+            statement: ExecutableDDLElement,
+            schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = ...,
+            render_schema_translate: bool = ...,
+            compile_kwargs: Mapping[str, Any] = ...,
+        ): ...
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def sql_compiler(self) -> SQLCompiler:
+        return self.dialect.statement_compiler(
+            self.dialect, None, schema_translate_map=self.schema_translate_map
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def type_compiler(self):
+        return self.dialect.type_compiler_instance
+
+    def construct_params(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_CoreSingleExecuteParams] = None,
+        extracted_parameters: Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]] = None,
+        escape_names: bool = True,
+    ) -> Optional[_MutableCoreSingleExecuteParams]:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_ddl(self, ddl, **kwargs):
+        # table events can substitute table and schema name
+        context = ddl.context
+        if isinstance(ddl.target, schema.Table):
+            context = context.copy()
+
+            preparer = self.preparer
+            path = preparer.format_table_seq(ddl.target)
+            if len(path) == 1:
+                table, sch = path[0], ""
+            else:
+                table, sch = path[-1], path[0]
+
+            context.setdefault("table", table)
+            context.setdefault("schema", sch)
+            context.setdefault("fullname", preparer.format_table(ddl.target))
+
+        return self.sql_compiler.post_process_text(ddl.statement % context)
+
+    def visit_create_schema(self, create, **kw):
+        text = "CREATE SCHEMA "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+        return text + self.preparer.format_schema(create.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_schema(self, drop, **kw):
+        text = "DROP SCHEMA "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+        text += self.preparer.format_schema(drop.element)
+        if drop.cascade:
+            text += " CASCADE"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_table(self, create, **kw):
+        table = create.element
+        preparer = self.preparer
+
+        text = "\nCREATE "
+        if table._prefixes:
+            text += " ".join(table._prefixes) + " "
+
+        text += "TABLE "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += preparer.format_table(table) + " "
+
+        create_table_suffix = self.create_table_suffix(table)
+        if create_table_suffix:
+            text += create_table_suffix + " "
+
+        text += "("
+
+        separator = "\n"
+
+        # if only one primary key, specify it along with the column
+        first_pk = False
+        for create_column in create.columns:
+            column = create_column.element
+            try:
+                processed = self.process(
+                    create_column, first_pk=column.primary_key and not first_pk
+                )
+                if processed is not None:
+                    text += separator
+                    separator = ", \n"
+                    text += "\t" + processed
+                if column.primary_key:
+                    first_pk = True
+            except exc.CompileError as ce:
+                raise exc.CompileError(
+                    "(in table '%s', column '%s'): %s"
+                    % (table.description, column.name, ce.args[0])
+                ) from ce
+
+        const = self.create_table_constraints(
+            table,
+            _include_foreign_key_constraints=create.include_foreign_key_constraints,  # noqa
+        )
+        if const:
+            text += separator + "\t" + const
+
+        text += "\n)%s\n\n" % self.post_create_table(table)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_create_column(self, create, first_pk=False, **kw):
+        column = create.element
+
+        if column.system:
+            return None
+
+        text = self.get_column_specification(column, first_pk=first_pk)
+        const = " ".join(
+            self.process(constraint) for constraint in column.constraints
+        )
+        if const:
+            text += " " + const
+
+        return text
+
+    def create_table_constraints(
+        self, table, _include_foreign_key_constraints=None, **kw
+    ):
+        # On some DB order is significant: visit PK first, then the
+        # other constraints (engine.ReflectionTest.testbasic failed on FB2)
+        constraints = []
+        if table.primary_key:
+            constraints.append(table.primary_key)
+
+        all_fkcs = table.foreign_key_constraints
+        if _include_foreign_key_constraints is not None:
+            omit_fkcs = all_fkcs.difference(_include_foreign_key_constraints)
+        else:
+            omit_fkcs = set()
+
+        constraints.extend(
+            [
+                c
+                for c in table._sorted_constraints
+                if c is not table.primary_key and c not in omit_fkcs
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return ", \n\t".join(
+            p
+            for p in (
+                self.process(constraint)
+                for constraint in constraints
+                if (constraint._should_create_for_compiler(self))
+                and (
+                    not self.dialect.supports_alter
+                    or not getattr(constraint, "use_alter", False)
+                )
+            )
+            if p is not None
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table(self, drop, **kw):
+        text = "\nDROP TABLE "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+        return text + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_view(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "\nDROP VIEW " + self.preparer.format_table(drop.element)
+
+    def _verify_index_table(self, index: Index) -> None:
+        if index.table is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Index '%s' is not associated with any table." % index.name
+            )
+
+    def visit_create_index(
+        self, create, include_schema=False, include_table_schema=True, **kw
+    ):
+        index = create.element
+        self._verify_index_table(index)
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = "CREATE "
+        if index.unique:
+            text += "UNIQUE "
+        if index.name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "CREATE INDEX requires that the index have a name"
+            )
+
+        text += "INDEX "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+
+        text += "%s ON %s (%s)" % (
+            self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=include_schema),
+            preparer.format_table(
+                index.table, use_schema=include_table_schema
+            ),
+            ", ".join(
+                self.sql_compiler.process(
+                    expr, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+                )
+                for expr in index.expressions
+            ),
+        )
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_index(self, drop, **kw):
+        index = drop.element
+
+        if index.name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "DROP INDEX requires that the index have a name"
+            )
+        text = "\nDROP INDEX "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+
+        return text + self._prepared_index_name(index, include_schema=True)
+
+    def _prepared_index_name(
+        self, index: Index, include_schema: bool = False
+    ) -> str:
+        if index.table is not None:
+            effective_schema = self.preparer.schema_for_object(index.table)
+        else:
+            effective_schema = None
+        if include_schema and effective_schema:
+            schema_name = self.preparer.quote_schema(effective_schema)
+        else:
+            schema_name = None
+
+        index_name = self.preparer.format_index(index)
+
+        if schema_name:
+            index_name = schema_name + "." + index_name
+        return index_name
+
+    def visit_add_constraint(self, create, **kw):
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s ADD %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element.table),
+            self.process(create.element),
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_table_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON TABLE %s IS %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(create.element),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_table_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON TABLE %s IS NULL" % self.preparer.format_table(
+            drop.element
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_column_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON COLUMN %s IS %s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_column(
+                create.element, use_table=True, use_schema=True
+            ),
+            self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                create.element.comment, sqltypes.String()
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def visit_drop_column_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        return "COMMENT ON COLUMN %s IS NULL" % self.preparer.format_column(
+            drop.element, use_table=True
+        )
+
+    def visit_set_constraint_comment(self, create, **kw):
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, type(create))
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint_comment(self, drop, **kw):
+        raise exc.UnsupportedCompilationError(self, type(drop))
+
+    def get_identity_options(self, identity_options):
+        text = []
+        if identity_options.increment is not None:
+            text.append("INCREMENT BY %d" % identity_options.increment)
+        if identity_options.start is not None:
+            text.append("START WITH %d" % identity_options.start)
+        if identity_options.minvalue is not None:
+            text.append("MINVALUE %d" % identity_options.minvalue)
+        if identity_options.maxvalue is not None:
+            text.append("MAXVALUE %d" % identity_options.maxvalue)
+        if identity_options.nominvalue is not None:
+            text.append("NO MINVALUE")
+        if identity_options.nomaxvalue is not None:
+            text.append("NO MAXVALUE")
+        if identity_options.cache is not None:
+            text.append("CACHE %d" % identity_options.cache)
+        if identity_options.cycle is not None:
+            text.append("CYCLE" if identity_options.cycle else "NO CYCLE")
+        return " ".join(text)
+
+    def visit_create_sequence(self, create, prefix=None, **kw):
+        text = "CREATE SEQUENCE "
+        if create.if_not_exists:
+            text += "IF NOT EXISTS "
+        text += self.preparer.format_sequence(create.element)
+
+        if prefix:
+            text += prefix
+        options = self.get_identity_options(create.element)
+        if options:
+            text += " " + options
+        return text
+
+    def visit_drop_sequence(self, drop, **kw):
+        text = "DROP SEQUENCE "
+        if drop.if_exists:
+            text += "IF EXISTS "
+        return text + self.preparer.format_sequence(drop.element)
+
+    def visit_drop_constraint(self, drop, **kw):
+        constraint = drop.element
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            formatted_name = None
+
+        if formatted_name is None:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Can't emit DROP CONSTRAINT for constraint %r; "
+                "it has no name" % drop.element
+            )
+        return "ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s%s%s" % (
+            self.preparer.format_table(drop.element.table),
+            "IF EXISTS " if drop.if_exists else "",
+            formatted_name,
+            " CASCADE" if drop.cascade else "",
+        )
+
+    def get_column_specification(self, column, **kwargs):
+        colspec = (
+            self.preparer.format_column(column)
+            + " "
+            + self.dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(
+                column.type, type_expression=column
+            )
+        )
+        default = self.get_column_default_string(column)
+        if default is not None:
+            colspec += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+        if column.computed is not None:
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.computed)
+
+        if (
+            column.identity is not None
+            and self.dialect.supports_identity_columns
+        ):
+            colspec += " " + self.process(column.identity)
+
+        if not column.nullable and (
+            not column.identity or not self.dialect.supports_identity_columns
+        ):
+            colspec += " NOT NULL"
+        return colspec
+
+    def create_table_suffix(self, table):
+        return ""
+
+    def post_create_table(self, table):
+        return ""
+
+    def get_column_default_string(self, column: Column[Any]) -> Optional[str]:
+        if isinstance(column.server_default, schema.DefaultClause):
+            return self.render_default_string(column.server_default.arg)
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def render_default_string(self, default: Union[Visitable, str]) -> str:
+        if isinstance(default, str):
+            return self.sql_compiler.render_literal_value(
+                default, sqltypes.STRINGTYPE
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.sql_compiler.process(default, literal_binds=True)
+
+    def visit_table_or_column_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        if constraint.is_column_level:
+            return self.visit_column_check_constraint(constraint)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_check_constraint(constraint)
+
+    def visit_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            constraint.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_column_check_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "CHECK (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            constraint.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_primary_key_constraint(
+        self, constraint: PrimaryKeyConstraint, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "PRIMARY KEY "
+        text += "(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            self.preparer.quote(c.name)
+            for c in (
+                constraint.columns_autoinc_first
+                if constraint._implicit_generated
+                else constraint.columns
+            )
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint, **kw):
+        preparer = self.preparer
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        remote_table = list(constraint.elements)[0].column.table
+        text += "FOREIGN KEY(%s) REFERENCES %s (%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                preparer.quote(f.parent.name) for f in constraint.elements
+            ),
+            self.define_constraint_remote_table(
+                constraint, remote_table, preparer
+            ),
+            ", ".join(
+                preparer.quote(f.column.name) for f in constraint.elements
+            ),
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_match(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_cascades(constraint)
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_remote_table(self, constraint, table, preparer):
+        """Format the remote table clause of a CREATE CONSTRAINT clause."""
+
+        return preparer.format_table(table)
+
+    def visit_unique_constraint(
+        self, constraint: UniqueConstraint, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        if len(constraint) == 0:
+            return ""
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.name is not None:
+            formatted_name = self.preparer.format_constraint(constraint)
+            if formatted_name is not None:
+                text += "CONSTRAINT %s " % formatted_name
+        text += "UNIQUE %s(%s)" % (
+            self.define_unique_constraint_distinct(constraint, **kw),
+            ", ".join(self.preparer.quote(c.name) for c in constraint),
+        )
+        text += self.define_constraint_deferrability(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_unique_constraint_distinct(
+        self, constraint: UniqueConstraint, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        return ""
+
+    def define_constraint_cascades(
+        self, constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint
+    ) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.ondelete is not None:
+            text += self.define_constraint_ondelete_cascade(constraint)
+
+        if constraint.onupdate is not None:
+            text += self.define_constraint_onupdate_cascade(constraint)
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_ondelete_cascade(
+        self, constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint
+    ) -> str:
+        return " ON DELETE %s" % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+            constraint.ondelete, FK_ON_DELETE
+        )
+
+    def define_constraint_onupdate_cascade(
+        self, constraint: ForeignKeyConstraint
+    ) -> str:
+        return " ON UPDATE %s" % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+            constraint.onupdate, FK_ON_UPDATE
+        )
+
+    def define_constraint_deferrability(self, constraint: Constraint) -> str:
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.deferrable is not None:
+            if constraint.deferrable:
+                text += " DEFERRABLE"
+            else:
+                text += " NOT DEFERRABLE"
+        if constraint.initially is not None:
+            text += " INITIALLY %s" % self.preparer.validate_sql_phrase(
+                constraint.initially, FK_INITIALLY
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def define_constraint_match(self, constraint):
+        text = ""
+        if constraint.match is not None:
+            text += " MATCH %s" % constraint.match
+        return text
+
+    def visit_computed_column(self, generated, **kw):
+        text = "GENERATED ALWAYS AS (%s)" % self.sql_compiler.process(
+            generated.sqltext, include_table=False, literal_binds=True
+        )
+        if generated.persisted is True:
+            text += " STORED"
+        elif generated.persisted is False:
+            text += " VIRTUAL"
+        return text
+
+    def visit_identity_column(self, identity, **kw):
+        text = "GENERATED %s AS IDENTITY" % (
+            "ALWAYS" if identity.always else "BY DEFAULT",
+        )
+        options = self.get_identity_options(identity)
+        if options:
+            text += " (%s)" % options
+        return text
+
+
+class GenericTypeCompiler(TypeCompiler):
+    def visit_FLOAT(self, type_: sqltypes.Float[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "FLOAT"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE(self, type_: sqltypes.Double[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "DOUBLE"
+
+    def visit_DOUBLE_PRECISION(
+        self, type_: sqltypes.DOUBLE_PRECISION[Any], **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        return "DOUBLE PRECISION"
+
+    def visit_REAL(self, type_: sqltypes.REAL[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "REAL"
+
+    def visit_NUMERIC(self, type_: sqltypes.Numeric[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "NUMERIC"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "NUMERIC(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % {
+                "precision": type_.precision,
+                "scale": type_.scale,
+            }
+
+    def visit_DECIMAL(self, type_: sqltypes.DECIMAL[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        if type_.precision is None:
+            return "DECIMAL"
+        elif type_.scale is None:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s)" % {"precision": type_.precision}
+        else:
+            return "DECIMAL(%(precision)s, %(scale)s)" % {
+                "precision": type_.precision,
+                "scale": type_.scale,
+            }
+
+    def visit_INTEGER(self, type_: sqltypes.Integer, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "INTEGER"
+
+    def visit_SMALLINT(self, type_: sqltypes.SmallInteger, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "SMALLINT"
+
+    def visit_BIGINT(self, type_: sqltypes.BigInteger, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "BIGINT"
+
+    def visit_TIMESTAMP(self, type_: sqltypes.TIMESTAMP, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def visit_DATETIME(self, type_: sqltypes.DateTime, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "DATETIME"
+
+    def visit_DATE(self, type_: sqltypes.Date, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "DATE"
+
+    def visit_TIME(self, type_: sqltypes.Time, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "TIME"
+
+    def visit_CLOB(self, type_: sqltypes.CLOB, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "CLOB"
+
+    def visit_NCLOB(self, type_: sqltypes.Text, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "NCLOB"
+
+    def _render_string_type(
+        self, name: str, length: Optional[int], collation: Optional[str]
+    ) -> str:
+        text = name
+        if length:
+            text += f"({length})"
+        if collation:
+            text += f' COLLATE "{collation}"'
+        return text
+
+    def visit_CHAR(self, type_: sqltypes.CHAR, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self._render_string_type("CHAR", type_.length, type_.collation)
+
+    def visit_NCHAR(self, type_: sqltypes.NCHAR, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self._render_string_type("NCHAR", type_.length, type_.collation)
+
+    def visit_VARCHAR(self, type_: sqltypes.String, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self._render_string_type(
+            "VARCHAR", type_.length, type_.collation
+        )
+
+    def visit_NVARCHAR(self, type_: sqltypes.NVARCHAR, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self._render_string_type(
+            "NVARCHAR", type_.length, type_.collation
+        )
+
+    def visit_TEXT(self, type_: sqltypes.Text, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self._render_string_type("TEXT", type_.length, type_.collation)
+
+    def visit_UUID(self, type_: sqltypes.Uuid[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "UUID"
+
+    def visit_BLOB(self, type_: sqltypes.LargeBinary, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "BLOB"
+
+    def visit_BINARY(self, type_: sqltypes.BINARY, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "BINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_VARBINARY(self, type_: sqltypes.VARBINARY, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "VARBINARY" + (type_.length and "(%d)" % type_.length or "")
+
+    def visit_BOOLEAN(self, type_: sqltypes.Boolean, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return "BOOLEAN"
+
+    def visit_uuid(self, type_: sqltypes.Uuid[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        if not type_.native_uuid or not self.dialect.supports_native_uuid:
+            return self._render_string_type("CHAR", length=32, collation=None)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_UUID(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_large_binary(
+        self, type_: sqltypes.LargeBinary, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        return self.visit_BLOB(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_boolean(self, type_: sqltypes.Boolean, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_BOOLEAN(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_time(self, type_: sqltypes.Time, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_TIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_datetime(self, type_: sqltypes.DateTime, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_DATETIME(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_date(self, type_: sqltypes.Date, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_DATE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_big_integer(self, type_: sqltypes.BigInteger, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_BIGINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_small_integer(
+        self, type_: sqltypes.SmallInteger, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        return self.visit_SMALLINT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_integer(self, type_: sqltypes.Integer, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_INTEGER(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_real(self, type_: sqltypes.REAL[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_REAL(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_float(self, type_: sqltypes.Float[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_FLOAT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_double(self, type_: sqltypes.Double[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_DOUBLE(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_numeric(self, type_: sqltypes.Numeric[Any], **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_NUMERIC(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_string(self, type_: sqltypes.String, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode(self, type_: sqltypes.Unicode, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_text(self, type_: sqltypes.Text, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_unicode_text(
+        self, type_: sqltypes.UnicodeText, **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        return self.visit_TEXT(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_enum(self, type_: sqltypes.Enum, **kw: Any) -> str:
+        return self.visit_VARCHAR(type_, **kw)
+
+    def visit_null(self, type_, **kw):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "Can't generate DDL for %r; "
+            "did you forget to specify a "
+            "type on this Column?" % type_
+        )
+
+    def visit_type_decorator(
+        self, type_: TypeDecorator[Any], **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        return self.process(type_.type_engine(self.dialect), **kw)
+
+    def visit_user_defined(
+        self, type_: UserDefinedType[Any], **kw: Any
+    ) -> str:
+        return type_.get_col_spec(**kw)
+
+
+class StrSQLTypeCompiler(GenericTypeCompiler):
+    def process(self, type_, **kw):
+        try:
+            _compiler_dispatch = type_._compiler_dispatch
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self._visit_unknown(type_, **kw)
+        else:
+            return _compiler_dispatch(self, **kw)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        if key.startswith("visit_"):
+            return self._visit_unknown
+        else:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def _visit_unknown(self, type_, **kw):
+        if type_.__class__.__name__ == type_.__class__.__name__.upper():
+            return type_.__class__.__name__
+        else:
+            return repr(type_)
+
+    def visit_null(self, type_, **kw):
+        return "NULL"
+
+    def visit_user_defined(self, type_, **kw):
+        try:
+            get_col_spec = type_.get_col_spec
+        except AttributeError:
+            return repr(type_)
+        else:
+            return get_col_spec(**kw)
+
+
+class _SchemaForObjectCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, __obj: Any) -> str: ...
+
+
+class _BindNameForColProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, col: ColumnClause[Any]) -> str: ...
+
+
+class IdentifierPreparer:
+    """Handle quoting and case-folding of identifiers based on options."""
+
+    reserved_words = RESERVED_WORDS
+
+    legal_characters = LEGAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    illegal_initial_characters = ILLEGAL_INITIAL_CHARACTERS
+
+    initial_quote: str
+
+    final_quote: str
+
+    _strings: MutableMapping[str, str]
+
+    schema_for_object: _SchemaForObjectCallable = operator.attrgetter("schema")
+    """Return the .schema attribute for an object.
+
+    For the default IdentifierPreparer, the schema for an object is always
+    the value of the ".schema" attribute.   if the preparer is replaced
+    with one that has a non-empty schema_translate_map, the value of the
+    ".schema" attribute is rendered a symbol that will be converted to a
+    real schema name from the mapping post-compile.
+
+    """
+
+    _includes_none_schema_translate: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        initial_quote: str = '"',
+        final_quote: Optional[str] = None,
+        escape_quote: str = '"',
+        quote_case_sensitive_collations: bool = True,
+        omit_schema: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new ``IdentifierPreparer`` object.
+
+        initial_quote
+          Character that begins a delimited identifier.
+
+        final_quote
+          Character that ends a delimited identifier. Defaults to
+          `initial_quote`.
+
+        omit_schema
+          Prevent prepending schema name. Useful for databases that do
+          not support schemae.
+        """
+
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.initial_quote = initial_quote
+        self.final_quote = final_quote or self.initial_quote
+        self.escape_quote = escape_quote
+        self.escape_to_quote = self.escape_quote * 2
+        self.omit_schema = omit_schema
+        self.quote_case_sensitive_collations = quote_case_sensitive_collations
+        self._strings = {}
+        self._double_percents = self.dialect.paramstyle in (
+            "format",
+            "pyformat",
+        )
+
+    def _with_schema_translate(self, schema_translate_map):
+        prep = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        prep.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+
+        includes_none = None in schema_translate_map
+
+        def symbol_getter(obj):
+            name = obj.schema
+            if obj._use_schema_map and (name is not None or includes_none):
+                if name is not None and ("[" in name or "]" in name):
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Square bracket characters ([]) not supported "
+                        "in schema translate name '%s'" % name
+                    )
+                return quoted_name(
+                    "__[SCHEMA_%s]" % (name or "_none"), quote=False
+                )
+            else:
+                return obj.schema
+
+        prep.schema_for_object = symbol_getter
+        prep._includes_none_schema_translate = includes_none
+        return prep
+
+    def _render_schema_translates(
+        self, statement: str, schema_translate_map: SchemaTranslateMapType
+    ) -> str:
+        d = schema_translate_map
+        if None in d:
+            if not self._includes_none_schema_translate:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "schema translate map which previously did not have "
+                    "`None` present as a key now has `None` present; compiled "
+                    "statement may lack adequate placeholders.  Please use "
+                    "consistent keys in successive "
+                    "schema_translate_map dictionaries."
+                )
+
+            d["_none"] = d[None]  # type: ignore[index]
+
+        def replace(m):
+            name = m.group(2)
+            if name in d:
+                effective_schema = d[name]
+            else:
+                if name in (None, "_none"):
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        "schema translate map which previously had `None` "
+                        "present as a key now no longer has it present; don't "
+                        "know how to apply schema for compiled statement. "
+                        "Please use consistent keys in successive "
+                        "schema_translate_map dictionaries."
+                    )
+                effective_schema = name
+
+            if not effective_schema:
+                effective_schema = self.dialect.default_schema_name
+                if not effective_schema:
+                    # TODO: no coverage here
+                    raise exc.CompileError(
+                        "Dialect has no default schema name; can't "
+                        "use None as dynamic schema target."
+                    )
+            return self.quote_schema(effective_schema)
+
+        return re.sub(r"(__\[SCHEMA_([^\]]+)\])", replace, statement)
+
+    def _escape_identifier(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Escape an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        escaping behavior.
+        """
+
+        value = value.replace(self.escape_quote, self.escape_to_quote)
+        if self._double_percents:
+            value = value.replace("%", "%%")
+        return value
+
+    def _unescape_identifier(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Canonicalize an escaped identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        unescaping behavior that reverses _escape_identifier.
+        """
+
+        return value.replace(self.escape_to_quote, self.escape_quote)
+
+    def validate_sql_phrase(self, element, reg):
+        """keyword sequence filter.
+
+        a filter for elements that are intended to represent keyword sequences,
+        such as "INITIALLY", "INITIALLY DEFERRED", etc.   no special characters
+        should be present.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        """
+
+        if element is not None and not reg.match(element):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unexpected SQL phrase: %r (matching against %r)"
+                % (element, reg.pattern)
+            )
+        return element
+
+    def quote_identifier(self, value: str) -> str:
+        """Quote an identifier.
+
+        Subclasses should override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior.
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.initial_quote
+            + self._escape_identifier(value)
+            + self.final_quote
+        )
+
+    def _requires_quotes(self, value: str) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting."""
+        lc_value = value.lower()
+        return (
+            lc_value in self.reserved_words
+            or value[0] in self.illegal_initial_characters
+            or not self.legal_characters.match(str(value))
+            or (lc_value != value)
+        )
+
+    def _requires_quotes_illegal_chars(self, value):
+        """Return True if the given identifier requires quoting, but
+        not taking case convention into account."""
+        return not self.legal_characters.match(str(value))
+
+    def quote_schema(self, schema: str, force: Any = None) -> str:
+        """Conditionally quote a schema name.
+
+
+        The name is quoted if it is a reserved word, contains quote-necessary
+        characters, or is an instance of :class:`.quoted_name` which includes
+        ``quote`` set to ``True``.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior for schema names.
+
+        :param schema: string schema name
+        :param force: unused
+
+            .. deprecated:: 0.9
+
+                The :paramref:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote_schema.force`
+                parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future
+                release.  This flag has no effect on the behavior of the
+                :meth:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote` method; please refer to
+                :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        if force is not None:
+            # not using the util.deprecated_params() decorator in this
+            # case because of the additional function call overhead on this
+            # very performance-critical spot.
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The IdentifierPreparer.quote_schema.force parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  This "
+                "flag has no effect on the behavior of the "
+                "IdentifierPreparer.quote method; please refer to "
+                "quoted_name().",
+                # deprecated 0.9. warning from 1.3
+                version="0.9",
+            )
+
+        return self.quote(schema)
+
+    def quote(self, ident: str, force: Any = None) -> str:
+        """Conditionally quote an identifier.
+
+        The identifier is quoted if it is a reserved word, contains
+        quote-necessary characters, or is an instance of
+        :class:`.quoted_name` which includes ``quote`` set to ``True``.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to provide database-dependent
+        quoting behavior for identifier names.
+
+        :param ident: string identifier
+        :param force: unused
+
+            .. deprecated:: 0.9
+
+                The :paramref:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote.force`
+                parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future
+                release.  This flag has no effect on the behavior of the
+                :meth:`.IdentifierPreparer.quote` method; please refer to
+                :class:`.quoted_name`.
+
+        """
+        if force is not None:
+            # not using the util.deprecated_params() decorator in this
+            # case because of the additional function call overhead on this
+            # very performance-critical spot.
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                "The IdentifierPreparer.quote.force parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  This "
+                "flag has no effect on the behavior of the "
+                "IdentifierPreparer.quote method; please refer to "
+                "quoted_name().",
+                # deprecated 0.9. warning from 1.3
+                version="0.9",
+            )
+
+        force = getattr(ident, "quote", None)
+
+        if force is None:
+            if ident in self._strings:
+                return self._strings[ident]
+            else:
+                if self._requires_quotes(ident):
+                    self._strings[ident] = self.quote_identifier(ident)
+                else:
+                    self._strings[ident] = ident
+                return self._strings[ident]
+        elif force:
+            return self.quote_identifier(ident)
+        else:
+            return ident
+
+    def format_collation(self, collation_name):
+        if self.quote_case_sensitive_collations:
+            return self.quote(collation_name)
+        else:
+            return collation_name
+
+    def format_sequence(
+        self, sequence: schema.Sequence, use_schema: bool = True
+    ) -> str:
+        name = self.quote(sequence.name)
+
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(sequence)
+
+        if (
+            not self.omit_schema
+            and use_schema
+            and effective_schema is not None
+        ):
+            name = self.quote_schema(effective_schema) + "." + name
+        return name
+
+    def format_label(
+        self, label: Label[Any], name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        return self.quote(name or label.name)
+
+    def format_alias(
+        self, alias: Optional[AliasedReturnsRows], name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> str:
+        if name is None:
+            assert alias is not None
+            return self.quote(alias.name)
+        else:
+            return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_savepoint(self, savepoint, name=None):
+        # Running the savepoint name through quoting is unnecessary
+        # for all known dialects.  This is here to support potential
+        # third party use cases
+        ident = name or savepoint.ident
+        if self._requires_quotes(ident):
+            ident = self.quote_identifier(ident)
+        return ident
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.naming")
+    def format_constraint(
+        self, constraint: Union[Constraint, Index], _alembic_quote: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        naming = util.preloaded.sql_naming
+
+        if constraint.name is _NONE_NAME:
+            name = naming._constraint_name_for_table(
+                constraint, constraint.table
+            )
+
+            if name is None:
+                return None
+        else:
+            name = constraint.name
+
+        assert name is not None
+        if constraint.__visit_name__ == "index":
+            return self.truncate_and_render_index_name(
+                name, _alembic_quote=_alembic_quote
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.truncate_and_render_constraint_name(
+                name, _alembic_quote=_alembic_quote
+            )
+
+    def truncate_and_render_index_name(
+        self, name: str, _alembic_quote: bool = True
+    ) -> str:
+        # calculate these at format time so that ad-hoc changes
+        # to dialect.max_identifier_length etc. can be reflected
+        # as IdentifierPreparer is long lived
+        max_ = (
+            self.dialect.max_index_name_length
+            or self.dialect.max_identifier_length
+        )
+        return self._truncate_and_render_maxlen_name(
+            name, max_, _alembic_quote
+        )
+
+    def truncate_and_render_constraint_name(
+        self, name: str, _alembic_quote: bool = True
+    ) -> str:
+        # calculate these at format time so that ad-hoc changes
+        # to dialect.max_identifier_length etc. can be reflected
+        # as IdentifierPreparer is long lived
+        max_ = (
+            self.dialect.max_constraint_name_length
+            or self.dialect.max_identifier_length
+        )
+        return self._truncate_and_render_maxlen_name(
+            name, max_, _alembic_quote
+        )
+
+    def _truncate_and_render_maxlen_name(
+        self, name: str, max_: int, _alembic_quote: bool
+    ) -> str:
+        if isinstance(name, elements._truncated_label):
+            if len(name) > max_:
+                name = name[0 : max_ - 8] + "_" + util.md5_hex(name)[-4:]
+        else:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(name)
+
+        if not _alembic_quote:
+            return name
+        else:
+            return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_index(self, index: Index) -> str:
+        name = self.format_constraint(index)
+        assert name is not None
+        return name
+
+    def format_table(
+        self,
+        table: FromClause,
+        use_schema: bool = True,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Prepare a quoted table and schema name."""
+        if name is None:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(table, NamedFromClause)
+            name = table.name
+
+        result = self.quote(name)
+
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(table)
+
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and effective_schema:
+            result = self.quote_schema(effective_schema) + "." + result
+        return result
+
+    def format_schema(self, name):
+        """Prepare a quoted schema name."""
+
+        return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_label_name(
+        self,
+        name,
+        anon_map=None,
+    ):
+        """Prepare a quoted column name."""
+
+        if anon_map is not None and isinstance(
+            name, elements._truncated_label
+        ):
+            name = name.apply_map(anon_map)
+
+        return self.quote(name)
+
+    def format_column(
+        self,
+        column: ColumnElement[Any],
+        use_table: bool = False,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        table_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        use_schema: bool = False,
+        anon_map: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Prepare a quoted column name."""
+
+        if name is None:
+            name = column.name
+            assert name is not None
+
+        if anon_map is not None and isinstance(
+            name, elements._truncated_label
+        ):
+            name = name.apply_map(anon_map)
+
+        if not getattr(column, "is_literal", False):
+            if use_table:
+                return (
+                    self.format_table(
+                        column.table, use_schema=use_schema, name=table_name
+                    )
+                    + "."
+                    + self.quote(name)
+                )
+            else:
+                return self.quote(name)
+        else:
+            # literal textual elements get stuck into ColumnClause a lot,
+            # which shouldn't get quoted
+
+            if use_table:
+                return (
+                    self.format_table(
+                        column.table, use_schema=use_schema, name=table_name
+                    )
+                    + "."
+                    + name
+                )
+            else:
+                return name
+
+    def format_table_seq(self, table, use_schema=True):
+        """Format table name and schema as a tuple."""
+
+        # Dialects with more levels in their fully qualified references
+        # ('database', 'owner', etc.) could override this and return
+        # a longer sequence.
+
+        effective_schema = self.schema_for_object(table)
+
+        if not self.omit_schema and use_schema and effective_schema:
+            return (
+                self.quote_schema(effective_schema),
+                self.format_table(table, use_schema=False),
+            )
+        else:
+            return (self.format_table(table, use_schema=False),)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _r_identifiers(self):
+        initial, final, escaped_final = (
+            re.escape(s)
+            for s in (
+                self.initial_quote,
+                self.final_quote,
+                self._escape_identifier(self.final_quote),
+            )
+        )
+        r = re.compile(
+            r"(?:"
+            r"(?:%(initial)s((?:%(escaped)s|[^%(final)s])+)%(final)s"
+            r"|([^\.]+))(?=\.|$))+"
+            % {"initial": initial, "final": final, "escaped": escaped_final}
+        )
+        return r
+
+    def unformat_identifiers(self, identifiers: str) -> Sequence[str]:
+        """Unpack 'schema.table.column'-like strings into components."""
+
+        r = self._r_identifiers
+        return [
+            self._unescape_identifier(i)
+            for i in [a or b for a, b in r.findall(identifiers)]
+        ]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c0c0c86b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/crud.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1678 @@
+# sql/crud.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Functions used by compiler.py to determine the parameters rendered
+within INSERT and UPDATE statements.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import dml
+from . import elements
+from . import roles
+from .base import _DefaultDescriptionTuple
+from .dml import isinsert as _compile_state_isinsert
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .schema import default_is_clause_element
+from .schema import default_is_sequence
+from .selectable import Select
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .compiler import _BindNameForColProtocol
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .dml import _DMLColumnElement
+    from .dml import DMLState
+    from .dml import ValuesBase
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .schema import _SQLExprDefault
+    from .schema import Column
+
+REQUIRED = util.symbol(
+    "REQUIRED",
+    """
+Placeholder for the value within a :class:`.BindParameter`
+which is required to be present when the statement is passed
+to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+
+This symbol is typically used when a :func:`_expression.insert`
+or :func:`_expression.update` statement is compiled without parameter
+values present.
+
+""",
+)
+
+
+def _as_dml_column(c: ColumnElement[Any]) -> ColumnClause[Any]:
+    if not isinstance(c, ColumnClause):
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            f"Can't create DML statement against column expression {c!r}"
+        )
+    return c
+
+
+_CrudParamElement = Tuple[
+    "ColumnElement[Any]",
+    str,  # column name
+    Optional[
+        Union[str, "_SQLExprDefault"]
+    ],  # bound parameter string or SQL expression to apply
+    Iterable[str],
+]
+_CrudParamElementStr = Tuple[
+    "KeyedColumnElement[Any]",
+    str,  # column name
+    str,  # bound parameter string
+    Iterable[str],
+]
+_CrudParamElementSQLExpr = Tuple[
+    "ColumnClause[Any]",
+    str,
+    "_SQLExprDefault",  # SQL expression to apply
+    Iterable[str],
+]
+
+_CrudParamSequence = List[_CrudParamElement]
+
+
+class _CrudParams(NamedTuple):
+    single_params: _CrudParamSequence
+    all_multi_params: List[Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr]]
+    is_default_metavalue_only: bool = False
+    use_insertmanyvalues: bool = False
+    use_sentinel_columns: Optional[Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+
+
+def _get_crud_params(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    compile_state: DMLState,
+    toplevel: bool,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> _CrudParams:
+    """create a set of tuples representing column/string pairs for use
+    in an INSERT or UPDATE statement.
+
+    Also generates the Compiled object's postfetch, prefetch, and
+    returning column collections, used for default handling and ultimately
+    populating the CursorResult's prefetch_cols() and postfetch_cols()
+    collections.
+
+    """
+
+    # note: the _get_crud_params() system was written with the notion in mind
+    # that INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE are always the top level statement and
+    # that there is only one of them.  With the addition of CTEs that can
+    # make use of DML, this assumption is no longer accurate; the DML
+    # statement is not necessarily the top-level "row returning" thing
+    # and it is also theoretically possible (fortunately nobody has asked yet)
+    # to have a single statement with multiple DMLs inside of it via CTEs.
+
+    # the current _get_crud_params() design doesn't accommodate these cases
+    # right now.  It "just works" for a CTE that has a single DML inside of
+    # it, and for a CTE with multiple DML, it's not clear what would happen.
+
+    # overall, the "compiler.XYZ" collections here would need to be in a
+    # per-DML structure of some kind, and DefaultDialect would need to
+    # navigate these collections on a per-statement basis, with additional
+    # emphasis on the "toplevel returning data" statement.  However we
+    # still need to run through _get_crud_params() for all DML as we have
+    # Python / SQL generated column defaults that need to be rendered.
+
+    # if there is user need for this kind of thing, it's likely a post 2.0
+    # kind of change as it would require deep changes to DefaultDialect
+    # as well as here.
+
+    compiler.postfetch = []
+    compiler.insert_prefetch = []
+    compiler.update_prefetch = []
+    compiler.implicit_returning = []
+
+    visiting_cte = kw.get("visiting_cte", None)
+    if visiting_cte is not None:
+        # for insert -> CTE -> insert, don't populate an incoming
+        # _crud_accumulate_bind_names collection; the INSERT we process here
+        # will not be inline within the VALUES of the enclosing INSERT as the
+        # CTE is placed on the outside.  See issue #9173
+        kw.pop("accumulate_bind_names", None)
+    assert (
+        "accumulate_bind_names" not in kw
+    ), "Don't know how to handle insert within insert without a CTE"
+
+    # getters - these are normally just column.key,
+    # but in the case of mysql multi-table update, the rules for
+    # .key must conditionally take tablename into account
+    (
+        _column_as_key,
+        _getattr_col_key,
+        _col_bind_name,
+    ) = _key_getters_for_crud_column(compiler, stmt, compile_state)
+
+    compiler._get_bind_name_for_col = _col_bind_name
+
+    if stmt._returning and stmt._return_defaults:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "Can't compile statement that includes returning() and "
+            "return_defaults() simultaneously"
+        )
+
+    if compile_state.isdelete:
+        _setup_delete_return_defaults(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            (),
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            (),
+            (),
+            toplevel,
+            kw,
+        )
+        return _CrudParams([], [])
+
+    # no parameters in the statement, no parameters in the
+    # compiled params - return binds for all columns
+    if compiler.column_keys is None and compile_state._no_parameters:
+        return _CrudParams(
+            [
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    _create_bind_param(compiler, c, None, required=True),
+                    (c.key,),
+                )
+                for c in stmt.table.columns
+                if not c._omit_from_statements
+            ],
+            [],
+        )
+
+    stmt_parameter_tuples: Optional[
+        List[Tuple[Union[str, ColumnClause[Any]], Any]]
+    ]
+    spd: Optional[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]
+
+    if (
+        _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+        and compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+    ):
+        mp = compile_state._multi_parameters
+        assert mp is not None
+        spd = mp[0]
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = list(spd.items())
+        spd_str_key = {_column_as_key(key) for key in spd}
+    elif compile_state._ordered_values:
+        spd = compile_state._dict_parameters
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = compile_state._ordered_values
+        assert spd is not None
+        spd_str_key = {_column_as_key(key) for key in spd}
+    elif compile_state._dict_parameters:
+        spd = compile_state._dict_parameters
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = list(spd.items())
+        spd_str_key = {_column_as_key(key) for key in spd}
+    else:
+        stmt_parameter_tuples = spd = spd_str_key = None
+
+    # if we have statement parameters - set defaults in the
+    # compiled params
+    if compiler.column_keys is None:
+        parameters = {}
+    elif stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        assert spd_str_key is not None
+        parameters = {
+            _column_as_key(key): REQUIRED
+            for key in compiler.column_keys
+            if key not in spd_str_key
+        }
+    else:
+        parameters = {
+            _column_as_key(key): REQUIRED for key in compiler.column_keys
+        }
+
+    # create a list of column assignment clauses as tuples
+    values: List[_CrudParamElement] = []
+
+    if stmt_parameter_tuples is not None:
+        _get_stmt_parameter_tuples_params(
+            compiler,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            stmt_parameter_tuples,
+            _column_as_key,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    check_columns: Dict[str, ColumnClause[Any]] = {}
+
+    # special logic that only occurs for multi-table UPDATE
+    # statements
+    if dml.isupdate(compile_state) and compile_state.is_multitable:
+        _get_update_multitable_params(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            stmt_parameter_tuples,
+            check_columns,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            values,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    if _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state) and stmt._select_names:
+        # is an insert from select, is not a multiparams
+
+        assert not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+
+        _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            check_columns,
+            values,
+            toplevel,
+            kw,
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+    else:
+        use_insertmanyvalues, use_sentinel_columns = _scan_cols(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            parameters,
+            _getattr_col_key,
+            _column_as_key,
+            _col_bind_name,
+            check_columns,
+            values,
+            toplevel,
+            kw,
+        )
+
+    if parameters and stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        check = (
+            set(parameters)
+            .intersection(_column_as_key(k) for k, v in stmt_parameter_tuples)
+            .difference(check_columns)
+        )
+        if check:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "Unconsumed column names: %s"
+                % (", ".join("%s" % (c,) for c in check))
+            )
+
+    is_default_metavalue_only = False
+
+    if (
+        _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+        and compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+    ):
+        # is a multiparams, is not an insert from a select
+        assert not stmt._select_names
+        multi_extended_values = _extend_values_for_multiparams(
+            compiler,
+            stmt,
+            compile_state,
+            cast(
+                "Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr]",
+                values,
+            ),
+            cast("Callable[..., str]", _column_as_key),
+            kw,
+        )
+        return _CrudParams(values, multi_extended_values)
+    elif (
+        not values
+        and compiler.for_executemany
+        and compiler.dialect.supports_default_metavalue
+    ):
+        # convert an "INSERT DEFAULT VALUES"
+        # into INSERT (firstcol) VALUES (DEFAULT) which can be turned
+        # into an in-place multi values.  This supports
+        # insert_executemany_returning mode :)
+        values = [
+            (
+                _as_dml_column(stmt.table.columns[0]),
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(stmt.table.columns[0]),
+                compiler.dialect.default_metavalue_token,
+                (),
+            )
+        ]
+        is_default_metavalue_only = True
+
+    return _CrudParams(
+        values,
+        [],
+        is_default_metavalue_only=is_default_metavalue_only,
+        use_insertmanyvalues=use_insertmanyvalues,
+        use_sentinel_columns=use_sentinel_columns,
+    )
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    col: ColumnElement[Any],
+    value: Any,
+    process: Literal[True] = ...,
+    required: bool = False,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    force_anonymous: bool = False,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    col: ColumnElement[Any],
+    value: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+def _create_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    col: ColumnElement[Any],
+    value: Any,
+    process: bool = True,
+    required: bool = False,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    force_anonymous: bool = False,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[str, elements.BindParameter[Any]]:
+    if force_anonymous:
+        name = None
+    elif name is None:
+        name = col.key
+
+    bindparam = elements.BindParameter(
+        name, value, type_=col.type, required=required
+    )
+    bindparam._is_crud = True
+    if process:
+        return bindparam._compiler_dispatch(compiler, **kw)
+    else:
+        return bindparam
+
+
+def _handle_values_anonymous_param(compiler, col, value, name, **kw):
+    # the insert() and update() constructs as of 1.4 will now produce anonymous
+    # bindparam() objects in the values() collections up front when given plain
+    # literal values.  This is so that cache key behaviors, which need to
+    # produce bound parameters in deterministic order without invoking any
+    # compilation here, can be applied to these constructs when they include
+    # values() (but not yet multi-values, which are not included in caching
+    # right now).
+    #
+    # in order to produce the desired "crud" style name for these parameters,
+    # which will also be targetable in engine/default.py through the usual
+    # conventions, apply our desired name to these unique parameters by
+    # populating the compiler truncated names cache with the desired name,
+    # rather than having
+    # compiler.visit_bindparam()->compiler._truncated_identifier make up a
+    # name.  Saves on call counts also.
+
+    # for INSERT/UPDATE that's a CTE, we don't need names to match to
+    # external parameters and these would also conflict in the case where
+    # multiple insert/update are combined together using CTEs
+    is_cte = "visiting_cte" in kw
+
+    if (
+        not is_cte
+        and value.unique
+        and isinstance(value.key, elements._truncated_label)
+    ):
+        compiler.truncated_names[("bindparam", value.key)] = name
+
+    if value.type._isnull:
+        # either unique parameter, or other bound parameters that were
+        # passed in directly
+        # set type to that of the column unconditionally
+        value = value._with_binary_element_type(col.type)
+
+    return value._compiler_dispatch(compiler, **kw)
+
+
+def _key_getters_for_crud_column(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler, stmt: ValuesBase, compile_state: DMLState
+) -> Tuple[
+    Callable[[Union[str, ColumnClause[Any]]], Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]],
+    Callable[[ColumnClause[Any]], Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]],
+    _BindNameForColProtocol,
+]:
+    if dml.isupdate(compile_state) and compile_state._extra_froms:
+        # when extra tables are present, refer to the columns
+        # in those extra tables as table-qualified, including in
+        # dictionaries and when rendering bind param names.
+        # the "main" table of the statement remains unqualified,
+        # allowing the most compatibility with a non-multi-table
+        # statement.
+        _et = set(compile_state._extra_froms)
+
+        c_key_role = functools.partial(
+            coercions.expect_as_key, roles.DMLColumnRole
+        )
+
+        def _column_as_key(
+            key: Union[ColumnClause[Any], str],
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]:
+            str_key = c_key_role(key)
+            if hasattr(key, "table") and key.table in _et:
+                return (key.table.name, str_key)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                return str_key
+
+        def _getattr_col_key(
+            col: ColumnClause[Any],
+        ) -> Union[str, Tuple[str, str]]:
+            if col.table in _et:
+                return (col.table.name, col.key)  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+        def _col_bind_name(col: ColumnClause[Any]) -> str:
+            if col.table in _et:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert isinstance(col.table, TableClause)
+                return "%s_%s" % (col.table.name, col.key)
+            else:
+                return col.key
+
+    else:
+        _column_as_key = functools.partial(
+            coercions.expect_as_key, roles.DMLColumnRole
+        )
+        _getattr_col_key = _col_bind_name = operator.attrgetter("key")  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+    return _column_as_key, _getattr_col_key, _col_bind_name
+
+
+def _scan_insert_from_select_cols(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    toplevel,
+    kw,
+):
+    cols = [stmt.table.c[_column_as_key(name)] for name in stmt._select_names]
+
+    assert compiler.stack[-1]["selectable"] is stmt
+
+    compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"] = stmt.select
+
+    add_select_cols: List[_CrudParamElementSQLExpr] = []
+    if stmt.include_insert_from_select_defaults:
+        col_set = set(cols)
+        for col in stmt.table.columns:
+            # omit columns that were not in the SELECT statement.
+            # this will omit columns marked as omit_from_statements naturally,
+            # as long as that col was not explicit in the SELECT.
+            # if an omit_from_statements col has a "default" on it, then
+            # we need to include it, as these defaults should still fire off.
+            # but, if it has that default and it's the "sentinel" default,
+            # we don't do sentinel default operations for insert_from_select
+            # here so we again omit it.
+            if (
+                col not in col_set
+                and col.default
+                and not col.default.is_sentinel
+            ):
+                cols.append(col)
+
+    for c in cols:
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+            parameters.pop(col_key)
+            values.append((c, compiler.preparer.format_column(c), None, ()))
+        else:
+            _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(
+                compiler, stmt, c, add_select_cols, kw
+            )
+
+    if add_select_cols:
+        values.extend(add_select_cols)
+        ins_from_select = compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"]
+        if not isinstance(ins_from_select, Select):
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                f"Can't extend statement for INSERT..FROM SELECT to include "
+                f"additional default-holding column(s) "
+                f"""{
+                    ', '.join(repr(key) for _, key, _, _ in add_select_cols)
+                }.  Convert the selectable to a subquery() first, or pass """
+                "include_defaults=False to Insert.from_select() to skip these "
+                "columns."
+            )
+        ins_from_select = ins_from_select._generate()
+        # copy raw_columns
+        ins_from_select._raw_columns = list(ins_from_select._raw_columns) + [
+            expr for _, _, expr, _ in add_select_cols
+        ]
+        compiler.stack[-1]["insert_from_select"] = ins_from_select
+
+
+def _scan_cols(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    toplevel,
+    kw,
+):
+    (
+        need_pks,
+        implicit_returning,
+        implicit_return_defaults,
+        postfetch_lastrowid,
+        use_insertmanyvalues,
+        use_sentinel_columns,
+    ) = _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt, compile_state, toplevel)
+
+    assert compile_state.isupdate or compile_state.isinsert
+
+    if compile_state._parameter_ordering:
+        parameter_ordering = [
+            _column_as_key(key) for key in compile_state._parameter_ordering
+        ]
+        ordered_keys = set(parameter_ordering)
+        cols = [
+            stmt.table.c[key]
+            for key in parameter_ordering
+            if isinstance(key, str) and key in stmt.table.c
+        ] + [c for c in stmt.table.c if c.key not in ordered_keys]
+
+    else:
+        cols = stmt.table.columns
+
+    isinsert = _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+    if isinsert and not compile_state._has_multi_parameters:
+        # new rules for #7998.  fetch lastrowid or implicit returning
+        # for autoincrement column even if parameter is NULL, for DBs that
+        # override NULL param for primary key (sqlite, mysql/mariadb)
+        autoincrement_col = stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+        insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = (
+            compiler.dialect.insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements
+        )
+    else:
+        autoincrement_col = insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = None
+
+    if stmt._supplemental_returning:
+        supplemental_returning = set(stmt._supplemental_returning)
+    else:
+        supplemental_returning = set()
+
+    compiler_implicit_returning = compiler.implicit_returning
+
+    # TODO - see TODO(return_defaults_columns) below
+    # cols_in_params = set()
+
+    for c in cols:
+        # scan through every column in the target table
+
+        col_key = _getattr_col_key(c)
+
+        if col_key in parameters and col_key not in check_columns:
+            # parameter is present for the column.  use that.
+
+            _append_param_parameter(
+                compiler,
+                stmt,
+                compile_state,
+                c,
+                col_key,
+                parameters,
+                _col_bind_name,
+                implicit_returning,
+                implicit_return_defaults,
+                postfetch_lastrowid,
+                values,
+                autoincrement_col,
+                insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+            # TODO - see TODO(return_defaults_columns) below
+            # cols_in_params.add(c)
+
+        elif isinsert:
+            # no parameter is present and it's an insert.
+
+            if c.primary_key and need_pks:
+                # it's a primary key column, it will need to be generated by a
+                # default generator of some kind, and the statement expects
+                # inserted_primary_key to be available.
+
+                if implicit_returning:
+                    # we can use RETURNING, find out how to invoke this
+                    # column and get the value where RETURNING is an option.
+                    # we can inline server-side functions in this case.
+
+                    _append_param_insert_pk_returning(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw
+                    )
+                else:
+                    # otherwise, find out how to invoke this column
+                    # and get its value where RETURNING is not an option.
+                    # if we have to invoke a server-side function, we need
+                    # to pre-execute it.   or if this is a straight
+                    # autoincrement column and the dialect supports it
+                    # we can use cursor.lastrowid.
+
+                    _append_param_insert_pk_no_returning(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, values, kw
+                    )
+
+            elif c.default is not None:
+                # column has a default, but it's not a pk column, or it is but
+                # we don't need to get the pk back.
+                if not c.default.is_sentinel or (
+                    use_sentinel_columns is not None
+                ):
+                    _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+                        compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+                    )
+
+            elif c.server_default is not None:
+                # column has a DDL-level default, and is either not a pk
+                # column or we don't need the pk.
+                if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                    compiler_implicit_returning.append(c)
+                elif not c.primary_key:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+            elif implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler_implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+            elif (
+                c.primary_key
+                and c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+                and not c.nullable
+            ):
+                _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+
+        elif compile_state.isupdate:
+            # no parameter is present and it's an insert.
+
+            _append_param_update(
+                compiler,
+                compile_state,
+                stmt,
+                c,
+                implicit_return_defaults,
+                values,
+                kw,
+            )
+
+        # adding supplemental cols to implicit_returning in table
+        # order so that order is maintained between multiple INSERT
+        # statements which may have different parameters included, but all
+        # have the same RETURNING clause
+        if (
+            c in supplemental_returning
+            and c not in compiler_implicit_returning
+        ):
+            compiler_implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+    if supplemental_returning:
+        # we should have gotten every col into implicit_returning,
+        # however supplemental returning can also have SQL functions etc.
+        # in it
+        remaining_supplemental = supplemental_returning.difference(
+            compiler_implicit_returning
+        )
+        compiler_implicit_returning.extend(
+            c
+            for c in stmt._supplemental_returning
+            if c in remaining_supplemental
+        )
+
+    # TODO(return_defaults_columns): there can still be more columns in
+    # _return_defaults_columns in the case that they are from something like an
+    # aliased of the table. we can add them here, however this breaks other ORM
+    # things. so this is for another day. see
+    # test/orm/dml/test_update_delete_where.py -> test_update_from_alias
+
+    # if stmt._return_defaults_columns:
+    #     compiler_implicit_returning.extend(
+    #         set(stmt._return_defaults_columns)
+    #         .difference(compiler_implicit_returning)
+    #         .difference(cols_in_params)
+    #     )
+
+    return (use_insertmanyvalues, use_sentinel_columns)
+
+
+def _setup_delete_return_defaults(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    _column_as_key,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    check_columns,
+    values,
+    toplevel,
+    kw,
+):
+    (_, _, implicit_return_defaults, *_) = _get_returning_modifiers(
+        compiler, stmt, compile_state, toplevel
+    )
+
+    if not implicit_return_defaults:
+        return
+
+    if stmt._return_defaults_columns:
+        compiler.implicit_returning.extend(implicit_return_defaults)
+
+    if stmt._supplemental_returning:
+        ir_set = set(compiler.implicit_returning)
+        compiler.implicit_returning.extend(
+            c for c in stmt._supplemental_returning if c not in ir_set
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_parameter(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    c,
+    col_key,
+    parameters,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    implicit_returning,
+    implicit_return_defaults,
+    postfetch_lastrowid,
+    values,
+    autoincrement_col,
+    insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements,
+    kw,
+):
+    value = parameters.pop(col_key)
+
+    has_visiting_cte = kw.get("visiting_cte") is not None
+    col_value = compiler.preparer.format_column(
+        c, use_table=compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+    )
+
+    accumulated_bind_names: Set[str] = set()
+
+    if coercions._is_literal(value):
+        if (
+            insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements
+            and c.primary_key
+            and c is autoincrement_col
+        ):
+            # support use case for #7998, fetch autoincrement cols
+            # even if value was given.
+
+            if postfetch_lastrowid:
+                compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+            elif implicit_returning:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+        value = _create_bind_param(
+            compiler,
+            c,
+            value,
+            required=value is REQUIRED,
+            name=(
+                _col_bind_name(c)
+                if not _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+                or not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+                else "%s_m0" % _col_bind_name(c)
+            ),
+            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+            force_anonymous=has_visiting_cte,
+            **kw,
+        )
+    elif value._is_bind_parameter:
+        if (
+            insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements
+            and value.value is None
+            and c.primary_key
+            and c is autoincrement_col
+        ):
+            # support use case for #7998, fetch autoincrement cols
+            # even if value was given
+            if implicit_returning:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+            elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+                compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+        value = _handle_values_anonymous_param(
+            compiler,
+            c,
+            value,
+            name=(
+                _col_bind_name(c)
+                if not _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+                or not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+                else "%s_m0" % _col_bind_name(c)
+            ),
+            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+            **kw,
+        )
+    else:
+        # value is a SQL expression
+        value = compiler.process(
+            value.self_group(),
+            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+        if compile_state.isupdate:
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+            else:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+        else:
+            if c.primary_key:
+                if implicit_returning:
+                    compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+                elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+                    compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+            elif implicit_return_defaults and (c in implicit_return_defaults):
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+            else:
+                # postfetch specifically means, "we can SELECT the row we just
+                # inserted by primary key to get back the server generated
+                # defaults". so by definition this can't be used to get the
+                # primary key value back, because we need to have it ahead of
+                # time.
+
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+    values.append((c, col_value, value, accumulated_bind_names))
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk_returning(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    """Create a primary key expression in the INSERT statement where
+    we want to populate result.inserted_primary_key and RETURNING
+    is available.
+
+    """
+    if c.default is not None:
+        if c.default.is_sequence:
+            if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+                not c.default.optional
+                or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+            ):
+                accumulated_bind_names: Set[str] = set()
+                values.append(
+                    (
+                        c,
+                        compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                        compiler.process(
+                            c.default,
+                            accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                            **kw,
+                        ),
+                        accumulated_bind_names,
+                    )
+                )
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+            accumulated_bind_names = set()
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    compiler.process(
+                        c.default.arg.self_group(),
+                        accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                        **kw,
+                    ),
+                    accumulated_bind_names,
+                )
+            )
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            # client side default.  OK we can't use RETURNING, need to
+            # do a "prefetch", which in fact fetches the default value
+            # on the Python side
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                    (c.key,),
+                )
+            )
+    elif c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column or c.server_default is not None:
+        compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+    elif not c.nullable:
+        # no .default, no .server_default, not autoincrement, we have
+        # no indication this primary key column will have any value
+        _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_pk_no_returning(compiler, stmt, c, values, kw):
+    """Create a primary key expression in the INSERT statement where
+    we want to populate result.inserted_primary_key and we cannot use
+    RETURNING.
+
+    Depending on the kind of default here we may create a bound parameter
+    in the INSERT statement and pre-execute a default generation function,
+    or we may use cursor.lastrowid if supported by the dialect.
+
+
+    """
+
+    if (
+        # column has a Python-side default
+        c.default is not None
+        and (
+            # and it either is not a sequence, or it is and we support
+            # sequences and want to invoke it
+            not c.default.is_sequence
+            or (
+                compiler.dialect.supports_sequences
+                and (
+                    not c.default.optional
+                    or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    ) or (
+        # column is the "autoincrement column"
+        c is stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+        and (
+            # dialect can't use cursor.lastrowid
+            not compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+            and (
+                # column has a Sequence and we support those
+                (
+                    c.default is not None
+                    and c.default.is_sequence
+                    and compiler.dialect.supports_sequences
+                )
+                or
+                # column has no default on it, but dialect can run the
+                # "autoincrement" mechanism explicitly, e.g. PostgreSQL
+                # SERIAL we know the sequence name
+                (
+                    c.default is None
+                    and compiler.dialect.preexecute_autoincrement_sequences
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    ):
+        # do a pre-execute of the default
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                (c.key,),
+            )
+        )
+    elif (
+        c.default is None
+        and c.server_default is None
+        and not c.nullable
+        and c is not stmt.table._autoincrement_column
+    ):
+        # no .default, no .server_default, not autoincrement, we have
+        # no indication this primary key column will have any value
+        _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c)
+    elif compiler.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid:
+        # finally, where it seems like there will be a generated primary key
+        # value and we haven't set up any other way to fetch it, and the
+        # dialect supports cursor.lastrowid, switch on the lastrowid flag so
+        # that the DefaultExecutionContext calls upon cursor.lastrowid
+        compiler.postfetch_lastrowid = True
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_hasdefault(
+    compiler, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+):
+    if c.default.is_sequence:
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            not c.default.optional or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ):
+            accumulated_bind_names: Set[str] = set()
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    compiler.process(
+                        c.default,
+                        accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                        **kw,
+                    ),
+                    accumulated_bind_names,
+                )
+            )
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+            elif not c.primary_key:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif c.default.is_clause_element:
+        accumulated_bind_names = set()
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                compiler.process(
+                    c.default.arg.self_group(),
+                    accumulate_bind_names=accumulated_bind_names,
+                    **kw,
+                ),
+                accumulated_bind_names,
+            )
+        )
+
+        if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        elif not c.primary_key:
+            # don't add primary key column to postfetch
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                (c.key,),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_insert_select_hasdefault(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    c: ColumnClause[Any],
+    values: List[_CrudParamElementSQLExpr],
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+) -> None:
+    if default_is_sequence(c.default):
+        if compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            not c.default.optional or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        ):
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                    c.default.next_value(),
+                    (),
+                )
+            )
+    elif default_is_clause_element(c.default):
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                c.default.arg.self_group(),
+                (),
+            )
+        )
+    else:
+        values.append(
+            (
+                c,
+                compiler.preparer.format_column(c),
+                _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+                    compiler, c, process=False, **kw
+                ),
+                (c.key,),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+def _append_param_update(
+    compiler, compile_state, stmt, c, implicit_return_defaults, values, kw
+):
+    include_table = compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+    if c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+        if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(
+                        c,
+                        use_table=include_table,
+                    ),
+                    compiler.process(c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw),
+                    (),
+                )
+            )
+            if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+                compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+            else:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+        else:
+            values.append(
+                (
+                    c,
+                    compiler.preparer.format_column(
+                        c,
+                        use_table=include_table,
+                    ),
+                    _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(compiler, c, **kw),
+                    (c.key,),
+                )
+            )
+    elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+        if implicit_return_defaults and c in implicit_return_defaults:
+            compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+        else:
+            compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+    elif (
+        implicit_return_defaults
+        and (stmt._return_defaults_columns or not stmt._return_defaults)
+        and c in implicit_return_defaults
+    ):
+        compiler.implicit_returning.append(c)
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[False],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> elements.BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: bool = True,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[elements.BindParameter[Any], str]:
+    param = _create_bind_param(
+        compiler, c, None, process=process, name=name, **kw
+    )
+    compiler.insert_prefetch.append(c)  # type: ignore
+    return param
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[True] = ...,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: Literal[False],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> elements.BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+def _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    c: ColumnElement[Any],
+    process: bool = True,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> Union[elements.BindParameter[Any], str]:
+    param = _create_bind_param(
+        compiler, c, None, process=process, name=name, **kw
+    )
+    compiler.update_prefetch.append(c)  # type: ignore
+    return param
+
+
+class _multiparam_column(elements.ColumnElement[Any]):
+    _is_multiparam_column = True
+
+    def __init__(self, original, index):
+        self.index = index
+        self.key = "%s_m%d" % (original.key, index + 1)
+        self.original = original
+        self.default = original.default
+        self.type = original.type
+
+    def compare(self, other, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(self, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, _multiparam_column)
+            and other.key == self.key
+            and other.original == self.original
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _default_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.default)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _onupdate_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.onupdate)
+
+
+def _process_multiparam_default_bind(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    c: KeyedColumnElement[Any],
+    index: int,
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+) -> str:
+    if not c.default:
+        raise exc.CompileError(
+            "INSERT value for column %s is explicitly rendered as a bound"
+            "parameter in the VALUES clause; "
+            "a Python-side value or SQL expression is required" % c
+        )
+    elif default_is_clause_element(c.default):
+        return compiler.process(c.default.arg.self_group(), **kw)
+    elif c.default.is_sequence:
+        # these conditions would have been established
+        # by append_param_insert_(?:hasdefault|pk_returning|pk_no_returning)
+        # in order for us to be here, so these don't need to be
+        # checked
+        # assert compiler.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+        #    not c.default.optional
+        #    or not compiler.dialect.sequences_optional
+        # )
+        return compiler.process(c.default, **kw)
+    else:
+        col = _multiparam_column(c, index)
+        assert isinstance(stmt, dml.Insert)
+        return _create_insert_prefetch_bind_param(
+            compiler, col, process=True, **kw
+        )
+
+
+def _get_update_multitable_params(
+    compiler,
+    stmt,
+    compile_state,
+    stmt_parameter_tuples,
+    check_columns,
+    _col_bind_name,
+    _getattr_col_key,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+    normalized_params = {
+        coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, c): param
+        for c, param in stmt_parameter_tuples or ()
+    }
+
+    include_table = compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+
+    affected_tables = set()
+    for t in compile_state._extra_froms:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                affected_tables.add(t)
+                check_columns[_getattr_col_key(c)] = c
+                value = normalized_params[c]
+
+                col_value = compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table)
+                if coercions._is_literal(value):
+                    value = _create_bind_param(
+                        compiler,
+                        c,
+                        value,
+                        required=value is REQUIRED,
+                        name=_col_bind_name(c),
+                        **kw,  # TODO: no test coverage for literal binds here
+                    )
+                    accumulated_bind_names: Iterable[str] = (c.key,)
+                elif value._is_bind_parameter:
+                    cbn = _col_bind_name(c)
+                    value = _handle_values_anonymous_param(
+                        compiler, c, value, name=cbn, **kw
+                    )
+                    accumulated_bind_names = (cbn,)
+                else:
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                    value = compiler.process(value.self_group(), **kw)
+                    accumulated_bind_names = ()
+                values.append((c, col_value, value, accumulated_bind_names))
+    # determine tables which are actually to be updated - process onupdate
+    # and server_onupdate for these
+    for t in affected_tables:
+        for c in t.c:
+            if c in normalized_params:
+                continue
+            elif c.onupdate is not None and not c.onupdate.is_sequence:
+                if c.onupdate.is_clause_element:
+                    values.append(
+                        (
+                            c,
+                            compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table),
+                            compiler.process(
+                                c.onupdate.arg.self_group(), **kw
+                            ),
+                            (),
+                        )
+                    )
+                    compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+                else:
+                    values.append(
+                        (
+                            c,
+                            compiler.process(c, include_table=include_table),
+                            _create_update_prefetch_bind_param(
+                                compiler, c, name=_col_bind_name(c), **kw
+                            ),
+                            (c.key,),
+                        )
+                    )
+            elif c.server_onupdate is not None:
+                compiler.postfetch.append(c)
+
+
+def _extend_values_for_multiparams(
+    compiler: SQLCompiler,
+    stmt: ValuesBase,
+    compile_state: DMLState,
+    initial_values: Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr],
+    _column_as_key: Callable[..., str],
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+) -> List[Sequence[_CrudParamElementStr]]:
+    values_0 = initial_values
+    values = [initial_values]
+
+    has_visiting_cte = kw.get("visiting_cte") is not None
+    mp = compile_state._multi_parameters
+    assert mp is not None
+    for i, row in enumerate(mp[1:]):
+        extension: List[_CrudParamElementStr] = []
+
+        row = {_column_as_key(key): v for key, v in row.items()}
+
+        for col, col_expr, param, accumulated_names in values_0:
+            if col.key in row:
+                key = col.key
+
+                if coercions._is_literal(row[key]):
+                    new_param = _create_bind_param(
+                        compiler,
+                        col,
+                        row[key],
+                        name=("%s_m%d" % (col.key, i + 1)),
+                        force_anonymous=has_visiting_cte,
+                        **kw,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    new_param = compiler.process(row[key].self_group(), **kw)
+            else:
+                new_param = _process_multiparam_default_bind(
+                    compiler, stmt, col, i, kw
+                )
+
+            extension.append((col, col_expr, new_param, accumulated_names))
+
+        values.append(extension)
+
+    return values
+
+
+def _get_stmt_parameter_tuples_params(
+    compiler,
+    compile_state,
+    parameters,
+    stmt_parameter_tuples,
+    _column_as_key,
+    values,
+    kw,
+):
+    for k, v in stmt_parameter_tuples:
+        colkey = _column_as_key(k)
+        if colkey is not None:
+            parameters.setdefault(colkey, v)
+        else:
+            # a non-Column expression on the left side;
+            # add it to values() in an "as-is" state,
+            # coercing right side to bound param
+
+            # note one of the main use cases for this is array slice
+            # updates on PostgreSQL, as the left side is also an expression.
+
+            col_expr = compiler.process(
+                k, include_table=compile_state.include_table_with_column_exprs
+            )
+
+            if coercions._is_literal(v):
+                v = compiler.process(
+                    elements.BindParameter(None, v, type_=k.type), **kw
+                )
+            else:
+                if v._is_bind_parameter and v.type._isnull:
+                    # either unique parameter, or other bound parameters that
+                    # were passed in directly
+                    # set type to that of the column unconditionally
+                    v = v._with_binary_element_type(k.type)
+
+                v = compiler.process(v.self_group(), **kw)
+
+            # TODO: not sure if accumulated_bind_names applies here
+            values.append((k, col_expr, v, ()))
+
+
+def _get_returning_modifiers(compiler, stmt, compile_state, toplevel):
+    """determines RETURNING strategy, if any, for the statement.
+
+    This is where it's determined what we need to fetch from the
+    INSERT or UPDATE statement after it's invoked.
+
+    """
+
+    dialect = compiler.dialect
+
+    need_pks = (
+        toplevel
+        and _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state)
+        and not stmt._inline
+        and (
+            not compiler.for_executemany
+            or (dialect.insert_executemany_returning and stmt._return_defaults)
+        )
+        and not stmt._returning
+        # and (not stmt._returning or stmt._return_defaults)
+        and not compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+    )
+
+    # check if we have access to simple cursor.lastrowid.  we can use that
+    # after the INSERT if that's all we need.
+    postfetch_lastrowid = (
+        need_pks
+        and dialect.postfetch_lastrowid
+        and stmt.table._autoincrement_column is not None
+    )
+
+    # see if we want to add RETURNING to an INSERT in order to get
+    # primary key columns back.  This would be instead of postfetch_lastrowid
+    # if that's set.
+    implicit_returning = (
+        # statement itself can veto it
+        need_pks
+        # the dialect can veto it if it just doesnt support RETURNING
+        # with INSERT
+        and dialect.insert_returning
+        # user-defined implicit_returning on Table can veto it
+        and compile_state._primary_table.implicit_returning
+        # the compile_state can veto it (SQlite uses this to disable
+        # RETURNING for an ON CONFLICT insert, as SQLite does not return
+        # for rows that were updated, which is wrong)
+        and compile_state._supports_implicit_returning
+        and (
+            # since we support MariaDB and SQLite which also support lastrowid,
+            # decide if we should use lastrowid or RETURNING.  for insert
+            # that didnt call return_defaults() and has just one set of
+            # parameters, we can use lastrowid.   this is more "traditional"
+            # and a lot of weird use cases are supported by it.
+            # SQLite lastrowid times 3x faster than returning,
+            # Mariadb lastrowid 2x faster than returning
+            (not postfetch_lastrowid or dialect.favor_returning_over_lastrowid)
+            or compile_state._has_multi_parameters
+            or stmt._return_defaults
+        )
+    )
+    if implicit_returning:
+        postfetch_lastrowid = False
+
+    if _compile_state_isinsert(compile_state):
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = (
+            implicit_returning and stmt._return_defaults
+        )
+        explicit_returning = (
+            should_implicit_return_defaults
+            or stmt._returning
+            or stmt._supplemental_returning
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = (
+            toplevel
+            and compiler.for_executemany
+            and dialect.use_insertmanyvalues
+            and (
+                explicit_returning or dialect.use_insertmanyvalues_wo_returning
+            )
+        )
+
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+        if (
+            use_insertmanyvalues
+            and explicit_returning
+            and stmt._sort_by_parameter_order
+        ):
+            use_sentinel_columns = compiler._get_sentinel_column_for_table(
+                stmt.table
+            )
+
+    elif compile_state.isupdate:
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = (
+            stmt._return_defaults
+            and compile_state._primary_table.implicit_returning
+            and compile_state._supports_implicit_returning
+            and dialect.update_returning
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+    elif compile_state.isdelete:
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = (
+            stmt._return_defaults
+            and compile_state._primary_table.implicit_returning
+            and compile_state._supports_implicit_returning
+            and dialect.delete_returning
+        )
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+    else:
+        should_implicit_return_defaults = False  # pragma: no cover
+        use_insertmanyvalues = False
+        use_sentinel_columns = None
+
+    if should_implicit_return_defaults:
+        if not stmt._return_defaults_columns:
+            # TODO: this is weird.  See #9685 where we have to
+            # take an extra step to prevent this from happening.  why
+            # would this ever be *all* columns?  but if we set to blank, then
+            # that seems to break things also in the ORM.  So we should
+            # try to clean this up and figure out what return_defaults
+            # needs to do w/ the ORM etc. here
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt.table.c)
+        else:
+            implicit_return_defaults = set(stmt._return_defaults_columns)
+    else:
+        implicit_return_defaults = None
+
+    return (
+        need_pks,
+        implicit_returning or should_implicit_return_defaults,
+        implicit_return_defaults,
+        postfetch_lastrowid,
+        use_insertmanyvalues,
+        use_sentinel_columns,
+    )
+
+
+def _warn_pk_with_no_anticipated_value(c):
+    msg = (
+        "Column '%s.%s' is marked as a member of the "
+        "primary key for table '%s', "
+        "but has no Python-side or server-side default generator indicated, "
+        "nor does it indicate 'autoincrement=True' or 'nullable=True', "
+        "and no explicit value is passed.  "
+        "Primary key columns typically may not store NULL."
+        % (c.table.fullname, c.name, c.table.fullname)
+    )
+    if len(c.table.primary_key) > 1:
+        msg += (
+            " Note that as of SQLAlchemy 1.1, 'autoincrement=True' must be "
+            "indicated explicitly for composite (e.g. multicolumn) primary "
+            "keys if AUTO_INCREMENT/SERIAL/IDENTITY "
+            "behavior is expected for one of the columns in the primary key. "
+            "CREATE TABLE statements are impacted by this change as well on "
+            "most backends."
+        )
+    util.warn(msg)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a81f5f9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/ddl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1441 @@
+# sql/ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""
+Provides the hierarchy of DDL-defining schema items as well as routines
+to invoke them for a create/drop call.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence as typing_Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import roles
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import SchemaVisitor
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import topological
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .compiler import Compiled
+    from .compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import Constraint
+    from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .schema import Index
+    from .schema import SchemaItem
+    from .schema import Sequence as Sequence  # noqa: F401
+    from .schema import Table
+    from .selectable import TableClause
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CacheStats
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+
+_SI = TypeVar("_SI", bound=Union["SchemaItem", str])
+
+
+class BaseDDLElement(ClauseElement):
+    """The root of DDL constructs, including those that are sub-elements
+    within the "create table" and other processes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    _hierarchy_supports_caching = False
+    """disable cache warnings for all _DDLCompiles subclasses. """
+
+    def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        return dialect.ddl_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+    def _compile_w_cache(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType],
+        column_keys: List[str],
+        for_executemany: bool = False,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Compiled, Optional[typing_Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]], CacheStats
+    ]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class DDLIfCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        ddl: BaseDDLElement,
+        target: Union[SchemaItem, str],
+        bind: Optional[Connection],
+        tables: Optional[List[Table]] = None,
+        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        compiler: Optional[DDLCompiler] = ...,
+        checkfirst: bool,
+    ) -> bool: ...
+
+
+class DDLIf(typing.NamedTuple):
+    dialect: Optional[str]
+    callable_: Optional[DDLIfCallable]
+    state: Optional[Any]
+
+    def _should_execute(
+        self,
+        ddl: BaseDDLElement,
+        target: Union[SchemaItem, str],
+        bind: Optional[Connection],
+        compiler: Optional[DDLCompiler] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if bind is not None:
+            dialect = bind.dialect
+        elif compiler is not None:
+            dialect = compiler.dialect
+        else:
+            assert False, "compiler or dialect is required"
+
+        if isinstance(self.dialect, str):
+            if self.dialect != dialect.name:
+                return False
+        elif isinstance(self.dialect, (tuple, list, set)):
+            if dialect.name not in self.dialect:
+                return False
+        if self.callable_ is not None and not self.callable_(
+            ddl,
+            target,
+            bind,
+            state=self.state,
+            dialect=dialect,
+            compiler=compiler,
+            **kw,
+        ):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+class ExecutableDDLElement(roles.DDLRole, Executable, BaseDDLElement):
+    """Base class for standalone executable DDL expression constructs.
+
+    This class is the base for the general purpose :class:`.DDL` class,
+    as well as the various create/drop clause constructs such as
+    :class:`.CreateTable`, :class:`.DropTable`, :class:`.AddConstraint`,
+    etc.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` is renamed from
+       :class:`.DDLElement`, which still exists for backwards compatibility.
+
+    :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` integrates closely with SQLAlchemy events,
+    introduced in :ref:`event_toplevel`.  An instance of one is
+    itself an event receiving callable::
+
+        event.listen(
+            users,
+            "after_create",
+            AddConstraint(constraint).execute_if(dialect="postgresql"),
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """
+
+    _ddl_if: Optional[DDLIf] = None
+    target: Union[SchemaItem, str, None] = None
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        return connection._execute_ddl(
+            self, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def against(self, target: SchemaItem) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` which
+        will include the given target.
+
+        This essentially applies the given item to the ``.target`` attribute of
+        the returned :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` object. This target
+        is then usable by event handlers and compilation routines in order to
+        provide services such as tokenization of a DDL string in terms of a
+        particular :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        When a :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` object is established as
+        an event handler for the :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.before_create` or
+        :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.after_create` events, and the event then
+        occurs for a given target such as a :class:`_schema.Constraint` or
+        :class:`_schema.Table`, that target is established with a copy of the
+        :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` object using this method, which
+        then proceeds to the :meth:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement.execute`
+        method in order to invoke the actual DDL instruction.
+
+        :param target: a :class:`_schema.SchemaItem` that will be the subject
+         of a DDL operation.
+
+        :return: a copy of this :class:`_schema.ExecutableDDLElement` with the
+         ``.target`` attribute assigned to the given
+         :class:`_schema.SchemaItem`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`_schema.DDL` - uses tokenization against the "target" when
+            processing the DDL string.
+
+        """
+        self.target = target
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def execute_if(
+        self,
+        dialect: Optional[str] = None,
+        callable_: Optional[DDLIfCallable] = None,
+        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a callable that will execute this
+        :class:`_ddl.ExecutableDDLElement` conditionally within an event
+        handler.
+
+        Used to provide a wrapper for event listening::
+
+            event.listen(
+                metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                DDL("my_ddl").execute_if(dialect="postgresql"),
+            )
+
+        :param dialect: May be a string or tuple of strings.
+          If a string, it will be compared to the name of the
+          executing database dialect::
+
+            DDL("something").execute_if(dialect="postgresql")
+
+          If a tuple, specifies multiple dialect names::
+
+            DDL("something").execute_if(dialect=("postgresql", "mysql"))
+
+        :param callable\_: A callable, which will be invoked with
+          three positional arguments as well as optional keyword
+          arguments:
+
+            :ddl:
+              This DDL element.
+
+            :target:
+              The :class:`_schema.Table` or :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+              object which is the
+              target of this event. May be None if the DDL is executed
+              explicitly.
+
+            :bind:
+              The :class:`_engine.Connection` being used for DDL execution.
+              May be None if this construct is being created inline within
+              a table, in which case ``compiler`` will be present.
+
+            :tables:
+              Optional keyword argument - a list of Table objects which are to
+              be created/ dropped within a MetaData.create_all() or drop_all()
+              method call.
+
+            :dialect: keyword argument, but always present - the
+              :class:`.Dialect` involved in the operation.
+
+            :compiler: keyword argument.  Will be ``None`` for an engine
+              level DDL invocation, but will refer to a :class:`.DDLCompiler`
+              if this DDL element is being created inline within a table.
+
+            :state:
+              Optional keyword argument - will be the ``state`` argument
+              passed to this function.
+
+            :checkfirst:
+             Keyword argument, will be True if the 'checkfirst' flag was
+             set during the call to ``create()``, ``create_all()``,
+             ``drop()``, ``drop_all()``.
+
+          If the callable returns a True value, the DDL statement will be
+          executed.
+
+        :param state: any value which will be passed to the callable\_
+          as the ``state`` keyword argument.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.SchemaItem.ddl_if`
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        """
+        self._ddl_if = DDLIf(dialect, callable_, state)
+        return self
+
+    def _should_execute(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if self._ddl_if is None:
+            return True
+        else:
+            return self._ddl_if._should_execute(self, target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _invoke_with(self, bind):
+        if self._should_execute(self.target, bind):
+            return bind.execute(self)
+
+    def __call__(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        """Execute the DDL as a ddl_listener."""
+
+        self.against(target)._invoke_with(bind)
+
+    def _generate(self):
+        s = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        s.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+        return s
+
+
+DDLElement = ExecutableDDLElement
+""":class:`.DDLElement` is renamed to :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`."""
+
+
+class DDL(ExecutableDDLElement):
+    """A literal DDL statement.
+
+    Specifies literal SQL DDL to be executed by the database.  DDL objects
+    function as DDL event listeners, and can be subscribed to those events
+    listed in :class:`.DDLEvents`, using either :class:`_schema.Table` or
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` objects as targets.
+    Basic templating support allows
+    a single DDL instance to handle repetitive tasks for multiple tables.
+
+    Examples::
+
+      from sqlalchemy import event, DDL
+
+      tbl = Table("users", metadata, Column("uid", Integer))
+      event.listen(tbl, "before_create", DDL("DROP TRIGGER users_trigger"))
+
+      spow = DDL("ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET secretpowers TRUE")
+      event.listen(tbl, "after_create", spow.execute_if(dialect="somedb"))
+
+      drop_spow = DDL("ALTER TABLE users SET secretpowers FALSE")
+      connection.execute(drop_spow)
+
+    When operating on Table events, the following ``statement``
+    string substitutions are available:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+      %(table)s  - the Table name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(schema)s - the schema name, with any required quoting applied
+      %(fullname)s - the Table name including schema, quoted if needed
+
+    The DDL's "context", if any, will be combined with the standard
+    substitutions noted above.  Keys present in the context will override
+    the standard substitutions.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ddl"
+
+    def __init__(self, statement, context=None):
+        """Create a DDL statement.
+
+        :param statement:
+          A string or unicode string to be executed.  Statements will be
+          processed with Python's string formatting operator using
+          a fixed set of string substitutions, as well as additional
+          substitutions provided by the optional :paramref:`.DDL.context`
+          parameter.
+
+          A literal '%' in a statement must be escaped as '%%'.
+
+          SQL bind parameters are not available in DDL statements.
+
+        :param context:
+          Optional dictionary, defaults to None.  These values will be
+          available for use in string substitutions on the DDL statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :class:`.DDLEvents`
+
+            :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        """
+
+        if not isinstance(statement, str):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Expected a string or unicode SQL statement, got '%r'"
+                % statement
+            )
+
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.context = context or {}
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        parts = [repr(self.statement)]
+        if self.context:
+            parts.append(f"context={self.context}")
+
+        return "<%s@%s; %s>" % (
+            type(self).__name__,
+            id(self),
+            ", ".join(parts),
+        )
+
+
+class _CreateDropBase(ExecutableDDLElement, Generic[_SI]):
+    """Base class for DDL constructs that represent CREATE and DROP or
+    equivalents.
+
+    The common theme of _CreateDropBase is a single
+    ``element`` attribute which refers to the element
+    to be created or dropped.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, element: _SI) -> None:
+        self.element = self.target = element
+        self._ddl_if = getattr(element, "_ddl_if", None)
+
+    @property
+    def stringify_dialect(self):
+        assert not isinstance(self.element, str)
+        return self.element.create_drop_stringify_dialect
+
+    def _create_rule_disable(self, compiler):
+        """Allow disable of _create_rule using a callable.
+
+        Pass to _create_rule using
+        util.portable_instancemethod(self._create_rule_disable)
+        to retain serializability.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+class _CreateBase(_CreateDropBase[_SI]):
+    def __init__(self, element: _SI, if_not_exists: bool = False) -> None:
+        super().__init__(element)
+        self.if_not_exists = if_not_exists
+
+
+class _DropBase(_CreateDropBase[_SI]):
+    def __init__(self, element: _SI, if_exists: bool = False) -> None:
+        super().__init__(element)
+        self.if_exists = if_exists
+
+
+class CreateSchema(_CreateBase[str]):
+    """Represent a CREATE SCHEMA statement.
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_schema"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        if_not_exists: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new :class:`.CreateSchema` construct."""
+
+        super().__init__(element=name, if_not_exists=if_not_exists)
+
+
+class DropSchema(_DropBase[str]):
+    """Represent a DROP SCHEMA statement.
+
+    The argument here is the string name of the schema.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_schema"
+
+    stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        cascade: bool = False,
+        if_exists: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new :class:`.DropSchema` construct."""
+
+        super().__init__(element=name, if_exists=if_exists)
+        self.cascade = cascade
+
+
+class CreateTable(_CreateBase["Table"]):
+    """Represent a CREATE TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_table"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: Table,
+        include_foreign_key_constraints: Optional[
+            typing_Sequence[ForeignKeyConstraint]
+        ] = None,
+        if_not_exists: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Table` that's the subject
+         of the CREATE
+        :param on: See the description for 'on' in :class:`.DDL`.
+        :param include_foreign_key_constraints: optional sequence of
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects that will be included
+         inline within the CREATE construct; if omitted, all foreign key
+         constraints that do not specify use_alter=True are included.
+
+        :param if_not_exists: if True, an IF NOT EXISTS operator will be
+         applied to the construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_not_exists=if_not_exists)
+        self.columns = [CreateColumn(column) for column in element.columns]
+        self.include_foreign_key_constraints = include_foreign_key_constraints
+
+
+class _DropView(_DropBase["Table"]):
+    """Semi-public 'DROP VIEW' construct.
+
+    Used by the test suite for dialect-agnostic drops of views.
+    This object will eventually be part of a public "view" API.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_view"
+
+
+class CreateConstraint(BaseDDLElement):
+    element: Constraint
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Constraint) -> None:
+        self.element = element
+
+
+class CreateColumn(BaseDDLElement):
+    """Represent a :class:`_schema.Column`
+    as rendered in a CREATE TABLE statement,
+    via the :class:`.CreateTable` construct.
+
+    This is provided to support custom column DDL within the generation
+    of CREATE TABLE statements, by using the
+    compiler extension documented in :ref:`sqlalchemy.ext.compiler_toplevel`
+    to extend :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+    Typical integration is to examine the incoming :class:`_schema.Column`
+    object, and to redirect compilation if a particular flag or condition
+    is found::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.compiler import compiles
+
+
+        @compiles(schema.CreateColumn)
+        def compile(element, compiler, **kw):
+            column = element.element
+
+            if "special" not in column.info:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+            text = "%s SPECIAL DIRECTIVE %s" % (
+                column.name,
+                compiler.type_compiler.process(column.type),
+            )
+            default = compiler.get_column_default_string(column)
+            if default is not None:
+                text += " DEFAULT " + default
+
+            if not column.nullable:
+                text += " NOT NULL"
+
+            if column.constraints:
+                text += " ".join(
+                    compiler.process(const) for const in column.constraints
+                )
+            return text
+
+    The above construct can be applied to a :class:`_schema.Table`
+    as follows::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Metadata, Column, Integer, String
+        from sqlalchemy import schema
+
+        metadata = MetaData()
+
+        table = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            MetaData(),
+            Column("x", Integer, info={"special": True}, primary_key=True),
+            Column("y", String(50)),
+            Column("z", String(20), info={"special": True}),
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(conn)
+
+    Above, the directives we've added to the :attr:`_schema.Column.info`
+    collection
+    will be detected by our custom compilation scheme:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        CREATE TABLE mytable (
+                x SPECIAL DIRECTIVE INTEGER NOT NULL,
+                y VARCHAR(50),
+                z SPECIAL DIRECTIVE VARCHAR(20),
+            PRIMARY KEY (x)
+        )
+
+    The :class:`.CreateColumn` construct can also be used to skip certain
+    columns when producing a ``CREATE TABLE``.  This is accomplished by
+    creating a compilation rule that conditionally returns ``None``.
+    This is essentially how to produce the same effect as using the
+    ``system=True`` argument on :class:`_schema.Column`, which marks a column
+    as an implicitly-present "system" column.
+
+    For example, suppose we wish to produce a :class:`_schema.Table`
+    which skips
+    rendering of the PostgreSQL ``xmin`` column against the PostgreSQL
+    backend, but on other backends does render it, in anticipation of a
+    triggered rule.  A conditional compilation rule could skip this name only
+    on PostgreSQL::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateColumn
+
+
+        @compiles(CreateColumn, "postgresql")
+        def skip_xmin(element, compiler, **kw):
+            if element.element.name == "xmin":
+                return None
+            else:
+                return compiler.visit_create_column(element, **kw)
+
+
+        my_table = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("xmin", Integer),
+        )
+
+    Above, a :class:`.CreateTable` construct will generate a ``CREATE TABLE``
+    which only includes the ``id`` column in the string; the ``xmin`` column
+    will be omitted, but only against the PostgreSQL backend.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_column"
+
+    element: Column[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Column[Any]) -> None:
+        self.element = element
+
+
+class DropTable(_DropBase["Table"]):
+    """Represent a DROP TABLE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_table"
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Table, if_exists: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Create a :class:`.DropTable` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Table` that's the subject
+         of the DROP.
+        :param on: See the description for 'on' in :class:`.DDL`.
+        :param if_exists: if True, an IF EXISTS operator will be applied to the
+         construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_exists=if_exists)
+
+
+class CreateSequence(_CreateBase["Sequence"]):
+    """Represent a CREATE SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_sequence"
+
+
+class DropSequence(_DropBase["Sequence"]):
+    """Represent a DROP SEQUENCE statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_sequence"
+
+
+class CreateIndex(_CreateBase["Index"]):
+    """Represent a CREATE INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "create_index"
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Index, if_not_exists: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Create a :class:`.Createindex` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Index` that's the subject
+         of the CREATE.
+        :param if_not_exists: if True, an IF NOT EXISTS operator will be
+         applied to the construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_not_exists=if_not_exists)
+
+
+class DropIndex(_DropBase["Index"]):
+    """Represent a DROP INDEX statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_index"
+
+    def __init__(self, element: Index, if_exists: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Create a :class:`.DropIndex` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`_schema.Index` that's the subject
+         of the DROP.
+        :param if_exists: if True, an IF EXISTS operator will be applied to the
+         construct.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element, if_exists=if_exists)
+
+
+class AddConstraint(_CreateBase["Constraint"]):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "add_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: Constraint,
+        *,
+        isolate_from_table: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a new :class:`.AddConstraint` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`.Constraint` object
+
+        :param isolate_from_table: optional boolean, defaults to True.  Has
+         the effect of the incoming constraint being isolated from being
+         included in a CREATE TABLE sequence when associated with a
+         :class:`.Table`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.39 - added
+            :paramref:`.AddConstraint.isolate_from_table`, defaulting
+            to True.  Previously, the behavior of this parameter was implicitly
+            turned on in all cases.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(element)
+
+        if isolate_from_table:
+            element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._create_rule_disable
+            )
+
+
+class DropConstraint(_DropBase["Constraint"]):
+    """Represent an ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: Constraint,
+        *,
+        cascade: bool = False,
+        if_exists: bool = False,
+        isolate_from_table: bool = True,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a new :class:`.DropConstraint` construct.
+
+        :param element: a :class:`.Constraint` object
+        :param cascade: optional boolean, indicates backend-specific
+         "CASCADE CONSTRAINT" directive should be rendered if available
+        :param if_exists: optional boolean, indicates backend-specific
+         "IF EXISTS" directive should be rendered if available
+        :param isolate_from_table: optional boolean, defaults to True.  Has
+         the effect of the incoming constraint being isolated from being
+         included in a CREATE TABLE sequence when associated with a
+         :class:`.Table`.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.39 - added
+            :paramref:`.DropConstraint.isolate_from_table`, defaulting
+            to True.  Previously, the behavior of this parameter was implicitly
+            turned on in all cases.
+
+        """
+        self.cascade = cascade
+        super().__init__(element, if_exists=if_exists, **kw)
+
+        if isolate_from_table:
+            element._create_rule = util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._create_rule_disable
+            )
+
+
+class SetTableComment(_CreateDropBase["Table"]):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON TABLE IS statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "set_table_comment"
+
+
+class DropTableComment(_CreateDropBase["Table"]):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON TABLE '' statement.
+
+    Note this varies a lot across database backends.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_table_comment"
+
+
+class SetColumnComment(_CreateDropBase["Column[Any]"]):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON COLUMN IS statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "set_column_comment"
+
+
+class DropColumnComment(_CreateDropBase["Column[Any]"]):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON COLUMN IS NULL statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_column_comment"
+
+
+class SetConstraintComment(_CreateDropBase["Constraint"]):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT IS statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "set_constraint_comment"
+
+
+class DropConstraintComment(_CreateDropBase["Constraint"]):
+    """Represent a COMMENT ON CONSTRAINT IS NULL statement."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "drop_constraint_comment"
+
+
+class InvokeDDLBase(SchemaVisitor):
+    def __init__(self, connection):
+        self.connection = connection
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def with_ddl_events(self, target, **kw):
+        """helper context manager that will apply appropriate DDL events
+        to a CREATE or DROP operation."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class InvokeCreateDDLBase(InvokeDDLBase):
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def with_ddl_events(self, target, **kw):
+        """helper context manager that will apply appropriate DDL events
+        to a CREATE or DROP operation."""
+
+        target.dispatch.before_create(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+        yield
+        target.dispatch.after_create(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class InvokeDropDDLBase(InvokeDDLBase):
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def with_ddl_events(self, target, **kw):
+        """helper context manager that will apply appropriate DDL events
+        to a CREATE or DROP operation."""
+
+        target.dispatch.before_drop(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+        yield
+        target.dispatch.after_drop(
+            target, self.connection, _ddl_runner=self, **kw
+        )
+
+
+class SchemaGenerator(InvokeCreateDDLBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, tables=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def _can_create_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or not self.dialect.has_table(
+            self.connection, table.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+    def _can_create_index(self, index):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(index.table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or not self.dialect.has_index(
+            self.connection,
+            index.table.name,
+            index.name,
+            schema=effective_schema,
+        )
+
+    def _can_create_sequence(self, sequence):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(sequence)
+
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            (not self.dialect.sequences_optional or not sequence.optional)
+            and (
+                not self.checkfirst
+                or not self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                    self.connection, sequence.name, schema=effective_schema
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+
+        collection = sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            [t for t in tables if self._can_create_table(t)]
+        )
+
+        seq_coll = [
+            s
+            for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+            if s.column is None and self._can_create_sequence(s)
+        ]
+
+        event_collection = [t for (t, fks) in collection if t is not None]
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            metadata,
+            tables=event_collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+        ):
+            for seq in seq_coll:
+                self.traverse_single(seq, create_ok=True)
+
+            for table, fkcs in collection:
+                if table is not None:
+                    self.traverse_single(
+                        table,
+                        create_ok=True,
+                        include_foreign_key_constraints=fkcs,
+                        _is_metadata_operation=True,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    for fkc in fkcs:
+                        self.traverse_single(fkc)
+
+    def visit_table(
+        self,
+        table,
+        create_ok=False,
+        include_foreign_key_constraints=None,
+        _is_metadata_operation=False,
+    ):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_table(table):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            table,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+            _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation,
+        ):
+            for column in table.columns:
+                if column.default is not None:
+                    self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+            if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+                # e.g., don't omit any foreign key constraints
+                include_foreign_key_constraints = None
+
+            CreateTable(
+                table,
+                include_foreign_key_constraints=(
+                    include_foreign_key_constraints
+                ),
+            )._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+            if hasattr(table, "indexes"):
+                for index in table.indexes:
+                    self.traverse_single(index, create_ok=True)
+
+            if (
+                self.dialect.supports_comments
+                and not self.dialect.inline_comments
+            ):
+                if table.comment is not None:
+                    SetTableComment(table)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+                for column in table.columns:
+                    if column.comment is not None:
+                        SetColumnComment(column)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+                if self.dialect.supports_constraint_comments:
+                    for constraint in table.constraints:
+                        if constraint.comment is not None:
+                            self.connection.execute(
+                                SetConstraintComment(constraint)
+                            )
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(constraint):
+            AddConstraint(constraint)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, create_ok=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(sequence):
+            CreateSequence(sequence)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, create_ok=False):
+        if not create_ok and not self._can_create_index(index):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(index):
+            CreateIndex(index)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+
+class SchemaDropper(InvokeDropDDLBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self, dialect, connection, checkfirst=False, tables=None, **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(connection, **kwargs)
+        self.checkfirst = checkfirst
+        self.tables = tables
+        self.preparer = dialect.identifier_preparer
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.memo = {}
+
+    def visit_metadata(self, metadata):
+        if self.tables is not None:
+            tables = self.tables
+        else:
+            tables = list(metadata.tables.values())
+
+        try:
+            unsorted_tables = [t for t in tables if self._can_drop_table(t)]
+            collection = list(
+                reversed(
+                    sort_tables_and_constraints(
+                        unsorted_tables,
+                        filter_fn=lambda constraint: (
+                            False
+                            if not self.dialect.supports_alter
+                            or constraint.name is None
+                            else None
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        except exc.CircularDependencyError as err2:
+            if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+                util.warn(
+                    "Can't sort tables for DROP; an "
+                    "unresolvable foreign key "
+                    "dependency exists between tables: %s; and backend does "
+                    "not support ALTER.  To restore at least a partial sort, "
+                    "apply use_alter=True to ForeignKey and "
+                    "ForeignKeyConstraint "
+                    "objects involved in the cycle to mark these as known "
+                    "cycles that will be ignored."
+                    % (", ".join(sorted([t.fullname for t in err2.cycles])))
+                )
+                collection = [(t, ()) for t in unsorted_tables]
+            else:
+                raise exc.CircularDependencyError(
+                    err2.args[0],
+                    err2.cycles,
+                    err2.edges,
+                    msg="Can't sort tables for DROP; an "
+                    "unresolvable foreign key "
+                    "dependency exists between tables: %s.  Please ensure "
+                    "that the ForeignKey and ForeignKeyConstraint objects "
+                    "involved in the cycle have "
+                    "names so that they can be dropped using "
+                    "DROP CONSTRAINT."
+                    % (", ".join(sorted([t.fullname for t in err2.cycles]))),
+                ) from err2
+
+        seq_coll = [
+            s
+            for s in metadata._sequences.values()
+            if self._can_drop_sequence(s)
+        ]
+
+        event_collection = [t for (t, fks) in collection if t is not None]
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            metadata,
+            tables=event_collection,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+        ):
+            for table, fkcs in collection:
+                if table is not None:
+                    self.traverse_single(
+                        table,
+                        drop_ok=True,
+                        _is_metadata_operation=True,
+                        _ignore_sequences=seq_coll,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    for fkc in fkcs:
+                        self.traverse_single(fkc)
+
+            for seq in seq_coll:
+                self.traverse_single(seq, drop_ok=seq.column is None)
+
+    def _can_drop_table(self, table):
+        self.dialect.validate_identifier(table.name)
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or self.dialect.has_table(
+            self.connection, table.name, schema=effective_schema
+        )
+
+    def _can_drop_index(self, index):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(index.table)
+        if effective_schema:
+            self.dialect.validate_identifier(effective_schema)
+        return not self.checkfirst or self.dialect.has_index(
+            self.connection,
+            index.table.name,
+            index.name,
+            schema=effective_schema,
+        )
+
+    def _can_drop_sequence(self, sequence):
+        effective_schema = self.connection.schema_for_object(sequence)
+        return self.dialect.supports_sequences and (
+            (not self.dialect.sequences_optional or not sequence.optional)
+            and (
+                not self.checkfirst
+                or self.dialect.has_sequence(
+                    self.connection, sequence.name, schema=effective_schema
+                )
+            )
+        )
+
+    def visit_index(self, index, drop_ok=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_index(index):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(index):
+            DropIndex(index)(index, self.connection)
+
+    def visit_table(
+        self,
+        table,
+        drop_ok=False,
+        _is_metadata_operation=False,
+        _ignore_sequences=(),
+    ):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_table(table):
+            return
+
+        with self.with_ddl_events(
+            table,
+            checkfirst=self.checkfirst,
+            _is_metadata_operation=_is_metadata_operation,
+        ):
+            DropTable(table)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+            # traverse client side defaults which may refer to server-side
+            # sequences. noting that some of these client side defaults may
+            # also be set up as server side defaults
+            # (see https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/
+            # latest/core/defaults.html
+            # #associating-a-sequence-as-the-server-side-
+            # default), so have to be dropped after the table is dropped.
+            for column in table.columns:
+                if (
+                    column.default is not None
+                    and column.default not in _ignore_sequences
+                ):
+                    self.traverse_single(column.default)
+
+    def visit_foreign_key_constraint(self, constraint):
+        if not self.dialect.supports_alter:
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(constraint):
+            DropConstraint(constraint)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+    def visit_sequence(self, sequence, drop_ok=False):
+        if not drop_ok and not self._can_drop_sequence(sequence):
+            return
+        with self.with_ddl_events(sequence):
+            DropSequence(sequence)._invoke_with(self.connection)
+
+
+def sort_tables(
+    tables: Iterable[TableClause],
+    skip_fn: Optional[Callable[[ForeignKeyConstraint], bool]] = None,
+    extra_dependencies: Optional[
+        typing_Sequence[Tuple[TableClause, TableClause]]
+    ] = None,
+) -> List[Table]:
+    """Sort a collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects based on
+    dependency.
+
+    This is a dependency-ordered sort which will emit :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects such that they will follow their dependent :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects.
+    Tables are dependent on another based on the presence of
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    objects as well as explicit dependencies
+    added by :meth:`_schema.Table.add_is_dependent_on`.
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        The :func:`._schema.sort_tables` function cannot by itself
+        accommodate automatic resolution of dependency cycles between
+        tables, which are usually caused by mutually dependent foreign key
+        constraints. When these cycles are detected, the foreign keys
+        of these tables are omitted from consideration in the sort.
+        A warning is emitted when this condition occurs, which will be an
+        exception raise in a future release.   Tables which are not part
+        of the cycle will still be returned in dependency order.
+
+        To resolve these cycles, the
+        :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` parameter may be
+        applied to those constraints which create a cycle.  Alternatively,
+        the :func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints` function will
+        automatically return foreign key constraints in a separate
+        collection when cycles are detected so that they may be applied
+        to a schema separately.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.17 - a warning is emitted when
+           :func:`_schema.sort_tables` cannot perform a proper sort due to
+           cyclical dependencies.  This will be an exception in a future
+           release.  Additionally, the sort will continue to return
+           other tables not involved in the cycle in dependency order
+           which was not the case previously.
+
+    :param tables: a sequence of :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    :param skip_fn: optional callable which will be passed a
+     :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object; if it returns True, this
+     constraint will not be considered as a dependency.  Note this is
+     **different** from the same parameter in
+     :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints`, which is
+     instead passed the owning :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object.
+
+    :param extra_dependencies: a sequence of 2-tuples of tables which will
+     also be considered as dependent on each other.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.sort_tables_and_constraints`
+
+        :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables` - uses this function to sort
+
+
+    """
+
+    if skip_fn is not None:
+        fixed_skip_fn = skip_fn
+
+        def _skip_fn(fkc):
+            for fk in fkc.elements:
+                if fixed_skip_fn(fk):
+                    return True
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    else:
+        _skip_fn = None  # type: ignore
+
+    return [
+        t
+        for (t, fkcs) in sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            tables,
+            filter_fn=_skip_fn,
+            extra_dependencies=extra_dependencies,
+            _warn_for_cycles=True,
+        )
+        if t is not None
+    ]
+
+
+def sort_tables_and_constraints(
+    tables, filter_fn=None, extra_dependencies=None, _warn_for_cycles=False
+):
+    """Sort a collection of :class:`_schema.Table`  /
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    objects.
+
+    This is a dependency-ordered sort which will emit tuples of
+    ``(Table, [ForeignKeyConstraint, ...])`` such that each
+    :class:`_schema.Table` follows its dependent :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects.
+    Remaining :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    objects that are separate due to
+    dependency rules not satisfied by the sort are emitted afterwards
+    as ``(None, [ForeignKeyConstraint ...])``.
+
+    Tables are dependent on another based on the presence of
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, explicit dependencies
+    added by :meth:`_schema.Table.add_is_dependent_on`,
+    as well as dependencies
+    stated here using the :paramref:`~.sort_tables_and_constraints.skip_fn`
+    and/or :paramref:`~.sort_tables_and_constraints.extra_dependencies`
+    parameters.
+
+    :param tables: a sequence of :class:`_schema.Table` objects.
+
+    :param filter_fn: optional callable which will be passed a
+     :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object,
+     and returns a value based on
+     whether this constraint should definitely be included or excluded as
+     an inline constraint, or neither.   If it returns False, the constraint
+     will definitely be included as a dependency that cannot be subject
+     to ALTER; if True, it will **only** be included as an ALTER result at
+     the end.   Returning None means the constraint is included in the
+     table-based result unless it is detected as part of a dependency cycle.
+
+    :param extra_dependencies: a sequence of 2-tuples of tables which will
+     also be considered as dependent on each other.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.sort_tables`
+
+
+    """
+
+    fixed_dependencies = set()
+    mutable_dependencies = set()
+
+    if extra_dependencies is not None:
+        fixed_dependencies.update(extra_dependencies)
+
+    remaining_fkcs = set()
+    for table in tables:
+        for fkc in table.foreign_key_constraints:
+            if fkc.use_alter is True:
+                remaining_fkcs.add(fkc)
+                continue
+
+            if filter_fn:
+                filtered = filter_fn(fkc)
+
+                if filtered is True:
+                    remaining_fkcs.add(fkc)
+                    continue
+
+            dependent_on = fkc.referred_table
+            if dependent_on is not table:
+                mutable_dependencies.add((dependent_on, table))
+
+        fixed_dependencies.update(
+            (parent, table) for parent in table._extra_dependencies
+        )
+
+    try:
+        candidate_sort = list(
+            topological.sort(
+                fixed_dependencies.union(mutable_dependencies),
+                tables,
+            )
+        )
+    except exc.CircularDependencyError as err:
+        if _warn_for_cycles:
+            util.warn(
+                "Cannot correctly sort tables; there are unresolvable cycles "
+                'between tables "%s", which is usually caused by mutually '
+                "dependent foreign key constraints.  Foreign key constraints "
+                "involving these tables will not be considered; this warning "
+                "may raise an error in a future release."
+                % (", ".join(sorted(t.fullname for t in err.cycles)),)
+            )
+        for edge in err.edges:
+            if edge in mutable_dependencies:
+                table = edge[1]
+                if table not in err.cycles:
+                    continue
+                can_remove = [
+                    fkc
+                    for fkc in table.foreign_key_constraints
+                    if filter_fn is None or filter_fn(fkc) is not False
+                ]
+                remaining_fkcs.update(can_remove)
+                for fkc in can_remove:
+                    dependent_on = fkc.referred_table
+                    if dependent_on is not table:
+                        mutable_dependencies.discard((dependent_on, table))
+        candidate_sort = list(
+            topological.sort(
+                fixed_dependencies.union(mutable_dependencies),
+                tables,
+            )
+        )
+
+    return [
+        (table, table.foreign_key_constraints.difference(remaining_fkcs))
+        for table in candidate_sort
+    ] + [(None, list(remaining_fkcs))]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fa5dafe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/default_comparator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+# sql/default_comparator.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Default implementation of SQL comparison operations.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import type_api
+from .elements import and_
+from .elements import BinaryExpression
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import CollationClause
+from .elements import CollectionAggregate
+from .elements import ExpressionClauseList
+from .elements import False_
+from .elements import Null
+from .elements import OperatorExpression
+from .elements import or_
+from .elements import True_
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .operators import OperatorType
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+
+_T = typing.TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .operators import custom_op
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+
+
+def _boolean_compare(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    obj: Any,
+    *,
+    negate_op: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+    _python_is_types: Tuple[Type[Any], ...] = (type(None), bool),
+    result_type: Optional[TypeEngine[bool]] = None,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> OperatorExpression[bool]:
+    if result_type is None:
+        result_type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    if isinstance(obj, _python_is_types + (Null, True_, False_)):
+        # allow x ==/!= True/False to be treated as a literal.
+        # this comes out to "== / != true/false" or "1/0" if those
+        # constants aren't supported and works on all platforms
+        if op in (operators.eq, operators.ne) and isinstance(
+            obj, (bool, True_, False_)
+        ):
+            return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                expr,
+                coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                op,
+                type_=result_type,
+                negate=negate_op,
+                modifiers=kwargs,
+            )
+        elif op in (
+            operators.is_distinct_from,
+            operators.is_not_distinct_from,
+        ):
+            return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                expr,
+                coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                op,
+                type_=result_type,
+                negate=negate_op,
+                modifiers=kwargs,
+            )
+        elif expr._is_collection_aggregate:
+            obj = coercions.expect(
+                roles.ConstExprRole, element=obj, operator=op, expr=expr
+            )
+        else:
+            # all other None uses IS, IS NOT
+            if op in (operators.eq, operators.is_):
+                return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                    expr,
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                    operators.is_,
+                    negate=operators.is_not,
+                    type_=result_type,
+                )
+            elif op in (operators.ne, operators.is_not):
+                return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+                    expr,
+                    coercions.expect(roles.ConstExprRole, obj),
+                    operators.is_not,
+                    negate=operators.is_,
+                    type_=result_type,
+                )
+            else:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only '=', '!=', 'is_()', 'is_not()', "
+                    "'is_distinct_from()', 'is_not_distinct_from()' "
+                    "operators can be used with None/True/False"
+                )
+    else:
+        obj = coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole, element=obj, operator=op, expr=expr
+        )
+
+    if reverse:
+        return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+            obj,
+            expr,
+            op,
+            type_=result_type,
+            negate=negate_op,
+            modifiers=kwargs,
+        )
+    else:
+        return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+            expr,
+            obj,
+            op,
+            type_=result_type,
+            negate=negate_op,
+            modifiers=kwargs,
+        )
+
+
+def _custom_op_operate(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: custom_op[Any],
+    obj: Any,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+    result_type: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if result_type is None:
+        if op.return_type:
+            result_type = op.return_type
+        elif op.is_comparison:
+            result_type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    return _binary_operate(
+        expr, op, obj, reverse=reverse, result_type=result_type, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def _binary_operate(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    obj: roles.BinaryElementRole[Any],
+    *,
+    reverse: bool = False,
+    result_type: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> OperatorExpression[_T]:
+    coerced_obj = coercions.expect(
+        roles.BinaryElementRole, obj, expr=expr, operator=op
+    )
+
+    if reverse:
+        left, right = coerced_obj, expr
+    else:
+        left, right = expr, coerced_obj
+
+    if result_type is None:
+        op, result_type = left.comparator._adapt_expression(
+            op, right.comparator
+        )
+
+    return OperatorExpression._construct_for_op(
+        left, right, op, type_=result_type, modifiers=kw
+    )
+
+
+def _conjunction_operate(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if op is operators.and_:
+        return and_(expr, other)
+    elif op is operators.or_:
+        return or_(expr, other)
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def _scalar(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    fn: Callable[[ColumnElement[Any]], ColumnElement[Any]],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    return fn(expr)
+
+
+def _in_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    seq_or_selectable: ClauseElement,
+    negate_op: OperatorType,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    seq_or_selectable = coercions.expect(
+        roles.InElementRole, seq_or_selectable, expr=expr, operator=op
+    )
+    if "in_ops" in seq_or_selectable._annotations:
+        op, negate_op = seq_or_selectable._annotations["in_ops"]
+
+    return _boolean_compare(
+        expr, op, seq_or_selectable, negate_op=negate_op, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def _getitem_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if (
+        isinstance(expr.type, type_api.INDEXABLE)
+        or isinstance(expr.type, type_api.TypeDecorator)
+        and isinstance(expr.type.impl_instance, type_api.INDEXABLE)
+    ):
+        other = coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole, other, expr=expr, operator=op
+        )
+        return _binary_operate(expr, op, other, **kw)
+    else:
+        _unsupported_impl(expr, op, other, **kw)
+
+
+def _unsupported_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> NoReturn:
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "Operator '%s' is not supported on this expression" % op.__name__
+    )
+
+
+def _inv_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__inv__`."""
+
+    # undocumented element currently used by the ORM for
+    # relationship.contains()
+    if hasattr(expr, "negation_clause"):
+        return expr.negation_clause
+    else:
+        return expr._negate()
+
+
+def _neg_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__neg__`."""
+    return UnaryExpression(expr, operator=operators.neg, type_=expr.type)
+
+
+def _bitwise_not_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.bitwise_not`."""
+
+    return UnaryExpression(
+        expr, operator=operators.bitwise_not_op, type_=expr.type
+    )
+
+
+def _match_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.match`."""
+
+    return _boolean_compare(
+        expr,
+        operators.match_op,
+        coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole,
+            other,
+            expr=expr,
+            operator=operators.match_op,
+        ),
+        result_type=type_api.MATCHTYPE,
+        negate_op=(
+            operators.not_match_op
+            if op is operators.match_op
+            else operators.match_op
+        ),
+        **kw,
+    )
+
+
+def _distinct_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any], op: OperatorType, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.distinct`."""
+    return UnaryExpression(
+        expr, operator=operators.distinct_op, type_=expr.type
+    )
+
+
+def _between_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    cleft: Any,
+    cright: Any,
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    """See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.between`."""
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        ExpressionClauseList._construct_for_list(
+            operators.and_,
+            type_api.NULLTYPE,
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                cleft,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.and_,
+            ),
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                cright,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.and_,
+            ),
+            group=False,
+        ),
+        op,
+        negate=(
+            operators.not_between_op
+            if op is operators.between_op
+            else operators.between_op
+        ),
+        modifiers=kw,
+    )
+
+
+def _collate_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[str], op: OperatorType, collation: str, **kw: Any
+) -> ColumnElement[str]:
+    return CollationClause._create_collation_expression(expr, collation)
+
+
+def _regexp_match_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[str],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    pattern: Any,
+    flags: Optional[str],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        coercions.expect(
+            roles.BinaryElementRole,
+            pattern,
+            expr=expr,
+            operator=operators.comma_op,
+        ),
+        op,
+        negate=operators.not_regexp_match_op,
+        modifiers={"flags": flags},
+    )
+
+
+def _regexp_replace_impl(
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+    op: OperatorType,
+    pattern: Any,
+    replacement: Any,
+    flags: Optional[str],
+    **kw: Any,
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    return BinaryExpression(
+        expr,
+        ExpressionClauseList._construct_for_list(
+            operators.comma_op,
+            type_api.NULLTYPE,
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                pattern,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.comma_op,
+            ),
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                replacement,
+                expr=expr,
+                operator=operators.comma_op,
+            ),
+            group=False,
+        ),
+        op,
+        modifiers={"flags": flags},
+    )
+
+
+# a mapping of operators with the method they use, along with
+# additional keyword arguments to be passed
+operator_lookup: Dict[
+    str,
+    Tuple[
+        Callable[..., ColumnElement[Any]],
+        util.immutabledict[
+            str, Union[OperatorType, Callable[..., ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ],
+    ],
+] = {
+    "and_": (_conjunction_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "or_": (_conjunction_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "inv": (_inv_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "add": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "mul": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "sub": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "div": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "mod": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_xor_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_or_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_and_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_not_op": (_bitwise_not_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_lshift_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "bitwise_rshift_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "truediv": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "floordiv": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "custom_op": (_custom_op_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "json_path_getitem_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "json_getitem_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "concat_op": (_binary_operate, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "any_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": CollectionAggregate._create_any}),
+    ),
+    "all_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": CollectionAggregate._create_all}),
+    ),
+    "lt": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.ge})),
+    "le": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.gt})),
+    "ne": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.eq})),
+    "gt": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.le})),
+    "ge": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.lt})),
+    "eq": (_boolean_compare, util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.ne})),
+    "is_distinct_from": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_not_distinct_from}),
+    ),
+    "is_not_distinct_from": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_distinct_from}),
+    ),
+    "like_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_like_op}),
+    ),
+    "ilike_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_ilike_op}),
+    ),
+    "not_like_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.like_op}),
+    ),
+    "not_ilike_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.ilike_op}),
+    ),
+    "contains_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_contains_op}),
+    ),
+    "icontains_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_icontains_op}),
+    ),
+    "startswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_startswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "istartswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_istartswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "endswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_endswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "iendswith_op": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_iendswith_op}),
+    ),
+    "desc_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_desc}),
+    ),
+    "asc_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_asc}),
+    ),
+    "nulls_first_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_nulls_first}),
+    ),
+    "nulls_last_op": (
+        _scalar,
+        util.immutabledict({"fn": UnaryExpression._create_nulls_last}),
+    ),
+    "in_op": (
+        _in_impl,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.not_in_op}),
+    ),
+    "not_in_op": (
+        _in_impl,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.in_op}),
+    ),
+    "is_": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_}),
+    ),
+    "is_not": (
+        _boolean_compare,
+        util.immutabledict({"negate_op": operators.is_not}),
+    ),
+    "collate": (_collate_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "match_op": (_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "not_match_op": (_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "distinct_op": (_distinct_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "between_op": (_between_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "not_between_op": (_between_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "neg": (_neg_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "getitem": (_getitem_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "lshift": (_unsupported_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "rshift": (_unsupported_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "contains": (_unsupported_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "regexp_match_op": (_regexp_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "not_regexp_match_op": (_regexp_match_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+    "regexp_replace_op": (_regexp_replace_impl, util.EMPTY_DICT),
+}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5071146
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/dml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1837 @@
+# sql/dml.py
+# Copyright (C) 2009-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+"""
+Provide :class:`_expression.Insert`, :class:`_expression.Update` and
+:class:`_expression.Delete`.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import operator
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import roles
+from . import util as sql_util
+from ._typing import _TP
+from ._typing import _unexpected_kw
+from ._typing import is_column_element
+from ._typing import is_named_from_clause
+from .base import _entity_namespace_key
+from .base import _exclusive_against
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import _select_iterables
+from .base import ColumnCollection
+from .base import ColumnSet
+from .base import CompileState
+from .base import DialectKWArgs
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasCompileState
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Null
+from .selectable import Alias
+from .selectable import ExecutableReturnsRows
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import HasCTE
+from .selectable import HasPrefixes
+from .selectable import Join
+from .selectable import SelectLabelStyle
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .selectable import TypedReturnsRows
+from .sqltypes import NullType
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _DMLColumnArgument
+    from ._typing import _DMLColumnKeyMapping
+    from ._typing import _DMLTableArgument
+    from ._typing import _T0  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T1  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T2  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T3  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T4  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T5  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T6  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _T7  # noqa
+    from ._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA  # noqa
+    from .base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .selectable import _ColumnsClauseElement
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import Select
+    from .selectable import Selectable
+
+    def isupdate(dml: DMLState) -> TypeGuard[UpdateDMLState]: ...
+
+    def isdelete(dml: DMLState) -> TypeGuard[DeleteDMLState]: ...
+
+    def isinsert(dml: DMLState) -> TypeGuard[InsertDMLState]: ...
+
+else:
+    isupdate = operator.attrgetter("isupdate")
+    isdelete = operator.attrgetter("isdelete")
+    isinsert = operator.attrgetter("isinsert")
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+_DMLColumnElement = Union[str, ColumnClause[Any]]
+_DMLTableElement = Union[TableClause, Alias, Join]
+
+
+class DMLState(CompileState):
+    _no_parameters = True
+    _dict_parameters: Optional[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]] = None
+    _multi_parameters: Optional[
+        List[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]
+    ] = None
+    _ordered_values: Optional[List[Tuple[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]] = None
+    _parameter_ordering: Optional[List[_DMLColumnElement]] = None
+    _primary_table: FromClause
+    _supports_implicit_returning = True
+
+    isupdate = False
+    isdelete = False
+    isinsert = False
+
+    statement: UpdateBase
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, statement: UpdateBase, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_entity_description(cls, statement: UpdateBase) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "name": (
+                statement.table.name
+                if is_named_from_clause(statement.table)
+                else None
+            ),
+            "table": statement.table,
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_returning_column_descriptions(
+        cls, statement: UpdateBase
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        return [
+            {
+                "name": c.key,
+                "type": c.type,
+                "expr": c,
+            }
+            for c in statement._all_selected_columns
+        ]
+
+    @property
+    def dml_table(self) -> _DMLTableElement:
+        return self.statement.table
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @classmethod
+        def get_plugin_class(cls, statement: Executable) -> Type[DMLState]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_multi_crud_kv_pairs(
+        cls,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        multi_kv_iterator: Iterable[Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]],
+    ) -> List[Dict[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]:
+        return [
+            {
+                coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k): v
+                for k, v in mapping.items()
+            }
+            for mapping in multi_kv_iterator
+        ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_crud_kv_pairs(
+        cls,
+        statement: UpdateBase,
+        kv_iterator: Iterable[Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]],
+        needs_to_be_cacheable: bool,
+    ) -> List[Tuple[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]:
+        return [
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, k),
+                (
+                    v
+                    if not needs_to_be_cacheable
+                    else coercions.expect(
+                        roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                        v,
+                        type_=NullType(),
+                        is_crud=True,
+                    )
+                ),
+            )
+            for k, v in kv_iterator
+        ]
+
+    def _make_extra_froms(
+        self, statement: DMLWhereBase
+    ) -> Tuple[FromClause, List[FromClause]]:
+        froms: List[FromClause] = []
+
+        all_tables = list(sql_util.tables_from_leftmost(statement.table))
+        primary_table = all_tables[0]
+        seen = {primary_table}
+
+        consider = statement._where_criteria
+        if self._dict_parameters:
+            consider += tuple(self._dict_parameters.values())
+
+        for crit in consider:
+            for item in _from_objects(crit):
+                if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                    froms.append(item)
+                seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        froms.extend(all_tables[1:])
+        return primary_table, froms
+
+    def _process_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._dict_parameters = statement._values
+            self._no_parameters = False
+
+    def _process_select_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        assert statement._select_names is not None
+        parameters: MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any] = {
+            name: Null() for name in statement._select_names
+        }
+
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._no_parameters = False
+            self._dict_parameters = parameters
+        else:
+            # this condition normally not reachable as the Insert
+            # does not allow this construction to occur
+            assert False, "This statement already has parameters"
+
+    def _no_multi_values_supported(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "%s construct does not support "
+            "multiple parameter sets." % statement.__visit_name__.upper()
+        )
+
+    def _cant_mix_formats_error(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Can't mix single and multiple VALUES "
+            "formats in one INSERT statement; one style appends to a "
+            "list while the other replaces values, so the intent is "
+            "ambiguous."
+        )
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "insert")
+class InsertDMLState(DMLState):
+    isinsert = True
+
+    include_table_with_column_exprs = False
+
+    _has_multi_parameters = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        statement: Insert,
+        compiler: SQLCompiler,
+        disable_implicit_returning: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self._primary_table = statement.table
+
+        if disable_implicit_returning:
+            self._supports_implicit_returning = False
+
+        self.isinsert = True
+        if statement._select_names:
+            self._process_select_values(statement)
+        if statement._values is not None:
+            self._process_values(statement)
+        if statement._multi_values:
+            self._process_multi_values(statement)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _insert_col_keys(self) -> List[str]:
+        # this is also done in crud.py -> _key_getters_for_crud_column
+        return [
+            coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, col, as_key=True)
+            for col in self._dict_parameters or ()
+        ]
+
+    def _process_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._has_multi_parameters = False
+            self._dict_parameters = statement._values
+            self._no_parameters = False
+        elif self._has_multi_parameters:
+            self._cant_mix_formats_error()
+
+    def _process_multi_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        for parameters in statement._multi_values:
+            multi_parameters: List[MutableMapping[_DMLColumnElement, Any]] = [
+                (
+                    {
+                        c.key: value
+                        for c, value in zip(statement.table.c, parameter_set)
+                    }
+                    if isinstance(parameter_set, collections_abc.Sequence)
+                    else parameter_set
+                )
+                for parameter_set in parameters
+            ]
+
+            if self._no_parameters:
+                self._no_parameters = False
+                self._has_multi_parameters = True
+                self._multi_parameters = multi_parameters
+                self._dict_parameters = self._multi_parameters[0]
+            elif not self._has_multi_parameters:
+                self._cant_mix_formats_error()
+            else:
+                assert self._multi_parameters
+                self._multi_parameters.extend(multi_parameters)
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "update")
+class UpdateDMLState(DMLState):
+    isupdate = True
+
+    include_table_with_column_exprs = False
+
+    def __init__(self, statement: Update, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any):
+        self.statement = statement
+
+        self.isupdate = True
+        if statement._ordered_values is not None:
+            self._process_ordered_values(statement)
+        elif statement._values is not None:
+            self._process_values(statement)
+        elif statement._multi_values:
+            self._no_multi_values_supported(statement)
+        t, ef = self._make_extra_froms(statement)
+        self._primary_table = t
+        self._extra_froms = ef
+
+        self.is_multitable = mt = ef
+        self.include_table_with_column_exprs = bool(
+            mt and compiler.render_table_with_column_in_update_from
+        )
+
+    def _process_ordered_values(self, statement: ValuesBase) -> None:
+        parameters = statement._ordered_values
+
+        if self._no_parameters:
+            self._no_parameters = False
+            assert parameters is not None
+            self._dict_parameters = dict(parameters)
+            self._ordered_values = parameters
+            self._parameter_ordering = [key for key, value in parameters]
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can only invoke ordered_values() once, and not mixed "
+                "with any other values() call"
+            )
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "delete")
+class DeleteDMLState(DMLState):
+    isdelete = True
+
+    def __init__(self, statement: Delete, compiler: SQLCompiler, **kw: Any):
+        self.statement = statement
+
+        self.isdelete = True
+        t, ef = self._make_extra_froms(statement)
+        self._primary_table = t
+        self._extra_froms = ef
+        self.is_multitable = ef
+
+
+class UpdateBase(
+    roles.DMLRole,
+    HasCTE,
+    HasCompileState,
+    DialectKWArgs,
+    HasPrefixes,
+    Generative,
+    ExecutableReturnsRows,
+    ClauseElement,
+):
+    """Form the base for ``INSERT``, ``UPDATE``, and ``DELETE`` statements."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "update_base"
+
+    _hints: util.immutabledict[Tuple[_DMLTableElement, str], str] = (
+        util.EMPTY_DICT
+    )
+    named_with_column = False
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = (
+        SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+    )
+    table: _DMLTableElement
+
+    _return_defaults = False
+    _return_defaults_columns: Optional[Tuple[_ColumnsClauseElement, ...]] = (
+        None
+    )
+    _supplemental_returning: Optional[Tuple[_ColumnsClauseElement, ...]] = None
+    _returning: Tuple[_ColumnsClauseElement, ...] = ()
+
+    is_dml = True
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        fromclause: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        columns._populate_separate_keys(
+            col._make_proxy(
+                fromclause, primary_key=primary_key, foreign_keys=foreign_keys
+            )
+            for col in self._all_selected_columns
+            if is_column_element(col)
+        )
+
+    def params(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        """Set the parameters for the statement.
+
+        This method raises ``NotImplementedError`` on the base class,
+        and is overridden by :class:`.ValuesBase` to provide the
+        SET/VALUES clause of UPDATE and INSERT.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "params() is not supported for INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements."
+            " To set the values for an INSERT or UPDATE statement, use"
+            " stmt.values(**parameters)."
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_dialect_options(self, **opt: Any) -> Self:
+        """Add dialect options to this INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE object.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            upd = table.update().dialect_options(mysql_limit=10)
+
+        .. versionadded: 1.4 - this method supersedes the dialect options
+           associated with the constructor.
+
+
+        """
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(opt)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def return_defaults(
+        self,
+        *cols: _DMLColumnArgument,
+        supplemental_cols: Optional[Iterable[_DMLColumnArgument]] = None,
+        sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Make use of a :term:`RETURNING` clause for the purpose
+        of fetching server-side expressions and defaults, for supporting
+        backends only.
+
+        .. deepalchemy::
+
+            The :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method is used by the ORM
+            for its internal work in fetching newly generated primary key
+            and server default values, in particular to provide the underyling
+            implementation of the :paramref:`_orm.Mapper.eager_defaults`
+            ORM feature as well as to allow RETURNING support with bulk
+            ORM inserts.  Its behavior is fairly idiosyncratic
+            and is not really intended for general use.  End users should
+            stick with using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` in order to
+            add RETURNING clauses to their INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
+            statements.
+
+        Normally, a single row INSERT statement will automatically populate the
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` attribute when executed,
+        which stores the primary key of the row that was just inserted in the
+        form of a :class:`.Row` object with column names as named tuple keys
+        (and the :attr:`.Row._mapping` view fully populated as well). The
+        dialect in use chooses the strategy to use in order to populate this
+        data; if it was generated using server-side defaults and / or SQL
+        expressions, dialect-specific approaches such as ``cursor.lastrowid``
+        or ``RETURNING`` are typically used to acquire the new primary key
+        value.
+
+        However, when the statement is modified by calling
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` before executing the statement,
+        additional behaviors take place **only** for backends that support
+        RETURNING and for :class:`.Table` objects that maintain the
+        :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning` parameter at its default value of
+        ``True``. In these cases, when the :class:`.CursorResult` is returned
+        from the statement's execution, not only will
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` be populated as always, the
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.returned_defaults` attribute will also be
+        populated with a :class:`.Row` named-tuple representing the full range
+        of server generated
+        values from that single row, including values for any columns that
+        specify :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default` or which make use of
+        :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` using a SQL expression.
+
+        When invoking INSERT statements with multiple rows using
+        :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`, the
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` modifier will have the effect of
+        the :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` and
+        :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows` attributes being
+        fully populated with lists of :class:`.Row` objects representing newly
+        inserted primary key values as well as newly inserted server generated
+        values for each row inserted. The
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` and
+        :attr:`.CursorResult.returned_defaults` attributes will also continue
+        to be populated with the first row of these two collections.
+
+        If the backend does not support RETURNING or the :class:`.Table` in use
+        has disabled :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning`, then no RETURNING
+        clause is added and no additional data is fetched, however the
+        INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement proceeds normally.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().values(data="newdata").return_defaults()
+
+            result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+            server_created_at = result.returned_defaults["created_at"]
+
+        When used against an UPDATE statement
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` instead looks for columns that
+        include :paramref:`_schema.Column.onupdate` or
+        :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_onupdate` parameters assigned, when
+        constructing the columns that will be included in the RETURNING clause
+        by default if explicit columns were not specified. When used against a
+        DELETE statement, no columns are included in RETURNING by default, they
+        instead must be specified explicitly as there are no columns that
+        normally change values when a DELETE statement proceeds.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0  :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` is supported
+           for DELETE statements also and has been moved from
+           :class:`.ValuesBase` to :class:`.UpdateBase`.
+
+        The :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method is mutually exclusive
+        against the :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method and errors will be
+        raised during the SQL compilation process if both are used at the same
+        time on one statement. The RETURNING clause of the INSERT, UPDATE or
+        DELETE statement is therefore controlled by only one of these methods
+        at a time.
+
+        The :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method differs from
+        :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` in these ways:
+
+        1. :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` method causes the
+           :attr:`.CursorResult.returned_defaults` collection to be populated
+           with the first row from the RETURNING result. This attribute is not
+           populated when using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`.
+
+        2. :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` is compatible with existing
+           logic used to fetch auto-generated primary key values that are then
+           populated into the :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+           attribute. By contrast, using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` will
+           have the effect of the :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+           attribute being left unpopulated.
+
+        3. :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` can be called against any
+           backend. Backends that don't support RETURNING will skip the usage
+           of the feature, rather than raising an exception, *unless*
+           ``supplemental_cols`` is passed. The return value
+           of :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults` will be ``None``
+           for backends that don't support RETURNING or for which the target
+           :class:`.Table` sets :paramref:`.Table.implicit_returning` to
+           ``False``.
+
+        4. An INSERT statement invoked with executemany() is supported if the
+           backend database driver supports the
+           :ref:`insertmanyvalues <engine_insertmanyvalues>`
+           feature which is now supported by most SQLAlchemy-included backends.
+           When executemany is used, the
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows` and
+           :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` accessors
+           will return the inserted defaults and primary keys.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 1.4 Added
+              :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows` and
+              :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows` accessors.
+              In version 2.0, the underlying implementation which fetches and
+              populates the data for these attributes was generalized to be
+              supported by most backends, whereas in 1.4 they were only
+              supported by the ``psycopg2`` driver.
+
+
+        :param cols: optional list of column key names or
+         :class:`_schema.Column` that acts as a filter for those columns that
+         will be fetched.
+        :param supplemental_cols: optional list of RETURNING expressions,
+          in the same form as one would pass to the
+          :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning` method. When present, the additional
+          columns will be included in the RETURNING clause, and the
+          :class:`.CursorResult` object will be "rewound" when returned, so
+          that methods like :meth:`.CursorResult.all` will return new rows
+          mostly as though the statement used :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+          directly. However, unlike when using :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+          directly, the **order of the columns is undefined**, so can only be
+          targeted using names or :attr:`.Row._mapping` keys; they cannot
+          reliably be targeted positionally.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param sort_by_parameter_order: for a batch INSERT that is being
+         executed against multiple parameter sets, organize the results of
+         RETURNING so that the returned rows correspond to the order of
+         parameter sets passed in.  This applies only to an :term:`executemany`
+         execution for supporting dialects and typically makes use of the
+         :term:`insertmanyvalues` feature.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_returning_order` - background on
+            sorting of RETURNING rows for bulk INSERT
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.returned_defaults_rows`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key`
+
+            :attr:`_engine.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key_rows`
+
+        """
+
+        if self._return_defaults:
+            # note _return_defaults_columns = () means return all columns,
+            # so if we have been here before, only update collection if there
+            # are columns in the collection
+            if self._return_defaults_columns and cols:
+                self._return_defaults_columns = tuple(
+                    util.OrderedSet(self._return_defaults_columns).union(
+                        coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c)
+                        for c in cols
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                # set for all columns
+                self._return_defaults_columns = ()
+        else:
+            self._return_defaults_columns = tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c) for c in cols
+            )
+        self._return_defaults = True
+        if sort_by_parameter_order:
+            if not self.is_insert:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'sort_by_parameter_order' argument to "
+                    "return_defaults() only applies to INSERT statements"
+                )
+            self._sort_by_parameter_order = True
+        if supplemental_cols:
+            # uniquifying while also maintaining order (the maintain of order
+            # is for test suites but also for vertical splicing
+            supplemental_col_tup = (
+                coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c)
+                for c in supplemental_cols
+            )
+
+            if self._supplemental_returning is None:
+                self._supplemental_returning = tuple(
+                    util.unique_list(supplemental_col_tup)
+                )
+            else:
+                self._supplemental_returning = tuple(
+                    util.unique_list(
+                        self._supplemental_returning
+                        + tuple(supplemental_col_tup)
+                    )
+                )
+
+        return self
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`.ReturnsRows` is
+        'derived' from the given :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        Since these are DMLs, we dont want such statements ever being adapted
+        so we return False for derives.
+
+        """
+        return False
+
+    @_generative
+    def returning(
+        self,
+        *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+        sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        **__kw: Any,
+    ) -> UpdateBase:
+        r"""Add a :term:`RETURNING` or equivalent clause to this statement.
+
+        e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> stmt = (
+            ...     table.update()
+            ...     .where(table.c.data == "value")
+            ...     .values(status="X")
+            ...     .returning(table.c.server_flag, table.c.updated_timestamp)
+            ... )
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}UPDATE some_table SET status=:status
+            WHERE some_table.data = :data_1
+            RETURNING some_table.server_flag, some_table.updated_timestamp
+
+        The method may be invoked multiple times to add new entries to the
+        list of expressions to be returned.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 The method may be invoked multiple times to
+         add new entries to the list of expressions to be returned.
+
+        The given collection of column expressions should be derived from the
+        table that is the target of the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE.  While
+        :class:`_schema.Column` objects are typical, the elements can also be
+        expressions:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> stmt = table.insert().returning(
+            ...     (table.c.first_name + " " + table.c.last_name).label("fullname")
+            ... )
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}INSERT INTO some_table (first_name, last_name)
+            VALUES (:first_name, :last_name)
+            RETURNING some_table.first_name || :first_name_1 || some_table.last_name AS fullname
+
+        Upon compilation, a RETURNING clause, or database equivalent,
+        will be rendered within the statement.   For INSERT and UPDATE,
+        the values are the newly inserted/updated values.  For DELETE,
+        the values are those of the rows which were deleted.
+
+        Upon execution, the values of the columns to be returned are made
+        available via the result set and can be iterated using
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.fetchone` and similar.
+        For DBAPIs which do not
+        natively support returning values (i.e. cx_oracle), SQLAlchemy will
+        approximate this behavior at the result level so that a reasonable
+        amount of behavioral neutrality is provided.
+
+        Note that not all databases/DBAPIs
+        support RETURNING.   For those backends with no support,
+        an exception is raised upon compilation and/or execution.
+        For those who do support it, the functionality across backends
+        varies greatly, including restrictions on executemany()
+        and other statements which return multiple rows. Please
+        read the documentation notes for the database in use in
+        order to determine the availability of RETURNING.
+
+        :param \*cols: series of columns, SQL expressions, or whole tables
+         entities to be returned.
+        :param sort_by_parameter_order: for a batch INSERT that is being
+         executed against multiple parameter sets, organize the results of
+         RETURNING so that the returned rows correspond to the order of
+         parameter sets passed in.  This applies only to an :term:`executemany`
+         execution for supporting dialects and typically makes use of the
+         :term:`insertmanyvalues` feature.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_returning_order` - background on
+            sorting of RETURNING rows for bulk INSERT (Core level discussion)
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert_returning_ordered` - example of
+            use with :ref:`orm_queryguide_bulk_insert` (ORM level discussion)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+          :meth:`.UpdateBase.return_defaults` - an alternative method tailored
+          towards efficient fetching of server-side defaults and triggers
+          for single-row INSERTs or UPDATEs.
+
+          :ref:`tutorial_insert_returning` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if __kw:
+            raise _unexpected_kw("UpdateBase.returning()", __kw)
+        if self._return_defaults:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "return_defaults() is already configured on this statement"
+            )
+        self._returning += tuple(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c) for c in cols
+        )
+        if sort_by_parameter_order:
+            if not self.is_insert:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'sort_by_parameter_order' argument to returning() "
+                    "only applies to INSERT statements"
+                )
+            self._sort_by_parameter_order = True
+        return self
+
+    def corresponding_column(
+        self, column: KeyedColumnElement[Any], require_embedded: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.exported_columns.corresponding_column(
+            column, require_embedded=require_embedded
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return [c for c in _select_iterables(self._returning)]
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def exported_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[Optional[str], ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Return the RETURNING columns as a column collection for this
+        statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return ColumnCollection(
+            (c.key, c)
+            for c in self._all_selected_columns
+            if is_column_element(c)
+        ).as_readonly()
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        selectable: Optional[_DMLTableArgument] = None,
+        dialect_name: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Add a table hint for a single table to this
+        INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.with_hint` currently applies only to
+         Microsoft SQL Server.  For MySQL INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE hints, use
+         :meth:`.UpdateBase.prefix_with`.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the :class:`_schema.Table` that is the subject of this
+        statement, or optionally to that of the given
+        :class:`_schema.Table` passed as the ``selectable`` argument.
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add a hint
+        that only takes effect for SQL Server::
+
+            mytable.insert().with_hint("WITH (PAGLOCK)", dialect_name="mssql")
+
+        :param text: Text of the hint.
+        :param selectable: optional :class:`_schema.Table` that specifies
+         an element of the FROM clause within an UPDATE or DELETE
+         to be the subject of the hint - applies only to certain backends.
+        :param dialect_name: defaults to ``*``, if specified as the name
+         of a particular dialect, will apply these hints only when
+         that dialect is in use.
+        """
+        if selectable is None:
+            selectable = self.table
+        else:
+            selectable = coercions.expect(roles.DMLTableRole, selectable)
+        self._hints = self._hints.union({(selectable, dialect_name): text})
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity_description(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` description of the table and/or
+        entity which this DML construct is operating against.
+
+        This attribute is generally useful when using the ORM, as an
+        extended structure which includes information about mapped
+        entities is returned.  The section :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+        contains more background.
+
+        For a Core statement, the structure returned by this accessor
+        is derived from the :attr:`.UpdateBase.table` attribute, and
+        refers to the :class:`.Table` being inserted, updated, or deleted::
+
+            >>> stmt = insert(user_table)
+            >>> stmt.entity_description
+            {
+                "name": "user_table",
+                "table": Table("user_table", ...)
+            }
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.UpdateBase.returning_column_descriptions`
+
+            :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions` - entity information for
+            a :func:`.select` construct
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """
+        meth = DMLState.get_plugin_class(self).get_entity_description
+        return meth(self)
+
+    @property
+    def returning_column_descriptions(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` description of the columns
+        which this DML construct is RETURNING against, in other words
+        the expressions established as part of :meth:`.UpdateBase.returning`.
+
+        This attribute is generally useful when using the ORM, as an
+        extended structure which includes information about mapped
+        entities is returned.  The section :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+        contains more background.
+
+        For a Core statement, the structure returned by this accessor is
+        derived from the same objects that are returned by the
+        :attr:`.UpdateBase.exported_columns` accessor::
+
+            >>> stmt = insert(user_table).returning(user_table.c.id, user_table.c.name)
+            >>> stmt.entity_description
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "id",
+                    "type": Integer,
+                    "expr": Column("id", Integer(), table=<user>, ...)
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "name",
+                    "type": String(),
+                    "expr": Column("name", String(), table=<user>, ...)
+                },
+            ]
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.UpdateBase.entity_description`
+
+            :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions` - entity information for
+            a :func:`.select` construct
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        meth = DMLState.get_plugin_class(
+            self
+        ).get_returning_column_descriptions
+        return meth(self)
+
+
+class ValuesBase(UpdateBase):
+    """Supplies support for :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` to
+    INSERT and UPDATE constructs."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "values_base"
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = False
+
+    select: Optional[Select[Any]] = None
+    """SELECT statement for INSERT .. FROM SELECT"""
+
+    _post_values_clause: Optional[ClauseElement] = None
+    """used by extensions to Insert etc. to add additional syntacitcal
+    constructs, e.g. ON CONFLICT etc."""
+
+    _values: Optional[util.immutabledict[_DMLColumnElement, Any]] = None
+    _multi_values: Tuple[
+        Union[
+            Sequence[Dict[_DMLColumnElement, Any]],
+            Sequence[Sequence[Any]],
+        ],
+        ...,
+    ] = ()
+
+    _ordered_values: Optional[List[Tuple[_DMLColumnElement, Any]]] = None
+
+    _select_names: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    _inline: bool = False
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        self.table = coercions.expect(
+            roles.DMLTableRole, table, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    @_exclusive_against(
+        "_select_names",
+        "_ordered_values",
+        msgs={
+            "_select_names": "This construct already inserts from a SELECT",
+            "_ordered_values": "This statement already has ordered "
+            "values present",
+        },
+    )
+    def values(
+        self,
+        *args: Union[
+            _DMLColumnKeyMapping[Any],
+            Sequence[Any],
+        ],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Specify a fixed VALUES clause for an INSERT statement, or the SET
+        clause for an UPDATE.
+
+        Note that the :class:`_expression.Insert` and
+        :class:`_expression.Update`
+        constructs support
+        per-execution time formatting of the VALUES and/or SET clauses,
+        based on the arguments passed to :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`.
+        However, the :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` method can be used to "fix" a
+        particular set of parameters into the statement.
+
+        Multiple calls to :meth:`.ValuesBase.values` will produce a new
+        construct, each one with the parameter list modified to include
+        the new parameters sent.  In the typical case of a single
+        dictionary of parameters, the newly passed keys will replace
+        the same keys in the previous construct.  In the case of a list-based
+        "multiple values" construct, each new list of values is extended
+        onto the existing list of values.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: key value pairs representing the string key
+          of a :class:`_schema.Column`
+          mapped to the value to be rendered into the
+          VALUES or SET clause::
+
+                users.insert().values(name="some name")
+
+                users.update().where(users.c.id == 5).values(name="some name")
+
+        :param \*args: As an alternative to passing key/value parameters,
+         a dictionary, tuple, or list of dictionaries or tuples can be passed
+         as a single positional argument in order to form the VALUES or
+         SET clause of the statement.  The forms that are accepted vary
+         based on whether this is an :class:`_expression.Insert` or an
+         :class:`_expression.Update` construct.
+
+         For either an :class:`_expression.Insert` or
+         :class:`_expression.Update`
+         construct, a single dictionary can be passed, which works the same as
+         that of the kwargs form::
+
+            users.insert().values({"name": "some name"})
+
+            users.update().values({"name": "some new name"})
+
+         Also for either form but more typically for the
+         :class:`_expression.Insert` construct, a tuple that contains an
+         entry for every column in the table is also accepted::
+
+            users.insert().values((5, "some name"))
+
+         The :class:`_expression.Insert` construct also supports being
+         passed a list of dictionaries or full-table-tuples, which on the
+         server will render the less common SQL syntax of "multiple values" -
+         this syntax is supported on backends such as SQLite, PostgreSQL,
+         MySQL, but not necessarily others::
+
+            users.insert().values(
+                [
+                    {"name": "some name"},
+                    {"name": "some other name"},
+                    {"name": "yet another name"},
+                ]
+            )
+
+         The above form would render a multiple VALUES statement similar to:
+
+         .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES
+                                (:name_1),
+                                (:name_2),
+                                (:name_3)
+
+         It is essential to note that **passing multiple values is
+         NOT the same as using traditional executemany() form**.  The above
+         syntax is a **special** syntax not typically used.  To emit an
+         INSERT statement against multiple rows, the normal method is
+         to pass a multiple values list to the
+         :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute`
+         method, which is supported by all database backends and is generally
+         more efficient for a very large number of parameters.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+               :ref:`tutorial_multiple_parameters` - an introduction to
+               the traditional Core method of multiple parameter set
+               invocation for INSERTs and other statements.
+
+          The UPDATE construct also supports rendering the SET parameters
+          in a specific order.  For this feature refer to the
+          :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values` method.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+              :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values`
+
+
+        """
+        if args:
+            # positional case.  this is currently expensive.   we don't
+            # yet have positional-only args so we have to check the length.
+            # then we need to check multiparams vs. single dictionary.
+            # since the parameter format is needed in order to determine
+            # a cache key, we need to determine this up front.
+            arg = args[0]
+
+            if kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't pass positional and kwargs to values() "
+                    "simultaneously"
+                )
+            elif len(args) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
+                    "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally."
+                )
+
+            elif isinstance(arg, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                if arg and isinstance(arg[0], dict):
+                    multi_kv_generator = DMLState.get_plugin_class(
+                        self
+                    )._get_multi_crud_kv_pairs
+                    self._multi_values += (multi_kv_generator(self, arg),)
+                    return self
+
+                if arg and isinstance(arg[0], (list, tuple)):
+                    self._multi_values += (arg,)
+                    return self
+
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    # crud.py raises during compilation if this is not the
+                    # case
+                    assert isinstance(self, Insert)
+
+                # tuple values
+                arg = {c.key: value for c, value in zip(self.table.c, arg)}
+
+        else:
+            # kwarg path.  this is the most common path for non-multi-params
+            # so this is fairly quick.
+            arg = cast("Dict[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]", kwargs)
+            if args:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Only a single dictionary/tuple or list of "
+                    "dictionaries/tuples is accepted positionally."
+                )
+
+        # for top level values(), convert literals to anonymous bound
+        # parameters at statement construction time, so that these values can
+        # participate in the cache key process like any other ClauseElement.
+        # crud.py now intercepts bound parameters with unique=True from here
+        # and ensures they get the "crud"-style name when rendered.
+
+        kv_generator = DMLState.get_plugin_class(self)._get_crud_kv_pairs
+        coerced_arg = dict(kv_generator(self, arg.items(), True))
+        if self._values:
+            self._values = self._values.union(coerced_arg)
+        else:
+            self._values = util.immutabledict(coerced_arg)
+        return self
+
+
+class Insert(ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an INSERT construct.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Insert` object is created using the
+    :func:`_expression.insert()` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "insert"
+
+    _supports_multi_parameters = True
+
+    select = None
+    include_insert_from_select_defaults = False
+
+    _sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False
+
+    is_insert = True
+
+    table: TableClause
+
+    _traverse_internals = (
+        [
+            ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_inline", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_select_names", InternalTraversal.dp_string_list),
+            ("_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_values),
+            ("_multi_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_multi_values),
+            ("select", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_post_values_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_returning", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+            ("_return_defaults", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            (
+                "_return_defaults_columns",
+                InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple,
+            ),
+            ("_sort_by_parameter_order", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + DialectKWArgs._dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        super().__init__(table)
+
+    @_generative
+    def inline(self) -> Self:
+        """Make this :class:`_expression.Insert` construct "inline" .
+
+        When set, no attempt will be made to retrieve the
+        SQL-generated default values to be provided within the statement;
+        in particular,
+        this allows SQL expressions to be rendered 'inline' within the
+        statement without the need to pre-execute them beforehand; for
+        backends that support "returning", this turns off the "implicit
+        returning" feature for the statement.
+
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :paramref:`_expression.Insert.inline`
+           parameter
+           is now superseded by the :meth:`_expression.Insert.inline` method.
+
+        """
+        self._inline = True
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def from_select(
+        self,
+        names: Sequence[_DMLColumnArgument],
+        select: Selectable,
+        include_defaults: bool = True,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Insert` construct which represents
+        an ``INSERT...FROM SELECT`` statement.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            sel = select(table1.c.a, table1.c.b).where(table1.c.c > 5)
+            ins = table2.insert().from_select(["a", "b"], sel)
+
+        :param names: a sequence of string column names or
+         :class:`_schema.Column`
+         objects representing the target columns.
+        :param select: a :func:`_expression.select` construct,
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         or other construct which resolves into a
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`,
+         such as an ORM :class:`_query.Query` object, etc.  The order of
+         columns returned from this FROM clause should correspond to the
+         order of columns sent as the ``names`` parameter;  while this
+         is not checked before passing along to the database, the database
+         would normally raise an exception if these column lists don't
+         correspond.
+        :param include_defaults: if True, non-server default values and
+         SQL expressions as specified on :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+         (as documented in :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`) not
+         otherwise specified in the list of names will be rendered
+         into the INSERT and SELECT statements, so that these values are also
+         included in the data to be inserted.
+
+         .. note:: A Python-side default that uses a Python callable function
+            will only be invoked **once** for the whole statement, and **not
+            per row**.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._values:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This construct already inserts value expressions"
+            )
+
+        self._select_names = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.DMLColumnRole, name, as_key=True)
+            for name in names
+        ]
+        self._inline = True
+        self.include_insert_from_select_defaults = include_defaults
+        self.select = coercions.expect(roles.DMLSelectRole, select)
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning ReturningInsert 1-8 ", *, sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False"  # noqa: E501
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], *, sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+            *,
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[
+            Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]
+        ]: ...
+
+        # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+            **__kw: Any,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Any]: ...
+
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+            sort_by_parameter_order: bool = False,
+            **__kw: Any,
+        ) -> ReturningInsert[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ReturningInsert(Insert, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Typing-only class that establishes a generic type form of
+    :class:`.Insert` which tracks returned column types.
+
+    This datatype is delivered when calling the
+    :meth:`.Insert.returning` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class DMLWhereBase:
+    table: _DMLTableElement
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, *whereclause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new construct with the given expression(s) added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        Both :meth:`_dml.Update.where` and :meth:`_dml.Delete.where`
+        support multiple-table forms, including database-specific
+        ``UPDATE...FROM`` as well as ``DELETE..USING``.  For backends that
+        don't have multiple-table support, a backend agnostic approach
+        to using multiple tables is to make use of correlated subqueries.
+        See the linked tutorial sections below for examples.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_correlated_updates`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_update_from`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_multi_table_deletes`
+
+        """
+
+        for criterion in whereclause:
+            where_criteria: ColumnElement[Any] = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            self._where_criteria += (where_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    def filter(self, *criteria: roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]) -> Self:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_dml.DMLWhereBase.where` method.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return self.where(*criteria)
+
+    def _filter_by_zero(self) -> _DMLTableElement:
+        return self.table
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""apply the given filtering criterion as a WHERE clause
+        to this select.
+
+        """
+        from_entity = self._filter_by_zero()
+
+        clauses = [
+            _entity_namespace_key(from_entity, key) == value
+            for key, value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return self.filter(*clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Return the completed WHERE clause for this :class:`.DMLWhereBase`
+        statement.
+
+        This assembles the current collection of WHERE criteria
+        into a single :class:`_expression.BooleanClauseList` construct.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return BooleanClauseList._construct_for_whereclause(
+            self._where_criteria
+        )
+
+
+class Update(DMLWhereBase, ValuesBase):
+    """Represent an Update construct.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Update` object is created using the
+    :func:`_expression.update()` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "update"
+
+    is_update = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = (
+        [
+            ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_where_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_inline", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_ordered_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_ordered_values),
+            ("_values", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_values),
+            ("_returning", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+            ("_return_defaults", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            (
+                "_return_defaults_columns",
+                InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple,
+            ),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + DialectKWArgs._dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        super().__init__(table)
+
+    @_generative
+    def ordered_values(self, *args: Tuple[_DMLColumnArgument, Any]) -> Self:
+        """Specify the VALUES clause of this UPDATE statement with an explicit
+        parameter ordering that will be maintained in the SET clause of the
+        resulting UPDATE statement.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.update().ordered_values(("name", "ed"), ("ident", "foo"))
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :ref:`tutorial_parameter_ordered_updates` - full example of the
+           :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values` method.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :meth:`_expression.Update.ordered_values`
+           method
+           supersedes the
+           :paramref:`_expression.update.preserve_parameter_order`
+           parameter, which will be removed in SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if self._values:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "This statement already has values present"
+            )
+        elif self._ordered_values:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "This statement already has ordered values present"
+            )
+
+        kv_generator = DMLState.get_plugin_class(self)._get_crud_kv_pairs
+        self._ordered_values = kv_generator(self, args, True)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def inline(self) -> Self:
+        """Make this :class:`_expression.Update` construct "inline" .
+
+        When set, SQL defaults present on :class:`_schema.Column`
+        objects via the
+        ``default`` keyword will be compiled 'inline' into the statement and
+        not pre-executed.  This means that their values will not be available
+        in the dictionary returned from
+        :meth:`_engine.CursorResult.last_updated_params`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :paramref:`_expression.update.inline`
+           parameter
+           is now superseded by the :meth:`_expression.Update.inline` method.
+
+        """
+        self._inline = True
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning ReturningUpdate 1-8
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0]
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[
+            Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]
+        ]: ...
+
+        # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Any]: ...
+
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningUpdate[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ReturningUpdate(Update, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Typing-only class that establishes a generic type form of
+    :class:`.Update` which tracks returned column types.
+
+    This datatype is delivered when calling the
+    :meth:`.Update.returning` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+
+class Delete(DMLWhereBase, UpdateBase):
+    """Represent a DELETE construct.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Delete` object is created using the
+    :func:`_expression.delete()` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "delete"
+
+    is_delete = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = (
+        [
+            ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_where_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_returning", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + DialectKWArgs._dialect_kwargs_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, table: _DMLTableArgument):
+        self.table = coercions.expect(
+            roles.DMLTableRole, table, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning ReturningDelete 1-8
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0]
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1]
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], __ent1: _TCCA[_T1], __ent2: _TCCA[_T2]
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self,
+            __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+            __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+            __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+            __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+            __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+            __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+            __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+            __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[
+            Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]
+        ]: ...
+
+        # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.returning
+
+        @overload
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Any]: ...
+
+        def returning(
+            self, *cols: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], **__kw: Any
+        ) -> ReturningDelete[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ReturningDelete(Update, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Typing-only class that establishes a generic type form of
+    :class:`.Delete` which tracks returned column types.
+
+    This datatype is delivered when calling the
+    :meth:`.Delete.returning` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88cb2529
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/elements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5544 @@
+# sql/elements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Core SQL expression elements, including :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`,
+:class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, and derived classes.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from decimal import Decimal
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+import operator
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple as typing_Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import traversals
+from . import type_api
+from ._typing import has_schema_attr
+from ._typing import is_named_from_clause
+from ._typing import is_quoted_name
+from ._typing import is_tuple_type
+from .annotation import Annotated
+from .annotation import SupportsWrappingAnnotations
+from .base import _clone
+from .base import _expand_cloned
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import _NoArg
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasMemoized
+from .base import Immutable
+from .base import NO_ARG
+from .base import SingletonConstant
+from .cache_key import MemoizedHasCacheKey
+from .cache_key import NO_CACHE
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion  # noqa
+from .operators import ColumnOperators
+from .traversals import HasCopyInternals
+from .visitors import cloned_traverse
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .visitors import traverse
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util import TypingOnly
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import ParamSpec
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ByArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _HasDialect
+    from ._typing import _InfoType
+    from ._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .base import ColumnSet
+    from .cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from .cache_key import CacheKey
+    from .compiler import Compiled
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .functions import FunctionElement
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import DefaultGenerator
+    from .schema import FetchedValue
+    from .schema import ForeignKey
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import NamedFromClause
+    from .selectable import TextualSelect
+    from .sqltypes import TupleType
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from .visitors import _CloneCallableType
+    from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+    from .visitors import anon_map
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import Dialect
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CacheStats
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CompiledCacheType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.interfaces import SchemaTranslateMapType
+    from ..engine.result import Result
+
+_NUMERIC = Union[float, Decimal]
+_NUMBER = Union[float, int, Decimal]
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_OPT = TypeVar("_OPT", bound="Any")
+_NT = TypeVar("_NT", bound="_NUMERIC")
+
+_NMT = TypeVar("_NMT", bound="_NUMBER")
+
+
+@overload
+def literal(
+    value: Any,
+    type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def literal(
+    value: _T,
+    type_: None = None,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[_T]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def literal(
+    value: Any,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[Any]: ...
+
+
+def literal(
+    value: Any,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    literal_execute: bool = False,
+) -> BindParameter[Any]:
+    r"""Return a literal clause, bound to a bind parameter.
+
+    Literal clauses are created automatically when non-
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects (such as strings, ints, dates,
+    etc.) are
+    used in a comparison operation with a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    subclass,
+    such as a :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column` object.  Use this function
+    to force the generation of a literal clause, which will be created as a
+    :class:`BindParameter` with a bound value.
+
+    :param value: the value to be bound. Can be any Python object supported by
+     the underlying DB-API, or is translatable via the given type argument.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine` which will
+     provide bind-parameter translation for this literal.
+
+    :param literal_execute: optional bool, when True, the SQL engine will
+     attempt to render the bound value directly in the SQL statement at
+     execution time rather than providing as a parameter value.
+
+     .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+    return coercions.expect(
+        roles.LiteralValueRole,
+        value,
+        type_=type_,
+        literal_execute=literal_execute,
+    )
+
+
+def literal_column(
+    text: str, type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None
+) -> ColumnClause[_T]:
+    r"""Produce a :class:`.ColumnClause` object that has the
+    :paramref:`_expression.column.is_literal` flag set to True.
+
+    :func:`_expression.literal_column` is similar to
+    :func:`_expression.column`, except that
+    it is more often used as a "standalone" column expression that renders
+    exactly as stated; while :func:`_expression.column`
+    stores a string name that
+    will be assumed to be part of a table and may be quoted as such,
+    :func:`_expression.literal_column` can be that,
+    or any other arbitrary column-oriented
+    expression.
+
+    :param text: the text of the expression; can be any SQL expression.
+      Quoting rules will not be applied. To specify a column-name expression
+      which should be subject to quoting rules, use the :func:`column`
+      function.
+
+    :param type\_: an optional :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`
+      object which will
+      provide result-set translation and additional expression semantics for
+      this column. If left as ``None`` the type will be :class:`.NullType`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_select_arbitrary_text`
+
+    """
+    return ColumnClause(text, type_=type_, is_literal=True)
+
+
+class CompilerElement(Visitable):
+    """base class for SQL elements that can be compiled to produce a
+    SQL string.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __visit_name__ = "compiler_element"
+
+    supports_execution = False
+
+    stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.url")
+    def compile(
+        self,
+        bind: Optional[_HasDialect] = None,
+        dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Compiled:
+        """Compile this SQL expression.
+
+        The return value is a :class:`~.Compiled` object.
+        Calling ``str()`` or ``unicode()`` on the returned value will yield a
+        string representation of the result. The
+        :class:`~.Compiled` object also can return a
+        dictionary of bind parameter names and values
+        using the ``params`` accessor.
+
+        :param bind: An :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` which
+           can provide a :class:`.Dialect` in order to generate a
+           :class:`.Compiled` object.  If the ``bind`` and
+           ``dialect`` parameters are both omitted, a default SQL compiler
+           is used.
+
+        :param column_keys: Used for INSERT and UPDATE statements, a list of
+            column names which should be present in the VALUES clause of the
+            compiled statement. If ``None``, all columns from the target table
+            object are rendered.
+
+        :param dialect: A :class:`.Dialect` instance which can generate
+            a :class:`.Compiled` object.  This argument takes precedence over
+            the ``bind`` argument.
+
+        :param compile_kwargs: optional dictionary of additional parameters
+            that will be passed through to the compiler within all "visit"
+            methods.  This allows any custom flag to be passed through to
+            a custom compilation construct, for example.  It is also used
+            for the case of passing the ``literal_binds`` flag through::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import table, column, select
+
+                t = table("t", column("x"))
+
+                s = select(t).where(t.c.x == 5)
+
+                print(s.compile(compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}))
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_string`
+
+        """
+
+        if dialect is None:
+            if bind:
+                dialect = bind.dialect
+            elif self.stringify_dialect == "default":
+                dialect = self._default_dialect()
+            else:
+                url = util.preloaded.engine_url
+                dialect = url.URL.create(
+                    self.stringify_dialect
+                ).get_dialect()()
+
+        return self._compiler(dialect, **kw)
+
+    def _default_dialect(self):
+        default = util.preloaded.engine_default
+        return default.StrCompileDialect()
+
+    def _compiler(self, dialect: Dialect, **kw: Any) -> Compiled:
+        """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+        Dialect."""
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self, ClauseElement)
+        return dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, self, **kw)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.compile())
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class ClauseElement(
+    SupportsWrappingAnnotations,
+    MemoizedHasCacheKey,
+    HasCopyInternals,
+    ExternallyTraversible,
+    CompilerElement,
+):
+    """Base class for elements of a programmatically constructed SQL
+    expression.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "clause"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType:
+            """like annotations, however these propagate outwards liberally
+            as SQL constructs are built, and are set up at construction time.
+
+            """
+            ...
+
+    else:
+        _propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[Self] = None
+
+    is_clause_element = True
+    is_selectable = False
+    is_dml = False
+    _is_column_element = False
+    _is_keyed_column_element = False
+    _is_table = False
+    _gen_static_annotations_cache_key = False
+    _is_textual = False
+    _is_from_clause = False
+    _is_returns_rows = False
+    _is_text_clause = False
+    _is_from_container = False
+    _is_select_container = False
+    _is_select_base = False
+    _is_select_statement = False
+    _is_bind_parameter = False
+    _is_clause_list = False
+    _is_lambda_element = False
+    _is_singleton_constant = False
+    _is_immutable = False
+    _is_star = False
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self) -> Optional[Label[Any]]:
+        return None
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = None
+
+    negation_clause: ColumnElement[bool]
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def get_children(
+            self, *, omit_attrs: typing_Tuple[str, ...] = ..., **kw: Any
+        ) -> Iterable[ClauseElement]: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return []
+
+    def _set_propagate_attrs(self, values: Mapping[str, Any]) -> Self:
+        # usually, self._propagate_attrs is empty here.  one case where it's
+        # not is a subquery against ORM select, that is then pulled as a
+        # property of an aliased class.   should all be good
+
+        # assert not self._propagate_attrs
+
+        self._propagate_attrs = util.immutabledict(values)
+        return self
+
+    def _default_compiler(self) -> SQLCompiler:
+        dialect = self._default_dialect()
+        return dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, self)  # type: ignore
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Create a shallow copy of this ClauseElement.
+
+        This method may be used by a generative API.  Its also used as
+        part of the "deep" copy afforded by a traversal that combines
+        the _copy_internals() method.
+
+        """
+
+        skip = self._memoized_keys
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+
+        if skip:
+            # ensure this iteration remains atomic
+            c.__dict__ = {
+                k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.copy().items() if k not in skip
+            }
+        else:
+            c.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
+
+        # this is a marker that helps to "equate" clauses to each other
+        # when a Select returns its list of FROM clauses.  the cloning
+        # process leaves around a lot of remnants of the previous clause
+        # typically in the form of column expressions still attached to the
+        # old table.
+        cc = self._is_clone_of
+        c._is_clone_of = cc if cc is not None else self
+        return c
+
+    def _negate_in_binary(self, negated_op, original_op):
+        """a hook to allow the right side of a binary expression to respond
+        to a negation of the binary expression.
+
+        Used for the special case of expanding bind parameter with IN.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        """in the context of binary expression, convert the type of this
+        object to the one given.
+
+        applies only to :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` classes.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _constructor(self):
+        """return the 'constructor' for this ClauseElement.
+
+        This is for the purposes for creating a new object of
+        this type.   Usually, its just the element's __class__.
+        However, the "Annotated" version of the object overrides
+        to return the class of its proxied element.
+
+        """
+        return self.__class__
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _cloned_set(self):
+        """Return the set consisting all cloned ancestors of this
+        ClauseElement.
+
+        Includes this ClauseElement.  This accessor tends to be used for
+        FromClause objects to identify 'equivalent' FROM clauses, regardless
+        of transformative operations.
+
+        """
+        s = util.column_set()
+        f: Optional[ClauseElement] = self
+
+        # note this creates a cycle, asserted in test_memusage. however,
+        # turning this into a plain @property adds tends of thousands of method
+        # calls to Core / ORM performance tests, so the small overhead
+        # introduced by the relatively small amount of short term cycles
+        # produced here is preferable
+        while f is not None:
+            s.add(f)
+            f = f._is_clone_of
+        return s
+
+    def _de_clone(self):
+        while self._is_clone_of is not None:
+            self = self._is_clone_of
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        raise AttributeError(
+            "This SQL expression has no entity namespace "
+            "with which to filter from."
+        )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        d.pop("_is_clone_of", None)
+        d.pop("_generate_cache_key", None)
+        return d
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Result[Any]:
+        if self.supports_execution:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self, Executable)
+            return connection._execute_clauseelement(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self)
+
+    def _execute_on_scalar(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        """an additional hook for subclasses to provide a different
+        implementation for connection.scalar() vs. connection.execute().
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self._execute_on_connection(
+            connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+        ).scalar()
+
+    def _get_embedded_bindparams(self) -> Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]:
+        """Return the list of :class:`.BindParameter` objects embedded in the
+        object.
+
+        This accomplishes the same purpose as ``visitors.traverse()`` or
+        similar would provide, however by making use of the cache key
+        it takes advantage of memoization of the key to result in fewer
+        net method calls, assuming the statement is also going to be
+        executed.
+
+        """
+
+        key = self._generate_cache_key()
+        if key is None:
+            bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+
+            traverse(self, {}, {"bindparam": bindparams.append})
+            return bindparams
+
+        else:
+            return key.bindparams
+
+    def unique_params(
+        self,
+        __optionaldict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy with :func:`_expression.bindparam` elements
+        replaced.
+
+        Same functionality as :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.params`,
+        except adds `unique=True`
+        to affected bind parameters so that multiple statements can be
+        used.
+
+        """
+        return self._replace_params(True, __optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def params(
+        self,
+        __optionaldict: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy with :func:`_expression.bindparam` elements
+        replaced.
+
+        Returns a copy of this ClauseElement with
+        :func:`_expression.bindparam`
+        elements replaced with values taken from the given dictionary::
+
+          >>> clause = column("x") + bindparam("foo")
+          >>> print(clause.compile().params)
+          {'foo':None}
+          >>> print(clause.params({"foo": 7}).compile().params)
+          {'foo':7}
+
+        """
+        return self._replace_params(False, __optionaldict, kwargs)
+
+    def _replace_params(
+        self,
+        unique: bool,
+        optionaldict: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]],
+        kwargs: Dict[str, Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        if optionaldict:
+            kwargs.update(optionaldict)
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bind: BindParameter[Any]) -> None:
+            if bind.key in kwargs:
+                bind.value = kwargs[bind.key]
+                bind.required = False
+            if unique:
+                bind._convert_to_unique()
+
+        return cloned_traverse(
+            self,
+            {"maintain_key": True, "detect_subquery_cols": True},
+            {"bindparam": visit_bindparam},
+        )
+
+    def compare(self, other: ClauseElement, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+        r"""Compare this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` to
+        the given :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`.
+
+        Subclasses should override the default behavior, which is a
+        straight identity comparison.
+
+        \**kw are arguments consumed by subclass ``compare()`` methods and
+        may be used to modify the criteria for comparison
+        (see :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`).
+
+        """
+        return traversals.compare(self, other, **kw)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> ClauseElement:
+        """Apply a 'grouping' to this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`.
+
+        This method is overridden by subclasses to return a "grouping"
+        construct, i.e. parenthesis.   In particular it's used by "binary"
+        expressions to provide a grouping around themselves when placed into a
+        larger expression, as well as by :func:`_expression.select`
+        constructs when placed into the FROM clause of another
+        :func:`_expression.select`.  (Note that subqueries should be
+        normally created using the :meth:`_expression.Select.alias` method,
+        as many
+        platforms require nested SELECT statements to be named).
+
+        As expressions are composed together, the application of
+        :meth:`self_group` is automatic - end-user code should never
+        need to use this method directly.  Note that SQLAlchemy's
+        clause constructs take operator precedence into account -
+        so parenthesis might not be needed, for example, in
+        an expression like ``x OR (y AND z)`` - AND takes precedence
+        over OR.
+
+        The base :meth:`self_group` method of
+        :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        just returns self.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _ungroup(self) -> ClauseElement:
+        """Return this :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+        without any groupings.
+        """
+
+        return self
+
+    def _compile_w_cache(
+        self,
+        dialect: Dialect,
+        *,
+        compiled_cache: Optional[CompiledCacheType],
+        column_keys: List[str],
+        for_executemany: bool = False,
+        schema_translate_map: Optional[SchemaTranslateMapType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[
+        Compiled, Optional[Sequence[BindParameter[Any]]], CacheStats
+    ]:
+        elem_cache_key: Optional[CacheKey]
+
+        if compiled_cache is not None and dialect._supports_statement_cache:
+            elem_cache_key = self._generate_cache_key()
+        else:
+            elem_cache_key = None
+
+        if elem_cache_key is not None:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert compiled_cache is not None
+
+            cache_key, extracted_params = elem_cache_key
+            key = (
+                dialect,
+                cache_key,
+                tuple(column_keys),
+                bool(schema_translate_map),
+                for_executemany,
+            )
+            compiled_sql = compiled_cache.get(key)
+
+            if compiled_sql is None:
+                cache_hit = dialect.CACHE_MISS
+                compiled_sql = self._compiler(
+                    dialect,
+                    cache_key=elem_cache_key,
+                    column_keys=column_keys,
+                    for_executemany=for_executemany,
+                    schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+                    **kw,
+                )
+                compiled_cache[key] = compiled_sql
+            else:
+                cache_hit = dialect.CACHE_HIT
+        else:
+            extracted_params = None
+            compiled_sql = self._compiler(
+                dialect,
+                cache_key=elem_cache_key,
+                column_keys=column_keys,
+                for_executemany=for_executemany,
+                schema_translate_map=schema_translate_map,
+                **kw,
+            )
+
+            if not dialect._supports_statement_cache:
+                cache_hit = dialect.NO_DIALECT_SUPPORT
+            elif compiled_cache is None:
+                cache_hit = dialect.CACHING_DISABLED
+            else:
+                cache_hit = dialect.NO_CACHE_KEY
+
+        return compiled_sql, extracted_params, cache_hit
+
+    def __invert__(self):
+        # undocumented element currently used by the ORM for
+        # relationship.contains()
+        if hasattr(self, "negation_clause"):
+            return self.negation_clause
+        else:
+            return self._negate()
+
+    def _negate(self) -> ClauseElement:
+        grouped = self.self_group(against=operators.inv)
+        assert isinstance(grouped, ColumnElement)
+        return UnaryExpression(grouped, operator=operators.inv)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        friendly = self.description
+        if friendly is None:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        else:
+            return "<%s.%s at 0x%x; %s>" % (
+                self.__module__,
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                id(self),
+                friendly,
+            )
+
+
+class DQLDMLClauseElement(ClauseElement):
+    """represents a :class:`.ClauseElement` that compiles to a DQL or DML
+    expression, not DDL.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _compiler(self, dialect: Dialect, **kw: Any) -> SQLCompiler:
+            """Return a compiler appropriate for this ClauseElement, given a
+            Dialect."""
+            ...
+
+        def compile(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            bind: Optional[_HasDialect] = None,
+            dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> SQLCompiler: ...
+
+
+class CompilerColumnElement(
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    CompilerElement,
+):
+    """A compiler-only column element used for ad-hoc string compilations.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+    _is_collection_aggregate = False
+
+
+# SQLCoreOperations should be suiting the ExpressionElementRole
+# and ColumnsClauseRole.   however the MRO issues become too elaborate
+# at the moment.
+class SQLCoreOperations(Generic[_T_co], ColumnOperators, TypingOnly):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    # annotations for comparison methods
+    # these are from operators->Operators / ColumnOperators,
+    # redefined with the specific types returned by ColumnElement hierarchies
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.non_memoized_property
+        def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType: ...
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = ...,
+            is_comparison: bool = ...,
+            *,
+            return_type: _TypeEngineArgument[_OPT],
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[_OPT]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = ...,
+            is_comparison: bool = ...,
+            return_type: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = ...,
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = ...,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[Any]]: ...
+
+        def op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = 0,
+            is_comparison: bool = False,
+            return_type: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[Any]]: ...
+
+        def bool_op(
+            self,
+            opstring: str,
+            precedence: int = 0,
+            python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+        ) -> Callable[[Any], BinaryExpression[bool]]: ...
+
+        def __and__(self, other: Any) -> BooleanClauseList: ...
+
+        def __or__(self, other: Any) -> BooleanClauseList: ...
+
+        def __invert__(self) -> ColumnElement[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __le__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        # declare also that this class has an hash method otherwise
+        # it may be assumed to be None by type checkers since the
+        # object defines __eq__ and python sets it to None in that case:
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__
+        def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            ...
+
+        def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+            ...
+
+        def is_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def is_not_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __neg__(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def __contains__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __lshift__(self: _SQO[int], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[int]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __lshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __lshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rshift__(self: _SQO[int], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[int]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def concat(self: _SQO[str], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def concat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def concat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def like(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def ilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_xor(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_or(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_and(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_not(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_lshift(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def bitwise_rshift(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[Any]: ...
+
+        def in_(
+            self,
+            other: Union[
+                Iterable[Any], BindParameter[Any], roles.InElementRole
+            ],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def not_in(
+            self,
+            other: Union[
+                Iterable[Any], BindParameter[Any], roles.InElementRole
+            ],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def notin_(
+            self,
+            other: Union[
+                Iterable[Any], BindParameter[Any], roles.InElementRole
+            ],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def not_like(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def notlike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def not_ilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def notilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def is_(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def is_not(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def isnot(self, other: Any) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def startswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def istartswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def endswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def iendswith(
+            self,
+            other: Any,
+            escape: Optional[str] = None,
+            autoescape: bool = False,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def icontains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def match(self, other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def regexp_match(
+            self, pattern: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+        def regexp_replace(
+            self, pattern: Any, replacement: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        def desc(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def asc(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nulls_first(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nullsfirst(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nulls_last(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def nullslast(self) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def collate(self, collation: str) -> CollationClause: ...
+
+        def between(
+            self, cleft: Any, cright: Any, symmetric: bool = False
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[bool]: ...
+
+        def distinct(self: _SQO[_T_co]) -> UnaryExpression[_T_co]: ...
+
+        def any_(self) -> CollectionAggregate[Any]: ...
+
+        def all_(self) -> CollectionAggregate[Any]: ...
+
+        # numeric overloads.  These need more tweaking
+        # in particular they all need to have a variant for Optiona[_T]
+        # because Optional only applies to the data side, not the expression
+        # side
+
+        @overload
+        def __add__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __add__(
+            self: _SQO[str],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __radd__(self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __radd__(self: _SQO[str], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[str]: ...
+
+        def __radd__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __sub__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __sub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __sub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rsub__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rsub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rsub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mul__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __mul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmul__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT],
+            other: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rmul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mod__(self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __mod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __mod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmod__(self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rmod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rmod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __truediv__(
+            self: _SQO[int], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NUMERIC]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __truediv__(self: _SQO[_NT], other: Any) -> ColumnElement[_NT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __truediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __truediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rtruediv__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NUMERIC]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rtruediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rtruediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __floordiv__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __floordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __floordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rfloordiv__(
+            self: _SQO[_NMT], other: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_NMT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+        def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+
+class SQLColumnExpression(
+    SQLCoreOperations[_T_co], roles.ExpressionElementRole[_T_co], TypingOnly
+):
+    """A type that may be used to indicate any SQL column element or object
+    that acts in place of one.
+
+    :class:`.SQLColumnExpression` is a base of
+    :class:`.ColumnElement`, as well as within the bases of ORM elements
+    such as :class:`.InstrumentedAttribute`, and may be used in :pep:`484`
+    typing to indicate arguments or return values that should behave
+    as column expressions.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+_SQO = SQLCoreOperations
+
+
+class ColumnElement(
+    roles.ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole,
+    roles.StatementOptionRole,
+    roles.WhereHavingRole,
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[_T],
+    roles.OrderByRole,
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    roles.LimitOffsetRole,
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLExpressionRole,
+    SQLColumnExpression[_T],
+    DQLDMLClauseElement,
+):
+    """Represent a column-oriented SQL expression suitable for usage in the
+    "columns" clause, WHERE clause etc. of a statement.
+
+    While the most familiar kind of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` is the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` object, :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    serves as the basis
+    for any unit that may be present in a SQL expression, including
+    the expressions themselves, SQL functions, bound parameters,
+    literal expressions, keywords such as ``NULL``, etc.
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    is the ultimate base class for all such elements.
+
+    A wide variety of SQLAlchemy Core functions work at the SQL expression
+    level, and are intended to accept instances of
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` as
+    arguments.  These functions will typically document that they accept a
+    "SQL expression" as an argument.  What this means in terms of SQLAlchemy
+    usually refers to an input which is either already in the form of a
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` object,
+    or a value which can be **coerced** into
+    one.  The coercion rules followed by most, but not all, SQLAlchemy Core
+    functions with regards to SQL expressions are as follows:
+
+        * a literal Python value, such as a string, integer or floating
+          point value, boolean, datetime, ``Decimal`` object, or virtually
+          any other Python object, will be coerced into a "literal bound
+          value".  This generally means that a :func:`.bindparam` will be
+          produced featuring the given value embedded into the construct; the
+          resulting :class:`.BindParameter` object is an instance of
+          :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.
+          The Python value will ultimately be sent
+          to the DBAPI at execution time as a parameterized argument to the
+          ``execute()`` or ``executemany()`` methods, after SQLAlchemy
+          type-specific converters (e.g. those provided by any associated
+          :class:`.TypeEngine` objects) are applied to the value.
+
+        * any special object value, typically ORM-level constructs, which
+          feature an accessor called ``__clause_element__()``.  The Core
+          expression system looks for this method when an object of otherwise
+          unknown type is passed to a function that is looking to coerce the
+          argument into a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` and sometimes a
+          :class:`_expression.SelectBase` expression.
+          It is used within the ORM to
+          convert from ORM-specific objects like mapped classes and
+          mapped attributes into Core expression objects.
+
+        * The Python ``None`` value is typically interpreted as ``NULL``,
+          which in SQLAlchemy Core produces an instance of :func:`.null`.
+
+    A :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` provides the ability to generate new
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    objects using Python expressions.  This means that Python operators
+    such as ``==``, ``!=`` and ``<`` are overloaded to mimic SQL operations,
+    and allow the instantiation of further :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    instances
+    which are composed from other, more fundamental
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    objects.  For example, two :class:`.ColumnClause` objects can be added
+    together with the addition operator ``+`` to produce
+    a :class:`.BinaryExpression`.
+    Both :class:`.ColumnClause` and :class:`.BinaryExpression` are subclasses
+    of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column("a") + column("b")
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.expression.BinaryExpression object at 0x101029dd0>
+        >>> print(column("a") + column("b"))
+        {printsql}a + b
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "column_element"
+
+    primary_key: bool = False
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]
+    _is_column_element = True
+    _insert_sentinel: bool = False
+    _omit_from_statements = False
+    _is_collection_aggregate = False
+
+    foreign_keys: AbstractSet[ForeignKey] = frozenset()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _proxies(self) -> List[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return []
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """The named label that can be used to target
+        this column in a result set in a "table qualified" context.
+
+        This label is almost always the label used when
+        rendering <expr> AS <label> in a SELECT statement when using
+        the LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL label style, which is what the
+        legacy ORM ``Query`` object uses as well.
+
+        For a regular Column bound to a Table, this is typically the label
+        <tablename>_<columnname>.  For other constructs, different rules
+        may apply, such as anonymized labels and others.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.21 renamed from ``._label``
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    key: Optional[str] = None
+    """The 'key' that in some circumstances refers to this object in a
+    Python namespace.
+
+    This typically refers to the "key" of the column as present in the
+    ``.c`` collection of a selectable, e.g. ``sometable.c["somekey"]`` would
+    return a :class:`_schema.Column` with a ``.key`` of "somekey".
+
+    """
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _tq_key_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """A label-based version of 'key' that in some circumstances refers
+        to this object in a Python namespace.
+
+
+        _tq_key_label comes into play when a select() statement is constructed
+        with apply_labels(); in this case, all Column objects in the ``.c``
+        collection are rendered as <tablename>_<columnname> in SQL; this is
+        essentially the value of ._label. But to locate those columns in the
+        ``.c`` collection, the name is along the lines of <tablename>_<key>;
+        that's the typical value of .key_label.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.21 renamed from ``._key_label``
+
+        """
+        return self._proxy_key
+
+    @property
+    def _key_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """legacy; renamed to _tq_key_label"""
+        return self._tq_key_label
+
+    @property
+    def _label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """legacy; renamed to _tq_label"""
+        return self._tq_label
+
+    @property
+    def _non_anon_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """the 'name' that naturally applies this element when rendered in
+        SQL.
+
+        Concretely, this is the "name" of a column or a label in a
+        SELECT statement; ``<columnname>`` and ``<labelname>`` below:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT <columnmame> FROM table
+
+            SELECT column AS <labelname> FROM table
+
+        Above, the two names noted will be what's present in the DBAPI
+        ``cursor.description`` as the names.
+
+        If this attribute returns ``None``, it means that the SQL element as
+        written does not have a 100% fully predictable "name" that would appear
+        in the ``cursor.description``. Examples include SQL functions, CAST
+        functions, etc. While such things do return names in
+        ``cursor.description``, they are only predictable on a
+        database-specific basis; e.g. an expression like ``MAX(table.col)`` may
+        appear as the string ``max`` on one database (like PostgreSQL) or may
+        appear as the whole expression ``max(table.col)`` on SQLite.
+
+        The default implementation looks for a ``.name`` attribute on the
+        object, as has been the precedent established in SQLAlchemy for many
+        years.  An exception is made on the ``FunctionElement`` subclass
+        so that the return value is always ``None``.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.21
+
+
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self, "name", None)
+
+    _render_label_in_columns_clause = True
+    """A flag used by select._columns_plus_names that helps to determine
+    we are actually going to render in terms of "SELECT <col> AS <label>".
+    This flag can be returned as False for some Column objects that want
+    to be rendered as simple "SELECT <col>"; typically columns that don't have
+    any parent table and are named the same as what the label would be
+    in any case.
+
+    """
+
+    _allow_label_resolve = True
+    """A flag that can be flipped to prevent a column from being resolvable
+    by string label name.
+
+    The joined eager loader strategy in the ORM uses this, for example.
+
+    """
+
+    _is_implicitly_boolean = False
+
+    _alt_names: Sequence[str] = ()
+
+    @overload
+    def self_group(self, against: None = None) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if (
+            against in (operators.and_, operators.or_, operators._asbool)
+            and self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity
+        ):
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.is_true, operators.is_false)
+        elif against in (operators.any_op, operators.all_op):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @overload
+    def _negate(self: ColumnElement[bool]) -> ColumnElement[bool]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _negate(self: ColumnElement[_T]) -> ColumnElement[_T]: ...
+
+    def _negate(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity:
+            return AsBoolean(self, operators.is_false, operators.is_true)
+        else:
+            grouped = self.self_group(against=operators.inv)
+            assert isinstance(grouped, ColumnElement)
+            return UnaryExpression(
+                grouped, operator=operators.inv, wraps_column_expression=True
+            )
+
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            # used for delayed setup of
+            # type_api
+            return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def comparator(self) -> TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]:
+        try:
+            comparator_factory = self.type.comparator_factory
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Object %r associated with '.type' attribute "
+                "is not a TypeEngine class or object" % self.type
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return comparator_factory(self)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        try:
+            return getattr(self.comparator, key)
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise AttributeError(
+                "Neither %r object nor %r object has an attribute %r"
+                % (
+                    type(self).__name__,
+                    type(self.comparator).__name__,
+                    key,
+                )
+            ) from err
+
+    def operate(
+        self,
+        op: operators.OperatorType,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(self.comparator, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: operators.OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return op(other, self.comparator, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]  # noqa: E501
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: operators.OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            None,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            type_=type_,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def expression(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        """Return a column expression.
+
+        Part of the inspection interface; returns self.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def base_columns(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return frozenset(c for c in self.proxy_set if not c._proxies)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def proxy_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """set of all columns we are proxying
+
+        as of 2.0 this is explicitly deannotated columns.  previously it was
+        effectively deannotated columns but wasn't enforced.  annotated
+        columns should basically not go into sets if at all possible because
+        their hashing behavior is very non-performant.
+
+        """
+        return frozenset([self._deannotate()]).union(
+            itertools.chain(*[c.proxy_set for c in self._proxies])
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expanded_proxy_set(self) -> FrozenSet[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return frozenset(_expand_cloned(self.proxy_set))
+
+    def _uncached_proxy_list(self) -> List[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """An 'uncached' version of proxy set.
+
+        This list includes annotated columns which perform very poorly in
+        set operations.
+
+        """
+
+        return [self] + list(
+            itertools.chain(*[c._uncached_proxy_list() for c in self._proxies])
+        )
+
+    def shares_lineage(self, othercolumn: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        has a common ancestor to this :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`."""
+
+        return bool(self.proxy_set.intersection(othercolumn.proxy_set))
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other: ColumnElement[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given column element compares to this one
+        when targeting within a result row."""
+
+        return (
+            hasattr(other, "name")
+            and hasattr(self, "name")
+            and other.name == self.name
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _proxy_key(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        if self._annotations and "proxy_key" in self._annotations:
+            return cast(str, self._annotations["proxy_key"])
+
+        name = self.key
+        if not name:
+            # there's a bit of a seeming contradiction which is that the
+            # "_non_anon_label" of a column can in fact be an
+            # "_anonymous_label"; this is when it's on a column that is
+            # proxying for an anonymous expression in a subquery.
+            name = self._non_anon_label
+
+        if isinstance(name, _anonymous_label):
+            return None
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _expression_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """a suggested label to use in the case that the column has no name,
+        which should be used if possible as the explicit 'AS <label>'
+        where this expression would normally have an anon label.
+
+        this is essentially mostly what _proxy_key does except it returns
+        None if the column has a normal name that can be used.
+
+        """
+
+        if getattr(self, "name", None) is not None:
+            return None
+        elif self._annotations and "proxy_key" in self._annotations:
+            return cast(str, self._annotations["proxy_key"])
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        """Create a new :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` representing this
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` as it appears in the select list of
+        a descending selectable.
+
+        """
+        if name is None:
+            name = self._anon_name_label
+            if key is None:
+                key = self._proxy_key
+        else:
+            key = name
+
+        assert key is not None
+
+        co: ColumnClause[_T] = ColumnClause(
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name)
+                if name_is_truncatable
+                else name
+            ),
+            type_=getattr(self, "type", None),
+            _selectable=selectable,
+        )
+
+        co._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if compound_select_cols:
+            co._proxies = list(compound_select_cols)
+        else:
+            co._proxies = [self]
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            co._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(key)
+        return key, co
+
+    def cast(self, type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_OPT]) -> Cast[_OPT]:
+        """Produce a type cast, i.e. ``CAST(<expression> AS <type>)``.
+
+        This is a shortcut to the :func:`_expression.cast` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+            :func:`_expression.cast`
+
+            :func:`_expression.type_coerce`
+
+        """
+        return Cast(self, type_)
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[_T]:
+        """Produce a column label, i.e. ``<columnname> AS <name>``.
+
+        This is a shortcut to the :func:`_expression.label` function.
+
+        If 'name' is ``None``, an anonymous label name will be generated.
+
+        """
+        return Label(name, self, self.type)
+
+    def _anon_label(
+        self, seed: Optional[str], add_hash: Optional[int] = None
+    ) -> _anonymous_label:
+        while self._is_clone_of is not None:
+            self = self._is_clone_of
+
+        # as of 1.4 anonymous label for ColumnElement uses hash(), not id(),
+        # as the identifier, because a column and its annotated version are
+        # the same thing in a SQL statement
+        hash_value = hash(self)
+
+        if add_hash:
+            # this path is used for disambiguating anon labels that would
+            # otherwise be the same name for the same element repeated.
+            # an additional numeric value is factored in for each label.
+
+            # shift hash(self) (which is id(self), typically 8 byte integer)
+            # 16 bits leftward.  fill extra add_hash on right
+            assert add_hash < (2 << 15)
+            assert seed
+            hash_value = (hash_value << 16) | add_hash
+
+            # extra underscore is added for labels with extra hash
+            # values, to isolate the "deduped anon" namespace from the
+            # regular namespace.  eliminates chance of these
+            # manufactured hash values overlapping with regular ones for some
+            # undefined python interpreter
+            seed = seed + "_"
+
+        if isinstance(seed, _anonymous_label):
+            return _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                hash_value, "", enclosing_label=seed
+            )
+
+        return _anonymous_label.safe_construct(hash_value, seed or "anon")
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_name_label(self) -> str:
+        """Provides a constant 'anonymous label' for this ColumnElement.
+
+        This is a label() expression which will be named at compile time.
+        The same label() is returned each time ``anon_label`` is called so
+        that expressions can reference ``anon_label`` multiple times,
+        producing the same label name at compile time.
+
+        The compiler uses this function automatically at compile time
+        for expressions that are known to be 'unnamed' like binary
+        expressions and function calls.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.9 - this attribute was not intended to be
+           public and is renamed to _anon_name_label.  anon_name exists
+           for backwards compat
+
+        """
+        name = getattr(self, "name", None)
+        return self._anon_label(name)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_key_label(self) -> _anonymous_label:
+        """Provides a constant 'anonymous key label' for this ColumnElement.
+
+        Compare to ``anon_label``, except that the "key" of the column,
+        if available, is used to generate the label.
+
+        This is used when a deduplicating key is placed into the columns
+        collection of a selectable.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.9 - this attribute was not intended to be
+           public and is renamed to _anon_key_label.  anon_key_label exists
+           for backwards compat
+
+        """
+        return self._anon_label(self._proxy_key)
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.ColumnElement.anon_label` attribute is now "
+        "private, and the public accessor is deprecated.",
+    )
+    def anon_label(self) -> str:
+        return self._anon_name_label
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.ColumnElement.anon_key_label` attribute is "
+        "now private, and the public accessor is deprecated.",
+    )
+    def anon_key_label(self) -> str:
+        return self._anon_key_label
+
+    def _dedupe_anon_label_idx(self, idx: int) -> str:
+        """label to apply to a column that is anon labeled, but repeated
+        in the SELECT, so that we have to make an "extra anon" label that
+        disambiguates it from the previous appearance.
+
+        these labels come out like "foo_bar_id__1" and have double underscores
+        in them.
+
+        """
+        label = getattr(self, "name", None)
+
+        # current convention is that if the element doesn't have a
+        # ".name" (usually because it is not NamedColumn), we try to
+        # use a "table qualified" form for the "dedupe anon" label,
+        # based on the notion that a label like
+        # "CAST(casttest.v1 AS DECIMAL) AS casttest_v1__1" looks better than
+        # "CAST(casttest.v1 AS DECIMAL) AS anon__1"
+
+        if label is None:
+            return self._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(idx)
+        else:
+            return self._anon_label(label, add_hash=idx)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_tq_label(self) -> _anonymous_label:
+        return self._anon_label(getattr(self, "_tq_label", None))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_tq_key_label(self) -> _anonymous_label:
+        return self._anon_label(getattr(self, "_tq_key_label", None))
+
+    def _dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(self, idx: int) -> _anonymous_label:
+        label = getattr(self, "_tq_label", None) or "anon"
+
+        return self._anon_label(label, add_hash=idx)
+
+
+class KeyedColumnElement(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """ColumnElement where ``.key`` is non-None."""
+
+    _is_keyed_column_element = True
+
+    key: str
+
+
+class WrapsColumnExpression(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Mixin that defines a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    as a wrapper with special
+    labeling behavior for an expression that already has a name.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`change_4449`
+
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+        if hasattr(wce, "_tq_label"):
+            return wce._tq_label
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def _label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._tq_label
+
+    @property
+    def _non_anon_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return None
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _anon_name_label(self) -> str:
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+
+        # this logic tries to get the WrappedColumnExpression to render
+        # with "<expr> AS <name>", where "<name>" is the natural name
+        # within the expression itself.   e.g. "CAST(table.foo) AS foo".
+        if not wce._is_text_clause:
+            nal = wce._non_anon_label
+            if nal:
+                return nal
+            elif hasattr(wce, "_anon_name_label"):
+                return wce._anon_name_label
+        return super()._anon_name_label
+
+    def _dedupe_anon_label_idx(self, idx: int) -> str:
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+        nal = wce._non_anon_label
+        if nal:
+            return self._anon_label(nal + "_")
+        else:
+            return self._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(idx)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxy_key(self):
+        wce = self.wrapped_column_expression
+
+        if not wce._is_text_clause:
+            return wce._proxy_key
+        return super()._proxy_key
+
+
+class BindParameter(roles.InElementRole, KeyedColumnElement[_T]):
+    r"""Represent a "bound expression".
+
+    :class:`.BindParameter` is invoked explicitly using the
+    :func:`.bindparam` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            users_table.c.name == bindparam("username")
+        )
+
+    Detailed discussion of how :class:`.BindParameter` is used is
+    at :func:`.bindparam`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.bindparam`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "bindparam"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("key", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("callable", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+        ("value", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("literal_execute", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    key: str
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+    value: Optional[_T]
+
+    _is_crud = False
+    _is_bind_parameter = True
+    _key_is_anon = False
+
+    # bindparam implements its own _gen_cache_key() method however
+    # we check subclasses for this flag, else no cache key is generated
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        key: Optional[str],
+        value: Any = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        unique: bool = False,
+        required: Union[bool, Literal[_NoArg.NO_ARG]] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        callable_: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        isoutparam: bool = False,
+        literal_execute: bool = False,
+        _compared_to_operator: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        _compared_to_type: Optional[TypeEngine[Any]] = None,
+        _is_crud: bool = False,
+    ):
+        if required is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            required = value is _NoArg.NO_ARG and callable_ is None
+        if value is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            value = None
+
+        if quote is not None:
+            key = quoted_name.construct(key, quote)
+
+        if unique:
+            self.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self),
+                (
+                    key
+                    if key is not None
+                    and not isinstance(key, _anonymous_label)
+                    else "param"
+                ),
+                sanitize_key=True,
+            )
+            self._key_is_anon = True
+        elif key:
+            self.key = key
+        else:
+            self.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), "param")
+            self._key_is_anon = True
+
+        # identifying key that won't change across
+        # clones, used to identify the bind's logical
+        # identity
+        self._identifying_key = self.key
+
+        # key that was passed in the first place, used to
+        # generate new keys
+        self._orig_key = key or "param"
+
+        self.unique = unique
+        self.value = value
+        self.callable = callable_
+        self.isoutparam = isoutparam
+        self.required = required
+
+        # indicate an "expanding" parameter; the compiler sets this
+        # automatically in the compiler _render_in_expr_w_bindparam method
+        # for an IN expression
+        self.expanding = expanding
+
+        # this is another hint to help w/ expanding and is typically
+        # set in the compiler _render_in_expr_w_bindparam method for an
+        # IN expression
+        self.expand_op = None
+
+        self.literal_execute = literal_execute
+        if _is_crud:
+            self._is_crud = True
+
+        if type_ is None:
+            if expanding:
+                if value:
+                    check_value = value[0]
+                else:
+                    check_value = type_api._NO_VALUE_IN_LIST
+            else:
+                check_value = value
+            if _compared_to_type is not None:
+                self.type = _compared_to_type.coerce_compared_value(
+                    _compared_to_operator, check_value
+                )
+            else:
+                self.type = type_api._resolve_value_to_type(check_value)
+        elif isinstance(type_, type):
+            self.type = type_()
+        elif is_tuple_type(type_):
+            if value:
+                if expanding:
+                    check_value = value[0]
+                else:
+                    check_value = value
+                cast("BindParameter[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]", self).type = (
+                    type_._resolve_values_to_types(check_value)
+                )
+            else:
+                cast("BindParameter[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]", self).type = (
+                    type_
+                )
+        else:
+            self.type = type_
+
+    def _with_value(self, value, maintain_key=False, required=NO_ARG):
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`.BindParameter` with the given value
+        set.
+        """
+        cloned = self._clone(maintain_key=maintain_key)
+        cloned.value = value
+        cloned.callable = None
+        cloned.required = required if required is not NO_ARG else self.required
+        if cloned.type is type_api.NULLTYPE:
+            cloned.type = type_api._resolve_value_to_type(value)
+        return cloned
+
+    @property
+    def effective_value(self) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Return the value of this bound parameter,
+        taking into account if the ``callable`` parameter
+        was set.
+
+        The ``callable`` value will be evaluated
+        and returned if present, else ``value``.
+
+        """
+        if self.callable:
+            # TODO: set up protocol for bind parameter callable
+            return self.callable()  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            return self.value
+
+    def render_literal_execute(self) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        """Produce a copy of this bound parameter that will enable the
+        :paramref:`_sql.BindParameter.literal_execute` flag.
+
+        The :paramref:`_sql.BindParameter.literal_execute` flag will
+        have the effect of the parameter rendered in the compiled SQL
+        string using ``[POSTCOMPILE]`` form, which is a special form that
+        is converted to be a rendering of the literal value of the parameter
+        at SQL execution time.    The rationale is to support caching
+        of SQL statement strings that can embed per-statement literal values,
+        such as LIMIT and OFFSET parameters, in the final SQL string that
+        is passed to the DBAPI.   Dialects in particular may want to use
+        this method within custom compilation schemes.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.5
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`engine_thirdparty_caching`
+
+        """
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self)
+        c.literal_execute = True
+        return c
+
+    def _negate_in_binary(self, negated_op, original_op):
+        if self.expand_op is original_op:
+            bind = self._clone()
+            bind.expand_op = negated_op
+            return bind
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self)
+        c.type = type_
+        return c
+
+    def _clone(self, maintain_key: bool = False, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        c = ClauseElement._clone(self, **kw)
+        # ensure all the BindParameter objects stay in cloned set.
+        # in #7823, we changed "clone" so that a clone only keeps a reference
+        # to the "original" element, since for column correspondence, that's
+        # all we need.   However, for BindParam, _cloned_set is used by
+        # the "cache key bind match" lookup, which means if any of those
+        # interim BindParameter objects became part of a cache key in the
+        # cache, we need it.  So here, make sure all clones keep carrying
+        # forward.
+        c._cloned_set.update(self._cloned_set)
+        if not maintain_key and self.unique:
+            c.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(c), c._orig_key or "param", sanitize_key=True
+            )
+        return c
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        _gen_cache_ok = self.__class__.__dict__.get("inherit_cache", False)
+
+        if not _gen_cache_ok:
+            if anon_map is not None:
+                anon_map[NO_CACHE] = True
+            return None
+
+        id_, found = anon_map.get_anon(self)
+        if found:
+            return (id_, self.__class__)
+
+        if bindparams is not None:
+            bindparams.append(self)
+
+        return (
+            id_,
+            self.__class__,
+            self.type._static_cache_key,
+            self.key % anon_map if self._key_is_anon else self.key,
+            self.literal_execute,
+        )
+
+    def _convert_to_unique(self):
+        if not self.unique:
+            self.unique = True
+            self.key = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), self._orig_key or "param", sanitize_key=True
+            )
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        """execute a deferred value for serialization purposes."""
+
+        d = self.__dict__.copy()
+        v = self.value
+        if self.callable:
+            v = self.callable()
+            d["callable"] = None
+        d["value"] = v
+        return d
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        if state.get("unique", False):
+            state["key"] = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), state.get("_orig_key", "param"), sanitize_key=True
+            )
+        self.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r, %r, type_=%r)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.key,
+            self.value,
+            self.type,
+        )
+
+
+class TypeClause(DQLDMLClauseElement):
+    """Handle a type keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    Used by the ``Case`` statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "typeclause"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type)
+    ]
+    type: TypeEngine[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, type_: TypeEngine[Any]):
+        self.type = type_
+
+
+class TextClause(
+    roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole,
+    roles.DDLExpressionRole,
+    roles.StatementOptionRole,
+    roles.WhereHavingRole,
+    roles.OrderByRole,
+    roles.FromClauseRole,
+    roles.SelectStatementRole,
+    roles.InElementRole,
+    Generative,
+    Executable,
+    DQLDMLClauseElement,
+    roles.BinaryElementRole[Any],
+    inspection.Inspectable["TextClause"],
+):
+    """Represent a literal SQL text fragment.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        t = text("SELECT * FROM users")
+        result = connection.execute(t)
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TextClause` construct is produced using the
+    :func:`_expression.text`
+    function; see that function for full documentation.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "textclause"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_bindparams", InternalTraversal.dp_string_clauseelement_dict),
+        ("text", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    _is_text_clause = True
+
+    _is_textual = True
+
+    _bind_params_regex = re.compile(r"(?<![:\w\x5c]):(\w+)(?!:)", re.UNICODE)
+    _is_implicitly_boolean = False
+
+    _render_label_in_columns_clause = False
+
+    _omit_from_statements = False
+
+    _is_collection_aggregate = False
+
+    @property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return ()
+
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        # support use in select.where(), query.filter()
+        return and_(self, other)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    # help in those cases where text() is
+    # interpreted in a column expression situation
+    key: Optional[str] = None
+    _label: Optional[str] = None
+
+    _allow_label_resolve = False
+
+    @property
+    def _is_star(self):
+        return self.text == "*"
+
+    def __init__(self, text: str):
+        self._bindparams: Dict[str, BindParameter[Any]] = {}
+
+        def repl(m):
+            self._bindparams[m.group(1)] = BindParameter(m.group(1))
+            return ":%s" % m.group(1)
+
+        # scan the string and search for bind parameter names, add them
+        # to the list of bindparams
+        self.text = self._bind_params_regex.sub(repl, text)
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(
+        self,
+        *binds: BindParameter[Any],
+        **names_to_values: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Establish the values and/or types of bound parameters within
+        this :class:`_expression.TextClause` construct.
+
+        Given a text construct such as::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import text
+
+            stmt = text(
+                "SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name AND timestamp=:timestamp"
+            )
+
+        the :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        method can be used to establish
+        the initial value of ``:name`` and ``:timestamp``,
+        using simple keyword arguments::
+
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                name="jack", timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)
+            )
+
+        Where above, new :class:`.BindParameter` objects
+        will be generated with the names ``name`` and ``timestamp``, and
+        values of ``jack`` and ``datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)``,
+        respectively.  The types will be
+        inferred from the values given, in this case :class:`.String` and
+        :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        When specific typing behavior is needed, the positional ``*binds``
+        argument can be used in which to specify :func:`.bindparam` constructs
+        directly.  These constructs must include at least the ``key``
+        argument, then an optional value and type::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                bindparam("name", value="jack", type_=String),
+                bindparam("timestamp", type_=DateTime),
+            )
+
+        Above, we specified the type of :class:`.DateTime` for the
+        ``timestamp`` bind, and the type of :class:`.String` for the ``name``
+        bind.  In the case of ``name`` we also set the default value of
+        ``"jack"``.
+
+        Additional bound parameters can be supplied at statement execution
+        time, e.g.::
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                stmt, timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)
+            )
+
+        The :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        method can be called repeatedly,
+        where it will re-use existing :class:`.BindParameter` objects to add
+        new information.  For example, we can call
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        first with typing information, and a
+        second time with value information, and it will be combined::
+
+            stmt = text(
+                "SELECT id, name FROM user WHERE name=:name "
+                "AND timestamp=:timestamp"
+            )
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                bindparam("name", type_=String), bindparam("timestamp", type_=DateTime)
+            )
+            stmt = stmt.bindparams(
+                name="jack", timestamp=datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 8, 15, 12, 5)
+            )
+
+        The :meth:`_expression.TextClause.bindparams`
+        method also supports the concept of
+        **unique** bound parameters.  These are parameters that are
+        "uniquified" on name at statement compilation time, so that  multiple
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+        constructs may be combined together without the names
+        conflicting.  To use this feature, specify the
+        :paramref:`.BindParameter.unique` flag on each :func:`.bindparam`
+        object::
+
+            stmt1 = text("select id from table where name=:name").bindparams(
+                bindparam("name", value="name1", unique=True)
+            )
+            stmt2 = text("select id from table where name=:name").bindparams(
+                bindparam("name", value="name2", unique=True)
+            )
+
+            union = union_all(stmt1.columns(column("id")), stmt2.columns(column("id")))
+
+        The above statement will render as:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            select id from table where name=:name_1
+            UNION ALL select id from table where name=:name_2
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3.11  Added support for the
+           :paramref:`.BindParameter.unique` flag to work with
+           :func:`_expression.text`
+           constructs.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self._bindparams = new_params = self._bindparams.copy()
+
+        for bind in binds:
+            try:
+                # the regex used for text() currently will not match
+                # a unique/anonymous key in any case, so use the _orig_key
+                # so that a text() construct can support unique parameters
+                existing = new_params[bind._orig_key]
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % bind._orig_key
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                new_params[existing._orig_key] = bind
+
+        for key, value in names_to_values.items():
+            try:
+                existing = new_params[key]
+            except KeyError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "This text() construct doesn't define a "
+                    "bound parameter named %r" % key
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                new_params[key] = existing._with_value(value, required=False)
+        return self
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.selectable")
+    def columns(
+        self,
+        *cols: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        **types: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+    ) -> TextualSelect:
+        r"""Turn this :class:`_expression.TextClause` object into a
+        :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+        object that serves the same role as a SELECT
+        statement.
+
+        The :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` is part of the
+        :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+        hierarchy and can be embedded into another statement by using the
+        :meth:`_expression.TextualSelect.subquery` method to produce a
+        :class:`.Subquery`
+        object, which can then be SELECTed from.
+
+        This function essentially bridges the gap between an entirely
+        textual SELECT statement and the SQL expression language concept
+        of a "selectable"::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.sql import column, text
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(column("id"), column("name")).subquery("st")
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(mytable)
+                .select_from(mytable.join(stmt, mytable.c.name == stmt.c.name))
+                .where(stmt.c.id > 5)
+            )
+
+        Above, we pass a series of :func:`_expression.column` elements to the
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` method positionally.  These
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+        elements now become first class elements upon the
+        :attr:`_expression.TextualSelect.selected_columns` column collection,
+        which then
+        become part of the :attr:`.Subquery.c` collection after
+        :meth:`_expression.TextualSelect.subquery` is invoked.
+
+        The column expressions we pass to
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` may
+        also be typed; when we do so, these :class:`.TypeEngine` objects become
+        the effective return type of the column, so that SQLAlchemy's
+        result-set-processing systems may be used on the return values.
+        This is often needed for types such as date or boolean types, as well
+        as for unicode processing on some dialect configurations::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(
+                column("id", Integer),
+                column("name", Unicode),
+                column("timestamp", DateTime),
+            )
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        As a shortcut to the above syntax, keyword arguments referring to
+        types alone may be used, if only type conversion is needed::
+
+            stmt = text("SELECT id, name, timestamp FROM some_table")
+            stmt = stmt.columns(id=Integer, name=Unicode, timestamp=DateTime)
+
+            for id, name, timestamp in connection.execute(stmt):
+                print(id, name, timestamp)
+
+        The positional form of :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`
+        also provides the
+        unique feature of **positional column targeting**, which is
+        particularly useful when using the ORM with complex textual queries. If
+        we specify the columns from our model to
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`,
+        the result set will match to those columns positionally, meaning the
+        name or origin of the column in the textual SQL doesn't matter::
+
+            stmt = text(
+                "SELECT users.id, addresses.id, users.id, "
+                "users.name, addresses.email_address AS email "
+                "FROM users JOIN addresses ON users.id=addresses.user_id "
+                "WHERE users.id = 1"
+            ).columns(
+                User.id,
+                Address.id,
+                Address.user_id,
+                User.name,
+                Address.email_address,
+            )
+
+            query = (
+                session.query(User)
+                .from_statement(stmt)
+                .options(contains_eager(User.addresses))
+            )
+
+        The :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` method provides a direct
+        route to calling :meth:`_expression.FromClause.subquery` as well as
+        :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.cte`
+        against a textual SELECT statement::
+
+            stmt = stmt.columns(id=Integer, name=String).cte("st")
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.id == stmt.c.id)
+
+        :param \*cols: A series of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects,
+         typically
+         :class:`_schema.Column` objects from a :class:`_schema.Table`
+         or ORM level
+         column-mapped attributes, representing a set of columns that this
+         textual string will SELECT from.
+
+        :param \**types: A mapping of string names to :class:`.TypeEngine`
+         type objects indicating the datatypes to use for names that are
+         SELECTed from the textual string.  Prefer to use the ``*cols``
+         argument as it also indicates positional ordering.
+
+        """
+        selectable = util.preloaded.sql_selectable
+
+        input_cols: List[NamedColumn[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, col) for col in cols
+        ]
+
+        positional_input_cols = [
+            (
+                ColumnClause(col.key, types.pop(col.key))
+                if col.key in types
+                else col
+            )
+            for col in input_cols
+        ]
+        keyed_input_cols: List[NamedColumn[Any]] = [
+            ColumnClause(key, type_) for key, type_ in types.items()
+        ]
+
+        elem = selectable.TextualSelect.__new__(selectable.TextualSelect)
+        elem._init(
+            self,
+            positional_input_cols + keyed_input_cols,
+            positional=bool(positional_input_cols) and not keyed_input_cols,
+        )
+        return elem
+
+    @property
+    def type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @property
+    def comparator(self):
+        # TODO: this seems wrong, it seems like we might not
+        # be using this method.
+        return self.type.comparator_factory(self)  # type: ignore
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[Any]]:
+        if against is operators.in_op:
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class Null(SingletonConstant, roles.ConstExprRole[None], ColumnElement[None]):
+    """Represent the NULL keyword in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.Null` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.null` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "null"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = []
+    _singleton: Null
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls) -> Null:
+        """Return a constant :class:`.Null` construct."""
+
+        return Null._singleton
+
+
+Null._create_singleton()
+
+
+class False_(
+    SingletonConstant, roles.ConstExprRole[bool], ColumnElement[bool]
+):
+    """Represent the ``false`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.False_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.false` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "false"
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = []
+    _singleton: False_
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self) -> True_:
+        return True_._singleton
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls) -> False_:
+        return False_._singleton
+
+
+False_._create_singleton()
+
+
+class True_(SingletonConstant, roles.ConstExprRole[bool], ColumnElement[bool]):
+    """Represent the ``true`` keyword, or equivalent, in a SQL statement.
+
+    :class:`.True_` is accessed as a constant via the
+    :func:`.true` function.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "true"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = []
+    _singleton: True_
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+
+    def _negate(self) -> False_:
+        return False_._singleton
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ifnone(
+        cls, other: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if other is None:
+            return cls._instance()
+        else:
+            return other
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _instance(cls) -> True_:
+        return True_._singleton
+
+
+True_._create_singleton()
+
+
+class ClauseList(
+    roles.InElementRole,
+    roles.OrderByRole,
+    roles.ColumnsClauseRole,
+    roles.DMLColumnRole,
+    DQLDMLClauseElement,
+):
+    """Describe a list of clauses, separated by an operator.
+
+    By default, is comma-separated, such as a column listing.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "clauselist"
+
+    # this is used only by the ORM in a legacy use case for
+    # composite attributes
+    _is_clause_list = True
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+    ]
+
+    clauses: List[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        operator: OperatorType = operators.comma_op,
+        group: bool = True,
+        group_contents: bool = True,
+        _literal_as_text_role: Type[roles.SQLRole] = roles.WhereHavingRole,
+    ):
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.group = group
+        self.group_contents = group_contents
+        clauses_iterator: Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]] = clauses
+        text_converter_role: Type[roles.SQLRole] = _literal_as_text_role
+        self._text_converter_role = text_converter_role
+
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    text_converter_role, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                ).self_group(against=self.operator)
+                for clause in clauses_iterator
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.clauses = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    text_converter_role, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                )
+                for clause in clauses_iterator
+            ]
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = operators.is_boolean(self.operator)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_raw(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        clauses: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+    ) -> ClauseList:
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.clauses = list(clauses) if clauses else []
+        self.group = True
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.group_contents = True
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = False
+        return self
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return iter(self.clauses)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            [elem._select_iterable for elem in self.clauses]
+        )
+
+    def append(self, clause):
+        if self.group_contents:
+            self.clauses.append(
+                coercions.expect(self._text_converter_role, clause).self_group(
+                    against=self.operator
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            self.clauses.append(
+                coercions.expect(self._text_converter_role, clause)
+            )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[c._from_objects for c in self.clauses]))
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[Any]]:
+        if self.group and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class OperatorExpression(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """base for expressions that contain an operator and operands
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    operator: OperatorType
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+
+    group: bool = True
+
+    @property
+    def is_comparison(self):
+        return operators.is_comparison(self.operator)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[_T]]:
+        if (
+            self.group
+            and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against)
+            or (
+                # a negate against a non-boolean operator
+                # doesn't make too much sense but we should
+                # group for that
+                against is operators.inv
+                and not operators.is_boolean(self.operator)
+            )
+        ):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @property
+    def _flattened_operator_clauses(
+        self,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_op(
+        cls,
+        left: ColumnElement[Any],
+        right: ColumnElement[Any],
+        op: OperatorType,
+        *,
+        type_: TypeEngine[_T],
+        negate: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        modifiers: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> OperatorExpression[_T]:
+        if operators.is_associative(op):
+            assert (
+                negate is None
+            ), f"negate not supported for associative operator {op}"
+
+            multi = False
+            if getattr(
+                left, "operator", None
+            ) is op and type_._compare_type_affinity(left.type):
+                multi = True
+                left_flattened = left._flattened_operator_clauses
+            else:
+                left_flattened = (left,)
+
+            if getattr(
+                right, "operator", None
+            ) is op and type_._compare_type_affinity(right.type):
+                multi = True
+                right_flattened = right._flattened_operator_clauses
+            else:
+                right_flattened = (right,)
+
+            if multi:
+                return ExpressionClauseList._construct_for_list(
+                    op,
+                    type_,
+                    *(left_flattened + right_flattened),
+                )
+
+        if right._is_collection_aggregate:
+            negate = None
+
+        return BinaryExpression(
+            left, right, op, type_=type_, negate=negate, modifiers=modifiers
+        )
+
+
+class ExpressionClauseList(OperatorExpression[_T]):
+    """Describe a list of clauses, separated by an operator,
+    in a column expression context.
+
+    :class:`.ExpressionClauseList` differs from :class:`.ClauseList` in that
+    it represents a column-oriented DQL expression only, not an open ended
+    list of anything comma separated.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "expression_clauselist"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+    ]
+
+    clauses: typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]
+
+    group: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.operator = operator
+
+        self.clauses = tuple(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for clause in clauses
+        )
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = operators.is_boolean(self.operator)
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def _flattened_operator_clauses(
+        self,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]:
+        return self.clauses
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return iter(self.clauses)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(itertools.chain(*[c._from_objects for c in self.clauses]))
+
+    def _append_inplace(self, clause: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self.clauses += (clause,)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_list(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        type_: TypeEngine[_T],
+        *clauses: ColumnElement[Any],
+        group: bool = True,
+    ) -> ExpressionClauseList[_T]:
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.group = group
+        if group:
+            self.clauses = tuple(
+                c.self_group(against=operator) for c in clauses
+            )
+        else:
+            self.clauses = clauses
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.type = type_
+        for c in clauses:
+            if c._propagate_attrs:
+                self._propagate_attrs = c._propagate_attrs
+                break
+        return self
+
+    def _negate(self) -> Any:
+        grouped = self.self_group(against=operators.inv)
+        assert isinstance(grouped, ColumnElement)
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            grouped, operator=operators.inv, wraps_column_expression=True
+        )
+
+
+class BooleanClauseList(ExpressionClauseList[bool]):
+    __visit_name__ = "expression_clauselist"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "BooleanClauseList has a private constructor"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _process_clauses_for_boolean(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        continue_on: Any,
+        skip_on: Any,
+        clauses: Iterable[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[int, List[ColumnElement[Any]]]:
+        has_continue_on = None
+
+        convert_clauses = []
+
+        against = operators._asbool
+        lcc = 0
+
+        for clause in clauses:
+            if clause is continue_on:
+                # instance of continue_on, like and_(x, y, True, z), store it
+                # if we didn't find one already, we will use it if there
+                # are no other expressions here.
+                has_continue_on = clause
+            elif clause is skip_on:
+                # instance of skip_on, e.g. and_(x, y, False, z), cancels
+                # the rest out
+                convert_clauses = [clause]
+                lcc = 1
+                break
+            else:
+                if not lcc:
+                    lcc = 1
+                else:
+                    against = operator
+                    # technically this would be len(convert_clauses) + 1
+                    # however this only needs to indicate "greater than one"
+                    lcc = 2
+                convert_clauses.append(clause)
+
+        if not convert_clauses and has_continue_on is not None:
+            convert_clauses = [has_continue_on]
+            lcc = 1
+
+        return lcc, [c.self_group(against=against) for c in convert_clauses]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        continue_on: Any,
+        skip_on: Any,
+        initial_clause: Any = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: Any,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        if initial_clause is _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            # no elements period.  deprecated use case.  return an empty
+            # ClauseList construct that generates nothing unless it has
+            # elements added to it.
+            name = operator.__name__
+
+            util.warn_deprecated(
+                f"Invoking {name}() without arguments is deprecated, and "
+                f"will be disallowed in a future release.   For an empty "
+                f"""{name}() construct, use '{name}({
+                    'true()' if continue_on is True_._singleton else 'false()'
+                }, *args)' """
+                f"""or '{name}({
+                    'True' if continue_on is True_._singleton else 'False'
+                }, *args)'.""",
+                version="1.4",
+            )
+            return cls._construct_raw(operator)
+
+        lcc, convert_clauses = cls._process_clauses_for_boolean(
+            operator,
+            continue_on,
+            skip_on,
+            [
+                coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, clause)
+                for clause in util.coerce_generator_arg(
+                    (initial_clause,) + clauses
+                )
+            ],
+        )
+
+        if lcc > 1:
+            # multiple elements.  Return regular BooleanClauseList
+            # which will link elements against the operator.
+
+            flattened_clauses = itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                (
+                    (c for c in to_flat._flattened_operator_clauses)
+                    if getattr(to_flat, "operator", None) is operator
+                    else (to_flat,)
+                )
+                for to_flat in convert_clauses
+            )
+
+            return cls._construct_raw(operator, flattened_clauses)  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            assert lcc
+            # just one element.  return it as a single boolean element,
+            # not a list and discard the operator.
+            return convert_clauses[0]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_for_whereclause(
+        cls, clauses: Iterable[ColumnElement[Any]]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]:
+        operator, continue_on, skip_on = (
+            operators.and_,
+            True_._singleton,
+            False_._singleton,
+        )
+
+        lcc, convert_clauses = cls._process_clauses_for_boolean(
+            operator,
+            continue_on,
+            skip_on,
+            clauses,  # these are assumed to be coerced already
+        )
+
+        if lcc > 1:
+            # multiple elements.  Return regular BooleanClauseList
+            # which will link elements against the operator.
+            return cls._construct_raw(operator, convert_clauses)
+        elif lcc == 1:
+            # just one element.  return it as a single boolean element,
+            # not a list and discard the operator.
+            return convert_clauses[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct_raw(
+        cls,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        clauses: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+    ) -> BooleanClauseList:
+        self = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self.clauses = tuple(clauses) if clauses else ()
+        self.group = True
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = True
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def and_(
+        cls,
+        initial_clause: Union[
+            Literal[True], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], _NoArg
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        r"""Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``AND``.
+
+        See :func:`_sql.and_` for full documentation.
+        """
+        return cls._construct(
+            operators.and_,
+            True_._singleton,
+            False_._singleton,
+            initial_clause,
+            *clauses,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def or_(
+        cls,
+        initial_clause: Union[
+            Literal[False], _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], _NoArg
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Produce a conjunction of expressions joined by ``OR``.
+
+        See :func:`_sql.or_` for full documentation.
+        """
+        return cls._construct(
+            operators.or_,
+            False_._singleton,
+            True_._singleton,
+            initial_clause,
+            *clauses,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[bool]]:
+        if not self.clauses:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().self_group(against=against)
+
+
+and_ = BooleanClauseList.and_
+or_ = BooleanClauseList.or_
+
+
+class Tuple(ClauseList, ColumnElement[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]):
+    """Represent a SQL tuple."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "tuple"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        ClauseList._traverse_internals + []
+    )
+
+    type: TupleType
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes")
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        types: Optional[Sequence[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]]] = None,
+    ):
+        sqltypes = util.preloaded.sql_sqltypes
+
+        if types is None:
+            init_clauses: List[ColumnElement[Any]] = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, c)
+                for c in clauses
+            ]
+        else:
+            if len(types) != len(clauses):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Wrong number of elements for %d-tuple: %r "
+                    % (len(types), clauses)
+                )
+            init_clauses = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                    c,
+                    type_=typ if not typ._isnull else None,
+                )
+                for typ, c in zip(types, clauses)
+            ]
+
+        self.type = sqltypes.TupleType(*[arg.type for arg in init_clauses])
+        super().__init__(*init_clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (self,)
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj, type_=None, expanding=False):
+        if expanding:
+            return BindParameter(
+                None,
+                value=obj,
+                _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                unique=True,
+                expanding=True,
+                type_=type_,
+                _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            )
+        else:
+            return Tuple(
+                *[
+                    BindParameter(
+                        None,
+                        o,
+                        _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                        _compared_to_type=compared_to_type,
+                        unique=True,
+                        type_=type_,
+                    )
+                    for o, compared_to_type in zip(obj, self.type.types)
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        # Tuple is parenthesized by definition.
+        return self
+
+
+class Case(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a ``CASE`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Case` is produced using the :func:`.case` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import case
+
+        stmt = select(users_table).where(
+            case(
+                (users_table.c.name == "wendy", "W"),
+                (users_table.c.name == "jack", "J"),
+                else_="E",
+            )
+        )
+
+    Details on :class:`.Case` usage is at :func:`.case`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.case`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "case"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("value", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("whens", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuples),
+        ("else_", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    # for case(), the type is derived from the whens.  so for the moment
+    # users would have to cast() the case to get a specific type
+
+    whens: List[typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[bool], ColumnElement[_T]]]
+    else_: Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]
+    value: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *whens: Union[
+            typing_Tuple[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool], Any],
+            Mapping[Any, Any],
+        ],
+        value: Optional[Any] = None,
+        else_: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ):
+        new_whens: Iterable[Any] = coercions._expression_collection_was_a_list(
+            "whens", "case", whens
+        )
+        try:
+            new_whens = util.dictlike_iteritems(new_whens)
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        self.whens = [
+            (
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                    c,
+                    apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                ).self_group(),
+                coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, r),
+            )
+            for (c, r) in new_whens
+        ]
+
+        if value is None:
+            self.value = None
+        else:
+            self.value = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, value)
+
+        if else_ is not None:
+            self.else_ = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, else_)
+        else:
+            self.else_ = None
+
+        type_ = next(
+            (
+                then.type
+                # Iterate `whens` in reverse to match previous behaviour
+                # where type of final element took priority
+                for *_, then in reversed(self.whens)
+                if not then.type._isnull
+            ),
+            self.else_.type if self.else_ is not None else type_api.NULLTYPE,
+        )
+        self.type = cast(_T, type_)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(*[x._from_objects for x in self.get_children()])
+        )
+
+
+class Cast(WrapsColumnExpression[_T]):
+    """Represent a ``CAST`` expression.
+
+    :class:`.Cast` is produced using the :func:`.cast` factory function,
+    as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import cast, Numeric
+
+        stmt = select(cast(product_table.c.unit_price, Numeric(10, 4)))
+
+    Details on :class:`.Cast` usage is at :func:`.cast`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+        :func:`.try_cast`
+
+        :func:`.type_coerce` - an alternative to CAST that coerces the type
+        on the Python side only, which is often sufficient to generate the
+        correct SQL and data coercion.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "cast"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    clause: ColumnElement[Any]
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+    typeclause: TypeClause
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+    ):
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.clause = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expression,
+            type_=self.type,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+        )
+        self.typeclause = TypeClause(self.type)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.clause._from_objects
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self):
+        return self.clause
+
+
+class TryCast(Cast[_T]):
+    """Represent a TRY_CAST expression.
+
+    Details on :class:`.TryCast` usage is at :func:`.try_cast`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.try_cast`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_casts`
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "try_cast"
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class TypeCoerce(WrapsColumnExpression[_T]):
+    """Represent a Python-side type-coercion wrapper.
+
+    :class:`.TypeCoerce` supplies the :func:`_expression.type_coerce`
+    function; see that function for usage details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.type_coerce`
+
+        :func:`.cast`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "type_coerce"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    clause: ColumnElement[Any]
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+    ):
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)
+        self.clause = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expression,
+            type_=self.type,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.clause._from_objects
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def typed_expression(self):
+        if isinstance(self.clause, BindParameter):
+            bp = self.clause._clone()
+            bp.type = self.type
+            return bp
+        else:
+            return self.clause
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self):
+        return self.clause
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> TypeCoerce[_T]:
+        grouped = self.clause.self_group(against=against)
+        if grouped is not self.clause:
+            return TypeCoerce(grouped, self.type)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class Extract(ColumnElement[int]):
+    """Represent a SQL EXTRACT clause, ``extract(field FROM expr)``."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "extract"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("expr", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("field", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any]
+    field: str
+
+    def __init__(self, field: str, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]):
+        self.type = type_api.INTEGERTYPE
+        self.field = field
+        self.expr = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.expr._from_objects
+
+
+class _label_reference(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Wrap a column expression as it appears in a 'reference' context.
+
+    This expression is any that includes an _order_by_label_element,
+    which is a Label, or a DESC / ASC construct wrapping a Label.
+
+    The production of _label_reference() should occur when an expression
+    is added to this context; this includes the ORDER BY or GROUP BY of a
+    SELECT statement, as well as a few other places, such as the ORDER BY
+    within an OVER clause.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "label_reference"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    element: ColumnElement[_T]
+
+    def __init__(self, element: ColumnElement[_T]):
+        self.element = element
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return []
+
+
+class _textual_label_reference(ColumnElement[Any]):
+    __visit_name__ = "textual_label_reference"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_string)
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, element: str):
+        self.element = element
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _text_clause(self) -> TextClause:
+        return TextClause(self.element)
+
+
+class UnaryExpression(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Define a 'unary' expression.
+
+    A unary expression has a single column expression
+    and an operator.  The operator can be placed on the left
+    (where it is called the 'operator') or right (where it is called the
+    'modifier') of the column expression.
+
+    :class:`.UnaryExpression` is the basis for several unary operators
+    including those used by :func:`.desc`, :func:`.asc`, :func:`.distinct`,
+    :func:`.nulls_first` and :func:`.nulls_last`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unary"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("modifier", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+    ]
+
+    element: ClauseElement
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: ColumnElement[Any],
+        operator: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        modifier: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        wraps_column_expression: bool = False,
+    ):
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.modifier = modifier
+        self._propagate_attrs = element._propagate_attrs
+        self.element = element.self_group(
+            against=self.operator or self.modifier
+        )
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.wraps_column_expression = wraps_column_expression
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nulls_first(
+        cls,
+        column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.nulls_first_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_nulls_last(
+        cls,
+        column: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.nulls_last_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_desc(
+        cls, column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T]
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.desc_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_asc(
+        cls,
+        column: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, column),
+            modifier=operators.asc_op,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_distinct(
+        cls,
+        expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr
+        )
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.distinct_op,
+            type_=col_expr.type,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_bitwise_not(
+        cls,
+        expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+    ) -> UnaryExpression[_T]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole, expr
+        )
+        return UnaryExpression(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.bitwise_not_op,
+            type_=col_expr.type,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self) -> Optional[Label[Any]]:
+        if operators.is_order_by_modifier(self.modifier):
+            return self.element._order_by_label_element
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.type._type_affinity is type_api.BOOLEANTYPE._type_affinity:
+            return UnaryExpression(
+                self.self_group(against=operators.inv),
+                operator=operators.inv,
+                type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+                wraps_column_expression=self.wraps_column_expression,
+            )
+        else:
+            return ClauseElement._negate(self)
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[_T]]:
+        if self.operator and operators.is_precedent(self.operator, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+
+class CollectionAggregate(UnaryExpression[_T]):
+    """Forms the basis for right-hand collection operator modifiers
+    ANY and ALL.
+
+    The ANY and ALL keywords are available in different ways on different
+    backends.  On PostgreSQL, they only work for an ARRAY type.  On
+    MySQL, they only work for subqueries.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    _is_collection_aggregate = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_any(
+        cls, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]
+    ) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expr,
+        )
+        col_expr = col_expr.self_group()
+        return CollectionAggregate(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.any_op,
+            type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_all(
+        cls, expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T]
+    ) -> CollectionAggregate[bool]:
+        col_expr: ColumnElement[_T] = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            expr,
+        )
+        col_expr = col_expr.self_group()
+        return CollectionAggregate(
+            col_expr,
+            operator=operators.all_op,
+            type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+            wraps_column_expression=False,
+        )
+
+    # operate and reverse_operate are hardwired to
+    # dispatch onto the type comparator directly, so that we can
+    # ensure "reversed" behavior.
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        if not operators.is_comparison(op):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Only comparison operators may be used with ANY/ALL"
+            )
+        kwargs["reverse"] = True
+        return self.comparator.operate(operators.mirror(op), *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        # comparison operators should never call reverse_operate
+        assert not operators.is_comparison(op)
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Only comparison operators may be used with ANY/ALL"
+        )
+
+
+class AsBoolean(WrapsColumnExpression[bool], UnaryExpression[bool]):
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, element, operator, negate):
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = type_api.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self.operator = operator
+        self.negate = negate
+        self.modifier = None
+        self.wraps_column_expression = True
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = element._is_implicitly_boolean
+
+    @property
+    def wrapped_column_expression(self):
+        return self.element
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if isinstance(self.element, (True_, False_)):
+            return self.element._negate()
+        else:
+            return AsBoolean(self.element, self.negate, self.operator)
+
+
+class BinaryExpression(OperatorExpression[_T]):
+    """Represent an expression that is ``LEFT <operator> RIGHT``.
+
+    A :class:`.BinaryExpression` is generated automatically
+    whenever two column expressions are used in a Python binary expression:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.sql import column
+        >>> column("a") + column("b")
+        <sqlalchemy.sql.expression.BinaryExpression object at 0x101029dd0>
+        >>> print(column("a") + column("b"))
+        {printsql}a + b
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "binary"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("left", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("right", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("negate", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("modifiers", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+        (
+            "type",
+            InternalTraversal.dp_type,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("left", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("right", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("operator", InternalTraversal.dp_operator),
+        ("modifiers", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+        # "type" affects JSON CAST operators, so while redundant in most cases,
+        # is needed for that one
+        (
+            "type",
+            InternalTraversal.dp_type,
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    _is_implicitly_boolean = True
+    """Indicates that any database will know this is a boolean expression
+    even if the database does not have an explicit boolean datatype.
+
+    """
+
+    left: ColumnElement[Any]
+    right: ColumnElement[Any]
+    modifiers: Mapping[str, Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        left: ColumnElement[Any],
+        right: ColumnElement[Any],
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        negate: Optional[OperatorType] = None,
+        modifiers: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        # allow compatibility with libraries that
+        # refer to BinaryExpression directly and pass strings
+        if isinstance(operator, str):
+            operator = operators.custom_op(operator)
+        self._orig = (left.__hash__(), right.__hash__())
+        self._propagate_attrs = left._propagate_attrs or right._propagate_attrs
+        self.left = left.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.right = right.self_group(against=operator)
+        self.operator = operator
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.negate = negate
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = operators.is_boolean(operator)
+
+        if modifiers is None:
+            self.modifiers = {}
+        else:
+            self.modifiers = modifiers
+
+    @property
+    def _flattened_operator_clauses(
+        self,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]:
+        return (self.left, self.right)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        """Implement Python-side "bool" for BinaryExpression as a
+        simple "identity" check for the left and right attributes,
+        if the operator is "eq" or "ne".  Otherwise the expression
+        continues to not support "bool" like all other column expressions.
+
+        The rationale here is so that ColumnElement objects can be hashable.
+        What?  Well, suppose you do this::
+
+            c1, c2 = column("x"), column("y")
+            s1 = set([c1, c2])
+
+        We do that **a lot**, columns inside of sets is an extremely basic
+        thing all over the ORM for example.
+
+        So what happens if we do this? ::
+
+            c1 in s1
+
+        Hashing means it will normally use ``__hash__()`` of the object,
+        but in case of hash collision, it's going to also do ``c1 == c1``
+        and/or ``c1 == c2`` inside.  Those operations need to return a
+        True/False value.   But because we override ``==`` and ``!=``, they're
+        going to get a BinaryExpression.  Hence we implement ``__bool__`` here
+        so that these comparisons behave in this particular context mostly
+        like regular object comparisons.  Thankfully Python is OK with
+        that!  Otherwise we'd have to use special set classes for columns
+        (which we used to do, decades ago).
+
+        """
+        if self.operator in (operators.eq, operators.ne):
+            # this is using the eq/ne operator given int hash values,
+            # rather than Operator, so that "bool" can be based on
+            # identity
+            return self.operator(*self._orig)  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Boolean value of this clause is not defined")
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __invert__(
+            self: BinaryExpression[_T],
+        ) -> BinaryExpression[_T]: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.left._from_objects + self.right._from_objects
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        if self.negate is not None:
+            return BinaryExpression(
+                self.left,
+                self.right._negate_in_binary(self.negate, self.operator),
+                self.negate,
+                negate=self.operator,
+                type_=self.type,
+                modifiers=self.modifiers,
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.self_group()._negate()
+
+
+class Slice(ColumnElement[Any]):
+    """Represent SQL for a Python array-slice object.
+
+    This is not a specific SQL construct at this level, but
+    may be interpreted by specific dialects, e.g. PostgreSQL.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "slice"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("start", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("stop", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("step", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, start, stop, step, _name=None):
+        self.start = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            start,
+            name=_name,
+            type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE,
+        )
+        self.stop = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            stop,
+            name=_name,
+            type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE,
+        )
+        self.step = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            step,
+            name=_name,
+            type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE,
+        )
+        self.type = type_api.NULLTYPE
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        assert against is operator.getitem
+        return self
+
+
+class IndexExpression(BinaryExpression[Any]):
+    """Represent the class of expressions that are like an "index"
+    operation."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class GroupedElement(DQLDMLClauseElement):
+    """Represent any parenthesized expression"""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "grouping"
+
+    element: ClauseElement
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def _ungroup(self):
+        return self.element._ungroup()
+
+
+class Grouping(GroupedElement, ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a grouping within a column expression"""
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    element: Union[TextClause, ClauseList, ColumnElement[_T]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, element: Union[TextClause, ClauseList, ColumnElement[_T]]
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+
+        # nulltype assignment issue
+        self.type = getattr(element, "type", type_api.NULLTYPE)  # type: ignore
+        self._propagate_attrs = element._propagate_attrs
+
+    def _with_binary_element_type(self, type_):
+        return self.__class__(self.element._with_binary_element_type(type_))
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_implicitly_boolean(self):
+        return self.element._is_implicitly_boolean
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return (
+            getattr(self.element, "_tq_label", None) or self._anon_name_label
+        )
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _proxies(self) -> List[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if isinstance(self.element, ColumnElement):
+            return [self.element]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {"element": self.element, "type": self.type}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.element = state["element"]
+        self.type = state["type"]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class _OverrideBinds(Grouping[_T]):
+    """used by cache_key->_apply_params_to_element to allow compilation /
+    execution of a SQL element that's been cached, using an alternate set of
+    bound parameter values.
+
+    This is used by the ORM to swap new parameter values into expressions
+    that are embedded into loader options like with_expression(),
+    selectinload().  Previously, this task was accomplished using the
+    .params() method which would perform a deep-copy instead.  This deep
+    copy proved to be too expensive for more complex expressions.
+
+    See #11085
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "override_binds"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: ColumnElement[_T],
+        bindparams: Sequence[BindParameter[Any]],
+        replaces_params: Sequence[BindParameter[Any]],
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+        self.translate = {
+            k.key: v.value for k, v in zip(replaces_params, bindparams)
+        }
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Optional[typing_Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        """generate a cache key for the given element, substituting its bind
+        values for the translation values present."""
+
+        existing_bps: List[BindParameter[Any]] = []
+        ck = self.element._gen_cache_key(anon_map, existing_bps)
+
+        bindparams.extend(
+            (
+                bp._with_value(
+                    self.translate[bp.key], maintain_key=True, required=False
+                )
+                if bp.key in self.translate
+                else bp
+            )
+            for bp in existing_bps
+        )
+
+        return ck
+
+
+class _OverRange(Enum):
+    RANGE_UNBOUNDED = 0
+    RANGE_CURRENT = 1
+
+
+RANGE_UNBOUNDED = _OverRange.RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+RANGE_CURRENT = _OverRange.RANGE_CURRENT
+
+_IntOrRange = Union[int, _OverRange]
+
+
+class Over(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent an OVER clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against a so-called
+    "window" function, as well as any aggregate function,
+    which produces results relative to the result set
+    itself.  Most modern SQL backends now support window functions.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "over"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("order_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("partition_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("range_", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("rows", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("groups", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    ]
+
+    order_by: Optional[ClauseList] = None
+    partition_by: Optional[ClauseList] = None
+
+    element: ColumnElement[_T]
+    """The underlying expression object to which this :class:`.Over`
+    object refers."""
+
+    range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[_IntOrRange, _IntOrRange]]
+    rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[_IntOrRange, _IntOrRange]]
+    groups: Optional[typing_Tuple[_IntOrRange, _IntOrRange]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: ColumnElement[_T],
+        partition_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        groups: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(order_by), _literal_as_text_role=roles.ByOfRole
+            )
+        if partition_by is not None:
+            self.partition_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(partition_by),
+                _literal_as_text_role=roles.ByOfRole,
+            )
+
+        if sum(bool(item) for item in (range_, rows, groups)) > 1:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "only one of 'rows', 'range_', or 'groups' may be provided"
+            )
+        else:
+            self.range_ = self._interpret_range(range_) if range_ else None
+            self.rows = self._interpret_range(rows) if rows else None
+            self.groups = self._interpret_range(groups) if groups else None
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (
+            self.element,
+            self.partition_by,
+            self.order_by,
+            self.range_,
+            self.rows,
+            self.groups,
+        )
+
+    def _interpret_range(
+        self,
+        range_: typing_Tuple[Optional[_IntOrRange], Optional[_IntOrRange]],
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[_IntOrRange, _IntOrRange]:
+        if not isinstance(range_, tuple) or len(range_) != 2:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("2-tuple expected for range/rows")
+
+        r0, r1 = range_
+
+        lower: _IntOrRange
+        upper: _IntOrRange
+
+        if r0 is None:
+            lower = RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+        elif isinstance(r0, _OverRange):
+            lower = r0
+        else:
+            try:
+                lower = int(r0)
+            except ValueError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Integer or None expected for range value"
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                if lower == 0:
+                    lower = RANGE_CURRENT
+
+        if r1 is None:
+            upper = RANGE_UNBOUNDED
+        elif isinstance(r1, _OverRange):
+            upper = r1
+        else:
+            try:
+                upper = int(r1)
+            except ValueError as err:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Integer or None expected for range value"
+                ) from err
+            else:
+                if upper == 0:
+                    upper = RANGE_CURRENT
+
+        return lower, upper
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return self.element.type
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(
+                *[
+                    c._from_objects
+                    for c in (self.element, self.partition_by, self.order_by)
+                    if c is not None
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class WithinGroup(ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY) clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against so-called
+    "ordered set aggregate" and "hypothetical
+    set aggregate" functions, including ``percentile_cont()``,
+    ``rank()``, ``dense_rank()``, etc.
+
+    It's supported only by certain database backends, such as PostgreSQL,
+    Oracle Database and MS SQL Server.
+
+    The :class:`.WithinGroup` construct extracts its type from the
+    method :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group_type`.  If this returns
+    ``None``, the function's ``.type`` is used.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "withingroup"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("order_by", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    order_by: Optional[ClauseList] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        element: Union[FunctionElement[_T], FunctionFilter[_T]],
+        *order_by: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+    ):
+        self.element = element
+        if order_by is not None:
+            self.order_by = ClauseList(
+                *util.to_list(order_by), _literal_as_text_role=roles.ByOfRole
+            )
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.element,) + (
+            tuple(self.order_by) if self.order_by is not None else ()
+        )
+
+    def over(
+        self,
+        *,
+        partition_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        groups: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ) -> Over[_T]:
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this :class:`.WithinGroup`
+        construct.
+
+        This function has the same signature as that of
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.over`.
+
+        """
+        return Over(
+            self,
+            partition_by=partition_by,
+            order_by=order_by,
+            range_=range_,
+            rows=rows,
+            groups=groups,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def filter(self) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def filter(
+        self,
+        __criterion0: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+        *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ) -> FunctionFilter[_T]: ...
+
+    def filter(
+        self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+    ) -> Union[Self, FunctionFilter[_T]]:
+        """Produce a FILTER clause against this function."""
+        if not criterion:
+            return self
+        return FunctionFilter(self, *criterion)
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            wgt = self.element.within_group_type(self)
+            if wgt is not None:
+                return wgt
+            else:
+                return self.element.type
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(
+                *[
+                    c._from_objects
+                    for c in (self.element, self.order_by)
+                    if c is not None
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class FunctionFilter(Generative, ColumnElement[_T]):
+    """Represent a function FILTER clause.
+
+    This is a special operator against aggregate and window functions,
+    which controls which rows are passed to it.
+    It's supported only by certain database backends.
+
+    Invocation of :class:`.FunctionFilter` is via
+    :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`::
+
+        func.count(1).filter(True)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "funcfilter"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("func", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("criterion", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    criterion: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]] = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        func: Union[FunctionElement[_T], WithinGroup[_T]],
+        *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ):
+        self.func = func
+        self.filter.non_generative(self, *criterion)  # type: ignore
+
+    @_generative
+    def filter(self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Produce an additional FILTER against the function.
+
+        This method adds additional criteria to the initial criteria
+        set up by :meth:`.FunctionElement.filter`.
+
+        Multiple criteria are joined together at SQL render time
+        via ``AND``.
+
+
+        """
+
+        for crit in list(criterion):
+            crit = coercions.expect(roles.WhereHavingRole, crit)
+
+            if self.criterion is not None:
+                self.criterion = self.criterion & crit
+            else:
+                self.criterion = crit
+
+        return self
+
+    def over(
+        self,
+        partition_by: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+                _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[
+            Union[
+                Iterable[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+                _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        range_: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        rows: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        groups: Optional[typing_Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ) -> Over[_T]:
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this filtered function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.rank().filter(MyClass.y > 5).over(order_by="x")
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over, funcfilter
+
+            over(funcfilter(func.rank(), MyClass.y > 5), order_by="x")
+
+        See :func:`_expression.over` for a full description.
+
+        """
+        return Over(
+            self,
+            partition_by=partition_by,
+            order_by=order_by,
+            range_=range_,
+            rows=rows,
+            groups=groups,
+        )
+
+    def within_group(
+        self, *order_by: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+    ) -> WithinGroup[_T]:
+        """Produce a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr) clause against
+        this function.
+        """
+        return WithinGroup(self, *order_by)
+
+    def within_group_type(
+        self, within_group: WithinGroup[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[TypeEngine[_T]]:
+        return None
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[Self, Grouping[_T]]:
+        if operators.is_precedent(operators.filter_op, against):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def type(self) -> TypeEngine[_T]:  # noqa: A001
+            return self.func.type
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return list(
+            itertools.chain(
+                *[
+                    c._from_objects
+                    for c in (self.func, self.criterion)
+                    if c is not None
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class NamedColumn(KeyedColumnElement[_T]):
+    is_literal = False
+    table: Optional[FromClause] = None
+    name: str
+    key: str
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        return (hasattr(other, "name") and self.name == other.name) or (
+            hasattr(other, "_label") and self._label == other._label
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _tq_key_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """table qualified label based on column key.
+
+        for table-bound columns this is <tablename>_<column key/proxy key>;
+
+        all other expressions it resolves to key/proxy key.
+
+        """
+        proxy_key = self._proxy_key
+        if proxy_key and proxy_key != self.name:
+            return self._gen_tq_label(proxy_key)
+        else:
+            return self._tq_label
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _tq_label(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        """table qualified label based on column name.
+
+        for table-bound columns this is <tablename>_<columnname>; all other
+        expressions it resolves to .name.
+
+        """
+        return self._gen_tq_label(self.name)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _render_label_in_columns_clause(self):
+        return True
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _non_anon_label(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def _gen_tq_label(
+        self, name: str, dedupe_on_key: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        return name
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            self.key,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            type_=type_,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+        )
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        disallow_is_literal: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        c = ColumnClause(
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name or self.name)
+                if name_is_truncatable
+                else (name or self.name)
+            ),
+            type_=self.type,
+            _selectable=selectable,
+            is_literal=False,
+        )
+
+        c._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if name is None:
+            c.key = self.key
+        if compound_select_cols:
+            c._proxies = list(compound_select_cols)
+        else:
+            c._proxies = [self]
+
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+        return c.key, c
+
+
+_PS = ParamSpec("_PS")
+
+
+class Label(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole[_T], NamedColumn[_T]):
+    """Represents a column label (AS).
+
+    Represent a label, as typically applied to any column-level
+    element using the ``AS`` sql keyword.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "label"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("_element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    _cache_key_traversal = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("_element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    _element: ColumnElement[_T]
+    name: str
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str],
+        element: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        orig_element = element
+        element = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+            element,
+            apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+        )
+        while isinstance(element, Label):
+            # TODO: this is only covered in test_text.py, but nothing
+            # fails if it's removed.  determine rationale
+            element = element.element
+
+        if name:
+            self.name = name
+        else:
+            self.name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), getattr(element, "name", "anon")
+            )
+            if isinstance(orig_element, Label):
+                # TODO: no coverage for this block, again would be in
+                # test_text.py where the resolve_label concept is important
+                self._resolve_label = orig_element._label
+
+        self.key = self._tq_label = self._tq_key_label = self.name
+        self._element = element
+
+        self.type = (
+            type_api.to_instance(type_)
+            if type_ is not None
+            else self._element.type
+        )
+
+        self._proxies = [element]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__class__, (self.name, self._element, self.type)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _render_label_in_columns_clause(self):
+        return True
+
+    def _bind_param(self, operator, obj, type_=None, expanding=False):
+        return BindParameter(
+            None,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            type_=type_,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _is_implicitly_boolean(self):
+        return self.element._is_implicitly_boolean
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _allow_label_resolve(self):
+        return self.element._allow_label_resolve
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_label_element(self):
+        return self
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def element(self) -> ColumnElement[_T]:
+        return self._element.self_group(against=operators.as_)
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Label[_T]:
+        return self._apply_to_inner(self._element.self_group, against=against)
+
+    def _negate(self):
+        return self._apply_to_inner(self._element._negate)
+
+    def _apply_to_inner(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[_PS, ColumnElement[_T]],
+        *arg: _PS.args,
+        **kw: _PS.kwargs,
+    ) -> Label[_T]:
+        sub_element = fn(*arg, **kw)
+        if sub_element is not self._element:
+            return Label(self.name, sub_element, type_=self.type)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self):
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self,
+        *,
+        clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+        self._element = clone(self._element, **kw)
+        if anonymize_labels:
+            self.name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                id(self), getattr(self.element, "name", "anon")
+            )
+            self.key = self._tq_label = self._tq_key_label = self.name
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        name = self.name if not name else name
+
+        key, e = self.element._make_proxy(
+            selectable,
+            name=name,
+            disallow_is_literal=True,
+            name_is_truncatable=isinstance(name, _truncated_label),
+            compound_select_cols=compound_select_cols,
+            primary_key=primary_key,
+            foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+        )
+
+        # there was a note here to remove this assertion, which was here
+        # to determine if we later could support a use case where
+        # the key and name of a label are separate.  But I don't know what
+        # that case was.  For now, this is an unexpected case that occurs
+        # when a label name conflicts with other columns and select()
+        # is attempting to disambiguate an explicit label, which is not what
+        # the user would want.   See issue #6090.
+        if key != self.name and not isinstance(self.name, _anonymous_label):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Label name %s is being renamed to an anonymous label due "
+                "to disambiguation "
+                "which is not supported right now.  Please use unique names "
+                "for explicit labels." % (self.name)
+            )
+
+        e._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        e._proxies.append(self)
+        if self.type is not None:
+            e.type = self.type
+
+        return self.key, e
+
+
+class ColumnClause(
+    roles.DDLReferredColumnRole,
+    roles.LabeledColumnExprRole[_T],
+    roles.StrAsPlainColumnRole,
+    Immutable,
+    NamedColumn[_T],
+):
+    """Represents a column expression from any textual string.
+
+    The :class:`.ColumnClause`, a lightweight analogue to the
+    :class:`_schema.Column` class, is typically invoked using the
+    :func:`_expression.column` function, as in::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import column
+
+        id, name = column("id"), column("name")
+        stmt = select(id, name).select_from("user")
+
+    The above statement would produce SQL like:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT id, name FROM user
+
+    :class:`.ColumnClause` is the immediate superclass of the schema-specific
+    :class:`_schema.Column` object.  While the :class:`_schema.Column`
+    class has all the
+    same capabilities as :class:`.ColumnClause`, the :class:`.ColumnClause`
+    class is usable by itself in those cases where behavioral requirements
+    are limited to simple SQL expression generation.  The object has none of
+    the associations with schema-level metadata or with execution-time
+    behavior that :class:`_schema.Column` does,
+    so in that sense is a "lightweight"
+    version of :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+    Full details on :class:`.ColumnClause` usage is at
+    :func:`_expression.column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.column`
+
+        :class:`_schema.Column`
+
+    """
+
+    table: Optional[FromClause]
+    is_literal: bool
+
+    __visit_name__ = "column"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("table", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("is_literal", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    onupdate: Optional[DefaultGenerator] = None
+    default: Optional[DefaultGenerator] = None
+    server_default: Optional[FetchedValue] = None
+    server_onupdate: Optional[FetchedValue] = None
+
+    _is_multiparam_column = False
+
+    @property
+    def _is_star(self):
+        return self.is_literal and self.name == "*"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text: str,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        is_literal: bool = False,
+        _selectable: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    ):
+        self.key = self.name = text
+        self.table = _selectable
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.is_literal = is_literal
+
+    def get_children(self, *, column_tables=False, **kw):
+        # override base get_children() to not return the Table
+        # or selectable that is parent to this column.  Traversals
+        # expect the columns of tables and subqueries to be leaf nodes.
+        return []
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self):
+        if self.table is not None:
+            return self.table.entity_namespace
+        else:
+            return super().entity_namespace
+
+    def _clone(self, detect_subquery_cols=False, **kw):
+        if (
+            detect_subquery_cols
+            and self.table is not None
+            and self.table._is_subquery
+        ):
+            clone = kw.pop("clone")
+            table = clone(self.table, **kw)
+            new = table.c.corresponding_column(self)
+            return new
+
+        return super()._clone(**kw)
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        t = self.table
+        if t is not None:
+            return [t]
+        else:
+            return []
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _render_label_in_columns_clause(self):
+        return self.table is not None
+
+    @property
+    def _ddl_label(self):
+        return self._gen_tq_label(self.name, dedupe_on_key=False)
+
+    def _compare_name_for_result(self, other):
+        if (
+            self.is_literal
+            or self.table is None
+            or self.table._is_textual
+            or not hasattr(other, "proxy_set")
+            or (
+                isinstance(other, ColumnClause)
+                and (
+                    other.is_literal
+                    or other.table is None
+                    or other.table._is_textual
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+            return (hasattr(other, "name") and self.name == other.name) or (
+                hasattr(other, "_tq_label")
+                and self._tq_label == other._tq_label
+            )
+        else:
+            return other.proxy_set.intersection(self.proxy_set)
+
+    def _gen_tq_label(
+        self, name: str, dedupe_on_key: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[str]:
+        """generate table-qualified label
+
+        for a table-bound column this is <tablename>_<columnname>.
+
+        used primarily for LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        as well as the .columns collection on a Join object.
+
+        """
+        label: str
+        t = self.table
+        if self.is_literal:
+            return None
+        elif t is not None and is_named_from_clause(t):
+            if has_schema_attr(t) and t.schema:
+                label = t.schema.replace(".", "_") + "_" + t.name + "_" + name
+            else:
+                assert not TYPE_CHECKING or isinstance(t, NamedFromClause)
+                label = t.name + "_" + name
+
+            # propagate name quoting rules for labels.
+            if is_quoted_name(name) and name.quote is not None:
+                if is_quoted_name(label):
+                    label.quote = name.quote
+                else:
+                    label = quoted_name(label, name.quote)
+            elif is_quoted_name(t.name) and t.name.quote is not None:
+                # can't get this situation to occur, so let's
+                # assert false on it for now
+                assert not isinstance(label, quoted_name)
+                label = quoted_name(label, t.name.quote)
+
+            if dedupe_on_key:
+                # ensure the label name doesn't conflict with that of an
+                # existing column.   note that this implies that any Column
+                # must **not** set up its _label before its parent table has
+                # all of its other Column objects set up.  There are several
+                # tables in the test suite which will fail otherwise; example:
+                # table "owner" has columns "name" and "owner_name".  Therefore
+                # column owner.name cannot use the label "owner_name", it has
+                # to be "owner_name_1".
+                if label in t.c:
+                    _label = label
+                    counter = 1
+                    while _label in t.c:
+                        _label = label + "_" + str(counter)
+                        counter += 1
+                    label = _label
+
+            return coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, label)
+
+        else:
+            return name
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        *,
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]] = None,
+        disallow_is_literal: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> typing_Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        # the "is_literal" flag normally should never be propagated; a proxied
+        # column is always a SQL identifier and never the actual expression
+        # being evaluated. however, there is a case where the "is_literal" flag
+        # might be used to allow the given identifier to have a fixed quoting
+        # pattern already, so maintain the flag for the proxy unless a
+        # :class:`.Label` object is creating the proxy.  See [ticket:4730].
+        is_literal = (
+            not disallow_is_literal
+            and self.is_literal
+            and (
+                # note this does not accommodate for quoted_name differences
+                # right now
+                name is None
+                or name == self.name
+            )
+        )
+        c = self._constructor(
+            (
+                coercions.expect(roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name or self.name)
+                if name_is_truncatable
+                else (name or self.name)
+            ),
+            type_=self.type,
+            _selectable=selectable,
+            is_literal=is_literal,
+        )
+        c._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if name is None:
+            c.key = self.key
+        if compound_select_cols:
+            c._proxies = list(compound_select_cols)
+        else:
+            c._proxies = [self]
+
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+        return c.key, c
+
+
+class TableValuedColumn(NamedColumn[_T]):
+    __visit_name__ = "table_valued_column"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("scalar_alias", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, scalar_alias: NamedFromClause, type_: TypeEngine[_T]):
+        self.scalar_alias = scalar_alias
+        self.key = self.name = scalar_alias.name
+        self.type = type_
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        self.scalar_alias = clone(self.scalar_alias, **kw)
+        self.key = self.name = self.scalar_alias.name
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self.scalar_alias]
+
+
+class CollationClause(ColumnElement[str]):
+    __visit_name__ = "collation"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("collation", InternalTraversal.dp_string)
+    ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes")
+    def _create_collation_expression(
+        cls, expression: _ColumnExpressionArgument[str], collation: str
+    ) -> BinaryExpression[str]:
+
+        sqltypes = util.preloaded.sql_sqltypes
+
+        expr = coercions.expect(roles.ExpressionElementRole[str], expression)
+
+        if expr.type._type_affinity is sqltypes.String:
+            collate_type = expr.type._with_collation(collation)
+        else:
+            collate_type = expr.type
+
+        return BinaryExpression(
+            expr,
+            CollationClause(collation),
+            operators.collate,
+            type_=collate_type,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(self, collation):
+        self.collation = collation
+
+
+class _IdentifiedClause(Executable, ClauseElement):
+    __visit_name__ = "identified"
+
+    def __init__(self, ident):
+        self.ident = ident
+
+
+class SavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "savepoint"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+
+class RollbackToSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "rollback_to_savepoint"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+
+class ReleaseSavepointClause(_IdentifiedClause):
+    __visit_name__ = "release_savepoint"
+    inherit_cache = False
+
+
+class quoted_name(util.MemoizedSlots, str):
+    """Represent a SQL identifier combined with quoting preferences.
+
+    :class:`.quoted_name` is a Python unicode/str subclass which
+    represents a particular identifier name along with a
+    ``quote`` flag.  This ``quote`` flag, when set to
+    ``True`` or ``False``, overrides automatic quoting behavior
+    for this identifier in order to either unconditionally quote
+    or to not quote the name.  If left at its default of ``None``,
+    quoting behavior is applied to the identifier on a per-backend basis
+    based on an examination of the token itself.
+
+    A :class:`.quoted_name` object with ``quote=True`` is also
+    prevented from being modified in the case of a so-called
+    "name normalize" option.  Certain database backends, such as
+    Oracle Database, Firebird, and DB2 "normalize" case-insensitive names
+    as uppercase.  The SQLAlchemy dialects for these backends
+    convert from SQLAlchemy's lower-case-means-insensitive convention
+    to the upper-case-means-insensitive conventions of those backends.
+    The ``quote=True`` flag here will prevent this conversion from occurring
+    to support an identifier that's quoted as all lower case against
+    such a backend.
+
+    The :class:`.quoted_name` object is normally created automatically
+    when specifying the name for key schema constructs such as
+    :class:`_schema.Table`, :class:`_schema.Column`, and others.
+    The class can also be
+    passed explicitly as the name to any function that receives a name which
+    can be quoted.  Such as to use the :meth:`_engine.Engine.has_table`
+    method with
+    an unconditionally quoted name::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy import inspect
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import quoted_name
+
+        engine = create_engine("oracle+oracledb://some_dsn")
+        print(inspect(engine).has_table(quoted_name("some_table", True)))
+
+    The above logic will run the "has table" logic against the Oracle Database
+    backend, passing the name exactly as ``"some_table"`` without converting to
+    upper case.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2 The :class:`.quoted_name` construct is now
+       importable from ``sqlalchemy.sql``, in addition to the previous
+       location of ``sqlalchemy.sql.elements``.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "quote", "lower", "upper"
+
+    quote: Optional[bool]
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(cls, value: str, quote: Optional[bool]) -> quoted_name: ...
+
+    @overload
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(cls, value: None, quote: Optional[bool]) -> None: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(
+        cls, value: Optional[str], quote: Optional[bool]
+    ) -> Optional[quoted_name]:
+        if value is None:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return quoted_name(value, quote)
+
+    def __new__(cls, value: str, quote: Optional[bool]) -> quoted_name:
+        assert (
+            value is not None
+        ), "use quoted_name.construct() for None passthrough"
+        if isinstance(value, cls) and (quote is None or value.quote == quote):
+            return value
+        self = super().__new__(cls, value)
+
+        self.quote = quote
+        return self
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return quoted_name, (str(self), self.quote)
+
+    def _memoized_method_lower(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return str(self).lower()
+
+    def _memoized_method_upper(self):
+        if self.quote:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return str(self).upper()
+
+
+def _find_columns(clause: ClauseElement) -> Set[ColumnClause[Any]]:
+    """locate Column objects within the given expression."""
+
+    cols: Set[ColumnClause[Any]] = set()
+    traverse(clause, {}, {"column": cols.add})
+    return cols
+
+
+def _type_from_args(args: Sequence[ColumnElement[_T]]) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+    for a in args:
+        if not a.type._isnull:
+            return a.type
+    else:
+        return type_api.NULLTYPE  # type: ignore
+
+
+def _corresponding_column_or_error(fromclause, column, require_embedded=False):
+    c = fromclause.corresponding_column(
+        column, require_embedded=require_embedded
+    )
+    if c is None:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Given column '%s', attached to table '%s', "
+            "failed to locate a corresponding column from table '%s'"
+            % (column, getattr(column, "table", None), fromclause.description)
+        )
+    return c
+
+
+class _memoized_property_but_not_nulltype(
+    util.memoized_property["TypeEngine[_T]"]
+):
+    """memoized property, but dont memoize NullType"""
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+        if obj is None:
+            return self
+        result = self.fget(obj)
+        if not result._isnull:
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result
+        return result
+
+
+class AnnotatedColumnElement(Annotated):
+    _Annotated__element: ColumnElement[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, element, values):
+        Annotated.__init__(self, element, values)
+        for attr in (
+            "comparator",
+            "_proxy_key",
+            "_tq_key_label",
+            "_tq_label",
+            "_non_anon_label",
+            "type",
+        ):
+            self.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        for attr in ("name", "key", "table"):
+            if self.__dict__.get(attr, False) is None:
+                self.__dict__.pop(attr)
+
+    def _with_annotations(self, values):
+        clone = super()._with_annotations(values)
+        for attr in (
+            "comparator",
+            "_proxy_key",
+            "_tq_key_label",
+            "_tq_label",
+            "_non_anon_label",
+        ):
+            clone.__dict__.pop(attr, None)
+        return clone
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def name(self):
+        """pull 'name' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.name
+
+    @_memoized_property_but_not_nulltype
+    def type(self):
+        """pull 'type' from parent and don't cache if null.
+
+        type is routinely changed on existing columns within the
+        mapped_column() initialization process, and "type" is also consulted
+        during the creation of SQL expressions.  Therefore it can change after
+        it was already retrieved.  At the same time we don't want annotated
+        objects having overhead when expressions are produced, so continue
+        to memoize, but only when we have a non-null type.
+
+        """
+        return self._Annotated__element.type
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def table(self):
+        """pull 'table' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.table
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def key(self):
+        """pull 'key' from parent, if not present"""
+        return self._Annotated__element.key
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self._Annotated__element, Column)
+        return self._Annotated__element.info
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _anon_name_label(self) -> str:
+        return self._Annotated__element._anon_name_label
+
+
+class _truncated_label(quoted_name):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify symbolic "
+    "names that may require truncation."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __new__(cls, value: str, quote: Optional[bool] = None) -> Any:
+        quote = getattr(value, "quote", quote)
+        # return super(_truncated_label, cls).__new__(cls, value, quote, True)
+        return super().__new__(cls, value, quote)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return self.__class__, (str(self), self.quote)
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_: Mapping[str, Any]) -> str:
+        return self
+
+
+class conv(_truncated_label):
+    """Mark a string indicating that a name has already been converted
+    by a naming convention.
+
+    This is a string subclass that indicates a name that should not be
+    subject to any further naming conventions.
+
+    E.g. when we create a :class:`.Constraint` using a naming convention
+    as follows::
+
+        m = MetaData(
+            naming_convention={"ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"}
+        )
+        t = Table(
+            "t", m, Column("x", Integer), CheckConstraint("x > 5", name="x5")
+        )
+
+    The name of the above constraint will be rendered as ``"ck_t_x5"``.
+    That is, the existing name ``x5`` is used in the naming convention as the
+    ``constraint_name`` token.
+
+    In some situations, such as in migration scripts, we may be rendering
+    the above :class:`.CheckConstraint` with a name that's already been
+    converted.  In order to make sure the name isn't double-modified, the
+    new name is applied using the :func:`_schema.conv` marker.  We can
+    use this explicitly as follows::
+
+
+        m = MetaData(
+            naming_convention={"ck": "ck_%(table_name)s_%(constraint_name)s"}
+        )
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            m,
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            CheckConstraint("x > 5", name=conv("ck_t_x5")),
+        )
+
+    Where above, the :func:`_schema.conv` marker indicates that the constraint
+    name here is final, and the name will render as ``"ck_t_x5"`` and not
+    ``"ck_t_ck_t_x5"``
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+# for backwards compatibility in case
+# someone is re-implementing the
+# _truncated_identifier() sequence in a custom
+# compiler
+_generated_label = _truncated_label
+
+
+class _anonymous_label(_truncated_label):
+    """A unicode subclass used to identify anonymously
+    generated names."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def safe_construct(
+        cls,
+        seed: int,
+        body: str,
+        enclosing_label: Optional[str] = None,
+        sanitize_key: bool = False,
+    ) -> _anonymous_label:
+        # need to escape chars that interfere with format
+        # strings in any case, issue #8724
+        body = re.sub(r"[%\(\) \$]+", "_", body)
+
+        if sanitize_key:
+            # sanitize_key is then an extra step used by BindParameter
+            body = body.strip("_")
+
+        label = "%%(%d %s)s" % (seed, body.replace("%", "%%"))
+        if enclosing_label:
+            label = "%s%s" % (enclosing_label, label)
+
+        return _anonymous_label(label)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if "%" in other and not isinstance(other, _anonymous_label):
+            other = str(other).replace("%", "%%")
+        else:
+            other = str(other)
+
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                str.__add__(self, other),
+                self.quote,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def __radd__(self, other):
+        if "%" in other and not isinstance(other, _anonymous_label):
+            other = str(other).replace("%", "%%")
+        else:
+            other = str(other)
+
+        return _anonymous_label(
+            quoted_name(
+                str.__add__(other, self),
+                self.quote,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def apply_map(self, map_):
+        if self.quote is not None:
+            # preserve quoting only if necessary
+            return quoted_name(self % map_, self.quote)
+        else:
+            # else skip the constructor call
+            return self % map_
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..601092fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+# sql/events.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget
+from .. import event
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .schema import Column
+    from .schema import Constraint
+    from .schema import SchemaItem
+    from .schema import Table
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.interfaces import ReflectedColumn
+    from ..engine.reflection import Inspector
+
+
+class DDLEvents(event.Events[SchemaEventTarget]):
+    """
+    Define event listeners for schema objects,
+    that is, :class:`.SchemaItem` and other :class:`.SchemaEventTarget`
+    subclasses, including :class:`_schema.MetaData`, :class:`_schema.Table`,
+    :class:`_schema.Column`, etc.
+
+    **Create / Drop Events**
+
+    Events emitted when CREATE and DROP commands are emitted to the database.
+    The event hooks in this category include :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_create`,
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create`, :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_drop`, and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_drop`.
+
+    These events are emitted when using schema-level methods such as
+    :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and :meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`. Per-object
+    create/drop methods such as :meth:`.Table.create`, :meth:`.Table.drop`,
+    :meth:`.Index.create` are also included, as well as dialect-specific
+    methods such as :meth:`_postgresql.ENUM.create`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0 :class:`.DDLEvents` event hooks now take place
+       for non-table objects including constraints, indexes, and
+       dialect-specific schema types.
+
+    Event hooks may be attached directly to a :class:`_schema.Table` object or
+    to a :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, as well as to any
+    :class:`.SchemaItem` class or object that can be individually created and
+    dropped using a distinct SQL command. Such classes include :class:`.Index`,
+    :class:`.Sequence`, and dialect-specific classes such as
+    :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+    Example using the :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create` event, where a custom
+    event hook will emit an ``ALTER TABLE`` command on the current connection,
+    after ``CREATE TABLE`` is emitted::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+        from sqlalchemy import event
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Metadata, Integer
+
+        m = MetaData()
+        some_table = Table("some_table", m, Column("data", Integer))
+
+
+        @event.listens_for(some_table, "after_create")
+        def after_create(target, connection, **kw):
+            connection.execute(
+                text("ALTER TABLE %s SET name=foo_%s" % (target.name, target.name))
+            )
+
+
+        some_engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@host/test")
+
+        # will emit "CREATE TABLE some_table" as well as the above
+        # "ALTER TABLE" statement afterwards
+        m.create_all(some_engine)
+
+    Constraint objects such as :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`,
+    :class:`.UniqueConstraint`, :class:`.CheckConstraint` may also be
+    subscribed to these events, however they will **not** normally produce
+    events as these objects are usually rendered inline within an
+    enclosing ``CREATE TABLE`` statement and implicitly dropped from a
+    ``DROP TABLE`` statement.
+
+    For the :class:`.Index` construct, the event hook will be emitted
+    for ``CREATE INDEX``, however SQLAlchemy does not normally emit
+    ``DROP INDEX`` when dropping tables as this is again implicit within the
+    ``DROP TABLE`` statement.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+       for create/drop events was expanded from its previous support for
+       :class:`.MetaData` and :class:`.Table` to also include
+       :class:`.Constraint` and all subclasses, :class:`.Index`,
+       :class:`.Sequence` and some type-related constructs such as
+       :class:`_postgresql.ENUM`.
+
+    .. note:: These event hooks are only emitted within the scope of
+       SQLAlchemy's create/drop methods; they are not necessarily supported
+       by tools such as `alembic <https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org>`_.
+
+
+    **Attachment Events**
+
+    Attachment events are provided to customize
+    behavior whenever a child schema element is associated
+    with a parent, such as when a :class:`_schema.Column` is associated
+    with its :class:`_schema.Table`, when a
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    is associated with a :class:`_schema.Table`, etc.  These events include
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_parent_attach` and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach`.
+
+    **Reflection Events**
+
+    The :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event is used to intercept
+    and modify the in-Python definition of database columns when
+    :term:`reflection` of database tables proceeds.
+
+    **Use with Generic DDL**
+
+    DDL events integrate closely with the
+    :class:`.DDL` class and the :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement` hierarchy
+    of DDL clause constructs, which are themselves appropriate
+    as listener callables::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import DDL
+
+        event.listen(
+            some_table,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET name=foo_%(table)s"),
+        )
+
+    **Event Propagation to MetaData Copies**
+
+    For all :class:`.DDLEvent` events, the ``propagate=True`` keyword argument
+    will ensure that a given event handler is propagated to copies of the
+    object, which are made when using the :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata`
+    method::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import DDL
+
+        metadata = MetaData()
+        some_table = Table("some_table", metadata, Column("data", Integer))
+
+        event.listen(
+            some_table,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("ALTER TABLE %(table)s SET name=foo_%(table)s"),
+            propagate=True,
+        )
+
+        new_metadata = MetaData()
+        new_table = some_table.to_metadata(new_metadata)
+
+    The above :class:`.DDL` object will be associated with the
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_create` event for both the ``some_table`` and
+    the ``new_table`` :class:`.Table` objects.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`event_toplevel`
+
+        :class:`.ExecutableDDLElement`
+
+        :class:`.DDL`
+
+        :ref:`schema_ddl_sequences`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    _target_class_doc = "SomeSchemaClassOrObject"
+    _dispatch_target = SchemaEventTarget
+
+    def before_create(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called before CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` accepts the ``insert=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be prepended to the internal list of events upon discovery, and execute
+        before registered listener functions that do not pass this argument.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_create(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called after CREATE statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         CREATE statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_drop(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called before DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements will be emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_drop(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, connection: Connection, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Called after DROP statements are emitted.
+
+        :param target: the :class:`.SchemaObject`, such as a
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` or :class:`_schema.Table`
+         but also including all create/drop objects such as
+         :class:`.Index`, :class:`.Sequence`, etc.,
+         object which is the target of the event.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0 Support for all :class:`.SchemaItem` objects
+            was added.
+
+        :param connection: the :class:`_engine.Connection` where the
+         DROP statement or statements have been emitted.
+        :param \**kw: additional keyword arguments relevant
+         to the event.  The contents of this dictionary
+         may vary across releases, and include the
+         list of tables being generated for a metadata-level
+         event, the checkfirst flag, and other
+         elements used by internal events.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def before_parent_attach(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, parent: SchemaItem
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called before a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def after_parent_attach(
+        self, target: SchemaEventTarget, parent: SchemaItem
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called after a :class:`.SchemaItem` is associated with
+        a parent :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        :param target: the target object
+        :param parent: the parent to which the target is being attached.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        """
+
+    def _sa_event_column_added_to_pk_constraint(
+        self, const: Constraint, col: Column[Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        """internal event hook used for primary key naming convention
+        updates.
+
+        """
+
+    def column_reflect(
+        self, inspector: Inspector, table: Table, column_info: ReflectedColumn
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called for each unit of 'column info' retrieved when
+        a :class:`_schema.Table` is being reflected.
+
+        This event is most easily used by applying it to a specific
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData` instance, where it will take effect for
+        all :class:`_schema.Table` objects within that
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData` that undergo reflection::
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(metadata, "column_reflect")
+            def receive_column_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                # receives for all Table objects that are reflected
+                # under this MetaData
+                ...
+
+
+            # will use the above event hook
+            my_table = Table("my_table", metadata, autoload_with=some_engine)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2 The :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+           hook may now be applied to a :class:`_schema.MetaData` object as
+           well as the :class:`_schema.MetaData` class itself where it will
+           take place for all :class:`_schema.Table` objects associated with
+           the targeted :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        It may also be applied to the :class:`_schema.Table` class across
+        the board::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import Table
+
+
+            @event.listens_for(Table, "column_reflect")
+            def receive_column_reflect(inspector, table, column_info):
+                # receives for all Table objects that are reflected
+                ...
+
+        It can also be applied to a specific :class:`_schema.Table` at the
+        point that one is being reflected using the
+        :paramref:`_schema.Table.listeners` parameter::
+
+            t1 = Table(
+                "my_table",
+                autoload_with=some_engine,
+                listeners=[("column_reflect", receive_column_reflect)],
+            )
+
+        The dictionary of column information as returned by the
+        dialect is passed, and can be modified.  The dictionary
+        is that returned in each element of the list returned
+        by :meth:`.reflection.Inspector.get_columns`:
+
+            * ``name`` - the column's name, is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.name` parameter
+
+            * ``type`` - the type of this column, which should be an instance
+              of :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`, is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.type` parameter
+
+            * ``nullable`` - boolean flag if the column is NULL or NOT NULL,
+              is applied to the :paramref:`_schema.Column.nullable` parameter
+
+            * ``default`` - the column's server default value.  This is
+              normally specified as a plain string SQL expression, however the
+              event can pass a :class:`.FetchedValue`, :class:`.DefaultClause`,
+              or :func:`_expression.text` object as well.  Is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default` parameter
+
+        The event is called before any action is taken against
+        this dictionary, and the contents can be modified; the following
+        additional keys may be added to the dictionary to further modify
+        how the :class:`_schema.Column` is constructed:
+
+
+            * ``key`` - the string key that will be used to access this
+              :class:`_schema.Column` in the ``.c`` collection; will be applied
+              to the :paramref:`_schema.Column.key` parameter. Is also used
+              for ORM mapping.  See the section
+              :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` for an example.
+
+            * ``quote`` - force or un-force quoting on the column name;
+              is applied to the :paramref:`_schema.Column.quote` parameter.
+
+            * ``info`` - a dictionary of arbitrary data to follow along with
+              the :class:`_schema.Column`, is applied to the
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.info` parameter.
+
+        :func:`.event.listen` also accepts the ``propagate=True``
+        modifier for this event; when True, the listener function will
+        be established for any copies made of the target object,
+        i.e. those copies that are generated when
+        :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` is used.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`mapper_automated_reflection_schemes` -
+            in the ORM mapping documentation
+
+            :ref:`automap_intercepting_columns` -
+            in the :ref:`automap_toplevel` documentation
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types` - in
+            the :ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel` documentation
+
+        """
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8ac3a9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/expression.py
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# sql/expression.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines the public namespace for SQL expression constructs.
+
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from ._dml_constructors import delete as delete
+from ._dml_constructors import insert as insert
+from ._dml_constructors import update as update
+from ._elements_constructors import all_ as all_
+from ._elements_constructors import and_ as and_
+from ._elements_constructors import any_ as any_
+from ._elements_constructors import asc as asc
+from ._elements_constructors import between as between
+from ._elements_constructors import bindparam as bindparam
+from ._elements_constructors import bitwise_not as bitwise_not
+from ._elements_constructors import case as case
+from ._elements_constructors import cast as cast
+from ._elements_constructors import collate as collate
+from ._elements_constructors import column as column
+from ._elements_constructors import desc as desc
+from ._elements_constructors import distinct as distinct
+from ._elements_constructors import extract as extract
+from ._elements_constructors import false as false
+from ._elements_constructors import funcfilter as funcfilter
+from ._elements_constructors import label as label
+from ._elements_constructors import not_ as not_
+from ._elements_constructors import null as null
+from ._elements_constructors import nulls_first as nulls_first
+from ._elements_constructors import nulls_last as nulls_last
+from ._elements_constructors import or_ as or_
+from ._elements_constructors import outparam as outparam
+from ._elements_constructors import over as over
+from ._elements_constructors import text as text
+from ._elements_constructors import true as true
+from ._elements_constructors import try_cast as try_cast
+from ._elements_constructors import tuple_ as tuple_
+from ._elements_constructors import type_coerce as type_coerce
+from ._elements_constructors import within_group as within_group
+from ._selectable_constructors import alias as alias
+from ._selectable_constructors import cte as cte
+from ._selectable_constructors import except_ as except_
+from ._selectable_constructors import except_all as except_all
+from ._selectable_constructors import exists as exists
+from ._selectable_constructors import intersect as intersect
+from ._selectable_constructors import intersect_all as intersect_all
+from ._selectable_constructors import join as join
+from ._selectable_constructors import lateral as lateral
+from ._selectable_constructors import outerjoin as outerjoin
+from ._selectable_constructors import select as select
+from ._selectable_constructors import table as table
+from ._selectable_constructors import tablesample as tablesample
+from ._selectable_constructors import union as union
+from ._selectable_constructors import union_all as union_all
+from ._selectable_constructors import values as values
+from ._typing import ColumnExpressionArgument as ColumnExpressionArgument
+from .base import _from_objects as _from_objects
+from .base import _select_iterables as _select_iterables
+from .base import ColumnCollection as ColumnCollection
+from .base import Executable as Executable
+from .cache_key import CacheKey as CacheKey
+from .dml import Delete as Delete
+from .dml import Insert as Insert
+from .dml import Update as Update
+from .dml import UpdateBase as UpdateBase
+from .dml import ValuesBase as ValuesBase
+from .elements import _truncated_label as _truncated_label
+from .elements import BinaryExpression as BinaryExpression
+from .elements import BindParameter as BindParameter
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList as BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import Case as Case
+from .elements import Cast as Cast
+from .elements import ClauseElement as ClauseElement
+from .elements import ClauseList as ClauseList
+from .elements import CollectionAggregate as CollectionAggregate
+from .elements import ColumnClause as ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement as ColumnElement
+from .elements import ExpressionClauseList as ExpressionClauseList
+from .elements import Extract as Extract
+from .elements import False_ as False_
+from .elements import FunctionFilter as FunctionFilter
+from .elements import Grouping as Grouping
+from .elements import Label as Label
+from .elements import literal as literal
+from .elements import literal_column as literal_column
+from .elements import Null as Null
+from .elements import Over as Over
+from .elements import quoted_name as quoted_name
+from .elements import ReleaseSavepointClause as ReleaseSavepointClause
+from .elements import RollbackToSavepointClause as RollbackToSavepointClause
+from .elements import SavepointClause as SavepointClause
+from .elements import SQLColumnExpression as SQLColumnExpression
+from .elements import TextClause as TextClause
+from .elements import True_ as True_
+from .elements import TryCast as TryCast
+from .elements import Tuple as Tuple
+from .elements import TypeClause as TypeClause
+from .elements import TypeCoerce as TypeCoerce
+from .elements import UnaryExpression as UnaryExpression
+from .elements import WithinGroup as WithinGroup
+from .functions import func as func
+from .functions import Function as Function
+from .functions import FunctionElement as FunctionElement
+from .functions import modifier as modifier
+from .lambdas import lambda_stmt as lambda_stmt
+from .lambdas import LambdaElement as LambdaElement
+from .lambdas import StatementLambdaElement as StatementLambdaElement
+from .operators import ColumnOperators as ColumnOperators
+from .operators import custom_op as custom_op
+from .operators import Operators as Operators
+from .selectable import Alias as Alias
+from .selectable import AliasedReturnsRows as AliasedReturnsRows
+from .selectable import CompoundSelect as CompoundSelect
+from .selectable import CTE as CTE
+from .selectable import Exists as Exists
+from .selectable import FromClause as FromClause
+from .selectable import FromGrouping as FromGrouping
+from .selectable import GenerativeSelect as GenerativeSelect
+from .selectable import HasCTE as HasCTE
+from .selectable import HasPrefixes as HasPrefixes
+from .selectable import HasSuffixes as HasSuffixes
+from .selectable import Join as Join
+from .selectable import LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT as LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT
+from .selectable import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY as LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+)
+from .selectable import LABEL_STYLE_NONE as LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+from .selectable import (
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL as LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+)
+from .selectable import Lateral as Lateral
+from .selectable import ReturnsRows as ReturnsRows
+from .selectable import ScalarSelect as ScalarSelect
+from .selectable import ScalarValues as ScalarValues
+from .selectable import Select as Select
+from .selectable import Selectable as Selectable
+from .selectable import SelectBase as SelectBase
+from .selectable import SelectLabelStyle as SelectLabelStyle
+from .selectable import Subquery as Subquery
+from .selectable import TableClause as TableClause
+from .selectable import TableSample as TableSample
+from .selectable import TableValuedAlias as TableValuedAlias
+from .selectable import TextAsFrom as TextAsFrom
+from .selectable import TextualSelect as TextualSelect
+from .selectable import Values as Values
+from .visitors import Visitable as Visitable
+
+nullsfirst = nulls_first
+"""Synonym for the :func:`.nulls_first` function."""
+
+
+nullslast = nulls_last
+"""Synonym for the :func:`.nulls_last` function."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e52a8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/functions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2099 @@
+# sql/functions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+"""SQL function API, factories, and built-in functions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import decimal
+from typing import Any
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import annotation
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import schema
+from . import sqltypes
+from . import type_api
+from . import util as sqlutil
+from ._typing import is_table_value_type
+from .base import _entity_namespace
+from .base import ColumnCollection
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasMemoized
+from .elements import _type_from_args
+from .elements import BinaryExpression
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import Cast
+from .elements import ClauseList
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Extract
+from .elements import FunctionFilter
+from .elements import Grouping
+from .elements import literal_column
+from .elements import NamedColumn
+from .elements import Over
+from .elements import WithinGroup
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import Select
+from .selectable import TableValuedAlias
+from .sqltypes import TableValueType
+from .type_api import TypeEngine
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import util
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ByArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _StarOrOne
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .base import _EntityNamespace
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .elements import TableValuedColumn
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from ..engine.base import Connection
+    from ..engine.cursor import CursorResult
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..util.typing import Self
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound=Any)
+
+_registry: util.defaultdict[str, Dict[str, Type[Function[Any]]]] = (
+    util.defaultdict(dict)
+)
+
+
+def register_function(
+    identifier: str, fn: Type[Function[Any]], package: str = "_default"
+) -> None:
+    """Associate a callable with a particular func. name.
+
+    This is normally called by GenericFunction, but is also
+    available by itself so that a non-Function construct
+    can be associated with the :data:`.func` accessor (i.e.
+    CAST, EXTRACT).
+
+    """
+    reg = _registry[package]
+
+    identifier = str(identifier).lower()
+
+    # Check if a function with the same identifier is registered.
+    if identifier in reg:
+        util.warn(
+            "The GenericFunction '{}' is already registered and "
+            "is going to be overridden.".format(identifier)
+        )
+    reg[identifier] = fn
+
+
+class FunctionElement(Executable, ColumnElement[_T], FromClause, Generative):
+    """Base for SQL function-oriented constructs.
+
+    This is a `generic type <https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/#generics>`_,
+    meaning that type checkers and IDEs can be instructed on the types to
+    expect in a :class:`_engine.Result` for this function. See
+    :class:`.GenericFunction` for an example of how this is done.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :class:`.Function` - named SQL function.
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("clause_expr", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("_with_ordinality", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_table_value_type", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key),
+    ]
+
+    packagenames: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
+
+    _has_args = False
+    _with_ordinality = False
+    _table_value_type: Optional[TableValueType] = None
+
+    # some attributes that are defined between both ColumnElement and
+    # FromClause are set to Any here to avoid typing errors
+    primary_key: Any
+    _is_clone_of: Any
+
+    clause_expr: Grouping[Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any]):
+        r"""Construct a :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        :param \*clauses: list of column expressions that form the arguments
+         of the SQL function call.
+
+        :param \**kwargs:  additional kwargs are typically consumed by
+         subclasses.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :data:`.func`
+
+            :class:`.Function`
+
+        """
+        args: Sequence[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=getattr(self, "name", None),
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in clauses
+        ]
+        self._has_args = self._has_args or bool(args)
+        self.clause_expr = Grouping(
+            ClauseList(operator=operators.comma_op, group_contents=True, *args)
+        )
+
+    _non_anon_label = None
+
+    @property
+    def _proxy_key(self) -> Any:
+        return super()._proxy_key or getattr(self, "name", None)
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> CursorResult[Any]:
+        return connection._execute_function(
+            self, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+    def scalar_table_valued(
+        self, name: str, type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None
+    ) -> ScalarFunctionColumn[_T]:
+        """Return a column expression that's against this
+        :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` as a scalar
+        table-valued expression.
+
+        The returned expression is similar to that returned by a single column
+        accessed off of a :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+        construct, except no FROM clause is generated; the function is rendered
+        in the similar way as a scalar subquery.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import func, select
+            >>> fn = func.jsonb_each("{'k', 'v'}").scalar_table_valued("key")
+            >>> print(select(fn))
+            {printsql}SELECT (jsonb_each(:jsonb_each_1)).key
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.alias`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return ScalarFunctionColumn(self, name, type_)
+
+    def table_valued(
+        self, *expr: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        r"""Return a :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias` representation of this
+        :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` with table-valued expressions added.
+
+        e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> fn = func.generate_series(1, 5).table_valued(
+            ...     "value", "start", "stop", "step"
+            ... )
+
+            >>> print(select(fn))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.start, anon_1.stop, anon_1.step
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2) AS anon_1{stop}
+
+            >>> print(select(fn.c.value, fn.c.stop).where(fn.c.value > 2))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value, anon_1.stop
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2) AS anon_1
+            WHERE anon_1.value > :value_1{stop}
+
+        A WITH ORDINALITY expression may be generated by passing the keyword
+        argument "with_ordinality":
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> fn = func.generate_series(4, 1, -1).table_valued(
+            ...     "gen", with_ordinality="ordinality"
+            ... )
+            >>> print(select(fn))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.gen, anon_1.ordinality
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3) WITH ORDINALITY AS anon_1
+
+        :param \*expr: A series of string column names that will be added to the
+         ``.c`` collection of the resulting :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`
+         construct as columns.  :func:`_sql.column` objects with or without
+         datatypes may also be used.
+
+        :param name: optional name to assign to the alias name that's generated.
+         If omitted, a unique anonymizing name is used.
+
+        :param with_ordinality: string name that when present results in the
+         ``WITH ORDINALITY`` clause being added to the alias, and the given
+         string name will be added as a column to the .c collection
+         of the resulting :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the table valued function may be
+         used in the FROM clause without any explicit JOIN to other tables
+         in the SQL query, and no "cartesian product" warning will be generated.
+         May be useful for SQL functions such as ``func.json_each()``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_table_valued` - in the :ref:`postgresql_toplevel` documentation
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.scalar_table_valued` - variant of
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` which delivers the
+            complete table valued expression as a scalar column expression
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_sql.TableValuedAlias.render_derived` - renders the alias
+            using a derived column clause, e.g. ``AS name(col1, col2, ...)``
+
+        """  # noqa: 501
+
+        new_func = self._generate()
+
+        with_ordinality = kw.pop("with_ordinality", None)
+        joins_implicitly = kw.pop("joins_implicitly", None)
+        name = kw.pop("name", None)
+
+        if with_ordinality:
+            expr += (with_ordinality,)
+            new_func._with_ordinality = True
+
+        new_func.type = new_func._table_value_type = TableValueType(*expr)
+
+        return new_func.alias(name=name, joins_implicitly=joins_implicitly)
+
+    def column_valued(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, joins_implicitly: bool = False
+    ) -> TableValuedColumn[_T]:
+        """Return this :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` as a column expression that
+        selects from itself as a FROM clause.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+            >>> gs = func.generate_series(1, 5, -1).column_valued()
+            >>> print(select(gs))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1
+            FROM generate_series(:generate_series_1, :generate_series_2, :generate_series_3) AS anon_1
+
+        This is shorthand for::
+
+            gs = func.generate_series(1, 5, -1).alias().column
+
+        :param name: optional name to assign to the alias name that's generated.
+         If omitted, a unique anonymizing name is used.
+
+        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the "table" portion of the column
+         valued function may be a member of the FROM clause without any
+         explicit JOIN to other tables in the SQL query, and no "cartesian
+         product" warning will be generated. May be useful for SQL functions
+         such as ``func.json_array_elements()``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.46
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_column_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`postgresql_column_valued` - in the :ref:`postgresql_toplevel` documentation
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+
+        """  # noqa: 501
+
+        return self.alias(name=name, joins_implicitly=joins_implicitly).column
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def columns(self) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        r"""The set of columns exported by this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        This is a placeholder collection that allows the function to be
+        placed in the FROM clause of a statement:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import column, select, func
+            >>> stmt = select(column("x"), column("y")).select_from(func.myfunction())
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}SELECT x, y FROM myfunction()
+
+        The above form is a legacy feature that is now superseded by the
+        fully capable :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+        method; see that method for details.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` - generates table-valued
+            SQL function expressions.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa: E501
+        """synonym for :attr:`.FunctionElement.columns`."""
+
+        return ColumnCollection(
+            columns=[(col.key, col) for col in self._all_selected_columns]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> Sequence[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if is_table_value_type(self.type):
+            # TODO: this might not be fully accurate
+            cols = cast(
+                "Sequence[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]", self.type._elements
+            )
+        else:
+            cols = [self.label(None)]
+
+        return cols
+
+    @property
+    def exported_columns(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.columns
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def clauses(self) -> ClauseList:
+        """Return the underlying :class:`.ClauseList` which contains
+        the arguments for this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        """
+        return cast(ClauseList, self.clause_expr.element)
+
+    def over(
+        self,
+        *,
+        partition_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        order_by: Optional[_ByArgument] = None,
+        rows: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        range_: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+        groups: Optional[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]] = None,
+    ) -> Over[_T]:
+        """Produce an OVER clause against this function.
+
+        Used against aggregate or so-called "window" functions,
+        for database backends that support window functions.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.row_number().over(order_by="x")
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import over
+
+            over(func.row_number(), order_by="x")
+
+        See :func:`_expression.over` for a full description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.over`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_window_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """
+        return Over(
+            self,
+            partition_by=partition_by,
+            order_by=order_by,
+            rows=rows,
+            range_=range_,
+            groups=groups,
+        )
+
+    def within_group(
+        self, *order_by: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]
+    ) -> WithinGroup[_T]:
+        """Produce a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr) clause against this function.
+
+        Used against so-called "ordered set aggregate" and "hypothetical
+        set aggregate" functions, including :class:`.percentile_cont`,
+        :class:`.rank`, :class:`.dense_rank`, etc.
+
+        See :func:`_expression.within_group` for a full description.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` -
+            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+
+        """
+        return WithinGroup(self, *order_by)
+
+    @overload
+    def filter(self) -> Self: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def filter(
+        self,
+        __criterion0: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+        *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool],
+    ) -> FunctionFilter[_T]: ...
+
+    def filter(
+        self, *criterion: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]
+    ) -> Union[Self, FunctionFilter[_T]]:
+        """Produce a FILTER clause against this function.
+
+        Used against aggregate and window functions,
+        for database backends that support the "FILTER" clause.
+
+        The expression::
+
+            func.count(1).filter(True)
+
+        is shorthand for::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import funcfilter
+
+            funcfilter(func.count(1), True)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_within_group` -
+            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :class:`.FunctionFilter`
+
+            :func:`.funcfilter`
+
+
+        """
+        if not criterion:
+            return self
+        return FunctionFilter(self, *criterion)
+
+    def as_comparison(
+        self, left_index: int, right_index: int
+    ) -> FunctionAsBinary:
+        """Interpret this expression as a boolean comparison between two
+        values.
+
+        This method is used for an ORM use case described at
+        :ref:`relationship_custom_operator_sql_function`.
+
+        A hypothetical SQL function "is_equal()" which compares to values
+        for equality would be written in the Core expression language as::
+
+            expr = func.is_equal("a", "b")
+
+        If "is_equal()" above is comparing "a" and "b" for equality, the
+        :meth:`.FunctionElement.as_comparison` method would be invoked as::
+
+            expr = func.is_equal("a", "b").as_comparison(1, 2)
+
+        Where above, the integer value "1" refers to the first argument of the
+        "is_equal()" function and the integer value "2" refers to the second.
+
+        This would create a :class:`.BinaryExpression` that is equivalent to::
+
+            BinaryExpression("a", "b", operator=op.eq)
+
+        However, at the SQL level it would still render as
+        "is_equal('a', 'b')".
+
+        The ORM, when it loads a related object or collection, needs to be able
+        to manipulate the "left" and "right" sides of the ON clause of a JOIN
+        expression. The purpose of this method is to provide a SQL function
+        construct that can also supply this information to the ORM, when used
+        with the :paramref:`_orm.relationship.primaryjoin` parameter. The
+        return value is a containment object called :class:`.FunctionAsBinary`.
+
+        An ORM example is as follows::
+
+            class Venue(Base):
+                __tablename__ = "venue"
+                id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+                name = Column(String)
+
+                descendants = relationship(
+                    "Venue",
+                    primaryjoin=func.instr(
+                        remote(foreign(name)), name + "/"
+                    ).as_comparison(1, 2)
+                    == 1,
+                    viewonly=True,
+                    order_by=name,
+                )
+
+        Above, the "Venue" class can load descendant "Venue" objects by
+        determining if the name of the parent Venue is contained within the
+        start of the hypothetical descendant value's name, e.g. "parent1" would
+        match up to "parent1/child1", but not to "parent2/child1".
+
+        Possible use cases include the "materialized path" example given above,
+        as well as making use of special SQL functions such as geometric
+        functions to create join conditions.
+
+        :param left_index: the integer 1-based index of the function argument
+         that serves as the "left" side of the expression.
+        :param right_index: the integer 1-based index of the function argument
+         that serves as the "right" side of the expression.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_operator_sql_function` -
+            example use within the ORM
+
+        """
+        return FunctionAsBinary(self, left_index, right_index)
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> Any:
+        return self.clauses._from_objects
+
+    def within_group_type(
+        self, within_group: WithinGroup[_S]
+    ) -> Optional[TypeEngine[_S]]:
+        """For types that define their return type as based on the criteria
+        within a WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY) expression, called by the
+        :class:`.WithinGroup` construct.
+
+        Returns None by default, in which case the function's normal ``.type``
+        is used.
+
+        """
+
+        return None
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, joins_implicitly: bool = False
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        r"""Produce a :class:`_expression.Alias` construct against this
+        :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.alias` method is part of the
+            mechanism by which "table valued" SQL functions are created.
+            However, most use cases are covered by higher level methods on
+            :class:`_functions.FunctionElement` including
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`, and
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`.
+
+        This construct wraps the function in a named alias which
+        is suitable for the FROM clause, in the style accepted for example
+        by PostgreSQL.  A column expression is also provided using the
+        special ``.column`` attribute, which may
+        be used to refer to the output of the function as a scalar value
+        in the columns or where clause, for a backend such as PostgreSQL.
+
+        For a full table-valued expression, use the
+        :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued` method first to
+        establish named columns.
+
+        e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import func, select, column
+            >>> data_view = func.unnest([1, 2, 3]).alias("data_view")
+            >>> print(select(data_view.column))
+            {printsql}SELECT data_view
+            FROM unnest(:unnest_1) AS data_view
+
+        The :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued` method provides
+        a shortcut for the above pattern:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> data_view = func.unnest([1, 2, 3]).column_valued("data_view")
+            >>> print(select(data_view))
+            {printsql}SELECT data_view
+            FROM unnest(:unnest_1) AS data_view
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2  Added the ``.column`` accessor
+
+        :param name: alias name, will be rendered as ``AS <name>`` in the
+         FROM clause
+
+        :param joins_implicitly: when True, the table valued function may be
+         used in the FROM clause without any explicit JOIN to other tables
+         in the SQL query, and no "cartesian product" warning will be
+         generated.  May be useful for SQL functions such as
+         ``func.json_each()``.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.33
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` -
+            in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.scalar_table_valued`
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+
+        """
+
+        return TableValuedAlias._construct(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            table_value_type=self.type,
+            joins_implicitly=joins_implicitly,
+        )
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Tuple[_T]]:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.select` construct
+        against this :class:`.FunctionElement`.
+
+        This is shorthand for::
+
+            s = select(function_element)
+
+        """
+        s: Select[Any] = Select(self)
+        if self._execution_options:
+            s = s.execution_options(**self._execution_options)
+        return s
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            None,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            unique=True,
+            type_=type_,
+            expanding=expanding,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> ClauseElement:  # type: ignore[override]  # noqa E501
+        # for the moment, we are parenthesizing all array-returning
+        # expressions against getitem.  This may need to be made
+        # more portable if in the future we support other DBs
+        # besides postgresql.
+        if against is operators.getitem and isinstance(
+            self.type, sqltypes.ARRAY
+        ):
+            return Grouping(self)
+        else:
+            return super().self_group(against=against)
+
+    @property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace:
+        """overrides FromClause.entity_namespace as functions are generally
+        column expressions and not FromClauses.
+
+        """
+        # ideally functions would not be fromclauses but we failed to make
+        # this adjustment in 1.4
+        return _entity_namespace(self.clause_expr)
+
+
+class FunctionAsBinary(BinaryExpression[Any]):
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("sql_function", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("left_index", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("right_index", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("modifiers", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+    ]
+
+    sql_function: FunctionElement[Any]
+    left_index: int
+    right_index: int
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map: Any, bindparams: Any) -> Any:
+        return ColumnElement._gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, fn: FunctionElement[Any], left_index: int, right_index: int
+    ):
+        self.sql_function = fn
+        self.left_index = left_index
+        self.right_index = right_index
+
+        self.operator = operators.function_as_comparison_op
+        self.type = sqltypes.BOOLEANTYPE
+        self.negate = None
+        self._is_implicitly_boolean = True
+        self.modifiers = {}
+
+    @property
+    def left_expr(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.left_index - 1]
+
+    @left_expr.setter
+    def left_expr(self, value: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.left_index - 1] = value
+
+    @property
+    def right_expr(self) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        return self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.right_index - 1]
+
+    @right_expr.setter
+    def right_expr(self, value: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self.sql_function.clauses.clauses[self.right_index - 1] = value
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # mypy can't accommodate @property to replace an instance
+        # variable
+
+        left = left_expr
+        right = right_expr
+
+
+class ScalarFunctionColumn(NamedColumn[_T]):
+    __visit_name__ = "scalar_function_column"
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("fn", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+    ]
+
+    is_literal = False
+    table = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: FunctionElement[_T],
+        name: str,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.name = name
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+
+class _FunctionGenerator:
+    """Generate SQL function expressions.
+
+    :data:`.func` is a special object instance which generates SQL
+    functions based on name-based attributes, e.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.count(1))
+        {printsql}count(:param_1)
+
+    The returned object is an instance of :class:`.Function`, and  is a
+    column-oriented SQL element like any other, and is used in that way:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(func.count(table.c.id)))
+        {printsql}SELECT count(sometable.id) FROM sometable
+
+    Any name can be given to :data:`.func`. If the function name is unknown to
+    SQLAlchemy, it will be rendered exactly as is. For common SQL functions
+    which SQLAlchemy is aware of, the name may be interpreted as a *generic
+    function* which will be compiled appropriately to the target database:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.current_timestamp())
+        {printsql}CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
+
+    To call functions which are present in dot-separated packages,
+    specify them in the same manner:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.stats.yield_curve(5, 10))
+        {printsql}stats.yield_curve(:yield_curve_1, :yield_curve_2)
+
+    SQLAlchemy can be made aware of the return type of functions to enable
+    type-specific lexical and result-based behavior. For example, to ensure
+    that a string-based function returns a Unicode value and is similarly
+    treated as a string in expressions, specify
+    :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` as the type:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(
+        ...     func.my_string("hi", type_=Unicode)
+        ...     + " "
+        ...     + func.my_string("there", type_=Unicode)
+        ... )
+        {printsql}my_string(:my_string_1) || :my_string_2 || my_string(:my_string_3)
+
+    The object returned by a :data:`.func` call is usually an instance of
+    :class:`.Function`.
+    This object meets the "column" interface, including comparison and labeling
+    functions.  The object can also be passed the :meth:`~.Connectable.execute`
+    method of a :class:`_engine.Connection` or :class:`_engine.Engine`,
+    where it will be
+    wrapped inside of a SELECT statement first::
+
+        print(connection.execute(func.current_timestamp()).scalar())
+
+    In a few exception cases, the :data:`.func` accessor
+    will redirect a name to a built-in expression such as :func:`.cast`
+    or :func:`.extract`, as these names have well-known meaning
+    but are not exactly the same as "functions" from a SQLAlchemy
+    perspective.
+
+    Functions which are interpreted as "generic" functions know how to
+    calculate their return type automatically. For a listing of known generic
+    functions, see :ref:`generic_functions`.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct has only limited support for calling
+        standalone "stored procedures", especially those with special
+        parameterization concerns.
+
+        See the section :ref:`stored_procedures` for details on how to use
+        the DBAPI-level ``callproc()`` method for fully traditional stored
+        procedures.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :class:`.Function`
+
+    """  # noqa
+
+    def __init__(self, **opts: Any):
+        self.__names: List[str] = []
+        self.opts = opts
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name: str) -> _FunctionGenerator:
+        # passthru __ attributes; fixes pydoc
+        if name.startswith("__"):
+            try:
+                return self.__dict__[name]  # type: ignore
+            except KeyError:
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+
+        elif name.endswith("_"):
+            name = name[0:-1]
+        f = _FunctionGenerator(**self.opts)
+        f.__names = list(self.__names) + [name]
+        return f
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self, *c: Any, type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T], **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Function[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, *c: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Function[Any]: ...
+
+    def __call__(self, *c: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Function[Any]:
+        o = self.opts.copy()
+        o.update(kwargs)
+
+        tokens = len(self.__names)
+
+        if tokens == 2:
+            package, fname = self.__names
+        elif tokens == 1:
+            package, fname = "_default", self.__names[0]
+        else:
+            package = None
+
+        if package is not None:
+            func = _registry[package].get(fname.lower())
+            if func is not None:
+                return func(*c, **o)
+
+        return Function(
+            self.__names[-1], packagenames=tuple(self.__names[0:-1]), *c, **o
+        )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # START GENERATED FUNCTION ACCESSORS
+
+        # code within this block is **programmatically,
+        # statically generated** by tools/generate_sql_functions.py
+
+        @property
+        def aggregate_strings(self) -> Type[aggregate_strings]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def ansifunction(self) -> Type[AnsiFunction[Any]]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def array_agg(
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> array_agg[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def array_agg(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> array_agg[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def array_agg(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> array_agg[_T]: ...
+
+        def array_agg(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> array_agg[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def cast(self) -> Type[Cast[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def char_length(self) -> Type[char_length]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        def coalesce(
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> coalesce[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def concat(self) -> Type[concat]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def count(self) -> Type[count]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def cube(self) -> Type[cube[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def cume_dist(self) -> Type[cume_dist]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_date(self) -> Type[current_date]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_time(self) -> Type[current_time]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_timestamp(self) -> Type[current_timestamp]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def current_user(self) -> Type[current_user]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def dense_rank(self) -> Type[dense_rank]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def extract(self) -> Type[Extract]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def grouping_sets(self) -> Type[grouping_sets[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def localtime(self) -> Type[localtime]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def localtimestamp(self) -> Type[localtimestamp]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        def max(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> max[_T]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        def min(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> min[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def mode(self) -> Type[mode[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def next_value(self) -> Type[next_value]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def now(self) -> Type[now]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def orderedsetagg(self) -> Type[OrderedSetAgg[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def percent_rank(self) -> Type[percent_rank]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def percentile_cont(self) -> Type[percentile_cont[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def percentile_disc(self) -> Type[percentile_disc[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def random(self) -> Type[random]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def rank(self) -> Type[rank]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def rollup(self) -> Type[rollup[Any]]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def session_user(self) -> Type[session_user]: ...
+
+        # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy
+        # which seems to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.
+        # this is even if all non-generic types are removed from it, so
+        # reasons remain unclear for why this does not work
+
+        @overload
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: ColumnElement[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        def sum(  # noqa: A001
+            self,
+            col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+            *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> sum[_T]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def sysdate(self) -> Type[sysdate]: ...
+
+        @property
+        def user(self) -> Type[user]: ...
+
+        # END GENERATED FUNCTION ACCESSORS
+
+
+func = _FunctionGenerator()
+func.__doc__ = _FunctionGenerator.__doc__
+
+modifier = _FunctionGenerator(group=False)
+
+
+class Function(FunctionElement[_T]):
+    r"""Describe a named SQL function.
+
+    The :class:`.Function` object is typically generated from the
+    :data:`.func` generation object.
+
+
+    :param \*clauses: list of column expressions that form the arguments
+     of the SQL function call.
+
+    :param type\_: optional :class:`.TypeEngine` datatype object that will be
+     used as the return value of the column expression generated by this
+     function call.
+
+    :param packagenames: a string which indicates package prefix names
+     to be prepended to the function name when the SQL is generated.
+     The :data:`.func` generator creates these when it is called using
+     dotted format, e.g.::
+
+        func.mypackage.some_function(col1, col2)
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        :data:`.func` - namespace which produces registered or ad-hoc
+        :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        :class:`.GenericFunction` - allows creation of registered function
+        types.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "function"
+
+    _traverse_internals = FunctionElement._traverse_internals + [
+        ("packagenames", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    name: str
+
+    identifier: str
+
+    type: TypeEngine[_T]
+    """A :class:`_types.TypeEngine` object which refers to the SQL return
+    type represented by this SQL function.
+
+    This datatype may be configured when generating a
+    :class:`_functions.Function` object by passing the
+    :paramref:`_functions.Function.type_` parameter, e.g.::
+
+        >>> select(func.lower("some VALUE", type_=String))
+
+    The small number of built-in classes of :class:`_functions.Function` come
+    with a built-in datatype that's appropriate to the class of function and
+    its arguments. For functions that aren't known, the type defaults to the
+    "null type".
+
+    """
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+        type_: None = ...,
+        packagenames: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[_T] = ...,
+        packagenames: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        packagenames: Optional[Tuple[str, ...]] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a :class:`.Function`.
+
+        The :data:`.func` construct is normally used to construct
+        new :class:`.Function` instances.
+
+        """
+        self.packagenames = packagenames or ()
+        self.name = name
+
+        # if type is None, we get NULLTYPE, which is our _T.  But I don't
+        # know how to get the overloads to express that correctly
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        FunctionElement.__init__(self, *clauses)
+
+    def _bind_param(
+        self,
+        operator: OperatorType,
+        obj: Any,
+        type_: Optional[TypeEngine[_T]] = None,
+        expanding: bool = False,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> BindParameter[_T]:
+        return BindParameter(
+            self.name,
+            obj,
+            _compared_to_operator=operator,
+            _compared_to_type=self.type,
+            type_=type_,
+            unique=True,
+            expanding=expanding,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+
+class GenericFunction(Function[_T]):
+    """Define a 'generic' function.
+
+    A generic function is a pre-established :class:`.Function`
+    class that is instantiated automatically when called
+    by name from the :data:`.func` attribute.    Note that
+    calling any name from :data:`.func` has the effect that
+    a new :class:`.Function` instance is created automatically,
+    given that name.  The primary use case for defining
+    a :class:`.GenericFunction` class is so that a function
+    of a particular name may be given a fixed return type.
+    It can also include custom argument parsing schemes as well
+    as additional methods.
+
+    Subclasses of :class:`.GenericFunction` are automatically
+    registered under the name of the class.  For
+    example, a user-defined function ``as_utc()`` would
+    be available immediately::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql.functions import GenericFunction
+        from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime
+
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime()
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+
+        print(select(func.as_utc()))
+
+    User-defined generic functions can be organized into
+    packages by specifying the "package" attribute when defining
+    :class:`.GenericFunction`.   Third party libraries
+    containing many functions may want to use this in order
+    to avoid name conflicts with other systems.   For example,
+    if our ``as_utc()`` function were part of a package
+    "time"::
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction):
+            type = DateTime()
+            package = "time"
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above function would be available from :data:`.func`
+    using the package name ``time``::
+
+        print(select(func.time.as_utc()))
+
+    A final option is to allow the function to be accessed
+    from one name in :data:`.func` but to render as a different name.
+    The ``identifier`` attribute will override the name used to
+    access the function as loaded from :data:`.func`, but will retain
+    the usage of ``name`` as the rendered name::
+
+        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
+            type = Geometry()
+            package = "geo"
+            name = "ST_Buffer"
+            identifier = "buffer"
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above function will render as follows:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.geo.buffer())
+        {printsql}ST_Buffer()
+
+    The name will be rendered as is, however without quoting unless the name
+    contains special characters that require quoting.  To force quoting
+    on or off for the name, use the :class:`.sqlalchemy.sql.quoted_name`
+    construct::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import quoted_name
+
+
+        class GeoBuffer(GenericFunction):
+            type = Geometry()
+            package = "geo"
+            name = quoted_name("ST_Buffer", True)
+            identifier = "buffer"
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above function will render as:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(func.geo.buffer())
+        {printsql}"ST_Buffer"()
+
+    Type parameters for this class as a
+    `generic type <https://peps.python.org/pep-0484/#generics>`_ can be passed
+    and should match the type seen in a :class:`_engine.Result`. For example::
+
+        class as_utc(GenericFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+            type = DateTime()
+            inherit_cache = True
+
+    The above indicates that the following expression returns a ``datetime``
+    object::
+
+        connection.scalar(select(func.as_utc()))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.13  The :class:`.quoted_name` construct is now
+       recognized for quoting when used with the "name" attribute of the
+       object, so that quoting can be forced on or off for the function
+       name.
+
+
+    """
+
+    coerce_arguments = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    _register: bool
+
+    name = "GenericFunction"
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        if annotation.Annotated not in cls.__mro__:
+            cls._register_generic_function(cls.__name__, cls.__dict__)
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _register_generic_function(
+        cls, clsname: str, clsdict: Mapping[str, Any]
+    ) -> None:
+        cls.name = name = clsdict.get("name", clsname)
+        cls.identifier = identifier = clsdict.get("identifier", name)
+        package = clsdict.get("package", "_default")
+        # legacy
+        if "__return_type__" in clsdict:
+            cls.type = clsdict["__return_type__"]
+
+        # Check _register attribute status
+        cls._register = getattr(cls, "_register", True)
+
+        # Register the function if required
+        if cls._register:
+            register_function(identifier, cls, package)
+        else:
+            # Set _register to True to register child classes by default
+            cls._register = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ):
+        parsed_args = kwargs.pop("_parsed_args", None)
+        if parsed_args is None:
+            parsed_args = [
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                    c,
+                    name=self.name,
+                    apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+                )
+                for c in args
+            ]
+        self._has_args = self._has_args or bool(parsed_args)
+        self.packagenames = ()
+
+        self.clause_expr = Grouping(
+            ClauseList(
+                operator=operators.comma_op, group_contents=True, *parsed_args
+            )
+        )
+
+        self.type = type_api.to_instance(  # type: ignore
+            kwargs.pop("type_", None) or getattr(self, "type", None)
+        )
+
+
+register_function("cast", Cast)  # type: ignore
+register_function("extract", Extract)  # type: ignore
+
+
+class next_value(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """Represent the 'next value', given a :class:`.Sequence`
+    as its single argument.
+
+    Compiles into the appropriate function on each backend,
+    or will raise NotImplementedError if used on a backend
+    that does not provide support for sequences.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    name = "next_value"
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("sequence", InternalTraversal.dp_named_ddl_element)
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, seq: schema.Sequence, **kw: Any):
+        assert isinstance(
+            seq, schema.Sequence
+        ), "next_value() accepts a Sequence object as input."
+        self.sequence = seq
+        self.type = sqltypes.to_instance(  # type: ignore
+            seq.data_type or getattr(self, "type", None)
+        )
+
+    def compare(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, next_value)
+            and self.sequence.name == other.sequence.name
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> Any:
+        return []
+
+
+class AnsiFunction(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    """Define a function in "ansi" format, which doesn't render parenthesis."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any):
+        GenericFunction.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ReturnTypeFromArgs(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    """Define a function whose return type is bound to the type of its
+    arguments.
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    # set ColumnElement[_T] as a separate overload, to appease mypy which seems
+    # to not want to accept _T from _ColumnExpressionArgument.  this is even if
+    # all non-generic types are removed from it, so reasons remain unclear for
+    # why this does not work
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        col: ColumnElement[_T],
+        *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        col: _ColumnExpressionArgument[_T],
+        *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        col: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[_T],
+        *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any],
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args: _ColumnExpressionOrLiteralArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any
+    ):
+        fn_args: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole,
+                c,
+                name=self.name,
+                apply_propagate_attrs=self,
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+        kwargs.setdefault("type_", _type_from_args(fn_args))
+        kwargs["_parsed_args"] = fn_args
+        super().__init__(*fn_args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class coalesce(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class max(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):  # noqa:  A001
+    """The SQL MAX() aggregate function."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class min(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):  # noqa: A001
+    """The SQL MIN() aggregate function."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class sum(ReturnTypeFromArgs[_T]):  # noqa: A001
+    """The SQL SUM() aggregate function."""
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class now(GenericFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The SQL now() datetime function.
+
+    SQLAlchemy dialects will usually render this particular function
+    in a backend-specific way, such as rendering it as ``CURRENT_TIMESTAMP``.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class concat(GenericFunction[str]):
+    """The SQL CONCAT() function, which concatenates strings.
+
+    E.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(func.concat("a", "b")))
+        {printsql}SELECT concat(:concat_2, :concat_3) AS concat_1
+
+    String concatenation in SQLAlchemy is more commonly available using the
+    Python ``+`` operator with string datatypes, which will render a
+    backend-specific concatenation operator, such as :
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> print(select(literal("a") + "b"))
+        {printsql}SELECT :param_1 || :param_2 AS anon_1
+
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class char_length(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """The CHAR_LENGTH() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, arg: _ColumnExpressionArgument[str], **kw: Any):
+        # slight hack to limit to just one positional argument
+        # not sure why this one function has this special treatment
+        super().__init__(arg, **kw)
+
+
+class random(GenericFunction[float]):
+    """The RANDOM() SQL function."""
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class count(GenericFunction[int]):
+    r"""The ANSI COUNT aggregate function.  With no arguments,
+    emits COUNT \*.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import func
+        from sqlalchemy import select
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column
+
+        my_table = table("some_table", column("id"))
+
+        stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(my_table)
+
+    Executing ``stmt`` would emit:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+        SELECT count(*) AS count_1
+        FROM some_table
+
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        expression: Union[
+            _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], _StarOrOne, None
+        ] = None,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        if expression is None:
+            expression = literal_column("*")
+        super().__init__(expression, **kwargs)
+
+
+class current_date(AnsiFunction[datetime.date]):
+    """The CURRENT_DATE() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.Date()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class current_time(AnsiFunction[datetime.time]):
+    """The CURRENT_TIME() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.Time()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class current_timestamp(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class current_user(AnsiFunction[str]):
+    """The CURRENT_USER() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class localtime(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The localtime() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class localtimestamp(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The localtimestamp() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class session_user(AnsiFunction[str]):
+    """The SESSION_USER() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class sysdate(AnsiFunction[datetime.datetime]):
+    """The SYSDATE() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.DateTime()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class user(AnsiFunction[str]):
+    """The USER() SQL function."""
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class array_agg(ReturnTypeFromArgs[Sequence[_T]]):
+    """Support for the ARRAY_AGG function.
+
+    The ``func.array_agg(expr)`` construct returns an expression of
+    type :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        stmt = select(func.array_agg(table.c.values)[2:5])
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_postgresql.array_agg` - PostgreSQL-specific version that
+        returns :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY`, which has PG-specific operators
+        added.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], **kwargs: Any):
+        fn_args: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]] = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ExpressionElementRole, c, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for c in args
+        ]
+
+        default_array_type = kwargs.pop("_default_array_type", sqltypes.ARRAY)
+        if "type_" not in kwargs:
+            type_from_args = _type_from_args(fn_args)
+            if isinstance(type_from_args, sqltypes.ARRAY):
+                kwargs["type_"] = type_from_args
+            else:
+                kwargs["type_"] = default_array_type(
+                    type_from_args, dimensions=1
+                )
+        kwargs["_parsed_args"] = fn_args
+        super().__init__(*fn_args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class OrderedSetAgg(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    """Define a function where the return type is based on the sort
+    expression type as defined by the expression passed to the
+    :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group` method."""
+
+    array_for_multi_clause = False
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def within_group_type(
+        self, within_group: WithinGroup[Any]
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        func_clauses = cast(ClauseList, self.clause_expr.element)
+        order_by: Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]] = sqlutil.unwrap_order_by(
+            within_group.order_by
+        )
+        if self.array_for_multi_clause and len(func_clauses.clauses) > 1:
+            return sqltypes.ARRAY(order_by[0].type)
+        else:
+            return order_by[0].type
+
+
+class mode(OrderedSetAgg[_T]):
+    """Implement the ``mode`` ordered-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class percentile_cont(OrderedSetAgg[_T]):
+    """Implement the ``percentile_cont`` ordered-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression,
+    or if the arguments are an array, an :class:`_types.ARRAY` of the sort
+    expression's type.
+
+    """
+
+    array_for_multi_clause = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class percentile_disc(OrderedSetAgg[_T]):
+    """Implement the ``percentile_disc`` ordered-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is the same as the sort expression,
+    or if the arguments are an array, an :class:`_types.ARRAY` of the sort
+    expression's type.
+
+    """
+
+    array_for_multi_clause = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class rank(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """Implement the ``rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Integer`.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class dense_rank(GenericFunction[int]):
+    """Implement the ``dense_rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Integer`.
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.Integer()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class percent_rank(GenericFunction[decimal.Decimal]):
+    """Implement the ``percent_rank`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Numeric`.
+
+    """
+
+    type: sqltypes.Numeric[decimal.Decimal] = sqltypes.Numeric()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class cume_dist(GenericFunction[decimal.Decimal]):
+    """Implement the ``cume_dist`` hypothetical-set aggregate function.
+
+    This function must be used with the :meth:`.FunctionElement.within_group`
+    modifier to supply a sort expression to operate upon.
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.Numeric`.
+
+    """
+
+    type: sqltypes.Numeric[decimal.Decimal] = sqltypes.Numeric()
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class cube(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    r"""Implement the ``CUBE`` grouping operation.
+
+    This function is used as part of the GROUP BY of a statement,
+    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
+        ).group_by(func.cube(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class rollup(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    r"""Implement the ``ROLLUP`` grouping operation.
+
+    This function is used as part of the GROUP BY of a statement,
+    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
+        ).group_by(func.rollup(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class grouping_sets(GenericFunction[_T]):
+    r"""Implement the ``GROUPING SETS`` grouping operation.
+
+    This function is used as part of the GROUP BY of a statement,
+    e.g. :meth:`_expression.Select.group_by`::
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2
+        ).group_by(func.grouping_sets(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2))
+
+    In order to group by multiple sets, use the :func:`.tuple_` construct::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+
+        stmt = select(
+            func.sum(table.c.value), table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2, table.c.col_3
+        ).group_by(
+            func.grouping_sets(
+                tuple_(table.c.col_1, table.c.col_2),
+                tuple_(table.c.value, table.c.col_3),
+            )
+        )
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+
+class aggregate_strings(GenericFunction[str]):
+    """Implement a generic string aggregation function.
+
+    This function will concatenate non-null values into a string and
+    separate the values by a delimiter.
+
+    This function is compiled on a per-backend basis, into functions
+    such as ``group_concat()``, ``string_agg()``, or ``LISTAGG()``.
+
+    e.g. Example usage with delimiter '.'::
+
+        stmt = select(func.aggregate_strings(table.c.str_col, "."))
+
+    The return type of this function is :class:`.String`.
+
+    .. versionadded: 2.0.21
+
+    """
+
+    type = sqltypes.String()
+    _has_args = True
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    def __init__(self, clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any], separator: str):
+        super().__init__(clause, separator)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/lambdas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/lambdas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d70f800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/lambdas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1443 @@
+# sql/lambdas.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import threading
+import types
+from types import CodeType
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import List
+from typing import MutableMapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import weakref
+
+from . import cache_key as _cache_key
+from . import coercions
+from . import elements
+from . import roles
+from . import schema
+from . import visitors
+from .base import _clone
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Options
+from .cache_key import CacheConst
+from .operators import ColumnOperators
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ClauseElement
+    from .roles import SQLRole
+    from .visitors import _CloneCallableType
+
+_LambdaCacheType = MutableMapping[
+    Tuple[Any, ...], Union["NonAnalyzedFunction", "AnalyzedFunction"]
+]
+_BoundParameterGetter = Callable[..., Any]
+
+_closure_per_cache_key: _LambdaCacheType = util.LRUCache(1000)
+
+
+_LambdaType = Callable[[], Any]
+
+_AnyLambdaType = Callable[..., Any]
+
+_StmtLambdaType = Callable[[], Any]
+
+_E = TypeVar("_E", bound=Executable)
+_StmtLambdaElementType = Callable[[_E], Any]
+
+
+class LambdaOptions(Options):
+    enable_tracking = True
+    track_closure_variables = True
+    track_on: Optional[object] = None
+    global_track_bound_values = True
+    track_bound_values = True
+    lambda_cache: Optional[_LambdaCacheType] = None
+
+
+def lambda_stmt(
+    lmb: _StmtLambdaType,
+    enable_tracking: bool = True,
+    track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+    track_on: Optional[object] = None,
+    global_track_bound_values: bool = True,
+    track_bound_values: bool = True,
+    lambda_cache: Optional[_LambdaCacheType] = None,
+) -> StatementLambdaElement:
+    """Produce a SQL statement that is cached as a lambda.
+
+    The Python code object within the lambda is scanned for both Python
+    literals that will become bound parameters as well as closure variables
+    that refer to Core or ORM constructs that may vary.   The lambda itself
+    will be invoked only once per particular set of constructs detected.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import lambda_stmt
+
+        stmt = lambda_stmt(lambda: table.select())
+        stmt += lambda s: s.where(table.c.id == 5)
+
+        result = connection.execute(stmt)
+
+    The object returned is an instance of :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    :param lmb: a Python function, typically a lambda, which takes no arguments
+     and returns a SQL expression construct
+    :param enable_tracking: when False, all scanning of the given lambda for
+     changes in closure variables or bound parameters is disabled.  Use for
+     a lambda that produces the identical results in all cases with no
+     parameterization.
+    :param track_closure_variables: when False, changes in closure variables
+     within the lambda will not be scanned.   Use for a lambda where the
+     state of its closure variables will never change the SQL structure
+     returned by the lambda.
+    :param track_bound_values: when False, bound parameter tracking will
+     be disabled for the given lambda.  Use for a lambda that either does
+     not produce any bound values, or where the initial bound values never
+     change.
+    :param global_track_bound_values: when False, bound parameter tracking
+     will be disabled for the entire statement including additional links
+     added via the :meth:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement.add_criteria` method.
+    :param lambda_cache: a dictionary or other mapping-like object where
+     information about the lambda's Python code as well as the tracked closure
+     variables in the lambda itself will be stored.   Defaults
+     to a global LRU cache.  This cache is independent of the "compiled_cache"
+     used by the :class:`_engine.Connection` object.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_lambda_caching`
+
+
+    """
+
+    return StatementLambdaElement(
+        lmb,
+        roles.StatementRole,
+        LambdaOptions(
+            enable_tracking=enable_tracking,
+            track_on=track_on,
+            track_closure_variables=track_closure_variables,
+            global_track_bound_values=global_track_bound_values,
+            track_bound_values=track_bound_values,
+            lambda_cache=lambda_cache,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+class LambdaElement(elements.ClauseElement):
+    """A SQL construct where the state is stored as an un-invoked lambda.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.LambdaElement` is produced transparently whenever
+    passing lambda expressions into SQL constructs, such as::
+
+        stmt = select(table).where(lambda: table.c.col == parameter)
+
+    The :class:`_sql.LambdaElement` is the base of the
+    :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement` which represents a full statement
+    within a lambda.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_lambda_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "lambda_element"
+
+    _is_lambda_element = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_resolved", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    _transforms: Tuple[_CloneCallableType, ...] = ()
+
+    _resolved_bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    parent_lambda: Optional[StatementLambdaElement] = None
+    closure_cache_key: Union[Tuple[Any, ...], Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]]
+    role: Type[SQLRole]
+    _rec: Union[AnalyzedFunction, NonAnalyzedFunction]
+    fn: _AnyLambdaType
+    tracker_key: Tuple[CodeType, ...]
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%r)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.fn.__code__,
+        )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: _LambdaType,
+        role: Type[SQLRole],
+        opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions] = LambdaOptions,
+        apply_propagate_attrs: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+    ):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.role = role
+        self.tracker_key = (fn.__code__,)
+        self.opts = opts
+
+        if apply_propagate_attrs is None and (role is roles.StatementRole):
+            apply_propagate_attrs = self
+
+        rec = self._retrieve_tracker_rec(fn, apply_propagate_attrs, opts)
+
+        if apply_propagate_attrs is not None:
+            propagate_attrs = rec.propagate_attrs
+            if propagate_attrs:
+                apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs = propagate_attrs
+
+    def _retrieve_tracker_rec(self, fn, apply_propagate_attrs, opts):
+        lambda_cache = opts.lambda_cache
+        if lambda_cache is None:
+            lambda_cache = _closure_per_cache_key
+
+        tracker_key = self.tracker_key
+
+        fn = self.fn
+        closure = fn.__closure__
+        tracker = AnalyzedCode.get(
+            fn,
+            self,
+            opts,
+        )
+
+        bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+        self._resolved_bindparams = bindparams = []
+
+        if self.parent_lambda is not None:
+            parent_closure_cache_key = self.parent_lambda.closure_cache_key
+        else:
+            parent_closure_cache_key = ()
+
+        cache_key: Union[Tuple[Any, ...], Literal[CacheConst.NO_CACHE]]
+
+        if parent_closure_cache_key is not _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+            anon_map = visitors.anon_map()
+            cache_key = tuple(
+                [
+                    getter(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams)
+                    for getter in tracker.closure_trackers
+                ]
+            )
+
+            if _cache_key.NO_CACHE not in anon_map:
+                cache_key = parent_closure_cache_key + cache_key
+
+                self.closure_cache_key = cache_key
+
+                try:
+                    rec = lambda_cache[tracker_key + cache_key]
+                except KeyError:
+                    rec = None
+            else:
+                cache_key = _cache_key.NO_CACHE
+                rec = None
+
+        else:
+            cache_key = _cache_key.NO_CACHE
+            rec = None
+
+        self.closure_cache_key = cache_key
+
+        if rec is None:
+            if cache_key is not _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+                with AnalyzedCode._generation_mutex:
+                    key = tracker_key + cache_key
+                    if key not in lambda_cache:
+                        rec = AnalyzedFunction(
+                            tracker, self, apply_propagate_attrs, fn
+                        )
+                        rec.closure_bindparams = list(bindparams)
+                        lambda_cache[key] = rec
+                    else:
+                        rec = lambda_cache[key]
+            else:
+                rec = NonAnalyzedFunction(self._invoke_user_fn(fn))
+
+        else:
+            bindparams[:] = [
+                orig_bind._with_value(new_bind.value, maintain_key=True)
+                for orig_bind, new_bind in zip(
+                    rec.closure_bindparams, bindparams
+                )
+            ]
+
+        self._rec = rec
+
+        if cache_key is not _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+            if self.parent_lambda is not None:
+                bindparams[:0] = self.parent_lambda._resolved_bindparams
+
+            lambda_element: Optional[LambdaElement] = self
+            while lambda_element is not None:
+                rec = lambda_element._rec
+                if rec.bindparam_trackers:
+                    tracker_instrumented_fn = rec.tracker_instrumented_fn
+                    for tracker in rec.bindparam_trackers:
+                        tracker(
+                            lambda_element.fn,
+                            tracker_instrumented_fn,
+                            bindparams,
+                        )
+                lambda_element = lambda_element.parent_lambda
+
+        return rec
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self._rec.expected_expr, key)
+
+    @property
+    def _is_sequence(self):
+        return self._rec.is_sequence
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self):
+        if self._is_sequence:
+            return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                [element._select_iterable for element in self._resolved]
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return self._resolved._select_iterable
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self):
+        if self._is_sequence:
+            return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                [element._from_objects for element in self._resolved]
+            )
+
+        else:
+            return self._resolved._from_objects
+
+    def _param_dict(self):
+        return {b.key: b.value for b in self._resolved_bindparams}
+
+    def _setup_binds_for_tracked_expr(self, expr):
+        bindparam_lookup = {b.key: b for b in self._resolved_bindparams}
+
+        def replace(
+            element: Optional[visitors.ExternallyTraversible], **kw: Any
+        ) -> Optional[visitors.ExternallyTraversible]:
+            if isinstance(element, elements.BindParameter):
+                if element.key in bindparam_lookup:
+                    bind = bindparam_lookup[element.key]
+                    if element.expanding:
+                        bind.expanding = True
+                        bind.expand_op = element.expand_op
+                        bind.type = element.type
+                    return bind
+
+            return None
+
+        if self._rec.is_sequence:
+            expr = [
+                visitors.replacement_traverse(sub_expr, {}, replace)
+                for sub_expr in expr
+            ]
+        elif getattr(expr, "is_clause_element", False):
+            expr = visitors.replacement_traverse(expr, {}, replace)
+
+        return expr
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self,
+        clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone,
+        deferred_copy_internals: Optional[_CloneCallableType] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        # TODO: this needs A LOT of tests
+        self._resolved = clone(
+            self._resolved,
+            deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals,
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _resolved(self):
+        expr = self._rec.expected_expr
+
+        if self._resolved_bindparams:
+            expr = self._setup_binds_for_tracked_expr(expr)
+
+        return expr
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams):
+        if self.closure_cache_key is _cache_key.NO_CACHE:
+            anon_map[_cache_key.NO_CACHE] = True
+            return None
+
+        cache_key = (
+            self.fn.__code__,
+            self.__class__,
+        ) + self.closure_cache_key
+
+        parent = self.parent_lambda
+
+        while parent is not None:
+            assert parent.closure_cache_key is not CacheConst.NO_CACHE
+            parent_closure_cache_key: Tuple[Any, ...] = (
+                parent.closure_cache_key
+            )
+
+            cache_key = (
+                (parent.fn.__code__,) + parent_closure_cache_key + cache_key
+            )
+
+            parent = parent.parent_lambda
+
+        if self._resolved_bindparams:
+            bindparams.extend(self._resolved_bindparams)
+        return cache_key
+
+    def _invoke_user_fn(self, fn: _AnyLambdaType, *arg: Any) -> ClauseElement:
+        return fn()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+class DeferredLambdaElement(LambdaElement):
+    """A LambdaElement where the lambda accepts arguments and is
+    invoked within the compile phase with special context.
+
+    This lambda doesn't normally produce its real SQL expression outside of the
+    compile phase.  It is passed a fixed set of initial arguments
+    so that it can generate a sample expression.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: _AnyLambdaType,
+        role: Type[roles.SQLRole],
+        opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions] = LambdaOptions,
+        lambda_args: Tuple[Any, ...] = (),
+    ):
+        self.lambda_args = lambda_args
+        super().__init__(fn, role, opts)
+
+    def _invoke_user_fn(self, fn, *arg):
+        return fn(*self.lambda_args)
+
+    def _resolve_with_args(self, *lambda_args: Any) -> ClauseElement:
+        assert isinstance(self._rec, AnalyzedFunction)
+        tracker_fn = self._rec.tracker_instrumented_fn
+        expr = tracker_fn(*lambda_args)
+
+        expr = coercions.expect(self.role, expr)
+
+        expr = self._setup_binds_for_tracked_expr(expr)
+
+        # this validation is getting very close, but not quite, to achieving
+        # #5767.  The problem is if the base lambda uses an unnamed column
+        # as is very common with mixins, the parameter name is different
+        # and it produces a false positive; that is, for the documented case
+        # that is exactly what people will be doing, it doesn't work, so
+        # I'm not really sure how to handle this right now.
+        # expected_binds = [
+        #    b._orig_key
+        #    for b in self._rec.expr._generate_cache_key()[1]
+        #    if b.required
+        # ]
+        # got_binds = [
+        #    b._orig_key for b in expr._generate_cache_key()[1] if b.required
+        # ]
+        # if expected_binds != got_binds:
+        #    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+        #        "Lambda callable at %s produced a different set of bound "
+        #        "parameters than its original run: %s"
+        #        % (self.fn.__code__, ", ".join(got_binds))
+        #    )
+
+        # TODO: TEST TEST TEST, this is very out there
+        for deferred_copy_internals in self._transforms:
+            expr = deferred_copy_internals(expr)
+
+        return expr  # type: ignore
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone=_clone, deferred_copy_internals=None, **kw
+    ):
+        super()._copy_internals(
+            clone=clone,
+            deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals,  # **kw
+            opts=kw,
+        )
+
+        # TODO: A LOT A LOT of tests.   for _resolve_with_args, we don't know
+        # our expression yet.   so hold onto the replacement
+        if deferred_copy_internals:
+            self._transforms += (deferred_copy_internals,)
+
+
+class StatementLambdaElement(
+    roles.AllowsLambdaRole, LambdaElement, Executable
+):
+    """Represent a composable SQL statement as a :class:`_sql.LambdaElement`.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement` is constructed using the
+    :func:`_sql.lambda_stmt` function::
+
+
+        from sqlalchemy import lambda_stmt
+
+        stmt = lambda_stmt(lambda: select(table))
+
+    Once constructed, additional criteria can be built onto the statement
+    by adding subsequent lambdas, which accept the existing statement
+    object as a single parameter::
+
+        stmt += lambda s: s.where(table.c.col == parameter)
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`engine_lambda_caching`
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            fn: _StmtLambdaType,
+            role: Type[SQLRole],
+            opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions] = LambdaOptions,
+            apply_propagate_attrs: Optional[ClauseElement] = None,
+        ): ...
+
+    def __add__(
+        self, other: _StmtLambdaElementType[Any]
+    ) -> StatementLambdaElement:
+        return self.add_criteria(other)
+
+    def add_criteria(
+        self,
+        other: _StmtLambdaElementType[Any],
+        enable_tracking: bool = True,
+        track_on: Optional[Any] = None,
+        track_closure_variables: bool = True,
+        track_bound_values: bool = True,
+    ) -> StatementLambdaElement:
+        """Add new criteria to this :class:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> def my_stmt(parameter):
+            ...     stmt = lambda_stmt(
+            ...         lambda: select(table.c.x, table.c.y),
+            ...     )
+            ...     stmt = stmt.add_criteria(lambda: table.c.x > parameter)
+            ...     return stmt
+
+        The :meth:`_sql.StatementLambdaElement.add_criteria` method is
+        equivalent to using the Python addition operator to add a new
+        lambda, except that additional arguments may be added including
+        ``track_closure_values`` and ``track_on``::
+
+            >>> def my_stmt(self, foo):
+            ...     stmt = lambda_stmt(
+            ...         lambda: select(func.max(foo.x, foo.y)),
+            ...         track_closure_variables=False,
+            ...     )
+            ...     stmt = stmt.add_criteria(lambda: self.where_criteria, track_on=[self])
+            ...     return stmt
+
+        See :func:`_sql.lambda_stmt` for a description of the parameters
+        accepted.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        opts = self.opts + dict(
+            enable_tracking=enable_tracking,
+            track_closure_variables=track_closure_variables,
+            global_track_bound_values=self.opts.global_track_bound_values,
+            track_on=track_on,
+            track_bound_values=track_bound_values,
+        )
+
+        return LinkedLambdaElement(other, parent_lambda=self, opts=opts)
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self._rec.expected_expr, ClauseElement)
+        if self._rec.expected_expr.supports_execution:
+            return connection._execute_clauseelement(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self)
+
+    @property
+    def _proxied(self) -> Any:
+        return self._rec_expected_expr
+
+    @property
+    def _with_options(self):
+        return self._proxied._with_options
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_plugin_target(self):
+        return self._proxied._effective_plugin_target
+
+    @property
+    def _execution_options(self):
+        return self._proxied._execution_options
+
+    @property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self):
+        return self._proxied._all_selected_columns
+
+    @property
+    def is_select(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_select
+
+    @property
+    def is_update(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_update
+
+    @property
+    def is_insert(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_insert
+
+    @property
+    def is_text(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_text
+
+    @property
+    def is_delete(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_delete
+
+    @property
+    def is_dml(self):
+        return self._proxied.is_dml
+
+    def spoil(self) -> NullLambdaStatement:
+        """Return a new :class:`.StatementLambdaElement` that will run
+        all lambdas unconditionally each time.
+
+        """
+        return NullLambdaStatement(self.fn())
+
+
+class NullLambdaStatement(roles.AllowsLambdaRole, elements.ClauseElement):
+    """Provides the :class:`.StatementLambdaElement` API but does not
+    cache or analyze lambdas.
+
+    the lambdas are instead invoked immediately.
+
+    The intended use is to isolate issues that may arise when using
+    lambda statements.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "lambda_element"
+
+    _is_lambda_element = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_resolved", visitors.InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, statement):
+        self._resolved = statement
+        self._propagate_attrs = statement._propagate_attrs
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self._resolved, key)
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        statement = other(self._resolved)
+
+        return NullLambdaStatement(statement)
+
+    def add_criteria(self, other, **kw):
+        statement = other(self._resolved)
+
+        return NullLambdaStatement(statement)
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self, connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+    ):
+        if self._resolved.supports_execution:
+            return connection._execute_clauseelement(
+                self, distilled_params, execution_options
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ObjectNotExecutableError(self)
+
+
+class LinkedLambdaElement(StatementLambdaElement):
+    """Represent subsequent links of a :class:`.StatementLambdaElement`."""
+
+    parent_lambda: StatementLambdaElement
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn: _StmtLambdaElementType[Any],
+        parent_lambda: StatementLambdaElement,
+        opts: Union[Type[LambdaOptions], LambdaOptions],
+    ):
+        self.opts = opts
+        self.fn = fn
+        self.parent_lambda = parent_lambda
+
+        self.tracker_key = parent_lambda.tracker_key + (fn.__code__,)
+        self._retrieve_tracker_rec(fn, self, opts)
+        self._propagate_attrs = parent_lambda._propagate_attrs
+
+    def _invoke_user_fn(self, fn, *arg):
+        return fn(self.parent_lambda._resolved)
+
+
+class AnalyzedCode:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "track_closure_variables",
+        "track_bound_values",
+        "bindparam_trackers",
+        "closure_trackers",
+        "build_py_wrappers",
+    )
+    _fns: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[CodeType, AnalyzedCode] = (
+        weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+    )
+
+    _generation_mutex = threading.RLock()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get(cls, fn, lambda_element, lambda_kw, **kw):
+        try:
+            # TODO: validate kw haven't changed?
+            return cls._fns[fn.__code__]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        with cls._generation_mutex:
+            # check for other thread already created object
+            if fn.__code__ in cls._fns:
+                return cls._fns[fn.__code__]
+
+            analyzed: AnalyzedCode
+            cls._fns[fn.__code__] = analyzed = AnalyzedCode(
+                fn, lambda_element, lambda_kw, **kw
+            )
+            return analyzed
+
+    def __init__(self, fn, lambda_element, opts):
+        if inspect.ismethod(fn):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Method %s may not be passed as a SQL expression" % fn
+            )
+        closure = fn.__closure__
+
+        self.track_bound_values = (
+            opts.track_bound_values and opts.global_track_bound_values
+        )
+        enable_tracking = opts.enable_tracking
+        track_on = opts.track_on
+        track_closure_variables = opts.track_closure_variables
+
+        self.track_closure_variables = track_closure_variables and not track_on
+
+        # a list of callables generated from _bound_parameter_getter_*
+        # functions.  Each of these uses a PyWrapper object to retrieve
+        # a parameter value
+        self.bindparam_trackers = []
+
+        # a list of callables generated from _cache_key_getter_* functions
+        # these callables work to generate a cache key for the lambda
+        # based on what's inside its closure variables.
+        self.closure_trackers = []
+
+        self.build_py_wrappers = []
+
+        if enable_tracking:
+            if track_on:
+                self._init_track_on(track_on)
+
+            self._init_globals(fn)
+
+            if closure:
+                self._init_closure(fn)
+
+        self._setup_additional_closure_trackers(fn, lambda_element, opts)
+
+    def _init_track_on(self, track_on):
+        self.closure_trackers.extend(
+            self._cache_key_getter_track_on(idx, elem)
+            for idx, elem in enumerate(track_on)
+        )
+
+    def _init_globals(self, fn):
+        build_py_wrappers = self.build_py_wrappers
+        bindparam_trackers = self.bindparam_trackers
+        track_bound_values = self.track_bound_values
+
+        for name in fn.__code__.co_names:
+            if name not in fn.__globals__:
+                continue
+
+            _bound_value = self._roll_down_to_literal(fn.__globals__[name])
+
+            if coercions._deep_is_literal(_bound_value):
+                build_py_wrappers.append((name, None))
+                if track_bound_values:
+                    bindparam_trackers.append(
+                        self._bound_parameter_getter_func_globals(name)
+                    )
+
+    def _init_closure(self, fn):
+        build_py_wrappers = self.build_py_wrappers
+        closure = fn.__closure__
+
+        track_bound_values = self.track_bound_values
+        track_closure_variables = self.track_closure_variables
+        bindparam_trackers = self.bindparam_trackers
+        closure_trackers = self.closure_trackers
+
+        for closure_index, (fv, cell) in enumerate(
+            zip(fn.__code__.co_freevars, closure)
+        ):
+            _bound_value = self._roll_down_to_literal(cell.cell_contents)
+
+            if coercions._deep_is_literal(_bound_value):
+                build_py_wrappers.append((fv, closure_index))
+                if track_bound_values:
+                    bindparam_trackers.append(
+                        self._bound_parameter_getter_func_closure(
+                            fv, closure_index
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                # for normal cell contents, add them to a list that
+                # we can compare later when we get new lambdas.  if
+                # any identities have changed, then we will
+                # recalculate the whole lambda and run it again.
+
+                if track_closure_variables:
+                    closure_trackers.append(
+                        self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+                            fn, fv, closure_index, cell.cell_contents
+                        )
+                    )
+
+    def _setup_additional_closure_trackers(self, fn, lambda_element, opts):
+        # an additional step is to actually run the function, then
+        # go through the PyWrapper objects that were set up to catch a bound
+        # parameter.   then if they *didn't* make a param, oh they're another
+        # object in the closure we have to track for our cache key.  so
+        # create trackers to catch those.
+
+        analyzed_function = AnalyzedFunction(
+            self,
+            lambda_element,
+            None,
+            fn,
+        )
+
+        closure_trackers = self.closure_trackers
+
+        for pywrapper in analyzed_function.closure_pywrappers:
+            if not pywrapper._sa__has_param:
+                closure_trackers.append(
+                    self._cache_key_getter_tracked_literal(fn, pywrapper)
+                )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _roll_down_to_literal(cls, element):
+        is_clause_element = hasattr(element, "__clause_element__")
+
+        if is_clause_element:
+            while not isinstance(
+                element, (elements.ClauseElement, schema.SchemaItem, type)
+            ):
+                try:
+                    element = element.__clause_element__()
+                except AttributeError:
+                    break
+
+        if not is_clause_element:
+            insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+            if insp is not None:
+                try:
+                    return insp.__clause_element__()
+                except AttributeError:
+                    return insp
+
+            # TODO: should we coerce consts None/True/False here?
+            return element
+        else:
+            return element
+
+    def _bound_parameter_getter_func_globals(self, name):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a list of bound parameters
+        with new entries from the ``__globals__`` collection of a particular
+        lambda.
+
+        """
+
+        def extract_parameter_value(
+            current_fn, tracker_instrumented_fn, result
+        ):
+            wrapper = tracker_instrumented_fn.__globals__[name]
+            object.__getattribute__(wrapper, "_extract_bound_parameters")(
+                current_fn.__globals__[name], result
+            )
+
+        return extract_parameter_value
+
+    def _bound_parameter_getter_func_closure(self, name, closure_index):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a list of bound parameters
+        with new entries from the ``__closure__`` collection of a particular
+        lambda.
+
+        """
+
+        def extract_parameter_value(
+            current_fn, tracker_instrumented_fn, result
+        ):
+            wrapper = tracker_instrumented_fn.__closure__[
+                closure_index
+            ].cell_contents
+            object.__getattribute__(wrapper, "_extract_bound_parameters")(
+                current_fn.__closure__[closure_index].cell_contents, result
+            )
+
+        return extract_parameter_value
+
+    def _cache_key_getter_track_on(self, idx, elem):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a cache key with new entries
+        from the "track_on" parameter passed to a :class:`.LambdaElement`.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(elem, tuple):
+            # tuple must contain hascachekey elements
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return tuple(
+                    tup_elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                    for tup_elem in opts.track_on[idx]
+                )
+
+        elif isinstance(elem, _cache_key.HasCacheKey):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return opts.track_on[idx]._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+
+        else:
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return opts.track_on[idx]
+
+        return get
+
+    def _cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+        self,
+        fn,
+        variable_name,
+        idx,
+        cell_contents,
+        use_clause_element=False,
+        use_inspect=False,
+    ):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a cache key with new entries
+        from the ``__closure__`` collection of a particular lambda.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(cell_contents, _cache_key.HasCacheKey):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                obj = closure[idx].cell_contents
+                if use_inspect:
+                    obj = inspection.inspect(obj)
+                elif use_clause_element:
+                    while hasattr(obj, "__clause_element__"):
+                        if not getattr(obj, "is_clause_element", False):
+                            obj = obj.__clause_element__()
+
+                return obj._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+
+        elif isinstance(cell_contents, types.FunctionType):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                return closure[idx].cell_contents.__code__
+
+        elif isinstance(cell_contents, collections_abc.Sequence):
+
+            def get(closure, opts, anon_map, bindparams):
+                contents = closure[idx].cell_contents
+
+                try:
+                    return tuple(
+                        elem._gen_cache_key(anon_map, bindparams)
+                        for elem in contents
+                    )
+                except AttributeError as ae:
+                    self._raise_for_uncacheable_closure_variable(
+                        variable_name, fn, from_=ae
+                    )
+
+        else:
+            # if the object is a mapped class or aliased class, or some
+            # other object in the ORM realm of things like that, imitate
+            # the logic used in coercions.expect() to roll it down to the
+            # SQL element
+            element = cell_contents
+            is_clause_element = False
+            while hasattr(element, "__clause_element__"):
+                is_clause_element = True
+                if not getattr(element, "is_clause_element", False):
+                    element = element.__clause_element__()
+                else:
+                    break
+
+            if not is_clause_element:
+                insp = inspection.inspect(element, raiseerr=False)
+                if insp is not None:
+                    return self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+                        fn, variable_name, idx, insp, use_inspect=True
+                    )
+            else:
+                return self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+                    fn, variable_name, idx, element, use_clause_element=True
+                )
+
+            self._raise_for_uncacheable_closure_variable(variable_name, fn)
+
+        return get
+
+    def _raise_for_uncacheable_closure_variable(
+        self, variable_name, fn, from_=None
+    ):
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Closure variable named '%s' inside of lambda callable %s "
+            "does not refer to a cacheable SQL element, and also does not "
+            "appear to be serving as a SQL literal bound value based on "
+            "the default "
+            "SQL expression returned by the function.   This variable "
+            "needs to remain outside the scope of a SQL-generating lambda "
+            "so that a proper cache key may be generated from the "
+            "lambda's state.  Evaluate this variable outside of the "
+            "lambda, set track_on=[<elements>] to explicitly select "
+            "closure elements to track, or set "
+            "track_closure_variables=False to exclude "
+            "closure variables from being part of the cache key."
+            % (variable_name, fn.__code__),
+        ) from from_
+
+    def _cache_key_getter_tracked_literal(self, fn, pytracker):
+        """Return a getter that will extend a cache key with new entries
+        from the ``__closure__`` collection of a particular lambda.
+
+        this getter differs from _cache_key_getter_closure_variable
+        in that these are detected after the function is run, and PyWrapper
+        objects have recorded that a particular literal value is in fact
+        not being interpreted as a bound parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        elem = pytracker._sa__to_evaluate
+        closure_index = pytracker._sa__closure_index
+        variable_name = pytracker._sa__name
+
+        return self._cache_key_getter_closure_variable(
+            fn, variable_name, closure_index, elem
+        )
+
+
+class NonAnalyzedFunction:
+    __slots__ = ("expr",)
+
+    closure_bindparams: Optional[List[BindParameter[Any]]] = None
+    bindparam_trackers: Optional[List[_BoundParameterGetter]] = None
+
+    is_sequence = False
+
+    expr: ClauseElement
+
+    def __init__(self, expr: ClauseElement):
+        self.expr = expr
+
+    @property
+    def expected_expr(self) -> ClauseElement:
+        return self.expr
+
+
+class AnalyzedFunction:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "analyzed_code",
+        "fn",
+        "closure_pywrappers",
+        "tracker_instrumented_fn",
+        "expr",
+        "bindparam_trackers",
+        "expected_expr",
+        "is_sequence",
+        "propagate_attrs",
+        "closure_bindparams",
+    )
+
+    closure_bindparams: Optional[List[BindParameter[Any]]]
+    expected_expr: Union[ClauseElement, List[ClauseElement]]
+    bindparam_trackers: Optional[List[_BoundParameterGetter]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        analyzed_code,
+        lambda_element,
+        apply_propagate_attrs,
+        fn,
+    ):
+        self.analyzed_code = analyzed_code
+        self.fn = fn
+
+        self.bindparam_trackers = analyzed_code.bindparam_trackers
+
+        self._instrument_and_run_function(lambda_element)
+
+        self._coerce_expression(lambda_element, apply_propagate_attrs)
+
+    def _instrument_and_run_function(self, lambda_element):
+        analyzed_code = self.analyzed_code
+
+        fn = self.fn
+        self.closure_pywrappers = closure_pywrappers = []
+
+        build_py_wrappers = analyzed_code.build_py_wrappers
+
+        if not build_py_wrappers:
+            self.tracker_instrumented_fn = tracker_instrumented_fn = fn
+            self.expr = lambda_element._invoke_user_fn(tracker_instrumented_fn)
+        else:
+            track_closure_variables = analyzed_code.track_closure_variables
+            closure = fn.__closure__
+
+            # will form the __closure__ of the function when we rebuild it
+            if closure:
+                new_closure = {
+                    fv: cell.cell_contents
+                    for fv, cell in zip(fn.__code__.co_freevars, closure)
+                }
+            else:
+                new_closure = {}
+
+            # will form the __globals__ of the function when we rebuild it
+            new_globals = fn.__globals__.copy()
+
+            for name, closure_index in build_py_wrappers:
+                if closure_index is not None:
+                    value = closure[closure_index].cell_contents
+                    new_closure[name] = bind = PyWrapper(
+                        fn,
+                        name,
+                        value,
+                        closure_index=closure_index,
+                        track_bound_values=(
+                            self.analyzed_code.track_bound_values
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    if track_closure_variables:
+                        closure_pywrappers.append(bind)
+                else:
+                    value = fn.__globals__[name]
+                    new_globals[name] = bind = PyWrapper(fn, name, value)
+
+            # rewrite the original fn.   things that look like they will
+            # become bound parameters are wrapped in a PyWrapper.
+            self.tracker_instrumented_fn = tracker_instrumented_fn = (
+                self._rewrite_code_obj(
+                    fn,
+                    [new_closure[name] for name in fn.__code__.co_freevars],
+                    new_globals,
+                )
+            )
+
+            # now invoke the function.  This will give us a new SQL
+            # expression, but all the places that there would be a bound
+            # parameter, the PyWrapper in its place will give us a bind
+            # with a predictable name we can match up later.
+
+            # additionally, each PyWrapper will log that it did in fact
+            # create a parameter, otherwise, it's some kind of Python
+            # object in the closure and we want to track that, to make
+            # sure it doesn't change to something else, or if it does,
+            # that we create a different tracked function with that
+            # variable.
+            self.expr = lambda_element._invoke_user_fn(tracker_instrumented_fn)
+
+    def _coerce_expression(self, lambda_element, apply_propagate_attrs):
+        """Run the tracker-generated expression through coercion rules.
+
+        After the user-defined lambda has been invoked to produce a statement
+        for re-use, run it through coercion rules to both check that it's the
+        correct type of object and also to coerce it to its useful form.
+
+        """
+
+        parent_lambda = lambda_element.parent_lambda
+        expr = self.expr
+
+        if parent_lambda is None:
+            if isinstance(expr, collections_abc.Sequence):
+                self.expected_expr = [
+                    cast(
+                        "ClauseElement",
+                        coercions.expect(
+                            lambda_element.role,
+                            sub_expr,
+                            apply_propagate_attrs=apply_propagate_attrs,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    for sub_expr in expr
+                ]
+                self.is_sequence = True
+            else:
+                self.expected_expr = cast(
+                    "ClauseElement",
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        lambda_element.role,
+                        expr,
+                        apply_propagate_attrs=apply_propagate_attrs,
+                    ),
+                )
+                self.is_sequence = False
+        else:
+            self.expected_expr = expr
+            self.is_sequence = False
+
+        if apply_propagate_attrs is not None:
+            self.propagate_attrs = apply_propagate_attrs._propagate_attrs
+        else:
+            self.propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def _rewrite_code_obj(self, f, cell_values, globals_):
+        """Return a copy of f, with a new closure and new globals
+
+        yes it works in pypy :P
+
+        """
+
+        argrange = range(len(cell_values))
+
+        code = "def make_cells():\n"
+        if cell_values:
+            code += "    (%s) = (%s)\n" % (
+                ", ".join("i%d" % i for i in argrange),
+                ", ".join("o%d" % i for i in argrange),
+            )
+        code += "    def closure():\n"
+        code += "        return %s\n" % ", ".join("i%d" % i for i in argrange)
+        code += "    return closure.__closure__"
+        vars_ = {"o%d" % i: cell_values[i] for i in argrange}
+        exec(code, vars_, vars_)
+        closure = vars_["make_cells"]()
+
+        func = type(f)(
+            f.__code__, globals_, f.__name__, f.__defaults__, closure
+        )
+        func.__annotations__ = f.__annotations__
+        func.__kwdefaults__ = f.__kwdefaults__
+        func.__doc__ = f.__doc__
+        func.__module__ = f.__module__
+
+        return func
+
+
+class PyWrapper(ColumnOperators):
+    """A wrapper object that is injected into the ``__globals__`` and
+    ``__closure__`` of a Python function.
+
+    When the function is instrumented with :class:`.PyWrapper` objects, it is
+    then invoked just once in order to set up the wrappers.  We look through
+    all the :class:`.PyWrapper` objects we made to find the ones that generated
+    a :class:`.BindParameter` object, e.g. the expression system interpreted
+    something as a literal.   Those positions in the globals/closure are then
+    ones that we will look at, each time a new lambda comes in that refers to
+    the same ``__code__`` object.   In this way, we keep a single version of
+    the SQL expression that this lambda produced, without calling upon the
+    Python function that created it more than once, unless its other closure
+    variables have changed.   The expression is then transformed to have the
+    new bound values embedded into it.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fn,
+        name,
+        to_evaluate,
+        closure_index=None,
+        getter=None,
+        track_bound_values=True,
+    ):
+        self.fn = fn
+        self._name = name
+        self._to_evaluate = to_evaluate
+        self._param = None
+        self._has_param = False
+        self._bind_paths = {}
+        self._getter = getter
+        self._closure_index = closure_index
+        self.track_bound_values = track_bound_values
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        value = elem(*arg, **kw)
+        if (
+            self._sa_track_bound_values
+            and coercions._deep_is_literal(value)
+            and not isinstance(
+                # TODO: coverage where an ORM option or similar is here
+                value,
+                _cache_key.HasCacheKey,
+            )
+        ):
+            name = object.__getattribute__(self, "_name")
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't invoke Python callable %s() inside of lambda "
+                "expression argument at %s; lambda SQL constructs should "
+                "not invoke functions from closure variables to produce "
+                "literal values since the "
+                "lambda SQL system normally extracts bound values without "
+                "actually "
+                "invoking the lambda or any functions within it.  Call the "
+                "function outside of the "
+                "lambda and assign to a local variable that is used in the "
+                "lambda as a closure variable, or set "
+                "track_bound_values=False if the return value of this "
+                "function is used in some other way other than a SQL bound "
+                "value." % (name, self._sa_fn.__code__)
+            )
+        else:
+            return value
+
+    def operate(self, op, *other, **kwargs):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_py_wrapper_literal")()
+        return op(elem, *other, **kwargs)
+
+    def reverse_operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_py_wrapper_literal")()
+        return op(other, elem, **kwargs)
+
+    def _extract_bound_parameters(self, starting_point, result_list):
+        param = object.__getattribute__(self, "_param")
+        if param is not None:
+            param = param._with_value(starting_point, maintain_key=True)
+            result_list.append(param)
+        for pywrapper in object.__getattribute__(self, "_bind_paths").values():
+            getter = object.__getattribute__(pywrapper, "_getter")
+            element = getter(starting_point)
+            pywrapper._sa__extract_bound_parameters(element, result_list)
+
+    def _py_wrapper_literal(self, expr=None, operator=None, **kw):
+        param = object.__getattribute__(self, "_param")
+        to_evaluate = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        if param is None:
+            name = object.__getattribute__(self, "_name")
+            self._param = param = elements.BindParameter(
+                name,
+                required=False,
+                unique=True,
+                _compared_to_operator=operator,
+                _compared_to_type=expr.type if expr is not None else None,
+            )
+            self._has_param = True
+        return param._with_value(to_evaluate, maintain_key=True)
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        to_evaluate = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        return bool(to_evaluate)
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        if key.startswith("_sa_"):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, key[4:])
+        elif key in (
+            "__clause_element__",
+            "operate",
+            "reverse_operate",
+            "_py_wrapper_literal",
+            "__class__",
+            "__dict__",
+        ):
+            return object.__getattribute__(self, key)
+
+        if key.startswith("__"):
+            elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+            return getattr(elem, key)
+        else:
+            return self._sa__add_getter(key, operator.attrgetter)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        return iter(elem)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        if not hasattr(elem, "__getitem__"):
+            raise AttributeError("__getitem__")
+
+        if isinstance(key, PyWrapper):
+            # TODO: coverage
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Dictionary keys / list indexes inside of a cached "
+                "lambda must be Python literals only"
+            )
+        return self._sa__add_getter(key, operator.itemgetter)
+
+    def _add_getter(self, key, getter_fn):
+        bind_paths = object.__getattribute__(self, "_bind_paths")
+
+        bind_path_key = (key, getter_fn)
+        if bind_path_key in bind_paths:
+            return bind_paths[bind_path_key]
+
+        getter = getter_fn(key)
+        elem = object.__getattribute__(self, "_to_evaluate")
+        value = getter(elem)
+
+        rolled_down_value = AnalyzedCode._roll_down_to_literal(value)
+
+        if coercions._deep_is_literal(rolled_down_value):
+            wrapper = PyWrapper(self._sa_fn, key, value, getter=getter)
+            bind_paths[bind_path_key] = wrapper
+            return wrapper
+        else:
+            return value
+
+
+@inspection._inspects(LambdaElement)
+def insp(lmb):
+    return inspection.inspect(lmb._resolved)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58203e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/naming.py
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# sql/naming.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Establish constraint and index naming conventions.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+
+from . import events  # noqa
+from .base import _NONE_NAME
+from .elements import conv as conv
+from .schema import CheckConstraint
+from .schema import Column
+from .schema import Constraint
+from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from .schema import Index
+from .schema import PrimaryKeyConstraint
+from .schema import Table
+from .schema import UniqueConstraint
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+
+
+class ConventionDict:
+    def __init__(self, const, table, convention):
+        self.const = const
+        self._is_fk = isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint)
+        self.table = table
+        self.convention = convention
+        self._const_name = const.name
+
+    def _key_table_name(self):
+        return self.table.name
+
+    def _column_X(self, idx, attrname):
+        if self._is_fk:
+            try:
+                fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+            except IndexError:
+                return ""
+            else:
+                return getattr(fk.parent, attrname)
+        else:
+            cols = list(self.const.columns)
+            try:
+                col = cols[idx]
+            except IndexError:
+                return ""
+            else:
+                return getattr(col, attrname)
+
+    def _key_constraint_name(self):
+        if self._const_name in (None, _NONE_NAME):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Naming convention including "
+                "%(constraint_name)s token requires that "
+                "constraint is explicitly named."
+            )
+        if not isinstance(self._const_name, conv):
+            self.const.name = None
+        return self._const_name
+
+    def _key_column_X_key(self, idx):
+        # note this method was missing before
+        # [ticket:3989], meaning tokens like ``%(column_0_key)s`` weren't
+        # working even though documented.
+        return self._column_X(idx, "key")
+
+    def _key_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx, "name")
+
+    def _key_column_X_label(self, idx):
+        return self._column_X(idx, "_ddl_label")
+
+    def _key_referred_table_name(self):
+        fk = self.const.elements[0]
+        refs = fk.target_fullname.split(".")
+        if len(refs) == 3:
+            refschema, reftable, refcol = refs
+        else:
+            reftable, refcol = refs
+        return reftable
+
+    def _key_referred_column_X_name(self, idx):
+        fk = self.const.elements[idx]
+        # note that before [ticket:3989], this method was returning
+        # the specification for the :class:`.ForeignKey` itself, which normally
+        # would be using the ``.key`` of the column, not the name.
+        return fk.column.name
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        if key in self.convention:
+            return self.convention[key](self.const, self.table)
+        elif hasattr(self, "_key_%s" % key):
+            return getattr(self, "_key_%s" % key)()
+        else:
+            col_template = re.match(r".*_?column_(\d+)(_?N)?_.+", key)
+            if col_template:
+                idx = col_template.group(1)
+                multiples = col_template.group(2)
+
+                if multiples:
+                    if self._is_fk:
+                        elems = self.const.elements
+                    else:
+                        elems = list(self.const.columns)
+                    tokens = []
+                    for idx, elem in enumerate(elems):
+                        attr = "_key_" + key.replace("0" + multiples, "X")
+                        try:
+                            tokens.append(getattr(self, attr)(idx))
+                        except AttributeError:
+                            raise KeyError(key)
+                    sep = "_" if multiples.startswith("_") else ""
+                    return sep.join(tokens)
+                else:
+                    attr = "_key_" + key.replace(idx, "X")
+                    idx = int(idx)
+                    if hasattr(self, attr):
+                        return getattr(self, attr)(idx)
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+
+_prefix_dict = {
+    Index: "ix",
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint: "pk",
+    CheckConstraint: "ck",
+    UniqueConstraint: "uq",
+    ForeignKeyConstraint: "fk",
+}
+
+
+def _get_convention(dict_, key):
+    for super_ in key.__mro__:
+        if super_ in _prefix_dict and _prefix_dict[super_] in dict_:
+            return dict_[_prefix_dict[super_]]
+        elif super_ in dict_:
+            return dict_[super_]
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def _constraint_name_for_table(const, table):
+    metadata = table.metadata
+    convention = _get_convention(metadata.naming_convention, type(const))
+
+    if isinstance(const.name, conv):
+        return const.name
+    elif (
+        convention is not None
+        and not isinstance(const.name, conv)
+        and (
+            const.name is None
+            or "constraint_name" in convention
+            or const.name is _NONE_NAME
+        )
+    ):
+        return conv(
+            convention
+            % ConventionDict(const, table, metadata.naming_convention)
+        )
+    elif convention is _NONE_NAME:
+        return None
+
+
+@event.listens_for(
+    PrimaryKeyConstraint, "_sa_event_column_added_to_pk_constraint"
+)
+def _column_added_to_pk_constraint(pk_constraint, col):
+    if pk_constraint._implicit_generated:
+        # only operate upon the "implicit" pk constraint for now,
+        # as we have to force the name to None to reset it.  the
+        # "implicit" constraint will only have a naming convention name
+        # if at all.
+        table = pk_constraint.table
+        pk_constraint.name = None
+        newname = _constraint_name_for_table(pk_constraint, table)
+        if newname:
+            pk_constraint.name = newname
+
+
+@event.listens_for(Constraint, "after_parent_attach")
+@event.listens_for(Index, "after_parent_attach")
+def _constraint_name(const, table):
+    if isinstance(table, Column):
+        # this path occurs for a CheckConstraint linked to a Column
+
+        # for column-attached constraint, set another event
+        # to link the column attached to the table as this constraint
+        # associated with the table.
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "after_parent_attach",
+            lambda col, table: _constraint_name(const, table),
+        )
+
+    elif isinstance(table, Table):
+        if isinstance(const.name, conv) or const.name is _NONE_NAME:
+            return
+
+        newname = _constraint_name_for_table(const, table)
+        if newname:
+            const.name = newname
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5f876cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/operators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2623 @@
+# sql/operators.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Defines operators used in SQL expressions."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import IntEnum
+from operator import add as _uncast_add
+from operator import and_ as _uncast_and_
+from operator import contains as _uncast_contains
+from operator import eq as _uncast_eq
+from operator import floordiv as _uncast_floordiv
+from operator import ge as _uncast_ge
+from operator import getitem as _uncast_getitem
+from operator import gt as _uncast_gt
+from operator import inv as _uncast_inv
+from operator import le as _uncast_le
+from operator import lshift as _uncast_lshift
+from operator import lt as _uncast_lt
+from operator import mod as _uncast_mod
+from operator import mul as _uncast_mul
+from operator import ne as _uncast_ne
+from operator import neg as _uncast_neg
+from operator import or_ as _uncast_or_
+from operator import rshift as _uncast_rshift
+from operator import sub as _uncast_sub
+from operator import truediv as _uncast_truediv
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from .cache_key import CacheConst
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+class OperatorType(Protocol):
+    """describe an op() function."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    __name__: str
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Operators,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Any,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators: ...
+
+
+add = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_add)
+and_ = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_and_)
+contains = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_contains)
+eq = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_eq)
+floordiv = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_floordiv)
+ge = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_ge)
+getitem = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_getitem)
+gt = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_gt)
+inv = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_inv)
+le = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_le)
+lshift = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_lshift)
+lt = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_lt)
+mod = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_mod)
+mul = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_mul)
+ne = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_ne)
+neg = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_neg)
+or_ = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_or_)
+rshift = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_rshift)
+sub = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_sub)
+truediv = cast(OperatorType, _uncast_truediv)
+
+
+class Operators:
+    """Base of comparison and logical operators.
+
+    Implements base methods
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.operate` and
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.reverse_operate`, as well as
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__and__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__or__`,
+    :meth:`~sqlalchemy.sql.operators.Operators.__invert__`.
+
+    Usually is used via its most common subclass
+    :class:`.ColumnOperators`.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __and__(self, other: Any) -> Operators:
+        """Implement the ``&`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        AND operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`_expression.and_`, that is::
+
+            a & b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import and_
+
+            and_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``&`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``&`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) & (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(and_, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other: Any) -> Operators:
+        """Implement the ``|`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in an
+        OR operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`_expression.or_`, that is::
+
+            a | b
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import or_
+
+            or_(a, b)
+
+        Care should be taken when using ``|`` regarding
+        operator precedence; the ``|`` operator has the highest precedence.
+        The operands should be enclosed in parenthesis if they contain
+        further sub expressions::
+
+            (a == 2) | (b == 4)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(or_, other)
+
+    def __invert__(self) -> Operators:
+        """Implement the ``~`` operator.
+
+        When used with SQL expressions, results in a
+        NOT operation, equivalent to
+        :func:`_expression.not_`, that is::
+
+            ~a
+
+        is equivalent to::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import not_
+
+            not_(a)
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(inv)
+
+    def op(
+        self,
+        opstring: str,
+        precedence: int = 0,
+        is_comparison: bool = False,
+        return_type: Optional[
+            Union[Type[TypeEngine[Any]], TypeEngine[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], Operators]:
+        """Produce a generic operator function.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+          somecolumn.op("*")(5)
+
+        produces::
+
+          somecolumn * 5
+
+        This function can also be used to make bitwise operators explicit. For
+        example::
+
+          somecolumn.op("&")(0xFF)
+
+        is a bitwise AND of the value in ``somecolumn``.
+
+        :param opstring: a string which will be output as the infix operator
+          between this element and the expression passed to the
+          generated function.
+
+        :param precedence: precedence which the database is expected to apply
+         to the operator in SQL expressions. This integer value acts as a hint
+         for the SQL compiler to know when explicit parenthesis should be
+         rendered around a particular operation. A lower number will cause the
+         expression to be parenthesized when applied against another operator
+         with higher precedence. The default value of ``0`` is lower than all
+         operators except for the comma (``,``) and ``AS`` operators. A value
+         of 100 will be higher or equal to all operators, and -100 will be
+         lower than or equal to all operators.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`faq_sql_expression_op_parenthesis` - detailed description
+            of how the SQLAlchemy SQL compiler renders parenthesis
+
+        :param is_comparison: legacy; if True, the operator will be considered
+         as a "comparison" operator, that is which evaluates to a boolean
+         true/false value, like ``==``, ``>``, etc.  This flag is provided
+         so that ORM relationships can establish that the operator is a
+         comparison operator when used in a custom join condition.
+
+         Using the ``is_comparison`` parameter is superseded by using the
+         :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` method instead;  this more succinct
+         operator sets this parameter automatically, but also provides
+         correct :pep:`484` typing support as the returned object will
+         express a "boolean" datatype, i.e. ``BinaryExpression[bool]``.
+
+        :param return_type: a :class:`.TypeEngine` class or object that will
+          force the return type of an expression produced by this operator
+          to be of that type.   By default, operators that specify
+          :paramref:`.Operators.op.is_comparison` will resolve to
+          :class:`.Boolean`, and those that do not will be of the same
+          type as the left-hand operand.
+
+        :param python_impl: an optional Python function that can evaluate
+         two Python values in the same way as this operator works when
+         run on the database server.  Useful for in-Python SQL expression
+         evaluation functions, such as for ORM hybrid attributes, and the
+         ORM "evaluator" used to match objects in a session after a multi-row
+         update or delete.
+
+         e.g.::
+
+            >>> expr = column("x").op("+", python_impl=lambda a, b: a + b)("y")
+
+         The operator for the above expression will also work for non-SQL
+         left and right objects::
+
+            >>> expr.operator(5, 10)
+            15
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Operators.bool_op`
+
+            :ref:`types_operators`
+
+            :ref:`relationship_custom_operator`
+
+        """
+        operator = custom_op(
+            opstring,
+            precedence,
+            is_comparison,
+            return_type,
+            python_impl=python_impl,
+        )
+
+        def against(other: Any) -> Operators:
+            return operator(self, other)
+
+        return against
+
+    def bool_op(
+        self,
+        opstring: str,
+        precedence: int = 0,
+        python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+    ) -> Callable[[Any], Operators]:
+        """Return a custom boolean operator.
+
+        This method is shorthand for calling
+        :meth:`.Operators.op` and passing the
+        :paramref:`.Operators.op.is_comparison`
+        flag with True.    A key advantage to using :meth:`.Operators.bool_op`
+        is that when using column constructs, the "boolean" nature of the
+        returned expression will be present for :pep:`484` purposes.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.Operators.op`
+
+        """
+        return self.op(
+            opstring,
+            precedence=precedence,
+            is_comparison=True,
+            python_impl=python_impl,
+        )
+
+    def operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Operators:
+        r"""Operate on an argument.
+
+        This is the lowest level of operation, raises
+        :class:`NotImplementedError` by default.
+
+        Overriding this on a subclass can allow common
+        behavior to be applied to all operations.
+        For example, overriding :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+        to apply ``func.lower()`` to the left and right
+        side::
+
+            class MyComparator(ColumnOperators):
+                def operate(self, op, other, **kwargs):
+                    return op(func.lower(self), func.lower(other), **kwargs)
+
+        :param op:  Operator callable.
+        :param \*other: the 'other' side of the operation. Will
+         be a single scalar for most operations.
+        :param \**kwargs: modifiers.  These may be passed by special
+         operators such as :meth:`ColumnOperators.contains`.
+
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+    __sa_operate__ = operate
+
+    def reverse_operate(
+        self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> Operators:
+        """Reverse operate on an argument.
+
+        Usage is the same as :meth:`operate`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError(str(op))
+
+
+class custom_op(OperatorType, Generic[_T]):
+    """Represent a 'custom' operator.
+
+    :class:`.custom_op` is normally instantiated when the
+    :meth:`.Operators.op` or :meth:`.Operators.bool_op` methods
+    are used to create a custom operator callable.  The class can also be
+    used directly when programmatically constructing expressions.   E.g.
+    to represent the "factorial" operation::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import UnaryExpression
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+        from sqlalchemy import Numeric
+
+        unary = UnaryExpression(
+            table.c.somecolumn, modifier=operators.custom_op("!"), type_=Numeric
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.Operators.op`
+
+        :meth:`.Operators.bool_op`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __name__ = "custom_op"
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "opstring",
+        "precedence",
+        "is_comparison",
+        "natural_self_precedent",
+        "eager_grouping",
+        "return_type",
+        "python_impl",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        opstring: str,
+        precedence: int = 0,
+        is_comparison: bool = False,
+        return_type: Optional[
+            Union[Type[TypeEngine[_T]], TypeEngine[_T]]
+        ] = None,
+        natural_self_precedent: bool = False,
+        eager_grouping: bool = False,
+        python_impl: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.opstring = opstring
+        self.precedence = precedence
+        self.is_comparison = is_comparison
+        self.natural_self_precedent = natural_self_precedent
+        self.eager_grouping = eager_grouping
+        self.return_type = (
+            return_type._to_instance(return_type) if return_type else None
+        )
+        self.python_impl = python_impl
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, custom_op)
+            and other._hash_key() == self._hash_key()
+        )
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return hash(self._hash_key())
+
+    def _hash_key(self) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        return (
+            self.__class__,
+            self.opstring,
+            self.precedence,
+            self.is_comparison,
+            self.natural_self_precedent,
+            self.eager_grouping,
+            self.return_type._static_cache_key if self.return_type else None,
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: ColumnExpressionArgument[Any],
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Operators,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        left: Any,
+        right: Optional[Any] = None,
+        *other: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> Operators:
+        if hasattr(left, "__sa_operate__"):
+            return left.operate(self, right, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore
+        elif self.python_impl:
+            return self.python_impl(left, right, *other, **kwargs)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"Custom operator {self.opstring!r} can't be used with "
+                "plain Python objects unless it includes the "
+                "'python_impl' parameter."
+            )
+
+
+class ColumnOperators(Operators):
+    """Defines boolean, comparison, and other operators for
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` expressions.
+
+    By default, all methods call down to
+    :meth:`.operate` or :meth:`.reverse_operate`,
+    passing in the appropriate operator function from the
+    Python builtin ``operator`` module or
+    a SQLAlchemy-specific operator function from
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.expression.operators`.   For example
+    the ``__eq__`` function::
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self.operate(operators.eq, other)
+
+    Where ``operators.eq`` is essentially::
+
+        def eq(a, b):
+            return a == b
+
+    The core column expression unit :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    overrides :meth:`.Operators.operate` and others
+    to return further :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` constructs,
+    so that the ``==`` operation above is replaced by a clause
+    construct.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`types_operators`
+
+        :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`
+
+        :class:`.ColumnOperators`
+
+        :class:`.PropComparator`
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    timetuple: Literal[None] = None
+    """Hack, allows datetime objects to be compared on the LHS."""
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``<`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a < b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(lt, other)
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``<=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a <= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(le, other)
+
+    # ColumnOperators defines an __eq__ so it must explicitly declare also
+    # an hash or it's set to None by python:
+    # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
+
+    else:
+        __hash__ = Operators.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Implement the ``==`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a = b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(eq, other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Implement the ``!=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a != b``.
+        If the target is ``None``, produces ``a IS NOT NULL``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ne, other)
+
+    def is_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS DISTINCT FROM`` operator.
+
+        Renders "a IS DISTINCT FROM b" on most platforms;
+        on some such as SQLite may render "a IS NOT b".
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_distinct_from, other)
+
+    def is_not_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS NOT DISTINCT FROM`` operator.
+
+        Renders "a IS NOT DISTINCT FROM b" on most platforms;
+        on some such as SQLite may render "a IS b".
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``is_not_distinct_from()`` operator is
+           renamed from ``isnot_distinct_from()`` in previous releases.
+           The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_not_distinct_from, other)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def isnot_distinct_from(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        isnot_distinct_from = is_not_distinct_from
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``>`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a > b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(gt, other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``>=`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a >= b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(ge, other)
+
+    def __neg__(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``-a``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(neg)
+
+    def __contains__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        return self.operate(contains, other)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the [] operator.
+
+        This can be used by some database-specific types
+        such as PostgreSQL ARRAY and HSTORE.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(getitem, index)
+
+    def __lshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the << operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        << as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(lshift, other)
+
+    def __rshift__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the >> operator.
+
+        Not used by SQLAlchemy core, this is provided
+        for custom operator systems which want to use
+        >> as an extension point.
+        """
+        return self.operate(rshift, other)
+
+    def concat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the 'concat' operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a || b``,
+        or uses the ``concat()`` operator on MySQL.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(concat_op, other)
+
+    def _rconcat(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement an 'rconcat' operator.
+
+        this is for internal use at the moment
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.40
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(concat_op, other)
+
+    def like(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``like`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the expression:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            a LIKE other
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.like("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.like("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(like_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def ilike(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``ilike`` operator, e.g. case insensitive LIKE.
+
+        In a column context, produces an expression either of the form:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(a) LIKE lower(other)
+
+        Or on backends that support the ILIKE operator:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            a ILIKE other
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.ilike("%foobar%"))
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared
+        :param escape: optional escape character, renders the ``ESCAPE``
+          keyword, e.g.::
+
+            somecolumn.ilike("foo/%bar", escape="/")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(ilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    def bitwise_xor(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise XOR operation, typically via the ``^``
+        operator, or ``#`` for PostgreSQL.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_xor_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_or(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise OR operation, typically via the ``|``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_or_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_and(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise AND operation, typically via the ``&``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_and_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_not(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise NOT operation, typically via the ``~``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_not_op)
+
+    def bitwise_lshift(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise LSHIFT operation, typically via the ``<<``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_lshift_op, other)
+
+    def bitwise_rshift(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a bitwise RSHIFT operation, typically via the ``>>``
+        operator.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`operators_bitwise`
+
+        """
+
+        return self.operate(bitwise_rshift_op, other)
+
+    def in_(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``in`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``column IN <other>``.
+
+        The given parameter ``other`` may be:
+
+        * A list of literal values,
+          e.g.::
+
+            stmt.where(column.in_([1, 2, 3]))
+
+          In this calling form, the list of items is converted to a set of
+          bound parameters the same length as the list given:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WHERE COL IN (?, ?, ?)
+
+        * A list of tuples may be provided if the comparison is against a
+          :func:`.tuple_` containing multiple expressions::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import tuple_
+
+            stmt.where(tuple_(col1, col2).in_([(1, 10), (2, 20), (3, 30)]))
+
+        * An empty list,
+          e.g.::
+
+            stmt.where(column.in_([]))
+
+          In this calling form, the expression renders an "empty set"
+          expression.  These expressions are tailored to individual backends
+          and are generally trying to get an empty SELECT statement as a
+          subquery.  Such as on SQLite, the expression is:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WHERE col IN (SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT 1) WHERE 1!=1)
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.4  empty IN expressions now use an
+             execution-time generated SELECT subquery in all cases.
+
+        * A bound parameter, e.g. :func:`.bindparam`, may be used if it
+          includes the :paramref:`.bindparam.expanding` flag::
+
+            stmt.where(column.in_(bindparam("value", expanding=True)))
+
+          In this calling form, the expression renders a special non-SQL
+          placeholder expression that looks like:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WHERE COL IN ([EXPANDING_value])
+
+          This placeholder expression is intercepted at statement execution
+          time to be converted into the variable number of bound parameter
+          form illustrated earlier.   If the statement were executed as::
+
+            connection.execute(stmt, {"value": [1, 2, 3]})
+
+          The database would be passed a bound parameter for each value:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WHERE COL IN (?, ?, ?)
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.2 added "expanding" bound parameters
+
+          If an empty list is passed, a special "empty list" expression,
+          which is specific to the database in use, is rendered.  On
+          SQLite this would be:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WHERE COL IN (SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT 1) WHERE 1!=1)
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3 "expanding" bound parameters now support
+             empty lists
+
+        * a :func:`_expression.select` construct, which is usually a
+          correlated scalar select::
+
+            stmt.where(
+                column.in_(select(othertable.c.y).where(table.c.x == othertable.c.x))
+            )
+
+          In this calling form, :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_` renders as given:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WHERE COL IN (SELECT othertable.y
+            FROM othertable WHERE othertable.x = table.x)
+
+        :param other: a list of literals, a :func:`_expression.select`
+         construct, or a :func:`.bindparam` construct that includes the
+         :paramref:`.bindparam.expanding` flag set to True.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(in_op, other)
+
+    def not_in(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the ``NOT IN`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`, i.e. ``~x.in_(y)``.
+
+        In the case that ``other`` is an empty sequence, the compiler
+        produces an "empty not in" expression.   This defaults to the
+        expression "1 = 1" to produce true in all cases.  The
+        :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.empty_in_strategy` may be used to
+        alter this behavior.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``not_in()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``notin_()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.2  The :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_` and
+           :meth:`.ColumnOperators.not_in` operators
+           now produce a "static" expression for an empty IN sequence
+           by default.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.in_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(not_in_op, other)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5429
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def notin_(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        notin_ = not_in
+
+    def not_like(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the ``NOT LIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`, i.e. ``~x.like(y)``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``not_like()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``notlike()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(not_like_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def notlike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        notlike = not_like
+
+    def not_ilike(
+        self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """implement the ``NOT ILIKE`` operator.
+
+        This is equivalent to using negation with
+        :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`, i.e. ``~x.ilike(y)``.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``not_ilike()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``notilike()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.ilike`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(not_ilike_op, other, escape=escape)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def notilike(
+            self, other: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None
+        ) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        notilike = not_ilike
+
+    def is_(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_not`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_, other)
+
+    def is_not(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``IS NOT`` operator.
+
+        Normally, ``IS NOT`` is generated automatically when comparing to a
+        value of ``None``, which resolves to ``NULL``.  However, explicit
+        usage of ``IS NOT`` may be desirable if comparing to boolean values
+        on certain platforms.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``is_not()`` operator is renamed from
+           ``isnot()`` in previous releases.  The previous name remains
+           available for backwards compatibility.
+
+        .. seealso:: :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(is_not, other)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5429
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def isnot(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        isnot = is_not
+
+    def startswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``startswith`` operator.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against a match for the start
+        of a string value:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            column LIKE <other> || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.startswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.startswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            somecolumn LIKE :param || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.startswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            somecolumn LIKE :param || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.startswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.startswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(
+            startswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def istartswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``istartswith`` operator, e.g. case insensitive
+        version of :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against an insensitive
+        match for the start of a string value:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(column) LIKE lower(<other>) || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.istartswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.escape` parameter will
+        establish a given character as an escape character which can be of
+        use when the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.istartswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.istartswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.istartswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.istartswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(
+            istartswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def endswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the 'endswith' operator.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against a match for the end
+        of a string value:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            column LIKE '%' || <other>
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.endswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.endswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(
+            endswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def iendswith(
+        self,
+        other: Any,
+        escape: Optional[str] = None,
+        autoescape: bool = False,
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``iendswith`` operator, e.g. case insensitive
+        version of :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against an insensitive match
+        for the end of a string value:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(column) LIKE '%' || lower(<other>)
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.iendswith("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.iendswith("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.iendswith("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.iendswith.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.endswith("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(
+            iendswith_op, other, escape=escape, autoescape=autoescape
+        )
+
+    def contains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the 'contains' operator.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against a match for the middle
+        of a string value:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            column LIKE '%' || <other> || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.contains("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.contains("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.contains("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            somecolumn LIKE '%' || :param || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.contains("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.startswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.endswith`
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.like`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(contains_op, other, **kw)
+
+    def icontains(self, other: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        r"""Implement the ``icontains`` operator, e.g. case insensitive
+        version of :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`.
+
+        Produces a LIKE expression that tests against an insensitive match
+        for the middle of a string value:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(column) LIKE '%' || lower(<other>) || '%'
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(sometable).where(sometable.c.column.icontains("foobar"))
+
+        Since the operator uses ``LIKE``, wildcard characters
+        ``"%"`` and ``"_"`` that are present inside the <other> expression
+        will behave like wildcards as well.   For literal string
+        values, the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.icontains.autoescape` flag
+        may be set to ``True`` to apply escaping to occurrences of these
+        characters within the string value so that they match as themselves
+        and not as wildcard characters.  Alternatively, the
+        :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.icontains.escape` parameter will establish
+        a given character as an escape character which can be of use when
+        the target expression is not a literal string.
+
+        :param other: expression to be compared.   This is usually a plain
+          string value, but can also be an arbitrary SQL expression.  LIKE
+          wildcard characters ``%`` and ``_`` are not escaped by default unless
+          the :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.icontains.autoescape` flag is
+          set to True.
+
+        :param autoescape: boolean; when True, establishes an escape character
+          within the LIKE expression, then applies it to all occurrences of
+          ``"%"``, ``"_"`` and the escape character itself within the
+          comparison value, which is assumed to be a literal string and not a
+          SQL expression.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.icontains("foo%bar", autoescape=True)
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '/'
+
+          With the value of ``:param`` as ``"foo/%bar"``.
+
+        :param escape: a character which when given will render with the
+          ``ESCAPE`` keyword to establish that character as the escape
+          character.  This character can then be placed preceding occurrences
+          of ``%`` and ``_`` to allow them to act as themselves and not
+          wildcard characters.
+
+          An expression such as::
+
+            somecolumn.icontains("foo/%bar", escape="^")
+
+          Will render as:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            lower(somecolumn) LIKE '%' || lower(:param) || '%' ESCAPE '^'
+
+          The parameter may also be combined with
+          :paramref:`.ColumnOperators.contains.autoescape`::
+
+            somecolumn.icontains("foo%bar^bat", escape="^", autoescape=True)
+
+          Where above, the given literal parameter will be converted to
+          ``"foo^%bar^^bat"`` before being passed to the database.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.contains`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return self.operate(icontains_op, other, **kw)
+
+    def match(self, other: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implements a database-specific 'match' operator.
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.match` attempts to resolve to
+        a MATCH-like function or operator provided by the backend.
+        Examples include:
+
+        * PostgreSQL - renders ``x @@ plainto_tsquery(y)``
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 2.0  ``plainto_tsquery()`` is used instead
+               of ``to_tsquery()`` for PostgreSQL now; for compatibility with
+               other forms, see :ref:`postgresql_match`.
+
+
+        * MySQL - renders ``MATCH (x) AGAINST (y IN BOOLEAN MODE)``
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`_mysql.match` - MySQL specific construct with
+                additional features.
+
+        * Oracle Database - renders ``CONTAINS(x, y)``
+        * other backends may provide special implementations.
+        * Backends without any special implementation will emit
+          the operator as "MATCH".  This is compatible with SQLite, for
+          example.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(match_op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    def regexp_match(
+        self, pattern: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implements a database-specific 'regexp match' operator.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table.c.some_column).where(
+                table.c.some_column.regexp_match("^(b|c)")
+            )
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_match` attempts to resolve to
+        a REGEXP-like function or operator provided by the backend, however
+        the specific regular expression syntax and flags available are
+        **not backend agnostic**.
+
+        Examples include:
+
+        * PostgreSQL - renders ``x ~ y`` or ``x !~ y`` when negated.
+        * Oracle Database - renders ``REGEXP_LIKE(x, y)``
+        * SQLite - uses SQLite's ``REGEXP`` placeholder operator and calls into
+          the Python ``re.match()`` builtin.
+        * other backends may provide special implementations.
+        * Backends without any special implementation will emit
+          the operator as "REGEXP" or "NOT REGEXP".  This is compatible with
+          SQLite and MySQL, for example.
+
+        Regular expression support is currently implemented for Oracle
+        Database, PostgreSQL, MySQL and MariaDB.  Partial support is available
+        for SQLite.  Support among third-party dialects may vary.
+
+        :param pattern: The regular expression pattern string or column
+          clause.
+        :param flags: Any regular expression string flags to apply, passed as
+          plain Python string only.  These flags are backend specific.
+          Some backends, like PostgreSQL and MariaDB, may alternatively
+          specify the flags as part of the pattern.
+          When using the ignore case flag 'i' in PostgreSQL, the ignore case
+          regexp match operator ``~*`` or ``!~*`` will be used.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.48, 2.0.18  Note that due to an implementation
+           error, the "flags" parameter previously accepted SQL expression
+           objects such as column expressions in addition to plain Python
+           strings.   This implementation did not work correctly with caching
+           and was removed; strings only should be passed for the "flags"
+           parameter, as these flags are rendered as literal inline values
+           within SQL expressions.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_replace`
+
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(regexp_match_op, pattern, flags=flags)
+
+    def regexp_replace(
+        self, pattern: Any, replacement: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implements a database-specific 'regexp replace' operator.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(
+                table.c.some_column.regexp_replace("b(..)", "X\1Y", flags="g")
+            )
+
+        :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_replace` attempts to resolve to
+        a REGEXP_REPLACE-like function provided by the backend, that
+        usually emit the function ``REGEXP_REPLACE()``.  However,
+        the specific regular expression syntax and flags available are
+        **not backend agnostic**.
+
+        Regular expression replacement support is currently implemented for
+        Oracle Database, PostgreSQL, MySQL 8 or greater and MariaDB.  Support
+        among third-party dialects may vary.
+
+        :param pattern: The regular expression pattern string or column
+          clause.
+        :param pattern: The replacement string or column clause.
+        :param flags: Any regular expression string flags to apply, passed as
+          plain Python string only.  These flags are backend specific.
+          Some backends, like PostgreSQL and MariaDB, may alternatively
+          specify the flags as part of the pattern.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.48, 2.0.18  Note that due to an implementation
+           error, the "flags" parameter previously accepted SQL expression
+           objects such as column expressions in addition to plain Python
+           strings.   This implementation did not work correctly with caching
+           and was removed; strings only should be passed for the "flags"
+           parameter, as these flags are rendered as literal inline values
+           within SQL expressions.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.regexp_match`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(
+            regexp_replace_op,
+            pattern,
+            replacement=replacement,
+            flags=flags,
+        )
+
+    def desc(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.desc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(desc_op)
+
+    def asc(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.asc` clause against the
+        parent object."""
+        return self.operate(asc_op)
+
+    def nulls_first(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.nulls_first` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``nulls_first()`` operator is
+           renamed from ``nullsfirst()`` in previous releases.
+           The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+        """
+        return self.operate(nulls_first_op)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def nullsfirst(self) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        nullsfirst = nulls_first
+
+    def nulls_last(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.nulls_last` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The ``nulls_last()`` operator is
+           renamed from ``nullslast()`` in previous releases.
+           The previous name remains available for backwards compatibility.
+        """
+        return self.operate(nulls_last_op)
+
+    # deprecated 1.4; see #5429
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def nullslast(self) -> ColumnOperators: ...
+
+    else:
+        nullslast = nulls_last
+
+    def collate(self, collation: str) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.collate` clause against
+        the parent object, given the collation string.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.collate`
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(collate, collation)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__add__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(add, other)
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__sub__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __rmul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__mul__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __rmod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``%`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__mod__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(mod, other)
+
+    def between(
+        self, cleft: Any, cright: Any, symmetric: bool = False
+    ) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.between` clause against
+        the parent object, given the lower and upper range.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(between_op, cleft, cright, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+    def distinct(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce a :func:`_expression.distinct` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(distinct_op)
+
+    def any_(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce an :func:`_expression.any_` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        See the documentation for :func:`_sql.any_` for examples.
+
+        .. note:: be sure to not confuse the newer
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.any_` method with the **legacy**
+            version of this method, the :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+            method that's specific to :class:`_types.ARRAY`, which uses a
+            different calling style.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(any_op)
+
+    def all_(self) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Produce an :func:`_expression.all_` clause against the
+        parent object.
+
+        See the documentation for :func:`_sql.all_` for examples.
+
+        .. note:: be sure to not confuse the newer
+            :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.all_` method with the **legacy**
+            version of this method, the :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+            method that's specific to :class:`_types.ARRAY`, which uses a
+            different calling style.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(all_op)
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``+`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a + b``
+        if the parent object has non-string affinity.
+        If the parent object has a string affinity,
+        produces the concatenation operator, ``a || b`` -
+        see :meth:`.ColumnOperators.concat`.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(add, other)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``-`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a - b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(sub, other)
+
+    def __mul__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``*`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a * b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mul, other)
+
+    def __mod__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``%`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a % b``.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(mod, other)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``, and
+        considers the result type to be numeric.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The truediv operator against two integers
+           is now considered to return a numeric value.    Behavior on specific
+           backends may vary.
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(truediv, other)
+
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``/`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__truediv__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(truediv, other)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator.
+
+        In a column context, produces the clause ``a / b``,
+        which is the same as "truediv", but considers the result
+        type to be integer.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+        return self.operate(floordiv, other)
+
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: Any) -> ColumnOperators:
+        """Implement the ``//`` operator in reverse.
+
+        See :meth:`.ColumnOperators.__floordiv__`.
+
+        """
+        return self.reverse_operate(floordiv, other)
+
+
+_commutative: Set[Any] = {eq, ne, add, mul}
+_comparison: Set[Any] = {eq, ne, lt, gt, ge, le}
+
+
+def _operator_fn(fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> OperatorType:
+    return cast(OperatorType, fn)
+
+
+def commutative_op(fn: _FN) -> _FN:
+    _commutative.add(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+def comparison_op(fn: _FN) -> _FN:
+    _comparison.add(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def from_() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+@comparison_op
+def function_as_comparison_op() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def as_() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def exists() -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def is_true(a: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def istrue(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    istrue = is_true
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def is_false(a: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def isfalse(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    isfalse = is_false
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_distinct_from(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_distinct_from(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_not_distinct_from(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_not_distinct_from(b)
+
+
+# deprecated 1.4; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def isnot_distinct_from(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    isnot_distinct_from = is_not_distinct_from
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def is_not(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.is_not(b)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5429
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def isnot(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    isnot = is_not
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def collate(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.collate(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def op(a: Any, opstring: str, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.op(opstring)(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def like_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.like(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_like_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.notlike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notlike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notlike_op = not_like_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def ilike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.ilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_ilike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.not_ilike(b, escape=escape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notilike_op(a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notilike_op = not_ilike_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def between_op(a: Any, b: Any, c: Any, symmetric: bool = False) -> Any:
+    return a.between(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_between_op(a: Any, b: Any, c: Any, symmetric: bool = False) -> Any:
+    return ~a.between(b, c, symmetric=symmetric)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notbetween_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, c: Any, symmetric: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notbetween_op = not_between_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def in_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.in_(b)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_in_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.not_in(b)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5429
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notin_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notin_op = not_in_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def distinct_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.distinct()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def any_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.any_()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def all_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.all_()
+
+
+def _escaped_like_impl(
+    fn: Callable[..., Any], other: Any, escape: Optional[str], autoescape: bool
+) -> Any:
+    if autoescape:
+        if autoescape is not True:
+            util.warn(
+                "The autoescape parameter is now a simple boolean True/False"
+            )
+        if escape is None:
+            escape = "/"
+
+        if not isinstance(other, str):
+            raise TypeError("String value expected when autoescape=True")
+
+        if escape not in ("%", "_"):
+            other = other.replace(escape, escape + escape)
+
+        other = other.replace("%", escape + "%").replace("_", escape + "_")
+
+    return fn(other, escape=escape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def startswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.startswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_startswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.startswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notstartswith_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notstartswith_op = not_startswith_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def istartswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.istartswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_istartswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.istartswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def endswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.endswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_endswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.endswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notendswith_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notendswith_op = not_endswith_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def iendswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.iendswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_iendswith_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.iendswith, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def contains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.contains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_contains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.contains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notcontains_op(
+        a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+    ) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notcontains_op = not_contains_op
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def icontains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return _escaped_like_impl(a.icontains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_icontains_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, escape: Optional[str] = None, autoescape: bool = False
+) -> Any:
+    return ~_escaped_like_impl(a.icontains, b, escape, autoescape)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def match_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.match(b, **kw)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def regexp_match_op(a: Any, b: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return a.regexp_match(b, flags=flags)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_regexp_match_op(a: Any, b: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None) -> Any:
+    return ~a.regexp_match(b, flags=flags)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def regexp_replace_op(
+    a: Any, b: Any, replacement: Any, flags: Optional[str] = None
+) -> Any:
+    return a.regexp_replace(b, replacement=replacement, flags=flags)
+
+
+@comparison_op
+@_operator_fn
+def not_match_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+    return ~a.match(b, **kw)
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5429
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def notmatch_op(a: Any, b: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    notmatch_op = not_match_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def comma_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def filter_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def concat_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    try:
+        concat = a.concat
+    except AttributeError:
+        return b._rconcat(a)
+    else:
+        return concat(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def desc_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.desc()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def asc_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.asc()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def nulls_first_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.nulls_first()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def nullsfirst_op(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    nullsfirst_op = nulls_first_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def nulls_last_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.nulls_last()
+
+
+# 1.4 deprecated; see #5435
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    @_operator_fn
+    def nullslast_op(a: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+else:
+    nullslast_op = nulls_last_op
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def json_getitem_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def json_path_getitem_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_xor_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_xor(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_or_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_or(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_and_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_and(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_not_op(a: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_not()
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_lshift_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_lshift(b)
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def bitwise_rshift_op(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
+    return a.bitwise_rshift(b)
+
+
+def is_comparison(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in _comparison or isinstance(op, custom_op) and op.is_comparison
+
+
+def is_commutative(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in _commutative
+
+
+def is_ordering_modifier(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in (asc_op, desc_op, nulls_first_op, nulls_last_op)
+
+
+def is_natural_self_precedent(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return (
+        op in _natural_self_precedent
+        or isinstance(op, custom_op)
+        and op.natural_self_precedent
+    )
+
+
+_booleans = (inv, is_true, is_false, and_, or_)
+
+
+def is_boolean(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return is_comparison(op) or op in _booleans
+
+
+_mirror = {gt: lt, ge: le, lt: gt, le: ge}
+
+
+def mirror(op: OperatorType) -> OperatorType:
+    """rotate a comparison operator 180 degrees.
+
+    Note this is not the same as negation.
+
+    """
+    return _mirror.get(op, op)
+
+
+_associative = _commutative.union([concat_op, and_, or_]).difference([eq, ne])
+
+
+def is_associative(op: OperatorType) -> bool:
+    return op in _associative
+
+
+def is_order_by_modifier(op: Optional[OperatorType]) -> bool:
+    return op in _order_by_modifier
+
+
+_order_by_modifier = {desc_op, asc_op, nulls_first_op, nulls_last_op}
+
+_natural_self_precedent = _associative.union(
+    [getitem, json_getitem_op, json_path_getitem_op]
+)
+"""Operators where if we have (a op b) op c, we don't want to
+parenthesize (a op b).
+
+"""
+
+
+@_operator_fn
+def _asbool(a: Any) -> Any:
+    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _OpLimit(IntEnum):
+    _smallest = -100
+    _largest = 100
+
+
+_PRECEDENCE: Dict[OperatorType, int] = {
+    from_: 15,
+    function_as_comparison_op: 15,
+    any_op: 15,
+    all_op: 15,
+    getitem: 15,
+    json_getitem_op: 15,
+    json_path_getitem_op: 15,
+    mul: 8,
+    truediv: 8,
+    floordiv: 8,
+    mod: 8,
+    neg: 8,
+    bitwise_not_op: 8,
+    add: 7,
+    sub: 7,
+    bitwise_xor_op: 7,
+    bitwise_or_op: 7,
+    bitwise_and_op: 7,
+    bitwise_lshift_op: 7,
+    bitwise_rshift_op: 7,
+    filter_op: 6,
+    concat_op: 5,
+    match_op: 5,
+    not_match_op: 5,
+    regexp_match_op: 5,
+    not_regexp_match_op: 5,
+    regexp_replace_op: 5,
+    ilike_op: 5,
+    not_ilike_op: 5,
+    like_op: 5,
+    not_like_op: 5,
+    in_op: 5,
+    not_in_op: 5,
+    is_: 5,
+    is_not: 5,
+    eq: 5,
+    ne: 5,
+    is_distinct_from: 5,
+    is_not_distinct_from: 5,
+    gt: 5,
+    lt: 5,
+    ge: 5,
+    le: 5,
+    between_op: 5,
+    not_between_op: 5,
+    distinct_op: 5,
+    inv: 5,
+    is_true: 5,
+    is_false: 5,
+    and_: 3,
+    or_: 2,
+    comma_op: -1,
+    desc_op: 3,
+    asc_op: 3,
+    collate: 4,
+    as_: -1,
+    exists: 0,
+    _asbool: -10,
+}
+
+
+def is_precedent(
+    operator: OperatorType, against: Optional[OperatorType]
+) -> bool:
+    if operator is against and is_natural_self_precedent(operator):
+        return False
+    elif against is None:
+        return True
+    else:
+        return bool(
+            _PRECEDENCE.get(
+                operator, getattr(operator, "precedence", _OpLimit._smallest)
+            )
+            <= _PRECEDENCE.get(
+                against, getattr(against, "precedence", _OpLimit._largest)
+            )
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/roles.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/roles.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da69616d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/roles.py
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+# sql/roles.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _PropagateAttrsType
+    from .elements import Label
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import FromClause
+    from .selectable import Subquery
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+
+
+class SQLRole:
+    """Define a "role" within a SQL statement structure.
+
+    Classes within SQL Core participate within SQLRole hierarchies in order
+    to more accurately indicate where they may be used within SQL statements
+    of all types.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    allows_lambda = False
+    uses_inspection = False
+
+
+class UsesInspection:
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _post_inspect: Literal[None] = None
+    uses_inspection = True
+
+
+class AllowsLambdaRole:
+    __slots__ = ()
+    allows_lambda = True
+
+
+class HasCacheKeyRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Cacheable Core or ORM object"
+
+
+class ExecutableOptionRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ExecutionOption Core or ORM object"
+
+
+class LiteralValueRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Literal Python value"
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Column expression"
+
+
+class ColumnArgumentOrKeyRole(ColumnArgumentRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Column expression or string key"
+
+
+class StrAsPlainColumnRole(ColumnArgumentRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Column expression or string key"
+
+
+class ColumnListRole(SQLRole):
+    """Elements suitable for forming comma separated lists of expressions."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StringRole(SQLRole):
+    """mixin indicating a role that results in strings"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class TruncatedLabelRole(StringRole, SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "String SQL identifier"
+
+
+class ColumnsClauseRole(AllowsLambdaRole, UsesInspection, ColumnListRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Column expression, FROM clause, or other columns clause element"
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class TypedColumnsClauseRole(Generic[_T_co], SQLRole):
+    """element-typed form of ColumnsClauseRole"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class LimitOffsetRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "LIMIT / OFFSET expression"
+
+
+class ByOfRole(ColumnListRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "GROUP BY / OF / etc. expression"
+
+
+class GroupByRole(AllowsLambdaRole, UsesInspection, ByOfRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    # note there's a special case right now where you can pass a whole
+    # ORM entity to group_by() and it splits out.   we may not want to keep
+    # this around
+
+    _role_name = "GROUP BY expression"
+
+
+class OrderByRole(AllowsLambdaRole, ByOfRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "ORDER BY expression"
+
+
+class StructuralRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class StatementOptionRole(StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "statement sub-expression element"
+
+
+class OnClauseRole(AllowsLambdaRole, StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "ON clause, typically a SQL expression or "
+        "ORM relationship attribute"
+    )
+
+
+class WhereHavingRole(OnClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression for WHERE/HAVING role"
+
+
+class ExpressionElementRole(TypedColumnsClauseRole[_T_co]):
+    # note when using generics for ExpressionElementRole,
+    # the generic type needs to be in
+    # sqlalchemy.sql.coercions._impl_lookup mapping also.
+    # these are set up for basic types like int, bool, str, float
+    # right now
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression element"
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[_T]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ConstExprRole(ExpressionElementRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Constant True/False/None expression"
+
+
+class LabeledColumnExprRole(ExpressionElementRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class BinaryElementRole(ExpressionElementRole[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression element or literal value"
+
+
+class InElementRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "IN expression list, SELECT construct, or bound parameter object"
+    )
+
+
+class JoinTargetRole(AllowsLambdaRole, UsesInspection, StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Join target, typically a FROM expression, or ORM "
+        "relationship attribute"
+    )
+
+
+class FromClauseRole(ColumnsClauseRole, JoinTargetRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "FROM expression, such as a Table or alias() object"
+
+    _is_subquery = False
+
+    named_with_column: bool
+
+
+class StrictFromClauseRole(FromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    # does not allow text() or select() objects
+
+
+class AnonymizedFromClauseRole(StrictFromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _anonymous_fromclause(
+            self, *, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+        ) -> FromClause: ...
+
+
+class ReturnsRowsRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "Row returning expression such as a SELECT, a FROM clause, or an "
+        "INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING"
+    )
+
+
+class StatementRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "Executable SQL or text() construct"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _propagate_attrs(self) -> _PropagateAttrsType: ...
+
+    else:
+        _propagate_attrs = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+
+class SelectStatementRole(StatementRole, ReturnsRowsRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SELECT construct or equivalent text() construct"
+
+    def subquery(self) -> Subquery:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "All SelectStatementRole objects should implement a "
+            ".subquery() method."
+        )
+
+
+class HasCTERole(ReturnsRowsRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class IsCTERole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "CTE object"
+
+
+class CompoundElementRole(AllowsLambdaRole, SQLRole):
+    """SELECT statements inside a CompoundSelect, e.g. UNION, EXTRACT, etc."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "SELECT construct for inclusion in a UNION or other set construct"
+    )
+
+
+# TODO: are we using this?
+class DMLRole(StatementRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class DMLTableRole(FromClauseRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "subject table for an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE"
+
+
+class DMLColumnRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SET/VALUES column expression or string key"
+
+
+class DMLSelectRole(SQLRole):
+    """A SELECT statement embedded in DML, typically INSERT from SELECT"""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SELECT statement or equivalent textual object"
+
+
+class DDLRole(StatementRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+class DDLExpressionRole(StructuralRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "SQL expression element for DDL constraint"
+
+
+class DDLConstraintColumnRole(SQLRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = "String column name or column expression for DDL constraint"
+
+
+class DDLReferredColumnRole(DDLConstraintColumnRole):
+    __slots__ = ()
+    _role_name = (
+        "String column name or Column object for DDL foreign key constraint"
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d65b2de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6219 @@
+# sql/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The schema module provides the building blocks for database metadata.
+
+Each element within this module describes a database entity which can be
+created and dropped, or is otherwise part of such an entity.  Examples include
+tables, columns, sequences, and indexes.
+
+All entities are subclasses of :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.SchemaItem`, and as
+defined in this module they are intended to be agnostic of any vendor-specific
+constructs.
+
+A collection of entities are grouped into a unit called
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`. MetaData serves as a logical grouping of
+schema elements, and can also be associated with an actual database connection
+such that operations involving the contained elements can contact the database
+as needed.
+
+Two of the elements here also build upon their "syntactic" counterparts, which
+are defined in :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.`, specifically
+:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column`.
+Since these objects are part of the SQL expression language, they are usable
+as components in SQL expressions.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+import collections
+from enum import Enum
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence as _typing_Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import ddl
+from . import roles
+from . import type_api
+from . import visitors
+from .base import _DefaultDescriptionTuple
+from .base import _NoArg
+from .base import _NoneName
+from .base import _SentinelColumnCharacterization
+from .base import _SentinelDefaultCharacterization
+from .base import DedupeColumnCollection
+from .base import DialectKWArgs
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget as SchemaEventTarget
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import quoted_name
+from .elements import TextClause
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .type_api import to_instance
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized
+from ..util.typing import Final
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _AutoIncrementType
+    from ._typing import _DDLColumnArgument
+    from ._typing import _InfoType
+    from ._typing import _TextCoercedExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .base import ColumnSet
+    from .base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from .compiler import DDLCompiler
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from .visitors import anon_map
+    from ..engine import Connection
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import CoreExecuteOptionsParameter
+    from ..engine.interfaces import ExecutionContext
+    from ..engine.mock import MockConnection
+    from ..engine.reflection import _ReflectionInfo
+    from ..sql.selectable import FromClause
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+_SI = TypeVar("_SI", bound="SchemaItem")
+_TAB = TypeVar("_TAB", bound="Table")
+
+
+_CreateDropBind = Union["Engine", "Connection", "MockConnection"]
+
+_ConstraintNameArgument = Optional[Union[str, _NoneName]]
+
+_ServerDefaultArgument = Union[
+    "FetchedValue", str, TextClause, ColumnElement[Any]
+]
+
+_ServerOnUpdateArgument = _ServerDefaultArgument
+
+
+class SchemaConst(Enum):
+    RETAIN_SCHEMA = 1
+    """Symbol indicating that a :class:`_schema.Table`, :class:`.Sequence`
+    or in some cases a :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object, in situations
+    where the object is being copied for a :meth:`.Table.to_metadata`
+    operation, should retain the schema name that it already has.
+
+    """
+
+    BLANK_SCHEMA = 2
+    """Symbol indicating that a :class:`_schema.Table` or :class:`.Sequence`
+    should have 'None' for its schema, even if the parent
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` has specified a schema.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema`
+
+        :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema`
+
+        :paramref:`.Sequence.schema`
+
+    """
+
+    NULL_UNSPECIFIED = 3
+    """Symbol indicating the "nullable" keyword was not passed to a Column.
+
+    This is used to distinguish between the use case of passing
+    ``nullable=None`` to a :class:`.Column`, which has special meaning
+    on some backends such as SQL Server.
+
+    """
+
+
+RETAIN_SCHEMA: Final[Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA]] = (
+    SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA
+)
+BLANK_SCHEMA: Final[Literal[SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA]] = (
+    SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA
+)
+NULL_UNSPECIFIED: Final[Literal[SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED]] = (
+    SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+)
+
+
+def _get_table_key(name: str, schema: Optional[str]) -> str:
+    if schema is None:
+        return name
+    else:
+        return schema + "." + name
+
+
+# this should really be in sql/util.py but we'd have to
+# break an import cycle
+def _copy_expression(
+    expression: ColumnElement[Any],
+    source_table: Optional[Table],
+    target_table: Optional[Table],
+) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+    if source_table is None or target_table is None:
+        return expression
+
+    fixed_source_table = source_table
+    fixed_target_table = target_table
+
+    def replace(
+        element: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        if (
+            isinstance(element, Column)
+            and element.table is fixed_source_table
+            and element.key in fixed_source_table.c
+        ):
+            return fixed_target_table.c[element.key]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    return cast(
+        ColumnElement[Any],
+        visitors.replacement_traverse(expression, {}, replace),
+    )
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class SchemaItem(SchemaEventTarget, visitors.Visitable):
+    """Base class for items that define a database schema."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "schema_item"
+
+    create_drop_stringify_dialect = "default"
+
+    def _init_items(self, *args: SchemaItem, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        """Initialize the list of child items for this SchemaItem."""
+        for item in args:
+            if item is not None:
+                try:
+                    spwd = item._set_parent_with_dispatch
+                except AttributeError as err:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "'SchemaItem' object, such as a 'Column' or a "
+                        f"'Constraint' expected, got {item!r}"
+                    ) from err
+                else:
+                    spwd(self, **kw)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self, omit_kwarg=["info"])
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def info(self) -> _InfoType:
+        """Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
+        data to be associated with this :class:`.SchemaItem`.
+
+        The dictionary is automatically generated when first accessed.
+        It can also be specified in the constructor of some objects,
+        such as :class:`_schema.Table` and :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        """
+        return {}
+
+    def _schema_item_copy(self, schema_item: _SI) -> _SI:
+        if "info" in self.__dict__:
+            schema_item.info = self.info.copy()
+        schema_item.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
+        return schema_item
+
+    _use_schema_map = True
+
+
+class HasConditionalDDL:
+    """define a class that includes the :meth:`.HasConditionalDDL.ddl_if`
+    method, allowing for conditional rendering of DDL.
+
+    Currently applies to constraints and indexes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+
+    """
+
+    _ddl_if: Optional[ddl.DDLIf] = None
+
+    def ddl_if(
+        self,
+        dialect: Optional[str] = None,
+        callable_: Optional[ddl.DDLIfCallable] = None,
+        state: Optional[Any] = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""apply a conditional DDL rule to this schema item.
+
+        These rules work in a similar manner to the
+        :meth:`.ExecutableDDLElement.execute_if` callable, with the added
+        feature that the criteria may be checked within the DDL compilation
+        phase for a construct such as :class:`.CreateTable`.
+        :meth:`.HasConditionalDDL.ddl_if` currently applies towards the
+        :class:`.Index` construct as well as all :class:`.Constraint`
+        constructs.
+
+        :param dialect: string name of a dialect, or a tuple of string names
+         to indicate multiple dialect types.
+
+        :param callable\_: a callable that is constructed using the same form
+         as that described in
+         :paramref:`.ExecutableDDLElement.execute_if.callable_`.
+
+        :param state: any arbitrary object that will be passed to the
+         callable, if present.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`schema_ddl_ddl_if` - background and usage examples
+
+
+        """
+        self._ddl_if = ddl.DDLIf(dialect, callable_, state)
+        return self
+
+
+class HasSchemaAttr(SchemaItem):
+    """schema item that includes a top-level schema name"""
+
+    schema: Optional[str]
+
+
+class Table(
+    DialectKWArgs, HasSchemaAttr, TableClause, inspection.Inspectable["Table"]
+):
+    r"""Represent a table in a database.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        mytable = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("mytable_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("value", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    The :class:`_schema.Table`
+    object constructs a unique instance of itself based
+    on its name and optional schema name within the given
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` object. Calling the :class:`_schema.Table`
+    constructor with the same name and same :class:`_schema.MetaData` argument
+    a second time will return the *same* :class:`_schema.Table`
+    object - in this way
+    the :class:`_schema.Table` constructor acts as a registry function.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def primary_key(self) -> PrimaryKeyConstraint: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def foreign_keys(self) -> Set[ForeignKey]: ...
+
+    _columns: DedupeColumnCollection[Column[Any]]
+
+    _sentinel_column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    constraints: Set[Constraint]
+    """A collection of all :class:`_schema.Constraint` objects associated with
+      this :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      Includes :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint`,
+      :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`, :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint`,
+      :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`.  A separate collection
+      :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_key_constraints` refers to the collection
+      of all :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects, and the
+      :attr:`_schema.Table.primary_key` attribute refers to the single
+      :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint` associated with the
+      :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.primary_key`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_key_constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+
+            :class:`_reflection.Inspector`
+
+
+    """
+
+    indexes: Set[Index]
+    """A collection of all :class:`_schema.Index` objects associated with this
+      :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+      .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def columns(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def exported_columns(
+            self,
+        ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]: ...
+
+    def _gen_cache_key(
+        self, anon_map: anon_map, bindparams: List[BindParameter[Any]]
+    ) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+        if self._annotations:
+            return (self,) + self._annotations_cache_key
+        else:
+            return (self,)
+
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # typing tools seem to be inconsistent in how they handle
+        # __new__, so suggest this pattern for classes that use
+        # __new__.  apply typing to the __init__ method normally
+        @util.deprecated_params(
+            mustexist=(
+                "1.4",
+                "Deprecated alias of :paramref:`_schema.Table.must_exist`",
+            ),
+        )
+        def __new__(cls, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            return cls._new(*args, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new(cls, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+        if not args and not kw:
+            # python3k pickle seems to call this
+            return object.__new__(cls)
+
+        try:
+            name, metadata, args = args[0], args[1], args[2:]
+        except IndexError:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Table() takes at least two positional-only "
+                "arguments 'name' and 'metadata'"
+            )
+
+        schema = kw.get("schema", None)
+        if schema is None:
+            schema = metadata.schema
+        elif schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+            schema = None
+        keep_existing = kw.get("keep_existing", False)
+        extend_existing = kw.get("extend_existing", False)
+
+        if keep_existing and extend_existing:
+            msg = "keep_existing and extend_existing are mutually exclusive."
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
+
+        must_exist = kw.pop("must_exist", kw.pop("mustexist", False))
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            if not keep_existing and not extend_existing and bool(args):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Table '{key}' is already defined for this MetaData "
+                    "instance.  Specify 'extend_existing=True' "
+                    "to redefine "
+                    "options and columns on an "
+                    "existing Table object."
+                )
+            table = metadata.tables[key]
+            if extend_existing:
+                table._init_existing(*args, **kw)
+            return table
+        else:
+            if must_exist:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(f"Table '{key}' not defined")
+            table = object.__new__(cls)
+            table.dispatch.before_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+            metadata._add_table(name, schema, table)
+            try:
+                table.__init__(name, metadata, *args, _no_init=False, **kw)
+                table.dispatch.after_parent_attach(table, metadata)
+                return table
+            except Exception:
+                with util.safe_reraise():
+                    metadata._remove_table(name, schema)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        *args: SchemaItem,
+        schema: Optional[Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA]]] = None,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        quote_schema: Optional[bool] = None,
+        autoload_with: Optional[Union[Engine, Connection]] = None,
+        autoload_replace: bool = True,
+        keep_existing: bool = False,
+        extend_existing: bool = False,
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]] = None,
+        implicit_returning: bool = True,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]] = None,
+        listeners: Optional[
+            _typing_Sequence[Tuple[str, Callable[..., Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+        prefixes: Optional[_typing_Sequence[str]] = None,
+        # used internally in the metadata.reflect() process
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[Table]] = None,
+        # used by __new__ to bypass __init__
+        _no_init: bool = True,
+        # dialect-specific keyword args
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Constructor for :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+
+        :param name: The name of this table as represented in the database.
+
+            The table name, along with the value of the ``schema`` parameter,
+            forms a key which uniquely identifies this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            within
+            the owning :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection.
+            Additional calls to :class:`_schema.Table` with the same name,
+            metadata,
+            and schema name will return the same :class:`_schema.Table` object.
+
+            Names which contain no upper case characters
+            will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+            unless they are a reserved word or contain special characters.
+            A name with any number of upper case characters is considered
+            to be case sensitive, and will be sent as quoted.
+
+            To enable unconditional quoting for the table name, specify the flag
+            ``quote=True`` to the constructor, or use the :class:`.quoted_name`
+            construct to specify the name.
+
+        :param metadata: a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+            object which will contain this
+            table.  The metadata is used as a point of association of this table
+            with other tables which are referenced via foreign key.  It also
+            may be used to associate this table with a particular
+            :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`.
+
+        :param \*args: Additional positional arguments are used primarily
+            to add the list of :class:`_schema.Column`
+            objects contained within this
+            table. Similar to the style of a CREATE TABLE statement, other
+            :class:`.SchemaItem` constructs may be added here, including
+            :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, and
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        :param autoload_replace: Defaults to ``True``; when using
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
+            in conjunction with :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`,
+            indicates
+            that :class:`_schema.Column` objects present in the already-existing
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object should be replaced with columns of the same
+            name retrieved from the autoload process.   When ``False``, columns
+            already present under existing names will be omitted from the
+            reflection process.
+
+            Note that this setting does not impact :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+            specified programmatically within the call to :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that
+            also is autoloading; those :class:`_schema.Column` objects will always
+            replace existing columns of the same name when
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` is ``True``.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
+
+        :param autoload_with: An :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+            :class:`_engine.Connection` object,
+            or a :class:`_reflection.Inspector` object as returned by
+            :func:`_sa.inspect`
+            against one, with which this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object will be reflected.
+            When set to a non-None value, the autoload process will take place
+            for this table against the given engine or connection.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
+
+                :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+
+                :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types`
+
+        :param extend_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this
+            :class:`_schema.Table` is already present in the given
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData`,
+            apply further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+            :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+            If :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` or
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing` are not set,
+            and the given name
+            of the new :class:`_schema.Table` refers to a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that is
+            already present in the target :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection,
+            and
+            this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            specifies additional columns or other constructs
+            or flags that modify the table's state, an
+            error is raised.  The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
+            is to specify what action should be taken when a
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            is specified that matches an existing :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            yet specifies
+            additional constructs.
+
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
+            will also work in conjunction
+            with :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with` to run a new reflection
+            operation against the database, even if a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            of the same name is already present in the target
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData`; newly reflected :class:`_schema.Column`
+            objects
+            and other options will be added into the state of the
+            :class:`_schema.Table`, potentially overwriting existing columns
+            and options of the same name.
+
+            As is always the case with :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`,
+            :class:`_schema.Column` objects can be specified in the same
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            constructor, which will take precedence.  Below, the existing
+            table ``mytable`` will be augmented with :class:`_schema.Column`
+            objects
+            both reflected from the database, as well as the given
+            :class:`_schema.Column`
+            named "y"::
+
+                Table(
+                    "mytable",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("y", Integer),
+                    extend_existing=True,
+                    autoload_with=engine,
+                )
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_replace`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing`
+
+
+        :param implicit_returning: True by default - indicates that
+            RETURNING can be used, typically by the ORM, in order to fetch
+            server-generated values such as primary key values and
+            server side defaults, on those backends which support RETURNING.
+
+            In modern SQLAlchemy there is generally no reason to alter this
+            setting, except for some backend specific cases
+            (see :ref:`mssql_triggers` in the SQL Server dialect documentation
+            for one such example).
+
+        :param include_columns: A list of strings indicating a subset of
+            columns to be loaded via the ``autoload`` operation; table columns who
+            aren't present in this list will not be represented on the resulting
+            ``Table`` object. Defaults to ``None`` which indicates all columns
+            should be reflected.
+
+        :param resolve_fks: Whether or not to reflect :class:`_schema.Table`
+            objects
+            related to this one via :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects, when
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_with` is
+            specified.   Defaults to True.  Set to False to disable reflection of
+            related tables as :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+            objects are encountered; may be
+            used either to save on SQL calls or to avoid issues with related tables
+            that can't be accessed. Note that if a related table is already present
+            in the :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, or becomes present later,
+            a
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object associated with this
+            :class:`_schema.Table` will
+            resolve to that table normally.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.resolve_fks`
+
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param keep_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this Table
+            is already present in the given :class:`_schema.MetaData`, ignore
+            further arguments within the constructor to the existing
+            :class:`_schema.Table`, and return the :class:`_schema.Table`
+            object as
+            originally created. This is to allow a function that wishes
+            to define a new :class:`_schema.Table` on first call, but on
+            subsequent calls will return the same :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            without any of the declarations (particularly constraints)
+            being applied a second time.
+
+            If :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing` or
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.keep_existing` are not set,
+            and the given name
+            of the new :class:`_schema.Table` refers to a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that is
+            already present in the target :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection,
+            and
+            this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            specifies additional columns or other constructs
+            or flags that modify the table's state, an
+            error is raised.  The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
+            is to specify what action should be taken when a
+            :class:`_schema.Table`
+            is specified that matches an existing :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            yet specifies
+            additional constructs.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`
+
+        :param listeners: A list of tuples of the form ``(<eventname>, <fn>)``
+            which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen` upon construction.
+            This alternate hook to :func:`.event.listen` allows the establishment
+            of a listener function specific to this :class:`_schema.Table` before
+            the "autoload" process begins.  Historically this has been intended
+            for use with the :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event, however
+            note that this event hook may now be associated with the
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData` object directly::
+
+                def listen_for_reflect(table, column_info):
+                    "handle the column reflection event"
+                    # ...
+
+
+                t = Table(
+                    "sometable",
+                    autoload_with=engine,
+                    listeners=[("column_reflect", listen_for_reflect)],
+                )
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect`
+
+        :param must_exist: When ``True``, indicates that this Table must already
+            be present in the given :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection, else
+            an exception is raised.
+
+        :param prefixes:
+            A list of strings to insert after CREATE in the CREATE TABLE
+            statement.  They will be separated by spaces.
+
+        :param quote: Force quoting of this table's name on or off, corresponding
+            to ``True`` or ``False``.  When left at its default of ``None``,
+            the column identifier will be quoted according to whether the name is
+            case sensitive (identifiers with at least one upper case character are
+            treated as case sensitive), or if it's a reserved word.  This flag
+            is only needed to force quoting of a reserved word which is not known
+            by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+            .. note:: setting this flag to ``False`` will not provide
+              case-insensitive behavior for table reflection; table reflection
+              will always search for a mixed-case name in a case sensitive
+              fashion.  Case insensitive names are specified in SQLAlchemy only
+              by stating the name with all lower case characters.
+
+        :param quote_schema: same as 'quote' but applies to the schema identifier.
+
+        :param schema: The schema name for this table, which is required if
+            the table resides in a schema other than the default selected schema
+            for the engine's database connection.  Defaults to ``None``.
+
+            If the owning :class:`_schema.MetaData` of this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            specifies its
+            own :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter,
+            then that schema name will
+            be applied to this :class:`_schema.Table`
+            if the schema parameter here is set
+            to ``None``.  To set a blank schema name on a :class:`_schema.Table`
+            that
+            would otherwise use the schema set on the owning
+            :class:`_schema.MetaData`,
+            specify the special symbol :attr:`.BLANK_SCHEMA`.
+
+            The quoting rules for the schema name are the same as those for the
+            ``name`` parameter, in that quoting is applied for reserved words or
+            case-sensitive names; to enable unconditional quoting for the schema
+            name, specify the flag ``quote_schema=True`` to the constructor, or use
+            the :class:`.quoted_name` construct to specify the name.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on table
+            creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.2 Added the :paramref:`_schema.Table.comment`
+                parameter
+                to :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        :param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
+            dialect specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.
+            See the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+            :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if _no_init:
+            # don't run __init__ from __new__ by default;
+            # __new__ has a specific place that __init__ is called
+            return
+
+        super().__init__(quoted_name(name, quote))
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+        if schema is None:
+            self.schema = metadata.schema
+        elif schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+            self.schema = None
+        else:
+            quote_schema = quote_schema
+            assert isinstance(schema, str)
+            self.schema = quoted_name(schema, quote_schema)
+
+        self._sentinel_column = None
+
+        self.indexes = set()
+        self.constraints = set()
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            _implicit_generated=True
+        )._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+        self.foreign_keys = set()  # type: ignore
+        self._extra_dependencies: Set[Table] = set()
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            self.fullname = "%s.%s" % (self.schema, self.name)
+        else:
+            self.fullname = self.name
+
+        self.implicit_returning = implicit_returning
+        _reflect_info = kw.pop("_reflect_info", None)
+
+        self.comment = comment
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        if listeners is not None:
+            for evt, fn in listeners:
+                event.listen(self, evt, fn)
+
+        self._prefixes = prefixes if prefixes else []
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kw)
+
+        # load column definitions from the database if 'autoload' is defined
+        # we do it after the table is in the singleton dictionary to support
+        # circular foreign keys
+        if autoload_with is not None:
+            self._autoload(
+                metadata,
+                autoload_with,
+                include_columns,
+                _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+                resolve_fks=resolve_fks,
+            )
+
+        # initialize all the column, etc. objects.  done after reflection to
+        # allow user-overrides
+
+        self._init_items(
+            *args,
+            allow_replacements=extend_existing
+            or keep_existing
+            or autoload_with,
+            all_names={},
+        )
+
+    def _autoload(
+        self,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        autoload_with: Union[Engine, Connection],
+        include_columns: Optional[Collection[str]],
+        exclude_columns: Collection[str] = (),
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        _extend_on: Optional[Set[Table]] = None,
+        _reflect_info: _ReflectionInfo | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        insp = inspection.inspect(autoload_with)
+        with insp._inspection_context() as conn_insp:
+            conn_insp.reflect_table(
+                self,
+                include_columns,
+                exclude_columns,
+                resolve_fks,
+                _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def _sorted_constraints(self) -> List[Constraint]:
+        """Return the set of constraints as a list, sorted by creation
+        order.
+
+        """
+
+        return sorted(self.constraints, key=lambda c: c._creation_order)
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraints(self) -> Set[ForeignKeyConstraint]:
+        """:class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects referred to by this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        This list is produced from the collection of
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+        objects currently associated.
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_keys`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+
+        """
+        return {
+            fkc.constraint
+            for fkc in self.foreign_keys
+            if fkc.constraint is not None
+        }
+
+    def _init_existing(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        autoload_with = kwargs.pop("autoload_with", None)
+        autoload = kwargs.pop("autoload", autoload_with is not None)
+        autoload_replace = kwargs.pop("autoload_replace", True)
+        schema = kwargs.pop("schema", None)
+        _extend_on = kwargs.pop("_extend_on", None)
+        _reflect_info = kwargs.pop("_reflect_info", None)
+
+        # these arguments are only used with _init()
+        extend_existing = kwargs.pop("extend_existing", False)
+        keep_existing = kwargs.pop("keep_existing", False)
+
+        assert extend_existing
+        assert not keep_existing
+
+        if schema and schema != self.schema:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Can't change schema of existing table "
+                f"from '{self.schema}' to '{schema}'",
+            )
+
+        include_columns = kwargs.pop("include_columns", None)
+        if include_columns is not None:
+            for c in self.c:
+                if c.name not in include_columns:
+                    self._columns.remove(c)
+
+        resolve_fks = kwargs.pop("resolve_fks", True)
+
+        for key in ("quote", "quote_schema"):
+            if key in kwargs:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "Can't redefine 'quote' or 'quote_schema' arguments"
+                )
+
+        # update `self` with these kwargs, if provided
+        self.comment = kwargs.pop("comment", self.comment)
+        self.implicit_returning = kwargs.pop(
+            "implicit_returning", self.implicit_returning
+        )
+        self.info = kwargs.pop("info", self.info)
+
+        exclude_columns: _typing_Sequence[str]
+
+        if autoload:
+            if not autoload_replace:
+                # don't replace columns already present.
+                # we'd like to do this for constraints also however we don't
+                # have simple de-duping for unnamed constraints.
+                exclude_columns = [c.name for c in self.c]
+            else:
+                exclude_columns = ()
+            self._autoload(
+                self.metadata,
+                autoload_with,
+                include_columns,
+                exclude_columns,
+                resolve_fks,
+                _extend_on=_extend_on,
+                _reflect_info=_reflect_info,
+            )
+
+        all_names = {c.name: c for c in self.c}
+        self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
+        self._init_items(*args, allow_replacements=True, all_names=all_names)
+
+    def _extra_kwargs(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+    def _init_collections(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _reset_exported(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[Column[int]]:
+        return self.primary_key._autoincrement_column
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _sentinel_column_characteristics(
+        self,
+    ) -> _SentinelColumnCharacterization:
+        """determine a candidate column (or columns, in case of a client
+        generated composite primary key) which can be used as an
+        "insert sentinel" for an INSERT statement.
+
+        The returned structure, :class:`_SentinelColumnCharacterization`,
+        includes all the details needed by :class:`.Dialect` and
+        :class:`.SQLCompiler` to determine if these column(s) can be used
+        as an INSERT..RETURNING sentinel for a particular database
+        dialect.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+        """
+
+        sentinel_is_explicit = False
+        sentinel_is_autoinc = False
+        the_sentinel: Optional[_typing_Sequence[Column[Any]]] = None
+
+        # see if a column was explicitly marked "insert_sentinel=True".
+        explicit_sentinel_col = self._sentinel_column
+
+        if explicit_sentinel_col is not None:
+            the_sentinel = (explicit_sentinel_col,)
+            sentinel_is_explicit = True
+
+        autoinc_col = self._autoincrement_column
+        if sentinel_is_explicit and explicit_sentinel_col is autoinc_col:
+            assert autoinc_col is not None
+            sentinel_is_autoinc = True
+        elif explicit_sentinel_col is None and autoinc_col is not None:
+            the_sentinel = (autoinc_col,)
+            sentinel_is_autoinc = True
+
+        default_characterization = _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.UNKNOWN
+
+        if the_sentinel:
+            the_sentinel_zero = the_sentinel[0]
+            if the_sentinel_zero.identity:
+                if the_sentinel_zero.identity._increment_is_negative:
+                    if sentinel_is_explicit:
+                        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                            "Can't use IDENTITY default with negative "
+                            "increment as an explicit sentinel column"
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        if sentinel_is_autoinc:
+                            autoinc_col = None
+                            sentinel_is_autoinc = False
+                        the_sentinel = None
+                else:
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.IDENTITY
+                    )
+            elif (
+                the_sentinel_zero.default is None
+                and the_sentinel_zero.server_default is None
+            ):
+                if the_sentinel_zero.nullable:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Column {the_sentinel_zero} has been marked as a "
+                        "sentinel "
+                        "column with no default generation function; it "
+                        "at least needs to be marked nullable=False assuming "
+                        "user-populated sentinel values will be used."
+                    )
+                default_characterization = (
+                    _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.NONE
+                )
+            elif the_sentinel_zero.default is not None:
+                if the_sentinel_zero.default.is_sentinel:
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SENTINEL_DEFAULT
+                    )
+                elif default_is_sequence(the_sentinel_zero.default):
+                    if the_sentinel_zero.default._increment_is_negative:
+                        if sentinel_is_explicit:
+                            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                                "Can't use SEQUENCE default with negative "
+                                "increment as an explicit sentinel column"
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            if sentinel_is_autoinc:
+                                autoinc_col = None
+                                sentinel_is_autoinc = False
+                            the_sentinel = None
+
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SEQUENCE
+                    )
+                elif the_sentinel_zero.default.is_callable:
+                    default_characterization = (
+                        _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.CLIENTSIDE
+                    )
+            elif the_sentinel_zero.server_default is not None:
+                if sentinel_is_explicit:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Column {the_sentinel[0]} can't be a sentinel column "
+                        "because it uses an explicit server side default "
+                        "that's not the Identity() default."
+                    )
+
+                default_characterization = (
+                    _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.SERVERSIDE
+                )
+
+        if the_sentinel is None and self.primary_key:
+            assert autoinc_col is None
+
+            # determine for non-autoincrement pk if all elements are
+            # client side
+            for _pkc in self.primary_key:
+                if _pkc.server_default is not None or (
+                    _pkc.default and not _pkc.default.is_callable
+                ):
+                    break
+            else:
+                the_sentinel = tuple(self.primary_key)
+                default_characterization = (
+                    _SentinelDefaultCharacterization.CLIENTSIDE
+                )
+
+        return _SentinelColumnCharacterization(
+            the_sentinel,
+            sentinel_is_explicit,
+            sentinel_is_autoinc,
+            default_characterization,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[Column[int]]:
+        """Returns the :class:`.Column` object which currently represents
+        the "auto increment" column, if any, else returns None.
+
+        This is based on the rules for :class:`.Column` as defined by the
+        :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement` parameter, which generally means the
+        column within a single integer column primary key constraint that is
+        not constrained by a foreign key.   If the table does not have such
+        a primary key constraint, then there's no "autoincrement" column.
+        A :class:`.Table` may have only one column defined as the
+        "autoincrement" column.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement`
+
+        """
+        return self._autoincrement_column
+
+    @property
+    def key(self) -> str:
+        """Return the 'key' for this :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        This value is used as the dictionary key within the
+        :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables` collection.   It is typically the same
+        as that of :attr:`_schema.Table.name` for a table with no
+        :attr:`_schema.Table.schema`
+        set; otherwise it is typically of the form
+        ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+        """
+        return _get_table_key(self.name, self.schema)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "Table(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            [repr(self.name)]
+            + [repr(self.metadata)]
+            + [repr(x) for x in self.columns]
+            + ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in ["schema"]]
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return _get_table_key(self.description, self.schema)
+
+    def add_is_dependent_on(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        """Add a 'dependency' for this Table.
+
+        This is another Table object which must be created
+        first before this one can, or dropped after this one.
+
+        Usually, dependencies between tables are determined via
+        ForeignKey objects.   However, for other situations that
+        create dependencies outside of foreign keys (rules, inheriting),
+        this method can manually establish such a link.
+
+        """
+        self._extra_dependencies.add(table)
+
+    def append_column(
+        self, column: ColumnClause[Any], replace_existing: bool = False
+    ) -> None:
+        """Append a :class:`_schema.Column` to this :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        The "key" of the newly added :class:`_schema.Column`, i.e. the
+        value of its ``.key`` attribute, will then be available
+        in the ``.c`` collection of this :class:`_schema.Table`, and the
+        column definition will be included in any CREATE TABLE, SELECT,
+        UPDATE, etc. statements generated from this :class:`_schema.Table`
+        construct.
+
+        Note that this does **not** change the definition of the table
+        as it exists within any underlying database, assuming that
+        table has already been created in the database.   Relational
+        databases support the addition of columns to existing tables
+        using the SQL ALTER command, which would need to be
+        emitted for an already-existing table that doesn't contain
+        the newly added column.
+
+        :param replace_existing: When ``True``, allows replacing existing
+            columns. When ``False``, the default, an warning will be raised
+            if a column with the same ``.key`` already exists. A future
+            version of sqlalchemy will instead rise a warning.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.4.0
+        """
+
+        try:
+            column._set_parent_with_dispatch(
+                self,
+                allow_replacements=replace_existing,
+                all_names={c.name: c for c in self.c},
+            )
+        except exc.DuplicateColumnError as de:
+            raise exc.DuplicateColumnError(
+                f"{de.args[0]} Specify replace_existing=True to "
+                "Table.append_column() to replace an "
+                "existing column."
+            ) from de
+
+    def append_constraint(self, constraint: Union[Index, Constraint]) -> None:
+        """Append a :class:`_schema.Constraint` to this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        This has the effect of the constraint being included in any
+        future CREATE TABLE statement, assuming specific DDL creation
+        events have not been associated with the given
+        :class:`_schema.Constraint` object.
+
+        Note that this does **not** produce the constraint within the
+        relational database automatically, for a table that already exists
+        in the database.   To add a constraint to an
+        existing relational database table, the SQL ALTER command must
+        be used.  SQLAlchemy also provides the
+        :class:`.AddConstraint` construct which can produce this SQL when
+        invoked as an executable clause.
+
+        """
+
+        constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        metadata = parent
+        assert isinstance(metadata, MetaData)
+        metadata._add_table(self.name, self.schema, self)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+
+    def create(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`
+        for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`_schema.Table`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        ":meth:`_schema.Table.tometadata` is renamed to "
+        ":meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata`",
+    )
+    def tometadata(
+        self,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        schema: Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA]] = RETAIN_SCHEMA,
+        referred_schema_fn: Optional[
+            Callable[
+                [Table, Optional[str], ForeignKeyConstraint, Optional[str]],
+                Optional[str],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Table:
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`_schema.Table`
+        associated with a different
+        :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        See :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` for a full description.
+
+        """
+        return self.to_metadata(
+            metadata,
+            schema=schema,
+            referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn,
+            name=name,
+        )
+
+    def to_metadata(
+        self,
+        metadata: MetaData,
+        schema: Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA]] = RETAIN_SCHEMA,
+        referred_schema_fn: Optional[
+            Callable[
+                [Table, Optional[str], ForeignKeyConstraint, Optional[str]],
+                Optional[str],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> Table:
+        """Return a copy of this :class:`_schema.Table` associated with a
+        different :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            m1 = MetaData()
+
+            user = Table("user", m1, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
+
+            m2 = MetaData()
+            user_copy = user.to_metadata(m2)
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4  The :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` function
+           was renamed from :meth:`_schema.Table.tometadata`.
+
+
+        :param metadata: Target :class:`_schema.MetaData` object,
+         into which the
+         new :class:`_schema.Table` object will be created.
+
+        :param schema: optional string name indicating the target schema.
+         Defaults to the special symbol :attr:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA` which indicates
+         that no change to the schema name should be made in the new
+         :class:`_schema.Table`.  If set to a string name, the new
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         will have this new name as the ``.schema``.  If set to ``None``, the
+         schema will be set to that of the schema set on the target
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData`, which is typically ``None`` as well,
+         unless
+         set explicitly::
+
+            m2 = MetaData(schema="newschema")
+
+            # user_copy_one will have "newschema" as the schema name
+            user_copy_one = user.to_metadata(m2, schema=None)
+
+            m3 = MetaData()  # schema defaults to None
+
+            # user_copy_two will have None as the schema name
+            user_copy_two = user.to_metadata(m3, schema=None)
+
+        :param referred_schema_fn: optional callable which can be supplied
+         in order to provide for the schema name that should be assigned
+         to the referenced table of a :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+         The callable accepts this parent :class:`_schema.Table`, the
+         target schema that we are changing to, the
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object, and the existing
+         "target schema" of that constraint.  The function should return the
+         string schema name that should be applied.    To reset the schema
+         to "none", return the symbol :data:`.BLANK_SCHEMA`.  To effect no
+         change, return ``None`` or :data:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA`.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.33  The ``referred_schema_fn`` function
+            may return the :data:`.BLANK_SCHEMA` or :data:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA`
+            symbols.
+
+         E.g.::
+
+                def referred_schema_fn(table, to_schema, constraint, referred_schema):
+                    if referred_schema == "base_tables":
+                        return referred_schema
+                    else:
+                        return to_schema
+
+
+                new_table = table.to_metadata(
+                    m2, schema="alt_schema", referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn
+                )
+
+        :param name: optional string name indicating the target table name.
+         If not specified or None, the table name is retained.  This allows
+         a :class:`_schema.Table` to be copied to the same
+         :class:`_schema.MetaData` target
+         with a new name.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        if name is None:
+            name = self.name
+
+        actual_schema: Optional[str]
+
+        if schema is RETAIN_SCHEMA:
+            actual_schema = self.schema
+        elif schema is None:
+            actual_schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            actual_schema = schema
+        key = _get_table_key(name, actual_schema)
+        if key in metadata.tables:
+            util.warn(
+                f"Table '{self.description}' already exists within the given "
+                "MetaData - not copying."
+            )
+            return metadata.tables[key]
+
+        args = []
+        for col in self.columns:
+            args.append(col._copy(schema=actual_schema, _to_metadata=metadata))
+        table = Table(
+            name,
+            metadata,
+            schema=actual_schema,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            *args,
+            **self.kwargs,
+        )
+        for const in self.constraints:
+            if isinstance(const, ForeignKeyConstraint):
+                referred_schema = const._referred_schema
+                if referred_schema_fn:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = referred_schema_fn(
+                        self, actual_schema, const, referred_schema
+                    )
+                else:
+                    fk_constraint_schema = (
+                        actual_schema
+                        if referred_schema == self.schema
+                        else None
+                    )
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    const._copy(
+                        schema=fk_constraint_schema, target_table=table
+                    )
+                )
+            elif not const._type_bound:
+                # skip unique constraints that would be generated
+                # by the 'unique' flag on Column
+                if const._column_flag:
+                    continue
+
+                table.append_constraint(
+                    const._copy(schema=actual_schema, target_table=table)
+                )
+        for index in self.indexes:
+            # skip indexes that would be generated
+            # by the 'index' flag on Column
+            if index._column_flag:
+                continue
+            Index(
+                index.name,
+                unique=index.unique,
+                *[
+                    _copy_expression(expr, self, table)
+                    for expr in index._table_bound_expressions
+                ],
+                _table=table,
+                **index.kwargs,
+            )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(table)
+
+
+class Column(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem, ColumnClause[_T]):
+    """Represents a column in a database table."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "column"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    key: str
+
+    server_default: Optional[FetchedValue]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        __name_pos: Optional[
+            Union[str, _TypeEngineArgument[_T], SchemaEventTarget]
+        ] = None,
+        __type_pos: Optional[
+            Union[_TypeEngineArgument[_T], SchemaEventTarget]
+        ] = None,
+        *args: SchemaEventTarget,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+        autoincrement: _AutoIncrementType = "auto",
+        default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        insert_default: Optional[Any] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        index: Optional[bool] = None,
+        unique: Optional[bool] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        nullable: Optional[
+            Union[bool, Literal[SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED]]
+        ] = SchemaConst.NULL_UNSPECIFIED,
+        onupdate: Optional[Any] = None,
+        primary_key: bool = False,
+        server_default: Optional[_ServerDefaultArgument] = None,
+        server_onupdate: Optional[_ServerOnUpdateArgument] = None,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        system: bool = False,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        insert_sentinel: bool = False,
+        _omit_from_statements: bool = False,
+        _proxies: Optional[Any] = None,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a new ``Column`` object.
+
+        :param name: The name of this column as represented in the database.
+          This argument may be the first positional argument, or specified
+          via keyword.
+
+          Names which contain no upper case characters
+          will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
+          unless they are a reserved word.  Names with any number of upper
+          case characters will be quoted and sent exactly.  Note that this
+          behavior applies even for databases which standardize upper
+          case names as case insensitive such as Oracle Database.
+
+          The name field may be omitted at construction time and applied
+          later, at any time before the Column is associated with a
+          :class:`_schema.Table`.  This is to support convenient
+          usage within the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension.
+
+        :param type\_: The column's type, indicated using an instance which
+          subclasses :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`.  If no arguments
+          are required for the type, the class of the type can be sent
+          as well, e.g.::
+
+            # use a type with arguments
+            Column("data", String(50))
+
+            # use no arguments
+            Column("level", Integer)
+
+          The ``type`` argument may be the second positional argument
+          or specified by keyword.
+
+          If the ``type`` is ``None`` or is omitted, it will first default to
+          the special type :class:`.NullType`.  If and when this
+          :class:`_schema.Column` is made to refer to another column using
+          :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` and/or
+          :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the type
+          of the remote-referenced column will be copied to this column as
+          well, at the moment that the foreign key is resolved against that
+          remote :class:`_schema.Column` object.
+
+        :param \*args: Additional positional arguments include various
+          :class:`.SchemaItem` derived constructs which will be applied
+          as options to the column.  These include instances of
+          :class:`.Constraint`, :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
+          :class:`.ColumnDefault`, :class:`.Sequence`, :class:`.Computed`
+          :class:`.Identity`.  In some cases an
+          equivalent keyword argument is available such as ``server_default``,
+          ``default`` and ``unique``.
+
+        :param autoincrement: Set up "auto increment" semantics for an
+          **integer primary key column with no foreign key dependencies**
+          (see later in this docstring for a more specific definition).
+          This may influence the :term:`DDL` that will be emitted for
+          this column during a table create, as well as how the column
+          will be considered when INSERT statements are compiled and
+          executed.
+
+          The default value is the string ``"auto"``,
+          which indicates that a single-column (i.e. non-composite) primary key
+          that is of an INTEGER type with no other client-side or server-side
+          default constructs indicated should receive auto increment semantics
+          automatically. Other values include ``True`` (force this column to
+          have auto-increment semantics for a :term:`composite primary key` as
+          well), ``False`` (this column should never have auto-increment
+          semantics), and the string ``"ignore_fk"`` (special-case for foreign
+          key columns, see below).
+
+          The term "auto increment semantics" refers both to the kind of DDL
+          that will be emitted for the column within a CREATE TABLE statement,
+          when methods such as :meth:`.MetaData.create_all` and
+          :meth:`.Table.create` are invoked, as well as how the column will be
+          considered when an INSERT statement is compiled and emitted to the
+          database:
+
+          * **DDL rendering** (i.e. :meth:`.MetaData.create_all`,
+            :meth:`.Table.create`): When used on a :class:`.Column` that has
+            no other
+            default-generating construct associated with it (such as a
+            :class:`.Sequence` or :class:`.Identity` construct), the parameter
+            will imply that database-specific keywords such as PostgreSQL
+            ``SERIAL``, MySQL ``AUTO_INCREMENT``, or ``IDENTITY`` on SQL Server
+            should also be rendered.  Not every database backend has an
+            "implied" default generator available; for example the Oracle Database
+            backends alway needs an explicit construct such as
+            :class:`.Identity` to be included with a :class:`.Column` in order
+            for the DDL rendered to include auto-generating constructs to also
+            be produced in the database.
+
+          * **INSERT semantics** (i.e. when a :func:`_sql.insert` construct is
+            compiled into a SQL string and is then executed on a database using
+            :meth:`_engine.Connection.execute` or equivalent): A single-row
+            INSERT statement will be known to produce a new integer primary key
+            value automatically for this column, which will be accessible
+            after the statement is invoked via the
+            :attr:`.CursorResult.inserted_primary_key` attribute upon the
+            :class:`_result.Result` object.   This also applies towards use of the
+            ORM when ORM-mapped objects are persisted to the database,
+            indicating that a new integer primary key will be available to
+            become part of the :term:`identity key` for that object.  This
+            behavior takes place regardless of what DDL constructs are
+            associated with the :class:`_schema.Column` and is independent
+            of the "DDL Rendering" behavior discussed in the previous note
+            above.
+
+          The parameter may be set to ``True`` to indicate that a column which
+          is part of a composite (i.e. multi-column) primary key should
+          have autoincrement semantics, though note that only one column
+          within a primary key may have this setting.    It can also
+          be set to ``True`` to indicate autoincrement semantics on a
+          column that has a client-side or server-side default configured,
+          however note that not all dialects can accommodate all styles
+          of default as an "autoincrement".  It can also be
+          set to ``False`` on a single-column primary key that has a
+          datatype of INTEGER in order to disable auto increment semantics
+          for that column.
+
+          The setting *only* has an effect for columns which are:
+
+          * Integer derived (i.e. INT, SMALLINT, BIGINT).
+
+          * Part of the primary key
+
+          * Not referring to another column via :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`,
+            unless
+            the value is specified as ``'ignore_fk'``::
+
+                # turn on autoincrement for this column despite
+                # the ForeignKey()
+                Column(
+                    "id",
+                    ForeignKey("other.id"),
+                    primary_key=True,
+                    autoincrement="ignore_fk",
+                )
+
+          It is typically not desirable to have "autoincrement" enabled on a
+          column that refers to another via foreign key, as such a column is
+          required to refer to a value that originates from elsewhere.
+
+          The setting has these effects on columns that meet the
+          above criteria:
+
+          * DDL issued for the column, if the column does not already include
+            a default generating construct supported by the backend such as
+            :class:`.Identity`, will include database-specific
+            keywords intended to signify this column as an
+            "autoincrement" column for specific backends.   Behavior for
+            primary SQLAlchemy dialects includes:
+
+            * AUTO INCREMENT on MySQL and MariaDB
+            * SERIAL on PostgreSQL
+            * IDENTITY on MS-SQL - this occurs even without the
+              :class:`.Identity` construct as the
+              :paramref:`.Column.autoincrement` parameter pre-dates this
+              construct.
+            * SQLite - SQLite integer primary key columns are implicitly
+              "auto incrementing" and no additional keywords are rendered;
+              to render the special SQLite keyword ``AUTOINCREMENT``
+              is not included as this is unnecessary and not recommended
+              by the database vendor.  See the section
+              :ref:`sqlite_autoincrement` for more background.
+            * Oracle Database - The Oracle Database dialects have no default "autoincrement"
+              feature available at this time, instead the :class:`.Identity`
+              construct is recommended to achieve this (the :class:`.Sequence`
+              construct may also be used).
+            * Third-party dialects - consult those dialects' documentation
+              for details on their specific behaviors.
+
+          * When a single-row :func:`_sql.insert` construct is compiled and
+            executed, which does not set the :meth:`_sql.Insert.inline`
+            modifier, newly generated primary key values for this column
+            will be automatically retrieved upon statement execution
+            using a method specific to the database driver in use:
+
+            * MySQL, SQLite - calling upon ``cursor.lastrowid()``
+              (see
+              `https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#lastrowid
+              <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/#lastrowid>`_)
+            * PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle Database - use RETURNING or an equivalent
+              construct when rendering an INSERT statement, and then retrieving
+              the newly generated primary key values after execution
+            * PostgreSQL, Oracle Database for :class:`_schema.Table` objects that
+              set :paramref:`_schema.Table.implicit_returning` to False -
+              for a :class:`.Sequence` only, the :class:`.Sequence` is invoked
+              explicitly before the INSERT statement takes place so that the
+              newly generated primary key value is available to the client
+            * SQL Server for :class:`_schema.Table` objects that
+              set :paramref:`_schema.Table.implicit_returning` to False -
+              the ``SELECT scope_identity()`` construct is used after the
+              INSERT statement is invoked to retrieve the newly generated
+              primary key value.
+            * Third-party dialects - consult those dialects' documentation
+              for details on their specific behaviors.
+
+          * For multiple-row :func:`_sql.insert` constructs invoked with
+            a list of parameters (i.e. "executemany" semantics), primary-key
+            retrieving behaviors are generally disabled, however there may
+            be special APIs that may be used to retrieve lists of new
+            primary key values for an "executemany", such as the psycopg2
+            "fast insertmany" feature.  Such features are very new and
+            may not yet be well covered in documentation.
+
+        :param default: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` expression representing the
+            *default value* for this column, which will be invoked upon insert
+            if this column is otherwise not specified in the VALUES clause of
+            the insert. This is a shortcut to using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as
+            a positional argument; see that class for full detail on the
+            structure of the argument.
+
+            Contrast this argument to
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`
+            which creates a default generator on the database side.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`metadata_defaults_toplevel`
+
+        :param insert_default: An alias of :paramref:`.Column.default`
+            for compatibility with :func:`_orm.mapped_column`.
+
+            .. versionadded: 2.0.31
+
+        :param doc: optional String that can be used by the ORM or similar
+            to document attributes on the Python side.   This attribute does
+            **not** render SQL comments; use the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`
+            parameter for this purpose.
+
+        :param key: An optional string identifier which will identify this
+            ``Column`` object on the :class:`_schema.Table`.
+            When a key is provided,
+            this is the only identifier referencing the ``Column`` within the
+            application, including ORM attribute mapping; the ``name`` field
+            is used only when rendering SQL.
+
+        :param index: When ``True``, indicates that a :class:`_schema.Index`
+            construct will be automatically generated for this
+            :class:`_schema.Column`, which will result in a "CREATE INDEX"
+            statement being emitted for the :class:`_schema.Table` when the DDL
+            create operation is invoked.
+
+            Using this flag is equivalent to making use of the
+            :class:`_schema.Index` construct explicitly at the level of the
+            :class:`_schema.Table` construct itself::
+
+                Table(
+                    "some_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("x", Integer),
+                    Index("ix_some_table_x", "x"),
+                )
+
+            To add the :paramref:`_schema.Index.unique` flag to the
+            :class:`_schema.Index`, set both the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique` and
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` flags to True simultaneously,
+            which will have the effect of rendering the "CREATE UNIQUE INDEX"
+            DDL instruction instead of "CREATE INDEX".
+
+            The name of the index is generated using the
+            :ref:`default naming convention <constraint_default_naming_convention>`
+            which for the :class:`_schema.Index` construct is of the form
+            ``ix_<tablename>_<columnname>``.
+
+            As this flag is intended only as a convenience for the common case
+            of adding a single-column, default configured index to a table
+            definition, explicit use of the :class:`_schema.Index` construct
+            should be preferred for most use cases, including composite indexes
+            that encompass more than one column, indexes with SQL expressions
+            or ordering, backend-specific index configuration options, and
+            indexes that use a specific name.
+
+            .. note:: the :attr:`_schema.Column.index` attribute on
+               :class:`_schema.Column`
+               **does not indicate** if this column is indexed or not, only
+               if this flag was explicitly set here.  To view indexes on
+               a column, view the :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` collection
+               or use :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`schema_indexes`
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique`
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param nullable: When set to ``False``, will cause the "NOT NULL"
+            phrase to be added when generating DDL for the column.   When
+            ``True``, will normally generate nothing (in SQL this defaults to
+            "NULL"), except in some very specific backend-specific edge cases
+            where "NULL" may render explicitly.
+            Defaults to ``True`` unless :paramref:`_schema.Column.primary_key`
+            is also ``True`` or the column specifies a :class:`_sql.Identity`,
+            in which case it defaults to ``False``.
+            This parameter is only used when issuing CREATE TABLE statements.
+
+            .. note::
+
+                When the column specifies a :class:`_sql.Identity` this
+                parameter is in general ignored by the DDL compiler. The
+                PostgreSQL database allows nullable identity column by
+                setting this parameter to ``True`` explicitly.
+
+        :param onupdate: A scalar, Python callable, or
+            :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.ClauseElement` representing a
+            default value to be applied to the column within UPDATE
+            statements, which will be invoked upon update if this column is not
+            present in the SET clause of the update. This is a shortcut to
+            using :class:`.ColumnDefault` as a positional argument with
+            ``for_update=True``.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`metadata_defaults` - complete discussion of onupdate
+
+        :param primary_key: If ``True``, marks this column as a primary key
+            column. Multiple columns can have this flag set to specify
+            composite primary keys. As an alternative, the primary key of a
+            :class:`_schema.Table` can be specified via an explicit
+            :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object.
+
+        :param server_default: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance, str, Unicode
+            or :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` construct representing
+            the DDL DEFAULT value for the column.
+
+            String types will be emitted as-is, surrounded by single quotes::
+
+                Column("x", Text, server_default="val")
+
+            will render:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                x TEXT DEFAULT 'val'
+
+            A :func:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.text` expression will be
+            rendered as-is, without quotes::
+
+                Column("y", DateTime, server_default=text("NOW()"))
+
+            will render:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                y DATETIME DEFAULT NOW()
+
+            Strings and text() will be converted into a
+            :class:`.DefaultClause` object upon initialization.
+
+            This parameter can also accept complex combinations of contextually
+            valid SQLAlchemy expressions or constructs::
+
+                from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+                from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, MetaData, ARRAY, Text
+                from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import array
+
+                engine = create_engine(
+                    "postgresql+psycopg2://scott:tiger@localhost/mydatabase"
+                )
+                metadata_obj = MetaData()
+                tbl = Table(
+                    "foo",
+                    metadata_obj,
+                    Column(
+                        "bar", ARRAY(Text), server_default=array(["biz", "bang", "bash"])
+                    ),
+                )
+                metadata_obj.create_all(engine)
+
+            The above results in a table created with the following SQL:
+
+            .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+                CREATE TABLE foo (
+                    bar TEXT[] DEFAULT ARRAY['biz', 'bang', 'bash']
+                )
+
+            Use :class:`.FetchedValue` to indicate that an already-existing
+            column will generate a default value on the database side which
+            will be available to SQLAlchemy for post-fetch after inserts. This
+            construct does not specify any DDL and the implementation is left
+            to the database, such as via a trigger.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`server_defaults` - complete discussion of server side
+                defaults
+
+        :param server_onupdate: A :class:`.FetchedValue` instance
+            representing a database-side default generation function,
+            such as a trigger. This
+            indicates to SQLAlchemy that a newly generated value will be
+            available after updates. This construct does not actually
+            implement any kind of generation function within the database,
+            which instead must be specified separately.
+
+
+            .. warning:: This directive **does not** currently produce MySQL's
+               "ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()" clause.  See
+               :ref:`mysql_timestamp_onupdate` for background on how to
+               produce this clause.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`triggered_columns`
+
+        :param quote: Force quoting of this column's name on or off,
+             corresponding to ``True`` or ``False``. When left at its default
+             of ``None``, the column identifier will be quoted according to
+             whether the name is case sensitive (identifiers with at least one
+             upper case character are treated as case sensitive), or if it's a
+             reserved word. This flag is only needed to force quoting of a
+             reserved word which is not known by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
+
+        :param unique: When ``True``, and the :paramref:`_schema.Column.index`
+            parameter is left at its default value of ``False``,
+            indicates that a :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint`
+            construct will be automatically generated for this
+            :class:`_schema.Column`,
+            which will result in a "UNIQUE CONSTRAINT" clause referring
+            to this column being included
+            in the ``CREATE TABLE`` statement emitted, when the DDL create
+            operation for the :class:`_schema.Table` object is invoked.
+
+            When this flag is ``True`` while the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` parameter is simultaneously
+            set to ``True``, the effect instead is that a
+            :class:`_schema.Index` construct which includes the
+            :paramref:`_schema.Index.unique` parameter set to ``True``
+            is generated.  See the documentation for
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` for additional detail.
+
+            Using this flag is equivalent to making use of the
+            :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint` construct explicitly at the
+            level of the :class:`_schema.Table` construct itself::
+
+                Table("some_table", metadata, Column("x", Integer), UniqueConstraint("x"))
+
+            The :paramref:`_schema.UniqueConstraint.name` parameter
+            of the unique constraint object is left at its default value
+            of ``None``; in the absence of a :ref:`naming convention <constraint_naming_conventions>`
+            for the enclosing :class:`_schema.MetaData`, the UNIQUE CONSTRAINT
+            construct will be emitted as unnamed, which typically invokes
+            a database-specific naming convention to take place.
+
+            As this flag is intended only as a convenience for the common case
+            of adding a single-column, default configured unique constraint to a table
+            definition, explicit use of the :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint` construct
+            should be preferred for most use cases, including composite constraints
+            that encompass more than one column, backend-specific index configuration options, and
+            constraints that use a specific name.
+
+            .. note:: the :attr:`_schema.Column.unique` attribute on
+                :class:`_schema.Column`
+                **does not indicate** if this column has a unique constraint or
+                not, only if this flag was explicitly set here.  To view
+                indexes and unique constraints that may involve this column,
+                view the
+                :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` and/or
+                :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints` collections or use
+                :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes` and/or
+                :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`schema_unique_constraint`
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions`
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Column.index`
+
+        :param system: When ``True``, indicates this is a "system" column,
+             that is a column which is automatically made available by the
+             database, and should not be included in the columns list for a
+             ``CREATE TABLE`` statement.
+
+             For more elaborate scenarios where columns should be
+             conditionally rendered differently on different backends,
+             consider custom compilation rules for :class:`.CreateColumn`.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+             table creation.
+
+             .. versionadded:: 1.2 Added the
+                :paramref:`_schema.Column.comment`
+                parameter to :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        :param insert_sentinel: Marks this :class:`_schema.Column` as an
+         :term:`insert sentinel` used for optimizing the performance of the
+         :term:`insertmanyvalues` feature for tables that don't
+         otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel` - all in one helper for declaring
+            sentinel columns
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+            :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501, RST201, RST202
+
+        l_args = [__name_pos, __type_pos] + list(args)
+        del args
+
+        if l_args:
+            if isinstance(l_args[0], str):
+                if name is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass name positionally and as a keyword."
+                    )
+                name = l_args.pop(0)  # type: ignore
+            elif l_args[0] is None:
+                l_args.pop(0)
+        if l_args:
+            coltype = l_args[0]
+
+            if hasattr(coltype, "_sqla_type"):
+                if type_ is not None:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        "May not pass type_ positionally and as a keyword."
+                    )
+                type_ = l_args.pop(0)  # type: ignore
+            elif l_args[0] is None:
+                l_args.pop(0)
+
+        if name is not None:
+            name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        elif quote is not None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Explicit 'name' is required when sending 'quote' argument"
+            )
+
+        # name = None is expected to be an interim state
+        # note this use case is legacy now that ORM declarative has a
+        # dedicated "column" construct local to the ORM
+        super().__init__(name, type_)  # type: ignore
+
+        self.key = key if key is not None else name  # type: ignore
+        self.primary_key = primary_key
+        self._insert_sentinel = insert_sentinel
+        self._omit_from_statements = _omit_from_statements
+        self._user_defined_nullable = udn = nullable
+        if udn is not NULL_UNSPECIFIED:
+            self.nullable = udn
+        else:
+            self.nullable = not primary_key
+
+        # these default to None because .index and .unique is *not*
+        # an informational flag about Column - there can still be an
+        # Index or UniqueConstraint referring to this Column.
+        self.index = index
+        self.unique = unique
+
+        self.system = system
+        self.doc = doc
+        self.autoincrement: _AutoIncrementType = autoincrement
+        self.constraints = set()
+        self.foreign_keys = set()
+        self.comment = comment
+        self.computed = None
+        self.identity = None
+
+        # check if this Column is proxying another column
+
+        if _proxies is not None:
+            self._proxies = _proxies
+        else:
+            # otherwise, add DDL-related events
+            self._set_type(self.type)
+
+        if insert_default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            resolved_default = insert_default
+        elif default is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            resolved_default = default
+        else:
+            resolved_default = None
+
+        if resolved_default is not None:
+            if not isinstance(resolved_default, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                resolved_default = ColumnDefault(resolved_default)
+
+            self.default = resolved_default
+            l_args.append(resolved_default)
+        else:
+            self.default = None
+
+        if onupdate is not None:
+            if not isinstance(onupdate, (ColumnDefault, Sequence)):
+                onupdate = ColumnDefault(onupdate, for_update=True)
+
+            self.onupdate = onupdate
+            l_args.append(onupdate)
+        else:
+            self.onupdate = None
+
+        if server_default is not None:
+            if isinstance(server_default, FetchedValue):
+                server_default = server_default._as_for_update(False)
+                l_args.append(server_default)
+            else:
+                server_default = DefaultClause(server_default)
+                l_args.append(server_default)
+        self.server_default = server_default
+
+        if server_onupdate is not None:
+            if isinstance(server_onupdate, FetchedValue):
+                server_onupdate = server_onupdate._as_for_update(True)
+                l_args.append(server_onupdate)
+            else:
+                server_onupdate = DefaultClause(
+                    server_onupdate, for_update=True
+                )
+                l_args.append(server_onupdate)
+        self.server_onupdate = server_onupdate
+
+        self._init_items(*cast(_typing_Sequence[SchemaItem], l_args))
+
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        self._extra_kwargs(**dialect_kwargs)
+
+    table: Table
+
+    constraints: Set[Constraint]
+
+    foreign_keys: Set[ForeignKey]
+    """A collection of all :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` marker objects
+       associated with this :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+       Each object is a member of a :class:`_schema.Table`-wide
+       :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_keys`
+
+    """
+
+    index: Optional[bool]
+    """The value of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.index` parameter.
+
+       Does not indicate if this :class:`_schema.Column` is actually indexed
+       or not; use :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+    """
+
+    unique: Optional[bool]
+    """The value of the :paramref:`_schema.Column.unique` parameter.
+
+       Does not indicate if this :class:`_schema.Column` is actually subject to
+       a unique constraint or not; use :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes` and
+       :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`.
+
+       .. seealso::
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.indexes`
+
+           :attr:`_schema.Table.constraints`.
+
+    """
+
+    computed: Optional[Computed]
+
+    identity: Optional[Identity]
+
+    def _set_type(self, type_: TypeEngine[Any]) -> None:
+        assert self.type._isnull or type_ is self.type
+
+        self.type = type_
+        if isinstance(self.type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.type._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+        for impl in self.type._variant_mapping.values():
+            if isinstance(impl, SchemaEventTarget):
+                impl._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _default_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.default)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _onupdate_description_tuple(self) -> _DefaultDescriptionTuple:
+        """used by default.py -> _process_execute_defaults()"""
+        return _DefaultDescriptionTuple._from_column_default(self.onupdate)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _gen_static_annotations_cache_key(self) -> bool:  # type: ignore
+        """special attribute used by cache key gen, if true, we will
+        use a static cache key for the annotations dictionary, else we
+        will generate a new cache key for annotations each time.
+
+        Added for #8790
+
+        """
+        return self.table is not None and self.table._is_table
+
+    def _extra_kwargs(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kwargs)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.name is None:
+            return "(no name)"
+        elif self.table is not None:
+            if self.table.named_with_column:
+                return self.table.description + "." + self.description
+            else:
+                return self.description
+        else:
+            return self.description
+
+    def references(self, column: Column[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this Column references the given column via foreign
+        key."""
+
+        for fk in self.foreign_keys:
+            if fk.column.proxy_set.intersection(column.proxy_set):
+                return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def append_foreign_key(self, fk: ForeignKey) -> None:
+        fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        kwarg = []
+        if self.key != self.name:
+            kwarg.append("key")
+        if self.primary_key:
+            kwarg.append("primary_key")
+        if not self.nullable:
+            kwarg.append("nullable")
+        if self.onupdate:
+            kwarg.append("onupdate")
+        if self.default:
+            kwarg.append("default")
+        if self.server_default:
+            kwarg.append("server_default")
+        if self.comment:
+            kwarg.append("comment")
+        return "Column(%s)" % ", ".join(
+            [repr(self.name)]
+            + [repr(self.type)]
+            + [repr(x) for x in self.foreign_keys if x is not None]
+            + [repr(x) for x in self.constraints]
+            + [
+                (
+                    self.table is not None
+                    and "table=<%s>" % self.table.description
+                    or "table=None"
+                )
+            ]
+            + ["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in kwarg]
+        )
+
+    def _set_parent(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        parent: SchemaEventTarget,
+        *,
+        all_names: Dict[str, Column[Any]],
+        allow_replacements: bool,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        if not self.name:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Column must be constructed with a non-blank name or "
+                "assign a non-blank .name before adding to a Table."
+            )
+
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+        if self.key is None:
+            self.key = self.name
+
+        existing = getattr(self, "table", None)
+        if existing is not None and existing is not table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Column object '{self.key}' already "
+                f"assigned to Table '{existing.description}'"
+            )
+
+        extra_remove = None
+        existing_col = None
+        conflicts_on = ""
+
+        if self.key in table._columns:
+            existing_col = table._columns[self.key]
+            if self.key == self.name:
+                conflicts_on = "name"
+            else:
+                conflicts_on = "key"
+        elif self.name in all_names:
+            existing_col = all_names[self.name]
+            extra_remove = {existing_col}
+            conflicts_on = "name"
+
+        if existing_col is not None:
+            if existing_col is not self:
+                if not allow_replacements:
+                    raise exc.DuplicateColumnError(
+                        f"A column with {conflicts_on} "
+                        f"""'{
+                            self.key if conflicts_on == 'key' else self.name
+                        }' """
+                        f"is already present in table '{table.name}'."
+                    )
+                for fk in existing_col.foreign_keys:
+                    table.foreign_keys.remove(fk)
+                    if fk.constraint in table.constraints:
+                        # this might have been removed
+                        # already, if it's a composite constraint
+                        # and more than one col being replaced
+                        table.constraints.remove(fk.constraint)
+
+        if extra_remove and existing_col is not None and self.key == self.name:
+            util.warn(
+                f'Column with user-specified key "{existing_col.key}" is '
+                "being replaced with "
+                f'plain named column "{self.name}", '
+                f'key "{existing_col.key}" is being removed.  If this is a '
+                "reflection operation, specify autoload_replace=False to "
+                "prevent this replacement."
+            )
+        table._columns.replace(self, extra_remove=extra_remove)
+        all_names[self.name] = self
+        self.table = table
+
+        if self._insert_sentinel:
+            if self.table._sentinel_column is not None:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "a Table may have only one explicit sentinel column"
+                )
+            self.table._sentinel_column = self
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            table.primary_key._replace(self)
+        elif self.key in table.primary_key:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Trying to redefine primary-key column '{self.key}' as a "
+                f"non-primary-key column on table '{table.fullname}'"
+            )
+
+        if self.index:
+            if isinstance(self.index, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'index' keyword argument on Column is boolean only. "
+                    "To create indexes with a specific name, create an "
+                    "explicit Index object external to the Table."
+                )
+            table.append_constraint(
+                Index(
+                    None, self.key, unique=bool(self.unique), _column_flag=True
+                )
+            )
+
+        elif self.unique:
+            if isinstance(self.unique, str):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "The 'unique' keyword argument on Column is boolean "
+                    "only. To create unique constraints or indexes with a "
+                    "specific name, append an explicit UniqueConstraint to "
+                    "the Table's list of elements, or create an explicit "
+                    "Index object external to the Table."
+                )
+            table.append_constraint(
+                UniqueConstraint(self.key, _column_flag=True)
+            )
+
+        self._setup_on_memoized_fks(lambda fk: fk._set_remote_table(table))
+
+        if self.identity and (
+            isinstance(self.default, Sequence)
+            or isinstance(self.onupdate, Sequence)
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "An column cannot specify both Identity and Sequence."
+            )
+
+    def _setup_on_memoized_fks(self, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+        fk_keys = [
+            ((self.table.key, self.key), False),
+            ((self.table.key, self.name), True),
+        ]
+        for fk_key, link_to_name in fk_keys:
+            if fk_key in self.table.metadata._fk_memos:
+                for fk in self.table.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+                    if fk.link_to_name is link_to_name:
+                        fn(fk)
+
+    def _on_table_attach(self, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
+        if self.table is not None:
+            fn(self, self.table)
+        else:
+            event.listen(self, "after_parent_attach", fn)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Column.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Column[Any]:
+        return self._copy(**kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Column[Any]:
+        """Create a copy of this ``Column``, uninitialized.
+
+        This is used in :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` and by the ORM.
+
+        """
+
+        # Constraint objects plus non-constraint-bound ForeignKey objects
+        args: List[SchemaItem] = [
+            c._copy(**kw) for c in self.constraints if not c._type_bound
+        ] + [c._copy(**kw) for c in self.foreign_keys if not c.constraint]
+
+        # ticket #5276
+        column_kwargs = {}
+        for dialect_name in self.dialect_options:
+            dialect_options = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]._non_defaults
+            for (
+                dialect_option_key,
+                dialect_option_value,
+            ) in dialect_options.items():
+                column_kwargs[dialect_name + "_" + dialect_option_key] = (
+                    dialect_option_value
+                )
+
+        server_default = self.server_default
+        server_onupdate = self.server_onupdate
+        if isinstance(server_default, (Computed, Identity)):
+            # TODO: likely should be copied in all cases
+            # TODO: if a Sequence, we would need to transfer the Sequence
+            # .metadata as well
+            args.append(server_default._copy(**kw))
+            server_default = server_onupdate = None
+
+        type_ = self.type
+        if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+            type_ = type_.copy(**kw)
+
+        # TODO: DefaultGenerator is not copied here!  it's just used again
+        # with _set_parent() pointing to the old column.  see the new
+        # use of _copy() in the new _merge() method
+
+        c = self._constructor(
+            name=self.name,
+            type_=type_,
+            key=self.key,
+            primary_key=self.primary_key,
+            unique=self.unique,
+            system=self.system,
+            # quote=self.quote,  # disabled 2013-08-27 (commit 031ef080)
+            index=self.index,
+            autoincrement=self.autoincrement,
+            default=self.default,
+            server_default=server_default,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            server_onupdate=server_onupdate,
+            doc=self.doc,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            _omit_from_statements=self._omit_from_statements,
+            insert_sentinel=self._insert_sentinel,
+            *args,
+            **column_kwargs,
+        )
+
+        # copy the state of "nullable" exactly, to accommodate for
+        # ORM flipping the .nullable flag directly
+        c.nullable = self.nullable
+        c._user_defined_nullable = self._user_defined_nullable
+
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def _merge(self, other: Column[Any]) -> None:
+        """merge the elements of another column into this one.
+
+        this is used by ORM pep-593 merge and will likely need a lot
+        of fixes.
+
+
+        """
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            other.primary_key = True
+
+        if self.autoincrement != "auto" and other.autoincrement == "auto":
+            other.autoincrement = self.autoincrement
+
+        if self.system:
+            other.system = self.system
+
+        if self.info:
+            other.info.update(self.info)
+
+        type_ = self.type
+        if not type_._isnull and other.type._isnull:
+            if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+                type_ = type_.copy()
+
+            other.type = type_
+
+            if isinstance(type_, SchemaEventTarget):
+                type_._set_parent_with_dispatch(other)
+
+            for impl in type_._variant_mapping.values():
+                if isinstance(impl, SchemaEventTarget):
+                    impl._set_parent_with_dispatch(other)
+
+        if (
+            self._user_defined_nullable is not NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+            and other._user_defined_nullable is NULL_UNSPECIFIED
+        ):
+            other.nullable = self.nullable
+            other._user_defined_nullable = self._user_defined_nullable
+
+        if self.default is not None and other.default is None:
+            new_default = self.default._copy()
+            new_default._set_parent(other)
+
+        if self.server_default and other.server_default is None:
+            new_server_default = self.server_default
+            if isinstance(new_server_default, FetchedValue):
+                new_server_default = new_server_default._copy()
+                new_server_default._set_parent(other)
+            else:
+                other.server_default = new_server_default
+
+        if self.server_onupdate and other.server_onupdate is None:
+            new_server_onupdate = self.server_onupdate
+            new_server_onupdate = new_server_onupdate._copy()
+            new_server_onupdate._set_parent(other)
+
+        if self.onupdate and other.onupdate is None:
+            new_onupdate = self.onupdate._copy()
+            new_onupdate._set_parent(other)
+
+        if self.index in (True, False) and other.index is None:
+            other.index = self.index
+
+        if self.unique in (True, False) and other.unique is None:
+            other.unique = self.unique
+
+        if self.doc and other.doc is None:
+            other.doc = self.doc
+
+        if self.comment and other.comment is None:
+            other.comment = self.comment
+
+        for const in self.constraints:
+            if not const._type_bound:
+                new_const = const._copy()
+                new_const._set_parent(other)
+
+        for fk in self.foreign_keys:
+            if not fk.constraint:
+                new_fk = fk._copy()
+                new_fk._set_parent(other)
+
+    def _make_proxy(
+        self,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        key: Optional[str] = None,
+        name_is_truncatable: bool = False,
+        compound_select_cols: Optional[
+            _typing_Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Tuple[str, ColumnClause[_T]]:
+        """Create a *proxy* for this column.
+
+        This is a copy of this ``Column`` referenced by a different parent
+        (such as an alias or select statement).  The column should
+        be used only in select scenarios, as its full DDL/default
+        information is not transferred.
+
+        """
+
+        fk = [
+            ForeignKey(
+                col if col is not None else f._colspec,
+                _unresolvable=col is None,
+                _constraint=f.constraint,
+            )
+            for f, col in [
+                (fk, fk._resolve_column(raiseerr=False))
+                for fk in self.foreign_keys
+            ]
+        ]
+
+        if name is None and self.name is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Cannot initialize a sub-selectable"
+                " with this Column object until its 'name' has "
+                "been assigned."
+            )
+        try:
+            c = self._constructor(
+                (
+                    coercions.expect(
+                        roles.TruncatedLabelRole, name if name else self.name
+                    )
+                    if name_is_truncatable
+                    else (name or self.name)
+                ),
+                self.type,
+                # this may actually be ._proxy_key when the key is incoming
+                key=key if key else name if name else self.key,
+                primary_key=self.primary_key,
+                nullable=self.nullable,
+                _proxies=(
+                    list(compound_select_cols)
+                    if compound_select_cols
+                    else [self]
+                ),
+                *fk,
+            )
+        except TypeError as err:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Could not create a copy of this %r object.  "
+                "Ensure the class includes a _constructor() "
+                "attribute or method which accepts the "
+                "standard Column constructor arguments, or "
+                "references the Column class itself." % self.__class__
+            ) from err
+
+        c.table = selectable
+        c._propagate_attrs = selectable._propagate_attrs
+        if selectable._is_clone_of is not None:
+            c._is_clone_of = selectable._is_clone_of.columns.get(c.key)
+
+        if self.primary_key:
+            primary_key.add(c)
+
+        if fk:
+            foreign_keys.update(fk)  # type: ignore
+
+        return c.key, c
+
+
+def insert_sentinel(
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[_T]] = None,
+    *,
+    default: Optional[Any] = None,
+    omit_from_statements: bool = True,
+) -> Column[Any]:
+    """Provides a surrogate :class:`_schema.Column` that will act as a
+    dedicated insert :term:`sentinel` column, allowing efficient bulk
+    inserts with deterministic RETURNING sorting for tables that
+    don't otherwise have qualifying primary key configurations.
+
+    Adding this column to a :class:`.Table` object requires that a
+    corresponding database table actually has this column present, so if adding
+    it to an existing model, existing database tables would need to be migrated
+    (e.g. using ALTER TABLE or similar) to include this column.
+
+    For background on how this object is used, see the section
+    :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns` as part of the
+    section :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`.
+
+    The :class:`_schema.Column` returned will be a nullable integer column by
+    default and make use of a sentinel-specific default generator used only in
+    "insertmanyvalues" operations.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_orm.orm_insert_sentinel`
+
+        :paramref:`_schema.Column.insert_sentinel`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues`
+
+        :ref:`engine_insertmanyvalues_sentinel_columns`
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.10
+
+    """
+    return Column(
+        name=name,
+        type_=type_api.INTEGERTYPE if type_ is None else type_,
+        default=(
+            default if default is not None else _InsertSentinelColumnDefault()
+        ),
+        _omit_from_statements=omit_from_statements,
+        insert_sentinel=True,
+    )
+
+
+class ForeignKey(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines a dependency between two columns.
+
+    ``ForeignKey`` is specified as an argument to a :class:`_schema.Column`
+    object,
+    e.g.::
+
+        t = Table(
+            "remote_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("remote_id", ForeignKey("main_table.id")),
+        )
+
+    Note that ``ForeignKey`` is only a marker object that defines
+    a dependency between two columns.   The actual constraint
+    is in all cases represented by the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    object.   This object will be generated automatically when
+    a ``ForeignKey`` is associated with a :class:`_schema.Column` which
+    in turn is associated with a :class:`_schema.Table`.   Conversely,
+    when :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` is applied to a
+    :class:`_schema.Table`,
+    ``ForeignKey`` markers are automatically generated to be
+    present on each associated :class:`_schema.Column`, which are also
+    associated with the constraint object.
+
+    Note that you cannot define a "composite" foreign key constraint,
+    that is a constraint between a grouping of multiple parent/child
+    columns, using ``ForeignKey`` objects.   To define this grouping,
+    the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` object must be used, and applied
+    to the :class:`_schema.Table`.   The associated ``ForeignKey`` objects
+    are created automatically.
+
+    The ``ForeignKey`` objects associated with an individual
+    :class:`_schema.Column`
+    object are available in the `foreign_keys` collection
+    of that column.
+
+    Further examples of foreign key configuration are in
+    :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "foreign_key"
+
+    parent: Column[Any]
+
+    _table_column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        column: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        _constraint: Optional[ForeignKeyConstraint] = None,
+        use_alter: bool = False,
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        onupdate: Optional[str] = None,
+        ondelete: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        link_to_name: bool = False,
+        match: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        _unresolvable: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a column-level FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        The :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object when constructed generates a
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+        which is associated with the parent
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object's collection of constraints.
+
+        :param column: A single target column for the key relationship. A
+            :class:`_schema.Column` object or a column name as a string:
+            ``tablename.columnkey`` or ``schema.tablename.columnkey``.
+            ``columnkey`` is the ``key`` which has been assigned to the column
+            (defaults to the column name itself), unless ``link_to_name`` is
+            ``True`` in which case the rendered name of the column is used.
+
+        :param name: Optional string. An in-database name for the key if
+            `constraint` is not provided.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`on_update_on_delete`
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            SET NULL and RESTRICT.  Some dialects may allow for additional
+            syntaxes.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`on_update_on_delete`
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+            DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+            the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally
+            assigned ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: passed to the underlying
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+            to indicate the constraint should
+            be generated/dropped externally from the CREATE TABLE/ DROP TABLE
+            statement.  See :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
+            for further description.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter`
+
+                :ref:`use_alter`
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH <value> when issuing
+            DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+            and FULL.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+          foreign key constraint creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  The
+            arguments are ultimately handled by a corresponding
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+            See the documentation regarding
+            an individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        self._colspec = coercions.expect(roles.DDLReferredColumnRole, column)
+        self._unresolvable = _unresolvable
+
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, str):
+            self._table_column = None
+        else:
+            self._table_column = self._colspec
+
+            if not isinstance(
+                self._table_column.table, (type(None), TableClause)
+            ):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKey received Column not bound "
+                    "to a Table, got: %r" % self._table_column.table
+                )
+
+        # the linked ForeignKeyConstraint.
+        # ForeignKey will create this when parent Column
+        # is attached to a Table, *or* ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # object passes itself in when creating ForeignKey
+        # markers.
+        self.constraint = _constraint
+
+        # .parent is not Optional under normal use
+        self.parent = None  # type: ignore
+
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.name = name
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        self.match = match
+        self.comment = comment
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._unvalidated_dialect_kw = dialect_kw
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "ForeignKey(%r)" % self._get_colspec()
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.ForeignKey.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, *, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any) -> ForeignKey:
+        return self._copy(schema=schema, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, *, schema: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any) -> ForeignKey:
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object.
+
+        The new :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` will not be bound
+        to any :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        This method is usually used by the internal
+        copy procedures of :class:`_schema.Column`, :class:`_schema.Table`,
+        and :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+        :param schema: The returned :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` will
+          reference the original table and column name, qualified
+          by the given string schema name.
+
+        """
+        fk = ForeignKey(
+            self._get_colspec(schema=schema),
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw,
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fk)
+
+    def _get_colspec(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[
+            Union[
+                str,
+                Literal[SchemaConst.RETAIN_SCHEMA, SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA],
+            ]
+        ] = None,
+        table_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        _is_copy: bool = False,
+    ) -> str:
+        """Return a string based 'column specification' for this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`.
+
+        This is usually the equivalent of the string-based "tablename.colname"
+        argument first passed to the object's constructor.
+
+        """
+        if schema not in (None, RETAIN_SCHEMA):
+            _schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            if table_name is not None:
+                tname = table_name
+            if schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+                return "%s.%s" % (tname, colname)
+            else:
+                return "%s.%s.%s" % (schema, tname, colname)
+        elif table_name:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            if schema:
+                return "%s.%s.%s" % (schema, table_name, colname)
+            else:
+                return "%s.%s" % (table_name, colname)
+        elif self._table_column is not None:
+            if self._table_column.table is None:
+                if _is_copy:
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Can't copy ForeignKey object which refers to "
+                        f"non-table bound Column {self._table_column!r}"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return self._table_column.key
+            return "%s.%s" % (
+                self._table_column.table.fullname,
+                self._table_column.key,
+            )
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(self._colspec, str)
+            return self._colspec
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        return self._column_tokens[0]
+
+    def _table_key(self) -> Any:
+        if self._table_column is not None:
+            if self._table_column.table is None:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return self._table_column.table.key
+        else:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            return _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+
+    target_fullname = property(_get_colspec)
+
+    def references(self, table: Table) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given :class:`_schema.Table`
+        is referenced by this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`."""
+
+        return table.corresponding_column(self.column) is not None
+
+    def get_referent(self, table: FromClause) -> Optional[Column[Any]]:
+        """Return the :class:`_schema.Column` in the given
+        :class:`_schema.Table` (or any :class:`.FromClause`)
+        referenced by this :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`.
+
+        Returns None if this :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+        does not reference the given
+        :class:`_schema.Table`.
+
+        """
+        # our column is a Column, and any subquery etc. proxying us
+        # would be doing so via another Column, so that's what would
+        # be returned here
+        return table.columns.corresponding_column(self.column)  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _column_tokens(self) -> Tuple[Optional[str], str, Optional[str]]:
+        """parse a string-based _colspec into its component parts."""
+
+        m = self._get_colspec().split(".")
+        if m is None:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Invalid foreign key column specification: {self._colspec}"
+            )
+        if len(m) == 1:
+            tname = m.pop()
+            colname = None
+        else:
+            colname = m.pop()
+            tname = m.pop()
+
+        # A FK between column 'bar' and table 'foo' can be
+        # specified as 'foo', 'foo.bar', 'dbo.foo.bar',
+        # 'otherdb.dbo.foo.bar'. Once we have the column name and
+        # the table name, treat everything else as the schema
+        # name. Some databases (e.g. Sybase) support
+        # inter-database foreign keys. See tickets#1341 and --
+        # indirectly related -- Ticket #594. This assumes that '.'
+        # will never appear *within* any component of the FK.
+
+        if len(m) > 0:
+            schema = ".".join(m)
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        return schema, tname, colname
+
+    def _resolve_col_tokens(self) -> Tuple[Table, str, Optional[str]]:
+        if self.parent is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey object does not yet have a "
+                "parent Column associated with it."
+            )
+
+        elif self.parent.table is None:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "this ForeignKey's parent column is not yet associated "
+                "with a Table."
+            )
+
+        parenttable = self.parent.table
+
+        if self._unresolvable:
+            schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+            tablekey = _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+            return parenttable, tablekey, colname
+
+        # assertion
+        # basically Column._make_proxy() sends the actual
+        # target Column to the ForeignKey object, so the
+        # string resolution here is never called.
+        for c in self.parent.base_columns:
+            if isinstance(c, Column):
+                assert c.table is parenttable
+                break
+        else:
+            assert False
+        ######################
+
+        schema, tname, colname = self._column_tokens
+
+        if schema is None and parenttable.metadata.schema is not None:
+            schema = parenttable.metadata.schema
+
+        tablekey = _get_table_key(tname, schema)
+        return parenttable, tablekey, colname
+
+    def _link_to_col_by_colstring(
+        self, parenttable: Table, table: Table, colname: Optional[str]
+    ) -> Column[Any]:
+        _column = None
+        if colname is None:
+            # colname is None in the case that ForeignKey argument
+            # was specified as table name only, in which case we
+            # match the column name to the same column on the
+            # parent.
+            # this use case wasn't working in later 1.x series
+            # as it had no test coverage; fixed in 2.0
+            parent = self.parent
+            assert parent is not None
+            key = parent.key
+            _column = table.c.get(key, None)
+        elif self.link_to_name:
+            key = colname
+            for c in table.c:
+                if c.name == colname:
+                    _column = c
+        else:
+            key = colname
+            _column = table.c.get(colname, None)
+
+        if _column is None:
+            raise exc.NoReferencedColumnError(
+                "Could not initialize target column "
+                f"for ForeignKey '{self._colspec}' "
+                f"on table '{parenttable.name}': "
+                f"table '{table.name}' has no column named '{key}'",
+                table.name,
+                key,
+            )
+
+        return _column
+
+    def _set_target_column(self, column: Column[Any]) -> None:
+        assert self.parent is not None
+
+        # propagate TypeEngine to parent if it didn't have one
+        if self.parent.type._isnull:
+            self.parent.type = column.type
+
+        # super-edgy case, if other FKs point to our column,
+        # they'd get the type propagated out also.
+
+        def set_type(fk: ForeignKey) -> None:
+            if fk.parent.type._isnull:
+                fk.parent.type = column.type
+
+        self.parent._setup_on_memoized_fks(set_type)
+
+        self.column = column  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def column(self) -> Column[Any]:
+        """Return the target :class:`_schema.Column` referenced by this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`.
+
+        If no target column has been established, an exception
+        is raised.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._resolve_column()
+
+    @overload
+    def _resolve_column(
+        self, *, raiseerr: Literal[True] = ...
+    ) -> Column[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _resolve_column(
+        self, *, raiseerr: bool = ...
+    ) -> Optional[Column[Any]]: ...
+
+    def _resolve_column(
+        self, *, raiseerr: bool = True
+    ) -> Optional[Column[Any]]:
+        _column: Column[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, str):
+            parenttable, tablekey, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+
+            if self._unresolvable or tablekey not in parenttable.metadata:
+                if not raiseerr:
+                    return None
+                raise exc.NoReferencedTableError(
+                    f"Foreign key associated with column "
+                    f"'{self.parent}' could not find "
+                    f"table '{tablekey}' with which to generate a "
+                    f"foreign key to target column '{colname}'",
+                    tablekey,
+                )
+            elif parenttable.key not in parenttable.metadata:
+                if not raiseerr:
+                    return None
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    f"Table {parenttable} is no longer associated with its "
+                    "parent MetaData"
+                )
+            else:
+                table = parenttable.metadata.tables[tablekey]
+                return self._link_to_col_by_colstring(
+                    parenttable, table, colname
+                )
+
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, "__clause_element__"):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            return _column
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            return _column
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+
+        if self.parent is not None and self.parent is not parent:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "This ForeignKey already has a parent !"
+            )
+        self.parent = parent
+        self.parent.foreign_keys.add(self)
+        self.parent._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _set_remote_table(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        parenttable, _, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        _column = self._link_to_col_by_colstring(parenttable, table, colname)
+        self._set_target_column(_column)
+        assert self.constraint is not None
+        self.constraint._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+    def _remove_from_metadata(self, metadata: MetaData) -> None:
+        parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+        fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+
+        if self in metadata._fk_memos[fk_key]:
+            # TODO: no test coverage for self not in memos
+            metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].remove(self)
+
+    def _set_table(self, column: Column[Any], table: Table) -> None:
+        # standalone ForeignKey - create ForeignKeyConstraint
+        # on the hosting Table when attached to the Table.
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        if self.constraint is None:
+            self.constraint = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                [],
+                [],
+                use_alter=self.use_alter,
+                name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate,
+                ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                initially=self.initially,
+                match=self.match,
+                comment=self.comment,
+                **self._unvalidated_dialect_kw,
+            )
+            self.constraint._append_element(column, self)
+            self.constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+        table.foreign_keys.add(self)
+        # set up remote ".column" attribute, or a note to pick it
+        # up when the other Table/Column shows up
+        if isinstance(self._colspec, str):
+            parenttable, table_key, colname = self._resolve_col_tokens()
+            fk_key = (table_key, colname)
+            if table_key in parenttable.metadata.tables:
+                table = parenttable.metadata.tables[table_key]
+                try:
+                    _column = self._link_to_col_by_colstring(
+                        parenttable, table, colname
+                    )
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # this is OK, we'll try later
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+            parenttable.metadata._fk_memos[fk_key].append(self)
+        elif hasattr(self._colspec, "__clause_element__"):
+            _column = self._colspec.__clause_element__()
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+        else:
+            _column = self._colspec
+            self._set_target_column(_column)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def default_is_sequence(
+        obj: Optional[DefaultGenerator],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[Sequence]: ...
+
+    def default_is_clause_element(
+        obj: Optional[DefaultGenerator],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[ColumnElementColumnDefault]: ...
+
+    def default_is_scalar(
+        obj: Optional[DefaultGenerator],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[ScalarElementColumnDefault]: ...
+
+else:
+    default_is_sequence = operator.attrgetter("is_sequence")
+
+    default_is_clause_element = operator.attrgetter("is_clause_element")
+
+    default_is_scalar = operator.attrgetter("is_scalar")
+
+
+class DefaultGenerator(Executable, SchemaItem):
+    """Base class for column *default* values.
+
+    This object is only present on column.default or column.onupdate.
+    It's not valid as a server default.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "default_generator"
+
+    _is_default_generator = True
+    is_sequence = False
+    is_identity = False
+    is_server_default = False
+    is_clause_element = False
+    is_callable = False
+    is_scalar = False
+    has_arg = False
+    is_sentinel = False
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+        self.column = parent
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.default = self
+
+    def _copy(self) -> DefaultGenerator:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _execute_on_connection(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        util.warn_deprecated(
+            "Using the .execute() method to invoke a "
+            "DefaultGenerator object is deprecated; please use "
+            "the .scalar() method.",
+            "2.0",
+        )
+        return self._execute_on_scalar(
+            connection, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+    def _execute_on_scalar(
+        self,
+        connection: Connection,
+        distilled_params: _CoreMultiExecuteParams,
+        execution_options: CoreExecuteOptionsParameter,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return connection._execute_default(
+            self, distilled_params, execution_options
+        )
+
+
+class ColumnDefault(DefaultGenerator, ABC):
+    """A plain default value on a column.
+
+    This could correspond to a constant, a callable function,
+    or a SQL clause.
+
+    :class:`.ColumnDefault` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``default``, ``onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`_schema.Column` are used.  A :class:`.ColumnDefault`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column("foo", Integer, default=50)
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column("foo", Integer, ColumnDefault(50))
+
+    """
+
+    arg: Any
+
+    @overload
+    def __new__(
+        cls, arg: Callable[..., Any], for_update: bool = ...
+    ) -> CallableColumnDefault: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __new__(
+        cls, arg: ColumnElement[Any], for_update: bool = ...
+    ) -> ColumnElementColumnDefault: ...
+
+    # if I return ScalarElementColumnDefault here, which is what's actually
+    # returned, mypy complains that
+    # overloads overlap w/ incompatible return types.
+    @overload
+    def __new__(cls, arg: object, for_update: bool = ...) -> ColumnDefault: ...
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, arg: Any = None, for_update: bool = False
+    ) -> ColumnDefault:
+        """Construct a new :class:`.ColumnDefault`.
+
+
+        :param arg: argument representing the default value.
+         May be one of the following:
+
+         * a plain non-callable Python value, such as a
+           string, integer, boolean, or other simple type.
+           The default value will be used as is each time.
+         * a SQL expression, that is one which derives from
+           :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`.  The SQL expression will
+           be rendered into the INSERT or UPDATE statement,
+           or in the case of a primary key column when
+           RETURNING is not used may be
+           pre-executed before an INSERT within a SELECT.
+         * A Python callable.  The function will be invoked for each
+           new row subject to an INSERT or UPDATE.
+           The callable must accept exactly
+           zero or one positional arguments.  The one-argument form
+           will receive an instance of the :class:`.ExecutionContext`,
+           which provides contextual information as to the current
+           :class:`_engine.Connection` in use as well as the current
+           statement and parameters.
+
+        """
+
+        if isinstance(arg, FetchedValue):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault may not be a server-side default type."
+            )
+        elif callable(arg):
+            cls = CallableColumnDefault
+        elif isinstance(arg, ClauseElement):
+            cls = ColumnElementColumnDefault
+        elif arg is not None:
+            cls = ScalarElementColumnDefault
+
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.arg!r})"
+
+
+class ScalarElementColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """default generator for a fixed scalar Python value
+
+    .. versionadded: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_scalar = True
+    has_arg = True
+
+    def __init__(self, arg: Any, for_update: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+        self.arg = arg
+
+    def _copy(self) -> ScalarElementColumnDefault:
+        return ScalarElementColumnDefault(
+            arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update
+        )
+
+
+class _InsertSentinelColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """Default generator that's specific to the use of a "sentinel" column
+    when using the insertmanyvalues feature.
+
+    This default is used as part of the :func:`_schema.insert_sentinel`
+    construct.
+
+    """
+
+    is_sentinel = True
+    for_update = False
+    arg = None
+
+    def __new__(cls) -> _InsertSentinelColumnDefault:
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        col = cast("Column[Any]", parent)
+        if not col._insert_sentinel:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The _InsertSentinelColumnDefault may only be applied to a "
+                "Column marked as insert_sentinel=True"
+            )
+        elif not col.nullable:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "The _InsertSentinelColumnDefault may only be applied to a "
+                "Column that is nullable"
+            )
+
+        super()._set_parent(parent, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> _InsertSentinelColumnDefault:
+        return _InsertSentinelColumnDefault()
+
+
+_SQLExprDefault = Union["ColumnElement[Any]", "TextClause"]
+
+
+class ColumnElementColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """default generator for a SQL expression
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_clause_element = True
+    has_arg = True
+    arg: _SQLExprDefault
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arg: _SQLExprDefault,
+        for_update: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+        self.arg = arg
+
+    def _copy(self) -> ColumnElementColumnDefault:
+        return ColumnElementColumnDefault(
+            arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes")
+    def _arg_is_typed(self) -> bool:
+        sqltypes = util.preloaded.sql_sqltypes
+
+        return not isinstance(self.arg.type, sqltypes.NullType)
+
+
+class _CallableColumnDefaultProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, context: ExecutionContext) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class CallableColumnDefault(ColumnDefault):
+    """default generator for a callable Python function
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    is_callable = True
+    arg: _CallableColumnDefaultProtocol
+    has_arg = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arg: Union[_CallableColumnDefaultProtocol, Callable[[], Any]],
+        for_update: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+        self.arg = self._maybe_wrap_callable(arg)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> CallableColumnDefault:
+        return CallableColumnDefault(arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update)
+
+    def _maybe_wrap_callable(
+        self, fn: Union[_CallableColumnDefaultProtocol, Callable[[], Any]]
+    ) -> _CallableColumnDefaultProtocol:
+        """Wrap callables that don't accept a context.
+
+        This is to allow easy compatibility with default callables
+        that aren't specific to accepting of a context.
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            argspec = util.get_callable_argspec(fn, no_self=True)
+        except TypeError:
+            return util.wrap_callable(lambda ctx: fn(), fn)  # type: ignore
+
+        defaulted = argspec[3] is not None and len(argspec[3]) or 0
+        positionals = len(argspec[0]) - defaulted
+
+        if positionals == 0:
+            return util.wrap_callable(lambda ctx: fn(), fn)  # type: ignore
+
+        elif positionals == 1:
+            return fn  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "ColumnDefault Python function takes zero or one "
+                "positional arguments"
+            )
+
+
+class IdentityOptions:
+    """Defines options for a named database sequence or an identity column.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.18
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Sequence`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        increment: Optional[int] = None,
+        minvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        maxvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        nominvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        nomaxvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cycle: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cache: Optional[int] = None,
+        order: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a :class:`.IdentityOptions` object.
+
+        See the :class:`.Sequence` documentation for a complete description
+        of the parameters.
+
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.
+        :param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param nominvalue: no minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+         or minvalue has been reached.
+        :param cache: optional integer value; number of future values in the
+         sequence which are calculated in advance.
+        :param order: optional boolean value; if ``True``, renders the
+         ORDER keyword.
+
+        """
+        self.start = start
+        self.increment = increment
+        self.minvalue = minvalue
+        self.maxvalue = maxvalue
+        self.nominvalue = nominvalue
+        self.nomaxvalue = nomaxvalue
+        self.cycle = cycle
+        self.cache = cache
+        self.order = order
+
+    @property
+    def _increment_is_negative(self) -> bool:
+        return self.increment is not None and self.increment < 0
+
+
+class Sequence(HasSchemaAttr, IdentityOptions, DefaultGenerator):
+    """Represents a named database sequence.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` object represents the name and configurational
+    parameters of a database sequence.   It also represents
+    a construct that can be "executed" by a SQLAlchemy :class:`_engine.Engine`
+    or :class:`_engine.Connection`,
+    rendering the appropriate "next value" function
+    for the target database and returning a result.
+
+    The :class:`.Sequence` is typically associated with a primary key column::
+
+        some_table = Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                Sequence("some_table_seq", start=1),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    When CREATE TABLE is emitted for the above :class:`_schema.Table`, if the
+    target platform supports sequences, a CREATE SEQUENCE statement will
+    be emitted as well.   For platforms that don't support sequences,
+    the :class:`.Sequence` construct is ignored.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`defaults_sequences`
+
+        :class:`.CreateSequence`
+
+        :class:`.DropSequence`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "sequence"
+
+    is_sequence = True
+
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+    data_type: Optional[TypeEngine[int]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        increment: Optional[int] = None,
+        minvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        maxvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        nominvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        nomaxvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cycle: Optional[bool] = None,
+        schema: Optional[Union[str, Literal[SchemaConst.BLANK_SCHEMA]]] = None,
+        cache: Optional[int] = None,
+        order: Optional[bool] = None,
+        data_type: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[int]] = None,
+        optional: bool = False,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+        quote_schema: Optional[bool] = None,
+        for_update: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a :class:`.Sequence` object.
+
+        :param name: the name of the sequence.
+
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.  This value is
+         used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to the database
+         as the value of the "START WITH" clause. If ``None``, the
+         clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a starting
+         value of 1.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0 The :paramref:`.Sequence.start` parameter
+            is required in order to have DDL emit "START WITH".  This is a
+            reversal of a change made in version 1.4 which would implicitly
+            render "START WITH 1" if the :paramref:`.Sequence.start` were
+            not included.  See :ref:`change_7211` for more detail.
+
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "INCREMENT BY" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates an
+         increment of 1.
+        :param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "MINVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "MAXVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param nominvalue: no minimum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "NO MINVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         minvalue of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.  This
+         value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command is emitted to
+         the database as the value of the "NO MAXVALUE" clause.  If ``None``,
+         the clause is omitted, which on most platforms indicates a
+         maxvalue of 2^63-1 and -1 for ascending and descending sequences,
+         respectively.
+
+        :param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+         or minvalue has been reached by an ascending or descending sequence
+         respectively.  This value is used when the CREATE SEQUENCE command
+         is emitted to the database as the "CYCLE" clause.  If the limit is
+         reached, the next number generated will be the minvalue or maxvalue,
+         respectively.  If cycle=False (the default) any calls to nextval
+         after the sequence has reached its maximum value will return an
+         error.
+
+        :param schema: optional schema name for the sequence, if located
+         in a schema other than the default.  The rules for selecting the
+         schema name when a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+         is also present are the same
+         as that of :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema`.
+
+        :param cache: optional integer value; number of future values in the
+         sequence which are calculated in advance.  Renders the CACHE keyword
+         understood by Oracle Database and PostgreSQL.
+
+        :param order: optional boolean value; if ``True``, renders the
+         ORDER keyword, understood by Oracle Database, indicating the sequence
+         is definitively ordered.   May be necessary to provide deterministic
+         ordering using Oracle RAC.
+
+        :param data_type: The type to be returned by the sequence, for
+         dialects that allow us to choose between INTEGER, BIGINT, etc.
+         (e.g., mssql).
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.0
+
+        :param optional: boolean value, when ``True``, indicates that this
+         :class:`.Sequence` object only needs to be explicitly generated
+         on backends that don't provide another way to generate primary
+         key identifiers.  Currently, it essentially means, "don't create
+         this sequence on the PostgreSQL backend, where the SERIAL keyword
+         creates a sequence for us automatically".
+        :param quote: boolean value, when ``True`` or ``False``, explicitly
+         forces quoting of the :paramref:`_schema.Sequence.name` on or off.
+         When left at its default of ``None``, normal quoting rules based
+         on casing and reserved words take place.
+        :param quote_schema: Set the quoting preferences for the ``schema``
+         name.
+
+        :param metadata: optional :class:`_schema.MetaData` object which this
+         :class:`.Sequence` will be associated with.  A :class:`.Sequence`
+         that is associated with a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+         gains the following
+         capabilities:
+
+         * The :class:`.Sequence` will inherit the
+           :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema`
+           parameter specified to the target :class:`_schema.MetaData`, which
+           affects the production of CREATE / DROP DDL, if any.
+
+         * The :meth:`.Sequence.create` and :meth:`.Sequence.drop` methods
+           automatically use the engine bound to the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+           object, if any.
+
+         * The :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` and
+           :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`
+           methods will emit CREATE / DROP for this :class:`.Sequence`,
+           even if the :class:`.Sequence` is not associated with any
+           :class:`_schema.Table` / :class:`_schema.Column`
+           that's a member of this
+           :class:`_schema.MetaData`.
+
+         The above behaviors can only occur if the :class:`.Sequence` is
+         explicitly associated with the :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+         via this parameter.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`sequence_metadata` - full discussion of the
+            :paramref:`.Sequence.metadata` parameter.
+
+        :param for_update: Indicates this :class:`.Sequence`, when associated
+         with a :class:`_schema.Column`,
+         should be invoked for UPDATE statements
+         on that column's table, rather than for INSERT statements, when
+         no value is otherwise present for that column in the statement.
+
+        """
+        DefaultGenerator.__init__(self, for_update=for_update)
+        IdentityOptions.__init__(
+            self,
+            start=start,
+            increment=increment,
+            minvalue=minvalue,
+            maxvalue=maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=cycle,
+            cache=cache,
+            order=order,
+        )
+        self.column = None
+        self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        self.optional = optional
+        if schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
+            self.schema = schema = None
+        elif metadata is not None and schema is None and metadata.schema:
+            self.schema = schema = metadata.schema
+        else:
+            self.schema = quoted_name.construct(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self._key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        if metadata:
+            self._set_metadata(metadata)
+        if data_type is not None:
+            self.data_type = to_instance(data_type)
+        else:
+            self.data_type = None
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def next_value(self) -> Function[int]:
+        """Return a :class:`.next_value` function element
+        which will render the appropriate increment function
+        for this :class:`.Sequence` within any SQL expression.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_functions.func.next_value(self)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        column = parent
+        assert isinstance(column, Column)
+        super()._set_parent(column)
+        column._on_table_attach(self._set_table)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> Sequence:
+        return Sequence(
+            name=self.name,
+            start=self.start,
+            increment=self.increment,
+            minvalue=self.minvalue,
+            maxvalue=self.maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=self.nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=self.nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=self.cycle,
+            schema=self.schema,
+            cache=self.cache,
+            order=self.order,
+            data_type=self.data_type,
+            optional=self.optional,
+            metadata=self.metadata,
+            for_update=self.for_update,
+        )
+
+    def _set_table(self, column: Column[Any], table: Table) -> None:
+        self._set_metadata(table.metadata)
+
+    def _set_metadata(self, metadata: MetaData) -> None:
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.metadata._sequences[self._key] = self
+
+    def create(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Creates this sequence in the database."""
+
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = True) -> None:
+        """Drops this sequence from the database."""
+
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _not_a_column_expr(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            f"This {self.__class__.__name__} cannot be used directly "
+            "as a column expression.  Use func.next_value(sequence) "
+            "to produce a 'next value' function that's usable "
+            "as a column element."
+        )
+
+
+@inspection._self_inspects
+class FetchedValue(SchemaEventTarget):
+    """A marker for a transparent database-side default.
+
+    Use :class:`.FetchedValue` when the database is configured
+    to provide some automatic default for a column.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        Column("foo", Integer, FetchedValue())
+
+    Would indicate that some trigger or default generator
+    will create a new value for the ``foo`` column during an
+    INSERT.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`triggered_columns`
+
+    """
+
+    is_server_default = True
+    reflected = False
+    has_argument = False
+    is_clause_element = False
+    is_identity = False
+
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, for_update: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.for_update = for_update
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update: bool) -> FetchedValue:
+        if for_update == self.for_update:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return self._clone(for_update)
+
+    def _copy(self) -> FetchedValue:
+        return FetchedValue(self.for_update)
+
+    def _clone(self, for_update: bool) -> Self:
+        n = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        n.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        n.__dict__.pop("column", None)
+        n.for_update = for_update
+        return n
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        column = parent
+        assert isinstance(column, Column)
+        self.column = column
+        if self.for_update:
+            self.column.server_onupdate = self
+        else:
+            self.column.server_default = self
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class DefaultClause(FetchedValue):
+    """A DDL-specified DEFAULT column value.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is a :class:`.FetchedValue`
+    that also generates a "DEFAULT" clause when
+    "CREATE TABLE" is emitted.
+
+    :class:`.DefaultClause` is generated automatically
+    whenever the ``server_default``, ``server_onupdate`` arguments of
+    :class:`_schema.Column` are used.  A :class:`.DefaultClause`
+    can be passed positionally as well.
+
+    For example, the following::
+
+        Column("foo", Integer, server_default="50")
+
+    Is equivalent to::
+
+        Column("foo", Integer, DefaultClause("50"))
+
+    """
+
+    has_argument = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arg: Union[str, ClauseElement, TextClause],
+        for_update: bool = False,
+        _reflected: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        util.assert_arg_type(arg, (str, ClauseElement, TextClause), "arg")
+        super().__init__(for_update)
+        self.arg = arg
+        self.reflected = _reflected
+
+    def _copy(self) -> DefaultClause:
+        return DefaultClause(
+            arg=self.arg, for_update=self.for_update, _reflected=self.reflected
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "DefaultClause(%r, for_update=%r)" % (self.arg, self.for_update)
+
+
+class Constraint(DialectKWArgs, HasConditionalDDL, SchemaItem):
+    """A table-level SQL constraint.
+
+    :class:`_schema.Constraint` serves as the base class for the series of
+    constraint objects that can be associated with :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects, including :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint`,
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`
+    :class:`_schema.UniqueConstraint`, and
+    :class:`_schema.CheckConstraint`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "constraint"
+
+    _creation_order: int
+    _column_flag: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        _create_rule: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _type_bound: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Create a SQL constraint.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this ``Constraint``.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+          foreign key constraint creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+            specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See
+            the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+            :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        :param _create_rule:
+          used internally by some datatypes that also create constraints.
+
+        :param _type_bound:
+          used internally to indicate that this constraint is associated with
+          a specific datatype.
+
+        """
+
+        self.name = name
+        self.deferrable = deferrable
+        self.initially = initially
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._create_rule = _create_rule
+        self._type_bound = _type_bound
+        util.set_creation_order(self)
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+        self.comment = comment
+
+    def _should_create_for_compiler(
+        self, compiler: DDLCompiler, **kw: Any
+    ) -> bool:
+        if self._create_rule is not None and not self._create_rule(compiler):
+            return False
+        elif self._ddl_if is not None:
+            return self._ddl_if._should_execute(
+                ddl.CreateConstraint(self), self, None, compiler=compiler, **kw
+            )
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    @property
+    def table(self) -> Table:
+        try:
+            if isinstance(self.parent, Table):
+                return self.parent
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "This constraint is not bound to a table.  Did you "
+            "mean to call table.append_constraint(constraint) ?"
+        )
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, (Table, Column))
+        self.parent = parent
+        parent.constraints.add(self)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Constraint.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        return self._copy(**kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionMixin:
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` of :class:`_schema.Column`
+    objects.
+
+    This collection represents the columns which are referred to by
+    this object.
+
+    """
+
+    _columns: DedupeColumnCollection[Column[Any]]
+
+    _allow_multiple_tables = False
+
+    _pending_colargs: List[Optional[Union[str, Column[Any]]]]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _set_parent_with_dispatch(
+            self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        _autoattach: bool = True,
+        _column_flag: bool = False,
+        _gather_expressions: Optional[
+            List[Union[str, ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._column_flag = _column_flag
+        self._columns = DedupeColumnCollection()
+
+        processed_expressions: Optional[
+            List[Union[ColumnElement[Any], str]]
+        ] = _gather_expressions
+
+        if processed_expressions is not None:
+
+            # this is expected to be an empty list
+            assert not processed_expressions
+
+            self._pending_colargs = []
+            for (
+                expr,
+                _,
+                _,
+                add_element,
+            ) in coercions.expect_col_expression_collection(
+                roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, columns
+            ):
+                self._pending_colargs.append(add_element)
+                processed_expressions.append(expr)
+        else:
+            self._pending_colargs = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.DDLConstraintColumnRole, column)
+                for column in columns
+            ]
+
+        if _autoattach and self._pending_colargs:
+            self._check_attach()
+
+    def _check_attach(self, evt: bool = False) -> None:
+        col_objs = [c for c in self._pending_colargs if isinstance(c, Column)]
+
+        cols_w_table = [c for c in col_objs if isinstance(c.table, Table)]
+
+        cols_wo_table = set(col_objs).difference(cols_w_table)
+        if cols_wo_table:
+            # feature #3341 - place event listeners for Column objects
+            # such that when all those cols are attached, we autoattach.
+            assert not evt, "Should not reach here on event call"
+
+            # issue #3411 - don't do the per-column auto-attach if some of the
+            # columns are specified as strings.
+            has_string_cols = {
+                c for c in self._pending_colargs if c is not None
+            }.difference(col_objs)
+            if not has_string_cols:
+
+                def _col_attached(column: Column[Any], table: Table) -> None:
+                    # this isinstance() corresponds with the
+                    # isinstance() above; only want to count Table-bound
+                    # columns
+                    if isinstance(table, Table):
+                        cols_wo_table.discard(column)
+                        if not cols_wo_table:
+                            self._check_attach(evt=True)
+
+                self._cols_wo_table = cols_wo_table
+                for col in cols_wo_table:
+                    col._on_table_attach(_col_attached)
+                return
+
+        columns = cols_w_table
+
+        tables = {c.table for c in columns}
+        if len(tables) == 1:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(tables.pop())
+        elif len(tables) > 1 and not self._allow_multiple_tables:
+            table = columns[0].table
+            others = [c for c in columns[1:] if c.table is not table]
+            if others:
+                # black could not format this inline
+                other_str = ", ".join("'%s'" % c for c in others)
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Column(s) {other_str} "
+                    f"are not part of table '{table.description}'."
+                )
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def columns(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]:
+        return self._columns.as_readonly()
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]:
+        return self._columns.as_readonly()
+
+    def _col_expressions(
+        self, parent: Union[Table, Column[Any]]
+    ) -> List[Optional[Column[Any]]]:
+        if isinstance(parent, Column):
+            result: List[Optional[Column[Any]]] = [
+                c for c in self._pending_colargs if isinstance(c, Column)
+            ]
+            assert len(result) == len(self._pending_colargs)
+            return result
+        else:
+            try:
+                return [
+                    parent.c[col] if isinstance(col, str) else col
+                    for col in self._pending_colargs
+                ]
+            except KeyError as ke:
+                raise exc.ConstraintColumnNotFoundError(
+                    f"Can't create {self.__class__.__name__} "
+                    f"on table '{parent.description}': no column "
+                    f"named '{ke.args[0]}' is present."
+                ) from ke
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, (Table, Column))
+
+        for col in self._col_expressions(parent):
+            if col is not None:
+                self._columns.add(col)
+
+
+class ColumnCollectionConstraint(ColumnCollectionMixin, Constraint):
+    """A constraint that proxies a ColumnCollection."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _autoattach: bool = True,
+        _column_flag: bool = False,
+        _gather_expressions: Optional[List[_DDLColumnArgument]] = None,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""
+        :param \*columns:
+          A sequence of column names or Column objects.
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of this constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw: other keyword arguments including
+          dialect-specific arguments are propagated to the :class:`.Constraint`
+          superclass.
+
+        """
+        Constraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            info=info,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(
+            self, *columns, _autoattach=_autoattach, _column_flag=_column_flag
+        )
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` representing the set of columns
+    for this constraint.
+
+    """
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, (Column, Table))
+        Constraint._set_parent(self, parent)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, parent)
+
+    def __contains__(self, x: Any) -> bool:
+        return x in self._columns
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.ColumnCollectionConstraint.copy` method "
+        "is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnCollectionConstraint:
+        return self._copy(target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ColumnCollectionConstraint:
+        # ticket #5276
+        constraint_kwargs = {}
+        for dialect_name in self.dialect_options:
+            dialect_options = self.dialect_options[dialect_name]._non_defaults
+            for (
+                dialect_option_key,
+                dialect_option_value,
+            ) in dialect_options.items():
+                constraint_kwargs[dialect_name + "_" + dialect_option_key] = (
+                    dialect_option_value
+                )
+
+        assert isinstance(self.parent, Table)
+        c = self.__class__(
+            name=self.name,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            *[
+                _copy_expression(expr, self.parent, target_table)
+                for expr in self._columns
+            ],
+            comment=self.comment,
+            **constraint_kwargs,
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+    def contains_column(self, col: Column[Any]) -> bool:
+        """Return True if this constraint contains the given column.
+
+        Note that this object also contains an attribute ``.columns``
+        which is a :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` of
+        :class:`_schema.Column` objects.
+
+        """
+
+        return self._columns.contains_column(col)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Column[Any]]:
+        return iter(self._columns)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._columns)
+
+
+class CheckConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table- or column-level CHECK constraint.
+
+    Can be included in the definition of a Table or Column.
+    """
+
+    _allow_multiple_tables = True
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table_or_column_check_constraint"
+
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "sqltext",
+        ":class:`.CheckConstraint`",
+        ":paramref:`.CheckConstraint.sqltext`",
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sqltext: _TextCoercedExpressionArgument[Any],
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _create_rule: Optional[Any] = None,
+        _autoattach: bool = True,
+        _type_bound: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Construct a CHECK constraint.
+
+        :param sqltext:
+         A string containing the constraint definition, which will be used
+         verbatim, or a SQL expression construct.   If given as a string,
+         the object is converted to a :func:`_expression.text` object.
+         If the textual
+         string includes a colon character, escape this using a backslash::
+
+           CheckConstraint(r"foo ~ E'a(?\:b|c)d")
+
+        :param name:
+          Optional, the in-database name of the constraint.
+
+        :param deferrable:
+          Optional bool.  If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT DEFERRABLE when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially:
+          Optional string.  If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when issuing DDL
+          for this constraint.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        """
+
+        self.sqltext = coercions.expect(roles.DDLExpressionRole, sqltext)
+        columns: List[Column[Any]] = []
+        visitors.traverse(self.sqltext, {}, {"column": columns.append})
+
+        super().__init__(
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            _create_rule=_create_rule,
+            info=info,
+            _type_bound=_type_bound,
+            _autoattach=_autoattach,
+            *columns,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+        if table is not None:
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+
+    @property
+    def is_column_level(self) -> bool:
+        return not isinstance(self.parent, Table)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.CheckConstraint.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> CheckConstraint:
+        return self._copy(target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> CheckConstraint:
+        if target_table is not None:
+            # note that target_table is None for the copy process of
+            # a column-bound CheckConstraint, so this path is not reached
+            # in that case.
+            sqltext = _copy_expression(self.sqltext, self.table, target_table)
+        else:
+            sqltext = self.sqltext
+        c = CheckConstraint(
+            sqltext,
+            name=self.name,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            _create_rule=self._create_rule,
+            table=target_table,
+            comment=self.comment,
+            _autoattach=False,
+            _type_bound=self._type_bound,
+        )
+        return self._schema_item_copy(c)
+
+
+class ForeignKeyConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level FOREIGN KEY constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite FOREIGN KEY ... REFERENCES
+    constraint. For a no-frills, single column foreign key, adding a
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` to the definition of a :class:`_schema.Column`
+    is a
+    shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+    Examples of foreign key configuration are in :ref:`metadata_foreignkeys`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "foreign_key_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        columns: _typing_Sequence[_DDLColumnArgument],
+        refcolumns: _typing_Sequence[_DDLColumnArgument],
+        name: _ConstraintNameArgument = None,
+        onupdate: Optional[str] = None,
+        ondelete: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        use_alter: bool = False,
+        link_to_name: bool = False,
+        match: Optional[str] = None,
+        table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        comment: Optional[str] = None,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Construct a composite-capable FOREIGN KEY.
+
+        :param columns: A sequence of local column names. The named columns
+          must be defined and present in the parent Table. The names should
+          match the ``key`` given to each column (defaults to the name) unless
+          ``link_to_name`` is True.
+
+        :param refcolumns: A sequence of foreign column names or Column
+          objects. The columns must all be located within the same Table.
+
+        :param name: Optional, the in-database name of the key.
+
+        :param onupdate: Optional string. If set, emit ON UPDATE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            DELETE and RESTRICT.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`on_update_on_delete`
+
+        :param ondelete: Optional string. If set, emit ON DELETE <value> when
+            issuing DDL for this constraint. Typical values include CASCADE,
+            SET NULL and RESTRICT.  Some dialects may allow for additional
+            syntaxes.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`on_update_on_delete`
+
+        :param deferrable: Optional bool. If set, emit DEFERRABLE or NOT
+          DEFERRABLE when issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param initially: Optional string. If set, emit INITIALLY <value> when
+          issuing DDL for this constraint.
+
+        :param link_to_name: if True, the string name given in ``column`` is
+          the rendered name of the referenced column, not its locally assigned
+          ``key``.
+
+        :param use_alter: If True, do not emit the DDL for this constraint as
+          part of the CREATE TABLE definition. Instead, generate it via an
+          ALTER TABLE statement issued after the full collection of tables
+          have been created, and drop it via an ALTER TABLE statement before
+          the full collection of tables are dropped.
+
+          The use of :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` is
+          particularly geared towards the case where two or more tables
+          are established within a mutually-dependent foreign key constraint
+          relationship; however, the :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` and
+          :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`
+          methods will perform this resolution
+          automatically, so the flag is normally not needed.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`use_alter`
+
+        :param match: Optional string. If set, emit MATCH <value> when issuing
+          DDL for this constraint. Typical values include SIMPLE, PARTIAL
+          and FULL.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on
+          foreign key constraint creation.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw:  Additional keyword arguments are dialect
+          specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See
+          the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
+          :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
+
+        """
+
+        Constraint.__init__(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            info=info,
+            comment=comment,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+        self.onupdate = onupdate
+        self.ondelete = ondelete
+        self.link_to_name = link_to_name
+        self.use_alter = use_alter
+        self.match = match
+
+        if len(set(columns)) != len(refcolumns):
+            if len(set(columns)) != len(columns):
+                # e.g. FOREIGN KEY (a, a) REFERENCES r (b, c)
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKeyConstraint with duplicate source column "
+                    "references are not supported."
+                )
+            else:
+                # e.g. FOREIGN KEY (a) REFERENCES r (b, c)
+                # paraphrasing
+                # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-constraints.html
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "ForeignKeyConstraint number "
+                    "of constrained columns must match the number of "
+                    "referenced columns."
+                )
+
+        # standalone ForeignKeyConstraint - create
+        # associated ForeignKey objects which will be applied to hosted
+        # Column objects (in col.foreign_keys), either now or when attached
+        # to the Table for string-specified names
+        self.elements = [
+            ForeignKey(
+                refcol,
+                _constraint=self,
+                name=self.name,
+                onupdate=self.onupdate,
+                ondelete=self.ondelete,
+                use_alter=self.use_alter,
+                link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+                match=self.match,
+                deferrable=self.deferrable,
+                initially=self.initially,
+                **self.dialect_kwargs,
+            )
+            for refcol in refcolumns
+        ]
+
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(self, *columns)
+        if table is not None:
+            if hasattr(self, "parent"):
+                assert table is self.parent
+            self._set_parent_with_dispatch(table)
+
+    def _append_element(self, column: Column[Any], fk: ForeignKey) -> None:
+        self._columns.add(column)
+        self.elements.append(fk)
+
+    columns: ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, Column[Any]]
+    """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection` representing the set of columns
+    for this constraint.
+
+    """
+
+    elements: List[ForeignKey]
+    """A sequence of :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects.
+
+    Each :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+    represents a single referring column/referred
+    column pair.
+
+    This collection is intended to be read-only.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _elements(self) -> util.OrderedDict[str, ForeignKey]:
+        # legacy - provide a dictionary view of (column_key, fk)
+        return util.OrderedDict(zip(self.column_keys, self.elements))
+
+    @property
+    def _referred_schema(self) -> Optional[str]:
+        for elem in self.elements:
+            return elem._referred_schema
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @property
+    def referred_table(self) -> Table:
+        """The :class:`_schema.Table` object to which this
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` references.
+
+        This is a dynamically calculated attribute which may not be available
+        if the constraint and/or parent table is not yet associated with
+        a metadata collection that contains the referred table.
+
+        """
+        return self.elements[0].column.table
+
+    def _validate_dest_table(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        table_keys = {elem._table_key() for elem in self.elements}
+        if None not in table_keys and len(table_keys) > 1:
+            elem0, elem1 = sorted(table_keys)[0:2]
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"ForeignKeyConstraint on "
+                f"{table.fullname}({self._col_description}) refers to "
+                f"multiple remote tables: {elem0} and {elem1}"
+            )
+
+    @property
+    def column_keys(self) -> _typing_Sequence[str]:
+        """Return a list of string keys representing the local
+        columns in this :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        This list is either the original string arguments sent
+        to the constructor of the :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`,
+        or if the constraint has been initialized with :class:`_schema.Column`
+        objects, is the string ``.key`` of each element.
+
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, "parent"):
+            return self._columns.keys()
+        else:
+            return [
+                col.key if isinstance(col, ColumnElement) else str(col)
+                for col in self._pending_colargs
+            ]
+
+    @property
+    def _col_description(self) -> str:
+        return ", ".join(self.column_keys)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        Constraint._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        ColumnCollectionConstraint._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        for col, fk in zip(self._columns, self.elements):
+            if not hasattr(fk, "parent") or fk.parent is not col:
+                fk._set_parent_with_dispatch(col)
+
+        self._validate_dest_table(table)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ForeignKeyConstraint:
+        return self._copy(schema=schema, target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        target_table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> ForeignKeyConstraint:
+        fkc = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+            [x.parent.key for x in self.elements],
+            [
+                x._get_colspec(
+                    schema=schema,
+                    table_name=(
+                        target_table.name
+                        if target_table is not None
+                        and x._table_key() == x.parent.table.key
+                        else None
+                    ),
+                    _is_copy=True,
+                )
+                for x in self.elements
+            ],
+            name=self.name,
+            onupdate=self.onupdate,
+            ondelete=self.ondelete,
+            use_alter=self.use_alter,
+            deferrable=self.deferrable,
+            initially=self.initially,
+            link_to_name=self.link_to_name,
+            match=self.match,
+            comment=self.comment,
+        )
+        for self_fk, other_fk in zip(self.elements, fkc.elements):
+            self_fk._schema_item_copy(other_fk)
+        return self._schema_item_copy(fkc)
+
+
+class PrimaryKeyConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint.
+
+    The :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object is present automatically
+    on any :class:`_schema.Table` object; it is assigned a set of
+    :class:`_schema.Column` objects corresponding to those marked with
+    the :paramref:`_schema.Column.primary_key` flag::
+
+        >>> my_table = Table(
+        ...     "mytable",
+        ...     metadata,
+        ...     Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...     Column("version_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        ...     Column("data", String(50)),
+        ... )
+        >>> my_table.primary_key
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+            Column('id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False),
+            Column('version_id', Integer(), table=<mytable>,
+                   primary_key=True, nullable=False)
+        )
+
+    The primary key of a :class:`_schema.Table` can also be specified by using
+    a :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object explicitly; in this mode of usage,
+    the "name" of the constraint can also be specified, as well as other
+    options which may be recognized by dialects::
+
+        my_table = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer),
+            Column("version_id", Integer),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            PrimaryKeyConstraint("id", "version_id", name="mytable_pk"),
+        )
+
+    The two styles of column-specification should generally not be mixed.
+    An warning is emitted if the columns present in the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`
+    don't match the columns that were marked as ``primary_key=True``, if both
+    are present; in this case, the columns are taken strictly from the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` declaration, and those columns otherwise
+    marked as ``primary_key=True`` are ignored.  This behavior is intended to
+    be backwards compatible with previous behavior.
+
+    For the use case where specific options are to be specified on the
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, but the usual style of using
+    ``primary_key=True`` flags is still desirable, an empty
+    :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` may be specified, which will take on the
+    primary key column collection from the :class:`_schema.Table` based on the
+    flags::
+
+        my_table = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("version_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            PrimaryKeyConstraint(name="mytable_pk", mssql_clustered=True),
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "primary_key_constraint"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        deferrable: Optional[bool] = None,
+        initially: Optional[str] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _implicit_generated: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._implicit_generated = _implicit_generated
+        super().__init__(
+            *columns,
+            name=name,
+            deferrable=deferrable,
+            initially=initially,
+            info=info,
+            **dialect_kw,
+        )
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        super()._set_parent(table)
+
+        if table.primary_key is not self:
+            table.constraints.discard(table.primary_key)
+            table.primary_key = self  # type: ignore
+            table.constraints.add(self)
+
+        table_pks = [c for c in table.c if c.primary_key]
+        if (
+            self._columns
+            and table_pks
+            and set(table_pks) != set(self._columns)
+        ):
+            # black could not format these inline
+            table_pk_str = ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in table_pks)
+            col_str = ", ".join("'%s'" % c.name for c in self._columns)
+
+            util.warn(
+                f"Table '{table.name}' specifies columns "
+                f"{table_pk_str} as "
+                f"primary_key=True, "
+                f"not matching locally specified columns {col_str}; "
+                f"setting the "
+                f"current primary key columns to "
+                f"{col_str}. "
+                f"This warning "
+                f"may become an exception in a future release"
+            )
+            table_pks[:] = []
+
+        for c in self._columns:
+            c.primary_key = True
+            if c._user_defined_nullable is NULL_UNSPECIFIED:
+                c.nullable = False
+        if table_pks:
+            self._columns.extend(table_pks)
+
+    def _reload(self, columns: Iterable[Column[Any]]) -> None:
+        """repopulate this :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` given
+        a set of columns.
+
+        Existing columns in the table that are marked as primary_key=True
+        are maintained.
+
+        Also fires a new event.
+
+        This is basically like putting a whole new
+        :class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint` object on the parent
+        :class:`_schema.Table` object without actually replacing the object.
+
+        The ordering of the given list of columns is also maintained; these
+        columns will be appended to the list of columns after any which
+        are already present.
+
+        """
+        # set the primary key flag on new columns.
+        # note any existing PK cols on the table also have their
+        # flag still set.
+        for col in columns:
+            col.primary_key = True
+
+        self._columns.extend(columns)
+
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint._autoincrement_column._reset(self)  # type: ignore
+        self._set_parent_with_dispatch(self.table)
+
+    def _replace(self, col: Column[Any]) -> None:
+        PrimaryKeyConstraint._autoincrement_column._reset(self)  # type: ignore
+        self._columns.replace(col)
+
+        self.dispatch._sa_event_column_added_to_pk_constraint(self, col)
+
+    @property
+    def columns_autoinc_first(self) -> List[Column[Any]]:
+        autoinc = self._autoincrement_column
+
+        if autoinc is not None:
+            return [autoinc] + [c for c in self._columns if c is not autoinc]
+        else:
+            return list(self._columns)
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[Column[int]]:
+        def _validate_autoinc(col: Column[Any], autoinc_true: bool) -> bool:
+            if col.type._type_affinity is None or not issubclass(
+                col.type._type_affinity,
+                (
+                    type_api.INTEGERTYPE._type_affinity,
+                    type_api.NUMERICTYPE._type_affinity,
+                ),
+            ):
+                if autoinc_true:
+                    raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                        f"Column type {col.type} on column '{col}' is not "
+                        f"compatible with autoincrement=True"
+                    )
+                else:
+                    return False
+            elif (
+                not isinstance(col.default, (type(None), Sequence))
+                and not autoinc_true
+            ):
+                return False
+            elif (
+                col.server_default is not None
+                and not isinstance(col.server_default, Identity)
+                and not autoinc_true
+            ):
+                return False
+            elif col.foreign_keys and col.autoincrement not in (
+                True,
+                "ignore_fk",
+            ):
+                return False
+            return True
+
+        if len(self._columns) == 1:
+            col = list(self._columns)[0]
+
+            if col.autoincrement is True:
+                _validate_autoinc(col, True)
+                return col
+            elif col.autoincrement in (
+                "auto",
+                "ignore_fk",
+            ) and _validate_autoinc(col, False):
+                return col
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        else:
+            autoinc = None
+            for col in self._columns:
+                if col.autoincrement is True:
+                    _validate_autoinc(col, True)
+                    if autoinc is not None:
+                        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                            f"Only one Column may be marked "
+                            f"autoincrement=True, found both "
+                            f"{col.name} and {autoinc.name}."
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        autoinc = col
+
+            return autoinc
+
+
+class UniqueConstraint(ColumnCollectionConstraint):
+    """A table-level UNIQUE constraint.
+
+    Defines a single column or composite UNIQUE constraint. For a no-frills,
+    single column constraint, adding ``unique=True`` to the ``Column``
+    definition is a shorthand equivalent for an unnamed, single column
+    UniqueConstraint.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unique_constraint"
+
+
+class Index(
+    DialectKWArgs, ColumnCollectionMixin, HasConditionalDDL, SchemaItem
+):
+    """A table-level INDEX.
+
+    Defines a composite (one or more column) INDEX.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        sometable = Table(
+            "sometable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("address", String(100)),
+        )
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name)
+
+    For a no-frills, single column index, adding
+    :class:`_schema.Column` also supports ``index=True``::
+
+        sometable = Table(
+            "sometable", metadata, Column("name", String(50), index=True)
+        )
+
+    For a composite index, multiple columns can be specified::
+
+        Index("some_index", sometable.c.name, sometable.c.address)
+
+    Functional indexes are supported as well, typically by using the
+    :data:`.func` construct in conjunction with table-bound
+    :class:`_schema.Column` objects::
+
+        Index("some_index", func.lower(sometable.c.name))
+
+    An :class:`.Index` can also be manually associated with a
+    :class:`_schema.Table`,
+    either through inline declaration or using
+    :meth:`_schema.Table.append_constraint`.  When this approach is used,
+    the names
+    of the indexed columns can be specified as strings::
+
+        Table(
+            "sometable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("address", String(100)),
+            Index("some_index", "name", "address"),
+        )
+
+    To support functional or expression-based indexes in this form, the
+    :func:`_expression.text` construct may be used::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        Table(
+            "sometable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("address", String(100)),
+            Index("some_index", text("lower(name)")),
+        )
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`schema_indexes` - General information on :class:`.Index`.
+
+        :ref:`postgresql_indexes` - PostgreSQL-specific options available for
+        the :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mysql_indexes` - MySQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+        :ref:`mssql_indexes` - MSSQL-specific options available for the
+        :class:`.Index` construct.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "index"
+
+    table: Optional[Table]
+    expressions: _typing_Sequence[Union[str, ColumnElement[Any]]]
+    _table_bound_expressions: _typing_Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str],
+        *expressions: _DDLColumnArgument,
+        unique: bool = False,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+        _table: Optional[Table] = None,
+        _column_flag: bool = False,
+        **dialect_kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Construct an index object.
+
+        :param name:
+          The name of the index
+
+        :param \*expressions:
+          Column expressions to include in the index.   The expressions
+          are normally instances of :class:`_schema.Column`, but may also
+          be arbitrary SQL expressions which ultimately refer to a
+          :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        :param unique=False:
+            Keyword only argument; if True, create a unique index.
+
+        :param quote=None:
+            Keyword only argument; whether to apply quoting to the name of
+            the index.  Works in the same manner as that of
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.quote`.
+
+        :param info=None: Optional data dictionary which will be populated
+            into the :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param \**dialect_kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above
+            are dialect specific, and passed in the form
+            ``<dialectname>_<argname>``. See the documentation regarding an
+            individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+            documented arguments.
+
+        """
+        self.table = table = None
+
+        self.name = quoted_name.construct(name, quote)
+        self.unique = unique
+        if info is not None:
+            self.info = info
+
+        # TODO: consider "table" argument being public, but for
+        # the purpose of the fix here, it starts as private.
+        if _table is not None:
+            table = _table
+
+        self._validate_dialect_kwargs(dialect_kw)
+
+        self.expressions = []
+        # will call _set_parent() if table-bound column
+        # objects are present
+        ColumnCollectionMixin.__init__(
+            self,
+            *expressions,
+            _column_flag=_column_flag,
+            _gather_expressions=self.expressions,
+        )
+        if table is not None:
+            self._set_parent(table)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        table = parent
+        assert isinstance(table, Table)
+        ColumnCollectionMixin._set_parent(self, table)
+
+        if self.table is not None and table is not self.table:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                f"Index '{self.name}' is against table "
+                f"'{self.table.description}', and "
+                f"cannot be associated with table '{table.description}'."
+            )
+        self.table = table
+        table.indexes.add(self)
+
+        expressions = self.expressions
+        col_expressions = self._col_expressions(table)
+        assert len(expressions) == len(col_expressions)
+
+        exprs = []
+        for expr, colexpr in zip(expressions, col_expressions):
+            if isinstance(expr, ClauseElement):
+                exprs.append(expr)
+            elif colexpr is not None:
+                exprs.append(colexpr)
+            else:
+                assert False
+        self.expressions = self._table_bound_expressions = exprs
+
+    def create(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine`` for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all`.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind: _CreateDropBind, checkfirst: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
+        :class:`.Index`, using the given
+        :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` for connectivity.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_schema.MetaData.drop_all`.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        exprs: _typing_Sequence[Any]  # noqa: F842
+
+        return "Index(%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(
+                [repr(self.name)]
+                + [repr(e) for e in self.expressions]
+                + (self.unique and ["unique=True"] or [])
+            )
+        )
+
+
+_NamingSchemaCallable = Callable[[Constraint, Table], str]
+_NamingSchemaDirective = Union[str, _NamingSchemaCallable]
+
+
+class _NamingSchemaTD(TypedDict, total=False):
+    fk: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    pk: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    ix: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    ck: _NamingSchemaDirective
+    uq: _NamingSchemaDirective
+
+
+_NamingSchemaParameter = Union[
+    # it seems like the TypedDict here is useful for pylance typeahead,
+    # and not much else
+    _NamingSchemaTD,
+    # there is no form that allows Union[Type[Any], str] to work in all
+    # cases, including breaking out Mapping[] entries for each combination
+    # even, therefore keys must be `Any` (see #10264)
+    Mapping[Any, _NamingSchemaDirective],
+]
+
+
+DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION: _NamingSchemaParameter = util.immutabledict(
+    {"ix": "ix_%(column_0_label)s"}
+)
+
+
+class MetaData(HasSchemaAttr):
+    """A collection of :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects and their associated schema
+    constructs.
+
+    Holds a collection of :class:`_schema.Table` objects as well as
+    an optional binding to an :class:`_engine.Engine` or
+    :class:`_engine.Connection`.  If bound, the :class:`_schema.Table` objects
+    in the collection and their columns may participate in implicit SQL
+    execution.
+
+    The :class:`_schema.Table` objects themselves are stored in the
+    :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables` dictionary.
+
+    :class:`_schema.MetaData` is a thread-safe object for read operations.
+    Construction of new tables within a single :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+    object,
+    either explicitly or via reflection, may not be completely thread-safe.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "metadata"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        quote_schema: Optional[bool] = None,
+        naming_convention: Optional[_NamingSchemaParameter] = None,
+        info: Optional[_InfoType] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create a new MetaData object.
+
+        :param schema:
+           The default schema to use for the :class:`_schema.Table`,
+           :class:`.Sequence`, and potentially other objects associated with
+           this :class:`_schema.MetaData`. Defaults to ``None``.
+
+           .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`schema_metadata_schema_name` - details on how the
+                :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter is used.
+
+                :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema`
+
+                :paramref:`.Sequence.schema`
+
+        :param quote_schema:
+            Sets the ``quote_schema`` flag for those :class:`_schema.Table`,
+            :class:`.Sequence`, and other objects which make usage of the
+            local ``schema`` name.
+
+        :param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
+            :attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
+
+        :param naming_convention: a dictionary referring to values which
+          will establish default naming conventions for :class:`.Constraint`
+          and :class:`.Index` objects, for those objects which are not given
+          a name explicitly.
+
+          The keys of this dictionary may be:
+
+          * a constraint or Index class, e.g. the :class:`.UniqueConstraint`,
+            :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint` class, the :class:`.Index`
+            class
+
+          * a string mnemonic for one of the known constraint classes;
+            ``"fk"``, ``"pk"``, ``"ix"``, ``"ck"``, ``"uq"`` for foreign key,
+            primary key, index, check, and unique constraint, respectively.
+
+          * the string name of a user-defined "token" that can be used
+            to define new naming tokens.
+
+          The values associated with each "constraint class" or "constraint
+          mnemonic" key are string naming templates, such as
+          ``"uq_%(table_name)s_%(column_0_name)s"``,
+          which describe how the name should be composed.  The values
+          associated with user-defined "token" keys should be callables of the
+          form ``fn(constraint, table)``, which accepts the constraint/index
+          object and :class:`_schema.Table` as arguments, returning a string
+          result.
+
+          The built-in names are as follows, some of which may only be
+          available for certain types of constraint:
+
+            * ``%(table_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`_schema.Table`
+              object
+              associated with the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(referred_table_name)s`` - the name of the
+              :class:`_schema.Table`
+              object associated with the referencing target of a
+              :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_name)s`` - the name of the :class:`_schema.Column`
+              at
+              index position "0" within the constraint.
+
+            * ``%(column_0N_name)s`` - the name of all :class:`_schema.Column`
+              objects in order within the constraint, joined without a
+              separator.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_N_name)s`` - the name of all
+              :class:`_schema.Column`
+              objects in order within the constraint, joined with an
+              underscore as a separator.
+
+            * ``%(column_0_label)s``, ``%(column_0N_label)s``,
+              ``%(column_0_N_label)s`` - the label of either the zeroth
+              :class:`_schema.Column` or all :class:`.Columns`, separated with
+              or without an underscore
+
+            * ``%(column_0_key)s``, ``%(column_0N_key)s``,
+              ``%(column_0_N_key)s`` - the key of either the zeroth
+              :class:`_schema.Column` or all :class:`.Columns`, separated with
+              or without an underscore
+
+            * ``%(referred_column_0_name)s``, ``%(referred_column_0N_name)s``
+              ``%(referred_column_0_N_name)s``,  ``%(referred_column_0_key)s``,
+              ``%(referred_column_0N_key)s``, ...  column tokens which
+              render the names/keys/labels of columns that are referenced
+              by a  :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+            * ``%(constraint_name)s`` - a special key that refers to the
+              existing name given to the constraint.  When this key is
+              present, the :class:`.Constraint` object's existing name will be
+              replaced with one that is composed from template string that
+              uses this token. When this token is present, it is required that
+              the :class:`.Constraint` is given an explicit name ahead of time.
+
+            * user-defined: any additional token may be implemented by passing
+              it along with a ``fn(constraint, table)`` callable to the
+              naming_convention dictionary.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.3.0 - added new ``%(column_0N_name)s``,
+             ``%(column_0_N_name)s``, and related tokens that produce
+             concatenations of names, keys, or labels for all columns referred
+             to by a given constraint.
+
+          .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` - for detailed usage
+                examples.
+
+        """
+        if schema is not None and not isinstance(schema, str):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "expected schema argument to be a string, "
+                f"got {type(schema)}."
+            )
+        self.tables = util.FacadeDict()
+        self.schema = quoted_name.construct(schema, quote_schema)
+        self.naming_convention = (
+            naming_convention
+            if naming_convention
+            else DEFAULT_NAMING_CONVENTION
+        )
+        if info:
+            self.info = info
+        self._schemas: Set[str] = set()
+        self._sequences: Dict[str, Sequence] = {}
+        self._fk_memos: Dict[Tuple[str, Optional[str]], List[ForeignKey]] = (
+            collections.defaultdict(list)
+        )
+
+    tables: util.FacadeDict[str, Table]
+    """A dictionary of :class:`_schema.Table`
+    objects keyed to their name or "table key".
+
+    The exact key is that determined by the :attr:`_schema.Table.key`
+    attribute;
+    for a table with no :attr:`_schema.Table.schema` attribute,
+    this is the same
+    as :attr:`_schema.Table.name`.  For a table with a schema,
+    it is typically of the
+    form ``schemaname.tablename``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :attr:`_schema.MetaData.sorted_tables`
+
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "MetaData()"
+
+    def __contains__(self, table_or_key: Union[str, Table]) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(table_or_key, str):
+            table_or_key = table_or_key.key
+        return table_or_key in self.tables
+
+    def _add_table(
+        self, name: str, schema: Optional[str], table: Table
+    ) -> None:
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        self.tables._insert_item(key, table)
+        if schema:
+            self._schemas.add(schema)
+
+    def _remove_table(self, name: str, schema: Optional[str]) -> None:
+        key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
+        removed = dict.pop(self.tables, key, None)
+        if removed is not None:
+            for fk in removed.foreign_keys:
+                fk._remove_from_metadata(self)
+        if self._schemas:
+            self._schemas = {
+                t.schema for t in self.tables.values() if t.schema is not None
+            }
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {
+            "tables": self.tables,
+            "schema": self.schema,
+            "schemas": self._schemas,
+            "sequences": self._sequences,
+            "fk_memos": self._fk_memos,
+            "naming_convention": self.naming_convention,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self.tables = state["tables"]
+        self.schema = state["schema"]
+        self.naming_convention = state["naming_convention"]
+        self._sequences = state["sequences"]
+        self._schemas = state["schemas"]
+        self._fk_memos = state["fk_memos"]
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear all Table objects from this MetaData."""
+
+        dict.clear(self.tables)  # type: ignore
+        self._schemas.clear()
+        self._fk_memos.clear()
+
+    def remove(self, table: Table) -> None:
+        """Remove the given Table object from this MetaData."""
+
+        self._remove_table(table.name, table.schema)
+
+    @property
+    def sorted_tables(self) -> List[Table]:
+        """Returns a list of :class:`_schema.Table` objects sorted in order of
+        foreign key dependency.
+
+        The sorting will place :class:`_schema.Table`
+        objects that have dependencies
+        first, before the dependencies themselves, representing the
+        order in which they can be created.   To get the order in which
+        the tables would be dropped, use the ``reversed()`` Python built-in.
+
+        .. warning::
+
+            The :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` attribute cannot by itself
+            accommodate automatic resolution of dependency cycles between
+            tables, which are usually caused by mutually dependent foreign key
+            constraints. When these cycles are detected, the foreign keys
+            of these tables are omitted from consideration in the sort.
+            A warning is emitted when this condition occurs, which will be an
+            exception raise in a future release.   Tables which are not part
+            of the cycle will still be returned in dependency order.
+
+            To resolve these cycles, the
+            :paramref:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint.use_alter` parameter may be
+            applied to those constraints which create a cycle.  Alternatively,
+            the :func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints` function will
+            automatically return foreign key constraints in a separate
+            collection when cycles are detected so that they may be applied
+            to a schema separately.
+
+            .. versionchanged:: 1.3.17 - a warning is emitted when
+               :attr:`.MetaData.sorted_tables` cannot perform a proper sort
+               due to cyclical dependencies.  This will be an exception in a
+               future release.  Additionally, the sort will continue to return
+               other tables not involved in the cycle in dependency order which
+               was not the case previously.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_schema.sort_tables`
+
+            :func:`_schema.sort_tables_and_constraints`
+
+            :attr:`_schema.MetaData.tables`
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names`
+
+            :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names`
+
+
+        """
+        return ddl.sort_tables(
+            sorted(self.tables.values(), key=lambda t: t.key)  # type: ignore
+        )
+
+    # overload needed to work around mypy this mypy
+    # https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/17093
+    @overload
+    def reflect(
+        self,
+        bind: Engine,
+        schema: Optional[str] = ...,
+        views: bool = ...,
+        only: Union[
+            _typing_Sequence[str], Callable[[str, MetaData], bool], None
+        ] = ...,
+        extend_existing: bool = ...,
+        autoload_replace: bool = ...,
+        resolve_fks: bool = ...,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def reflect(
+        self,
+        bind: Connection,
+        schema: Optional[str] = ...,
+        views: bool = ...,
+        only: Union[
+            _typing_Sequence[str], Callable[[str, MetaData], bool], None
+        ] = ...,
+        extend_existing: bool = ...,
+        autoload_replace: bool = ...,
+        resolve_fks: bool = ...,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.reflection")
+    def reflect(
+        self,
+        bind: Union[Engine, Connection],
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        views: bool = False,
+        only: Union[
+            _typing_Sequence[str], Callable[[str, MetaData], bool], None
+        ] = None,
+        extend_existing: bool = False,
+        autoload_replace: bool = True,
+        resolve_fks: bool = True,
+        **dialect_kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        r"""Load all available table definitions from the database.
+
+        Automatically creates ``Table`` entries in this ``MetaData`` for any
+        table available in the database but not yet present in the
+        ``MetaData``.  May be called multiple times to pick up tables recently
+        added to the database, however no special action is taken if a table
+        in this ``MetaData`` no longer exists in the database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` used to access the
+          database.
+
+        :param schema:
+          Optional, query and reflect tables from an alternate schema.
+          If None, the schema associated with this :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+          is used, if any.
+
+        :param views:
+          If True, also reflect views (materialized and plain).
+
+        :param only:
+          Optional.  Load only a sub-set of available named tables.  May be
+          specified as a sequence of names or a callable.
+
+          If a sequence of names is provided, only those tables will be
+          reflected.  An error is raised if a table is requested but not
+          available.  Named tables already present in this ``MetaData`` are
+          ignored.
+
+          If a callable is provided, it will be used as a boolean predicate to
+          filter the list of potential table names.  The callable is called
+          with a table name and this ``MetaData`` instance as positional
+          arguments and should return a true value for any table to reflect.
+
+        :param extend_existing: Passed along to each :class:`_schema.Table` as
+          :paramref:`_schema.Table.extend_existing`.
+
+        :param autoload_replace: Passed along to each :class:`_schema.Table`
+          as
+          :paramref:`_schema.Table.autoload_replace`.
+
+        :param resolve_fks: if True, reflect :class:`_schema.Table`
+         objects linked
+         to :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects located in each
+         :class:`_schema.Table`.
+         For :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`,
+         this has the effect of reflecting
+         related tables that might otherwise not be in the list of tables
+         being reflected, for example if the referenced table is in a
+         different schema or is omitted via the
+         :paramref:`.MetaData.reflect.only` parameter.  When False,
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` objects are not followed to the
+         :class:`_schema.Table`
+         in which they link, however if the related table is also part of the
+         list of tables that would be reflected in any case, the
+         :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` object will still resolve to its related
+         :class:`_schema.Table` after the :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`
+         operation is
+         complete.   Defaults to True.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.3.0
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`_schema.Table.resolve_fks`
+
+        :param \**dialect_kwargs: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned
+         above are dialect specific, and passed in the form
+         ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.  See the documentation regarding an
+         individual dialect at :ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on
+         documented arguments.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_events.DDLEvents.column_reflect` - Event used to customize
+            the reflected columns. Usually used to generalize the types using
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.as_generic`
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types` - describes how to
+            reflect tables using general types.
+
+        """
+
+        with inspection.inspect(bind)._inspection_context() as insp:
+            reflect_opts: Any = {
+                "autoload_with": insp,
+                "extend_existing": extend_existing,
+                "autoload_replace": autoload_replace,
+                "resolve_fks": resolve_fks,
+                "_extend_on": set(),
+            }
+
+            reflect_opts.update(dialect_kwargs)
+
+            if schema is None:
+                schema = self.schema
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                reflect_opts["schema"] = schema
+
+            kind = util.preloaded.engine_reflection.ObjectKind.TABLE
+            available: util.OrderedSet[str] = util.OrderedSet(
+                insp.get_table_names(schema)
+            )
+            if views:
+                kind = util.preloaded.engine_reflection.ObjectKind.ANY
+                available.update(insp.get_view_names(schema))
+                try:
+                    available.update(insp.get_materialized_view_names(schema))
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    pass
+
+            if schema is not None:
+                available_w_schema: util.OrderedSet[str] = util.OrderedSet(
+                    [f"{schema}.{name}" for name in available]
+                )
+            else:
+                available_w_schema = available
+
+            current = set(self.tables)
+
+            if only is None:
+                load = [
+                    name
+                    for name, schname in zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                    if extend_existing or schname not in current
+                ]
+            elif callable(only):
+                load = [
+                    name
+                    for name, schname in zip(available, available_w_schema)
+                    if (extend_existing or schname not in current)
+                    and only(name, self)
+                ]
+            else:
+                missing = [name for name in only if name not in available]
+                if missing:
+                    s = schema and (" schema '%s'" % schema) or ""
+                    missing_str = ", ".join(missing)
+                    raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                        f"Could not reflect: requested table(s) not available "
+                        f"in {bind.engine!r}{s}: ({missing_str})"
+                    )
+                load = [
+                    name
+                    for name in only
+                    if extend_existing or name not in current
+                ]
+            # pass the available tables so the inspector can
+            # choose to ignore the filter_names
+            _reflect_info = insp._get_reflection_info(
+                schema=schema,
+                filter_names=load,
+                available=available,
+                kind=kind,
+                scope=util.preloaded.engine_reflection.ObjectScope.ANY,
+                **dialect_kwargs,
+            )
+            reflect_opts["_reflect_info"] = _reflect_info
+
+            for name in load:
+                try:
+                    Table(name, self, **reflect_opts)
+                except exc.UnreflectableTableError as uerr:
+                    util.warn(f"Skipping table {name}: {uerr}")
+
+    def create_all(
+        self,
+        bind: _CreateDropBind,
+        tables: Optional[_typing_Sequence[Table]] = None,
+        checkfirst: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Create all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to recreate tables already
+        present in the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` used to access the
+          database.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the total
+          tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, don't issue CREATEs for tables already present
+          in the target database.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(
+            ddl.SchemaGenerator, self, checkfirst=checkfirst, tables=tables
+        )
+
+    def drop_all(
+        self,
+        bind: _CreateDropBind,
+        tables: Optional[_typing_Sequence[Table]] = None,
+        checkfirst: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Drop all tables stored in this metadata.
+
+        Conditional by default, will not attempt to drop tables not present in
+        the target database.
+
+        :param bind:
+          A :class:`.Connection` or :class:`.Engine` used to access the
+          database.
+
+        :param tables:
+          Optional list of ``Table`` objects, which is a subset of the
+          total tables in the ``MetaData`` (others are ignored).
+
+        :param checkfirst:
+          Defaults to True, only issue DROPs for tables confirmed to be
+          present in the target database.
+
+        """
+        bind._run_ddl_visitor(
+            ddl.SchemaDropper, self, checkfirst=checkfirst, tables=tables
+        )
+
+
+class Computed(FetchedValue, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines a generated column, i.e. "GENERATED ALWAYS AS" syntax.
+
+    The :class:`.Computed` construct is an inline construct added to the
+    argument list of a :class:`_schema.Column` object::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Computed
+
+        Table(
+            "square",
+            metadata_obj,
+            Column("side", Float, nullable=False),
+            Column("area", Float, Computed("side * side")),
+        )
+
+    See the linked documentation below for complete details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`computed_ddl`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "computed_column"
+
+    column: Optional[Column[Any]]
+
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "sqltext", ":class:`.Computed`", ":paramref:`.Computed.sqltext`"
+    )
+    def __init__(
+        self, sqltext: _DDLColumnArgument, persisted: Optional[bool] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a GENERATED ALWAYS AS DDL construct to accompany a
+        :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        :param sqltext:
+          A string containing the column generation expression, which will be
+          used verbatim, or a SQL expression construct, such as a
+          :func:`_expression.text`
+          object.   If given as a string, the object is converted to a
+          :func:`_expression.text` object.
+
+        :param persisted:
+          Optional, controls how this column should be persisted by the
+          database.   Possible values are:
+
+          * ``None``, the default, it will use the default persistence
+            defined by the database.
+          * ``True``, will render ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS ... STORED``, or the
+            equivalent for the target database if supported.
+          * ``False``, will render ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS ... VIRTUAL``, or
+            the equivalent for the target database if supported.
+
+          Specifying ``True`` or ``False`` may raise an error when the DDL
+          is emitted to the target database if the database does not support
+          that persistence option.   Leaving this parameter at its default
+          of ``None`` is guaranteed to succeed for all databases that support
+          ``GENERATED ALWAYS AS``.
+
+        """
+        self.sqltext = coercions.expect(roles.DDLExpressionRole, sqltext)
+        self.persisted = persisted
+        self.column = None
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+
+        if not isinstance(
+            parent.server_default, (type(None), Computed)
+        ) or not isinstance(parent.server_onupdate, (type(None), Computed)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "A generated column cannot specify a server_default or a "
+                "server_onupdate argument"
+            )
+        self.column = parent
+        parent.computed = self
+        self.column.server_onupdate = self
+        self.column.server_default = self
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update: bool) -> FetchedValue:
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Computed.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Computed:
+        return self._copy(target_table=target_table, **kw)
+
+    def _copy(
+        self, *, target_table: Optional[Table] = None, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Computed:
+        sqltext = _copy_expression(
+            self.sqltext,
+            self.column.table if self.column is not None else None,
+            target_table,
+        )
+        g = Computed(sqltext, persisted=self.persisted)
+
+        return self._schema_item_copy(g)
+
+
+class Identity(IdentityOptions, FetchedValue, SchemaItem):
+    """Defines an identity column, i.e. "GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT }
+    AS IDENTITY" syntax.
+
+    The :class:`.Identity` construct is an inline construct added to the
+    argument list of a :class:`_schema.Column` object::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Identity
+
+        Table(
+            "foo",
+            metadata_obj,
+            Column("id", Integer, Identity()),
+            Column("description", Text),
+        )
+
+    See the linked documentation below for complete details.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`identity_ddl`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "identity_column"
+
+    is_identity = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        always: bool = False,
+        on_null: Optional[bool] = None,
+        start: Optional[int] = None,
+        increment: Optional[int] = None,
+        minvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        maxvalue: Optional[int] = None,
+        nominvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        nomaxvalue: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cycle: Optional[bool] = None,
+        cache: Optional[int] = None,
+        order: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Construct a GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT } AS IDENTITY DDL
+        construct to accompany a :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+        See the :class:`.Sequence` documentation for a complete description
+        of most parameters.
+
+        .. note::
+            MSSQL supports this construct as the preferred alternative to
+            generate an IDENTITY on a column, but it uses non standard
+            syntax that only support :paramref:`_schema.Identity.start`
+            and :paramref:`_schema.Identity.increment`.
+            All other parameters are ignored.
+
+        :param always:
+          A boolean, that indicates the type of identity column.
+          If ``False`` is specified, the default, then the user-specified
+          value takes precedence.
+          If ``True`` is specified, a user-specified value is not accepted (
+          on some backends, like PostgreSQL, OVERRIDING SYSTEM VALUE, or
+          similar, may be specified in an INSERT to override the sequence
+          value).
+          Some backends also have a default value for this parameter,
+          ``None`` can be used to omit rendering this part in the DDL. It
+          will be treated as ``False`` if a backend does not have a default
+          value.
+
+        :param on_null:
+          Set to ``True`` to specify ON NULL in conjunction with a
+          ``always=False`` identity column. This option is only supported on
+          some backends, like Oracle Database.
+
+        :param start: the starting index of the sequence.
+        :param increment: the increment value of the sequence.
+        :param minvalue: the minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param maxvalue: the maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param nominvalue: no minimum value of the sequence.
+        :param nomaxvalue: no maximum value of the sequence.
+        :param cycle: allows the sequence to wrap around when the maxvalue
+         or minvalue has been reached.
+        :param cache: optional integer value; number of future values in the
+         sequence which are calculated in advance.
+        :param order: optional boolean value; if true, renders the
+         ORDER keyword.
+
+        """
+        IdentityOptions.__init__(
+            self,
+            start=start,
+            increment=increment,
+            minvalue=minvalue,
+            maxvalue=maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=cycle,
+            cache=cache,
+            order=order,
+        )
+        self.always = always
+        self.on_null = on_null
+        self.column = None
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(parent, Column)
+        if not isinstance(
+            parent.server_default, (type(None), Identity)
+        ) or not isinstance(parent.server_onupdate, type(None)):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "A column with an Identity object cannot specify a "
+                "server_default or a server_onupdate argument"
+            )
+        if parent.autoincrement is False:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "A column with an Identity object cannot specify "
+                "autoincrement=False"
+            )
+        self.column = parent
+
+        parent.identity = self
+        if parent._user_defined_nullable is NULL_UNSPECIFIED:
+            parent.nullable = False
+
+        parent.server_default = self
+
+    def _as_for_update(self, for_update: bool) -> FetchedValue:
+        return self
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_schema.Identity.copy` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release.",
+    )
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Identity:
+        return self._copy(**kw)
+
+    def _copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Identity:
+        i = Identity(
+            always=self.always,
+            on_null=self.on_null,
+            start=self.start,
+            increment=self.increment,
+            minvalue=self.minvalue,
+            maxvalue=self.maxvalue,
+            nominvalue=self.nominvalue,
+            nomaxvalue=self.nomaxvalue,
+            cycle=self.cycle,
+            cache=self.cache,
+            order=self.order,
+        )
+
+        return self._schema_item_copy(i)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d137ab50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/selectable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7183 @@
+# sql/selectable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""The :class:`_expression.FromClause` class of SQL expression elements,
+representing
+SQL tables and derived rowsets.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any as TODO_Any
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import cache_key
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import traversals
+from . import type_api
+from . import visitors
+from ._typing import _ColumnsClauseArgument
+from ._typing import _no_kw
+from ._typing import _T
+from ._typing import _TP
+from ._typing import is_column_element
+from ._typing import is_select_statement
+from ._typing import is_subquery
+from ._typing import is_table
+from ._typing import is_text_clause
+from .annotation import Annotated
+from .annotation import SupportsCloneAnnotations
+from .base import _clone
+from .base import _cloned_difference
+from .base import _cloned_intersection
+from .base import _entity_namespace_key
+from .base import _EntityNamespace
+from .base import _expand_cloned
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .base import _generative
+from .base import _never_select_column
+from .base import _NoArg
+from .base import _select_iterables
+from .base import CacheableOptions
+from .base import ColumnCollection
+from .base import ColumnSet
+from .base import CompileState
+from .base import DedupeColumnCollection
+from .base import Executable
+from .base import Generative
+from .base import HasCompileState
+from .base import HasMemoized
+from .base import Immutable
+from .coercions import _document_text_coercion
+from .elements import _anonymous_label
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import BooleanClauseList
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ClauseList
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import DQLDMLClauseElement
+from .elements import GroupedElement
+from .elements import literal_column
+from .elements import TableValuedColumn
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .operators import OperatorType
+from .sqltypes import NULLTYPE
+from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .visitors import prefix_anon_map
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+
+and_ = BooleanClauseList.and_
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument
+    from ._typing import _FromClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _JoinTargetArgument
+    from ._typing import _LimitOffsetType
+    from ._typing import _MAYBE_ENTITY
+    from ._typing import _NOT_ENTITY
+    from ._typing import _OnClauseArgument
+    from ._typing import _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument
+    from ._typing import _T0
+    from ._typing import _T1
+    from ._typing import _T2
+    from ._typing import _T3
+    from ._typing import _T4
+    from ._typing import _T5
+    from ._typing import _T6
+    from ._typing import _T7
+    from ._typing import _TextCoercedExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypedColumnClauseArgument as _TCCA
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .base import _AmbiguousTableNameMap
+    from .base import ExecutableOption
+    from .base import ReadOnlyColumnCollection
+    from .cache_key import _CacheKeyTraversalType
+    from .compiler import SQLCompiler
+    from .dml import Delete
+    from .dml import Update
+    from .elements import BinaryExpression
+    from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+    from .elements import Label
+    from .elements import NamedColumn
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .functions import Function
+    from .schema import ForeignKey
+    from .schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+    from .sqltypes import TableValueType
+    from .type_api import TypeEngine
+    from .visitors import _CloneCallableType
+
+
+_ColumnsClauseElement = Union["FromClause", ColumnElement[Any], "TextClause"]
+_LabelConventionCallable = Callable[
+    [Union["ColumnElement[Any]", "TextClause"]], Optional[str]
+]
+
+
+class _JoinTargetProtocol(Protocol):
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]: ...
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace: ...
+
+
+_JoinTargetElement = Union["FromClause", _JoinTargetProtocol]
+_OnClauseElement = Union["ColumnElement[bool]", _JoinTargetProtocol]
+
+_ForUpdateOfArgument = Union[
+    # single column, Table, ORM Entity
+    Union[
+        "_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]",
+        "_FromClauseArgument",
+    ],
+    # or sequence of single column elements
+    Sequence["_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]"],
+]
+
+
+_SetupJoinsElement = Tuple[
+    _JoinTargetElement,
+    Optional[_OnClauseElement],
+    Optional["FromClause"],
+    Dict[str, Any],
+]
+
+
+_SelectIterable = Iterable[Union["ColumnElement[Any]", "TextClause"]]
+
+
+class _OffsetLimitParam(BindParameter[int]):
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    @property
+    def _limit_offset_value(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        return self.effective_value
+
+
+class ReturnsRows(roles.ReturnsRowsRole, DQLDMLClauseElement):
+    """The base-most class for Core constructs that have some concept of
+    columns that can represent rows.
+
+    While the SELECT statement and TABLE are the primary things we think
+    of in this category,  DML like INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE can also specify
+    RETURNING which means they can be used in CTEs and other forms, and
+    PostgreSQL has functions that return rows also.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    _is_returns_rows = True
+
+    # sub-elements of returns_rows
+    _is_from_clause = False
+    _is_select_base = False
+    _is_select_statement = False
+    _is_lateral = False
+
+    @property
+    def selectable(self) -> ReturnsRows:
+        return self
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        """A sequence of column expression objects that represents the
+        "selected" columns of this :class:`_expression.ReturnsRows`.
+
+        This is typically equivalent to .exported_columns except it is
+        delivered in the form of a straight sequence and not  keyed
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`.ReturnsRows` is
+        'derived' from the given :class:`.FromClause`.
+
+        An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        fromclause: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Populate columns into an :class:`.AliasedReturnsRows` object."""
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        """reset internal collections for an incoming column being added."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def exported_columns(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[Any, Any]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        that represents the "exported"
+        columns of this :class:`_expression.ReturnsRows`.
+
+        The "exported" columns represent the collection of
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        expressions that are rendered by this SQL
+        construct.   There are primary varieties which are the
+        "FROM clause columns" of a FROM clause, such as a table, join,
+        or subquery, the "SELECTed columns", which are the columns in
+        the "columns clause" of a SELECT statement, and the RETURNING
+        columns in a DML statement..
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.FromClause.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.exported_columns`
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ExecutableReturnsRows(Executable, ReturnsRows):
+    """base for executable statements that return rows."""
+
+
+class TypedReturnsRows(ExecutableReturnsRows, Generic[_TP]):
+    """base for a typed executable statements that return rows."""
+
+
+class Selectable(ReturnsRows):
+    """Mark a class as being selectable."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "selectable"
+
+    is_selectable = True
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a LATERAL alias of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        The return value is the :class:`_expression.Lateral` construct also
+        provided by the top-level :func:`_expression.lateral` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+        """
+        return Lateral._construct(self, name=name)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        message="The :meth:`.Selectable.replace_selectable` method is "
+        "deprecated, and will be removed in a future release.  Similar "
+        "functionality is available via the sqlalchemy.sql.visitors module.",
+    )
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def replace_selectable(self, old: FromClause, alias: Alias) -> Self:
+        """Replace all occurrences of :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        'old' with the given :class:`_expression.Alias`
+        object, returning a copy of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_util.ClauseAdapter(alias).traverse(self)
+
+    def corresponding_column(
+        self, column: KeyedColumnElement[Any], require_embedded: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Given a :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, return the exported
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` object from the
+        :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`
+        collection of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`
+        which corresponds to that
+        original :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` via a common ancestor
+        column.
+
+        :param column: the target :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+                      to be matched.
+
+        :param require_embedded: only return corresponding columns for
+         the given :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`, if the given
+         :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         is actually present within a sub-element
+         of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+         Normally the column will match if
+         it merely shares a common ancestor with one of the exported
+         columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns` - the
+            :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+            that is used for the operation.
+
+            :meth:`_expression.ColumnCollection.corresponding_column`
+            - implementation
+            method.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.exported_columns.corresponding_column(
+            column, require_embedded
+        )
+
+
+class HasPrefixes:
+    _prefixes: Tuple[Tuple[DQLDMLClauseElement, str], ...] = ()
+
+    _has_prefixes_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_prefixes", InternalTraversal.dp_prefix_sequence)
+    ]
+
+    @_generative
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "prefixes",
+        ":meth:`_expression.HasPrefixes.prefix_with`",
+        ":paramref:`.HasPrefixes.prefix_with.*prefixes`",
+    )
+    def prefix_with(
+        self,
+        *prefixes: _TextCoercedExpressionArgument[Any],
+        dialect: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add one or more expressions following the statement keyword, i.e.
+        SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. Generative.
+
+        This is used to support backend-specific prefix keywords such as those
+        provided by MySQL.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table.insert().prefix_with("LOW_PRIORITY", dialect="mysql")
+
+            # MySQL 5.7 optimizer hints
+            stmt = select(table).prefix_with("/*+ BKA(t1) */", dialect="mysql")
+
+        Multiple prefixes can be specified by multiple calls
+        to :meth:`_expression.HasPrefixes.prefix_with`.
+
+        :param \*prefixes: textual or :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+         construct which
+         will be rendered following the INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE
+         keyword.
+        :param dialect: optional string dialect name which will
+         limit rendering of this prefix to only that dialect.
+
+        """
+        self._prefixes = self._prefixes + tuple(
+            [
+                (coercions.expect(roles.StatementOptionRole, p), dialect)
+                for p in prefixes
+            ]
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class HasSuffixes:
+    _suffixes: Tuple[Tuple[DQLDMLClauseElement, str], ...] = ()
+
+    _has_suffixes_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_suffixes", InternalTraversal.dp_prefix_sequence)
+    ]
+
+    @_generative
+    @_document_text_coercion(
+        "suffixes",
+        ":meth:`_expression.HasSuffixes.suffix_with`",
+        ":paramref:`.HasSuffixes.suffix_with.*suffixes`",
+    )
+    def suffix_with(
+        self,
+        *suffixes: _TextCoercedExpressionArgument[Any],
+        dialect: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add one or more expressions following the statement as a whole.
+
+        This is used to support backend-specific suffix keywords on
+        certain constructs.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = (
+                select(col1, col2)
+                .cte()
+                .suffix_with(
+                    "cycle empno set y_cycle to 1 default 0", dialect="oracle"
+                )
+            )
+
+        Multiple suffixes can be specified by multiple calls
+        to :meth:`_expression.HasSuffixes.suffix_with`.
+
+        :param \*suffixes: textual or :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+         construct which
+         will be rendered following the target clause.
+        :param dialect: Optional string dialect name which will
+         limit rendering of this suffix to only that dialect.
+
+        """
+        self._suffixes = self._suffixes + tuple(
+            [
+                (coercions.expect(roles.StatementOptionRole, p), dialect)
+                for p in suffixes
+            ]
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class HasHints:
+    _hints: util.immutabledict[Tuple[FromClause, str], str] = (
+        util.immutabledict()
+    )
+    _statement_hints: Tuple[Tuple[str, str], ...] = ()
+
+    _has_hints_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_statement_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_statement_hint_list),
+        ("_hints", InternalTraversal.dp_table_hint_list),
+    ]
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_statement_hint(self, text: str, dialect_name: str = "*") -> Self:
+        """Add a statement hint to this :class:`_expression.Select` or
+        other selectable object.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_statement_hint` generally adds hints
+            **at the trailing end** of a SELECT statement.  To place
+            dialect-specific hints such as optimizer hints at the **front** of
+            the SELECT statement after the SELECT keyword, use the
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` method for an open-ended
+            space, or for table-specific hints the
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint` may be used, which places
+            hints in a dialect-specific location.
+
+        This method is similar to :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint` except
+        that it does not require an individual table, and instead applies to
+        the statement as a whole.
+
+        Hints here are specific to the backend database and may include
+        directives such as isolation levels, file directives, fetch directives,
+        etc.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` - generic SELECT prefixing
+            which also can suit some database-specific HINT syntaxes such as
+            MySQL or Oracle Database optimizer hints
+
+        """
+        return self._with_hint(None, text, dialect_name)
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_hint(
+        self,
+        selectable: _FromClauseArgument,
+        text: str,
+        dialect_name: str = "*",
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Add an indexing or other executional context hint for the given
+        selectable to this :class:`_expression.Select` or other selectable
+        object.
+
+        .. tip::
+
+            The :meth:`_expression.Select.with_hint` method adds hints that are
+            **specific to a single table** to a statement, in a location that
+            is **dialect-specific**.  To add generic optimizer hints to the
+            **beginning** of a statement ahead of the SELECT keyword such as
+            for MySQL or Oracle Database, use the
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` method.  To add optimizer
+            hints to the **end** of a statement such as for PostgreSQL, use the
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_statement_hint` method.
+
+        The text of the hint is rendered in the appropriate
+        location for the database backend in use, relative
+        to the given :class:`_schema.Table` or :class:`_expression.Alias`
+        passed as the
+        ``selectable`` argument. The dialect implementation
+        typically uses Python string substitution syntax
+        with the token ``%(name)s`` to render the name of
+        the table or alias. E.g. when using Oracle Database, the
+        following::
+
+            select(mytable).with_hint(mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)")
+
+        Would render SQL as:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            select /*+ index(mytable ix_mytable) */ ... from mytable
+
+        The ``dialect_name`` option will limit the rendering of a particular
+        hint to a particular backend. Such as, to add hints for both Oracle
+        Database and MSSql simultaneously::
+
+            select(mytable).with_hint(
+                mytable, "index(%(name)s ix_mytable)", "oracle"
+            ).with_hint(mytable, "WITH INDEX ix_mytable", "mssql")
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_statement_hint`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.prefix_with` - generic SELECT prefixing
+            which also can suit some database-specific HINT syntaxes such as
+            MySQL or Oracle Database optimizer hints
+
+        """
+
+        return self._with_hint(selectable, text, dialect_name)
+
+    def _with_hint(
+        self,
+        selectable: Optional[_FromClauseArgument],
+        text: str,
+        dialect_name: str,
+    ) -> Self:
+        if selectable is None:
+            self._statement_hints += ((dialect_name, text),)
+        else:
+            self._hints = self._hints.union(
+                {
+                    (
+                        coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, selectable),
+                        dialect_name,
+                    ): text
+                }
+            )
+        return self
+
+
+class FromClause(roles.AnonymizedFromClauseRole, Selectable):
+    """Represent an element that can be used within the ``FROM``
+    clause of a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    The most common forms of :class:`_expression.FromClause` are the
+    :class:`_schema.Table` and the :func:`_expression.select` constructs.  Key
+    features common to all :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects include:
+
+    * a :attr:`.c` collection, which provides per-name access to a collection
+      of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects.
+    * a :attr:`.primary_key` attribute, which is a collection of all those
+      :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+      objects that indicate the ``primary_key`` flag.
+    * Methods to generate various derivations of a "from" clause, including
+      :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`,
+      :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`,
+      :meth:`_expression.FromClause.select`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "fromclause"
+    named_with_column = False
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return ()
+
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[FromClause]
+
+    _columns: ColumnCollection[Any, Any]
+
+    schema: Optional[str] = None
+    """Define the 'schema' attribute for this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+    This is typically ``None`` for most objects except that of
+    :class:`_schema.Table`, where it is taken as the value of the
+    :paramref:`_schema.Table.schema` argument.
+
+    """
+
+    is_selectable = True
+    _is_from_clause = True
+    _is_join = False
+
+    _use_schema_map = False
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Return a SELECT of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = some_table.select().where(some_table.c.id == 5)
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.select` - general purpose
+            method which allows for arbitrary column lists.
+
+        """
+        return Select(self)
+
+    def join(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Join:
+        """Return a :class:`_expression.Join` from this
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import join
+
+            j = user_table.join(
+                address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id
+            )
+            stmt = select(user_table).select_from(j)
+
+        would emit SQL along the lines of:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause` object such as a
+         :class:`_schema.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+         will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, render a LEFT OUTER JOIN, instead of JOIN.
+
+        :param full: if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of LEFT OUTER
+         JOIN.  Implies :paramref:`.FromClause.join.isouter`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.join` - standalone function
+
+            :class:`_expression.Join` - the type of object produced
+
+        """
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, isouter, full)
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]] = None,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Join:
+        """Return a :class:`_expression.Join` from this
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        to another :class:`FromClause`, with the "isouter" flag set to
+        True.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import outerjoin
+
+            j = user_table.outerjoin(
+                address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id
+            )
+
+        The above is equivalent to::
+
+            j = user_table.join(
+                address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id, isouter=True
+            )
+
+        :param right: the right side of the join; this is any
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause` object such as a
+         :class:`_schema.Table` object, and
+         may also be a selectable-compatible object such as an ORM-mapped
+         class.
+
+        :param onclause: a SQL expression representing the ON clause of the
+         join.  If left at ``None``, :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+         will attempt to
+         join the two tables based on a foreign key relationship.
+
+        :param full: if True, render a FULL OUTER JOIN, instead of
+         LEFT OUTER JOIN.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+
+            :class:`_expression.Join`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        return Join(self, right, onclause, True, full)
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> NamedFromClause:
+        """Return an alias of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            a2 = some_table.alias("a2")
+
+        The above code creates an :class:`_expression.Alias`
+        object which can be used
+        as a FROM clause in any SELECT statement.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_using_aliases`
+
+            :func:`_expression.alias`
+
+        """
+
+        return Alias._construct(self, name=name)
+
+    def tablesample(
+        self,
+        sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> TableSample:
+        """Return a TABLESAMPLE alias of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        The return value is the :class:`_expression.TableSample`
+        construct also
+        provided by the top-level :func:`_expression.tablesample` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.tablesample` - usage guidelines and parameters
+
+        """
+        return TableSample._construct(
+            self, sampling=sampling, name=name, seed=seed
+        )
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`_expression.FromClause` is
+        'derived' from the given ``FromClause``.
+
+        An example would be an Alias of a Table is derived from that Table.
+
+        """
+        # this is essentially an "identity" check in the base class.
+        # Other constructs override this to traverse through
+        # contained elements.
+        return fromclause in self._cloned_set
+
+    def _is_lexical_equivalent(self, other: FromClause) -> bool:
+        """Return ``True`` if this :class:`_expression.FromClause` and
+        the other represent the same lexical identity.
+
+        This tests if either one is a copy of the other, or
+        if they are the same via annotation identity.
+
+        """
+        return bool(self._cloned_set.intersection(other._cloned_set))
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        """A brief description of this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        Used primarily for error message formatting.
+
+        """
+        return getattr(self, "name", self.__class__.__name__ + " object")
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        fromclause: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        columns._populate_separate_keys(
+            col._make_proxy(
+                fromclause, primary_key=primary_key, foreign_keys=foreign_keys
+            )
+            for col in self.c
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def exported_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        that represents the "exported"
+        columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        The "exported" columns for a :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        object are synonymous
+        with the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns` collection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.exported_columns`
+
+
+        """
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A named-based collection of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        objects maintained by this :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        The :attr:`.columns`, or :attr:`.c` collection, is the gateway
+        to the construction of SQL expressions using table-bound or
+        other selectable-bound columns::
+
+            select(mytable).where(mytable.c.somecolumn == 5)
+
+        :return: a :class:`.ColumnCollection` object.
+
+        """
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """
+        A synonym for :attr:`.FromClause.columns`
+
+        :return: a :class:`.ColumnCollection`
+
+        """
+        if "_columns" not in self.__dict__:
+            self._setup_collections()
+        return self._columns.as_readonly()
+
+    def _setup_collections(self) -> None:
+        assert "_columns" not in self.__dict__
+        assert "primary_key" not in self.__dict__
+        assert "foreign_keys" not in self.__dict__
+
+        _columns: ColumnCollection[Any, Any] = ColumnCollection()
+        primary_key = ColumnSet()
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]] = set()
+
+        self._populate_column_collection(
+            columns=_columns,
+            primary_key=primary_key,
+            foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+        )
+
+        # assigning these three collections separately is not itself atomic,
+        # but greatly reduces the surface for problems
+        self._columns = _columns
+        self.primary_key = primary_key  # type: ignore
+        self.foreign_keys = foreign_keys  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def entity_namespace(self) -> _EntityNamespace:
+        """Return a namespace used for name-based access in SQL expressions.
+
+        This is the namespace that is used to resolve "filter_by()" type
+        expressions, such as::
+
+            stmt.filter_by(address="some address")
+
+        It defaults to the ``.c`` collection, however internally it can
+        be overridden using the "entity_namespace" annotation to deliver
+        alternative results.
+
+        """
+        return self.c
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def primary_key(self) -> Iterable[NamedColumn[Any]]:
+        """Return the iterable collection of :class:`_schema.Column` objects
+        which comprise the primary key of this :class:`_selectable.FromClause`.
+
+        For a :class:`_schema.Table` object, this collection is represented
+        by the :class:`_schema.PrimaryKeyConstraint` which itself is an
+        iterable collection of :class:`_schema.Column` objects.
+
+        """
+        self._setup_collections()
+        return self.primary_key
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def foreign_keys(self) -> Iterable[ForeignKey]:
+        """Return the collection of :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` marker objects
+        which this FromClause references.
+
+        Each :class:`_schema.ForeignKey` is a member of a
+        :class:`_schema.Table`-wide
+        :class:`_schema.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_schema.Table.foreign_key_constraints`
+
+        """
+        self._setup_collections()
+        return self.foreign_keys
+
+    def _reset_column_collection(self) -> None:
+        """Reset the attributes linked to the ``FromClause.c`` attribute.
+
+        This collection is separate from all the other memoized things
+        as it has shown to be sensitive to being cleared out in situations
+        where enclosing code, typically in a replacement traversal scenario,
+        has already established strong relationships
+        with the exported columns.
+
+        The collection is cleared for the case where a table is having a
+        column added to it as well as within a Join during copy internals.
+
+        """
+
+        for key in ["_columns", "columns", "c", "primary_key", "foreign_keys"]:
+            self.__dict__.pop(key, None)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _select_iterable(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return (c for c in self.c if not _never_select_column(c))
+
+    @property
+    def _cols_populated(self) -> bool:
+        return "_columns" in self.__dict__
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(
+        self,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Called on subclasses to establish the .c collection.
+
+        Each implementation has a different way of establishing
+        this collection.
+
+        """
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        """Given a column added to the .c collection of an underlying
+        selectable, produce the local version of that column, assuming this
+        selectable ultimately should proxy this column.
+
+        this is used to "ping" a derived selectable to add a new column
+        to its .c. collection when a Column has been added to one of the
+        Table objects it ultimately derives from.
+
+        If the given selectable hasn't populated its .c. collection yet,
+        it should at least pass on the message to the contained selectables,
+        but it will return None.
+
+        This method is currently used by Declarative to allow Table
+        columns to be added to a partially constructed inheritance
+        mapping that may have already produced joins.  The method
+        isn't public right now, as the full span of implications
+        and/or caveats aren't yet clear.
+
+        It's also possible that this functionality could be invoked by
+        default via an event, which would require that
+        selectables maintain a weak referencing collection of all
+        derivations.
+
+        """
+        self._reset_column_collection()
+
+    def _anonymous_fromclause(
+        self, *, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> FromClause:
+        return self.alias(name=name)
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Union[FromGrouping, Self]: ...
+
+
+class NamedFromClause(FromClause):
+    """A :class:`.FromClause` that has a name.
+
+    Examples include tables, subqueries, CTEs, aliased tables.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    named_with_column = True
+
+    name: str
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes")
+    def table_valued(self) -> TableValuedColumn[Any]:
+        """Return a :class:`_sql.TableValuedColumn` object for this
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        A :class:`_sql.TableValuedColumn` is a :class:`_sql.ColumnElement` that
+        represents a complete row in a table. Support for this construct is
+        backend dependent, and is supported in various forms by backends
+        such as PostgreSQL, Oracle Database and SQL Server.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import select, column, func, table
+            >>> a = table("a", column("id"), column("x"), column("y"))
+            >>> stmt = select(func.row_to_json(a.table_valued()))
+            >>> print(stmt)
+            {printsql}SELECT row_to_json(a) AS row_to_json_1
+            FROM a
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_functions` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """
+        return TableValuedColumn(self, type_api.TABLEVALUE)
+
+
+class SelectLabelStyle(Enum):
+    """Label style constants that may be passed to
+    :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style`."""
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_NONE = 0
+    """Label style indicating no automatic labeling should be applied to the
+    columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+
+    Below, the columns named ``columna`` are both rendered as is, meaning that
+    the name ``columna`` can only refer to the first occurrence of this name
+    within a result set, as well as if the statement were used as a subquery:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import table, column, select, true, LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+        >>> table1 = table("table1", column("columna"), column("columnb"))
+        >>> table2 = table("table2", column("columna"), column("columnc"))
+        >>> print(
+        ...     select(table1, table2)
+        ...     .join(table2, true())
+        ...     .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE)
+        ... )
+        {printsql}SELECT table1.columna, table1.columnb, table2.columna, table2.columnc
+        FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON true
+
+    Used with the :meth:`_sql.Select.set_label_style` method.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL = 1
+    """Label style indicating all columns should be labeled as
+    ``<tablename>_<columnname>`` when generating the columns clause of a SELECT
+    statement, to disambiguate same-named columns referenced from different
+    tables, aliases, or subqueries.
+
+    Below, all column names are given a label so that the two same-named
+    columns ``columna`` are disambiguated as ``table1_columna`` and
+    ``table2_columna``:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import (
+        ...     table,
+        ...     column,
+        ...     select,
+        ...     true,
+        ...     LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+        ... )
+        >>> table1 = table("table1", column("columna"), column("columnb"))
+        >>> table2 = table("table2", column("columna"), column("columnc"))
+        >>> print(
+        ...     select(table1, table2)
+        ...     .join(table2, true())
+        ...     .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+        ... )
+        {printsql}SELECT table1.columna AS table1_columna, table1.columnb AS table1_columnb, table2.columna AS table2_columna, table2.columnc AS table2_columnc
+        FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON true
+
+    Used with the :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.set_label_style` method.
+    Equivalent to the legacy method ``Select.apply_labels()``;
+    :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL` is SQLAlchemy's legacy
+    auto-labeling style. :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY` provides a
+    less intrusive approach to disambiguation of same-named column expressions.
+
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY = 2
+    """Label style indicating that columns with a name that conflicts with
+    an existing name should be labeled with a semi-anonymizing label
+    when generating the columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+
+    Below, most column names are left unaffected, except for the second
+    occurrence of the name ``columna``, which is labeled using the
+    label ``columna_1`` to disambiguate it from that of ``tablea.columna``:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import (
+        ...     table,
+        ...     column,
+        ...     select,
+        ...     true,
+        ...     LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+        ... )
+        >>> table1 = table("table1", column("columna"), column("columnb"))
+        >>> table2 = table("table2", column("columna"), column("columnc"))
+        >>> print(
+        ...     select(table1, table2)
+        ...     .join(table2, true())
+        ...     .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY)
+        ... )
+        {printsql}SELECT table1.columna, table1.columnb, table2.columna AS columna_1, table2.columnc
+        FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON true
+
+    Used with the :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.set_label_style` method,
+    :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY` is the default labeling style
+    for all SELECT statements outside of :term:`1.x style` ORM queries.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT = LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+    """The default label style, refers to
+    :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    LABEL_STYLE_LEGACY_ORM = 3
+
+
+(
+    LABEL_STYLE_NONE,
+    LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL,
+    LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY,
+    _,
+) = list(SelectLabelStyle)
+
+LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT = LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY
+
+
+class Join(roles.DMLTableRole, FromClause):
+    """Represent a ``JOIN`` construct between two
+    :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+    elements.
+
+    The public constructor function for :class:`_expression.Join`
+    is the module-level
+    :func:`_expression.join()` function, as well as the
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` method
+    of any :class:`_expression.FromClause` (e.g. such as
+    :class:`_schema.Table`).
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.join`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "join"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("left", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("right", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("onclause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("isouter", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("full", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    _is_join = True
+
+    left: FromClause
+    right: FromClause
+    onclause: Optional[ColumnElement[bool]]
+    isouter: bool
+    full: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        left: _FromClauseArgument,
+        right: _FromClauseArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+        The usual entrypoint here is the :func:`_expression.join`
+        function or the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.join` method of any
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause` object.
+
+        """
+
+        # when deannotate was removed here, callcounts went up for ORM
+        # compilation of eager joins, since there were more comparisons of
+        # annotated objects.   test_orm.py -> test_fetch_results
+        # was therefore changed to show a more real-world use case, where the
+        # compilation is cached; there's no change in post-cache callcounts.
+        # callcounts for a single compilation in that particular test
+        # that includes about eight joins about 1100 extra fn calls, from
+        # 29200 -> 30373
+
+        self.left = coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole,
+            left,
+        )
+        self.right = coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole,
+            right,
+        ).self_group()
+
+        if onclause is None:
+            self.onclause = self._match_primaries(self.left, self.right)
+        else:
+            # note: taken from If91f61527236fd4d7ae3cad1f24c38be921c90ba
+            # not merged yet
+            self.onclause = coercions.expect(
+                roles.OnClauseRole, onclause
+            ).self_group(against=operators._asbool)
+
+        self.isouter = isouter
+        self.full = full
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        return "Join object on %s(%d) and %s(%d)" % (
+            self.left.description,
+            id(self.left),
+            self.right.description,
+            id(self.right),
+        )
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        return (
+            # use hash() to ensure direct comparison to annotated works
+            # as well
+            hash(fromclause) == hash(self)
+            or self.left.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+            or self.right.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+        )
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> FromGrouping:
+        return FromGrouping(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _populate_column_collection(
+        self,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        sqlutil = util.preloaded.sql_util
+        _columns: List[KeyedColumnElement[Any]] = [c for c in self.left.c] + [
+            c for c in self.right.c
+        ]
+
+        primary_key.extend(  # type: ignore
+            sqlutil.reduce_columns(
+                (c for c in _columns if c.primary_key), self.onclause
+            )
+        )
+        columns._populate_separate_keys(
+            (col._tq_key_label, col) for col in _columns  # type: ignore
+        )
+        foreign_keys.update(
+            itertools.chain(*[col.foreign_keys for col in _columns])  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        )
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # see Select._copy_internals() for similar concept
+
+        # here we pre-clone "left" and "right" so that we can
+        # determine the new FROM clauses
+        all_the_froms = set(
+            itertools.chain(
+                _from_objects(self.left),
+                _from_objects(self.right),
+            )
+        )
+
+        # run the clone on those.  these will be placed in the
+        # cache used by the clone function
+        new_froms = {f: clone(f, **kw) for f in all_the_froms}
+
+        # set up a special replace function that will replace for
+        # ColumnClause with parent table referring to those
+        # replaced FromClause objects
+        def replace(
+            obj: Union[BinaryExpression[Any], ColumnClause[Any]],
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(obj, ColumnClause) and obj.table in new_froms:
+                newelem = new_froms[obj.table].corresponding_column(obj)
+                return newelem
+            return None
+
+        kw["replace"] = replace
+
+        # run normal _copy_internals.  the clones for
+        # left and right will come from the clone function's
+        # cache
+        super()._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        super()._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        self.left._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        self.right._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+    def _match_primaries(
+        self,
+        left: FromClause,
+        right: FromClause,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        if isinstance(left, Join):
+            left_right = left.right
+        else:
+            left_right = None
+        return self._join_condition(left, right, a_subset=left_right)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _join_condition(
+        cls,
+        a: FromClause,
+        b: FromClause,
+        *,
+        a_subset: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[
+            AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+        """Create a join condition between two tables or selectables.
+
+        See sqlalchemy.sql.util.join_condition() for full docs.
+
+        """
+        constraints = cls._joincond_scan_left_right(
+            a, a_subset, b, consider_as_foreign_keys
+        )
+
+        if len(constraints) > 1:
+            cls._joincond_trim_constraints(
+                a, b, constraints, consider_as_foreign_keys
+            )
+
+        if len(constraints) == 0:
+            if isinstance(b, FromGrouping):
+                hint = (
+                    " Perhaps you meant to convert the right side to a "
+                    "subquery using alias()?"
+                )
+            else:
+                hint = ""
+            raise exc.NoForeignKeysError(
+                "Can't find any foreign key relationships "
+                "between '%s' and '%s'.%s"
+                % (a.description, b.description, hint)
+            )
+
+        crit = [(x == y) for x, y in list(constraints.values())[0]]
+        if len(crit) == 1:
+            return crit[0]
+        else:
+            return and_(*crit)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _can_join(
+        cls,
+        left: FromClause,
+        right: FromClause,
+        *,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[
+            AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(left, Join):
+            left_right = left.right
+        else:
+            left_right = None
+
+        constraints = cls._joincond_scan_left_right(
+            a=left,
+            b=right,
+            a_subset=left_right,
+            consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+        )
+
+        return bool(constraints)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _joincond_scan_left_right(
+        cls,
+        a: FromClause,
+        a_subset: Optional[FromClause],
+        b: FromClause,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]],
+    ) -> collections.defaultdict[
+        Optional[ForeignKeyConstraint],
+        List[Tuple[ColumnClause[Any], ColumnClause[Any]]],
+    ]:
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+
+        a = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, a)
+        b = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, b)
+
+        constraints: collections.defaultdict[
+            Optional[ForeignKeyConstraint],
+            List[Tuple[ColumnClause[Any], ColumnClause[Any]]],
+        ] = collections.defaultdict(list)
+
+        for left in (a_subset, a):
+            if left is None:
+                continue
+            for fk in sorted(
+                b.foreign_keys,
+                key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order,
+            ):
+                if (
+                    consider_as_foreign_keys is not None
+                    and fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+                ):
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    col = fk.get_referent(left)
+                except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                    table_names = {t.name for t in sql_util.find_tables(left)}
+                    if nrte.table_name in table_names:
+                        raise
+                    else:
+                        continue
+
+                if col is not None:
+                    constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if left is not b:
+                for fk in sorted(
+                    left.foreign_keys,
+                    key=lambda fk: fk.parent._creation_order,
+                ):
+                    if (
+                        consider_as_foreign_keys is not None
+                        and fk.parent not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        col = fk.get_referent(b)
+                    except exc.NoReferenceError as nrte:
+                        table_names = {t.name for t in sql_util.find_tables(b)}
+                        if nrte.table_name in table_names:
+                            raise
+                        else:
+                            continue
+
+                    if col is not None:
+                        constraints[fk.constraint].append((col, fk.parent))
+            if constraints:
+                break
+        return constraints
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _joincond_trim_constraints(
+        cls,
+        a: FromClause,
+        b: FromClause,
+        constraints: Dict[Any, Any],
+        consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        # more than one constraint matched.  narrow down the list
+        # to include just those FKCs that match exactly to
+        # "consider_as_foreign_keys".
+        if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            for const in list(constraints):
+                if {f.parent for f in const.elements} != set(
+                    consider_as_foreign_keys
+                ):
+                    del constraints[const]
+
+        # if still multiple constraints, but
+        # they all refer to the exact same end result, use it.
+        if len(constraints) > 1:
+            dedupe = {tuple(crit) for crit in constraints.values()}
+            if len(dedupe) == 1:
+                key = list(constraints)[0]
+                constraints = {key: constraints[key]}
+
+        if len(constraints) != 1:
+            raise exc.AmbiguousForeignKeysError(
+                "Can't determine join between '%s' and '%s'; "
+                "tables have more than one foreign key "
+                "constraint relationship between them. "
+                "Please specify the 'onclause' of this "
+                "join explicitly." % (a.description, b.description)
+            )
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Create a :class:`_expression.Select` from this
+        :class:`_expression.Join`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = table_a.join(table_b, table_a.c.id == table_b.c.a_id)
+
+            stmt = stmt.select()
+
+        The above will produce a SQL string resembling:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT table_a.id, table_a.col, table_b.id, table_b.a_id
+            FROM table_a JOIN table_b ON table_a.id = table_b.a_id
+
+        """
+        return Select(self.left, self.right).select_from(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _anonymous_fromclause(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> TODO_Any:
+        sqlutil = util.preloaded.sql_util
+        if flat:
+            if isinstance(self.left, (FromGrouping, Join)):
+                left_name = name  # will recurse
+            else:
+                if name and isinstance(self.left, NamedFromClause):
+                    left_name = f"{name}_{self.left.name}"
+                else:
+                    left_name = name
+            if isinstance(self.right, (FromGrouping, Join)):
+                right_name = name  # will recurse
+            else:
+                if name and isinstance(self.right, NamedFromClause):
+                    right_name = f"{name}_{self.right.name}"
+                else:
+                    right_name = name
+            left_a, right_a = (
+                self.left._anonymous_fromclause(name=left_name, flat=flat),
+                self.right._anonymous_fromclause(name=right_name, flat=flat),
+            )
+            adapter = sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(left_a).chain(
+                sqlutil.ClauseAdapter(right_a)
+            )
+
+            return left_a.join(
+                right_a,
+                adapter.traverse(self.onclause),
+                isouter=self.isouter,
+                full=self.full,
+            )
+        else:
+            return (
+                self.select()
+                .set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL)
+                .correlate(None)
+                .alias(name)
+            )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return itertools.chain(
+            *[_from_objects(x.left, x.right) for x in self._cloned_set]
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        self_list: List[FromClause] = [self]
+        return self_list + self.left._from_objects + self.right._from_objects
+
+
+class NoInit:
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The %s class is not intended to be constructed "
+            "directly.  Please use the %s() standalone "
+            "function or the %s() method available from appropriate "
+            "selectable objects."
+            % (
+                self.__class__.__name__,
+                self.__class__.__name__.lower(),
+                self.__class__.__name__.lower(),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class LateralFromClause(NamedFromClause):
+    """mark a FROM clause as being able to render directly as LATERAL"""
+
+
+# FromClause ->
+#   AliasedReturnsRows
+#        -> Alias   only for FromClause
+#        -> Subquery  only for SelectBase
+#        -> CTE only for HasCTE -> SelectBase, DML
+#        -> Lateral -> FromClause, but we accept SelectBase
+#           w/ non-deprecated coercion
+#        -> TableSample -> only for FromClause
+
+
+class AliasedReturnsRows(NoInit, NamedFromClause):
+    """Base class of aliases against tables, subqueries, and other
+    selectables."""
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+
+    _supports_derived_columns = False
+
+    element: ReturnsRows
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+    ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _construct(
+        cls,
+        selectable: Any,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        obj = cls.__new__(cls)
+        obj._init(selectable, name=name, **kw)
+        return obj
+
+    def _init(self, selectable: Any, *, name: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        self.element = coercions.expect(
+            roles.ReturnsRowsRole, selectable, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        self.element = selectable
+        self._orig_name = name
+        if name is None:
+            if (
+                isinstance(selectable, FromClause)
+                and selectable.named_with_column
+            ):
+                name = getattr(selectable, "name", None)
+                if isinstance(name, _anonymous_label):
+                    name = None
+            name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), name or "anon")
+        self.name = name
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        super()._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        self.element._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(
+        self,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.element._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+            self, columns, primary_key=primary_key, foreign_keys=foreign_keys
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        name = self.name
+        if isinstance(name, _anonymous_label):
+            name = "anon_1"
+
+        return name
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def implicit_returning(self) -> bool:
+        return self.element.implicit_returning  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def original(self) -> ReturnsRows:
+        """Legacy for dialects that are referring to Alias.original."""
+        return self.element
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        if fromclause in self._cloned_set:
+            return True
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        existing_element = self.element
+
+        super()._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+
+        # the element clone is usually against a Table that returns the
+        # same object.  don't reset exported .c. collections and other
+        # memoized details if it was not changed.  this saves a lot on
+        # performance.
+        if existing_element is not self.element:
+            self._reset_column_collection()
+
+    @property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self]
+
+
+class FromClauseAlias(AliasedReturnsRows):
+    element: FromClause
+
+
+class Alias(roles.DMLTableRole, FromClauseAlias):
+    """Represents an table or selectable alias (AS).
+
+    Represents an alias, as typically applied to any table or
+    sub-select within a SQL statement using the ``AS`` keyword (or
+    without the keyword on certain databases such as Oracle Database).
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`_expression.alias` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+    method available
+    on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "alias"
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    element: FromClause
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: FromClause,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        flat: bool = False,
+    ) -> NamedFromClause:
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole, selectable, allow_select=True
+        ).alias(name=name, flat=flat)
+
+
+class TableValuedAlias(LateralFromClause, Alias):
+    """An alias against a "table valued" SQL function.
+
+    This construct provides for a SQL function that returns columns
+    to be used in the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.   The
+    object is generated using the :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.table_valued`
+    method, e.g.:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy import select, func
+        >>> fn = func.json_array_elements_text('["one", "two", "three"]').table_valued(
+        ...     "value"
+        ... )
+        >>> print(select(fn.c.value))
+        {printsql}SELECT anon_1.value
+        FROM json_array_elements_text(:json_array_elements_text_1) AS anon_1
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_functions_table_valued` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table_valued_alias"
+
+    _supports_derived_columns = True
+    _render_derived = False
+    _render_derived_w_types = False
+    joins_implicitly = False
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_anon_name),
+        ("_tableval_type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+        ("_render_derived", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("_render_derived_w_types", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        selectable: Any,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        table_value_type: Optional[TableValueType] = None,
+        joins_implicitly: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super()._init(selectable, name=name)
+
+        self.joins_implicitly = joins_implicitly
+        self._tableval_type = (
+            type_api.TABLEVALUE
+            if table_value_type is None
+            else table_value_type
+        )
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def column(self) -> TableValuedColumn[Any]:
+        """Return a column expression representing this
+        :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        This accessor is used to implement the
+        :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued` method. See that
+        method for further details.
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> print(select(func.some_func().table_valued("value").column))
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1 FROM some_func() AS anon_1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_functions.FunctionElement.column_valued`
+
+        """
+
+        return TableValuedColumn(self, self._tableval_type)
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        """Return a new alias of this :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        This creates a distinct FROM object that will be distinguished
+        from the original one when used in a SQL statement.
+
+        """
+
+        tva: TableValuedAlias = TableValuedAlias._construct(
+            self,
+            name=name,
+            table_value_type=self._tableval_type,
+            joins_implicitly=self.joins_implicitly,
+        )
+
+        if self._render_derived:
+            tva._render_derived = True
+            tva._render_derived_w_types = self._render_derived_w_types
+
+        return tva
+
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a new :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias` with the lateral flag
+        set, so that it renders as LATERAL.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.lateral`
+
+        """
+        tva = self.alias(name=name)
+        tva._is_lateral = True
+        return tva
+
+    def render_derived(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        with_types: bool = False,
+    ) -> TableValuedAlias:
+        """Apply "render derived" to this :class:`_sql.TableValuedAlias`.
+
+        This has the effect of the individual column names listed out
+        after the alias name in the "AS" sequence, e.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> print(
+            ...     select(
+            ...         func.unnest(array(["one", "two", "three"]))
+            ...         .table_valued("x", with_ordinality="o")
+            ...         .render_derived()
+            ...     )
+            ... )
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.x, anon_1.o
+            FROM unnest(ARRAY[%(param_1)s, %(param_2)s, %(param_3)s]) WITH ORDINALITY AS anon_1(x, o)
+
+        The ``with_types`` keyword will render column types inline within
+        the alias expression (this syntax currently applies to the
+        PostgreSQL database):
+
+        .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> print(
+            ...     select(
+            ...         func.json_to_recordset('[{"a":1,"b":"foo"},{"a":"2","c":"bar"}]')
+            ...         .table_valued(column("a", Integer), column("b", String))
+            ...         .render_derived(with_types=True)
+            ...     )
+            ... )
+            {printsql}SELECT anon_1.a, anon_1.b FROM json_to_recordset(:json_to_recordset_1)
+            AS anon_1(a INTEGER, b VARCHAR)
+
+        :param name: optional string name that will be applied to the alias
+         generated.  If left as None, a unique anonymizing name will be used.
+
+        :param with_types: if True, the derived columns will include the
+         datatype specification with each column. This is a special syntax
+         currently known to be required by PostgreSQL for some SQL functions.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        # note: don't use the @_generative system here, keep a reference
+        # to the original object.  otherwise you can have re-use of the
+        # python id() of the original which can cause name conflicts if
+        # a new anon-name grabs the same identifier as the local anon-name
+        # (just saw it happen on CI)
+
+        # construct against original to prevent memory growth
+        # for repeated generations
+        new_alias: TableValuedAlias = TableValuedAlias._construct(
+            self.element,
+            name=name,
+            table_value_type=self._tableval_type,
+            joins_implicitly=self.joins_implicitly,
+        )
+        new_alias._render_derived = True
+        new_alias._render_derived_w_types = with_types
+        return new_alias
+
+
+class Lateral(FromClauseAlias, LateralFromClause):
+    """Represent a LATERAL subquery.
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`_expression.lateral` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.lateral`
+    method available
+    on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    While LATERAL is part of the SQL standard, currently only more recent
+    PostgreSQL versions provide support for this keyword.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "lateral"
+    _is_lateral = True
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: Union[SelectBase, _FromClauseArgument],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> LateralFromClause:
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole, selectable, explicit_subquery=True
+        ).lateral(name=name)
+
+
+class TableSample(FromClauseAlias):
+    """Represent a TABLESAMPLE clause.
+
+    This object is constructed from the :func:`_expression.tablesample` module
+    level function as well as the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.tablesample`
+    method
+    available on all :class:`_expression.FromClause` subclasses.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.tablesample`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "tablesample"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        AliasedReturnsRows._traverse_internals
+        + [
+            ("sampling", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("seed", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ]
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: _FromClauseArgument,
+        sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> TableSample:
+        return coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, selectable).tablesample(
+            sampling, name=name, seed=seed
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def _init(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        selectable: Any,
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        sampling: Union[float, Function[Any]],
+        seed: Optional[roles.ExpressionElementRole[Any]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert sampling is not None
+        functions = util.preloaded.sql_functions
+        if not isinstance(sampling, functions.Function):
+            sampling = functions.func.system(sampling)
+
+        self.sampling: Function[Any] = sampling
+        self.seed = seed
+        super()._init(selectable, name=name)
+
+    def _get_method(self) -> Function[Any]:
+        return self.sampling
+
+
+class CTE(
+    roles.DMLTableRole,
+    roles.IsCTERole,
+    Generative,
+    HasPrefixes,
+    HasSuffixes,
+    AliasedReturnsRows,
+):
+    """Represent a Common Table Expression.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.CTE` object is obtained using the
+    :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.cte` method from any SELECT statement. A less often
+    available syntax also allows use of the :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` method
+    present on :term:`DML` constructs such as :class:`_sql.Insert`,
+    :class:`_sql.Update` and
+    :class:`_sql.Delete`.   See the :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` method for
+    usage details on CTEs.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_subqueries_ctes` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+        :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` - examples of calling styles
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "cte"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        AliasedReturnsRows._traverse_internals
+        + [
+            ("_cte_alias", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_restates", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("recursive", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("nesting", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ]
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + HasSuffixes._has_suffixes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    element: HasCTE
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls,
+        selectable: HasCTE,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+    ) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE`,
+        or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+        Please see :meth:`_expression.HasCTE.cte` for detail on CTE usage.
+
+        """
+        return coercions.expect(roles.HasCTERole, selectable).cte(
+            name=name, recursive=recursive
+        )
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        selectable: Select[Any],
+        *,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+        nesting: bool = False,
+        _cte_alias: Optional[CTE] = None,
+        _restates: Optional[CTE] = None,
+        _prefixes: Optional[Tuple[()]] = None,
+        _suffixes: Optional[Tuple[()]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.recursive = recursive
+        self.nesting = nesting
+        self._cte_alias = _cte_alias
+        # Keep recursivity reference with union/union_all
+        self._restates = _restates
+        if _prefixes:
+            self._prefixes = _prefixes
+        if _suffixes:
+            self._suffixes = _suffixes
+        super()._init(selectable, name=name)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(
+        self,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._cte_alias is not None:
+            self._cte_alias._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+                self,
+                columns,
+                primary_key=primary_key,
+                foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.element._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+                self,
+                columns,
+                primary_key=primary_key,
+                foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+            )
+
+    def alias(self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False) -> CTE:
+        """Return an :class:`_expression.Alias` of this
+        :class:`_expression.CTE`.
+
+        This method is a CTE-specific specialization of the
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_using_aliases`
+
+            :func:`_expression.alias`
+
+        """
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self.element,
+            name=name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            nesting=self.nesting,
+            _cte_alias=self,
+            _prefixes=self._prefixes,
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes,
+        )
+
+    def union(self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[Any]) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE` with a SQL ``UNION``
+        of the original CTE against the given selectables provided
+        as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28 multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` - examples of calling styles
+
+        """
+        assert is_select_statement(
+            self.element
+        ), f"CTE element f{self.element} does not support union()"
+
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self.element.union(*other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            nesting=self.nesting,
+            _restates=self,
+            _prefixes=self._prefixes,
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes,
+        )
+
+    def union_all(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[Any]
+    ) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE` with a SQL ``UNION ALL``
+        of the original CTE against the given selectables provided
+        as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28 multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.HasCTE.cte` - examples of calling styles
+
+        """
+
+        assert is_select_statement(
+            self.element
+        ), f"CTE element f{self.element} does not support union_all()"
+
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self.element.union_all(*other),
+            name=self.name,
+            recursive=self.recursive,
+            nesting=self.nesting,
+            _restates=self,
+            _prefixes=self._prefixes,
+            _suffixes=self._suffixes,
+        )
+
+    def _get_reference_cte(self) -> CTE:
+        """
+        A recursive CTE is updated to attach the recursive part.
+        Updated CTEs should still refer to the original CTE.
+        This function returns this reference identifier.
+        """
+        return self._restates if self._restates is not None else self
+
+
+class _CTEOpts(NamedTuple):
+    nesting: bool
+
+
+class _ColumnsPlusNames(NamedTuple):
+    required_label_name: Optional[str]
+    """
+    string label name, if non-None, must be rendered as a
+    label, i.e. "AS <name>"
+    """
+
+    proxy_key: Optional[str]
+    """
+    proxy_key that is to be part of the result map for this
+    col.  this is also the key in a fromclause.c or
+    select.selected_columns collection
+    """
+
+    fallback_label_name: Optional[str]
+    """
+    name that can be used to render an "AS <name>" when
+    we have to render a label even though
+    required_label_name was not given
+    """
+
+    column: Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]
+    """
+    the ColumnElement itself
+    """
+
+    repeated: bool
+    """
+    True if this is a duplicate of a previous column
+    in the list of columns
+    """
+
+
+class SelectsRows(ReturnsRows):
+    """Sub-base of ReturnsRows for elements that deliver rows
+    directly, namely SELECT and INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE..RETURNING"""
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+    def _generate_columns_plus_names(
+        self,
+        anon_for_dupe_key: bool,
+        cols: Optional[_SelectIterable] = None,
+    ) -> List[_ColumnsPlusNames]:
+        """Generate column names as rendered in a SELECT statement by
+        the compiler.
+
+        This is distinct from the _column_naming_convention generator that's
+        intended for population of .c collections and similar, which has
+        different rules.   the collection returned here calls upon the
+        _column_naming_convention as well.
+
+        """
+
+        if cols is None:
+            cols = self._all_selected_columns
+
+        key_naming_convention = SelectState._column_naming_convention(
+            self._label_style
+        )
+
+        names = {}
+
+        result: List[_ColumnsPlusNames] = []
+        result_append = result.append
+
+        table_qualified = self._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+        label_style_none = self._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+        # a counter used for "dedupe" labels, which have double underscores
+        # in them and are never referred by name; they only act
+        # as positional placeholders.  they need only be unique within
+        # the single columns clause they're rendered within (required by
+        # some dbs such as mysql).  So their anon identity is tracked against
+        # a fixed counter rather than hash() identity.
+        dedupe_hash = 1
+
+        for c in cols:
+            repeated = False
+
+            if not c._render_label_in_columns_clause:
+                effective_name = required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                    None
+                )
+            elif label_style_none:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert is_column_element(c)
+
+                effective_name = required_label_name = None
+                fallback_label_name = c._non_anon_label or c._anon_name_label
+            else:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert is_column_element(c)
+
+                if table_qualified:
+                    required_label_name = effective_name = (
+                        fallback_label_name
+                    ) = c._tq_label
+                else:
+                    effective_name = fallback_label_name = c._non_anon_label
+                    required_label_name = None
+
+                if effective_name is None:
+                    # it seems like this could be _proxy_key and we would
+                    # not need _expression_label but it isn't
+                    # giving us a clue when to use anon_label instead
+                    expr_label = c._expression_label
+                    if expr_label is None:
+                        repeated = c._anon_name_label in names
+                        names[c._anon_name_label] = c
+                        effective_name = required_label_name = None
+
+                        if repeated:
+                            # here, "required_label_name" is sent as
+                            # "None" and "fallback_label_name" is sent.
+                            if table_qualified:
+                                fallback_label_name = (
+                                    c._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                            else:
+                                fallback_label_name = c._dedupe_anon_label_idx(
+                                    dedupe_hash
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                        else:
+                            fallback_label_name = c._anon_name_label
+                    else:
+                        required_label_name = effective_name = (
+                            fallback_label_name
+                        ) = expr_label
+
+            if effective_name is not None:
+                if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                    assert is_column_element(c)
+
+                if effective_name in names:
+                    # when looking to see if names[name] is the same column as
+                    # c, use hash(), so that an annotated version of the column
+                    # is seen as the same as the non-annotated
+                    if hash(names[effective_name]) != hash(c):
+                        # different column under the same name.  apply
+                        # disambiguating label
+                        if table_qualified:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._anon_tq_label
+                            )
+                        else:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._anon_name_label
+                            )
+
+                        if anon_for_dupe_key and required_label_name in names:
+                            # here, c._anon_tq_label is definitely unique to
+                            # that column identity (or annotated version), so
+                            # this should always be true.
+                            # this is also an infrequent codepath because
+                            # you need two levels of duplication to be here
+                            assert hash(names[required_label_name]) == hash(c)
+
+                            # the column under the disambiguating label is
+                            # already present.  apply the "dedupe" label to
+                            # subsequent occurrences of the column so that the
+                            # original stays non-ambiguous
+                            if table_qualified:
+                                required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                    c._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                            else:
+                                required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                    c._dedupe_anon_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                                )
+                                dedupe_hash += 1
+                            repeated = True
+                        else:
+                            names[required_label_name] = c
+                    elif anon_for_dupe_key:
+                        # same column under the same name. apply the "dedupe"
+                        # label so that the original stays non-ambiguous
+                        if table_qualified:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._dedupe_anon_tq_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                            )
+                            dedupe_hash += 1
+                        else:
+                            required_label_name = fallback_label_name = (
+                                c._dedupe_anon_label_idx(dedupe_hash)
+                            )
+                            dedupe_hash += 1
+                        repeated = True
+                else:
+                    names[effective_name] = c
+
+            result_append(
+                _ColumnsPlusNames(
+                    required_label_name,
+                    key_naming_convention(c),
+                    fallback_label_name,
+                    c,
+                    repeated,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return result
+
+
+class HasCTE(roles.HasCTERole, SelectsRows):
+    """Mixin that declares a class to include CTE support."""
+
+    _has_ctes_traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_independent_ctes", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_independent_ctes_opts", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+    ]
+
+    _independent_ctes: Tuple[CTE, ...] = ()
+    _independent_ctes_opts: Tuple[_CTEOpts, ...] = ()
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_cte(self, *ctes: CTE, nest_here: bool = False) -> Self:
+        r"""Add one or more :class:`_sql.CTE` constructs to this statement.
+
+        This method will associate the given :class:`_sql.CTE` constructs with
+        the parent statement such that they will each be unconditionally
+        rendered in the WITH clause of the final statement, even if not
+        referenced elsewhere within the statement or any sub-selects.
+
+        The optional :paramref:`.HasCTE.add_cte.nest_here` parameter when set
+        to True will have the effect that each given :class:`_sql.CTE` will
+        render in a WITH clause rendered directly along with this statement,
+        rather than being moved to the top of the ultimate rendered statement,
+        even if this statement is rendered as a subquery within a larger
+        statement.
+
+        This method has two general uses. One is to embed CTE statements that
+        serve some purpose without being referenced explicitly, such as the use
+        case of embedding a DML statement such as an INSERT or UPDATE as a CTE
+        inline with a primary statement that may draw from its results
+        indirectly.  The other is to provide control over the exact placement
+        of a particular series of CTE constructs that should remain rendered
+        directly in terms of a particular statement that may be nested in a
+        larger statement.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import table, column, select
+
+            t = table("t", column("c1"), column("c2"))
+
+            ins = t.insert().values({"c1": "x", "c2": "y"}).cte()
+
+            stmt = select(t).add_cte(ins)
+
+        Would render:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WITH anon_1 AS (
+                INSERT INTO t (c1, c2) VALUES (:param_1, :param_2)
+            )
+            SELECT t.c1, t.c2
+            FROM t
+
+        Above, the "anon_1" CTE is not referenced in the SELECT
+        statement, however still accomplishes the task of running an INSERT
+        statement.
+
+        Similarly in a DML-related context, using the PostgreSQL
+        :class:`_postgresql.Insert` construct to generate an "upsert"::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import table, column
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
+
+            t = table("t", column("c1"), column("c2"))
+
+            delete_statement_cte = t.delete().where(t.c.c1 < 1).cte("deletions")
+
+            insert_stmt = insert(t).values({"c1": 1, "c2": 2})
+            update_statement = insert_stmt.on_conflict_do_update(
+                index_elements=[t.c.c1],
+                set_={
+                    "c1": insert_stmt.excluded.c1,
+                    "c2": insert_stmt.excluded.c2,
+                },
+            ).add_cte(delete_statement_cte)
+
+            print(update_statement)
+
+        The above statement renders as:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WITH deletions AS (
+                DELETE FROM t WHERE t.c1 < %(c1_1)s
+            )
+            INSERT INTO t (c1, c2) VALUES (%(c1)s, %(c2)s)
+            ON CONFLICT (c1) DO UPDATE SET c1 = excluded.c1, c2 = excluded.c2
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.21
+
+        :param \*ctes: zero or more :class:`.CTE` constructs.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0  Multiple CTE instances are accepted
+
+        :param nest_here: if True, the given CTE or CTEs will be rendered
+         as though they specified the :paramref:`.HasCTE.cte.nesting` flag
+         to ``True`` when they were added to this :class:`.HasCTE`.
+         Assuming the given CTEs are not referenced in an outer-enclosing
+         statement as well, the CTEs given should render at the level of
+         this statement when this flag is given.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :paramref:`.HasCTE.cte.nesting`
+
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        opt = _CTEOpts(nest_here)
+        for cte in ctes:
+            cte = coercions.expect(roles.IsCTERole, cte)
+            self._independent_ctes += (cte,)
+            self._independent_ctes_opts += (opt,)
+        return self
+
+    def cte(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        recursive: bool = False,
+        nesting: bool = False,
+    ) -> CTE:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.CTE`,
+        or Common Table Expression instance.
+
+        Common table expressions are a SQL standard whereby SELECT
+        statements can draw upon secondary statements specified along
+        with the primary statement, using a clause called "WITH".
+        Special semantics regarding UNION can also be employed to
+        allow "recursive" queries, where a SELECT statement can draw
+        upon the set of rows that have previously been selected.
+
+        CTEs can also be applied to DML constructs UPDATE, INSERT
+        and DELETE on some databases, both as a source of CTE rows
+        when combined with RETURNING, as well as a consumer of
+        CTE rows.
+
+        SQLAlchemy detects :class:`_expression.CTE` objects, which are treated
+        similarly to :class:`_expression.Alias` objects, as special elements
+        to be delivered to the FROM clause of the statement as well
+        as to a WITH clause at the top of the statement.
+
+        For special prefixes such as PostgreSQL "MATERIALIZED" and
+        "NOT MATERIALIZED", the :meth:`_expression.CTE.prefix_with`
+        method may be
+        used to establish these.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.3.13 Added support for prefixes.
+           In particular - MATERIALIZED and NOT MATERIALIZED.
+
+        :param name: name given to the common table expression.  Like
+         :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`, the name can be left as
+         ``None`` in which case an anonymous symbol will be used at query
+         compile time.
+        :param recursive: if ``True``, will render ``WITH RECURSIVE``.
+         A recursive common table expression is intended to be used in
+         conjunction with UNION ALL in order to derive rows
+         from those already selected.
+        :param nesting: if ``True``, will render the CTE locally to the
+         statement in which it is referenced.   For more complex scenarios,
+         the :meth:`.HasCTE.add_cte` method using the
+         :paramref:`.HasCTE.add_cte.nest_here`
+         parameter may also be used to more carefully
+         control the exact placement of a particular CTE.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.24
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.HasCTE.add_cte`
+
+        The following examples include two from PostgreSQL's documentation at
+        https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html,
+        as well as additional examples.
+
+        Example 1, non recursive::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (
+                Table,
+                Column,
+                String,
+                Integer,
+                MetaData,
+                select,
+                func,
+            )
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            orders = Table(
+                "orders",
+                metadata,
+                Column("region", String),
+                Column("amount", Integer),
+                Column("product", String),
+                Column("quantity", Integer),
+            )
+
+            regional_sales = (
+                select(orders.c.region, func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("total_sales"))
+                .group_by(orders.c.region)
+                .cte("regional_sales")
+            )
+
+
+            top_regions = (
+                select(regional_sales.c.region)
+                .where(
+                    regional_sales.c.total_sales
+                    > select(func.sum(regional_sales.c.total_sales) / 10)
+                )
+                .cte("top_regions")
+            )
+
+            statement = (
+                select(
+                    orders.c.region,
+                    orders.c.product,
+                    func.sum(orders.c.quantity).label("product_units"),
+                    func.sum(orders.c.amount).label("product_sales"),
+                )
+                .where(orders.c.region.in_(select(top_regions.c.region)))
+                .group_by(orders.c.region, orders.c.product)
+            )
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+        Example 2, WITH RECURSIVE::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import (
+                Table,
+                Column,
+                String,
+                Integer,
+                MetaData,
+                select,
+                func,
+            )
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            parts = Table(
+                "parts",
+                metadata,
+                Column("part", String),
+                Column("sub_part", String),
+                Column("quantity", Integer),
+            )
+
+            included_parts = (
+                select(parts.c.sub_part, parts.c.part, parts.c.quantity)
+                .where(parts.c.part == "our part")
+                .cte(recursive=True)
+            )
+
+
+            incl_alias = included_parts.alias()
+            parts_alias = parts.alias()
+            included_parts = included_parts.union_all(
+                select(
+                    parts_alias.c.sub_part, parts_alias.c.part, parts_alias.c.quantity
+                ).where(parts_alias.c.part == incl_alias.c.sub_part)
+            )
+
+            statement = select(
+                included_parts.c.sub_part,
+                func.sum(included_parts.c.quantity).label("total_quantity"),
+            ).group_by(included_parts.c.sub_part)
+
+            result = conn.execute(statement).fetchall()
+
+        Example 3, an upsert using UPDATE and INSERT with CTEs::
+
+            from datetime import date
+            from sqlalchemy import (
+                MetaData,
+                Table,
+                Column,
+                Integer,
+                Date,
+                select,
+                literal,
+                and_,
+                exists,
+            )
+
+            metadata = MetaData()
+
+            visitors = Table(
+                "visitors",
+                metadata,
+                Column("product_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("date", Date, primary_key=True),
+                Column("count", Integer),
+            )
+
+            # add 5 visitors for the product_id == 1
+            product_id = 1
+            day = date.today()
+            count = 5
+
+            update_cte = (
+                visitors.update()
+                .where(
+                    and_(visitors.c.product_id == product_id, visitors.c.date == day)
+                )
+                .values(count=visitors.c.count + count)
+                .returning(literal(1))
+                .cte("update_cte")
+            )
+
+            upsert = visitors.insert().from_select(
+                [visitors.c.product_id, visitors.c.date, visitors.c.count],
+                select(literal(product_id), literal(day), literal(count)).where(
+                    ~exists(update_cte.select())
+                ),
+            )
+
+            connection.execute(upsert)
+
+        Example 4, Nesting CTE (SQLAlchemy 1.4.24 and above)::
+
+            value_a = select(literal("root").label("n")).cte("value_a")
+
+            # A nested CTE with the same name as the root one
+            value_a_nested = select(literal("nesting").label("n")).cte(
+                "value_a", nesting=True
+            )
+
+            # Nesting CTEs takes ascendency locally
+            # over the CTEs at a higher level
+            value_b = select(value_a_nested.c.n).cte("value_b")
+
+            value_ab = select(value_a.c.n.label("a"), value_b.c.n.label("b"))
+
+        The above query will render the second CTE nested inside the first,
+        shown with inline parameters below as:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WITH
+                value_a AS
+                    (SELECT 'root' AS n),
+                value_b AS
+                    (WITH value_a AS
+                        (SELECT 'nesting' AS n)
+                    SELECT value_a.n AS n FROM value_a)
+            SELECT value_a.n AS a, value_b.n AS b
+            FROM value_a, value_b
+
+        The same CTE can be set up using the :meth:`.HasCTE.add_cte` method
+        as follows (SQLAlchemy 2.0 and above)::
+
+            value_a = select(literal("root").label("n")).cte("value_a")
+
+            # A nested CTE with the same name as the root one
+            value_a_nested = select(literal("nesting").label("n")).cte("value_a")
+
+            # Nesting CTEs takes ascendency locally
+            # over the CTEs at a higher level
+            value_b = (
+                select(value_a_nested.c.n)
+                .add_cte(value_a_nested, nest_here=True)
+                .cte("value_b")
+            )
+
+            value_ab = select(value_a.c.n.label("a"), value_b.c.n.label("b"))
+
+        Example 5, Non-Linear CTE (SQLAlchemy 1.4.28 and above)::
+
+            edge = Table(
+                "edge",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("left", Integer),
+                Column("right", Integer),
+            )
+
+            root_node = select(literal(1).label("node")).cte("nodes", recursive=True)
+
+            left_edge = select(edge.c.left).join(
+                root_node, edge.c.right == root_node.c.node
+            )
+            right_edge = select(edge.c.right).join(
+                root_node, edge.c.left == root_node.c.node
+            )
+
+            subgraph_cte = root_node.union(left_edge, right_edge)
+
+            subgraph = select(subgraph_cte)
+
+        The above query will render 2 UNIONs inside the recursive CTE:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            WITH RECURSIVE nodes(node) AS (
+                    SELECT 1 AS node
+                UNION
+                    SELECT edge."left" AS "left"
+                    FROM edge JOIN nodes ON edge."right" = nodes.node
+                UNION
+                    SELECT edge."right" AS "right"
+                    FROM edge JOIN nodes ON edge."left" = nodes.node
+            )
+            SELECT nodes.node FROM nodes
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_orm.Query.cte` - ORM version of
+            :meth:`_expression.HasCTE.cte`.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        return CTE._construct(
+            self, name=name, recursive=recursive, nesting=nesting
+        )
+
+
+class Subquery(AliasedReturnsRows):
+    """Represent a subquery of a SELECT.
+
+    A :class:`.Subquery` is created by invoking the
+    :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` method, or for convenience the
+    :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.alias` method, on any
+    :class:`_expression.SelectBase` subclass
+    which includes :class:`_expression.Select`,
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`, and
+    :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`.  As rendered in a FROM clause,
+    it represents the
+    body of the SELECT statement inside of parenthesis, followed by the usual
+    "AS <somename>" that defines all "alias" objects.
+
+    The :class:`.Subquery` object is very similar to the
+    :class:`_expression.Alias`
+    object and can be used in an equivalent way.    The difference between
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` and :class:`.Subquery` is that
+    :class:`_expression.Alias` always
+    contains a :class:`_expression.FromClause` object whereas
+    :class:`.Subquery`
+    always contains a :class:`_expression.SelectBase` object.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4 The :class:`.Subquery` class was added which now
+       serves the purpose of providing an aliased version of a SELECT
+       statement.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "subquery"
+
+    _is_subquery = True
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    element: SelectBase
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _factory(
+        cls, selectable: SelectBase, name: Optional[str] = None
+    ) -> Subquery:
+        """Return a :class:`.Subquery` object."""
+
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.SelectStatementRole, selectable
+        ).subquery(name=name)
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`.Subquery.as_scalar` method, which was previously "
+        "``Alias.as_scalar()`` prior to version 1.4, is deprecated and "
+        "will be removed in a future release; Please use the "
+        ":meth:`_expression.Select.scalar_subquery` method of the "
+        ":func:`_expression.select` "
+        "construct before constructing a subquery object, or with the ORM "
+        "use the :meth:`_query.Query.scalar_subquery` method.",
+    )
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        return self.element.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE).scalar_subquery()
+
+
+class FromGrouping(GroupedElement, FromClause):
+    """Represent a grouping of a FROM clause"""
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ]
+
+    element: FromClause
+
+    def __init__(self, element: FromClause):
+        self.element = coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, element)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.element.columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.element.columns
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key(self) -> Iterable[NamedColumn[Any]]:
+        return self.element.primary_key
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self) -> Iterable[ForeignKey]:
+        return self.element.foreign_keys
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        return self.element.is_derived_from(fromclause)
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> NamedFromGrouping:
+        return NamedFromGrouping(self.element.alias(name=name, flat=flat))
+
+    def _anonymous_fromclause(self, **kw: Any) -> FromGrouping:
+        return FromGrouping(self.element._anonymous_fromclause(**kw))
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _hide_froms(self) -> Iterable[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._hide_froms
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, FromClause]:
+        return {"element": self.element}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, FromClause]) -> None:
+        self.element = state["element"]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class NamedFromGrouping(FromGrouping, NamedFromClause):
+    """represent a grouping of a named FROM clause
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class TableClause(roles.DMLTableRole, Immutable, NamedFromClause):
+    """Represents a minimal "table" construct.
+
+    This is a lightweight table object that has only a name, a
+    collection of columns, which are typically produced
+    by the :func:`_expression.column` function, and a schema::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import table, column
+
+        user = table(
+            "user",
+            column("id"),
+            column("name"),
+            column("description"),
+        )
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TableClause` construct serves as the base for
+    the more commonly used :class:`_schema.Table` object, providing
+    the usual set of :class:`_expression.FromClause` services including
+    the ``.c.`` collection and statement generation methods.
+
+    It does **not** provide all the additional schema-level services
+    of :class:`_schema.Table`, including constraints, references to other
+    tables, or support for :class:`_schema.MetaData`-level services.
+    It's useful
+    on its own as an ad-hoc construct used to generate quick SQL
+    statements when a more fully fledged :class:`_schema.Table`
+    is not on hand.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "table"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        (
+            "columns",
+            InternalTraversal.dp_fromclause_canonical_column_collection,
+        ),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("schema", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+    ]
+
+    _is_table = True
+
+    fullname: str
+
+    implicit_returning = False
+    """:class:`_expression.TableClause`
+    doesn't support having a primary key or column
+    -level defaults, so implicit returning doesn't apply."""
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _autoincrement_column(self) -> Optional[ColumnClause[Any]]:
+        """No PK or default support so no autoincrement column."""
+        return None
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, *columns: ColumnClause[Any], **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.name = name
+        self._columns = DedupeColumnCollection()
+        self.primary_key = ColumnSet()  # type: ignore
+        self.foreign_keys = set()  # type: ignore
+        for c in columns:
+            self.append_column(c)
+
+        schema = kw.pop("schema", None)
+        if schema is not None:
+            self.schema = schema
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            self.fullname = "%s.%s" % (self.schema, self.name)
+        else:
+            self.fullname = self.name
+        if kw:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("Unsupported argument(s): %s" % list(kw))
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def columns(
+            self,
+        ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, ColumnClause[Any]]: ...
+
+        @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+        def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, ColumnClause[Any]]: ...
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        if self.schema is not None:
+            return self.schema + "." + self.name
+        else:
+            return self.name
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def description(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
+    def append_column(self, c: ColumnClause[Any]) -> None:
+        existing = c.table
+        if existing is not None and existing is not self:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "column object '%s' already assigned to table '%s'"
+                % (c.key, existing)
+            )
+
+        self._columns.add(c)
+        c.table = self
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def insert(self) -> util.preloaded.sql_dml.Insert:
+        """Generate an :class:`_sql.Insert` construct against this
+        :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.insert().values(name="foo")
+
+        See :func:`_expression.insert` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.preloaded.sql_dml.Insert(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def update(self) -> Update:
+        """Generate an :func:`_expression.update` construct against this
+        :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.update().where(table.c.id == 7).values(name="foo")
+
+        See :func:`_expression.update` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_dml.Update(
+            self,
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.dml")
+    def delete(self) -> Delete:
+        """Generate a :func:`_expression.delete` construct against this
+        :class:`_expression.TableClause`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table.delete().where(table.c.id == 7)
+
+        See :func:`_expression.delete` for argument and usage information.
+
+        """
+        return util.preloaded.sql_dml.Delete(self)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self]
+
+
+ForUpdateParameter = Union["ForUpdateArg", None, bool, Dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+class ForUpdateArg(ClauseElement):
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("of", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("nowait", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("read", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("skip_locked", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+        ("key_share", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    of: Optional[Sequence[ClauseElement]]
+    nowait: bool
+    read: bool
+    skip_locked: bool
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_argument(
+        cls, with_for_update: ForUpdateParameter
+    ) -> Optional[ForUpdateArg]:
+        if isinstance(with_for_update, ForUpdateArg):
+            return with_for_update
+        elif with_for_update in (None, False):
+            return None
+        elif with_for_update is True:
+            return ForUpdateArg()
+        else:
+            return ForUpdateArg(**cast("Dict[str, Any]", with_for_update))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, ForUpdateArg)
+            and other.nowait == self.nowait
+            and other.read == self.read
+            and other.skip_locked == self.skip_locked
+            and other.key_share == self.key_share
+            and other.of is self.of
+        )
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        nowait: bool = False,
+        read: bool = False,
+        of: Optional[_ForUpdateOfArgument] = None,
+        skip_locked: bool = False,
+        key_share: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Represents arguments specified to
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.for_update`.
+
+        """
+
+        self.nowait = nowait
+        self.read = read
+        self.skip_locked = skip_locked
+        self.key_share = key_share
+        if of is not None:
+            self.of = [
+                coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, elem)
+                for elem in util.to_list(of)
+            ]
+        else:
+            self.of = None
+
+
+class Values(roles.InElementRole, Generative, LateralFromClause):
+    """Represent a ``VALUES`` construct that can be used as a FROM element
+    in a statement.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.Values` object is created from the
+    :func:`_expression.values` function.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "values"
+
+    _data: Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]], ...] = ()
+
+    _unnamed: bool
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_column_args", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_data", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_multi_values),
+        ("name", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ("literal_binds", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *columns: ColumnClause[Any],
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        literal_binds: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._column_args = columns
+
+        if name is None:
+            self._unnamed = True
+            self.name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), "anon")
+        else:
+            self._unnamed = False
+            self.name = name
+        self.literal_binds = literal_binds
+        self.named_with_column = not self._unnamed
+
+    @property
+    def _column_types(self) -> List[TypeEngine[Any]]:
+        return [col.type for col in self._column_args]
+
+    @_generative
+    def alias(self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Values`
+        construct that is a copy of this
+        one with the given name.
+
+        This method is a VALUES-specific specialization of the
+        :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias` method.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_using_aliases`
+
+            :func:`_expression.alias`
+
+        """
+        non_none_name: str
+
+        if name is None:
+            non_none_name = _anonymous_label.safe_construct(id(self), "anon")
+        else:
+            non_none_name = name
+
+        self.name = non_none_name
+        self.named_with_column = True
+        self._unnamed = False
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Values` with the lateral flag set,
+        so that
+        it renders as LATERAL.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.lateral`
+
+        """
+        non_none_name: str
+
+        if name is None:
+            non_none_name = self.name
+        else:
+            non_none_name = name
+
+        self._is_lateral = True
+        self.name = non_none_name
+        self._unnamed = False
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def data(self, values: Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Values` construct,
+        adding the given data to the data list.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_values = my_values.data([(1, "value 1"), (2, "value2")])
+
+        :param values: a sequence (i.e. list) of tuples that map to the
+         column expressions given in the :class:`_expression.Values`
+         constructor.
+
+        """
+
+        self._data += (values,)
+        return self
+
+    def scalar_values(self) -> ScalarValues:
+        """Returns a scalar ``VALUES`` construct that can be used as a
+        COLUMN element in a statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+        """
+        return ScalarValues(self._column_args, self._data, self.literal_binds)
+
+    def _populate_column_collection(
+        self,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> None:
+        for c in self._column_args:
+            if c.table is not None and c.table is not self:
+                _, c = c._make_proxy(
+                    self, primary_key=primary_key, foreign_keys=foreign_keys
+                )
+            else:
+                # if the column was used in other contexts, ensure
+                # no memoizations of other FROM clauses.
+                # see test_values.py -> test_auto_proxy_select_direct_col
+                c._reset_memoizations()
+            columns.add(c)
+            c.table = self
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return [self]
+
+
+class ScalarValues(roles.InElementRole, GroupedElement, ColumnElement[Any]):
+    """Represent a scalar ``VALUES`` construct that can be used as a
+    COLUMN element in a statement.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.ScalarValues` object is created from the
+    :meth:`_expression.Values.scalar_values` method. It's also
+    automatically generated when a :class:`_expression.Values` is used in
+    an ``IN`` or ``NOT IN`` condition.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "scalar_values"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_column_args", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_data", InternalTraversal.dp_dml_multi_values),
+        ("literal_binds", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        columns: Sequence[ColumnClause[Any]],
+        data: Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[Any, ...]], ...],
+        literal_binds: bool,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._column_args = columns
+        self._data = data
+        self.literal_binds = literal_binds
+
+    @property
+    def _column_types(self) -> List[TypeEngine[Any]]:
+        return [col.type for col in self._column_args]
+
+    def __clause_element__(self) -> ScalarValues:
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def self_group(
+            self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> Self: ...
+
+
+class SelectBase(
+    roles.SelectStatementRole,
+    roles.DMLSelectRole,
+    roles.CompoundElementRole,
+    roles.InElementRole,
+    HasCTE,
+    SupportsCloneAnnotations,
+    Selectable,
+):
+    """Base class for SELECT statements.
+
+
+    This includes :class:`_expression.Select`,
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect` and
+    :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`.
+
+
+    """
+
+    _is_select_base = True
+    is_select = True
+
+    _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set.
+
+        This collection differs from the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns`
+        collection of a :class:`_expression.FromClause` in that the columns
+        within this collection cannot be directly nested inside another SELECT
+        statement; a subquery must be applied first which provides for the
+        necessary parenthesization required by SQL.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :attr:`_sql.SelectBase.selected_columns` collection does not
+            include expressions established in the columns clause using the
+            :func:`_sql.text` construct; these are silently omitted from the
+            collection. To use plain textual column expressions inside of a
+            :class:`_sql.Select` construct, use the :func:`_sql.literal_column`
+            construct.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        """A sequence of expressions that correspond to what is rendered
+        in the columns clause, including :class:`_sql.TextClause`
+        constructs.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.12
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.SelectBase.exported_columns`
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def exported_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        that represents the "exported"
+        columns of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`, not including
+        :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        The "exported" columns for a :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+        object are synonymous
+        with the :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.selected_columns` collection.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Select.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.Selectable.exported_columns`
+
+            :attr:`_expression.FromClause.exported_columns`
+
+
+        """
+        return self.selected_columns.as_readonly()
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.c` and "
+        ":attr:`_expression.SelectBase.columns` attributes "
+        "are deprecated and will be removed in a future release; these "
+        "attributes implicitly create a subquery that should be explicit.  "
+        "Please call :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` "
+        "first in order to create "
+        "a subquery, which then contains this attribute.  To access the "
+        "columns that this SELECT object SELECTs "
+        "from, use the :attr:`_expression.SelectBase.selected_columns` "
+        "attribute.",
+    )
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self._implicit_subquery.columns
+
+    @property
+    def columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        return self.c
+
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        """
+        Retrieve the current label style.
+
+        Implemented by subclasses.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the specified label style.
+
+        Implemented by subclasses.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.select` method is deprecated "
+        "and will be removed in a future release; this method implicitly "
+        "creates a subquery that should be explicit.  "
+        "Please call :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` "
+        "first in order to create "
+        "a subquery, which then can be selected.",
+    )
+    def select(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Select[Any]:
+        return self._implicit_subquery.select(*arg, **kw)
+
+    @HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+    def _implicit_subquery(self) -> Subquery:
+        return self.subquery()
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.as_scalar` "
+        "method is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in a future release.  Please refer to "
+        ":meth:`_expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.",
+    )
+    def as_scalar(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        return self.scalar_subquery()
+
+    def exists(self) -> Exists:
+        """Return an :class:`_sql.Exists` representation of this selectable,
+        which can be used as a column expression.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`_sql.Exists`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_sql.exists`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_exists` - in the :term:`2.0 style` tutorial.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return Exists(self)
+
+    def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]:
+        """Return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, which can be
+        used as a column expression.
+
+        The returned object is an instance of :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect`.
+
+        Typically, a select statement which has only one column in its columns
+        clause is eligible to be used as a scalar expression.  The scalar
+        subquery can then be used in the WHERE clause or columns clause of
+        an enclosing SELECT.
+
+        Note that the scalar subquery differentiates from the FROM-level
+        subquery that can be produced using the
+        :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery`
+        method.
+
+        .. versionchanged: 1.4 - the ``.as_scalar()`` method was renamed to
+           :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+        """
+        if self._label_style is not LABEL_STYLE_NONE:
+            self = self.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_NONE)
+
+        return ScalarSelect(self)
+
+    def label(self, name: Optional[str]) -> Label[Any]:
+        """Return a 'scalar' representation of this selectable, embedded as a
+        subquery with a label.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`.
+
+        """
+        return self.scalar_subquery().label(name)
+
+    def lateral(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> LateralFromClause:
+        """Return a LATERAL alias of this :class:`_expression.Selectable`.
+
+        The return value is the :class:`_expression.Lateral` construct also
+        provided by the top-level :func:`_expression.lateral` function.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_lateral_correlation` -  overview of usage.
+
+        """
+        return Lateral._factory(self, name)
+
+    def subquery(self, name: Optional[str] = None) -> Subquery:
+        """Return a subquery of this :class:`_expression.SelectBase`.
+
+        A subquery is from a SQL perspective a parenthesized, named
+        construct that can be placed in the FROM clause of another
+        SELECT statement.
+
+        Given a SELECT statement such as::
+
+            stmt = select(table.c.id, table.c.name)
+
+        The above statement might look like:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT table.id, table.name FROM table
+
+        The subquery form by itself renders the same way, however when
+        embedded into the FROM clause of another SELECT statement, it becomes
+        a named sub-element::
+
+            subq = stmt.subquery()
+            new_stmt = select(subq)
+
+        The above renders as:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT anon_1.id, anon_1.name
+            FROM (SELECT table.id, table.name FROM table) AS anon_1
+
+        Historically, :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery`
+        is equivalent to calling
+        the :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`
+        method on a FROM object; however,
+        as a :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+        object is not directly  FROM object,
+        the :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery`
+        method provides clearer semantics.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return Subquery._construct(
+            self._ensure_disambiguated_names(), name=name
+        )
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> Self:
+        """Ensure that the names generated by this selectbase will be
+        disambiguated in some way, if possible.
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def alias(
+        self, name: Optional[str] = None, flat: bool = False
+    ) -> Subquery:
+        """Return a named subquery against this
+        :class:`_expression.SelectBase`.
+
+        For a :class:`_expression.SelectBase` (as opposed to a
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`),
+        this returns a :class:`.Subquery` object which behaves mostly the
+        same as the :class:`_expression.Alias` object that is used with a
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 The :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.alias`
+           method is now
+           a synonym for the :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.subquery` method.
+
+        """
+        return self.subquery(name=name)
+
+
+_SB = TypeVar("_SB", bound=SelectBase)
+
+
+class SelectStatementGrouping(GroupedElement, SelectBase, Generic[_SB]):
+    """Represent a grouping of a :class:`_expression.SelectBase`.
+
+    This differs from :class:`.Subquery` in that we are still
+    an "inner" SELECT statement, this is strictly for grouping inside of
+    compound selects.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "select_statement_grouping"
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement)
+    ] + SupportsCloneAnnotations._clone_annotations_traverse_internals
+
+    _is_select_container = True
+
+    element: _SB
+
+    def __init__(self, element: _SB) -> None:
+        self.element = cast(
+            _SB, coercions.expect(roles.SelectStatementRole, element)
+        )
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> SelectStatementGrouping[_SB]:
+        new_element = self.element._ensure_disambiguated_names()
+        if new_element is not self.element:
+            return SelectStatementGrouping(new_element)
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        return self.element.get_label_style()
+
+    def set_label_style(
+        self, label_style: SelectLabelStyle
+    ) -> SelectStatementGrouping[_SB]:
+        return SelectStatementGrouping(
+            self.element.set_label_style(label_style)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def select_statement(self) -> _SB:
+        return self.element
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _ungroup(self) -> _SB: ...
+
+    # def _generate_columns_plus_names(
+    #    self, anon_for_dupe_key: bool
+    # ) -> List[Tuple[str, str, str, ColumnElement[Any], bool]]:
+    #    return self.element._generate_columns_plus_names(anon_for_dupe_key)
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.element._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+            subquery,
+            columns,
+            proxy_compound_columns=proxy_compound_columns,
+            primary_key=primary_key,
+            foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return self.element._all_selected_columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def selected_columns(self) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        the embedded SELECT statement returns in its result set, not including
+        :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns`
+
+        """
+        return self.element.selected_columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return self.element._from_objects
+
+    def add_cte(self, *ctes: CTE, nest_here: bool = False) -> Self:
+        # SelectStatementGrouping not generative: has no attribute '_generate'
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class GenerativeSelect(SelectBase, Generative):
+    """Base class for SELECT statements where additional elements can be
+    added.
+
+    This serves as the base for :class:`_expression.Select` and
+    :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`
+    where elements such as ORDER BY, GROUP BY can be added and column
+    rendering can be controlled.  Compare to
+    :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`, which,
+    while it subclasses :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+    and is also a SELECT construct,
+    represents a fixed textual string which cannot be altered at this level,
+    only wrapped as a subquery.
+
+    """
+
+    _order_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _group_by_clauses: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _limit_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _offset_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _fetch_clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]] = None
+    _fetch_clause_options: Optional[Dict[str, bool]] = None
+    _for_update_arg: Optional[ForUpdateArg] = None
+
+    def __init__(self, _label_style: SelectLabelStyle = LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT):
+        self._label_style = _label_style
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_for_update(
+        self,
+        *,
+        nowait: bool = False,
+        read: bool = False,
+        of: Optional[_ForUpdateOfArgument] = None,
+        skip_locked: bool = False,
+        key_share: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Specify a ``FOR UPDATE`` clause for this
+        :class:`_expression.GenerativeSelect`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table).with_for_update(nowait=True)
+
+        On a database like PostgreSQL or Oracle Database, the above would
+        render a statement like:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE NOWAIT
+
+        on other backends, the ``nowait`` option is ignored and instead
+        would produce:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT table.a, table.b FROM table FOR UPDATE
+
+        When called with no arguments, the statement will render with
+        the suffix ``FOR UPDATE``.   Additional arguments can then be
+        provided which allow for common database-specific
+        variants.
+
+        :param nowait: boolean; will render ``FOR UPDATE NOWAIT`` on Oracle
+         Database and PostgreSQL dialects.
+
+        :param read: boolean; will render ``LOCK IN SHARE MODE`` on MySQL,
+         ``FOR SHARE`` on PostgreSQL.  On PostgreSQL, when combined with
+         ``nowait``, will render ``FOR SHARE NOWAIT``.
+
+        :param of: SQL expression or list of SQL expression elements,
+         (typically :class:`_schema.Column` objects or a compatible expression,
+         for some backends may also be a table expression) which will render
+         into a ``FOR UPDATE OF`` clause; supported by PostgreSQL, Oracle
+         Database, some MySQL versions and possibly others. May render as a
+         table or as a column depending on backend.
+
+        :param skip_locked: boolean, will render ``FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED`` on
+         Oracle Database and PostgreSQL dialects or ``FOR SHARE SKIP LOCKED``
+         if ``read=True`` is also specified.
+
+        :param key_share: boolean, will render ``FOR NO KEY UPDATE``,
+         or if combined with ``read=True`` will render ``FOR KEY SHARE``,
+         on the PostgreSQL dialect.
+
+        """
+        self._for_update_arg = ForUpdateArg(
+            nowait=nowait,
+            read=read,
+            of=of,
+            skip_locked=skip_locked,
+            key_share=key_share,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def get_label_style(self) -> SelectLabelStyle:
+        """
+        Retrieve the current label style.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self._label_style
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the specified label style.
+
+        There are three "label styles" available,
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY`,
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL`, and
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_NONE`.   The default style is
+        :attr:`_sql.SelectLabelStyle.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY`.
+
+        In modern SQLAlchemy, there is not generally a need to change the
+        labeling style, as per-expression labels are more effectively used by
+        making use of the :meth:`_sql.ColumnElement.label` method. In past
+        versions, :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL` was used to
+        disambiguate same-named columns from different tables, aliases, or
+        subqueries; the newer :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY` now
+        applies labels only to names that conflict with an existing name so
+        that the impact of this labeling is minimal.
+
+        The rationale for disambiguation is mostly so that all column
+        expressions are available from a given :attr:`_sql.FromClause.c`
+        collection when a subquery is created.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 - the
+            :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.set_label_style` method replaces the
+            previous combination of ``.apply_labels()``, ``.with_labels()`` and
+            ``use_labels=True`` methods and/or parameters.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY`
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL`
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_NONE`
+
+            :data:`_sql.LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT`
+
+        """
+        if self._label_style is not style:
+            self = self._generate()
+            self._label_style = style
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def _group_by_clause(self) -> ClauseList:
+        """ClauseList access to group_by_clauses for legacy dialects"""
+        return ClauseList._construct_raw(
+            operators.comma_op, self._group_by_clauses
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _order_by_clause(self) -> ClauseList:
+        """ClauseList access to order_by_clauses for legacy dialects"""
+        return ClauseList._construct_raw(
+            operators.comma_op, self._order_by_clauses
+        )
+
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause(
+        self,
+        element: _LimitOffsetType,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[int]] = None,
+    ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+        """Convert the given value to an "offset or limit" clause.
+
+        This handles incoming integers and converts to an expression; if
+        an expression is already given, it is passed through.
+
+        """
+        return coercions.expect(
+            roles.LimitOffsetRole, element, name=name, type_=type_
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+        self, clause: ColumnElement[Any], attrname: str
+    ) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+        self, clause: Optional[_OffsetLimitParam], attrname: str
+    ) -> Optional[int]: ...
+
+    def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+        self, clause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]], attrname: str
+    ) -> Union[NoReturn, Optional[int]]:
+        """Convert the "offset or limit" clause of a select construct to an
+        integer.
+
+        This is only possible if the value is stored as a simple bound
+        parameter. Otherwise, a compilation error is raised.
+
+        """
+        if clause is None:
+            return None
+        try:
+            value = clause._limit_offset_value
+        except AttributeError as err:
+            raise exc.CompileError(
+                "This SELECT structure does not use a simple "
+                "integer value for %s" % attrname
+            ) from err
+        else:
+            return util.asint(value)
+
+    @property
+    def _limit(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Get an integer value for the limit.  This should only be used
+        by code that cannot support a limit as a BindParameter or
+        other custom clause as it will throw an exception if the limit
+        isn't currently set to an integer.
+
+        """
+        return self._offset_or_limit_clause_asint(self._limit_clause, "limit")
+
+    def _simple_int_clause(self, clause: ClauseElement) -> bool:
+        """True if the clause is a simple integer, False
+        if it is not present or is a SQL expression.
+        """
+        return isinstance(clause, _OffsetLimitParam)
+
+    @property
+    def _offset(self) -> Optional[int]:
+        """Get an integer value for the offset.  This should only be used
+        by code that cannot support an offset as a BindParameter or
+        other custom clause as it will throw an exception if the
+        offset isn't currently set to an integer.
+
+        """
+        return self._offset_or_limit_clause_asint(
+            self._offset_clause, "offset"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _has_row_limiting_clause(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            self._limit_clause is not None
+            or self._offset_clause is not None
+            or self._fetch_clause is not None
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def limit(self, limit: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the given LIMIT criterion
+        applied.
+
+        This is a numerical value which usually renders as a ``LIMIT``
+        expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+        support ``LIMIT`` will attempt to provide similar
+        functionality.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit` method will replace
+           any clause applied with :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`.
+
+        :param limit: an integer LIMIT parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result. Pass ``None`` to reset it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset`
+
+        """
+
+        self._fetch_clause = self._fetch_clause_options = None
+        self._limit_clause = self._offset_or_limit_clause(limit)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def fetch(
+        self,
+        count: _LimitOffsetType,
+        with_ties: bool = False,
+        percent: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the given FETCH FIRST criterion
+        applied.
+
+        This is a numeric value which usually renders as ``FETCH {FIRST | NEXT}
+        [ count ] {ROW | ROWS} {ONLY | WITH TIES}`` expression in the resulting
+        select. This functionality is is currently implemented for Oracle
+        Database, PostgreSQL, MSSQL.
+
+        Use :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset` to specify the offset.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch` method will replace
+           any clause applied with :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param count: an integer COUNT parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result. When ``percent=True`` this will
+         represent the percentage of rows to return, not the absolute value.
+         Pass ``None`` to reset it.
+
+        :param with_ties: When ``True``, the WITH TIES option is used
+         to return any additional rows that tie for the last place in the
+         result set according to the ``ORDER BY`` clause. The
+         ``ORDER BY`` may be mandatory in this case. Defaults to ``False``
+
+        :param percent: When ``True``, ``count`` represents the percentage
+         of the total number of selected rows to return. Defaults to ``False``
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset`
+
+        """
+
+        self._limit_clause = None
+        if count is None:
+            self._fetch_clause = self._fetch_clause_options = None
+        else:
+            self._fetch_clause = self._offset_or_limit_clause(count)
+            self._fetch_clause_options = {
+                "with_ties": with_ties,
+                "percent": percent,
+            }
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def offset(self, offset: _LimitOffsetType) -> Self:
+        """Return a new selectable with the given OFFSET criterion
+        applied.
+
+
+        This is a numeric value which usually renders as an ``OFFSET``
+        expression in the resulting select.  Backends that don't
+        support ``OFFSET`` will attempt to provide similar
+        functionality.
+
+        :param offset: an integer OFFSET parameter, or a SQL expression
+         that provides an integer result. Pass ``None`` to reset it.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`
+
+        """
+
+        self._offset_clause = self._offset_or_limit_clause(offset)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def slice(
+        self,
+        start: int,
+        stop: int,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply LIMIT / OFFSET to this statement based on a slice.
+
+        The start and stop indices behave like the argument to Python's
+        built-in :func:`range` function. This method provides an
+        alternative to using ``LIMIT``/``OFFSET`` to get a slice of the
+        query.
+
+        For example, ::
+
+            stmt = select(User).order_by(User.id).slice(1, 3)
+
+        renders as
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+           SELECT users.id AS users_id,
+                  users.name AS users_name
+           FROM users ORDER BY users.id
+           LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
+           (2, 1)
+
+        .. note::
+
+           The :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.slice` method will replace
+           any clause applied with :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4  Added the :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.slice`
+           method generalized from the ORM.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.limit`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.offset`
+
+           :meth:`_sql.GenerativeSelect.fetch`
+
+        """
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+        self._fetch_clause = self._fetch_clause_options = None
+        self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause = sql_util._make_slice(
+            self._limit_clause, self._offset_clause, start, stop
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def order_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new selectable with the given list of ORDER BY
+        criteria applied.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id, table.c.name)
+
+        Calling this method multiple times is equivalent to calling it once
+        with all the clauses concatenated. All existing ORDER BY criteria may
+        be cancelled by passing ``None`` by itself.  New ORDER BY criteria may
+        then be added by invoking :meth:`_orm.Query.order_by` again, e.g.::
+
+            # will erase all ORDER BY and ORDER BY new_col alone
+            stmt = stmt.order_by(None).order_by(new_col)
+
+        :param \*clauses: a series of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         constructs
+         which will be used to generate an ORDER BY clause.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """
+
+        if not clauses and __first is None:
+            self._order_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            self._order_by_clauses += tuple(
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.OrderByRole, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                )
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def group_by(
+        self,
+        __first: Union[
+            Literal[None, _NoArg.NO_ARG],
+            _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+        ] = _NoArg.NO_ARG,
+        *clauses: _ColumnExpressionOrStrLabelArgument[Any],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new selectable with the given list of GROUP BY
+        criterion applied.
+
+        All existing GROUP BY settings can be suppressed by passing ``None``.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(table.c.name, func.max(table.c.stat)).group_by(table.c.name)
+
+        :param \*clauses: a series of :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+         constructs
+         which will be used to generate an GROUP BY clause.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_group_by_w_aggregates` - in the
+            :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_order_by_label` - in the :ref:`unified_tutorial`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        if not clauses and __first is None:
+            self._group_by_clauses = ()
+        elif __first is not _NoArg.NO_ARG:
+            self._group_by_clauses += tuple(
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.GroupByRole, clause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+                )
+                for clause in (__first,) + clauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "compound_select")
+class CompoundSelectState(CompileState):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _label_resolve_dict(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]:
+        # TODO: this is hacky and slow
+        hacky_subquery = self.statement.subquery()
+        hacky_subquery.named_with_column = False
+        d = {c.key: c for c in hacky_subquery.c}
+        return d, d, d
+
+
+class _CompoundSelectKeyword(Enum):
+    UNION = "UNION"
+    UNION_ALL = "UNION ALL"
+    EXCEPT = "EXCEPT"
+    EXCEPT_ALL = "EXCEPT ALL"
+    INTERSECT = "INTERSECT"
+    INTERSECT_ALL = "INTERSECT ALL"
+
+
+class CompoundSelect(HasCompileState, GenerativeSelect, TypedReturnsRows[_TP]):
+    """Forms the basis of ``UNION``, ``UNION ALL``, and other
+    SELECT-based set operations.
+
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.union`
+
+        :func:`_expression.union_all`
+
+        :func:`_expression.intersect`
+
+        :func:`_expression.intersect_all`
+
+        :func:`_expression.except`
+
+        :func:`_expression.except_all`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "compound_select"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        [
+            ("selects", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+            ("_limit_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_offset_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_fetch_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_fetch_clause_options", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+            ("_order_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+            ("_group_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+            ("_for_update_arg", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("keyword", InternalTraversal.dp_string),
+        ]
+        + SupportsCloneAnnotations._clone_annotations_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    selects: List[SelectBase]
+
+    _is_from_container = True
+    _auto_correlate = False
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        keyword: _CompoundSelectKeyword,
+        *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP],
+    ):
+        self.keyword = keyword
+        self.selects = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.CompoundElementRole, s, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            ).self_group(against=self)
+            for s in selects
+        ]
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_union_all(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.UNION_ALL, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_except_all(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.EXCEPT_ALL, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT, *selects)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_intersect_all(
+        cls, *selects: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        return CompoundSelect(_CompoundSelectKeyword.INTERSECT_ALL, *selects)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return self.selects[0]._scalar_type()
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> GroupedElement:
+        return SelectStatementGrouping(self)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        for s in self.selects:
+            if s.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> Self:
+        if self._label_style is not style:
+            self = self._generate()
+            select_0 = self.selects[0].set_label_style(style)
+            self.selects = [select_0] + self.selects[1:]
+
+        return self
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> Self:
+        new_select = self.selects[0]._ensure_disambiguated_names()
+        if new_select is not self.selects[0]:
+            self = self._generate()
+            self.selects = [new_select] + self.selects[1:]
+
+        return self
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # this is a slightly hacky thing - the union exports a
+        # column that resembles just that of the *first* selectable.
+        # to get at a "composite" column, particularly foreign keys,
+        # you have to dig through the proxies collection which we
+        # generate below.
+        select_0 = self.selects[0]
+
+        if self._label_style is not LABEL_STYLE_DEFAULT:
+            select_0 = select_0.set_label_style(self._label_style)
+
+        # hand-construct the "_proxies" collection to include all
+        # derived columns place a 'weight' annotation corresponding
+        # to how low in the list of select()s the column occurs, so
+        # that the corresponding_column() operation can resolve
+        # conflicts
+        extra_col_iterator = zip(
+            *[
+                [
+                    c._annotate(dd)
+                    for c in stmt._all_selected_columns
+                    if is_column_element(c)
+                ]
+                for dd, stmt in [
+                    ({"weight": i + 1}, stmt)
+                    for i, stmt in enumerate(self.selects)
+                ]
+            ]
+        )
+
+        # the incoming proxy_compound_columns can be present also if this is
+        # a compound embedded in a compound.  it's probably more appropriate
+        # that we generate new weights local to this nested compound, though
+        # i haven't tried to think what it means for compound nested in
+        # compound
+        select_0._generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+            subquery,
+            columns,
+            proxy_compound_columns=extra_col_iterator,
+            primary_key=primary_key,
+            foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+        )
+
+    def _refresh_for_new_column(self, column: ColumnElement[Any]) -> None:
+        super()._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+        for select in self.selects:
+            select._refresh_for_new_column(column)
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return self.selects[0]._all_selected_columns
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set,
+        not including :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        For a :class:`_expression.CompoundSelect`, the
+        :attr:`_expression.CompoundSelect.selected_columns`
+        attribute returns the selected
+        columns of the first SELECT statement contained within the series of
+        statements within the set operation.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns`
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return self.selects[0].selected_columns
+
+
+# backwards compat
+for elem in _CompoundSelectKeyword:
+    setattr(CompoundSelect, elem.name, elem)
+
+
+@CompileState.plugin_for("default", "select")
+class SelectState(util.MemoizedSlots, CompileState):
+    __slots__ = (
+        "from_clauses",
+        "froms",
+        "columns_plus_names",
+        "_label_resolve_dict",
+    )
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+        default_select_compile_options: CacheableOptions
+    else:
+
+        class default_select_compile_options(CacheableOptions):
+            _cache_key_traversal = []
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @classmethod
+        def get_plugin_class(
+            cls, statement: Executable
+        ) -> Type[SelectState]: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        statement: Select[Any],
+        compiler: SQLCompiler,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.from_clauses = statement._from_obj
+
+        for memoized_entities in statement._memoized_select_entities:
+            self._setup_joins(
+                memoized_entities._setup_joins, memoized_entities._raw_columns
+            )
+
+        if statement._setup_joins:
+            self._setup_joins(statement._setup_joins, statement._raw_columns)
+
+        self.froms = self._get_froms(statement)
+
+        self.columns_plus_names = statement._generate_columns_plus_names(True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _plugin_not_implemented(cls) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The default SELECT construct without plugins does not "
+            "implement this method."
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_column_descriptions(
+        cls, statement: Select[Any]
+    ) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        return [
+            {
+                "name": name,
+                "type": element.type,
+                "expr": element,
+            }
+            for _, name, _, element, _ in (
+                statement._generate_columns_plus_names(False)
+            )
+        ]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_statement(
+        cls, statement: Select[Any], from_statement: roles.ReturnsRowsRole
+    ) -> ExecutableReturnsRows:
+        cls._plugin_not_implemented()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_columns_clause_froms(
+        cls, statement: Select[Any]
+    ) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return cls._normalize_froms(
+            itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                element._from_objects for element in statement._raw_columns
+            )
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _column_naming_convention(
+        cls, label_style: SelectLabelStyle
+    ) -> _LabelConventionCallable:
+        table_qualified = label_style is LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+
+        dedupe = label_style is not LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+        pa = prefix_anon_map()
+        names = set()
+
+        def go(
+            c: Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause],
+            col_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        ) -> Optional[str]:
+            if is_text_clause(c):
+                return None
+            elif TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert is_column_element(c)
+
+            if not dedupe:
+                name = c._proxy_key
+                if name is None:
+                    name = "_no_label"
+                return name
+
+            name = c._tq_key_label if table_qualified else c._proxy_key
+
+            if name is None:
+                name = "_no_label"
+                if name in names:
+                    return c._anon_label(name) % pa
+                else:
+                    names.add(name)
+                    return name
+
+            elif name in names:
+                return (
+                    c._anon_tq_key_label % pa
+                    if table_qualified
+                    else c._anon_key_label % pa
+                )
+            else:
+                names.add(name)
+                return name
+
+        return go
+
+    def _get_froms(self, statement: Select[Any]) -> List[FromClause]:
+        ambiguous_table_name_map: _AmbiguousTableNameMap
+        self._ambiguous_table_name_map = ambiguous_table_name_map = {}
+
+        return self._normalize_froms(
+            itertools.chain(
+                self.from_clauses,
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        element._from_objects
+                        for element in statement._raw_columns
+                    ]
+                ),
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        element._from_objects
+                        for element in statement._where_criteria
+                    ]
+                ),
+            ),
+            check_statement=statement,
+            ambiguous_table_name_map=ambiguous_table_name_map,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _normalize_froms(
+        cls,
+        iterable_of_froms: Iterable[FromClause],
+        check_statement: Optional[Select[Any]] = None,
+        ambiguous_table_name_map: Optional[_AmbiguousTableNameMap] = None,
+    ) -> List[FromClause]:
+        """given an iterable of things to select FROM, reduce them to what
+        would actually render in the FROM clause of a SELECT.
+
+        This does the job of checking for JOINs, tables, etc. that are in fact
+        overlapping due to cloning, adaption, present in overlapping joins,
+        etc.
+
+        """
+        seen: Set[FromClause] = set()
+        froms: List[FromClause] = []
+
+        for item in iterable_of_froms:
+            if is_subquery(item) and item.element is check_statement:
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "select() construct refers to itself as a FROM"
+                )
+
+            if not seen.intersection(item._cloned_set):
+                froms.append(item)
+                seen.update(item._cloned_set)
+
+        if froms:
+            toremove = set(
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [_expand_cloned(f._hide_froms) for f in froms]
+                )
+            )
+            if toremove:
+                # filter out to FROM clauses not in the list,
+                # using a list to maintain ordering
+                froms = [f for f in froms if f not in toremove]
+
+            if ambiguous_table_name_map is not None:
+                ambiguous_table_name_map.update(
+                    (
+                        fr.name,
+                        _anonymous_label.safe_construct(
+                            hash(fr.name), fr.name
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    for item in froms
+                    for fr in item._from_objects
+                    if is_table(fr)
+                    and fr.schema
+                    and fr.name not in ambiguous_table_name_map
+                )
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _get_display_froms(
+        self,
+        explicit_correlate_froms: Optional[Sequence[FromClause]] = None,
+        implicit_correlate_froms: Optional[Sequence[FromClause]] = None,
+    ) -> List[FromClause]:
+        """Return the full list of 'from' clauses to be displayed.
+
+        Takes into account a set of existing froms which may be
+        rendered in the FROM clause of enclosing selects; this Select
+        may want to leave those absent if it is automatically
+        correlating.
+
+        """
+
+        froms = self.froms
+
+        if self.statement._correlate:
+            to_correlate = self.statement._correlate
+            if to_correlate:
+                froms = [
+                    f
+                    for f in froms
+                    if f
+                    not in _cloned_intersection(
+                        _cloned_intersection(
+                            froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()
+                        ),
+                        to_correlate,
+                    )
+                ]
+
+        if self.statement._correlate_except is not None:
+            froms = [
+                f
+                for f in froms
+                if f
+                not in _cloned_difference(
+                    _cloned_intersection(
+                        froms, explicit_correlate_froms or ()
+                    ),
+                    self.statement._correlate_except,
+                )
+            ]
+
+        if (
+            self.statement._auto_correlate
+            and implicit_correlate_froms
+            and len(froms) > 1
+        ):
+            froms = [
+                f
+                for f in froms
+                if f
+                not in _cloned_intersection(froms, implicit_correlate_froms)
+            ]
+
+            if not len(froms):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "Select statement '%r"
+                    "' returned no FROM clauses "
+                    "due to auto-correlation; "
+                    "specify correlate(<tables>) "
+                    "to control correlation "
+                    "manually." % self.statement
+                )
+
+        return froms
+
+    def _memoized_attr__label_resolve_dict(
+        self,
+    ) -> Tuple[
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+        Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ]:
+        with_cols: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = {
+            c._tq_label or c.key: c
+            for c in self.statement._all_selected_columns
+            if c._allow_label_resolve
+        }
+        only_froms: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = {
+            c.key: c  # type: ignore
+            for c in _select_iterables(self.froms)
+            if c._allow_label_resolve
+        }
+        only_cols: Dict[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = with_cols.copy()
+        for key, value in only_froms.items():
+            with_cols.setdefault(key, value)
+
+        return with_cols, only_froms, only_cols
+
+    @classmethod
+    def determine_last_joined_entity(
+        cls, stmt: Select[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[_JoinTargetElement]:
+        if stmt._setup_joins:
+            return stmt._setup_joins[-1][0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_selected_columns(cls, statement: Select[Any]) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return [c for c in _select_iterables(statement._raw_columns)]
+
+    def _setup_joins(
+        self,
+        args: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...],
+        raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement],
+    ) -> None:
+        for right, onclause, left, flags in args:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                if onclause is not None:
+                    assert isinstance(onclause, ColumnElement)
+
+            isouter = flags["isouter"]
+            full = flags["full"]
+
+            if left is None:
+                (
+                    left,
+                    replace_from_obj_index,
+                ) = self._join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+                    raw_columns, left, right, onclause
+                )
+            else:
+                (replace_from_obj_index) = self._join_place_explicit_left_side(
+                    left
+                )
+
+            # these assertions can be made here, as if the right/onclause
+            # contained ORM elements, the select() statement would have been
+            # upgraded to an ORM select, and this method would not be called;
+            # orm.context.ORMSelectCompileState._join() would be
+            # used instead.
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(right, FromClause)
+                if onclause is not None:
+                    assert isinstance(onclause, ColumnElement)
+
+            if replace_from_obj_index is not None:
+                # splice into an existing element in the
+                # self._from_obj list
+                left_clause = self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+
+                self.from_clauses = (
+                    self.from_clauses[:replace_from_obj_index]
+                    + (
+                        Join(
+                            left_clause,
+                            right,
+                            onclause,
+                            isouter=isouter,
+                            full=full,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                    + self.from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index + 1 :]
+                )
+            else:
+                assert left is not None
+                self.from_clauses = self.from_clauses + (
+                    Join(left, right, onclause, isouter=isouter, full=full),
+                )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _join_determine_implicit_left_side(
+        self,
+        raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement],
+        left: Optional[FromClause],
+        right: _JoinTargetElement,
+        onclause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    ) -> Tuple[Optional[FromClause], Optional[int]]:
+        """When join conditions don't express the left side explicitly,
+        determine if an existing FROM or entity in this query
+        can serve as the left hand side.
+
+        """
+
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+
+        replace_from_obj_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+        from_clauses = self.from_clauses
+
+        if from_clauses:
+            indexes: List[int] = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                from_clauses, right, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+                left = from_clauses[replace_from_obj_index]
+        else:
+            potential = {}
+            statement = self.statement
+
+            for from_clause in itertools.chain(
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [element._from_objects for element in raw_columns]
+                ),
+                itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+                    [
+                        element._from_objects
+                        for element in statement._where_criteria
+                    ]
+                ),
+            ):
+                potential[from_clause] = ()
+
+            all_clauses = list(potential.keys())
+            indexes = sql_util.find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+                all_clauses, right, onclause
+            )
+
+            if len(indexes) == 1:
+                left = all_clauses[indexes[0]]
+
+        if len(indexes) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't determine which FROM clause to join "
+                "from, there are multiple FROMS which can "
+                "join to this entity. Please use the .select_from() "
+                "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already to "
+                "help resolve the ambiguity."
+            )
+        elif not indexes:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Don't know how to join to %r. "
+                "Please use the .select_from() "
+                "method to establish an explicit left side, as well as "
+                "providing an explicit ON clause if not present already to "
+                "help resolve the ambiguity." % (right,)
+            )
+        return left, replace_from_obj_index
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def _join_place_explicit_left_side(
+        self, left: FromClause
+    ) -> Optional[int]:
+        replace_from_obj_index: Optional[int] = None
+
+        sql_util = util.preloaded.sql_util
+
+        from_clauses = list(self.statement._iterate_from_elements())
+
+        if from_clauses:
+            indexes: List[int] = sql_util.find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+                self.from_clauses, left
+            )
+        else:
+            indexes = []
+
+        if len(indexes) > 1:
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                "Can't identify which entity in which to assign the "
+                "left side of this join.   Please use a more specific "
+                "ON clause."
+            )
+
+        # have an index, means the left side is already present in
+        # an existing FROM in the self._from_obj tuple
+        if indexes:
+            replace_from_obj_index = indexes[0]
+
+        # no index, means we need to add a new element to the
+        # self._from_obj tuple
+
+        return replace_from_obj_index
+
+
+class _SelectFromElements:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...]
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...]
+
+    def _iterate_from_elements(self) -> Iterator[FromClause]:
+        # note this does not include elements
+        # in _setup_joins
+
+        seen = set()
+        for element in self._raw_columns:
+            for fr in element._from_objects:
+                if fr in seen:
+                    continue
+                seen.add(fr)
+                yield fr
+        for element in self._where_criteria:
+            for fr in element._from_objects:
+                if fr in seen:
+                    continue
+                seen.add(fr)
+                yield fr
+        for element in self._from_obj:
+            if element in seen:
+                continue
+            seen.add(element)
+            yield element
+
+
+class _MemoizedSelectEntities(
+    cache_key.HasCacheKey, traversals.HasCopyInternals, visitors.Traversible
+):
+    """represents partial state from a Select object, for the case
+    where Select.columns() has redefined the set of columns/entities the
+    statement will be SELECTing from.  This object represents
+    the entities from the SELECT before that transformation was applied,
+    so that transformations that were made in terms of the SELECT at that
+    time, such as join() as well as options(), can access the correct context.
+
+    In previous SQLAlchemy versions, this wasn't needed because these
+    constructs calculated everything up front, like when you called join()
+    or options(), it did everything to figure out how that would translate
+    into specific SQL constructs that would be ready to send directly to the
+    SQL compiler when needed.  But as of
+    1.4, all of that stuff is done in the compilation phase, during the
+    "compile state" portion of the process, so that the work can all be
+    cached.  So it needs to be able to resolve joins/options2 based on what
+    the list of entities was when those methods were called.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "memoized_select_entities"
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("_raw_columns", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ("_setup_joins", InternalTraversal.dp_setup_join_tuple),
+        ("_with_options", InternalTraversal.dp_executable_options),
+    ]
+
+    _is_clone_of: Optional[ClauseElement]
+    _raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+    _setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...]
+    _with_options: Tuple[ExecutableOption, ...]
+
+    _annotations = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        c.__dict__ = {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items()}
+
+        c._is_clone_of = self.__dict__.get("_is_clone_of", self)
+        return c
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_for_statement(cls, select_stmt: Select[Any]) -> None:
+        if select_stmt._setup_joins or select_stmt._with_options:
+            self = _MemoizedSelectEntities()
+            self._raw_columns = select_stmt._raw_columns
+            self._setup_joins = select_stmt._setup_joins
+            self._with_options = select_stmt._with_options
+
+            select_stmt._memoized_select_entities += (self,)
+            select_stmt._raw_columns = []
+            select_stmt._setup_joins = select_stmt._with_options = ()
+
+
+class Select(
+    HasPrefixes,
+    HasSuffixes,
+    HasHints,
+    HasCompileState,
+    _SelectFromElements,
+    GenerativeSelect,
+    TypedReturnsRows[_TP],
+):
+    """Represents a ``SELECT`` statement.
+
+    The :class:`_sql.Select` object is normally constructed using the
+    :func:`_sql.select` function.  See that function for details.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_sql.select`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_selecting_data` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "select"
+
+    _setup_joins: Tuple[_SetupJoinsElement, ...] = ()
+    _memoized_select_entities: Tuple[TODO_Any, ...] = ()
+
+    _raw_columns: List[_ColumnsClauseElement]
+
+    _distinct: bool = False
+    _distinct_on: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _correlate: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _correlate_except: Optional[Tuple[FromClause, ...]] = None
+    _where_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _having_criteria: Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ...] = ()
+    _from_obj: Tuple[FromClause, ...] = ()
+    _auto_correlate = True
+    _is_select_statement = True
+    _compile_options: CacheableOptions = (
+        SelectState.default_select_compile_options
+    )
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        [
+            ("_raw_columns", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+            (
+                "_memoized_select_entities",
+                InternalTraversal.dp_memoized_select_entities,
+            ),
+            ("_from_obj", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+            ("_where_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_having_criteria", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_order_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_group_by_clauses", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_setup_joins", InternalTraversal.dp_setup_join_tuple),
+            ("_correlate", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_correlate_except", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_limit_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_offset_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_fetch_clause", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_fetch_clause_options", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_dict),
+            ("_for_update_arg", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("_distinct", InternalTraversal.dp_boolean),
+            ("_distinct_on", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuple),
+            ("_label_style", InternalTraversal.dp_plain_obj),
+        ]
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+        + HasPrefixes._has_prefixes_traverse_internals
+        + HasSuffixes._has_suffixes_traverse_internals
+        + HasHints._has_hints_traverse_internals
+        + SupportsCloneAnnotations._clone_annotations_traverse_internals
+        + Executable._executable_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    _cache_key_traversal: _CacheKeyTraversalType = _traverse_internals + [
+        ("_compile_options", InternalTraversal.dp_has_cache_key)
+    ]
+
+    _compile_state_factory: Type[SelectState]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create_raw_select(cls, **kw: Any) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Create a :class:`.Select` using raw ``__new__`` with no coercions.
+
+        Used internally to build up :class:`.Select` constructs with
+        pre-established state.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = Select.__new__(Select)
+        stmt.__dict__.update(kw)
+        return stmt
+
+    def __init__(self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]):
+        r"""Construct a new :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        The public constructor for :class:`_expression.Select` is the
+        :func:`_sql.select` function.
+
+        """
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, ent, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for ent in entities
+        ]
+
+        GenerativeSelect.__init__(self)
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if not self._raw_columns:
+            return NULLTYPE
+        elem = self._raw_columns[0]
+        cols = list(elem._select_iterable)
+        return cols[0].type
+
+    def filter(self, *criteria: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """A synonym for the :meth:`_sql.Select.where` method."""
+
+        return self.where(*criteria)
+
+    def _filter_by_zero(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[
+        FromClause, _JoinTargetProtocol, ColumnElement[Any], TextClause
+    ]:
+        if self._setup_joins:
+            meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(
+                self
+            ).determine_last_joined_entity
+            _last_joined_entity = meth(self)
+            if _last_joined_entity is not None:
+                return _last_joined_entity
+
+        if self._from_obj:
+            return self._from_obj[0]
+
+        return self._raw_columns[0]
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_subquery(
+            self: Select[Tuple[_MAYBE_ENTITY]],
+        ) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_subquery(
+            self: Select[Tuple[_NOT_ENTITY]],
+        ) -> ScalarSelect[_NOT_ENTITY]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+        def scalar_subquery(self) -> ScalarSelect[Any]: ...
+
+    def filter_by(self, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        r"""apply the given filtering criterion as a WHERE clause
+        to this select.
+
+        """
+        from_entity = self._filter_by_zero()
+
+        clauses = [
+            _entity_namespace_key(from_entity, key) == value
+            for key, value in kwargs.items()
+        ]
+        return self.filter(*clauses)
+
+    @property
+    def column_descriptions(self) -> Any:
+        """Return a :term:`plugin-enabled` 'column descriptions' structure
+        referring to the columns which are SELECTed by this statement.
+
+        This attribute is generally useful when using the ORM, as an
+        extended structure which includes information about mapped
+        entities is returned.  The section :ref:`queryguide_inspection`
+        contains more background.
+
+        For a Core-only statement, the structure returned by this accessor
+        is derived from the same objects that are returned by the
+        :attr:`.Select.selected_columns` accessor, formatted as a list of
+        dictionaries which contain the keys ``name``, ``type`` and ``expr``,
+        which indicate the column expressions to be selected::
+
+            >>> stmt = select(user_table)
+            >>> stmt.column_descriptions
+            [
+                {
+                    'name': 'id',
+                    'type': Integer(),
+                    'expr': Column('id', Integer(), ...)},
+                {
+                    'name': 'name',
+                    'type': String(length=30),
+                    'expr': Column('name', String(length=30), ...)}
+            ]
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4.33 The :attr:`.Select.column_descriptions`
+           attribute returns a structure for a Core-only set of entities,
+           not just ORM-only entities.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`.UpdateBase.entity_description` - entity information for
+            an :func:`.insert`, :func:`.update`, or :func:`.delete`
+
+            :ref:`queryguide_inspection` - ORM background
+
+        """
+        meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).get_column_descriptions
+        return meth(self)
+
+    def from_statement(
+        self, statement: roles.ReturnsRowsRole
+    ) -> ExecutableReturnsRows:
+        """Apply the columns which this :class:`.Select` would select
+        onto another statement.
+
+        This operation is :term:`plugin-specific` and will raise a not
+        supported exception if this :class:`_sql.Select` does not select from
+        plugin-enabled entities.
+
+
+        The statement is typically either a :func:`_expression.text` or
+        :func:`_expression.select` construct, and should return the set of
+        columns appropriate to the entities represented by this
+        :class:`.Select`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_selecting_text` - usage examples in the
+            ORM Querying Guide
+
+        """
+        meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).from_statement
+        return meth(self, statement)
+
+    @_generative
+    def join(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting
+        :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(user_table).join(
+                address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id
+            )
+
+        The above statement generates SQL similar to:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name
+            FROM user
+            JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :meth:`_expression.Select.join` now creates
+           a :class:`_sql.Join` object between a :class:`_sql.FromClause`
+           source that is within the FROM clause of the existing SELECT,
+           and a given target :class:`_sql.FromClause`, and then adds
+           this :class:`_sql.Join` to the FROM clause of the newly generated
+           SELECT statement.    This is completely reworked from the behavior
+           in 1.3, which would instead create a subquery of the entire
+           :class:`_expression.Select` and then join that subquery to the
+           target.
+
+           This is a **backwards incompatible change** as the previous behavior
+           was mostly useless, producing an unnamed subquery rejected by
+           most databases in any case.   The new behavior is modeled after
+           that of the very successful :meth:`_orm.Query.join` method in the
+           ORM, in order to support the functionality of :class:`_orm.Query`
+           being available by using a :class:`_sql.Select` object with an
+           :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+           See the notes for this change at :ref:`change_select_join`.
+
+
+        :param target: target table to join towards
+
+        :param onclause: ON clause of the join.  If omitted, an ON clause
+         is generated automatically based on the :class:`_schema.ForeignKey`
+         linkages between the two tables, if one can be unambiguously
+         determined, otherwise an error is raised.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, generate LEFT OUTER join.  Same as
+         :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin`.
+
+        :param full: if True, generate FULL OUTER join.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_select_join` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.join_from`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        join_target = coercions.expect(
+            roles.JoinTargetRole, target, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        if onclause is not None:
+            onclause_element = coercions.expect(roles.OnClauseRole, onclause)
+        else:
+            onclause_element = None
+
+        self._setup_joins += (
+            (
+                join_target,
+                onclause_element,
+                None,
+                {"isouter": isouter, "full": full},
+            ),
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def outerjoin_from(
+        self,
+        from_: _FromClauseArgument,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL LEFT OUTER JOIN against this
+        :class:`_expression.Select` object's criterion and apply generatively,
+        returning the newly resulting :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        Usage is the same as that of :meth:`_selectable.Select.join_from`.
+
+        """
+        return self.join_from(
+            from_, target, onclause=onclause, isouter=True, full=full
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def join_from(
+        self,
+        from_: _FromClauseArgument,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        isouter: bool = False,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Create a SQL JOIN against this :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object's criterion
+        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting
+        :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            stmt = select(user_table, address_table).join_from(
+                user_table, address_table, user_table.c.id == address_table.c.user_id
+            )
+
+        The above statement generates SQL similar to:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT user.id, user.name, address.id, address.email, address.user_id
+            FROM user JOIN address ON user.id = address.user_id
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        :param from\_: the left side of the join, will be rendered in the
+         FROM clause and is roughly equivalent to using the
+         :meth:`.Select.select_from` method.
+
+        :param target: target table to join towards
+
+        :param onclause: ON clause of the join.
+
+        :param isouter: if True, generate LEFT OUTER join.  Same as
+         :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin`.
+
+        :param full: if True, generate FULL OUTER join.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_select_join` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.join`
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        # note the order of parsing from vs. target is important here, as we
+        # are also deriving the source of the plugin (i.e. the subject mapper
+        # in an ORM query) which should favor the "from_" over the "target"
+
+        from_ = coercions.expect(
+            roles.FromClauseRole, from_, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        join_target = coercions.expect(
+            roles.JoinTargetRole, target, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+        )
+        if onclause is not None:
+            onclause_element = coercions.expect(roles.OnClauseRole, onclause)
+        else:
+            onclause_element = None
+
+        self._setup_joins += (
+            (
+                join_target,
+                onclause_element,
+                from_,
+                {"isouter": isouter, "full": full},
+            ),
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def outerjoin(
+        self,
+        target: _JoinTargetArgument,
+        onclause: Optional[_OnClauseArgument] = None,
+        *,
+        full: bool = False,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Create a left outer join.
+
+        Parameters are the same as that of :meth:`_expression.Select.join`.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 1.4 :meth:`_expression.Select.outerjoin` now
+           creates a :class:`_sql.Join` object between a
+           :class:`_sql.FromClause` source that is within the FROM clause of
+           the existing SELECT, and a given target :class:`_sql.FromClause`,
+           and then adds this :class:`_sql.Join` to the FROM clause of the
+           newly generated SELECT statement.    This is completely reworked
+           from the behavior in 1.3, which would instead create a subquery of
+           the entire
+           :class:`_expression.Select` and then join that subquery to the
+           target.
+
+           This is a **backwards incompatible change** as the previous behavior
+           was mostly useless, producing an unnamed subquery rejected by
+           most databases in any case.   The new behavior is modeled after
+           that of the very successful :meth:`_orm.Query.join` method in the
+           ORM, in order to support the functionality of :class:`_orm.Query`
+           being available by using a :class:`_sql.Select` object with an
+           :class:`_orm.Session`.
+
+           See the notes for this change at :ref:`change_select_join`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_select_join` - in the :doc:`/tutorial/index`
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_joins` - in the :ref:`queryguide_toplevel`
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.join`
+
+        """
+        return self.join(target, onclause=onclause, isouter=True, full=full)
+
+    def get_final_froms(self) -> Sequence[FromClause]:
+        """Compute the final displayed list of :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        elements.
+
+        This method will run through the full computation required to
+        determine what FROM elements will be displayed in the resulting
+        SELECT statement, including shadowing individual tables with
+        JOIN objects, as well as full computation for ORM use cases including
+        eager loading clauses.
+
+        For ORM use, this accessor returns the **post compilation**
+        list of FROM objects; this collection will include elements such as
+        eagerly loaded tables and joins.  The objects will **not** be
+        ORM enabled and not work as a replacement for the
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.select_froms` collection; additionally, the
+        method is not well performing for an ORM enabled statement as it
+        will incur the full ORM construction process.
+
+        To retrieve the FROM list that's implied by the "columns" collection
+        passed to the :class:`_sql.Select` originally, use the
+        :attr:`_sql.Select.columns_clause_froms` accessor.
+
+        To select from an alternative set of columns while maintaining the
+        FROM list, use the :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns` method and
+        pass the
+        :paramref:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns.maintain_column_froms`
+        parameter.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.23 - the :meth:`_sql.Select.get_final_froms`
+           method replaces the previous :attr:`_sql.Select.froms` accessor,
+           which is deprecated.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.columns_clause_froms`
+
+        """
+        compiler = self._default_compiler()
+
+        return self._compile_state_factory(self, compiler)._get_display_froms()
+
+    @property
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4.23",
+        "The :attr:`_expression.Select.froms` attribute is moved to "
+        "the :meth:`_expression.Select.get_final_froms` method.",
+    )
+    def froms(self) -> Sequence[FromClause]:
+        """Return the displayed list of :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+        elements.
+
+
+        """
+        return self.get_final_froms()
+
+    @property
+    def columns_clause_froms(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        """Return the set of :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects implied
+        by the columns clause of this SELECT statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.23
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :attr:`_sql.Select.froms` - "final" FROM list taking the full
+            statement into account
+
+            :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns` - makes use of this
+            collection to set up a new FROM list
+
+        """
+
+        return SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).get_columns_clause_froms(
+            self
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def inner_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        """An iterator of all :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+        expressions which would
+        be rendered into the columns clause of the resulting SELECT statement.
+
+        This method is legacy as of 1.4 and is superseded by the
+        :attr:`_expression.Select.exported_columns` collection.
+
+        """
+
+        return iter(self._all_selected_columns)
+
+    def is_derived_from(self, fromclause: Optional[FromClause]) -> bool:
+        if fromclause is not None and self in fromclause._cloned_set:
+            return True
+
+        for f in self._iterate_from_elements():
+            if f.is_derived_from(fromclause):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, clone: _CloneCallableType = _clone, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        # Select() object has been cloned and probably adapted by the
+        # given clone function.  Apply the cloning function to internal
+        # objects
+
+        # 1. keep a dictionary of the froms we've cloned, and what
+        # they've become.  This allows us to ensure the same cloned from
+        # is used when other items such as columns are "cloned"
+
+        all_the_froms = set(
+            itertools.chain(
+                _from_objects(*self._raw_columns),
+                _from_objects(*self._where_criteria),
+                _from_objects(*[elem[0] for elem in self._setup_joins]),
+            )
+        )
+
+        # do a clone for the froms we've gathered.  what is important here
+        # is if any of the things we are selecting from, like tables,
+        # were converted into Join objects.   if so, these need to be
+        # added to _from_obj explicitly, because otherwise they won't be
+        # part of the new state, as they don't associate themselves with
+        # their columns.
+        new_froms = {f: clone(f, **kw) for f in all_the_froms}
+
+        # 2. copy FROM collections, adding in joins that we've created.
+        existing_from_obj = [clone(f, **kw) for f in self._from_obj]
+        add_froms = (
+            {f for f in new_froms.values() if isinstance(f, Join)}
+            .difference(all_the_froms)
+            .difference(existing_from_obj)
+        )
+
+        self._from_obj = tuple(existing_from_obj) + tuple(add_froms)
+
+        # 3. clone everything else, making sure we use columns
+        # corresponding to the froms we just made.
+        def replace(
+            obj: Union[BinaryExpression[Any], ColumnClause[Any]],
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Optional[KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(obj, ColumnClause) and obj.table in new_froms:
+                newelem = new_froms[obj.table].corresponding_column(obj)
+                return newelem
+            return None
+
+        kw["replace"] = replace
+
+        # copy everything else.   for table-ish things like correlate,
+        # correlate_except, setup_joins, these clone normally.  For
+        # column-expression oriented things like raw_columns, where_criteria,
+        # order by, we get this from the new froms.
+        super()._copy_internals(clone=clone, omit_attrs=("_from_obj",), **kw)
+
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+    def get_children(self, **kw: Any) -> Iterable[ClauseElement]:
+        return itertools.chain(
+            super().get_children(
+                omit_attrs=("_from_obj", "_correlate", "_correlate_except"),
+                **kw,
+            ),
+            self._iterate_from_elements(),
+        )
+
+    @_generative
+    def add_columns(
+        self, *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]
+    ) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given entities appended to its columns clause.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_select = my_select.add_columns(table.c.new_column)
+
+        The original expressions in the columns clause remain in place.
+        To replace the original expressions with new ones, see the method
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.with_only_columns`.
+
+        :param \*entities: column, table, or other entity expressions to be
+         added to the columns clause
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.with_only_columns` - replaces existing
+            expressions rather than appending.
+
+            :ref:`orm_queryguide_select_multiple_entities` - ORM-centric
+            example
+
+        """
+        self._reset_memoizations()
+
+        self._raw_columns = self._raw_columns + [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, column, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for column in entities
+        ]
+        return self
+
+    def _set_entities(
+        self, entities: Iterable[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.ColumnsClauseRole, ent, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for ent in util.to_list(entities)
+        ]
+
+    @util.deprecated(
+        "1.4",
+        "The :meth:`_expression.Select.column` method is deprecated and will "
+        "be removed in a future release.  Please use "
+        ":meth:`_expression.Select.add_columns`",
+    )
+    def column(self, column: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any]) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given column expression added to its columns clause.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            my_select = my_select.column(table.c.new_column)
+
+        See the documentation for
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.with_only_columns`
+        for guidelines on adding /replacing the columns of a
+        :class:`_expression.Select` object.
+
+        """
+        return self.add_columns(column)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.util")
+    def reduce_columns(self, only_synonyms: bool = True) -> Select[Any]:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with redundantly
+        named, equivalently-valued columns removed from the columns clause.
+
+        "Redundant" here means two columns where one refers to the
+        other either based on foreign key, or via a simple equality
+        comparison in the WHERE clause of the statement.   The primary purpose
+        of this method is to automatically construct a select statement
+        with all uniquely-named columns, without the need to use
+        table-qualified labels as
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.set_label_style`
+        does.
+
+        When columns are omitted based on foreign key, the referred-to
+        column is the one that's kept.  When columns are omitted based on
+        WHERE equivalence, the first column in the columns clause is the
+        one that's kept.
+
+        :param only_synonyms: when True, limit the removal of columns
+         to those which have the same name as the equivalent.   Otherwise,
+         all columns that are equivalent to another are removed.
+
+        """
+        woc: Select[Any]
+        woc = self.with_only_columns(
+            *util.preloaded.sql_util.reduce_columns(
+                self._all_selected_columns,
+                only_synonyms=only_synonyms,
+                *(self._where_criteria + self._from_obj),
+            )
+        )
+        return woc
+
+    # START OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_only_columns Select 1-8 ", *, maintain_column_froms: bool =..." # noqa: E501
+
+    # code within this block is **programmatically,
+    # statically generated** by tools/generate_tuple_map_overloads.py
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self, __ent0: _TCCA[_T0], *, maintain_column_froms: bool = ...
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        *,
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        *,
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        *,
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        *,
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        *,
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        *,
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        __ent0: _TCCA[_T0],
+        __ent1: _TCCA[_T1],
+        __ent2: _TCCA[_T2],
+        __ent3: _TCCA[_T3],
+        __ent4: _TCCA[_T4],
+        __ent5: _TCCA[_T5],
+        __ent6: _TCCA[_T6],
+        __ent7: _TCCA[_T7],
+        *,
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Select[Tuple[_T0, _T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6, _T7]]: ...
+
+    # END OVERLOADED FUNCTIONS self.with_only_columns
+
+    @overload
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = False,
+        **__kw: Any,
+    ) -> Select[Any]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def with_only_columns(
+        self,
+        *entities: _ColumnsClauseArgument[Any],
+        maintain_column_froms: bool = False,
+        **__kw: Any,
+    ) -> Select[Any]:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with its columns
+        clause replaced with the given entities.
+
+        By default, this method is exactly equivalent to as if the original
+        :func:`_expression.select` had been called with the given entities.
+        E.g. a statement::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table1.c.b)
+            s = s.with_only_columns(table1.c.b)
+
+        should be exactly equivalent to::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.b)
+
+        In this mode of operation, :meth:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns`
+        will also dynamically alter the FROM clause of the
+        statement if it is not explicitly stated.
+        To maintain the existing set of FROMs including those implied by the
+        current columns clause, add the
+        :paramref:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns.maintain_column_froms`
+        parameter::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table2.c.b)
+            s = s.with_only_columns(table1.c.a, maintain_column_froms=True)
+
+        The above parameter performs a transfer of the effective FROMs
+        in the columns collection to the :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from`
+        method, as though the following were invoked::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table2.c.b)
+            s = s.select_from(table1, table2).with_only_columns(table1.c.a)
+
+        The :paramref:`_sql.Select.with_only_columns.maintain_column_froms`
+        parameter makes use of the :attr:`_sql.Select.columns_clause_froms`
+        collection and performs an operation equivalent to the following::
+
+            s = select(table1.c.a, table2.c.b)
+            s = s.select_from(*s.columns_clause_froms).with_only_columns(table1.c.a)
+
+        :param \*entities: column expressions to be used.
+
+        :param maintain_column_froms: boolean parameter that will ensure the
+         FROM list implied from the current columns clause will be transferred
+         to the :meth:`_sql.Select.select_from` method first.
+
+         .. versionadded:: 1.4.23
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+
+        if __kw:
+            raise _no_kw()
+
+        # memoizations should be cleared here as of
+        # I95c560ffcbfa30b26644999412fb6a385125f663 , asserting this
+        # is the case for now.
+        self._assert_no_memoizations()
+
+        if maintain_column_froms:
+            self.select_from.non_generative(  # type: ignore
+                self, *self.columns_clause_froms
+            )
+
+        # then memoize the FROMs etc.
+        _MemoizedSelectEntities._generate_for_statement(self)
+
+        self._raw_columns = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.ColumnsClauseRole, c)
+            for c in coercions._expression_collection_was_a_list(
+                "entities", "Select.with_only_columns", entities
+            )
+        ]
+        return self
+
+    @property
+    def whereclause(self) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """Return the completed WHERE clause for this
+        :class:`_expression.Select` statement.
+
+        This assembles the current collection of WHERE criteria
+        into a single :class:`_expression.BooleanClauseList` construct.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        return BooleanClauseList._construct_for_whereclause(
+            self._where_criteria
+        )
+
+    _whereclause = whereclause
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, *whereclause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+
+        assert isinstance(self._where_criteria, tuple)
+
+        for criterion in whereclause:
+            where_criteria: ColumnElement[Any] = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            self._where_criteria += (where_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def having(self, *having: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with
+        the given expression added to
+        its HAVING clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+        """
+
+        for criterion in having:
+            having_criteria = coercions.expect(
+                roles.WhereHavingRole, criterion, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            self._having_criteria += (having_criteria,)
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def distinct(self, *expr: _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct which
+        will apply DISTINCT to the SELECT statement overall.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import select
+
+            stmt = select(users_table.c.id, users_table.c.name).distinct()
+
+        The above would produce an statement resembling:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT DISTINCT user.id, user.name FROM user
+
+        The method also accepts an ``*expr`` parameter which produces the
+        PostgreSQL dialect-specific ``DISTINCT ON`` expression.  Using this
+        parameter on other backends which don't support this syntax will
+        raise an error.
+
+        :param \*expr: optional column expressions.  When present,
+         the PostgreSQL dialect will render a ``DISTINCT ON (<expressions>)``
+         construct.  A deprecation warning and/or :class:`_exc.CompileError`
+         will be raised on other backends.
+
+         .. deprecated:: 1.4 Using \*expr in other dialects is deprecated
+            and will raise :class:`_exc.CompileError` in a future version.
+
+        """
+        if expr:
+            self._distinct = True
+            self._distinct_on = self._distinct_on + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.ByOfRole, e, apply_propagate_attrs=self)
+                for e in expr
+            )
+        else:
+            self._distinct = True
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def select_from(self, *froms: _FromClauseArgument) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :func:`_expression.select` construct with the
+        given FROM expression(s)
+        merged into its list of FROM objects.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            table1 = table("t1", column("a"))
+            table2 = table("t2", column("b"))
+            s = select(table1.c.a).select_from(
+                table1.join(table2, table1.c.a == table2.c.b)
+            )
+
+        The "from" list is a unique set on the identity of each element,
+        so adding an already present :class:`_schema.Table`
+        or other selectable
+        will have no effect.   Passing a :class:`_expression.Join` that refers
+        to an already present :class:`_schema.Table`
+        or other selectable will have
+        the effect of concealing the presence of that selectable as
+        an individual element in the rendered FROM list, instead
+        rendering it into a JOIN clause.
+
+        While the typical purpose of :meth:`_expression.Select.select_from`
+        is to
+        replace the default, derived FROM clause with a join, it can
+        also be called with individual table elements, multiple times
+        if desired, in the case that the FROM clause cannot be fully
+        derived from the columns clause::
+
+            select(func.count("*")).select_from(table1)
+
+        """
+
+        self._from_obj += tuple(
+            coercions.expect(
+                roles.FromClauseRole, fromclause, apply_propagate_attrs=self
+            )
+            for fromclause in froms
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.Select`
+        which will correlate the given FROM
+        clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        Calling this method turns off the :class:`_expression.Select` object's
+        default behavior of "auto-correlation".  Normally, FROM elements
+        which appear in a :class:`_expression.Select`
+        that encloses this one via
+        its :term:`WHERE clause`, ORDER BY, HAVING or
+        :term:`columns clause` will be omitted from this
+        :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object's :term:`FROM clause`.
+        Setting an explicit correlation collection using the
+        :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+        method provides a fixed list of FROM objects
+        that can potentially take place in this process.
+
+        When :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+        is used to apply specific FROM clauses
+        for correlation, the FROM elements become candidates for
+        correlation regardless of how deeply nested this
+        :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object is, relative to an enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`
+        which refers to
+        the same FROM object.  This is in contrast to the behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" which only correlates to an immediate enclosing
+        :class:`_expression.Select`.
+        Multi-level correlation ensures that the link
+        between enclosed and enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`
+        is always via
+        at least one WHERE/ORDER BY/HAVING/columns clause in order for
+        correlation to take place.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, the :class:`_expression.Select`
+        object will correlate
+        none of its FROM entries, and all will render unconditionally
+        in the local FROM clause.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: one or more :class:`.FromClause` or other
+         FROM-compatible construct such as an ORM mapped entity to become part
+         of the correlate collection; alternatively pass a single value
+         ``None`` to remove all existing correlations.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate_except`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery`
+
+        """
+
+        # tests failing when we try to change how these
+        # arguments are passed
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if not fromclauses or fromclauses[0] in {None, False}:
+            if len(fromclauses) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "additional FROM objects not accepted when "
+                    "passing None/False to correlate()"
+                )
+            self._correlate = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate = self._correlate + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, f) for f in fromclauses
+            )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate_except(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.Select`
+        which will omit the given FROM
+        clauses from the auto-correlation process.
+
+        Calling :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate_except` turns off the
+        :class:`_expression.Select` object's default behavior of
+        "auto-correlation" for the given FROM elements.  An element
+        specified here will unconditionally appear in the FROM list, while
+        all other FROM elements remain subject to normal auto-correlation
+        behaviors.
+
+        If ``None`` is passed, or no arguments are passed,
+        the :class:`_expression.Select` object will correlate all of its
+        FROM entries.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate-exception collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.Select.correlate`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery`
+
+        """
+
+        self._auto_correlate = False
+        if not fromclauses or fromclauses[0] in {None, False}:
+            if len(fromclauses) > 1:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    "additional FROM objects not accepted when "
+                    "passing None/False to correlate_except()"
+                )
+            self._correlate_except = ()
+        else:
+            self._correlate_except = (self._correlate_except or ()) + tuple(
+                coercions.expect(roles.FromClauseRole, f) for f in fromclauses
+            )
+
+        return self
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set,
+        not including :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        This collection differs from the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns`
+        collection of a :class:`_expression.FromClause` in that the columns
+        within this collection cannot be directly nested inside another SELECT
+        statement; a subquery must be applied first which provides for the
+        necessary parenthesization required by SQL.
+
+        For a :func:`_expression.select` construct, the collection here is
+        exactly what would be rendered inside the "SELECT" statement, and the
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects are directly present as they
+        were given, e.g.::
+
+            col1 = column("q", Integer)
+            col2 = column("p", Integer)
+            stmt = select(col1, col2)
+
+        Above, ``stmt.selected_columns`` would be a collection that contains
+        the ``col1`` and ``col2`` objects directly. For a statement that is
+        against a :class:`_schema.Table` or other
+        :class:`_expression.FromClause`, the collection will use the
+        :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects that are in the
+        :attr:`_expression.FromClause.c` collection of the from element.
+
+        A use case for the :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns` collection is
+        to allow the existing columns to be referenced when adding additional
+        criteria, e.g.::
+
+            def filter_on_id(my_select, id):
+                return my_select.where(my_select.selected_columns["id"] == id)
+
+
+            stmt = select(MyModel)
+
+            # adds "WHERE id=:param" to the statement
+            stmt = filter_on_id(stmt, 42)
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The :attr:`_sql.Select.selected_columns` collection does not
+            include expressions established in the columns clause using the
+            :func:`_sql.text` construct; these are silently omitted from the
+            collection. To use plain textual column expressions inside of a
+            :class:`_sql.Select` construct, use the :func:`_sql.literal_column`
+            construct.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+
+        # compare to SelectState._generate_columns_plus_names, which
+        # generates the actual names used in the SELECT string.  that
+        # method is more complex because it also renders columns that are
+        # fully ambiguous, e.g. same column more than once.
+        conv = cast(
+            "Callable[[Any], str]",
+            SelectState._column_naming_convention(self._label_style),
+        )
+
+        cc: ColumnCollection[str, ColumnElement[Any]] = ColumnCollection(
+            [
+                (conv(c), c)
+                for c in self._all_selected_columns
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+        )
+        return cc.as_readonly()
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        meth = SelectState.get_plugin_class(self).all_selected_columns
+        return list(meth(self))
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> Select[Any]:
+        if self._label_style is LABEL_STYLE_NONE:
+            self = self.set_label_style(LABEL_STYLE_DISAMBIGUATE_ONLY)
+        return self
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        subquery: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Generate column proxies to place in the exported ``.c``
+        collection of a subquery."""
+
+        if proxy_compound_columns:
+            extra_col_iterator = proxy_compound_columns
+            prox = [
+                c._make_proxy(
+                    subquery,
+                    key=proxy_key,
+                    name=required_label_name,
+                    name_is_truncatable=True,
+                    compound_select_cols=extra_cols,
+                    primary_key=primary_key,
+                    foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                )
+                for (
+                    (
+                        required_label_name,
+                        proxy_key,
+                        fallback_label_name,
+                        c,
+                        repeated,
+                    ),
+                    extra_cols,
+                ) in (
+                    zip(
+                        self._generate_columns_plus_names(False),
+                        extra_col_iterator,
+                    )
+                )
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+        else:
+            prox = [
+                c._make_proxy(
+                    subquery,
+                    key=proxy_key,
+                    name=required_label_name,
+                    name_is_truncatable=True,
+                    primary_key=primary_key,
+                    foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                )
+                for (
+                    required_label_name,
+                    proxy_key,
+                    fallback_label_name,
+                    c,
+                    repeated,
+                ) in (self._generate_columns_plus_names(False))
+                if is_column_element(c)
+            ]
+
+        columns._populate_separate_keys(prox)
+
+    def _needs_parens_for_grouping(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_row_limiting_clause or bool(
+            self._order_by_clause.clauses
+        )
+
+    def self_group(
+        self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+    ) -> Union[SelectStatementGrouping[Self], Self]:
+        """Return a 'grouping' construct as per the
+        :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` specification.
+
+        This produces an element that can be embedded in an expression. Note
+        that this method is called automatically as needed when constructing
+        expressions and should not require explicit use.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            isinstance(against, CompoundSelect)
+            and not self._needs_parens_for_grouping()
+        ):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return SelectStatementGrouping(self)
+
+    def union(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``UNION`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union(self, *other)
+
+    def union_all(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``UNION ALL`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_union_all(self, *other)
+
+    def except_(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``EXCEPT`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectable provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except(self, *other)
+
+    def except_all(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``EXCEPT ALL`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_except_all(self, *other)
+
+    def intersect(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``INTERSECT`` of this select() construct against
+        the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect(self, *other)
+
+    def intersect_all(
+        self, *other: _SelectStatementForCompoundArgument[_TP]
+    ) -> CompoundSelect[_TP]:
+        r"""Return a SQL ``INTERSECT ALL`` of this select() construct
+        against the given selectables provided as positional arguments.
+
+        :param \*other: one or more elements with which to create a
+         UNION.
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 1.4.28
+
+            multiple elements are now accepted.
+
+        :param \**kwargs: keyword arguments are forwarded to the constructor
+         for the newly created :class:`_sql.CompoundSelect` object.
+
+        """
+        return CompoundSelect._create_intersect_all(self, *other)
+
+
+class ScalarSelect(
+    roles.InElementRole, Generative, GroupedElement, ColumnElement[_T]
+):
+    """Represent a scalar subquery.
+
+
+    A :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect` is created by invoking the
+    :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.scalar_subquery` method.   The object
+    then participates in other SQL expressions as a SQL column expression
+    within the :class:`_sql.ColumnElement` hierarchy.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.scalar_subquery`
+
+        :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+    """
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = [
+        ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+        ("type", InternalTraversal.dp_type),
+    ]
+
+    _from_objects: List[FromClause] = []
+    _is_from_container = True
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        _is_implicitly_boolean = False
+    inherit_cache = True
+
+    element: SelectBase
+
+    def __init__(self, element: SelectBase) -> None:
+        self.element = element
+        self.type = element._scalar_type()
+        self._propagate_attrs = element._propagate_attrs
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(self.element, attr)
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"element": self.element, "type": self.type}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self.element = state["element"]
+        self.type = state["type"]
+
+    @property
+    def columns(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+            "Scalar Select expression has no "
+            "columns; use this object directly "
+            "within a column-level expression."
+        )
+
+    c = columns
+
+    @_generative
+    def where(self, crit: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Apply a WHERE clause to the SELECT statement referred to
+        by this :class:`_expression.ScalarSelect`.
+
+        """
+        self.element = cast("Select[Any]", self.element).where(crit)
+        return self
+
+    def self_group(self, against: Optional[OperatorType] = None) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _ungroup(self) -> Select[Any]: ...
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.ScalarSelect`
+        which will correlate the given FROM
+        clauses to that of an enclosing :class:`_expression.Select`.
+
+        This method is mirrored from the :meth:`_sql.Select.correlate` method
+        of the underlying :class:`_sql.Select`.  The method applies the
+        :meth:_sql.Select.correlate` method, then returns a new
+        :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect` against that statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Previously, the
+           :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate`
+           method was only available from :class:`_sql.Select`.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.ScalarSelect.correlate_except`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+
+        """
+        self.element = cast("Select[Any]", self.element).correlate(
+            *fromclauses
+        )
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def correlate_except(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Return a new :class:`_expression.ScalarSelect`
+        which will omit the given FROM
+        clauses from the auto-correlation process.
+
+        This method is mirrored from the
+        :meth:`_sql.Select.correlate_except` method of the underlying
+        :class:`_sql.Select`.  The method applies the
+        :meth:_sql.Select.correlate_except` method, then returns a new
+        :class:`_sql.ScalarSelect` against that statement.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4 Previously, the
+           :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate_except`
+           method was only available from :class:`_sql.Select`.
+
+        :param \*fromclauses: a list of one or more
+         :class:`_expression.FromClause`
+         constructs, or other compatible constructs (i.e. ORM-mapped
+         classes) to become part of the correlate-exception collection.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_expression.ScalarSelect.correlate`
+
+            :ref:`tutorial_scalar_subquery` - in the 2.0 tutorial
+
+
+        """
+
+        self.element = cast("Select[Any]", self.element).correlate_except(
+            *fromclauses
+        )
+        return self
+
+
+class Exists(UnaryExpression[bool]):
+    """Represent an ``EXISTS`` clause.
+
+    See :func:`_sql.exists` for a description of usage.
+
+    An ``EXISTS`` clause can also be constructed from a :func:`_sql.select`
+    instance by calling :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists`.
+
+    """
+
+    inherit_cache = True
+    element: Union[SelectStatementGrouping[Select[Any]], ScalarSelect[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        __argument: Optional[
+            Union[_ColumnsClauseArgument[Any], SelectBase, ScalarSelect[Any]]
+        ] = None,
+    ):
+        s: ScalarSelect[Any]
+
+        # TODO: this seems like we should be using coercions for this
+        if __argument is None:
+            s = Select(literal_column("*")).scalar_subquery()
+        elif isinstance(__argument, SelectBase):
+            s = __argument.scalar_subquery()
+            s._propagate_attrs = __argument._propagate_attrs
+        elif isinstance(__argument, ScalarSelect):
+            s = __argument
+        else:
+            s = Select(__argument).scalar_subquery()
+
+        UnaryExpression.__init__(
+            self,
+            s,
+            operator=operators.exists,
+            type_=type_api.BOOLEANTYPE,
+            wraps_column_expression=True,
+        )
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _from_objects(self) -> List[FromClause]:
+        return []
+
+    def _regroup(
+        self, fn: Callable[[Select[Any]], Select[Any]]
+    ) -> SelectStatementGrouping[Select[Any]]:
+        element = self.element._ungroup()
+        new_element = fn(element)
+
+        return_value = new_element.self_group(against=operators.exists)
+        assert isinstance(return_value, SelectStatementGrouping)
+        return return_value
+
+    def select(self) -> Select[Tuple[bool]]:
+        r"""Return a SELECT of this :class:`_expression.Exists`.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            stmt = exists(some_table.c.id).where(some_table.c.id == 5).select()
+
+        This will produce a statement resembling:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT EXISTS (SELECT id FROM some_table WHERE some_table = :param) AS anon_1
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :func:`_expression.select` - general purpose
+            method which allows for arbitrary column lists.
+
+        """  # noqa
+
+        return Select(self)
+
+    def correlate(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply correlation to the subquery noted by this
+        :class:`_sql.Exists`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate`
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(
+            lambda element: element.correlate(*fromclauses)
+        )
+        return e
+
+    def correlate_except(
+        self,
+        *fromclauses: Union[Literal[None, False], _FromClauseArgument],
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Apply correlation to the subquery noted by this
+        :class:`_sql.Exists`.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`_sql.ScalarSelect.correlate_except`
+
+        """
+
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(
+            lambda element: element.correlate_except(*fromclauses)
+        )
+        return e
+
+    def select_from(self, *froms: _FromClauseArgument) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :class:`_expression.Exists` construct,
+        applying the given
+        expression to the :meth:`_expression.Select.select_from`
+        method of the select
+        statement contained.
+
+        .. note:: it is typically preferable to build a :class:`_sql.Select`
+           statement first, including the desired WHERE clause, then use the
+           :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` method to produce an
+           :class:`_sql.Exists` object at once.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(lambda element: element.select_from(*froms))
+        return e
+
+    def where(self, *clause: _ColumnExpressionArgument[bool]) -> Self:
+        """Return a new :func:`_expression.exists` construct with the
+        given expression added to
+        its WHERE clause, joined to the existing clause via AND, if any.
+
+
+        .. note:: it is typically preferable to build a :class:`_sql.Select`
+           statement first, including the desired WHERE clause, then use the
+           :meth:`_sql.SelectBase.exists` method to produce an
+           :class:`_sql.Exists` object at once.
+
+        """
+        e = self._clone()
+        e.element = self._regroup(lambda element: element.where(*clause))
+        return e
+
+
+class TextualSelect(SelectBase, ExecutableReturnsRows, Generative):
+    """Wrap a :class:`_expression.TextClause` construct within a
+    :class:`_expression.SelectBase`
+    interface.
+
+    This allows the :class:`_expression.TextClause` object to gain a
+    ``.c`` collection
+    and other FROM-like capabilities such as
+    :meth:`_expression.FromClause.alias`,
+    :meth:`_expression.SelectBase.cte`, etc.
+
+    The :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` construct is produced via the
+    :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns`
+    method - see that method for details.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.4 the :class:`_expression.TextualSelect`
+       class was renamed
+       from ``TextAsFrom``, to more correctly suit its role as a
+       SELECT-oriented object and not a FROM clause.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`_expression.text`
+
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` - primary creation interface.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "textual_select"
+
+    _label_style = LABEL_STYLE_NONE
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType = (
+        [
+            ("element", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ("column_args", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+        ]
+        + SupportsCloneAnnotations._clone_annotations_traverse_internals
+        + HasCTE._has_ctes_traverse_internals
+    )
+
+    _is_textual = True
+
+    is_text = True
+    is_select = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text: TextClause,
+        columns: List[_ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]],
+        positional: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._init(
+            text,
+            # convert for ORM attributes->columns, etc
+            [
+                coercions.expect(roles.LabeledColumnExprRole, c)
+                for c in columns
+            ],
+            positional,
+        )
+
+    def _init(
+        self,
+        text: TextClause,
+        columns: List[NamedColumn[Any]],
+        positional: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.element = text
+        self.column_args = columns
+        self.positional = positional
+
+    @HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute
+    def selected_columns(
+        self,
+    ) -> ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """A :class:`_expression.ColumnCollection`
+        representing the columns that
+        this SELECT statement or similar construct returns in its result set,
+        not including :class:`_sql.TextClause` constructs.
+
+        This collection differs from the :attr:`_expression.FromClause.columns`
+        collection of a :class:`_expression.FromClause` in that the columns
+        within this collection cannot be directly nested inside another SELECT
+        statement; a subquery must be applied first which provides for the
+        necessary parenthesization required by SQL.
+
+        For a :class:`_expression.TextualSelect` construct, the collection
+        contains the :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects that were
+        passed to the constructor, typically via the
+        :meth:`_expression.TextClause.columns` method.
+
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+        """
+        return ColumnCollection(
+            (c.key, c) for c in self.column_args
+        ).as_readonly()
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _all_selected_columns(self) -> _SelectIterable:
+        return self.column_args
+
+    def set_label_style(self, style: SelectLabelStyle) -> TextualSelect:
+        return self
+
+    def _ensure_disambiguated_names(self) -> TextualSelect:
+        return self
+
+    @_generative
+    def bindparams(
+        self,
+        *binds: BindParameter[Any],
+        **bind_as_values: Any,
+    ) -> Self:
+        self.element = self.element.bindparams(*binds, **bind_as_values)
+        return self
+
+    def _generate_fromclause_column_proxies(
+        self,
+        fromclause: FromClause,
+        columns: ColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        primary_key: ColumnSet,
+        foreign_keys: Set[KeyedColumnElement[Any]],
+        *,
+        proxy_compound_columns: Optional[
+            Iterable[Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(fromclause, Subquery)
+
+        if proxy_compound_columns:
+            columns._populate_separate_keys(
+                c._make_proxy(
+                    fromclause,
+                    compound_select_cols=extra_cols,
+                    primary_key=primary_key,
+                    foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                )
+                for c, extra_cols in zip(
+                    self.column_args, proxy_compound_columns
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            columns._populate_separate_keys(
+                c._make_proxy(
+                    fromclause,
+                    primary_key=primary_key,
+                    foreign_keys=foreign_keys,
+                )
+                for c in self.column_args
+            )
+
+    def _scalar_type(self) -> Union[TypeEngine[Any], Any]:
+        return self.column_args[0].type
+
+
+TextAsFrom = TextualSelect
+"""Backwards compatibility with the previous name"""
+
+
+class AnnotatedFromClause(Annotated):
+    def _copy_internals(self, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        super()._copy_internals(**kw)
+        if kw.get("ind_cols_on_fromclause", False):
+            ee = self._Annotated__element  # type: ignore
+
+            self.c = ee.__class__.c.fget(self)  # type: ignore
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def c(self) -> ReadOnlyColumnCollection[str, KeyedColumnElement[Any]]:
+        """proxy the .c collection of the underlying FromClause.
+
+        Originally implemented in 2008 as a simple load of the .c collection
+        when the annotated construct was created (see d3621ae961a), in modern
+        SQLAlchemy versions this can be expensive for statements constructed
+        with ORM aliases.   So for #8796 SQLAlchemy 2.0 we instead proxy
+        it, which works just as well.
+
+        Two different use cases seem to require the collection either copied
+        from the underlying one, or unique to this AnnotatedFromClause.
+
+        See test_selectable->test_annotated_corresponding_column
+
+        """
+        ee = self._Annotated__element  # type: ignore
+        return ee.c  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0d89e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/sqltypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3908 @@
+# sql/sqltypes.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""SQL specific types."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import datetime as dt
+import decimal
+import enum
+import json
+import pickle
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+from uuid import UUID as _python_UUID
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import elements
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import type_api
+from .base import _NONE_NAME
+from .base import NO_ARG
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .elements import quoted_name
+from .elements import Slice
+from .elements import TypeCoerce as type_coerce  # noqa
+from .type_api import Emulated
+from .type_api import NativeForEmulated  # noqa
+from .type_api import to_instance as to_instance
+from .type_api import TypeDecorator as TypeDecorator
+from .type_api import TypeEngine as TypeEngine
+from .type_api import TypeEngineMixin
+from .type_api import Variant  # noqa
+from .visitors import InternalTraversal
+from .. import event
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspection
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import processors
+from ..util import langhelpers
+from ..util import OrderedDict
+from ..util import warn_deprecated
+from ..util.typing import get_args
+from ..util.typing import is_literal
+from ..util.typing import is_pep695
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _ColumnExpressionArgument
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from .schema import MetaData
+    from .type_api import _BindProcessorType
+    from .type_api import _ComparatorFactory
+    from .type_api import _LiteralProcessorType
+    from .type_api import _MatchedOnType
+    from .type_api import _ResultProcessorType
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound="Any")
+_CT = TypeVar("_CT", bound=Any)
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE", bound="TypeEngine[Any]")
+_P = TypeVar("_P")
+
+
+class HasExpressionLookup(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Mixin expression adaptations based on lookup tables.
+
+    These rules are currently used by the numeric, integer and date types
+    which have detailed cross-expression coercion rules.
+
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_CT]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        _blank_dict = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            othertype = other_comparator.type._type_affinity
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self.type, HasExpressionLookup)
+            lookup = self.type._expression_adaptations.get(
+                op, self._blank_dict
+            ).get(othertype, self.type)
+            if lookup is othertype:
+                return (op, other_comparator.type)
+            elif lookup is self.type._type_affinity:
+                return (op, self.type)
+            else:
+                return (op, to_instance(lookup))
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+
+
+class Concatenable(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """A mixin that marks a type as supporting 'concatenation',
+    typically strings."""
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            if op is operators.add and isinstance(
+                other_comparator,
+                (Concatenable.Comparator, NullType.Comparator),
+            ):
+                return operators.concat_op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return super()._adapt_expression(op, other_comparator)
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+
+
+class Indexable(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """A mixin that marks a type as supporting indexing operations,
+    such as array or JSON structures.
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index):
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+        def __getitem__(self, index):
+            (
+                adjusted_op,
+                adjusted_right_expr,
+                result_type,
+            ) = self._setup_getitem(index)
+            return self.operate(
+                adjusted_op, adjusted_right_expr, result_type=result_type
+            )
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+
+
+class String(Concatenable, TypeEngine[str]):
+    """The base for all string and character types.
+
+    In SQL, corresponds to VARCHAR.
+
+    The `length` field is usually required when the `String` type is
+    used within a CREATE TABLE statement, as VARCHAR requires a length
+    on most databases.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "string"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        length: Optional[int] = None,
+        collation: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a string-holding type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL and CAST expressions.  May be safely omitted if no ``CREATE
+          TABLE`` will be issued.  Certain databases may require a
+          ``length`` for use in DDL, and will raise an exception when
+          the ``CREATE TABLE`` DDL is issued if a ``VARCHAR``
+          with no length is included.  Whether the value is
+          interpreted as bytes or characters is database specific.
+
+        :param collation: Optional, a column-level collation for
+          use in DDL and CAST expressions.  Renders using the
+          COLLATE keyword supported by SQLite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL.
+          E.g.:
+
+          .. sourcecode:: pycon+sql
+
+            >>> from sqlalchemy import cast, select, String
+            >>> print(select(cast("some string", String(collation="utf8"))))
+            {printsql}SELECT CAST(:param_1 AS VARCHAR COLLATE utf8) AS anon_1
+
+          .. note::
+
+            In most cases, the :class:`.Unicode` or :class:`.UnicodeText`
+            datatypes should be used for a :class:`_schema.Column` that expects
+            to store non-ascii data. These datatypes will ensure that the
+            correct types are used on the database.
+
+        """
+
+        self.length = length
+        self.collation = collation
+
+    def _with_collation(self, collation):
+        new_type = self.copy()
+        new_type.collation = collation
+        return new_type
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        # I was SO PROUD of my regex trick, but we dont need it.
+        # re.search(r"[^\u0000-\u007F]", value)
+
+        if value.isascii():
+            return _STRING
+        else:
+            return _UNICODE
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            value = value.replace("'", "''")
+
+            if dialect.identifier_preparer._double_percents:
+                value = value.replace("%", "%%")
+
+            return "'%s'" % value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[str]]:
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: object
+    ) -> Optional[_ResultProcessorType[str]]:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return str
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.STRING
+
+
+class Text(String):
+    """A variably sized string type.
+
+    In SQL, usually corresponds to CLOB or TEXT.  In general, TEXT objects
+    do not have a length; while some databases will accept a length
+    argument here, it will be rejected by others.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "text"
+
+
+class Unicode(String):
+    """A variable length Unicode string type.
+
+    The :class:`.Unicode` type is a :class:`.String` subclass that assumes
+    input and output strings that may contain non-ASCII characters, and for
+    some backends implies an underlying column type that is explicitly
+    supporting of non-ASCII data, such as ``NVARCHAR`` on Oracle Database and
+    SQL Server.  This will impact the output of ``CREATE TABLE`` statements and
+    ``CAST`` functions at the dialect level.
+
+    The character encoding used by the :class:`.Unicode` type that is used to
+    transmit and receive data to the database is usually determined by the
+    DBAPI itself. All modern DBAPIs accommodate non-ASCII strings but may have
+    different methods of managing database encodings; if necessary, this
+    encoding should be configured as detailed in the notes for the target DBAPI
+    in the :ref:`dialect_toplevel` section.
+
+    In modern SQLAlchemy, use of the :class:`.Unicode` datatype does not
+    imply any encoding/decoding behavior within SQLAlchemy itself.  In Python
+    3, all string objects are inherently Unicode capable, and SQLAlchemy
+    does not produce bytestring objects nor does it accommodate a DBAPI that
+    does not return Python Unicode objects in result sets for string values.
+
+    .. warning:: Some database backends, particularly SQL Server with pyodbc,
+       are known to have undesirable behaviors regarding data that is noted
+       as being of ``NVARCHAR`` type as opposed to ``VARCHAR``, including
+       datatype mismatch errors and non-use of indexes.  See the section
+       on :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes` for background on working
+       around unicode character issues for backends like SQL Server with
+       pyodbc as well as cx_Oracle.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.UnicodeText` - unlengthed textual counterpart
+        to :class:`.Unicode`.
+
+        :meth:`.DialectEvents.do_setinputsizes`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unicode"
+
+
+class UnicodeText(Text):
+    """An unbounded-length Unicode string type.
+
+    See :class:`.Unicode` for details on the unicode
+    behavior of this object.
+
+    Like :class:`.Unicode`, usage the :class:`.UnicodeText` type implies a
+    unicode-capable type being used on the backend, such as
+    ``NCLOB``, ``NTEXT``.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "unicode_text"
+
+
+class Integer(HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[int]):
+    """A type for ``int`` integers."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "integer"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_memoized_property
+        def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[Integer]: ...
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return int
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        if value.bit_length() >= 32:
+            return _BIGINTEGER
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(int(value))
+
+        return process
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: Date,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Numeric: Numeric,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {Integer: Numeric, Numeric: Numeric},
+            operators.floordiv: {Integer: self.__class__, Numeric: Numeric},
+            operators.sub: {Integer: self.__class__, Numeric: Numeric},
+        }
+
+
+class SmallInteger(Integer):
+    """A type for smaller ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``SMALLINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "small_integer"
+
+
+class BigInteger(Integer):
+    """A type for bigger ``int`` integers.
+
+    Typically generates a ``BIGINT`` in DDL, and otherwise acts like
+    a normal :class:`.Integer` on the Python side.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "big_integer"
+
+
+_N = TypeVar("_N", bound=Union[decimal.Decimal, float])
+
+
+class Numeric(HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[_N]):
+    """Base for non-integer numeric types, such as
+    ``NUMERIC``, ``FLOAT``, ``DECIMAL``, and other variants.
+
+    The :class:`.Numeric` datatype when used directly will render DDL
+    corresponding to precision numerics if available, such as
+    ``NUMERIC(precision, scale)``.  The :class:`.Float` subclass will
+    attempt to render a floating-point datatype such as ``FLOAT(precision)``.
+
+    :class:`.Numeric` returns Python ``decimal.Decimal`` objects by default,
+    based on the default value of ``True`` for the
+    :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` parameter.  If this parameter is set to
+    False, returned values are coerced to Python ``float`` objects.
+
+    The :class:`.Float` subtype, being more specific to floating point,
+    defaults the :paramref:`.Float.asdecimal` flag to False so that the
+    default Python datatype is ``float``.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        When using a :class:`.Numeric` datatype against a database type that
+        returns Python floating point values to the driver, the accuracy of the
+        decimal conversion indicated by :paramref:`.Numeric.asdecimal` may be
+        limited.   The behavior of specific numeric/floating point datatypes
+        is a product of the SQL datatype in use, the Python :term:`DBAPI`
+        in use, as well as strategies that may be present within
+        the SQLAlchemy dialect in use.   Users requiring specific precision/
+        scale are encouraged to experiment with the available datatypes
+        in order to determine the best results.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "numeric"
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.ro_memoized_property
+        def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[Numeric[_N]]: ...
+
+    _default_decimal_return_scale = 10
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Numeric[decimal.Decimal],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[True] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Numeric[float],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[False] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        precision: Optional[int] = None,
+        scale: Optional[int] = None,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = None,
+        asdecimal: bool = True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a Numeric.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+          TABLE``.
+
+        :param scale: the numeric scale for use in DDL ``CREATE TABLE``.
+
+        :param asdecimal: default True.  Return whether or not
+          values should be sent as Python Decimal objects, or
+          as floats.   Different DBAPIs send one or the other based on
+          datatypes - the Numeric type will ensure that return values
+          are one or the other across DBAPIs consistently.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specifying this value will override that length.  Types which
+         do include an explicit ".scale" value, such as the base
+         :class:`.Numeric` as well as the MySQL float types, will use the
+         value of ".scale" as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not
+         otherwise specified.
+
+        When using the ``Numeric`` type, care should be taken to ensure
+        that the asdecimal setting is appropriate for the DBAPI in use -
+        when Numeric applies a conversion from Decimal->float or float->
+        Decimal, this conversion incurs an additional performance overhead
+        for all result columns received.
+
+        DBAPIs that return Decimal natively (e.g. psycopg2) will have
+        better accuracy and higher performance with a setting of ``True``,
+        as the native translation to Decimal reduces the amount of floating-
+        point issues at play, and the Numeric type itself doesn't need
+        to apply any further conversions.  However, another DBAPI which
+        returns floats natively *will* incur an additional conversion
+        overhead, and is still subject to floating point data loss - in
+        which case ``asdecimal=False`` will at least remove the extra
+        conversion overhead.
+
+        """
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.scale = scale
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+
+    @property
+    def _effective_decimal_return_scale(self):
+        if self.decimal_return_scale is not None:
+            return self.decimal_return_scale
+        elif getattr(self, "scale", None) is not None:
+            return self.scale
+        else:
+            return self._default_decimal_return_scale
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.NUMBER
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            return str(value)
+
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return decimal.Decimal
+        else:
+            return float
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.to_float
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI will give us Decimal directly
+                return None
+            else:
+                # we're a "numeric", DBAPI returns floats, convert.
+                return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                    decimal.Decimal,
+                    (
+                        self.scale
+                        if self.scale is not None
+                        else self._default_decimal_return_scale
+                    ),
+                )
+        else:
+            if dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+                return processors.to_float
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        return {
+            operators.mul: {
+                Interval: Interval,
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.truediv: {
+                Numeric: self.__class__,
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+            },
+            operators.add: {Numeric: self.__class__, Integer: self.__class__},
+            operators.sub: {Numeric: self.__class__, Integer: self.__class__},
+        }
+
+
+class Float(Numeric[_N]):
+    """Type representing floating point types, such as ``FLOAT`` or ``REAL``.
+
+    This type returns Python ``float`` objects by default, unless the
+    :paramref:`.Float.asdecimal` flag is set to ``True``, in which case they
+    are coerced to ``decimal.Decimal`` objects.
+
+    When a :paramref:`.Float.precision` is not provided in a
+    :class:`_types.Float` type some backend may compile this type as
+    an 8 bytes / 64 bit float datatype. To use a 4 bytes / 32 bit float
+    datatype a precision <= 24 can usually be provided or the
+    :class:`_types.REAL` type can be used.
+    This is known to be the case in the PostgreSQL and MSSQL dialects
+    that render the type as ``FLOAT`` that's in both an alias of
+    ``DOUBLE PRECISION``. Other third party dialects may have similar
+    behavior.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "float"
+
+    scale = None
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Float[float],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[False] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Float[decimal.Decimal],
+        precision: Optional[int] = ...,
+        asdecimal: Literal[True] = ...,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self: Float[_N],
+        precision: Optional[int] = None,
+        asdecimal: bool = False,
+        decimal_return_scale: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        r"""
+        Construct a Float.
+
+        :param precision: the numeric precision for use in DDL ``CREATE
+           TABLE``. Backends **should** attempt to ensure this precision
+           indicates a number of digits for the generic
+           :class:`_sqltypes.Float` datatype.
+
+           .. note:: For the Oracle Database backend, the
+              :paramref:`_sqltypes.Float.precision` parameter is not accepted
+              when rendering DDL, as Oracle Database does not support float precision
+              specified as a number of decimal places. Instead, use the
+              Oracle Database-specific :class:`_oracle.FLOAT` datatype and specify the
+              :paramref:`_oracle.FLOAT.binary_precision` parameter. This is new
+              in version 2.0 of SQLAlchemy.
+
+              To create a database agnostic :class:`_types.Float` that
+              separately specifies binary precision for Oracle Database, use
+              :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.with_variant` as follows::
+
+                    from sqlalchemy import Column
+                    from sqlalchemy import Float
+                    from sqlalchemy.dialects import oracle
+
+                    Column(
+                        "float_data",
+                        Float(5).with_variant(oracle.FLOAT(binary_precision=16), "oracle"),
+                    )
+
+        :param asdecimal: the same flag as that of :class:`.Numeric`, but
+          defaults to ``False``.   Note that setting this flag to ``True``
+          results in floating point conversion.
+
+        :param decimal_return_scale: Default scale to use when converting
+         from floats to Python decimals.  Floating point values will typically
+         be much longer due to decimal inaccuracy, and most floating point
+         database types don't have a notion of "scale", so by default the
+         float type looks for the first ten decimal places when converting.
+         Specifying this value will override that length.  Note that the
+         MySQL float types, which do include "scale", will use "scale"
+         as the default for decimal_return_scale, if not otherwise specified.
+
+        """  # noqa: E501
+        self.precision = precision
+        self.asdecimal = asdecimal
+        self.decimal_return_scale = decimal_return_scale
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if self.asdecimal:
+            return processors.to_decimal_processor_factory(
+                decimal.Decimal, self._effective_decimal_return_scale
+            )
+        elif dialect.supports_native_decimal:
+            return processors.to_float
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
+class Double(Float[_N]):
+    """A type for double ``FLOAT`` floating point types.
+
+    Typically generates a ``DOUBLE`` or ``DOUBLE_PRECISION`` in DDL,
+    and otherwise acts like a normal :class:`.Float` on the Python
+    side.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "double"
+
+
+class _RenderISO8601NoT:
+    def _literal_processor_datetime(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_portion(dialect, None)
+
+    def _literal_processor_date(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_portion(dialect, 0)
+
+    def _literal_processor_time(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_portion(dialect, -1)
+
+    def _literal_processor_portion(self, dialect, _portion=None):
+        assert _portion in (None, 0, -1)
+        if _portion is not None:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{value.isoformat().split("T")[_portion]}'"""
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{value.isoformat().replace("T", " ")}'"""
+
+        return process
+
+
+class DateTime(
+    _RenderISO8601NoT, HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.datetime]
+):
+    """A type for ``datetime.datetime()`` objects.
+
+    Date and time types return objects from the Python ``datetime``
+    module.  Most DBAPIs have built in support for the datetime
+    module, with the noted exception of SQLite.  In the case of
+    SQLite, date and time types are stored as strings which are then
+    converted back to datetime objects when rows are returned.
+
+    For the time representation within the datetime type, some
+    backends include additional options, such as timezone support and
+    fractional seconds support.  For fractional seconds, use the
+    dialect-specific datatype, such as :class:`.mysql.TIME`.  For
+    timezone support, use at least the :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP` datatype,
+    if not the dialect-specific datatype object.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "datetime"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.DateTime`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the datetime type should
+         enable timezone support, if available on the
+         **base date/time-holding type only**.   It is recommended
+         to make use of the :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP` datatype directly when
+         using this flag, as some databases include separate generic
+         date/time-holding types distinct from the timezone-capable
+         TIMESTAMP datatype, such as Oracle Database.
+
+
+        """
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        with_timezone = value.tzinfo is not None
+        if with_timezone and not self.timezone:
+            return DATETIME_TIMEZONE
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_datetime(dialect)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.datetime
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {Interval: self.__class__},
+            operators.sub: {Interval: self.__class__, DateTime: Interval},
+        }
+
+
+class Date(_RenderISO8601NoT, HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.date]):
+    """A type for ``datetime.date()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "date"
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.date
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_date(dialect)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                Interval: DateTime,
+                Time: DateTime,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {
+                # date - integer = date
+                Integer: self.__class__,
+                # date - date = integer.
+                Date: Integer,
+                Interval: DateTime,
+                # date - datetime = interval,
+                # this one is not in the PG docs
+                # but works
+                DateTime: Interval,
+            },
+        }
+
+
+class Time(_RenderISO8601NoT, HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.time]):
+    """A type for ``datetime.time()`` objects."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "time"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False):
+        self.timezone = timezone
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.DATETIME
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.time
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value):
+        with_timezone = value.tzinfo is not None
+        if with_timezone and not self.timezone:
+            return TIME_TIMEZONE
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {Date: DateTime, Interval: self.__class__},
+            operators.sub: {Time: Interval, Interval: self.__class__},
+        }
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return self._literal_processor_time(dialect)
+
+
+class _Binary(TypeEngine[bytes]):
+    """Define base behavior for binary types."""
+
+    length: Optional[int]
+
+    def __init__(self, length: Optional[int] = None):
+        self.length = length
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _generic_type_affinity(
+        self,
+    ) -> Type[TypeEngine[bytes]]:
+        return LargeBinary
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        def process(value):
+            # TODO: this is useless for real world scenarios; implement
+            # real binary literals
+            value = value.decode(
+                dialect._legacy_binary_type_literal_encoding
+            ).replace("'", "''")
+            return "'%s'" % value
+
+        return process
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return bytes
+
+    # Python 3 - sqlite3 doesn't need the `Binary` conversion
+    # here, though pg8000 does to indicate "bytea"
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        if dialect.dbapi is None:
+            return None
+
+        DBAPIBinary = dialect.dbapi.Binary
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                return DBAPIBinary(value)
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        return process
+
+    # Python 3 has native bytes() type
+    # both sqlite3 and pg8000 seem to return it,
+    # psycopg2 as of 2.5 returns 'memoryview'
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.returns_native_bytes:
+            return None
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is not None:
+                value = bytes(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.BINARY
+
+
+class LargeBinary(_Binary):
+    """A type for large binary byte data.
+
+    The :class:`.LargeBinary` type corresponds to a large and/or unlengthed
+    binary type for the target platform, such as BLOB on MySQL and BYTEA for
+    PostgreSQL.  It also handles the necessary conversions for the DBAPI.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "large_binary"
+
+    def __init__(self, length: Optional[int] = None):
+        """
+        Construct a LargeBinary type.
+
+        :param length: optional, a length for the column for use in
+          DDL statements, for those binary types that accept a length,
+          such as the MySQL BLOB type.
+
+        """
+        _Binary.__init__(self, length=length)
+
+
+class SchemaType(SchemaEventTarget, TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Add capabilities to a type which allow for schema-level DDL to be
+    associated with a type.
+
+    Supports types that must be explicitly created/dropped (i.e. PG ENUM type)
+    as well as types that are complimented by table or schema level
+    constraints, triggers, and other rules.
+
+    :class:`.SchemaType` classes can also be targets for the
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.before_parent_attach` and
+    :meth:`.DDLEvents.after_parent_attach` events, where the events fire off
+    surrounding the association of the type object with a parent
+    :class:`_schema.Column`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.Enum`
+
+        :class:`.Boolean`
+
+
+    """
+
+    _use_schema_map = True
+
+    name: Optional[str]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        schema: Optional[str] = None,
+        metadata: Optional[MetaData] = None,
+        inherit_schema: bool = False,
+        quote: Optional[bool] = None,
+        _create_events: bool = True,
+        _adapted_from: Optional[SchemaType] = None,
+    ):
+        if name is not None:
+            self.name = quoted_name(name, quote)
+        else:
+            self.name = None
+        self.schema = schema
+        self.metadata = metadata
+        self.inherit_schema = inherit_schema
+        self._create_events = _create_events
+
+        if _create_events and self.metadata:
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_create),
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                self.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(self._on_metadata_drop),
+            )
+
+        if _adapted_from:
+            self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(_adapted_from.dispatch)
+
+    def _set_parent(self, parent, **kw):
+        # set parent hook is when this type is associated with a column.
+        # Column calls it for all SchemaEventTarget instances, either the
+        # base type and/or variants in _variant_mapping.
+
+        # we want to register a second hook to trigger when that column is
+        # associated with a table.  in that event, we and all of our variants
+        # may want to set up some state on the table such as a CheckConstraint
+        # that will conditionally render at DDL render time.
+
+        # the base SchemaType also sets up events for
+        # on_table/metadata_create/drop in this method, which is used by
+        # "native" types with a separate CREATE/DROP e.g. Postgresql.ENUM
+
+        parent._on_table_attach(util.portable_instancemethod(self._set_table))
+
+    def _variant_mapping_for_set_table(self, column):
+        if column.type._variant_mapping:
+            variant_mapping = dict(column.type._variant_mapping)
+            variant_mapping["_default"] = column.type
+        else:
+            variant_mapping = None
+        return variant_mapping
+
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        if self.inherit_schema:
+            self.schema = table.schema
+        elif self.metadata and self.schema is None and self.metadata.schema:
+            self.schema = self.metadata.schema
+
+        if not self._create_events:
+            return
+
+        variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping_for_set_table(column)
+
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "before_create",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._on_table_create, {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping}
+            ),
+        )
+        event.listen(
+            table,
+            "after_drop",
+            util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._on_table_drop, {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping}
+            ),
+        )
+        if self.metadata is None:
+            # if SchemaType were created w/ a metadata argument, these
+            # events would already have been associated with that metadata
+            # and would preclude an association with table.metadata
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "before_create",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(
+                    self._on_metadata_create,
+                    {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+                ),
+            )
+            event.listen(
+                table.metadata,
+                "after_drop",
+                util.portable_instancemethod(
+                    self._on_metadata_drop,
+                    {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+                ),
+            )
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        return self.adapt(
+            cast("Type[TypeEngine[Any]]", self.__class__),
+            _create_events=True,
+            metadata=(
+                kw.get("_to_metadata", self.metadata)
+                if self.metadata is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        kw.setdefault("_create_events", False)
+        kw.setdefault("_adapted_from", self)
+        return super().adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+    def create(self, bind, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue CREATE DDL for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t.create(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def drop(self, bind, checkfirst=False):
+        """Issue DROP DDL for this type, if applicable."""
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t.drop(bind, checkfirst=checkfirst)
+
+    def _on_table_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_table_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_table_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_table_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_create(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_metadata_create(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _on_metadata_drop(self, target, bind, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(bind.dialect, kw):
+            return
+
+        t = self.dialect_impl(bind.dialect)
+        if isinstance(t, SchemaType) and t.__class__ is not self.__class__:
+            t._on_metadata_drop(target, bind, **kw)
+
+    def _is_impl_for_variant(self, dialect, kw):
+        variant_mapping = kw.pop("variant_mapping", None)
+
+        if not variant_mapping:
+            return True
+
+        # for types that have _variant_mapping, all the impls in the map
+        # that are SchemaEventTarget subclasses get set up as event holders.
+        # this is so that constructs that need
+        # to be associated with the Table at dialect-agnostic time etc. like
+        # CheckConstraints can be set up with that table.  they then add
+        # to these constraints a DDL check_rule that among other things
+        # will check this _is_impl_for_variant() method to determine when
+        # the dialect is known that we are part of the table's DDL sequence.
+
+        # since PostgreSQL is the only DB that has ARRAY this can only
+        # be integration tested by PG-specific tests
+        def _we_are_the_impl(typ):
+            return (
+                typ is self
+                or isinstance(typ, ARRAY)
+                and typ.item_type is self  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+            )
+
+        if dialect.name in variant_mapping and _we_are_the_impl(
+            variant_mapping[dialect.name]
+        ):
+            return True
+        elif dialect.name not in variant_mapping:
+            return _we_are_the_impl(variant_mapping["_default"])
+
+
+_EnumTupleArg = Union[Sequence[enum.Enum], Sequence[str]]
+
+
+class Enum(String, SchemaType, Emulated, TypeEngine[Union[str, enum.Enum]]):
+    """Generic Enum Type.
+
+    The :class:`.Enum` type provides a set of possible string values
+    which the column is constrained towards.
+
+    The :class:`.Enum` type will make use of the backend's native "ENUM"
+    type if one is available; otherwise, it uses a VARCHAR datatype.
+    An option also exists to automatically produce a CHECK constraint
+    when the VARCHAR (so called "non-native") variant is produced;
+    see the  :paramref:`.Enum.create_constraint` flag.
+
+    The :class:`.Enum` type also provides in-Python validation of string
+    values during both read and write operations.  When reading a value
+    from the database in a result set, the string value is always checked
+    against the list of possible values and a ``LookupError`` is raised
+    if no match is found.  When passing a value to the database as a
+    plain string within a SQL statement, if the
+    :paramref:`.Enum.validate_strings` parameter is
+    set to True, a ``LookupError`` is raised for any string value that's
+    not located in the given list of possible values; note that this
+    impacts usage of LIKE expressions with enumerated values (an unusual
+    use case).
+
+    The source of enumerated values may be a list of string values, or
+    alternatively a PEP-435-compliant enumerated class.  For the purposes
+    of the :class:`.Enum` datatype, this class need only provide a
+    ``__members__`` method.
+
+    When using an enumerated class, the enumerated objects are used
+    both for input and output, rather than strings as is the case with
+    a plain-string enumerated type::
+
+        import enum
+        from sqlalchemy import Enum
+
+
+        class MyEnum(enum.Enum):
+            one = 1
+            two = 2
+            three = 3
+
+
+        t = Table("data", MetaData(), Column("value", Enum(MyEnum)))
+
+        connection.execute(t.insert(), {"value": MyEnum.two})
+        assert connection.scalar(t.select()) is MyEnum.two
+
+    Above, the string names of each element, e.g. "one", "two", "three",
+    are persisted to the database; the values of the Python Enum, here
+    indicated as integers, are **not** used; the value of each enum can
+    therefore be any kind of Python object whether or not it is persistable.
+
+    In order to persist the values and not the names, the
+    :paramref:`.Enum.values_callable` parameter may be used.   The value of
+    this parameter is a user-supplied callable, which  is intended to be used
+    with a PEP-435-compliant enumerated class and  returns a list of string
+    values to be persisted.   For a simple enumeration that uses string values,
+    a callable such as  ``lambda x: [e.value for e in x]`` is sufficient.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`orm_declarative_mapped_column_enums` - background on using
+        the :class:`_sqltypes.Enum` datatype with the ORM's
+        :ref:`ORM Annotated Declarative <orm_declarative_mapped_column>`
+        feature.
+
+        :class:`_postgresql.ENUM` - PostgreSQL-specific type,
+        which has additional functionality.
+
+        :class:`.mysql.ENUM` - MySQL-specific type
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "enum"
+
+    values_callable: Optional[Callable[[Type[enum.Enum]], Sequence[str]]]
+    enum_class: Optional[Type[enum.Enum]]
+    _valid_lookup: Dict[Union[enum.Enum, str, None], Optional[str]]
+    _object_lookup: Dict[Optional[str], Union[enum.Enum, str, None]]
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, enums: Type[enum.Enum], **kw: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self, *enums: str, **kw: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(self, *enums: Union[str, Type[enum.Enum]], **kw: Any) -> None:
+        r"""Construct an enum.
+
+        Keyword arguments which don't apply to a specific backend are ignored
+        by that backend.
+
+        :param \*enums: either exactly one PEP-435 compliant enumerated type
+           or one or more string labels.
+
+        :param create_constraint: defaults to False.  When creating a
+           non-native enumerated type, also build a CHECK constraint on the
+           database against the valid values.
+
+           .. note:: it is strongly recommended that the CHECK constraint
+              have an explicit name in order to support schema-management
+              concerns.  This can be established either by setting the
+              :paramref:`.Enum.name` parameter or by setting up an
+              appropriate naming convention; see
+              :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` for background.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - this flag now defaults to False, meaning
+              no CHECK constraint is generated for a non-native enumerated
+              type.
+
+        :param metadata: Associate this type directly with a ``MetaData``
+           object. For types that exist on the target database as an
+           independent schema construct (PostgreSQL), this type will be
+           created and dropped within ``create_all()`` and ``drop_all()``
+           operations. If the type is not associated with any ``MetaData``
+           object, it will associate itself with each ``Table`` in which it is
+           used, and will be created when any of those individual tables are
+           created, after a check is performed for its existence. The type is
+           only dropped when ``drop_all()`` is called for that ``Table``
+           object's metadata, however.
+
+           The value of the :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter of
+           the :class:`_schema.MetaData` object, if set, will be used as the
+           default value of the :paramref:`_types.Enum.schema` on this object
+           if an explicit value is not otherwise supplied.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4.12 :class:`_types.Enum` inherits the
+              :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter of the
+              :class:`_schema.MetaData` object if present, when passed using
+              the :paramref:`_types.Enum.metadata` parameter.
+
+        :param name: The name of this type. This is required for PostgreSQL
+           and any future supported database which requires an explicitly
+           named type, or an explicitly named constraint in order to generate
+           the type and/or a table that uses it. If a PEP-435 enumerated
+           class was used, its name (converted to lower case) is used by
+           default.
+
+        :param native_enum: Use the database's native ENUM type when
+           available. Defaults to True. When False, uses VARCHAR + check
+           constraint for all backends. When False, the VARCHAR length can be
+           controlled with :paramref:`.Enum.length`; currently "length" is
+           ignored if native_enum=True.
+
+        :param length: Allows specifying a custom length for the VARCHAR
+           when a non-native enumeration datatype is used.  By default it uses
+           the length of the longest value.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0 The :paramref:`.Enum.length` parameter
+              is used unconditionally for ``VARCHAR`` rendering regardless of
+              the :paramref:`.Enum.native_enum` parameter, for those backends
+              where ``VARCHAR`` is used for enumerated datatypes.
+
+
+        :param schema: Schema name of this type. For types that exist on the
+           target database as an independent schema construct (PostgreSQL),
+           this parameter specifies the named schema in which the type is
+           present.
+
+           If not present, the schema name will be taken from the
+           :class:`_schema.MetaData` collection if passed as
+           :paramref:`_types.Enum.metadata`, for a :class:`_schema.MetaData`
+           that includes the :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 1.4.12 :class:`_types.Enum` inherits the
+              :paramref:`_schema.MetaData.schema` parameter of the
+              :class:`_schema.MetaData` object if present, when passed using
+              the :paramref:`_types.Enum.metadata` parameter.
+
+           Otherwise, if the :paramref:`_types.Enum.inherit_schema` flag is set
+           to ``True``, the schema will be inherited from the associated
+           :class:`_schema.Table` object if any; when
+           :paramref:`_types.Enum.inherit_schema` is at its default of
+           ``False``, the owning table's schema is **not** used.
+
+
+        :param quote: Set explicit quoting preferences for the type's name.
+
+        :param inherit_schema: When ``True``, the "schema" from the owning
+           :class:`_schema.Table`
+           will be copied to the "schema" attribute of this
+           :class:`.Enum`, replacing whatever value was passed for the
+           ``schema`` attribute.   This also takes effect when using the
+           :meth:`_schema.Table.to_metadata` operation.
+
+        :param validate_strings: when True, string values that are being
+           passed to the database in a SQL statement will be checked
+           for validity against the list of enumerated values.  Unrecognized
+           values will result in a ``LookupError`` being raised.
+
+        :param values_callable: A callable which will be passed the PEP-435
+           compliant enumerated type, which should then return a list of string
+           values to be persisted. This allows for alternate usages such as
+           using the string value of an enum to be persisted to the database
+           instead of its name. The callable must return the values to be
+           persisted in the same order as iterating through the Enum's
+           ``__member__`` attribute. For example
+           ``lambda x: [i.value for i in x]``.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 1.2.3
+
+        :param sort_key_function: a Python callable which may be used as the
+           "key" argument in the Python ``sorted()`` built-in.   The SQLAlchemy
+           ORM requires that primary key columns which are mapped must
+           be sortable in some way.  When using an unsortable enumeration
+           object such as a Python 3 ``Enum`` object, this parameter may be
+           used to set a default sort key function for the objects.  By
+           default, the database value of the enumeration is used as the
+           sorting function.
+
+           .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+        :param omit_aliases: A boolean that when true will remove aliases from
+           pep 435 enums. defaults to ``True``.
+
+           .. versionchanged:: 2.0 This parameter now defaults to True.
+
+        """
+        self._enum_init(enums, kw)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @property
+    def _enums_argument(self):
+        if self.enum_class is not None:
+            return [self.enum_class]
+        else:
+            return self.enums
+
+    def _enum_init(self, enums: _EnumTupleArg, kw: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """internal init for :class:`.Enum` and subclasses.
+
+        friendly init helper used by subclasses to remove
+        all the Enum-specific keyword arguments from kw.  Allows all
+        other arguments in kw to pass through.
+
+        """
+        self.native_enum = kw.pop("native_enum", True)
+        self.create_constraint = kw.pop("create_constraint", False)
+        self.values_callable = kw.pop("values_callable", None)
+        self._sort_key_function = kw.pop("sort_key_function", NO_ARG)
+        length_arg = kw.pop("length", NO_ARG)
+        self._omit_aliases = kw.pop("omit_aliases", True)
+        _disable_warnings = kw.pop("_disable_warnings", False)
+        values, objects = self._parse_into_values(enums, kw)
+        self._setup_for_values(values, objects, kw)
+
+        self.validate_strings = kw.pop("validate_strings", False)
+
+        if self.enums:
+            self._default_length = length = max(len(x) for x in self.enums)
+        else:
+            self._default_length = length = 0
+
+        if length_arg is not NO_ARG:
+            if (
+                not _disable_warnings
+                and length_arg is not None
+                and length_arg < length
+            ):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "When provided, length must be larger or equal"
+                    " than the length of the longest enum value. %s < %s"
+                    % (length_arg, length)
+                )
+            length = length_arg
+
+        self._valid_lookup[None] = self._object_lookup[None] = None
+
+        super().__init__(length=length)
+
+        # assign name to the given enum class if no other name, and this
+        # enum is not an "empty" enum.  if the enum is "empty" we assume
+        # this is a template enum that will be used to generate
+        # new Enum classes.
+        if self.enum_class and values:
+            kw.setdefault("name", self.enum_class.__name__.lower())
+        SchemaType.__init__(
+            self,
+            name=kw.pop("name", None),
+            schema=kw.pop("schema", None),
+            metadata=kw.pop("metadata", None),
+            inherit_schema=kw.pop("inherit_schema", False),
+            quote=kw.pop("quote", None),
+            _create_events=kw.pop("_create_events", True),
+            _adapted_from=kw.pop("_adapted_from", None),
+        )
+
+    def _parse_into_values(
+        self, enums: _EnumTupleArg, kw: Any
+    ) -> Tuple[Sequence[str], _EnumTupleArg]:
+        if not enums and "_enums" in kw:
+            enums = kw.pop("_enums")
+
+        if len(enums) == 1 and hasattr(enums[0], "__members__"):
+            self.enum_class = enums[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            assert self.enum_class is not None
+
+            _members = self.enum_class.__members__
+
+            members: Mapping[str, enum.Enum]
+            if self._omit_aliases is True:
+                # remove aliases
+                members = OrderedDict(
+                    (n, v) for n, v in _members.items() if v.name == n
+                )
+            else:
+                members = _members
+            if self.values_callable:
+                values = self.values_callable(self.enum_class)
+            else:
+                values = list(members)
+            objects = [members[k] for k in members]
+            return values, objects
+        else:
+            self.enum_class = None
+            return enums, enums  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Any) -> Enum:
+        tv = type(value)
+        typ = self._resolve_for_python_type(tv, tv, tv)
+        assert typ is not None
+        return typ
+
+    def _resolve_for_python_type(
+        self,
+        python_type: Type[Any],
+        matched_on: _MatchedOnType,
+        matched_on_flattened: Type[Any],
+    ) -> Optional[Enum]:
+        # "generic form" indicates we were placed in a type map
+        # as ``sqlalchemy.Enum(enum.Enum)`` which indicates we need to
+        # get enumerated values from the datatype
+        we_are_generic_form = self._enums_argument == [enum.Enum]
+
+        native_enum = None
+
+        def process_literal(pt):
+            # for a literal, where we need to get its contents, parse it out.
+            enum_args = get_args(pt)
+            bad_args = [arg for arg in enum_args if not isinstance(arg, str)]
+            if bad_args:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Can't create string-based Enum datatype from non-string "
+                    f"values: {', '.join(repr(x) for x in bad_args)}.  Please "
+                    f"provide an explicit Enum datatype for this Python type"
+                )
+            native_enum = False
+            return enum_args, native_enum
+
+        if not we_are_generic_form and python_type is matched_on:
+            # if we have enumerated values, and the incoming python
+            # type is exactly the one that matched in the type map,
+            # then we use these enumerated values and dont try to parse
+            # what's incoming
+            enum_args = self._enums_argument
+
+        elif is_literal(python_type):
+            enum_args, native_enum = process_literal(python_type)
+        elif is_pep695(python_type):
+            value = python_type.__value__
+            if is_pep695(value):
+                new_value = value
+                while is_pep695(new_value):
+                    new_value = new_value.__value__
+                if is_literal(new_value):
+                    value = new_value
+                    warn_deprecated(
+                        f"Mapping recursive TypeAliasType '{python_type}' "
+                        "that resolve to literal to generate an Enum is "
+                        "deprecated. SQLAlchemy 2.1 will not support this "
+                        "use case. Please avoid using recursing "
+                        "TypeAliasType.",
+                        "2.0",
+                    )
+            if not is_literal(value):
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Can't associate TypeAliasType '{python_type}' to an "
+                    "Enum since it's not a direct alias of a Literal. Only "
+                    "aliases in this form `type my_alias = Literal['a', "
+                    "'b']` are supported when generating Enums."
+                )
+            enum_args, native_enum = process_literal(value)
+
+        elif isinstance(python_type, type) and issubclass(
+            python_type, enum.Enum
+        ):
+            # same for an enum.Enum
+            enum_args = [python_type]
+
+        else:
+            enum_args = self._enums_argument
+
+        # make a new Enum that looks like this one.
+        # arguments or other rules
+        kw = self._make_enum_kw({})
+
+        if native_enum is False:
+            kw["native_enum"] = False
+
+        kw["length"] = NO_ARG if self.length == 0 else self.length
+        return cast(
+            Enum,
+            self._generic_type_affinity(_enums=enum_args, **kw),  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        )
+
+    def _setup_for_values(
+        self,
+        values: Sequence[str],
+        objects: _EnumTupleArg,
+        kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.enums = list(values)
+
+        self._valid_lookup = dict(zip(reversed(objects), reversed(values)))
+
+        self._object_lookup = dict(zip(values, objects))
+
+        self._valid_lookup.update(
+            [
+                (value, self._valid_lookup[self._object_lookup[value]])
+                for value in values
+            ]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sort_key_function(self):
+        if self._sort_key_function is NO_ARG:
+            return self._db_value_for_elem
+        else:
+            return self._sort_key_function
+
+    @property
+    def native(self):
+        return self.native_enum
+
+    def _db_value_for_elem(self, elem):
+        try:
+            return self._valid_lookup[elem]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            # for unknown string values, we return as is.  While we can
+            # validate these if we wanted, that does not allow for lesser-used
+            # end-user use cases, such as using a LIKE comparison with an enum,
+            # or for an application that wishes to apply string tests to an
+            # ENUM (see [ticket:3725]).  While we can decide to differentiate
+            # here between an INSERT statement and a criteria used in a SELECT,
+            # for now we're staying conservative w/ behavioral changes (perhaps
+            # someone has a trigger that handles strings on INSERT)
+            if not self.validate_strings and isinstance(elem, str):
+                return elem
+            else:
+                raise LookupError(
+                    "'%s' is not among the defined enum values. "
+                    "Enum name: %s. Possible values: %s"
+                    % (
+                        elem,
+                        self.name,
+                        langhelpers.repr_tuple_names(self.enums),
+                    )
+                ) from err
+
+    class Comparator(String.Comparator[str]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        type: String
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            op, typ = super()._adapt_expression(op, other_comparator)
+            if op is operators.concat_op:
+                typ = String(self.type.length)
+            return op, typ
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    def _object_value_for_elem(self, elem: str) -> Union[str, enum.Enum]:
+        try:
+            # Value will not be None beacuse key is not None
+            return self._object_lookup[elem]  # type: ignore[return-value]
+        except KeyError as err:
+            raise LookupError(
+                "'%s' is not among the defined enum values. "
+                "Enum name: %s. Possible values: %s"
+                % (
+                    elem,
+                    self.name,
+                    langhelpers.repr_tuple_names(self.enums),
+                )
+            ) from err
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return util.generic_repr(
+            self,
+            additional_kw=[
+                ("native_enum", True),
+                ("create_constraint", False),
+                ("length", self._default_length),
+            ],
+            to_inspect=[Enum, SchemaType],
+        )
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype=False):
+        try:
+            args = self.enums
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "TypeEngine.as_generic() heuristic "
+                "is undefined for types that inherit Enum but do not have "
+                "an `enums` attribute."
+            ) from None
+
+        return util.constructor_copy(
+            self, self._generic_type_affinity, *args, _disable_warnings=True
+        )
+
+    def _make_enum_kw(self, kw):
+        kw.setdefault("validate_strings", self.validate_strings)
+        if self.name:
+            kw.setdefault("name", self.name)
+        kw.setdefault("schema", self.schema)
+        kw.setdefault("inherit_schema", self.inherit_schema)
+        kw.setdefault("metadata", self.metadata)
+        kw.setdefault("native_enum", self.native_enum)
+        kw.setdefault("values_callable", self.values_callable)
+        kw.setdefault("create_constraint", self.create_constraint)
+        kw.setdefault("length", self.length)
+        kw.setdefault("omit_aliases", self._omit_aliases)
+        return kw
+
+    def adapt_to_emulated(self, impltype, **kw):
+        self._make_enum_kw(kw)
+        kw["_disable_warnings"] = True
+        kw.setdefault("_create_events", False)
+        assert "_enums" in kw
+        return impltype(**kw)
+
+    def adapt(self, cls, **kw):
+        kw["_enums"] = self._enums_argument
+        kw["_disable_warnings"] = True
+        return super().adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(compiler.dialect, kw):
+            return False
+        return (
+            not self.native_enum or not compiler.dialect.supports_native_enum
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        schema = util.preloaded.sql_schema
+        SchemaType._set_table(self, column, table)
+
+        if not self.create_constraint:
+            return
+
+        variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping_for_set_table(column)
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, String()).in_(self.enums),
+            name=_NONE_NAME if self.name is None else self.name,
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint,
+                {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+            ),
+            _type_bound=True,
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        parent_processor = super().literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._db_value_for_elem(value)
+            if parent_processor:
+                value = parent_processor(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        parent_processor = super().bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = self._db_value_for_elem(value)
+            if parent_processor:
+                value = parent_processor(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        parent_processor = super().result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+        def process(value):
+            if parent_processor:
+                value = parent_processor(value)
+
+            value = self._object_value_for_elem(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        return SchemaType.copy(self, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        if self.enum_class:
+            return self.enum_class
+        else:
+            return super().python_type
+
+
+class PickleType(TypeDecorator[object]):
+    """Holds Python objects, which are serialized using pickle.
+
+    PickleType builds upon the Binary type to apply Python's
+    ``pickle.dumps()`` to incoming objects, and ``pickle.loads()`` on
+    the way out, allowing any pickleable Python object to be stored as
+    a serialized binary field.
+
+    To allow ORM change events to propagate for elements associated
+    with :class:`.PickleType`, see :ref:`mutable_toplevel`.
+
+    """
+
+    impl = LargeBinary
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        protocol: int = pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL,
+        pickler: Any = None,
+        comparator: Optional[Callable[[Any, Any], bool]] = None,
+        impl: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        """
+        Construct a PickleType.
+
+        :param protocol: defaults to ``pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL``.
+
+        :param pickler: defaults to pickle.  May be any object with
+          pickle-compatible ``dumps`` and ``loads`` methods.
+
+        :param comparator: a 2-arg callable predicate used
+          to compare values of this type.  If left as ``None``,
+          the Python "equals" operator is used to compare values.
+
+        :param impl: A binary-storing :class:`_types.TypeEngine` class or
+          instance to use in place of the default :class:`_types.LargeBinary`.
+          For example the :class: `_mysql.LONGBLOB` class may be more effective
+          when using MySQL.
+
+          .. versionadded:: 1.4.20
+
+        """
+        self.protocol = protocol
+        self.pickler = pickler or pickle
+        self.comparator = comparator
+        super().__init__()
+
+        if impl:
+            # custom impl is not necessarily a LargeBinary subclass.
+            # make an exception to typing for this
+            self.impl = to_instance(impl)  # type: ignore
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return PickleType, (self.protocol, None, self.comparator)
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+        dumps = self.pickler.dumps
+        protocol = self.protocol
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return fixed_impl_processor(value)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is not None:
+                    value = dumps(value, protocol)
+                return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        loads = self.pickler.loads
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(value):
+                value = fixed_impl_processor(value)
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return loads(value)
+
+        return process
+
+    def compare_values(self, x, y):
+        if self.comparator:
+            return self.comparator(x, y)
+        else:
+            return x == y
+
+
+class Boolean(SchemaType, Emulated, TypeEngine[bool]):
+    """A bool datatype.
+
+    :class:`.Boolean` typically uses BOOLEAN or SMALLINT on the DDL side,
+    and on the Python side deals in ``True`` or ``False``.
+
+    The :class:`.Boolean` datatype currently has two levels of assertion
+    that the values persisted are simple true/false values.  For all
+    backends, only the Python values ``None``, ``True``, ``False``, ``1``
+    or ``0`` are accepted as parameter values.   For those backends that
+    don't support a "native boolean" datatype, an option exists to
+    also create a CHECK constraint on the target column
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.2 the :class:`.Boolean` datatype now asserts that
+       incoming Python values are already in pure boolean form.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "boolean"
+    native = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        create_constraint: bool = False,
+        name: Optional[str] = None,
+        _create_events: bool = True,
+        _adapted_from: Optional[SchemaType] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct a Boolean.
+
+        :param create_constraint: defaults to False.  If the boolean
+          is generated as an int/smallint, also create a CHECK constraint
+          on the table that ensures 1 or 0 as a value.
+
+          .. note:: it is strongly recommended that the CHECK constraint
+             have an explicit name in order to support schema-management
+             concerns.  This can be established either by setting the
+             :paramref:`.Boolean.name` parameter or by setting up an
+             appropriate naming convention; see
+             :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` for background.
+
+          .. versionchanged:: 1.4 - this flag now defaults to False, meaning
+             no CHECK constraint is generated for a non-native enumerated
+             type.
+
+        :param name: if a CHECK constraint is generated, specify
+          the name of the constraint.
+
+        """
+        self.create_constraint = create_constraint
+        self.name = name
+        self._create_events = _create_events
+        if _adapted_from:
+            self.dispatch = self.dispatch._join(_adapted_from.dispatch)
+
+    def copy(self, **kw):
+        # override SchemaType.copy() to not include to_metadata logic
+        return self.adapt(
+            cast("Type[TypeEngine[Any]]", self.__class__),
+            _create_events=True,
+        )
+
+    def _should_create_constraint(self, compiler, **kw):
+        if not self._is_impl_for_variant(compiler.dialect, kw):
+            return False
+        return (
+            not compiler.dialect.supports_native_boolean
+            and compiler.dialect.non_native_boolean_check_constraint
+        )
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.schema")
+    def _set_table(self, column, table):
+        schema = util.preloaded.sql_schema
+        if not self.create_constraint:
+            return
+
+        variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping_for_set_table(column)
+
+        e = schema.CheckConstraint(
+            type_coerce(column, self).in_([0, 1]),
+            name=_NONE_NAME if self.name is None else self.name,
+            _create_rule=util.portable_instancemethod(
+                self._should_create_constraint,
+                {"variant_mapping": variant_mapping},
+            ),
+            _type_bound=True,
+        )
+        assert e.table is table
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return bool
+
+    _strict_bools = frozenset([None, True, False])
+
+    def _strict_as_bool(self, value):
+        if value not in self._strict_bools:
+            if not isinstance(value, int):
+                raise TypeError("Not a boolean value: %r" % (value,))
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Value %r is not None, True, or False" % (value,)
+                )
+        return value
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        compiler = dialect.statement_compiler(dialect, None)
+        true = compiler.visit_true(None)
+        false = compiler.visit_false(None)
+
+        def process(value):
+            return true if self._strict_as_bool(value) else false
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        _strict_as_bool = self._strict_as_bool
+
+        _coerce: Union[Type[bool], Type[int]]
+
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            _coerce = bool
+        else:
+            _coerce = int
+
+        def process(value):
+            value = _strict_as_bool(value)
+            if value is not None:
+                value = _coerce(value)
+            return value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        if dialect.supports_native_boolean:
+            return None
+        else:
+            return processors.int_to_boolean
+
+
+class _AbstractInterval(HasExpressionLookup, TypeEngine[dt.timedelta]):
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _expression_adaptations(self):
+        # Based on
+        # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/functions-datetime.html.
+
+        return {
+            operators.add: {
+                Date: DateTime,
+                Interval: self.__class__,
+                DateTime: DateTime,
+                Time: Time,
+            },
+            operators.sub: {Interval: self.__class__},
+            operators.mul: {Numeric: self.__class__},
+            operators.truediv: {Numeric: self.__class__},
+        }
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Type[Interval]:
+        return Interval
+
+
+class Interval(Emulated, _AbstractInterval, TypeDecorator[dt.timedelta]):
+    """A type for ``datetime.timedelta()`` objects.
+
+    The Interval type deals with ``datetime.timedelta`` objects.  In PostgreSQL
+    and Oracle Database, the native ``INTERVAL`` type is used; for others, the
+    value is stored as a date which is relative to the "epoch" (Jan. 1, 1970).
+
+    Note that the ``Interval`` type does not currently provide date arithmetic
+    operations on platforms which do not support interval types natively. Such
+    operations usually require transformation of both sides of the expression
+    (such as, conversion of both sides into integer epoch values first) which
+    currently is a manual procedure (such as via
+    :attr:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.func`).
+
+    """
+
+    impl = DateTime
+    epoch = dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(0, dt.timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
+    cache_ok = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        native: bool = True,
+        second_precision: Optional[int] = None,
+        day_precision: Optional[int] = None,
+    ):
+        """Construct an Interval object.
+
+        :param native: when True, use the actual
+          INTERVAL type provided by the database, if
+          supported (currently PostgreSQL, Oracle Database).
+          Otherwise, represent the interval data as
+          an epoch value regardless.
+
+        :param second_precision: For native interval types
+          which support a "fractional seconds precision" parameter,
+          i.e. Oracle Database and PostgreSQL
+
+        :param day_precision: for native interval types which
+          support a "day precision" parameter, i.e. Oracle Database.
+
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.native = native
+        self.second_precision = second_precision
+        self.day_precision = day_precision
+
+    class Comparator(
+        TypeDecorator.Comparator[_CT],
+        _AbstractInterval.Comparator[_CT],
+    ):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dt.timedelta
+
+    def adapt_to_emulated(self, impltype, **kw):
+        return _AbstractInterval.adapt(self, impltype, **kw)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        return self.impl_instance.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> _BindProcessorType[dt.timedelta]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.impl_instance, DateTime)
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(
+                value: Optional[dt.timedelta],
+            ) -> Any:
+                if value is not None:
+                    dt_value = epoch + value
+                else:
+                    dt_value = None
+                return fixed_impl_processor(dt_value)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(
+                value: Optional[dt.timedelta],
+            ) -> Any:
+                if value is not None:
+                    dt_value = epoch + value
+                else:
+                    dt_value = None
+                return dt_value
+
+        return process
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: Any
+    ) -> _ResultProcessorType[dt.timedelta]:
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(self.impl_instance, DateTime)
+        impl_processor = self.impl_instance.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        epoch = self.epoch
+        if impl_processor:
+            fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+            def process(value: Any) -> Optional[dt.timedelta]:
+                dt_value = fixed_impl_processor(value)
+                if dt_value is None:
+                    return None
+                return dt_value - epoch
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value: Any) -> Optional[dt.timedelta]:
+                if value is None:
+                    return None
+                return value - epoch  # type: ignore
+
+        return process
+
+
+class JSON(Indexable, TypeEngine[Any]):
+    """Represent a SQL JSON type.
+
+    .. note::  :class:`_types.JSON`
+       is provided as a facade for vendor-specific
+       JSON types.  Since it supports JSON SQL operations, it only
+       works on backends that have an actual JSON type, currently:
+
+       * PostgreSQL - see :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSON` and
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSONB` for backend-specific
+         notes
+
+       * MySQL - see
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.JSON` for backend-specific notes
+
+       * SQLite as of version 3.9 - see
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.JSON` for backend-specific notes
+
+       * Microsoft SQL Server 2016 and later - see
+         :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mssql.JSON` for backend-specific notes
+
+    :class:`_types.JSON` is part of the Core in support of the growing
+    popularity of native JSON datatypes.
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON` type stores arbitrary JSON format data, e.g.::
+
+        data_table = Table(
+            "data_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", JSON),
+        )
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(), {"data": {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}}
+            )
+
+    **JSON-Specific Expression Operators**
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON`
+    datatype provides these additional SQL operations:
+
+    * Keyed index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data["some key"]
+
+    * Integer index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[3]
+
+    * Path index operations::
+
+        data_table.c.data[("key_1", "key_2", 5, ..., "key_n")]
+
+    * Data casters for specific JSON element types, subsequent to an index
+      or path operation being invoked::
+
+        data_table.c.data["some key"].as_integer()
+
+      .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+    Additional operations may be available from the dialect-specific versions
+    of :class:`_types.JSON`, such as
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSON` and
+    :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSONB` which both offer additional
+    PostgreSQL-specific operations.
+
+    **Casting JSON Elements to Other Types**
+
+    Index operations, i.e. those invoked by calling upon the expression using
+    the Python bracket operator as in ``some_column['some key']``, return an
+    expression object whose type defaults to :class:`_types.JSON` by default,
+    so that
+    further JSON-oriented instructions may be called upon the result type.
+    However, it is likely more common that an index operation is expected
+    to return a specific scalar element, such as a string or integer.  In
+    order to provide access to these elements in a backend-agnostic way,
+    a series of data casters are provided:
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_string` - return the element as a string
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_boolean` - return the element as a boolean
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_float` - return the element as a float
+
+    * :meth:`.JSON.Comparator.as_integer` - return the element as an integer
+
+    These data casters are implemented by supporting dialects in order to
+    assure that comparisons to the above types will work as expected, such as::
+
+        # integer comparison
+        data_table.c.data["some_integer_key"].as_integer() == 5
+
+        # boolean comparison
+        data_table.c.data["some_boolean"].as_boolean() == True
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.11 Added type-specific casters for the basic JSON
+       data element types.
+
+    .. note::
+
+        The data caster functions are new in version 1.3.11, and supersede
+        the previous documented approaches of using CAST; for reference,
+        this looked like::
+
+           from sqlalchemy import cast, type_coerce
+           from sqlalchemy import String, JSON
+
+           cast(data_table.c.data["some_key"], String) == type_coerce(55, JSON)
+
+        The above case now works directly as::
+
+            data_table.c.data["some_key"].as_integer() == 5
+
+        For details on the previous comparison approach within the 1.3.x
+        series, see the documentation for SQLAlchemy 1.2 or the included HTML
+        files in the doc/ directory of the version's distribution.
+
+    **Detecting Changes in JSON columns when using the ORM**
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM, does not
+    detect in-place mutations to the structure.  In order to detect these, the
+    :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used, most typically
+    using the :class:`.MutableDict` class.  This extension will
+    allow "in-place" changes to the datastructure to produce events which
+    will be detected by the unit of work.  See the example at :class:`.HSTORE`
+    for a simple example involving a dictionary.
+
+    Alternatively, assigning a JSON structure to an ORM element that
+    replaces the old one will always trigger a change event.
+
+    **Support for JSON null vs. SQL NULL**
+
+    When working with NULL values, the :class:`_types.JSON` type recommends the
+    use of two specific constants in order to differentiate between a column
+    that evaluates to SQL NULL, e.g. no value, vs. the JSON-encoded string of
+    ``"null"``. To insert or select against a value that is SQL NULL, use the
+    constant :func:`.null`. This symbol may be passed as a parameter value
+    specifically when using the :class:`_types.JSON` datatype, which contains
+    special logic that interprets this symbol to mean that the column value
+    should be SQL NULL as opposed to JSON ``"null"``::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import null
+
+        conn.execute(table.insert(), {"json_value": null()})
+
+    To insert or select against a value that is JSON ``"null"``, use the
+    constant :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`::
+
+        conn.execute(table.insert(), {"json_value": JSON.NULL})
+
+    The :class:`_types.JSON` type supports a flag
+    :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` which when set to True will result
+    in the Python constant ``None`` evaluating to the value of SQL
+    NULL, and when set to False results in the Python constant
+    ``None`` evaluating to the value of JSON ``"null"``.    The Python
+    value ``None`` may be used in conjunction with either
+    :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL` and :func:`.null` in order to indicate NULL
+    values, but care must be taken as to the value of the
+    :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` in these cases.
+
+    **Customizing the JSON Serializer**
+
+    The JSON serializer and deserializer used by :class:`_types.JSON`
+    defaults to
+    Python's ``json.dumps`` and ``json.loads`` functions; in the case of the
+    psycopg2 dialect, psycopg2 may be using its own custom loader function.
+
+    In order to affect the serializer / deserializer, they are currently
+    configurable at the :func:`_sa.create_engine` level via the
+    :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.json_serializer` and
+    :paramref:`_sa.create_engine.json_deserializer` parameters.  For example,
+    to turn off ``ensure_ascii``::
+
+        engine = create_engine(
+            "sqlite://",
+            json_serializer=lambda obj: json.dumps(obj, ensure_ascii=False),
+        )
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 1.3.7
+
+        SQLite dialect's ``json_serializer`` and ``json_deserializer``
+        parameters renamed from ``_json_serializer`` and
+        ``_json_deserializer``.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSON`
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.JSONB`
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.JSON`
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.JSON`
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __visit_name__ = "JSON"
+
+    hashable = False
+    NULL = util.symbol("JSON_NULL")
+    """Describe the json value of NULL.
+
+    This value is used to force the JSON value of ``"null"`` to be
+    used as the value.   A value of Python ``None`` will be recognized
+    either as SQL NULL or JSON ``"null"``, based on the setting
+    of the :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` flag; the
+    :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`
+    constant can be used to always resolve to JSON ``"null"`` regardless
+    of this setting.  This is in contrast to the :func:`_expression.null`
+    construct,
+    which always resolves to SQL NULL.  E.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy import null
+        from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import JSON
+
+        # will *always* insert SQL NULL
+        obj1 = MyObject(json_value=null())
+
+        # will *always* insert JSON string "null"
+        obj2 = MyObject(json_value=JSON.NULL)
+
+        session.add_all([obj1, obj2])
+        session.commit()
+
+    In order to set JSON NULL as a default value for a column, the most
+    transparent method is to use :func:`_expression.text`::
+
+        Table(
+            "my_table", metadata, Column("json_data", JSON, default=text("'null'"))
+        )
+
+    While it is possible to use :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL` in this context, the
+    :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL` value will be returned as the value of the
+    column,
+    which in the context of the ORM or other repurposing of the default
+    value, may not be desirable.  Using a SQL expression means the value
+    will be re-fetched from the database within the context of retrieving
+    generated defaults.
+
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    def __init__(self, none_as_null: bool = False):
+        """Construct a :class:`_types.JSON` type.
+
+        :param none_as_null=False: if True, persist the value ``None`` as a
+         SQL NULL value, not the JSON encoding of ``null``. Note that when this
+         flag is False, the :func:`.null` construct can still be used to
+         persist a NULL value, which may be passed directly as a parameter
+         value that is specially interpreted by the :class:`_types.JSON` type
+         as SQL NULL::
+
+             from sqlalchemy import null
+
+             conn.execute(table.insert(), {"data": null()})
+
+         .. note::
+
+              :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` does **not** apply to the
+              values passed to :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` and
+              :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`; a value of ``None``
+              passed for these parameters means "no default present".
+
+              Additionally, when used in SQL comparison expressions, the
+              Python value ``None`` continues to refer to SQL null, and not
+              JSON NULL.  The :paramref:`_types.JSON.none_as_null` flag refers
+              explicitly to the **persistence** of the value within an
+              INSERT or UPDATE statement.   The :attr:`_types.JSON.NULL`
+              value should be used for SQL expressions that wish to compare to
+              JSON null.
+
+         .. seealso::
+
+              :attr:`.types.JSON.NULL`
+
+        """
+        self.none_as_null = none_as_null
+
+    class JSONElementType(TypeEngine[Any]):
+        """Common function for index / path elements in a JSON expression."""
+
+        _integer = Integer()
+        _string = String()
+
+        def string_bind_processor(
+            self, dialect: Dialect
+        ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[str]]:
+            return self._string._cached_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+        def string_literal_processor(
+            self, dialect: Dialect
+        ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[str]]:
+            return self._string._cached_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+        def bind_processor(self, dialect: Dialect) -> _BindProcessorType[Any]:
+            int_processor = self._integer._cached_bind_processor(dialect)
+            string_processor = self.string_bind_processor(dialect)
+
+            def process(value: Optional[Any]) -> Any:
+                if int_processor and isinstance(value, int):
+                    value = int_processor(value)
+                elif string_processor and isinstance(value, str):
+                    value = string_processor(value)
+                return value
+
+            return process
+
+        def literal_processor(
+            self, dialect: Dialect
+        ) -> _LiteralProcessorType[Any]:
+            int_processor = self._integer._cached_literal_processor(dialect)
+            string_processor = self.string_literal_processor(dialect)
+
+            def process(value: Optional[Any]) -> Any:
+                if int_processor and isinstance(value, int):
+                    value = int_processor(value)
+                elif string_processor and isinstance(value, str):
+                    value = string_processor(value)
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError()
+
+                return value
+
+            return process
+
+    class JSONIndexType(JSONElementType):
+        """Placeholder for the datatype of a JSON index value.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of JSON index values
+        for special syntaxes.
+
+        """
+
+    class JSONIntIndexType(JSONIndexType):
+        """Placeholder for the datatype of a JSON index value.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of JSON index values
+        for special syntaxes.
+
+        """
+
+    class JSONStrIndexType(JSONIndexType):
+        """Placeholder for the datatype of a JSON index value.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of JSON index values
+        for special syntaxes.
+
+        """
+
+    class JSONPathType(JSONElementType):
+        """Placeholder type for JSON path operations.
+
+        This allows execution-time processing of a path-based
+        index value into a specific SQL syntax.
+
+        """
+
+        __visit_name__ = "json_path"
+
+    class Comparator(Indexable.Comparator[_T], Concatenable.Comparator[_T]):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.JSON`."""
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        type: JSON
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index):
+            if not isinstance(index, str) and isinstance(
+                index, collections_abc.Sequence
+            ):
+                index = coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    index,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    operator=operators.json_path_getitem_op,
+                    bindparam_type=JSON.JSONPathType,
+                )
+
+                operator = operators.json_path_getitem_op
+            else:
+                index = coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    index,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    operator=operators.json_getitem_op,
+                    bindparam_type=(
+                        JSON.JSONIntIndexType
+                        if isinstance(index, int)
+                        else JSON.JSONStrIndexType
+                    ),
+                )
+                operator = operators.json_getitem_op
+
+            return operator, index, self.type
+
+        def as_boolean(self):
+            """Consider an indexed value as boolean.
+
+            This is similar to using :class:`_sql.type_coerce`, and will
+            usually not apply a ``CAST()``.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_boolean()).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_boolean() == True
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """  # noqa: E501
+            return self._binary_w_type(Boolean(), "as_boolean")
+
+        def as_string(self):
+            """Consider an indexed value as string.
+
+            This is similar to using :class:`_sql.type_coerce`, and will
+            usually not apply a ``CAST()``.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_string()).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_string() == "some string"
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """  # noqa: E501
+            return self._binary_w_type(Unicode(), "as_string")
+
+        def as_integer(self):
+            """Consider an indexed value as integer.
+
+            This is similar to using :class:`_sql.type_coerce`, and will
+            usually not apply a ``CAST()``.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_integer()).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_integer() == 5
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """  # noqa: E501
+            return self._binary_w_type(Integer(), "as_integer")
+
+        def as_float(self):
+            """Consider an indexed value as float.
+
+            This is similar to using :class:`_sql.type_coerce`, and will
+            usually not apply a ``CAST()``.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_float()).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_float() == 29.75
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """  # noqa: E501
+            return self._binary_w_type(Float(), "as_float")
+
+        def as_numeric(self, precision, scale, asdecimal=True):
+            """Consider an indexed value as numeric/decimal.
+
+            This is similar to using :class:`_sql.type_coerce`, and will
+            usually not apply a ``CAST()``.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_numeric(10, 6)).where(
+                    mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_numeric(10, 6) == 29.75
+                )
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+            """  # noqa: E501
+            return self._binary_w_type(
+                Numeric(precision, scale, asdecimal=asdecimal), "as_numeric"
+            )
+
+        def as_json(self):
+            """Consider an indexed value as JSON.
+
+            This is similar to using :class:`_sql.type_coerce`, and will
+            usually not apply a ``CAST()``.
+
+            e.g.::
+
+                stmt = select(mytable.c.json_column["some_data"].as_json())
+
+            This is typically the default behavior of indexed elements in any
+            case.
+
+            Note that comparison of full JSON structures may not be
+            supported by all backends.
+
+            .. versionadded:: 1.3.11
+
+            """
+            return self.expr
+
+        def _binary_w_type(self, typ, method_name):
+            if not isinstance(
+                self.expr, elements.BinaryExpression
+            ) or self.expr.operator not in (
+                operators.json_getitem_op,
+                operators.json_path_getitem_op,
+            ):
+                raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                    "The JSON cast operator JSON.%s() only works with a JSON "
+                    "index expression e.g. col['q'].%s()"
+                    % (method_name, method_name)
+                )
+            expr = self.expr._clone()
+            expr.type = typ
+            return expr
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return dict
+
+    @property  # type: ignore  # mypy property bug
+    def should_evaluate_none(self):
+        """Alias of :attr:`_types.JSON.none_as_null`"""
+        return not self.none_as_null
+
+    @should_evaluate_none.setter
+    def should_evaluate_none(self, value):
+        self.none_as_null = not value
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _str_impl(self):
+        return String()
+
+    def _make_bind_processor(self, string_process, json_serializer):
+        if string_process:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is self.NULL:
+                    value = None
+                elif isinstance(value, elements.Null) or (
+                    value is None and self.none_as_null
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+                serialized = json_serializer(value)
+                return string_process(serialized)
+
+        else:
+
+            def process(value):
+                if value is self.NULL:
+                    value = None
+                elif isinstance(value, elements.Null) or (
+                    value is None and self.none_as_null
+                ):
+                    return None
+
+                return json_serializer(value)
+
+        return process
+
+    def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+        string_process = self._str_impl.bind_processor(dialect)
+        json_serializer = dialect._json_serializer or json.dumps
+
+        return self._make_bind_processor(string_process, json_serializer)
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        string_process = self._str_impl.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        json_deserializer = dialect._json_deserializer or json.loads
+
+        def process(value):
+            if value is None:
+                return None
+            if string_process:
+                value = string_process(value)
+            return json_deserializer(value)
+
+        return process
+
+
+class ARRAY(
+    SchemaEventTarget, Indexable, Concatenable, TypeEngine[Sequence[_T]]
+):
+    """Represent a SQL Array type.
+
+    .. note::  This type serves as the basis for all ARRAY operations.
+       However, currently **only the PostgreSQL backend has support for SQL
+       arrays in SQLAlchemy**. It is recommended to use the PostgreSQL-specific
+       :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ARRAY` type directly when using
+       ARRAY types with PostgreSQL, as it provides additional operators
+       specific to that backend.
+
+    :class:`_types.ARRAY` is part of the Core in support of various SQL
+    standard functions such as :class:`_functions.array_agg`
+    which explicitly involve
+    arrays; however, with the exception of the PostgreSQL backend and possibly
+    some third-party dialects, no other SQLAlchemy built-in dialect has support
+    for this type.
+
+    An :class:`_types.ARRAY` type is constructed given the "type"
+    of element::
+
+        mytable = Table("mytable", metadata, Column("data", ARRAY(Integer)))
+
+    The above type represents an N-dimensional array,
+    meaning a supporting backend such as PostgreSQL will interpret values
+    with any number of dimensions automatically.   To produce an INSERT
+    construct that passes in a 1-dimensional array of integers::
+
+        connection.execute(mytable.insert(), {"data": [1, 2, 3]})
+
+    The :class:`_types.ARRAY` type can be constructed given a fixed number
+    of dimensions::
+
+        mytable = Table(
+            "mytable", metadata, Column("data", ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=2))
+        )
+
+    Sending a number of dimensions is optional, but recommended if the
+    datatype is to represent arrays of more than one dimension.  This number
+    is used:
+
+    * When emitting the type declaration itself to the database, e.g.
+      ``INTEGER[][]``
+
+    * When translating Python values to database values, and vice versa, e.g.
+      an ARRAY of :class:`.Unicode` objects uses this number to efficiently
+      access the string values inside of array structures without resorting
+      to per-row type inspection
+
+    * When used with the Python ``getitem`` accessor, the number of dimensions
+      serves to define the kind of type that the ``[]`` operator should
+      return, e.g. for an ARRAY of INTEGER with two dimensions::
+
+          >>> expr = table.c.column[5]  # returns ARRAY(Integer, dimensions=1)
+          >>> expr = expr[6]  # returns Integer
+
+    For 1-dimensional arrays, an :class:`_types.ARRAY` instance with no
+    dimension parameter will generally assume single-dimensional behaviors.
+
+    SQL expressions of type :class:`_types.ARRAY` have support for "index" and
+    "slice" behavior.  The ``[]`` operator produces expression
+    constructs which will produce the appropriate SQL, both for
+    SELECT statements::
+
+        select(mytable.c.data[5], mytable.c.data[2:7])
+
+    as well as UPDATE statements when the :meth:`_expression.Update.values`
+    method is used::
+
+        mytable.update().values(
+            {mytable.c.data[5]: 7, mytable.c.data[2:7]: [1, 2, 3]}
+        )
+
+    Indexed access is one-based by default;
+    for zero-based index conversion, set :paramref:`_types.ARRAY.zero_indexes`.
+
+    The :class:`_types.ARRAY` type also provides for the operators
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any` and
+    :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`. The PostgreSQL-specific version of
+    :class:`_types.ARRAY` also provides additional operators.
+
+    .. container:: topic
+
+        **Detecting Changes in ARRAY columns when using the ORM**
+
+        The :class:`_sqltypes.ARRAY` type, when used with the SQLAlchemy ORM,
+        does not detect in-place mutations to the array. In order to detect
+        these, the :mod:`sqlalchemy.ext.mutable` extension must be used, using
+        the :class:`.MutableList` class::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import ARRAY
+            from sqlalchemy.ext.mutable import MutableList
+
+
+            class SomeOrmClass(Base):
+                # ...
+
+                data = Column(MutableList.as_mutable(ARRAY(Integer)))
+
+        This extension will allow "in-place" changes such to the array
+        such as ``.append()`` to produce events which will be detected by the
+        unit of work.  Note that changes to elements **inside** the array,
+        including subarrays that are mutated in place, are **not** detected.
+
+        Alternatively, assigning a new array value to an ORM element that
+        replaces the old one will always trigger a change event.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ARRAY`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "ARRAY"
+
+    _is_array = True
+
+    zero_indexes = False
+    """If True, Python zero-based indexes should be interpreted as one-based
+    on the SQL expression side."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        item_type: _TypeEngineArgument[_T],
+        as_tuple: bool = False,
+        dimensions: Optional[int] = None,
+        zero_indexes: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Construct an :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+          Column("myarray", ARRAY(Integer))
+
+        Arguments are:
+
+        :param item_type: The data type of items of this array. Note that
+          dimensionality is irrelevant here, so multi-dimensional arrays like
+          ``INTEGER[][]``, are constructed as ``ARRAY(Integer)``, not as
+          ``ARRAY(ARRAY(Integer))`` or such.
+
+        :param as_tuple=False: Specify whether return results
+          should be converted to tuples from lists.  This parameter is
+          not generally needed as a Python list corresponds well
+          to a SQL array.
+
+        :param dimensions: if non-None, the ARRAY will assume a fixed
+         number of dimensions.   This impacts how the array is declared
+         on the database, how it goes about interpreting Python and
+         result values, as well as how expression behavior in conjunction
+         with the "getitem" operator works.  See the description at
+         :class:`_types.ARRAY` for additional detail.
+
+        :param zero_indexes=False: when True, index values will be converted
+         between Python zero-based and SQL one-based indexes, e.g.
+         a value of one will be added to all index values before passing
+         to the database.
+
+        """
+        if isinstance(item_type, ARRAY):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Do not nest ARRAY types; ARRAY(basetype) "
+                "handles multi-dimensional arrays of basetype"
+            )
+        if isinstance(item_type, type):
+            item_type = item_type()
+        self.item_type = item_type
+        self.as_tuple = as_tuple
+        self.dimensions = dimensions
+        self.zero_indexes = zero_indexes
+
+    class Comparator(
+        Indexable.Comparator[Sequence[_T]],
+        Concatenable.Comparator[Sequence[_T]],
+    ):
+        """Define comparison operations for :class:`_types.ARRAY`.
+
+        More operators are available on the dialect-specific form
+        of this type.  See :class:`.postgresql.ARRAY.Comparator`.
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        type: ARRAY[_T]
+
+        @overload
+        def _setup_getitem(
+            self, index: int
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, int, TypeEngine[Any]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def _setup_getitem(
+            self, index: slice
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, Slice, TypeEngine[Any]]: ...
+
+        def _setup_getitem(self, index: Union[int, slice]) -> Union[
+            Tuple[OperatorType, int, TypeEngine[Any]],
+            Tuple[OperatorType, Slice, TypeEngine[Any]],
+        ]:
+            arr_type = self.type
+
+            return_type: TypeEngine[Any]
+
+            if isinstance(index, slice):
+                return_type = arr_type
+                if arr_type.zero_indexes:
+                    index = slice(index.start + 1, index.stop + 1, index.step)
+                slice_ = Slice(
+                    index.start, index.stop, index.step, _name=self.expr.key
+                )
+                return operators.getitem, slice_, return_type
+            else:
+                if arr_type.zero_indexes:
+                    index += 1
+                if arr_type.dimensions is None or arr_type.dimensions == 1:
+                    return_type = arr_type.item_type
+                else:
+                    adapt_kw = {"dimensions": arr_type.dimensions - 1}
+                    return_type = arr_type.adapt(
+                        arr_type.__class__, **adapt_kw
+                    )
+
+                return operators.getitem, index, return_type
+
+        def contains(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """``ARRAY.contains()`` not implemented for the base ARRAY type.
+            Use the dialect-specific ARRAY type.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :class:`_postgresql.ARRAY` - PostgreSQL specific version.
+            """
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "ARRAY.contains() not implemented for the base "
+                "ARRAY type; please use the dialect-specific ARRAY type"
+            )
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+        def any(
+            self, other: Any, operator: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Return ``other operator ANY (array)`` clause.
+
+            .. legacy:: This method is an :class:`_types.ARRAY` - specific
+                construct that is now superseded by the :func:`_sql.any_`
+                function, which features a different calling style. The
+                :func:`_sql.any_` function is also mirrored at the method level
+                via the :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.any_` method.
+
+            Usage of array-specific :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+            is as follows::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select(table.c.data).where(table.c.data.any(7, operator=operators.lt))
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :func:`_expression.any_`
+
+                :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+
+            """  # noqa: E501
+            elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+            operator = operator if operator else operators.eq
+
+            arr_type = self.type
+
+            return elements.CollectionAggregate._create_any(self.expr).operate(
+                operators.mirror(operator),
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    element=other,
+                    operator=operator,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    bindparam_type=arr_type.item_type,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+        def all(
+            self, other: Any, operator: Optional[OperatorType] = None
+        ) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+            """Return ``other operator ALL (array)`` clause.
+
+            .. legacy:: This method is an :class:`_types.ARRAY` - specific
+                construct that is now superseded by the :func:`_sql.all_`
+                function, which features a different calling style. The
+                :func:`_sql.all_` function is also mirrored at the method level
+                via the :meth:`_sql.ColumnOperators.all_` method.
+
+            Usage of array-specific :meth:`_types.ARRAY.Comparator.all`
+            is as follows::
+
+                from sqlalchemy.sql import operators
+
+                conn.execute(
+                    select(table.c.data).where(table.c.data.all(7, operator=operators.lt))
+                )
+
+            :param other: expression to be compared
+            :param operator: an operator object from the
+             :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+             package, defaults to :func:`.operators.eq`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :func:`_expression.all_`
+
+                :meth:`.types.ARRAY.Comparator.any`
+
+            """  # noqa: E501
+            elements = util.preloaded.sql_elements
+            operator = operator if operator else operators.eq
+
+            arr_type = self.type
+
+            return elements.CollectionAggregate._create_all(self.expr).operate(
+                operators.mirror(operator),
+                coercions.expect(
+                    roles.BinaryElementRole,
+                    element=other,
+                    operator=operator,
+                    expr=self.expr,
+                    bindparam_type=arr_type.item_type,
+                ),
+            )
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+    @property
+    def hashable(self) -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return self.as_tuple
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[Any]:
+        return list
+
+    def compare_values(self, x: Any, y: Any) -> bool:
+        return x == y  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def _set_parent(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, outer: bool = False, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        if not outer and isinstance(self.item_type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.item_type._set_parent(parent, **kw)
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        super()._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent, outer=True)
+
+        if isinstance(self.item_type, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.item_type._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent)
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        item_proc = self.item_type.dialect_impl(dialect).literal_processor(
+            dialect
+        )
+        if item_proc is None:
+            return None
+
+        def to_str(elements: Iterable[Any]) -> str:
+            return f"[{', '.join(elements)}]"
+
+        def process(value: Sequence[Any]) -> str:
+            inner = self._apply_item_processor(
+                value, item_proc, self.dimensions, to_str
+            )
+            return inner
+
+        return process
+
+    def _apply_item_processor(
+        self,
+        arr: Sequence[Any],
+        itemproc: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]],
+        dim: Optional[int],
+        collection_callable: Callable[[Iterable[Any]], _P],
+    ) -> _P:
+        """Helper method that can be used by bind_processor(),
+        literal_processor(), etc. to apply an item processor to elements of
+        an array value, taking into account the 'dimensions' for this
+        array type.
+
+        See the Postgresql ARRAY datatype for usage examples.
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+        """
+
+        if dim is None:
+            arr = list(arr)
+        if (
+            dim == 1
+            or dim is None
+            and (
+                # this has to be (list, tuple), or at least
+                # not hasattr('__iter__'), since Py3K strings
+                # etc. have __iter__
+                not arr
+                or not isinstance(arr[0], (list, tuple))
+            )
+        ):
+            if itemproc:
+                return collection_callable(itemproc(x) for x in arr)
+            else:
+                return collection_callable(arr)
+        else:
+            return collection_callable(
+                (
+                    self._apply_item_processor(
+                        x,
+                        itemproc,
+                        dim - 1 if dim is not None else None,
+                        collection_callable,
+                    )
+                    if x is not None
+                    else None
+                )
+                for x in arr
+            )
+
+
+class TupleType(TypeEngine[Tuple[Any, ...]]):
+    """represent the composite type of a Tuple."""
+
+    _is_tuple_type = True
+
+    types: List[TypeEngine[Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, *types: _TypeEngineArgument[Any]):
+        self._fully_typed = NULLTYPE not in types
+        self.types = [
+            item_type() if isinstance(item_type, type) else item_type
+            for item_type in types
+        ]
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if value is type_api._NO_VALUE_IN_LIST:
+            return super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+        else:
+            return TupleType(
+                *[
+                    typ.coerce_compared_value(op, elem)
+                    for typ, elem in zip(self.types, value)
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def _resolve_values_to_types(self, value: Any) -> TupleType:
+        if self._fully_typed:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return TupleType(
+                *[
+                    _resolve_value_to_type(elem) if typ is NULLTYPE else typ
+                    for typ, elem in zip(self.types, value)
+                ]
+            )
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "The tuple type does not support being fetched "
+            "as a column in a result row."
+        )
+
+
+class REAL(Float[_N]):
+    """The SQL REAL type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Float` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "REAL"
+
+
+class FLOAT(Float[_N]):
+    """The SQL FLOAT type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Float` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "FLOAT"
+
+
+class DOUBLE(Double[_N]):
+    """The SQL DOUBLE type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Double` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOUBLE"
+
+
+class DOUBLE_PRECISION(Double[_N]):
+    """The SQL DOUBLE PRECISION type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Double` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DOUBLE_PRECISION"
+
+
+class NUMERIC(Numeric[_N]):
+    """The SQL NUMERIC type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Numeric` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NUMERIC"
+
+
+class DECIMAL(Numeric[_N]):
+    """The SQL DECIMAL type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Numeric` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DECIMAL"
+
+
+class INTEGER(Integer):
+    """The SQL INT or INTEGER type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.Integer` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "INTEGER"
+
+
+INT = INTEGER
+
+
+class SMALLINT(SmallInteger):
+    """The SQL SMALLINT type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.SmallInteger` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "SMALLINT"
+
+
+class BIGINT(BigInteger):
+    """The SQL BIGINT type.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_types.BigInteger` - documentation for the base type.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BIGINT"
+
+
+class TIMESTAMP(DateTime):
+    """The SQL TIMESTAMP type.
+
+    :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP` datatypes have support for timezone storage on
+    some backends, such as PostgreSQL and Oracle Database.  Use the
+    :paramref:`~types.TIMESTAMP.timezone` argument in order to enable
+    "TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE" for these backends.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIMESTAMP"
+
+    def __init__(self, timezone: bool = False):
+        """Construct a new :class:`_types.TIMESTAMP`.
+
+        :param timezone: boolean.  Indicates that the TIMESTAMP type should
+         enable timezone support, if available on the target database.
+         On a per-dialect basis is similar to "TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE".
+         If the target database does not support timezones, this flag is
+         ignored.
+
+
+        """
+        super().__init__(timezone=timezone)
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi):
+        return dbapi.TIMESTAMP
+
+
+class DATETIME(DateTime):
+    """The SQL DATETIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATETIME"
+
+
+class DATE(Date):
+    """The SQL DATE type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "DATE"
+
+
+class TIME(Time):
+    """The SQL TIME type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TIME"
+
+
+class TEXT(Text):
+    """The SQL TEXT type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "TEXT"
+
+
+class CLOB(Text):
+    """The CLOB type.
+
+    This type is found in Oracle Database and Informix.
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CLOB"
+
+
+class VARCHAR(String):
+    """The SQL VARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARCHAR"
+
+
+class NVARCHAR(Unicode):
+    """The SQL NVARCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NVARCHAR"
+
+
+class CHAR(String):
+    """The SQL CHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "CHAR"
+
+
+class NCHAR(Unicode):
+    """The SQL NCHAR type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "NCHAR"
+
+
+class BLOB(LargeBinary):
+    """The SQL BLOB type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BLOB"
+
+
+class BINARY(_Binary):
+    """The SQL BINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BINARY"
+
+
+class VARBINARY(_Binary):
+    """The SQL VARBINARY type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "VARBINARY"
+
+
+class BOOLEAN(Boolean):
+    """The SQL BOOLEAN type."""
+
+    __visit_name__ = "BOOLEAN"
+
+
+class NullType(TypeEngine[None]):
+    """An unknown type.
+
+    :class:`.NullType` is used as a default type for those cases where
+    a type cannot be determined, including:
+
+    * During table reflection, when the type of a column is not recognized
+      by the :class:`.Dialect`
+    * When constructing SQL expressions using plain Python objects of
+      unknown types (e.g. ``somecolumn == my_special_object``)
+    * When a new :class:`_schema.Column` is created,
+      and the given type is passed
+      as ``None`` or is not passed at all.
+
+    The :class:`.NullType` can be used within SQL expression invocation
+    without issue, it just has no behavior either at the expression
+    construction level or at the bind-parameter/result processing level.
+    :class:`.NullType` will result in a :exc:`.CompileError` if the compiler
+    is asked to render the type itself, such as if it is used in a
+    :func:`.cast` operation or within a schema creation operation such as that
+    invoked by :meth:`_schema.MetaData.create_all` or the
+    :class:`.CreateTable`
+    construct.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "null"
+
+    _isnull = True
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        return None
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            if isinstance(
+                other_comparator, NullType.Comparator
+            ) or not operators.is_commutative(op):
+                return op, self.expr.type
+            else:
+                return other_comparator._adapt_expression(op, self)
+
+    comparator_factory = Comparator
+
+
+class TableValueType(HasCacheKey, TypeEngine[Any]):
+    """Refers to a table value type."""
+
+    _is_table_value = True
+
+    _traverse_internals = [
+        ("_elements", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_list),
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, *elements: Union[str, _ColumnExpressionArgument[Any]]):
+        self._elements = [
+            coercions.expect(roles.StrAsPlainColumnRole, elem)
+            for elem in elements
+        ]
+
+
+class MatchType(Boolean):
+    """Refers to the return type of the MATCH operator.
+
+    As the :meth:`.ColumnOperators.match` is probably the most open-ended
+    operator in generic SQLAlchemy Core, we can't assume the return type
+    at SQL evaluation time, as MySQL returns a floating point, not a boolean,
+    and other backends might do something different.    So this type
+    acts as a placeholder, currently subclassing :class:`.Boolean`.
+    The type allows dialects to inject result-processing functionality
+    if needed, and on MySQL will return floating-point values.
+
+    """
+
+
+_UUID_RETURN = TypeVar("_UUID_RETURN", str, _python_UUID)
+
+
+class Uuid(Emulated, TypeEngine[_UUID_RETURN]):
+    """Represent a database agnostic UUID datatype.
+
+    For backends that have no "native" UUID datatype, the value will
+    make use of ``CHAR(32)`` and store the UUID as a 32-character alphanumeric
+    hex string.
+
+    For backends which are known to support ``UUID`` directly or a similar
+    uuid-storing datatype such as SQL Server's ``UNIQUEIDENTIFIER``, a
+    "native" mode enabled by default allows these types will be used on those
+    backends.
+
+    In its default mode of use, the :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` datatype expects
+    **Python uuid objects**, from the Python
+    `uuid <https://docs.python.org/3/library/uuid.html>`_
+    module::
+
+        import uuid
+
+        from sqlalchemy import Uuid
+        from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, MetaData, String
+
+
+        metadata_obj = MetaData()
+
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata_obj,
+            Column("uuid_data", Uuid, primary_key=True),
+            Column("other_data", String),
+        )
+
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                t.insert(), {"uuid_data": uuid.uuid4(), "other_data": "some data"}
+            )
+
+    To have the :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` datatype work with string-based
+    Uuids (e.g. 32 character hexadecimal strings), pass the
+    :paramref:`_sqltypes.Uuid.as_uuid` parameter with the value ``False``.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_sqltypes.UUID` - represents exactly the ``UUID`` datatype
+        without any backend-agnostic behaviors.
+
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    __visit_name__ = "uuid"
+
+    length: Optional[int] = None
+    collation: Optional[str] = None
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Uuid[_python_UUID],
+        as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...,
+        native_uuid: bool = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self: Uuid[str],
+        as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...,
+        native_uuid: bool = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True, native_uuid: bool = True):
+        """Construct a :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` type.
+
+        :param as_uuid=True: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         .. versionchanged: 2.0 ``as_uuid`` now defaults to ``True``.
+
+        :param native_uuid=True: if True, backends that support either the
+         ``UUID`` datatype directly, or a UUID-storing value
+         (such as SQL Server's ``UNIQUEIDENTIFIER`` will be used by those
+         backends.   If False, a ``CHAR(32)`` datatype will be used for
+         all backends regardless of native support.
+
+        """
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+        self.native_uuid = native_uuid
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self):
+        return _python_UUID if self.as_uuid else str
+
+    @property
+    def native(self):
+        return self.native_uuid
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+        """See :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` for a description."""
+
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return super().coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[_UUID_RETURN]]:
+        character_based_uuid = (
+            not dialect.supports_native_uuid or not self.native_uuid
+        )
+
+        if character_based_uuid:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.hex
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = value.replace("-", "")
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+        character_based_uuid = (
+            not dialect.supports_native_uuid or not self.native_uuid
+        )
+
+        if character_based_uuid:
+            if self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = _python_UUID(value)
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = str(_python_UUID(value))
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+        else:
+            if not self.as_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    if value is not None:
+                        value = str(value)
+                    return value
+
+                return process
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    def literal_processor(self, dialect):
+        character_based_uuid = (
+            not dialect.supports_native_uuid or not self.native_uuid
+        )
+
+        if not self.as_uuid:
+
+            def process(value):
+                return f"""'{value.replace("-", "").replace("'", "''")}'"""
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            if character_based_uuid:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{value.hex}'"""
+
+                return process
+            else:
+
+                def process(value):
+                    return f"""'{str(value).replace("'", "''")}'"""
+
+                return process
+
+
+class UUID(Uuid[_UUID_RETURN], type_api.NativeForEmulated):
+    """Represent the SQL UUID type.
+
+    This is the SQL-native form of the :class:`_types.Uuid` database agnostic
+    datatype, and is backwards compatible with the previous PostgreSQL-only
+    version of ``UUID``.
+
+    The :class:`_sqltypes.UUID` datatype only works on databases that have a
+    SQL datatype named ``UUID``. It will not function for backends which don't
+    have this exact-named type, including SQL Server. For backend-agnostic UUID
+    values with native support, including for SQL Server's ``UNIQUEIDENTIFIER``
+    datatype, use the :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid` datatype.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`_sqltypes.Uuid`
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "UUID"
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self: UUID[_python_UUID], as_uuid: Literal[True] = ...): ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(self: UUID[str], as_uuid: Literal[False] = ...): ...
+
+    def __init__(self, as_uuid: bool = True):
+        """Construct a :class:`_sqltypes.UUID` type.
+
+
+        :param as_uuid=True: if True, values will be interpreted
+         as Python uuid objects, converting to/from string via the
+         DBAPI.
+
+         .. versionchanged: 2.0 ``as_uuid`` now defaults to ``True``.
+
+        """
+        self.as_uuid = as_uuid
+        self.native_uuid = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(cls, impl, **kw):
+        kw.setdefault("as_uuid", impl.as_uuid)
+        return cls(**kw)
+
+
+NULLTYPE = NullType()
+BOOLEANTYPE = Boolean()
+STRINGTYPE = String()
+INTEGERTYPE = Integer()
+NUMERICTYPE: Numeric[decimal.Decimal] = Numeric()
+MATCHTYPE = MatchType()
+TABLEVALUE = TableValueType()
+DATETIME_TIMEZONE = DateTime(timezone=True)
+TIME_TIMEZONE = Time(timezone=True)
+_BIGINTEGER = BigInteger()
+_DATETIME = DateTime()
+_TIME = Time()
+_STRING = String()
+_UNICODE = Unicode()
+
+_type_map: Dict[Type[Any], TypeEngine[Any]] = {
+    int: Integer(),
+    float: Float(),
+    bool: BOOLEANTYPE,
+    _python_UUID: Uuid(),
+    decimal.Decimal: Numeric(),
+    dt.date: Date(),
+    dt.datetime: _DATETIME,
+    dt.time: _TIME,
+    dt.timedelta: Interval(),
+    type(None): NULLTYPE,
+    bytes: LargeBinary(),
+    str: _STRING,
+    enum.Enum: Enum(enum.Enum),
+    Literal: Enum(enum.Enum),  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+}
+
+
+_type_map_get = _type_map.get
+
+
+def _resolve_value_to_type(value: Any) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+    _result_type = _type_map_get(type(value), False)
+
+    if _result_type is False:
+        _result_type = getattr(value, "__sa_type_engine__", False)
+
+    if _result_type is False:
+        # use inspect() to detect SQLAlchemy built-in
+        # objects.
+        insp = inspection.inspect(value, False)
+        if (
+            insp is not None
+            and
+            # foil mock.Mock() and other impostors by ensuring
+            # the inspection target itself self-inspects
+            insp.__class__ in inspection._registrars
+        ):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Object %r is not legal as a SQL literal value" % (value,)
+            )
+        return NULLTYPE
+    else:
+        return _result_type._resolve_for_literal(  # type: ignore [union-attr]
+            value
+        )
+
+
+# back-assign to type_api
+type_api.BOOLEANTYPE = BOOLEANTYPE
+type_api.STRINGTYPE = STRINGTYPE
+type_api.INTEGERTYPE = INTEGERTYPE
+type_api.NULLTYPE = NULLTYPE
+type_api.NUMERICTYPE = NUMERICTYPE
+type_api.MATCHTYPE = MATCHTYPE
+type_api.INDEXABLE = INDEXABLE = Indexable
+type_api.TABLEVALUE = TABLEVALUE
+type_api._resolve_value_to_type = _resolve_value_to_type
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/traversals.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/traversals.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13ad2899
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/traversals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+# sql/traversals.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import itertools
+from itertools import zip_longest
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+
+from . import operators
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey
+from .visitors import _TraverseInternalsType
+from .visitors import anon_map
+from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+from .visitors import HasTraversalDispatch
+from .visitors import HasTraverseInternals
+from .. import util
+from ..util import langhelpers
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+
+SKIP_TRAVERSE = util.symbol("skip_traverse")
+COMPARE_FAILED = False
+COMPARE_SUCCEEDED = True
+
+
+def compare(obj1: Any, obj2: Any, **kw: Any) -> bool:
+    strategy: TraversalComparatorStrategy
+    if kw.get("use_proxies", False):
+        strategy = ColIdentityComparatorStrategy()
+    else:
+        strategy = TraversalComparatorStrategy()
+
+    return strategy.compare(obj1, obj2, **kw)
+
+
+def _preconfigure_traversals(target_hierarchy: Type[Any]) -> None:
+    for cls in util.walk_subclasses(target_hierarchy):
+        if hasattr(cls, "_generate_cache_attrs") and hasattr(
+            cls, "_traverse_internals"
+        ):
+            cls._generate_cache_attrs()
+            _copy_internals.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                cls._traverse_internals,
+                "_generated_copy_internals_traversal",
+            )
+            _get_children.generate_dispatch(
+                cls,
+                cls._traverse_internals,
+                "_generated_get_children_traversal",
+            )
+
+
+class HasShallowCopy(HasTraverseInternals):
+    """attribute-wide operations that are useful for classes that use
+    __slots__ and therefore can't operate on their attributes in a dictionary.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _generated_shallow_copy_traversal(self, other: Self) -> None: ...
+
+        def _generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal(
+            self, d: Dict[str, Any]
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def _generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal(self) -> Dict[str, Any]: ...
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_shallow_copy(
+        cls,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        method_name: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[Self, Self], None]:
+        code = "\n".join(
+            f"    other.{attrname} = self.{attrname}"
+            for attrname, _ in internal_dispatch
+        )
+        meth_text = f"def {method_name}(self, other):\n{code}\n"
+        return langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_shallow_to_dict(
+        cls,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        method_name: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[Self], Dict[str, Any]]:
+        code = ",\n".join(
+            f"    '{attrname}': self.{attrname}"
+            for attrname, _ in internal_dispatch
+        )
+        meth_text = f"def {method_name}(self):\n    return {{{code}}}\n"
+        return langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_shallow_from_dict(
+        cls,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        method_name: str,
+    ) -> Callable[[Self, Dict[str, Any]], None]:
+        code = "\n".join(
+            f"    self.{attrname} = d['{attrname}']"
+            for attrname, _ in internal_dispatch
+        )
+        meth_text = f"def {method_name}(self, d):\n{code}\n"
+        return langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name)
+
+    def _shallow_from_dict(self, d: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        shallow_from_dict: Callable[[HasShallowCopy, Dict[str, Any]], None]
+        try:
+            shallow_from_dict = cls.__dict__[
+                "_generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal"
+            ]
+        except KeyError:
+            shallow_from_dict = self._generate_shallow_from_dict(
+                cls._traverse_internals,
+                "_generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal",
+            )
+
+            cls._generated_shallow_from_dict_traversal = shallow_from_dict  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+        shallow_from_dict(self, d)
+
+    def _shallow_to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        shallow_to_dict: Callable[[HasShallowCopy], Dict[str, Any]]
+
+        try:
+            shallow_to_dict = cls.__dict__[
+                "_generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal"
+            ]
+        except KeyError:
+            shallow_to_dict = self._generate_shallow_to_dict(
+                cls._traverse_internals, "_generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal"
+            )
+
+            cls._generated_shallow_to_dict_traversal = shallow_to_dict  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        return shallow_to_dict(self)
+
+    def _shallow_copy_to(self, other: Self) -> None:
+        cls = self.__class__
+
+        shallow_copy: Callable[[Self, Self], None]
+        try:
+            shallow_copy = cls.__dict__["_generated_shallow_copy_traversal"]
+        except KeyError:
+            shallow_copy = self._generate_shallow_copy(
+                cls._traverse_internals, "_generated_shallow_copy_traversal"
+            )
+
+            cls._generated_shallow_copy_traversal = shallow_copy  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        shallow_copy(self, other)
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Create a shallow copy"""
+        c = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        self._shallow_copy_to(c)
+        return c
+
+
+class GenerativeOnTraversal(HasShallowCopy):
+    """Supplies Generative behavior but making use of traversals to shallow
+    copy.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`sqlalchemy.sql.base.Generative`
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _generate(self) -> Self:
+        cls = self.__class__
+        s = cls.__new__(cls)
+        self._shallow_copy_to(s)
+        return s
+
+
+def _clone(element, **kw):
+    return element._clone()
+
+
+class HasCopyInternals(HasTraverseInternals):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Iterable[str] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Reassign internal elements to be clones of themselves.
+
+        Called during a copy-and-traverse operation on newly
+        shallow-copied elements to create a deep copy.
+
+        The given clone function should be used, which may be applying
+        additional transformations to the element (i.e. replacement
+        traversal, cloned traversal, annotations).
+
+        """
+
+        try:
+            traverse_internals = self._traverse_internals
+        except AttributeError:
+            # user-defined classes may not have a _traverse_internals
+            return
+
+        for attrname, obj, meth in _copy_internals.run_generated_dispatch(
+            self, traverse_internals, "_generated_copy_internals_traversal"
+        ):
+            if attrname in omit_attrs:
+                continue
+
+            if obj is not None:
+                result = meth(attrname, self, obj, **kw)
+                if result is not None:
+                    setattr(self, attrname, result)
+
+
+class _CopyInternalsTraversal(HasTraversalDispatch):
+    """Generate a _copy_internals internal traversal dispatch for classes
+    with a _traverse_internals collection."""
+
+    def visit_clauseelement(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return clone(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_list(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return [clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element]
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuple(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple([clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element])
+
+    def visit_executable_options(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple([clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element])
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return {clone(clause, **kw) for clause in element}
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return [
+            tuple(clone(tup_elem, **kw) for tup_elem in elem)
+            for elem in element
+        ]
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return {key: clone(value, **kw) for key, value in element.items()}
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple(
+            (
+                clone(target, **kw) if target is not None else None,
+                clone(onclause, **kw) if onclause is not None else None,
+                clone(from_, **kw) if from_ is not None else None,
+                flags,
+            )
+            for (target, onclause, from_, flags) in element
+        )
+
+    def visit_memoized_select_entities(self, attrname, parent, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_clauseelement_tuple(attrname, parent, element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        # sequence of 2-tuples
+        return [
+            (
+                (
+                    clone(key, **kw)
+                    if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__")
+                    else key
+                ),
+                clone(value, **kw),
+            )
+            for key, value in element
+        ]
+
+    def visit_dml_values(self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw):
+        return {
+            (
+                clone(key, **kw) if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__") else key
+            ): clone(value, **kw)
+            for key, value in element.items()
+        }
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        # sequence of sequences, each sequence contains a list/dict/tuple
+
+        def copy(elem):
+            if isinstance(elem, (list, tuple)):
+                return [
+                    (
+                        clone(value, **kw)
+                        if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                        else value
+                    )
+                    for value in elem
+                ]
+            elif isinstance(elem, dict):
+                return {
+                    (
+                        clone(key, **kw)
+                        if hasattr(key, "__clause_element__")
+                        else key
+                    ): (
+                        clone(value, **kw)
+                        if hasattr(value, "__clause_element__")
+                        else value
+                    )
+                    for key, value in elem.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                # TODO: use abc classes
+                assert False
+
+        return [
+            [copy(sub_element) for sub_element in sequence]
+            for sequence in element
+        ]
+
+    def visit_propagate_attrs(
+        self, attrname, parent, element, clone=_clone, **kw
+    ):
+        return element
+
+
+_copy_internals = _CopyInternalsTraversal()
+
+
+def _flatten_clauseelement(element):
+    while hasattr(element, "__clause_element__") and not getattr(
+        element, "is_clause_element", False
+    ):
+        element = element.__clause_element__()
+
+    return element
+
+
+class _GetChildrenTraversal(HasTraversalDispatch):
+    """Generate a _children_traversal internal traversal dispatch for classes
+    with a _traverse_internals collection."""
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key(self, element, **kw):
+        # the GetChildren traversal refers explicitly to ClauseElement
+        # structures.  Within these, a plain HasCacheKey is not a
+        # ClauseElement, so don't include these.
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_clauseelement(self, element, **kw):
+        return (element,)
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_list(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuple(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(self, element, **kw):
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(element)
+
+    def visit_fromclause_canonical_column_collection(self, element, **kw):
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(self, element, **kw):
+        return element.values()
+
+    def visit_fromclause_ordered_set(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(self, element, **kw):
+        return element
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(self, element, **kw):
+        for target, onclause, from_, flags in element:
+            if from_ is not None:
+                yield from_
+
+            if not isinstance(target, str):
+                yield _flatten_clauseelement(target)
+
+            if onclause is not None and not isinstance(onclause, str):
+                yield _flatten_clauseelement(onclause)
+
+    def visit_memoized_select_entities(self, element, **kw):
+        return self.visit_clauseelement_tuple(element, **kw)
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(self, element, **kw):
+        for k, v in element:
+            if hasattr(k, "__clause_element__"):
+                yield k
+            yield v
+
+    def visit_dml_values(self, element, **kw):
+        expr_values = {k for k in element if hasattr(k, "__clause_element__")}
+        str_values = expr_values.symmetric_difference(element)
+
+        for k in sorted(str_values):
+            yield element[k]
+        for k in expr_values:
+            yield k
+            yield element[k]
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(self, element, **kw):
+        return ()
+
+    def visit_propagate_attrs(self, element, **kw):
+        return ()
+
+
+_get_children = _GetChildrenTraversal()
+
+
+@util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.elements")
+def _resolve_name_for_compare(element, name, anon_map, **kw):
+    if isinstance(name, util.preloaded.sql_elements._anonymous_label):
+        name = name.apply_map(anon_map)
+
+    return name
+
+
+class TraversalComparatorStrategy(HasTraversalDispatch, util.MemoizedSlots):
+    __slots__ = "stack", "cache", "anon_map"
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.stack: Deque[
+            Tuple[
+                Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+                Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+            ]
+        ] = deque()
+        self.cache = set()
+
+    def _memoized_attr_anon_map(self):
+        return (anon_map(), anon_map())
+
+    def compare(
+        self,
+        obj1: ExternallyTraversible,
+        obj2: ExternallyTraversible,
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> bool:
+        stack = self.stack
+        cache = self.cache
+
+        compare_annotations = kw.get("compare_annotations", False)
+
+        stack.append((obj1, obj2))
+
+        while stack:
+            left, right = stack.popleft()
+
+            if left is right:
+                continue
+            elif left is None or right is None:
+                # we know they are different so no match
+                return False
+            elif (left, right) in cache:
+                continue
+            cache.add((left, right))
+
+            visit_name = left.__visit_name__
+            if visit_name != right.__visit_name__:
+                return False
+
+            meth = getattr(self, "compare_%s" % visit_name, None)
+
+            if meth:
+                attributes_compared = meth(left, right, **kw)
+                if attributes_compared is COMPARE_FAILED:
+                    return False
+                elif attributes_compared is SKIP_TRAVERSE:
+                    continue
+
+                # attributes_compared is returned as a list of attribute
+                # names that were "handled" by the comparison method above.
+                # remaining attribute names in the _traverse_internals
+                # will be compared.
+            else:
+                attributes_compared = ()
+
+            for (
+                (left_attrname, left_visit_sym),
+                (right_attrname, right_visit_sym),
+            ) in zip_longest(
+                left._traverse_internals,
+                right._traverse_internals,
+                fillvalue=(None, None),
+            ):
+                if not compare_annotations and (
+                    (left_attrname == "_annotations")
+                    or (right_attrname == "_annotations")
+                ):
+                    continue
+
+                if (
+                    left_attrname != right_attrname
+                    or left_visit_sym is not right_visit_sym
+                ):
+                    return False
+                elif left_attrname in attributes_compared:
+                    continue
+
+                assert left_visit_sym is not None
+                assert left_attrname is not None
+                assert right_attrname is not None
+
+                dispatch = self.dispatch(left_visit_sym)
+                assert dispatch is not None, (
+                    f"{self.__class__} has no dispatch for "
+                    f"'{self._dispatch_lookup[left_visit_sym]}'"
+                )
+                left_child = operator.attrgetter(left_attrname)(left)
+                right_child = operator.attrgetter(right_attrname)(right)
+                if left_child is None:
+                    if right_child is not None:
+                        return False
+                    else:
+                        continue
+                elif right_child is None:
+                    return False
+
+                comparison = dispatch(
+                    left_attrname, left, left_child, right, right_child, **kw
+                )
+                if comparison is COMPARE_FAILED:
+                    return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def compare_inner(self, obj1, obj2, **kw):
+        comparator = self.__class__()
+        return comparator.compare(obj1, obj2, **kw)
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[0], []) != right._gen_cache_key(
+            self.anon_map[1], []
+        ):
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_propagate_attrs(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return self.compare_inner(
+            left.get("plugin_subject", None), right.get("plugin_subject", None)
+        )
+
+    def visit_has_cache_key_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if l is None:
+                if r is not None:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+                else:
+                    continue
+            elif r is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            if l._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[0], []) != r._gen_cache_key(
+                self.anon_map[1], []
+            ):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_executable_options(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if l is None:
+                if r is not None:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+                else:
+                    continue
+            elif r is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            if (
+                l._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[0], [])
+                if l._is_has_cache_key
+                else l
+            ) != (
+                r._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[1], [])
+                if r._is_has_cache_key
+                else r
+            ):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_clauseelement(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        self.stack.append((left, right))
+
+    def visit_fromclause_canonical_column_collection(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lcol, rcol in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((lcol, rcol))
+
+    def visit_fromclause_derived_column_collection(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_string_clauseelement_dict(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lstr, rstr in zip_longest(
+            sorted(left), sorted(right), fillvalue=None
+        ):
+            if lstr != rstr:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            self.stack.append((left[lstr], right[rstr]))
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuples(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for ltup, rtup in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if ltup is None or rtup is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            for l, r in zip_longest(ltup, rtup, fillvalue=None):
+                self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_tuple(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def _compare_unordered_sequences(self, seq1, seq2, **kw):
+        if seq1 is None:
+            return seq2 is None
+
+        completed: Set[object] = set()
+        for clause in seq1:
+            for other_clause in set(seq2).difference(completed):
+                if self.compare_inner(clause, other_clause, **kw):
+                    completed.add(other_clause)
+                    break
+        return len(completed) == len(seq1) == len(seq2)
+
+    def visit_clauseelement_unordered_set(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return self._compare_unordered_sequences(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def visit_fromclause_ordered_set(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for l, r in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            self.stack.append((l, r))
+
+    def visit_string(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_string_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_string_multi_dict(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lk, rk in zip_longest(
+            sorted(left.keys()), sorted(right.keys()), fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if lk != rk:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            lv, rv = left[lk], right[rk]
+
+            lhc = isinstance(left, HasCacheKey)
+            rhc = isinstance(right, HasCacheKey)
+            if lhc and rhc:
+                if lv._gen_cache_key(
+                    self.anon_map[0], []
+                ) != rv._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[1], []):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+            elif lhc != rhc:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            elif lv != rv:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_multi(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        lhc = isinstance(left, HasCacheKey)
+        rhc = isinstance(right, HasCacheKey)
+        if lhc and rhc:
+            if left._gen_cache_key(
+                self.anon_map[0], []
+            ) != right._gen_cache_key(self.anon_map[1], []):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+        elif lhc != rhc:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+        else:
+            return left == right
+
+    def visit_anon_name(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return _resolve_name_for_compare(
+            left_parent, left, self.anon_map[0], **kw
+        ) == _resolve_name_for_compare(
+            right_parent, right, self.anon_map[1], **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_boolean(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_operator(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_type(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left._compare_type_affinity(right)
+
+    def visit_plain_dict(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_dialect_options(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_annotations_key(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left and right:
+            return (
+                left_parent._annotations_cache_key
+                == right_parent._annotations_cache_key
+            )
+        else:
+            return left == right
+
+    def visit_with_context_options(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return tuple((fn.__code__, c_key) for fn, c_key in left) == tuple(
+            (fn.__code__, c_key) for fn, c_key in right
+        )
+
+    def visit_plain_obj(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_named_ddl_element(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left is None:
+            if right is not None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+        return left.name == right.name
+
+    def visit_prefix_sequence(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for (l_clause, l_str), (r_clause, r_str) in zip_longest(
+            left, right, fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if l_str != r_str:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                self.stack.append((l_clause, r_clause))
+
+    def visit_setup_join_tuple(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        # TODO: look at attrname for "legacy_join" and use different structure
+        for (
+            (l_target, l_onclause, l_from, l_flags),
+            (r_target, r_onclause, r_from, r_flags),
+        ) in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=(None, None, None, None)):
+            if l_flags != r_flags:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            self.stack.append((l_target, r_target))
+            self.stack.append((l_onclause, r_onclause))
+            self.stack.append((l_from, r_from))
+
+    def visit_memoized_select_entities(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return self.visit_clauseelement_tuple(
+            attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+        )
+
+    def visit_table_hint_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        left_keys = sorted(left, key=lambda elem: (elem[0].fullname, elem[1]))
+        right_keys = sorted(
+            right, key=lambda elem: (elem[0].fullname, elem[1])
+        )
+        for (ltable, ldialect), (rtable, rdialect) in zip_longest(
+            left_keys, right_keys, fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if ldialect != rdialect:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            elif left[(ltable, ldialect)] != right[(rtable, rdialect)]:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                self.stack.append((ltable, rtable))
+
+    def visit_statement_hint_list(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        return left == right
+
+    def visit_unknown_structure(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def visit_dml_ordered_values(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        # sequence of tuple pairs
+
+        for (lk, lv), (rk, rv) in zip_longest(
+            left, right, fillvalue=(None, None)
+        ):
+            if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lk, rk, **kw):
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def _compare_dml_values_or_ce(self, lv, rv, **kw):
+        lvce = hasattr(lv, "__clause_element__")
+        rvce = hasattr(rv, "__clause_element__")
+        if lvce != rvce:
+            return False
+        elif lvce and not self.compare_inner(lv, rv, **kw):
+            return False
+        elif not lvce and lv != rv:
+            return False
+        elif not self.compare_inner(lv, rv, **kw):
+            return False
+
+        return True
+
+    def visit_dml_values(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        if left is None or right is None or len(left) != len(right):
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+        if isinstance(left, collections_abc.Sequence):
+            for lv, rv in zip(left, right):
+                if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lv, rv, **kw):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+        elif isinstance(right, collections_abc.Sequence):
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+        else:
+            # dictionaries guaranteed to support insert ordering in
+            # py37 so that we can compare the keys in order.  without
+            # this, we can't compare SQL expression keys because we don't
+            # know which key is which
+            for (lk, lv), (rk, rv) in zip(left.items(), right.items()):
+                if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lk, rk, **kw):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+                if not self._compare_dml_values_or_ce(lv, rv, **kw):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def visit_dml_multi_values(
+        self, attrname, left_parent, left, right_parent, right, **kw
+    ):
+        for lseq, rseq in zip_longest(left, right, fillvalue=None):
+            if lseq is None or rseq is None:
+                return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+            for ld, rd in zip_longest(lseq, rseq, fillvalue=None):
+                if (
+                    self.visit_dml_values(
+                        attrname, left_parent, ld, right_parent, rd, **kw
+                    )
+                    is COMPARE_FAILED
+                ):
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_expression_clauselist(self, left, right, **kw):
+        if left.operator is right.operator:
+            if operators.is_associative(left.operator):
+                if self._compare_unordered_sequences(
+                    left.clauses, right.clauses, **kw
+                ):
+                    return ["operator", "clauses"]
+                else:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                return ["operator"]
+        else:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_clauselist(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return self.compare_expression_clauselist(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def compare_binary(self, left, right, **kw):
+        if left.operator == right.operator:
+            if operators.is_commutative(left.operator):
+                if (
+                    self.compare_inner(left.left, right.left, **kw)
+                    and self.compare_inner(left.right, right.right, **kw)
+                ) or (
+                    self.compare_inner(left.left, right.right, **kw)
+                    and self.compare_inner(left.right, right.left, **kw)
+                ):
+                    return ["operator", "negate", "left", "right"]
+                else:
+                    return COMPARE_FAILED
+            else:
+                return ["operator", "negate"]
+        else:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_bindparam(self, left, right, **kw):
+        compare_keys = kw.pop("compare_keys", True)
+        compare_values = kw.pop("compare_values", True)
+
+        if compare_values:
+            omit = []
+        else:
+            # this means, "skip these, we already compared"
+            omit = ["callable", "value"]
+
+        if not compare_keys:
+            omit.append("key")
+
+        return omit
+
+
+class ColIdentityComparatorStrategy(TraversalComparatorStrategy):
+    def compare_column_element(
+        self, left, right, use_proxies=True, equivalents=(), **kw
+    ):
+        """Compare ColumnElements using proxies and equivalent collections.
+
+        This is a comparison strategy specific to the ORM.
+        """
+
+        to_compare = (right,)
+        if equivalents and right in equivalents:
+            to_compare = equivalents[right].union(to_compare)
+
+        for oth in to_compare:
+            if use_proxies and left.shares_lineage(oth):
+                return SKIP_TRAVERSE
+            elif hash(left) == hash(right):
+                return SKIP_TRAVERSE
+        else:
+            return COMPARE_FAILED
+
+    def compare_column(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return self.compare_column_element(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def compare_label(self, left, right, **kw):
+        return self.compare_column_element(left, right, **kw)
+
+    def compare_table(self, left, right, **kw):
+        # tables compare on identity, since it's not really feasible to
+        # compare them column by column with the above rules
+        return SKIP_TRAVERSE if left is right else COMPARE_FAILED
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e2dfef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/type_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2362 @@
+# sql/type_api.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Base types API.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from enum import Enum
+from types import ModuleType
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NewType
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .base import SchemaEventTarget
+from .cache_key import CacheConst
+from .cache_key import NO_CACHE
+from .operators import ColumnOperators
+from .visitors import Visitable
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeAliasType
+from ..util.typing import TypedDict
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+# these are back-assigned by sqltypes.
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .elements import BindParameter
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+    from .operators import OperatorType
+    from .sqltypes import _resolve_value_to_type as _resolve_value_to_type
+    from .sqltypes import BOOLEANTYPE as BOOLEANTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import INDEXABLE as INDEXABLE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import INTEGERTYPE as INTEGERTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import MATCHTYPE as MATCHTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import NULLTYPE as NULLTYPE
+    from .sqltypes import NUMERICTYPE as NUMERICTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import STRINGTYPE as STRINGTYPE  # noqa: F401
+    from .sqltypes import TABLEVALUE as TABLEVALUE  # noqa: F401
+    from ..engine.interfaces import Dialect
+    from ..util.typing import GenericProtocol
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", bound=Any, covariant=True)
+_T_con = TypeVar("_T_con", bound=Any, contravariant=True)
+_O = TypeVar("_O", bound=object)
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE", bound="TypeEngine[Any]")
+_CT = TypeVar("_CT", bound=Any)
+_RT = TypeVar("_RT", bound=Any)
+
+_MatchedOnType = Union[
+    "GenericProtocol[Any]", TypeAliasType, NewType, Type[Any]
+]
+
+
+class _NoValueInList(Enum):
+    NO_VALUE_IN_LIST = 0
+    """indicates we are trying to determine the type of an expression
+    against an empty list."""
+
+
+_NO_VALUE_IN_LIST = _NoValueInList.NO_VALUE_IN_LIST
+
+
+class _LiteralProcessorType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> str: ...
+
+
+class _BindProcessorType(Protocol[_T_con]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Optional[_T_con]) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class _ResultProcessorType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> Optional[_T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _SentinelProcessorType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> Optional[_T_co]: ...
+
+
+class _BaseTypeMemoDict(TypedDict):
+    impl: TypeEngine[Any]
+    result: Dict[Any, Optional[_ResultProcessorType[Any]]]
+
+
+class _TypeMemoDict(_BaseTypeMemoDict, total=False):
+    literal: Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[Any]]
+    bind: Optional[_BindProcessorType[Any]]
+    sentinel: Optional[_SentinelProcessorType[Any]]
+    custom: Dict[Any, object]
+
+
+class _ComparatorFactory(Protocol[_T]):
+    def __call__(
+        self, expr: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> TypeEngine.Comparator[_T]: ...
+
+
+class TypeEngine(Visitable, Generic[_T]):
+    """The ultimate base class for all SQL datatypes.
+
+    Common subclasses of :class:`.TypeEngine` include
+    :class:`.String`, :class:`.Integer`, and :class:`.Boolean`.
+
+    For an overview of the SQLAlchemy typing system, see
+    :ref:`types_toplevel`.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`types_toplevel`
+
+    """
+
+    _sqla_type = True
+    _isnull = False
+    _is_tuple_type = False
+    _is_table_value = False
+    _is_array = False
+    _is_type_decorator = False
+
+    render_bind_cast = False
+    """Render bind casts for :attr:`.BindTyping.RENDER_CASTS` mode.
+
+    If True, this type (usually a dialect level impl type) signals
+    to the compiler that a cast should be rendered around a bound parameter
+    for this type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :class:`.BindTyping`
+
+    """
+
+    render_literal_cast = False
+    """render casts when rendering a value as an inline literal,
+    e.g. with :meth:`.TypeEngine.literal_processor`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(
+        ColumnOperators,
+        Generic[_CT],
+    ):
+        """Base class for custom comparison operations defined at the
+        type level.  See :attr:`.TypeEngine.comparator_factory`.
+
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = "expr", "type"
+
+        expr: ColumnElement[_CT]
+        type: TypeEngine[_CT]
+
+        def __clause_element__(self) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            return self.expr
+
+        def __init__(self, expr: ColumnElement[_CT]):
+            self.expr = expr
+            self.type = expr.type
+
+        def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+            return self.__class__, (self.expr,)
+
+        @overload
+        def operate(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            *other: Any,
+            result_type: Type[TypeEngine[_RT]],
+            **kwargs: Any,
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_RT]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]: ...
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.default_comparator")
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[Any]:
+            default_comparator = util.preloaded.sql_default_comparator
+            op_fn, addtl_kw = default_comparator.operator_lookup[op.__name__]
+            if kwargs:
+                addtl_kw = addtl_kw.union(kwargs)
+            return op_fn(self.expr, op, *other, **addtl_kw)
+
+        @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.default_comparator")
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            default_comparator = util.preloaded.sql_default_comparator
+            op_fn, addtl_kw = default_comparator.operator_lookup[op.__name__]
+            if kwargs:
+                addtl_kw = addtl_kw.union(kwargs)
+            return op_fn(self.expr, op, other, reverse=True, **addtl_kw)
+
+        def _adapt_expression(
+            self,
+            op: OperatorType,
+            other_comparator: TypeEngine.Comparator[Any],
+        ) -> Tuple[OperatorType, TypeEngine[Any]]:
+            """evaluate the return type of <self> <op> <othertype>,
+            and apply any adaptations to the given operator.
+
+            This method determines the type of a resulting binary expression
+            given two source types and an operator.   For example, two
+            :class:`_schema.Column` objects, both of the type
+            :class:`.Integer`, will
+            produce a :class:`.BinaryExpression` that also has the type
+            :class:`.Integer` when compared via the addition (``+``) operator.
+            However, using the addition operator with an :class:`.Integer`
+            and a :class:`.Date` object will produce a :class:`.Date`, assuming
+            "days delta" behavior by the database (in reality, most databases
+            other than PostgreSQL don't accept this particular operation).
+
+            The method returns a tuple of the form <operator>, <type>.
+            The resulting operator and type will be those applied to the
+            resulting :class:`.BinaryExpression` as the final operator and the
+            right-hand side of the expression.
+
+            Note that only a subset of operators make usage of
+            :meth:`._adapt_expression`,
+            including math operators and user-defined operators, but not
+            boolean comparison or special SQL keywords like MATCH or BETWEEN.
+
+            """
+
+            return op, self.type
+
+    hashable = True
+    """Flag, if False, means values from this type aren't hashable.
+
+    Used by the ORM when uniquing result lists.
+
+    """
+
+    comparator_factory: _ComparatorFactory[Any] = Comparator
+    """A :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class which will apply
+    to operations performed by owning :class:`_expression.ColumnElement`
+    objects.
+
+    The :attr:`.comparator_factory` attribute is a hook consulted by
+    the core expression system when column and SQL expression operations
+    are performed.   When a :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` class is
+    associated with this attribute, it allows custom re-definition of
+    all existing operators, as well as definition of new operators.
+    Existing operators include those provided by Python operator overloading
+    such as :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__add__` and
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.__eq__`,
+    those provided as standard
+    attributes of :class:`.operators.ColumnOperators` such as
+    :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.like`
+    and :meth:`.operators.ColumnOperators.in_`.
+
+    Rudimentary usage of this hook is allowed through simple subclassing
+    of existing types, or alternatively by using :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+    See the documentation section :ref:`types_operators` for examples.
+
+    """
+
+    sort_key_function: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
+    """A sorting function that can be passed as the key to sorted.
+
+    The default value of ``None`` indicates that the values stored by
+    this type are self-sorting.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.3.8
+
+    """
+
+    should_evaluate_none: bool = False
+    """If True, the Python constant ``None`` is considered to be handled
+    explicitly by this type.
+
+    The ORM uses this flag to indicate that a positive value of ``None``
+    is passed to the column in an INSERT statement, rather than omitting
+    the column from the INSERT statement which has the effect of firing
+    off column-level defaults.   It also allows types which have special
+    behavior for Python None, such as a JSON type, to indicate that
+    they'd like to handle the None value explicitly.
+
+    To set this flag on an existing type, use the
+    :meth:`.TypeEngine.evaluates_none` method.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :meth:`.TypeEngine.evaluates_none`
+
+    """
+
+    _variant_mapping: util.immutabledict[str, TypeEngine[Any]] = (
+        util.EMPTY_DICT
+    )
+
+    def evaluates_none(self) -> Self:
+        """Return a copy of this type which has the
+        :attr:`.should_evaluate_none` flag set to True.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+                Table(
+                    "some_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column(
+                        String(50).evaluates_none(),
+                        nullable=True,
+                        server_default="no value",
+                    ),
+                )
+
+        The ORM uses this flag to indicate that a positive value of ``None``
+        is passed to the column in an INSERT statement, rather than omitting
+        the column from the INSERT statement which has the effect of firing
+        off column-level defaults.   It also allows for types which have
+        special behavior associated with the Python None value to indicate
+        that the value doesn't necessarily translate into SQL NULL; a
+        prime example of this is a JSON type which may wish to persist the
+        JSON value ``'null'``.
+
+        In all cases, the actual NULL SQL value can be always be
+        persisted in any column by using
+        the :obj:`_expression.null` SQL construct in an INSERT statement
+        or associated with an ORM-mapped attribute.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            The "evaluates none" flag does **not** apply to a value
+            of ``None`` passed to :paramref:`_schema.Column.default` or
+            :paramref:`_schema.Column.server_default`; in these cases,
+            ``None``
+            still means "no default".
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`session_forcing_null` - in the ORM documentation
+
+            :paramref:`.postgresql.JSON.none_as_null` - PostgreSQL JSON
+            interaction with this flag.
+
+            :attr:`.TypeEngine.should_evaluate_none` - class-level flag
+
+        """
+        typ = self.copy()
+        typ.should_evaluate_none = True
+        return typ
+
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        return self.adapt(self.__class__)
+
+    def copy_value(self, value: Any) -> Any:
+        return value
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a conversion function for processing literal values that are
+        to be rendered directly without using binds.
+
+        This function is used when the compiler makes use of the
+        "literal_binds" flag, typically used in DDL generation as well
+        as in certain scenarios where backends don't accept bound parameters.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a literal Python value
+        as the sole positional argument and will return a string representation
+        to be rendered in a SQL statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.literal_processor`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.literal_processor`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a conversion function for processing bind values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a bind parameter value
+        as the sole positional argument and will return a value to
+        send to the DB-API.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_processor`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_processor`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: object
+    ) -> Optional[_ResultProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a conversion function for processing result row values.
+
+        Returns a callable which will receive a result row column
+        value as the sole positional argument and will return a value
+        to return to the user.
+
+        If processing is not necessary, the method should return ``None``.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.result_processor`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.result_processor`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        :param coltype: DBAPI coltype argument received in cursor.description.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    def column_expression(
+        self, colexpr: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a SELECT column expression, return a wrapping SQL expression.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps a column expression
+        as rendered in the columns clause of a SELECT statement.
+        It is used for special data types that require
+        columns to be wrapped in some special database function in order
+        to coerce the value before being sent back to the application.
+        It is the SQL analogue of the :meth:`.TypeEngine.result_processor`
+        method.
+
+        This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+        statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** called
+        against specific values.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.column_expression`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.column_expression`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.column_expression`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_column_expression(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if column_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            self.__class__.column_expression.__code__
+            is not TypeEngine.column_expression.__code__
+        )
+
+    def bind_expression(
+        self, bindvalue: BindParameter[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a bind value (i.e. a :class:`.BindParameter` instance),
+        return a SQL expression in its place.
+
+        This is typically a SQL function that wraps the existing bound
+        parameter within the statement.  It is used for special data types
+        that require literals being wrapped in some special database function
+        in order to coerce an application-level value into a database-specific
+        format.  It is the SQL analogue of the
+        :meth:`.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method.
+
+        This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+        statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** called
+        against specific values.
+
+        Note that this method, when implemented, should always return
+        the exact same structure, without any conditional logic, as it
+        may be used in an executemany() call against an arbitrary number
+        of bound parameter sets.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is only called relative to a **dialect specific type
+            object**, which is often **private to a dialect in use** and is not
+            the same type object as the public facing one, which means it's not
+            feasible to subclass a :class:`.types.TypeEngine` class in order to
+            provide an alternate :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_expression`
+            method, unless subclassing the :class:`_types.UserDefinedType`
+            class explicitly.
+
+            To provide alternate behavior for
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_expression`, implement a
+            :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` class and provide an implementation
+            of :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.bind_expression`.
+
+            .. seealso::
+
+                :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_sql_value_processing`
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_expression(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if bind_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(self, TypeEngine.bind_expression)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _to_instance(cls_or_self: Union[Type[_TE], _TE]) -> _TE:
+        return to_instance(cls_or_self)
+
+    def compare_values(self, x: Any, y: Any) -> bool:
+        """Compare two values for equality."""
+
+        return x == y  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi: ModuleType) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return the corresponding type object from the underlying DB-API, if
+        any.
+
+        This can be useful for calling ``setinputsizes()``, for example.
+
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def python_type(self) -> Type[Any]:
+        """Return the Python type object expected to be returned
+        by instances of this type, if known.
+
+        Basically, for those types which enforce a return type,
+        or are known across the board to do such for all common
+        DBAPIs (like ``int`` for example), will return that type.
+
+        If a return type is not defined, raises
+        ``NotImplementedError``.
+
+        Note that any type also accommodates NULL in SQL which
+        means you can also get back ``None`` from any type
+        in practice.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def with_variant(
+        self,
+        type_: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+        *dialect_names: str,
+    ) -> Self:
+        r"""Produce a copy of this type object that will utilize the given
+        type when applied to the dialect of the given name.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            from sqlalchemy.types import String
+            from sqlalchemy.dialects import mysql
+
+            string_type = String()
+
+            string_type = string_type.with_variant(
+                mysql.VARCHAR(collation="foo"), "mysql", "mariadb"
+            )
+
+        The variant mapping indicates that when this type is
+        interpreted by a specific dialect, it will instead be
+        transmuted into the given type, rather than using the
+        primary type.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0 the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.with_variant`
+           method now works with a :class:`_types.TypeEngine` object "in
+           place", returning a copy of the original type rather than returning
+           a wrapping object; the ``Variant`` class is no longer used.
+
+        :param type\_: a :class:`.TypeEngine` that will be selected
+         as a variant from the originating type, when a dialect
+         of the given name is in use.
+        :param \*dialect_names: one or more base names of the dialect which
+         uses this type. (i.e. ``'postgresql'``, ``'mysql'``, etc.)
+
+         .. versionchanged:: 2.0 multiple dialect names can be specified
+            for one variant.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_with_variant` - illustrates the use of
+            :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.with_variant`.
+
+        """
+
+        if not dialect_names:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError("At least one dialect name is required")
+        for dialect_name in dialect_names:
+            if dialect_name in self._variant_mapping:
+                raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                    f"Dialect {dialect_name!r} is already present in "
+                    f"the mapping for this {self!r}"
+                )
+        new_type = self.copy()
+        type_ = to_instance(type_)
+        if type_._variant_mapping:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "can't pass a type that already has variants as a "
+                "dialect-level type to with_variant()"
+            )
+
+        new_type._variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping.union(
+            {dialect_name: type_ for dialect_name in dialect_names}
+        )
+        return new_type
+
+    def _resolve_for_literal(self, value: Any) -> Self:
+        """adjust this type given a literal Python value that will be
+        stored in a bound parameter.
+
+        Used exclusively by _resolve_value_to_type().
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.30 or 2.0
+
+        TODO: this should be part of public API
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.TypeEngine._resolve_for_python_type`
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _resolve_for_python_type(
+        self,
+        python_type: Type[Any],
+        matched_on: _MatchedOnType,
+        matched_on_flattened: Type[Any],
+    ) -> Optional[Self]:
+        """given a Python type (e.g. ``int``, ``str``, etc. ) return an
+        instance of this :class:`.TypeEngine` that's appropriate for this type.
+
+        An additional argument ``matched_on`` is passed, which indicates an
+        entry from the ``__mro__`` of the given ``python_type`` that more
+        specifically matches how the caller located this :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        object.   Such as, if a lookup of some kind links the ``int`` Python
+        type to the :class:`.Integer` SQL type, and the original object
+        was some custom subclass of ``int`` such as ``MyInt(int)``, the
+        arguments passed would be ``(MyInt, int)``.
+
+        If the given Python type does not correspond to this
+        :class:`.TypeEngine`, or the Python type is otherwise ambiguous, the
+        method should return None.
+
+        For simple cases, the method checks that the ``python_type``
+        and ``matched_on`` types are the same (i.e. not a subclass), and
+        returns self; for all other cases, it returns ``None``.
+
+        The initial use case here is for the ORM to link user-defined
+        Python standard library ``enum.Enum`` classes to the SQLAlchemy
+        :class:`.Enum` SQL type when constructing ORM Declarative mappings.
+
+        :param python_type: the Python type we want to use
+        :param matched_on: the Python type that led us to choose this
+         particular :class:`.TypeEngine` class, which would be a supertype
+         of ``python_type``.   By default, the request is rejected if
+         ``python_type`` doesn't match ``matched_on`` (None is returned).
+
+        .. versionadded:: 2.0.0b4
+
+        TODO: this should be part of public API
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.TypeEngine._resolve_for_literal`
+
+        """
+
+        if python_type is not matched_on_flattened:
+            return None
+
+        return self
+
+    def _with_collation(self, collation: str) -> Self:
+        """set up error handling for the collate expression"""
+        raise NotImplementedError("this datatype does not support collation")
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Optional[Type[TypeEngine[_T]]]:
+        """Return a rudimental 'affinity' value expressing the general class
+        of type."""
+
+        typ = None
+        for t in self.__class__.__mro__:
+            if t is TypeEngine or TypeEngineMixin in t.__bases__:
+                return typ
+            elif issubclass(t, TypeEngine):
+                typ = t
+        else:
+            return self.__class__
+
+    @util.ro_memoized_property
+    def _generic_type_affinity(
+        self,
+    ) -> Type[TypeEngine[_T]]:
+        best_camelcase = None
+        best_uppercase = None
+
+        if not isinstance(self, TypeEngine):
+            return self.__class__
+
+        for t in self.__class__.__mro__:
+            if (
+                t.__module__
+                in (
+                    "sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes",
+                    "sqlalchemy.sql.type_api",
+                )
+                and issubclass(t, TypeEngine)
+                and TypeEngineMixin not in t.__bases__
+                and t not in (TypeEngine, TypeEngineMixin)
+                and t.__name__[0] != "_"
+            ):
+                if t.__name__.isupper() and not best_uppercase:
+                    best_uppercase = t
+                elif not t.__name__.isupper() and not best_camelcase:
+                    best_camelcase = t
+
+        return (
+            best_camelcase
+            or best_uppercase
+            or cast("Type[TypeEngine[_T]]", NULLTYPE.__class__)
+        )
+
+    def as_generic(self, allow_nulltype: bool = False) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """
+        Return an instance of the generic type corresponding to this type
+        using heuristic rule. The method may be overridden if this
+        heuristic rule is not sufficient.
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import INTEGER
+        >>> INTEGER(display_width=4).as_generic()
+        Integer()
+
+        >>> from sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql import NVARCHAR
+        >>> NVARCHAR(length=100).as_generic()
+        Unicode(length=100)
+
+        .. versionadded:: 1.4.0b2
+
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`metadata_reflection_dbagnostic_types` - describes the
+            use of :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.as_generic` in conjunction with
+            the :meth:`_sql.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event, which is its
+            intended use.
+
+        """
+        if (
+            not allow_nulltype
+            and self._generic_type_affinity == NULLTYPE.__class__
+        ):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Default TypeEngine.as_generic() "
+                "heuristic method was unsuccessful for {}. A custom "
+                "as_generic() method must be implemented for this "
+                "type class.".format(
+                    self.__class__.__module__ + "." + self.__class__.__name__
+                )
+            )
+
+        return util.constructor_copy(self, self._generic_type_affinity)
+
+    def dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific implementation for this
+        :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            tm = dialect._type_memos[self]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return tm["impl"]
+        return self._dialect_info(dialect)["impl"]
+
+    def _unwrapped_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        """Return the 'unwrapped' dialect impl for this type.
+
+        For a type that applies wrapping logic (e.g. TypeDecorator), give
+        us the real, actual dialect-level type that is used.
+
+        This is used by TypeDecorator itself as well at least one case where
+        dialects need to check that a particular specific dialect-level
+        type is in use, within the :meth:`.DefaultDialect.set_input_sizes`
+        method.
+
+        """
+        return self.dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+    def _cached_literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific literal processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]["literal"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into literal_processor() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        d["literal"] = lp = d["impl"].literal_processor(dialect)
+        return lp
+
+    def _cached_bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific bind processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]["bind"]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into bind_processor() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        d["bind"] = bp = d["impl"].bind_processor(dialect)
+        return bp
+
+    def _cached_result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: Any
+    ) -> Optional[_ResultProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific result processor for this type."""
+
+        try:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]["result"][coltype]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into result_processor() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        # key assumption: DBAPI type codes are
+        # constants.  Else this dictionary would
+        # grow unbounded.
+        rp = d["impl"].result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+        d["result"][coltype] = rp
+        return rp
+
+    def _cached_custom_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, key: str, fn: Callable[[TypeEngine[_T]], _O]
+    ) -> _O:
+        """return a dialect-specific processing object for
+        custom purposes.
+
+        The cx_Oracle dialect uses this at the moment.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return cast(_O, dialect._type_memos[self]["custom"][key])
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        # avoid KeyError context coming into fn() function
+        # raises
+        d = self._dialect_info(dialect)
+        impl = d["impl"]
+        custom_dict = d.setdefault("custom", {})
+        custom_dict[key] = result = fn(impl)
+        return result
+
+    def _dialect_info(self, dialect: Dialect) -> _TypeMemoDict:
+        """Return a dialect-specific registry which
+        caches a dialect-specific implementation, bind processing
+        function, and one or more result processing functions."""
+
+        if self in dialect._type_memos:
+            return dialect._type_memos[self]
+        else:
+            impl = self._gen_dialect_impl(dialect)
+            if impl is self:
+                impl = self.adapt(type(self))
+            # this can't be self, else we create a cycle
+            assert impl is not self
+            d: _TypeMemoDict = {"impl": impl, "result": {}}
+            dialect._type_memos[self] = d
+            return d
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if dialect.name in self._variant_mapping:
+            return self._variant_mapping[dialect.name]._gen_dialect_impl(
+                dialect
+            )
+        else:
+            return dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _static_cache_key(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        names = util.get_cls_kwargs(self.__class__)
+        return (self.__class__,) + tuple(
+            (
+                k,
+                (
+                    self.__dict__[k]._static_cache_key
+                    if isinstance(self.__dict__[k], TypeEngine)
+                    else self.__dict__[k]
+                ),
+            )
+            for k in names
+            if k in self.__dict__
+            and not k.startswith("_")
+            and self.__dict__[k] is not None
+        )
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Produce an "adapted" form of this type, given an "impl" class
+        to work with.
+
+        This method is used internally to associate generic
+        types with "implementation" types that are specific to a particular
+        dialect.
+        """
+        typ = util.constructor_copy(
+            self, cast(Type[TypeEngine[Any]], cls), **kw
+        )
+        typ._variant_mapping = self._variant_mapping
+        return typ
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Given an operator and value, gives the type a chance
+        to return a type which the value should be coerced into.
+
+        The default behavior here is conservative; if the right-hand
+        side is already coerced into a SQL type based on its
+        Python type, it is usually left alone.
+
+        End-user functionality extension here should generally be via
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`, which provides more liberal behavior in that
+        it defaults to coercing the other side of the expression into this
+        type, thus applying special Python conversions above and beyond those
+        needed by the DBAPI to both ides. It also provides the public method
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` which is intended for
+        end-user customization of this behavior.
+
+        """
+        _coerced_type = _resolve_value_to_type(value)
+        if (
+            _coerced_type is NULLTYPE
+            or _coerced_type._type_affinity is self._type_affinity
+        ):
+            return self
+        else:
+            return _coerced_type
+
+    def _compare_type_affinity(self, other: TypeEngine[Any]) -> bool:
+        return self._type_affinity is other._type_affinity
+
+    def compile(self, dialect: Optional[Dialect] = None) -> str:
+        """Produce a string-compiled form of this :class:`.TypeEngine`.
+
+        When called with no arguments, uses a "default" dialect
+        to produce a string result.
+
+        :param dialect: a :class:`.Dialect` instance.
+
+        """
+        # arg, return value is inconsistent with
+        # ClauseElement.compile()....this is a mistake.
+
+        if dialect is None:
+            dialect = self._default_dialect()
+
+        return dialect.type_compiler_instance.process(self)
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.engine.default")
+    def _default_dialect(self) -> Dialect:
+        default = util.preloaded.engine_default
+
+        # dmypy / mypy seems to sporadically keep thinking this line is
+        # returning Any, which seems to be caused by the @deprecated_params
+        # decorator on the DefaultDialect constructor
+        return default.StrCompileDialect()  # type: ignore
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return str(self.compile())
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self)
+
+
+class TypeEngineMixin:
+    """classes which subclass this can act as "mixin" classes for
+    TypeEngine."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @util.memoized_property
+        def _static_cache_key(
+            self,
+        ) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def adapt(
+            self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+        ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+        def adapt(
+            self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+        ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+        def dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+
+class ExternalType(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """mixin that defines attributes and behaviors specific to third-party
+    datatypes.
+
+    "Third party" refers to datatypes that are defined outside the scope
+    of SQLAlchemy within either end-user application code or within
+    external extensions to SQLAlchemy.
+
+    Subclasses currently include :class:`.TypeDecorator` and
+    :class:`.UserDefinedType`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28
+
+    """
+
+    cache_ok: Optional[bool] = None
+    '''Indicate if statements using this :class:`.ExternalType` are "safe to
+    cache".
+
+    The default value ``None`` will emit a warning and then not allow caching
+    of a statement which includes this type.   Set to ``False`` to disable
+    statements using this type from being cached at all without a warning.
+    When set to ``True``, the object's class and selected elements from its
+    state will be used as part of the cache key.  For example, using a
+    :class:`.TypeDecorator`::
+
+        class MyType(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String
+
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            def __init__(self, choices):
+                self.choices = tuple(choices)
+                self.internal_only = True
+
+    The cache key for the above type would be equivalent to::
+
+        >>> MyType(["a", "b", "c"])._static_cache_key
+        (<class '__main__.MyType'>, ('choices', ('a', 'b', 'c')))
+
+    The caching scheme will extract attributes from the type that correspond
+    to the names of parameters in the ``__init__()`` method.  Above, the
+    "choices" attribute becomes part of the cache key but "internal_only"
+    does not, because there is no parameter named "internal_only".
+
+    The requirements for cacheable elements is that they are hashable
+    and also that they indicate the same SQL rendered for expressions using
+    this type every time for a given cache value.
+
+    To accommodate for datatypes that refer to unhashable structures such
+    as dictionaries, sets and lists, these objects can be made "cacheable"
+    by assigning hashable structures to the attributes whose names
+    correspond with the names of the arguments.  For example, a datatype
+    which accepts a dictionary of lookup values may publish this as a sorted
+    series of tuples.   Given a previously un-cacheable type as::
+
+        class LookupType(UserDefinedType):
+            """a custom type that accepts a dictionary as a parameter.
+
+            this is the non-cacheable version, as "self.lookup" is not
+            hashable.
+
+            """
+
+            def __init__(self, lookup):
+                self.lookup = lookup
+
+            def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
+                return "VARCHAR(255)"
+
+            def bind_processor(self, dialect): ...  # works with "self.lookup" ...
+
+    Where "lookup" is a dictionary.  The type will not be able to generate
+    a cache key::
+
+        >>> type_ = LookupType({"a": 10, "b": 20})
+        >>> type_._static_cache_key
+        <stdin>:1: SAWarning: UserDefinedType LookupType({'a': 10, 'b': 20}) will not
+        produce a cache key because the ``cache_ok`` flag is not set to True.
+        Set this flag to True if this type object's state is safe to use
+        in a cache key, or False to disable this warning.
+        symbol('no_cache')
+
+    If we **did** set up such a cache key, it wouldn't be usable. We would
+    get a tuple structure that contains a dictionary inside of it, which
+    cannot itself be used as a key in a "cache dictionary" such as SQLAlchemy's
+    statement cache, since Python dictionaries aren't hashable::
+
+        >>> # set cache_ok = True
+        >>> type_.cache_ok = True
+
+        >>> # this is the cache key it would generate
+        >>> key = type_._static_cache_key
+        >>> key
+        (<class '__main__.LookupType'>, ('lookup', {'a': 10, 'b': 20}))
+
+        >>> # however this key is not hashable, will fail when used with
+        >>> # SQLAlchemy statement cache
+        >>> some_cache = {key: "some sql value"}
+        Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1,
+        in <module> TypeError: unhashable type: 'dict'
+
+    The type may be made cacheable by assigning a sorted tuple of tuples
+    to the ".lookup" attribute::
+
+        class LookupType(UserDefinedType):
+            """a custom type that accepts a dictionary as a parameter.
+
+            The dictionary is stored both as itself in a private variable,
+            and published in a public variable as a sorted tuple of tuples,
+            which is hashable and will also return the same value for any
+            two equivalent dictionaries.  Note it assumes the keys and
+            values of the dictionary are themselves hashable.
+
+            """
+
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            def __init__(self, lookup):
+                self._lookup = lookup
+
+                # assume keys/values of "lookup" are hashable; otherwise
+                # they would also need to be converted in some way here
+                self.lookup = tuple((key, lookup[key]) for key in sorted(lookup))
+
+            def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
+                return "VARCHAR(255)"
+
+            def bind_processor(self, dialect): ...  # works with "self._lookup" ...
+
+    Where above, the cache key for ``LookupType({"a": 10, "b": 20})`` will be::
+
+        >>> LookupType({"a": 10, "b": 20})._static_cache_key
+        (<class '__main__.LookupType'>, ('lookup', (('a', 10), ('b', 20))))
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.14 - added the ``cache_ok`` flag to allow
+       some configurability of caching for :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28 - added the :class:`.ExternalType` mixin which
+       generalizes the ``cache_ok`` flag to both the :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+       and :class:`.UserDefinedType` classes.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :ref:`sql_caching`
+
+    '''  # noqa: E501
+
+    @util.non_memoized_property
+    def _static_cache_key(
+        self,
+    ) -> Union[CacheConst, Tuple[Any, ...]]:
+        cache_ok = self.__class__.__dict__.get("cache_ok", None)
+
+        if cache_ok is None:
+            for subtype in self.__class__.__mro__:
+                if ExternalType in subtype.__bases__:
+                    break
+            else:
+                subtype = self.__class__.__mro__[1]
+
+            util.warn(
+                "%s %r will not produce a cache key because "
+                "the ``cache_ok`` attribute is not set to True.  This can "
+                "have significant performance implications including some "
+                "performance degradations in comparison to prior SQLAlchemy "
+                "versions.  Set this attribute to True if this type object's "
+                "state is safe to use in a cache key, or False to "
+                "disable this warning." % (subtype.__name__, self),
+                code="cprf",
+            )
+        elif cache_ok is True:
+            return super()._static_cache_key
+
+        return NO_CACHE
+
+
+class UserDefinedType(
+    ExternalType, TypeEngineMixin, TypeEngine[_T], util.EnsureKWArg
+):
+    """Base for user defined types.
+
+    This should be the base of new types.  Note that
+    for most cases, :class:`.TypeDecorator` is probably
+    more appropriate::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+
+      class MyType(types.UserDefinedType):
+          cache_ok = True
+
+          def __init__(self, precision=8):
+              self.precision = precision
+
+          def get_col_spec(self, **kw):
+              return "MYTYPE(%s)" % self.precision
+
+          def bind_processor(self, dialect):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+
+              return process
+
+          def result_processor(self, dialect, coltype):
+              def process(value):
+                  return value
+
+              return process
+
+    Once the type is made, it's immediately usable::
+
+      table = Table(
+          "foo",
+          metadata_obj,
+          Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+          Column("data", MyType(16)),
+      )
+
+    The ``get_col_spec()`` method will in most cases receive a keyword
+    argument ``type_expression`` which refers to the owning expression
+    of the type as being compiled, such as a :class:`_schema.Column` or
+    :func:`.cast` construct.  This keyword is only sent if the method
+    accepts keyword arguments (e.g. ``**kw``) in its argument signature;
+    introspection is used to check for this in order to support legacy
+    forms of this function.
+
+    The :attr:`.UserDefinedType.cache_ok` class-level flag indicates if this
+    custom :class:`.UserDefinedType` is safe to be used as part of a cache key.
+    This flag defaults to ``None`` which will initially generate a warning
+    when the SQL compiler attempts to generate a cache key for a statement
+    that uses this type.  If the :class:`.UserDefinedType` is not guaranteed
+    to produce the same bind/result behavior and SQL generation
+    every time, this flag should be set to ``False``; otherwise if the
+    class produces the same behavior each time, it may be set to ``True``.
+    See :attr:`.UserDefinedType.cache_ok` for further notes on how this works.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4.28 Generalized the :attr:`.ExternalType.cache_ok`
+       flag so that it is available for both :class:`.TypeDecorator` as well
+       as :class:`.UserDefinedType`.
+
+    """
+
+    __visit_name__ = "user_defined"
+
+    ensure_kwarg = "get_col_spec"
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        Default behavior for :class:`.UserDefinedType` is the
+        same as that of :class:`.TypeDecorator`; by default it returns
+        ``self``, assuming the compared value should be coerced into
+        the same type as this one.  See
+        :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` for more detail.
+
+        """
+
+        return self
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def get_col_spec(self, **kw: Any) -> str: ...
+
+
+class Emulated(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Mixin for base types that emulate the behavior of a DB-native type.
+
+    An :class:`.Emulated` type will use an available database type
+    in conjunction with Python-side routines and/or database constraints
+    in order to approximate the behavior of a database type that is provided
+    natively by some backends.  When a native-providing backend is in
+    use, the native version of the type is used.  This native version
+    should include the :class:`.NativeForEmulated` mixin to allow it to be
+    distinguished from :class:`.Emulated`.
+
+    Current examples of :class:`.Emulated` are:  :class:`.Interval`,
+    :class:`.Enum`, :class:`.Boolean`.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.0b3
+
+    """
+
+    native: bool
+
+    def adapt_to_emulated(
+        self,
+        impltype: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Given an impl class, adapt this type to the impl assuming
+        "emulated".
+
+        The impl should also be an "emulated" version of this type,
+        most likely the same class as this type itself.
+
+        e.g.: sqltypes.Enum adapts to the Enum class.
+
+        """
+        return super().adapt(impltype, **kw)
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(self, cls: Type[_TE], **kw: Any) -> _TE: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[TypeEngineMixin], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]: ...
+
+    def adapt(
+        self, cls: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]], **kw: Any
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        if _is_native_for_emulated(cls):
+            if self.native:
+                # native support requested, dialect gave us a native
+                # implementor, pass control over to it
+                return cls.adapt_emulated_to_native(self, **kw)
+            else:
+                # non-native support, let the native implementor
+                # decide also, at the moment this is just to help debugging
+                # as only the default logic is implemented.
+                return cls.adapt_native_to_emulated(self, **kw)
+        else:
+            # this would be, both classes are Enum, or both classes
+            # are postgresql.ENUM
+            if issubclass(cls, self.__class__):
+                return self.adapt_to_emulated(cls, **kw)
+            else:
+                return super().adapt(cls, **kw)
+
+
+def _is_native_for_emulated(
+    typ: Type[Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin]],
+) -> TypeGuard[Type[NativeForEmulated]]:
+    return hasattr(typ, "adapt_emulated_to_native")
+
+
+class NativeForEmulated(TypeEngineMixin):
+    """Indicates DB-native types supported by an :class:`.Emulated` type.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.2.0b3
+
+    """
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_native_to_emulated(
+        cls,
+        impl: Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Given an impl, adapt this type's class to the impl assuming
+        "emulated".
+
+
+        """
+        impltype = impl.__class__
+        return impl.adapt(impltype, **kw)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def adapt_emulated_to_native(
+        cls,
+        impl: Union[TypeEngine[Any], TypeEngineMixin],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Given an impl, adapt this type's class to the impl assuming
+        "native".
+
+        The impl will be an :class:`.Emulated` class but not a
+        :class:`.NativeForEmulated`.
+
+        e.g.: postgresql.ENUM produces a type given an Enum instance.
+
+        """
+
+        # dmypy seems to crash on this
+        return cls(**kw)  # type: ignore
+
+    # dmypy seems to crash with this, on repeated runs with changes
+    # if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    #    def __init__(self, **kw: Any):
+    #        ...
+
+
+class TypeDecorator(SchemaEventTarget, ExternalType, TypeEngine[_T]):
+    '''Allows the creation of types which add additional functionality
+    to an existing type.
+
+    This method is preferred to direct subclassing of SQLAlchemy's
+    built-in types as it ensures that all required functionality of
+    the underlying type is kept in place.
+
+    Typical usage::
+
+      import sqlalchemy.types as types
+
+
+      class MyType(types.TypeDecorator):
+          """Prefixes Unicode values with "PREFIX:" on the way in and
+          strips it off on the way out.
+          """
+
+          impl = types.Unicode
+
+          cache_ok = True
+
+          def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+              return "PREFIX:" + value
+
+          def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+              return value[7:]
+
+          def copy(self, **kw):
+              return MyType(self.impl.length)
+
+    The class-level ``impl`` attribute is required, and can reference any
+    :class:`.TypeEngine` class.  Alternatively, the :meth:`load_dialect_impl`
+    method can be used to provide different type classes based on the dialect
+    given; in this case, the ``impl`` variable can reference
+    ``TypeEngine`` as a placeholder.
+
+    The :attr:`.TypeDecorator.cache_ok` class-level flag indicates if this
+    custom :class:`.TypeDecorator` is safe to be used as part of a cache key.
+    This flag defaults to ``None`` which will initially generate a warning
+    when the SQL compiler attempts to generate a cache key for a statement
+    that uses this type.  If the :class:`.TypeDecorator` is not guaranteed
+    to produce the same bind/result behavior and SQL generation
+    every time, this flag should be set to ``False``; otherwise if the
+    class produces the same behavior each time, it may be set to ``True``.
+    See :attr:`.TypeDecorator.cache_ok` for further notes on how this works.
+
+    Types that receive a Python type that isn't similar to the ultimate type
+    used may want to define the :meth:`TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value`
+    method. This is used to give the expression system a hint when coercing
+    Python objects into bind parameters within expressions. Consider this
+    expression::
+
+        mytable.c.somecol + datetime.date(2009, 5, 15)
+
+    Above, if "somecol" is an ``Integer`` variant, it makes sense that
+    we're doing date arithmetic, where above is usually interpreted
+    by databases as adding a number of days to the given date.
+    The expression system does the right thing by not attempting to
+    coerce the "date()" value into an integer-oriented bind parameter.
+
+    However, in the case of ``TypeDecorator``, we are usually changing an
+    incoming Python type to something new - ``TypeDecorator`` by default will
+    "coerce" the non-typed side to be the same type as itself. Such as below,
+    we define an "epoch" type that stores a date value as an integer::
+
+        class MyEpochType(types.TypeDecorator):
+            impl = types.Integer
+
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            epoch = datetime.date(1970, 1, 1)
+
+            def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
+                return (value - self.epoch).days
+
+            def process_result_value(self, value, dialect):
+                return self.epoch + timedelta(days=value)
+
+    Our expression of ``somecol + date`` with the above type will coerce the
+    "date" on the right side to also be treated as ``MyEpochType``.
+
+    This behavior can be overridden via the
+    :meth:`~TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value` method, which returns a type
+    that should be used for the value of the expression. Below we set it such
+    that an integer value will be treated as an ``Integer``, and any other
+    value is assumed to be a date and will be treated as a ``MyEpochType``::
+
+        def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+            if isinstance(value, int):
+                return Integer()
+            else:
+                return self
+
+    .. warning::
+
+       Note that the **behavior of coerce_compared_value is not inherited
+       by default from that of the base type**.
+       If the :class:`.TypeDecorator` is augmenting a
+       type that requires special logic for certain types of operators,
+       this method **must** be overridden.  A key example is when decorating
+       the :class:`_postgresql.JSON` and :class:`_postgresql.JSONB` types;
+       the default rules of :meth:`.TypeEngine.coerce_compared_value` should
+       be used in order to deal with operators like index operations::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import JSON
+            from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+
+            class MyJsonType(TypeDecorator):
+                impl = JSON
+
+                cache_ok = True
+
+                def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+                    return self.impl.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+       Without the above step, index operations such as ``mycol['foo']``
+       will cause the index value ``'foo'`` to be JSON encoded.
+
+       Similarly, when working with the :class:`.ARRAY` datatype, the
+       type coercion for index operations (e.g. ``mycol[5]``) is also
+       handled by :meth:`.TypeDecorator.coerce_compared_value`, where
+       again a simple override is sufficient unless special rules are needed
+       for particular operators::
+
+            from sqlalchemy import ARRAY
+            from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
+
+
+            class MyArrayType(TypeDecorator):
+                impl = ARRAY
+
+                cache_ok = True
+
+                def coerce_compared_value(self, op, value):
+                    return self.impl.coerce_compared_value(op, value)
+
+    '''
+
+    __visit_name__ = "type_decorator"
+
+    _is_type_decorator = True
+
+    # this is that pattern I've used in a few places (Dialect.dbapi,
+    # Dialect.type_compiler) where the "cls.attr" is a class to make something,
+    # and "instance.attr" is an instance of that thing.  It's such a nifty,
+    # great pattern, and there is zero chance Python typing tools will ever be
+    # OK with it.  For TypeDecorator.impl, this is a highly public attribute so
+    # we really can't change its behavior without a major deprecation routine.
+    impl: Union[TypeEngine[Any], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]]
+
+    # we are changing its behavior *slightly*, which is that we now consume
+    # the instance level version from this memoized property instead, so you
+    # can't reassign "impl" on an existing TypeDecorator that's already been
+    # used (something one shouldn't do anyway) without also updating
+    # impl_instance.
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def impl_instance(self) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        return self.impl  # type: ignore
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
+        """Construct a :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        Arguments sent here are passed to the constructor
+        of the class assigned to the ``impl`` class level attribute,
+        assuming the ``impl`` is a callable, and the resulting
+        object is assigned to the ``self.impl`` instance attribute
+        (thus overriding the class attribute of the same name).
+
+        If the class level ``impl`` is not a callable (the unusual case),
+        it will be assigned to the same instance attribute 'as-is',
+        ignoring those arguments passed to the constructor.
+
+        Subclasses can override this to customize the generation
+        of ``self.impl`` entirely.
+
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(self.__class__, "impl"):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "TypeDecorator implementations "
+                "require a class-level variable "
+                "'impl' which refers to the class of "
+                "type being decorated"
+            )
+
+        self.impl = to_instance(self.__class__.impl, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    coerce_to_is_types: Sequence[Type[Any]] = (type(None),)
+    """Specify those Python types which should be coerced at the expression
+    level to "IS <constant>" when compared using ``==`` (and same for
+    ``IS NOT`` in conjunction with ``!=``).
+
+    For most SQLAlchemy types, this includes ``NoneType``, as well as
+    ``bool``.
+
+    :class:`.TypeDecorator` modifies this list to only include ``NoneType``,
+    as typedecorator implementations that deal with boolean types are common.
+
+    Custom :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes can override this attribute to
+    return an empty tuple, in which case no values will be coerced to
+    constants.
+
+    """
+
+    class Comparator(TypeEngine.Comparator[_CT]):
+        """A :class:`.TypeEngine.Comparator` that is specific to
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        User-defined :class:`.TypeDecorator` classes should not typically
+        need to modify this.
+
+
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, *other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self.expr.type, TypeDecorator)
+            kwargs["_python_is_types"] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super().operate(op, *other, **kwargs)
+
+        def reverse_operate(
+            self, op: OperatorType, other: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> ColumnElement[_CT]:
+            if TYPE_CHECKING:
+                assert isinstance(self.expr.type, TypeDecorator)
+            kwargs["_python_is_types"] = self.expr.type.coerce_to_is_types
+            return super().reverse_operate(op, other, **kwargs)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reduce_td_comparator(
+        impl: TypeEngine[Any], expr: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> Any:
+        return TypeDecorator._create_td_comparator_type(impl)(expr)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _create_td_comparator_type(
+        impl: TypeEngine[Any],
+    ) -> _ComparatorFactory[Any]:
+
+        def __reduce__(self: TypeDecorator.Comparator[Any]) -> Any:
+            return (TypeDecorator._reduce_td_comparator, (impl, self.expr))
+
+        return type(
+            "TDComparator",
+            (TypeDecorator.Comparator, impl.comparator_factory),  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+            {"__reduce__": __reduce__},
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def comparator_factory(  # type: ignore  # mypy properties bug
+        self,
+    ) -> _ComparatorFactory[Any]:
+        if TypeDecorator.Comparator in self.impl.comparator_factory.__mro__:  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+            return self.impl_instance.comparator_factory
+        else:
+            # reconcile the Comparator class on the impl with that
+            # of TypeDecorator.
+            # the use of multiple staticmethods is to support repeated
+            # pickling of the Comparator itself
+            return TypeDecorator._create_td_comparator_type(self.impl_instance)
+
+    def _copy_with_check(self) -> Self:
+        tt = self.copy()
+        if not isinstance(tt, self.__class__):
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Type object %s does not properly "
+                "implement the copy() method, it must "
+                "return an object of type %s" % (self, self.__class__)
+            )
+        return tt
+
+    def _gen_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[_T]:
+        if dialect.name in self._variant_mapping:
+            adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(
+                self._variant_mapping[dialect.name]
+            )
+        else:
+            adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if adapted is not self:
+            return adapted
+
+        # otherwise adapt the impl type, link
+        # to a copy of this TypeDecorator and return
+        # that.
+        typedesc = self.load_dialect_impl(dialect).dialect_impl(dialect)
+        tt = self._copy_with_check()
+        tt.impl = tt.impl_instance = typedesc
+        return tt
+
+    def _with_collation(self, collation: str) -> Self:
+        tt = self._copy_with_check()
+        tt.impl = tt.impl_instance = self.impl_instance._with_collation(
+            collation
+        )
+        return tt
+
+    @util.ro_non_memoized_property
+    def _type_affinity(self) -> Optional[Type[TypeEngine[Any]]]:
+        return self.impl_instance._type_affinity
+
+    def _set_parent(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, outer: bool = False, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        super()._set_parent(parent)
+
+        if not outer and isinstance(self.impl_instance, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.impl_instance._set_parent(parent, outer=False, **kw)
+
+    def _set_parent_with_dispatch(
+        self, parent: SchemaEventTarget, **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Support SchemaEventTarget"""
+
+        super()._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent, outer=True, **kw)
+
+        if isinstance(self.impl_instance, SchemaEventTarget):
+            self.impl_instance._set_parent_with_dispatch(parent)
+
+    def type_engine(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Return a dialect-specific :class:`.TypeEngine` instance
+        for this :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        In most cases this returns a dialect-adapted form of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` type represented by ``self.impl``.
+        Makes usage of :meth:`dialect_impl`.
+        Behavior can be customized here by overriding
+        :meth:`load_dialect_impl`.
+
+        """
+        adapted = dialect.type_descriptor(self)
+        if not isinstance(adapted, type(self)):
+            return adapted
+        else:
+            return self.load_dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+    def load_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Return a :class:`.TypeEngine` object corresponding to a dialect.
+
+        This is an end-user override hook that can be used to provide
+        differing types depending on the given dialect.  It is used
+        by the :class:`.TypeDecorator` implementation of :meth:`type_engine`
+        to help determine what type should ultimately be returned
+        for a given :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default returns ``self.impl``.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance
+
+    def _unwrapped_dialect_impl(self, dialect: Dialect) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+        """Return the 'unwrapped' dialect impl for this type.
+
+        This is used by the :meth:`.DefaultDialect.set_input_sizes`
+        method.
+
+        """
+        # some dialects have a lookup for a TypeDecorator subclass directly.
+        # postgresql.INTERVAL being the main example
+        typ = self.dialect_impl(dialect)
+
+        # if we are still a type decorator, load the per-dialect switch
+        # (such as what Variant uses), then get the dialect impl for that.
+        if isinstance(typ, self.__class__):
+            return typ.load_dialect_impl(dialect).dialect_impl(dialect)
+        else:
+            return typ
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        """Proxy all other undefined accessors to the underlying
+        implementation."""
+        return getattr(self.impl_instance, key)
+
+    def process_literal_param(
+        self, value: Optional[_T], dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> str:
+        """Receive a literal parameter value to be rendered inline within
+        a statement.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+            statement, when rendering a SQL string. Unlike other SQL
+            compilation methods, it is passed a specific Python value to be
+            rendered as a string. However it should not be confused with the
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` method, which is
+            the more typical method that processes the actual value passed to a
+            particular parameter at statement execution time.
+
+        Custom subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should override
+        this method to provide custom behaviors for incoming data values
+        that are in the special case of being rendered as literals.
+
+        The returned string will be rendered into the output string.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_bind_param(self, value: Optional[_T], dialect: Dialect) -> Any:
+        """Receive a bound parameter value to be converted.
+
+        Custom subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should override
+        this method to provide custom behaviors for incoming data values.
+        This method is called at **statement execution time** and is passed
+        the literal Python data value which is to be associated with a bound
+        parameter in the statement.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or serializing data.
+        This could also be used as a hook for validating logic.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value`
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def process_result_value(
+        self, value: Optional[Any], dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_T]:
+        """Receive a result-row column value to be converted.
+
+        Custom subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should override
+        this method to provide custom behaviors for data values
+        being received in result rows coming from the database.
+        This method is called at **result fetching time** and is passed
+        the literal Python data value that's extracted from a database result
+        row.
+
+        The operation could be anything desired to perform custom
+        behavior, such as transforming or deserializing data.
+
+        :param value: Data to operate upon, of any type expected by
+         this method in the subclass.  Can be ``None``.
+        :param dialect: the :class:`.Dialect` in use.
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :ref:`types_typedecorator`
+
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param`
+
+
+        """
+
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_processor(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_bind_param is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_bind_param to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(
+            self, TypeDecorator.process_bind_param
+        )
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_literal_processor(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_literal_param is implemented."""
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(
+            self, TypeDecorator.process_literal_param
+        )
+
+    def literal_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_LiteralProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Provide a literal processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for literal value conversion which normally occurs via
+        the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.literal_processor` method.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            User-defined subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should
+            **not** implement this method, and should instead implement
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_literal_param` so that the
+            "inner" processing provided by the implementing type is maintained.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._has_literal_processor:
+            process_literal_param = self.process_literal_param
+            process_bind_param = None
+        elif self._has_bind_processor:
+            # use the bind processor if dont have a literal processor,
+            # but we have an impl literal processor
+            process_literal_param = None
+            process_bind_param = self.process_bind_param
+        else:
+            process_literal_param = None
+            process_bind_param = None
+
+        if process_literal_param is not None:
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.literal_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+                fixed_process_literal_param = process_literal_param
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> str:
+                    return fixed_impl_processor(
+                        fixed_process_literal_param(value, dialect)
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                fixed_process_literal_param = process_literal_param
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> str:
+                    return fixed_process_literal_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+
+        elif process_bind_param is not None:
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.literal_processor(dialect)
+            if not impl_processor:
+                return None
+            else:
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+                fixed_process_bind_param = process_bind_param
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> str:
+                    return fixed_impl_processor(
+                        fixed_process_bind_param(value, dialect)
+                    )
+
+                return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl_instance.literal_processor(dialect)
+
+    def bind_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect
+    ) -> Optional[_BindProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Provide a bound value processing function for the
+        given :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for bound value conversion which normally occurs via
+        the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.bind_processor` method.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            User-defined subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should
+            **not** implement this method, and should instead implement
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` so that the "inner"
+            processing provided by the implementing type is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+
+        """
+        if self._has_bind_processor:
+            process_param = self.process_bind_param
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+            if impl_processor:
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+                fixed_process_param = process_param
+
+                def process(value: Optional[_T]) -> Any:
+                    return fixed_impl_processor(
+                        fixed_process_param(value, dialect)
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                fixed_process_param = process_param
+
+                def process(value: Optional[_T]) -> Any:
+                    return fixed_process_param(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl_instance.bind_processor(dialect)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_result_processor(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if process_result_value is implemented.
+
+        Allows the base process_result_value to raise
+        NotImplementedError without needing to test an expensive
+        exception throw.
+
+        """
+
+        return util.method_is_overridden(
+            self, TypeDecorator.process_result_value
+        )
+
+    def result_processor(
+        self, dialect: Dialect, coltype: Any
+    ) -> Optional[_ResultProcessorType[_T]]:
+        """Provide a result value processing function for the given
+        :class:`.Dialect`.
+
+        This is the method that fulfills the :class:`.TypeEngine`
+        contract for bound value conversion which normally occurs via
+        the :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.result_processor` method.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            User-defined subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` should
+            **not** implement this method, and should instead implement
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value` so that the
+            "inner" processing provided by the implementing type is maintained.
+
+        :param dialect: Dialect instance in use.
+        :param coltype: A SQLAlchemy data type
+
+        """
+        if self._has_result_processor:
+            process_value = self.process_result_value
+            impl_processor = self.impl_instance.result_processor(
+                dialect, coltype
+            )
+            if impl_processor:
+                fixed_process_value = process_value
+                fixed_impl_processor = impl_processor
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+                    return fixed_process_value(
+                        fixed_impl_processor(value), dialect
+                    )
+
+            else:
+                fixed_process_value = process_value
+
+                def process(value: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+                    return fixed_process_value(value, dialect)
+
+            return process
+        else:
+            return self.impl_instance.result_processor(dialect, coltype)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_bind_expression(self) -> bool:
+        return (
+            util.method_is_overridden(self, TypeDecorator.bind_expression)
+            or self.impl_instance._has_bind_expression
+        )
+
+    def bind_expression(
+        self, bindparam: BindParameter[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a bind value (i.e. a :class:`.BindParameter` instance),
+        return a SQL expression which will typically wrap the given parameter.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+            statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** necessarily
+            called against specific values, and should not be confused with the
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_bind_param` method, which is
+            the more typical method that processes the actual value passed to a
+            particular parameter at statement execution time.
+
+        Subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` can override this method
+        to provide custom bind expression behavior for the type.  This
+        implementation will **replace** that of the underlying implementation
+        type.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance.bind_expression(bindparam)
+
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _has_column_expression(self) -> bool:
+        """memoized boolean, check if column_expression is implemented.
+
+        Allows the method to be skipped for the vast majority of expression
+        types that don't use this feature.
+
+        """
+
+        return (
+            util.method_is_overridden(self, TypeDecorator.column_expression)
+            or self.impl_instance._has_column_expression
+        )
+
+    def column_expression(
+        self, column: ColumnElement[_T]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[_T]]:
+        """Given a SELECT column expression, return a wrapping SQL expression.
+
+        .. note::
+
+            This method is called during the **SQL compilation** phase of a
+            statement, when rendering a SQL string. It is **not** called
+            against specific values, and should not be confused with the
+            :meth:`_types.TypeDecorator.process_result_value` method, which is
+            the more typical method that processes the actual value returned
+            in a result row subsequent to statement execution time.
+
+        Subclasses of :class:`_types.TypeDecorator` can override this method
+        to provide custom column expression behavior for the type.  This
+        implementation will **replace** that of the underlying implementation
+        type.
+
+        See the description of :meth:`_types.TypeEngine.column_expression`
+        for a complete description of the method's use.
+
+        """
+
+        return self.impl_instance.column_expression(column)
+
+    def coerce_compared_value(
+        self, op: Optional[OperatorType], value: Any
+    ) -> Any:
+        """Suggest a type for a 'coerced' Python value in an expression.
+
+        By default, returns self.   This method is called by
+        the expression system when an object using this type is
+        on the left or right side of an expression against a plain Python
+        object which does not yet have a SQLAlchemy type assigned::
+
+            expr = table.c.somecolumn + 35
+
+        Where above, if ``somecolumn`` uses this type, this method will
+        be called with the value ``operator.add``
+        and ``35``.  The return value is whatever SQLAlchemy type should
+        be used for ``35`` for this particular operation.
+
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """Produce a copy of this :class:`.TypeDecorator` instance.
+
+        This is a shallow copy and is provided to fulfill part of
+        the :class:`.TypeEngine` contract.  It usually does not
+        need to be overridden unless the user-defined :class:`.TypeDecorator`
+        has local state that should be deep-copied.
+
+        """
+
+        instance = self.__class__.__new__(self.__class__)
+        instance.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return instance
+
+    def get_dbapi_type(self, dbapi: ModuleType) -> Optional[Any]:
+        """Return the DBAPI type object represented by this
+        :class:`.TypeDecorator`.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.get_dbapi_type` of the
+        underlying "impl".
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance.get_dbapi_type(dbapi)
+
+    def compare_values(self, x: Any, y: Any) -> bool:
+        """Given two values, compare them for equality.
+
+        By default this calls upon :meth:`.TypeEngine.compare_values`
+        of the underlying "impl", which in turn usually
+        uses the Python equals operator ``==``.
+
+        This function is used by the ORM to compare
+        an original-loaded value with an intercepted
+        "changed" value, to determine if a net change
+        has occurred.
+
+        """
+        return self.impl_instance.compare_values(x, y)
+
+    # mypy property bug
+    @property
+    def sort_key_function(self) -> Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]]:  # type: ignore # noqa: E501
+        return self.impl_instance.sort_key_function
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return util.generic_repr(self, to_inspect=self.impl_instance)
+
+
+class Variant(TypeDecorator[_T]):
+    """deprecated.  symbol is present for backwards-compatibility with
+    workaround recipes, however this actual type should not be used.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Variant is no longer used in SQLAlchemy; this is a "
+            "placeholder symbol for backwards compatibility."
+        )
+
+
+@overload
+def to_instance(
+    typeobj: Union[Type[_TE], _TE], *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> _TE: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def to_instance(typeobj: None, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> TypeEngine[None]: ...
+
+
+def to_instance(
+    typeobj: Union[Type[_TE], _TE, None], *arg: Any, **kw: Any
+) -> Union[_TE, TypeEngine[None]]:
+    if typeobj is None:
+        return NULLTYPE
+
+    if callable(typeobj):
+        return typeobj(*arg, **kw)
+    else:
+        return typeobj
+
+
+def adapt_type(
+    typeobj: _TypeEngineArgument[Any],
+    colspecs: Mapping[Type[Any], Type[TypeEngine[Any]]],
+) -> TypeEngine[Any]:
+    typeobj = to_instance(typeobj)
+    for t in typeobj.__class__.__mro__[0:-1]:
+        try:
+            impltype = colspecs[t]
+            break
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    else:
+        # couldn't adapt - so just return the type itself
+        # (it may be a user-defined type)
+        return typeobj
+    # if we adapted the given generic type to a database-specific type,
+    # but it turns out the originally given "generic" type
+    # is actually a subclass of our resulting type, then we were already
+    # given a more specific type than that required; so use that.
+    if issubclass(typeobj.__class__, impltype):
+        return typeobj
+    return typeobj.adapt(impltype)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06ca1532
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1487 @@
+# sql/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""High level utilities which build upon other modules here.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import copy
+from itertools import chain
+import typing
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import coercions
+from . import operators
+from . import roles
+from . import visitors
+from ._typing import is_text_clause
+from .annotation import _deep_annotate as _deep_annotate  # noqa: F401
+from .annotation import _deep_deannotate as _deep_deannotate  # noqa: F401
+from .annotation import _shallow_annotate as _shallow_annotate  # noqa: F401
+from .base import _expand_cloned
+from .base import _from_objects
+from .cache_key import HasCacheKey as HasCacheKey  # noqa: F401
+from .ddl import sort_tables as sort_tables  # noqa: F401
+from .elements import _find_columns as _find_columns
+from .elements import _label_reference
+from .elements import _textual_label_reference
+from .elements import BindParameter
+from .elements import ClauseElement
+from .elements import ColumnClause
+from .elements import ColumnElement
+from .elements import Grouping
+from .elements import KeyedColumnElement
+from .elements import Label
+from .elements import NamedColumn
+from .elements import Null
+from .elements import UnaryExpression
+from .schema import Column
+from .selectable import Alias
+from .selectable import FromClause
+from .selectable import FromGrouping
+from .selectable import Join
+from .selectable import ScalarSelect
+from .selectable import SelectBase
+from .selectable import TableClause
+from .visitors import _ET
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._typing import _EquivalentColumnMap
+    from ._typing import _LimitOffsetType
+    from ._typing import _TypeEngineArgument
+    from .elements import BinaryExpression
+    from .elements import TextClause
+    from .selectable import _JoinTargetElement
+    from .selectable import _SelectIterable
+    from .selectable import Selectable
+    from .visitors import _TraverseCallableType
+    from .visitors import ExternallyTraversible
+    from .visitors import ExternalTraversal
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _AnyExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _AnyMultiExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _AnySingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.interfaces import _CoreSingleExecuteParams
+    from ..engine.row import Row
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+
+def join_condition(
+    a: FromClause,
+    b: FromClause,
+    a_subset: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+    consider_as_foreign_keys: Optional[AbstractSet[ColumnClause[Any]]] = None,
+) -> ColumnElement[bool]:
+    """Create a join condition between two tables or selectables.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        join_condition(tablea, tableb)
+
+    would produce an expression along the lines of::
+
+        tablea.c.id == tableb.c.tablea_id
+
+    The join is determined based on the foreign key relationships
+    between the two selectables.   If there are multiple ways
+    to join, or no way to join, an error is raised.
+
+    :param a_subset: An optional expression that is a sub-component
+        of ``a``.  An attempt will be made to join to just this sub-component
+        first before looking at the full ``a`` construct, and if found
+        will be successful even if there are other ways to join to ``a``.
+        This allows the "right side" of a join to be passed thereby
+        providing a "natural join".
+
+    """
+    return Join._join_condition(
+        a,
+        b,
+        a_subset=a_subset,
+        consider_as_foreign_keys=consider_as_foreign_keys,
+    )
+
+
+def find_join_source(
+    clauses: List[FromClause], join_to: FromClause
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses and a selectable,
+    return the first index and element from the list of
+    clauses which can be joined against the selectable.  returns
+    None, None if no match is found.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        clause1 = table1.join(table2)
+        clause2 = table4.join(table5)
+
+        join_to = table2.join(table3)
+
+        find_join_source([clause1, clause2], join_to) == clause1
+
+    """
+
+    selectables = list(_from_objects(join_to))
+    idx = []
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables:
+            if f.is_derived_from(s):
+                idx.append(i)
+    return idx
+
+
+def find_left_clause_that_matches_given(
+    clauses: Sequence[FromClause], join_from: FromClause
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses and a selectable,
+    return the indexes from the list of
+    clauses which is derived from the selectable.
+
+    """
+
+    selectables = list(_from_objects(join_from))
+    liberal_idx = []
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables:
+            # basic check, if f is derived from s.
+            # this can be joins containing a table, or an aliased table
+            # or select statement matching to a table.  This check
+            # will match a table to a selectable that is adapted from
+            # that table.  With Query, this suits the case where a join
+            # is being made to an adapted entity
+            if f.is_derived_from(s):
+                liberal_idx.append(i)
+                break
+
+    # in an extremely small set of use cases, a join is being made where
+    # there are multiple FROM clauses where our target table is represented
+    # in more than one, such as embedded or similar.   in this case, do
+    # another pass where we try to get a more exact match where we aren't
+    # looking at adaption relationships.
+    if len(liberal_idx) > 1:
+        conservative_idx = []
+        for idx in liberal_idx:
+            f = clauses[idx]
+            for s in selectables:
+                if set(surface_selectables(f)).intersection(
+                    surface_selectables(s)
+                ):
+                    conservative_idx.append(idx)
+                    break
+        if conservative_idx:
+            return conservative_idx
+
+    return liberal_idx
+
+
+def find_left_clause_to_join_from(
+    clauses: Sequence[FromClause],
+    join_to: _JoinTargetElement,
+    onclause: Optional[ColumnElement[Any]],
+) -> List[int]:
+    """Given a list of FROM clauses, a selectable,
+    and optional ON clause, return a list of integer indexes from the
+    clauses list indicating the clauses that can be joined from.
+
+    The presence of an "onclause" indicates that at least one clause can
+    definitely be joined from; if the list of clauses is of length one
+    and the onclause is given, returns that index.   If the list of clauses
+    is more than length one, and the onclause is given, attempts to locate
+    which clauses contain the same columns.
+
+    """
+    idx = []
+    selectables = set(_from_objects(join_to))
+
+    # if we are given more than one target clause to join
+    # from, use the onclause to provide a more specific answer.
+    # otherwise, don't try to limit, after all, "ON TRUE" is a valid
+    # on clause
+    if len(clauses) > 1 and onclause is not None:
+        resolve_ambiguity = True
+        cols_in_onclause = _find_columns(onclause)
+    else:
+        resolve_ambiguity = False
+        cols_in_onclause = None
+
+    for i, f in enumerate(clauses):
+        for s in selectables.difference([f]):
+            if resolve_ambiguity:
+                assert cols_in_onclause is not None
+                if set(f.c).union(s.c).issuperset(cols_in_onclause):
+                    idx.append(i)
+                    break
+            elif onclause is not None or Join._can_join(f, s):
+                idx.append(i)
+                break
+
+    if len(idx) > 1:
+        # this is the same "hide froms" logic from
+        # Selectable._get_display_froms
+        toremove = set(
+            chain(*[_expand_cloned(f._hide_froms) for f in clauses])
+        )
+        idx = [i for i in idx if clauses[i] not in toremove]
+
+    # onclause was given and none of them resolved, so assume
+    # all indexes can match
+    if not idx and onclause is not None:
+        return list(range(len(clauses)))
+    else:
+        return idx
+
+
+def visit_binary_product(
+    fn: Callable[
+        [BinaryExpression[Any], ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]], None
+    ],
+    expr: ColumnElement[Any],
+) -> None:
+    """Produce a traversal of the given expression, delivering
+    column comparisons to the given function.
+
+    The function is of the form::
+
+        def my_fn(binary, left, right): ...
+
+    For each binary expression located which has a
+    comparison operator, the product of "left" and
+    "right" will be delivered to that function,
+    in terms of that binary.
+
+    Hence an expression like::
+
+        and_((a + b) == q + func.sum(e + f), j == r)
+
+    would have the traversal:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        a <eq> q
+        a <eq> e
+        a <eq> f
+        b <eq> q
+        b <eq> e
+        b <eq> f
+        j <eq> r
+
+    That is, every combination of "left" and
+    "right" that doesn't further contain
+    a binary comparison is passed as pairs.
+
+    """
+    stack: List[BinaryExpression[Any]] = []
+
+    def visit(element: ClauseElement) -> Iterator[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        if isinstance(element, ScalarSelect):
+            # we don't want to dig into correlated subqueries,
+            # those are just column elements by themselves
+            yield element
+        elif element.__visit_name__ == "binary" and operators.is_comparison(
+            element.operator  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            stack.insert(0, element)  # type: ignore
+            for l in visit(element.left):  # type: ignore
+                for r in visit(element.right):  # type: ignore
+                    fn(stack[0], l, r)
+            stack.pop(0)
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                visit(elem)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(element, ColumnClause):
+                yield element
+            for elem in element.get_children():
+                yield from visit(elem)
+
+    list(visit(expr))
+    visit = None  # type: ignore  # remove gc cycles
+
+
+def find_tables(
+    clause: ClauseElement,
+    *,
+    check_columns: bool = False,
+    include_aliases: bool = False,
+    include_joins: bool = False,
+    include_selects: bool = False,
+    include_crud: bool = False,
+) -> List[TableClause]:
+    """locate Table objects within the given expression."""
+
+    tables: List[TableClause] = []
+    _visitors: Dict[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]] = {}
+
+    if include_selects:
+        _visitors["select"] = _visitors["compound_select"] = tables.append
+
+    if include_joins:
+        _visitors["join"] = tables.append
+
+    if include_aliases:
+        _visitors["alias"] = _visitors["subquery"] = _visitors[
+            "tablesample"
+        ] = _visitors["lateral"] = tables.append
+
+    if include_crud:
+        _visitors["insert"] = _visitors["update"] = _visitors["delete"] = (
+            lambda ent: tables.append(ent.table)
+        )
+
+    if check_columns:
+
+        def visit_column(column):
+            tables.append(column.table)
+
+        _visitors["column"] = visit_column
+
+    _visitors["table"] = tables.append
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {}, _visitors)
+    return tables
+
+
+def unwrap_order_by(clause: Any) -> Any:
+    """Break up an 'order by' expression into individual column-expressions,
+    without DESC/ASC/NULLS FIRST/NULLS LAST"""
+
+    cols = util.column_set()
+    result = []
+    stack = deque([clause])
+
+    # examples
+    # column -> ASC/DESC == column
+    # column -> ASC/DESC -> label == column
+    # column -> label -> ASC/DESC -> label == column
+    # scalar_select -> label -> ASC/DESC == scalar_select -> label
+
+    while stack:
+        t = stack.popleft()
+        if isinstance(t, ColumnElement) and (
+            not isinstance(t, UnaryExpression)
+            or not operators.is_ordering_modifier(t.modifier)  # type: ignore
+        ):
+            if isinstance(t, Label) and not isinstance(
+                t.element, ScalarSelect
+            ):
+                t = t.element
+
+                if isinstance(t, Grouping):
+                    t = t.element
+
+                stack.append(t)
+                continue
+            elif isinstance(t, _label_reference):
+                t = t.element
+
+                stack.append(t)
+                continue
+            if isinstance(t, (_textual_label_reference)):
+                continue
+            if t not in cols:
+                cols.add(t)
+                result.append(t)
+
+        else:
+            for c in t.get_children():
+                stack.append(c)
+    return result
+
+
+def unwrap_label_reference(element):
+    def replace(
+        element: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        if isinstance(element, _label_reference):
+            return element.element
+        elif isinstance(element, _textual_label_reference):
+            assert False, "can't unwrap a textual label reference"
+        return None
+
+    return visitors.replacement_traverse(element, {}, replace)
+
+
+def expand_column_list_from_order_by(collist, order_by):
+    """Given the columns clause and ORDER BY of a selectable,
+    return a list of column expressions that can be added to the collist
+    corresponding to the ORDER BY, without repeating those already
+    in the collist.
+
+    """
+    cols_already_present = {
+        col.element if col._order_by_label_element is not None else col
+        for col in collist
+    }
+
+    to_look_for = list(chain(*[unwrap_order_by(o) for o in order_by]))
+
+    return [col for col in to_look_for if col not in cols_already_present]
+
+
+def clause_is_present(clause, search):
+    """Given a target clause and a second to search within, return True
+    if the target is plainly present in the search without any
+    subqueries or aliases involved.
+
+    Basically descends through Joins.
+
+    """
+
+    for elem in surface_selectables(search):
+        if clause == elem:  # use == here so that Annotated's compare
+            return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+def tables_from_leftmost(clause: FromClause) -> Iterator[FromClause]:
+    if isinstance(clause, Join):
+        yield from tables_from_leftmost(clause.left)
+        yield from tables_from_leftmost(clause.right)
+    elif isinstance(clause, FromGrouping):
+        yield from tables_from_leftmost(clause.element)
+    else:
+        yield clause
+
+
+def surface_selectables(clause):
+    stack = [clause]
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop()
+        yield elem
+        if isinstance(elem, Join):
+            stack.extend((elem.left, elem.right))
+        elif isinstance(elem, FromGrouping):
+            stack.append(elem.element)
+
+
+def surface_selectables_only(clause: ClauseElement) -> Iterator[ClauseElement]:
+    stack = [clause]
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(elem, (TableClause, Alias)):
+            yield elem
+        if isinstance(elem, Join):
+            stack.extend((elem.left, elem.right))
+        elif isinstance(elem, FromGrouping):
+            stack.append(elem.element)
+        elif isinstance(elem, ColumnClause):
+            if elem.table is not None:
+                stack.append(elem.table)
+            else:
+                yield elem
+        elif elem is not None:
+            yield elem
+
+
+def extract_first_column_annotation(column, annotation_name):
+    filter_ = (FromGrouping, SelectBase)
+
+    stack = deque([column])
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.popleft()
+        if annotation_name in elem._annotations:
+            return elem._annotations[annotation_name]
+        for sub in elem.get_children():
+            if isinstance(sub, filter_):
+                continue
+            stack.append(sub)
+    return None
+
+
+def selectables_overlap(left: FromClause, right: FromClause) -> bool:
+    """Return True if left/right have some overlapping selectable"""
+
+    return bool(
+        set(surface_selectables(left)).intersection(surface_selectables(right))
+    )
+
+
+def bind_values(clause):
+    """Return an ordered list of "bound" values in the given clause.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> expr = and_(table.c.foo == 5, table.c.foo == 7)
+        >>> bind_values(expr)
+        [5, 7]
+    """
+
+    v = []
+
+    def visit_bindparam(bind):
+        v.append(bind.effective_value)
+
+    visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam})
+    return v
+
+
+def _quote_ddl_expr(element):
+    if isinstance(element, str):
+        element = element.replace("'", "''")
+        return "'%s'" % element
+    else:
+        return repr(element)
+
+
+class _repr_base:
+    _LIST: int = 0
+    _TUPLE: int = 1
+    _DICT: int = 2
+
+    __slots__ = ("max_chars",)
+
+    max_chars: int
+
+    def trunc(self, value: Any) -> str:
+        rep = repr(value)
+        lenrep = len(rep)
+        if lenrep > self.max_chars:
+            segment_length = self.max_chars // 2
+            rep = (
+                rep[0:segment_length]
+                + (
+                    " ... (%d characters truncated) ... "
+                    % (lenrep - self.max_chars)
+                )
+                + rep[-segment_length:]
+            )
+        return rep
+
+
+def _repr_single_value(value):
+    rp = _repr_base()
+    rp.max_chars = 300
+    return rp.trunc(value)
+
+
+class _repr_row(_repr_base):
+    """Provide a string view of a row."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("row",)
+
+    def __init__(self, row: Row[Any], max_chars: int = 300):
+        self.row = row
+        self.max_chars = max_chars
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+        return "(%s%s)" % (
+            ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in self.row),
+            "," if len(self.row) == 1 else "",
+        )
+
+
+class _long_statement(str):
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        lself = len(self)
+        if lself > 500:
+            lleft = 250
+            lright = 100
+            trunc = lself - lleft - lright
+            return (
+                f"{self[0:lleft]} ... {trunc} "
+                f"characters truncated ... {self[-lright:]}"
+            )
+        else:
+            return str.__str__(self)
+
+
+class _repr_params(_repr_base):
+    """Provide a string view of bound parameters.
+
+    Truncates display to a given number of 'multi' parameter sets,
+    as well as long values to a given number of characters.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "params", "batches", "ismulti", "max_params"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params: Optional[_AnyExecuteParams],
+        batches: int,
+        max_params: int = 100,
+        max_chars: int = 300,
+        ismulti: Optional[bool] = None,
+    ):
+        self.params = params
+        self.ismulti = ismulti
+        self.batches = batches
+        self.max_chars = max_chars
+        self.max_params = max_params
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.ismulti is None:
+            return self.trunc(self.params)
+
+        if isinstance(self.params, list):
+            typ = self._LIST
+
+        elif isinstance(self.params, tuple):
+            typ = self._TUPLE
+        elif isinstance(self.params, dict):
+            typ = self._DICT
+        else:
+            return self.trunc(self.params)
+
+        if self.ismulti:
+            multi_params = cast(
+                "_AnyMultiExecuteParams",
+                self.params,
+            )
+
+            if len(self.params) > self.batches:
+                msg = (
+                    " ... displaying %i of %i total bound parameter sets ... "
+                )
+                return " ".join(
+                    (
+                        self._repr_multi(
+                            multi_params[: self.batches - 2],
+                            typ,
+                        )[0:-1],
+                        msg % (self.batches, len(self.params)),
+                        self._repr_multi(multi_params[-2:], typ)[1:],
+                    )
+                )
+            else:
+                return self._repr_multi(multi_params, typ)
+        else:
+            return self._repr_params(
+                cast(
+                    "_AnySingleExecuteParams",
+                    self.params,
+                ),
+                typ,
+            )
+
+    def _repr_multi(
+        self,
+        multi_params: _AnyMultiExecuteParams,
+        typ: int,
+    ) -> str:
+        if multi_params:
+            if isinstance(multi_params[0], list):
+                elem_type = self._LIST
+            elif isinstance(multi_params[0], tuple):
+                elem_type = self._TUPLE
+            elif isinstance(multi_params[0], dict):
+                elem_type = self._DICT
+            else:
+                assert False, "Unknown parameter type %s" % (
+                    type(multi_params[0])
+                )
+
+            elements = ", ".join(
+                self._repr_params(params, elem_type) for params in multi_params
+            )
+        else:
+            elements = ""
+
+        if typ == self._LIST:
+            return "[%s]" % elements
+        else:
+            return "(%s)" % elements
+
+    def _get_batches(self, params: Iterable[Any]) -> Any:
+        lparams = list(params)
+        lenparams = len(lparams)
+        if lenparams > self.max_params:
+            lleft = self.max_params // 2
+            return (
+                lparams[0:lleft],
+                lparams[-lleft:],
+                lenparams - self.max_params,
+            )
+        else:
+            return lparams, None, None
+
+    def _repr_params(
+        self,
+        params: _AnySingleExecuteParams,
+        typ: int,
+    ) -> str:
+        if typ is self._DICT:
+            return self._repr_param_dict(
+                cast("_CoreSingleExecuteParams", params)
+            )
+        elif typ is self._TUPLE:
+            return self._repr_param_tuple(cast("Sequence[Any]", params))
+        else:
+            return self._repr_param_list(params)
+
+    def _repr_param_dict(self, params: _CoreSingleExecuteParams) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+        (
+            items_first_batch,
+            items_second_batch,
+            trunclen,
+        ) = self._get_batches(params.items())
+
+        if items_second_batch:
+            text = "{%s" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    f"{key!r}: {trunc(value)}"
+                    for key, value in items_first_batch
+                )
+            )
+            text += f" ... {trunclen} parameters truncated ... "
+            text += "%s}" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    f"{key!r}: {trunc(value)}"
+                    for key, value in items_second_batch
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "{%s}" % (
+                ", ".join(
+                    f"{key!r}: {trunc(value)}"
+                    for key, value in items_first_batch
+                )
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def _repr_param_tuple(self, params: Sequence[Any]) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+
+        (
+            items_first_batch,
+            items_second_batch,
+            trunclen,
+        ) = self._get_batches(params)
+
+        if items_second_batch:
+            text = "(%s" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch)
+            )
+            text += f" ... {trunclen} parameters truncated ... "
+            text += "%s)" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_second_batch),
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "(%s%s)" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch),
+                "," if len(items_first_batch) == 1 else "",
+            )
+        return text
+
+    def _repr_param_list(self, params: _AnySingleExecuteParams) -> str:
+        trunc = self.trunc
+        (
+            items_first_batch,
+            items_second_batch,
+            trunclen,
+        ) = self._get_batches(params)
+
+        if items_second_batch:
+            text = "[%s" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch)
+            )
+            text += f" ... {trunclen} parameters truncated ... "
+            text += "%s]" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_second_batch)
+            )
+        else:
+            text = "[%s]" % (
+                ", ".join(trunc(value) for value in items_first_batch)
+            )
+        return text
+
+
+def adapt_criterion_to_null(crit: _CE, nulls: Collection[Any]) -> _CE:
+    """given criterion containing bind params, convert selected elements
+    to IS NULL.
+
+    """
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if (
+            isinstance(binary.left, BindParameter)
+            and binary.left._identifying_key in nulls
+        ):
+            # reverse order if the NULL is on the left side
+            binary.left = binary.right
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.is_not
+        elif (
+            isinstance(binary.right, BindParameter)
+            and binary.right._identifying_key in nulls
+        ):
+            binary.right = Null()
+            binary.operator = operators.is_
+            binary.negate = operators.is_not
+
+    return visitors.cloned_traverse(crit, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+
+def splice_joins(
+    left: Optional[FromClause],
+    right: Optional[FromClause],
+    stop_on: Optional[FromClause] = None,
+) -> Optional[FromClause]:
+    if left is None:
+        return right
+
+    stack: List[Tuple[Optional[FromClause], Optional[Join]]] = [(right, None)]
+
+    adapter = ClauseAdapter(left)
+    ret = None
+    while stack:
+        (right, prevright) = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(right, Join) and right is not stop_on:
+            right = right._clone()
+            right.onclause = adapter.traverse(right.onclause)
+            stack.append((right.left, right))
+        else:
+            right = adapter.traverse(right)
+        if prevright is not None:
+            assert right is not None
+            prevright.left = right
+        if ret is None:
+            ret = right
+
+    return ret
+
+
+@overload
+def reduce_columns(
+    columns: Iterable[ColumnElement[Any]],
+    *clauses: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    **kw: bool,
+) -> Sequence[ColumnElement[Any]]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def reduce_columns(
+    columns: _SelectIterable,
+    *clauses: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    **kw: bool,
+) -> Sequence[Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]]: ...
+
+
+def reduce_columns(
+    columns: _SelectIterable,
+    *clauses: Optional[ClauseElement],
+    **kw: bool,
+) -> Collection[Union[ColumnElement[Any], TextClause]]:
+    r"""given a list of columns, return a 'reduced' set based on natural
+    equivalents.
+
+    the set is reduced to the smallest list of columns which have no natural
+    equivalent present in the list.  A "natural equivalent" means that two
+    columns will ultimately represent the same value because they are related
+    by a foreign key.
+
+    \*clauses is an optional list of join clauses which will be traversed
+    to further identify columns that are "equivalent".
+
+    \**kw may specify 'ignore_nonexistent_tables' to ignore foreign keys
+    whose tables are not yet configured, or columns that aren't yet present.
+
+    This function is primarily used to determine the most minimal "primary
+    key" from a selectable, by reducing the set of primary key columns present
+    in the selectable to just those that are not repeated.
+
+    """
+    ignore_nonexistent_tables = kw.pop("ignore_nonexistent_tables", False)
+    only_synonyms = kw.pop("only_synonyms", False)
+
+    column_set = util.OrderedSet(columns)
+    cset_no_text: util.OrderedSet[ColumnElement[Any]] = column_set.difference(
+        c for c in column_set if is_text_clause(c)  # type: ignore
+    )
+
+    omit = util.column_set()
+    for col in cset_no_text:
+        for fk in chain(*[c.foreign_keys for c in col.proxy_set]):
+            for c in cset_no_text:
+                if c is col:
+                    continue
+                try:
+                    fk_col = fk.column
+                except exc.NoReferencedColumnError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                except exc.NoReferencedTableError:
+                    # TODO: add specific coverage here
+                    # to test/sql/test_selectable ReduceTest
+                    if ignore_nonexistent_tables:
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                if fk_col.shares_lineage(c) and (
+                    not only_synonyms or c.name == col.name
+                ):
+                    omit.add(col)
+                    break
+
+    if clauses:
+
+        def visit_binary(binary):
+            if binary.operator == operators.eq:
+                cols = util.column_set(
+                    chain(
+                        *[c.proxy_set for c in cset_no_text.difference(omit)]
+                    )
+                )
+                if binary.left in cols and binary.right in cols:
+                    for c in reversed(cset_no_text):
+                        if c.shares_lineage(binary.right) and (
+                            not only_synonyms or c.name == binary.left.name
+                        ):
+                            omit.add(c)
+                            break
+
+        for clause in clauses:
+            if clause is not None:
+                visitors.traverse(clause, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+
+    return column_set.difference(omit)
+
+
+def criterion_as_pairs(
+    expression,
+    consider_as_foreign_keys=None,
+    consider_as_referenced_keys=None,
+    any_operator=False,
+):
+    """traverse an expression and locate binary criterion pairs."""
+
+    if consider_as_foreign_keys and consider_as_referenced_keys:
+        raise exc.ArgumentError(
+            "Can only specify one of "
+            "'consider_as_foreign_keys' or "
+            "'consider_as_referenced_keys'"
+        )
+
+    def col_is(a, b):
+        # return a is b
+        return a.compare(b)
+
+    def visit_binary(binary):
+        if not any_operator and binary.operator is not operators.eq:
+            return
+        if not isinstance(binary.left, ColumnElement) or not isinstance(
+            binary.right, ColumnElement
+        ):
+            return
+
+        if consider_as_foreign_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_foreign_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.right, binary.left)
+                or binary.right not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_foreign_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.left, binary.right)
+                or binary.left not in consider_as_foreign_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+        elif consider_as_referenced_keys:
+            if binary.left in consider_as_referenced_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.right, binary.left)
+                or binary.right not in consider_as_referenced_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+            elif binary.right in consider_as_referenced_keys and (
+                col_is(binary.left, binary.right)
+                or binary.left not in consider_as_referenced_keys
+            ):
+                pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+        else:
+            if isinstance(binary.left, Column) and isinstance(
+                binary.right, Column
+            ):
+                if binary.left.references(binary.right):
+                    pairs.append((binary.right, binary.left))
+                elif binary.right.references(binary.left):
+                    pairs.append((binary.left, binary.right))
+
+    pairs: List[Tuple[ColumnElement[Any], ColumnElement[Any]]] = []
+    visitors.traverse(expression, {}, {"binary": visit_binary})
+    return pairs
+
+
+class ClauseAdapter(visitors.ReplacingExternalTraversal):
+    """Clones and modifies clauses based on column correspondence.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+      table1 = Table(
+          "sometable",
+          metadata,
+          Column("col1", Integer),
+          Column("col2", Integer),
+      )
+      table2 = Table(
+          "someothertable",
+          metadata,
+          Column("col1", Integer),
+          Column("col2", Integer),
+      )
+
+      condition = table1.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    make an alias of table1::
+
+      s = table1.alias("foo")
+
+    calling ``ClauseAdapter(s).traverse(condition)`` converts
+    condition to read::
+
+      s.c.col1 == table2.c.col1
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "__traverse_options__",
+        "selectable",
+        "include_fn",
+        "exclude_fn",
+        "equivalents",
+        "adapt_on_names",
+        "adapt_from_selectables",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        selectable: Selectable,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        include_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        exclude_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.__traverse_options__ = {
+            "stop_on": [selectable],
+            "anonymize_labels": anonymize_labels,
+        }
+        self.selectable = selectable
+        self.include_fn = include_fn
+        self.exclude_fn = exclude_fn
+        self.equivalents = util.column_dict(equivalents or {})
+        self.adapt_on_names = adapt_on_names
+        self.adapt_from_selectables = adapt_from_selectables
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @overload
+        def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+        # note this specializes the ReplacingExternalTraversal.traverse()
+        # method to state
+        # that we will return the same kind of ExternalTraversal object as
+        # we were given.  This is probably not 100% true, such as it's
+        # possible for us to swap out Alias for Table at the top level.
+        # Ideally there could be overloads specific to ColumnElement and
+        # FromClause but Mypy is not accepting those as compatible with
+        # the base ReplacingExternalTraversal
+        @overload
+        def traverse(self, obj: _ET) -> _ET: ...
+
+        def traverse(
+            self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+        ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]: ...
+
+    def _corresponding_column(
+        self, col, require_embedded, _seen=util.EMPTY_SET
+    ):
+        newcol = self.selectable.corresponding_column(
+            col, require_embedded=require_embedded
+        )
+        if newcol is None and col in self.equivalents and col not in _seen:
+            for equiv in self.equivalents[col]:
+                newcol = self._corresponding_column(
+                    equiv,
+                    require_embedded=require_embedded,
+                    _seen=_seen.union([col]),
+                )
+                if newcol is not None:
+                    return newcol
+
+        if (
+            self.adapt_on_names
+            and newcol is None
+            and isinstance(col, NamedColumn)
+        ):
+            newcol = self.selectable.exported_columns.get(col.name)
+        return newcol
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.functions")
+    def replace(
+        self, col: _ET, _include_singleton_constants: bool = False
+    ) -> Optional[_ET]:
+        functions = util.preloaded.sql_functions
+
+        # TODO: cython candidate
+
+        if self.include_fn and not self.include_fn(col):  # type: ignore
+            return None
+        elif self.exclude_fn and self.exclude_fn(col):  # type: ignore
+            return None
+
+        if isinstance(col, FromClause) and not isinstance(
+            col, functions.FunctionElement
+        ):
+            if self.selectable.is_derived_from(col):
+                if self.adapt_from_selectables:
+                    for adp in self.adapt_from_selectables:
+                        if adp.is_derived_from(col):
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        return None
+                return self.selectable  # type: ignore
+            elif isinstance(col, Alias) and isinstance(
+                col.element, TableClause
+            ):
+                # we are a SELECT statement and not derived from an alias of a
+                # table (which nonetheless may be a table our SELECT derives
+                # from), so return the alias to prevent further traversal
+                # or
+                # we are an alias of a table and we are not derived from an
+                # alias of a table (which nonetheless may be the same table
+                # as ours) so, same thing
+                return col  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                # other cases where we are a selectable and the element
+                # is another join or selectable that contains a table which our
+                # selectable derives from, that we want to process
+                return None
+
+        elif not isinstance(col, ColumnElement):
+            return None
+        elif not _include_singleton_constants and col._is_singleton_constant:
+            # dont swap out NULL, TRUE, FALSE for a label name
+            # in a SQL statement that's being rewritten,
+            # leave them as the constant.  This is first noted in #6259,
+            # however the logic to check this moved here as of #7154 so that
+            # it is made specific to SQL rewriting and not all column
+            # correspondence
+
+            return None
+
+        if "adapt_column" in col._annotations:
+            col = col._annotations["adapt_column"]
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(col, KeyedColumnElement)
+
+        if self.adapt_from_selectables and col not in self.equivalents:
+            for adp in self.adapt_from_selectables:
+                if adp.c.corresponding_column(col, False) is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                return None
+
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            assert isinstance(col, KeyedColumnElement)
+
+        return self._corresponding_column(  # type: ignore
+            col, require_embedded=True
+        )
+
+
+class _ColumnLookup(Protocol):
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: None) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: ColumnClause[Any]) -> ColumnClause[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: ColumnElement[Any]) -> ColumnElement[Any]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _ET) -> _ET: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ColumnAdapter(ClauseAdapter):
+    """Extends ClauseAdapter with extra utility functions.
+
+    Key aspects of ColumnAdapter include:
+
+    * Expressions that are adapted are stored in a persistent
+      .columns collection; so that an expression E adapted into
+      an expression E1, will return the same object E1 when adapted
+      a second time.   This is important in particular for things like
+      Label objects that are anonymized, so that the ColumnAdapter can
+      be used to present a consistent "adapted" view of things.
+
+    * Exclusion of items from the persistent collection based on
+      include/exclude rules, but also independent of hash identity.
+      This because "annotated" items all have the same hash identity as their
+      parent.
+
+    * "wrapping" capability is added, so that the replacement of an expression
+      E can proceed through a series of adapters.  This differs from the
+      visitor's "chaining" feature in that the resulting object is passed
+      through all replacing functions unconditionally, rather than stopping
+      at the first one that returns non-None.
+
+    * An adapt_required option, used by eager loading to indicate that
+      We don't trust a result row column that is not translated.
+      This is to prevent a column from being interpreted as that
+      of the child row in a self-referential scenario, see
+      inheritance/test_basic.py->EagerTargetingTest.test_adapt_stringency
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "columns",
+        "adapt_required",
+        "allow_label_resolve",
+        "_wrap",
+        "__weakref__",
+    )
+
+    columns: _ColumnLookup
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        selectable: Selectable,
+        equivalents: Optional[_EquivalentColumnMap] = None,
+        adapt_required: bool = False,
+        include_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        exclude_fn: Optional[Callable[[ClauseElement], bool]] = None,
+        adapt_on_names: bool = False,
+        allow_label_resolve: bool = True,
+        anonymize_labels: bool = False,
+        adapt_from_selectables: Optional[AbstractSet[FromClause]] = None,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            selectable,
+            equivalents,
+            include_fn=include_fn,
+            exclude_fn=exclude_fn,
+            adapt_on_names=adapt_on_names,
+            anonymize_labels=anonymize_labels,
+            adapt_from_selectables=adapt_from_selectables,
+        )
+
+        self.columns = util.WeakPopulateDict(self._locate_col)  # type: ignore
+        if self.include_fn or self.exclude_fn:
+            self.columns = self._IncludeExcludeMapping(self, self.columns)
+        self.adapt_required = adapt_required
+        self.allow_label_resolve = allow_label_resolve
+        self._wrap = None
+
+    class _IncludeExcludeMapping:
+        def __init__(self, parent, columns):
+            self.parent = parent
+            self.columns = columns
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key):
+            if (
+                self.parent.include_fn and not self.parent.include_fn(key)
+            ) or (self.parent.exclude_fn and self.parent.exclude_fn(key)):
+                if self.parent._wrap:
+                    return self.parent._wrap.columns[key]
+                else:
+                    return key
+            return self.columns[key]
+
+    def wrap(self, adapter):
+        ac = copy.copy(self)
+        ac._wrap = adapter
+        ac.columns = util.WeakPopulateDict(ac._locate_col)  # type: ignore
+        if ac.include_fn or ac.exclude_fn:
+            ac.columns = self._IncludeExcludeMapping(ac, ac.columns)
+
+        return ac
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: _ET) -> _ET: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        return self.columns[obj]
+
+    def chain(self, visitor: ExternalTraversal) -> ColumnAdapter:
+        assert isinstance(visitor, ColumnAdapter)
+
+        return super().chain(visitor)
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @property
+        def visitor_iterator(self) -> Iterator[ColumnAdapter]: ...
+
+    adapt_clause = traverse
+    adapt_list = ClauseAdapter.copy_and_process
+
+    def adapt_check_present(
+        self, col: ColumnElement[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        newcol = self.columns[col]
+
+        if newcol is col and self._corresponding_column(col, True) is None:
+            return None
+
+        return newcol
+
+    def _locate_col(
+        self, col: ColumnElement[Any]
+    ) -> Optional[ColumnElement[Any]]:
+        # both replace and traverse() are overly complicated for what
+        # we are doing here and we would do better to have an inlined
+        # version that doesn't build up as much overhead.  the issue is that
+        # sometimes the lookup does in fact have to adapt the insides of
+        # say a labeled scalar subquery.   However, if the object is an
+        # Immutable, i.e. Column objects, we can skip the "clone" /
+        # "copy internals" part since those will be no-ops in any case.
+        # additionally we want to catch singleton objects null/true/false
+        # and make sure they are adapted as well here.
+
+        if col._is_immutable:
+            for vis in self.visitor_iterator:
+                c = vis.replace(col, _include_singleton_constants=True)
+                if c is not None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                c = col
+        else:
+            c = ClauseAdapter.traverse(self, col)
+
+        if self._wrap:
+            c2 = self._wrap._locate_col(c)
+            if c2 is not None:
+                c = c2
+
+        if self.adapt_required and c is col:
+            return None
+
+        # allow_label_resolve is consumed by one case for joined eager loading
+        # as part of its logic to prevent its own columns from being affected
+        # by .order_by().  Before full typing were applied to the ORM, this
+        # logic would set this attribute on the incoming object (which is
+        # typically a column, but we have a test for it being a non-column
+        # object) if no column were found.  While this seemed to
+        # have no negative effects, this adjustment should only occur on the
+        # new column which is assumed to be local to an adapted selectable.
+        if c is not col:
+            c._allow_label_resolve = self.allow_label_resolve
+
+        return c
+
+
+def _offset_or_limit_clause(
+    element: _LimitOffsetType,
+    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    type_: Optional[_TypeEngineArgument[int]] = None,
+) -> ColumnElement[int]:
+    """Convert the given value to an "offset or limit" clause.
+
+    This handles incoming integers and converts to an expression; if
+    an expression is already given, it is passed through.
+
+    """
+    return coercions.expect(
+        roles.LimitOffsetRole, element, name=name, type_=type_
+    )
+
+
+def _offset_or_limit_clause_asint_if_possible(
+    clause: _LimitOffsetType,
+) -> _LimitOffsetType:
+    """Return the offset or limit clause as a simple integer if possible,
+    else return the clause.
+
+    """
+    if clause is None:
+        return None
+    if hasattr(clause, "_limit_offset_value"):
+        value = clause._limit_offset_value
+        return util.asint(value)
+    else:
+        return clause
+
+
+def _make_slice(
+    limit_clause: _LimitOffsetType,
+    offset_clause: _LimitOffsetType,
+    start: int,
+    stop: int,
+) -> Tuple[Optional[ColumnElement[int]], Optional[ColumnElement[int]]]:
+    """Compute LIMIT/OFFSET in terms of slice start/end"""
+
+    # for calculated limit/offset, try to do the addition of
+    # values to offset in Python, however if a SQL clause is present
+    # then the addition has to be on the SQL side.
+
+    # TODO: typing is finding a few gaps in here, see if they can be
+    # closed up
+
+    if start is not None and stop is not None:
+        offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause_asint_if_possible(
+            offset_clause
+        )
+        if offset_clause is None:
+            offset_clause = 0
+
+        if start != 0:
+            offset_clause = offset_clause + start  # type: ignore
+
+        if offset_clause == 0:
+            offset_clause = None
+        else:
+            assert offset_clause is not None
+            offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(offset_clause)
+
+        limit_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(stop - start)
+
+    elif start is None and stop is not None:
+        limit_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(stop)
+    elif start is not None and stop is None:
+        offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause_asint_if_possible(
+            offset_clause
+        )
+        if offset_clause is None:
+            offset_clause = 0
+
+        if start != 0:
+            offset_clause = offset_clause + start
+
+        if offset_clause == 0:
+            offset_clause = None
+        else:
+            offset_clause = _offset_or_limit_clause(offset_clause)
+
+    return limit_clause, offset_clause
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e758350a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/sql/visitors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1167 @@
+# sql/visitors.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Visitor/traversal interface and library functions.
+
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+from enum import Enum
+import itertools
+import operator
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import ClassVar
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .. import exc
+from .. import util
+from ..util import langhelpers
+from ..util._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .annotation import _AnnotationDict
+    from .elements import ColumnElement
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_util import prefix_anon_map as prefix_anon_map
+    from ._py_util import cache_anon_map as anon_map
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        prefix_anon_map as prefix_anon_map,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.util import (  # noqa: F401,E501
+        cache_anon_map as anon_map,
+    )
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "iterate",
+    "traverse_using",
+    "traverse",
+    "cloned_traverse",
+    "replacement_traverse",
+    "Visitable",
+    "ExternalTraversal",
+    "InternalTraversal",
+    "anon_map",
+]
+
+
+class _CompilerDispatchType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(_self, self: Visitable, visitor: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class Visitable:
+    """Base class for visitable objects.
+
+    :class:`.Visitable` is used to implement the SQL compiler dispatch
+    functions.    Other forms of traversal such as for cache key generation
+    are implemented separately using the :class:`.HasTraverseInternals`
+    interface.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :class:`.Visitable` class was named
+       :class:`.Traversible` in the 1.4 series; the name is changed back
+       to :class:`.Visitable` in 2.0 which is what it was prior to 1.4.
+
+       Both names remain importable in both 1.4 and 2.0 versions.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    __visit_name__: str
+
+    _original_compiler_dispatch: _CompilerDispatchType
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _compiler_dispatch(self, visitor: Any, **kw: Any) -> str: ...
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        if "__visit_name__" in cls.__dict__:
+            cls._generate_compiler_dispatch()
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_compiler_dispatch(cls) -> None:
+        visit_name = cls.__visit_name__
+
+        if "_compiler_dispatch" in cls.__dict__:
+            # class has a fixed _compiler_dispatch() method.
+            # copy it to "original" so that we can get it back if
+            # sqlalchemy.ext.compiles overrides it.
+            cls._original_compiler_dispatch = cls._compiler_dispatch
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(visit_name, str):
+            raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
+                f"__visit_name__ on class {cls.__name__} must be a string "
+                "at the class level"
+            )
+
+        name = "visit_%s" % visit_name
+        getter = operator.attrgetter(name)
+
+        def _compiler_dispatch(
+            self: Visitable, visitor: Any, **kw: Any
+        ) -> str:
+            """Look for an attribute named "visit_<visit_name>" on the
+            visitor, and call it with the same kw params.
+
+            """
+            try:
+                meth = getter(visitor)
+            except AttributeError as err:
+                return visitor.visit_unsupported_compilation(self, err, **kw)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+            else:
+                return meth(self, **kw)  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+
+        cls._compiler_dispatch = (  # type: ignore
+            cls._original_compiler_dispatch
+        ) = _compiler_dispatch
+
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, key: Any) -> Any:
+        # allow generic classes in py3.9+
+        return cls
+
+
+class InternalTraversal(Enum):
+    r"""Defines visitor symbols used for internal traversal.
+
+    The :class:`.InternalTraversal` class is used in two ways.  One is that
+    it can serve as the superclass for an object that implements the
+    various visit methods of the class.   The other is that the symbols
+    themselves of :class:`.InternalTraversal` are used within
+    the ``_traverse_internals`` collection.   Such as, the :class:`.Case`
+    object defines ``_traverse_internals`` as ::
+
+        class Case(ColumnElement[_T]):
+            _traverse_internals = [
+                ("value", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+                ("whens", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement_tuples),
+                ("else_", InternalTraversal.dp_clauseelement),
+            ]
+
+    Above, the :class:`.Case` class indicates its internal state as the
+    attributes named ``value``, ``whens``, and ``else_``.    They each
+    link to an :class:`.InternalTraversal` method which indicates the type
+    of datastructure to which each attribute refers.
+
+    Using the ``_traverse_internals`` structure, objects of type
+    :class:`.InternalTraversible` will have the following methods automatically
+    implemented:
+
+    * :meth:`.HasTraverseInternals.get_children`
+
+    * :meth:`.HasTraverseInternals._copy_internals`
+
+    * :meth:`.HasCacheKey._gen_cache_key`
+
+    Subclasses can also implement these methods directly, particularly for the
+    :meth:`.HasTraverseInternals._copy_internals` method, when special steps
+    are needed.
+
+    .. versionadded:: 1.4
+
+    """
+
+    dp_has_cache_key = "HC"
+    """Visit a :class:`.HasCacheKey` object."""
+
+    dp_has_cache_key_list = "HL"
+    """Visit a list of :class:`.HasCacheKey` objects."""
+
+    dp_clauseelement = "CE"
+    """Visit a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` object."""
+
+    dp_fromclause_canonical_column_collection = "FC"
+    """Visit a :class:`_expression.FromClause` object in the context of the
+    ``columns`` attribute.
+
+    The column collection is "canonical", meaning it is the originally
+    defined location of the :class:`.ColumnClause` objects.   Right now
+    this means that the object being visited is a
+    :class:`_expression.TableClause`
+    or :class:`_schema.Table` object only.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_clauseelement_tuples = "CTS"
+    """Visit a list of tuples which contain :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_clauseelement_list = "CL"
+    """Visit a list of :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_clauseelement_tuple = "CT"
+    """Visit a tuple of :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_executable_options = "EO"
+
+    dp_with_context_options = "WC"
+
+    dp_fromclause_ordered_set = "CO"
+    """Visit an ordered set of :class:`_expression.FromClause` objects. """
+
+    dp_string = "S"
+    """Visit a plain string value.
+
+    Examples include table and column names, bound parameter keys, special
+    keywords such as "UNION", "UNION ALL".
+
+    The string value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_string_list = "SL"
+    """Visit a list of strings."""
+
+    dp_anon_name = "AN"
+    """Visit a potentially "anonymized" string value.
+
+    The string value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_boolean = "B"
+    """Visit a boolean value.
+
+    The boolean value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_operator = "O"
+    """Visit an operator.
+
+    The operator is a function from the :mod:`sqlalchemy.sql.operators`
+    module.
+
+    The operator value is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_type = "T"
+    """Visit a :class:`.TypeEngine` object
+
+    The type object is considered to be significant for cache key
+    generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_plain_dict = "PD"
+    """Visit a dictionary with string keys.
+
+    The keys of the dictionary should be strings, the values should
+    be immutable and hashable.   The dictionary is considered to be
+    significant for cache key generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_dialect_options = "DO"
+    """Visit a dialect options structure."""
+
+    dp_string_clauseelement_dict = "CD"
+    """Visit a dictionary of string keys to :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_string_multi_dict = "MD"
+    """Visit a dictionary of string keys to values which may either be
+    plain immutable/hashable or :class:`.HasCacheKey` objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_annotations_key = "AK"
+    """Visit the _annotations_cache_key element.
+
+    This is a dictionary of additional information about a ClauseElement
+    that modifies its role.  It should be included when comparing or caching
+    objects, however generating this key is relatively expensive.   Visitors
+    should check the "_annotations" dict for non-None first before creating
+    this key.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_plain_obj = "PO"
+    """Visit a plain python object.
+
+    The value should be immutable and hashable, such as an integer.
+    The value is considered to be significant for cache key generation.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_named_ddl_element = "DD"
+    """Visit a simple named DDL element.
+
+    The current object used by this method is the :class:`.Sequence`.
+
+    The object is only considered to be important for cache key generation
+    as far as its name, but not any other aspects of it.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_prefix_sequence = "PS"
+    """Visit the sequence represented by :class:`_expression.HasPrefixes`
+    or :class:`_expression.HasSuffixes`.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_table_hint_list = "TH"
+    """Visit the ``_hints`` collection of a :class:`_expression.Select`
+    object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_setup_join_tuple = "SJ"
+
+    dp_memoized_select_entities = "ME"
+
+    dp_statement_hint_list = "SH"
+    """Visit the ``_statement_hints`` collection of a
+    :class:`_expression.Select`
+    object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_unknown_structure = "UK"
+    """Visit an unknown structure.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_dml_ordered_values = "DML_OV"
+    """Visit the values() ordered tuple list of an
+    :class:`_expression.Update` object."""
+
+    dp_dml_values = "DML_V"
+    """Visit the values() dictionary of a :class:`.ValuesBase`
+    (e.g. Insert or Update) object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_dml_multi_values = "DML_MV"
+    """Visit the values() multi-valued list of dictionaries of an
+    :class:`_expression.Insert` object.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_propagate_attrs = "PA"
+    """Visit the propagate attrs dict.  This hardcodes to the particular
+    elements we care about right now."""
+
+    """Symbols that follow are additional symbols that are useful in
+    caching applications.
+
+    Traversals for :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects only need to use
+    those symbols present in :class:`.InternalTraversal`.  However, for
+    additional caching use cases within the ORM, symbols dealing with the
+    :class:`.HasCacheKey` class are added here.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_ignore = "IG"
+    """Specify an object that should be ignored entirely.
+
+    This currently applies function call argument caching where some
+    arguments should not be considered to be part of a cache key.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_inspectable = "IS"
+    """Visit an inspectable object where the return value is a
+    :class:`.HasCacheKey` object."""
+
+    dp_multi = "M"
+    """Visit an object that may be a :class:`.HasCacheKey` or may be a
+    plain hashable object."""
+
+    dp_multi_list = "MT"
+    """Visit a tuple containing elements that may be :class:`.HasCacheKey` or
+    may be a plain hashable object."""
+
+    dp_has_cache_key_tuples = "HT"
+    """Visit a list of tuples which contain :class:`.HasCacheKey`
+    objects.
+
+    """
+
+    dp_inspectable_list = "IL"
+    """Visit a list of inspectable objects which upon inspection are
+    HasCacheKey objects."""
+
+
+_TraverseInternalsType = List[Tuple[str, InternalTraversal]]
+"""a structure that defines how a HasTraverseInternals should be
+traversed.
+
+This structure consists of a list of (attributename, internaltraversal)
+tuples, where the "attributename" refers to the name of an attribute on an
+instance of the HasTraverseInternals object, and "internaltraversal" refers
+to an :class:`.InternalTraversal` enumeration symbol defining what kind
+of data this attribute stores, which indicates to the traverser how it should
+be handled.
+
+"""
+
+
+class HasTraverseInternals:
+    """base for classes that have a "traverse internals" element,
+    which defines all kinds of ways of traversing the elements of an object.
+
+    Compared to :class:`.Visitable`, which relies upon an external visitor to
+    define how the object is travered (i.e. the :class:`.SQLCompiler`), the
+    :class:`.HasTraverseInternals` interface allows classes to define their own
+    traversal, that is, what attributes are accessed and in what order.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _traverse_internals: _TraverseInternalsType
+
+    _is_immutable: bool = False
+
+    @util.preload_module("sqlalchemy.sql.traversals")
+    def get_children(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Tuple[str, ...] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> Iterable[HasTraverseInternals]:
+        r"""Return immediate child :class:`.visitors.HasTraverseInternals`
+        elements of this :class:`.visitors.HasTraverseInternals`.
+
+        This is used for visit traversal.
+
+        \**kw may contain flags that change the collection that is
+        returned, for example to return a subset of items in order to
+        cut down on larger traversals, or to return child items from a
+        different context (such as schema-level collections instead of
+        clause-level).
+
+        """
+
+        traversals = util.preloaded.sql_traversals
+
+        try:
+            traverse_internals = self._traverse_internals
+        except AttributeError:
+            # user-defined classes may not have a _traverse_internals
+            return []
+
+        dispatch = traversals._get_children.run_generated_dispatch
+        return itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            meth(obj, **kw)
+            for attrname, obj, meth in dispatch(
+                self, traverse_internals, "_generated_get_children_traversal"
+            )
+            if attrname not in omit_attrs and obj is not None
+        )
+
+
+class _InternalTraversalDispatchType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(s, self: object, visitor: HasTraversalDispatch) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class HasTraversalDispatch:
+    r"""Define infrastructure for classes that perform internal traversals
+
+    .. versionadded:: 2.0
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _dispatch_lookup: ClassVar[Dict[Union[InternalTraversal, str], str]] = {}
+
+    def dispatch(self, visit_symbol: InternalTraversal) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        """Given a method from :class:`.HasTraversalDispatch`, return the
+        corresponding method on a subclass.
+
+        """
+        name = _dispatch_lookup[visit_symbol]
+        return getattr(self, name, None)  # type: ignore
+
+    def run_generated_dispatch(
+        self,
+        target: object,
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        generate_dispatcher_name: str,
+    ) -> Any:
+        dispatcher: _InternalTraversalDispatchType
+        try:
+            dispatcher = target.__class__.__dict__[generate_dispatcher_name]
+        except KeyError:
+            # traversals.py -> _preconfigure_traversals()
+            # may be used to run these ahead of time, but
+            # is not enabled right now.
+            # this block will generate any remaining dispatchers.
+            dispatcher = self.generate_dispatch(
+                target.__class__, internal_dispatch, generate_dispatcher_name
+            )
+        return dispatcher(target, self)
+
+    def generate_dispatch(
+        self,
+        target_cls: Type[object],
+        internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType,
+        generate_dispatcher_name: str,
+    ) -> _InternalTraversalDispatchType:
+        dispatcher = self._generate_dispatcher(
+            internal_dispatch, generate_dispatcher_name
+        )
+        # assert isinstance(target_cls, type)
+        setattr(target_cls, generate_dispatcher_name, dispatcher)
+        return dispatcher
+
+    def _generate_dispatcher(
+        self, internal_dispatch: _TraverseInternalsType, method_name: str
+    ) -> _InternalTraversalDispatchType:
+        names = []
+        for attrname, visit_sym in internal_dispatch:
+            meth = self.dispatch(visit_sym)
+            if meth is not None:
+                visit_name = _dispatch_lookup[visit_sym]
+                names.append((attrname, visit_name))
+
+        code = (
+            ("    return [\n")
+            + (
+                ", \n".join(
+                    "        (%r, self.%s, visitor.%s)"
+                    % (attrname, attrname, visit_name)
+                    for attrname, visit_name in names
+                )
+            )
+            + ("\n    ]\n")
+        )
+        meth_text = ("def %s(self, visitor):\n" % method_name) + code + "\n"
+        return cast(
+            _InternalTraversalDispatchType,
+            langhelpers._exec_code_in_env(meth_text, {}, method_name),
+        )
+
+
+ExtendedInternalTraversal = InternalTraversal
+
+
+def _generate_traversal_dispatch() -> None:
+    lookup = _dispatch_lookup
+
+    for sym in InternalTraversal:
+        key = sym.name
+        if key.startswith("dp_"):
+            visit_key = key.replace("dp_", "visit_")
+            sym_name = sym.value
+            assert sym_name not in lookup, sym_name
+            lookup[sym] = lookup[sym_name] = visit_key
+
+
+_dispatch_lookup = HasTraversalDispatch._dispatch_lookup
+_generate_traversal_dispatch()
+
+
+class ExternallyTraversible(HasTraverseInternals, Visitable):
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    _annotations: Mapping[Any, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def _annotate(self, values: _AnnotationDict) -> Self: ...
+
+        def get_children(
+            self, *, omit_attrs: Tuple[str, ...] = (), **kw: Any
+        ) -> Iterable[ExternallyTraversible]: ...
+
+    def _clone(self, **kw: Any) -> Self:
+        """clone this element"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _copy_internals(
+        self, *, omit_attrs: Tuple[str, ...] = (), **kw: Any
+    ) -> None:
+        """Reassign internal elements to be clones of themselves.
+
+        Called during a copy-and-traverse operation on newly
+        shallow-copied elements to create a deep copy.
+
+        The given clone function should be used, which may be applying
+        additional transformations to the element (i.e. replacement
+        traversal, cloned traversal, annotations).
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+_ET = TypeVar("_ET", bound=ExternallyTraversible)
+
+_CE = TypeVar("_CE", bound="ColumnElement[Any]")
+
+_TraverseCallableType = Callable[[_ET], None]
+
+
+class _CloneCallableType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, element: _ET, **kw: Any) -> _ET: ...
+
+
+class _TraverseTransformCallableType(Protocol[_ET]):
+    def __call__(self, element: _ET, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_ET]: ...
+
+
+_ExtT = TypeVar("_ExtT", bound="ExternalTraversal")
+
+
+class ExternalTraversal(util.MemoizedSlots):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse externally using
+    the :func:`.visitors.traverse` function.
+
+    Direct usage of the :func:`.visitors.traverse` function is usually
+    preferred.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_visitor_dict", "_next")
+
+    __traverse_options__: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+    _next: Optional[ExternalTraversal]
+
+    def traverse_single(self, obj: Visitable, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+        for v in self.visitor_iterator:
+            meth = getattr(v, "visit_%s" % obj.__visit_name__, None)
+            if meth:
+                return meth(obj, **kw)
+
+    def iterate(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Iterator[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator
+        of all elements.
+
+        """
+        return iterate(obj, self.__traverse_options__)
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict)
+
+    def _memoized_attr__visitor_dict(
+        self,
+    ) -> Dict[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]]:
+        visitors = {}
+
+        for name in dir(self):
+            if name.startswith("visit_"):
+                visitors[name[6:]] = getattr(self, name)
+        return visitors
+
+    @property
+    def visitor_iterator(self) -> Iterator[ExternalTraversal]:
+        """Iterate through this visitor and each 'chained' visitor."""
+
+        v: Optional[ExternalTraversal] = self
+        while v:
+            yield v
+            v = getattr(v, "_next", None)
+
+    def chain(self: _ExtT, visitor: ExternalTraversal) -> _ExtT:
+        """'Chain' an additional ExternalTraversal onto this ExternalTraversal
+
+        The chained visitor will receive all visit events after this one.
+
+        """
+        tail = list(self.visitor_iterator)[-1]
+        tail._next = visitor
+        return self
+
+
+class CloningExternalTraversal(ExternalTraversal):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse` function.
+
+    Direct usage of the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse` function is usually
+    preferred.
+
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def copy_and_process(
+        self, list_: List[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> List[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Apply cloned traversal to the given list of elements, and return
+        the new list.
+
+        """
+        return [self.traverse(x) for x in list_]
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        return cloned_traverse(
+            obj, self.__traverse_options__, self._visitor_dict
+        )
+
+
+class ReplacingExternalTraversal(CloningExternalTraversal):
+    """Base class for visitor objects which can traverse using
+    the :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` function.
+
+    Direct usage of the :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` function is
+    usually preferred.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def replace(
+        self, elem: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Receive pre-copied elements during a cloning traversal.
+
+        If the method returns a new element, the element is used
+        instead of creating a simple copy of the element.  Traversal
+        will halt on the newly returned element if it is re-encountered.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(self, obj: Literal[None]) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: ExternallyTraversible
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+    def traverse(
+        self, obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible]
+    ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+        """Traverse and visit the given expression structure."""
+
+        def replace(
+            element: ExternallyTraversible,
+            **kw: Any,
+        ) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+            for v in self.visitor_iterator:
+                e = cast(ReplacingExternalTraversal, v).replace(element)
+                if e is not None:
+                    return e
+
+            return None
+
+        return replacement_traverse(obj, self.__traverse_options__, replace)
+
+
+# backwards compatibility
+Traversible = Visitable
+
+ClauseVisitor = ExternalTraversal
+CloningVisitor = CloningExternalTraversal
+ReplacingCloningVisitor = ReplacingExternalTraversal
+
+
+def iterate(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any] = util.EMPTY_DICT,
+) -> Iterator[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    r"""Traverse the given expression structure, returning an iterator.
+
+    Traversal is configured to be breadth-first.
+
+    The central API feature used by the :func:`.visitors.iterate`
+    function is the
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.get_children` method of
+    :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects.  This method should return all
+    the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` objects which are associated with a
+    particular :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` object. For example, a
+    :class:`.Case` structure will refer to a series of
+    :class:`_expression.ColumnElement` objects within its "whens" and "else\_"
+    member variables.
+
+    :param obj: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` structure to be traversed
+
+    :param opts: dictionary of iteration options.   This dictionary is usually
+     empty in modern usage.
+
+    """
+    if obj is None:
+        return
+
+    yield obj
+    children = obj.get_children(**opts)
+
+    if not children:
+        return
+
+    stack = deque([children])
+    while stack:
+        t_iterator = stack.popleft()
+        for t in t_iterator:
+            yield t
+            stack.append(t.get_children(**opts))
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse_using(
+    iterator: Iterable[ExternallyTraversible],
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse_using(
+    iterator: Iterable[ExternallyTraversible],
+    obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+
+def traverse_using(
+    iterator: Iterable[ExternallyTraversible],
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Visit the given expression structure using the given iterator of
+    objects.
+
+    :func:`.visitors.traverse_using` is usually called internally as the result
+    of the :func:`.visitors.traverse` function.
+
+    :param iterator: an iterable or sequence which will yield
+     :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+     structures; the iterator is assumed to be the
+     product of the :func:`.visitors.iterate` function.
+
+    :param obj: the :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+     that was used as the target of the
+     :func:`.iterate` function.
+
+    :param visitors: dictionary of visit functions.  See :func:`.traverse`
+     for details on this dictionary.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.traverse`
+
+
+    """
+    for target in iterator:
+        meth = visitors.get(target.__visit_name__, None)
+        if meth:
+            meth(target)
+    return obj
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse(
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def traverse(
+    obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+
+def traverse(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Traverse and visit the given expression structure using the default
+    iterator.
+
+     e.g.::
+
+        from sqlalchemy.sql import visitors
+
+        stmt = select(some_table).where(some_table.c.foo == "bar")
+
+
+        def visit_bindparam(bind_param):
+            print("found bound value: %s" % bind_param.value)
+
+
+        visitors.traverse(stmt, {}, {"bindparam": visit_bindparam})
+
+    The iteration of objects uses the :func:`.visitors.iterate` function,
+    which does a breadth-first traversal using a stack.
+
+    :param obj: :class:`_expression.ClauseElement` structure to be traversed
+
+    :param opts: dictionary of iteration options.   This dictionary is usually
+     empty in modern usage.
+
+    :param visitors: dictionary of visit functions.   The dictionary should
+     have strings as keys, each of which would correspond to the
+     ``__visit_name__`` of a particular kind of SQL expression object, and
+     callable functions  as values, each of which represents a visitor function
+     for that kind of object.
+
+    """
+    return traverse_using(iterate(obj, opts), obj, visitors)
+
+
+@overload
+def cloned_traverse(
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+# a bit of controversy here, as the clone of the lead element
+# *could* in theory replace with an entirely different kind of element.
+# however this is really not how cloned_traverse is ever used internally
+# at least.
+@overload
+def cloned_traverse(
+    obj: _ET,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> _ET: ...
+
+
+def cloned_traverse(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    visitors: Mapping[str, _TraverseCallableType[Any]],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Clone the given expression structure, allowing modifications by
+    visitors for mutable objects.
+
+    Traversal usage is the same as that of :func:`.visitors.traverse`.
+    The visitor functions present in the ``visitors`` dictionary may also
+    modify the internals of the given structure as the traversal proceeds.
+
+    The :func:`.cloned_traverse` function does **not** provide objects that are
+    part of the :class:`.Immutable` interface to the visit methods (this
+    primarily includes :class:`.ColumnClause`, :class:`.Column`,
+    :class:`.TableClause` and :class:`.Table` objects). As this traversal is
+    only intended to allow in-place mutation of objects, :class:`.Immutable`
+    objects are skipped. The :meth:`.Immutable._clone` method is still called
+    on each object to allow for objects to replace themselves with a different
+    object based on a clone of their sub-internals (e.g. a
+    :class:`.ColumnClause` that clones its subquery to return a new
+    :class:`.ColumnClause`).
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0  The :func:`.cloned_traverse` function omits
+       objects that are part of the :class:`.Immutable` interface.
+
+    The central API feature used by the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse`
+    and :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` functions, in addition to the
+    :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement.get_children`
+    function that is used to achieve
+    the iteration, is the :meth:`_expression.ClauseElement._copy_internals`
+    method.
+    For a :class:`_expression.ClauseElement`
+    structure to support cloning and replacement
+    traversals correctly, it needs to be able to pass a cloning function into
+    its internal members in order to make copies of them.
+
+    .. seealso::
+
+        :func:`.visitors.traverse`
+
+        :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse`
+
+    """
+
+    cloned: Dict[int, ExternallyTraversible] = {}
+    stop_on = set(opts.get("stop_on", []))
+
+    def deferred_copy_internals(
+        obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        return cloned_traverse(obj, opts, visitors)
+
+    def clone(elem: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        if elem in stop_on:
+            return elem
+        else:
+            if id(elem) not in cloned:
+                if "replace" in kw:
+                    newelem = cast(
+                        Optional[ExternallyTraversible], kw["replace"](elem)
+                    )
+                    if newelem is not None:
+                        cloned[id(elem)] = newelem
+                        return newelem
+
+                # the _clone method for immutable normally returns "self".
+                # however, the method is still allowed to return a
+                # different object altogether; ColumnClause._clone() will
+                # based on options clone the subquery to which it is associated
+                # and return the new corresponding column.
+                cloned[id(elem)] = newelem = elem._clone(clone=clone, **kw)
+                newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+
+                # however, visit methods which are tasked with in-place
+                # mutation of the object should not get access to the immutable
+                # object.
+                if not elem._is_immutable:
+                    meth = visitors.get(newelem.__visit_name__, None)
+                    if meth:
+                        meth(newelem)
+            return cloned[id(elem)]
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(
+            obj, deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals, **opts
+        )
+    clone = None  # type: ignore[assignment]  # remove gc cycles
+    return obj
+
+
+@overload
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: Literal[None],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: _CE,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> _CE: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> ExternallyTraversible: ...
+
+
+def replacement_traverse(
+    obj: Optional[ExternallyTraversible],
+    opts: Mapping[str, Any],
+    replace: _TraverseTransformCallableType[Any],
+) -> Optional[ExternallyTraversible]:
+    """Clone the given expression structure, allowing element
+    replacement by a given replacement function.
+
+    This function is very similar to the :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse`
+    function, except instead of being passed a dictionary of visitors, all
+    elements are unconditionally passed into the given replace function.
+    The replace function then has the option to return an entirely new object
+    which will replace the one given.  If it returns ``None``, then the object
+    is kept in place.
+
+    The difference in usage between :func:`.visitors.cloned_traverse` and
+    :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` is that in the former case, an
+    already-cloned object is passed to the visitor function, and the visitor
+    function can then manipulate the internal state of the object.
+    In the case of the latter, the visitor function should only return an
+    entirely different object, or do nothing.
+
+    The use case for :func:`.visitors.replacement_traverse` is that of
+    replacing a FROM clause inside of a SQL structure with a different one,
+    as is a common use case within the ORM.
+
+    """
+
+    cloned = {}
+    stop_on = {id(x) for x in opts.get("stop_on", [])}
+
+    def deferred_copy_internals(
+        obj: ExternallyTraversible,
+    ) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        return replacement_traverse(obj, opts, replace)
+
+    def clone(elem: ExternallyTraversible, **kw: Any) -> ExternallyTraversible:
+        if (
+            id(elem) in stop_on
+            or "no_replacement_traverse" in elem._annotations
+        ):
+            return elem
+        else:
+            newelem = replace(elem)
+            if newelem is not None:
+                stop_on.add(id(newelem))
+                return newelem  # type: ignore
+            else:
+                # base "already seen" on id(), not hash, so that we don't
+                # replace an Annotated element with its non-annotated one, and
+                # vice versa
+                id_elem = id(elem)
+                if id_elem not in cloned:
+                    if "replace" in kw:
+                        newelem = kw["replace"](elem)
+                        if newelem is not None:
+                            cloned[id_elem] = newelem
+                            return newelem  # type: ignore
+
+                    cloned[id_elem] = newelem = elem._clone(**kw)
+                    newelem._copy_internals(clone=clone, **kw)
+                return cloned[id_elem]  # type: ignore
+
+    if obj is not None:
+        obj = clone(
+            obj, deferred_copy_internals=deferred_copy_internals, **opts
+        )
+    clone = None  # type: ignore[assignment]  # remove gc cycles
+    return obj
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e574bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# testing/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from unittest import mock
+
+from . import config
+from .assertions import assert_raises
+from .assertions import assert_raises_context_ok
+from .assertions import assert_raises_message
+from .assertions import assert_raises_message_context_ok
+from .assertions import assert_warns
+from .assertions import assert_warns_message
+from .assertions import AssertsCompiledSQL
+from .assertions import AssertsExecutionResults
+from .assertions import ComparesIndexes
+from .assertions import ComparesTables
+from .assertions import emits_warning
+from .assertions import emits_warning_on
+from .assertions import eq_
+from .assertions import eq_ignore_whitespace
+from .assertions import eq_regex
+from .assertions import expect_deprecated
+from .assertions import expect_deprecated_20
+from .assertions import expect_raises
+from .assertions import expect_raises_message
+from .assertions import expect_warnings
+from .assertions import in_
+from .assertions import int_within_variance
+from .assertions import is_
+from .assertions import is_false
+from .assertions import is_instance_of
+from .assertions import is_none
+from .assertions import is_not
+from .assertions import is_not_
+from .assertions import is_not_none
+from .assertions import is_true
+from .assertions import le_
+from .assertions import ne_
+from .assertions import not_in
+from .assertions import not_in_
+from .assertions import startswith_
+from .assertions import uses_deprecated
+from .config import add_to_marker
+from .config import async_test
+from .config import combinations
+from .config import combinations_list
+from .config import db
+from .config import fixture
+from .config import requirements as requires
+from .config import skip_test
+from .config import Variation
+from .config import variation
+from .config import variation_fixture
+from .exclusions import _is_excluded
+from .exclusions import _server_version
+from .exclusions import against as _against
+from .exclusions import db_spec
+from .exclusions import exclude
+from .exclusions import fails
+from .exclusions import fails_if
+from .exclusions import fails_on
+from .exclusions import fails_on_everything_except
+from .exclusions import future
+from .exclusions import only_if
+from .exclusions import only_on
+from .exclusions import skip
+from .exclusions import skip_if
+from .schema import eq_clause_element
+from .schema import eq_type_affinity
+from .util import adict
+from .util import fail
+from .util import flag_combinations
+from .util import force_drop_names
+from .util import lambda_combinations
+from .util import metadata_fixture
+from .util import provide_metadata
+from .util import resolve_lambda
+from .util import rowset
+from .util import run_as_contextmanager
+from .util import skip_if_timeout
+from .util import teardown_events
+from .warnings import assert_warnings
+from .warnings import warn_test_suite
+
+
+def against(*queries):
+    return _against(config._current, *queries)
+
+
+crashes = skip
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..71969212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
+# testing/assertions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import defaultdict
+import contextlib
+from copy import copy
+from itertools import filterfalse
+import re
+import sys
+import warnings
+
+from . import assertsql
+from . import config
+from . import engines
+from . import mock
+from .exclusions import db_spec
+from .util import fail
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from .. import schema
+from .. import sql
+from .. import types as sqltypes
+from .. import util
+from ..engine import default
+from ..engine import url
+from ..sql.selectable import LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+from ..util import decorator
+
+
+def expect_warnings(*messages, **kw):
+    """Context manager which expects one or more warnings.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarning emitted via
+    sqlalchemy.util.warn and sqlalchemy.util.warn_limited.   Otherwise
+    pass string expressions that will match selected warnings via regex;
+    all non-matching warnings are sent through.
+
+    The expect version **asserts** that the warnings were in fact seen.
+
+    Note that the test suite sets SAWarning warnings to raise exceptions.
+
+    """  # noqa
+    return _expect_warnings_sqla_only(sa_exc.SAWarning, messages, **kw)
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def expect_warnings_on(db, *messages, **kw):
+    """Context manager which expects one or more warnings on specific
+    dialects.
+
+    The expect version **asserts** that the warnings were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+    spec = db_spec(db)
+
+    if isinstance(db, str) and not spec(config._current):
+        yield
+    else:
+        with expect_warnings(*messages, **kw):
+            yield
+
+
+def emits_warning(*messages):
+    """Decorator form of expect_warnings().
+
+    Note that emits_warning does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_warnings(assert_=False, *messages):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def expect_deprecated(*messages, **kw):
+    return _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+        sa_exc.SADeprecationWarning, messages, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def expect_deprecated_20(*messages, **kw):
+    return _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+        sa_exc.Base20DeprecationWarning, messages, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def emits_warning_on(db, *messages):
+    """Mark a test as emitting a warning on a specific dialect.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SAWarning failures.  Or pass one or more
+    strings; these will be matched to the root of the warning description by
+    warnings.filterwarnings().
+
+    Note that emits_warning_on does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_warnings_on(db, assert_=False, *messages):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def uses_deprecated(*messages):
+    """Mark a test as immune from fatal deprecation warnings.
+
+    With no arguments, squelches all SADeprecationWarning failures.
+    Or pass one or more strings; these will be matched to the root
+    of the warning description by warnings.filterwarnings().
+
+    As a special case, you may pass a function name prefixed with //
+    and it will be re-written as needed to match the standard warning
+    verbiage emitted by the sqlalchemy.util.deprecated decorator.
+
+    Note that uses_deprecated does **not** assert that the warnings
+    were in fact seen.
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+        with expect_deprecated(*messages, assert_=False):
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+_FILTERS = None
+_SEEN = None
+_EXC_CLS = None
+
+
+def _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+    exc_cls,
+    messages,
+    regex=True,
+    search_msg=False,
+    assert_=True,
+):
+    """SQLAlchemy internal use only _expect_warnings().
+
+    Alembic is using _expect_warnings() directly, and should be updated
+    to use this new interface.
+
+    """
+    return _expect_warnings(
+        exc_cls,
+        messages,
+        regex=regex,
+        search_msg=search_msg,
+        assert_=assert_,
+        raise_on_any_unexpected=True,
+    )
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _expect_warnings(
+    exc_cls,
+    messages,
+    regex=True,
+    search_msg=False,
+    assert_=True,
+    raise_on_any_unexpected=False,
+    squelch_other_warnings=False,
+):
+    global _FILTERS, _SEEN, _EXC_CLS
+
+    if regex or search_msg:
+        filters = [re.compile(msg, re.I | re.S) for msg in messages]
+    else:
+        filters = list(messages)
+
+    if _FILTERS is not None:
+        # nested call; update _FILTERS and _SEEN, return.  outer
+        # block will assert our messages
+        assert _SEEN is not None
+        assert _EXC_CLS is not None
+        _FILTERS.extend(filters)
+        _SEEN.update(filters)
+        _EXC_CLS += (exc_cls,)
+        yield
+    else:
+        seen = _SEEN = set(filters)
+        _FILTERS = filters
+        _EXC_CLS = (exc_cls,)
+
+        if raise_on_any_unexpected:
+
+            def real_warn(msg, *arg, **kw):
+                raise AssertionError("Got unexpected warning: %r" % msg)
+
+        else:
+            real_warn = warnings.warn
+
+        def our_warn(msg, *arg, **kw):
+            if isinstance(msg, _EXC_CLS):
+                exception = type(msg)
+                msg = str(msg)
+            elif arg:
+                exception = arg[0]
+            else:
+                exception = None
+
+            if not exception or not issubclass(exception, _EXC_CLS):
+                if not squelch_other_warnings:
+                    return real_warn(msg, *arg, **kw)
+                else:
+                    return
+
+            if not filters and not raise_on_any_unexpected:
+                return
+
+            for filter_ in filters:
+                if (
+                    (search_msg and filter_.search(msg))
+                    or (regex and filter_.match(msg))
+                    or (not regex and filter_ == msg)
+                ):
+                    seen.discard(filter_)
+                    break
+            else:
+                if not squelch_other_warnings:
+                    real_warn(msg, *arg, **kw)
+
+        with mock.patch("warnings.warn", our_warn):
+            try:
+                yield
+            finally:
+                _SEEN = _FILTERS = _EXC_CLS = None
+
+                if assert_:
+                    assert not seen, "Warnings were not seen: %s" % ", ".join(
+                        "%r" % (s.pattern if regex else s) for s in seen
+                    )
+
+
+def global_cleanup_assertions():
+    """Check things that have to be finalized at the end of a test suite.
+
+    Hardcoded at the moment, a modular system can be built here
+    to support things like PG prepared transactions, tables all
+    dropped, etc.
+
+    """
+    _assert_no_stray_pool_connections()
+
+
+def _assert_no_stray_pool_connections():
+    engines.testing_reaper.assert_all_closed()
+
+
+def int_within_variance(expected, received, variance):
+    deviance = int(expected * variance)
+    assert (
+        abs(received - expected) < deviance
+    ), "Given int value %s is not within %d%% of expected value %s" % (
+        received,
+        variance * 100,
+        expected,
+    )
+
+
+def eq_regex(a, b, msg=None, flags=0):
+    assert re.match(b, a, flags), msg or "%r !~ %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def eq_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a == b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a == b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def ne_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a != b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a != b, msg or "%r == %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def le_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a <= b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a <= b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_instance_of(a, b, msg=None):
+    assert isinstance(a, b), msg or "%r is not an instance of %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_none(a, msg=None):
+    is_(a, None, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_not_none(a, msg=None):
+    is_not(a, None, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_true(a, msg=None):
+    is_(bool(a), True, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_false(a, msg=None):
+    is_(bool(a), False, msg=msg)
+
+
+def is_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is b, msg or "%r is not %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def is_not(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a is not b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a is not b, msg or "%r is %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+# deprecated.  See #5429
+is_not_ = is_not
+
+
+def in_(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a in b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a in b, msg or "%r not in %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def not_in(a, b, msg=None):
+    """Assert a in not b, with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a not in b, msg or "%r is in %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+# deprecated.  See #5429
+not_in_ = not_in
+
+
+def startswith_(a, fragment, msg=None):
+    """Assert a.startswith(fragment), with repr messaging on failure."""
+    assert a.startswith(fragment), msg or "%r does not start with %r" % (
+        a,
+        fragment,
+    )
+
+
+def eq_ignore_whitespace(a, b, msg=None):
+    a = re.sub(r"^\s+?|\n", "", a)
+    a = re.sub(r" {2,}", " ", a)
+    a = re.sub(r"\t", "", a)
+    b = re.sub(r"^\s+?|\n", "", b)
+    b = re.sub(r" {2,}", " ", b)
+    b = re.sub(r"\t", "", b)
+
+    assert a == b, msg or "%r != %r" % (a, b)
+
+
+def _assert_proper_exception_context(exception):
+    """assert that any exception we're catching does not have a __context__
+    without a __cause__, and that __suppress_context__ is never set.
+
+    Python 3 will report nested as exceptions as "during the handling of
+    error X, error Y occurred". That's not what we want to do.  we want
+    these exceptions in a cause chain.
+
+    """
+
+    if (
+        exception.__context__ is not exception.__cause__
+        and not exception.__suppress_context__
+    ):
+        assert False, (
+            "Exception %r was correctly raised but did not set a cause, "
+            "within context %r as its cause."
+            % (exception, exception.__context__)
+        )
+
+
+def assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kw):
+    return _assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, args, kw, check_context=True)
+
+
+def assert_raises_context_ok(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kw):
+    return _assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, args, kw)
+
+
+def assert_raises_message(except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    return _assert_raises(
+        except_cls, callable_, args, kwargs, msg=msg, check_context=True
+    )
+
+
+def assert_warns(except_cls, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    """legacy adapter function for functions that were previously using
+    assert_raises with SAWarning or similar.
+
+    has some workarounds to accommodate the fact that the callable completes
+    with this approach rather than stopping at the exception raise.
+
+
+    """
+    with _expect_warnings_sqla_only(except_cls, [".*"]):
+        return callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_warns_message(except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs):
+    """legacy adapter function for functions that were previously using
+    assert_raises with SAWarning or similar.
+
+    has some workarounds to accommodate the fact that the callable completes
+    with this approach rather than stopping at the exception raise.
+
+    Also uses regex.search() to match the given message to the error string
+    rather than regex.match().
+
+    """
+    with _expect_warnings_sqla_only(
+        except_cls,
+        [msg],
+        search_msg=True,
+        regex=False,
+    ):
+        return callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assert_raises_message_context_ok(
+    except_cls, msg, callable_, *args, **kwargs
+):
+    return _assert_raises(except_cls, callable_, args, kwargs, msg=msg)
+
+
+def _assert_raises(
+    except_cls, callable_, args, kwargs, msg=None, check_context=False
+):
+    with _expect_raises(except_cls, msg, check_context) as ec:
+        callable_(*args, **kwargs)
+    return ec.error
+
+
+class _ErrorContainer:
+    error = None
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def _expect_raises(except_cls, msg=None, check_context=False):
+    if (
+        isinstance(except_cls, type)
+        and issubclass(except_cls, Warning)
+        or isinstance(except_cls, Warning)
+    ):
+        raise TypeError(
+            "Use expect_warnings for warnings, not "
+            "expect_raises / assert_raises"
+        )
+    ec = _ErrorContainer()
+    if check_context:
+        are_we_already_in_a_traceback = sys.exc_info()[0]
+    try:
+        yield ec
+        success = False
+    except except_cls as err:
+        ec.error = err
+        success = True
+        if msg is not None:
+            # I'm often pdbing here, and "err" above isn't
+            # in scope, so assign the string explicitly
+            error_as_string = str(err)
+            assert re.search(msg, error_as_string, re.UNICODE), "%r !~ %s" % (
+                msg,
+                error_as_string,
+            )
+        if check_context and not are_we_already_in_a_traceback:
+            _assert_proper_exception_context(err)
+        print(str(err).encode("utf-8"))
+
+    # it's generally a good idea to not carry traceback objects outside
+    # of the except: block, but in this case especially we seem to have
+    # hit some bug in either python 3.10.0b2 or greenlet or both which
+    # this seems to fix:
+    # https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/242
+    del ec
+
+    # assert outside the block so it works for AssertionError too !
+    assert success, "Callable did not raise an exception"
+
+
+def expect_raises(except_cls, check_context=True):
+    return _expect_raises(except_cls, check_context=check_context)
+
+
+def expect_raises_message(except_cls, msg, check_context=True):
+    return _expect_raises(except_cls, msg=msg, check_context=check_context)
+
+
+class AssertsCompiledSQL:
+    def assert_compile(
+        self,
+        clause,
+        result,
+        params=None,
+        checkparams=None,
+        for_executemany=False,
+        check_literal_execute=None,
+        check_post_param=None,
+        dialect=None,
+        checkpositional=None,
+        check_prefetch=None,
+        use_default_dialect=False,
+        allow_dialect_select=False,
+        supports_default_values=True,
+        supports_default_metavalue=True,
+        literal_binds=False,
+        render_postcompile=False,
+        schema_translate_map=None,
+        render_schema_translate=False,
+        default_schema_name=None,
+        from_linting=False,
+        check_param_order=True,
+        use_literal_execute_for_simple_int=False,
+    ):
+        if use_default_dialect:
+            dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+            dialect.supports_default_values = supports_default_values
+            dialect.supports_default_metavalue = supports_default_metavalue
+        elif allow_dialect_select:
+            dialect = None
+        else:
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = getattr(self, "__dialect__", None)
+
+            if dialect is None:
+                dialect = config.db.dialect
+            elif dialect == "default" or dialect == "default_qmark":
+                if dialect == "default":
+                    dialect = default.DefaultDialect()
+                else:
+                    dialect = default.DefaultDialect("qmark")
+                dialect.supports_default_values = supports_default_values
+                dialect.supports_default_metavalue = supports_default_metavalue
+            elif dialect == "default_enhanced":
+                dialect = default.StrCompileDialect()
+            elif isinstance(dialect, str):
+                dialect = url.URL.create(dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+        if default_schema_name:
+            dialect.default_schema_name = default_schema_name
+
+        kw = {}
+        compile_kwargs = {}
+
+        if schema_translate_map:
+            kw["schema_translate_map"] = schema_translate_map
+
+        if params is not None:
+            kw["column_keys"] = list(params)
+
+        if literal_binds:
+            compile_kwargs["literal_binds"] = True
+
+        if render_postcompile:
+            compile_kwargs["render_postcompile"] = True
+
+        if use_literal_execute_for_simple_int:
+            compile_kwargs["use_literal_execute_for_simple_int"] = True
+
+        if for_executemany:
+            kw["for_executemany"] = True
+
+        if render_schema_translate:
+            kw["render_schema_translate"] = True
+
+        if from_linting or getattr(self, "assert_from_linting", False):
+            kw["linting"] = sql.FROM_LINTING
+
+        from sqlalchemy import orm
+
+        if isinstance(clause, orm.Query):
+            stmt = clause._statement_20()
+            stmt._label_style = LABEL_STYLE_TABLENAME_PLUS_COL
+            clause = stmt
+
+        if compile_kwargs:
+            kw["compile_kwargs"] = compile_kwargs
+
+        class DontAccess:
+            def __getattribute__(self, key):
+                raise NotImplementedError(
+                    "compiler accessed .statement; use "
+                    "compiler.current_executable"
+                )
+
+        class CheckCompilerAccess:
+            def __init__(self, test_statement):
+                self.test_statement = test_statement
+                self._annotations = {}
+                self.supports_execution = getattr(
+                    test_statement, "supports_execution", False
+                )
+
+                if self.supports_execution:
+                    self._execution_options = test_statement._execution_options
+
+                    if hasattr(test_statement, "_returning"):
+                        self._returning = test_statement._returning
+                    if hasattr(test_statement, "_inline"):
+                        self._inline = test_statement._inline
+                    if hasattr(test_statement, "_return_defaults"):
+                        self._return_defaults = test_statement._return_defaults
+
+            @property
+            def _variant_mapping(self):
+                return self.test_statement._variant_mapping
+
+            def _default_dialect(self):
+                return self.test_statement._default_dialect()
+
+            def compile(self, dialect, **kw):
+                return self.test_statement.compile.__func__(
+                    self, dialect=dialect, **kw
+                )
+
+            def _compiler(self, dialect, **kw):
+                return self.test_statement._compiler.__func__(
+                    self, dialect, **kw
+                )
+
+            def _compiler_dispatch(self, compiler, **kwargs):
+                if hasattr(compiler, "statement"):
+                    with mock.patch.object(
+                        compiler, "statement", DontAccess()
+                    ):
+                        return self.test_statement._compiler_dispatch(
+                            compiler, **kwargs
+                        )
+                else:
+                    return self.test_statement._compiler_dispatch(
+                        compiler, **kwargs
+                    )
+
+        # no construct can assume it's the "top level" construct in all cases
+        # as anything can be nested.  ensure constructs don't assume they
+        # are the "self.statement" element
+        c = CheckCompilerAccess(clause).compile(dialect=dialect, **kw)
+
+        if isinstance(clause, sqltypes.TypeEngine):
+            cache_key_no_warnings = clause._static_cache_key
+            if cache_key_no_warnings:
+                hash(cache_key_no_warnings)
+        else:
+            cache_key_no_warnings = clause._generate_cache_key()
+            if cache_key_no_warnings:
+                hash(cache_key_no_warnings[0])
+
+        param_str = repr(getattr(c, "params", {}))
+        param_str = param_str.encode("utf-8").decode("ascii", "ignore")
+        print(("\nSQL String:\n" + str(c) + param_str).encode("utf-8"))
+
+        cc = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(c))
+
+        eq_(cc, result, "%r != %r on dialect %r" % (cc, result, dialect))
+
+        if checkparams is not None:
+            if render_postcompile:
+                expanded_state = c.construct_expanded_state(
+                    params, escape_names=False
+                )
+                eq_(expanded_state.parameters, checkparams)
+            else:
+                eq_(c.construct_params(params), checkparams)
+        if checkpositional is not None:
+            if render_postcompile:
+                expanded_state = c.construct_expanded_state(
+                    params, escape_names=False
+                )
+                eq_(
+                    tuple(
+                        [
+                            expanded_state.parameters[x]
+                            for x in expanded_state.positiontup
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    checkpositional,
+                )
+            else:
+                p = c.construct_params(params, escape_names=False)
+                eq_(tuple([p[x] for x in c.positiontup]), checkpositional)
+        if check_prefetch is not None:
+            eq_(c.prefetch, check_prefetch)
+        if check_literal_execute is not None:
+            eq_(
+                {
+                    c.bind_names[b]: b.effective_value
+                    for b in c.literal_execute_params
+                },
+                check_literal_execute,
+            )
+        if check_post_param is not None:
+            eq_(
+                {
+                    c.bind_names[b]: b.effective_value
+                    for b in c.post_compile_params
+                },
+                check_post_param,
+            )
+        if check_param_order and getattr(c, "params", None):
+
+            def get_dialect(paramstyle, positional):
+                cp = copy(dialect)
+                cp.paramstyle = paramstyle
+                cp.positional = positional
+                return cp
+
+            pyformat_dialect = get_dialect("pyformat", False)
+            pyformat_c = clause.compile(dialect=pyformat_dialect, **kw)
+            stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(pyformat_c))
+
+            qmark_dialect = get_dialect("qmark", True)
+            qmark_c = clause.compile(dialect=qmark_dialect, **kw)
+            values = list(qmark_c.positiontup)
+            escaped = qmark_c.escaped_bind_names
+
+            for post_param in (
+                qmark_c.post_compile_params | qmark_c.literal_execute_params
+            ):
+                name = qmark_c.bind_names[post_param]
+                if name in values:
+                    values = [v for v in values if v != name]
+            positions = []
+            pos_by_value = defaultdict(list)
+            for v in values:
+                try:
+                    if v in pos_by_value:
+                        start = pos_by_value[v][-1]
+                    else:
+                        start = 0
+                    esc = escaped.get(v, v)
+                    pos = stmt.index("%%(%s)s" % (esc,), start) + 2
+                    positions.append(pos)
+                    pos_by_value[v].append(pos)
+                except ValueError:
+                    msg = "Expected to find bindparam %r in %r" % (v, stmt)
+                    assert False, msg
+
+            ordered = all(
+                positions[i - 1] < positions[i]
+                for i in range(1, len(positions))
+            )
+
+            expected = [v for _, v in sorted(zip(positions, values))]
+
+            msg = (
+                "Order of parameters %s does not match the order "
+                "in the statement %s. Statement %r" % (values, expected, stmt)
+            )
+
+            is_true(ordered, msg)
+
+
+class ComparesTables:
+    def assert_tables_equal(
+        self,
+        table,
+        reflected_table,
+        strict_types=False,
+        strict_constraints=True,
+    ):
+        assert len(table.c) == len(reflected_table.c)
+        for c, reflected_c in zip(table.c, reflected_table.c):
+            eq_(c.name, reflected_c.name)
+            assert reflected_c is reflected_table.c[c.name]
+
+            if strict_constraints:
+                eq_(c.primary_key, reflected_c.primary_key)
+                eq_(c.nullable, reflected_c.nullable)
+
+            if strict_types:
+                msg = "Type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'"
+                assert isinstance(reflected_c.type, type(c.type)), msg % (
+                    reflected_c.type,
+                    c.type,
+                )
+            else:
+                self.assert_types_base(reflected_c, c)
+
+            if isinstance(c.type, sqltypes.String):
+                eq_(c.type.length, reflected_c.type.length)
+
+            if strict_constraints:
+                eq_(
+                    {f.column.name for f in c.foreign_keys},
+                    {f.column.name for f in reflected_c.foreign_keys},
+                )
+            if c.server_default:
+                assert isinstance(
+                    reflected_c.server_default, schema.FetchedValue
+                )
+
+        if strict_constraints:
+            assert len(table.primary_key) == len(reflected_table.primary_key)
+            for c in table.primary_key:
+                assert reflected_table.primary_key.columns[c.name] is not None
+
+    def assert_types_base(self, c1, c2):
+        assert c1.type._compare_type_affinity(
+            c2.type
+        ), "On column %r, type '%s' doesn't correspond to type '%s'" % (
+            c1.name,
+            c1.type,
+            c2.type,
+        )
+
+
+class AssertsExecutionResults:
+    def assert_result(self, result, class_, *objects):
+        result = list(result)
+        print(repr(result))
+        self.assert_list(result, class_, objects)
+
+    def assert_list(self, result, class_, list_):
+        self.assert_(
+            len(result) == len(list_),
+            "result list is not the same size as test list, "
+            + "for class "
+            + class_.__name__,
+        )
+        for i in range(0, len(list_)):
+            self.assert_row(class_, result[i], list_[i])
+
+    def assert_row(self, class_, rowobj, desc):
+        self.assert_(
+            rowobj.__class__ is class_, "item class is not " + repr(class_)
+        )
+        for key, value in desc.items():
+            if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                if isinstance(value[1], list):
+                    self.assert_list(getattr(rowobj, key), value[0], value[1])
+                else:
+                    self.assert_row(value[0], getattr(rowobj, key), value[1])
+            else:
+                self.assert_(
+                    getattr(rowobj, key) == value,
+                    "attribute %s value %s does not match %s"
+                    % (key, getattr(rowobj, key), value),
+                )
+
+    def assert_unordered_result(self, result, cls, *expected):
+        """As assert_result, but the order of objects is not considered.
+
+        The algorithm is very expensive but not a big deal for the small
+        numbers of rows that the test suite manipulates.
+        """
+
+        class immutabledict(dict):
+            def __hash__(self):
+                return id(self)
+
+        found = util.IdentitySet(result)
+        expected = {immutabledict(e) for e in expected}
+
+        for wrong in filterfalse(lambda o: isinstance(o, cls), found):
+            fail(
+                'Unexpected type "%s", expected "%s"'
+                % (type(wrong).__name__, cls.__name__)
+            )
+
+        if len(found) != len(expected):
+            fail(
+                'Unexpected object count "%s", expected "%s"'
+                % (len(found), len(expected))
+            )
+
+        NOVALUE = object()
+
+        def _compare_item(obj, spec):
+            for key, value in spec.items():
+                if isinstance(value, tuple):
+                    try:
+                        self.assert_unordered_result(
+                            getattr(obj, key), value[0], *value[1]
+                        )
+                    except AssertionError:
+                        return False
+                else:
+                    if getattr(obj, key, NOVALUE) != value:
+                        return False
+            return True
+
+        for expected_item in expected:
+            for found_item in found:
+                if _compare_item(found_item, expected_item):
+                    found.remove(found_item)
+                    break
+            else:
+                fail(
+                    "Expected %s instance with attributes %s not found."
+                    % (cls.__name__, repr(expected_item))
+                )
+        return True
+
+    def sql_execution_asserter(self, db=None):
+        if db is None:
+            from . import db as db
+
+        return assertsql.assert_engine(db)
+
+    def assert_sql_execution(self, db, callable_, *rules):
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter(db) as asserter:
+            result = callable_()
+        asserter.assert_(*rules)
+        return result
+
+    def assert_sql(self, db, callable_, rules):
+        newrules = []
+        for rule in rules:
+            if isinstance(rule, dict):
+                newrule = assertsql.AllOf(
+                    *[assertsql.CompiledSQL(k, v) for k, v in rule.items()]
+                )
+            else:
+                newrule = assertsql.CompiledSQL(*rule)
+            newrules.append(newrule)
+
+        return self.assert_sql_execution(db, callable_, *newrules)
+
+    def assert_sql_count(self, db, callable_, count):
+        return self.assert_sql_execution(
+            db, callable_, assertsql.CountStatements(count)
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def assert_execution(self, db, *rules):
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter(db) as asserter:
+            yield
+        asserter.assert_(*rules)
+
+    def assert_statement_count(self, db, count):
+        return self.assert_execution(db, assertsql.CountStatements(count))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def assert_statement_count_multi_db(self, dbs, counts):
+        recs = [
+            (self.sql_execution_asserter(db), db, count)
+            for (db, count) in zip(dbs, counts)
+        ]
+        asserters = []
+        for ctx, db, count in recs:
+            asserters.append(ctx.__enter__())
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            for asserter, (ctx, db, count) in zip(asserters, recs):
+                ctx.__exit__(None, None, None)
+                asserter.assert_(assertsql.CountStatements(count))
+
+
+class ComparesIndexes:
+    def compare_table_index_with_expected(
+        self, table: schema.Table, expected: list, dialect_name: str
+    ):
+        eq_(len(table.indexes), len(expected))
+        idx_dict = {idx.name: idx for idx in table.indexes}
+        for exp in expected:
+            idx = idx_dict[exp["name"]]
+            eq_(idx.unique, exp["unique"])
+            cols = [c for c in exp["column_names"] if c is not None]
+            eq_(len(idx.columns), len(cols))
+            for c in cols:
+                is_true(c in idx.columns)
+            exprs = exp.get("expressions")
+            if exprs:
+                eq_(len(idx.expressions), len(exprs))
+                for idx_exp, expr, col in zip(
+                    idx.expressions, exprs, exp["column_names"]
+                ):
+                    if col is None:
+                        eq_(idx_exp.text, expr)
+            if (
+                exp.get("dialect_options")
+                and f"{dialect_name}_include" in exp["dialect_options"]
+            ):
+                eq_(
+                    idx.dialect_options[dialect_name]["include"],
+                    exp["dialect_options"][f"{dialect_name}_include"],
+                )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81c7138c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/assertsql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+# testing/assertsql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import itertools
+import re
+
+from .. import event
+from ..engine import url
+from ..engine.default import DefaultDialect
+from ..schema import BaseDDLElement
+
+
+class AssertRule:
+    is_consumed = False
+    errormessage = None
+    consume_statement = True
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        pass
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        assert False, (
+            "All statements are complete, but pending "
+            "assertion rules remain"
+        )
+
+
+class SQLMatchRule(AssertRule):
+    pass
+
+
+class CursorSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+    def __init__(self, statement, params=None, consume_statement=True):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.consume_statement = consume_statement
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        stmt = execute_observed.statements[0]
+        if self.statement != stmt.statement or (
+            self.params is not None and self.params != stmt.parameters
+        ):
+            self.consume_statement = True
+            self.errormessage = (
+                "Testing for exact SQL %s parameters %s received %s %s"
+                % (
+                    self.statement,
+                    self.params,
+                    stmt.statement,
+                    stmt.parameters,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            execute_observed.statements.pop(0)
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            if not execute_observed.statements:
+                self.consume_statement = True
+
+
+class CompiledSQL(SQLMatchRule):
+    def __init__(
+        self, statement, params=None, dialect="default", enable_returning=True
+    ):
+        self.statement = statement
+        self.params = params
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.enable_returning = enable_returning
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", self.statement)
+        return received_statement == stmt
+
+    def _compile_dialect(self, execute_observed):
+        if self.dialect == "default":
+            dialect = DefaultDialect()
+            # this is currently what tests are expecting
+            # dialect.supports_default_values = True
+            dialect.supports_default_metavalue = True
+
+            if self.enable_returning:
+                dialect.insert_returning = dialect.update_returning = (
+                    dialect.delete_returning
+                ) = True
+                dialect.use_insertmanyvalues = True
+                dialect.supports_multivalues_insert = True
+                dialect.update_returning_multifrom = True
+                dialect.delete_returning_multifrom = True
+                # dialect.favor_returning_over_lastrowid = True
+                # dialect.insert_null_pk_still_autoincrements = True
+
+                # this is calculated but we need it to be True for this
+                # to look like all the current RETURNING dialects
+                assert dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+
+            return dialect
+        else:
+            return url.URL.create(self.dialect).get_dialect()()
+
+    def _received_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        """reconstruct the statement and params in terms
+        of a target dialect, which for CompiledSQL is just DefaultDialect."""
+
+        context = execute_observed.context
+        compare_dialect = self._compile_dialect(execute_observed)
+
+        # received_statement runs a full compile().  we should not need to
+        # consider extracted_parameters; if we do this indicates some state
+        # is being sent from a previous cached query, which some misbehaviors
+        # in the ORM can cause, see #6881
+        cache_key = None  # execute_observed.context.compiled.cache_key
+        extracted_parameters = (
+            None  # execute_observed.context.extracted_parameters
+        )
+
+        if "schema_translate_map" in context.execution_options:
+            map_ = context.execution_options["schema_translate_map"]
+        else:
+            map_ = None
+
+        if isinstance(execute_observed.clauseelement, BaseDDLElement):
+            compiled = execute_observed.clauseelement.compile(
+                dialect=compare_dialect,
+                schema_translate_map=map_,
+            )
+        else:
+            compiled = execute_observed.clauseelement.compile(
+                cache_key=cache_key,
+                dialect=compare_dialect,
+                column_keys=context.compiled.column_keys,
+                for_executemany=context.compiled.for_executemany,
+                schema_translate_map=map_,
+            )
+        _received_statement = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(compiled))
+        parameters = execute_observed.parameters
+
+        if not parameters:
+            _received_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters
+                )
+            ]
+        else:
+            _received_parameters = [
+                compiled.construct_params(
+                    m, extracted_parameters=extracted_parameters
+                )
+                for m in parameters
+            ]
+
+        return _received_statement, _received_parameters
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        context = execute_observed.context
+
+        _received_statement, _received_parameters = self._received_statement(
+            execute_observed
+        )
+        params = self._all_params(context)
+
+        equivalent = self._compare_sql(execute_observed, _received_statement)
+
+        if equivalent:
+            if params is not None:
+                all_params = list(params)
+                all_received = list(_received_parameters)
+                while all_params and all_received:
+                    param = dict(all_params.pop(0))
+
+                    for idx, received in enumerate(list(all_received)):
+                        # do a positive compare only
+                        for param_key in param:
+                            # a key in param did not match current
+                            # 'received'
+                            if (
+                                param_key not in received
+                                or received[param_key] != param[param_key]
+                            ):
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            # all keys in param matched 'received';
+                            # onto next param
+                            del all_received[idx]
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        # param did not match any entry
+                        # in all_received
+                        equivalent = False
+                        break
+                if all_params or all_received:
+                    equivalent = False
+
+        if equivalent:
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            self.errormessage = None
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = self._failure_message(
+                execute_observed, params
+            ) % {
+                "received_statement": _received_statement,
+                "received_parameters": _received_parameters,
+            }
+
+    def _all_params(self, context):
+        if self.params:
+            if callable(self.params):
+                params = self.params(context)
+            else:
+                params = self.params
+            if not isinstance(params, list):
+                params = [params]
+            return params
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def _failure_message(self, execute_observed, expected_params):
+        return (
+            "Testing for compiled statement\n%r partial params %s, "
+            "received\n%%(received_statement)r with params "
+            "%%(received_parameters)r"
+            % (
+                self.statement.replace("%", "%%"),
+                repr(expected_params).replace("%", "%%"),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class RegexSQL(CompiledSQL):
+    def __init__(
+        self, regex, params=None, dialect="default", enable_returning=False
+    ):
+        SQLMatchRule.__init__(self)
+        self.regex = re.compile(regex)
+        self.orig_regex = regex
+        self.params = params
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.enable_returning = enable_returning
+
+    def _failure_message(self, execute_observed, expected_params):
+        return (
+            "Testing for compiled statement ~%r partial params %s, "
+            "received %%(received_statement)r with params "
+            "%%(received_parameters)r"
+            % (
+                self.orig_regex.replace("%", "%%"),
+                repr(expected_params).replace("%", "%%"),
+            )
+        )
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        return bool(self.regex.match(received_statement))
+
+
+class DialectSQL(CompiledSQL):
+    def _compile_dialect(self, execute_observed):
+        return execute_observed.context.dialect
+
+    def _compare_no_space(self, real_stmt, received_stmt):
+        stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", real_stmt)
+        return received_stmt == stmt
+
+    def _received_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        received_stmt, received_params = super()._received_statement(
+            execute_observed
+        )
+
+        # TODO: why do we need this part?
+        for real_stmt in execute_observed.statements:
+            if self._compare_no_space(real_stmt.statement, received_stmt):
+                break
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "Can't locate compiled statement %r in list of "
+                "statements actually invoked" % received_stmt
+            )
+
+        return received_stmt, execute_observed.context.compiled_parameters
+
+    def _dialect_adjusted_statement(self, dialect):
+        paramstyle = dialect.paramstyle
+        stmt = re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", self.statement)
+
+        # temporarily escape out PG double colons
+        stmt = stmt.replace("::", "!!")
+
+        if paramstyle == "pyformat":
+            stmt = re.sub(r":([\w_]+)", r"%(\1)s", stmt)
+        else:
+            # positional params
+            repl = None
+            if paramstyle == "qmark":
+                repl = "?"
+            elif paramstyle == "format":
+                repl = r"%s"
+            elif paramstyle.startswith("numeric"):
+                counter = itertools.count(1)
+
+                num_identifier = "$" if paramstyle == "numeric_dollar" else ":"
+
+                def repl(m):
+                    return f"{num_identifier}{next(counter)}"
+
+            stmt = re.sub(r":([\w_]+)", repl, stmt)
+
+        # put them back
+        stmt = stmt.replace("!!", "::")
+
+        return stmt
+
+    def _compare_sql(self, execute_observed, received_statement):
+        stmt = self._dialect_adjusted_statement(
+            execute_observed.context.dialect
+        )
+        return received_statement == stmt
+
+    def _failure_message(self, execute_observed, expected_params):
+        return (
+            "Testing for compiled statement\n%r partial params %s, "
+            "received\n%%(received_statement)r with params "
+            "%%(received_parameters)r"
+            % (
+                self._dialect_adjusted_statement(
+                    execute_observed.context.dialect
+                ).replace("%", "%%"),
+                repr(expected_params).replace("%", "%%"),
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class CountStatements(AssertRule):
+    def __init__(self, count):
+        self.count = count
+        self._statement_count = 0
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        self._statement_count += 1
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        if self.count != self._statement_count:
+            assert False, "desired statement count %d does not match %d" % (
+                self.count,
+                self._statement_count,
+            )
+
+
+class AllOf(AssertRule):
+    def __init__(self, *rules):
+        self.rules = set(rules)
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        for rule in list(self.rules):
+            rule.errormessage = None
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.rules.discard(rule)
+                if not self.rules:
+                    self.is_consumed = True
+                break
+            elif not rule.errormessage:
+                # rule is not done yet
+                self.errormessage = None
+                break
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = list(self.rules)[0].errormessage
+
+
+class EachOf(AssertRule):
+    def __init__(self, *rules):
+        self.rules = list(rules)
+
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        if not self.rules:
+            self.is_consumed = True
+            self.consume_statement = False
+
+        while self.rules:
+            rule = self.rules[0]
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.rules.pop(0)
+            elif rule.errormessage:
+                self.errormessage = rule.errormessage
+            if rule.consume_statement:
+                break
+
+        if not self.rules:
+            self.is_consumed = True
+
+    def no_more_statements(self):
+        if self.rules and not self.rules[0].is_consumed:
+            self.rules[0].no_more_statements()
+        elif self.rules:
+            super().no_more_statements()
+
+
+class Conditional(EachOf):
+    def __init__(self, condition, rules, else_rules):
+        if condition:
+            super().__init__(*rules)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(*else_rules)
+
+
+class Or(AllOf):
+    def process_statement(self, execute_observed):
+        for rule in self.rules:
+            rule.process_statement(execute_observed)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                self.is_consumed = True
+                break
+        else:
+            self.errormessage = list(self.rules)[0].errormessage
+
+
+class SQLExecuteObserved:
+    def __init__(self, context, clauseelement, multiparams, params):
+        self.context = context
+        self.clauseelement = clauseelement
+
+        if multiparams:
+            self.parameters = multiparams
+        elif params:
+            self.parameters = [params]
+        else:
+            self.parameters = []
+        self.statements = []
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(self.statements)
+
+
+class SQLCursorExecuteObserved(
+    collections.namedtuple(
+        "SQLCursorExecuteObserved",
+        ["statement", "parameters", "context", "executemany"],
+    )
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class SQLAsserter:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.accumulated = []
+
+    def _close(self):
+        self._final = self.accumulated
+        del self.accumulated
+
+    def assert_(self, *rules):
+        rule = EachOf(*rules)
+
+        observed = list(self._final)
+        while observed:
+            statement = observed.pop(0)
+            rule.process_statement(statement)
+            if rule.is_consumed:
+                break
+            elif rule.errormessage:
+                assert False, rule.errormessage
+        if observed:
+            assert False, "Additional SQL statements remain:\n%s" % observed
+        elif not rule.is_consumed:
+            rule.no_more_statements()
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def assert_engine(engine):
+    asserter = SQLAsserter()
+
+    orig = []
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "before_execute")
+    def connection_execute(
+        conn, clauseelement, multiparams, params, execution_options
+    ):
+        # grab the original statement + params before any cursor
+        # execution
+        orig[:] = clauseelement, multiparams, params
+
+    @event.listens_for(engine, "after_cursor_execute")
+    def cursor_execute(
+        conn, cursor, statement, parameters, context, executemany
+    ):
+        if not context:
+            return
+        # then grab real cursor statements and associate them all
+        # around a single context
+        if (
+            asserter.accumulated
+            and asserter.accumulated[-1].context is context
+        ):
+            obs = asserter.accumulated[-1]
+        else:
+            obs = SQLExecuteObserved(context, orig[0], orig[1], orig[2])
+            asserter.accumulated.append(obs)
+        obs.statements.append(
+            SQLCursorExecuteObserved(
+                statement, parameters, context, executemany
+            )
+        )
+
+    try:
+        yield asserter
+    finally:
+        event.remove(engine, "after_cursor_execute", cursor_execute)
+        event.remove(engine, "before_execute", connection_execute)
+        asserter._close()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/asyncio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28470ba2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/asyncio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+# testing/asyncio.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+# functions and wrappers to run tests, fixtures, provisioning and
+# setup/teardown in an asyncio event loop, conditionally based on the
+# current DB driver being used for a test.
+
+# note that SQLAlchemy's asyncio integration also supports a method
+# of running individual asyncio functions inside of separate event loops
+# using "async_fallback" mode; however running whole functions in the event
+# loop is a more accurate test for how SQLAlchemy's asyncio features
+# would run in the real world.
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from functools import wraps
+import inspect
+
+from . import config
+from ..util.concurrency import _AsyncUtil
+
+# may be set to False if the
+# --disable-asyncio flag is passed to the test runner.
+ENABLE_ASYNCIO = True
+_async_util = _AsyncUtil()  # it has lazy init so just always create one
+
+
+def _shutdown():
+    """called when the test finishes"""
+    _async_util.close()
+
+
+def _run_coroutine_function(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    return _async_util.run(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _assume_async(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Run a function in an asyncio loop unconditionally.
+
+    This function is used for provisioning features like
+    testing a database connection for server info.
+
+    Note that for blocking IO database drivers, this means they block the
+    event loop.
+
+    """
+
+    if not ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return _async_util.run_in_greenlet(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _maybe_async_provisioning(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Run a function in an asyncio loop if any current drivers might need it.
+
+    This function is used for provisioning features that take
+    place outside of a specific database driver being selected, so if the
+    current driver that happens to be used for the provisioning operation
+    is an async driver, it will run in asyncio and not fail.
+
+    Note that for blocking IO database drivers, this means they block the
+    event loop.
+
+    """
+    if not ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    if config.any_async:
+        return _async_util.run_in_greenlet(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _maybe_async(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Run a function in an asyncio loop if the current selected driver is
+    async.
+
+    This function is used for test setup/teardown and tests themselves
+    where the current DB driver is known.
+
+
+    """
+    if not ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    is_async = config._current.is_async
+
+    if is_async:
+        return _async_util.run_in_greenlet(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+    else:
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _maybe_async_wrapper(fn):
+    """Apply the _maybe_async function to an existing function and return
+    as a wrapped callable, supporting generator functions as well.
+
+    This is currently used for pytest fixtures that support generator use.
+
+    """
+
+    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(fn):
+        _stop = object()
+
+        def call_next(gen):
+            try:
+                return next(gen)
+                # can't raise StopIteration in an awaitable.
+            except StopIteration:
+                return _stop
+
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def wrap_fixture(*args, **kwargs):
+            gen = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+            while True:
+                value = _maybe_async(call_next, gen)
+                if value is _stop:
+                    break
+                yield value
+
+    else:
+
+        @wraps(fn)
+        def wrap_fixture(*args, **kwargs):
+            return _maybe_async(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return wrap_fixture
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eec642b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+# testing/config.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from argparse import Namespace
+import collections
+import inspect
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import mock
+from . import requirements as _requirements
+from .util import fail
+from .. import util
+
+# default requirements; this is replaced by plugin_base when pytest
+# is run
+requirements = _requirements.SuiteRequirements()
+
+db = None
+db_url = None
+db_opts = None
+file_config = None
+test_schema = None
+test_schema_2 = None
+any_async = False
+_current = None
+ident = "main"
+options: Namespace = None  # type: ignore
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .plugin.plugin_base import FixtureFunctions
+
+    _fixture_functions: FixtureFunctions
+else:
+
+    class _NullFixtureFunctions:
+        def _null_decorator(self):
+            def go(fn):
+                return fn
+
+            return go
+
+        def skip_test_exception(self, *arg, **kw):
+            return Exception()
+
+        @property
+        def add_to_marker(self):
+            return mock.Mock()
+
+        def mark_base_test_class(self):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def combinations(self, *arg_sets, **kw):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def param_ident(self, *parameters):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def fixture(self, *arg, **kw):
+            return self._null_decorator()
+
+        def get_current_test_name(self):
+            return None
+
+        def async_test(self, fn):
+            return fn
+
+    # default fixture functions; these are replaced by plugin_base when
+    # pytest runs
+    _fixture_functions = _NullFixtureFunctions()
+
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+def combinations(
+    *comb: Union[Any, Tuple[Any, ...]],
+    argnames: Optional[str] = None,
+    id_: Optional[str] = None,
+    **kw: str,
+) -> Callable[[_FN], _FN]:
+    r"""Deliver multiple versions of a test based on positional combinations.
+
+    This is a facade over pytest.mark.parametrize.
+
+
+    :param \*comb: argument combinations.  These are tuples that will be passed
+     positionally to the decorated function.
+
+    :param argnames: optional list of argument names.   These are the names
+     of the arguments in the test function that correspond to the entries
+     in each argument tuple.   pytest.mark.parametrize requires this, however
+     the combinations function will derive it automatically if not present
+     by using ``inspect.getfullargspec(fn).args[1:]``.  Note this assumes the
+     first argument is "self" which is discarded.
+
+    :param id\_: optional id template.  This is a string template that
+     describes how the "id" for each parameter set should be defined, if any.
+     The number of characters in the template should match the number of
+     entries in each argument tuple.   Each character describes how the
+     corresponding entry in the argument tuple should be handled, as far as
+     whether or not it is included in the arguments passed to the function, as
+     well as if it is included in the tokens used to create the id of the
+     parameter set.
+
+     If omitted, the argument combinations are passed to parametrize as is.  If
+     passed, each argument combination is turned into a pytest.param() object,
+     mapping the elements of the argument tuple to produce an id based on a
+     character value in the same position within the string template using the
+     following scheme:
+
+     .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        i - the given argument is a string that is part of the id only, don't
+            pass it as an argument
+
+        n - the given argument should be passed and it should be added to the
+            id by calling the .__name__ attribute
+
+        r - the given argument should be passed and it should be added to the
+            id by calling repr()
+
+        s - the given argument should be passed and it should be added to the
+            id by calling str()
+
+        a - (argument) the given argument should be passed and it should not
+            be used to generated the id
+
+     e.g.::
+
+        @testing.combinations(
+            (operator.eq, "eq"),
+            (operator.ne, "ne"),
+            (operator.gt, "gt"),
+            (operator.lt, "lt"),
+            id_="na",
+        )
+        def test_operator(self, opfunc, name):
+            pass
+
+    The above combination will call ``.__name__`` on the first member of
+    each tuple and use that as the "id" to pytest.param().
+
+
+    """
+    return _fixture_functions.combinations(
+        *comb, id_=id_, argnames=argnames, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def combinations_list(arg_iterable: Iterable[Tuple[Any, ...]], **kw):
+    "As combination, but takes a single iterable"
+    return combinations(*arg_iterable, **kw)
+
+
+class Variation:
+    __slots__ = ("_name", "_argname")
+
+    def __init__(self, case, argname, case_names):
+        self._name = case
+        self._argname = argname
+        for casename in case_names:
+            setattr(self, casename, casename == case)
+
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> bool: ...
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self._name == self._argname
+
+    def __nonzero__(self):
+        return not self.__bool__()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"{self._argname}={self._name!r}"
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return str(self)
+
+    def fail(self) -> NoReturn:
+        fail(f"Unknown {self}")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def idfn(cls, variation):
+        return variation.name
+
+    @classmethod
+    def generate_cases(cls, argname, cases):
+        case_names = [
+            argname if c is True else "not_" + argname if c is False else c
+            for c in cases
+        ]
+
+        typ = type(
+            argname,
+            (Variation,),
+            {
+                "__slots__": tuple(case_names),
+            },
+        )
+
+        return [typ(casename, argname, case_names) for casename in case_names]
+
+
+def variation(argname_or_fn, cases=None):
+    """a helper around testing.combinations that provides a single namespace
+    that can be used as a switch.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        @testing.variation("querytyp", ["select", "subquery", "legacy_query"])
+        @testing.variation("lazy", ["select", "raise", "raise_on_sql"])
+        def test_thing(self, querytyp, lazy, decl_base):
+            class Thing(decl_base):
+                __tablename__ = "thing"
+
+                # use name directly
+                rel = relationship("Rel", lazy=lazy.name)
+
+            # use as a switch
+            if querytyp.select:
+                stmt = select(Thing)
+            elif querytyp.subquery:
+                stmt = select(Thing).subquery()
+            elif querytyp.legacy_query:
+                stmt = Session.query(Thing)
+            else:
+                querytyp.fail()
+
+    The variable provided is a slots object of boolean variables, as well
+    as the name of the case itself under the attribute ".name"
+
+    """
+
+    if inspect.isfunction(argname_or_fn):
+        argname = argname_or_fn.__name__
+        cases = argname_or_fn(None)
+
+        @variation_fixture(argname, cases)
+        def go(self, request):
+            yield request.param
+
+        return go
+    else:
+        argname = argname_or_fn
+    cases_plus_limitations = [
+        (
+            entry
+            if (isinstance(entry, tuple) and len(entry) == 2)
+            else (entry, None)
+        )
+        for entry in cases
+    ]
+
+    variations = Variation.generate_cases(
+        argname, [c for c, l in cases_plus_limitations]
+    )
+    return combinations(
+        *[
+            (
+                (variation._name, variation, limitation)
+                if limitation is not None
+                else (variation._name, variation)
+            )
+            for variation, (case, limitation) in zip(
+                variations, cases_plus_limitations
+            )
+        ],
+        id_="ia",
+        argnames=argname,
+    )
+
+
+def variation_fixture(argname, cases, scope="function"):
+    return fixture(
+        params=Variation.generate_cases(argname, cases),
+        ids=Variation.idfn,
+        scope=scope,
+    )
+
+
+def fixture(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+    return _fixture_functions.fixture(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def get_current_test_name() -> str:
+    return _fixture_functions.get_current_test_name()
+
+
+def mark_base_test_class() -> Any:
+    return _fixture_functions.mark_base_test_class()
+
+
+class _AddToMarker:
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
+        return getattr(_fixture_functions.add_to_marker, attr)
+
+
+add_to_marker = _AddToMarker()
+
+
+class Config:
+    def __init__(self, db, db_opts, options, file_config):
+        self._set_name(db)
+        self.db = db
+        self.db_opts = db_opts
+        self.options = options
+        self.file_config = file_config
+        self.test_schema = "test_schema"
+        self.test_schema_2 = "test_schema_2"
+
+        self.is_async = db.dialect.is_async and not util.asbool(
+            db.url.query.get("async_fallback", False)
+        )
+
+    _stack = collections.deque()
+    _configs = set()
+
+    def _set_name(self, db):
+        suffix = "_async" if db.dialect.is_async else ""
+        if db.dialect.server_version_info:
+            svi = ".".join(str(tok) for tok in db.dialect.server_version_info)
+            self.name = "%s+%s%s_[%s]" % (db.name, db.driver, suffix, svi)
+        else:
+            self.name = "%s+%s%s" % (db.name, db.driver, suffix)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def register(cls, db, db_opts, options, file_config):
+        """add a config as one of the global configs.
+
+        If there are no configs set up yet, this config also
+        gets set as the "_current".
+        """
+        global any_async
+
+        cfg = Config(db, db_opts, options, file_config)
+
+        # if any backends include an async driver, then ensure
+        # all setup/teardown and tests are wrapped in the maybe_async()
+        # decorator that will set up a greenlet context for async drivers.
+        any_async = any_async or cfg.is_async
+
+        cls._configs.add(cfg)
+        return cfg
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_as_current(cls, config, namespace):
+        global db, _current, db_url, test_schema, test_schema_2, db_opts
+        _current = config
+        db_url = config.db.url
+        db_opts = config.db_opts
+        test_schema = config.test_schema
+        test_schema_2 = config.test_schema_2
+        namespace.db = db = config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push_engine(cls, db, namespace):
+        assert _current, "Can't push without a default Config set up"
+        cls.push(
+            Config(
+                db, _current.db_opts, _current.options, _current.file_config
+            ),
+            namespace,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def push(cls, config, namespace):
+        cls._stack.append(_current)
+        cls.set_as_current(config, namespace)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pop(cls, namespace):
+        if cls._stack:
+            # a failed test w/ -x option can call reset() ahead of time
+            _current = cls._stack[-1]
+            del cls._stack[-1]
+            cls.set_as_current(_current, namespace)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, namespace):
+        if cls._stack:
+            cls.set_as_current(cls._stack[0], namespace)
+            cls._stack.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_configs(cls):
+        return cls._configs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all_dbs(cls):
+        for cfg in cls.all_configs():
+            yield cfg.db
+
+    def skip_test(self, msg):
+        skip_test(msg)
+
+
+def skip_test(msg):
+    raise _fixture_functions.skip_test_exception(msg)
+
+
+def async_test(fn):
+    return _fixture_functions.async_test(fn)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51beed98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/engines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+# testing/engines.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import re
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Optional
+import warnings
+import weakref
+
+from . import config
+from .util import decorator
+from .util import gc_collect
+from .. import event
+from .. import pool
+from ..util import await_only
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..engine import Engine
+    from ..engine.url import URL
+    from ..ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine
+
+
+class ConnectionKiller:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.proxy_refs = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
+        self.testing_engines = collections.defaultdict(set)
+        self.dbapi_connections = set()
+
+    def add_pool(self, pool):
+        event.listen(pool, "checkout", self._add_conn)
+        event.listen(pool, "checkin", self._remove_conn)
+        event.listen(pool, "close", self._remove_conn)
+        event.listen(pool, "close_detached", self._remove_conn)
+        # note we are keeping "invalidated" here, as those are still
+        # opened connections we would like to roll back
+
+    def _add_conn(self, dbapi_con, con_record, con_proxy):
+        self.dbapi_connections.add(dbapi_con)
+        self.proxy_refs[con_proxy] = True
+
+    def _remove_conn(self, dbapi_conn, *arg):
+        self.dbapi_connections.discard(dbapi_conn)
+
+    def add_engine(self, engine, scope):
+        self.add_pool(engine.pool)
+
+        assert scope in ("class", "global", "function", "fixture")
+        self.testing_engines[scope].add(engine)
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "testing_reaper couldn't rollback/close connection: %s" % e
+            )
+
+    def rollback_all(self):
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self._safe(rec.rollback)
+
+    def checkin_all(self):
+        # run pool.checkin() for all ConnectionFairy instances we have
+        # tracked.
+
+        for rec in list(self.proxy_refs):
+            if rec is not None and rec.is_valid:
+                self.dbapi_connections.discard(rec.dbapi_connection)
+                self._safe(rec._checkin)
+
+        # for fairy refs that were GCed and could not close the connection,
+        # such as asyncio, roll back those remaining connections
+        for con in self.dbapi_connections:
+            self._safe(con.rollback)
+        self.dbapi_connections.clear()
+
+    def close_all(self):
+        self.checkin_all()
+
+    def prepare_for_drop_tables(self, connection):
+        # don't do aggressive checks for third party test suites
+        if not config.bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy:
+            return
+
+        from . import provision
+
+        provision.prepare_for_drop_tables(connection.engine.url, connection)
+
+    def _drop_testing_engines(self, scope):
+        eng = self.testing_engines[scope]
+        for rec in list(eng):
+            for proxy_ref in list(self.proxy_refs):
+                if proxy_ref is not None and proxy_ref.is_valid:
+                    if (
+                        proxy_ref._pool is not None
+                        and proxy_ref._pool is rec.pool
+                    ):
+                        self._safe(proxy_ref._checkin)
+
+            if hasattr(rec, "sync_engine"):
+                await_only(rec.dispose())
+            else:
+                rec.dispose()
+        eng.clear()
+
+    def after_test(self):
+        self._drop_testing_engines("function")
+
+    def after_test_outside_fixtures(self, test):
+        # don't do aggressive checks for third party test suites
+        if not config.bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy:
+            return
+
+        if test.__class__.__leave_connections_for_teardown__:
+            return
+
+        self.checkin_all()
+
+        # on PostgreSQL, this will test for any "idle in transaction"
+        # connections.   useful to identify tests with unusual patterns
+        # that can't be cleaned up correctly.
+        from . import provision
+
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            provision.prepare_for_drop_tables(conn.engine.url, conn)
+
+    def stop_test_class_inside_fixtures(self):
+        self.checkin_all()
+        self._drop_testing_engines("function")
+        self._drop_testing_engines("class")
+
+    def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(self):
+        # ensure no refs to checked out connections at all.
+
+        if pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records:
+            gc_collect()
+
+            if pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records:
+                ln = len(pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records)
+                pool.base._strong_ref_connection_records.clear()
+                assert (
+                    False
+                ), "%d connection recs not cleared after test suite" % (ln)
+
+    def final_cleanup(self):
+        self.checkin_all()
+        for scope in self.testing_engines:
+            self._drop_testing_engines(scope)
+
+    def assert_all_closed(self):
+        for rec in self.proxy_refs:
+            if rec.is_valid:
+                assert False
+
+
+testing_reaper = ConnectionKiller()
+
+
+@decorator
+def assert_conns_closed(fn, *args, **kw):
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.assert_all_closed()
+
+
+@decorator
+def rollback_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that rolls back all open connections after fn execution."""
+
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.rollback_all()
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_first(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections before fn execution."""
+
+    testing_reaper.checkin_all()
+    fn(*args, **kw)
+
+
+@decorator
+def close_open_connections(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Decorator that closes all connections after fn execution."""
+    try:
+        fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        testing_reaper.checkin_all()
+
+
+def all_dialects(exclude=None):
+    import sqlalchemy.dialects as d
+
+    for name in d.__all__:
+        # TEMPORARY
+        if exclude and name in exclude:
+            continue
+        mod = getattr(d, name, None)
+        if not mod:
+            mod = getattr(
+                __import__("sqlalchemy.dialects.%s" % name).dialects, name
+            )
+        yield mod.dialect()
+
+
+class ReconnectFixture:
+    def __init__(self, dbapi):
+        self.dbapi = dbapi
+        self.connections = []
+        self.is_stopped = False
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.dbapi, key)
+
+    def connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        conn = self.dbapi.connect(*args, **kwargs)
+        if self.is_stopped:
+            self._safe(conn.close)
+            curs = conn.cursor()  # should fail on Oracle etc.
+            # should fail for everything that didn't fail
+            # above, connection is closed
+            curs.execute("select 1")
+            assert False, "simulated connect failure didn't work"
+        else:
+            self.connections.append(conn)
+            return conn
+
+    def _safe(self, fn):
+        try:
+            fn()
+        except Exception as e:
+            warnings.warn("ReconnectFixture couldn't close connection: %s" % e)
+
+    def shutdown(self, stop=False):
+        # TODO: this doesn't cover all cases
+        # as nicely as we'd like, namely MySQLdb.
+        # would need to implement R. Brewer's
+        # proxy server idea to get better
+        # coverage.
+        self.is_stopped = stop
+        for c in list(self.connections):
+            self._safe(c.close)
+        self.connections = []
+
+    def restart(self):
+        self.is_stopped = False
+
+
+def reconnecting_engine(url=None, options=None):
+    url = url or config.db.url
+    dbapi = config.db.dialect.dbapi
+    if not options:
+        options = {}
+    options["module"] = ReconnectFixture(dbapi)
+    engine = testing_engine(url, options)
+    _dispose = engine.dispose
+
+    def dispose():
+        engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown()
+        engine.dialect.dbapi.is_stopped = False
+        _dispose()
+
+    engine.test_shutdown = engine.dialect.dbapi.shutdown
+    engine.test_restart = engine.dialect.dbapi.restart
+    engine.dispose = dispose
+    return engine
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def testing_engine(
+    url: Optional[URL] = None,
+    options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    asyncio: Literal[False] = False,
+    transfer_staticpool: bool = False,
+) -> Engine: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def testing_engine(
+    url: Optional[URL] = None,
+    options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    asyncio: Literal[True] = True,
+    transfer_staticpool: bool = False,
+) -> AsyncEngine: ...
+
+
+def testing_engine(
+    url=None,
+    options=None,
+    asyncio=False,
+    transfer_staticpool=False,
+    share_pool=False,
+    _sqlite_savepoint=False,
+):
+    if asyncio:
+        assert not _sqlite_savepoint
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import (
+            create_async_engine as create_engine,
+        )
+    else:
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+    from sqlalchemy.engine.url import make_url
+
+    if not options:
+        use_reaper = True
+        scope = "function"
+        sqlite_savepoint = False
+    else:
+        use_reaper = options.pop("use_reaper", True)
+        scope = options.pop("scope", "function")
+        sqlite_savepoint = options.pop("sqlite_savepoint", False)
+
+    url = url or config.db.url
+
+    url = make_url(url)
+
+    if (
+        config.db is None or url.drivername == config.db.url.drivername
+    ) and config.db_opts:
+        use_options = config.db_opts.copy()
+    else:
+        use_options = {}
+
+    if options is not None:
+        use_options.update(options)
+
+    engine = create_engine(url, **use_options)
+
+    if sqlite_savepoint and engine.name == "sqlite":
+        # apply SQLite savepoint workaround
+        @event.listens_for(engine, "connect")
+        def do_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+            dbapi_connection.isolation_level = None
+
+        @event.listens_for(engine, "begin")
+        def do_begin(conn):
+            conn.exec_driver_sql("BEGIN")
+
+    if transfer_staticpool:
+        from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+
+        if config.db is not None and isinstance(config.db.pool, StaticPool):
+            use_reaper = False
+            engine.pool._transfer_from(config.db.pool)
+    elif share_pool:
+        engine.pool = config.db.pool
+
+    if scope == "global":
+        if asyncio:
+            engine.sync_engine._has_events = True
+        else:
+            engine._has_events = (
+                True  # enable event blocks, helps with profiling
+            )
+
+    if (
+        isinstance(engine.pool, pool.QueuePool)
+        and "pool" not in use_options
+        and "pool_timeout" not in use_options
+        and "max_overflow" not in use_options
+    ):
+        engine.pool._timeout = 0
+        engine.pool._max_overflow = 0
+    if use_reaper:
+        testing_reaper.add_engine(engine, scope)
+
+    return engine
+
+
+def mock_engine(dialect_name=None):
+    """Provides a mocking engine based on the current testing.db.
+
+    This is normally used to test DDL generation flow as emitted
+    by an Engine.
+
+    It should not be used in other cases, as assert_compile() and
+    assert_sql_execution() are much better choices with fewer
+    moving parts.
+
+    """
+
+    from sqlalchemy import create_mock_engine
+
+    if not dialect_name:
+        dialect_name = config.db.name
+
+    buffer = []
+
+    def executor(sql, *a, **kw):
+        buffer.append(sql)
+
+    def assert_sql(stmts):
+        recv = [re.sub(r"[\n\t]", "", str(s)) for s in buffer]
+        assert recv == stmts, recv
+
+    def print_sql():
+        d = engine.dialect
+        return "\n".join(str(s.compile(dialect=d)) for s in engine.mock)
+
+    engine = create_mock_engine(dialect_name + "://", executor)
+    assert not hasattr(engine, "mock")
+    engine.mock = buffer
+    engine.assert_sql = assert_sql
+    engine.print_sql = print_sql
+    return engine
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyCursor:
+    """Proxy a DBAPI cursor.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level cursor operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, conn, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.connection = conn
+        self.cursor = conn.cursor(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def execute(self, stmt, parameters=None, **kw):
+        if parameters:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, parameters, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.cursor.execute(stmt, **kw)
+
+    def executemany(self, stmt, params, **kw):
+        return self.cursor.executemany(stmt, params, **kw)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.cursor)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.cursor, key)
+
+
+class DBAPIProxyConnection:
+    """Proxy a DBAPI connection.
+
+    Tests can provide subclasses of this to intercept
+    DBAPI-level connection operations.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, engine, conn, cursor_cls):
+        self.conn = conn
+        self.engine = engine
+        self.cursor_cls = cursor_cls
+
+    def cursor(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.cursor_cls(self.engine, self.conn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.conn.close()
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        return getattr(self.conn, key)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5bd4f7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/entities.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+# testing/entities.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from ..orm.writeonly import WriteOnlyCollection
+
+_repr_stack = set()
+
+
+class BasicEntity:
+    def __init__(self, **kw):
+        for key, value in kw.items():
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if id(self) in _repr_stack:
+            return object.__repr__(self)
+        _repr_stack.add(id(self))
+        try:
+            return "%s(%s)" % (
+                (self.__class__.__name__),
+                ", ".join(
+                    [
+                        "%s=%r" % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                        for key in sorted(self.__dict__.keys())
+                        if not key.startswith("_")
+                    ]
+                ),
+            )
+        finally:
+            _repr_stack.remove(id(self))
+
+
+_recursion_stack = set()
+
+
+class ComparableMixin:
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """'Deep, sparse compare.
+
+        Deeply compare two entities, following the non-None attributes of the
+        non-persisted object, if possible.
+
+        """
+        if other is self:
+            return True
+        elif not self.__class__ == other.__class__:
+            return False
+
+        if id(self) in _recursion_stack:
+            return True
+        _recursion_stack.add(id(self))
+
+        try:
+            # pick the entity that's not SA persisted as the source
+            try:
+                self_key = sa.orm.attributes.instance_state(self).key
+            except sa.orm.exc.NO_STATE:
+                self_key = None
+
+            if other is None:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+            elif self_key is not None:
+                a = other
+                b = self
+            else:
+                a = self
+                b = other
+
+            for attr in list(a.__dict__):
+                if attr.startswith("_"):
+                    continue
+
+                value = getattr(a, attr)
+
+                if isinstance(value, WriteOnlyCollection):
+                    continue
+
+                try:
+                    # handle lazy loader errors
+                    battr = getattr(b, attr)
+                except (AttributeError, sa_exc.UnboundExecutionError):
+                    return False
+
+                if hasattr(value, "__iter__") and not isinstance(value, str):
+                    if hasattr(value, "__getitem__") and not hasattr(
+                        value, "keys"
+                    ):
+                        if list(value) != list(battr):
+                            return False
+                    else:
+                        if set(value) != set(battr):
+                            return False
+                else:
+                    if value is not None and value != battr:
+                        return False
+            return True
+        finally:
+            _recursion_stack.remove(id(self))
+
+
+class ComparableEntity(ComparableMixin, BasicEntity):
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.__class__)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ff9b644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/exclusions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+# testing/exclusions.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import contextlib
+import operator
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import config
+from .. import util
+from ..util import decorator
+from ..util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+
+def skip_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    rule = compound()
+    pred = _as_predicate(predicate, reason)
+    rule.skips.add(pred)
+    return rule
+
+
+def fails_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    rule = compound()
+    pred = _as_predicate(predicate, reason)
+    rule.fails.add(pred)
+    return rule
+
+
+class compound:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.fails = set()
+        self.skips = set()
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        return self.add(other)
+
+    def as_skips(self):
+        rule = compound()
+        rule.skips.update(self.skips)
+        rule.skips.update(self.fails)
+        return rule
+
+    def add(self, *others):
+        copy = compound()
+        copy.fails.update(self.fails)
+        copy.skips.update(self.skips)
+
+        for other in others:
+            copy.fails.update(other.fails)
+            copy.skips.update(other.skips)
+        return copy
+
+    def not_(self):
+        copy = compound()
+        copy.fails.update(NotPredicate(fail) for fail in self.fails)
+        copy.skips.update(NotPredicate(skip) for skip in self.skips)
+        return copy
+
+    @property
+    def enabled(self):
+        return self.enabled_for_config(config._current)
+
+    def enabled_for_config(self, config):
+        for predicate in self.skips.union(self.fails):
+            if predicate(config):
+                return False
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def matching_config_reasons(self, config):
+        return [
+            predicate._as_string(config)
+            for predicate in self.skips.union(self.fails)
+            if predicate(config)
+        ]
+
+    def _extend(self, other):
+        self.skips.update(other.skips)
+        self.fails.update(other.fails)
+
+    def __call__(self, fn):
+        if hasattr(fn, "_sa_exclusion_extend"):
+            fn._sa_exclusion_extend._extend(self)
+            return fn
+
+        @decorator
+        def decorate(fn, *args, **kw):
+            return self._do(config._current, fn, *args, **kw)
+
+        decorated = decorate(fn)
+        decorated._sa_exclusion_extend = self
+        return decorated
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def fail_if(self):
+        all_fails = compound()
+        all_fails.fails.update(self.skips.union(self.fails))
+
+        try:
+            yield
+        except Exception as ex:
+            all_fails._expect_failure(config._current, ex)
+        else:
+            all_fails._expect_success(config._current)
+
+    def _do(self, cfg, fn, *args, **kw):
+        for skip in self.skips:
+            if skip(cfg):
+                msg = "'%s' : %s" % (
+                    config.get_current_test_name(),
+                    skip._as_string(cfg),
+                )
+                config.skip_test(msg)
+
+        try:
+            return_value = fn(*args, **kw)
+        except Exception as ex:
+            self._expect_failure(cfg, ex, name=fn.__name__)
+        else:
+            self._expect_success(cfg, name=fn.__name__)
+            return return_value
+
+    def _expect_failure(self, config, ex, name="block"):
+        for fail in self.fails:
+            if fail(config):
+                print(
+                    "%s failed as expected (%s): %s "
+                    % (name, fail._as_string(config), ex)
+                )
+                break
+        else:
+            raise ex.with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
+
+    def _expect_success(self, config, name="block"):
+        if not self.fails:
+            return
+
+        for fail in self.fails:
+            if fail(config):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Unexpected success for '%s' (%s)"
+                    % (
+                        name,
+                        " and ".join(
+                            fail._as_string(config) for fail in self.fails
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+
+
+def only_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return skip_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+def succeeds_if(predicate, reason=None):
+    predicate = _as_predicate(predicate)
+    return fails_if(NotPredicate(predicate), reason)
+
+
+class Predicate:
+    @classmethod
+    def as_predicate(cls, predicate, description=None):
+        if isinstance(predicate, compound):
+            return cls.as_predicate(predicate.enabled_for_config, description)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, Predicate):
+            if description and predicate.description is None:
+                predicate.description = description
+            return predicate
+        elif isinstance(predicate, (list, set)):
+            return OrPredicate(
+                [cls.as_predicate(pred) for pred in predicate], description
+            )
+        elif isinstance(predicate, tuple):
+            return SpecPredicate(*predicate)
+        elif isinstance(predicate, str):
+            tokens = re.match(
+                r"([\+\w]+)\s*(?:(>=|==|!=|<=|<|>)\s*([\d\.]+))?", predicate
+            )
+            if not tokens:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Couldn't locate DB name in predicate: %r" % predicate
+                )
+            db = tokens.group(1)
+            op = tokens.group(2)
+            spec = (
+                tuple(int(d) for d in tokens.group(3).split("."))
+                if tokens.group(3)
+                else None
+            )
+
+            return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec, description=description)
+        elif callable(predicate):
+            return LambdaPredicate(predicate, description)
+        else:
+            assert False, "unknown predicate type: %s" % predicate
+
+    def _format_description(self, config, negate=False):
+        bool_ = self(config)
+        if negate:
+            bool_ = not negate
+        return self.description % {
+            "driver": (
+                config.db.url.get_driver_name() if config else "<no driver>"
+            ),
+            "database": (
+                config.db.url.get_backend_name() if config else "<no database>"
+            ),
+            "doesnt_support": "doesn't support" if bool_ else "does support",
+            "does_support": "does support" if bool_ else "doesn't support",
+        }
+
+    def _as_string(self, config=None, negate=False):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class BooleanPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, value, description=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.description = description or "boolean %s" % value
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.value
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        return self._format_description(config, negate=negate)
+
+
+class SpecPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, db, op=None, spec=None, description=None):
+        self.db = db
+        self.op = op
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.description = description
+
+    _ops = {
+        "<": operator.lt,
+        ">": operator.gt,
+        "==": operator.eq,
+        "!=": operator.ne,
+        "<=": operator.le,
+        ">=": operator.ge,
+        "in": operator.contains,
+        "between": lambda val, pair: val >= pair[0] and val <= pair[1],
+    }
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        if config is None:
+            return False
+
+        engine = config.db
+
+        if "+" in self.db:
+            dialect, driver = self.db.split("+")
+        else:
+            dialect, driver = self.db, None
+
+        if dialect and engine.name != dialect:
+            return False
+        if driver is not None and engine.driver != driver:
+            return False
+
+        if self.op is not None:
+            assert driver is None, "DBAPI version specs not supported yet"
+
+            version = _server_version(engine)
+            oper = (
+                hasattr(self.op, "__call__") and self.op or self._ops[self.op]
+            )
+            return oper(version, self.spec)
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return self._format_description(config)
+        elif self.op is None:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s" % self.db
+            else:
+                return "%s" % self.db
+        else:
+            if negate:
+                return "not %s %s %s" % (self.db, self.op, self.spec)
+            else:
+                return "%s %s %s" % (self.db, self.op, self.spec)
+
+
+class LambdaPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, lambda_, description=None, args=None, kw=None):
+        spec = inspect_getfullargspec(lambda_)
+        if not spec[0]:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda db: lambda_()
+        else:
+            self.lambda_ = lambda_
+        self.args = args or ()
+        self.kw = kw or {}
+        if description:
+            self.description = description
+        elif lambda_.__doc__:
+            self.description = lambda_.__doc__
+        else:
+            self.description = "custom function"
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return self.lambda_(config)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        return self._format_description(config)
+
+
+class NotPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicate, description=None):
+        self.predicate = predicate
+        self.description = description
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        return not self.predicate(config)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if self.description:
+            return self._format_description(config, not negate)
+        else:
+            return self.predicate._as_string(config, not negate)
+
+
+class OrPredicate(Predicate):
+    def __init__(self, predicates, description=None):
+        self.predicates = predicates
+        self.description = description
+
+    def __call__(self, config):
+        for pred in self.predicates:
+            if pred(config):
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def _eval_str(self, config, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            conjunction = " and "
+        else:
+            conjunction = " or "
+        return conjunction.join(
+            p._as_string(config, negate=negate) for p in self.predicates
+        )
+
+    def _negation_str(self, config):
+        if self.description is not None:
+            return "Not " + self._format_description(config)
+        else:
+            return self._eval_str(config, negate=True)
+
+    def _as_string(self, config, negate=False):
+        if negate:
+            return self._negation_str(config)
+        else:
+            if self.description is not None:
+                return self._format_description(config)
+            else:
+                return self._eval_str(config)
+
+
+_as_predicate = Predicate.as_predicate
+
+
+def _is_excluded(db, op, spec):
+    return SpecPredicate(db, op, spec)(config._current)
+
+
+def _server_version(engine):
+    """Return a server_version_info tuple."""
+
+    # force metadata to be retrieved
+    conn = engine.connect()
+    version = getattr(engine.dialect, "server_version_info", None)
+    if version is None:
+        version = ()
+    conn.close()
+    return version
+
+
+def db_spec(*dbs):
+    return OrPredicate([Predicate.as_predicate(db) for db in dbs])
+
+
+def open():  # noqa
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(False, "mark as execute"))
+
+
+def closed():
+    return skip_if(BooleanPredicate(True, "marked as skip"))
+
+
+def fails(reason=None):
+    return fails_if(BooleanPredicate(True, reason or "expected to fail"))
+
+
+def future():
+    return fails_if(BooleanPredicate(True, "Future feature"))
+
+
+def fails_on(db, reason=None):
+    return fails_if(db, reason)
+
+
+def fails_on_everything_except(*dbs):
+    return succeeds_if(OrPredicate([Predicate.as_predicate(db) for db in dbs]))
+
+
+def skip(db, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(db, reason)
+
+
+def only_on(dbs, reason=None):
+    return only_if(
+        OrPredicate(
+            [Predicate.as_predicate(db, reason) for db in util.to_list(dbs)]
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def exclude(db, op, spec, reason=None):
+    return skip_if(SpecPredicate(db, op, spec), reason)
+
+
+def against(config, *queries):
+    assert queries, "no queries sent!"
+    return OrPredicate([Predicate.as_predicate(query) for query in queries])(
+        config
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f2948dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# testing/fixtures/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from .base import FutureEngineMixin as FutureEngineMixin
+from .base import TestBase as TestBase
+from .mypy import MypyTest as MypyTest
+from .orm import after_test as after_test
+from .orm import close_all_sessions as close_all_sessions
+from .orm import DeclarativeMappedTest as DeclarativeMappedTest
+from .orm import fixture_session as fixture_session
+from .orm import MappedTest as MappedTest
+from .orm import ORMTest as ORMTest
+from .orm import RemoveORMEventsGlobally as RemoveORMEventsGlobally
+from .orm import (
+    stop_test_class_inside_fixtures as stop_test_class_inside_fixtures,
+)
+from .sql import CacheKeyFixture as CacheKeyFixture
+from .sql import (
+    ComputedReflectionFixtureTest as ComputedReflectionFixtureTest,
+)
+from .sql import insertmanyvalues_fixture as insertmanyvalues_fixture
+from .sql import NoCache as NoCache
+from .sql import RemovesEvents as RemovesEvents
+from .sql import TablesTest as TablesTest
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09d45a0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+# testing/fixtures/base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .. import assertions
+from .. import config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..util import drop_all_tables_from_metadata
+from ... import Column
+from ... import func
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import Table
+from ...orm import DeclarativeBase
+from ...orm import MappedAsDataclass
+from ...orm import registry
+
+
+@config.mark_base_test_class()
+class TestBase:
+    # A sequence of requirement names matching testing.requires decorators
+    __requires__ = ()
+
+    # A sequence of dialect names to exclude from the test class.
+    __unsupported_on__ = ()
+
+    # If present, test class is only runnable for the *single* specified
+    # dialect.  If you need multiple, use __unsupported_on__ and invert.
+    __only_on__ = None
+
+    # A sequence of no-arg callables. If any are True, the entire testcase is
+    # skipped.
+    __skip_if__ = None
+
+    # if True, the testing reaper will not attempt to touch connection
+    # state after a test is completed and before the outer teardown
+    # starts
+    __leave_connections_for_teardown__ = False
+
+    def assert_(self, val, msg=None):
+        assert val, msg
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def nocache(self):
+        _cache = config.db._compiled_cache
+        config.db._compiled_cache = None
+        yield
+        config.db._compiled_cache = _cache
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def connection_no_trans(self):
+        eng = getattr(self, "bind", None) or config.db
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            yield conn
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def connection(self):
+        global _connection_fixture_connection
+
+        eng = getattr(self, "bind", None) or config.db
+
+        conn = eng.connect()
+        trans = conn.begin()
+
+        _connection_fixture_connection = conn
+        yield conn
+
+        _connection_fixture_connection = None
+
+        if trans.is_active:
+            trans.rollback()
+        # trans would not be active here if the test is using
+        # the legacy @provide_metadata decorator still, as it will
+        # run a close all connections.
+        conn.close()
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def close_result_when_finished(self):
+        to_close = []
+        to_consume = []
+
+        def go(result, consume=False):
+            to_close.append(result)
+            if consume:
+                to_consume.append(result)
+
+        yield go
+        for r in to_consume:
+            try:
+                r.all()
+            except:
+                pass
+        for r in to_close:
+            try:
+                r.close()
+            except:
+                pass
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def registry(self, metadata):
+        reg = registry(
+            metadata=metadata,
+            type_annotation_map={
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb", "oracle"
+                )
+            },
+        )
+        yield reg
+        reg.dispose()
+
+    @config.fixture
+    def decl_base(self, metadata):
+        _md = metadata
+
+        class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+            metadata = _md
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb", "oracle"
+                )
+            }
+
+        yield Base
+        Base.registry.dispose()
+
+    @config.fixture
+    def dc_decl_base(self, metadata):
+        _md = metadata
+
+        class Base(MappedAsDataclass, DeclarativeBase):
+            metadata = _md
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb"
+                )
+            }
+
+        yield Base
+        Base.registry.dispose()
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def future_connection(self, future_engine, connection):
+        # integrate the future_engine and connection fixtures so
+        # that users of the "connection" fixture will get at the
+        # "future" connection
+        yield connection
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def future_engine(self):
+        yield
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def testing_engine(self):
+        from .. import engines
+
+        def gen_testing_engine(
+            url=None,
+            options=None,
+            future=None,
+            asyncio=False,
+            transfer_staticpool=False,
+            share_pool=False,
+        ):
+            if options is None:
+                options = {}
+            options["scope"] = "fixture"
+            return engines.testing_engine(
+                url=url,
+                options=options,
+                asyncio=asyncio,
+                transfer_staticpool=transfer_staticpool,
+                share_pool=share_pool,
+            )
+
+        yield gen_testing_engine
+
+        engines.testing_reaper._drop_testing_engines("fixture")
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def async_testing_engine(self, testing_engine):
+        def go(**kw):
+            kw["asyncio"] = True
+            return testing_engine(**kw)
+
+        return go
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def metadata(self, request):
+        """Provide bound MetaData for a single test, dropping afterwards."""
+
+        from ...sql import schema
+
+        metadata = schema.MetaData()
+        request.instance.metadata = metadata
+        yield metadata
+        del request.instance.metadata
+
+        if (
+            _connection_fixture_connection
+            and _connection_fixture_connection.in_transaction()
+        ):
+            trans = _connection_fixture_connection.get_transaction()
+            trans.rollback()
+            with _connection_fixture_connection.begin():
+                drop_all_tables_from_metadata(
+                    metadata, _connection_fixture_connection
+                )
+        else:
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, config.db)
+
+    @config.fixture(
+        params=[
+            (rollback, second_operation, begin_nested)
+            for rollback in (True, False)
+            for second_operation in ("none", "execute", "begin")
+            for begin_nested in (
+                True,
+                False,
+            )
+        ]
+    )
+    def trans_ctx_manager_fixture(self, request, metadata):
+        rollback, second_operation, begin_nested = request.param
+
+        t = Table("test", metadata, Column("data", Integer))
+        eng = getattr(self, "bind", None) or config.db
+
+        t.create(eng)
+
+        def run_test(subject, trans_on_subject, execute_on_subject):
+            with subject.begin() as trans:
+                if begin_nested:
+                    if not config.requirements.savepoints.enabled:
+                        config.skip_test("savepoints not enabled")
+                    if execute_on_subject:
+                        nested_trans = subject.begin_nested()
+                    else:
+                        nested_trans = trans.begin_nested()
+
+                    with nested_trans:
+                        if execute_on_subject:
+                            subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+                        else:
+                            trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+
+                        # for nested trans, we always commit/rollback on the
+                        # "nested trans" object itself.
+                        # only Session(future=False) will affect savepoint
+                        # transaction for session.commit/rollback
+
+                        if rollback:
+                            nested_trans.rollback()
+                        else:
+                            nested_trans.commit()
+
+                        if second_operation != "none":
+                            with assertions.expect_raises_message(
+                                sa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
+                                "Can't operate on closed transaction "
+                                "inside context "
+                                "manager.  Please complete the context "
+                                "manager "
+                                "before emitting further commands.",
+                            ):
+                                if second_operation == "execute":
+                                    if execute_on_subject:
+                                        subject.execute(
+                                            t.insert(), {"data": 12}
+                                        )
+                                    else:
+                                        trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 12})
+                                elif second_operation == "begin":
+                                    if execute_on_subject:
+                                        subject.begin_nested()
+                                    else:
+                                        trans.begin_nested()
+
+                    # outside the nested trans block, but still inside the
+                    # transaction block, we can run SQL, and it will be
+                    # committed
+                    if execute_on_subject:
+                        subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 14})
+                    else:
+                        trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 14})
+
+                else:
+                    if execute_on_subject:
+                        subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+                    else:
+                        trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 10})
+
+                    if trans_on_subject:
+                        if rollback:
+                            subject.rollback()
+                        else:
+                            subject.commit()
+                    else:
+                        if rollback:
+                            trans.rollback()
+                        else:
+                            trans.commit()
+
+                    if second_operation != "none":
+                        with assertions.expect_raises_message(
+                            sa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
+                            "Can't operate on closed transaction inside "
+                            "context "
+                            "manager.  Please complete the context manager "
+                            "before emitting further commands.",
+                        ):
+                            if second_operation == "execute":
+                                if execute_on_subject:
+                                    subject.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 12})
+                                else:
+                                    trans.execute(t.insert(), {"data": 12})
+                            elif second_operation == "begin":
+                                if hasattr(trans, "begin"):
+                                    trans.begin()
+                                else:
+                                    subject.begin()
+                            elif second_operation == "begin_nested":
+                                if execute_on_subject:
+                                    subject.begin_nested()
+                                else:
+                                    trans.begin_nested()
+
+            expected_committed = 0
+            if begin_nested:
+                # begin_nested variant, we inserted a row after the nested
+                # block
+                expected_committed += 1
+            if not rollback:
+                # not rollback variant, our row inserted in the target
+                # block itself would be committed
+                expected_committed += 1
+
+            if execute_on_subject:
+                eq_(
+                    subject.scalar(select(func.count()).select_from(t)),
+                    expected_committed,
+                )
+            else:
+                with subject.connect() as conn:
+                    eq_(
+                        conn.scalar(select(func.count()).select_from(t)),
+                        expected_committed,
+                    )
+
+        return run_test
+
+
+_connection_fixture_connection = None
+
+
+class FutureEngineMixin:
+    """alembic's suite still using this"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/mypy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/mypy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0832d892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/mypy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# testing/fixtures/mypy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import shutil
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+from .base import TestBase
+from .. import config
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ... import util
+
+
+@config.add_to_marker.mypy
+class MypyTest(TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("no_sqlalchemy2_stubs",)
+
+    @config.fixture(scope="function")
+    def per_func_cachedir(self):
+        yield from self._cachedir()
+
+    @config.fixture(scope="class")
+    def cachedir(self):
+        yield from self._cachedir()
+
+    def _cachedir(self):
+        # as of mypy 0.971 i think we need to keep mypy_path empty
+        mypy_path = ""
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as cachedir:
+            with open(
+                Path(cachedir) / "sqla_mypy_config.cfg", "w"
+            ) as config_file:
+                config_file.write(
+                    f"""
+                    [mypy]\n
+                    plugins = sqlalchemy.ext.mypy.plugin\n
+                    show_error_codes = True\n
+                    {mypy_path}
+                    disable_error_code = no-untyped-call
+
+                    [mypy-sqlalchemy.*]
+                    ignore_errors = True
+
+                    """
+                )
+            with open(
+                Path(cachedir) / "plain_mypy_config.cfg", "w"
+            ) as config_file:
+                config_file.write(
+                    f"""
+                    [mypy]\n
+                    show_error_codes = True\n
+                    {mypy_path}
+                    disable_error_code = var-annotated,no-untyped-call
+                    [mypy-sqlalchemy.*]
+                    ignore_errors = True
+
+                    """
+                )
+            yield cachedir
+
+    @config.fixture()
+    def mypy_runner(self, cachedir):
+        from mypy import api
+
+        def run(path, use_plugin=False, use_cachedir=None):
+            if use_cachedir is None:
+                use_cachedir = cachedir
+            args = [
+                "--strict",
+                "--raise-exceptions",
+                "--cache-dir",
+                use_cachedir,
+                "--config-file",
+                os.path.join(
+                    use_cachedir,
+                    (
+                        "sqla_mypy_config.cfg"
+                        if use_plugin
+                        else "plain_mypy_config.cfg"
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ]
+
+            # mypy as of 0.990 is more aggressively blocking messaging
+            # for paths that are in sys.path, and as pytest puts currdir,
+            # test/ etc in sys.path, just copy the source file to the
+            # tempdir we are working in so that we don't have to try to
+            # manipulate sys.path and/or guess what mypy is doing
+            filename = os.path.basename(path)
+            test_program = os.path.join(use_cachedir, filename)
+            if path != test_program:
+                shutil.copyfile(path, test_program)
+            args.append(test_program)
+
+            # I set this locally but for the suite here needs to be
+            # disabled
+            os.environ.pop("MYPY_FORCE_COLOR", None)
+
+            stdout, stderr, exitcode = api.run(args)
+            return stdout, stderr, exitcode
+
+        return run
+
+    @config.fixture
+    def mypy_typecheck_file(self, mypy_runner):
+        def run(path, use_plugin=False):
+            expected_messages = self._collect_messages(path)
+            stdout, stderr, exitcode = mypy_runner(path, use_plugin=use_plugin)
+            self._check_output(
+                path, expected_messages, stdout, stderr, exitcode
+            )
+
+        return run
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def file_combinations(dirname):
+        if os.path.isabs(dirname):
+            path = dirname
+        else:
+            caller_path = inspect.stack()[1].filename
+            path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(caller_path), dirname)
+        files = list(Path(path).glob("**/*.py"))
+
+        for extra_dir in config.options.mypy_extra_test_paths:
+            if extra_dir and os.path.isdir(extra_dir):
+                files.extend((Path(extra_dir) / dirname).glob("**/*.py"))
+        return files
+
+    def _collect_messages(self, path):
+        from sqlalchemy.ext.mypy.util import mypy_14
+
+        expected_messages = []
+        expected_re = re.compile(r"\s*# EXPECTED(_MYPY)?(_RE)?(_TYPE)?: (.+)")
+        py_ver_re = re.compile(r"^#\s*PYTHON_VERSION\s?>=\s?(\d+\.\d+)")
+        with open(path) as file_:
+            current_assert_messages = []
+            for num, line in enumerate(file_, 1):
+                m = py_ver_re.match(line)
+                if m:
+                    major, _, minor = m.group(1).partition(".")
+                    if sys.version_info < (int(major), int(minor)):
+                        config.skip_test(
+                            "Requires python >= %s" % (m.group(1))
+                        )
+                    continue
+
+                m = expected_re.match(line)
+                if m:
+                    is_mypy = bool(m.group(1))
+                    is_re = bool(m.group(2))
+                    is_type = bool(m.group(3))
+
+                    expected_msg = re.sub(r"# noqa[:]? ?.*", "", m.group(4))
+                    if is_type:
+                        if not is_re:
+                            # the goal here is that we can cut-and-paste
+                            # from vscode -> pylance into the
+                            # EXPECTED_TYPE: line, then the test suite will
+                            # validate that line against what mypy produces
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                r"([\[\]])",
+                                lambda m: rf"\{m.group(0)}",
+                                expected_msg,
+                            )
+
+                            # note making sure preceding text matches
+                            # with a dot, so that an expect for "Select"
+                            # does not match "TypedSelect"
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                r"([\w_]+)",
+                                lambda m: rf"(?:.*\.)?{m.group(1)}\*?",
+                                expected_msg,
+                            )
+
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                "List", "builtins.list", expected_msg
+                            )
+
+                            expected_msg = re.sub(
+                                r"\b(int|str|float|bool)\b",
+                                lambda m: rf"builtins.{m.group(0)}\*?",
+                                expected_msg,
+                            )
+                            # expected_msg = re.sub(
+                            #     r"(Sequence|Tuple|List|Union)",
+                            #     lambda m: fr"typing.{m.group(0)}\*?",
+                            #     expected_msg,
+                            # )
+
+                        is_mypy = is_re = True
+                        expected_msg = f'Revealed type is "{expected_msg}"'
+
+                    if mypy_14 and util.py39:
+                        # use_lowercase_names, py39 and above
+                        # https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/304997bfb85200fb521ac727ee0ce3e6085e5278/mypy/options.py#L363  # noqa: E501
+
+                        # skip first character which could be capitalized
+                        # "List item x not found" type of message
+                        expected_msg = expected_msg[0] + re.sub(
+                            (
+                                r"\b(List|Tuple|Dict|Set)\b"
+                                if is_type
+                                else r"\b(List|Tuple|Dict|Set|Type)\b"
+                            ),
+                            lambda m: m.group(1).lower(),
+                            expected_msg[1:],
+                        )
+
+                    if mypy_14 and util.py310:
+                        # use_or_syntax, py310 and above
+                        # https://github.com/python/mypy/blob/304997bfb85200fb521ac727ee0ce3e6085e5278/mypy/options.py#L368  # noqa: E501
+                        expected_msg = re.sub(
+                            r"Optional\[(.*?)\]",
+                            lambda m: f"{m.group(1)} | None",
+                            expected_msg,
+                        )
+                    current_assert_messages.append(
+                        (is_mypy, is_re, expected_msg.strip())
+                    )
+                elif current_assert_messages:
+                    expected_messages.extend(
+                        (num, is_mypy, is_re, expected_msg)
+                        for (
+                            is_mypy,
+                            is_re,
+                            expected_msg,
+                        ) in current_assert_messages
+                    )
+                    current_assert_messages[:] = []
+
+        return expected_messages
+
+    def _check_output(self, path, expected_messages, stdout, stderr, exitcode):
+        not_located = []
+        filename = os.path.basename(path)
+        if expected_messages:
+            # mypy 0.990 changed how return codes work, so don't assume a
+            # 1 or a 0 return code here, could be either depending on if
+            # errors were generated or not
+
+            output = []
+
+            raw_lines = stdout.split("\n")
+            while raw_lines:
+                e = raw_lines.pop(0)
+                if re.match(r".+\.py:\d+: error: .*", e):
+                    output.append(("error", e))
+                elif re.match(
+                    r".+\.py:\d+: note: +(?:Possible overload|def ).*", e
+                ):
+                    while raw_lines:
+                        ol = raw_lines.pop(0)
+                        if not re.match(r".+\.py:\d+: note: +def \[.*", ol):
+                            break
+                elif re.match(
+                    r".+\.py:\d+: note: .*(?:perhaps|suggestion)", e, re.I
+                ):
+                    pass
+                elif re.match(r".+\.py:\d+: note: .*", e):
+                    output.append(("note", e))
+
+            for num, is_mypy, is_re, msg in expected_messages:
+                msg = msg.replace("'", '"')
+                prefix = "[SQLAlchemy Mypy plugin] " if not is_mypy else ""
+                for idx, (typ, errmsg) in enumerate(output):
+                    if is_re:
+                        if re.match(
+                            rf".*{filename}\:{num}\: {typ}\: {prefix}{msg}",
+                            errmsg,
+                        ):
+                            break
+                    elif (
+                        f"{filename}:{num}: {typ}: {prefix}{msg}"
+                        in errmsg.replace("'", '"')
+                    ):
+                        break
+                else:
+                    not_located.append(msg)
+                    continue
+                del output[idx]
+
+            if not_located:
+                missing = "\n".join(not_located)
+                print("Couldn't locate expected messages:", missing, sep="\n")
+                if output:
+                    extra = "\n".join(msg for _, msg in output)
+                    print("Remaining messages:", extra, sep="\n")
+                assert False, "expected messages not found, see stdout"
+
+            if output:
+                print(f"{len(output)} messages from mypy were not consumed:")
+                print("\n".join(msg for _, msg in output))
+                assert False, "errors and/or notes remain, see stdout"
+
+        else:
+            if exitcode != 0:
+                print(stdout, stderr, sep="\n")
+
+            eq_(exitcode, 0, msg=stdout)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/orm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/orm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77cb243a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/orm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+# testing/fixtures/orm.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .base import TestBase
+from .sql import TablesTest
+from .. import assertions
+from .. import config
+from .. import schema
+from ..entities import BasicEntity
+from ..entities import ComparableEntity
+from ..util import adict
+from ... import orm
+from ...orm import DeclarativeBase
+from ...orm import events as orm_events
+from ...orm import registry
+
+
+class ORMTest(TestBase):
+    @config.fixture
+    def fixture_session(self):
+        return fixture_session()
+
+
+class MappedTest(ORMTest, TablesTest, assertions.AssertsExecutionResults):
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_classes = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_setup_mappers = "each"
+
+    classes: Any = None
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="class")
+    def _setup_tables_test_class(self):
+        cls = self.__class__
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        if cls.classes is None:
+            cls.classes = adict()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+        cls._setup_once_classes()
+        cls._setup_once_mappers()
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        cls._teardown_once_class()
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _setup_tables_test_instance(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_classes()
+        self._setup_each_mappers()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        orm.session.close_all_sessions()
+        self._teardown_each_mappers()
+        self._teardown_each_classes()
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_class(cls):
+        cls.classes.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_classes(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_classes == "once":
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_classes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_mappers(cls):
+        if cls.run_setup_mappers == "once":
+            cls.mapper_registry, cls.mapper = cls._generate_registry()
+            cls._with_register_classes(cls.setup_mappers)
+
+    def _setup_each_mappers(self):
+        if self.run_setup_mappers != "once":
+            (
+                self.__class__.mapper_registry,
+                self.__class__.mapper,
+            ) = self._generate_registry()
+
+        if self.run_setup_mappers == "each":
+            self._with_register_classes(self.setup_mappers)
+
+    def _setup_each_classes(self):
+        if self.run_setup_classes == "each":
+            self._with_register_classes(self.setup_classes)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _generate_registry(cls):
+        decl = registry(metadata=cls._tables_metadata)
+        return decl, decl.map_imperatively
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        """Run a setup method, framing the operation with a Base class
+        that will catch new subclasses to be established within
+        the "classes" registry.
+
+        """
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class _Base:
+            def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+                assert cls_registry is not None
+                cls_registry[cls.__name__] = cls
+                super().__init_subclass__()
+
+        class Basic(BasicEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        class Comparable(ComparableEntity, _Base):
+            pass
+
+        cls.Basic = Basic
+        cls.Comparable = Comparable
+        fn()
+
+    def _teardown_each_mappers(self):
+        # some tests create mappers in the test bodies
+        # and will define setup_mappers as None -
+        # clear mappers in any case
+        if self.run_setup_mappers != "once":
+            orm.clear_mappers()
+
+    def _teardown_each_classes(self):
+        if self.run_setup_classes != "once":
+            self.classes.clear()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_classes(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_mappers(cls):
+        pass
+
+
+class DeclarativeMappedTest(MappedTest):
+    run_setup_classes = "once"
+    run_setup_mappers = "once"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _with_register_classes(cls, fn):
+        cls_registry = cls.classes
+
+        class _DeclBase(DeclarativeBase):
+            __table_cls__ = schema.Table
+            metadata = cls._tables_metadata
+            type_annotation_map = {
+                str: sa.String().with_variant(
+                    sa.String(50), "mysql", "mariadb", "oracle"
+                )
+            }
+
+            def __init_subclass__(cls, **kw) -> None:
+                assert cls_registry is not None
+                cls_registry[cls.__name__] = cls
+                super().__init_subclass__(**kw)
+
+        cls.DeclarativeBasic = _DeclBase
+
+        # sets up cls.Basic which is helpful for things like composite
+        # classes
+        super()._with_register_classes(fn)
+
+        if cls._tables_metadata.tables and cls.run_create_tables:
+            cls._tables_metadata.create_all(config.db)
+
+
+class RemoveORMEventsGlobally:
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True)
+    def _remove_listeners(self):
+        yield
+        orm_events.MapperEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.InstanceEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.SessionEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.InstrumentationEvents._clear()
+        orm_events.QueryEvents._clear()
+
+
+_fixture_sessions = set()
+
+
+def fixture_session(**kw):
+    kw.setdefault("autoflush", True)
+    kw.setdefault("expire_on_commit", True)
+
+    bind = kw.pop("bind", config.db)
+
+    sess = orm.Session(bind, **kw)
+    _fixture_sessions.add(sess)
+    return sess
+
+
+def close_all_sessions():
+    # will close all still-referenced sessions
+    orm.close_all_sessions()
+    _fixture_sessions.clear()
+
+
+def stop_test_class_inside_fixtures(cls):
+    close_all_sessions()
+    orm.clear_mappers()
+
+
+def after_test():
+    if _fixture_sessions:
+        close_all_sessions()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/sql.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/sql.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44cf21c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/fixtures/sql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,503 @@
+# testing/fixtures/sql.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import itertools
+import random
+import re
+import sys
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .base import TestBase
+from .. import config
+from .. import mock
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import ne_
+from ..util import adict
+from ..util import drop_all_tables_from_metadata
+from ... import event
+from ... import util
+from ...schema import sort_tables_and_constraints
+from ...sql import visitors
+from ...sql.elements import ClauseElement
+
+
+class TablesTest(TestBase):
+    # 'once', None
+    run_setup_bind = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_define_tables = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_create_tables = "once"
+
+    # 'once', 'each', None
+    run_inserts = "each"
+
+    # 'each', None
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    # 'once', None
+    run_dispose_bind = None
+
+    bind = None
+    _tables_metadata = None
+    tables = None
+    other = None
+    sequences = None
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="class")
+    def _setup_tables_test_class(self):
+        cls = self.__class__
+        cls._init_class()
+
+        cls._setup_once_tables()
+
+        cls._setup_once_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        cls._teardown_once_metadata_bind()
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _setup_tables_test_instance(self):
+        self._setup_each_tables()
+        self._setup_each_inserts()
+
+        yield
+
+        self._teardown_each_tables()
+
+    @property
+    def tables_test_metadata(self):
+        return self._tables_metadata
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _init_class(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == "each":
+            if cls.run_create_tables == "once":
+                cls.run_create_tables = "each"
+            assert cls.run_inserts in ("each", None)
+
+        cls.other = adict()
+        cls.tables = adict()
+        cls.sequences = adict()
+
+        cls.bind = cls.setup_bind()
+        cls._tables_metadata = sa.MetaData()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_inserts(cls):
+        if cls.run_inserts == "once":
+            cls._load_fixtures()
+            with cls.bind.begin() as conn:
+                cls.insert_data(conn)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _setup_once_tables(cls):
+        if cls.run_define_tables == "once":
+            cls.define_tables(cls._tables_metadata)
+            if cls.run_create_tables == "once":
+                cls._tables_metadata.create_all(cls.bind)
+            cls.tables.update(cls._tables_metadata.tables)
+            cls.sequences.update(cls._tables_metadata._sequences)
+
+    def _setup_each_tables(self):
+        if self.run_define_tables == "each":
+            self.define_tables(self._tables_metadata)
+            if self.run_create_tables == "each":
+                self._tables_metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+            self.tables.update(self._tables_metadata.tables)
+            self.sequences.update(self._tables_metadata._sequences)
+        elif self.run_create_tables == "each":
+            self._tables_metadata.create_all(self.bind)
+
+    def _setup_each_inserts(self):
+        if self.run_inserts == "each":
+            self._load_fixtures()
+            with self.bind.begin() as conn:
+                self.insert_data(conn)
+
+    def _teardown_each_tables(self):
+        if self.run_define_tables == "each":
+            self.tables.clear()
+            if self.run_create_tables == "each":
+                drop_all_tables_from_metadata(self._tables_metadata, self.bind)
+            self._tables_metadata.clear()
+        elif self.run_create_tables == "each":
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(self._tables_metadata, self.bind)
+
+        savepoints = getattr(config.requirements, "savepoints", False)
+        if savepoints:
+            savepoints = savepoints.enabled
+
+        # no need to run deletes if tables are recreated on setup
+        if (
+            self.run_define_tables != "each"
+            and self.run_create_tables != "each"
+            and self.run_deletes == "each"
+        ):
+            with self.bind.begin() as conn:
+                for table in reversed(
+                    [
+                        t
+                        for (t, fks) in sort_tables_and_constraints(
+                            self._tables_metadata.tables.values()
+                        )
+                        if t is not None
+                    ]
+                ):
+                    try:
+                        if savepoints:
+                            with conn.begin_nested():
+                                conn.execute(table.delete())
+                        else:
+                            conn.execute(table.delete())
+                    except sa.exc.DBAPIError as ex:
+                        print(
+                            ("Error emptying table %s: %r" % (table, ex)),
+                            file=sys.stderr,
+                        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _teardown_once_metadata_bind(cls):
+        if cls.run_create_tables:
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(cls._tables_metadata, cls.bind)
+
+        if cls.run_dispose_bind == "once":
+            cls.dispose_bind(cls.bind)
+
+        cls._tables_metadata.bind = None
+
+        if cls.run_setup_bind is not None:
+            cls.bind = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_bind(cls):
+        return config.db
+
+    @classmethod
+    def dispose_bind(cls, bind):
+        if hasattr(bind, "dispose"):
+            bind.dispose()
+        elif hasattr(bind, "close"):
+            bind.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        pass
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fixtures(cls):
+        return {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        pass
+
+    def sql_count_(self, count, fn):
+        self.assert_sql_count(self.bind, fn, count)
+
+    def sql_eq_(self, callable_, statements):
+        self.assert_sql(self.bind, callable_, statements)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _load_fixtures(cls):
+        """Insert rows as represented by the fixtures() method."""
+        headers, rows = {}, {}
+        for table, data in cls.fixtures().items():
+            if len(data) < 2:
+                continue
+            if isinstance(table, str):
+                table = cls.tables[table]
+            headers[table] = data[0]
+            rows[table] = data[1:]
+        for table, fks in sort_tables_and_constraints(
+            cls._tables_metadata.tables.values()
+        ):
+            if table is None:
+                continue
+            if table not in headers:
+                continue
+            with cls.bind.begin() as conn:
+                conn.execute(
+                    table.insert(),
+                    [
+                        dict(zip(headers[table], column_values))
+                        for column_values in rows[table]
+                    ],
+                )
+
+
+class NoCache:
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _disable_cache(self):
+        _cache = config.db._compiled_cache
+        config.db._compiled_cache = None
+        yield
+        config.db._compiled_cache = _cache
+
+
+class RemovesEvents:
+    @util.memoized_property
+    def _event_fns(self):
+        return set()
+
+    def event_listen(self, target, name, fn, **kw):
+        self._event_fns.add((target, name, fn))
+        event.listen(target, name, fn, **kw)
+
+    @config.fixture(autouse=True, scope="function")
+    def _remove_events(self):
+        yield
+        for key in self._event_fns:
+            event.remove(*key)
+
+
+class ComputedReflectionFixtureTest(TablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("computed_columns", "table_reflection")
+
+    regexp = re.compile(r"[\[\]\(\)\s`'\"]*")
+
+    def normalize(self, text):
+        return self.regexp.sub("", text).lower()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        from ... import Integer
+        from ... import testing
+        from ...schema import Column
+        from ...schema import Computed
+        from ...schema import Table
+
+        Table(
+            "computed_default_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("normal", Integer),
+            Column("computed_col", Integer, Computed("normal + 42")),
+            Column("with_default", Integer, server_default="42"),
+        )
+
+        t = Table(
+            "computed_column_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("normal", Integer),
+            Column("computed_no_flag", Integer, Computed("normal + 42")),
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            t2 = Table(
+                "computed_column_table",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("normal", Integer),
+                Column("computed_no_flag", Integer, Computed("normal / 42")),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_virtual.enabled:
+            t.append_column(
+                Column(
+                    "computed_virtual",
+                    Integer,
+                    Computed("normal + 2", persisted=False),
+                )
+            )
+            if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+                t2.append_column(
+                    Column(
+                        "computed_virtual",
+                        Integer,
+                        Computed("normal / 2", persisted=False),
+                    )
+                )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_stored.enabled:
+            t.append_column(
+                Column(
+                    "computed_stored",
+                    Integer,
+                    Computed("normal - 42", persisted=True),
+                )
+            )
+            if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+                t2.append_column(
+                    Column(
+                        "computed_stored",
+                        Integer,
+                        Computed("normal * 42", persisted=True),
+                    )
+                )
+
+
+class CacheKeyFixture:
+    def _compare_equal(self, a, b, compare_values):
+        a_key = a._generate_cache_key()
+        b_key = b._generate_cache_key()
+
+        if a_key is None:
+            assert a._annotations.get("nocache")
+
+            assert b_key is None
+        else:
+            eq_(a_key.key, b_key.key)
+            eq_(hash(a_key.key), hash(b_key.key))
+
+            for a_param, b_param in zip(a_key.bindparams, b_key.bindparams):
+                assert a_param.compare(b_param, compare_values=compare_values)
+        return a_key, b_key
+
+    def _run_cache_key_fixture(self, fixture, compare_values):
+        case_a = fixture()
+        case_b = fixture()
+
+        for a, b in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(
+            range(len(case_a)), 2
+        ):
+            if a == b:
+                a_key, b_key = self._compare_equal(
+                    case_a[a], case_b[b], compare_values
+                )
+                if a_key is None:
+                    continue
+            else:
+                a_key = case_a[a]._generate_cache_key()
+                b_key = case_b[b]._generate_cache_key()
+
+                if a_key is None or b_key is None:
+                    if a_key is None:
+                        assert case_a[a]._annotations.get("nocache")
+                    if b_key is None:
+                        assert case_b[b]._annotations.get("nocache")
+                    continue
+
+                if a_key.key == b_key.key:
+                    for a_param, b_param in zip(
+                        a_key.bindparams, b_key.bindparams
+                    ):
+                        if not a_param.compare(
+                            b_param, compare_values=compare_values
+                        ):
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        # this fails unconditionally since we could not
+                        # find bound parameter values that differed.
+                        # Usually we intended to get two distinct keys here
+                        # so the failure will be more descriptive using the
+                        # ne_() assertion.
+                        ne_(a_key.key, b_key.key)
+                else:
+                    ne_(a_key.key, b_key.key)
+
+            # ClauseElement-specific test to ensure the cache key
+            # collected all the bound parameters that aren't marked
+            # as "literal execute"
+            if isinstance(case_a[a], ClauseElement) and isinstance(
+                case_b[b], ClauseElement
+            ):
+                assert_a_params = []
+                assert_b_params = []
+
+                for elem in visitors.iterate(case_a[a]):
+                    if elem.__visit_name__ == "bindparam":
+                        assert_a_params.append(elem)
+
+                for elem in visitors.iterate(case_b[b]):
+                    if elem.__visit_name__ == "bindparam":
+                        assert_b_params.append(elem)
+
+                # note we're asserting the order of the params as well as
+                # if there are dupes or not.  ordering has to be
+                # deterministic and matches what a traversal would provide.
+                eq_(
+                    sorted(a_key.bindparams, key=lambda b: b.key),
+                    sorted(
+                        util.unique_list(assert_a_params), key=lambda b: b.key
+                    ),
+                )
+                eq_(
+                    sorted(b_key.bindparams, key=lambda b: b.key),
+                    sorted(
+                        util.unique_list(assert_b_params), key=lambda b: b.key
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    def _run_cache_key_equal_fixture(self, fixture, compare_values):
+        case_a = fixture()
+        case_b = fixture()
+
+        for a, b in itertools.combinations_with_replacement(
+            range(len(case_a)), 2
+        ):
+            self._compare_equal(case_a[a], case_b[b], compare_values)
+
+
+def insertmanyvalues_fixture(
+    connection, randomize_rows=False, warn_on_downgraded=False
+):
+    dialect = connection.dialect
+    orig_dialect = dialect._deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches
+    orig_conn = connection._exec_insertmany_context
+
+    class RandomCursor:
+        __slots__ = ("cursor",)
+
+        def __init__(self, cursor):
+            self.cursor = cursor
+
+        # only this method is called by the deliver method.
+        # by not having the other methods we assert that those aren't being
+        # used
+
+        @property
+        def description(self):
+            return self.cursor.description
+
+        def fetchall(self):
+            rows = self.cursor.fetchall()
+            rows = list(rows)
+            random.shuffle(rows)
+            return rows
+
+    def _deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches(
+        connection,
+        cursor,
+        statement,
+        parameters,
+        generic_setinputsizes,
+        context,
+    ):
+        if randomize_rows:
+            cursor = RandomCursor(cursor)
+        for batch in orig_dialect(
+            connection,
+            cursor,
+            statement,
+            parameters,
+            generic_setinputsizes,
+            context,
+        ):
+            if warn_on_downgraded and batch.is_downgraded:
+                util.warn("Batches were downgraded for sorted INSERT")
+
+            yield batch
+
+    def _exec_insertmany_context(dialect, context):
+        with mock.patch.object(
+            dialect,
+            "_deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches",
+            new=_deliver_insertmanyvalues_batches,
+        ):
+            return orig_conn(dialect, context)
+
+    connection._exec_insertmany_context = _exec_insertmany_context
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9317be63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/pickleable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# testing/pickleable.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Classes used in pickling tests, need to be at the module level for
+unpickling.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .entities import ComparableEntity
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..types import String
+
+
+class User(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Order(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Dingaling(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class EmailUser(User):
+    pass
+
+
+class Address(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+# TODO: these are kind of arbitrary....
+class Child1(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Child2(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Parent(ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Screen:
+    def __init__(self, obj, parent=None):
+        self.obj = obj
+        self.parent = parent
+
+
+class Mixin:
+    email_address = Column(String)
+
+
+class AddressWMixin(Mixin, ComparableEntity):
+    pass
+
+
+class Foo:
+    def __init__(self, moredata, stuff="im stuff"):
+        self.data = "im data"
+        self.stuff = stuff
+        self.moredata = moredata
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            other.data == self.data
+            and other.stuff == self.stuff
+            and other.moredata == self.moredata
+        )
+
+
+class Bar:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            other.__class__ is self.__class__
+            and other.x == self.x
+            and other.y == self.y
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class OldSchool:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            other.__class__ is self.__class__
+            and other.x == self.x
+            and other.y == self.y
+        )
+
+
+class OldSchoolWithoutCompare:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+
+class BarWithoutCompare:
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "Bar(%d, %d)" % (self.x, self.y)
+
+
+class NotComparable:
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+
+class BrokenComparable:
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce960be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# testing/plugin/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5169b4e
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/bootstrap.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/bootstrap.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1e3928a4
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/plugin_base.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/plugin_base.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04f82d45
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/pytestplugin.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/__pycache__/pytestplugin.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d3780dbb
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ad4d991
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/bootstrap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# testing/plugin/bootstrap.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+"""
+Bootstrapper for test framework plugins.
+
+The entire rationale for this system is to get the modules in plugin/
+imported without importing all of the supporting library, so that we can
+set up things for testing before coverage starts.
+
+The rationale for all of plugin/ being *in* the supporting library in the
+first place is so that the testing and plugin suite is available to other
+libraries, mainly external SQLAlchemy and Alembic dialects, to make use
+of the same test environment and standard suites available to
+SQLAlchemy/Alembic themselves without the need to ship/install a separate
+package outside of SQLAlchemy.
+
+
+"""
+
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+bootstrap_file = locals()["bootstrap_file"]
+to_bootstrap = locals()["to_bootstrap"]
+
+
+def load_file_as_module(name):
+    path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bootstrap_file), "%s.py" % name)
+
+    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, path)
+    assert spec is not None
+    assert spec.loader is not None
+    mod = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
+    spec.loader.exec_module(mod)
+    return mod
+
+
+if to_bootstrap == "pytest":
+    sys.modules["sqla_plugin_base"] = load_file_as_module("plugin_base")
+    sys.modules["sqla_plugin_base"].bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy = True
+    sys.modules["sqla_pytestplugin"] = load_file_as_module("pytestplugin")
+else:
+    raise Exception("unknown bootstrap: %s" % to_bootstrap)  # noqa
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2dfa4414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,779 @@
+# testing/plugin/plugin_base.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import abc
+from argparse import Namespace
+import configparser
+import logging
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+
+from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+"""Testing extensions.
+
+this module is designed to work as a testing-framework-agnostic library,
+created so that multiple test frameworks can be supported at once
+(mostly so that we can migrate to new ones). The current target
+is pytest.
+
+"""
+
+# flag which indicates we are in the SQLAlchemy testing suite,
+# and not that of Alembic or a third party dialect.
+bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy = False
+
+log = logging.getLogger("sqlalchemy.testing.plugin_base")
+
+# late imports
+fixtures = None
+engines = None
+exclusions = None
+warnings = None
+profiling = None
+provision = None
+assertions = None
+requirements = None
+config = None
+testing = None
+util = None
+file_config = None
+
+logging = None
+include_tags = set()
+exclude_tags = set()
+options: Namespace = None  # type: ignore
+
+
+def setup_options(make_option):
+    make_option(
+        "--log-info",
+        action="callback",
+        type=str,
+        callback=_log,
+        help="turn on info logging for <LOG> (multiple OK)",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--log-debug",
+        action="callback",
+        type=str,
+        callback=_log,
+        help="turn on debug logging for <LOG> (multiple OK)",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--db",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        dest="db",
+        help="Use prefab database uri. Multiple OK, "
+        "first one is run by default.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dbs",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_list_dbs,
+        help="List available prefab dbs",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dburi",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        dest="dburi",
+        help="Database uri.  Multiple OK, first one is run by default.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dbdriver",
+        action="append",
+        type=str,
+        dest="dbdriver",
+        help="Additional database drivers to include in tests.  "
+        "These are linked to the existing database URLs by the "
+        "provisioning system.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dropfirst",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="dropfirst",
+        help="Drop all tables in the target database first",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--disable-asyncio",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="disable test / fixtures / provisoning running in asyncio",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--backend-only",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_include("backend"),
+        help=(
+            "Run only tests marked with __backend__ or __sparse_backend__; "
+            "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m backend mark expression"
+        ),
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--nomemory",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_exclude("memory_intensive"),
+        help="Don't run memory profiling tests; "
+        "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m 'not memory_intensive' "
+        "mark expression",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--notimingintensive",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_exclude("timing_intensive"),
+        help="Don't run timing intensive tests; "
+        "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m 'not timing_intensive' "
+        "mark expression",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--nomypy",
+        action="callback",
+        zeroarg_callback=_set_tag_exclude("mypy"),
+        help="Don't run mypy typing tests; "
+        "this is now equivalent to the pytest -m 'not mypy' mark expression",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--profile-sort",
+        type=str,
+        default="cumulative",
+        dest="profilesort",
+        help="Type of sort for profiling standard output",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--profile-dump",
+        type=str,
+        dest="profiledump",
+        help="Filename where a single profile run will be dumped",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--low-connections",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="low_connections",
+        help="Use a low number of distinct connections - "
+        "i.e. for Oracle TNS",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--write-idents",
+        type=str,
+        dest="write_idents",
+        help="write out generated follower idents to <file>, "
+        "when -n<num> is used",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--requirements",
+        action="callback",
+        type=str,
+        callback=_requirements_opt,
+        help="requirements class for testing, overrides setup.cfg",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--include-tag",
+        action="callback",
+        callback=_include_tag,
+        type=str,
+        help="Include tests with tag <tag>; "
+        "legacy, use pytest -m 'tag' instead",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--exclude-tag",
+        action="callback",
+        callback=_exclude_tag,
+        type=str,
+        help="Exclude tests with tag <tag>; "
+        "legacy, use pytest -m 'not tag' instead",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--write-profiles",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="write_profiles",
+        default=False,
+        help="Write/update failing profiling data.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--force-write-profiles",
+        action="store_true",
+        dest="force_write_profiles",
+        default=False,
+        help="Unconditionally write/update profiling data.",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--dump-pyannotate",
+        type=str,
+        dest="dump_pyannotate",
+        help="Run pyannotate and dump json info to given file",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--mypy-extra-test-path",
+        type=str,
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        dest="mypy_extra_test_paths",
+        help="Additional test directories to add to the mypy tests. "
+        "This is used only when running mypy tests. Multiple OK",
+    )
+    # db specific options
+    make_option(
+        "--postgresql-templatedb",
+        type=str,
+        help="name of template database to use for PostgreSQL "
+        "CREATE DATABASE (defaults to current database)",
+    )
+    make_option(
+        "--oracledb-thick-mode",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="enables the 'thick mode' when testing with oracle+oracledb",
+    )
+
+
+def configure_follower(follower_ident):
+    """Configure required state for a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the parent process and typically includes
+    database creation.
+
+    """
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+
+    provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT = follower_ident
+
+
+def memoize_important_follower_config(dict_):
+    """Store important configuration we will need to send to a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the parent process after normal config is set up.
+
+    Hook is currently not used.
+
+    """
+
+
+def restore_important_follower_config(dict_):
+    """Restore important configuration needed by a follower.
+
+    This invokes in the follower process.
+
+    Hook is currently not used.
+
+    """
+
+
+def read_config(root_path):
+    global file_config
+    file_config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    file_config.read(
+        [str(root_path / "setup.cfg"), str(root_path / "test.cfg")]
+    )
+
+
+def pre_begin(opt):
+    """things to set up early, before coverage might be setup."""
+    global options
+    options = opt
+    for fn in pre_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+
+def set_coverage_flag(value):
+    options.has_coverage = value
+
+
+def post_begin():
+    """things to set up later, once we know coverage is running."""
+    # Lazy setup of other options (post coverage)
+    for fn in post_configure:
+        fn(options, file_config)
+
+    # late imports, has to happen after config.
+    global util, fixtures, engines, exclusions, assertions, provision
+    global warnings, profiling, config, testing
+    from sqlalchemy import testing  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures, engines, exclusions  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import assertions, warnings, profiling  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config, provision  # noqa
+    from sqlalchemy import util  # noqa
+
+    warnings.setup_filters()
+
+
+def _log(opt_str, value, parser):
+    global logging
+    if not logging:
+        import logging
+
+        logging.basicConfig()
+
+    if opt_str.endswith("-info"):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    elif opt_str.endswith("-debug"):
+        logging.getLogger(value).setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+
+def _list_dbs(*args):
+    if file_config is None:
+        # assume the current working directory is the one containing the
+        # setup file
+        read_config(Path.cwd())
+    print("Available --db options (use --dburi to override)")
+    for macro in sorted(file_config.options("db")):
+        print("%20s\t%s" % (macro, file_config.get("db", macro)))
+    sys.exit(0)
+
+
+def _requirements_opt(opt_str, value, parser):
+    _setup_requirements(value)
+
+
+def _set_tag_include(tag):
+    def _do_include_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+        _include_tag(opt_str, tag, parser)
+
+    return _do_include_tag
+
+
+def _set_tag_exclude(tag):
+    def _do_exclude_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+        _exclude_tag(opt_str, tag, parser)
+
+    return _do_exclude_tag
+
+
+def _exclude_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+    exclude_tags.add(value.replace("-", "_"))
+
+
+def _include_tag(opt_str, value, parser):
+    include_tags.add(value.replace("-", "_"))
+
+
+pre_configure = []
+post_configure = []
+
+
+def pre(fn):
+    pre_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+def post(fn):
+    post_configure.append(fn)
+    return fn
+
+
+@pre
+def _setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    global options
+    options = opt
+
+
+@pre
+def _register_sqlite_numeric_dialect(opt, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.dialects import registry
+
+    registry.register(
+        "sqlite.pysqlite_numeric",
+        "sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite",
+        "_SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_numeric",
+    )
+    registry.register(
+        "sqlite.pysqlite_dollar",
+        "sqlalchemy.dialects.sqlite.pysqlite",
+        "_SQLiteDialect_pysqlite_dollar",
+    )
+
+
+@post
+def __ensure_cext(opt, file_config):
+    if os.environ.get("REQUIRE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT", "0") == "1":
+        from sqlalchemy.util import has_compiled_ext
+
+        try:
+            has_compiled_ext(raise_=True)
+        except ImportError as err:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "REQUIRE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT is set but can't import the "
+                "cython extensions"
+            ) from err
+
+
+@post
+def _init_symbols(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+    config._fixture_functions = _fixture_fn_class()
+
+
+@pre
+def _set_disable_asyncio(opt, file_config):
+    if opt.disable_asyncio:
+        asyncio.ENABLE_ASYNCIO = False
+
+
+@post
+def _engine_uri(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import url as sa_url
+
+    if options.dburi:
+        db_urls = list(options.dburi)
+    else:
+        db_urls = []
+
+    extra_drivers = options.dbdriver or []
+
+    if options.db:
+        for db_token in options.db:
+            for db in re.split(r"[,\s]+", db_token):
+                if db not in file_config.options("db"):
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Unknown URI specifier '%s'.  "
+                        "Specify --dbs for known uris." % db
+                    )
+                else:
+                    db_urls.append(file_config.get("db", db))
+
+    if not db_urls:
+        db_urls.append(file_config.get("db", "default"))
+
+    config._current = None
+
+    if options.write_idents and provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT:
+        for db_url in [sa_url.make_url(db_url) for db_url in db_urls]:
+            with open(options.write_idents, "a") as file_:
+                file_.write(
+                    f"{provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT} "
+                    f"{db_url.render_as_string(hide_password=False)}\n"
+                )
+
+    expanded_urls = list(provision.generate_db_urls(db_urls, extra_drivers))
+
+    for db_url in expanded_urls:
+        log.info("Adding database URL: %s", db_url)
+
+        cfg = provision.setup_config(
+            db_url, options, file_config, provision.FOLLOWER_IDENT
+        )
+        if not config._current:
+            cfg.set_as_current(cfg, testing)
+
+
+@post
+def _requirements(options, file_config):
+    requirement_cls = file_config.get("sqla_testing", "requirement_cls")
+    _setup_requirements(requirement_cls)
+
+
+def _setup_requirements(argument):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+    from sqlalchemy import testing
+
+    modname, clsname = argument.split(":")
+
+    # importlib.import_module() only introduced in 2.7, a little
+    # late
+    mod = __import__(modname)
+    for component in modname.split(".")[1:]:
+        mod = getattr(mod, component)
+    req_cls = getattr(mod, clsname)
+
+    config.requirements = testing.requires = req_cls()
+
+    config.bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy = bootstrapped_as_sqlalchemy
+
+
+@post
+def _prep_testing_database(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+    if options.dropfirst:
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+
+        for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+            provision.drop_all_schema_objects(cfg, cfg.db)
+
+
+@post
+def _post_setup_options(opt, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+    config.options = options
+    config.file_config = file_config
+
+
+@post
+def _setup_profiling(options, file_config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import profiling
+
+    profiling._profile_stats = profiling.ProfileStatsFile(
+        file_config.get("sqla_testing", "profile_file"),
+        sort=options.profilesort,
+        dump=options.profiledump,
+    )
+
+
+def want_class(name, cls):
+    if not issubclass(cls, fixtures.TestBase):
+        return False
+    elif name.startswith("_"):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def want_method(cls, fn):
+    if not fn.__name__.startswith("test_"):
+        return False
+    elif fn.__module__ is None:
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def generate_sub_tests(cls, module, markers):
+    if "backend" in markers or "sparse_backend" in markers:
+        sparse = "sparse_backend" in markers
+        for cfg in _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, sparse=sparse):
+            orig_name = cls.__name__
+
+            # we can have special chars in these names except for the
+            # pytest junit plugin, which is tripped up by the brackets
+            # and periods, so sanitize
+
+            alpha_name = re.sub(r"[_\[\]\.]+", "_", cfg.name)
+            alpha_name = re.sub(r"_+$", "", alpha_name)
+            name = "%s_%s" % (cls.__name__, alpha_name)
+            subcls = type(
+                name,
+                (cls,),
+                {"_sa_orig_cls_name": orig_name, "__only_on_config__": cfg},
+            )
+            setattr(module, name, subcls)
+            yield subcls
+    else:
+        yield cls
+
+
+def start_test_class_outside_fixtures(cls):
+    _do_skips(cls)
+    _setup_engine(cls)
+
+
+def stop_test_class(cls):
+    # close sessions, immediate connections, etc.
+    fixtures.stop_test_class_inside_fixtures(cls)
+
+    # close outstanding connection pool connections, dispose of
+    # additional engines
+    engines.testing_reaper.stop_test_class_inside_fixtures()
+
+
+def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(cls):
+    engines.testing_reaper.stop_test_class_outside_fixtures()
+    provision.stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, config.db, cls)
+    try:
+        if not options.low_connections:
+            assertions.global_cleanup_assertions()
+    finally:
+        _restore_engine()
+
+
+def _restore_engine():
+    if config._current:
+        config._current.reset(testing)
+
+
+def final_process_cleanup():
+    engines.testing_reaper.final_cleanup()
+    assertions.global_cleanup_assertions()
+    _restore_engine()
+
+
+def _setup_engine(cls):
+    if getattr(cls, "__engine_options__", None):
+        opts = dict(cls.__engine_options__)
+        opts["scope"] = "class"
+        eng = engines.testing_engine(options=opts)
+        config._current.push_engine(eng, testing)
+
+
+def before_test(test, test_module_name, test_class, test_name):
+    # format looks like:
+    # "test.aaa_profiling.test_compiler.CompileTest.test_update_whereclause"
+
+    name = getattr(test_class, "_sa_orig_cls_name", test_class.__name__)
+
+    id_ = "%s.%s.%s" % (test_module_name, name, test_name)
+
+    profiling._start_current_test(id_)
+
+
+def after_test(test):
+    fixtures.after_test()
+    engines.testing_reaper.after_test()
+
+
+def after_test_fixtures(test):
+    engines.testing_reaper.after_test_outside_fixtures(test)
+
+
+def _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, reasons=None, sparse=False):
+    all_configs = set(config.Config.all_configs())
+
+    if cls.__unsupported_on__:
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*cls.__unsupported_on__)
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__only_on__", None):
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__only_on__))
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__only_on_config__", None):
+        all_configs.intersection_update([cls.__only_on_config__])
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "__requires__"):
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                skip_reasons = check.matching_config_reasons(config_obj)
+                if skip_reasons:
+                    all_configs.remove(config_obj)
+                    if reasons is not None:
+                        reasons.extend(skip_reasons)
+                    break
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "__prefer_requires__"):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        requirements = config.requirements
+        for config_obj in list(all_configs):
+            for requirement in cls.__prefer_requires__:
+                check = getattr(requirements, requirement)
+
+                if not check.enabled_for_config(config_obj):
+                    non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    if sparse:
+        # pick only one config from each base dialect
+        # sorted so we get the same backend each time selecting the highest
+        # server version info.
+        per_dialect = {}
+        for cfg in reversed(
+            sorted(
+                all_configs,
+                key=lambda cfg: (
+                    cfg.db.name,
+                    cfg.db.driver,
+                    cfg.db.dialect.server_version_info,
+                ),
+            )
+        ):
+            db = cfg.db.name
+            if db not in per_dialect:
+                per_dialect[db] = cfg
+        return per_dialect.values()
+
+    return all_configs
+
+
+def _do_skips(cls):
+    reasons = []
+    all_configs = _possible_configs_for_cls(cls, reasons)
+
+    if getattr(cls, "__skip_if__", False):
+        for c in getattr(cls, "__skip_if__"):
+            if c():
+                config.skip_test(
+                    "'%s' skipped by %s" % (cls.__name__, c.__name__)
+                )
+
+    if not all_configs:
+        msg = "'%s.%s' unsupported on any DB implementation %s%s" % (
+            cls.__module__,
+            cls.__name__,
+            ", ".join(
+                "'%s(%s)+%s'"
+                % (
+                    config_obj.db.name,
+                    ".".join(
+                        str(dig)
+                        for dig in exclusions._server_version(config_obj.db)
+                    ),
+                    config_obj.db.driver,
+                )
+                for config_obj in config.Config.all_configs()
+            ),
+            ", ".join(reasons),
+        )
+        config.skip_test(msg)
+    elif hasattr(cls, "__prefer_backends__"):
+        non_preferred = set()
+        spec = exclusions.db_spec(*util.to_list(cls.__prefer_backends__))
+        for config_obj in all_configs:
+            if not spec(config_obj):
+                non_preferred.add(config_obj)
+        if all_configs.difference(non_preferred):
+            all_configs.difference_update(non_preferred)
+
+    if config._current not in all_configs:
+        _setup_config(all_configs.pop(), cls)
+
+
+def _setup_config(config_obj, ctx):
+    config._current.push(config_obj, testing)
+
+
+class FixtureFunctions(abc.ABC):
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def skip_test_exception(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def combinations(self, *args, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def param_ident(self, *args, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def fixture(self, *arg, **kw):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_current_test_name(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def mark_base_test_class(self) -> Any:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @abc.abstractproperty
+    def add_to_marker(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+_fixture_fn_class = None
+
+
+def set_fixture_functions(fixture_fn_class):
+    global _fixture_fn_class
+    _fixture_fn_class = fixture_fn_class
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6d47c63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
@@ -0,0 +1,868 @@
+# testing/plugin/pytestplugin.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+from functools import update_wrapper
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+import uuid
+
+import pytest
+
+try:
+    # installed by bootstrap.py
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        import sqla_plugin_base as plugin_base
+except ImportError:
+    # assume we're a package, use traditional import
+    from . import plugin_base
+
+
+def pytest_addoption(parser):
+    group = parser.getgroup("sqlalchemy")
+
+    def make_option(name, **kw):
+        callback_ = kw.pop("callback", None)
+        if callback_:
+
+            class CallableAction(argparse.Action):
+                def __call__(
+                    self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None
+                ):
+                    callback_(option_string, values, parser)
+
+            kw["action"] = CallableAction
+
+        zeroarg_callback = kw.pop("zeroarg_callback", None)
+        if zeroarg_callback:
+
+            class CallableAction(argparse.Action):
+                def __init__(
+                    self,
+                    option_strings,
+                    dest,
+                    default=False,
+                    required=False,
+                    help=None,  # noqa
+                ):
+                    super().__init__(
+                        option_strings=option_strings,
+                        dest=dest,
+                        nargs=0,
+                        const=True,
+                        default=default,
+                        required=required,
+                        help=help,
+                    )
+
+                def __call__(
+                    self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None
+                ):
+                    zeroarg_callback(option_string, values, parser)
+
+            kw["action"] = CallableAction
+
+        group.addoption(name, **kw)
+
+    plugin_base.setup_options(make_option)
+
+
+def pytest_configure(config: pytest.Config):
+    plugin_base.read_config(config.rootpath)
+    if plugin_base.exclude_tags or plugin_base.include_tags:
+        new_expr = " and ".join(
+            list(plugin_base.include_tags)
+            + [f"not {tag}" for tag in plugin_base.exclude_tags]
+        )
+
+        if config.option.markexpr:
+            config.option.markexpr += f" and {new_expr}"
+        else:
+            config.option.markexpr = new_expr
+
+    if config.pluginmanager.hasplugin("xdist"):
+        config.pluginmanager.register(XDistHooks())
+
+    if hasattr(config, "workerinput"):
+        plugin_base.restore_important_follower_config(config.workerinput)
+        plugin_base.configure_follower(config.workerinput["follower_ident"])
+    else:
+        if config.option.write_idents and os.path.exists(
+            config.option.write_idents
+        ):
+            os.remove(config.option.write_idents)
+
+    plugin_base.pre_begin(config.option)
+
+    plugin_base.set_coverage_flag(
+        bool(getattr(config.option, "cov_source", False))
+    )
+
+    plugin_base.set_fixture_functions(PytestFixtureFunctions)
+
+    if config.option.dump_pyannotate:
+        global DUMP_PYANNOTATE
+        DUMP_PYANNOTATE = True
+
+
+DUMP_PYANNOTATE = False
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def collect_types_fixture():
+    if DUMP_PYANNOTATE:
+        from pyannotate_runtime import collect_types
+
+        collect_types.start()
+    yield
+    if DUMP_PYANNOTATE:
+        collect_types.stop()
+
+
+def _log_sqlalchemy_info(session):
+    import sqlalchemy
+    from sqlalchemy import __version__
+    from sqlalchemy.util import has_compiled_ext
+    from sqlalchemy.util._has_cy import _CYEXTENSION_MSG
+
+    greet = "sqlalchemy installation"
+    site = "no user site" if sys.flags.no_user_site else "user site loaded"
+    msgs = [
+        f"SQLAlchemy {__version__} ({site})",
+        f"Path: {sqlalchemy.__file__}",
+    ]
+
+    if has_compiled_ext():
+        from sqlalchemy.cyextension import util
+
+        msgs.append(f"compiled extension enabled, e.g. {util.__file__} ")
+    else:
+        msgs.append(f"compiled extension not enabled; {_CYEXTENSION_MSG}")
+
+    pm = session.config.pluginmanager.get_plugin("terminalreporter")
+    if pm:
+        pm.write_sep("=", greet)
+        for m in msgs:
+            pm.write_line(m)
+    else:
+        # fancy pants reporter not found, fallback to plain print
+        print("=" * 25, greet, "=" * 25)
+        for m in msgs:
+            print(m)
+
+
+def pytest_sessionstart(session):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    _log_sqlalchemy_info(session)
+    asyncio._assume_async(plugin_base.post_begin)
+
+
+def pytest_sessionfinish(session):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(plugin_base.final_process_cleanup)
+
+    if session.config.option.dump_pyannotate:
+        from pyannotate_runtime import collect_types
+
+        collect_types.dump_stats(session.config.option.dump_pyannotate)
+
+
+def pytest_unconfigure(config):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._shutdown()
+
+
+def pytest_collection_finish(session):
+    if session.config.option.dump_pyannotate:
+        from pyannotate_runtime import collect_types
+
+        lib_sqlalchemy = os.path.abspath("lib/sqlalchemy")
+
+        def _filter(filename):
+            filename = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(filename))
+            if "lib/sqlalchemy" not in os.path.commonpath(
+                [filename, lib_sqlalchemy]
+            ):
+                return None
+            if "testing" in filename:
+                return None
+
+            return filename
+
+        collect_types.init_types_collection(filter_filename=_filter)
+
+
+class XDistHooks:
+    def pytest_configure_node(self, node):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        # the master for each node fills workerinput dictionary
+        # which pytest-xdist will transfer to the subprocess
+
+        plugin_base.memoize_important_follower_config(node.workerinput)
+
+        node.workerinput["follower_ident"] = "test_%s" % uuid.uuid4().hex[0:12]
+
+        asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+            provision.create_follower_db, node.workerinput["follower_ident"]
+        )
+
+    def pytest_testnodedown(self, node, error):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import provision
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+            provision.drop_follower_db, node.workerinput["follower_ident"]
+        )
+
+
+def pytest_collection_modifyitems(session, config, items):
+    # look for all those classes that specify __backend__ and
+    # expand them out into per-database test cases.
+
+    # this is much easier to do within pytest_pycollect_makeitem, however
+    # pytest is iterating through cls.__dict__ as makeitem is
+    # called which causes a "dictionary changed size" error on py3k.
+    # I'd submit a pullreq for them to turn it into a list first, but
+    # it's to suit the rather odd use case here which is that we are adding
+    # new classes to a module on the fly.
+
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    rebuilt_items = collections.defaultdict(
+        lambda: collections.defaultdict(list)
+    )
+
+    items[:] = [
+        item
+        for item in items
+        if item.getparent(pytest.Class) is not None
+        and not item.getparent(pytest.Class).name.startswith("_")
+    ]
+
+    test_classes = {item.getparent(pytest.Class) for item in items}
+
+    def collect(element):
+        for inst_or_fn in element.collect():
+            if isinstance(inst_or_fn, pytest.Collector):
+                yield from collect(inst_or_fn)
+            else:
+                yield inst_or_fn
+
+    def setup_test_classes():
+        for test_class in test_classes:
+            # transfer legacy __backend__ and __sparse_backend__ symbols
+            # to be markers
+            add_markers = set()
+            if getattr(test_class.cls, "__backend__", False) or getattr(
+                test_class.cls, "__only_on__", False
+            ):
+                add_markers = {"backend"}
+            elif getattr(test_class.cls, "__sparse_backend__", False):
+                add_markers = {"sparse_backend"}
+            else:
+                add_markers = frozenset()
+
+            existing_markers = {
+                mark.name for mark in test_class.iter_markers()
+            }
+            add_markers = add_markers - existing_markers
+            all_markers = existing_markers.union(add_markers)
+
+            for marker in add_markers:
+                test_class.add_marker(marker)
+
+            for sub_cls in plugin_base.generate_sub_tests(
+                test_class.cls, test_class.module, all_markers
+            ):
+                if sub_cls is not test_class.cls:
+                    per_cls_dict = rebuilt_items[test_class.cls]
+
+                    module = test_class.getparent(pytest.Module)
+
+                    new_cls = pytest.Class.from_parent(
+                        name=sub_cls.__name__, parent=module
+                    )
+                    for marker in add_markers:
+                        new_cls.add_marker(marker)
+
+                    for fn in collect(new_cls):
+                        per_cls_dict[fn.name].append(fn)
+
+    # class requirements will sometimes need to access the DB to check
+    # capabilities, so need to do this for async
+    asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(setup_test_classes)
+
+    newitems = []
+    for item in items:
+        cls_ = item.cls
+        if cls_ in rebuilt_items:
+            newitems.extend(rebuilt_items[cls_][item.name])
+        else:
+            newitems.append(item)
+
+    # seems like the functions attached to a test class aren't sorted already?
+    # is that true and why's that? (when using unittest, they're sorted)
+    items[:] = sorted(
+        newitems,
+        key=lambda item: (
+            item.getparent(pytest.Module).name,
+            item.getparent(pytest.Class).name,
+            item.name,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def pytest_pycollect_makeitem(collector, name, obj):
+    if inspect.isclass(obj) and plugin_base.want_class(name, obj):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+
+        if config.any_async:
+            obj = _apply_maybe_async(obj)
+
+        return [
+            pytest.Class.from_parent(
+                name=parametrize_cls.__name__, parent=collector
+            )
+            for parametrize_cls in _parametrize_cls(collector.module, obj)
+        ]
+    elif (
+        inspect.isfunction(obj)
+        and collector.cls is not None
+        and plugin_base.want_method(collector.cls, obj)
+    ):
+        # None means, fall back to default logic, which includes
+        # method-level parametrize
+        return None
+    else:
+        # empty list means skip this item
+        return []
+
+
+def _is_wrapped_coroutine_function(fn):
+    while hasattr(fn, "__wrapped__"):
+        fn = fn.__wrapped__
+
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(fn)
+
+
+def _apply_maybe_async(obj, recurse=True):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    for name, value in vars(obj).items():
+        if (
+            (callable(value) or isinstance(value, classmethod))
+            and not getattr(value, "_maybe_async_applied", False)
+            and (name.startswith("test_"))
+            and not _is_wrapped_coroutine_function(value)
+        ):
+            is_classmethod = False
+            if isinstance(value, classmethod):
+                value = value.__func__
+                is_classmethod = True
+
+            @_pytest_fn_decorator
+            def make_async(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+                return asyncio._maybe_async(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+            do_async = make_async(value)
+            if is_classmethod:
+                do_async = classmethod(do_async)
+            do_async._maybe_async_applied = True
+
+            setattr(obj, name, do_async)
+    if recurse:
+        for cls in obj.mro()[1:]:
+            if cls != object:
+                _apply_maybe_async(cls, False)
+    return obj
+
+
+def _parametrize_cls(module, cls):
+    """implement a class-based version of pytest parametrize."""
+
+    if "_sa_parametrize" not in cls.__dict__:
+        return [cls]
+
+    _sa_parametrize = cls._sa_parametrize
+    classes = []
+    for full_param_set in itertools.product(
+        *[params for argname, params in _sa_parametrize]
+    ):
+        cls_variables = {}
+
+        for argname, param in zip(
+            [_sa_param[0] for _sa_param in _sa_parametrize], full_param_set
+        ):
+            if not argname:
+                raise TypeError("need argnames for class-based combinations")
+            argname_split = re.split(r",\s*", argname)
+            for arg, val in zip(argname_split, param.values):
+                cls_variables[arg] = val
+        parametrized_name = "_".join(
+            re.sub(r"\W", "", token)
+            for param in full_param_set
+            for token in param.id.split("-")
+        )
+        name = "%s_%s" % (cls.__name__, parametrized_name)
+        newcls = type.__new__(type, name, (cls,), cls_variables)
+        setattr(module, name, newcls)
+        classes.append(newcls)
+    return classes
+
+
+_current_class = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_setup(item):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    # pytest_runtest_setup runs *before* pytest fixtures with scope="class".
+    # plugin_base.start_test_class_outside_fixtures may opt to raise SkipTest
+    # for the whole class and has to run things that are across all current
+    # databases, so we run this outside of the pytest fixture system altogether
+    # and ensure asyncio greenlet if any engines are async
+
+    global _current_class
+
+    if isinstance(item, pytest.Function) and _current_class is None:
+        asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+            plugin_base.start_test_class_outside_fixtures,
+            item.cls,
+        )
+        _current_class = item.getparent(pytest.Class)
+
+
+@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=True)
+def pytest_runtest_teardown(item, nextitem):
+    # runs inside of pytest function fixture scope
+    # after test function runs
+
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(plugin_base.after_test, item)
+
+    yield
+    # this is now after all the fixture teardown have run, the class can be
+    # finalized. Since pytest v7 this finalizer can no longer be added in
+    # pytest_runtest_setup since the class has not yet been setup at that
+    # time.
+    # See https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/9343
+    global _current_class, _current_report
+
+    if _current_class is not None and (
+        # last test or a new class
+        nextitem is None
+        or nextitem.getparent(pytest.Class) is not _current_class
+    ):
+        _current_class = None
+
+        try:
+            asyncio._maybe_async_provisioning(
+                plugin_base.stop_test_class_outside_fixtures, item.cls
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            # in case of an exception during teardown attach the original
+            # error to the exception message, otherwise it will get lost
+            if _current_report.failed:
+                if not e.args:
+                    e.args = (
+                        "__Original test failure__:\n"
+                        + _current_report.longreprtext,
+                    )
+                elif e.args[-1] and isinstance(e.args[-1], str):
+                    args = list(e.args)
+                    args[-1] += (
+                        "\n__Original test failure__:\n"
+                        + _current_report.longreprtext
+                    )
+                    e.args = tuple(args)
+                else:
+                    e.args += (
+                        "__Original test failure__",
+                        _current_report.longreprtext,
+                    )
+            raise
+        finally:
+            _current_report = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_call(item):
+    # runs inside of pytest function fixture scope
+    # before test function runs
+
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(
+        plugin_base.before_test,
+        item,
+        item.module.__name__,
+        item.cls,
+        item.name,
+    )
+
+
+_current_report = None
+
+
+def pytest_runtest_logreport(report):
+    global _current_report
+    if report.when == "call":
+        _current_report = report
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="class")
+def setup_class_methods(request):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    cls = request.cls
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "setup_test_class"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(cls.setup_test_class)
+
+    yield
+
+    if hasattr(cls, "teardown_test_class"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(cls.teardown_test_class)
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(plugin_base.stop_test_class, cls)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+def setup_test_methods(request):
+    from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+    # called for each test
+
+    self = request.instance
+
+    # before this fixture runs:
+
+    # 1. function level "autouse" fixtures under py3k (examples: TablesTest
+    #    define tables / data, MappedTest define tables / mappers / data)
+
+    # 2. was for p2k. no longer applies
+
+    # 3. run outer xdist-style setup
+    if hasattr(self, "setup_test"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.setup_test)
+
+    # alembic test suite is using setUp and tearDown
+    # xdist methods; support these in the test suite
+    # for the near term
+    if hasattr(self, "setUp"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.setUp)
+
+    # inside the yield:
+    # 4. function level fixtures defined on test functions themselves,
+    #    e.g. "connection", "metadata" run next
+
+    # 5. pytest hook pytest_runtest_call then runs
+
+    # 6. test itself runs
+
+    yield
+
+    # yield finishes:
+
+    # 7. function level fixtures defined on test functions
+    #    themselves, e.g. "connection" rolls back the transaction, "metadata"
+    #    emits drop all
+
+    # 8. pytest hook pytest_runtest_teardown hook runs, this is associated
+    #    with fixtures close all sessions, provisioning.stop_test_class(),
+    #    engines.testing_reaper -> ensure all connection pool connections
+    #    are returned, engines created by testing_engine that aren't the
+    #    config engine are disposed
+
+    asyncio._maybe_async(plugin_base.after_test_fixtures, self)
+
+    # 10. run xdist-style teardown
+    if hasattr(self, "tearDown"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.tearDown)
+
+    if hasattr(self, "teardown_test"):
+        asyncio._maybe_async(self.teardown_test)
+
+    # 11. was for p2k. no longer applies
+
+    # 12. function level "autouse" fixtures under py3k (examples: TablesTest /
+    #    MappedTest delete table data, possibly drop tables and clear mappers
+    #    depending on the flags defined by the test class)
+
+
+def _pytest_fn_decorator(target):
+    """Port of langhelpers.decorator with pytest-specific tricks."""
+
+    from sqlalchemy.util.langhelpers import format_argspec_plus
+    from sqlalchemy.util.compat import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+    def _exec_code_in_env(code, env, fn_name):
+        # note this is affected by "from __future__ import annotations" at
+        # the top; exec'ed code will use non-evaluated annotations
+        # which allows us to be more flexible with code rendering
+        # in format_argpsec_plus()
+        exec(code, env)
+        return env[fn_name]
+
+    def decorate(fn, add_positional_parameters=()):
+        spec = inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        if add_positional_parameters:
+            spec.args.extend(add_positional_parameters)
+
+        metadata = dict(
+            __target_fn="__target_fn", __orig_fn="__orig_fn", name=fn.__name__
+        )
+        metadata.update(format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False))
+        code = (
+            """\
+def %(name)s%(grouped_args)s:
+    return %(__target_fn)s(%(__orig_fn)s, %(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+            % metadata
+        )
+        decorated = _exec_code_in_env(
+            code, {"__target_fn": target, "__orig_fn": fn}, fn.__name__
+        )
+        if not add_positional_parameters:
+            decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, "__func__", fn).__defaults__
+            decorated.__wrapped__ = fn
+            return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)
+        else:
+            # this is the pytest hacky part.  don't do a full update wrapper
+            # because pytest is really being sneaky about finding the args
+            # for the wrapped function
+            decorated.__module__ = fn.__module__
+            decorated.__name__ = fn.__name__
+            if hasattr(fn, "pytestmark"):
+                decorated.pytestmark = fn.pytestmark
+            return decorated
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+class PytestFixtureFunctions(plugin_base.FixtureFunctions):
+    def skip_test_exception(self, *arg, **kw):
+        return pytest.skip.Exception(*arg, **kw)
+
+    @property
+    def add_to_marker(self):
+        return pytest.mark
+
+    def mark_base_test_class(self):
+        return pytest.mark.usefixtures(
+            "setup_class_methods", "setup_test_methods"
+        )
+
+    _combination_id_fns = {
+        "i": lambda obj: obj,
+        "r": repr,
+        "s": str,
+        "n": lambda obj: (
+            obj.__name__ if hasattr(obj, "__name__") else type(obj).__name__
+        ),
+    }
+
+    def combinations(self, *arg_sets, **kw):
+        """Facade for pytest.mark.parametrize.
+
+        Automatically derives argument names from the callable which in our
+        case is always a method on a class with positional arguments.
+
+        ids for parameter sets are derived using an optional template.
+
+        """
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import exclusions
+
+        if len(arg_sets) == 1 and hasattr(arg_sets[0], "__next__"):
+            arg_sets = list(arg_sets[0])
+
+        argnames = kw.pop("argnames", None)
+
+        def _filter_exclusions(args):
+            result = []
+            gathered_exclusions = []
+            for a in args:
+                if isinstance(a, exclusions.compound):
+                    gathered_exclusions.append(a)
+                else:
+                    result.append(a)
+
+            return result, gathered_exclusions
+
+        id_ = kw.pop("id_", None)
+
+        tobuild_pytest_params = []
+        has_exclusions = False
+        if id_:
+            _combination_id_fns = self._combination_id_fns
+
+            # because itemgetter is not consistent for one argument vs.
+            # multiple, make it multiple in all cases and use a slice
+            # to omit the first argument
+            _arg_getter = operator.itemgetter(
+                0,
+                *[
+                    idx
+                    for idx, char in enumerate(id_)
+                    if char in ("n", "r", "s", "a")
+                ],
+            )
+            fns = [
+                (operator.itemgetter(idx), _combination_id_fns[char])
+                for idx, char in enumerate(id_)
+                if char in _combination_id_fns
+            ]
+
+            for arg in arg_sets:
+                if not isinstance(arg, tuple):
+                    arg = (arg,)
+
+                fn_params, param_exclusions = _filter_exclusions(arg)
+
+                parameters = _arg_getter(fn_params)[1:]
+
+                if param_exclusions:
+                    has_exclusions = True
+
+                tobuild_pytest_params.append(
+                    (
+                        parameters,
+                        param_exclusions,
+                        "-".join(
+                            comb_fn(getter(arg)) for getter, comb_fn in fns
+                        ),
+                    )
+                )
+
+        else:
+            for arg in arg_sets:
+                if not isinstance(arg, tuple):
+                    arg = (arg,)
+
+                fn_params, param_exclusions = _filter_exclusions(arg)
+
+                if param_exclusions:
+                    has_exclusions = True
+
+                tobuild_pytest_params.append(
+                    (fn_params, param_exclusions, None)
+                )
+
+        pytest_params = []
+        for parameters, param_exclusions, id_ in tobuild_pytest_params:
+            if has_exclusions:
+                parameters += (param_exclusions,)
+
+            param = pytest.param(*parameters, id=id_)
+            pytest_params.append(param)
+
+        def decorate(fn):
+            if inspect.isclass(fn):
+                if has_exclusions:
+                    raise NotImplementedError(
+                        "exclusions not supported for class level combinations"
+                    )
+                if "_sa_parametrize" not in fn.__dict__:
+                    fn._sa_parametrize = []
+                fn._sa_parametrize.append((argnames, pytest_params))
+                return fn
+            else:
+                _fn_argnames = inspect.getfullargspec(fn).args[1:]
+                if argnames is None:
+                    _argnames = _fn_argnames
+                else:
+                    _argnames = re.split(r", *", argnames)
+
+                if has_exclusions:
+                    existing_exl = sum(
+                        1 for n in _fn_argnames if n.startswith("_exclusions")
+                    )
+                    current_exclusion_name = f"_exclusions_{existing_exl}"
+                    _argnames += [current_exclusion_name]
+
+                    @_pytest_fn_decorator
+                    def check_exclusions(fn, *args, **kw):
+                        _exclusions = args[-1]
+                        if _exclusions:
+                            exlu = exclusions.compound().add(*_exclusions)
+                            fn = exlu(fn)
+                        return fn(*args[:-1], **kw)
+
+                    fn = check_exclusions(
+                        fn, add_positional_parameters=(current_exclusion_name,)
+                    )
+
+                return pytest.mark.parametrize(_argnames, pytest_params)(fn)
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def param_ident(self, *parameters):
+        ident = parameters[0]
+        return pytest.param(*parameters[1:], id=ident)
+
+    def fixture(self, *arg, **kw):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import config
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        # wrapping pytest.fixture function.  determine if
+        # decorator was called as @fixture or @fixture().
+        if len(arg) > 0 and callable(arg[0]):
+            # was called as @fixture(), we have the function to wrap.
+            fn = arg[0]
+            arg = arg[1:]
+        else:
+            # was called as @fixture, don't have the function yet.
+            fn = None
+
+        # create a pytest.fixture marker.  because the fn is not being
+        # passed, this is always a pytest.FixtureFunctionMarker()
+        # object (or whatever pytest is calling it when you read this)
+        # that is waiting for a function.
+        fixture = pytest.fixture(*arg, **kw)
+
+        # now apply wrappers to the function, including fixture itself
+
+        def wrap(fn):
+            if config.any_async:
+                fn = asyncio._maybe_async_wrapper(fn)
+            # other wrappers may be added here
+
+            # now apply FixtureFunctionMarker
+            fn = fixture(fn)
+
+            return fn
+
+        if fn:
+            return wrap(fn)
+        else:
+            return wrap
+
+    def get_current_test_name(self):
+        return os.environ.get("PYTEST_CURRENT_TEST")
+
+    def async_test(self, fn):
+        from sqlalchemy.testing import asyncio
+
+        @_pytest_fn_decorator
+        def decorate(fn, *args, **kwargs):
+            asyncio._run_coroutine_function(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        return decorate(fn)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d90947e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/profiling.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+# testing/profiling.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Profiling support for unit and performance tests.
+
+These are special purpose profiling methods which operate
+in a more fine-grained way than nose's profiling plugin.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import contextlib
+import os
+import platform
+import pstats
+import re
+import sys
+
+from . import config
+from .util import gc_collect
+from ..util import has_compiled_ext
+
+
+try:
+    import cProfile
+except ImportError:
+    cProfile = None
+
+_profile_stats = None
+"""global ProfileStatsFileInstance.
+
+plugin_base assigns this at the start of all tests.
+
+"""
+
+
+_current_test = None
+"""String id of current test.
+
+plugin_base assigns this at the start of each test using
+_start_current_test.
+
+"""
+
+
+def _start_current_test(id_):
+    global _current_test
+    _current_test = id_
+
+    if _profile_stats.force_write:
+        _profile_stats.reset_count()
+
+
+class ProfileStatsFile:
+    """Store per-platform/fn profiling results in a file.
+
+    There was no json module available when this was written, but now
+    the file format which is very deterministically line oriented is kind of
+    handy in any case for diffs and merges.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, sort="cumulative", dump=None):
+        self.force_write = (
+            config.options is not None and config.options.force_write_profiles
+        )
+        self.write = self.force_write or (
+            config.options is not None and config.options.write_profiles
+        )
+        self.fname = os.path.abspath(filename)
+        self.short_fname = os.path.split(self.fname)[-1]
+        self.data = collections.defaultdict(
+            lambda: collections.defaultdict(dict)
+        )
+        self.dump = dump
+        self.sort = sort
+        self._read()
+        if self.write:
+            # rewrite for the case where features changed,
+            # etc.
+            self._write()
+
+    @property
+    def platform_key(self):
+        dbapi_key = config.db.name + "_" + config.db.driver
+
+        if config.db.name == "sqlite" and config.db.dialect._is_url_file_db(
+            config.db.url
+        ):
+            dbapi_key += "_file"
+
+        # keep it at 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, etc. for now.
+        py_version = ".".join([str(v) for v in sys.version_info[0:2]])
+
+        platform_tokens = [
+            platform.machine(),
+            platform.system().lower(),
+            platform.python_implementation().lower(),
+            py_version,
+            dbapi_key,
+        ]
+
+        platform_tokens.append("dbapiunicode")
+        _has_cext = has_compiled_ext()
+        platform_tokens.append(_has_cext and "cextensions" or "nocextensions")
+        return "_".join(platform_tokens)
+
+    def has_stats(self):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        return (
+            test_key in self.data and self.platform_key in self.data[test_key]
+        )
+
+    def result(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+
+        if "counts" not in per_platform:
+            per_platform["counts"] = counts = []
+        else:
+            counts = per_platform["counts"]
+
+        if "current_count" not in per_platform:
+            per_platform["current_count"] = current_count = 0
+        else:
+            current_count = per_platform["current_count"]
+
+        has_count = len(counts) > current_count
+
+        if not has_count:
+            counts.append(callcount)
+            if self.write:
+                self._write()
+            result = None
+        else:
+            result = per_platform["lineno"], counts[current_count]
+        per_platform["current_count"] += 1
+        return result
+
+    def reset_count(self):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        # since self.data is a defaultdict, don't access a key
+        # if we don't know it's there first.
+        if test_key not in self.data:
+            return
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        if self.platform_key not in per_fn:
+            return
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+        if "counts" in per_platform:
+            per_platform["counts"][:] = []
+
+    def replace(self, callcount):
+        test_key = _current_test
+        per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+        per_platform = per_fn[self.platform_key]
+        counts = per_platform["counts"]
+        current_count = per_platform["current_count"]
+        if current_count < len(counts):
+            counts[current_count - 1] = callcount
+        else:
+            counts[-1] = callcount
+        if self.write:
+            self._write()
+
+    def _header(self):
+        return (
+            "# %s\n"
+            "# This file is written out on a per-environment basis.\n"
+            "# For each test in aaa_profiling, the corresponding "
+            "function and \n"
+            "# environment is located within this file.  "
+            "If it doesn't exist,\n"
+            "# the test is skipped.\n"
+            "# If a callcount does exist, it is compared "
+            "to what we received. \n"
+            "# assertions are raised if the counts do not match.\n"
+            "# \n"
+            "# To add a new callcount test, apply the function_call_count \n"
+            "# decorator and re-run the tests using the --write-profiles \n"
+            "# option - this file will be rewritten including the new count.\n"
+            "# \n"
+        ) % (self.fname)
+
+    def _read(self):
+        try:
+            profile_f = open(self.fname)
+        except OSError:
+            return
+        for lineno, line in enumerate(profile_f):
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+
+            test_key, platform_key, counts = line.split()
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+            c = [int(count) for count in counts.split(",")]
+            per_platform["counts"] = c
+            per_platform["lineno"] = lineno + 1
+            per_platform["current_count"] = 0
+        profile_f.close()
+
+    def _write(self):
+        print("Writing profile file %s" % self.fname)
+        profile_f = open(self.fname, "w")
+        profile_f.write(self._header())
+        for test_key in sorted(self.data):
+            per_fn = self.data[test_key]
+            profile_f.write("\n# TEST: %s\n\n" % test_key)
+            for platform_key in sorted(per_fn):
+                per_platform = per_fn[platform_key]
+                c = ",".join(str(count) for count in per_platform["counts"])
+                profile_f.write("%s %s %s\n" % (test_key, platform_key, c))
+        profile_f.close()
+
+
+def function_call_count(variance=0.05, times=1, warmup=0):
+    """Assert a target for a test case's function call count.
+
+    The main purpose of this assertion is to detect changes in
+    callcounts for various functions - the actual number is not as important.
+    Callcounts are stored in a file keyed to Python version and OS platform
+    information.  This file is generated automatically for new tests,
+    and versioned so that unexpected changes in callcounts will be detected.
+
+    """
+
+    # use signature-rewriting decorator function so that pytest fixtures
+    # still work on py27.  In Py3, update_wrapper() alone is good enough,
+    # likely due to the introduction of __signature__.
+
+    from sqlalchemy.util import decorator
+
+    @decorator
+    def wrap(fn, *args, **kw):
+        for warm in range(warmup):
+            fn(*args, **kw)
+
+        timerange = range(times)
+        with count_functions(variance=variance):
+            for time in timerange:
+                rv = fn(*args, **kw)
+            return rv
+
+    return wrap
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def count_functions(variance=0.05):
+    if cProfile is None:
+        raise config._skip_test_exception("cProfile is not installed")
+
+    if not _profile_stats.has_stats() and not _profile_stats.write:
+        config.skip_test(
+            "No profiling stats available on this "
+            "platform for this function.  Run tests with "
+            "--write-profiles to add statistics to %s for "
+            "this platform." % _profile_stats.short_fname
+        )
+
+    gc_collect()
+
+    pr = cProfile.Profile()
+    pr.enable()
+    # began = time.time()
+    yield
+    # ended = time.time()
+    pr.disable()
+
+    # s = StringIO()
+    stats = pstats.Stats(pr, stream=sys.stdout)
+
+    # timespent = ended - began
+    callcount = stats.total_calls
+
+    expected = _profile_stats.result(callcount)
+
+    if expected is None:
+        expected_count = None
+    else:
+        line_no, expected_count = expected
+
+    print("Pstats calls: %d Expected %s" % (callcount, expected_count))
+    stats.sort_stats(*re.split(r"[, ]", _profile_stats.sort))
+    stats.print_stats()
+    if _profile_stats.dump:
+        base, ext = os.path.splitext(_profile_stats.dump)
+        test_name = _current_test.split(".")[-1]
+        dumpfile = "%s_%s%s" % (base, test_name, ext or ".profile")
+        stats.dump_stats(dumpfile)
+        print("Dumped stats to file %s" % dumpfile)
+    # stats.print_callers()
+    if _profile_stats.force_write:
+        _profile_stats.replace(callcount)
+    elif expected_count:
+        deviance = int(callcount * variance)
+        failed = abs(callcount - expected_count) > deviance
+
+        if failed:
+            if _profile_stats.write:
+                _profile_stats.replace(callcount)
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "Adjusted function call count %s not within %s%% "
+                    "of expected %s, platform %s. Rerun with "
+                    "--write-profiles to "
+                    "regenerate this callcount."
+                    % (
+                        callcount,
+                        (variance * 100),
+                        expected_count,
+                        _profile_stats.platform_key,
+                    )
+                )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3afcf119
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/provision.py
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+# testing/provision.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import logging
+
+from . import config
+from . import engines
+from . import util
+from .. import exc
+from .. import inspect
+from ..engine import url as sa_url
+from ..sql import ddl
+from ..sql import schema
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+FOLLOWER_IDENT = None
+
+
+class register:
+    def __init__(self, decorator=None):
+        self.fns = {}
+        self.decorator = decorator
+
+    @classmethod
+    def init(cls, fn):
+        return register().for_db("*")(fn)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def init_decorator(cls, decorator):
+        return register(decorator).for_db("*")
+
+    def for_db(self, *dbnames):
+        def decorate(fn):
+            if self.decorator:
+                fn = self.decorator(fn)
+            for dbname in dbnames:
+                self.fns[dbname] = fn
+            return self
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def __call__(self, cfg, *arg, **kw):
+        if isinstance(cfg, str):
+            url = sa_url.make_url(cfg)
+        elif isinstance(cfg, sa_url.URL):
+            url = cfg
+        else:
+            url = cfg.db.url
+        backend = url.get_backend_name()
+        if backend in self.fns:
+            return self.fns[backend](cfg, *arg, **kw)
+        else:
+            return self.fns["*"](cfg, *arg, **kw)
+
+
+def create_follower_db(follower_ident):
+    for cfg in _configs_for_db_operation():
+        log.info("CREATE database %s, URI %r", follower_ident, cfg.db.url)
+        create_db(cfg, cfg.db, follower_ident)
+
+
+def setup_config(db_url, options, file_config, follower_ident):
+    # load the dialect, which should also have it set up its provision
+    # hooks
+
+    dialect = sa_url.make_url(db_url).get_dialect()
+
+    dialect.load_provisioning()
+
+    if follower_ident:
+        db_url = follower_url_from_main(db_url, follower_ident)
+    db_opts = {}
+    update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts, options)
+    db_opts["scope"] = "global"
+    eng = engines.testing_engine(db_url, db_opts)
+    post_configure_engine(db_url, eng, follower_ident)
+    eng.connect().close()
+
+    cfg = config.Config.register(eng, db_opts, options, file_config)
+
+    # a symbolic name that tests can use if they need to disambiguate
+    # names across databases
+    if follower_ident:
+        config.ident = follower_ident
+
+    if follower_ident:
+        configure_follower(cfg, follower_ident)
+    return cfg
+
+
+def drop_follower_db(follower_ident):
+    for cfg in _configs_for_db_operation():
+        log.info("DROP database %s, URI %r", follower_ident, cfg.db.url)
+        drop_db(cfg, cfg.db, follower_ident)
+
+
+def generate_db_urls(db_urls, extra_drivers):
+    """Generate a set of URLs to test given configured URLs plus additional
+    driver names.
+
+    Given:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        --dburi postgresql://db1  \
+        --dburi postgresql://db2  \
+        --dburi postgresql://db2  \
+        --dbdriver=psycopg2 --dbdriver=asyncpg?async_fallback=true
+
+    Noting that the default postgresql driver is psycopg2,  the output
+    would be:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        postgresql+psycopg2://db1
+        postgresql+asyncpg://db1
+        postgresql+psycopg2://db2
+        postgresql+psycopg2://db3
+
+    That is, for the driver in a --dburi, we want to keep that and use that
+    driver for each URL it's part of .   For a driver that is only
+    in --dbdrivers, we want to use it just once for one of the URLs.
+    for a driver that is both coming from --dburi as well as --dbdrivers,
+    we want to keep it in that dburi.
+
+    Driver specific query options can be specified by added them to the
+    driver name. For example, to enable the async fallback option for
+    asyncpg::
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+        --dburi postgresql://db1  \
+        --dbdriver=asyncpg?async_fallback=true
+
+    """
+    urls = set()
+
+    backend_to_driver_we_already_have = collections.defaultdict(set)
+
+    urls_plus_dialects = [
+        (url_obj, url_obj.get_dialect())
+        for url_obj in [sa_url.make_url(db_url) for db_url in db_urls]
+    ]
+
+    for url_obj, dialect in urls_plus_dialects:
+        # use get_driver_name instead of dialect.driver to account for
+        # "_async" virtual drivers like oracledb and psycopg
+        driver_name = url_obj.get_driver_name()
+        backend_to_driver_we_already_have[dialect.name].add(driver_name)
+
+    backend_to_driver_we_need = {}
+
+    for url_obj, dialect in urls_plus_dialects:
+        backend = dialect.name
+        dialect.load_provisioning()
+
+        if backend not in backend_to_driver_we_need:
+            backend_to_driver_we_need[backend] = extra_per_backend = set(
+                extra_drivers
+            ).difference(backend_to_driver_we_already_have[backend])
+        else:
+            extra_per_backend = backend_to_driver_we_need[backend]
+
+        for driver_url in _generate_driver_urls(url_obj, extra_per_backend):
+            if driver_url in urls:
+                continue
+            urls.add(driver_url)
+            yield driver_url
+
+
+def _generate_driver_urls(url, extra_drivers):
+    main_driver = url.get_driver_name()
+    extra_drivers.discard(main_driver)
+
+    url = generate_driver_url(url, main_driver, "")
+    yield url
+
+    for drv in list(extra_drivers):
+        if "?" in drv:
+            driver_only, query_str = drv.split("?", 1)
+
+        else:
+            driver_only = drv
+            query_str = None
+
+        new_url = generate_driver_url(url, driver_only, query_str)
+        if new_url:
+            extra_drivers.remove(drv)
+
+            yield new_url
+
+
+@register.init
+def generate_driver_url(url, driver, query_str):
+    backend = url.get_backend_name()
+
+    new_url = url.set(
+        drivername="%s+%s" % (backend, driver),
+    )
+    if query_str:
+        new_url = new_url.update_query_string(query_str)
+
+    try:
+        new_url.get_dialect()
+    except exc.NoSuchModuleError:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return new_url
+
+
+def _configs_for_db_operation():
+    hosts = set()
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        cfg.db.dispose()
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        url = cfg.db.url
+        backend = url.get_backend_name()
+        host_conf = (backend, url.username, url.host, url.database)
+
+        if host_conf not in hosts:
+            yield cfg
+            hosts.add(host_conf)
+
+    for cfg in config.Config.all_configs():
+        cfg.db.dispose()
+
+
+@register.init
+def drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng):
+    pass
+
+
+def drop_all_schema_objects(cfg, eng):
+    drop_all_schema_objects_pre_tables(cfg, eng)
+
+    drop_views(cfg, eng)
+
+    if config.requirements.materialized_views.enabled:
+        drop_materialized_views(cfg, eng)
+
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+
+    consider_schemas = (None,)
+    if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        consider_schemas += (cfg.test_schema, cfg.test_schema_2)
+    util.drop_all_tables(eng, inspector, consider_schemas=consider_schemas)
+
+    drop_all_schema_objects_post_tables(cfg, eng)
+
+    if config.requirements.sequences.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        with eng.begin() as conn:
+            for seq in inspector.get_sequence_names():
+                conn.execute(ddl.DropSequence(schema.Sequence(seq)))
+            if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+                for schema_name in [cfg.test_schema, cfg.test_schema_2]:
+                    for seq in inspector.get_sequence_names(
+                        schema=schema_name
+                    ):
+                        conn.execute(
+                            ddl.DropSequence(
+                                schema.Sequence(seq, schema=schema_name)
+                            )
+                        )
+
+
+def drop_views(cfg, eng):
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+
+    try:
+        view_names = inspector.get_view_names()
+    except NotImplementedError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        with eng.begin() as conn:
+            for vname in view_names:
+                conn.execute(
+                    ddl._DropView(schema.Table(vname, schema.MetaData()))
+                )
+
+    if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        try:
+            view_names = inspector.get_view_names(schema=cfg.test_schema)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            with eng.begin() as conn:
+                for vname in view_names:
+                    conn.execute(
+                        ddl._DropView(
+                            schema.Table(
+                                vname,
+                                schema.MetaData(),
+                                schema=cfg.test_schema,
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+
+
+def drop_materialized_views(cfg, eng):
+    inspector = inspect(eng)
+
+    mview_names = inspector.get_materialized_view_names()
+
+    with eng.begin() as conn:
+        for vname in mview_names:
+            conn.exec_driver_sql(f"DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW {vname}")
+
+    if config.requirements.schemas.enabled_for_config(cfg):
+        mview_names = inspector.get_materialized_view_names(
+            schema=cfg.test_schema
+        )
+        with eng.begin() as conn:
+            for vname in mview_names:
+                conn.exec_driver_sql(
+                    f"DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW {cfg.test_schema}.{vname}"
+                )
+
+
+@register.init
+def create_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    """Dynamically create a database for testing.
+
+    Used when a test run will employ multiple processes, e.g., when run
+    via `tox` or `pytest -n4`.
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "no DB creation routine for cfg: %s" % (eng.url,)
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def drop_db(cfg, eng, ident):
+    """Drop a database that we dynamically created for testing."""
+    raise NotImplementedError("no DB drop routine for cfg: %s" % (eng.url,))
+
+
+def _adapt_update_db_opts(fn):
+    insp = util.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    if len(insp.args) == 3:
+        return fn
+    else:
+        return lambda db_url, db_opts, _options: fn(db_url, db_opts)
+
+
+@register.init_decorator(_adapt_update_db_opts)
+def update_db_opts(db_url, db_opts, options):
+    """Set database options (db_opts) for a test database that we created."""
+
+
+@register.init
+def post_configure_engine(url, engine, follower_ident):
+    """Perform extra steps after configuring an engine for testing.
+
+    (For the internal dialects, currently only used by sqlite, oracle, mssql)
+    """
+
+
+@register.init
+def follower_url_from_main(url, ident):
+    """Create a connection URL for a dynamically-created test database.
+
+    :param url: the connection URL specified when the test run was invoked
+    :param ident: the pytest-xdist "worker identifier" to be used as the
+                  database name
+    """
+    url = sa_url.make_url(url)
+    return url.set(database=ident)
+
+
+@register.init
+def configure_follower(cfg, ident):
+    """Create dialect-specific config settings for a follower database."""
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def run_reap_dbs(url, ident):
+    """Remove databases that were created during the test process, after the
+    process has ended.
+
+    This is an optional step that is invoked for certain backends that do not
+    reliably release locks on the database as long as a process is still in
+    use. For the internal dialects, this is currently only necessary for
+    mssql and oracle.
+    """
+
+
+def reap_dbs(idents_file):
+    log.info("Reaping databases...")
+
+    urls = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    idents = collections.defaultdict(set)
+    dialects = {}
+
+    with open(idents_file) as file_:
+        for line in file_:
+            line = line.strip()
+            db_name, db_url = line.split(" ")
+            url_obj = sa_url.make_url(db_url)
+            if db_name not in dialects:
+                dialects[db_name] = url_obj.get_dialect()
+                dialects[db_name].load_provisioning()
+            url_key = (url_obj.get_backend_name(), url_obj.host)
+            urls[url_key].add(db_url)
+            idents[url_key].add(db_name)
+
+    for url_key in urls:
+        url = list(urls[url_key])[0]
+        ident = idents[url_key]
+        run_reap_dbs(url, ident)
+
+
+@register.init
+def temp_table_keyword_args(cfg, eng):
+    """Specify keyword arguments for creating a temporary Table.
+
+    Dialect-specific implementations of this method will return the
+    kwargs that are passed to the Table method when creating a temporary
+    table for testing, e.g., in the define_temp_tables method of the
+    ComponentReflectionTest class in suite/test_reflection.py
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "no temp table keyword args routine for cfg: %s" % (eng.url,)
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def prepare_for_drop_tables(config, connection):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def stop_test_class_outside_fixtures(config, db, testcls):
+    pass
+
+
+@register.init
+def get_temp_table_name(cfg, eng, base_name):
+    """Specify table name for creating a temporary Table.
+
+    Dialect-specific implementations of this method will return the
+    name to use when creating a temporary table for testing,
+    e.g., in the define_temp_tables method of the
+    ComponentReflectionTest class in suite/test_reflection.py
+
+    Default to just the base name since that's what most dialects will
+    use. The mssql dialect's implementation will need a "#" prepended.
+    """
+    return base_name
+
+
+@register.init
+def set_default_schema_on_connection(cfg, dbapi_connection, schema_name):
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        "backend does not implement a schema name set function: %s"
+        % (cfg.db.url,)
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def upsert(
+    cfg, table, returning, *, set_lambda=None, sort_by_parameter_order=False
+):
+    """return the backends insert..on conflict / on dupe etc. construct.
+
+    while we should add a backend-neutral upsert construct as well, such as
+    insert().upsert(), it's important that we continue to test the
+    backend-specific insert() constructs since if we do implement
+    insert().upsert(), that would be using a different codepath for the things
+    we need to test like insertmanyvalues, etc.
+
+    """
+    raise NotImplementedError(
+        f"backend does not include an upsert implementation: {cfg.db.url}"
+    )
+
+
+@register.init
+def normalize_sequence(cfg, sequence):
+    """Normalize sequence parameters for dialect that don't start with 1
+    by default.
+
+    The default implementation does nothing
+    """
+    return sequence
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2c3aa53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/requirements.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1847 @@
+# testing/requirements.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+"""Global database feature support policy.
+
+Provides decorators to mark tests requiring specific feature support from the
+target database.
+
+External dialect test suites should subclass SuiteRequirements
+to provide specific inclusion/exclusions.
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import platform
+
+from . import asyncio as _test_asyncio
+from . import exclusions
+from .exclusions import only_on
+from .. import create_engine
+from .. import util
+from ..pool import QueuePool
+
+
+class Requirements:
+    pass
+
+
+class SuiteRequirements(Requirements):
+    @property
+    def create_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic CreateTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def drop_table(self):
+        """target platform can emit basic DropTable DDL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def table_ddl_if_exists(self):
+        """target platform supports IF NOT EXISTS / IF EXISTS for tables."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def index_ddl_if_exists(self):
+        """target platform supports IF NOT EXISTS / IF EXISTS for indexes."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def uuid_data_type(self):
+        """Return databases that support the UUID datatype."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_keys_reflect_as_index(self):
+        """Target database creates an index that's reflected for
+        foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_index_reflect_as_unique_constraints(self):
+        """Target database reflects unique indexes as unique constrains."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_constraints_reflect_as_index(self):
+        """Target database reflects unique constraints as indexes."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def table_value_constructor(self):
+        """Database / dialect supports a query like:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+             SELECT * FROM VALUES ( (c1, c2), (c1, c2), ...)
+             AS some_table(col1, col2)
+
+        SQLAlchemy generates this with the :func:`_sql.values` function.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def standard_cursor_sql(self):
+        """Target database passes SQL-92 style statements to cursor.execute()
+        when a statement like select() or insert() is run.
+
+        A very small portion of dialect-level tests will ensure that certain
+        conditions are present in SQL strings, and these tests use very basic
+        SQL that will work on any SQL-like platform in order to assert results.
+
+        It's normally a given for any pep-249 DBAPI that a statement like
+        "SELECT id, name FROM table WHERE some_table.id=5" will work.
+        However, there are dialects that don't actually produce SQL Strings
+        and instead may work with symbolic objects instead, or dialects that
+        aren't working with SQL, so for those this requirement can be marked
+        as excluded.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_cascade(self):
+        """target database must support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def non_updating_cascade(self):
+        """target database must *not* support ON UPDATE..CASCADE behavior in
+        foreign keys."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def deferrable_fks(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def on_update_or_deferrable_fks(self):
+        # TODO: exclusions should be composable,
+        # somehow only_if([x, y]) isn't working here, negation/conjunctions
+        # getting confused.
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: self.on_update_cascade.enabled
+            or self.deferrable_fks.enabled
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def queue_pool(self):
+        """target database is using QueuePool"""
+
+        def go(config):
+            return isinstance(config.db.pool, QueuePool)
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def self_referential_foreign_keys(self):
+        """Target database must support self-referential foreign keys."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_ddl(self):
+        """Target database must support the DDL phrases for FOREIGN KEY."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def named_constraints(self):
+        """target database must support names for constraints."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def implicitly_named_constraints(self):
+        """target database must apply names to unnamed constraints."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unusual_column_name_characters(self):
+        """target database allows column names that have unusual characters
+        in them, such as dots, spaces, slashes, or percent signs.
+
+        The column names are as always in such a case quoted, however the
+        DB still needs to support those characters in the name somehow.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def subqueries(self):
+        """Target database must support subqueries."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def offset(self):
+        """target database can render OFFSET, or an equivalent, in a
+        SELECT.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def bound_limit_offset(self):
+        """target database can render LIMIT and/or OFFSET using a bound
+        parameter
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def sql_expression_limit_offset(self):
+        """target database can render LIMIT and/or OFFSET with a complete
+        SQL expression, such as one that uses the addition operator.
+        parameter
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset(self):
+        """Target database must support parenthesized SELECT in UNION
+        when LIMIT/OFFSET is specifically present.
+
+        E.g. (SELECT ...) UNION (SELECT ..)
+
+        This is known to fail on SQLite.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def parens_in_union_contained_select_wo_limit_offset(self):
+        """Target database must support parenthesized SELECT in UNION
+        when OFFSET/LIMIT is specifically not present.
+
+        E.g. (SELECT ... LIMIT ..) UNION (SELECT .. OFFSET ..)
+
+        This is known to fail on SQLite.  It also fails on Oracle
+        because without LIMIT/OFFSET, there is currently no step that
+        creates an additional subquery.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def boolean_col_expressions(self):
+        """Target database must support boolean expressions as columns"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def nullable_booleans(self):
+        """Target database allows boolean columns to store NULL."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def nullsordering(self):
+        """Target backends that support nulls ordering."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def standalone_binds(self):
+        """target database/driver supports bound parameters as column
+        expressions without being in the context of a typed column.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def standalone_null_binds_whereclause(self):
+        """target database/driver supports bound parameters with NULL in the
+        WHERE clause, in situations where it has to be typed.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def intersect(self):
+        """Target database must support INTERSECT or equivalent."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def except_(self):
+        """Target database must support EXCEPT or equivalent (i.e. MINUS)."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def window_functions(self):
+        """Target database must support window functions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def ctes(self):
+        """Target database supports CTEs"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def ctes_with_update_delete(self):
+        """target database supports CTES that ride on top of a normal UPDATE
+        or DELETE statement which refers to the CTE in a correlated subquery.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def ctes_on_dml(self):
+        """target database supports CTES which consist of INSERT, UPDATE
+        or DELETE *within* the CTE, e.g. WITH x AS (UPDATE....)"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_insert(self):
+        """target platform generates new surrogate integer primary key values
+        when insert() is executed, excluding the pk column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_rows_post_commit(self):
+        """target platform will allow cursor.fetchone() to proceed after a
+        COMMIT.
+
+        Typically this refers to an INSERT statement with RETURNING which
+        is invoked within "autocommit".   If the row can be returned
+        after the autocommit, then this rule can be open.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def group_by_complex_expression(self):
+        """target platform supports SQL expressions in GROUP BY
+
+        e.g.
+
+        SELECT x + y AS somelabel FROM table GROUP BY x + y
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def sane_rowcount(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount,
+            "driver doesn't support 'sane' rowcount",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sane_multi_rowcount(self):
+        return exclusions.fails_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_sane_multi_rowcount,
+            "driver %(driver)s %(doesnt_support)s 'sane' multi row count",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sane_rowcount_w_returning(self):
+        return exclusions.fails_if(
+            lambda config: not (
+                config.db.dialect.supports_sane_rowcount_returning
+            ),
+            "driver doesn't support 'sane' rowcount when returning is on",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def empty_inserts(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT with no values, i.e.
+        INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or equivalent."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_empty_insert
+            or config.db.dialect.supports_default_values
+            or config.db.dialect.supports_default_metavalue,
+            "empty inserts not supported",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def empty_inserts_executemany(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT with no values, i.e.
+        INSERT DEFAULT VALUES or equivalent, within executemany()"""
+
+        return self.empty_inserts
+
+    @property
+    def insert_from_select(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT from a SELECT."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def delete_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports DELETE ... RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.delete_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'DELETE ... RETURNING'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports INSERT ... RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.insert_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'INSERT ... RETURNING'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def update_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports UPDATE ... RETURNING."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.update_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'UPDATE ... RETURNING'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insert_executemany_returning(self):
+        """target platform supports RETURNING when INSERT is used with
+        executemany(), e.g. multiple parameter sets, indicating
+        as many rows come back as do parameter sets were passed.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.insert_executemany_returning,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'RETURNING of "
+            "multiple rows with INSERT executemany'",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def insertmanyvalues(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert
+            and config.db.dialect.insert_returning
+            and config.db.dialect.use_insertmanyvalues,
+            "%(database)s %(does_support)s 'insertmanyvalues functionality",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def tuple_in(self):
+        """Target platform supports the syntax
+        "(x, y) IN ((x1, y1), (x2, y2), ...)"
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def tuple_in_w_empty(self):
+        """Target platform tuple IN w/ empty set"""
+        return self.tuple_in
+
+    @property
+    def duplicate_names_in_cursor_description(self):
+        """target platform supports a SELECT statement that has
+        the same name repeated more than once in the columns list."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def denormalized_names(self):
+        """Target database must have 'denormalized', i.e.
+        UPPERCASE as case insensitive names."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.requires_name_normalize,
+            "Backend does not require denormalized names.",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def multivalues_inserts(self):
+        """target database must support multiple VALUES clauses in an
+        INSERT statement."""
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_multivalues_insert,
+            "Backend does not support multirow inserts.",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def implements_get_lastrowid(self):
+        """target dialect implements the executioncontext.get_lastrowid()
+        method without reliance on RETURNING.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def arraysize(self):
+        """dialect includes the required pep-249 attribute
+        ``cursor.arraysize``"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def emulated_lastrowid(self):
+        """target dialect retrieves cursor.lastrowid, or fetches
+        from a database-side function after an insert() construct executes,
+        within the get_lastrowid() method.
+
+        Only dialects that "pre-execute", or need RETURNING to get last
+        inserted id, would return closed/fail/skip for this.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def emulated_lastrowid_even_with_sequences(self):
+        """target dialect retrieves cursor.lastrowid or an equivalent
+        after an insert() construct executes, even if the table has a
+        Sequence on it.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def dbapi_lastrowid(self):
+        """target platform includes a 'lastrowid' accessor on the DBAPI
+        cursor object.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def views(self):
+        """Target database must support VIEWs."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def schemas(self):
+        """Target database must support external schemas, and have one
+        named 'test_schema'."""
+
+        return only_on(lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_schemas)
+
+    @property
+    def cross_schema_fk_reflection(self):
+        """target system must support reflection of inter-schema
+        foreign keys"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_name_reflection(self):
+        """Target supports reflection of FOREIGN KEY constraints and
+        will return the name of the constraint that was used in the
+        "CONSTRAINT <name> FOREIGN KEY" DDL.
+
+        MySQL prior to version 8 and MariaDB prior to version 10.5
+        don't support this.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def implicit_default_schema(self):
+        """target system has a strong concept of 'default' schema that can
+        be referred to implicitly.
+
+        basically, PostgreSQL.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def default_schema_name_switch(self):
+        """target dialect implements provisioning module including
+        set_default_schema_on_connection"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def server_side_cursors(self):
+        """Target dialect must support server side cursors."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_server_side_cursors],
+            "no server side cursors support",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sequences(self):
+        """Target database must support SEQUENCEs."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences],
+            "no sequence support",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def no_sequences(self):
+        """the opposite of "sequences", DB does not support sequences at
+        all."""
+
+        return exclusions.NotPredicate(self.sequences)
+
+    @property
+    def sequences_optional(self):
+        """Target database supports sequences, but also optionally
+        as a means of generating new PK values."""
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [
+                lambda config: config.db.dialect.supports_sequences
+                and config.db.dialect.sequences_optional
+            ],
+            "no sequence support, or sequences not optional",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def supports_lastrowid(self):
+        """target database / driver supports cursor.lastrowid as a means
+        of retrieving the last inserted primary key value.
+
+        note that if the target DB supports sequences also, this is still
+        assumed to work.  This is a new use case brought on by MariaDB 10.3.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: config.db.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def no_lastrowid_support(self):
+        """the opposite of supports_lastrowid"""
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            [lambda config: not config.db.dialect.postfetch_lastrowid]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def reflects_pk_names(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def table_reflection(self):
+        """target database has general support for table reflection"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_tables_no_columns(self):
+        """target database supports creation and reflection of tables with no
+        columns, or at least tables that seem to have no columns."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def comment_reflection(self):
+        """Indicates if the database support table comment reflection"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def comment_reflection_full_unicode(self):
+        """Indicates if the database support table comment reflection in the
+        full unicode range, including emoji etc.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def constraint_comment_reflection(self):
+        """indicates if the database support comments on constraints
+        and their reflection"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def view_column_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support retrieval of the columns in a view,
+        similarly to how a table is inspected.
+
+        This does not include the full CREATE VIEW definition.
+
+        """
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def view_reflection(self):
+        """target database must support inspection of the full CREATE VIEW
+        definition."""
+        return self.views
+
+    @property
+    def schema_reflection(self):
+        return self.schemas
+
+    @property
+    def schema_create_delete(self):
+        """target database supports schema create and dropped with
+        'CREATE SCHEMA' and 'DROP SCHEMA'"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def primary_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_restrict(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_noaction(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fk_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate_restrict(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_reflect_indexes(self):
+        return self.temp_table_reflection
+
+    @property
+    def temp_table_names(self):
+        """target dialect supports listing of temporary table names"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def has_temp_table(self):
+        """target dialect supports checking a single temp table name"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def temporary_tables(self):
+        """target database supports temporary tables"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def temporary_views(self):
+        """target database supports temporary views"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def index_reflection(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def index_reflects_included_columns(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def indexes_with_ascdesc(self):
+        """target database supports CREATE INDEX with per-column ASC/DESC."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc(self):
+        """target database supports reflecting INDEX with per-column
+        ASC/DESC."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc_as_expression(self):
+        """target database supports reflecting INDEX with per-column
+        ASC/DESC but reflects them as expressions (like oracle)."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def indexes_with_expressions(self):
+        """target database supports CREATE INDEX against SQL expressions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_indexes_with_expressions(self):
+        """target database supports reflection of indexes with
+        SQL expressions."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def unique_constraint_reflection(self):
+        """target dialect supports reflection of unique constraints"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def inline_check_constraint_reflection(self):
+        """target dialect supports reflection of inline check constraints"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def check_constraint_reflection(self):
+        """target dialect supports reflection of check constraints"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def duplicate_key_raises_integrity_error(self):
+        """target dialect raises IntegrityError when reporting an INSERT
+        with a primary key violation.  (hint: it should)
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unbounded_varchar(self):
+        """Target database must support VARCHAR with no length"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_data_no_special_types(self):
+        """Target database/dialect can receive / deliver / compare data with
+        non-ASCII characters in plain VARCHAR, TEXT columns, without the need
+        for special "national" datatypes like NVARCHAR or similar.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_data(self):
+        """Target database/dialect must support Python unicode objects with
+        non-ASCII characters represented, delivered as bound parameters
+        as well as in result rows.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_ddl(self):
+        """Target driver must support some degree of non-ascii symbol
+        names.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def symbol_names_w_double_quote(self):
+        """Target driver can create tables with a name like 'some " table'"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_interval(self):
+        """target dialect supports rendering of a datetime.timedelta as a
+        literal string, e.g. via the TypeEngine.literal_processor() method.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_literals(self):
+        """target dialect supports rendering of a date, time, or datetime as a
+        literal string, e.g. via the TypeEngine.literal_processor() method.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_timezone(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with tzinfo with DateTime(timezone=True)."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def time_timezone(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() with tzinfo with Time(timezone=True)."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def date_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a date object will bind it such
+        that the database server knows the object is a date, and not
+        a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def time_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a time object will bind it such
+        that the database server knows the object is a time, and not
+        a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a datetime object will bind it such
+        that the database server knows the object is a datetime, and not
+        a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def timestamp_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() with microsecond objects but only
+        if TIMESTAMP is used."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def timestamp_microseconds_implicit_bound(self):
+        """target dialect when given a datetime object which also includes
+        a microseconds portion when using the TIMESTAMP data type
+        will bind it such that the database server knows
+        the object is a datetime with microseconds, and not a plain string.
+
+        """
+        return self.timestamp_microseconds
+
+    @property
+    def datetime_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def date(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.date() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_coerces_from_datetime(self):
+        """target dialect accepts a datetime object as the target
+        of a date column."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def date_historic(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.datetime() objects with historic (pre 1970) values."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def time(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def time_microseconds(self):
+        """target dialect supports representation of Python
+        datetime.time() with microsecond objects."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_comparisons(self):
+        """target database/driver can allow BLOB/BINARY fields to be compared
+        against a bound parameter value.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def binary_literals(self):
+        """target backend supports simple binary literals, e.g. an
+        expression like:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            SELECT CAST('foo' AS BINARY)
+
+        Where ``BINARY`` is the type emitted from :class:`.LargeBinary`,
+        e.g. it could be ``BLOB`` or similar.
+
+        Basically fails on Oracle.
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def autocommit(self):
+        """target dialect supports 'AUTOCOMMIT' as an isolation_level"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def isolation_level(self):
+        """target dialect supports general isolation level settings.
+
+        Note that this requirement, when enabled, also requires that
+        the get_isolation_levels() method be implemented.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    def get_isolation_levels(self, config):
+        """Return a structure of supported isolation levels for the current
+        testing dialect.
+
+        The structure indicates to the testing suite what the expected
+        "default" isolation should be, as well as the other values that
+        are accepted.  The dictionary has two keys, "default" and "supported".
+        The "supported" key refers to a list of all supported levels and
+        it should include AUTOCOMMIT if the dialect supports it.
+
+        If the :meth:`.DefaultRequirements.isolation_level` requirement is
+        not open, then this method has no return value.
+
+        E.g.::
+
+            >>> testing.requirements.get_isolation_levels()
+            {
+                "default": "READ_COMMITTED",
+                "supported": [
+                    "SERIALIZABLE", "READ UNCOMMITTED",
+                    "READ COMMITTED", "REPEATABLE READ",
+                    "AUTOCOMMIT"
+                ]
+            }
+        """
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            try:
+                supported = conn.dialect.get_isolation_level_values(
+                    conn.connection.dbapi_connection
+                )
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                return None
+            else:
+                return {
+                    "default": conn.dialect.default_isolation_level,
+                    "supported": supported,
+                }
+
+    @property
+    def get_isolation_level_values(self):
+        """target dialect supports the
+        :meth:`_engine.Dialect.get_isolation_level_values`
+        method added in SQLAlchemy 2.0.
+
+        """
+
+        def go(config):
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                try:
+                    conn.dialect.get_isolation_level_values(
+                        conn.connection.dbapi_connection
+                    )
+                except NotImplementedError:
+                    return False
+                else:
+                    return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def dialect_level_isolation_level_param(self):
+        """test that the dialect allows the 'isolation_level' argument
+        to be handled by DefaultDialect"""
+
+        def go(config):
+            try:
+                e = create_engine(
+                    config.db.url, isolation_level="READ COMMITTED"
+                )
+            except:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return (
+                    e.dialect._on_connect_isolation_level == "READ COMMITTED"
+                )
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def array_type(self):
+        """Target platform implements a native ARRAY type"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def json_type(self):
+        """target platform implements a native JSON type."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def json_array_indexes(self):
+        """target platform supports numeric array indexes
+        within a JSON structure"""
+
+        return self.json_type
+
+    @property
+    def json_index_supplementary_unicode_element(self):
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def legacy_unconditional_json_extract(self):
+        """Backend has a JSON_EXTRACT or similar function that returns a
+        valid JSON string in all cases.
+
+        Used to test a legacy feature and is not needed.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_general(self):
+        """target backend has general support for moderately high-precision
+        numerics."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_small(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very small values."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_enotation_large(self):
+        """target backend supports Decimal() objects using E notation
+        to represent very large values."""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_many_significant_digits(self):
+        """target backend supports values with many digits on both sides,
+        such as 319438950232418390.273596, 87673.594069654243
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def cast_precision_numerics_many_significant_digits(self):
+        """same as precision_numerics_many_significant_digits but within the
+        context of a CAST statement (hello MySQL)
+
+        """
+        return self.precision_numerics_many_significant_digits
+
+    @property
+    def server_defaults(self):
+        """Target backend supports server side defaults for columns"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def expression_server_defaults(self):
+        """Target backend supports server side defaults with SQL expressions
+        for columns"""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def implicit_decimal_binds(self):
+        """target backend will return a selected Decimal as a Decimal, not
+        a string.
+
+        e.g.::
+
+            expr = decimal.Decimal("15.7563")
+
+            value = e.scalar(select(literal(expr)))
+
+            assert value == expr
+
+        See :ticket:`4036`
+
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def numeric_received_as_decimal_untyped(self):
+        """target backend will return result columns that are explicitly
+        against NUMERIC or similar precision-numeric datatypes (not including
+        FLOAT or INT types) as Python Decimal objects, and not as floats
+        or ints, including when no SQLAlchemy-side typing information is
+        associated with the statement (e.g. such as a raw SQL string).
+
+        This should be enabled if either the DBAPI itself returns Decimal
+        objects, or if the dialect has set up DBAPI-specific return type
+        handlers such that Decimal objects come back automatically.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def nested_aggregates(self):
+        """target database can select an aggregate from a subquery that's
+        also using an aggregate
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def recursive_fk_cascade(self):
+        """target database must support ON DELETE CASCADE on a self-referential
+        foreign key
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits(self):
+        """A precision numeric type will return empty significant digits,
+        i.e. a value such as 10.000 will come back in Decimal form with
+        the .000 maintained."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def infinity_floats(self):
+        """The Float type can persist and load float('inf'), float('-inf')."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def float_or_double_precision_behaves_generically(self):
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def precision_generic_float_type(self):
+        """target backend will return native floating point numbers with at
+        least seven decimal places when using the generic Float type.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def literal_float_coercion(self):
+        """target backend will return the exact float value 15.7563
+        with only four significant digits from this statement:
+
+        SELECT :param
+
+        where :param is the Python float 15.7563
+
+        i.e. it does not return 15.75629997253418
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def floats_to_four_decimals(self):
+        """target backend can return a floating-point number with four
+        significant digits (such as 15.7563) accurately
+        (i.e. without FP inaccuracies, such as 15.75629997253418).
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_null_from_numeric(self):
+        """target backend doesn't crash when you try to select a NUMERIC
+        value that has a value of NULL.
+
+        Added to support Pyodbc bug #351.
+        """
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def float_is_numeric(self):
+        """target backend uses Numeric for Float/Dual"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def text_type(self):
+        """Target database must support an unbounded Text() "
+        "type such as TEXT or CLOB"""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_varchar(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with a
+        varchar.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def empty_strings_text(self):
+        """target database can persist/return an empty string with an
+        unbounded text."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def expressions_against_unbounded_text(self):
+        """target database supports use of an unbounded textual field in a
+        WHERE clause."""
+
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def selectone(self):
+        """target driver must support the literal statement 'select 1'"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def savepoints(self):
+        """Target database must support savepoints."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def two_phase_transactions(self):
+        """Target database must support two-phase transactions."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_from(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE..FROM syntax"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def delete_from(self):
+        """Target must support DELETE FROM..FROM or DELETE..USING syntax"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def update_where_target_in_subquery(self):
+        """Target must support UPDATE (or DELETE) where the same table is
+        present in a subquery in the WHERE clause.
+
+        This is an ANSI-standard syntax that apparently MySQL can't handle,
+        such as:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            UPDATE documents SET flag=1 WHERE documents.title IN
+                (SELECT max(documents.title) AS title
+                    FROM documents GROUP BY documents.user_id
+                )
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def mod_operator_as_percent_sign(self):
+        """target database must use a plain percent '%' as the 'modulus'
+        operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def percent_schema_names(self):
+        """target backend supports weird identifiers with percent signs
+        in them, e.g. 'some % column'.
+
+        this is a very weird use case but often has problems because of
+        DBAPIs that use python formatting.  It's not a critical use
+        case either.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_col_from_union(self):
+        """target database supports ordering by a column from a SELECT
+        inside of a UNION
+
+        E.g.:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            (SELECT id, ...) UNION (SELECT id, ...) ORDER BY id
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_label_with_expression(self):
+        """target backend supports ORDER BY a column label within an
+        expression.
+
+        Basically this:
+
+        .. sourcecode:: sql
+
+            select data as foo from test order by foo || 'bar'
+
+        Lots of databases including PostgreSQL don't support this,
+        so this is off by default.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def order_by_collation(self):
+        def check(config):
+            try:
+                self.get_order_by_collation(config)
+                return False
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(check)
+
+    def get_order_by_collation(self, config):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def unicode_connections(self):
+        """Target driver must support non-ASCII characters being passed at
+        all.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def graceful_disconnects(self):
+        """Target driver must raise a DBAPI-level exception, such as
+        InterfaceError, when the underlying connection has been closed
+        and the execute() method is called.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def independent_connections(self):
+        """
+        Target must support simultaneous, independent database connections.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def independent_readonly_connections(self):
+        """
+        Target must support simultaneous, independent database connections
+        that will be used in a readonly fashion.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def skip_mysql_on_windows(self):
+        """Catchall for a large variety of MySQL on Windows failures"""
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def ad_hoc_engines(self):
+        """Test environment must allow ad-hoc engine/connection creation.
+
+        DBs that scale poorly for many connections, even when closed, i.e.
+        Oracle, may use the "--low-connections" option which flags this
+        requirement as not present.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.low_connections
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def no_windows(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(self._running_on_windows())
+
+    def _running_on_windows(self):
+        return exclusions.LambdaPredicate(
+            lambda: platform.system() == "Windows",
+            description="running on Windows",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def timing_intensive(self):
+        from . import config
+
+        return config.add_to_marker.timing_intensive
+
+    @property
+    def memory_intensive(self):
+        from . import config
+
+        return config.add_to_marker.memory_intensive
+
+    @property
+    def threading_with_mock(self):
+        """Mark tests that use threading and mock at the same time - stability
+        issues have been observed with coverage
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.has_coverage,
+            "Stability issues with coverage",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def sqlalchemy2_stubs(self):
+        def check(config):
+            try:
+                __import__("sqlalchemy-stubs.ext.mypy")
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(check)
+
+    @property
+    def no_sqlalchemy2_stubs(self):
+        def check(config):
+            try:
+                __import__("sqlalchemy-stubs.ext.mypy")
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.skip_if(check)
+
+    @property
+    def python38(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py38, "Python 3.8 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python39(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py39, "Python 3.9 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python310(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py310, "Python 3.10 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python311(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py311, "Python 3.11 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def python312(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.py312, "Python 3.12 or above required"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def cpython(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(
+            lambda: util.cpython, "cPython interpreter needed"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def is64bit(self):
+        return exclusions.only_if(lambda: util.is64bit, "64bit required")
+
+    @property
+    def patch_library(self):
+        def check_lib():
+            try:
+                __import__("patch")
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(check_lib, "patch library needed")
+
+    @property
+    def predictable_gc(self):
+        """target platform must remove all cycles unconditionally when
+        gc.collect() is called, as well as clean out unreferenced subclasses.
+
+        """
+        return self.cpython
+
+    @property
+    def no_coverage(self):
+        """Test should be skipped if coverage is enabled.
+
+        This is to block tests that exercise libraries that seem to be
+        sensitive to coverage, such as PostgreSQL notice logging.
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: config.options.has_coverage,
+            "Issues observed when coverage is enabled",
+        )
+
+    def _has_mysql_on_windows(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    def _has_mysql_fully_case_sensitive(self, config):
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def sqlite(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(lambda: not self._has_sqlite())
+
+    @property
+    def cextensions(self):
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda: not util.has_compiled_ext(),
+            "Cython extensions not installed",
+        )
+
+    def _has_sqlite(self):
+        from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+
+        try:
+            create_engine("sqlite://")
+            return True
+        except ImportError:
+            return False
+
+    @property
+    def async_dialect(self):
+        """dialect makes use of await_() to invoke operations on the DBAPI."""
+
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def asyncio(self):
+        return self.greenlet
+
+    @property
+    def no_greenlet(self):
+        def go(config):
+            try:
+                import greenlet  # noqa: F401
+            except ImportError:
+                return True
+            else:
+                return False
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def greenlet(self):
+        def go(config):
+            if not _test_asyncio.ENABLE_ASYNCIO:
+                return False
+
+            try:
+                import greenlet  # noqa: F401
+            except ImportError:
+                return False
+            else:
+                return True
+
+        return exclusions.only_if(go)
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns(self):
+        "Supports computed columns"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_stored(self):
+        "Supports computed columns with `persisted=True`"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_virtual(self):
+        "Supports computed columns with `persisted=False`"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_default_persisted(self):
+        """If the default persistence is virtual or stored when `persisted`
+        is omitted"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def computed_columns_reflect_persisted(self):
+        """If persistence information is returned by the reflection of
+        computed columns"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_distinct_on(self):
+        """If a backend supports the DISTINCT ON in a select"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_is_distinct_from(self):
+        """Supports some form of "x IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM y" construct.
+        Different dialects will implement their own flavour, e.g.,
+        sqlite will emit "x IS NOT y" instead of "x IS DISTINCT FROM y".
+
+        .. seealso::
+
+            :meth:`.ColumnOperators.is_distinct_from`
+
+        """
+        return exclusions.skip_if(
+            lambda config: not config.db.dialect.supports_is_distinct_from,
+            "driver doesn't support an IS DISTINCT FROM construct",
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def identity_columns(self):
+        """If a backend supports GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT }
+        AS IDENTITY"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def identity_columns_standard(self):
+        """If a backend supports GENERATED { ALWAYS | BY DEFAULT }
+        AS IDENTITY with a standard syntax.
+        This is mainly to exclude MSSql.
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def regexp_match(self):
+        """backend supports the regexp_match operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def regexp_replace(self):
+        """backend supports the regexp_replace operator."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_first(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first clause."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_percent(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first clause with percent."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_ties(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first clause with ties."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_no_order_by(self):
+        """backend supports the fetch first without order by"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_offset_with_options(self):
+        """backend supports the offset when using fetch first with percent
+        or ties. basically this is "not mssql"
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def fetch_expression(self):
+        """backend supports fetch / offset with expression in them, like
+
+        SELECT * FROM some_table
+        OFFSET 1 + 1 ROWS FETCH FIRST 1 + 1 ROWS ONLY
+        """
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def autoincrement_without_sequence(self):
+        """If autoincrement=True on a column does not require an explicit
+        sequence. This should be false only for oracle.
+        """
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def generic_classes(self):
+        "If X[Y] can be implemented with ``__class_getitem__``. py3.7+"
+        return exclusions.open()
+
+    @property
+    def json_deserializer_binary(self):
+        "indicates if the json_deserializer function is called with bytes"
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def reflect_table_options(self):
+        """Target database must support reflecting table_options."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def materialized_views(self):
+        """Target database must support MATERIALIZED VIEWs."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def materialized_views_reflect_pk(self):
+        """Target database reflect MATERIALIZED VIEWs pks."""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_bitwise_or(self):
+        """Target database supports bitwise or"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_bitwise_and(self):
+        """Target database supports bitwise and"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_bitwise_not(self):
+        """Target database supports bitwise not"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_bitwise_xor(self):
+        """Target database supports bitwise xor"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def supports_bitwise_shift(self):
+        """Target database supports bitwise left or right shift"""
+        return exclusions.closed()
+
+    @property
+    def like_escapes(self):
+        """Target backend supports custom ESCAPE characters
+        with LIKE comparisons"""
+        return exclusions.open()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0dd7de20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+# testing/schema.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+from . import config
+from . import exclusions
+from .. import event
+from .. import schema
+from .. import types as sqltypes
+from ..orm import mapped_column as _orm_mapped_column
+from ..util import OrderedDict
+
+__all__ = ["Table", "Column"]
+
+table_options = {}
+
+
+def Table(*args, **kw) -> schema.Table:
+    """A schema.Table wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    test_opts = {k: kw.pop(k) for k in list(kw) if k.startswith("test_")}
+
+    kw.update(table_options)
+
+    if exclusions.against(config._current, "mysql"):
+        if (
+            "mysql_engine" not in kw
+            and "mysql_type" not in kw
+            and "autoload_with" not in kw
+        ):
+            if "test_needs_fk" in test_opts or "test_needs_acid" in test_opts:
+                kw["mysql_engine"] = "InnoDB"
+            else:
+                # there are in fact test fixtures that rely upon MyISAM,
+                # due to MySQL / MariaDB having poor FK behavior under innodb,
+                # such as a self-referential table can't be deleted from at
+                # once without attending to per-row dependencies.  We'd need to
+                # add special steps to some fixtures if we want to not
+                # explicitly state MyISAM here
+                kw["mysql_engine"] = "MyISAM"
+    elif exclusions.against(config._current, "mariadb"):
+        if (
+            "mariadb_engine" not in kw
+            and "mariadb_type" not in kw
+            and "autoload_with" not in kw
+        ):
+            if "test_needs_fk" in test_opts or "test_needs_acid" in test_opts:
+                kw["mariadb_engine"] = "InnoDB"
+            else:
+                kw["mariadb_engine"] = "MyISAM"
+
+    return schema.Table(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def mapped_column(*args, **kw):
+    """An orm.mapped_column wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    return _schema_column(_orm_mapped_column, args, kw)
+
+
+def Column(*args, **kw):
+    """A schema.Column wrapper/hook for dialect-specific tweaks."""
+
+    return _schema_column(schema.Column, args, kw)
+
+
+def _schema_column(factory, args, kw):
+    test_opts = {k: kw.pop(k) for k in list(kw) if k.startswith("test_")}
+
+    if not config.requirements.foreign_key_ddl.enabled_for_config(config):
+        args = [arg for arg in args if not isinstance(arg, schema.ForeignKey)]
+
+    construct = factory(*args, **kw)
+
+    if factory is schema.Column:
+        col = construct
+    else:
+        col = construct.column
+
+    if test_opts.get("test_needs_autoincrement", False) and kw.get(
+        "primary_key", False
+    ):
+        if col.default is None and col.server_default is None:
+            col.autoincrement = True
+
+        # allow any test suite to pick up on this
+        col.info["test_needs_autoincrement"] = True
+
+        # hardcoded rule for oracle; this should
+        # be moved out
+        if exclusions.against(config._current, "oracle"):
+
+            def add_seq(c, tbl):
+                c._init_items(
+                    schema.Sequence(
+                        _truncate_name(
+                            config.db.dialect, tbl.name + "_" + c.name + "_seq"
+                        ),
+                        optional=True,
+                    )
+                )
+
+            event.listen(col, "after_parent_attach", add_seq, propagate=True)
+    return construct
+
+
+class eq_type_affinity:
+    """Helper to compare types inside of datastructures based on affinity.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_columns("foo"),
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "id",
+                    "type": testing.eq_type_affinity(sqltypes.INTEGER),
+                    "nullable": False,
+                    "default": None,
+                    "autoincrement": False,
+                },
+                {
+                    "name": "data",
+                    "type": testing.eq_type_affinity(sqltypes.NullType),
+                    "nullable": True,
+                    "default": None,
+                    "autoincrement": False,
+                },
+            ],
+        )
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, target):
+        self.target = sqltypes.to_instance(target)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.target._type_affinity is other._type_affinity
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.target._type_affinity is not other._type_affinity
+
+
+class eq_compile_type:
+    """similar to eq_type_affinity but uses compile"""
+
+    def __init__(self, target):
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.target == other.compile()
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return self.target != other.compile()
+
+
+class eq_clause_element:
+    """Helper to compare SQL structures based on compare()"""
+
+    def __init__(self, target):
+        self.target = target
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.target.compare(other)
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self.target.compare(other)
+
+
+def _truncate_name(dialect, name):
+    if len(name) > dialect.max_identifier_length:
+        return (
+            name[0 : max(dialect.max_identifier_length - 6, 0)]
+            + "_"
+            + hex(hash(name) % 64)[2:]
+        )
+    else:
+        return name
+
+
+def pep435_enum(name):
+    # Implements PEP 435 in the minimal fashion needed by SQLAlchemy
+    __members__ = OrderedDict()
+
+    def __init__(self, name, value, alias=None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+        self.__members__[name] = self
+        value_to_member[value] = self
+        setattr(self.__class__, name, self)
+        if alias:
+            self.__members__[alias] = self
+            setattr(self.__class__, alias, self)
+
+    value_to_member = {}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get(cls, value):
+        return value_to_member[value]
+
+    someenum = type(
+        name,
+        (object,),
+        {"__members__": __members__, "__init__": __init__, "get": get},
+    )
+
+    # getframe() trick for pickling I don't understand courtesy
+    # Python namedtuple()
+    try:
+        module = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get("__name__", "__main__")
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        pass
+    if module is not None:
+        someenum.__module__ = module
+
+    return someenum
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8435aa00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# testing/suite/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+from .test_cte import *  # noqa
+from .test_ddl import *  # noqa
+from .test_deprecations import *  # noqa
+from .test_dialect import *  # noqa
+from .test_insert import *  # noqa
+from .test_reflection import *  # noqa
+from .test_results import *  # noqa
+from .test_rowcount import *  # noqa
+from .test_select import *  # noqa
+from .test_sequence import *  # noqa
+from .test_types import *  # noqa
+from .test_unicode_ddl import *  # noqa
+from .test_update_delete import *  # noqa
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_cte.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_cte.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e4d420f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_cte.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+# testing/suite/test_cte.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import ForeignKey
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+
+
+class CTETest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("ctes",)
+
+    run_inserts = "each"
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("parent_id", ForeignKey("some_table.id")),
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "some_other_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("parent_id", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1", "parent_id": None},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2", "parent_id": 1},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3", "parent_id": 1},
+                {"id": 4, "data": "d4", "parent_id": 3},
+                {"id": 5, "data": "d5", "parent_id": 3},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_nonrecursive_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(cte.c.data).where(cte.c.data.in_(["d4", "d5"]))
+        )
+        eq_(result.fetchall(), [("d4",)])
+
+    def test_select_recursive_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte", recursive=True)
+        )
+
+        cte_alias = cte.alias("c1")
+        st1 = some_table.alias()
+        # note that SQL Server requires this to be UNION ALL,
+        # can't be UNION
+        cte = cte.union_all(
+            select(st1).where(st1.c.id == cte_alias.c.parent_id)
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(cte.c.data)
+            .where(cte.c.data != "d2")
+            .order_by(cte.c.data.desc())
+        )
+        eq_(
+            result.fetchall(),
+            [("d4",), ("d3",), ("d3",), ("d1",), ("d1",), ("d1",)],
+        )
+
+    def test_insert_from_select_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(cte)
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(2, "d2", 1), (3, "d3", 1), (4, "d4", 3)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.ctes_with_update_delete
+    @testing.requires.update_from
+    def test_update_from_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(some_table)
+            )
+        )
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.update()
+            .values(parent_id=5)
+            .where(some_other_table.c.data == cte.c.data)
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "d1", None),
+                (2, "d2", 5),
+                (3, "d3", 5),
+                (4, "d4", 5),
+                (5, "d5", 3),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.ctes_with_update_delete
+    @testing.requires.delete_from
+    def test_delete_from_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(some_table)
+            )
+        )
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.delete().where(
+                some_other_table.c.data == cte.c.data
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1", None), (5, "d5", 3)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.ctes_with_update_delete
+    def test_delete_scalar_subq_round_trip(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        some_other_table = self.tables.some_other_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.insert().from_select(
+                ["id", "data", "parent_id"], select(some_table)
+            )
+        )
+
+        cte = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .where(some_table.c.data.in_(["d2", "d3", "d4"]))
+            .cte("some_cte")
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            some_other_table.delete().where(
+                some_other_table.c.data
+                == select(cte.c.data)
+                .where(cte.c.id == some_other_table.c.id)
+                .scalar_subquery()
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_other_table).order_by(some_other_table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1", None), (5, "d5", 3)],
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7e7d817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_ddl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+# testing/suite/test_ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import random
+
+from . import testing
+from .. import config
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import util
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import is_false
+from ..assertions import is_true
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import CheckConstraint
+from ... import Column
+from ... import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ... import Index
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import schema
+from ... import String
+from ... import UniqueConstraint
+
+
+class TableDDLTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _simple_fixture(self, schema=None):
+        return Table(
+            "test_table",
+            self.metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+
+    def _underscore_fixture(self):
+        return Table(
+            "_test_table",
+            self.metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("_data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    def _table_index_fixture(self, schema=None):
+        table = self._simple_fixture(schema=schema)
+        idx = Index("test_index", table.c.data)
+        return table, idx
+
+    def _simple_roundtrip(self, table):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(table.insert().values((1, "some data")))
+            result = conn.execute(table.select())
+            eq_(result.first(), (1, "some data"))
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @requirements.schemas
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table_schema(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture(schema=config.test_schema)
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.drop_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table(self):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        table.drop(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+
+    @requirements.create_table
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_underscore_names(self):
+        table = self._underscore_fixture()
+        table.create(config.db, checkfirst=False)
+        self._simple_roundtrip(table)
+
+    @requirements.comment_reflection
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_add_table_comment(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(connection, checkfirst=False)
+        table.comment = "a comment"
+        connection.execute(schema.SetTableComment(table))
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_table_comment("test_table"),
+            {"text": "a comment"},
+        )
+
+    @requirements.comment_reflection
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table_comment(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+        table.create(connection, checkfirst=False)
+        table.comment = "a comment"
+        connection.execute(schema.SetTableComment(table))
+        connection.execute(schema.DropTableComment(table))
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_table_comment("test_table"), {"text": None}
+        )
+
+    @requirements.table_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_table_if_not_exists(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateTable(table, if_not_exists=True))
+
+        is_true(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateTable(table, if_not_exists=True))
+
+    @requirements.index_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_create_index_if_not_exists(self, connection):
+        table, idx = self._table_index_fixture()
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateTable(table, if_not_exists=True))
+        is_true(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+        is_false(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateIndex(idx, if_not_exists=True))
+
+        is_true(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.CreateIndex(idx, if_not_exists=True))
+
+    @requirements.table_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_table_if_exists(self, connection):
+        table = self._simple_fixture()
+
+        table.create(connection)
+
+        is_true(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropTable(table, if_exists=True))
+
+        is_false(inspect(connection).has_table("test_table"))
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropTable(table, if_exists=True))
+
+    @requirements.index_ddl_if_exists
+    @util.provide_metadata
+    def test_drop_index_if_exists(self, connection):
+        table, idx = self._table_index_fixture()
+
+        table.create(connection)
+
+        is_true(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropIndex(idx, if_exists=True))
+
+        is_false(
+            "test_index"
+            in [
+                ix["name"]
+                for ix in inspect(connection).get_indexes("test_table")
+            ]
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(schema.DropIndex(idx, if_exists=True))
+
+
+class FutureTableDDLTest(fixtures.FutureEngineMixin, TableDDLTest):
+    pass
+
+
+class LongNameBlowoutTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    """test the creation of a variety of DDL structures and ensure
+    label length limits pass on backends
+
+    """
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def fk(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "fk": "foreign_key_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s_"
+            "%(referred_table_name)s_"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(20))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        cons = ForeignKeyConstraint(
+            ["aid"], ["a_things_with_stuff.id_long_column_name"]
+        )
+        Table(
+            "b_related_things_of_value",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "aid",
+            ),
+            cons,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        if testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_name_reflection.enabled:
+            insp = inspect(connection)
+            fks = insp.get_foreign_keys("b_related_things_of_value")
+            reflected_name = fks[0]["name"]
+
+            return actual_name, reflected_name
+        else:
+            return actual_name, None
+
+    def pk(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "pk": "primary_key_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        a = Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("id_another_long_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        )
+        cons = a.primary_key
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        pk = insp.get_pk_constraint("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = pk["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    def ix(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "ix": "index_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        a = Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("id_another_long_name", Integer),
+        )
+        cons = Index(None, a.c.id_long_column_name, a.c.id_another_long_name)
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        ix = insp.get_indexes("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = ix[0]["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    def uq(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "uq": "unique_constraint_%(table_name)s_"
+            "%(column_0_N_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        cons = UniqueConstraint("id_long_column_name", "id_another_long_name")
+        Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("id_another_long_name", Integer),
+            cons,
+        )
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        uq = insp.get_unique_constraints("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = uq[0]["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    def ck(self, metadata, connection):
+        convention = {
+            "ck": "check_constraint_%(table_name)s"
+            + (
+                "_".join(
+                    "".join(random.choice("abcdef") for j in range(30))
+                    for i in range(10)
+                )
+            ),
+        }
+        metadata.naming_convention = convention
+
+        cons = CheckConstraint("some_long_column_name > 5")
+        Table(
+            "a_things_with_stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id_long_column_name", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("some_long_column_name", Integer),
+            cons,
+        )
+        actual_name = cons.name
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        ck = insp.get_check_constraints("a_things_with_stuff")
+        reflected_name = ck[0]["name"]
+        return actual_name, reflected_name
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("fk",),
+        ("pk",),
+        ("ix",),
+        ("ck", testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection.as_skips()),
+        ("uq", testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection.as_skips()),
+        argnames="type_",
+    )
+    def test_long_convention_name(self, type_, metadata, connection):
+        actual_name, reflected_name = getattr(self, type_)(
+            metadata, connection
+        )
+
+        assert len(actual_name) > 255
+
+        if reflected_name is not None:
+            overlap = actual_name[0 : len(reflected_name)]
+            if len(overlap) < len(actual_name):
+                eq_(overlap[0:-5], reflected_name[0 : len(overlap) - 5])
+            else:
+                eq_(overlap, reflected_name)
+
+
+__all__ = ("TableDDLTest", "FutureTableDDLTest", "LongNameBlowoutTest")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_deprecations.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db0a9fc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_deprecations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# testing/suite/test_deprecations.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import testing
+from ... import union
+
+
+class DeprecatedCompoundSelectTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, conn, select, result, params=()):
+        eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_plain_union(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    # note we've had to remove one use case entirely, which is this
+    # one.   the Select gets its FROMS from the WHERE clause and the
+    # columns clause, but not the ORDER BY, which means the old ".c" system
+    # allowed you to "order_by(s.c.foo)" to get an unnamed column in the
+    # ORDER BY without adding the SELECT into the FROM and breaking the
+    # query.  Users will have to adjust for this use case if they were doing
+    # it before.
+    def _dont_test_select_from_plain_union(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).alias().select()
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.order_by_col_from_union
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset
+    def test_limit_offset_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_wo_limit_offset
+    def test_order_by_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    def test_distinct_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).distinct()
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).distinct()
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
+
+    def test_limit_offset_aliased_selectable_in_unions(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 2)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+        s2 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 3)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "The SelectBase.c and SelectBase.columns "
+            "attributes are deprecated"
+        ):
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection, u1.order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae67cc10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_dialect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,740 @@
+# testing/suite/test_dialect.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import importlib
+
+from . import testing
+from .. import assert_raises
+from .. import config
+from .. import engines
+from .. import eq_
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import is_not_none
+from .. import is_true
+from .. import ne_
+from .. import provide_metadata
+from ..assertions import expect_raises
+from ..assertions import expect_raises_message
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..provision import set_default_schema_on_connection
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import bindparam
+from ... import dialects
+from ... import event
+from ... import exc
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ...sql.compiler import Compiled
+from ...util import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+
+class PingTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_do_ping(self):
+        with testing.db.connect() as conn:
+            is_true(
+                testing.db.dialect.do_ping(conn.connection.dbapi_connection)
+            )
+
+
+class ArgSignatureTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    """test that all visit_XYZ() in :class:`_sql.Compiler` subclasses have
+    ``**kw``, for #8988.
+
+    This test uses runtime code inspection.   Does not need to be a
+    ``__backend__`` test as it only needs to run once provided all target
+    dialects have been imported.
+
+    For third party dialects, the suite would be run with that third
+    party as a "--dburi", which means its compiler classes will have been
+    imported by the time this test runs.
+
+    """
+
+    def _all_subclasses():  # type: ignore  # noqa
+        for d in dialects.__all__:
+            if not d.startswith("_"):
+                importlib.import_module("sqlalchemy.dialects.%s" % d)
+
+        stack = [Compiled]
+
+        while stack:
+            cls = stack.pop(0)
+            stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+            yield cls
+
+    @testing.fixture(params=list(_all_subclasses()))
+    def all_subclasses(self, request):
+        yield request.param
+
+    def test_all_visit_methods_accept_kw(self, all_subclasses):
+        cls = all_subclasses
+
+        for k in cls.__dict__:
+            if k.startswith("visit_"):
+                meth = getattr(cls, k)
+
+                insp = inspect_getfullargspec(meth)
+                is_not_none(
+                    insp.varkw,
+                    f"Compiler visit method {cls.__name__}.{k}() does "
+                    "not accommodate for **kw in its argument signature",
+                )
+
+
+class ExceptionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Test basic exception wrapping.
+
+    DBAPIs vary a lot in exception behavior so to actually anticipate
+    specific exceptions from real round trips, we need to be conservative.
+
+    """
+
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "manual_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @requirements.duplicate_key_raises_integrity_error
+    def test_integrity_error(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            trans = conn.begin()
+            conn.execute(
+                self.tables.manual_pk.insert(), {"id": 1, "data": "d1"}
+            )
+
+            assert_raises(
+                exc.IntegrityError,
+                conn.execute,
+                self.tables.manual_pk.insert(),
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+            )
+
+            trans.rollback()
+
+    def test_exception_with_non_ascii(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            try:
+                # try to create an error message that likely has non-ascii
+                # characters in the DBAPI's message string.  unfortunately
+                # there's no way to make this happen with some drivers like
+                # mysqlclient, pymysql.  this at least does produce a non-
+                # ascii error message for cx_oracle, psycopg2
+                conn.execute(select(literal_column("méil")))
+                assert False
+            except exc.DBAPIError as err:
+                err_str = str(err)
+
+                assert str(err.orig) in str(err)
+
+            assert isinstance(err_str, str)
+
+
+class IsolationLevelTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("isolation_level",)
+
+    def _get_non_default_isolation_level(self):
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+
+        default = levels["default"]
+        supported = levels["supported"]
+
+        s = set(supported).difference(["AUTOCOMMIT", default])
+        if s:
+            return s.pop()
+        else:
+            config.skip_test("no non-default isolation level available")
+
+    def test_default_isolation_level(self):
+        eq_(
+            config.db.dialect.default_isolation_level,
+            requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)["default"],
+        )
+
+    def test_non_default_isolation_level(self):
+        non_default = self._get_non_default_isolation_level()
+
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            existing = conn.get_isolation_level()
+
+            ne_(existing, non_default)
+
+            conn.execution_options(isolation_level=non_default)
+
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), non_default)
+
+            conn.dialect.reset_isolation_level(
+                conn.connection.dbapi_connection
+            )
+
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), existing)
+
+    def test_all_levels(self):
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+
+        all_levels = levels["supported"]
+
+        for level in set(all_levels).difference(["AUTOCOMMIT"]):
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execution_options(isolation_level=level)
+
+                eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), level)
+
+                trans = conn.begin()
+                trans.rollback()
+
+                eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), level)
+
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                eq_(
+                    conn.get_isolation_level(),
+                    levels["default"],
+                )
+
+    @testing.requires.get_isolation_level_values
+    def test_invalid_level_execution_option(self, connection_no_trans):
+        """test for the new get_isolation_level_values() method"""
+
+        connection = connection_no_trans
+        with expect_raises_message(
+            exc.ArgumentError,
+            "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+            "Valid isolation levels for '%s' are %s"
+            % (
+                "FOO",
+                connection.dialect.name,
+                ", ".join(
+                    requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)["supported"]
+                ),
+            ),
+        ):
+            connection.execution_options(isolation_level="FOO")
+
+    @testing.requires.get_isolation_level_values
+    @testing.requires.dialect_level_isolation_level_param
+    def test_invalid_level_engine_param(self, testing_engine):
+        """test for the new get_isolation_level_values() method
+        and support for the dialect-level 'isolation_level' parameter.
+
+        """
+
+        eng = testing_engine(options=dict(isolation_level="FOO"))
+        with expect_raises_message(
+            exc.ArgumentError,
+            "Invalid value '%s' for isolation_level. "
+            "Valid isolation levels for '%s' are %s"
+            % (
+                "FOO",
+                eng.dialect.name,
+                ", ".join(
+                    requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)["supported"]
+                ),
+            ),
+        ):
+            eng.connect()
+
+    @testing.requires.independent_readonly_connections
+    def test_dialect_user_setting_is_restored(self, testing_engine):
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+        default = levels["default"]
+        supported = (
+            sorted(
+                set(levels["supported"]).difference([default, "AUTOCOMMIT"])
+            )
+        )[0]
+
+        e = testing_engine(options={"isolation_level": supported})
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), supported)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execution_options(isolation_level=default)
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), default)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.get_isolation_level(), supported)
+
+
+class AutocommitIsolationTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    __requires__ = ("autocommit",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            test_needs_acid=True,
+        )
+
+    def _test_conn_autocommits(self, conn, autocommit):
+        trans = conn.begin()
+        conn.execute(
+            self.tables.some_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "data": "some data"}
+        )
+        trans.rollback()
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(select(self.tables.some_table.c.id)),
+            1 if autocommit else None,
+        )
+        conn.rollback()
+
+        with conn.begin():
+            conn.execute(self.tables.some_table.delete())
+
+    def test_autocommit_on(self, connection_no_trans):
+        conn = connection_no_trans
+        c2 = conn.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(c2, True)
+
+        c2.dialect.reset_isolation_level(c2.connection.dbapi_connection)
+
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+    def test_autocommit_off(self, connection_no_trans):
+        conn = connection_no_trans
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+    def test_turn_autocommit_off_via_default_iso_level(
+        self, connection_no_trans
+    ):
+        conn = connection_no_trans
+        conn = conn.execution_options(isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT")
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, True)
+
+        conn.execution_options(
+            isolation_level=requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)[
+                "default"
+            ]
+        )
+        self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+    @testing.requires.independent_readonly_connections
+    @testing.variation("use_dialect_setting", [True, False])
+    def test_dialect_autocommit_is_restored(
+        self, testing_engine, use_dialect_setting
+    ):
+        """test #10147"""
+
+        if use_dialect_setting:
+            e = testing_engine(options={"isolation_level": "AUTOCOMMIT"})
+        else:
+            e = testing_engine().execution_options(
+                isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT"
+            )
+
+        levels = requirements.get_isolation_levels(config)
+
+        default = levels["default"]
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, True)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            conn.execution_options(isolation_level=default)
+            self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, False)
+
+        with e.connect() as conn:
+            self._test_conn_autocommits(conn, True)
+
+
+class EscapingTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    @provide_metadata
+    def test_percent_sign_round_trip(self):
+        """test that the DBAPI accommodates for escaped / nonescaped
+        percent signs in a way that matches the compiler
+
+        """
+        m = self.metadata
+        t = Table("t", m, Column("data", String(50)))
+        t.create(config.db)
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(t.insert(), dict(data="some % value"))
+            conn.execute(t.insert(), dict(data="some %% other value"))
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(t.c.data).where(
+                        t.c.data == literal_column("'some % value'")
+                    )
+                ),
+                "some % value",
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(t.c.data).where(
+                        t.c.data == literal_column("'some %% other value'")
+                    )
+                ),
+                "some %% other value",
+            )
+
+
+class WeCanSetDefaultSchemaWEventsTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("default_schema_name_switch",)
+
+    def test_control_case(self):
+        default_schema_name = config.db.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+        with eng.connect():
+            pass
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, default_schema_name)
+
+    def test_wont_work_wo_insert(self):
+        default_schema_name = config.db.dialect.default_schema_name
+
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+
+        @event.listens_for(eng, "connect")
+        def on_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+            set_default_schema_on_connection(
+                config, dbapi_connection, config.test_schema
+            )
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, default_schema_name)
+
+    def test_schema_change_on_connect(self):
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+
+        @event.listens_for(eng, "connect", insert=True)
+        def on_connect(dbapi_connection, connection_record):
+            set_default_schema_on_connection(
+                config, dbapi_connection, config.test_schema
+            )
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, config.test_schema)
+
+    def test_schema_change_works_w_transactions(self):
+        eng = engines.testing_engine()
+
+        @event.listens_for(eng, "connect", insert=True)
+        def on_connect(dbapi_connection, *arg):
+            set_default_schema_on_connection(
+                config, dbapi_connection, config.test_schema
+            )
+
+        with eng.connect() as conn:
+            trans = conn.begin()
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+            trans.rollback()
+
+            what_it_should_be = eng.dialect._get_default_schema_name(conn)
+            eq_(what_it_should_be, config.test_schema)
+
+        eq_(eng.dialect.default_schema_name, config.test_schema)
+
+
+class FutureWeCanSetDefaultSchemaWEventsTest(
+    fixtures.FutureEngineMixin, WeCanSetDefaultSchemaWEventsTest
+):
+    pass
+
+
+class DifficultParametersTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    tough_parameters = testing.combinations(
+        ("boring",),
+        ("per cent",),
+        ("per % cent",),
+        ("%percent",),
+        ("par(ens)",),
+        ("percent%(ens)yah",),
+        ("col:ons",),
+        ("_starts_with_underscore",),
+        ("dot.s",),
+        ("more :: %colons%",),
+        ("_name",),
+        ("___name",),
+        ("[BracketsAndCase]",),
+        ("42numbers",),
+        ("percent%signs",),
+        ("has spaces",),
+        ("/slashes/",),
+        ("more/slashes",),
+        ("q?marks",),
+        ("1param",),
+        ("1col:on",),
+        argnames="paramname",
+    )
+
+    @tough_parameters
+    @config.requirements.unusual_column_name_characters
+    def test_round_trip_same_named_column(
+        self, paramname, connection, metadata
+    ):
+        name = paramname
+
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column(name, String(50), nullable=False),
+        )
+
+        # table is created
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        # automatic param generated by insert
+        connection.execute(t.insert().values({"id": 1, name: "some name"}))
+
+        # automatic param generated by criteria, plus selecting the column
+        stmt = select(t.c[name]).where(t.c[name] == "some name")
+
+        eq_(connection.scalar(stmt), "some name")
+
+        # use the name in a param explicitly
+        stmt = select(t.c[name]).where(t.c[name] == bindparam(name))
+
+        row = connection.execute(stmt, {name: "some name"}).first()
+
+        # name works as the key from cursor.description
+        eq_(row._mapping[name], "some name")
+
+        # use expanding IN
+        stmt = select(t.c[name]).where(
+            t.c[name].in_(["some name", "some other_name"])
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(stmt).first()
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def multirow_fixture(self, metadata, connection):
+        mytable = Table(
+            "mytable",
+            metadata,
+            Column("myid", Integer),
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("desc", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        mytable.create(connection)
+
+        connection.execute(
+            mytable.insert(),
+            [
+                {"myid": 1, "name": "a", "desc": "a_desc"},
+                {"myid": 2, "name": "b", "desc": "b_desc"},
+                {"myid": 3, "name": "c", "desc": "c_desc"},
+                {"myid": 4, "name": "d", "desc": "d_desc"},
+            ],
+        )
+        yield mytable
+
+    @tough_parameters
+    def test_standalone_bindparam_escape(
+        self, paramname, connection, multirow_fixture
+    ):
+        tbl1 = multirow_fixture
+        stmt = select(tbl1.c.myid).where(
+            tbl1.c.name == bindparam(paramname, value="x")
+        )
+        res = connection.scalar(stmt, {paramname: "c"})
+        eq_(res, 3)
+
+    @tough_parameters
+    def test_standalone_bindparam_escape_expanding(
+        self, paramname, connection, multirow_fixture
+    ):
+        tbl1 = multirow_fixture
+        stmt = (
+            select(tbl1.c.myid)
+            .where(tbl1.c.name.in_(bindparam(paramname, value=["a", "b"])))
+            .order_by(tbl1.c.myid)
+        )
+
+        res = connection.scalars(stmt, {paramname: ["d", "a"]}).all()
+        eq_(res, [1, 4])
+
+
+class ReturningGuardsTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """test that the various 'returning' flags are set appropriately"""
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def run_stmt(self, connection):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        def go(stmt, executemany, id_param_name, expect_success):
+            stmt = stmt.returning(t.c.id)
+
+            if executemany:
+                if not expect_success:
+                    # for RETURNING executemany(), we raise our own
+                    # error as this is independent of general RETURNING
+                    # support
+                    with expect_raises_message(
+                        exc.StatementError,
+                        rf"Dialect {connection.dialect.name}\+"
+                        f"{connection.dialect.driver} with "
+                        f"current server capabilities does not support "
+                        f".*RETURNING when executemany is used",
+                    ):
+                        result = connection.execute(
+                            stmt,
+                            [
+                                {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"},
+                                {id_param_name: 2, "data": "d2"},
+                                {id_param_name: 3, "data": "d3"},
+                            ],
+                        )
+                else:
+                    result = connection.execute(
+                        stmt,
+                        [
+                            {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"},
+                            {id_param_name: 2, "data": "d2"},
+                            {id_param_name: 3, "data": "d3"},
+                        ],
+                    )
+                    eq_(result.all(), [(1,), (2,), (3,)])
+            else:
+                if not expect_success:
+                    # for RETURNING execute(), we pass all the way to the DB
+                    # and let it fail
+                    with expect_raises(exc.DBAPIError):
+                        connection.execute(
+                            stmt, {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"}
+                        )
+                else:
+                    result = connection.execute(
+                        stmt, {id_param_name: 1, "data": "d1"}
+                    )
+                    eq_(result.all(), [(1,)])
+
+        return go
+
+    def test_insert_single(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        stmt = t.insert()
+
+        run_stmt(stmt, False, "id", connection.dialect.insert_returning)
+
+    def test_insert_many(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        stmt = t.insert()
+
+        run_stmt(
+            stmt, True, "id", connection.dialect.insert_executemany_returning
+        )
+
+    def test_update_single(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.update().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(stmt, False, "b_id", connection.dialect.update_returning)
+
+    def test_update_many(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.update().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(
+            stmt, True, "b_id", connection.dialect.update_executemany_returning
+        )
+
+    def test_delete_single(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.delete().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(stmt, False, "b_id", connection.dialect.delete_returning)
+
+    def test_delete_many(self, connection, run_stmt):
+        t = self.tables.t
+
+        connection.execute(
+            t.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        stmt = t.delete().where(t.c.id == bindparam("b_id"))
+
+        run_stmt(
+            stmt, True, "b_id", connection.dialect.delete_executemany_returning
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8467c351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_insert.py
@@ -0,0 +1,630 @@
+# testing/suite/test_insert.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from decimal import Decimal
+import uuid
+
+from . import testing
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import Double
+from ... import Float
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import literal
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import Numeric
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ...types import LargeBinary
+from ...types import UUID
+from ...types import Uuid
+
+
+class LastrowidTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = "implements_get_lastrowid", "autoincrement_insert"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "autoinc_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "manual_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (
+                conn.dialect.default_sequence_base,
+                "some data",
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, connection)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        pk = connection.scalar(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+        eq_(r.inserted_primary_key, (pk,))
+
+    @requirements.dbapi_lastrowid
+    def test_native_lastrowid_autoinc(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        lastrowid = r.lastrowid
+        pk = connection.scalar(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+        eq_(lastrowid, pk)
+
+
+class InsertBehaviorTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "autoinc_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "manual_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "no_implicit_returning",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "includes_defaults",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("x", Integer, default=5),
+            Column(
+                "y",
+                Integer,
+                default=literal_column("2", type_=Integer) + literal(2),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @testing.variation("style", ["plain", "return_defaults"])
+    @testing.variation("executemany", [True, False])
+    def test_no_results_for_non_returning_insert(
+        self, connection, style, executemany
+    ):
+        """test another INSERT issue found during #10453"""
+
+        table = self.tables.no_implicit_returning
+
+        stmt = table.insert()
+        if style.return_defaults:
+            stmt = stmt.return_defaults()
+
+        if executemany:
+            data = [
+                {"data": "d1"},
+                {"data": "d2"},
+                {"data": "d3"},
+                {"data": "d4"},
+                {"data": "d5"},
+            ]
+        else:
+            data = {"data": "d1"}
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt, data)
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+
+    @requirements.autoincrement_insert
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+
+        # new as of I8091919d45421e3f53029b8660427f844fee0228; for the moment
+        # an insert where the PK was taken from a row that the dialect
+        # selected, as is the case for mssql/pyodbc, will still report
+        # returns_rows as true because there's a cursor description.  in that
+        # case, the row had to have been consumed at least.
+        assert not r.returns_rows or r.fetchone() is None
+
+    @requirements.insert_returning
+    def test_autoclose_on_insert_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            # return_defaults() ensures RETURNING will be used,
+            # new in 2.0 as sqlite/mariadb offer both RETURNING and
+            # cursor.lastrowid
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert().return_defaults(),
+            dict(data="some data"),
+        )
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+        assert r.is_insert
+
+        # note we are experimenting with having this be True
+        # as of I8091919d45421e3f53029b8660427f844fee0228 .
+        # implicit returning has fetched the row, but it still is a
+        # "returns rows"
+        assert r.returns_rows
+
+        # and we should be able to fetchone() on it, we just get no row
+        eq_(r.fetchone(), None)
+
+        # and the keys, etc.
+        eq_(r.keys(), ["id"])
+
+        # but the dialect took in the row already.   not really sure
+        # what the best behavior is.
+
+    @requirements.empty_inserts
+    def test_empty_insert(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert())
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.select().where(
+                self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id != None
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(len(r.all()), 1)
+
+    @requirements.empty_inserts_executemany
+    def test_empty_insert_multiple(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), [{}, {}, {}])
+        assert r._soft_closed
+        assert not r.closed
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.select().where(
+                self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id != None
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(len(r.all()), 3)
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select_autoinc(self, connection):
+        src_table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        dest_table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        connection.execute(
+            src_table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            dest_table.insert().from_select(
+                ("data",),
+                select(src_table.c.data).where(
+                    src_table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(result.inserted_primary_key, (None,))
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(dest_table.c.data).order_by(dest_table.c.data)
+        )
+        eq_(result.fetchall(), [("data2",), ("data3",)])
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select_autoinc_no_rows(self, connection):
+        src_table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        dest_table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            dest_table.insert().from_select(
+                ("data",),
+                select(src_table.c.data).where(
+                    src_table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(result.inserted_primary_key, (None,))
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(dest_table.c.data).order_by(dest_table.c.data)
+        )
+
+        eq_(result.fetchall(), [])
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.manual_pk
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert()
+            .inline()
+            .from_select(
+                ("id", "data"),
+                select(table.c.id + 5, table.c.data).where(
+                    table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(table.c.data).order_by(table.c.data)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [("data1",), ("data2",), ("data2",), ("data3",), ("data3",)],
+        )
+
+    @requirements.insert_from_select
+    def test_insert_from_select_with_defaults(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.includes_defaults
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert(),
+            [
+                dict(id=1, data="data1"),
+                dict(id=2, data="data2"),
+                dict(id=3, data="data3"),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            table.insert()
+            .inline()
+            .from_select(
+                ("id", "data"),
+                select(table.c.id + 5, table.c.data).where(
+                    table.c.data.in_(["data2", "data3"])
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(table).order_by(table.c.data, table.c.id)
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [
+                (1, "data1", 5, 4),
+                (2, "data2", 5, 4),
+                (7, "data2", 5, 4),
+                (3, "data3", 5, 4),
+                (8, "data3", 5, 4),
+            ],
+        )
+
+
+class ReturningTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_create_tables = "each"
+    __requires__ = "insert_returning", "autoincrement_insert"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(
+            row,
+            (
+                conn.dialect.default_sequence_base,
+                "some data",
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "autoinc_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @requirements.fetch_rows_post_commit
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_autocommit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        r = connection.execute(
+            table.insert().returning(table.c.id), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = connection.scalar(select(table.c.id))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_explicit_returning_pk_no_autocommit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.autoinc_pk
+        r = connection.execute(
+            table.insert().returning(table.c.id), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+
+        pk = r.first()[0]
+        fetched_pk = connection.scalar(select(table.c.id))
+        eq_(fetched_pk, pk)
+
+    def test_autoincrement_on_insert_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.autoinc_pk, connection)
+
+    def test_last_inserted_id_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        pk = connection.scalar(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+        eq_(r.inserted_primary_key, (pk,))
+
+    @requirements.insert_executemany_returning
+    def test_insertmanyvalues_returning(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.autoinc_pk.insert().returning(
+                self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id
+            ),
+            [
+                {"data": "d1"},
+                {"data": "d2"},
+                {"data": "d3"},
+                {"data": "d4"},
+                {"data": "d5"},
+            ],
+        )
+        rall = r.all()
+
+        pks = connection.execute(select(self.tables.autoinc_pk.c.id))
+
+        eq_(rall, pks.all())
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (Double(), 8.5514716, True),
+        (
+            Double(53),
+            8.5514716,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.float_or_double_precision_behaves_generically,
+        ),
+        (Float(), 8.5514, True),
+        (
+            Float(8),
+            8.5514,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.float_or_double_precision_behaves_generically,
+        ),
+        (
+            Numeric(precision=15, scale=12, asdecimal=False),
+            8.5514716,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.literal_float_coercion,
+        ),
+        (
+            Numeric(precision=15, scale=12, asdecimal=True),
+            Decimal("8.5514716"),
+            False,
+        ),
+        argnames="type_,value,do_rounding",
+    )
+    @testing.variation("sort_by_parameter_order", [True, False])
+    @testing.variation("multiple_rows", [True, False])
+    def test_insert_w_floats(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        metadata,
+        sort_by_parameter_order,
+        type_,
+        value,
+        do_rounding,
+        multiple_rows,
+    ):
+        """test #9701.
+
+        this tests insertmanyvalues as well as decimal / floating point
+        RETURNING types
+
+        """
+
+        t = Table(
+            # Oracle backends seems to be getting confused if
+            # this table is named the same as the one
+            # in test_imv_returning_datatypes.  use a different name
+            "f_t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, Identity(), primary_key=True),
+            Column("value", type_),
+        )
+
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            t.insert().returning(
+                t.c.id,
+                t.c.value,
+                sort_by_parameter_order=bool(sort_by_parameter_order),
+            ),
+            (
+                [{"value": value} for i in range(10)]
+                if multiple_rows
+                else {"value": value}
+            ),
+        )
+
+        if multiple_rows:
+            i_range = range(1, 11)
+        else:
+            i_range = range(1, 2)
+
+        # we want to test only that we are getting floating points back
+        # with some degree of the original value maintained, that it is not
+        # being truncated to an integer.  there's too much variation in how
+        # drivers return floats, which should not be relied upon to be
+        # exact, for us to just compare as is (works for PG drivers but not
+        # others) so we use rounding here.  There's precedent for this
+        # in suite/test_types.py::NumericTest as well
+
+        if do_rounding:
+            eq_(
+                {(id_, round(val_, 5)) for id_, val_ in result},
+                {(id_, round(value, 5)) for id_ in i_range},
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                {
+                    round(val_, 5)
+                    for val_ in connection.scalars(select(t.c.value))
+                },
+                {round(value, 5)},
+            )
+        else:
+            eq_(
+                set(result),
+                {(id_, value) for id_ in i_range},
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                set(connection.scalars(select(t.c.value))),
+                {value},
+            )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (
+            "non_native_uuid",
+            Uuid(native_uuid=False),
+            uuid.uuid4(),
+        ),
+        (
+            "non_native_uuid_str",
+            Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=False),
+            str(uuid.uuid4()),
+        ),
+        (
+            "generic_native_uuid",
+            Uuid(native_uuid=True),
+            uuid.uuid4(),
+            testing.requires.uuid_data_type,
+        ),
+        (
+            "generic_native_uuid_str",
+            Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=True),
+            str(uuid.uuid4()),
+            testing.requires.uuid_data_type,
+        ),
+        ("UUID", UUID(), uuid.uuid4(), testing.requires.uuid_data_type),
+        (
+            "LargeBinary1",
+            LargeBinary(),
+            b"this is binary",
+        ),
+        ("LargeBinary2", LargeBinary(), b"7\xe7\x9f"),
+        argnames="type_,value",
+        id_="iaa",
+    )
+    @testing.variation("sort_by_parameter_order", [True, False])
+    @testing.variation("multiple_rows", [True, False])
+    @testing.requires.insert_returning
+    def test_imv_returning_datatypes(
+        self,
+        connection,
+        metadata,
+        sort_by_parameter_order,
+        type_,
+        value,
+        multiple_rows,
+    ):
+        """test #9739, #9808 (similar to #9701).
+
+        this tests insertmanyvalues in conjunction with various datatypes.
+
+        These tests are particularly for the asyncpg driver which needs
+        most types to be explicitly cast for the new IMV format
+
+        """
+        t = Table(
+            "d_t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, Identity(), primary_key=True),
+            Column("value", type_),
+        )
+
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            t.insert().returning(
+                t.c.id,
+                t.c.value,
+                sort_by_parameter_order=bool(sort_by_parameter_order),
+            ),
+            (
+                [{"value": value} for i in range(10)]
+                if multiple_rows
+                else {"value": value}
+            ),
+        )
+
+        if multiple_rows:
+            i_range = range(1, 11)
+        else:
+            i_range = range(1, 2)
+
+        eq_(
+            set(result),
+            {(id_, value) for id_ in i_range},
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            set(connection.scalars(select(t.c.value))),
+            {value},
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ("LastrowidTest", "InsertBehaviorTest", "ReturningTest")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f2a2062
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_reflection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3273 @@
+# testing/suite/test_reflection.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import contextlib
+import operator
+import re
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from .. import config
+from .. import engines
+from .. import eq_
+from .. import eq_regex
+from .. import expect_raises
+from .. import expect_raises_message
+from .. import expect_warnings
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import is_
+from ..provision import get_temp_table_name
+from ..provision import temp_table_keyword_args
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import Boolean
+from ... import DateTime
+from ... import event
+from ... import ForeignKey
+from ... import func
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+from ... import types as sql_types
+from ...engine import Inspector
+from ...engine import ObjectKind
+from ...engine import ObjectScope
+from ...exc import NoSuchTableError
+from ...exc import UnreflectableTableError
+from ...schema import DDL
+from ...schema import Index
+from ...sql.elements import quoted_name
+from ...sql.schema import BLANK_SCHEMA
+from ...testing import ComparesIndexes
+from ...testing import ComparesTables
+from ...testing import is_false
+from ...testing import is_true
+from ...testing import mock
+
+
+metadata, users = None, None
+
+
+class OneConnectionTablesTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    @classmethod
+    def setup_bind(cls):
+        # TODO: when temp tables are subject to server reset,
+        # this will also have to disable that server reset from
+        # happening
+        if config.requirements.independent_connections.enabled:
+            from sqlalchemy import pool
+
+            return engines.testing_engine(
+                options=dict(poolclass=pool.StaticPool, scope="class"),
+            )
+        else:
+            return config.db
+
+
+class HasTableTest(OneConnectionTablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "test_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            Table(
+                "test_table_s",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+        if testing.requires.view_reflection:
+            cls.define_views(metadata)
+        if testing.requires.has_temp_table.enabled:
+            cls.define_temp_tables(metadata)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_views(cls, metadata):
+        query = "CREATE VIEW vv AS SELECT id, data FROM test_table"
+
+        event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+        event.listen(metadata, "before_drop", DDL("DROP VIEW vv"))
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            query = (
+                "CREATE VIEW %s.vv AS SELECT id, data FROM %s.test_table_s"
+                % (
+                    config.test_schema,
+                    config.test_schema,
+                )
+            )
+            event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+            event.listen(
+                metadata,
+                "before_drop",
+                DDL("DROP VIEW %s.vv" % (config.test_schema)),
+            )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def temp_table_name(cls):
+        return get_temp_table_name(
+            config, config.db, f"user_tmp_{config.ident}"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_temp_tables(cls, metadata):
+        kw = temp_table_keyword_args(config, config.db)
+        table_name = cls.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = Table(
+            table_name,
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", sa.VARCHAR(50)),
+            **kw,
+        )
+        if (
+            testing.requires.view_reflection.enabled
+            and testing.requires.temporary_views.enabled
+        ):
+            event.listen(
+                user_tmp,
+                "after_create",
+                DDL(
+                    "create temporary view user_tmp_v as "
+                    "select * from user_tmp_%s" % config.ident
+                ),
+            )
+            event.listen(user_tmp, "before_drop", DDL("drop view user_tmp_v"))
+
+    def test_has_table(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            is_true(config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "test_table"))
+            is_false(config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "test_table_s"))
+            is_false(config.db.dialect.has_table(conn, "nonexistent_table"))
+
+    def test_has_table_cache(self, metadata):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("test_table"))
+        nt = Table("new_table", metadata, Column("col", Integer))
+        is_false(insp.has_table("new_table"))
+        nt.create(config.db)
+        try:
+            is_false(insp.has_table("new_table"))
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            is_true(insp.has_table("new_table"))
+        finally:
+            nt.drop(config.db)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_table_schema(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            is_false(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "test_table", schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            )
+            is_true(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "test_table_s", schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            )
+            is_false(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "nonexistent_table", schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_table_nonexistent_schema(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            is_false(
+                config.db.dialect.has_table(
+                    conn, "test_table", schema="nonexistent_schema"
+                )
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    def test_has_table_view(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("vv"))
+
+    @testing.requires.has_temp_table
+    def test_has_table_temp_table(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        temp_table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        is_true(insp.has_table(temp_table_name))
+
+    @testing.requires.has_temp_table
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_has_table_temp_view(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("user_tmp_v"))
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_table_view_schema(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        is_true(insp.has_table("vv", config.test_schema))
+
+
+class HasIndexTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("index_reflection",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        tt = Table(
+            "test_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("data2", String(50)),
+        )
+        Index("my_idx", tt.c.data)
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            tt = Table(
+                "test_table",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+            Index("my_idx_s", tt.c.data)
+
+    kind = testing.combinations("dialect", "inspector", argnames="kind")
+
+    def _has_index(self, kind, conn):
+        if kind == "dialect":
+            return lambda *a, **k: config.db.dialect.has_index(conn, *a, **k)
+        else:
+            return inspect(conn).has_index
+
+    @kind
+    def test_has_index(self, kind, connection, metadata):
+        meth = self._has_index(kind, connection)
+        assert meth("test_table", "my_idx")
+        assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx_s")
+        assert not meth("nonexistent_table", "my_idx")
+        assert not meth("test_table", "nonexistent_idx")
+
+        assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx_2")
+        assert not meth("test_table_2", "my_idx_3")
+        idx = Index("my_idx_2", self.tables.test_table.c.data2)
+        tbl = Table(
+            "test_table_2",
+            metadata,
+            Column("foo", Integer),
+            Index("my_idx_3", "foo"),
+        )
+        idx.create(connection)
+        tbl.create(connection)
+        try:
+            if kind == "inspector":
+                assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx_2")
+                assert not meth("test_table_2", "my_idx_3")
+                meth.__self__.clear_cache()
+            assert meth("test_table", "my_idx_2") is True
+            assert meth("test_table_2", "my_idx_3") is True
+        finally:
+            tbl.drop(connection)
+            idx.drop(connection)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    @kind
+    def test_has_index_schema(self, kind, connection):
+        meth = self._has_index(kind, connection)
+        assert meth("test_table", "my_idx_s", schema=config.test_schema)
+        assert not meth("test_table", "my_idx", schema=config.test_schema)
+        assert not meth(
+            "nonexistent_table", "my_idx_s", schema=config.test_schema
+        )
+        assert not meth(
+            "test_table", "nonexistent_idx_s", schema=config.test_schema
+        )
+
+
+class BizarroCharacterFKResolutionTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    """tests for #10275"""
+
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("foreign_key_constraint_reflection",)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("id",), ("(3)",), ("col%p",), ("[brack]",), argnames="columnname"
+    )
+    @testing.variation("use_composite", [True, False])
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("plain",),
+        ("(2)",),
+        ("per % cent",),
+        ("[brackets]",),
+        argnames="tablename",
+    )
+    def test_fk_ref(
+        self, connection, metadata, use_composite, tablename, columnname
+    ):
+        tt = Table(
+            tablename,
+            metadata,
+            Column(columnname, Integer, key="id", primary_key=True),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        if use_composite:
+            tt.append_column(Column("id2", Integer, primary_key=True))
+
+        if use_composite:
+            Table(
+                "other",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("ref", Integer),
+                Column("ref2", Integer),
+                sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["ref", "ref2"], [tt.c.id, tt.c.id2]),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            Table(
+                "other",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+                Column("ref", ForeignKey(tt.c.id)),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        m2 = MetaData()
+
+        o2 = Table("other", m2, autoload_with=connection)
+        t1 = m2.tables[tablename]
+
+        assert o2.c.ref.references(t1.c[0])
+        if use_composite:
+            assert o2.c.ref2.references(t1.c[1])
+
+
+class QuotedNameArgumentTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_create_tables = "once"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "quote ' one",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer),
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            Column("related_id", Integer),
+            sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id", name="pk quote ' one"),
+            sa.Index("ix quote ' one", "name"),
+            sa.UniqueConstraint(
+                "data",
+                name="uq quote' one",
+            ),
+            sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                ["id"], ["related.id"], name="fk quote ' one"
+            ),
+            sa.CheckConstraint("name != 'foo'", name="ck quote ' one"),
+            comment=r"""quote ' one comment""",
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.symbol_names_w_double_quote.enabled:
+            Table(
+                'quote " two',
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer),
+                Column("name", String(50)),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                Column("related_id", Integer),
+                sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id", name='pk quote " two'),
+                sa.Index('ix quote " two', "name"),
+                sa.UniqueConstraint(
+                    "data",
+                    name='uq quote" two',
+                ),
+                sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                    ["id"], ["related.id"], name='fk quote " two'
+                ),
+                sa.CheckConstraint("name != 'foo'", name='ck quote " two '),
+                comment=r"""quote " two comment""",
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+
+        Table(
+            "related",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("related", Integer),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            if testing.requires.symbol_names_w_double_quote.enabled:
+                names = [
+                    "quote ' one",
+                    'quote " two',
+                ]
+            else:
+                names = [
+                    "quote ' one",
+                ]
+            for name in names:
+                query = "CREATE VIEW %s AS SELECT * FROM %s" % (
+                    config.db.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(
+                        "view %s" % name
+                    ),
+                    config.db.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(name),
+                )
+
+                event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+                event.listen(
+                    metadata,
+                    "before_drop",
+                    DDL(
+                        "DROP VIEW %s"
+                        % config.db.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote(
+                            "view %s" % name
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+
+    def quote_fixtures(fn):
+        return testing.combinations(
+            ("quote ' one",),
+            ('quote " two', testing.requires.symbol_names_w_double_quote),
+        )(fn)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_table_options(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        if testing.requires.reflect_table_options.enabled:
+            res = insp.get_table_options(name)
+            is_true(isinstance(res, dict))
+        else:
+            with expect_raises(NotImplementedError):
+                res = insp.get_table_options(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    def test_get_view_definition(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_view_definition("view %s" % name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_columns(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_columns(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    def test_get_pk_constraint(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_pk_constraint(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_foreign_keys(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_foreign_keys(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    def test_get_indexes(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_indexes(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_unique_constraints(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_unique_constraints(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    def test_get_table_comment(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_table_comment(name)
+
+    @quote_fixtures
+    @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_check_constraints(self, name):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        assert insp.get_check_constraints(name)
+
+
+def _multi_combination(fn):
+    schema = testing.combinations(
+        None,
+        (
+            lambda: config.test_schema,
+            testing.requires.schemas,
+        ),
+        argnames="schema",
+    )
+    scope = testing.combinations(
+        ObjectScope.DEFAULT,
+        ObjectScope.TEMPORARY,
+        ObjectScope.ANY,
+        argnames="scope",
+    )
+    kind = testing.combinations(
+        ObjectKind.TABLE,
+        ObjectKind.VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.ANY,
+        ObjectKind.ANY_VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.TABLE | ObjectKind.VIEW,
+        ObjectKind.TABLE | ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW,
+        argnames="kind",
+    )
+    filter_names = testing.combinations(True, False, argnames="use_filter")
+
+    return schema(scope(kind(filter_names(fn))))
+
+
+class ComponentReflectionTest(ComparesTables, OneConnectionTablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, None)
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            cls.define_reflected_tables(metadata, testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_reflected_tables(cls, metadata, schema):
+        if schema:
+            schema_prefix = schema + "."
+        else:
+            schema_prefix = ""
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            parent_id_args = (
+                ForeignKey(
+                    "%susers.user_id" % schema_prefix, name="user_id_fk"
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            parent_id_args = ()
+        users = Table(
+            "users",
+            metadata,
+            Column("user_id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+            Column("test1", sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
+            Column("test2", sa.Float(), nullable=False),
+            Column("parent_user_id", sa.Integer, *parent_id_args),
+            sa.CheckConstraint(
+                "test2 > 0",
+                name="zz_test2_gt_zero",
+                comment="users check constraint",
+            ),
+            sa.CheckConstraint("test2 <= 1000"),
+            schema=schema,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "dingalings",
+            metadata,
+            Column("dingaling_id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column(
+                "address_id",
+                sa.Integer,
+                ForeignKey(
+                    "%semail_addresses.address_id" % schema_prefix,
+                    name="zz_email_add_id_fg",
+                    comment="di fk comment",
+                ),
+            ),
+            Column(
+                "id_user",
+                sa.Integer,
+                ForeignKey("%susers.user_id" % schema_prefix),
+            ),
+            Column("data", sa.String(30), unique=True),
+            sa.CheckConstraint(
+                "address_id > 0 AND address_id < 1000",
+                name="address_id_gt_zero",
+            ),
+            sa.UniqueConstraint(
+                "address_id",
+                "dingaling_id",
+                name="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                comment="di unique comment",
+            ),
+            schema=schema,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "email_addresses",
+            metadata,
+            Column("address_id", sa.Integer),
+            Column("remote_user_id", sa.Integer, ForeignKey(users.c.user_id)),
+            Column("email_address", sa.String(20), index=True),
+            sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint(
+                "address_id", name="email_ad_pk", comment="ea pk comment"
+            ),
+            schema=schema,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "comment_test",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True, comment="id comment"),
+            Column("data", sa.String(20), comment="data % comment"),
+            Column(
+                "d2",
+                sa.String(20),
+                comment=r"""Comment types type speedily ' " \ '' Fun!""",
+            ),
+            Column("d3", sa.String(42), comment="Comment\nwith\rescapes"),
+            schema=schema,
+            comment=r"""the test % ' " \ table comment""",
+        )
+        Table(
+            "no_constraints",
+            metadata,
+            Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+            schema=schema,
+            comment="no\nconstraints\rhas\fescaped\vcomment",
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection.enabled:
+            if schema is None:
+                Table(
+                    "local_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+                    Column(
+                        "remote_id",
+                        ForeignKey(
+                            "%s.remote_table_2.id" % testing.config.test_schema
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                    schema=config.db.dialect.default_schema_name,
+                )
+            else:
+                Table(
+                    "remote_table",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column(
+                        "local_id",
+                        ForeignKey(
+                            "%s.local_table.id"
+                            % config.db.dialect.default_schema_name
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+                    schema=schema,
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+                Table(
+                    "remote_table_2",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+                    schema=schema,
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+
+        if testing.requires.index_reflection.enabled:
+            Index("users_t_idx", users.c.test1, users.c.test2, unique=True)
+            Index(
+                "users_all_idx", users.c.user_id, users.c.test2, users.c.test1
+            )
+
+            if not schema:
+                # test_needs_fk is at the moment to force MySQL InnoDB
+                noncol_idx_test_nopk = Table(
+                    "noncol_idx_test_nopk",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("q", sa.String(5)),
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+
+                noncol_idx_test_pk = Table(
+                    "noncol_idx_test_pk",
+                    metadata,
+                    Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
+                    Column("q", sa.String(5)),
+                    test_needs_fk=True,
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    testing.requires.indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+                    and testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+                ):
+                    Index("noncol_idx_nopk", noncol_idx_test_nopk.c.q.desc())
+                    Index("noncol_idx_pk", noncol_idx_test_pk.c.q.desc())
+
+        if testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_views(metadata, schema)
+        if not schema and testing.requires.temp_table_reflection.enabled:
+            cls.define_temp_tables(metadata)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def temp_table_name(cls):
+        return get_temp_table_name(
+            config, config.db, f"user_tmp_{config.ident}"
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_temp_tables(cls, metadata):
+        kw = temp_table_keyword_args(config, config.db)
+        table_name = cls.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = Table(
+            table_name,
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", sa.VARCHAR(50)),
+            Column("foo", sa.INT),
+            # disambiguate temp table unique constraint names.  this is
+            # pretty arbitrary for a generic dialect however we are doing
+            # it to suit SQL Server which will produce name conflicts for
+            # unique constraints created against temp tables in different
+            # databases.
+            # https://www.arbinada.com/en/node/1645
+            sa.UniqueConstraint("name", name=f"user_tmp_uq_{config.ident}"),
+            sa.Index("user_tmp_ix", "foo"),
+            **kw,
+        )
+        if (
+            testing.requires.view_reflection.enabled
+            and testing.requires.temporary_views.enabled
+        ):
+            event.listen(
+                user_tmp,
+                "after_create",
+                DDL(
+                    "create temporary view user_tmp_v as "
+                    "select * from user_tmp_%s" % config.ident
+                ),
+            )
+            event.listen(user_tmp, "before_drop", DDL("drop view user_tmp_v"))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_views(cls, metadata, schema):
+        if testing.requires.materialized_views.enabled:
+            materialized = {"dingalings"}
+        else:
+            materialized = set()
+        for table_name in ("users", "email_addresses", "dingalings"):
+            fullname = table_name
+            if schema:
+                fullname = f"{schema}.{table_name}"
+            view_name = fullname + "_v"
+            prefix = "MATERIALIZED " if table_name in materialized else ""
+            query = (
+                f"CREATE {prefix}VIEW {view_name} AS SELECT * FROM {fullname}"
+            )
+
+            event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(query))
+            if table_name in materialized:
+                index_name = "mat_index"
+                if schema and testing.against("oracle"):
+                    index_name = f"{schema}.{index_name}"
+                idx = f"CREATE INDEX {index_name} ON {view_name}(data)"
+                event.listen(metadata, "after_create", DDL(idx))
+            event.listen(
+                metadata, "before_drop", DDL(f"DROP {prefix}VIEW {view_name}")
+            )
+
+    def _resolve_kind(self, kind, tables, views, materialized):
+        res = {}
+        if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+            res.update(tables)
+        if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+            res.update(views)
+        if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+            res.update(materialized)
+        return res
+
+    def _resolve_views(self, views, materialized):
+        if not testing.requires.view_column_reflection.enabled:
+            materialized.clear()
+            views.clear()
+        elif not testing.requires.materialized_views.enabled:
+            views.update(materialized)
+            materialized.clear()
+
+    def _resolve_names(self, schema, scope, filter_names, values):
+        scope_filter = lambda _: True  # noqa: E731
+        if scope is ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+            scope_filter = lambda k: "tmp" not in k[1]  # noqa: E731
+        if scope is ObjectScope.TEMPORARY:
+            scope_filter = lambda k: "tmp" in k[1]  # noqa: E731
+
+        removed = {
+            None: {"remote_table", "remote_table_2"},
+            testing.config.test_schema: {
+                "local_table",
+                "noncol_idx_test_nopk",
+                "noncol_idx_test_pk",
+                "user_tmp_v",
+                self.temp_table_name(),
+            },
+        }
+        if not testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection.enabled:
+            removed[None].add("local_table")
+            removed[testing.config.test_schema].update(
+                ["remote_table", "remote_table_2"]
+            )
+        if not testing.requires.index_reflection.enabled:
+            removed[None].update(
+                ["noncol_idx_test_nopk", "noncol_idx_test_pk"]
+            )
+        if (
+            not testing.requires.temp_table_reflection.enabled
+            or not testing.requires.temp_table_names.enabled
+        ):
+            removed[None].update(["user_tmp_v", self.temp_table_name()])
+        if not testing.requires.temporary_views.enabled:
+            removed[None].update(["user_tmp_v"])
+
+        res = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in values.items()
+            if scope_filter(k)
+            and k[1] not in removed[schema]
+            and (not filter_names or k[1] in filter_names)
+        }
+        return res
+
+    def exp_options(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): mock.ANY}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "users_v"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): mock.ANY,
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "dingalings"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "comment_test"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "local_table"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "remote_table"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): mock.ANY,
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): mock.ANY,
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exp_comments(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        empty = {"text": None}
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): empty}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "users_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): empty,
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): empty,
+            (schema, "dingalings"): empty,
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): empty,
+            (schema, "comment_test"): {
+                "text": r"""the test % ' " \ table comment"""
+            },
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): {
+                "text": "no\nconstraints\rhas\fescaped\vcomment"
+            },
+            (schema, "local_table"): empty,
+            (schema, "remote_table"): empty,
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): empty,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): empty,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): empty,
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): empty,
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    def exp_columns(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        def col(
+            name, auto=False, default=mock.ANY, comment=None, nullable=True
+        ):
+            res = {
+                "name": name,
+                "autoincrement": auto,
+                "type": mock.ANY,
+                "default": default,
+                "comment": comment,
+                "nullable": nullable,
+            }
+            if auto == "omit":
+                res.pop("autoincrement")
+            return res
+
+        def pk(name, **kw):
+            kw = {"auto": True, "default": mock.ANY, "nullable": False, **kw}
+            return col(name, **kw)
+
+        materialized = {
+            (schema, "dingalings_v"): [
+                col("dingaling_id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("address_id"),
+                col("id_user"),
+                col("data"),
+            ]
+        }
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [
+                col("address_id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("remote_user_id"),
+                col("email_address"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [
+                col("user_id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("test1", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("test2", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("parent_user_id"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [
+                col("id", auto="omit", nullable=mock.ANY),
+                col("name"),
+                col("foo"),
+            ],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                pk("user_id"),
+                col("test1", nullable=False),
+                col("test2", nullable=False),
+                col("parent_user_id"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                pk("dingaling_id"),
+                col("address_id"),
+                col("id_user"),
+                col("data"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [
+                pk("address_id"),
+                col("remote_user_id"),
+                col("email_address"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [
+                pk("id", comment="id comment"),
+                col("data", comment="data % comment"),
+                col(
+                    "d2",
+                    comment=r"""Comment types type speedily ' " \ '' Fun!""",
+                ),
+                col("d3", comment="Comment\nwith\rescapes"),
+            ],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [col("data")],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [pk("id"), col("data"), col("remote_id")],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [pk("id"), col("local_id"), col("data")],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [pk("id"), col("data")],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [col("q")],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [pk("id"), col("q")],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [
+                pk("id"),
+                col("name"),
+                col("foo"),
+            ],
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_column_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "type", "nullable", "default"}
+
+    def exp_pks(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        def pk(*cols, name=mock.ANY, comment=None):
+            return {
+                "constrained_columns": list(cols),
+                "name": name,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+
+        empty = pk(name=None)
+        if testing.requires.materialized_views_reflect_pk.enabled:
+            materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): pk("dingaling_id")}
+        else:
+            materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): empty}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "users_v"): empty,
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): empty,
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): pk("user_id"),
+            (schema, "dingalings"): pk("dingaling_id"),
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): pk(
+                "address_id", name="email_ad_pk", comment="ea pk comment"
+            ),
+            (schema, "comment_test"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): empty,
+            (schema, "local_table"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "remote_table"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): empty,
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): pk("id"),
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): pk("id"),
+        }
+        if not testing.requires.reflects_pk_names.enabled:
+            for val in tables.values():
+                if val["name"] is not None:
+                    val["name"] = mock.ANY
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_pk_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "constrained_columns"}
+
+    def exp_fks(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        class tt:
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return (
+                    other is None
+                    or config.db.dialect.default_schema_name == other
+                )
+
+        def fk(
+            cols,
+            ref_col,
+            ref_table,
+            ref_schema=schema,
+            name=mock.ANY,
+            comment=None,
+        ):
+            return {
+                "constrained_columns": cols,
+                "referred_columns": ref_col,
+                "name": name,
+                "options": mock.ANY,
+                "referred_schema": (
+                    ref_schema if ref_schema is not None else tt()
+                ),
+                "referred_table": ref_table,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                fk(["parent_user_id"], ["user_id"], "users", name="user_id_fk")
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                fk(["id_user"], ["user_id"], "users"),
+                fk(
+                    ["address_id"],
+                    ["address_id"],
+                    "email_addresses",
+                    name="zz_email_add_id_fg",
+                    comment="di fk comment",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [
+                fk(["remote_user_id"], ["user_id"], "users")
+            ],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [
+                fk(
+                    ["remote_id"],
+                    ["id"],
+                    "remote_table_2",
+                    ref_schema=config.test_schema,
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [
+                fk(["local_id"], ["id"], "local_table", ref_schema=None)
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [],
+        }
+        if not testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            tables[(schema, "users")].clear()
+        if not testing.requires.named_constraints.enabled:
+            for vals in tables.values():
+                for val in vals:
+                    if val["name"] is not mock.ANY:
+                        val["name"] = mock.ANY
+
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_fk_keys(self):
+        return {
+            "name",
+            "constrained_columns",
+            "referred_schema",
+            "referred_table",
+            "referred_columns",
+        }
+
+    def exp_indexes(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        def idx(
+            *cols,
+            name,
+            unique=False,
+            column_sorting=None,
+            duplicates=False,
+            fk=False,
+        ):
+            fk_req = testing.requires.foreign_keys_reflect_as_index
+            dup_req = testing.requires.unique_constraints_reflect_as_index
+            sorting_expression = (
+                testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc_as_expression
+            )
+
+            if (fk and not fk_req.enabled) or (
+                duplicates and not dup_req.enabled
+            ):
+                return ()
+            res = {
+                "unique": unique,
+                "column_names": list(cols),
+                "name": name,
+                "dialect_options": mock.ANY,
+                "include_columns": [],
+            }
+            if column_sorting:
+                res["column_sorting"] = column_sorting
+                if sorting_expression.enabled:
+                    res["expressions"] = orig = res["column_names"]
+                    res["column_names"] = [
+                        None if c in column_sorting else c for c in orig
+                    ]
+
+            if duplicates:
+                res["duplicates_constraint"] = name
+            return [res]
+
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        if materialized:
+            materialized[(schema, "dingalings_v")].extend(
+                idx("data", name="mat_index")
+            )
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                *idx("parent_user_id", name="user_id_fk", fk=True),
+                *idx("user_id", "test2", "test1", name="users_all_idx"),
+                *idx("test1", "test2", name="users_t_idx", unique=True),
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                *idx("data", name=mock.ANY, unique=True, duplicates=True),
+                *idx("id_user", name=mock.ANY, fk=True),
+                *idx(
+                    "address_id",
+                    "dingaling_id",
+                    name="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                    unique=True,
+                    duplicates=True,
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [
+                *idx("email_address", name=mock.ANY),
+                *idx("remote_user_id", name=mock.ANY, fk=True),
+            ],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [
+                *idx("remote_id", name=mock.ANY, fk=True)
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [
+                *idx("local_id", name=mock.ANY, fk=True)
+            ],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [
+                *idx(
+                    "q",
+                    name="noncol_idx_nopk",
+                    column_sorting={"q": ("desc",)},
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [
+                *idx(
+                    "q", name="noncol_idx_pk", column_sorting={"q": ("desc",)}
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [
+                *idx("foo", name="user_tmp_ix"),
+                *idx(
+                    "name",
+                    name=f"user_tmp_uq_{config.ident}",
+                    duplicates=True,
+                    unique=True,
+                ),
+            ],
+        }
+        if (
+            not testing.requires.indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+            or not testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc.enabled
+        ):
+            tables[(schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk")].clear()
+            tables[(schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk")].clear()
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_index_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "column_names", "unique"}
+
+    def exp_ucs(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+        all_=False,
+    ):
+        def uc(
+            *cols, name, duplicates_index=None, is_index=False, comment=None
+        ):
+            req = testing.requires.unique_index_reflect_as_unique_constraints
+            if is_index and not req.enabled:
+                return ()
+            res = {
+                "column_names": list(cols),
+                "name": name,
+                "comment": comment,
+            }
+            if duplicates_index:
+                res["duplicates_index"] = duplicates_index
+            return [res]
+
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                *uc(
+                    "test1",
+                    "test2",
+                    name="users_t_idx",
+                    duplicates_index="users_t_idx",
+                    is_index=True,
+                )
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                *uc("data", name=mock.ANY, duplicates_index=mock.ANY),
+                *uc(
+                    "address_id",
+                    "dingaling_id",
+                    name="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                    duplicates_index="zz_dingalings_multiple",
+                    comment="di unique comment",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [
+                *uc("name", name=f"user_tmp_uq_{config.ident}")
+            ],
+        }
+        if all_:
+            return {**materialized, **views, **tables}
+        else:
+            res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+            res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+            return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_unique_cst_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "column_names"}
+
+    def exp_ccs(
+        self,
+        schema=None,
+        scope=ObjectScope.ANY,
+        kind=ObjectKind.ANY,
+        filter_names=None,
+    ):
+        class tt(str):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                res = (
+                    other.lower()
+                    .replace("(", "")
+                    .replace(")", "")
+                    .replace("`", "")
+                )
+                return self in res
+
+        def cc(text, name, comment=None):
+            return {"sqltext": tt(text), "name": name, "comment": comment}
+
+        # print({1: "test2 > (0)::double precision"} == {1: tt("test2 > 0")})
+        # assert 0
+        materialized = {(schema, "dingalings_v"): []}
+        views = {
+            (schema, "email_addresses_v"): [],
+            (schema, "users_v"): [],
+            (schema, "user_tmp_v"): [],
+        }
+        self._resolve_views(views, materialized)
+        tables = {
+            (schema, "users"): [
+                cc("test2 <= 1000", mock.ANY),
+                cc(
+                    "test2 > 0",
+                    "zz_test2_gt_zero",
+                    comment="users check constraint",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "dingalings"): [
+                cc(
+                    "address_id > 0 and address_id < 1000",
+                    name="address_id_gt_zero",
+                ),
+            ],
+            (schema, "email_addresses"): [],
+            (schema, "comment_test"): [],
+            (schema, "no_constraints"): [],
+            (schema, "local_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table"): [],
+            (schema, "remote_table_2"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_nopk"): [],
+            (schema, "noncol_idx_test_pk"): [],
+            (schema, self.temp_table_name()): [],
+        }
+        res = self._resolve_kind(kind, tables, views, materialized)
+        res = self._resolve_names(schema, scope, filter_names, res)
+        return res
+
+    @property
+    def _required_cc_keys(self):
+        return {"name", "sqltext"}
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_schema_names(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(testing.config.test_schema in insp.get_schema_names())
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_has_schema(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(insp.has_schema(testing.config.test_schema))
+        is_false(insp.has_schema("sa_fake_schema_foo"))
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_schema_names_w_translate_map(self, connection):
+        """test #7300"""
+
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={
+                "foo": "bar",
+                BLANK_SCHEMA: testing.config.test_schema,
+            }
+        )
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(testing.config.test_schema in insp.get_schema_names())
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_has_schema_w_translate_map(self, connection):
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={
+                "foo": "bar",
+                BLANK_SCHEMA: testing.config.test_schema,
+            }
+        )
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_true(insp.has_schema(testing.config.test_schema))
+        is_false(insp.has_schema("sa_fake_schema_foo"))
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schema_create_delete
+    def test_schema_cache(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        is_false("foo_bar" in insp.get_schema_names())
+        is_false(insp.has_schema("foo_bar"))
+        connection.execute(DDL("CREATE SCHEMA foo_bar"))
+        try:
+            is_false("foo_bar" in insp.get_schema_names())
+            is_false(insp.has_schema("foo_bar"))
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            is_true("foo_bar" in insp.get_schema_names())
+            is_true(insp.has_schema("foo_bar"))
+        finally:
+            connection.execute(DDL("DROP SCHEMA foo_bar"))
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_dialect_initialize(self):
+        engine = engines.testing_engine()
+        inspect(engine)
+        assert hasattr(engine.dialect, "default_schema_name")
+
+    @testing.requires.schema_reflection
+    def test_get_default_schema_name(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.default_schema_name, connection.dialect.default_schema_name)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        None,
+        ("foreign_key", testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection),
+        argnames="order_by",
+    )
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), False, argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_table_names(self, connection, order_by, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        _ignore_tables = {
+            "comment_test",
+            "noncol_idx_test_pk",
+            "noncol_idx_test_nopk",
+            "local_table",
+            "remote_table",
+            "remote_table_2",
+            "no_constraints",
+        }
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        if order_by:
+            tables = [
+                rec[0]
+                for rec in insp.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(schema)
+                if rec[0]
+            ]
+        else:
+            tables = insp.get_table_names(schema)
+        table_names = [t for t in tables if t not in _ignore_tables]
+
+        if order_by == "foreign_key":
+            answer = ["users", "email_addresses", "dingalings"]
+            eq_(table_names, answer)
+        else:
+            answer = ["dingalings", "email_addresses", "users"]
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), False, argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_view_names(self, connection, use_schema):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        table_names = insp.get_view_names(schema)
+        if testing.requires.materialized_views.enabled:
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), ["email_addresses_v", "users_v"])
+            eq_(insp.get_materialized_view_names(schema), ["dingalings_v"])
+        else:
+            answer = ["dingalings_v", "email_addresses_v", "users_v"]
+            eq_(sorted(table_names), answer)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_names
+    def test_get_temp_table_names(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        temp_table_names = insp.get_temp_table_names()
+        eq_(sorted(temp_table_names), [f"user_tmp_{config.ident}"])
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_get_temp_view_names(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        temp_table_names = insp.get_temp_view_names()
+        eq_(sorted(temp_table_names), ["user_tmp_v"])
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    def test_get_comments(self, connection):
+        self._test_get_comments(connection)
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_comments_with_schema(self, connection):
+        self._test_get_comments(connection, testing.config.test_schema)
+
+    def _test_get_comments(self, connection, schema=None):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        exp = self.exp_comments(schema=schema)
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment("comment_test", schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, "comment_test")],
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment("users", schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, "users")],
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment("comment_test", schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, "comment_test")],
+        )
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        eq_(
+            insp.get_table_comment(no_cst, schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, no_cst)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False, False),
+        (False, True, testing.requires.schemas),
+        (True, False, testing.requires.view_reflection),
+        (
+            True,
+            True,
+            testing.requires.schemas + testing.requires.view_reflection,
+        ),
+        argnames="use_views,use_schema",
+    )
+    def test_get_columns(self, connection, use_views, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        users, addresses = (self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses)
+        if use_views:
+            table_names = ["users_v", "email_addresses_v", "dingalings_v"]
+        else:
+            table_names = ["users", "email_addresses"]
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        for table_name, table in zip(table_names, (users, addresses)):
+            schema_name = schema
+            cols = insp.get_columns(table_name, schema=schema_name)
+            is_true(len(cols) > 0, len(cols))
+
+            # should be in order
+
+            for i, col in enumerate(table.columns):
+                eq_(col.name, cols[i]["name"])
+                ctype = cols[i]["type"].__class__
+                ctype_def = col.type
+                if isinstance(ctype_def, sa.types.TypeEngine):
+                    ctype_def = ctype_def.__class__
+
+                # Oracle returns Date for DateTime.
+
+                if testing.against("oracle") and ctype_def in (
+                    sql_types.Date,
+                    sql_types.DateTime,
+                ):
+                    ctype_def = sql_types.Date
+
+                # assert that the desired type and return type share
+                # a base within one of the generic types.
+
+                is_true(
+                    len(
+                        set(ctype.__mro__)
+                        .intersection(ctype_def.__mro__)
+                        .intersection(
+                            [
+                                sql_types.Integer,
+                                sql_types.Numeric,
+                                sql_types.DateTime,
+                                sql_types.Date,
+                                sql_types.Time,
+                                sql_types.String,
+                                sql_types._Binary,
+                            ]
+                        )
+                    )
+                    > 0,
+                    "%s(%s), %s(%s)"
+                    % (col.name, col.type, cols[i]["name"], ctype),
+                )
+
+                if not col.primary_key:
+                    assert cols[i]["default"] is None
+
+        # The case of a table with no column
+        # is tested below in TableNoColumnsTest
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    def test_reflect_table_temp_table(self, connection):
+        table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = self.tables[table_name]
+
+        reflected_user_tmp = Table(
+            table_name, MetaData(), autoload_with=connection
+        )
+        self.assert_tables_equal(
+            user_tmp, reflected_user_tmp, strict_constraints=False
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    def test_get_temp_table_columns(self, connection):
+        table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        user_tmp = self.tables[table_name]
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        cols = insp.get_columns(table_name)
+        is_true(len(cols) > 0, len(cols))
+
+        for i, col in enumerate(user_tmp.columns):
+            eq_(col.name, cols[i]["name"])
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.view_column_reflection
+    @testing.requires.temporary_views
+    def test_get_temp_view_columns(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        cols = insp.get_columns("user_tmp_v")
+        eq_([col["name"] for col in cols], ["id", "name", "foo"])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_pk_constraint(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = testing.config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        users, addresses = self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        exp = self.exp_pks(schema=schema)
+
+        users_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(users.name, schema=schema)
+        self._check_list(
+            [users_cons], [exp[(schema, users.name)]], self._required_pk_keys
+        )
+
+        addr_cons = insp.get_pk_constraint(addresses.name, schema=schema)
+        exp_cols = exp[(schema, addresses.name)]["constrained_columns"]
+        eq_(addr_cons["constrained_columns"], exp_cols)
+
+        with testing.requires.reflects_pk_names.fail_if():
+            eq_(addr_cons["name"], "email_ad_pk")
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        self._check_list(
+            [insp.get_pk_constraint(no_cst, schema=schema)],
+            [exp[(schema, no_cst)]],
+            self._required_pk_keys,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_foreign_keys(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        users, addresses = (self.tables.users, self.tables.email_addresses)
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        expected_schema = schema
+        # users
+
+        if testing.requires.self_referential_foreign_keys.enabled:
+            users_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(users.name, schema=schema)
+            fkey1 = users_fkeys[0]
+
+            with testing.requires.named_constraints.fail_if():
+                eq_(fkey1["name"], "user_id_fk")
+
+            eq_(fkey1["referred_schema"], expected_schema)
+            eq_(fkey1["referred_table"], users.name)
+            eq_(fkey1["referred_columns"], ["user_id"])
+            eq_(fkey1["constrained_columns"], ["parent_user_id"])
+
+        # addresses
+        addr_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(addresses.name, schema=schema)
+        fkey1 = addr_fkeys[0]
+
+        with testing.requires.implicitly_named_constraints.fail_if():
+            is_true(fkey1["name"] is not None)
+
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_schema"], expected_schema)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_table"], users.name)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_columns"], ["user_id"])
+        eq_(fkey1["constrained_columns"], ["remote_user_id"])
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        eq_(insp.get_foreign_keys(no_cst, schema=schema), [])
+
+    @testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_inter_schema_foreign_keys(self, connection):
+        local_table, remote_table, remote_table_2 = self.tables(
+            "%s.local_table" % connection.dialect.default_schema_name,
+            "%s.remote_table" % testing.config.test_schema,
+            "%s.remote_table_2" % testing.config.test_schema,
+        )
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        local_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(local_table.name)
+        eq_(len(local_fkeys), 1)
+
+        fkey1 = local_fkeys[0]
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_schema"], testing.config.test_schema)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_table"], remote_table_2.name)
+        eq_(fkey1["referred_columns"], ["id"])
+        eq_(fkey1["constrained_columns"], ["remote_id"])
+
+        remote_fkeys = insp.get_foreign_keys(
+            remote_table.name, schema=testing.config.test_schema
+        )
+        eq_(len(remote_fkeys), 1)
+
+        fkey2 = remote_fkeys[0]
+
+        is_true(
+            fkey2["referred_schema"]
+            in (
+                None,
+                connection.dialect.default_schema_name,
+            )
+        )
+        eq_(fkey2["referred_table"], local_table.name)
+        eq_(fkey2["referred_columns"], ["id"])
+        eq_(fkey2["constrained_columns"], ["local_id"])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    def test_get_indexes(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+
+        # The database may decide to create indexes for foreign keys, etc.
+        # so there may be more indexes than expected.
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes("users", schema=schema)
+        exp = self.exp_indexes(schema=schema)
+        self._check_list(
+            indexes, exp[(schema, "users")], self._required_index_keys
+        )
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        self._check_list(
+            insp.get_indexes(no_cst, schema=schema),
+            exp[(schema, no_cst)],
+            self._required_index_keys,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("noncol_idx_test_nopk", "noncol_idx_nopk"),
+        ("noncol_idx_test_pk", "noncol_idx_pk"),
+        argnames="tname,ixname",
+    )
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    @testing.requires.indexes_with_ascdesc
+    @testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_ascdesc
+    def test_get_noncol_index(self, connection, tname, ixname):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes(tname)
+        # reflecting an index that has "x DESC" in it as the column.
+        # the DB may or may not give us "x", but make sure we get the index
+        # back, it has a name, it's connected to the table.
+        expected_indexes = self.exp_indexes()[(None, tname)]
+        self._check_list(indexes, expected_indexes, self._required_index_keys)
+
+        t = Table(tname, MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(len(t.indexes), 1)
+        is_(list(t.indexes)[0].table, t)
+        eq_(list(t.indexes)[0].name, ixname)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflection
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_temp_table_unique_constraints(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        name = self.temp_table_name()
+        reflected = insp.get_unique_constraints(name)
+        exp = self.exp_ucs(all_=True)[(None, name)]
+        self._check_list(reflected, exp, self._required_index_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.temp_table_reflect_indexes
+    def test_get_temp_table_indexes(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        table_name = self.temp_table_name()
+        indexes = insp.get_indexes(table_name)
+        for ind in indexes:
+            ind.pop("dialect_options", None)
+        expected = [
+            {"unique": False, "column_names": ["foo"], "name": "user_tmp_ix"}
+        ]
+        if testing.requires.index_reflects_included_columns.enabled:
+            expected[0]["include_columns"] = []
+        eq_(
+            [idx for idx in indexes if idx["name"] == "user_tmp_ix"],
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), (False,), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    def test_get_unique_constraints(self, metadata, connection, use_schema):
+        # SQLite dialect needs to parse the names of the constraints
+        # separately from what it gets from PRAGMA index_list(), and
+        # then matches them up.  so same set of column_names in two
+        # constraints will confuse it.    Perhaps we should no longer
+        # bother with index_list() here since we have the whole
+        # CREATE TABLE?
+
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        uniques = sorted(
+            [
+                {"name": "unique_a", "column_names": ["a"]},
+                {"name": "unique_a_b_c", "column_names": ["a", "b", "c"]},
+                {"name": "unique_c_a_b", "column_names": ["c", "a", "b"]},
+                {"name": "unique_asc_key", "column_names": ["asc", "key"]},
+                {"name": "i.have.dots", "column_names": ["b"]},
+                {"name": "i have spaces", "column_names": ["c"]},
+            ],
+            key=operator.itemgetter("name"),
+        )
+        table = Table(
+            "testtbl",
+            metadata,
+            Column("a", sa.String(20)),
+            Column("b", sa.String(30)),
+            Column("c", sa.Integer),
+            # reserved identifiers
+            Column("asc", sa.String(30)),
+            Column("key", sa.String(30)),
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+        for uc in uniques:
+            table.append_constraint(
+                sa.UniqueConstraint(*uc["column_names"], name=uc["name"])
+            )
+        table.create(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        reflected = sorted(
+            insp.get_unique_constraints("testtbl", schema=schema),
+            key=operator.itemgetter("name"),
+        )
+
+        names_that_duplicate_index = set()
+
+        eq_(len(uniques), len(reflected))
+
+        for orig, refl in zip(uniques, reflected):
+            # Different dialects handle duplicate index and constraints
+            # differently, so ignore this flag
+            dupe = refl.pop("duplicates_index", None)
+            if dupe:
+                names_that_duplicate_index.add(dupe)
+            eq_(refl.pop("comment", None), None)
+            eq_(orig, refl)
+
+        reflected_metadata = MetaData()
+        reflected = Table(
+            "testtbl",
+            reflected_metadata,
+            autoload_with=connection,
+            schema=schema,
+        )
+
+        # test "deduplicates for index" logic.   MySQL and Oracle
+        # "unique constraints" are actually unique indexes (with possible
+        # exception of a unique that is a dupe of another one in the case
+        # of Oracle).  make sure # they aren't duplicated.
+        idx_names = {idx.name for idx in reflected.indexes}
+        uq_names = {
+            uq.name
+            for uq in reflected.constraints
+            if isinstance(uq, sa.UniqueConstraint)
+        }.difference(["unique_c_a_b"])
+
+        assert not idx_names.intersection(uq_names)
+        if names_that_duplicate_index:
+            eq_(names_that_duplicate_index, idx_names)
+            eq_(uq_names, set())
+
+        no_cst = self.tables.no_constraints.name
+        eq_(insp.get_unique_constraints(no_cst, schema=schema), [])
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (False,), (True, testing.requires.schemas), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_view_definition(self, connection, use_schema):
+        if use_schema:
+            schema = config.test_schema
+        else:
+            schema = None
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        for view in ["users_v", "email_addresses_v", "dingalings_v"]:
+            v = insp.get_view_definition(view, schema=schema)
+            is_true(bool(v))
+
+    @testing.requires.view_reflection
+    def test_get_view_definition_does_not_exist(self, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        with expect_raises(NoSuchTableError):
+            insp.get_view_definition("view_does_not_exist")
+        with expect_raises(NoSuchTableError):
+            insp.get_view_definition("users")  # a table
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_autoincrement_col(self, connection):
+        """test that 'autoincrement' is reflected according to sqla's policy.
+
+        Don't mark this test as unsupported for any backend !
+
+        (technically it fails with MySQL InnoDB since "id" comes before "id2")
+
+        A backend is better off not returning "autoincrement" at all,
+        instead of potentially returning "False" for an auto-incrementing
+        primary key column.
+
+        """
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        for tname, cname in [
+            ("users", "user_id"),
+            ("email_addresses", "address_id"),
+            ("dingalings", "dingaling_id"),
+        ]:
+            cols = insp.get_columns(tname)
+            id_ = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}[cname]
+            assert id_.get("autoincrement", True)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.schemas), (False,), argnames="use_schema"
+    )
+    def test_get_table_options(self, use_schema):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        schema = config.test_schema if use_schema else None
+
+        if testing.requires.reflect_table_options.enabled:
+            res = insp.get_table_options("users", schema=schema)
+            is_true(isinstance(res, dict))
+            # NOTE: can't really create a table with no option
+            res = insp.get_table_options("no_constraints", schema=schema)
+            is_true(isinstance(res, dict))
+        else:
+            with expect_raises(NotImplementedError):
+                res = insp.get_table_options("users", schema=schema)
+
+    @testing.combinations((True, testing.requires.schemas), False)
+    def test_multi_get_table_options(self, use_schema):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+        if testing.requires.reflect_table_options.enabled:
+            schema = config.test_schema if use_schema else None
+            res = insp.get_multi_table_options(schema=schema)
+
+            exp = {
+                (schema, table): insp.get_table_options(table, schema=schema)
+                for table in insp.get_table_names(schema=schema)
+            }
+            eq_(res, exp)
+        else:
+            with expect_raises(NotImplementedError):
+                res = insp.get_multi_table_options()
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def get_multi_exp(self, connection):
+        def provide_fixture(
+            schema, scope, kind, use_filter, single_reflect_fn, exp_method
+        ):
+            insp = inspect(connection)
+            # call the reflection function at least once to avoid
+            # "Unexpected success" errors if the result is actually empty
+            # and NotImplementedError is not raised
+            single_reflect_fn(insp, "email_addresses")
+            kw = {"scope": scope, "kind": kind}
+            if schema:
+                schema = schema()
+
+            filter_names = []
+
+            if ObjectKind.TABLE in kind:
+                filter_names.extend(
+                    ["comment_test", "users", "does-not-exist"]
+                )
+            if ObjectKind.VIEW in kind:
+                filter_names.extend(["email_addresses_v", "does-not-exist"])
+            if ObjectKind.MATERIALIZED_VIEW in kind:
+                filter_names.extend(["dingalings_v", "does-not-exist"])
+
+            if schema:
+                kw["schema"] = schema
+            if use_filter:
+                kw["filter_names"] = filter_names
+
+            exp = exp_method(
+                schema=schema,
+                scope=scope,
+                kind=kind,
+                filter_names=kw.get("filter_names"),
+            )
+            kws = [kw]
+            if scope == ObjectScope.DEFAULT:
+                nkw = kw.copy()
+                nkw.pop("scope")
+                kws.append(nkw)
+            if kind == ObjectKind.TABLE:
+                nkw = kw.copy()
+                nkw.pop("kind")
+                kws.append(nkw)
+
+            return inspect(connection), kws, exp
+
+        return provide_fixture
+
+    @testing.requires.reflect_table_options
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_multi_get_table_options_tables(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_table_options,
+            self.exp_options,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_table_options(**kw)
+            eq_(result, exp)
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_table_comment(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_table_comment,
+            self.exp_comments,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            eq_(insp.get_multi_table_comment(**kw), exp)
+
+    def _check_expressions(self, result, exp, err_msg):
+        def _clean(text: str):
+            return re.sub(r"['\" ]", "", text).lower()
+
+        if isinstance(exp, dict):
+            eq_({_clean(e): v for e, v in result.items()}, exp, err_msg)
+        else:
+            eq_([_clean(e) for e in result], exp, err_msg)
+
+    def _check_list(self, result, exp, req_keys=None, msg=None):
+        if req_keys is None:
+            eq_(result, exp, msg)
+        else:
+            eq_(len(result), len(exp), msg)
+            for r, e in zip(result, exp):
+                for k in set(r) | set(e):
+                    if k in req_keys or (k in r and k in e):
+                        err_msg = f"{msg} - {k} - {r}"
+                        if k in ("expressions", "column_sorting"):
+                            self._check_expressions(r[k], e[k], err_msg)
+                        else:
+                            eq_(r[k], e[k], err_msg)
+
+    def _check_table_dict(self, result, exp, req_keys=None, make_lists=False):
+        eq_(set(result.keys()), set(exp.keys()))
+        for k in result:
+            r, e = result[k], exp[k]
+            if make_lists:
+                r, e = [r], [e]
+            self._check_list(r, e, req_keys, k)
+
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_columns(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_columns,
+            self.exp_columns,
+        )
+
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_columns(**kw)
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_column_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_pk_constraint(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_pk_constraint,
+            self.exp_pks,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_pk_constraint(**kw)
+            self._check_table_dict(
+                result, exp, self._required_pk_keys, make_lists=True
+            )
+
+    def _adjust_sort(self, result, expected, key):
+        if not testing.requires.implicitly_named_constraints.enabled:
+            for obj in [result, expected]:
+                for val in obj.values():
+                    if len(val) > 1 and any(
+                        v.get("name") in (None, mock.ANY) for v in val
+                    ):
+                        val.sort(key=key)
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_foreign_keys(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_foreign_keys,
+            self.exp_fks,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_foreign_keys(**kw)
+            self._adjust_sort(
+                result, exp, lambda d: tuple(d["constrained_columns"])
+            )
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_fk_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_indexes(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_indexes,
+            self.exp_indexes,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_indexes(**kw)
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_index_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_unique_constraints(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_unique_constraints,
+            self.exp_ucs,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_unique_constraints(**kw)
+            self._adjust_sort(result, exp, lambda d: tuple(d["column_names"]))
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_unique_cst_keys)
+
+    @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
+    @_multi_combination
+    def test_get_multi_check_constraints(
+        self, get_multi_exp, schema, scope, kind, use_filter
+    ):
+        insp, kws, exp = get_multi_exp(
+            schema,
+            scope,
+            kind,
+            use_filter,
+            Inspector.get_check_constraints,
+            self.exp_ccs,
+        )
+        for kw in kws:
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            result = insp.get_multi_check_constraints(**kw)
+            self._adjust_sort(result, exp, lambda d: tuple(d["sqltext"]))
+            self._check_table_dict(result, exp, self._required_cc_keys)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("get_table_options", testing.requires.reflect_table_options),
+        "get_columns",
+        (
+            "get_pk_constraint",
+            testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        (
+            "get_foreign_keys",
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        ("get_indexes", testing.requires.index_reflection),
+        (
+            "get_unique_constraints",
+            testing.requires.unique_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        (
+            "get_check_constraints",
+            testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection,
+        ),
+        ("get_table_comment", testing.requires.comment_reflection),
+        argnames="method",
+    )
+    def test_not_existing_table(self, method, connection):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        meth = getattr(insp, method)
+        with expect_raises(NoSuchTableError):
+            meth("table_does_not_exists")
+
+    def test_unreflectable(self, connection):
+        mc = Inspector.get_multi_columns
+
+        def patched(*a, **k):
+            ur = k.setdefault("unreflectable", {})
+            ur[(None, "some_table")] = UnreflectableTableError("err")
+            return mc(*a, **k)
+
+        with mock.patch.object(Inspector, "get_multi_columns", patched):
+            with expect_raises_message(UnreflectableTableError, "err"):
+                inspect(connection).reflect_table(
+                    Table("some_table", MetaData()), None
+                )
+
+    @testing.combinations(True, False, argnames="use_schema")
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True, testing.requires.views), False, argnames="views"
+    )
+    def test_metadata(self, connection, use_schema, views):
+        m = MetaData()
+        schema = config.test_schema if use_schema else None
+        m.reflect(connection, schema=schema, views=views, resolve_fks=False)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        tables = insp.get_table_names(schema)
+        if views:
+            tables += insp.get_view_names(schema)
+            try:
+                tables += insp.get_materialized_view_names(schema)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+        if schema:
+            tables = [f"{schema}.{t}" for t in tables]
+        eq_(sorted(m.tables), sorted(tables))
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection
+    def test_comments_unicode(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "unicode_comments",
+            metadata,
+            Column("unicode", Integer, comment="é試蛇ẟΩ"),
+            Column("emoji", Integer, comment="☁️✨"),
+            comment="試蛇ẟΩ✨",
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        tc = insp.get_table_comment("unicode_comments")
+        eq_(tc, {"text": "試蛇ẟΩ✨"})
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("unicode_comments")
+        value = {c["name"]: c["comment"] for c in cols}
+        exp = {"unicode": "é試蛇ẟΩ", "emoji": "☁️✨"}
+        eq_(value, exp)
+
+    @testing.requires.comment_reflection_full_unicode
+    def test_comments_unicode_full(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "unicode_comments",
+            metadata,
+            Column("emoji", Integer, comment="🐍🧙🝝🧙‍♂️🧙‍♀️"),
+            comment="🎩🁰🝑🤷‍♀️🤷‍♂️",
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        tc = insp.get_table_comment("unicode_comments")
+        eq_(tc, {"text": "🎩🁰🝑🤷‍♀️🤷‍♂️"})
+        c = insp.get_columns("unicode_comments")[0]
+        eq_({c["name"]: c["comment"]}, {"emoji": "🐍🧙🝝🧙‍♂️🧙‍♀️"})
+
+
+class TableNoColumnsTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("reflect_tables_no_columns",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def table_no_columns(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table("empty", metadata)
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def view_no_columns(self, connection, metadata):
+        Table("empty", metadata)
+        event.listen(
+            metadata,
+            "after_create",
+            DDL("CREATE VIEW empty_v AS SELECT * FROM empty"),
+        )
+
+        # for transactional DDL the transaction is rolled back before this
+        # drop statement is invoked
+        event.listen(
+            metadata, "before_drop", DDL("DROP VIEW IF EXISTS empty_v")
+        )
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+    def test_reflect_table_no_columns(self, connection, table_no_columns):
+        t2 = Table("empty", MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(list(t2.c), [])
+
+    def test_get_columns_table_no_columns(self, connection, table_no_columns):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.get_columns("empty"), [])
+        multi = insp.get_multi_columns()
+        eq_(multi, {(None, "empty"): []})
+
+    def test_reflect_incl_table_no_columns(self, connection, table_no_columns):
+        m = MetaData()
+        m.reflect(connection)
+        assert set(m.tables).intersection(["empty"])
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    def test_reflect_view_no_columns(self, connection, view_no_columns):
+        t2 = Table("empty_v", MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(list(t2.c), [])
+
+    @testing.requires.views
+    def test_get_columns_view_no_columns(self, connection, view_no_columns):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.get_columns("empty_v"), [])
+        multi = insp.get_multi_columns(kind=ObjectKind.VIEW)
+        eq_(multi, {(None, "empty_v"): []})
+
+
+class ComponentReflectionTestExtra(ComparesIndexes, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fixture(params=[True, False])
+    def use_schema_fixture(self, request):
+        if request.param:
+            return config.test_schema
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @testing.fixture()
+    def inspect_for_table(self, metadata, connection, use_schema_fixture):
+        @contextlib.contextmanager
+        def go(tablename):
+            yield use_schema_fixture, inspect(connection)
+
+            metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        return go
+
+    def ck_eq(self, reflected, expected):
+        # trying to minimize effect of quoting, parenthesis, etc.
+        # may need to add more to this as new dialects get CHECK
+        # constraint reflection support
+        def normalize(sqltext):
+            return " ".join(
+                re.findall(r"and|\d|=|a|b|c|or|<|>", sqltext.lower(), re.I)
+            )
+
+        reflected = sorted(
+            [
+                {"name": item["name"], "sqltext": normalize(item["sqltext"])}
+                for item in reflected
+            ],
+            key=lambda item: (item["sqltext"]),
+        )
+
+        expected = sorted(
+            expected,
+            key=lambda item: (item["sqltext"]),
+        )
+        eq_(reflected, expected)
+
+    @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
+    def test_check_constraint_no_constraint(self, metadata, inspect_for_table):
+        with inspect_for_table("no_constraints") as (schema, inspector):
+            Table(
+                "no_constraints",
+                metadata,
+                Column("data", sa.String(20)),
+                schema=schema,
+            )
+
+        self.ck_eq(
+            inspector.get_check_constraints("no_constraints", schema=schema),
+            [],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.inline_check_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.combinations(
+        "my_inline", "MyInline", None, argnames="constraint_name"
+    )
+    def test_check_constraint_inline(
+        self, metadata, inspect_for_table, constraint_name
+    ):
+
+        with inspect_for_table("sa_cc") as (schema, inspector):
+            Table(
+                "sa_cc",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer(), primary_key=True),
+                Column(
+                    "a",
+                    Integer(),
+                    sa.CheckConstraint(
+                        "a > 1 AND a < 5", name=constraint_name
+                    ),
+                ),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                schema=schema,
+            )
+
+        reflected = inspector.get_check_constraints("sa_cc", schema=schema)
+
+        self.ck_eq(
+            reflected,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": constraint_name or mock.ANY,
+                    "sqltext": "a > 1 and a < 5",
+                },
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
+    @testing.combinations(
+        "my_ck_const", "MyCkConst", None, argnames="constraint_name"
+    )
+    def test_check_constraint_standalone(
+        self, metadata, inspect_for_table, constraint_name
+    ):
+        with inspect_for_table("sa_cc") as (schema, inspector):
+            Table(
+                "sa_cc",
+                metadata,
+                Column("a", Integer()),
+                sa.CheckConstraint(
+                    "a = 1 OR (a > 2 AND a < 5)", name=constraint_name
+                ),
+                schema=schema,
+            )
+
+        reflected = inspector.get_check_constraints("sa_cc", schema=schema)
+
+        self.ck_eq(
+            reflected,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": constraint_name or mock.ANY,
+                    "sqltext": "a = 1 or a > 2 and a < 5",
+                },
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.inline_check_constraint_reflection
+    def test_check_constraint_mixed(self, metadata, inspect_for_table):
+        with inspect_for_table("sa_cc") as (schema, inspector):
+            Table(
+                "sa_cc",
+                metadata,
+                Column("id", Integer(), primary_key=True),
+                Column("a", Integer(), sa.CheckConstraint("a > 1 AND a < 5")),
+                Column(
+                    "b",
+                    Integer(),
+                    sa.CheckConstraint("b > 1 AND b < 5", name="my_inline"),
+                ),
+                Column("c", Integer()),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                sa.UniqueConstraint("data", name="some_uq"),
+                sa.CheckConstraint("c > 1 AND c < 5", name="cc1"),
+                sa.UniqueConstraint("c", name="some_c_uq"),
+                schema=schema,
+            )
+
+        reflected = inspector.get_check_constraints("sa_cc", schema=schema)
+
+        self.ck_eq(
+            reflected,
+            [
+                {"name": "cc1", "sqltext": "c > 1 and c < 5"},
+                {"name": "my_inline", "sqltext": "b > 1 and b < 5"},
+                {"name": mock.ANY, "sqltext": "a > 1 and a < 5"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.indexes_with_expressions
+    def test_reflect_expression_based_indexes(self, metadata, connection):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("x", String(30)),
+            Column("y", String(30)),
+            Column("z", String(30)),
+        )
+
+        Index("t_idx", func.lower(t.c.x), t.c.z, func.lower(t.c.y))
+        long_str = "long string " * 100
+        Index("t_idx_long", func.coalesce(t.c.x, long_str))
+        Index("t_idx_2", t.c.x)
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        expected = [
+            {
+                "name": "t_idx_2",
+                "column_names": ["x"],
+                "unique": False,
+                "dialect_options": {},
+            }
+        ]
+
+        def completeIndex(entry):
+            if testing.requires.index_reflects_included_columns.enabled:
+                entry["include_columns"] = []
+                entry["dialect_options"] = {
+                    f"{connection.engine.name}_include": []
+                }
+            else:
+                entry.setdefault("dialect_options", {})
+
+        completeIndex(expected[0])
+
+        class lower_index_str(str):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                ol = other.lower()
+                # test that lower and x or y are in the string
+                return "lower" in ol and ("x" in ol or "y" in ol)
+
+        class coalesce_index_str(str):
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                # test that coalesce and the string is in other
+                return "coalesce" in other.lower() and long_str in other
+
+        if testing.requires.reflect_indexes_with_expressions.enabled:
+            expr_index = {
+                "name": "t_idx",
+                "column_names": [None, "z", None],
+                "expressions": [
+                    lower_index_str("lower(x)"),
+                    "z",
+                    lower_index_str("lower(y)"),
+                ],
+                "unique": False,
+            }
+            completeIndex(expr_index)
+            expected.insert(0, expr_index)
+
+            expr_index_long = {
+                "name": "t_idx_long",
+                "column_names": [None],
+                "expressions": [
+                    coalesce_index_str(f"coalesce(x, '{long_str}')")
+                ],
+                "unique": False,
+            }
+            completeIndex(expr_index_long)
+            expected.append(expr_index_long)
+
+            eq_(insp.get_indexes("t"), expected)
+            m2 = MetaData()
+            t2 = Table("t", m2, autoload_with=connection)
+        else:
+            with expect_warnings(
+                "Skipped unsupported reflection of expression-based "
+                "index t_idx"
+            ):
+                eq_(insp.get_indexes("t"), expected)
+                m2 = MetaData()
+                t2 = Table("t", m2, autoload_with=connection)
+
+        self.compare_table_index_with_expected(
+            t2, expected, connection.engine.name
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.index_reflects_included_columns
+    def test_reflect_covering_index(self, metadata, connection):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("x", String(30)),
+            Column("y", String(30)),
+        )
+        idx = Index("t_idx", t.c.x)
+        idx.dialect_options[connection.engine.name]["include"] = ["y"]
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        get_indexes = insp.get_indexes("t")
+        eq_(
+            get_indexes,
+            [
+                {
+                    "name": "t_idx",
+                    "column_names": ["x"],
+                    "include_columns": ["y"],
+                    "unique": False,
+                    "dialect_options": mock.ANY,
+                }
+            ],
+        )
+        eq_(
+            get_indexes[0]["dialect_options"][
+                "%s_include" % connection.engine.name
+            ],
+            ["y"],
+        )
+
+        t2 = Table("t", MetaData(), autoload_with=connection)
+        eq_(
+            list(t2.indexes)[0].dialect_options[connection.engine.name][
+                "include"
+            ],
+            ["y"],
+        )
+
+    def _type_round_trip(self, connection, metadata, *types):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            *[Column("t%d" % i, type_) for i, type_ in enumerate(types)],
+        )
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        return [c["type"] for c in inspect(connection).get_columns("t")]
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_numeric_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
+        for typ in self._type_round_trip(
+            connection, metadata, sql_types.Numeric(18, 5)
+        ):
+            assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.Numeric)
+            eq_(typ.precision, 18)
+            eq_(typ.scale, 5)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_varchar_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
+        typ = self._type_round_trip(
+            connection, metadata, sql_types.String(52)
+        )[0]
+        assert isinstance(typ, sql_types.String)
+        eq_(typ.length, 52)
+
+    @testing.requires.table_reflection
+    def test_nullable_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("a", Integer, nullable=True),
+            Column("b", Integer, nullable=False),
+        )
+        t.create(connection)
+        eq_(
+            {
+                col["name"]: col["nullable"]
+                for col in inspect(connection).get_columns("t")
+            },
+            {"a": True, "b": False},
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (
+            None,
+            "CASCADE",
+            None,
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete,
+        ),
+        (
+            None,
+            None,
+            "SET NULL",
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate,
+        ),
+        (
+            {},
+            None,
+            "NO ACTION",
+            testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate,
+        ),
+        (
+            {},
+            "NO ACTION",
+            None,
+            testing.requires.fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_noaction,
+        ),
+        (
+            None,
+            None,
+            "RESTRICT",
+            testing.requires.fk_constraint_option_reflection_onupdate_restrict,
+        ),
+        (
+            None,
+            "RESTRICT",
+            None,
+            testing.requires.fk_constraint_option_reflection_ondelete_restrict,
+        ),
+        argnames="expected,ondelete,onupdate",
+    )
+    def test_get_foreign_key_options(
+        self, connection, metadata, expected, ondelete, onupdate
+    ):
+        options = {}
+        if ondelete:
+            options["ondelete"] = ondelete
+        if onupdate:
+            options["onupdate"] = onupdate
+
+        if expected is None:
+            expected = options
+
+        Table(
+            "x",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x_id", Integer, ForeignKey("x.id", name="xid")),
+            Column("test", String(10)),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "user",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", String(50), nullable=False),
+            Column("tid", Integer),
+            sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                ["tid"], ["table.id"], name="myfk", **options
+            ),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        metadata.create_all(connection)
+
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+
+        # test 'options' is always present for a backend
+        # that can reflect these, since alembic looks for this
+        opts = insp.get_foreign_keys("table")[0]["options"]
+
+        eq_({k: opts[k] for k in opts if opts[k]}, {})
+
+        opts = insp.get_foreign_keys("user")[0]["options"]
+        eq_(opts, expected)
+        # eq_(dict((k, opts[k]) for k in opts if opts[k]), expected)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (Integer, sa.text("10"), r"'?10'?"),
+        (Integer, "10", r"'?10'?"),
+        (Boolean, sa.true(), r"1|true"),
+        (
+            Integer,
+            sa.text("3 + 5"),
+            r"3\+5",
+            testing.requires.expression_server_defaults,
+        ),
+        (
+            Integer,
+            sa.text("(3 * 5)"),
+            r"3\*5",
+            testing.requires.expression_server_defaults,
+        ),
+        (DateTime, func.now(), r"current_timestamp|now|getdate"),
+        (
+            Integer,
+            sa.literal_column("3") + sa.literal_column("5"),
+            r"3\+5",
+            testing.requires.expression_server_defaults,
+        ),
+        argnames="datatype, default, expected_reg",
+    )
+    @testing.requires.server_defaults
+    def test_server_defaults(
+        self, metadata, connection, datatype, default, expected_reg
+    ):
+        t = Table(
+            "t",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("thecol", datatype, server_default=default),
+        )
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        reflected = inspect(connection).get_columns("t")[1]["default"]
+        reflected_sanitized = re.sub(r"[\(\) \']", "", reflected)
+        eq_regex(reflected_sanitized, expected_reg, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+
+
+class NormalizedNameTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("denormalized_names",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            quoted_name("t1", quote=True),
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        )
+        Table(
+            quoted_name("t2", quote=True),
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("t1id", ForeignKey("t1.id")),
+        )
+
+    def test_reflect_lowercase_forced_tables(self):
+        m2 = MetaData()
+        t2_ref = Table(
+            quoted_name("t2", quote=True), m2, autoload_with=config.db
+        )
+        t1_ref = m2.tables["t1"]
+        assert t2_ref.c.t1id.references(t1_ref.c.id)
+
+        m3 = MetaData()
+        m3.reflect(
+            config.db, only=lambda name, m: name.lower() in ("t1", "t2")
+        )
+        assert m3.tables["t2"].c.t1id.references(m3.tables["t1"].c.id)
+
+    def test_get_table_names(self):
+        tablenames = [
+            t
+            for t in inspect(config.db).get_table_names()
+            if t.lower() in ("t1", "t2")
+        ]
+
+        eq_(tablenames[0].upper(), tablenames[0].lower())
+        eq_(tablenames[1].upper(), tablenames[1].lower())
+
+
+class ComputedReflectionTest(fixtures.ComputedReflectionFixtureTest):
+    def test_computed_col_default_not_set(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("computed_default_table")
+        col_data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+        is_true("42" in col_data["with_default"]["default"])
+        is_(col_data["normal"]["default"], None)
+        is_(col_data["computed_col"]["default"], None)
+
+    def test_get_column_returns_computed(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("computed_default_table")
+        data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+        for key in ("id", "normal", "with_default"):
+            is_true("computed" not in data[key])
+        compData = data["computed_col"]
+        is_true("computed" in compData)
+        is_true("sqltext" in compData["computed"])
+        eq_(self.normalize(compData["computed"]["sqltext"]), "normal+42")
+        eq_(
+            "persisted" in compData["computed"],
+            testing.requires.computed_columns_reflect_persisted.enabled,
+        )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_reflect_persisted.enabled:
+            eq_(
+                compData["computed"]["persisted"],
+                testing.requires.computed_columns_default_persisted.enabled,
+            )
+
+    def check_column(self, data, column, sqltext, persisted):
+        is_true("computed" in data[column])
+        compData = data[column]["computed"]
+        eq_(self.normalize(compData["sqltext"]), sqltext)
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_reflect_persisted.enabled:
+            is_true("persisted" in compData)
+            is_(compData["persisted"], persisted)
+
+    def test_get_column_returns_persisted(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("computed_column_table")
+        data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+
+        self.check_column(
+            data,
+            "computed_no_flag",
+            "normal+42",
+            testing.requires.computed_columns_default_persisted.enabled,
+        )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_virtual.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_virtual",
+                "normal+2",
+                False,
+            )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_stored.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_stored",
+                "normal-42",
+                True,
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_column_returns_persisted_with_schema(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns(
+            "computed_column_table", schema=config.test_schema
+        )
+        data = {c["name"]: c for c in cols}
+
+        self.check_column(
+            data,
+            "computed_no_flag",
+            "normal/42",
+            testing.requires.computed_columns_default_persisted.enabled,
+        )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_virtual.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_virtual",
+                "normal/2",
+                False,
+            )
+        if testing.requires.computed_columns_stored.enabled:
+            self.check_column(
+                data,
+                "computed_stored",
+                "normal*42",
+                True,
+            )
+
+
+class IdentityReflectionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = None
+
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("identity_columns", "table_reflection")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "t1",
+            metadata,
+            Column("normal", Integer),
+            Column("id1", Integer, Identity()),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "t2",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id2",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(
+                    always=True,
+                    start=2,
+                    increment=3,
+                    minvalue=-2,
+                    maxvalue=42,
+                    cycle=True,
+                    cache=4,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            Table(
+                "t1",
+                metadata,
+                Column("normal", Integer),
+                Column("id1", Integer, Identity(always=True, start=20)),
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+    def check(self, value, exp, approx):
+        if testing.requires.identity_columns_standard.enabled:
+            common_keys = (
+                "always",
+                "start",
+                "increment",
+                "minvalue",
+                "maxvalue",
+                "cycle",
+                "cache",
+            )
+            for k in list(value):
+                if k not in common_keys:
+                    value.pop(k)
+            if approx:
+                eq_(len(value), len(exp))
+                for k in value:
+                    if k == "minvalue":
+                        is_true(value[k] <= exp[k])
+                    elif k in {"maxvalue", "cache"}:
+                        is_true(value[k] >= exp[k])
+                    else:
+                        eq_(value[k], exp[k], k)
+            else:
+                eq_(value, exp)
+        else:
+            eq_(value["start"], exp["start"])
+            eq_(value["increment"], exp["increment"])
+
+    def test_reflect_identity(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("t1") + insp.get_columns("t2")
+        for col in cols:
+            if col["name"] == "normal":
+                is_false("identity" in col)
+            elif col["name"] == "id1":
+                if "autoincrement" in col:
+                    is_true(col["autoincrement"])
+                eq_(col["default"], None)
+                is_true("identity" in col)
+                self.check(
+                    col["identity"],
+                    dict(
+                        always=False,
+                        start=1,
+                        increment=1,
+                        minvalue=1,
+                        maxvalue=2147483647,
+                        cycle=False,
+                        cache=1,
+                    ),
+                    approx=True,
+                )
+            elif col["name"] == "id2":
+                if "autoincrement" in col:
+                    is_true(col["autoincrement"])
+                eq_(col["default"], None)
+                is_true("identity" in col)
+                self.check(
+                    col["identity"],
+                    dict(
+                        always=True,
+                        start=2,
+                        increment=3,
+                        minvalue=-2,
+                        maxvalue=42,
+                        cycle=True,
+                        cache=4,
+                    ),
+                    approx=False,
+                )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_reflect_identity_schema(self):
+        insp = inspect(config.db)
+
+        cols = insp.get_columns("t1", schema=config.test_schema)
+        for col in cols:
+            if col["name"] == "normal":
+                is_false("identity" in col)
+            elif col["name"] == "id1":
+                if "autoincrement" in col:
+                    is_true(col["autoincrement"])
+                eq_(col["default"], None)
+                is_true("identity" in col)
+                self.check(
+                    col["identity"],
+                    dict(
+                        always=True,
+                        start=20,
+                        increment=1,
+                        minvalue=1,
+                        maxvalue=2147483647,
+                        cycle=False,
+                        cache=1,
+                    ),
+                    approx=True,
+                )
+
+
+class CompositeKeyReflectionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        tb1 = Table(
+            "tb1",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer),
+            Column("attr", Integer),
+            Column("name", sql_types.VARCHAR(20)),
+            sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("name", "id", "attr", name="pk_tb1"),
+            schema=None,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "tb2",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("pid", Integer),
+            Column("pattr", Integer),
+            Column("pname", sql_types.VARCHAR(20)),
+            sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
+                ["pname", "pid", "pattr"],
+                [tb1.c.name, tb1.c.id, tb1.c.attr],
+                name="fk_tb1_name_id_attr",
+            ),
+            schema=None,
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.primary_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_pk_column_order(self, connection):
+        # test for issue #5661
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        primary_key = insp.get_pk_constraint(self.tables.tb1.name)
+        eq_(primary_key.get("constrained_columns"), ["name", "id", "attr"])
+
+    @testing.requires.foreign_key_constraint_reflection
+    def test_fk_column_order(self, connection):
+        # test for issue #5661
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        foreign_keys = insp.get_foreign_keys(self.tables.tb2.name)
+        eq_(len(foreign_keys), 1)
+        fkey1 = foreign_keys[0]
+        eq_(fkey1.get("referred_columns"), ["name", "id", "attr"])
+        eq_(fkey1.get("constrained_columns"), ["pname", "pid", "pattr"])
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "ComponentReflectionTest",
+    "ComponentReflectionTestExtra",
+    "TableNoColumnsTest",
+    "QuotedNameArgumentTest",
+    "BizarroCharacterFKResolutionTest",
+    "HasTableTest",
+    "HasIndexTest",
+    "NormalizedNameTest",
+    "ComputedReflectionTest",
+    "IdentityReflectionTest",
+    "CompositeKeyReflectionTest",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..317195fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_results.py
@@ -0,0 +1,504 @@
+# testing/suite/test_results.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import datetime
+import re
+
+from .. import engines
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import DateTime
+from ... import func
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import select
+from ... import sql
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+from ... import text
+
+
+class RowFetchTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "plain_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "has_dates",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("today", DateTime),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.has_dates.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1, "today": datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0)}],
+        )
+
+    def test_via_attr(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row.id, 1)
+        eq_(row.data, "d1")
+
+    def test_via_string(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row._mapping["id"], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping["data"], "d1")
+
+    def test_via_int(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row[0], 1)
+        eq_(row[1], "d1")
+
+    def test_via_col_object(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.plain_pk.select().order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row._mapping[self.tables.plain_pk.c.id], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[self.tables.plain_pk.c.data], "d1")
+
+    @requirements.duplicate_names_in_cursor_description
+    def test_row_with_dupe_names(self, connection):
+        result = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                self.tables.plain_pk.c.data,
+                self.tables.plain_pk.c.data.label("data"),
+            ).order_by(self.tables.plain_pk.c.id)
+        )
+        row = result.first()
+        eq_(result.keys(), ["data", "data"])
+        eq_(row, ("d1", "d1"))
+
+    def test_row_w_scalar_select(self, connection):
+        """test that a scalar select as a column is returned as such
+        and that type conversion works OK.
+
+        (this is half a SQLAlchemy Core test and half to catch database
+        backends that may have unusual behavior with scalar selects.)
+
+        """
+        datetable = self.tables.has_dates
+        s = select(datetable.alias("x").c.today).scalar_subquery()
+        s2 = select(datetable.c.id, s.label("somelabel"))
+        row = connection.execute(s2).first()
+
+        eq_(row.somelabel, datetime.datetime(2006, 5, 12, 12, 0, 0))
+
+
+class PercentSchemaNamesTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """tests using percent signs, spaces in table and column names.
+
+    This didn't work for PostgreSQL / MySQL drivers for a long time
+    but is now supported.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ("percent_schema_names",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        cls.tables.percent_table = Table(
+            "percent%table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("percent%", Integer),
+            Column("spaces % more spaces", Integer),
+        )
+        cls.tables.lightweight_percent_table = sql.table(
+            "percent%table",
+            sql.column("percent%"),
+            sql.column("spaces % more spaces"),
+        )
+
+    def test_single_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        for params in [
+            {"percent%": 5, "spaces % more spaces": 12},
+            {"percent%": 7, "spaces % more spaces": 11},
+            {"percent%": 9, "spaces % more spaces": 10},
+            {"percent%": 11, "spaces % more spaces": 9},
+        ]:
+            connection.execute(percent_table.insert(), params)
+        self._assert_table(connection)
+
+    def test_executemany_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(), {"percent%": 5, "spaces % more spaces": 12}
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"percent%": 7, "spaces % more spaces": 11},
+                {"percent%": 9, "spaces % more spaces": 10},
+                {"percent%": 11, "spaces % more spaces": 9},
+            ],
+        )
+        self._assert_table(connection)
+
+    @requirements.insert_executemany_returning
+    def test_executemany_returning_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert(), {"percent%": 5, "spaces % more spaces": 12}
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            percent_table.insert().returning(
+                percent_table.c["percent%"],
+                percent_table.c["spaces % more spaces"],
+            ),
+            [
+                {"percent%": 7, "spaces % more spaces": 11},
+                {"percent%": 9, "spaces % more spaces": 10},
+                {"percent%": 11, "spaces % more spaces": 9},
+            ],
+        )
+        eq_(result.all(), [(7, 11), (9, 10), (11, 9)])
+        self._assert_table(connection)
+
+    def _assert_table(self, conn):
+        percent_table = self.tables.percent_table
+        lightweight_percent_table = self.tables.lightweight_percent_table
+
+        for table in (
+            percent_table,
+            percent_table.alias(),
+            lightweight_percent_table,
+            lightweight_percent_table.alias(),
+        ):
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    conn.execute(table.select().order_by(table.c["percent%"]))
+                ),
+                [(5, 12), (7, 11), (9, 10), (11, 9)],
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                list(
+                    conn.execute(
+                        table.select()
+                        .where(table.c["spaces % more spaces"].in_([9, 10]))
+                        .order_by(table.c["percent%"])
+                    )
+                ),
+                [(9, 10), (11, 9)],
+            )
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                table.select().order_by(table.c["percent%"])
+            ).first()
+            eq_(row._mapping["percent%"], 5)
+            eq_(row._mapping["spaces % more spaces"], 12)
+
+            eq_(row._mapping[table.c["percent%"]], 5)
+            eq_(row._mapping[table.c["spaces % more spaces"]], 12)
+
+        conn.execute(
+            percent_table.update().values(
+                {percent_table.c["spaces % more spaces"]: 15}
+            )
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            list(
+                conn.execute(
+                    percent_table.select().order_by(
+                        percent_table.c["percent%"]
+                    )
+                )
+            ),
+            [(5, 15), (7, 15), (9, 15), (11, 15)],
+        )
+
+
+class ServerSideCursorsTest(
+    fixtures.TestBase, testing.AssertsExecutionResults
+):
+    __requires__ = ("server_side_cursors",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _is_server_side(self, cursor):
+        # TODO: this is a huge issue as it prevents these tests from being
+        # usable by third party dialects.
+        if self.engine.dialect.driver == "psycopg2":
+            return bool(cursor.name)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "pymysql":
+            sscursor = __import__("pymysql.cursors").cursors.SSCursor
+            return isinstance(cursor, sscursor)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver in ("aiomysql", "asyncmy", "aioodbc"):
+            return cursor.server_side
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "mysqldb":
+            sscursor = __import__("MySQLdb.cursors").cursors.SSCursor
+            return isinstance(cursor, sscursor)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "mariadbconnector":
+            return not cursor.buffered
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "mysqlconnector":
+            return "buffered" not in type(cursor).__name__.lower()
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver in ("asyncpg", "aiosqlite"):
+            return cursor.server_side
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "pg8000":
+            return getattr(cursor, "server_side", False)
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "psycopg":
+            return bool(getattr(cursor, "name", False))
+        elif self.engine.dialect.driver == "oracledb":
+            return getattr(cursor, "server_side", False)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def _fixture(self, server_side_cursors):
+        if server_side_cursors:
+            with testing.expect_deprecated(
+                "The create_engine.server_side_cursors parameter is "
+                "deprecated and will be removed in a future release.  "
+                "Please use the Connection.execution_options.stream_results "
+                "parameter."
+            ):
+                self.engine = engines.testing_engine(
+                    options={"server_side_cursors": server_side_cursors}
+                )
+        else:
+            self.engine = engines.testing_engine(
+                options={"server_side_cursors": server_side_cursors}
+            )
+        return self.engine
+
+    def stringify(self, str_):
+        return re.compile(r"SELECT (\d+)", re.I).sub(
+            lambda m: str(select(int(m.group(1))).compile(testing.db)), str_
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("global_string", True, lambda stringify: stringify("select 1"), True),
+        (
+            "global_text",
+            True,
+            lambda stringify: text(stringify("select 1")),
+            True,
+        ),
+        ("global_expr", True, select(1), True),
+        (
+            "global_off_explicit",
+            False,
+            lambda stringify: text(stringify("select 1")),
+            False,
+        ),
+        (
+            "stmt_option",
+            False,
+            select(1).execution_options(stream_results=True),
+            True,
+        ),
+        (
+            "stmt_option_disabled",
+            True,
+            select(1).execution_options(stream_results=False),
+            False,
+        ),
+        ("for_update_expr", True, select(1).with_for_update(), True),
+        # TODO: need a real requirement for this, or dont use this test
+        (
+            "for_update_string",
+            True,
+            lambda stringify: stringify("SELECT 1 FOR UPDATE"),
+            True,
+            testing.skip_if(["sqlite", "mssql"]),
+        ),
+        (
+            "text_no_ss",
+            False,
+            lambda stringify: text(stringify("select 42")),
+            False,
+        ),
+        (
+            "text_ss_option",
+            False,
+            lambda stringify: text(stringify("select 42")).execution_options(
+                stream_results=True
+            ),
+            True,
+        ),
+        id_="iaaa",
+        argnames="engine_ss_arg, statement, cursor_ss_status",
+    )
+    def test_ss_cursor_status(
+        self, engine_ss_arg, statement, cursor_ss_status
+    ):
+        engine = self._fixture(engine_ss_arg)
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            if callable(statement):
+                statement = testing.resolve_lambda(
+                    statement, stringify=self.stringify
+                )
+
+            if isinstance(statement, str):
+                result = conn.exec_driver_sql(statement)
+            else:
+                result = conn.execute(statement)
+            eq_(self._is_server_side(result.cursor), cursor_ss_status)
+            result.close()
+
+    def test_conn_option(self):
+        engine = self._fixture(False)
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            # should be enabled for this one
+            result = conn.execution_options(
+                stream_results=True
+            ).exec_driver_sql(self.stringify("select 1"))
+            assert self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+
+            # the connection has autobegun, which means at the end of the
+            # block, we will roll back, which on MySQL at least will fail
+            # with "Commands out of sync" if the result set
+            # is not closed, so we close it first.
+            #
+            # fun fact!  why did we not have this result.close() in this test
+            # before 2.0? don't we roll back in the connection pool
+            # unconditionally? yes!  and in fact if you run this test in 1.4
+            # with stdout shown, there is in fact "Exception during reset or
+            # similar" with "Commands out sync" emitted a warning!  2.0's
+            # architecture finds and fixes what was previously an expensive
+            # silent error condition.
+            result.close()
+
+    def test_stmt_enabled_conn_option_disabled(self):
+        engine = self._fixture(False)
+
+        s = select(1).execution_options(stream_results=True)
+
+        with engine.connect() as conn:
+            # not this one
+            result = conn.execution_options(stream_results=False).execute(s)
+            assert not self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+
+    def test_aliases_and_ss(self):
+        engine = self._fixture(False)
+        s1 = (
+            select(sql.literal_column("1").label("x"))
+            .execution_options(stream_results=True)
+            .subquery()
+        )
+
+        # options don't propagate out when subquery is used as a FROM clause
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            result = conn.execute(s1.select())
+            assert not self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+            result.close()
+
+        s2 = select(1).select_from(s1)
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            result = conn.execute(s2)
+            assert not self._is_server_side(result.cursor)
+            result.close()
+
+    def test_roundtrip_fetchall(self, metadata):
+        md = self.metadata
+
+        engine = self._fixture(True)
+        test_table = Table(
+            "test_table",
+            md,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        with engine.begin() as connection:
+            test_table.create(connection, checkfirst=True)
+            connection.execute(test_table.insert(), dict(data="data1"))
+            connection.execute(test_table.insert(), dict(data="data2"))
+            eq_(
+                connection.execute(
+                    test_table.select().order_by(test_table.c.id)
+                ).fetchall(),
+                [(1, "data1"), (2, "data2")],
+            )
+            connection.execute(
+                test_table.update()
+                .where(test_table.c.id == 2)
+                .values(data=test_table.c.data + " updated")
+            )
+            eq_(
+                connection.execute(
+                    test_table.select().order_by(test_table.c.id)
+                ).fetchall(),
+                [(1, "data1"), (2, "data2 updated")],
+            )
+            connection.execute(test_table.delete())
+            eq_(
+                connection.scalar(
+                    select(func.count("*")).select_from(test_table)
+                ),
+                0,
+            )
+
+    def test_roundtrip_fetchmany(self, metadata):
+        md = self.metadata
+
+        engine = self._fixture(True)
+        test_table = Table(
+            "test_table",
+            md,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        with engine.begin() as connection:
+            test_table.create(connection, checkfirst=True)
+            connection.execute(
+                test_table.insert(),
+                [dict(data="data%d" % i) for i in range(1, 20)],
+            )
+
+            result = connection.execute(
+                test_table.select().order_by(test_table.c.id)
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                result.fetchmany(5),
+                [(i, "data%d" % i) for i in range(1, 6)],
+            )
+            eq_(
+                result.fetchmany(10),
+                [(i, "data%d" % i) for i in range(6, 16)],
+            )
+            eq_(result.fetchall(), [(i, "data%d" % i) for i in range(16, 20)])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_rowcount.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_rowcount.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59953fff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_rowcount.py
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# testing/suite/test_rowcount.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from sqlalchemy import bindparam
+from sqlalchemy import Column
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+from sqlalchemy import select
+from sqlalchemy import String
+from sqlalchemy import Table
+from sqlalchemy import testing
+from sqlalchemy import text
+from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_
+from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
+
+
+class RowCountTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """test rowcount functionality"""
+
+    __requires__ = ("sane_rowcount",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "employees",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "employee_id",
+                Integer,
+                autoincrement=False,
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("name", String(50)),
+            Column("department", String(1)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        cls.data = data = [
+            ("Angela", "A"),
+            ("Andrew", "A"),
+            ("Anand", "A"),
+            ("Bob", "B"),
+            ("Bobette", "B"),
+            ("Buffy", "B"),
+            ("Charlie", "C"),
+            ("Cynthia", "C"),
+            ("Chris", "C"),
+        ]
+
+        employees_table = cls.tables.employees
+        connection.execute(
+            employees_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"employee_id": i, "name": n, "department": d}
+                for i, (n, d) in enumerate(data)
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_basic(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+        s = select(
+            employees_table.c.name, employees_table.c.department
+        ).order_by(employees_table.c.employee_id)
+        rows = connection.execute(s).fetchall()
+
+        eq_(rows, self.data)
+
+    @testing.variation("statement", ["update", "delete", "insert", "select"])
+    @testing.variation("close_first", [True, False])
+    def test_non_rowcount_scenarios_no_raise(
+        self, connection, statement, close_first
+    ):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 3 rows changed
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+
+        if statement.update:
+            r = connection.execute(
+                employees_table.update().where(department == "C"),
+                {"department": "Z"},
+            )
+        elif statement.delete:
+            r = connection.execute(
+                employees_table.delete().where(department == "C"),
+                {"department": "Z"},
+            )
+        elif statement.insert:
+            r = connection.execute(
+                employees_table.insert(),
+                [
+                    {"employee_id": 25, "name": "none 1", "department": "X"},
+                    {"employee_id": 26, "name": "none 2", "department": "Z"},
+                    {"employee_id": 27, "name": "none 3", "department": "Z"},
+                ],
+            )
+        elif statement.select:
+            s = select(
+                employees_table.c.name, employees_table.c.department
+            ).where(employees_table.c.department == "C")
+            r = connection.execute(s)
+            r.all()
+        else:
+            statement.fail()
+
+        if close_first:
+            r.close()
+
+        assert r.rowcount in (-1, 3)
+
+    def test_update_rowcount1(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 3 rows changed
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+        r = connection.execute(
+            employees_table.update().where(department == "C"),
+            {"department": "Z"},
+        )
+        assert r.rowcount == 3
+
+    def test_update_rowcount2(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 0 rows changed
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            employees_table.update().where(department == "C"),
+            {"department": "C"},
+        )
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 3)
+
+    @testing.variation("implicit_returning", [True, False])
+    @testing.variation(
+        "dml",
+        [
+            ("update", testing.requires.update_returning),
+            ("delete", testing.requires.delete_returning),
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_update_delete_rowcount_return_defaults(
+        self, connection, implicit_returning, dml
+    ):
+        """note this test should succeed for all RETURNING backends
+        as of 2.0.  In
+        Idf28379f8705e403a3c6a937f6a798a042ef2540 we changed rowcount to use
+        len(rows) when we have implicit returning
+
+        """
+
+        if implicit_returning:
+            employees_table = self.tables.employees
+        else:
+            employees_table = Table(
+                "employees",
+                MetaData(),
+                Column(
+                    "employee_id",
+                    Integer,
+                    autoincrement=False,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+                Column("name", String(50)),
+                Column("department", String(1)),
+                implicit_returning=False,
+            )
+
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+
+        if dml.update:
+            stmt = (
+                employees_table.update()
+                .where(department == "C")
+                .values(name=employees_table.c.department + "Z")
+                .return_defaults()
+            )
+        elif dml.delete:
+            stmt = (
+                employees_table.delete()
+                .where(department == "C")
+                .return_defaults()
+            )
+        else:
+            dml.fail()
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt)
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 3)
+
+    def test_raw_sql_rowcount(self, connection):
+        # test issue #3622, make sure eager rowcount is called for text
+        result = connection.exec_driver_sql(
+            "update employees set department='Z' where department='C'"
+        )
+        eq_(result.rowcount, 3)
+
+    def test_text_rowcount(self, connection):
+        # test issue #3622, make sure eager rowcount is called for text
+        result = connection.execute(
+            text("update employees set department='Z' where department='C'")
+        )
+        eq_(result.rowcount, 3)
+
+    def test_delete_rowcount(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        # WHERE matches 3, 3 rows deleted
+        department = employees_table.c.department
+        r = connection.execute(
+            employees_table.delete().where(department == "C")
+        )
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 3)
+
+    @testing.requires.sane_multi_rowcount
+    def test_multi_update_rowcount(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+        stmt = (
+            employees_table.update()
+            .where(employees_table.c.name == bindparam("emp_name"))
+            .values(department="C")
+        )
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                {"emp_name": "Bob"},
+                {"emp_name": "Cynthia"},
+                {"emp_name": "nonexistent"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 2)
+
+    @testing.requires.sane_multi_rowcount
+    def test_multi_delete_rowcount(self, connection):
+        employees_table = self.tables.employees
+
+        stmt = employees_table.delete().where(
+            employees_table.c.name == bindparam("emp_name")
+        )
+
+        r = connection.execute(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                {"emp_name": "Bob"},
+                {"emp_name": "Cynthia"},
+                {"emp_name": "nonexistent"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        eq_(r.rowcount, 2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9e8b11e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_select.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2008 @@
+# testing/suite/test_select.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import itertools
+
+from .. import AssertsCompiledSQL
+from .. import AssertsExecutionResults
+from .. import config
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import assert_raises
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import in_
+from ..assertsql import CursorSQL
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import bindparam
+from ... import case
+from ... import column
+from ... import Computed
+from ... import exists
+from ... import false
+from ... import ForeignKey
+from ... import func
+from ... import Identity
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import literal
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import null
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ... import table
+from ... import testing
+from ... import text
+from ... import true
+from ... import tuple_
+from ... import TupleType
+from ... import union
+from ... import values
+from ...exc import DatabaseError
+from ...exc import ProgrammingError
+
+
+class CollateTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(100)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "collate data1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "collate data2"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select).fetchall(), result)
+
+    @testing.requires.order_by_collation
+    def test_collate_order_by(self):
+        collation = testing.requires.get_order_by_collation(testing.config)
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            select(self.tables.some_table).order_by(
+                self.tables.some_table.c.data.collate(collation).asc()
+            ),
+            [(1, "collate data1"), (2, "collate data2")],
+        )
+
+
+class OrderByLabelTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Test the dialect sends appropriate ORDER BY expressions when
+    labels are used.
+
+    This essentially exercises the "supports_simple_order_by_label"
+    setting.
+
+    """
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+            Column("q", String(50)),
+            Column("p", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "q": "q1", "p": "p3"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "q": "q2", "p": "p2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "q": "q3", "p": "p1"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_plain(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx), [(1,), (2,), (3,)])
+
+    def test_composed_int(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx), [(3,), (5,), (7,)])
+
+    def test_composed_multiple(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        ly = (func.lower(table.c.q) + table.c.p).label("ly")
+        self._assert_result(
+            select(lx, ly).order_by(lx, ly.desc()),
+            [(3, "q1p3"), (5, "q2p2"), (7, "q3p1")],
+        )
+
+    def test_plain_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = table.c.x.label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx.desc()), [(3,), (2,), (1,)])
+
+    def test_composed_int_desc(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        lx = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        self._assert_result(select(lx).order_by(lx.desc()), [(7,), (5,), (3,)])
+
+    @testing.requires.group_by_complex_expression
+    def test_group_by_composed(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        expr = (table.c.x + table.c.y).label("lx")
+        stmt = (
+            select(func.count(table.c.id), expr).group_by(expr).order_by(expr)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7)])
+
+
+class ValuesExpressionTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("table_value_constructor",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_tuples(self, connection):
+        value_expr = values(
+            column("id", Integer), column("name", String), name="my_values"
+        ).data([(1, "name1"), (2, "name2"), (3, "name3")])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(select(value_expr)).all(),
+            [(1, "name1"), (2, "name2"), (3, "name3")],
+        )
+
+
+class FetchLimitOffsetTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5},
+                {"id": 5, "x": 4, "y": 6},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(
+        self, connection, select, result, params=(), set_=False
+    ):
+        if set_:
+            query_res = connection.execute(select, params).fetchall()
+            eq_(len(query_res), len(result))
+            eq_(set(query_res), set(result))
+
+        else:
+            eq_(connection.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def _assert_result_str(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.exec_driver_sql(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_simple_limit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id)
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            stmt.limit(2),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)],
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            stmt.limit(3),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    def test_limit_render_multiple_times(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).limit(1).scalar_subquery()
+
+        u = union(select(stmt), select(stmt)).subquery().select()
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            u,
+            [
+                (1,),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_simple_fetch(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(2),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)],
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(3),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(2),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(3),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ([(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)]),
+        ([(2, 1), (2, 0), (3, 2)]),
+        ([(3, 1), (2, 1), (3, 1)]),
+        argnames="cases",
+    )
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_limit_offset(self, connection, cases):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        connection = connection.execution_options(compiled_cache={})
+
+        assert_data = [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)]
+
+        for limit, offset in cases:
+            expected = assert_data[offset : offset + limit]
+            self._assert_result(
+                connection,
+                select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(limit).offset(offset),
+                expected,
+            )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_simple_fetch_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(2).offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(3).offset(2),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_no_order_by
+    def test_fetch_offset_no_order(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).fetch(10),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_simple_offset_zero(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(0),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.offset
+    def test_limit_offset_nobinds(self):
+        """test that 'literal binds' mode works - no bound params."""
+
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(2).offset(1)
+        sql = stmt.compile(
+            dialect=config.db.dialect, compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}
+        )
+        sql = str(sql)
+
+        self._assert_result_str(sql, [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)])
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_fetch_offset_nobinds(self):
+        """test that 'literal binds' mode works - no bound params."""
+
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(2).offset(1)
+        sql = stmt.compile(
+            dialect=config.db.dialect, compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}
+        )
+        sql = str(sql)
+
+        self._assert_result_str(sql, [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)])
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_limit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(bindparam("l")),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3)],
+            params={"l": 2},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).limit(bindparam("l")),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+            params={"l": 3},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"o": 2},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"o": 1},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.bound_limit_offset
+    def test_bound_limit_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(bindparam("l"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+            params={"l": 2, "o": 1},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(bindparam("l"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"l": 3, "o": 2},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    def test_bound_fetch_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(bindparam("f"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+            params={"f": 2, "o": 1},
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(bindparam("f"))
+            .offset(bindparam("o")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            params={"f": 3, "o": 2},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("2")),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_limit(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("2")),
+            [(1, 1, 2), (2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_limit_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_first
+    @testing.requires.fetch_expression
+    def test_expr_fetch_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_simple_limit_expr_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(2)
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(3)
+            .offset(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1")),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.sql_expression_limit_offset
+    def test_expr_limit_simple_offset(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(2),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .limit(literal_column("1") + literal_column("1"))
+            .offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    def test_simple_fetch_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.x.desc()).fetch(1, with_ties=True),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.x.desc()).fetch(3, with_ties=True),
+            [(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        fa = connection.execute(
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(2, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(2)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(fa[0], (3, 3, 4))
+        eq_(set(fa), {(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)})
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_ties_exact_number(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(2, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(3, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(3),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    def test_simple_fetch_percent(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table).order_by(table.c.id).fetch(20, percent=True),
+            [(1, 1, 2)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_percent(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .fetch(40, percent=True)
+            .offset(1),
+            [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    def test_simple_fetch_percent_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        self._assert_result(
+            connection,
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x.desc())
+            .fetch(20, percent=True, with_ties=True),
+            [(4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)],
+            set_=True,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_ties
+    @testing.requires.fetch_percent
+    @testing.requires.fetch_offset_with_options
+    def test_fetch_offset_percent_ties(self, connection):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        fa = connection.execute(
+            select(table)
+            .order_by(table.c.x)
+            .fetch(40, percent=True, with_ties=True)
+            .offset(2)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(fa[0], (3, 3, 4))
+        eq_(set(fa), {(3, 3, 4), (4, 4, 5), (5, 4, 6)})
+
+
+class SameNamedSchemaTableTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """tests for #7471"""
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("schemas",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            schema=config.test_schema,
+        )
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column(
+                "some_table_id",
+                Integer,
+                # ForeignKey("%s.some_table.id" % config.test_schema),
+                nullable=False,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = cls.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+        connection.execute(some_table_schema.insert(), {"id": 1})
+        connection.execute(some_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "some_table_id": 1})
+
+    def test_simple_join_both_tables(self, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = self.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_table, some_table_schema).join_from(
+                    some_table,
+                    some_table_schema,
+                    some_table.c.some_table_id == some_table_schema.c.id,
+                )
+            ).first(),
+            (1, 1, 1),
+        )
+
+    def test_simple_join_whereclause_only(self, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = self.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_table)
+                .join_from(
+                    some_table,
+                    some_table_schema,
+                    some_table.c.some_table_id == some_table_schema.c.id,
+                )
+                .where(some_table.c.id == 1)
+            ).first(),
+            (1, 1),
+        )
+
+    def test_subquery(self, connection):
+        some_table, some_table_schema = self.tables(
+            "some_table", "%s.some_table" % config.test_schema
+        )
+
+        subq = (
+            select(some_table)
+            .join_from(
+                some_table,
+                some_table_schema,
+                some_table.c.some_table_id == some_table_schema.c.id,
+            )
+            .where(some_table.c.id == 1)
+            .subquery()
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(some_table, subq.c.id)
+                .join_from(
+                    some_table,
+                    subq,
+                    some_table.c.some_table_id == subq.c.id,
+                )
+                .where(some_table.c.id == 1)
+            ).first(),
+            (1, 1, 1),
+        )
+
+
+class JoinTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
+        Table(
+            "b",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("a_id", ForeignKey("a.id"), nullable=False),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.a.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1}, {"id": 2}, {"id": 3}, {"id": 4}, {"id": 5}],
+        )
+
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.b.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "a_id": 1},
+                {"id": 2, "a_id": 1},
+                {"id": 4, "a_id": 2},
+                {"id": 5, "a_id": 3},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_inner_join_fk(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = select(a, b).select_from(a.join(b)).order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (2, 4, 2), (3, 5, 3)])
+
+    def test_inner_join_true(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(a, b)
+            .select_from(a.join(b, true()))
+            .order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                (a, b, c)
+                for (a,), (b, c) in itertools.product(
+                    [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,)],
+                    [(1, 1), (2, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3)],
+                )
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_inner_join_false(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(a, b)
+            .select_from(a.join(b, false()))
+            .order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_outer_join_false(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = (
+            select(a, b)
+            .select_from(a.outerjoin(b, false()))
+            .order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+        )
+
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [
+                (1, None, None),
+                (2, None, None),
+                (3, None, None),
+                (4, None, None),
+                (5, None, None),
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_outer_join_fk(self):
+        a, b = self.tables("a", "b")
+
+        stmt = select(a, b).select_from(a.join(b)).order_by(a.c.id, b.c.id)
+
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 1), (2, 4, 2), (3, 5, 3)])
+
+
+class CompoundSelectTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_plain_union(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    def test_select_from_plain_union(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).alias().select()
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.order_by_col_from_union
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset
+    def test_limit_offset_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_wo_limit_offset
+    def test_order_by_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    def test_distinct_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).distinct()
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).distinct()
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.parens_in_union_contained_select_w_limit_offset
+    def test_limit_offset_in_unions_from_alias(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 2).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+        s2 = select(table).where(table.c.id == 3).limit(1).order_by(table.c.id)
+
+        # this necessarily has double parens
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).alias()
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.select().limit(2).order_by(u1.c.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+    def test_limit_offset_aliased_selectable_in_unions(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        s1 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 2)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+        s2 = (
+            select(table)
+            .where(table.c.id == 3)
+            .limit(1)
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+            .alias()
+            .select()
+        )
+
+        u1 = union(s1, s2).limit(2)
+        self._assert_result(
+            u1.order_by(u1.selected_columns.id), [(2, 2, 3), (3, 3, 4)]
+        )
+
+
+class PostCompileParamsTest(
+    AssertsExecutionResults, AssertsCompiledSQL, fixtures.TablesTest
+):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    __requires__ = ("standard_cursor_sql",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+            Column("z", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "z": "z1"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "z": "z2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "z": "z3"},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5, "z": "z4"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_compile(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x == bindparam("q", literal_execute=True)
+        )
+
+        self.assert_compile(
+            stmt,
+            "SELECT some_table.id FROM some_table "
+            "WHERE some_table.x = __[POSTCOMPILE_q]",
+            {},
+        )
+
+    def test_compile_literal_binds(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x == bindparam("q", 10, literal_execute=True)
+        )
+
+        self.assert_compile(
+            stmt,
+            "SELECT some_table.id FROM some_table WHERE some_table.x = 10",
+            {},
+            literal_binds=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x == bindparam("q", literal_execute=True)
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=10))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE some_table.x = 10",
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+    def test_execute_expanding_plus_literal_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q", expanding=True, literal_execute=True))
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=[5, 6, 7]))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE some_table.x IN (5, 6, 7)",
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_execute_tuple_expanding_plus_literal_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(
+                bindparam("q", expanding=True, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=[(5, 10), (12, 18)]))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE (some_table.x, some_table.y) "
+                "IN (%s(5, 10), (12, 18))"
+                % ("VALUES " if config.db.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""),
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_execute_tuple_expanding_plus_literal_heterogeneous_execute(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(
+            tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(
+                bindparam("q", expanding=True, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+        )
+
+        with self.sql_execution_asserter() as asserter:
+            with config.db.connect() as conn:
+                conn.execute(stmt, dict(q=[(5, "z1"), (12, "z3")]))
+
+        asserter.assert_(
+            CursorSQL(
+                "SELECT some_table.id \nFROM some_table "
+                "\nWHERE (some_table.x, some_table.z) "
+                "IN (%s(5, 'z1'), (12, 'z3'))"
+                % ("VALUES " if config.db.dialect.tuple_in_values else ""),
+                () if config.db.dialect.positional else {},
+            )
+        )
+
+
+class ExpandingBoundInTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("x", Integer),
+            Column("y", Integer),
+            Column("z", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "x": 1, "y": 2, "z": "z1"},
+                {"id": 2, "x": 2, "y": 3, "z": "z2"},
+                {"id": 3, "x": 3, "y": 4, "z": "z3"},
+                {"id": 4, "x": 4, "y": 5, "z": "z4"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _assert_result(self, select, result, params=()):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            eq_(conn.execute(select, params).fetchall(), result)
+
+    def test_multiple_empty_sets_bindparam(self):
+        # test that any anonymous aliasing used by the dialect
+        # is fine with duplicates
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .where(table.c.y.in_(bindparam("p")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": [], "p": []})
+
+    def test_multiple_empty_sets_direct(self):
+        # test that any anonymous aliasing used by the dialect
+        # is fine with duplicates
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([]))
+            .where(table.c.y.in_([]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_heterogeneous_tuples_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_heterogeneous_tuples_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        def go(val, expected):
+            stmt = (
+                select(table.c.id)
+                .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(val))
+                .order_by(table.c.id)
+            )
+            self._assert_result(stmt, expected)
+
+        go([], [])
+        go([(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")], [(2,), (3,), (4,)])
+        go([], [])
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_homogeneous_tuples_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in_w_empty
+    def test_empty_homogeneous_tuples_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        def go(val, expected):
+            stmt = (
+                select(table.c.id)
+                .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(val))
+                .order_by(table.c.id)
+            )
+            self._assert_result(stmt, expected)
+
+        go([], [])
+        go([(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)], [(1,), (2,), (3,)])
+        go([], [])
+
+    def test_bound_in_scalar_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": [2, 3, 4]})
+
+    def test_bound_in_scalar_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([2, 3, 4]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    def test_nonempty_in_plus_empty_notin(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([2, 3]))
+            .where(table.c.id.not_in([]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,)])
+
+    def test_empty_in_plus_notempty_notin(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_([]))
+            .where(table.c.id.not_in([2, 3]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_typed_str_in(self):
+        """test related to #7292.
+
+        as a type is given to the bound param, there is no ambiguity
+        to the type of element.
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE z IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", type_=String, expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": ["z2", "z3", "z4"]},
+        )
+
+    def test_untyped_str_in(self):
+        """test related to #7292.
+
+        for untyped expression, we look at the types of elements.
+        Test for Sequence to detect tuple in.  but not strings or bytes!
+        as always....
+
+        """
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE z IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": ["z2", "z3", "z4"]},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_two_tuple_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": [(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)]}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_two_tuple_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.y).in_([(2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)]))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": [(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")]},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(
+                tuple_(table.c.x, table.c.z).in_(
+                    [(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")]
+                )
+            )
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_text_bindparam(self):
+        # note this becomes ARRAY if we dont use expanding
+        # explicitly right now
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE (x, z) IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={"q": [(2, "z2"), (3, "z3"), (4, "z4")]},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_typed_bindparam_non_tuple(self):
+        class LikeATuple(collections_abc.Sequence):
+            def __init__(self, *data):
+                self._data = data
+
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter(self._data)
+
+            def __getitem__(self, idx):
+                return self._data[idx]
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return len(self._data)
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE (x, z) IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(
+            bindparam(
+                "q", type_=TupleType(Integer(), String()), expanding=True
+            )
+        )
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={
+                "q": [
+                    LikeATuple(2, "z2"),
+                    LikeATuple(3, "z3"),
+                    LikeATuple(4, "z4"),
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.tuple_in
+    def test_bound_in_heterogeneous_two_tuple_text_bindparam_non_tuple(self):
+        # note this becomes ARRAY if we dont use expanding
+        # explicitly right now
+
+        class LikeATuple(collections_abc.Sequence):
+            def __init__(self, *data):
+                self._data = data
+
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return iter(self._data)
+
+            def __getitem__(self, idx):
+                return self._data[idx]
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return len(self._data)
+
+        stmt = text(
+            "select id FROM some_table WHERE (x, z) IN :q ORDER BY id"
+        ).bindparams(bindparam("q", expanding=True))
+        self._assert_result(
+            stmt,
+            [(2,), (3,), (4,)],
+            params={
+                "q": [
+                    LikeATuple(2, "z2"),
+                    LikeATuple(3, "z3"),
+                    LikeATuple(4, "z4"),
+                ]
+            },
+        )
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(table.c.x.in_([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_negation_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.x.not_in(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_integer_negation_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id).where(table.c.x.not_in([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.z.in_(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = select(table.c.id).where(table.c.z.in_([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [])
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_negation_bindparam(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id)
+            .where(table.c.z.not_in(bindparam("q")))
+            .order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)], params={"q": []})
+
+    def test_empty_set_against_string_negation_direct(self):
+        table = self.tables.some_table
+        stmt = (
+            select(table.c.id).where(table.c.z.not_in([])).order_by(table.c.id)
+        )
+        self._assert_result(stmt, [(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,)])
+
+    def test_null_in_empty_set_is_false_bindparam(self, connection):
+        stmt = select(
+            case(
+                (
+                    null().in_(bindparam("foo", value=())),
+                    true(),
+                ),
+                else_=false(),
+            )
+        )
+        in_(connection.execute(stmt).fetchone()[0], (False, 0))
+
+    def test_null_in_empty_set_is_false_direct(self, connection):
+        stmt = select(
+            case(
+                (
+                    null().in_([]),
+                    true(),
+                ),
+                else_=false(),
+            )
+        )
+        in_(connection.execute(stmt).fetchone()[0], (False, 0))
+
+
+class LikeFunctionsTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    run_inserts = "once"
+    run_deletes = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "abcdefg"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "ab/cdefg"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "ab%cdefg"},
+                {"id": 4, "data": "ab_cdefg"},
+                {"id": 5, "data": "abcde/fg"},
+                {"id": 6, "data": "abcde%fg"},
+                {"id": 7, "data": "ab#cdefg"},
+                {"id": 8, "data": "ab9cdefg"},
+                {"id": 9, "data": "abcde#fg"},
+                {"id": 10, "data": "abcd9fg"},
+                {"id": 11, "data": None},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def _test(self, expr, expected):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            rows = {
+                value
+                for value, in conn.execute(select(some_table.c.id).where(expr))
+            }
+
+        eq_(rows, expected)
+
+    def test_startswith_unescaped(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab%c"), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10})
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_startswith_autoescape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab%c", autoescape=True), {3})
+
+    def test_startswith_sqlexpr(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(
+            col.startswith(literal_column("'ab%c'")),
+            {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10},
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_startswith_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab##c", escape="#"), {7})
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_startswith_autoescape_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab%c", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {3})
+        self._test(col.startswith("ab#c", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {7})
+
+    def test_endswith_unescaped(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e%fg"), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9})
+
+    def test_endswith_sqlexpr(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(
+            col.endswith(literal_column("'e%fg'")), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_endswith_autoescape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e%fg", autoescape=True), {6})
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_endswith_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e##fg", escape="#"), {9})
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_endswith_autoescape_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.endswith("e%fg", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {6})
+        self._test(col.endswith("e#fg", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {9})
+
+    def test_contains_unescaped(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b%cde"), {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9})
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_contains_autoescape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b%cde", autoescape=True), {3})
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_contains_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b##cde", escape="#"), {7})
+
+    @testing.requires.like_escapes
+    def test_contains_autoescape_escape(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.contains("b%cd", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {3})
+        self._test(col.contains("b#cd", autoescape=True, escape="#"), {7})
+
+    @testing.requires.regexp_match
+    def test_not_regexp_match(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(~col.regexp_match("a.cde"), {2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10})
+
+    @testing.requires.regexp_replace
+    def test_regexp_replace(self):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(
+            col.regexp_replace("a.cde", "FOO").contains("FOO"), {1, 5, 6, 9}
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.regexp_match
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("a.cde", {1, 5, 6, 9}),
+        ("abc", {1, 5, 6, 9, 10}),
+        ("^abc", {1, 5, 6, 9, 10}),
+        ("9cde", {8}),
+        ("^a", set(range(1, 11))),
+        ("(b|c)", set(range(1, 11))),
+        ("^(b|c)", set()),
+    )
+    def test_regexp_match(self, text, expected):
+        col = self.tables.some_table.c.data
+        self._test(col.regexp_match(text), expected)
+
+
+class ComputedColumnTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("computed_columns",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "square",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("side", Integer),
+            Column("area", Integer, Computed("side * side")),
+            Column("perimeter", Integer, Computed("4 * side")),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.square.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1, "side": 10}, {"id": 10, "side": 42}],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_all(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            res = conn.execute(
+                select(text("*"))
+                .select_from(self.tables.square)
+                .order_by(self.tables.square.c.id)
+            ).fetchall()
+            eq_(res, [(1, 10, 100, 40), (10, 42, 1764, 168)])
+
+    def test_select_columns(self):
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            res = conn.execute(
+                select(
+                    self.tables.square.c.area, self.tables.square.c.perimeter
+                )
+                .select_from(self.tables.square)
+                .order_by(self.tables.square.c.id)
+            ).fetchall()
+            eq_(res, [(100, 40), (1764, 168)])
+
+
+class IdentityColumnTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("identity_columns",)
+    run_inserts = "once"
+    run_deletes = "once"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "tbl_a",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(
+                    always=True, start=42, nominvalue=True, nomaxvalue=True
+                ),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("desc", String(100)),
+        )
+        Table(
+            "tbl_b",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(increment=-5, start=0, minvalue=-1000, maxvalue=0),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("desc", String(100)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.tbl_a.insert(),
+            [{"desc": "a"}, {"desc": "b"}],
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.tbl_b.insert(),
+            [{"desc": "a"}, {"desc": "b"}],
+        )
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.tbl_b.insert(),
+            [{"id": 42, "desc": "c"}],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_all(self, connection):
+        res = connection.execute(
+            select(text("*"))
+            .select_from(self.tables.tbl_a)
+            .order_by(self.tables.tbl_a.c.id)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(res, [(42, "a"), (43, "b")])
+
+        res = connection.execute(
+            select(text("*"))
+            .select_from(self.tables.tbl_b)
+            .order_by(self.tables.tbl_b.c.id)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(res, [(-5, "b"), (0, "a"), (42, "c")])
+
+    def test_select_columns(self, connection):
+        res = connection.execute(
+            select(self.tables.tbl_a.c.id).order_by(self.tables.tbl_a.c.id)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(res, [(42,), (43,)])
+
+    @testing.requires.identity_columns_standard
+    def test_insert_always_error(self, connection):
+        def fn():
+            connection.execute(
+                self.tables.tbl_a.insert(),
+                [{"id": 200, "desc": "a"}],
+            )
+
+        assert_raises((DatabaseError, ProgrammingError), fn)
+
+
+class IdentityAutoincrementTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("autoincrement_without_sequence",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "tbl",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                Identity(),
+                primary_key=True,
+                autoincrement=True,
+            ),
+            Column("desc", String(100)),
+        )
+
+    def test_autoincrement_with_identity(self, connection):
+        res = connection.execute(self.tables.tbl.insert(), {"desc": "row"})
+        res = connection.execute(self.tables.tbl.select()).first()
+        eq_(res, (1, "row"))
+
+
+class ExistsTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "stuff",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.stuff.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "some data"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "some data"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "some data"},
+                {"id": 4, "data": "some other data"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_exists(self, connection):
+        stuff = self.tables.stuff
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(literal(1)).where(
+                    exists().where(stuff.c.data == "some data")
+                )
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(1,)],
+        )
+
+    def test_select_exists_false(self, connection):
+        stuff = self.tables.stuff
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                select(literal(1)).where(
+                    exists().where(stuff.c.data == "no data")
+                )
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [],
+        )
+
+
+class DistinctOnTest(AssertsCompiledSQL, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fails_if(testing.requires.supports_distinct_on)
+    def test_distinct_on(self):
+        stm = select("*").distinct(column("q")).select_from(table("foo"))
+        with testing.expect_deprecated(
+            "DISTINCT ON is currently supported only by the PostgreSQL "
+        ):
+            self.assert_compile(stm, "SELECT DISTINCT * FROM foo")
+
+
+class IsOrIsNotDistinctFromTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("supports_is_distinct_from",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "is_distinct_test",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("col_a", Integer, nullable=True),
+            Column("col_b", Integer, nullable=True),
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("both_int_different", 0, 1, 1),
+        ("both_int_same", 1, 1, 0),
+        ("one_null_first", None, 1, 1),
+        ("one_null_second", 0, None, 1),
+        ("both_null", None, None, 0),
+        id_="iaaa",
+        argnames="col_a_value, col_b_value, expected_row_count_for_is",
+    )
+    def test_is_or_is_not_distinct_from(
+        self, col_a_value, col_b_value, expected_row_count_for_is, connection
+    ):
+        tbl = self.tables.is_distinct_test
+
+        connection.execute(
+            tbl.insert(),
+            [{"id": 1, "col_a": col_a_value, "col_b": col_b_value}],
+        )
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            tbl.select().where(tbl.c.col_a.is_distinct_from(tbl.c.col_b))
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(
+            len(result),
+            expected_row_count_for_is,
+        )
+
+        expected_row_count_for_is_not = (
+            1 if expected_row_count_for_is == 0 else 0
+        )
+        result = connection.execute(
+            tbl.select().where(tbl.c.col_a.is_not_distinct_from(tbl.c.col_b))
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(
+            len(result),
+            expected_row_count_for_is_not,
+        )
+
+
+class WindowFunctionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("window_functions",)
+
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "some_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("col1", Integer),
+            Column("col2", Integer),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.some_table.insert(),
+            [{"id": i, "col1": i, "col2": i * 5} for i in range(1, 50)],
+        )
+
+    def test_window(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+        rows = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                func.max(some_table.c.col2).over(
+                    order_by=[some_table.c.col1.desc()]
+                )
+            ).where(some_table.c.col1 < 20)
+        ).all()
+
+        eq_(rows, [(95,) for i in range(19)])
+
+    def test_window_rows_between(self, connection):
+        some_table = self.tables.some_table
+
+        # note the rows are part of the cache key right now, not handled
+        # as binds.  this is issue #11515
+        rows = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                func.max(some_table.c.col2).over(
+                    order_by=[some_table.c.col1],
+                    rows=(-5, 0),
+                )
+            )
+        ).all()
+
+        eq_(rows, [(i,) for i in range(5, 250, 5)])
+
+
+class BitwiseTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    run_inserts = run_deletes = "once"
+
+    inserted_data = [{"a": i, "b": i + 1} for i in range(10)]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table("bitwise", metadata, Column("a", Integer), Column("b", Integer))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(cls.tables.bitwise.insert(), cls.inserted_data)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (
+            lambda a: a.bitwise_xor(5),
+            [i for i in range(10) if i != 5],
+            testing.requires.supports_bitwise_xor,
+        ),
+        (
+            lambda a: a.bitwise_or(1),
+            list(range(10)),
+            testing.requires.supports_bitwise_or,
+        ),
+        (
+            lambda a: a.bitwise_and(4),
+            list(range(4, 8)),
+            testing.requires.supports_bitwise_and,
+        ),
+        (
+            lambda a: (a - 2).bitwise_not(),
+            [0],
+            testing.requires.supports_bitwise_not,
+        ),
+        (
+            lambda a: a.bitwise_lshift(1),
+            list(range(1, 10)),
+            testing.requires.supports_bitwise_shift,
+        ),
+        (
+            lambda a: a.bitwise_rshift(2),
+            list(range(4, 10)),
+            testing.requires.supports_bitwise_shift,
+        ),
+        argnames="case, expected",
+    )
+    def test_bitwise(self, case, expected, connection):
+        tbl = self.tables.bitwise
+
+        a = tbl.c.a
+
+        op = testing.resolve_lambda(case, a=a)
+
+        stmt = select(tbl).where(op > 0).order_by(a)
+
+        res = connection.execute(stmt).mappings().all()
+        eq_(res, [self.inserted_data[i] for i in expected])
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0e65753
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_sequence.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+# testing/suite/test_sequence.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import config
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import is_true
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..provision import normalize_sequence
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import inspect
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import Sequence
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+
+
+class SequenceTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    run_create_tables = "each"
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "seq_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("tab_id_seq")),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "seq_opt_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(
+                    config,
+                    Sequence("tab_id_seq", data_type=Integer, optional=True),
+                ),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+        Table(
+            "seq_no_returning",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("noret_id_seq")),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=False,
+        )
+
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            Table(
+                "seq_no_returning_sch",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "id",
+                    Integer,
+                    normalize_sequence(
+                        config,
+                        Sequence(
+                            "noret_sch_id_seq", schema=config.test_schema
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    primary_key=True,
+                ),
+                Column("data", String(50)),
+                implicit_returning=False,
+                schema=config.test_schema,
+            )
+
+    def test_insert_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(self.tables.seq_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data"))
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.seq_pk, connection)
+
+    def test_insert_lastrowid(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        eq_(
+            r.inserted_primary_key, (testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base,)
+        )
+
+    def test_nextval_direct(self, connection):
+        r = connection.scalar(self.tables.seq_pk.c.id.default)
+        eq_(r, testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base)
+
+    @requirements.sequences_optional
+    def test_optional_seq(self, connection):
+        r = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_opt_pk.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        eq_(r.inserted_primary_key, (1,))
+
+    def _assert_round_trip(self, table, conn):
+        row = conn.execute(table.select()).first()
+        eq_(row, (testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base, "some data"))
+
+    def test_insert_roundtrip_no_implicit_returning(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.seq_no_returning.insert(), dict(data="some data")
+        )
+        self._assert_round_trip(self.tables.seq_no_returning, connection)
+
+    @testing.combinations((True,), (False,), argnames="implicit_returning")
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_insert_roundtrip_translate(self, connection, implicit_returning):
+        seq_no_returning = Table(
+            "seq_no_returning_sch",
+            MetaData(),
+            Column(
+                "id",
+                Integer,
+                normalize_sequence(
+                    config, Sequence("noret_sch_id_seq", schema="alt_schema")
+                ),
+                primary_key=True,
+            ),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+            implicit_returning=implicit_returning,
+            schema="alt_schema",
+        )
+
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={"alt_schema": config.test_schema}
+        )
+        connection.execute(seq_no_returning.insert(), dict(data="some data"))
+        self._assert_round_trip(seq_no_returning, connection)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_nextval_direct_schema_translate(self, connection):
+        seq = normalize_sequence(
+            config, Sequence("noret_sch_id_seq", schema="alt_schema")
+        )
+        connection = connection.execution_options(
+            schema_translate_map={"alt_schema": config.test_schema}
+        )
+
+        r = connection.scalar(seq)
+        eq_(r, testing.db.dialect.default_sequence_base)
+
+
+class SequenceCompilerTest(testing.AssertsCompiledSQL, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_literal_binds_inline_compile(self, connection):
+        table = Table(
+            "x",
+            MetaData(),
+            Column(
+                "y", Integer, normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("y_seq"))
+            ),
+            Column("q", Integer),
+        )
+
+        stmt = table.insert().values(q=5)
+
+        seq_nextval = connection.dialect.statement_compiler(
+            statement=None, dialect=connection.dialect
+        ).visit_sequence(normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("y_seq")))
+        self.assert_compile(
+            stmt,
+            "INSERT INTO x (y, q) VALUES (%s, 5)" % (seq_nextval,),
+            literal_binds=True,
+            dialect=connection.dialect,
+        )
+
+
+class HasSequenceTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = None
+
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("user_id_seq", metadata=metadata))
+        normalize_sequence(
+            config,
+            Sequence(
+                "other_seq",
+                metadata=metadata,
+                nomaxvalue=True,
+                nominvalue=True,
+            ),
+        )
+        if testing.requires.schemas.enabled:
+            normalize_sequence(
+                config,
+                Sequence(
+                    "user_id_seq", schema=config.test_schema, metadata=metadata
+                ),
+            )
+            normalize_sequence(
+                config,
+                Sequence(
+                    "schema_seq", schema=config.test_schema, metadata=metadata
+                ),
+            )
+        Table(
+            "user_id_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+        )
+
+    def test_has_sequence(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("user_id_seq"), True)
+
+    def test_has_sequence_cache(self, connection, metadata):
+        insp = inspect(connection)
+        eq_(insp.has_sequence("user_id_seq"), True)
+        ss = normalize_sequence(config, Sequence("new_seq", metadata=metadata))
+        eq_(insp.has_sequence("new_seq"), False)
+        ss.create(connection)
+        try:
+            eq_(insp.has_sequence("new_seq"), False)
+            insp.clear_cache()
+            eq_(insp.has_sequence("new_seq"), True)
+        finally:
+            ss.drop(connection)
+
+    def test_has_sequence_other_object(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("user_id_table"), False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schema(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).has_sequence(
+                "user_id_seq", schema=config.test_schema
+            ),
+            True,
+        )
+
+    def test_has_sequence_neg(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("some_sequence"), False)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_schemas_neg(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).has_sequence(
+                "some_sequence", schema=config.test_schema
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_default_not_in_remote(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).has_sequence(
+                "other_sequence", schema=config.test_schema
+            ),
+            False,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_has_sequence_remote_not_in_default(self, connection):
+        eq_(inspect(connection).has_sequence("schema_seq"), False)
+
+    def test_get_sequence_names(self, connection):
+        exp = {"other_seq", "user_id_seq"}
+
+        res = set(inspect(connection).get_sequence_names())
+        is_true(res.intersection(exp) == exp)
+        is_true("schema_seq" not in res)
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_sequence_names_no_sequence_schema(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_sequence_names(
+                schema=config.test_schema_2
+            ),
+            [],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.schemas
+    def test_get_sequence_names_sequences_schema(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            sorted(
+                inspect(connection).get_sequence_names(
+                    schema=config.test_schema
+                )
+            ),
+            ["schema_seq", "user_id_seq"],
+        )
+
+
+class HasSequenceTestEmpty(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("sequences",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_get_sequence_names_no_sequence(self, connection):
+        eq_(
+            inspect(connection).get_sequence_names(),
+            [],
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f1bf75d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2145 @@
+# testing/suite/test_types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+import datetime
+import decimal
+import json
+import re
+import uuid
+
+from .. import config
+from .. import engines
+from .. import fixtures
+from .. import mock
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..assertions import is_
+from ..assertions import ne_
+from ..config import requirements
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import and_
+from ... import ARRAY
+from ... import BigInteger
+from ... import bindparam
+from ... import Boolean
+from ... import case
+from ... import cast
+from ... import Date
+from ... import DateTime
+from ... import Enum
+from ... import Float
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import Interval
+from ... import JSON
+from ... import literal
+from ... import literal_column
+from ... import MetaData
+from ... import null
+from ... import Numeric
+from ... import select
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+from ... import Text
+from ... import Time
+from ... import TIMESTAMP
+from ... import type_coerce
+from ... import TypeDecorator
+from ... import Unicode
+from ... import UnicodeText
+from ... import UUID
+from ... import Uuid
+from ...orm import declarative_base
+from ...orm import Session
+from ...sql import sqltypes
+from ...sql.sqltypes import LargeBinary
+from ...sql.sqltypes import PickleType
+
+
+class _LiteralRoundTripFixture:
+    supports_whereclause = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def literal_round_trip(self, metadata, connection):
+        """test literal rendering"""
+
+        # for literal, we test the literal render in an INSERT
+        # into a typed column.  we can then SELECT it back as its
+        # official type; ideally we'd be able to use CAST here
+        # but MySQL in particular can't CAST fully
+
+        def run(
+            type_,
+            input_,
+            output,
+            filter_=None,
+            compare=None,
+            support_whereclause=True,
+        ):
+            t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", type_))
+            t.create(connection)
+
+            for value in input_:
+                ins = t.insert().values(
+                    x=literal(value, type_, literal_execute=True)
+                )
+                connection.execute(ins)
+
+            ins = t.insert().values(
+                x=literal(None, type_, literal_execute=True)
+            )
+            connection.execute(ins)
+
+            if support_whereclause and self.supports_whereclause:
+                if compare:
+                    stmt = t.select().where(
+                        t.c.x
+                        == literal(
+                            compare,
+                            type_,
+                            literal_execute=True,
+                        ),
+                        t.c.x
+                        == literal(
+                            input_[0],
+                            type_,
+                            literal_execute=True,
+                        ),
+                    )
+                else:
+                    stmt = t.select().where(
+                        t.c.x
+                        == literal(
+                            compare if compare is not None else input_[0],
+                            type_,
+                            literal_execute=True,
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                stmt = t.select().where(t.c.x.is_not(None))
+
+            rows = connection.execute(stmt).all()
+            assert rows, "No rows returned"
+            for row in rows:
+                value = row[0]
+                if filter_ is not None:
+                    value = filter_(value)
+                assert value in output
+
+            stmt = t.select().where(t.c.x.is_(None))
+            rows = connection.execute(stmt).all()
+            eq_(rows, [(None,)])
+
+        return run
+
+
+class _UnicodeFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("unicode_data",)
+
+    data = (
+        "Alors vous imaginez ma 🐍 surprise, au lever du jour, "
+        "quand une drôle de petite 🐍 voix m’a réveillé. Elle "
+        "disait: « S’il vous plaît… dessine-moi 🐍 un mouton! »"
+    )
+
+    @property
+    def supports_whereclause(self):
+        return config.requirements.expressions_against_unbounded_text.enabled
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "unicode_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("unicode_data", cls.datatype),
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "unicode_data": self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (self.data,))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], str)
+
+    def test_round_trip_executemany(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(),
+            [{"id": i, "unicode_data": self.data} for i in range(1, 4)],
+        )
+
+        rows = connection.execute(
+            select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)
+        ).fetchall()
+        eq_(rows, [(self.data,) for i in range(1, 4)])
+        for row in rows:
+            assert isinstance(row[0], str)
+
+    def _test_null_strings(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "unicode_data": None}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    def _test_empty_strings(self, connection):
+        unicode_table = self.tables.unicode_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            unicode_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "unicode_data": ""}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(unicode_table.c.unicode_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ("",))
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [self.data])
+
+    def test_literal_non_ascii(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, ["réve🐍 illé"], ["réve🐍 illé"])
+
+
+class UnicodeVarcharTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("unicode_data",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Unicode(255)
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_varchar
+    def test_empty_strings_varchar(self, connection):
+        self._test_empty_strings(connection)
+
+    def test_null_strings_varchar(self, connection):
+        self._test_null_strings(connection)
+
+
+class UnicodeTextTest(_UnicodeFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = "unicode_data", "text_type"
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = UnicodeText()
+
+    @requirements.empty_strings_text
+    def test_empty_strings_text(self, connection):
+        self._test_empty_strings(connection)
+
+    def test_null_strings_text(self, connection):
+        self._test_null_strings(connection)
+
+
+class ArrayTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """Add ARRAY test suite, #8138.
+
+    This only works on PostgreSQL right now.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ("array_type",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "array_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("single_dim", ARRAY(Integer)),
+            Column("multi_dim", ARRAY(String, dimensions=2)),
+        )
+
+    def test_array_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        array_table = self.tables.array_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            array_table.insert(),
+            {
+                "id": 1,
+                "single_dim": [1, 2, 3],
+                "multi_dim": [["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]],
+            },
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(array_table.c.single_dim, array_table.c.multi_dim)
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, ([1, 2, 3], [["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]]))
+
+    def test_literal_simple(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            ARRAY(Integer),
+            ([1, 2, 3],),
+            ([1, 2, 3],),
+            support_whereclause=False,
+        )
+
+    def test_literal_complex(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            ARRAY(String, dimensions=2),
+            ([["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]],),
+            ([["one", "two"], ["thr'ee", "réve🐍 illé"]],),
+            support_whereclause=False,
+        )
+
+
+class BinaryTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+    __requires__ = ("binary_literals",)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "binary_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("binary_data", LargeBinary),
+            Column("pickle_data", PickleType),
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(b"this is binary", b"7\xe7\x9f", argnames="data")
+    def test_binary_roundtrip(self, connection, data):
+        binary_table = self.tables.binary_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            binary_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "binary_data": data}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(binary_table.c.binary_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (data,))
+
+    def test_pickle_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        binary_table = self.tables.binary_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            binary_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "pickle_data": {"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": "bat"}},
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(binary_table.c.pickle_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ({"foo": [1, 2, 3], "bar": "bat"},))
+
+
+class TextTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("text_type",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @property
+    def supports_whereclause(self):
+        return config.requirements.expressions_against_unbounded_text.enabled
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "text_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("text_data", Text),
+        )
+
+    def test_text_roundtrip(self, connection):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            text_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "text_data": "some text"}
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(select(text_table.c.text_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ("some text",))
+
+    @testing.requires.empty_strings_text
+    def test_text_empty_strings(self, connection):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        connection.execute(text_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "text_data": ""})
+        row = connection.execute(select(text_table.c.text_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, ("",))
+
+    def test_text_null_strings(self, connection):
+        text_table = self.tables.text_table
+
+        connection.execute(text_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "text_data": None})
+        row = connection.execute(select(text_table.c.text_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Text, ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    @requirements.unicode_data_no_special_types
+    def test_literal_non_ascii(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Text, ["réve🐍 illé"], ["réve🐍 illé"])
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = """some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text"""
+        literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = r"backslash one \ backslash two \\ end"
+        literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_percentsigns(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = r"percent % signs %% percent"
+        literal_round_trip(Text, [data], [data])
+
+
+class StringTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @requirements.unbounded_varchar
+    def test_nolength_string(self):
+        metadata = MetaData()
+        foo = Table("foo", metadata, Column("one", String))
+
+        foo.create(config.db)
+        foo.drop(config.db)
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        # note that in Python 3, this invokes the Unicode
+        # datatype for the literal part because all strings are unicode
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), ["some text"], ["some text"])
+
+    @requirements.unicode_data_no_special_types
+    def test_literal_non_ascii(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), ["réve🐍 illé"], ["réve🐍 illé"])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("%B%", ["AB", "BC"]),
+        ("A%C", ["AC"]),
+        ("A%C%Z", []),
+        argnames="expr, expected",
+    )
+    def test_dont_truncate_rightside(
+        self, metadata, connection, expr, expected
+    ):
+        t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", String(2)))
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        connection.execute(t.insert(), [{"x": "AB"}, {"x": "BC"}, {"x": "AC"}])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalars(select(t.c.x).where(t.c.x.like(expr))).all(),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    def test_literal_quoting(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = """some 'text' hey "hi there" that's text"""
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_backslashes(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = r"backslash one \ backslash two \\ end"
+        literal_round_trip(String(40), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_concatenate_binary(self, connection):
+        """dialects with special string concatenation operators should
+        implement visit_concat_op_binary() and visit_concat_op_clauselist()
+        in their compiler.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  visit_concat_op_clauselist() is also needed
+           for dialects to override the string concatenation operator.
+
+        """
+        eq_(connection.scalar(select(literal("a") + "b")), "ab")
+
+    def test_concatenate_clauselist(self, connection):
+        """dialects with special string concatenation operators should
+        implement visit_concat_op_binary() and visit_concat_op_clauselist()
+        in their compiler.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 2.0  visit_concat_op_clauselist() is also needed
+           for dialects to override the string concatenation operator.
+
+        """
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(select(literal("a") + "b" + "c" + "d" + "e")),
+            "abcde",
+        )
+
+
+class IntervalTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_interval",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Interval
+    data = datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=4)
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [self.data], [self.data])
+
+    def test_select_direct_literal_interval(self, connection):
+        row = connection.execute(select(literal(self.data))).first()
+        eq_(row, (self.data,))
+
+    def test_arithmetic_operation_literal_interval(self, connection):
+        now = datetime.datetime.now().replace(microsecond=0)
+        # Able to subtract
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(literal(now) - literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(row, now - self.data)
+
+        # Able to Add
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(literal(now) + literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(row, now + self.data)
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def arithmetic_table_fixture(cls, metadata, connection):
+        class Decorated(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = cls.datatype
+            cache_ok = True
+
+        it = Table(
+            "interval_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("interval_data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("date_data", DateTime),
+            Column("decorated_interval_data", Decorated),
+        )
+        it.create(connection)
+        return it
+
+    def test_arithmetic_operation_table_interval_and_literal_interval(
+        self, connection, arithmetic_table_fixture
+    ):
+        interval_table = arithmetic_table_fixture
+        data = datetime.timedelta(days=2, seconds=5)
+        connection.execute(
+            interval_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "interval_data": data}
+        )
+        # Subtraction Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.interval_data - literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, data - self.data)
+
+        # Addition Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.interval_data + literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, data + self.data)
+
+    def test_arithmetic_operation_table_date_and_literal_interval(
+        self, connection, arithmetic_table_fixture
+    ):
+        interval_table = arithmetic_table_fixture
+        now = datetime.datetime.now().replace(microsecond=0)
+        connection.execute(
+            interval_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": now}
+        )
+        # Subtraction Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.date_data - literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, (now - self.data))
+
+        # Addition Operation
+        value = connection.execute(
+            select(interval_table.c.date_data + literal(self.data))
+        ).scalar()
+        eq_(value, (now + self.data))
+
+
+class PrecisionIntervalTest(IntervalTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_interval",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Interval(day_precision=9, second_precision=9)
+    data = datetime.timedelta(days=103, seconds=4)
+
+
+class _DateFixture(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    compare = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        class Decorated(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = cls.datatype
+            cache_ok = True
+
+        Table(
+            "date_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("date_data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("decorated_date_data", Decorated),
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip(self, connection):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(date_table.c.date_data)).first()
+
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        eq_(row, (compare,))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], type(compare))
+
+    def test_round_trip_decorated(self, connection):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "decorated_date_data": self.data}
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(date_table.c.decorated_date_data)
+        ).first()
+
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+        eq_(row, (compare,))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], type(compare))
+
+    def test_null(self, connection):
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+
+        connection.execute(date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": None})
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(date_table.c.date_data)).first()
+        eq_(row, (None,))
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_literals
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        compare = self.compare or self.data
+
+        literal_round_trip(
+            self.datatype, [self.data], [compare], compare=compare
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.standalone_null_binds_whereclause
+    def test_null_bound_comparison(self):
+        # this test is based on an Oracle issue observed in #4886.
+        # passing NULL for an expression that needs to be interpreted as
+        # a certain type, does the DBAPI have the info it needs to do this.
+        date_table = self.tables.date_table
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            result = conn.execute(
+                date_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "date_data": self.data}
+            )
+            id_ = result.inserted_primary_key[0]
+            stmt = select(date_table.c.id).where(
+                case(
+                    (
+                        bindparam("foo", type_=self.datatype) != None,
+                        bindparam("foo", type_=self.datatype),
+                    ),
+                    else_=date_table.c.date_data,
+                )
+                == date_table.c.date_data
+            )
+
+            row = conn.execute(stmt, {"foo": None}).first()
+            eq_(row[0], id_)
+
+
+class DateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeTZTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_timezone",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime(timezone=True)
+    data = datetime.datetime(
+        2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
+    )
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_microseconds",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, 39642)
+
+
+class TimestampMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("timestamp_microseconds",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = TIMESTAMP
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+    @testing.requires.timestamp_microseconds_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class TimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("time",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18)
+
+    @testing.requires.time_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class TimeTZTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("time_timezone",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time(timezone=True)
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
+
+    @testing.requires.time_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class TimeMicrosecondsTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("time_microseconds",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Time
+    data = datetime.time(12, 57, 18, 396)
+
+    @testing.requires.time_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("date",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+    @testing.requires.date_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    """this particular suite is testing that datetime parameters get
+    coerced to dates, which tends to be something DBAPIs do.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = "date", "date_coerces_from_datetime"
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.datetime(2012, 10, 15, 12, 57, 18)
+    compare = datetime.date(2012, 10, 15)
+
+    @testing.requires.datetime_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateTimeHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("datetime_historic",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = DateTime
+    data = datetime.datetime(1850, 11, 10, 11, 52, 35)
+
+    @testing.requires.date_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class DateHistoricTest(_DateFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("date_historic",)
+    __backend__ = True
+    datatype = Date
+    data = datetime.date(1727, 4, 1)
+
+    @testing.requires.date_implicit_bound
+    def test_select_direct(self, connection):
+        result = connection.scalar(select(literal(self.data)))
+        eq_(result, self.data)
+
+
+class IntegerTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    def test_literal(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Integer, [5], [5])
+
+    def _huge_ints():
+        return testing.combinations(
+            2147483649,  # 32 bits
+            2147483648,  # 32 bits
+            2147483647,  # 31 bits
+            2147483646,  # 31 bits
+            -2147483649,  # 32 bits
+            -2147483648,  # 32 interestingly, asyncpg accepts this one as int32
+            -2147483647,  # 31
+            -2147483646,  # 31
+            0,
+            1376537018368127,
+            -1376537018368127,
+            argnames="intvalue",
+        )
+
+    @_huge_ints()
+    def test_huge_int_auto_accommodation(self, connection, intvalue):
+        """test #7909"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(intvalue).where(literal(intvalue) == intvalue)
+            ),
+            intvalue,
+        )
+
+    @_huge_ints()
+    def test_huge_int(self, integer_round_trip, intvalue):
+        integer_round_trip(BigInteger, intvalue)
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def integer_round_trip(self, metadata, connection):
+        def run(datatype, data):
+            int_table = Table(
+                "integer_table",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "id",
+                    Integer,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                    test_needs_autoincrement=True,
+                ),
+                Column("integer_data", datatype),
+            )
+
+            metadata.create_all(config.db)
+
+            connection.execute(
+                int_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "integer_data": data}
+            )
+
+            row = connection.execute(select(int_table.c.integer_data)).first()
+
+            eq_(row, (data,))
+
+            assert isinstance(row[0], int)
+
+        return run
+
+
+class CastTypeDecoratorTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def string_as_int(self):
+        class StringAsInt(TypeDecorator):
+            impl = String(50)
+            cache_ok = True
+
+            def column_expression(self, col):
+                return cast(col, Integer)
+
+            def bind_expression(self, col):
+                return cast(type_coerce(col, Integer), String(50))
+
+        return StringAsInt()
+
+    def test_special_type(self, metadata, connection, string_as_int):
+        type_ = string_as_int
+
+        t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", type_))
+        t.create(connection)
+
+        connection.execute(t.insert(), [{"x": x} for x in [1, 2, 3]])
+
+        result = {row[0] for row in connection.execute(t.select())}
+        eq_(result, {1, 2, 3})
+
+        result = {
+            row[0] for row in connection.execute(t.select().where(t.c.x == 2))
+        }
+        eq_(result, {2})
+
+
+class TrueDivTest(fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("15", "10", 1.5),
+        ("-15", "10", -1.5),
+        argnames="left, right, expected",
+    )
+    def test_truediv_integer(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Integer())
+                    / literal_column(right, type_=Integer())
+                )
+            ),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("15", "10", 1), ("-15", "5", -3), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_floordiv_integer(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Integer())
+                    // literal_column(right, type_=Integer())
+                )
+            ),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("5.52", "2.4", "2.3"), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_truediv_numeric(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Numeric(10, 2))
+                    / literal_column(right, type_=Numeric(10, 2))
+                )
+            ),
+            decimal.Decimal(expected),
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("5.52", "2.4", 2.3), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_truediv_float(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Float())
+                    / literal_column(right, type_=Float())
+                )
+            ),
+            expected,
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("5.52", "2.4", "2.0"), argnames="left, right, expected"
+    )
+    def test_floordiv_numeric(self, connection, left, right, expected):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(
+                    literal_column(left, type_=Numeric())
+                    // literal_column(right, type_=Numeric())
+                )
+            ),
+            decimal.Decimal(expected),
+        )
+
+    def test_truediv_integer_bound(self, connection):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(select(literal(15) / literal(10))),
+            1.5,
+        )
+
+    def test_floordiv_integer_bound(self, connection):
+        """test #4926"""
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(select(literal(15) // literal(10))),
+            1,
+        )
+
+
+class NumericTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TestBase):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @testing.fixture
+    def do_numeric_test(self, metadata, connection):
+        def run(type_, input_, output, filter_=None, check_scale=False):
+            t = Table("t", metadata, Column("x", type_))
+            t.create(connection)
+            connection.execute(t.insert(), [{"x": x} for x in input_])
+
+            result = {row[0] for row in connection.execute(t.select())}
+            output = set(output)
+            if filter_:
+                result = {filter_(x) for x in result}
+                output = {filter_(x) for x in output}
+            eq_(result, output)
+            if check_scale:
+                eq_([str(x) for x in result], [str(x) for x in output])
+
+            connection.execute(t.delete())
+
+            # test that this is actually a number!
+            # note we have tiny scale here as we have tests with very
+            # small scale Numeric types.  PostgreSQL will raise an error
+            # if you use values outside the available scale.
+            if type_.asdecimal:
+                test_value = decimal.Decimal("2.9")
+                add_value = decimal.Decimal("37.12")
+            else:
+                test_value = 2.9
+                add_value = 37.12
+
+            connection.execute(t.insert(), {"x": test_value})
+            assert_we_are_a_number = connection.scalar(
+                select(type_coerce(t.c.x + add_value, type_))
+            )
+            eq_(
+                round(assert_we_are_a_number, 3),
+                round(test_value + add_value, 3),
+            )
+
+        return run
+
+    def test_render_literal_numeric(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_numeric_asfloat(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_float(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Float(),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None,
+            support_whereclause=False,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_generic_float_type
+    def test_float_custom_scale(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(None, decimal_return_scale=7, asdecimal=True),
+            [15.7563827, decimal.Decimal("15.7563827")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563827")],
+            check_scale=True,
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+        )
+
+    def test_numeric_as_float(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False),
+            [15.7563, decimal.Decimal("15.7563")],
+            [15.7563],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.infinity_floats
+    def test_infinity_floats(self, do_numeric_test):
+        """test for #977, #7283"""
+
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(None),
+            [float("inf")],
+            [float("inf")],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=8, scale=4), [None], [None])
+
+    @testing.requires.fetch_null_from_numeric
+    def test_numeric_null_as_float(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=8, scale=4, asdecimal=False), [None], [None]
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.floats_to_four_decimals
+    def test_float_as_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(asdecimal=True),
+            [15.756, decimal.Decimal("15.756"), None],
+            [decimal.Decimal("15.756"), None],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 4) or None,
+        )
+
+    def test_float_as_float(self, do_numeric_test):
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Float(),
+            [15.756, decimal.Decimal("15.756")],
+            [15.756],
+            filter_=lambda n: n is not None and round(n, 5) or None,
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.literal_float_coercion
+    def test_float_coerce_round_trip(self, connection):
+        expr = 15.7563
+
+        val = connection.scalar(select(literal(expr)))
+        eq_(val, expr)
+
+    # this does not work in MySQL, see #4036, however we choose not
+    # to render CAST unconditionally since this is kind of an edge case.
+
+    @testing.requires.implicit_decimal_binds
+    def test_decimal_coerce_round_trip(self, connection):
+        expr = decimal.Decimal("15.7563")
+
+        val = connection.scalar(select(literal(expr)))
+        eq_(val, expr)
+
+    def test_decimal_coerce_round_trip_w_cast(self, connection):
+        expr = decimal.Decimal("15.7563")
+
+        val = connection.scalar(select(cast(expr, Numeric(10, 4))))
+        eq_(val, expr)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_general
+    def test_precision_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("54.234246451650"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.004354"),
+            decimal.Decimal("900.0"),
+        }
+
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=18, scale=12), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        """test exceedingly small decimals.
+
+        Decimal reports values with E notation when the exponent
+        is greater than 6.
+
+        """
+
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-2"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-3"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-4"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-5"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-6"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-7"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1E-8"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.01000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000005940696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.00000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("0.70000000000696"),
+            decimal.Decimal("696E-12"),
+        }
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=18, scale=14), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_enotation_large
+    def test_enotation_decimal_large(self, do_numeric_test):
+        """test exceedingly large decimals."""
+
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("4E+8"),
+            decimal.Decimal("5748E+15"),
+            decimal.Decimal("1.521E+15"),
+            decimal.Decimal("00000000000000.1E+12"),
+        }
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=25, scale=2), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_many_significant_digits
+    def test_many_significant_digits(self, do_numeric_test):
+        numbers = {
+            decimal.Decimal("31943874831932418390.01"),
+            decimal.Decimal("319438950232418390.273596"),
+            decimal.Decimal("87673.594069654243"),
+        }
+        do_numeric_test(Numeric(precision=38, scale=12), numbers, numbers)
+
+    @testing.requires.precision_numerics_retains_significant_digits
+    def test_numeric_no_decimal(self, do_numeric_test):
+        numbers = {decimal.Decimal("1.000")}
+        do_numeric_test(
+            Numeric(precision=5, scale=3), numbers, numbers, check_scale=True
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(sqltypes.Float, sqltypes.Double, argnames="cls_")
+    @testing.requires.float_is_numeric
+    def test_float_is_not_numeric(self, connection, cls_):
+        target_type = cls_().dialect_impl(connection.dialect)
+        numeric_type = sqltypes.Numeric().dialect_impl(connection.dialect)
+
+        ne_(target_type.__visit_name__, numeric_type.__visit_name__)
+        ne_(target_type.__class__, numeric_type.__class__)
+
+
+class BooleanTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "boolean_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
+            Column("value", Boolean),
+            Column("unconstrained_value", Boolean(create_constraint=False)),
+        )
+
+    def test_render_literal_bool(self, literal_round_trip):
+        literal_round_trip(Boolean(), [True, False], [True, False])
+
+    def test_round_trip(self, connection):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "value": True, "unconstrained_value": False},
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(boolean_table.c.value, boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (True, False))
+        assert isinstance(row[0], bool)
+
+    @testing.requires.nullable_booleans
+    def test_null(self, connection):
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            boolean_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "value": None, "unconstrained_value": None},
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(boolean_table.c.value, boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value)
+        ).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (None, None))
+
+    def test_whereclause(self):
+        # testing "WHERE <column>" renders a compatible expression
+        boolean_table = self.tables.boolean_table
+
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                boolean_table.insert(),
+                [
+                    {"id": 1, "value": True, "unconstrained_value": True},
+                    {"id": 2, "value": False, "unconstrained_value": False},
+                ],
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(boolean_table.c.value)
+                ),
+                1,
+            )
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(
+                        boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+                    )
+                ),
+                1,
+            )
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(~boolean_table.c.value)
+                ),
+                2,
+            )
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(
+                    select(boolean_table.c.id).where(
+                        ~boolean_table.c.unconstrained_value
+                    )
+                ),
+                2,
+            )
+
+
+class JSONTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("json_type",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = JSON
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "data_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", String(30), nullable=False),
+            Column("data", cls.datatype, nullable=False),
+            Column("nulldata", cls.datatype(none_as_null=True)),
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip_data1(self, connection):
+        self._test_round_trip({"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}, connection)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("unicode", True), ("ascii", False), argnames="unicode_", id_="ia"
+    )
+    @testing.combinations(100, 1999, 3000, 4000, 5000, 9000, argnames="length")
+    def test_round_trip_pretty_large_data(self, connection, unicode_, length):
+        if unicode_:
+            data = "réve🐍illé" * ((length // 9) + 1)
+            data = data[0 : (length // 2)]
+        else:
+            data = "abcdefg" * ((length // 7) + 1)
+            data = data[0:length]
+
+        self._test_round_trip({"key1": data, "key2": data}, connection)
+
+    def _test_round_trip(self, data_element, connection):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            data_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "name": "row1", "data": data_element},
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(select(data_table.c.data)).first()
+
+        eq_(row, (data_element,))
+
+    def _index_fixtures(include_comparison):
+        if include_comparison:
+            # basically SQL Server and MariaDB can kind of do json
+            # comparison, MySQL, PG and SQLite can't.  not worth it.
+            json_elements = []
+        else:
+            json_elements = [
+                ("json", {"foo": "bar"}),
+                ("json", ["one", "two", "three"]),
+                (None, {"foo": "bar"}),
+                (None, ["one", "two", "three"]),
+            ]
+
+        elements = [
+            ("boolean", True),
+            ("boolean", False),
+            ("boolean", None),
+            ("string", "some string"),
+            ("string", None),
+            ("string", "réve illé"),
+            (
+                "string",
+                "réve🐍 illé",
+                testing.requires.json_index_supplementary_unicode_element,
+            ),
+            ("integer", 15),
+            ("integer", 1),
+            ("integer", 0),
+            ("integer", None),
+            ("float", 28.5),
+            ("float", None),
+            ("float", 1234567.89, testing.requires.literal_float_coercion),
+            ("numeric", 1234567.89),
+            # this one "works" because the float value you see here is
+            # lost immediately to floating point stuff
+            (
+                "numeric",
+                99998969694839.983485848,
+            ),
+            ("numeric", 99939.983485848),
+            ("_decimal", decimal.Decimal("1234567.89")),
+            (
+                "_decimal",
+                decimal.Decimal("99998969694839.983485848"),
+                # fails on SQLite and MySQL (non-mariadb)
+                requirements.cast_precision_numerics_many_significant_digits,
+            ),
+            (
+                "_decimal",
+                decimal.Decimal("99939.983485848"),
+            ),
+        ] + json_elements
+
+        def decorate(fn):
+            fn = testing.combinations(id_="sa", *elements)(fn)
+
+            return fn
+
+        return decorate
+
+    def _json_value_insert(self, connection, datatype, value, data_element):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        if datatype == "_decimal":
+            # Python's builtin json serializer basically doesn't support
+            # Decimal objects without implicit float conversion period.
+            # users can otherwise use simplejson which supports
+            # precision decimals
+
+            # https://bugs.python.org/issue16535
+
+            # inserting as strings to avoid a new fixture around the
+            # dialect which would have idiosyncrasies for different
+            # backends.
+
+            class DecimalEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+                def default(self, o):
+                    if isinstance(o, decimal.Decimal):
+                        return str(o)
+                    return super().default(o)
+
+            json_data = json.dumps(data_element, cls=DecimalEncoder)
+
+            # take the quotes out.  yup, there is *literally* no other
+            # way to get Python's json.dumps() to put all the digits in
+            # the string
+            json_data = re.sub(r'"(%s)"' % str(value), str(value), json_data)
+
+            datatype = "numeric"
+
+            connection.execute(
+                data_table.insert().values(
+                    name="row1",
+                    # to pass the string directly to every backend, including
+                    # PostgreSQL which needs the value to be CAST as JSON
+                    # both in the SQL as well as at the prepared statement
+                    # level for asyncpg, while at the same time MySQL
+                    # doesn't even support CAST for JSON, here we are
+                    # sending the string embedded in the SQL without using
+                    # a parameter.
+                    data=bindparam(None, json_data, literal_execute=True),
+                    nulldata=bindparam(None, json_data, literal_execute=True),
+                ),
+            )
+        else:
+            connection.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                {
+                    "name": "row1",
+                    "data": data_element,
+                    "nulldata": data_element,
+                },
+            )
+
+        p_s = None
+
+        if datatype:
+            if datatype == "numeric":
+                a, b = str(value).split(".")
+                s = len(b)
+                p = len(a) + s
+
+                if isinstance(value, decimal.Decimal):
+                    compare_value = value
+                else:
+                    compare_value = decimal.Decimal(str(value))
+
+                p_s = (p, s)
+            else:
+                compare_value = value
+        else:
+            compare_value = value
+
+        return datatype, compare_value, p_s
+
+    @testing.requires.legacy_unconditional_json_extract
+    @_index_fixtures(False)
+    def test_index_typed_access(self, datatype, value):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": value}
+
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            datatype, compare_value, p_s = self._json_value_insert(
+                conn, datatype, value, data_element
+            )
+
+            expr = data_table.c.data["key1"]
+            if datatype:
+                if datatype == "numeric" and p_s:
+                    expr = expr.as_numeric(*p_s)
+                else:
+                    expr = getattr(expr, "as_%s" % datatype)()
+
+            roundtrip = conn.scalar(select(expr))
+            eq_(roundtrip, compare_value)
+            is_(type(roundtrip), type(compare_value))
+
+    @testing.requires.legacy_unconditional_json_extract
+    @_index_fixtures(True)
+    def test_index_typed_comparison(self, datatype, value):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": value}
+
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            datatype, compare_value, p_s = self._json_value_insert(
+                conn, datatype, value, data_element
+            )
+
+            expr = data_table.c.data["key1"]
+            if datatype:
+                if datatype == "numeric" and p_s:
+                    expr = expr.as_numeric(*p_s)
+                else:
+                    expr = getattr(expr, "as_%s" % datatype)()
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                select(expr).where(expr == compare_value)
+            ).first()
+
+            # make sure we get a row even if value is None
+            eq_(row, (compare_value,))
+
+    @testing.requires.legacy_unconditional_json_extract
+    @_index_fixtures(True)
+    def test_path_typed_comparison(self, datatype, value):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": {"subkey1": value}}
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            datatype, compare_value, p_s = self._json_value_insert(
+                conn, datatype, value, data_element
+            )
+
+            expr = data_table.c.data[("key1", "subkey1")]
+
+            if datatype:
+                if datatype == "numeric" and p_s:
+                    expr = expr.as_numeric(*p_s)
+                else:
+                    expr = getattr(expr, "as_%s" % datatype)()
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                select(expr).where(expr == compare_value)
+            ).first()
+
+            # make sure we get a row even if value is None
+            eq_(row, (compare_value,))
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        (True,),
+        (False,),
+        (None,),
+        (15,),
+        (0,),
+        (-1,),
+        (-1.0,),
+        (15.052,),
+        ("a string",),
+        ("réve illé",),
+        ("réve🐍 illé",),
+    )
+    def test_single_element_round_trip(self, element):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = element
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(),
+                {
+                    "name": "row1",
+                    "data": data_element,
+                    "nulldata": data_element,
+                },
+            )
+
+            row = conn.execute(
+                select(data_table.c.data, data_table.c.nulldata)
+            ).first()
+
+            eq_(row, (data_element, data_element))
+
+    def test_round_trip_custom_json(self):
+        data_table = self.tables.data_table
+        data_element = {"key1": "data1"}
+
+        js = mock.Mock(side_effect=json.dumps)
+        jd = mock.Mock(side_effect=json.loads)
+        engine = engines.testing_engine(
+            options=dict(json_serializer=js, json_deserializer=jd)
+        )
+
+        # support sqlite :memory: database...
+        data_table.create(engine, checkfirst=True)
+        with engine.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                data_table.insert(), {"name": "row1", "data": data_element}
+            )
+            row = conn.execute(select(data_table.c.data)).first()
+
+            eq_(row, (data_element,))
+            eq_(js.mock_calls, [mock.call(data_element)])
+            if testing.requires.json_deserializer_binary.enabled:
+                eq_(
+                    jd.mock_calls,
+                    [mock.call(json.dumps(data_element).encode())],
+                )
+            else:
+                eq_(jd.mock_calls, [mock.call(json.dumps(data_element))])
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("parameters",),
+        ("multiparameters",),
+        ("values",),
+        ("omit",),
+        argnames="insert_type",
+    )
+    def test_round_trip_none_as_sql_null(self, connection, insert_type):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["nulldata"]
+
+        conn = connection
+
+        if insert_type == "parameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), {
+                "name": "r1",
+                "nulldata": None,
+                "data": None,
+            }
+        elif insert_type == "multiparameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), [
+                {"name": "r1", "nulldata": None, "data": None}
+            ]
+        elif insert_type == "values":
+            stmt, params = (
+                self.tables.data_table.insert().values(
+                    name="r1",
+                    nulldata=None,
+                    data=None,
+                ),
+                {},
+            )
+        elif insert_type == "omit":
+            stmt, params = (
+                self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+                {"name": "r1", "data": None},
+            )
+
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+        conn.execute(stmt, params)
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(
+                select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(col.is_(null()))
+            ),
+            "r1",
+        )
+
+        eq_(conn.scalar(select(col)), None)
+
+    def test_round_trip_json_null_as_json_null(self, connection):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        conn = connection
+        conn.execute(
+            self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+            {"name": "r1", "data": JSON.NULL},
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(
+                select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(
+                    cast(col, String) == "null"
+                )
+            ),
+            "r1",
+        )
+
+        eq_(conn.scalar(select(col)), None)
+
+    @testing.combinations(
+        ("parameters",),
+        ("multiparameters",),
+        ("values",),
+        argnames="insert_type",
+    )
+    def test_round_trip_none_as_json_null(self, connection, insert_type):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        if insert_type == "parameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), {
+                "name": "r1",
+                "data": None,
+            }
+        elif insert_type == "multiparameters":
+            stmt, params = self.tables.data_table.insert(), [
+                {"name": "r1", "data": None}
+            ]
+        elif insert_type == "values":
+            stmt, params = (
+                self.tables.data_table.insert().values(name="r1", data=None),
+                {},
+            )
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+        conn = connection
+        conn.execute(stmt, params)
+
+        eq_(
+            conn.scalar(
+                select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(
+                    cast(col, String) == "null"
+                )
+            ),
+            "r1",
+        )
+
+        eq_(conn.scalar(select(col)), None)
+
+    def test_unicode_round_trip(self):
+        # note we include Unicode supplementary characters as well
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+                {
+                    "name": "r1",
+                    "data": {
+                        "réve🐍 illé": "réve🐍 illé",
+                        "data": {"k1": "drôl🐍e"},
+                    },
+                },
+            )
+
+            eq_(
+                conn.scalar(select(self.tables.data_table.c.data)),
+                {
+                    "réve🐍 illé": "réve🐍 illé",
+                    "data": {"k1": "drôl🐍e"},
+                },
+            )
+
+    def test_eval_none_flag_orm(self, connection):
+        Base = declarative_base()
+
+        class Data(Base):
+            __table__ = self.tables.data_table
+
+        with Session(connection) as s:
+            d1 = Data(name="d1", data=None, nulldata=None)
+            s.add(d1)
+            s.commit()
+
+            s.bulk_insert_mappings(
+                Data, [{"name": "d2", "data": None, "nulldata": None}]
+            )
+            eq_(
+                s.query(
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.data, String()),
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.nulldata, String),
+                )
+                .filter(self.tables.data_table.c.name == "d1")
+                .first(),
+                ("null", None),
+            )
+            eq_(
+                s.query(
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.data, String()),
+                    cast(self.tables.data_table.c.nulldata, String),
+                )
+                .filter(self.tables.data_table.c.name == "d2")
+                .first(),
+                ("null", None),
+            )
+
+
+class JSONLegacyStringCastIndexTest(
+    _LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest
+):
+    """test JSON index access with "cast to string", which we have documented
+    for a long time as how to compare JSON values, but is ultimately not
+    reliable in all cases.   The "as_XYZ()" comparators should be used
+    instead.
+
+    """
+
+    __requires__ = ("json_type", "legacy_unconditional_json_extract")
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = JSON
+
+    data1 = {"key1": "value1", "key2": "value2"}
+
+    data2 = {
+        "Key 'One'": "value1",
+        "key two": "value2",
+        "key three": "value ' three '",
+    }
+
+    data3 = {
+        "key1": [1, 2, 3],
+        "key2": ["one", "two", "three"],
+        "key3": [{"four": "five"}, {"six": "seven"}],
+    }
+
+    data4 = ["one", "two", "three"]
+
+    data5 = {
+        "nested": {
+            "elem1": [{"a": "b", "c": "d"}, {"e": "f", "g": "h"}],
+            "elem2": {"elem3": {"elem4": "elem5"}},
+        }
+    }
+
+    data6 = {"a": 5, "b": "some value", "c": {"foo": "bar"}}
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "data_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("name", String(30), nullable=False),
+            Column("data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("nulldata", cls.datatype(none_as_null=True)),
+        )
+
+    def _criteria_fixture(self):
+        with config.db.begin() as conn:
+            conn.execute(
+                self.tables.data_table.insert(),
+                [
+                    {"name": "r1", "data": self.data1},
+                    {"name": "r2", "data": self.data2},
+                    {"name": "r3", "data": self.data3},
+                    {"name": "r4", "data": self.data4},
+                    {"name": "r5", "data": self.data5},
+                    {"name": "r6", "data": self.data6},
+                ],
+            )
+
+    def _test_index_criteria(self, crit, expected, test_literal=True):
+        self._criteria_fixture()
+        with config.db.connect() as conn:
+            stmt = select(self.tables.data_table.c.name).where(crit)
+
+            eq_(conn.scalar(stmt), expected)
+
+            if test_literal:
+                literal_sql = str(
+                    stmt.compile(
+                        config.db, compile_kwargs={"literal_binds": True}
+                    )
+                )
+
+                eq_(conn.exec_driver_sql(literal_sql).scalar(), expected)
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_spaces_in_key(self):
+        name = self.tables.data_table.c.name
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        # limit the rows here to avoid PG error
+        # "cannot extract field from a non-object", which is
+        # fixed in 9.4 but may exist in 9.3
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            and_(
+                name.in_(["r1", "r2", "r3"]),
+                cast(col["key two"], String) == '"value2"',
+            ),
+            "r2",
+        )
+
+    @config.requirements.json_array_indexes
+    def test_string_cast_crit_simple_int(self):
+        name = self.tables.data_table.c.name
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        # limit the rows here to avoid PG error
+        # "cannot extract array element from a non-array", which is
+        # fixed in 9.4 but may exist in 9.3
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            and_(
+                name == "r4",
+                cast(col[1], String) == '"two"',
+            ),
+            "r4",
+        )
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_mixed_path(self):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            cast(col[("key3", 1, "six")], String) == '"seven"',
+            "r3",
+        )
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_string_path(self):
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            cast(col[("nested", "elem2", "elem3", "elem4")], String)
+            == '"elem5"',
+            "r5",
+        )
+
+    def test_string_cast_crit_against_string_basic(self):
+        name = self.tables.data_table.c.name
+        col = self.tables.data_table.c["data"]
+
+        self._test_index_criteria(
+            and_(
+                name == "r6",
+                cast(col["b"], String) == '"some value"',
+            ),
+            "r6",
+        )
+
+
+class EnumTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    enum_values = "a", "b", "a%", "b%percent", "réveillé"
+
+    datatype = Enum(*enum_values, name="myenum")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "enum_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("enum_data", cls.datatype),
+        )
+
+    @testing.combinations(*enum_values, argnames="data")
+    def test_round_trip(self, data, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.enum_table.insert(), {"id": 1, "enum_data": data}
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalar(
+                select(self.tables.enum_table.c.enum_data).where(
+                    self.tables.enum_table.c.id == 1
+                )
+            ),
+            data,
+        )
+
+    def test_round_trip_executemany(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            self.tables.enum_table.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "enum_data": "b%percent"},
+                {"id": 2, "enum_data": "réveillé"},
+                {"id": 3, "enum_data": "b"},
+                {"id": 4, "enum_data": "a%"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.scalars(
+                select(self.tables.enum_table.c.enum_data).order_by(
+                    self.tables.enum_table.c.id
+                )
+            ).all(),
+            ["b%percent", "réveillé", "b", "a%"],
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.insert_executemany_returning
+    def test_round_trip_executemany_returning(self, connection):
+        result = connection.execute(
+            self.tables.enum_table.insert().returning(
+                self.tables.enum_table.c.enum_data
+            ),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "enum_data": "b%percent"},
+                {"id": 2, "enum_data": "réveillé"},
+                {"id": 3, "enum_data": "b"},
+                {"id": 4, "enum_data": "a%"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+        eq_(result.scalars().all(), ["b%percent", "réveillé", "b", "a%"])
+
+
+class UuidTest(_LiteralRoundTripFixture, fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    datatype = Uuid
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "uuid_table",
+            metadata,
+            Column(
+                "id", Integer, primary_key=True, test_needs_autoincrement=True
+            ),
+            Column("uuid_data", cls.datatype),
+            Column("uuid_text_data", cls.datatype(as_uuid=False)),
+            Column("uuid_data_nonnative", Uuid(native_uuid=False)),
+            Column(
+                "uuid_text_data_nonnative",
+                Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=False),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def test_uuid_round_trip(self, connection):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        uuid_table = self.tables.uuid_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            uuid_table.insert(),
+            {"id": 1, "uuid_data": data, "uuid_data_nonnative": data},
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data, uuid_table.c.uuid_data_nonnative
+            ).where(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data == data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data_nonnative == data,
+            )
+        ).first()
+        eq_(row, (data, data))
+
+    def test_uuid_text_round_trip(self, connection):
+        data = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        uuid_table = self.tables.uuid_table
+
+        connection.execute(
+            uuid_table.insert(),
+            {
+                "id": 1,
+                "uuid_text_data": data,
+                "uuid_text_data_nonnative": data,
+            },
+        )
+        row = connection.execute(
+            select(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data_nonnative,
+            ).where(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data == data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data_nonnative == data,
+            )
+        ).first()
+        eq_((row[0].lower(), row[1].lower()), (data, data))
+
+    def test_literal_uuid(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        literal_round_trip(self.datatype, [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_text(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        literal_round_trip(
+            self.datatype(as_uuid=False),
+            [data],
+            [data],
+            filter_=lambda x: x.lower(),
+        )
+
+    def test_literal_nonnative_uuid(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        literal_round_trip(Uuid(native_uuid=False), [data], [data])
+
+    def test_literal_nonnative_text(self, literal_round_trip):
+        data = str(uuid.uuid4())
+        literal_round_trip(
+            Uuid(as_uuid=False, native_uuid=False),
+            [data],
+            [data],
+            filter_=lambda x: x.lower(),
+        )
+
+    @testing.requires.insert_returning
+    def test_uuid_returning(self, connection):
+        data = uuid.uuid4()
+        str_data = str(data)
+        uuid_table = self.tables.uuid_table
+
+        result = connection.execute(
+            uuid_table.insert().returning(
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_data_nonnative,
+                uuid_table.c.uuid_text_data_nonnative,
+            ),
+            {
+                "id": 1,
+                "uuid_data": data,
+                "uuid_text_data": str_data,
+                "uuid_data_nonnative": data,
+                "uuid_text_data_nonnative": str_data,
+            },
+        )
+        row = result.first()
+
+        eq_(row, (data, str_data, data, str_data))
+
+
+class NativeUUIDTest(UuidTest):
+    __requires__ = ("uuid_data_type",)
+
+    datatype = UUID
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "ArrayTest",
+    "BinaryTest",
+    "UnicodeVarcharTest",
+    "UnicodeTextTest",
+    "JSONTest",
+    "JSONLegacyStringCastIndexTest",
+    "DateTest",
+    "DateTimeTest",
+    "DateTimeTZTest",
+    "TextTest",
+    "NumericTest",
+    "IntegerTest",
+    "IntervalTest",
+    "PrecisionIntervalTest",
+    "CastTypeDecoratorTest",
+    "DateTimeHistoricTest",
+    "DateTimeCoercedToDateTimeTest",
+    "TimeMicrosecondsTest",
+    "TimestampMicrosecondsTest",
+    "TimeTest",
+    "TimeTZTest",
+    "TrueDivTest",
+    "DateTimeMicrosecondsTest",
+    "DateHistoricTest",
+    "StringTest",
+    "BooleanTest",
+    "EnumTest",
+    "UuidTest",
+    "NativeUUIDTest",
+)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8dd3350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+# testing/suite/test_unicode_ddl.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from sqlalchemy import desc
+from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy import Integer
+from sqlalchemy import MetaData
+from sqlalchemy import testing
+from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_
+from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
+from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Column
+from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Table
+
+
+class UnicodeSchemaTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    __requires__ = ("unicode_ddl",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        global t1, t2, t3
+
+        t1 = Table(
+            "unitable1",
+            metadata,
+            Column("méil", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("\u6e2c\u8a66", Integer),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+        t2 = Table(
+            "Unitéble2",
+            metadata,
+            Column("méil", Integer, primary_key=True, key="a"),
+            Column(
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                Integer,
+                ForeignKey("unitable1.méil"),
+                key="b",
+            ),
+            test_needs_fk=True,
+        )
+
+        # Few DBs support Unicode foreign keys
+        if testing.against("sqlite"):
+            t3 = Table(
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "\u6e2c\u8a66_id",
+                    Integer,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                    autoincrement=False,
+                ),
+                Column(
+                    "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                    Integer,
+                    ForeignKey("unitable1.\u6e2c\u8a66"),
+                ),
+                Column("Unitéble2_b", Integer, ForeignKey("Unitéble2.b")),
+                Column(
+                    "\u6e2c\u8a66_self",
+                    Integer,
+                    ForeignKey("\u6e2c\u8a66.\u6e2c\u8a66_id"),
+                ),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+        else:
+            t3 = Table(
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66",
+                metadata,
+                Column(
+                    "\u6e2c\u8a66_id",
+                    Integer,
+                    primary_key=True,
+                    autoincrement=False,
+                ),
+                Column("unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66", Integer),
+                Column("Unitéble2_b", Integer),
+                Column("\u6e2c\u8a66_self", Integer),
+                test_needs_fk=True,
+            )
+
+    def test_insert(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(t1.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 5})
+        connection.execute(t2.insert(), {"a": 1, "b": 1})
+        connection.execute(
+            t3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 1,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 5,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 1,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 1,
+            },
+        )
+
+        eq_(connection.execute(t1.select()).fetchall(), [(1, 5)])
+        eq_(connection.execute(t2.select()).fetchall(), [(1, 1)])
+        eq_(connection.execute(t3.select()).fetchall(), [(1, 5, 1, 1)])
+
+    def test_col_targeting(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(t1.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 5})
+        connection.execute(t2.insert(), {"a": 1, "b": 1})
+        connection.execute(
+            t3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 1,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 5,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 1,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 1,
+            },
+        )
+
+        row = connection.execute(t1.select()).first()
+        eq_(row._mapping[t1.c["méil"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t1.c["\u6e2c\u8a66"]], 5)
+
+        row = connection.execute(t2.select()).first()
+        eq_(row._mapping[t2.c["a"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t2.c["b"]], 1)
+
+        row = connection.execute(t3.select()).first()
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["\u6e2c\u8a66_id"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66"]], 5)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["Unitéble2_b"]], 1)
+        eq_(row._mapping[t3.c["\u6e2c\u8a66_self"]], 1)
+
+    def test_reflect(self, connection):
+        connection.execute(t1.insert(), {"méil": 2, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 7})
+        connection.execute(t2.insert(), {"a": 2, "b": 2})
+        connection.execute(
+            t3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 2,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 7,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 2,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 2,
+            },
+        )
+
+        meta = MetaData()
+        tt1 = Table(t1.name, meta, autoload_with=connection)
+        tt2 = Table(t2.name, meta, autoload_with=connection)
+        tt3 = Table(t3.name, meta, autoload_with=connection)
+
+        connection.execute(tt1.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 5})
+        connection.execute(tt2.insert(), {"méil": 1, "\u6e2c\u8a66": 1})
+        connection.execute(
+            tt3.insert(),
+            {
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_id": 1,
+                "unitable1_\u6e2c\u8a66": 5,
+                "Unitéble2_b": 1,
+                "\u6e2c\u8a66_self": 1,
+            },
+        )
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(tt1.select().order_by(desc("méil"))).fetchall(),
+            [(2, 7), (1, 5)],
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(tt2.select().order_by(desc("méil"))).fetchall(),
+            [(2, 2), (1, 1)],
+        )
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(
+                tt3.select().order_by(desc("\u6e2c\u8a66_id"))
+            ).fetchall(),
+            [(2, 7, 2, 2), (1, 5, 1, 1)],
+        )
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        meta = MetaData()
+        t = Table("\u6e2c\u8a66", meta, Column("\u6e2c\u8a66_id", Integer))
+        eq_(
+            repr(t),
+            (
+                "Table('測試', MetaData(), "
+                "Column('測試_id', Integer(), "
+                "table=<測試>), "
+                "schema=None)"
+            ),
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85a8d393
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+# testing/suite/test_update_delete.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from .. import fixtures
+from ..assertions import eq_
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import Table
+from ... import Integer
+from ... import String
+from ... import testing
+
+
+class SimpleUpdateDeleteTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
+    run_deletes = "each"
+    __requires__ = ("sane_rowcount",)
+    __backend__ = True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def define_tables(cls, metadata):
+        Table(
+            "plain_pk",
+            metadata,
+            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
+            Column("data", String(50)),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert_data(cls, connection):
+        connection.execute(
+            cls.tables.plain_pk.insert(),
+            [
+                {"id": 1, "data": "d1"},
+                {"id": 2, "data": "d2"},
+                {"id": 3, "data": "d3"},
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_update(self, connection):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = connection.execute(
+            t.update().where(t.c.id == 2), dict(data="d2_new")
+        )
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+        assert r.rowcount == 1
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2_new"), (3, "d3")],
+        )
+
+    def test_delete(self, connection):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+        r = connection.execute(t.delete().where(t.c.id == 2))
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert not r.returns_rows
+        assert r.rowcount == 1
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            [(1, "d1"), (3, "d3")],
+        )
+
+    @testing.variation("criteria", ["rows", "norows", "emptyin"])
+    @testing.requires.update_returning
+    def test_update_returning(self, connection, criteria):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+
+        stmt = t.update().returning(t.c.id, t.c.data)
+
+        if criteria.norows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 10)
+        elif criteria.rows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 2)
+        elif criteria.emptyin:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id.in_([]))
+        else:
+            criteria.fail()
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt, dict(data="d2_new"))
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert r.returns_rows
+        eq_(r.keys(), ["id", "data"])
+
+        if criteria.rows:
+            eq_(r.all(), [(2, "d2_new")])
+        else:
+            eq_(r.all(), [])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            (
+                [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2_new"), (3, "d3")]
+                if criteria.rows
+                else [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2"), (3, "d3")]
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @testing.variation("criteria", ["rows", "norows", "emptyin"])
+    @testing.requires.delete_returning
+    def test_delete_returning(self, connection, criteria):
+        t = self.tables.plain_pk
+
+        stmt = t.delete().returning(t.c.id, t.c.data)
+
+        if criteria.norows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 10)
+        elif criteria.rows:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id == 2)
+        elif criteria.emptyin:
+            stmt = stmt.where(t.c.id.in_([]))
+        else:
+            criteria.fail()
+
+        r = connection.execute(stmt)
+        assert not r.is_insert
+        assert r.returns_rows
+        eq_(r.keys(), ["id", "data"])
+
+        if criteria.rows:
+            eq_(r.all(), [(2, "d2")])
+        else:
+            eq_(r.all(), [])
+
+        eq_(
+            connection.execute(t.select().order_by(t.c.id)).fetchall(),
+            (
+                [(1, "d1"), (3, "d3")]
+                if criteria.rows
+                else [(1, "d1"), (2, "d2"), (3, "d3")]
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+__all__ = ("SimpleUpdateDeleteTest",)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42f07710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,538 @@
+# testing/util.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import deque
+import contextlib
+import decimal
+import gc
+from itertools import chain
+import random
+import sys
+from sys import getsizeof
+import time
+import types
+from typing import Any
+
+from . import config
+from . import mock
+from .. import inspect
+from ..engine import Connection
+from ..schema import Column
+from ..schema import DropConstraint
+from ..schema import DropTable
+from ..schema import ForeignKeyConstraint
+from ..schema import MetaData
+from ..schema import Table
+from ..sql import schema
+from ..sql.sqltypes import Integer
+from ..util import decorator
+from ..util import defaultdict
+from ..util import has_refcount_gc
+from ..util import inspect_getfullargspec
+
+
+if not has_refcount_gc:
+
+    def non_refcount_gc_collect(*args):
+        gc.collect()
+        gc.collect()
+
+    gc_collect = lazy_gc = non_refcount_gc_collect
+else:
+    # assume CPython - straight gc.collect, lazy_gc() is a pass
+    gc_collect = gc.collect
+
+    def lazy_gc():
+        pass
+
+
+def picklers():
+    picklers = set()
+    import pickle
+
+    picklers.add(pickle)
+
+    # yes, this thing needs this much testing
+    for pickle_ in picklers:
+        for protocol in range(-2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            yield pickle_.loads, lambda d: pickle_.dumps(d, protocol)
+
+
+def random_choices(population, k=1):
+    return random.choices(population, k=k)
+
+
+def round_decimal(value, prec):
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return round(value, prec)
+
+    # can also use shift() here but that is 2.6 only
+    return (value * decimal.Decimal("1" + "0" * prec)).to_integral(
+        decimal.ROUND_FLOOR
+    ) / pow(10, prec)
+
+
+class RandomSet(set):
+    def __iter__(self):
+        l = list(set.__iter__(self))
+        random.shuffle(l)
+        return iter(l)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        index = random.randint(0, len(self) - 1)
+        item = list(set.__iter__(self))[index]
+        self.remove(item)
+        return item
+
+    def union(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.union(self, other))
+
+    def difference(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.difference(self, other))
+
+    def intersection(self, other):
+        return RandomSet(set.intersection(self, other))
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return RandomSet(self)
+
+
+def conforms_partial_ordering(tuples, sorted_elements):
+    """True if the given sorting conforms to the given partial ordering."""
+
+    deps = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        deps[parent].add(child)
+    for i, node in enumerate(sorted_elements):
+        for n in sorted_elements[i:]:
+            if node in deps[n]:
+                return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def all_partial_orderings(tuples, elements):
+    edges = defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    def _all_orderings(elements):
+        if len(elements) == 1:
+            yield list(elements)
+        else:
+            for elem in elements:
+                subset = set(elements).difference([elem])
+                if not subset.intersection(edges[elem]):
+                    for sub_ordering in _all_orderings(subset):
+                        yield [elem] + sub_ordering
+
+    return iter(_all_orderings(elements))
+
+
+def function_named(fn, name):
+    """Return a function with a given __name__.
+
+    Will assign to __name__ and return the original function if possible on
+    the Python implementation, otherwise a new function will be constructed.
+
+    This function should be phased out as much as possible
+    in favor of @decorator.   Tests that "generate" many named tests
+    should be modernized.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        fn.__name__ = name
+    except TypeError:
+        fn = types.FunctionType(
+            fn.__code__, fn.__globals__, name, fn.__defaults__, fn.__closure__
+        )
+    return fn
+
+
+def run_as_contextmanager(ctx, fn, *arg, **kw):
+    """Run the given function under the given contextmanager,
+    simulating the behavior of 'with' to support older
+    Python versions.
+
+    This is not necessary anymore as we have placed 2.6
+    as minimum Python version, however some tests are still using
+    this structure.
+
+    """
+
+    obj = ctx.__enter__()
+    try:
+        result = fn(obj, *arg, **kw)
+        ctx.__exit__(None, None, None)
+        return result
+    except:
+        exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+        raise_ = ctx.__exit__(*exc_info)
+        if not raise_:
+            raise
+        else:
+            return raise_
+
+
+def rowset(results):
+    """Converts the results of sql execution into a plain set of column tuples.
+
+    Useful for asserting the results of an unordered query.
+    """
+
+    return {tuple(row) for row in results}
+
+
+def fail(msg):
+    assert False, msg
+
+
+@decorator
+def provide_metadata(fn, *args, **kw):
+    """Provide bound MetaData for a single test, dropping afterwards.
+
+    Legacy; use the "metadata" pytest fixture.
+
+    """
+
+    from . import fixtures
+
+    metadata = schema.MetaData()
+    self = args[0]
+    prev_meta = getattr(self, "metadata", None)
+    self.metadata = metadata
+    try:
+        return fn(*args, **kw)
+    finally:
+        # close out some things that get in the way of dropping tables.
+        # when using the "metadata" fixture, there is a set ordering
+        # of things that makes sure things are cleaned up in order, however
+        # the simple "decorator" nature of this legacy function means
+        # we have to hardcode some of that cleanup ahead of time.
+
+        # close ORM sessions
+        fixtures.close_all_sessions()
+
+        # integrate with the "connection" fixture as there are many
+        # tests where it is used along with provide_metadata
+        cfc = fixtures.base._connection_fixture_connection
+        if cfc:
+            # TODO: this warning can be used to find all the places
+            # this is used with connection fixture
+            # warn("mixing legacy provide metadata with connection fixture")
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, cfc)
+            # as the provide_metadata fixture is often used with "testing.db",
+            # when we do the drop we have to commit the transaction so that
+            # the DB is actually updated as the CREATE would have been
+            # committed
+            cfc.get_transaction().commit()
+        else:
+            drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, config.db)
+        self.metadata = prev_meta
+
+
+def flag_combinations(*combinations):
+    """A facade around @testing.combinations() oriented towards boolean
+    keyword-based arguments.
+
+    Basically generates a nice looking identifier based on the keywords
+    and also sets up the argument names.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        @testing.flag_combinations(
+            dict(lazy=False, passive=False),
+            dict(lazy=True, passive=False),
+            dict(lazy=False, passive=True),
+            dict(lazy=False, passive=True, raiseload=True),
+        )
+        def test_fn(lazy, passive, raiseload): ...
+
+    would result in::
+
+        @testing.combinations(
+            ("", False, False, False),
+            ("lazy", True, False, False),
+            ("lazy_passive", True, True, False),
+            ("lazy_passive", True, True, True),
+            id_="iaaa",
+            argnames="lazy,passive,raiseload",
+        )
+        def test_fn(lazy, passive, raiseload): ...
+
+    """
+
+    keys = set()
+
+    for d in combinations:
+        keys.update(d)
+
+    keys = sorted(keys)
+
+    return config.combinations(
+        *[
+            ("_".join(k for k in keys if d.get(k, False)),)
+            + tuple(d.get(k, False) for k in keys)
+            for d in combinations
+        ],
+        id_="i" + ("a" * len(keys)),
+        argnames=",".join(keys),
+    )
+
+
+def lambda_combinations(lambda_arg_sets, **kw):
+    args = inspect_getfullargspec(lambda_arg_sets)
+
+    arg_sets = lambda_arg_sets(*[mock.Mock() for arg in args[0]])
+
+    def create_fixture(pos):
+        def fixture(**kw):
+            return lambda_arg_sets(**kw)[pos]
+
+        fixture.__name__ = "fixture_%3.3d" % pos
+        return fixture
+
+    return config.combinations(
+        *[(create_fixture(i),) for i in range(len(arg_sets))], **kw
+    )
+
+
+def resolve_lambda(__fn, **kw):
+    """Given a no-arg lambda and a namespace, return a new lambda that
+    has all the values filled in.
+
+    This is used so that we can have module-level fixtures that
+    refer to instance-level variables using lambdas.
+
+    """
+
+    pos_args = inspect_getfullargspec(__fn)[0]
+    pass_pos_args = {arg: kw.pop(arg) for arg in pos_args}
+    glb = dict(__fn.__globals__)
+    glb.update(kw)
+    new_fn = types.FunctionType(__fn.__code__, glb)
+    return new_fn(**pass_pos_args)
+
+
+def metadata_fixture(ddl="function"):
+    """Provide MetaData for a pytest fixture."""
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        def run_ddl(self):
+            metadata = self.metadata = schema.MetaData()
+            try:
+                result = fn(self, metadata)
+                metadata.create_all(config.db)
+                # TODO:
+                # somehow get a per-function dml erase fixture here
+                yield result
+            finally:
+                metadata.drop_all(config.db)
+
+        return config.fixture(scope=ddl)(run_ddl)
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def force_drop_names(*names):
+    """Force the given table names to be dropped after test complete,
+    isolating for foreign key cycles
+
+    """
+
+    @decorator
+    def go(fn, *args, **kw):
+        try:
+            return fn(*args, **kw)
+        finally:
+            drop_all_tables(config.db, inspect(config.db), include_names=names)
+
+    return go
+
+
+class adict(dict):
+    """Dict keys available as attributes.  Shadows."""
+
+    def __getattribute__(self, key):
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return dict.__getattribute__(self, key)
+
+    def __call__(self, *keys):
+        return tuple([self[key] for key in keys])
+
+    get_all = __call__
+
+
+def drop_all_tables_from_metadata(metadata, engine_or_connection):
+    from . import engines
+
+    def go(connection):
+        engines.testing_reaper.prepare_for_drop_tables(connection)
+
+        if not connection.dialect.supports_alter:
+            from . import assertions
+
+            with assertions.expect_warnings(
+                "Can't sort tables", assert_=False
+            ):
+                metadata.drop_all(connection)
+        else:
+            metadata.drop_all(connection)
+
+    if not isinstance(engine_or_connection, Connection):
+        with engine_or_connection.begin() as connection:
+            go(connection)
+    else:
+        go(engine_or_connection)
+
+
+def drop_all_tables(
+    engine,
+    inspector,
+    schema=None,
+    consider_schemas=(None,),
+    include_names=None,
+):
+    if include_names is not None:
+        include_names = set(include_names)
+
+    if schema is not None:
+        assert consider_schemas == (
+            None,
+        ), "consider_schemas and schema are mutually exclusive"
+        consider_schemas = (schema,)
+
+    with engine.begin() as conn:
+        for table_key, fkcs in reversed(
+            inspector.sort_tables_on_foreign_key_dependency(
+                consider_schemas=consider_schemas
+            )
+        ):
+            if table_key:
+                if (
+                    include_names is not None
+                    and table_key[1] not in include_names
+                ):
+                    continue
+                conn.execute(
+                    DropTable(
+                        Table(table_key[1], MetaData(), schema=table_key[0])
+                    )
+                )
+            elif fkcs:
+                if not engine.dialect.supports_alter:
+                    continue
+                for t_key, fkc in fkcs:
+                    if (
+                        include_names is not None
+                        and t_key[1] not in include_names
+                    ):
+                        continue
+                    tb = Table(
+                        t_key[1],
+                        MetaData(),
+                        Column("x", Integer),
+                        Column("y", Integer),
+                        schema=t_key[0],
+                    )
+                    conn.execute(
+                        DropConstraint(
+                            ForeignKeyConstraint([tb.c.x], [tb.c.y], name=fkc)
+                        )
+                    )
+
+
+def teardown_events(event_cls):
+    @decorator
+    def decorate(fn, *arg, **kw):
+        try:
+            return fn(*arg, **kw)
+        finally:
+            event_cls._clear()
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def total_size(o):
+    """Returns the approximate memory footprint an object and all of its
+    contents.
+
+    source: https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577504/
+
+
+    """
+
+    def dict_handler(d):
+        return chain.from_iterable(d.items())
+
+    all_handlers = {
+        tuple: iter,
+        list: iter,
+        deque: iter,
+        dict: dict_handler,
+        set: iter,
+        frozenset: iter,
+    }
+    seen = set()  # track which object id's have already been seen
+    default_size = getsizeof(0)  # estimate sizeof object without __sizeof__
+
+    def sizeof(o):
+        if id(o) in seen:  # do not double count the same object
+            return 0
+        seen.add(id(o))
+        s = getsizeof(o, default_size)
+
+        for typ, handler in all_handlers.items():
+            if isinstance(o, typ):
+                s += sum(map(sizeof, handler(o)))
+                break
+        return s
+
+    return sizeof(o)
+
+
+def count_cache_key_tuples(tup):
+    """given a cache key tuple, counts how many instances of actual
+    tuples are found.
+
+    used to alert large jumps in cache key complexity.
+
+    """
+    stack = [tup]
+
+    sentinel = object()
+    num_elements = 0
+
+    while stack:
+        elem = stack.pop(0)
+        if elem is sentinel:
+            num_elements += 1
+        elif isinstance(elem, tuple):
+            if elem:
+                stack = list(elem) + [sentinel] + stack
+    return num_elements
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def skip_if_timeout(seconds: float, cleanup: Any = None):
+
+    now = time.time()
+    yield
+    sec = time.time() - now
+    if sec > seconds:
+        try:
+            cleanup()
+        finally:
+            config.skip_test(
+                f"test took too long ({sec:.4f} seconds > {seconds})"
+            )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9be0813b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/testing/warnings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# testing/warnings.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+
+from . import assertions
+from .. import exc
+from .. import exc as sa_exc
+from ..exc import SATestSuiteWarning
+from ..util.langhelpers import _warnings_warn
+
+
+def warn_test_suite(message):
+    _warnings_warn(message, category=SATestSuiteWarning)
+
+
+def setup_filters():
+    """hook for setting up warnings filters.
+
+    SQLAlchemy-specific classes must only be here and not in pytest config,
+    as we need to delay importing SQLAlchemy until conftest.py has been
+    processed.
+
+    NOTE: filters on subclasses of DeprecationWarning or
+    PendingDeprecationWarning have no effect if added here, since pytest
+    will add at each test the following filters
+    ``always::PendingDeprecationWarning`` and ``always::DeprecationWarning``
+    that will take precedence over any added here.
+
+    """
+    warnings.filterwarnings("error", category=exc.SAWarning)
+    warnings.filterwarnings("always", category=exc.SATestSuiteWarning)
+
+
+def assert_warnings(fn, warning_msgs, regex=False):
+    """Assert that each of the given warnings are emitted by fn.
+
+    Deprecated.  Please use assertions.expect_warnings().
+
+    """
+
+    with assertions._expect_warnings(
+        sa_exc.SAWarning, warning_msgs, regex=regex
+    ):
+        return fn()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2b1ab19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# types.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Compatibility namespace for sqlalchemy.sql.types.
+
+"""
+
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .sql.sqltypes import _Binary as _Binary
+from .sql.sqltypes import ARRAY as ARRAY
+from .sql.sqltypes import BIGINT as BIGINT
+from .sql.sqltypes import BigInteger as BigInteger
+from .sql.sqltypes import BINARY as BINARY
+from .sql.sqltypes import BLOB as BLOB
+from .sql.sqltypes import BOOLEAN as BOOLEAN
+from .sql.sqltypes import Boolean as Boolean
+from .sql.sqltypes import CHAR as CHAR
+from .sql.sqltypes import CLOB as CLOB
+from .sql.sqltypes import Concatenable as Concatenable
+from .sql.sqltypes import DATE as DATE
+from .sql.sqltypes import Date as Date
+from .sql.sqltypes import DATETIME as DATETIME
+from .sql.sqltypes import DateTime as DateTime
+from .sql.sqltypes import DECIMAL as DECIMAL
+from .sql.sqltypes import DOUBLE as DOUBLE
+from .sql.sqltypes import Double as Double
+from .sql.sqltypes import DOUBLE_PRECISION as DOUBLE_PRECISION
+from .sql.sqltypes import Enum as Enum
+from .sql.sqltypes import FLOAT as FLOAT
+from .sql.sqltypes import Float as Float
+from .sql.sqltypes import Indexable as Indexable
+from .sql.sqltypes import INT as INT
+from .sql.sqltypes import INTEGER as INTEGER
+from .sql.sqltypes import Integer as Integer
+from .sql.sqltypes import Interval as Interval
+from .sql.sqltypes import JSON as JSON
+from .sql.sqltypes import LargeBinary as LargeBinary
+from .sql.sqltypes import MatchType as MatchType
+from .sql.sqltypes import NCHAR as NCHAR
+from .sql.sqltypes import NULLTYPE as NULLTYPE
+from .sql.sqltypes import NullType as NullType
+from .sql.sqltypes import NUMERIC as NUMERIC
+from .sql.sqltypes import Numeric as Numeric
+from .sql.sqltypes import NVARCHAR as NVARCHAR
+from .sql.sqltypes import PickleType as PickleType
+from .sql.sqltypes import REAL as REAL
+from .sql.sqltypes import SchemaType as SchemaType
+from .sql.sqltypes import SMALLINT as SMALLINT
+from .sql.sqltypes import SmallInteger as SmallInteger
+from .sql.sqltypes import String as String
+from .sql.sqltypes import STRINGTYPE as STRINGTYPE
+from .sql.sqltypes import TEXT as TEXT
+from .sql.sqltypes import Text as Text
+from .sql.sqltypes import TIME as TIME
+from .sql.sqltypes import Time as Time
+from .sql.sqltypes import TIMESTAMP as TIMESTAMP
+from .sql.sqltypes import TupleType as TupleType
+from .sql.sqltypes import Unicode as Unicode
+from .sql.sqltypes import UnicodeText as UnicodeText
+from .sql.sqltypes import UUID as UUID
+from .sql.sqltypes import Uuid as Uuid
+from .sql.sqltypes import VARBINARY as VARBINARY
+from .sql.sqltypes import VARCHAR as VARCHAR
+from .sql.type_api import adapt_type as adapt_type
+from .sql.type_api import ExternalType as ExternalType
+from .sql.type_api import to_instance as to_instance
+from .sql.type_api import TypeDecorator as TypeDecorator
+from .sql.type_api import TypeEngine as TypeEngine
+from .sql.type_api import UserDefinedType as UserDefinedType
+from .sql.type_api import Variant as Variant
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9b4c3b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+# util/__init__.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+
+from collections import defaultdict as defaultdict
+from functools import partial as partial
+from functools import update_wrapper as update_wrapper
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from . import preloaded as preloaded
+from ._collections import coerce_generator_arg as coerce_generator_arg
+from ._collections import coerce_to_immutabledict as coerce_to_immutabledict
+from ._collections import column_dict as column_dict
+from ._collections import column_set as column_set
+from ._collections import EMPTY_DICT as EMPTY_DICT
+from ._collections import EMPTY_SET as EMPTY_SET
+from ._collections import FacadeDict as FacadeDict
+from ._collections import flatten_iterator as flatten_iterator
+from ._collections import has_dupes as has_dupes
+from ._collections import has_intersection as has_intersection
+from ._collections import IdentitySet as IdentitySet
+from ._collections import immutabledict as immutabledict
+from ._collections import LRUCache as LRUCache
+from ._collections import merge_lists_w_ordering as merge_lists_w_ordering
+from ._collections import NONE_SET as NONE_SET
+from ._collections import ordered_column_set as ordered_column_set
+from ._collections import OrderedDict as OrderedDict
+from ._collections import OrderedIdentitySet as OrderedIdentitySet
+from ._collections import OrderedProperties as OrderedProperties
+from ._collections import OrderedSet as OrderedSet
+from ._collections import PopulateDict as PopulateDict
+from ._collections import Properties as Properties
+from ._collections import ReadOnlyContainer as ReadOnlyContainer
+from ._collections import ReadOnlyProperties as ReadOnlyProperties
+from ._collections import ScopedRegistry as ScopedRegistry
+from ._collections import sort_dictionary as sort_dictionary
+from ._collections import ThreadLocalRegistry as ThreadLocalRegistry
+from ._collections import to_column_set as to_column_set
+from ._collections import to_list as to_list
+from ._collections import to_set as to_set
+from ._collections import unique_list as unique_list
+from ._collections import UniqueAppender as UniqueAppender
+from ._collections import update_copy as update_copy
+from ._collections import WeakPopulateDict as WeakPopulateDict
+from ._collections import WeakSequence as WeakSequence
+from .compat import anext_ as anext_
+from .compat import arm as arm
+from .compat import b as b
+from .compat import b64decode as b64decode
+from .compat import b64encode as b64encode
+from .compat import cmp as cmp
+from .compat import cpython as cpython
+from .compat import dataclass_fields as dataclass_fields
+from .compat import decode_backslashreplace as decode_backslashreplace
+from .compat import dottedgetter as dottedgetter
+from .compat import has_refcount_gc as has_refcount_gc
+from .compat import inspect_getfullargspec as inspect_getfullargspec
+from .compat import is64bit as is64bit
+from .compat import local_dataclass_fields as local_dataclass_fields
+from .compat import osx as osx
+from .compat import py310 as py310
+from .compat import py311 as py311
+from .compat import py312 as py312
+from .compat import py313 as py313
+from .compat import py38 as py38
+from .compat import py39 as py39
+from .compat import pypy as pypy
+from .compat import win32 as win32
+from .concurrency import await_fallback as await_fallback
+from .concurrency import await_only as await_only
+from .concurrency import greenlet_spawn as greenlet_spawn
+from .concurrency import is_exit_exception as is_exit_exception
+from .deprecations import became_legacy_20 as became_legacy_20
+from .deprecations import deprecated as deprecated
+from .deprecations import deprecated_cls as deprecated_cls
+from .deprecations import deprecated_params as deprecated_params
+from .deprecations import moved_20 as moved_20
+from .deprecations import warn_deprecated as warn_deprecated
+from .langhelpers import add_parameter_text as add_parameter_text
+from .langhelpers import as_interface as as_interface
+from .langhelpers import asbool as asbool
+from .langhelpers import asint as asint
+from .langhelpers import assert_arg_type as assert_arg_type
+from .langhelpers import attrsetter as attrsetter
+from .langhelpers import bool_or_str as bool_or_str
+from .langhelpers import chop_traceback as chop_traceback
+from .langhelpers import class_hierarchy as class_hierarchy
+from .langhelpers import classproperty as classproperty
+from .langhelpers import clsname_as_plain_name as clsname_as_plain_name
+from .langhelpers import coerce_kw_type as coerce_kw_type
+from .langhelpers import constructor_copy as constructor_copy
+from .langhelpers import constructor_key as constructor_key
+from .langhelpers import counter as counter
+from .langhelpers import create_proxy_methods as create_proxy_methods
+from .langhelpers import decode_slice as decode_slice
+from .langhelpers import decorator as decorator
+from .langhelpers import dictlike_iteritems as dictlike_iteritems
+from .langhelpers import duck_type_collection as duck_type_collection
+from .langhelpers import ellipses_string as ellipses_string
+from .langhelpers import EnsureKWArg as EnsureKWArg
+from .langhelpers import FastIntFlag as FastIntFlag
+from .langhelpers import format_argspec_init as format_argspec_init
+from .langhelpers import format_argspec_plus as format_argspec_plus
+from .langhelpers import generic_fn_descriptor as generic_fn_descriptor
+from .langhelpers import generic_repr as generic_repr
+from .langhelpers import get_annotations as get_annotations
+from .langhelpers import get_callable_argspec as get_callable_argspec
+from .langhelpers import get_cls_kwargs as get_cls_kwargs
+from .langhelpers import get_func_kwargs as get_func_kwargs
+from .langhelpers import getargspec_init as getargspec_init
+from .langhelpers import has_compiled_ext as has_compiled_ext
+from .langhelpers import HasMemoized as HasMemoized
+from .langhelpers import (
+    HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute as HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute,
+)
+from .langhelpers import hybridmethod as hybridmethod
+from .langhelpers import hybridproperty as hybridproperty
+from .langhelpers import inject_docstring_text as inject_docstring_text
+from .langhelpers import iterate_attributes as iterate_attributes
+from .langhelpers import map_bits as map_bits
+from .langhelpers import md5_hex as md5_hex
+from .langhelpers import memoized_instancemethod as memoized_instancemethod
+from .langhelpers import memoized_property as memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import MemoizedSlots as MemoizedSlots
+from .langhelpers import method_is_overridden as method_is_overridden
+from .langhelpers import methods_equivalent as methods_equivalent
+from .langhelpers import (
+    monkeypatch_proxied_specials as monkeypatch_proxied_specials,
+)
+from .langhelpers import non_memoized_property as non_memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import NoneType as NoneType
+from .langhelpers import only_once as only_once
+from .langhelpers import (
+    parse_user_argument_for_enum as parse_user_argument_for_enum,
+)
+from .langhelpers import PluginLoader as PluginLoader
+from .langhelpers import portable_instancemethod as portable_instancemethod
+from .langhelpers import quoted_token_parser as quoted_token_parser
+from .langhelpers import ro_memoized_property as ro_memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import ro_non_memoized_property as ro_non_memoized_property
+from .langhelpers import rw_hybridproperty as rw_hybridproperty
+from .langhelpers import safe_reraise as safe_reraise
+from .langhelpers import set_creation_order as set_creation_order
+from .langhelpers import string_or_unprintable as string_or_unprintable
+from .langhelpers import symbol as symbol
+from .langhelpers import TypingOnly as TypingOnly
+from .langhelpers import (
+    unbound_method_to_callable as unbound_method_to_callable,
+)
+from .langhelpers import walk_subclasses as walk_subclasses
+from .langhelpers import warn as warn
+from .langhelpers import warn_exception as warn_exception
+from .langhelpers import warn_limited as warn_limited
+from .langhelpers import wrap_callable as wrap_callable
+from .preloaded import preload_module as preload_module
+from .typing import is_non_string_iterable as is_non_string_iterable
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,717 @@
+# util/_collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Collection classes and helpers."""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import operator
+import threading
+import types
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Container
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+from typing import ValuesView
+import weakref
+
+from ._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from .typing import is_non_string_iterable
+from .typing import Literal
+from .typing import Protocol
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or not HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+    from ._py_collections import immutabledict as immutabledict
+    from ._py_collections import IdentitySet as IdentitySet
+    from ._py_collections import ReadOnlyContainer as ReadOnlyContainer
+    from ._py_collections import ImmutableDictBase as ImmutableDictBase
+    from ._py_collections import OrderedSet as OrderedSet
+    from ._py_collections import unique_list as unique_list
+else:
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.immutabledict import (
+        ReadOnlyContainer as ReadOnlyContainer,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.immutabledict import (
+        ImmutableDictBase as ImmutableDictBase,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.immutabledict import (
+        immutabledict as immutabledict,
+    )
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.collections import IdentitySet as IdentitySet
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.collections import OrderedSet as OrderedSet
+    from sqlalchemy.cyextension.collections import (  # noqa
+        unique_list as unique_list,
+    )
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+EMPTY_SET: FrozenSet[Any] = frozenset()
+NONE_SET: FrozenSet[Any] = frozenset([None])
+
+
+def merge_lists_w_ordering(a: List[Any], b: List[Any]) -> List[Any]:
+    """merge two lists, maintaining ordering as much as possible.
+
+    this is to reconcile vars(cls) with cls.__annotations__.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> a = ["__tablename__", "id", "x", "created_at"]
+        >>> b = ["id", "name", "data", "y", "created_at"]
+        >>> merge_lists_w_ordering(a, b)
+        ['__tablename__', 'id', 'name', 'data', 'y', 'x', 'created_at']
+
+    This is not necessarily the ordering that things had on the class,
+    in this case the class is::
+
+        class User(Base):
+            __tablename__ = "users"
+
+            id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+            name: Mapped[str]
+            data: Mapped[Optional[str]]
+            x = Column(Integer)
+            y: Mapped[int]
+            created_at: Mapped[datetime.datetime] = mapped_column()
+
+    But things are *mostly* ordered.
+
+    The algorithm could also be done by creating a partial ordering for
+    all items in both lists and then using topological_sort(), but that
+    is too much overhead.
+
+    Background on how I came up with this is at:
+    https://gist.github.com/zzzeek/89de958cf0803d148e74861bd682ebae
+
+    """
+    overlap = set(a).intersection(b)
+
+    result = []
+
+    current, other = iter(a), iter(b)
+
+    while True:
+        for element in current:
+            if element in overlap:
+                overlap.discard(element)
+                other, current = current, other
+                break
+
+            result.append(element)
+        else:
+            result.extend(other)
+            break
+
+    return result
+
+
+def coerce_to_immutabledict(d: Mapping[_KT, _VT]) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+    if not d:
+        return EMPTY_DICT
+    elif isinstance(d, immutabledict):
+        return d
+    else:
+        return immutabledict(d)
+
+
+EMPTY_DICT: immutabledict[Any, Any] = immutabledict()
+
+
+class FacadeDict(ImmutableDictBase[_KT, _VT]):
+    """A dictionary that is not publicly mutable."""
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args: Any) -> FacadeDict[Any, Any]:
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(cls)
+        return new
+
+    def copy(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "an immutabledict shouldn't need to be copied.  use dict(d) "
+            "if you need a mutable dictionary."
+        )
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> Any:
+        return FacadeDict, (dict(self),)
+
+    def _insert_item(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        """insert an item into the dictionary directly."""
+        dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "FacadeDict(%s)" % dict.__repr__(self)
+
+
+_DT = TypeVar("_DT", bound=Any)
+
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Any)
+
+
+class Properties(Generic[_T]):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface over a dict."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("_data",)
+
+    _data: Dict[str, _T]
+
+    def __init__(self, data: Dict[str, _T]):
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_data", data)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter(list(self._data.values()))
+
+    def __dir__(self) -> List[str]:
+        return dir(super()) + [str(k) for k in self._data.keys()]
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Properties[_F]) -> List[Union[_T, _F]]:
+        return list(self) + list(other)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, obj: _T) -> None:
+        self._data[key] = obj
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> _T:
+        return self._data[key]
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        del self._data[key]
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key: str, obj: _T) -> None:
+        self._data[key] = obj
+
+    def __getstate__(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return {"_data": self._data}
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        object.__setattr__(self, "_data", state["_data"])
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> _T:
+        try:
+            return self._data[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def as_readonly(self) -> ReadOnlyProperties[_T]:
+        """Return an immutable proxy for this :class:`.Properties`."""
+
+        return ReadOnlyProperties(self._data)
+
+    def update(self, value: Dict[str, _T]) -> None:
+        self._data.update(value)
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str) -> Optional[_T]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: str, default: Union[_DT, _T]) -> Union[_DT, _T]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: str, default: Optional[Union[_DT, _T]] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_T, _DT]]:
+        if key in self:
+            return self[key]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def keys(self) -> List[str]:
+        return list(self._data)
+
+    def values(self) -> List[_T]:
+        return list(self._data.values())
+
+    def items(self) -> List[Tuple[str, _T]]:
+        return list(self._data.items())
+
+    def has_key(self, key: str) -> bool:
+        return key in self._data
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self._data.clear()
+
+
+class OrderedProperties(Properties[_T]):
+    """Provide a __getattr__/__setattr__ interface with an OrderedDict
+    as backing store."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        Properties.__init__(self, OrderedDict())
+
+
+class ReadOnlyProperties(ReadOnlyContainer, Properties[_T]):
+    """Provide immutable dict/object attribute to an underlying dictionary."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+
+def _ordered_dictionary_sort(d, key=None):
+    """Sort an OrderedDict in-place."""
+
+    items = [(k, d[k]) for k in sorted(d, key=key)]
+
+    d.clear()
+
+    d.update(items)
+
+
+OrderedDict = dict
+sort_dictionary = _ordered_dictionary_sort
+
+
+class WeakSequence(Sequence[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, __elements: Sequence[_T] = ()):
+        # adapted from weakref.WeakKeyDictionary, prevent reference
+        # cycles in the collection itself
+        def _remove(item, selfref=weakref.ref(self)):
+            self = selfref()
+            if self is not None:
+                self._storage.remove(item)
+
+        self._remove = _remove
+        self._storage = [
+            weakref.ref(element, _remove) for element in __elements
+        ]
+
+    def append(self, item):
+        self._storage.append(weakref.ref(item, self._remove))
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._storage)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return (
+            obj for obj in (ref() for ref in self._storage) if obj is not None
+        )
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        try:
+            obj = self._storage[index]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise IndexError("Index %s out of range" % index)
+        else:
+            return obj()
+
+
+class OrderedIdentitySet(IdentitySet):
+    def __init__(self, iterable: Optional[Iterable[Any]] = None):
+        IdentitySet.__init__(self)
+        self._members = OrderedDict()
+        if iterable:
+            for o in iterable:
+                self.add(o)
+
+
+class PopulateDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """A dict which populates missing values via a creation function.
+
+    Note the creation function takes a key, unlike
+    collections.defaultdict.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator: Callable[[_KT], _VT]):
+        self.creator = creator
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        self[key] = val = self.creator(key)
+        return val
+
+
+class WeakPopulateDict(Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Like PopulateDict, but assumes a self + a method and does not create
+    a reference cycle.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, creator_method: types.MethodType):
+        self.creator = creator_method.__func__
+        weakself = creator_method.__self__
+        self.weakself = weakref.ref(weakself)
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: Any) -> Any:
+        self[key] = val = self.creator(self.weakself(), key)
+        return val
+
+
+# Define collections that are capable of storing
+# ColumnElement objects as hashable keys/elements.
+# At this point, these are mostly historical, things
+# used to be more complicated.
+column_set = set
+column_dict = dict
+ordered_column_set = OrderedSet
+
+
+class UniqueAppender(Generic[_T]):
+    """Appends items to a collection ensuring uniqueness.
+
+    Additional appends() of the same object are ignored.  Membership is
+    determined by identity (``is a``) not equality (``==``).
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "data", "_data_appender", "_unique"
+
+    data: Union[Iterable[_T], Set[_T], List[_T]]
+    _data_appender: Callable[[_T], None]
+    _unique: Dict[int, Literal[True]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: Union[Iterable[_T], Set[_T], List[_T]],
+        via: Optional[str] = None,
+    ):
+        self.data = data
+        self._unique = {}
+        if via:
+            self._data_appender = getattr(data, via)
+        elif hasattr(data, "append"):
+            self._data_appender = cast("List[_T]", data).append
+        elif hasattr(data, "add"):
+            self._data_appender = cast("Set[_T]", data).add
+
+    def append(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        id_ = id(item)
+        if id_ not in self._unique:
+            self._data_appender(item)
+            self._unique[id_] = True
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter(self.data)
+
+
+def coerce_generator_arg(arg: Any) -> List[Any]:
+    if len(arg) == 1 and isinstance(arg[0], types.GeneratorType):
+        return list(arg[0])
+    else:
+        return cast("List[Any]", arg)
+
+
+def to_list(x: Any, default: Optional[List[Any]] = None) -> List[Any]:
+    if x is None:
+        return default  # type: ignore
+    if not is_non_string_iterable(x):
+        return [x]
+    elif isinstance(x, list):
+        return x
+    else:
+        return list(x)
+
+
+def has_intersection(set_: Container[Any], iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+    r"""return True if any items of set\_ are present in iterable.
+
+    Goes through special effort to ensure __hash__ is not called
+    on items in iterable that don't support it.
+
+    """
+    return any(i in set_ for i in iterable if i.__hash__)
+
+
+def to_set(x):
+    if x is None:
+        return set()
+    if not isinstance(x, set):
+        return set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def to_column_set(x: Any) -> Set[Any]:
+    if x is None:
+        return column_set()
+    if not isinstance(x, column_set):
+        return column_set(to_list(x))
+    else:
+        return x
+
+
+def update_copy(
+    d: Dict[Any, Any], _new: Optional[Dict[Any, Any]] = None, **kw: Any
+) -> Dict[Any, Any]:
+    """Copy the given dict and update with the given values."""
+
+    d = d.copy()
+    if _new:
+        d.update(_new)
+    d.update(**kw)
+    return d
+
+
+def flatten_iterator(x: Iterable[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]:
+    """Given an iterator of which further sub-elements may also be
+    iterators, flatten the sub-elements into a single iterator.
+
+    """
+    elem: _T
+    for elem in x:
+        if not isinstance(elem, str) and hasattr(elem, "__iter__"):
+            yield from flatten_iterator(elem)
+        else:
+            yield elem
+
+
+class LRUCache(typing.MutableMapping[_KT, _VT]):
+    """Dictionary with 'squishy' removal of least
+    recently used items.
+
+    Note that either get() or [] should be used here, but
+    generally its not safe to do an "in" check first as the dictionary
+    can change subsequent to that call.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "capacity",
+        "threshold",
+        "size_alert",
+        "_data",
+        "_counter",
+        "_mutex",
+    )
+
+    capacity: int
+    threshold: float
+    size_alert: Optional[Callable[[LRUCache[_KT, _VT]], None]]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        capacity: int = 100,
+        threshold: float = 0.5,
+        size_alert: Optional[Callable[..., None]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.capacity = capacity
+        self.threshold = threshold
+        self.size_alert = size_alert
+        self._counter = 0
+        self._mutex = threading.Lock()
+        self._data: Dict[_KT, Tuple[_KT, _VT, List[int]]] = {}
+
+    def _inc_counter(self):
+        self._counter += 1
+        return self._counter
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: _KT) -> Optional[_VT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(self, key: _KT, default: Union[_VT, _T]) -> Union[_VT, _T]: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self, key: _KT, default: Optional[Union[_VT, _T]] = None
+    ) -> Optional[Union[_VT, _T]]:
+        item = self._data.get(key)
+        if item is not None:
+            item[2][0] = self._inc_counter()
+            return item[1]
+        else:
+            return default
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _KT) -> _VT:
+        item = self._data[key]
+        item[2][0] = self._inc_counter()
+        return item[1]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_KT]:
+        return iter(self._data)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def values(self) -> ValuesView[_VT]:
+        return typing.ValuesView({k: i[1] for k, i in self._data.items()})
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        self._data[key] = (key, value, [self._inc_counter()])
+        self._manage_size()
+
+    def __delitem__(self, __v: _KT) -> None:
+        del self._data[__v]
+
+    @property
+    def size_threshold(self) -> float:
+        return self.capacity + self.capacity * self.threshold
+
+    def _manage_size(self) -> None:
+        if not self._mutex.acquire(False):
+            return
+        try:
+            size_alert = bool(self.size_alert)
+            while len(self) > self.capacity + self.capacity * self.threshold:
+                if size_alert:
+                    size_alert = False
+                    self.size_alert(self)  # type: ignore
+                by_counter = sorted(
+                    self._data.values(),
+                    key=operator.itemgetter(2),
+                    reverse=True,
+                )
+                for item in by_counter[self.capacity :]:
+                    try:
+                        del self._data[item[0]]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        # deleted elsewhere; skip
+                        continue
+        finally:
+            self._mutex.release()
+
+
+class _CreateFuncType(Protocol[_T_co]):
+    def __call__(self) -> _T_co: ...
+
+
+class _ScopeFuncType(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self) -> Any: ...
+
+
+class ScopedRegistry(Generic[_T]):
+    """A Registry that can store one or multiple instances of a single
+    class on the basis of a "scope" function.
+
+    The object implements ``__call__`` as the "getter", so by
+    calling ``myregistry()`` the contained object is returned
+    for the current scope.
+
+    :param createfunc:
+      a callable that returns a new object to be placed in the registry
+
+    :param scopefunc:
+      a callable that will return a key to store/retrieve an object.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "createfunc", "scopefunc", "registry"
+
+    createfunc: _CreateFuncType[_T]
+    scopefunc: _ScopeFuncType
+    registry: Any
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, createfunc: Callable[[], _T], scopefunc: Callable[[], Any]
+    ):
+        """Construct a new :class:`.ScopedRegistry`.
+
+        :param createfunc:  A creation function that will generate
+          a new value for the current scope, if none is present.
+
+        :param scopefunc:  A function that returns a hashable
+          token representing the current scope (such as, current
+          thread identifier).
+
+        """
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.scopefunc = scopefunc
+        self.registry = {}
+
+    def __call__(self) -> _T:
+        key = self.scopefunc()
+        try:
+            return self.registry[key]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except KeyError:
+            return self.registry.setdefault(key, self.createfunc())  # type: ignore[no-any-return] # noqa: E501
+
+    def has(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if an object is present in the current scope."""
+
+        return self.scopefunc() in self.registry
+
+    def set(self, obj: _T) -> None:
+        """Set the value for the current scope."""
+
+        self.registry[self.scopefunc()] = obj
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Clear the current scope, if any."""
+
+        try:
+            del self.registry[self.scopefunc()]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+
+class ThreadLocalRegistry(ScopedRegistry[_T]):
+    """A :class:`.ScopedRegistry` that uses a ``threading.local()``
+    variable for storage.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, createfunc: Callable[[], _T]):
+        self.createfunc = createfunc
+        self.registry = threading.local()
+
+    def __call__(self) -> _T:
+        try:
+            return self.registry.value  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except AttributeError:
+            val = self.registry.value = self.createfunc()
+            return val
+
+    def has(self) -> bool:
+        return hasattr(self.registry, "value")
+
+    def set(self, obj: _T) -> None:
+        self.registry.value = obj
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            del self.registry.value
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+
+
+def has_dupes(sequence, target):
+    """Given a sequence and search object, return True if there's more
+    than one, False if zero or one of them.
+
+
+    """
+    # compare to .index version below, this version introduces less function
+    # overhead and is usually the same speed.  At 15000 items (way bigger than
+    # a relationship-bound collection in memory usually is) it begins to
+    # fall behind the other version only by microseconds.
+    c = 0
+    for item in sequence:
+        if item is target:
+            c += 1
+            if c > 1:
+                return True
+    return False
+
+
+# .index version.  the two __contains__ calls as well
+# as .index() and isinstance() slow this down.
+# def has_dupes(sequence, target):
+#    if target not in sequence:
+#        return False
+#    elif not isinstance(sequence, collections_abc.Sequence):
+#        return False
+#
+#    idx = sequence.index(target)
+#    return target in sequence[idx + 1:]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_concurrency_py3k.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_concurrency_py3k.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..718c077c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_concurrency_py3k.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+# util/_concurrency_py3k.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from contextvars import Context
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Coroutine
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from .langhelpers import memoized_property
+from .. import exc
+from ..util import py311
+from ..util.typing import Literal
+from ..util.typing import Protocol
+from ..util.typing import Self
+from ..util.typing import TypeGuard
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    class greenlet(Protocol):
+        dead: bool
+        gr_context: Optional[Context]
+
+        def __init__(self, fn: Callable[..., Any], driver: greenlet): ...
+
+        def throw(self, *arg: Any) -> Any:
+            return None
+
+        def switch(self, value: Any) -> Any:
+            return None
+
+    def getcurrent() -> greenlet: ...
+
+else:
+    from greenlet import getcurrent
+    from greenlet import greenlet
+
+
+# If greenlet.gr_context is present in current version of greenlet,
+# it will be set with the current context on creation.
+# Refs: https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/pull/198
+_has_gr_context = hasattr(getcurrent(), "gr_context")
+
+
+def is_exit_exception(e: BaseException) -> bool:
+    # note asyncio.CancelledError is already BaseException
+    # so was an exit exception in any case
+    return not isinstance(e, Exception) or isinstance(
+        e, (asyncio.TimeoutError, asyncio.CancelledError)
+    )
+
+
+# implementation based on snaury gist at
+# https://gist.github.com/snaury/202bf4f22c41ca34e56297bae5f33fef
+# Issue for context: https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/173
+
+
+class _AsyncIoGreenlet(greenlet):
+    dead: bool
+
+    __sqlalchemy_greenlet_provider__ = True
+
+    def __init__(self, fn: Callable[..., Any], driver: greenlet):
+        greenlet.__init__(self, fn, driver)
+        if _has_gr_context:
+            self.gr_context = driver.gr_context
+
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+    def iscoroutine(
+        awaitable: Awaitable[_T_co],
+    ) -> TypeGuard[Coroutine[Any, Any, _T_co]]: ...
+
+else:
+    iscoroutine = asyncio.iscoroutine
+
+
+def _safe_cancel_awaitable(awaitable: Awaitable[Any]) -> None:
+    # https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#coroutine.close
+
+    if iscoroutine(awaitable):
+        awaitable.close()
+
+
+def in_greenlet() -> bool:
+    current = getcurrent()
+    return getattr(current, "__sqlalchemy_greenlet_provider__", False)
+
+
+def await_only(awaitable: Awaitable[_T]) -> _T:
+    """Awaits an async function in a sync method.
+
+    The sync method must be inside a :func:`greenlet_spawn` context.
+    :func:`await_only` calls cannot be nested.
+
+    :param awaitable: The coroutine to call.
+
+    """
+    # this is called in the context greenlet while running fn
+    current = getcurrent()
+    if not getattr(current, "__sqlalchemy_greenlet_provider__", False):
+        _safe_cancel_awaitable(awaitable)
+
+        raise exc.MissingGreenlet(
+            "greenlet_spawn has not been called; can't call await_only() "
+            "here. Was IO attempted in an unexpected place?"
+        )
+
+    # returns the control to the driver greenlet passing it
+    # a coroutine to run. Once the awaitable is done, the driver greenlet
+    # switches back to this greenlet with the result of awaitable that is
+    # then returned to the caller (or raised as error)
+    return current.parent.switch(awaitable)  # type: ignore[no-any-return,attr-defined] # noqa: E501
+
+
+def await_fallback(awaitable: Awaitable[_T]) -> _T:
+    """Awaits an async function in a sync method.
+
+    The sync method must be inside a :func:`greenlet_spawn` context.
+    :func:`await_fallback` calls cannot be nested.
+
+    :param awaitable: The coroutine to call.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0.24 The ``await_fallback()`` function will be removed
+       in SQLAlchemy 2.1.  Use :func:`_util.await_only` instead, running the
+       function / program / etc. within a top-level greenlet that is set up
+       using :func:`_util.greenlet_spawn`.
+
+    """
+
+    # this is called in the context greenlet while running fn
+    current = getcurrent()
+    if not getattr(current, "__sqlalchemy_greenlet_provider__", False):
+        loop = get_event_loop()
+        if loop.is_running():
+            _safe_cancel_awaitable(awaitable)
+
+            raise exc.MissingGreenlet(
+                "greenlet_spawn has not been called and asyncio event "
+                "loop is already running; can't call await_fallback() here. "
+                "Was IO attempted in an unexpected place?"
+            )
+        return loop.run_until_complete(awaitable)
+
+    return current.parent.switch(awaitable)  # type: ignore[no-any-return,attr-defined] # noqa: E501
+
+
+async def greenlet_spawn(
+    fn: Callable[..., _T],
+    *args: Any,
+    _require_await: bool = False,
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _T:
+    """Runs a sync function ``fn`` in a new greenlet.
+
+    The sync function can then use :func:`await_only` to wait for async
+    functions.
+
+    :param fn: The sync callable to call.
+    :param \\*args: Positional arguments to pass to the ``fn`` callable.
+    :param \\*\\*kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass to the ``fn`` callable.
+    """
+
+    result: Any
+    context = _AsyncIoGreenlet(fn, getcurrent())
+    # runs the function synchronously in gl greenlet. If the execution
+    # is interrupted by await_only, context is not dead and result is a
+    # coroutine to wait. If the context is dead the function has
+    # returned, and its result can be returned.
+    switch_occurred = False
+    result = context.switch(*args, **kwargs)
+    while not context.dead:
+        switch_occurred = True
+        try:
+            # wait for a coroutine from await_only and then return its
+            # result back to it.
+            value = await result
+        except BaseException:
+            # this allows an exception to be raised within
+            # the moderated greenlet so that it can continue
+            # its expected flow.
+            result = context.throw(*sys.exc_info())
+        else:
+            result = context.switch(value)
+
+    if _require_await and not switch_occurred:
+        raise exc.AwaitRequired(
+            "The current operation required an async execution but none was "
+            "detected. This will usually happen when using a non compatible "
+            "DBAPI driver. Please ensure that an async DBAPI is used."
+        )
+    return result  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptedLock:
+    @memoized_property
+    def mutex(self) -> asyncio.Lock:
+        # there should not be a race here for coroutines creating the
+        # new lock as we are not using await, so therefore no concurrency
+        return asyncio.Lock()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> bool:
+        # await is used to acquire the lock only after the first calling
+        # coroutine has created the mutex.
+        return await_fallback(self.mutex.acquire())
+
+    def __exit__(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> None:
+        self.mutex.release()
+
+
+def get_event_loop() -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
+    """vendor asyncio.get_event_loop() for python 3.7 and above.
+
+    Python 3.10 deprecates get_event_loop() as a standalone.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        # avoid "During handling of the above exception, another exception..."
+        pass
+    return asyncio.get_event_loop_policy().get_event_loop()
+
+
+if not TYPE_CHECKING and py311:
+    _Runner = asyncio.Runner
+else:
+
+    class _Runner:
+        """Runner implementation for test only"""
+
+        _loop: Union[None, asyncio.AbstractEventLoop, Literal[False]]
+
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            self._loop = None
+
+        def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+            self._lazy_init()
+            return self
+
+        def __exit__(self, exc_type: Any, exc_val: Any, exc_tb: Any) -> None:
+            self.close()
+
+        def close(self) -> None:
+            if self._loop:
+                try:
+                    self._loop.run_until_complete(
+                        self._loop.shutdown_asyncgens()
+                    )
+                finally:
+                    self._loop.close()
+                    self._loop = False
+
+        def get_loop(self) -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
+            """Return embedded event loop."""
+            self._lazy_init()
+            assert self._loop
+            return self._loop
+
+        def run(self, coro: Coroutine[Any, Any, _T]) -> _T:
+            self._lazy_init()
+            assert self._loop
+            return self._loop.run_until_complete(coro)
+
+        def _lazy_init(self) -> None:
+            if self._loop is False:
+                raise RuntimeError("Runner is closed")
+            if self._loop is None:
+                self._loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_has_cy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_has_cy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21faed04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_has_cy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# util/_has_cy.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+
+import os
+import typing
+
+
+def _import_cy_extensions():
+    # all cython extension extension modules are treated as optional by the
+    # setup, so to ensure that all are compiled, all should be imported here
+    from ..cyextension import collections
+    from ..cyextension import immutabledict
+    from ..cyextension import processors
+    from ..cyextension import resultproxy
+    from ..cyextension import util
+
+    return (collections, immutabledict, processors, resultproxy, util)
+
+
+_CYEXTENSION_MSG: str
+if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    if os.environ.get("DISABLE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT_RUNTIME"):
+        HAS_CYEXTENSION = False
+        _CYEXTENSION_MSG = "DISABLE_SQLALCHEMY_CEXT_RUNTIME is set"
+    else:
+        try:
+            _import_cy_extensions()
+        except ImportError as err:
+            HAS_CYEXTENSION = False
+            _CYEXTENSION_MSG = str(err)
+        else:
+            _CYEXTENSION_MSG = "Loaded"
+            HAS_CYEXTENSION = True
+else:
+    HAS_CYEXTENSION = False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_py_collections.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_py_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f6aefcf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/_py_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+# util/_py_collections.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from itertools import filterfalse
+from typing import AbstractSet
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from ..util.typing import Self
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_S = TypeVar("_S", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT", bound=Any)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT", bound=Any)
+
+
+class ReadOnlyContainer:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _readonly(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "%s object is immutable and/or readonly" % self.__class__.__name__
+        )
+
+    def _immutable(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("%s object is immutable" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: Any, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key: str, value: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+
+class ImmutableDictBase(ReadOnlyContainer, Dict[_KT, _VT]):
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args: Any) -> Self: ...
+
+        def __init__(cls, *args: Any): ...
+
+    def _readonly(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._immutable()
+
+    def clear(self) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def pop(self, key: Any, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def popitem(self) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: Any, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def update(self, *arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> NoReturn:
+        self._readonly()
+
+
+class immutabledict(ImmutableDictBase[_KT, _VT]):
+    def __new__(cls, *args):
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(cls)
+        dict.__init__(new, *args)
+        return new
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *args: Union[Mapping[_KT, _VT], Iterable[Tuple[_KT, _VT]]]
+    ):
+        pass
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return immutabledict, (dict(self),)
+
+    def union(
+        self, __d: Optional[Mapping[_KT, _VT]] = None
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        if not __d:
+            return self
+
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(self.__class__)
+        dict.__init__(new, self)
+        dict.update(new, __d)  # type: ignore
+        return new
+
+    def _union_w_kw(
+        self, __d: Optional[Mapping[_KT, _VT]] = None, **kw: _VT
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        # not sure if C version works correctly w/ this yet
+        if not __d and not kw:
+            return self
+
+        new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(self.__class__)
+        dict.__init__(new, self)
+        if __d:
+            dict.update(new, __d)  # type: ignore
+        dict.update(new, kw)  # type: ignore
+        return new
+
+    def merge_with(
+        self, *dicts: Optional[Mapping[_KT, _VT]]
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        new = None
+        for d in dicts:
+            if d:
+                if new is None:
+                    new = ImmutableDictBase.__new__(self.__class__)
+                    dict.__init__(new, self)
+                dict.update(new, d)  # type: ignore
+        if new is None:
+            return self
+
+        return new
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "immutabledict(%s)" % dict.__repr__(self)
+
+    # PEP 584
+    def __ior__(self, __value: Any) -> NoReturn:  # type: ignore
+        self._readonly()
+
+    def __or__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, __value: Mapping[_KT, _VT]
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return immutabledict(
+            super().__or__(__value),  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        )
+
+    def __ror__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, __value: Mapping[_KT, _VT]
+    ) -> immutabledict[_KT, _VT]:
+        return immutabledict(
+            super().__ror__(__value),  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        )
+
+
+class OrderedSet(Set[_T]):
+    __slots__ = ("_list",)
+
+    _list: List[_T]
+
+    def __init__(self, d: Optional[Iterable[_T]] = None) -> None:
+        if d is not None:
+            self._list = unique_list(d)
+            super().update(self._list)
+        else:
+            self._list = []
+
+    def copy(self) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        cp = self.__class__()
+        cp._list = self._list.copy()
+        set.update(cp, cp._list)
+        return cp
+
+    def add(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.append(element)
+        super().add(element)
+
+    def remove(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        super().remove(element)
+        self._list.remove(element)
+
+    def pop(self) -> _T:
+        try:
+            value = self._list.pop()
+        except IndexError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set") from None
+        super().remove(value)
+        return value
+
+    def insert(self, pos: int, element: _T) -> None:
+        if element not in self:
+            self._list.insert(pos, element)
+        super().add(element)
+
+    def discard(self, element: _T) -> None:
+        if element in self:
+            self._list.remove(element)
+            super().remove(element)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        super().clear()
+        self._list = []
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: int) -> _T:
+        return self._list[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:
+        return iter(self._list)
+
+    def __add__(self, other: Iterator[_T]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._list)
+
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    def update(self, *iterables: Iterable[_T]) -> None:
+        for iterable in iterables:
+            for e in iterable:
+                if e not in self:
+                    self._list.append(e)
+                    super().add(e)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def union(self, *other: Iterable[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        result: OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]] = self.copy()
+        result.update(*other)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def intersection(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        other_set: Set[Any] = set()
+        other_set.update(*other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self if a in other_set)
+
+    def __and__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, other: Iterable[_T]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        collection: Collection[_T]
+        if isinstance(other, set):
+            collection = other_set = other
+        elif isinstance(other, Collection):
+            collection = other
+            other_set = set(other)
+        else:
+            collection = list(other)
+            other_set = set(collection)
+        result = self.__class__(a for a in self if a not in other_set)
+        result.update(a for a in collection if a not in self)
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        return cast(OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]], self).symmetric_difference(
+            other
+        )
+
+    def difference(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        other_set = super().difference(*other)
+        return self.__class__(a for a in self._list if a in other_set)
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: AbstractSet[Optional[_T]]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().intersection_update(*other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __iand__(self, other: AbstractSet[object]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        collection = other if isinstance(other, Collection) else list(other)
+        super().symmetric_difference_update(collection)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+        self._list += [a for a in collection if a in self]
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: AbstractSet[_S]) -> OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]]:
+        self.symmetric_difference_update(other)
+        return cast(OrderedSet[Union[_T, _S]], self)
+
+    def difference_update(self, *other: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        super().difference_update(*other)
+        self._list = [a for a in self._list if a in self]
+
+    def __isub__(self, other: AbstractSet[Optional[_T]]) -> OrderedSet[_T]:  # type: ignore  # noqa: E501
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+
+class IdentitySet:
+    """A set that considers only object id() for uniqueness.
+
+    This strategy has edge cases for builtin types- it's possible to have
+    two 'foo' strings in one of these sets, for example.  Use sparingly.
+
+    """
+
+    _members: Dict[int, Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, iterable: Optional[Iterable[Any]] = None):
+        self._members = dict()
+        if iterable:
+            self.update(iterable)
+
+    def add(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        self._members[id(value)] = value
+
+    def __contains__(self, value: Any) -> bool:
+        return id(value) in self._members
+
+    def remove(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        del self._members[id(value)]
+
+    def discard(self, value: Any) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.remove(value)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def pop(self) -> Any:
+        try:
+            pair = self._members.popitem()
+            return pair[1]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise KeyError("pop from an empty set")
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self._members.clear()
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members == other._members
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return self._members != other._members
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def issubset(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) > len(other):
+            return False
+        for m in filterfalse(
+            other._members.__contains__, iter(self._members.keys())
+        ):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __le__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issubset(other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) < len(other) and self.issubset(other)
+
+    def issuperset(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable
+        else:
+            other = self.__class__(iterable)
+
+        if len(self) < len(other):
+            return False
+
+        for m in filterfalse(
+            self._members.__contains__, iter(other._members.keys())
+        ):
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def __ge__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return len(self) > len(other) and self.issuperset(other)
+
+    def union(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__class__()
+        members = self._members
+        result._members.update(members)
+        result._members.update((id(obj), obj) for obj in iterable)
+        return result
+
+    def __or__(self, other: Any) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.union(other)
+
+    def update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members.update((id(obj), obj) for obj in iterable)
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: Any) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def difference(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        other: Collection[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable._members
+        else:
+            other = {id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {
+            k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other
+        }
+        return result
+
+    def __sub__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.difference(other)
+
+    def difference_update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members = self.difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __isub__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.difference_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def intersection(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+
+        other: Collection[Any]
+
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable._members
+        else:
+            other = {id(obj) for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {
+            k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k in other
+        }
+        return result
+
+    def __and__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.intersection(other)
+
+    def intersection_update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members = self.intersection(iterable)._members
+
+    def __iand__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.intersection_update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def symmetric_difference(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        if isinstance(iterable, self.__class__):
+            other = iterable._members
+        else:
+            other = {id(obj): obj for obj in iterable}
+        result._members = {
+            k: v for k, v in self._members.items() if k not in other
+        }
+        result._members.update(
+            (k, v) for k, v in other.items() if k not in self._members
+        )
+        return result
+
+    def __xor__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.symmetric_difference(other)
+
+    def symmetric_difference_update(self, iterable: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
+        self._members = self.symmetric_difference(iterable)._members
+
+    def __ixor__(self, other: IdentitySet) -> IdentitySet:
+        if not isinstance(other, IdentitySet):
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.symmetric_difference(other)
+        return self
+
+    def copy(self) -> IdentitySet:
+        result = self.__new__(self.__class__)
+        result._members = self._members.copy()
+        return result
+
+    __copy__ = copy
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._members)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        return iter(self._members.values())
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> NoReturn:
+        raise TypeError("set objects are unhashable")
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "%s(%r)" % (type(self).__name__, list(self._members.values()))
+
+
+def unique_list(
+    seq: Iterable[_T], hashfunc: Optional[Callable[[_T], int]] = None
+) -> List[_T]:
+    seen: Set[Any] = set()
+    seen_add = seen.add
+    if not hashfunc:
+        return [x for x in seq if x not in seen and not seen_add(x)]
+    else:
+        return [
+            x
+            for x in seq
+            if hashfunc(x) not in seen and not seen_add(hashfunc(x))
+        ]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8b5e7a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/compat.py
@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+# util/compat.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Handle Python version/platform incompatibilities."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import dataclasses
+import hashlib
+import inspect
+import operator
+import platform
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+
+py313 = sys.version_info >= (3, 13)
+py312 = sys.version_info >= (3, 12)
+py311 = sys.version_info >= (3, 11)
+py310 = sys.version_info >= (3, 10)
+py39 = sys.version_info >= (3, 9)
+py38 = sys.version_info >= (3, 8)
+pypy = platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy"
+cpython = platform.python_implementation() == "CPython"
+
+win32 = sys.platform.startswith("win")
+osx = sys.platform.startswith("darwin")
+arm = "aarch" in platform.machine().lower()
+is64bit = sys.maxsize > 2**32
+
+has_refcount_gc = bool(cpython)
+
+dottedgetter = operator.attrgetter
+
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+
+class FullArgSpec(typing.NamedTuple):
+    args: List[str]
+    varargs: Optional[str]
+    varkw: Optional[str]
+    defaults: Optional[Tuple[Any, ...]]
+    kwonlyargs: List[str]
+    kwonlydefaults: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]
+    annotations: Dict[str, Any]
+
+
+def inspect_getfullargspec(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> FullArgSpec:
+    """Fully vendored version of getfullargspec from Python 3.3."""
+
+    if inspect.ismethod(func):
+        func = func.__func__
+    if not inspect.isfunction(func):
+        raise TypeError(f"{func!r} is not a Python function")
+
+    co = func.__code__
+    if not inspect.iscode(co):
+        raise TypeError(f"{co!r} is not a code object")
+
+    nargs = co.co_argcount
+    names = co.co_varnames
+    nkwargs = co.co_kwonlyargcount
+    args = list(names[:nargs])
+    kwonlyargs = list(names[nargs : nargs + nkwargs])
+
+    nargs += nkwargs
+    varargs = None
+    if co.co_flags & inspect.CO_VARARGS:
+        varargs = co.co_varnames[nargs]
+        nargs = nargs + 1
+    varkw = None
+    if co.co_flags & inspect.CO_VARKEYWORDS:
+        varkw = co.co_varnames[nargs]
+
+    return FullArgSpec(
+        args,
+        varargs,
+        varkw,
+        func.__defaults__,
+        kwonlyargs,
+        func.__kwdefaults__,
+        func.__annotations__,
+    )
+
+
+if py39:
+    # python stubs don't have a public type for this. not worth
+    # making a protocol
+    def md5_not_for_security() -> Any:
+        return hashlib.md5(usedforsecurity=False)
+
+else:
+
+    def md5_not_for_security() -> Any:
+        return hashlib.md5()
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or py38:
+    from importlib import metadata as importlib_metadata
+else:
+    import importlib_metadata  # noqa
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or py39:
+    # pep 584 dict union
+    dict_union = operator.or_  # noqa
+else:
+
+    def dict_union(a: dict, b: dict) -> dict:
+        a = a.copy()
+        a.update(b)
+        return a
+
+
+if py310:
+    anext_ = anext
+else:
+    _NOT_PROVIDED = object()
+    from collections.abc import AsyncIterator
+
+    async def anext_(async_iterator, default=_NOT_PROVIDED):
+        """vendored from https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/8895"""
+
+        if not isinstance(async_iterator, AsyncIterator):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"anext expected an AsyncIterator, got {type(async_iterator)}"
+            )
+        anxt = type(async_iterator).__anext__
+        try:
+            return await anxt(async_iterator)
+        except StopAsyncIteration:
+            if default is _NOT_PROVIDED:
+                raise
+            return default
+
+
+def importlib_metadata_get(group):
+    ep = importlib_metadata.entry_points()
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING or hasattr(ep, "select"):
+        return ep.select(group=group)
+    else:
+        return ep.get(group, ())
+
+
+def b(s):
+    return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+
+def b64decode(x: str) -> bytes:
+    return base64.b64decode(x.encode("ascii"))
+
+
+def b64encode(x: bytes) -> str:
+    return base64.b64encode(x).decode("ascii")
+
+
+def decode_backslashreplace(text: bytes, encoding: str) -> str:
+    return text.decode(encoding, errors="backslashreplace")
+
+
+def cmp(a, b):
+    return (a > b) - (a < b)
+
+
+def _formatannotation(annotation, base_module=None):
+    """vendored from python 3.7"""
+
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        return annotation
+
+    if getattr(annotation, "__module__", None) == "typing":
+        return repr(annotation).replace("typing.", "").replace("~", "")
+    if isinstance(annotation, type):
+        if annotation.__module__ in ("builtins", base_module):
+            return repr(annotation.__qualname__)
+        return annotation.__module__ + "." + annotation.__qualname__
+    elif isinstance(annotation, typing.TypeVar):
+        return repr(annotation).replace("~", "")
+    return repr(annotation).replace("~", "")
+
+
+def inspect_formatargspec(
+    args: List[str],
+    varargs: Optional[str] = None,
+    varkw: Optional[str] = None,
+    defaults: Optional[Sequence[Any]] = None,
+    kwonlyargs: Optional[Sequence[str]] = (),
+    kwonlydefaults: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = {},
+    annotations: Mapping[str, Any] = {},
+    formatarg: Callable[[str], str] = str,
+    formatvarargs: Callable[[str], str] = lambda name: "*" + name,
+    formatvarkw: Callable[[str], str] = lambda name: "**" + name,
+    formatvalue: Callable[[Any], str] = lambda value: "=" + repr(value),
+    formatreturns: Callable[[Any], str] = lambda text: " -> " + str(text),
+    formatannotation: Callable[[Any], str] = _formatannotation,
+) -> str:
+    """Copy formatargspec from python 3.7 standard library.
+
+    Python 3 has deprecated formatargspec and requested that Signature
+    be used instead, however this requires a full reimplementation
+    of formatargspec() in terms of creating Parameter objects and such.
+    Instead of introducing all the object-creation overhead and having
+    to reinvent from scratch, just copy their compatibility routine.
+
+    Ultimately we would need to rewrite our "decorator" routine completely
+    which is not really worth it right now, until all Python 2.x support
+    is dropped.
+
+    """
+
+    kwonlydefaults = kwonlydefaults or {}
+    annotations = annotations or {}
+
+    def formatargandannotation(arg):
+        result = formatarg(arg)
+        if arg in annotations:
+            result += ": " + formatannotation(annotations[arg])
+        return result
+
+    specs = []
+    if defaults:
+        firstdefault = len(args) - len(defaults)
+    else:
+        firstdefault = -1
+
+    for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+        spec = formatargandannotation(arg)
+        if defaults and i >= firstdefault:
+            spec = spec + formatvalue(defaults[i - firstdefault])
+        specs.append(spec)
+
+    if varargs is not None:
+        specs.append(formatvarargs(formatargandannotation(varargs)))
+    else:
+        if kwonlyargs:
+            specs.append("*")
+
+    if kwonlyargs:
+        for kwonlyarg in kwonlyargs:
+            spec = formatargandannotation(kwonlyarg)
+            if kwonlydefaults and kwonlyarg in kwonlydefaults:
+                spec += formatvalue(kwonlydefaults[kwonlyarg])
+            specs.append(spec)
+
+    if varkw is not None:
+        specs.append(formatvarkw(formatargandannotation(varkw)))
+
+    result = "(" + ", ".join(specs) + ")"
+    if "return" in annotations:
+        result += formatreturns(formatannotation(annotations["return"]))
+    return result
+
+
+def dataclass_fields(cls: Type[Any]) -> Iterable[dataclasses.Field[Any]]:
+    """Return a sequence of all dataclasses.Field objects associated
+    with a class as an already processed dataclass.
+
+    The class must **already be a dataclass** for Field objects to be returned.
+
+    """
+
+    if dataclasses.is_dataclass(cls):
+        return dataclasses.fields(cls)
+    else:
+        return []
+
+
+def local_dataclass_fields(cls: Type[Any]) -> Iterable[dataclasses.Field[Any]]:
+    """Return a sequence of all dataclasses.Field objects associated with
+    an already processed dataclass, excluding those that originate from a
+    superclass.
+
+    The class must **already be a dataclass** for Field objects to be returned.
+
+    """
+
+    if dataclasses.is_dataclass(cls):
+        super_fields: Set[dataclasses.Field[Any]] = set()
+        for sup in cls.__bases__:
+            super_fields.update(dataclass_fields(sup))
+        return [f for f in dataclasses.fields(cls) if f not in super_fields]
+    else:
+        return []
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/concurrency.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/concurrency.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..006340f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/concurrency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# util/concurrency.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio  # noqa
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Coroutine
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+have_greenlet = False
+greenlet_error = None
+try:
+    import greenlet  # type: ignore[import-untyped,unused-ignore]  # noqa: F401,E501
+except ImportError as e:
+    greenlet_error = str(e)
+    pass
+else:
+    have_greenlet = True
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import await_only as await_only
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import await_fallback as await_fallback
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import in_greenlet as in_greenlet
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import greenlet_spawn as greenlet_spawn
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import is_exit_exception as is_exit_exception
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import AsyncAdaptedLock as AsyncAdaptedLock
+    from ._concurrency_py3k import _Runner
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class _AsyncUtil:
+    """Asyncio util for test suite/ util only"""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        if have_greenlet:
+            self.runner = _Runner()
+
+    def run(
+        self,
+        fn: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, _T]],
+        *args: Any,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Run coroutine on the loop"""
+        return self.runner.run(fn(*args, **kwargs))
+
+    def run_in_greenlet(
+        self, fn: Callable[..., _T], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+    ) -> _T:
+        """Run sync function in greenlet. Support nested calls"""
+        if have_greenlet:
+            if self.runner.get_loop().is_running():
+                return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+            else:
+                return self.runner.run(greenlet_spawn(fn, *args, **kwargs))
+        else:
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if have_greenlet:
+            self.runner.close()
+
+
+if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING and not have_greenlet:
+
+    def _not_implemented():
+        # this conditional is to prevent pylance from considering
+        # greenlet_spawn() etc as "no return" and dimming out code below it
+        if have_greenlet:
+            return None
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            "the greenlet library is required to use this function."
+            " %s" % greenlet_error
+            if greenlet_error
+            else ""
+        )
+
+    def is_exit_exception(e):  # noqa: F811
+        return not isinstance(e, Exception)
+
+    def await_only(thing):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def await_fallback(thing):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        return thing
+
+    def in_greenlet():  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def greenlet_spawn(fn, *args, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def AsyncAdaptedLock(*args, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        _not_implemented()
+
+    def _util_async_run(fn, *arg, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811
+        return fn(*arg, **kw)
+
+    def _util_async_run_coroutine_function(fn, *arg, **kw):  # type: ignore  # noqa: F811,E501
+        _not_implemented()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88b68724
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/deprecations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+# util/deprecations.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Helpers related to deprecation of functions, methods, classes, other
+functionality."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Match
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import compat
+from .langhelpers import _hash_limit_string
+from .langhelpers import _warnings_warn
+from .langhelpers import decorator
+from .langhelpers import inject_docstring_text
+from .langhelpers import inject_param_text
+from .. import exc
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+
+# https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/stable/generics.html#declaring-decorators
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+
+def _warn_with_version(
+    msg: str,
+    version: str,
+    type_: Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning],
+    stacklevel: int,
+    code: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    warn = type_(msg, code=code)
+    warn.deprecated_since = version
+
+    _warnings_warn(warn, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+
+
+def warn_deprecated(
+    msg: str, version: str, stacklevel: int = 3, code: Optional[str] = None
+) -> None:
+    _warn_with_version(
+        msg, version, exc.SADeprecationWarning, stacklevel, code=code
+    )
+
+
+def warn_deprecated_limited(
+    msg: str,
+    args: Sequence[Any],
+    version: str,
+    stacklevel: int = 3,
+    code: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Issue a deprecation warning with a parameterized string,
+    limiting the number of registrations.
+
+    """
+    if args:
+        msg = _hash_limit_string(msg, 10, args)
+    _warn_with_version(
+        msg, version, exc.SADeprecationWarning, stacklevel, code=code
+    )
+
+
+def deprecated_cls(
+    version: str, message: str, constructor: Optional[str] = "__init__"
+) -> Callable[[Type[_T]], Type[_T]]:
+    header = ".. deprecated:: %s %s" % (version, (message or ""))
+
+    def decorate(cls: Type[_T]) -> Type[_T]:
+        return _decorate_cls_with_warning(
+            cls,
+            constructor,
+            exc.SADeprecationWarning,
+            message % dict(func=constructor),
+            version,
+            header,
+        )
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def deprecated(
+    version: str,
+    message: Optional[str] = None,
+    add_deprecation_to_docstring: bool = True,
+    warning: Optional[Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning]] = None,
+    enable_warnings: bool = True,
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    """Decorates a function and issues a deprecation warning on use.
+
+    :param version:
+      Issue version in the warning.
+
+    :param message:
+      If provided, issue message in the warning.  A sensible default
+      is used if not provided.
+
+    :param add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+      Default True.  If False, the wrapped function's __doc__ is left
+      as-is.  If True, the 'message' is prepended to the docs if
+      provided, or sensible default if message is omitted.
+
+    """
+
+    if add_deprecation_to_docstring:
+        header = ".. deprecated:: %s %s" % (
+            version,
+            (message or ""),
+        )
+    else:
+        header = None
+
+    if message is None:
+        message = "Call to deprecated function %(func)s"
+
+    if warning is None:
+        warning = exc.SADeprecationWarning
+
+    message += " (deprecated since: %s)" % version
+
+    def decorate(fn: _F) -> _F:
+        assert message is not None
+        assert warning is not None
+        return _decorate_with_warning(
+            fn,
+            warning,
+            message % dict(func=fn.__name__),
+            version,
+            header,
+            enable_warnings=enable_warnings,
+        )
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def moved_20(
+    message: str, **kw: Any
+) -> Callable[[Callable[..., _T]], Callable[..., _T]]:
+    return deprecated(
+        "2.0", message=message, warning=exc.MovedIn20Warning, **kw
+    )
+
+
+def became_legacy_20(
+    api_name: str, alternative: Optional[str] = None, **kw: Any
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    type_reg = re.match("^:(attr|func|meth):", api_name)
+    if type_reg:
+        type_ = {"attr": "attribute", "func": "function", "meth": "method"}[
+            type_reg.group(1)
+        ]
+    else:
+        type_ = "construct"
+    message = (
+        "The %s %s is considered legacy as of the "
+        "1.x series of SQLAlchemy and %s in 2.0."
+        % (
+            api_name,
+            type_,
+            "becomes a legacy construct",
+        )
+    )
+
+    if ":attr:" in api_name:
+        attribute_ok = kw.pop("warn_on_attribute_access", False)
+        if not attribute_ok:
+            assert kw.get("enable_warnings") is False, (
+                "attribute %s will emit a warning on read access.  "
+                "If you *really* want this, "
+                "add warn_on_attribute_access=True.  Otherwise please add "
+                "enable_warnings=False." % api_name
+            )
+
+    if alternative:
+        message += " " + alternative
+
+    warning_cls = exc.LegacyAPIWarning
+
+    return deprecated("2.0", message=message, warning=warning_cls, **kw)
+
+
+def deprecated_params(**specs: Tuple[str, str]) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    """Decorates a function to warn on use of certain parameters.
+
+    e.g. ::
+
+        @deprecated_params(
+            weak_identity_map=(
+                "0.7",
+                "the :paramref:`.Session.weak_identity_map parameter "
+                "is deprecated.",
+            )
+        )
+        def some_function(**kwargs): ...
+
+    """
+
+    messages: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    versions: Dict[str, str] = {}
+    version_warnings: Dict[str, Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning]] = {}
+
+    for param, (version, message) in specs.items():
+        versions[param] = version
+        messages[param] = _sanitize_restructured_text(message)
+        version_warnings[param] = exc.SADeprecationWarning
+
+    def decorate(fn: _F) -> _F:
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+
+        check_defaults: Union[Set[str], Tuple[()]]
+        if spec.defaults is not None:
+            defaults = dict(
+                zip(
+                    spec.args[(len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults)) :],
+                    spec.defaults,
+                )
+            )
+            check_defaults = set(defaults).intersection(messages)
+            check_kw = set(messages).difference(defaults)
+        elif spec.kwonlydefaults is not None:
+            defaults = spec.kwonlydefaults
+            check_defaults = set(defaults).intersection(messages)
+            check_kw = set(messages).difference(defaults)
+        else:
+            check_defaults = ()
+            check_kw = set(messages)
+
+        check_any_kw = spec.varkw
+
+        # latest mypy has opinions here, not sure if they implemented
+        # Concatenate or something
+        @decorator
+        def warned(fn: _F, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _F:
+            for m in check_defaults:
+                if (defaults[m] is None and kwargs[m] is not None) or (
+                    defaults[m] is not None and kwargs[m] != defaults[m]
+                ):
+                    _warn_with_version(
+                        messages[m],
+                        versions[m],
+                        version_warnings[m],
+                        stacklevel=3,
+                    )
+
+            if check_any_kw in messages and set(kwargs).difference(
+                check_defaults
+            ):
+                assert check_any_kw is not None
+                _warn_with_version(
+                    messages[check_any_kw],
+                    versions[check_any_kw],
+                    version_warnings[check_any_kw],
+                    stacklevel=3,
+                )
+
+            for m in check_kw:
+                if m in kwargs:
+                    _warn_with_version(
+                        messages[m],
+                        versions[m],
+                        version_warnings[m],
+                        stacklevel=3,
+                    )
+            return fn(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        doc = fn.__doc__ is not None and fn.__doc__ or ""
+        if doc:
+            doc = inject_param_text(
+                doc,
+                {
+                    param: ".. deprecated:: %s %s"
+                    % ("1.4" if version == "2.0" else version, (message or ""))
+                    for param, (version, message) in specs.items()
+                },
+            )
+        decorated = warned(fn)
+        decorated.__doc__ = doc
+        return decorated
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _sanitize_restructured_text(text: str) -> str:
+    def repl(m: Match[str]) -> str:
+        type_, name = m.group(1, 2)
+        if type_ in ("func", "meth"):
+            name += "()"
+        return name
+
+    text = re.sub(r":ref:`(.+) <.*>`", lambda m: '"%s"' % m.group(1), text)
+    return re.sub(r"\:(\w+)\:`~?(?:_\w+)?\.?(.+?)`", repl, text)
+
+
+def _decorate_cls_with_warning(
+    cls: Type[_T],
+    constructor: Optional[str],
+    wtype: Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning],
+    message: str,
+    version: str,
+    docstring_header: Optional[str] = None,
+) -> Type[_T]:
+    doc = cls.__doc__ is not None and cls.__doc__ or ""
+    if docstring_header is not None:
+        if constructor is not None:
+            docstring_header %= dict(func=constructor)
+
+        if issubclass(wtype, exc.Base20DeprecationWarning):
+            docstring_header += (
+                " (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: "
+                ":ref:`migration_20_toplevel`)"
+            )
+        doc = inject_docstring_text(doc, docstring_header, 1)
+
+        constructor_fn = None
+        if type(cls) is type:
+            clsdict = dict(cls.__dict__)
+            clsdict["__doc__"] = doc
+            clsdict.pop("__dict__", None)
+            clsdict.pop("__weakref__", None)
+            cls = type(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, clsdict)
+            if constructor is not None:
+                constructor_fn = clsdict[constructor]
+
+        else:
+            cls.__doc__ = doc
+            if constructor is not None:
+                constructor_fn = getattr(cls, constructor)
+
+        if constructor is not None:
+            assert constructor_fn is not None
+            assert wtype is not None
+            setattr(
+                cls,
+                constructor,
+                _decorate_with_warning(
+                    constructor_fn, wtype, message, version, None
+                ),
+            )
+    return cls
+
+
+def _decorate_with_warning(
+    func: _F,
+    wtype: Type[exc.SADeprecationWarning],
+    message: str,
+    version: str,
+    docstring_header: Optional[str] = None,
+    enable_warnings: bool = True,
+) -> _F:
+    """Wrap a function with a warnings.warn and augmented docstring."""
+
+    message = _sanitize_restructured_text(message)
+
+    if issubclass(wtype, exc.Base20DeprecationWarning):
+        doc_only = (
+            " (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: "
+            ":ref:`migration_20_toplevel`)"
+        )
+    else:
+        doc_only = ""
+
+    @decorator
+    def warned(fn: _F, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _F:
+        skip_warning = not enable_warnings or kwargs.pop(
+            "_sa_skip_warning", False
+        )
+        if not skip_warning:
+            _warn_with_version(message, version, wtype, stacklevel=3)
+        return fn(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    doc = func.__doc__ is not None and func.__doc__ or ""
+    if docstring_header is not None:
+        docstring_header %= dict(func=func.__name__)
+
+        docstring_header += doc_only
+
+        doc = inject_docstring_text(doc, docstring_header, 1)
+
+    decorated = warned(func)
+    decorated.__doc__ = doc
+    decorated._sa_warn = lambda: _warn_with_version(  # type: ignore
+        message, version, wtype, stacklevel=3
+    )
+    return decorated
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4086f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/langhelpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2222 @@
+# util/langhelpers.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""Routines to help with the creation, loading and introspection of
+modules, classes, hierarchies, attributes, functions, and methods.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import enum
+from functools import update_wrapper
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
+import re
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import threading
+import types
+from types import CodeType
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import FrozenSet
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import List
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+import warnings
+
+from . import _collections
+from . import compat
+from ._has_cy import HAS_CYEXTENSION
+from .typing import Literal
+from .. import exc
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+_F = TypeVar("_F", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+_MP = TypeVar("_MP", bound="memoized_property[Any]")
+_MA = TypeVar("_MA", bound="HasMemoized.memoized_attribute[Any]")
+_HP = TypeVar("_HP", bound="hybridproperty[Any]")
+_HM = TypeVar("_HM", bound="hybridmethod[Any]")
+
+
+if compat.py310:
+
+    def get_annotations(obj: Any) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        return inspect.get_annotations(obj)
+
+else:
+
+    def get_annotations(obj: Any) -> Mapping[str, Any]:
+        # it's been observed that cls.__annotations__ can be non present.
+        # it's not clear what causes this, running under tox py37/38 it
+        # happens, running straight pytest it doesnt
+
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/howto/annotations.html#annotations-howto
+        if isinstance(obj, type):
+            ann = obj.__dict__.get("__annotations__", None)
+        else:
+            ann = getattr(obj, "__annotations__", None)
+
+        if ann is None:
+            return _collections.EMPTY_DICT
+        else:
+            return cast("Mapping[str, Any]", ann)
+
+
+def md5_hex(x: Any) -> str:
+    x = x.encode("utf-8")
+    m = compat.md5_not_for_security()
+    m.update(x)
+    return cast(str, m.hexdigest())
+
+
+class safe_reraise:
+    """Reraise an exception after invoking some
+    handler code.
+
+    Stores the existing exception info before
+    invoking so that it is maintained across a potential
+    coroutine context switch.
+
+    e.g.::
+
+        try:
+            sess.commit()
+        except:
+            with safe_reraise():
+                sess.rollback()
+
+    TODO: we should at some point evaluate current behaviors in this regard
+    based on current greenlet, gevent/eventlet implementations in Python 3, and
+    also see the degree to which our own asyncio (based on greenlet also) is
+    impacted by this. .rollback() will cause IO / context switch to occur in
+    all these scenarios; what happens to the exception context from an
+    "except:" block if we don't explicitly store it? Original issue was #2703.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ("_exc_info",)
+
+    _exc_info: Union[
+        None,
+        Tuple[
+            Type[BaseException],
+            BaseException,
+            types.TracebackType,
+        ],
+        Tuple[None, None, None],
+    ]
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        self._exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        type_: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        value: Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: Optional[types.TracebackType],
+    ) -> NoReturn:
+        assert self._exc_info is not None
+        # see #2703 for notes
+        if type_ is None:
+            exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = self._exc_info
+            assert exc_value is not None
+            self._exc_info = None  # remove potential circular references
+            raise exc_value.with_traceback(exc_tb)
+        else:
+            self._exc_info = None  # remove potential circular references
+            assert value is not None
+            raise value.with_traceback(traceback)
+
+
+def walk_subclasses(cls: Type[_T]) -> Iterator[Type[_T]]:
+    seen: Set[Any] = set()
+
+    stack = [cls]
+    while stack:
+        cls = stack.pop()
+        if cls in seen:
+            continue
+        else:
+            seen.add(cls)
+        stack.extend(cls.__subclasses__())
+        yield cls
+
+
+def string_or_unprintable(element: Any) -> str:
+    if isinstance(element, str):
+        return element
+    else:
+        try:
+            return str(element)
+        except Exception:
+            return "unprintable element %r" % element
+
+
+def clsname_as_plain_name(
+    cls: Type[Any], use_name: Optional[str] = None
+) -> str:
+    name = use_name or cls.__name__
+    return " ".join(n.lower() for n in re.findall(r"([A-Z][a-z]+|SQL)", name))
+
+
+def method_is_overridden(
+    instance_or_cls: Union[Type[Any], object],
+    against_method: Callable[..., Any],
+) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the two class methods don't match."""
+
+    if not isinstance(instance_or_cls, type):
+        current_cls = instance_or_cls.__class__
+    else:
+        current_cls = instance_or_cls
+
+    method_name = against_method.__name__
+
+    current_method: types.MethodType = getattr(current_cls, method_name)
+
+    return current_method != against_method
+
+
+def decode_slice(slc: slice) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """decode a slice object as sent to __getitem__.
+
+    takes into account the 2.5 __index__() method, basically.
+
+    """
+    ret: List[Any] = []
+    for x in slc.start, slc.stop, slc.step:
+        if hasattr(x, "__index__"):
+            x = x.__index__()
+        ret.append(x)
+    return tuple(ret)
+
+
+def _unique_symbols(used: Sequence[str], *bases: str) -> Iterator[str]:
+    used_set = set(used)
+    for base in bases:
+        pool = itertools.chain(
+            (base,),
+            map(lambda i: base + str(i), range(1000)),
+        )
+        for sym in pool:
+            if sym not in used_set:
+                used_set.add(sym)
+                yield sym
+                break
+        else:
+            raise NameError("exhausted namespace for symbol base %s" % base)
+
+
+def map_bits(fn: Callable[[int], Any], n: int) -> Iterator[Any]:
+    """Call the given function given each nonzero bit from n."""
+
+    while n:
+        b = n & (~n + 1)
+        yield fn(b)
+        n ^= b
+
+
+_Fn = TypeVar("_Fn", bound="Callable[..., Any]")
+
+# this seems to be in flux in recent mypy versions
+
+
+def decorator(target: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[[_Fn], _Fn]:
+    """A signature-matching decorator factory."""
+
+    def decorate(fn: _Fn) -> _Fn:
+        if not inspect.isfunction(fn) and not inspect.ismethod(fn):
+            raise Exception("not a decoratable function")
+
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        env: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        spec = _update_argspec_defaults_into_env(spec, env)
+
+        names = (
+            tuple(cast("Tuple[str, ...]", spec[0]))
+            + cast("Tuple[str, ...]", spec[1:3])
+            + (fn.__name__,)
+        )
+        targ_name, fn_name = _unique_symbols(names, "target", "fn")
+
+        metadata: Dict[str, Optional[str]] = dict(target=targ_name, fn=fn_name)
+        metadata.update(format_argspec_plus(spec, grouped=False))
+        metadata["name"] = fn.__name__
+
+        if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(fn):
+            metadata["prefix"] = "async "
+            metadata["target_prefix"] = "await "
+        else:
+            metadata["prefix"] = ""
+            metadata["target_prefix"] = ""
+
+        # look for __ positional arguments.  This is a convention in
+        # SQLAlchemy that arguments should be passed positionally
+        # rather than as keyword
+        # arguments.  note that apply_pos doesn't currently work in all cases
+        # such as when a kw-only indicator "*" is present, which is why
+        # we limit the use of this to just that case we can detect.  As we add
+        # more kinds of methods that use @decorator, things may have to
+        # be further improved in this area
+        if "__" in repr(spec[0]):
+            code = (
+                """\
+%(prefix)sdef %(name)s%(grouped_args)s:
+    return %(target_prefix)s%(target)s(%(fn)s, %(apply_pos)s)
+"""
+                % metadata
+            )
+        else:
+            code = (
+                """\
+%(prefix)sdef %(name)s%(grouped_args)s:
+    return %(target_prefix)s%(target)s(%(fn)s, %(apply_kw)s)
+"""
+                % metadata
+            )
+
+        mod = sys.modules[fn.__module__]
+        env.update(vars(mod))
+        env.update({targ_name: target, fn_name: fn, "__name__": fn.__module__})
+
+        decorated = cast(
+            types.FunctionType,
+            _exec_code_in_env(code, env, fn.__name__),
+        )
+        decorated.__defaults__ = getattr(fn, "__func__", fn).__defaults__
+
+        decorated.__wrapped__ = fn  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return update_wrapper(decorated, fn)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    return update_wrapper(decorate, target)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def _update_argspec_defaults_into_env(spec, env):
+    """given a FullArgSpec, convert defaults to be symbol names in an env."""
+
+    if spec.defaults:
+        new_defaults = []
+        i = 0
+        for arg in spec.defaults:
+            if type(arg).__module__ not in ("builtins", "__builtin__"):
+                name = "x%d" % i
+                env[name] = arg
+                new_defaults.append(name)
+                i += 1
+            else:
+                new_defaults.append(arg)
+        elem = list(spec)
+        elem[3] = tuple(new_defaults)
+        return compat.FullArgSpec(*elem)
+    else:
+        return spec
+
+
+def _exec_code_in_env(
+    code: Union[str, types.CodeType], env: Dict[str, Any], fn_name: str
+) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+    exec(code, env)
+    return env[fn_name]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+_PF = TypeVar("_PF")
+_TE = TypeVar("_TE")
+
+
+class PluginLoader:
+    def __init__(
+        self, group: str, auto_fn: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+    ):
+        self.group = group
+        self.impls: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        self.auto_fn = auto_fn
+
+    def clear(self):
+        self.impls.clear()
+
+    def load(self, name: str) -> Any:
+        if name in self.impls:
+            return self.impls[name]()
+
+        if self.auto_fn:
+            loader = self.auto_fn(name)
+            if loader:
+                self.impls[name] = loader
+                return loader()
+
+        for impl in compat.importlib_metadata_get(self.group):
+            if impl.name == name:
+                self.impls[name] = impl.load
+                return impl.load()
+
+        raise exc.NoSuchModuleError(
+            "Can't load plugin: %s:%s" % (self.group, name)
+        )
+
+    def register(self, name: str, modulepath: str, objname: str) -> None:
+        def load():
+            mod = __import__(modulepath)
+            for token in modulepath.split(".")[1:]:
+                mod = getattr(mod, token)
+            return getattr(mod, objname)
+
+        self.impls[name] = load
+
+
+def _inspect_func_args(fn):
+    try:
+        co_varkeywords = inspect.CO_VARKEYWORDS
+    except AttributeError:
+        # https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html
+        # The flags are specific to CPython, and may not be defined in other
+        # Python implementations. Furthermore, the flags are an implementation
+        # detail, and can be removed or deprecated in future Python releases.
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+        return spec[0], bool(spec[2])
+    else:
+        # use fn.__code__ plus flags to reduce method call overhead
+        co = fn.__code__
+        nargs = co.co_argcount
+        return (
+            list(co.co_varnames[:nargs]),
+            bool(co.co_flags & co_varkeywords),
+        )
+
+
+@overload
+def get_cls_kwargs(
+    cls: type,
+    *,
+    _set: Optional[Set[str]] = None,
+    raiseerr: Literal[True] = ...,
+) -> Set[str]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def get_cls_kwargs(
+    cls: type, *, _set: Optional[Set[str]] = None, raiseerr: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Set[str]]: ...
+
+
+def get_cls_kwargs(
+    cls: type, *, _set: Optional[Set[str]] = None, raiseerr: bool = False
+) -> Optional[Set[str]]:
+    r"""Return the full set of inherited kwargs for the given `cls`.
+
+    Probes a class's __init__ method, collecting all named arguments.  If the
+    __init__ defines a \**kwargs catch-all, then the constructor is presumed
+    to pass along unrecognized keywords to its base classes, and the
+    collection process is repeated recursively on each of the bases.
+
+    Uses a subset of inspect.getfullargspec() to cut down on method overhead,
+    as this is used within the Core typing system to create copies of type
+    objects which is a performance-sensitive operation.
+
+    No anonymous tuple arguments please !
+
+    """
+    toplevel = _set is None
+    if toplevel:
+        _set = set()
+    assert _set is not None
+
+    ctr = cls.__dict__.get("__init__", False)
+
+    has_init = (
+        ctr
+        and isinstance(ctr, types.FunctionType)
+        and isinstance(ctr.__code__, types.CodeType)
+    )
+
+    if has_init:
+        names, has_kw = _inspect_func_args(ctr)
+        _set.update(names)
+
+        if not has_kw and not toplevel:
+            if raiseerr:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"given cls {cls} doesn't have an __init__ method"
+                )
+            else:
+                return None
+    else:
+        has_kw = False
+
+    if not has_init or has_kw:
+        for c in cls.__bases__:
+            if get_cls_kwargs(c, _set=_set) is None:
+                break
+
+    _set.discard("self")
+    return _set
+
+
+def get_func_kwargs(func: Callable[..., Any]) -> List[str]:
+    """Return the set of legal kwargs for the given `func`.
+
+    Uses getargspec so is safe to call for methods, functions,
+    etc.
+
+    """
+
+    return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(func)[0]
+
+
+def get_callable_argspec(
+    fn: Callable[..., Any], no_self: bool = False, _is_init: bool = False
+) -> compat.FullArgSpec:
+    """Return the argument signature for any callable.
+
+    All pure-Python callables are accepted, including
+    functions, methods, classes, objects with __call__;
+    builtins and other edge cases like functools.partial() objects
+    raise a TypeError.
+
+    """
+    if inspect.isbuiltin(fn):
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect builtin: %s" % fn)
+    elif inspect.isfunction(fn):
+        if _is_init and no_self:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+            return compat.FullArgSpec(
+                spec.args[1:],
+                spec.varargs,
+                spec.varkw,
+                spec.defaults,
+                spec.kwonlyargs,
+                spec.kwonlydefaults,
+                spec.annotations,
+            )
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    elif inspect.ismethod(fn):
+        if no_self and (_is_init or fn.__self__):
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn.__func__)
+            return compat.FullArgSpec(
+                spec.args[1:],
+                spec.varargs,
+                spec.varkw,
+                spec.defaults,
+                spec.kwonlyargs,
+                spec.kwonlydefaults,
+                spec.annotations,
+            )
+        else:
+            return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif inspect.isclass(fn):
+        return get_callable_argspec(
+            fn.__init__, no_self=no_self, _is_init=True
+        )
+    elif hasattr(fn, "__func__"):
+        return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn.__func__)
+    elif hasattr(fn, "__call__"):
+        if inspect.ismethod(fn.__call__):
+            return get_callable_argspec(fn.__call__, no_self=no_self)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Can't inspect callable: %s" % fn)
+
+
+def format_argspec_plus(
+    fn: Union[Callable[..., Any], compat.FullArgSpec], grouped: bool = True
+) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
+    """Returns a dictionary of formatted, introspected function arguments.
+
+    A enhanced variant of inspect.formatargspec to support code generation.
+
+    fn
+       An inspectable callable or tuple of inspect getargspec() results.
+    grouped
+      Defaults to True; include (parens, around, argument) lists
+
+    Returns:
+
+    args
+      Full inspect.formatargspec for fn
+    self_arg
+      The name of the first positional argument, varargs[0], or None
+      if the function defines no positional arguments.
+    apply_pos
+      args, re-written in calling rather than receiving syntax.  Arguments are
+      passed positionally.
+    apply_kw
+      Like apply_pos, except keyword-ish args are passed as keywords.
+    apply_pos_proxied
+      Like apply_pos but omits the self/cls argument
+
+    Example::
+
+      >>> format_argspec_plus(lambda self, a, b, c=3, **d: 123)
+      {'grouped_args': '(self, a, b, c=3, **d)',
+       'self_arg': 'self',
+       'apply_kw': '(self, a, b, c=c, **d)',
+       'apply_pos': '(self, a, b, c, **d)'}
+
+    """
+    if callable(fn):
+        spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+    else:
+        spec = fn
+
+    args = compat.inspect_formatargspec(*spec)
+
+    apply_pos = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+        spec[0], spec[1], spec[2], None, spec[4]
+    )
+
+    if spec[0]:
+        self_arg = spec[0][0]
+
+        apply_pos_proxied = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+            spec[0][1:], spec[1], spec[2], None, spec[4]
+        )
+
+    elif spec[1]:
+        # I'm not sure what this is
+        self_arg = "%s[0]" % spec[1]
+
+        apply_pos_proxied = apply_pos
+    else:
+        self_arg = None
+        apply_pos_proxied = apply_pos
+
+    num_defaults = 0
+    if spec[3]:
+        num_defaults += len(cast(Tuple[Any], spec[3]))
+    if spec[4]:
+        num_defaults += len(spec[4])
+
+    name_args = spec[0] + spec[4]
+
+    defaulted_vals: Union[List[str], Tuple[()]]
+
+    if num_defaults:
+        defaulted_vals = name_args[0 - num_defaults :]
+    else:
+        defaulted_vals = ()
+
+    apply_kw = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+        name_args,
+        spec[1],
+        spec[2],
+        defaulted_vals,
+        formatvalue=lambda x: "=" + str(x),
+    )
+
+    if spec[0]:
+        apply_kw_proxied = compat.inspect_formatargspec(
+            name_args[1:],
+            spec[1],
+            spec[2],
+            defaulted_vals,
+            formatvalue=lambda x: "=" + str(x),
+        )
+    else:
+        apply_kw_proxied = apply_kw
+
+    if grouped:
+        return dict(
+            grouped_args=args,
+            self_arg=self_arg,
+            apply_pos=apply_pos,
+            apply_kw=apply_kw,
+            apply_pos_proxied=apply_pos_proxied,
+            apply_kw_proxied=apply_kw_proxied,
+        )
+    else:
+        return dict(
+            grouped_args=args,
+            self_arg=self_arg,
+            apply_pos=apply_pos[1:-1],
+            apply_kw=apply_kw[1:-1],
+            apply_pos_proxied=apply_pos_proxied[1:-1],
+            apply_kw_proxied=apply_kw_proxied[1:-1],
+        )
+
+
+def format_argspec_init(method, grouped=True):
+    """format_argspec_plus with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps format_argspec_plus with error handling strategies for typical
+    __init__ cases:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    if method is object.__init__:
+        grouped_args = "(self)"
+        args = "(self)" if grouped else "self"
+        proxied = "()" if grouped else ""
+    else:
+        try:
+            return format_argspec_plus(method, grouped=grouped)
+        except TypeError:
+            grouped_args = "(self, *args, **kwargs)"
+            args = grouped_args if grouped else "self, *args, **kwargs"
+            proxied = "(*args, **kwargs)" if grouped else "*args, **kwargs"
+    return dict(
+        self_arg="self",
+        grouped_args=grouped_args,
+        apply_pos=args,
+        apply_kw=args,
+        apply_pos_proxied=proxied,
+        apply_kw_proxied=proxied,
+    )
+
+
+def create_proxy_methods(
+    target_cls: Type[Any],
+    target_cls_sphinx_name: str,
+    proxy_cls_sphinx_name: str,
+    classmethods: Sequence[str] = (),
+    methods: Sequence[str] = (),
+    attributes: Sequence[str] = (),
+    use_intermediate_variable: Sequence[str] = (),
+) -> Callable[[_T], _T]:
+    """A class decorator indicating attributes should refer to a proxy
+    class.
+
+    This decorator is now a "marker" that does nothing at runtime.  Instead,
+    it is consumed by the tools/generate_proxy_methods.py script to
+    statically generate proxy methods and attributes that are fully
+    recognized by typing tools such as mypy.
+
+    """
+
+    def decorate(cls):
+        return cls
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def getargspec_init(method):
+    """inspect.getargspec with considerations for typical __init__ methods
+
+    Wraps inspect.getargspec with error handling for typical __init__ cases:
+
+    .. sourcecode:: text
+
+      object.__init__ -> (self)
+      other unreflectable (usually C) -> (self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return compat.inspect_getfullargspec(method)
+    except TypeError:
+        if method is object.__init__:
+            return (["self"], None, None, None)
+        else:
+            return (["self"], "args", "kwargs", None)
+
+
+def unbound_method_to_callable(func_or_cls):
+    """Adjust the incoming callable such that a 'self' argument is not
+    required.
+
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(func_or_cls, types.MethodType) and not func_or_cls.__self__:
+        return func_or_cls.__func__
+    else:
+        return func_or_cls
+
+
+def generic_repr(
+    obj: Any,
+    additional_kw: Sequence[Tuple[str, Any]] = (),
+    to_inspect: Optional[Union[object, List[object]]] = None,
+    omit_kwarg: Sequence[str] = (),
+) -> str:
+    """Produce a __repr__() based on direct association of the __init__()
+    specification vs. same-named attributes present.
+
+    """
+    if to_inspect is None:
+        to_inspect = [obj]
+    else:
+        to_inspect = _collections.to_list(to_inspect)
+
+    missing = object()
+
+    pos_args = []
+    kw_args: _collections.OrderedDict[str, Any] = _collections.OrderedDict()
+    vargs = None
+    for i, insp in enumerate(to_inspect):
+        try:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(insp.__init__)
+        except TypeError:
+            continue
+        else:
+            default_len = len(spec.defaults) if spec.defaults else 0
+            if i == 0:
+                if spec.varargs:
+                    vargs = spec.varargs
+                if default_len:
+                    pos_args.extend(spec.args[1:-default_len])
+                else:
+                    pos_args.extend(spec.args[1:])
+            else:
+                kw_args.update(
+                    [(arg, missing) for arg in spec.args[1:-default_len]]
+                )
+
+            if default_len:
+                assert spec.defaults
+                kw_args.update(
+                    [
+                        (arg, default)
+                        for arg, default in zip(
+                            spec.args[-default_len:], spec.defaults
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
+    output: List[str] = []
+
+    output.extend(repr(getattr(obj, arg, None)) for arg in pos_args)
+
+    if vargs is not None and hasattr(obj, vargs):
+        output.extend([repr(val) for val in getattr(obj, vargs)])
+
+    for arg, defval in kw_args.items():
+        if arg in omit_kwarg:
+            continue
+        try:
+            val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+            if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                output.append("%s=%r" % (arg, val))
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    if additional_kw:
+        for arg, defval in additional_kw:
+            try:
+                val = getattr(obj, arg, missing)
+                if val is not missing and val != defval:
+                    output.append("%s=%r" % (arg, val))
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    return "%s(%s)" % (obj.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(output))
+
+
+class portable_instancemethod:
+    """Turn an instancemethod into a (parent, name) pair
+    to produce a serializable callable.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = "target", "name", "kwargs", "__weakref__"
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return {
+            "target": self.target,
+            "name": self.name,
+            "kwargs": self.kwargs,
+        }
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.target = state["target"]
+        self.name = state["name"]
+        self.kwargs = state.get("kwargs", ())
+
+    def __init__(self, meth, kwargs=()):
+        self.target = meth.__self__
+        self.name = meth.__name__
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def __call__(self, *arg, **kw):
+        kw.update(self.kwargs)
+        return getattr(self.target, self.name)(*arg, **kw)
+
+
+def class_hierarchy(cls):
+    """Return an unordered sequence of all classes related to cls.
+
+    Traverses diamond hierarchies.
+
+    Fibs slightly: subclasses of builtin types are not returned.  Thus
+    class_hierarchy(class A(object)) returns (A, object), not A plus every
+    class systemwide that derives from object.
+
+    """
+
+    hier = {cls}
+    process = list(cls.__mro__)
+    while process:
+        c = process.pop()
+        bases = (_ for _ in c.__bases__ if _ not in hier)
+
+        for b in bases:
+            process.append(b)
+            hier.add(b)
+
+        if c.__module__ == "builtins" or not hasattr(c, "__subclasses__"):
+            continue
+
+        for s in [
+            _
+            for _ in (
+                c.__subclasses__()
+                if not issubclass(c, type)
+                else c.__subclasses__(c)
+            )
+            if _ not in hier
+        ]:
+            process.append(s)
+            hier.add(s)
+    return list(hier)
+
+
+def iterate_attributes(cls):
+    """iterate all the keys and attributes associated
+    with a class, without using getattr().
+
+    Does not use getattr() so that class-sensitive
+    descriptors (i.e. property.__get__()) are not called.
+
+    """
+    keys = dir(cls)
+    for key in keys:
+        for c in cls.__mro__:
+            if key in c.__dict__:
+                yield (key, c.__dict__[key])
+                break
+
+
+def monkeypatch_proxied_specials(
+    into_cls,
+    from_cls,
+    skip=None,
+    only=None,
+    name="self.proxy",
+    from_instance=None,
+):
+    """Automates delegation of __specials__ for a proxying type."""
+
+    if only:
+        dunders = only
+    else:
+        if skip is None:
+            skip = (
+                "__slots__",
+                "__del__",
+                "__getattribute__",
+                "__metaclass__",
+                "__getstate__",
+                "__setstate__",
+            )
+        dunders = [
+            m
+            for m in dir(from_cls)
+            if (
+                m.startswith("__")
+                and m.endswith("__")
+                and not hasattr(into_cls, m)
+                and m not in skip
+            )
+        ]
+
+    for method in dunders:
+        try:
+            maybe_fn = getattr(from_cls, method)
+            if not hasattr(maybe_fn, "__call__"):
+                continue
+            maybe_fn = getattr(maybe_fn, "__func__", maybe_fn)
+            fn = cast(types.FunctionType, maybe_fn)
+
+        except AttributeError:
+            continue
+        try:
+            spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+            fn_args = compat.inspect_formatargspec(spec[0])
+            d_args = compat.inspect_formatargspec(spec[0][1:])
+        except TypeError:
+            fn_args = "(self, *args, **kw)"
+            d_args = "(*args, **kw)"
+
+        py = (
+            "def %(method)s%(fn_args)s: "
+            "return %(name)s.%(method)s%(d_args)s" % locals()
+        )
+
+        env: Dict[str, types.FunctionType] = (
+            from_instance is not None and {name: from_instance} or {}
+        )
+        exec(py, env)
+        try:
+            env[method].__defaults__ = fn.__defaults__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        setattr(into_cls, method, env[method])
+
+
+def methods_equivalent(meth1, meth2):
+    """Return True if the two methods are the same implementation."""
+
+    return getattr(meth1, "__func__", meth1) is getattr(
+        meth2, "__func__", meth2
+    )
+
+
+def as_interface(obj, cls=None, methods=None, required=None):
+    """Ensure basic interface compliance for an instance or dict of callables.
+
+    Checks that ``obj`` implements public methods of ``cls`` or has members
+    listed in ``methods``. If ``required`` is not supplied, implementing at
+    least one interface method is sufficient. Methods present on ``obj`` that
+    are not in the interface are ignored.
+
+    If ``obj`` is a dict and ``dict`` does not meet the interface
+    requirements, the keys of the dictionary are inspected. Keys present in
+    ``obj`` that are not in the interface will raise TypeErrors.
+
+    Raises TypeError if ``obj`` does not meet the interface criteria.
+
+    In all passing cases, an object with callable members is returned.  In the
+    simple case, ``obj`` is returned as-is; if dict processing kicks in then
+    an anonymous class is returned.
+
+    obj
+      A type, instance, or dictionary of callables.
+    cls
+      Optional, a type.  All public methods of cls are considered the
+      interface.  An ``obj`` instance of cls will always pass, ignoring
+      ``required``..
+    methods
+      Optional, a sequence of method names to consider as the interface.
+    required
+      Optional, a sequence of mandatory implementations. If omitted, an
+      ``obj`` that provides at least one interface method is considered
+      sufficient.  As a convenience, required may be a type, in which case
+      all public methods of the type are required.
+
+    """
+    if not cls and not methods:
+        raise TypeError("a class or collection of method names are required")
+
+    if isinstance(cls, type) and isinstance(obj, cls):
+        return obj
+
+    interface = set(methods or [m for m in dir(cls) if not m.startswith("_")])
+    implemented = set(dir(obj))
+
+    complies = operator.ge
+    if isinstance(required, type):
+        required = interface
+    elif not required:
+        required = set()
+        complies = operator.gt
+    else:
+        required = set(required)
+
+    if complies(implemented.intersection(interface), required):
+        return obj
+
+    # No dict duck typing here.
+    if not isinstance(obj, dict):
+        qualifier = complies is operator.gt and "any of" or "all of"
+        raise TypeError(
+            "%r does not implement %s: %s"
+            % (obj, qualifier, ", ".join(interface))
+        )
+
+    class AnonymousInterface:
+        """A callable-holding shell."""
+
+    if cls:
+        AnonymousInterface.__name__ = "Anonymous" + cls.__name__
+    found = set()
+
+    for method, impl in dictlike_iteritems(obj):
+        if method not in interface:
+            raise TypeError("%r: unknown in this interface" % method)
+        if not callable(impl):
+            raise TypeError("%r=%r is not callable" % (method, impl))
+        setattr(AnonymousInterface, method, staticmethod(impl))
+        found.add(method)
+
+    if complies(found, required):
+        return AnonymousInterface
+
+    raise TypeError(
+        "dictionary does not contain required keys %s"
+        % ", ".join(required - found)
+    )
+
+
+_GFD = TypeVar("_GFD", bound="generic_fn_descriptor[Any]")
+
+
+class generic_fn_descriptor(Generic[_T_co]):
+    """Descriptor which proxies a function when the attribute is not
+    present in dict
+
+    This superclass is organized in a particular way with "memoized" and
+    "non-memoized" implementation classes that are hidden from type checkers,
+    as Mypy seems to not be able to handle seeing multiple kinds of descriptor
+    classes used for the same attribute.
+
+    """
+
+    fget: Callable[..., _T_co]
+    __doc__: Optional[str]
+    __name__: str
+
+    def __init__(self, fget: Callable[..., _T_co], doc: Optional[str] = None):
+        self.fget = fget
+        self.__doc__ = doc or fget.__doc__
+        self.__name__ = fget.__name__
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self: _GFD, obj: None, cls: Any) -> _GFD: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __get__(self, obj: object, cls: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+
+    def __get__(self: _GFD, obj: Any, cls: Any) -> Union[_GFD, _T_co]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def _reset(self, obj: Any) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, obj: Any, name: str) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class _non_memoized_property(generic_fn_descriptor[_T_co]):
+    """a plain descriptor that proxies a function.
+
+    primary rationale is to provide a plain attribute that's
+    compatible with memoized_property which is also recognized as equivalent
+    by mypy.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+            if obj is None:
+                return self
+            return self.fget(obj)
+
+
+class _memoized_property(generic_fn_descriptor[_T_co]):
+    """A read-only @property that is only evaluated once."""
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+            if obj is None:
+                return self
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result = self.fget(obj)
+            return result
+
+    def _reset(self, obj):
+        _memoized_property.reset(obj, self.__name__)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def reset(cls, obj, name):
+        obj.__dict__.pop(name, None)
+
+
+# despite many attempts to get Mypy to recognize an overridden descriptor
+# where one is memoized and the other isn't, there seems to be no reliable
+# way other than completely deceiving the type checker into thinking there
+# is just one single descriptor type everywhere.  Otherwise, if a superclass
+# has non-memoized and subclass has memoized, that requires
+# "class memoized(non_memoized)".  but then if a superclass has memoized and
+# superclass has non-memoized, the class hierarchy of the descriptors
+# would need to be reversed; "class non_memoized(memoized)".  so there's no
+# way to achieve this.
+# additional issues, RO properties:
+# https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/12440
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # allow memoized and non-memoized to be freely mixed by having them
+    # be the same class
+    memoized_property = generic_fn_descriptor
+    non_memoized_property = generic_fn_descriptor
+
+    # for read only situations, mypy only sees @property as read only.
+    # read only is needed when a subtype specializes the return type
+    # of a property, meaning assignment needs to be disallowed
+    ro_memoized_property = property
+    ro_non_memoized_property = property
+
+else:
+    memoized_property = ro_memoized_property = _memoized_property
+    non_memoized_property = ro_non_memoized_property = _non_memoized_property
+
+
+def memoized_instancemethod(fn: _F) -> _F:
+    """Decorate a method memoize its return value.
+
+    Best applied to no-arg methods: memoization is not sensitive to
+    argument values, and will always return the same value even when
+    called with different arguments.
+
+    """
+
+    def oneshot(self, *args, **kw):
+        result = fn(self, *args, **kw)
+
+        def memo(*a, **kw):
+            return result
+
+        memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+        memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+        self.__dict__[fn.__name__] = memo
+        return result
+
+    return update_wrapper(oneshot, fn)  # type: ignore
+
+
+class HasMemoized:
+    """A mixin class that maintains the names of memoized elements in a
+    collection for easy cache clearing, generative, etc.
+
+    """
+
+    if not TYPE_CHECKING:
+        # support classes that want to have __slots__ with an explicit
+        # slot for __dict__.  not sure if that requires base __slots__ here.
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+    _memoized_keys: FrozenSet[str] = frozenset()
+
+    def _reset_memoizations(self) -> None:
+        for elem in self._memoized_keys:
+            self.__dict__.pop(elem, None)
+
+    def _assert_no_memoizations(self) -> None:
+        for elem in self._memoized_keys:
+            assert elem not in self.__dict__
+
+    def _set_memoized_attribute(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
+        self.__dict__[key] = value
+        self._memoized_keys |= {key}
+
+    class memoized_attribute(memoized_property[_T]):
+        """A read-only @property that is only evaluated once.
+
+        :meta private:
+
+        """
+
+        fget: Callable[..., _T]
+        __doc__: Optional[str]
+        __name__: str
+
+        def __init__(self, fget: Callable[..., _T], doc: Optional[str] = None):
+            self.fget = fget
+            self.__doc__ = doc or fget.__doc__
+            self.__name__ = fget.__name__
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self: _MA, obj: None, cls: Any) -> _MA: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Any) -> _T: ...
+
+        def __get__(self, obj, cls):
+            if obj is None:
+                return self
+            obj.__dict__[self.__name__] = result = self.fget(obj)
+            obj._memoized_keys |= {self.__name__}
+            return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def memoized_instancemethod(cls, fn: _F) -> _F:
+        """Decorate a method memoize its return value.
+
+        :meta private:
+
+        """
+
+        def oneshot(self: Any, *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            result = fn(self, *args, **kw)
+
+            def memo(*a, **kw):
+                return result
+
+            memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+            memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+            self.__dict__[fn.__name__] = memo
+            self._memoized_keys |= {fn.__name__}
+            return result
+
+        return update_wrapper(oneshot, fn)  # type: ignore
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute = property
+else:
+    HasMemoized_ro_memoized_attribute = HasMemoized.memoized_attribute
+
+
+class MemoizedSlots:
+    """Apply memoized items to an object using a __getattr__ scheme.
+
+    This allows the functionality of memoized_property and
+    memoized_instancemethod to be available to a class using __slots__.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def _fallback_getattr(self, key):
+        raise AttributeError(key)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> Any:
+        if key.startswith("_memoized_attr_") or key.startswith(
+            "_memoized_method_"
+        ):
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+        # to avoid recursion errors when interacting with other __getattr__
+        # schemes that refer to this one, when testing for memoized method
+        # look at __class__ only rather than going into __getattr__ again.
+        elif hasattr(self.__class__, f"_memoized_attr_{key}"):
+            value = getattr(self, f"_memoized_attr_{key}")()
+            setattr(self, key, value)
+            return value
+        elif hasattr(self.__class__, f"_memoized_method_{key}"):
+            fn = getattr(self, f"_memoized_method_{key}")
+
+            def oneshot(*args, **kw):
+                result = fn(*args, **kw)
+
+                def memo(*a, **kw):
+                    return result
+
+                memo.__name__ = fn.__name__
+                memo.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+                setattr(self, key, memo)
+                return result
+
+            oneshot.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+            return oneshot
+        else:
+            return self._fallback_getattr(key)
+
+
+# from paste.deploy.converters
+def asbool(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    if isinstance(obj, str):
+        obj = obj.strip().lower()
+        if obj in ["true", "yes", "on", "y", "t", "1"]:
+            return True
+        elif obj in ["false", "no", "off", "n", "f", "0"]:
+            return False
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("String is not true/false: %r" % obj)
+    return bool(obj)
+
+
+def bool_or_str(*text: str) -> Callable[[str], Union[str, bool]]:
+    """Return a callable that will evaluate a string as
+    boolean, or one of a set of "alternate" string values.
+
+    """
+
+    def bool_or_value(obj: str) -> Union[str, bool]:
+        if obj in text:
+            return obj
+        else:
+            return asbool(obj)
+
+    return bool_or_value
+
+
+def asint(value: Any) -> Optional[int]:
+    """Coerce to integer."""
+
+    if value is None:
+        return value
+    return int(value)
+
+
+def coerce_kw_type(
+    kw: Dict[str, Any],
+    key: str,
+    type_: Type[Any],
+    flexi_bool: bool = True,
+    dest: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> None:
+    r"""If 'key' is present in dict 'kw', coerce its value to type 'type\_' if
+    necessary.  If 'flexi_bool' is True, the string '0' is considered false
+    when coercing to boolean.
+    """
+
+    if dest is None:
+        dest = kw
+
+    if (
+        key in kw
+        and (not isinstance(type_, type) or not isinstance(kw[key], type_))
+        and kw[key] is not None
+    ):
+        if type_ is bool and flexi_bool:
+            dest[key] = asbool(kw[key])
+        else:
+            dest[key] = type_(kw[key])
+
+
+def constructor_key(obj: Any, cls: Type[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
+    """Produce a tuple structure that is cacheable using the __dict__ of
+    obj to retrieve values
+
+    """
+    names = get_cls_kwargs(cls)
+    return (cls,) + tuple(
+        (k, obj.__dict__[k]) for k in names if k in obj.__dict__
+    )
+
+
+def constructor_copy(obj: _T, cls: Type[_T], *args: Any, **kw: Any) -> _T:
+    """Instantiate cls using the __dict__ of obj as constructor arguments.
+
+    Uses inspect to match the named arguments of ``cls``.
+
+    """
+
+    names = get_cls_kwargs(cls)
+    kw.update(
+        (k, obj.__dict__[k]) for k in names.difference(kw) if k in obj.__dict__
+    )
+    return cls(*args, **kw)
+
+
+def counter() -> Callable[[], int]:
+    """Return a threadsafe counter function."""
+
+    lock = threading.Lock()
+    counter = itertools.count(1)
+
+    # avoid the 2to3 "next" transformation...
+    def _next():
+        with lock:
+            return next(counter)
+
+    return _next
+
+
+def duck_type_collection(
+    specimen: Any, default: Optional[Type[Any]] = None
+) -> Optional[Type[Any]]:
+    """Given an instance or class, guess if it is or is acting as one of
+    the basic collection types: list, set and dict.  If the __emulates__
+    property is present, return that preferentially.
+    """
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, "__emulates__"):
+        # canonicalize set vs sets.Set to a standard: the builtin set
+        if specimen.__emulates__ is not None and issubclass(
+            specimen.__emulates__, set
+        ):
+            return set
+        else:
+            return specimen.__emulates__  # type: ignore
+
+    isa = issubclass if isinstance(specimen, type) else isinstance
+    if isa(specimen, list):
+        return list
+    elif isa(specimen, set):
+        return set
+    elif isa(specimen, dict):
+        return dict
+
+    if hasattr(specimen, "append"):
+        return list
+    elif hasattr(specimen, "add"):
+        return set
+    elif hasattr(specimen, "set"):
+        return dict
+    else:
+        return default
+
+
+def assert_arg_type(
+    arg: Any, argtype: Union[Tuple[Type[Any], ...], Type[Any]], name: str
+) -> Any:
+    if isinstance(arg, argtype):
+        return arg
+    else:
+        if isinstance(argtype, tuple):
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be one of type %s, got '%s'"
+                % (name, " or ".join("'%s'" % a for a in argtype), type(arg))
+            )
+        else:
+            raise exc.ArgumentError(
+                "Argument '%s' is expected to be of type '%s', got '%s'"
+                % (name, argtype, type(arg))
+            )
+
+
+def dictlike_iteritems(dictlike):
+    """Return a (key, value) iterator for almost any dict-like object."""
+
+    if hasattr(dictlike, "items"):
+        return list(dictlike.items())
+
+    getter = getattr(dictlike, "__getitem__", getattr(dictlike, "get", None))
+    if getter is None:
+        raise TypeError("Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+    if hasattr(dictlike, "iterkeys"):
+
+        def iterator():
+            for key in dictlike.iterkeys():
+                assert getter is not None
+                yield key, getter(key)
+
+        return iterator()
+    elif hasattr(dictlike, "keys"):
+        return iter((key, getter(key)) for key in dictlike.keys())
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Object '%r' is not dict-like" % dictlike)
+
+
+class classproperty(property):
+    """A decorator that behaves like @property except that operates
+    on classes rather than instances.
+
+    The decorator is currently special when using the declarative
+    module, but note that the
+    :class:`~.sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.declared_attr`
+    decorator should be used for this purpose with declarative.
+
+    """
+
+    fget: Callable[[Any], Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, fget: Callable[[Any], Any], *arg: Any, **kw: Any):
+        super().__init__(fget, *arg, **kw)
+        self.__doc__ = fget.__doc__
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, cls: Optional[type] = None) -> Any:
+        return self.fget(cls)
+
+
+class hybridproperty(Generic[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., _T]):
+        self.func = func
+        self.clslevel = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Any) -> _T:
+        if instance is None:
+            clsval = self.clslevel(owner)
+            return clsval
+        else:
+            return self.func(instance)
+
+    def classlevel(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> hybridproperty[_T]:
+        self.clslevel = func
+        return self
+
+
+class rw_hybridproperty(Generic[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., _T]):
+        self.func = func
+        self.clslevel = func
+        self.setfn: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Any) -> _T:
+        if instance is None:
+            clsval = self.clslevel(owner)
+            return clsval
+        else:
+            return self.func(instance)
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None:
+        assert self.setfn is not None
+        self.setfn(instance, value)
+
+    def setter(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> rw_hybridproperty[_T]:
+        self.setfn = func
+        return self
+
+    def classlevel(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> rw_hybridproperty[_T]:
+        self.clslevel = func
+        return self
+
+
+class hybridmethod(Generic[_T]):
+    """Decorate a function as cls- or instance- level."""
+
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., _T]):
+        self.func = self.__func__ = func
+        self.clslevel = func
+
+    def __get__(self, instance: Any, owner: Any) -> Callable[..., _T]:
+        if instance is None:
+            return self.clslevel.__get__(owner, owner.__class__)  # type:ignore
+        else:
+            return self.func.__get__(instance, owner)  # type:ignore
+
+    def classlevel(self, func: Callable[..., Any]) -> hybridmethod[_T]:
+        self.clslevel = func
+        return self
+
+
+class symbol(int):
+    """A constant symbol.
+
+    >>> symbol("foo") is symbol("foo")
+    True
+    >>> symbol("foo")
+    <symbol 'foo>
+
+    A slight refinement of the MAGICCOOKIE=object() pattern.  The primary
+    advantage of symbol() is its repr().  They are also singletons.
+
+    Repeated calls of symbol('name') will all return the same instance.
+
+    """
+
+    name: str
+
+    symbols: Dict[str, symbol] = {}
+    _lock = threading.Lock()
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        doc: Optional[str] = None,
+        canonical: Optional[int] = None,
+    ) -> symbol:
+        with cls._lock:
+            sym = cls.symbols.get(name)
+            if sym is None:
+                assert isinstance(name, str)
+                if canonical is None:
+                    canonical = hash(name)
+                sym = int.__new__(symbol, canonical)
+                sym.name = name
+                if doc:
+                    sym.__doc__ = doc
+
+                # NOTE: we should ultimately get rid of this global thing,
+                # however, currently it is to support pickling.  The best
+                # change would be when we are on py3.11 at a minimum, we
+                # switch to stdlib enum.IntFlag.
+                cls.symbols[name] = sym
+            else:
+                if canonical and canonical != sym:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Can't replace canonical symbol for {name!r} "
+                        f"with new int value {canonical}"
+                    )
+            return sym
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return symbol, (self.name, "x", int(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return repr(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"symbol({self.name!r})"
+
+
+class _IntFlagMeta(type):
+    def __init__(
+        cls,
+        classname: str,
+        bases: Tuple[Type[Any], ...],
+        dict_: Dict[str, Any],
+        **kw: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        items: List[symbol]
+        cls._items = items = []
+        for k, v in dict_.items():
+            if re.match(r"^__.*__$", k):
+                continue
+            if isinstance(v, int):
+                sym = symbol(k, canonical=v)
+            elif not k.startswith("_"):
+                raise TypeError("Expected integer values for IntFlag")
+            else:
+                continue
+            setattr(cls, k, sym)
+            items.append(sym)
+
+        cls.__members__ = _collections.immutabledict(
+            {sym.name: sym for sym in items}
+        )
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[symbol]:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "iter not implemented to ensure compatibility with "
+            "Python 3.11 IntFlag.  Please use __members__.  See "
+            "https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/99304"
+        )
+
+
+class _FastIntFlag(metaclass=_IntFlagMeta):
+    """An 'IntFlag' copycat that isn't slow when performing bitwise
+    operations.
+
+    the ``FastIntFlag`` class will return ``enum.IntFlag`` under TYPE_CHECKING
+    and ``_FastIntFlag`` otherwise.
+
+    """
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from enum import IntFlag
+
+    FastIntFlag = IntFlag
+else:
+    FastIntFlag = _FastIntFlag
+
+
+_E = TypeVar("_E", bound=enum.Enum)
+
+
+def parse_user_argument_for_enum(
+    arg: Any,
+    choices: Dict[_E, List[Any]],
+    name: str,
+    resolve_symbol_names: bool = False,
+) -> Optional[_E]:
+    """Given a user parameter, parse the parameter into a chosen value
+    from a list of choice objects, typically Enum values.
+
+    The user argument can be a string name that matches the name of a
+    symbol, or the symbol object itself, or any number of alternate choices
+    such as True/False/ None etc.
+
+    :param arg: the user argument.
+    :param choices: dictionary of enum values to lists of possible
+        entries for each.
+    :param name: name of the argument.   Used in an :class:`.ArgumentError`
+        that is raised if the parameter doesn't match any available argument.
+
+    """
+    for enum_value, choice in choices.items():
+        if arg is enum_value:
+            return enum_value
+        elif resolve_symbol_names and arg == enum_value.name:
+            return enum_value
+        elif arg in choice:
+            return enum_value
+
+    if arg is None:
+        return None
+
+    raise exc.ArgumentError(f"Invalid value for '{name}': {arg!r}")
+
+
+_creation_order = 1
+
+
+def set_creation_order(instance: Any) -> None:
+    """Assign a '_creation_order' sequence to the given instance.
+
+    This allows multiple instances to be sorted in order of creation
+    (typically within a single thread; the counter is not particularly
+    threadsafe).
+
+    """
+    global _creation_order
+    instance._creation_order = _creation_order
+    _creation_order += 1
+
+
+def warn_exception(func: Callable[..., Any], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+    """executes the given function, catches all exceptions and converts to
+    a warning.
+
+    """
+    try:
+        return func(*args, **kwargs)
+    except Exception:
+        warn("%s('%s') ignored" % sys.exc_info()[0:2])
+
+
+def ellipses_string(value, len_=25):
+    try:
+        if len(value) > len_:
+            return "%s..." % value[0:len_]
+        else:
+            return value
+    except TypeError:
+        return value
+
+
+class _hash_limit_string(str):
+    """A string subclass that can only be hashed on a maximum amount
+    of unique values.
+
+    This is used for warnings so that we can send out parameterized warnings
+    without the __warningregistry__ of the module,  or the non-overridable
+    "once" registry within warnings.py, overloading memory,
+
+
+    """
+
+    _hash: int
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls, value: str, num: int, args: Sequence[Any]
+    ) -> _hash_limit_string:
+        interpolated = (value % args) + (
+            " (this warning may be suppressed after %d occurrences)" % num
+        )
+        self = super().__new__(cls, interpolated)
+        self._hash = hash("%s_%d" % (value, hash(interpolated) % num))
+        return self
+
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        return self._hash
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
+        return hash(self) == hash(other)
+
+
+def warn(msg: str, code: Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    """Issue a warning.
+
+    If msg is a string, :class:`.exc.SAWarning` is used as
+    the category.
+
+    """
+    if code:
+        _warnings_warn(exc.SAWarning(msg, code=code))
+    else:
+        _warnings_warn(msg, exc.SAWarning)
+
+
+def warn_limited(msg: str, args: Sequence[Any]) -> None:
+    """Issue a warning with a parameterized string, limiting the number
+    of registrations.
+
+    """
+    if args:
+        msg = _hash_limit_string(msg, 10, args)
+    _warnings_warn(msg, exc.SAWarning)
+
+
+_warning_tags: Dict[CodeType, Tuple[str, Type[Warning]]] = {}
+
+
+def tag_method_for_warnings(
+    message: str, category: Type[Warning]
+) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    def go(fn):
+        _warning_tags[fn.__code__] = (message, category)
+        return fn
+
+    return go
+
+
+_not_sa_pattern = re.compile(r"^(?:sqlalchemy\.(?!testing)|alembic\.)")
+
+
+def _warnings_warn(
+    message: Union[str, Warning],
+    category: Optional[Type[Warning]] = None,
+    stacklevel: int = 2,
+) -> None:
+    # adjust the given stacklevel to be outside of SQLAlchemy
+    try:
+        frame = sys._getframe(stacklevel)
+    except ValueError:
+        # being called from less than 3 (or given) stacklevels, weird,
+        # but don't crash
+        stacklevel = 0
+    except:
+        # _getframe() doesn't work, weird interpreter issue, weird,
+        # ok, but don't crash
+        stacklevel = 0
+    else:
+        stacklevel_found = warning_tag_found = False
+        while frame is not None:
+            # using __name__ here requires that we have __name__ in the
+            # __globals__ of the decorated string functions we make also.
+            # we generate this using {"__name__": fn.__module__}
+            if not stacklevel_found and not re.match(
+                _not_sa_pattern, frame.f_globals.get("__name__", "")
+            ):
+                # stop incrementing stack level if an out-of-SQLA line
+                # were found.
+                stacklevel_found = True
+
+                # however, for the warning tag thing, we have to keep
+                # scanning up the whole traceback
+
+            if frame.f_code in _warning_tags:
+                warning_tag_found = True
+                (_suffix, _category) = _warning_tags[frame.f_code]
+                category = category or _category
+                message = f"{message} ({_suffix})"
+
+            frame = frame.f_back  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+            if not stacklevel_found:
+                stacklevel += 1
+            elif stacklevel_found and warning_tag_found:
+                break
+
+    if category is not None:
+        warnings.warn(message, category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+    else:
+        warnings.warn(message, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+
+
+def only_once(
+    fn: Callable[..., _T], retry_on_exception: bool
+) -> Callable[..., Optional[_T]]:
+    """Decorate the given function to be a no-op after it is called exactly
+    once."""
+
+    once = [fn]
+
+    def go(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Optional[_T]:
+        # strong reference fn so that it isn't garbage collected,
+        # which interferes with the event system's expectations
+        strong_fn = fn  # noqa
+        if once:
+            once_fn = once.pop()
+            try:
+                return once_fn(*arg, **kw)
+            except:
+                if retry_on_exception:
+                    once.insert(0, once_fn)
+                raise
+
+        return None
+
+    return go
+
+
+_SQLA_RE = re.compile(r"sqlalchemy/([a-z_]+/){0,2}[a-z_]+\.py")
+_UNITTEST_RE = re.compile(r"unit(?:2|test2?/)")
+
+
+def chop_traceback(
+    tb: List[str],
+    exclude_prefix: re.Pattern[str] = _UNITTEST_RE,
+    exclude_suffix: re.Pattern[str] = _SQLA_RE,
+) -> List[str]:
+    """Chop extraneous lines off beginning and end of a traceback.
+
+    :param tb:
+      a list of traceback lines as returned by ``traceback.format_stack()``
+
+    :param exclude_prefix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at beginning of
+      ``tb``
+
+    :param exclude_suffix:
+      a regular expression object matching lines to skip at end of ``tb``
+    """
+    start = 0
+    end = len(tb) - 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_prefix.search(tb[start]):
+        start += 1
+    while start <= end and exclude_suffix.search(tb[end]):
+        end -= 1
+    return tb[start : end + 1]
+
+
+NoneType = type(None)
+
+
+def attrsetter(attrname):
+    code = "def set(obj, value):    obj.%s = value" % attrname
+    env = locals().copy()
+    exec(code, env)
+    return env["set"]
+
+
+_dunders = re.compile("^__.+__$")
+
+
+class TypingOnly:
+    """A mixin class that marks a class as 'typing only', meaning it has
+    absolutely no methods, attributes, or runtime functionality whatsoever.
+
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        if TypingOnly in cls.__bases__:
+            remaining = {
+                name for name in cls.__dict__ if not _dunders.match(name)
+            }
+            if remaining:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    f"Class {cls} directly inherits TypingOnly but has "
+                    f"additional attributes {remaining}."
+                )
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+
+class EnsureKWArg:
+    r"""Apply translation of functions to accept \**kw arguments if they
+    don't already.
+
+    Used to ensure cross-compatibility with third party legacy code, for things
+    like compiler visit methods that need to accept ``**kw`` arguments,
+    but may have been copied from old code that didn't accept them.
+
+    """
+
+    ensure_kwarg: str
+    """a regular expression that indicates method names for which the method
+    should accept ``**kw`` arguments.
+
+    The class will scan for methods matching the name template and decorate
+    them if necessary to ensure ``**kw`` parameters are accepted.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        fn_reg = cls.ensure_kwarg
+        clsdict = cls.__dict__
+        if fn_reg:
+            for key in clsdict:
+                m = re.match(fn_reg, key)
+                if m:
+                    fn = clsdict[key]
+                    spec = compat.inspect_getfullargspec(fn)
+                    if not spec.varkw:
+                        wrapped = cls._wrap_w_kw(fn)
+                        setattr(cls, key, wrapped)
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _wrap_w_kw(cls, fn: Callable[..., Any]) -> Callable[..., Any]:
+        def wrap(*arg: Any, **kw: Any) -> Any:
+            return fn(*arg)
+
+        return update_wrapper(wrap, fn)
+
+
+def wrap_callable(wrapper, fn):
+    """Augment functools.update_wrapper() to work with objects with
+    a ``__call__()`` method.
+
+    :param fn:
+      object with __call__ method
+
+    """
+    if hasattr(fn, "__name__"):
+        return update_wrapper(wrapper, fn)
+    else:
+        _f = wrapper
+        _f.__name__ = fn.__class__.__name__
+        if hasattr(fn, "__module__"):
+            _f.__module__ = fn.__module__
+
+        if hasattr(fn.__call__, "__doc__") and fn.__call__.__doc__:
+            _f.__doc__ = fn.__call__.__doc__
+        elif fn.__doc__:
+            _f.__doc__ = fn.__doc__
+
+        return _f
+
+
+def quoted_token_parser(value):
+    """Parse a dotted identifier with accommodation for quoted names.
+
+    Includes support for SQL-style double quotes as a literal character.
+
+    E.g.::
+
+        >>> quoted_token_parser("name")
+        ["name"]
+        >>> quoted_token_parser("schema.name")
+        ["schema", "name"]
+        >>> quoted_token_parser('"Schema"."Name"')
+        ['Schema', 'Name']
+        >>> quoted_token_parser('"Schema"."Name""Foo"')
+        ['Schema', 'Name""Foo']
+
+    """
+
+    if '"' not in value:
+        return value.split(".")
+
+    # 0 = outside of quotes
+    # 1 = inside of quotes
+    state = 0
+    result: List[List[str]] = [[]]
+    idx = 0
+    lv = len(value)
+    while idx < lv:
+        char = value[idx]
+        if char == '"':
+            if state == 1 and idx < lv - 1 and value[idx + 1] == '"':
+                result[-1].append('"')
+                idx += 1
+            else:
+                state ^= 1
+        elif char == "." and state == 0:
+            result.append([])
+        else:
+            result[-1].append(char)
+        idx += 1
+
+    return ["".join(token) for token in result]
+
+
+def add_parameter_text(params: Any, text: str) -> Callable[[_F], _F]:
+    params = _collections.to_list(params)
+
+    def decorate(fn):
+        doc = fn.__doc__ is not None and fn.__doc__ or ""
+        if doc:
+            doc = inject_param_text(doc, {param: text for param in params})
+        fn.__doc__ = doc
+        return fn
+
+    return decorate
+
+
+def _dedent_docstring(text: str) -> str:
+    split_text = text.split("\n", 1)
+    if len(split_text) == 1:
+        return text
+    else:
+        firstline, remaining = split_text
+    if not firstline.startswith(" "):
+        return firstline + "\n" + textwrap.dedent(remaining)
+    else:
+        return textwrap.dedent(text)
+
+
+def inject_docstring_text(
+    given_doctext: Optional[str], injecttext: str, pos: int
+) -> str:
+    doctext: str = _dedent_docstring(given_doctext or "")
+    lines = doctext.split("\n")
+    if len(lines) == 1:
+        lines.append("")
+    injectlines = textwrap.dedent(injecttext).split("\n")
+    if injectlines[0]:
+        injectlines.insert(0, "")
+
+    blanks = [num for num, line in enumerate(lines) if not line.strip()]
+    blanks.insert(0, 0)
+
+    inject_pos = blanks[min(pos, len(blanks) - 1)]
+
+    lines = lines[0:inject_pos] + injectlines + lines[inject_pos:]
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+_param_reg = re.compile(r"(\s+):param (.+?):")
+
+
+def inject_param_text(doctext: str, inject_params: Dict[str, str]) -> str:
+    doclines = collections.deque(doctext.splitlines())
+    lines = []
+
+    # TODO: this is not working for params like ":param case_sensitive=True:"
+
+    to_inject = None
+    while doclines:
+        line = doclines.popleft()
+
+        m = _param_reg.match(line)
+
+        if to_inject is None:
+            if m:
+                param = m.group(2).lstrip("*")
+                if param in inject_params:
+                    # default indent to that of :param: plus one
+                    indent = " " * len(m.group(1)) + " "
+
+                    # but if the next line has text, use that line's
+                    # indentation
+                    if doclines:
+                        m2 = re.match(r"(\s+)\S", doclines[0])
+                        if m2:
+                            indent = " " * len(m2.group(1))
+
+                    to_inject = indent + inject_params[param]
+        elif m:
+            lines.extend(["\n", to_inject, "\n"])
+            to_inject = None
+        elif not line.rstrip():
+            lines.extend([line, to_inject, "\n"])
+            to_inject = None
+        elif line.endswith("::"):
+            # TODO: this still won't cover if the code example itself has
+            # blank lines in it, need to detect those via indentation.
+            lines.extend([line, doclines.popleft()])
+            continue
+        lines.append(line)
+
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+
+def repr_tuple_names(names: List[str]) -> Optional[str]:
+    """Trims a list of strings from the middle and return a string of up to
+    four elements. Strings greater than 11 characters will be truncated"""
+    if len(names) == 0:
+        return None
+    flag = len(names) <= 4
+    names = names[0:4] if flag else names[0:3] + names[-1:]
+    res = ["%s.." % name[:11] if len(name) > 11 else name for name in names]
+    if flag:
+        return ", ".join(res)
+    else:
+        return "%s, ..., %s" % (", ".join(res[0:3]), res[-1])
+
+
+def has_compiled_ext(raise_=False):
+    if HAS_CYEXTENSION:
+        return True
+    elif raise_:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "cython extensions were expected to be installed, "
+            "but are not present"
+        )
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+class _Missing(enum.Enum):
+    Missing = enum.auto()
+
+
+Missing = _Missing.Missing
+MissingOr = Union[_T, Literal[_Missing.Missing]]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/preloaded.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/preloaded.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ea9aa90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/preloaded.py
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+# util/preloaded.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""supplies the "preloaded" registry to resolve circular module imports at
+runtime.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from sqlalchemy import dialects as _dialects
+    from sqlalchemy import orm as _orm
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import cursor as _engine_cursor
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import default as _engine_default
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection as _engine_reflection
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import result as _engine_result
+    from sqlalchemy.engine import url as _engine_url
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import attributes as _orm_attributes
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import base as _orm_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import clsregistry as _orm_clsregistry
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import decl_api as _orm_decl_api
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import decl_base as _orm_decl_base
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import dependency as _orm_dependency
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import descriptor_props as _orm_descriptor_props
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import mapperlib as _orm_mapper
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import properties as _orm_properties
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationships as _orm_relationships
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import session as _orm_session
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import state as _orm_state
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import strategies as _orm_strategies
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import strategy_options as _orm_strategy_options
+    from sqlalchemy.orm import util as _orm_util
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import default_comparator as _sql_default_comparator
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import dml as _sql_dml
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import elements as _sql_elements
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import functions as _sql_functions
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import naming as _sql_naming
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import schema as _sql_schema
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import selectable as _sql_selectable
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import sqltypes as _sql_sqltypes
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import traversals as _sql_traversals
+    from sqlalchemy.sql import util as _sql_util
+
+    # sigh, appease mypy 0.971 which does not accept imports as instance
+    # variables of a module
+    dialects = _dialects
+    engine_cursor = _engine_cursor
+    engine_default = _engine_default
+    engine_reflection = _engine_reflection
+    engine_result = _engine_result
+    engine_url = _engine_url
+    orm_clsregistry = _orm_clsregistry
+    orm_base = _orm_base
+    orm = _orm
+    orm_attributes = _orm_attributes
+    orm_decl_api = _orm_decl_api
+    orm_decl_base = _orm_decl_base
+    orm_descriptor_props = _orm_descriptor_props
+    orm_dependency = _orm_dependency
+    orm_mapper = _orm_mapper
+    orm_properties = _orm_properties
+    orm_relationships = _orm_relationships
+    orm_session = _orm_session
+    orm_strategies = _orm_strategies
+    orm_strategy_options = _orm_strategy_options
+    orm_state = _orm_state
+    orm_util = _orm_util
+    sql_default_comparator = _sql_default_comparator
+    sql_dml = _sql_dml
+    sql_elements = _sql_elements
+    sql_functions = _sql_functions
+    sql_naming = _sql_naming
+    sql_selectable = _sql_selectable
+    sql_traversals = _sql_traversals
+    sql_schema = _sql_schema
+    sql_sqltypes = _sql_sqltypes
+    sql_util = _sql_util
+
+
+class _ModuleRegistry:
+    """Registry of modules to load in a package init file.
+
+    To avoid potential thread safety issues for imports that are deferred
+    in a function, like https://bugs.python.org/issue38884, these modules
+    are added to the system module cache by importing them after the packages
+    has finished initialization.
+
+    A global instance is provided under the name :attr:`.preloaded`. Use
+    the function :func:`.preload_module` to register modules to load and
+    :meth:`.import_prefix` to load all the modules that start with the
+    given path.
+
+    While the modules are loaded in the global module cache, it's advisable
+    to access them using :attr:`.preloaded` to ensure that it was actually
+    registered. Each registered module is added to the instance ``__dict__``
+    in the form `<package>_<module>`, omitting ``sqlalchemy`` from the package
+    name. Example: ``sqlalchemy.sql.util`` becomes ``preloaded.sql_util``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, prefix="sqlalchemy."):
+        self.module_registry = set()
+        self.prefix = prefix
+
+    def preload_module(self, *deps: str) -> Callable[[_FN], _FN]:
+        """Adds the specified modules to the list to load.
+
+        This method can be used both as a normal function and as a decorator.
+        No change is performed to the decorated object.
+        """
+        self.module_registry.update(deps)
+        return lambda fn: fn
+
+    def import_prefix(self, path: str) -> None:
+        """Resolve all the modules in the registry that start with the
+        specified path.
+        """
+        for module in self.module_registry:
+            if self.prefix:
+                key = module.split(self.prefix)[-1].replace(".", "_")
+            else:
+                key = module
+            if (
+                not path or module.startswith(path)
+            ) and key not in self.__dict__:
+                __import__(module, globals(), locals())
+                self.__dict__[key] = globals()[key] = sys.modules[module]
+
+
+_reg = _ModuleRegistry()
+preload_module = _reg.preload_module
+import_prefix = _reg.import_prefix
+
+# this appears to do absolutely nothing for any version of mypy
+# if TYPE_CHECKING:
+#    def __getattr__(key: str) -> ModuleType:
+#        ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fb01a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/queue.py
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# util/queue.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+"""An adaptation of Py2.3/2.4's Queue module which supports reentrant
+behavior, using RLock instead of Lock for its mutex object.  The
+Queue object is used exclusively by the sqlalchemy.pool.QueuePool
+class.
+
+This is to support the connection pool's usage of weakref callbacks to return
+connections to the underlying Queue, which can in extremely
+rare cases be invoked within the ``get()`` method of the Queue itself,
+producing a ``put()`` inside the ``get()`` and therefore a reentrant
+condition.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+from collections import deque
+import threading
+from time import time as _time
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Awaitable
+from typing import Deque
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .concurrency import await_fallback
+from .concurrency import await_only
+from .langhelpers import memoized_property
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+__all__ = ["Empty", "Full", "Queue"]
+
+
+class Empty(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.get(block=0)/get_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class Full(Exception):
+    "Exception raised by Queue.put(block=0)/put_nowait()."
+
+    pass
+
+
+class QueueCommon(Generic[_T]):
+    maxsize: int
+    use_lifo: bool
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int = 0, use_lifo: bool = False): ...
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def full(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def qsize(self) -> int:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def put(
+        self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get_nowait(self) -> _T:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> _T:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class Queue(QueueCommon[_T]):
+    queue: Deque[_T]
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int = 0, use_lifo: bool = False):
+        """Initialize a queue object with a given maximum size.
+
+        If `maxsize` is <= 0, the queue size is infinite.
+
+        If `use_lifo` is True, this Queue acts like a Stack (LIFO).
+        """
+
+        self._init(maxsize)
+        # mutex must be held whenever the queue is mutating.  All methods
+        # that acquire mutex must release it before returning.  mutex
+        # is shared between the two conditions, so acquiring and
+        # releasing the conditions also acquires and releases mutex.
+        self.mutex = threading.RLock()
+        # Notify not_empty whenever an item is added to the queue; a
+        # thread waiting to get is notified then.
+        self.not_empty = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+        # Notify not_full whenever an item is removed from the queue;
+        # a thread waiting to put is notified then.
+        self.not_full = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
+        # If this queue uses LIFO or FIFO
+        self.use_lifo = use_lifo
+
+    def qsize(self) -> int:
+        """Return the approximate size of the queue (not reliable!)."""
+
+        with self.mutex:
+            return self._qsize()
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the queue is empty, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        with self.mutex:
+            return self._empty()
+
+    def full(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the queue is full, False otherwise (not
+        reliable!)."""
+
+        with self.mutex:
+            return self._full()
+
+    def put(
+        self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        """Put an item into the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until a free slot is
+        available. If `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at
+        most `timeout` seconds and raises the ``Full`` exception if no
+        free slot was available within that time.  Otherwise (`block`
+        is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot is
+        immediately available, else raise the ``Full`` exception
+        (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+        """
+
+        with self.not_full:
+            if not block:
+                if self._full():
+                    raise Full
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._full():
+                    self.not_full.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._full():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Full
+                    self.not_full.wait(remaining)
+            self._put(item)
+            self.not_empty.notify()
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        """Put an item into the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only enqueue the item if a free slot is immediately available.
+        Otherwise raise the ``Full`` exception.
+        """
+        return self.put(item, False)
+
+    def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> _T:
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue.
+
+        If optional args `block` is True and `timeout` is None (the
+        default), block if necessary until an item is available. If
+        `timeout` is a positive number, it blocks at most `timeout`
+        seconds and raises the ``Empty`` exception if no item was
+        available within that time.  Otherwise (`block` is false),
+        return an item if one is immediately available, else raise the
+        ``Empty`` exception (`timeout` is ignored in that case).
+
+        """
+        with self.not_empty:
+            if not block:
+                if self._empty():
+                    raise Empty
+            elif timeout is None:
+                while self._empty():
+                    self.not_empty.wait()
+            else:
+                if timeout < 0:
+                    raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a positive number")
+                endtime = _time() + timeout
+                while self._empty():
+                    remaining = endtime - _time()
+                    if remaining <= 0.0:
+                        raise Empty
+                    self.not_empty.wait(remaining)
+            item = self._get()
+            self.not_full.notify()
+            return item
+
+    def get_nowait(self) -> _T:
+        """Remove and return an item from the queue without blocking.
+
+        Only get an item if one is immediately available. Otherwise
+        raise the ``Empty`` exception.
+        """
+
+        return self.get(False)
+
+    def _init(self, maxsize: int) -> None:
+        self.maxsize = maxsize
+        self.queue = deque()
+
+    def _qsize(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.queue)
+
+    def _empty(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.queue
+
+    def _full(self) -> bool:
+        return self.maxsize > 0 and len(self.queue) == self.maxsize
+
+    def _put(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        self.queue.append(item)
+
+    def _get(self) -> _T:
+        if self.use_lifo:
+            # LIFO
+            return self.queue.pop()
+        else:
+            # FIFO
+            return self.queue.popleft()
+
+
+class AsyncAdaptedQueue(QueueCommon[_T]):
+    if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def await_(coroutine: Awaitable[Any]) -> _T: ...
+
+    else:
+        await_ = staticmethod(await_only)
+
+    def __init__(self, maxsize: int = 0, use_lifo: bool = False):
+        self.use_lifo = use_lifo
+        self.maxsize = maxsize
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        return self._queue.empty()
+
+    def full(self):
+        return self._queue.full()
+
+    def qsize(self):
+        return self._queue.qsize()
+
+    @memoized_property
+    def _queue(self) -> asyncio.Queue[_T]:
+        # Delay creation of the queue until it is first used, to avoid
+        # binding it to a possibly wrong event loop.
+        # By delaying the creation of the pool we accommodate the common
+        # usage pattern of instantiating the engine at module level, where a
+        # different event loop is in present compared to when the application
+        # is actually run.
+
+        queue: asyncio.Queue[_T]
+
+        if self.use_lifo:
+            queue = asyncio.LifoQueue(maxsize=self.maxsize)
+        else:
+            queue = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=self.maxsize)
+        return queue
+
+    def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._queue.put_nowait(item)
+        except asyncio.QueueFull as err:
+            raise Full() from err
+
+    def put(
+        self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None
+    ) -> None:
+        if not block:
+            return self.put_nowait(item)
+
+        try:
+            if timeout is not None:
+                self.await_(asyncio.wait_for(self._queue.put(item), timeout))
+            else:
+                self.await_(self._queue.put(item))
+        except (asyncio.QueueFull, asyncio.TimeoutError) as err:
+            raise Full() from err
+
+    def get_nowait(self) -> _T:
+        try:
+            return self._queue.get_nowait()
+        except asyncio.QueueEmpty as err:
+            raise Empty() from err
+
+    def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> _T:
+        if not block:
+            return self.get_nowait()
+
+        try:
+            if timeout is not None:
+                return self.await_(
+                    asyncio.wait_for(self._queue.get(), timeout)
+                )
+            else:
+                return self.await_(self._queue.get())
+        except (asyncio.QueueEmpty, asyncio.TimeoutError) as err:
+            raise Empty() from err
+
+
+class FallbackAsyncAdaptedQueue(AsyncAdaptedQueue[_T]):
+    if not typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+        await_ = staticmethod(await_fallback)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/tool_support.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/tool_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..407c2d45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/tool_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# util/tool_support.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+"""support routines for the helpers in tools/.
+
+These aren't imported by the enclosing util package as the are not
+needed for normal library use.
+
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from argparse import ArgumentParser
+from argparse import Namespace
+import contextlib
+import difflib
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import shlex
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import Union
+
+from . import compat
+
+
+class code_writer_cmd:
+    parser: ArgumentParser
+    args: Namespace
+    suppress_output: bool
+    diffs_detected: bool
+    source_root: Path
+    pyproject_toml_path: Path
+
+    def __init__(self, tool_script: str):
+        self.source_root = Path(tool_script).parent.parent
+        self.pyproject_toml_path = self.source_root / Path("pyproject.toml")
+        assert self.pyproject_toml_path.exists()
+
+        self.parser = ArgumentParser()
+        self.parser.add_argument(
+            "--stdout",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="Write to stdout instead of saving to file",
+        )
+        self.parser.add_argument(
+            "-c",
+            "--check",
+            help="Don't write the files back, just return the "
+            "status. Return code 0 means nothing would change. "
+            "Return code 1 means some files would be reformatted",
+            action="store_true",
+        )
+
+    def run_zimports(self, tempfile: str) -> None:
+        self._run_console_script(
+            str(tempfile),
+            {
+                "entrypoint": "zimports",
+                "options": f"--toml-config {self.pyproject_toml_path}",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def run_black(self, tempfile: str) -> None:
+        self._run_console_script(
+            str(tempfile),
+            {
+                "entrypoint": "black",
+                "options": f"--config {self.pyproject_toml_path}",
+            },
+        )
+
+    def _run_console_script(self, path: str, options: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        """Run a Python console application from within the process.
+
+        Used for black, zimports
+
+        """
+
+        is_posix = os.name == "posix"
+
+        entrypoint_name = options["entrypoint"]
+
+        for entry in compat.importlib_metadata_get("console_scripts"):
+            if entry.name == entrypoint_name:
+                impl = entry
+                break
+        else:
+            raise Exception(
+                f"Could not find entrypoint console_scripts.{entrypoint_name}"
+            )
+        cmdline_options_str = options.get("options", "")
+        cmdline_options_list = shlex.split(
+            cmdline_options_str, posix=is_posix
+        ) + [path]
+
+        kw: Dict[str, Any] = {}
+        if self.suppress_output:
+            kw["stdout"] = kw["stderr"] = subprocess.DEVNULL
+
+        subprocess.run(
+            [
+                sys.executable,
+                "-c",
+                "import %s; %s.%s()" % (impl.module, impl.module, impl.attr),
+            ]
+            + cmdline_options_list,
+            cwd=str(self.source_root),
+            **kw,
+        )
+
+    def write_status(self, *text: str) -> None:
+        if not self.suppress_output:
+            sys.stderr.write(" ".join(text))
+
+    def write_output_file_from_text(
+        self, text: str, destination_path: Union[str, Path]
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.args.check:
+            self._run_diff(destination_path, source=text)
+        elif self.args.stdout:
+            print(text)
+        else:
+            self.write_status(f"Writing {destination_path}...")
+            Path(destination_path).write_text(
+                text, encoding="utf-8", newline="\n"
+            )
+            self.write_status("done\n")
+
+    def write_output_file_from_tempfile(
+        self, tempfile: str, destination_path: str
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.args.check:
+            self._run_diff(destination_path, source_file=tempfile)
+            os.unlink(tempfile)
+        elif self.args.stdout:
+            with open(tempfile) as tf:
+                print(tf.read())
+            os.unlink(tempfile)
+        else:
+            self.write_status(f"Writing {destination_path}...")
+            shutil.move(tempfile, destination_path)
+            self.write_status("done\n")
+
+    def _run_diff(
+        self,
+        destination_path: Union[str, Path],
+        *,
+        source: Optional[str] = None,
+        source_file: Optional[str] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if source_file:
+            with open(source_file, encoding="utf-8") as tf:
+                source_lines = list(tf)
+        elif source is not None:
+            source_lines = source.splitlines(keepends=True)
+        else:
+            assert False, "source or source_file is required"
+
+        with open(destination_path, encoding="utf-8") as dp:
+            d = difflib.unified_diff(
+                list(dp),
+                source_lines,
+                fromfile=Path(destination_path).as_posix(),
+                tofile="<proposed changes>",
+                n=3,
+                lineterm="\n",
+            )
+            d_as_list = list(d)
+            if d_as_list:
+                self.diffs_detected = True
+                print("".join(d_as_list))
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def add_arguments(self) -> Iterator[ArgumentParser]:
+        yield self.parser
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def run_program(self) -> Iterator[None]:
+        self.args = self.parser.parse_args()
+        if self.args.check:
+            self.diffs_detected = False
+            self.suppress_output = True
+        elif self.args.stdout:
+            self.suppress_output = True
+        else:
+            self.suppress_output = False
+        yield
+
+        if self.args.check and self.diffs_detected:
+            sys.exit(1)
+        else:
+            sys.exit(0)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..393c855a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/topological.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+# util/topological.py
+# Copyright (C) 2005-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+
+"""Topological sorting algorithms."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Collection
+from typing import DefaultDict
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Iterator
+from typing import Sequence
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import TypeVar
+
+from .. import util
+from ..exc import CircularDependencyError
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+
+__all__ = ["sort", "sort_as_subsets", "find_cycles"]
+
+
+def sort_as_subsets(
+    tuples: Collection[Tuple[_T, _T]], allitems: Collection[_T]
+) -> Iterator[Sequence[_T]]:
+    edges: DefaultDict[_T, Set[_T]] = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[child].add(parent)
+
+    todo = list(allitems)
+    todo_set = set(allitems)
+
+    while todo_set:
+        output = []
+        for node in todo:
+            if todo_set.isdisjoint(edges[node]):
+                output.append(node)
+
+        if not output:
+            raise CircularDependencyError(
+                "Circular dependency detected.",
+                find_cycles(tuples, allitems),
+                _gen_edges(edges),
+            )
+
+        todo_set.difference_update(output)
+        todo = [t for t in todo if t in todo_set]
+        yield output
+
+
+def sort(
+    tuples: Collection[Tuple[_T, _T]],
+    allitems: Collection[_T],
+    deterministic_order: bool = True,
+) -> Iterator[_T]:
+    """sort the given list of items by dependency.
+
+    'tuples' is a list of tuples representing a partial ordering.
+
+    deterministic_order is no longer used, the order is now always
+    deterministic given the order of "allitems".    the flag is there
+    for backwards compatibility with Alembic.
+
+    """
+
+    for set_ in sort_as_subsets(tuples, allitems):
+        yield from set_
+
+
+def find_cycles(
+    tuples: Iterable[Tuple[_T, _T]], allitems: Iterable[_T]
+) -> Set[_T]:
+    # adapted from:
+    # https://neopythonic.blogspot.com/2009/01/detecting-cycles-in-directed-graph.html
+
+    edges: DefaultDict[_T, Set[_T]] = util.defaultdict(set)
+    for parent, child in tuples:
+        edges[parent].add(child)
+    nodes_to_test = set(edges)
+
+    output = set()
+
+    # we'd like to find all nodes that are
+    # involved in cycles, so we do the full
+    # pass through the whole thing for each
+    # node in the original list.
+
+    # we can go just through parent edge nodes.
+    # if a node is only a child and never a parent,
+    # by definition it can't be part of a cycle.  same
+    # if it's not in the edges at all.
+    for node in nodes_to_test:
+        stack = [node]
+        todo = nodes_to_test.difference(stack)
+        while stack:
+            top = stack[-1]
+            for node in edges[top]:
+                if node in stack:
+                    cyc = stack[stack.index(node) :]
+                    todo.difference_update(cyc)
+                    output.update(cyc)
+
+                if node in todo:
+                    stack.append(node)
+                    todo.remove(node)
+                    break
+            else:
+                node = stack.pop()
+    return output
+
+
+def _gen_edges(edges: DefaultDict[_T, Set[_T]]) -> Set[Tuple[_T, _T]]:
+    return {(right, left) for left in edges for right in edges[left]}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/typing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/typing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e68b42b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/sqlalchemy/util/typing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,732 @@
+# util/typing.py
+# Copyright (C) 2022-2025 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
+# <see AUTHORS file>
+#
+# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
+# the MIT License: https://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+# mypy: allow-untyped-defs, allow-untyped-calls
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import builtins
+from collections import deque
+import collections.abc as collections_abc
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+from typing import Any
+from typing import Callable
+from typing import cast
+from typing import Dict
+from typing import ForwardRef
+from typing import Generic
+from typing import Iterable
+from typing import Mapping
+from typing import NewType
+from typing import NoReturn
+from typing import Optional
+from typing import overload
+from typing import Set
+from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Type
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+from typing import TypeVar
+from typing import Union
+
+import typing_extensions
+
+from . import compat
+
+if True:  # zimports removes the tailing comments
+    from typing_extensions import Annotated as Annotated  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import Concatenate as Concatenate  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import (
+        dataclass_transform as dataclass_transform,  # 3.11,
+    )
+    from typing_extensions import Final as Final  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import final as final  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import get_args as get_args  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import get_origin as get_origin  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import Literal as Literal  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired as NotRequired  # 3.11
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec as ParamSpec  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import Protocol as Protocol  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import SupportsIndex as SupportsIndex  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAlias as TypeAlias  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict as TypedDict  # 3.8
+    from typing_extensions import TypeGuard as TypeGuard  # 3.10
+    from typing_extensions import Self as Self  # 3.11
+    from typing_extensions import TypeAliasType as TypeAliasType  # 3.12
+    from typing_extensions import Never as Never  # 3.11
+    from typing_extensions import LiteralString as LiteralString  # 3.11
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T", bound=Any)
+_KT = TypeVar("_KT")
+_KT_co = TypeVar("_KT_co", covariant=True)
+_KT_contra = TypeVar("_KT_contra", contravariant=True)
+_VT = TypeVar("_VT")
+_VT_co = TypeVar("_VT_co", covariant=True)
+
+if compat.py310:
+    # why they took until py310 to put this in stdlib is beyond me,
+    # I've been wanting it since py27
+    from types import NoneType as NoneType
+else:
+    NoneType = type(None)  # type: ignore
+
+NoneFwd = ForwardRef("None")
+
+
+_AnnotationScanType = Union[
+    Type[Any], str, ForwardRef, NewType, TypeAliasType, "GenericProtocol[Any]"
+]
+
+
+class ArgsTypeProtocol(Protocol):
+    """protocol for types that have ``__args__``
+
+    there's no public interface for this AFAIK
+
+    """
+
+    __args__: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]
+
+
+class GenericProtocol(Protocol[_T]):
+    """protocol for generic types.
+
+    this since Python.typing _GenericAlias is private
+
+    """
+
+    __args__: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]
+    __origin__: Type[_T]
+
+    # Python's builtin _GenericAlias has this method, however builtins like
+    # list, dict, etc. do not, even though they have ``__origin__`` and
+    # ``__args__``
+    #
+    # def copy_with(self, params: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]) -> Type[_T]:
+    #     ...
+
+
+# copied from TypeShed, required in order to implement
+# MutableMapping.update()
+class SupportsKeysAndGetItem(Protocol[_KT, _VT_co]):
+    def keys(self) -> Iterable[_KT]: ...
+
+    def __getitem__(self, __k: _KT) -> _VT_co: ...
+
+
+# work around https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3025
+_LiteralStar = Literal["*"]
+
+
+def de_stringify_annotation(
+    cls: Type[Any],
+    annotation: _AnnotationScanType,
+    originating_module: str,
+    locals_: Mapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    str_cleanup_fn: Optional[Callable[[str, str], str]] = None,
+    include_generic: bool = False,
+    _already_seen: Optional[Set[Any]] = None,
+) -> Type[Any]:
+    """Resolve annotations that may be string based into real objects.
+
+    This is particularly important if a module defines "from __future__ import
+    annotations", as everything inside of __annotations__ is a string. We want
+    to at least have generic containers like ``Mapped``, ``Union``, ``List``,
+    etc.
+
+    """
+    # looked at typing.get_type_hints(), looked at pydantic.  We need much
+    # less here, and we here try to not use any private typing internals
+    # or construct ForwardRef objects which is documented as something
+    # that should be avoided.
+
+    original_annotation = annotation
+
+    if is_fwd_ref(annotation):
+        annotation = annotation.__forward_arg__
+
+    if isinstance(annotation, str):
+        if str_cleanup_fn:
+            annotation = str_cleanup_fn(annotation, originating_module)
+
+        annotation = eval_expression(
+            annotation, originating_module, locals_=locals_, in_class=cls
+        )
+
+    if (
+        include_generic
+        and is_generic(annotation)
+        and not is_literal(annotation)
+    ):
+        if _already_seen is None:
+            _already_seen = set()
+
+        if annotation in _already_seen:
+            # only occurs recursively.  outermost return type
+            # will always be Type.
+            # the element here will be either ForwardRef or
+            # Optional[ForwardRef]
+            return original_annotation  # type: ignore
+        else:
+            _already_seen.add(annotation)
+
+        elements = tuple(
+            de_stringify_annotation(
+                cls,
+                elem,
+                originating_module,
+                locals_,
+                str_cleanup_fn=str_cleanup_fn,
+                include_generic=include_generic,
+                _already_seen=_already_seen,
+            )
+            for elem in annotation.__args__
+        )
+
+        return _copy_generic_annotation_with(annotation, elements)
+
+    return annotation  # type: ignore
+
+
+def fixup_container_fwd_refs(
+    type_: _AnnotationScanType,
+) -> _AnnotationScanType:
+    """Correct dict['x', 'y'] into dict[ForwardRef('x'), ForwardRef('y')]
+    and similar for list, set
+
+    """
+
+    if (
+        is_generic(type_)
+        and get_origin(type_)
+        in (
+            dict,
+            set,
+            list,
+            collections_abc.MutableSet,
+            collections_abc.MutableMapping,
+            collections_abc.MutableSequence,
+            collections_abc.Mapping,
+            collections_abc.Sequence,
+        )
+        # fight, kick and scream to struggle to tell the difference between
+        # dict[] and typing.Dict[] which DO NOT compare the same and DO NOT
+        # behave the same yet there is NO WAY to distinguish between which type
+        # it is using public attributes
+        and not re.match(
+            "typing.(?:Dict|List|Set|.*Mapping|.*Sequence|.*Set)", repr(type_)
+        )
+    ):
+        # compat with py3.10 and earlier
+        return get_origin(type_).__class_getitem__(  # type: ignore
+            tuple(
+                [
+                    ForwardRef(elem) if isinstance(elem, str) else elem
+                    for elem in get_args(type_)
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+    return type_
+
+
+def _copy_generic_annotation_with(
+    annotation: GenericProtocol[_T], elements: Tuple[_AnnotationScanType, ...]
+) -> Type[_T]:
+    if hasattr(annotation, "copy_with"):
+        # List, Dict, etc. real generics
+        return annotation.copy_with(elements)  # type: ignore
+    else:
+        # Python builtins list, dict, etc.
+        return annotation.__origin__[elements]  # type: ignore
+
+
+def eval_expression(
+    expression: str,
+    module_name: str,
+    *,
+    locals_: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+    in_class: Optional[Type[Any]] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    try:
+        base_globals: Dict[str, Any] = sys.modules[module_name].__dict__
+    except KeyError as ke:
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Module {module_name} isn't present in sys.modules; can't "
+            f"evaluate expression {expression}"
+        ) from ke
+
+    try:
+        if in_class is not None:
+            cls_namespace = dict(in_class.__dict__)
+            cls_namespace.setdefault(in_class.__name__, in_class)
+
+            # see #10899.  We want the locals/globals to take precedence
+            # over the class namespace in this context, even though this
+            # is not the usual way variables would resolve.
+            cls_namespace.update(base_globals)
+
+            annotation = eval(expression, cls_namespace, locals_)
+        else:
+            annotation = eval(expression, base_globals, locals_)
+    except Exception as err:
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Could not de-stringify annotation {expression!r}"
+        ) from err
+    else:
+        return annotation
+
+
+def eval_name_only(
+    name: str,
+    module_name: str,
+    *,
+    locals_: Optional[Mapping[str, Any]] = None,
+) -> Any:
+    if "." in name:
+        return eval_expression(name, module_name, locals_=locals_)
+
+    try:
+        base_globals: Dict[str, Any] = sys.modules[module_name].__dict__
+    except KeyError as ke:
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Module {module_name} isn't present in sys.modules; can't "
+            f"resolve name {name}"
+        ) from ke
+
+    # name only, just look in globals.  eval() works perfectly fine here,
+    # however we are seeking to have this be faster, as this occurs for
+    # every Mapper[] keyword, etc. depending on configuration
+    try:
+        return base_globals[name]
+    except KeyError as ke:
+        # check in builtins as well to handle `list`, `set` or `dict`, etc.
+        try:
+            return builtins.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        raise NameError(
+            f"Could not locate name {name} in module {module_name}"
+        ) from ke
+
+
+def resolve_name_to_real_class_name(name: str, module_name: str) -> str:
+    try:
+        obj = eval_name_only(name, module_name)
+    except NameError:
+        return name
+    else:
+        return getattr(obj, "__name__", name)
+
+
+def is_pep593(type_: Optional[Any]) -> bool:
+    return type_ is not None and get_origin(type_) in _type_tuples.Annotated
+
+
+def is_non_string_iterable(obj: Any) -> TypeGuard[Iterable[Any]]:
+    return isinstance(obj, collections_abc.Iterable) and not isinstance(
+        obj, (str, bytes)
+    )
+
+
+def is_literal(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    return get_origin(type_) in _type_tuples.Literal
+
+
+def is_newtype(type_: Optional[_AnnotationScanType]) -> TypeGuard[NewType]:
+    return hasattr(type_, "__supertype__")
+
+    # doesn't work in 3.8, 3.7 as it passes a closure, not an
+    # object instance
+    # isinstance(type, type_instances.NewType)
+
+
+def is_generic(type_: _AnnotationScanType) -> TypeGuard[GenericProtocol[Any]]:
+    return hasattr(type_, "__args__") and hasattr(type_, "__origin__")
+
+
+def is_pep695(type_: _AnnotationScanType) -> TypeGuard[TypeAliasType]:
+    # NOTE: a generic TAT does not instance check as TypeAliasType outside of
+    # python 3.10. For sqlalchemy use cases it's fine to consider it a TAT
+    # though.
+    # NOTE: things seems to work also without this additional check
+    if is_generic(type_):
+        return is_pep695(type_.__origin__)
+    return isinstance(type_, _type_instances.TypeAliasType)
+
+
+def flatten_newtype(type_: NewType) -> Type[Any]:
+    super_type = type_.__supertype__
+    while is_newtype(super_type):
+        super_type = super_type.__supertype__
+    return super_type  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def pep695_values(type_: _AnnotationScanType) -> Set[Any]:
+    """Extracts the value from a TypeAliasType, recursively exploring unions
+    and inner TypeAliasType to flatten them into a single set.
+
+    Forward references are not evaluated, so no recursive exploration happens
+    into them.
+    """
+    _seen = set()
+
+    def recursive_value(inner_type):
+        if inner_type in _seen:
+            # recursion are not supported (at least it's flagged as
+            # an error by pyright). Just avoid infinite loop
+            return inner_type
+        _seen.add(inner_type)
+        if not is_pep695(inner_type):
+            return inner_type
+        value = inner_type.__value__
+        if not is_union(value):
+            return value
+        return [recursive_value(t) for t in value.__args__]
+
+    res = recursive_value(type_)
+    if isinstance(res, list):
+        types = set()
+        stack = deque(res)
+        while stack:
+            t = stack.popleft()
+            if isinstance(t, list):
+                stack.extend(t)
+            else:
+                types.add(None if t in {NoneType, NoneFwd} else t)
+        return types
+    else:
+        return {res}
+
+
+def is_fwd_ref(
+    type_: _AnnotationScanType,
+    check_generic: bool = False,
+    check_for_plain_string: bool = False,
+) -> TypeGuard[ForwardRef]:
+    if check_for_plain_string and isinstance(type_, str):
+        return True
+    elif isinstance(type_, _type_instances.ForwardRef):
+        return True
+    elif check_generic and is_generic(type_):
+        return any(
+            is_fwd_ref(
+                arg, True, check_for_plain_string=check_for_plain_string
+            )
+            for arg in type_.__args__
+        )
+    else:
+        return False
+
+
+@overload
+def de_optionalize_union_types(type_: str) -> str: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def de_optionalize_union_types(type_: Type[Any]) -> Type[Any]: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def de_optionalize_union_types(
+    type_: _AnnotationScanType,
+) -> _AnnotationScanType: ...
+
+
+def de_optionalize_union_types(
+    type_: _AnnotationScanType,
+) -> _AnnotationScanType:
+    """Given a type, filter out ``Union`` types that include ``NoneType``
+    to not include the ``NoneType``.
+
+    Contains extra logic to work on non-flattened unions, unions that contain
+    ``None`` (seen in py38, 37)
+
+    """
+
+    if is_fwd_ref(type_):
+        return _de_optionalize_fwd_ref_union_types(type_, False)
+
+    elif is_union(type_) and includes_none(type_):
+        if compat.py39:
+            typ = set(type_.__args__)
+        else:
+            # py38, 37 - unions are not automatically flattened, can contain
+            # None rather than NoneType
+            stack_of_unions = deque([type_])
+            typ = set()
+            while stack_of_unions:
+                u_typ = stack_of_unions.popleft()
+                for elem in u_typ.__args__:
+                    if is_union(elem):
+                        stack_of_unions.append(elem)
+                    else:
+                        typ.add(elem)
+
+            typ.discard(None)  # type: ignore
+
+        typ.discard(NoneType)
+        typ.discard(NoneFwd)
+
+        return make_union_type(*typ)
+
+    else:
+        return type_
+
+
+@overload
+def _de_optionalize_fwd_ref_union_types(
+    type_: ForwardRef, return_has_none: Literal[True]
+) -> bool: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def _de_optionalize_fwd_ref_union_types(
+    type_: ForwardRef, return_has_none: Literal[False]
+) -> _AnnotationScanType: ...
+
+
+def _de_optionalize_fwd_ref_union_types(
+    type_: ForwardRef, return_has_none: bool
+) -> Union[_AnnotationScanType, bool]:
+    """return the non-optional type for Optional[], Union[None, ...], x|None,
+    etc. without de-stringifying forward refs.
+
+    unfortunately this seems to require lots of hardcoded heuristics
+
+    """
+
+    annotation = type_.__forward_arg__
+
+    mm = re.match(r"^(.+?)\[(.+)\]$", annotation)
+    if mm:
+        g1 = mm.group(1).split(".")[-1]
+        if g1 == "Optional":
+            return True if return_has_none else ForwardRef(mm.group(2))
+        elif g1 == "Union":
+            if "[" in mm.group(2):
+                # cases like "Union[Dict[str, int], int, None]"
+                elements: list[str] = []
+                current: list[str] = []
+                ignore_comma = 0
+                for char in mm.group(2):
+                    if char == "[":
+                        ignore_comma += 1
+                    elif char == "]":
+                        ignore_comma -= 1
+                    elif ignore_comma == 0 and char == ",":
+                        elements.append("".join(current).strip())
+                        current.clear()
+                        continue
+                    current.append(char)
+            else:
+                elements = re.split(r",\s*", mm.group(2))
+            parts = [ForwardRef(elem) for elem in elements if elem != "None"]
+            if return_has_none:
+                return len(elements) != len(parts)
+            else:
+                return make_union_type(*parts) if parts else Never  # type: ignore[return-value] # noqa: E501
+        else:
+            return False if return_has_none else type_
+
+    pipe_tokens = re.split(r"\s*\|\s*", annotation)
+    has_none = "None" in pipe_tokens
+    if return_has_none:
+        return has_none
+    if has_none:
+        anno_str = "|".join(p for p in pipe_tokens if p != "None")
+        return ForwardRef(anno_str) if anno_str else Never  # type: ignore[return-value] # noqa: E501
+
+    return type_
+
+
+def make_union_type(*types: _AnnotationScanType) -> Type[Any]:
+    """Make a Union type."""
+    return Union.__getitem__(types)  # type: ignore
+
+
+def includes_none(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    """Returns if the type annotation ``type_`` allows ``None``.
+
+    This function supports:
+    * forward refs
+    * unions
+    * pep593 - Annotated
+    * pep695 - TypeAliasType (does not support looking into
+    fw reference of other pep695)
+    * NewType
+    * plain types like ``int``, ``None``, etc
+    """
+    if is_fwd_ref(type_):
+        return _de_optionalize_fwd_ref_union_types(type_, True)
+    if is_union(type_):
+        return any(includes_none(t) for t in get_args(type_))
+    if is_pep593(type_):
+        return includes_none(get_args(type_)[0])
+    if is_pep695(type_):
+        return any(includes_none(t) for t in pep695_values(type_))
+    if is_newtype(type_):
+        return includes_none(type_.__supertype__)
+    try:
+        return type_ in (NoneFwd, NoneType, None)
+    except TypeError:
+        # if type_ is Column, mapped_column(), etc. the use of "in"
+        # resolves to ``__eq__()`` which then gives us an expression object
+        # that can't resolve to boolean.  just catch it all via exception
+        return False
+
+
+def is_a_type(type_: Any) -> bool:
+    return (
+        isinstance(type_, type)
+        or hasattr(type_, "__origin__")
+        or type_.__module__ in ("typing", "typing_extensions")
+        or type(type_).__mro__[0].__module__ in ("typing", "typing_extensions")
+    )
+
+
+def is_union(type_: Any) -> TypeGuard[ArgsTypeProtocol]:
+    return is_origin_of(type_, "Union", "UnionType")
+
+
+def is_origin_of_cls(
+    type_: Any, class_obj: Union[Tuple[Type[Any], ...], Type[Any]]
+) -> bool:
+    """return True if the given type has an __origin__ that shares a base
+    with the given class"""
+
+    origin = get_origin(type_)
+    if origin is None:
+        return False
+
+    return isinstance(origin, type) and issubclass(origin, class_obj)
+
+
+def is_origin_of(
+    type_: Any, *names: str, module: Optional[str] = None
+) -> bool:
+    """return True if the given type has an __origin__ with the given name
+    and optional module."""
+
+    origin = get_origin(type_)
+    if origin is None:
+        return False
+
+    return _get_type_name(origin) in names and (
+        module is None or origin.__module__.startswith(module)
+    )
+
+
+def _get_type_name(type_: Type[Any]) -> str:
+    if compat.py310:
+        return type_.__name__
+    else:
+        typ_name = getattr(type_, "__name__", None)
+        if typ_name is None:
+            typ_name = getattr(type_, "_name", None)
+
+        return typ_name  # type: ignore
+
+
+class DescriptorProto(Protocol):
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> Any: ...
+
+    def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> None: ...
+
+    def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+_DESC = TypeVar("_DESC", bound=DescriptorProto)
+
+
+class DescriptorReference(Generic[_DESC]):
+    """a descriptor that refers to a descriptor.
+
+    used for cases where we need to have an instance variable referring to an
+    object that is itself a descriptor, which typically confuses typing tools
+    as they don't know when they should use ``__get__`` or not when referring
+    to the descriptor assignment as an instance variable. See
+    sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces.PropComparator.prop
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _DESC: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: _DESC) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+_DESC_co = TypeVar("_DESC_co", bound=DescriptorProto, covariant=True)
+
+
+class RODescriptorReference(Generic[_DESC_co]):
+    """a descriptor that refers to a descriptor.
+
+    same as :class:`.DescriptorReference` but is read-only, so that subclasses
+    can define a subtype as the generically contained element
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _DESC_co: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: Any) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> NoReturn: ...
+
+
+_FN = TypeVar("_FN", bound=Optional[Callable[..., Any]])
+
+
+class CallableReference(Generic[_FN]):
+    """a descriptor that refers to a callable.
+
+    works around mypy's limitation of not allowing callables assigned
+    as instance variables
+
+
+    """
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: Any) -> _FN: ...
+
+        def __set__(self, instance: Any, value: _FN) -> None: ...
+
+        def __delete__(self, instance: Any) -> None: ...
+
+
+class _TypingInstances:
+    def __getattr__(self, key: str) -> tuple[type, ...]:
+        types = tuple(
+            {
+                t
+                for t in [
+                    getattr(typing, key, None),
+                    getattr(typing_extensions, key, None),
+                ]
+                if t is not None
+            }
+        )
+        if not types:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+        self.__dict__[key] = types
+        return types
+
+
+_type_tuples = _TypingInstances()
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _type_instances = typing_extensions
+else:
+    _type_instances = _type_tuples
+
+LITERAL_TYPES = _type_tuples.Literal
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb1935a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: starlette
+Version: 0.46.2
+Summary: The little ASGI library that shines.
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/encode/starlette
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://www.starlette.io/
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://www.starlette.io/release-notes/
+Project-URL: Funding, https://github.com/sponsors/encode
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/encode/starlette
+Author-email: Tom Christie <tom@tomchristie.com>
+License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause
+License-File: LICENSE.md
+Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Framework :: AnyIO
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Requires-Dist: anyio<5,>=3.6.2
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=3.10.0; python_version < '3.10'
+Provides-Extra: full
+Requires-Dist: httpx<0.29.0,>=0.27.0; extra == 'full'
+Requires-Dist: itsdangerous; extra == 'full'
+Requires-Dist: jinja2; extra == 'full'
+Requires-Dist: python-multipart>=0.0.18; extra == 'full'
+Requires-Dist: pyyaml; extra == 'full'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+<p align="center">
+  <picture>
+    <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/encode/starlette/master/docs/img/starlette_dark.svg" width="420px">
+    <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" srcset="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/encode/starlette/master/docs/img/starlette.svg" width="420px">
+    <img alt="starlette-logo" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/encode/starlette/master/docs/img/starlette_dark.svg">
+  </picture>
+</p>
+
+<p align="center">
+    <em>✨ The little ASGI framework that shines. ✨</em>
+</p>
+
+---
+
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/encode/starlette/workflows/Test%20Suite/badge.svg)](https://github.com/encode/starlette/actions)
+[![Package version](https://badge.fury.io/py/starlette.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/starlette)
+[![Supported Python Version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/starlette.svg?color=%2334D058)](https://pypi.org/project/starlette)
+
+---
+
+**Documentation**: <a href="https://www.starlette.io/" target="_blank">https://www.starlette.io</a>
+
+**Source Code**: <a href="https://github.com/encode/starlette" target="_blank">https://github.com/encode/starlette</a>
+
+---
+
+# Starlette
+
+Starlette is a lightweight [ASGI][asgi] framework/toolkit,
+which is ideal for building async web services in Python.
+
+It is production-ready, and gives you the following:
+
+* A lightweight, low-complexity HTTP web framework.
+* WebSocket support.
+* In-process background tasks.
+* Startup and shutdown events.
+* Test client built on `httpx`.
+* CORS, GZip, Static Files, Streaming responses.
+* Session and Cookie support.
+* 100% test coverage.
+* 100% type annotated codebase.
+* Few hard dependencies.
+* Compatible with `asyncio` and `trio` backends.
+* Great overall performance [against independent benchmarks][techempower].
+
+## Installation
+
+```shell
+$ pip install starlette
+```
+
+You'll also want to install an ASGI server, such as [uvicorn](https://www.uvicorn.org/), [daphne](https://github.com/django/daphne/), or [hypercorn](https://hypercorn.readthedocs.io/en/latest/).
+
+```shell
+$ pip install uvicorn
+```
+
+## Example
+
+```python title="main.py"
+from starlette.applications import Starlette
+from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
+from starlette.routing import Route
+
+
+async def homepage(request):
+    return JSONResponse({'hello': 'world'})
+
+routes = [
+    Route("/", endpoint=homepage)
+]
+
+app = Starlette(debug=True, routes=routes)
+```
+
+Then run the application using Uvicorn:
+
+```shell
+$ uvicorn main:app
+```
+
+## Dependencies
+
+Starlette only requires `anyio`, and the following are optional:
+
+* [`httpx`][httpx] - Required if you want to use the `TestClient`.
+* [`jinja2`][jinja2] - Required if you want to use `Jinja2Templates`.
+* [`python-multipart`][python-multipart] - Required if you want to support form parsing, with `request.form()`.
+* [`itsdangerous`][itsdangerous] - Required for `SessionMiddleware` support.
+* [`pyyaml`][pyyaml] - Required for `SchemaGenerator` support.
+
+You can install all of these with `pip install starlette[full]`.
+
+## Framework or Toolkit
+
+Starlette is designed to be used either as a complete framework, or as
+an ASGI toolkit. You can use any of its components independently.
+
+```python
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse
+
+
+async def app(scope, receive, send):
+    assert scope['type'] == 'http'
+    response = PlainTextResponse('Hello, world!')
+    await response(scope, receive, send)
+```
+
+Run the `app` application in `example.py`:
+
+```shell
+$ uvicorn example:app
+INFO: Started server process [11509]
+INFO: Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
+```
+
+Run uvicorn with `--reload` to enable auto-reloading on code changes.
+
+## Modularity
+
+The modularity that Starlette is designed on promotes building re-usable
+components that can be shared between any ASGI framework. This should enable
+an ecosystem of shared middleware and mountable applications.
+
+The clean API separation also means it's easier to understand each component
+in isolation.
+
+---
+
+<p align="center"><i>Starlette is <a href="https://github.com/encode/starlette/blob/master/LICENSE.md">BSD licensed</a> code.<br/>Designed & crafted with care.</i></br>&mdash; ⭐️ &mdash;</p>
+
+[asgi]: https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+[httpx]: https://www.python-httpx.org/
+[jinja2]: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/
+[python-multipart]: https://multipart.fastapiexpert.com/
+[itsdangerous]: https://itsdangerous.palletsprojects.com/
+[sqlalchemy]: https://www.sqlalchemy.org
+[pyyaml]: https://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
+[techempower]: https://www.techempower.com/benchmarks/#hw=ph&test=fortune&l=zijzen-sf
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3f64a1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
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+starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=ZQ65swcGWuW1-L0UrDKo2SaF90Jux18XK9OmZBmtEyg,6167
+starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
+starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=qtCwoSJWgHk21S1Kb4ihdzI2rlJ1ZKaIurTj_ngOhyQ,87
+starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md,sha256=3LlWd6AiQCQxh-lk-UGEfRmxeCHPmeWvrmhPqzKMGb8,1518
+starlette/__init__.py,sha256=lWEdbG8IshPF1zUeQxPyfsi3uFhuXQmN7phOE5OaeI8,23
+starlette/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+starlette/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+starlette/__pycache__/types.cpython-312.pyc,,
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+starlette/types.py,sha256=I2yIP5R1qyVD1GBiJZQ_I9dprcYUOVVK8fHa6UQVsqg,1048
+starlette/websockets.py,sha256=M_8gmQmthBHvqdVfLIzs4yuQpup7B853tPSaNQB_UMo,8332
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12228d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d16a60ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette-0.46.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright © 2018, [Encode OSS Ltd](https://www.encode.io/).
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8583baf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__version__ = "0.46.2"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/applications.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/applications.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/authentication.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/authentication.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/background.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/background.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/concurrency.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/concurrency.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/config.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/config.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/convertors.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/convertors.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/datastructures.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/datastructures.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/endpoints.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/endpoints.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/exceptions.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/exceptions.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/formparsers.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/formparsers.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/requests.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/requests.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/responses.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/responses.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/routing.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/routing.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/staticfiles.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/staticfiles.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/status.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/status.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/templating.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/templating.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/testclient.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/testclient.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ffbc73b
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/testclient.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/types.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/types.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3151678
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/types.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/websockets.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/websockets.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61c71eae
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/__pycache__/websockets.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/_exception_handler.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/_exception_handler.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72bc89d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/_exception_handler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from starlette._utils import is_async_callable
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, ExceptionHandler, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+ExceptionHandlers = dict[typing.Any, ExceptionHandler]
+StatusHandlers = dict[int, ExceptionHandler]
+
+
+def _lookup_exception_handler(exc_handlers: ExceptionHandlers, exc: Exception) -> ExceptionHandler | None:
+    for cls in type(exc).__mro__:
+        if cls in exc_handlers:
+            return exc_handlers[cls]
+    return None
+
+
+def wrap_app_handling_exceptions(app: ASGIApp, conn: Request | WebSocket) -> ASGIApp:
+    exception_handlers: ExceptionHandlers
+    status_handlers: StatusHandlers
+    try:
+        exception_handlers, status_handlers = conn.scope["starlette.exception_handlers"]
+    except KeyError:
+        exception_handlers, status_handlers = {}, {}
+
+    async def wrapped_app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        response_started = False
+
+        async def sender(message: Message) -> None:
+            nonlocal response_started
+
+            if message["type"] == "http.response.start":
+                response_started = True
+            await send(message)
+
+        try:
+            await app(scope, receive, sender)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            handler = None
+
+            if isinstance(exc, HTTPException):
+                handler = status_handlers.get(exc.status_code)
+
+            if handler is None:
+                handler = _lookup_exception_handler(exception_handlers, exc)
+
+            if handler is None:
+                raise exc
+
+            if response_started:
+                raise RuntimeError("Caught handled exception, but response already started.") from exc
+
+            if is_async_callable(handler):
+                response = await handler(conn, exc)
+            else:
+                response = await run_in_threadpool(handler, conn, exc)  # type: ignore
+            if response is not None:
+                await response(scope, receive, sender)
+
+    return wrapped_app
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8001c472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import inspect
+import sys
+import typing
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+from starlette.types import Scope
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import TypeGuard
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+has_exceptiongroups = True
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup  # type: ignore[unused-ignore,import-not-found]
+    except ImportError:
+        has_exceptiongroups = False
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+AwaitableCallable = typing.Callable[..., typing.Awaitable[T]]
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def is_async_callable(obj: AwaitableCallable[T]) -> TypeGuard[AwaitableCallable[T]]: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def is_async_callable(obj: typing.Any) -> TypeGuard[AwaitableCallable[typing.Any]]: ...
+
+
+def is_async_callable(obj: typing.Any) -> typing.Any:
+    while isinstance(obj, functools.partial):
+        obj = obj.func
+
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj) or (callable(obj) and inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj.__call__))
+
+
+T_co = typing.TypeVar("T_co", covariant=True)
+
+
+class AwaitableOrContextManager(typing.Awaitable[T_co], typing.AsyncContextManager[T_co], typing.Protocol[T_co]): ...
+
+
+class SupportsAsyncClose(typing.Protocol):
+    async def close(self) -> None: ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+SupportsAsyncCloseType = typing.TypeVar("SupportsAsyncCloseType", bound=SupportsAsyncClose, covariant=False)
+
+
+class AwaitableOrContextManagerWrapper(typing.Generic[SupportsAsyncCloseType]):
+    __slots__ = ("aw", "entered")
+
+    def __init__(self, aw: typing.Awaitable[SupportsAsyncCloseType]) -> None:
+        self.aw = aw
+
+    def __await__(self) -> typing.Generator[typing.Any, None, SupportsAsyncCloseType]:
+        return self.aw.__await__()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> SupportsAsyncCloseType:
+        self.entered = await self.aw
+        return self.entered
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *args: typing.Any) -> None | bool:
+        await self.entered.close()
+        return None
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def collapse_excgroups() -> typing.Generator[None, None, None]:
+    try:
+        yield
+    except BaseException as exc:
+        if has_exceptiongroups:  # pragma: no cover
+            while isinstance(exc, BaseExceptionGroup) and len(exc.exceptions) == 1:
+                exc = exc.exceptions[0]
+
+        raise exc
+
+
+def get_route_path(scope: Scope) -> str:
+    path: str = scope["path"]
+    root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
+    if not root_path:
+        return path
+
+    if not path.startswith(root_path):
+        return path
+
+    if path == root_path:
+        return ""
+
+    if path[len(root_path)] == "/":
+        return path[len(root_path) :]
+
+    return path
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/applications.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/applications.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6df5a707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/applications.py
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+from starlette.datastructures import State, URLPath
+from starlette.middleware import Middleware, _MiddlewareFactory
+from starlette.middleware.base import BaseHTTPMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.errors import ServerErrorMiddleware
+from starlette.middleware.exceptions import ExceptionMiddleware
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+from starlette.routing import BaseRoute, Router
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, ExceptionHandler, Lifespan, Receive, Scope, Send
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+AppType = typing.TypeVar("AppType", bound="Starlette")
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+class Starlette:
+    """Creates an Starlette application."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self: AppType,
+        debug: bool = False,
+        routes: typing.Sequence[BaseRoute] | None = None,
+        middleware: typing.Sequence[Middleware] | None = None,
+        exception_handlers: typing.Mapping[typing.Any, ExceptionHandler] | None = None,
+        on_startup: typing.Sequence[typing.Callable[[], typing.Any]] | None = None,
+        on_shutdown: typing.Sequence[typing.Callable[[], typing.Any]] | None = None,
+        lifespan: Lifespan[AppType] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initializes the application.
+
+        Parameters:
+            debug: Boolean indicating if debug tracebacks should be returned on errors.
+            routes: A list of routes to serve incoming HTTP and WebSocket requests.
+            middleware: A list of middleware to run for every request. A starlette
+                application will always automatically include two middleware classes.
+                `ServerErrorMiddleware` is added as the very outermost middleware, to handle
+                any uncaught errors occurring anywhere in the entire stack.
+                `ExceptionMiddleware` is added as the very innermost middleware, to deal
+                with handled exception cases occurring in the routing or endpoints.
+            exception_handlers: A mapping of either integer status codes,
+                or exception class types onto callables which handle the exceptions.
+                Exception handler callables should be of the form
+                `handler(request, exc) -> response` and may be either standard functions, or
+                async functions.
+            on_startup: A list of callables to run on application startup.
+                Startup handler callables do not take any arguments, and may be either
+                standard functions, or async functions.
+            on_shutdown: A list of callables to run on application shutdown.
+                Shutdown handler callables do not take any arguments, and may be either
+                standard functions, or async functions.
+            lifespan: A lifespan context function, which can be used to perform
+                startup and shutdown tasks. This is a newer style that replaces the
+                `on_startup` and `on_shutdown` handlers. Use one or the other, not both.
+        """
+        # The lifespan context function is a newer style that replaces
+        # on_startup / on_shutdown handlers. Use one or the other, not both.
+        assert lifespan is None or (on_startup is None and on_shutdown is None), (
+            "Use either 'lifespan' or 'on_startup'/'on_shutdown', not both."
+        )
+
+        self.debug = debug
+        self.state = State()
+        self.router = Router(routes, on_startup=on_startup, on_shutdown=on_shutdown, lifespan=lifespan)
+        self.exception_handlers = {} if exception_handlers is None else dict(exception_handlers)
+        self.user_middleware = [] if middleware is None else list(middleware)
+        self.middleware_stack: ASGIApp | None = None
+
+    def build_middleware_stack(self) -> ASGIApp:
+        debug = self.debug
+        error_handler = None
+        exception_handlers: dict[typing.Any, typing.Callable[[Request, Exception], Response]] = {}
+
+        for key, value in self.exception_handlers.items():
+            if key in (500, Exception):
+                error_handler = value
+            else:
+                exception_handlers[key] = value
+
+        middleware = (
+            [Middleware(ServerErrorMiddleware, handler=error_handler, debug=debug)]
+            + self.user_middleware
+            + [Middleware(ExceptionMiddleware, handlers=exception_handlers, debug=debug)]
+        )
+
+        app = self.router
+        for cls, args, kwargs in reversed(middleware):
+            app = cls(app, *args, **kwargs)
+        return app
+
+    @property
+    def routes(self) -> list[BaseRoute]:
+        return self.router.routes
+
+    def url_path_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URLPath:
+        return self.router.url_path_for(name, **path_params)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        scope["app"] = self
+        if self.middleware_stack is None:
+            self.middleware_stack = self.build_middleware_stack()
+        await self.middleware_stack(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def on_event(self, event_type: str) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        return self.router.on_event(event_type)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def mount(self, path: str, app: ASGIApp, name: str | None = None) -> None:
+        self.router.mount(path, app=app, name=name)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def host(self, host: str, app: ASGIApp, name: str | None = None) -> None:
+        self.router.host(host, app=app, name=name)  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def add_middleware(
+        self,
+        middleware_class: _MiddlewareFactory[P],
+        *args: P.args,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.middleware_stack is not None:  # pragma: no cover
+            raise RuntimeError("Cannot add middleware after an application has started")
+        self.user_middleware.insert(0, Middleware(middleware_class, *args, **kwargs))
+
+    def add_exception_handler(
+        self,
+        exc_class_or_status_code: int | type[Exception],
+        handler: ExceptionHandler,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        self.exception_handlers[exc_class_or_status_code] = handler
+
+    def add_event_handler(
+        self,
+        event_type: str,
+        func: typing.Callable,  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        self.router.add_event_handler(event_type, func)
+
+    def add_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        route: typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Awaitable[Response] | Response],
+        methods: list[str] | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        self.router.add_route(path, route, methods=methods, name=name, include_in_schema=include_in_schema)
+
+    def add_websocket_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        route: typing.Callable[[WebSocket], typing.Awaitable[None]],
+        name: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        self.router.add_websocket_route(path, route, name=name)
+
+    def exception_handler(self, exc_class_or_status_code: int | type[Exception]) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `exception_handler` decorator is deprecated, and will be removed in version 1.0.0. "
+            "Refer to https://www.starlette.io/exceptions/ for the recommended approach.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+        def decorator(func: typing.Callable) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            self.add_exception_handler(exc_class_or_status_code, func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        methods: list[str] | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+    ) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        """
+        We no longer document this decorator style API, and its usage is discouraged.
+        Instead you should use the following approach:
+
+        >>> routes = [Route(path, endpoint=...), ...]
+        >>> app = Starlette(routes=routes)
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `route` decorator is deprecated, and will be removed in version 1.0.0. "
+            "Refer to https://www.starlette.io/routing/ for the recommended approach.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+        def decorator(func: typing.Callable) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            self.router.add_route(
+                path,
+                func,
+                methods=methods,
+                name=name,
+                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def websocket_route(self, path: str, name: str | None = None) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        """
+        We no longer document this decorator style API, and its usage is discouraged.
+        Instead you should use the following approach:
+
+        >>> routes = [WebSocketRoute(path, endpoint=...), ...]
+        >>> app = Starlette(routes=routes)
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `websocket_route` decorator is deprecated, and will be removed in version 1.0.0. "
+            "Refer to https://www.starlette.io/routing/#websocket-routing for the recommended approach.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+        def decorator(func: typing.Callable) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            self.router.add_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def middleware(self, middleware_type: str) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        """
+        We no longer document this decorator style API, and its usage is discouraged.
+        Instead you should use the following approach:
+
+        >>> middleware = [Middleware(...), ...]
+        >>> app = Starlette(middleware=middleware)
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `middleware` decorator is deprecated, and will be removed in version 1.0.0. "
+            "Refer to https://www.starlette.io/middleware/#using-middleware for recommended approach.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        assert middleware_type == "http", 'Currently only middleware("http") is supported.'
+
+        def decorator(func: typing.Callable) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            self.add_middleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware, dispatch=func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/authentication.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/authentication.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fd86641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/authentication.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import inspect
+import sys
+import typing
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+from starlette._utils import is_async_callable
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection, Request
+from starlette.responses import RedirectResponse
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+_P = ParamSpec("_P")
+
+
+def has_required_scope(conn: HTTPConnection, scopes: typing.Sequence[str]) -> bool:
+    for scope in scopes:
+        if scope not in conn.auth.scopes:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+def requires(
+    scopes: str | typing.Sequence[str],
+    status_code: int = 403,
+    redirect: str | None = None,
+) -> typing.Callable[[typing.Callable[_P, typing.Any]], typing.Callable[_P, typing.Any]]:
+    scopes_list = [scopes] if isinstance(scopes, str) else list(scopes)
+
+    def decorator(
+        func: typing.Callable[_P, typing.Any],
+    ) -> typing.Callable[_P, typing.Any]:
+        sig = inspect.signature(func)
+        for idx, parameter in enumerate(sig.parameters.values()):
+            if parameter.name == "request" or parameter.name == "websocket":
+                type_ = parameter.name
+                break
+        else:
+            raise Exception(f'No "request" or "websocket" argument on function "{func}"')
+
+        if type_ == "websocket":
+            # Handle websocket functions. (Always async)
+            @functools.wraps(func)
+            async def websocket_wrapper(*args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> None:
+                websocket = kwargs.get("websocket", args[idx] if idx < len(args) else None)
+                assert isinstance(websocket, WebSocket)
+
+                if not has_required_scope(websocket, scopes_list):
+                    await websocket.close()
+                else:
+                    await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            return websocket_wrapper
+
+        elif is_async_callable(func):
+            # Handle async request/response functions.
+            @functools.wraps(func)
+            async def async_wrapper(*args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> typing.Any:
+                request = kwargs.get("request", args[idx] if idx < len(args) else None)
+                assert isinstance(request, Request)
+
+                if not has_required_scope(request, scopes_list):
+                    if redirect is not None:
+                        orig_request_qparam = urlencode({"next": str(request.url)})
+                        next_url = f"{request.url_for(redirect)}?{orig_request_qparam}"
+                        return RedirectResponse(url=next_url, status_code=303)
+                    raise HTTPException(status_code=status_code)
+                return await func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            return async_wrapper
+
+        else:
+            # Handle sync request/response functions.
+            @functools.wraps(func)
+            def sync_wrapper(*args: _P.args, **kwargs: _P.kwargs) -> typing.Any:
+                request = kwargs.get("request", args[idx] if idx < len(args) else None)
+                assert isinstance(request, Request)
+
+                if not has_required_scope(request, scopes_list):
+                    if redirect is not None:
+                        orig_request_qparam = urlencode({"next": str(request.url)})
+                        next_url = f"{request.url_for(redirect)}?{orig_request_qparam}"
+                        return RedirectResponse(url=next_url, status_code=303)
+                    raise HTTPException(status_code=status_code)
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            return sync_wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+class AuthenticationError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class AuthenticationBackend:
+    async def authenticate(self, conn: HTTPConnection) -> tuple[AuthCredentials, BaseUser] | None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class AuthCredentials:
+    def __init__(self, scopes: typing.Sequence[str] | None = None):
+        self.scopes = [] if scopes is None else list(scopes)
+
+
+class BaseUser:
+    @property
+    def is_authenticated(self) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    @property
+    def identity(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class SimpleUser(BaseUser):
+    def __init__(self, username: str) -> None:
+        self.username = username
+
+    @property
+    def is_authenticated(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self) -> str:
+        return self.username
+
+
+class UnauthenticatedUser(BaseUser):
+    @property
+    def is_authenticated(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def display_name(self) -> str:
+        return ""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/background.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/background.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0430fc08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/background.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import typing
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+from starlette._utils import is_async_callable
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+class BackgroundTask:
+    def __init__(self, func: typing.Callable[P, typing.Any], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:
+        self.func = func
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+        self.is_async = is_async_callable(func)
+
+    async def __call__(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_async:
+            await self.func(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
+        else:
+            await run_in_threadpool(self.func, *self.args, **self.kwargs)
+
+
+class BackgroundTasks(BackgroundTask):
+    def __init__(self, tasks: typing.Sequence[BackgroundTask] | None = None):
+        self.tasks = list(tasks) if tasks else []
+
+    def add_task(self, func: typing.Callable[P, typing.Any], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> None:
+        task = BackgroundTask(func, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.tasks.append(task)
+
+    async def __call__(self) -> None:
+        for task in self.tasks:
+            await task()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/concurrency.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/concurrency.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..494f3420
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/concurrency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+
+import anyio.to_thread
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+
+
+async def run_until_first_complete(*args: tuple[typing.Callable, dict]) -> None:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+    warnings.warn(
+        "run_until_first_complete is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+
+    async with anyio.create_task_group() as task_group:
+
+        async def run(func: typing.Callable[[], typing.Coroutine]) -> None:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            await func()
+            task_group.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+        for func, kwargs in args:
+            task_group.start_soon(run, functools.partial(func, **kwargs))
+
+
+async def run_in_threadpool(func: typing.Callable[P, T], *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
+    func = functools.partial(func, *args, **kwargs)
+    return await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(func)
+
+
+class _StopIteration(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _next(iterator: typing.Iterator[T]) -> T:
+    # We can't raise `StopIteration` from within the threadpool iterator
+    # and catch it outside that context, so we coerce them into a different
+    # exception type.
+    try:
+        return next(iterator)
+    except StopIteration:
+        raise _StopIteration
+
+
+async def iterate_in_threadpool(
+    iterator: typing.Iterable[T],
+) -> typing.AsyncIterator[T]:
+    as_iterator = iter(iterator)
+    while True:
+        try:
+            yield await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(_next, as_iterator)
+        except _StopIteration:
+            break
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ca15c564
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import typing
+import warnings
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+class undefined:
+    pass
+
+
+class EnvironError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class Environ(typing.MutableMapping[str, str]):
+    def __init__(self, environ: typing.MutableMapping[str, str] = os.environ):
+        self._environ = environ
+        self._has_been_read: set[str] = set()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        self._has_been_read.add(key)
+        return self._environ.__getitem__(key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        if key in self._has_been_read:
+            raise EnvironError(f"Attempting to set environ['{key}'], but the value has already been read.")
+        self._environ.__setitem__(key, value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        if key in self._has_been_read:
+            raise EnvironError(f"Attempting to delete environ['{key}'], but the value has already been read.")
+        self._environ.__delitem__(key)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[str]:
+        return iter(self._environ)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._environ)
+
+
+environ = Environ()
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class Config:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        env_file: str | Path | None = None,
+        environ: typing.Mapping[str, str] = environ,
+        env_prefix: str = "",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.environ = environ
+        self.env_prefix = env_prefix
+        self.file_values: dict[str, str] = {}
+        if env_file is not None:
+            if not os.path.isfile(env_file):
+                warnings.warn(f"Config file '{env_file}' not found.")
+            else:
+                self.file_values = self._read_file(env_file)
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __call__(self, key: str, *, default: None) -> str | None: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __call__(self, key: str, cast: type[T], default: T = ...) -> T: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __call__(self, key: str, cast: type[str] = ..., default: str = ...) -> str: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        cast: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], T] = ...,
+        default: typing.Any = ...,
+    ) -> T: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __call__(self, key: str, cast: type[str] = ..., default: T = ...) -> T | str: ...
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        cast: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any] | None = None,
+        default: typing.Any = undefined,
+    ) -> typing.Any:
+        return self.get(key, cast, default)
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        cast: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any] | None = None,
+        default: typing.Any = undefined,
+    ) -> typing.Any:
+        key = self.env_prefix + key
+        if key in self.environ:
+            value = self.environ[key]
+            return self._perform_cast(key, value, cast)
+        if key in self.file_values:
+            value = self.file_values[key]
+            return self._perform_cast(key, value, cast)
+        if default is not undefined:
+            return self._perform_cast(key, default, cast)
+        raise KeyError(f"Config '{key}' is missing, and has no default.")
+
+    def _read_file(self, file_name: str | Path) -> dict[str, str]:
+        file_values: dict[str, str] = {}
+        with open(file_name) as input_file:
+            for line in input_file.readlines():
+                line = line.strip()
+                if "=" in line and not line.startswith("#"):
+                    key, value = line.split("=", 1)
+                    key = key.strip()
+                    value = value.strip().strip("\"'")
+                    file_values[key] = value
+        return file_values
+
+    def _perform_cast(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        value: typing.Any,
+        cast: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.Any:
+        if cast is None or value is None:
+            return value
+        elif cast is bool and isinstance(value, str):
+            mapping = {"true": True, "1": True, "false": False, "0": False}
+            value = value.lower()
+            if value not in mapping:
+                raise ValueError(f"Config '{key}' has value '{value}'. Not a valid bool.")
+            return mapping[value]
+        try:
+            return cast(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise ValueError(f"Config '{key}' has value '{value}'. Not a valid {cast.__name__}.")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/convertors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/convertors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84df87a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/convertors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import math
+import typing
+import uuid
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class Convertor(typing.Generic[T]):
+    regex: typing.ClassVar[str] = ""
+
+    def convert(self, value: str) -> T:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def to_string(self, value: T) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class StringConvertor(Convertor[str]):
+    regex = "[^/]+"
+
+    def convert(self, value: str) -> str:
+        return value
+
+    def to_string(self, value: str) -> str:
+        value = str(value)
+        assert "/" not in value, "May not contain path separators"
+        assert value, "Must not be empty"
+        return value
+
+
+class PathConvertor(Convertor[str]):
+    regex = ".*"
+
+    def convert(self, value: str) -> str:
+        return str(value)
+
+    def to_string(self, value: str) -> str:
+        return str(value)
+
+
+class IntegerConvertor(Convertor[int]):
+    regex = "[0-9]+"
+
+    def convert(self, value: str) -> int:
+        return int(value)
+
+    def to_string(self, value: int) -> str:
+        value = int(value)
+        assert value >= 0, "Negative integers are not supported"
+        return str(value)
+
+
+class FloatConvertor(Convertor[float]):
+    regex = r"[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?"
+
+    def convert(self, value: str) -> float:
+        return float(value)
+
+    def to_string(self, value: float) -> str:
+        value = float(value)
+        assert value >= 0.0, "Negative floats are not supported"
+        assert not math.isnan(value), "NaN values are not supported"
+        assert not math.isinf(value), "Infinite values are not supported"
+        return ("%0.20f" % value).rstrip("0").rstrip(".")
+
+
+class UUIDConvertor(Convertor[uuid.UUID]):
+    regex = "[0-9a-fA-F]{8}-?[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-?[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-?[0-9a-fA-F]{4}-?[0-9a-fA-F]{12}"
+
+    def convert(self, value: str) -> uuid.UUID:
+        return uuid.UUID(value)
+
+    def to_string(self, value: uuid.UUID) -> str:
+        return str(value)
+
+
+CONVERTOR_TYPES: dict[str, Convertor[typing.Any]] = {
+    "str": StringConvertor(),
+    "path": PathConvertor(),
+    "int": IntegerConvertor(),
+    "float": FloatConvertor(),
+    "uuid": UUIDConvertor(),
+}
+
+
+def register_url_convertor(key: str, convertor: Convertor[typing.Any]) -> None:
+    CONVERTOR_TYPES[key] = convertor
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/datastructures.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/datastructures.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f5d74d25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/datastructures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from shlex import shlex
+from urllib.parse import SplitResult, parse_qsl, urlencode, urlsplit
+
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.types import Scope
+
+
+class Address(typing.NamedTuple):
+    host: str
+    port: int
+
+
+_KeyType = typing.TypeVar("_KeyType")
+# Mapping keys are invariant but their values are covariant since
+# you can only read them
+# that is, you can't do `Mapping[str, Animal]()["fido"] = Dog()`
+_CovariantValueType = typing.TypeVar("_CovariantValueType", covariant=True)
+
+
+class URL:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: str = "",
+        scope: Scope | None = None,
+        **components: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if scope is not None:
+            assert not url, 'Cannot set both "url" and "scope".'
+            assert not components, 'Cannot set both "scope" and "**components".'
+            scheme = scope.get("scheme", "http")
+            server = scope.get("server", None)
+            path = scope["path"]
+            query_string = scope.get("query_string", b"")
+
+            host_header = None
+            for key, value in scope["headers"]:
+                if key == b"host":
+                    host_header = value.decode("latin-1")
+                    break
+
+            if host_header is not None:
+                url = f"{scheme}://{host_header}{path}"
+            elif server is None:
+                url = path
+            else:
+                host, port = server
+                default_port = {"http": 80, "https": 443, "ws": 80, "wss": 443}[scheme]
+                if port == default_port:
+                    url = f"{scheme}://{host}{path}"
+                else:
+                    url = f"{scheme}://{host}:{port}{path}"
+
+            if query_string:
+                url += "?" + query_string.decode()
+        elif components:
+            assert not url, 'Cannot set both "url" and "**components".'
+            url = URL("").replace(**components).components.geturl()
+
+        self._url = url
+
+    @property
+    def components(self) -> SplitResult:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_components"):
+            self._components = urlsplit(self._url)
+        return self._components
+
+    @property
+    def scheme(self) -> str:
+        return self.components.scheme
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self) -> str:
+        return self.components.netloc
+
+    @property
+    def path(self) -> str:
+        return self.components.path
+
+    @property
+    def query(self) -> str:
+        return self.components.query
+
+    @property
+    def fragment(self) -> str:
+        return self.components.fragment
+
+    @property
+    def username(self) -> None | str:
+        return self.components.username
+
+    @property
+    def password(self) -> None | str:
+        return self.components.password
+
+    @property
+    def hostname(self) -> None | str:
+        return self.components.hostname
+
+    @property
+    def port(self) -> int | None:
+        return self.components.port
+
+    @property
+    def is_secure(self) -> bool:
+        return self.scheme in ("https", "wss")
+
+    def replace(self, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> URL:
+        if "username" in kwargs or "password" in kwargs or "hostname" in kwargs or "port" in kwargs:
+            hostname = kwargs.pop("hostname", None)
+            port = kwargs.pop("port", self.port)
+            username = kwargs.pop("username", self.username)
+            password = kwargs.pop("password", self.password)
+
+            if hostname is None:
+                netloc = self.netloc
+                _, _, hostname = netloc.rpartition("@")
+
+                if hostname[-1] != "]":
+                    hostname = hostname.rsplit(":", 1)[0]
+
+            netloc = hostname
+            if port is not None:
+                netloc += f":{port}"
+            if username is not None:
+                userpass = username
+                if password is not None:
+                    userpass += f":{password}"
+                netloc = f"{userpass}@{netloc}"
+
+            kwargs["netloc"] = netloc
+
+        components = self.components._replace(**kwargs)
+        return self.__class__(components.geturl())
+
+    def include_query_params(self, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> URL:
+        params = MultiDict(parse_qsl(self.query, keep_blank_values=True))
+        params.update({str(key): str(value) for key, value in kwargs.items()})
+        query = urlencode(params.multi_items())
+        return self.replace(query=query)
+
+    def replace_query_params(self, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> URL:
+        query = urlencode([(str(key), str(value)) for key, value in kwargs.items()])
+        return self.replace(query=query)
+
+    def remove_query_params(self, keys: str | typing.Sequence[str]) -> URL:
+        if isinstance(keys, str):
+            keys = [keys]
+        params = MultiDict(parse_qsl(self.query, keep_blank_values=True))
+        for key in keys:
+            params.pop(key, None)
+        query = urlencode(params.multi_items())
+        return self.replace(query=query)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return str(self) == str(other)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._url
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        url = str(self)
+        if self.password:
+            url = str(self.replace(password="********"))
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({repr(url)})"
+
+
+class URLPath(str):
+    """
+    A URL path string that may also hold an associated protocol and/or host.
+    Used by the routing to return `url_path_for` matches.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(cls, path: str, protocol: str = "", host: str = "") -> URLPath:
+        assert protocol in ("http", "websocket", "")
+        return str.__new__(cls, path)
+
+    def __init__(self, path: str, protocol: str = "", host: str = "") -> None:
+        self.protocol = protocol
+        self.host = host
+
+    def make_absolute_url(self, base_url: str | URL) -> URL:
+        if isinstance(base_url, str):
+            base_url = URL(base_url)
+        if self.protocol:
+            scheme = {
+                "http": {True: "https", False: "http"},
+                "websocket": {True: "wss", False: "ws"},
+            }[self.protocol][base_url.is_secure]
+        else:
+            scheme = base_url.scheme
+
+        netloc = self.host or base_url.netloc
+        path = base_url.path.rstrip("/") + str(self)
+        return URL(scheme=scheme, netloc=netloc, path=path)
+
+
+class Secret:
+    """
+    Holds a string value that should not be revealed in tracebacks etc.
+    You should cast the value to `str` at the point it is required.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, value: str):
+        self._value = value
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        return f"{class_name}('**********')"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self._value
+
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self._value)
+
+
+class CommaSeparatedStrings(typing.Sequence[str]):
+    def __init__(self, value: str | typing.Sequence[str]):
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            splitter = shlex(value, posix=True)
+            splitter.whitespace = ","
+            splitter.whitespace_split = True
+            self._items = [item.strip() for item in splitter]
+        else:
+            self._items = list(value)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._items)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int | slice) -> typing.Any:
+        return self._items[index]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[str]:
+        return iter(self._items)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        items = [item for item in self]
+        return f"{class_name}({items!r})"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return ", ".join(repr(item) for item in self)
+
+
+class ImmutableMultiDict(typing.Mapping[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType]):
+    _dict: dict[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: ImmutableMultiDict[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType]
+        | typing.Mapping[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType]
+        | typing.Iterable[tuple[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType]],
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert len(args) < 2, "Too many arguments."
+
+        value: typing.Any = args[0] if args else []
+        if kwargs:
+            value = ImmutableMultiDict(value).multi_items() + ImmutableMultiDict(kwargs).multi_items()
+
+        if not value:
+            _items: list[tuple[typing.Any, typing.Any]] = []
+        elif hasattr(value, "multi_items"):
+            value = typing.cast(ImmutableMultiDict[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType], value)
+            _items = list(value.multi_items())
+        elif hasattr(value, "items"):
+            value = typing.cast(typing.Mapping[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType], value)
+            _items = list(value.items())
+        else:
+            value = typing.cast("list[tuple[typing.Any, typing.Any]]", value)
+            _items = list(value)
+
+        self._dict = {k: v for k, v in _items}
+        self._list = _items
+
+    def getlist(self, key: typing.Any) -> list[_CovariantValueType]:
+        return [item_value for item_key, item_value in self._list if item_key == key]
+
+    def keys(self) -> typing.KeysView[_KeyType]:
+        return self._dict.keys()
+
+    def values(self) -> typing.ValuesView[_CovariantValueType]:
+        return self._dict.values()
+
+    def items(self) -> typing.ItemsView[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType]:
+        return self._dict.items()
+
+    def multi_items(self) -> list[tuple[_KeyType, _CovariantValueType]]:
+        return list(self._list)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _KeyType) -> _CovariantValueType:
+        return self._dict[key]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return key in self._dict
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[_KeyType]:
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._dict)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
+            return False
+        return sorted(self._list) == sorted(other._list)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        items = self.multi_items()
+        return f"{class_name}({items!r})"
+
+
+class MultiDict(ImmutableMultiDict[typing.Any, typing.Any]):
+    def __setitem__(self, key: typing.Any, value: typing.Any) -> None:
+        self.setlist(key, [value])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: typing.Any) -> None:
+        self._list = [(k, v) for k, v in self._list if k != key]
+        del self._dict[key]
+
+    def pop(self, key: typing.Any, default: typing.Any = None) -> typing.Any:
+        self._list = [(k, v) for k, v in self._list if k != key]
+        return self._dict.pop(key, default)
+
+    def popitem(self) -> tuple[typing.Any, typing.Any]:
+        key, value = self._dict.popitem()
+        self._list = [(k, v) for k, v in self._list if k != key]
+        return key, value
+
+    def poplist(self, key: typing.Any) -> list[typing.Any]:
+        values = [v for k, v in self._list if k == key]
+        self.pop(key)
+        return values
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        self._dict.clear()
+        self._list.clear()
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: typing.Any, default: typing.Any = None) -> typing.Any:
+        if key not in self:
+            self._dict[key] = default
+            self._list.append((key, default))
+
+        return self[key]
+
+    def setlist(self, key: typing.Any, values: list[typing.Any]) -> None:
+        if not values:
+            self.pop(key, None)
+        else:
+            existing_items = [(k, v) for (k, v) in self._list if k != key]
+            self._list = existing_items + [(key, value) for value in values]
+            self._dict[key] = values[-1]
+
+    def append(self, key: typing.Any, value: typing.Any) -> None:
+        self._list.append((key, value))
+        self._dict[key] = value
+
+    def update(
+        self,
+        *args: MultiDict | typing.Mapping[typing.Any, typing.Any] | list[tuple[typing.Any, typing.Any]],
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        value = MultiDict(*args, **kwargs)
+        existing_items = [(k, v) for (k, v) in self._list if k not in value.keys()]
+        self._list = existing_items + value.multi_items()
+        self._dict.update(value)
+
+
+class QueryParams(ImmutableMultiDict[str, str]):
+    """
+    An immutable multidict.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: ImmutableMultiDict[typing.Any, typing.Any]
+        | typing.Mapping[typing.Any, typing.Any]
+        | list[tuple[typing.Any, typing.Any]]
+        | str
+        | bytes,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert len(args) < 2, "Too many arguments."
+
+        value = args[0] if args else []
+
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            super().__init__(parse_qsl(value, keep_blank_values=True), **kwargs)
+        elif isinstance(value, bytes):
+            super().__init__(parse_qsl(value.decode("latin-1"), keep_blank_values=True), **kwargs)
+        else:
+            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self._list = [(str(k), str(v)) for k, v in self._list]
+        self._dict = {str(k): str(v) for k, v in self._dict.items()}
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return urlencode(self._list)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        query_string = str(self)
+        return f"{class_name}({query_string!r})"
+
+
+class UploadFile:
+    """
+    An uploaded file included as part of the request data.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        file: typing.BinaryIO,
+        *,
+        size: int | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        headers: Headers | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.file = file
+        self.size = size
+        self.headers = headers or Headers()
+
+    @property
+    def content_type(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.headers.get("content-type", None)
+
+    @property
+    def _in_memory(self) -> bool:
+        # check for SpooledTemporaryFile._rolled
+        rolled_to_disk = getattr(self.file, "_rolled", True)
+        return not rolled_to_disk
+
+    async def write(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        if self.size is not None:
+            self.size += len(data)
+
+        if self._in_memory:
+            self.file.write(data)
+        else:
+            await run_in_threadpool(self.file.write, data)
+
+    async def read(self, size: int = -1) -> bytes:
+        if self._in_memory:
+            return self.file.read(size)
+        return await run_in_threadpool(self.file.read, size)
+
+    async def seek(self, offset: int) -> None:
+        if self._in_memory:
+            self.file.seek(offset)
+        else:
+            await run_in_threadpool(self.file.seek, offset)
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        if self._in_memory:
+            self.file.close()
+        else:
+            await run_in_threadpool(self.file.close)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(filename={self.filename!r}, size={self.size!r}, headers={self.headers!r})"
+
+
+class FormData(ImmutableMultiDict[str, typing.Union[UploadFile, str]]):
+    """
+    An immutable multidict, containing both file uploads and text input.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *args: FormData | typing.Mapping[str, str | UploadFile] | list[tuple[str, str | UploadFile]],
+        **kwargs: str | UploadFile,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        for key, value in self.multi_items():
+            if isinstance(value, UploadFile):
+                await value.close()
+
+
+class Headers(typing.Mapping[str, str]):
+    """
+    An immutable, case-insensitive multidict.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        raw: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+        scope: typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._list: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+        if headers is not None:
+            assert raw is None, 'Cannot set both "headers" and "raw".'
+            assert scope is None, 'Cannot set both "headers" and "scope".'
+            self._list = [(key.lower().encode("latin-1"), value.encode("latin-1")) for key, value in headers.items()]
+        elif raw is not None:
+            assert scope is None, 'Cannot set both "raw" and "scope".'
+            self._list = raw
+        elif scope is not None:
+            # scope["headers"] isn't necessarily a list
+            # it might be a tuple or other iterable
+            self._list = scope["headers"] = list(scope["headers"])
+
+    @property
+    def raw(self) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+        return list(self._list)
+
+    def keys(self) -> list[str]:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return [key.decode("latin-1") for key, value in self._list]
+
+    def values(self) -> list[str]:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return [value.decode("latin-1") for key, value in self._list]
+
+    def items(self) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return [(key.decode("latin-1"), value.decode("latin-1")) for key, value in self._list]
+
+    def getlist(self, key: str) -> list[str]:
+        get_header_key = key.lower().encode("latin-1")
+        return [item_value.decode("latin-1") for item_key, item_value in self._list if item_key == get_header_key]
+
+    def mutablecopy(self) -> MutableHeaders:
+        return MutableHeaders(raw=self._list[:])
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        get_header_key = key.lower().encode("latin-1")
+        for header_key, header_value in self._list:
+            if header_key == get_header_key:
+                return header_value.decode("latin-1")
+        raise KeyError(key)
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        get_header_key = key.lower().encode("latin-1")
+        for header_key, header_value in self._list:
+            if header_key == get_header_key:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[typing.Any]:
+        return iter(self.keys())
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._list)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(other, Headers):
+            return False
+        return sorted(self._list) == sorted(other._list)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        as_dict = dict(self.items())
+        if len(as_dict) == len(self):
+            return f"{class_name}({as_dict!r})"
+        return f"{class_name}(raw={self.raw!r})"
+
+
+class MutableHeaders(Headers):
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Set the header `key` to `value`, removing any duplicate entries.
+        Retains insertion order.
+        """
+        set_key = key.lower().encode("latin-1")
+        set_value = value.encode("latin-1")
+
+        found_indexes: list[int] = []
+        for idx, (item_key, item_value) in enumerate(self._list):
+            if item_key == set_key:
+                found_indexes.append(idx)
+
+        for idx in reversed(found_indexes[1:]):
+            del self._list[idx]
+
+        if found_indexes:
+            idx = found_indexes[0]
+            self._list[idx] = (set_key, set_value)
+        else:
+            self._list.append((set_key, set_value))
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Remove the header `key`.
+        """
+        del_key = key.lower().encode("latin-1")
+
+        pop_indexes: list[int] = []
+        for idx, (item_key, item_value) in enumerate(self._list):
+            if item_key == del_key:
+                pop_indexes.append(idx)
+
+        for idx in reversed(pop_indexes):
+            del self._list[idx]
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: typing.Mapping[str, str]) -> MutableHeaders:
+        if not isinstance(other, typing.Mapping):
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a mapping but got {other.__class__.__name__}")
+        self.update(other)
+        return self
+
+    def __or__(self, other: typing.Mapping[str, str]) -> MutableHeaders:
+        if not isinstance(other, typing.Mapping):
+            raise TypeError(f"Expected a mapping but got {other.__class__.__name__}")
+        new = self.mutablecopy()
+        new.update(other)
+        return new
+
+    @property
+    def raw(self) -> list[tuple[bytes, bytes]]:
+        return self._list
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: str, value: str) -> str:
+        """
+        If the header `key` does not exist, then set it to `value`.
+        Returns the header value.
+        """
+        set_key = key.lower().encode("latin-1")
+        set_value = value.encode("latin-1")
+
+        for idx, (item_key, item_value) in enumerate(self._list):
+            if item_key == set_key:
+                return item_value.decode("latin-1")
+        self._list.append((set_key, set_value))
+        return value
+
+    def update(self, other: typing.Mapping[str, str]) -> None:
+        for key, val in other.items():
+            self[key] = val
+
+    def append(self, key: str, value: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Append a header, preserving any duplicate entries.
+        """
+        append_key = key.lower().encode("latin-1")
+        append_value = value.encode("latin-1")
+        self._list.append((append_key, append_value))
+
+    def add_vary_header(self, vary: str) -> None:
+        existing = self.get("vary")
+        if existing is not None:
+            vary = ", ".join([existing, vary])
+        self["vary"] = vary
+
+
+class State:
+    """
+    An object that can be used to store arbitrary state.
+
+    Used for `request.state` and `app.state`.
+    """
+
+    _state: dict[str, typing.Any]
+
+    def __init__(self, state: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None):
+        if state is None:
+            state = {}
+        super().__setattr__("_state", state)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, key: typing.Any, value: typing.Any) -> None:
+        self._state[key] = value
+
+    def __getattr__(self, key: typing.Any) -> typing.Any:
+        try:
+            return self._state[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            message = "'{}' object has no attribute '{}'"
+            raise AttributeError(message.format(self.__class__.__name__, key))
+
+    def __delattr__(self, key: typing.Any) -> None:
+        del self._state[key]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/endpoints.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/endpoints.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10769026
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/endpoints.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import typing
+
+from starlette import status
+from starlette._utils import is_async_callable
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+
+class HTTPEndpoint:
+    def __init__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        assert scope["type"] == "http"
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.receive = receive
+        self.send = send
+        self._allowed_methods = [
+            method
+            for method in ("GET", "HEAD", "POST", "PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE", "OPTIONS")
+            if getattr(self, method.lower(), None) is not None
+        ]
+
+    def __await__(self) -> typing.Generator[typing.Any, None, None]:
+        return self.dispatch().__await__()
+
+    async def dispatch(self) -> None:
+        request = Request(self.scope, receive=self.receive)
+        handler_name = "get" if request.method == "HEAD" and not hasattr(self, "head") else request.method.lower()
+
+        handler: typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Any] = getattr(self, handler_name, self.method_not_allowed)
+        is_async = is_async_callable(handler)
+        if is_async:
+            response = await handler(request)
+        else:
+            response = await run_in_threadpool(handler, request)
+        await response(self.scope, self.receive, self.send)
+
+    async def method_not_allowed(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        # If we're running inside a starlette application then raise an
+        # exception, so that the configurable exception handler can deal with
+        # returning the response. For plain ASGI apps, just return the response.
+        headers = {"Allow": ", ".join(self._allowed_methods)}
+        if "app" in self.scope:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=405, headers=headers)
+        return PlainTextResponse("Method Not Allowed", status_code=405, headers=headers)
+
+
+class WebSocketEndpoint:
+    encoding: str | None = None  # May be "text", "bytes", or "json".
+
+    def __init__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        assert scope["type"] == "websocket"
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.receive = receive
+        self.send = send
+
+    def __await__(self) -> typing.Generator[typing.Any, None, None]:
+        return self.dispatch().__await__()
+
+    async def dispatch(self) -> None:
+        websocket = WebSocket(self.scope, receive=self.receive, send=self.send)
+        await self.on_connect(websocket)
+
+        close_code = status.WS_1000_NORMAL_CLOSURE
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                message = await websocket.receive()
+                if message["type"] == "websocket.receive":
+                    data = await self.decode(websocket, message)
+                    await self.on_receive(websocket, data)
+                elif message["type"] == "websocket.disconnect":  # pragma: no branch
+                    close_code = int(message.get("code") or status.WS_1000_NORMAL_CLOSURE)
+                    break
+        except Exception as exc:
+            close_code = status.WS_1011_INTERNAL_ERROR
+            raise exc
+        finally:
+            await self.on_disconnect(websocket, close_code)
+
+    async def decode(self, websocket: WebSocket, message: Message) -> typing.Any:
+        if self.encoding == "text":
+            if "text" not in message:
+                await websocket.close(code=status.WS_1003_UNSUPPORTED_DATA)
+                raise RuntimeError("Expected text websocket messages, but got bytes")
+            return message["text"]
+
+        elif self.encoding == "bytes":
+            if "bytes" not in message:
+                await websocket.close(code=status.WS_1003_UNSUPPORTED_DATA)
+                raise RuntimeError("Expected bytes websocket messages, but got text")
+            return message["bytes"]
+
+        elif self.encoding == "json":
+            if message.get("text") is not None:
+                text = message["text"]
+            else:
+                text = message["bytes"].decode("utf-8")
+
+            try:
+                return json.loads(text)
+            except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
+                await websocket.close(code=status.WS_1003_UNSUPPORTED_DATA)
+                raise RuntimeError("Malformed JSON data received.")
+
+        assert self.encoding is None, f"Unsupported 'encoding' attribute {self.encoding}"
+        return message["text"] if message.get("text") else message["bytes"]
+
+    async def on_connect(self, websocket: WebSocket) -> None:
+        """Override to handle an incoming websocket connection"""
+        await websocket.accept()
+
+    async def on_receive(self, websocket: WebSocket, data: typing.Any) -> None:
+        """Override to handle an incoming websocket message"""
+
+    async def on_disconnect(self, websocket: WebSocket, close_code: int) -> None:
+        """Override to handle a disconnecting websocket"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ad3527b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import http
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+
+class HTTPException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, status_code: int, detail: str | None = None, headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None) -> None:
+        if detail is None:
+            detail = http.HTTPStatus(status_code).phrase
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        self.detail = detail
+        self.headers = headers
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.status_code}: {self.detail}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        return f"{class_name}(status_code={self.status_code!r}, detail={self.detail!r})"
+
+
+class WebSocketException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, code: int, reason: str | None = None) -> None:
+        self.code = code
+        self.reason = reason or ""
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.code}: {self.reason}"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        return f"{class_name}(code={self.code!r}, reason={self.reason!r})"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/formparsers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/formparsers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4551d688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/formparsers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum
+from tempfile import SpooledTemporaryFile
+from urllib.parse import unquote_plus
+
+from starlette.datastructures import FormData, Headers, UploadFile
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import python_multipart as multipart
+    from python_multipart.multipart import MultipartCallbacks, QuerystringCallbacks, parse_options_header
+else:
+    try:
+        try:
+            import python_multipart as multipart
+            from python_multipart.multipart import parse_options_header
+        except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+            import multipart
+            from multipart.multipart import parse_options_header
+    except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+        multipart = None
+        parse_options_header = None
+
+
+class FormMessage(Enum):
+    FIELD_START = 1
+    FIELD_NAME = 2
+    FIELD_DATA = 3
+    FIELD_END = 4
+    END = 5
+
+
+@dataclass
+class MultipartPart:
+    content_disposition: bytes | None = None
+    field_name: str = ""
+    data: bytearray = field(default_factory=bytearray)
+    file: UploadFile | None = None
+    item_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+
+def _user_safe_decode(src: bytes | bytearray, codec: str) -> str:
+    try:
+        return src.decode(codec)
+    except (UnicodeDecodeError, LookupError):
+        return src.decode("latin-1")
+
+
+class MultiPartException(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, message: str) -> None:
+        self.message = message
+
+
+class FormParser:
+    def __init__(self, headers: Headers, stream: typing.AsyncGenerator[bytes, None]) -> None:
+        assert multipart is not None, "The `python-multipart` library must be installed to use form parsing."
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.messages: list[tuple[FormMessage, bytes]] = []
+
+    def on_field_start(self) -> None:
+        message = (FormMessage.FIELD_START, b"")
+        self.messages.append(message)
+
+    def on_field_name(self, data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        message = (FormMessage.FIELD_NAME, data[start:end])
+        self.messages.append(message)
+
+    def on_field_data(self, data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        message = (FormMessage.FIELD_DATA, data[start:end])
+        self.messages.append(message)
+
+    def on_field_end(self) -> None:
+        message = (FormMessage.FIELD_END, b"")
+        self.messages.append(message)
+
+    def on_end(self) -> None:
+        message = (FormMessage.END, b"")
+        self.messages.append(message)
+
+    async def parse(self) -> FormData:
+        # Callbacks dictionary.
+        callbacks: QuerystringCallbacks = {
+            "on_field_start": self.on_field_start,
+            "on_field_name": self.on_field_name,
+            "on_field_data": self.on_field_data,
+            "on_field_end": self.on_field_end,
+            "on_end": self.on_end,
+        }
+
+        # Create the parser.
+        parser = multipart.QuerystringParser(callbacks)
+        field_name = b""
+        field_value = b""
+
+        items: list[tuple[str, str | UploadFile]] = []
+
+        # Feed the parser with data from the request.
+        async for chunk in self.stream:
+            if chunk:
+                parser.write(chunk)
+            else:
+                parser.finalize()
+            messages = list(self.messages)
+            self.messages.clear()
+            for message_type, message_bytes in messages:
+                if message_type == FormMessage.FIELD_START:
+                    field_name = b""
+                    field_value = b""
+                elif message_type == FormMessage.FIELD_NAME:
+                    field_name += message_bytes
+                elif message_type == FormMessage.FIELD_DATA:
+                    field_value += message_bytes
+                elif message_type == FormMessage.FIELD_END:
+                    name = unquote_plus(field_name.decode("latin-1"))
+                    value = unquote_plus(field_value.decode("latin-1"))
+                    items.append((name, value))
+
+        return FormData(items)
+
+
+class MultiPartParser:
+    spool_max_size = 1024 * 1024  # 1MB
+    """The maximum size of the spooled temporary file used to store file data."""
+    max_part_size = 1024 * 1024  # 1MB
+    """The maximum size of a part in the multipart request."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        headers: Headers,
+        stream: typing.AsyncGenerator[bytes, None],
+        *,
+        max_files: int | float = 1000,
+        max_fields: int | float = 1000,
+        max_part_size: int = 1024 * 1024,  # 1MB
+    ) -> None:
+        assert multipart is not None, "The `python-multipart` library must be installed to use form parsing."
+        self.headers = headers
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.max_files = max_files
+        self.max_fields = max_fields
+        self.items: list[tuple[str, str | UploadFile]] = []
+        self._current_files = 0
+        self._current_fields = 0
+        self._current_partial_header_name: bytes = b""
+        self._current_partial_header_value: bytes = b""
+        self._current_part = MultipartPart()
+        self._charset = ""
+        self._file_parts_to_write: list[tuple[MultipartPart, bytes]] = []
+        self._file_parts_to_finish: list[MultipartPart] = []
+        self._files_to_close_on_error: list[SpooledTemporaryFile[bytes]] = []
+        self.max_part_size = max_part_size
+
+    def on_part_begin(self) -> None:
+        self._current_part = MultipartPart()
+
+    def on_part_data(self, data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        message_bytes = data[start:end]
+        if self._current_part.file is None:
+            if len(self._current_part.data) + len(message_bytes) > self.max_part_size:
+                raise MultiPartException(f"Part exceeded maximum size of {int(self.max_part_size / 1024)}KB.")
+            self._current_part.data.extend(message_bytes)
+        else:
+            self._file_parts_to_write.append((self._current_part, message_bytes))
+
+    def on_part_end(self) -> None:
+        if self._current_part.file is None:
+            self.items.append(
+                (
+                    self._current_part.field_name,
+                    _user_safe_decode(self._current_part.data, self._charset),
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            self._file_parts_to_finish.append(self._current_part)
+            # The file can be added to the items right now even though it's not
+            # finished yet, because it will be finished in the `parse()` method, before
+            # self.items is used in the return value.
+            self.items.append((self._current_part.field_name, self._current_part.file))
+
+    def on_header_field(self, data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        self._current_partial_header_name += data[start:end]
+
+    def on_header_value(self, data: bytes, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        self._current_partial_header_value += data[start:end]
+
+    def on_header_end(self) -> None:
+        field = self._current_partial_header_name.lower()
+        if field == b"content-disposition":
+            self._current_part.content_disposition = self._current_partial_header_value
+        self._current_part.item_headers.append((field, self._current_partial_header_value))
+        self._current_partial_header_name = b""
+        self._current_partial_header_value = b""
+
+    def on_headers_finished(self) -> None:
+        disposition, options = parse_options_header(self._current_part.content_disposition)
+        try:
+            self._current_part.field_name = _user_safe_decode(options[b"name"], self._charset)
+        except KeyError:
+            raise MultiPartException('The Content-Disposition header field "name" must be provided.')
+        if b"filename" in options:
+            self._current_files += 1
+            if self._current_files > self.max_files:
+                raise MultiPartException(f"Too many files. Maximum number of files is {self.max_files}.")
+            filename = _user_safe_decode(options[b"filename"], self._charset)
+            tempfile = SpooledTemporaryFile(max_size=self.spool_max_size)
+            self._files_to_close_on_error.append(tempfile)
+            self._current_part.file = UploadFile(
+                file=tempfile,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                size=0,
+                filename=filename,
+                headers=Headers(raw=self._current_part.item_headers),
+            )
+        else:
+            self._current_fields += 1
+            if self._current_fields > self.max_fields:
+                raise MultiPartException(f"Too many fields. Maximum number of fields is {self.max_fields}.")
+            self._current_part.file = None
+
+    def on_end(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    async def parse(self) -> FormData:
+        # Parse the Content-Type header to get the multipart boundary.
+        _, params = parse_options_header(self.headers["Content-Type"])
+        charset = params.get(b"charset", "utf-8")
+        if isinstance(charset, bytes):
+            charset = charset.decode("latin-1")
+        self._charset = charset
+        try:
+            boundary = params[b"boundary"]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise MultiPartException("Missing boundary in multipart.")
+
+        # Callbacks dictionary.
+        callbacks: MultipartCallbacks = {
+            "on_part_begin": self.on_part_begin,
+            "on_part_data": self.on_part_data,
+            "on_part_end": self.on_part_end,
+            "on_header_field": self.on_header_field,
+            "on_header_value": self.on_header_value,
+            "on_header_end": self.on_header_end,
+            "on_headers_finished": self.on_headers_finished,
+            "on_end": self.on_end,
+        }
+
+        # Create the parser.
+        parser = multipart.MultipartParser(boundary, callbacks)
+        try:
+            # Feed the parser with data from the request.
+            async for chunk in self.stream:
+                parser.write(chunk)
+                # Write file data, it needs to use await with the UploadFile methods
+                # that call the corresponding file methods *in a threadpool*,
+                # otherwise, if they were called directly in the callback methods above
+                # (regular, non-async functions), that would block the event loop in
+                # the main thread.
+                for part, data in self._file_parts_to_write:
+                    assert part.file  # for type checkers
+                    await part.file.write(data)
+                for part in self._file_parts_to_finish:
+                    assert part.file  # for type checkers
+                    await part.file.seek(0)
+                self._file_parts_to_write.clear()
+                self._file_parts_to_finish.clear()
+        except MultiPartException as exc:
+            # Close all the files if there was an error.
+            for file in self._files_to_close_on_error:
+                file.close()
+            raise exc
+
+        parser.finalize()
+        return FormData(self.items)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b99538a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from typing import Any, Protocol
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp
+
+P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+class _MiddlewareFactory(Protocol[P]):
+    def __call__(self, app: ASGIApp, /, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> ASGIApp: ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class Middleware:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cls: _MiddlewareFactory[P],
+        *args: P.args,
+        **kwargs: P.kwargs,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.cls = cls
+        self.args = args
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Any]:
+        as_tuple = (self.cls, self.args, self.kwargs)
+        return iter(as_tuple)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        args_strings = [f"{value!r}" for value in self.args]
+        option_strings = [f"{key}={value!r}" for key, value in self.kwargs.items()]
+        name = getattr(self.cls, "__name__", "")
+        args_repr = ", ".join([name] + args_strings + option_strings)
+        return f"{class_name}({args_repr})"
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/__pycache__/wsgi.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/__pycache__/wsgi.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/authentication.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/authentication.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8555ee07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/authentication.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from starlette.authentication import (
+    AuthCredentials,
+    AuthenticationBackend,
+    AuthenticationError,
+    UnauthenticatedUser,
+)
+from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+
+class AuthenticationMiddleware:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApp,
+        backend: AuthenticationBackend,
+        on_error: typing.Callable[[HTTPConnection, AuthenticationError], Response] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.backend = backend
+        self.on_error: typing.Callable[[HTTPConnection, AuthenticationError], Response] = (
+            on_error if on_error is not None else self.default_on_error
+        )
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] not in ["http", "websocket"]:
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        conn = HTTPConnection(scope)
+        try:
+            auth_result = await self.backend.authenticate(conn)
+        except AuthenticationError as exc:
+            response = self.on_error(conn, exc)
+            if scope["type"] == "websocket":
+                await send({"type": "websocket.close", "code": 1000})
+            else:
+                await response(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        if auth_result is None:
+            auth_result = AuthCredentials(), UnauthenticatedUser()
+        scope["auth"], scope["user"] = auth_result
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def default_on_error(conn: HTTPConnection, exc: Exception) -> Response:
+        return PlainTextResponse(str(exc), status_code=400)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/base.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b49ab611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+import anyio
+
+from starlette._utils import collapse_excgroups
+from starlette.requests import ClientDisconnect, Request
+from starlette.responses import AsyncContentStream, Response
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+RequestResponseEndpoint = typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Awaitable[Response]]
+DispatchFunction = typing.Callable[[Request, RequestResponseEndpoint], typing.Awaitable[Response]]
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+
+
+class _CachedRequest(Request):
+    """
+    If the user calls Request.body() from their dispatch function
+    we cache the entire request body in memory and pass that to downstream middlewares,
+    but if they call Request.stream() then all we do is send an
+    empty body so that downstream things don't hang forever.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive):
+        super().__init__(scope, receive)
+        self._wrapped_rcv_disconnected = False
+        self._wrapped_rcv_consumed = False
+        self._wrapped_rc_stream = self.stream()
+
+    async def wrapped_receive(self) -> Message:
+        # wrapped_rcv state 1: disconnected
+        if self._wrapped_rcv_disconnected:
+            # we've already sent a disconnect to the downstream app
+            # we don't need to wait to get another one
+            # (although most ASGI servers will just keep sending it)
+            return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+        # wrapped_rcv state 1: consumed but not yet disconnected
+        if self._wrapped_rcv_consumed:
+            # since the downstream app has consumed us all that is left
+            # is to send it a disconnect
+            if self._is_disconnected:
+                # the middleware has already seen the disconnect
+                # since we know the client is disconnected no need to wait
+                # for the message
+                self._wrapped_rcv_disconnected = True
+                return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+            # we don't know yet if the client is disconnected or not
+            # so we'll wait until we get that message
+            msg = await self.receive()
+            if msg["type"] != "http.disconnect":  # pragma: no cover
+                # at this point a disconnect is all that we should be receiving
+                # if we get something else, things went wrong somewhere
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Unexpected message received: {msg['type']}")
+            self._wrapped_rcv_disconnected = True
+            return msg
+
+        # wrapped_rcv state 3: not yet consumed
+        if getattr(self, "_body", None) is not None:
+            # body() was called, we return it even if the client disconnected
+            self._wrapped_rcv_consumed = True
+            return {
+                "type": "http.request",
+                "body": self._body,
+                "more_body": False,
+            }
+        elif self._stream_consumed:
+            # stream() was called to completion
+            # return an empty body so that downstream apps don't hang
+            # waiting for a disconnect
+            self._wrapped_rcv_consumed = True
+            return {
+                "type": "http.request",
+                "body": b"",
+                "more_body": False,
+            }
+        else:
+            # body() was never called and stream() wasn't consumed
+            try:
+                stream = self.stream()
+                chunk = await stream.__anext__()
+                self._wrapped_rcv_consumed = self._stream_consumed
+                return {
+                    "type": "http.request",
+                    "body": chunk,
+                    "more_body": not self._stream_consumed,
+                }
+            except ClientDisconnect:
+                self._wrapped_rcv_disconnected = True
+                return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+
+
+class BaseHTTPMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGIApp, dispatch: DispatchFunction | None = None) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.dispatch_func = self.dispatch if dispatch is None else dispatch
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] != "http":
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        request = _CachedRequest(scope, receive)
+        wrapped_receive = request.wrapped_receive
+        response_sent = anyio.Event()
+        app_exc: Exception | None = None
+        exception_already_raised = False
+
+        async def call_next(request: Request) -> Response:
+            async def receive_or_disconnect() -> Message:
+                if response_sent.is_set():
+                    return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+
+                async with anyio.create_task_group() as task_group:
+
+                    async def wrap(func: typing.Callable[[], typing.Awaitable[T]]) -> T:
+                        result = await func()
+                        task_group.cancel_scope.cancel()
+                        return result
+
+                    task_group.start_soon(wrap, response_sent.wait)
+                    message = await wrap(wrapped_receive)
+
+                if response_sent.is_set():
+                    return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+
+                return message
+
+            async def send_no_error(message: Message) -> None:
+                try:
+                    await send_stream.send(message)
+                except anyio.BrokenResourceError:
+                    # recv_stream has been closed, i.e. response_sent has been set.
+                    return
+
+            async def coro() -> None:
+                nonlocal app_exc
+
+                with send_stream:
+                    try:
+                        await self.app(scope, receive_or_disconnect, send_no_error)
+                    except Exception as exc:
+                        app_exc = exc
+
+            task_group.start_soon(coro)
+
+            try:
+                message = await recv_stream.receive()
+                info = message.get("info", None)
+                if message["type"] == "http.response.debug" and info is not None:
+                    message = await recv_stream.receive()
+            except anyio.EndOfStream:
+                if app_exc is not None:
+                    nonlocal exception_already_raised
+                    exception_already_raised = True
+                    raise app_exc
+                raise RuntimeError("No response returned.")
+
+            assert message["type"] == "http.response.start"
+
+            async def body_stream() -> typing.AsyncGenerator[bytes, None]:
+                async for message in recv_stream:
+                    assert message["type"] == "http.response.body"
+                    body = message.get("body", b"")
+                    if body:
+                        yield body
+                    if not message.get("more_body", False):
+                        break
+
+            response = _StreamingResponse(status_code=message["status"], content=body_stream(), info=info)
+            response.raw_headers = message["headers"]
+            return response
+
+        streams: anyio.create_memory_object_stream[Message] = anyio.create_memory_object_stream()
+        send_stream, recv_stream = streams
+        with recv_stream, send_stream, collapse_excgroups():
+            async with anyio.create_task_group() as task_group:
+                response = await self.dispatch_func(request, call_next)
+                await response(scope, wrapped_receive, send)
+                response_sent.set()
+                recv_stream.close()
+        if app_exc is not None and not exception_already_raised:
+            raise app_exc
+
+    async def dispatch(self, request: Request, call_next: RequestResponseEndpoint) -> Response:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class _StreamingResponse(Response):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        content: AsyncContentStream,
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        info: typing.Mapping[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.info = info
+        self.body_iterator = content
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        self.media_type = media_type
+        self.init_headers(headers)
+        self.background = None
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if self.info is not None:
+            await send({"type": "http.response.debug", "info": self.info})
+        await send(
+            {
+                "type": "http.response.start",
+                "status": self.status_code,
+                "headers": self.raw_headers,
+            }
+        )
+
+        async for chunk in self.body_iterator:
+            await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": chunk, "more_body": True})
+
+        await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"", "more_body": False})
+
+        if self.background:
+            await self.background()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/cors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/cors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61502691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/cors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import re
+import typing
+
+from starlette.datastructures import Headers, MutableHeaders
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+ALL_METHODS = ("DELETE", "GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS", "PATCH", "POST", "PUT")
+SAFELISTED_HEADERS = {"Accept", "Accept-Language", "Content-Language", "Content-Type"}
+
+
+class CORSMiddleware:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApp,
+        allow_origins: typing.Sequence[str] = (),
+        allow_methods: typing.Sequence[str] = ("GET",),
+        allow_headers: typing.Sequence[str] = (),
+        allow_credentials: bool = False,
+        allow_origin_regex: str | None = None,
+        expose_headers: typing.Sequence[str] = (),
+        max_age: int = 600,
+    ) -> None:
+        if "*" in allow_methods:
+            allow_methods = ALL_METHODS
+
+        compiled_allow_origin_regex = None
+        if allow_origin_regex is not None:
+            compiled_allow_origin_regex = re.compile(allow_origin_regex)
+
+        allow_all_origins = "*" in allow_origins
+        allow_all_headers = "*" in allow_headers
+        preflight_explicit_allow_origin = not allow_all_origins or allow_credentials
+
+        simple_headers = {}
+        if allow_all_origins:
+            simple_headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*"
+        if allow_credentials:
+            simple_headers["Access-Control-Allow-Credentials"] = "true"
+        if expose_headers:
+            simple_headers["Access-Control-Expose-Headers"] = ", ".join(expose_headers)
+
+        preflight_headers = {}
+        if preflight_explicit_allow_origin:
+            # The origin value will be set in preflight_response() if it is allowed.
+            preflight_headers["Vary"] = "Origin"
+        else:
+            preflight_headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*"
+        preflight_headers.update(
+            {
+                "Access-Control-Allow-Methods": ", ".join(allow_methods),
+                "Access-Control-Max-Age": str(max_age),
+            }
+        )
+        allow_headers = sorted(SAFELISTED_HEADERS | set(allow_headers))
+        if allow_headers and not allow_all_headers:
+            preflight_headers["Access-Control-Allow-Headers"] = ", ".join(allow_headers)
+        if allow_credentials:
+            preflight_headers["Access-Control-Allow-Credentials"] = "true"
+
+        self.app = app
+        self.allow_origins = allow_origins
+        self.allow_methods = allow_methods
+        self.allow_headers = [h.lower() for h in allow_headers]
+        self.allow_all_origins = allow_all_origins
+        self.allow_all_headers = allow_all_headers
+        self.preflight_explicit_allow_origin = preflight_explicit_allow_origin
+        self.allow_origin_regex = compiled_allow_origin_regex
+        self.simple_headers = simple_headers
+        self.preflight_headers = preflight_headers
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] != "http":  # pragma: no cover
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        method = scope["method"]
+        headers = Headers(scope=scope)
+        origin = headers.get("origin")
+
+        if origin is None:
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        if method == "OPTIONS" and "access-control-request-method" in headers:
+            response = self.preflight_response(request_headers=headers)
+            await response(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        await self.simple_response(scope, receive, send, request_headers=headers)
+
+    def is_allowed_origin(self, origin: str) -> bool:
+        if self.allow_all_origins:
+            return True
+
+        if self.allow_origin_regex is not None and self.allow_origin_regex.fullmatch(origin):
+            return True
+
+        return origin in self.allow_origins
+
+    def preflight_response(self, request_headers: Headers) -> Response:
+        requested_origin = request_headers["origin"]
+        requested_method = request_headers["access-control-request-method"]
+        requested_headers = request_headers.get("access-control-request-headers")
+
+        headers = dict(self.preflight_headers)
+        failures = []
+
+        if self.is_allowed_origin(origin=requested_origin):
+            if self.preflight_explicit_allow_origin:
+                # The "else" case is already accounted for in self.preflight_headers
+                # and the value would be "*".
+                headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = requested_origin
+        else:
+            failures.append("origin")
+
+        if requested_method not in self.allow_methods:
+            failures.append("method")
+
+        # If we allow all headers, then we have to mirror back any requested
+        # headers in the response.
+        if self.allow_all_headers and requested_headers is not None:
+            headers["Access-Control-Allow-Headers"] = requested_headers
+        elif requested_headers is not None:
+            for header in [h.lower() for h in requested_headers.split(",")]:
+                if header.strip() not in self.allow_headers:
+                    failures.append("headers")
+                    break
+
+        # We don't strictly need to use 400 responses here, since its up to
+        # the browser to enforce the CORS policy, but its more informative
+        # if we do.
+        if failures:
+            failure_text = "Disallowed CORS " + ", ".join(failures)
+            return PlainTextResponse(failure_text, status_code=400, headers=headers)
+
+        return PlainTextResponse("OK", status_code=200, headers=headers)
+
+    async def simple_response(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send, request_headers: Headers) -> None:
+        send = functools.partial(self.send, send=send, request_headers=request_headers)
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+    async def send(self, message: Message, send: Send, request_headers: Headers) -> None:
+        if message["type"] != "http.response.start":
+            await send(message)
+            return
+
+        message.setdefault("headers", [])
+        headers = MutableHeaders(scope=message)
+        headers.update(self.simple_headers)
+        origin = request_headers["Origin"]
+        has_cookie = "cookie" in request_headers
+
+        # If request includes any cookie headers, then we must respond
+        # with the specific origin instead of '*'.
+        if self.allow_all_origins and has_cookie:
+            self.allow_explicit_origin(headers, origin)
+
+        # If we only allow specific origins, then we have to mirror back
+        # the Origin header in the response.
+        elif not self.allow_all_origins and self.is_allowed_origin(origin=origin):
+            self.allow_explicit_origin(headers, origin)
+
+        await send(message)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def allow_explicit_origin(headers: MutableHeaders, origin: str) -> None:
+        headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = origin
+        headers.add_vary_header("Origin")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/errors.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76ad776b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import html
+import inspect
+import sys
+import traceback
+import typing
+
+from starlette._utils import is_async_callable
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse, PlainTextResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+STYLES = """
+p {
+    color: #211c1c;
+}
+.traceback-container {
+    border: 1px solid #038BB8;
+}
+.traceback-title {
+    background-color: #038BB8;
+    color: lemonchiffon;
+    padding: 12px;
+    font-size: 20px;
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+.frame-line {
+    padding-left: 10px;
+    font-family: monospace;
+}
+.frame-filename {
+    font-family: monospace;
+}
+.center-line {
+    background-color: #038BB8;
+    color: #f9f6e1;
+    padding: 5px 0px 5px 5px;
+}
+.lineno {
+    margin-right: 5px;
+}
+.frame-title {
+    font-weight: unset;
+    padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px;
+    background-color: #E4F4FD;
+    margin-right: 10px;
+    color: #191f21;
+    font-size: 17px;
+    border: 1px solid #c7dce8;
+}
+.collapse-btn {
+    float: right;
+    padding: 0px 5px 1px 5px;
+    border: solid 1px #96aebb;
+    cursor: pointer;
+}
+.collapsed {
+  display: none;
+}
+.source-code {
+  font-family: courier;
+  font-size: small;
+  padding-bottom: 10px;
+}
+"""
+
+JS = """
+<script type="text/javascript">
+    function collapse(element){
+        const frameId = element.getAttribute("data-frame-id");
+        const frame = document.getElementById(frameId);
+
+        if (frame.classList.contains("collapsed")){
+            element.innerHTML = "&#8210;";
+            frame.classList.remove("collapsed");
+        } else {
+            element.innerHTML = "+";
+            frame.classList.add("collapsed");
+        }
+    }
+</script>
+"""
+
+TEMPLATE = """
+<html>
+    <head>
+        <style type='text/css'>
+            {styles}
+        </style>
+        <title>Starlette Debugger</title>
+    </head>
+    <body>
+        <h1>500 Server Error</h1>
+        <h2>{error}</h2>
+        <div class="traceback-container">
+            <p class="traceback-title">Traceback</p>
+            <div>{exc_html}</div>
+        </div>
+        {js}
+    </body>
+</html>
+"""
+
+FRAME_TEMPLATE = """
+<div>
+    <p class="frame-title">File <span class="frame-filename">{frame_filename}</span>,
+    line <i>{frame_lineno}</i>,
+    in <b>{frame_name}</b>
+    <span class="collapse-btn" data-frame-id="{frame_filename}-{frame_lineno}" onclick="collapse(this)">{collapse_button}</span>
+    </p>
+    <div id="{frame_filename}-{frame_lineno}" class="source-code {collapsed}">{code_context}</div>
+</div>
+"""  # noqa: E501
+
+LINE = """
+<p><span class="frame-line">
+<span class="lineno">{lineno}.</span> {line}</span></p>
+"""
+
+CENTER_LINE = """
+<p class="center-line"><span class="frame-line center-line">
+<span class="lineno">{lineno}.</span> {line}</span></p>
+"""
+
+
+class ServerErrorMiddleware:
+    """
+    Handles returning 500 responses when a server error occurs.
+
+    If 'debug' is set, then traceback responses will be returned,
+    otherwise the designated 'handler' will be called.
+
+    This middleware class should generally be used to wrap *everything*
+    else up, so that unhandled exceptions anywhere in the stack
+    always result in an appropriate 500 response.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApp,
+        handler: typing.Callable[[Request, Exception], typing.Any] | None = None,
+        debug: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.handler = handler
+        self.debug = debug
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] != "http":
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        response_started = False
+
+        async def _send(message: Message) -> None:
+            nonlocal response_started, send
+
+            if message["type"] == "http.response.start":
+                response_started = True
+            await send(message)
+
+        try:
+            await self.app(scope, receive, _send)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            request = Request(scope)
+            if self.debug:
+                # In debug mode, return traceback responses.
+                response = self.debug_response(request, exc)
+            elif self.handler is None:
+                # Use our default 500 error handler.
+                response = self.error_response(request, exc)
+            else:
+                # Use an installed 500 error handler.
+                if is_async_callable(self.handler):
+                    response = await self.handler(request, exc)
+                else:
+                    response = await run_in_threadpool(self.handler, request, exc)
+
+            if not response_started:
+                await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+            # We always continue to raise the exception.
+            # This allows servers to log the error, or allows test clients
+            # to optionally raise the error within the test case.
+            raise exc
+
+    def format_line(self, index: int, line: str, frame_lineno: int, frame_index: int) -> str:
+        values = {
+            # HTML escape - line could contain < or >
+            "line": html.escape(line).replace(" ", "&nbsp"),
+            "lineno": (frame_lineno - frame_index) + index,
+        }
+
+        if index != frame_index:
+            return LINE.format(**values)
+        return CENTER_LINE.format(**values)
+
+    def generate_frame_html(self, frame: inspect.FrameInfo, is_collapsed: bool) -> str:
+        code_context = "".join(
+            self.format_line(
+                index,
+                line,
+                frame.lineno,
+                frame.index,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            )
+            for index, line in enumerate(frame.code_context or [])
+        )
+
+        values = {
+            # HTML escape - filename could contain < or >, especially if it's a virtual
+            # file e.g. <stdin> in the REPL
+            "frame_filename": html.escape(frame.filename),
+            "frame_lineno": frame.lineno,
+            # HTML escape - if you try very hard it's possible to name a function with <
+            # or >
+            "frame_name": html.escape(frame.function),
+            "code_context": code_context,
+            "collapsed": "collapsed" if is_collapsed else "",
+            "collapse_button": "+" if is_collapsed else "&#8210;",
+        }
+        return FRAME_TEMPLATE.format(**values)
+
+    def generate_html(self, exc: Exception, limit: int = 7) -> str:
+        traceback_obj = traceback.TracebackException.from_exception(exc, capture_locals=True)
+
+        exc_html = ""
+        is_collapsed = False
+        exc_traceback = exc.__traceback__
+        if exc_traceback is not None:
+            frames = inspect.getinnerframes(exc_traceback, limit)
+            for frame in reversed(frames):
+                exc_html += self.generate_frame_html(frame, is_collapsed)
+                is_collapsed = True
+
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):  # pragma: no cover
+            exc_type_str = traceback_obj.exc_type_str
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            exc_type_str = traceback_obj.exc_type.__name__
+
+        # escape error class and text
+        error = f"{html.escape(exc_type_str)}: {html.escape(str(traceback_obj))}"
+
+        return TEMPLATE.format(styles=STYLES, js=JS, error=error, exc_html=exc_html)
+
+    def generate_plain_text(self, exc: Exception) -> str:
+        return "".join(traceback.format_exception(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__))
+
+    def debug_response(self, request: Request, exc: Exception) -> Response:
+        accept = request.headers.get("accept", "")
+
+        if "text/html" in accept:
+            content = self.generate_html(exc)
+            return HTMLResponse(content, status_code=500)
+        content = self.generate_plain_text(exc)
+        return PlainTextResponse(content, status_code=500)
+
+    def error_response(self, request: Request, exc: Exception) -> Response:
+        return PlainTextResponse("Internal Server Error", status_code=500)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..981d2fca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from starlette._exception_handler import (
+    ExceptionHandlers,
+    StatusHandlers,
+    wrap_app_handling_exceptions,
+)
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException, WebSocketException
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Receive, Scope, Send
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+
+class ExceptionMiddleware:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApp,
+        handlers: typing.Mapping[typing.Any, typing.Callable[[Request, Exception], Response]] | None = None,
+        debug: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.debug = debug  # TODO: We ought to handle 404 cases if debug is set.
+        self._status_handlers: StatusHandlers = {}
+        self._exception_handlers: ExceptionHandlers = {
+            HTTPException: self.http_exception,
+            WebSocketException: self.websocket_exception,
+        }
+        if handlers is not None:  # pragma: no branch
+            for key, value in handlers.items():
+                self.add_exception_handler(key, value)
+
+    def add_exception_handler(
+        self,
+        exc_class_or_status_code: int | type[Exception],
+        handler: typing.Callable[[Request, Exception], Response],
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(exc_class_or_status_code, int):
+            self._status_handlers[exc_class_or_status_code] = handler
+        else:
+            assert issubclass(exc_class_or_status_code, Exception)
+            self._exception_handlers[exc_class_or_status_code] = handler
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] not in ("http", "websocket"):
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        scope["starlette.exception_handlers"] = (
+            self._exception_handlers,
+            self._status_handlers,
+        )
+
+        conn: Request | WebSocket
+        if scope["type"] == "http":
+            conn = Request(scope, receive, send)
+        else:
+            conn = WebSocket(scope, receive, send)
+
+        await wrap_app_handling_exceptions(self.app, conn)(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def http_exception(self, request: Request, exc: Exception) -> Response:
+        assert isinstance(exc, HTTPException)
+        if exc.status_code in {204, 304}:
+            return Response(status_code=exc.status_code, headers=exc.headers)
+        return PlainTextResponse(exc.detail, status_code=exc.status_code, headers=exc.headers)
+
+    async def websocket_exception(self, websocket: WebSocket, exc: Exception) -> None:
+        assert isinstance(exc, WebSocketException)
+        await websocket.close(code=exc.code, reason=exc.reason)  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/gzip.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/gzip.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7fd5b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/gzip.py
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import gzip
+import io
+import typing
+
+from starlette.datastructures import Headers, MutableHeaders
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+DEFAULT_EXCLUDED_CONTENT_TYPES = ("text/event-stream",)
+
+
+class GZipMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGIApp, minimum_size: int = 500, compresslevel: int = 9) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.minimum_size = minimum_size
+        self.compresslevel = compresslevel
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] != "http":  # pragma: no cover
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        headers = Headers(scope=scope)
+        responder: ASGIApp
+        if "gzip" in headers.get("Accept-Encoding", ""):
+            responder = GZipResponder(self.app, self.minimum_size, compresslevel=self.compresslevel)
+        else:
+            responder = IdentityResponder(self.app, self.minimum_size)
+
+        await responder(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+class IdentityResponder:
+    content_encoding: str
+
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGIApp, minimum_size: int) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.minimum_size = minimum_size
+        self.send: Send = unattached_send
+        self.initial_message: Message = {}
+        self.started = False
+        self.content_encoding_set = False
+        self.content_type_is_excluded = False
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        self.send = send
+        await self.app(scope, receive, self.send_with_compression)
+
+    async def send_with_compression(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        message_type = message["type"]
+        if message_type == "http.response.start":
+            # Don't send the initial message until we've determined how to
+            # modify the outgoing headers correctly.
+            self.initial_message = message
+            headers = Headers(raw=self.initial_message["headers"])
+            self.content_encoding_set = "content-encoding" in headers
+            self.content_type_is_excluded = headers.get("content-type", "").startswith(DEFAULT_EXCLUDED_CONTENT_TYPES)
+        elif message_type == "http.response.body" and (self.content_encoding_set or self.content_type_is_excluded):
+            if not self.started:
+                self.started = True
+                await self.send(self.initial_message)
+            await self.send(message)
+        elif message_type == "http.response.body" and not self.started:
+            self.started = True
+            body = message.get("body", b"")
+            more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+            if len(body) < self.minimum_size and not more_body:
+                # Don't apply compression to small outgoing responses.
+                await self.send(self.initial_message)
+                await self.send(message)
+            elif not more_body:
+                # Standard response.
+                body = self.apply_compression(body, more_body=False)
+
+                headers = MutableHeaders(raw=self.initial_message["headers"])
+                headers.add_vary_header("Accept-Encoding")
+                if body != message["body"]:
+                    headers["Content-Encoding"] = self.content_encoding
+                    headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(body))
+                    message["body"] = body
+
+                await self.send(self.initial_message)
+                await self.send(message)
+            else:
+                # Initial body in streaming response.
+                body = self.apply_compression(body, more_body=True)
+
+                headers = MutableHeaders(raw=self.initial_message["headers"])
+                headers.add_vary_header("Accept-Encoding")
+                if body != message["body"]:
+                    headers["Content-Encoding"] = self.content_encoding
+                    del headers["Content-Length"]
+                    message["body"] = body
+
+                await self.send(self.initial_message)
+                await self.send(message)
+        elif message_type == "http.response.body":  # pragma: no branch
+            # Remaining body in streaming response.
+            body = message.get("body", b"")
+            more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+
+            message["body"] = self.apply_compression(body, more_body=more_body)
+
+            await self.send(message)
+
+    def apply_compression(self, body: bytes, *, more_body: bool) -> bytes:
+        """Apply compression on the response body.
+
+        If more_body is False, any compression file should be closed. If it
+        isn't, it won't be closed automatically until all background tasks
+        complete.
+        """
+        return body
+
+
+class GZipResponder(IdentityResponder):
+    content_encoding = "gzip"
+
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGIApp, minimum_size: int, compresslevel: int = 9) -> None:
+        super().__init__(app, minimum_size)
+
+        self.gzip_buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        self.gzip_file = gzip.GzipFile(mode="wb", fileobj=self.gzip_buffer, compresslevel=compresslevel)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        with self.gzip_buffer, self.gzip_file:
+            await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def apply_compression(self, body: bytes, *, more_body: bool) -> bytes:
+        self.gzip_file.write(body)
+        if not more_body:
+            self.gzip_file.close()
+
+        body = self.gzip_buffer.getvalue()
+        self.gzip_buffer.seek(0)
+        self.gzip_buffer.truncate()
+
+        return body
+
+
+async def unattached_send(message: Message) -> typing.NoReturn:
+    raise RuntimeError("send awaitable not set")  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/httpsredirect.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/httpsredirect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8359067
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/httpsredirect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from starlette.datastructures import URL
+from starlette.responses import RedirectResponse
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+
+class HTTPSRedirectMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGIApp) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket") and scope["scheme"] in ("http", "ws"):
+            url = URL(scope=scope)
+            redirect_scheme = {"http": "https", "ws": "wss"}[url.scheme]
+            netloc = url.hostname if url.port in (80, 443) else url.netloc
+            url = url.replace(scheme=redirect_scheme, netloc=netloc)
+            response = RedirectResponse(url, status_code=307)
+            await response(scope, receive, send)
+        else:
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/sessions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/sessions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f9fcd88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/sessions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import typing
+from base64 import b64decode, b64encode
+
+import itsdangerous
+from itsdangerous.exc import BadSignature
+
+from starlette.datastructures import MutableHeaders, Secret
+from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+
+class SessionMiddleware:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApp,
+        secret_key: str | Secret,
+        session_cookie: str = "session",
+        max_age: int | None = 14 * 24 * 60 * 60,  # 14 days, in seconds
+        path: str = "/",
+        same_site: typing.Literal["lax", "strict", "none"] = "lax",
+        https_only: bool = False,
+        domain: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.signer = itsdangerous.TimestampSigner(str(secret_key))
+        self.session_cookie = session_cookie
+        self.max_age = max_age
+        self.path = path
+        self.security_flags = "httponly; samesite=" + same_site
+        if https_only:  # Secure flag can be used with HTTPS only
+            self.security_flags += "; secure"
+        if domain is not None:
+            self.security_flags += f"; domain={domain}"
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] not in ("http", "websocket"):  # pragma: no cover
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        connection = HTTPConnection(scope)
+        initial_session_was_empty = True
+
+        if self.session_cookie in connection.cookies:
+            data = connection.cookies[self.session_cookie].encode("utf-8")
+            try:
+                data = self.signer.unsign(data, max_age=self.max_age)
+                scope["session"] = json.loads(b64decode(data))
+                initial_session_was_empty = False
+            except BadSignature:
+                scope["session"] = {}
+        else:
+            scope["session"] = {}
+
+        async def send_wrapper(message: Message) -> None:
+            if message["type"] == "http.response.start":
+                if scope["session"]:
+                    # We have session data to persist.
+                    data = b64encode(json.dumps(scope["session"]).encode("utf-8"))
+                    data = self.signer.sign(data)
+                    headers = MutableHeaders(scope=message)
+                    header_value = "{session_cookie}={data}; path={path}; {max_age}{security_flags}".format(
+                        session_cookie=self.session_cookie,
+                        data=data.decode("utf-8"),
+                        path=self.path,
+                        max_age=f"Max-Age={self.max_age}; " if self.max_age else "",
+                        security_flags=self.security_flags,
+                    )
+                    headers.append("Set-Cookie", header_value)
+                elif not initial_session_was_empty:
+                    # The session has been cleared.
+                    headers = MutableHeaders(scope=message)
+                    header_value = "{session_cookie}={data}; path={path}; {expires}{security_flags}".format(
+                        session_cookie=self.session_cookie,
+                        data="null",
+                        path=self.path,
+                        expires="expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; ",
+                        security_flags=self.security_flags,
+                    )
+                    headers.append("Set-Cookie", header_value)
+            await send(message)
+
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send_wrapper)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/trustedhost.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/trustedhost.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d1c999e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/trustedhost.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from starlette.datastructures import URL, Headers
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, RedirectResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+ENFORCE_DOMAIN_WILDCARD = "Domain wildcard patterns must be like '*.example.com'."
+
+
+class TrustedHostMiddleware:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApp,
+        allowed_hosts: typing.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        www_redirect: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        if allowed_hosts is None:
+            allowed_hosts = ["*"]
+
+        for pattern in allowed_hosts:
+            assert "*" not in pattern[1:], ENFORCE_DOMAIN_WILDCARD
+            if pattern.startswith("*") and pattern != "*":
+                assert pattern.startswith("*."), ENFORCE_DOMAIN_WILDCARD
+        self.app = app
+        self.allowed_hosts = list(allowed_hosts)
+        self.allow_any = "*" in allowed_hosts
+        self.www_redirect = www_redirect
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if self.allow_any or scope["type"] not in (
+            "http",
+            "websocket",
+        ):  # pragma: no cover
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        headers = Headers(scope=scope)
+        host = headers.get("host", "").split(":")[0]
+        is_valid_host = False
+        found_www_redirect = False
+        for pattern in self.allowed_hosts:
+            if host == pattern or (pattern.startswith("*") and host.endswith(pattern[1:])):
+                is_valid_host = True
+                break
+            elif "www." + host == pattern:
+                found_www_redirect = True
+
+        if is_valid_host:
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+        else:
+            response: Response
+            if found_www_redirect and self.www_redirect:
+                url = URL(scope=scope)
+                redirect_url = url.replace(netloc="www." + url.netloc)
+                response = RedirectResponse(url=str(redirect_url))
+            else:
+                response = PlainTextResponse("Invalid host header", status_code=400)
+            await response(scope, receive, send)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/wsgi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/wsgi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6e0a3fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/middleware/wsgi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import math
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+
+import anyio
+from anyio.abc import ObjectReceiveStream, ObjectSendStream
+
+from starlette.types import Receive, Scope, Send
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "starlette.middleware.wsgi is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. "
+    "Please refer to https://github.com/abersheeran/a2wsgi as a replacement.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+)
+
+
+def build_environ(scope: Scope, body: bytes) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+    """
+    Builds a scope and request body into a WSGI environ object.
+    """
+
+    script_name = scope.get("root_path", "").encode("utf8").decode("latin1")
+    path_info = scope["path"].encode("utf8").decode("latin1")
+    if path_info.startswith(script_name):
+        path_info = path_info[len(script_name) :]
+
+    environ = {
+        "REQUEST_METHOD": scope["method"],
+        "SCRIPT_NAME": script_name,
+        "PATH_INFO": path_info,
+        "QUERY_STRING": scope["query_string"].decode("ascii"),
+        "SERVER_PROTOCOL": f"HTTP/{scope['http_version']}",
+        "wsgi.version": (1, 0),
+        "wsgi.url_scheme": scope.get("scheme", "http"),
+        "wsgi.input": io.BytesIO(body),
+        "wsgi.errors": sys.stdout,
+        "wsgi.multithread": True,
+        "wsgi.multiprocess": True,
+        "wsgi.run_once": False,
+    }
+
+    # Get server name and port - required in WSGI, not in ASGI
+    server = scope.get("server") or ("localhost", 80)
+    environ["SERVER_NAME"] = server[0]
+    environ["SERVER_PORT"] = server[1]
+
+    # Get client IP address
+    if scope.get("client"):
+        environ["REMOTE_ADDR"] = scope["client"][0]
+
+    # Go through headers and make them into environ entries
+    for name, value in scope.get("headers", []):
+        name = name.decode("latin1")
+        if name == "content-length":
+            corrected_name = "CONTENT_LENGTH"
+        elif name == "content-type":
+            corrected_name = "CONTENT_TYPE"
+        else:
+            corrected_name = f"HTTP_{name}".upper().replace("-", "_")
+        # HTTPbis say only ASCII chars are allowed in headers, but we latin1 just in
+        # case
+        value = value.decode("latin1")
+        if corrected_name in environ:
+            value = environ[corrected_name] + "," + value
+        environ[corrected_name] = value
+    return environ
+
+
+class WSGIMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, app: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        assert scope["type"] == "http"
+        responder = WSGIResponder(self.app, scope)
+        await responder(receive, send)
+
+
+class WSGIResponder:
+    stream_send: ObjectSendStream[typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]]
+    stream_receive: ObjectReceiveStream[typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]]
+
+    def __init__(self, app: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any], scope: Scope) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.status = None
+        self.response_headers = None
+        self.stream_send, self.stream_receive = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(math.inf)
+        self.response_started = False
+        self.exc_info: typing.Any = None
+
+    async def __call__(self, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        body = b""
+        more_body = True
+        while more_body:
+            message = await receive()
+            body += message.get("body", b"")
+            more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+        environ = build_environ(self.scope, body)
+
+        async with anyio.create_task_group() as task_group:
+            task_group.start_soon(self.sender, send)
+            async with self.stream_send:
+                await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(self.wsgi, environ, self.start_response)
+        if self.exc_info is not None:
+            raise self.exc_info[0].with_traceback(self.exc_info[1], self.exc_info[2])
+
+    async def sender(self, send: Send) -> None:
+        async with self.stream_receive:
+            async for message in self.stream_receive:
+                await send(message)
+
+    def start_response(
+        self,
+        status: str,
+        response_headers: list[tuple[str, str]],
+        exc_info: typing.Any = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exc_info = exc_info
+        if not self.response_started:  # pragma: no branch
+            self.response_started = True
+            status_code_string, _ = status.split(" ", 1)
+            status_code = int(status_code_string)
+            headers = [
+                (name.strip().encode("ascii").lower(), value.strip().encode("ascii"))
+                for name, value in response_headers
+            ]
+            anyio.from_thread.run(
+                self.stream_send.send,
+                {
+                    "type": "http.response.start",
+                    "status": status_code,
+                    "headers": headers,
+                },
+            )
+
+    def wsgi(
+        self,
+        environ: dict[str, typing.Any],
+        start_response: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        for chunk in self.app(environ, start_response):
+            anyio.from_thread.run(
+                self.stream_send.send,
+                {"type": "http.response.body", "body": chunk, "more_body": True},
+            )
+
+        anyio.from_thread.run(self.stream_send.send, {"type": "http.response.body", "body": b""})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/requests.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/requests.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7dc04a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/requests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import typing
+from http import cookies as http_cookies
+
+import anyio
+
+from starlette._utils import AwaitableOrContextManager, AwaitableOrContextManagerWrapper
+from starlette.datastructures import URL, Address, FormData, Headers, QueryParams, State
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.formparsers import FormParser, MultiPartException, MultiPartParser
+from starlette.types import Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from python_multipart.multipart import parse_options_header
+
+    from starlette.applications import Starlette
+    from starlette.routing import Router
+else:
+    try:
+        try:
+            from python_multipart.multipart import parse_options_header
+        except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+            from multipart.multipart import parse_options_header
+    except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+        parse_options_header = None
+
+
+SERVER_PUSH_HEADERS_TO_COPY = {
+    "accept",
+    "accept-encoding",
+    "accept-language",
+    "cache-control",
+    "user-agent",
+}
+
+
+def cookie_parser(cookie_string: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    This function parses a ``Cookie`` HTTP header into a dict of key/value pairs.
+
+    It attempts to mimic browser cookie parsing behavior: browsers and web servers
+    frequently disregard the spec (RFC 6265) when setting and reading cookies,
+    so we attempt to suit the common scenarios here.
+
+    This function has been adapted from Django 3.1.0.
+    Note: we are explicitly _NOT_ using `SimpleCookie.load` because it is based
+    on an outdated spec and will fail on lots of input we want to support
+    """
+    cookie_dict: dict[str, str] = {}
+    for chunk in cookie_string.split(";"):
+        if "=" in chunk:
+            key, val = chunk.split("=", 1)
+        else:
+            # Assume an empty name per
+            # https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=169091
+            key, val = "", chunk
+        key, val = key.strip(), val.strip()
+        if key or val:
+            # unquote using Python's algorithm.
+            cookie_dict[key] = http_cookies._unquote(val)
+    return cookie_dict
+
+
+class ClientDisconnect(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class HTTPConnection(typing.Mapping[str, typing.Any]):
+    """
+    A base class for incoming HTTP connections, that is used to provide
+    any functionality that is common to both `Request` and `WebSocket`.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive | None = None) -> None:
+        assert scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket")
+        self.scope = scope
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> typing.Any:
+        return self.scope[key]
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[str]:
+        return iter(self.scope)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.scope)
+
+    # Don't use the `abc.Mapping.__eq__` implementation.
+    # Connection instances should never be considered equal
+    # unless `self is other`.
+    __eq__ = object.__eq__
+    __hash__ = object.__hash__
+
+    @property
+    def app(self) -> typing.Any:
+        return self.scope["app"]
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> URL:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_url"):  # pragma: no branch
+            self._url = URL(scope=self.scope)
+        return self._url
+
+    @property
+    def base_url(self) -> URL:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_base_url"):
+            base_url_scope = dict(self.scope)
+            # This is used by request.url_for, it might be used inside a Mount which
+            # would have its own child scope with its own root_path, but the base URL
+            # for url_for should still be the top level app root path.
+            app_root_path = base_url_scope.get("app_root_path", base_url_scope.get("root_path", ""))
+            path = app_root_path
+            if not path.endswith("/"):
+                path += "/"
+            base_url_scope["path"] = path
+            base_url_scope["query_string"] = b""
+            base_url_scope["root_path"] = app_root_path
+            self._base_url = URL(scope=base_url_scope)
+        return self._base_url
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self) -> Headers:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_headers"):
+            self._headers = Headers(scope=self.scope)
+        return self._headers
+
+    @property
+    def query_params(self) -> QueryParams:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_query_params"):  # pragma: no branch
+            self._query_params = QueryParams(self.scope["query_string"])
+        return self._query_params
+
+    @property
+    def path_params(self) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        return self.scope.get("path_params", {})
+
+    @property
+    def cookies(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_cookies"):
+            cookies: dict[str, str] = {}
+            cookie_header = self.headers.get("cookie")
+
+            if cookie_header:
+                cookies = cookie_parser(cookie_header)
+            self._cookies = cookies
+        return self._cookies
+
+    @property
+    def client(self) -> Address | None:
+        # client is a 2 item tuple of (host, port), None if missing
+        host_port = self.scope.get("client")
+        if host_port is not None:
+            return Address(*host_port)
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def session(self) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        assert "session" in self.scope, "SessionMiddleware must be installed to access request.session"
+        return self.scope["session"]  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    @property
+    def auth(self) -> typing.Any:
+        assert "auth" in self.scope, "AuthenticationMiddleware must be installed to access request.auth"
+        return self.scope["auth"]
+
+    @property
+    def user(self) -> typing.Any:
+        assert "user" in self.scope, "AuthenticationMiddleware must be installed to access request.user"
+        return self.scope["user"]
+
+    @property
+    def state(self) -> State:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_state"):
+            # Ensure 'state' has an empty dict if it's not already populated.
+            self.scope.setdefault("state", {})
+            # Create a state instance with a reference to the dict in which it should
+            # store info
+            self._state = State(self.scope["state"])
+        return self._state
+
+    def url_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URL:
+        url_path_provider: Router | Starlette | None = self.scope.get("router") or self.scope.get("app")
+        if url_path_provider is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("The `url_for` method can only be used inside a Starlette application or with a router.")
+        url_path = url_path_provider.url_path_for(name, **path_params)
+        return url_path.make_absolute_url(base_url=self.base_url)
+
+
+async def empty_receive() -> typing.NoReturn:
+    raise RuntimeError("Receive channel has not been made available")
+
+
+async def empty_send(message: Message) -> typing.NoReturn:
+    raise RuntimeError("Send channel has not been made available")
+
+
+class Request(HTTPConnection):
+    _form: FormData | None
+
+    def __init__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive = empty_receive, send: Send = empty_send):
+        super().__init__(scope)
+        assert scope["type"] == "http"
+        self._receive = receive
+        self._send = send
+        self._stream_consumed = False
+        self._is_disconnected = False
+        self._form = None
+
+    @property
+    def method(self) -> str:
+        return typing.cast(str, self.scope["method"])
+
+    @property
+    def receive(self) -> Receive:
+        return self._receive
+
+    async def stream(self) -> typing.AsyncGenerator[bytes, None]:
+        if hasattr(self, "_body"):
+            yield self._body
+            yield b""
+            return
+        if self._stream_consumed:
+            raise RuntimeError("Stream consumed")
+        while not self._stream_consumed:
+            message = await self._receive()
+            if message["type"] == "http.request":
+                body = message.get("body", b"")
+                if not message.get("more_body", False):
+                    self._stream_consumed = True
+                if body:
+                    yield body
+            elif message["type"] == "http.disconnect":  # pragma: no branch
+                self._is_disconnected = True
+                raise ClientDisconnect()
+        yield b""
+
+    async def body(self) -> bytes:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_body"):
+            chunks: list[bytes] = []
+            async for chunk in self.stream():
+                chunks.append(chunk)
+            self._body = b"".join(chunks)
+        return self._body
+
+    async def json(self) -> typing.Any:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_json"):  # pragma: no branch
+            body = await self.body()
+            self._json = json.loads(body)
+        return self._json
+
+    async def _get_form(
+        self,
+        *,
+        max_files: int | float = 1000,
+        max_fields: int | float = 1000,
+        max_part_size: int = 1024 * 1024,
+    ) -> FormData:
+        if self._form is None:  # pragma: no branch
+            assert parse_options_header is not None, (
+                "The `python-multipart` library must be installed to use form parsing."
+            )
+            content_type_header = self.headers.get("Content-Type")
+            content_type: bytes
+            content_type, _ = parse_options_header(content_type_header)
+            if content_type == b"multipart/form-data":
+                try:
+                    multipart_parser = MultiPartParser(
+                        self.headers,
+                        self.stream(),
+                        max_files=max_files,
+                        max_fields=max_fields,
+                        max_part_size=max_part_size,
+                    )
+                    self._form = await multipart_parser.parse()
+                except MultiPartException as exc:
+                    if "app" in self.scope:
+                        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=exc.message)
+                    raise exc
+            elif content_type == b"application/x-www-form-urlencoded":
+                form_parser = FormParser(self.headers, self.stream())
+                self._form = await form_parser.parse()
+            else:
+                self._form = FormData()
+        return self._form
+
+    def form(
+        self,
+        *,
+        max_files: int | float = 1000,
+        max_fields: int | float = 1000,
+        max_part_size: int = 1024 * 1024,
+    ) -> AwaitableOrContextManager[FormData]:
+        return AwaitableOrContextManagerWrapper(
+            self._get_form(max_files=max_files, max_fields=max_fields, max_part_size=max_part_size)
+        )
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        if self._form is not None:  # pragma: no branch
+            await self._form.close()
+
+    async def is_disconnected(self) -> bool:
+        if not self._is_disconnected:
+            message: Message = {}
+
+            # If message isn't immediately available, move on
+            with anyio.CancelScope() as cs:
+                cs.cancel()
+                message = await self._receive()
+
+            if message.get("type") == "http.disconnect":
+                self._is_disconnected = True
+
+        return self._is_disconnected
+
+    async def send_push_promise(self, path: str) -> None:
+        if "http.response.push" in self.scope.get("extensions", {}):
+            raw_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+            for name in SERVER_PUSH_HEADERS_TO_COPY:
+                for value in self.headers.getlist(name):
+                    raw_headers.append((name.encode("latin-1"), value.encode("latin-1")))
+            await self._send({"type": "http.response.push", "path": path, "headers": raw_headers})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/responses.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/responses.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..81e89fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/responses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import http.cookies
+import json
+import os
+import re
+import stat
+import typing
+import warnings
+from datetime import datetime
+from email.utils import format_datetime, formatdate
+from functools import partial
+from mimetypes import guess_type
+from secrets import token_hex
+from urllib.parse import quote
+
+import anyio
+import anyio.to_thread
+
+from starlette._utils import collapse_excgroups
+from starlette.background import BackgroundTask
+from starlette.concurrency import iterate_in_threadpool
+from starlette.datastructures import URL, Headers, MutableHeaders
+from starlette.requests import ClientDisconnect
+from starlette.types import Receive, Scope, Send
+
+
+class Response:
+    media_type = None
+    charset = "utf-8"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        content: typing.Any = None,
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        if media_type is not None:
+            self.media_type = media_type
+        self.background = background
+        self.body = self.render(content)
+        self.init_headers(headers)
+
+    def render(self, content: typing.Any) -> bytes | memoryview:
+        if content is None:
+            return b""
+        if isinstance(content, (bytes, memoryview)):
+            return content
+        return content.encode(self.charset)  # type: ignore
+
+    def init_headers(self, headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None) -> None:
+        if headers is None:
+            raw_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+            populate_content_length = True
+            populate_content_type = True
+        else:
+            raw_headers = [(k.lower().encode("latin-1"), v.encode("latin-1")) for k, v in headers.items()]
+            keys = [h[0] for h in raw_headers]
+            populate_content_length = b"content-length" not in keys
+            populate_content_type = b"content-type" not in keys
+
+        body = getattr(self, "body", None)
+        if (
+            body is not None
+            and populate_content_length
+            and not (self.status_code < 200 or self.status_code in (204, 304))
+        ):
+            content_length = str(len(body))
+            raw_headers.append((b"content-length", content_length.encode("latin-1")))
+
+        content_type = self.media_type
+        if content_type is not None and populate_content_type:
+            if content_type.startswith("text/") and "charset=" not in content_type.lower():
+                content_type += "; charset=" + self.charset
+            raw_headers.append((b"content-type", content_type.encode("latin-1")))
+
+        self.raw_headers = raw_headers
+
+    @property
+    def headers(self) -> MutableHeaders:
+        if not hasattr(self, "_headers"):
+            self._headers = MutableHeaders(raw=self.raw_headers)
+        return self._headers
+
+    def set_cookie(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        value: str = "",
+        max_age: int | None = None,
+        expires: datetime | str | int | None = None,
+        path: str | None = "/",
+        domain: str | None = None,
+        secure: bool = False,
+        httponly: bool = False,
+        samesite: typing.Literal["lax", "strict", "none"] | None = "lax",
+    ) -> None:
+        cookie: http.cookies.BaseCookie[str] = http.cookies.SimpleCookie()
+        cookie[key] = value
+        if max_age is not None:
+            cookie[key]["max-age"] = max_age
+        if expires is not None:
+            if isinstance(expires, datetime):
+                cookie[key]["expires"] = format_datetime(expires, usegmt=True)
+            else:
+                cookie[key]["expires"] = expires
+        if path is not None:
+            cookie[key]["path"] = path
+        if domain is not None:
+            cookie[key]["domain"] = domain
+        if secure:
+            cookie[key]["secure"] = True
+        if httponly:
+            cookie[key]["httponly"] = True
+        if samesite is not None:
+            assert samesite.lower() in [
+                "strict",
+                "lax",
+                "none",
+            ], "samesite must be either 'strict', 'lax' or 'none'"
+            cookie[key]["samesite"] = samesite
+        cookie_val = cookie.output(header="").strip()
+        self.raw_headers.append((b"set-cookie", cookie_val.encode("latin-1")))
+
+    def delete_cookie(
+        self,
+        key: str,
+        path: str = "/",
+        domain: str | None = None,
+        secure: bool = False,
+        httponly: bool = False,
+        samesite: typing.Literal["lax", "strict", "none"] | None = "lax",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.set_cookie(
+            key,
+            max_age=0,
+            expires=0,
+            path=path,
+            domain=domain,
+            secure=secure,
+            httponly=httponly,
+            samesite=samesite,
+        )
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        prefix = "websocket." if scope["type"] == "websocket" else ""
+        await send(
+            {
+                "type": prefix + "http.response.start",
+                "status": self.status_code,
+                "headers": self.raw_headers,
+            }
+        )
+        await send({"type": prefix + "http.response.body", "body": self.body})
+
+        if self.background is not None:
+            await self.background()
+
+
+class HTMLResponse(Response):
+    media_type = "text/html"
+
+
+class PlainTextResponse(Response):
+    media_type = "text/plain"
+
+
+class JSONResponse(Response):
+    media_type = "application/json"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        content: typing.Any,
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(content, status_code, headers, media_type, background)
+
+    def render(self, content: typing.Any) -> bytes:
+        return json.dumps(
+            content,
+            ensure_ascii=False,
+            allow_nan=False,
+            indent=None,
+            separators=(",", ":"),
+        ).encode("utf-8")
+
+
+class RedirectResponse(Response):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        url: str | URL,
+        status_code: int = 307,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(content=b"", status_code=status_code, headers=headers, background=background)
+        self.headers["location"] = quote(str(url), safe=":/%#?=@[]!$&'()*+,;")
+
+
+Content = typing.Union[str, bytes, memoryview]
+SyncContentStream = typing.Iterable[Content]
+AsyncContentStream = typing.AsyncIterable[Content]
+ContentStream = typing.Union[AsyncContentStream, SyncContentStream]
+
+
+class StreamingResponse(Response):
+    body_iterator: AsyncContentStream
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        content: ContentStream,
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(content, typing.AsyncIterable):
+            self.body_iterator = content
+        else:
+            self.body_iterator = iterate_in_threadpool(content)
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        self.media_type = self.media_type if media_type is None else media_type
+        self.background = background
+        self.init_headers(headers)
+
+    async def listen_for_disconnect(self, receive: Receive) -> None:
+        while True:
+            message = await receive()
+            if message["type"] == "http.disconnect":
+                break
+
+    async def stream_response(self, send: Send) -> None:
+        await send(
+            {
+                "type": "http.response.start",
+                "status": self.status_code,
+                "headers": self.raw_headers,
+            }
+        )
+        async for chunk in self.body_iterator:
+            if not isinstance(chunk, (bytes, memoryview)):
+                chunk = chunk.encode(self.charset)
+            await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": chunk, "more_body": True})
+
+        await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"", "more_body": False})
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        spec_version = tuple(map(int, scope.get("asgi", {}).get("spec_version", "2.0").split(".")))
+
+        if spec_version >= (2, 4):
+            try:
+                await self.stream_response(send)
+            except OSError:
+                raise ClientDisconnect()
+        else:
+            with collapse_excgroups():
+                async with anyio.create_task_group() as task_group:
+
+                    async def wrap(func: typing.Callable[[], typing.Awaitable[None]]) -> None:
+                        await func()
+                        task_group.cancel_scope.cancel()
+
+                    task_group.start_soon(wrap, partial(self.stream_response, send))
+                    await wrap(partial(self.listen_for_disconnect, receive))
+
+        if self.background is not None:
+            await self.background()
+
+
+class MalformedRangeHeader(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, content: str = "Malformed range header.") -> None:
+        self.content = content
+
+
+class RangeNotSatisfiable(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, max_size: int) -> None:
+        self.max_size = max_size
+
+
+_RANGE_PATTERN = re.compile(r"(\d*)-(\d*)")
+
+
+class FileResponse(Response):
+    chunk_size = 64 * 1024
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: str | os.PathLike[str],
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        stat_result: os.stat_result | None = None,
+        method: str | None = None,
+        content_disposition_type: str = "attachment",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.path = path
+        self.status_code = status_code
+        self.filename = filename
+        if method is not None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The 'method' parameter is not used, and it will be removed.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+        if media_type is None:
+            media_type = guess_type(filename or path)[0] or "text/plain"
+        self.media_type = media_type
+        self.background = background
+        self.init_headers(headers)
+        self.headers.setdefault("accept-ranges", "bytes")
+        if self.filename is not None:
+            content_disposition_filename = quote(self.filename)
+            if content_disposition_filename != self.filename:
+                content_disposition = f"{content_disposition_type}; filename*=utf-8''{content_disposition_filename}"
+            else:
+                content_disposition = f'{content_disposition_type}; filename="{self.filename}"'
+            self.headers.setdefault("content-disposition", content_disposition)
+        self.stat_result = stat_result
+        if stat_result is not None:
+            self.set_stat_headers(stat_result)
+
+    def set_stat_headers(self, stat_result: os.stat_result) -> None:
+        content_length = str(stat_result.st_size)
+        last_modified = formatdate(stat_result.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
+        etag_base = str(stat_result.st_mtime) + "-" + str(stat_result.st_size)
+        etag = f'"{hashlib.md5(etag_base.encode(), usedforsecurity=False).hexdigest()}"'
+
+        self.headers.setdefault("content-length", content_length)
+        self.headers.setdefault("last-modified", last_modified)
+        self.headers.setdefault("etag", etag)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        send_header_only: bool = scope["method"].upper() == "HEAD"
+        if self.stat_result is None:
+            try:
+                stat_result = await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(os.stat, self.path)
+                self.set_stat_headers(stat_result)
+            except FileNotFoundError:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"File at path {self.path} does not exist.")
+            else:
+                mode = stat_result.st_mode
+                if not stat.S_ISREG(mode):
+                    raise RuntimeError(f"File at path {self.path} is not a file.")
+        else:
+            stat_result = self.stat_result
+
+        headers = Headers(scope=scope)
+        http_range = headers.get("range")
+        http_if_range = headers.get("if-range")
+
+        if http_range is None or (http_if_range is not None and not self._should_use_range(http_if_range)):
+            await self._handle_simple(send, send_header_only)
+        else:
+            try:
+                ranges = self._parse_range_header(http_range, stat_result.st_size)
+            except MalformedRangeHeader as exc:
+                return await PlainTextResponse(exc.content, status_code=400)(scope, receive, send)
+            except RangeNotSatisfiable as exc:
+                response = PlainTextResponse(status_code=416, headers={"Content-Range": f"*/{exc.max_size}"})
+                return await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+            if len(ranges) == 1:
+                start, end = ranges[0]
+                await self._handle_single_range(send, start, end, stat_result.st_size, send_header_only)
+            else:
+                await self._handle_multiple_ranges(send, ranges, stat_result.st_size, send_header_only)
+
+        if self.background is not None:
+            await self.background()
+
+    async def _handle_simple(self, send: Send, send_header_only: bool) -> None:
+        await send({"type": "http.response.start", "status": self.status_code, "headers": self.raw_headers})
+        if send_header_only:
+            await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"", "more_body": False})
+        else:
+            async with await anyio.open_file(self.path, mode="rb") as file:
+                more_body = True
+                while more_body:
+                    chunk = await file.read(self.chunk_size)
+                    more_body = len(chunk) == self.chunk_size
+                    await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": chunk, "more_body": more_body})
+
+    async def _handle_single_range(
+        self, send: Send, start: int, end: int, file_size: int, send_header_only: bool
+    ) -> None:
+        self.headers["content-range"] = f"bytes {start}-{end - 1}/{file_size}"
+        self.headers["content-length"] = str(end - start)
+        await send({"type": "http.response.start", "status": 206, "headers": self.raw_headers})
+        if send_header_only:
+            await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"", "more_body": False})
+        else:
+            async with await anyio.open_file(self.path, mode="rb") as file:
+                await file.seek(start)
+                more_body = True
+                while more_body:
+                    chunk = await file.read(min(self.chunk_size, end - start))
+                    start += len(chunk)
+                    more_body = len(chunk) == self.chunk_size and start < end
+                    await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": chunk, "more_body": more_body})
+
+    async def _handle_multiple_ranges(
+        self,
+        send: Send,
+        ranges: list[tuple[int, int]],
+        file_size: int,
+        send_header_only: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        # In firefox and chrome, they use boundary with 95-96 bits entropy (that's roughly 13 bytes).
+        boundary = token_hex(13)
+        content_length, header_generator = self.generate_multipart(
+            ranges, boundary, file_size, self.headers["content-type"]
+        )
+        self.headers["content-range"] = f"multipart/byteranges; boundary={boundary}"
+        self.headers["content-length"] = str(content_length)
+        await send({"type": "http.response.start", "status": 206, "headers": self.raw_headers})
+        if send_header_only:
+            await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"", "more_body": False})
+        else:
+            async with await anyio.open_file(self.path, mode="rb") as file:
+                for start, end in ranges:
+                    await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": header_generator(start, end), "more_body": True})
+                    await file.seek(start)
+                    while start < end:
+                        chunk = await file.read(min(self.chunk_size, end - start))
+                        start += len(chunk)
+                        await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": chunk, "more_body": True})
+                    await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"\n", "more_body": True})
+                await send(
+                    {
+                        "type": "http.response.body",
+                        "body": f"\n--{boundary}--\n".encode("latin-1"),
+                        "more_body": False,
+                    }
+                )
+
+    def _should_use_range(self, http_if_range: str) -> bool:
+        return http_if_range == self.headers["last-modified"] or http_if_range == self.headers["etag"]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _parse_range_header(http_range: str, file_size: int) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
+        ranges: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+        try:
+            units, range_ = http_range.split("=", 1)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise MalformedRangeHeader()
+
+        units = units.strip().lower()
+
+        if units != "bytes":
+            raise MalformedRangeHeader("Only support bytes range")
+
+        ranges = [
+            (
+                int(_[0]) if _[0] else file_size - int(_[1]),
+                int(_[1]) + 1 if _[0] and _[1] and int(_[1]) < file_size else file_size,
+            )
+            for _ in _RANGE_PATTERN.findall(range_)
+            if _ != ("", "")
+        ]
+
+        if len(ranges) == 0:
+            raise MalformedRangeHeader("Range header: range must be requested")
+
+        if any(not (0 <= start < file_size) for start, _ in ranges):
+            raise RangeNotSatisfiable(file_size)
+
+        if any(start > end for start, end in ranges):
+            raise MalformedRangeHeader("Range header: start must be less than end")
+
+        if len(ranges) == 1:
+            return ranges
+
+        # Merge ranges
+        result: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+        for start, end in ranges:
+            for p in range(len(result)):
+                p_start, p_end = result[p]
+                if start > p_end:
+                    continue
+                elif end < p_start:
+                    result.insert(p, (start, end))  # THIS IS NOT REACHED!
+                    break
+                else:
+                    result[p] = (min(start, p_start), max(end, p_end))
+                    break
+            else:
+                result.append((start, end))
+
+        return result
+
+    def generate_multipart(
+        self,
+        ranges: typing.Sequence[tuple[int, int]],
+        boundary: str,
+        max_size: int,
+        content_type: str,
+    ) -> tuple[int, typing.Callable[[int, int], bytes]]:
+        r"""
+        Multipart response headers generator.
+
+        ```
+        --{boundary}\n
+        Content-Type: {content_type}\n
+        Content-Range: bytes {start}-{end-1}/{max_size}\n
+        \n
+        ..........content...........\n
+        --{boundary}\n
+        Content-Type: {content_type}\n
+        Content-Range: bytes {start}-{end-1}/{max_size}\n
+        \n
+        ..........content...........\n
+        --{boundary}--\n
+        ```
+        """
+        boundary_len = len(boundary)
+        static_header_part_len = 44 + boundary_len + len(content_type) + len(str(max_size))
+        content_length = sum(
+            (len(str(start)) + len(str(end - 1)) + static_header_part_len)  # Headers
+            + (end - start)  # Content
+            for start, end in ranges
+        ) + (
+            5 + boundary_len  # --boundary--\n
+        )
+        return (
+            content_length,
+            lambda start, end: (
+                f"--{boundary}\nContent-Type: {content_type}\nContent-Range: bytes {start}-{end - 1}/{max_size}\n\n"
+            ).encode("latin-1"),
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/routing.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/routing.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..add7df0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/routing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,874 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import inspect
+import re
+import traceback
+import types
+import typing
+import warnings
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from enum import Enum
+
+from starlette._exception_handler import wrap_app_handling_exceptions
+from starlette._utils import get_route_path, is_async_callable
+from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool
+from starlette.convertors import CONVERTOR_TYPES, Convertor
+from starlette.datastructures import URL, Headers, URLPath
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.middleware import Middleware
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse, RedirectResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Lifespan, Receive, Scope, Send
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocket, WebSocketClose
+
+
+class NoMatchFound(Exception):
+    """
+    Raised by `.url_for(name, **path_params)` and `.url_path_for(name, **path_params)`
+    if no matching route exists.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, path_params: dict[str, typing.Any]) -> None:
+        params = ", ".join(list(path_params.keys()))
+        super().__init__(f'No route exists for name "{name}" and params "{params}".')
+
+
+class Match(Enum):
+    NONE = 0
+    PARTIAL = 1
+    FULL = 2
+
+
+def iscoroutinefunction_or_partial(obj: typing.Any) -> bool:  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Correctly determines if an object is a coroutine function,
+    including those wrapped in functools.partial objects.
+    """
+    warnings.warn(
+        "iscoroutinefunction_or_partial is deprecated, and will be removed in a future release.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+    )
+    while isinstance(obj, functools.partial):
+        obj = obj.func
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(obj)
+
+
+def request_response(
+    func: typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Awaitable[Response] | Response],
+) -> ASGIApp:
+    """
+    Takes a function or coroutine `func(request) -> response`,
+    and returns an ASGI application.
+    """
+    f: typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Awaitable[Response]] = (
+        func if is_async_callable(func) else functools.partial(run_in_threadpool, func)  # type:ignore
+    )
+
+    async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        request = Request(scope, receive, send)
+
+        async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+            response = await f(request)
+            await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+        await wrap_app_handling_exceptions(app, request)(scope, receive, send)
+
+    return app
+
+
+def websocket_session(
+    func: typing.Callable[[WebSocket], typing.Awaitable[None]],
+) -> ASGIApp:
+    """
+    Takes a coroutine `func(session)`, and returns an ASGI application.
+    """
+    # assert asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func), "WebSocket endpoints must be async"
+
+    async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        session = WebSocket(scope, receive=receive, send=send)
+
+        async def app(scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+            await func(session)
+
+        await wrap_app_handling_exceptions(app, session)(scope, receive, send)
+
+    return app
+
+
+def get_name(endpoint: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]) -> str:
+    return getattr(endpoint, "__name__", endpoint.__class__.__name__)
+
+
+def replace_params(
+    path: str,
+    param_convertors: dict[str, Convertor[typing.Any]],
+    path_params: dict[str, str],
+) -> tuple[str, dict[str, str]]:
+    for key, value in list(path_params.items()):
+        if "{" + key + "}" in path:
+            convertor = param_convertors[key]
+            value = convertor.to_string(value)
+            path = path.replace("{" + key + "}", value)
+            path_params.pop(key)
+    return path, path_params
+
+
+# Match parameters in URL paths, eg. '{param}', and '{param:int}'
+PARAM_REGEX = re.compile("{([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)(:[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)?}")
+
+
+def compile_path(
+    path: str,
+) -> tuple[typing.Pattern[str], str, dict[str, Convertor[typing.Any]]]:
+    """
+    Given a path string, like: "/{username:str}",
+    or a host string, like: "{subdomain}.mydomain.org", return a three-tuple
+    of (regex, format, {param_name:convertor}).
+
+    regex:      "/(?P<username>[^/]+)"
+    format:     "/{username}"
+    convertors: {"username": StringConvertor()}
+    """
+    is_host = not path.startswith("/")
+
+    path_regex = "^"
+    path_format = ""
+    duplicated_params = set()
+
+    idx = 0
+    param_convertors = {}
+    for match in PARAM_REGEX.finditer(path):
+        param_name, convertor_type = match.groups("str")
+        convertor_type = convertor_type.lstrip(":")
+        assert convertor_type in CONVERTOR_TYPES, f"Unknown path convertor '{convertor_type}'"
+        convertor = CONVERTOR_TYPES[convertor_type]
+
+        path_regex += re.escape(path[idx : match.start()])
+        path_regex += f"(?P<{param_name}>{convertor.regex})"
+
+        path_format += path[idx : match.start()]
+        path_format += "{%s}" % param_name
+
+        if param_name in param_convertors:
+            duplicated_params.add(param_name)
+
+        param_convertors[param_name] = convertor
+
+        idx = match.end()
+
+    if duplicated_params:
+        names = ", ".join(sorted(duplicated_params))
+        ending = "s" if len(duplicated_params) > 1 else ""
+        raise ValueError(f"Duplicated param name{ending} {names} at path {path}")
+
+    if is_host:
+        # Align with `Host.matches()` behavior, which ignores port.
+        hostname = path[idx:].split(":")[0]
+        path_regex += re.escape(hostname) + "$"
+    else:
+        path_regex += re.escape(path[idx:]) + "$"
+
+    path_format += path[idx:]
+
+    return re.compile(path_regex), path_format, param_convertors
+
+
+class BaseRoute:
+    def matches(self, scope: Scope) -> tuple[Match, Scope]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def url_path_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URLPath:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    async def handle(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        """
+        A route may be used in isolation as a stand-alone ASGI app.
+        This is a somewhat contrived case, as they'll almost always be used
+        within a Router, but could be useful for some tooling and minimal apps.
+        """
+        match, child_scope = self.matches(scope)
+        if match == Match.NONE:
+            if scope["type"] == "http":
+                response = PlainTextResponse("Not Found", status_code=404)
+                await response(scope, receive, send)
+            elif scope["type"] == "websocket":  # pragma: no branch
+                websocket_close = WebSocketClose()
+                await websocket_close(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        scope.update(child_scope)
+        await self.handle(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+class Route(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any],
+        *,
+        methods: list[str] | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+        middleware: typing.Sequence[Middleware] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert path.startswith("/"), "Routed paths must start with '/'"
+        self.path = path
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.name = get_name(endpoint) if name is None else name
+        self.include_in_schema = include_in_schema
+
+        endpoint_handler = endpoint
+        while isinstance(endpoint_handler, functools.partial):
+            endpoint_handler = endpoint_handler.func
+        if inspect.isfunction(endpoint_handler) or inspect.ismethod(endpoint_handler):
+            # Endpoint is function or method. Treat it as `func(request) -> response`.
+            self.app = request_response(endpoint)
+            if methods is None:
+                methods = ["GET"]
+        else:
+            # Endpoint is a class. Treat it as ASGI.
+            self.app = endpoint
+
+        if middleware is not None:
+            for cls, args, kwargs in reversed(middleware):
+                self.app = cls(self.app, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        if methods is None:
+            self.methods = None
+        else:
+            self.methods = {method.upper() for method in methods}
+            if "GET" in self.methods:
+                self.methods.add("HEAD")
+
+        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
+
+    def matches(self, scope: Scope) -> tuple[Match, Scope]:
+        path_params: dict[str, typing.Any]
+        if scope["type"] == "http":
+            route_path = get_route_path(scope)
+            match = self.path_regex.match(route_path)
+            if match:
+                matched_params = match.groupdict()
+                for key, value in matched_params.items():
+                    matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key].convert(value)
+                path_params = dict(scope.get("path_params", {}))
+                path_params.update(matched_params)
+                child_scope = {"endpoint": self.endpoint, "path_params": path_params}
+                if self.methods and scope["method"] not in self.methods:
+                    return Match.PARTIAL, child_scope
+                else:
+                    return Match.FULL, child_scope
+        return Match.NONE, {}
+
+    def url_path_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URLPath:
+        seen_params = set(path_params.keys())
+        expected_params = set(self.param_convertors.keys())
+
+        if name != self.name or seen_params != expected_params:
+            raise NoMatchFound(name, path_params)
+
+        path, remaining_params = replace_params(self.path_format, self.param_convertors, path_params)
+        assert not remaining_params
+        return URLPath(path=path, protocol="http")
+
+    async def handle(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if self.methods and scope["method"] not in self.methods:
+            headers = {"Allow": ", ".join(self.methods)}
+            if "app" in scope:
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=405, headers=headers)
+            else:
+                response = PlainTextResponse("Method Not Allowed", status_code=405, headers=headers)
+            await response(scope, receive, send)
+        else:
+            await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return (
+            isinstance(other, Route)
+            and self.path == other.path
+            and self.endpoint == other.endpoint
+            and self.methods == other.methods
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        methods = sorted(self.methods or [])
+        path, name = self.path, self.name
+        return f"{class_name}(path={path!r}, name={name!r}, methods={methods!r})"
+
+
+class WebSocketRoute(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any],
+        *,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        middleware: typing.Sequence[Middleware] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert path.startswith("/"), "Routed paths must start with '/'"
+        self.path = path
+        self.endpoint = endpoint
+        self.name = get_name(endpoint) if name is None else name
+
+        endpoint_handler = endpoint
+        while isinstance(endpoint_handler, functools.partial):
+            endpoint_handler = endpoint_handler.func
+        if inspect.isfunction(endpoint_handler) or inspect.ismethod(endpoint_handler):
+            # Endpoint is function or method. Treat it as `func(websocket)`.
+            self.app = websocket_session(endpoint)
+        else:
+            # Endpoint is a class. Treat it as ASGI.
+            self.app = endpoint
+
+        if middleware is not None:
+            for cls, args, kwargs in reversed(middleware):
+                self.app = cls(self.app, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(path)
+
+    def matches(self, scope: Scope) -> tuple[Match, Scope]:
+        path_params: dict[str, typing.Any]
+        if scope["type"] == "websocket":
+            route_path = get_route_path(scope)
+            match = self.path_regex.match(route_path)
+            if match:
+                matched_params = match.groupdict()
+                for key, value in matched_params.items():
+                    matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key].convert(value)
+                path_params = dict(scope.get("path_params", {}))
+                path_params.update(matched_params)
+                child_scope = {"endpoint": self.endpoint, "path_params": path_params}
+                return Match.FULL, child_scope
+        return Match.NONE, {}
+
+    def url_path_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URLPath:
+        seen_params = set(path_params.keys())
+        expected_params = set(self.param_convertors.keys())
+
+        if name != self.name or seen_params != expected_params:
+            raise NoMatchFound(name, path_params)
+
+        path, remaining_params = replace_params(self.path_format, self.param_convertors, path_params)
+        assert not remaining_params
+        return URLPath(path=path, protocol="websocket")
+
+    async def handle(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, WebSocketRoute) and self.path == other.path and self.endpoint == other.endpoint
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(path={self.path!r}, name={self.name!r})"
+
+
+class Mount(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        app: ASGIApp | None = None,
+        routes: typing.Sequence[BaseRoute] | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        middleware: typing.Sequence[Middleware] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert path == "" or path.startswith("/"), "Routed paths must start with '/'"
+        assert app is not None or routes is not None, "Either 'app=...', or 'routes=' must be specified"
+        self.path = path.rstrip("/")
+        if app is not None:
+            self._base_app: ASGIApp = app
+        else:
+            self._base_app = Router(routes=routes)
+        self.app = self._base_app
+        if middleware is not None:
+            for cls, args, kwargs in reversed(middleware):
+                self.app = cls(self.app, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.name = name
+        self.path_regex, self.path_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(self.path + "/{path:path}")
+
+    @property
+    def routes(self) -> list[BaseRoute]:
+        return getattr(self._base_app, "routes", [])
+
+    def matches(self, scope: Scope) -> tuple[Match, Scope]:
+        path_params: dict[str, typing.Any]
+        if scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket"):  # pragma: no branch
+            root_path = scope.get("root_path", "")
+            route_path = get_route_path(scope)
+            match = self.path_regex.match(route_path)
+            if match:
+                matched_params = match.groupdict()
+                for key, value in matched_params.items():
+                    matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key].convert(value)
+                remaining_path = "/" + matched_params.pop("path")
+                matched_path = route_path[: -len(remaining_path)]
+                path_params = dict(scope.get("path_params", {}))
+                path_params.update(matched_params)
+                child_scope = {
+                    "path_params": path_params,
+                    # app_root_path will only be set at the top level scope,
+                    # initialized with the (optional) value of a root_path
+                    # set above/before Starlette. And even though any
+                    # mount will have its own child scope with its own respective
+                    # root_path, the app_root_path will always be available in all
+                    # the child scopes with the same top level value because it's
+                    # set only once here with a default, any other child scope will
+                    # just inherit that app_root_path default value stored in the
+                    # scope. All this is needed to support Request.url_for(), as it
+                    # uses the app_root_path to build the URL path.
+                    "app_root_path": scope.get("app_root_path", root_path),
+                    "root_path": root_path + matched_path,
+                    "endpoint": self.app,
+                }
+                return Match.FULL, child_scope
+        return Match.NONE, {}
+
+    def url_path_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URLPath:
+        if self.name is not None and name == self.name and "path" in path_params:
+            # 'name' matches "<mount_name>".
+            path_params["path"] = path_params["path"].lstrip("/")
+            path, remaining_params = replace_params(self.path_format, self.param_convertors, path_params)
+            if not remaining_params:
+                return URLPath(path=path)
+        elif self.name is None or name.startswith(self.name + ":"):
+            if self.name is None:
+                # No mount name.
+                remaining_name = name
+            else:
+                # 'name' matches "<mount_name>:<child_name>".
+                remaining_name = name[len(self.name) + 1 :]
+            path_kwarg = path_params.get("path")
+            path_params["path"] = ""
+            path_prefix, remaining_params = replace_params(self.path_format, self.param_convertors, path_params)
+            if path_kwarg is not None:
+                remaining_params["path"] = path_kwarg
+            for route in self.routes or []:
+                try:
+                    url = route.url_path_for(remaining_name, **remaining_params)
+                    return URLPath(path=path_prefix.rstrip("/") + str(url), protocol=url.protocol)
+                except NoMatchFound:
+                    pass
+        raise NoMatchFound(name, path_params)
+
+    async def handle(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, Mount) and self.path == other.path and self.app == other.app
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        name = self.name or ""
+        return f"{class_name}(path={self.path!r}, name={name!r}, app={self.app!r})"
+
+
+class Host(BaseRoute):
+    def __init__(self, host: str, app: ASGIApp, name: str | None = None) -> None:
+        assert not host.startswith("/"), "Host must not start with '/'"
+        self.host = host
+        self.app = app
+        self.name = name
+        self.host_regex, self.host_format, self.param_convertors = compile_path(host)
+
+    @property
+    def routes(self) -> list[BaseRoute]:
+        return getattr(self.app, "routes", [])
+
+    def matches(self, scope: Scope) -> tuple[Match, Scope]:
+        if scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket"):  # pragma:no branch
+            headers = Headers(scope=scope)
+            host = headers.get("host", "").split(":")[0]
+            match = self.host_regex.match(host)
+            if match:
+                matched_params = match.groupdict()
+                for key, value in matched_params.items():
+                    matched_params[key] = self.param_convertors[key].convert(value)
+                path_params = dict(scope.get("path_params", {}))
+                path_params.update(matched_params)
+                child_scope = {"path_params": path_params, "endpoint": self.app}
+                return Match.FULL, child_scope
+        return Match.NONE, {}
+
+    def url_path_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URLPath:
+        if self.name is not None and name == self.name and "path" in path_params:
+            # 'name' matches "<mount_name>".
+            path = path_params.pop("path")
+            host, remaining_params = replace_params(self.host_format, self.param_convertors, path_params)
+            if not remaining_params:
+                return URLPath(path=path, host=host)
+        elif self.name is None or name.startswith(self.name + ":"):
+            if self.name is None:
+                # No mount name.
+                remaining_name = name
+            else:
+                # 'name' matches "<mount_name>:<child_name>".
+                remaining_name = name[len(self.name) + 1 :]
+            host, remaining_params = replace_params(self.host_format, self.param_convertors, path_params)
+            for route in self.routes or []:
+                try:
+                    url = route.url_path_for(remaining_name, **remaining_params)
+                    return URLPath(path=str(url), protocol=url.protocol, host=host)
+                except NoMatchFound:
+                    pass
+        raise NoMatchFound(name, path_params)
+
+    async def handle(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, Host) and self.host == other.host and self.app == other.app
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        class_name = self.__class__.__name__
+        name = self.name or ""
+        return f"{class_name}(host={self.host!r}, name={name!r}, app={self.app!r})"
+
+
+_T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
+
+
+class _AsyncLiftContextManager(typing.AsyncContextManager[_T]):
+    def __init__(self, cm: typing.ContextManager[_T]):
+        self._cm = cm
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> _T:
+        return self._cm.__enter__()
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_value: BaseException | None,
+        traceback: types.TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> bool | None:
+        return self._cm.__exit__(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)
+
+
+def _wrap_gen_lifespan_context(
+    lifespan_context: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Generator[typing.Any, typing.Any, typing.Any]],
+) -> typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.AsyncContextManager[typing.Any]]:
+    cmgr = contextlib.contextmanager(lifespan_context)
+
+    @functools.wraps(cmgr)
+    def wrapper(app: typing.Any) -> _AsyncLiftContextManager[typing.Any]:
+        return _AsyncLiftContextManager(cmgr(app))
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+class _DefaultLifespan:
+    def __init__(self, router: Router):
+        self._router = router
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> None:
+        await self._router.startup()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *exc_info: object) -> None:
+        await self._router.shutdown()
+
+    def __call__(self: _T, app: object) -> _T:
+        return self
+
+
+class Router:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        routes: typing.Sequence[BaseRoute] | None = None,
+        redirect_slashes: bool = True,
+        default: ASGIApp | None = None,
+        on_startup: typing.Sequence[typing.Callable[[], typing.Any]] | None = None,
+        on_shutdown: typing.Sequence[typing.Callable[[], typing.Any]] | None = None,
+        # the generic to Lifespan[AppType] is the type of the top level application
+        # which the router cannot know statically, so we use typing.Any
+        lifespan: Lifespan[typing.Any] | None = None,
+        *,
+        middleware: typing.Sequence[Middleware] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.routes = [] if routes is None else list(routes)
+        self.redirect_slashes = redirect_slashes
+        self.default = self.not_found if default is None else default
+        self.on_startup = [] if on_startup is None else list(on_startup)
+        self.on_shutdown = [] if on_shutdown is None else list(on_shutdown)
+
+        if on_startup or on_shutdown:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The on_startup and on_shutdown parameters are deprecated, and they "
+                "will be removed on version 1.0. Use the lifespan parameter instead. "
+                "See more about it on https://www.starlette.io/lifespan/.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            if lifespan:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "The `lifespan` parameter cannot be used with `on_startup` or "
+                    "`on_shutdown`. Both `on_startup` and `on_shutdown` will be "
+                    "ignored."
+                )
+
+        if lifespan is None:
+            self.lifespan_context: Lifespan[typing.Any] = _DefaultLifespan(self)
+
+        elif inspect.isasyncgenfunction(lifespan):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "async generator function lifespans are deprecated, "
+                "use an @contextlib.asynccontextmanager function instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            self.lifespan_context = asynccontextmanager(
+                lifespan,
+            )
+        elif inspect.isgeneratorfunction(lifespan):
+            warnings.warn(
+                "generator function lifespans are deprecated, use an @contextlib.asynccontextmanager function instead",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            self.lifespan_context = _wrap_gen_lifespan_context(
+                lifespan,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.lifespan_context = lifespan
+
+        self.middleware_stack = self.app
+        if middleware:
+            for cls, args, kwargs in reversed(middleware):
+                self.middleware_stack = cls(self.middleware_stack, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    async def not_found(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] == "websocket":
+            websocket_close = WebSocketClose()
+            await websocket_close(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        # If we're running inside a starlette application then raise an
+        # exception, so that the configurable exception handler can deal with
+        # returning the response. For plain ASGI apps, just return the response.
+        if "app" in scope:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=404)
+        else:
+            response = PlainTextResponse("Not Found", status_code=404)
+        await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def url_path_for(self, name: str, /, **path_params: typing.Any) -> URLPath:
+        for route in self.routes:
+            try:
+                return route.url_path_for(name, **path_params)
+            except NoMatchFound:
+                pass
+        raise NoMatchFound(name, path_params)
+
+    async def startup(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Run any `.on_startup` event handlers.
+        """
+        for handler in self.on_startup:
+            if is_async_callable(handler):
+                await handler()
+            else:
+                handler()
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Run any `.on_shutdown` event handlers.
+        """
+        for handler in self.on_shutdown:
+            if is_async_callable(handler):
+                await handler()
+            else:
+                handler()
+
+    async def lifespan(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        """
+        Handle ASGI lifespan messages, which allows us to manage application
+        startup and shutdown events.
+        """
+        started = False
+        app: typing.Any = scope.get("app")
+        await receive()
+        try:
+            async with self.lifespan_context(app) as maybe_state:
+                if maybe_state is not None:
+                    if "state" not in scope:
+                        raise RuntimeError('The server does not support "state" in the lifespan scope.')
+                    scope["state"].update(maybe_state)
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.complete"})
+                started = True
+                await receive()
+        except BaseException:
+            exc_text = traceback.format_exc()
+            if started:
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.shutdown.failed", "message": exc_text})
+            else:
+                await send({"type": "lifespan.startup.failed", "message": exc_text})
+            raise
+        else:
+            await send({"type": "lifespan.shutdown.complete"})
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        """
+        The main entry point to the Router class.
+        """
+        await self.middleware_stack(scope, receive, send)
+
+    async def app(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        assert scope["type"] in ("http", "websocket", "lifespan")
+
+        if "router" not in scope:
+            scope["router"] = self
+
+        if scope["type"] == "lifespan":
+            await self.lifespan(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        partial = None
+
+        for route in self.routes:
+            # Determine if any route matches the incoming scope,
+            # and hand over to the matching route if found.
+            match, child_scope = route.matches(scope)
+            if match == Match.FULL:
+                scope.update(child_scope)
+                await route.handle(scope, receive, send)
+                return
+            elif match == Match.PARTIAL and partial is None:
+                partial = route
+                partial_scope = child_scope
+
+        if partial is not None:
+            #  Handle partial matches. These are cases where an endpoint is
+            # able to handle the request, but is not a preferred option.
+            # We use this in particular to deal with "405 Method Not Allowed".
+            scope.update(partial_scope)
+            await partial.handle(scope, receive, send)
+            return
+
+        route_path = get_route_path(scope)
+        if scope["type"] == "http" and self.redirect_slashes and route_path != "/":
+            redirect_scope = dict(scope)
+            if route_path.endswith("/"):
+                redirect_scope["path"] = redirect_scope["path"].rstrip("/")
+            else:
+                redirect_scope["path"] = redirect_scope["path"] + "/"
+
+            for route in self.routes:
+                match, child_scope = route.matches(redirect_scope)
+                if match != Match.NONE:
+                    redirect_url = URL(scope=redirect_scope)
+                    response = RedirectResponse(url=str(redirect_url))
+                    await response(scope, receive, send)
+                    return
+
+        await self.default(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: typing.Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(other, Router) and self.routes == other.routes
+
+    def mount(self, path: str, app: ASGIApp, name: str | None = None) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        route = Mount(path, app=app, name=name)
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def host(self, host: str, app: ASGIApp, name: str | None = None) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        route = Host(host, app=app, name=name)
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def add_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: typing.Callable[[Request], typing.Awaitable[Response] | Response],
+        methods: list[str] | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        route = Route(
+            path,
+            endpoint=endpoint,
+            methods=methods,
+            name=name,
+            include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+        )
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def add_websocket_route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        endpoint: typing.Callable[[WebSocket], typing.Awaitable[None]],
+        name: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        route = WebSocketRoute(path, endpoint=endpoint, name=name)
+        self.routes.append(route)
+
+    def route(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        methods: list[str] | None = None,
+        name: str | None = None,
+        include_in_schema: bool = True,
+    ) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        """
+        We no longer document this decorator style API, and its usage is discouraged.
+        Instead you should use the following approach:
+
+        >>> routes = [Route(path, endpoint=...), ...]
+        >>> app = Starlette(routes=routes)
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `route` decorator is deprecated, and will be removed in version 1.0.0."
+            "Refer to https://www.starlette.io/routing/#http-routing for the recommended approach.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+        def decorator(func: typing.Callable) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            self.add_route(
+                path,
+                func,
+                methods=methods,
+                name=name,
+                include_in_schema=include_in_schema,
+            )
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def websocket_route(self, path: str, name: str | None = None) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        """
+        We no longer document this decorator style API, and its usage is discouraged.
+        Instead you should use the following approach:
+
+        >>> routes = [WebSocketRoute(path, endpoint=...), ...]
+        >>> app = Starlette(routes=routes)
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `websocket_route` decorator is deprecated, and will be removed in version 1.0.0. Refer to "
+            "https://www.starlette.io/routing/#websocket-routing for the recommended approach.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+        def decorator(func: typing.Callable) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            self.add_websocket_route(path, func, name=name)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
+
+    def add_event_handler(self, event_type: str, func: typing.Callable[[], typing.Any]) -> None:  # pragma: no cover
+        assert event_type in ("startup", "shutdown")
+
+        if event_type == "startup":
+            self.on_startup.append(func)
+        else:
+            self.on_shutdown.append(func)
+
+    def on_event(self, event_type: str) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The `on_event` decorator is deprecated, and will be removed in version 1.0.0. "
+            "Refer to https://www.starlette.io/lifespan/ for recommended approach.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+
+        def decorator(func: typing.Callable) -> typing.Callable:  # type: ignore[type-arg]
+            self.add_event_handler(event_type, func)
+            return func
+
+        return decorator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/schemas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/schemas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfc40e2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/schemas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import inspect
+import re
+import typing
+
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import Response
+from starlette.routing import BaseRoute, Host, Mount, Route
+
+try:
+    import yaml
+except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+    yaml = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+class OpenAPIResponse(Response):
+    media_type = "application/vnd.oai.openapi"
+
+    def render(self, content: typing.Any) -> bytes:
+        assert yaml is not None, "`pyyaml` must be installed to use OpenAPIResponse."
+        assert isinstance(content, dict), "The schema passed to OpenAPIResponse should be a dictionary."
+        return yaml.dump(content, default_flow_style=False).encode("utf-8")
+
+
+class EndpointInfo(typing.NamedTuple):
+    path: str
+    http_method: str
+    func: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]
+
+
+_remove_converter_pattern = re.compile(r":\w+}")
+
+
+class BaseSchemaGenerator:
+    def get_schema(self, routes: list[BaseRoute]) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def get_endpoints(self, routes: list[BaseRoute]) -> list[EndpointInfo]:
+        """
+        Given the routes, yields the following information:
+
+        - path
+            eg: /users/
+        - http_method
+            one of 'get', 'post', 'put', 'patch', 'delete', 'options'
+        - func
+            method ready to extract the docstring
+        """
+        endpoints_info: list[EndpointInfo] = []
+
+        for route in routes:
+            if isinstance(route, (Mount, Host)):
+                routes = route.routes or []
+                if isinstance(route, Mount):
+                    path = self._remove_converter(route.path)
+                else:
+                    path = ""
+                sub_endpoints = [
+                    EndpointInfo(
+                        path="".join((path, sub_endpoint.path)),
+                        http_method=sub_endpoint.http_method,
+                        func=sub_endpoint.func,
+                    )
+                    for sub_endpoint in self.get_endpoints(routes)
+                ]
+                endpoints_info.extend(sub_endpoints)
+
+            elif not isinstance(route, Route) or not route.include_in_schema:
+                continue
+
+            elif inspect.isfunction(route.endpoint) or inspect.ismethod(route.endpoint):
+                path = self._remove_converter(route.path)
+                for method in route.methods or ["GET"]:
+                    if method == "HEAD":
+                        continue
+                    endpoints_info.append(EndpointInfo(path, method.lower(), route.endpoint))
+            else:
+                path = self._remove_converter(route.path)
+                for method in ["get", "post", "put", "patch", "delete", "options"]:
+                    if not hasattr(route.endpoint, method):
+                        continue
+                    func = getattr(route.endpoint, method)
+                    endpoints_info.append(EndpointInfo(path, method.lower(), func))
+
+        return endpoints_info
+
+    def _remove_converter(self, path: str) -> str:
+        """
+        Remove the converter from the path.
+        For example, a route like this:
+            Route("/users/{id:int}", endpoint=get_user, methods=["GET"])
+        Should be represented as `/users/{id}` in the OpenAPI schema.
+        """
+        return _remove_converter_pattern.sub("}", path)
+
+    def parse_docstring(self, func_or_method: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        """
+        Given a function, parse the docstring as YAML and return a dictionary of info.
+        """
+        docstring = func_or_method.__doc__
+        if not docstring:
+            return {}
+
+        assert yaml is not None, "`pyyaml` must be installed to use parse_docstring."
+
+        # We support having regular docstrings before the schema
+        # definition. Here we return just the schema part from
+        # the docstring.
+        docstring = docstring.split("---")[-1]
+
+        parsed = yaml.safe_load(docstring)
+
+        if not isinstance(parsed, dict):
+            # A regular docstring (not yaml formatted) can return
+            # a simple string here, which wouldn't follow the schema.
+            return {}
+
+        return parsed
+
+    def OpenAPIResponse(self, request: Request) -> Response:
+        routes = request.app.routes
+        schema = self.get_schema(routes=routes)
+        return OpenAPIResponse(schema)
+
+
+class SchemaGenerator(BaseSchemaGenerator):
+    def __init__(self, base_schema: dict[str, typing.Any]) -> None:
+        self.base_schema = base_schema
+
+    def get_schema(self, routes: list[BaseRoute]) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        schema = dict(self.base_schema)
+        schema.setdefault("paths", {})
+        endpoints_info = self.get_endpoints(routes)
+
+        for endpoint in endpoints_info:
+            parsed = self.parse_docstring(endpoint.func)
+
+            if not parsed:
+                continue
+
+            if endpoint.path not in schema["paths"]:
+                schema["paths"][endpoint.path] = {}
+
+            schema["paths"][endpoint.path][endpoint.http_method] = parsed
+
+        return schema
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/staticfiles.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/staticfiles.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..637da648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/staticfiles.py
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import errno
+import importlib.util
+import os
+import stat
+import typing
+from email.utils import parsedate
+
+import anyio
+import anyio.to_thread
+
+from starlette._utils import get_route_path
+from starlette.datastructures import URL, Headers
+from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
+from starlette.responses import FileResponse, RedirectResponse, Response
+from starlette.types import Receive, Scope, Send
+
+PathLike = typing.Union[str, "os.PathLike[str]"]
+
+
+class NotModifiedResponse(Response):
+    NOT_MODIFIED_HEADERS = (
+        "cache-control",
+        "content-location",
+        "date",
+        "etag",
+        "expires",
+        "vary",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, headers: Headers):
+        super().__init__(
+            status_code=304,
+            headers={name: value for name, value in headers.items() if name in self.NOT_MODIFIED_HEADERS},
+        )
+
+
+class StaticFiles:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        directory: PathLike | None = None,
+        packages: list[str | tuple[str, str]] | None = None,
+        html: bool = False,
+        check_dir: bool = True,
+        follow_symlink: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.directory = directory
+        self.packages = packages
+        self.all_directories = self.get_directories(directory, packages)
+        self.html = html
+        self.config_checked = False
+        self.follow_symlink = follow_symlink
+        if check_dir and directory is not None and not os.path.isdir(directory):
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Directory '{directory}' does not exist")
+
+    def get_directories(
+        self,
+        directory: PathLike | None = None,
+        packages: list[str | tuple[str, str]] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[PathLike]:
+        """
+        Given `directory` and `packages` arguments, return a list of all the
+        directories that should be used for serving static files from.
+        """
+        directories = []
+        if directory is not None:
+            directories.append(directory)
+
+        for package in packages or []:
+            if isinstance(package, tuple):
+                package, statics_dir = package
+            else:
+                statics_dir = "statics"
+            spec = importlib.util.find_spec(package)
+            assert spec is not None, f"Package {package!r} could not be found."
+            assert spec.origin is not None, f"Package {package!r} could not be found."
+            package_directory = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(spec.origin, "..", statics_dir))
+            assert os.path.isdir(package_directory), (
+                f"Directory '{statics_dir!r}' in package {package!r} could not be found."
+            )
+            directories.append(package_directory)
+
+        return directories
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        """
+        The ASGI entry point.
+        """
+        assert scope["type"] == "http"
+
+        if not self.config_checked:
+            await self.check_config()
+            self.config_checked = True
+
+        path = self.get_path(scope)
+        response = await self.get_response(path, scope)
+        await response(scope, receive, send)
+
+    def get_path(self, scope: Scope) -> str:
+        """
+        Given the ASGI scope, return the `path` string to serve up,
+        with OS specific path separators, and any '..', '.' components removed.
+        """
+        route_path = get_route_path(scope)
+        return os.path.normpath(os.path.join(*route_path.split("/")))
+
+    async def get_response(self, path: str, scope: Scope) -> Response:
+        """
+        Returns an HTTP response, given the incoming path, method and request headers.
+        """
+        if scope["method"] not in ("GET", "HEAD"):
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=405)
+
+        try:
+            full_path, stat_result = await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(self.lookup_path, path)
+        except PermissionError:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=401)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            # Filename is too long, so it can't be a valid static file.
+            if exc.errno == errno.ENAMETOOLONG:
+                raise HTTPException(status_code=404)
+
+            raise exc
+
+        if stat_result and stat.S_ISREG(stat_result.st_mode):
+            # We have a static file to serve.
+            return self.file_response(full_path, stat_result, scope)
+
+        elif stat_result and stat.S_ISDIR(stat_result.st_mode) and self.html:
+            # We're in HTML mode, and have got a directory URL.
+            # Check if we have 'index.html' file to serve.
+            index_path = os.path.join(path, "index.html")
+            full_path, stat_result = await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(self.lookup_path, index_path)
+            if stat_result is not None and stat.S_ISREG(stat_result.st_mode):
+                if not scope["path"].endswith("/"):
+                    # Directory URLs should redirect to always end in "/".
+                    url = URL(scope=scope)
+                    url = url.replace(path=url.path + "/")
+                    return RedirectResponse(url=url)
+                return self.file_response(full_path, stat_result, scope)
+
+        if self.html:
+            # Check for '404.html' if we're in HTML mode.
+            full_path, stat_result = await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(self.lookup_path, "404.html")
+            if stat_result and stat.S_ISREG(stat_result.st_mode):
+                return FileResponse(full_path, stat_result=stat_result, status_code=404)
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404)
+
+    def lookup_path(self, path: str) -> tuple[str, os.stat_result | None]:
+        for directory in self.all_directories:
+            joined_path = os.path.join(directory, path)
+            if self.follow_symlink:
+                full_path = os.path.abspath(joined_path)
+                directory = os.path.abspath(directory)
+            else:
+                full_path = os.path.realpath(joined_path)
+                directory = os.path.realpath(directory)
+            if os.path.commonpath([full_path, directory]) != str(directory):
+                # Don't allow misbehaving clients to break out of the static files directory.
+                continue
+            try:
+                return full_path, os.stat(full_path)
+            except (FileNotFoundError, NotADirectoryError):
+                continue
+        return "", None
+
+    def file_response(
+        self,
+        full_path: PathLike,
+        stat_result: os.stat_result,
+        scope: Scope,
+        status_code: int = 200,
+    ) -> Response:
+        request_headers = Headers(scope=scope)
+
+        response = FileResponse(full_path, status_code=status_code, stat_result=stat_result)
+        if self.is_not_modified(response.headers, request_headers):
+            return NotModifiedResponse(response.headers)
+        return response
+
+    async def check_config(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Perform a one-off configuration check that StaticFiles is actually
+        pointed at a directory, so that we can raise loud errors rather than
+        just returning 404 responses.
+        """
+        if self.directory is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            stat_result = await anyio.to_thread.run_sync(os.stat, self.directory)
+        except FileNotFoundError:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"StaticFiles directory '{self.directory}' does not exist.")
+        if not (stat.S_ISDIR(stat_result.st_mode) or stat.S_ISLNK(stat_result.st_mode)):
+            raise RuntimeError(f"StaticFiles path '{self.directory}' is not a directory.")
+
+    def is_not_modified(self, response_headers: Headers, request_headers: Headers) -> bool:
+        """
+        Given the request and response headers, return `True` if an HTTP
+        "Not Modified" response could be returned instead.
+        """
+        try:
+            if_none_match = request_headers["if-none-match"]
+            etag = response_headers["etag"]
+            if etag in [tag.strip(" W/") for tag in if_none_match.split(",")]:
+                return True
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            if_modified_since = parsedate(request_headers["if-modified-since"])
+            last_modified = parsedate(response_headers["last-modified"])
+            if if_modified_since is not None and last_modified is not None and if_modified_since >= last_modified:
+                return True
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/status.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/status.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54c1fb7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/status.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+"""
+HTTP codes
+See HTTP Status Code Registry:
+https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml
+
+And RFC 2324 - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2324
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+HTTP_100_CONTINUE = 100
+HTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101
+HTTP_102_PROCESSING = 102
+HTTP_103_EARLY_HINTS = 103
+HTTP_200_OK = 200
+HTTP_201_CREATED = 201
+HTTP_202_ACCEPTED = 202
+HTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203
+HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT = 204
+HTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT = 205
+HTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206
+HTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS = 207
+HTTP_208_ALREADY_REPORTED = 208
+HTTP_226_IM_USED = 226
+HTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300
+HTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301
+HTTP_302_FOUND = 302
+HTTP_303_SEE_OTHER = 303
+HTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED = 304
+HTTP_305_USE_PROXY = 305
+HTTP_306_RESERVED = 306
+HTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307
+HTTP_308_PERMANENT_REDIRECT = 308
+HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST = 400
+HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED = 401
+HTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402
+HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN = 403
+HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND = 404
+HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405
+HTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406
+HTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407
+HTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408
+HTTP_409_CONFLICT = 409
+HTTP_410_GONE = 410
+HTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411
+HTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412
+HTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413
+HTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414
+HTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415
+HTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416
+HTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417
+HTTP_418_IM_A_TEAPOT = 418
+HTTP_421_MISDIRECTED_REQUEST = 421
+HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY = 422
+HTTP_423_LOCKED = 423
+HTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY = 424
+HTTP_425_TOO_EARLY = 425
+HTTP_426_UPGRADE_REQUIRED = 426
+HTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED = 428
+HTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS = 429
+HTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE = 431
+HTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS = 451
+HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500
+HTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501
+HTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY = 502
+HTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503
+HTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504
+HTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505
+HTTP_506_VARIANT_ALSO_NEGOTIATES = 506
+HTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE = 507
+HTTP_508_LOOP_DETECTED = 508
+HTTP_510_NOT_EXTENDED = 510
+HTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 511
+
+
+"""
+WebSocket codes
+https://www.iana.org/assignments/websocket/websocket.xml#close-code-number
+https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CloseEvent
+"""
+WS_1000_NORMAL_CLOSURE = 1000
+WS_1001_GOING_AWAY = 1001
+WS_1002_PROTOCOL_ERROR = 1002
+WS_1003_UNSUPPORTED_DATA = 1003
+WS_1005_NO_STATUS_RCVD = 1005
+WS_1006_ABNORMAL_CLOSURE = 1006
+WS_1007_INVALID_FRAME_PAYLOAD_DATA = 1007
+WS_1008_POLICY_VIOLATION = 1008
+WS_1009_MESSAGE_TOO_BIG = 1009
+WS_1010_MANDATORY_EXT = 1010
+WS_1011_INTERNAL_ERROR = 1011
+WS_1012_SERVICE_RESTART = 1012
+WS_1013_TRY_AGAIN_LATER = 1013
+WS_1014_BAD_GATEWAY = 1014
+WS_1015_TLS_HANDSHAKE = 1015
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/templating.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/templating.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f764858b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/templating.py
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+import warnings
+from os import PathLike
+
+from starlette.background import BackgroundTask
+from starlette.datastructures import URL
+from starlette.requests import Request
+from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
+from starlette.types import Receive, Scope, Send
+
+try:
+    import jinja2
+
+    # @contextfunction was renamed to @pass_context in Jinja 3.0, and was removed in 3.1
+    # hence we try to get pass_context (most installs will be >=3.1)
+    # and fall back to contextfunction,
+    # adding a type ignore for mypy to let us access an attribute that may not exist
+    if hasattr(jinja2, "pass_context"):
+        pass_context = jinja2.pass_context
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        pass_context = jinja2.contextfunction  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+    jinja2 = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+class _TemplateResponse(HTMLResponse):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        template: typing.Any,
+        context: dict[str, typing.Any],
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.template = template
+        self.context = context
+        content = template.render(context)
+        super().__init__(content, status_code, headers, media_type, background)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        request = self.context.get("request", {})
+        extensions = request.get("extensions", {})
+        if "http.response.debug" in extensions:  # pragma: no branch
+            await send(
+                {
+                    "type": "http.response.debug",
+                    "info": {
+                        "template": self.template,
+                        "context": self.context,
+                    },
+                }
+            )
+        await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+class Jinja2Templates:
+    """
+    templates = Jinja2Templates("templates")
+
+    return templates.TemplateResponse("index.html", {"request": request})
+    """
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        directory: str | PathLike[str] | typing.Sequence[str | PathLike[str]],
+        *,
+        context_processors: list[typing.Callable[[Request], dict[str, typing.Any]]] | None = None,
+        **env_options: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        env: jinja2.Environment,
+        context_processors: list[typing.Callable[[Request], dict[str, typing.Any]]] | None = None,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        directory: str | PathLike[str] | typing.Sequence[str | PathLike[str]] | None = None,
+        *,
+        context_processors: list[typing.Callable[[Request], dict[str, typing.Any]]] | None = None,
+        env: jinja2.Environment | None = None,
+        **env_options: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if env_options:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "Extra environment options are deprecated. Use a preconfigured jinja2.Environment instead.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+        assert jinja2 is not None, "jinja2 must be installed to use Jinja2Templates"
+        assert bool(directory) ^ bool(env), "either 'directory' or 'env' arguments must be passed"
+        self.context_processors = context_processors or []
+        if directory is not None:
+            self.env = self._create_env(directory, **env_options)
+        elif env is not None:  # pragma: no branch
+            self.env = env
+
+        self._setup_env_defaults(self.env)
+
+    def _create_env(
+        self,
+        directory: str | PathLike[str] | typing.Sequence[str | PathLike[str]],
+        **env_options: typing.Any,
+    ) -> jinja2.Environment:
+        loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(directory)
+        env_options.setdefault("loader", loader)
+        env_options.setdefault("autoescape", True)
+
+        return jinja2.Environment(**env_options)
+
+    def _setup_env_defaults(self, env: jinja2.Environment) -> None:
+        @pass_context
+        def url_for(
+            context: dict[str, typing.Any],
+            name: str,
+            /,
+            **path_params: typing.Any,
+        ) -> URL:
+            request: Request = context["request"]
+            return request.url_for(name, **path_params)
+
+        env.globals.setdefault("url_for", url_for)
+
+    def get_template(self, name: str) -> jinja2.Template:
+        return self.env.get_template(name)
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def TemplateResponse(
+        self,
+        request: Request,
+        name: str,
+        context: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+    ) -> _TemplateResponse: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def TemplateResponse(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        context: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+        status_code: int = 200,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        media_type: str | None = None,
+        background: BackgroundTask | None = None,
+    ) -> _TemplateResponse:
+        # Deprecated usage
+        ...
+
+    def TemplateResponse(self, *args: typing.Any, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> _TemplateResponse:
+        if args:
+            if isinstance(args[0], str):  # the first argument is template name (old style)
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "The `name` is not the first parameter anymore. "
+                    "The first parameter should be the `Request` instance.\n"
+                    'Replace `TemplateResponse(name, {"request": request})` by `TemplateResponse(request, name)`.',
+                    DeprecationWarning,
+                )
+
+                name = args[0]
+                context = args[1] if len(args) > 1 else kwargs.get("context", {})
+                status_code = args[2] if len(args) > 2 else kwargs.get("status_code", 200)
+                headers = args[3] if len(args) > 3 else kwargs.get("headers")
+                media_type = args[4] if len(args) > 4 else kwargs.get("media_type")
+                background = args[5] if len(args) > 5 else kwargs.get("background")
+
+                if "request" not in context:
+                    raise ValueError('context must include a "request" key')
+                request = context["request"]
+            else:  # the first argument is a request instance (new style)
+                request = args[0]
+                name = args[1] if len(args) > 1 else kwargs["name"]
+                context = args[2] if len(args) > 2 else kwargs.get("context", {})
+                status_code = args[3] if len(args) > 3 else kwargs.get("status_code", 200)
+                headers = args[4] if len(args) > 4 else kwargs.get("headers")
+                media_type = args[5] if len(args) > 5 else kwargs.get("media_type")
+                background = args[6] if len(args) > 6 else kwargs.get("background")
+        else:  # all arguments are kwargs
+            if "request" not in kwargs:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "The `TemplateResponse` now requires the `request` argument.\n"
+                    'Replace `TemplateResponse(name, {"context": context})` by `TemplateResponse(request, name)`.',
+                    DeprecationWarning,
+                )
+                if "request" not in kwargs.get("context", {}):
+                    raise ValueError('context must include a "request" key')
+
+            context = kwargs.get("context", {})
+            request = kwargs.get("request", context.get("request"))
+            name = typing.cast(str, kwargs["name"])
+            status_code = kwargs.get("status_code", 200)
+            headers = kwargs.get("headers")
+            media_type = kwargs.get("media_type")
+            background = kwargs.get("background")
+
+        context.setdefault("request", request)
+        for context_processor in self.context_processors:
+            context.update(context_processor(request))
+
+        template = self.get_template(name)
+        return _TemplateResponse(
+            template,
+            context,
+            status_code=status_code,
+            headers=headers,
+            media_type=media_type,
+            background=background,
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d54025e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/testclient.py
@@ -0,0 +1,731 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import contextlib
+import inspect
+import io
+import json
+import math
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+from concurrent.futures import Future
+from types import GeneratorType
+from urllib.parse import unquote, urljoin
+
+import anyio
+import anyio.abc
+import anyio.from_thread
+from anyio.streams.stapled import StapledObjectStream
+
+from starlette._utils import is_async_callable
+from starlette.types import ASGIApp, Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+from starlette.websockets import WebSocketDisconnect
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing import TypeGuard
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from typing_extensions import TypeGuard
+
+try:
+    import httpx
+except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+    raise RuntimeError(
+        "The starlette.testclient module requires the httpx package to be installed.\n"
+        "You can install this with:\n"
+        "    $ pip install httpx\n"
+    )
+_PortalFactoryType = typing.Callable[[], typing.ContextManager[anyio.abc.BlockingPortal]]
+
+ASGIInstance = typing.Callable[[Receive, Send], typing.Awaitable[None]]
+ASGI2App = typing.Callable[[Scope], ASGIInstance]
+ASGI3App = typing.Callable[[Scope, Receive, Send], typing.Awaitable[None]]
+
+
+_RequestData = typing.Mapping[str, typing.Union[str, typing.Iterable[str], bytes]]
+
+
+def _is_asgi3(app: ASGI2App | ASGI3App) -> TypeGuard[ASGI3App]:
+    if inspect.isclass(app):
+        return hasattr(app, "__await__")
+    return is_async_callable(app)
+
+
+class _WrapASGI2:
+    """
+    Provide an ASGI3 interface onto an ASGI2 app.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGI2App) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        instance = self.app(scope)
+        await instance(receive, send)
+
+
+class _AsyncBackend(typing.TypedDict):
+    backend: str
+    backend_options: dict[str, typing.Any]
+
+
+class _Upgrade(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, session: WebSocketTestSession) -> None:
+        self.session = session
+
+
+class WebSocketDenialResponse(  # type: ignore[misc]
+    httpx.Response,
+    WebSocketDisconnect,
+):
+    """
+    A special case of `WebSocketDisconnect`, raised in the `TestClient` if the
+    `WebSocket` is closed before being accepted with a `send_denial_response()`.
+    """
+
+
+class WebSocketTestSession:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGI3App,
+        scope: Scope,
+        portal_factory: _PortalFactoryType,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.accepted_subprotocol = None
+        self.portal_factory = portal_factory
+        self.extra_headers = None
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> WebSocketTestSession:
+        with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+            self.portal = portal = stack.enter_context(self.portal_factory())
+            fut, cs = portal.start_task(self._run)
+            stack.callback(fut.result)
+            stack.callback(portal.call, cs.cancel)
+            self.send({"type": "websocket.connect"})
+            message = self.receive()
+            self._raise_on_close(message)
+            self.accepted_subprotocol = message.get("subprotocol", None)
+            self.extra_headers = message.get("headers", None)
+            stack.callback(self.close, 1000)
+            self.exit_stack = stack.pop_all()
+            return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args: typing.Any) -> bool | None:
+        return self.exit_stack.__exit__(*args)
+
+    async def _run(self, *, task_status: anyio.abc.TaskStatus[anyio.CancelScope]) -> None:
+        """
+        The sub-thread in which the websocket session runs.
+        """
+        send: anyio.create_memory_object_stream[Message] = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(math.inf)
+        send_tx, send_rx = send
+        receive: anyio.create_memory_object_stream[Message] = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(math.inf)
+        receive_tx, receive_rx = receive
+        with send_tx, send_rx, receive_tx, receive_rx, anyio.CancelScope() as cs:
+            self._receive_tx = receive_tx
+            self._send_rx = send_rx
+            task_status.started(cs)
+            await self.app(self.scope, receive_rx.receive, send_tx.send)
+
+            # wait for cs.cancel to be called before closing streams
+            await anyio.sleep_forever()
+
+    def _raise_on_close(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        if message["type"] == "websocket.close":
+            raise WebSocketDisconnect(code=message.get("code", 1000), reason=message.get("reason", ""))
+        elif message["type"] == "websocket.http.response.start":
+            status_code: int = message["status"]
+            headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = message["headers"]
+            body: list[bytes] = []
+            while True:
+                message = self.receive()
+                assert message["type"] == "websocket.http.response.body"
+                body.append(message["body"])
+                if not message.get("more_body", False):
+                    break
+            raise WebSocketDenialResponse(status_code=status_code, headers=headers, content=b"".join(body))
+
+    def send(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        self.portal.call(self._receive_tx.send, message)
+
+    def send_text(self, data: str) -> None:
+        self.send({"type": "websocket.receive", "text": data})
+
+    def send_bytes(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        self.send({"type": "websocket.receive", "bytes": data})
+
+    def send_json(self, data: typing.Any, mode: typing.Literal["text", "binary"] = "text") -> None:
+        text = json.dumps(data, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=False)
+        if mode == "text":
+            self.send({"type": "websocket.receive", "text": text})
+        else:
+            self.send({"type": "websocket.receive", "bytes": text.encode("utf-8")})
+
+    def close(self, code: int = 1000, reason: str | None = None) -> None:
+        self.send({"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": code, "reason": reason})
+
+    def receive(self) -> Message:
+        return self.portal.call(self._send_rx.receive)
+
+    def receive_text(self) -> str:
+        message = self.receive()
+        self._raise_on_close(message)
+        return typing.cast(str, message["text"])
+
+    def receive_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        message = self.receive()
+        self._raise_on_close(message)
+        return typing.cast(bytes, message["bytes"])
+
+    def receive_json(self, mode: typing.Literal["text", "binary"] = "text") -> typing.Any:
+        message = self.receive()
+        self._raise_on_close(message)
+        if mode == "text":
+            text = message["text"]
+        else:
+            text = message["bytes"].decode("utf-8")
+        return json.loads(text)
+
+
+class _TestClientTransport(httpx.BaseTransport):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGI3App,
+        portal_factory: _PortalFactoryType,
+        raise_server_exceptions: bool = True,
+        root_path: str = "",
+        *,
+        client: tuple[str, int],
+        app_state: dict[str, typing.Any],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.raise_server_exceptions = raise_server_exceptions
+        self.root_path = root_path
+        self.portal_factory = portal_factory
+        self.app_state = app_state
+        self.client = client
+
+    def handle_request(self, request: httpx.Request) -> httpx.Response:
+        scheme = request.url.scheme
+        netloc = request.url.netloc.decode(encoding="ascii")
+        path = request.url.path
+        raw_path = request.url.raw_path
+        query = request.url.query.decode(encoding="ascii")
+
+        default_port = {"http": 80, "ws": 80, "https": 443, "wss": 443}[scheme]
+
+        if ":" in netloc:
+            host, port_string = netloc.split(":", 1)
+            port = int(port_string)
+        else:
+            host = netloc
+            port = default_port
+
+        # Include the 'host' header.
+        if "host" in request.headers:
+            headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+        elif port == default_port:  # pragma: no cover
+            headers = [(b"host", host.encode())]
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            headers = [(b"host", (f"{host}:{port}").encode())]
+
+        # Include other request headers.
+        headers += [(key.lower().encode(), value.encode()) for key, value in request.headers.multi_items()]
+
+        scope: dict[str, typing.Any]
+
+        if scheme in {"ws", "wss"}:
+            subprotocol = request.headers.get("sec-websocket-protocol", None)
+            if subprotocol is None:
+                subprotocols: typing.Sequence[str] = []
+            else:
+                subprotocols = [value.strip() for value in subprotocol.split(",")]
+            scope = {
+                "type": "websocket",
+                "path": unquote(path),
+                "raw_path": raw_path.split(b"?", 1)[0],
+                "root_path": self.root_path,
+                "scheme": scheme,
+                "query_string": query.encode(),
+                "headers": headers,
+                "client": self.client,
+                "server": [host, port],
+                "subprotocols": subprotocols,
+                "state": self.app_state.copy(),
+                "extensions": {"websocket.http.response": {}},
+            }
+            session = WebSocketTestSession(self.app, scope, self.portal_factory)
+            raise _Upgrade(session)
+
+        scope = {
+            "type": "http",
+            "http_version": "1.1",
+            "method": request.method,
+            "path": unquote(path),
+            "raw_path": raw_path.split(b"?", 1)[0],
+            "root_path": self.root_path,
+            "scheme": scheme,
+            "query_string": query.encode(),
+            "headers": headers,
+            "client": self.client,
+            "server": [host, port],
+            "extensions": {"http.response.debug": {}},
+            "state": self.app_state.copy(),
+        }
+
+        request_complete = False
+        response_started = False
+        response_complete: anyio.Event
+        raw_kwargs: dict[str, typing.Any] = {"stream": io.BytesIO()}
+        template = None
+        context = None
+
+        async def receive() -> Message:
+            nonlocal request_complete
+
+            if request_complete:
+                if not response_complete.is_set():
+                    await response_complete.wait()
+                return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+
+            body = request.read()
+            if isinstance(body, str):
+                body_bytes: bytes = body.encode("utf-8")  # pragma: no cover
+            elif body is None:
+                body_bytes = b""  # pragma: no cover
+            elif isinstance(body, GeneratorType):
+                try:  # pragma: no cover
+                    chunk = body.send(None)
+                    if isinstance(chunk, str):
+                        chunk = chunk.encode("utf-8")
+                    return {"type": "http.request", "body": chunk, "more_body": True}
+                except StopIteration:  # pragma: no cover
+                    request_complete = True
+                    return {"type": "http.request", "body": b""}
+            else:
+                body_bytes = body
+
+            request_complete = True
+            return {"type": "http.request", "body": body_bytes}
+
+        async def send(message: Message) -> None:
+            nonlocal raw_kwargs, response_started, template, context
+
+            if message["type"] == "http.response.start":
+                assert not response_started, 'Received multiple "http.response.start" messages.'
+                raw_kwargs["status_code"] = message["status"]
+                raw_kwargs["headers"] = [(key.decode(), value.decode()) for key, value in message.get("headers", [])]
+                response_started = True
+            elif message["type"] == "http.response.body":
+                assert response_started, 'Received "http.response.body" without "http.response.start".'
+                assert not response_complete.is_set(), 'Received "http.response.body" after response completed.'
+                body = message.get("body", b"")
+                more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+                if request.method != "HEAD":
+                    raw_kwargs["stream"].write(body)
+                if not more_body:
+                    raw_kwargs["stream"].seek(0)
+                    response_complete.set()
+            elif message["type"] == "http.response.debug":
+                template = message["info"]["template"]
+                context = message["info"]["context"]
+
+        try:
+            with self.portal_factory() as portal:
+                response_complete = portal.call(anyio.Event)
+                portal.call(self.app, scope, receive, send)
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            if self.raise_server_exceptions:
+                raise exc
+
+        if self.raise_server_exceptions:
+            assert response_started, "TestClient did not receive any response."
+        elif not response_started:
+            raw_kwargs = {
+                "status_code": 500,
+                "headers": [],
+                "stream": io.BytesIO(),
+            }
+
+        raw_kwargs["stream"] = httpx.ByteStream(raw_kwargs["stream"].read())
+
+        response = httpx.Response(**raw_kwargs, request=request)
+        if template is not None:
+            response.template = template  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            response.context = context  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        return response
+
+
+class TestClient(httpx.Client):
+    __test__ = False
+    task: Future[None]
+    portal: anyio.abc.BlockingPortal | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApp,
+        base_url: str = "http://testserver",
+        raise_server_exceptions: bool = True,
+        root_path: str = "",
+        backend: typing.Literal["asyncio", "trio"] = "asyncio",
+        backend_options: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+        follow_redirects: bool = True,
+        client: tuple[str, int] = ("testclient", 50000),
+    ) -> None:
+        self.async_backend = _AsyncBackend(backend=backend, backend_options=backend_options or {})
+        if _is_asgi3(app):
+            asgi_app = app
+        else:
+            app = typing.cast(ASGI2App, app)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            asgi_app = _WrapASGI2(app)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.app = asgi_app
+        self.app_state: dict[str, typing.Any] = {}
+        transport = _TestClientTransport(
+            self.app,
+            portal_factory=self._portal_factory,
+            raise_server_exceptions=raise_server_exceptions,
+            root_path=root_path,
+            app_state=self.app_state,
+            client=client,
+        )
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+        headers.setdefault("user-agent", "testclient")
+        super().__init__(
+            base_url=base_url,
+            headers=headers,
+            transport=transport,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            cookies=cookies,
+        )
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _portal_factory(self) -> typing.Generator[anyio.abc.BlockingPortal, None, None]:
+        if self.portal is not None:
+            yield self.portal
+        else:
+            with anyio.from_thread.start_blocking_portal(**self.async_backend) as portal:
+                yield portal
+
+    def request(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        content: httpx._types.RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: _RequestData | None = None,
+        files: httpx._types.RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any = None,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        if timeout is not httpx.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "You should not use the 'timeout' argument with the TestClient. "
+                "See https://github.com/encode/starlette/issues/1108 for more information.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+        url = self._merge_url(url)
+        return super().request(
+            method,
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def get(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        return super().get(
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def options(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        return super().options(
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def head(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        return super().head(
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def post(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        content: httpx._types.RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: _RequestData | None = None,
+        files: httpx._types.RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any = None,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        return super().post(
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def put(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        content: httpx._types.RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: _RequestData | None = None,
+        files: httpx._types.RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any = None,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        return super().put(
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def patch(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        content: httpx._types.RequestContent | None = None,
+        data: _RequestData | None = None,
+        files: httpx._types.RequestFiles | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any = None,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        return super().patch(
+            url,
+            content=content,
+            data=data,
+            files=files,
+            json=json,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def delete(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        url: httpx._types.URLTypes,
+        *,
+        params: httpx._types.QueryParamTypes | None = None,
+        headers: httpx._types.HeaderTypes | None = None,
+        cookies: httpx._types.CookieTypes | None = None,
+        auth: httpx._types.AuthTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        follow_redirects: bool | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        timeout: httpx._types.TimeoutTypes | httpx._client.UseClientDefault = httpx._client.USE_CLIENT_DEFAULT,
+        extensions: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> httpx.Response:
+        return super().delete(
+            url,
+            params=params,
+            headers=headers,
+            cookies=cookies,
+            auth=auth,
+            follow_redirects=follow_redirects,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+        )
+
+    def websocket_connect(
+        self,
+        url: str,
+        subprotocols: typing.Sequence[str] | None = None,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> WebSocketTestSession:
+        url = urljoin("ws://testserver", url)
+        headers = kwargs.get("headers", {})
+        headers.setdefault("connection", "upgrade")
+        headers.setdefault("sec-websocket-key", "testserver==")
+        headers.setdefault("sec-websocket-version", "13")
+        if subprotocols is not None:
+            headers.setdefault("sec-websocket-protocol", ", ".join(subprotocols))
+        kwargs["headers"] = headers
+        try:
+            super().request("GET", url, **kwargs)
+        except _Upgrade as exc:
+            session = exc.session
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("Expected WebSocket upgrade")  # pragma: no cover
+
+        return session
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> TestClient:
+        with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+            self.portal = portal = stack.enter_context(anyio.from_thread.start_blocking_portal(**self.async_backend))
+
+            @stack.callback
+            def reset_portal() -> None:
+                self.portal = None
+
+            send: anyio.create_memory_object_stream[typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any] | None] = (
+                anyio.create_memory_object_stream(math.inf)
+            )
+            receive: anyio.create_memory_object_stream[typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]] = (
+                anyio.create_memory_object_stream(math.inf)
+            )
+            for channel in (*send, *receive):
+                stack.callback(channel.close)
+            self.stream_send = StapledObjectStream(*send)
+            self.stream_receive = StapledObjectStream(*receive)
+            self.task = portal.start_task_soon(self.lifespan)
+            portal.call(self.wait_startup)
+
+            @stack.callback
+            def wait_shutdown() -> None:
+                portal.call(self.wait_shutdown)
+
+            self.exit_stack = stack.pop_all()
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args: typing.Any) -> None:
+        self.exit_stack.close()
+
+    async def lifespan(self) -> None:
+        scope = {"type": "lifespan", "state": self.app_state}
+        try:
+            await self.app(scope, self.stream_receive.receive, self.stream_send.send)
+        finally:
+            await self.stream_send.send(None)
+
+    async def wait_startup(self) -> None:
+        await self.stream_receive.send({"type": "lifespan.startup"})
+
+        async def receive() -> typing.Any:
+            message = await self.stream_send.receive()
+            if message is None:
+                self.task.result()
+            return message
+
+        message = await receive()
+        assert message["type"] in (
+            "lifespan.startup.complete",
+            "lifespan.startup.failed",
+        )
+        if message["type"] == "lifespan.startup.failed":
+            await receive()
+
+    async def wait_shutdown(self) -> None:
+        async def receive() -> typing.Any:
+            message = await self.stream_send.receive()
+            if message is None:
+                self.task.result()
+            return message
+
+        await self.stream_receive.send({"type": "lifespan.shutdown"})
+        message = await receive()
+        assert message["type"] in (
+            "lifespan.shutdown.complete",
+            "lifespan.shutdown.failed",
+        )
+        if message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown.failed":
+            await receive()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..893f8729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import typing
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from starlette.requests import Request
+    from starlette.responses import Response
+    from starlette.websockets import WebSocket
+
+AppType = typing.TypeVar("AppType")
+
+Scope = typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]
+Message = typing.MutableMapping[str, typing.Any]
+
+Receive = typing.Callable[[], typing.Awaitable[Message]]
+Send = typing.Callable[[Message], typing.Awaitable[None]]
+
+ASGIApp = typing.Callable[[Scope, Receive, Send], typing.Awaitable[None]]
+
+StatelessLifespan = typing.Callable[[AppType], typing.AsyncContextManager[None]]
+StatefulLifespan = typing.Callable[[AppType], typing.AsyncContextManager[typing.Mapping[str, typing.Any]]]
+Lifespan = typing.Union[StatelessLifespan[AppType], StatefulLifespan[AppType]]
+
+HTTPExceptionHandler = typing.Callable[["Request", Exception], "Response | typing.Awaitable[Response]"]
+WebSocketExceptionHandler = typing.Callable[["WebSocket", Exception], typing.Awaitable[None]]
+ExceptionHandler = typing.Union[HTTPExceptionHandler, WebSocketExceptionHandler]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/websockets.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/websockets.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b46f4ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/starlette/websockets.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import enum
+import json
+import typing
+
+from starlette.requests import HTTPConnection
+from starlette.responses import Response
+from starlette.types import Message, Receive, Scope, Send
+
+
+class WebSocketState(enum.Enum):
+    CONNECTING = 0
+    CONNECTED = 1
+    DISCONNECTED = 2
+    RESPONSE = 3
+
+
+class WebSocketDisconnect(Exception):
+    def __init__(self, code: int = 1000, reason: str | None = None) -> None:
+        self.code = code
+        self.reason = reason or ""
+
+
+class WebSocket(HTTPConnection):
+    def __init__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        super().__init__(scope)
+        assert scope["type"] == "websocket"
+        self._receive = receive
+        self._send = send
+        self.client_state = WebSocketState.CONNECTING
+        self.application_state = WebSocketState.CONNECTING
+
+    async def receive(self) -> Message:
+        """
+        Receive ASGI websocket messages, ensuring valid state transitions.
+        """
+        if self.client_state == WebSocketState.CONNECTING:
+            message = await self._receive()
+            message_type = message["type"]
+            if message_type != "websocket.connect":
+                raise RuntimeError(f'Expected ASGI message "websocket.connect", but got {message_type!r}')
+            self.client_state = WebSocketState.CONNECTED
+            return message
+        elif self.client_state == WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
+            message = await self._receive()
+            message_type = message["type"]
+            if message_type not in {"websocket.receive", "websocket.disconnect"}:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f'Expected ASGI message "websocket.receive" or "websocket.disconnect", but got {message_type!r}'
+                )
+            if message_type == "websocket.disconnect":
+                self.client_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
+            return message
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot call "receive" once a disconnect message has been received.')
+
+    async def send(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """
+        Send ASGI websocket messages, ensuring valid state transitions.
+        """
+        if self.application_state == WebSocketState.CONNECTING:
+            message_type = message["type"]
+            if message_type not in {"websocket.accept", "websocket.close", "websocket.http.response.start"}:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    'Expected ASGI message "websocket.accept", "websocket.close" or "websocket.http.response.start", '
+                    f"but got {message_type!r}"
+                )
+            if message_type == "websocket.close":
+                self.application_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
+            elif message_type == "websocket.http.response.start":
+                self.application_state = WebSocketState.RESPONSE
+            else:
+                self.application_state = WebSocketState.CONNECTED
+            await self._send(message)
+        elif self.application_state == WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
+            message_type = message["type"]
+            if message_type not in {"websocket.send", "websocket.close"}:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    f'Expected ASGI message "websocket.send" or "websocket.close", but got {message_type!r}'
+                )
+            if message_type == "websocket.close":
+                self.application_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
+            try:
+                await self._send(message)
+            except OSError:
+                self.application_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
+                raise WebSocketDisconnect(code=1006)
+        elif self.application_state == WebSocketState.RESPONSE:
+            message_type = message["type"]
+            if message_type != "websocket.http.response.body":
+                raise RuntimeError(f'Expected ASGI message "websocket.http.response.body", but got {message_type!r}')
+            if not message.get("more_body", False):
+                self.application_state = WebSocketState.DISCONNECTED
+            await self._send(message)
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot call "send" once a close message has been sent.')
+
+    async def accept(
+        self,
+        subprotocol: str | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        headers = headers or []
+
+        if self.client_state == WebSocketState.CONNECTING:  # pragma: no branch
+            # If we haven't yet seen the 'connect' message, then wait for it first.
+            await self.receive()
+        await self.send({"type": "websocket.accept", "subprotocol": subprotocol, "headers": headers})
+
+    def _raise_on_disconnect(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        if message["type"] == "websocket.disconnect":
+            raise WebSocketDisconnect(message["code"], message.get("reason"))
+
+    async def receive_text(self) -> str:
+        if self.application_state != WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
+            raise RuntimeError('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
+        message = await self.receive()
+        self._raise_on_disconnect(message)
+        return typing.cast(str, message["text"])
+
+    async def receive_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+        if self.application_state != WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
+            raise RuntimeError('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
+        message = await self.receive()
+        self._raise_on_disconnect(message)
+        return typing.cast(bytes, message["bytes"])
+
+    async def receive_json(self, mode: str = "text") -> typing.Any:
+        if mode not in {"text", "binary"}:
+            raise RuntimeError('The "mode" argument should be "text" or "binary".')
+        if self.application_state != WebSocketState.CONNECTED:
+            raise RuntimeError('WebSocket is not connected. Need to call "accept" first.')
+        message = await self.receive()
+        self._raise_on_disconnect(message)
+
+        if mode == "text":
+            text = message["text"]
+        else:
+            text = message["bytes"].decode("utf-8")
+        return json.loads(text)
+
+    async def iter_text(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[str]:
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield await self.receive_text()
+        except WebSocketDisconnect:
+            pass
+
+    async def iter_bytes(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes]:
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield await self.receive_bytes()
+        except WebSocketDisconnect:
+            pass
+
+    async def iter_json(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[typing.Any]:
+        try:
+            while True:
+                yield await self.receive_json()
+        except WebSocketDisconnect:
+            pass
+
+    async def send_text(self, data: str) -> None:
+        await self.send({"type": "websocket.send", "text": data})
+
+    async def send_bytes(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        await self.send({"type": "websocket.send", "bytes": data})
+
+    async def send_json(self, data: typing.Any, mode: str = "text") -> None:
+        if mode not in {"text", "binary"}:
+            raise RuntimeError('The "mode" argument should be "text" or "binary".')
+        text = json.dumps(data, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=False)
+        if mode == "text":
+            await self.send({"type": "websocket.send", "text": text})
+        else:
+            await self.send({"type": "websocket.send", "bytes": text.encode("utf-8")})
+
+    async def close(self, code: int = 1000, reason: str | None = None) -> None:
+        await self.send({"type": "websocket.close", "code": code, "reason": reason or ""})
+
+    async def send_denial_response(self, response: Response) -> None:
+        if "websocket.http.response" in self.scope.get("extensions", {}):
+            await response(self.scope, self.receive, self.send)
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("The server doesn't support the Websocket Denial Response extension.")
+
+
+class WebSocketClose:
+    def __init__(self, code: int = 1000, reason: str | None = None) -> None:
+        self.code = code
+        self.reason = reason or ""
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
+        await send({"type": "websocket.close", "code": self.code, "reason": self.reason})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fa59d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: tenacity
+Version: 9.1.2
+Summary: Retry code until it succeeds
+Home-page: https://github.com/jd/tenacity
+Author: Julien Danjou
+Author-email: julien@danjou.info
+License: Apache 2.0
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Apache Software License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+License-File: LICENSE
+Provides-Extra: doc
+Requires-Dist: reno; extra == "doc"
+Requires-Dist: sphinx; extra == "doc"
+Provides-Extra: test
+Requires-Dist: pytest; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: tornado>=4.5; extra == "test"
+Requires-Dist: typeguard; extra == "test"
+Dynamic: license-file
+
+Tenacity is a general-purpose retrying library to simplify the task of adding retry behavior to just about anything.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b9352496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=1vPK9y_B7kDK-RNa33tdRKRRABFbTqkrgPGe0YOxV6U,1172
+tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
+tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=CmyFI0kx5cdEMTLiONQRbGQwjIoR1aIYB7eCAQ4KPJ0,91
+tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=WNHhf_5RCaeuKWyq_K39vmp9F28LxKsB4SpomwSZ2L0,11357
+tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=Zf8AOZMN7hr1EEcUo9U5KzXsM4TOC1pBZ22D8913JYs,9
+tenacity/__init__.py,sha256=LLTmuzCs-hqXeQSVlAig6GwSCj3V1PewC9-b3mTXn1g,24060
+tenacity/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/_utils.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/after.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/before.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/before_sleep.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/nap.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/retry.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/stop.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/tornadoweb.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/__pycache__/wait.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/_utils.py,sha256=5AwPoFrGOIfPkCtqeJdFBi7KKQNcJXJ3erbtGOXtn6w,2916
+tenacity/after.py,sha256=NR4rGyslG7xF1hDJZb2Wf8wVApafX0HZwz2nFVLvaqE,1658
+tenacity/asyncio/__init__.py,sha256=PoDGzHN-neTr2GgA1Ti3ORMrSmUIEUblbiSiuyxKHTI,7773
+tenacity/asyncio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/asyncio/__pycache__/retry.cpython-312.pyc,,
+tenacity/asyncio/retry.py,sha256=ymu8F1JfAerc5vDO0V4-2kCvHXqyce2jpO1Nlt6aKxI,4244
+tenacity/before.py,sha256=7zDTpZ3b6rkY9sOdS-qbpjBgSjVr3xBqcIqdYAh9ZKM,1544
+tenacity/before_sleep.py,sha256=J8emgLL-jkzbctXE7uzEUfCxWL4SKfGuOmilWowCP9c,2362
+tenacity/nap.py,sha256=fRWvnz1aIzbIq9Ap3gAkAZgDH6oo5zxMrU6ZOVByq0I,1383
+tenacity/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+tenacity/retry.py,sha256=cZrAzWmMqAORKjmz9B1Pq2Kvn9GX2Znzs_3ybgvQwnE,9034
+tenacity/stop.py,sha256=wQuwGfCLw8OH1C3x0G9lH9xtJCyhgviePQ40HRAUg54,4113
+tenacity/tornadoweb.py,sha256=vS1ONfPYoGzPx1asQaVbfoo6D9tPIzSysJipm61Yqw8,2125
+tenacity/wait.py,sha256=1oye0erAqJkSIysEQIfgtZXHunv7t31BwI2gHL1FsSk,8049
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eb3c49d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (78.1.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a4a3ea2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
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+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
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+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
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+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
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+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48f8e12e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity-9.1.2.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+tenacity
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e274c215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,722 @@
+# Copyright 2016-2018 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2017 Elisey Zanko
+# Copyright 2016 Étienne Bersac
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+import dataclasses
+import functools
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+import typing as t
+import warnings
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from concurrent import futures
+
+from . import _utils
+
+# Import all built-in retry strategies for easier usage.
+from .retry import retry_base  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_all  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_always  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_any  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception_cause_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_not_exception_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_not_result  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_result  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_never  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_unless_exception_type  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception_message  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_not_exception_message  # noqa
+
+# Import all nap strategies for easier usage.
+from .nap import sleep  # noqa
+from .nap import sleep_using_event  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in stop strategies for easier usage.
+from .stop import stop_after_attempt  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_after_delay  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_before_delay  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_all  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_any  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_never  # noqa
+from .stop import stop_when_event_set  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in wait strategies for easier usage.
+from .wait import wait_chain  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_combine  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_exponential  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_fixed  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_incrementing  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_none  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_random  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_random_exponential  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_random_exponential as wait_full_jitter  # noqa
+from .wait import wait_exponential_jitter  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in before strategies for easier usage.
+from .before import before_log  # noqa
+from .before import before_nothing  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in after strategies for easier usage.
+from .after import after_log  # noqa
+from .after import after_nothing  # noqa
+
+# Import all built-in before sleep strategies for easier usage.
+from .before_sleep import before_sleep_log  # noqa
+from .before_sleep import before_sleep_nothing  # noqa
+
+try:
+    import tornado
+except ImportError:
+    tornado = None
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import types
+
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+    from . import asyncio as tasyncio
+    from .retry import RetryBaseT
+    from .stop import StopBaseT
+    from .wait import WaitBaseT
+
+
+WrappedFnReturnT = t.TypeVar("WrappedFnReturnT")
+WrappedFn = t.TypeVar("WrappedFn", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])
+
+
+dataclass_kwargs = {}
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    dataclass_kwargs.update({"slots": True})
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(**dataclass_kwargs)
+class IterState:
+    actions: t.List[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Any]] = dataclasses.field(
+        default_factory=list
+    )
+    retry_run_result: bool = False
+    delay_since_first_attempt: int = 0
+    stop_run_result: bool = False
+    is_explicit_retry: bool = False
+
+    def reset(self) -> None:
+        self.actions = []
+        self.retry_run_result = False
+        self.delay_since_first_attempt = 0
+        self.stop_run_result = False
+        self.is_explicit_retry = False
+
+
+class TryAgain(Exception):
+    """Always retry the executed function when raised."""
+
+
+NO_RESULT = object()
+
+
+class DoAttempt:
+    pass
+
+
+class DoSleep(float):
+    pass
+
+
+class BaseAction:
+    """Base class for representing actions to take by retry object.
+
+    Concrete implementations must define:
+    - __init__: to initialize all necessary fields
+    - REPR_FIELDS: class variable specifying attributes to include in repr(self)
+    - NAME: for identification in retry object methods and callbacks
+    """
+
+    REPR_FIELDS: t.Sequence[str] = ()
+    NAME: t.Optional[str] = None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        state_str = ", ".join(
+            f"{field}={getattr(self, field)!r}" for field in self.REPR_FIELDS
+        )
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({state_str})"
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return repr(self)
+
+
+class RetryAction(BaseAction):
+    REPR_FIELDS = ("sleep",)
+    NAME = "retry"
+
+    def __init__(self, sleep: t.SupportsFloat) -> None:
+        self.sleep = float(sleep)
+
+
+_unset = object()
+
+
+def _first_set(first: t.Union[t.Any, object], second: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+    return second if first is _unset else first
+
+
+class RetryError(Exception):
+    """Encapsulates the last attempt instance right before giving up."""
+
+    def __init__(self, last_attempt: "Future") -> None:
+        self.last_attempt = last_attempt
+        super().__init__(last_attempt)
+
+    def reraise(self) -> t.NoReturn:
+        if self.last_attempt.failed:
+            raise self.last_attempt.result()
+        raise self
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}[{self.last_attempt}]"
+
+
+class AttemptManager:
+    """Manage attempt context."""
+
+    def __init__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState"):
+        self.retry_state = retry_state
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: t.Optional[t.Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_value: t.Optional[BaseException],
+        traceback: t.Optional["types.TracebackType"],
+    ) -> t.Optional[bool]:
+        if exc_type is not None and exc_value is not None:
+            self.retry_state.set_exception((exc_type, exc_value, traceback))
+            return True  # Swallow exception.
+        else:
+            # We don't have the result, actually.
+            self.retry_state.set_result(None)
+            return None
+
+
+class BaseRetrying(ABC):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sleep: t.Callable[[t.Union[int, float]], None] = sleep,
+        stop: "StopBaseT" = stop_never,
+        wait: "WaitBaseT" = wait_none(),
+        retry: "RetryBaseT" = retry_if_exception_type(),
+        before: t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None] = before_nothing,
+        after: t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None] = after_nothing,
+        before_sleep: t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]] = None,
+        reraise: bool = False,
+        retry_error_cls: t.Type[RetryError] = RetryError,
+        retry_error_callback: t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Any]] = None,
+    ):
+        self.sleep = sleep
+        self.stop = stop
+        self.wait = wait
+        self.retry = retry
+        self.before = before
+        self.after = after
+        self.before_sleep = before_sleep
+        self.reraise = reraise
+        self._local = threading.local()
+        self.retry_error_cls = retry_error_cls
+        self.retry_error_callback = retry_error_callback
+
+    def copy(
+        self,
+        sleep: t.Union[t.Callable[[t.Union[int, float]], None], object] = _unset,
+        stop: t.Union["StopBaseT", object] = _unset,
+        wait: t.Union["WaitBaseT", object] = _unset,
+        retry: t.Union[retry_base, object] = _unset,
+        before: t.Union[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None], object] = _unset,
+        after: t.Union[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None], object] = _unset,
+        before_sleep: t.Union[
+            t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]], object
+        ] = _unset,
+        reraise: t.Union[bool, object] = _unset,
+        retry_error_cls: t.Union[t.Type[RetryError], object] = _unset,
+        retry_error_callback: t.Union[
+            t.Optional[t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Any]], object
+        ] = _unset,
+    ) -> "Self":
+        """Copy this object with some parameters changed if needed."""
+        return self.__class__(
+            sleep=_first_set(sleep, self.sleep),
+            stop=_first_set(stop, self.stop),
+            wait=_first_set(wait, self.wait),
+            retry=_first_set(retry, self.retry),
+            before=_first_set(before, self.before),
+            after=_first_set(after, self.after),
+            before_sleep=_first_set(before_sleep, self.before_sleep),
+            reraise=_first_set(reraise, self.reraise),
+            retry_error_cls=_first_set(retry_error_cls, self.retry_error_cls),
+            retry_error_callback=_first_set(
+                retry_error_callback, self.retry_error_callback
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"<{self.__class__.__name__} object at 0x{id(self):x} ("
+            f"stop={self.stop}, "
+            f"wait={self.wait}, "
+            f"sleep={self.sleep}, "
+            f"retry={self.retry}, "
+            f"before={self.before}, "
+            f"after={self.after})>"
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def statistics(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
+        """Return a dictionary of runtime statistics.
+
+        This dictionary will be empty when the controller has never been
+        ran. When it is running or has ran previously it should have (but
+        may not) have useful and/or informational keys and values when
+        running is underway and/or completed.
+
+        .. warning:: The keys in this dictionary **should** be some what
+                     stable (not changing), but there existence **may**
+                     change between major releases as new statistics are
+                     gathered or removed so before accessing keys ensure that
+                     they actually exist and handle when they do not.
+
+        .. note:: The values in this dictionary are local to the thread
+                  running call (so if multiple threads share the same retrying
+                  object - either directly or indirectly) they will each have
+                  there own view of statistics they have collected (in the
+                  future we may provide a way to aggregate the various
+                  statistics from each thread).
+        """
+        try:
+            return self._local.statistics  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._local.statistics = t.cast(t.Dict[str, t.Any], {})
+            return self._local.statistics
+
+    @property
+    def iter_state(self) -> IterState:
+        try:
+            return self._local.iter_state  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._local.iter_state = IterState()
+            return self._local.iter_state
+
+    def wraps(self, f: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn:
+        """Wrap a function for retrying.
+
+        :param f: A function to wraps for retrying.
+        """
+
+        @functools.wraps(
+            f, functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS + ("__defaults__", "__kwdefaults__")
+        )
+        def wrapped_f(*args: t.Any, **kw: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+            # Always create a copy to prevent overwriting the local contexts when
+            # calling the same wrapped functions multiple times in the same stack
+            copy = self.copy()
+            wrapped_f.statistics = copy.statistics  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            return copy(f, *args, **kw)
+
+        def retry_with(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> WrappedFn:
+            return self.copy(*args, **kwargs).wraps(f)
+
+        # Preserve attributes
+        wrapped_f.retry = self  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        wrapped_f.retry_with = retry_with  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        wrapped_f.statistics = {}  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        return wrapped_f  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def begin(self) -> None:
+        self.statistics.clear()
+        self.statistics["start_time"] = time.monotonic()
+        self.statistics["attempt_number"] = 1
+        self.statistics["idle_for"] = 0
+
+    def _add_action_func(self, fn: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> None:
+        self.iter_state.actions.append(fn)
+
+    def _run_retry(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        self.iter_state.retry_run_result = self.retry(retry_state)
+
+    def _run_wait(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        if self.wait:
+            sleep = self.wait(retry_state)
+        else:
+            sleep = 0.0
+
+        retry_state.upcoming_sleep = sleep
+
+    def _run_stop(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        self.statistics["delay_since_first_attempt"] = retry_state.seconds_since_start
+        self.iter_state.stop_run_result = self.stop(retry_state)
+
+    def iter(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> t.Union[DoAttempt, DoSleep, t.Any]:  # noqa
+        self._begin_iter(retry_state)
+        result = None
+        for action in self.iter_state.actions:
+            result = action(retry_state)
+        return result
+
+    def _begin_iter(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:  # noqa
+        self.iter_state.reset()
+
+        fut = retry_state.outcome
+        if fut is None:
+            if self.before is not None:
+                self._add_action_func(self.before)
+            self._add_action_func(lambda rs: DoAttempt())
+            return
+
+        self.iter_state.is_explicit_retry = fut.failed and isinstance(
+            fut.exception(), TryAgain
+        )
+        if not self.iter_state.is_explicit_retry:
+            self._add_action_func(self._run_retry)
+        self._add_action_func(self._post_retry_check_actions)
+
+    def _post_retry_check_actions(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        if not (self.iter_state.is_explicit_retry or self.iter_state.retry_run_result):
+            self._add_action_func(lambda rs: rs.outcome.result())
+            return
+
+        if self.after is not None:
+            self._add_action_func(self.after)
+
+        self._add_action_func(self._run_wait)
+        self._add_action_func(self._run_stop)
+        self._add_action_func(self._post_stop_check_actions)
+
+    def _post_stop_check_actions(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        if self.iter_state.stop_run_result:
+            if self.retry_error_callback:
+                self._add_action_func(self.retry_error_callback)
+                return
+
+            def exc_check(rs: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+                fut = t.cast(Future, rs.outcome)
+                retry_exc = self.retry_error_cls(fut)
+                if self.reraise:
+                    raise retry_exc.reraise()
+                raise retry_exc from fut.exception()
+
+            self._add_action_func(exc_check)
+            return
+
+        def next_action(rs: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+            sleep = rs.upcoming_sleep
+            rs.next_action = RetryAction(sleep)
+            rs.idle_for += sleep
+            self.statistics["idle_for"] += sleep
+            self.statistics["attempt_number"] += 1
+
+        self._add_action_func(next_action)
+
+        if self.before_sleep is not None:
+            self._add_action_func(self.before_sleep)
+
+        self._add_action_func(lambda rs: DoSleep(rs.upcoming_sleep))
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> t.Generator[AttemptManager, None, None]:
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(self, fn=None, args=(), kwargs={})
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                yield AttemptManager(retry_state=retry_state)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                break
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        fn: t.Callable[..., WrappedFnReturnT],
+        *args: t.Any,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> WrappedFnReturnT:
+        pass
+
+
+class Retrying(BaseRetrying):
+    """Retrying controller."""
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        fn: t.Callable[..., WrappedFnReturnT],
+        *args: t.Any,
+        **kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> WrappedFnReturnT:
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(retry_object=self, fn=fn, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                try:
+                    result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+                except BaseException:  # noqa: B902
+                    retry_state.set_exception(sys.exc_info())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                else:
+                    retry_state.set_result(result)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                return do  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    FutureGenericT = futures.Future[t.Any]
+else:
+    FutureGenericT = futures.Future
+
+
+class Future(FutureGenericT):
+    """Encapsulates a (future or past) attempted call to a target function."""
+
+    def __init__(self, attempt_number: int) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self.attempt_number = attempt_number
+
+    @property
+    def failed(self) -> bool:
+        """Return whether a exception is being held in this future."""
+        return self.exception() is not None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def construct(
+        cls, attempt_number: int, value: t.Any, has_exception: bool
+    ) -> "Future":
+        """Construct a new Future object."""
+        fut = cls(attempt_number)
+        if has_exception:
+            fut.set_exception(value)
+        else:
+            fut.set_result(value)
+        return fut
+
+
+class RetryCallState:
+    """State related to a single call wrapped with Retrying."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        retry_object: BaseRetrying,
+        fn: t.Optional[WrappedFn],
+        args: t.Any,
+        kwargs: t.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        #: Retry call start timestamp
+        self.start_time = time.monotonic()
+        #: Retry manager object
+        self.retry_object = retry_object
+        #: Function wrapped by this retry call
+        self.fn = fn
+        #: Arguments of the function wrapped by this retry call
+        self.args = args
+        #: Keyword arguments of the function wrapped by this retry call
+        self.kwargs = kwargs
+
+        #: The number of the current attempt
+        self.attempt_number: int = 1
+        #: Last outcome (result or exception) produced by the function
+        self.outcome: t.Optional[Future] = None
+        #: Timestamp of the last outcome
+        self.outcome_timestamp: t.Optional[float] = None
+        #: Time spent sleeping in retries
+        self.idle_for: float = 0.0
+        #: Next action as decided by the retry manager
+        self.next_action: t.Optional[RetryAction] = None
+        #: Next sleep time as decided by the retry manager.
+        self.upcoming_sleep: float = 0.0
+
+    @property
+    def seconds_since_start(self) -> t.Optional[float]:
+        if self.outcome_timestamp is None:
+            return None
+        return self.outcome_timestamp - self.start_time
+
+    def prepare_for_next_attempt(self) -> None:
+        self.outcome = None
+        self.outcome_timestamp = None
+        self.attempt_number += 1
+        self.next_action = None
+
+    def set_result(self, val: t.Any) -> None:
+        ts = time.monotonic()
+        fut = Future(self.attempt_number)
+        fut.set_result(val)
+        self.outcome, self.outcome_timestamp = fut, ts
+
+    def set_exception(
+        self,
+        exc_info: t.Tuple[
+            t.Type[BaseException], BaseException, "types.TracebackType| None"
+        ],
+    ) -> None:
+        ts = time.monotonic()
+        fut = Future(self.attempt_number)
+        fut.set_exception(exc_info[1])
+        self.outcome, self.outcome_timestamp = fut, ts
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.outcome is None:
+            result = "none yet"
+        elif self.outcome.failed:
+            exception = self.outcome.exception()
+            result = f"failed ({exception.__class__.__name__} {exception})"
+        else:
+            result = f"returned {self.outcome.result()}"
+
+        slept = float(round(self.idle_for, 2))
+        clsname = self.__class__.__name__
+        return f"<{clsname} {id(self)}: attempt #{self.attempt_number}; slept for {slept}; last result: {result}>"
+
+
+@t.overload
+def retry(func: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn: ...
+
+
+@t.overload
+def retry(
+    sleep: t.Callable[[t.Union[int, float]], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]] = sleep,
+    stop: "StopBaseT" = stop_never,
+    wait: "WaitBaseT" = wait_none(),
+    retry: "t.Union[RetryBaseT, tasyncio.retry.RetryBaseT]" = retry_if_exception_type(),
+    before: t.Callable[
+        ["RetryCallState"], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]
+    ] = before_nothing,
+    after: t.Callable[
+        ["RetryCallState"], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]
+    ] = after_nothing,
+    before_sleep: t.Optional[
+        t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]]
+    ] = None,
+    reraise: bool = False,
+    retry_error_cls: t.Type["RetryError"] = RetryError,
+    retry_error_callback: t.Optional[
+        t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Union[t.Any, t.Awaitable[t.Any]]]
+    ] = None,
+) -> t.Callable[[WrappedFn], WrappedFn]: ...
+
+
+def retry(*dargs: t.Any, **dkw: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+    """Wrap a function with a new `Retrying` object.
+
+    :param dargs: positional arguments passed to Retrying object
+    :param dkw: keyword arguments passed to the Retrying object
+    """
+    # support both @retry and @retry() as valid syntax
+    if len(dargs) == 1 and callable(dargs[0]):
+        return retry()(dargs[0])
+    else:
+
+        def wrap(f: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn:
+            if isinstance(f, retry_base):
+                warnings.warn(
+                    f"Got retry_base instance ({f.__class__.__name__}) as callable argument, "
+                    f"this will probably hang indefinitely (did you mean retry={f.__class__.__name__}(...)?)"
+                )
+            r: "BaseRetrying"
+            if _utils.is_coroutine_callable(f):
+                r = AsyncRetrying(*dargs, **dkw)
+            elif (
+                tornado
+                and hasattr(tornado.gen, "is_coroutine_function")
+                and tornado.gen.is_coroutine_function(f)
+            ):
+                r = TornadoRetrying(*dargs, **dkw)
+            else:
+                r = Retrying(*dargs, **dkw)
+
+            return r.wraps(f)
+
+        return wrap
+
+
+from tenacity.asyncio import AsyncRetrying  # noqa:E402,I100
+
+if tornado:
+    from tenacity.tornadoweb import TornadoRetrying
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "retry_base",
+    "retry_all",
+    "retry_always",
+    "retry_any",
+    "retry_if_exception",
+    "retry_if_exception_type",
+    "retry_if_exception_cause_type",
+    "retry_if_not_exception_type",
+    "retry_if_not_result",
+    "retry_if_result",
+    "retry_never",
+    "retry_unless_exception_type",
+    "retry_if_exception_message",
+    "retry_if_not_exception_message",
+    "sleep",
+    "sleep_using_event",
+    "stop_after_attempt",
+    "stop_after_delay",
+    "stop_before_delay",
+    "stop_all",
+    "stop_any",
+    "stop_never",
+    "stop_when_event_set",
+    "wait_chain",
+    "wait_combine",
+    "wait_exponential",
+    "wait_fixed",
+    "wait_incrementing",
+    "wait_none",
+    "wait_random",
+    "wait_random_exponential",
+    "wait_full_jitter",
+    "wait_exponential_jitter",
+    "before_log",
+    "before_nothing",
+    "after_log",
+    "after_nothing",
+    "before_sleep_log",
+    "before_sleep_nothing",
+    "retry",
+    "WrappedFn",
+    "TryAgain",
+    "NO_RESULT",
+    "DoAttempt",
+    "DoSleep",
+    "BaseAction",
+    "RetryAction",
+    "RetryError",
+    "AttemptManager",
+    "BaseRetrying",
+    "Retrying",
+    "Future",
+    "RetryCallState",
+    "AsyncRetrying",
+]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f11a0888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+import functools
+import inspect
+import sys
+import typing
+from datetime import timedelta
+
+
+# sys.maxsize:
+# An integer giving the maximum value a variable of type Py_ssize_t can take.
+MAX_WAIT = sys.maxsize / 2
+
+
+def find_ordinal(pos_num: int) -> str:
+    # See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_numerals#Ordinal_numbers
+    if pos_num == 0:
+        return "th"
+    elif pos_num == 1:
+        return "st"
+    elif pos_num == 2:
+        return "nd"
+    elif pos_num == 3:
+        return "rd"
+    elif 4 <= pos_num <= 20:
+        return "th"
+    else:
+        return find_ordinal(pos_num % 10)
+
+
+def to_ordinal(pos_num: int) -> str:
+    return f"{pos_num}{find_ordinal(pos_num)}"
+
+
+def get_callback_name(cb: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]) -> str:
+    """Get a callback fully-qualified name.
+
+    If no name can be produced ``repr(cb)`` is called and returned.
+    """
+    segments = []
+    try:
+        segments.append(cb.__qualname__)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            segments.append(cb.__name__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+    if not segments:
+        return repr(cb)
+    else:
+        try:
+            # When running under sphinx it appears this can be none?
+            if cb.__module__:
+                segments.insert(0, cb.__module__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return ".".join(segments)
+
+
+time_unit_type = typing.Union[int, float, timedelta]
+
+
+def to_seconds(time_unit: time_unit_type) -> float:
+    return float(
+        time_unit.total_seconds() if isinstance(time_unit, timedelta) else time_unit
+    )
+
+
+def is_coroutine_callable(call: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]) -> bool:
+    if inspect.isclass(call):
+        return False
+    if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(call):
+        return True
+    partial_call = isinstance(call, functools.partial) and call.func
+    dunder_call = partial_call or getattr(call, "__call__", None)
+    return inspect.iscoroutinefunction(dunder_call)
+
+
+def wrap_to_async_func(
+    call: typing.Callable[..., typing.Any],
+) -> typing.Callable[..., typing.Awaitable[typing.Any]]:
+    if is_coroutine_callable(call):
+        return call
+
+    async def inner(*args: typing.Any, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> typing.Any:
+        return call(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return inner
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/after.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/after.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa3cc9df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/after.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import typing
+
+from tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+def after_nothing(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+    """After call strategy that does nothing."""
+
+
+def after_log(
+    logger: "logging.Logger",
+    log_level: int,
+    sec_format: str = "%0.3f",
+) -> typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]:
+    """After call strategy that logs to some logger the finished attempt."""
+
+    def log_it(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        if retry_state.fn is None:
+            # NOTE(sileht): can't really happen, but we must please mypy
+            fn_name = "<unknown>"
+        else:
+            fn_name = _utils.get_callback_name(retry_state.fn)
+        logger.log(
+            log_level,
+            f"Finished call to '{fn_name}' "
+            f"after {sec_format % retry_state.seconds_since_start}(s), "
+            f"this was the {_utils.to_ordinal(retry_state.attempt_number)} time calling it.",
+        )
+
+    return log_it
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9260914
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Étienne Bersac
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import functools
+import sys
+import typing as t
+
+import tenacity
+from tenacity import AttemptManager
+from tenacity import BaseRetrying
+from tenacity import DoAttempt
+from tenacity import DoSleep
+from tenacity import RetryCallState
+from tenacity import RetryError
+from tenacity import after_nothing
+from tenacity import before_nothing
+from tenacity import _utils
+
+# Import all built-in retry strategies for easier usage.
+from .retry import RetryBaseT
+from .retry import retry_all  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_any  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_exception  # noqa
+from .retry import retry_if_result  # noqa
+from ..retry import RetryBaseT as SyncRetryBaseT
+
+if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tenacity.stop import StopBaseT
+    from tenacity.wait import WaitBaseT
+
+WrappedFnReturnT = t.TypeVar("WrappedFnReturnT")
+WrappedFn = t.TypeVar("WrappedFn", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable[t.Any]])
+
+
+def _portable_async_sleep(seconds: float) -> t.Awaitable[None]:
+    # If trio is already imported, then importing it is cheap.
+    # If trio isn't already imported, then it's definitely not running, so we
+    # can skip further checks.
+    if "trio" in sys.modules:
+        # If trio is available, then sniffio is too
+        import trio
+        import sniffio
+
+        if sniffio.current_async_library() == "trio":
+            return trio.sleep(seconds)
+    # Otherwise, assume asyncio
+    # Lazy import asyncio as it's expensive (responsible for 25-50% of total import overhead).
+    import asyncio
+
+    return asyncio.sleep(seconds)
+
+
+class AsyncRetrying(BaseRetrying):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sleep: t.Callable[
+            [t.Union[int, float]], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]
+        ] = _portable_async_sleep,
+        stop: "StopBaseT" = tenacity.stop.stop_never,
+        wait: "WaitBaseT" = tenacity.wait.wait_none(),
+        retry: "t.Union[SyncRetryBaseT, RetryBaseT]" = tenacity.retry_if_exception_type(),
+        before: t.Callable[
+            ["RetryCallState"], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]
+        ] = before_nothing,
+        after: t.Callable[
+            ["RetryCallState"], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]
+        ] = after_nothing,
+        before_sleep: t.Optional[
+            t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Union[None, t.Awaitable[None]]]
+        ] = None,
+        reraise: bool = False,
+        retry_error_cls: t.Type["RetryError"] = RetryError,
+        retry_error_callback: t.Optional[
+            t.Callable[["RetryCallState"], t.Union[t.Any, t.Awaitable[t.Any]]]
+        ] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            sleep=sleep,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            stop=stop,
+            wait=wait,
+            retry=retry,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            before=before,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            after=after,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            before_sleep=before_sleep,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            reraise=reraise,
+            retry_error_cls=retry_error_cls,
+            retry_error_callback=retry_error_callback,
+        )
+
+    async def __call__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, fn: WrappedFn, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any
+    ) -> WrappedFnReturnT:
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(retry_object=self, fn=fn, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+        while True:
+            do = await self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                try:
+                    result = await fn(*args, **kwargs)
+                except BaseException:  # noqa: B902
+                    retry_state.set_exception(sys.exc_info())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                else:
+                    retry_state.set_result(result)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                await self.sleep(do)  # type: ignore[misc]
+            else:
+                return do  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def _add_action_func(self, fn: t.Callable[..., t.Any]) -> None:
+        self.iter_state.actions.append(_utils.wrap_to_async_func(fn))
+
+    async def _run_retry(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        self.iter_state.retry_run_result = await _utils.wrap_to_async_func(self.retry)(
+            retry_state
+        )
+
+    async def _run_wait(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if self.wait:
+            sleep = await _utils.wrap_to_async_func(self.wait)(retry_state)
+        else:
+            sleep = 0.0
+
+        retry_state.upcoming_sleep = sleep
+
+    async def _run_stop(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        self.statistics["delay_since_first_attempt"] = retry_state.seconds_since_start
+        self.iter_state.stop_run_result = await _utils.wrap_to_async_func(self.stop)(
+            retry_state
+        )
+
+    async def iter(
+        self, retry_state: "RetryCallState"
+    ) -> t.Union[DoAttempt, DoSleep, t.Any]:  # noqa: A003
+        self._begin_iter(retry_state)
+        result = None
+        for action in self.iter_state.actions:
+            result = await action(retry_state)
+        return result
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> t.Generator[AttemptManager, None, None]:
+        raise TypeError("AsyncRetrying object is not iterable")
+
+    def __aiter__(self) -> "AsyncRetrying":
+        self.begin()
+        self._retry_state = RetryCallState(self, fn=None, args=(), kwargs={})
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self) -> AttemptManager:
+        while True:
+            do = await self.iter(retry_state=self._retry_state)
+            if do is None:
+                raise StopAsyncIteration
+            elif isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                return AttemptManager(retry_state=self._retry_state)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                self._retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                await self.sleep(do)  # type: ignore[misc]
+            else:
+                raise StopAsyncIteration
+
+    def wraps(self, fn: WrappedFn) -> WrappedFn:
+        wrapped = super().wraps(fn)
+        # Ensure wrapper is recognized as a coroutine function.
+
+        @functools.wraps(
+            fn, functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS + ("__defaults__", "__kwdefaults__")
+        )
+        async def async_wrapped(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
+            # Always create a copy to prevent overwriting the local contexts when
+            # calling the same wrapped functions multiple times in the same stack
+            copy = self.copy()
+            async_wrapped.statistics = copy.statistics  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            return await copy(fn, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Preserve attributes
+        async_wrapped.retry = self  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        async_wrapped.retry_with = wrapped.retry_with  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        async_wrapped.statistics = {}  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        return async_wrapped  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "retry_all",
+    "retry_any",
+    "retry_if_exception",
+    "retry_if_result",
+    "WrappedFn",
+    "AsyncRetrying",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/__pycache__/retry.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/__pycache__/retry.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94b8b154
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/asyncio/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# Copyright 2016–2021 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+import abc
+import typing
+
+from tenacity import _utils
+from tenacity import retry_base
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+class async_retry_base(retry_base):
+    """Abstract base class for async retry strategies."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        pass
+
+    def __and__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, other: "typing.Union[retry_base, async_retry_base]"
+    ) -> "retry_all":
+        return retry_all(self, other)
+
+    def __rand__(  # type: ignore[misc,override]
+        self, other: "typing.Union[retry_base, async_retry_base]"
+    ) -> "retry_all":
+        return retry_all(other, self)
+
+    def __or__(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, other: "typing.Union[retry_base, async_retry_base]"
+    ) -> "retry_any":
+        return retry_any(self, other)
+
+    def __ror__(  # type: ignore[misc,override]
+        self, other: "typing.Union[retry_base, async_retry_base]"
+    ) -> "retry_any":
+        return retry_any(other, self)
+
+
+RetryBaseT = typing.Union[
+    async_retry_base, typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], typing.Awaitable[bool]]
+]
+
+
+class retry_if_exception(async_retry_base):
+    """Retry strategy that retries if an exception verifies a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, predicate: typing.Callable[[BaseException], typing.Awaitable[bool]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    async def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            if exception is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("outcome failed but the exception is None")
+            return await self.predicate(exception)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_if_result(async_retry_base):
+    """Retries if the result verifies a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, predicate: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], typing.Awaitable[bool]]
+    ) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    async def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return await self.predicate(retry_state.outcome.result())
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_any(async_retry_base):
+    """Retries if any of the retries condition is valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *retries: typing.Union[retry_base, async_retry_base]) -> None:
+        self.retries = retries
+
+    async def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        result = False
+        for r in self.retries:
+            result = result or await _utils.wrap_to_async_func(r)(retry_state)
+            if result:
+                break
+        return result
+
+
+class retry_all(async_retry_base):
+    """Retries if all the retries condition are valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *retries: typing.Union[retry_base, async_retry_base]) -> None:
+        self.retries = retries
+
+    async def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:  # type: ignore[override]
+        result = True
+        for r in self.retries:
+            result = result and await _utils.wrap_to_async_func(r)(retry_state)
+            if not result:
+                break
+        return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/before.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/before.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..366235af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/before.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import typing
+
+from tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+def before_nothing(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+    """Before call strategy that does nothing."""
+
+
+def before_log(
+    logger: "logging.Logger", log_level: int
+) -> typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]:
+    """Before call strategy that logs to some logger the attempt."""
+
+    def log_it(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        if retry_state.fn is None:
+            # NOTE(sileht): can't really happen, but we must please mypy
+            fn_name = "<unknown>"
+        else:
+            fn_name = _utils.get_callback_name(retry_state.fn)
+        logger.log(
+            log_level,
+            f"Starting call to '{fn_name}', "
+            f"this is the {_utils.to_ordinal(retry_state.attempt_number)} time calling it.",
+        )
+
+    return log_it
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/before_sleep.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/before_sleep.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..153edb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/before_sleep.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import typing
+
+from tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import logging
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+def before_sleep_nothing(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+    """Before sleep strategy that does nothing."""
+
+
+def before_sleep_log(
+    logger: "logging.Logger",
+    log_level: int,
+    exc_info: bool = False,
+) -> typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], None]:
+    """Before sleep strategy that logs to some logger the attempt."""
+
+    def log_it(retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> None:
+        local_exc_info: BaseException | bool | None
+
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("log_it() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if retry_state.next_action is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("log_it() called before next_action was set")
+
+        if retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            ex = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            verb, value = "raised", f"{ex.__class__.__name__}: {ex}"
+
+            if exc_info:
+                local_exc_info = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            else:
+                local_exc_info = False
+        else:
+            verb, value = "returned", retry_state.outcome.result()
+            local_exc_info = False  # exc_info does not apply when no exception
+
+        if retry_state.fn is None:
+            # NOTE(sileht): can't really happen, but we must please mypy
+            fn_name = "<unknown>"
+        else:
+            fn_name = _utils.get_callback_name(retry_state.fn)
+
+        logger.log(
+            log_level,
+            f"Retrying {fn_name} "
+            f"in {retry_state.next_action.sleep} seconds as it {verb} {value}.",
+            exc_info=local_exc_info,
+        )
+
+    return log_it
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/nap.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/nap.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72aa5bfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/nap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Étienne Bersac
+# Copyright 2016 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import time
+import typing
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import threading
+
+
+def sleep(seconds: float) -> None:
+    """
+    Sleep strategy that delays execution for a given number of seconds.
+
+    This is the default strategy, and may be mocked out for unit testing.
+    """
+    time.sleep(seconds)
+
+
+class sleep_using_event:
+    """Sleep strategy that waits on an event to be set."""
+
+    def __init__(self, event: "threading.Event") -> None:
+        self.event = event
+
+    def __call__(self, timeout: typing.Optional[float]) -> None:
+        # NOTE(harlowja): this may *not* actually wait for timeout
+        # seconds if the event is set (ie this may eject out early).
+        self.event.wait(timeout=timeout)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f099ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+# Copyright 2016–2021 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import abc
+import re
+import typing
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+class retry_base(abc.ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for retry strategies."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    def __and__(self, other: "retry_base") -> "retry_all":
+        return other.__rand__(self)
+
+    def __rand__(self, other: "retry_base") -> "retry_all":
+        return retry_all(other, self)
+
+    def __or__(self, other: "retry_base") -> "retry_any":
+        return other.__ror__(self)
+
+    def __ror__(self, other: "retry_base") -> "retry_any":
+        return retry_any(other, self)
+
+
+RetryBaseT = typing.Union[retry_base, typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], bool]]
+
+
+class _retry_never(retry_base):
+    """Retry strategy that never rejects any result."""
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+retry_never = _retry_never()
+
+
+class _retry_always(retry_base):
+    """Retry strategy that always rejects any result."""
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+retry_always = _retry_always()
+
+
+class retry_if_exception(retry_base):
+    """Retry strategy that retries if an exception verifies a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(self, predicate: typing.Callable[[BaseException], bool]) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            if exception is None:
+                raise RuntimeError("outcome failed but the exception is None")
+            return self.predicate(exception)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_if_exception_type(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries if an exception has been raised of one or more types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_types = exception_types
+        super().__init__(lambda e: isinstance(e, exception_types))
+
+
+class retry_if_not_exception_type(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries except an exception has been raised of one or more types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_types = exception_types
+        super().__init__(lambda e: not isinstance(e, exception_types))
+
+
+class retry_unless_exception_type(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries until an exception is raised of one or more types."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_types = exception_types
+        super().__init__(lambda e: not isinstance(e, exception_types))
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        # always retry if no exception was raised
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return True
+
+        exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+        if exception is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("outcome failed but the exception is None")
+        return self.predicate(exception)
+
+
+class retry_if_exception_cause_type(retry_base):
+    """Retries if any of the causes of the raised exception is of one or more types.
+
+    The check on the type of the cause of the exception is done recursively (until finding
+    an exception in the chain that has no `__cause__`)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        exception_types: typing.Union[
+            typing.Type[BaseException],
+            typing.Tuple[typing.Type[BaseException], ...],
+        ] = Exception,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exception_cause_types = exception_types
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__ called before outcome was set")
+
+        if retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            exc = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+            while exc is not None:
+                if isinstance(exc.__cause__, self.exception_cause_types):
+                    return True
+                exc = exc.__cause__
+
+        return False
+
+
+class retry_if_result(retry_base):
+    """Retries if the result verifies a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(self, predicate: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], bool]) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return self.predicate(retry_state.outcome.result())
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_if_not_result(retry_base):
+    """Retries if the result refutes a predicate."""
+
+    def __init__(self, predicate: typing.Callable[[typing.Any], bool]) -> None:
+        self.predicate = predicate
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return not self.predicate(retry_state.outcome.result())
+        else:
+            return False
+
+
+class retry_if_exception_message(retry_if_exception):
+    """Retries if an exception message equals or matches."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        match: typing.Union[None, str, typing.Pattern[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if message and match:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__}() takes either 'message' or 'match', not both"
+            )
+
+        # set predicate
+        if message:
+
+            def message_fnc(exception: BaseException) -> bool:
+                return message == str(exception)
+
+            predicate = message_fnc
+        elif match:
+            prog = re.compile(match)
+
+            def match_fnc(exception: BaseException) -> bool:
+                return bool(prog.match(str(exception)))
+
+            predicate = match_fnc
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{self.__class__.__name__}() missing 1 required argument 'message' or 'match'"
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(predicate)
+
+
+class retry_if_not_exception_message(retry_if_exception_message):
+    """Retries until an exception message equals or matches."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: typing.Optional[str] = None,
+        match: typing.Union[None, str, typing.Pattern[str]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, match)
+        # invert predicate
+        if_predicate = self.predicate
+        self.predicate = lambda *args_, **kwargs_: not if_predicate(*args_, **kwargs_)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.outcome is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called before outcome was set")
+
+        if not retry_state.outcome.failed:
+            return True
+
+        exception = retry_state.outcome.exception()
+        if exception is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("outcome failed but the exception is None")
+        return self.predicate(exception)
+
+
+class retry_any(retry_base):
+    """Retries if any of the retries condition is valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *retries: retry_base) -> None:
+        self.retries = retries
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return any(r(retry_state) for r in self.retries)
+
+
+class retry_all(retry_base):
+    """Retries if all the retries condition are valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *retries: retry_base) -> None:
+        self.retries = retries
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return all(r(retry_state) for r in self.retries)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/stop.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/stop.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5cda59ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/stop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Copyright 2016–2021 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+import abc
+import typing
+
+from tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import threading
+
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+class stop_base(abc.ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for stop strategies."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        pass
+
+    def __and__(self, other: "stop_base") -> "stop_all":
+        return stop_all(self, other)
+
+    def __or__(self, other: "stop_base") -> "stop_any":
+        return stop_any(self, other)
+
+
+StopBaseT = typing.Union[stop_base, typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], bool]]
+
+
+class stop_any(stop_base):
+    """Stop if any of the stop condition is valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *stops: stop_base) -> None:
+        self.stops = stops
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return any(x(retry_state) for x in self.stops)
+
+
+class stop_all(stop_base):
+    """Stop if all the stop conditions are valid."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *stops: stop_base) -> None:
+        self.stops = stops
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return all(x(retry_state) for x in self.stops)
+
+
+class _stop_never(stop_base):
+    """Never stop."""
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return False
+
+
+stop_never = _stop_never()
+
+
+class stop_when_event_set(stop_base):
+    """Stop when the given event is set."""
+
+    def __init__(self, event: "threading.Event") -> None:
+        self.event = event
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return self.event.is_set()
+
+
+class stop_after_attempt(stop_base):
+    """Stop when the previous attempt >= max_attempt."""
+
+    def __init__(self, max_attempt_number: int) -> None:
+        self.max_attempt_number = max_attempt_number
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        return retry_state.attempt_number >= self.max_attempt_number
+
+
+class stop_after_delay(stop_base):
+    """
+    Stop when the time from the first attempt >= limit.
+
+    Note: `max_delay` will be exceeded, so when used with a `wait`, the actual total delay will be greater
+    than `max_delay` by some of the final sleep period before `max_delay` is exceeded.
+
+    If you need stricter timing with waits, consider `stop_before_delay` instead.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, max_delay: _utils.time_unit_type) -> None:
+        self.max_delay = _utils.to_seconds(max_delay)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.seconds_since_start is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called but seconds_since_start is not set")
+        return retry_state.seconds_since_start >= self.max_delay
+
+
+class stop_before_delay(stop_base):
+    """
+    Stop right before the next attempt would take place after the time from the first attempt >= limit.
+
+    Most useful when you are using with a `wait` function like wait_random_exponential, but need to make
+    sure that the max_delay is not exceeded.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, max_delay: _utils.time_unit_type) -> None:
+        self.max_delay = _utils.to_seconds(max_delay)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> bool:
+        if retry_state.seconds_since_start is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("__call__() called but seconds_since_start is not set")
+        return (
+            retry_state.seconds_since_start + retry_state.upcoming_sleep
+            >= self.max_delay
+        )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/tornadoweb.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/tornadoweb.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..44323e40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/tornadoweb.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Copyright 2017 Elisey Zanko
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import sys
+import typing
+
+from tenacity import BaseRetrying
+from tenacity import DoAttempt
+from tenacity import DoSleep
+from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+from tornado import gen
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tornado.concurrent import Future
+
+_RetValT = typing.TypeVar("_RetValT")
+
+
+class TornadoRetrying(BaseRetrying):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        sleep: "typing.Callable[[float], Future[None]]" = gen.sleep,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self.sleep = sleep
+
+    @gen.coroutine  # type: ignore[misc]
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        fn: "typing.Callable[..., typing.Union[typing.Generator[typing.Any, typing.Any, _RetValT], Future[_RetValT]]]",
+        *args: typing.Any,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> "typing.Generator[typing.Any, typing.Any, _RetValT]":
+        self.begin()
+
+        retry_state = RetryCallState(retry_object=self, fn=fn, args=args, kwargs=kwargs)
+        while True:
+            do = self.iter(retry_state=retry_state)
+            if isinstance(do, DoAttempt):
+                try:
+                    result = yield fn(*args, **kwargs)
+                except BaseException:  # noqa: B902
+                    retry_state.set_exception(sys.exc_info())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                else:
+                    retry_state.set_result(result)
+            elif isinstance(do, DoSleep):
+                retry_state.prepare_for_next_attempt()
+                yield self.sleep(do)
+            else:
+                raise gen.Return(do)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/wait.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/wait.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc3c8505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tenacity/wait.py
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# Copyright 2016–2021 Julien Danjou
+# Copyright 2016 Joshua Harlow
+# Copyright 2013-2014 Ray Holder
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import abc
+import random
+import typing
+
+from tenacity import _utils
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from tenacity import RetryCallState
+
+
+class wait_base(abc.ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for wait strategies."""
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        pass
+
+    def __add__(self, other: "wait_base") -> "wait_combine":
+        return wait_combine(self, other)
+
+    def __radd__(self, other: "wait_base") -> typing.Union["wait_combine", "wait_base"]:
+        # make it possible to use multiple waits with the built-in sum function
+        if other == 0:  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+            return self
+        return self.__add__(other)
+
+
+WaitBaseT = typing.Union[
+    wait_base, typing.Callable[["RetryCallState"], typing.Union[float, int]]
+]
+
+
+class wait_fixed(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that waits a fixed amount of time between each retry."""
+
+    def __init__(self, wait: _utils.time_unit_type) -> None:
+        self.wait_fixed = _utils.to_seconds(wait)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        return self.wait_fixed
+
+
+class wait_none(wait_fixed):
+    """Wait strategy that doesn't wait at all before retrying."""
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__init__(0)
+
+
+class wait_random(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that waits a random amount of time between min/max."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, min: _utils.time_unit_type = 0, max: _utils.time_unit_type = 1
+    ) -> None:  # noqa
+        self.wait_random_min = _utils.to_seconds(min)
+        self.wait_random_max = _utils.to_seconds(max)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        return self.wait_random_min + (
+            random.random() * (self.wait_random_max - self.wait_random_min)
+        )
+
+
+class wait_combine(wait_base):
+    """Combine several waiting strategies."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *strategies: wait_base) -> None:
+        self.wait_funcs = strategies
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        return sum(x(retry_state=retry_state) for x in self.wait_funcs)
+
+
+class wait_chain(wait_base):
+    """Chain two or more waiting strategies.
+
+    If all strategies are exhausted, the very last strategy is used
+    thereafter.
+
+    For example::
+
+        @retry(wait=wait_chain(*[wait_fixed(1) for i in range(3)] +
+                               [wait_fixed(2) for j in range(5)] +
+                               [wait_fixed(5) for k in range(4)))
+        def wait_chained():
+            print("Wait 1s for 3 attempts, 2s for 5 attempts and 5s
+                   thereafter.")
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *strategies: wait_base) -> None:
+        self.strategies = strategies
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        wait_func_no = min(max(retry_state.attempt_number, 1), len(self.strategies))
+        wait_func = self.strategies[wait_func_no - 1]
+        return wait_func(retry_state=retry_state)
+
+
+class wait_incrementing(wait_base):
+    """Wait an incremental amount of time after each attempt.
+
+    Starting at a starting value and incrementing by a value for each attempt
+    (and restricting the upper limit to some maximum value).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        start: _utils.time_unit_type = 0,
+        increment: _utils.time_unit_type = 100,
+        max: _utils.time_unit_type = _utils.MAX_WAIT,  # noqa
+    ) -> None:
+        self.start = _utils.to_seconds(start)
+        self.increment = _utils.to_seconds(increment)
+        self.max = _utils.to_seconds(max)
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        result = self.start + (self.increment * (retry_state.attempt_number - 1))
+        return max(0, min(result, self.max))
+
+
+class wait_exponential(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that applies exponential backoff.
+
+    It allows for a customized multiplier and an ability to restrict the
+    upper and lower limits to some maximum and minimum value.
+
+    The intervals are fixed (i.e. there is no jitter), so this strategy is
+    suitable for balancing retries against latency when a required resource is
+    unavailable for an unknown duration, but *not* suitable for resolving
+    contention between multiple processes for a shared resource. Use
+    wait_random_exponential for the latter case.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        multiplier: typing.Union[int, float] = 1,
+        max: _utils.time_unit_type = _utils.MAX_WAIT,  # noqa
+        exp_base: typing.Union[int, float] = 2,
+        min: _utils.time_unit_type = 0,  # noqa
+    ) -> None:
+        self.multiplier = multiplier
+        self.min = _utils.to_seconds(min)
+        self.max = _utils.to_seconds(max)
+        self.exp_base = exp_base
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        try:
+            exp = self.exp_base ** (retry_state.attempt_number - 1)
+            result = self.multiplier * exp
+        except OverflowError:
+            return self.max
+        return max(max(0, self.min), min(result, self.max))
+
+
+class wait_random_exponential(wait_exponential):
+    """Random wait with exponentially widening window.
+
+    An exponential backoff strategy used to mediate contention between multiple
+    uncoordinated processes for a shared resource in distributed systems. This
+    is the sense in which "exponential backoff" is meant in e.g. Ethernet
+    networking, and corresponds to the "Full Jitter" algorithm described in
+    this blog post:
+
+    https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/architecture/exponential-backoff-and-jitter/
+
+    Each retry occurs at a random time in a geometrically expanding interval.
+    It allows for a custom multiplier and an ability to restrict the upper
+    limit of the random interval to some maximum value.
+
+    Example::
+
+        wait_random_exponential(multiplier=0.5,  # initial window 0.5s
+                                max=60)          # max 60s timeout
+
+    When waiting for an unavailable resource to become available again, as
+    opposed to trying to resolve contention for a shared resource, the
+    wait_exponential strategy (which uses a fixed interval) may be preferable.
+
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        high = super().__call__(retry_state=retry_state)
+        return random.uniform(self.min, high)
+
+
+class wait_exponential_jitter(wait_base):
+    """Wait strategy that applies exponential backoff and jitter.
+
+    It allows for a customized initial wait, maximum wait and jitter.
+
+    This implements the strategy described here:
+    https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/retry-strategy
+
+    The wait time is min(initial * 2**n + random.uniform(0, jitter), maximum)
+    where n is the retry count.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        initial: float = 1,
+        max: float = _utils.MAX_WAIT,  # noqa
+        exp_base: float = 2,
+        jitter: float = 1,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.initial = initial
+        self.max = max
+        self.exp_base = exp_base
+        self.jitter = jitter
+
+    def __call__(self, retry_state: "RetryCallState") -> float:
+        jitter = random.uniform(0, self.jitter)
+        try:
+            exp = self.exp_base ** (retry_state.attempt_number - 1)
+            result = self.initial * exp + jitter
+        except OverflowError:
+            result = self.max
+        return max(0, min(result, self.max))
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/LICENCE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/LICENCE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8922b18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/LICENCE
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+`tqdm` is a product of collaborative work.
+Unless otherwise stated, all authors (see commit logs) retain copyright
+for their respective work, and release the work under the MIT licence
+(text below).
+
+Exceptions or notable authors are listed below
+in reverse chronological order:
+
+* files: *
+  MPL-2.0 2015-2024 (c) Casper da Costa-Luis
+  [casperdcl](https://github.com/casperdcl).
+* files: tqdm/_tqdm.py
+  MIT 2016 (c) [PR #96] on behalf of Google Inc.
+* files: tqdm/_tqdm.py README.rst .gitignore
+  MIT 2013 (c) Noam Yorav-Raphael, original author.
+
+[PR #96]: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/pull/96
+
+
+Mozilla Public Licence (MPL) v. 2.0 - Exhibit A
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the
+Mozilla Public License, v. 2.0.
+If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this project,
+You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+
+MIT License (MIT)
+-----------------
+
+Copyright (c) 2013 noamraph
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
+this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
+the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
+use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
+FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
+COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER
+IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..181b4dc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,1594 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: tqdm
+Version: 4.67.1
+Summary: Fast, Extensible Progress Meter
+Maintainer-email: tqdm developers <devs@tqdm.ml>
+License: MPL-2.0 AND MIT
+Project-URL: homepage, https://tqdm.github.io
+Project-URL: repository, https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm
+Project-URL: changelog, https://tqdm.github.io/releases
+Project-URL: wiki, https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/wiki
+Keywords: progressbar,progressmeter,progress,bar,meter,rate,eta,console,terminal,time
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Environment :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Environment :: Other Environment
+Classifier: Environment :: Win32 (MS Windows)
+Classifier: Environment :: X11 Applications
+Classifier: Framework :: IPython
+Classifier: Framework :: Jupyter
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Education
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: End Users/Desktop
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Other Audience
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: System Administrators
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: Mozilla Public License 2.0 (MPL 2.0)
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS
+Classifier: Operating System :: MacOS :: MacOS X
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: MS-DOS
+Classifier: Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: BSD :: FreeBSD
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
+Classifier: Operating System :: POSIX :: SunOS/Solaris
+Classifier: Operating System :: Unix
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: IronPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Unix Shell
+Classifier: Topic :: Desktop Environment
+Classifier: Topic :: Education :: Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)
+Classifier: Topic :: Education :: Testing
+Classifier: Topic :: Office/Business
+Classifier: Topic :: Other/Nonlisted Topic
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Build Tools
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Pre-processors
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: User Interfaces
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Installation/Setup
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Logging
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Monitoring
+Classifier: Topic :: System :: Shells
+Classifier: Topic :: Terminals
+Classifier: Topic :: Utilities
+Requires-Python: >=3.7
+Description-Content-Type: text/x-rst
+License-File: LICENCE
+Requires-Dist: colorama; platform_system == "Windows"
+Provides-Extra: dev
+Requires-Dist: pytest>=6; extra == "dev"
+Requires-Dist: pytest-cov; extra == "dev"
+Requires-Dist: pytest-timeout; extra == "dev"
+Requires-Dist: pytest-asyncio>=0.24; extra == "dev"
+Requires-Dist: nbval; extra == "dev"
+Provides-Extra: discord
+Requires-Dist: requests; extra == "discord"
+Provides-Extra: slack
+Requires-Dist: slack-sdk; extra == "slack"
+Provides-Extra: telegram
+Requires-Dist: requests; extra == "telegram"
+Provides-Extra: notebook
+Requires-Dist: ipywidgets>=6; extra == "notebook"
+
+|Logo|
+
+tqdm
+====
+
+|Py-Versions| |Versions| |Conda-Forge-Status| |Docker| |Snapcraft|
+
+|Build-Status| |Coverage-Status| |Branch-Coverage-Status| |Codacy-Grade| |Libraries-Rank| |PyPI-Downloads|
+
+|LICENCE| |OpenHub-Status| |binder-demo| |awesome-python|
+
+``tqdm`` derives from the Arabic word *taqaddum* (تقدّم) which can mean "progress,"
+and is an abbreviation for "I love you so much" in Spanish (*te quiero demasiado*).
+
+Instantly make your loops show a smart progress meter - just wrap any
+iterable with ``tqdm(iterable)``, and you're done!
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+    for i in tqdm(range(10000)):
+        ...
+
+``76%|████████████████████████        | 7568/10000 [00:33<00:10, 229.00it/s]``
+
+``trange(N)`` can be also used as a convenient shortcut for
+``tqdm(range(N))``.
+
+|Screenshot|
+    |Video| |Slides| |Merch|
+
+It can also be executed as a module with pipes:
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    $ seq 9999999 | tqdm --bytes | wc -l
+    75.2MB [00:00, 217MB/s]
+    9999999
+
+    $ tar -zcf - docs/ | tqdm --bytes --total `du -sb docs/ | cut -f1` \
+        > backup.tgz
+     32%|██████████▍                      | 8.89G/27.9G [00:42<01:31, 223MB/s]
+
+Overhead is low -- about 60ns per iteration (80ns with ``tqdm.gui``), and is
+unit tested against performance regression.
+By comparison, the well-established
+`ProgressBar <https://github.com/niltonvolpato/python-progressbar>`__ has
+an 800ns/iter overhead.
+
+In addition to its low overhead, ``tqdm`` uses smart algorithms to predict
+the remaining time and to skip unnecessary iteration displays, which allows
+for a negligible overhead in most cases.
+
+``tqdm`` works on any platform
+(Linux, Windows, Mac, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Solaris/SunOS),
+in any console or in a GUI, and is also friendly with IPython/Jupyter notebooks.
+
+``tqdm`` does not require any dependencies (not even ``curses``!), just
+Python and an environment supporting ``carriage return \r`` and
+``line feed \n`` control characters.
+
+------------------------------------------
+
+.. contents:: Table of contents
+   :backlinks: top
+   :local:
+
+
+Installation
+------------
+
+Latest PyPI stable release
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+|Versions| |PyPI-Downloads| |Libraries-Dependents|
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    pip install tqdm
+
+Latest development release on GitHub
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+|GitHub-Status| |GitHub-Stars| |GitHub-Commits| |GitHub-Forks| |GitHub-Updated|
+
+Pull and install pre-release ``devel`` branch:
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    pip install "git+https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm.git@devel#egg=tqdm"
+
+Latest Conda release
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+|Conda-Forge-Status|
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    conda install -c conda-forge tqdm
+
+Latest Snapcraft release
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+|Snapcraft|
+
+There are 3 channels to choose from:
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    snap install tqdm  # implies --stable, i.e. latest tagged release
+    snap install tqdm  --candidate  # master branch
+    snap install tqdm  --edge  # devel branch
+
+Note that ``snap`` binaries are purely for CLI use (not ``import``-able), and
+automatically set up ``bash`` tab-completion.
+
+Latest Docker release
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+|Docker|
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    docker pull tqdm/tqdm
+    docker run -i --rm tqdm/tqdm --help
+
+Other
+~~~~~
+
+There are other (unofficial) places where ``tqdm`` may be downloaded, particularly for CLI use:
+
+|Repology|
+
+.. |Repology| image:: https://repology.org/badge/tiny-repos/python:tqdm.svg
+   :target: https://repology.org/project/python:tqdm/versions
+
+Changelog
+---------
+
+The list of all changes is available either on GitHub's Releases:
+|GitHub-Status|, on the
+`wiki <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/wiki/Releases>`__, or on the
+`website <https://tqdm.github.io/releases>`__.
+
+
+Usage
+-----
+
+``tqdm`` is very versatile and can be used in a number of ways.
+The three main ones are given below.
+
+Iterable-based
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Wrap ``tqdm()`` around any iterable:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+    from time import sleep
+
+    text = ""
+    for char in tqdm(["a", "b", "c", "d"]):
+        sleep(0.25)
+        text = text + char
+
+``trange(i)`` is a special optimised instance of ``tqdm(range(i))``:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm import trange
+
+    for i in trange(100):
+        sleep(0.01)
+
+Instantiation outside of the loop allows for manual control over ``tqdm()``:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    pbar = tqdm(["a", "b", "c", "d"])
+    for char in pbar:
+        sleep(0.25)
+        pbar.set_description("Processing %s" % char)
+
+Manual
+~~~~~~
+
+Manual control of ``tqdm()`` updates using a ``with`` statement:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    with tqdm(total=100) as pbar:
+        for i in range(10):
+            sleep(0.1)
+            pbar.update(10)
+
+If the optional variable ``total`` (or an iterable with ``len()``) is
+provided, predictive stats are displayed.
+
+``with`` is also optional (you can just assign ``tqdm()`` to a variable,
+but in this case don't forget to ``del`` or ``close()`` at the end:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    pbar = tqdm(total=100)
+    for i in range(10):
+        sleep(0.1)
+        pbar.update(10)
+    pbar.close()
+
+Module
+~~~~~~
+
+Perhaps the most wonderful use of ``tqdm`` is in a script or on the command
+line. Simply inserting ``tqdm`` (or ``python -m tqdm``) between pipes will pass
+through all ``stdin`` to ``stdout`` while printing progress to ``stderr``.
+
+The example below demonstrate counting the number of lines in all Python files
+in the current directory, with timing information included.
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    $ time find . -name '*.py' -type f -exec cat \{} \; | wc -l
+    857365
+
+    real    0m3.458s
+    user    0m0.274s
+    sys     0m3.325s
+
+    $ time find . -name '*.py' -type f -exec cat \{} \; | tqdm | wc -l
+    857366it [00:03, 246471.31it/s]
+    857365
+
+    real    0m3.585s
+    user    0m0.862s
+    sys     0m3.358s
+
+Note that the usual arguments for ``tqdm`` can also be specified.
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    $ find . -name '*.py' -type f -exec cat \{} \; |
+        tqdm --unit loc --unit_scale --total 857366 >> /dev/null
+    100%|█████████████████████████████████| 857K/857K [00:04<00:00, 246Kloc/s]
+
+Backing up a large directory?
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    $ tar -zcf - docs/ | tqdm --bytes --total `du -sb docs/ | cut -f1` \
+      > backup.tgz
+     44%|██████████████▊                   | 153M/352M [00:14<00:18, 11.0MB/s]
+
+This can be beautified further:
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    $ BYTES=$(du -sb docs/ | cut -f1)
+    $ tar -cf - docs/ \
+      | tqdm --bytes --total "$BYTES" --desc Processing | gzip \
+      | tqdm --bytes --total "$BYTES" --desc Compressed --position 1 \
+      > ~/backup.tgz
+    Processing: 100%|██████████████████████| 352M/352M [00:14<00:00, 30.2MB/s]
+    Compressed:  42%|█████████▎            | 148M/352M [00:14<00:19, 10.9MB/s]
+
+Or done on a file level using 7-zip:
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    $ 7z a -bd -r backup.7z docs/ | grep Compressing \
+      | tqdm --total $(find docs/ -type f | wc -l) --unit files \
+      | grep -v Compressing
+    100%|██████████████████████████▉| 15327/15327 [01:00<00:00, 712.96files/s]
+
+Pre-existing CLI programs already outputting basic progress information will
+benefit from ``tqdm``'s ``--update`` and ``--update_to`` flags:
+
+.. code:: sh
+
+    $ seq 3 0.1 5 | tqdm --total 5 --update_to --null
+    100%|████████████████████████████████████| 5.0/5 [00:00<00:00, 9673.21it/s]
+    $ seq 10 | tqdm --update --null  # 1 + 2 + ... + 10 = 55 iterations
+    55it [00:00, 90006.52it/s]
+
+FAQ and Known Issues
+--------------------
+
+|GitHub-Issues|
+
+The most common issues relate to excessive output on multiple lines, instead
+of a neat one-line progress bar.
+
+- Consoles in general: require support for carriage return (``CR``, ``\r``).
+
+  * Some cloud logging consoles which don't support ``\r`` properly
+    (`cloudwatch <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/966>`__,
+    `K8s <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/1319>`__) may benefit from
+    ``export TQDM_POSITION=-1``.
+
+- Nested progress bars:
+
+  * Consoles in general: require support for moving cursors up to the
+    previous line. For example,
+    `IDLE <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/191#issuecomment-230168030>`__,
+    `ConEmu <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/254>`__ and
+    `PyCharm <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/203>`__ (also
+    `here <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/208>`__,
+    `here <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/307>`__, and
+    `here <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/454#issuecomment-335416815>`__)
+    lack full support.
+  * Windows: additionally may require the Python module ``colorama``
+    to ensure nested bars stay within their respective lines.
+
+- Unicode:
+
+  * Environments which report that they support unicode will have solid smooth
+    progressbars. The fallback is an ``ascii``-only bar.
+  * Windows consoles often only partially support unicode and thus
+    `often require explicit ascii=True <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/454#issuecomment-335416815>`__
+    (also `here <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/499>`__). This is due to
+    either normal-width unicode characters being incorrectly displayed as
+    "wide", or some unicode characters not rendering.
+
+- Wrapping generators:
+
+  * Generator wrapper functions tend to hide the length of iterables.
+    ``tqdm`` does not.
+  * Replace ``tqdm(enumerate(...))`` with ``enumerate(tqdm(...))`` or
+    ``tqdm(enumerate(x), total=len(x), ...)``.
+    The same applies to ``numpy.ndenumerate``.
+  * Replace ``tqdm(zip(a, b))`` with ``zip(tqdm(a), b)`` or even
+    ``zip(tqdm(a), tqdm(b))``.
+  * The same applies to ``itertools``.
+  * Some useful convenience functions can be found under ``tqdm.contrib``.
+
+- `No intermediate output in docker-compose <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/771>`__:
+  use ``docker-compose run`` instead of ``docker-compose up`` and ``tty: true``.
+
+- Overriding defaults via environment variables:
+  e.g. in CI/cloud jobs, ``export TQDM_MININTERVAL=5`` to avoid log spam.
+  This override logic is handled by the ``tqdm.utils.envwrap`` decorator
+  (useful independent of ``tqdm``).
+
+If you come across any other difficulties, browse and file |GitHub-Issues|.
+
+Documentation
+-------------
+
+|Py-Versions| |README-Hits| (Since 19 May 2016)
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    class tqdm():
+      """
+      Decorate an iterable object, returning an iterator which acts exactly
+      like the original iterable, but prints a dynamically updating
+      progressbar every time a value is requested.
+      """
+
+      @envwrap("TQDM_")  # override defaults via env vars
+      def __init__(self, iterable=None, desc=None, total=None, leave=True,
+                   file=None, ncols=None, mininterval=0.1,
+                   maxinterval=10.0, miniters=None, ascii=None, disable=False,
+                   unit='it', unit_scale=False, dynamic_ncols=False,
+                   smoothing=0.3, bar_format=None, initial=0, position=None,
+                   postfix=None, unit_divisor=1000, write_bytes=False,
+                   lock_args=None, nrows=None, colour=None, delay=0):
+
+Parameters
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+* iterable  : iterable, optional  
+    Iterable to decorate with a progressbar.
+    Leave blank to manually manage the updates.
+* desc  : str, optional  
+    Prefix for the progressbar.
+* total  : int or float, optional  
+    The number of expected iterations. If unspecified,
+    len(iterable) is used if possible. If float("inf") or as a last
+    resort, only basic progress statistics are displayed
+    (no ETA, no progressbar).
+    If ``gui`` is True and this parameter needs subsequent updating,
+    specify an initial arbitrary large positive number,
+    e.g. 9e9.
+* leave  : bool, optional  
+    If [default: True], keeps all traces of the progressbar
+    upon termination of iteration.
+    If ``None``, will leave only if ``position`` is ``0``.
+* file  : ``io.TextIOWrapper`` or ``io.StringIO``, optional  
+    Specifies where to output the progress messages
+    (default: sys.stderr). Uses ``file.write(str)`` and ``file.flush()``
+    methods.  For encoding, see ``write_bytes``.
+* ncols  : int, optional  
+    The width of the entire output message. If specified,
+    dynamically resizes the progressbar to stay within this bound.
+    If unspecified, attempts to use environment width. The
+    fallback is a meter width of 10 and no limit for the counter and
+    statistics. If 0, will not print any meter (only stats).
+* mininterval  : float, optional  
+    Minimum progress display update interval [default: 0.1] seconds.
+* maxinterval  : float, optional  
+    Maximum progress display update interval [default: 10] seconds.
+    Automatically adjusts ``miniters`` to correspond to ``mininterval``
+    after long display update lag. Only works if ``dynamic_miniters``
+    or monitor thread is enabled.
+* miniters  : int or float, optional  
+    Minimum progress display update interval, in iterations.
+    If 0 and ``dynamic_miniters``, will automatically adjust to equal
+    ``mininterval`` (more CPU efficient, good for tight loops).
+    If > 0, will skip display of specified number of iterations.
+    Tweak this and ``mininterval`` to get very efficient loops.
+    If your progress is erratic with both fast and slow iterations
+    (network, skipping items, etc) you should set miniters=1.
+* ascii  : bool or str, optional  
+    If unspecified or False, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill
+    the meter. The fallback is to use ASCII characters " 123456789#".
+* disable  : bool, optional  
+    Whether to disable the entire progressbar wrapper
+    [default: False]. If set to None, disable on non-TTY.
+* unit  : str, optional  
+    String that will be used to define the unit of each iteration
+    [default: it].
+* unit_scale  : bool or int or float, optional  
+    If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be reduced/scaled
+    automatically and a metric prefix following the
+    International System of Units standard will be added
+    (kilo, mega, etc.) [default: False]. If any other non-zero
+    number, will scale ``total`` and ``n``.
+* dynamic_ncols  : bool, optional  
+    If set, constantly alters ``ncols`` and ``nrows`` to the
+    environment (allowing for window resizes) [default: False].
+* smoothing  : float, optional  
+    Exponential moving average smoothing factor for speed estimates
+    (ignored in GUI mode). Ranges from 0 (average speed) to 1
+    (current/instantaneous speed) [default: 0.3].
+* bar_format  : str, optional  
+    Specify a custom bar string formatting. May impact performance.
+    [default: '{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}'], where
+    l_bar='{desc}: {percentage:3.0f}%|' and
+    r_bar='| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed}<{remaining}, '
+    '{rate_fmt}{postfix}]'
+    Possible vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt,
+    percentage, elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit,
+    rate, rate_fmt, rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt,
+    rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix, unit_divisor,
+    remaining, remaining_s, eta.
+    Note that a trailing ": " is automatically removed after {desc}
+    if the latter is empty.
+* initial  : int or float, optional  
+    The initial counter value. Useful when restarting a progress
+    bar [default: 0]. If using float, consider specifying ``{n:.3f}``
+    or similar in ``bar_format``, or specifying ``unit_scale``.
+* position  : int, optional  
+    Specify the line offset to print this bar (starting from 0)
+    Automatic if unspecified.
+    Useful to manage multiple bars at once (eg, from threads).
+* postfix  : dict or ``*``, optional  
+    Specify additional stats to display at the end of the bar.
+    Calls ``set_postfix(**postfix)`` if possible (dict).
+* unit_divisor  : float, optional  
+    [default: 1000], ignored unless ``unit_scale`` is True.
+* write_bytes  : bool, optional  
+    Whether to write bytes. If (default: False) will write unicode.
+* lock_args  : tuple, optional  
+    Passed to ``refresh`` for intermediate output
+    (initialisation, iterating, and updating).
+* nrows  : int, optional  
+    The screen height. If specified, hides nested bars outside this
+    bound. If unspecified, attempts to use environment height.
+    The fallback is 20.
+* colour  : str, optional  
+    Bar colour (e.g. 'green', '#00ff00').
+* delay  : float, optional  
+    Don't display until [default: 0] seconds have elapsed.
+
+Extra CLI Options
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+* delim  : chr, optional  
+    Delimiting character [default: '\n']. Use '\0' for null.
+    N.B.: on Windows systems, Python converts '\n' to '\r\n'.
+* buf_size  : int, optional  
+    String buffer size in bytes [default: 256]
+    used when ``delim`` is specified.
+* bytes  : bool, optional  
+    If true, will count bytes, ignore ``delim``, and default
+    ``unit_scale`` to True, ``unit_divisor`` to 1024, and ``unit`` to 'B'.
+* tee  : bool, optional  
+    If true, passes ``stdin`` to both ``stderr`` and ``stdout``.
+* update  : bool, optional  
+    If true, will treat input as newly elapsed iterations,
+    i.e. numbers to pass to ``update()``. Note that this is slow
+    (~2e5 it/s) since every input must be decoded as a number.
+* update_to  : bool, optional  
+    If true, will treat input as total elapsed iterations,
+    i.e. numbers to assign to ``self.n``. Note that this is slow
+    (~2e5 it/s) since every input must be decoded as a number.
+* null  : bool, optional  
+    If true, will discard input (no stdout).
+* manpath  : str, optional  
+    Directory in which to install tqdm man pages.
+* comppath  : str, optional  
+    Directory in which to place tqdm completion.
+* log  : str, optional  
+    CRITICAL|FATAL|ERROR|WARN(ING)|[default: 'INFO']|DEBUG|NOTSET.
+
+Returns
+~~~~~~~
+
+* out  : decorated iterator.  
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    class tqdm():
+      def update(self, n=1):
+          """
+          Manually update the progress bar, useful for streams
+          such as reading files.
+          E.g.:
+          >>> t = tqdm(total=filesize) # Initialise
+          >>> for current_buffer in stream:
+          ...    ...
+          ...    t.update(len(current_buffer))
+          >>> t.close()
+          The last line is highly recommended, but possibly not necessary if
+          ``t.update()`` will be called in such a way that ``filesize`` will be
+          exactly reached and printed.
+
+          Parameters
+          ----------
+          n  : int or float, optional
+              Increment to add to the internal counter of iterations
+              [default: 1]. If using float, consider specifying ``{n:.3f}``
+              or similar in ``bar_format``, or specifying ``unit_scale``.
+
+          Returns
+          -------
+          out  : bool or None
+              True if a ``display()`` was triggered.
+          """
+
+      def close(self):
+          """Cleanup and (if leave=False) close the progressbar."""
+
+      def clear(self, nomove=False):
+          """Clear current bar display."""
+
+      def refresh(self):
+          """
+          Force refresh the display of this bar.
+
+          Parameters
+          ----------
+          nolock  : bool, optional
+              If ``True``, does not lock.
+              If [default: ``False``]: calls ``acquire()`` on internal lock.
+          lock_args  : tuple, optional
+              Passed to internal lock's ``acquire()``.
+              If specified, will only ``display()`` if ``acquire()`` returns ``True``.
+          """
+
+      def unpause(self):
+          """Restart tqdm timer from last print time."""
+
+      def reset(self, total=None):
+          """
+          Resets to 0 iterations for repeated use.
+
+          Consider combining with ``leave=True``.
+
+          Parameters
+          ----------
+          total  : int or float, optional. Total to use for the new bar.
+          """
+
+      def set_description(self, desc=None, refresh=True):
+          """
+          Set/modify description of the progress bar.
+
+          Parameters
+          ----------
+          desc  : str, optional
+          refresh  : bool, optional
+              Forces refresh [default: True].
+          """
+
+      def set_postfix(self, ordered_dict=None, refresh=True, **tqdm_kwargs):
+          """
+          Set/modify postfix (additional stats)
+          with automatic formatting based on datatype.
+
+          Parameters
+          ----------
+          ordered_dict  : dict or OrderedDict, optional
+          refresh  : bool, optional
+              Forces refresh [default: True].
+          kwargs  : dict, optional
+          """
+
+      @classmethod
+      def write(cls, s, file=sys.stdout, end="\n"):
+          """Print a message via tqdm (without overlap with bars)."""
+
+      @property
+      def format_dict(self):
+          """Public API for read-only member access."""
+
+      def display(self, msg=None, pos=None):
+          """
+          Use ``self.sp`` to display ``msg`` in the specified ``pos``.
+
+          Consider overloading this function when inheriting to use e.g.:
+          ``self.some_frontend(**self.format_dict)`` instead of ``self.sp``.
+
+          Parameters
+          ----------
+          msg  : str, optional. What to display (default: ``repr(self)``).
+          pos  : int, optional. Position to ``moveto``
+            (default: ``abs(self.pos)``).
+          """
+
+      @classmethod
+      @contextmanager
+      def wrapattr(cls, stream, method, total=None, bytes=True, **tqdm_kwargs):
+          """
+          stream  : file-like object.
+          method  : str, "read" or "write". The result of ``read()`` and
+              the first argument of ``write()`` should have a ``len()``.
+
+          >>> with tqdm.wrapattr(file_obj, "read", total=file_obj.size) as fobj:
+          ...     while True:
+          ...         chunk = fobj.read(chunk_size)
+          ...         if not chunk:
+          ...             break
+          """
+
+      @classmethod
+      def pandas(cls, *targs, **tqdm_kwargs):
+          """Registers the current `tqdm` class with `pandas`."""
+
+    def trange(*args, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """Shortcut for `tqdm(range(*args), **tqdm_kwargs)`."""
+
+Convenience Functions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    def tqdm.contrib.tenumerate(iterable, start=0, total=None,
+                                tqdm_class=tqdm.auto.tqdm, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """Equivalent of `numpy.ndenumerate` or builtin `enumerate`."""
+
+    def tqdm.contrib.tzip(iter1, *iter2plus, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """Equivalent of builtin `zip`."""
+
+    def tqdm.contrib.tmap(function, *sequences, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """Equivalent of builtin `map`."""
+
+Submodules
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    class tqdm.notebook.tqdm(tqdm.tqdm):
+        """IPython/Jupyter Notebook widget."""
+
+    class tqdm.auto.tqdm(tqdm.tqdm):
+        """Automatically chooses beween `tqdm.notebook` and `tqdm.tqdm`."""
+
+    class tqdm.asyncio.tqdm(tqdm.tqdm):
+      """Asynchronous version."""
+      @classmethod
+      def as_completed(cls, fs, *, loop=None, timeout=None, total=None,
+                       **tqdm_kwargs):
+          """Wrapper for `asyncio.as_completed`."""
+
+    class tqdm.gui.tqdm(tqdm.tqdm):
+        """Matplotlib GUI version."""
+
+    class tqdm.tk.tqdm(tqdm.tqdm):
+        """Tkinter GUI version."""
+
+    class tqdm.rich.tqdm(tqdm.tqdm):
+        """`rich.progress` version."""
+
+    class tqdm.keras.TqdmCallback(keras.callbacks.Callback):
+        """Keras callback for epoch and batch progress."""
+
+    class tqdm.dask.TqdmCallback(dask.callbacks.Callback):
+        """Dask callback for task progress."""
+
+
+``contrib``
++++++++++++
+
+The ``tqdm.contrib`` package also contains experimental modules:
+
+- ``tqdm.contrib.itertools``: Thin wrappers around ``itertools``
+- ``tqdm.contrib.concurrent``: Thin wrappers around ``concurrent.futures``
+- ``tqdm.contrib.slack``: Posts to `Slack <https://slack.com>`__ bots
+- ``tqdm.contrib.discord``: Posts to `Discord <https://discord.com>`__ bots
+- ``tqdm.contrib.telegram``: Posts to `Telegram <https://telegram.org>`__ bots
+- ``tqdm.contrib.bells``: Automagically enables all optional features
+
+  * ``auto``, ``pandas``, ``slack``, ``discord``, ``telegram``
+
+Examples and Advanced Usage
+---------------------------
+
+- See the `examples <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/tree/master/examples>`__
+  folder;
+- import the module and run ``help()``;
+- consult the `wiki <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/wiki>`__;
+
+  * this has an
+    `excellent article <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/wiki/How-to-make-a-great-Progress-Bar>`__
+    on how to make a **great** progressbar;
+
+- check out the `slides from PyData London <https://tqdm.github.io/PyData2019/slides.html>`__, or
+- run the |binder-demo|.
+
+Description and additional stats
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Custom information can be displayed and updated dynamically on ``tqdm`` bars
+with the ``desc`` and ``postfix`` arguments:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm import tqdm, trange
+    from random import random, randint
+    from time import sleep
+
+    with trange(10) as t:
+        for i in t:
+            # Description will be displayed on the left
+            t.set_description('GEN %i' % i)
+            # Postfix will be displayed on the right,
+            # formatted automatically based on argument's datatype
+            t.set_postfix(loss=random(), gen=randint(1,999), str='h',
+                          lst=[1, 2])
+            sleep(0.1)
+
+    with tqdm(total=10, bar_format="{postfix[0]} {postfix[1][value]:>8.2g}",
+              postfix=["Batch", {"value": 0}]) as t:
+        for i in range(10):
+            sleep(0.1)
+            t.postfix[1]["value"] = i / 2
+            t.update()
+
+Points to remember when using ``{postfix[...]}`` in the ``bar_format`` string:
+
+- ``postfix`` also needs to be passed as an initial argument in a compatible
+  format, and
+- ``postfix`` will be auto-converted to a string if it is a ``dict``-like
+  object. To prevent this behaviour, insert an extra item into the dictionary
+  where the key is not a string.
+
+Additional ``bar_format`` parameters may also be defined by overriding
+``format_dict``, and the bar itself may be modified using ``ascii``:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+    class TqdmExtraFormat(tqdm):
+        """Provides a `total_time` format parameter"""
+        @property
+        def format_dict(self):
+            d = super().format_dict
+            total_time = d["elapsed"] * (d["total"] or 0) / max(d["n"], 1)
+            d.update(total_time=self.format_interval(total_time) + " in total")
+            return d
+
+    for i in TqdmExtraFormat(
+          range(9), ascii=" .oO0",
+          bar_format="{total_time}: {percentage:.0f}%|{bar}{r_bar}"):
+        if i == 4:
+            break
+
+.. code::
+
+    00:00 in total: 44%|0000.     | 4/9 [00:00<00:00, 962.93it/s]
+
+Note that ``{bar}`` also supports a format specifier ``[width][type]``.
+
+- ``width``
+
+  * unspecified (default): automatic to fill ``ncols``
+  * ``int >= 0``: fixed width overriding ``ncols`` logic
+  * ``int < 0``: subtract from the automatic default
+
+- ``type``
+
+  * ``a``: ascii (``ascii=True`` override)
+  * ``u``: unicode (``ascii=False`` override)
+  * ``b``: blank (``ascii="  "`` override)
+
+This means a fixed bar with right-justified text may be created by using:
+``bar_format="{l_bar}{bar:10}|{bar:-10b}right-justified"``
+
+Nested progress bars
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``tqdm`` supports nested progress bars. Here's an example:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.auto import trange
+    from time import sleep
+
+    for i in trange(4, desc='1st loop'):
+        for j in trange(5, desc='2nd loop'):
+            for k in trange(50, desc='3rd loop', leave=False):
+                sleep(0.01)
+
+For manual control over positioning (e.g. for multi-processing use),
+you may specify ``position=n`` where ``n=0`` for the outermost bar,
+``n=1`` for the next, and so on.
+However, it's best to check if ``tqdm`` can work without manual ``position``
+first.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from time import sleep
+    from tqdm import trange, tqdm
+    from multiprocessing import Pool, RLock, freeze_support
+
+    L = list(range(9))
+
+    def progresser(n):
+        interval = 0.001 / (n + 2)
+        total = 5000
+        text = f"#{n}, est. {interval * total:<04.2}s"
+        for _ in trange(total, desc=text, position=n):
+            sleep(interval)
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        freeze_support()  # for Windows support
+        tqdm.set_lock(RLock())  # for managing output contention
+        p = Pool(initializer=tqdm.set_lock, initargs=(tqdm.get_lock(),))
+        p.map(progresser, L)
+
+Note that in Python 3, ``tqdm.write`` is thread-safe:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from time import sleep
+    from tqdm import tqdm, trange
+    from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+    L = list(range(9))
+
+    def progresser(n):
+        interval = 0.001 / (n + 2)
+        total = 5000
+        text = f"#{n}, est. {interval * total:<04.2}s"
+        for _ in trange(total, desc=text):
+            sleep(interval)
+        if n == 6:
+            tqdm.write("n == 6 completed.")
+            tqdm.write("`tqdm.write()` is thread-safe in py3!")
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor() as p:
+            p.map(progresser, L)
+
+Hooks and callbacks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``tqdm`` can easily support callbacks/hooks and manual updates.
+Here's an example with ``urllib``:
+
+**``urllib.urlretrieve`` documentation**
+
+    | [...]
+    | If present, the hook function will be called once
+    | on establishment of the network connection and once after each block read
+    | thereafter. The hook will be passed three arguments; a count of blocks
+    | transferred so far, a block size in bytes, and the total size of the file.
+    | [...]
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    import urllib, os
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+    urllib = getattr(urllib, 'request', urllib)
+
+    class TqdmUpTo(tqdm):
+        """Provides `update_to(n)` which uses `tqdm.update(delta_n)`."""
+        def update_to(self, b=1, bsize=1, tsize=None):
+            """
+            b  : int, optional
+                Number of blocks transferred so far [default: 1].
+            bsize  : int, optional
+                Size of each block (in tqdm units) [default: 1].
+            tsize  : int, optional
+                Total size (in tqdm units). If [default: None] remains unchanged.
+            """
+            if tsize is not None:
+                self.total = tsize
+            return self.update(b * bsize - self.n)  # also sets self.n = b * bsize
+
+    eg_link = "https://caspersci.uk.to/matryoshka.zip"
+    with TqdmUpTo(unit='B', unit_scale=True, unit_divisor=1024, miniters=1,
+                  desc=eg_link.split('/')[-1]) as t:  # all optional kwargs
+        urllib.urlretrieve(eg_link, filename=os.devnull,
+                           reporthook=t.update_to, data=None)
+        t.total = t.n
+
+Inspired by `twine#242 <https://github.com/pypa/twine/pull/242>`__.
+Functional alternative in
+`examples/tqdm_wget.py <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/examples/tqdm_wget.py>`__.
+
+It is recommend to use ``miniters=1`` whenever there is potentially
+large differences in iteration speed (e.g. downloading a file over
+a patchy connection).
+
+**Wrapping read/write methods**
+
+To measure throughput through a file-like object's ``read`` or ``write``
+methods, use ``CallbackIOWrapper``:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.auto import tqdm
+    from tqdm.utils import CallbackIOWrapper
+
+    with tqdm(total=file_obj.size,
+              unit='B', unit_scale=True, unit_divisor=1024) as t:
+        fobj = CallbackIOWrapper(t.update, file_obj, "read")
+        while True:
+            chunk = fobj.read(chunk_size)
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+        t.reset()
+        # ... continue to use `t` for something else
+
+Alternatively, use the even simpler ``wrapattr`` convenience function,
+which would condense both the ``urllib`` and ``CallbackIOWrapper`` examples
+down to:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    import urllib, os
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+
+    eg_link = "https://caspersci.uk.to/matryoshka.zip"
+    response = getattr(urllib, 'request', urllib).urlopen(eg_link)
+    with tqdm.wrapattr(open(os.devnull, "wb"), "write",
+                       miniters=1, desc=eg_link.split('/')[-1],
+                       total=getattr(response, 'length', None)) as fout:
+        for chunk in response:
+            fout.write(chunk)
+
+The ``requests`` equivalent is nearly identical:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    import requests, os
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+
+    eg_link = "https://caspersci.uk.to/matryoshka.zip"
+    response = requests.get(eg_link, stream=True)
+    with tqdm.wrapattr(open(os.devnull, "wb"), "write",
+                       miniters=1, desc=eg_link.split('/')[-1],
+                       total=int(response.headers.get('content-length', 0))) as fout:
+        for chunk in response.iter_content(chunk_size=4096):
+            fout.write(chunk)
+
+**Custom callback**
+
+``tqdm`` is known for intelligently skipping unnecessary displays. To make a
+custom callback take advantage of this, simply use the return value of
+``update()``. This is set to ``True`` if a ``display()`` was triggered.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.auto import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+    def external_callback(*args, **kwargs):
+        ...
+
+    class TqdmExt(std_tqdm):
+        def update(self, n=1):
+            displayed = super().update(n)
+            if displayed:
+                external_callback(**self.format_dict)
+            return displayed
+
+``asyncio``
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Note that ``break`` isn't currently caught by asynchronous iterators.
+This means that ``tqdm`` cannot clean up after itself in this case:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.asyncio import tqdm
+
+    async for i in tqdm(range(9)):
+        if i == 2:
+            break
+
+Instead, either call ``pbar.close()`` manually or use the context manager syntax:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.asyncio import tqdm
+
+    with tqdm(range(9)) as pbar:
+        async for i in pbar:
+            if i == 2:
+                break
+
+Pandas Integration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Due to popular demand we've added support for ``pandas`` -- here's an example
+for ``DataFrame.progress_apply`` and ``DataFrameGroupBy.progress_apply``:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    import pandas as pd
+    import numpy as np
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+
+    df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 100, (100000, 6)))
+
+    # Register `pandas.progress_apply` and `pandas.Series.map_apply` with `tqdm`
+    # (can use `tqdm.gui.tqdm`, `tqdm.notebook.tqdm`, optional kwargs, etc.)
+    tqdm.pandas(desc="my bar!")
+
+    # Now you can use `progress_apply` instead of `apply`
+    # and `progress_map` instead of `map`
+    df.progress_apply(lambda x: x**2)
+    # can also groupby:
+    # df.groupby(0).progress_apply(lambda x: x**2)
+
+In case you're interested in how this works (and how to modify it for your
+own callbacks), see the
+`examples <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/tree/master/examples>`__
+folder or import the module and run ``help()``.
+
+Keras Integration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A ``keras`` callback is also available:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.keras import TqdmCallback
+
+    ...
+
+    model.fit(..., verbose=0, callbacks=[TqdmCallback()])
+
+Dask Integration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A ``dask`` callback is also available:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.dask import TqdmCallback
+
+    with TqdmCallback(desc="compute"):
+        ...
+        arr.compute()
+
+    # or use callback globally
+    cb = TqdmCallback(desc="global")
+    cb.register()
+    arr.compute()
+
+IPython/Jupyter Integration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+IPython/Jupyter is supported via the ``tqdm.notebook`` submodule:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.notebook import trange, tqdm
+    from time import sleep
+
+    for i in trange(3, desc='1st loop'):
+        for j in tqdm(range(100), desc='2nd loop'):
+            sleep(0.01)
+
+In addition to ``tqdm`` features, the submodule provides a native Jupyter
+widget (compatible with IPython v1-v4 and Jupyter), fully working nested bars
+and colour hints (blue: normal, green: completed, red: error/interrupt,
+light blue: no ETA); as demonstrated below.
+
+|Screenshot-Jupyter1|
+|Screenshot-Jupyter2|
+|Screenshot-Jupyter3|
+
+The ``notebook`` version supports percentage or pixels for overall width
+(e.g.: ``ncols='100%'`` or ``ncols='480px'``).
+
+It is also possible to let ``tqdm`` automatically choose between
+console or notebook versions by using the ``autonotebook`` submodule:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.autonotebook import tqdm
+    tqdm.pandas()
+
+Note that this will issue a ``TqdmExperimentalWarning`` if run in a notebook
+since it is not meant to be possible to distinguish between ``jupyter notebook``
+and ``jupyter console``. Use ``auto`` instead of ``autonotebook`` to suppress
+this warning.
+
+Note that notebooks will display the bar in the cell where it was created.
+This may be a different cell from the one where it is used.
+If this is not desired, either
+
+- delay the creation of the bar to the cell where it must be displayed, or
+- create the bar with ``display=False``, and in a later cell call
+  ``display(bar.container)``:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.notebook import tqdm
+    pbar = tqdm(..., display=False)
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # different cell
+    display(pbar.container)
+
+The ``keras`` callback has a ``display()`` method which can be used likewise:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.keras import TqdmCallback
+    cbk = TqdmCallback(display=False)
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # different cell
+    cbk.display()
+    model.fit(..., verbose=0, callbacks=[cbk])
+
+Another possibility is to have a single bar (near the top of the notebook)
+which is constantly re-used (using ``reset()`` rather than ``close()``).
+For this reason, the notebook version (unlike the CLI version) does not
+automatically call ``close()`` upon ``Exception``.
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.notebook import tqdm
+    pbar = tqdm()
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    # different cell
+    iterable = range(100)
+    pbar.reset(total=len(iterable))  # initialise with new `total`
+    for i in iterable:
+        pbar.update()
+    pbar.refresh()  # force print final status but don't `close()`
+
+Custom Integration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+To change the default arguments (such as making ``dynamic_ncols=True``),
+simply use built-in Python magic:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from functools import partial
+    from tqdm import tqdm as std_tqdm
+    tqdm = partial(std_tqdm, dynamic_ncols=True)
+
+For further customisation,
+``tqdm`` may be inherited from to create custom callbacks (as with the
+``TqdmUpTo`` example `above <#hooks-and-callbacks>`__) or for custom frontends
+(e.g. GUIs such as notebook or plotting packages). In the latter case:
+
+1. ``def __init__()`` to call ``super().__init__(..., gui=True)`` to disable
+   terminal ``status_printer`` creation.
+2. Redefine: ``close()``, ``clear()``, ``display()``.
+
+Consider overloading ``display()`` to use e.g.
+``self.frontend(**self.format_dict)`` instead of ``self.sp(repr(self))``.
+
+Some submodule examples of inheritance:
+
+- `tqdm/notebook.py <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tqdm/notebook.py>`__
+- `tqdm/gui.py <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tqdm/gui.py>`__
+- `tqdm/tk.py <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tqdm/tk.py>`__
+- `tqdm/contrib/slack.py <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tqdm/contrib/slack.py>`__
+- `tqdm/contrib/discord.py <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tqdm/contrib/discord.py>`__
+- `tqdm/contrib/telegram.py <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/tqdm/contrib/telegram.py>`__
+
+Dynamic Monitor/Meter
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can use a ``tqdm`` as a meter which is not monotonically increasing.
+This could be because ``n`` decreases (e.g. a CPU usage monitor) or ``total``
+changes.
+
+One example would be recursively searching for files. The ``total`` is the
+number of objects found so far, while ``n`` is the number of those objects which
+are files (rather than folders):
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+    import os.path
+
+    def find_files_recursively(path, show_progress=True):
+        files = []
+        # total=1 assumes `path` is a file
+        t = tqdm(total=1, unit="file", disable=not show_progress)
+        if not os.path.exists(path):
+            raise IOError("Cannot find:" + path)
+
+        def append_found_file(f):
+            files.append(f)
+            t.update()
+
+        def list_found_dir(path):
+            """returns os.listdir(path) assuming os.path.isdir(path)"""
+            listing = os.listdir(path)
+            # subtract 1 since a "file" we found was actually this directory
+            t.total += len(listing) - 1
+            # fancy way to give info without forcing a refresh
+            t.set_postfix(dir=path[-10:], refresh=False)
+            t.update(0)  # may trigger a refresh
+            return listing
+
+        def recursively_search(path):
+            if os.path.isdir(path):
+                for f in list_found_dir(path):
+                    recursively_search(os.path.join(path, f))
+            else:
+                append_found_file(path)
+
+        recursively_search(path)
+        t.set_postfix(dir=path)
+        t.close()
+        return files
+
+Using ``update(0)`` is a handy way to let ``tqdm`` decide when to trigger a
+display refresh to avoid console spamming.
+
+Writing messages
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is a work in progress (see
+`#737 <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/737>`__).
+
+Since ``tqdm`` uses a simple printing mechanism to display progress bars,
+you should not write any message in the terminal using ``print()`` while
+a progressbar is open.
+
+To write messages in the terminal without any collision with ``tqdm`` bar
+display, a ``.write()`` method is provided:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from tqdm.auto import tqdm, trange
+    from time import sleep
+
+    bar = trange(10)
+    for i in bar:
+        # Print using tqdm class method .write()
+        sleep(0.1)
+        if not (i % 3):
+            tqdm.write("Done task %i" % i)
+        # Can also use bar.write()
+
+By default, this will print to standard output ``sys.stdout``. but you can
+specify any file-like object using the ``file`` argument. For example, this
+can be used to redirect the messages writing to a log file or class.
+
+Redirecting writing
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If using a library that can print messages to the console, editing the library
+by  replacing ``print()`` with ``tqdm.write()`` may not be desirable.
+In that case, redirecting ``sys.stdout`` to ``tqdm.write()`` is an option.
+
+To redirect ``sys.stdout``, create a file-like class that will write
+any input string to ``tqdm.write()``, and supply the arguments
+``file=sys.stdout, dynamic_ncols=True``.
+
+A reusable canonical example is given below:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    from time import sleep
+    import contextlib
+    import sys
+    from tqdm import tqdm
+    from tqdm.contrib import DummyTqdmFile
+
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def std_out_err_redirect_tqdm():
+        orig_out_err = sys.stdout, sys.stderr
+        try:
+            sys.stdout, sys.stderr = map(DummyTqdmFile, orig_out_err)
+            yield orig_out_err[0]
+        # Relay exceptions
+        except Exception as exc:
+            raise exc
+        # Always restore sys.stdout/err if necessary
+        finally:
+            sys.stdout, sys.stderr = orig_out_err
+
+    def some_fun(i):
+        print("Fee, fi, fo,".split()[i])
+
+    # Redirect stdout to tqdm.write() (don't forget the `as save_stdout`)
+    with std_out_err_redirect_tqdm() as orig_stdout:
+        # tqdm needs the original stdout
+        # and dynamic_ncols=True to autodetect console width
+        for i in tqdm(range(3), file=orig_stdout, dynamic_ncols=True):
+            sleep(.5)
+            some_fun(i)
+
+    # After the `with`, printing is restored
+    print("Done!")
+
+Redirecting ``logging``
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Similar to ``sys.stdout``/``sys.stderr`` as detailed above, console ``logging``
+may also be redirected to ``tqdm.write()``.
+
+Warning: if also redirecting ``sys.stdout``/``sys.stderr``, make sure to
+redirect ``logging`` first if needed.
+
+Helper methods are available in ``tqdm.contrib.logging``. For example:
+
+.. code:: python
+
+    import logging
+    from tqdm import trange
+    from tqdm.contrib.logging import logging_redirect_tqdm
+
+    LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+        with logging_redirect_tqdm():
+            for i in trange(9):
+                if i == 4:
+                    LOG.info("console logging redirected to `tqdm.write()`")
+        # logging restored
+
+Monitoring thread, intervals and miniters
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+``tqdm`` implements a few tricks to increase efficiency and reduce overhead.
+
+- Avoid unnecessary frequent bar refreshing: ``mininterval`` defines how long
+  to wait between each refresh. ``tqdm`` always gets updated in the background,
+  but it will display only every ``mininterval``.
+- Reduce number of calls to check system clock/time.
+- ``mininterval`` is more intuitive to configure than ``miniters``.
+  A clever adjustment system ``dynamic_miniters`` will automatically adjust
+  ``miniters`` to the amount of iterations that fit into time ``mininterval``.
+  Essentially, ``tqdm`` will check if it's time to print without actually
+  checking time. This behaviour can be still be bypassed by manually setting
+  ``miniters``.
+
+However, consider a case with a combination of fast and slow iterations.
+After a few fast iterations, ``dynamic_miniters`` will set ``miniters`` to a
+large number. When iteration rate subsequently slows, ``miniters`` will
+remain large and thus reduce display update frequency. To address this:
+
+- ``maxinterval`` defines the maximum time between display refreshes.
+  A concurrent monitoring thread checks for overdue updates and forces one
+  where necessary.
+
+The monitoring thread should not have a noticeable overhead, and guarantees
+updates at least every 10 seconds by default.
+This value can be directly changed by setting the ``monitor_interval`` of
+any ``tqdm`` instance (i.e. ``t = tqdm.tqdm(...); t.monitor_interval = 2``).
+The monitor thread may be disabled application-wide by setting
+``tqdm.tqdm.monitor_interval = 0`` before instantiation of any ``tqdm`` bar.
+
+
+Merch
+-----
+
+You can buy `tqdm branded merch <https://tqdm.github.io/merch>`__ now!
+
+Contributions
+-------------
+
+|GitHub-Commits| |GitHub-Issues| |GitHub-PRs| |OpenHub-Status| |GitHub-Contributions| |CII Best Practices|
+
+All source code is hosted on `GitHub <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm>`__.
+Contributions are welcome.
+
+See the
+`CONTRIBUTING <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md>`__
+file for more information.
+
+Developers who have made significant contributions, ranked by *SLoC*
+(surviving lines of code,
+`git fame <https://github.com/casperdcl/git-fame>`__ ``-wMC --excl '\.(png|gif|jpg)$'``),
+are:
+
+==================== ======================================================== ==== ================================
+Name                 ID                                                       SLoC Notes
+==================== ======================================================== ==== ================================
+Casper da Costa-Luis `casperdcl <https://github.com/casperdcl>`__             ~80% primary maintainer |Gift-Casper|
+Stephen Larroque     `lrq3000 <https://github.com/lrq3000>`__                 ~9%  team member
+Martin Zugnoni       `martinzugnoni <https://github.com/martinzugnoni>`__     ~3%
+Daniel Ecer          `de-code <https://github.com/de-code>`__                 ~2%
+Richard Sheridan     `richardsheridan <https://github.com/richardsheridan>`__ ~1%
+Guangshuo Chen       `chengs <https://github.com/chengs>`__                   ~1%
+Helio Machado        `0x2b3bfa0 <https://github.com/0x2b3bfa0>`__             ~1%
+Kyle Altendorf       `altendky <https://github.com/altendky>`__               <1%
+Noam Yorav-Raphael   `noamraph <https://github.com/noamraph>`__               <1%  original author
+Matthew Stevens      `mjstevens777 <https://github.com/mjstevens777>`__       <1%
+Hadrien Mary         `hadim <https://github.com/hadim>`__                     <1%  team member
+Mikhail Korobov      `kmike <https://github.com/kmike>`__                     <1%  team member
+==================== ======================================================== ==== ================================
+
+Ports to Other Languages
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A list is available on
+`this wiki page <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/wiki/tqdm-ports>`__.
+
+
+LICENCE
+-------
+
+Open Source (OSI approved): |LICENCE|
+
+Citation information: |DOI|
+
+|README-Hits| (Since 19 May 2016)
+
+.. |Logo| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/logo.gif
+.. |Screenshot| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/tqdm.gif
+.. |Video| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/video.jpg
+   :target: https://tqdm.github.io/video
+.. |Slides| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/slides.jpg
+   :target: https://tqdm.github.io/PyData2019/slides.html
+.. |Merch| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/merch.jpg
+   :target: https://tqdm.github.io/merch
+.. |Build-Status| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/tqdm/tqdm/test.yml?branch=master&label=tqdm&logo=GitHub
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/actions/workflows/test.yml
+.. |Coverage-Status| image:: https://img.shields.io/coveralls/github/tqdm/tqdm/master?logo=coveralls
+   :target: https://coveralls.io/github/tqdm/tqdm
+.. |Branch-Coverage-Status| image:: https://codecov.io/gh/tqdm/tqdm/branch/master/graph/badge.svg
+   :target: https://codecov.io/gh/tqdm/tqdm
+.. |Codacy-Grade| image:: https://app.codacy.com/project/badge/Grade/3f965571598f44549c7818f29cdcf177
+   :target: https://www.codacy.com/gh/tqdm/tqdm/dashboard
+.. |CII Best Practices| image:: https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/3264/badge
+   :target: https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/3264
+.. |GitHub-Status| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/tag/tqdm/tqdm.svg?maxAge=86400&logo=github&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/releases
+.. |GitHub-Forks| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/forks/tqdm/tqdm.svg?logo=github&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/network
+.. |GitHub-Stars| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/stars/tqdm/tqdm.svg?logo=github&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/stargazers
+.. |GitHub-Commits| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/y/tqdm/tqdm.svg?logo=git&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/graphs/commit-activity
+.. |GitHub-Issues| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/issues-closed/tqdm/tqdm.svg?logo=github&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues?q=
+.. |GitHub-PRs| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/issues-pr-closed/tqdm/tqdm.svg?logo=github&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/pulls
+.. |GitHub-Contributions| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/tqdm/tqdm.svg?logo=github&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/graphs/contributors
+.. |GitHub-Updated| image:: https://img.shields.io/github/last-commit/tqdm/tqdm/master.svg?logo=github&logoColor=white&label=pushed
+   :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/pulse
+.. |Gift-Casper| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json.svg?color=ff69b4&label=gifts%20received&prefix=%C2%A3&query=%24..sum&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcaspersci.uk.to%2Fgifts.json
+   :target: https://cdcl.ml/sponsor
+.. |Versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/tqdm.svg
+   :target: https://tqdm.github.io/releases
+.. |PyPI-Downloads| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/dm/tqdm.svg?label=pypi%20downloads&logo=PyPI&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://pepy.tech/project/tqdm
+.. |Py-Versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/tqdm.svg?logo=python&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://pypi.org/project/tqdm
+.. |Conda-Forge-Status| image:: https://img.shields.io/conda/v/conda-forge/tqdm.svg?label=conda-forge&logo=conda-forge
+   :target: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/tqdm
+.. |Snapcraft| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/snap-install-82BEA0.svg?logo=snapcraft
+   :target: https://snapcraft.io/tqdm
+.. |Docker| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/docker-pull-blue.svg?logo=docker&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://hub.docker.com/r/tqdm/tqdm
+.. |Libraries-Rank| image:: https://img.shields.io/librariesio/sourcerank/pypi/tqdm.svg?logo=koding&logoColor=white
+   :target: https://libraries.io/pypi/tqdm
+.. |Libraries-Dependents| image:: https://img.shields.io/librariesio/dependent-repos/pypi/tqdm.svg?logo=koding&logoColor=white
+    :target: https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/network/dependents
+.. |OpenHub-Status| image:: https://www.openhub.net/p/tqdm/widgets/project_thin_badge?format=gif
+   :target: https://www.openhub.net/p/tqdm?ref=Thin+badge
+.. |awesome-python| image:: https://awesome.re/mentioned-badge.svg
+   :target: https://github.com/vinta/awesome-python
+.. |LICENCE| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/tqdm.svg
+   :target: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tqdm/tqdm/master/LICENCE
+.. |DOI| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/DOI-10.5281/zenodo.595120-blue.svg
+   :target: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.595120
+.. |binder-demo| image:: https://mybinder.org/badge_logo.svg
+   :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/tqdm/tqdm/master?filepath=DEMO.ipynb
+.. |Screenshot-Jupyter1| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/jupyter-1.gif
+.. |Screenshot-Jupyter2| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/jupyter-2.gif
+.. |Screenshot-Jupyter3| image:: https://tqdm.github.io/img/jupyter-3.gif
+.. |README-Hits| image:: https://cgi.cdcl.ml/hits?q=tqdm&style=social&r=https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm&l=https://tqdm.github.io/img/favicon.png&f=https://tqdm.github.io/img/logo.gif
+   :target: https://cgi.cdcl.ml/hits?q=tqdm&a=plot&r=https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm&l=https://tqdm.github.io/img/favicon.png&f=https://tqdm.github.io/img/logo.gif&style=social
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0aeb7be9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+../../Scripts/tqdm.exe,sha256=nMA-4t81rMhWAErlxV4XmdQMgAPqOEyPJTpL6uicBvI,108395
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae527e7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: setuptools (75.6.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..540e60f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[console_scripts]
+tqdm = tqdm.cli:main
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..78620c47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm-4.67.1.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+tqdm
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8081f77b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+from ._monitor import TMonitor, TqdmSynchronisationWarning
+from ._tqdm_pandas import tqdm_pandas
+from .cli import main  # TODO: remove in v5.0.0
+from .gui import tqdm as tqdm_gui  # TODO: remove in v5.0.0
+from .gui import trange as tgrange  # TODO: remove in v5.0.0
+from .std import (
+    TqdmDeprecationWarning, TqdmExperimentalWarning, TqdmKeyError, TqdmMonitorWarning,
+    TqdmTypeError, TqdmWarning, tqdm, trange)
+from .version import __version__
+
+__all__ = ['tqdm', 'tqdm_gui', 'trange', 'tgrange', 'tqdm_pandas',
+           'tqdm_notebook', 'tnrange', 'main', 'TMonitor',
+           'TqdmTypeError', 'TqdmKeyError',
+           'TqdmWarning', 'TqdmDeprecationWarning',
+           'TqdmExperimentalWarning',
+           'TqdmMonitorWarning', 'TqdmSynchronisationWarning',
+           '__version__']
+
+
+def tqdm_notebook(*args, **kwargs):  # pragma: no cover
+    """See tqdm.notebook.tqdm for full documentation"""
+    from warnings import warn
+
+    from .notebook import tqdm as _tqdm_notebook
+    warn("This function will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0\n"
+         "Please use `tqdm.notebook.tqdm` instead of `tqdm.tqdm_notebook`",
+         TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    return _tqdm_notebook(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def tnrange(*args, **kwargs):  # pragma: no cover
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.notebook.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    from warnings import warn
+
+    from .notebook import trange as _tnrange
+    warn("Please use `tqdm.notebook.trange` instead of `tqdm.tnrange`",
+         TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    return _tnrange(*args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e28416e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from .cli import main
+
+main()
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__pycache__/version.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/__pycache__/version.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_dist_ver.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_dist_ver.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61af7d5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_dist_ver.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__version__ = '4.67.1'
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..04fdeeff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .cli import *  # NOQA
+from .cli import __all__  # NOQA
+from .std import TqdmDeprecationWarning
+
+warn("This function will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0\n"
+     "Please use `tqdm.cli.*` instead of `tqdm._main.*`",
+     TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_monitor.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_monitor.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f71aa568
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_monitor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import atexit
+from threading import Event, Thread, current_thread
+from time import time
+from warnings import warn
+
+__all__ = ["TMonitor", "TqdmSynchronisationWarning"]
+
+
+class TqdmSynchronisationWarning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """tqdm multi-thread/-process errors which may cause incorrect nesting
+    but otherwise no adverse effects"""
+    pass
+
+
+class TMonitor(Thread):
+    """
+    Monitoring thread for tqdm bars.
+    Monitors if tqdm bars are taking too much time to display
+    and readjusts miniters automatically if necessary.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_cls  : class
+        tqdm class to use (can be core tqdm or a submodule).
+    sleep_interval  : float
+        Time to sleep between monitoring checks.
+    """
+    _test = {}  # internal vars for unit testing
+
+    def __init__(self, tqdm_cls, sleep_interval):
+        Thread.__init__(self)
+        self.daemon = True  # kill thread when main killed (KeyboardInterrupt)
+        self.woken = 0  # last time woken up, to sync with monitor
+        self.tqdm_cls = tqdm_cls
+        self.sleep_interval = sleep_interval
+        self._time = self._test.get("time", time)
+        self.was_killed = self._test.get("Event", Event)()
+        atexit.register(self.exit)
+        self.start()
+
+    def exit(self):
+        self.was_killed.set()
+        if self is not current_thread():
+            self.join()
+        return self.report()
+
+    def get_instances(self):
+        # returns a copy of started `tqdm_cls` instances
+        return [i for i in self.tqdm_cls._instances.copy()
+                # Avoid race by checking that the instance started
+                if hasattr(i, 'start_t')]
+
+    def run(self):
+        cur_t = self._time()
+        while True:
+            # After processing and before sleeping, notify that we woke
+            # Need to be done just before sleeping
+            self.woken = cur_t
+            # Sleep some time...
+            self.was_killed.wait(self.sleep_interval)
+            # Quit if killed
+            if self.was_killed.is_set():
+                return
+            # Then monitor!
+            # Acquire lock (to access _instances)
+            with self.tqdm_cls.get_lock():
+                cur_t = self._time()
+                # Check tqdm instances are waiting too long to print
+                instances = self.get_instances()
+                for instance in instances:
+                    # Check event in loop to reduce blocking time on exit
+                    if self.was_killed.is_set():
+                        return
+                    # Only if mininterval > 1 (else iterations are just slow)
+                    # and last refresh exceeded maxinterval
+                    if (
+                        instance.miniters > 1
+                        and (cur_t - instance.last_print_t) >= instance.maxinterval
+                    ):
+                        # force bypassing miniters on next iteration
+                        # (dynamic_miniters adjusts mininterval automatically)
+                        instance.miniters = 1
+                        # Refresh now! (works only for manual tqdm)
+                        instance.refresh(nolock=True)
+                    # Remove accidental long-lived strong reference
+                    del instance
+                if instances != self.get_instances():  # pragma: nocover
+                    warn("Set changed size during iteration" +
+                         " (see https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm/issues/481)",
+                         TqdmSynchronisationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+                # Remove accidental long-lived strong references
+                del instances
+
+    def report(self):
+        return not self.was_killed.is_set()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fc49627
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .std import *  # NOQA
+from .std import __all__  # NOQA
+from .std import TqdmDeprecationWarning
+
+warn("This function will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0\n"
+     "Please use `tqdm.std.*` instead of `tqdm._tqdm.*`",
+     TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_gui.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_gui.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f32aa894
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_gui.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .gui import *  # NOQA
+from .gui import __all__  # NOQA
+from .std import TqdmDeprecationWarning
+
+warn("This function will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0\n"
+     "Please use `tqdm.gui.*` instead of `tqdm._tqdm_gui.*`",
+     TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_notebook.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_notebook.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f225fbf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_notebook.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .notebook import *  # NOQA
+from .notebook import __all__  # NOQA
+from .std import TqdmDeprecationWarning
+
+warn("This function will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0\n"
+     "Please use `tqdm.notebook.*` instead of `tqdm._tqdm_notebook.*`",
+     TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_pandas.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_pandas.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4fe6efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_tqdm_pandas.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import sys
+
+__author__ = "github.com/casperdcl"
+__all__ = ['tqdm_pandas']
+
+
+def tqdm_pandas(tclass, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Registers the given `tqdm` instance with
+    `pandas.core.groupby.DataFrameGroupBy.progress_apply`.
+    """
+    from tqdm import TqdmDeprecationWarning
+
+    if isinstance(tclass, type) or (getattr(tclass, '__name__', '').startswith(
+            'tqdm_')):  # delayed adapter case
+        TqdmDeprecationWarning(
+            "Please use `tqdm.pandas(...)` instead of `tqdm_pandas(tqdm, ...)`.",
+            fp_write=getattr(tqdm_kwargs.get('file', None), 'write', sys.stderr.write))
+        tclass.pandas(**tqdm_kwargs)
+    else:
+        TqdmDeprecationWarning(
+            "Please use `tqdm.pandas(...)` instead of `tqdm_pandas(tqdm(...))`.",
+            fp_write=getattr(tclass.fp, 'write', sys.stderr.write))
+        type(tclass).pandas(deprecated_t=tclass)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..385e849e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .std import TqdmDeprecationWarning
+from .utils import (  # NOQA, pylint: disable=unused-import
+    CUR_OS, IS_NIX, IS_WIN, RE_ANSI, Comparable, FormatReplace, SimpleTextIOWrapper,
+    _environ_cols_wrapper, _is_ascii, _is_utf, _screen_shape_linux, _screen_shape_tput,
+    _screen_shape_windows, _screen_shape_wrapper, _supports_unicode, _term_move_up, colorama)
+
+warn("This function will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0\n"
+     "Please use `tqdm.utils.*` instead of `tqdm._utils.*`",
+     TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/asyncio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d00a0a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/asyncio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+"""
+Asynchronous progressbar decorator for iterators.
+Includes a default `range` iterator printing to `stderr`.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.asyncio import trange, tqdm
+>>> async for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+import asyncio
+from sys import version_info
+
+from .std import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['tqdm_asyncio', 'tarange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+
+
+class tqdm_asyncio(std_tqdm):
+    """
+    Asynchronous-friendly version of tqdm.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(iterable, *args, **kwargs)
+        self.iterable_awaitable = False
+        if iterable is not None:
+            if hasattr(iterable, "__anext__"):
+                self.iterable_next = iterable.__anext__
+                self.iterable_awaitable = True
+            elif hasattr(iterable, "__next__"):
+                self.iterable_next = iterable.__next__
+            else:
+                self.iterable_iterator = iter(iterable)
+                self.iterable_next = self.iterable_iterator.__next__
+
+    def __aiter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self):
+        try:
+            if self.iterable_awaitable:
+                res = await self.iterable_next()
+            else:
+                res = self.iterable_next()
+            self.update()
+            return res
+        except StopIteration:
+            self.close()
+            raise StopAsyncIteration
+        except BaseException:
+            self.close()
+            raise
+
+    def send(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self.iterable.send(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def as_completed(cls, fs, *, loop=None, timeout=None, total=None, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """
+        Wrapper for `asyncio.as_completed`.
+        """
+        if total is None:
+            total = len(fs)
+        kwargs = {}
+        if version_info[:2] < (3, 10):
+            kwargs['loop'] = loop
+        yield from cls(asyncio.as_completed(fs, timeout=timeout, **kwargs),
+                       total=total, **tqdm_kwargs)
+
+    @classmethod
+    async def gather(cls, *fs, loop=None, timeout=None, total=None, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """
+        Wrapper for `asyncio.gather`.
+        """
+        async def wrap_awaitable(i, f):
+            return i, await f
+
+        ifs = [wrap_awaitable(i, f) for i, f in enumerate(fs)]
+        res = [await f for f in cls.as_completed(ifs, loop=loop, timeout=timeout,
+                                                 total=total, **tqdm_kwargs)]
+        return [i for _, i in sorted(res)]
+
+
+def tarange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    A shortcut for `tqdm.asyncio.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`.
+    """
+    return tqdm_asyncio(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_asyncio
+trange = tarange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..206c4409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""
+Enables multiple commonly used features.
+
+Method resolution order:
+
+- `tqdm.autonotebook` without import warnings
+- `tqdm.asyncio`
+- `tqdm.std` base class
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.auto import trange, tqdm
+>>> for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+import warnings
+
+from .std import TqdmExperimentalWarning
+
+with warnings.catch_warnings():
+    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=TqdmExperimentalWarning)
+    from .autonotebook import tqdm as notebook_tqdm
+
+from .asyncio import tqdm as asyncio_tqdm
+from .std import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+if notebook_tqdm != std_tqdm:
+    class tqdm(notebook_tqdm, asyncio_tqdm):  # pylint: disable=inconsistent-mro
+        pass
+else:
+    tqdm = asyncio_tqdm
+
+
+def trange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    A shortcut for `tqdm.auto.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`.
+    """
+    return tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+__all__ = ["tqdm", "trange"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/autonotebook.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/autonotebook.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a09f2ec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/autonotebook.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""
+Automatically choose between `tqdm.notebook` and `tqdm.std`.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.autonotebook import trange, tqdm
+>>> for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+import sys
+from warnings import warn
+
+try:
+    get_ipython = sys.modules['IPython'].get_ipython
+    if 'IPKernelApp' not in get_ipython().config:  # pragma: no cover
+        raise ImportError("console")
+    from .notebook import WARN_NOIPYW, IProgress
+    if IProgress is None:
+        from .std import TqdmWarning
+        warn(WARN_NOIPYW, TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        raise ImportError('ipywidgets')
+except Exception:
+    from .std import tqdm, trange
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from .notebook import tqdm, trange
+    from .std import TqdmExperimentalWarning
+    warn("Using `tqdm.autonotebook.tqdm` in notebook mode."
+         " Use `tqdm.tqdm` instead to force console mode"
+         " (e.g. in jupyter console)", TqdmExperimentalWarning, stacklevel=2)
+__all__ = ["tqdm", "trange"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/cli.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/cli.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e54a7fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/cli.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+"""
+Module version for monitoring CLI pipes (`... | python -m tqdm | ...`).
+"""
+import logging
+import re
+import sys
+from ast import literal_eval as numeric
+from textwrap import indent
+
+from .std import TqdmKeyError, TqdmTypeError, tqdm
+from .version import __version__
+
+__all__ = ["main"]
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def cast(val, typ):
+    log.debug((val, typ))
+    if " or " in typ:
+        for t in typ.split(" or "):
+            try:
+                return cast(val, t)
+            except TqdmTypeError:
+                pass
+        raise TqdmTypeError(f"{val} : {typ}")
+
+    # sys.stderr.write('\ndebug | `val:type`: `' + val + ':' + typ + '`.\n')
+    if typ == 'bool':
+        if (val == 'True') or (val == ''):
+            return True
+        if val == 'False':
+            return False
+        raise TqdmTypeError(val + ' : ' + typ)
+    if typ == 'chr':
+        if len(val) == 1:
+            return val.encode()
+        if re.match(r"^\\\w+$", val):
+            return eval(f'"{val}"').encode()
+        raise TqdmTypeError(f"{val} : {typ}")
+    if typ == 'str':
+        return val
+    if typ == 'int':
+        try:
+            return int(val)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise TqdmTypeError(f"{val} : {typ}") from exc
+    if typ == 'float':
+        try:
+            return float(val)
+        except ValueError as exc:
+            raise TqdmTypeError(f"{val} : {typ}") from exc
+    raise TqdmTypeError(f"{val} : {typ}")
+
+
+def posix_pipe(fin, fout, delim=b'\\n', buf_size=256,
+               callback=lambda float: None, callback_len=True):
+    """
+    Params
+    ------
+    fin  : binary file with `read(buf_size : int)` method
+    fout  : binary file with `write` (and optionally `flush`) methods.
+    callback  : function(float), e.g.: `tqdm.update`
+    callback_len  : If (default: True) do `callback(len(buffer))`.
+      Otherwise, do `callback(data) for data in buffer.split(delim)`.
+    """
+    fp_write = fout.write
+
+    if not delim:
+        while True:
+            tmp = fin.read(buf_size)
+
+            # flush at EOF
+            if not tmp:
+                getattr(fout, 'flush', lambda: None)()
+                return
+
+            fp_write(tmp)
+            callback(len(tmp))
+        # return
+
+    buf = b''
+    len_delim = len(delim)
+    # n = 0
+    while True:
+        tmp = fin.read(buf_size)
+
+        # flush at EOF
+        if not tmp:
+            if buf:
+                fp_write(buf)
+                if callback_len:
+                    # n += 1 + buf.count(delim)
+                    callback(1 + buf.count(delim))
+                else:
+                    for i in buf.split(delim):
+                        callback(i)
+            getattr(fout, 'flush', lambda: None)()
+            return  # n
+
+        while True:
+            i = tmp.find(delim)
+            if i < 0:
+                buf += tmp
+                break
+            fp_write(buf + tmp[:i + len(delim)])
+            # n += 1
+            callback(1 if callback_len else (buf + tmp[:i]))
+            buf = b''
+            tmp = tmp[i + len_delim:]
+
+
+# ((opt, type), ... )
+RE_OPTS = re.compile(r'\n {4}(\S+)\s{2,}:\s*([^,]+)')
+# better split method assuming no positional args
+RE_SHLEX = re.compile(r'\s*(?<!\S)--?([^\s=]+)(\s+|=|$)')
+
+# TODO: add custom support for some of the following?
+UNSUPPORTED_OPTS = ('iterable', 'gui', 'out', 'file')
+
+# The 8 leading spaces are required for consistency
+CLI_EXTRA_DOC = r"""
+    Extra CLI Options
+    -----------------
+    name  : type, optional
+        TODO: find out why this is needed.
+    delim  : chr, optional
+        Delimiting character [default: '\n']. Use '\0' for null.
+        N.B.: on Windows systems, Python converts '\n' to '\r\n'.
+    buf_size  : int, optional
+        String buffer size in bytes [default: 256]
+        used when `delim` is specified.
+    bytes  : bool, optional
+        If true, will count bytes, ignore `delim`, and default
+        `unit_scale` to True, `unit_divisor` to 1024, and `unit` to 'B'.
+    tee  : bool, optional
+        If true, passes `stdin` to both `stderr` and `stdout`.
+    update  : bool, optional
+        If true, will treat input as newly elapsed iterations,
+        i.e. numbers to pass to `update()`. Note that this is slow
+        (~2e5 it/s) since every input must be decoded as a number.
+    update_to  : bool, optional
+        If true, will treat input as total elapsed iterations,
+        i.e. numbers to assign to `self.n`. Note that this is slow
+        (~2e5 it/s) since every input must be decoded as a number.
+    null  : bool, optional
+        If true, will discard input (no stdout).
+    manpath  : str, optional
+        Directory in which to install tqdm man pages.
+    comppath  : str, optional
+        Directory in which to place tqdm completion.
+    log  : str, optional
+        CRITICAL|FATAL|ERROR|WARN(ING)|[default: 'INFO']|DEBUG|NOTSET.
+"""
+
+
+def main(fp=sys.stderr, argv=None):
+    """
+    Parameters (internal use only)
+    ---------
+    fp  : file-like object for tqdm
+    argv  : list (default: sys.argv[1:])
+    """
+    if argv is None:
+        argv = sys.argv[1:]
+    try:
+        log_idx = argv.index('--log')
+    except ValueError:
+        for i in argv:
+            if i.startswith('--log='):
+                logLevel = i[len('--log='):]
+                break
+        else:
+            logLevel = 'INFO'
+    else:
+        # argv.pop(log_idx)
+        # logLevel = argv.pop(log_idx)
+        logLevel = argv[log_idx + 1]
+    logging.basicConfig(level=getattr(logging, logLevel),
+                        format="%(levelname)s:%(module)s:%(lineno)d:%(message)s")
+
+    # py<3.13 doesn't dedent docstrings
+    d = (tqdm.__doc__ if sys.version_info < (3, 13)
+         else indent(tqdm.__doc__, "    ")) + CLI_EXTRA_DOC
+
+    opt_types = dict(RE_OPTS.findall(d))
+    # opt_types['delim'] = 'chr'
+
+    for o in UNSUPPORTED_OPTS:
+        opt_types.pop(o)
+
+    log.debug(sorted(opt_types.items()))
+
+    # d = RE_OPTS.sub(r'  --\1=<\1>  : \2', d)
+    split = RE_OPTS.split(d)
+    opt_types_desc = zip(split[1::3], split[2::3], split[3::3])
+    d = ''.join(('\n  --{0}  : {2}{3}' if otd[1] == 'bool' else
+                 '\n  --{0}=<{1}>  : {2}{3}').format(
+                     otd[0].replace('_', '-'), otd[0], *otd[1:])
+                for otd in opt_types_desc if otd[0] not in UNSUPPORTED_OPTS)
+
+    help_short = "Usage:\n  tqdm [--help | options]\n"
+    d = help_short + """
+Options:
+  -h, --help     Print this help and exit.
+  -v, --version  Print version and exit.
+""" + d.strip('\n') + '\n'
+
+    # opts = docopt(d, version=__version__)
+    if any(v in argv for v in ('-v', '--version')):
+        sys.stdout.write(__version__ + '\n')
+        sys.exit(0)
+    elif any(v in argv for v in ('-h', '--help')):
+        sys.stdout.write(d + '\n')
+        sys.exit(0)
+    elif argv and argv[0][:2] != '--':
+        sys.stderr.write(f"Error:Unknown argument:{argv[0]}\n{help_short}")
+
+    argv = RE_SHLEX.split(' '.join(["tqdm"] + argv))
+    opts = dict(zip(argv[1::3], argv[3::3]))
+
+    log.debug(opts)
+    opts.pop('log', True)
+
+    tqdm_args = {'file': fp}
+    try:
+        for (o, v) in opts.items():
+            o = o.replace('-', '_')
+            try:
+                tqdm_args[o] = cast(v, opt_types[o])
+            except KeyError as e:
+                raise TqdmKeyError(str(e))
+        log.debug('args:' + str(tqdm_args))
+
+        delim_per_char = tqdm_args.pop('bytes', False)
+        update = tqdm_args.pop('update', False)
+        update_to = tqdm_args.pop('update_to', False)
+        if sum((delim_per_char, update, update_to)) > 1:
+            raise TqdmKeyError("Can only have one of --bytes --update --update_to")
+    except Exception:
+        fp.write("\nError:\n" + help_short)
+        stdin, stdout_write = sys.stdin, sys.stdout.write
+        for i in stdin:
+            stdout_write(i)
+        raise
+    else:
+        buf_size = tqdm_args.pop('buf_size', 256)
+        delim = tqdm_args.pop('delim', b'\\n')
+        tee = tqdm_args.pop('tee', False)
+        manpath = tqdm_args.pop('manpath', None)
+        comppath = tqdm_args.pop('comppath', None)
+        if tqdm_args.pop('null', False):
+            class stdout(object):
+                @staticmethod
+                def write(_):
+                    pass
+        else:
+            stdout = sys.stdout
+            stdout = getattr(stdout, 'buffer', stdout)
+        stdin = getattr(sys.stdin, 'buffer', sys.stdin)
+        if manpath or comppath:
+            try:  # py<3.9
+                import importlib_resources as resources
+            except ImportError:
+                from importlib import resources
+            from pathlib import Path
+
+            def cp(name, dst):
+                """copy resource `name` to `dst`"""
+                fi = resources.files('tqdm') / name
+                dst.write_bytes(fi.read_bytes())
+                log.info("written:%s", dst)
+            if manpath is not None:
+                cp('tqdm.1', Path(manpath) / 'tqdm.1')
+            if comppath is not None:
+                cp('completion.sh', Path(comppath) / 'tqdm_completion.sh')
+            sys.exit(0)
+        if tee:
+            stdout_write = stdout.write
+            fp_write = getattr(fp, 'buffer', fp).write
+
+            class stdout(object):  # pylint: disable=function-redefined
+                @staticmethod
+                def write(x):
+                    with tqdm.external_write_mode(file=fp):
+                        fp_write(x)
+                    stdout_write(x)
+        if delim_per_char:
+            tqdm_args.setdefault('unit', 'B')
+            tqdm_args.setdefault('unit_scale', True)
+            tqdm_args.setdefault('unit_divisor', 1024)
+            log.debug(tqdm_args)
+            with tqdm(**tqdm_args) as t:
+                posix_pipe(stdin, stdout, '', buf_size, t.update)
+        elif delim == b'\\n':
+            log.debug(tqdm_args)
+            write = stdout.write
+            if update or update_to:
+                with tqdm(**tqdm_args) as t:
+                    if update:
+                        def callback(i):
+                            t.update(numeric(i.decode()))
+                    else:  # update_to
+                        def callback(i):
+                            t.update(numeric(i.decode()) - t.n)
+                    for i in stdin:
+                        write(i)
+                        callback(i)
+            else:
+                for i in tqdm(stdin, **tqdm_args):
+                    write(i)
+        else:
+            log.debug(tqdm_args)
+            with tqdm(**tqdm_args) as t:
+                callback_len = False
+                if update:
+                    def callback(i):
+                        t.update(numeric(i.decode()))
+                elif update_to:
+                    def callback(i):
+                        t.update(numeric(i.decode()) - t.n)
+                else:
+                    callback = t.update
+                    callback_len = True
+                posix_pipe(stdin, stdout, delim, buf_size, callback, callback_len)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/completion.sh b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/completion.sh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9f61c7f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/completion.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+_tqdm(){
+  local cur prv
+  cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+  prv="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD - 1]}"
+
+  case ${prv} in
+  --bar_format|--buf_size|--colour|--comppath|--delay|--delim|--desc|--initial|--lock_args|--manpath|--maxinterval|--mininterval|--miniters|--ncols|--nrows|--position|--postfix|--smoothing|--total|--unit|--unit_divisor)
+    # await user input
+    ;;
+  "--log")
+    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W       'CRITICAL FATAL ERROR WARN WARNING INFO DEBUG NOTSET' -- ${cur}))
+    ;;
+  *)
+    COMPREPLY=($(compgen -W '--ascii --bar_format --buf_size --bytes --colour --comppath --delay --delim --desc --disable --dynamic_ncols --help --initial --leave --lock_args --log --manpath --maxinterval --mininterval --miniters --ncols --nrows --null --position --postfix --smoothing --tee --total --unit --unit_divisor --unit_scale --update --update_to --version --write_bytes -h -v' -- ${cur}))
+    ;;
+  esac
+}
+complete -F _tqdm tqdm
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d059461f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""
+Thin wrappers around common functions.
+
+Subpackages contain potentially unstable extensions.
+"""
+from warnings import warn
+
+from ..auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+from ..std import TqdmDeprecationWarning, tqdm
+from ..utils import ObjectWrapper
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['tenumerate', 'tzip', 'tmap']
+
+
+class DummyTqdmFile(ObjectWrapper):
+    """Dummy file-like that will write to tqdm"""
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped):
+        super().__init__(wrapped)
+        self._buf = []
+
+    def write(self, x, nolock=False):
+        nl = b"\n" if isinstance(x, bytes) else "\n"
+        pre, sep, post = x.rpartition(nl)
+        if sep:
+            blank = type(nl)()
+            tqdm.write(blank.join(self._buf + [pre, sep]),
+                       end=blank, file=self._wrapped, nolock=nolock)
+            self._buf = [post]
+        else:
+            self._buf.append(x)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if self._buf:
+            blank = type(self._buf[0])()
+            try:
+                tqdm.write(blank.join(self._buf), end=blank, file=self._wrapped)
+            except (OSError, ValueError):
+                pass
+
+
+def builtin_iterable(func):
+    """Returns `func`"""
+    warn("This function has no effect, and will be removed in tqdm==5.0.0",
+         TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    return func
+
+
+def tenumerate(iterable, start=0, total=None, tqdm_class=tqdm_auto, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Equivalent of `numpy.ndenumerate` or builtin `enumerate`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : [default: tqdm.auto.tqdm].
+    """
+    try:
+        import numpy as np
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        if isinstance(iterable, np.ndarray):
+            return tqdm_class(np.ndenumerate(iterable), total=total or iterable.size,
+                              **tqdm_kwargs)
+    return enumerate(tqdm_class(iterable, total=total, **tqdm_kwargs), start)
+
+
+def tzip(iter1, *iter2plus, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Equivalent of builtin `zip`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : [default: tqdm.auto.tqdm].
+    """
+    kwargs = tqdm_kwargs.copy()
+    tqdm_class = kwargs.pop("tqdm_class", tqdm_auto)
+    for i in zip(tqdm_class(iter1, **kwargs), *iter2plus):
+        yield i
+
+
+def tmap(function, *sequences, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Equivalent of builtin `map`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : [default: tqdm.auto.tqdm].
+    """
+    for i in tzip(*sequences, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        yield function(*i)
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/__pycache__/utils_worker.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/__pycache__/utils_worker.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/bells.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/bells.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b8f4b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/bells.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""
+Even more features than `tqdm.auto` (all the bells & whistles):
+
+- `tqdm.auto`
+- `tqdm.tqdm.pandas`
+- `tqdm.contrib.telegram`
+    + uses `${TQDM_TELEGRAM_TOKEN}` and `${TQDM_TELEGRAM_CHAT_ID}`
+- `tqdm.contrib.discord`
+    + uses `${TQDM_DISCORD_TOKEN}` and `${TQDM_DISCORD_CHANNEL_ID}`
+"""
+__all__ = ['tqdm', 'trange']
+import warnings
+from os import getenv
+
+if getenv("TQDM_SLACK_TOKEN") and getenv("TQDM_SLACK_CHANNEL"):
+    from .slack import tqdm, trange
+elif getenv("TQDM_TELEGRAM_TOKEN") and getenv("TQDM_TELEGRAM_CHAT_ID"):
+    from .telegram import tqdm, trange
+elif getenv("TQDM_DISCORD_TOKEN") and getenv("TQDM_DISCORD_CHANNEL_ID"):
+    from .discord import tqdm, trange
+else:
+    from ..auto import tqdm, trange
+
+with warnings.catch_warnings():
+    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=FutureWarning)
+    tqdm.pandas()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/concurrent.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/concurrent.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd81d622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/concurrent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+"""
+Thin wrappers around `concurrent.futures`.
+"""
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from operator import length_hint
+from os import cpu_count
+
+from ..auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+from ..std import TqdmWarning
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['thread_map', 'process_map']
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def ensure_lock(tqdm_class, lock_name=""):
+    """get (create if necessary) and then restore `tqdm_class`'s lock"""
+    old_lock = getattr(tqdm_class, '_lock', None)  # don't create a new lock
+    lock = old_lock or tqdm_class.get_lock()  # maybe create a new lock
+    lock = getattr(lock, lock_name, lock)  # maybe subtype
+    tqdm_class.set_lock(lock)
+    yield lock
+    if old_lock is None:
+        del tqdm_class._lock
+    else:
+        tqdm_class.set_lock(old_lock)
+
+
+def _executor_map(PoolExecutor, fn, *iterables, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Implementation of `thread_map` and `process_map`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : [default: tqdm.auto.tqdm].
+    max_workers  : [default: min(32, cpu_count() + 4)].
+    chunksize  : [default: 1].
+    lock_name  : [default: "":str].
+    """
+    kwargs = tqdm_kwargs.copy()
+    if "total" not in kwargs:
+        kwargs["total"] = length_hint(iterables[0])
+    tqdm_class = kwargs.pop("tqdm_class", tqdm_auto)
+    max_workers = kwargs.pop("max_workers", min(32, cpu_count() + 4))
+    chunksize = kwargs.pop("chunksize", 1)
+    lock_name = kwargs.pop("lock_name", "")
+    with ensure_lock(tqdm_class, lock_name=lock_name) as lk:
+        # share lock in case workers are already using `tqdm`
+        with PoolExecutor(max_workers=max_workers, initializer=tqdm_class.set_lock,
+                          initargs=(lk,)) as ex:
+            return list(tqdm_class(ex.map(fn, *iterables, chunksize=chunksize), **kwargs))
+
+
+def thread_map(fn, *iterables, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Equivalent of `list(map(fn, *iterables))`
+    driven by `concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : optional
+        `tqdm` class to use for bars [default: tqdm.auto.tqdm].
+    max_workers  : int, optional
+        Maximum number of workers to spawn; passed to
+        `concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor.__init__`.
+        [default: max(32, cpu_count() + 4)].
+    """
+    from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+    return _executor_map(ThreadPoolExecutor, fn, *iterables, **tqdm_kwargs)
+
+
+def process_map(fn, *iterables, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Equivalent of `list(map(fn, *iterables))`
+    driven by `concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : optional
+        `tqdm` class to use for bars [default: tqdm.auto.tqdm].
+    max_workers  : int, optional
+        Maximum number of workers to spawn; passed to
+        `concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor.__init__`.
+        [default: min(32, cpu_count() + 4)].
+    chunksize  : int, optional
+        Size of chunks sent to worker processes; passed to
+        `concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor.map`. [default: 1].
+    lock_name  : str, optional
+        Member of `tqdm_class.get_lock()` to use [default: mp_lock].
+    """
+    from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
+    if iterables and "chunksize" not in tqdm_kwargs:
+        # default `chunksize=1` has poor performance for large iterables
+        # (most time spent dispatching items to workers).
+        longest_iterable_len = max(map(length_hint, iterables))
+        if longest_iterable_len > 1000:
+            from warnings import warn
+            warn("Iterable length %d > 1000 but `chunksize` is not set."
+                 " This may seriously degrade multiprocess performance."
+                 " Set `chunksize=1` or more." % longest_iterable_len,
+                 TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    if "lock_name" not in tqdm_kwargs:
+        tqdm_kwargs = tqdm_kwargs.copy()
+        tqdm_kwargs["lock_name"] = "mp_lock"
+    return _executor_map(ProcessPoolExecutor, fn, *iterables, **tqdm_kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/discord.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/discord.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..574baa84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/discord.py
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+"""
+Sends updates to a Discord bot.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.contrib.discord import tqdm, trange
+>>> for i in trange(10, token='{token}', channel_id='{channel_id}'):
+...     ...
+
+![screenshot](https://tqdm.github.io/img/screenshot-discord.png)
+"""
+from os import getenv
+from warnings import warn
+
+from requests import Session
+from requests.utils import default_user_agent
+
+from ..auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+from ..std import TqdmWarning
+from ..version import __version__
+from .utils_worker import MonoWorker
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl", "guigoruiz1"]}
+__all__ = ['DiscordIO', 'tqdm_discord', 'tdrange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+
+
+class DiscordIO(MonoWorker):
+    """Non-blocking file-like IO using a Discord Bot."""
+    API = "https://discord.com/api/v10"
+    UA = f"tqdm (https://tqdm.github.io, {__version__}) {default_user_agent()}"
+
+    def __init__(self, token, channel_id):
+        """Creates a new message in the given `channel_id`."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.token = token
+        self.channel_id = channel_id
+        self.session = Session()
+        self.text = self.__class__.__name__
+        self.message_id
+
+    @property
+    def message_id(self):
+        if hasattr(self, '_message_id'):
+            return self._message_id
+        try:
+            res = self.session.post(
+                f'{self.API}/channels/{self.channel_id}/messages',
+                headers={'Authorization': f'Bot {self.token}', 'User-Agent': self.UA},
+                json={'content': f"`{self.text}`"}).json()
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            if res.get('error_code') == 429:
+                warn("Creation rate limit: try increasing `mininterval`.",
+                     TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            else:
+                self._message_id = res['id']
+                return self._message_id
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """Replaces internal `message_id`'s text with `s`."""
+        if not s:
+            s = "..."
+        s = s.replace('\r', '').strip()
+        if s == self.text:
+            return  # avoid duplicate message Bot error
+        message_id = self.message_id
+        if message_id is None:
+            return
+        self.text = s
+        try:
+            future = self.submit(
+                self.session.patch,
+                f'{self.API}/channels/{self.channel_id}/messages/{message_id}',
+                headers={'Authorization': f'Bot {self.token}', 'User-Agent': self.UA},
+                json={'content': f"`{self.text}`"})
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            return future
+
+    def delete(self):
+        """Deletes internal `message_id`."""
+        try:
+            future = self.submit(
+                self.session.delete,
+                f'{self.API}/channels/{self.channel_id}/messages/{self.message_id}',
+                headers={'Authorization': f'Bot {self.token}', 'User-Agent': self.UA})
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            return future
+
+
+class tqdm_discord(tqdm_auto):
+    """
+    Standard `tqdm.auto.tqdm` but also sends updates to a Discord Bot.
+    May take a few seconds to create (`__init__`).
+
+    - create a discord bot (not public, no requirement of OAuth2 code
+      grant, only send message permissions) & invite it to a channel:
+      <https://discordpy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/discord.html>
+    - copy the bot `{token}` & `{channel_id}` and paste below
+
+    >>> from tqdm.contrib.discord import tqdm, trange
+    >>> for i in tqdm(iterable, token='{token}', channel_id='{channel_id}'):
+    ...     ...
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        token  : str, required. Discord bot token
+            [default: ${TQDM_DISCORD_TOKEN}].
+        channel_id  : int, required. Discord channel ID
+            [default: ${TQDM_DISCORD_CHANNEL_ID}].
+
+        See `tqdm.auto.tqdm.__init__` for other parameters.
+        """
+        if not kwargs.get('disable'):
+            kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+            self.dio = DiscordIO(
+                kwargs.pop('token', getenv('TQDM_DISCORD_TOKEN')),
+                kwargs.pop('channel_id', getenv('TQDM_DISCORD_CHANNEL_ID')))
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def display(self, **kwargs):
+        super().display(**kwargs)
+        fmt = self.format_dict
+        if fmt.get('bar_format', None):
+            fmt['bar_format'] = fmt['bar_format'].replace(
+                '<bar/>', '{bar:10u}').replace('{bar}', '{bar:10u}')
+        else:
+            fmt['bar_format'] = '{l_bar}{bar:10u}{r_bar}'
+        self.dio.write(self.format_meter(**fmt))
+
+    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().clear(*args, **kwargs)
+        if not self.disable:
+            self.dio.write("")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+        super().close()
+        if not (self.leave or (self.leave is None and self.pos == 0)):
+            self.dio.delete()
+
+
+def tdrange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.contrib.discord.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    return tqdm_discord(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_discord
+trange = tdrange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/itertools.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/itertools.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e67651a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/itertools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""
+Thin wrappers around `itertools`.
+"""
+import itertools
+
+from ..auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['product']
+
+
+def product(*iterables, **tqdm_kwargs):
+    """
+    Equivalent of `itertools.product`.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : [default: tqdm.auto.tqdm].
+    """
+    kwargs = tqdm_kwargs.copy()
+    tqdm_class = kwargs.pop("tqdm_class", tqdm_auto)
+    try:
+        lens = list(map(len, iterables))
+    except TypeError:
+        total = None
+    else:
+        total = 1
+        for i in lens:
+            total *= i
+        kwargs.setdefault("total", total)
+    with tqdm_class(**kwargs) as t:
+        it = itertools.product(*iterables)
+        for i in it:
+            yield i
+            t.update()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/logging.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e06febe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+"""
+Helper functionality for interoperability with stdlib `logging`.
+"""
+import logging
+import sys
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+try:
+    from typing import Iterator, List, Optional, Type  # noqa: F401
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+from ..std import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+
+class _TqdmLoggingHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        tqdm_class=std_tqdm  # type: Type[std_tqdm]
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.tqdm_class = tqdm_class
+
+    def emit(self, record):
+        try:
+            msg = self.format(record)
+            self.tqdm_class.write(msg, file=self.stream)
+            self.flush()
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+            raise
+        except:  # noqa pylint: disable=bare-except
+            self.handleError(record)
+
+
+def _is_console_logging_handler(handler):
+    return (isinstance(handler, logging.StreamHandler)
+            and handler.stream in {sys.stdout, sys.stderr})
+
+
+def _get_first_found_console_logging_handler(handlers):
+    for handler in handlers:
+        if _is_console_logging_handler(handler):
+            return handler
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def logging_redirect_tqdm(
+    loggers=None,  # type: Optional[List[logging.Logger]],
+    tqdm_class=std_tqdm  # type: Type[std_tqdm]
+):
+    # type: (...) -> Iterator[None]
+    """
+    Context manager redirecting console logging to `tqdm.write()`, leaving
+    other logging handlers (e.g. log files) unaffected.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    loggers  : list, optional
+      Which handlers to redirect (default: [logging.root]).
+    tqdm_class  : optional
+
+    Example
+    -------
+    ```python
+    import logging
+    from tqdm import trange
+    from tqdm.contrib.logging import logging_redirect_tqdm
+
+    LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
+        with logging_redirect_tqdm():
+            for i in trange(9):
+                if i == 4:
+                    LOG.info("console logging redirected to `tqdm.write()`")
+        # logging restored
+    ```
+    """
+    if loggers is None:
+        loggers = [logging.root]
+    original_handlers_list = [logger.handlers for logger in loggers]
+    try:
+        for logger in loggers:
+            tqdm_handler = _TqdmLoggingHandler(tqdm_class)
+            orig_handler = _get_first_found_console_logging_handler(logger.handlers)
+            if orig_handler is not None:
+                tqdm_handler.setFormatter(orig_handler.formatter)
+                tqdm_handler.stream = orig_handler.stream
+            logger.handlers = [
+                handler for handler in logger.handlers
+                if not _is_console_logging_handler(handler)] + [tqdm_handler]
+        yield
+    finally:
+        for logger, original_handlers in zip(loggers, original_handlers_list):
+            logger.handlers = original_handlers
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def tqdm_logging_redirect(
+    *args,
+    # loggers=None,  # type: Optional[List[logging.Logger]]
+    # tqdm=None,  # type: Optional[Type[tqdm.tqdm]]
+    **kwargs
+):
+    # type: (...) -> Iterator[None]
+    """
+    Convenience shortcut for:
+    ```python
+    with tqdm_class(*args, **tqdm_kwargs) as pbar:
+        with logging_redirect_tqdm(loggers=loggers, tqdm_class=tqdm_class):
+            yield pbar
+    ```
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    tqdm_class  : optional, (default: tqdm.std.tqdm).
+    loggers  : optional, list.
+    **tqdm_kwargs  : passed to `tqdm_class`.
+    """
+    tqdm_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+    loggers = tqdm_kwargs.pop('loggers', None)
+    tqdm_class = tqdm_kwargs.pop('tqdm_class', std_tqdm)
+    with tqdm_class(*args, **tqdm_kwargs) as pbar:
+        with logging_redirect_tqdm(loggers=loggers, tqdm_class=tqdm_class):
+            yield pbar
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/slack.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/slack.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9bca8ee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/slack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+"""
+Sends updates to a Slack app.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.contrib.slack import tqdm, trange
+>>> for i in trange(10, token='{token}', channel='{channel}'):
+...     ...
+
+![screenshot](https://tqdm.github.io/img/screenshot-slack.png)
+"""
+import logging
+from os import getenv
+
+try:
+    from slack_sdk import WebClient
+except ImportError:
+    raise ImportError("Please `pip install slack-sdk`")
+
+from ..auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+from .utils_worker import MonoWorker
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["0x2b3bfa0", "casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['SlackIO', 'tqdm_slack', 'tsrange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+
+
+class SlackIO(MonoWorker):
+    """Non-blocking file-like IO using a Slack app."""
+    def __init__(self, token, channel):
+        """Creates a new message in the given `channel`."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.client = WebClient(token=token)
+        self.text = self.__class__.__name__
+        try:
+            self.message = self.client.chat_postMessage(channel=channel, text=self.text)
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+            self.message = None
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """Replaces internal `message`'s text with `s`."""
+        if not s:
+            s = "..."
+        s = s.replace('\r', '').strip()
+        if s == self.text:
+            return  # skip duplicate message
+        message = self.message
+        if message is None:
+            return
+        self.text = s
+        try:
+            future = self.submit(self.client.chat_update, channel=message['channel'],
+                                 ts=message['ts'], text='`' + s + '`')
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            return future
+
+
+class tqdm_slack(tqdm_auto):
+    """
+    Standard `tqdm.auto.tqdm` but also sends updates to a Slack app.
+    May take a few seconds to create (`__init__`).
+
+    - create a Slack app with the `chat:write` scope & invite it to a
+      channel: <https://api.slack.com/authentication/basics>
+    - copy the bot `{token}` & `{channel}` and paste below
+    >>> from tqdm.contrib.slack import tqdm, trange
+    >>> for i in tqdm(iterable, token='{token}', channel='{channel}'):
+    ...     ...
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        token  : str, required. Slack token
+            [default: ${TQDM_SLACK_TOKEN}].
+        channel  : int, required. Slack channel
+            [default: ${TQDM_SLACK_CHANNEL}].
+        mininterval  : float, optional.
+          Minimum of [default: 1.5] to avoid rate limit.
+
+        See `tqdm.auto.tqdm.__init__` for other parameters.
+        """
+        if not kwargs.get('disable'):
+            kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+            logging.getLogger("HTTPClient").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
+            self.sio = SlackIO(
+                kwargs.pop('token', getenv("TQDM_SLACK_TOKEN")),
+                kwargs.pop('channel', getenv("TQDM_SLACK_CHANNEL")))
+            kwargs['mininterval'] = max(1.5, kwargs.get('mininterval', 1.5))
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def display(self, **kwargs):
+        super().display(**kwargs)
+        fmt = self.format_dict
+        if fmt.get('bar_format', None):
+            fmt['bar_format'] = fmt['bar_format'].replace(
+                '<bar/>', '`{bar:10}`').replace('{bar}', '`{bar:10u}`')
+        else:
+            fmt['bar_format'] = '{l_bar}`{bar:10}`{r_bar}'
+        if fmt['ascii'] is False:
+            fmt['ascii'] = [":black_square:", ":small_blue_diamond:", ":large_blue_diamond:",
+                            ":large_blue_square:"]
+            fmt['ncols'] = 336
+        self.sio.write(self.format_meter(**fmt))
+
+    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().clear(*args, **kwargs)
+        if not self.disable:
+            self.sio.write("")
+
+
+def tsrange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.contrib.slack.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    return tqdm_slack(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_slack
+trange = tsrange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/telegram.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/telegram.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01915180
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/telegram.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""
+Sends updates to a Telegram bot.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.contrib.telegram import tqdm, trange
+>>> for i in trange(10, token='{token}', chat_id='{chat_id}'):
+...     ...
+
+![screenshot](https://tqdm.github.io/img/screenshot-telegram.gif)
+"""
+from os import getenv
+from warnings import warn
+
+from requests import Session
+
+from ..auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+from ..std import TqdmWarning
+from .utils_worker import MonoWorker
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['TelegramIO', 'tqdm_telegram', 'ttgrange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+
+
+class TelegramIO(MonoWorker):
+    """Non-blocking file-like IO using a Telegram Bot."""
+    API = 'https://api.telegram.org/bot'
+
+    def __init__(self, token, chat_id):
+        """Creates a new message in the given `chat_id`."""
+        super().__init__()
+        self.token = token
+        self.chat_id = chat_id
+        self.session = Session()
+        self.text = self.__class__.__name__
+        self.message_id
+
+    @property
+    def message_id(self):
+        if hasattr(self, '_message_id'):
+            return self._message_id
+        try:
+            res = self.session.post(
+                self.API + '%s/sendMessage' % self.token,
+                data={'text': '`' + self.text + '`', 'chat_id': self.chat_id,
+                      'parse_mode': 'MarkdownV2'}).json()
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            if res.get('error_code') == 429:
+                warn("Creation rate limit: try increasing `mininterval`.",
+                     TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            else:
+                self._message_id = res['result']['message_id']
+                return self._message_id
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """Replaces internal `message_id`'s text with `s`."""
+        if not s:
+            s = "..."
+        s = s.replace('\r', '').strip()
+        if s == self.text:
+            return  # avoid duplicate message Bot error
+        message_id = self.message_id
+        if message_id is None:
+            return
+        self.text = s
+        try:
+            future = self.submit(
+                self.session.post, self.API + '%s/editMessageText' % self.token,
+                data={'text': '`' + s + '`', 'chat_id': self.chat_id,
+                      'message_id': message_id, 'parse_mode': 'MarkdownV2'})
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            return future
+
+    def delete(self):
+        """Deletes internal `message_id`."""
+        try:
+            future = self.submit(
+                self.session.post, self.API + '%s/deleteMessage' % self.token,
+                data={'chat_id': self.chat_id, 'message_id': self.message_id})
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            return future
+
+
+class tqdm_telegram(tqdm_auto):
+    """
+    Standard `tqdm.auto.tqdm` but also sends updates to a Telegram Bot.
+    May take a few seconds to create (`__init__`).
+
+    - create a bot <https://core.telegram.org/bots#6-botfather>
+    - copy its `{token}`
+    - add the bot to a chat and send it a message such as `/start`
+    - go to <https://api.telegram.org/bot`{token}`/getUpdates> to find out
+      the `{chat_id}`
+    - paste the `{token}` & `{chat_id}` below
+
+    >>> from tqdm.contrib.telegram import tqdm, trange
+    >>> for i in tqdm(iterable, token='{token}', chat_id='{chat_id}'):
+    ...     ...
+    """
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        token  : str, required. Telegram token
+            [default: ${TQDM_TELEGRAM_TOKEN}].
+        chat_id  : str, required. Telegram chat ID
+            [default: ${TQDM_TELEGRAM_CHAT_ID}].
+
+        See `tqdm.auto.tqdm.__init__` for other parameters.
+        """
+        if not kwargs.get('disable'):
+            kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+            self.tgio = TelegramIO(
+                kwargs.pop('token', getenv('TQDM_TELEGRAM_TOKEN')),
+                kwargs.pop('chat_id', getenv('TQDM_TELEGRAM_CHAT_ID')))
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def display(self, **kwargs):
+        super().display(**kwargs)
+        fmt = self.format_dict
+        if fmt.get('bar_format', None):
+            fmt['bar_format'] = fmt['bar_format'].replace(
+                '<bar/>', '{bar:10u}').replace('{bar}', '{bar:10u}')
+        else:
+            fmt['bar_format'] = '{l_bar}{bar:10u}{r_bar}'
+        self.tgio.write(self.format_meter(**fmt))
+
+    def clear(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().clear(*args, **kwargs)
+        if not self.disable:
+            self.tgio.write("")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+        super().close()
+        if not (self.leave or (self.leave is None and self.pos == 0)):
+            self.tgio.delete()
+
+
+def ttgrange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.contrib.telegram.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    return tqdm_telegram(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_telegram
+trange = ttgrange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/utils_worker.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/utils_worker.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2a03a2a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/contrib/utils_worker.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""
+IO/concurrency helpers for `tqdm.contrib`.
+"""
+from collections import deque
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+from ..auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['MonoWorker']
+
+
+class MonoWorker(object):
+    """
+    Supports one running task and one waiting task.
+    The waiting task is the most recent submitted (others are discarded).
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.pool = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1)
+        self.futures = deque([], 2)
+
+    def submit(self, func, *args, **kwargs):
+        """`func(*args, **kwargs)` may replace currently waiting task."""
+        futures = self.futures
+        if len(futures) == futures.maxlen:
+            running = futures.popleft()
+            if not running.done():
+                if len(futures):  # clear waiting
+                    waiting = futures.pop()
+                    waiting.cancel()
+                futures.appendleft(running)  # re-insert running
+        try:
+            waiting = self.pool.submit(func, *args, **kwargs)
+        except Exception as e:
+            tqdm_auto.write(str(e))
+        else:
+            futures.append(waiting)
+            return waiting
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/dask.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/dask.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57f1b668
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/dask.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+from functools import partial
+
+from dask.callbacks import Callback
+
+from .auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['TqdmCallback']
+
+
+class TqdmCallback(Callback):
+    """Dask callback for task progress."""
+    def __init__(self, start=None, pretask=None, tqdm_class=tqdm_auto,
+                 **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        tqdm_class  : optional
+            `tqdm` class to use for bars [default: `tqdm.auto.tqdm`].
+        tqdm_kwargs  : optional
+            Any other arguments used for all bars.
+        """
+        super().__init__(start=start, pretask=pretask)
+        if tqdm_kwargs:
+            tqdm_class = partial(tqdm_class, **tqdm_kwargs)
+        self.tqdm_class = tqdm_class
+
+    def _start_state(self, _, state):
+        self.pbar = self.tqdm_class(total=sum(
+            len(state[k]) for k in ['ready', 'waiting', 'running', 'finished']))
+
+    def _posttask(self, *_, **__):
+        self.pbar.update()
+
+    def _finish(self, *_, **__):
+        self.pbar.close()
+
+    def display(self):
+        """Displays in the current cell in Notebooks."""
+        container = getattr(self.bar, 'container', None)
+        if container is None:
+            return
+        from .notebook import display
+        display(container)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/gui.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/gui.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb52fb91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/gui.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+"""
+Matplotlib GUI progressbar decorator for iterators.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.gui import trange, tqdm
+>>> for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+# future division is important to divide integers and get as
+# a result precise floating numbers (instead of truncated int)
+import re
+from warnings import warn
+
+# to inherit from the tqdm class
+from .std import TqdmExperimentalWarning
+from .std import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+# import compatibility functions and utilities
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl", "lrq3000"]}
+__all__ = ['tqdm_gui', 'tgrange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+
+
+class tqdm_gui(std_tqdm):  # pragma: no cover
+    """Experimental Matplotlib GUI version of tqdm!"""
+    # TODO: @classmethod: write() on GUI?
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        from collections import deque
+
+        import matplotlib as mpl
+        import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+        kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+        kwargs['gui'] = True
+        colour = kwargs.pop('colour', 'g')
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        warn("GUI is experimental/alpha", TqdmExperimentalWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        self.mpl = mpl
+        self.plt = plt
+
+        # Remember if external environment uses toolbars
+        self.toolbar = self.mpl.rcParams['toolbar']
+        self.mpl.rcParams['toolbar'] = 'None'
+
+        self.mininterval = max(self.mininterval, 0.5)
+        self.fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(9, 2.2))
+        # self.fig.subplots_adjust(bottom=0.2)
+        total = self.__len__()  # avoids TypeError on None #971
+        if total is not None:
+            self.xdata = []
+            self.ydata = []
+            self.zdata = []
+        else:
+            self.xdata = deque([])
+            self.ydata = deque([])
+            self.zdata = deque([])
+        self.line1, = ax.plot(self.xdata, self.ydata, color='b')
+        self.line2, = ax.plot(self.xdata, self.zdata, color='k')
+        ax.set_ylim(0, 0.001)
+        if total is not None:
+            ax.set_xlim(0, 100)
+            ax.set_xlabel("percent")
+            self.fig.legend((self.line1, self.line2), ("cur", "est"),
+                            loc='center right')
+            # progressbar
+            self.hspan = plt.axhspan(0, 0.001, xmin=0, xmax=0, color=colour)
+        else:
+            # ax.set_xlim(-60, 0)
+            ax.set_xlim(0, 60)
+            ax.invert_xaxis()
+            ax.set_xlabel("seconds")
+            ax.legend(("cur", "est"), loc='lower left')
+        ax.grid()
+        # ax.set_xlabel('seconds')
+        ax.set_ylabel((self.unit if self.unit else "it") + "/s")
+        if self.unit_scale:
+            plt.ticklabel_format(style='sci', axis='y', scilimits=(0, 0))
+            ax.yaxis.get_offset_text().set_x(-0.15)
+
+        # Remember if external environment is interactive
+        self.wasion = plt.isinteractive()
+        plt.ion()
+        self.ax = ax
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        self.disable = True
+
+        with self.get_lock():
+            self._instances.remove(self)
+
+        # Restore toolbars
+        self.mpl.rcParams['toolbar'] = self.toolbar
+        # Return to non-interactive mode
+        if not self.wasion:
+            self.plt.ioff()
+        if self.leave:
+            self.display()
+        else:
+            self.plt.close(self.fig)
+
+    def clear(self, *_, **__):
+        pass
+
+    def display(self, *_, **__):
+        n = self.n
+        cur_t = self._time()
+        elapsed = cur_t - self.start_t
+        delta_it = n - self.last_print_n
+        delta_t = cur_t - self.last_print_t
+
+        # Inline due to multiple calls
+        total = self.total
+        xdata = self.xdata
+        ydata = self.ydata
+        zdata = self.zdata
+        ax = self.ax
+        line1 = self.line1
+        line2 = self.line2
+        hspan = getattr(self, 'hspan', None)
+        # instantaneous rate
+        y = delta_it / delta_t
+        # overall rate
+        z = n / elapsed
+        # update line data
+        xdata.append(n * 100.0 / total if total else cur_t)
+        ydata.append(y)
+        zdata.append(z)
+
+        # Discard old values
+        # xmin, xmax = ax.get_xlim()
+        # if (not total) and elapsed > xmin * 1.1:
+        if (not total) and elapsed > 66:
+            xdata.popleft()
+            ydata.popleft()
+            zdata.popleft()
+
+        ymin, ymax = ax.get_ylim()
+        if y > ymax or z > ymax:
+            ymax = 1.1 * y
+            ax.set_ylim(ymin, ymax)
+            ax.figure.canvas.draw()
+
+        if total:
+            line1.set_data(xdata, ydata)
+            line2.set_data(xdata, zdata)
+            if hspan:
+                hspan.set_xy((0, ymin))
+                hspan.set_height(ymax - ymin)
+                hspan.set_width(n / total)
+        else:
+            t_ago = [cur_t - i for i in xdata]
+            line1.set_data(t_ago, ydata)
+            line2.set_data(t_ago, zdata)
+
+        d = self.format_dict
+        # remove {bar}
+        d['bar_format'] = (d['bar_format'] or "{l_bar}<bar/>{r_bar}").replace(
+            "{bar}", "<bar/>")
+        msg = self.format_meter(**d)
+        if '<bar/>' in msg:
+            msg = "".join(re.split(r'\|?<bar/>\|?', msg, maxsplit=1))
+        ax.set_title(msg, fontname="DejaVu Sans Mono", fontsize=11)
+        self.plt.pause(1e-9)
+
+
+def tgrange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.gui.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    return tqdm_gui(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_gui
+trange = tgrange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/keras.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/keras.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cce9467c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/keras.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+from copy import copy
+from functools import partial
+
+from .auto import tqdm as tqdm_auto
+
+try:
+    import keras
+except (ImportError, AttributeError) as e:
+    try:
+        from tensorflow import keras
+    except ImportError:
+        raise e
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['TqdmCallback']
+
+
+class TqdmCallback(keras.callbacks.Callback):
+    """Keras callback for epoch and batch progress."""
+    @staticmethod
+    def bar2callback(bar, pop=None, delta=(lambda logs: 1)):
+        def callback(_, logs=None):
+            n = delta(logs)
+            if logs:
+                if pop:
+                    logs = copy(logs)
+                    [logs.pop(i, 0) for i in pop]
+                bar.set_postfix(logs, refresh=False)
+            bar.update(n)
+
+        return callback
+
+    def __init__(self, epochs=None, data_size=None, batch_size=None, verbose=1,
+                 tqdm_class=tqdm_auto, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        epochs  : int, optional
+        data_size  : int, optional
+            Number of training pairs.
+        batch_size  : int, optional
+            Number of training pairs per batch.
+        verbose  : int
+            0: epoch, 1: batch (transient), 2: batch. [default: 1].
+            Will be set to `0` unless both `data_size` and `batch_size`
+            are given.
+        tqdm_class  : optional
+            `tqdm` class to use for bars [default: `tqdm.auto.tqdm`].
+        tqdm_kwargs  : optional
+            Any other arguments used for all bars.
+        """
+        if tqdm_kwargs:
+            tqdm_class = partial(tqdm_class, **tqdm_kwargs)
+        self.tqdm_class = tqdm_class
+        self.epoch_bar = tqdm_class(total=epochs, unit='epoch')
+        self.on_epoch_end = self.bar2callback(self.epoch_bar)
+        if data_size and batch_size:
+            self.batches = batches = (data_size + batch_size - 1) // batch_size
+        else:
+            self.batches = batches = None
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        if verbose == 1:
+            self.batch_bar = tqdm_class(total=batches, unit='batch', leave=False)
+            self.on_batch_end = self.bar2callback(
+                self.batch_bar, pop=['batch', 'size'],
+                delta=lambda logs: logs.get('size', 1))
+
+    def on_train_begin(self, *_, **__):
+        params = self.params.get
+        auto_total = params('epochs', params('nb_epoch', None))
+        if auto_total is not None and auto_total != self.epoch_bar.total:
+            self.epoch_bar.reset(total=auto_total)
+
+    def on_epoch_begin(self, epoch, *_, **__):
+        if self.epoch_bar.n < epoch:
+            ebar = self.epoch_bar
+            ebar.n = ebar.last_print_n = ebar.initial = epoch
+        if self.verbose:
+            params = self.params.get
+            total = params('samples', params(
+                'nb_sample', params('steps', None))) or self.batches
+            if self.verbose == 2:
+                if hasattr(self, 'batch_bar'):
+                    self.batch_bar.close()
+                self.batch_bar = self.tqdm_class(
+                    total=total, unit='batch', leave=True,
+                    unit_scale=1 / (params('batch_size', 1) or 1))
+                self.on_batch_end = self.bar2callback(
+                    self.batch_bar, pop=['batch', 'size'],
+                    delta=lambda logs: logs.get('size', 1))
+            elif self.verbose == 1:
+                self.batch_bar.unit_scale = 1 / (params('batch_size', 1) or 1)
+                self.batch_bar.reset(total=total)
+            else:
+                raise KeyError('Unknown verbosity')
+
+    def on_train_end(self, *_, **__):
+        if hasattr(self, 'batch_bar'):
+            self.batch_bar.close()
+        self.epoch_bar.close()
+
+    def display(self):
+        """Displays in the current cell in Notebooks."""
+        container = getattr(self.epoch_bar, 'container', None)
+        if container is None:
+            return
+        from .notebook import display
+        display(container)
+        batch_bar = getattr(self, 'batch_bar', None)
+        if batch_bar is not None:
+            display(batch_bar.container)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _implements_train_batch_hooks():
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _implements_test_batch_hooks():
+        return True
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _implements_predict_batch_hooks():
+        return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/notebook.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/notebook.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..77b91bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/notebook.py
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+"""
+IPython/Jupyter Notebook progressbar decorator for iterators.
+Includes a default `range` iterator printing to `stderr`.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.notebook import trange, tqdm
+>>> for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+# import compatibility functions and utilities
+import re
+import sys
+from html import escape
+from weakref import proxy
+
+# to inherit from the tqdm class
+from .std import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+if True:  # pragma: no cover
+    # import IPython/Jupyter base widget and display utilities
+    IPY = 0
+    try:  # IPython 4.x
+        import ipywidgets
+        IPY = 4
+    except ImportError:  # IPython 3.x / 2.x
+        IPY = 32
+        import warnings
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                'ignore', message=".*The `IPython.html` package has been deprecated.*")
+            try:
+                import IPython.html.widgets as ipywidgets  # NOQA: F401
+            except ImportError:
+                pass
+
+    try:  # IPython 4.x / 3.x
+        if IPY == 32:
+            from IPython.html.widgets import HTML
+            from IPython.html.widgets import FloatProgress as IProgress
+            from IPython.html.widgets import HBox
+            IPY = 3
+        else:
+            from ipywidgets import HTML
+            from ipywidgets import FloatProgress as IProgress
+            from ipywidgets import HBox
+    except ImportError:
+        try:  # IPython 2.x
+            from IPython.html.widgets import HTML
+            from IPython.html.widgets import ContainerWidget as HBox
+            from IPython.html.widgets import FloatProgressWidget as IProgress
+            IPY = 2
+        except ImportError:
+            IPY = 0
+            IProgress = None
+            HBox = object
+
+    try:
+        from IPython.display import display  # , clear_output
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["lrq3000", "casperdcl", "alexanderkuk"]}
+__all__ = ['tqdm_notebook', 'tnrange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+WARN_NOIPYW = ("IProgress not found. Please update jupyter and ipywidgets."
+               " See https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/stable"
+               "/user_install.html")
+
+
+class TqdmHBox(HBox):
+    """`ipywidgets.HBox` with a pretty representation"""
+    def _json_(self, pretty=None):
+        pbar = getattr(self, 'pbar', None)
+        if pbar is None:
+            return {}
+        d = pbar.format_dict
+        if pretty is not None:
+            d["ascii"] = not pretty
+        return d
+
+    def __repr__(self, pretty=False):
+        pbar = getattr(self, 'pbar', None)
+        if pbar is None:
+            return super().__repr__()
+        return pbar.format_meter(**self._json_(pretty))
+
+    def _repr_pretty_(self, pp, *_, **__):
+        pp.text(self.__repr__(True))
+
+
+class tqdm_notebook(std_tqdm):
+    """
+    Experimental IPython/Jupyter Notebook widget using tqdm!
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def status_printer(_, total=None, desc=None, ncols=None):
+        """
+        Manage the printing of an IPython/Jupyter Notebook progress bar widget.
+        """
+        # Fallback to text bar if there's no total
+        # DEPRECATED: replaced with an 'info' style bar
+        # if not total:
+        #    return super(tqdm_notebook, tqdm_notebook).status_printer(file)
+
+        # fp = file
+
+        # Prepare IPython progress bar
+        if IProgress is None:  # #187 #451 #558 #872
+            raise ImportError(WARN_NOIPYW)
+        if total:
+            pbar = IProgress(min=0, max=total)
+        else:  # No total? Show info style bar with no progress tqdm status
+            pbar = IProgress(min=0, max=1)
+            pbar.value = 1
+            pbar.bar_style = 'info'
+            if ncols is None:
+                pbar.layout.width = "20px"
+
+        ltext = HTML()
+        rtext = HTML()
+        if desc:
+            ltext.value = desc
+        container = TqdmHBox(children=[ltext, pbar, rtext])
+        # Prepare layout
+        if ncols is not None:  # use default style of ipywidgets
+            # ncols could be 100, "100px", "100%"
+            ncols = str(ncols)  # ipywidgets only accepts string
+            try:
+                if int(ncols) > 0:  # isnumeric and positive
+                    ncols += 'px'
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            pbar.layout.flex = '2'
+            container.layout.width = ncols
+            container.layout.display = 'inline-flex'
+            container.layout.flex_flow = 'row wrap'
+
+        return container
+
+    def display(self, msg=None, pos=None,
+                # additional signals
+                close=False, bar_style=None, check_delay=True):
+        # Note: contrary to native tqdm, msg='' does NOT clear bar
+        # goal is to keep all infos if error happens so user knows
+        # at which iteration the loop failed.
+
+        # Clear previous output (really necessary?)
+        # clear_output(wait=1)
+
+        if not msg and not close:
+            d = self.format_dict
+            # remove {bar}
+            d['bar_format'] = (d['bar_format'] or "{l_bar}<bar/>{r_bar}").replace(
+                "{bar}", "<bar/>")
+            msg = self.format_meter(**d)
+
+        ltext, pbar, rtext = self.container.children
+        pbar.value = self.n
+
+        if msg:
+            msg = msg.replace(' ', u'\u2007')  # fix html space padding
+            # html escape special characters (like '&')
+            if '<bar/>' in msg:
+                left, right = map(escape, re.split(r'\|?<bar/>\|?', msg, maxsplit=1))
+            else:
+                left, right = '', escape(msg)
+
+            # Update description
+            ltext.value = left
+            # never clear the bar (signal: msg='')
+            if right:
+                rtext.value = right
+
+        # Change bar style
+        if bar_style:
+            # Hack-ish way to avoid the danger bar_style being overridden by
+            # success because the bar gets closed after the error...
+            if pbar.bar_style != 'danger' or bar_style != 'success':
+                pbar.bar_style = bar_style
+
+        # Special signal to close the bar
+        if close and pbar.bar_style != 'danger':  # hide only if no error
+            try:
+                self.container.close()
+            except AttributeError:
+                self.container.visible = False
+            self.container.layout.visibility = 'hidden'  # IPYW>=8
+
+        if check_delay and self.delay > 0 and not self.displayed:
+            display(self.container)
+            self.displayed = True
+
+    @property
+    def colour(self):
+        if hasattr(self, 'container'):
+            return self.container.children[-2].style.bar_color
+
+    @colour.setter
+    def colour(self, bar_color):
+        if hasattr(self, 'container'):
+            self.container.children[-2].style.bar_color = bar_color
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Supports the usual `tqdm.tqdm` parameters as well as those listed below.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        display  : Whether to call `display(self.container)` immediately
+            [default: True].
+        """
+        kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+        # Setup default output
+        file_kwarg = kwargs.get('file', sys.stderr)
+        if file_kwarg is sys.stderr or file_kwarg is None:
+            kwargs['file'] = sys.stdout  # avoid the red block in IPython
+
+        # Initialize parent class + avoid printing by using gui=True
+        kwargs['gui'] = True
+        # convert disable = None to False
+        kwargs['disable'] = bool(kwargs.get('disable', False))
+        colour = kwargs.pop('colour', None)
+        display_here = kwargs.pop('display', True)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if self.disable or not kwargs['gui']:
+            self.disp = lambda *_, **__: None
+            return
+
+        # Get bar width
+        self.ncols = '100%' if self.dynamic_ncols else kwargs.get("ncols", None)
+
+        # Replace with IPython progress bar display (with correct total)
+        unit_scale = 1 if self.unit_scale is True else self.unit_scale or 1
+        total = self.total * unit_scale if self.total else self.total
+        self.container = self.status_printer(self.fp, total, self.desc, self.ncols)
+        self.container.pbar = proxy(self)
+        self.displayed = False
+        if display_here and self.delay <= 0:
+            display(self.container)
+            self.displayed = True
+        self.disp = self.display
+        self.colour = colour
+
+        # Print initial bar state
+        if not self.disable:
+            self.display(check_delay=False)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        try:
+            it = super().__iter__()
+            for obj in it:
+                # return super(tqdm...) will not catch exception
+                yield obj
+        # NB: except ... [ as ...] breaks IPython async KeyboardInterrupt
+        except:  # NOQA
+            self.disp(bar_style='danger')
+            raise
+        # NB: don't `finally: close()`
+        # since this could be a shared bar which the user will `reset()`
+
+    def update(self, n=1):
+        try:
+            return super().update(n=n)
+        # NB: except ... [ as ...] breaks IPython async KeyboardInterrupt
+        except:  # NOQA
+            # cannot catch KeyboardInterrupt when using manual tqdm
+            # as the interrupt will most likely happen on another statement
+            self.disp(bar_style='danger')
+            raise
+        # NB: don't `finally: close()`
+        # since this could be a shared bar which the user will `reset()`
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+        super().close()
+        # Try to detect if there was an error or KeyboardInterrupt
+        # in manual mode: if n < total, things probably got wrong
+        if self.total and self.n < self.total:
+            self.disp(bar_style='danger', check_delay=False)
+        else:
+            if self.leave:
+                self.disp(bar_style='success', check_delay=False)
+            else:
+                self.disp(close=True, check_delay=False)
+
+    def clear(self, *_, **__):
+        pass
+
+    def reset(self, total=None):
+        """
+        Resets to 0 iterations for repeated use.
+
+        Consider combining with `leave=True`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        total  : int or float, optional. Total to use for the new bar.
+        """
+        if self.disable:
+            return super().reset(total=total)
+        _, pbar, _ = self.container.children
+        pbar.bar_style = ''
+        if total is not None:
+            pbar.max = total
+            if not self.total and self.ncols is None:  # no longer unknown total
+                pbar.layout.width = None  # reset width
+        return super().reset(total=total)
+
+
+def tnrange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.notebook.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    return tqdm_notebook(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_notebook
+trange = tnrange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/rich.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/rich.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d392eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/rich.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+"""
+`rich.progress` decorator for iterators.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.rich import trange, tqdm
+>>> for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+from warnings import warn
+
+from rich.progress import (
+    BarColumn, Progress, ProgressColumn, Text, TimeElapsedColumn, TimeRemainingColumn, filesize)
+
+from .std import TqdmExperimentalWarning
+from .std import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['tqdm_rich', 'trrange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+
+
+class FractionColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders completed/total, e.g. '0.5/2.3 G'."""
+    def __init__(self, unit_scale=False, unit_divisor=1000):
+        self.unit_scale = unit_scale
+        self.unit_divisor = unit_divisor
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def render(self, task):
+        """Calculate common unit for completed and total."""
+        completed = int(task.completed)
+        total = int(task.total)
+        if self.unit_scale:
+            unit, suffix = filesize.pick_unit_and_suffix(
+                total,
+                ["", "K", "M", "G", "T", "P", "E", "Z", "Y"],
+                self.unit_divisor,
+            )
+        else:
+            unit, suffix = filesize.pick_unit_and_suffix(total, [""], 1)
+        precision = 0 if unit == 1 else 1
+        return Text(
+            f"{completed/unit:,.{precision}f}/{total/unit:,.{precision}f} {suffix}",
+            style="progress.download")
+
+
+class RateColumn(ProgressColumn):
+    """Renders human readable transfer speed."""
+    def __init__(self, unit="", unit_scale=False, unit_divisor=1000):
+        self.unit = unit
+        self.unit_scale = unit_scale
+        self.unit_divisor = unit_divisor
+        super().__init__()
+
+    def render(self, task):
+        """Show data transfer speed."""
+        speed = task.speed
+        if speed is None:
+            return Text(f"? {self.unit}/s", style="progress.data.speed")
+        if self.unit_scale:
+            unit, suffix = filesize.pick_unit_and_suffix(
+                speed,
+                ["", "K", "M", "G", "T", "P", "E", "Z", "Y"],
+                self.unit_divisor,
+            )
+        else:
+            unit, suffix = filesize.pick_unit_and_suffix(speed, [""], 1)
+        precision = 0 if unit == 1 else 1
+        return Text(f"{speed/unit:,.{precision}f} {suffix}{self.unit}/s",
+                    style="progress.data.speed")
+
+
+class tqdm_rich(std_tqdm):  # pragma: no cover
+    """Experimental rich.progress GUI version of tqdm!"""
+    # TODO: @classmethod: write()?
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        This class accepts the following parameters *in addition* to
+        the parameters accepted by `tqdm`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        progress  : tuple, optional
+            arguments for `rich.progress.Progress()`.
+        options  : dict, optional
+            keyword arguments for `rich.progress.Progress()`.
+        """
+        kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+        kwargs['gui'] = True
+        # convert disable = None to False
+        kwargs['disable'] = bool(kwargs.get('disable', False))
+        progress = kwargs.pop('progress', None)
+        options = kwargs.pop('options', {}).copy()
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        warn("rich is experimental/alpha", TqdmExperimentalWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        d = self.format_dict
+        if progress is None:
+            progress = (
+                "[progress.description]{task.description}"
+                "[progress.percentage]{task.percentage:>4.0f}%",
+                BarColumn(bar_width=None),
+                FractionColumn(
+                    unit_scale=d['unit_scale'], unit_divisor=d['unit_divisor']),
+                "[", TimeElapsedColumn(), "<", TimeRemainingColumn(),
+                ",", RateColumn(unit=d['unit'], unit_scale=d['unit_scale'],
+                                unit_divisor=d['unit_divisor']), "]"
+            )
+        options.setdefault('transient', not self.leave)
+        self._prog = Progress(*progress, **options)
+        self._prog.__enter__()
+        self._task_id = self._prog.add_task(self.desc or "", **d)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+        self.display()  # print 100%, vis #1306
+        super().close()
+        self._prog.__exit__(None, None, None)
+
+    def clear(self, *_, **__):
+        pass
+
+    def display(self, *_, **__):
+        if not hasattr(self, '_prog'):
+            return
+        self._prog.update(self._task_id, completed=self.n, description=self.desc)
+
+    def reset(self, total=None):
+        """
+        Resets to 0 iterations for repeated use.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        total  : int or float, optional. Total to use for the new bar.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, '_prog'):
+            self._prog.reset(total=total)
+        super().reset(total=total)
+
+
+def trrange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.rich.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    return tqdm_rich(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_rich
+trange = trrange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/std.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/std.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e91ad309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/std.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1524 @@
+"""
+Customisable progressbar decorator for iterators.
+Includes a default `range` iterator printing to `stderr`.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm import trange, tqdm
+>>> for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+import sys
+from collections import OrderedDict, defaultdict
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from numbers import Number
+from time import time
+from warnings import warn
+from weakref import WeakSet
+
+from ._monitor import TMonitor
+from .utils import (
+    CallbackIOWrapper, Comparable, DisableOnWriteError, FormatReplace, SimpleTextIOWrapper,
+    _is_ascii, _screen_shape_wrapper, _supports_unicode, _term_move_up, disp_len, disp_trim,
+    envwrap)
+
+__author__ = "https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm#contributions"
+__all__ = ['tqdm', 'trange',
+           'TqdmTypeError', 'TqdmKeyError', 'TqdmWarning',
+           'TqdmExperimentalWarning', 'TqdmDeprecationWarning',
+           'TqdmMonitorWarning']
+
+
+class TqdmTypeError(TypeError):
+    pass
+
+
+class TqdmKeyError(KeyError):
+    pass
+
+
+class TqdmWarning(Warning):
+    """base class for all tqdm warnings.
+
+    Used for non-external-code-breaking errors, such as garbled printing.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, msg, fp_write=None, *a, **k):
+        if fp_write is not None:
+            fp_write("\n" + self.__class__.__name__ + ": " + str(msg).rstrip() + '\n')
+        else:
+            super().__init__(msg, *a, **k)
+
+
+class TqdmExperimentalWarning(TqdmWarning, FutureWarning):
+    """beta feature, unstable API and behaviour"""
+    pass
+
+
+class TqdmDeprecationWarning(TqdmWarning, DeprecationWarning):
+    # not suppressed if raised
+    pass
+
+
+class TqdmMonitorWarning(TqdmWarning, RuntimeWarning):
+    """tqdm monitor errors which do not affect external functionality"""
+    pass
+
+
+def TRLock(*args, **kwargs):
+    """threading RLock"""
+    try:
+        from threading import RLock
+        return RLock(*args, **kwargs)
+    except (ImportError, OSError):  # pragma: no cover
+        pass
+
+
+class TqdmDefaultWriteLock(object):
+    """
+    Provide a default write lock for thread and multiprocessing safety.
+    Works only on platforms supporting `fork` (so Windows is excluded).
+    You must initialise a `tqdm` or `TqdmDefaultWriteLock` instance
+    before forking in order for the write lock to work.
+    On Windows, you need to supply the lock from the parent to the children as
+    an argument to joblib or the parallelism lib you use.
+    """
+    # global thread lock so no setup required for multithreading.
+    # NB: Do not create multiprocessing lock as it sets the multiprocessing
+    # context, disallowing `spawn()`/`forkserver()`
+    th_lock = TRLock()
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        # Create global parallelism locks to avoid racing issues with parallel
+        # bars works only if fork available (Linux/MacOSX, but not Windows)
+        cls = type(self)
+        root_lock = cls.th_lock
+        if root_lock is not None:
+            root_lock.acquire()
+        cls.create_mp_lock()
+        self.locks = [lk for lk in [cls.mp_lock, cls.th_lock] if lk is not None]
+        if root_lock is not None:
+            root_lock.release()
+
+    def acquire(self, *a, **k):
+        for lock in self.locks:
+            lock.acquire(*a, **k)
+
+    def release(self):
+        for lock in self.locks[::-1]:  # Release in inverse order of acquisition
+            lock.release()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.acquire()
+
+    def __exit__(self, *exc):
+        self.release()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_mp_lock(cls):
+        if not hasattr(cls, 'mp_lock'):
+            try:
+                from multiprocessing import RLock
+                cls.mp_lock = RLock()
+            except (ImportError, OSError):  # pragma: no cover
+                cls.mp_lock = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_th_lock(cls):
+        assert hasattr(cls, 'th_lock')
+        warn("create_th_lock not needed anymore", TqdmDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+
+class Bar(object):
+    """
+    `str.format`-able bar with format specifiers: `[width][type]`
+
+    - `width`
+      + unspecified (default): use `self.default_len`
+      + `int >= 0`: overrides `self.default_len`
+      + `int < 0`: subtract from `self.default_len`
+    - `type`
+      + `a`: ascii (`charset=self.ASCII` override)
+      + `u`: unicode (`charset=self.UTF` override)
+      + `b`: blank (`charset="  "` override)
+    """
+    ASCII = " 123456789#"
+    UTF = u" " + u''.join(map(chr, range(0x258F, 0x2587, -1)))
+    BLANK = "  "
+    COLOUR_RESET = '\x1b[0m'
+    COLOUR_RGB = '\x1b[38;2;%d;%d;%dm'
+    COLOURS = {'BLACK': '\x1b[30m', 'RED': '\x1b[31m', 'GREEN': '\x1b[32m',
+               'YELLOW': '\x1b[33m', 'BLUE': '\x1b[34m', 'MAGENTA': '\x1b[35m',
+               'CYAN': '\x1b[36m', 'WHITE': '\x1b[37m'}
+
+    def __init__(self, frac, default_len=10, charset=UTF, colour=None):
+        if not 0 <= frac <= 1:
+            warn("clamping frac to range [0, 1]", TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            frac = max(0, min(1, frac))
+        assert default_len > 0
+        self.frac = frac
+        self.default_len = default_len
+        self.charset = charset
+        self.colour = colour
+
+    @property
+    def colour(self):
+        return self._colour
+
+    @colour.setter
+    def colour(self, value):
+        if not value:
+            self._colour = None
+            return
+        try:
+            if value.upper() in self.COLOURS:
+                self._colour = self.COLOURS[value.upper()]
+            elif value[0] == '#' and len(value) == 7:
+                self._colour = self.COLOUR_RGB % tuple(
+                    int(i, 16) for i in (value[1:3], value[3:5], value[5:7]))
+            else:
+                raise KeyError
+        except (KeyError, AttributeError):
+            warn("Unknown colour (%s); valid choices: [hex (#00ff00), %s]" % (
+                 value, ", ".join(self.COLOURS)),
+                 TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            self._colour = None
+
+    def __format__(self, format_spec):
+        if format_spec:
+            _type = format_spec[-1].lower()
+            try:
+                charset = {'a': self.ASCII, 'u': self.UTF, 'b': self.BLANK}[_type]
+            except KeyError:
+                charset = self.charset
+            else:
+                format_spec = format_spec[:-1]
+            if format_spec:
+                N_BARS = int(format_spec)
+                if N_BARS < 0:
+                    N_BARS += self.default_len
+            else:
+                N_BARS = self.default_len
+        else:
+            charset = self.charset
+            N_BARS = self.default_len
+
+        nsyms = len(charset) - 1
+        bar_length, frac_bar_length = divmod(int(self.frac * N_BARS * nsyms), nsyms)
+
+        res = charset[-1] * bar_length
+        if bar_length < N_BARS:  # whitespace padding
+            res = res + charset[frac_bar_length] + charset[0] * (N_BARS - bar_length - 1)
+        return self.colour + res + self.COLOUR_RESET if self.colour else res
+
+
+class EMA(object):
+    """
+    Exponential moving average: smoothing to give progressively lower
+    weights to older values.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    smoothing  : float, optional
+        Smoothing factor in range [0, 1], [default: 0.3].
+        Increase to give more weight to recent values.
+        Ranges from 0 (yields old value) to 1 (yields new value).
+    """
+    def __init__(self, smoothing=0.3):
+        self.alpha = smoothing
+        self.last = 0
+        self.calls = 0
+
+    def __call__(self, x=None):
+        """
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x  : float
+            New value to include in EMA.
+        """
+        beta = 1 - self.alpha
+        if x is not None:
+            self.last = self.alpha * x + beta * self.last
+            self.calls += 1
+        return self.last / (1 - beta ** self.calls) if self.calls else self.last
+
+
+class tqdm(Comparable):
+    """
+    Decorate an iterable object, returning an iterator which acts exactly
+    like the original iterable, but prints a dynamically updating
+    progressbar every time a value is requested.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    iterable  : iterable, optional
+        Iterable to decorate with a progressbar.
+        Leave blank to manually manage the updates.
+    desc  : str, optional
+        Prefix for the progressbar.
+    total  : int or float, optional
+        The number of expected iterations. If unspecified,
+        len(iterable) is used if possible. If float("inf") or as a last
+        resort, only basic progress statistics are displayed
+        (no ETA, no progressbar).
+        If `gui` is True and this parameter needs subsequent updating,
+        specify an initial arbitrary large positive number,
+        e.g. 9e9.
+    leave  : bool, optional
+        If [default: True], keeps all traces of the progressbar
+        upon termination of iteration.
+        If `None`, will leave only if `position` is `0`.
+    file  : `io.TextIOWrapper` or `io.StringIO`, optional
+        Specifies where to output the progress messages
+        (default: sys.stderr). Uses `file.write(str)` and `file.flush()`
+        methods.  For encoding, see `write_bytes`.
+    ncols  : int, optional
+        The width of the entire output message. If specified,
+        dynamically resizes the progressbar to stay within this bound.
+        If unspecified, attempts to use environment width. The
+        fallback is a meter width of 10 and no limit for the counter and
+        statistics. If 0, will not print any meter (only stats).
+    mininterval  : float, optional
+        Minimum progress display update interval [default: 0.1] seconds.
+    maxinterval  : float, optional
+        Maximum progress display update interval [default: 10] seconds.
+        Automatically adjusts `miniters` to correspond to `mininterval`
+        after long display update lag. Only works if `dynamic_miniters`
+        or monitor thread is enabled.
+    miniters  : int or float, optional
+        Minimum progress display update interval, in iterations.
+        If 0 and `dynamic_miniters`, will automatically adjust to equal
+        `mininterval` (more CPU efficient, good for tight loops).
+        If > 0, will skip display of specified number of iterations.
+        Tweak this and `mininterval` to get very efficient loops.
+        If your progress is erratic with both fast and slow iterations
+        (network, skipping items, etc) you should set miniters=1.
+    ascii  : bool or str, optional
+        If unspecified or False, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill
+        the meter. The fallback is to use ASCII characters " 123456789#".
+    disable  : bool, optional
+        Whether to disable the entire progressbar wrapper
+        [default: False]. If set to None, disable on non-TTY.
+    unit  : str, optional
+        String that will be used to define the unit of each iteration
+        [default: it].
+    unit_scale  : bool or int or float, optional
+        If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be reduced/scaled
+        automatically and a metric prefix following the
+        International System of Units standard will be added
+        (kilo, mega, etc.) [default: False]. If any other non-zero
+        number, will scale `total` and `n`.
+    dynamic_ncols  : bool, optional
+        If set, constantly alters `ncols` and `nrows` to the
+        environment (allowing for window resizes) [default: False].
+    smoothing  : float, optional
+        Exponential moving average smoothing factor for speed estimates
+        (ignored in GUI mode). Ranges from 0 (average speed) to 1
+        (current/instantaneous speed) [default: 0.3].
+    bar_format  : str, optional
+        Specify a custom bar string formatting. May impact performance.
+        [default: '{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}'], where
+        l_bar='{desc}: {percentage:3.0f}%|' and
+        r_bar='| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed}<{remaining}, '
+            '{rate_fmt}{postfix}]'
+        Possible vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt,
+            percentage, elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit,
+            rate, rate_fmt, rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt,
+            rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix, unit_divisor,
+            remaining, remaining_s, eta.
+        Note that a trailing ": " is automatically removed after {desc}
+        if the latter is empty.
+    initial  : int or float, optional
+        The initial counter value. Useful when restarting a progress
+        bar [default: 0]. If using float, consider specifying `{n:.3f}`
+        or similar in `bar_format`, or specifying `unit_scale`.
+    position  : int, optional
+        Specify the line offset to print this bar (starting from 0)
+        Automatic if unspecified.
+        Useful to manage multiple bars at once (eg, from threads).
+    postfix  : dict or *, optional
+        Specify additional stats to display at the end of the bar.
+        Calls `set_postfix(**postfix)` if possible (dict).
+    unit_divisor  : float, optional
+        [default: 1000], ignored unless `unit_scale` is True.
+    write_bytes  : bool, optional
+        Whether to write bytes. If (default: False) will write unicode.
+    lock_args  : tuple, optional
+        Passed to `refresh` for intermediate output
+        (initialisation, iterating, and updating).
+    nrows  : int, optional
+        The screen height. If specified, hides nested bars outside this
+        bound. If unspecified, attempts to use environment height.
+        The fallback is 20.
+    colour  : str, optional
+        Bar colour (e.g. 'green', '#00ff00').
+    delay  : float, optional
+        Don't display until [default: 0] seconds have elapsed.
+    gui  : bool, optional
+        WARNING: internal parameter - do not use.
+        Use tqdm.gui.tqdm(...) instead. If set, will attempt to use
+        matplotlib animations for a graphical output [default: False].
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    out  : decorated iterator.
+    """
+
+    monitor_interval = 10  # set to 0 to disable the thread
+    monitor = None
+    _instances = WeakSet()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def format_sizeof(num, suffix='', divisor=1000):
+        """
+        Formats a number (greater than unity) with SI Order of Magnitude
+        prefixes.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        num  : float
+            Number ( >= 1) to format.
+        suffix  : str, optional
+            Post-postfix [default: ''].
+        divisor  : float, optional
+            Divisor between prefixes [default: 1000].
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        out  : str
+            Number with Order of Magnitude SI unit postfix.
+        """
+        for unit in ['', 'k', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z']:
+            if abs(num) < 999.5:
+                if abs(num) < 99.95:
+                    if abs(num) < 9.995:
+                        return f'{num:1.2f}{unit}{suffix}'
+                    return f'{num:2.1f}{unit}{suffix}'
+                return f'{num:3.0f}{unit}{suffix}'
+            num /= divisor
+        return f'{num:3.1f}Y{suffix}'
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def format_interval(t):
+        """
+        Formats a number of seconds as a clock time, [H:]MM:SS
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        t  : int
+            Number of seconds.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        out  : str
+            [H:]MM:SS
+        """
+        mins, s = divmod(int(t), 60)
+        h, m = divmod(mins, 60)
+        return f'{h:d}:{m:02d}:{s:02d}' if h else f'{m:02d}:{s:02d}'
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def format_num(n):
+        """
+        Intelligent scientific notation (.3g).
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n  : int or float or Numeric
+            A Number.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        out  : str
+            Formatted number.
+        """
+        f = f'{n:.3g}'.replace('e+0', 'e+').replace('e-0', 'e-')
+        n = str(n)
+        return f if len(f) < len(n) else n
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def status_printer(file):
+        """
+        Manage the printing and in-place updating of a line of characters.
+        Note that if the string is longer than a line, then in-place
+        updating may not work (it will print a new line at each refresh).
+        """
+        fp = file
+        fp_flush = getattr(fp, 'flush', lambda: None)  # pragma: no cover
+        if fp in (sys.stderr, sys.stdout):
+            getattr(sys.stderr, 'flush', lambda: None)()
+            getattr(sys.stdout, 'flush', lambda: None)()
+
+        def fp_write(s):
+            fp.write(str(s))
+            fp_flush()
+
+        last_len = [0]
+
+        def print_status(s):
+            len_s = disp_len(s)
+            fp_write('\r' + s + (' ' * max(last_len[0] - len_s, 0)))
+            last_len[0] = len_s
+
+        return print_status
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def format_meter(n, total, elapsed, ncols=None, prefix='', ascii=False, unit='it',
+                     unit_scale=False, rate=None, bar_format=None, postfix=None,
+                     unit_divisor=1000, initial=0, colour=None, **extra_kwargs):
+        """
+        Return a string-based progress bar given some parameters
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n  : int or float
+            Number of finished iterations.
+        total  : int or float
+            The expected total number of iterations. If meaningless (None),
+            only basic progress statistics are displayed (no ETA).
+        elapsed  : float
+            Number of seconds passed since start.
+        ncols  : int, optional
+            The width of the entire output message. If specified,
+            dynamically resizes `{bar}` to stay within this bound
+            [default: None]. If `0`, will not print any bar (only stats).
+            The fallback is `{bar:10}`.
+        prefix  : str, optional
+            Prefix message (included in total width) [default: ''].
+            Use as {desc} in bar_format string.
+        ascii  : bool, optional or str, optional
+            If not set, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill the meter
+            [default: False]. The fallback is to use ASCII characters
+            " 123456789#".
+        unit  : str, optional
+            The iteration unit [default: 'it'].
+        unit_scale  : bool or int or float, optional
+            If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be printed with an
+            appropriate SI metric prefix (k = 10^3, M = 10^6, etc.)
+            [default: False]. If any other non-zero number, will scale
+            `total` and `n`.
+        rate  : float, optional
+            Manual override for iteration rate.
+            If [default: None], uses n/elapsed.
+        bar_format  : str, optional
+            Specify a custom bar string formatting. May impact performance.
+            [default: '{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}'], where
+            l_bar='{desc}: {percentage:3.0f}%|' and
+            r_bar='| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed}<{remaining}, '
+              '{rate_fmt}{postfix}]'
+            Possible vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt,
+              percentage, elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit,
+              rate, rate_fmt, rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt,
+              rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix, unit_divisor,
+              remaining, remaining_s, eta.
+            Note that a trailing ": " is automatically removed after {desc}
+            if the latter is empty.
+        postfix  : *, optional
+            Similar to `prefix`, but placed at the end
+            (e.g. for additional stats).
+            Note: postfix is usually a string (not a dict) for this method,
+            and will if possible be set to postfix = ', ' + postfix.
+            However other types are supported (#382).
+        unit_divisor  : float, optional
+            [default: 1000], ignored unless `unit_scale` is True.
+        initial  : int or float, optional
+            The initial counter value [default: 0].
+        colour  : str, optional
+            Bar colour (e.g. 'green', '#00ff00').
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        out  : Formatted meter and stats, ready to display.
+        """
+
+        # sanity check: total
+        if total and n >= (total + 0.5):  # allow float imprecision (#849)
+            total = None
+
+        # apply custom scale if necessary
+        if unit_scale and unit_scale not in (True, 1):
+            if total:
+                total *= unit_scale
+            n *= unit_scale
+            if rate:
+                rate *= unit_scale  # by default rate = self.avg_dn / self.avg_dt
+            unit_scale = False
+
+        elapsed_str = tqdm.format_interval(elapsed)
+
+        # if unspecified, attempt to use rate = average speed
+        # (we allow manual override since predicting time is an arcane art)
+        if rate is None and elapsed:
+            rate = (n - initial) / elapsed
+        inv_rate = 1 / rate if rate else None
+        format_sizeof = tqdm.format_sizeof
+        rate_noinv_fmt = ((format_sizeof(rate) if unit_scale else f'{rate:5.2f}')
+                          if rate else '?') + unit + '/s'
+        rate_inv_fmt = (
+            (format_sizeof(inv_rate) if unit_scale else f'{inv_rate:5.2f}')
+            if inv_rate else '?') + 's/' + unit
+        rate_fmt = rate_inv_fmt if inv_rate and inv_rate > 1 else rate_noinv_fmt
+
+        if unit_scale:
+            n_fmt = format_sizeof(n, divisor=unit_divisor)
+            total_fmt = format_sizeof(total, divisor=unit_divisor) if total is not None else '?'
+        else:
+            n_fmt = str(n)
+            total_fmt = str(total) if total is not None else '?'
+
+        try:
+            postfix = ', ' + postfix if postfix else ''
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        remaining = (total - n) / rate if rate and total else 0
+        remaining_str = tqdm.format_interval(remaining) if rate else '?'
+        try:
+            eta_dt = (datetime.now() + timedelta(seconds=remaining)
+                      if rate and total else datetime.fromtimestamp(0, timezone.utc))
+        except OverflowError:
+            eta_dt = datetime.max
+
+        # format the stats displayed to the left and right sides of the bar
+        if prefix:
+            # old prefix setup work around
+            bool_prefix_colon_already = (prefix[-2:] == ": ")
+            l_bar = prefix if bool_prefix_colon_already else prefix + ": "
+        else:
+            l_bar = ''
+
+        r_bar = f'| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt} [{elapsed_str}<{remaining_str}, {rate_fmt}{postfix}]'
+
+        # Custom bar formatting
+        # Populate a dict with all available progress indicators
+        format_dict = {
+            # slight extension of self.format_dict
+            'n': n, 'n_fmt': n_fmt, 'total': total, 'total_fmt': total_fmt,
+            'elapsed': elapsed_str, 'elapsed_s': elapsed,
+            'ncols': ncols, 'desc': prefix or '', 'unit': unit,
+            'rate': inv_rate if inv_rate and inv_rate > 1 else rate,
+            'rate_fmt': rate_fmt, 'rate_noinv': rate,
+            'rate_noinv_fmt': rate_noinv_fmt, 'rate_inv': inv_rate,
+            'rate_inv_fmt': rate_inv_fmt,
+            'postfix': postfix, 'unit_divisor': unit_divisor,
+            'colour': colour,
+            # plus more useful definitions
+            'remaining': remaining_str, 'remaining_s': remaining,
+            'l_bar': l_bar, 'r_bar': r_bar, 'eta': eta_dt,
+            **extra_kwargs}
+
+        # total is known: we can predict some stats
+        if total:
+            # fractional and percentage progress
+            frac = n / total
+            percentage = frac * 100
+
+            l_bar += f'{percentage:3.0f}%|'
+
+            if ncols == 0:
+                return l_bar[:-1] + r_bar[1:]
+
+            format_dict.update(l_bar=l_bar)
+            if bar_format:
+                format_dict.update(percentage=percentage)
+
+                # auto-remove colon for empty `{desc}`
+                if not prefix:
+                    bar_format = bar_format.replace("{desc}: ", '')
+            else:
+                bar_format = "{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}"
+
+            full_bar = FormatReplace()
+            nobar = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
+            if not full_bar.format_called:
+                return nobar  # no `{bar}`; nothing else to do
+
+            # Formatting progress bar space available for bar's display
+            full_bar = Bar(frac,
+                           max(1, ncols - disp_len(nobar)) if ncols else 10,
+                           charset=Bar.ASCII if ascii is True else ascii or Bar.UTF,
+                           colour=colour)
+            if not _is_ascii(full_bar.charset) and _is_ascii(bar_format):
+                bar_format = str(bar_format)
+            res = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
+            return disp_trim(res, ncols) if ncols else res
+
+        elif bar_format:
+            # user-specified bar_format but no total
+            l_bar += '|'
+            format_dict.update(l_bar=l_bar, percentage=0)
+            full_bar = FormatReplace()
+            nobar = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
+            if not full_bar.format_called:
+                return nobar
+            full_bar = Bar(0,
+                           max(1, ncols - disp_len(nobar)) if ncols else 10,
+                           charset=Bar.BLANK, colour=colour)
+            res = bar_format.format(bar=full_bar, **format_dict)
+            return disp_trim(res, ncols) if ncols else res
+        else:
+            # no total: no progressbar, ETA, just progress stats
+            return (f'{(prefix + ": ") if prefix else ""}'
+                    f'{n_fmt}{unit} [{elapsed_str}, {rate_fmt}{postfix}]')
+
+    def __new__(cls, *_, **__):
+        instance = object.__new__(cls)
+        with cls.get_lock():  # also constructs lock if non-existent
+            cls._instances.add(instance)
+            # create monitoring thread
+            if cls.monitor_interval and (cls.monitor is None
+                                         or not cls.monitor.report()):
+                try:
+                    cls.monitor = TMonitor(cls, cls.monitor_interval)
+                except Exception as e:  # pragma: nocover
+                    warn("tqdm:disabling monitor support"
+                         " (monitor_interval = 0) due to:\n" + str(e),
+                         TqdmMonitorWarning, stacklevel=2)
+                    cls.monitor_interval = 0
+        return instance
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_free_pos(cls, instance=None):
+        """Skips specified instance."""
+        positions = {abs(inst.pos) for inst in cls._instances
+                     if inst is not instance and hasattr(inst, "pos")}
+        return min(set(range(len(positions) + 1)).difference(positions))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _decr_instances(cls, instance):
+        """
+        Remove from list and reposition another unfixed bar
+        to fill the new gap.
+
+        This means that by default (where all nested bars are unfixed),
+        order is not maintained but screen flicker/blank space is minimised.
+        (tqdm<=4.44.1 moved ALL subsequent unfixed bars up.)
+        """
+        with cls._lock:
+            try:
+                cls._instances.remove(instance)
+            except KeyError:
+                # if not instance.gui:  # pragma: no cover
+                #     raise
+                pass  # py2: maybe magically removed already
+            # else:
+            if not instance.gui:
+                last = (instance.nrows or 20) - 1
+                # find unfixed (`pos >= 0`) overflow (`pos >= nrows - 1`)
+                instances = list(filter(
+                    lambda i: hasattr(i, "pos") and last <= i.pos,
+                    cls._instances))
+                # set first found to current `pos`
+                if instances:
+                    inst = min(instances, key=lambda i: i.pos)
+                    inst.clear(nolock=True)
+                    inst.pos = abs(instance.pos)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def write(cls, s, file=None, end="\n", nolock=False):
+        """Print a message via tqdm (without overlap with bars)."""
+        fp = file if file is not None else sys.stdout
+        with cls.external_write_mode(file=file, nolock=nolock):
+            # Write the message
+            fp.write(s)
+            fp.write(end)
+
+    @classmethod
+    @contextmanager
+    def external_write_mode(cls, file=None, nolock=False):
+        """
+        Disable tqdm within context and refresh tqdm when exits.
+        Useful when writing to standard output stream
+        """
+        fp = file if file is not None else sys.stdout
+
+        try:
+            if not nolock:
+                cls.get_lock().acquire()
+            # Clear all bars
+            inst_cleared = []
+            for inst in getattr(cls, '_instances', []):
+                # Clear instance if in the target output file
+                # or if write output + tqdm output are both either
+                # sys.stdout or sys.stderr (because both are mixed in terminal)
+                if hasattr(inst, "start_t") and (inst.fp == fp or all(
+                        f in (sys.stdout, sys.stderr) for f in (fp, inst.fp))):
+                    inst.clear(nolock=True)
+                    inst_cleared.append(inst)
+            yield
+            # Force refresh display of bars we cleared
+            for inst in inst_cleared:
+                inst.refresh(nolock=True)
+        finally:
+            if not nolock:
+                cls._lock.release()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def set_lock(cls, lock):
+        """Set the global lock."""
+        cls._lock = lock
+
+    @classmethod
+    def get_lock(cls):
+        """Get the global lock. Construct it if it does not exist."""
+        if not hasattr(cls, '_lock'):
+            cls._lock = TqdmDefaultWriteLock()
+        return cls._lock
+
+    @classmethod
+    def pandas(cls, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """
+        Registers the current `tqdm` class with
+            pandas.core.
+            ( frame.DataFrame
+            | series.Series
+            | groupby.(generic.)DataFrameGroupBy
+            | groupby.(generic.)SeriesGroupBy
+            ).progress_apply
+
+        A new instance will be created every time `progress_apply` is called,
+        and each instance will automatically `close()` upon completion.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        tqdm_kwargs  : arguments for the tqdm instance
+
+        Examples
+        --------
+        >>> import pandas as pd
+        >>> import numpy as np
+        >>> from tqdm import tqdm
+        >>> from tqdm.gui import tqdm as tqdm_gui
+        >>>
+        >>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randint(0, 100, (100000, 6)))
+        >>> tqdm.pandas(ncols=50)  # can use tqdm_gui, optional kwargs, etc
+        >>> # Now you can use `progress_apply` instead of `apply`
+        >>> df.groupby(0).progress_apply(lambda x: x**2)
+
+        References
+        ----------
+        <https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18603270/\
+        progress-indicator-during-pandas-operations-python>
+        """
+        from warnings import catch_warnings, simplefilter
+
+        from pandas.core.frame import DataFrame
+        from pandas.core.series import Series
+        try:
+            with catch_warnings():
+                simplefilter("ignore", category=FutureWarning)
+                from pandas import Panel
+        except ImportError:  # pandas>=1.2.0
+            Panel = None
+        Rolling, Expanding = None, None
+        try:  # pandas>=1.0.0
+            from pandas.core.window.rolling import _Rolling_and_Expanding
+        except ImportError:
+            try:  # pandas>=0.18.0
+                from pandas.core.window import _Rolling_and_Expanding
+            except ImportError:  # pandas>=1.2.0
+                try:  # pandas>=1.2.0
+                    from pandas.core.window.expanding import Expanding
+                    from pandas.core.window.rolling import Rolling
+                    _Rolling_and_Expanding = Rolling, Expanding
+                except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+                    _Rolling_and_Expanding = None
+        try:  # pandas>=0.25.0
+            from pandas.core.groupby.generic import SeriesGroupBy  # , NDFrameGroupBy
+            from pandas.core.groupby.generic import DataFrameGroupBy
+        except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+            try:  # pandas>=0.23.0
+                from pandas.core.groupby.groupby import DataFrameGroupBy, SeriesGroupBy
+            except ImportError:
+                from pandas.core.groupby import DataFrameGroupBy, SeriesGroupBy
+        try:  # pandas>=0.23.0
+            from pandas.core.groupby.groupby import GroupBy
+        except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+            from pandas.core.groupby import GroupBy
+
+        try:  # pandas>=0.23.0
+            from pandas.core.groupby.groupby import PanelGroupBy
+        except ImportError:
+            try:
+                from pandas.core.groupby import PanelGroupBy
+            except ImportError:  # pandas>=0.25.0
+                PanelGroupBy = None
+
+        tqdm_kwargs = tqdm_kwargs.copy()
+        deprecated_t = [tqdm_kwargs.pop('deprecated_t', None)]
+
+        def inner_generator(df_function='apply'):
+            def inner(df, func, *args, **kwargs):
+                """
+                Parameters
+                ----------
+                df  : (DataFrame|Series)[GroupBy]
+                    Data (may be grouped).
+                func  : function
+                    To be applied on the (grouped) data.
+                **kwargs  : optional
+                    Transmitted to `df.apply()`.
+                """
+
+                # Precompute total iterations
+                total = tqdm_kwargs.pop("total", getattr(df, 'ngroups', None))
+                if total is None:  # not grouped
+                    if df_function == 'applymap':
+                        total = df.size
+                    elif isinstance(df, Series):
+                        total = len(df)
+                    elif (_Rolling_and_Expanding is None or
+                          not isinstance(df, _Rolling_and_Expanding)):
+                        # DataFrame or Panel
+                        axis = kwargs.get('axis', 0)
+                        if axis == 'index':
+                            axis = 0
+                        elif axis == 'columns':
+                            axis = 1
+                        # when axis=0, total is shape[axis1]
+                        total = df.size // df.shape[axis]
+
+                # Init bar
+                if deprecated_t[0] is not None:
+                    t = deprecated_t[0]
+                    deprecated_t[0] = None
+                else:
+                    t = cls(total=total, **tqdm_kwargs)
+
+                if len(args) > 0:
+                    # *args intentionally not supported (see #244, #299)
+                    TqdmDeprecationWarning(
+                        "Except func, normal arguments are intentionally" +
+                        " not supported by" +
+                        " `(DataFrame|Series|GroupBy).progress_apply`." +
+                        " Use keyword arguments instead.",
+                        fp_write=getattr(t.fp, 'write', sys.stderr.write))
+
+                try:  # pandas>=1.3.0
+                    from pandas.core.common import is_builtin_func
+                except ImportError:
+                    is_builtin_func = df._is_builtin_func
+                try:
+                    func = is_builtin_func(func)
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+
+                # Define bar updating wrapper
+                def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+                    # update tbar correctly
+                    # it seems `pandas apply` calls `func` twice
+                    # on the first column/row to decide whether it can
+                    # take a fast or slow code path; so stop when t.total==t.n
+                    t.update(n=1 if not t.total or t.n < t.total else 0)
+                    return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                # Apply the provided function (in **kwargs)
+                # on the df using our wrapper (which provides bar updating)
+                try:
+                    return getattr(df, df_function)(wrapper, **kwargs)
+                finally:
+                    t.close()
+
+            return inner
+
+        # Monkeypatch pandas to provide easy methods
+        # Enable custom tqdm progress in pandas!
+        Series.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+        SeriesGroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+        Series.progress_map = inner_generator('map')
+        SeriesGroupBy.progress_map = inner_generator('map')
+
+        DataFrame.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+        DataFrameGroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+        DataFrame.progress_applymap = inner_generator('applymap')
+        DataFrame.progress_map = inner_generator('map')
+        DataFrameGroupBy.progress_map = inner_generator('map')
+
+        if Panel is not None:
+            Panel.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+        if PanelGroupBy is not None:
+            PanelGroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+
+        GroupBy.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+        GroupBy.progress_aggregate = inner_generator('aggregate')
+        GroupBy.progress_transform = inner_generator('transform')
+
+        if Rolling is not None and Expanding is not None:
+            Rolling.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+            Expanding.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+        elif _Rolling_and_Expanding is not None:
+            _Rolling_and_Expanding.progress_apply = inner_generator()
+
+    # override defaults via env vars
+    @envwrap("TQDM_", is_method=True, types={'total': float, 'ncols': int, 'miniters': float,
+                                             'position': int, 'nrows': int})
+    def __init__(self, iterable=None, desc=None, total=None, leave=True, file=None,
+                 ncols=None, mininterval=0.1, maxinterval=10.0, miniters=None,
+                 ascii=None, disable=False, unit='it', unit_scale=False,
+                 dynamic_ncols=False, smoothing=0.3, bar_format=None, initial=0,
+                 position=None, postfix=None, unit_divisor=1000, write_bytes=False,
+                 lock_args=None, nrows=None, colour=None, delay=0.0, gui=False,
+                 **kwargs):
+        """see tqdm.tqdm for arguments"""
+        if file is None:
+            file = sys.stderr
+
+        if write_bytes:
+            # Despite coercing unicode into bytes, py2 sys.std* streams
+            # should have bytes written to them.
+            file = SimpleTextIOWrapper(
+                file, encoding=getattr(file, 'encoding', None) or 'utf-8')
+
+        file = DisableOnWriteError(file, tqdm_instance=self)
+
+        if disable is None and hasattr(file, "isatty") and not file.isatty():
+            disable = True
+
+        if total is None and iterable is not None:
+            try:
+                total = len(iterable)
+            except (TypeError, AttributeError):
+                total = None
+        if total == float("inf"):
+            # Infinite iterations, behave same as unknown
+            total = None
+
+        if disable:
+            self.iterable = iterable
+            self.disable = disable
+            with self._lock:
+                self.pos = self._get_free_pos(self)
+                self._instances.remove(self)
+            self.n = initial
+            self.total = total
+            self.leave = leave
+            return
+
+        if kwargs:
+            self.disable = True
+            with self._lock:
+                self.pos = self._get_free_pos(self)
+                self._instances.remove(self)
+            raise (
+                TqdmDeprecationWarning(
+                    "`nested` is deprecated and automated.\n"
+                    "Use `position` instead for manual control.\n",
+                    fp_write=getattr(file, 'write', sys.stderr.write))
+                if "nested" in kwargs else
+                TqdmKeyError("Unknown argument(s): " + str(kwargs)))
+
+        # Preprocess the arguments
+        if (
+            (ncols is None or nrows is None) and (file in (sys.stderr, sys.stdout))
+        ) or dynamic_ncols:  # pragma: no cover
+            if dynamic_ncols:
+                dynamic_ncols = _screen_shape_wrapper()
+                if dynamic_ncols:
+                    ncols, nrows = dynamic_ncols(file)
+            else:
+                _dynamic_ncols = _screen_shape_wrapper()
+                if _dynamic_ncols:
+                    _ncols, _nrows = _dynamic_ncols(file)
+                    if ncols is None:
+                        ncols = _ncols
+                    if nrows is None:
+                        nrows = _nrows
+
+        if miniters is None:
+            miniters = 0
+            dynamic_miniters = True
+        else:
+            dynamic_miniters = False
+
+        if mininterval is None:
+            mininterval = 0
+
+        if maxinterval is None:
+            maxinterval = 0
+
+        if ascii is None:
+            ascii = not _supports_unicode(file)
+
+        if bar_format and ascii is not True and not _is_ascii(ascii):
+            # Convert bar format into unicode since terminal uses unicode
+            bar_format = str(bar_format)
+
+        if smoothing is None:
+            smoothing = 0
+
+        # Store the arguments
+        self.iterable = iterable
+        self.desc = desc or ''
+        self.total = total
+        self.leave = leave
+        self.fp = file
+        self.ncols = ncols
+        self.nrows = nrows
+        self.mininterval = mininterval
+        self.maxinterval = maxinterval
+        self.miniters = miniters
+        self.dynamic_miniters = dynamic_miniters
+        self.ascii = ascii
+        self.disable = disable
+        self.unit = unit
+        self.unit_scale = unit_scale
+        self.unit_divisor = unit_divisor
+        self.initial = initial
+        self.lock_args = lock_args
+        self.delay = delay
+        self.gui = gui
+        self.dynamic_ncols = dynamic_ncols
+        self.smoothing = smoothing
+        self._ema_dn = EMA(smoothing)
+        self._ema_dt = EMA(smoothing)
+        self._ema_miniters = EMA(smoothing)
+        self.bar_format = bar_format
+        self.postfix = None
+        self.colour = colour
+        self._time = time
+        if postfix:
+            try:
+                self.set_postfix(refresh=False, **postfix)
+            except TypeError:
+                self.postfix = postfix
+
+        # Init the iterations counters
+        self.last_print_n = initial
+        self.n = initial
+
+        # if nested, at initial sp() call we replace '\r' by '\n' to
+        # not overwrite the outer progress bar
+        with self._lock:
+            # mark fixed positions as negative
+            self.pos = self._get_free_pos(self) if position is None else -position
+
+        if not gui:
+            # Initialize the screen printer
+            self.sp = self.status_printer(self.fp)
+            if delay <= 0:
+                self.refresh(lock_args=self.lock_args)
+
+        # Init the time counter
+        self.last_print_t = self._time()
+        # NB: Avoid race conditions by setting start_t at the very end of init
+        self.start_t = self.last_print_t
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        if self.total is not None:
+            return self.total > 0
+        if self.iterable is None:
+            raise TypeError('bool() undefined when iterable == total == None')
+        return bool(self.iterable)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return (
+            self.total if self.iterable is None
+            else self.iterable.shape[0] if hasattr(self.iterable, "shape")
+            else len(self.iterable) if hasattr(self.iterable, "__len__")
+            else self.iterable.__length_hint__() if hasattr(self.iterable, "__length_hint__")
+            else getattr(self, "total", None))
+
+    def __reversed__(self):
+        try:
+            orig = self.iterable
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise TypeError("'tqdm' object is not reversible")
+        else:
+            self.iterable = reversed(self.iterable)
+            return self.__iter__()
+        finally:
+            self.iterable = orig
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        contains = getattr(self.iterable, '__contains__', None)
+        return contains(item) if contains is not None else item in self.__iter__()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
+        try:
+            self.close()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # maybe eager thread cleanup upon external error
+            if (exc_type, exc_value, traceback) == (None, None, None):
+                raise
+            warn("AttributeError ignored", TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.format_meter(**self.format_dict)
+
+    @property
+    def _comparable(self):
+        return abs(getattr(self, "pos", 1 << 31))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return id(self)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        """Backward-compatibility to use: for x in tqdm(iterable)"""
+
+        # Inlining instance variables as locals (speed optimisation)
+        iterable = self.iterable
+
+        # If the bar is disabled, then just walk the iterable
+        # (note: keep this check outside the loop for performance)
+        if self.disable:
+            for obj in iterable:
+                yield obj
+            return
+
+        mininterval = self.mininterval
+        last_print_t = self.last_print_t
+        last_print_n = self.last_print_n
+        min_start_t = self.start_t + self.delay
+        n = self.n
+        time = self._time
+
+        try:
+            for obj in iterable:
+                yield obj
+                # Update and possibly print the progressbar.
+                # Note: does not call self.update(1) for speed optimisation.
+                n += 1
+
+                if n - last_print_n >= self.miniters:
+                    cur_t = time()
+                    dt = cur_t - last_print_t
+                    if dt >= mininterval and cur_t >= min_start_t:
+                        self.update(n - last_print_n)
+                        last_print_n = self.last_print_n
+                        last_print_t = self.last_print_t
+        finally:
+            self.n = n
+            self.close()
+
+    def update(self, n=1):
+        """
+        Manually update the progress bar, useful for streams
+        such as reading files.
+        E.g.:
+        >>> t = tqdm(total=filesize) # Initialise
+        >>> for current_buffer in stream:
+        ...    ...
+        ...    t.update(len(current_buffer))
+        >>> t.close()
+        The last line is highly recommended, but possibly not necessary if
+        `t.update()` will be called in such a way that `filesize` will be
+        exactly reached and printed.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        n  : int or float, optional
+            Increment to add to the internal counter of iterations
+            [default: 1]. If using float, consider specifying `{n:.3f}`
+            or similar in `bar_format`, or specifying `unit_scale`.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        out  : bool or None
+            True if a `display()` was triggered.
+        """
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        if n < 0:
+            self.last_print_n += n  # for auto-refresh logic to work
+        self.n += n
+
+        # check counter first to reduce calls to time()
+        if self.n - self.last_print_n >= self.miniters:
+            cur_t = self._time()
+            dt = cur_t - self.last_print_t
+            if dt >= self.mininterval and cur_t >= self.start_t + self.delay:
+                cur_t = self._time()
+                dn = self.n - self.last_print_n  # >= n
+                if self.smoothing and dt and dn:
+                    # EMA (not just overall average)
+                    self._ema_dn(dn)
+                    self._ema_dt(dt)
+                self.refresh(lock_args=self.lock_args)
+                if self.dynamic_miniters:
+                    # If no `miniters` was specified, adjust automatically to the
+                    # maximum iteration rate seen so far between two prints.
+                    # e.g.: After running `tqdm.update(5)`, subsequent
+                    # calls to `tqdm.update()` will only cause an update after
+                    # at least 5 more iterations.
+                    if self.maxinterval and dt >= self.maxinterval:
+                        self.miniters = dn * (self.mininterval or self.maxinterval) / dt
+                    elif self.smoothing:
+                        # EMA miniters update
+                        self.miniters = self._ema_miniters(
+                            dn * (self.mininterval / dt if self.mininterval and dt
+                                  else 1))
+                    else:
+                        # max iters between two prints
+                        self.miniters = max(self.miniters, dn)
+
+                # Store old values for next call
+                self.last_print_n = self.n
+                self.last_print_t = cur_t
+                return True
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Cleanup and (if leave=False) close the progressbar."""
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        # Prevent multiple closures
+        self.disable = True
+
+        # decrement instance pos and remove from internal set
+        pos = abs(self.pos)
+        self._decr_instances(self)
+
+        if self.last_print_t < self.start_t + self.delay:
+            # haven't ever displayed; nothing to clear
+            return
+
+        # GUI mode
+        if getattr(self, 'sp', None) is None:
+            return
+
+        # annoyingly, _supports_unicode isn't good enough
+        def fp_write(s):
+            self.fp.write(str(s))
+
+        try:
+            fp_write('')
+        except ValueError as e:
+            if 'closed' in str(e):
+                return
+            raise  # pragma: no cover
+
+        leave = pos == 0 if self.leave is None else self.leave
+
+        with self._lock:
+            if leave:
+                # stats for overall rate (no weighted average)
+                self._ema_dt = lambda: None
+                self.display(pos=0)
+                fp_write('\n')
+            else:
+                # clear previous display
+                if self.display(msg='', pos=pos) and not pos:
+                    fp_write('\r')
+
+    def clear(self, nolock=False):
+        """Clear current bar display."""
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        if not nolock:
+            self._lock.acquire()
+        pos = abs(self.pos)
+        if pos < (self.nrows or 20):
+            self.moveto(pos)
+            self.sp('')
+            self.fp.write('\r')  # place cursor back at the beginning of line
+            self.moveto(-pos)
+        if not nolock:
+            self._lock.release()
+
+    def refresh(self, nolock=False, lock_args=None):
+        """
+        Force refresh the display of this bar.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        nolock  : bool, optional
+            If `True`, does not lock.
+            If [default: `False`]: calls `acquire()` on internal lock.
+        lock_args  : tuple, optional
+            Passed to internal lock's `acquire()`.
+            If specified, will only `display()` if `acquire()` returns `True`.
+        """
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        if not nolock:
+            if lock_args:
+                if not self._lock.acquire(*lock_args):
+                    return False
+            else:
+                self._lock.acquire()
+        self.display()
+        if not nolock:
+            self._lock.release()
+        return True
+
+    def unpause(self):
+        """Restart tqdm timer from last print time."""
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+        cur_t = self._time()
+        self.start_t += cur_t - self.last_print_t
+        self.last_print_t = cur_t
+
+    def reset(self, total=None):
+        """
+        Resets to 0 iterations for repeated use.
+
+        Consider combining with `leave=True`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        total  : int or float, optional. Total to use for the new bar.
+        """
+        self.n = 0
+        if total is not None:
+            self.total = total
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+        self.last_print_n = 0
+        self.last_print_t = self.start_t = self._time()
+        self._ema_dn = EMA(self.smoothing)
+        self._ema_dt = EMA(self.smoothing)
+        self._ema_miniters = EMA(self.smoothing)
+        self.refresh()
+
+    def set_description(self, desc=None, refresh=True):
+        """
+        Set/modify description of the progress bar.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        desc  : str, optional
+        refresh  : bool, optional
+            Forces refresh [default: True].
+        """
+        self.desc = desc + ': ' if desc else ''
+        if refresh:
+            self.refresh()
+
+    def set_description_str(self, desc=None, refresh=True):
+        """Set/modify description without ': ' appended."""
+        self.desc = desc or ''
+        if refresh:
+            self.refresh()
+
+    def set_postfix(self, ordered_dict=None, refresh=True, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Set/modify postfix (additional stats)
+        with automatic formatting based on datatype.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        ordered_dict  : dict or OrderedDict, optional
+        refresh  : bool, optional
+            Forces refresh [default: True].
+        kwargs  : dict, optional
+        """
+        # Sort in alphabetical order to be more deterministic
+        postfix = OrderedDict([] if ordered_dict is None else ordered_dict)
+        for key in sorted(kwargs.keys()):
+            postfix[key] = kwargs[key]
+        # Preprocess stats according to datatype
+        for key in postfix.keys():
+            # Number: limit the length of the string
+            if isinstance(postfix[key], Number):
+                postfix[key] = self.format_num(postfix[key])
+            # Else for any other type, try to get the string conversion
+            elif not isinstance(postfix[key], str):
+                postfix[key] = str(postfix[key])
+            # Else if it's a string, don't need to preprocess anything
+        # Stitch together to get the final postfix
+        self.postfix = ', '.join(key + '=' + postfix[key].strip()
+                                 for key in postfix.keys())
+        if refresh:
+            self.refresh()
+
+    def set_postfix_str(self, s='', refresh=True):
+        """
+        Postfix without dictionary expansion, similar to prefix handling.
+        """
+        self.postfix = str(s)
+        if refresh:
+            self.refresh()
+
+    def moveto(self, n):
+        # TODO: private method
+        self.fp.write('\n' * n + _term_move_up() * -n)
+        getattr(self.fp, 'flush', lambda: None)()
+
+    @property
+    def format_dict(self):
+        """Public API for read-only member access."""
+        if self.disable and not hasattr(self, 'unit'):
+            return defaultdict(lambda: None, {
+                'n': self.n, 'total': self.total, 'elapsed': 0, 'unit': 'it'})
+        if self.dynamic_ncols:
+            self.ncols, self.nrows = self.dynamic_ncols(self.fp)
+        return {
+            'n': self.n, 'total': self.total,
+            'elapsed': self._time() - self.start_t if hasattr(self, 'start_t') else 0,
+            'ncols': self.ncols, 'nrows': self.nrows, 'prefix': self.desc,
+            'ascii': self.ascii, 'unit': self.unit, 'unit_scale': self.unit_scale,
+            'rate': self._ema_dn() / self._ema_dt() if self._ema_dt() else None,
+            'bar_format': self.bar_format, 'postfix': self.postfix,
+            'unit_divisor': self.unit_divisor, 'initial': self.initial,
+            'colour': self.colour}
+
+    def display(self, msg=None, pos=None):
+        """
+        Use `self.sp` to display `msg` in the specified `pos`.
+
+        Consider overloading this function when inheriting to use e.g.:
+        `self.some_frontend(**self.format_dict)` instead of `self.sp`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        msg  : str, optional. What to display (default: `repr(self)`).
+        pos  : int, optional. Position to `moveto`
+          (default: `abs(self.pos)`).
+        """
+        if pos is None:
+            pos = abs(self.pos)
+
+        nrows = self.nrows or 20
+        if pos >= nrows - 1:
+            if pos >= nrows:
+                return False
+            if msg or msg is None:  # override at `nrows - 1`
+                msg = " ... (more hidden) ..."
+
+        if not hasattr(self, "sp"):
+            raise TqdmDeprecationWarning(
+                "Please use `tqdm.gui.tqdm(...)`"
+                " instead of `tqdm(..., gui=True)`\n",
+                fp_write=getattr(self.fp, 'write', sys.stderr.write))
+
+        if pos:
+            self.moveto(pos)
+        self.sp(self.__str__() if msg is None else msg)
+        if pos:
+            self.moveto(-pos)
+        return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    @contextmanager
+    def wrapattr(cls, stream, method, total=None, bytes=True, **tqdm_kwargs):
+        """
+        stream  : file-like object.
+        method  : str, "read" or "write". The result of `read()` and
+            the first argument of `write()` should have a `len()`.
+
+        >>> with tqdm.wrapattr(file_obj, "read", total=file_obj.size) as fobj:
+        ...     while True:
+        ...         chunk = fobj.read(chunk_size)
+        ...         if not chunk:
+        ...             break
+        """
+        with cls(total=total, **tqdm_kwargs) as t:
+            if bytes:
+                t.unit = "B"
+                t.unit_scale = True
+                t.unit_divisor = 1024
+            yield CallbackIOWrapper(t.update, stream, method)
+
+
+def trange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)."""
+    return tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/tk.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/tk.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..788303c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/tk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+"""
+Tkinter GUI progressbar decorator for iterators.
+
+Usage:
+>>> from tqdm.tk import trange, tqdm
+>>> for i in trange(10):
+...     ...
+"""
+import re
+import sys
+import tkinter
+import tkinter.ttk as ttk
+from warnings import warn
+
+from .std import TqdmExperimentalWarning, TqdmWarning
+from .std import tqdm as std_tqdm
+
+__author__ = {"github.com/": ["richardsheridan", "casperdcl"]}
+__all__ = ['tqdm_tk', 'ttkrange', 'tqdm', 'trange']
+
+
+class tqdm_tk(std_tqdm):  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Experimental Tkinter GUI version of tqdm!
+
+    Note: Window interactivity suffers if `tqdm_tk` is not running within
+    a Tkinter mainloop and values are generated infrequently. In this case,
+    consider calling `tqdm_tk.refresh()` frequently in the Tk thread.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: @classmethod: write()?
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        This class accepts the following parameters *in addition* to
+        the parameters accepted by `tqdm`.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        grab  : bool, optional
+            Grab the input across all windows of the process.
+        tk_parent  : `tkinter.Wm`, optional
+            Parent Tk window.
+        cancel_callback  : Callable, optional
+            Create a cancel button and set `cancel_callback` to be called
+            when the cancel or window close button is clicked.
+        """
+        kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+        kwargs['gui'] = True
+        # convert disable = None to False
+        kwargs['disable'] = bool(kwargs.get('disable', False))
+        self._warn_leave = 'leave' in kwargs
+        grab = kwargs.pop('grab', False)
+        tk_parent = kwargs.pop('tk_parent', None)
+        self._cancel_callback = kwargs.pop('cancel_callback', None)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        if tk_parent is None:  # Discover parent widget
+            try:
+                tk_parent = tkinter._default_root
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    "`tk_parent` required when using `tkinter.NoDefaultRoot()`")
+            if tk_parent is None:  # use new default root window as display
+                self._tk_window = tkinter.Tk()
+            else:  # some other windows already exist
+                self._tk_window = tkinter.Toplevel()
+        else:
+            self._tk_window = tkinter.Toplevel(tk_parent)
+
+        warn("GUI is experimental/alpha", TqdmExperimentalWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        self._tk_dispatching = self._tk_dispatching_helper()
+
+        self._tk_window.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.cancel)
+        self._tk_window.wm_title(self.desc)
+        self._tk_window.wm_attributes("-topmost", 1)
+        self._tk_window.after(0, lambda: self._tk_window.wm_attributes("-topmost", 0))
+        self._tk_n_var = tkinter.DoubleVar(self._tk_window, value=0)
+        self._tk_text_var = tkinter.StringVar(self._tk_window)
+        pbar_frame = ttk.Frame(self._tk_window, padding=5)
+        pbar_frame.pack()
+        _tk_label = ttk.Label(pbar_frame, textvariable=self._tk_text_var,
+                              wraplength=600, anchor="center", justify="center")
+        _tk_label.pack()
+        self._tk_pbar = ttk.Progressbar(
+            pbar_frame, variable=self._tk_n_var, length=450)
+        if self.total is not None:
+            self._tk_pbar.configure(maximum=self.total)
+        else:
+            self._tk_pbar.configure(mode="indeterminate")
+        self._tk_pbar.pack()
+        if self._cancel_callback is not None:
+            _tk_button = ttk.Button(pbar_frame, text="Cancel", command=self.cancel)
+            _tk_button.pack()
+        if grab:
+            self._tk_window.grab_set()
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.disable:
+            return
+
+        self.disable = True
+
+        with self.get_lock():
+            self._instances.remove(self)
+
+        def _close():
+            self._tk_window.after('idle', self._tk_window.destroy)
+            if not self._tk_dispatching:
+                self._tk_window.update()
+
+        self._tk_window.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", _close)
+
+        # if leave is set but we are self-dispatching, the left window is
+        # totally unresponsive unless the user manually dispatches
+        if not self.leave:
+            _close()
+        elif not self._tk_dispatching:
+            if self._warn_leave:
+                warn("leave flag ignored if not in tkinter mainloop",
+                     TqdmWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            _close()
+
+    def clear(self, *_, **__):
+        pass
+
+    def display(self, *_, **__):
+        self._tk_n_var.set(self.n)
+        d = self.format_dict
+        # remove {bar}
+        d['bar_format'] = (d['bar_format'] or "{l_bar}<bar/>{r_bar}").replace(
+            "{bar}", "<bar/>")
+        msg = self.format_meter(**d)
+        if '<bar/>' in msg:
+            msg = "".join(re.split(r'\|?<bar/>\|?', msg, maxsplit=1))
+        self._tk_text_var.set(msg)
+        if not self._tk_dispatching:
+            self._tk_window.update()
+
+    def set_description(self, desc=None, refresh=True):
+        self.set_description_str(desc, refresh)
+
+    def set_description_str(self, desc=None, refresh=True):
+        self.desc = desc
+        if not self.disable:
+            self._tk_window.wm_title(desc)
+            if refresh and not self._tk_dispatching:
+                self._tk_window.update()
+
+    def cancel(self):
+        """
+        `cancel_callback()` followed by `close()`
+        when close/cancel buttons clicked.
+        """
+        if self._cancel_callback is not None:
+            self._cancel_callback()
+        self.close()
+
+    def reset(self, total=None):
+        """
+        Resets to 0 iterations for repeated use.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        total  : int or float, optional. Total to use for the new bar.
+        """
+        if hasattr(self, '_tk_pbar'):
+            if total is None:
+                self._tk_pbar.configure(maximum=100, mode="indeterminate")
+            else:
+                self._tk_pbar.configure(maximum=total, mode="determinate")
+        super().reset(total=total)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _tk_dispatching_helper():
+        """determine if Tkinter mainloop is dispatching events"""
+        codes = {tkinter.mainloop.__code__, tkinter.Misc.mainloop.__code__}
+        for frame in sys._current_frames().values():
+            while frame:
+                if frame.f_code in codes:
+                    return True
+                frame = frame.f_back
+        return False
+
+
+def ttkrange(*args, **kwargs):
+    """Shortcut for `tqdm.tk.tqdm(range(*args), **kwargs)`."""
+    return tqdm_tk(range(*args), **kwargs)
+
+
+# Aliases
+tqdm = tqdm_tk
+trange = ttkrange
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/tqdm.1 b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/tqdm.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b90ab4b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/tqdm.1
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+.\" Automatically generated by Pandoc 1.19.2
+.\"
+.TH "TQDM" "1" "2015\-2021" "tqdm User Manuals" ""
+.hy
+.SH NAME
+.PP
+tqdm \- fast, extensible progress bar for Python and CLI
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.PP
+tqdm [\f[I]options\f[]]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.PP
+See <https://github.com/tqdm/tqdm>.
+Can be used as a pipe:
+.IP
+.nf
+\f[C]
+$\ #\ count\ lines\ of\ code
+$\ cat\ *.py\ |\ tqdm\ |\ wc\ \-l
+327it\ [00:00,\ 981773.38it/s]
+327
+
+$\ #\ find\ all\ files
+$\ find\ .\ \-name\ "*.py"\ |\ tqdm\ |\ wc\ \-l
+432it\ [00:00,\ 833842.30it/s]
+432
+
+#\ ...\ and\ more\ info
+$\ find\ .\ \-name\ \[aq]*.py\[aq]\ \-exec\ wc\ \-l\ \\{}\ \\;\ \\
+\ \ |\ tqdm\ \-\-total\ 432\ \-\-unit\ files\ \-\-desc\ counting\ \\
+\ \ |\ awk\ \[aq]{\ sum\ +=\ $1\ };\ END\ {\ print\ sum\ }\[aq]
+counting:\ 100%|█████████|\ 432/432\ [00:00<00:00,\ 794361.83files/s]
+131998
+\f[]
+.fi
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+.B \-h, \-\-help
+Print this help and exit.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-v, \-\-version
+Print version and exit.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-desc=\f[I]desc\f[]
+str, optional.
+Prefix for the progressbar.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-total=\f[I]total\f[]
+int or float, optional.
+The number of expected iterations.
+If unspecified, len(iterable) is used if possible.
+If float("inf") or as a last resort, only basic progress statistics are
+displayed (no ETA, no progressbar).
+If \f[C]gui\f[] is True and this parameter needs subsequent updating,
+specify an initial arbitrary large positive number, e.g.
+9e9.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-leave
+bool, optional.
+If [default: True], keeps all traces of the progressbar upon termination
+of iteration.
+If \f[C]None\f[], will leave only if \f[C]position\f[] is \f[C]0\f[].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-ncols=\f[I]ncols\f[]
+int, optional.
+The width of the entire output message.
+If specified, dynamically resizes the progressbar to stay within this
+bound.
+If unspecified, attempts to use environment width.
+The fallback is a meter width of 10 and no limit for the counter and
+statistics.
+If 0, will not print any meter (only stats).
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-mininterval=\f[I]mininterval\f[]
+float, optional.
+Minimum progress display update interval [default: 0.1] seconds.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-maxinterval=\f[I]maxinterval\f[]
+float, optional.
+Maximum progress display update interval [default: 10] seconds.
+Automatically adjusts \f[C]miniters\f[] to correspond to
+\f[C]mininterval\f[] after long display update lag.
+Only works if \f[C]dynamic_miniters\f[] or monitor thread is enabled.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-miniters=\f[I]miniters\f[]
+int or float, optional.
+Minimum progress display update interval, in iterations.
+If 0 and \f[C]dynamic_miniters\f[], will automatically adjust to equal
+\f[C]mininterval\f[] (more CPU efficient, good for tight loops).
+If > 0, will skip display of specified number of iterations.
+Tweak this and \f[C]mininterval\f[] to get very efficient loops.
+If your progress is erratic with both fast and slow iterations (network,
+skipping items, etc) you should set miniters=1.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-ascii=\f[I]ascii\f[]
+bool or str, optional.
+If unspecified or False, use unicode (smooth blocks) to fill the meter.
+The fallback is to use ASCII characters " 123456789#".
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-disable
+bool, optional.
+Whether to disable the entire progressbar wrapper [default: False].
+If set to None, disable on non\-TTY.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-unit=\f[I]unit\f[]
+str, optional.
+String that will be used to define the unit of each iteration [default:
+it].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-unit\-scale=\f[I]unit_scale\f[]
+bool or int or float, optional.
+If 1 or True, the number of iterations will be reduced/scaled
+automatically and a metric prefix following the International System of
+Units standard will be added (kilo, mega, etc.) [default: False].
+If any other non\-zero number, will scale \f[C]total\f[] and \f[C]n\f[].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-dynamic\-ncols
+bool, optional.
+If set, constantly alters \f[C]ncols\f[] and \f[C]nrows\f[] to the
+environment (allowing for window resizes) [default: False].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-smoothing=\f[I]smoothing\f[]
+float, optional.
+Exponential moving average smoothing factor for speed estimates (ignored
+in GUI mode).
+Ranges from 0 (average speed) to 1 (current/instantaneous speed)
+[default: 0.3].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-bar\-format=\f[I]bar_format\f[]
+str, optional.
+Specify a custom bar string formatting.
+May impact performance.
+[default: \[aq]{l_bar}{bar}{r_bar}\[aq]], where l_bar=\[aq]{desc}:
+{percentage:3.0f}%|\[aq] and r_bar=\[aq]| {n_fmt}/{total_fmt}
+[{elapsed}<{remaining}, \[aq] \[aq]{rate_fmt}{postfix}]\[aq] Possible
+vars: l_bar, bar, r_bar, n, n_fmt, total, total_fmt, percentage,
+elapsed, elapsed_s, ncols, nrows, desc, unit, rate, rate_fmt,
+rate_noinv, rate_noinv_fmt, rate_inv, rate_inv_fmt, postfix,
+unit_divisor, remaining, remaining_s, eta.
+Note that a trailing ": " is automatically removed after {desc} if the
+latter is empty.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-initial=\f[I]initial\f[]
+int or float, optional.
+The initial counter value.
+Useful when restarting a progress bar [default: 0].
+If using float, consider specifying \f[C]{n:.3f}\f[] or similar in
+\f[C]bar_format\f[], or specifying \f[C]unit_scale\f[].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-position=\f[I]position\f[]
+int, optional.
+Specify the line offset to print this bar (starting from 0) Automatic if
+unspecified.
+Useful to manage multiple bars at once (eg, from threads).
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-postfix=\f[I]postfix\f[]
+dict or *, optional.
+Specify additional stats to display at the end of the bar.
+Calls \f[C]set_postfix(**postfix)\f[] if possible (dict).
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-unit\-divisor=\f[I]unit_divisor\f[]
+float, optional.
+[default: 1000], ignored unless \f[C]unit_scale\f[] is True.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-write\-bytes
+bool, optional.
+Whether to write bytes.
+If (default: False) will write unicode.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-lock\-args=\f[I]lock_args\f[]
+tuple, optional.
+Passed to \f[C]refresh\f[] for intermediate output (initialisation,
+iterating, and updating).
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-nrows=\f[I]nrows\f[]
+int, optional.
+The screen height.
+If specified, hides nested bars outside this bound.
+If unspecified, attempts to use environment height.
+The fallback is 20.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-colour=\f[I]colour\f[]
+str, optional.
+Bar colour (e.g.
+\[aq]green\[aq], \[aq]#00ff00\[aq]).
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-delay=\f[I]delay\f[]
+float, optional.
+Don\[aq]t display until [default: 0] seconds have elapsed.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-delim=\f[I]delim\f[]
+chr, optional.
+Delimiting character [default: \[aq]\\n\[aq]].
+Use \[aq]\\0\[aq] for null.
+N.B.: on Windows systems, Python converts \[aq]\\n\[aq] to
+\[aq]\\r\\n\[aq].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-buf\-size=\f[I]buf_size\f[]
+int, optional.
+String buffer size in bytes [default: 256] used when \f[C]delim\f[] is
+specified.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-bytes
+bool, optional.
+If true, will count bytes, ignore \f[C]delim\f[], and default
+\f[C]unit_scale\f[] to True, \f[C]unit_divisor\f[] to 1024, and
+\f[C]unit\f[] to \[aq]B\[aq].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-tee
+bool, optional.
+If true, passes \f[C]stdin\f[] to both \f[C]stderr\f[] and
+\f[C]stdout\f[].
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-update
+bool, optional.
+If true, will treat input as newly elapsed iterations, i.e.
+numbers to pass to \f[C]update()\f[].
+Note that this is slow (~2e5 it/s) since every input must be decoded as
+a number.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-update\-to
+bool, optional.
+If true, will treat input as total elapsed iterations, i.e.
+numbers to assign to \f[C]self.n\f[].
+Note that this is slow (~2e5 it/s) since every input must be decoded as
+a number.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-null
+bool, optional.
+If true, will discard input (no stdout).
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-manpath=\f[I]manpath\f[]
+str, optional.
+Directory in which to install tqdm man pages.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-comppath=\f[I]comppath\f[]
+str, optional.
+Directory in which to place tqdm completion.
+.RS
+.RE
+.TP
+.B \-\-log=\f[I]log\f[]
+str, optional.
+CRITICAL|FATAL|ERROR|WARN(ING)|[default: \[aq]INFO\[aq]]|DEBUG|NOTSET.
+.RS
+.RE
+.SH AUTHORS
+tqdm developers <https://github.com/tqdm>.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af3ec7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+"""
+General helpers required for `tqdm.std`.
+"""
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from functools import partial, partialmethod, wraps
+from inspect import signature
+# TODO consider using wcswidth third-party package for 0-width characters
+from unicodedata import east_asian_width
+from warnings import warn
+from weakref import proxy
+
+_range, _unich, _unicode, _basestring = range, chr, str, str
+CUR_OS = sys.platform
+IS_WIN = any(CUR_OS.startswith(i) for i in ['win32', 'cygwin'])
+IS_NIX = any(CUR_OS.startswith(i) for i in ['aix', 'linux', 'darwin', 'freebsd'])
+RE_ANSI = re.compile(r"\x1b\[[;\d]*[A-Za-z]")
+
+try:
+    if IS_WIN:
+        import colorama
+    else:
+        raise ImportError
+except ImportError:
+    colorama = None
+else:
+    try:
+        colorama.init(strip=False)
+    except TypeError:
+        colorama.init()
+
+
+def envwrap(prefix, types=None, is_method=False):
+    """
+    Override parameter defaults via `os.environ[prefix + param_name]`.
+    Maps UPPER_CASE env vars map to lower_case param names.
+    camelCase isn't supported (because Windows ignores case).
+
+    Precedence (highest first):
+
+    - call (`foo(a=3)`)
+    - environ (`FOO_A=2`)
+    - signature (`def foo(a=1)`)
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    prefix  : str
+        Env var prefix, e.g. "FOO_"
+    types  : dict, optional
+        Fallback mappings `{'param_name': type, ...}` if types cannot be
+        inferred from function signature.
+        Consider using `types=collections.defaultdict(lambda: ast.literal_eval)`.
+    is_method  : bool, optional
+        Whether to use `functools.partialmethod`. If (default: False) use `functools.partial`.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    ```
+    $ cat foo.py
+    from tqdm.utils import envwrap
+    @envwrap("FOO_")
+    def test(a=1, b=2, c=3):
+        print(f"received: a={a}, b={b}, c={c}")
+
+    $ FOO_A=42 FOO_C=1337 python -c 'import foo; foo.test(c=99)'
+    received: a=42, b=2, c=99
+    ```
+    """
+    if types is None:
+        types = {}
+    i = len(prefix)
+    env_overrides = {k[i:].lower(): v for k, v in os.environ.items() if k.startswith(prefix)}
+    part = partialmethod if is_method else partial
+
+    def wrap(func):
+        params = signature(func).parameters
+        # ignore unknown env vars
+        overrides = {k: v for k, v in env_overrides.items() if k in params}
+        # infer overrides' `type`s
+        for k in overrides:
+            param = params[k]
+            if param.annotation is not param.empty:  # typehints
+                for typ in getattr(param.annotation, '__args__', (param.annotation,)):
+                    try:
+                        overrides[k] = typ(overrides[k])
+                    except Exception:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        break
+            elif param.default is not None:  # type of default value
+                overrides[k] = type(param.default)(overrides[k])
+            else:
+                try:  # `types` fallback
+                    overrides[k] = types[k](overrides[k])
+                except KeyError:  # keep unconverted (`str`)
+                    pass
+        return part(func, **overrides)
+    return wrap
+
+
+class FormatReplace(object):
+    """
+    >>> a = FormatReplace('something')
+    >>> f"{a:5d}"
+    'something'
+    """  # NOQA: P102
+    def __init__(self, replace=''):
+        self.replace = replace
+        self.format_called = 0
+
+    def __format__(self, _):
+        self.format_called += 1
+        return self.replace
+
+
+class Comparable(object):
+    """Assumes child has self._comparable attr/@property"""
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self._comparable < other._comparable
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        return (self < other) or (self == other)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._comparable == other._comparable
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        return not self == other
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return not self <= other
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        return not self < other
+
+
+class ObjectWrapper(object):
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self._wrapped, name)
+
+    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
+        return setattr(self._wrapped, name, value)
+
+    def wrapper_getattr(self, name):
+        """Actual `self.getattr` rather than self._wrapped.getattr"""
+        try:
+            return object.__getattr__(self, name)
+        except AttributeError:  # py2
+            return getattr(self, name)
+
+    def wrapper_setattr(self, name, value):
+        """Actual `self.setattr` rather than self._wrapped.setattr"""
+        return object.__setattr__(self, name, value)
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped):
+        """
+        Thin wrapper around a given object
+        """
+        self.wrapper_setattr('_wrapped', wrapped)
+
+
+class SimpleTextIOWrapper(ObjectWrapper):
+    """
+    Change only `.write()` of the wrapped object by encoding the passed
+    value and passing the result to the wrapped object's `.write()` method.
+    """
+    # pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, encoding):
+        super().__init__(wrapped)
+        self.wrapper_setattr('encoding', encoding)
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        """
+        Encode `s` and pass to the wrapped object's `.write()` method.
+        """
+        return self._wrapped.write(s.encode(self.wrapper_getattr('encoding')))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._wrapped == getattr(other, '_wrapped', other)
+
+
+class DisableOnWriteError(ObjectWrapper):
+    """
+    Disable the given `tqdm_instance` upon `write()` or `flush()` errors.
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def disable_on_exception(tqdm_instance, func):
+        """
+        Quietly set `tqdm_instance.miniters=inf` if `func` raises `errno=5`.
+        """
+        tqdm_instance = proxy(tqdm_instance)
+
+        def inner(*args, **kwargs):
+            try:
+                return func(*args, **kwargs)
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno != 5:
+                    raise
+                try:
+                    tqdm_instance.miniters = float('inf')
+                except ReferenceError:
+                    pass
+            except ValueError as e:
+                if 'closed' not in str(e):
+                    raise
+                try:
+                    tqdm_instance.miniters = float('inf')
+                except ReferenceError:
+                    pass
+        return inner
+
+    def __init__(self, wrapped, tqdm_instance):
+        super().__init__(wrapped)
+        if hasattr(wrapped, 'write'):
+            self.wrapper_setattr(
+                'write', self.disable_on_exception(tqdm_instance, wrapped.write))
+        if hasattr(wrapped, 'flush'):
+            self.wrapper_setattr(
+                'flush', self.disable_on_exception(tqdm_instance, wrapped.flush))
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self._wrapped == getattr(other, '_wrapped', other)
+
+
+class CallbackIOWrapper(ObjectWrapper):
+    def __init__(self, callback, stream, method="read"):
+        """
+        Wrap a given `file`-like object's `read()` or `write()` to report
+        lengths to the given `callback`
+        """
+        super().__init__(stream)
+        func = getattr(stream, method)
+        if method == "write":
+            @wraps(func)
+            def write(data, *args, **kwargs):
+                res = func(data, *args, **kwargs)
+                callback(len(data))
+                return res
+            self.wrapper_setattr('write', write)
+        elif method == "read":
+            @wraps(func)
+            def read(*args, **kwargs):
+                data = func(*args, **kwargs)
+                callback(len(data))
+                return data
+            self.wrapper_setattr('read', read)
+        else:
+            raise KeyError("Can only wrap read/write methods")
+
+
+def _is_utf(encoding):
+    try:
+        u'\u2588\u2589'.encode(encoding)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        return False
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            return encoding.lower().startswith('utf-') or ('U8' == encoding)
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def _supports_unicode(fp):
+    try:
+        return _is_utf(fp.encoding)
+    except AttributeError:
+        return False
+
+
+def _is_ascii(s):
+    if isinstance(s, str):
+        for c in s:
+            if ord(c) > 255:
+                return False
+        return True
+    return _supports_unicode(s)
+
+
+def _screen_shape_wrapper():  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Return a function which returns console dimensions (width, height).
+    Supported: linux, osx, windows, cygwin.
+    """
+    _screen_shape = None
+    if IS_WIN:
+        _screen_shape = _screen_shape_windows
+        if _screen_shape is None:
+            _screen_shape = _screen_shape_tput
+    if IS_NIX:
+        _screen_shape = _screen_shape_linux
+    return _screen_shape
+
+
+def _screen_shape_windows(fp):  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        import struct
+        from ctypes import create_string_buffer, windll
+        from sys import stdin, stdout
+
+        io_handle = -12  # assume stderr
+        if fp == stdin:
+            io_handle = -10
+        elif fp == stdout:
+            io_handle = -11
+
+        h = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle(io_handle)
+        csbi = create_string_buffer(22)
+        res = windll.kernel32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(h, csbi)
+        if res:
+            (_bufx, _bufy, _curx, _cury, _wattr, left, top, right, bottom,
+             _maxx, _maxy) = struct.unpack("hhhhHhhhhhh", csbi.raw)
+            return right - left, bottom - top  # +1
+    except Exception:  # nosec
+        pass
+    return None, None
+
+
+def _screen_shape_tput(*_):  # pragma: no cover
+    """cygwin xterm (windows)"""
+    try:
+        import shlex
+        from subprocess import check_call  # nosec
+        return [int(check_call(shlex.split('tput ' + i))) - 1
+                for i in ('cols', 'lines')]
+    except Exception:  # nosec
+        pass
+    return None, None
+
+
+def _screen_shape_linux(fp):  # pragma: no cover
+
+    try:
+        from array import array
+        from fcntl import ioctl
+        from termios import TIOCGWINSZ
+    except ImportError:
+        return None, None
+    else:
+        try:
+            rows, cols = array('h', ioctl(fp, TIOCGWINSZ, '\0' * 8))[:2]
+            return cols, rows
+        except Exception:
+            try:
+                return [int(os.environ[i]) - 1 for i in ("COLUMNS", "LINES")]
+            except (KeyError, ValueError):
+                return None, None
+
+
+def _environ_cols_wrapper():  # pragma: no cover
+    """
+    Return a function which returns console width.
+    Supported: linux, osx, windows, cygwin.
+    """
+    warn("Use `_screen_shape_wrapper()(file)[0]` instead of"
+         " `_environ_cols_wrapper()(file)`", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+    shape = _screen_shape_wrapper()
+    if not shape:
+        return None
+
+    @wraps(shape)
+    def inner(fp):
+        return shape(fp)[0]
+
+    return inner
+
+
+def _term_move_up():  # pragma: no cover
+    return '' if (os.name == 'nt') and (colorama is None) else '\x1b[A'
+
+
+def _text_width(s):
+    return sum(2 if east_asian_width(ch) in 'FW' else 1 for ch in str(s))
+
+
+def disp_len(data):
+    """
+    Returns the real on-screen length of a string which may contain
+    ANSI control codes and wide chars.
+    """
+    return _text_width(RE_ANSI.sub('', data))
+
+
+def disp_trim(data, length):
+    """
+    Trim a string which may contain ANSI control characters.
+    """
+    if len(data) == disp_len(data):
+        return data[:length]
+
+    ansi_present = bool(RE_ANSI.search(data))
+    while disp_len(data) > length:  # carefully delete one char at a time
+        data = data[:-1]
+    if ansi_present and bool(RE_ANSI.search(data)):
+        # assume ANSI reset is required
+        return data if data.endswith("\033[0m") else data + "\033[0m"
+    return data
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11cbaea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/tqdm/version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+"""`tqdm` version detector. Precedence: installed dist, git, 'UNKNOWN'."""
+try:
+    from ._dist_ver import __version__
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from setuptools_scm import get_version
+        __version__ = get_version(root='..', relative_to=__file__)
+    except (ImportError, LookupError):
+        __version__ = "UNKNOWN"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b0732f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: typing_extensions
+Version: 4.13.2
+Summary: Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+
+Keywords: annotations,backport,checker,checking,function,hinting,hints,type,typechecking,typehinting,typehints,typing
+Author-email: "Guido van Rossum, Jukka Lehtosalo, Łukasz Langa, Michael Lee" <levkivskyi@gmail.com>
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+License-Expression: PSF-2.0
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Environment :: Console
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development
+License-File: LICENSE
+Project-URL: Bug Tracker, https://github.com/python/typing_extensions/issues
+Project-URL: Changes, https://github.com/python/typing_extensions/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://typing-extensions.readthedocs.io/
+Project-URL: Home, https://github.com/python/typing_extensions
+Project-URL: Q & A, https://github.com/python/typing/discussions
+Project-URL: Repository, https://github.com/python/typing_extensions
+
+# Typing Extensions
+
+[![Chat at https://gitter.im/python/typing](https://badges.gitter.im/python/typing.svg)](https://gitter.im/python/typing)
+
+[Documentation](https://typing-extensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#) –
+[PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/typing-extensions/)
+
+## Overview
+
+The `typing_extensions` module serves two related purposes:
+
+- Enable use of new type system features on older Python versions. For example,
+  `typing.TypeGuard` is new in Python 3.10, but `typing_extensions` allows
+  users on previous Python versions to use it too.
+- Enable experimentation with new type system PEPs before they are accepted and
+  added to the `typing` module.
+
+`typing_extensions` is treated specially by static type checkers such as
+mypy and pyright. Objects defined in `typing_extensions` are treated the same
+way as equivalent forms in `typing`.
+
+`typing_extensions` uses
+[Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/). The
+major version will be incremented only for backwards-incompatible changes.
+Therefore, it's safe to depend
+on `typing_extensions` like this: `typing_extensions >=x.y, <(x+1)`,
+where `x.y` is the first version that includes all features you need.
+
+## Included items
+
+See [the documentation](https://typing-extensions.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#) for a
+complete listing of module contents.
+
+## Contributing
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/python/typing_extensions/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+for how to contribute to `typing_extensions`.
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3a7002c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+__pycache__/typing_extensions.cpython-312.pyc,,
+typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=3Q3zz7ibkx8jTCcEQi4tw9kRURQwuy3f3_Y7Wc7T6LM,2994
+typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/RECORD,,
+typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=G2gURzTEtmeR8nrdXUJfNiB3VYVxigPQ-bEQujpNiNs,82
+typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=Oy-B_iHRgcSZxZolbI4ZaEVdZonSaaqFNzv7avQdo78,13936
+typing_extensions.py,sha256=o48qcATlT6qQcRLzOvazSjPXHU0nCbw5LShwl0jrtag,172654
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d8b9936d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: flit 3.12.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f26bcf4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions-4.13.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,279 @@
+A. HISTORY OF THE SOFTWARE
+==========================
+
+Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting
+Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl) in the Netherlands
+as a successor of a language called ABC.  Guido remains Python's
+principal author, although it includes many contributions from others.
+
+In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for
+National Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us)
+in Reston, Virginia where he released several versions of the
+software.
+
+In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to
+BeOpen.com to form the BeOpen PythonLabs team.  In October of the same
+year, the PythonLabs team moved to Digital Creations, which became
+Zope Corporation.  In 2001, the Python Software Foundation (PSF, see
+https://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization
+created specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property.
+Zope Corporation was a sponsoring member of the PSF.
+
+All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org for
+the Open Source Definition).  Historically, most, but not all, Python
+releases have also been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes
+the various releases.
+
+    Release         Derived     Year        Owner       GPL-
+                    from                                compatible? (1)
+
+    0.9.0 thru 1.2              1991-1995   CWI         yes
+    1.3 thru 1.5.2  1.2         1995-1999   CNRI        yes
+    1.6             1.5.2       2000        CNRI        no
+    2.0             1.6         2000        BeOpen.com  no
+    1.6.1           1.6         2001        CNRI        yes (2)
+    2.1             2.0+1.6.1   2001        PSF         no
+    2.0.1           2.0+1.6.1   2001        PSF         yes
+    2.1.1           2.1+2.0.1   2001        PSF         yes
+    2.1.2           2.1.1       2002        PSF         yes
+    2.1.3           2.1.2       2002        PSF         yes
+    2.2 and above   2.1.1       2001-now    PSF         yes
+
+Footnotes:
+
+(1) GPL-compatible doesn't mean that we're distributing Python under
+    the GPL.  All Python licenses, unlike the GPL, let you distribute
+    a modified version without making your changes open source.  The
+    GPL-compatible licenses make it possible to combine Python with
+    other software that is released under the GPL; the others don't.
+
+(2) According to Richard Stallman, 1.6.1 is not GPL-compatible,
+    because its license has a choice of law clause.  According to
+    CNRI, however, Stallman's lawyer has told CNRI's lawyer that 1.6.1
+    is "not incompatible" with the GPL.
+
+Thanks to the many outside volunteers who have worked under Guido's
+direction to make these releases possible.
+
+
+B. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR ACCESSING OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON
+===============================================================
+
+Python software and documentation are licensed under the
+Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
+
+Starting with Python 3.8.6, examples, recipes, and other code in
+the documentation are dual licensed under the PSF License Version 2
+and the Zero-Clause BSD license.
+
+Some software incorporated into Python is under different licenses.
+The licenses are listed with code falling under that license.
+
+
+PYTHON SOFTWARE FOUNDATION LICENSE VERSION 2
+--------------------------------------------
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Python Software Foundation
+("PSF"), and the Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and
+otherwise using this software ("Python") in source or binary form and
+its associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, PSF hereby
+grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce,
+analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works,
+distribute, and otherwise use Python alone or in any derivative version,
+provided, however, that PSF's License Agreement and PSF's notice of copyright,
+i.e., "Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
+2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 Python Software Foundation;
+All Rights Reserved" are retained in Python alone or in any derivative version
+prepared by Licensee.
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python.
+
+4. PSF is making Python available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  PSF MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, PSF MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. PSF SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to create any
+relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture between PSF and
+Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant permission to use PSF
+trademarks or trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote
+products or services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By copying, installing or otherwise using Python, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
+
+
+BEOPEN.COM LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 2.0
+-------------------------------------------
+
+BEOPEN PYTHON OPEN SOURCE LICENSE AGREEMENT VERSION 1
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between BeOpen.com ("BeOpen"), having an
+office at 160 Saratoga Avenue, Santa Clara, CA 95051, and the
+Individual or Organization ("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using
+this software in source or binary form and its associated
+documentation ("the Software").
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this BeOpen Python License
+Agreement, BeOpen hereby grants Licensee a non-exclusive,
+royalty-free, world-wide license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform
+and/or display publicly, prepare derivative works, distribute, and
+otherwise use the Software alone or in any derivative version,
+provided, however, that the BeOpen Python License is retained in the
+Software, alone or in any derivative version prepared by Licensee.
+
+3. BeOpen is making the Software available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  BEOPEN MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, BEOPEN MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+4. BEOPEN SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF THE
+SOFTWARE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS
+AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE, OR ANY
+DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+5. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+6. This License Agreement shall be governed by and interpreted in all
+respects by the law of the State of California, excluding conflict of
+law provisions.  Nothing in this License Agreement shall be deemed to
+create any relationship of agency, partnership, or joint venture
+between BeOpen and Licensee.  This License Agreement does not grant
+permission to use BeOpen trademarks or trade names in a trademark
+sense to endorse or promote products or services of Licensee, or any
+third party.  As an exception, the "BeOpen Python" logos available at
+http://www.pythonlabs.com/logos.html may be used according to the
+permissions granted on that web page.
+
+7. By copying, installing or otherwise using the software, Licensee
+agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of this License
+Agreement.
+
+
+CNRI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 1.6.1
+---------------------------------------
+
+1. This LICENSE AGREEMENT is between the Corporation for National
+Research Initiatives, having an office at 1895 Preston White Drive,
+Reston, VA 20191 ("CNRI"), and the Individual or Organization
+("Licensee") accessing and otherwise using Python 1.6.1 software in
+source or binary form and its associated documentation.
+
+2. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License Agreement, CNRI
+hereby grants Licensee a nonexclusive, royalty-free, world-wide
+license to reproduce, analyze, test, perform and/or display publicly,
+prepare derivative works, distribute, and otherwise use Python 1.6.1
+alone or in any derivative version, provided, however, that CNRI's
+License Agreement and CNRI's notice of copyright, i.e., "Copyright (c)
+1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives; All Rights
+Reserved" are retained in Python 1.6.1 alone or in any derivative
+version prepared by Licensee.  Alternately, in lieu of CNRI's License
+Agreement, Licensee may substitute the following text (omitting the
+quotes): "Python 1.6.1 is made available subject to the terms and
+conditions in CNRI's License Agreement.  This Agreement together with
+Python 1.6.1 may be located on the internet using the following
+unique, persistent identifier (known as a handle): 1895.22/1013.  This
+Agreement may also be obtained from a proxy server on the internet
+using the following URL: http://hdl.handle.net/1895.22/1013".
+
+3. In the event Licensee prepares a derivative work that is based on
+or incorporates Python 1.6.1 or any part thereof, and wants to make
+the derivative work available to others as provided herein, then
+Licensee hereby agrees to include in any such work a brief summary of
+the changes made to Python 1.6.1.
+
+4. CNRI is making Python 1.6.1 available to Licensee on an "AS IS"
+basis.  CNRI MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED.  BY WAY OF EXAMPLE, BUT NOT LIMITATION, CNRI MAKES NO AND
+DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS
+FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR THAT THE USE OF PYTHON 1.6.1 WILL NOT
+INFRINGE ANY THIRD PARTY RIGHTS.
+
+5. CNRI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO LICENSEE OR ANY OTHER USERS OF PYTHON
+1.6.1 FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS AS
+A RESULT OF MODIFYING, DISTRIBUTING, OR OTHERWISE USING PYTHON 1.6.1,
+OR ANY DERIVATIVE THEREOF, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY THEREOF.
+
+6. This License Agreement will automatically terminate upon a material
+breach of its terms and conditions.
+
+7. This License Agreement shall be governed by the federal
+intellectual property law of the United States, including without
+limitation the federal copyright law, and, to the extent such
+U.S. federal law does not apply, by the law of the Commonwealth of
+Virginia, excluding Virginia's conflict of law provisions.
+Notwithstanding the foregoing, with regard to derivative works based
+on Python 1.6.1 that incorporate non-separable material that was
+previously distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), the
+law of the Commonwealth of Virginia shall govern this License
+Agreement only as to issues arising under or with respect to
+Paragraphs 4, 5, and 7 of this License Agreement.  Nothing in this
+License Agreement shall be deemed to create any relationship of
+agency, partnership, or joint venture between CNRI and Licensee.  This
+License Agreement does not grant permission to use CNRI trademarks or
+trade name in a trademark sense to endorse or promote products or
+services of Licensee, or any third party.
+
+8. By clicking on the "ACCEPT" button where indicated, or by copying,
+installing or otherwise using Python 1.6.1, Licensee agrees to be
+bound by the terms and conditions of this License Agreement.
+
+        ACCEPT
+
+
+CWI LICENSE AGREEMENT FOR PYTHON 0.9.0 THROUGH 1.2
+--------------------------------------------------
+
+Copyright (c) 1991 - 1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum Amsterdam,
+The Netherlands.  All rights reserved.
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+supporting documentation, and that the name of Stichting Mathematisch
+Centrum or CWI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
+distribution of the software without specific, written prior
+permission.
+
+STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
+FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+ZERO-CLAUSE BSD LICENSE FOR CODE IN THE PYTHON DOCUMENTATION
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
+purpose with or without fee is hereby granted.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
+REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
+INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
+LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR
+OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa89c83e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_extensions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4584 @@
+import abc
+import builtins
+import collections
+import collections.abc
+import contextlib
+import enum
+import functools
+import inspect
+import keyword
+import operator
+import sys
+import types as _types
+import typing
+import warnings
+
+__all__ = [
+    # Super-special typing primitives.
+    'Any',
+    'ClassVar',
+    'Concatenate',
+    'Final',
+    'LiteralString',
+    'ParamSpec',
+    'ParamSpecArgs',
+    'ParamSpecKwargs',
+    'Self',
+    'Type',
+    'TypeVar',
+    'TypeVarTuple',
+    'Unpack',
+
+    # ABCs (from collections.abc).
+    'Awaitable',
+    'AsyncIterator',
+    'AsyncIterable',
+    'Coroutine',
+    'AsyncGenerator',
+    'AsyncContextManager',
+    'Buffer',
+    'ChainMap',
+
+    # Concrete collection types.
+    'ContextManager',
+    'Counter',
+    'Deque',
+    'DefaultDict',
+    'NamedTuple',
+    'OrderedDict',
+    'TypedDict',
+
+    # Structural checks, a.k.a. protocols.
+    'SupportsAbs',
+    'SupportsBytes',
+    'SupportsComplex',
+    'SupportsFloat',
+    'SupportsIndex',
+    'SupportsInt',
+    'SupportsRound',
+
+    # One-off things.
+    'Annotated',
+    'assert_never',
+    'assert_type',
+    'clear_overloads',
+    'dataclass_transform',
+    'deprecated',
+    'Doc',
+    'evaluate_forward_ref',
+    'get_overloads',
+    'final',
+    'Format',
+    'get_annotations',
+    'get_args',
+    'get_origin',
+    'get_original_bases',
+    'get_protocol_members',
+    'get_type_hints',
+    'IntVar',
+    'is_protocol',
+    'is_typeddict',
+    'Literal',
+    'NewType',
+    'overload',
+    'override',
+    'Protocol',
+    'reveal_type',
+    'runtime',
+    'runtime_checkable',
+    'Text',
+    'TypeAlias',
+    'TypeAliasType',
+    'TypeForm',
+    'TypeGuard',
+    'TypeIs',
+    'TYPE_CHECKING',
+    'Never',
+    'NoReturn',
+    'ReadOnly',
+    'Required',
+    'NotRequired',
+    'NoDefault',
+    'NoExtraItems',
+
+    # Pure aliases, have always been in typing
+    'AbstractSet',
+    'AnyStr',
+    'BinaryIO',
+    'Callable',
+    'Collection',
+    'Container',
+    'Dict',
+    'ForwardRef',
+    'FrozenSet',
+    'Generator',
+    'Generic',
+    'Hashable',
+    'IO',
+    'ItemsView',
+    'Iterable',
+    'Iterator',
+    'KeysView',
+    'List',
+    'Mapping',
+    'MappingView',
+    'Match',
+    'MutableMapping',
+    'MutableSequence',
+    'MutableSet',
+    'Optional',
+    'Pattern',
+    'Reversible',
+    'Sequence',
+    'Set',
+    'Sized',
+    'TextIO',
+    'Tuple',
+    'Union',
+    'ValuesView',
+    'cast',
+    'no_type_check',
+    'no_type_check_decorator',
+]
+
+# for backward compatibility
+PEP_560 = True
+GenericMeta = type
+_PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED = sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 0, "beta")
+
+# Added with bpo-45166 to 3.10.1+ and some 3.9 versions
+_FORWARD_REF_HAS_CLASS = "__forward_is_class__" in typing.ForwardRef.__slots__
+
+# The functions below are modified copies of typing internal helpers.
+# They are needed by _ProtocolMeta and they provide support for PEP 646.
+
+
+class _Sentinel:
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<sentinel>"
+
+
+_marker = _Sentinel()
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+        return isinstance(
+            t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias, _types.UnionType)
+        )
+elif sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+        return isinstance(t, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias))
+else:
+    def _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+        return isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias) and not t._special
+
+
+NoReturn = typing.NoReturn
+
+# Some unconstrained type variables.  These are used by the container types.
+# (These are not for export.)
+T = typing.TypeVar('T')  # Any type.
+KT = typing.TypeVar('KT')  # Key type.
+VT = typing.TypeVar('VT')  # Value type.
+T_co = typing.TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)  # Any type covariant containers.
+T_contra = typing.TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)  # Ditto contravariant.
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    from typing import Any
+else:
+
+    class _AnyMeta(type):
+        def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+            if self is Any:
+                raise TypeError("typing_extensions.Any cannot be used with isinstance()")
+            return super().__instancecheck__(obj)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            if self is Any:
+                return "typing_extensions.Any"
+            return super().__repr__()
+
+    class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta):
+        """Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
+        - Any is compatible with every type.
+        - Any assumed to have all methods.
+        - All values assumed to be instances of Any.
+        Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
+        static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
+        checks.
+        """
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            if cls is Any:
+                raise TypeError("Any cannot be instantiated")
+            return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+ClassVar = typing.ClassVar
+
+
+class _ExtensionsSpecialForm(typing._SpecialForm, _root=True):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'typing_extensions.' + self._name
+
+
+Final = typing.Final
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    final = typing.final
+else:
+    # @final exists in 3.8+, but we backport it for all versions
+    # before 3.11 to keep support for the __final__ attribute.
+    # See https://bugs.python.org/issue46342
+    def final(f):
+        """This decorator can be used to indicate to type checkers that
+        the decorated method cannot be overridden, and decorated class
+        cannot be subclassed. For example:
+
+            class Base:
+                @final
+                def done(self) -> None:
+                    ...
+            class Sub(Base):
+                def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
+                    ...
+            @final
+            class Leaf:
+                ...
+            class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
+                ...
+
+        There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
+        sets the ``__final__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object
+        to allow runtime introspection.
+        """
+        try:
+            f.__final__ = True
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+            # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+            # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+            pass
+        return f
+
+
+def IntVar(name):
+    return typing.TypeVar(name)
+
+
+# A Literal bug was fixed in 3.11.0, 3.10.1 and 3.9.8
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 1):
+    Literal = typing.Literal
+else:
+    def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
+        """An internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters"""
+        params = []
+        for p in parameters:
+            if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias):
+                params.extend(p.__args__)
+            else:
+                params.append(p)
+        return tuple(params)
+
+    def _value_and_type_iter(params):
+        for p in params:
+            yield p, type(p)
+
+    class _LiteralGenericAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias):
+                return NotImplemented
+            these_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__))
+            other_args_deduped = set(_value_and_type_iter(other.__args__))
+            return these_args_deduped == other_args_deduped
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash(frozenset(_value_and_type_iter(self.__args__)))
+
+    class _LiteralForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __init__(self, doc: str):
+            self._name = 'Literal'
+            self._doc = self.__doc__ = doc
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+                parameters = (parameters,)
+
+            parameters = _flatten_literal_params(parameters)
+
+            val_type_pairs = list(_value_and_type_iter(parameters))
+            try:
+                deduped_pairs = set(val_type_pairs)
+            except TypeError:
+                # unhashable parameters
+                pass
+            else:
+                # similar logic to typing._deduplicate on Python 3.9+
+                if len(deduped_pairs) < len(val_type_pairs):
+                    new_parameters = []
+                    for pair in val_type_pairs:
+                        if pair in deduped_pairs:
+                            new_parameters.append(pair[0])
+                            deduped_pairs.remove(pair)
+                    assert not deduped_pairs, deduped_pairs
+                    parameters = tuple(new_parameters)
+
+            return _LiteralGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+
+    Literal = _LiteralForm(doc="""\
+                           A type that can be used to indicate to type checkers
+                           that the corresponding value has a value literally equivalent
+                           to the provided parameter. For example:
+
+                               var: Literal[4] = 4
+
+                           The type checker understands that 'var' is literally equal to
+                           the value 4 and no other value.
+
+                           Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. There is no runtime
+                           checking verifying that the parameter is actually a value
+                           instead of a type.""")
+
+
+_overload_dummy = typing._overload_dummy
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "get_overloads"):  # 3.11+
+    overload = typing.overload
+    get_overloads = typing.get_overloads
+    clear_overloads = typing.clear_overloads
+else:
+    # {module: {qualname: {firstlineno: func}}}
+    _overload_registry = collections.defaultdict(
+        functools.partial(collections.defaultdict, dict)
+    )
+
+    def overload(func):
+        """Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
+
+        In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
+        function in a row, each decorated with @overload.  For example:
+
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+
+        In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
+        follow it with an implementation.  The implementation should *not*
+        be decorated with @overload.  For example:
+
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+        def utf8(value):
+            # implementation goes here
+
+        The overloads for a function can be retrieved at runtime using the
+        get_overloads() function.
+        """
+        # classmethod and staticmethod
+        f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+        try:
+            _overload_registry[f.__module__][f.__qualname__][
+                f.__code__.co_firstlineno
+            ] = func
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Not a normal function; ignore.
+            pass
+        return _overload_dummy
+
+    def get_overloads(func):
+        """Return all defined overloads for *func* as a sequence."""
+        # classmethod and staticmethod
+        f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+        if f.__module__ not in _overload_registry:
+            return []
+        mod_dict = _overload_registry[f.__module__]
+        if f.__qualname__ not in mod_dict:
+            return []
+        return list(mod_dict[f.__qualname__].values())
+
+    def clear_overloads():
+        """Clear all overloads in the registry."""
+        _overload_registry.clear()
+
+
+# This is not a real generic class.  Don't use outside annotations.
+Type = typing.Type
+
+# Various ABCs mimicking those in collections.abc.
+# A few are simply re-exported for completeness.
+Awaitable = typing.Awaitable
+Coroutine = typing.Coroutine
+AsyncIterable = typing.AsyncIterable
+AsyncIterator = typing.AsyncIterator
+Deque = typing.Deque
+DefaultDict = typing.DefaultDict
+OrderedDict = typing.OrderedDict
+Counter = typing.Counter
+ChainMap = typing.ChainMap
+Text = typing.Text
+TYPE_CHECKING = typing.TYPE_CHECKING
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 0, "beta"):
+    from typing import AsyncContextManager, AsyncGenerator, ContextManager, Generator
+else:
+    def _is_dunder(attr):
+        return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__')
+
+    # Python <3.9 doesn't have typing._SpecialGenericAlias
+    _special_generic_alias_base = getattr(
+        typing, "_SpecialGenericAlias", typing._GenericAlias
+    )
+
+    class _SpecialGenericAlias(_special_generic_alias_base, _root=True):
+        def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None, defaults=()):
+            if _special_generic_alias_base is typing._GenericAlias:
+                # Python <3.9
+                self.__origin__ = origin
+                self._nparams = nparams
+                super().__init__(origin, nparams, special=True, inst=inst, name=name)
+            else:
+                # Python >= 3.9
+                super().__init__(origin, nparams, inst=inst, name=name)
+            self._defaults = defaults
+
+        def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
+            allowed_attrs = {'_name', '_inst', '_nparams', '_defaults'}
+            if _special_generic_alias_base is typing._GenericAlias:
+                # Python <3.9
+                allowed_attrs.add("__origin__")
+            if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in allowed_attrs:
+                object.__setattr__(self, attr, val)
+            else:
+                setattr(self.__origin__, attr, val)
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __getitem__(self, params):
+            if not isinstance(params, tuple):
+                params = (params,)
+            msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
+            params = tuple(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
+            if (
+                self._defaults
+                and len(params) < self._nparams
+                and len(params) + len(self._defaults) >= self._nparams
+            ):
+                params = (*params, *self._defaults[len(params) - self._nparams:])
+            actual_len = len(params)
+
+            if actual_len != self._nparams:
+                if self._defaults:
+                    expected = f"at least {self._nparams - len(self._defaults)}"
+                else:
+                    expected = str(self._nparams)
+                if not self._nparams:
+                    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Too {'many' if actual_len > self._nparams else 'few'}"
+                    f" arguments for {self};"
+                    f" actual {actual_len}, expected {expected}"
+                )
+            return self.copy_with(params)
+
+    _NoneType = type(None)
+    Generator = _SpecialGenericAlias(
+        collections.abc.Generator, 3, defaults=(_NoneType, _NoneType)
+    )
+    AsyncGenerator = _SpecialGenericAlias(
+        collections.abc.AsyncGenerator, 2, defaults=(_NoneType,)
+    )
+    ContextManager = _SpecialGenericAlias(
+        contextlib.AbstractContextManager,
+        2,
+        name="ContextManager",
+        defaults=(typing.Optional[bool],)
+    )
+    AsyncContextManager = _SpecialGenericAlias(
+        contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager,
+        2,
+        name="AsyncContextManager",
+        defaults=(typing.Optional[bool],)
+    )
+
+
+_PROTO_ALLOWLIST = {
+    'collections.abc': [
+        'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
+        'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible', 'Buffer',
+    ],
+    'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
+    'typing_extensions': ['Buffer'],
+}
+
+
+_EXCLUDED_ATTRS = frozenset(typing.EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES) | {
+    "__match_args__", "__protocol_attrs__", "__non_callable_proto_members__",
+    "__final__",
+}
+
+
+def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
+    attrs = set()
+    for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]:  # without object
+        if base.__name__ in {'Protocol', 'Generic'}:
+            continue
+        annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+        for attr in (*base.__dict__, *annotations):
+            if (not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in _EXCLUDED_ATTRS):
+                attrs.add(attr)
+    return attrs
+
+
+def _caller(depth=2):
+    try:
+        return sys._getframe(depth).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe()
+        return None
+
+
+# `__match_args__` attribute was removed from protocol members in 3.13,
+# we want to backport this change to older Python versions.
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    Protocol = typing.Protocol
+else:
+    def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=3):
+        """Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
+        The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and
+        issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
+        """
+        return _caller(depth) in {'abc', 'functools', None}
+
+    def _no_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if type(self)._is_protocol:
+            raise TypeError('Protocols cannot be instantiated')
+
+    def _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(arg):
+        """Raise TypeError if `arg` is not an instance of `type`
+        in `issubclass(arg, <protocol>)`.
+
+        In most cases, this is verified by type.__subclasscheck__.
+        Checking it again unnecessarily would slow down issubclass() checks,
+        so, we don't perform this check unless we absolutely have to.
+
+        For various error paths, however,
+        we want to ensure that *this* error message is shown to the user
+        where relevant, rather than a typing.py-specific error message.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(arg, type):
+            # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
+            raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
+
+    # Inheriting from typing._ProtocolMeta isn't actually desirable,
+    # but is necessary to allow typing.Protocol and typing_extensions.Protocol
+    # to mix without getting TypeErrors about "metaclass conflict"
+    class _ProtocolMeta(type(typing.Protocol)):
+        # This metaclass is somewhat unfortunate,
+        # but is necessary for several reasons...
+        #
+        # NOTE: DO NOT call super() in any methods in this class
+        # That would call the methods on typing._ProtocolMeta on Python 3.8-3.11
+        # and those are slow
+        def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs):
+            if name == "Protocol" and len(bases) < 2:
+                pass
+            elif {Protocol, typing.Protocol} & set(bases):
+                for base in bases:
+                    if not (
+                        base in {object, typing.Generic, Protocol, typing.Protocol}
+                        or base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST.get(base.__module__, [])
+                        or is_protocol(base)
+                    ):
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            f"Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, "
+                            f"got {base!r}"
+                        )
+            return abc.ABCMeta.__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
+
+        def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            abc.ABCMeta.__init__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+            if getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+                cls.__protocol_attrs__ = _get_protocol_attrs(cls)
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
+            if cls is Protocol:
+                return type.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)
+            if (
+                getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False)
+                and not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
+            ):
+                if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
+                    _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Instance and class checks can only be used with "
+                        "@runtime_checkable protocols"
+                    )
+                if (
+                    # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
+                    cls.__non_callable_proto_members__
+                    and cls.__dict__.get("__subclasshook__") is _proto_hook
+                ):
+                    _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
+                    non_method_attrs = sorted(cls.__non_callable_proto_members__)
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()."
+                        f" Non-method members: {str(non_method_attrs)[1:-1]}."
+                    )
+            return abc.ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)
+
+        def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
+            # We need this method for situations where attributes are
+            # assigned in __init__.
+            if cls is Protocol:
+                return type.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)
+            if not getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+                # i.e., it's a concrete subclass of a protocol
+                return abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)
+
+            if (
+                not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False) and
+                not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
+            ):
+                raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
+                                " @runtime_checkable protocols")
+
+            if abc.ABCMeta.__instancecheck__(cls, instance):
+                return True
+
+            for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+                try:
+                    val = inspect.getattr_static(instance, attr)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    break
+                # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
+                if val is None and attr not in cls.__non_callable_proto_members__:
+                    break
+            else:
+                return True
+
+            return False
+
+        def __eq__(cls, other):
+            # Hack so that typing.Generic.__class_getitem__
+            # treats typing_extensions.Protocol
+            # as equivalent to typing.Protocol
+            if abc.ABCMeta.__eq__(cls, other) is True:
+                return True
+            return cls is Protocol and other is typing.Protocol
+
+        # This has to be defined, or the abc-module cache
+        # complains about classes with this metaclass being unhashable,
+        # if we define only __eq__!
+        def __hash__(cls) -> int:
+            return type.__hash__(cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _proto_hook(cls, other):
+        if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+            for base in other.__mro__:
+                # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
+                if attr in base.__dict__:
+                    if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
+                        return NotImplemented
+                    break
+
+                # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
+                annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+                if (
+                    isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping)
+                    and attr in annotations
+                    and is_protocol(other)
+                ):
+                    break
+            else:
+                return NotImplemented
+        return True
+
+    class Protocol(typing.Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
+        __doc__ = typing.Protocol.__doc__
+        __slots__ = ()
+        _is_protocol = True
+        _is_runtime_protocol = False
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+            # Determine if this is a protocol or a concrete subclass.
+            if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
+                cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
+
+            # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
+            if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
+                cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
+
+            # Prohibit instantiation for protocol classes
+            if cls._is_protocol and cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
+                cls.__init__ = _no_init
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    runtime_checkable = typing.runtime_checkable
+else:
+    def runtime_checkable(cls):
+        """Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol.
+
+        Such protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass().
+        Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class.
+        This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to
+        one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable.
+
+        For example::
+
+            @runtime_checkable
+            class Closable(Protocol):
+                def close(self): ...
+
+            assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable)
+
+        Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods,
+        not their type signatures!
+        """
+        if not issubclass(cls, typing.Generic) or not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False):
+            raise TypeError(f'@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
+                            f' got {cls!r}')
+        cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
+
+        # typing.Protocol classes on <=3.11 break if we execute this block,
+        # because typing.Protocol classes on <=3.11 don't have a
+        # `__protocol_attrs__` attribute, and this block relies on the
+        # `__protocol_attrs__` attribute. Meanwhile, typing.Protocol classes on 3.12.2+
+        # break if we *don't* execute this block, because *they* assume that all
+        # protocol classes have a `__non_callable_proto_members__` attribute
+        # (which this block sets)
+        if isinstance(cls, _ProtocolMeta) or sys.version_info >= (3, 12, 2):
+            # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass()
+            # with protocols that have non-method members.
+            # See gh-113320 for why we compute this attribute here,
+            # rather than in `_ProtocolMeta.__init__`
+            cls.__non_callable_proto_members__ = set()
+            for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+                try:
+                    is_callable = callable(getattr(cls, attr, None))
+                except Exception as e:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Failed to determine whether protocol member {attr!r} "
+                        "is a method member"
+                    ) from e
+                else:
+                    if not is_callable:
+                        cls.__non_callable_proto_members__.add(attr)
+
+        return cls
+
+
+# The "runtime" alias exists for backwards compatibility.
+runtime = runtime_checkable
+
+
+# Our version of runtime-checkable protocols is faster on Python 3.8-3.11
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    SupportsInt = typing.SupportsInt
+    SupportsFloat = typing.SupportsFloat
+    SupportsComplex = typing.SupportsComplex
+    SupportsBytes = typing.SupportsBytes
+    SupportsIndex = typing.SupportsIndex
+    SupportsAbs = typing.SupportsAbs
+    SupportsRound = typing.SupportsRound
+else:
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsInt(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __int__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __int__(self) -> int:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsFloat(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __float__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __float__(self) -> float:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsComplex(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __complex__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __complex__(self) -> complex:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsBytes(Protocol):
+        """An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __index__(self) -> int:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsAbs(Protocol[T_co]):
+        """
+        An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type.
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __abs__(self) -> T_co:
+            pass
+
+    @runtime_checkable
+    class SupportsRound(Protocol[T_co]):
+        """
+        An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type.
+        """
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        @abc.abstractmethod
+        def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T_co:
+            pass
+
+
+def _ensure_subclassable(mro_entries):
+    def inner(func):
+        if sys.implementation.name == "pypy" and sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+            cls_dict = {
+                "__call__": staticmethod(func),
+                "__mro_entries__": staticmethod(mro_entries)
+            }
+            t = type(func.__name__, (), cls_dict)
+            return functools.update_wrapper(t(), func)
+        else:
+            func.__mro_entries__ = mro_entries
+            return func
+    return inner
+
+
+_NEEDS_SINGLETONMETA = (
+    not hasattr(typing, "NoDefault") or not hasattr(typing, "NoExtraItems")
+)
+
+if _NEEDS_SINGLETONMETA:
+    class SingletonMeta(type):
+        def __setattr__(cls, attr, value):
+            # TypeError is consistent with the behavior of NoneType
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"cannot set {attr!r} attribute of immutable type {cls.__name__!r}"
+            )
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "NoDefault"):
+    NoDefault = typing.NoDefault
+else:
+    class NoDefaultType(metaclass=SingletonMeta):
+        """The type of the NoDefault singleton."""
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls):
+            return globals().get("NoDefault") or object.__new__(cls)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return "typing_extensions.NoDefault"
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return "NoDefault"
+
+    NoDefault = NoDefaultType()
+    del NoDefaultType
+
+if hasattr(typing, "NoExtraItems"):
+    NoExtraItems = typing.NoExtraItems
+else:
+    class NoExtraItemsType(metaclass=SingletonMeta):
+        """The type of the NoExtraItems singleton."""
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls):
+            return globals().get("NoExtraItems") or object.__new__(cls)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return "typing_extensions.NoExtraItems"
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return "NoExtraItems"
+
+    NoExtraItems = NoExtraItemsType()
+    del NoExtraItemsType
+
+if _NEEDS_SINGLETONMETA:
+    del SingletonMeta
+
+
+# Update this to something like >=3.13.0b1 if and when
+# PEP 728 is implemented in CPython
+_PEP_728_IMPLEMENTED = False
+
+if _PEP_728_IMPLEMENTED:
+    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.8 does not store runtime information
+    # about which (if any) keys are optional.  See https://bugs.python.org/issue38834
+    # The standard library TypedDict in Python 3.9.0/1 does not honour the "total"
+    # keyword with old-style TypedDict().  See https://bugs.python.org/issue42059
+    # The standard library TypedDict below Python 3.11 does not store runtime
+    # information about optional and required keys when using Required or NotRequired.
+    # Generic TypedDicts are also impossible using typing.TypedDict on Python <3.11.
+    # Aaaand on 3.12 we add __orig_bases__ to TypedDict
+    # to enable better runtime introspection.
+    # On 3.13 we deprecate some odd ways of creating TypedDicts.
+    # Also on 3.13, PEP 705 adds the ReadOnly[] qualifier.
+    # PEP 728 (still pending) makes more changes.
+    TypedDict = typing.TypedDict
+    _TypedDictMeta = typing._TypedDictMeta
+    is_typeddict = typing.is_typeddict
+else:
+    # 3.10.0 and later
+    _TAKES_MODULE = "module" in inspect.signature(typing._type_check).parameters
+
+    def _get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type):
+        while True:
+            annotation_origin = get_origin(annotation_type)
+            if annotation_origin is Annotated:
+                annotation_args = get_args(annotation_type)
+                if annotation_args:
+                    annotation_type = annotation_args[0]
+                else:
+                    break
+            elif annotation_origin is Required:
+                yield Required
+                annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type)
+            elif annotation_origin is NotRequired:
+                yield NotRequired
+                annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type)
+            elif annotation_origin is ReadOnly:
+                yield ReadOnly
+                annotation_type, = get_args(annotation_type)
+            else:
+                break
+
+    class _TypedDictMeta(type):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, *, total=True, closed=None,
+                    extra_items=NoExtraItems):
+            """Create new typed dict class object.
+
+            This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed,
+            or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
+            TypedDict supports all three syntax forms described in its docstring.
+            Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries.
+            """
+            for base in bases:
+                if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta and base is not typing.Generic:
+                    raise TypeError('cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type '
+                                    'and a non-TypedDict base class')
+            if closed is not None and extra_items is not NoExtraItems:
+                raise TypeError(f"Cannot combine closed={closed!r} and extra_items")
+
+            if any(issubclass(b, typing.Generic) for b in bases):
+                generic_base = (typing.Generic,)
+            else:
+                generic_base = ()
+
+            # typing.py generally doesn't let you inherit from plain Generic, unless
+            # the name of the class happens to be "Protocol"
+            tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, "Protocol", (*generic_base, dict), ns)
+            tp_dict.__name__ = name
+            if tp_dict.__qualname__ == "Protocol":
+                tp_dict.__qualname__ = name
+
+            if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__orig_bases__'):
+                tp_dict.__orig_bases__ = bases
+
+            annotations = {}
+            if "__annotations__" in ns:
+                own_annotations = ns["__annotations__"]
+            elif "__annotate__" in ns:
+                # TODO: Use inspect.VALUE here, and make the annotations lazily evaluated
+                own_annotations = ns["__annotate__"](1)
+            else:
+                own_annotations = {}
+            msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
+            if _TAKES_MODULE:
+                own_annotations = {
+                    n: typing._type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__)
+                    for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
+                }
+            else:
+                own_annotations = {
+                    n: typing._type_check(tp, msg)
+                    for n, tp in own_annotations.items()
+                }
+            required_keys = set()
+            optional_keys = set()
+            readonly_keys = set()
+            mutable_keys = set()
+            extra_items_type = extra_items
+
+            for base in bases:
+                base_dict = base.__dict__
+
+                annotations.update(base_dict.get('__annotations__', {}))
+                required_keys.update(base_dict.get('__required_keys__', ()))
+                optional_keys.update(base_dict.get('__optional_keys__', ()))
+                readonly_keys.update(base_dict.get('__readonly_keys__', ()))
+                mutable_keys.update(base_dict.get('__mutable_keys__', ()))
+
+            # This was specified in an earlier version of PEP 728. Support
+            # is retained for backwards compatibility, but only for Python
+            # 3.13 and lower.
+            if (closed and sys.version_info < (3, 14)
+                       and "__extra_items__" in own_annotations):
+                annotation_type = own_annotations.pop("__extra_items__")
+                qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type))
+                if Required in qualifiers:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Special key __extra_items__ does not support "
+                        "Required"
+                    )
+                if NotRequired in qualifiers:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Special key __extra_items__ does not support "
+                        "NotRequired"
+                    )
+                extra_items_type = annotation_type
+
+            annotations.update(own_annotations)
+            for annotation_key, annotation_type in own_annotations.items():
+                qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type))
+
+                if Required in qualifiers:
+                    required_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                elif NotRequired in qualifiers:
+                    optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                elif total:
+                    required_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                else:
+                    optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                if ReadOnly in qualifiers:
+                    mutable_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+                    readonly_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                else:
+                    mutable_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                    readonly_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+
+            tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations
+            tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
+            tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
+            tp_dict.__readonly_keys__ = frozenset(readonly_keys)
+            tp_dict.__mutable_keys__ = frozenset(mutable_keys)
+            tp_dict.__total__ = total
+            tp_dict.__closed__ = closed
+            tp_dict.__extra_items__ = extra_items_type
+            return tp_dict
+
+        __call__ = dict  # static method
+
+        def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
+            # Typed dicts are only for static structural subtyping.
+            raise TypeError('TypedDict does not support instance and class checks')
+
+        __instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__
+
+    _TypedDict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, 'TypedDict', (), {})
+
+    @_ensure_subclassable(lambda bases: (_TypedDict,))
+    def TypedDict(
+        typename,
+        fields=_marker,
+        /,
+        *,
+        total=True,
+        closed=None,
+        extra_items=NoExtraItems,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
+        """A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
+
+        TypedDict creates a dictionary type such that a type checker will expect all
+        instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is
+        associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
+        is not checked at runtime.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            class Point2D(TypedDict):
+                x: int
+                y: int
+                label: str
+
+            a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'}  # OK
+            b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'}           # Fails type check
+
+            assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
+
+        The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
+        the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
+        TypedDict supports an additional equivalent form::
+
+            Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
+
+        By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
+        to override this by specifying totality::
+
+            class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
+                x: int
+                y: int
+
+        This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type
+        checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
+        the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
+        class body be required.
+
+        The Required and NotRequired special forms can also be used to mark
+        individual keys as being required or not required::
+
+            class Point2D(TypedDict):
+                x: int  # the "x" key must always be present (Required is the default)
+                y: NotRequired[int]  # the "y" key can be omitted
+
+        See PEP 655 for more details on Required and NotRequired.
+        """
+        if fields is _marker or fields is None:
+            if fields is _marker:
+                deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+            else:
+                deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+
+            example = f"`{typename} = TypedDict({typename!r}, {{}})`"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                f"{deprecated_thing} is deprecated and will be disallowed in "
+                "Python 3.15. To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields "
+                "using the functional syntax, pass an empty dictionary, e.g. "
+            ) + example + "."
+            warnings.warn(deprecation_msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            # Support a field called "closed"
+            if closed is not False and closed is not True and closed is not None:
+                kwargs["closed"] = closed
+                closed = None
+            # Or "extra_items"
+            if extra_items is not NoExtraItems:
+                kwargs["extra_items"] = extra_items
+                extra_items = NoExtraItems
+            fields = kwargs
+        elif kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments,"
+                            " but not both")
+        if kwargs:
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+                raise TypeError("TypedDict takes no keyword arguments")
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The kwargs-based syntax for TypedDict definitions is deprecated "
+                "in Python 3.11, will be removed in Python 3.13, and may not be "
+                "understood by third-party type checkers.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)}
+        module = _caller()
+        if module is not None:
+            # Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
+            ns['__module__'] = module
+
+        td = _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total, closed=closed,
+                            extra_items=extra_items)
+        td.__orig_bases__ = (TypedDict,)
+        return td
+
+    if hasattr(typing, "_TypedDictMeta"):
+        _TYPEDDICT_TYPES = (typing._TypedDictMeta, _TypedDictMeta)
+    else:
+        _TYPEDDICT_TYPES = (_TypedDictMeta,)
+
+    def is_typeddict(tp):
+        """Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class
+
+        For example::
+            class Film(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: int
+
+            is_typeddict(Film)  # => True
+            is_typeddict(Union[list, str])  # => False
+        """
+        # On 3.8, this would otherwise return True
+        if hasattr(typing, "TypedDict") and tp is typing.TypedDict:
+            return False
+        return isinstance(tp, _TYPEDDICT_TYPES)
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "assert_type"):
+    assert_type = typing.assert_type
+
+else:
+    def assert_type(val, typ, /):
+        """Assert (to the type checker) that the value is of the given type.
+
+        When the type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it
+        emits an error if the value is not of the specified type::
+
+            def greet(name: str) -> None:
+                assert_type(name, str)  # ok
+                assert_type(name, int)  # type checker error
+
+        At runtime this returns the first argument unchanged and otherwise
+        does nothing.
+        """
+        return val
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "ReadOnly"):  # 3.13+
+    get_type_hints = typing.get_type_hints
+else:  # <=3.13
+    # replaces _strip_annotations()
+    def _strip_extras(t):
+        """Strips Annotated, Required and NotRequired from a given type."""
+        if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return _strip_extras(t.__origin__)
+        if hasattr(t, "__origin__") and t.__origin__ in (Required, NotRequired, ReadOnly):
+            return _strip_extras(t.__args__[0])
+        if isinstance(t, typing._GenericAlias):
+            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
+            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+                return t
+            return t.copy_with(stripped_args)
+        if hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias") and isinstance(t, _types.GenericAlias):
+            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
+            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+                return t
+            return _types.GenericAlias(t.__origin__, stripped_args)
+        if hasattr(_types, "UnionType") and isinstance(t, _types.UnionType):
+            stripped_args = tuple(_strip_extras(a) for a in t.__args__)
+            if stripped_args == t.__args__:
+                return t
+            return functools.reduce(operator.or_, stripped_args)
+
+        return t
+
+    def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
+        """Return type hints for an object.
+
+        This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
+        forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
+        default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
+        'Annotated[T, ...]', 'Required[T]' or 'NotRequired[T]' with 'T'
+        (unless 'include_extras=True').
+
+        The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
+        are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
+        inherited members.
+
+        TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
+        annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
+        present.
+
+        BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
+        (unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work).  The
+        search order is locals first, then globals.
+
+        - If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
+          globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
+          and these are also used as the locals.  If the object does not appear
+          to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.
+
+        - If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
+          locals.
+
+        - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
+          locals, respectively.
+        """
+        if hasattr(typing, "Annotated"):  # 3.9+
+            hint = typing.get_type_hints(
+                obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns, include_extras=True
+            )
+        else:  # 3.8
+            hint = typing.get_type_hints(obj, globalns=globalns, localns=localns)
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+            _clean_optional(obj, hint, globalns, localns)
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+            # In 3.8 eval_type does not flatten Optional[ForwardRef] correctly
+            # This will recreate and and cache Unions.
+            hint = {
+                k: (t
+                    if get_origin(t) != Union
+                    else Union[t.__args__])
+                for k, t in hint.items()
+            }
+        if include_extras:
+            return hint
+        return {k: _strip_extras(t) for k, t in hint.items()}
+
+    _NoneType = type(None)
+
+    def _could_be_inserted_optional(t):
+        """detects Union[..., None] pattern"""
+        # 3.8+ compatible checking before _UnionGenericAlias
+        if get_origin(t) is not Union:
+            return False
+        # Assume if last argument is not None they are user defined
+        if t.__args__[-1] is not _NoneType:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    # < 3.11
+    def _clean_optional(obj, hints, globalns=None, localns=None):
+        # reverts injected Union[..., None] cases from typing.get_type_hints
+        # when a None default value is used.
+        # see https://github.com/python/typing_extensions/issues/310
+        if not hints or isinstance(obj, type):
+            return
+        defaults = typing._get_defaults(obj)  # avoid accessing __annotations___
+        if not defaults:
+            return
+        original_hints = obj.__annotations__
+        for name, value in hints.items():
+            # Not a Union[..., None] or replacement conditions not fullfilled
+            if (not _could_be_inserted_optional(value)
+                or name not in defaults
+                or defaults[name] is not None
+            ):
+                continue
+            original_value = original_hints[name]
+            # value=NoneType should have caused a skip above but check for safety
+            if original_value is None:
+                original_value = _NoneType
+            # Forward reference
+            if isinstance(original_value, str):
+                if globalns is None:
+                    if isinstance(obj, _types.ModuleType):
+                        globalns = obj.__dict__
+                    else:
+                        nsobj = obj
+                        # Find globalns for the unwrapped object.
+                        while hasattr(nsobj, '__wrapped__'):
+                            nsobj = nsobj.__wrapped__
+                        globalns = getattr(nsobj, '__globals__', {})
+                    if localns is None:
+                        localns = globalns
+                elif localns is None:
+                    localns = globalns
+                if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+                    original_value = ForwardRef(original_value)
+                else:
+                    original_value = ForwardRef(
+                        original_value,
+                        is_argument=not isinstance(obj, _types.ModuleType)
+                    )
+            original_evaluated = typing._eval_type(original_value, globalns, localns)
+            if sys.version_info < (3, 9) and get_origin(original_evaluated) is Union:
+                # Union[str, None, "str"] is not reduced to Union[str, None]
+                original_evaluated = Union[original_evaluated.__args__]
+            # Compare if values differ. Note that even if equal
+            # value might be cached by typing._tp_cache contrary to original_evaluated
+            if original_evaluated != value or (
+                # 3.10: ForwardRefs of UnionType might be turned into _UnionGenericAlias
+                hasattr(_types, "UnionType")
+                and isinstance(original_evaluated, _types.UnionType)
+                and not isinstance(value, _types.UnionType)
+            ):
+                hints[name] = original_evaluated
+
+# Python 3.9+ has PEP 593 (Annotated)
+if hasattr(typing, 'Annotated'):
+    Annotated = typing.Annotated
+    # Not exported and not a public API, but needed for get_origin() and get_args()
+    # to work.
+    _AnnotatedAlias = typing._AnnotatedAlias
+# 3.8
+else:
+    class _AnnotatedAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        """Runtime representation of an annotated type.
+
+        At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
+        with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
+        instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
+        it to types is also the same.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
+            if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
+                metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
+                origin = origin.__origin__
+            super().__init__(origin, origin)
+            self.__metadata__ = metadata
+
+        def copy_with(self, params):
+            assert len(params) == 1
+            new_type = params[0]
+            return _AnnotatedAlias(new_type, self.__metadata__)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return (f"typing_extensions.Annotated[{typing._type_repr(self.__origin__)}, "
+                    f"{', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.__metadata__)}]")
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return operator.getitem, (
+                Annotated, (self.__origin__, *self.__metadata__)
+            )
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, _AnnotatedAlias):
+                return NotImplemented
+            if self.__origin__ != other.__origin__:
+                return False
+            return self.__metadata__ == other.__metadata__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__metadata__))
+
+    class Annotated:
+        """Add context specific metadata to a type.
+
+        Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
+        hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
+        Every other consumer of this type can ignore this metadata and treat
+        this type as int.
+
+        The first argument to Annotated must be a valid type (and will be in
+        the __origin__ field), the remaining arguments are kept as a tuple in
+        the __extra__ field.
+
+        Details:
+
+        - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
+        - Nested Annotated are flattened::
+
+            Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
+
+        - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
+        underlying type::
+
+            Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
+
+        - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
+
+            Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
+            Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
+
+            OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
+            OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
+        """
+
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")
+
+        @typing._tp_cache
+        def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
+            if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
+                raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
+                                "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
+                                "annotation).")
+            allowed_special_forms = (ClassVar, Final)
+            if get_origin(params[0]) in allowed_special_forms:
+                origin = params[0]
+            else:
+                msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
+                origin = typing._type_check(params[0], msg)
+            metadata = tuple(params[1:])
+            return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Cannot subclass {cls.__module__}.Annotated"
+            )
+
+# Python 3.8 has get_origin() and get_args() but those implementations aren't
+# Annotated-aware, so we can't use those. Python 3.9's versions don't support
+# ParamSpecArgs and ParamSpecKwargs, so only Python 3.10's versions will do.
+if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 10):
+    get_origin = typing.get_origin
+    get_args = typing.get_args
+# 3.8-3.9
+else:
+    try:
+        # 3.9+
+        from typing import _BaseGenericAlias
+    except ImportError:
+        _BaseGenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
+    try:
+        # 3.9+
+        from typing import GenericAlias as _typing_GenericAlias
+    except ImportError:
+        _typing_GenericAlias = typing._GenericAlias
+
+    def get_origin(tp):
+        """Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
+
+        This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
+        and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
+
+            get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
+            get_origin(int) is None
+            get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
+            get_origin(Generic) is Generic
+            get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
+            get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
+            get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
+            get_origin(P.args) is P
+        """
+        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return Annotated
+        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, _typing_GenericAlias, _BaseGenericAlias,
+                           ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
+            return tp.__origin__
+        if tp is typing.Generic:
+            return typing.Generic
+        return None
+
+    def get_args(tp):
+        """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
+
+        For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
+        Examples::
+            get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
+            get_args(int) == ()
+            get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
+            get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
+            get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
+        """
+        if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
+            return (tp.__origin__, *tp.__metadata__)
+        if isinstance(tp, (typing._GenericAlias, _typing_GenericAlias)):
+            if getattr(tp, "_special", False):
+                return ()
+            res = tp.__args__
+            if get_origin(tp) is collections.abc.Callable and res[0] is not Ellipsis:
+                res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
+            return res
+        return ()
+
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeAlias'):
+    TypeAlias = typing.TypeAlias
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
+        """Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+        checkers.
+
+        For example::
+
+            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example above.
+        """
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+# 3.8
+else:
+    TypeAlias = _ExtensionsSpecialForm(
+        'TypeAlias',
+        doc="""Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+        be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
+        checkers.
+
+        For example::
+
+            Predicate: TypeAlias = Callable[..., bool]
+
+        It's invalid when used anywhere except as in the example
+        above."""
+    )
+
+
+def _set_default(type_param, default):
+    type_param.has_default = lambda: default is not NoDefault
+    type_param.__default__ = default
+
+
+def _set_module(typevarlike):
+    # for pickling:
+    def_mod = _caller(depth=3)
+    if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+        typevarlike.__module__ = def_mod
+
+
+class _DefaultMixin:
+    """Mixin for TypeVarLike defaults."""
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __init__ = _set_default
+
+
+# Classes using this metaclass must provide a _backported_typevarlike ClassVar
+class _TypeVarLikeMeta(type):
+    def __instancecheck__(cls, __instance: Any) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(__instance, cls._backported_typevarlike)
+
+
+if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
+    from typing import TypeVar
+else:
+    # Add default and infer_variance parameters from PEP 696 and 695
+    class TypeVar(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
+        """Type variable."""
+
+        _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVar
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, *constraints, bound=None,
+                    covariant=False, contravariant=False,
+                    default=NoDefault, infer_variance=False):
+            if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
+                # PEP 695 implemented (3.12+), can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar
+                typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound,
+                                         covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant,
+                                         infer_variance=infer_variance)
+            else:
+                typevar = typing.TypeVar(name, *constraints, bound=bound,
+                                         covariant=covariant, contravariant=contravariant)
+                if infer_variance and (covariant or contravariant):
+                    raise ValueError("Variance cannot be specified with infer_variance.")
+                typevar.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance
+
+            _set_default(typevar, default)
+            _set_module(typevar)
+
+            def _tvar_prepare_subst(alias, args):
+                if (
+                    typevar.has_default()
+                    and alias.__parameters__.index(typevar) == len(args)
+                ):
+                    args += (typevar.__default__,)
+                return args
+
+            typevar.__typing_prepare_subst__ = _tvar_prepare_subst
+            return typevar
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+            raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.TypeVar' is not an acceptable base type")
+
+
+# Python 3.10+ has PEP 612
+if hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpecArgs'):
+    ParamSpecArgs = typing.ParamSpecArgs
+    ParamSpecKwargs = typing.ParamSpecKwargs
+# 3.8-3.9
+else:
+    class _Immutable:
+        """Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
+        __slots__ = ()
+
+        def __copy__(self):
+            return self
+
+        def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
+            return self
+
+    class ParamSpecArgs(_Immutable):
+        """The args for a ParamSpec object.
+
+        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
+
+        ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+
+        P.args.__origin__ is P
+
+        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
+        static type checkers.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin):
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecArgs):
+                return NotImplemented
+            return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+
+    class ParamSpecKwargs(_Immutable):
+        """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
+
+        Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
+
+        ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+
+        P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
+
+        This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
+        static type checkers.
+        """
+        def __init__(self, origin):
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecKwargs):
+                return NotImplemented
+            return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+
+
+if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
+    from typing import ParamSpec
+
+# 3.10+
+elif hasattr(typing, 'ParamSpec'):
+
+    # Add default parameter - PEP 696
+    class ParamSpec(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
+        """Parameter specification."""
+
+        _backported_typevarlike = typing.ParamSpec
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, *, bound=None,
+                    covariant=False, contravariant=False,
+                    infer_variance=False, default=NoDefault):
+            if hasattr(typing, "TypeAliasType"):
+                # PEP 695 implemented, can pass infer_variance to typing.TypeVar
+                paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound,
+                                             covariant=covariant,
+                                             contravariant=contravariant,
+                                             infer_variance=infer_variance)
+            else:
+                paramspec = typing.ParamSpec(name, bound=bound,
+                                             covariant=covariant,
+                                             contravariant=contravariant)
+                paramspec.__infer_variance__ = infer_variance
+
+            _set_default(paramspec, default)
+            _set_module(paramspec)
+
+            def _paramspec_prepare_subst(alias, args):
+                params = alias.__parameters__
+                i = params.index(paramspec)
+                if i == len(args) and paramspec.has_default():
+                    args = [*args, paramspec.__default__]
+                if i >= len(args):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias}")
+                # Special case where Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool] in PEP 612.
+                if len(params) == 1 and not typing._is_param_expr(args[0]):
+                    assert i == 0
+                    args = (args,)
+                # Convert lists to tuples to help other libraries cache the results.
+                elif isinstance(args[i], list):
+                    args = (*args[:i], tuple(args[i]), *args[i + 1:])
+                return args
+
+            paramspec.__typing_prepare_subst__ = _paramspec_prepare_subst
+            return paramspec
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+            raise TypeError(f"type '{__name__}.ParamSpec' is not an acceptable base type")
+
+# 3.8-3.9
+else:
+
+    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
+    class ParamSpec(list, _DefaultMixin):
+        """Parameter specification variable.
+
+        Usage::
+
+           P = ParamSpec('P')
+
+        Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
+        type checkers.  They are used to forward the parameter types of one
+        callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
+        functions and decorators.  They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
+        or s the first argument to ``Callable``. In Python 3.10 and higher,
+        they are also supported in user-defined Generics at runtime.
+        See class Generic for more information on generic types.  An
+        example for annotating a decorator::
+
+           T = TypeVar('T')
+           P = ParamSpec('P')
+
+           def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
+               '''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
+               def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
+                   logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
+                   return f(*args, **kwargs)
+               return inner
+
+           @add_logging
+           def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
+               '''Add two numbers together.'''
+               return x + y
+
+        Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
+        contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
+        generic types.  These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
+        are yet to be decided.  See PEP 612 for details.
+
+        Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
+
+           P.__name__ == 'T'
+           P.__bound__ == None
+           P.__covariant__ == False
+           P.__contravariant__ == False
+
+        Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
+        be pickled.
+        """
+
+        # Trick Generic __parameters__.
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+        @property
+        def args(self):
+            return ParamSpecArgs(self)
+
+        @property
+        def kwargs(self):
+            return ParamSpecKwargs(self)
+
+        def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False,
+                     infer_variance=False, default=NoDefault):
+            list.__init__(self, [self])
+            self.__name__ = name
+            self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
+            self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
+            self.__infer_variance__ = bool(infer_variance)
+            if bound:
+                self.__bound__ = typing._type_check(bound, 'Bound must be a type.')
+            else:
+                self.__bound__ = None
+            _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default)
+
+            # for pickling:
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            if self.__infer_variance__:
+                prefix = ''
+            elif self.__covariant__:
+                prefix = '+'
+            elif self.__contravariant__:
+                prefix = '-'
+            else:
+                prefix = '~'
+            return prefix + self.__name__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return object.__hash__(self)
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self is other
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass.
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+
+# 3.8-3.9
+if not hasattr(typing, 'Concatenate'):
+    # Inherits from list as a workaround for Callable checks in Python < 3.9.2.
+
+    # 3.9.0-1
+    if not hasattr(typing, '_type_convert'):
+        def _type_convert(arg, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):
+            """For converting None to type(None), and strings to ForwardRef."""
+            if arg is None:
+                return type(None)
+            if isinstance(arg, str):
+                if sys.version_info <= (3, 9, 6):
+                    return ForwardRef(arg)
+                if sys.version_info <= (3, 9, 7):
+                    return ForwardRef(arg, module=module)
+                return ForwardRef(arg, module=module, is_class=allow_special_forms)
+            return arg
+    else:
+        _type_convert = typing._type_convert
+
+    class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(list):
+
+        # Trick Generic into looking into this for __parameters__.
+        __class__ = typing._GenericAlias
+
+        # Flag in 3.8.
+        _special = False
+
+        def __init__(self, origin, args):
+            super().__init__(args)
+            self.__origin__ = origin
+            self.__args__ = args
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            _type_repr = typing._type_repr
+            return (f'{_type_repr(self.__origin__)}'
+                    f'[{", ".join(_type_repr(arg) for arg in self.__args__)}]')
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return hash((self.__origin__, self.__args__))
+
+        # Hack to get typing._type_check to pass in Generic.
+        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            pass
+
+        @property
+        def __parameters__(self):
+            return tuple(
+                tp for tp in self.__args__ if isinstance(tp, (typing.TypeVar, ParamSpec))
+            )
+
+        # 3.8; needed for typing._subst_tvars
+        # 3.9 used by __getitem__ below
+        def copy_with(self, params):
+            if isinstance(params[-1], _ConcatenateGenericAlias):
+                params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__)
+            elif isinstance(params[-1], (list, tuple)):
+                return (*params[:-1], *params[-1])
+            elif (not (params[-1] is ... or isinstance(params[-1], ParamSpec))):
+                raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
+                        "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.")
+            return self.__class__(self.__origin__, params)
+
+        # 3.9; accessed during GenericAlias.__getitem__ when substituting
+        def __getitem__(self, args):
+            if self.__origin__ in (Generic, Protocol):
+                # Can't subscript Generic[...] or Protocol[...].
+                raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {self}")
+            if not self.__parameters__:
+                raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
+
+            if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+                args = (args,)
+            args = _unpack_args(*(_type_convert(p) for p in args))
+            params = self.__parameters__
+            for param in params:
+                prepare = getattr(param, "__typing_prepare_subst__", None)
+                if prepare is not None:
+                    args = prepare(self, args)
+                # 3.8 - 3.9 & typing.ParamSpec
+                elif isinstance(param, ParamSpec):
+                    i = params.index(param)
+                    if (
+                        i == len(args)
+                        and getattr(param, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault
+                    ):
+                        args = [*args, param.__default__]
+                    if i >= len(args):
+                        raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {self}")
+                    # Special case for Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool]
+                    if len(params) == 1 and not _is_param_expr(args[0]):
+                        assert i == 0
+                        args = (args,)
+                    elif (
+                        isinstance(args[i], list)
+                        # 3.8 - 3.9
+                        # This class inherits from list do not convert
+                        and not isinstance(args[i], _ConcatenateGenericAlias)
+                    ):
+                        args = (*args[:i], tuple(args[i]), *args[i + 1:])
+
+            alen = len(args)
+            plen = len(params)
+            if alen != plen:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Too {'many' if alen > plen else 'few'} arguments for {self};"
+                    f" actual {alen}, expected {plen}"
+                )
+
+            subst = dict(zip(self.__parameters__, args))
+            # determine new args
+            new_args = []
+            for arg in self.__args__:
+                if isinstance(arg, type):
+                    new_args.append(arg)
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(arg, TypeVar):
+                    arg = subst[arg]
+                    if (
+                        (isinstance(arg, typing._GenericAlias) and _is_unpack(arg))
+                        or (
+                            hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias")
+                            and isinstance(arg, _types.GenericAlias)
+                            and getattr(arg, "__unpacked__", False)
+                        )
+                    ):
+                        raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
+
+                elif isinstance(arg,
+                    typing._GenericAlias
+                    if not hasattr(_types, "GenericAlias") else
+                    (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias)
+                ):
+                    subparams = arg.__parameters__
+                    if subparams:
+                        subargs = tuple(subst[x] for x in subparams)
+                        arg = arg[subargs]
+                new_args.append(arg)
+            return self.copy_with(tuple(new_args))
+
+# 3.10+
+else:
+    _ConcatenateGenericAlias = typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias
+
+    # 3.10
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+
+        class _ConcatenateGenericAlias(typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias, _root=True):
+            # needed for checks in collections.abc.Callable to accept this class
+            __module__ = "typing"
+
+            def copy_with(self, params):
+                if isinstance(params[-1], (list, tuple)):
+                    return (*params[:-1], *params[-1])
+                if isinstance(params[-1], typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias):
+                    params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__)
+                elif not (params[-1] is ... or isinstance(params[-1], ParamSpec)):
+                    raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
+                            "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.")
+                return super(typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias, self).copy_with(params)
+
+            def __getitem__(self, args):
+                value = super().__getitem__(args)
+                if isinstance(value, tuple) and any(_is_unpack(t) for t in value):
+                    return tuple(_unpack_args(*(n for n in value)))
+                return value
+
+
+# 3.8-3.9.2
+class _EllipsisDummy: ...
+
+
+# 3.8-3.10
+def _create_concatenate_alias(origin, parameters):
+    if parameters[-1] is ... and sys.version_info < (3, 9, 2):
+        # Hack: Arguments must be types, replace it with one.
+        parameters = (*parameters[:-1], _EllipsisDummy)
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 3):
+        concatenate = _ConcatenateGenericAlias(origin, parameters,
+                                        _typevar_types=(TypeVar, ParamSpec),
+                                        _paramspec_tvars=True)
+    else:
+        concatenate = _ConcatenateGenericAlias(origin, parameters)
+    if parameters[-1] is not _EllipsisDummy:
+        return concatenate
+    # Remove dummy again
+    concatenate.__args__ = tuple(p if p is not _EllipsisDummy else ...
+                                    for p in concatenate.__args__)
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+        # backport needs __args__ adjustment only
+        return concatenate
+    concatenate.__parameters__ = tuple(p for p in concatenate.__parameters__
+                                        if p is not _EllipsisDummy)
+    return concatenate
+
+
+# 3.8-3.10
+@typing._tp_cache
+def _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters):
+    if parameters == ():
+        raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
+    if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+        parameters = (parameters,)
+    if not (parameters[-1] is ... or isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec)):
+        raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
+                        "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.")
+    msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
+    parameters = (*(typing._type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters[:-1]),
+                    parameters[-1])
+    return _create_concatenate_alias(self, parameters)
+
+
+# 3.11+; Concatenate does not accept ellipsis in 3.10
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    Concatenate = typing.Concatenate
+# 3.9-3.10
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def Concatenate(self, parameters):
+        """Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
+        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
+        callable.
+
+        For example::
+
+           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+        """
+        return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
+# 3.8
+else:
+    class _ConcatenateForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            return _concatenate_getitem(self, parameters)
+
+    Concatenate = _ConcatenateForm(
+        'Concatenate',
+        doc="""Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
+        higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
+        callable.
+
+        For example::
+
+           Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+
+        See PEP 612 for detailed information.
+        """)
+
+# 3.10+
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeGuard'):
+    TypeGuard = typing.TypeGuard
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
+        """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
+                # "isinstance" type guard
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
+                    ...
+                else:
+                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
+                    ...
+
+        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
+        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+# 3.8
+else:
+    class _TypeGuardForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    TypeGuard = _TypeGuardForm(
+        'TypeGuard',
+        doc="""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
+                # "isinstance" type guard
+                if isinstance(val, str):
+                    # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
+                    ...
+                else:
+                    # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
+                    ...
+
+        Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
+        form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
+        type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
+        narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
+        a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+        writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+
+        ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
+        """)
+
+# 3.13+
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeIs'):
+    TypeIs = typing.TypeIs
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def TypeIs(self, parameters):
+        """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type narrower function.  ``TypeIs`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeIs`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeIs[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeIs`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the intersection of the type inside ``TypeIs`` and the argument's
+        previously known type.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_awaitable(val: object) -> TypeIs[Awaitable[Any]]:
+                return hasattr(val, '__await__')
+
+            def f(val: Union[int, Awaitable[int]]) -> int:
+                if is_awaitable(val):
+                    assert_type(val, Awaitable[int])
+                else:
+                    assert_type(val, int)
+
+        ``TypeIs`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 742 (Narrowing types with TypeIs).
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+# 3.8
+else:
+    class _TypeIsForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    TypeIs = _TypeIsForm(
+        'TypeIs',
+        doc="""Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+        type narrower function.  ``TypeIs`` only accepts a single type argument.
+        At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
+
+        ``TypeIs`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+        type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+        program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+        conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+        conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+
+        Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+        as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeIs[...]`` as its
+        return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+
+        Using  ``-> TypeIs`` tells the static type checker that for a given
+        function:
+
+        1. The return value is a boolean.
+        2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+        is the intersection of the type inside ``TypeIs`` and the argument's
+        previously known type.
+
+        For example::
+
+            def is_awaitable(val: object) -> TypeIs[Awaitable[Any]]:
+                return hasattr(val, '__await__')
+
+            def f(val: Union[int, Awaitable[int]]) -> int:
+                if is_awaitable(val):
+                    assert_type(val, Awaitable[int])
+                else:
+                    assert_type(val, int)
+
+        ``TypeIs`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+        PEP 742 (Narrowing types with TypeIs).
+        """)
+
+# 3.14+?
+if hasattr(typing, 'TypeForm'):
+    TypeForm = typing.TypeForm
+# 3.9
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):
+    class _TypeFormForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        # TypeForm(X) is equivalent to X but indicates to the type checker
+        # that the object is a TypeForm.
+        def __call__(self, obj, /):
+            return obj
+
+    @_TypeFormForm
+    def TypeForm(self, parameters):
+        """A special form representing the value that results from the evaluation
+        of a type expression. This value encodes the information supplied in the
+        type expression, and it represents the type described by that type expression.
+
+        When used in a type expression, TypeForm describes a set of type form objects.
+        It accepts a single type argument, which must be a valid type expression.
+        ``TypeForm[T]`` describes the set of all type form objects that represent
+        the type T or types that are assignable to T.
+
+        Usage:
+
+            def cast[T](typ: TypeForm[T], value: Any) -> T: ...
+
+            reveal_type(cast(int, "x"))  # int
+
+        See PEP 747 for more information.
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+# 3.8
+else:
+    class _TypeFormForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+        def __call__(self, obj, /):
+            return obj
+
+    TypeForm = _TypeFormForm(
+        'TypeForm',
+        doc="""A special form representing the value that results from the evaluation
+        of a type expression. This value encodes the information supplied in the
+        type expression, and it represents the type described by that type expression.
+
+        When used in a type expression, TypeForm describes a set of type form objects.
+        It accepts a single type argument, which must be a valid type expression.
+        ``TypeForm[T]`` describes the set of all type form objects that represent
+        the type T or types that are assignable to T.
+
+        Usage:
+
+            def cast[T](typ: TypeForm[T], value: Any) -> T: ...
+
+            reveal_type(cast(int, "x"))  # int
+
+        See PEP 747 for more information.
+        """)
+
+
+# Vendored from cpython typing._SpecialFrom
+class _SpecialForm(typing._Final, _root=True):
+    __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')
+
+    def __init__(self, getitem):
+        self._getitem = getitem
+        self._name = getitem.__name__
+        self.__doc__ = getitem.__doc__
+
+    def __getattr__(self, item):
+        if item in {'__name__', '__qualname__'}:
+            return self._name
+
+        raise AttributeError(item)
+
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot subclass {self!r}")
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'typing_extensions.{self._name}'
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        raise TypeError(f"Cannot instantiate {self!r}")
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return typing.Union[self, other]
+
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return typing.Union[other, self]
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with isinstance()")
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} cannot be used with issubclass()")
+
+    @typing._tp_cache
+    def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+        return self._getitem(self, parameters)
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "LiteralString"):  # 3.11+
+    LiteralString = typing.LiteralString
+else:
+    @_SpecialForm
+    def LiteralString(self, params):
+        """Represents an arbitrary literal string.
+
+        Example::
+
+          from typing_extensions import LiteralString
+
+          def query(sql: LiteralString) -> ...:
+              ...
+
+          query("SELECT * FROM table")  # ok
+          query(f"SELECT * FROM {input()}")  # not ok
+
+        See PEP 675 for details.
+
+        """
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "Self"):  # 3.11+
+    Self = typing.Self
+else:
+    @_SpecialForm
+    def Self(self, params):
+        """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
+
+        Example::
+
+          from typing import Self
+
+          class ReturnsSelf:
+              def parse(self, data: bytes) -> Self:
+                  ...
+                  return self
+
+        """
+
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "Never"):  # 3.11+
+    Never = typing.Never
+else:
+    @_SpecialForm
+    def Never(self, params):
+        """The bottom type, a type that has no members.
+
+        This can be used to define a function that should never be
+        called, or a function that never returns::
+
+            from typing_extensions import Never
+
+            def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
+                pass
+
+            def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+                never_call_me(arg)  # type checker error
+                match arg:
+                    case int():
+                        print("It's an int")
+                    case str():
+                        print("It's a str")
+                    case _:
+                        never_call_me(arg)  # ok, arg is of type Never
+
+        """
+
+        raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, 'Required'):  # 3.11+
+    Required = typing.Required
+    NotRequired = typing.NotRequired
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):  # 3.9-3.10
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def Required(self, parameters):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
+        as required. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+                title: Required[str]
+                year: int
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+
+        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def NotRequired(self, parameters):
+        """A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
+        potentially missing. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: NotRequired[int]
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+else:  # 3.8
+    class _RequiredForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    Required = _RequiredForm(
+        'Required',
+        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a total=False TypedDict
+        as required. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+                title: Required[str]
+                year: int
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+
+        There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+        when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+        """)
+    NotRequired = _RequiredForm(
+        'NotRequired',
+        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as
+        potentially missing. For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: str
+                year: NotRequired[int]
+
+            m = Movie(
+                title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+                year=1999,
+            )
+        """)
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, 'ReadOnly'):
+    ReadOnly = typing.ReadOnly
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):  # 3.9-3.12
+    @_ExtensionsSpecialForm
+    def ReadOnly(self, parameters):
+        """A special typing construct to mark an item of a TypedDict as read-only.
+
+        For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: ReadOnly[str]
+                year: int
+
+            def mutate_movie(m: Movie) -> None:
+                m["year"] = 1992  # allowed
+                m["title"] = "The Matrix"  # typechecker error
+
+        There is no runtime checking for this property.
+        """
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+        return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+else:  # 3.8
+    class _ReadOnlyForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+            return typing._GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    ReadOnly = _ReadOnlyForm(
+        'ReadOnly',
+        doc="""A special typing construct to mark a key of a TypedDict as read-only.
+
+        For example:
+
+            class Movie(TypedDict):
+                title: ReadOnly[str]
+                year: int
+
+            def mutate_movie(m: Movie) -> None:
+                m["year"] = 1992  # allowed
+                m["title"] = "The Matrix"  # typechecker error
+
+        There is no runtime checking for this propery.
+        """)
+
+
+_UNPACK_DOC = """\
+Type unpack operator.
+
+The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type,
+such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'. For
+example:
+
+  # For some generic class `Foo`:
+  Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]]  # Equivalent to Foo[int, str]
+
+  Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+  # Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types.
+  # (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual
+  #  `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the
+  #  `Generic[]`.)
+  class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
+  Bar[int]  # Valid
+  Bar[int, str]  # Also valid
+
+From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator:
+
+    Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
+    class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+
+The operator can also be used along with a `TypedDict` to annotate
+`**kwargs` in a function signature. For instance:
+
+  class Movie(TypedDict):
+    name: str
+    year: int
+
+  # This function expects two keyword arguments - *name* of type `str` and
+  # *year* of type `int`.
+  def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...
+
+Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not
+everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers.
+
+For more information, see PEP 646 and PEP 692.
+"""
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):  # PEP 692 changed the repr of Unpack[]
+    Unpack = typing.Unpack
+
+    def _is_unpack(obj):
+        return get_origin(obj) is Unpack
+
+elif sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 9):  # 3.9+
+    class _UnpackSpecialForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __init__(self, getitem):
+            super().__init__(getitem)
+            self.__doc__ = _UNPACK_DOC
+
+    class _UnpackAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+            # needed for compatibility with Generic[Unpack[Ts]]
+            __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+        @property
+        def __typing_unpacked_tuple_args__(self):
+            assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+            assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+            arg, = self.__args__
+            if isinstance(arg, (typing._GenericAlias, _types.GenericAlias)):
+                if arg.__origin__ is not tuple:
+                    raise TypeError("Unpack[...] must be used with a tuple type")
+                return arg.__args__
+            return None
+
+        @property
+        def __typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__(self):
+            assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+            assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+            return isinstance(self.__args__[0], TypeVarTuple)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, args):
+            if self.__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__:
+                return args
+            return super().__getitem__(args)
+
+    @_UnpackSpecialForm
+    def Unpack(self, parameters):
+        item = typing._type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+        return _UnpackAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    def _is_unpack(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, _UnpackAlias)
+
+else:  # 3.8
+    class _UnpackAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+        @property
+        def __typing_unpacked_tuple_args__(self):
+            assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+            assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+            arg, = self.__args__
+            if isinstance(arg, typing._GenericAlias):
+                if arg.__origin__ is not tuple:
+                    raise TypeError("Unpack[...] must be used with a tuple type")
+                return arg.__args__
+            return None
+
+        @property
+        def __typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__(self):
+            assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+            assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+            return isinstance(self.__args__[0], TypeVarTuple)
+
+        def __getitem__(self, args):
+            if self.__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__:
+                return args
+            return super().__getitem__(args)
+
+    class _UnpackForm(_ExtensionsSpecialForm, _root=True):
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            item = typing._type_check(parameters,
+                                      f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+            return _UnpackAlias(self, (item,))
+
+    Unpack = _UnpackForm('Unpack', doc=_UNPACK_DOC)
+
+    def _is_unpack(obj):
+        return isinstance(obj, _UnpackAlias)
+
+
+def _unpack_args(*args):
+    newargs = []
+    for arg in args:
+        subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
+        if subargs is not None and (not (subargs and subargs[-1] is ...)):
+            newargs.extend(subargs)
+        else:
+            newargs.append(arg)
+    return newargs
+
+
+if _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
+    from typing import TypeVarTuple
+
+elif hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"):  # 3.11+
+
+    # Add default parameter - PEP 696
+    class TypeVarTuple(metaclass=_TypeVarLikeMeta):
+        """Type variable tuple."""
+
+        _backported_typevarlike = typing.TypeVarTuple
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, *, default=NoDefault):
+            tvt = typing.TypeVarTuple(name)
+            _set_default(tvt, default)
+            _set_module(tvt)
+
+            def _typevartuple_prepare_subst(alias, args):
+                params = alias.__parameters__
+                typevartuple_index = params.index(tvt)
+                for param in params[typevartuple_index + 1:]:
+                    if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple):
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            f"More than one TypeVarTuple parameter in {alias}"
+                        )
+
+                alen = len(args)
+                plen = len(params)
+                left = typevartuple_index
+                right = plen - typevartuple_index - 1
+                var_tuple_index = None
+                fillarg = None
+                for k, arg in enumerate(args):
+                    if not isinstance(arg, type):
+                        subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
+                        if subargs and len(subargs) == 2 and subargs[-1] is ...:
+                            if var_tuple_index is not None:
+                                raise TypeError(
+                                    "More than one unpacked "
+                                    "arbitrary-length tuple argument"
+                                )
+                            var_tuple_index = k
+                            fillarg = subargs[0]
+                if var_tuple_index is not None:
+                    left = min(left, var_tuple_index)
+                    right = min(right, alen - var_tuple_index - 1)
+                elif left + right > alen:
+                    raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias};"
+                                    f" actual {alen}, expected at least {plen - 1}")
+                if left == alen - right and tvt.has_default():
+                    replacement = _unpack_args(tvt.__default__)
+                else:
+                    replacement = args[left: alen - right]
+
+                return (
+                    *args[:left],
+                    *([fillarg] * (typevartuple_index - left)),
+                    replacement,
+                    *([fillarg] * (plen - right - left - typevartuple_index - 1)),
+                    *args[alen - right:],
+                )
+
+            tvt.__typing_prepare_subst__ = _typevartuple_prepare_subst
+            return tvt
+
+        def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")
+
+else:  # <=3.10
+    class TypeVarTuple(_DefaultMixin):
+        """Type variable tuple.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        In the same way that a normal type variable is a stand-in for a single
+        type such as ``int``, a type variable *tuple* is a stand-in for a *tuple*
+        type such as ``Tuple[int, str]``.
+
+        Type variable tuples can be used in ``Generic`` declarations.
+        Consider the following example::
+
+            class Array(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+
+        The ``Ts`` type variable tuple here behaves like ``tuple[T1, T2]``,
+        where ``T1`` and ``T2`` are type variables. To use these type variables
+        as type parameters of ``Array``, we must *unpack* the type variable tuple using
+        the star operator: ``*Ts``. The signature of ``Array`` then behaves
+        as if we had simply written ``class Array(Generic[T1, T2]): ...``.
+        In contrast to ``Generic[T1, T2]``, however, ``Generic[*Shape]`` allows
+        us to parameterise the class with an *arbitrary* number of type parameters.
+
+        Type variable tuples can be used anywhere a normal ``TypeVar`` can.
+        This includes class definitions, as shown above, as well as function
+        signatures and variable annotations::
+
+            class Array(Generic[*Ts]):
+
+                def __init__(self, shape: Tuple[*Ts]):
+                    self._shape: Tuple[*Ts] = shape
+
+                def get_shape(self) -> Tuple[*Ts]:
+                    return self._shape
+
+            shape = (Height(480), Width(640))
+            x: Array[Height, Width] = Array(shape)
+            y = abs(x)  # Inferred type is Array[Height, Width]
+            z = x + x   #        ...    is Array[Height, Width]
+            x.get_shape()  #     ...    is tuple[Height, Width]
+
+        """
+
+        # Trick Generic __parameters__.
+        __class__ = typing.TypeVar
+
+        def __iter__(self):
+            yield self.__unpacked__
+
+        def __init__(self, name, *, default=NoDefault):
+            self.__name__ = name
+            _DefaultMixin.__init__(self, default)
+
+            # for pickling:
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+            self.__unpacked__ = Unpack[self]
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        def __hash__(self):
+            return object.__hash__(self)
+
+        def __eq__(self, other):
+            return self is other
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        def __init_subclass__(self, *args, **kwds):
+            if '_root' not in kwds:
+                raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "reveal_type"):  # 3.11+
+    reveal_type = typing.reveal_type
+else:  # <=3.10
+    def reveal_type(obj: T, /) -> T:
+        """Reveal the inferred type of a variable.
+
+        When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``,
+        it will emit the inferred type of the argument::
+
+            x: int = 1
+            reveal_type(x)
+
+        Running a static type checker (e.g., ``mypy``) on this example
+        will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'.
+
+        At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the
+        argument and returns it unchanged.
+
+        """
+        print(f"Runtime type is {type(obj).__name__!r}", file=sys.stderr)
+        return obj
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH"):  # 3.11+
+    _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = typing._ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH
+else:  # <=3.10
+    _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = 100
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "assert_never"):  # 3.11+
+    assert_never = typing.assert_never
+else:  # <=3.10
+    def assert_never(arg: Never, /) -> Never:
+        """Assert to the type checker that a line of code is unreachable.
+
+        Example::
+
+            def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+                match arg:
+                    case int():
+                        print("It's an int")
+                    case str():
+                        print("It's a str")
+                    case _:
+                        assert_never(arg)
+
+        If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is
+        reachable, it will emit an error.
+
+        At runtime, this throws an exception when called.
+
+        """
+        value = repr(arg)
+        if len(value) > _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH:
+            value = value[:_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH] + '...'
+        raise AssertionError(f"Expected code to be unreachable, but got: {value}")
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):  # 3.12+
+    # dataclass_transform exists in 3.11 but lacks the frozen_default parameter
+    dataclass_transform = typing.dataclass_transform
+else:  # <=3.11
+    def dataclass_transform(
+        *,
+        eq_default: bool = True,
+        order_default: bool = False,
+        kw_only_default: bool = False,
+        frozen_default: bool = False,
+        field_specifiers: typing.Tuple[
+            typing.Union[typing.Type[typing.Any], typing.Callable[..., typing.Any]],
+            ...
+        ] = (),
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> typing.Callable[[T], T]:
+        """Decorator that marks a function, class, or metaclass as providing
+        dataclass-like behavior.
+
+        Example:
+
+            from typing_extensions import dataclass_transform
+
+            _T = TypeVar("_T")
+
+            # Used on a decorator function
+            @dataclass_transform()
+            def create_model(cls: type[_T]) -> type[_T]:
+                ...
+                return cls
+
+            @create_model
+            class CustomerModel:
+                id: int
+                name: str
+
+            # Used on a base class
+            @dataclass_transform()
+            class ModelBase: ...
+
+            class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+                id: int
+                name: str
+
+            # Used on a metaclass
+            @dataclass_transform()
+            class ModelMeta(type): ...
+
+            class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...
+
+            class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+                id: int
+                name: str
+
+        Each of the ``CustomerModel`` classes defined in this example will now
+        behave similarly to a dataclass created with the ``@dataclasses.dataclass``
+        decorator. For example, the type checker will synthesize an ``__init__``
+        method.
+
+        The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior:
+        - ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be
+          True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is
+          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is
+          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``frozen_default`` indicates whether the ``frozen`` parameter is
+          assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+        - ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes
+          or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``.
+
+        At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the
+        ``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object.
+
+        See PEP 681 for details.
+
+        """
+        def decorator(cls_or_fn):
+            cls_or_fn.__dataclass_transform__ = {
+                "eq_default": eq_default,
+                "order_default": order_default,
+                "kw_only_default": kw_only_default,
+                "frozen_default": frozen_default,
+                "field_specifiers": field_specifiers,
+                "kwargs": kwargs,
+            }
+            return cls_or_fn
+        return decorator
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "override"):  # 3.12+
+    override = typing.override
+else:  # <=3.11
+    _F = typing.TypeVar("_F", bound=typing.Callable[..., typing.Any])
+
+    def override(arg: _F, /) -> _F:
+        """Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class.
+
+        Usage:
+
+            class Base:
+                def method(self) -> None:
+                    pass
+
+            class Child(Base):
+                @override
+                def method(self) -> None:
+                    super().method()
+
+        When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will
+        validate that it overrides a method with the same name on a base class.
+        This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is changed
+        without an equivalent change to a child class.
+
+        There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
+        sets the ``__override__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object
+        to allow runtime introspection.
+
+        See PEP 698 for details.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            arg.__override__ = True
+        except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+            # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+            # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+            # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+            pass
+        return arg
+
+
+# Python 3.13.3+ contains a fix for the wrapped __new__
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13, 3):
+    deprecated = warnings.deprecated
+else:
+    _T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
+
+    class deprecated:
+        """Indicate that a class, function or overload is deprecated.
+
+        When this decorator is applied to an object, the type checker
+        will generate a diagnostic on usage of the deprecated object.
+
+        Usage:
+
+            @deprecated("Use B instead")
+            class A:
+                pass
+
+            @deprecated("Use g instead")
+            def f():
+                pass
+
+            @overload
+            @deprecated("int support is deprecated")
+            def g(x: int) -> int: ...
+            @overload
+            def g(x: str) -> int: ...
+
+        The warning specified by *category* will be emitted at runtime
+        on use of deprecated objects. For functions, that happens on calls;
+        for classes, on instantiation and on creation of subclasses.
+        If the *category* is ``None``, no warning is emitted at runtime.
+        The *stacklevel* determines where the
+        warning is emitted. If it is ``1`` (the default), the warning
+        is emitted at the direct caller of the deprecated object; if it
+        is higher, it is emitted further up the stack.
+        Static type checker behavior is not affected by the *category*
+        and *stacklevel* arguments.
+
+        The deprecation message passed to the decorator is saved in the
+        ``__deprecated__`` attribute on the decorated object.
+        If applied to an overload, the decorator
+        must be after the ``@overload`` decorator for the attribute to
+        exist on the overload as returned by ``get_overloads()``.
+
+        See PEP 702 for details.
+
+        """
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            message: str,
+            /,
+            *,
+            category: typing.Optional[typing.Type[Warning]] = DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel: int = 1,
+        ) -> None:
+            if not isinstance(message, str):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Expected an object of type str for 'message', not "
+                    f"{type(message).__name__!r}"
+                )
+            self.message = message
+            self.category = category
+            self.stacklevel = stacklevel
+
+        def __call__(self, arg: _T, /) -> _T:
+            # Make sure the inner functions created below don't
+            # retain a reference to self.
+            msg = self.message
+            category = self.category
+            stacklevel = self.stacklevel
+            if category is None:
+                arg.__deprecated__ = msg
+                return arg
+            elif isinstance(arg, type):
+                import functools
+                from types import MethodType
+
+                original_new = arg.__new__
+
+                @functools.wraps(original_new)
+                def __new__(cls, /, *args, **kwargs):
+                    if cls is arg:
+                        warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+                    if original_new is not object.__new__:
+                        return original_new(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+                    # Mirrors a similar check in object.__new__.
+                    elif cls.__init__ is object.__init__ and (args or kwargs):
+                        raise TypeError(f"{cls.__name__}() takes no arguments")
+                    else:
+                        return original_new(cls)
+
+                arg.__new__ = staticmethod(__new__)
+
+                original_init_subclass = arg.__init_subclass__
+                # We need slightly different behavior if __init_subclass__
+                # is a bound method (likely if it was implemented in Python)
+                if isinstance(original_init_subclass, MethodType):
+                    original_init_subclass = original_init_subclass.__func__
+
+                    @functools.wraps(original_init_subclass)
+                    def __init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs):
+                        warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+                        return original_init_subclass(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                    arg.__init_subclass__ = classmethod(__init_subclass__)
+                # Or otherwise, which likely means it's a builtin such as
+                # object's implementation of __init_subclass__.
+                else:
+                    @functools.wraps(original_init_subclass)
+                    def __init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs):
+                        warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+                        return original_init_subclass(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                    arg.__init_subclass__ = __init_subclass__
+
+                arg.__deprecated__ = __new__.__deprecated__ = msg
+                __init_subclass__.__deprecated__ = msg
+                return arg
+            elif callable(arg):
+                import asyncio.coroutines
+                import functools
+                import inspect
+
+                @functools.wraps(arg)
+                def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+                    warnings.warn(msg, category=category, stacklevel=stacklevel + 1)
+                    return arg(*args, **kwargs)
+
+                if asyncio.coroutines.iscoroutinefunction(arg):
+                    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+                        wrapper = inspect.markcoroutinefunction(wrapper)
+                    else:
+                        wrapper._is_coroutine = asyncio.coroutines._is_coroutine
+
+                arg.__deprecated__ = wrapper.__deprecated__ = msg
+                return wrapper
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "@deprecated decorator with non-None category must be applied to "
+                    f"a class or callable, not {arg!r}"
+                )
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+    def _is_param_expr(arg):
+        return arg is ... or isinstance(
+            arg, (tuple, list, ParamSpec, _ConcatenateGenericAlias)
+        )
+else:
+    def _is_param_expr(arg):
+        return arg is ... or isinstance(
+            arg,
+            (
+                tuple,
+                list,
+                ParamSpec,
+                _ConcatenateGenericAlias,
+                typing._ConcatenateGenericAlias,
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+# We have to do some monkey patching to deal with the dual nature of
+# Unpack/TypeVarTuple:
+# - We want Unpack to be a kind of TypeVar so it gets accepted in
+#   Generic[Unpack[Ts]]
+# - We want it to *not* be treated as a TypeVar for the purposes of
+#   counting generic parameters, so that when we subscript a generic,
+#   the runtime doesn't try to substitute the Unpack with the subscripted type.
+if not hasattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple"):
+    def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen=_marker):
+        """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
+
+        This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
+        """
+        # If substituting a single ParamSpec with multiple arguments
+        # we do not check the count
+        if (inspect.isclass(cls) and issubclass(cls, typing.Generic)
+            and len(cls.__parameters__) == 1
+            and isinstance(cls.__parameters__[0], ParamSpec)
+            and parameters
+            and not _is_param_expr(parameters[0])
+        ):
+            # Generic modifies parameters variable, but here we cannot do this
+            return
+
+        if not elen:
+            raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
+        if elen is _marker:
+            if not hasattr(cls, "__parameters__") or not cls.__parameters__:
+                raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
+            elen = len(cls.__parameters__)
+        alen = len(parameters)
+        if alen != elen:
+            expect_val = elen
+            if hasattr(cls, "__parameters__"):
+                parameters = [p for p in cls.__parameters__ if not _is_unpack(p)]
+                num_tv_tuples = sum(isinstance(p, TypeVarTuple) for p in parameters)
+                if (num_tv_tuples > 0) and (alen >= elen - num_tv_tuples):
+                    return
+
+                # deal with TypeVarLike defaults
+                # required TypeVarLikes cannot appear after a defaulted one.
+                if alen < elen:
+                    # since we validate TypeVarLike default in _collect_type_vars
+                    # or _collect_parameters we can safely check parameters[alen]
+                    if (
+                        getattr(parameters[alen], '__default__', NoDefault)
+                        is not NoDefault
+                    ):
+                        return
+
+                    num_default_tv = sum(getattr(p, '__default__', NoDefault)
+                                         is not NoDefault for p in parameters)
+
+                    elen -= num_default_tv
+
+                    expect_val = f"at least {elen}"
+
+            things = "arguments" if sys.version_info >= (3, 10) else "parameters"
+            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} {things}"
+                            f" for {cls}; actual {alen}, expected {expect_val}")
+else:
+    # Python 3.11+
+
+    def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen):
+        """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
+
+        This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
+        """
+        if not elen:
+            raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
+        alen = len(parameters)
+        if alen != elen:
+            expect_val = elen
+            if hasattr(cls, "__parameters__"):
+                parameters = [p for p in cls.__parameters__ if not _is_unpack(p)]
+
+                # deal with TypeVarLike defaults
+                # required TypeVarLikes cannot appear after a defaulted one.
+                if alen < elen:
+                    # since we validate TypeVarLike default in _collect_type_vars
+                    # or _collect_parameters we can safely check parameters[alen]
+                    if (
+                        getattr(parameters[alen], '__default__', NoDefault)
+                        is not NoDefault
+                    ):
+                        return
+
+                    num_default_tv = sum(getattr(p, '__default__', NoDefault)
+                                         is not NoDefault for p in parameters)
+
+                    elen -= num_default_tv
+
+                    expect_val = f"at least {elen}"
+
+            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} arguments"
+                            f" for {cls}; actual {alen}, expected {expect_val}")
+
+if not _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
+    typing._check_generic = _check_generic
+
+
+def _has_generic_or_protocol_as_origin() -> bool:
+    try:
+        frame = sys._getframe(2)
+    # - Catch AttributeError: not all Python implementations have sys._getframe()
+    # - Catch ValueError: maybe we're called from an unexpected module
+    #   and the call stack isn't deep enough
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        return False  # err on the side of leniency
+    else:
+        # If we somehow get invoked from outside typing.py,
+        # also err on the side of leniency
+        if frame.f_globals.get("__name__") != "typing":
+            return False
+        origin = frame.f_locals.get("origin")
+        # Cannot use "in" because origin may be an object with a buggy __eq__ that
+        # throws an error.
+        return origin is typing.Generic or origin is Protocol or origin is typing.Protocol
+
+
+_TYPEVARTUPLE_TYPES = {TypeVarTuple, getattr(typing, "TypeVarTuple", None)}
+
+
+def _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x) -> bool:
+    if get_origin(x) is not Unpack:
+        return False
+    args = get_args(x)
+    return (
+        bool(args)
+        and len(args) == 1
+        and type(args[0]) in _TYPEVARTUPLE_TYPES
+    )
+
+
+# Python 3.11+ _collect_type_vars was renamed to _collect_parameters
+if hasattr(typing, '_collect_type_vars'):
+    def _collect_type_vars(types, typevar_types=None):
+        """Collect all type variable contained in types in order of
+        first appearance (lexicographic order). For example::
+
+            _collect_type_vars((T, List[S, T])) == (T, S)
+        """
+        if typevar_types is None:
+            typevar_types = typing.TypeVar
+        tvars = []
+
+        # A required TypeVarLike cannot appear after a TypeVarLike with a default
+        # if it was a direct call to `Generic[]` or `Protocol[]`
+        enforce_default_ordering = _has_generic_or_protocol_as_origin()
+        default_encountered = False
+
+        # Also, a TypeVarLike with a default cannot appear after a TypeVarTuple
+        type_var_tuple_encountered = False
+
+        for t in types:
+            if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(t):
+                type_var_tuple_encountered = True
+            elif (
+                isinstance(t, typevar_types) and not isinstance(t, _UnpackAlias)
+                and t not in tvars
+            ):
+                if enforce_default_ordering:
+                    has_default = getattr(t, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault
+                    if has_default:
+                        if type_var_tuple_encountered:
+                            raise TypeError('Type parameter with a default'
+                                            ' follows TypeVarTuple')
+                        default_encountered = True
+                    elif default_encountered:
+                        raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default'
+                                        ' follows type parameter with a default')
+
+                tvars.append(t)
+            if _should_collect_from_parameters(t):
+                tvars.extend([t for t in t.__parameters__ if t not in tvars])
+            elif isinstance(t, tuple):
+                # Collect nested type_vars
+                # tuple wrapped by  _prepare_paramspec_params(cls, params)
+                for x in t:
+                    for collected in _collect_type_vars([x]):
+                        if collected not in tvars:
+                            tvars.append(collected)
+        return tuple(tvars)
+
+    typing._collect_type_vars = _collect_type_vars
+else:
+    def _collect_parameters(args):
+        """Collect all type variables and parameter specifications in args
+        in order of first appearance (lexicographic order).
+
+        For example::
+
+            assert _collect_parameters((T, Callable[P, T])) == (T, P)
+        """
+        parameters = []
+
+        # A required TypeVarLike cannot appear after a TypeVarLike with default
+        # if it was a direct call to `Generic[]` or `Protocol[]`
+        enforce_default_ordering = _has_generic_or_protocol_as_origin()
+        default_encountered = False
+
+        # Also, a TypeVarLike with a default cannot appear after a TypeVarTuple
+        type_var_tuple_encountered = False
+
+        for t in args:
+            if isinstance(t, type):
+                # We don't want __parameters__ descriptor of a bare Python class.
+                pass
+            elif isinstance(t, tuple):
+                # `t` might be a tuple, when `ParamSpec` is substituted with
+                # `[T, int]`, or `[int, *Ts]`, etc.
+                for x in t:
+                    for collected in _collect_parameters([x]):
+                        if collected not in parameters:
+                            parameters.append(collected)
+            elif hasattr(t, '__typing_subst__'):
+                if t not in parameters:
+                    if enforce_default_ordering:
+                        has_default = (
+                            getattr(t, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault
+                        )
+
+                        if type_var_tuple_encountered and has_default:
+                            raise TypeError('Type parameter with a default'
+                                            ' follows TypeVarTuple')
+
+                        if has_default:
+                            default_encountered = True
+                        elif default_encountered:
+                            raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default'
+                                            ' follows type parameter with a default')
+
+                    parameters.append(t)
+            else:
+                if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(t):
+                    type_var_tuple_encountered = True
+                for x in getattr(t, '__parameters__', ()):
+                    if x not in parameters:
+                        parameters.append(x)
+
+        return tuple(parameters)
+
+    if not _PEP_696_IMPLEMENTED:
+        typing._collect_parameters = _collect_parameters
+
+# Backport typing.NamedTuple as it exists in Python 3.13.
+# In 3.11, the ability to define generic `NamedTuple`s was supported.
+# This was explicitly disallowed in 3.9-3.10, and only half-worked in <=3.8.
+# On 3.12, we added __orig_bases__ to call-based NamedTuples
+# On 3.13, we deprecated kwargs-based NamedTuples
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    NamedTuple = typing.NamedTuple
+else:
+    def _make_nmtuple(name, types, module, defaults=()):
+        fields = [n for n, t in types]
+        annotations = {n: typing._type_check(t, f"field {n} annotation must be a type")
+                       for n, t in types}
+        nm_tpl = collections.namedtuple(name, fields,
+                                        defaults=defaults, module=module)
+        nm_tpl.__annotations__ = nm_tpl.__new__.__annotations__ = annotations
+        # The `_field_types` attribute was removed in 3.9;
+        # in earlier versions, it is the same as the `__annotations__` attribute
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+            nm_tpl._field_types = annotations
+        return nm_tpl
+
+    _prohibited_namedtuple_fields = typing._prohibited
+    _special_namedtuple_fields = frozenset({'__module__', '__name__', '__annotations__'})
+
+    class _NamedTupleMeta(type):
+        def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns):
+            assert _NamedTuple in bases
+            for base in bases:
+                if base is not _NamedTuple and base is not typing.Generic:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        'can only inherit from a NamedTuple type and Generic')
+            bases = tuple(tuple if base is _NamedTuple else base for base in bases)
+            if "__annotations__" in ns:
+                types = ns["__annotations__"]
+            elif "__annotate__" in ns:
+                # TODO: Use inspect.VALUE here, and make the annotations lazily evaluated
+                types = ns["__annotate__"](1)
+            else:
+                types = {}
+            default_names = []
+            for field_name in types:
+                if field_name in ns:
+                    default_names.append(field_name)
+                elif default_names:
+                    raise TypeError(f"Non-default namedtuple field {field_name} "
+                                    f"cannot follow default field"
+                                    f"{'s' if len(default_names) > 1 else ''} "
+                                    f"{', '.join(default_names)}")
+            nm_tpl = _make_nmtuple(
+                typename, types.items(),
+                defaults=[ns[n] for n in default_names],
+                module=ns['__module__']
+            )
+            nm_tpl.__bases__ = bases
+            if typing.Generic in bases:
+                if hasattr(typing, '_generic_class_getitem'):  # 3.12+
+                    nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(typing._generic_class_getitem)
+                else:
+                    class_getitem = typing.Generic.__class_getitem__.__func__
+                    nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(class_getitem)
+            # update from user namespace without overriding special namedtuple attributes
+            for key, val in ns.items():
+                if key in _prohibited_namedtuple_fields:
+                    raise AttributeError("Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute " + key)
+                elif key not in _special_namedtuple_fields:
+                    if key not in nm_tpl._fields:
+                        setattr(nm_tpl, key, ns[key])
+                    try:
+                        set_name = type(val).__set_name__
+                    except AttributeError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            set_name(val, nm_tpl, key)
+                        except BaseException as e:
+                            msg = (
+                                f"Error calling __set_name__ on {type(val).__name__!r} "
+                                f"instance {key!r} in {typename!r}"
+                            )
+                            # BaseException.add_note() existed on py311,
+                            # but the __set_name__ machinery didn't start
+                            # using add_note() until py312.
+                            # Making sure exceptions are raised in the same way
+                            # as in "normal" classes seems most important here.
+                            if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+                                e.add_note(msg)
+                                raise
+                            else:
+                                raise RuntimeError(msg) from e
+
+            if typing.Generic in bases:
+                nm_tpl.__init_subclass__()
+            return nm_tpl
+
+    _NamedTuple = type.__new__(_NamedTupleMeta, 'NamedTuple', (), {})
+
+    def _namedtuple_mro_entries(bases):
+        assert NamedTuple in bases
+        return (_NamedTuple,)
+
+    @_ensure_subclassable(_namedtuple_mro_entries)
+    def NamedTuple(typename, fields=_marker, /, **kwargs):
+        """Typed version of namedtuple.
+
+        Usage::
+
+            class Employee(NamedTuple):
+                name: str
+                id: int
+
+        This is equivalent to::
+
+            Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])
+
+        The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
+        dict that maps field names to types.  (The field names are also in
+        the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
+        An alternative equivalent functional syntax is also accepted::
+
+            Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
+        """
+        if fields is _marker:
+            if kwargs:
+                deprecated_thing = "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments"
+                deprecation_msg = (
+                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                    "Use the class-based or functional syntax instead."
+                )
+            else:
+                deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+                example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
+                deprecation_msg = (
+                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                    "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                    "using the functional syntax, "
+                    "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+                ) + example + "."
+        elif fields is None:
+            if kwargs:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter "
+                    "and also specify fields using keyword arguments"
+                )
+            else:
+                deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+                example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
+                deprecation_msg = (
+                    "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                    "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                    "using the functional syntax, "
+                    "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+                ) + example + "."
+        elif kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("Either list of fields or keywords"
+                            " can be provided to NamedTuple, not both")
+        if fields is _marker or fields is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                deprecation_msg.format(name=deprecated_thing, remove="3.15"),
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            fields = kwargs.items()
+        nt = _make_nmtuple(typename, fields, module=_caller())
+        nt.__orig_bases__ = (NamedTuple,)
+        return nt
+
+
+if hasattr(collections.abc, "Buffer"):
+    Buffer = collections.abc.Buffer
+else:
+    class Buffer(abc.ABC):  # noqa: B024
+        """Base class for classes that implement the buffer protocol.
+
+        The buffer protocol allows Python objects to expose a low-level
+        memory buffer interface. Before Python 3.12, it is not possible
+        to implement the buffer protocol in pure Python code, or even
+        to check whether a class implements the buffer protocol. In
+        Python 3.12 and higher, the ``__buffer__`` method allows access
+        to the buffer protocol from Python code, and the
+        ``collections.abc.Buffer`` ABC allows checking whether a class
+        implements the buffer protocol.
+
+        To indicate support for the buffer protocol in earlier versions,
+        inherit from this ABC, either in a stub file or at runtime,
+        or use ABC registration. This ABC provides no methods, because
+        there is no Python-accessible methods shared by pre-3.12 buffer
+        classes. It is useful primarily for static checks.
+
+        """
+
+    # As a courtesy, register the most common stdlib buffer classes.
+    Buffer.register(memoryview)
+    Buffer.register(bytearray)
+    Buffer.register(bytes)
+
+
+# Backport of types.get_original_bases, available on 3.12+ in CPython
+if hasattr(_types, "get_original_bases"):
+    get_original_bases = _types.get_original_bases
+else:
+    def get_original_bases(cls, /):
+        """Return the class's "original" bases prior to modification by `__mro_entries__`.
+
+        Examples::
+
+            from typing import TypeVar, Generic
+            from typing_extensions import NamedTuple, TypedDict
+
+            T = TypeVar("T")
+            class Foo(Generic[T]): ...
+            class Bar(Foo[int], float): ...
+            class Baz(list[str]): ...
+            Eggs = NamedTuple("Eggs", [("a", int), ("b", str)])
+            Spam = TypedDict("Spam", {"a": int, "b": str})
+
+            assert get_original_bases(Bar) == (Foo[int], float)
+            assert get_original_bases(Baz) == (list[str],)
+            assert get_original_bases(Eggs) == (NamedTuple,)
+            assert get_original_bases(Spam) == (TypedDict,)
+            assert get_original_bases(int) == (object,)
+        """
+        try:
+            return cls.__dict__.get("__orig_bases__", cls.__bases__)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'Expected an instance of type, not {type(cls).__name__!r}'
+            ) from None
+
+
+# NewType is a class on Python 3.10+, making it pickleable
+# The error message for subclassing instances of NewType was improved on 3.11+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
+    NewType = typing.NewType
+else:
+    class NewType:
+        """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
+        runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
+        by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
+        a dummy callable that simply returns its argument. Usage::
+            UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
+            def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
+                ...
+            UserId('user')          # Fails type check
+            name_by_id(42)          # Fails type check
+            name_by_id(UserId(42))  # OK
+            num = UserId(5) + 1     # type: int
+        """
+
+        def __call__(self, obj, /):
+            return obj
+
+        def __init__(self, name, tp):
+            self.__qualname__ = name
+            if '.' in name:
+                name = name.rpartition('.')[-1]
+            self.__name__ = name
+            self.__supertype__ = tp
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+
+        def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+            # We defined __mro_entries__ to get a better error message
+            # if a user attempts to subclass a NewType instance. bpo-46170
+            supercls_name = self.__name__
+
+            class Dummy:
+                def __init_subclass__(cls):
+                    subcls_name = cls.__name__
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Cannot subclass an instance of NewType. "
+                        f"Perhaps you were looking for: "
+                        f"`{subcls_name} = NewType({subcls_name!r}, {supercls_name})`"
+                    )
+
+            return (Dummy,)
+
+        def __repr__(self):
+            return f'{self.__module__}.{self.__qualname__}'
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__qualname__
+
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+            # PEP 604 methods
+            # It doesn't make sense to have these methods on Python <3.10
+
+            def __or__(self, other):
+                return typing.Union[self, other]
+
+            def __ror__(self, other):
+                return typing.Union[other, self]
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 14):
+    TypeAliasType = typing.TypeAliasType
+# 3.8-3.13
+else:
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        # 3.12-3.14
+        def _is_unionable(obj):
+            """Corresponds to is_unionable() in unionobject.c in CPython."""
+            return obj is None or isinstance(obj, (
+                type,
+                _types.GenericAlias,
+                _types.UnionType,
+                typing.TypeAliasType,
+                TypeAliasType,
+            ))
+    else:
+        # 3.8-3.11
+        def _is_unionable(obj):
+            """Corresponds to is_unionable() in unionobject.c in CPython."""
+            return obj is None or isinstance(obj, (
+                type,
+                _types.GenericAlias,
+                _types.UnionType,
+                TypeAliasType,
+            ))
+
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 10):
+        # Copied and pasted from https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/986a4e1b6fcae7fe7a1d0a26aea446107dd58dd2/Objects/genericaliasobject.c#L568-L582,
+        # so that we emulate the behaviour of `types.GenericAlias`
+        # on the latest versions of CPython
+        _ATTRIBUTE_DELEGATION_EXCLUSIONS = frozenset({
+            "__class__",
+            "__bases__",
+            "__origin__",
+            "__args__",
+            "__unpacked__",
+            "__parameters__",
+            "__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__",
+            "__mro_entries__",
+            "__reduce_ex__",
+            "__reduce__",
+            "__copy__",
+            "__deepcopy__",
+        })
+
+        class _TypeAliasGenericAlias(typing._GenericAlias, _root=True):
+            def __getattr__(self, attr):
+                if attr in _ATTRIBUTE_DELEGATION_EXCLUSIONS:
+                    return object.__getattr__(self, attr)
+                return getattr(self.__origin__, attr)
+
+            if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+                def __getitem__(self, item):
+                    result = super().__getitem__(item)
+                    result.__class__ = type(self)
+                    return result
+
+    class TypeAliasType:
+        """Create named, parameterized type aliases.
+
+        This provides a backport of the new `type` statement in Python 3.12:
+
+            type ListOrSet[T] = list[T] | set[T]
+
+        is equivalent to:
+
+            T = TypeVar("T")
+            ListOrSet = TypeAliasType("ListOrSet", list[T] | set[T], type_params=(T,))
+
+        The name ListOrSet can then be used as an alias for the type it refers to.
+
+        The type_params argument should contain all the type parameters used
+        in the value of the type alias. If the alias is not generic, this
+        argument is omitted.
+
+        Static type checkers should only support type aliases declared using
+        TypeAliasType that follow these rules:
+
+        - The first argument (the name) must be a string literal.
+        - The TypeAliasType instance must be immediately assigned to a variable
+          of the same name. (For example, 'X = TypeAliasType("Y", int)' is invalid,
+          as is 'X, Y = TypeAliasType("X", int), TypeAliasType("Y", int)').
+
+        """
+
+        def __init__(self, name: str, value, *, type_params=()):
+            if not isinstance(name, str):
+                raise TypeError("TypeAliasType name must be a string")
+            if not isinstance(type_params, tuple):
+                raise TypeError("type_params must be a tuple")
+            self.__value__ = value
+            self.__type_params__ = type_params
+
+            default_value_encountered = False
+            parameters = []
+            for type_param in type_params:
+                if (
+                    not isinstance(type_param, (TypeVar, TypeVarTuple, ParamSpec))
+                    # 3.8-3.11
+                    # Unpack Backport passes isinstance(type_param, TypeVar)
+                    or _is_unpack(type_param)
+                ):
+                    raise TypeError(f"Expected a type param, got {type_param!r}")
+                has_default = (
+                    getattr(type_param, '__default__', NoDefault) is not NoDefault
+                )
+                if default_value_encountered and not has_default:
+                    raise TypeError(f"non-default type parameter '{type_param!r}'"
+                                    " follows default type parameter")
+                if has_default:
+                    default_value_encountered = True
+                if isinstance(type_param, TypeVarTuple):
+                    parameters.extend(type_param)
+                else:
+                    parameters.append(type_param)
+            self.__parameters__ = tuple(parameters)
+            def_mod = _caller()
+            if def_mod != 'typing_extensions':
+                self.__module__ = def_mod
+            # Setting this attribute closes the TypeAliasType from further modification
+            self.__name__ = name
+
+        def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: object, /) -> None:
+            if hasattr(self, "__name__"):
+                self._raise_attribute_error(name)
+            super().__setattr__(name, value)
+
+        def __delattr__(self, name: str, /) -> Never:
+            self._raise_attribute_error(name)
+
+        def _raise_attribute_error(self, name: str) -> Never:
+            # Match the Python 3.12 error messages exactly
+            if name == "__name__":
+                raise AttributeError("readonly attribute")
+            elif name in {"__value__", "__type_params__", "__parameters__", "__module__"}:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f"attribute '{name}' of 'typing.TypeAliasType' objects "
+                    "is not writable"
+                )
+            else:
+                raise AttributeError(
+                    f"'typing.TypeAliasType' object has no attribute '{name}'"
+                )
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return self.__name__
+
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+            def _check_single_param(self, param, recursion=0):
+                # Allow [], [int], [int, str], [int, ...], [int, T]
+                if param is ...:
+                    return ...
+                if param is None:
+                    return None
+                # Note in <= 3.9 _ConcatenateGenericAlias inherits from list
+                if isinstance(param, list) and recursion == 0:
+                    return [self._check_single_param(arg, recursion+1)
+                            for arg in param]
+                return typing._type_check(
+                        param, f'Subscripting {self.__name__} requires a type.'
+                    )
+
+        def _check_parameters(self, parameters):
+            if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+                return tuple(
+                    self._check_single_param(item)
+                    for item in parameters
+                )
+            return tuple(typing._type_check(
+                        item, f'Subscripting {self.__name__} requires a type.'
+                    )
+                    for item in parameters
+            )
+
+        def __getitem__(self, parameters):
+            if not self.__type_params__:
+                raise TypeError("Only generic type aliases are subscriptable")
+            if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
+                parameters = (parameters,)
+            # Using 3.9 here will create problems with Concatenate
+            if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+                return _types.GenericAlias(self, parameters)
+            type_vars = _collect_type_vars(parameters)
+            parameters = self._check_parameters(parameters)
+            alias = _TypeAliasGenericAlias(self, parameters)
+            # alias.__parameters__ is not complete if Concatenate is present
+            # as it is converted to a list from which no parameters are extracted.
+            if alias.__parameters__ != type_vars:
+                alias.__parameters__ = type_vars
+            return alias
+
+        def __reduce__(self):
+            return self.__name__
+
+        def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "type 'typing_extensions.TypeAliasType' is not an acceptable base type"
+            )
+
+        # The presence of this method convinces typing._type_check
+        # that TypeAliasTypes are types.
+        def __call__(self):
+            raise TypeError("Type alias is not callable")
+
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+            def __or__(self, right):
+                # For forward compatibility with 3.12, reject Unions
+                # that are not accepted by the built-in Union.
+                if not _is_unionable(right):
+                    return NotImplemented
+                return typing.Union[self, right]
+
+            def __ror__(self, left):
+                if not _is_unionable(left):
+                    return NotImplemented
+                return typing.Union[left, self]
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "is_protocol"):
+    is_protocol = typing.is_protocol
+    get_protocol_members = typing.get_protocol_members
+else:
+    def is_protocol(tp: type, /) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the given type is a Protocol.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, is_protocol
+            >>> class P(Protocol):
+            ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
+            ...     b: int
+            >>> is_protocol(P)
+            True
+            >>> is_protocol(int)
+            False
+        """
+        return (
+            isinstance(tp, type)
+            and getattr(tp, '_is_protocol', False)
+            and tp is not Protocol
+            and tp is not typing.Protocol
+        )
+
+    def get_protocol_members(tp: type, /) -> typing.FrozenSet[str]:
+        """Return the set of members defined in a Protocol.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> from typing_extensions import Protocol, get_protocol_members
+            >>> class P(Protocol):
+            ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
+            ...     b: int
+            >>> get_protocol_members(P)
+            frozenset({'a', 'b'})
+
+        Raise a TypeError for arguments that are not Protocols.
+        """
+        if not is_protocol(tp):
+            raise TypeError(f'{tp!r} is not a Protocol')
+        if hasattr(tp, '__protocol_attrs__'):
+            return frozenset(tp.__protocol_attrs__)
+        return frozenset(_get_protocol_attrs(tp))
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "Doc"):
+    Doc = typing.Doc
+else:
+    class Doc:
+        """Define the documentation of a type annotation using ``Annotated``, to be
+         used in class attributes, function and method parameters, return values,
+         and variables.
+
+        The value should be a positional-only string literal to allow static tools
+        like editors and documentation generators to use it.
+
+        This complements docstrings.
+
+        The string value passed is available in the attribute ``documentation``.
+
+        Example::
+
+            >>> from typing_extensions import Annotated, Doc
+            >>> def hi(to: Annotated[str, Doc("Who to say hi to")]) -> None: ...
+        """
+        def __init__(self, documentation: str, /) -> None:
+            self.documentation = documentation
+
+        def __repr__(self) -> str:
+            return f"Doc({self.documentation!r})"
+
+        def __hash__(self) -> int:
+            return hash(self.documentation)
+
+        def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+            if not isinstance(other, Doc):
+                return NotImplemented
+            return self.documentation == other.documentation
+
+
+_CapsuleType = getattr(_types, "CapsuleType", None)
+
+if _CapsuleType is None:
+    try:
+        import _socket
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        _CAPI = getattr(_socket, "CAPI", None)
+        if _CAPI is not None:
+            _CapsuleType = type(_CAPI)
+
+if _CapsuleType is not None:
+    CapsuleType = _CapsuleType
+    __all__.append("CapsuleType")
+
+
+# Using this convoluted approach so that this keeps working
+# whether we end up using PEP 649 as written, PEP 749, or
+# some other variation: in any case, inspect.get_annotations
+# will continue to exist and will gain a `format` parameter.
+_PEP_649_OR_749_IMPLEMENTED = (
+    hasattr(inspect, 'get_annotations')
+    and inspect.get_annotations.__kwdefaults__ is not None
+    and "format" in inspect.get_annotations.__kwdefaults__
+)
+
+
+class Format(enum.IntEnum):
+    VALUE = 1
+    FORWARDREF = 2
+    STRING = 3
+
+
+if _PEP_649_OR_749_IMPLEMENTED:
+    get_annotations = inspect.get_annotations
+else:
+    def get_annotations(obj, *, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False,
+                        format=Format.VALUE):
+        """Compute the annotations dict for an object.
+
+        obj may be a callable, class, or module.
+        Passing in an object of any other type raises TypeError.
+
+        Returns a dict.  get_annotations() returns a new dict every time
+        it's called; calling it twice on the same object will return two
+        different but equivalent dicts.
+
+        This is a backport of `inspect.get_annotations`, which has been
+        in the standard library since Python 3.10. See the standard library
+        documentation for more:
+
+            https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#inspect.get_annotations
+
+        This backport adds the *format* argument introduced by PEP 649. The
+        three formats supported are:
+        * VALUE: the annotations are returned as-is. This is the default and
+          it is compatible with the behavior on previous Python versions.
+        * FORWARDREF: return annotations as-is if possible, but replace any
+          undefined names with ForwardRef objects. The implementation proposed by
+          PEP 649 relies on language changes that cannot be backported; the
+          typing-extensions implementation simply returns the same result as VALUE.
+        * STRING: return annotations as strings, in a format close to the original
+          source. Again, this behavior cannot be replicated directly in a backport.
+          As an approximation, typing-extensions retrieves the annotations under
+          VALUE semantics and then stringifies them.
+
+        The purpose of this backport is to allow users who would like to use
+        FORWARDREF or STRING semantics once PEP 649 is implemented, but who also
+        want to support earlier Python versions, to simply write:
+
+            typing_extensions.get_annotations(obj, format=Format.FORWARDREF)
+
+        """
+        format = Format(format)
+
+        if eval_str and format is not Format.VALUE:
+            raise ValueError("eval_str=True is only supported with format=Format.VALUE")
+
+        if isinstance(obj, type):
+            # class
+            obj_dict = getattr(obj, '__dict__', None)
+            if obj_dict and hasattr(obj_dict, 'get'):
+                ann = obj_dict.get('__annotations__', None)
+                if isinstance(ann, _types.GetSetDescriptorType):
+                    ann = None
+            else:
+                ann = None
+
+            obj_globals = None
+            module_name = getattr(obj, '__module__', None)
+            if module_name:
+                module = sys.modules.get(module_name, None)
+                if module:
+                    obj_globals = getattr(module, '__dict__', None)
+            obj_locals = dict(vars(obj))
+            unwrap = obj
+        elif isinstance(obj, _types.ModuleType):
+            # module
+            ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)
+            obj_globals = obj.__dict__
+            obj_locals = None
+            unwrap = None
+        elif callable(obj):
+            # this includes types.Function, types.BuiltinFunctionType,
+            # types.BuiltinMethodType, functools.partial, functools.singledispatch,
+            # "class funclike" from Lib/test/test_inspect... on and on it goes.
+            ann = getattr(obj, '__annotations__', None)
+            obj_globals = getattr(obj, '__globals__', None)
+            obj_locals = None
+            unwrap = obj
+        elif hasattr(obj, '__annotations__'):
+            ann = obj.__annotations__
+            obj_globals = obj_locals = unwrap = None
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"{obj!r} is not a module, class, or callable.")
+
+        if ann is None:
+            return {}
+
+        if not isinstance(ann, dict):
+            raise ValueError(f"{obj!r}.__annotations__ is neither a dict nor None")
+
+        if not ann:
+            return {}
+
+        if not eval_str:
+            if format is Format.STRING:
+                return {
+                    key: value if isinstance(value, str) else typing._type_repr(value)
+                    for key, value in ann.items()
+                }
+            return dict(ann)
+
+        if unwrap is not None:
+            while True:
+                if hasattr(unwrap, '__wrapped__'):
+                    unwrap = unwrap.__wrapped__
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(unwrap, functools.partial):
+                    unwrap = unwrap.func
+                    continue
+                break
+            if hasattr(unwrap, "__globals__"):
+                obj_globals = unwrap.__globals__
+
+        if globals is None:
+            globals = obj_globals
+        if locals is None:
+            locals = obj_locals or {}
+
+        # "Inject" type parameters into the local namespace
+        # (unless they are shadowed by assignments *in* the local namespace),
+        # as a way of emulating annotation scopes when calling `eval()`
+        if type_params := getattr(obj, "__type_params__", ()):
+            locals = {param.__name__: param for param in type_params} | locals
+
+        return_value = {key:
+            value if not isinstance(value, str) else eval(value, globals, locals)
+            for key, value in ann.items() }
+        return return_value
+
+
+if hasattr(typing, "evaluate_forward_ref"):
+    evaluate_forward_ref = typing.evaluate_forward_ref
+else:
+    # Implements annotationlib.ForwardRef.evaluate
+    def _eval_with_owner(
+        forward_ref, *, owner=None, globals=None, locals=None, type_params=None
+    ):
+        if forward_ref.__forward_evaluated__:
+            return forward_ref.__forward_value__
+        if getattr(forward_ref, "__cell__", None) is not None:
+            try:
+                value = forward_ref.__cell__.cell_contents
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                forward_ref.__forward_evaluated__ = True
+                forward_ref.__forward_value__ = value
+                return value
+        if owner is None:
+            owner = getattr(forward_ref, "__owner__", None)
+
+        if (
+            globals is None
+            and getattr(forward_ref, "__forward_module__", None) is not None
+        ):
+            globals = getattr(
+                sys.modules.get(forward_ref.__forward_module__, None), "__dict__", None
+            )
+        if globals is None:
+            globals = getattr(forward_ref, "__globals__", None)
+        if globals is None:
+            if isinstance(owner, type):
+                module_name = getattr(owner, "__module__", None)
+                if module_name:
+                    module = sys.modules.get(module_name, None)
+                    if module:
+                        globals = getattr(module, "__dict__", None)
+            elif isinstance(owner, _types.ModuleType):
+                globals = getattr(owner, "__dict__", None)
+            elif callable(owner):
+                globals = getattr(owner, "__globals__", None)
+
+        # If we pass None to eval() below, the globals of this module are used.
+        if globals is None:
+            globals = {}
+
+        if locals is None:
+            locals = {}
+            if isinstance(owner, type):
+                locals.update(vars(owner))
+
+        if type_params is None and owner is not None:
+            # "Inject" type parameters into the local namespace
+            # (unless they are shadowed by assignments *in* the local namespace),
+            # as a way of emulating annotation scopes when calling `eval()`
+            type_params = getattr(owner, "__type_params__", None)
+
+        # type parameters require some special handling,
+        # as they exist in their own scope
+        # but `eval()` does not have a dedicated parameter for that scope.
+        # For classes, names in type parameter scopes should override
+        # names in the global scope (which here are called `localns`!),
+        # but should in turn be overridden by names in the class scope
+        # (which here are called `globalns`!)
+        if type_params is not None:
+            globals = dict(globals)
+            locals = dict(locals)
+            for param in type_params:
+                param_name = param.__name__
+                if (
+                    _FORWARD_REF_HAS_CLASS and not forward_ref.__forward_is_class__
+                ) or param_name not in globals:
+                    globals[param_name] = param
+                    locals.pop(param_name, None)
+
+        arg = forward_ref.__forward_arg__
+        if arg.isidentifier() and not keyword.iskeyword(arg):
+            if arg in locals:
+                value = locals[arg]
+            elif arg in globals:
+                value = globals[arg]
+            elif hasattr(builtins, arg):
+                return getattr(builtins, arg)
+            else:
+                raise NameError(arg)
+        else:
+            code = forward_ref.__forward_code__
+            value = eval(code, globals, locals)
+        forward_ref.__forward_evaluated__ = True
+        forward_ref.__forward_value__ = value
+        return value
+
+    def _lax_type_check(
+        value, msg, is_argument=True, *, module=None, allow_special_forms=False
+    ):
+        """
+        A lax Python 3.11+ like version of typing._type_check
+        """
+        if hasattr(typing, "_type_convert"):
+            if (
+                sys.version_info >= (3, 10, 3)
+                or (3, 9, 10) < sys.version_info[:3] < (3, 10)
+            ):
+                # allow_special_forms introduced later cpython/#30926 (bpo-46539)
+                type_ = typing._type_convert(
+                    value,
+                    module=module,
+                    allow_special_forms=allow_special_forms,
+                )
+            # module was added with bpo-41249 before is_class (bpo-46539)
+            elif "__forward_module__" in typing.ForwardRef.__slots__:
+                type_ = typing._type_convert(value, module=module)
+            else:
+                type_ = typing._type_convert(value)
+        else:
+            if value is None:
+                return type(None)
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                return ForwardRef(value)
+            type_ = value
+        invalid_generic_forms = (Generic, Protocol)
+        if not allow_special_forms:
+            invalid_generic_forms += (ClassVar,)
+            if is_argument:
+                invalid_generic_forms += (Final,)
+        if (
+            isinstance(type_, typing._GenericAlias)
+            and get_origin(type_) in invalid_generic_forms
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(f"{type_} is not valid as type argument") from None
+        if type_ in (Any, LiteralString, NoReturn, Never, Self, TypeAlias):
+            return type_
+        if allow_special_forms and type_ in (ClassVar, Final):
+            return type_
+        if (
+            isinstance(type_, (_SpecialForm, typing._SpecialForm))
+            or type_ in (Generic, Protocol)
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(f"Plain {type_} is not valid as type argument") from None
+        if type(type_) is tuple:  # lax version with tuple instead of callable
+            raise TypeError(f"{msg} Got {type_!r:.100}.")
+        return type_
+
+    def evaluate_forward_ref(
+        forward_ref,
+        *,
+        owner=None,
+        globals=None,
+        locals=None,
+        type_params=None,
+        format=Format.VALUE,
+        _recursive_guard=frozenset(),
+    ):
+        """Evaluate a forward reference as a type hint.
+
+        This is similar to calling the ForwardRef.evaluate() method,
+        but unlike that method, evaluate_forward_ref() also:
+
+        * Recursively evaluates forward references nested within the type hint.
+        * Rejects certain objects that are not valid type hints.
+        * Replaces type hints that evaluate to None with types.NoneType.
+        * Supports the *FORWARDREF* and *STRING* formats.
+
+        *forward_ref* must be an instance of ForwardRef. *owner*, if given,
+        should be the object that holds the annotations that the forward reference
+        derived from, such as a module, class object, or function. It is used to
+        infer the namespaces to use for looking up names. *globals* and *locals*
+        can also be explicitly given to provide the global and local namespaces.
+        *type_params* is a tuple of type parameters that are in scope when
+        evaluating the forward reference. This parameter must be provided (though
+        it may be an empty tuple) if *owner* is not given and the forward reference
+        does not already have an owner set. *format* specifies the format of the
+        annotation and is a member of the annotationlib.Format enum.
+
+        """
+        if format == Format.STRING:
+            return forward_ref.__forward_arg__
+        if forward_ref.__forward_arg__ in _recursive_guard:
+            return forward_ref
+
+        # Evaluate the forward reference
+        try:
+            value = _eval_with_owner(
+                forward_ref,
+                owner=owner,
+                globals=globals,
+                locals=locals,
+                type_params=type_params,
+            )
+        except NameError:
+            if format == Format.FORWARDREF:
+                return forward_ref
+            else:
+                raise
+
+        msg = "Forward references must evaluate to types."
+        if not _FORWARD_REF_HAS_CLASS:
+            allow_special_forms = not forward_ref.__forward_is_argument__
+        else:
+            allow_special_forms = forward_ref.__forward_is_class__
+        type_ = _lax_type_check(
+            value,
+            msg,
+            is_argument=forward_ref.__forward_is_argument__,
+            allow_special_forms=allow_special_forms,
+        )
+
+        # Recursively evaluate the type
+        if isinstance(type_, ForwardRef):
+            if getattr(type_, "__forward_module__", True) is not None:
+                globals = None
+            return evaluate_forward_ref(
+                type_,
+                globals=globals,
+                locals=locals,
+                 type_params=type_params, owner=owner,
+                _recursive_guard=_recursive_guard, format=format
+            )
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 12, 5) and type_params:
+            # Make use of type_params
+            locals = dict(locals) if locals else {}
+            for tvar in type_params:
+                if tvar.__name__ not in locals:  # lets not overwrite something present
+                    locals[tvar.__name__] = tvar
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
+            return typing._eval_type(
+                type_,
+                globals,
+                locals,
+            )
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 12, 5):
+            return typing._eval_type(
+                type_,
+                globals,
+                locals,
+                recursive_guard=_recursive_guard | {forward_ref.__forward_arg__},
+            )
+        if sys.version_info < (3, 14):
+            return typing._eval_type(
+                type_,
+                globals,
+                locals,
+                type_params,
+                recursive_guard=_recursive_guard | {forward_ref.__forward_arg__},
+            )
+        return typing._eval_type(
+            type_,
+            globals,
+            locals,
+            type_params,
+            recursive_guard=_recursive_guard | {forward_ref.__forward_arg__},
+            format=format,
+            owner=owner,
+        )
+
+
+# Aliases for items that have always been in typing.
+# Explicitly assign these (rather than using `from typing import *` at the top),
+# so that we get a CI error if one of these is deleted from typing.py
+# in a future version of Python
+AbstractSet = typing.AbstractSet
+AnyStr = typing.AnyStr
+BinaryIO = typing.BinaryIO
+Callable = typing.Callable
+Collection = typing.Collection
+Container = typing.Container
+Dict = typing.Dict
+ForwardRef = typing.ForwardRef
+FrozenSet = typing.FrozenSet
+Generic = typing.Generic
+Hashable = typing.Hashable
+IO = typing.IO
+ItemsView = typing.ItemsView
+Iterable = typing.Iterable
+Iterator = typing.Iterator
+KeysView = typing.KeysView
+List = typing.List
+Mapping = typing.Mapping
+MappingView = typing.MappingView
+Match = typing.Match
+MutableMapping = typing.MutableMapping
+MutableSequence = typing.MutableSequence
+MutableSet = typing.MutableSet
+Optional = typing.Optional
+Pattern = typing.Pattern
+Reversible = typing.Reversible
+Sequence = typing.Sequence
+Set = typing.Set
+Sized = typing.Sized
+TextIO = typing.TextIO
+Tuple = typing.Tuple
+Union = typing.Union
+ValuesView = typing.ValuesView
+cast = typing.cast
+no_type_check = typing.no_type_check
+no_type_check_decorator = typing.no_type_check_decorator
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..288676e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: typing-inspection
+Version: 0.4.0
+Summary: Runtime typing introspection tools
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://github.com/pydantic/typing-inspection
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://pydantic.github.io/typing-inspection/dev/
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/pydantic/typing-inspection
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/pydantic/typing-inspection/blob/main/HISTORY.md
+Author-email: Victorien Plot <contact@vctrn.dev>
+License-File: LICENSE
+Classifier: Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries :: Python Modules
+Classifier: Typing :: Typed
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.12.0
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+# typing-inspection
+
+[![CI](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/pydantic/typing-inspection/ci.yml?branch=main&logo=github&label=CI)](https://github.com/pydantic/typing-inspection/actions?query=event%3Apush+branch%3Amain+workflow%3ACI)
+[![Coverage](https://coverage-badge.samuelcolvin.workers.dev/pydantic/typing-inspection.svg)](https://coverage-badge.samuelcolvin.workers.dev/redirect/pydantic/typing-inspection)
+[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/typing-inspection.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/typing-inspection/)
+[![Versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/typing-inspection.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/typing-inspection)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/github/license/pydantic/typing-inspection.svg)](https://github.com/pydantic/typing-inspection/blob/main/LICENSE)
+[![Ruff](https://img.shields.io/endpoint?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/ruff/main/assets/badge/v2.json)](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff)
+
+`typing-inspection` provides tools to inspect type annotations at runtime.
+
+## Installation
+
+From [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/typing-inspection/):
+
+```bash
+pip install typing-inspection
+```
+
+The library can be imported from the `typing_inspection` module.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7b1948e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=nwce9HV_uceYwTgKZquG4b0PVm2CDX5Ps4BtZDuw8KQ,2579
+typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=qtCwoSJWgHk21S1Kb4ihdzI2rlJ1ZKaIurTj_ngOhyQ,87
+typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE,sha256=TkDLp5OjiN1FZXe4ZXF1u-leTe0pcFNLPFnMzCZhpwg,1066
+typing_inspection/__init__.py,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+typing_inspection/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+typing_inspection/__pycache__/introspection.cpython-312.pyc,,
+typing_inspection/__pycache__/typing_objects.cpython-312.pyc,,
+typing_inspection/introspection.py,sha256=lqvS7zz2l_YK7wWCH1-3h9-SzrlYDleRwcvsFWPX7BQ,20951
+typing_inspection/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
+typing_inspection/typing_objects.py,sha256=10Ue6eBwD01hqlfwuvdSGkChkY58dTiRBkVy7ezsiPc,16412
+typing_inspection/typing_objects.pyi,sha256=KZVKkdXwCPB3KWUVBj1wv286HcaOzH3vi73AixzL3N4,8941
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12228d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b00c6472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection-0.4.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Victorien
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/__init__.py
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/introspection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/introspection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..43cce1e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/introspection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+"""High-level introspection utilities, used to inspect type annotations."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import types
+from collections.abc import Generator, Sequence
+from dataclasses import InitVar
+from enum import Enum, IntEnum, auto
+from typing import Any, Literal, NamedTuple, cast
+
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, assert_never, get_args, get_origin
+
+from . import typing_objects
+
+__all__ = (
+    'AnnotationSource',
+    'ForbiddenQualifier',
+    'InspectedAnnotation',
+    'Qualifier',
+    'get_literal_values',
+    'inspect_annotation',
+    'is_union_origin',
+)
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+
+    def is_union_origin(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the provided origin is the union form.
+
+        ```pycon
+        >>> is_union_origin(typing.Union)
+        True
+        >>> is_union_origin(get_origin(int | str))
+        True
+        ```
+        """
+        return typing_objects.is_union(obj) or obj is types.UnionType
+
+else:
+
+    def is_union_origin(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+        """Return whether the provided origin is the union form.
+
+        ```pycon
+        >>> is_union_origin(typing.Union)
+        True
+        >>> is_union_origin(get_origin(int | str))
+        True
+        ```
+        """
+        return typing_objects.is_union(obj)
+
+
+def _literal_type_check(value: Any, /) -> None:
+    """Type check the provided literal value against the legal parameters."""
+    if (
+        not isinstance(value, (int, bytes, str, bool, Enum, typing_objects.NoneType))
+        and value is not typing_objects.NoneType
+    ):
+        raise TypeError(f'{value} is not a valid literal value, must be one of: int, bytes, str, Enum, None.')
+
+
+def get_literal_values(
+    annotation: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    type_check: bool = False,
+    unpack_type_aliases: Literal['skip', 'lenient', 'eager'] = 'eager',
+) -> Generator[Any]:
+    """Yield the values contained in the provided [`Literal`][typing.Literal] [special form][].
+
+    Args:
+        annotation: The [`Literal`][typing.Literal] [special form][] to unpack.
+        type_check: Whether to check if the literal values are [legal parameters][literal-legal-parameters].
+            Raises a [`TypeError`][] otherwise.
+        unpack_type_aliases: What to do when encountering [PEP 695](https://peps.python.org/pep-0695/)
+            [type aliases][type-aliases]. Can be one of:
+
+            - `'skip'`: Do not try to parse type aliases. Note that this can lead to incorrect results:
+              ```pycon
+              >>> type MyAlias = Literal[1, 2]
+              >>> list(get_literal_values(Literal[MyAlias, 3], unpack_type_aliases="skip"))
+              [MyAlias, 3]
+              ```
+
+            - `'lenient'`: Try to parse type aliases, and fallback to `'skip'` if the type alias can't be inspected
+              (because of an undefined forward reference).
+
+            - `'eager'`: Parse type aliases and raise any encountered [`NameError`][] exceptions (the default):
+              ```pycon
+              >>> type MyAlias = Literal[1, 2]
+              >>> list(get_literal_values(Literal[MyAlias, 3], unpack_type_aliases="eager"))
+              [1, 2, 3]
+              ```
+
+    Note:
+        While `None` is [equivalent to][none] `type(None)`, the runtime implementation of [`Literal`][typing.Literal]
+        does not de-duplicate them. This function makes sure this de-duplication is applied:
+
+        ```pycon
+        >>> list(get_literal_values(Literal[NoneType, None]))
+        [None]
+        ```
+
+    Example:
+        ```pycon
+        >>> type Ints = Literal[1, 2]
+        >>> list(get_literal_values(Literal[1, Ints], unpack_type_alias="skip"))
+        ["a", Ints]
+        >>> list(get_literal_values(Literal[1, Ints]))
+        [1, 2]
+        >>> list(get_literal_values(Literal[1.0], type_check=True))
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        TypeError: 1.0 is not a valid literal value, must be one of: int, bytes, str, Enum, None.
+        ```
+    """
+    # `literal` is guaranteed to be a `Literal[...]` special form, so use
+    # `__args__` directly instead of calling `get_args()`.
+
+    if unpack_type_aliases == 'skip':
+        _has_none = False
+        # `Literal` parameters are already deduplicated, no need to do it ourselves.
+        # (we only check for `None` and `NoneType`, which should be considered as duplicates).
+        for arg in annotation.__args__:
+            if type_check:
+                _literal_type_check(arg)
+            if arg is None or arg is typing_objects.NoneType:
+                if not _has_none:
+                    yield None
+                _has_none = True
+            else:
+                yield arg
+    else:
+        # We'll need to manually deduplicate parameters, see the `Literal` implementation in `typing`.
+        values_and_type: list[tuple[Any, type[Any]]] = []
+
+        for arg in annotation.__args__:
+            # Note: we could also check for generic aliases with a type alias as an origin.
+            # However, it is very unlikely that this happens as type variables can't appear in
+            # `Literal` forms, so the only valid (but unnecessary) use case would be something like:
+            # `type Test[T] = Literal['a']` (and then use `Test[SomeType]`).
+            if typing_objects.is_typealiastype(arg):
+                try:
+                    alias_value = arg.__value__
+                except NameError:
+                    if unpack_type_aliases == 'eager':
+                        raise
+                    # unpack_type_aliases == "lenient":
+                    if type_check:
+                        _literal_type_check(arg)
+                    values_and_type.append((arg, type(arg)))
+                else:
+                    sub_args = get_literal_values(
+                        alias_value, type_check=type_check, unpack_type_aliases=unpack_type_aliases
+                    )
+                    values_and_type.extend((a, type(a)) for a in sub_args)  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownArgumentType]
+            else:
+                if type_check:
+                    _literal_type_check(arg)
+                if arg is typing_objects.NoneType:
+                    values_and_type.append((None, typing_objects.NoneType))
+                else:
+                    values_and_type.append((arg, type(arg)))  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownArgumentType]
+
+        try:
+            dct = dict.fromkeys(values_and_type)
+        except TypeError:
+            # Unhashable parameters, the Python implementation allows them
+            yield from (p for p, _ in values_and_type)
+        else:
+            yield from (p for p, _ in dct)
+
+
+Qualifier: TypeAlias = Literal['required', 'not_required', 'read_only', 'class_var', 'init_var', 'final']
+"""A [type qualifier][]."""
+
+_all_qualifiers: set[Qualifier] = set(get_args(Qualifier))
+
+
+# TODO at some point, we could switch to an enum flag, so that multiple sources
+# can be combined. However, is there a need for this?
+class AnnotationSource(IntEnum):
+    # TODO if/when https://peps.python.org/pep-0767/ is accepted, add 'read_only'
+    # to CLASS and NAMED_TUPLE (even though for named tuples it is redundant).
+
+    """The source of an annotation, e.g. a class or a function.
+
+    Depending on the source, different [type qualifiers][type qualifier] may be (dis)allowed.
+    """
+
+    ASSIGNMENT_OR_VARIABLE = auto()
+    """An annotation used in an assignment or variable annotation:
+
+    ```python
+    x: Final[int] = 1
+    y: Final[str]
+    ```
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** [`Final`][typing.Final].
+    """
+
+    CLASS = auto()
+    """An annotation used in the body of a class:
+
+    ```python
+    class Test:
+        x: Final[int] = 1
+        y: ClassVar[str]
+    ```
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** [`ClassVar`][typing.ClassVar], [`Final`][typing.Final].
+    """
+
+    DATACLASS = auto()
+    """An annotation used in the body of a dataclass:
+
+    ```python
+    @dataclass
+    class Test:
+        x: Final[int] = 1
+        y: InitVar[str] = 'test'
+    ```
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** [`ClassVar`][typing.ClassVar], [`Final`][typing.Final], [`InitVar`][dataclasses-init-only-variables].
+    """  # noqa: E501
+
+    TYPED_DICT = auto()
+    """An annotation used in the body of a [`TypedDict`][typing.TypedDict]:
+
+    ```python
+    class TD(TypedDict):
+        x: Required[ReadOnly[int]]
+        y: ReadOnly[NotRequired[str]]
+    ```
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** [`ReadOnly`][typing.ReadOnly], [`Required`][typing.Required],
+    [`NotRequired`][typing.NotRequired].
+    """
+
+    NAMED_TUPLE = auto()
+    """An annotation used in the body of a [`NamedTuple`][typing.NamedTuple].
+
+    ```python
+    class NT(NamedTuple):
+        x: int
+        y: str
+    ```
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** none.
+    """
+
+    FUNCTION = auto()
+    """An annotation used in a function, either for a parameter or the return value.
+
+    ```python
+    def func(a: int) -> str:
+        ...
+    ```
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** none.
+    """
+
+    ANY = auto()
+    """An annotation that might come from any source.
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** all.
+    """
+
+    BARE = auto()
+    """An annotation that is inspected as is.
+
+    **Allowed type qualifiers:** none.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def allowed_qualifiers(self) -> set[Qualifier]:
+        """The allowed [type qualifiers][type qualifier] for this annotation source."""
+        # TODO use a match statement when Python 3.9 support is dropped.
+        if self is AnnotationSource.ASSIGNMENT_OR_VARIABLE:
+            return {'final'}
+        elif self is AnnotationSource.CLASS:
+            return {'final', 'class_var'}
+        elif self is AnnotationSource.DATACLASS:
+            return {'final', 'class_var', 'init_var'}
+        elif self is AnnotationSource.TYPED_DICT:
+            return {'required', 'not_required', 'read_only'}
+        elif self in (AnnotationSource.NAMED_TUPLE, AnnotationSource.FUNCTION, AnnotationSource.BARE):
+            return set()
+        elif self is AnnotationSource.ANY:
+            return _all_qualifiers
+        else:  # pragma: no cover
+            assert_never(self)
+
+
+class ForbiddenQualifier(Exception):
+    """The provided [type qualifier][] is forbidden."""
+
+    qualifier: Qualifier
+    """The forbidden qualifier."""
+
+    def __init__(self, qualifier: Qualifier, /) -> None:
+        self.qualifier = qualifier
+
+
+class _UnknownTypeEnum(Enum):
+    UNKNOWN = auto()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return 'UNKNOWN'
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return '<UNKNOWN>'
+
+
+UNKNOWN = _UnknownTypeEnum.UNKNOWN
+"""A sentinel value used when no [type expression][] is present."""
+
+_UnkownType: TypeAlias = Literal[_UnknownTypeEnum.UNKNOWN]
+"""The type of the [`UNKNOWN`][typing_inspection.introspection.UNKNOWN] sentinel value."""
+
+
+class InspectedAnnotation(NamedTuple):
+    """The result of the inspected annotation."""
+
+    type: Any | _UnkownType
+    """The final [type expression][], with [type qualifiers][type qualifier] and annotated metadata stripped.
+
+    If no type expression is available, the [`UNKNOWN`][typing_inspection.introspection.UNKNOWN] sentinel
+    value is used instead. This is the case when a [type qualifier][] is used with no type annotation:
+
+    ```python
+    ID: Final = 1
+
+    class C:
+        x: ClassVar = 'test'
+    ```
+    """
+
+    qualifiers: set[Qualifier]
+    """The [type qualifiers][type qualifier] present on the annotation."""
+
+    metadata: Sequence[Any]
+    """The annotated metadata."""
+
+
+def inspect_annotation(  # noqa: PLR0915
+    annotation: Any,
+    /,
+    *,
+    annotation_source: AnnotationSource,
+    unpack_type_aliases: Literal['skip', 'lenient', 'eager'] = 'skip',
+) -> InspectedAnnotation:
+    """Inspect an [annotation expression][], extracting any [type qualifier][] and metadata.
+
+    An [annotation expression][] is a [type expression][] optionally surrounded by one or more
+    [type qualifiers][type qualifier] or by [`Annotated`][typing.Annotated]. This function will:
+
+    - Unwrap the type expression, keeping track of the type qualifiers.
+    - Unwrap [`Annotated`][typing.Annotated] forms, keeping track of the annotated metadata.
+
+    Args:
+        annotation: The annotation expression to be inspected.
+        annotation_source: The source of the annotation. Depending on the source (e.g. a class), different type
+            qualifiers may be (dis)allowed. To allow any type qualifier, use
+            [`AnnotationSource.ANY`][typing_inspection.introspection.AnnotationSource.ANY].
+        unpack_type_aliases: What to do when encountering [PEP 695](https://peps.python.org/pep-0695/)
+            [type aliases][type-aliases]. Can be one of:
+
+            - `'skip'`: Do not try to parse type aliases (the default):
+              ```pycon
+              >>> type MyInt = Annotated[int, 'meta']
+              >>> inspect_annotation(MyInt, annotation_source=AnnotationSource.BARE, unpack_type_aliases='skip')
+              InspectedAnnotation(type=MyInt, qualifiers={}, metadata=[])
+              ```
+
+            - `'lenient'`: Try to parse type aliases, and fallback to `'skip'` if the type alias
+              can't be inspected (because of an undefined forward reference):
+              ```pycon
+              >>> type MyInt = Annotated[Undefined, 'meta']
+              >>> inspect_annotation(MyInt, annotation_source=AnnotationSource.BARE, unpack_type_aliases='lenient')
+              InspectedAnnotation(type=MyInt, qualifiers={}, metadata=[])
+              >>> Undefined = int
+              >>> inspect_annotation(MyInt, annotation_source=AnnotationSource.BARE, unpack_type_aliases='lenient')
+              InspectedAnnotation(type=int, qualifiers={}, metadata=['meta'])
+              ```
+
+            - `'eager'`: Parse type aliases and raise any encountered [`NameError`][] exceptions.
+
+    Returns:
+        The result of the inspected annotation, where the type expression, used qualifiers and metadata is stored.
+
+    Example:
+        ```pycon
+        >>> inspect_annotation(
+        ...     Final[Annotated[ClassVar[Annotated[int, 'meta_1']], 'meta_2']],
+        ...     annotation_source=AnnotationSource.CLASS,
+        ... )
+        ...
+        InspectedAnnotation(type=int, qualifiers={'class_var', 'final'}, metadata=['meta_1', 'meta_2'])
+        ```
+    """
+    allowed_qualifiers = annotation_source.allowed_qualifiers
+    qualifiers: set[Qualifier] = set()
+    metadata: list[Any] = []
+
+    while True:
+        annotation, _meta = _unpack_annotated(annotation, unpack_type_aliases=unpack_type_aliases)
+        if _meta:
+            metadata = _meta + metadata
+            continue
+
+        origin = get_origin(annotation)
+        if origin is not None:
+            if typing_objects.is_classvar(origin):
+                if 'class_var' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+                    raise ForbiddenQualifier('class_var')
+                qualifiers.add('class_var')
+                annotation = annotation.__args__[0]
+            elif typing_objects.is_final(origin):
+                if 'final' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+                    raise ForbiddenQualifier('final')
+                qualifiers.add('final')
+                annotation = annotation.__args__[0]
+            elif typing_objects.is_required(origin):
+                if 'required' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+                    raise ForbiddenQualifier('required')
+                qualifiers.add('required')
+                annotation = annotation.__args__[0]
+            elif typing_objects.is_notrequired(origin):
+                if 'not_required' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+                    raise ForbiddenQualifier('not_required')
+                qualifiers.add('not_required')
+                annotation = annotation.__args__[0]
+            elif typing_objects.is_readonly(origin):
+                if 'read_only' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+                    raise ForbiddenQualifier('not_required')
+                qualifiers.add('read_only')
+                annotation = annotation.__args__[0]
+            else:
+                # origin is not None but not a type qualifier nor `Annotated` (e.g. `list[int]`):
+                break
+        elif isinstance(annotation, InitVar):
+            if 'init_var' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+                raise ForbiddenQualifier('init_var')
+            qualifiers.add('init_var')
+            annotation = cast(Any, annotation.type)
+        else:
+            break
+
+    # `Final`, `ClassVar` and `InitVar` are type qualifiers allowed to be used as a bare annotation:
+    if typing_objects.is_final(annotation):
+        if 'final' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+            raise ForbiddenQualifier('final')
+        qualifiers.add('final')
+        annotation = UNKNOWN
+    elif typing_objects.is_classvar(annotation):
+        if 'class_var' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+            raise ForbiddenQualifier('class_var')
+        qualifiers.add('class_var')
+        annotation = UNKNOWN
+    elif annotation is InitVar:
+        if 'init_var' not in allowed_qualifiers:
+            raise ForbiddenQualifier('init_var')
+        qualifiers.add('init_var')
+        annotation = UNKNOWN
+
+    return InspectedAnnotation(annotation, qualifiers, metadata)
+
+
+def _unpack_annotated_inner(
+    annotation: Any, unpack_type_aliases: Literal['lenient', 'eager'], check_annotated: bool
+) -> tuple[Any, list[Any]]:
+    origin = get_origin(annotation)
+    if check_annotated and typing_objects.is_annotated(origin):
+        annotated_type = annotation.__origin__
+        metadata = list(annotation.__metadata__)
+
+        # The annotated type might be a PEP 695 type alias, so we need to recursively
+        # unpack it. Because Python already flattens `Annotated[Annotated[<type>, ...], ...]` forms,
+        # we can skip the `is_annotated()` check in the next call:
+        annotated_type, sub_meta = _unpack_annotated_inner(
+            annotated_type, unpack_type_aliases=unpack_type_aliases, check_annotated=False
+        )
+        metadata = sub_meta + metadata
+        return annotated_type, metadata
+    elif typing_objects.is_typealiastype(annotation):
+        try:
+            value = annotation.__value__
+        except NameError:
+            if unpack_type_aliases == 'eager':
+                raise
+        else:
+            typ, metadata = _unpack_annotated_inner(
+                value, unpack_type_aliases=unpack_type_aliases, check_annotated=True
+            )
+            if metadata:
+                # Having metadata means the type alias' `__value__` was an `Annotated` form
+                # (or, recursively, a type alias to an `Annotated` form). It is important to check
+                # for this, as we don't want to unpack other type aliases (e.g. `type MyInt = int`).
+                return typ, metadata
+            return annotation, []
+    elif typing_objects.is_typealiastype(origin):
+        # When parameterized, PEP 695 type aliases become generic aliases
+        # (e.g. with `type MyList[T] = Annotated[list[T], ...]`, `MyList[int]`
+        # is a generic alias).
+        try:
+            value = origin.__value__
+        except NameError:
+            if unpack_type_aliases == 'eager':
+                raise
+        else:
+            # While Python already handles type variable replacement for simple `Annotated` forms,
+            # we need to manually apply the same logic for PEP 695 type aliases:
+            # - With `MyList = Annotated[list[T], ...]`, `MyList[int] == Annotated[list[int], ...]`
+            # - With `type MyList[T] = Annotated[list[T], ...]`, `MyList[int].__value__ == Annotated[list[T], ...]`.
+
+            try:
+                # To do so, we emulate the parameterization of the value with the arguments:
+                # with `type MyList[T] = Annotated[list[T], ...]`, to emulate `MyList[int]`,
+                # we do `Annotated[list[T], ...][int]` (which gives `Annotated[list[T], ...]`):
+                value = value[annotation.__args__]
+            except TypeError:
+                # Might happen if the type alias is parameterized, but its value doesn't have any
+                # type variables, e.g. `type MyInt[T] = int`.
+                pass
+            typ, metadata = _unpack_annotated_inner(
+                value, unpack_type_aliases=unpack_type_aliases, check_annotated=True
+            )
+            if metadata:
+                return typ, metadata
+            return annotation, []
+
+    return annotation, []
+
+
+# This could eventually be made public:
+def _unpack_annotated(
+    annotation: Any, /, *, unpack_type_aliases: Literal['skip', 'lenient', 'eager'] = 'eager'
+) -> tuple[Any, list[Any]]:
+    if unpack_type_aliases == 'skip':
+        if typing_objects.is_annotated(get_origin(annotation)):
+            return annotation.__origin__, list(annotation.__metadata__)
+        else:
+            return annotation, []
+
+    return _unpack_annotated_inner(annotation, unpack_type_aliases=unpack_type_aliases, check_annotated=True)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/typing_objects.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/typing_objects.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7721c5e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/typing_objects.py
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+"""Low-level introspection utilities for [`typing`][] members.
+
+The provided functions in this module check against both the [`typing`][] and [`typing_extensions`][]
+variants, if they exists and are different.
+"""
+# ruff: noqa: UP006
+
+import collections.abc
+import contextlib
+import re
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+from textwrap import dedent
+from types import FunctionType, GenericAlias
+from typing import Any, Final
+
+import typing_extensions
+from typing_extensions import LiteralString, TypeAliasType, TypeIs, deprecated
+
+__all__ = (
+    'DEPRECATED_ALIASES',
+    'NoneType',
+    'is_annotated',
+    'is_any',
+    'is_classvar',
+    'is_concatenate',
+    'is_deprecated',
+    'is_final',
+    'is_generic',
+    'is_literal',
+    'is_literalstring',
+    'is_namedtuple',
+    'is_never',
+    'is_newtype',
+    'is_nodefault',
+    'is_noreturn',
+    'is_notrequired',
+    'is_paramspec',
+    'is_paramspecargs',
+    'is_paramspeckwargs',
+    'is_readonly',
+    'is_required',
+    'is_self',
+    'is_typealias',
+    'is_typealiastype',
+    'is_typeguard',
+    'is_typeis',
+    'is_typevar',
+    'is_typevartuple',
+    'is_union',
+    'is_unpack',
+)
+
+_IS_PY310 = sys.version_info[:2] == (3, 10)
+
+
+def _compile_identity_check_function(member: LiteralString, function_name: LiteralString) -> FunctionType:
+    """Create a function checking that the function argument is the (unparameterized) typing :paramref:`member`.
+
+    The function will make sure to check against both the `typing` and `typing_extensions`
+    variants as depending on the Python version, the `typing_extensions` variant might be different.
+    For instance, on Python 3.9:
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> from typing import Literal as t_Literal
+    >>> from typing_extensions import Literal as te_Literal, get_origin
+
+    >>> t_Literal is te_Literal
+    False
+    >>> get_origin(t_Literal[1])
+    typing.Literal
+    >>> get_origin(te_Literal[1])
+    typing_extensions.Literal
+    ```
+    """
+    in_typing = hasattr(typing, member)
+    in_typing_extensions = hasattr(typing_extensions, member)
+
+    if in_typing and in_typing_extensions:
+        if getattr(typing, member) is getattr(typing_extensions, member):
+            check_code = f'obj is typing.{member}'
+        else:
+            check_code = f'obj is typing.{member} or obj is typing_extensions.{member}'
+    elif in_typing and not in_typing_extensions:
+        check_code = f'obj is typing.{member}'
+    elif not in_typing and in_typing_extensions:
+        check_code = f'obj is typing_extensions.{member}'
+    else:
+        check_code = 'False'
+
+    func_code = dedent(f"""
+    def {function_name}(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+        return {check_code}
+    """)
+
+    locals_: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    globals_: dict[str, Any] = {'Any': Any, 'typing': typing, 'typing_extensions': typing_extensions}
+    exec(func_code, globals_, locals_)
+    return locals_[function_name]
+
+
+def _compile_isinstance_check_function(member: LiteralString, function_name: LiteralString) -> FunctionType:
+    """Create a function checking that the function is an instance of the typing `member`.
+
+    The function will make sure to check against both the `typing` and `typing_extensions`
+    variants as depending on the Python version, the `typing_extensions` variant might be different.
+    """
+    in_typing = hasattr(typing, member)
+    in_typing_extensions = hasattr(typing_extensions, member)
+
+    if in_typing and in_typing_extensions:
+        if getattr(typing, member) is getattr(typing_extensions, member):
+            check_code = f'isinstance(obj, typing.{member})'
+        else:
+            check_code = f'isinstance(obj, (typing.{member}, typing_extensions.{member}))'
+    elif in_typing and not in_typing_extensions:
+        check_code = f'isinstance(obj, typing.{member})'
+    elif not in_typing and in_typing_extensions:
+        check_code = f'isinstance(obj, typing_extensions.{member})'
+    else:
+        check_code = 'False'
+
+    func_code = dedent(f"""
+    def {function_name}(obj: Any, /) -> 'TypeIs[{member}]':
+        return {check_code}
+    """)
+
+    locals_: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    globals_: dict[str, Any] = {'Any': Any, 'typing': typing, 'typing_extensions': typing_extensions}
+    exec(func_code, globals_, locals_)
+    return locals_[function_name]
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from types import NoneType
+else:
+    NoneType = type(None)
+
+# Keep this ordered, as per `typing.__all__`:
+
+is_annotated = _compile_identity_check_function('Annotated', 'is_annotated')
+is_annotated.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Annotated`][typing.Annotated] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_annotated(Annotated)
+True
+>>> is_annotated(Annotated[int, ...])
+False
+```
+"""
+
+is_any = _compile_identity_check_function('Any', 'is_any')
+is_any.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Any`][typing.Any] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_any(Any)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_classvar = _compile_identity_check_function('ClassVar', 'is_classvar')
+is_classvar.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`ClassVar`][typing.ClassVar] [type qualifier][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_classvar(ClassVar)
+True
+>>> is_classvar(ClassVar[int])
+>>> False
+```
+"""
+
+is_concatenate = _compile_identity_check_function('Concatenate', 'is_concatenate')
+is_concatenate.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Concatenate`][typing.Concatenate] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_concatenate(Concatenate)
+True
+>>> is_concatenate(Concatenate[int, P])
+False
+```
+"""
+
+is_final = _compile_identity_check_function('Final', 'is_final')
+is_final.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Final`][typing.Final] [type qualifier][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_final(Final)
+True
+>>> is_final(Final[int])
+False
+```
+"""
+
+# ForwardRef?
+
+is_generic = _compile_identity_check_function('Generic', 'is_generic')
+is_generic.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Generic`][typing.Generic] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_generic(Generic)
+True
+>>> is_generic(Generic[T])
+False
+```
+"""
+
+is_literal = _compile_identity_check_function('Literal', 'is_literal')
+is_literal.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Literal`][typing.Literal] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_literal(Literal)
+True
+>>> is_literal(Literal["a"])
+False
+```
+"""
+
+
+# `get_origin(Optional[int]) is Union`, so `is_optional()` isn't implemented.
+
+is_paramspec = _compile_isinstance_check_function('ParamSpec', 'is_paramspec')
+is_paramspec.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is an instance of [`ParamSpec`][typing.ParamSpec].
+
+```pycon
+>>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+>>> is_paramspec(P)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+# Protocol?
+
+is_typevar = _compile_isinstance_check_function('TypeVar', 'is_typevar')
+is_typevar.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is an instance of [`TypeVar`][typing.TypeVar].
+
+```pycon
+>>> T = TypeVar('T')
+>>> is_typevar(T)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_typevartuple = _compile_isinstance_check_function('TypeVarTuple', 'is_typevartuple')
+is_typevartuple.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is an instance of [`TypeVarTuple`][typing.TypeVarTuple].
+
+```pycon
+>>> Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+>>> is_typevartuple(Ts)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_union = _compile_identity_check_function('Union', 'is_union')
+is_union.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Union`][typing.Union] [special form][].
+
+This function can also be used to check for the [`Optional`][typing.Optional] [special form][],
+as at runtime, `Optional[int]` is equivalent to `Union[int, None]`.
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_union(Union)
+True
+>>> is_union(Union[int, str])
+False
+```
+
+!!! warning
+    This does not check for unions using the [new syntax][types-union] (e.g. `int | str`).
+"""
+
+
+def is_namedtuple(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the argument is a named tuple type.
+
+    This includes [`NamedTuple`][typing.NamedTuple] subclasses and classes created from the
+    [`collections.namedtuple`][] factory function.
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> class User(NamedTuple):
+    ...     name: str
+    ...
+    >>> is_namedtuple(User)
+    True
+    >>> City = collections.namedtuple('City', [])
+    >>> is_namedtuple(City)
+    True
+    >>> is_namedtuple(NamedTuple)
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+    return isinstance(obj, type) and issubclass(obj, tuple) and hasattr(obj, '_fields')  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownArgumentType]
+
+
+# TypedDict?
+
+# BinaryIO? IO? TextIO?
+
+is_literalstring = _compile_identity_check_function('LiteralString', 'is_literalstring')
+is_literalstring.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`LiteralString`][typing.LiteralString] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_literalstring(LiteralString)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_never = _compile_identity_check_function('Never', 'is_never')
+is_never.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Never`][typing.Never] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_never(Never)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    is_newtype = _compile_isinstance_check_function('NewType', 'is_newtype')
+else:  # On Python 3.10, `NewType` is a function.
+
+    def is_newtype(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+        return hasattr(obj, '__supertype__')
+
+
+is_newtype.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is a [`NewType`][typing.NewType].
+
+```pycon
+>>> UserId = NewType("UserId", int)
+>>> is_newtype(UserId)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_nodefault = _compile_identity_check_function('NoDefault', 'is_nodefault')
+is_nodefault.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`NoDefault`][typing.NoDefault] sentinel object.
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_nodefault(NoDefault)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_noreturn = _compile_identity_check_function('NoReturn', 'is_noreturn')
+is_noreturn.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`NoReturn`][typing.NoReturn] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_noreturn(NoReturn)
+True
+>>> is_noreturn(Never)
+False
+```
+"""
+
+is_notrequired = _compile_identity_check_function('NotRequired', 'is_notrequired')
+is_notrequired.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`NotRequired`][typing.NotRequired] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_notrequired(NotRequired)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_paramspecargs = _compile_isinstance_check_function('ParamSpecArgs', 'is_paramspecargs')
+is_paramspecargs.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is an instance of [`ParamSpecArgs`][typing.ParamSpecArgs].
+
+```pycon
+>>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+>>> is_paramspecargs(P.args)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_paramspeckwargs = _compile_isinstance_check_function('ParamSpecKwargs', 'is_paramspeckwargs')
+is_paramspeckwargs.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is an instance of [`ParamSpecKwargs`][typing.ParamSpecKwargs].
+
+```pycon
+>>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+>>> is_paramspeckwargs(P.kwargs)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_readonly = _compile_identity_check_function('ReadOnly', 'is_readonly')
+is_readonly.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`ReadOnly`][typing.ReadOnly] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_readonly(ReadOnly)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_required = _compile_identity_check_function('Required', 'is_required')
+is_required.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Required`][typing.Required] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_required(Required)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_self = _compile_identity_check_function('Self', 'is_self')
+is_self.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Self`][typing.Self] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_self(Self)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+# TYPE_CHECKING?
+
+is_typealias = _compile_identity_check_function('TypeAlias', 'is_typealias')
+is_typealias.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`TypeAlias`][typing.TypeAlias] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_typealias(TypeAlias)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_typeguard = _compile_identity_check_function('TypeGuard', 'is_typeguard')
+is_typeguard.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`TypeGuard`][typing.TypeGuard] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_typeguard(TypeGuard)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+is_typeis = _compile_identity_check_function('TypeIs', 'is_typeis')
+is_typeis.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`TypeIs`][typing.TypeIs] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_typeis(TypeIs)
+True
+```
+"""
+
+_is_typealiastype_inner = _compile_isinstance_check_function('TypeAliasType', '_is_typealiastype_inner')
+
+
+if _IS_PY310:
+    # Parameterized PEP 695 type aliases are instances of `types.GenericAlias` in typing_extensions>=4.13.0.
+    # On Python 3.10, with `Alias[int]` being such an instance of `GenericAlias`,
+    # `isinstance(Alias[int], TypeAliasType)` returns `True`.
+    # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/89828.
+    def is_typealiastype(obj: Any, /) -> 'TypeIs[TypeAliasType]':
+        return type(obj) is not GenericAlias and _is_typealiastype_inner(obj)
+else:
+    is_typealiastype = _compile_isinstance_check_function('TypeAliasType', 'is_typealiastype')
+
+is_typealiastype.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is a [`TypeAliasType`][typing.TypeAliasType] instance.
+
+```pycon
+>>> type MyInt = int
+>>> is_typealiastype(MyInt)
+True
+>>> MyStr = TypeAliasType("MyStr", str)
+>>> is_typealiastype(MyStr):
+True
+>>> type MyList[T] = list[T]
+>>> is_typealiastype(MyList[int])
+False
+```
+"""
+
+is_unpack = _compile_identity_check_function('Unpack', 'is_unpack')
+is_unpack.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is the [`Unpack`][typing.Unpack] [special form][].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_unpack(Unpack)
+True
+>>> is_unpack(Unpack[Ts])
+False
+```
+"""
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+
+    def is_deprecated(obj: Any, /) -> 'TypeIs[deprecated]':
+        return isinstance(obj, (warnings.deprecated, typing_extensions.deprecated))
+
+else:
+
+    def is_deprecated(obj: Any, /) -> 'TypeIs[deprecated]':
+        return isinstance(obj, typing_extensions.deprecated)
+
+
+is_deprecated.__doc__ = """
+Return whether the argument is a [`deprecated`][warnings.deprecated] instance.
+
+This also includes the [`typing_extensions` backport][typing_extensions.deprecated].
+
+```pycon
+>>> is_deprecated(warnings.deprecated('message'))
+True
+>>> is_deprecated(typing_extensions('deprecated'))
+True
+```
+"""
+
+
+# Aliases defined in the `typing` module using `typing._SpecialGenericAlias` (itself aliases as `alias()`):
+DEPRECATED_ALIASES: Final[dict[Any, type[Any]]] = {
+    typing.Hashable: collections.abc.Hashable,
+    typing.Awaitable: collections.abc.Awaitable,
+    typing.Coroutine: collections.abc.Coroutine,
+    typing.AsyncIterable: collections.abc.AsyncIterable,
+    typing.AsyncIterator: collections.abc.AsyncIterator,
+    typing.Iterable: collections.abc.Iterable,
+    typing.Iterator: collections.abc.Iterator,
+    typing.Reversible: collections.abc.Reversible,
+    typing.Sized: collections.abc.Sized,
+    typing.Container: collections.abc.Container,
+    typing.Collection: collections.abc.Collection,
+    # type ignore reason: https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/6257:
+    typing.Callable: collections.abc.Callable,  # pyright: ignore[reportAssignmentType, reportUnknownMemberType]
+    typing.AbstractSet: collections.abc.Set,
+    typing.MutableSet: collections.abc.MutableSet,
+    typing.Mapping: collections.abc.Mapping,
+    typing.MutableMapping: collections.abc.MutableMapping,
+    typing.Sequence: collections.abc.Sequence,
+    typing.MutableSequence: collections.abc.MutableSequence,
+    typing.Tuple: tuple,
+    typing.List: list,
+    typing.Deque: collections.deque,
+    typing.Set: set,
+    typing.FrozenSet: frozenset,
+    typing.MappingView: collections.abc.MappingView,
+    typing.KeysView: collections.abc.KeysView,
+    typing.ItemsView: collections.abc.ItemsView,
+    typing.ValuesView: collections.abc.ValuesView,
+    typing.Dict: dict,
+    typing.DefaultDict: collections.defaultdict,
+    typing.OrderedDict: collections.OrderedDict,
+    typing.Counter: collections.Counter,
+    typing.ChainMap: collections.ChainMap,
+    typing.Generator: collections.abc.Generator,
+    typing.AsyncGenerator: collections.abc.AsyncGenerator,
+    typing.Type: type,
+    # Defined in `typing.__getattr__`:
+    typing.Pattern: re.Pattern,
+    typing.Match: re.Match,
+    typing.ContextManager: contextlib.AbstractContextManager,
+    typing.AsyncContextManager: contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager,
+    # Skipped: `ByteString` (deprecated, removed in 3.14)
+}
+"""A mapping between the deprecated typing aliases to their replacement, as per [PEP 585](https://peps.python.org/pep-0585/)."""
+
+
+# Add the `typing_extensions` aliases:
+for alias, target in list(DEPRECATED_ALIASES.items()):
+    # Use `alias.__name__` when we drop support for Python 3.9
+    if (te_alias := getattr(typing_extensions, alias._name, None)) is not None:
+        DEPRECATED_ALIASES[te_alias] = target
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/typing_objects.pyi b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/typing_objects.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2a9d8c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/typing_inspection/typing_objects.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+# Stub file generated using:
+# `stubgen --inspect-mode --include-docstrings -m typing_inspection.typing_objects`
+# (manual edits need to be applied).
+"""Low-level introspection utilities for [`typing`][] members.
+
+The provided functions in this module check against both the [`typing`][] and [`typing_extensions`][]
+variants, if they exists and are different.
+"""
+
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Final, NewType, TypeVar
+
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs, TypeAliasType, TypeIs, TypeVarTuple, deprecated
+
+__all__ = [
+    'DEPRECATED_ALIASES',
+    'NoneType',
+    'is_annotated',
+    'is_any',
+    'is_classvar',
+    'is_concatenate',
+    'is_deprecated',
+    'is_final',
+    'is_generic',
+    'is_literal',
+    'is_literalstring',
+    'is_namedtuple',
+    'is_never',
+    'is_newtype',
+    'is_nodefault',
+    'is_noreturn',
+    'is_notrequired',
+    'is_paramspec',
+    'is_paramspecargs',
+    'is_paramspeckwargs',
+    'is_readonly',
+    'is_required',
+    'is_self',
+    'is_typealias',
+    'is_typealiastype',
+    'is_typeguard',
+    'is_typeis',
+    'is_typevar',
+    'is_typevartuple',
+    'is_union',
+    'is_unpack',
+]
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+    from types import NoneType
+else:
+    NoneType = type(None)
+
+def is_annotated(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Annotated`][typing.Annotated] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_annotated(Annotated)
+    True
+    >>> is_annotated(Annotated[int, ...])
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_any(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Any`][typing.Any] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_any(Any)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_classvar(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`ClassVar`][typing.ClassVar] [type qualifier][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_classvar(ClassVar)
+    True
+    >>> is_classvar(ClassVar[int])
+    >>> False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_concatenate(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Concatenate`][typing.Concatenate] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_concatenate(Concatenate)
+    True
+    >>> is_concatenate(Concatenate[int, P])
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_final(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Final`][typing.Final] [type qualifier][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_final(Final)
+    True
+    >>> is_final(Final[int])
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_generic(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Generic`][typing.Generic] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_generic(Generic)
+    True
+    >>> is_generic(Generic[T])
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_literal(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Literal`][typing.Literal] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_literal(Literal)
+    True
+    >>> is_literal(Literal["a"])
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_paramspec(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[ParamSpec]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is an instance of [`ParamSpec`][typing.ParamSpec].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+    >>> is_paramspec(P)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_typevar(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[TypeVar]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is an instance of [`TypeVar`][typing.TypeVar].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> T = TypeVar('T')
+    >>> is_typevar(T)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_typevartuple(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[TypeVarTuple]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is an instance of [`TypeVarTuple`][typing.TypeVarTuple].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+    >>> is_typevartuple(Ts)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_union(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Union`][typing.Union] [special form][].
+
+    This function can also be used to check for the [`Optional`][typing.Optional] [special form][],
+    as at runtime, `Optional[int]` is equivalent to `Union[int, None]`.
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_union(Union)
+    True
+    >>> is_union(Union[int, str])
+    False
+    ```
+
+    !!! warning
+        This does not check for unions using the [new syntax][types-union] (e.g. `int | str`).
+    """
+
+def is_namedtuple(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """Return whether the argument is a named tuple type.
+
+    This includes [`NamedTuple`][typing.NamedTuple] subclasses and classes created from the
+    [`collections.namedtuple`][] factory function.
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> class User(NamedTuple):
+    ...     name: str
+    ...
+    >>> is_namedtuple(User)
+    True
+    >>> City = collections.namedtuple('City', [])
+    >>> is_namedtuple(City)
+    True
+    >>> is_namedtuple(NamedTuple)
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_literalstring(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`LiteralString`][typing.LiteralString] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_literalstring(LiteralString)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_never(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Never`][typing.Never] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_never(Never)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_newtype(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[NewType]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is a [`NewType`][typing.NewType].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> UserId = NewType("UserId", int)
+    >>> is_newtype(UserId)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_nodefault(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`NoDefault`][typing.NoDefault] sentinel object.
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_nodefault(NoDefault)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_noreturn(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`NoReturn`][typing.NoReturn] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_noreturn(NoReturn)
+    True
+    >>> is_noreturn(Never)
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_notrequired(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`NotRequired`][typing.NotRequired] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_notrequired(NotRequired)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_paramspecargs(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[ParamSpecArgs]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is an instance of [`ParamSpecArgs`][typing.ParamSpecArgs].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+    >>> is_paramspecargs(P.args)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_paramspeckwargs(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[ParamSpecKwargs]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is an instance of [`ParamSpecKwargs`][typing.ParamSpecKwargs].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+    >>> is_paramspeckwargs(P.kwargs)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_readonly(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`ReadOnly`][typing.ReadOnly] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_readonly(ReadOnly)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_required(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Required`][typing.Required] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_required(Required)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_self(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Self`][typing.Self] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_self(Self)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_typealias(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`TypeAlias`][typing.TypeAlias] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_typealias(TypeAlias)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_typeguard(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`TypeGuard`][typing.TypeGuard] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_typeguard(TypeGuard)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_typeis(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`TypeIs`][typing.TypeIs] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_typeis(TypeIs)
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_typealiastype(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[TypeAliasType]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is a [`TypeAliasType`][typing.TypeAliasType] instance.
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> type MyInt = int
+    >>> is_typealiastype(MyInt)
+    True
+    >>> MyStr = TypeAliasType("MyStr", str)
+    >>> is_typealiastype(MyStr):
+    True
+    >>> type MyList[T] = list[T]
+    >>> is_typealiastype(MyList[int])
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_unpack(obj: Any, /) -> bool:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is the [`Unpack`][typing.Unpack] [special form][].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_unpack(Unpack)
+    True
+    >>> is_unpack(Unpack[Ts])
+    False
+    ```
+    """
+
+def is_deprecated(obj: Any, /) -> TypeIs[deprecated]:
+    """
+    Return whether the argument is a [`deprecated`][warnings.deprecated] instance.
+
+    This also includes the [`typing_extensions` backport][typing_extensions.deprecated].
+
+    ```pycon
+    >>> is_deprecated(warnings.deprecated('message'))
+    True
+    >>> is_deprecated(typing_extensions.deprecated('deprecated'))
+    True
+    ```
+    """
+
+DEPRECATED_ALIASES: Final[dict[Any, type[Any]]]
+"""A mapping between the deprecated typing aliases to their replacement, as per [PEP 585](https://peps.python.org/pep-0585/)."""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..271e553c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: urllib3
+Version: 2.4.0
+Summary: HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post, and more.
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/blob/main/CHANGES.rst
+Project-URL: Documentation, https://urllib3.readthedocs.io
+Project-URL: Code, https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3
+Project-URL: Issue tracker, https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues
+Author-email: Andrey Petrov <andrey.petrov@shazow.net>
+Maintainer-email: Seth Michael Larson <sethmichaellarson@gmail.com>, Quentin Pradet <quentin@pradet.me>, Illia Volochii <illia.volochii@gmail.com>
+License-Expression: MIT
+License-File: LICENSE.txt
+Keywords: filepost,http,httplib,https,pooling,ssl,threadsafe,urllib
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3 :: Only
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Classifier: Topic :: Software Development :: Libraries
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Provides-Extra: brotli
+Requires-Dist: brotli>=1.0.9; (platform_python_implementation == 'CPython') and extra == 'brotli'
+Requires-Dist: brotlicffi>=0.8.0; (platform_python_implementation != 'CPython') and extra == 'brotli'
+Provides-Extra: h2
+Requires-Dist: h2<5,>=4; extra == 'h2'
+Provides-Extra: socks
+Requires-Dist: pysocks!=1.5.7,<2.0,>=1.5.6; extra == 'socks'
+Provides-Extra: zstd
+Requires-Dist: zstandard>=0.18.0; extra == 'zstd'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+<h1 align="center">
+
+![urllib3](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/raw/main/docs/_static/banner_github.svg)
+
+</h1>
+
+<p align="center">
+  <a href="https://pypi.org/project/urllib3"><img alt="PyPI Version" src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/urllib3.svg?maxAge=86400" /></a>
+  <a href="https://pypi.org/project/urllib3"><img alt="Python Versions" src="https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/urllib3.svg?maxAge=86400" /></a>
+  <a href="https://discord.gg/urllib3"><img alt="Join our Discord" src="https://img.shields.io/discord/756342717725933608?color=%237289da&label=discord" /></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/actions?query=workflow%3ACI"><img alt="Coverage Status" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/coverage-100%25-success" /></a>
+  <a href="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/actions/workflows/ci.yml?query=branch%3Amain"><img alt="Build Status on GitHub" src="https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg?branch:main&workflow:CI" /></a>
+  <a href="https://urllib3.readthedocs.io"><img alt="Documentation Status" src="https://readthedocs.org/projects/urllib3/badge/?version=latest" /></a><br>
+  <a href="https://deps.dev/pypi/urllib3"><img alt="OpenSSF Scorecard" src="https://api.securityscorecards.dev/projects/github.com/urllib3/urllib3/badge" /></a>
+  <a href="https://slsa.dev"><img alt="SLSA 3" src="https://slsa.dev/images/gh-badge-level3.svg" /></a>
+  <a href="https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/6227"><img alt="CII Best Practices" src="https://bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org/projects/6227/badge" /></a>
+</p>
+
+urllib3 is a powerful, *user-friendly* HTTP client for Python. Much of the
+Python ecosystem already uses urllib3 and you should too.
+urllib3 brings many critical features that are missing from the Python
+standard libraries:
+
+- Thread safety.
+- Connection pooling.
+- Client-side SSL/TLS verification.
+- File uploads with multipart encoding.
+- Helpers for retrying requests and dealing with HTTP redirects.
+- Support for gzip, deflate, brotli, and zstd encoding.
+- Proxy support for HTTP and SOCKS.
+- 100% test coverage.
+
+urllib3 is powerful and easy to use:
+
+```python3
+>>> import urllib3
+>>> resp = urllib3.request("GET", "http://httpbin.org/robots.txt")
+>>> resp.status
+200
+>>> resp.data
+b"User-agent: *\nDisallow: /deny\n"
+```
+
+## Installing
+
+urllib3 can be installed with [pip](https://pip.pypa.io):
+
+```bash
+$ python -m pip install urllib3
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can grab the latest source code from [GitHub](https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3):
+
+```bash
+$ git clone https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3.git
+$ cd urllib3
+$ pip install .
+```
+
+
+## Documentation
+
+urllib3 has usage and reference documentation at [urllib3.readthedocs.io](https://urllib3.readthedocs.io).
+
+
+## Community
+
+urllib3 has a [community Discord channel](https://discord.gg/urllib3) for asking questions and
+collaborating with other contributors. Drop by and say hello 👋
+
+
+## Contributing
+
+urllib3 happily accepts contributions. Please see our
+[contributing documentation](https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing.html)
+for some tips on getting started.
+
+
+## Security Disclosures
+
+To report a security vulnerability, please use the
+[Tidelift security contact](https://tidelift.com/security).
+Tidelift will coordinate the fix and disclosure with maintainers.
+
+
+## Maintainers
+
+- [@sethmlarson](https://github.com/sethmlarson) (Seth M. Larson)
+- [@pquentin](https://github.com/pquentin) (Quentin Pradet)
+- [@illia-v](https://github.com/illia-v) (Illia Volochii)
+- [@theacodes](https://github.com/theacodes) (Thea Flowers)
+- [@haikuginger](https://github.com/haikuginger) (Jess Shapiro)
+- [@lukasa](https://github.com/lukasa) (Cory Benfield)
+- [@sigmavirus24](https://github.com/sigmavirus24) (Ian Stapleton Cordasco)
+- [@shazow](https://github.com/shazow) (Andrey Petrov)
+
+👋
+
+
+## Sponsorship
+
+If your company benefits from this library, please consider [sponsoring its
+development](https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/sponsors.html).
+
+
+## For Enterprise
+
+Professional support for urllib3 is available as part of the [Tidelift
+Subscription][1].  Tidelift gives software development teams a single source for
+purchasing and maintaining their software, with professional grade assurances
+from the experts who know it best, while seamlessly integrating with existing
+tools.
+
+[1]: https://tidelift.com/subscription/pkg/pypi-urllib3?utm_source=pypi-urllib3&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=readme
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12228d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6183d02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3-2.4.0.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2008-2020 Andrey Petrov and contributors.
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fe782c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+"""
+Python HTTP library with thread-safe connection pooling, file post support, user friendly, and more
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+# Set default logging handler to avoid "No handler found" warnings.
+import logging
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+from logging import NullHandler
+
+from . import exceptions
+from ._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from ._version import __version__
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool, connection_from_url
+from .filepost import _TYPE_FIELDS, encode_multipart_formdata
+from .poolmanager import PoolManager, ProxyManager, proxy_from_url
+from .response import BaseHTTPResponse, HTTPResponse
+from .util.request import make_headers
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+
+# Ensure that Python is compiled with OpenSSL 1.1.1+
+# If the 'ssl' module isn't available at all that's
+# fine, we only care if the module is available.
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    if not ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION.startswith("OpenSSL "):  # Defensive:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "urllib3 v2 only supports OpenSSL 1.1.1+, currently "
+            f"the 'ssl' module is compiled with {ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION!r}. "
+            "See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3020",
+            exceptions.NotOpenSSLWarning,
+        )
+    elif ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO < (1, 1, 1):  # Defensive:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "urllib3 v2 only supports OpenSSL 1.1.1+, currently "
+            f"the 'ssl' module is compiled with {ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION!r}. "
+            "See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2168"
+        )
+
+__author__ = "Andrey Petrov (andrey.petrov@shazow.net)"
+__license__ = "MIT"
+__version__ = __version__
+
+__all__ = (
+    "HTTPConnectionPool",
+    "HTTPHeaderDict",
+    "HTTPSConnectionPool",
+    "PoolManager",
+    "ProxyManager",
+    "HTTPResponse",
+    "Retry",
+    "Timeout",
+    "add_stderr_logger",
+    "connection_from_url",
+    "disable_warnings",
+    "encode_multipart_formdata",
+    "make_headers",
+    "proxy_from_url",
+    "request",
+    "BaseHTTPResponse",
+)
+
+logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
+
+
+def add_stderr_logger(
+    level: int = logging.DEBUG,
+) -> logging.StreamHandler[typing.TextIO]:
+    """
+    Helper for quickly adding a StreamHandler to the logger. Useful for
+    debugging.
+
+    Returns the handler after adding it.
+    """
+    # This method needs to be in this __init__.py to get the __name__ correct
+    # even if urllib3 is vendored within another package.
+    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+    handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s"))
+    logger.addHandler(handler)
+    logger.setLevel(level)
+    logger.debug("Added a stderr logging handler to logger: %s", __name__)
+    return handler
+
+
+# ... Clean up.
+del NullHandler
+
+
+# All warning filters *must* be appended unless you're really certain that they
+# shouldn't be: otherwise, it's very hard for users to use most Python
+# mechanisms to silence them.
+# SecurityWarning's always go off by default.
+warnings.simplefilter("always", exceptions.SecurityWarning, append=True)
+# InsecurePlatformWarning's don't vary between requests, so we keep it default.
+warnings.simplefilter("default", exceptions.InsecurePlatformWarning, append=True)
+
+
+def disable_warnings(category: type[Warning] = exceptions.HTTPWarning) -> None:
+    """
+    Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.
+    """
+    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category)
+
+
+_DEFAULT_POOL = PoolManager()
+
+
+def request(
+    method: str,
+    url: str,
+    *,
+    body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+    fields: _TYPE_FIELDS | None = None,
+    headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    preload_content: bool | None = True,
+    decode_content: bool | None = True,
+    redirect: bool | None = True,
+    retries: Retry | bool | int | None = None,
+    timeout: Timeout | float | int | None = 3,
+    json: typing.Any | None = None,
+) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+    """
+    A convenience, top-level request method. It uses a module-global ``PoolManager`` instance.
+    Therefore, its side effects could be shared across dependencies relying on it.
+    To avoid side effects create a new ``PoolManager`` instance and use it instead.
+    The method does not accept low-level ``**urlopen_kw`` keyword arguments.
+
+    :param method:
+        HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+    :param url:
+        The URL to perform the request on.
+
+    :param body:
+        Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
+        an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
+
+    :param fields:
+        Data to encode and send in the request body.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+        If-None-Match, etc.
+
+    :param bool preload_content:
+        If True, the response's body will be preloaded into memory.
+
+    :param bool decode_content:
+        If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+        'content-encoding' header.
+
+    :param redirect:
+        If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
+        303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
+        will disable redirect, too.
+
+    :param retries:
+        Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+        :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+        If ``None`` (default) will retry 3 times, see ``Retry.DEFAULT``. Pass a
+        :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+        over different types of retries.
+        Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+        but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+        If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+        immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+        the redirect response will be returned.
+
+    :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
+
+    :param timeout:
+        If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
+        request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
+        :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
+
+    :param json:
+        Data to encode and send as JSON with UTF-encoded in the request body.
+        The ``"Content-Type"`` header will be set to ``"application/json"``
+        unless specified otherwise.
+    """
+
+    return _DEFAULT_POOL.request(
+        method,
+        url,
+        body=body,
+        fields=fields,
+        headers=headers,
+        preload_content=preload_content,
+        decode_content=decode_content,
+        redirect=redirect,
+        retries=retries,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        json=json,
+    )
+
+
+if sys.platform == "emscripten":
+    from .contrib.emscripten import inject_into_urllib3  # noqa: 401
+
+    inject_into_urllib3()
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+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_base_connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from .util.connection import _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+from .util.timeout import _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, _TYPE_TIMEOUT
+from .util.url import Url
+
+_TYPE_BODY = typing.Union[bytes, typing.IO[typing.Any], typing.Iterable[bytes], str]
+
+
+class ProxyConfig(typing.NamedTuple):
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None
+    use_forwarding_for_https: bool
+    assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False]
+    assert_fingerprint: str | None
+
+
+class _ResponseOptions(typing.NamedTuple):
+    # TODO: Remove this in favor of a better
+    # HTTP request/response lifecycle tracking.
+    request_method: str
+    request_url: str
+    preload_content: bool
+    decode_content: bool
+    enforce_content_length: bool
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl
+    from typing import Protocol
+
+    from .response import BaseHTTPResponse
+
+    class BaseHTTPConnection(Protocol):
+        default_port: typing.ClassVar[int]
+        default_socket_options: typing.ClassVar[_TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS]
+
+        host: str
+        port: int
+        timeout: None | (
+            float
+        )  # Instance doesn't store _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, must be resolved.
+        blocksize: int
+        source_address: tuple[str, int] | None
+        socket_options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None
+
+        proxy: Url | None
+        proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None
+
+        is_verified: bool
+        proxy_is_verified: bool | None
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            host: str,
+            port: int | None = None,
+            *,
+            timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+            source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
+            blocksize: int = 8192,
+            socket_options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None = ...,
+            proxy: Url | None = None,
+            proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def set_tunnel(
+            self,
+            host: str,
+            port: int | None = None,
+            headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+            scheme: str = "http",
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def connect(self) -> None: ...
+
+        def request(
+            self,
+            method: str,
+            url: str,
+            body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+            headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+            # We know *at least* botocore is depending on the order of the
+            # first 3 parameters so to be safe we only mark the later ones
+            # as keyword-only to ensure we have space to extend.
+            *,
+            chunked: bool = False,
+            preload_content: bool = True,
+            decode_content: bool = True,
+            enforce_content_length: bool = True,
+        ) -> None: ...
+
+        def getresponse(self) -> BaseHTTPResponse: ...
+
+        def close(self) -> None: ...
+
+        @property
+        def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+            """Whether the connection either is brand new or has been previously closed.
+            If this property is True then both ``is_connected`` and ``has_connected_to_proxy``
+            properties must be False.
+            """
+
+        @property
+        def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+            """Whether the connection is actively connected to any origin (proxy or target)"""
+
+        @property
+        def has_connected_to_proxy(self) -> bool:
+            """Whether the connection has successfully connected to its proxy.
+            This returns False if no proxy is in use. Used to determine whether
+            errors are coming from the proxy layer or from tunnelling to the target origin.
+            """
+
+    class BaseHTTPSConnection(BaseHTTPConnection, Protocol):
+        default_port: typing.ClassVar[int]
+        default_socket_options: typing.ClassVar[_TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS]
+
+        # Certificate verification methods
+        cert_reqs: int | str | None
+        assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False]
+        assert_fingerprint: str | None
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None
+
+        # Trusted CAs
+        ca_certs: str | None
+        ca_cert_dir: str | None
+        ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes
+
+        # TLS version
+        ssl_minimum_version: int | None
+        ssl_maximum_version: int | None
+        ssl_version: int | str | None  # Deprecated
+
+        # Client certificates
+        cert_file: str | None
+        key_file: str | None
+        key_password: str | None
+
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            host: str,
+            port: int | None = None,
+            *,
+            timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+            source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
+            blocksize: int = 16384,
+            socket_options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None = ...,
+            proxy: Url | None = None,
+            proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+            cert_reqs: int | str | None = None,
+            assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False] = None,
+            assert_fingerprint: str | None = None,
+            server_hostname: str | None = None,
+            ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+            ca_certs: str | None = None,
+            ca_cert_dir: str | None = None,
+            ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None,
+            ssl_minimum_version: int | None = None,
+            ssl_maximum_version: int | None = None,
+            ssl_version: int | str | None = None,  # Deprecated
+            cert_file: str | None = None,
+            key_file: str | None = None,
+            key_password: str | None = None,
+        ) -> None: ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_collections.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_collections.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1b6c1364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_collections.py
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from enum import Enum, auto
+from threading import RLock
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    # We can only import Protocol if TYPE_CHECKING because it's a development
+    # dependency, and is not available at runtime.
+    from typing import Protocol
+
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+    class HasGettableStringKeys(Protocol):
+        def keys(self) -> typing.Iterator[str]: ...
+
+        def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str: ...
+
+
+__all__ = ["RecentlyUsedContainer", "HTTPHeaderDict"]
+
+
+# Key type
+_KT = typing.TypeVar("_KT")
+# Value type
+_VT = typing.TypeVar("_VT")
+# Default type
+_DT = typing.TypeVar("_DT")
+
+ValidHTTPHeaderSource = typing.Union[
+    "HTTPHeaderDict",
+    typing.Mapping[str, str],
+    typing.Iterable[tuple[str, str]],
+    "HasGettableStringKeys",
+]
+
+
+class _Sentinel(Enum):
+    not_passed = auto()
+
+
+def ensure_can_construct_http_header_dict(
+    potential: object,
+) -> ValidHTTPHeaderSource | None:
+    if isinstance(potential, HTTPHeaderDict):
+        return potential
+    elif isinstance(potential, typing.Mapping):
+        # Full runtime checking of the contents of a Mapping is expensive, so for the
+        # purposes of typechecking, we assume that any Mapping is the right shape.
+        return typing.cast(typing.Mapping[str, str], potential)
+    elif isinstance(potential, typing.Iterable):
+        # Similarly to Mapping, full runtime checking of the contents of an Iterable is
+        # expensive, so for the purposes of typechecking, we assume that any Iterable
+        # is the right shape.
+        return typing.cast(typing.Iterable[tuple[str, str]], potential)
+    elif hasattr(potential, "keys") and hasattr(potential, "__getitem__"):
+        return typing.cast("HasGettableStringKeys", potential)
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+class RecentlyUsedContainer(typing.Generic[_KT, _VT], typing.MutableMapping[_KT, _VT]):
+    """
+    Provides a thread-safe dict-like container which maintains up to
+    ``maxsize`` keys while throwing away the least-recently-used keys beyond
+    ``maxsize``.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Maximum number of recent elements to retain.
+
+    :param dispose_func:
+        Every time an item is evicted from the container,
+        ``dispose_func(value)`` is called.  Callback which will get called
+    """
+
+    _container: typing.OrderedDict[_KT, _VT]
+    _maxsize: int
+    dispose_func: typing.Callable[[_VT], None] | None
+    lock: RLock
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        maxsize: int = 10,
+        dispose_func: typing.Callable[[_VT], None] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__()
+        self._maxsize = maxsize
+        self.dispose_func = dispose_func
+        self._container = OrderedDict()
+        self.lock = RLock()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: _KT) -> _VT:
+        # Re-insert the item, moving it to the end of the eviction line.
+        with self.lock:
+            item = self._container.pop(key)
+            self._container[key] = item
+            return item
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: _KT, value: _VT) -> None:
+        evicted_item = None
+        with self.lock:
+            # Possibly evict the existing value of 'key'
+            try:
+                # If the key exists, we'll overwrite it, which won't change the
+                # size of the pool. Because accessing a key should move it to
+                # the end of the eviction line, we pop it out first.
+                evicted_item = key, self._container.pop(key)
+                self._container[key] = value
+            except KeyError:
+                # When the key does not exist, we insert the value first so that
+                # evicting works in all cases, including when self._maxsize is 0
+                self._container[key] = value
+                if len(self._container) > self._maxsize:
+                    # If we didn't evict an existing value, and we've hit our maximum
+                    # size, then we have to evict the least recently used item from
+                    # the beginning of the container.
+                    evicted_item = self._container.popitem(last=False)
+
+        # After releasing the lock on the pool, dispose of any evicted value.
+        if evicted_item is not None and self.dispose_func:
+            _, evicted_value = evicted_item
+            self.dispose_func(evicted_value)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: _KT) -> None:
+        with self.lock:
+            value = self._container.pop(key)
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        with self.lock:
+            return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.NoReturn:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Iteration over this class is unlikely to be threadsafe."
+        )
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        with self.lock:
+            # Copy pointers to all values, then wipe the mapping
+            values = list(self._container.values())
+            self._container.clear()
+
+        if self.dispose_func:
+            for value in values:
+                self.dispose_func(value)
+
+    def keys(self) -> set[_KT]:  # type: ignore[override]
+        with self.lock:
+            return set(self._container.keys())
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDictItemView(set[tuple[str, str]]):
+    """
+    HTTPHeaderDict is unusual for a Mapping[str, str] in that it has two modes of
+    address.
+
+    If we directly try to get an item with a particular name, we will get a string
+    back that is the concatenated version of all the values:
+
+    >>> d['X-Header-Name']
+    'Value1, Value2, Value3'
+
+    However, if we iterate over an HTTPHeaderDict's items, we will optionally combine
+    these values based on whether combine=True was called when building up the dictionary
+
+    >>> d = HTTPHeaderDict({"A": "1", "B": "foo"})
+    >>> d.add("A", "2", combine=True)
+    >>> d.add("B", "bar")
+    >>> list(d.items())
+    [
+        ('A', '1, 2'),
+        ('B', 'foo'),
+        ('B', 'bar'),
+    ]
+
+    This class conforms to the interface required by the MutableMapping ABC while
+    also giving us the nonstandard iteration behavior we want; items with duplicate
+    keys, ordered by time of first insertion.
+    """
+
+    _headers: HTTPHeaderDict
+
+    def __init__(self, headers: HTTPHeaderDict) -> None:
+        self._headers = headers
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(list(self._headers.iteritems()))
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[tuple[str, str]]:
+        return self._headers.iteritems()
+
+    def __contains__(self, item: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(item, tuple) and len(item) == 2:
+            passed_key, passed_val = item
+            if isinstance(passed_key, str) and isinstance(passed_val, str):
+                return self._headers._has_value_for_header(passed_key, passed_val)
+        return False
+
+
+class HTTPHeaderDict(typing.MutableMapping[str, str]):
+    """
+    :param headers:
+        An iterable of field-value pairs. Must not contain multiple field names
+        when compared case-insensitively.
+
+    :param kwargs:
+        Additional field-value pairs to pass in to ``dict.update``.
+
+    A ``dict`` like container for storing HTTP Headers.
+
+    Field names are stored and compared case-insensitively in compliance with
+    RFC 7230. Iteration provides the first case-sensitive key seen for each
+    case-insensitive pair.
+
+    Using ``__setitem__`` syntax overwrites fields that compare equal
+    case-insensitively in order to maintain ``dict``'s api. For fields that
+    compare equal, instead create a new ``HTTPHeaderDict`` and use ``.add``
+    in a loop.
+
+    If multiple fields that are equal case-insensitively are passed to the
+    constructor or ``.update``, the behavior is undefined and some will be
+    lost.
+
+    >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
+    >>> headers.add('Set-Cookie', 'foo=bar')
+    >>> headers.add('set-cookie', 'baz=quxx')
+    >>> headers['content-length'] = '7'
+    >>> headers['SET-cookie']
+    'foo=bar, baz=quxx'
+    >>> headers['Content-Length']
+    '7'
+    """
+
+    _container: typing.MutableMapping[str, list[str]]
+
+    def __init__(self, headers: ValidHTTPHeaderSource | None = None, **kwargs: str):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._container = {}  # 'dict' is insert-ordered
+        if headers is not None:
+            if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+                self._copy_from(headers)
+            else:
+                self.extend(headers)
+        if kwargs:
+            self.extend(kwargs)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key: str, val: str) -> None:
+        # avoid a bytes/str comparison by decoding before httplib
+        if isinstance(key, bytes):
+            key = key.decode("latin-1")
+        self._container[key.lower()] = [key, val]
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> str:
+        val = self._container[key.lower()]
+        return ", ".join(val[1:])
+
+    def __delitem__(self, key: str) -> None:
+        del self._container[key.lower()]
+
+    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(key, str):
+            return key.lower() in self._container
+        return False
+
+    def setdefault(self, key: str, default: str = "") -> str:
+        return super().setdefault(key, default)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        maybe_constructable = ensure_can_construct_http_header_dict(other)
+        if maybe_constructable is None:
+            return False
+        else:
+            other_as_http_header_dict = type(self)(maybe_constructable)
+
+        return {k.lower(): v for k, v in self.itermerged()} == {
+            k.lower(): v for k, v in other_as_http_header_dict.itermerged()
+        }
+
+    def __ne__(self, other: object) -> bool:
+        return not self.__eq__(other)
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._container)
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[str]:
+        # Only provide the originally cased names
+        for vals in self._container.values():
+            yield vals[0]
+
+    def discard(self, key: str) -> None:
+        try:
+            del self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def add(self, key: str, val: str, *, combine: bool = False) -> None:
+        """Adds a (name, value) pair, doesn't overwrite the value if it already
+        exists.
+
+        If this is called with combine=True, instead of adding a new header value
+        as a distinct item during iteration, this will instead append the value to
+        any existing header value with a comma. If no existing header value exists
+        for the key, then the value will simply be added, ignoring the combine parameter.
+
+        >>> headers = HTTPHeaderDict(foo='bar')
+        >>> headers.add('Foo', 'baz')
+        >>> headers['foo']
+        'bar, baz'
+        >>> list(headers.items())
+        [('foo', 'bar'), ('foo', 'baz')]
+        >>> headers.add('foo', 'quz', combine=True)
+        >>> list(headers.items())
+        [('foo', 'bar, baz, quz')]
+        """
+        # avoid a bytes/str comparison by decoding before httplib
+        if isinstance(key, bytes):
+            key = key.decode("latin-1")
+        key_lower = key.lower()
+        new_vals = [key, val]
+        # Keep the common case aka no item present as fast as possible
+        vals = self._container.setdefault(key_lower, new_vals)
+        if new_vals is not vals:
+            # if there are values here, then there is at least the initial
+            # key/value pair
+            assert len(vals) >= 2
+            if combine:
+                vals[-1] = vals[-1] + ", " + val
+            else:
+                vals.append(val)
+
+    def extend(self, *args: ValidHTTPHeaderSource, **kwargs: str) -> None:
+        """Generic import function for any type of header-like object.
+        Adapted version of MutableMapping.update in order to insert items
+        with self.add instead of self.__setitem__
+        """
+        if len(args) > 1:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"extend() takes at most 1 positional arguments ({len(args)} given)"
+            )
+        other = args[0] if len(args) >= 1 else ()
+
+        if isinstance(other, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            for key, val in other.iteritems():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, typing.Mapping):
+            for key, val in other.items():
+                self.add(key, val)
+        elif isinstance(other, typing.Iterable):
+            other = typing.cast(typing.Iterable[tuple[str, str]], other)
+            for key, value in other:
+                self.add(key, value)
+        elif hasattr(other, "keys") and hasattr(other, "__getitem__"):
+            # THIS IS NOT A TYPESAFE BRANCH
+            # In this branch, the object has a `keys` attr but is not a Mapping or any of
+            # the other types indicated in the method signature. We do some stuff with
+            # it as though it partially implements the Mapping interface, but we're not
+            # doing that stuff safely AT ALL.
+            for key in other.keys():
+                self.add(key, other[key])
+
+        for key, value in kwargs.items():
+            self.add(key, value)
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def getlist(self, key: str) -> list[str]: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def getlist(self, key: str, default: _DT) -> list[str] | _DT: ...
+
+    def getlist(
+        self, key: str, default: _Sentinel | _DT = _Sentinel.not_passed
+    ) -> list[str] | _DT:
+        """Returns a list of all the values for the named field. Returns an
+        empty list if the key doesn't exist."""
+        try:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+        except KeyError:
+            if default is _Sentinel.not_passed:
+                # _DT is unbound; empty list is instance of List[str]
+                return []
+            # _DT is bound; default is instance of _DT
+            return default
+        else:
+            # _DT may or may not be bound; vals[1:] is instance of List[str], which
+            # meets our external interface requirement of `Union[List[str], _DT]`.
+            return vals[1:]
+
+    def _prepare_for_method_change(self) -> Self:
+        """
+        Remove content-specific header fields before changing the request
+        method to GET or HEAD according to RFC 9110, Section 15.4.
+        """
+        content_specific_headers = [
+            "Content-Encoding",
+            "Content-Language",
+            "Content-Location",
+            "Content-Type",
+            "Content-Length",
+            "Digest",
+            "Last-Modified",
+        ]
+        for header in content_specific_headers:
+            self.discard(header)
+        return self
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for httplib
+    getheaders = getlist
+    getallmatchingheaders = getlist
+    iget = getlist
+
+    # Backwards compatibility for http.cookiejar
+    get_all = getlist
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}({dict(self.itermerged())})"
+
+    def _copy_from(self, other: HTTPHeaderDict) -> None:
+        for key in other:
+            val = other.getlist(key)
+            self._container[key.lower()] = [key, *val]
+
+    def copy(self) -> Self:
+        clone = type(self)()
+        clone._copy_from(self)
+        return clone
+
+    def iteritems(self) -> typing.Iterator[tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Iterate over all header lines, including duplicate ones."""
+        for key in self:
+            vals = self._container[key.lower()]
+            for val in vals[1:]:
+                yield vals[0], val
+
+    def itermerged(self) -> typing.Iterator[tuple[str, str]]:
+        """Iterate over all headers, merging duplicate ones together."""
+        for key in self:
+            val = self._container[key.lower()]
+            yield val[0], ", ".join(val[1:])
+
+    def items(self) -> HTTPHeaderDictItemView:  # type: ignore[override]
+        return HTTPHeaderDictItemView(self)
+
+    def _has_value_for_header(self, header_name: str, potential_value: str) -> bool:
+        if header_name in self:
+            return potential_value in self._container[header_name.lower()][1:]
+        return False
+
+    def __ior__(self, other: object) -> HTTPHeaderDict:
+        # Supports extending a header dict in-place using operator |=
+        # combining items with add instead of __setitem__
+        maybe_constructable = ensure_can_construct_http_header_dict(other)
+        if maybe_constructable is None:
+            return NotImplemented
+        self.extend(maybe_constructable)
+        return self
+
+    def __or__(self, other: object) -> Self:
+        # Supports merging header dicts using operator |
+        # combining items with add instead of __setitem__
+        maybe_constructable = ensure_can_construct_http_header_dict(other)
+        if maybe_constructable is None:
+            return NotImplemented
+        result = self.copy()
+        result.extend(maybe_constructable)
+        return result
+
+    def __ror__(self, other: object) -> Self:
+        # Supports merging header dicts using operator | when other is on left side
+        # combining items with add instead of __setitem__
+        maybe_constructable = ensure_can_construct_http_header_dict(other)
+        if maybe_constructable is None:
+            return NotImplemented
+        result = type(self)(maybe_constructable)
+        result.extend(self)
+        return result
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_request_methods.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_request_methods.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..297c271b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_request_methods.py
@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json as _json
+import typing
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
+
+from ._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from .filepost import _TYPE_FIELDS, encode_multipart_formdata
+from .response import BaseHTTPResponse
+
+__all__ = ["RequestMethods"]
+
+_TYPE_ENCODE_URL_FIELDS = typing.Union[
+    typing.Sequence[tuple[str, typing.Union[str, bytes]]],
+    typing.Mapping[str, typing.Union[str, bytes]],
+]
+
+
+class RequestMethods:
+    """
+    Convenience mixin for classes who implement a :meth:`urlopen` method, such
+    as :class:`urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool` and
+    :class:`urllib3.PoolManager`.
+
+    Provides behavior for making common types of HTTP request methods and
+    decides which type of request field encoding to use.
+
+    Specifically,
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_url` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).
+
+    :meth:`.request_encode_body` is for sending requests whose fields are
+    encoded in the *body* of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded
+    (such as for POST, PUT, PATCH).
+
+    :meth:`.request` is for making any kind of request, it will look up the
+    appropriate encoding format and use one of the above two methods to make
+    the request.
+
+    Initializer parameters:
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+    """
+
+    _encode_url_methods = {"DELETE", "GET", "HEAD", "OPTIONS"}
+
+    def __init__(self, headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None) -> None:
+        self.headers = headers or {}
+
+    def urlopen(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        encode_multipart: bool = True,
+        multipart_boundary: str | None = None,
+        **kw: typing.Any,
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:  # Abstract
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Classes extending RequestMethods must implement "
+            "their own ``urlopen`` method."
+        )
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        fields: _TYPE_FIELDS | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        json: typing.Any | None = None,
+        **urlopen_kw: typing.Any,
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the appropriate encoding of
+        ``fields`` based on the ``method`` used.
+
+        This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual
+        effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the
+        option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as
+        :meth:`request_encode_url`, :meth:`request_encode_body`,
+        or even the lowest level :meth:`urlopen`.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param url:
+            The URL to perform the request on.
+
+        :param body:
+            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
+            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
+
+        :param fields:
+            Data to encode and send in the URL or request body, depending on ``method``.
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param json:
+            Data to encode and send as JSON with UTF-encoded in the request body.
+            The ``"Content-Type"`` header will be set to ``"application/json"``
+            unless specified otherwise.
+        """
+        method = method.upper()
+
+        if json is not None and body is not None:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "request got values for both 'body' and 'json' parameters which are mutually exclusive"
+            )
+
+        if json is not None:
+            if headers is None:
+                headers = self.headers
+
+            if not ("content-type" in map(str.lower, headers.keys())):
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)
+                headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
+
+            body = _json.dumps(json, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=False).encode(
+                "utf-8"
+            )
+
+        if body is not None:
+            urlopen_kw["body"] = body
+
+        if method in self._encode_url_methods:
+            return self.request_encode_url(
+                method,
+                url,
+                fields=fields,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                headers=headers,
+                **urlopen_kw,
+            )
+        else:
+            return self.request_encode_body(
+                method, url, fields=fields, headers=headers, **urlopen_kw
+            )
+
+    def request_encode_url(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        fields: _TYPE_ENCODE_URL_FIELDS | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        **urlopen_kw: str,
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param url:
+            The URL to perform the request on.
+
+        :param fields:
+            Data to encode and send in the URL.
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw: dict[str, typing.Any] = {"headers": headers}
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        if fields:
+            url += "?" + urlencode(fields)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
+
+    def request_encode_body(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        fields: _TYPE_FIELDS | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        encode_multipart: bool = True,
+        multipart_boundary: str | None = None,
+        **urlopen_kw: str,
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        """
+        Make a request using :meth:`urlopen` with the ``fields`` encoded in
+        the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.
+
+        When ``encode_multipart=True`` (default), then
+        :func:`urllib3.encode_multipart_formdata` is used to encode
+        the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise
+        :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode` is used with the
+        'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' content type.
+
+        Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it's reasonably
+        safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request
+        signing, such as with OAuth.
+
+        Supports an optional ``fields`` parameter of key/value strings AND
+        key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where
+        the MIME type is optional. For example::
+
+            fields = {
+                'foo': 'bar',
+                'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+                'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+                'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(),
+                              'image/jpeg'),
+                'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+            }
+
+        When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the
+        tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimic behavior of browsers.
+
+        Note that if ``headers`` are supplied, the 'Content-Type' header will
+        be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string
+        which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary
+        string can be explicitly set with the ``multipart_boundary`` parameter.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param url:
+            The URL to perform the request on.
+
+        :param fields:
+            Data to encode and send in the request body.
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param encode_multipart:
+            If True, encode the ``fields`` using the multipart/form-data MIME
+            format.
+
+        :param multipart_boundary:
+            If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using
+            :func:`urllib3.filepost.choose_boundary`.
+        """
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        extra_kw: dict[str, typing.Any] = {"headers": HTTPHeaderDict(headers)}
+        body: bytes | str
+
+        if fields:
+            if "body" in urlopen_kw:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "request got values for both 'fields' and 'body', can only specify one."
+                )
+
+            if encode_multipart:
+                body, content_type = encode_multipart_formdata(
+                    fields, boundary=multipart_boundary
+                )
+            else:
+                body, content_type = (
+                    urlencode(fields),  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                    "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+                )
+
+            extra_kw["body"] = body
+            extra_kw["headers"].setdefault("Content-Type", content_type)
+
+        extra_kw.update(urlopen_kw)
+
+        return self.urlopen(method, url, **extra_kw)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_version.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_version.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a3a3209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/_version.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# file generated by setuptools-scm
+# don't change, don't track in version control
+
+__all__ = ["__version__", "__version_tuple__", "version", "version_tuple"]
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Tuple
+    from typing import Union
+
+    VERSION_TUPLE = Tuple[Union[int, str], ...]
+else:
+    VERSION_TUPLE = object
+
+version: str
+__version__: str
+__version_tuple__: VERSION_TUPLE
+version_tuple: VERSION_TUPLE
+
+__version__ = version = '2.4.0'
+__version_tuple__ = version_tuple = (2, 4, 0)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..591ac407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1044 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import datetime
+import http.client
+import logging
+import os
+import re
+import socket
+import sys
+import threading
+import typing
+import warnings
+from http.client import HTTPConnection as _HTTPConnection
+from http.client import HTTPException as HTTPException  # noqa: F401
+from http.client import ResponseNotReady
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .response import HTTPResponse
+    from .util.ssl_ import _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT
+    from .util.ssltransport import SSLTransport
+
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from .http2 import probe as http2_probe
+from .util.response import assert_header_parsing
+from .util.timeout import _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, _TYPE_TIMEOUT, Timeout
+from .util.util import to_str
+from .util.wait import wait_for_read
+
+try:  # Compiled with SSL?
+    import ssl
+
+    BaseSSLError = ssl.SSLError
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+    ssl = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    class BaseSSLError(BaseException):  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        pass
+
+
+from ._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+from ._base_connection import ProxyConfig as ProxyConfig
+from ._base_connection import _ResponseOptions as _ResponseOptions
+from ._version import __version__
+from .exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    HeaderParsingError,
+    NameResolutionError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ProxyError,
+    SystemTimeWarning,
+)
+from .util import SKIP_HEADER, SKIPPABLE_HEADERS, connection, ssl_
+from .util.request import body_to_chunks
+from .util.ssl_ import assert_fingerprint as _assert_fingerprint
+from .util.ssl_ import (
+    create_urllib3_context,
+    is_ipaddress,
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+)
+from .util.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError, match_hostname
+from .util.url import Url
+
+# Not a no-op, we're adding this to the namespace so it can be imported.
+ConnectionError = ConnectionError
+BrokenPipeError = BrokenPipeError
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+port_by_scheme = {"http": 80, "https": 443}
+
+# When it comes time to update this value as a part of regular maintenance
+# (ie test_recent_date is failing) update it to ~6 months before the current date.
+RECENT_DATE = datetime.date(2023, 6, 1)
+
+_CONTAINS_CONTROL_CHAR_RE = re.compile(r"[^-!#$%&'*+.^_`|~0-9a-zA-Z]")
+
+
+class HTTPConnection(_HTTPConnection):
+    """
+    Based on :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection` but provides an extra constructor
+    backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.
+
+    Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection.
+    Accepted parameters include:
+
+    - ``source_address``: Set the source address for the current connection.
+    - ``socket_options``: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then
+      defaults are loaded from ``HTTPConnection.default_socket_options`` which includes disabling
+      Nagle's algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.
+
+      For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults,
+      you might pass:
+
+      .. code-block:: python
+
+         HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
+             (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
+         ]
+
+      Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., ``[]``).
+    """
+
+    default_port: typing.ClassVar[int] = port_by_scheme["http"]  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    #: Disable Nagle's algorithm by default.
+    #: ``[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]``
+    default_socket_options: typing.ClassVar[connection._TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS] = [
+        (socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+    ]
+
+    #: Whether this connection verifies the host's certificate.
+    is_verified: bool = False
+
+    #: Whether this proxy connection verified the proxy host's certificate.
+    # If no proxy is currently connected to the value will be ``None``.
+    proxy_is_verified: bool | None = None
+
+    blocksize: int
+    source_address: tuple[str, int] | None
+    socket_options: connection._TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None
+
+    _has_connected_to_proxy: bool
+    _response_options: _ResponseOptions | None
+    _tunnel_host: str | None
+    _tunnel_port: int | None
+    _tunnel_scheme: str | None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
+        blocksize: int = 16384,
+        socket_options: None | (
+            connection._TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+        ) = default_socket_options,
+        proxy: Url | None = None,
+        proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            host=host,
+            port=port,
+            timeout=Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout),
+            source_address=source_address,
+            blocksize=blocksize,
+        )
+        self.socket_options = socket_options
+        self.proxy = proxy
+        self.proxy_config = proxy_config
+
+        self._has_connected_to_proxy = False
+        self._response_options = None
+        self._tunnel_host: str | None = None
+        self._tunnel_port: int | None = None
+        self._tunnel_scheme: str | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def host(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Getter method to remove any trailing dots that indicate the hostname is an FQDN.
+
+        In general, SSL certificates don't include the trailing dot indicating a
+        fully-qualified domain name, and thus, they don't validate properly when
+        checked against a domain name that includes the dot. In addition, some
+        servers may not expect to receive the trailing dot when provided.
+
+        However, the hostname with trailing dot is critical to DNS resolution; doing a
+        lookup with the trailing dot will properly only resolve the appropriate FQDN,
+        whereas a lookup without a trailing dot will search the system's search domain
+        list. Thus, it's important to keep the original host around for use only in
+        those cases where it's appropriate (i.e., when doing DNS lookup to establish the
+        actual TCP connection across which we're going to send HTTP requests).
+        """
+        return self._dns_host.rstrip(".")
+
+    @host.setter
+    def host(self, value: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Setter for the `host` property.
+
+        We assume that only urllib3 uses the _dns_host attribute; httplib itself
+        only uses `host`, and it seems reasonable that other libraries follow suit.
+        """
+        self._dns_host = value
+
+    def _new_conn(self) -> socket.socket:
+        """Establish a socket connection and set nodelay settings on it.
+
+        :return: New socket connection.
+        """
+        try:
+            sock = connection.create_connection(
+                (self._dns_host, self.port),
+                self.timeout,
+                source_address=self.source_address,
+                socket_options=self.socket_options,
+            )
+        except socket.gaierror as e:
+            raise NameResolutionError(self.host, self, e) from e
+        except SocketTimeout as e:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self,
+                f"Connection to {self.host} timed out. (connect timeout={self.timeout})",
+            ) from e
+
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
+            ) from e
+
+        sys.audit("http.client.connect", self, self.host, self.port)
+
+        return sock
+
+    def set_tunnel(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        scheme: str = "http",
+    ) -> None:
+        if scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid proxy scheme for tunneling: {scheme!r}, must be either 'http' or 'https'"
+            )
+        super().set_tunnel(host, port=port, headers=headers)
+        self._tunnel_scheme = scheme
+
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 11, 4):
+
+        def _tunnel(self) -> None:
+            _MAXLINE = http.client._MAXLINE  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            connect = b"CONNECT %s:%d HTTP/1.0\r\n" % (  # type: ignore[str-format]
+                self._tunnel_host.encode("ascii"),  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                self._tunnel_port,
+            )
+            headers = [connect]
+            for header, value in self._tunnel_headers.items():  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                headers.append(f"{header}: {value}\r\n".encode("latin-1"))
+            headers.append(b"\r\n")
+            # Making a single send() call instead of one per line encourages
+            # the host OS to use a more optimal packet size instead of
+            # potentially emitting a series of small packets.
+            self.send(b"".join(headers))
+            del headers
+
+            response = self.response_class(self.sock, method=self._method)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            try:
+                (version, code, message) = response._read_status()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+                if code != http.HTTPStatus.OK:
+                    self.close()
+                    raise OSError(f"Tunnel connection failed: {code} {message.strip()}")
+                while True:
+                    line = response.fp.readline(_MAXLINE + 1)
+                    if len(line) > _MAXLINE:
+                        raise http.client.LineTooLong("header line")
+                    if not line:
+                        # for sites which EOF without sending a trailer
+                        break
+                    if line in (b"\r\n", b"\n", b""):
+                        break
+
+                    if self.debuglevel > 0:
+                        print("header:", line.decode())
+            finally:
+                response.close()
+
+    def connect(self) -> None:
+        self.sock = self._new_conn()
+        if self._tunnel_host:
+            # If we're tunneling it means we're connected to our proxy.
+            self._has_connected_to_proxy = True
+
+            # TODO: Fix tunnel so it doesn't depend on self.sock state.
+            self._tunnel()
+
+        # If there's a proxy to be connected to we are fully connected.
+        # This is set twice (once above and here) due to forwarding proxies
+        # not using tunnelling.
+        self._has_connected_to_proxy = bool(self.proxy)
+
+        if self._has_connected_to_proxy:
+            self.proxy_is_verified = False
+
+    @property
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self.sock is None
+
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        if self.sock is None:
+            return False
+        return not wait_for_read(self.sock, timeout=0.0)
+
+    @property
+    def has_connected_to_proxy(self) -> bool:
+        return self._has_connected_to_proxy
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_is_forwarding(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return True if a forwarding proxy is configured, else return False
+        """
+        return bool(self.proxy) and self._tunnel_host is None
+
+    @property
+    def proxy_is_tunneling(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Return True if a tunneling proxy is configured, else return False
+        """
+        return self._tunnel_host is not None
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            super().close()
+        finally:
+            # Reset all stateful properties so connection
+            # can be re-used without leaking prior configs.
+            self.sock = None
+            self.is_verified = False
+            self.proxy_is_verified = None
+            self._has_connected_to_proxy = False
+            self._response_options = None
+            self._tunnel_host = None
+            self._tunnel_port = None
+            self._tunnel_scheme = None
+
+    def putrequest(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        skip_host: bool = False,
+        skip_accept_encoding: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """"""
+        # Empty docstring because the indentation of CPython's implementation
+        # is broken but we don't want this method in our documentation.
+        match = _CONTAINS_CONTROL_CHAR_RE.search(method)
+        if match:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Method cannot contain non-token characters {method!r} (found at least {match.group()!r})"
+            )
+
+        return super().putrequest(
+            method, url, skip_host=skip_host, skip_accept_encoding=skip_accept_encoding
+        )
+
+    def putheader(self, header: str, *values: str) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """"""
+        if not any(isinstance(v, str) and v == SKIP_HEADER for v in values):
+            super().putheader(header, *values)
+        elif to_str(header.lower()) not in SKIPPABLE_HEADERS:
+            skippable_headers = "', '".join(
+                [str.title(header) for header in sorted(SKIPPABLE_HEADERS)]
+            )
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"urllib3.util.SKIP_HEADER only supports '{skippable_headers}'"
+            )
+
+    # `request` method's signature intentionally violates LSP.
+    # urllib3's API is different from `http.client.HTTPConnection` and the subclassing is only incidental.
+    def request(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        *,
+        chunked: bool = False,
+        preload_content: bool = True,
+        decode_content: bool = True,
+        enforce_content_length: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Update the inner socket's timeout value to send the request.
+        # This only triggers if the connection is re-used.
+        if self.sock is not None:
+            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+
+        # Store these values to be fed into the HTTPResponse
+        # object later. TODO: Remove this in favor of a real
+        # HTTP lifecycle mechanism.
+
+        # We have to store these before we call .request()
+        # because sometimes we can still salvage a response
+        # off the wire even if we aren't able to completely
+        # send the request body.
+        self._response_options = _ResponseOptions(
+            request_method=method,
+            request_url=url,
+            preload_content=preload_content,
+            decode_content=decode_content,
+            enforce_content_length=enforce_content_length,
+        )
+
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = {}
+        header_keys = frozenset(to_str(k.lower()) for k in headers)
+        skip_accept_encoding = "accept-encoding" in header_keys
+        skip_host = "host" in header_keys
+        self.putrequest(
+            method, url, skip_accept_encoding=skip_accept_encoding, skip_host=skip_host
+        )
+
+        # Transform the body into an iterable of sendall()-able chunks
+        # and detect if an explicit Content-Length is doable.
+        chunks_and_cl = body_to_chunks(body, method=method, blocksize=self.blocksize)
+        chunks = chunks_and_cl.chunks
+        content_length = chunks_and_cl.content_length
+
+        # When chunked is explicit set to 'True' we respect that.
+        if chunked:
+            if "transfer-encoding" not in header_keys:
+                self.putheader("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked")
+        else:
+            # Detect whether a framing mechanism is already in use. If so
+            # we respect that value, otherwise we pick chunked vs content-length
+            # depending on the type of 'body'.
+            if "content-length" in header_keys:
+                chunked = False
+            elif "transfer-encoding" in header_keys:
+                chunked = True
+
+            # Otherwise we go off the recommendation of 'body_to_chunks()'.
+            else:
+                chunked = False
+                if content_length is None:
+                    if chunks is not None:
+                        chunked = True
+                        self.putheader("Transfer-Encoding", "chunked")
+                else:
+                    self.putheader("Content-Length", str(content_length))
+
+        # Now that framing headers are out of the way we send all the other headers.
+        if "user-agent" not in header_keys:
+            self.putheader("User-Agent", _get_default_user_agent())
+        for header, value in headers.items():
+            self.putheader(header, value)
+        self.endheaders()
+
+        # If we're given a body we start sending that in chunks.
+        if chunks is not None:
+            for chunk in chunks:
+                # Sending empty chunks isn't allowed for TE: chunked
+                # as it indicates the end of the body.
+                if not chunk:
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(chunk, str):
+                    chunk = chunk.encode("utf-8")
+                if chunked:
+                    self.send(b"%x\r\n%b\r\n" % (len(chunk), chunk))
+                else:
+                    self.send(chunk)
+
+        # Regardless of whether we have a body or not, if we're in
+        # chunked mode we want to send an explicit empty chunk.
+        if chunked:
+            self.send(b"0\r\n\r\n")
+
+    def request_chunked(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Alternative to the common request method, which sends the
+        body with chunked encoding and not as one block
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "HTTPConnection.request_chunked() is deprecated and will be removed "
+            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead use HTTPConnection.request(..., chunked=True).",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        self.request(method, url, body=body, headers=headers, chunked=True)
+
+    def getresponse(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> HTTPResponse:
+        """
+        Get the response from the server.
+
+        If the HTTPConnection is in the correct state, returns an instance of HTTPResponse or of whatever object is returned by the response_class variable.
+
+        If a request has not been sent or if a previous response has not be handled, ResponseNotReady is raised. If the HTTP response indicates that the connection should be closed, then it will be closed before the response is returned. When the connection is closed, the underlying socket is closed.
+        """
+        # Raise the same error as http.client.HTTPConnection
+        if self._response_options is None:
+            raise ResponseNotReady()
+
+        # Reset this attribute for being used again.
+        resp_options = self._response_options
+        self._response_options = None
+
+        # Since the connection's timeout value may have been updated
+        # we need to set the timeout on the socket.
+        self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+
+        # This is needed here to avoid circular import errors
+        from .response import HTTPResponse
+
+        # Save a reference to the shutdown function before ownership is passed
+        # to httplib_response
+        # TODO should we implement it everywhere?
+        _shutdown = getattr(self.sock, "shutdown", None)
+
+        # Get the response from http.client.HTTPConnection
+        httplib_response = super().getresponse()
+
+        try:
+            assert_header_parsing(httplib_response.msg)
+        except (HeaderParsingError, TypeError) as hpe:
+            log.warning(
+                "Failed to parse headers (url=%s): %s",
+                _url_from_connection(self, resp_options.request_url),
+                hpe,
+                exc_info=True,
+            )
+
+        headers = HTTPHeaderDict(httplib_response.msg.items())
+
+        response = HTTPResponse(
+            body=httplib_response,
+            headers=headers,
+            status=httplib_response.status,
+            version=httplib_response.version,
+            version_string=getattr(self, "_http_vsn_str", "HTTP/?"),
+            reason=httplib_response.reason,
+            preload_content=resp_options.preload_content,
+            decode_content=resp_options.decode_content,
+            original_response=httplib_response,
+            enforce_content_length=resp_options.enforce_content_length,
+            request_method=resp_options.request_method,
+            request_url=resp_options.request_url,
+            sock_shutdown=_shutdown,
+        )
+        return response
+
+
+class HTTPSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+    """
+    Many of the parameters to this constructor are passed to the underlying SSL
+    socket by means of :py:func:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket`.
+    """
+
+    default_port = port_by_scheme["https"]  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    cert_reqs: int | str | None = None
+    ca_certs: str | None = None
+    ca_cert_dir: str | None = None
+    ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None
+    ssl_version: int | str | None = None
+    ssl_minimum_version: int | None = None
+    ssl_maximum_version: int | None = None
+    assert_fingerprint: str | None = None
+    _connect_callback: typing.Callable[..., None] | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
+        blocksize: int = 16384,
+        socket_options: None | (
+            connection._TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+        ) = HTTPConnection.default_socket_options,
+        proxy: Url | None = None,
+        proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+        cert_reqs: int | str | None = None,
+        assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False] = None,
+        assert_fingerprint: str | None = None,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_dir: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None,
+        ssl_minimum_version: int | None = None,
+        ssl_maximum_version: int | None = None,
+        ssl_version: int | str | None = None,  # Deprecated
+        cert_file: str | None = None,
+        key_file: str | None = None,
+        key_password: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            host,
+            port=port,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            source_address=source_address,
+            blocksize=blocksize,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+            proxy=proxy,
+            proxy_config=proxy_config,
+        )
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.key_password = key_password
+        self.ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self.server_hostname = server_hostname
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.ssl_minimum_version = ssl_minimum_version
+        self.ssl_maximum_version = ssl_maximum_version
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
+        self.ca_cert_data = ca_cert_data
+
+        # cert_reqs depends on ssl_context so calculate last.
+        if cert_reqs is None:
+            if self.ssl_context is not None:
+                cert_reqs = self.ssl_context.verify_mode
+            else:
+                cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(None)
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self._connect_callback = None
+
+    def set_cert(
+        self,
+        key_file: str | None = None,
+        cert_file: str | None = None,
+        cert_reqs: int | str | None = None,
+        key_password: str | None = None,
+        ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False] = None,
+        assert_fingerprint: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_dir: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        This method should only be called once, before the connection is used.
+        """
+        warnings.warn(
+            "HTTPSConnection.set_cert() is deprecated and will be removed "
+            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead provide the parameters to the "
+            "HTTPSConnection constructor.",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+        # If cert_reqs is not provided we'll assume CERT_REQUIRED unless we also
+        # have an SSLContext object in which case we'll use its verify_mode.
+        if cert_reqs is None:
+            if self.ssl_context is not None:
+                cert_reqs = self.ssl_context.verify_mode
+            else:
+                cert_reqs = resolve_cert_reqs(None)
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.key_password = key_password
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
+        self.ca_cert_data = ca_cert_data
+
+    def connect(self) -> None:
+        # Today we don't need to be doing this step before the /actual/ socket
+        # connection, however in the future we'll need to decide whether to
+        # create a new socket or re-use an existing "shared" socket as a part
+        # of the HTTP/2 handshake dance.
+        if self._tunnel_host is not None and self._tunnel_port is not None:
+            probe_http2_host = self._tunnel_host
+            probe_http2_port = self._tunnel_port
+        else:
+            probe_http2_host = self.host
+            probe_http2_port = self.port
+
+        # Check if the target origin supports HTTP/2.
+        # If the value comes back as 'None' it means that the current thread
+        # is probing for HTTP/2 support. Otherwise, we're waiting for another
+        # probe to complete, or we get a value right away.
+        target_supports_http2: bool | None
+        if "h2" in ssl_.ALPN_PROTOCOLS:
+            target_supports_http2 = http2_probe.acquire_and_get(
+                host=probe_http2_host, port=probe_http2_port
+            )
+        else:
+            # If HTTP/2 isn't going to be offered it doesn't matter if
+            # the target supports HTTP/2. Don't want to make a probe.
+            target_supports_http2 = False
+
+        if self._connect_callback is not None:
+            self._connect_callback(
+                "before connect",
+                thread_id=threading.get_ident(),
+                target_supports_http2=target_supports_http2,
+            )
+
+        try:
+            sock: socket.socket | ssl.SSLSocket
+            self.sock = sock = self._new_conn()
+            server_hostname: str = self.host
+            tls_in_tls = False
+
+            # Do we need to establish a tunnel?
+            if self.proxy_is_tunneling:
+                # We're tunneling to an HTTPS origin so need to do TLS-in-TLS.
+                if self._tunnel_scheme == "https":
+                    # _connect_tls_proxy will verify and assign proxy_is_verified
+                    self.sock = sock = self._connect_tls_proxy(self.host, sock)
+                    tls_in_tls = True
+                elif self._tunnel_scheme == "http":
+                    self.proxy_is_verified = False
+
+                # If we're tunneling it means we're connected to our proxy.
+                self._has_connected_to_proxy = True
+
+                self._tunnel()
+                # Override the host with the one we're requesting data from.
+                server_hostname = typing.cast(str, self._tunnel_host)
+
+            if self.server_hostname is not None:
+                server_hostname = self.server_hostname
+
+            is_time_off = datetime.date.today() < RECENT_DATE
+            if is_time_off:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    (
+                        f"System time is way off (before {RECENT_DATE}). This will probably "
+                        "lead to SSL verification errors"
+                    ),
+                    SystemTimeWarning,
+                )
+
+            # Remove trailing '.' from fqdn hostnames to allow certificate validation
+            server_hostname_rm_dot = server_hostname.rstrip(".")
+
+            sock_and_verified = _ssl_wrap_socket_and_match_hostname(
+                sock=sock,
+                cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
+                ssl_version=self.ssl_version,
+                ssl_minimum_version=self.ssl_minimum_version,
+                ssl_maximum_version=self.ssl_maximum_version,
+                ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+                ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+                ca_cert_data=self.ca_cert_data,
+                cert_file=self.cert_file,
+                key_file=self.key_file,
+                key_password=self.key_password,
+                server_hostname=server_hostname_rm_dot,
+                ssl_context=self.ssl_context,
+                tls_in_tls=tls_in_tls,
+                assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
+                assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint,
+            )
+            self.sock = sock_and_verified.socket
+
+        # If an error occurs during connection/handshake we may need to release
+        # our lock so another connection can probe the origin.
+        except BaseException:
+            if self._connect_callback is not None:
+                self._connect_callback(
+                    "after connect failure",
+                    thread_id=threading.get_ident(),
+                    target_supports_http2=target_supports_http2,
+                )
+
+            if target_supports_http2 is None:
+                http2_probe.set_and_release(
+                    host=probe_http2_host, port=probe_http2_port, supports_http2=None
+                )
+            raise
+
+        # If this connection doesn't know if the origin supports HTTP/2
+        # we report back to the HTTP/2 probe our result.
+        if target_supports_http2 is None:
+            supports_http2 = sock_and_verified.socket.selected_alpn_protocol() == "h2"
+            http2_probe.set_and_release(
+                host=probe_http2_host,
+                port=probe_http2_port,
+                supports_http2=supports_http2,
+            )
+
+        # Forwarding proxies can never have a verified target since
+        # the proxy is the one doing the verification. Should instead
+        # use a CONNECT tunnel in order to verify the target.
+        # See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3267.
+        if self.proxy_is_forwarding:
+            self.is_verified = False
+        else:
+            self.is_verified = sock_and_verified.is_verified
+
+        # If there's a proxy to be connected to we are fully connected.
+        # This is set twice (once above and here) due to forwarding proxies
+        # not using tunnelling.
+        self._has_connected_to_proxy = bool(self.proxy)
+
+        # Set `self.proxy_is_verified` unless it's already set while
+        # establishing a tunnel.
+        if self._has_connected_to_proxy and self.proxy_is_verified is None:
+            self.proxy_is_verified = sock_and_verified.is_verified
+
+    def _connect_tls_proxy(self, hostname: str, sock: socket.socket) -> ssl.SSLSocket:
+        """
+        Establish a TLS connection to the proxy using the provided SSL context.
+        """
+        # `_connect_tls_proxy` is called when self._tunnel_host is truthy.
+        proxy_config = typing.cast(ProxyConfig, self.proxy_config)
+        ssl_context = proxy_config.ssl_context
+        sock_and_verified = _ssl_wrap_socket_and_match_hostname(
+            sock,
+            cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
+            ssl_version=self.ssl_version,
+            ssl_minimum_version=self.ssl_minimum_version,
+            ssl_maximum_version=self.ssl_maximum_version,
+            ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+            ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+            ca_cert_data=self.ca_cert_data,
+            server_hostname=hostname,
+            ssl_context=ssl_context,
+            assert_hostname=proxy_config.assert_hostname,
+            assert_fingerprint=proxy_config.assert_fingerprint,
+            # Features that aren't implemented for proxies yet:
+            cert_file=None,
+            key_file=None,
+            key_password=None,
+            tls_in_tls=False,
+        )
+        self.proxy_is_verified = sock_and_verified.is_verified
+        return sock_and_verified.socket  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+class _WrappedAndVerifiedSocket(typing.NamedTuple):
+    """
+    Wrapped socket and whether the connection is
+    verified after the TLS handshake
+    """
+
+    socket: ssl.SSLSocket | SSLTransport
+    is_verified: bool
+
+
+def _ssl_wrap_socket_and_match_hostname(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    *,
+    cert_reqs: None | str | int,
+    ssl_version: None | str | int,
+    ssl_minimum_version: int | None,
+    ssl_maximum_version: int | None,
+    cert_file: str | None,
+    key_file: str | None,
+    key_password: str | None,
+    ca_certs: str | None,
+    ca_cert_dir: str | None,
+    ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes,
+    assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False],
+    assert_fingerprint: str | None,
+    server_hostname: str | None,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None,
+    tls_in_tls: bool = False,
+) -> _WrappedAndVerifiedSocket:
+    """Logic for constructing an SSLContext from all TLS parameters, passing
+    that down into ssl_wrap_socket, and then doing certificate verification
+    either via hostname or fingerprint. This function exists to guarantee
+    that both proxies and targets have the same behavior when connecting via TLS.
+    """
+    default_ssl_context = False
+    if ssl_context is None:
+        default_ssl_context = True
+        context = create_urllib3_context(
+            ssl_version=resolve_ssl_version(ssl_version),
+            ssl_minimum_version=ssl_minimum_version,
+            ssl_maximum_version=ssl_maximum_version,
+            cert_reqs=resolve_cert_reqs(cert_reqs),
+        )
+    else:
+        context = ssl_context
+
+    context.verify_mode = resolve_cert_reqs(cert_reqs)
+
+    # In some cases, we want to verify hostnames ourselves
+    if (
+        # `ssl` can't verify fingerprints or alternate hostnames
+        assert_fingerprint
+        or assert_hostname
+        # assert_hostname can be set to False to disable hostname checking
+        or assert_hostname is False
+        # We still support OpenSSL 1.0.2, which prevents us from verifying
+        # hostnames easily: https://github.com/pyca/pyopenssl/pull/933
+        or ssl_.IS_PYOPENSSL
+        or not ssl_.HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME
+    ):
+        context.check_hostname = False
+
+    # Try to load OS default certs if none are given. We need to do the hasattr() check
+    # for custom pyOpenSSL SSLContext objects because they don't support
+    # load_default_certs().
+    if (
+        not ca_certs
+        and not ca_cert_dir
+        and not ca_cert_data
+        and default_ssl_context
+        and hasattr(context, "load_default_certs")
+    ):
+        context.load_default_certs()
+
+    # Ensure that IPv6 addresses are in the proper format and don't have a
+    # scope ID. Python's SSL module fails to recognize scoped IPv6 addresses
+    # and interprets them as DNS hostnames.
+    if server_hostname is not None:
+        normalized = server_hostname.strip("[]")
+        if "%" in normalized:
+            normalized = normalized[: normalized.rfind("%")]
+        if is_ipaddress(normalized):
+            server_hostname = normalized
+
+    ssl_sock = ssl_wrap_socket(
+        sock=sock,
+        keyfile=key_file,
+        certfile=cert_file,
+        key_password=key_password,
+        ca_certs=ca_certs,
+        ca_cert_dir=ca_cert_dir,
+        ca_cert_data=ca_cert_data,
+        server_hostname=server_hostname,
+        ssl_context=context,
+        tls_in_tls=tls_in_tls,
+    )
+
+    try:
+        if assert_fingerprint:
+            _assert_fingerprint(
+                ssl_sock.getpeercert(binary_form=True), assert_fingerprint
+            )
+        elif (
+            context.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE
+            and not context.check_hostname
+            and assert_hostname is not False
+        ):
+            cert: _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT = ssl_sock.getpeercert()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+            # Need to signal to our match_hostname whether to use 'commonName' or not.
+            # If we're using our own constructed SSLContext we explicitly set 'False'
+            # because PyPy hard-codes 'True' from SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name.
+            if default_ssl_context:
+                hostname_checks_common_name = False
+            else:
+                hostname_checks_common_name = (
+                    getattr(context, "hostname_checks_common_name", False) or False
+                )
+
+            _match_hostname(
+                cert,
+                assert_hostname or server_hostname,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                hostname_checks_common_name,
+            )
+
+        return _WrappedAndVerifiedSocket(
+            socket=ssl_sock,
+            is_verified=context.verify_mode == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+            or bool(assert_fingerprint),
+        )
+    except BaseException:
+        ssl_sock.close()
+        raise
+
+
+def _match_hostname(
+    cert: _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT | None,
+    asserted_hostname: str,
+    hostname_checks_common_name: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    # Our upstream implementation of ssl.match_hostname()
+    # only applies this normalization to IP addresses so it doesn't
+    # match DNS SANs so we do the same thing!
+    stripped_hostname = asserted_hostname.strip("[]")
+    if is_ipaddress(stripped_hostname):
+        asserted_hostname = stripped_hostname
+
+    try:
+        match_hostname(cert, asserted_hostname, hostname_checks_common_name)
+    except CertificateError as e:
+        log.warning(
+            "Certificate did not match expected hostname: %s. Certificate: %s",
+            asserted_hostname,
+            cert,
+        )
+        # Add cert to exception and reraise so client code can inspect
+        # the cert when catching the exception, if they want to
+        e._peer_cert = cert  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        raise
+
+
+def _wrap_proxy_error(err: Exception, proxy_scheme: str | None) -> ProxyError:
+    # Look for the phrase 'wrong version number', if found
+    # then we should warn the user that we're very sure that
+    # this proxy is HTTP-only and they have a configuration issue.
+    error_normalized = " ".join(re.split("[^a-z]", str(err).lower()))
+    is_likely_http_proxy = (
+        "wrong version number" in error_normalized
+        or "unknown protocol" in error_normalized
+        or "record layer failure" in error_normalized
+    )
+    http_proxy_warning = (
+        ". Your proxy appears to only use HTTP and not HTTPS, "
+        "try changing your proxy URL to be HTTP. See: "
+        "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html"
+        "#https-proxy-error-http-proxy"
+    )
+    new_err = ProxyError(
+        f"Unable to connect to proxy"
+        f"{http_proxy_warning if is_likely_http_proxy and proxy_scheme == 'https' else ''}",
+        err,
+    )
+    new_err.__cause__ = err
+    return new_err
+
+
+def _get_default_user_agent() -> str:
+    return f"python-urllib3/{__version__}"
+
+
+class DummyConnection:
+    """Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import."""
+
+
+if not ssl:
+    HTTPSConnection = DummyConnection  # type: ignore[misc, assignment] # noqa: F811
+
+
+VerifiedHTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
+
+
+def _url_from_connection(
+    conn: HTTPConnection | HTTPSConnection, path: str | None = None
+) -> str:
+    """Returns the URL from a given connection. This is mainly used for testing and logging."""
+
+    scheme = "https" if isinstance(conn, HTTPSConnection) else "http"
+
+    return Url(scheme=scheme, host=conn.host, port=conn.port, path=path).url
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a0685b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1178 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import errno
+import logging
+import queue
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+import weakref
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from ._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from ._request_methods import RequestMethods
+from .connection import (
+    BaseSSLError,
+    BrokenPipeError,
+    DummyConnection,
+    HTTPConnection,
+    HTTPException,
+    HTTPSConnection,
+    ProxyConfig,
+    _wrap_proxy_error,
+)
+from .connection import port_by_scheme as port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import (
+    ClosedPoolError,
+    EmptyPoolError,
+    FullPoolError,
+    HostChangedError,
+    InsecureRequestWarning,
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    NewConnectionError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    SSLError,
+    TimeoutError,
+)
+from .response import BaseHTTPResponse
+from .util.connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .util.proxy import connection_requires_http_tunnel
+from .util.request import _TYPE_BODY_POSITION, set_file_position
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.ssl_match_hostname import CertificateError
+from .util.timeout import _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, _TYPE_DEFAULT, Timeout
+from .util.url import Url, _encode_target
+from .util.url import _normalize_host as normalize_host
+from .util.url import parse_url
+from .util.util import to_str
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl
+
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+    from ._base_connection import BaseHTTPConnection, BaseHTTPSConnection
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+_TYPE_TIMEOUT = typing.Union[Timeout, float, _TYPE_DEFAULT, None]
+
+
+# Pool objects
+class ConnectionPool:
+    """
+    Base class for all connection pools, such as
+    :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool` and :class:`.HTTPSConnectionPool`.
+
+    .. note::
+       ConnectionPool.urlopen() does not normalize or percent-encode target URIs
+       which is useful if your target server doesn't support percent-encoded
+       target URIs.
+    """
+
+    scheme: str | None = None
+    QueueCls = queue.LifoQueue
+
+    def __init__(self, host: str, port: int | None = None) -> None:
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        self.host = _normalize_host(host, scheme=self.scheme)
+        self.port = port
+
+        # This property uses 'normalize_host()' (not '_normalize_host()')
+        # to avoid removing square braces around IPv6 addresses.
+        # This value is sent to `HTTPConnection.set_tunnel()` if called
+        # because square braces are required for HTTP CONNECT tunneling.
+        self._tunnel_host = normalize_host(host, scheme=self.scheme).lower()
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}(host={self.host!r}, port={self.port!r})"
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> typing.Literal[False]:
+        self.close()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+
+
+# This is taken from http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/7aaba721ebc0/Lib/socket.py#l252
+_blocking_errnos = {errno.EAGAIN, errno.EWOULDBLOCK}
+
+
+class HTTPConnectionPool(ConnectionPool, RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Thread-safe connection pool for one host.
+
+    :param host:
+        Host used for this HTTP Connection (e.g. "localhost"), passed into
+        :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param port:
+        Port used for this HTTP Connection (None is equivalent to 80), passed
+        into :class:`http.client.HTTPConnection`.
+
+    :param timeout:
+        Socket timeout in seconds for each individual connection. This can
+        be a float or integer, which sets the timeout for the HTTP request,
+        or an instance of :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout` which gives you more
+        fine-grained control over request timeouts. After the constructor has
+        been parsed, this is always a `urllib3.util.Timeout` object.
+
+    :param maxsize:
+        Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful
+        in multithreaded situations. If ``block`` is set to False, more
+        connections will be created but they will not be saved once they've
+        been used.
+
+    :param block:
+        If set to True, no more than ``maxsize`` connections will be used at
+        a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block
+        until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for
+        particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more
+        than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param retries:
+        Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool.
+
+    :param _proxy:
+        Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see
+        :class:`urllib3.ProxyManager`
+
+    :param _proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly,
+        instead, see :class:`urllib3.ProxyManager`
+
+    :param \\**conn_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`,
+        :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.
+    """
+
+    scheme = "http"
+    ConnectionCls: type[BaseHTTPConnection] | type[BaseHTTPSConnection] = HTTPConnection
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT | None = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        maxsize: int = 1,
+        block: bool = False,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        retries: Retry | bool | int | None = None,
+        _proxy: Url | None = None,
+        _proxy_headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        _proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+        **conn_kw: typing.Any,
+    ):
+        ConnectionPool.__init__(self, host, port)
+        RequestMethods.__init__(self, headers)
+
+        if not isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            timeout = Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = Retry.DEFAULT
+
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.retries = retries
+
+        self.pool: queue.LifoQueue[typing.Any] | None = self.QueueCls(maxsize)
+        self.block = block
+
+        self.proxy = _proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = _proxy_headers or {}
+        self.proxy_config = _proxy_config
+
+        # Fill the queue up so that doing get() on it will block properly
+        for _ in range(maxsize):
+            self.pool.put(None)
+
+        # These are mostly for testing and debugging purposes.
+        self.num_connections = 0
+        self.num_requests = 0
+        self.conn_kw = conn_kw
+
+        if self.proxy:
+            # Enable Nagle's algorithm for proxies, to avoid packet fragmentation.
+            # We cannot know if the user has added default socket options, so we cannot replace the
+            # list.
+            self.conn_kw.setdefault("socket_options", [])
+
+            self.conn_kw["proxy"] = self.proxy
+            self.conn_kw["proxy_config"] = self.proxy_config
+
+        # Do not pass 'self' as callback to 'finalize'.
+        # Then the 'finalize' would keep an endless living (leak) to self.
+        # By just passing a reference to the pool allows the garbage collector
+        # to free self if nobody else has a reference to it.
+        pool = self.pool
+
+        # Close all the HTTPConnections in the pool before the
+        # HTTPConnectionPool object is garbage collected.
+        weakref.finalize(self, _close_pool_connections, pool)
+
+    def _new_conn(self) -> BaseHTTPConnection:
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`HTTPConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug(
+            "Starting new HTTP connection (%d): %s:%s",
+            self.num_connections,
+            self.host,
+            self.port or "80",
+        )
+
+        conn = self.ConnectionCls(
+            host=self.host,
+            port=self.port,
+            timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+            **self.conn_kw,
+        )
+        return conn
+
+    def _get_conn(self, timeout: float | None = None) -> BaseHTTPConnection:
+        """
+        Get a connection. Will return a pooled connection if one is available.
+
+        If no connections are available and :prop:`.block` is ``False``, then a
+        fresh connection is returned.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            Seconds to wait before giving up and raising
+            :class:`urllib3.exceptions.EmptyPoolError` if the pool is empty and
+            :prop:`.block` is ``True``.
+        """
+        conn = None
+
+        if self.pool is None:
+            raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.")
+
+        try:
+            conn = self.pool.get(block=self.block, timeout=timeout)
+
+        except AttributeError:  # self.pool is None
+            raise ClosedPoolError(self, "Pool is closed.") from None  # Defensive:
+
+        except queue.Empty:
+            if self.block:
+                raise EmptyPoolError(
+                    self,
+                    "Pool is empty and a new connection can't be opened due to blocking mode.",
+                ) from None
+            pass  # Oh well, we'll create a new connection then
+
+        # If this is a persistent connection, check if it got disconnected
+        if conn and is_connection_dropped(conn):
+            log.debug("Resetting dropped connection: %s", self.host)
+            conn.close()
+
+        return conn or self._new_conn()
+
+    def _put_conn(self, conn: BaseHTTPConnection | None) -> None:
+        """
+        Put a connection back into the pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            Connection object for the current host and port as returned by
+            :meth:`._new_conn` or :meth:`._get_conn`.
+
+        If the pool is already full, the connection is closed and discarded
+        because we exceeded maxsize. If connections are discarded frequently,
+        then maxsize should be increased.
+
+        If the pool is closed, then the connection will be closed and discarded.
+        """
+        if self.pool is not None:
+            try:
+                self.pool.put(conn, block=False)
+                return  # Everything is dandy, done.
+            except AttributeError:
+                # self.pool is None.
+                pass
+            except queue.Full:
+                # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
+                if conn:
+                    conn.close()
+
+                if self.block:
+                    # This should never happen if you got the conn from self._get_conn
+                    raise FullPoolError(
+                        self,
+                        "Pool reached maximum size and no more connections are allowed.",
+                    ) from None
+
+                log.warning(
+                    "Connection pool is full, discarding connection: %s. Connection pool size: %s",
+                    self.host,
+                    self.pool.qsize(),
+                )
+
+        # Connection never got put back into the pool, close it.
+        if conn:
+            conn.close()
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn: BaseHTTPConnection) -> None:
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn: BaseHTTPConnection) -> None:
+        # Nothing to do for HTTP connections.
+        pass
+
+    def _get_timeout(self, timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT) -> Timeout:
+        """Helper that always returns a :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`"""
+        if timeout is _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return self.timeout.clone()
+
+        if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+            return timeout.clone()
+        else:
+            # User passed us an int/float. This is for backwards compatibility,
+            # can be removed later
+            return Timeout.from_float(timeout)
+
+    def _raise_timeout(
+        self,
+        err: BaseSSLError | OSError | SocketTimeout,
+        url: str,
+        timeout_value: _TYPE_TIMEOUT | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Is the error actually a timeout? Will raise a ReadTimeout or pass"""
+
+        if isinstance(err, SocketTimeout):
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                self, url, f"Read timed out. (read timeout={timeout_value})"
+            ) from err
+
+        # See the above comment about EAGAIN in Python 3.
+        if hasattr(err, "errno") and err.errno in _blocking_errnos:
+            raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                self, url, f"Read timed out. (read timeout={timeout_value})"
+            ) from err
+
+    def _make_request(
+        self,
+        conn: BaseHTTPConnection,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        retries: Retry | None = None,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        chunked: bool = False,
+        response_conn: BaseHTTPConnection | None = None,
+        preload_content: bool = True,
+        decode_content: bool = True,
+        enforce_content_length: bool = True,
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        """
+        Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our
+        pool.
+
+        :param conn:
+            a connection from one of our connection pools
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param url:
+            The URL to perform the request on.
+
+        :param body:
+            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
+            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param retries:
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            Pass ``None`` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
+            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
+
+        :param chunked:
+            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
+            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
+            content-length form. Defaults to False.
+
+        :param response_conn:
+            Set this to ``None`` if you will handle releasing the connection or
+            set the connection to have the response release it.
+
+        :param preload_content:
+          If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+
+        :param enforce_content_length:
+            Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match
+            value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error.
+        """
+        self.num_requests += 1
+
+        timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+        timeout_obj.start_connect()
+        conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout)
+
+        try:
+            # Trigger any extra validation we need to do.
+            try:
+                self._validate_conn(conn)
+            except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e:
+                self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout)
+                raise
+
+        # _validate_conn() starts the connection to an HTTPS proxy
+        # so we need to wrap errors with 'ProxyError' here too.
+        except (
+            OSError,
+            NewConnectionError,
+            TimeoutError,
+            BaseSSLError,
+            CertificateError,
+            SSLError,
+        ) as e:
+            new_e: Exception = e
+            if isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
+                new_e = SSLError(e)
+            # If the connection didn't successfully connect to it's proxy
+            # then there
+            if isinstance(
+                new_e, (OSError, NewConnectionError, TimeoutError, SSLError)
+            ) and (conn and conn.proxy and not conn.has_connected_to_proxy):
+                new_e = _wrap_proxy_error(new_e, conn.proxy.scheme)
+            raise new_e
+
+        # conn.request() calls http.client.*.request, not the method in
+        # urllib3.request. It also calls makefile (recv) on the socket.
+        try:
+            conn.request(
+                method,
+                url,
+                body=body,
+                headers=headers,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                preload_content=preload_content,
+                decode_content=decode_content,
+                enforce_content_length=enforce_content_length,
+            )
+
+        # We are swallowing BrokenPipeError (errno.EPIPE) since the server is
+        # legitimately able to close the connection after sending a valid response.
+        # With this behaviour, the received response is still readable.
+        except BrokenPipeError:
+            pass
+        except OSError as e:
+            # MacOS/Linux
+            # EPROTOTYPE and ECONNRESET are needed on macOS
+            # https://erickt.github.io/blog/2014/11/19/adventures-in-debugging-a-potential-osx-kernel-bug/
+            # Condition changed later to emit ECONNRESET instead of only EPROTOTYPE.
+            if e.errno != errno.EPROTOTYPE and e.errno != errno.ECONNRESET:
+                raise
+
+        # Reset the timeout for the recv() on the socket
+        read_timeout = timeout_obj.read_timeout
+
+        if not conn.is_closed:
+            # In Python 3 socket.py will catch EAGAIN and return None when you
+            # try and read into the file pointer created by http.client, which
+            # instead raises a BadStatusLine exception. Instead of catching
+            # the exception and assuming all BadStatusLine exceptions are read
+            # timeouts, check for a zero timeout before making the request.
+            if read_timeout == 0:
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(
+                    self, url, f"Read timed out. (read timeout={read_timeout})"
+                )
+            conn.timeout = read_timeout
+
+        # Receive the response from the server
+        try:
+            response = conn.getresponse()
+        except (BaseSSLError, OSError) as e:
+            self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=read_timeout)
+            raise
+
+        # Set properties that are used by the pooling layer.
+        response.retries = retries
+        response._connection = response_conn  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        response._pool = self  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        log.debug(
+            '%s://%s:%s "%s %s %s" %s %s',
+            self.scheme,
+            self.host,
+            self.port,
+            method,
+            url,
+            response.version_string,
+            response.status,
+            response.length_remaining,
+        )
+
+        return response
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.
+        """
+        if self.pool is None:
+            return
+        # Disable access to the pool
+        old_pool, self.pool = self.pool, None
+
+        # Close all the HTTPConnections in the pool.
+        _close_pool_connections(old_pool)
+
+    def is_same_host(self, url: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if the given ``url`` is a member of the same host as this
+        connection pool.
+        """
+        if url.startswith("/"):
+            return True
+
+        # TODO: Add optional support for socket.gethostbyname checking.
+        scheme, _, host, port, *_ = parse_url(url)
+        scheme = scheme or "http"
+        if host is not None:
+            host = _normalize_host(host, scheme=scheme)
+
+        # Use explicit default port for comparison when none is given
+        if self.port and not port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(scheme)
+        elif not self.port and port == port_by_scheme.get(scheme):
+            port = None
+
+        return (scheme, host, port) == (self.scheme, self.host, self.port)
+
+    def urlopen(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        retries: Retry | bool | int | None = None,
+        redirect: bool = True,
+        assert_same_host: bool = True,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        pool_timeout: int | None = None,
+        release_conn: bool | None = None,
+        chunked: bool = False,
+        body_pos: _TYPE_BODY_POSITION | None = None,
+        preload_content: bool = True,
+        decode_content: bool = True,
+        **response_kw: typing.Any,
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        """
+        Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the
+        lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all
+        the raw details.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method
+           such as :meth:`request`.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           `release_conn` will only behave as expected if
+           `preload_content=False` because we want to make
+           `preload_content=False` the default behaviour someday soon without
+           breaking backwards compatibility.
+
+        :param method:
+            HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.)
+
+        :param url:
+            The URL to perform the request on.
+
+        :param body:
+            Data to send in the request body, either :class:`str`, :class:`bytes`,
+            an iterable of :class:`str`/:class:`bytes`, or a file-like object.
+
+        :param headers:
+            Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent,
+            If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided,
+            these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers.
+
+        :param retries:
+            Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a
+            :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` exception.
+
+            If ``None`` (default) will retry 3 times, see ``Retry.DEFAULT``. Pass a
+            :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` object for fine-grained control
+            over different types of retries.
+            Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times,
+            but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry.
+
+            If ``False``, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised
+            immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects,
+            the redirect response will be returned.
+
+        :type retries: :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry`, False, or an int.
+
+        :param redirect:
+            If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302,
+            303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries
+            will disable redirect, too.
+
+        :param assert_same_host:
+            If ``True``, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is
+            consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When ``False``, you can
+            use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts.
+
+        :param timeout:
+            If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one
+            request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of
+            :class:`urllib3.util.Timeout`.
+
+        :param pool_timeout:
+            If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will
+            block for ``pool_timeout`` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no
+            connection is available within the time period.
+
+        :param bool preload_content:
+            If True, the response's body will be preloaded into memory.
+
+        :param bool decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+
+        :param release_conn:
+            If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection
+            back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if
+            you read the entire contents of the response such as when
+            `preload_content=True`). This is useful if you're not preloading
+            the response's content immediately. You will need to call
+            ``r.release_conn()`` on the response ``r`` to return the connection
+            back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of ``preload_content``
+            which defaults to ``True``.
+
+        :param bool chunked:
+            If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer
+            encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard
+            content-length form. Defaults to False.
+
+        :param int body_pos:
+            Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or
+            redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will
+            auto-populate the value when needed.
+        """
+        parsed_url = parse_url(url)
+        destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme
+
+        if headers is None:
+            headers = self.headers
+
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries)
+
+        if release_conn is None:
+            release_conn = preload_content
+
+        # Check host
+        if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url):
+            raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries)
+
+        # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded
+        if url.startswith("/"):
+            url = to_str(_encode_target(url))
+        else:
+            url = to_str(parsed_url.url)
+
+        conn = None
+
+        # Track whether `conn` needs to be released before
+        # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and
+        # leave `release_conn` constant throughout the function. That way, if
+        # the function recurses, the original value of `release_conn` will be
+        # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected.
+        #
+        # See issue #651 [1] for details.
+        #
+        # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651>
+        release_this_conn = release_conn
+
+        http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel(
+            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme
+        )
+
+        # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We
+        # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those
+        # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy.
+        if not http_tunnel_required:
+            headers = headers.copy()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            headers.update(self.proxy_headers)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+
+        # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3
+        # complains about UnboundLocalError.
+        err = None
+
+        # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This
+        # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally.
+        clean_exit = False
+
+        # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position
+        # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry.
+        body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos)
+
+        try:
+            # Request a connection from the queue.
+            timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout)
+            conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout)
+
+            conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+            # Is this a closed/new connection that requires CONNECT tunnelling?
+            if self.proxy is not None and http_tunnel_required and conn.is_closed:
+                try:
+                    self._prepare_proxy(conn)
+                except (BaseSSLError, OSError, SocketTimeout) as e:
+                    self._raise_timeout(
+                        err=e, url=self.proxy.url, timeout_value=conn.timeout
+                    )
+                    raise
+
+            # If we're going to release the connection in ``finally:``, then
+            # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise
+            # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release
+            # mess.
+            response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None
+
+            # Make the request on the HTTPConnection object
+            response = self._make_request(
+                conn,
+                method,
+                url,
+                timeout=timeout_obj,
+                body=body,
+                headers=headers,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                retries=retries,
+                response_conn=response_conn,
+                preload_content=preload_content,
+                decode_content=decode_content,
+                **response_kw,
+            )
+
+            # Everything went great!
+            clean_exit = True
+
+        except EmptyPoolError:
+            # Didn't get a connection from the pool, no need to clean up
+            clean_exit = True
+            release_this_conn = False
+            raise
+
+        except (
+            TimeoutError,
+            HTTPException,
+            OSError,
+            ProtocolError,
+            BaseSSLError,
+            SSLError,
+            CertificateError,
+            ProxyError,
+        ) as e:
+            # Discard the connection for these exceptions. It will be
+            # replaced during the next _get_conn() call.
+            clean_exit = False
+            new_e: Exception = e
+            if isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)):
+                new_e = SSLError(e)
+            if isinstance(
+                new_e,
+                (
+                    OSError,
+                    NewConnectionError,
+                    TimeoutError,
+                    SSLError,
+                    HTTPException,
+                ),
+            ) and (conn and conn.proxy and not conn.has_connected_to_proxy):
+                new_e = _wrap_proxy_error(new_e, conn.proxy.scheme)
+            elif isinstance(new_e, (OSError, HTTPException)):
+                new_e = ProtocolError("Connection aborted.", new_e)
+
+            retries = retries.increment(
+                method, url, error=new_e, _pool=self, _stacktrace=sys.exc_info()[2]
+            )
+            retries.sleep()
+
+            # Keep track of the error for the retry warning.
+            err = e
+
+        finally:
+            if not clean_exit:
+                # We hit some kind of exception, handled or otherwise. We need
+                # to throw the connection away unless explicitly told not to.
+                # Close the connection, set the variable to None, and make sure
+                # we put the None back in the pool to avoid leaking it.
+                if conn:
+                    conn.close()
+                    conn = None
+                release_this_conn = True
+
+            if release_this_conn:
+                # Put the connection back to be reused. If the connection is
+                # expired then it will be None, which will get replaced with a
+                # fresh connection during _get_conn.
+                self._put_conn(conn)
+
+        if not conn:
+            # Try again
+            log.warning(
+                "Retrying (%r) after connection broken by '%r': %s", retries, err, url
+            )
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method,
+                url,
+                body,
+                headers,
+                retries,
+                redirect,
+                assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                body_pos=body_pos,
+                preload_content=preload_content,
+                decode_content=decode_content,
+                **response_kw,
+            )
+
+        # Handle redirect?
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if redirect_location:
+            if response.status == 303:
+                # Change the method according to RFC 9110, Section 15.4.4.
+                method = "GET"
+                # And lose the body not to transfer anything sensitive.
+                body = None
+                headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)._prepare_for_method_change()
+
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                    response.drain_conn()
+                    raise
+                return response
+
+            response.drain_conn()
+            retries.sleep_for_retry(response)
+            log.debug("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method,
+                redirect_location,
+                body,
+                headers,
+                retries=retries,
+                redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                body_pos=body_pos,
+                preload_content=preload_content,
+                decode_content=decode_content,
+                **response_kw,
+            )
+
+        # Check if we should retry the HTTP response.
+        has_retry_after = bool(response.headers.get("Retry-After"))
+        if retries.is_retry(method, response.status, has_retry_after):
+            try:
+                retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=self)
+            except MaxRetryError:
+                if retries.raise_on_status:
+                    response.drain_conn()
+                    raise
+                return response
+
+            response.drain_conn()
+            retries.sleep(response)
+            log.debug("Retry: %s", url)
+            return self.urlopen(
+                method,
+                url,
+                body,
+                headers,
+                retries=retries,
+                redirect=redirect,
+                assert_same_host=assert_same_host,
+                timeout=timeout,
+                pool_timeout=pool_timeout,
+                release_conn=release_conn,
+                chunked=chunked,
+                body_pos=body_pos,
+                preload_content=preload_content,
+                decode_content=decode_content,
+                **response_kw,
+            )
+
+        return response
+
+
+class HTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
+    """
+    Same as :class:`.HTTPConnectionPool`, but HTTPS.
+
+    :class:`.HTTPSConnection` uses one of ``assert_fingerprint``,
+    ``assert_hostname`` and ``host`` in this order to verify connections.
+    If ``assert_hostname`` is False, no verification is done.
+
+    The ``key_file``, ``cert_file``, ``cert_reqs``, ``ca_certs``,
+    ``ca_cert_dir``, ``ssl_version``, ``key_password`` are only used if :mod:`ssl`
+    is available and are fed into :meth:`urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket` to upgrade
+    the connection socket into an SSL socket.
+    """
+
+    scheme = "https"
+    ConnectionCls: type[BaseHTTPSConnection] = HTTPSConnection
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT | None = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        maxsize: int = 1,
+        block: bool = False,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        retries: Retry | bool | int | None = None,
+        _proxy: Url | None = None,
+        _proxy_headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        key_file: str | None = None,
+        cert_file: str | None = None,
+        cert_reqs: int | str | None = None,
+        key_password: str | None = None,
+        ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        ssl_version: int | str | None = None,
+        ssl_minimum_version: ssl.TLSVersion | None = None,
+        ssl_maximum_version: ssl.TLSVersion | None = None,
+        assert_hostname: str | typing.Literal[False] | None = None,
+        assert_fingerprint: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_dir: str | None = None,
+        **conn_kw: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            host,
+            port,
+            timeout,
+            maxsize,
+            block,
+            headers,
+            retries,
+            _proxy,
+            _proxy_headers,
+            **conn_kw,
+        )
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.cert_reqs = cert_reqs
+        self.key_password = key_password
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.ssl_minimum_version = ssl_minimum_version
+        self.ssl_maximum_version = ssl_maximum_version
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+
+    def _prepare_proxy(self, conn: HTTPSConnection) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """Establishes a tunnel connection through HTTP CONNECT."""
+        if self.proxy and self.proxy.scheme == "https":
+            tunnel_scheme = "https"
+        else:
+            tunnel_scheme = "http"
+
+        conn.set_tunnel(
+            scheme=tunnel_scheme,
+            host=self._tunnel_host,
+            port=self.port,
+            headers=self.proxy_headers,
+        )
+        conn.connect()
+
+    def _new_conn(self) -> BaseHTTPSConnection:
+        """
+        Return a fresh :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`.
+        """
+        self.num_connections += 1
+        log.debug(
+            "Starting new HTTPS connection (%d): %s:%s",
+            self.num_connections,
+            self.host,
+            self.port or "443",
+        )
+
+        if not self.ConnectionCls or self.ConnectionCls is DummyConnection:  # type: ignore[comparison-overlap]
+            raise ImportError(
+                "Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available."
+            )
+
+        actual_host: str = self.host
+        actual_port = self.port
+        if self.proxy is not None and self.proxy.host is not None:
+            actual_host = self.proxy.host
+            actual_port = self.proxy.port
+
+        return self.ConnectionCls(
+            host=actual_host,
+            port=actual_port,
+            timeout=self.timeout.connect_timeout,
+            cert_file=self.cert_file,
+            key_file=self.key_file,
+            key_password=self.key_password,
+            cert_reqs=self.cert_reqs,
+            ca_certs=self.ca_certs,
+            ca_cert_dir=self.ca_cert_dir,
+            assert_hostname=self.assert_hostname,
+            assert_fingerprint=self.assert_fingerprint,
+            ssl_version=self.ssl_version,
+            ssl_minimum_version=self.ssl_minimum_version,
+            ssl_maximum_version=self.ssl_maximum_version,
+            **self.conn_kw,
+        )
+
+    def _validate_conn(self, conn: BaseHTTPConnection) -> None:
+        """
+        Called right before a request is made, after the socket is created.
+        """
+        super()._validate_conn(conn)
+
+        # Force connect early to allow us to validate the connection.
+        if conn.is_closed:
+            conn.connect()
+
+        # TODO revise this, see https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2791
+        if not conn.is_verified and not conn.proxy_is_verified:
+            warnings.warn(
+                (
+                    f"Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host '{conn.host}'. "
+                    "Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: "
+                    "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html"
+                    "#tls-warnings"
+                ),
+                InsecureRequestWarning,
+            )
+
+
+def connection_from_url(url: str, **kw: typing.Any) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+    """
+    Given a url, return an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance of its host.
+
+    This is a shortcut for not having to parse out the scheme, host, and port
+    of the url before creating an :class:`.ConnectionPool` instance.
+
+    :param url:
+        Absolute URL string that must include the scheme. Port is optional.
+
+    :param \\**kw:
+        Passes additional parameters to the constructor of the appropriate
+        :class:`.ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like
+        timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.
+
+    Example::
+
+        >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
+        >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')
+    """
+    scheme, _, host, port, *_ = parse_url(url)
+    scheme = scheme or "http"
+    port = port or port_by_scheme.get(scheme, 80)
+    if scheme == "https":
+        return HTTPSConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    else:
+        return HTTPConnectionPool(host, port=port, **kw)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _normalize_host(host: None, scheme: str | None) -> None: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _normalize_host(host: str, scheme: str | None) -> str: ...
+
+
+def _normalize_host(host: str | None, scheme: str | None) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Normalize hosts for comparisons and use with sockets.
+    """
+
+    host = normalize_host(host, scheme)
+
+    # httplib doesn't like it when we include brackets in IPv6 addresses
+    # Specifically, if we include brackets but also pass the port then
+    # httplib crazily doubles up the square brackets on the Host header.
+    # Instead, we need to make sure we never pass ``None`` as the port.
+    # However, for backward compatibility reasons we can't actually
+    # *assert* that.  See http://bugs.python.org/issue28539
+    if host and host.startswith("[") and host.endswith("]"):
+        host = host[1:-1]
+    return host
+
+
+def _url_from_pool(
+    pool: HTTPConnectionPool | HTTPSConnectionPool, path: str | None = None
+) -> str:
+    """Returns the URL from a given connection pool. This is mainly used for testing and logging."""
+    return Url(scheme=pool.scheme, host=pool.host, port=pool.port, path=path).url
+
+
+def _close_pool_connections(pool: queue.LifoQueue[typing.Any]) -> None:
+    """Drains a queue of connections and closes each one."""
+    try:
+        while True:
+            conn = pool.get(block=False)
+            if conn:
+                conn.close()
+    except queue.Empty:
+        pass  # Done.
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a3c5beb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import urllib3.connection
+
+from ...connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
+from .connection import EmscriptenHTTPConnection, EmscriptenHTTPSConnection
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3() -> None:
+    # override connection classes to use emscripten specific classes
+    # n.b. mypy complains about the overriding of classes below
+    # if it isn't ignored
+    HTTPConnectionPool.ConnectionCls = EmscriptenHTTPConnection
+    HTTPSConnectionPool.ConnectionCls = EmscriptenHTTPSConnection
+    urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection = EmscriptenHTTPConnection  # type: ignore[misc,assignment]
+    urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection = EmscriptenHTTPSConnection  # type: ignore[misc,assignment]
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..41bfd279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+import typing
+
+# use http.client.HTTPException for consistency with non-emscripten
+from http.client import HTTPException as HTTPException  # noqa: F401
+from http.client import ResponseNotReady
+
+from ..._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+from ...connection import HTTPConnection, ProxyConfig, port_by_scheme
+from ...exceptions import TimeoutError
+from ...response import BaseHTTPResponse
+from ...util.connection import _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+from ...util.timeout import _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, _TYPE_TIMEOUT
+from ...util.url import Url
+from .fetch import _RequestError, _TimeoutError, send_request, send_streaming_request
+from .request import EmscriptenRequest
+from .response import EmscriptenHttpResponseWrapper, EmscriptenResponse
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..._base_connection import BaseHTTPConnection, BaseHTTPSConnection
+
+
+class EmscriptenHTTPConnection:
+    default_port: typing.ClassVar[int] = port_by_scheme["http"]
+    default_socket_options: typing.ClassVar[_TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS]
+
+    timeout: None | (float)
+
+    host: str
+    port: int
+    blocksize: int
+    source_address: tuple[str, int] | None
+    socket_options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None
+
+    proxy: Url | None
+    proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None
+
+    is_verified: bool = False
+    proxy_is_verified: bool | None = None
+
+    _response: EmscriptenResponse | None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int = 0,
+        *,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
+        blocksize: int = 8192,
+        socket_options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None = None,
+        proxy: Url | None = None,
+        proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.timeout = timeout if isinstance(timeout, float) else 0.0
+        self.scheme = "http"
+        self._closed = True
+        self._response = None
+        # ignore these things because we don't
+        # have control over that stuff
+        self.proxy = None
+        self.proxy_config = None
+        self.blocksize = blocksize
+        self.source_address = None
+        self.socket_options = None
+        self.is_verified = False
+
+    def set_tunnel(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = 0,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        scheme: str = "http",
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def connect(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        # We know *at least* botocore is depending on the order of the
+        # first 3 parameters so to be safe we only mark the later ones
+        # as keyword-only to ensure we have space to extend.
+        *,
+        chunked: bool = False,
+        preload_content: bool = True,
+        decode_content: bool = True,
+        enforce_content_length: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._closed = False
+        if url.startswith("/"):
+            # no scheme / host / port included, make a full url
+            url = f"{self.scheme}://{self.host}:{self.port}" + url
+        request = EmscriptenRequest(
+            url=url,
+            method=method,
+            timeout=self.timeout if self.timeout else 0,
+            decode_content=decode_content,
+        )
+        request.set_body(body)
+        if headers:
+            for k, v in headers.items():
+                request.set_header(k, v)
+        self._response = None
+        try:
+            if not preload_content:
+                self._response = send_streaming_request(request)
+            if self._response is None:
+                self._response = send_request(request)
+        except _TimeoutError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(e.message) from e
+        except _RequestError as e:
+            raise HTTPException(e.message) from e
+
+    def getresponse(self) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        if self._response is not None:
+            return EmscriptenHttpResponseWrapper(
+                internal_response=self._response,
+                url=self._response.request.url,
+                connection=self,
+            )
+        else:
+            raise ResponseNotReady()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._closed = True
+        self._response = None
+
+    @property
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the connection either is brand new or has been previously closed.
+        If this property is True then both ``is_connected`` and ``has_connected_to_proxy``
+        properties must be False.
+        """
+        return self._closed
+
+    @property
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the connection is actively connected to any origin (proxy or target)"""
+        return True
+
+    @property
+    def has_connected_to_proxy(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the connection has successfully connected to its proxy.
+        This returns False if no proxy is in use. Used to determine whether
+        errors are coming from the proxy layer or from tunnelling to the target origin.
+        """
+        return False
+
+
+class EmscriptenHTTPSConnection(EmscriptenHTTPConnection):
+    default_port = port_by_scheme["https"]
+    # all this is basically ignored, as browser handles https
+    cert_reqs: int | str | None = None
+    ca_certs: str | None = None
+    ca_cert_dir: str | None = None
+    ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None
+    cert_file: str | None
+    key_file: str | None
+    key_password: str | None
+    ssl_context: typing.Any | None
+    ssl_version: int | str | None = None
+    ssl_minimum_version: int | None = None
+    ssl_maximum_version: int | None = None
+    assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False]
+    assert_fingerprint: str | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int = 0,
+        *,
+        timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
+        blocksize: int = 16384,
+        socket_options: (
+            None | _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+        ) = HTTPConnection.default_socket_options,
+        proxy: Url | None = None,
+        proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+        cert_reqs: int | str | None = None,
+        assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False] = None,
+        assert_fingerprint: str | None = None,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        ssl_context: typing.Any | None = None,
+        ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_dir: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None,
+        ssl_minimum_version: int | None = None,
+        ssl_maximum_version: int | None = None,
+        ssl_version: int | str | None = None,  # Deprecated
+        cert_file: str | None = None,
+        key_file: str | None = None,
+        key_password: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            host,
+            port=port,
+            timeout=timeout,
+            source_address=source_address,
+            blocksize=blocksize,
+            socket_options=socket_options,
+            proxy=proxy,
+            proxy_config=proxy_config,
+        )
+        self.scheme = "https"
+
+        self.key_file = key_file
+        self.cert_file = cert_file
+        self.key_password = key_password
+        self.ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self.server_hostname = server_hostname
+        self.assert_hostname = assert_hostname
+        self.assert_fingerprint = assert_fingerprint
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.ssl_minimum_version = ssl_minimum_version
+        self.ssl_maximum_version = ssl_maximum_version
+        self.ca_certs = ca_certs and os.path.expanduser(ca_certs)
+        self.ca_cert_dir = ca_cert_dir and os.path.expanduser(ca_cert_dir)
+        self.ca_cert_data = ca_cert_data
+
+        self.cert_reqs = None
+
+        # The browser will automatically verify all requests.
+        # We have no control over that setting.
+        self.is_verified = True
+
+    def set_cert(
+        self,
+        key_file: str | None = None,
+        cert_file: str | None = None,
+        cert_reqs: int | str | None = None,
+        key_password: str | None = None,
+        ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False] = None,
+        assert_fingerprint: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_dir: str | None = None,
+        ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+# verify that this class implements BaseHTTP(s) connection correctly
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    _supports_http_protocol: BaseHTTPConnection = EmscriptenHTTPConnection("", 0)
+    _supports_https_protocol: BaseHTTPSConnection = EmscriptenHTTPSConnection("", 0)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/emscripten_fetch_worker.js b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/emscripten_fetch_worker.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..243b8622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/emscripten_fetch_worker.js
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+let Status = {
+  SUCCESS_HEADER: -1,
+  SUCCESS_EOF: -2,
+  ERROR_TIMEOUT: -3,
+  ERROR_EXCEPTION: -4,
+};
+
+let connections = {};
+let nextConnectionID = 1;
+const encoder = new TextEncoder();
+
+self.addEventListener("message", async function (event) {
+  if (event.data.close) {
+    let connectionID = event.data.close;
+    delete connections[connectionID];
+    return;
+  } else if (event.data.getMore) {
+    let connectionID = event.data.getMore;
+    let { curOffset, value, reader, intBuffer, byteBuffer } =
+      connections[connectionID];
+    // if we still have some in buffer, then just send it back straight away
+    if (!value || curOffset >= value.length) {
+      // read another buffer if required
+      try {
+        let readResponse = await reader.read();
+
+        if (readResponse.done) {
+          // read everything - clear connection and return
+          delete connections[connectionID];
+          Atomics.store(intBuffer, 0, Status.SUCCESS_EOF);
+          Atomics.notify(intBuffer, 0);
+          // finished reading successfully
+          // return from event handler
+          return;
+        }
+        curOffset = 0;
+        connections[connectionID].value = readResponse.value;
+        value = readResponse.value;
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.log("Request exception:", error);
+        let errorBytes = encoder.encode(error.message);
+        let written = errorBytes.length;
+        byteBuffer.set(errorBytes);
+        intBuffer[1] = written;
+        Atomics.store(intBuffer, 0, Status.ERROR_EXCEPTION);
+        Atomics.notify(intBuffer, 0);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // send as much buffer as we can
+    let curLen = value.length - curOffset;
+    if (curLen > byteBuffer.length) {
+      curLen = byteBuffer.length;
+    }
+    byteBuffer.set(value.subarray(curOffset, curOffset + curLen), 0);
+
+    Atomics.store(intBuffer, 0, curLen); // store current length in bytes
+    Atomics.notify(intBuffer, 0);
+    curOffset += curLen;
+    connections[connectionID].curOffset = curOffset;
+
+    return;
+  } else {
+    // start fetch
+    let connectionID = nextConnectionID;
+    nextConnectionID += 1;
+    const intBuffer = new Int32Array(event.data.buffer);
+    const byteBuffer = new Uint8Array(event.data.buffer, 8);
+    try {
+      const response = await fetch(event.data.url, event.data.fetchParams);
+      // return the headers first via textencoder
+      var headers = [];
+      for (const pair of response.headers.entries()) {
+        headers.push([pair[0], pair[1]]);
+      }
+      let headerObj = {
+        headers: headers,
+        status: response.status,
+        connectionID,
+      };
+      const headerText = JSON.stringify(headerObj);
+      let headerBytes = encoder.encode(headerText);
+      let written = headerBytes.length;
+      byteBuffer.set(headerBytes);
+      intBuffer[1] = written;
+      // make a connection
+      connections[connectionID] = {
+        reader: response.body.getReader(),
+        intBuffer: intBuffer,
+        byteBuffer: byteBuffer,
+        value: undefined,
+        curOffset: 0,
+      };
+      // set header ready
+      Atomics.store(intBuffer, 0, Status.SUCCESS_HEADER);
+      Atomics.notify(intBuffer, 0);
+      // all fetching after this goes through a new postmessage call with getMore
+      // this allows for parallel requests
+    } catch (error) {
+      console.log("Request exception:", error);
+      let errorBytes = encoder.encode(error.message);
+      let written = errorBytes.length;
+      byteBuffer.set(errorBytes);
+      intBuffer[1] = written;
+      Atomics.store(intBuffer, 0, Status.ERROR_EXCEPTION);
+      Atomics.notify(intBuffer, 0);
+    }
+  }
+});
+self.postMessage({ inited: true });
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/fetch.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/fetch.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a514306e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/fetch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,708 @@
+"""
+Support for streaming http requests in emscripten.
+
+A few caveats -
+
+If your browser (or Node.js) has WebAssembly JavaScript Promise Integration enabled
+https://github.com/WebAssembly/js-promise-integration/blob/main/proposals/js-promise-integration/Overview.md
+*and* you launch pyodide using `pyodide.runPythonAsync`, this will fetch data using the
+JavaScript asynchronous fetch api (wrapped via `pyodide.ffi.call_sync`). In this case
+timeouts and streaming should just work.
+
+Otherwise, it uses a combination of XMLHttpRequest and a web-worker for streaming.
+
+This approach has several caveats:
+
+Firstly, you can't do streaming http in the main UI thread, because atomics.wait isn't allowed.
+Streaming only works if you're running pyodide in a web worker.
+
+Secondly, this uses an extra web worker and SharedArrayBuffer to do the asynchronous fetch
+operation, so it requires that you have crossOriginIsolation enabled, by serving over https
+(or from localhost) with the two headers below set:
+
+    Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy: same-origin
+    Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy: require-corp
+
+You can tell if cross origin isolation is successfully enabled by looking at the global crossOriginIsolated variable in
+JavaScript console. If it isn't, streaming requests will fallback to XMLHttpRequest, i.e. getting the whole
+request into a buffer and then returning it. it shows a warning in the JavaScript console in this case.
+
+Finally, the webworker which does the streaming fetch is created on initial import, but will only be started once
+control is returned to javascript. Call `await wait_for_streaming_ready()` to wait for streaming fetch.
+
+NB: in this code, there are a lot of JavaScript objects. They are named js_*
+to make it clear what type of object they are.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import json
+from email.parser import Parser
+from importlib.resources import files
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+import js  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+from pyodide.ffi import (  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+    JsArray,
+    JsException,
+    JsProxy,
+    to_js,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Buffer
+
+from .request import EmscriptenRequest
+from .response import EmscriptenResponse
+
+"""
+There are some headers that trigger unintended CORS preflight requests.
+See also https://github.com/koenvo/pyodide-http/issues/22
+"""
+HEADERS_TO_IGNORE = ("user-agent",)
+
+SUCCESS_HEADER = -1
+SUCCESS_EOF = -2
+ERROR_TIMEOUT = -3
+ERROR_EXCEPTION = -4
+
+_STREAMING_WORKER_CODE = (
+    files(__package__)
+    .joinpath("emscripten_fetch_worker.js")
+    .read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+)
+
+
+class _RequestError(Exception):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str | None = None,
+        *,
+        request: EmscriptenRequest | None = None,
+        response: EmscriptenResponse | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.request = request
+        self.response = response
+        self.message = message
+        super().__init__(self.message)
+
+
+class _StreamingError(_RequestError):
+    pass
+
+
+class _TimeoutError(_RequestError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _obj_from_dict(dict_val: dict[str, Any]) -> JsProxy:
+    return to_js(dict_val, dict_converter=js.Object.fromEntries)
+
+
+class _ReadStream(io.RawIOBase):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        int_buffer: JsArray,
+        byte_buffer: JsArray,
+        timeout: float,
+        worker: JsProxy,
+        connection_id: int,
+        request: EmscriptenRequest,
+    ):
+        self.int_buffer = int_buffer
+        self.byte_buffer = byte_buffer
+        self.read_pos = 0
+        self.read_len = 0
+        self.connection_id = connection_id
+        self.worker = worker
+        self.timeout = int(1000 * timeout) if timeout > 0 else None
+        self.is_live = True
+        self._is_closed = False
+        self.request: EmscriptenRequest | None = request
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    # this is compatible with _base_connection
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._is_closed
+
+    # for compatibility with RawIOBase
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_closed()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_closed():
+            return
+        self.read_len = 0
+        self.read_pos = 0
+        self.int_buffer = None
+        self.byte_buffer = None
+        self._is_closed = True
+        self.request = None
+        if self.is_live:
+            self.worker.postMessage(_obj_from_dict({"close": self.connection_id}))
+            self.is_live = False
+        super().close()
+
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def readinto(self, byte_obj: Buffer) -> int:
+        if not self.int_buffer:
+            raise _StreamingError(
+                "No buffer for stream in _ReadStream.readinto",
+                request=self.request,
+                response=None,
+            )
+        if self.read_len == 0:
+            # wait for the worker to send something
+            js.Atomics.store(self.int_buffer, 0, ERROR_TIMEOUT)
+            self.worker.postMessage(_obj_from_dict({"getMore": self.connection_id}))
+            if (
+                js.Atomics.wait(self.int_buffer, 0, ERROR_TIMEOUT, self.timeout)
+                == "timed-out"
+            ):
+                raise _TimeoutError
+            data_len = self.int_buffer[0]
+            if data_len > 0:
+                self.read_len = data_len
+                self.read_pos = 0
+            elif data_len == ERROR_EXCEPTION:
+                string_len = self.int_buffer[1]
+                # decode the error string
+                js_decoder = js.TextDecoder.new()
+                json_str = js_decoder.decode(self.byte_buffer.slice(0, string_len))
+                raise _StreamingError(
+                    f"Exception thrown in fetch: {json_str}",
+                    request=self.request,
+                    response=None,
+                )
+            else:
+                # EOF, free the buffers and return zero
+                # and free the request
+                self.is_live = False
+                self.close()
+                return 0
+        # copy from int32array to python bytes
+        ret_length = min(self.read_len, len(memoryview(byte_obj)))
+        subarray = self.byte_buffer.subarray(
+            self.read_pos, self.read_pos + ret_length
+        ).to_py()
+        memoryview(byte_obj)[0:ret_length] = subarray
+        self.read_len -= ret_length
+        self.read_pos += ret_length
+        return ret_length
+
+
+class _StreamingFetcher:
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        # make web-worker and data buffer on startup
+        self.streaming_ready = False
+
+        js_data_blob = js.Blob.new(
+            to_js([_STREAMING_WORKER_CODE], create_pyproxies=False),
+            _obj_from_dict({"type": "application/javascript"}),
+        )
+
+        def promise_resolver(js_resolve_fn: JsProxy, js_reject_fn: JsProxy) -> None:
+            def onMsg(e: JsProxy) -> None:
+                self.streaming_ready = True
+                js_resolve_fn(e)
+
+            def onErr(e: JsProxy) -> None:
+                js_reject_fn(e)  # Defensive: never happens in ci
+
+            self.js_worker.onmessage = onMsg
+            self.js_worker.onerror = onErr
+
+        js_data_url = js.URL.createObjectURL(js_data_blob)
+        self.js_worker = js.globalThis.Worker.new(js_data_url)
+        self.js_worker_ready_promise = js.globalThis.Promise.new(promise_resolver)
+
+    def send(self, request: EmscriptenRequest) -> EmscriptenResponse:
+        headers = {
+            k: v for k, v in request.headers.items() if k not in HEADERS_TO_IGNORE
+        }
+
+        body = request.body
+        fetch_data = {"headers": headers, "body": to_js(body), "method": request.method}
+        # start the request off in the worker
+        timeout = int(1000 * request.timeout) if request.timeout > 0 else None
+        js_shared_buffer = js.SharedArrayBuffer.new(1048576)
+        js_int_buffer = js.Int32Array.new(js_shared_buffer)
+        js_byte_buffer = js.Uint8Array.new(js_shared_buffer, 8)
+
+        js.Atomics.store(js_int_buffer, 0, ERROR_TIMEOUT)
+        js.Atomics.notify(js_int_buffer, 0)
+        js_absolute_url = js.URL.new(request.url, js.location).href
+        self.js_worker.postMessage(
+            _obj_from_dict(
+                {
+                    "buffer": js_shared_buffer,
+                    "url": js_absolute_url,
+                    "fetchParams": fetch_data,
+                }
+            )
+        )
+        # wait for the worker to send something
+        js.Atomics.wait(js_int_buffer, 0, ERROR_TIMEOUT, timeout)
+        if js_int_buffer[0] == ERROR_TIMEOUT:
+            raise _TimeoutError(
+                "Timeout connecting to streaming request",
+                request=request,
+                response=None,
+            )
+        elif js_int_buffer[0] == SUCCESS_HEADER:
+            # got response
+            # header length is in second int of intBuffer
+            string_len = js_int_buffer[1]
+            # decode the rest to a JSON string
+            js_decoder = js.TextDecoder.new()
+            # this does a copy (the slice) because decode can't work on shared array
+            # for some silly reason
+            json_str = js_decoder.decode(js_byte_buffer.slice(0, string_len))
+            # get it as an object
+            response_obj = json.loads(json_str)
+            return EmscriptenResponse(
+                request=request,
+                status_code=response_obj["status"],
+                headers=response_obj["headers"],
+                body=_ReadStream(
+                    js_int_buffer,
+                    js_byte_buffer,
+                    request.timeout,
+                    self.js_worker,
+                    response_obj["connectionID"],
+                    request,
+                ),
+            )
+        elif js_int_buffer[0] == ERROR_EXCEPTION:
+            string_len = js_int_buffer[1]
+            # decode the error string
+            js_decoder = js.TextDecoder.new()
+            json_str = js_decoder.decode(js_byte_buffer.slice(0, string_len))
+            raise _StreamingError(
+                f"Exception thrown in fetch: {json_str}", request=request, response=None
+            )
+        else:
+            raise _StreamingError(
+                f"Unknown status from worker in fetch: {js_int_buffer[0]}",
+                request=request,
+                response=None,
+            )
+
+
+class _JSPIReadStream(io.RawIOBase):
+    """
+    A read stream that uses pyodide.ffi.run_sync to read from a JavaScript fetch
+    response. This requires support for WebAssembly JavaScript Promise Integration
+    in the containing browser, and for pyodide to be launched via runPythonAsync.
+
+    :param js_read_stream:
+        The JavaScript stream reader
+
+    :param timeout:
+        Timeout in seconds
+
+    :param request:
+        The request we're handling
+
+    :param response:
+        The response this stream relates to
+
+    :param js_abort_controller:
+        A JavaScript AbortController object, used for timeouts
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        js_read_stream: Any,
+        timeout: float,
+        request: EmscriptenRequest,
+        response: EmscriptenResponse,
+        js_abort_controller: Any,  # JavaScript AbortController for timeouts
+    ):
+        self.js_read_stream = js_read_stream
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self._is_closed = False
+        self._is_done = False
+        self.request: EmscriptenRequest | None = request
+        self.response: EmscriptenResponse | None = response
+        self.current_buffer = None
+        self.current_buffer_pos = 0
+        self.js_abort_controller = js_abort_controller
+
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    # this is compatible with _base_connection
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._is_closed
+
+    # for compatibility with RawIOBase
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self.is_closed()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_closed():
+            return
+        self.read_len = 0
+        self.read_pos = 0
+        self.js_read_stream.cancel()
+        self.js_read_stream = None
+        self._is_closed = True
+        self._is_done = True
+        self.request = None
+        self.response = None
+        super().close()
+
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    def _get_next_buffer(self) -> bool:
+        result_js = _run_sync_with_timeout(
+            self.js_read_stream.read(),
+            self.timeout,
+            self.js_abort_controller,
+            request=self.request,
+            response=self.response,
+        )
+        if result_js.done:
+            self._is_done = True
+            return False
+        else:
+            self.current_buffer = result_js.value.to_py()
+            self.current_buffer_pos = 0
+            return True
+
+    def readinto(self, byte_obj: Buffer) -> int:
+        if self.current_buffer is None:
+            if not self._get_next_buffer() or self.current_buffer is None:
+                self.close()
+                return 0
+        ret_length = min(
+            len(byte_obj), len(self.current_buffer) - self.current_buffer_pos
+        )
+        byte_obj[0:ret_length] = self.current_buffer[
+            self.current_buffer_pos : self.current_buffer_pos + ret_length
+        ]
+        self.current_buffer_pos += ret_length
+        if self.current_buffer_pos == len(self.current_buffer):
+            self.current_buffer = None
+        return ret_length
+
+
+# check if we are in a worker or not
+def is_in_browser_main_thread() -> bool:
+    return hasattr(js, "window") and hasattr(js, "self") and js.self == js.window
+
+
+def is_cross_origin_isolated() -> bool:
+    return hasattr(js, "crossOriginIsolated") and js.crossOriginIsolated
+
+
+def is_in_node() -> bool:
+    return (
+        hasattr(js, "process")
+        and hasattr(js.process, "release")
+        and hasattr(js.process.release, "name")
+        and js.process.release.name == "node"
+    )
+
+
+def is_worker_available() -> bool:
+    return hasattr(js, "Worker") and hasattr(js, "Blob")
+
+
+_fetcher: _StreamingFetcher | None = None
+
+if is_worker_available() and (
+    (is_cross_origin_isolated() and not is_in_browser_main_thread())
+    and (not is_in_node())
+):
+    _fetcher = _StreamingFetcher()
+else:
+    _fetcher = None
+
+
+NODE_JSPI_ERROR = (
+    "urllib3 only works in Node.js with pyodide.runPythonAsync"
+    " and requires the flag --experimental-wasm-stack-switching in "
+    " versions of node <24."
+)
+
+
+def send_streaming_request(request: EmscriptenRequest) -> EmscriptenResponse | None:
+    if has_jspi():
+        return send_jspi_request(request, True)
+    elif is_in_node():
+        raise _RequestError(
+            message=NODE_JSPI_ERROR,
+            request=request,
+            response=None,
+        )
+
+    if _fetcher and streaming_ready():
+        return _fetcher.send(request)
+    else:
+        _show_streaming_warning()
+        return None
+
+
+_SHOWN_TIMEOUT_WARNING = False
+
+
+def _show_timeout_warning() -> None:
+    global _SHOWN_TIMEOUT_WARNING
+    if not _SHOWN_TIMEOUT_WARNING:
+        _SHOWN_TIMEOUT_WARNING = True
+        message = "Warning: Timeout is not available on main browser thread"
+        js.console.warn(message)
+
+
+_SHOWN_STREAMING_WARNING = False
+
+
+def _show_streaming_warning() -> None:
+    global _SHOWN_STREAMING_WARNING
+    if not _SHOWN_STREAMING_WARNING:
+        _SHOWN_STREAMING_WARNING = True
+        message = "Can't stream HTTP requests because: \n"
+        if not is_cross_origin_isolated():
+            message += "  Page is not cross-origin isolated\n"
+        if is_in_browser_main_thread():
+            message += "  Python is running in main browser thread\n"
+        if not is_worker_available():
+            message += " Worker or Blob classes are not available in this environment."  # Defensive: this is always False in browsers that we test in
+        if streaming_ready() is False:
+            message += """ Streaming fetch worker isn't ready. If you want to be sure that streaming fetch
+is working, you need to call: 'await urllib3.contrib.emscripten.fetch.wait_for_streaming_ready()`"""
+        from js import console
+
+        console.warn(message)
+
+
+def send_request(request: EmscriptenRequest) -> EmscriptenResponse:
+    if has_jspi():
+        return send_jspi_request(request, False)
+    elif is_in_node():
+        raise _RequestError(
+            message=NODE_JSPI_ERROR,
+            request=request,
+            response=None,
+        )
+    try:
+        js_xhr = js.XMLHttpRequest.new()
+
+        if not is_in_browser_main_thread():
+            js_xhr.responseType = "arraybuffer"
+            if request.timeout:
+                js_xhr.timeout = int(request.timeout * 1000)
+        else:
+            js_xhr.overrideMimeType("text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-15")
+            if request.timeout:
+                # timeout isn't available on the main thread - show a warning in console
+                # if it is set
+                _show_timeout_warning()
+
+        js_xhr.open(request.method, request.url, False)
+        for name, value in request.headers.items():
+            if name.lower() not in HEADERS_TO_IGNORE:
+                js_xhr.setRequestHeader(name, value)
+
+        js_xhr.send(to_js(request.body))
+
+        headers = dict(Parser().parsestr(js_xhr.getAllResponseHeaders()))
+
+        if not is_in_browser_main_thread():
+            body = js_xhr.response.to_py().tobytes()
+        else:
+            body = js_xhr.response.encode("ISO-8859-15")
+        return EmscriptenResponse(
+            status_code=js_xhr.status, headers=headers, body=body, request=request
+        )
+    except JsException as err:
+        if err.name == "TimeoutError":
+            raise _TimeoutError(err.message, request=request)
+        elif err.name == "NetworkError":
+            raise _RequestError(err.message, request=request)
+        else:
+            # general http error
+            raise _RequestError(err.message, request=request)
+
+
+def send_jspi_request(
+    request: EmscriptenRequest, streaming: bool
+) -> EmscriptenResponse:
+    """
+    Send a request using WebAssembly JavaScript Promise Integration
+    to wrap the asynchronous JavaScript fetch api (experimental).
+
+    :param request:
+        Request to send
+
+    :param streaming:
+        Whether to stream the response
+
+    :return: The response object
+    :rtype: EmscriptenResponse
+    """
+    timeout = request.timeout
+    js_abort_controller = js.AbortController.new()
+    headers = {k: v for k, v in request.headers.items() if k not in HEADERS_TO_IGNORE}
+    req_body = request.body
+    fetch_data = {
+        "headers": headers,
+        "body": to_js(req_body),
+        "method": request.method,
+        "signal": js_abort_controller.signal,
+    }
+    # Call JavaScript fetch (async api, returns a promise)
+    fetcher_promise_js = js.fetch(request.url, _obj_from_dict(fetch_data))
+    # Now suspend WebAssembly until we resolve that promise
+    # or time out.
+    response_js = _run_sync_with_timeout(
+        fetcher_promise_js,
+        timeout,
+        js_abort_controller,
+        request=request,
+        response=None,
+    )
+    headers = {}
+    header_iter = response_js.headers.entries()
+    while True:
+        iter_value_js = header_iter.next()
+        if getattr(iter_value_js, "done", False):
+            break
+        else:
+            headers[str(iter_value_js.value[0])] = str(iter_value_js.value[1])
+    status_code = response_js.status
+    body: bytes | io.RawIOBase = b""
+
+    response = EmscriptenResponse(
+        status_code=status_code, headers=headers, body=b"", request=request
+    )
+    if streaming:
+        # get via inputstream
+        if response_js.body is not None:
+            # get a reader from the fetch response
+            body_stream_js = response_js.body.getReader()
+            body = _JSPIReadStream(
+                body_stream_js, timeout, request, response, js_abort_controller
+            )
+    else:
+        # get directly via arraybuffer
+        # n.b. this is another async JavaScript call.
+        body = _run_sync_with_timeout(
+            response_js.arrayBuffer(),
+            timeout,
+            js_abort_controller,
+            request=request,
+            response=response,
+        ).to_py()
+    response.body = body
+    return response
+
+
+def _run_sync_with_timeout(
+    promise: Any,
+    timeout: float,
+    js_abort_controller: Any,
+    request: EmscriptenRequest | None,
+    response: EmscriptenResponse | None,
+) -> Any:
+    """
+    Await a JavaScript promise synchronously with a timeout which is implemented
+    via the AbortController
+
+    :param promise:
+        Javascript promise to await
+
+    :param timeout:
+        Timeout in seconds
+
+    :param js_abort_controller:
+        A JavaScript AbortController object, used on timeout
+
+    :param request:
+        The request being handled
+
+    :param response:
+        The response being handled (if it exists yet)
+
+    :raises _TimeoutError: If the request times out
+    :raises _RequestError: If the request raises a JavaScript exception
+
+    :return: The result of awaiting the promise.
+    """
+    timer_id = None
+    if timeout > 0:
+        timer_id = js.setTimeout(
+            js_abort_controller.abort.bind(js_abort_controller), int(timeout * 1000)
+        )
+    try:
+        from pyodide.ffi import run_sync
+
+        # run_sync here uses WebAssembly JavaScript Promise Integration to
+        # suspend python until the JavaScript promise resolves.
+        return run_sync(promise)
+    except JsException as err:
+        if err.name == "AbortError":
+            raise _TimeoutError(
+                message="Request timed out", request=request, response=response
+            )
+        else:
+            raise _RequestError(message=err.message, request=request, response=response)
+    finally:
+        if timer_id is not None:
+            js.clearTimeout(timer_id)
+
+
+def has_jspi() -> bool:
+    """
+    Return true if jspi can be used.
+
+    This requires both browser support and also WebAssembly
+    to be in the correct state - i.e. that the javascript
+    call into python was async not sync.
+
+    :return: True if jspi can be used.
+    :rtype: bool
+    """
+    try:
+        from pyodide.ffi import can_run_sync, run_sync  # noqa: F401
+
+        return bool(can_run_sync())
+    except ImportError:
+        return False
+
+
+def streaming_ready() -> bool | None:
+    if _fetcher:
+        return _fetcher.streaming_ready
+    else:
+        return None  # no fetcher, return None to signify that
+
+
+async def wait_for_streaming_ready() -> bool:
+    if _fetcher:
+        await _fetcher.js_worker_ready_promise
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/request.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e692e692
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+from ..._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+
+
+@dataclass
+class EmscriptenRequest:
+    method: str
+    url: str
+    params: dict[str, str] | None = None
+    body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None
+    headers: dict[str, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    timeout: float = 0
+    decode_content: bool = True
+
+    def set_header(self, name: str, value: str) -> None:
+        self.headers[name.capitalize()] = value
+
+    def set_body(self, body: _TYPE_BODY | None) -> None:
+        self.body = body
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb1088a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/emscripten/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json as _json
+import logging
+import typing
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from http.client import HTTPException as HTTPException
+from io import BytesIO, IOBase
+
+from ...exceptions import InvalidHeader, TimeoutError
+from ...response import BaseHTTPResponse
+from ...util.retry import Retry
+from .request import EmscriptenRequest
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..._base_connection import BaseHTTPConnection, BaseHTTPSConnection
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class EmscriptenResponse:
+    status_code: int
+    headers: dict[str, str]
+    body: IOBase | bytes
+    request: EmscriptenRequest
+
+
+class EmscriptenHttpResponseWrapper(BaseHTTPResponse):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        internal_response: EmscriptenResponse,
+        url: str | None = None,
+        connection: BaseHTTPConnection | BaseHTTPSConnection | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._pool = None  # set by pool class
+        self._body = None
+        self._response = internal_response
+        self._url = url
+        self._connection = connection
+        self._closed = False
+        super().__init__(
+            headers=internal_response.headers,
+            status=internal_response.status_code,
+            request_url=url,
+            version=0,
+            version_string="HTTP/?",
+            reason="",
+            decode_content=True,
+        )
+        self.length_remaining = self._init_length(self._response.request.method)
+        self.length_is_certain = False
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str | None:
+        return self._url
+
+    @url.setter
+    def url(self, url: str | None) -> None:
+        self._url = url
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> BaseHTTPConnection | BaseHTTPSConnection | None:
+        return self._connection
+
+    @property
+    def retries(self) -> Retry | None:
+        return self._retries
+
+    @retries.setter
+    def retries(self, retries: Retry | None) -> None:
+        # Override the request_url if retries has a redirect location.
+        self._retries = retries
+
+    def stream(
+        self, amt: int | None = 2**16, decode_content: bool | None = None
+    ) -> typing.Generator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until
+        ``amt`` bytes have been read from the connection or until the
+        connection is closed.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to
+            much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly
+            likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will
+            never be returned.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        while True:
+            data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+
+            if data:
+                yield data
+            else:
+                break
+
+    def _init_length(self, request_method: str | None) -> int | None:
+        length: int | None
+        content_length: str | None = self.headers.get("content-length")
+
+        if content_length is not None:
+            try:
+                # RFC 7230 section 3.3.2 specifies multiple content lengths can
+                # be sent in a single Content-Length header
+                # (e.g. Content-Length: 42, 42). This line ensures the values
+                # are all valid ints and that as long as the `set` length is 1,
+                # all values are the same. Otherwise, the header is invalid.
+                lengths = {int(val) for val in content_length.split(",")}
+                if len(lengths) > 1:
+                    raise InvalidHeader(
+                        "Content-Length contained multiple "
+                        "unmatching values (%s)" % content_length
+                    )
+                length = lengths.pop()
+            except ValueError:
+                length = None
+            else:
+                if length < 0:
+                    length = None
+
+        else:  # if content_length is None
+            length = None
+
+        # Check for responses that shouldn't include a body
+        if (
+            self.status in (204, 304)
+            or 100 <= self.status < 200
+            or request_method == "HEAD"
+        ):
+            length = 0
+
+        return length
+
+    def read(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        decode_content: bool | None = None,  # ignored because browser decodes always
+        cache_content: bool = False,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        if (
+            self._closed
+            or self._response is None
+            or (isinstance(self._response.body, IOBase) and self._response.body.closed)
+        ):
+            return b""
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            # body has been preloaded as a string by XmlHttpRequest
+            if not isinstance(self._response.body, IOBase):
+                self.length_remaining = len(self._response.body)
+                self.length_is_certain = True
+                # wrap body in IOStream
+                self._response.body = BytesIO(self._response.body)
+            if amt is not None and amt >= 0:
+                # don't cache partial content
+                cache_content = False
+                data = self._response.body.read(amt)
+            else:  # read all we can (and cache it)
+                data = self._response.body.read()
+                if cache_content:
+                    self._body = data
+            if self.length_remaining is not None:
+                self.length_remaining = max(self.length_remaining - len(data), 0)
+            if len(data) == 0 or (
+                self.length_is_certain and self.length_remaining == 0
+            ):
+                # definitely finished reading, close response stream
+                self._response.body.close()
+            return typing.cast(bytes, data)
+
+    def read_chunked(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        decode_content: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.Generator[bytes]:
+        # chunked is handled by browser
+        while True:
+            bytes = self.read(amt, decode_content)
+            if not bytes:
+                break
+            yield bytes
+
+    def release_conn(self) -> None:
+        if not self._pool or not self._connection:
+            return None
+
+        self._pool._put_conn(self._connection)
+        self._connection = None
+
+    def drain_conn(self) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> bytes:
+        if self._body:
+            return self._body
+        else:
+            return self.read(cache_content=True)
+
+    def json(self) -> typing.Any:
+        """
+        Deserializes the body of the HTTP response as a Python object.
+
+        The body of the HTTP response must be encoded using UTF-8, as per
+        `RFC 8529 Section 8.1 <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259#section-8.1>`_.
+
+        To use a custom JSON decoder pass the result of :attr:`HTTPResponse.data` to
+        your custom decoder instead.
+
+        If the body of the HTTP response is not decodable to UTF-8, a
+        `UnicodeDecodeError` will be raised. If the body of the HTTP response is not a
+        valid JSON document, a `json.JSONDecodeError` will be raised.
+
+        Read more :ref:`here <json_content>`.
+
+        :returns: The body of the HTTP response as a Python object.
+        """
+        data = self.data.decode("utf-8")
+        return _json.loads(data)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        if not self._closed:
+            if isinstance(self._response.body, IOBase):
+                self._response.body.close()
+            if self._connection:
+                self._connection.close()
+                self._connection = None
+            self._closed = True
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _error_catcher(self) -> typing.Generator[None]:
+        """
+        Catch Emscripten specific exceptions thrown by fetch.py,
+        instead re-raising urllib3 variants, so that low-level exceptions
+        are not leaked in the high-level api.
+
+        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
+        """
+        from .fetch import _RequestError, _TimeoutError  # avoid circular import
+
+        clean_exit = False
+
+        try:
+            yield
+            # If no exception is thrown, we should avoid cleaning up
+            # unnecessarily.
+            clean_exit = True
+        except _TimeoutError as e:
+            raise TimeoutError(str(e))
+        except _RequestError as e:
+            raise HTTPException(str(e))
+        finally:
+            # If we didn't terminate cleanly, we need to throw away our
+            # connection.
+            if not clean_exit:
+                # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it
+                # anymore so close it now
+                if (
+                    isinstance(self._response.body, IOBase)
+                    and not self._response.body.closed
+                ):
+                    self._response.body.close()
+                # release the connection back to the pool
+                self.release_conn()
+            else:
+                # If we have read everything from the response stream,
+                # return the connection back to the pool.
+                if (
+                    isinstance(self._response.body, IOBase)
+                    and self._response.body.closed
+                ):
+                    self.release_conn()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3714500e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/pyopenssl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,564 @@
+"""
+Module for using pyOpenSSL as a TLS backend. This module was relevant before
+the standard library ``ssl`` module supported SNI, but now that we've dropped
+support for Python 2.7 all relevant Python versions support SNI so
+**this module is no longer recommended**.
+
+This needs the following packages installed:
+
+* `pyOpenSSL`_ (tested with 16.0.0)
+* `cryptography`_ (minimum 1.3.4, from pyopenssl)
+* `idna`_ (minimum 2.0)
+
+However, pyOpenSSL depends on cryptography, so while we use all three directly here we
+end up having relatively few packages required.
+
+You can install them with the following command:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    $ python -m pip install pyopenssl cryptography idna
+
+To activate certificate checking, call
+:func:`~urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3` from your Python code
+before you begin making HTTP requests. This can be done in a ``sitecustomize``
+module, or at any other time before your application begins using ``urllib3``,
+like this:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    try:
+        import urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl
+        urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl.inject_into_urllib3()
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+.. _pyopenssl: https://www.pyopenssl.org
+.. _cryptography: https://cryptography.io
+.. _idna: https://github.com/kjd/idna
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import OpenSSL.SSL  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+from cryptography import x509
+
+try:
+    from cryptography.x509 import UnsupportedExtension  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+except ImportError:
+    # UnsupportedExtension is gone in cryptography >= 2.1.0
+    class UnsupportedExtension(Exception):  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        pass
+
+
+import logging
+import ssl
+import typing
+from io import BytesIO
+from socket import socket as socket_cls
+from socket import timeout
+
+from .. import util
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from OpenSSL.crypto import X509  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+
+
+__all__ = ["inject_into_urllib3", "extract_from_urllib3"]
+
+# Map from urllib3 to PyOpenSSL compatible parameter-values.
+_openssl_versions: dict[int, int] = {
+    util.ssl_.PROTOCOL_TLS: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    util.ssl_.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT: OpenSSL.SSL.SSLv23_METHOD,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1: OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_METHOD,
+}
+
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_1_METHOD"):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_1_METHOD
+
+if hasattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2") and hasattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "TLSv1_2_METHOD"):
+    _openssl_versions[ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2] = OpenSSL.SSL.TLSv1_2_METHOD
+
+
+_stdlib_to_openssl_verify = {
+    ssl.CERT_NONE: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_NONE,
+    ssl.CERT_OPTIONAL: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER,
+    ssl.CERT_REQUIRED: OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_PEER
+    + OpenSSL.SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT,
+}
+_openssl_to_stdlib_verify = {v: k for k, v in _stdlib_to_openssl_verify.items()}
+
+# The SSLvX values are the most likely to be missing in the future
+# but we check them all just to be sure.
+_OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3: int = getattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "OP_NO_SSLv2", 0) | getattr(
+    OpenSSL.SSL, "OP_NO_SSLv3", 0
+)
+_OP_NO_TLSv1: int = getattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1", 0)
+_OP_NO_TLSv1_1: int = getattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1_1", 0)
+_OP_NO_TLSv1_2: int = getattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1_2", 0)
+_OP_NO_TLSv1_3: int = getattr(OpenSSL.SSL, "OP_NO_TLSv1_3", 0)
+
+_openssl_to_ssl_minimum_version: dict[int, int] = {
+    ssl.TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3,
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3,
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_1: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3 | _OP_NO_TLSv1,
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_2: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3 | _OP_NO_TLSv1 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_1,
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_3: (
+        _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3 | _OP_NO_TLSv1 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_1 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_2
+    ),
+    ssl.TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED: (
+        _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3 | _OP_NO_TLSv1 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_1 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_2
+    ),
+}
+_openssl_to_ssl_maximum_version: dict[int, int] = {
+    ssl.TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED: (
+        _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3
+        | _OP_NO_TLSv1
+        | _OP_NO_TLSv1_1
+        | _OP_NO_TLSv1_2
+        | _OP_NO_TLSv1_3
+    ),
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1: (
+        _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_1 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_2 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_3
+    ),
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_1: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_2 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_3,
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_2: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3 | _OP_NO_TLSv1_3,
+    ssl.TLSVersion.TLSv1_3: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3,
+    ssl.TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED: _OP_NO_SSLv2_OR_SSLv3,
+}
+
+# OpenSSL will only write 16K at a time
+SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+orig_util_SSLContext = util.ssl_.SSLContext
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3() -> None:
+    "Monkey-patch urllib3 with PyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support."
+
+    _validate_dependencies_met()
+
+    util.SSLContext = PyOpenSSLContext  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    util.ssl_.SSLContext = PyOpenSSLContext  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    util.IS_PYOPENSSL = True
+    util.ssl_.IS_PYOPENSSL = True
+
+
+def extract_from_urllib3() -> None:
+    "Undo monkey-patching by :func:`inject_into_urllib3`."
+
+    util.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
+    util.ssl_.SSLContext = orig_util_SSLContext
+    util.IS_PYOPENSSL = False
+    util.ssl_.IS_PYOPENSSL = False
+
+
+def _validate_dependencies_met() -> None:
+    """
+    Verifies that PyOpenSSL's package-level dependencies have been met.
+    Throws `ImportError` if they are not met.
+    """
+    # Method added in `cryptography==1.1`; not available in older versions
+    from cryptography.x509.extensions import Extensions
+
+    if getattr(Extensions, "get_extension_for_class", None) is None:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "'cryptography' module missing required functionality.  "
+            "Try upgrading to v1.3.4 or newer."
+        )
+
+    # pyOpenSSL 0.14 and above use cryptography for OpenSSL bindings. The _x509
+    # attribute is only present on those versions.
+    from OpenSSL.crypto import X509
+
+    x509 = X509()
+    if getattr(x509, "_x509", None) is None:
+        raise ImportError(
+            "'pyOpenSSL' module missing required functionality. "
+            "Try upgrading to v0.14 or newer."
+        )
+
+
+def _dnsname_to_stdlib(name: str) -> str | None:
+    """
+    Converts a dNSName SubjectAlternativeName field to the form used by the
+    standard library on the given Python version.
+
+    Cryptography produces a dNSName as a unicode string that was idna-decoded
+    from ASCII bytes. We need to idna-encode that string to get it back, and
+    then on Python 3 we also need to convert to unicode via UTF-8 (the stdlib
+    uses PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize on it, which decodes via UTF-8).
+
+    If the name cannot be idna-encoded then we return None signalling that
+    the name given should be skipped.
+    """
+
+    def idna_encode(name: str) -> bytes | None:
+        """
+        Borrowed wholesale from the Python Cryptography Project. It turns out
+        that we can't just safely call `idna.encode`: it can explode for
+        wildcard names. This avoids that problem.
+        """
+        import idna
+
+        try:
+            for prefix in ["*.", "."]:
+                if name.startswith(prefix):
+                    name = name[len(prefix) :]
+                    return prefix.encode("ascii") + idna.encode(name)
+            return idna.encode(name)
+        except idna.core.IDNAError:
+            return None
+
+    # Don't send IPv6 addresses through the IDNA encoder.
+    if ":" in name:
+        return name
+
+    encoded_name = idna_encode(name)
+    if encoded_name is None:
+        return None
+    return encoded_name.decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def get_subj_alt_name(peer_cert: X509) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+    """
+    Given an PyOpenSSL certificate, provides all the subject alternative names.
+    """
+    cert = peer_cert.to_cryptography()
+
+    # We want to find the SAN extension. Ask Cryptography to locate it (it's
+    # faster than looping in Python)
+    try:
+        ext = cert.extensions.get_extension_for_class(x509.SubjectAlternativeName).value
+    except x509.ExtensionNotFound:
+        # No such extension, return the empty list.
+        return []
+    except (
+        x509.DuplicateExtension,
+        UnsupportedExtension,
+        x509.UnsupportedGeneralNameType,
+        UnicodeError,
+    ) as e:
+        # A problem has been found with the quality of the certificate. Assume
+        # no SAN field is present.
+        log.warning(
+            "A problem was encountered with the certificate that prevented "
+            "urllib3 from finding the SubjectAlternativeName field. This can "
+            "affect certificate validation. The error was %s",
+            e,
+        )
+        return []
+
+    # We want to return dNSName and iPAddress fields. We need to cast the IPs
+    # back to strings because the match_hostname function wants them as
+    # strings.
+    # Sadly the DNS names need to be idna encoded and then, on Python 3, UTF-8
+    # decoded. This is pretty frustrating, but that's what the standard library
+    # does with certificates, and so we need to attempt to do the same.
+    # We also want to skip over names which cannot be idna encoded.
+    names = [
+        ("DNS", name)
+        for name in map(_dnsname_to_stdlib, ext.get_values_for_type(x509.DNSName))
+        if name is not None
+    ]
+    names.extend(
+        ("IP Address", str(name)) for name in ext.get_values_for_type(x509.IPAddress)
+    )
+
+    return names
+
+
+class WrappedSocket:
+    """API-compatibility wrapper for Python OpenSSL's Connection-class."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        connection: OpenSSL.SSL.Connection,
+        socket: socket_cls,
+        suppress_ragged_eofs: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connection = connection
+        self.socket = socket
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self._io_refs = 0
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    # Copy-pasted from Python 3.5 source code
+    def _decref_socketios(self) -> None:
+        if self._io_refs > 0:
+            self._io_refs -= 1
+        if self._closed:
+            self.close()
+
+    def recv(self, *args: typing.Any, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> bytes:
+        try:
+            data = self.connection.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
+                return b""
+            else:
+                raise OSError(e.args[0], str(e)) from e
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return b""
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError as e:
+            if not util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
+                raise timeout("The read operation timed out") from e
+            else:
+                return self.recv(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError(f"read error: {e!r}") from e
+        else:
+            return data  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def recv_into(self, *args: typing.Any, **kwargs: typing.Any) -> int:
+        try:
+            return self.connection.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+            if self.suppress_ragged_eofs and e.args == (-1, "Unexpected EOF"):
+                return 0
+            else:
+                raise OSError(e.args[0], str(e)) from e
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.ZeroReturnError:
+            if self.connection.get_shutdown() == OpenSSL.SSL.RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN:
+                return 0
+            else:
+                raise
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError as e:
+            if not util.wait_for_read(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
+                raise timeout("The read operation timed out") from e
+            else:
+                return self.recv_into(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # TLS 1.3 post-handshake authentication
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError(f"read error: {e!r}") from e
+
+    def settimeout(self, timeout: float) -> None:
+        return self.socket.settimeout(timeout)
+
+    def _send_until_done(self, data: bytes) -> int:
+        while True:
+            try:
+                return self.connection.send(data)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantWriteError as e:
+                if not util.wait_for_write(self.socket, self.socket.gettimeout()):
+                    raise timeout() from e
+                continue
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.SysCallError as e:
+                raise OSError(e.args[0], str(e)) from e
+
+    def sendall(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        total_sent = 0
+        while total_sent < len(data):
+            sent = self._send_until_done(
+                data[total_sent : total_sent + SSL_WRITE_BLOCKSIZE]
+            )
+            total_sent += sent
+
+    def shutdown(self, how: int) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.connection.shutdown()
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError(f"shutdown error: {e!r}") from e
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._closed = True
+        if self._io_refs <= 0:
+            self._real_close()
+
+    def _real_close(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            return self.connection.close()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error:
+            return
+
+    def getpeercert(
+        self, binary_form: bool = False
+    ) -> dict[str, list[typing.Any]] | None:
+        x509 = self.connection.get_peer_certificate()
+
+        if not x509:
+            return x509  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        if binary_form:
+            return OpenSSL.crypto.dump_certificate(OpenSSL.crypto.FILETYPE_ASN1, x509)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+        return {
+            "subject": ((("commonName", x509.get_subject().CN),),),  # type: ignore[dict-item]
+            "subjectAltName": get_subj_alt_name(x509),
+        }
+
+    def version(self) -> str:
+        return self.connection.get_protocol_version_name()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def selected_alpn_protocol(self) -> str | None:
+        alpn_proto = self.connection.get_alpn_proto_negotiated()
+        return alpn_proto.decode() if alpn_proto else None
+
+
+WrappedSocket.makefile = socket_cls.makefile  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+
+class PyOpenSSLContext:
+    """
+    I am a wrapper class for the PyOpenSSL ``Context`` object. I am responsible
+    for translating the interface of the standard library ``SSLContext`` object
+    to calls into PyOpenSSL.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, protocol: int) -> None:
+        self.protocol = _openssl_versions[protocol]
+        self._ctx = OpenSSL.SSL.Context(self.protocol)
+        self._options = 0
+        self.check_hostname = False
+        self._minimum_version: int = ssl.TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED
+        self._maximum_version: int = ssl.TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED
+        self._verify_flags: int = ssl.VERIFY_X509_TRUSTED_FIRST
+
+    @property
+    def options(self) -> int:
+        return self._options
+
+    @options.setter
+    def options(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self._options = value
+        self._set_ctx_options()
+
+    @property
+    def verify_flags(self) -> int:
+        return self._verify_flags
+
+    @verify_flags.setter
+    def verify_flags(self, value: int) -> None:
+        self._verify_flags = value
+        self._ctx.get_cert_store().set_flags(self._verify_flags)
+
+    @property
+    def verify_mode(self) -> int:
+        return _openssl_to_stdlib_verify[self._ctx.get_verify_mode()]
+
+    @verify_mode.setter
+    def verify_mode(self, value: ssl.VerifyMode) -> None:
+        self._ctx.set_verify(_stdlib_to_openssl_verify[value], _verify_callback)
+
+    def set_default_verify_paths(self) -> None:
+        self._ctx.set_default_verify_paths()
+
+    def set_ciphers(self, ciphers: bytes | str) -> None:
+        if isinstance(ciphers, str):
+            ciphers = ciphers.encode("utf-8")
+        self._ctx.set_cipher_list(ciphers)
+
+    def load_verify_locations(
+        self,
+        cafile: str | None = None,
+        capath: str | None = None,
+        cadata: bytes | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if cafile is not None:
+            cafile = cafile.encode("utf-8")  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        if capath is not None:
+            capath = capath.encode("utf-8")  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        try:
+            self._ctx.load_verify_locations(cafile, capath)
+            if cadata is not None:
+                self._ctx.load_verify_locations(BytesIO(cadata))
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError(f"unable to load trusted certificates: {e!r}") from e
+
+    def load_cert_chain(
+        self,
+        certfile: str,
+        keyfile: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        try:
+            self._ctx.use_certificate_chain_file(certfile)
+            if password is not None:
+                if not isinstance(password, bytes):
+                    password = password.encode("utf-8")  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                self._ctx.set_passwd_cb(lambda *_: password)
+            self._ctx.use_privatekey_file(keyfile or certfile)
+        except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+            raise ssl.SSLError(f"Unable to load certificate chain: {e!r}") from e
+
+    def set_alpn_protocols(self, protocols: list[bytes | str]) -> None:
+        protocols = [util.util.to_bytes(p, "ascii") for p in protocols]
+        return self._ctx.set_alpn_protos(protocols)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def wrap_socket(
+        self,
+        sock: socket_cls,
+        server_side: bool = False,
+        do_handshake_on_connect: bool = True,
+        suppress_ragged_eofs: bool = True,
+        server_hostname: bytes | str | None = None,
+    ) -> WrappedSocket:
+        cnx = OpenSSL.SSL.Connection(self._ctx, sock)
+
+        # If server_hostname is an IP, don't use it for SNI, per RFC6066 Section 3
+        if server_hostname and not util.ssl_.is_ipaddress(server_hostname):
+            if isinstance(server_hostname, str):
+                server_hostname = server_hostname.encode("utf-8")
+            cnx.set_tlsext_host_name(server_hostname)
+
+        cnx.set_connect_state()
+
+        while True:
+            try:
+                cnx.do_handshake()
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.WantReadError as e:
+                if not util.wait_for_read(sock, sock.gettimeout()):
+                    raise timeout("select timed out") from e
+                continue
+            except OpenSSL.SSL.Error as e:
+                raise ssl.SSLError(f"bad handshake: {e!r}") from e
+            break
+
+        return WrappedSocket(cnx, sock)
+
+    def _set_ctx_options(self) -> None:
+        self._ctx.set_options(
+            self._options
+            | _openssl_to_ssl_minimum_version[self._minimum_version]
+            | _openssl_to_ssl_maximum_version[self._maximum_version]
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def minimum_version(self) -> int:
+        return self._minimum_version
+
+    @minimum_version.setter
+    def minimum_version(self, minimum_version: int) -> None:
+        self._minimum_version = minimum_version
+        self._set_ctx_options()
+
+    @property
+    def maximum_version(self) -> int:
+        return self._maximum_version
+
+    @maximum_version.setter
+    def maximum_version(self, maximum_version: int) -> None:
+        self._maximum_version = maximum_version
+        self._set_ctx_options()
+
+
+def _verify_callback(
+    cnx: OpenSSL.SSL.Connection,
+    x509: X509,
+    err_no: int,
+    err_depth: int,
+    return_code: int,
+) -> bool:
+    return err_no == 0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/socks.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/socks.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c62b5e03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/contrib/socks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+"""
+This module contains provisional support for SOCKS proxies from within
+urllib3. This module supports SOCKS4, SOCKS4A (an extension of SOCKS4), and
+SOCKS5. To enable its functionality, either install PySocks or install this
+module with the ``socks`` extra.
+
+The SOCKS implementation supports the full range of urllib3 features. It also
+supports the following SOCKS features:
+
+- SOCKS4A (``proxy_url='socks4a://...``)
+- SOCKS4 (``proxy_url='socks4://...``)
+- SOCKS5 with remote DNS (``proxy_url='socks5h://...``)
+- SOCKS5 with local DNS (``proxy_url='socks5://...``)
+- Usernames and passwords for the SOCKS proxy
+
+.. note::
+   It is recommended to use ``socks5h://`` or ``socks4a://`` schemes in
+   your ``proxy_url`` to ensure that DNS resolution is done from the remote
+   server instead of client-side when connecting to a domain name.
+
+SOCKS4 supports IPv4 and domain names with the SOCKS4A extension. SOCKS5
+supports IPv4, IPv6, and domain names.
+
+When connecting to a SOCKS4 proxy the ``username`` portion of the ``proxy_url``
+will be sent as the ``userid`` section of the SOCKS request:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    proxy_url="socks4a://<userid>@proxy-host"
+
+When connecting to a SOCKS5 proxy the ``username`` and ``password`` portion
+of the ``proxy_url`` will be sent as the username/password to authenticate
+with the proxy:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    proxy_url="socks5h://<username>:<password>@proxy-host"
+
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+try:
+    import socks  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+except ImportError:
+    import warnings
+
+    from ..exceptions import DependencyWarning
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        (
+            "SOCKS support in urllib3 requires the installation of optional "
+            "dependencies: specifically, PySocks.  For more information, see "
+            "https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#socks-proxies"
+        ),
+        DependencyWarning,
+    )
+    raise
+
+import typing
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+
+from ..connection import HTTPConnection, HTTPSConnection
+from ..connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool
+from ..exceptions import ConnectTimeoutError, NewConnectionError
+from ..poolmanager import PoolManager
+from ..util.url import parse_url
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    ssl = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+class _TYPE_SOCKS_OPTIONS(typing.TypedDict):
+    socks_version: int
+    proxy_host: str | None
+    proxy_port: str | None
+    username: str | None
+    password: str | None
+    rdns: bool
+
+
+class SOCKSConnection(HTTPConnection):
+    """
+    A plain-text HTTP connection that connects via a SOCKS proxy.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        _socks_options: _TYPE_SOCKS_OPTIONS,
+        *args: typing.Any,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._socks_options = _socks_options
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _new_conn(self) -> socks.socksocket:
+        """
+        Establish a new connection via the SOCKS proxy.
+        """
+        extra_kw: dict[str, typing.Any] = {}
+        if self.source_address:
+            extra_kw["source_address"] = self.source_address
+
+        if self.socket_options:
+            extra_kw["socket_options"] = self.socket_options
+
+        try:
+            conn = socks.create_connection(
+                (self.host, self.port),
+                proxy_type=self._socks_options["socks_version"],
+                proxy_addr=self._socks_options["proxy_host"],
+                proxy_port=self._socks_options["proxy_port"],
+                proxy_username=self._socks_options["username"],
+                proxy_password=self._socks_options["password"],
+                proxy_rdns=self._socks_options["rdns"],
+                timeout=self.timeout,
+                **extra_kw,
+            )
+
+        except SocketTimeout as e:
+            raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                self,
+                f"Connection to {self.host} timed out. (connect timeout={self.timeout})",
+            ) from e
+
+        except socks.ProxyError as e:
+            # This is fragile as hell, but it seems to be the only way to raise
+            # useful errors here.
+            if e.socket_err:
+                error = e.socket_err
+                if isinstance(error, SocketTimeout):
+                    raise ConnectTimeoutError(
+                        self,
+                        f"Connection to {self.host} timed out. (connect timeout={self.timeout})",
+                    ) from e
+                else:
+                    # Adding `from e` messes with coverage somehow, so it's omitted.
+                    # See #2386.
+                    raise NewConnectionError(
+                        self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {error}"
+                    )
+            else:
+                raise NewConnectionError(
+                    self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
+                ) from e
+
+        except OSError as e:  # Defensive: PySocks should catch all these.
+            raise NewConnectionError(
+                self, f"Failed to establish a new connection: {e}"
+            ) from e
+
+        return conn
+
+
+# We don't need to duplicate the Verified/Unverified distinction from
+# urllib3/connection.py here because the HTTPSConnection will already have been
+# correctly set to either the Verified or Unverified form by that module. This
+# means the SOCKSHTTPSConnection will automatically be the correct type.
+class SOCKSHTTPSConnection(SOCKSConnection, HTTPSConnection):
+    pass
+
+
+class SOCKSHTTPConnectionPool(HTTPConnectionPool):
+    ConnectionCls = SOCKSConnection
+
+
+class SOCKSHTTPSConnectionPool(HTTPSConnectionPool):
+    ConnectionCls = SOCKSHTTPSConnection
+
+
+class SOCKSProxyManager(PoolManager):
+    """
+    A version of the urllib3 ProxyManager that routes connections via the
+    defined SOCKS proxy.
+    """
+
+    pool_classes_by_scheme = {
+        "http": SOCKSHTTPConnectionPool,
+        "https": SOCKSHTTPSConnectionPool,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url: str,
+        username: str | None = None,
+        password: str | None = None,
+        num_pools: int = 10,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        **connection_pool_kw: typing.Any,
+    ):
+        parsed = parse_url(proxy_url)
+
+        if username is None and password is None and parsed.auth is not None:
+            split = parsed.auth.split(":")
+            if len(split) == 2:
+                username, password = split
+        if parsed.scheme == "socks5":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5
+            rdns = False
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks5h":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS5
+            rdns = True
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks4":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4
+            rdns = False
+        elif parsed.scheme == "socks4a":
+            socks_version = socks.PROXY_TYPE_SOCKS4
+            rdns = True
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unable to determine SOCKS version from {proxy_url}")
+
+        self.proxy_url = proxy_url
+
+        socks_options = {
+            "socks_version": socks_version,
+            "proxy_host": parsed.host,
+            "proxy_port": parsed.port,
+            "username": username,
+            "password": password,
+            "rdns": rdns,
+        }
+        connection_pool_kw["_socks_options"] = socks_options
+
+        super().__init__(num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
+
+        self.pool_classes_by_scheme = SOCKSProxyManager.pool_classes_by_scheme
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/exceptions.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0de9d6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import socket
+import typing
+import warnings
+from email.errors import MessageDefect
+from http.client import IncompleteRead as httplib_IncompleteRead
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .connection import HTTPConnection
+    from .connectionpool import ConnectionPool
+    from .response import HTTPResponse
+    from .util.retry import Retry
+
+# Base Exceptions
+
+
+class HTTPError(Exception):
+    """Base exception used by this module."""
+
+
+class HTTPWarning(Warning):
+    """Base warning used by this module."""
+
+
+_TYPE_REDUCE_RESULT = tuple[typing.Callable[..., object], tuple[object, ...]]
+
+
+class PoolError(HTTPError):
+    """Base exception for errors caused within a pool."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pool: ConnectionPool, message: str) -> None:
+        self.pool = pool
+        self._message = message
+        super().__init__(f"{pool}: {message}")
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> _TYPE_REDUCE_RESULT:
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self._message)
+
+
+class RequestError(PoolError):
+    """Base exception for PoolErrors that have associated URLs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, pool: ConnectionPool, url: str, message: str) -> None:
+        self.url = url
+        super().__init__(pool, message)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> _TYPE_REDUCE_RESULT:
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.url, self._message)
+
+
+class SSLError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when SSL certificate fails in an HTTPS connection."""
+
+
+class ProxyError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when the connection to a proxy fails."""
+
+    # The original error is also available as __cause__.
+    original_error: Exception
+
+    def __init__(self, message: str, error: Exception) -> None:
+        super().__init__(message, error)
+        self.original_error = error
+
+
+class DecodeError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails."""
+
+
+class ProtocolError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response."""
+
+
+#: Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.
+ConnectionError = ProtocolError
+
+
+# Leaf Exceptions
+
+
+class MaxRetryError(RequestError):
+    """Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.
+
+    :param pool: The connection pool
+    :type pool: :class:`~urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`
+    :param str url: The requested Url
+    :param reason: The underlying error
+    :type reason: :class:`Exception`
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, pool: ConnectionPool, url: str, reason: Exception | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        self.reason = reason
+
+        message = f"Max retries exceeded with url: {url} (Caused by {reason!r})"
+
+        super().__init__(pool, url, message)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> _TYPE_REDUCE_RESULT:
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self.url, self.reason)
+
+
+class HostChangedError(RequestError):
+    """Raised when an existing pool gets a request for a foreign host."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, pool: ConnectionPool, url: str, retries: Retry | int = 3
+    ) -> None:
+        message = f"Tried to open a foreign host with url: {url}"
+        super().__init__(pool, url, message)
+        self.retries = retries
+
+
+class TimeoutStateError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when passing an invalid state to a timeout"""
+
+
+class TimeoutError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised when a socket timeout error occurs.
+
+    Catching this error will catch both :exc:`ReadTimeoutErrors
+    <ReadTimeoutError>` and :exc:`ConnectTimeoutErrors <ConnectTimeoutError>`.
+    """
+
+
+class ReadTimeoutError(TimeoutError, RequestError):
+    """Raised when a socket timeout occurs while receiving data from a server"""
+
+
+# This timeout error does not have a URL attached and needs to inherit from the
+# base HTTPError
+class ConnectTimeoutError(TimeoutError):
+    """Raised when a socket timeout occurs while connecting to a server"""
+
+
+class NewConnectionError(ConnectTimeoutError, HTTPError):
+    """Raised when we fail to establish a new connection. Usually ECONNREFUSED."""
+
+    def __init__(self, conn: HTTPConnection, message: str) -> None:
+        self.conn = conn
+        self._message = message
+        super().__init__(f"{conn}: {message}")
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> _TYPE_REDUCE_RESULT:
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (None, self._message)
+
+    @property
+    def pool(self) -> HTTPConnection:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "The 'pool' property is deprecated and will be removed "
+            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Use 'conn' instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+
+        return self.conn
+
+
+class NameResolutionError(NewConnectionError):
+    """Raised when host name resolution fails."""
+
+    def __init__(self, host: str, conn: HTTPConnection, reason: socket.gaierror):
+        message = f"Failed to resolve '{host}' ({reason})"
+        self._host = host
+        self._reason = reason
+        super().__init__(conn, message)
+
+    def __reduce__(self) -> _TYPE_REDUCE_RESULT:
+        # For pickling purposes.
+        return self.__class__, (self._host, None, self._reason)
+
+
+class EmptyPoolError(PoolError):
+    """Raised when a pool runs out of connections and no more are allowed."""
+
+
+class FullPoolError(PoolError):
+    """Raised when we try to add a connection to a full pool in blocking mode."""
+
+
+class ClosedPoolError(PoolError):
+    """Raised when a request enters a pool after the pool has been closed."""
+
+
+class LocationValueError(ValueError, HTTPError):
+    """Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input."""
+
+
+class LocationParseError(LocationValueError):
+    """Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input."""
+
+    def __init__(self, location: str) -> None:
+        message = f"Failed to parse: {location}"
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+        self.location = location
+
+
+class URLSchemeUnknown(LocationValueError):
+    """Raised when a URL input has an unsupported scheme."""
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme: str):
+        message = f"Not supported URL scheme {scheme}"
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+        self.scheme = scheme
+
+
+class ResponseError(HTTPError):
+    """Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError."""
+
+    GENERIC_ERROR = "too many error responses"
+    SPECIFIC_ERROR = "too many {status_code} error responses"
+
+
+class SecurityWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    """Warned when performing security reducing actions"""
+
+
+class InsecureRequestWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request."""
+
+
+class NotOpenSSLWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when using unsupported SSL library"""
+
+
+class SystemTimeWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong"""
+
+
+class InsecurePlatformWarning(SecurityWarning):
+    """Warned when certain TLS/SSL configuration is not available on a platform."""
+
+
+class DependencyWarning(HTTPWarning):
+    """
+    Warned when an attempt is made to import a module with missing optional
+    dependencies.
+    """
+
+
+class ResponseNotChunked(ProtocolError, ValueError):
+    """Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks."""
+
+
+class BodyNotHttplibCompatible(HTTPError):
+    """
+    Body should be :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` like
+    (have an fp attribute which returns raw chunks) for read_chunked().
+    """
+
+
+class IncompleteRead(HTTPError, httplib_IncompleteRead):
+    """
+    Response length doesn't match expected Content-Length
+
+    Subclass of :class:`http.client.IncompleteRead` to allow int value
+    for ``partial`` to avoid creating large objects on streamed reads.
+    """
+
+    partial: int  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    expected: int
+
+    def __init__(self, partial: int, expected: int) -> None:
+        self.partial = partial
+        self.expected = expected
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "IncompleteRead(%i bytes read, %i more expected)" % (
+            self.partial,
+            self.expected,
+        )
+
+
+class InvalidChunkLength(HTTPError, httplib_IncompleteRead):
+    """Invalid chunk length in a chunked response."""
+
+    def __init__(self, response: HTTPResponse, length: bytes) -> None:
+        self.partial: int = response.tell()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.expected: int | None = response.length_remaining
+        self.response = response
+        self.length = length
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return "InvalidChunkLength(got length %r, %i bytes read)" % (
+            self.length,
+            self.partial,
+        )
+
+
+class InvalidHeader(HTTPError):
+    """The header provided was somehow invalid."""
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnknown(AssertionError, URLSchemeUnknown):
+    """ProxyManager does not support the supplied scheme"""
+
+    # TODO(t-8ch): Stop inheriting from AssertionError in v2.0.
+
+    def __init__(self, scheme: str | None) -> None:
+        # 'localhost' is here because our URL parser parses
+        # localhost:8080 -> scheme=localhost, remove if we fix this.
+        if scheme == "localhost":
+            scheme = None
+        if scheme is None:
+            message = "Proxy URL had no scheme, should start with http:// or https://"
+        else:
+            message = f"Proxy URL had unsupported scheme {scheme}, should use http:// or https://"
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class ProxySchemeUnsupported(ValueError):
+    """Fetching HTTPS resources through HTTPS proxies is unsupported"""
+
+
+class HeaderParsingError(HTTPError):
+    """Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, defects: list[MessageDefect], unparsed_data: bytes | str | None
+    ) -> None:
+        message = f"{defects or 'Unknown'}, unparsed data: {unparsed_data!r}"
+        super().__init__(message)
+
+
+class UnrewindableBodyError(HTTPError):
+    """urllib3 encountered an error when trying to rewind a body"""
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/fields.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/fields.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97c4730c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/fields.py
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import email.utils
+import mimetypes
+import typing
+
+_TYPE_FIELD_VALUE = typing.Union[str, bytes]
+_TYPE_FIELD_VALUE_TUPLE = typing.Union[
+    _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE,
+    tuple[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE],
+    tuple[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE, str],
+]
+
+
+def guess_content_type(
+    filename: str | None, default: str = "application/octet-stream"
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Guess the "Content-Type" of a file.
+
+    :param filename:
+        The filename to guess the "Content-Type" of using :mod:`mimetypes`.
+    :param default:
+        If no "Content-Type" can be guessed, default to `default`.
+    """
+    if filename:
+        return mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] or default
+    return default
+
+
+def format_header_param_rfc2231(name: str, value: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE) -> str:
+    """
+    Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter using the
+    strategy defined in RFC 2231.
+
+    Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain
+    non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows
+    `RFC 2388 Section 4.4 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2388#section-4.4>`_.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only.
+    :param value:
+        The value of the parameter, provided as ``bytes`` or `str``.
+    :returns:
+        An RFC-2231-formatted unicode string.
+
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0.0
+        Will be removed in urllib3 v2.1.0. This is not valid for
+        ``multipart/form-data`` header parameters.
+    """
+    import warnings
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        "'format_header_param_rfc2231' is deprecated and will be "
+        "removed in urllib3 v2.1.0. This is not valid for "
+        "multipart/form-data header parameters.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode("utf-8")
+
+    if not any(ch in value for ch in '"\\\r\n'):
+        result = f'{name}="{value}"'
+        try:
+            result.encode("ascii")
+        except (UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            return result
+
+    value = email.utils.encode_rfc2231(value, "utf-8")
+    value = f"{name}*={value}"
+
+    return value
+
+
+def format_multipart_header_param(name: str, value: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE) -> str:
+    """
+    Format and quote a single multipart header parameter.
+
+    This follows the `WHATWG HTML Standard`_ as of 2021/06/10, matching
+    the behavior of current browser and curl versions. Values are
+    assumed to be UTF-8. The ``\\n``, ``\\r``, and ``"`` characters are
+    percent encoded.
+
+    .. _WHATWG HTML Standard:
+        https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/
+        form-control-infrastructure.html#multipart-form-data
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of the parameter, an ASCII-only ``str``.
+    :param value:
+        The value of the parameter, a ``str`` or UTF-8 encoded
+        ``bytes``.
+    :returns:
+        A string ``name="value"`` with the escaped value.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Matches the WHATWG HTML Standard as of 2021/06/10. Control
+        characters are no longer percent encoded.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        Renamed from ``format_header_param_html5`` and
+        ``format_header_param``. The old names will be removed in
+        urllib3 v2.1.0.
+    """
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        value = value.decode("utf-8")
+
+    # percent encode \n \r "
+    value = value.translate({10: "%0A", 13: "%0D", 34: "%22"})
+    return f'{name}="{value}"'
+
+
+def format_header_param_html5(name: str, value: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE) -> str:
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0.0
+        Renamed to :func:`format_multipart_header_param`. Will be
+        removed in urllib3 v2.1.0.
+    """
+    import warnings
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        "'format_header_param_html5' has been renamed to "
+        "'format_multipart_header_param'. The old name will be "
+        "removed in urllib3 v2.1.0.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return format_multipart_header_param(name, value)
+
+
+def format_header_param(name: str, value: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE) -> str:
+    """
+    .. deprecated:: 2.0.0
+        Renamed to :func:`format_multipart_header_param`. Will be
+        removed in urllib3 v2.1.0.
+    """
+    import warnings
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        "'format_header_param' has been renamed to "
+        "'format_multipart_header_param'. The old name will be "
+        "removed in urllib3 v2.1.0.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    return format_multipart_header_param(name, value)
+
+
+class RequestField:
+    """
+    A data container for request body parameters.
+
+    :param name:
+        The name of this request field. Must be unicode.
+    :param data:
+        The data/value body.
+    :param filename:
+        An optional filename of the request field. Must be unicode.
+    :param headers:
+        An optional dict-like object of headers to initially use for the field.
+
+    .. versionchanged:: 2.0.0
+        The ``header_formatter`` parameter is deprecated and will
+        be removed in urllib3 v2.1.0.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        data: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE,
+        filename: str | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        header_formatter: typing.Callable[[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE], str] | None = None,
+    ):
+        self._name = name
+        self._filename = filename
+        self.data = data
+        self.headers: dict[str, str | None] = {}
+        if headers:
+            self.headers = dict(headers)
+
+        if header_formatter is not None:
+            import warnings
+
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The 'header_formatter' parameter is deprecated and "
+                "will be removed in urllib3 v2.1.0.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+            self.header_formatter = header_formatter
+        else:
+            self.header_formatter = format_multipart_header_param
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_tuples(
+        cls,
+        fieldname: str,
+        value: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE_TUPLE,
+        header_formatter: typing.Callable[[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE], str] | None = None,
+    ) -> RequestField:
+        """
+        A :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.
+
+        Supports constructing :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField` from
+        parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a
+        (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional.
+        For example::
+
+            'foo': 'bar',
+            'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
+            'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
+            'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(), 'image/jpeg'),
+            'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
+
+        Field names and filenames must be unicode.
+        """
+        filename: str | None
+        content_type: str | None
+        data: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE
+
+        if isinstance(value, tuple):
+            if len(value) == 3:
+                filename, data, content_type = value
+            else:
+                filename, data = value
+                content_type = guess_content_type(filename)
+        else:
+            filename = None
+            content_type = None
+            data = value
+
+        request_param = cls(
+            fieldname, data, filename=filename, header_formatter=header_formatter
+        )
+        request_param.make_multipart(content_type=content_type)
+
+        return request_param
+
+    def _render_part(self, name: str, value: _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE) -> str:
+        """
+        Override this method to change how each multipart header
+        parameter is formatted. By default, this calls
+        :func:`format_multipart_header_param`.
+
+        :param name:
+            The name of the parameter, an ASCII-only ``str``.
+        :param value:
+            The value of the parameter, a ``str`` or UTF-8 encoded
+            ``bytes``.
+
+        :meta public:
+        """
+        return self.header_formatter(name, value)
+
+    def _render_parts(
+        self,
+        header_parts: (
+            dict[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE | None]
+            | typing.Sequence[tuple[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE | None]]
+        ),
+    ) -> str:
+        """
+        Helper function to format and quote a single header.
+
+        Useful for single headers that are composed of multiple items. E.g.,
+        'Content-Disposition' fields.
+
+        :param header_parts:
+            A sequence of (k, v) tuples or a :class:`dict` of (k, v) to format
+            as `k1="v1"; k2="v2"; ...`.
+        """
+        iterable: typing.Iterable[tuple[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE | None]]
+
+        parts = []
+        if isinstance(header_parts, dict):
+            iterable = header_parts.items()
+        else:
+            iterable = header_parts
+
+        for name, value in iterable:
+            if value is not None:
+                parts.append(self._render_part(name, value))
+
+        return "; ".join(parts)
+
+    def render_headers(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Renders the headers for this request field.
+        """
+        lines = []
+
+        sort_keys = ["Content-Disposition", "Content-Type", "Content-Location"]
+        for sort_key in sort_keys:
+            if self.headers.get(sort_key, False):
+                lines.append(f"{sort_key}: {self.headers[sort_key]}")
+
+        for header_name, header_value in self.headers.items():
+            if header_name not in sort_keys:
+                if header_value:
+                    lines.append(f"{header_name}: {header_value}")
+
+        lines.append("\r\n")
+        return "\r\n".join(lines)
+
+    def make_multipart(
+        self,
+        content_disposition: str | None = None,
+        content_type: str | None = None,
+        content_location: str | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Makes this request field into a multipart request field.
+
+        This method overrides "Content-Disposition", "Content-Type" and
+        "Content-Location" headers to the request parameter.
+
+        :param content_disposition:
+            The 'Content-Disposition' of the request body. Defaults to 'form-data'
+        :param content_type:
+            The 'Content-Type' of the request body.
+        :param content_location:
+            The 'Content-Location' of the request body.
+
+        """
+        content_disposition = (content_disposition or "form-data") + "; ".join(
+            [
+                "",
+                self._render_parts(
+                    (("name", self._name), ("filename", self._filename))
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+
+        self.headers["Content-Disposition"] = content_disposition
+        self.headers["Content-Type"] = content_type
+        self.headers["Content-Location"] = content_location
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/filepost.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/filepost.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14f70b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/filepost.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import binascii
+import codecs
+import os
+import typing
+from io import BytesIO
+
+from .fields import _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE_TUPLE, RequestField
+
+writer = codecs.lookup("utf-8")[3]
+
+_TYPE_FIELDS_SEQUENCE = typing.Sequence[
+    typing.Union[tuple[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE_TUPLE], RequestField]
+]
+_TYPE_FIELDS = typing.Union[
+    _TYPE_FIELDS_SEQUENCE,
+    typing.Mapping[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE_TUPLE],
+]
+
+
+def choose_boundary() -> str:
+    """
+    Our embarrassingly-simple replacement for mimetools.choose_boundary.
+    """
+    return binascii.hexlify(os.urandom(16)).decode()
+
+
+def iter_field_objects(fields: _TYPE_FIELDS) -> typing.Iterable[RequestField]:
+    """
+    Iterate over fields.
+
+    Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts, and lists of
+    :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`.
+
+    """
+    iterable: typing.Iterable[RequestField | tuple[str, _TYPE_FIELD_VALUE_TUPLE]]
+
+    if isinstance(fields, typing.Mapping):
+        iterable = fields.items()
+    else:
+        iterable = fields
+
+    for field in iterable:
+        if isinstance(field, RequestField):
+            yield field
+        else:
+            yield RequestField.from_tuples(*field)
+
+
+def encode_multipart_formdata(
+    fields: _TYPE_FIELDS, boundary: str | None = None
+) -> tuple[bytes, str]:
+    """
+    Encode a dictionary of ``fields`` using the multipart/form-data MIME format.
+
+    :param fields:
+        Dictionary of fields or list of (key, :class:`~urllib3.fields.RequestField`).
+        Values are processed by :func:`urllib3.fields.RequestField.from_tuples`.
+
+    :param boundary:
+        If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using
+        :func:`urllib3.filepost.choose_boundary`.
+    """
+    body = BytesIO()
+    if boundary is None:
+        boundary = choose_boundary()
+
+    for field in iter_field_objects(fields):
+        body.write(f"--{boundary}\r\n".encode("latin-1"))
+
+        writer(body).write(field.render_headers())
+        data = field.data
+
+        if isinstance(data, int):
+            data = str(data)  # Backwards compatibility
+
+        if isinstance(data, str):
+            writer(body).write(data)
+        else:
+            body.write(data)
+
+        body.write(b"\r\n")
+
+    body.write(f"--{boundary}--\r\n".encode("latin-1"))
+
+    content_type = f"multipart/form-data; boundary={boundary}"
+
+    return body.getvalue(), content_type
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..133e1d8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from importlib.metadata import version
+
+__all__ = [
+    "inject_into_urllib3",
+    "extract_from_urllib3",
+]
+
+import typing
+
+orig_HTTPSConnection: typing.Any = None
+
+
+def inject_into_urllib3() -> None:
+    # First check if h2 version is valid
+    h2_version = version("h2")
+    if not h2_version.startswith("4."):
+        raise ImportError(
+            "urllib3 v2 supports h2 version 4.x.x, currently "
+            f"the 'h2' module is compiled with {h2_version!r}. "
+            "See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/3290"
+        )
+
+    # Import here to avoid circular dependencies.
+    from .. import connection as urllib3_connection
+    from .. import util as urllib3_util
+    from ..connectionpool import HTTPSConnectionPool
+    from ..util import ssl_ as urllib3_util_ssl
+    from .connection import HTTP2Connection
+
+    global orig_HTTPSConnection
+    orig_HTTPSConnection = urllib3_connection.HTTPSConnection
+
+    HTTPSConnectionPool.ConnectionCls = HTTP2Connection
+    urllib3_connection.HTTPSConnection = HTTP2Connection  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    # TODO: Offer 'http/1.1' as well, but for testing purposes this is handy.
+    urllib3_util.ALPN_PROTOCOLS = ["h2"]
+    urllib3_util_ssl.ALPN_PROTOCOLS = ["h2"]
+
+
+def extract_from_urllib3() -> None:
+    from .. import connection as urllib3_connection
+    from .. import util as urllib3_util
+    from ..connectionpool import HTTPSConnectionPool
+    from ..util import ssl_ as urllib3_util_ssl
+
+    HTTPSConnectionPool.ConnectionCls = orig_HTTPSConnection
+    urllib3_connection.HTTPSConnection = orig_HTTPSConnection  # type: ignore[misc]
+
+    urllib3_util.ALPN_PROTOCOLS = ["http/1.1"]
+    urllib3_util_ssl.ALPN_PROTOCOLS = ["http/1.1"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1d583884
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/connection.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/connection.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a0aa3da
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/connection.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/probe.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/probe.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02151235
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/__pycache__/probe.cpython-312.pyc differ
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/connection.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/connection.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0822391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import re
+import threading
+import types
+import typing
+
+import h2.config  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+import h2.connection  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+import h2.events  # type: ignore[import-untyped]
+
+from .._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+from .._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from ..connection import HTTPSConnection, _get_default_user_agent
+from ..exceptions import ConnectionError
+from ..response import BaseHTTPResponse
+
+orig_HTTPSConnection = HTTPSConnection
+
+T = typing.TypeVar("T")
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+RE_IS_LEGAL_HEADER_NAME = re.compile(rb"^[!#$%&'*+\-.^_`|~0-9a-z]+$")
+RE_IS_ILLEGAL_HEADER_VALUE = re.compile(rb"[\0\x00\x0a\x0d\r\n]|^[ \r\n\t]|[ \r\n\t]$")
+
+
+def _is_legal_header_name(name: bytes) -> bool:
+    """
+    "An implementation that validates fields according to the definitions in Sections
+    5.1 and 5.5 of [HTTP] only needs an additional check that field names do not
+    include uppercase characters." (https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9113.html#n-field-validity)
+
+    `http.client._is_legal_header_name` does not validate the field name according to the
+    HTTP 1.1 spec, so we do that here, in addition to checking for uppercase characters.
+
+    This does not allow for the `:` character in the header name, so should not
+    be used to validate pseudo-headers.
+    """
+    return bool(RE_IS_LEGAL_HEADER_NAME.match(name))
+
+
+def _is_illegal_header_value(value: bytes) -> bool:
+    """
+    "A field value MUST NOT contain the zero value (ASCII NUL, 0x00), line feed
+    (ASCII LF, 0x0a), or carriage return (ASCII CR, 0x0d) at any position. A field
+    value MUST NOT start or end with an ASCII whitespace character (ASCII SP or HTAB,
+    0x20 or 0x09)." (https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9113.html#n-field-validity)
+    """
+    return bool(RE_IS_ILLEGAL_HEADER_VALUE.search(value))
+
+
+class _LockedObject(typing.Generic[T]):
+    """
+    A wrapper class that hides a specific object behind a lock.
+    The goal here is to provide a simple way to protect access to an object
+    that cannot safely be simultaneously accessed from multiple threads. The
+    intended use of this class is simple: take hold of it with a context
+    manager, which returns the protected object.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = (
+        "lock",
+        "_obj",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, obj: T):
+        self.lock = threading.RLock()
+        self._obj = obj
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> T:
+        self.lock.acquire()
+        return self._obj
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: types.TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.lock.release()
+
+
+class HTTP2Connection(HTTPSConnection):
+    def __init__(
+        self, host: str, port: int | None = None, **kwargs: typing.Any
+    ) -> None:
+        self._h2_conn = self._new_h2_conn()
+        self._h2_stream: int | None = None
+        self._headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+
+        if "proxy" in kwargs or "proxy_config" in kwargs:  # Defensive:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Proxies aren't supported with HTTP/2")
+
+        super().__init__(host, port, **kwargs)
+
+        if self._tunnel_host is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Tunneling isn't supported with HTTP/2")
+
+    def _new_h2_conn(self) -> _LockedObject[h2.connection.H2Connection]:
+        config = h2.config.H2Configuration(client_side=True)
+        return _LockedObject(h2.connection.H2Connection(config=config))
+
+    def connect(self) -> None:
+        super().connect()
+        with self._h2_conn as conn:
+            conn.initiate_connection()
+            if data_to_send := conn.data_to_send():
+                self.sock.sendall(data_to_send)
+
+    def putrequest(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """putrequest
+        This deviates from the HTTPConnection method signature since we never need to override
+        sending accept-encoding headers or the host header.
+        """
+        if "skip_host" in kwargs:
+            raise NotImplementedError("`skip_host` isn't supported")
+        if "skip_accept_encoding" in kwargs:
+            raise NotImplementedError("`skip_accept_encoding` isn't supported")
+
+        self._request_url = url or "/"
+        self._validate_path(url)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        if ":" in self.host:
+            authority = f"[{self.host}]:{self.port or 443}"
+        else:
+            authority = f"{self.host}:{self.port or 443}"
+
+        self._headers.append((b":scheme", b"https"))
+        self._headers.append((b":method", method.encode()))
+        self._headers.append((b":authority", authority.encode()))
+        self._headers.append((b":path", url.encode()))
+
+        with self._h2_conn as conn:
+            self._h2_stream = conn.get_next_available_stream_id()
+
+    def putheader(self, header: str | bytes, *values: str | bytes) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        # TODO SKIPPABLE_HEADERS from urllib3 are ignored.
+        header = header.encode() if isinstance(header, str) else header
+        header = header.lower()  # A lot of upstream code uses capitalized headers.
+        if not _is_legal_header_name(header):
+            raise ValueError(f"Illegal header name {str(header)}")
+
+        for value in values:
+            value = value.encode() if isinstance(value, str) else value
+            if _is_illegal_header_value(value):
+                raise ValueError(f"Illegal header value {str(value)}")
+            self._headers.append((header, value))
+
+    def endheaders(self, message_body: typing.Any = None) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if self._h2_stream is None:
+            raise ConnectionError("Must call `putrequest` first.")
+
+        with self._h2_conn as conn:
+            conn.send_headers(
+                stream_id=self._h2_stream,
+                headers=self._headers,
+                end_stream=(message_body is None),
+            )
+            if data_to_send := conn.data_to_send():
+                self.sock.sendall(data_to_send)
+        self._headers = []  # Reset headers for the next request.
+
+    def send(self, data: typing.Any) -> None:
+        """Send data to the server.
+        `data` can be: `str`, `bytes`, an iterable, or file-like objects
+        that support a .read() method.
+        """
+        if self._h2_stream is None:
+            raise ConnectionError("Must call `putrequest` first.")
+
+        with self._h2_conn as conn:
+            if data_to_send := conn.data_to_send():
+                self.sock.sendall(data_to_send)
+
+            if hasattr(data, "read"):  # file-like objects
+                while True:
+                    chunk = data.read(self.blocksize)
+                    if not chunk:
+                        break
+                    if isinstance(chunk, str):
+                        chunk = chunk.encode()  # pragma: no cover
+                    conn.send_data(self._h2_stream, chunk, end_stream=False)
+                    if data_to_send := conn.data_to_send():
+                        self.sock.sendall(data_to_send)
+                conn.end_stream(self._h2_stream)
+                return
+
+            if isinstance(data, str):  # str -> bytes
+                data = data.encode()
+
+            try:
+                if isinstance(data, bytes):
+                    conn.send_data(self._h2_stream, data, end_stream=True)
+                    if data_to_send := conn.data_to_send():
+                        self.sock.sendall(data_to_send)
+                else:
+                    for chunk in data:
+                        conn.send_data(self._h2_stream, chunk, end_stream=False)
+                        if data_to_send := conn.data_to_send():
+                            self.sock.sendall(data_to_send)
+                    conn.end_stream(self._h2_stream)
+            except TypeError:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "`data` should be str, bytes, iterable, or file. got %r"
+                    % type(data)
+                )
+
+    def set_tunnel(
+        self,
+        host: str,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        scheme: str = "http",
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "HTTP/2 does not support setting up a tunnel through a proxy"
+        )
+
+    def getresponse(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+    ) -> HTTP2Response:
+        status = None
+        data = bytearray()
+        with self._h2_conn as conn:
+            end_stream = False
+            while not end_stream:
+                # TODO: Arbitrary read value.
+                if received_data := self.sock.recv(65535):
+                    events = conn.receive_data(received_data)
+                    for event in events:
+                        if isinstance(event, h2.events.ResponseReceived):
+                            headers = HTTPHeaderDict()
+                            for header, value in event.headers:
+                                if header == b":status":
+                                    status = int(value.decode())
+                                else:
+                                    headers.add(
+                                        header.decode("ascii"), value.decode("ascii")
+                                    )
+
+                        elif isinstance(event, h2.events.DataReceived):
+                            data += event.data
+                            conn.acknowledge_received_data(
+                                event.flow_controlled_length, event.stream_id
+                            )
+
+                        elif isinstance(event, h2.events.StreamEnded):
+                            end_stream = True
+
+                if data_to_send := conn.data_to_send():
+                    self.sock.sendall(data_to_send)
+
+        assert status is not None
+        return HTTP2Response(
+            status=status,
+            headers=headers,
+            request_url=self._request_url,
+            data=bytes(data),
+        )
+
+    def request(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self,
+        method: str,
+        url: str,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        *,
+        preload_content: bool = True,
+        decode_content: bool = True,
+        enforce_content_length: bool = True,
+        **kwargs: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Send an HTTP/2 request"""
+        if "chunked" in kwargs:
+            # TODO this is often present from upstream.
+            # raise NotImplementedError("`chunked` isn't supported with HTTP/2")
+            pass
+
+        if self.sock is not None:
+            self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+
+        self.putrequest(method, url)
+
+        headers = headers or {}
+        for k, v in headers.items():
+            if k.lower() == "transfer-encoding" and v == "chunked":
+                continue
+            else:
+                self.putheader(k, v)
+
+        if b"user-agent" not in dict(self._headers):
+            self.putheader(b"user-agent", _get_default_user_agent())
+
+        if body:
+            self.endheaders(message_body=body)
+            self.send(body)
+        else:
+            self.endheaders()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        with self._h2_conn as conn:
+            try:
+                conn.close_connection()
+                if data := conn.data_to_send():
+                    self.sock.sendall(data)
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        # Reset all our HTTP/2 connection state.
+        self._h2_conn = self._new_h2_conn()
+        self._h2_stream = None
+        self._headers = []
+
+        super().close()
+
+
+class HTTP2Response(BaseHTTPResponse):
+    # TODO: This is a woefully incomplete response object, but works for non-streaming.
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status: int,
+        headers: HTTPHeaderDict,
+        request_url: str,
+        data: bytes,
+        decode_content: bool = False,  # TODO: support decoding
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            status=status,
+            headers=headers,
+            # Following CPython, we map HTTP versions to major * 10 + minor integers
+            version=20,
+            version_string="HTTP/2",
+            # No reason phrase in HTTP/2
+            reason=None,
+            decode_content=decode_content,
+            request_url=request_url,
+        )
+        self._data = data
+        self.length_remaining = 0
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> bytes:
+        return self._data
+
+    def get_redirect_location(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/probe.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/probe.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ea90076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/http2/probe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import threading
+
+
+class _HTTP2ProbeCache:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "_lock",
+        "_cache_locks",
+        "_cache_values",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._cache_locks: dict[tuple[str, int], threading.RLock] = {}
+        self._cache_values: dict[tuple[str, int], bool | None] = {}
+
+    def acquire_and_get(self, host: str, port: int) -> bool | None:
+        # By the end of this block we know that
+        # _cache_[values,locks] is available.
+        value = None
+        with self._lock:
+            key = (host, port)
+            try:
+                value = self._cache_values[key]
+                # If it's a known value we return right away.
+                if value is not None:
+                    return value
+            except KeyError:
+                self._cache_locks[key] = threading.RLock()
+                self._cache_values[key] = None
+
+        # If the value is unknown, we acquire the lock to signal
+        # to the requesting thread that the probe is in progress
+        # or that the current thread needs to return their findings.
+        key_lock = self._cache_locks[key]
+        key_lock.acquire()
+        try:
+            # If the by the time we get the lock the value has been
+            # updated we want to return the updated value.
+            value = self._cache_values[key]
+
+        # In case an exception like KeyboardInterrupt is raised here.
+        except BaseException as e:  # Defensive:
+            assert not isinstance(e, KeyError)  # KeyError shouldn't be possible.
+            key_lock.release()
+            raise
+
+        return value
+
+    def set_and_release(
+        self, host: str, port: int, supports_http2: bool | None
+    ) -> None:
+        key = (host, port)
+        key_lock = self._cache_locks[key]
+        with key_lock:  # Uses an RLock, so can be locked again from same thread.
+            if supports_http2 is None and self._cache_values[key] is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Cannot reset HTTP/2 support for origin after value has been set."
+                )  # Defensive: not expected in normal usage
+
+        self._cache_values[key] = supports_http2
+        key_lock.release()
+
+    def _values(self) -> dict[tuple[str, int], bool | None]:
+        """This function is for testing purposes only. Gets the current state of the probe cache"""
+        with self._lock:
+            return {k: v for k, v in self._cache_values.items()}
+
+    def _reset(self) -> None:
+        """This function is for testing purposes only. Reset the cache values"""
+        with self._lock:
+            self._cache_locks = {}
+            self._cache_values = {}
+
+
+_HTTP2_PROBE_CACHE = _HTTP2ProbeCache()
+
+set_and_release = _HTTP2_PROBE_CACHE.set_and_release
+acquire_and_get = _HTTP2_PROBE_CACHE.acquire_and_get
+_values = _HTTP2_PROBE_CACHE._values
+_reset = _HTTP2_PROBE_CACHE._reset
+
+__all__ = [
+    "set_and_release",
+    "acquire_and_get",
+]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..085d1dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/poolmanager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,637 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import functools
+import logging
+import typing
+import warnings
+from types import TracebackType
+from urllib.parse import urljoin
+
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict, RecentlyUsedContainer
+from ._request_methods import RequestMethods
+from .connection import ProxyConfig
+from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool, HTTPSConnectionPool, port_by_scheme
+from .exceptions import (
+    LocationValueError,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProxySchemeUnknown,
+    URLSchemeUnknown,
+)
+from .response import BaseHTTPResponse
+from .util.connection import _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS
+from .util.proxy import connection_requires_http_tunnel
+from .util.retry import Retry
+from .util.timeout import Timeout
+from .util.url import Url, parse_url
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import ssl
+
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+__all__ = ["PoolManager", "ProxyManager", "proxy_from_url"]
+
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+SSL_KEYWORDS = (
+    "key_file",
+    "cert_file",
+    "cert_reqs",
+    "ca_certs",
+    "ca_cert_data",
+    "ssl_version",
+    "ssl_minimum_version",
+    "ssl_maximum_version",
+    "ca_cert_dir",
+    "ssl_context",
+    "key_password",
+    "server_hostname",
+)
+# Default value for `blocksize` - a new parameter introduced to
+# http.client.HTTPConnection & http.client.HTTPSConnection in Python 3.7
+_DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+
+class PoolKey(typing.NamedTuple):
+    """
+    All known keyword arguments that could be provided to the pool manager, its
+    pools, or the underlying connections.
+
+    All custom key schemes should include the fields in this key at a minimum.
+    """
+
+    key_scheme: str
+    key_host: str
+    key_port: int | None
+    key_timeout: Timeout | float | int | None
+    key_retries: Retry | bool | int | None
+    key_block: bool | None
+    key_source_address: tuple[str, int] | None
+    key_key_file: str | None
+    key_key_password: str | None
+    key_cert_file: str | None
+    key_cert_reqs: str | None
+    key_ca_certs: str | None
+    key_ca_cert_data: str | bytes | None
+    key_ssl_version: int | str | None
+    key_ssl_minimum_version: ssl.TLSVersion | None
+    key_ssl_maximum_version: ssl.TLSVersion | None
+    key_ca_cert_dir: str | None
+    key_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None
+    key_maxsize: int | None
+    key_headers: frozenset[tuple[str, str]] | None
+    key__proxy: Url | None
+    key__proxy_headers: frozenset[tuple[str, str]] | None
+    key__proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None
+    key_socket_options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None
+    key__socks_options: frozenset[tuple[str, str]] | None
+    key_assert_hostname: bool | str | None
+    key_assert_fingerprint: str | None
+    key_server_hostname: str | None
+    key_blocksize: int | None
+
+
+def _default_key_normalizer(
+    key_class: type[PoolKey], request_context: dict[str, typing.Any]
+) -> PoolKey:
+    """
+    Create a pool key out of a request context dictionary.
+
+    According to RFC 3986, both the scheme and host are case-insensitive.
+    Therefore, this function normalizes both before constructing the pool
+    key for an HTTPS request. If you wish to change this behaviour, provide
+    alternate callables to ``key_fn_by_scheme``.
+
+    :param key_class:
+        The class to use when constructing the key. This should be a namedtuple
+        with the ``scheme`` and ``host`` keys at a minimum.
+    :type  key_class: namedtuple
+    :param request_context:
+        A dictionary-like object that contain the context for a request.
+    :type  request_context: dict
+
+    :return: A namedtuple that can be used as a connection pool key.
+    :rtype:  PoolKey
+    """
+    # Since we mutate the dictionary, make a copy first
+    context = request_context.copy()
+    context["scheme"] = context["scheme"].lower()
+    context["host"] = context["host"].lower()
+
+    # These are both dictionaries and need to be transformed into frozensets
+    for key in ("headers", "_proxy_headers", "_socks_options"):
+        if key in context and context[key] is not None:
+            context[key] = frozenset(context[key].items())
+
+    # The socket_options key may be a list and needs to be transformed into a
+    # tuple.
+    socket_opts = context.get("socket_options")
+    if socket_opts is not None:
+        context["socket_options"] = tuple(socket_opts)
+
+    # Map the kwargs to the names in the namedtuple - this is necessary since
+    # namedtuples can't have fields starting with '_'.
+    for key in list(context.keys()):
+        context["key_" + key] = context.pop(key)
+
+    # Default to ``None`` for keys missing from the context
+    for field in key_class._fields:
+        if field not in context:
+            context[field] = None
+
+    # Default key_blocksize to _DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE if missing from the context
+    if context.get("key_blocksize") is None:
+        context["key_blocksize"] = _DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE
+
+    return key_class(**context)
+
+
+#: A dictionary that maps a scheme to a callable that creates a pool key.
+#: This can be used to alter the way pool keys are constructed, if desired.
+#: Each PoolManager makes a copy of this dictionary so they can be configured
+#: globally here, or individually on the instance.
+key_fn_by_scheme = {
+    "http": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
+    "https": functools.partial(_default_key_normalizer, PoolKey),
+}
+
+pool_classes_by_scheme = {"http": HTTPConnectionPool, "https": HTTPSConnectionPool}
+
+
+class PoolManager(RequestMethods):
+    """
+    Allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of
+    necessary connection pools for you.
+
+    :param num_pools:
+        Number of connection pools to cache before discarding the least
+        recently used pool.
+
+    :param headers:
+        Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given
+        explicitly.
+
+    :param \\**connection_pool_kw:
+        Additional parameters are used to create fresh
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import urllib3
+
+        http = urllib3.PoolManager(num_pools=2)
+
+        resp1 = http.request("GET", "https://google.com/")
+        resp2 = http.request("GET", "https://google.com/mail")
+        resp3 = http.request("GET", "https://yahoo.com/")
+
+        print(len(http.pools))
+        # 2
+
+    """
+
+    proxy: Url | None = None
+    proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_pools: int = 10,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        **connection_pool_kw: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(headers)
+        self.connection_pool_kw = connection_pool_kw
+
+        self.pools: RecentlyUsedContainer[PoolKey, HTTPConnectionPool]
+        self.pools = RecentlyUsedContainer(num_pools)
+
+        # Locally set the pool classes and keys so other PoolManagers can
+        # override them.
+        self.pool_classes_by_scheme = pool_classes_by_scheme
+        self.key_fn_by_scheme = key_fn_by_scheme.copy()
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> typing.Literal[False]:
+        self.clear()
+        # Return False to re-raise any potential exceptions
+        return False
+
+    def _new_pool(
+        self,
+        scheme: str,
+        host: str,
+        port: int,
+        request_context: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        """
+        Create a new :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on host, port, scheme, and
+        any additional pool keyword arguments.
+
+        If ``request_context`` is provided, it is provided as keyword arguments
+        to the pool class used. This method is used to actually create the
+        connection pools handed out by :meth:`connection_from_url` and
+        companion methods. It is intended to be overridden for customization.
+        """
+        pool_cls: type[HTTPConnectionPool] = self.pool_classes_by_scheme[scheme]
+        if request_context is None:
+            request_context = self.connection_pool_kw.copy()
+
+        # Default blocksize to _DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE if missing or explicitly
+        # set to 'None' in the request_context.
+        if request_context.get("blocksize") is None:
+            request_context["blocksize"] = _DEFAULT_BLOCKSIZE
+
+        # Although the context has everything necessary to create the pool,
+        # this function has historically only used the scheme, host, and port
+        # in the positional args. When an API change is acceptable these can
+        # be removed.
+        for key in ("scheme", "host", "port"):
+            request_context.pop(key, None)
+
+        if scheme == "http":
+            for kw in SSL_KEYWORDS:
+                request_context.pop(kw, None)
+
+        return pool_cls(host, port, **request_context)
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Empty our store of pools and direct them all to close.
+
+        This will not affect in-flight connections, but they will not be
+        re-used after completion.
+        """
+        self.pools.clear()
+
+    def connection_from_host(
+        self,
+        host: str | None,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        scheme: str | None = "http",
+        pool_kwargs: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        """
+        Get a :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.
+
+        If ``port`` isn't given, it will be derived from the ``scheme`` using
+        ``urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme``. If ``pool_kwargs`` is
+        provided, it is merged with the instance's ``connection_pool_kw``
+        variable and used to create the new connection pool, if one is
+        needed.
+        """
+
+        if not host:
+            raise LocationValueError("No host specified.")
+
+        request_context = self._merge_pool_kwargs(pool_kwargs)
+        request_context["scheme"] = scheme or "http"
+        if not port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(request_context["scheme"].lower(), 80)
+        request_context["port"] = port
+        request_context["host"] = host
+
+        return self.connection_from_context(request_context)
+
+    def connection_from_context(
+        self, request_context: dict[str, typing.Any]
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        """
+        Get a :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on the request context.
+
+        ``request_context`` must at least contain the ``scheme`` key and its
+        value must be a key in ``key_fn_by_scheme`` instance variable.
+        """
+        if "strict" in request_context:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The 'strict' parameter is no longer needed on Python 3+. "
+                "This will raise an error in urllib3 v2.1.0.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+            )
+            request_context.pop("strict")
+
+        scheme = request_context["scheme"].lower()
+        pool_key_constructor = self.key_fn_by_scheme.get(scheme)
+        if not pool_key_constructor:
+            raise URLSchemeUnknown(scheme)
+        pool_key = pool_key_constructor(request_context)
+
+        return self.connection_from_pool_key(pool_key, request_context=request_context)
+
+    def connection_from_pool_key(
+        self, pool_key: PoolKey, request_context: dict[str, typing.Any]
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        """
+        Get a :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` based on the provided pool key.
+
+        ``pool_key`` should be a namedtuple that only contains immutable
+        objects. At a minimum it must have the ``scheme``, ``host``, and
+        ``port`` fields.
+        """
+        with self.pools.lock:
+            # If the scheme, host, or port doesn't match existing open
+            # connections, open a new ConnectionPool.
+            pool = self.pools.get(pool_key)
+            if pool:
+                return pool
+
+            # Make a fresh ConnectionPool of the desired type
+            scheme = request_context["scheme"]
+            host = request_context["host"]
+            port = request_context["port"]
+            pool = self._new_pool(scheme, host, port, request_context=request_context)
+            self.pools[pool_key] = pool
+
+        return pool
+
+    def connection_from_url(
+        self, url: str, pool_kwargs: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        """
+        Similar to :func:`urllib3.connectionpool.connection_from_url`.
+
+        If ``pool_kwargs`` is not provided and a new pool needs to be
+        constructed, ``self.connection_pool_kw`` is used to initialize
+        the :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool`. If ``pool_kwargs``
+        is provided, it is used instead. Note that if a new pool does not
+        need to be created for the request, the provided ``pool_kwargs`` are
+        not used.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        return self.connection_from_host(
+            u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+        )
+
+    def _merge_pool_kwargs(
+        self, override: dict[str, typing.Any] | None
+    ) -> dict[str, typing.Any]:
+        """
+        Merge a dictionary of override values for self.connection_pool_kw.
+
+        This does not modify self.connection_pool_kw and returns a new dict.
+        Any keys in the override dictionary with a value of ``None`` are
+        removed from the merged dictionary.
+        """
+        base_pool_kwargs = self.connection_pool_kw.copy()
+        if override:
+            for key, value in override.items():
+                if value is None:
+                    try:
+                        del base_pool_kwargs[key]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    base_pool_kwargs[key] = value
+        return base_pool_kwargs
+
+    def _proxy_requires_url_absolute_form(self, parsed_url: Url) -> bool:
+        """
+        Indicates if the proxy requires the complete destination URL in the
+        request.  Normally this is only needed when not using an HTTP CONNECT
+        tunnel.
+        """
+        if self.proxy is None:
+            return False
+
+        return not connection_requires_http_tunnel(
+            self.proxy, self.proxy_config, parsed_url.scheme
+        )
+
+    def urlopen(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, method: str, url: str, redirect: bool = True, **kw: typing.Any
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        """
+        Same as :meth:`urllib3.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen`
+        with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri
+        portion of the ``url``.
+
+        The given ``url`` parameter must be absolute, such that an appropriate
+        :class:`urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` can be chosen for it.
+        """
+        u = parse_url(url)
+
+        if u.scheme is None:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "URLs without a scheme (ie 'https://') are deprecated and will raise an error "
+                "in a future version of urllib3. To avoid this DeprecationWarning ensure all URLs "
+                "start with 'https://' or 'http://'. Read more in this issue: "
+                "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2920",
+                category=DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+        conn = self.connection_from_host(u.host, port=u.port, scheme=u.scheme)
+
+        kw["assert_same_host"] = False
+        kw["redirect"] = False
+
+        if "headers" not in kw:
+            kw["headers"] = self.headers
+
+        if self._proxy_requires_url_absolute_form(u):
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, url, **kw)
+        else:
+            response = conn.urlopen(method, u.request_uri, **kw)
+
+        redirect_location = redirect and response.get_redirect_location()
+        if not redirect_location:
+            return response
+
+        # Support relative URLs for redirecting.
+        redirect_location = urljoin(url, redirect_location)
+
+        if response.status == 303:
+            # Change the method according to RFC 9110, Section 15.4.4.
+            method = "GET"
+            # And lose the body not to transfer anything sensitive.
+            kw["body"] = None
+            kw["headers"] = HTTPHeaderDict(kw["headers"])._prepare_for_method_change()
+
+        retries = kw.get("retries")
+        if not isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect)
+
+        # Strip headers marked as unsafe to forward to the redirected location.
+        # Check remove_headers_on_redirect to avoid a potential network call within
+        # conn.is_same_host() which may use socket.gethostbyname() in the future.
+        if retries.remove_headers_on_redirect and not conn.is_same_host(
+            redirect_location
+        ):
+            new_headers = kw["headers"].copy()
+            for header in kw["headers"]:
+                if header.lower() in retries.remove_headers_on_redirect:
+                    new_headers.pop(header, None)
+            kw["headers"] = new_headers
+
+        try:
+            retries = retries.increment(method, url, response=response, _pool=conn)
+        except MaxRetryError:
+            if retries.raise_on_redirect:
+                response.drain_conn()
+                raise
+            return response
+
+        kw["retries"] = retries
+        kw["redirect"] = redirect
+
+        log.info("Redirecting %s -> %s", url, redirect_location)
+
+        response.drain_conn()
+        return self.urlopen(method, redirect_location, **kw)
+
+
+class ProxyManager(PoolManager):
+    """
+    Behaves just like :class:`PoolManager`, but sends all requests through
+    the defined proxy, using the CONNECT method for HTTPS URLs.
+
+    :param proxy_url:
+        The URL of the proxy to be used.
+
+    :param proxy_headers:
+        A dictionary containing headers that will be sent to the proxy. In case
+        of HTTP they are being sent with each request, while in the
+        HTTPS/CONNECT case they are sent only once. Could be used for proxy
+        authentication.
+
+    :param proxy_ssl_context:
+        The proxy SSL context is used to establish the TLS connection to the
+        proxy when using HTTPS proxies.
+
+    :param use_forwarding_for_https:
+        (Defaults to False) If set to True will forward requests to the HTTPS
+        proxy to be made on behalf of the client instead of creating a TLS
+        tunnel via the CONNECT method. **Enabling this flag means that request
+        and response headers and content will be visible from the HTTPS proxy**
+        whereas tunneling keeps request and response headers and content
+        private.  IP address, target hostname, SNI, and port are always visible
+        to an HTTPS proxy even when this flag is disabled.
+
+    :param proxy_assert_hostname:
+        The hostname of the certificate to verify against.
+
+    :param proxy_assert_fingerprint:
+        The fingerprint of the certificate to verify against.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import urllib3
+
+        proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager("https://localhost:3128/")
+
+        resp1 = proxy.request("GET", "https://google.com/")
+        resp2 = proxy.request("GET", "https://httpbin.org/")
+
+        print(len(proxy.pools))
+        # 1
+
+        resp3 = proxy.request("GET", "https://httpbin.org/")
+        resp4 = proxy.request("GET", "https://twitter.com/")
+
+        print(len(proxy.pools))
+        # 3
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        proxy_url: str,
+        num_pools: int = 10,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        proxy_headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        proxy_ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+        use_forwarding_for_https: bool = False,
+        proxy_assert_hostname: None | str | typing.Literal[False] = None,
+        proxy_assert_fingerprint: str | None = None,
+        **connection_pool_kw: typing.Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(proxy_url, HTTPConnectionPool):
+            str_proxy_url = f"{proxy_url.scheme}://{proxy_url.host}:{proxy_url.port}"
+        else:
+            str_proxy_url = proxy_url
+        proxy = parse_url(str_proxy_url)
+
+        if proxy.scheme not in ("http", "https"):
+            raise ProxySchemeUnknown(proxy.scheme)
+
+        if not proxy.port:
+            port = port_by_scheme.get(proxy.scheme, 80)
+            proxy = proxy._replace(port=port)
+
+        self.proxy = proxy
+        self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers or {}
+        self.proxy_ssl_context = proxy_ssl_context
+        self.proxy_config = ProxyConfig(
+            proxy_ssl_context,
+            use_forwarding_for_https,
+            proxy_assert_hostname,
+            proxy_assert_fingerprint,
+        )
+
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy"] = self.proxy
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy_headers"] = self.proxy_headers
+        connection_pool_kw["_proxy_config"] = self.proxy_config
+
+        super().__init__(num_pools, headers, **connection_pool_kw)
+
+    def connection_from_host(
+        self,
+        host: str | None,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        scheme: str | None = "http",
+        pool_kwargs: dict[str, typing.Any] | None = None,
+    ) -> HTTPConnectionPool:
+        if scheme == "https":
+            return super().connection_from_host(
+                host, port, scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs
+            )
+
+        return super().connection_from_host(
+            self.proxy.host, self.proxy.port, self.proxy.scheme, pool_kwargs=pool_kwargs  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        )
+
+    def _set_proxy_headers(
+        self, url: str, headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None
+    ) -> typing.Mapping[str, str]:
+        """
+        Sets headers needed by proxies: specifically, the Accept and Host
+        headers. Only sets headers not provided by the user.
+        """
+        headers_ = {"Accept": "*/*"}
+
+        netloc = parse_url(url).netloc
+        if netloc:
+            headers_["Host"] = netloc
+
+        if headers:
+            headers_.update(headers)
+        return headers_
+
+    def urlopen(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, method: str, url: str, redirect: bool = True, **kw: typing.Any
+    ) -> BaseHTTPResponse:
+        "Same as HTTP(S)ConnectionPool.urlopen, ``url`` must be absolute."
+        u = parse_url(url)
+        if not connection_requires_http_tunnel(self.proxy, self.proxy_config, u.scheme):
+            # For connections using HTTP CONNECT, httplib sets the necessary
+            # headers on the CONNECT to the proxy. If we're not using CONNECT,
+            # we'll definitely need to set 'Host' at the very least.
+            headers = kw.get("headers", self.headers)
+            kw["headers"] = self._set_proxy_headers(url, headers)
+
+        return super().urlopen(method, url, redirect=redirect, **kw)
+
+
+def proxy_from_url(url: str, **kw: typing.Any) -> ProxyManager:
+    return ProxyManager(proxy_url=url, **kw)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f3ea3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/py.typed
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# Instruct type checkers to look for inline type annotations in this package.
+# See PEP 561.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66c6a687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1278 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import collections
+import io
+import json as _json
+import logging
+import re
+import socket
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+import zlib
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from http.client import HTTPMessage as _HttplibHTTPMessage
+from http.client import HTTPResponse as _HttplibHTTPResponse
+from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ._base_connection import BaseHTTPConnection
+
+try:
+    try:
+        import brotlicffi as brotli  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+    except ImportError:
+        import brotli  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+except ImportError:
+    brotli = None
+
+try:
+    import zstandard as zstd
+except (AttributeError, ImportError, ValueError):  # Defensive:
+    HAS_ZSTD = False
+else:
+    # The package 'zstandard' added the 'eof' property starting
+    # in v0.18.0 which we require to ensure a complete and
+    # valid zstd stream was fed into the ZstdDecoder.
+    # See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/2624
+    _zstd_version = tuple(
+        map(int, re.search(r"^([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)", zstd.__version__).groups())  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+    )
+    if _zstd_version < (0, 18):  # Defensive:
+        HAS_ZSTD = False
+    else:
+        HAS_ZSTD = True
+
+from . import util
+from ._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
+from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
+from .connection import BaseSSLError, HTTPConnection, HTTPException
+from .exceptions import (
+    BodyNotHttplibCompatible,
+    DecodeError,
+    HTTPError,
+    IncompleteRead,
+    InvalidChunkLength,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseNotChunked,
+    SSLError,
+)
+from .util.response import is_fp_closed, is_response_to_head
+from .util.retry import Retry
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class ContentDecoder:
+    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class DeflateDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._first_try = True
+        self._data = b""
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj()
+
+    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        if not data:
+            return data
+
+        if not self._first_try:
+            return self._obj.decompress(data)
+
+        self._data += data
+        try:
+            decompressed = self._obj.decompress(data)
+            if decompressed:
+                self._first_try = False
+                self._data = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            return decompressed
+        except zlib.error:
+            self._first_try = False
+            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+            try:
+                return self.decompress(self._data)
+            finally:
+                self._data = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        return self._obj.flush()
+
+
+class GzipDecoderState:
+    FIRST_MEMBER = 0
+    OTHER_MEMBERS = 1
+    SWALLOW_DATA = 2
+
+
+class GzipDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        self._state = GzipDecoderState.FIRST_MEMBER
+
+    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        ret = bytearray()
+        if self._state == GzipDecoderState.SWALLOW_DATA or not data:
+            return bytes(ret)
+        while True:
+            try:
+                ret += self._obj.decompress(data)
+            except zlib.error:
+                previous_state = self._state
+                # Ignore data after the first error
+                self._state = GzipDecoderState.SWALLOW_DATA
+                if previous_state == GzipDecoderState.OTHER_MEMBERS:
+                    # Allow trailing garbage acceptable in other gzip clients
+                    return bytes(ret)
+                raise
+            data = self._obj.unused_data
+            if not data:
+                return bytes(ret)
+            self._state = GzipDecoderState.OTHER_MEMBERS
+            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        return self._obj.flush()
+
+
+if brotli is not None:
+
+    class BrotliDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+        # Supports both 'brotlipy' and 'Brotli' packages
+        # since they share an import name. The top branches
+        # are for 'brotlipy' and bottom branches for 'Brotli'
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            self._obj = brotli.Decompressor()
+            if hasattr(self._obj, "decompress"):
+                setattr(self, "decompress", self._obj.decompress)
+            else:
+                setattr(self, "decompress", self._obj.process)
+
+        def flush(self) -> bytes:
+            if hasattr(self._obj, "flush"):
+                return self._obj.flush()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+            return b""
+
+
+if HAS_ZSTD:
+
+    class ZstdDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            self._obj = zstd.ZstdDecompressor().decompressobj()
+
+        def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+            if not data:
+                return b""
+            data_parts = [self._obj.decompress(data)]
+            while self._obj.eof and self._obj.unused_data:
+                unused_data = self._obj.unused_data
+                self._obj = zstd.ZstdDecompressor().decompressobj()
+                data_parts.append(self._obj.decompress(unused_data))
+            return b"".join(data_parts)
+
+        def flush(self) -> bytes:
+            ret = self._obj.flush()  # note: this is a no-op
+            if not self._obj.eof:
+                raise DecodeError("Zstandard data is incomplete")
+            return ret
+
+
+class MultiDecoder(ContentDecoder):
+    """
+    From RFC7231:
+        If one or more encodings have been applied to a representation, the
+        sender that applied the encodings MUST generate a Content-Encoding
+        header field that lists the content codings in the order in which
+        they were applied.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, modes: str) -> None:
+        self._decoders = [_get_decoder(m.strip()) for m in modes.split(",")]
+
+    def flush(self) -> bytes:
+        return self._decoders[0].flush()
+
+    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
+        for d in reversed(self._decoders):
+            data = d.decompress(data)
+        return data
+
+
+def _get_decoder(mode: str) -> ContentDecoder:
+    if "," in mode:
+        return MultiDecoder(mode)
+
+    # According to RFC 9110 section 8.4.1.3, recipients should
+    # consider x-gzip equivalent to gzip
+    if mode in ("gzip", "x-gzip"):
+        return GzipDecoder()
+
+    if brotli is not None and mode == "br":
+        return BrotliDecoder()
+
+    if HAS_ZSTD and mode == "zstd":
+        return ZstdDecoder()
+
+    return DeflateDecoder()
+
+
+class BytesQueueBuffer:
+    """Memory-efficient bytes buffer
+
+    To return decoded data in read() and still follow the BufferedIOBase API, we need a
+    buffer to always return the correct amount of bytes.
+
+    This buffer should be filled using calls to put()
+
+    Our maximum memory usage is determined by the sum of the size of:
+
+     * self.buffer, which contains the full data
+     * the largest chunk that we will copy in get()
+
+    The worst case scenario is a single chunk, in which case we'll make a full copy of
+    the data inside get().
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.buffer: typing.Deque[bytes] = collections.deque()
+        self._size: int = 0
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        return self._size
+
+    def put(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        self.buffer.append(data)
+        self._size += len(data)
+
+    def get(self, n: int) -> bytes:
+        if n == 0:
+            return b""
+        elif not self.buffer:
+            raise RuntimeError("buffer is empty")
+        elif n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("n should be > 0")
+
+        fetched = 0
+        ret = io.BytesIO()
+        while fetched < n:
+            remaining = n - fetched
+            chunk = self.buffer.popleft()
+            chunk_length = len(chunk)
+            if remaining < chunk_length:
+                left_chunk, right_chunk = chunk[:remaining], chunk[remaining:]
+                ret.write(left_chunk)
+                self.buffer.appendleft(right_chunk)
+                self._size -= remaining
+                break
+            else:
+                ret.write(chunk)
+                self._size -= chunk_length
+            fetched += chunk_length
+
+            if not self.buffer:
+                break
+
+        return ret.getvalue()
+
+    def get_all(self) -> bytes:
+        buffer = self.buffer
+        if not buffer:
+            assert self._size == 0
+            return b""
+        if len(buffer) == 1:
+            result = buffer.pop()
+        else:
+            ret = io.BytesIO()
+            ret.writelines(buffer.popleft() for _ in range(len(buffer)))
+            result = ret.getvalue()
+        self._size = 0
+        return result
+
+
+class BaseHTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
+    CONTENT_DECODERS = ["gzip", "x-gzip", "deflate"]
+    if brotli is not None:
+        CONTENT_DECODERS += ["br"]
+    if HAS_ZSTD:
+        CONTENT_DECODERS += ["zstd"]
+    REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
+
+    DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = (IOError, zlib.error)
+    if brotli is not None:
+        DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES += (brotli.error,)
+
+    if HAS_ZSTD:
+        DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES += (zstd.ZstdError,)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | typing.Mapping[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
+        status: int,
+        version: int,
+        version_string: str,
+        reason: str | None,
+        decode_content: bool,
+        request_url: str | None,
+        retries: Retry | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
+            self.headers = headers
+        else:
+            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.status = status
+        self.version = version
+        self.version_string = version_string
+        self.reason = reason
+        self.decode_content = decode_content
+        self._has_decoded_content = False
+        self._request_url: str | None = request_url
+        self.retries = retries
+
+        self.chunked = False
+        tr_enc = self.headers.get("transfer-encoding", "").lower()
+        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
+        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
+        if "chunked" in encodings:
+            self.chunked = True
+
+        self._decoder: ContentDecoder | None = None
+        self.length_remaining: int | None
+
+    def get_redirect_location(self) -> str | None | typing.Literal[False]:
+        """
+        Should we redirect and where to?
+
+        :returns: Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status
+            code and valid location. ``None`` if redirect status and no
+            location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
+        """
+        if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
+            return self.headers.get("location")
+        return False
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def json(self) -> typing.Any:
+        """
+        Deserializes the body of the HTTP response as a Python object.
+
+        The body of the HTTP response must be encoded using UTF-8, as per
+        `RFC 8529 Section 8.1 <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8259#section-8.1>`_.
+
+        To use a custom JSON decoder pass the result of :attr:`HTTPResponse.data` to
+        your custom decoder instead.
+
+        If the body of the HTTP response is not decodable to UTF-8, a
+        `UnicodeDecodeError` will be raised. If the body of the HTTP response is not a
+        valid JSON document, a `json.JSONDecodeError` will be raised.
+
+        Read more :ref:`here <json_content>`.
+
+        :returns: The body of the HTTP response as a Python object.
+        """
+        data = self.data.decode("utf-8")
+        return _json.loads(data)
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str | None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @url.setter
+    def url(self, url: str | None) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> BaseHTTPConnection | None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def retries(self) -> Retry | None:
+        return self._retries
+
+    @retries.setter
+    def retries(self, retries: Retry | None) -> None:
+        # Override the request_url if retries has a redirect location.
+        if retries is not None and retries.history:
+            self.url = retries.history[-1].redirect_location
+        self._retries = retries
+
+    def stream(
+        self, amt: int | None = 2**16, decode_content: bool | None = None
+    ) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def read(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        decode_content: bool | None = None,
+        cache_content: bool = False,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def read1(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        decode_content: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def read_chunked(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        decode_content: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def release_conn(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def drain_conn(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _init_decoder(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessary.
+        """
+        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
+        # Section 3.2
+        content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
+        if self._decoder is None:
+            if content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
+                self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+            elif "," in content_encoding:
+                encodings = [
+                    e.strip()
+                    for e in content_encoding.split(",")
+                    if e.strip() in self.CONTENT_DECODERS
+                ]
+                if encodings:
+                    self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
+
+    def _decode(
+        self, data: bytes, decode_content: bool | None, flush_decoder: bool
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
+        """
+        if not decode_content:
+            if self._has_decoded_content:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Calling read(decode_content=False) is not supported after "
+                    "read(decode_content=True) was called."
+                )
+            return data
+
+        try:
+            if self._decoder:
+                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
+                self._has_decoded_content = True
+        except self.DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES as e:
+            content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
+            raise DecodeError(
+                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
+                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding,
+                e,
+            ) from e
+        if flush_decoder:
+            data += self._flush_decoder()
+
+        return data
+
+    def _flush_decoder(self) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Flushes the decoder. Should only be called if the decoder is actually
+        being used.
+        """
+        if self._decoder:
+            return self._decoder.decompress(b"") + self._decoder.flush()
+        return b""
+
+    # Compatibility methods for `io` module
+    def readinto(self, b: bytearray) -> int:
+        temp = self.read(len(b))
+        if len(temp) == 0:
+            return 0
+        else:
+            b[: len(temp)] = temp
+            return len(temp)
+
+    # Compatibility methods for http.client.HTTPResponse
+    def getheaders(self) -> HTTPHeaderDict:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "HTTPResponse.getheaders() is deprecated and will be removed "
+            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead access HTTPResponse.headers directly.",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.headers
+
+    def getheader(self, name: str, default: str | None = None) -> str | None:
+        warnings.warn(
+            "HTTPResponse.getheader() is deprecated and will be removed "
+            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead use HTTPResponse.headers.get(name, default).",
+            category=DeprecationWarning,
+            stacklevel=2,
+        )
+        return self.headers.get(name, default)
+
+    # Compatibility method for http.cookiejar
+    def info(self) -> HTTPHeaderDict:
+        return self.headers
+
+    def geturl(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.url
+
+
+class HTTPResponse(BaseHTTPResponse):
+    """
+    HTTP Response container.
+
+    Backwards-compatible with :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` but the response ``body`` is
+    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
+    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
+    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
+    framework.
+
+    Extra parameters for behaviour not present in :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse`:
+
+    :param preload_content:
+        If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction.
+
+    :param decode_content:
+        If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+        'content-encoding' header.
+
+    :param original_response:
+        When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse`
+        object, it's convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It's
+        otherwise unused.
+
+    :param retries:
+        The retries contains the last :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` that
+        was used during the request.
+
+    :param enforce_content_length:
+        Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match
+        value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        body: _TYPE_BODY = "",
+        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | typing.Mapping[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
+        status: int = 0,
+        version: int = 0,
+        version_string: str = "HTTP/?",
+        reason: str | None = None,
+        preload_content: bool = True,
+        decode_content: bool = True,
+        original_response: _HttplibHTTPResponse | None = None,
+        pool: HTTPConnectionPool | None = None,
+        connection: HTTPConnection | None = None,
+        msg: _HttplibHTTPMessage | None = None,
+        retries: Retry | None = None,
+        enforce_content_length: bool = True,
+        request_method: str | None = None,
+        request_url: str | None = None,
+        auto_close: bool = True,
+        sock_shutdown: typing.Callable[[int], None] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            headers=headers,
+            status=status,
+            version=version,
+            version_string=version_string,
+            reason=reason,
+            decode_content=decode_content,
+            request_url=request_url,
+            retries=retries,
+        )
+
+        self.enforce_content_length = enforce_content_length
+        self.auto_close = auto_close
+
+        self._body = None
+        self._fp: _HttplibHTTPResponse | None = None
+        self._original_response = original_response
+        self._fp_bytes_read = 0
+        self.msg = msg
+
+        if body and isinstance(body, (str, bytes)):
+            self._body = body
+
+        self._pool = pool
+        self._connection = connection
+
+        if hasattr(body, "read"):
+            self._fp = body  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self._sock_shutdown = sock_shutdown
+
+        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
+        self.chunk_left: int | None = None
+
+        # Determine length of response
+        self.length_remaining = self._init_length(request_method)
+
+        # Used to return the correct amount of bytes for partial read()s
+        self._decoded_buffer = BytesQueueBuffer()
+
+        # If requested, preload the body.
+        if preload_content and not self._body:
+            self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)
+
+    def release_conn(self) -> None:
+        if not self._pool or not self._connection:
+            return None
+
+        self._pool._put_conn(self._connection)
+        self._connection = None
+
+    def drain_conn(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Read and discard any remaining HTTP response data in the response connection.
+
+        Unread data in the HTTPResponse connection blocks the connection from being released back to the pool.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.read()
+        except (HTTPError, OSError, BaseSSLError, HTTPException):
+            pass
+
+    @property
+    def data(self) -> bytes:
+        # For backwards-compat with earlier urllib3 0.4 and earlier.
+        if self._body:
+            return self._body  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+        if self._fp:
+            return self.read(cache_content=True)
+
+        return None  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    @property
+    def connection(self) -> HTTPConnection | None:
+        return self._connection
+
+    def isclosed(self) -> bool:
+        return is_fp_closed(self._fp)
+
+    def tell(self) -> int:
+        """
+        Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from
+        the amount of content returned by :meth:``urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.read``
+        if bytes are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).
+        """
+        return self._fp_bytes_read
+
+    def _init_length(self, request_method: str | None) -> int | None:
+        """
+        Set initial length value for Response content if available.
+        """
+        length: int | None
+        content_length: str | None = self.headers.get("content-length")
+
+        if content_length is not None:
+            if self.chunked:
+                # This Response will fail with an IncompleteRead if it can't be
+                # received as chunked. This method falls back to attempt reading
+                # the response before raising an exception.
+                log.warning(
+                    "Received response with both Content-Length and "
+                    "Transfer-Encoding set. This is expressly forbidden "
+                    "by RFC 7230 sec 3.3.2. Ignoring Content-Length and "
+                    "attempting to process response as Transfer-Encoding: "
+                    "chunked."
+                )
+                return None
+
+            try:
+                # RFC 7230 section 3.3.2 specifies multiple content lengths can
+                # be sent in a single Content-Length header
+                # (e.g. Content-Length: 42, 42). This line ensures the values
+                # are all valid ints and that as long as the `set` length is 1,
+                # all values are the same. Otherwise, the header is invalid.
+                lengths = {int(val) for val in content_length.split(",")}
+                if len(lengths) > 1:
+                    raise InvalidHeader(
+                        "Content-Length contained multiple "
+                        "unmatching values (%s)" % content_length
+                    )
+                length = lengths.pop()
+            except ValueError:
+                length = None
+            else:
+                if length < 0:
+                    length = None
+
+        else:  # if content_length is None
+            length = None
+
+        # Convert status to int for comparison
+        # In some cases, httplib returns a status of "_UNKNOWN"
+        try:
+            status = int(self.status)
+        except ValueError:
+            status = 0
+
+        # Check for responses that shouldn't include a body
+        if status in (204, 304) or 100 <= status < 200 or request_method == "HEAD":
+            length = 0
+
+        return length
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def _error_catcher(self) -> typing.Generator[None]:
+        """
+        Catch low-level python exceptions, instead re-raising urllib3
+        variants, so that low-level exceptions are not leaked in the
+        high-level api.
+
+        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
+        """
+        clean_exit = False
+
+        try:
+            try:
+                yield
+
+            except SocketTimeout as e:
+                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
+                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.") from e  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+            except BaseSSLError as e:
+                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
+                if "read operation timed out" not in str(e):
+                    # SSL errors related to framing/MAC get wrapped and reraised here
+                    raise SSLError(e) from e
+
+                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.") from e  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+            except IncompleteRead as e:
+                if (
+                    e.expected is not None
+                    and e.partial is not None
+                    and e.expected == -e.partial
+                ):
+                    arg = "Response may not contain content."
+                else:
+                    arg = f"Connection broken: {e!r}"
+                raise ProtocolError(arg, e) from e
+
+            except (HTTPException, OSError) as e:
+                raise ProtocolError(f"Connection broken: {e!r}", e) from e
+
+            # If no exception is thrown, we should avoid cleaning up
+            # unnecessarily.
+            clean_exit = True
+        finally:
+            # If we didn't terminate cleanly, we need to throw away our
+            # connection.
+            if not clean_exit:
+                # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it
+                # anymore so close it now to ensure that the connection is
+                # released back to the pool.
+                if self._original_response:
+                    self._original_response.close()
+
+                # Closing the response may not actually be sufficient to close
+                # everything, so if we have a hold of the connection close that
+                # too.
+                if self._connection:
+                    self._connection.close()
+
+            # If we hold the original response but it's closed now, we should
+            # return the connection back to the pool.
+            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
+                self.release_conn()
+
+    def _fp_read(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        read1: bool = False,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Read a response with the thought that reading the number of bytes
+        larger than can fit in a 32-bit int at a time via SSL in some
+        known cases leads to an overflow error that has to be prevented
+        if `amt` or `self.length_remaining` indicate that a problem may
+        happen.
+
+        The known cases:
+          * CPython < 3.9.7 because of a bug
+            https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2513#issuecomment-1152559900.
+          * urllib3 injected with pyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.
+          * CPython < 3.10 only when `amt` does not fit 32-bit int.
+        """
+        assert self._fp
+        c_int_max = 2**31 - 1
+        if (
+            (amt and amt > c_int_max)
+            or (
+                amt is None
+                and self.length_remaining
+                and self.length_remaining > c_int_max
+            )
+        ) and (util.IS_PYOPENSSL or sys.version_info < (3, 10)):
+            if read1:
+                return self._fp.read1(c_int_max)
+            buffer = io.BytesIO()
+            # Besides `max_chunk_amt` being a maximum chunk size, it
+            # affects memory overhead of reading a response by this
+            # method in CPython.
+            # `c_int_max` equal to 2 GiB - 1 byte is the actual maximum
+            # chunk size that does not lead to an overflow error, but
+            # 256 MiB is a compromise.
+            max_chunk_amt = 2**28
+            while amt is None or amt != 0:
+                if amt is not None:
+                    chunk_amt = min(amt, max_chunk_amt)
+                    amt -= chunk_amt
+                else:
+                    chunk_amt = max_chunk_amt
+                data = self._fp.read(chunk_amt)
+                if not data:
+                    break
+                buffer.write(data)
+                del data  # to reduce peak memory usage by `max_chunk_amt`.
+            return buffer.getvalue()
+        elif read1:
+            return self._fp.read1(amt) if amt is not None else self._fp.read1()
+        else:
+            # StringIO doesn't like amt=None
+            return self._fp.read(amt) if amt is not None else self._fp.read()
+
+    def _raw_read(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        read1: bool = False,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Reads `amt` of bytes from the socket.
+        """
+        if self._fp is None:
+            return None  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+        fp_closed = getattr(self._fp, "closed", False)
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            data = self._fp_read(amt, read1=read1) if not fp_closed else b""
+            if amt is not None and amt != 0 and not data:
+                # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
+                # Close the connection when no data is returned
+                #
+                # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
+                # already do.  However, versions of python released before
+                # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
+                # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
+                # no harm in redundantly calling close.
+                self._fp.close()
+                if (
+                    self.enforce_content_length
+                    and self.length_remaining is not None
+                    and self.length_remaining != 0
+                ):
+                    # This is an edge case that httplib failed to cover due
+                    # to concerns of backward compatibility. We're
+                    # addressing it here to make sure IncompleteRead is
+                    # raised during streaming, so all calls with incorrect
+                    # Content-Length are caught.
+                    raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)
+            elif read1 and (
+                (amt != 0 and not data) or self.length_remaining == len(data)
+            ):
+                # All data has been read, but `self._fp.read1` in
+                # CPython 3.12 and older doesn't always close
+                # `http.client.HTTPResponse`, so we close it here.
+                # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/113199
+                self._fp.close()
+
+        if data:
+            self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
+            if self.length_remaining is not None:
+                self.length_remaining -= len(data)
+        return data
+
+    def read(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        decode_content: bool | None = None,
+        cache_content: bool = False,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`http.client.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
+        parameters: ``decode_content`` and ``cache_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
+            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
+            response.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+
+        :param cache_content:
+            If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is
+            returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This
+            is useful if you want the ``.data`` property to continue working
+            after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
+            set.)
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        if decode_content is None:
+            decode_content = self.decode_content
+
+        if amt and amt < 0:
+            # Negative numbers and `None` should be treated the same.
+            amt = None
+        elif amt is not None:
+            cache_content = False
+
+            if len(self._decoded_buffer) >= amt:
+                return self._decoded_buffer.get(amt)
+
+        data = self._raw_read(amt)
+
+        flush_decoder = amt is None or (amt != 0 and not data)
+
+        if not data and len(self._decoded_buffer) == 0:
+            return data
+
+        if amt is None:
+            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+            if cache_content:
+                self._body = data
+        else:
+            # do not waste memory on buffer when not decoding
+            if not decode_content:
+                if self._has_decoded_content:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Calling read(decode_content=False) is not supported after "
+                        "read(decode_content=True) was called."
+                    )
+                return data
+
+            decoded_data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+            self._decoded_buffer.put(decoded_data)
+
+            while len(self._decoded_buffer) < amt and data:
+                # TODO make sure to initially read enough data to get past the headers
+                # For example, the GZ file header takes 10 bytes, we don't want to read
+                # it one byte at a time
+                data = self._raw_read(amt)
+                decoded_data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+                self._decoded_buffer.put(decoded_data)
+            data = self._decoded_buffer.get(amt)
+
+        return data
+
+    def read1(
+        self,
+        amt: int | None = None,
+        decode_content: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> bytes:
+        """
+        Similar to ``http.client.HTTPResponse.read1`` and documented
+        in :meth:`io.BufferedReader.read1`, but with an additional parameter:
+        ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        if decode_content is None:
+            decode_content = self.decode_content
+        if amt and amt < 0:
+            # Negative numbers and `None` should be treated the same.
+            amt = None
+        # try and respond without going to the network
+        if self._has_decoded_content:
+            if not decode_content:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "Calling read1(decode_content=False) is not supported after "
+                    "read1(decode_content=True) was called."
+                )
+            if len(self._decoded_buffer) > 0:
+                if amt is None:
+                    return self._decoded_buffer.get_all()
+                return self._decoded_buffer.get(amt)
+        if amt == 0:
+            return b""
+
+        # FIXME, this method's type doesn't say returning None is possible
+        data = self._raw_read(amt, read1=True)
+        if not decode_content or data is None:
+            return data
+
+        self._init_decoder()
+        while True:
+            flush_decoder = not data
+            decoded_data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
+            self._decoded_buffer.put(decoded_data)
+            if decoded_data or flush_decoder:
+                break
+            data = self._raw_read(8192, read1=True)
+
+        if amt is None:
+            return self._decoded_buffer.get_all()
+        return self._decoded_buffer.get(amt)
+
+    def stream(
+        self, amt: int | None = 2**16, decode_content: bool | None = None
+    ) -> typing.Generator[bytes]:
+        """
+        A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until
+        ``amt`` bytes have been read from the connection or until the
+        connection is closed.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to
+            much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly
+            likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will
+            never be returned.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        if self.chunked and self.supports_chunked_reads():
+            yield from self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+        else:
+            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp) or len(self._decoded_buffer) > 0:
+                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
+
+                if data:
+                    yield data
+
+    # Overrides from io.IOBase
+    def readable(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        if not self._sock_shutdown:
+            raise ValueError("Cannot shutdown socket as self._sock_shutdown is not set")
+        self._sock_shutdown(socket.SHUT_RD)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self._sock_shutdown = None
+
+        if not self.closed and self._fp:
+            self._fp.close()
+
+        if self._connection:
+            self._connection.close()
+
+        if not self.auto_close:
+            io.IOBase.close(self)
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool:
+        if not self.auto_close:
+            return io.IOBase.closed.__get__(self)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+        elif self._fp is None:
+            return True
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "isclosed"):
+            return self._fp.isclosed()
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "closed"):
+            return self._fp.closed
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        if self._fp is None:
+            raise OSError("HTTPResponse has no file to get a fileno from")
+        elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
+            return self._fp.fileno()
+        else:
+            raise OSError(
+                "The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
+                "around has no file descriptor"
+            )
+
+    def flush(self) -> None:
+        if (
+            self._fp is not None
+            and hasattr(self._fp, "flush")
+            and not getattr(self._fp, "closed", False)
+        ):
+            return self._fp.flush()
+
+    def supports_chunked_reads(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Checks if the underlying file-like object looks like a
+        :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` object. We do this by testing for
+        the fp attribute. If it is present we assume it returns raw chunks as
+        processed by read_chunked().
+        """
+        return hasattr(self._fp, "fp")
+
+    def _update_chunk_length(self) -> None:
+        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
+        # we'll try to read it from socket.
+        if self.chunk_left is not None:
+            return None
+        line = self._fp.fp.readline()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        line = line.split(b";", 1)[0]
+        try:
+            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            self.close()
+            if line:
+                # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
+                raise InvalidChunkLength(self, line) from None
+            else:
+                # Truncated at start of next chunk
+                raise ProtocolError("Response ended prematurely") from None
+
+    def _handle_chunk(self, amt: int | None) -> bytes:
+        returned_chunk = None
+        if amt is None:
+            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            returned_chunk = chunk
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # type: ignore[union-attr] # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        elif self.chunk_left is not None and amt < self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
+            returned_chunk = value
+        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
+            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # type: ignore[union-attr] # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+            returned_chunk = value
+        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
+            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # type: ignore[union-attr] # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
+            self.chunk_left = None
+        return returned_chunk  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def read_chunked(
+        self, amt: int | None = None, decode_content: bool | None = None
+    ) -> typing.Generator[bytes]:
+        """
+        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
+        parameter: ``decode_content``.
+
+        :param amt:
+            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
+            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
+            response.
+
+        :param decode_content:
+            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
+            'content-encoding' header.
+        """
+        self._init_decoder()
+        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
+        if not self.chunked:
+            raise ResponseNotChunked(
+                "Response is not chunked. "
+                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing."
+            )
+        if not self.supports_chunked_reads():
+            raise BodyNotHttplibCompatible(
+                "Body should be http.client.HTTPResponse like. "
+                "It should have have an fp attribute which returns raw chunks."
+            )
+
+        with self._error_catcher():
+            # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
+            if self._original_response and is_response_to_head(self._original_response):
+                self._original_response.close()
+                return None
+
+            # If a response is already read and closed
+            # then return immediately.
+            if self._fp.fp is None:  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                return None
+
+            if amt and amt < 0:
+                # Negative numbers and `None` should be treated the same,
+                # but httplib handles only `None` correctly.
+                amt = None
+
+            while True:
+                self._update_chunk_length()
+                if self.chunk_left == 0:
+                    break
+                chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
+                decoded = self._decode(
+                    chunk, decode_content=decode_content, flush_decoder=False
+                )
+                if decoded:
+                    yield decoded
+
+            if decode_content:
+                # On CPython and PyPy, we should never need to flush the
+                # decoder. However, on Jython we *might* need to, so
+                # lets defensively do it anyway.
+                decoded = self._flush_decoder()
+                if decoded:  # Platform-specific: Jython.
+                    yield decoded
+
+            # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
+            while self._fp is not None:
+                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
+                if not line:
+                    # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
+                    break
+                if line == b"\r\n":
+                    break
+
+            # We read everything; close the "file".
+            if self._original_response:
+                self._original_response.close()
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Returns the URL that was the source of this response.
+        If the request that generated this response redirected, this method
+        will return the final redirect location.
+        """
+        return self._request_url
+
+    @url.setter
+    def url(self, url: str) -> None:
+        self._request_url = url
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
+        buffer: list[bytes] = []
+        for chunk in self.stream(decode_content=True):
+            if b"\n" in chunk:
+                chunks = chunk.split(b"\n")
+                yield b"".join(buffer) + chunks[0] + b"\n"
+                for x in chunks[1:-1]:
+                    yield x + b"\n"
+                if chunks[-1]:
+                    buffer = [chunks[-1]]
+                else:
+                    buffer = []
+            else:
+                buffer.append(chunk)
+        if buffer:
+            yield b"".join(buffer)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53412603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# For backwards compatibility, provide imports that used to be here.
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from .connection import is_connection_dropped
+from .request import SKIP_HEADER, SKIPPABLE_HEADERS, make_headers
+from .response import is_fp_closed
+from .retry import Retry
+from .ssl_ import (
+    ALPN_PROTOCOLS,
+    IS_PYOPENSSL,
+    SSLContext,
+    assert_fingerprint,
+    create_urllib3_context,
+    resolve_cert_reqs,
+    resolve_ssl_version,
+    ssl_wrap_socket,
+)
+from .timeout import Timeout
+from .url import Url, parse_url
+from .wait import wait_for_read, wait_for_write
+
+__all__ = (
+    "IS_PYOPENSSL",
+    "SSLContext",
+    "ALPN_PROTOCOLS",
+    "Retry",
+    "Timeout",
+    "Url",
+    "assert_fingerprint",
+    "create_urllib3_context",
+    "is_connection_dropped",
+    "is_fp_closed",
+    "parse_url",
+    "make_headers",
+    "resolve_cert_reqs",
+    "resolve_ssl_version",
+    "ssl_wrap_socket",
+    "wait_for_read",
+    "wait_for_write",
+    "SKIP_HEADER",
+    "SKIPPABLE_HEADERS",
+)
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import socket
+import typing
+
+from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
+from .timeout import _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, _TYPE_TIMEOUT
+
+_TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS = list[tuple[int, int, typing.Union[int, bytes]]]
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .._base_connection import BaseHTTPConnection
+
+
+def is_connection_dropped(conn: BaseHTTPConnection) -> bool:  # Platform-specific
+    """
+    Returns True if the connection is dropped and should be closed.
+    :param conn: :class:`urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection` object.
+    """
+    return not conn.is_connected
+
+
+# This function is copied from socket.py in the Python 2.7 standard
+# library test suite. Added to its signature is only `socket_options`.
+# One additional modification is that we avoid binding to IPv6 servers
+# discovered in DNS if the system doesn't have IPv6 functionality.
+def create_connection(
+    address: tuple[str, int],
+    timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+    source_address: tuple[str, int] | None = None,
+    socket_options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None = None,
+) -> socket.socket:
+    """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
+
+    Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
+    port)``) and return the socket object.  Passing the optional
+    *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance
+    before attempting to connect.  If no *timeout* is supplied, the
+    global default timeout setting returned by :func:`socket.getdefaulttimeout`
+    is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
+    for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
+    An host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    """
+
+    host, port = address
+    if host.startswith("["):
+        host = host.strip("[]")
+    err = None
+
+    # Using the value from allowed_gai_family() in the context of getaddrinfo lets
+    # us select whether to work with IPv4 DNS records, IPv6 records, or both.
+    # The original create_connection function always returns all records.
+    family = allowed_gai_family()
+
+    try:
+        host.encode("idna")
+    except UnicodeError:
+        raise LocationParseError(f"'{host}', label empty or too long") from None
+
+    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
+        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+
+            # If provided, set socket level options before connecting.
+            _set_socket_options(sock, socket_options)
+
+            if timeout is not _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                sock.settimeout(timeout)
+            if source_address:
+                sock.bind(source_address)
+            sock.connect(sa)
+            # Break explicitly a reference cycle
+            err = None
+            return sock
+
+        except OSError as _:
+            err = _
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+
+    if err is not None:
+        try:
+            raise err
+        finally:
+            # Break explicitly a reference cycle
+            err = None
+    else:
+        raise OSError("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
+
+
+def _set_socket_options(
+    sock: socket.socket, options: _TYPE_SOCKET_OPTIONS | None
+) -> None:
+    if options is None:
+        return
+
+    for opt in options:
+        sock.setsockopt(*opt)
+
+
+def allowed_gai_family() -> socket.AddressFamily:
+    """This function is designed to work in the context of
+    getaddrinfo, where family=socket.AF_UNSPEC is the default and
+    will perform a DNS search for both IPv6 and IPv4 records."""
+
+    family = socket.AF_INET
+    if HAS_IPV6:
+        family = socket.AF_UNSPEC
+    return family
+
+
+def _has_ipv6(host: str) -> bool:
+    """Returns True if the system can bind an IPv6 address."""
+    sock = None
+    has_ipv6 = False
+
+    if socket.has_ipv6:
+        # has_ipv6 returns true if cPython was compiled with IPv6 support.
+        # It does not tell us if the system has IPv6 support enabled. To
+        # determine that we must bind to an IPv6 address.
+        # https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/611
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue658327
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6)
+            sock.bind((host, 0))
+            has_ipv6 = True
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    if sock:
+        sock.close()
+    return has_ipv6
+
+
+HAS_IPV6 = _has_ipv6("::1")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/proxy.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/proxy.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..908fc662
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/proxy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+
+from .url import Url
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ..connection import ProxyConfig
+
+
+def connection_requires_http_tunnel(
+    proxy_url: Url | None = None,
+    proxy_config: ProxyConfig | None = None,
+    destination_scheme: str | None = None,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Returns True if the connection requires an HTTP CONNECT through the proxy.
+
+    :param URL proxy_url:
+        URL of the proxy.
+    :param ProxyConfig proxy_config:
+        Proxy configuration from poolmanager.py
+    :param str destination_scheme:
+        The scheme of the destination. (i.e https, http, etc)
+    """
+    # If we're not using a proxy, no way to use a tunnel.
+    if proxy_url is None:
+        return False
+
+    # HTTP destinations never require tunneling, we always forward.
+    if destination_scheme == "http":
+        return False
+
+    # Support for forwarding with HTTPS proxies and HTTPS destinations.
+    if (
+        proxy_url.scheme == "https"
+        and proxy_config
+        and proxy_config.use_forwarding_for_https
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    # Otherwise always use a tunnel.
+    return True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/request.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/request.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94392a13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/request.py
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import typing
+from base64 import b64encode
+from enum import Enum
+
+from ..exceptions import UnrewindableBodyError
+from .util import to_bytes
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Final
+
+# Pass as a value within ``headers`` to skip
+# emitting some HTTP headers that are added automatically.
+# The only headers that are supported are ``Accept-Encoding``,
+# ``Host``, and ``User-Agent``.
+SKIP_HEADER = "@@@SKIP_HEADER@@@"
+SKIPPABLE_HEADERS = frozenset(["accept-encoding", "host", "user-agent"])
+
+ACCEPT_ENCODING = "gzip,deflate"
+try:
+    try:
+        import brotlicffi as _unused_module_brotli  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa: F401
+    except ImportError:
+        import brotli as _unused_module_brotli  # type: ignore[import-not-found] # noqa: F401
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    ACCEPT_ENCODING += ",br"
+try:
+    import zstandard as _unused_module_zstd  # noqa: F401
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    ACCEPT_ENCODING += ",zstd"
+
+
+class _TYPE_FAILEDTELL(Enum):
+    token = 0
+
+
+_FAILEDTELL: Final[_TYPE_FAILEDTELL] = _TYPE_FAILEDTELL.token
+
+_TYPE_BODY_POSITION = typing.Union[int, _TYPE_FAILEDTELL]
+
+# When sending a request with these methods we aren't expecting
+# a body so don't need to set an explicit 'Content-Length: 0'
+# The reason we do this in the negative instead of tracking methods
+# which 'should' have a body is because unknown methods should be
+# treated as if they were 'POST' which *does* expect a body.
+_METHODS_NOT_EXPECTING_BODY = {"GET", "HEAD", "DELETE", "TRACE", "OPTIONS", "CONNECT"}
+
+
+def make_headers(
+    keep_alive: bool | None = None,
+    accept_encoding: bool | list[str] | str | None = None,
+    user_agent: str | None = None,
+    basic_auth: str | None = None,
+    proxy_basic_auth: str | None = None,
+    disable_cache: bool | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    """
+    Shortcuts for generating request headers.
+
+    :param keep_alive:
+        If ``True``, adds 'connection: keep-alive' header.
+
+    :param accept_encoding:
+        Can be a boolean, list, or string.
+        ``True`` translates to 'gzip,deflate'.  If the dependencies for
+        Brotli (either the ``brotli`` or ``brotlicffi`` package) and/or Zstandard
+        (the ``zstandard`` package) algorithms are installed, then their encodings are
+        included in the string ('br' and 'zstd', respectively).
+        List will get joined by comma.
+        String will be used as provided.
+
+    :param user_agent:
+        String representing the user-agent you want, such as
+        "python-urllib3/0.6"
+
+    :param basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param proxy_basic_auth:
+        Colon-separated username:password string for 'proxy-authorization: basic ...'
+        auth header.
+
+    :param disable_cache:
+        If ``True``, adds 'cache-control: no-cache' header.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import urllib3
+
+        print(urllib3.util.make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0"))
+        # {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
+        print(urllib3.util.make_headers(accept_encoding=True))
+        # {'accept-encoding': 'gzip,deflate'}
+    """
+    headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+    if accept_encoding:
+        if isinstance(accept_encoding, str):
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(accept_encoding, list):
+            accept_encoding = ",".join(accept_encoding)
+        else:
+            accept_encoding = ACCEPT_ENCODING
+        headers["accept-encoding"] = accept_encoding
+
+    if user_agent:
+        headers["user-agent"] = user_agent
+
+    if keep_alive:
+        headers["connection"] = "keep-alive"
+
+    if basic_auth:
+        headers["authorization"] = (
+            f"Basic {b64encode(basic_auth.encode('latin-1')).decode()}"
+        )
+
+    if proxy_basic_auth:
+        headers["proxy-authorization"] = (
+            f"Basic {b64encode(proxy_basic_auth.encode('latin-1')).decode()}"
+        )
+
+    if disable_cache:
+        headers["cache-control"] = "no-cache"
+
+    return headers
+
+
+def set_file_position(
+    body: typing.Any, pos: _TYPE_BODY_POSITION | None
+) -> _TYPE_BODY_POSITION | None:
+    """
+    If a position is provided, move file to that point.
+    Otherwise, we'll attempt to record a position for future use.
+    """
+    if pos is not None:
+        rewind_body(body, pos)
+    elif getattr(body, "tell", None) is not None:
+        try:
+            pos = body.tell()
+        except OSError:
+            # This differentiates from None, allowing us to catch
+            # a failed `tell()` later when trying to rewind the body.
+            pos = _FAILEDTELL
+
+    return pos
+
+
+def rewind_body(body: typing.IO[typing.AnyStr], body_pos: _TYPE_BODY_POSITION) -> None:
+    """
+    Attempt to rewind body to a certain position.
+    Primarily used for request redirects and retries.
+
+    :param body:
+        File-like object that supports seek.
+
+    :param int pos:
+        Position to seek to in file.
+    """
+    body_seek = getattr(body, "seek", None)
+    if body_seek is not None and isinstance(body_pos, int):
+        try:
+            body_seek(body_pos)
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise UnrewindableBodyError(
+                "An error occurred when rewinding request body for redirect/retry."
+            ) from e
+    elif body_pos is _FAILEDTELL:
+        raise UnrewindableBodyError(
+            "Unable to record file position for rewinding "
+            "request body during a redirect/retry."
+        )
+    else:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"body_pos must be of type integer, instead it was {type(body_pos)}."
+        )
+
+
+class ChunksAndContentLength(typing.NamedTuple):
+    chunks: typing.Iterable[bytes] | None
+    content_length: int | None
+
+
+def body_to_chunks(
+    body: typing.Any | None, method: str, blocksize: int
+) -> ChunksAndContentLength:
+    """Takes the HTTP request method, body, and blocksize and
+    transforms them into an iterable of chunks to pass to
+    socket.sendall() and an optional 'Content-Length' header.
+
+    A 'Content-Length' of 'None' indicates the length of the body
+    can't be determined so should use 'Transfer-Encoding: chunked'
+    for framing instead.
+    """
+
+    chunks: typing.Iterable[bytes] | None
+    content_length: int | None
+
+    # No body, we need to make a recommendation on 'Content-Length'
+    # based on whether that request method is expected to have
+    # a body or not.
+    if body is None:
+        chunks = None
+        if method.upper() not in _METHODS_NOT_EXPECTING_BODY:
+            content_length = 0
+        else:
+            content_length = None
+
+    # Bytes or strings become bytes
+    elif isinstance(body, (str, bytes)):
+        chunks = (to_bytes(body),)
+        content_length = len(chunks[0])
+
+    # File-like object, TODO: use seek() and tell() for length?
+    elif hasattr(body, "read"):
+
+        def chunk_readable() -> typing.Iterable[bytes]:
+            nonlocal body, blocksize
+            encode = isinstance(body, io.TextIOBase)
+            while True:
+                datablock = body.read(blocksize)
+                if not datablock:
+                    break
+                if encode:
+                    datablock = datablock.encode("utf-8")
+                yield datablock
+
+        chunks = chunk_readable()
+        content_length = None
+
+    # Otherwise we need to start checking via duck-typing.
+    else:
+        try:
+            # Check if the body implements the buffer API.
+            mv = memoryview(body)
+        except TypeError:
+            try:
+                # Check if the body is an iterable
+                chunks = iter(body)
+                content_length = None
+            except TypeError:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"'body' must be a bytes-like object, file-like "
+                    f"object, or iterable. Instead was {body!r}"
+                ) from None
+        else:
+            # Since it implements the buffer API can be passed directly to socket.sendall()
+            chunks = (body,)
+            content_length = mv.nbytes
+
+    return ChunksAndContentLength(chunks=chunks, content_length=content_length)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/response.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/response.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f457869
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/response.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import http.client as httplib
+from email.errors import MultipartInvariantViolationDefect, StartBoundaryNotFoundDefect
+
+from ..exceptions import HeaderParsingError
+
+
+def is_fp_closed(obj: object) -> bool:
+    """
+    Checks whether a given file-like object is closed.
+
+    :param obj:
+        The file-like object to check.
+    """
+
+    try:
+        # Check `isclosed()` first, in case Python3 doesn't set `closed`.
+        # GH Issue #928
+        return obj.isclosed()  # type: ignore[no-any-return, attr-defined]
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check via the official file-like-object way.
+        return obj.closed  # type: ignore[no-any-return, attr-defined]
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    try:
+        # Check if the object is a container for another file-like object that
+        # gets released on exhaustion (e.g. HTTPResponse).
+        return obj.fp is None  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError("Unable to determine whether fp is closed.")
+
+
+def assert_header_parsing(headers: httplib.HTTPMessage) -> None:
+    """
+    Asserts whether all headers have been successfully parsed.
+    Extracts encountered errors from the result of parsing headers.
+
+    Only works on Python 3.
+
+    :param http.client.HTTPMessage headers: Headers to verify.
+
+    :raises urllib3.exceptions.HeaderParsingError:
+        If parsing errors are found.
+    """
+
+    # This will fail silently if we pass in the wrong kind of parameter.
+    # To make debugging easier add an explicit check.
+    if not isinstance(headers, httplib.HTTPMessage):
+        raise TypeError(f"expected httplib.Message, got {type(headers)}.")
+
+    unparsed_data = None
+
+    # get_payload is actually email.message.Message.get_payload;
+    # we're only interested in the result if it's not a multipart message
+    if not headers.is_multipart():
+        payload = headers.get_payload()
+
+        if isinstance(payload, (bytes, str)):
+            unparsed_data = payload
+
+    # httplib is assuming a response body is available
+    # when parsing headers even when httplib only sends
+    # header data to parse_headers() This results in
+    # defects on multipart responses in particular.
+    # See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/800
+
+    # So we ignore the following defects:
+    # - StartBoundaryNotFoundDefect:
+    #     The claimed start boundary was never found.
+    # - MultipartInvariantViolationDefect:
+    #     A message claimed to be a multipart but no subparts were found.
+    defects = [
+        defect
+        for defect in headers.defects
+        if not isinstance(
+            defect, (StartBoundaryNotFoundDefect, MultipartInvariantViolationDefect)
+        )
+    ]
+
+    if defects or unparsed_data:
+        raise HeaderParsingError(defects=defects, unparsed_data=unparsed_data)
+
+
+def is_response_to_head(response: httplib.HTTPResponse) -> bool:
+    """
+    Checks whether the request of a response has been a HEAD-request.
+
+    :param http.client.HTTPResponse response:
+        Response to check if the originating request
+        used 'HEAD' as a method.
+    """
+    # FIXME: Can we do this somehow without accessing private httplib _method?
+    method_str = response._method  # type: str  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    return method_str.upper() == "HEAD"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0456cceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/retry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import email
+import logging
+import random
+import re
+import time
+import typing
+from itertools import takewhile
+from types import TracebackType
+
+from ..exceptions import (
+    ConnectTimeoutError,
+    InvalidHeader,
+    MaxRetryError,
+    ProtocolError,
+    ProxyError,
+    ReadTimeoutError,
+    ResponseError,
+)
+from .util import reraise
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+    from ..connectionpool import ConnectionPool
+    from ..response import BaseHTTPResponse
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+# Data structure for representing the metadata of requests that result in a retry.
+class RequestHistory(typing.NamedTuple):
+    method: str | None
+    url: str | None
+    error: Exception | None
+    status: int | None
+    redirect_location: str | None
+
+
+class Retry:
+    """Retry configuration.
+
+    Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so
+    they can be safely reused.
+
+    Retries can be defined as a default for a pool:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
+        http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
+        response = http.request("GET", "https://example.com/")
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool):
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        response = http.request("GET", "https://example.com/", retries=Retry(10))
+
+    Retries can be disabled by passing ``False``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        response = http.request("GET", "https://example.com/", retries=False)
+
+    Errors will be wrapped in :class:`~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError` unless
+    retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.
+
+    :param int total:
+        Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts.
+
+        Set to ``None`` to remove this constraint and fall back on other
+        counts.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int connect:
+        How many connection-related errors to retry on.
+
+        These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server,
+        which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int read:
+        How many times to retry on read errors.
+
+        These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request may have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int redirect:
+        How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect
+        loops.
+
+        A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or
+        308.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        Set to ``False`` to disable and imply ``raise_on_redirect=False``.
+
+    :param int status:
+        How many times to retry on bad status codes.
+
+        These are retries made on responses, where status code matches
+        ``status_forcelist``.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+    :param int other:
+        How many times to retry on other errors.
+
+        Other errors are errors that are not connect, read, redirect or status errors.
+        These errors might be raised after the request was sent to the server, so the
+        request might have side-effects.
+
+        Set to ``0`` to fail on the first retry of this type.
+
+        If ``total`` is not set, it's a good idea to set this to 0 to account
+        for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops.
+
+    :param Collection allowed_methods:
+        Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on.
+
+        By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be
+        idempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the
+        same state). See :attr:`Retry.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS`.
+
+        Set to a ``None`` value to retry on any verb.
+
+    :param Collection status_forcelist:
+        A set of integer HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on.
+        A retry is initiated if the request method is in ``allowed_methods``
+        and the response status code is in ``status_forcelist``.
+
+        By default, this is disabled with ``None``.
+
+    :param float backoff_factor:
+        A backoff factor to apply between attempts after the second try
+        (most errors are resolved immediately by a second try without a
+        delay). urllib3 will sleep for::
+
+            {backoff factor} * (2 ** ({number of previous retries}))
+
+        seconds. If `backoff_jitter` is non-zero, this sleep is extended by::
+
+            random.uniform(0, {backoff jitter})
+
+        seconds. For example, if the backoff_factor is 0.1, then :func:`Retry.sleep` will
+        sleep for [0.0s, 0.2s, 0.4s, 0.8s, ...] between retries. No backoff will ever
+        be longer than `backoff_max`.
+
+        By default, backoff is disabled (factor set to 0).
+
+    :param bool raise_on_redirect: Whether, if the number of redirects is
+        exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a
+        response code in the 3xx range.
+
+    :param bool raise_on_status: Similar meaning to ``raise_on_redirect``:
+        whether we should raise an exception, or return a response,
+        if status falls in ``status_forcelist`` range and retries have
+        been exhausted.
+
+    :param tuple history: The history of the request encountered during
+        each call to :meth:`~Retry.increment`. The list is in the order
+        the requests occurred. Each list item is of class :class:`RequestHistory`.
+
+    :param bool respect_retry_after_header:
+        Whether to respect Retry-After header on status codes defined as
+        :attr:`Retry.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES` or not.
+
+    :param Collection remove_headers_on_redirect:
+        Sequence of headers to remove from the request when a response
+        indicating a redirect is returned before firing off the redirected
+        request.
+    """
+
+    #: Default methods to be used for ``allowed_methods``
+    DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS = frozenset(
+        ["HEAD", "GET", "PUT", "DELETE", "OPTIONS", "TRACE"]
+    )
+
+    #: Default status codes to be used for ``status_forcelist``
+    RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES = frozenset([413, 429, 503])
+
+    #: Default headers to be used for ``remove_headers_on_redirect``
+    DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT = frozenset(
+        ["Cookie", "Authorization", "Proxy-Authorization"]
+    )
+
+    #: Default maximum backoff time.
+    DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX = 120
+
+    # Backward compatibility; assigned outside of the class.
+    DEFAULT: typing.ClassVar[Retry]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        total: bool | int | None = 10,
+        connect: int | None = None,
+        read: int | None = None,
+        redirect: bool | int | None = None,
+        status: int | None = None,
+        other: int | None = None,
+        allowed_methods: typing.Collection[str] | None = DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS,
+        status_forcelist: typing.Collection[int] | None = None,
+        backoff_factor: float = 0,
+        backoff_max: float = DEFAULT_BACKOFF_MAX,
+        raise_on_redirect: bool = True,
+        raise_on_status: bool = True,
+        history: tuple[RequestHistory, ...] | None = None,
+        respect_retry_after_header: bool = True,
+        remove_headers_on_redirect: typing.Collection[
+            str
+        ] = DEFAULT_REMOVE_HEADERS_ON_REDIRECT,
+        backoff_jitter: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.total = total
+        self.connect = connect
+        self.read = read
+        self.status = status
+        self.other = other
+
+        if redirect is False or total is False:
+            redirect = 0
+            raise_on_redirect = False
+
+        self.redirect = redirect
+        self.status_forcelist = status_forcelist or set()
+        self.allowed_methods = allowed_methods
+        self.backoff_factor = backoff_factor
+        self.backoff_max = backoff_max
+        self.raise_on_redirect = raise_on_redirect
+        self.raise_on_status = raise_on_status
+        self.history = history or ()
+        self.respect_retry_after_header = respect_retry_after_header
+        self.remove_headers_on_redirect = frozenset(
+            h.lower() for h in remove_headers_on_redirect
+        )
+        self.backoff_jitter = backoff_jitter
+
+    def new(self, **kw: typing.Any) -> Self:
+        params = dict(
+            total=self.total,
+            connect=self.connect,
+            read=self.read,
+            redirect=self.redirect,
+            status=self.status,
+            other=self.other,
+            allowed_methods=self.allowed_methods,
+            status_forcelist=self.status_forcelist,
+            backoff_factor=self.backoff_factor,
+            backoff_max=self.backoff_max,
+            raise_on_redirect=self.raise_on_redirect,
+            raise_on_status=self.raise_on_status,
+            history=self.history,
+            remove_headers_on_redirect=self.remove_headers_on_redirect,
+            respect_retry_after_header=self.respect_retry_after_header,
+            backoff_jitter=self.backoff_jitter,
+        )
+
+        params.update(kw)
+        return type(self)(**params)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_int(
+        cls,
+        retries: Retry | bool | int | None,
+        redirect: bool | int | None = True,
+        default: Retry | bool | int | None = None,
+    ) -> Retry:
+        """Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format."""
+        if retries is None:
+            retries = default if default is not None else cls.DEFAULT
+
+        if isinstance(retries, Retry):
+            return retries
+
+        redirect = bool(redirect) and None
+        new_retries = cls(retries, redirect=redirect)
+        log.debug("Converted retries value: %r -> %r", retries, new_retries)
+        return new_retries
+
+    def get_backoff_time(self) -> float:
+        """Formula for computing the current backoff
+
+        :rtype: float
+        """
+        # We want to consider only the last consecutive errors sequence (Ignore redirects).
+        consecutive_errors_len = len(
+            list(
+                takewhile(lambda x: x.redirect_location is None, reversed(self.history))
+            )
+        )
+        if consecutive_errors_len <= 1:
+            return 0
+
+        backoff_value = self.backoff_factor * (2 ** (consecutive_errors_len - 1))
+        if self.backoff_jitter != 0.0:
+            backoff_value += random.random() * self.backoff_jitter
+        return float(max(0, min(self.backoff_max, backoff_value)))
+
+    def parse_retry_after(self, retry_after: str) -> float:
+        seconds: float
+        # Whitespace: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-3.2.4
+        if re.match(r"^\s*[0-9]+\s*$", retry_after):
+            seconds = int(retry_after)
+        else:
+            retry_date_tuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(retry_after)
+            if retry_date_tuple is None:
+                raise InvalidHeader(f"Invalid Retry-After header: {retry_after}")
+
+            retry_date = email.utils.mktime_tz(retry_date_tuple)
+            seconds = retry_date - time.time()
+
+        seconds = max(seconds, 0)
+
+        return seconds
+
+    def get_retry_after(self, response: BaseHTTPResponse) -> float | None:
+        """Get the value of Retry-After in seconds."""
+
+        retry_after = response.headers.get("Retry-After")
+
+        if retry_after is None:
+            return None
+
+        return self.parse_retry_after(retry_after)
+
+    def sleep_for_retry(self, response: BaseHTTPResponse) -> bool:
+        retry_after = self.get_retry_after(response)
+        if retry_after:
+            time.sleep(retry_after)
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def _sleep_backoff(self) -> None:
+        backoff = self.get_backoff_time()
+        if backoff <= 0:
+            return
+        time.sleep(backoff)
+
+    def sleep(self, response: BaseHTTPResponse | None = None) -> None:
+        """Sleep between retry attempts.
+
+        This method will respect a server's ``Retry-After`` response header
+        and sleep the duration of the time requested. If that is not present, it
+        will use an exponential backoff. By default, the backoff factor is 0 and
+        this method will return immediately.
+        """
+
+        if self.respect_retry_after_header and response:
+            slept = self.sleep_for_retry(response)
+            if slept:
+                return
+
+        self._sleep_backoff()
+
+    def _is_connection_error(self, err: Exception) -> bool:
+        """Errors when we're fairly sure that the server did not receive the
+        request, so it should be safe to retry.
+        """
+        if isinstance(err, ProxyError):
+            err = err.original_error
+        return isinstance(err, ConnectTimeoutError)
+
+    def _is_read_error(self, err: Exception) -> bool:
+        """Errors that occur after the request has been started, so we should
+        assume that the server began processing it.
+        """
+        return isinstance(err, (ReadTimeoutError, ProtocolError))
+
+    def _is_method_retryable(self, method: str) -> bool:
+        """Checks if a given HTTP method should be retried upon, depending if
+        it is included in the allowed_methods
+        """
+        if self.allowed_methods and method.upper() not in self.allowed_methods:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def is_retry(
+        self, method: str, status_code: int, has_retry_after: bool = False
+    ) -> bool:
+        """Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on allowlists and control
+        variables such as the number of total retries to allow, whether to
+        respect the Retry-After header, whether this header is present, and
+        whether the returned status code is on the list of status codes to
+        be retried upon on the presence of the aforementioned header)
+        """
+        if not self._is_method_retryable(method):
+            return False
+
+        if self.status_forcelist and status_code in self.status_forcelist:
+            return True
+
+        return bool(
+            self.total
+            and self.respect_retry_after_header
+            and has_retry_after
+            and (status_code in self.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES)
+        )
+
+    def is_exhausted(self) -> bool:
+        """Are we out of retries?"""
+        retry_counts = [
+            x
+            for x in (
+                self.total,
+                self.connect,
+                self.read,
+                self.redirect,
+                self.status,
+                self.other,
+            )
+            if x
+        ]
+        if not retry_counts:
+            return False
+
+        return min(retry_counts) < 0
+
+    def increment(
+        self,
+        method: str | None = None,
+        url: str | None = None,
+        response: BaseHTTPResponse | None = None,
+        error: Exception | None = None,
+        _pool: ConnectionPool | None = None,
+        _stacktrace: TracebackType | None = None,
+    ) -> Self:
+        """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.
+
+        :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not
+            return a response.
+        :type response: :class:`~urllib3.response.BaseHTTPResponse`
+        :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or
+            None if the response was received successfully.
+
+        :return: A new ``Retry`` object.
+        """
+        if self.total is False and error:
+            # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error.
+            raise reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+
+        total = self.total
+        if total is not None:
+            total -= 1
+
+        connect = self.connect
+        read = self.read
+        redirect = self.redirect
+        status_count = self.status
+        other = self.other
+        cause = "unknown"
+        status = None
+        redirect_location = None
+
+        if error and self._is_connection_error(error):
+            # Connect retry?
+            if connect is False:
+                raise reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif connect is not None:
+                connect -= 1
+
+        elif error and self._is_read_error(error):
+            # Read retry?
+            if read is False or method is None or not self._is_method_retryable(method):
+                raise reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace)
+            elif read is not None:
+                read -= 1
+
+        elif error:
+            # Other retry?
+            if other is not None:
+                other -= 1
+
+        elif response and response.get_redirect_location():
+            # Redirect retry?
+            if redirect is not None:
+                redirect -= 1
+            cause = "too many redirects"
+            response_redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location()
+            if response_redirect_location:
+                redirect_location = response_redirect_location
+            status = response.status
+
+        else:
+            # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in
+            # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods
+            cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR
+            if response and response.status:
+                if status_count is not None:
+                    status_count -= 1
+                cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status)
+                status = response.status
+
+        history = self.history + (
+            RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location),
+        )
+
+        new_retry = self.new(
+            total=total,
+            connect=connect,
+            read=read,
+            redirect=redirect,
+            status=status_count,
+            other=other,
+            history=history,
+        )
+
+        if new_retry.is_exhausted():
+            reason = error or ResponseError(cause)
+            raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+        log.debug("Incremented Retry for (url='%s'): %r", url, new_retry)
+
+        return new_retry
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            f"{type(self).__name__}(total={self.total}, connect={self.connect}, "
+            f"read={self.read}, redirect={self.redirect}, status={self.status})"
+        )
+
+
+# For backwards compatibility (equivalent to pre-v1.9):
+Retry.DEFAULT = Retry(3)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e43bd8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
+import typing
+import warnings
+from binascii import unhexlify
+
+from ..exceptions import ProxySchemeUnsupported, SSLError
+from .url import _BRACELESS_IPV6_ADDRZ_RE, _IPV4_RE
+
+SSLContext = None
+SSLTransport = None
+HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME = False
+IS_PYOPENSSL = False
+ALPN_PROTOCOLS = ["http/1.1"]
+
+_TYPE_VERSION_INFO = tuple[int, int, int, str, int]
+
+# Maps the length of a digest to a possible hash function producing this digest
+HASHFUNC_MAP = {
+    length: getattr(hashlib, algorithm, None)
+    for length, algorithm in ((32, "md5"), (40, "sha1"), (64, "sha256"))
+}
+
+
+def _is_bpo_43522_fixed(
+    implementation_name: str,
+    version_info: _TYPE_VERSION_INFO,
+    pypy_version_info: _TYPE_VERSION_INFO | None,
+) -> bool:
+    """Return True for CPython 3.9.3+ or 3.10+ and PyPy 7.3.8+ where
+    setting SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name to False works.
+
+    Outside of CPython and PyPy we don't know which implementations work
+    or not so we conservatively use our hostname matching as we know that works
+    on all implementations.
+
+    https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2192#issuecomment-821832963
+    https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3539
+    """
+    if implementation_name == "pypy":
+        # https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/3129
+        return pypy_version_info >= (7, 3, 8)  # type: ignore[operator]
+    elif implementation_name == "cpython":
+        major_minor = version_info[:2]
+        micro = version_info[2]
+        return (major_minor == (3, 9) and micro >= 3) or major_minor >= (3, 10)
+    else:  # Defensive:
+        return False
+
+
+def _is_has_never_check_common_name_reliable(
+    openssl_version: str,
+    openssl_version_number: int,
+    implementation_name: str,
+    version_info: _TYPE_VERSION_INFO,
+    pypy_version_info: _TYPE_VERSION_INFO | None,
+) -> bool:
+    # As of May 2023, all released versions of LibreSSL fail to reject certificates with
+    # only common names, see https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/3024
+    is_openssl = openssl_version.startswith("OpenSSL ")
+    # Before fixing OpenSSL issue #14579, the SSL_new() API was not copying hostflags
+    # like X509_CHECK_FLAG_NEVER_CHECK_SUBJECT, which tripped up CPython.
+    # https://github.com/openssl/openssl/issues/14579
+    # This was released in OpenSSL 1.1.1l+ (>=0x101010cf)
+    is_openssl_issue_14579_fixed = openssl_version_number >= 0x101010CF
+
+    return is_openssl and (
+        is_openssl_issue_14579_fixed
+        or _is_bpo_43522_fixed(implementation_name, version_info, pypy_version_info)
+    )
+
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from ssl import VerifyMode
+    from typing import TypedDict
+
+    from .ssltransport import SSLTransport as SSLTransportType
+
+    class _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT(TypedDict, total=False):
+        subjectAltName: tuple[tuple[str, str], ...]
+        subject: tuple[tuple[tuple[str, str], ...], ...]
+        serialNumber: str
+
+
+# Mapping from 'ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSX' to 'TLSVersion.X'
+_SSL_VERSION_TO_TLS_VERSION: dict[int, int] = {}
+
+try:  # Do we have ssl at all?
+    import ssl
+    from ssl import (  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        CERT_REQUIRED,
+        HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME,
+        OP_NO_COMPRESSION,
+        OP_NO_TICKET,
+        OPENSSL_VERSION,
+        OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER,
+        PROTOCOL_TLS,
+        PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT,
+        VERIFY_X509_STRICT,
+        OP_NO_SSLv2,
+        OP_NO_SSLv3,
+        SSLContext,
+        TLSVersion,
+    )
+
+    PROTOCOL_SSLv23 = PROTOCOL_TLS
+
+    # Needed for Python 3.9 which does not define this
+    VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN = getattr(ssl, "VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN", 0x80000)
+
+    # Setting SSLContext.hostname_checks_common_name = False didn't work before CPython
+    # 3.9.3, and 3.10 (but OK on PyPy) or OpenSSL 1.1.1l+
+    if HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME and not _is_has_never_check_common_name_reliable(
+        OPENSSL_VERSION,
+        OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER,
+        sys.implementation.name,
+        sys.version_info,
+        sys.pypy_version_info if sys.implementation.name == "pypy" else None,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    ):  # Defensive: for Python < 3.9.3
+        HAS_NEVER_CHECK_COMMON_NAME = False
+
+    # Need to be careful here in case old TLS versions get
+    # removed in future 'ssl' module implementations.
+    for attr in ("TLSv1", "TLSv1_1", "TLSv1_2"):
+        try:
+            _SSL_VERSION_TO_TLS_VERSION[getattr(ssl, f"PROTOCOL_{attr}")] = getattr(
+                TLSVersion, attr
+            )
+        except AttributeError:  # Defensive:
+            continue
+
+    from .ssltransport import SSLTransport  # type: ignore[assignment]
+except ImportError:
+    OP_NO_COMPRESSION = 0x20000  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    OP_NO_TICKET = 0x4000  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    OP_NO_SSLv2 = 0x1000000  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    OP_NO_SSLv3 = 0x2000000  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    PROTOCOL_SSLv23 = PROTOCOL_TLS = 2  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT = 16  # type: ignore[assignment]
+    VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN = 0x80000
+    VERIFY_X509_STRICT = 0x20  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+_TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET = typing.Union["_TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT", bytes, None]
+
+
+def assert_fingerprint(cert: bytes | None, fingerprint: str) -> None:
+    """
+    Checks if given fingerprint matches the supplied certificate.
+
+    :param cert:
+        Certificate as bytes object.
+    :param fingerprint:
+        Fingerprint as string of hexdigits, can be interspersed by colons.
+    """
+
+    if cert is None:
+        raise SSLError("No certificate for the peer.")
+
+    fingerprint = fingerprint.replace(":", "").lower()
+    digest_length = len(fingerprint)
+    if digest_length not in HASHFUNC_MAP:
+        raise SSLError(f"Fingerprint of invalid length: {fingerprint}")
+    hashfunc = HASHFUNC_MAP.get(digest_length)
+    if hashfunc is None:
+        raise SSLError(
+            f"Hash function implementation unavailable for fingerprint length: {digest_length}"
+        )
+
+    # We need encode() here for py32; works on py2 and p33.
+    fingerprint_bytes = unhexlify(fingerprint.encode())
+
+    cert_digest = hashfunc(cert).digest()
+
+    if not hmac.compare_digest(cert_digest, fingerprint_bytes):
+        raise SSLError(
+            f'Fingerprints did not match. Expected "{fingerprint}", got "{cert_digest.hex()}"'
+        )
+
+
+def resolve_cert_reqs(candidate: None | int | str) -> VerifyMode:
+    """
+    Resolves the argument to a numeric constant, which can be passed to
+    the wrap_socket function/method from the ssl module.
+    Defaults to :data:`ssl.CERT_REQUIRED`.
+    If given a string it is assumed to be the name of the constant in the
+    :mod:`ssl` module or its abbreviation.
+    (So you can specify `REQUIRED` instead of `CERT_REQUIRED`.
+    If it's neither `None` nor a string we assume it is already the numeric
+    constant which can directly be passed to wrap_socket.
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return CERT_REQUIRED
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, "CERT_" + candidate)
+        return res  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    return candidate  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+
+def resolve_ssl_version(candidate: None | int | str) -> int:
+    """
+    like resolve_cert_reqs
+    """
+    if candidate is None:
+        return PROTOCOL_TLS
+
+    if isinstance(candidate, str):
+        res = getattr(ssl, candidate, None)
+        if res is None:
+            res = getattr(ssl, "PROTOCOL_" + candidate)
+        return typing.cast(int, res)
+
+    return candidate
+
+
+def create_urllib3_context(
+    ssl_version: int | None = None,
+    cert_reqs: int | None = None,
+    options: int | None = None,
+    ciphers: str | None = None,
+    ssl_minimum_version: int | None = None,
+    ssl_maximum_version: int | None = None,
+    verify_flags: int | None = None,
+) -> ssl.SSLContext:
+    """Creates and configures an :class:`ssl.SSLContext` instance for use with urllib3.
+
+    :param ssl_version:
+        The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+        PROTOCOL_SSLv23 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+        the server and your installation of OpenSSL support.
+
+        This parameter is deprecated instead use 'ssl_minimum_version'.
+    :param ssl_minimum_version:
+        The minimum version of TLS to be used. Use the 'ssl.TLSVersion' enum for specifying the value.
+    :param ssl_maximum_version:
+        The maximum version of TLS to be used. Use the 'ssl.TLSVersion' enum for specifying the value.
+        Not recommended to set to anything other than 'ssl.TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED' which is the
+        default value.
+    :param cert_reqs:
+        Whether to require the certificate verification. This defaults to
+        ``ssl.CERT_REQUIRED``.
+    :param options:
+        Specific OpenSSL options. These default to ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2``,
+        ``ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3``, ``ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION``, and ``ssl.OP_NO_TICKET``.
+    :param ciphers:
+        Which cipher suites to allow the server to select. Defaults to either system configured
+        ciphers if OpenSSL 1.1.1+, otherwise uses a secure default set of ciphers.
+    :param verify_flags:
+        The flags for certificate verification operations. These default to
+        ``ssl.VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN`` and ``ssl.VERIFY_X509_STRICT`` for Python 3.13+.
+    :returns:
+        Constructed SSLContext object with specified options
+    :rtype: SSLContext
+    """
+    if SSLContext is None:
+        raise TypeError("Can't create an SSLContext object without an ssl module")
+
+    # This means 'ssl_version' was specified as an exact value.
+    if ssl_version not in (None, PROTOCOL_TLS, PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT):
+        # Disallow setting 'ssl_version' and 'ssl_minimum|maximum_version'
+        # to avoid conflicts.
+        if ssl_minimum_version is not None or ssl_maximum_version is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Can't specify both 'ssl_version' and either "
+                "'ssl_minimum_version' or 'ssl_maximum_version'"
+            )
+
+        # 'ssl_version' is deprecated and will be removed in the future.
+        else:
+            # Use 'ssl_minimum_version' and 'ssl_maximum_version' instead.
+            ssl_minimum_version = _SSL_VERSION_TO_TLS_VERSION.get(
+                ssl_version, TLSVersion.MINIMUM_SUPPORTED
+            )
+            ssl_maximum_version = _SSL_VERSION_TO_TLS_VERSION.get(
+                ssl_version, TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED
+            )
+
+            # This warning message is pushing users to use 'ssl_minimum_version'
+            # instead of both min/max. Best practice is to only set the minimum version and
+            # keep the maximum version to be it's default value: 'TLSVersion.MAXIMUM_SUPPORTED'
+            warnings.warn(
+                "'ssl_version' option is deprecated and will be "
+                "removed in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead use 'ssl_minimum_version'",
+                category=DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
+    # PROTOCOL_TLS is deprecated in Python 3.10 so we always use PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
+    context = SSLContext(PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+
+    if ssl_minimum_version is not None:
+        context.minimum_version = ssl_minimum_version
+    else:  # Python <3.10 defaults to 'MINIMUM_SUPPORTED' so explicitly set TLSv1.2 here
+        context.minimum_version = TLSVersion.TLSv1_2
+
+    if ssl_maximum_version is not None:
+        context.maximum_version = ssl_maximum_version
+
+    # Unless we're given ciphers defer to either system ciphers in
+    # the case of OpenSSL 1.1.1+ or use our own secure default ciphers.
+    if ciphers:
+        context.set_ciphers(ciphers)
+
+    # Setting the default here, as we may have no ssl module on import
+    cert_reqs = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED if cert_reqs is None else cert_reqs
+
+    if options is None:
+        options = 0
+        # SSLv2 is easily broken and is considered harmful and dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv2
+        # SSLv3 has several problems and is now dangerous
+        options |= OP_NO_SSLv3
+        # Disable compression to prevent CRIME attacks for OpenSSL 1.0+
+        # (issue #309)
+        options |= OP_NO_COMPRESSION
+        # TLSv1.2 only. Unless set explicitly, do not request tickets.
+        # This may save some bandwidth on wire, and although the ticket is encrypted,
+        # there is a risk associated with it being on wire,
+        # if the server is not rotating its ticketing keys properly.
+        options |= OP_NO_TICKET
+
+    context.options |= options
+
+    if verify_flags is None:
+        verify_flags = 0
+        # In Python 3.13+ ssl.create_default_context() sets VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN
+        # and VERIFY_X509_STRICT so we do the same
+        if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+            verify_flags |= VERIFY_X509_PARTIAL_CHAIN
+            verify_flags |= VERIFY_X509_STRICT
+
+    context.verify_flags |= verify_flags
+
+    # Enable post-handshake authentication for TLS 1.3, see GH #1634. PHA is
+    # necessary for conditional client cert authentication with TLS 1.3.
+    # The attribute is None for OpenSSL <= 1.1.0 or does not exist when using
+    # an SSLContext created by pyOpenSSL.
+    if getattr(context, "post_handshake_auth", None) is not None:
+        context.post_handshake_auth = True
+
+    # The order of the below lines setting verify_mode and check_hostname
+    # matter due to safe-guards SSLContext has to prevent an SSLContext with
+    # check_hostname=True, verify_mode=NONE/OPTIONAL.
+    # We always set 'check_hostname=False' for pyOpenSSL so we rely on our own
+    # 'ssl.match_hostname()' implementation.
+    if cert_reqs == ssl.CERT_REQUIRED and not IS_PYOPENSSL:
+        context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+        context.check_hostname = True
+    else:
+        context.check_hostname = False
+        context.verify_mode = cert_reqs
+
+    try:
+        context.hostname_checks_common_name = False
+    except AttributeError:  # Defensive: for CPython < 3.9.3; for PyPy < 7.3.8
+        pass
+
+    sslkeylogfile = os.environ.get("SSLKEYLOGFILE")
+    if sslkeylogfile:
+        context.keylog_filename = sslkeylogfile
+
+    return context
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def ssl_wrap_socket(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    keyfile: str | None = ...,
+    certfile: str | None = ...,
+    cert_reqs: int | None = ...,
+    ca_certs: str | None = ...,
+    server_hostname: str | None = ...,
+    ssl_version: int | None = ...,
+    ciphers: str | None = ...,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = ...,
+    ca_cert_dir: str | None = ...,
+    key_password: str | None = ...,
+    ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = ...,
+    tls_in_tls: typing.Literal[False] = ...,
+) -> ssl.SSLSocket: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def ssl_wrap_socket(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    keyfile: str | None = ...,
+    certfile: str | None = ...,
+    cert_reqs: int | None = ...,
+    ca_certs: str | None = ...,
+    server_hostname: str | None = ...,
+    ssl_version: int | None = ...,
+    ciphers: str | None = ...,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = ...,
+    ca_cert_dir: str | None = ...,
+    key_password: str | None = ...,
+    ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = ...,
+    tls_in_tls: bool = ...,
+) -> ssl.SSLSocket | SSLTransportType: ...
+
+
+def ssl_wrap_socket(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    keyfile: str | None = None,
+    certfile: str | None = None,
+    cert_reqs: int | None = None,
+    ca_certs: str | None = None,
+    server_hostname: str | None = None,
+    ssl_version: int | None = None,
+    ciphers: str | None = None,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext | None = None,
+    ca_cert_dir: str | None = None,
+    key_password: str | None = None,
+    ca_cert_data: None | str | bytes = None,
+    tls_in_tls: bool = False,
+) -> ssl.SSLSocket | SSLTransportType:
+    """
+    All arguments except for server_hostname, ssl_context, tls_in_tls, ca_cert_data and
+    ca_cert_dir have the same meaning as they do when using
+    :func:`ssl.create_default_context`, :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.load_cert_chain`,
+    :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.set_ciphers` and :meth:`ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket`.
+
+    :param server_hostname:
+        When SNI is supported, the expected hostname of the certificate
+    :param ssl_context:
+        A pre-made :class:`SSLContext` object. If none is provided, one will
+        be created using :func:`create_urllib3_context`.
+    :param ciphers:
+        A string of ciphers we wish the client to support.
+    :param ca_cert_dir:
+        A directory containing CA certificates in multiple separate files, as
+        supported by OpenSSL's -CApath flag or the capath argument to
+        SSLContext.load_verify_locations().
+    :param key_password:
+        Optional password if the keyfile is encrypted.
+    :param ca_cert_data:
+        Optional string containing CA certificates in PEM format suitable for
+        passing as the cadata parameter to SSLContext.load_verify_locations()
+    :param tls_in_tls:
+        Use SSLTransport to wrap the existing socket.
+    """
+    context = ssl_context
+    if context is None:
+        # Note: This branch of code and all the variables in it are only used in tests.
+        # We should consider deprecating and removing this code.
+        context = create_urllib3_context(ssl_version, cert_reqs, ciphers=ciphers)
+
+    if ca_certs or ca_cert_dir or ca_cert_data:
+        try:
+            context.load_verify_locations(ca_certs, ca_cert_dir, ca_cert_data)
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise SSLError(e) from e
+
+    elif ssl_context is None and hasattr(context, "load_default_certs"):
+        # try to load OS default certs; works well on Windows.
+        context.load_default_certs()
+
+    # Attempt to detect if we get the goofy behavior of the
+    # keyfile being encrypted and OpenSSL asking for the
+    # passphrase via the terminal and instead error out.
+    if keyfile and key_password is None and _is_key_file_encrypted(keyfile):
+        raise SSLError("Client private key is encrypted, password is required")
+
+    if certfile:
+        if key_password is None:
+            context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
+        else:
+            context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile, key_password)
+
+    context.set_alpn_protocols(ALPN_PROTOCOLS)
+
+    ssl_sock = _ssl_wrap_socket_impl(sock, context, tls_in_tls, server_hostname)
+    return ssl_sock
+
+
+def is_ipaddress(hostname: str | bytes) -> bool:
+    """Detects whether the hostname given is an IPv4 or IPv6 address.
+    Also detects IPv6 addresses with Zone IDs.
+
+    :param str hostname: Hostname to examine.
+    :return: True if the hostname is an IP address, False otherwise.
+    """
+    if isinstance(hostname, bytes):
+        # IDN A-label bytes are ASCII compatible.
+        hostname = hostname.decode("ascii")
+    return bool(_IPV4_RE.match(hostname) or _BRACELESS_IPV6_ADDRZ_RE.match(hostname))
+
+
+def _is_key_file_encrypted(key_file: str) -> bool:
+    """Detects if a key file is encrypted or not."""
+    with open(key_file) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            # Look for Proc-Type: 4,ENCRYPTED
+            if "ENCRYPTED" in line:
+                return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def _ssl_wrap_socket_impl(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+    tls_in_tls: bool,
+    server_hostname: str | None = None,
+) -> ssl.SSLSocket | SSLTransportType:
+    if tls_in_tls:
+        if not SSLTransport:
+            # Import error, ssl is not available.
+            raise ProxySchemeUnsupported(
+                "TLS in TLS requires support for the 'ssl' module"
+            )
+
+        SSLTransport._validate_ssl_context_for_tls_in_tls(ssl_context)
+        return SSLTransport(sock, ssl_context, server_hostname)
+
+    return ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_match_hostname.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_match_hostname.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25d91000
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssl_match_hostname.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+"""The match_hostname() function from Python 3.5, essential when using SSL."""
+
+# Note: This file is under the PSF license as the code comes from the python
+# stdlib.   http://docs.python.org/3/license.html
+# It is modified to remove commonName support.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ipaddress
+import re
+import typing
+from ipaddress import IPv4Address, IPv6Address
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .ssl_ import _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT
+
+__version__ = "3.5.0.1"
+
+
+class CertificateError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _dnsname_match(
+    dn: typing.Any, hostname: str, max_wildcards: int = 1
+) -> typing.Match[str] | None | bool:
+    """Matching according to RFC 6125, section 6.4.3
+
+    http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6125#section-6.4.3
+    """
+    pats = []
+    if not dn:
+        return False
+
+    # Ported from python3-syntax:
+    # leftmost, *remainder = dn.split(r'.')
+    parts = dn.split(r".")
+    leftmost = parts[0]
+    remainder = parts[1:]
+
+    wildcards = leftmost.count("*")
+    if wildcards > max_wildcards:
+        # Issue #17980: avoid denials of service by refusing more
+        # than one wildcard per fragment.  A survey of established
+        # policy among SSL implementations showed it to be a
+        # reasonable choice.
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "too many wildcards in certificate DNS name: " + repr(dn)
+        )
+
+    # speed up common case w/o wildcards
+    if not wildcards:
+        return bool(dn.lower() == hostname.lower())
+
+    # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 1.
+    # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier in which
+    # the wildcard character comprises a label other than the left-most label.
+    if leftmost == "*":
+        # When '*' is a fragment by itself, it matches a non-empty dotless
+        # fragment.
+        pats.append("[^.]+")
+    elif leftmost.startswith("xn--") or hostname.startswith("xn--"):
+        # RFC 6125, section 6.4.3, subitem 3.
+        # The client SHOULD NOT attempt to match a presented identifier
+        # where the wildcard character is embedded within an A-label or
+        # U-label of an internationalized domain name.
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost))
+    else:
+        # Otherwise, '*' matches any dotless string, e.g. www*
+        pats.append(re.escape(leftmost).replace(r"\*", "[^.]*"))
+
+    # add the remaining fragments, ignore any wildcards
+    for frag in remainder:
+        pats.append(re.escape(frag))
+
+    pat = re.compile(r"\A" + r"\.".join(pats) + r"\Z", re.IGNORECASE)
+    return pat.match(hostname)
+
+
+def _ipaddress_match(ipname: str, host_ip: IPv4Address | IPv6Address) -> bool:
+    """Exact matching of IP addresses.
+
+    RFC 9110 section 4.3.5: "A reference identity of IP-ID contains the decoded
+    bytes of the IP address. An IP version 4 address is 4 octets, and an IP
+    version 6 address is 16 octets. [...] A reference identity of type IP-ID
+    matches if the address is identical to an iPAddress value of the
+    subjectAltName extension of the certificate."
+    """
+    # OpenSSL may add a trailing newline to a subjectAltName's IP address
+    # Divergence from upstream: ipaddress can't handle byte str
+    ip = ipaddress.ip_address(ipname.rstrip())
+    return bool(ip.packed == host_ip.packed)
+
+
+def match_hostname(
+    cert: _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT | None,
+    hostname: str,
+    hostname_checks_common_name: bool = False,
+) -> None:
+    """Verify that *cert* (in decoded format as returned by
+    SSLSocket.getpeercert()) matches the *hostname*.  RFC 2818 and RFC 6125
+    rules are followed, but IP addresses are not accepted for *hostname*.
+
+    CertificateError is raised on failure. On success, the function
+    returns nothing.
+    """
+    if not cert:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "empty or no certificate, match_hostname needs a "
+            "SSL socket or SSL context with either "
+            "CERT_OPTIONAL or CERT_REQUIRED"
+        )
+    try:
+        # Divergence from upstream: ipaddress can't handle byte str
+        #
+        # The ipaddress module shipped with Python < 3.9 does not support
+        # scoped IPv6 addresses so we unconditionally strip the Zone IDs for
+        # now. Once we drop support for Python 3.9 we can remove this branch.
+        if "%" in hostname:
+            host_ip = ipaddress.ip_address(hostname[: hostname.rfind("%")])
+        else:
+            host_ip = ipaddress.ip_address(hostname)
+
+    except ValueError:
+        # Not an IP address (common case)
+        host_ip = None
+    dnsnames = []
+    san: tuple[tuple[str, str], ...] = cert.get("subjectAltName", ())
+    key: str
+    value: str
+    for key, value in san:
+        if key == "DNS":
+            if host_ip is None and _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                return
+            dnsnames.append(value)
+        elif key == "IP Address":
+            if host_ip is not None and _ipaddress_match(value, host_ip):
+                return
+            dnsnames.append(value)
+
+    # We only check 'commonName' if it's enabled and we're not verifying
+    # an IP address. IP addresses aren't valid within 'commonName'.
+    if hostname_checks_common_name and host_ip is None and not dnsnames:
+        for sub in cert.get("subject", ()):
+            for key, value in sub:
+                if key == "commonName":
+                    if _dnsname_match(value, hostname):
+                        return
+                    dnsnames.append(value)  # Defensive: for Python < 3.9.3
+
+    if len(dnsnames) > 1:
+        raise CertificateError(
+            "hostname %r "
+            "doesn't match either of %s" % (hostname, ", ".join(map(repr, dnsnames)))
+        )
+    elif len(dnsnames) == 1:
+        raise CertificateError(f"hostname {hostname!r} doesn't match {dnsnames[0]!r}")
+    else:
+        raise CertificateError("no appropriate subjectAltName fields were found")
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssltransport.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssltransport.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d59bc3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/ssltransport.py
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import socket
+import ssl
+import typing
+
+from ..exceptions import ProxySchemeUnsupported
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
+    from .ssl_ import _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET, _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT
+
+
+_WriteBuffer = typing.Union[bytearray, memoryview]
+_ReturnValue = typing.TypeVar("_ReturnValue")
+
+SSL_BLOCKSIZE = 16384
+
+
+class SSLTransport:
+    """
+    The SSLTransport wraps an existing socket and establishes an SSL connection.
+
+    Contrary to Python's implementation of SSLSocket, it allows you to chain
+    multiple TLS connections together. It's particularly useful if you need to
+    implement TLS within TLS.
+
+    The class supports most of the socket API operations.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_ssl_context_for_tls_in_tls(ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext) -> None:
+        """
+        Raises a ProxySchemeUnsupported if the provided ssl_context can't be used
+        for TLS in TLS.
+
+        The only requirement is that the ssl_context provides the 'wrap_bio'
+        methods.
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(ssl_context, "wrap_bio"):
+            raise ProxySchemeUnsupported(
+                "TLS in TLS requires SSLContext.wrap_bio() which isn't "
+                "available on non-native SSLContext"
+            )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        socket: socket.socket,
+        ssl_context: ssl.SSLContext,
+        server_hostname: str | None = None,
+        suppress_ragged_eofs: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+        Create an SSLTransport around socket using the provided ssl_context.
+        """
+        self.incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        self.outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+
+        self.suppress_ragged_eofs = suppress_ragged_eofs
+        self.socket = socket
+
+        self.sslobj = ssl_context.wrap_bio(
+            self.incoming, self.outgoing, server_hostname=server_hostname
+        )
+
+        # Perform initial handshake.
+        self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.do_handshake)
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> Self:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *_: typing.Any) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def fileno(self) -> int:
+        return self.socket.fileno()
+
+    def read(self, len: int = 1024, buffer: typing.Any | None = None) -> int | bytes:
+        return self._wrap_ssl_read(len, buffer)
+
+    def recv(self, buflen: int = 1024, flags: int = 0) -> int | bytes:
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to recv")
+        return self._wrap_ssl_read(buflen)
+
+    def recv_into(
+        self,
+        buffer: _WriteBuffer,
+        nbytes: int | None = None,
+        flags: int = 0,
+    ) -> None | int | bytes:
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to recv_into")
+        if nbytes is None:
+            nbytes = len(buffer)
+        return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
+
+    def sendall(self, data: bytes, flags: int = 0) -> None:
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to sendall")
+        count = 0
+        with memoryview(data) as view, view.cast("B") as byte_view:
+            amount = len(byte_view)
+            while count < amount:
+                v = self.send(byte_view[count:])
+                count += v
+
+    def send(self, data: bytes, flags: int = 0) -> int:
+        if flags != 0:
+            raise ValueError("non-zero flags not allowed in calls to send")
+        return self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.write, data)
+
+    def makefile(
+        self,
+        mode: str,
+        buffering: int | None = None,
+        *,
+        encoding: str | None = None,
+        errors: str | None = None,
+        newline: str | None = None,
+    ) -> typing.BinaryIO | typing.TextIO | socket.SocketIO:
+        """
+        Python's httpclient uses makefile and buffered io when reading HTTP
+        messages and we need to support it.
+
+        This is unfortunately a copy and paste of socket.py makefile with small
+        changes to point to the socket directly.
+        """
+        if not set(mode) <= {"r", "w", "b"}:
+            raise ValueError(f"invalid mode {mode!r} (only r, w, b allowed)")
+
+        writing = "w" in mode
+        reading = "r" in mode or not writing
+        assert reading or writing
+        binary = "b" in mode
+        rawmode = ""
+        if reading:
+            rawmode += "r"
+        if writing:
+            rawmode += "w"
+        raw = socket.SocketIO(self, rawmode)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.socket._io_refs += 1  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        if buffering is None:
+            buffering = -1
+        if buffering < 0:
+            buffering = io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+        if buffering == 0:
+            if not binary:
+                raise ValueError("unbuffered streams must be binary")
+            return raw
+        buffer: typing.BinaryIO
+        if reading and writing:
+            buffer = io.BufferedRWPair(raw, raw, buffering)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        elif reading:
+            buffer = io.BufferedReader(raw, buffering)
+        else:
+            assert writing
+            buffer = io.BufferedWriter(raw, buffering)
+        if binary:
+            return buffer
+        text = io.TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding, errors, newline)
+        text.mode = mode  # type: ignore[misc]
+        return text
+
+    def unwrap(self) -> None:
+        self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.unwrap)
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        self.socket.close()
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def getpeercert(
+        self, binary_form: typing.Literal[False] = ...
+    ) -> _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET_DICT | None: ...
+
+    @typing.overload
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form: typing.Literal[True]) -> bytes | None: ...
+
+    def getpeercert(self, binary_form: bool = False) -> _TYPE_PEER_CERT_RET:
+        return self.sslobj.getpeercert(binary_form)  # type: ignore[return-value]
+
+    def version(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.sslobj.version()
+
+    def cipher(self) -> tuple[str, str, int] | None:
+        return self.sslobj.cipher()
+
+    def selected_alpn_protocol(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.sslobj.selected_alpn_protocol()
+
+    def shared_ciphers(self) -> list[tuple[str, str, int]] | None:
+        return self.sslobj.shared_ciphers()
+
+    def compression(self) -> str | None:
+        return self.sslobj.compression()
+
+    def settimeout(self, value: float | None) -> None:
+        self.socket.settimeout(value)
+
+    def gettimeout(self) -> float | None:
+        return self.socket.gettimeout()
+
+    def _decref_socketios(self) -> None:
+        self.socket._decref_socketios()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    def _wrap_ssl_read(self, len: int, buffer: bytearray | None = None) -> int | bytes:
+        try:
+            return self._ssl_io_loop(self.sslobj.read, len, buffer)
+        except ssl.SSLError as e:
+            if e.errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_EOF and self.suppress_ragged_eofs:
+                return 0  # eof, return 0.
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    # func is sslobj.do_handshake or sslobj.unwrap
+    @typing.overload
+    def _ssl_io_loop(self, func: typing.Callable[[], None]) -> None: ...
+
+    # func is sslobj.write, arg1 is data
+    @typing.overload
+    def _ssl_io_loop(self, func: typing.Callable[[bytes], int], arg1: bytes) -> int: ...
+
+    # func is sslobj.read, arg1 is len, arg2 is buffer
+    @typing.overload
+    def _ssl_io_loop(
+        self,
+        func: typing.Callable[[int, bytearray | None], bytes],
+        arg1: int,
+        arg2: bytearray | None,
+    ) -> bytes: ...
+
+    def _ssl_io_loop(
+        self,
+        func: typing.Callable[..., _ReturnValue],
+        arg1: None | bytes | int = None,
+        arg2: bytearray | None = None,
+    ) -> _ReturnValue:
+        """Performs an I/O loop between incoming/outgoing and the socket."""
+        should_loop = True
+        ret = None
+
+        while should_loop:
+            errno = None
+            try:
+                if arg1 is None and arg2 is None:
+                    ret = func()
+                elif arg2 is None:
+                    ret = func(arg1)
+                else:
+                    ret = func(arg1, arg2)
+            except ssl.SSLError as e:
+                if e.errno not in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE):
+                    # WANT_READ, and WANT_WRITE are expected, others are not.
+                    raise e
+                errno = e.errno
+
+            buf = self.outgoing.read()
+            self.socket.sendall(buf)
+
+            if errno is None:
+                should_loop = False
+            elif errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
+                buf = self.socket.recv(SSL_BLOCKSIZE)
+                if buf:
+                    self.incoming.write(buf)
+                else:
+                    self.incoming.write_eof()
+        return typing.cast(_ReturnValue, ret)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4bb1be11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/timeout.py
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+import typing
+from enum import Enum
+from socket import getdefaulttimeout
+
+from ..exceptions import TimeoutStateError
+
+if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Final
+
+
+class _TYPE_DEFAULT(Enum):
+    # This value should never be passed to socket.settimeout() so for safety we use a -1.
+    # socket.settimout() raises a ValueError for negative values.
+    token = -1
+
+
+_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT: Final[_TYPE_DEFAULT] = _TYPE_DEFAULT.token
+
+_TYPE_TIMEOUT = typing.Optional[typing.Union[float, _TYPE_DEFAULT]]
+
+
+class Timeout:
+    """Timeout configuration.
+
+    Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import urllib3
+
+        timeout = urllib3.util.Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
+
+        http = urllib3.PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
+
+        resp = http.request("GET", "https://example.com/")
+
+        print(resp.status)
+
+    Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool):
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+       response = http.request("GET", "https://example.com/", timeout=Timeout(10))
+
+    Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to ``None``:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+       no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
+       response = http.request("GET", "https://example.com/", timeout=no_timeout)
+
+
+    :param total:
+        This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout
+        will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the
+        event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read
+        timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied.
+
+        Defaults to None.
+
+    :type total: int, float, or None
+
+    :param connect:
+        The maximum amount of time (in seconds) to wait for a connection
+        attempt to a server to succeed. Omitting the parameter will default the
+        connect timeout to the system default, probably `the global default
+        timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout for connection attempts.
+
+    :type connect: int, float, or None
+
+    :param read:
+        The maximum amount of time (in seconds) to wait between consecutive
+        read operations for a response from the server. Omitting the parameter
+        will default the read timeout to the system default, probably `the
+        global default timeout in socket.py
+        <http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/603b4d593758/Lib/socket.py#l535>`_.
+        None will set an infinite timeout.
+
+    :type read: int, float, or None
+
+    .. note::
+
+        Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return
+        an HTTP response.
+
+        For example, Python's DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified
+        on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include
+        high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level,
+        or other behaviors.
+
+        In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between
+        read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server,
+        not the total amount of time for the request to return a complete
+        response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server
+        has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always
+        the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout
+        of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take
+        several minutes to complete.
+    """
+
+    #: A sentinel object representing the default timeout value
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        total: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = None,
+        connect: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        read: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._connect = self._validate_timeout(connect, "connect")
+        self._read = self._validate_timeout(read, "read")
+        self.total = self._validate_timeout(total, "total")
+        self._start_connect: float | None = None
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{type(self).__name__}(connect={self._connect!r}, read={self._read!r}, total={self.total!r})"
+
+    # __str__ provided for backwards compatibility
+    __str__ = __repr__
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def resolve_default_timeout(timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT) -> float | None:
+        return getdefaulttimeout() if timeout is _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT else timeout
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_timeout(cls, value: _TYPE_TIMEOUT, name: str) -> _TYPE_TIMEOUT:
+        """Check that a timeout attribute is valid.
+
+        :param value: The timeout value to validate
+        :param name: The name of the timeout attribute to validate. This is
+            used to specify in error messages.
+        :return: The validated and casted version of the given value.
+        :raises ValueError: If it is a numeric value less than or equal to
+            zero, or the type is not an integer, float, or None.
+        """
+        if value is None or value is _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return value
+
+        if isinstance(value, bool):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Timeout cannot be a boolean value. It must "
+                "be an int, float or None."
+            )
+        try:
+            float(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                "int, float or None." % (name, value)
+            ) from None
+
+        try:
+            if value <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Attempted to set %s timeout to %s, but the "
+                    "timeout cannot be set to a value less "
+                    "than or equal to 0." % (name, value)
+                )
+        except TypeError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Timeout value %s was %s, but it must be an "
+                "int, float or None." % (name, value)
+            ) from None
+
+        return value
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_float(cls, timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT) -> Timeout:
+        """Create a new Timeout from a legacy timeout value.
+
+        The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the
+        connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a :class:`Timeout`
+        object that sets the individual timeouts to the ``timeout`` value
+        passed to this function.
+
+        :param timeout: The legacy timeout value.
+        :type timeout: integer, float, :attr:`urllib3.util.Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT`, or None
+        :return: Timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        return Timeout(read=timeout, connect=timeout)
+
+    def clone(self) -> Timeout:
+        """Create a copy of the timeout object
+
+        Timeout properties are stored per-pool but each request needs a fresh
+        Timeout object to ensure each one has its own start/stop configured.
+
+        :return: a copy of the timeout object
+        :rtype: :class:`Timeout`
+        """
+        # We can't use copy.deepcopy because that will also create a new object
+        # for _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, which socket.py uses as a sentinel to
+        # detect the user default.
+        return Timeout(connect=self._connect, read=self._read, total=self.total)
+
+    def start_connect(self) -> float:
+        """Start the timeout clock, used during a connect() attempt
+
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to start a timer that has been started already.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is not None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError("Timeout timer has already been started.")
+        self._start_connect = time.monotonic()
+        return self._start_connect
+
+    def get_connect_duration(self) -> float:
+        """Gets the time elapsed since the call to :meth:`start_connect`.
+
+        :return: Elapsed time in seconds.
+        :rtype: float
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: if you attempt
+            to get duration for a timer that hasn't been started.
+        """
+        if self._start_connect is None:
+            raise TimeoutStateError(
+                "Can't get connect duration for timer that has not started."
+            )
+        return time.monotonic() - self._start_connect
+
+    @property
+    def connect_timeout(self) -> _TYPE_TIMEOUT:
+        """Get the value to use when setting a connection timeout.
+
+        This will be a positive float or integer, the value None
+        (never timeout), or the default system timeout.
+
+        :return: Connect timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float, :attr:`Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
+        """
+        if self.total is None:
+            return self._connect
+
+        if self._connect is None or self._connect is _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return self.total
+
+        return min(self._connect, self.total)  # type: ignore[type-var]
+
+    @property
+    def read_timeout(self) -> float | None:
+        """Get the value for the read timeout.
+
+        This assumes some time has elapsed in the connection timeout and
+        computes the read timeout appropriately.
+
+        If self.total is set, the read timeout is dependent on the amount of
+        time taken by the connect timeout. If the connection time has not been
+        established, a :exc:`~urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError` will be
+        raised.
+
+        :return: Value to use for the read timeout.
+        :rtype: int, float or None
+        :raises urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError: If :meth:`start_connect`
+            has not yet been called on this object.
+        """
+        if (
+            self.total is not None
+            and self.total is not _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+            and self._read is not None
+            and self._read is not _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+        ):
+            # In case the connect timeout has not yet been established.
+            if self._start_connect is None:
+                return self._read
+            return max(0, min(self.total - self.get_connect_duration(), self._read))
+        elif self.total is not None and self.total is not _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+            return max(0, self.total - self.get_connect_duration())
+        else:
+            return self.resolve_default_timeout(self._read)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/url.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/url.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db057f17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/url.py
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import typing
+
+from ..exceptions import LocationParseError
+from .util import to_str
+
+# We only want to normalize urls with an HTTP(S) scheme.
+# urllib3 infers URLs without a scheme (None) to be http.
+_NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES = ("http", "https", None)
+
+# Almost all of these patterns were derived from the
+# 'rfc3986' module: https://github.com/python-hyper/rfc3986
+_PERCENT_RE = re.compile(r"%[a-fA-F0-9]{2}")
+_SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r"^(?:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+-]*:|/)")
+_URI_RE = re.compile(
+    r"^(?:([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+.-]*):)?"
+    r"(?://([^\\/?#]*))?"
+    r"([^?#]*)"
+    r"(?:\?([^#]*))?"
+    r"(?:#(.*))?$",
+    re.UNICODE | re.DOTALL,
+)
+
+_IPV4_PAT = r"(?:[0-9]{1,3}\.){3}[0-9]{1,3}"
+_HEX_PAT = "[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}"
+_LS32_PAT = "(?:{hex}:{hex}|{ipv4})".format(hex=_HEX_PAT, ipv4=_IPV4_PAT)
+_subs = {"hex": _HEX_PAT, "ls32": _LS32_PAT}
+_variations = [
+    #                            6( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:%(hex)s:){6}%(ls32)s",
+    #                       "::" 5( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "::(?:%(hex)s:){5}%(ls32)s",
+    # [               h16 ] "::" 4( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:%(hex)s)?::(?:%(hex)s:){4}%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *1( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" 3( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:)?%(hex)s)?::(?:%(hex)s:){3}%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *2( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::" 2( h16 ":" ) ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,2}%(hex)s)?::(?:%(hex)s:){2}%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *3( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"    h16 ":"   ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,3}%(hex)s)?::%(hex)s:%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *4( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"              ls32
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,4}%(hex)s)?::%(ls32)s",
+    # [ *5( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"              h16
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,5}%(hex)s)?::%(hex)s",
+    # [ *6( h16 ":" ) h16 ] "::"
+    "(?:(?:%(hex)s:){0,6}%(hex)s)?::",
+]
+
+_UNRESERVED_PAT = r"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789._\-~"
+_IPV6_PAT = "(?:" + "|".join([x % _subs for x in _variations]) + ")"
+_ZONE_ID_PAT = "(?:%25|%)(?:[" + _UNRESERVED_PAT + "]|%[a-fA-F0-9]{2})+"
+_IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT = r"\[" + _IPV6_PAT + r"(?:" + _ZONE_ID_PAT + r")?\]"
+_REG_NAME_PAT = r"(?:[^\[\]%:/?#]|%[a-fA-F0-9]{2})*"
+_TARGET_RE = re.compile(r"^(/[^?#]*)(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#.*)?$")
+
+_IPV4_RE = re.compile("^" + _IPV4_PAT + "$")
+_IPV6_RE = re.compile("^" + _IPV6_PAT + "$")
+_IPV6_ADDRZ_RE = re.compile("^" + _IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT + "$")
+_BRACELESS_IPV6_ADDRZ_RE = re.compile("^" + _IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT[2:-2] + "$")
+_ZONE_ID_RE = re.compile("(" + _ZONE_ID_PAT + r")\]$")
+
+_HOST_PORT_PAT = ("^(%s|%s|%s)(?::0*?(|0|[1-9][0-9]{0,4}))?$") % (
+    _REG_NAME_PAT,
+    _IPV4_PAT,
+    _IPV6_ADDRZ_PAT,
+)
+_HOST_PORT_RE = re.compile(_HOST_PORT_PAT, re.UNICODE | re.DOTALL)
+
+_UNRESERVED_CHARS = set(
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789._-~"
+)
+_SUB_DELIM_CHARS = set("!$&'()*+,;=")
+_USERINFO_CHARS = _UNRESERVED_CHARS | _SUB_DELIM_CHARS | {":"}
+_PATH_CHARS = _USERINFO_CHARS | {"@", "/"}
+_QUERY_CHARS = _FRAGMENT_CHARS = _PATH_CHARS | {"?"}
+
+
+class Url(
+    typing.NamedTuple(
+        "Url",
+        [
+            ("scheme", typing.Optional[str]),
+            ("auth", typing.Optional[str]),
+            ("host", typing.Optional[str]),
+            ("port", typing.Optional[int]),
+            ("path", typing.Optional[str]),
+            ("query", typing.Optional[str]),
+            ("fragment", typing.Optional[str]),
+        ],
+    )
+):
+    """
+    Data structure for representing an HTTP URL. Used as a return value for
+    :func:`parse_url`. Both the scheme and host are normalized as they are
+    both case-insensitive according to RFC 3986.
+    """
+
+    def __new__(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+        cls,
+        scheme: str | None = None,
+        auth: str | None = None,
+        host: str | None = None,
+        port: int | None = None,
+        path: str | None = None,
+        query: str | None = None,
+        fragment: str | None = None,
+    ):
+        if path and not path.startswith("/"):
+            path = "/" + path
+        if scheme is not None:
+            scheme = scheme.lower()
+        return super().__new__(cls, scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment)
+
+    @property
+    def hostname(self) -> str | None:
+        """For backwards-compatibility with urlparse. We're nice like that."""
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def request_uri(self) -> str:
+        """Absolute path including the query string."""
+        uri = self.path or "/"
+
+        if self.query is not None:
+            uri += "?" + self.query
+
+        return uri
+
+    @property
+    def authority(self) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Authority component as defined in RFC 3986 3.2.
+        This includes userinfo (auth), host and port.
+
+        i.e.
+            userinfo@host:port
+        """
+        userinfo = self.auth
+        netloc = self.netloc
+        if netloc is None or userinfo is None:
+            return netloc
+        else:
+            return f"{userinfo}@{netloc}"
+
+    @property
+    def netloc(self) -> str | None:
+        """
+        Network location including host and port.
+
+        If you need the equivalent of urllib.parse's ``netloc``,
+        use the ``authority`` property instead.
+        """
+        if self.host is None:
+            return None
+        if self.port:
+            return f"{self.host}:{self.port}"
+        return self.host
+
+    @property
+    def url(self) -> str:
+        """
+        Convert self into a url
+
+        This function should more or less round-trip with :func:`.parse_url`. The
+        returned url may not be exactly the same as the url inputted to
+        :func:`.parse_url`, but it should be equivalent by the RFC (e.g., urls
+        with a blank port will have : removed).
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            import urllib3
+
+            U = urllib3.util.parse_url("https://google.com/mail/")
+
+            print(U.url)
+            # "https://google.com/mail/"
+
+            print( urllib3.util.Url("https", "username:password",
+                                    "host.com", 80, "/path", "query", "fragment"
+                                    ).url
+                )
+            # "https://username:password@host.com:80/path?query#fragment"
+        """
+        scheme, auth, host, port, path, query, fragment = self
+        url = ""
+
+        # We use "is not None" we want things to happen with empty strings (or 0 port)
+        if scheme is not None:
+            url += scheme + "://"
+        if auth is not None:
+            url += auth + "@"
+        if host is not None:
+            url += host
+        if port is not None:
+            url += ":" + str(port)
+        if path is not None:
+            url += path
+        if query is not None:
+            url += "?" + query
+        if fragment is not None:
+            url += "#" + fragment
+
+        return url
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.url
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _encode_invalid_chars(
+    component: str, allowed_chars: typing.Container[str]
+) -> str:  # Abstract
+    ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _encode_invalid_chars(
+    component: None, allowed_chars: typing.Container[str]
+) -> None:  # Abstract
+    ...
+
+
+def _encode_invalid_chars(
+    component: str | None, allowed_chars: typing.Container[str]
+) -> str | None:
+    """Percent-encodes a URI component without reapplying
+    onto an already percent-encoded component.
+    """
+    if component is None:
+        return component
+
+    component = to_str(component)
+
+    # Normalize existing percent-encoded bytes.
+    # Try to see if the component we're encoding is already percent-encoded
+    # so we can skip all '%' characters but still encode all others.
+    component, percent_encodings = _PERCENT_RE.subn(
+        lambda match: match.group(0).upper(), component
+    )
+
+    uri_bytes = component.encode("utf-8", "surrogatepass")
+    is_percent_encoded = percent_encodings == uri_bytes.count(b"%")
+    encoded_component = bytearray()
+
+    for i in range(0, len(uri_bytes)):
+        # Will return a single character bytestring
+        byte = uri_bytes[i : i + 1]
+        byte_ord = ord(byte)
+        if (is_percent_encoded and byte == b"%") or (
+            byte_ord < 128 and byte.decode() in allowed_chars
+        ):
+            encoded_component += byte
+            continue
+        encoded_component.extend(b"%" + (hex(byte_ord)[2:].encode().zfill(2).upper()))
+
+    return encoded_component.decode()
+
+
+def _remove_path_dot_segments(path: str) -> str:
+    # See http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.2.4 for pseudo-code
+    segments = path.split("/")  # Turn the path into a list of segments
+    output = []  # Initialize the variable to use to store output
+
+    for segment in segments:
+        # '.' is the current directory, so ignore it, it is superfluous
+        if segment == ".":
+            continue
+        # Anything other than '..', should be appended to the output
+        if segment != "..":
+            output.append(segment)
+        # In this case segment == '..', if we can, we should pop the last
+        # element
+        elif output:
+            output.pop()
+
+    # If the path starts with '/' and the output is empty or the first string
+    # is non-empty
+    if path.startswith("/") and (not output or output[0]):
+        output.insert(0, "")
+
+    # If the path starts with '/.' or '/..' ensure we add one more empty
+    # string to add a trailing '/'
+    if path.endswith(("/.", "/..")):
+        output.append("")
+
+    return "/".join(output)
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _normalize_host(host: None, scheme: str | None) -> None: ...
+
+
+@typing.overload
+def _normalize_host(host: str, scheme: str | None) -> str: ...
+
+
+def _normalize_host(host: str | None, scheme: str | None) -> str | None:
+    if host:
+        if scheme in _NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES:
+            is_ipv6 = _IPV6_ADDRZ_RE.match(host)
+            if is_ipv6:
+                # IPv6 hosts of the form 'a::b%zone' are encoded in a URL as
+                # such per RFC 6874: 'a::b%25zone'. Unquote the ZoneID
+                # separator as necessary to return a valid RFC 4007 scoped IP.
+                match = _ZONE_ID_RE.search(host)
+                if match:
+                    start, end = match.span(1)
+                    zone_id = host[start:end]
+
+                    if zone_id.startswith("%25") and zone_id != "%25":
+                        zone_id = zone_id[3:]
+                    else:
+                        zone_id = zone_id[1:]
+                    zone_id = _encode_invalid_chars(zone_id, _UNRESERVED_CHARS)
+                    return f"{host[:start].lower()}%{zone_id}{host[end:]}"
+                else:
+                    return host.lower()
+            elif not _IPV4_RE.match(host):
+                return to_str(
+                    b".".join([_idna_encode(label) for label in host.split(".")]),
+                    "ascii",
+                )
+    return host
+
+
+def _idna_encode(name: str) -> bytes:
+    if not name.isascii():
+        try:
+            import idna
+        except ImportError:
+            raise LocationParseError(
+                "Unable to parse URL without the 'idna' module"
+            ) from None
+
+        try:
+            return idna.encode(name.lower(), strict=True, std3_rules=True)
+        except idna.IDNAError:
+            raise LocationParseError(
+                f"Name '{name}' is not a valid IDNA label"
+            ) from None
+
+    return name.lower().encode("ascii")
+
+
+def _encode_target(target: str) -> str:
+    """Percent-encodes a request target so that there are no invalid characters
+
+    Pre-condition for this function is that 'target' must start with '/'.
+    If that is the case then _TARGET_RE will always produce a match.
+    """
+    match = _TARGET_RE.match(target)
+    if not match:  # Defensive:
+        raise LocationParseError(f"{target!r} is not a valid request URI")
+
+    path, query = match.groups()
+    encoded_target = _encode_invalid_chars(path, _PATH_CHARS)
+    if query is not None:
+        query = _encode_invalid_chars(query, _QUERY_CHARS)
+        encoded_target += "?" + query
+    return encoded_target
+
+
+def parse_url(url: str) -> Url:
+    """
+    Given a url, return a parsed :class:`.Url` namedtuple. Best-effort is
+    performed to parse incomplete urls. Fields not provided will be None.
+    This parser is RFC 3986 and RFC 6874 compliant.
+
+    The parser logic and helper functions are based heavily on
+    work done in the ``rfc3986`` module.
+
+    :param str url: URL to parse into a :class:`.Url` namedtuple.
+
+    Partly backwards-compatible with :mod:`urllib.parse`.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        import urllib3
+
+        print( urllib3.util.parse_url('http://google.com/mail/'))
+        # Url(scheme='http', host='google.com', port=None, path='/mail/', ...)
+
+        print( urllib3.util.parse_url('google.com:80'))
+        # Url(scheme=None, host='google.com', port=80, path=None, ...)
+
+        print( urllib3.util.parse_url('/foo?bar'))
+        # Url(scheme=None, host=None, port=None, path='/foo', query='bar', ...)
+    """
+    if not url:
+        # Empty
+        return Url()
+
+    source_url = url
+    if not _SCHEME_RE.search(url):
+        url = "//" + url
+
+    scheme: str | None
+    authority: str | None
+    auth: str | None
+    host: str | None
+    port: str | None
+    port_int: int | None
+    path: str | None
+    query: str | None
+    fragment: str | None
+
+    try:
+        scheme, authority, path, query, fragment = _URI_RE.match(url).groups()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+        normalize_uri = scheme is None or scheme.lower() in _NORMALIZABLE_SCHEMES
+
+        if scheme:
+            scheme = scheme.lower()
+
+        if authority:
+            auth, _, host_port = authority.rpartition("@")
+            auth = auth or None
+            host, port = _HOST_PORT_RE.match(host_port).groups()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            if auth and normalize_uri:
+                auth = _encode_invalid_chars(auth, _USERINFO_CHARS)
+            if port == "":
+                port = None
+        else:
+            auth, host, port = None, None, None
+
+        if port is not None:
+            port_int = int(port)
+            if not (0 <= port_int <= 65535):
+                raise LocationParseError(url)
+        else:
+            port_int = None
+
+        host = _normalize_host(host, scheme)
+
+        if normalize_uri and path:
+            path = _remove_path_dot_segments(path)
+            path = _encode_invalid_chars(path, _PATH_CHARS)
+        if normalize_uri and query:
+            query = _encode_invalid_chars(query, _QUERY_CHARS)
+        if normalize_uri and fragment:
+            fragment = _encode_invalid_chars(fragment, _FRAGMENT_CHARS)
+
+    except (ValueError, AttributeError) as e:
+        raise LocationParseError(source_url) from e
+
+    # For the sake of backwards compatibility we put empty
+    # string values for path if there are any defined values
+    # beyond the path in the URL.
+    # TODO: Remove this when we break backwards compatibility.
+    if not path:
+        if query is not None or fragment is not None:
+            path = ""
+        else:
+            path = None
+
+    return Url(
+        scheme=scheme,
+        auth=auth,
+        host=host,
+        port=port_int,
+        path=path,
+        query=query,
+        fragment=fragment,
+    )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/util.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/util.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..35c77e40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import typing
+from types import TracebackType
+
+
+def to_bytes(
+    x: str | bytes, encoding: str | None = None, errors: str | None = None
+) -> bytes:
+    if isinstance(x, bytes):
+        return x
+    elif not isinstance(x, str):
+        raise TypeError(f"not expecting type {type(x).__name__}")
+    if encoding or errors:
+        return x.encode(encoding or "utf-8", errors=errors or "strict")
+    return x.encode()
+
+
+def to_str(
+    x: str | bytes, encoding: str | None = None, errors: str | None = None
+) -> str:
+    if isinstance(x, str):
+        return x
+    elif not isinstance(x, bytes):
+        raise TypeError(f"not expecting type {type(x).__name__}")
+    if encoding or errors:
+        return x.decode(encoding or "utf-8", errors=errors or "strict")
+    return x.decode()
+
+
+def reraise(
+    tp: type[BaseException] | None,
+    value: BaseException,
+    tb: TracebackType | None = None,
+) -> typing.NoReturn:
+    try:
+        if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+            raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+        raise value
+    finally:
+        value = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        tb = None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/wait.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/wait.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aeca0c7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/urllib3/util/wait.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import select
+import socket
+from functools import partial
+
+__all__ = ["wait_for_read", "wait_for_write"]
+
+
+# How should we wait on sockets?
+#
+# There are two types of APIs you can use for waiting on sockets: the fancy
+# modern stateful APIs like epoll/kqueue, and the older stateless APIs like
+# select/poll. The stateful APIs are more efficient when you have a lots of
+# sockets to keep track of, because you can set them up once and then use them
+# lots of times. But we only ever want to wait on a single socket at a time
+# and don't want to keep track of state, so the stateless APIs are actually
+# more efficient. So we want to use select() or poll().
+#
+# Now, how do we choose between select() and poll()? On traditional Unixes,
+# select() has a strange calling convention that makes it slow, or fail
+# altogether, for high-numbered file descriptors. The point of poll() is to fix
+# that, so on Unixes, we prefer poll().
+#
+# On Windows, there is no poll() (or at least Python doesn't provide a wrapper
+# for it), but that's OK, because on Windows, select() doesn't have this
+# strange calling convention; plain select() works fine.
+#
+# So: on Windows we use select(), and everywhere else we use poll(). We also
+# fall back to select() in case poll() is somehow broken or missing.
+
+
+def select_wait_for_socket(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    read: bool = False,
+    write: bool = False,
+    timeout: float | None = None,
+) -> bool:
+    if not read and not write:
+        raise RuntimeError("must specify at least one of read=True, write=True")
+    rcheck = []
+    wcheck = []
+    if read:
+        rcheck.append(sock)
+    if write:
+        wcheck.append(sock)
+    # When doing a non-blocking connect, most systems signal success by
+    # marking the socket writable. Windows, though, signals success by marked
+    # it as "exceptional". We paper over the difference by checking the write
+    # sockets for both conditions. (The stdlib selectors module does the same
+    # thing.)
+    fn = partial(select.select, rcheck, wcheck, wcheck)
+    rready, wready, xready = fn(timeout)
+    return bool(rready or wready or xready)
+
+
+def poll_wait_for_socket(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    read: bool = False,
+    write: bool = False,
+    timeout: float | None = None,
+) -> bool:
+    if not read and not write:
+        raise RuntimeError("must specify at least one of read=True, write=True")
+    mask = 0
+    if read:
+        mask |= select.POLLIN
+    if write:
+        mask |= select.POLLOUT
+    poll_obj = select.poll()
+    poll_obj.register(sock, mask)
+
+    # For some reason, poll() takes timeout in milliseconds
+    def do_poll(t: float | None) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
+        if t is not None:
+            t *= 1000
+        return poll_obj.poll(t)
+
+    return bool(do_poll(timeout))
+
+
+def _have_working_poll() -> bool:
+    # Apparently some systems have a select.poll that fails as soon as you try
+    # to use it, either due to strange configuration or broken monkeypatching
+    # from libraries like eventlet/greenlet.
+    try:
+        poll_obj = select.poll()
+        poll_obj.poll(0)
+    except (AttributeError, OSError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        return True
+
+
+def wait_for_socket(
+    sock: socket.socket,
+    read: bool = False,
+    write: bool = False,
+    timeout: float | None = None,
+) -> bool:
+    # We delay choosing which implementation to use until the first time we're
+    # called. We could do it at import time, but then we might make the wrong
+    # decision if someone goes wild with monkeypatching select.poll after
+    # we're imported.
+    global wait_for_socket
+    if _have_working_poll():
+        wait_for_socket = poll_wait_for_socket
+    elif hasattr(select, "select"):
+        wait_for_socket = select_wait_for_socket
+    return wait_for_socket(sock, read, write, timeout)
+
+
+def wait_for_read(sock: socket.socket, timeout: float | None = None) -> bool:
+    """Waits for reading to be available on a given socket.
+    Returns True if the socket is readable, or False if the timeout expired.
+    """
+    return wait_for_socket(sock, read=True, timeout=timeout)
+
+
+def wait_for_write(sock: socket.socket, timeout: float | None = None) -> bool:
+    """Waits for writing to be available on a given socket.
+    Returns True if the socket is readable, or False if the timeout expired.
+    """
+    return wait_for_socket(sock, write=True, timeout=timeout)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6023df48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.4
+Name: uvicorn
+Version: 0.34.2
+Summary: The lightning-fast ASGI server.
+Project-URL: Changelog, https://www.uvicorn.org/release-notes
+Project-URL: Funding, https://github.com/sponsors/encode
+Project-URL: Homepage, https://www.uvicorn.org/
+Project-URL: Source, https://github.com/encode/uvicorn
+Author-email: Tom Christie <tom@tomchristie.com>, Marcelo Trylesinski <marcelotryle@gmail.com>
+License-Expression: BSD-3-Clause
+License-File: LICENSE.md
+Classifier: Development Status :: 4 - Beta
+Classifier: Environment :: Web Environment
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Operating System :: OS Independent
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: CPython
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: Implementation :: PyPy
+Classifier: Topic :: Internet :: WWW/HTTP
+Requires-Python: >=3.9
+Requires-Dist: click>=7.0
+Requires-Dist: h11>=0.8
+Requires-Dist: typing-extensions>=4.0; python_version < '3.11'
+Provides-Extra: standard
+Requires-Dist: colorama>=0.4; (sys_platform == 'win32') and extra == 'standard'
+Requires-Dist: httptools>=0.6.3; extra == 'standard'
+Requires-Dist: python-dotenv>=0.13; extra == 'standard'
+Requires-Dist: pyyaml>=5.1; extra == 'standard'
+Requires-Dist: uvloop!=0.15.0,!=0.15.1,>=0.14.0; (sys_platform != 'win32' and (sys_platform != 'cygwin' and platform_python_implementation != 'PyPy')) and extra == 'standard'
+Requires-Dist: watchfiles>=0.13; extra == 'standard'
+Requires-Dist: websockets>=10.4; extra == 'standard'
+Description-Content-Type: text/markdown
+
+<p align="center">
+  <img width="320" height="320" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tomchristie/uvicorn/master/docs/uvicorn.png" alt='uvicorn'>
+</p>
+
+<p align="center">
+<em>An ASGI web server, for Python.</em>
+</p>
+
+---
+
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/workflows/Test%20Suite/badge.svg)](https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/actions)
+[![Package version](https://badge.fury.io/py/uvicorn.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uvicorn)
+[![Supported Python Version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/uvicorn.svg?color=%2334D058)](https://pypi.org/project/uvicorn)
+
+**Documentation**: [https://www.uvicorn.org](https://www.uvicorn.org)
+
+---
+
+Uvicorn is an ASGI web server implementation for Python.
+
+Until recently Python has lacked a minimal low-level server/application interface for
+async frameworks. The [ASGI specification][asgi] fills this gap, and means we're now able to
+start building a common set of tooling usable across all async frameworks.
+
+Uvicorn supports HTTP/1.1 and WebSockets.
+
+## Quickstart
+
+Install using `pip`:
+
+```shell
+$ pip install uvicorn
+```
+
+This will install uvicorn with minimal (pure Python) dependencies.
+
+```shell
+$ pip install 'uvicorn[standard]'
+```
+
+This will install uvicorn with "Cython-based" dependencies (where possible) and other "optional extras".
+
+In this context, "Cython-based" means the following:
+
+- the event loop `uvloop` will be installed and used if possible.
+- the http protocol will be handled by `httptools` if possible.
+
+Moreover, "optional extras" means that:
+
+- the websocket protocol will be handled by `websockets` (should you want to use `wsproto` you'd need to install it manually) if possible.
+- the `--reload` flag in development mode will use `watchfiles`.
+- windows users will have `colorama` installed for the colored logs.
+- `python-dotenv` will be installed should you want to use the `--env-file` option.
+- `PyYAML` will be installed to allow you to provide a `.yaml` file to `--log-config`, if desired.
+
+Create an application, in `example.py`:
+
+```python
+async def app(scope, receive, send):
+    assert scope['type'] == 'http'
+
+    await send({
+        'type': 'http.response.start',
+        'status': 200,
+        'headers': [
+            (b'content-type', b'text/plain'),
+        ],
+    })
+    await send({
+        'type': 'http.response.body',
+        'body': b'Hello, world!',
+    })
+```
+
+Run the server:
+
+```shell
+$ uvicorn example:app
+```
+
+---
+
+## Why ASGI?
+
+Most well established Python Web frameworks started out as WSGI-based frameworks.
+
+WSGI applications are a single, synchronous callable that takes a request and returns a response.
+This doesn’t allow for long-lived connections, like you get with long-poll HTTP or WebSocket connections,
+which WSGI doesn't support well.
+
+Having an async concurrency model also allows for options such as lightweight background tasks,
+and can be less of a limiting factor for endpoints that have long periods being blocked on network
+I/O such as dealing with slow HTTP requests.
+
+---
+
+## Alternative ASGI servers
+
+A strength of the ASGI protocol is that it decouples the server implementation
+from the application framework. This allows for an ecosystem of interoperating
+webservers and application frameworks.
+
+### Daphne
+
+The first ASGI server implementation, originally developed to power Django Channels, is [the Daphne webserver][daphne].
+
+It is run widely in production, and supports HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and WebSockets.
+
+Any of the example applications given here can equally well be run using `daphne` instead.
+
+```
+$ pip install daphne
+$ daphne app:App
+```
+
+### Hypercorn
+
+[Hypercorn][hypercorn] was initially part of the Quart web framework, before
+being separated out into a standalone ASGI server.
+
+Hypercorn supports HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2, and WebSockets.
+
+It also supports [the excellent `trio` async framework][trio], as an alternative to `asyncio`.
+
+```
+$ pip install hypercorn
+$ hypercorn app:App
+```
+
+### Mangum
+
+[Mangum][mangum] is an adapter for using ASGI applications with AWS Lambda & API Gateway.
+
+### Granian
+
+[Granian][granian] is an ASGI compatible Rust HTTP server which supports HTTP/2, TLS and WebSockets.
+
+---
+
+<p align="center"><i>Uvicorn is <a href="https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/blob/master/LICENSE.md">BSD licensed</a> code.<br/>Designed & crafted with care.</i><br/>&mdash; 🦄  &mdash;</p>
+
+[asgi]: https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+[daphne]: https://github.com/django/daphne
+[hypercorn]: https://github.com/pgjones/hypercorn
+[trio]: https://trio.readthedocs.io
+[mangum]: https://github.com/jordaneremieff/mangum
+[granian]: https://github.com/emmett-framework/granian
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..435d37bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+../../Scripts/uvicorn.exe,sha256=_MAwp8xv_deQAaMUL1L16Uau0yrads-pfdLJVGLO48U,108399
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+uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md,sha256=7-Gs8-YvuZwoiw7HPlp3O3Jo70Mg_nV-qZQhTktjw3E,1526
+uvicorn/__init__.py,sha256=jcZ4XeMQu13Rqvp-TeOhLhZn26yKMbfQ9lr6heDAsO8,147
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/REQUESTED b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/REQUESTED
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12228d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: hatchling 1.27.0
+Root-Is-Purelib: true
+Tag: py3-none-any
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4b00fcb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/entry_points.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[console_scripts]
+uvicorn = uvicorn.main:main
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6bba145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn-0.34.2.dist-info/licenses/LICENSE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright © 2017-present, [Encode OSS Ltd](https://www.encode.io/).
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
+  contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+  this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e8f4b2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.main import Server, main, run
+
+__version__ = "0.34.2"
+__all__ = ["main", "run", "Config", "Server"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__main__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a1dc979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+import uvicorn
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    uvicorn.main()
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__pycache__/server.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__pycache__/server.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__pycache__/workers.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/__pycache__/workers.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/_subprocess.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/_subprocess.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c06844d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/_subprocess.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+"""
+Some light wrappers around Python's multiprocessing, to deal with cleanly
+starting child processes.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import multiprocessing
+import os
+import sys
+from multiprocessing.context import SpawnProcess
+from socket import socket
+from typing import Callable
+
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+
+multiprocessing.allow_connection_pickling()
+spawn = multiprocessing.get_context("spawn")
+
+
+def get_subprocess(
+    config: Config,
+    target: Callable[..., None],
+    sockets: list[socket],
+) -> SpawnProcess:
+    """
+    Called in the parent process, to instantiate a new child process instance.
+    The child is not yet started at this point.
+
+    * config - The Uvicorn configuration instance.
+    * target - A callable that accepts a list of sockets. In practice this will
+               be the `Server.run()` method.
+    * sockets - A list of sockets to pass to the server. Sockets are bound once
+                by the parent process, and then passed to the child processes.
+    """
+    # We pass across the stdin fileno, and reopen it in the child process.
+    # This is required for some debugging environments.
+    try:
+        stdin_fileno = sys.stdin.fileno()
+    # The `sys.stdin` can be `None`, see https://docs.python.org/3/library/sys.html#sys.__stdin__.
+    except (AttributeError, OSError):
+        stdin_fileno = None
+
+    kwargs = {
+        "config": config,
+        "target": target,
+        "sockets": sockets,
+        "stdin_fileno": stdin_fileno,
+    }
+
+    return spawn.Process(target=subprocess_started, kwargs=kwargs)
+
+
+def subprocess_started(
+    config: Config,
+    target: Callable[..., None],
+    sockets: list[socket],
+    stdin_fileno: int | None,
+) -> None:
+    """
+    Called when the child process starts.
+
+    * config - The Uvicorn configuration instance.
+    * target - A callable that accepts a list of sockets. In practice this will
+               be the `Server.run()` method.
+    * sockets - A list of sockets to pass to the server. Sockets are bound once
+                by the parent process, and then passed to the child processes.
+    * stdin_fileno - The file number of sys.stdin, so that it can be reattached
+                     to the child process.
+    """
+    # Re-open stdin.
+    if stdin_fileno is not None:
+        sys.stdin = os.fdopen(stdin_fileno)  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    # Logging needs to be setup again for each child.
+    config.configure_logging()
+
+    try:
+        # Now we can call into `Server.run(sockets=sockets)`
+        target(sockets=sockets)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:  # pragma: no cover
+        # supress the exception to avoid a traceback from subprocess.Popen
+        # the parent already expects us to end, so no vital information is lost
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/_types.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c927cc11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+"""
+Copyright (c) Django Software Foundation and individual contributors.
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
+       this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+    3. Neither the name of Django nor the names of its contributors may be used
+       to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+       specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
+ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import types
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Iterable, MutableMapping
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, Optional, Protocol, TypedDict, Union
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):  # pragma: py-lt-311
+    from typing import NotRequired
+else:  # pragma: py-gte-311
+    from typing_extensions import NotRequired
+
+# WSGI
+Environ = MutableMapping[str, Any]
+ExcInfo = tuple[type[BaseException], BaseException, Optional[types.TracebackType]]
+StartResponse = Callable[[str, Iterable[tuple[str, str]], Optional[ExcInfo]], None]
+WSGIApp = Callable[[Environ, StartResponse], Union[Iterable[bytes], BaseException]]
+
+
+# ASGI
+class ASGIVersions(TypedDict):
+    spec_version: str
+    version: Literal["2.0"] | Literal["3.0"]
+
+
+class HTTPScope(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http"]
+    asgi: ASGIVersions
+    http_version: str
+    method: str
+    scheme: str
+    path: str
+    raw_path: bytes
+    query_string: bytes
+    root_path: str
+    headers: Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]]
+    client: tuple[str, int] | None
+    server: tuple[str, int | None] | None
+    state: NotRequired[dict[str, Any]]
+    extensions: NotRequired[dict[str, dict[object, object]]]
+
+
+class WebSocketScope(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket"]
+    asgi: ASGIVersions
+    http_version: str
+    scheme: str
+    path: str
+    raw_path: bytes
+    query_string: bytes
+    root_path: str
+    headers: Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]]
+    client: tuple[str, int] | None
+    server: tuple[str, int | None] | None
+    subprotocols: Iterable[str]
+    state: NotRequired[dict[str, Any]]
+    extensions: NotRequired[dict[str, dict[object, object]]]
+
+
+class LifespanScope(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["lifespan"]
+    asgi: ASGIVersions
+    state: NotRequired[dict[str, Any]]
+
+
+WWWScope = Union[HTTPScope, WebSocketScope]
+Scope = Union[HTTPScope, WebSocketScope, LifespanScope]
+
+
+class HTTPRequestEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http.request"]
+    body: bytes
+    more_body: bool
+
+
+class HTTPResponseDebugEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http.response.debug"]
+    info: dict[str, object]
+
+
+class HTTPResponseStartEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http.response.start"]
+    status: int
+    headers: NotRequired[Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]]]
+    trailers: NotRequired[bool]
+
+
+class HTTPResponseBodyEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http.response.body"]
+    body: bytes
+    more_body: NotRequired[bool]
+
+
+class HTTPResponseTrailersEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http.response.trailers"]
+    headers: Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]]
+    more_trailers: bool
+
+
+class HTTPServerPushEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http.response.push"]
+    path: str
+    headers: Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]]
+
+
+class HTTPDisconnectEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["http.disconnect"]
+
+
+class WebSocketConnectEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.connect"]
+
+
+class WebSocketAcceptEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.accept"]
+    subprotocol: NotRequired[str | None]
+    headers: NotRequired[Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]]]
+
+
+class _WebSocketReceiveEventBytes(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.receive"]
+    bytes: bytes
+    text: NotRequired[None]
+
+
+class _WebSocketReceiveEventText(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.receive"]
+    bytes: NotRequired[None]
+    text: str
+
+
+WebSocketReceiveEvent = Union[_WebSocketReceiveEventBytes, _WebSocketReceiveEventText]
+
+
+class _WebSocketSendEventBytes(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.send"]
+    bytes: bytes
+    text: NotRequired[None]
+
+
+class _WebSocketSendEventText(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.send"]
+    bytes: NotRequired[None]
+    text: str
+
+
+WebSocketSendEvent = Union[_WebSocketSendEventBytes, _WebSocketSendEventText]
+
+
+class WebSocketResponseStartEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.http.response.start"]
+    status: int
+    headers: Iterable[tuple[bytes, bytes]]
+
+
+class WebSocketResponseBodyEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.http.response.body"]
+    body: bytes
+    more_body: NotRequired[bool]
+
+
+class WebSocketDisconnectEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.disconnect"]
+    code: int
+    reason: NotRequired[str | None]
+
+
+class WebSocketCloseEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["websocket.close"]
+    code: NotRequired[int]
+    reason: NotRequired[str | None]
+
+
+class LifespanStartupEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["lifespan.startup"]
+
+
+class LifespanShutdownEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["lifespan.shutdown"]
+
+
+class LifespanStartupCompleteEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["lifespan.startup.complete"]
+
+
+class LifespanStartupFailedEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["lifespan.startup.failed"]
+    message: str
+
+
+class LifespanShutdownCompleteEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["lifespan.shutdown.complete"]
+
+
+class LifespanShutdownFailedEvent(TypedDict):
+    type: Literal["lifespan.shutdown.failed"]
+    message: str
+
+
+WebSocketEvent = Union[WebSocketReceiveEvent, WebSocketDisconnectEvent, WebSocketConnectEvent]
+
+
+ASGIReceiveEvent = Union[
+    HTTPRequestEvent,
+    HTTPDisconnectEvent,
+    WebSocketConnectEvent,
+    WebSocketReceiveEvent,
+    WebSocketDisconnectEvent,
+    LifespanStartupEvent,
+    LifespanShutdownEvent,
+]
+
+
+ASGISendEvent = Union[
+    HTTPResponseStartEvent,
+    HTTPResponseBodyEvent,
+    HTTPResponseTrailersEvent,
+    HTTPServerPushEvent,
+    HTTPDisconnectEvent,
+    WebSocketAcceptEvent,
+    WebSocketSendEvent,
+    WebSocketResponseStartEvent,
+    WebSocketResponseBodyEvent,
+    WebSocketCloseEvent,
+    LifespanStartupCompleteEvent,
+    LifespanStartupFailedEvent,
+    LifespanShutdownCompleteEvent,
+    LifespanShutdownFailedEvent,
+]
+
+
+ASGIReceiveCallable = Callable[[], Awaitable[ASGIReceiveEvent]]
+ASGISendCallable = Callable[[ASGISendEvent], Awaitable[None]]
+
+
+class ASGI2Protocol(Protocol):
+    def __init__(self, scope: Scope) -> None: ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+    async def __call__(self, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None: ...  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+ASGI2Application = type[ASGI2Protocol]
+ASGI3Application = Callable[
+    [
+        Scope,
+        ASGIReceiveCallable,
+        ASGISendCallable,
+    ],
+    Awaitable[None],
+]
+ASGIApplication = Union[ASGI2Application, ASGI3Application]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/config.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/config.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ae996c1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import json
+import logging
+import logging.config
+import os
+import socket
+import ssl
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Awaitable
+from configparser import RawConfigParser
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import IO, Any, Callable, Literal
+
+import click
+
+from uvicorn._types import ASGIApplication
+from uvicorn.importer import ImportFromStringError, import_from_string
+from uvicorn.logging import TRACE_LOG_LEVEL
+from uvicorn.middleware.asgi2 import ASGI2Middleware
+from uvicorn.middleware.message_logger import MessageLoggerMiddleware
+from uvicorn.middleware.proxy_headers import ProxyHeadersMiddleware
+from uvicorn.middleware.wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
+
+HTTPProtocolType = Literal["auto", "h11", "httptools"]
+WSProtocolType = Literal["auto", "none", "websockets", "wsproto"]
+LifespanType = Literal["auto", "on", "off"]
+LoopSetupType = Literal["none", "auto", "asyncio", "uvloop"]
+InterfaceType = Literal["auto", "asgi3", "asgi2", "wsgi"]
+
+LOG_LEVELS: dict[str, int] = {
+    "critical": logging.CRITICAL,
+    "error": logging.ERROR,
+    "warning": logging.WARNING,
+    "info": logging.INFO,
+    "debug": logging.DEBUG,
+    "trace": TRACE_LOG_LEVEL,
+}
+HTTP_PROTOCOLS: dict[HTTPProtocolType, str] = {
+    "auto": "uvicorn.protocols.http.auto:AutoHTTPProtocol",
+    "h11": "uvicorn.protocols.http.h11_impl:H11Protocol",
+    "httptools": "uvicorn.protocols.http.httptools_impl:HttpToolsProtocol",
+}
+WS_PROTOCOLS: dict[WSProtocolType, str | None] = {
+    "auto": "uvicorn.protocols.websockets.auto:AutoWebSocketsProtocol",
+    "none": None,
+    "websockets": "uvicorn.protocols.websockets.websockets_impl:WebSocketProtocol",
+    "wsproto": "uvicorn.protocols.websockets.wsproto_impl:WSProtocol",
+}
+LIFESPAN: dict[LifespanType, str] = {
+    "auto": "uvicorn.lifespan.on:LifespanOn",
+    "on": "uvicorn.lifespan.on:LifespanOn",
+    "off": "uvicorn.lifespan.off:LifespanOff",
+}
+LOOP_SETUPS: dict[LoopSetupType, str | None] = {
+    "none": None,
+    "auto": "uvicorn.loops.auto:auto_loop_setup",
+    "asyncio": "uvicorn.loops.asyncio:asyncio_setup",
+    "uvloop": "uvicorn.loops.uvloop:uvloop_setup",
+}
+INTERFACES: list[InterfaceType] = ["auto", "asgi3", "asgi2", "wsgi"]
+
+SSL_PROTOCOL_VERSION: int = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER
+
+LOGGING_CONFIG: dict[str, Any] = {
+    "version": 1,
+    "disable_existing_loggers": False,
+    "formatters": {
+        "default": {
+            "()": "uvicorn.logging.DefaultFormatter",
+            "fmt": "%(levelprefix)s %(message)s",
+            "use_colors": None,
+        },
+        "access": {
+            "()": "uvicorn.logging.AccessFormatter",
+            "fmt": '%(levelprefix)s %(client_addr)s - "%(request_line)s" %(status_code)s',  # noqa: E501
+        },
+    },
+    "handlers": {
+        "default": {
+            "formatter": "default",
+            "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
+            "stream": "ext://sys.stderr",
+        },
+        "access": {
+            "formatter": "access",
+            "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
+            "stream": "ext://sys.stdout",
+        },
+    },
+    "loggers": {
+        "uvicorn": {"handlers": ["default"], "level": "INFO", "propagate": False},
+        "uvicorn.error": {"level": "INFO"},
+        "uvicorn.access": {"handlers": ["access"], "level": "INFO", "propagate": False},
+    },
+}
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+
+
+def create_ssl_context(
+    certfile: str | os.PathLike[str],
+    keyfile: str | os.PathLike[str] | None,
+    password: str | None,
+    ssl_version: int,
+    cert_reqs: int,
+    ca_certs: str | os.PathLike[str] | None,
+    ciphers: str | None,
+) -> ssl.SSLContext:
+    ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl_version)
+    get_password = (lambda: password) if password else None
+    ctx.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile, get_password)
+    ctx.verify_mode = ssl.VerifyMode(cert_reqs)
+    if ca_certs:
+        ctx.load_verify_locations(ca_certs)
+    if ciphers:
+        ctx.set_ciphers(ciphers)
+    return ctx
+
+
+def is_dir(path: Path) -> bool:
+    try:
+        if not path.is_absolute():
+            path = path.resolve()
+        return path.is_dir()
+    except OSError:  # pragma: full coverage
+        return False
+
+
+def resolve_reload_patterns(patterns_list: list[str], directories_list: list[str]) -> tuple[list[str], list[Path]]:
+    directories: list[Path] = list(set(map(Path, directories_list.copy())))
+    patterns: list[str] = patterns_list.copy()
+
+    current_working_directory = Path.cwd()
+    for pattern in patterns_list:
+        # Special case for the .* pattern, otherwise this would only match
+        # hidden directories which is probably undesired
+        if pattern == ".*":
+            continue  # pragma: py-not-linux
+        patterns.append(pattern)
+        if is_dir(Path(pattern)):
+            directories.append(Path(pattern))
+        else:
+            for match in current_working_directory.glob(pattern):
+                if is_dir(match):
+                    directories.append(match)
+
+    directories = list(set(directories))
+    directories = list(map(Path, directories))
+    directories = list(map(lambda x: x.resolve(), directories))
+    directories = list({reload_path for reload_path in directories if is_dir(reload_path)})
+
+    children = []
+    for j in range(len(directories)):
+        for k in range(j + 1, len(directories)):  # pragma: full coverage
+            if directories[j] in directories[k].parents:
+                children.append(directories[k])
+            elif directories[k] in directories[j].parents:
+                children.append(directories[j])
+
+    directories = list(set(directories).difference(set(children)))
+
+    return list(set(patterns)), directories
+
+
+def _normalize_dirs(dirs: list[str] | str | None) -> list[str]:
+    if dirs is None:
+        return []
+    if isinstance(dirs, str):
+        return [dirs]
+    return list(set(dirs))
+
+
+class Config:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: ASGIApplication | Callable[..., Any] | str,
+        host: str = "127.0.0.1",
+        port: int = 8000,
+        uds: str | None = None,
+        fd: int | None = None,
+        loop: LoopSetupType = "auto",
+        http: type[asyncio.Protocol] | HTTPProtocolType = "auto",
+        ws: type[asyncio.Protocol] | WSProtocolType = "auto",
+        ws_max_size: int = 16 * 1024 * 1024,
+        ws_max_queue: int = 32,
+        ws_ping_interval: float | None = 20.0,
+        ws_ping_timeout: float | None = 20.0,
+        ws_per_message_deflate: bool = True,
+        lifespan: LifespanType = "auto",
+        env_file: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+        log_config: dict[str, Any] | str | RawConfigParser | IO[Any] | None = LOGGING_CONFIG,
+        log_level: str | int | None = None,
+        access_log: bool = True,
+        use_colors: bool | None = None,
+        interface: InterfaceType = "auto",
+        reload: bool = False,
+        reload_dirs: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        reload_delay: float = 0.25,
+        reload_includes: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        reload_excludes: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        workers: int | None = None,
+        proxy_headers: bool = True,
+        server_header: bool = True,
+        date_header: bool = True,
+        forwarded_allow_ips: list[str] | str | None = None,
+        root_path: str = "",
+        limit_concurrency: int | None = None,
+        limit_max_requests: int | None = None,
+        backlog: int = 2048,
+        timeout_keep_alive: int = 5,
+        timeout_notify: int = 30,
+        timeout_graceful_shutdown: int | None = None,
+        callback_notify: Callable[..., Awaitable[None]] | None = None,
+        ssl_keyfile: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+        ssl_certfile: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+        ssl_keyfile_password: str | None = None,
+        ssl_version: int = SSL_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+        ssl_cert_reqs: int = ssl.CERT_NONE,
+        ssl_ca_certs: str | None = None,
+        ssl_ciphers: str = "TLSv1",
+        headers: list[tuple[str, str]] | None = None,
+        factory: bool = False,
+        h11_max_incomplete_event_size: int | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.app = app
+        self.host = host
+        self.port = port
+        self.uds = uds
+        self.fd = fd
+        self.loop = loop
+        self.http = http
+        self.ws = ws
+        self.ws_max_size = ws_max_size
+        self.ws_max_queue = ws_max_queue
+        self.ws_ping_interval = ws_ping_interval
+        self.ws_ping_timeout = ws_ping_timeout
+        self.ws_per_message_deflate = ws_per_message_deflate
+        self.lifespan = lifespan
+        self.log_config = log_config
+        self.log_level = log_level
+        self.access_log = access_log
+        self.use_colors = use_colors
+        self.interface = interface
+        self.reload = reload
+        self.reload_delay = reload_delay
+        self.workers = workers or 1
+        self.proxy_headers = proxy_headers
+        self.server_header = server_header
+        self.date_header = date_header
+        self.root_path = root_path
+        self.limit_concurrency = limit_concurrency
+        self.limit_max_requests = limit_max_requests
+        self.backlog = backlog
+        self.timeout_keep_alive = timeout_keep_alive
+        self.timeout_notify = timeout_notify
+        self.timeout_graceful_shutdown = timeout_graceful_shutdown
+        self.callback_notify = callback_notify
+        self.ssl_keyfile = ssl_keyfile
+        self.ssl_certfile = ssl_certfile
+        self.ssl_keyfile_password = ssl_keyfile_password
+        self.ssl_version = ssl_version
+        self.ssl_cert_reqs = ssl_cert_reqs
+        self.ssl_ca_certs = ssl_ca_certs
+        self.ssl_ciphers = ssl_ciphers
+        self.headers: list[tuple[str, str]] = headers or []
+        self.encoded_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+        self.factory = factory
+        self.h11_max_incomplete_event_size = h11_max_incomplete_event_size
+
+        self.loaded = False
+        self.configure_logging()
+
+        self.reload_dirs: list[Path] = []
+        self.reload_dirs_excludes: list[Path] = []
+        self.reload_includes: list[str] = []
+        self.reload_excludes: list[str] = []
+
+        if (reload_dirs or reload_includes or reload_excludes) and not self.should_reload:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Current configuration will not reload as not all conditions are met, please refer to documentation."
+            )
+
+        if self.should_reload:
+            reload_dirs = _normalize_dirs(reload_dirs)
+            reload_includes = _normalize_dirs(reload_includes)
+            reload_excludes = _normalize_dirs(reload_excludes)
+
+            self.reload_includes, self.reload_dirs = resolve_reload_patterns(reload_includes, reload_dirs)
+
+            self.reload_excludes, self.reload_dirs_excludes = resolve_reload_patterns(reload_excludes, [])
+
+            reload_dirs_tmp = self.reload_dirs.copy()
+
+            for directory in self.reload_dirs_excludes:
+                for reload_directory in reload_dirs_tmp:
+                    if directory == reload_directory or directory in reload_directory.parents:
+                        try:
+                            self.reload_dirs.remove(reload_directory)
+                        except ValueError:  # pragma: full coverage
+                            pass
+
+            for pattern in self.reload_excludes:
+                if pattern in self.reload_includes:
+                    self.reload_includes.remove(pattern)  # pragma: full coverage
+
+            if not self.reload_dirs:
+                if reload_dirs:
+                    logger.warning(
+                        "Provided reload directories %s did not contain valid "
+                        + "directories, watching current working directory.",
+                        reload_dirs,
+                    )
+                self.reload_dirs = [Path(os.getcwd())]
+
+            logger.info(
+                "Will watch for changes in these directories: %s",
+                sorted(list(map(str, self.reload_dirs))),
+            )
+
+        if env_file is not None:
+            from dotenv import load_dotenv
+
+            logger.info("Loading environment from '%s'", env_file)
+            load_dotenv(dotenv_path=env_file)
+
+        if workers is None and "WEB_CONCURRENCY" in os.environ:
+            self.workers = int(os.environ["WEB_CONCURRENCY"])
+
+        self.forwarded_allow_ips: list[str] | str
+        if forwarded_allow_ips is None:
+            self.forwarded_allow_ips = os.environ.get("FORWARDED_ALLOW_IPS", "127.0.0.1")
+        else:
+            self.forwarded_allow_ips = forwarded_allow_ips  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        if self.reload and self.workers > 1:
+            logger.warning('"workers" flag is ignored when reloading is enabled.')
+
+    @property
+    def asgi_version(self) -> Literal["2.0", "3.0"]:
+        mapping: dict[str, Literal["2.0", "3.0"]] = {
+            "asgi2": "2.0",
+            "asgi3": "3.0",
+            "wsgi": "3.0",
+        }
+        return mapping[self.interface]
+
+    @property
+    def is_ssl(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.ssl_keyfile or self.ssl_certfile)
+
+    @property
+    def use_subprocess(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(self.reload or self.workers > 1)
+
+    def configure_logging(self) -> None:
+        logging.addLevelName(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "TRACE")
+
+        if self.log_config is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.log_config, dict):
+                if self.use_colors in (True, False):
+                    self.log_config["formatters"]["default"]["use_colors"] = self.use_colors
+                    self.log_config["formatters"]["access"]["use_colors"] = self.use_colors
+                logging.config.dictConfig(self.log_config)
+            elif isinstance(self.log_config, str) and self.log_config.endswith(".json"):
+                with open(self.log_config) as file:
+                    loaded_config = json.load(file)
+                    logging.config.dictConfig(loaded_config)
+            elif isinstance(self.log_config, str) and self.log_config.endswith((".yaml", ".yml")):
+                # Install the PyYAML package or the uvicorn[standard] optional
+                # dependencies to enable this functionality.
+                import yaml
+
+                with open(self.log_config) as file:
+                    loaded_config = yaml.safe_load(file)
+                    logging.config.dictConfig(loaded_config)
+            else:
+                # See the note about fileConfig() here:
+                # https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.config.html#configuration-file-format
+                logging.config.fileConfig(self.log_config, disable_existing_loggers=False)
+
+        if self.log_level is not None:
+            if isinstance(self.log_level, str):
+                log_level = LOG_LEVELS[self.log_level]
+            else:
+                log_level = self.log_level
+            logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error").setLevel(log_level)
+            logging.getLogger("uvicorn.access").setLevel(log_level)
+            logging.getLogger("uvicorn.asgi").setLevel(log_level)
+        if self.access_log is False:
+            logging.getLogger("uvicorn.access").handlers = []
+            logging.getLogger("uvicorn.access").propagate = False
+
+    def load(self) -> None:
+        assert not self.loaded
+
+        if self.is_ssl:
+            assert self.ssl_certfile
+            self.ssl: ssl.SSLContext | None = create_ssl_context(
+                keyfile=self.ssl_keyfile,
+                certfile=self.ssl_certfile,
+                password=self.ssl_keyfile_password,
+                ssl_version=self.ssl_version,
+                cert_reqs=self.ssl_cert_reqs,
+                ca_certs=self.ssl_ca_certs,
+                ciphers=self.ssl_ciphers,
+            )
+        else:
+            self.ssl = None
+
+        encoded_headers = [(key.lower().encode("latin1"), value.encode("latin1")) for key, value in self.headers]
+        self.encoded_headers = (
+            [(b"server", b"uvicorn")] + encoded_headers
+            if b"server" not in dict(encoded_headers) and self.server_header
+            else encoded_headers
+        )
+
+        if isinstance(self.http, str):
+            http_protocol_class = import_from_string(HTTP_PROTOCOLS[self.http])
+            self.http_protocol_class: type[asyncio.Protocol] = http_protocol_class
+        else:
+            self.http_protocol_class = self.http
+
+        if isinstance(self.ws, str):
+            ws_protocol_class = import_from_string(WS_PROTOCOLS[self.ws])
+            self.ws_protocol_class: type[asyncio.Protocol] | None = ws_protocol_class
+        else:
+            self.ws_protocol_class = self.ws
+
+        self.lifespan_class = import_from_string(LIFESPAN[self.lifespan])
+
+        try:
+            self.loaded_app = import_from_string(self.app)
+        except ImportFromStringError as exc:
+            logger.error("Error loading ASGI app. %s" % exc)
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        try:
+            self.loaded_app = self.loaded_app()
+        except TypeError as exc:
+            if self.factory:
+                logger.error("Error loading ASGI app factory: %s", exc)
+                sys.exit(1)
+        else:
+            if not self.factory:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "ASGI app factory detected. Using it, but please consider setting the --factory flag explicitly."
+                )
+
+        if self.interface == "auto":
+            if inspect.isclass(self.loaded_app):
+                use_asgi_3 = hasattr(self.loaded_app, "__await__")
+            elif inspect.isfunction(self.loaded_app):
+                use_asgi_3 = asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(self.loaded_app)
+            else:
+                call = getattr(self.loaded_app, "__call__", None)
+                use_asgi_3 = asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(call)
+            self.interface = "asgi3" if use_asgi_3 else "asgi2"
+
+        if self.interface == "wsgi":
+            self.loaded_app = WSGIMiddleware(self.loaded_app)
+            self.ws_protocol_class = None
+        elif self.interface == "asgi2":
+            self.loaded_app = ASGI2Middleware(self.loaded_app)
+
+        if logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            self.loaded_app = MessageLoggerMiddleware(self.loaded_app)
+        if self.proxy_headers:
+            self.loaded_app = ProxyHeadersMiddleware(self.loaded_app, trusted_hosts=self.forwarded_allow_ips)
+
+        self.loaded = True
+
+    def setup_event_loop(self) -> None:
+        loop_setup: Callable | None = import_from_string(LOOP_SETUPS[self.loop])
+        if loop_setup is not None:
+            loop_setup(use_subprocess=self.use_subprocess)
+
+    def bind_socket(self) -> socket.socket:
+        logger_args: list[str | int]
+        if self.uds:  # pragma: py-win32
+            path = self.uds
+            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            try:
+                sock.bind(path)
+                uds_perms = 0o666
+                os.chmod(self.uds, uds_perms)
+            except OSError as exc:  # pragma: full coverage
+                logger.error(exc)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+            message = "Uvicorn running on unix socket %s (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            sock_name_format = "%s"
+            color_message = "Uvicorn running on " + click.style(sock_name_format, bold=True) + " (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            logger_args = [self.uds]
+        elif self.fd:  # pragma: py-win32
+            sock = socket.fromfd(self.fd, socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            message = "Uvicorn running on socket %s (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            fd_name_format = "%s"
+            color_message = "Uvicorn running on " + click.style(fd_name_format, bold=True) + " (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            logger_args = [sock.getsockname()]
+        else:
+            family = socket.AF_INET
+            addr_format = "%s://%s:%d"
+
+            if self.host and ":" in self.host:  # pragma: full coverage
+                # It's an IPv6 address.
+                family = socket.AF_INET6
+                addr_format = "%s://[%s]:%d"
+
+            sock = socket.socket(family=family)
+            sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+            try:
+                sock.bind((self.host, self.port))
+            except OSError as exc:  # pragma: full coverage
+                logger.error(exc)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+            message = f"Uvicorn running on {addr_format} (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            color_message = "Uvicorn running on " + click.style(addr_format, bold=True) + " (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            protocol_name = "https" if self.is_ssl else "http"
+            logger_args = [protocol_name, self.host, sock.getsockname()[1]]
+        logger.info(message, *logger_args, extra={"color_message": color_message})
+        sock.set_inheritable(True)
+        return sock
+
+    @property
+    def should_reload(self) -> bool:
+        return isinstance(self.app, str) and self.reload
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/importer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/importer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f77520ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/importer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import importlib
+from typing import Any
+
+
+class ImportFromStringError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def import_from_string(import_str: Any) -> Any:
+    if not isinstance(import_str, str):
+        return import_str
+
+    module_str, _, attrs_str = import_str.partition(":")
+    if not module_str or not attrs_str:
+        message = 'Import string "{import_str}" must be in format "<module>:<attribute>".'
+        raise ImportFromStringError(message.format(import_str=import_str))
+
+    try:
+        module = importlib.import_module(module_str)
+    except ModuleNotFoundError as exc:
+        if exc.name != module_str:
+            raise exc from None
+        message = 'Could not import module "{module_str}".'
+        raise ImportFromStringError(message.format(module_str=module_str))
+
+    instance = module
+    try:
+        for attr_str in attrs_str.split("."):
+            instance = getattr(instance, attr_str)
+    except AttributeError:
+        message = 'Attribute "{attrs_str}" not found in module "{module_str}".'
+        raise ImportFromStringError(message.format(attrs_str=attrs_str, module_str=module_str))
+
+    return instance
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/__init__.py
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index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/off.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/off.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..74554b1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/off.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from uvicorn import Config
+
+
+class LifespanOff:
+    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
+        self.should_exit = False
+        self.state: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    async def startup(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/on.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/on.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..09df984e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/lifespan/on.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+from asyncio import Queue
+from typing import Any, Union
+
+from uvicorn import Config
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    LifespanScope,
+    LifespanShutdownCompleteEvent,
+    LifespanShutdownEvent,
+    LifespanShutdownFailedEvent,
+    LifespanStartupCompleteEvent,
+    LifespanStartupEvent,
+    LifespanStartupFailedEvent,
+)
+
+LifespanReceiveMessage = Union[LifespanStartupEvent, LifespanShutdownEvent]
+LifespanSendMessage = Union[
+    LifespanStartupFailedEvent,
+    LifespanShutdownFailedEvent,
+    LifespanStartupCompleteEvent,
+    LifespanShutdownCompleteEvent,
+]
+
+
+STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR = "Got invalid state transition on lifespan protocol."
+
+
+class LifespanOn:
+    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
+        if not config.loaded:
+            config.load()
+
+        self.config = config
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+        self.startup_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.shutdown_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.receive_queue: Queue[LifespanReceiveMessage] = asyncio.Queue()
+        self.error_occured = False
+        self.startup_failed = False
+        self.shutdown_failed = False
+        self.should_exit = False
+        self.state: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+    async def startup(self) -> None:
+        self.logger.info("Waiting for application startup.")
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        main_lifespan_task = loop.create_task(self.main())  # noqa: F841
+        # Keep a hard reference to prevent garbage collection
+        # See https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/pull/972
+        startup_event: LifespanStartupEvent = {"type": "lifespan.startup"}
+        await self.receive_queue.put(startup_event)
+        await self.startup_event.wait()
+
+        if self.startup_failed or (self.error_occured and self.config.lifespan == "on"):
+            self.logger.error("Application startup failed. Exiting.")
+            self.should_exit = True
+        else:
+            self.logger.info("Application startup complete.")
+
+    async def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        if self.error_occured:
+            return
+        self.logger.info("Waiting for application shutdown.")
+        shutdown_event: LifespanShutdownEvent = {"type": "lifespan.shutdown"}
+        await self.receive_queue.put(shutdown_event)
+        await self.shutdown_event.wait()
+
+        if self.shutdown_failed or (self.error_occured and self.config.lifespan == "on"):
+            self.logger.error("Application shutdown failed. Exiting.")
+            self.should_exit = True
+        else:
+            self.logger.info("Application shutdown complete.")
+
+    async def main(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            app = self.config.loaded_app
+            scope: LifespanScope = {
+                "type": "lifespan",
+                "asgi": {"version": self.config.asgi_version, "spec_version": "2.0"},
+                "state": self.state,
+            }
+            await app(scope, self.receive, self.send)
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self.asgi = None
+            self.error_occured = True
+            if self.startup_failed or self.shutdown_failed:
+                return
+            if self.config.lifespan == "auto":
+                msg = "ASGI 'lifespan' protocol appears unsupported."
+                self.logger.info(msg)
+            else:
+                msg = "Exception in 'lifespan' protocol\n"
+                self.logger.error(msg, exc_info=exc)
+        finally:
+            self.startup_event.set()
+            self.shutdown_event.set()
+
+    async def send(self, message: LifespanSendMessage) -> None:
+        assert message["type"] in (
+            "lifespan.startup.complete",
+            "lifespan.startup.failed",
+            "lifespan.shutdown.complete",
+            "lifespan.shutdown.failed",
+        )
+
+        if message["type"] == "lifespan.startup.complete":
+            assert not self.startup_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            assert not self.shutdown_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            self.startup_event.set()
+
+        elif message["type"] == "lifespan.startup.failed":
+            assert not self.startup_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            assert not self.shutdown_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            self.startup_event.set()
+            self.startup_failed = True
+            if message.get("message"):
+                self.logger.error(message["message"])
+
+        elif message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown.complete":
+            assert self.startup_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            assert not self.shutdown_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            self.shutdown_event.set()
+
+        elif message["type"] == "lifespan.shutdown.failed":
+            assert self.startup_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            assert not self.shutdown_event.is_set(), STATE_TRANSITION_ERROR
+            self.shutdown_event.set()
+            self.shutdown_failed = True
+            if message.get("message"):
+                self.logger.error(message["message"])
+
+    async def receive(self) -> LifespanReceiveMessage:
+        return await self.receive_queue.get()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/logging.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..02f455d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import http
+import logging
+import sys
+from copy import copy
+from typing import Literal
+
+import click
+
+TRACE_LOG_LEVEL = 5
+
+
+class ColourizedFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+    """
+    A custom log formatter class that:
+
+    * Outputs the LOG_LEVEL with an appropriate color.
+    * If a log call includes an `extra={"color_message": ...}` it will be used
+      for formatting the output, instead of the plain text message.
+    """
+
+    level_name_colors = {
+        TRACE_LOG_LEVEL: lambda level_name: click.style(str(level_name), fg="blue"),
+        logging.DEBUG: lambda level_name: click.style(str(level_name), fg="cyan"),
+        logging.INFO: lambda level_name: click.style(str(level_name), fg="green"),
+        logging.WARNING: lambda level_name: click.style(str(level_name), fg="yellow"),
+        logging.ERROR: lambda level_name: click.style(str(level_name), fg="red"),
+        logging.CRITICAL: lambda level_name: click.style(str(level_name), fg="bright_red"),
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        fmt: str | None = None,
+        datefmt: str | None = None,
+        style: Literal["%", "{", "$"] = "%",
+        use_colors: bool | None = None,
+    ):
+        if use_colors in (True, False):
+            self.use_colors = use_colors
+        else:
+            self.use_colors = sys.stdout.isatty()
+        super().__init__(fmt=fmt, datefmt=datefmt, style=style)
+
+    def color_level_name(self, level_name: str, level_no: int) -> str:
+        def default(level_name: str) -> str:
+            return str(level_name)  # pragma: no cover
+
+        func = self.level_name_colors.get(level_no, default)
+        return func(level_name)
+
+    def should_use_colors(self) -> bool:
+        return True  # pragma: no cover
+
+    def formatMessage(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
+        recordcopy = copy(record)
+        levelname = recordcopy.levelname
+        seperator = " " * (8 - len(recordcopy.levelname))
+        if self.use_colors:
+            levelname = self.color_level_name(levelname, recordcopy.levelno)
+            if "color_message" in recordcopy.__dict__:
+                recordcopy.msg = recordcopy.__dict__["color_message"]
+                recordcopy.__dict__["message"] = recordcopy.getMessage()
+        recordcopy.__dict__["levelprefix"] = levelname + ":" + seperator
+        return super().formatMessage(recordcopy)
+
+
+class DefaultFormatter(ColourizedFormatter):
+    def should_use_colors(self) -> bool:
+        return sys.stderr.isatty()  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+class AccessFormatter(ColourizedFormatter):
+    status_code_colours = {
+        1: lambda code: click.style(str(code), fg="bright_white"),
+        2: lambda code: click.style(str(code), fg="green"),
+        3: lambda code: click.style(str(code), fg="yellow"),
+        4: lambda code: click.style(str(code), fg="red"),
+        5: lambda code: click.style(str(code), fg="bright_red"),
+    }
+
+    def get_status_code(self, status_code: int) -> str:
+        try:
+            status_phrase = http.HTTPStatus(status_code).phrase
+        except ValueError:
+            status_phrase = ""
+        status_and_phrase = f"{status_code} {status_phrase}"
+        if self.use_colors:
+
+            def default(code: int) -> str:
+                return status_and_phrase  # pragma: no cover
+
+            func = self.status_code_colours.get(status_code // 100, default)
+            return func(status_and_phrase)
+        return status_and_phrase
+
+    def formatMessage(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
+        recordcopy = copy(record)
+        (
+            client_addr,
+            method,
+            full_path,
+            http_version,
+            status_code,
+        ) = recordcopy.args  # type: ignore[misc]
+        status_code = self.get_status_code(int(status_code))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        request_line = f"{method} {full_path} HTTP/{http_version}"
+        if self.use_colors:
+            request_line = click.style(request_line, bold=True)
+        recordcopy.__dict__.update(
+            {
+                "client_addr": client_addr,
+                "request_line": request_line,
+                "status_code": status_code,
+            }
+        )
+        return super().formatMessage(recordcopy)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/__pycache__/uvloop.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/__pycache__/uvloop.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/asyncio.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/asyncio.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bead4a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/asyncio.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import sys
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+
+
+def asyncio_setup(use_subprocess: bool = False) -> None:
+    if sys.platform == "win32" and use_subprocess:
+        asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy())  # pragma: full coverage
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/auto.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/auto.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2285457b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/auto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+def auto_loop_setup(use_subprocess: bool = False) -> None:
+    try:
+        import uvloop  # noqa
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        from uvicorn.loops.asyncio import asyncio_setup as loop_setup
+
+        loop_setup(use_subprocess=use_subprocess)
+    else:  # pragma: no cover
+        from uvicorn.loops.uvloop import uvloop_setup
+
+        uvloop_setup(use_subprocess=use_subprocess)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/uvloop.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/uvloop.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e2fd1eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/loops/uvloop.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import asyncio
+
+import uvloop
+
+
+def uvloop_setup(use_subprocess: bool = False) -> None:
+    asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(uvloop.EventLoopPolicy())
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/main.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afa4be0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import os
+import platform
+import ssl
+import sys
+import warnings
+from configparser import RawConfigParser
+from typing import IO, Any, Callable
+
+import click
+
+import uvicorn
+from uvicorn._types import ASGIApplication
+from uvicorn.config import (
+    HTTP_PROTOCOLS,
+    INTERFACES,
+    LIFESPAN,
+    LOG_LEVELS,
+    LOGGING_CONFIG,
+    LOOP_SETUPS,
+    SSL_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    WS_PROTOCOLS,
+    Config,
+    HTTPProtocolType,
+    InterfaceType,
+    LifespanType,
+    LoopSetupType,
+    WSProtocolType,
+)
+from uvicorn.server import Server
+from uvicorn.supervisors import ChangeReload, Multiprocess
+
+LEVEL_CHOICES = click.Choice(list(LOG_LEVELS.keys()))
+HTTP_CHOICES = click.Choice(list(HTTP_PROTOCOLS.keys()))
+WS_CHOICES = click.Choice(list(WS_PROTOCOLS.keys()))
+LIFESPAN_CHOICES = click.Choice(list(LIFESPAN.keys()))
+LOOP_CHOICES = click.Choice([key for key in LOOP_SETUPS.keys() if key != "none"])
+INTERFACE_CHOICES = click.Choice(INTERFACES)
+
+STARTUP_FAILURE = 3
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+
+
+def print_version(ctx: click.Context, param: click.Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
+    if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
+        return
+    click.echo(
+        "Running uvicorn {version} with {py_implementation} {py_version} on {system}".format(  # noqa: UP032
+            version=uvicorn.__version__,
+            py_implementation=platform.python_implementation(),
+            py_version=platform.python_version(),
+            system=platform.system(),
+        )
+    )
+    ctx.exit()
+
+
+@click.command(context_settings={"auto_envvar_prefix": "UVICORN"})
+@click.argument("app", envvar="UVICORN_APP")
+@click.option(
+    "--host",
+    type=str,
+    default="127.0.0.1",
+    help="Bind socket to this host.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--port",
+    type=int,
+    default=8000,
+    help="Bind socket to this port. If 0, an available port will be picked.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option("--uds", type=str, default=None, help="Bind to a UNIX domain socket.")
+@click.option("--fd", type=int, default=None, help="Bind to socket from this file descriptor.")
+@click.option("--reload", is_flag=True, default=False, help="Enable auto-reload.")
+@click.option(
+    "--reload-dir",
+    "reload_dirs",
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Set reload directories explicitly, instead of using the current working directory.",
+    type=click.Path(exists=True),
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--reload-include",
+    "reload_includes",
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Set glob patterns to include while watching for files. Includes '*.py' "
+    "by default; these defaults can be overridden with `--reload-exclude`. "
+    "This option has no effect unless watchfiles is installed.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--reload-exclude",
+    "reload_excludes",
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Set glob patterns to exclude while watching for files. Includes "
+    "'.*, .py[cod], .sw.*, ~*' by default; these defaults can be overridden "
+    "with `--reload-include`. This option has no effect unless watchfiles is "
+    "installed.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--reload-delay",
+    type=float,
+    default=0.25,
+    show_default=True,
+    help="Delay between previous and next check if application needs to be. Defaults to 0.25s.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--workers",
+    default=None,
+    type=int,
+    help="Number of worker processes. Defaults to the $WEB_CONCURRENCY environment"
+    " variable if available, or 1. Not valid with --reload.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--loop",
+    type=LOOP_CHOICES,
+    default="auto",
+    help="Event loop implementation.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--http",
+    type=HTTP_CHOICES,
+    default="auto",
+    help="HTTP protocol implementation.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ws",
+    type=WS_CHOICES,
+    default="auto",
+    help="WebSocket protocol implementation.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ws-max-size",
+    type=int,
+    default=16777216,
+    help="WebSocket max size message in bytes",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ws-max-queue",
+    type=int,
+    default=32,
+    help="The maximum length of the WebSocket message queue.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ws-ping-interval",
+    type=float,
+    default=20.0,
+    help="WebSocket ping interval in seconds.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ws-ping-timeout",
+    type=float,
+    default=20.0,
+    help="WebSocket ping timeout in seconds.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ws-per-message-deflate",
+    type=bool,
+    default=True,
+    help="WebSocket per-message-deflate compression",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--lifespan",
+    type=LIFESPAN_CHOICES,
+    default="auto",
+    help="Lifespan implementation.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--interface",
+    type=INTERFACE_CHOICES,
+    default="auto",
+    help="Select ASGI3, ASGI2, or WSGI as the application interface.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--env-file",
+    type=click.Path(exists=True),
+    default=None,
+    help="Environment configuration file.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--log-config",
+    type=click.Path(exists=True),
+    default=None,
+    help="Logging configuration file. Supported formats: .ini, .json, .yaml.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--log-level",
+    type=LEVEL_CHOICES,
+    default=None,
+    help="Log level. [default: info]",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--access-log/--no-access-log",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=True,
+    help="Enable/Disable access log.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--use-colors/--no-use-colors",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=None,
+    help="Enable/Disable colorized logging.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--proxy-headers/--no-proxy-headers",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=True,
+    help="Enable/Disable X-Forwarded-Proto, X-Forwarded-For, X-Forwarded-Port to populate remote address info.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--server-header/--no-server-header",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=True,
+    help="Enable/Disable default Server header.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--date-header/--no-date-header",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=True,
+    help="Enable/Disable default Date header.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--forwarded-allow-ips",
+    type=str,
+    default=None,
+    help="Comma separated list of IP Addresses, IP Networks, or literals "
+    "(e.g. UNIX Socket path) to trust with proxy headers. Defaults to the "
+    "$FORWARDED_ALLOW_IPS environment variable if available, or '127.0.0.1'. "
+    "The literal '*' means trust everything.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--root-path",
+    type=str,
+    default="",
+    help="Set the ASGI 'root_path' for applications submounted below a given URL path.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--limit-concurrency",
+    type=int,
+    default=None,
+    help="Maximum number of concurrent connections or tasks to allow, before issuing HTTP 503 responses.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--backlog",
+    type=int,
+    default=2048,
+    help="Maximum number of connections to hold in backlog",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--limit-max-requests",
+    type=int,
+    default=None,
+    help="Maximum number of requests to service before terminating the process.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--timeout-keep-alive",
+    type=int,
+    default=5,
+    help="Close Keep-Alive connections if no new data is received within this timeout.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--timeout-graceful-shutdown",
+    type=int,
+    default=None,
+    help="Maximum number of seconds to wait for graceful shutdown.",
+)
+@click.option("--ssl-keyfile", type=str, default=None, help="SSL key file", show_default=True)
+@click.option(
+    "--ssl-certfile",
+    type=str,
+    default=None,
+    help="SSL certificate file",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ssl-keyfile-password",
+    type=str,
+    default=None,
+    help="SSL keyfile password",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ssl-version",
+    type=int,
+    default=int(SSL_PROTOCOL_VERSION),
+    help="SSL version to use (see stdlib ssl module's)",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ssl-cert-reqs",
+    type=int,
+    default=int(ssl.CERT_NONE),
+    help="Whether client certificate is required (see stdlib ssl module's)",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ssl-ca-certs",
+    type=str,
+    default=None,
+    help="CA certificates file",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--ssl-ciphers",
+    type=str,
+    default="TLSv1",
+    help="Ciphers to use (see stdlib ssl module's)",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--header",
+    "headers",
+    multiple=True,
+    help="Specify custom default HTTP response headers as a Name:Value pair",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--version",
+    is_flag=True,
+    callback=print_version,
+    expose_value=False,
+    is_eager=True,
+    help="Display the uvicorn version and exit.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--app-dir",
+    default="",
+    show_default=True,
+    help="Look for APP in the specified directory, by adding this to the PYTHONPATH."
+    " Defaults to the current working directory.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--h11-max-incomplete-event-size",
+    "h11_max_incomplete_event_size",
+    type=int,
+    default=None,
+    help="For h11, the maximum number of bytes to buffer of an incomplete event.",
+)
+@click.option(
+    "--factory",
+    is_flag=True,
+    default=False,
+    help="Treat APP as an application factory, i.e. a () -> <ASGI app> callable.",
+    show_default=True,
+)
+def main(
+    app: str,
+    host: str,
+    port: int,
+    uds: str,
+    fd: int,
+    loop: LoopSetupType,
+    http: HTTPProtocolType,
+    ws: WSProtocolType,
+    ws_max_size: int,
+    ws_max_queue: int,
+    ws_ping_interval: float,
+    ws_ping_timeout: float,
+    ws_per_message_deflate: bool,
+    lifespan: LifespanType,
+    interface: InterfaceType,
+    reload: bool,
+    reload_dirs: list[str],
+    reload_includes: list[str],
+    reload_excludes: list[str],
+    reload_delay: float,
+    workers: int,
+    env_file: str,
+    log_config: str,
+    log_level: str,
+    access_log: bool,
+    proxy_headers: bool,
+    server_header: bool,
+    date_header: bool,
+    forwarded_allow_ips: str,
+    root_path: str,
+    limit_concurrency: int,
+    backlog: int,
+    limit_max_requests: int,
+    timeout_keep_alive: int,
+    timeout_graceful_shutdown: int | None,
+    ssl_keyfile: str,
+    ssl_certfile: str,
+    ssl_keyfile_password: str,
+    ssl_version: int,
+    ssl_cert_reqs: int,
+    ssl_ca_certs: str,
+    ssl_ciphers: str,
+    headers: list[str],
+    use_colors: bool,
+    app_dir: str,
+    h11_max_incomplete_event_size: int | None,
+    factory: bool,
+) -> None:
+    run(
+        app,
+        host=host,
+        port=port,
+        uds=uds,
+        fd=fd,
+        loop=loop,
+        http=http,
+        ws=ws,
+        ws_max_size=ws_max_size,
+        ws_max_queue=ws_max_queue,
+        ws_ping_interval=ws_ping_interval,
+        ws_ping_timeout=ws_ping_timeout,
+        ws_per_message_deflate=ws_per_message_deflate,
+        lifespan=lifespan,
+        env_file=env_file,
+        log_config=LOGGING_CONFIG if log_config is None else log_config,
+        log_level=log_level,
+        access_log=access_log,
+        interface=interface,
+        reload=reload,
+        reload_dirs=reload_dirs or None,
+        reload_includes=reload_includes or None,
+        reload_excludes=reload_excludes or None,
+        reload_delay=reload_delay,
+        workers=workers,
+        proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+        server_header=server_header,
+        date_header=date_header,
+        forwarded_allow_ips=forwarded_allow_ips,
+        root_path=root_path,
+        limit_concurrency=limit_concurrency,
+        backlog=backlog,
+        limit_max_requests=limit_max_requests,
+        timeout_keep_alive=timeout_keep_alive,
+        timeout_graceful_shutdown=timeout_graceful_shutdown,
+        ssl_keyfile=ssl_keyfile,
+        ssl_certfile=ssl_certfile,
+        ssl_keyfile_password=ssl_keyfile_password,
+        ssl_version=ssl_version,
+        ssl_cert_reqs=ssl_cert_reqs,
+        ssl_ca_certs=ssl_ca_certs,
+        ssl_ciphers=ssl_ciphers,
+        headers=[header.split(":", 1) for header in headers],  # type: ignore[misc]
+        use_colors=use_colors,
+        factory=factory,
+        app_dir=app_dir,
+        h11_max_incomplete_event_size=h11_max_incomplete_event_size,
+    )
+
+
+def run(
+    app: ASGIApplication | Callable[..., Any] | str,
+    *,
+    host: str = "127.0.0.1",
+    port: int = 8000,
+    uds: str | None = None,
+    fd: int | None = None,
+    loop: LoopSetupType = "auto",
+    http: type[asyncio.Protocol] | HTTPProtocolType = "auto",
+    ws: type[asyncio.Protocol] | WSProtocolType = "auto",
+    ws_max_size: int = 16777216,
+    ws_max_queue: int = 32,
+    ws_ping_interval: float | None = 20.0,
+    ws_ping_timeout: float | None = 20.0,
+    ws_per_message_deflate: bool = True,
+    lifespan: LifespanType = "auto",
+    interface: InterfaceType = "auto",
+    reload: bool = False,
+    reload_dirs: list[str] | str | None = None,
+    reload_includes: list[str] | str | None = None,
+    reload_excludes: list[str] | str | None = None,
+    reload_delay: float = 0.25,
+    workers: int | None = None,
+    env_file: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+    log_config: dict[str, Any] | str | RawConfigParser | IO[Any] | None = LOGGING_CONFIG,
+    log_level: str | int | None = None,
+    access_log: bool = True,
+    proxy_headers: bool = True,
+    server_header: bool = True,
+    date_header: bool = True,
+    forwarded_allow_ips: list[str] | str | None = None,
+    root_path: str = "",
+    limit_concurrency: int | None = None,
+    backlog: int = 2048,
+    limit_max_requests: int | None = None,
+    timeout_keep_alive: int = 5,
+    timeout_graceful_shutdown: int | None = None,
+    ssl_keyfile: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+    ssl_certfile: str | os.PathLike[str] | None = None,
+    ssl_keyfile_password: str | None = None,
+    ssl_version: int = SSL_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+    ssl_cert_reqs: int = ssl.CERT_NONE,
+    ssl_ca_certs: str | None = None,
+    ssl_ciphers: str = "TLSv1",
+    headers: list[tuple[str, str]] | None = None,
+    use_colors: bool | None = None,
+    app_dir: str | None = None,
+    factory: bool = False,
+    h11_max_incomplete_event_size: int | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    if app_dir is not None:
+        sys.path.insert(0, app_dir)
+
+    config = Config(
+        app,
+        host=host,
+        port=port,
+        uds=uds,
+        fd=fd,
+        loop=loop,
+        http=http,
+        ws=ws,
+        ws_max_size=ws_max_size,
+        ws_max_queue=ws_max_queue,
+        ws_ping_interval=ws_ping_interval,
+        ws_ping_timeout=ws_ping_timeout,
+        ws_per_message_deflate=ws_per_message_deflate,
+        lifespan=lifespan,
+        interface=interface,
+        reload=reload,
+        reload_dirs=reload_dirs,
+        reload_includes=reload_includes,
+        reload_excludes=reload_excludes,
+        reload_delay=reload_delay,
+        workers=workers,
+        env_file=env_file,
+        log_config=log_config,
+        log_level=log_level,
+        access_log=access_log,
+        proxy_headers=proxy_headers,
+        server_header=server_header,
+        date_header=date_header,
+        forwarded_allow_ips=forwarded_allow_ips,
+        root_path=root_path,
+        limit_concurrency=limit_concurrency,
+        backlog=backlog,
+        limit_max_requests=limit_max_requests,
+        timeout_keep_alive=timeout_keep_alive,
+        timeout_graceful_shutdown=timeout_graceful_shutdown,
+        ssl_keyfile=ssl_keyfile,
+        ssl_certfile=ssl_certfile,
+        ssl_keyfile_password=ssl_keyfile_password,
+        ssl_version=ssl_version,
+        ssl_cert_reqs=ssl_cert_reqs,
+        ssl_ca_certs=ssl_ca_certs,
+        ssl_ciphers=ssl_ciphers,
+        headers=headers,
+        use_colors=use_colors,
+        factory=factory,
+        h11_max_incomplete_event_size=h11_max_incomplete_event_size,
+    )
+    server = Server(config=config)
+
+    if (config.reload or config.workers > 1) and not isinstance(app, str):
+        logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+        logger.warning("You must pass the application as an import string to enable 'reload' or 'workers'.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    try:
+        if config.should_reload:
+            sock = config.bind_socket()
+            ChangeReload(config, target=server.run, sockets=[sock]).run()
+        elif config.workers > 1:
+            sock = config.bind_socket()
+            Multiprocess(config, target=server.run, sockets=[sock]).run()
+        else:
+            server.run()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass  # pragma: full coverage
+    finally:
+        if config.uds and os.path.exists(config.uds):
+            os.remove(config.uds)  # pragma: py-win32
+
+    if not server.started and not config.should_reload and config.workers == 1:
+        sys.exit(STARTUP_FAILURE)
+
+
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
+    if name == "ServerState":
+        warnings.warn(
+            "uvicorn.main.ServerState is deprecated, use uvicorn.server.ServerState instead.",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        from uvicorn.server import ServerState
+
+        return ServerState
+    raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()  # pragma: no cover
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/asgi2.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/asgi2.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e15d159
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/asgi2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    ASGI2Application,
+    ASGIReceiveCallable,
+    ASGISendCallable,
+    Scope,
+)
+
+
+class ASGI2Middleware:
+    def __init__(self, app: "ASGI2Application"):
+        self.app = app
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: "Scope", receive: "ASGIReceiveCallable", send: "ASGISendCallable") -> None:
+        instance = self.app(scope)
+        await instance(receive, send)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/message_logger.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/message_logger.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0174bcce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/message_logger.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+import logging
+from typing import Any
+
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    ASGI3Application,
+    ASGIReceiveCallable,
+    ASGIReceiveEvent,
+    ASGISendCallable,
+    ASGISendEvent,
+    WWWScope,
+)
+from uvicorn.logging import TRACE_LOG_LEVEL
+
+PLACEHOLDER_FORMAT = {
+    "body": "<{length} bytes>",
+    "bytes": "<{length} bytes>",
+    "text": "<{length} chars>",
+    "headers": "<...>",
+}
+
+
+def message_with_placeholders(message: Any) -> Any:
+    """
+    Return an ASGI message, with any body-type content omitted and replaced
+    with a placeholder.
+    """
+    new_message = message.copy()
+    for attr in PLACEHOLDER_FORMAT.keys():
+        if message.get(attr) is not None:
+            content = message[attr]
+            placeholder = PLACEHOLDER_FORMAT[attr].format(length=len(content))
+            new_message[attr] = placeholder
+    return new_message
+
+
+class MessageLoggerMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, app: "ASGI3Application"):
+        self.task_counter = 0
+        self.app = app
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.asgi")
+
+        def trace(message: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, message, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.logger.trace = trace  # type: ignore
+
+    async def __call__(
+        self,
+        scope: "WWWScope",
+        receive: "ASGIReceiveCallable",
+        send: "ASGISendCallable",
+    ) -> None:
+        self.task_counter += 1
+
+        task_counter = self.task_counter
+        client = scope.get("client")
+        prefix = "%s:%d - ASGI" % (client[0], client[1]) if client else "ASGI"
+
+        async def inner_receive() -> "ASGIReceiveEvent":
+            message = await receive()
+            logged_message = message_with_placeholders(message)
+            log_text = "%s [%d] Receive %s"
+            self.logger.trace(  # type: ignore
+                log_text, prefix, task_counter, logged_message
+            )
+            return message
+
+        async def inner_send(message: "ASGISendEvent") -> None:
+            logged_message = message_with_placeholders(message)
+            log_text = "%s [%d] Send %s"
+            self.logger.trace(  # type: ignore
+                log_text, prefix, task_counter, logged_message
+            )
+            await send(message)
+
+        logged_scope = message_with_placeholders(scope)
+        log_text = "%s [%d] Started scope=%s"
+        self.logger.trace(log_text, prefix, task_counter, logged_scope)  # type: ignore
+        try:
+            await self.app(scope, inner_receive, inner_send)
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            log_text = "%s [%d] Raised exception"
+            self.logger.trace(log_text, prefix, task_counter)  # type: ignore
+            raise exc from None
+        else:
+            log_text = "%s [%d] Completed"
+            self.logger.trace(log_text, prefix, task_counter)  # type: ignore
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/proxy_headers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/proxy_headers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c3609de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/proxy_headers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ipaddress
+
+from uvicorn._types import ASGI3Application, ASGIReceiveCallable, ASGISendCallable, Scope
+
+
+class ProxyHeadersMiddleware:
+    """Middleware for handling known proxy headers
+
+    This middleware can be used when a known proxy is fronting the application,
+    and is trusted to be properly setting the `X-Forwarded-Proto` and
+    `X-Forwarded-For` headers with the connecting client information.
+
+    Modifies the `client` and `scheme` information so that they reference
+    the connecting client, rather that the connecting proxy.
+
+    References:
+    - <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers#Proxies>
+    - <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Forwarded-For>
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app: ASGI3Application, trusted_hosts: list[str] | str = "127.0.0.1") -> None:
+        self.app = app
+        self.trusted_hosts = _TrustedHosts(trusted_hosts)
+
+    async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
+        if scope["type"] == "lifespan":
+            return await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+        client_addr = scope.get("client")
+        client_host = client_addr[0] if client_addr else None
+
+        if client_host in self.trusted_hosts:
+            headers = dict(scope["headers"])
+
+            if b"x-forwarded-proto" in headers:
+                x_forwarded_proto = headers[b"x-forwarded-proto"].decode("latin1").strip()
+
+                if x_forwarded_proto in {"http", "https", "ws", "wss"}:
+                    if scope["type"] == "websocket":
+                        scope["scheme"] = x_forwarded_proto.replace("http", "ws")
+                    else:
+                        scope["scheme"] = x_forwarded_proto
+
+            if b"x-forwarded-for" in headers:
+                x_forwarded_for = headers[b"x-forwarded-for"].decode("latin1")
+                host = self.trusted_hosts.get_trusted_client_host(x_forwarded_for)
+
+                if host:
+                    # If the x-forwarded-for header is empty then host is an empty string.
+                    # Only set the client if we actually got something usable.
+                    # See: https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/issues/1068
+
+                    # We've lost the connecting client's port information by now,
+                    # so only include the host.
+                    port = 0
+                    scope["client"] = (host, port)
+
+        return await self.app(scope, receive, send)
+
+
+def _parse_raw_hosts(value: str) -> list[str]:
+    return [item.strip() for item in value.split(",")]
+
+
+class _TrustedHosts:
+    """Container for trusted hosts and networks"""
+
+    def __init__(self, trusted_hosts: list[str] | str) -> None:
+        self.always_trust: bool = trusted_hosts in ("*", ["*"])
+
+        self.trusted_literals: set[str] = set()
+        self.trusted_hosts: set[ipaddress.IPv4Address | ipaddress.IPv6Address] = set()
+        self.trusted_networks: set[ipaddress.IPv4Network | ipaddress.IPv6Network] = set()
+
+        # Notes:
+        # - We separate hosts from literals as there are many ways to write
+        #   an IPv6 Address so we need to compare by object.
+        # - We don't convert IP Address to single host networks (e.g. /32 / 128) as
+        #   it more efficient to do an address lookup in a set than check for
+        #   membership in each network.
+        # - We still allow literals as it might be possible that we receive a
+        #   something that isn't an IP Address e.g. a unix socket.
+
+        if not self.always_trust:
+            if isinstance(trusted_hosts, str):
+                trusted_hosts = _parse_raw_hosts(trusted_hosts)
+
+            for host in trusted_hosts:
+                # Note: because we always convert invalid IP types to literals it
+                # is not possible for the user to know they provided a malformed IP
+                # type - this may lead to unexpected / difficult to debug behaviour.
+
+                if "/" in host:
+                    # Looks like a network
+                    try:
+                        self.trusted_networks.add(ipaddress.ip_network(host))
+                    except ValueError:
+                        # Was not a valid IP Network
+                        self.trusted_literals.add(host)
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        self.trusted_hosts.add(ipaddress.ip_address(host))
+                    except ValueError:
+                        # Was not a valid IP Address
+                        self.trusted_literals.add(host)
+
+    def __contains__(self, host: str | None) -> bool:
+        if self.always_trust:
+            return True
+
+        if not host:
+            return False
+
+        try:
+            ip = ipaddress.ip_address(host)
+            if ip in self.trusted_hosts:
+                return True
+            return any(ip in net for net in self.trusted_networks)
+
+        except ValueError:
+            return host in self.trusted_literals
+
+    def get_trusted_client_host(self, x_forwarded_for: str) -> str:
+        """Extract the client host from x_forwarded_for header
+
+        In general this is the first "untrusted" host in the forwarded for list.
+        """
+        x_forwarded_for_hosts = _parse_raw_hosts(x_forwarded_for)
+
+        if self.always_trust:
+            return x_forwarded_for_hosts[0]
+
+        # Note: each proxy appends to the header list so check it in reverse order
+        for host in reversed(x_forwarded_for_hosts):
+            if host not in self:
+                return host
+
+        # All hosts are trusted meaning that the client was also a trusted proxy
+        # See https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/issues/1068#issuecomment-855371576
+        return x_forwarded_for_hosts[0]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/wsgi.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/wsgi.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d53a8b06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/middleware/wsgi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import concurrent.futures
+import io
+import sys
+import warnings
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Iterable
+
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    ASGIReceiveCallable,
+    ASGIReceiveEvent,
+    ASGISendCallable,
+    ASGISendEvent,
+    Environ,
+    ExcInfo,
+    HTTPRequestEvent,
+    HTTPResponseBodyEvent,
+    HTTPResponseStartEvent,
+    HTTPScope,
+    StartResponse,
+    WSGIApp,
+)
+
+
+def build_environ(scope: HTTPScope, message: ASGIReceiveEvent, body: io.BytesIO) -> Environ:
+    """
+    Builds a scope and request message into a WSGI environ object.
+    """
+    script_name = scope.get("root_path", "").encode("utf8").decode("latin1")
+    path_info = scope["path"].encode("utf8").decode("latin1")
+    if path_info.startswith(script_name):
+        path_info = path_info[len(script_name) :]
+    environ = {
+        "REQUEST_METHOD": scope["method"],
+        "SCRIPT_NAME": script_name,
+        "PATH_INFO": path_info,
+        "QUERY_STRING": scope["query_string"].decode("ascii"),
+        "SERVER_PROTOCOL": "HTTP/%s" % scope["http_version"],
+        "wsgi.version": (1, 0),
+        "wsgi.url_scheme": scope.get("scheme", "http"),
+        "wsgi.input": body,
+        "wsgi.errors": sys.stdout,
+        "wsgi.multithread": True,
+        "wsgi.multiprocess": True,
+        "wsgi.run_once": False,
+    }
+
+    # Get server name and port - required in WSGI, not in ASGI
+    server = scope.get("server")
+    if server is None:
+        server = ("localhost", 80)
+    environ["SERVER_NAME"] = server[0]
+    environ["SERVER_PORT"] = server[1]
+
+    # Get client IP address
+    client = scope.get("client")
+    if client is not None:
+        environ["REMOTE_ADDR"] = client[0]
+
+    # Go through headers and make them into environ entries
+    for name, value in scope.get("headers", []):
+        name_str: str = name.decode("latin1")
+        if name_str == "content-length":
+            corrected_name = "CONTENT_LENGTH"
+        elif name_str == "content-type":
+            corrected_name = "CONTENT_TYPE"
+        else:
+            corrected_name = "HTTP_%s" % name_str.upper().replace("-", "_")
+        # HTTPbis say only ASCII chars are allowed in headers, but we latin1
+        # just in case
+        value_str: str = value.decode("latin1")
+        if corrected_name in environ:
+            corrected_name_environ = environ[corrected_name]
+            assert isinstance(corrected_name_environ, str)
+            value_str = corrected_name_environ + "," + value_str
+        environ[corrected_name] = value_str
+    return environ
+
+
+class _WSGIMiddleware:
+    def __init__(self, app: WSGIApp, workers: int = 10):
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Uvicorn's native WSGI implementation is deprecated, you should switch to a2wsgi (`pip install a2wsgi`).",
+            DeprecationWarning,
+        )
+        self.app = app
+        self.executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=workers)
+
+    async def __call__(
+        self,
+        scope: HTTPScope,
+        receive: ASGIReceiveCallable,
+        send: ASGISendCallable,
+    ) -> None:
+        assert scope["type"] == "http"
+        instance = WSGIResponder(self.app, self.executor, scope)
+        await instance(receive, send)
+
+
+class WSGIResponder:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        app: WSGIApp,
+        executor: concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor,
+        scope: HTTPScope,
+    ):
+        self.app = app
+        self.executor = executor
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.status = None
+        self.response_headers = None
+        self.send_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.send_queue: deque[ASGISendEvent | None] = deque()
+        self.loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        self.response_started = False
+        self.exc_info: ExcInfo | None = None
+
+    async def __call__(self, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
+        message: HTTPRequestEvent = await receive()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        body = io.BytesIO(message.get("body", b""))
+        more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+        if more_body:
+            body.seek(0, io.SEEK_END)
+            while more_body:
+                body_message: HTTPRequestEvent = (
+                    await receive()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                )
+                body.write(body_message.get("body", b""))
+                more_body = body_message.get("more_body", False)
+            body.seek(0)
+        environ = build_environ(self.scope, message, body)
+        self.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        wsgi = self.loop.run_in_executor(self.executor, self.wsgi, environ, self.start_response)
+        sender = self.loop.create_task(self.sender(send))
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(wsgi, None)
+        finally:
+            self.send_queue.append(None)
+            self.send_event.set()
+            await asyncio.wait_for(sender, None)
+        if self.exc_info is not None:
+            raise self.exc_info[0].with_traceback(self.exc_info[1], self.exc_info[2])
+
+    async def sender(self, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
+        while True:
+            if self.send_queue:
+                message = self.send_queue.popleft()
+                if message is None:
+                    return
+                await send(message)
+            else:
+                await self.send_event.wait()
+                self.send_event.clear()
+
+    def start_response(
+        self,
+        status: str,
+        response_headers: Iterable[tuple[str, str]],
+        exc_info: ExcInfo | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.exc_info = exc_info
+        if not self.response_started:
+            self.response_started = True
+            status_code_str, _ = status.split(" ", 1)
+            status_code = int(status_code_str)
+            headers = [(name.encode("ascii"), value.encode("ascii")) for name, value in response_headers]
+            http_response_start_event: HTTPResponseStartEvent = {
+                "type": "http.response.start",
+                "status": status_code,
+                "headers": headers,
+            }
+            self.send_queue.append(http_response_start_event)
+            self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self.send_event.set)
+
+    def wsgi(self, environ: Environ, start_response: StartResponse) -> None:
+        for chunk in self.app(environ, start_response):  # type: ignore
+            response_body: HTTPResponseBodyEvent = {
+                "type": "http.response.body",
+                "body": chunk,
+                "more_body": True,
+            }
+            self.send_queue.append(response_body)
+            self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self.send_event.set)
+
+        empty_body: HTTPResponseBodyEvent = {
+            "type": "http.response.body",
+            "body": b"",
+            "more_body": False,
+        }
+        self.send_queue.append(empty_body)
+        self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(self.send_event.set)
+
+
+try:
+    from a2wsgi import WSGIMiddleware
+except ModuleNotFoundError:  # pragma: no cover
+    WSGIMiddleware = _WSGIMiddleware  # type: ignore[misc, assignment]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/__pycache__/httptools_impl.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/__pycache__/httptools_impl.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/auto.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/auto.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a14bec14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/auto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+
+AutoHTTPProtocol: type[asyncio.Protocol]
+try:
+    import httptools  # noqa
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    from uvicorn.protocols.http.h11_impl import H11Protocol
+
+    AutoHTTPProtocol = H11Protocol
+else:  # pragma: no cover
+    from uvicorn.protocols.http.httptools_impl import HttpToolsProtocol
+
+    AutoHTTPProtocol = HttpToolsProtocol
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/flow_control.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/flow_control.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d1b5fa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/flow_control.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import asyncio
+
+from uvicorn._types import ASGIReceiveCallable, ASGISendCallable, Scope
+
+CLOSE_HEADER = (b"connection", b"close")
+
+HIGH_WATER_LIMIT = 65536
+
+
+class FlowControl:
+    def __init__(self, transport: asyncio.Transport) -> None:
+        self._transport = transport
+        self.read_paused = False
+        self.write_paused = False
+        self._is_writable_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self._is_writable_event.set()
+
+    async def drain(self) -> None:
+        await self._is_writable_event.wait()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def pause_reading(self) -> None:
+        if not self.read_paused:
+            self.read_paused = True
+            self._transport.pause_reading()
+
+    def resume_reading(self) -> None:
+        if self.read_paused:
+            self.read_paused = False
+            self._transport.resume_reading()
+
+    def pause_writing(self) -> None:
+        if not self.write_paused:  # pragma: full coverage
+            self.write_paused = True
+            self._is_writable_event.clear()
+
+    def resume_writing(self) -> None:
+        if self.write_paused:  # pragma: full coverage
+            self.write_paused = False
+            self._is_writable_event.set()
+
+
+async def service_unavailable(scope: Scope, receive: ASGIReceiveCallable, send: ASGISendCallable) -> None:
+    await send(
+        {
+            "type": "http.response.start",
+            "status": 503,
+            "headers": [
+                (b"content-type", b"text/plain; charset=utf-8"),
+                (b"content-length", b"19"),
+                (b"connection", b"close"),
+            ],
+        }
+    )
+    await send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"Service Unavailable", "more_body": False})
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/h11_impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/h11_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b8cdde3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/h11_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import http
+import logging
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, cast
+from urllib.parse import unquote
+
+import h11
+from h11._connection import DEFAULT_MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE
+
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    ASGI3Application,
+    ASGIReceiveEvent,
+    ASGISendEvent,
+    HTTPRequestEvent,
+    HTTPResponseBodyEvent,
+    HTTPResponseStartEvent,
+    HTTPScope,
+)
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.logging import TRACE_LOG_LEVEL
+from uvicorn.protocols.http.flow_control import CLOSE_HEADER, HIGH_WATER_LIMIT, FlowControl, service_unavailable
+from uvicorn.protocols.utils import get_client_addr, get_local_addr, get_path_with_query_string, get_remote_addr, is_ssl
+from uvicorn.server import ServerState
+
+
+def _get_status_phrase(status_code: int) -> bytes:
+    try:
+        return http.HTTPStatus(status_code).phrase.encode()
+    except ValueError:
+        return b""
+
+
+STATUS_PHRASES = {status_code: _get_status_phrase(status_code) for status_code in range(100, 600)}
+
+
+class H11Protocol(asyncio.Protocol):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        server_state: ServerState,
+        app_state: dict[str, Any],
+        _loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not config.loaded:
+            config.load()
+
+        self.config = config
+        self.app = config.loaded_app
+        self.loop = _loop or asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+        self.access_logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.access")
+        self.access_log = self.access_logger.hasHandlers()
+        self.conn = h11.Connection(
+            h11.SERVER,
+            config.h11_max_incomplete_event_size
+            if config.h11_max_incomplete_event_size is not None
+            else DEFAULT_MAX_INCOMPLETE_EVENT_SIZE,
+        )
+        self.ws_protocol_class = config.ws_protocol_class
+        self.root_path = config.root_path
+        self.limit_concurrency = config.limit_concurrency
+        self.app_state = app_state
+
+        # Timeouts
+        self.timeout_keep_alive_task: asyncio.TimerHandle | None = None
+        self.timeout_keep_alive = config.timeout_keep_alive
+
+        # Shared server state
+        self.server_state = server_state
+        self.connections = server_state.connections
+        self.tasks = server_state.tasks
+
+        # Per-connection state
+        self.transport: asyncio.Transport = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.flow: FlowControl = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.server: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.client: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.scheme: Literal["http", "https"] | None = None
+
+        # Per-request state
+        self.scope: HTTPScope = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.cycle: RequestResponseCycle = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    # Protocol interface
+    def connection_made(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, transport: asyncio.Transport
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connections.add(self)
+
+        self.transport = transport
+        self.flow = FlowControl(transport)
+        self.server = get_local_addr(transport)
+        self.client = get_remote_addr(transport)
+        self.scheme = "https" if is_ssl(transport) else "http"
+
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sHTTP connection made", prefix)
+
+    def connection_lost(self, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        self.connections.discard(self)
+
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sHTTP connection lost", prefix)
+
+        if self.cycle and not self.cycle.response_complete:
+            self.cycle.disconnected = True
+        if self.conn.our_state != h11.ERROR:
+            event = h11.ConnectionClosed()
+            try:
+                self.conn.send(event)
+            except h11.LocalProtocolError:
+                # Premature client disconnect
+                pass
+
+        if self.cycle is not None:
+            self.cycle.message_event.set()
+        if self.flow is not None:
+            self.flow.resume_writing()
+        if exc is None:
+            self.transport.close()
+            self._unset_keepalive_if_required()
+
+    def eof_received(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _unset_keepalive_if_required(self) -> None:
+        if self.timeout_keep_alive_task is not None:
+            self.timeout_keep_alive_task.cancel()
+            self.timeout_keep_alive_task = None
+
+    def _get_upgrade(self) -> bytes | None:
+        connection = []
+        upgrade = None
+        for name, value in self.headers:
+            if name == b"connection":
+                connection = [token.lower().strip() for token in value.split(b",")]
+            if name == b"upgrade":
+                upgrade = value.lower()
+        if b"upgrade" in connection:
+            return upgrade
+        return None
+
+    def _should_upgrade_to_ws(self) -> bool:
+        if self.ws_protocol_class is None:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _unsupported_upgrade_warning(self) -> None:
+        msg = "Unsupported upgrade request."
+        self.logger.warning(msg)
+        if not self._should_upgrade_to_ws():
+            msg = "No supported WebSocket library detected. Please use \"pip install 'uvicorn[standard]'\", or install 'websockets' or 'wsproto' manually."  # noqa: E501
+            self.logger.warning(msg)
+
+    def _should_upgrade(self) -> bool:
+        upgrade = self._get_upgrade()
+        if upgrade == b"websocket" and self._should_upgrade_to_ws():
+            return True
+        if upgrade is not None:
+            self._unsupported_upgrade_warning()
+        return False
+
+    def data_received(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        self._unset_keepalive_if_required()
+
+        self.conn.receive_data(data)
+        self.handle_events()
+
+    def handle_events(self) -> None:
+        while True:
+            try:
+                event = self.conn.next_event()
+            except h11.RemoteProtocolError:
+                msg = "Invalid HTTP request received."
+                self.logger.warning(msg)
+                self.send_400_response(msg)
+                return
+
+            if event is h11.NEED_DATA:
+                break
+
+            elif event is h11.PAUSED:
+                # This case can occur in HTTP pipelining, so we need to
+                # stop reading any more data, and ensure that at the end
+                # of the active request/response cycle we handle any
+                # events that have been buffered up.
+                self.flow.pause_reading()
+                break
+
+            elif isinstance(event, h11.Request):
+                self.headers = [(key.lower(), value) for key, value in event.headers]
+                raw_path, _, query_string = event.target.partition(b"?")
+                path = unquote(raw_path.decode("ascii"))
+                full_path = self.root_path + path
+                full_raw_path = self.root_path.encode("ascii") + raw_path
+                self.scope = {
+                    "type": "http",
+                    "asgi": {"version": self.config.asgi_version, "spec_version": "2.3"},
+                    "http_version": event.http_version.decode("ascii"),
+                    "server": self.server,
+                    "client": self.client,
+                    "scheme": self.scheme,  # type: ignore[typeddict-item]
+                    "method": event.method.decode("ascii"),
+                    "root_path": self.root_path,
+                    "path": full_path,
+                    "raw_path": full_raw_path,
+                    "query_string": query_string,
+                    "headers": self.headers,
+                    "state": self.app_state.copy(),
+                }
+                if self._should_upgrade():
+                    self.handle_websocket_upgrade(event)
+                    return
+
+                # Handle 503 responses when 'limit_concurrency' is exceeded.
+                if self.limit_concurrency is not None and (
+                    len(self.connections) >= self.limit_concurrency or len(self.tasks) >= self.limit_concurrency
+                ):
+                    app = service_unavailable
+                    message = "Exceeded concurrency limit."
+                    self.logger.warning(message)
+                else:
+                    app = self.app
+
+                # When starting to process a request, disable the keep-alive
+                # timeout. Normally we disable this when receiving data from
+                # client and set back when finishing processing its request.
+                # However, for pipelined requests processing finishes after
+                # already receiving the next request and thus the timer may
+                # be set here, which we don't want.
+                self._unset_keepalive_if_required()
+
+                self.cycle = RequestResponseCycle(
+                    scope=self.scope,
+                    conn=self.conn,
+                    transport=self.transport,
+                    flow=self.flow,
+                    logger=self.logger,
+                    access_logger=self.access_logger,
+                    access_log=self.access_log,
+                    default_headers=self.server_state.default_headers,
+                    message_event=asyncio.Event(),
+                    on_response=self.on_response_complete,
+                )
+                task = self.loop.create_task(self.cycle.run_asgi(app))
+                task.add_done_callback(self.tasks.discard)
+                self.tasks.add(task)
+
+            elif isinstance(event, h11.Data):
+                if self.conn.our_state is h11.DONE:
+                    continue
+                self.cycle.body += event.data
+                if len(self.cycle.body) > HIGH_WATER_LIMIT:
+                    self.flow.pause_reading()
+                self.cycle.message_event.set()
+
+            elif isinstance(event, h11.EndOfMessage):
+                if self.conn.our_state is h11.DONE:
+                    self.transport.resume_reading()
+                    self.conn.start_next_cycle()
+                    continue
+                self.cycle.more_body = False
+                self.cycle.message_event.set()
+                if self.conn.their_state == h11.MUST_CLOSE:
+                    break
+
+    def handle_websocket_upgrade(self, event: h11.Request) -> None:
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:  # pragma: full coverage
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sUpgrading to WebSocket", prefix)
+
+        self.connections.discard(self)
+        output = [event.method, b" ", event.target, b" HTTP/1.1\r\n"]
+        for name, value in self.headers:
+            output += [name, b": ", value, b"\r\n"]
+        output.append(b"\r\n")
+        protocol = self.ws_protocol_class(  # type: ignore[call-arg, misc]
+            config=self.config,
+            server_state=self.server_state,
+            app_state=self.app_state,
+        )
+        protocol.connection_made(self.transport)
+        protocol.data_received(b"".join(output))
+        self.transport.set_protocol(protocol)
+
+    def send_400_response(self, msg: str) -> None:
+        reason = STATUS_PHRASES[400]
+        headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = [
+            (b"content-type", b"text/plain; charset=utf-8"),
+            (b"connection", b"close"),
+        ]
+        event = h11.Response(status_code=400, headers=headers, reason=reason)
+        output = self.conn.send(event)
+        self.transport.write(output)
+
+        output = self.conn.send(event=h11.Data(data=msg.encode("ascii")))
+        self.transport.write(output)
+
+        output = self.conn.send(event=h11.EndOfMessage())
+        self.transport.write(output)
+
+        self.transport.close()
+
+    def on_response_complete(self) -> None:
+        self.server_state.total_requests += 1
+
+        if self.transport.is_closing():
+            return
+
+        # Set a short Keep-Alive timeout.
+        self._unset_keepalive_if_required()
+
+        self.timeout_keep_alive_task = self.loop.call_later(self.timeout_keep_alive, self.timeout_keep_alive_handler)
+
+        # Unpause data reads if needed.
+        self.flow.resume_reading()
+
+        # Unblock any pipelined events.
+        if self.conn.our_state is h11.DONE and self.conn.their_state is h11.DONE:
+            self.conn.start_next_cycle()
+            self.handle_events()
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the server to commence a graceful shutdown.
+        """
+        if self.cycle is None or self.cycle.response_complete:
+            event = h11.ConnectionClosed()
+            self.conn.send(event)
+            self.transport.close()
+        else:
+            self.cycle.keep_alive = False
+
+    def pause_writing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the transport when the write buffer exceeds the high water mark.
+        """
+        self.flow.pause_writing()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def resume_writing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the transport when the write buffer drops below the low water mark.
+        """
+        self.flow.resume_writing()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def timeout_keep_alive_handler(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called on a keep-alive connection if no new data is received after a short
+        delay.
+        """
+        if not self.transport.is_closing():
+            event = h11.ConnectionClosed()
+            self.conn.send(event)
+            self.transport.close()
+
+
+class RequestResponseCycle:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        scope: HTTPScope,
+        conn: h11.Connection,
+        transport: asyncio.Transport,
+        flow: FlowControl,
+        logger: logging.Logger,
+        access_logger: logging.Logger,
+        access_log: bool,
+        default_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+        message_event: asyncio.Event,
+        on_response: Callable[..., None],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.conn = conn
+        self.transport = transport
+        self.flow = flow
+        self.logger = logger
+        self.access_logger = access_logger
+        self.access_log = access_log
+        self.default_headers = default_headers
+        self.message_event = message_event
+        self.on_response = on_response
+
+        # Connection state
+        self.disconnected = False
+        self.keep_alive = True
+        self.waiting_for_100_continue = conn.they_are_waiting_for_100_continue
+
+        # Request state
+        self.body = b""
+        self.more_body = True
+
+        # Response state
+        self.response_started = False
+        self.response_complete = False
+
+    # ASGI exception wrapper
+    async def run_asgi(self, app: ASGI3Application) -> None:
+        try:
+            result = await app(  # type: ignore[func-returns-value]
+                self.scope, self.receive, self.send
+            )
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            msg = "Exception in ASGI application\n"
+            self.logger.error(msg, exc_info=exc)
+            if not self.response_started:
+                await self.send_500_response()
+            else:
+                self.transport.close()
+        else:
+            if result is not None:
+                msg = "ASGI callable should return None, but returned '%s'."
+                self.logger.error(msg, result)
+                self.transport.close()
+            elif not self.response_started and not self.disconnected:
+                msg = "ASGI callable returned without starting response."
+                self.logger.error(msg)
+                await self.send_500_response()
+            elif not self.response_complete and not self.disconnected:
+                msg = "ASGI callable returned without completing response."
+                self.logger.error(msg)
+                self.transport.close()
+        finally:
+            self.on_response = lambda: None
+
+    async def send_500_response(self) -> None:
+        response_start_event: HTTPResponseStartEvent = {
+            "type": "http.response.start",
+            "status": 500,
+            "headers": [
+                (b"content-type", b"text/plain; charset=utf-8"),
+                (b"connection", b"close"),
+            ],
+        }
+        await self.send(response_start_event)
+        response_body_event: HTTPResponseBodyEvent = {
+            "type": "http.response.body",
+            "body": b"Internal Server Error",
+            "more_body": False,
+        }
+        await self.send(response_body_event)
+
+    # ASGI interface
+    async def send(self, message: ASGISendEvent) -> None:
+        message_type = message["type"]
+
+        if self.flow.write_paused and not self.disconnected:
+            await self.flow.drain()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        if self.disconnected:
+            return  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        if not self.response_started:
+            # Sending response status line and headers
+            if message_type != "http.response.start":
+                msg = "Expected ASGI message 'http.response.start', but got '%s'."
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+            message = cast("HTTPResponseStartEvent", message)
+
+            self.response_started = True
+            self.waiting_for_100_continue = False
+
+            status = message["status"]
+            headers = self.default_headers + list(message.get("headers", []))
+
+            if CLOSE_HEADER in self.scope["headers"] and CLOSE_HEADER not in headers:
+                headers = headers + [CLOSE_HEADER]
+
+            if self.access_log:
+                self.access_logger.info(
+                    '%s - "%s %s HTTP/%s" %d',
+                    get_client_addr(self.scope),
+                    self.scope["method"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                    self.scope["http_version"],
+                    status,
+                )
+
+            # Write response status line and headers
+            reason = STATUS_PHRASES[status]
+            response = h11.Response(status_code=status, headers=headers, reason=reason)
+            output = self.conn.send(event=response)
+            self.transport.write(output)
+
+        elif not self.response_complete:
+            # Sending response body
+            if message_type != "http.response.body":
+                msg = "Expected ASGI message 'http.response.body', but got '%s'."
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+            message = cast("HTTPResponseBodyEvent", message)
+
+            body = message.get("body", b"")
+            more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+
+            # Write response body
+            data = b"" if self.scope["method"] == "HEAD" else body
+            output = self.conn.send(event=h11.Data(data=data))
+            self.transport.write(output)
+
+            # Handle response completion
+            if not more_body:
+                self.response_complete = True
+                self.message_event.set()
+                output = self.conn.send(event=h11.EndOfMessage())
+                self.transport.write(output)
+
+        else:
+            # Response already sent
+            msg = "Unexpected ASGI message '%s' sent, after response already completed."
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+        if self.response_complete:
+            if self.conn.our_state is h11.MUST_CLOSE or not self.keep_alive:
+                self.conn.send(event=h11.ConnectionClosed())
+                self.transport.close()
+            self.on_response()
+
+    async def receive(self) -> ASGIReceiveEvent:
+        if self.waiting_for_100_continue and not self.transport.is_closing():
+            headers: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+            event = h11.InformationalResponse(status_code=100, headers=headers, reason="Continue")
+            output = self.conn.send(event=event)
+            self.transport.write(output)
+            self.waiting_for_100_continue = False
+
+        if not self.disconnected and not self.response_complete:
+            self.flow.resume_reading()
+            await self.message_event.wait()
+            self.message_event.clear()
+
+        if self.disconnected or self.response_complete:
+            return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+
+        message: HTTPRequestEvent = {
+            "type": "http.request",
+            "body": self.body,
+            "more_body": self.more_body,
+        }
+        self.body = b""
+        return message
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/httptools_impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/httptools_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8795ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/http/httptools_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import http
+import logging
+import re
+import urllib
+from asyncio.events import TimerHandle
+from collections import deque
+from typing import Any, Callable, Literal, cast
+
+import httptools
+
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    ASGI3Application,
+    ASGIReceiveEvent,
+    ASGISendEvent,
+    HTTPRequestEvent,
+    HTTPResponseStartEvent,
+    HTTPScope,
+)
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.logging import TRACE_LOG_LEVEL
+from uvicorn.protocols.http.flow_control import CLOSE_HEADER, HIGH_WATER_LIMIT, FlowControl, service_unavailable
+from uvicorn.protocols.utils import get_client_addr, get_local_addr, get_path_with_query_string, get_remote_addr, is_ssl
+from uvicorn.server import ServerState
+
+HEADER_RE = re.compile(b'[\x00-\x1f\x7f()<>@,;:[]={} \t\\"]')
+HEADER_VALUE_RE = re.compile(b"[\x00-\x08\x0a-\x1f\x7f]")
+
+
+def _get_status_line(status_code: int) -> bytes:
+    try:
+        phrase = http.HTTPStatus(status_code).phrase.encode()
+    except ValueError:
+        phrase = b""
+    return b"".join([b"HTTP/1.1 ", str(status_code).encode(), b" ", phrase, b"\r\n"])
+
+
+STATUS_LINE = {status_code: _get_status_line(status_code) for status_code in range(100, 600)}
+
+
+class HttpToolsProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        server_state: ServerState,
+        app_state: dict[str, Any],
+        _loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not config.loaded:
+            config.load()
+
+        self.config = config
+        self.app = config.loaded_app
+        self.loop = _loop or asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+        self.access_logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.access")
+        self.access_log = self.access_logger.hasHandlers()
+        self.parser = httptools.HttpRequestParser(self)
+
+        try:
+            # Enable dangerous leniencies to allow server to a response on the first request from a pipelined request.
+            self.parser.set_dangerous_leniencies(lenient_data_after_close=True)
+        except AttributeError:  # pragma: no cover
+            # httptools < 0.6.3
+            pass
+
+        self.ws_protocol_class = config.ws_protocol_class
+        self.root_path = config.root_path
+        self.limit_concurrency = config.limit_concurrency
+        self.app_state = app_state
+
+        # Timeouts
+        self.timeout_keep_alive_task: TimerHandle | None = None
+        self.timeout_keep_alive = config.timeout_keep_alive
+
+        # Global state
+        self.server_state = server_state
+        self.connections = server_state.connections
+        self.tasks = server_state.tasks
+
+        # Per-connection state
+        self.transport: asyncio.Transport = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.flow: FlowControl = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.server: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.client: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.scheme: Literal["http", "https"] | None = None
+        self.pipeline: deque[tuple[RequestResponseCycle, ASGI3Application]] = deque()
+
+        # Per-request state
+        self.scope: HTTPScope = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.expect_100_continue = False
+        self.cycle: RequestResponseCycle = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+    # Protocol interface
+    def connection_made(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, transport: asyncio.Transport
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connections.add(self)
+
+        self.transport = transport
+        self.flow = FlowControl(transport)
+        self.server = get_local_addr(transport)
+        self.client = get_remote_addr(transport)
+        self.scheme = "https" if is_ssl(transport) else "http"
+
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sHTTP connection made", prefix)
+
+    def connection_lost(self, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        self.connections.discard(self)
+
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sHTTP connection lost", prefix)
+
+        if self.cycle and not self.cycle.response_complete:
+            self.cycle.disconnected = True
+        if self.cycle is not None:
+            self.cycle.message_event.set()
+        if self.flow is not None:
+            self.flow.resume_writing()
+        if exc is None:
+            self.transport.close()
+            self._unset_keepalive_if_required()
+
+        self.parser = None
+
+    def eof_received(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _unset_keepalive_if_required(self) -> None:
+        if self.timeout_keep_alive_task is not None:
+            self.timeout_keep_alive_task.cancel()
+            self.timeout_keep_alive_task = None
+
+    def _get_upgrade(self) -> bytes | None:
+        connection = []
+        upgrade = None
+        for name, value in self.headers:
+            if name == b"connection":
+                connection = [token.lower().strip() for token in value.split(b",")]
+            if name == b"upgrade":
+                upgrade = value.lower()
+        if b"upgrade" in connection:
+            return upgrade
+        return None  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def _should_upgrade_to_ws(self) -> bool:
+        if self.ws_protocol_class is None:
+            return False
+        return True
+
+    def _unsupported_upgrade_warning(self) -> None:
+        self.logger.warning("Unsupported upgrade request.")
+        if not self._should_upgrade_to_ws():
+            msg = "No supported WebSocket library detected. Please use \"pip install 'uvicorn[standard]'\", or install 'websockets' or 'wsproto' manually."  # noqa: E501
+            self.logger.warning(msg)
+
+    def _should_upgrade(self) -> bool:
+        upgrade = self._get_upgrade()
+        return upgrade == b"websocket" and self._should_upgrade_to_ws()
+
+    def data_received(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        self._unset_keepalive_if_required()
+
+        try:
+            self.parser.feed_data(data)
+        except httptools.HttpParserError:
+            msg = "Invalid HTTP request received."
+            self.logger.warning(msg)
+            self.send_400_response(msg)
+            return
+        except httptools.HttpParserUpgrade:
+            if self._should_upgrade():
+                self.handle_websocket_upgrade()
+            else:
+                self._unsupported_upgrade_warning()
+
+    def handle_websocket_upgrade(self) -> None:
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sUpgrading to WebSocket", prefix)
+
+        self.connections.discard(self)
+        method = self.scope["method"].encode()
+        output = [method, b" ", self.url, b" HTTP/1.1\r\n"]
+        for name, value in self.scope["headers"]:
+            output += [name, b": ", value, b"\r\n"]
+        output.append(b"\r\n")
+        protocol = self.ws_protocol_class(  # type: ignore[call-arg, misc]
+            config=self.config,
+            server_state=self.server_state,
+            app_state=self.app_state,
+        )
+        protocol.connection_made(self.transport)
+        protocol.data_received(b"".join(output))
+        self.transport.set_protocol(protocol)
+
+    def send_400_response(self, msg: str) -> None:
+        content = [STATUS_LINE[400]]
+        for name, value in self.server_state.default_headers:
+            content.extend([name, b": ", value, b"\r\n"])  # pragma: full coverage
+        content.extend(
+            [
+                b"content-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n",
+                b"content-length: " + str(len(msg)).encode("ascii") + b"\r\n",
+                b"connection: close\r\n",
+                b"\r\n",
+                msg.encode("ascii"),
+            ]
+        )
+        self.transport.write(b"".join(content))
+        self.transport.close()
+
+    def on_message_begin(self) -> None:
+        self.url = b""
+        self.expect_100_continue = False
+        self.headers = []
+        self.scope = {  # type: ignore[typeddict-item]
+            "type": "http",
+            "asgi": {"version": self.config.asgi_version, "spec_version": "2.3"},
+            "http_version": "1.1",
+            "server": self.server,
+            "client": self.client,
+            "scheme": self.scheme,  # type: ignore[typeddict-item]
+            "root_path": self.root_path,
+            "headers": self.headers,
+            "state": self.app_state.copy(),
+        }
+
+    # Parser callbacks
+    def on_url(self, url: bytes) -> None:
+        self.url += url
+
+    def on_header(self, name: bytes, value: bytes) -> None:
+        name = name.lower()
+        if name == b"expect" and value.lower() == b"100-continue":
+            self.expect_100_continue = True
+        self.headers.append((name, value))
+
+    def on_headers_complete(self) -> None:
+        http_version = self.parser.get_http_version()
+        method = self.parser.get_method()
+        self.scope["method"] = method.decode("ascii")
+        if http_version != "1.1":
+            self.scope["http_version"] = http_version
+        if self.parser.should_upgrade() and self._should_upgrade():
+            return
+        parsed_url = httptools.parse_url(self.url)
+        raw_path = parsed_url.path
+        path = raw_path.decode("ascii")
+        if "%" in path:
+            path = urllib.parse.unquote(path)
+        full_path = self.root_path + path
+        full_raw_path = self.root_path.encode("ascii") + raw_path
+        self.scope["path"] = full_path
+        self.scope["raw_path"] = full_raw_path
+        self.scope["query_string"] = parsed_url.query or b""
+
+        # Handle 503 responses when 'limit_concurrency' is exceeded.
+        if self.limit_concurrency is not None and (
+            len(self.connections) >= self.limit_concurrency or len(self.tasks) >= self.limit_concurrency
+        ):
+            app = service_unavailable
+            message = "Exceeded concurrency limit."
+            self.logger.warning(message)
+        else:
+            app = self.app
+
+        existing_cycle = self.cycle
+        self.cycle = RequestResponseCycle(
+            scope=self.scope,
+            transport=self.transport,
+            flow=self.flow,
+            logger=self.logger,
+            access_logger=self.access_logger,
+            access_log=self.access_log,
+            default_headers=self.server_state.default_headers,
+            message_event=asyncio.Event(),
+            expect_100_continue=self.expect_100_continue,
+            keep_alive=http_version != "1.0",
+            on_response=self.on_response_complete,
+        )
+        if existing_cycle is None or existing_cycle.response_complete:
+            # Standard case - start processing the request.
+            task = self.loop.create_task(self.cycle.run_asgi(app))
+            task.add_done_callback(self.tasks.discard)
+            self.tasks.add(task)
+        else:
+            # Pipelined HTTP requests need to be queued up.
+            self.flow.pause_reading()
+            self.pipeline.appendleft((self.cycle, app))
+
+    def on_body(self, body: bytes) -> None:
+        if (self.parser.should_upgrade() and self._should_upgrade()) or self.cycle.response_complete:
+            return
+        self.cycle.body += body
+        if len(self.cycle.body) > HIGH_WATER_LIMIT:
+            self.flow.pause_reading()
+        self.cycle.message_event.set()
+
+    def on_message_complete(self) -> None:
+        if (self.parser.should_upgrade() and self._should_upgrade()) or self.cycle.response_complete:
+            return
+        self.cycle.more_body = False
+        self.cycle.message_event.set()
+
+    def on_response_complete(self) -> None:
+        # Callback for pipelined HTTP requests to be started.
+        self.server_state.total_requests += 1
+
+        if self.transport.is_closing():
+            return
+
+        self._unset_keepalive_if_required()
+
+        # Unpause data reads if needed.
+        self.flow.resume_reading()
+
+        # Unblock any pipelined events. If there are none, arm the
+        # Keep-Alive timeout instead.
+        if self.pipeline:
+            cycle, app = self.pipeline.pop()
+            task = self.loop.create_task(cycle.run_asgi(app))
+            task.add_done_callback(self.tasks.discard)
+            self.tasks.add(task)
+        else:
+            self.timeout_keep_alive_task = self.loop.call_later(
+                self.timeout_keep_alive, self.timeout_keep_alive_handler
+            )
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the server to commence a graceful shutdown.
+        """
+        if self.cycle is None or self.cycle.response_complete:
+            self.transport.close()
+        else:
+            self.cycle.keep_alive = False
+
+    def pause_writing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the transport when the write buffer exceeds the high water mark.
+        """
+        self.flow.pause_writing()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def resume_writing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the transport when the write buffer drops below the low water mark.
+        """
+        self.flow.resume_writing()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def timeout_keep_alive_handler(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called on a keep-alive connection if no new data is received after a short
+        delay.
+        """
+        if not self.transport.is_closing():
+            self.transport.close()
+
+
+class RequestResponseCycle:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        scope: HTTPScope,
+        transport: asyncio.Transport,
+        flow: FlowControl,
+        logger: logging.Logger,
+        access_logger: logging.Logger,
+        access_log: bool,
+        default_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]],
+        message_event: asyncio.Event,
+        expect_100_continue: bool,
+        keep_alive: bool,
+        on_response: Callable[..., None],
+    ):
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.transport = transport
+        self.flow = flow
+        self.logger = logger
+        self.access_logger = access_logger
+        self.access_log = access_log
+        self.default_headers = default_headers
+        self.message_event = message_event
+        self.on_response = on_response
+
+        # Connection state
+        self.disconnected = False
+        self.keep_alive = keep_alive
+        self.waiting_for_100_continue = expect_100_continue
+
+        # Request state
+        self.body = b""
+        self.more_body = True
+
+        # Response state
+        self.response_started = False
+        self.response_complete = False
+        self.chunked_encoding: bool | None = None
+        self.expected_content_length = 0
+
+    # ASGI exception wrapper
+    async def run_asgi(self, app: ASGI3Application) -> None:
+        try:
+            result = await app(  # type: ignore[func-returns-value]
+                self.scope, self.receive, self.send
+            )
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            msg = "Exception in ASGI application\n"
+            self.logger.error(msg, exc_info=exc)
+            if not self.response_started:
+                await self.send_500_response()
+            else:
+                self.transport.close()
+        else:
+            if result is not None:
+                msg = "ASGI callable should return None, but returned '%s'."
+                self.logger.error(msg, result)
+                self.transport.close()
+            elif not self.response_started and not self.disconnected:
+                msg = "ASGI callable returned without starting response."
+                self.logger.error(msg)
+                await self.send_500_response()
+            elif not self.response_complete and not self.disconnected:
+                msg = "ASGI callable returned without completing response."
+                self.logger.error(msg)
+                self.transport.close()
+        finally:
+            self.on_response = lambda: None
+
+    async def send_500_response(self) -> None:
+        await self.send(
+            {
+                "type": "http.response.start",
+                "status": 500,
+                "headers": [
+                    (b"content-type", b"text/plain; charset=utf-8"),
+                    (b"content-length", b"21"),
+                    (b"connection", b"close"),
+                ],
+            }
+        )
+        await self.send({"type": "http.response.body", "body": b"Internal Server Error", "more_body": False})
+
+    # ASGI interface
+    async def send(self, message: ASGISendEvent) -> None:
+        message_type = message["type"]
+
+        if self.flow.write_paused and not self.disconnected:
+            await self.flow.drain()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        if self.disconnected:
+            return  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        if not self.response_started:
+            # Sending response status line and headers
+            if message_type != "http.response.start":
+                msg = "Expected ASGI message 'http.response.start', but got '%s'."
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+            message = cast("HTTPResponseStartEvent", message)
+
+            self.response_started = True
+            self.waiting_for_100_continue = False
+
+            status_code = message["status"]
+            headers = self.default_headers + list(message.get("headers", []))
+
+            if CLOSE_HEADER in self.scope["headers"] and CLOSE_HEADER not in headers:
+                headers = headers + [CLOSE_HEADER]
+
+            if self.access_log:
+                self.access_logger.info(
+                    '%s - "%s %s HTTP/%s" %d',
+                    get_client_addr(self.scope),
+                    self.scope["method"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                    self.scope["http_version"],
+                    status_code,
+                )
+
+            # Write response status line and headers
+            content = [STATUS_LINE[status_code]]
+
+            for name, value in headers:
+                if HEADER_RE.search(name):
+                    raise RuntimeError("Invalid HTTP header name.")  # pragma: full coverage
+                if HEADER_VALUE_RE.search(value):
+                    raise RuntimeError("Invalid HTTP header value.")
+
+                name = name.lower()
+                if name == b"content-length" and self.chunked_encoding is None:
+                    self.expected_content_length = int(value.decode())
+                    self.chunked_encoding = False
+                elif name == b"transfer-encoding" and value.lower() == b"chunked":
+                    self.expected_content_length = 0
+                    self.chunked_encoding = True
+                elif name == b"connection" and value.lower() == b"close":
+                    self.keep_alive = False
+                content.extend([name, b": ", value, b"\r\n"])
+
+            if self.chunked_encoding is None and self.scope["method"] != "HEAD" and status_code not in (204, 304):
+                # Neither content-length nor transfer-encoding specified
+                self.chunked_encoding = True
+                content.append(b"transfer-encoding: chunked\r\n")
+
+            content.append(b"\r\n")
+            self.transport.write(b"".join(content))
+
+        elif not self.response_complete:
+            # Sending response body
+            if message_type != "http.response.body":
+                msg = "Expected ASGI message 'http.response.body', but got '%s'."
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+            body = cast(bytes, message.get("body", b""))
+            more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
+
+            # Write response body
+            if self.scope["method"] == "HEAD":
+                self.expected_content_length = 0
+            elif self.chunked_encoding:
+                if body:
+                    content = [b"%x\r\n" % len(body), body, b"\r\n"]
+                else:
+                    content = []
+                if not more_body:
+                    content.append(b"0\r\n\r\n")
+                self.transport.write(b"".join(content))
+            else:
+                num_bytes = len(body)
+                if num_bytes > self.expected_content_length:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Response content longer than Content-Length")
+                else:
+                    self.expected_content_length -= num_bytes
+                self.transport.write(body)
+
+            # Handle response completion
+            if not more_body:
+                if self.expected_content_length != 0:
+                    raise RuntimeError("Response content shorter than Content-Length")
+                self.response_complete = True
+                self.message_event.set()
+                if not self.keep_alive:
+                    self.transport.close()
+                self.on_response()
+
+        else:
+            # Response already sent
+            msg = "Unexpected ASGI message '%s' sent, after response already completed."
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+    async def receive(self) -> ASGIReceiveEvent:
+        if self.waiting_for_100_continue and not self.transport.is_closing():
+            self.transport.write(b"HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n")
+            self.waiting_for_100_continue = False
+
+        if not self.disconnected and not self.response_complete:
+            self.flow.resume_reading()
+            await self.message_event.wait()
+            self.message_event.clear()
+
+        if self.disconnected or self.response_complete:
+            return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
+        message: HTTPRequestEvent = {"type": "http.request", "body": self.body, "more_body": self.more_body}
+        self.body = b""
+        return message
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/utils.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1d6f01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import urllib.parse
+
+from uvicorn._types import WWWScope
+
+
+class ClientDisconnected(OSError): ...
+
+
+def get_remote_addr(transport: asyncio.Transport) -> tuple[str, int] | None:
+    socket_info = transport.get_extra_info("socket")
+    if socket_info is not None:
+        try:
+            info = socket_info.getpeername()
+            return (str(info[0]), int(info[1])) if isinstance(info, tuple) else None
+        except OSError:  # pragma: no cover
+            # This case appears to inconsistently occur with uvloop
+            # bound to a unix domain socket.
+            return None
+
+    info = transport.get_extra_info("peername")
+    if info is not None and isinstance(info, (list, tuple)) and len(info) == 2:
+        return (str(info[0]), int(info[1]))
+    return None
+
+
+def get_local_addr(transport: asyncio.Transport) -> tuple[str, int] | None:
+    socket_info = transport.get_extra_info("socket")
+    if socket_info is not None:
+        info = socket_info.getsockname()
+
+        return (str(info[0]), int(info[1])) if isinstance(info, tuple) else None
+    info = transport.get_extra_info("sockname")
+    if info is not None and isinstance(info, (list, tuple)) and len(info) == 2:
+        return (str(info[0]), int(info[1]))
+    return None
+
+
+def is_ssl(transport: asyncio.Transport) -> bool:
+    return bool(transport.get_extra_info("sslcontext"))
+
+
+def get_client_addr(scope: WWWScope) -> str:
+    client = scope.get("client")
+    if not client:
+        return ""
+    return "%s:%d" % client
+
+
+def get_path_with_query_string(scope: WWWScope) -> str:
+    path_with_query_string = urllib.parse.quote(scope["path"])
+    if scope["query_string"]:
+        path_with_query_string = "{}?{}".format(path_with_query_string, scope["query_string"].decode("ascii"))
+    return path_with_query_string
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f983acf
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/__pycache__/wsproto_impl.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/__pycache__/wsproto_impl.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/auto.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/auto.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08fd1367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/auto.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import typing
+
+AutoWebSocketsProtocol: typing.Callable[..., asyncio.Protocol] | None
+try:
+    import websockets  # noqa
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    try:
+        import wsproto  # noqa
+    except ImportError:
+        AutoWebSocketsProtocol = None
+    else:
+        from uvicorn.protocols.websockets.wsproto_impl import WSProtocol
+
+        AutoWebSocketsProtocol = WSProtocol
+else:
+    from uvicorn.protocols.websockets.websockets_impl import WebSocketProtocol
+
+    AutoWebSocketsProtocol = WebSocketProtocol
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/websockets_impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/websockets_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19c11d65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/websockets_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import http
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from typing import Any, Literal, Optional, cast
+from urllib.parse import unquote
+
+import websockets
+import websockets.legacy.handshake
+from websockets.datastructures import Headers
+from websockets.exceptions import ConnectionClosed
+from websockets.extensions.base import ServerExtensionFactory
+from websockets.extensions.permessage_deflate import ServerPerMessageDeflateFactory
+from websockets.legacy.server import HTTPResponse
+from websockets.server import WebSocketServerProtocol
+from websockets.typing import Subprotocol
+
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    ASGI3Application,
+    ASGISendEvent,
+    WebSocketAcceptEvent,
+    WebSocketCloseEvent,
+    WebSocketConnectEvent,
+    WebSocketDisconnectEvent,
+    WebSocketReceiveEvent,
+    WebSocketResponseBodyEvent,
+    WebSocketResponseStartEvent,
+    WebSocketScope,
+    WebSocketSendEvent,
+)
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.logging import TRACE_LOG_LEVEL
+from uvicorn.protocols.utils import (
+    ClientDisconnected,
+    get_local_addr,
+    get_path_with_query_string,
+    get_remote_addr,
+    is_ssl,
+)
+from uvicorn.server import ServerState
+
+
+class Server:
+    closing = False
+
+    def register(self, ws: WebSocketServerProtocol) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def unregister(self, ws: WebSocketServerProtocol) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def is_serving(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.closing
+
+
+class WebSocketProtocol(WebSocketServerProtocol):
+    extra_headers: list[tuple[str, str]]
+    logger: logging.Logger | logging.LoggerAdapter[Any]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        server_state: ServerState,
+        app_state: dict[str, Any],
+        _loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+    ):
+        if not config.loaded:
+            config.load()
+
+        self.config = config
+        self.app = cast(ASGI3Application, config.loaded_app)
+        self.loop = _loop or asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        self.root_path = config.root_path
+        self.app_state = app_state
+
+        # Shared server state
+        self.connections = server_state.connections
+        self.tasks = server_state.tasks
+
+        # Connection state
+        self.transport: asyncio.Transport = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.server: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.client: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.scheme: Literal["wss", "ws"] = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        # Connection events
+        self.scope: WebSocketScope
+        self.handshake_started_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.handshake_completed_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.closed_event = asyncio.Event()
+        self.initial_response: HTTPResponse | None = None
+        self.connect_sent = False
+        self.lost_connection_before_handshake = False
+        self.accepted_subprotocol: Subprotocol | None = None
+
+        self.ws_server: Server = Server()  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        extensions: list[ServerExtensionFactory] = []
+        if self.config.ws_per_message_deflate:
+            extensions.append(ServerPerMessageDeflateFactory())
+
+        super().__init__(
+            ws_handler=self.ws_handler,
+            ws_server=self.ws_server,  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            max_size=self.config.ws_max_size,
+            max_queue=self.config.ws_max_queue,
+            ping_interval=self.config.ws_ping_interval,
+            ping_timeout=self.config.ws_ping_timeout,
+            extensions=extensions,
+            logger=logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error"),
+        )
+        self.server_header = None
+        self.extra_headers = [
+            (name.decode("latin-1"), value.decode("latin-1")) for name, value in server_state.default_headers
+        ]
+
+    def connection_made(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, transport: asyncio.Transport
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connections.add(self)
+        self.transport = transport
+        self.server = get_local_addr(transport)
+        self.client = get_remote_addr(transport)
+        self.scheme = "wss" if is_ssl(transport) else "ws"
+
+        if self.logger.isEnabledFor(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL):
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sWebSocket connection made", prefix)
+
+        super().connection_made(transport)
+
+    def connection_lost(self, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        self.connections.remove(self)
+
+        if self.logger.isEnabledFor(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL):
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sWebSocket connection lost", prefix)
+
+        self.lost_connection_before_handshake = not self.handshake_completed_event.is_set()
+        self.handshake_completed_event.set()
+        super().connection_lost(exc)
+        if exc is None:
+            self.transport.close()
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        self.ws_server.closing = True
+        if self.handshake_completed_event.is_set():
+            self.fail_connection(1012)
+        else:
+            self.send_500_response()
+        self.transport.close()
+
+    def on_task_complete(self, task: asyncio.Task[None]) -> None:
+        self.tasks.discard(task)
+
+    async def process_request(self, path: str, request_headers: Headers) -> HTTPResponse | None:
+        """
+        This hook is called to determine if the websocket should return
+        an HTTP response and close.
+
+        Our behavior here is to start the ASGI application, and then wait
+        for either `accept` or `close` in order to determine if we should
+        close the connection.
+        """
+        path_portion, _, query_string = path.partition("?")
+
+        websockets.legacy.handshake.check_request(request_headers)
+
+        subprotocols: list[str] = []
+        for header in request_headers.get_all("Sec-WebSocket-Protocol"):
+            subprotocols.extend([token.strip() for token in header.split(",")])
+
+        asgi_headers = [
+            (name.encode("ascii"), value.encode("ascii", errors="surrogateescape"))
+            for name, value in request_headers.raw_items()
+        ]
+        path = unquote(path_portion)
+        full_path = self.root_path + path
+        full_raw_path = self.root_path.encode("ascii") + path_portion.encode("ascii")
+
+        self.scope = {
+            "type": "websocket",
+            "asgi": {"version": self.config.asgi_version, "spec_version": "2.4"},
+            "http_version": "1.1",
+            "scheme": self.scheme,
+            "server": self.server,
+            "client": self.client,
+            "root_path": self.root_path,
+            "path": full_path,
+            "raw_path": full_raw_path,
+            "query_string": query_string.encode("ascii"),
+            "headers": asgi_headers,
+            "subprotocols": subprotocols,
+            "state": self.app_state.copy(),
+            "extensions": {"websocket.http.response": {}},
+        }
+        task = self.loop.create_task(self.run_asgi())
+        task.add_done_callback(self.on_task_complete)
+        self.tasks.add(task)
+        await self.handshake_started_event.wait()
+        return self.initial_response
+
+    def process_subprotocol(
+        self, headers: Headers, available_subprotocols: Sequence[Subprotocol] | None
+    ) -> Subprotocol | None:
+        """
+        We override the standard 'process_subprotocol' behavior here so that
+        we return whatever subprotocol is sent in the 'accept' message.
+        """
+        return self.accepted_subprotocol
+
+    def send_500_response(self) -> None:
+        msg = b"Internal Server Error"
+        content = [
+            b"HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\ncontent-type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\r\n",
+            b"content-length: " + str(len(msg)).encode("ascii") + b"\r\n",
+            b"connection: close\r\n",
+            b"\r\n",
+            msg,
+        ]
+        self.transport.write(b"".join(content))
+        # Allow handler task to terminate cleanly, as websockets doesn't cancel it by
+        # itself (see https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/issues/920)
+        self.handshake_started_event.set()
+
+    async def ws_handler(self, protocol: WebSocketServerProtocol, path: str) -> Any:  # type: ignore[override]
+        """
+        This is the main handler function for the 'websockets' implementation
+        to call into. We just wait for close then return, and instead allow
+        'send' and 'receive' events to drive the flow.
+        """
+        self.handshake_completed_event.set()
+        await self.wait_closed()
+
+    async def run_asgi(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Wrapper around the ASGI callable, handling exceptions and unexpected
+        termination states.
+        """
+        try:
+            result = await self.app(self.scope, self.asgi_receive, self.asgi_send)  # type: ignore[func-returns-value]
+        except ClientDisconnected:  # pragma: full coverage
+            self.closed_event.set()
+            self.transport.close()
+        except BaseException:
+            self.closed_event.set()
+            self.logger.exception("Exception in ASGI application\n")
+            if not self.handshake_started_event.is_set():
+                self.send_500_response()
+            else:
+                await self.handshake_completed_event.wait()
+            self.transport.close()
+        else:
+            self.closed_event.set()
+            if not self.handshake_started_event.is_set():
+                self.logger.error("ASGI callable returned without sending handshake.")
+                self.send_500_response()
+                self.transport.close()
+            elif result is not None:
+                self.logger.error("ASGI callable should return None, but returned '%s'.", result)
+                await self.handshake_completed_event.wait()
+                self.transport.close()
+
+    async def asgi_send(self, message: ASGISendEvent) -> None:
+        message_type = message["type"]
+
+        if not self.handshake_started_event.is_set():
+            if message_type == "websocket.accept":
+                message = cast("WebSocketAcceptEvent", message)
+                self.logger.info(
+                    '%s - "WebSocket %s" [accepted]',
+                    self.scope["client"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                )
+                self.initial_response = None
+                self.accepted_subprotocol = cast(Optional[Subprotocol], message.get("subprotocol"))
+                if "headers" in message:
+                    self.extra_headers.extend(
+                        # ASGI spec requires bytes
+                        # But for compatibility we need to convert it to strings
+                        (name.decode("latin-1"), value.decode("latin-1"))
+                        for name, value in message["headers"]
+                    )
+                self.handshake_started_event.set()
+
+            elif message_type == "websocket.close":
+                message = cast("WebSocketCloseEvent", message)
+                self.logger.info(
+                    '%s - "WebSocket %s" 403',
+                    self.scope["client"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                )
+                self.initial_response = (http.HTTPStatus.FORBIDDEN, [], b"")
+                self.handshake_started_event.set()
+                self.closed_event.set()
+
+            elif message_type == "websocket.http.response.start":
+                message = cast("WebSocketResponseStartEvent", message)
+                self.logger.info(
+                    '%s - "WebSocket %s" %d',
+                    self.scope["client"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                    message["status"],
+                )
+                # websockets requires the status to be an enum. look it up.
+                status = http.HTTPStatus(message["status"])
+                headers = [
+                    (name.decode("latin-1"), value.decode("latin-1")) for name, value in message.get("headers", [])
+                ]
+                self.initial_response = (status, headers, b"")
+                self.handshake_started_event.set()
+
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    "Expected ASGI message 'websocket.accept', 'websocket.close', "
+                    "or 'websocket.http.response.start' but got '%s'."
+                )
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+        elif not self.closed_event.is_set() and self.initial_response is None:
+            await self.handshake_completed_event.wait()
+
+            try:
+                if message_type == "websocket.send":
+                    message = cast("WebSocketSendEvent", message)
+                    bytes_data = message.get("bytes")
+                    text_data = message.get("text")
+                    data = text_data if bytes_data is None else bytes_data
+                    await self.send(data)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+                elif message_type == "websocket.close":
+                    message = cast("WebSocketCloseEvent", message)
+                    code = message.get("code", 1000)
+                    reason = message.get("reason", "") or ""
+                    await self.close(code, reason)
+                    self.closed_event.set()
+
+                else:
+                    msg = "Expected ASGI message 'websocket.send' or 'websocket.close', but got '%s'."
+                    raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+            except ConnectionClosed as exc:
+                raise ClientDisconnected from exc
+
+        elif self.initial_response is not None:
+            if message_type == "websocket.http.response.body":
+                message = cast("WebSocketResponseBodyEvent", message)
+                body = self.initial_response[2] + message["body"]
+                self.initial_response = self.initial_response[:2] + (body,)
+                if not message.get("more_body", False):
+                    self.closed_event.set()
+            else:
+                msg = "Expected ASGI message 'websocket.http.response.body' but got '%s'."
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+        else:
+            msg = "Unexpected ASGI message '%s', after sending 'websocket.close' or response already completed."
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+    async def asgi_receive(self) -> WebSocketDisconnectEvent | WebSocketConnectEvent | WebSocketReceiveEvent:
+        if not self.connect_sent:
+            self.connect_sent = True
+            return {"type": "websocket.connect"}
+
+        await self.handshake_completed_event.wait()
+
+        if self.lost_connection_before_handshake:
+            # If the handshake failed or the app closed before handshake completion,
+            # use 1006 Abnormal Closure.
+            return {"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": 1006}
+
+        if self.closed_event.is_set():
+            return {"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": 1005}
+
+        try:
+            data = await self.recv()
+        except ConnectionClosed:
+            self.closed_event.set()
+            if self.ws_server.closing:
+                return {"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": 1012}
+            return {"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": self.close_code or 1005, "reason": self.close_reason}
+
+        if isinstance(data, str):
+            return {"type": "websocket.receive", "text": data}
+        return {"type": "websocket.receive", "bytes": data}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/wsproto_impl.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/wsproto_impl.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2db5541
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/protocols/websockets/wsproto_impl.py
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import typing
+from typing import Literal, cast
+from urllib.parse import unquote
+
+import wsproto
+from wsproto import ConnectionType, events
+from wsproto.connection import ConnectionState
+from wsproto.extensions import Extension, PerMessageDeflate
+from wsproto.utilities import LocalProtocolError, RemoteProtocolError
+
+from uvicorn._types import (
+    ASGI3Application,
+    ASGISendEvent,
+    WebSocketAcceptEvent,
+    WebSocketCloseEvent,
+    WebSocketEvent,
+    WebSocketResponseBodyEvent,
+    WebSocketResponseStartEvent,
+    WebSocketScope,
+    WebSocketSendEvent,
+)
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.logging import TRACE_LOG_LEVEL
+from uvicorn.protocols.utils import (
+    ClientDisconnected,
+    get_local_addr,
+    get_path_with_query_string,
+    get_remote_addr,
+    is_ssl,
+)
+from uvicorn.server import ServerState
+
+
+class WSProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        server_state: ServerState,
+        app_state: dict[str, typing.Any],
+        _loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not config.loaded:
+            config.load()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        self.config = config
+        self.app = cast(ASGI3Application, config.loaded_app)
+        self.loop = _loop or asyncio.get_event_loop()
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+        self.root_path = config.root_path
+        self.app_state = app_state
+
+        # Shared server state
+        self.connections = server_state.connections
+        self.tasks = server_state.tasks
+        self.default_headers = server_state.default_headers
+
+        # Connection state
+        self.transport: asyncio.Transport = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.server: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.client: tuple[str, int] | None = None
+        self.scheme: Literal["wss", "ws"] = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        # WebSocket state
+        self.queue: asyncio.Queue[WebSocketEvent] = asyncio.Queue()
+        self.handshake_complete = False
+        self.close_sent = False
+
+        # Rejection state
+        self.response_started = False
+
+        self.conn = wsproto.WSConnection(connection_type=ConnectionType.SERVER)
+
+        self.read_paused = False
+        self.writable = asyncio.Event()
+        self.writable.set()
+
+        # Buffers
+        self.bytes = b""
+        self.text = ""
+
+    # Protocol interface
+
+    def connection_made(  # type: ignore[override]
+        self, transport: asyncio.Transport
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connections.add(self)
+        self.transport = transport
+        self.server = get_local_addr(transport)
+        self.client = get_remote_addr(transport)
+        self.scheme = "wss" if is_ssl(transport) else "ws"
+
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sWebSocket connection made", prefix)
+
+    def connection_lost(self, exc: Exception | None) -> None:
+        code = 1005 if self.handshake_complete else 1006
+        self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": code})
+        self.connections.remove(self)
+
+        if self.logger.level <= TRACE_LOG_LEVEL:
+            prefix = "%s:%d - " % self.client if self.client else ""
+            self.logger.log(TRACE_LOG_LEVEL, "%sWebSocket connection lost", prefix)
+
+        self.handshake_complete = True
+        if exc is None:
+            self.transport.close()
+
+    def eof_received(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def data_received(self, data: bytes) -> None:
+        try:
+            self.conn.receive_data(data)
+        except RemoteProtocolError as err:
+            # TODO: Remove `type: ignore` when wsproto fixes the type annotation.
+            self.transport.write(self.conn.send(err.event_hint))  # type: ignore[arg-type]  # noqa: E501
+            self.transport.close()
+        else:
+            self.handle_events()
+
+    def handle_events(self) -> None:
+        for event in self.conn.events():
+            if isinstance(event, events.Request):
+                self.handle_connect(event)
+            elif isinstance(event, events.TextMessage):
+                self.handle_text(event)
+            elif isinstance(event, events.BytesMessage):
+                self.handle_bytes(event)
+            elif isinstance(event, events.CloseConnection):
+                self.handle_close(event)
+            elif isinstance(event, events.Ping):
+                self.handle_ping(event)
+
+    def pause_writing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the transport when the write buffer exceeds the high water mark.
+        """
+        self.writable.clear()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def resume_writing(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Called by the transport when the write buffer drops below the low water mark.
+        """
+        self.writable.set()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        if self.handshake_complete:
+            self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": 1012})
+            output = self.conn.send(wsproto.events.CloseConnection(code=1012))
+            self.transport.write(output)
+        else:
+            self.send_500_response()
+        self.transport.close()
+
+    def on_task_complete(self, task: asyncio.Task[None]) -> None:
+        self.tasks.discard(task)
+
+    # Event handlers
+
+    def handle_connect(self, event: events.Request) -> None:
+        headers = [(b"host", event.host.encode())]
+        headers += [(key.lower(), value) for key, value in event.extra_headers]
+        raw_path, _, query_string = event.target.partition("?")
+        path = unquote(raw_path)
+        full_path = self.root_path + path
+        full_raw_path = self.root_path.encode("ascii") + raw_path.encode("ascii")
+        self.scope: WebSocketScope = {
+            "type": "websocket",
+            "asgi": {"version": self.config.asgi_version, "spec_version": "2.4"},
+            "http_version": "1.1",
+            "scheme": self.scheme,
+            "server": self.server,
+            "client": self.client,
+            "root_path": self.root_path,
+            "path": full_path,
+            "raw_path": full_raw_path,
+            "query_string": query_string.encode("ascii"),
+            "headers": headers,
+            "subprotocols": event.subprotocols,
+            "state": self.app_state.copy(),
+            "extensions": {"websocket.http.response": {}},
+        }
+        self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.connect"})
+        task = self.loop.create_task(self.run_asgi())
+        task.add_done_callback(self.on_task_complete)
+        self.tasks.add(task)
+
+    def handle_text(self, event: events.TextMessage) -> None:
+        self.text += event.data
+        if event.message_finished:
+            self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.receive", "text": self.text})
+            self.text = ""
+            if not self.read_paused:
+                self.read_paused = True
+                self.transport.pause_reading()
+
+    def handle_bytes(self, event: events.BytesMessage) -> None:
+        self.bytes += event.data
+        # todo: we may want to guard the size of self.bytes and self.text
+        if event.message_finished:
+            self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.receive", "bytes": self.bytes})
+            self.bytes = b""
+            if not self.read_paused:
+                self.read_paused = True
+                self.transport.pause_reading()
+
+    def handle_close(self, event: events.CloseConnection) -> None:
+        if self.conn.state == ConnectionState.REMOTE_CLOSING:
+            self.transport.write(self.conn.send(event.response()))
+        self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": event.code, "reason": event.reason})
+        self.transport.close()
+
+    def handle_ping(self, event: events.Ping) -> None:
+        self.transport.write(self.conn.send(event.response()))
+
+    def send_500_response(self) -> None:
+        if self.response_started or self.handshake_complete:
+            return  # we cannot send responses anymore
+        headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = [
+            (b"content-type", b"text/plain; charset=utf-8"),
+            (b"connection", b"close"),
+            (b"content-length", b"21"),
+        ]
+        output = self.conn.send(wsproto.events.RejectConnection(status_code=500, headers=headers, has_body=True))
+        output += self.conn.send(wsproto.events.RejectData(data=b"Internal Server Error"))
+        self.transport.write(output)
+
+    async def run_asgi(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            result = await self.app(self.scope, self.receive, self.send)  # type: ignore[func-returns-value]
+        except ClientDisconnected:
+            self.transport.close()  # pragma: full coverage
+        except BaseException:
+            self.logger.exception("Exception in ASGI application\n")
+            self.send_500_response()
+            self.transport.close()
+        else:
+            if not self.handshake_complete:
+                self.logger.error("ASGI callable returned without completing handshake.")
+                self.send_500_response()
+                self.transport.close()
+            elif result is not None:
+                self.logger.error("ASGI callable should return None, but returned '%s'.", result)
+                self.transport.close()
+
+    async def send(self, message: ASGISendEvent) -> None:
+        await self.writable.wait()
+
+        message_type = message["type"]
+
+        if not self.handshake_complete:
+            if message_type == "websocket.accept":
+                message = typing.cast(WebSocketAcceptEvent, message)
+                self.logger.info(
+                    '%s - "WebSocket %s" [accepted]',
+                    self.scope["client"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                )
+                subprotocol = message.get("subprotocol")
+                extra_headers = self.default_headers + list(message.get("headers", []))
+                extensions: list[Extension] = []
+                if self.config.ws_per_message_deflate:
+                    extensions.append(PerMessageDeflate())
+                if not self.transport.is_closing():
+                    self.handshake_complete = True
+                    output = self.conn.send(
+                        wsproto.events.AcceptConnection(
+                            subprotocol=subprotocol,
+                            extensions=extensions,
+                            extra_headers=extra_headers,
+                        )
+                    )
+                    self.transport.write(output)
+
+            elif message_type == "websocket.close":
+                self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": 1006})
+                self.logger.info(
+                    '%s - "WebSocket %s" 403',
+                    self.scope["client"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                )
+                self.handshake_complete = True
+                self.close_sent = True
+                event = events.RejectConnection(status_code=403, headers=[])
+                output = self.conn.send(event)
+                self.transport.write(output)
+                self.transport.close()
+
+            elif message_type == "websocket.http.response.start":
+                message = typing.cast(WebSocketResponseStartEvent, message)
+                # ensure status code is in the valid range
+                if not (100 <= message["status"] < 600):
+                    msg = "Invalid HTTP status code '%d' in response."
+                    raise RuntimeError(msg % message["status"])
+                self.logger.info(
+                    '%s - "WebSocket %s" %d',
+                    self.scope["client"],
+                    get_path_with_query_string(self.scope),
+                    message["status"],
+                )
+                self.handshake_complete = True
+                event = events.RejectConnection(
+                    status_code=message["status"],
+                    headers=list(message["headers"]),
+                    has_body=True,
+                )
+                output = self.conn.send(event)
+                self.transport.write(output)
+                self.response_started = True
+
+            else:
+                msg = (
+                    "Expected ASGI message 'websocket.accept', 'websocket.close' "
+                    "or 'websocket.http.response.start' "
+                    "but got '%s'."
+                )
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+        elif not self.close_sent and not self.response_started:
+            try:
+                if message_type == "websocket.send":
+                    message = typing.cast(WebSocketSendEvent, message)
+                    bytes_data = message.get("bytes")
+                    text_data = message.get("text")
+                    data = text_data if bytes_data is None else bytes_data
+                    output = self.conn.send(wsproto.events.Message(data=data))  # type: ignore
+                    if not self.transport.is_closing():
+                        self.transport.write(output)
+
+                elif message_type == "websocket.close":
+                    message = typing.cast(WebSocketCloseEvent, message)
+                    self.close_sent = True
+                    code = message.get("code", 1000)
+                    reason = message.get("reason", "") or ""
+                    self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": code, "reason": reason})
+                    output = self.conn.send(wsproto.events.CloseConnection(code=code, reason=reason))
+                    if not self.transport.is_closing():
+                        self.transport.write(output)
+                        self.transport.close()
+
+                else:
+                    msg = "Expected ASGI message 'websocket.send' or 'websocket.close', but got '%s'."
+                    raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+            except LocalProtocolError as exc:
+                raise ClientDisconnected from exc
+        elif self.response_started:
+            if message_type == "websocket.http.response.body":
+                message = typing.cast("WebSocketResponseBodyEvent", message)
+                body_finished = not message.get("more_body", False)
+                reject_data = events.RejectData(data=message["body"], body_finished=body_finished)
+                output = self.conn.send(reject_data)
+                self.transport.write(output)
+
+                if body_finished:
+                    self.queue.put_nowait({"type": "websocket.disconnect", "code": 1006})
+                    self.close_sent = True
+                    self.transport.close()
+
+            else:
+                msg = "Expected ASGI message 'websocket.http.response.body' but got '%s'."
+                raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+        else:
+            msg = "Unexpected ASGI message '%s', after sending 'websocket.close'."
+            raise RuntimeError(msg % message_type)
+
+    async def receive(self) -> WebSocketEvent:
+        message = await self.queue.get()
+        if self.read_paused and self.queue.empty():
+            self.read_paused = False
+            self.transport.resume_reading()
+        return message
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b137891
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/py.typed
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/server.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/server.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0e2ce2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/server.py
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import contextlib
+import logging
+import os
+import platform
+import signal
+import socket
+import sys
+import threading
+import time
+from collections.abc import Generator, Sequence
+from email.utils import formatdate
+from types import FrameType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+
+import click
+
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from uvicorn.protocols.http.h11_impl import H11Protocol
+    from uvicorn.protocols.http.httptools_impl import HttpToolsProtocol
+    from uvicorn.protocols.websockets.websockets_impl import WebSocketProtocol
+    from uvicorn.protocols.websockets.wsproto_impl import WSProtocol
+
+    Protocols = Union[H11Protocol, HttpToolsProtocol, WSProtocol, WebSocketProtocol]
+
+HANDLED_SIGNALS = (
+    signal.SIGINT,  # Unix signal 2. Sent by Ctrl+C.
+    signal.SIGTERM,  # Unix signal 15. Sent by `kill <pid>`.
+)
+if sys.platform == "win32":  # pragma: py-not-win32
+    HANDLED_SIGNALS += (signal.SIGBREAK,)  # Windows signal 21. Sent by Ctrl+Break.
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+
+
+class ServerState:
+    """
+    Shared servers state that is available between all protocol instances.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self.total_requests = 0
+        self.connections: set[Protocols] = set()
+        self.tasks: set[asyncio.Task[None]] = set()
+        self.default_headers: list[tuple[bytes, bytes]] = []
+
+
+class Server:
+    def __init__(self, config: Config) -> None:
+        self.config = config
+        self.server_state = ServerState()
+
+        self.started = False
+        self.should_exit = False
+        self.force_exit = False
+        self.last_notified = 0.0
+
+        self._captured_signals: list[int] = []
+
+    def run(self, sockets: list[socket.socket] | None = None) -> None:
+        self.config.setup_event_loop()
+        return asyncio.run(self.serve(sockets=sockets))
+
+    async def serve(self, sockets: list[socket.socket] | None = None) -> None:
+        with self.capture_signals():
+            await self._serve(sockets)
+
+    async def _serve(self, sockets: list[socket.socket] | None = None) -> None:
+        process_id = os.getpid()
+
+        config = self.config
+        if not config.loaded:
+            config.load()
+
+        self.lifespan = config.lifespan_class(config)
+
+        message = "Started server process [%d]"
+        color_message = "Started server process [" + click.style("%d", fg="cyan") + "]"
+        logger.info(message, process_id, extra={"color_message": color_message})
+
+        await self.startup(sockets=sockets)
+        if self.should_exit:
+            return
+        await self.main_loop()
+        await self.shutdown(sockets=sockets)
+
+        message = "Finished server process [%d]"
+        color_message = "Finished server process [" + click.style("%d", fg="cyan") + "]"
+        logger.info(message, process_id, extra={"color_message": color_message})
+
+    async def startup(self, sockets: list[socket.socket] | None = None) -> None:
+        await self.lifespan.startup()
+        if self.lifespan.should_exit:
+            self.should_exit = True
+            return
+
+        config = self.config
+
+        def create_protocol(
+            _loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop | None = None,
+        ) -> asyncio.Protocol:
+            return config.http_protocol_class(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                config=config,
+                server_state=self.server_state,
+                app_state=self.lifespan.state,
+                _loop=_loop,
+            )
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+
+        listeners: Sequence[socket.SocketType]
+        if sockets is not None:  # pragma: full coverage
+            # Explicitly passed a list of open sockets.
+            # We use this when the server is run from a Gunicorn worker.
+
+            def _share_socket(
+                sock: socket.SocketType,
+            ) -> socket.SocketType:  # pragma py-not-win32
+                # Windows requires the socket be explicitly shared across
+                # multiple workers (processes).
+                from socket import fromshare  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+                sock_data = sock.share(os.getpid())  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                return fromshare(sock_data)
+
+            self.servers: list[asyncio.base_events.Server] = []
+            for sock in sockets:
+                is_windows = platform.system() == "Windows"
+                if config.workers > 1 and is_windows:  # pragma: py-not-win32
+                    sock = _share_socket(sock)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                server = await loop.create_server(create_protocol, sock=sock, ssl=config.ssl, backlog=config.backlog)
+                self.servers.append(server)
+            listeners = sockets
+
+        elif config.fd is not None:  # pragma: py-win32
+            # Use an existing socket, from a file descriptor.
+            sock = socket.fromfd(config.fd, socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            server = await loop.create_server(create_protocol, sock=sock, ssl=config.ssl, backlog=config.backlog)
+            assert server.sockets is not None  # mypy
+            listeners = server.sockets
+            self.servers = [server]
+
+        elif config.uds is not None:  # pragma: py-win32
+            # Create a socket using UNIX domain socket.
+            uds_perms = 0o666
+            if os.path.exists(config.uds):
+                uds_perms = os.stat(config.uds).st_mode  # pragma: full coverage
+            server = await loop.create_unix_server(
+                create_protocol, path=config.uds, ssl=config.ssl, backlog=config.backlog
+            )
+            os.chmod(config.uds, uds_perms)
+            assert server.sockets is not None  # mypy
+            listeners = server.sockets
+            self.servers = [server]
+
+        else:
+            # Standard case. Create a socket from a host/port pair.
+            try:
+                server = await loop.create_server(
+                    create_protocol,
+                    host=config.host,
+                    port=config.port,
+                    ssl=config.ssl,
+                    backlog=config.backlog,
+                )
+            except OSError as exc:
+                logger.error(exc)
+                await self.lifespan.shutdown()
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+            assert server.sockets is not None
+            listeners = server.sockets
+            self.servers = [server]
+
+        if sockets is None:
+            self._log_started_message(listeners)
+        else:
+            # We're most likely running multiple workers, so a message has already been
+            # logged by `config.bind_socket()`.
+            pass  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        self.started = True
+
+    def _log_started_message(self, listeners: Sequence[socket.SocketType]) -> None:
+        config = self.config
+
+        if config.fd is not None:  # pragma: py-win32
+            sock = listeners[0]
+            logger.info(
+                "Uvicorn running on socket %s (Press CTRL+C to quit)",
+                sock.getsockname(),
+            )
+
+        elif config.uds is not None:  # pragma: py-win32
+            logger.info("Uvicorn running on unix socket %s (Press CTRL+C to quit)", config.uds)
+
+        else:
+            addr_format = "%s://%s:%d"
+            host = "0.0.0.0" if config.host is None else config.host
+            if ":" in host:
+                # It's an IPv6 address.
+                addr_format = "%s://[%s]:%d"
+
+            port = config.port
+            if port == 0:
+                port = listeners[0].getsockname()[1]
+
+            protocol_name = "https" if config.ssl else "http"
+            message = f"Uvicorn running on {addr_format} (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            color_message = "Uvicorn running on " + click.style(addr_format, bold=True) + " (Press CTRL+C to quit)"
+            logger.info(
+                message,
+                protocol_name,
+                host,
+                port,
+                extra={"color_message": color_message},
+            )
+
+    async def main_loop(self) -> None:
+        counter = 0
+        should_exit = await self.on_tick(counter)
+        while not should_exit:
+            counter += 1
+            counter = counter % 864000
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+            should_exit = await self.on_tick(counter)
+
+    async def on_tick(self, counter: int) -> bool:
+        # Update the default headers, once per second.
+        if counter % 10 == 0:
+            current_time = time.time()
+            current_date = formatdate(current_time, usegmt=True).encode()
+
+            if self.config.date_header:
+                date_header = [(b"date", current_date)]
+            else:
+                date_header = []
+
+            self.server_state.default_headers = date_header + self.config.encoded_headers
+
+            # Callback to `callback_notify` once every `timeout_notify` seconds.
+            if self.config.callback_notify is not None:
+                if current_time - self.last_notified > self.config.timeout_notify:  # pragma: full coverage
+                    self.last_notified = current_time
+                    await self.config.callback_notify()
+
+        # Determine if we should exit.
+        if self.should_exit:
+            return True
+
+        max_requests = self.config.limit_max_requests
+        if max_requests is not None and self.server_state.total_requests >= max_requests:
+            logger.warning(f"Maximum request limit of {max_requests} exceeded. Terminating process.")
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    async def shutdown(self, sockets: list[socket.socket] | None = None) -> None:
+        logger.info("Shutting down")
+
+        # Stop accepting new connections.
+        for server in self.servers:
+            server.close()
+        for sock in sockets or []:
+            sock.close()  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        # Request shutdown on all existing connections.
+        for connection in list(self.server_state.connections):
+            connection.shutdown()
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+
+        # When 3.10 is not supported anymore, use `async with asyncio.timeout(...):`.
+        try:
+            await asyncio.wait_for(
+                self._wait_tasks_to_complete(),
+                timeout=self.config.timeout_graceful_shutdown,
+            )
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            logger.error(
+                "Cancel %s running task(s), timeout graceful shutdown exceeded",
+                len(self.server_state.tasks),
+            )
+            for t in self.server_state.tasks:
+                t.cancel(msg="Task cancelled, timeout graceful shutdown exceeded")
+
+        # Send the lifespan shutdown event, and wait for application shutdown.
+        if not self.force_exit:
+            await self.lifespan.shutdown()
+
+    async def _wait_tasks_to_complete(self) -> None:
+        # Wait for existing connections to finish sending responses.
+        if self.server_state.connections and not self.force_exit:
+            msg = "Waiting for connections to close. (CTRL+C to force quit)"
+            logger.info(msg)
+            while self.server_state.connections and not self.force_exit:
+                await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+
+        # Wait for existing tasks to complete.
+        if self.server_state.tasks and not self.force_exit:
+            msg = "Waiting for background tasks to complete. (CTRL+C to force quit)"
+            logger.info(msg)
+            while self.server_state.tasks and not self.force_exit:
+                await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+
+        for server in self.servers:
+            await server.wait_closed()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def capture_signals(self) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+        # Signals can only be listened to from the main thread.
+        if threading.current_thread() is not threading.main_thread():
+            yield
+            return
+        # always use signal.signal, even if loop.add_signal_handler is available
+        # this allows to restore previous signal handlers later on
+        original_handlers = {sig: signal.signal(sig, self.handle_exit) for sig in HANDLED_SIGNALS}
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            for sig, handler in original_handlers.items():
+                signal.signal(sig, handler)
+        # If we did gracefully shut down due to a signal, try to
+        # trigger the expected behaviour now; multiple signals would be
+        # done LIFO, see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/48434964
+        for captured_signal in reversed(self._captured_signals):
+            signal.raise_signal(captured_signal)
+
+    def handle_exit(self, sig: int, frame: FrameType | None) -> None:
+        self._captured_signals.append(sig)
+        if self.should_exit and sig == signal.SIGINT:
+            self.force_exit = True  # pragma: full coverage
+        else:
+            self.should_exit = True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfceb6b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from uvicorn.supervisors.basereload import BaseReload
+from uvicorn.supervisors.multiprocess import Multiprocess
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    ChangeReload: type[BaseReload]
+else:
+    try:
+        from uvicorn.supervisors.watchfilesreload import WatchFilesReload as ChangeReload
+    except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+        from uvicorn.supervisors.statreload import StatReload as ChangeReload
+
+__all__ = ["Multiprocess", "ChangeReload"]
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/__pycache__/watchfilesreload.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/__pycache__/watchfilesreload.cpython-312.pyc
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/basereload.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/basereload.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eed99923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/basereload.py
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import os
+import signal
+import sys
+import threading
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from pathlib import Path
+from socket import socket
+from types import FrameType
+from typing import Callable
+
+import click
+
+from uvicorn._subprocess import get_subprocess
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+
+HANDLED_SIGNALS = (
+    signal.SIGINT,  # Unix signal 2. Sent by Ctrl+C.
+    signal.SIGTERM,  # Unix signal 15. Sent by `kill <pid>`.
+)
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+
+
+class BaseReload:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        target: Callable[[list[socket] | None], None],
+        sockets: list[socket],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.config = config
+        self.target = target
+        self.sockets = sockets
+        self.should_exit = threading.Event()
+        self.pid = os.getpid()
+        self.is_restarting = False
+        self.reloader_name: str | None = None
+
+    def signal_handler(self, sig: int, frame: FrameType | None) -> None:  # pragma: full coverage
+        """
+        A signal handler that is registered with the parent process.
+        """
+        if sys.platform == "win32" and self.is_restarting:
+            self.is_restarting = False
+        else:
+            self.should_exit.set()
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        self.startup()
+        for changes in self:
+            if changes:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "%s detected changes in %s. Reloading...",
+                    self.reloader_name,
+                    ", ".join(map(_display_path, changes)),
+                )
+                self.restart()
+
+        self.shutdown()
+
+    def pause(self) -> None:
+        if self.should_exit.wait(self.config.reload_delay):
+            raise StopIteration()
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[list[Path] | None]:
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self) -> list[Path] | None:
+        return self.should_restart()
+
+    def startup(self) -> None:
+        message = f"Started reloader process [{self.pid}] using {self.reloader_name}"
+        color_message = "Started reloader process [{}] using {}".format(
+            click.style(str(self.pid), fg="cyan", bold=True),
+            click.style(str(self.reloader_name), fg="cyan", bold=True),
+        )
+        logger.info(message, extra={"color_message": color_message})
+
+        for sig in HANDLED_SIGNALS:
+            signal.signal(sig, self.signal_handler)
+
+        self.process = get_subprocess(config=self.config, target=self.target, sockets=self.sockets)
+        self.process.start()
+
+    def restart(self) -> None:
+        if sys.platform == "win32":  # pragma: py-not-win32
+            self.is_restarting = True
+            assert self.process.pid is not None
+            os.kill(self.process.pid, signal.CTRL_C_EVENT)
+
+            # This is a workaround to ensure the Ctrl+C event is processed
+            sys.stdout.write(" ")  # This has to be a non-empty string
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+        else:  # pragma: py-win32
+            self.process.terminate()
+        self.process.join()
+
+        self.process = get_subprocess(config=self.config, target=self.target, sockets=self.sockets)
+        self.process.start()
+
+    def shutdown(self) -> None:
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            self.should_exit.set()  # pragma: py-not-win32
+        else:
+            self.process.terminate()  # pragma: py-win32
+        self.process.join()
+
+        for sock in self.sockets:
+            sock.close()
+
+        message = f"Stopping reloader process [{str(self.pid)}]"
+        color_message = "Stopping reloader process [{}]".format(click.style(str(self.pid), fg="cyan", bold=True))
+        logger.info(message, extra={"color_message": color_message})
+
+    def should_restart(self) -> list[Path] | None:
+        raise NotImplementedError("Reload strategies should override should_restart()")
+
+
+def _display_path(path: Path) -> str:
+    try:
+        return f"'{path.relative_to(Path.cwd())}'"
+    except ValueError:
+        return f"'{path}'"
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/multiprocess.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/multiprocess.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e198fe78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/multiprocess.py
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import os
+import signal
+import threading
+from multiprocessing import Pipe
+from socket import socket
+from typing import Any, Callable
+
+import click
+
+from uvicorn._subprocess import get_subprocess
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+
+SIGNALS = {
+    getattr(signal, f"SIG{x}"): x
+    for x in "INT TERM BREAK HUP QUIT TTIN TTOU USR1 USR2 WINCH".split()
+    if hasattr(signal, f"SIG{x}")
+}
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+
+
+class Process:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        target: Callable[[list[socket] | None], None],
+        sockets: list[socket],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.real_target = target
+
+        self.parent_conn, self.child_conn = Pipe()
+        self.process = get_subprocess(config, self.target, sockets)
+
+    def ping(self, timeout: float = 5) -> bool:
+        self.parent_conn.send(b"ping")
+        if self.parent_conn.poll(timeout):
+            self.parent_conn.recv()
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def pong(self) -> None:
+        self.child_conn.recv()
+        self.child_conn.send(b"pong")
+
+    def always_pong(self) -> None:
+        while True:
+            self.pong()
+
+    def target(self, sockets: list[socket] | None = None) -> Any:  # pragma: no cover
+        if os.name == "nt":  # pragma: py-not-win32
+            # Windows doesn't support SIGTERM, so we use SIGBREAK instead.
+            # And then we raise SIGTERM when SIGBREAK is received.
+            # https://learn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/signal?view=msvc-170
+            signal.signal(
+                signal.SIGBREAK,  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                lambda sig, frame: signal.raise_signal(signal.SIGTERM),
+            )
+
+        threading.Thread(target=self.always_pong, daemon=True).start()
+        return self.real_target(sockets)
+
+    def is_alive(self, timeout: float = 5) -> bool:
+        if not self.process.is_alive():
+            return False  # pragma: full coverage
+
+        return self.ping(timeout)
+
+    def start(self) -> None:
+        self.process.start()
+
+    def terminate(self) -> None:
+        if self.process.exitcode is None:  # Process is still running
+            assert self.process.pid is not None
+            if os.name == "nt":  # pragma: py-not-win32
+                # Windows doesn't support SIGTERM.
+                # So send SIGBREAK, and then in process raise SIGTERM.
+                os.kill(self.process.pid, signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            else:
+                os.kill(self.process.pid, signal.SIGTERM)
+            logger.info(f"Terminated child process [{self.process.pid}]")
+
+            self.parent_conn.close()
+            self.child_conn.close()
+
+    def kill(self) -> None:
+        # In Windows, the method will call `TerminateProcess` to kill the process.
+        # In Unix, the method will send SIGKILL to the process.
+        self.process.kill()
+
+    def join(self) -> None:
+        logger.info(f"Waiting for child process [{self.process.pid}]")
+        self.process.join()
+
+    @property
+    def pid(self) -> int | None:
+        return self.process.pid
+
+
+class Multiprocess:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        target: Callable[[list[socket] | None], None],
+        sockets: list[socket],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.config = config
+        self.target = target
+        self.sockets = sockets
+
+        self.processes_num = config.workers
+        self.processes: list[Process] = []
+
+        self.should_exit = threading.Event()
+
+        self.signal_queue: list[int] = []
+        for sig in SIGNALS:
+            signal.signal(sig, lambda sig, frame: self.signal_queue.append(sig))
+
+    def init_processes(self) -> None:
+        for _ in range(self.processes_num):
+            process = Process(self.config, self.target, self.sockets)
+            process.start()
+            self.processes.append(process)
+
+    def terminate_all(self) -> None:
+        for process in self.processes:
+            process.terminate()
+
+    def join_all(self) -> None:
+        for process in self.processes:
+            process.join()
+
+    def restart_all(self) -> None:
+        for idx, process in enumerate(self.processes):
+            process.terminate()
+            process.join()
+            new_process = Process(self.config, self.target, self.sockets)
+            new_process.start()
+            self.processes[idx] = new_process
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        message = f"Started parent process [{os.getpid()}]"
+        color_message = "Started parent process [{}]".format(click.style(str(os.getpid()), fg="cyan", bold=True))
+        logger.info(message, extra={"color_message": color_message})
+
+        self.init_processes()
+
+        while not self.should_exit.wait(0.5):
+            self.handle_signals()
+            self.keep_subprocess_alive()
+
+        self.terminate_all()
+        self.join_all()
+
+        message = f"Stopping parent process [{os.getpid()}]"
+        color_message = "Stopping parent process [{}]".format(click.style(str(os.getpid()), fg="cyan", bold=True))
+        logger.info(message, extra={"color_message": color_message})
+
+    def keep_subprocess_alive(self) -> None:
+        if self.should_exit.is_set():
+            return  # parent process is exiting, no need to keep subprocess alive
+
+        for idx, process in enumerate(self.processes):
+            if process.is_alive():
+                continue
+
+            process.kill()  # process is hung, kill it
+            process.join()
+
+            if self.should_exit.is_set():
+                return  # pragma: full coverage
+
+            logger.info(f"Child process [{process.pid}] died")
+            process = Process(self.config, self.target, self.sockets)
+            process.start()
+            self.processes[idx] = process
+
+    def handle_signals(self) -> None:
+        for sig in tuple(self.signal_queue):
+            self.signal_queue.remove(sig)
+            sig_name = SIGNALS[sig]
+            sig_handler = getattr(self, f"handle_{sig_name.lower()}", None)
+            if sig_handler is not None:
+                sig_handler()
+            else:  # pragma: no cover
+                logger.debug(f"Received signal {sig_name}, but no handler is defined for it.")
+
+    def handle_int(self) -> None:
+        logger.info("Received SIGINT, exiting.")
+        self.should_exit.set()
+
+    def handle_term(self) -> None:
+        logger.info("Received SIGTERM, exiting.")
+        self.should_exit.set()
+
+    def handle_break(self) -> None:  # pragma: py-not-win32
+        logger.info("Received SIGBREAK, exiting.")
+        self.should_exit.set()
+
+    def handle_hup(self) -> None:  # pragma: py-win32
+        logger.info("Received SIGHUP, restarting processes.")
+        self.restart_all()
+
+    def handle_ttin(self) -> None:  # pragma: py-win32
+        logger.info("Received SIGTTIN, increasing the number of processes.")
+        self.processes_num += 1
+        process = Process(self.config, self.target, self.sockets)
+        process.start()
+        self.processes.append(process)
+
+    def handle_ttou(self) -> None:  # pragma: py-win32
+        logger.info("Received SIGTTOU, decreasing number of processes.")
+        if self.processes_num <= 1:
+            logger.info("Already reached one process, cannot decrease the number of processes anymore.")
+            return
+        self.processes_num -= 1
+        process = self.processes.pop()
+        process.terminate()
+        process.join()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/statreload.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/statreload.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9cbd525
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/statreload.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from pathlib import Path
+from socket import socket
+from typing import Callable
+
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.supervisors.basereload import BaseReload
+
+logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+
+
+class StatReload(BaseReload):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        target: Callable[[list[socket] | None], None],
+        sockets: list[socket],
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(config, target, sockets)
+        self.reloader_name = "StatReload"
+        self.mtimes: dict[Path, float] = {}
+
+        if config.reload_excludes or config.reload_includes:
+            logger.warning("--reload-include and --reload-exclude have no effect unless watchfiles is installed.")
+
+    def should_restart(self) -> list[Path] | None:
+        self.pause()
+
+        for file in self.iter_py_files():
+            try:
+                mtime = file.stat().st_mtime
+            except OSError:  # pragma: nocover
+                continue
+
+            old_time = self.mtimes.get(file)
+            if old_time is None:
+                self.mtimes[file] = mtime
+                continue
+            elif mtime > old_time:
+                return [file]
+        return None
+
+    def restart(self) -> None:
+        self.mtimes = {}
+        return super().restart()
+
+    def iter_py_files(self) -> Iterator[Path]:
+        for reload_dir in self.config.reload_dirs:
+            for path in list(reload_dir.rglob("*.py")):
+                yield path.resolve()
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/watchfilesreload.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/watchfilesreload.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d3b9b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/supervisors/watchfilesreload.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from pathlib import Path
+from socket import socket
+from typing import Callable
+
+from watchfiles import watch
+
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.supervisors.basereload import BaseReload
+
+
+class FileFilter:
+    def __init__(self, config: Config):
+        default_includes = ["*.py"]
+        self.includes = [default for default in default_includes if default not in config.reload_excludes]
+        self.includes.extend(config.reload_includes)
+        self.includes = list(set(self.includes))
+
+        default_excludes = [".*", ".py[cod]", ".sw.*", "~*"]
+        self.excludes = [default for default in default_excludes if default not in config.reload_includes]
+        self.exclude_dirs = []
+        for e in config.reload_excludes:
+            p = Path(e)
+            try:
+                is_dir = p.is_dir()
+            except OSError:  # pragma: no cover
+                # gets raised on Windows for values like "*.py"
+                is_dir = False
+
+            if is_dir:
+                self.exclude_dirs.append(p)
+            else:
+                self.excludes.append(e)  # pragma: full coverage
+        self.excludes = list(set(self.excludes))
+
+    def __call__(self, path: Path) -> bool:
+        for include_pattern in self.includes:
+            if path.match(include_pattern):
+                if str(path).endswith(include_pattern):
+                    return True  # pragma: full coverage
+
+                for exclude_dir in self.exclude_dirs:
+                    if exclude_dir in path.parents:
+                        return False
+
+                for exclude_pattern in self.excludes:
+                    if path.match(exclude_pattern):
+                        return False  # pragma: full coverage
+
+                return True
+        return False
+
+
+class WatchFilesReload(BaseReload):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        config: Config,
+        target: Callable[[list[socket] | None], None],
+        sockets: list[socket],
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(config, target, sockets)
+        self.reloader_name = "WatchFiles"
+        self.reload_dirs = []
+        for directory in config.reload_dirs:
+            if Path.cwd() not in directory.parents:
+                self.reload_dirs.append(directory)
+        if Path.cwd() not in self.reload_dirs:
+            self.reload_dirs.append(Path.cwd())
+
+        self.watch_filter = FileFilter(config)
+        self.watcher = watch(
+            *self.reload_dirs,
+            watch_filter=None,
+            stop_event=self.should_exit,
+            # using yield_on_timeout here mostly to make sure tests don't
+            # hang forever, won't affect the class's behavior
+            yield_on_timeout=True,
+        )
+
+    def should_restart(self) -> list[Path] | None:
+        self.pause()
+
+        changes = next(self.watcher)
+        if changes:
+            unique_paths = {Path(c[1]) for c in changes}
+            return [p for p in unique_paths if self.watch_filter(p)]
+        return None
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/workers.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/workers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..06fdf295
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/uvicorn/workers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import asyncio
+import logging
+import signal
+import sys
+import warnings
+from typing import Any
+
+from gunicorn.arbiter import Arbiter
+from gunicorn.workers.base import Worker
+
+from uvicorn.config import Config
+from uvicorn.server import Server
+
+warnings.warn(
+    "The `uvicorn.workers` module is deprecated. Please use `uvicorn-worker` package instead.\n"
+    "For more details, see https://github.com/Kludex/uvicorn-worker.",
+    DeprecationWarning,
+)
+
+
+class UvicornWorker(Worker):
+    """
+    A worker class for Gunicorn that interfaces with an ASGI consumer callable,
+    rather than a WSGI callable.
+    """
+
+    CONFIG_KWARGS: dict[str, Any] = {"loop": "auto", "http": "auto"}
+
+    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.error")
+        logger.handlers = self.log.error_log.handlers
+        logger.setLevel(self.log.error_log.level)
+        logger.propagate = False
+
+        logger = logging.getLogger("uvicorn.access")
+        logger.handlers = self.log.access_log.handlers
+        logger.setLevel(self.log.access_log.level)
+        logger.propagate = False
+
+        config_kwargs: dict = {
+            "app": None,
+            "log_config": None,
+            "timeout_keep_alive": self.cfg.keepalive,
+            "timeout_notify": self.timeout,
+            "callback_notify": self.callback_notify,
+            "limit_max_requests": self.max_requests,
+            "forwarded_allow_ips": self.cfg.forwarded_allow_ips,
+        }
+
+        if self.cfg.is_ssl:
+            ssl_kwargs = {
+                "ssl_keyfile": self.cfg.ssl_options.get("keyfile"),
+                "ssl_certfile": self.cfg.ssl_options.get("certfile"),
+                "ssl_keyfile_password": self.cfg.ssl_options.get("password"),
+                "ssl_version": self.cfg.ssl_options.get("ssl_version"),
+                "ssl_cert_reqs": self.cfg.ssl_options.get("cert_reqs"),
+                "ssl_ca_certs": self.cfg.ssl_options.get("ca_certs"),
+                "ssl_ciphers": self.cfg.ssl_options.get("ciphers"),
+            }
+            config_kwargs.update(ssl_kwargs)
+
+        if self.cfg.settings["backlog"].value:
+            config_kwargs["backlog"] = self.cfg.settings["backlog"].value
+
+        config_kwargs.update(self.CONFIG_KWARGS)
+
+        self.config = Config(**config_kwargs)
+
+    def init_process(self) -> None:
+        self.config.setup_event_loop()
+        super().init_process()
+
+    def init_signals(self) -> None:
+        # Reset signals so Gunicorn doesn't swallow subprocess return codes
+        # other signals are set up by Server.install_signal_handlers()
+        # See: https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/issues/894
+        for s in self.SIGNALS:
+            signal.signal(s, signal.SIG_DFL)
+
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, self.handle_usr1)
+        # Don't let SIGUSR1 disturb active requests by interrupting system calls
+        signal.siginterrupt(signal.SIGUSR1, False)
+
+    def _install_sigquit_handler(self) -> None:
+        """Install a SIGQUIT handler on workers.
+
+        - https://github.com/encode/uvicorn/issues/1116
+        - https://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn/issues/2604
+        """
+
+        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGQUIT, self.handle_exit, signal.SIGQUIT, None)
+
+    async def _serve(self) -> None:
+        self.config.app = self.wsgi
+        server = Server(config=self.config)
+        self._install_sigquit_handler()
+        await server.serve(sockets=self.sockets)
+        if not server.started:
+            sys.exit(Arbiter.WORKER_BOOT_ERROR)
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        return asyncio.run(self._serve())
+
+    async def callback_notify(self) -> None:
+        self.notify()
+
+
+class UvicornH11Worker(UvicornWorker):
+    CONFIG_KWARGS = {"loop": "asyncio", "http": "h11"}
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ec4f203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,390 @@
+
+from .error import *
+
+from .tokens import *
+from .events import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+from .loader import *
+from .dumper import *
+
+__version__ = '6.0.2'
+try:
+    from .cyaml import *
+    __with_libyaml__ = True
+except ImportError:
+    __with_libyaml__ = False
+
+import io
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# XXX "Warnings control" is now deprecated. Leaving in the API function to not
+# break code that uses it.
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def warnings(settings=None):
+    if settings is None:
+        return {}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+def scan(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Scan a YAML stream and produce scanning tokens.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_token():
+            yield loader.get_token()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def parse(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse a YAML stream and produce parsing events.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_event():
+            yield loader.get_event()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def compose(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding representation tree.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        return loader.get_single_node()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def compose_all(stream, Loader=Loader):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding representation trees.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_node():
+            yield loader.get_node()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def load(stream, Loader):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        return loader.get_single_data()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def load_all(stream, Loader):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+    """
+    loader = Loader(stream)
+    try:
+        while loader.check_data():
+            yield loader.get_data()
+    finally:
+        loader.dispose()
+
+def full_load(stream):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+
+    Resolve all tags except those known to be
+    unsafe on untrusted input.
+    """
+    return load(stream, FullLoader)
+
+def full_load_all(stream):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+
+    Resolve all tags except those known to be
+    unsafe on untrusted input.
+    """
+    return load_all(stream, FullLoader)
+
+def safe_load(stream):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+
+    Resolve only basic YAML tags. This is known
+    to be safe for untrusted input.
+    """
+    return load(stream, SafeLoader)
+
+def safe_load_all(stream):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+
+    Resolve only basic YAML tags. This is known
+    to be safe for untrusted input.
+    """
+    return load_all(stream, SafeLoader)
+
+def unsafe_load(stream):
+    """
+    Parse the first YAML document in a stream
+    and produce the corresponding Python object.
+
+    Resolve all tags, even those known to be
+    unsafe on untrusted input.
+    """
+    return load(stream, UnsafeLoader)
+
+def unsafe_load_all(stream):
+    """
+    Parse all YAML documents in a stream
+    and produce corresponding Python objects.
+
+    Resolve all tags, even those known to be
+    unsafe on untrusted input.
+    """
+    return load_all(stream, UnsafeLoader)
+
+def emit(events, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None):
+    """
+    Emit YAML parsing events into a stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+    try:
+        for event in events:
+            dumper.emit(event)
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def serialize_all(nodes, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+        encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+        version=None, tags=None):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of representation trees into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        if encoding is None:
+            stream = io.StringIO()
+        else:
+            stream = io.BytesIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+            encoding=encoding, version=version, tags=tags,
+            explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end)
+    try:
+        dumper.open()
+        for node in nodes:
+            dumper.serialize(node)
+        dumper.close()
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def serialize(node, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a representation tree into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return serialize_all([node], stream, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds)
+
+def dump_all(documents, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper,
+        default_style=None, default_flow_style=False,
+        canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+        allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+        encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+        version=None, tags=None, sort_keys=True):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of Python objects into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    getvalue = None
+    if stream is None:
+        if encoding is None:
+            stream = io.StringIO()
+        else:
+            stream = io.BytesIO()
+        getvalue = stream.getvalue
+    dumper = Dumper(stream, default_style=default_style,
+            default_flow_style=default_flow_style,
+            canonical=canonical, indent=indent, width=width,
+            allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+            encoding=encoding, version=version, tags=tags,
+            explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+    try:
+        dumper.open()
+        for data in documents:
+            dumper.represent(data)
+        dumper.close()
+    finally:
+        dumper.dispose()
+    if getvalue:
+        return getvalue()
+
+def dump(data, stream=None, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a Python object into a YAML stream.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all([data], stream, Dumper=Dumper, **kwds)
+
+def safe_dump_all(documents, stream=None, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a sequence of Python objects into a YAML stream.
+    Produce only basic YAML tags.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all(documents, stream, Dumper=SafeDumper, **kwds)
+
+def safe_dump(data, stream=None, **kwds):
+    """
+    Serialize a Python object into a YAML stream.
+    Produce only basic YAML tags.
+    If stream is None, return the produced string instead.
+    """
+    return dump_all([data], stream, Dumper=SafeDumper, **kwds)
+
+def add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first=None,
+        Loader=None, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add an implicit scalar detector.
+    If an implicit scalar value matches the given regexp,
+    the corresponding tag is assigned to the scalar.
+    first is a sequence of possible initial characters or None.
+    """
+    if Loader is None:
+        loader.Loader.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+        loader.FullLoader.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+        loader.UnsafeLoader.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+    else:
+        Loader.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+    Dumper.add_implicit_resolver(tag, regexp, first)
+
+def add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind=None, Loader=None, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a path based resolver for the given tag.
+    A path is a list of keys that forms a path
+    to a node in the representation tree.
+    Keys can be string values, integers, or None.
+    """
+    if Loader is None:
+        loader.Loader.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+        loader.FullLoader.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+        loader.UnsafeLoader.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+    else:
+        Loader.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+    Dumper.add_path_resolver(tag, path, kind)
+
+def add_constructor(tag, constructor, Loader=None):
+    """
+    Add a constructor for the given tag.
+    Constructor is a function that accepts a Loader instance
+    and a node object and produces the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    if Loader is None:
+        loader.Loader.add_constructor(tag, constructor)
+        loader.FullLoader.add_constructor(tag, constructor)
+        loader.UnsafeLoader.add_constructor(tag, constructor)
+    else:
+        Loader.add_constructor(tag, constructor)
+
+def add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor, Loader=None):
+    """
+    Add a multi-constructor for the given tag prefix.
+    Multi-constructor is called for a node if its tag starts with tag_prefix.
+    Multi-constructor accepts a Loader instance, a tag suffix,
+    and a node object and produces the corresponding Python object.
+    """
+    if Loader is None:
+        loader.Loader.add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor)
+        loader.FullLoader.add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor)
+        loader.UnsafeLoader.add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor)
+    else:
+        Loader.add_multi_constructor(tag_prefix, multi_constructor)
+
+def add_representer(data_type, representer, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a representer for the given type.
+    Representer is a function accepting a Dumper instance
+    and an instance of the given data type
+    and producing the corresponding representation node.
+    """
+    Dumper.add_representer(data_type, representer)
+
+def add_multi_representer(data_type, multi_representer, Dumper=Dumper):
+    """
+    Add a representer for the given type.
+    Multi-representer is a function accepting a Dumper instance
+    and an instance of the given data type or subtype
+    and producing the corresponding representation node.
+    """
+    Dumper.add_multi_representer(data_type, multi_representer)
+
+class YAMLObjectMetaclass(type):
+    """
+    The metaclass for YAMLObject.
+    """
+    def __init__(cls, name, bases, kwds):
+        super(YAMLObjectMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, kwds)
+        if 'yaml_tag' in kwds and kwds['yaml_tag'] is not None:
+            if isinstance(cls.yaml_loader, list):
+                for loader in cls.yaml_loader:
+                    loader.add_constructor(cls.yaml_tag, cls.from_yaml)
+            else:
+                cls.yaml_loader.add_constructor(cls.yaml_tag, cls.from_yaml)
+
+            cls.yaml_dumper.add_representer(cls, cls.to_yaml)
+
+class YAMLObject(metaclass=YAMLObjectMetaclass):
+    """
+    An object that can dump itself to a YAML stream
+    and load itself from a YAML stream.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()  # no direct instantiation, so allow immutable subclasses
+
+    yaml_loader = [Loader, FullLoader, UnsafeLoader]
+    yaml_dumper = Dumper
+
+    yaml_tag = None
+    yaml_flow_style = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_yaml(cls, loader, node):
+        """
+        Convert a representation node to a Python object.
+        """
+        return loader.construct_yaml_object(node, cls)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def to_yaml(cls, dumper, data):
+        """
+        Convert a Python object to a representation node.
+        """
+        return dumper.represent_yaml_object(cls.yaml_tag, data, cls,
+                flow_style=cls.yaml_flow_style)
+
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/_yaml.cp312-win_amd64.pyd b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/_yaml.cp312-win_amd64.pyd
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diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/composer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/composer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6d15cb40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/composer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Composer', 'ComposerError']
+
+from .error import MarkedYAMLError
+from .events import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+class ComposerError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Composer:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.anchors = {}
+
+    def check_node(self):
+        # Drop the STREAM-START event.
+        if self.check_event(StreamStartEvent):
+            self.get_event()
+
+        # If there are more documents available?
+        return not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent)
+
+    def get_node(self):
+        # Get the root node of the next document.
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            return self.compose_document()
+
+    def get_single_node(self):
+        # Drop the STREAM-START event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        # Compose a document if the stream is not empty.
+        document = None
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            document = self.compose_document()
+
+        # Ensure that the stream contains no more documents.
+        if not self.check_event(StreamEndEvent):
+            event = self.get_event()
+            raise ComposerError("expected a single document in the stream",
+                    document.start_mark, "but found another document",
+                    event.start_mark)
+
+        # Drop the STREAM-END event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        return document
+
+    def compose_document(self):
+        # Drop the DOCUMENT-START event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        # Compose the root node.
+        node = self.compose_node(None, None)
+
+        # Drop the DOCUMENT-END event.
+        self.get_event()
+
+        self.anchors = {}
+        return node
+
+    def compose_node(self, parent, index):
+        if self.check_event(AliasEvent):
+            event = self.get_event()
+            anchor = event.anchor
+            if anchor not in self.anchors:
+                raise ComposerError(None, None, "found undefined alias %r"
+                        % anchor, event.start_mark)
+            return self.anchors[anchor]
+        event = self.peek_event()
+        anchor = event.anchor
+        if anchor is not None:
+            if anchor in self.anchors:
+                raise ComposerError("found duplicate anchor %r; first occurrence"
+                        % anchor, self.anchors[anchor].start_mark,
+                        "second occurrence", event.start_mark)
+        self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+        if self.check_event(ScalarEvent):
+            node = self.compose_scalar_node(anchor)
+        elif self.check_event(SequenceStartEvent):
+            node = self.compose_sequence_node(anchor)
+        elif self.check_event(MappingStartEvent):
+            node = self.compose_mapping_node(anchor)
+        self.ascend_resolver()
+        return node
+
+    def compose_scalar_node(self, anchor):
+        event = self.get_event()
+        tag = event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == '!':
+            tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, event.value, event.implicit)
+        node = ScalarNode(tag, event.value,
+                event.start_mark, event.end_mark, style=event.style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        return node
+
+    def compose_sequence_node(self, anchor):
+        start_event = self.get_event()
+        tag = start_event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == '!':
+            tag = self.resolve(SequenceNode, None, start_event.implicit)
+        node = SequenceNode(tag, [],
+                start_event.start_mark, None,
+                flow_style=start_event.flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        index = 0
+        while not self.check_event(SequenceEndEvent):
+            node.value.append(self.compose_node(node, index))
+            index += 1
+        end_event = self.get_event()
+        node.end_mark = end_event.end_mark
+        return node
+
+    def compose_mapping_node(self, anchor):
+        start_event = self.get_event()
+        tag = start_event.tag
+        if tag is None or tag == '!':
+            tag = self.resolve(MappingNode, None, start_event.implicit)
+        node = MappingNode(tag, [],
+                start_event.start_mark, None,
+                flow_style=start_event.flow_style)
+        if anchor is not None:
+            self.anchors[anchor] = node
+        while not self.check_event(MappingEndEvent):
+            #key_event = self.peek_event()
+            item_key = self.compose_node(node, None)
+            #if item_key in node.value:
+            #    raise ComposerError("while composing a mapping", start_event.start_mark,
+            #            "found duplicate key", key_event.start_mark)
+            item_value = self.compose_node(node, item_key)
+            #node.value[item_key] = item_value
+            node.value.append((item_key, item_value))
+        end_event = self.get_event()
+        node.end_mark = end_event.end_mark
+        return node
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/constructor.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/constructor.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..619acd30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/constructor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,748 @@
+
+__all__ = [
+    'BaseConstructor',
+    'SafeConstructor',
+    'FullConstructor',
+    'UnsafeConstructor',
+    'Constructor',
+    'ConstructorError'
+]
+
+from .error import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+import collections.abc, datetime, base64, binascii, re, sys, types
+
+class ConstructorError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseConstructor:
+
+    yaml_constructors = {}
+    yaml_multi_constructors = {}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.constructed_objects = {}
+        self.recursive_objects = {}
+        self.state_generators = []
+        self.deep_construct = False
+
+    def check_data(self):
+        # If there are more documents available?
+        return self.check_node()
+
+    def check_state_key(self, key):
+        """Block special attributes/methods from being set in a newly created
+        object, to prevent user-controlled methods from being called during
+        deserialization"""
+        if self.get_state_keys_blacklist_regexp().match(key):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                "blacklisted key '%s' in instance state found" % (key,), None)
+
+    def get_data(self):
+        # Construct and return the next document.
+        if self.check_node():
+            return self.construct_document(self.get_node())
+
+    def get_single_data(self):
+        # Ensure that the stream contains a single document and construct it.
+        node = self.get_single_node()
+        if node is not None:
+            return self.construct_document(node)
+        return None
+
+    def construct_document(self, node):
+        data = self.construct_object(node)
+        while self.state_generators:
+            state_generators = self.state_generators
+            self.state_generators = []
+            for generator in state_generators:
+                for dummy in generator:
+                    pass
+        self.constructed_objects = {}
+        self.recursive_objects = {}
+        self.deep_construct = False
+        return data
+
+    def construct_object(self, node, deep=False):
+        if node in self.constructed_objects:
+            return self.constructed_objects[node]
+        if deep:
+            old_deep = self.deep_construct
+            self.deep_construct = True
+        if node in self.recursive_objects:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "found unconstructable recursive node", node.start_mark)
+        self.recursive_objects[node] = None
+        constructor = None
+        tag_suffix = None
+        if node.tag in self.yaml_constructors:
+            constructor = self.yaml_constructors[node.tag]
+        else:
+            for tag_prefix in self.yaml_multi_constructors:
+                if tag_prefix is not None and node.tag.startswith(tag_prefix):
+                    tag_suffix = node.tag[len(tag_prefix):]
+                    constructor = self.yaml_multi_constructors[tag_prefix]
+                    break
+            else:
+                if None in self.yaml_multi_constructors:
+                    tag_suffix = node.tag
+                    constructor = self.yaml_multi_constructors[None]
+                elif None in self.yaml_constructors:
+                    constructor = self.yaml_constructors[None]
+                elif isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_scalar
+                elif isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_sequence
+                elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                    constructor = self.__class__.construct_mapping
+        if tag_suffix is None:
+            data = constructor(self, node)
+        else:
+            data = constructor(self, tag_suffix, node)
+        if isinstance(data, types.GeneratorType):
+            generator = data
+            data = next(generator)
+            if self.deep_construct:
+                for dummy in generator:
+                    pass
+            else:
+                self.state_generators.append(generator)
+        self.constructed_objects[node] = data
+        del self.recursive_objects[node]
+        if deep:
+            self.deep_construct = old_deep
+        return data
+
+    def construct_scalar(self, node):
+        if not isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a scalar node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return node.value
+
+    def construct_sequence(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a sequence node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        return [self.construct_object(child, deep=deep)
+                for child in node.value]
+
+    def construct_mapping(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a mapping node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        mapping = {}
+        for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node, deep=deep)
+            if not isinstance(key, collections.abc.Hashable):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping", node.start_mark,
+                        "found unhashable key", key_node.start_mark)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node, deep=deep)
+            mapping[key] = value
+        return mapping
+
+    def construct_pairs(self, node, deep=False):
+        if not isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "expected a mapping node, but found %s" % node.id,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        pairs = []
+        for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node, deep=deep)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node, deep=deep)
+            pairs.append((key, value))
+        return pairs
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_constructor(cls, tag, constructor):
+        if not 'yaml_constructors' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_constructors = cls.yaml_constructors.copy()
+        cls.yaml_constructors[tag] = constructor
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_multi_constructor(cls, tag_prefix, multi_constructor):
+        if not 'yaml_multi_constructors' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_multi_constructors = cls.yaml_multi_constructors.copy()
+        cls.yaml_multi_constructors[tag_prefix] = multi_constructor
+
+class SafeConstructor(BaseConstructor):
+
+    def construct_scalar(self, node):
+        if isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            for key_node, value_node in node.value:
+                if key_node.tag == 'tag:yaml.org,2002:value':
+                    return self.construct_scalar(value_node)
+        return super().construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def flatten_mapping(self, node):
+        merge = []
+        index = 0
+        while index < len(node.value):
+            key_node, value_node = node.value[index]
+            if key_node.tag == 'tag:yaml.org,2002:merge':
+                del node.value[index]
+                if isinstance(value_node, MappingNode):
+                    self.flatten_mapping(value_node)
+                    merge.extend(value_node.value)
+                elif isinstance(value_node, SequenceNode):
+                    submerge = []
+                    for subnode in value_node.value:
+                        if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping",
+                                    node.start_mark,
+                                    "expected a mapping for merging, but found %s"
+                                    % subnode.id, subnode.start_mark)
+                        self.flatten_mapping(subnode)
+                        submerge.append(subnode.value)
+                    submerge.reverse()
+                    for value in submerge:
+                        merge.extend(value)
+                else:
+                    raise ConstructorError("while constructing a mapping", node.start_mark,
+                            "expected a mapping or list of mappings for merging, but found %s"
+                            % value_node.id, value_node.start_mark)
+            elif key_node.tag == 'tag:yaml.org,2002:value':
+                key_node.tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+                index += 1
+            else:
+                index += 1
+        if merge:
+            node.value = merge + node.value
+
+    def construct_mapping(self, node, deep=False):
+        if isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+            self.flatten_mapping(node)
+        return super().construct_mapping(node, deep=deep)
+
+    def construct_yaml_null(self, node):
+        self.construct_scalar(node)
+        return None
+
+    bool_values = {
+        'yes':      True,
+        'no':       False,
+        'true':     True,
+        'false':    False,
+        'on':       True,
+        'off':      False,
+    }
+
+    def construct_yaml_bool(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        return self.bool_values[value.lower()]
+
+    def construct_yaml_int(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        value = value.replace('_', '')
+        sign = +1
+        if value[0] == '-':
+            sign = -1
+        if value[0] in '+-':
+            value = value[1:]
+        if value == '0':
+            return 0
+        elif value.startswith('0b'):
+            return sign*int(value[2:], 2)
+        elif value.startswith('0x'):
+            return sign*int(value[2:], 16)
+        elif value[0] == '0':
+            return sign*int(value, 8)
+        elif ':' in value:
+            digits = [int(part) for part in value.split(':')]
+            digits.reverse()
+            base = 1
+            value = 0
+            for digit in digits:
+                value += digit*base
+                base *= 60
+            return sign*value
+        else:
+            return sign*int(value)
+
+    inf_value = 1e300
+    while inf_value != inf_value*inf_value:
+        inf_value *= inf_value
+    nan_value = -inf_value/inf_value   # Trying to make a quiet NaN (like C99).
+
+    def construct_yaml_float(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        value = value.replace('_', '').lower()
+        sign = +1
+        if value[0] == '-':
+            sign = -1
+        if value[0] in '+-':
+            value = value[1:]
+        if value == '.inf':
+            return sign*self.inf_value
+        elif value == '.nan':
+            return self.nan_value
+        elif ':' in value:
+            digits = [float(part) for part in value.split(':')]
+            digits.reverse()
+            base = 1
+            value = 0.0
+            for digit in digits:
+                value += digit*base
+                base *= 60
+            return sign*value
+        else:
+            return sign*float(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_binary(self, node):
+        try:
+            value = self.construct_scalar(node).encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to convert base64 data into ascii: %s" % exc,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        try:
+            if hasattr(base64, 'decodebytes'):
+                return base64.decodebytes(value)
+            else:
+                return base64.decodestring(value)
+        except binascii.Error as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to decode base64 data: %s" % exc, node.start_mark)
+
+    timestamp_regexp = re.compile(
+            r'''^(?P<year>[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9])
+                -(?P<month>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                -(?P<day>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                (?:(?:[Tt]|[ \t]+)
+                (?P<hour>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                :(?P<minute>[0-9][0-9])
+                :(?P<second>[0-9][0-9])
+                (?:\.(?P<fraction>[0-9]*))?
+                (?:[ \t]*(?P<tz>Z|(?P<tz_sign>[-+])(?P<tz_hour>[0-9][0-9]?)
+                (?::(?P<tz_minute>[0-9][0-9]))?))?)?$''', re.X)
+
+    def construct_yaml_timestamp(self, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        match = self.timestamp_regexp.match(node.value)
+        values = match.groupdict()
+        year = int(values['year'])
+        month = int(values['month'])
+        day = int(values['day'])
+        if not values['hour']:
+            return datetime.date(year, month, day)
+        hour = int(values['hour'])
+        minute = int(values['minute'])
+        second = int(values['second'])
+        fraction = 0
+        tzinfo = None
+        if values['fraction']:
+            fraction = values['fraction'][:6]
+            while len(fraction) < 6:
+                fraction += '0'
+            fraction = int(fraction)
+        if values['tz_sign']:
+            tz_hour = int(values['tz_hour'])
+            tz_minute = int(values['tz_minute'] or 0)
+            delta = datetime.timedelta(hours=tz_hour, minutes=tz_minute)
+            if values['tz_sign'] == '-':
+                delta = -delta
+            tzinfo = datetime.timezone(delta)
+        elif values['tz']:
+            tzinfo = datetime.timezone.utc
+        return datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour, minute, second, fraction,
+                                 tzinfo=tzinfo)
+
+    def construct_yaml_omap(self, node):
+        # Note: we do not check for duplicate keys, because it's too
+        # CPU-expensive.
+        omap = []
+        yield omap
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected a sequence, but found %s" % node.id, node.start_mark)
+        for subnode in node.value:
+            if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a mapping of length 1, but found %s" % subnode.id,
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            if len(subnode.value) != 1:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing an ordered map", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a single mapping item, but found %d items" % len(subnode.value),
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            key_node, value_node = subnode.value[0]
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node)
+            omap.append((key, value))
+
+    def construct_yaml_pairs(self, node):
+        # Note: the same code as `construct_yaml_omap`.
+        pairs = []
+        yield pairs
+        if not isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected a sequence, but found %s" % node.id, node.start_mark)
+        for subnode in node.value:
+            if not isinstance(subnode, MappingNode):
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a mapping of length 1, but found %s" % subnode.id,
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            if len(subnode.value) != 1:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing pairs", node.start_mark,
+                        "expected a single mapping item, but found %d items" % len(subnode.value),
+                        subnode.start_mark)
+            key_node, value_node = subnode.value[0]
+            key = self.construct_object(key_node)
+            value = self.construct_object(value_node)
+            pairs.append((key, value))
+
+    def construct_yaml_set(self, node):
+        data = set()
+        yield data
+        value = self.construct_mapping(node)
+        data.update(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_str(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def construct_yaml_seq(self, node):
+        data = []
+        yield data
+        data.extend(self.construct_sequence(node))
+
+    def construct_yaml_map(self, node):
+        data = {}
+        yield data
+        value = self.construct_mapping(node)
+        data.update(value)
+
+    def construct_yaml_object(self, node, cls):
+        data = cls.__new__(cls)
+        yield data
+        if hasattr(data, '__setstate__'):
+            state = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=True)
+            data.__setstate__(state)
+        else:
+            state = self.construct_mapping(node)
+            data.__dict__.update(state)
+
+    def construct_undefined(self, node):
+        raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                "could not determine a constructor for the tag %r" % node.tag,
+                node.start_mark)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:null',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_null)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:bool',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_bool)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:int',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_int)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:float',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_float)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:binary',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_binary)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_timestamp)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:omap',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_omap)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:pairs',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_pairs)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:set',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_set)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:str',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_str)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_seq)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:map',
+        SafeConstructor.construct_yaml_map)
+
+SafeConstructor.add_constructor(None,
+        SafeConstructor.construct_undefined)
+
+class FullConstructor(SafeConstructor):
+    # 'extend' is blacklisted because it is used by
+    # construct_python_object_apply to add `listitems` to a newly generate
+    # python instance
+    def get_state_keys_blacklist(self):
+        return ['^extend$', '^__.*__$']
+
+    def get_state_keys_blacklist_regexp(self):
+        if not hasattr(self, 'state_keys_blacklist_regexp'):
+            self.state_keys_blacklist_regexp = re.compile('(' + '|'.join(self.get_state_keys_blacklist()) + ')')
+        return self.state_keys_blacklist_regexp
+
+    def construct_python_str(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def construct_python_unicode(self, node):
+        return self.construct_scalar(node)
+
+    def construct_python_bytes(self, node):
+        try:
+            value = self.construct_scalar(node).encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to convert base64 data into ascii: %s" % exc,
+                    node.start_mark)
+        try:
+            if hasattr(base64, 'decodebytes'):
+                return base64.decodebytes(value)
+            else:
+                return base64.decodestring(value)
+        except binascii.Error as exc:
+            raise ConstructorError(None, None,
+                    "failed to decode base64 data: %s" % exc, node.start_mark)
+
+    def construct_python_long(self, node):
+        return self.construct_yaml_int(node)
+
+    def construct_python_complex(self, node):
+       return complex(self.construct_scalar(node))
+
+    def construct_python_tuple(self, node):
+        return tuple(self.construct_sequence(node))
+
+    def find_python_module(self, name, mark, unsafe=False):
+        if not name:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", mark,
+                    "expected non-empty name appended to the tag", mark)
+        if unsafe:
+            try:
+                __import__(name)
+            except ImportError as exc:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", mark,
+                        "cannot find module %r (%s)" % (name, exc), mark)
+        if name not in sys.modules:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", mark,
+                    "module %r is not imported" % name, mark)
+        return sys.modules[name]
+
+    def find_python_name(self, name, mark, unsafe=False):
+        if not name:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "expected non-empty name appended to the tag", mark)
+        if '.' in name:
+            module_name, object_name = name.rsplit('.', 1)
+        else:
+            module_name = 'builtins'
+            object_name = name
+        if unsafe:
+            try:
+                __import__(module_name)
+            except ImportError as exc:
+                raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                        "cannot find module %r (%s)" % (module_name, exc), mark)
+        if module_name not in sys.modules:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "module %r is not imported" % module_name, mark)
+        module = sys.modules[module_name]
+        if not hasattr(module, object_name):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python object", mark,
+                    "cannot find %r in the module %r"
+                    % (object_name, module.__name__), mark)
+        return getattr(module, object_name)
+
+    def construct_python_name(self, suffix, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        if value:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python name", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected the empty value, but found %r" % value, node.start_mark)
+        return self.find_python_name(suffix, node.start_mark)
+
+    def construct_python_module(self, suffix, node):
+        value = self.construct_scalar(node)
+        if value:
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python module", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected the empty value, but found %r" % value, node.start_mark)
+        return self.find_python_module(suffix, node.start_mark)
+
+    def make_python_instance(self, suffix, node,
+            args=None, kwds=None, newobj=False, unsafe=False):
+        if not args:
+            args = []
+        if not kwds:
+            kwds = {}
+        cls = self.find_python_name(suffix, node.start_mark)
+        if not (unsafe or isinstance(cls, type)):
+            raise ConstructorError("while constructing a Python instance", node.start_mark,
+                    "expected a class, but found %r" % type(cls),
+                    node.start_mark)
+        if newobj and isinstance(cls, type):
+            return cls.__new__(cls, *args, **kwds)
+        else:
+            return cls(*args, **kwds)
+
+    def set_python_instance_state(self, instance, state, unsafe=False):
+        if hasattr(instance, '__setstate__'):
+            instance.__setstate__(state)
+        else:
+            slotstate = {}
+            if isinstance(state, tuple) and len(state) == 2:
+                state, slotstate = state
+            if hasattr(instance, '__dict__'):
+                if not unsafe and state:
+                    for key in state.keys():
+                        self.check_state_key(key)
+                instance.__dict__.update(state)
+            elif state:
+                slotstate.update(state)
+            for key, value in slotstate.items():
+                if not unsafe:
+                    self.check_state_key(key)
+                setattr(instance, key, value)
+
+    def construct_python_object(self, suffix, node):
+        # Format:
+        #   !!python/object:module.name { ... state ... }
+        instance = self.make_python_instance(suffix, node, newobj=True)
+        yield instance
+        deep = hasattr(instance, '__setstate__')
+        state = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=deep)
+        self.set_python_instance_state(instance, state)
+
+    def construct_python_object_apply(self, suffix, node, newobj=False):
+        # Format:
+        #   !!python/object/apply       # (or !!python/object/new)
+        #   args: [ ... arguments ... ]
+        #   kwds: { ... keywords ... }
+        #   state: ... state ...
+        #   listitems: [ ... listitems ... ]
+        #   dictitems: { ... dictitems ... }
+        # or short format:
+        #   !!python/object/apply [ ... arguments ... ]
+        # The difference between !!python/object/apply and !!python/object/new
+        # is how an object is created, check make_python_instance for details.
+        if isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+            args = self.construct_sequence(node, deep=True)
+            kwds = {}
+            state = {}
+            listitems = []
+            dictitems = {}
+        else:
+            value = self.construct_mapping(node, deep=True)
+            args = value.get('args', [])
+            kwds = value.get('kwds', {})
+            state = value.get('state', {})
+            listitems = value.get('listitems', [])
+            dictitems = value.get('dictitems', {})
+        instance = self.make_python_instance(suffix, node, args, kwds, newobj)
+        if state:
+            self.set_python_instance_state(instance, state)
+        if listitems:
+            instance.extend(listitems)
+        if dictitems:
+            for key in dictitems:
+                instance[key] = dictitems[key]
+        return instance
+
+    def construct_python_object_new(self, suffix, node):
+        return self.construct_python_object_apply(suffix, node, newobj=True)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/none',
+    FullConstructor.construct_yaml_null)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/bool',
+    FullConstructor.construct_yaml_bool)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/str',
+    FullConstructor.construct_python_str)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/unicode',
+    FullConstructor.construct_python_unicode)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/bytes',
+    FullConstructor.construct_python_bytes)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/int',
+    FullConstructor.construct_yaml_int)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/long',
+    FullConstructor.construct_python_long)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/float',
+    FullConstructor.construct_yaml_float)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/complex',
+    FullConstructor.construct_python_complex)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/list',
+    FullConstructor.construct_yaml_seq)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/tuple',
+    FullConstructor.construct_python_tuple)
+
+FullConstructor.add_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/dict',
+    FullConstructor.construct_yaml_map)
+
+FullConstructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/name:',
+    FullConstructor.construct_python_name)
+
+class UnsafeConstructor(FullConstructor):
+
+    def find_python_module(self, name, mark):
+        return super(UnsafeConstructor, self).find_python_module(name, mark, unsafe=True)
+
+    def find_python_name(self, name, mark):
+        return super(UnsafeConstructor, self).find_python_name(name, mark, unsafe=True)
+
+    def make_python_instance(self, suffix, node, args=None, kwds=None, newobj=False):
+        return super(UnsafeConstructor, self).make_python_instance(
+            suffix, node, args, kwds, newobj, unsafe=True)
+
+    def set_python_instance_state(self, instance, state):
+        return super(UnsafeConstructor, self).set_python_instance_state(
+            instance, state, unsafe=True)
+
+UnsafeConstructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/module:',
+    UnsafeConstructor.construct_python_module)
+
+UnsafeConstructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:',
+    UnsafeConstructor.construct_python_object)
+
+UnsafeConstructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:',
+    UnsafeConstructor.construct_python_object_new)
+
+UnsafeConstructor.add_multi_constructor(
+    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/apply:',
+    UnsafeConstructor.construct_python_object_apply)
+
+# Constructor is same as UnsafeConstructor. Need to leave this in place in case
+# people have extended it directly.
+class Constructor(UnsafeConstructor):
+    pass
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/cyaml.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/cyaml.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c213458
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/cyaml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+
+__all__ = [
+    'CBaseLoader', 'CSafeLoader', 'CFullLoader', 'CUnsafeLoader', 'CLoader',
+    'CBaseDumper', 'CSafeDumper', 'CDumper'
+]
+
+from yaml._yaml import CParser, CEmitter
+
+from .constructor import *
+
+from .serializer import *
+from .representer import *
+
+from .resolver import *
+
+class CBaseLoader(CParser, BaseConstructor, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        BaseConstructor.__init__(self)
+        BaseResolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CSafeLoader(CParser, SafeConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        SafeConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CFullLoader(CParser, FullConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        FullConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CUnsafeLoader(CParser, UnsafeConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        UnsafeConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CLoader(CParser, Constructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        CParser.__init__(self, stream)
+        Constructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CBaseDumper(CEmitter, BaseRepresenter, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=False,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None, sort_keys=True):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CSafeDumper(CEmitter, SafeRepresenter, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=False,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None, sort_keys=True):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        SafeRepresenter.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class CDumper(CEmitter, Serializer, Representer, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=False,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None, sort_keys=True):
+        CEmitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width, encoding=encoding,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/dumper.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/dumper.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6aadba55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/dumper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseDumper', 'SafeDumper', 'Dumper']
+
+from .emitter import *
+from .serializer import *
+from .representer import *
+from .resolver import *
+
+class BaseDumper(Emitter, Serializer, BaseRepresenter, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=False,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None, sort_keys=True):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class SafeDumper(Emitter, Serializer, SafeRepresenter, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=False,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None, sort_keys=True):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        SafeRepresenter.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class Dumper(Emitter, Serializer, Representer, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream,
+            default_style=None, default_flow_style=False,
+            canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None,
+            encoding=None, explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None,
+            version=None, tags=None, sort_keys=True):
+        Emitter.__init__(self, stream, canonical=canonical,
+                indent=indent, width=width,
+                allow_unicode=allow_unicode, line_break=line_break)
+        Serializer.__init__(self, encoding=encoding,
+                explicit_start=explicit_start, explicit_end=explicit_end,
+                version=version, tags=tags)
+        Representer.__init__(self, default_style=default_style,
+                default_flow_style=default_flow_style, sort_keys=sort_keys)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/emitter.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/emitter.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a664d011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/emitter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@
+
+# Emitter expects events obeying the following grammar:
+# stream ::= STREAM-START document* STREAM-END
+# document ::= DOCUMENT-START node DOCUMENT-END
+# node ::= SCALAR | sequence | mapping
+# sequence ::= SEQUENCE-START node* SEQUENCE-END
+# mapping ::= MAPPING-START (node node)* MAPPING-END
+
+__all__ = ['Emitter', 'EmitterError']
+
+from .error import YAMLError
+from .events import *
+
+class EmitterError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class ScalarAnalysis:
+    def __init__(self, scalar, empty, multiline,
+            allow_flow_plain, allow_block_plain,
+            allow_single_quoted, allow_double_quoted,
+            allow_block):
+        self.scalar = scalar
+        self.empty = empty
+        self.multiline = multiline
+        self.allow_flow_plain = allow_flow_plain
+        self.allow_block_plain = allow_block_plain
+        self.allow_single_quoted = allow_single_quoted
+        self.allow_double_quoted = allow_double_quoted
+        self.allow_block = allow_block
+
+class Emitter:
+
+    DEFAULT_TAG_PREFIXES = {
+        '!' : '!',
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:' : '!!',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, stream, canonical=None, indent=None, width=None,
+            allow_unicode=None, line_break=None):
+
+        # The stream should have the methods `write` and possibly `flush`.
+        self.stream = stream
+
+        # Encoding can be overridden by STREAM-START.
+        self.encoding = None
+
+        # Emitter is a state machine with a stack of states to handle nested
+        # structures.
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = self.expect_stream_start
+
+        # Current event and the event queue.
+        self.events = []
+        self.event = None
+
+        # The current indentation level and the stack of previous indents.
+        self.indents = []
+        self.indent = None
+
+        # Flow level.
+        self.flow_level = 0
+
+        # Contexts.
+        self.root_context = False
+        self.sequence_context = False
+        self.mapping_context = False
+        self.simple_key_context = False
+
+        # Characteristics of the last emitted character:
+        #  - current position.
+        #  - is it a whitespace?
+        #  - is it an indention character
+        #    (indentation space, '-', '?', or ':')?
+        self.line = 0
+        self.column = 0
+        self.whitespace = True
+        self.indention = True
+
+        # Whether the document requires an explicit document indicator
+        self.open_ended = False
+
+        # Formatting details.
+        self.canonical = canonical
+        self.allow_unicode = allow_unicode
+        self.best_indent = 2
+        if indent and 1 < indent < 10:
+            self.best_indent = indent
+        self.best_width = 80
+        if width and width > self.best_indent*2:
+            self.best_width = width
+        self.best_line_break = '\n'
+        if line_break in ['\r', '\n', '\r\n']:
+            self.best_line_break = line_break
+
+        # Tag prefixes.
+        self.tag_prefixes = None
+
+        # Prepared anchor and tag.
+        self.prepared_anchor = None
+        self.prepared_tag = None
+
+        # Scalar analysis and style.
+        self.analysis = None
+        self.style = None
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Reset the state attributes (to clear self-references)
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = None
+
+    def emit(self, event):
+        self.events.append(event)
+        while not self.need_more_events():
+            self.event = self.events.pop(0)
+            self.state()
+            self.event = None
+
+    # In some cases, we wait for a few next events before emitting.
+
+    def need_more_events(self):
+        if not self.events:
+            return True
+        event = self.events[0]
+        if isinstance(event, DocumentStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(1)
+        elif isinstance(event, SequenceStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(2)
+        elif isinstance(event, MappingStartEvent):
+            return self.need_events(3)
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def need_events(self, count):
+        level = 0
+        for event in self.events[1:]:
+            if isinstance(event, (DocumentStartEvent, CollectionStartEvent)):
+                level += 1
+            elif isinstance(event, (DocumentEndEvent, CollectionEndEvent)):
+                level -= 1
+            elif isinstance(event, StreamEndEvent):
+                level = -1
+            if level < 0:
+                return False
+        return (len(self.events) < count+1)
+
+    def increase_indent(self, flow=False, indentless=False):
+        self.indents.append(self.indent)
+        if self.indent is None:
+            if flow:
+                self.indent = self.best_indent
+            else:
+                self.indent = 0
+        elif not indentless:
+            self.indent += self.best_indent
+
+    # States.
+
+    # Stream handlers.
+
+    def expect_stream_start(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, StreamStartEvent):
+            if self.event.encoding and not hasattr(self.stream, 'encoding'):
+                self.encoding = self.event.encoding
+            self.write_stream_start()
+            self.state = self.expect_first_document_start
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected StreamStartEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_nothing(self):
+        raise EmitterError("expected nothing, but got %s" % self.event)
+
+    # Document handlers.
+
+    def expect_first_document_start(self):
+        return self.expect_document_start(first=True)
+
+    def expect_document_start(self, first=False):
+        if isinstance(self.event, DocumentStartEvent):
+            if (self.event.version or self.event.tags) and self.open_ended:
+                self.write_indicator('...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            if self.event.version:
+                version_text = self.prepare_version(self.event.version)
+                self.write_version_directive(version_text)
+            self.tag_prefixes = self.DEFAULT_TAG_PREFIXES.copy()
+            if self.event.tags:
+                handles = sorted(self.event.tags.keys())
+                for handle in handles:
+                    prefix = self.event.tags[handle]
+                    self.tag_prefixes[prefix] = handle
+                    handle_text = self.prepare_tag_handle(handle)
+                    prefix_text = self.prepare_tag_prefix(prefix)
+                    self.write_tag_directive(handle_text, prefix_text)
+            implicit = (first and not self.event.explicit and not self.canonical
+                    and not self.event.version and not self.event.tags
+                    and not self.check_empty_document())
+            if not implicit:
+                self.write_indent()
+                self.write_indicator('---', True)
+                if self.canonical:
+                    self.write_indent()
+            self.state = self.expect_document_root
+        elif isinstance(self.event, StreamEndEvent):
+            if self.open_ended:
+                self.write_indicator('...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_stream_end()
+            self.state = self.expect_nothing
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected DocumentStartEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_document_end(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, DocumentEndEvent):
+            self.write_indent()
+            if self.event.explicit:
+                self.write_indicator('...', True)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.flush_stream()
+            self.state = self.expect_document_start
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected DocumentEndEvent, but got %s"
+                    % self.event)
+
+    def expect_document_root(self):
+        self.states.append(self.expect_document_end)
+        self.expect_node(root=True)
+
+    # Node handlers.
+
+    def expect_node(self, root=False, sequence=False, mapping=False,
+            simple_key=False):
+        self.root_context = root
+        self.sequence_context = sequence
+        self.mapping_context = mapping
+        self.simple_key_context = simple_key
+        if isinstance(self.event, AliasEvent):
+            self.expect_alias()
+        elif isinstance(self.event, (ScalarEvent, CollectionStartEvent)):
+            self.process_anchor('&')
+            self.process_tag()
+            if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+                self.expect_scalar()
+            elif isinstance(self.event, SequenceStartEvent):
+                if self.flow_level or self.canonical or self.event.flow_style   \
+                        or self.check_empty_sequence():
+                    self.expect_flow_sequence()
+                else:
+                    self.expect_block_sequence()
+            elif isinstance(self.event, MappingStartEvent):
+                if self.flow_level or self.canonical or self.event.flow_style   \
+                        or self.check_empty_mapping():
+                    self.expect_flow_mapping()
+                else:
+                    self.expect_block_mapping()
+        else:
+            raise EmitterError("expected NodeEvent, but got %s" % self.event)
+
+    def expect_alias(self):
+        if self.event.anchor is None:
+            raise EmitterError("anchor is not specified for alias")
+        self.process_anchor('*')
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+
+    def expect_scalar(self):
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.process_scalar()
+        self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+
+    # Flow sequence handlers.
+
+    def expect_flow_sequence(self):
+        self.write_indicator('[', True, whitespace=True)
+        self.flow_level += 1
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_flow_sequence_item
+
+    def expect_first_flow_sequence_item(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            self.write_indicator(']', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.states.append(self.expect_flow_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_sequence_item(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            if self.canonical:
+                self.write_indicator(',', False)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator(']', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indicator(',', False)
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.states.append(self.expect_flow_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    # Flow mapping handlers.
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping(self):
+        self.write_indicator('{', True, whitespace=True)
+        self.flow_level += 1
+        self.increase_indent(flow=True)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_flow_mapping_key
+
+    def expect_first_flow_mapping_key(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            self.write_indicator('}', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            if not self.canonical and self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator('?', True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_key(self):
+        if isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.flow_level -= 1
+            if self.canonical:
+                self.write_indicator(',', False)
+                self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator('}', False)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indicator(',', False)
+            if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+                self.write_indent()
+            if not self.canonical and self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator('?', True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_simple_value(self):
+        self.write_indicator(':', False)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_flow_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.canonical or self.column > self.best_width:
+            self.write_indent()
+        self.write_indicator(':', True)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_flow_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    # Block sequence handlers.
+
+    def expect_block_sequence(self):
+        indentless = (self.mapping_context and not self.indention)
+        self.increase_indent(flow=False, indentless=indentless)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_block_sequence_item
+
+    def expect_first_block_sequence_item(self):
+        return self.expect_block_sequence_item(first=True)
+
+    def expect_block_sequence_item(self, first=False):
+        if not first and isinstance(self.event, SequenceEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indent()
+            self.write_indicator('-', True, indention=True)
+            self.states.append(self.expect_block_sequence_item)
+            self.expect_node(sequence=True)
+
+    # Block mapping handlers.
+
+    def expect_block_mapping(self):
+        self.increase_indent(flow=False)
+        self.state = self.expect_first_block_mapping_key
+
+    def expect_first_block_mapping_key(self):
+        return self.expect_block_mapping_key(first=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_key(self, first=False):
+        if not first and isinstance(self.event, MappingEndEvent):
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            self.write_indent()
+            if self.check_simple_key():
+                self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_simple_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True, simple_key=True)
+            else:
+                self.write_indicator('?', True, indention=True)
+                self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_value)
+                self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_simple_value(self):
+        self.write_indicator(':', False)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    def expect_block_mapping_value(self):
+        self.write_indent()
+        self.write_indicator(':', True, indention=True)
+        self.states.append(self.expect_block_mapping_key)
+        self.expect_node(mapping=True)
+
+    # Checkers.
+
+    def check_empty_sequence(self):
+        return (isinstance(self.event, SequenceStartEvent) and self.events
+                and isinstance(self.events[0], SequenceEndEvent))
+
+    def check_empty_mapping(self):
+        return (isinstance(self.event, MappingStartEvent) and self.events
+                and isinstance(self.events[0], MappingEndEvent))
+
+    def check_empty_document(self):
+        if not isinstance(self.event, DocumentStartEvent) or not self.events:
+            return False
+        event = self.events[0]
+        return (isinstance(event, ScalarEvent) and event.anchor is None
+                and event.tag is None and event.implicit and event.value == '')
+
+    def check_simple_key(self):
+        length = 0
+        if isinstance(self.event, NodeEvent) and self.event.anchor is not None:
+            if self.prepared_anchor is None:
+                self.prepared_anchor = self.prepare_anchor(self.event.anchor)
+            length += len(self.prepared_anchor)
+        if isinstance(self.event, (ScalarEvent, CollectionStartEvent))  \
+                and self.event.tag is not None:
+            if self.prepared_tag is None:
+                self.prepared_tag = self.prepare_tag(self.event.tag)
+            length += len(self.prepared_tag)
+        if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+            if self.analysis is None:
+                self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+            length += len(self.analysis.scalar)
+        return (length < 128 and (isinstance(self.event, AliasEvent)
+            or (isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent)
+                    and not self.analysis.empty and not self.analysis.multiline)
+            or self.check_empty_sequence() or self.check_empty_mapping()))
+
+    # Anchor, Tag, and Scalar processors.
+
+    def process_anchor(self, indicator):
+        if self.event.anchor is None:
+            self.prepared_anchor = None
+            return
+        if self.prepared_anchor is None:
+            self.prepared_anchor = self.prepare_anchor(self.event.anchor)
+        if self.prepared_anchor:
+            self.write_indicator(indicator+self.prepared_anchor, True)
+        self.prepared_anchor = None
+
+    def process_tag(self):
+        tag = self.event.tag
+        if isinstance(self.event, ScalarEvent):
+            if self.style is None:
+                self.style = self.choose_scalar_style()
+            if ((not self.canonical or tag is None) and
+                ((self.style == '' and self.event.implicit[0])
+                        or (self.style != '' and self.event.implicit[1]))):
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+                return
+            if self.event.implicit[0] and tag is None:
+                tag = '!'
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+        else:
+            if (not self.canonical or tag is None) and self.event.implicit:
+                self.prepared_tag = None
+                return
+        if tag is None:
+            raise EmitterError("tag is not specified")
+        if self.prepared_tag is None:
+            self.prepared_tag = self.prepare_tag(tag)
+        if self.prepared_tag:
+            self.write_indicator(self.prepared_tag, True)
+        self.prepared_tag = None
+
+    def choose_scalar_style(self):
+        if self.analysis is None:
+            self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+        if self.event.style == '"' or self.canonical:
+            return '"'
+        if not self.event.style and self.event.implicit[0]:
+            if (not (self.simple_key_context and
+                    (self.analysis.empty or self.analysis.multiline))
+                and (self.flow_level and self.analysis.allow_flow_plain
+                    or (not self.flow_level and self.analysis.allow_block_plain))):
+                return ''
+        if self.event.style and self.event.style in '|>':
+            if (not self.flow_level and not self.simple_key_context
+                    and self.analysis.allow_block):
+                return self.event.style
+        if not self.event.style or self.event.style == '\'':
+            if (self.analysis.allow_single_quoted and
+                    not (self.simple_key_context and self.analysis.multiline)):
+                return '\''
+        return '"'
+
+    def process_scalar(self):
+        if self.analysis is None:
+            self.analysis = self.analyze_scalar(self.event.value)
+        if self.style is None:
+            self.style = self.choose_scalar_style()
+        split = (not self.simple_key_context)
+        #if self.analysis.multiline and split    \
+        #        and (not self.style or self.style in '\'\"'):
+        #    self.write_indent()
+        if self.style == '"':
+            self.write_double_quoted(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        elif self.style == '\'':
+            self.write_single_quoted(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        elif self.style == '>':
+            self.write_folded(self.analysis.scalar)
+        elif self.style == '|':
+            self.write_literal(self.analysis.scalar)
+        else:
+            self.write_plain(self.analysis.scalar, split)
+        self.analysis = None
+        self.style = None
+
+    # Analyzers.
+
+    def prepare_version(self, version):
+        major, minor = version
+        if major != 1:
+            raise EmitterError("unsupported YAML version: %d.%d" % (major, minor))
+        return '%d.%d' % (major, minor)
+
+    def prepare_tag_handle(self, handle):
+        if not handle:
+            raise EmitterError("tag handle must not be empty")
+        if handle[0] != '!' or handle[-1] != '!':
+            raise EmitterError("tag handle must start and end with '!': %r" % handle)
+        for ch in handle[1:-1]:
+            if not ('0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'    \
+                    or ch in '-_'):
+                raise EmitterError("invalid character %r in the tag handle: %r"
+                        % (ch, handle))
+        return handle
+
+    def prepare_tag_prefix(self, prefix):
+        if not prefix:
+            raise EmitterError("tag prefix must not be empty")
+        chunks = []
+        start = end = 0
+        if prefix[0] == '!':
+            end = 1
+        while end < len(prefix):
+            ch = prefix[end]
+            if '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z' \
+                    or ch in '-;/?!:@&=+$,_.~*\'()[]':
+                end += 1
+            else:
+                if start < end:
+                    chunks.append(prefix[start:end])
+                start = end = end+1
+                data = ch.encode('utf-8')
+                for ch in data:
+                    chunks.append('%%%02X' % ord(ch))
+        if start < end:
+            chunks.append(prefix[start:end])
+        return ''.join(chunks)
+
+    def prepare_tag(self, tag):
+        if not tag:
+            raise EmitterError("tag must not be empty")
+        if tag == '!':
+            return tag
+        handle = None
+        suffix = tag
+        prefixes = sorted(self.tag_prefixes.keys())
+        for prefix in prefixes:
+            if tag.startswith(prefix)   \
+                    and (prefix == '!' or len(prefix) < len(tag)):
+                handle = self.tag_prefixes[prefix]
+                suffix = tag[len(prefix):]
+        chunks = []
+        start = end = 0
+        while end < len(suffix):
+            ch = suffix[end]
+            if '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z' \
+                    or ch in '-;/?:@&=+$,_.~*\'()[]'   \
+                    or (ch == '!' and handle != '!'):
+                end += 1
+            else:
+                if start < end:
+                    chunks.append(suffix[start:end])
+                start = end = end+1
+                data = ch.encode('utf-8')
+                for ch in data:
+                    chunks.append('%%%02X' % ch)
+        if start < end:
+            chunks.append(suffix[start:end])
+        suffix_text = ''.join(chunks)
+        if handle:
+            return '%s%s' % (handle, suffix_text)
+        else:
+            return '!<%s>' % suffix_text
+
+    def prepare_anchor(self, anchor):
+        if not anchor:
+            raise EmitterError("anchor must not be empty")
+        for ch in anchor:
+            if not ('0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'    \
+                    or ch in '-_'):
+                raise EmitterError("invalid character %r in the anchor: %r"
+                        % (ch, anchor))
+        return anchor
+
+    def analyze_scalar(self, scalar):
+
+        # Empty scalar is a special case.
+        if not scalar:
+            return ScalarAnalysis(scalar=scalar, empty=True, multiline=False,
+                    allow_flow_plain=False, allow_block_plain=True,
+                    allow_single_quoted=True, allow_double_quoted=True,
+                    allow_block=False)
+
+        # Indicators and special characters.
+        block_indicators = False
+        flow_indicators = False
+        line_breaks = False
+        special_characters = False
+
+        # Important whitespace combinations.
+        leading_space = False
+        leading_break = False
+        trailing_space = False
+        trailing_break = False
+        break_space = False
+        space_break = False
+
+        # Check document indicators.
+        if scalar.startswith('---') or scalar.startswith('...'):
+            block_indicators = True
+            flow_indicators = True
+
+        # First character or preceded by a whitespace.
+        preceded_by_whitespace = True
+
+        # Last character or followed by a whitespace.
+        followed_by_whitespace = (len(scalar) == 1 or
+                scalar[1] in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+
+        # The previous character is a space.
+        previous_space = False
+
+        # The previous character is a break.
+        previous_break = False
+
+        index = 0
+        while index < len(scalar):
+            ch = scalar[index]
+
+            # Check for indicators.
+            if index == 0:
+                # Leading indicators are special characters.
+                if ch in '#,[]{}&*!|>\'\"%@`':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+                if ch in '?:':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    if followed_by_whitespace:
+                        block_indicators = True
+                if ch == '-' and followed_by_whitespace:
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+            else:
+                # Some indicators cannot appear within a scalar as well.
+                if ch in ',?[]{}':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                if ch == ':':
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    if followed_by_whitespace:
+                        block_indicators = True
+                if ch == '#' and preceded_by_whitespace:
+                    flow_indicators = True
+                    block_indicators = True
+
+            # Check for line breaks, special, and unicode characters.
+            if ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                line_breaks = True
+            if not (ch == '\n' or '\x20' <= ch <= '\x7E'):
+                if (ch == '\x85' or '\xA0' <= ch <= '\uD7FF'
+                        or '\uE000' <= ch <= '\uFFFD'
+                        or '\U00010000' <= ch < '\U0010ffff') and ch != '\uFEFF':
+                    unicode_characters = True
+                    if not self.allow_unicode:
+                        special_characters = True
+                else:
+                    special_characters = True
+
+            # Detect important whitespace combinations.
+            if ch == ' ':
+                if index == 0:
+                    leading_space = True
+                if index == len(scalar)-1:
+                    trailing_space = True
+                if previous_break:
+                    break_space = True
+                previous_space = True
+                previous_break = False
+            elif ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if index == 0:
+                    leading_break = True
+                if index == len(scalar)-1:
+                    trailing_break = True
+                if previous_space:
+                    space_break = True
+                previous_space = False
+                previous_break = True
+            else:
+                previous_space = False
+                previous_break = False
+
+            # Prepare for the next character.
+            index += 1
+            preceded_by_whitespace = (ch in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            followed_by_whitespace = (index+1 >= len(scalar) or
+                    scalar[index+1] in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+
+        # Let's decide what styles are allowed.
+        allow_flow_plain = True
+        allow_block_plain = True
+        allow_single_quoted = True
+        allow_double_quoted = True
+        allow_block = True
+
+        # Leading and trailing whitespaces are bad for plain scalars.
+        if (leading_space or leading_break
+                or trailing_space or trailing_break):
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = False
+
+        # We do not permit trailing spaces for block scalars.
+        if trailing_space:
+            allow_block = False
+
+        # Spaces at the beginning of a new line are only acceptable for block
+        # scalars.
+        if break_space:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = allow_single_quoted = False
+
+        # Spaces followed by breaks, as well as special character are only
+        # allowed for double quoted scalars.
+        if space_break or special_characters:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain =  \
+            allow_single_quoted = allow_block = False
+
+        # Although the plain scalar writer supports breaks, we never emit
+        # multiline plain scalars.
+        if line_breaks:
+            allow_flow_plain = allow_block_plain = False
+
+        # Flow indicators are forbidden for flow plain scalars.
+        if flow_indicators:
+            allow_flow_plain = False
+
+        # Block indicators are forbidden for block plain scalars.
+        if block_indicators:
+            allow_block_plain = False
+
+        return ScalarAnalysis(scalar=scalar,
+                empty=False, multiline=line_breaks,
+                allow_flow_plain=allow_flow_plain,
+                allow_block_plain=allow_block_plain,
+                allow_single_quoted=allow_single_quoted,
+                allow_double_quoted=allow_double_quoted,
+                allow_block=allow_block)
+
+    # Writers.
+
+    def flush_stream(self):
+        if hasattr(self.stream, 'flush'):
+            self.stream.flush()
+
+    def write_stream_start(self):
+        # Write BOM if needed.
+        if self.encoding and self.encoding.startswith('utf-16'):
+            self.stream.write('\uFEFF'.encode(self.encoding))
+
+    def write_stream_end(self):
+        self.flush_stream()
+
+    def write_indicator(self, indicator, need_whitespace,
+            whitespace=False, indention=False):
+        if self.whitespace or not need_whitespace:
+            data = indicator
+        else:
+            data = ' '+indicator
+        self.whitespace = whitespace
+        self.indention = self.indention and indention
+        self.column += len(data)
+        self.open_ended = False
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_indent(self):
+        indent = self.indent or 0
+        if not self.indention or self.column > indent   \
+                or (self.column == indent and not self.whitespace):
+            self.write_line_break()
+        if self.column < indent:
+            self.whitespace = True
+            data = ' '*(indent-self.column)
+            self.column = indent
+            if self.encoding:
+                data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+            self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_line_break(self, data=None):
+        if data is None:
+            data = self.best_line_break
+        self.whitespace = True
+        self.indention = True
+        self.line += 1
+        self.column = 0
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+
+    def write_version_directive(self, version_text):
+        data = '%%YAML %s' % version_text
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.write_line_break()
+
+    def write_tag_directive(self, handle_text, prefix_text):
+        data = '%%TAG %s %s' % (handle_text, prefix_text)
+        if self.encoding:
+            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+        self.stream.write(data)
+        self.write_line_break()
+
+    # Scalar streams.
+
+    def write_single_quoted(self, text, split=True):
+        self.write_indicator('\'', True)
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = False
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if spaces:
+                if ch is None or ch != ' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width and split   \
+                            and start != 0 and end != len(text):
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            elif breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if text[start] == '\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029' or ch == '\'':
+                    if start < end:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                        start = end
+            if ch == '\'':
+                data = '\'\''
+                self.column += 2
+                if self.encoding:
+                    data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                self.stream.write(data)
+                start = end + 1
+            if ch is not None:
+                spaces = (ch == ' ')
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+        self.write_indicator('\'', False)
+
+    ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = {
+        '\0':       '0',
+        '\x07':     'a',
+        '\x08':     'b',
+        '\x09':     't',
+        '\x0A':     'n',
+        '\x0B':     'v',
+        '\x0C':     'f',
+        '\x0D':     'r',
+        '\x1B':     'e',
+        '\"':       '\"',
+        '\\':       '\\',
+        '\x85':     'N',
+        '\xA0':     '_',
+        '\u2028':   'L',
+        '\u2029':   'P',
+    }
+
+    def write_double_quoted(self, text, split=True):
+        self.write_indicator('"', True)
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if ch is None or ch in '"\\\x85\u2028\u2029\uFEFF' \
+                    or not ('\x20' <= ch <= '\x7E'
+                        or (self.allow_unicode
+                            and ('\xA0' <= ch <= '\uD7FF'
+                                or '\uE000' <= ch <= '\uFFFD'))):
+                if start < end:
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+                if ch is not None:
+                    if ch in self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS:
+                        data = '\\'+self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[ch]
+                    elif ch <= '\xFF':
+                        data = '\\x%02X' % ord(ch)
+                    elif ch <= '\uFFFF':
+                        data = '\\u%04X' % ord(ch)
+                    else:
+                        data = '\\U%08X' % ord(ch)
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end+1
+            if 0 < end < len(text)-1 and (ch == ' ' or start >= end)    \
+                    and self.column+(end-start) > self.best_width and split:
+                data = text[start:end]+'\\'
+                if start < end:
+                    start = end
+                self.column += len(data)
+                if self.encoding:
+                    data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                self.stream.write(data)
+                self.write_indent()
+                self.whitespace = False
+                self.indention = False
+                if text[start] == ' ':
+                    data = '\\'
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+            end += 1
+        self.write_indicator('"', False)
+
+    def determine_block_hints(self, text):
+        hints = ''
+        if text:
+            if text[0] in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += str(self.best_indent)
+            if text[-1] not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += '-'
+            elif len(text) == 1 or text[-2] in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                hints += '+'
+        return hints
+
+    def write_folded(self, text):
+        hints = self.determine_block_hints(text)
+        self.write_indicator('>'+hints, True)
+        if hints[-1:] == '+':
+            self.open_ended = True
+        self.write_line_break()
+        leading_space = True
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = True
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if not leading_space and ch is not None and ch != ' '   \
+                            and text[start] == '\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    leading_space = (ch == ' ')
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    if ch is not None:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            elif spaces:
+                if ch != ' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    if ch is None:
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+                spaces = (ch == ' ')
+            end += 1
+
+    def write_literal(self, text):
+        hints = self.determine_block_hints(text)
+        self.write_indicator('|'+hints, True)
+        if hints[-1:] == '+':
+            self.open_ended = True
+        self.write_line_break()
+        breaks = True
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if breaks:
+                if ch is None or ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    if ch is not None:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    if ch is None:
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
+
+    def write_plain(self, text, split=True):
+        if self.root_context:
+            self.open_ended = True
+        if not text:
+            return
+        if not self.whitespace:
+            data = ' '
+            self.column += len(data)
+            if self.encoding:
+                data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+            self.stream.write(data)
+        self.whitespace = False
+        self.indention = False
+        spaces = False
+        breaks = False
+        start = end = 0
+        while end <= len(text):
+            ch = None
+            if end < len(text):
+                ch = text[end]
+            if spaces:
+                if ch != ' ':
+                    if start+1 == end and self.column > self.best_width and split:
+                        self.write_indent()
+                        self.whitespace = False
+                        self.indention = False
+                    else:
+                        data = text[start:end]
+                        self.column += len(data)
+                        if self.encoding:
+                            data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                        self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            elif breaks:
+                if ch not in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    if text[start] == '\n':
+                        self.write_line_break()
+                    for br in text[start:end]:
+                        if br == '\n':
+                            self.write_line_break()
+                        else:
+                            self.write_line_break(br)
+                    self.write_indent()
+                    self.whitespace = False
+                    self.indention = False
+                    start = end
+            else:
+                if ch is None or ch in ' \n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    data = text[start:end]
+                    self.column += len(data)
+                    if self.encoding:
+                        data = data.encode(self.encoding)
+                    self.stream.write(data)
+                    start = end
+            if ch is not None:
+                spaces = (ch == ' ')
+                breaks = (ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029')
+            end += 1
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/error.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/error.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b796b4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/error.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Mark', 'YAMLError', 'MarkedYAMLError']
+
+class Mark:
+
+    def __init__(self, name, index, line, column, buffer, pointer):
+        self.name = name
+        self.index = index
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.buffer = buffer
+        self.pointer = pointer
+
+    def get_snippet(self, indent=4, max_length=75):
+        if self.buffer is None:
+            return None
+        head = ''
+        start = self.pointer
+        while start > 0 and self.buffer[start-1] not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            start -= 1
+            if self.pointer-start > max_length/2-1:
+                head = ' ... '
+                start += 5
+                break
+        tail = ''
+        end = self.pointer
+        while end < len(self.buffer) and self.buffer[end] not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            end += 1
+            if end-self.pointer > max_length/2-1:
+                tail = ' ... '
+                end -= 5
+                break
+        snippet = self.buffer[start:end]
+        return ' '*indent + head + snippet + tail + '\n'  \
+                + ' '*(indent+self.pointer-start+len(head)) + '^'
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        snippet = self.get_snippet()
+        where = "  in \"%s\", line %d, column %d"   \
+                % (self.name, self.line+1, self.column+1)
+        if snippet is not None:
+            where += ":\n"+snippet
+        return where
+
+class YAMLError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class MarkedYAMLError(YAMLError):
+
+    def __init__(self, context=None, context_mark=None,
+            problem=None, problem_mark=None, note=None):
+        self.context = context
+        self.context_mark = context_mark
+        self.problem = problem
+        self.problem_mark = problem_mark
+        self.note = note
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        lines = []
+        if self.context is not None:
+            lines.append(self.context)
+        if self.context_mark is not None  \
+            and (self.problem is None or self.problem_mark is None
+                    or self.context_mark.name != self.problem_mark.name
+                    or self.context_mark.line != self.problem_mark.line
+                    or self.context_mark.column != self.problem_mark.column):
+            lines.append(str(self.context_mark))
+        if self.problem is not None:
+            lines.append(self.problem)
+        if self.problem_mark is not None:
+            lines.append(str(self.problem_mark))
+        if self.note is not None:
+            lines.append(self.note)
+        return '\n'.join(lines)
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/events.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/events.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f79ad389
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/events.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+
+# Abstract classes.
+
+class Event(object):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        attributes = [key for key in ['anchor', 'tag', 'implicit', 'value']
+                if hasattr(self, key)]
+        arguments = ', '.join(['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                for key in attributes])
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, arguments)
+
+class NodeEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, start_mark=None, end_mark=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class CollectionStartEvent(NodeEvent):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, tag, implicit, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            flow_style=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.implicit = implicit
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.flow_style = flow_style
+
+class CollectionEndEvent(Event):
+    pass
+
+# Implementations.
+
+class StreamStartEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None, encoding=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+class StreamEndEvent(Event):
+    pass
+
+class DocumentStartEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            explicit=None, version=None, tags=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.explicit = explicit
+        self.version = version
+        self.tags = tags
+
+class DocumentEndEvent(Event):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            explicit=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.explicit = explicit
+
+class AliasEvent(NodeEvent):
+    pass
+
+class ScalarEvent(NodeEvent):
+    def __init__(self, anchor, tag, implicit, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, style=None):
+        self.anchor = anchor
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.implicit = implicit
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
+class SequenceStartEvent(CollectionStartEvent):
+    pass
+
+class SequenceEndEvent(CollectionEndEvent):
+    pass
+
+class MappingStartEvent(CollectionStartEvent):
+    pass
+
+class MappingEndEvent(CollectionEndEvent):
+    pass
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/loader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/loader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e90c1122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/loader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseLoader', 'FullLoader', 'SafeLoader', 'Loader', 'UnsafeLoader']
+
+from .reader import *
+from .scanner import *
+from .parser import *
+from .composer import *
+from .constructor import *
+from .resolver import *
+
+class BaseLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, BaseConstructor, BaseResolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        BaseConstructor.__init__(self)
+        BaseResolver.__init__(self)
+
+class FullLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, FullConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        FullConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class SafeLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, SafeConstructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        SafeConstructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+class Loader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, Constructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        Constructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
+
+# UnsafeLoader is the same as Loader (which is and was always unsafe on
+# untrusted input). Use of either Loader or UnsafeLoader should be rare, since
+# FullLoad should be able to load almost all YAML safely. Loader is left intact
+# to ensure backwards compatibility.
+class UnsafeLoader(Reader, Scanner, Parser, Composer, Constructor, Resolver):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        Reader.__init__(self, stream)
+        Scanner.__init__(self)
+        Parser.__init__(self)
+        Composer.__init__(self)
+        Constructor.__init__(self)
+        Resolver.__init__(self)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/nodes.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4f070c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+
+class Node(object):
+    def __init__(self, tag, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        value = self.value
+        #if isinstance(value, list):
+        #    if len(value) == 0:
+        #        value = '<empty>'
+        #    elif len(value) == 1:
+        #        value = '<1 item>'
+        #    else:
+        #        value = '<%d items>' % len(value)
+        #else:
+        #    if len(value) > 75:
+        #        value = repr(value[:70]+u' ... ')
+        #    else:
+        #        value = repr(value)
+        value = repr(value)
+        return '%s(tag=%r, value=%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.tag, value)
+
+class ScalarNode(Node):
+    id = 'scalar'
+    def __init__(self, tag, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, style=None):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
+class CollectionNode(Node):
+    def __init__(self, tag, value,
+            start_mark=None, end_mark=None, flow_style=None):
+        self.tag = tag
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.flow_style = flow_style
+
+class SequenceNode(CollectionNode):
+    id = 'sequence'
+
+class MappingNode(CollectionNode):
+    id = 'mapping'
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/parser.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..13a5995d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+
+# The following YAML grammar is LL(1) and is parsed by a recursive descent
+# parser.
+#
+# stream            ::= STREAM-START implicit_document? explicit_document* STREAM-END
+# implicit_document ::= block_node DOCUMENT-END*
+# explicit_document ::= DIRECTIVE* DOCUMENT-START block_node? DOCUMENT-END*
+# block_node_or_indentless_sequence ::=
+#                       ALIAS
+#                       | properties (block_content | indentless_block_sequence)?
+#                       | block_content
+#                       | indentless_block_sequence
+# block_node        ::= ALIAS
+#                       | properties block_content?
+#                       | block_content
+# flow_node         ::= ALIAS
+#                       | properties flow_content?
+#                       | flow_content
+# properties        ::= TAG ANCHOR? | ANCHOR TAG?
+# block_content     ::= block_collection | flow_collection | SCALAR
+# flow_content      ::= flow_collection | SCALAR
+# block_collection  ::= block_sequence | block_mapping
+# flow_collection   ::= flow_sequence | flow_mapping
+# block_sequence    ::= BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)* BLOCK-END
+# indentless_sequence   ::= (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)+
+# block_mapping     ::= BLOCK-MAPPING_START
+#                       ((KEY block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?
+#                       (VALUE block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?)*
+#                       BLOCK-END
+# flow_sequence     ::= FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+#                       (flow_sequence_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+#                       flow_sequence_entry?
+#                       FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+# flow_sequence_entry   ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+# flow_mapping      ::= FLOW-MAPPING-START
+#                       (flow_mapping_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+#                       flow_mapping_entry?
+#                       FLOW-MAPPING-END
+# flow_mapping_entry    ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+#
+# FIRST sets:
+#
+# stream: { STREAM-START }
+# explicit_document: { DIRECTIVE DOCUMENT-START }
+# implicit_document: FIRST(block_node)
+# block_node: { ALIAS TAG ANCHOR SCALAR BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_node: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# block_content: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START SCALAR }
+# flow_content: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START SCALAR }
+# block_collection: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_collection: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# block_sequence: { BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START }
+# block_mapping: { BLOCK-MAPPING-START }
+# block_node_or_indentless_sequence: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START BLOCK-MAPPING-START FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START BLOCK-ENTRY }
+# indentless_sequence: { ENTRY }
+# flow_collection: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_sequence: { FLOW-SEQUENCE-START }
+# flow_mapping: { FLOW-MAPPING-START }
+# flow_sequence_entry: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START KEY }
+# flow_mapping_entry: { ALIAS ANCHOR TAG SCALAR FLOW-SEQUENCE-START FLOW-MAPPING-START KEY }
+
+__all__ = ['Parser', 'ParserError']
+
+from .error import MarkedYAMLError
+from .tokens import *
+from .events import *
+from .scanner import *
+
+class ParserError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Parser:
+    # Since writing a recursive-descendant parser is a straightforward task, we
+    # do not give many comments here.
+
+    DEFAULT_TAGS = {
+        '!':   '!',
+        '!!':  'tag:yaml.org,2002:',
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.current_event = None
+        self.yaml_version = None
+        self.tag_handles = {}
+        self.states = []
+        self.marks = []
+        self.state = self.parse_stream_start
+
+    def dispose(self):
+        # Reset the state attributes (to clear self-references)
+        self.states = []
+        self.state = None
+
+    def check_event(self, *choices):
+        # Check the type of the next event.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        if self.current_event is not None:
+            if not choices:
+                return True
+            for choice in choices:
+                if isinstance(self.current_event, choice):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def peek_event(self):
+        # Get the next event.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        return self.current_event
+
+    def get_event(self):
+        # Get the next event and proceed further.
+        if self.current_event is None:
+            if self.state:
+                self.current_event = self.state()
+        value = self.current_event
+        self.current_event = None
+        return value
+
+    # stream    ::= STREAM-START implicit_document? explicit_document* STREAM-END
+    # implicit_document ::= block_node DOCUMENT-END*
+    # explicit_document ::= DIRECTIVE* DOCUMENT-START block_node? DOCUMENT-END*
+
+    def parse_stream_start(self):
+
+        # Parse the stream start.
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = StreamStartEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark,
+                encoding=token.encoding)
+
+        # Prepare the next state.
+        self.state = self.parse_implicit_document_start
+
+        return event
+
+    def parse_implicit_document_start(self):
+
+        # Parse an implicit document.
+        if not self.check_token(DirectiveToken, DocumentStartToken,
+                StreamEndToken):
+            self.tag_handles = self.DEFAULT_TAGS
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            start_mark = end_mark = token.start_mark
+            event = DocumentStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                    explicit=False)
+
+            # Prepare the next state.
+            self.states.append(self.parse_document_end)
+            self.state = self.parse_block_node
+
+            return event
+
+        else:
+            return self.parse_document_start()
+
+    def parse_document_start(self):
+
+        # Parse any extra document end indicators.
+        while self.check_token(DocumentEndToken):
+            self.get_token()
+
+        # Parse an explicit document.
+        if not self.check_token(StreamEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            start_mark = token.start_mark
+            version, tags = self.process_directives()
+            if not self.check_token(DocumentStartToken):
+                raise ParserError(None, None,
+                        "expected '<document start>', but found %r"
+                        % self.peek_token().id,
+                        self.peek_token().start_mark)
+            token = self.get_token()
+            end_mark = token.end_mark
+            event = DocumentStartEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                    explicit=True, version=version, tags=tags)
+            self.states.append(self.parse_document_end)
+            self.state = self.parse_document_content
+        else:
+            # Parse the end of the stream.
+            token = self.get_token()
+            event = StreamEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+            assert not self.states
+            assert not self.marks
+            self.state = None
+        return event
+
+    def parse_document_end(self):
+
+        # Parse the document end.
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        start_mark = end_mark = token.start_mark
+        explicit = False
+        if self.check_token(DocumentEndToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            end_mark = token.end_mark
+            explicit = True
+        event = DocumentEndEvent(start_mark, end_mark,
+                explicit=explicit)
+
+        # Prepare the next state.
+        self.state = self.parse_document_start
+
+        return event
+
+    def parse_document_content(self):
+        if self.check_token(DirectiveToken,
+                DocumentStartToken, DocumentEndToken, StreamEndToken):
+            event = self.process_empty_scalar(self.peek_token().start_mark)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+            return event
+        else:
+            return self.parse_block_node()
+
+    def process_directives(self):
+        self.yaml_version = None
+        self.tag_handles = {}
+        while self.check_token(DirectiveToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if token.name == 'YAML':
+                if self.yaml_version is not None:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "found duplicate YAML directive", token.start_mark)
+                major, minor = token.value
+                if major != 1:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "found incompatible YAML document (version 1.* is required)",
+                            token.start_mark)
+                self.yaml_version = token.value
+            elif token.name == 'TAG':
+                handle, prefix = token.value
+                if handle in self.tag_handles:
+                    raise ParserError(None, None,
+                            "duplicate tag handle %r" % handle,
+                            token.start_mark)
+                self.tag_handles[handle] = prefix
+        if self.tag_handles:
+            value = self.yaml_version, self.tag_handles.copy()
+        else:
+            value = self.yaml_version, None
+        for key in self.DEFAULT_TAGS:
+            if key not in self.tag_handles:
+                self.tag_handles[key] = self.DEFAULT_TAGS[key]
+        return value
+
+    # block_node_or_indentless_sequence ::= ALIAS
+    #               | properties (block_content | indentless_block_sequence)?
+    #               | block_content
+    #               | indentless_block_sequence
+    # block_node    ::= ALIAS
+    #                   | properties block_content?
+    #                   | block_content
+    # flow_node     ::= ALIAS
+    #                   | properties flow_content?
+    #                   | flow_content
+    # properties    ::= TAG ANCHOR? | ANCHOR TAG?
+    # block_content     ::= block_collection | flow_collection | SCALAR
+    # flow_content      ::= flow_collection | SCALAR
+    # block_collection  ::= block_sequence | block_mapping
+    # flow_collection   ::= flow_sequence | flow_mapping
+
+    def parse_block_node(self):
+        return self.parse_node(block=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_node(self):
+        return self.parse_node()
+
+    def parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence(self):
+        return self.parse_node(block=True, indentless_sequence=True)
+
+    def parse_node(self, block=False, indentless_sequence=False):
+        if self.check_token(AliasToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            event = AliasEvent(token.value, token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+            self.state = self.states.pop()
+        else:
+            anchor = None
+            tag = None
+            start_mark = end_mark = tag_mark = None
+            if self.check_token(AnchorToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                start_mark = token.start_mark
+                end_mark = token.end_mark
+                anchor = token.value
+                if self.check_token(TagToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    tag_mark = token.start_mark
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    tag = token.value
+            elif self.check_token(TagToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                start_mark = tag_mark = token.start_mark
+                end_mark = token.end_mark
+                tag = token.value
+                if self.check_token(AnchorToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    anchor = token.value
+            if tag is not None:
+                handle, suffix = tag
+                if handle is not None:
+                    if handle not in self.tag_handles:
+                        raise ParserError("while parsing a node", start_mark,
+                                "found undefined tag handle %r" % handle,
+                                tag_mark)
+                    tag = self.tag_handles[handle]+suffix
+                else:
+                    tag = suffix
+            #if tag == '!':
+            #    raise ParserError("while parsing a node", start_mark,
+            #            "found non-specific tag '!'", tag_mark,
+            #            "Please check 'http://pyyaml.org/wiki/YAMLNonSpecificTag' and share your opinion.")
+            if start_mark is None:
+                start_mark = end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+            event = None
+            implicit = (tag is None or tag == '!')
+            if indentless_sequence and self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+                end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                        start_mark, end_mark)
+                self.state = self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry
+            else:
+                if self.check_token(ScalarToken):
+                    token = self.get_token()
+                    end_mark = token.end_mark
+                    if (token.plain and tag is None) or tag == '!':
+                        implicit = (True, False)
+                    elif tag is None:
+                        implicit = (False, True)
+                    else:
+                        implicit = (False, False)
+                    event = ScalarEvent(anchor, tag, implicit, token.value,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, style=token.style)
+                    self.state = self.states.pop()
+                elif self.check_token(FlowSequenceStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                    event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=True)
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_first_entry
+                elif self.check_token(FlowMappingStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().end_mark
+                    event = MappingStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=True)
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_first_key
+                elif block and self.check_token(BlockSequenceStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+                    event = SequenceStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=False)
+                    self.state = self.parse_block_sequence_first_entry
+                elif block and self.check_token(BlockMappingStartToken):
+                    end_mark = self.peek_token().start_mark
+                    event = MappingStartEvent(anchor, tag, implicit,
+                            start_mark, end_mark, flow_style=False)
+                    self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_first_key
+                elif anchor is not None or tag is not None:
+                    # Empty scalars are allowed even if a tag or an anchor is
+                    # specified.
+                    event = ScalarEvent(anchor, tag, (implicit, False), '',
+                            start_mark, end_mark)
+                    self.state = self.states.pop()
+                else:
+                    if block:
+                        node = 'block'
+                    else:
+                        node = 'flow'
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a %s node" % node, start_mark,
+                            "expected the node content, but found %r" % token.id,
+                            token.start_mark)
+        return event
+
+    # block_sequence ::= BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)* BLOCK-END
+
+    def parse_block_sequence_first_entry(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_block_sequence_entry()
+
+    def parse_block_sequence_entry(self):
+        if self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(BlockEntryToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_block_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_sequence_entry
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        if not self.check_token(BlockEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            raise ParserError("while parsing a block collection", self.marks[-1],
+                    "expected <block end>, but found %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    # indentless_sequence ::= (BLOCK-ENTRY block_node?)+
+
+    def parse_indentless_sequence_entry(self):
+        if self.check_token(BlockEntryToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(BlockEntryToken,
+                    KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_block_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_indentless_sequence_entry
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.start_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        return event
+
+    # block_mapping     ::= BLOCK-MAPPING_START
+    #                       ((KEY block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?
+    #                       (VALUE block_node_or_indentless_sequence?)?)*
+    #                       BLOCK-END
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_first_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_block_mapping_key()
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_key(self):
+        if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_mapping_value)
+                return self.parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_value
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        if not self.check_token(BlockEndToken):
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            raise ParserError("while parsing a block mapping", self.marks[-1],
+                    "expected <block end>, but found %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_block_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(KeyToken, ValueToken, BlockEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_block_mapping_key)
+                return self.parse_block_node_or_indentless_sequence()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_key
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_block_mapping_key
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    # flow_sequence     ::= FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+    #                       (flow_sequence_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+    #                       flow_sequence_entry?
+    #                       FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+    # flow_sequence_entry   ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+    #
+    # Note that while production rules for both flow_sequence_entry and
+    # flow_mapping_entry are equal, their interpretations are different.
+    # For `flow_sequence_entry`, the part `KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?`
+    # generate an inline mapping (set syntax).
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_first_entry(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_flow_sequence_entry(first=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry(self, first=False):
+        if not self.check_token(FlowSequenceEndToken):
+            if not first:
+                if self.check_token(FlowEntryToken):
+                    self.get_token()
+                else:
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a flow sequence", self.marks[-1],
+                            "expected ',' or ']', but got %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+            
+            if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+                token = self.peek_token()
+                event = MappingStartEvent(None, None, True,
+                        token.start_mark, token.end_mark,
+                        flow_style=True)
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_key
+                return event
+            elif not self.check_token(FlowSequenceEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = SequenceEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        if not self.check_token(ValueToken,
+                FlowEntryToken, FlowSequenceEndToken):
+            self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value)
+            return self.parse_flow_node()
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(FlowEntryToken, FlowSequenceEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_sequence_entry_mapping_end(self):
+        self.state = self.parse_flow_sequence_entry
+        token = self.peek_token()
+        return MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.start_mark)
+
+    # flow_mapping  ::= FLOW-MAPPING-START
+    #                   (flow_mapping_entry FLOW-ENTRY)*
+    #                   flow_mapping_entry?
+    #                   FLOW-MAPPING-END
+    # flow_mapping_entry    ::= flow_node | KEY flow_node? (VALUE flow_node?)?
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_first_key(self):
+        token = self.get_token()
+        self.marks.append(token.start_mark)
+        return self.parse_flow_mapping_key(first=True)
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_key(self, first=False):
+        if not self.check_token(FlowMappingEndToken):
+            if not first:
+                if self.check_token(FlowEntryToken):
+                    self.get_token()
+                else:
+                    token = self.peek_token()
+                    raise ParserError("while parsing a flow mapping", self.marks[-1],
+                            "expected ',' or '}', but got %r" % token.id, token.start_mark)
+            if self.check_token(KeyToken):
+                token = self.get_token()
+                if not self.check_token(ValueToken,
+                        FlowEntryToken, FlowMappingEndToken):
+                    self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_value)
+                    return self.parse_flow_node()
+                else:
+                    self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_value
+                    return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+            elif not self.check_token(FlowMappingEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_empty_value)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+        token = self.get_token()
+        event = MappingEndEvent(token.start_mark, token.end_mark)
+        self.state = self.states.pop()
+        self.marks.pop()
+        return event
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_value(self):
+        if self.check_token(ValueToken):
+            token = self.get_token()
+            if not self.check_token(FlowEntryToken, FlowMappingEndToken):
+                self.states.append(self.parse_flow_mapping_key)
+                return self.parse_flow_node()
+            else:
+                self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+                return self.process_empty_scalar(token.end_mark)
+        else:
+            self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+            token = self.peek_token()
+            return self.process_empty_scalar(token.start_mark)
+
+    def parse_flow_mapping_empty_value(self):
+        self.state = self.parse_flow_mapping_key
+        return self.process_empty_scalar(self.peek_token().start_mark)
+
+    def process_empty_scalar(self, mark):
+        return ScalarEvent(None, None, (True, False), '', mark, mark)
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/reader.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..774b0219
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# This module contains abstractions for the input stream. You don't have to
+# looks further, there are no pretty code.
+#
+# We define two classes here.
+#
+#   Mark(source, line, column)
+# It's just a record and its only use is producing nice error messages.
+# Parser does not use it for any other purposes.
+#
+#   Reader(source, data)
+# Reader determines the encoding of `data` and converts it to unicode.
+# Reader provides the following methods and attributes:
+#   reader.peek(length=1) - return the next `length` characters
+#   reader.forward(length=1) - move the current position to `length` characters.
+#   reader.index - the number of the current character.
+#   reader.line, stream.column - the line and the column of the current character.
+
+__all__ = ['Reader', 'ReaderError']
+
+from .error import YAMLError, Mark
+
+import codecs, re
+
+class ReaderError(YAMLError):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, position, character, encoding, reason):
+        self.name = name
+        self.character = character
+        self.position = position
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.reason = reason
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.character, bytes):
+            return "'%s' codec can't decode byte #x%02x: %s\n"  \
+                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+                    % (self.encoding, ord(self.character), self.reason,
+                            self.name, self.position)
+        else:
+            return "unacceptable character #x%04x: %s\n"    \
+                    "  in \"%s\", position %d"    \
+                    % (self.character, self.reason,
+                            self.name, self.position)
+
+class Reader(object):
+    # Reader:
+    # - determines the data encoding and converts it to a unicode string,
+    # - checks if characters are in allowed range,
+    # - adds '\0' to the end.
+
+    # Reader accepts
+    #  - a `bytes` object,
+    #  - a `str` object,
+    #  - a file-like object with its `read` method returning `str`,
+    #  - a file-like object with its `read` method returning `unicode`.
+
+    # Yeah, it's ugly and slow.
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
+        self.name = None
+        self.stream = None
+        self.stream_pointer = 0
+        self.eof = True
+        self.buffer = ''
+        self.pointer = 0
+        self.raw_buffer = None
+        self.raw_decode = None
+        self.encoding = None
+        self.index = 0
+        self.line = 0
+        self.column = 0
+        if isinstance(stream, str):
+            self.name = "<unicode string>"
+            self.check_printable(stream)
+            self.buffer = stream+'\0'
+        elif isinstance(stream, bytes):
+            self.name = "<byte string>"
+            self.raw_buffer = stream
+            self.determine_encoding()
+        else:
+            self.stream = stream
+            self.name = getattr(stream, 'name', "<file>")
+            self.eof = False
+            self.raw_buffer = None
+            self.determine_encoding()
+
+    def peek(self, index=0):
+        try:
+            return self.buffer[self.pointer+index]
+        except IndexError:
+            self.update(index+1)
+            return self.buffer[self.pointer+index]
+
+    def prefix(self, length=1):
+        if self.pointer+length >= len(self.buffer):
+            self.update(length)
+        return self.buffer[self.pointer:self.pointer+length]
+
+    def forward(self, length=1):
+        if self.pointer+length+1 >= len(self.buffer):
+            self.update(length+1)
+        while length:
+            ch = self.buffer[self.pointer]
+            self.pointer += 1
+            self.index += 1
+            if ch in '\n\x85\u2028\u2029'  \
+                    or (ch == '\r' and self.buffer[self.pointer] != '\n'):
+                self.line += 1
+                self.column = 0
+            elif ch != '\uFEFF':
+                self.column += 1
+            length -= 1
+
+    def get_mark(self):
+        if self.stream is None:
+            return Mark(self.name, self.index, self.line, self.column,
+                    self.buffer, self.pointer)
+        else:
+            return Mark(self.name, self.index, self.line, self.column,
+                    None, None)
+
+    def determine_encoding(self):
+        while not self.eof and (self.raw_buffer is None or len(self.raw_buffer) < 2):
+            self.update_raw()
+        if isinstance(self.raw_buffer, bytes):
+            if self.raw_buffer.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE):
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_16_le_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-16-le'
+            elif self.raw_buffer.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_16_be_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-16-be'
+            else:
+                self.raw_decode = codecs.utf_8_decode
+                self.encoding = 'utf-8'
+        self.update(1)
+
+    NON_PRINTABLE = re.compile('[^\x09\x0A\x0D\x20-\x7E\x85\xA0-\uD7FF\uE000-\uFFFD\U00010000-\U0010ffff]')
+    def check_printable(self, data):
+        match = self.NON_PRINTABLE.search(data)
+        if match:
+            character = match.group()
+            position = self.index+(len(self.buffer)-self.pointer)+match.start()
+            raise ReaderError(self.name, position, ord(character),
+                    'unicode', "special characters are not allowed")
+
+    def update(self, length):
+        if self.raw_buffer is None:
+            return
+        self.buffer = self.buffer[self.pointer:]
+        self.pointer = 0
+        while len(self.buffer) < length:
+            if not self.eof:
+                self.update_raw()
+            if self.raw_decode is not None:
+                try:
+                    data, converted = self.raw_decode(self.raw_buffer,
+                            'strict', self.eof)
+                except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+                    character = self.raw_buffer[exc.start]
+                    if self.stream is not None:
+                        position = self.stream_pointer-len(self.raw_buffer)+exc.start
+                    else:
+                        position = exc.start
+                    raise ReaderError(self.name, position, character,
+                            exc.encoding, exc.reason)
+            else:
+                data = self.raw_buffer
+                converted = len(data)
+            self.check_printable(data)
+            self.buffer += data
+            self.raw_buffer = self.raw_buffer[converted:]
+            if self.eof:
+                self.buffer += '\0'
+                self.raw_buffer = None
+                break
+
+    def update_raw(self, size=4096):
+        data = self.stream.read(size)
+        if self.raw_buffer is None:
+            self.raw_buffer = data
+        else:
+            self.raw_buffer += data
+        self.stream_pointer += len(data)
+        if not data:
+            self.eof = True
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/representer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/representer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..808ca06d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/representer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseRepresenter', 'SafeRepresenter', 'Representer',
+    'RepresenterError']
+
+from .error import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+import datetime, copyreg, types, base64, collections
+
+class RepresenterError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseRepresenter:
+
+    yaml_representers = {}
+    yaml_multi_representers = {}
+
+    def __init__(self, default_style=None, default_flow_style=False, sort_keys=True):
+        self.default_style = default_style
+        self.sort_keys = sort_keys
+        self.default_flow_style = default_flow_style
+        self.represented_objects = {}
+        self.object_keeper = []
+        self.alias_key = None
+
+    def represent(self, data):
+        node = self.represent_data(data)
+        self.serialize(node)
+        self.represented_objects = {}
+        self.object_keeper = []
+        self.alias_key = None
+
+    def represent_data(self, data):
+        if self.ignore_aliases(data):
+            self.alias_key = None
+        else:
+            self.alias_key = id(data)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            if self.alias_key in self.represented_objects:
+                node = self.represented_objects[self.alias_key]
+                #if node is None:
+                #    raise RepresenterError("recursive objects are not allowed: %r" % data)
+                return node
+            #self.represented_objects[alias_key] = None
+            self.object_keeper.append(data)
+        data_types = type(data).__mro__
+        if data_types[0] in self.yaml_representers:
+            node = self.yaml_representers[data_types[0]](self, data)
+        else:
+            for data_type in data_types:
+                if data_type in self.yaml_multi_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_multi_representers[data_type](self, data)
+                    break
+            else:
+                if None in self.yaml_multi_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_multi_representers[None](self, data)
+                elif None in self.yaml_representers:
+                    node = self.yaml_representers[None](self, data)
+                else:
+                    node = ScalarNode(None, str(data))
+        #if alias_key is not None:
+        #    self.represented_objects[alias_key] = node
+        return node
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_representer(cls, data_type, representer):
+        if not 'yaml_representers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_representers = cls.yaml_representers.copy()
+        cls.yaml_representers[data_type] = representer
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_multi_representer(cls, data_type, representer):
+        if not 'yaml_multi_representers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_multi_representers = cls.yaml_multi_representers.copy()
+        cls.yaml_multi_representers[data_type] = representer
+
+    def represent_scalar(self, tag, value, style=None):
+        if style is None:
+            style = self.default_style
+        node = ScalarNode(tag, value, style=style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        return node
+
+    def represent_sequence(self, tag, sequence, flow_style=None):
+        value = []
+        node = SequenceNode(tag, value, flow_style=flow_style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        best_style = True
+        for item in sequence:
+            node_item = self.represent_data(item)
+            if not (isinstance(node_item, ScalarNode) and not node_item.style):
+                best_style = False
+            value.append(node_item)
+        if flow_style is None:
+            if self.default_flow_style is not None:
+                node.flow_style = self.default_flow_style
+            else:
+                node.flow_style = best_style
+        return node
+
+    def represent_mapping(self, tag, mapping, flow_style=None):
+        value = []
+        node = MappingNode(tag, value, flow_style=flow_style)
+        if self.alias_key is not None:
+            self.represented_objects[self.alias_key] = node
+        best_style = True
+        if hasattr(mapping, 'items'):
+            mapping = list(mapping.items())
+            if self.sort_keys:
+                try:
+                    mapping = sorted(mapping)
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+        for item_key, item_value in mapping:
+            node_key = self.represent_data(item_key)
+            node_value = self.represent_data(item_value)
+            if not (isinstance(node_key, ScalarNode) and not node_key.style):
+                best_style = False
+            if not (isinstance(node_value, ScalarNode) and not node_value.style):
+                best_style = False
+            value.append((node_key, node_value))
+        if flow_style is None:
+            if self.default_flow_style is not None:
+                node.flow_style = self.default_flow_style
+            else:
+                node.flow_style = best_style
+        return node
+
+    def ignore_aliases(self, data):
+        return False
+
+class SafeRepresenter(BaseRepresenter):
+
+    def ignore_aliases(self, data):
+        if data is None:
+            return True
+        if isinstance(data, tuple) and data == ():
+            return True
+        if isinstance(data, (str, bytes, bool, int, float)):
+            return True
+
+    def represent_none(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:null', 'null')
+
+    def represent_str(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:str', data)
+
+    def represent_binary(self, data):
+        if hasattr(base64, 'encodebytes'):
+            data = base64.encodebytes(data).decode('ascii')
+        else:
+            data = base64.encodestring(data).decode('ascii')
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:binary', data, style='|')
+
+    def represent_bool(self, data):
+        if data:
+            value = 'true'
+        else:
+            value = 'false'
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:bool', value)
+
+    def represent_int(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:int', str(data))
+
+    inf_value = 1e300
+    while repr(inf_value) != repr(inf_value*inf_value):
+        inf_value *= inf_value
+
+    def represent_float(self, data):
+        if data != data or (data == 0.0 and data == 1.0):
+            value = '.nan'
+        elif data == self.inf_value:
+            value = '.inf'
+        elif data == -self.inf_value:
+            value = '-.inf'
+        else:
+            value = repr(data).lower()
+            # Note that in some cases `repr(data)` represents a float number
+            # without the decimal parts.  For instance:
+            #   >>> repr(1e17)
+            #   '1e17'
+            # Unfortunately, this is not a valid float representation according
+            # to the definition of the `!!float` tag.  We fix this by adding
+            # '.0' before the 'e' symbol.
+            if '.' not in value and 'e' in value:
+                value = value.replace('e', '.0e', 1)
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:float', value)
+
+    def represent_list(self, data):
+        #pairs = (len(data) > 0 and isinstance(data, list))
+        #if pairs:
+        #    for item in data:
+        #        if not isinstance(item, tuple) or len(item) != 2:
+        #            pairs = False
+        #            break
+        #if not pairs:
+            return self.represent_sequence('tag:yaml.org,2002:seq', data)
+        #value = []
+        #for item_key, item_value in data:
+        #    value.append(self.represent_mapping(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:map',
+        #        [(item_key, item_value)]))
+        #return SequenceNode(u'tag:yaml.org,2002:pairs', value)
+
+    def represent_dict(self, data):
+        return self.represent_mapping('tag:yaml.org,2002:map', data)
+
+    def represent_set(self, data):
+        value = {}
+        for key in data:
+            value[key] = None
+        return self.represent_mapping('tag:yaml.org,2002:set', value)
+
+    def represent_date(self, data):
+        value = data.isoformat()
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp', value)
+
+    def represent_datetime(self, data):
+        value = data.isoformat(' ')
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp', value)
+
+    def represent_yaml_object(self, tag, data, cls, flow_style=None):
+        if hasattr(data, '__getstate__'):
+            state = data.__getstate__()
+        else:
+            state = data.__dict__.copy()
+        return self.represent_mapping(tag, state, flow_style=flow_style)
+
+    def represent_undefined(self, data):
+        raise RepresenterError("cannot represent an object", data)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(type(None),
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_none)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(str,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_str)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(bytes,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_binary)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(bool,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_bool)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(int,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_int)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(float,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_float)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(list,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_list)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(tuple,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_list)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(dict,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_dict)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(set,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_set)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(datetime.date,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_date)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(datetime.datetime,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_datetime)
+
+SafeRepresenter.add_representer(None,
+        SafeRepresenter.represent_undefined)
+
+class Representer(SafeRepresenter):
+
+    def represent_complex(self, data):
+        if data.imag == 0.0:
+            data = '%r' % data.real
+        elif data.real == 0.0:
+            data = '%rj' % data.imag
+        elif data.imag > 0:
+            data = '%r+%rj' % (data.real, data.imag)
+        else:
+            data = '%r%rj' % (data.real, data.imag)
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:python/complex', data)
+
+    def represent_tuple(self, data):
+        return self.represent_sequence('tag:yaml.org,2002:python/tuple', data)
+
+    def represent_name(self, data):
+        name = '%s.%s' % (data.__module__, data.__name__)
+        return self.represent_scalar('tag:yaml.org,2002:python/name:'+name, '')
+
+    def represent_module(self, data):
+        return self.represent_scalar(
+                'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/module:'+data.__name__, '')
+
+    def represent_object(self, data):
+        # We use __reduce__ API to save the data. data.__reduce__ returns
+        # a tuple of length 2-5:
+        #   (function, args, state, listitems, dictitems)
+
+        # For reconstructing, we calls function(*args), then set its state,
+        # listitems, and dictitems if they are not None.
+
+        # A special case is when function.__name__ == '__newobj__'. In this
+        # case we create the object with args[0].__new__(*args).
+
+        # Another special case is when __reduce__ returns a string - we don't
+        # support it.
+
+        # We produce a !!python/object, !!python/object/new or
+        # !!python/object/apply node.
+
+        cls = type(data)
+        if cls in copyreg.dispatch_table:
+            reduce = copyreg.dispatch_table[cls](data)
+        elif hasattr(data, '__reduce_ex__'):
+            reduce = data.__reduce_ex__(2)
+        elif hasattr(data, '__reduce__'):
+            reduce = data.__reduce__()
+        else:
+            raise RepresenterError("cannot represent an object", data)
+        reduce = (list(reduce)+[None]*5)[:5]
+        function, args, state, listitems, dictitems = reduce
+        args = list(args)
+        if state is None:
+            state = {}
+        if listitems is not None:
+            listitems = list(listitems)
+        if dictitems is not None:
+            dictitems = dict(dictitems)
+        if function.__name__ == '__newobj__':
+            function = args[0]
+            args = args[1:]
+            tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/new:'
+            newobj = True
+        else:
+            tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/apply:'
+            newobj = False
+        function_name = '%s.%s' % (function.__module__, function.__name__)
+        if not args and not listitems and not dictitems \
+                and isinstance(state, dict) and newobj:
+            return self.represent_mapping(
+                    'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object:'+function_name, state)
+        if not listitems and not dictitems  \
+                and isinstance(state, dict) and not state:
+            return self.represent_sequence(tag+function_name, args)
+        value = {}
+        if args:
+            value['args'] = args
+        if state or not isinstance(state, dict):
+            value['state'] = state
+        if listitems:
+            value['listitems'] = listitems
+        if dictitems:
+            value['dictitems'] = dictitems
+        return self.represent_mapping(tag+function_name, value)
+
+    def represent_ordered_dict(self, data):
+        # Provide uniform representation across different Python versions.
+        data_type = type(data)
+        tag = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:python/object/apply:%s.%s' \
+                % (data_type.__module__, data_type.__name__)
+        items = [[key, value] for key, value in data.items()]
+        return self.represent_sequence(tag, [items])
+
+Representer.add_representer(complex,
+        Representer.represent_complex)
+
+Representer.add_representer(tuple,
+        Representer.represent_tuple)
+
+Representer.add_multi_representer(type,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(collections.OrderedDict,
+        Representer.represent_ordered_dict)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.FunctionType,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.BuiltinFunctionType,
+        Representer.represent_name)
+
+Representer.add_representer(types.ModuleType,
+        Representer.represent_module)
+
+Representer.add_multi_representer(object,
+        Representer.represent_object)
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/resolver.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/resolver.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3522bdaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/resolver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+
+__all__ = ['BaseResolver', 'Resolver']
+
+from .error import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+import re
+
+class ResolverError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class BaseResolver:
+
+    DEFAULT_SCALAR_TAG = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:str'
+    DEFAULT_SEQUENCE_TAG = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:seq'
+    DEFAULT_MAPPING_TAG = 'tag:yaml.org,2002:map'
+
+    yaml_implicit_resolvers = {}
+    yaml_path_resolvers = {}
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.resolver_exact_paths = []
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths = []
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_implicit_resolver(cls, tag, regexp, first):
+        if not 'yaml_implicit_resolvers' in cls.__dict__:
+            implicit_resolvers = {}
+            for key in cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers:
+                implicit_resolvers[key] = cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers[key][:]
+            cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers = implicit_resolvers
+        if first is None:
+            first = [None]
+        for ch in first:
+            cls.yaml_implicit_resolvers.setdefault(ch, []).append((tag, regexp))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_path_resolver(cls, tag, path, kind=None):
+        # Note: `add_path_resolver` is experimental.  The API could be changed.
+        # `new_path` is a pattern that is matched against the path from the
+        # root to the node that is being considered.  `node_path` elements are
+        # tuples `(node_check, index_check)`.  `node_check` is a node class:
+        # `ScalarNode`, `SequenceNode`, `MappingNode` or `None`.  `None`
+        # matches any kind of a node.  `index_check` could be `None`, a boolean
+        # value, a string value, or a number.  `None` and `False` match against
+        # any _value_ of sequence and mapping nodes.  `True` matches against
+        # any _key_ of a mapping node.  A string `index_check` matches against
+        # a mapping value that corresponds to a scalar key which content is
+        # equal to the `index_check` value.  An integer `index_check` matches
+        # against a sequence value with the index equal to `index_check`.
+        if not 'yaml_path_resolvers' in cls.__dict__:
+            cls.yaml_path_resolvers = cls.yaml_path_resolvers.copy()
+        new_path = []
+        for element in path:
+            if isinstance(element, (list, tuple)):
+                if len(element) == 2:
+                    node_check, index_check = element
+                elif len(element) == 1:
+                    node_check = element[0]
+                    index_check = True
+                else:
+                    raise ResolverError("Invalid path element: %s" % element)
+            else:
+                node_check = None
+                index_check = element
+            if node_check is str:
+                node_check = ScalarNode
+            elif node_check is list:
+                node_check = SequenceNode
+            elif node_check is dict:
+                node_check = MappingNode
+            elif node_check not in [ScalarNode, SequenceNode, MappingNode]  \
+                    and not isinstance(node_check, str) \
+                    and node_check is not None:
+                raise ResolverError("Invalid node checker: %s" % node_check)
+            if not isinstance(index_check, (str, int))  \
+                    and index_check is not None:
+                raise ResolverError("Invalid index checker: %s" % index_check)
+            new_path.append((node_check, index_check))
+        if kind is str:
+            kind = ScalarNode
+        elif kind is list:
+            kind = SequenceNode
+        elif kind is dict:
+            kind = MappingNode
+        elif kind not in [ScalarNode, SequenceNode, MappingNode]    \
+                and kind is not None:
+            raise ResolverError("Invalid node kind: %s" % kind)
+        cls.yaml_path_resolvers[tuple(new_path), kind] = tag
+
+    def descend_resolver(self, current_node, current_index):
+        if not self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            return
+        exact_paths = {}
+        prefix_paths = []
+        if current_node:
+            depth = len(self.resolver_prefix_paths)
+            for path, kind in self.resolver_prefix_paths[-1]:
+                if self.check_resolver_prefix(depth, path, kind,
+                        current_node, current_index):
+                    if len(path) > depth:
+                        prefix_paths.append((path, kind))
+                    else:
+                        exact_paths[kind] = self.yaml_path_resolvers[path, kind]
+        else:
+            for path, kind in self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+                if not path:
+                    exact_paths[kind] = self.yaml_path_resolvers[path, kind]
+                else:
+                    prefix_paths.append((path, kind))
+        self.resolver_exact_paths.append(exact_paths)
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths.append(prefix_paths)
+
+    def ascend_resolver(self):
+        if not self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            return
+        self.resolver_exact_paths.pop()
+        self.resolver_prefix_paths.pop()
+
+    def check_resolver_prefix(self, depth, path, kind,
+            current_node, current_index):
+        node_check, index_check = path[depth-1]
+        if isinstance(node_check, str):
+            if current_node.tag != node_check:
+                return
+        elif node_check is not None:
+            if not isinstance(current_node, node_check):
+                return
+        if index_check is True and current_index is not None:
+            return
+        if (index_check is False or index_check is None)    \
+                and current_index is None:
+            return
+        if isinstance(index_check, str):
+            if not (isinstance(current_index, ScalarNode)
+                    and index_check == current_index.value):
+                return
+        elif isinstance(index_check, int) and not isinstance(index_check, bool):
+            if index_check != current_index:
+                return
+        return True
+
+    def resolve(self, kind, value, implicit):
+        if kind is ScalarNode and implicit[0]:
+            if value == '':
+                resolvers = self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get('', [])
+            else:
+                resolvers = self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get(value[0], [])
+            wildcard_resolvers = self.yaml_implicit_resolvers.get(None, [])
+            for tag, regexp in resolvers + wildcard_resolvers:
+                if regexp.match(value):
+                    return tag
+            implicit = implicit[1]
+        if self.yaml_path_resolvers:
+            exact_paths = self.resolver_exact_paths[-1]
+            if kind in exact_paths:
+                return exact_paths[kind]
+            if None in exact_paths:
+                return exact_paths[None]
+        if kind is ScalarNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_SCALAR_TAG
+        elif kind is SequenceNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_SEQUENCE_TAG
+        elif kind is MappingNode:
+            return self.DEFAULT_MAPPING_TAG
+
+class Resolver(BaseResolver):
+    pass
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:bool',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:yes|Yes|YES|no|No|NO
+                    |true|True|TRUE|false|False|FALSE
+                    |on|On|ON|off|Off|OFF)$''', re.X),
+        list('yYnNtTfFoO'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:float',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:[-+]?(?:[0-9][0-9_]*)\.[0-9_]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?
+                    |\.[0-9][0-9_]*(?:[eE][-+][0-9]+)?
+                    |[-+]?[0-9][0-9_]*(?::[0-5]?[0-9])+\.[0-9_]*
+                    |[-+]?\.(?:inf|Inf|INF)
+                    |\.(?:nan|NaN|NAN))$''', re.X),
+        list('-+0123456789.'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:int',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:[-+]?0b[0-1_]+
+                    |[-+]?0[0-7_]+
+                    |[-+]?(?:0|[1-9][0-9_]*)
+                    |[-+]?0x[0-9a-fA-F_]+
+                    |[-+]?[1-9][0-9_]*(?::[0-5]?[0-9])+)$''', re.X),
+        list('-+0123456789'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:merge',
+        re.compile(r'^(?:<<)$'),
+        ['<'])
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:null',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?: ~
+                    |null|Null|NULL
+                    | )$''', re.X),
+        ['~', 'n', 'N', ''])
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:timestamp',
+        re.compile(r'''^(?:[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]-[0-9][0-9]
+                    |[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9] -[0-9][0-9]? -[0-9][0-9]?
+                     (?:[Tt]|[ \t]+)[0-9][0-9]?
+                     :[0-9][0-9] :[0-9][0-9] (?:\.[0-9]*)?
+                     (?:[ \t]*(?:Z|[-+][0-9][0-9]?(?::[0-9][0-9])?))?)$''', re.X),
+        list('0123456789'))
+
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:value',
+        re.compile(r'^(?:=)$'),
+        ['='])
+
+# The following resolver is only for documentation purposes. It cannot work
+# because plain scalars cannot start with '!', '&', or '*'.
+Resolver.add_implicit_resolver(
+        'tag:yaml.org,2002:yaml',
+        re.compile(r'^(?:!|&|\*)$'),
+        list('!&*'))
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/scanner.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/scanner.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de925b07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/scanner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1435 @@
+
+# Scanner produces tokens of the following types:
+# STREAM-START
+# STREAM-END
+# DIRECTIVE(name, value)
+# DOCUMENT-START
+# DOCUMENT-END
+# BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START
+# BLOCK-MAPPING-START
+# BLOCK-END
+# FLOW-SEQUENCE-START
+# FLOW-MAPPING-START
+# FLOW-SEQUENCE-END
+# FLOW-MAPPING-END
+# BLOCK-ENTRY
+# FLOW-ENTRY
+# KEY
+# VALUE
+# ALIAS(value)
+# ANCHOR(value)
+# TAG(value)
+# SCALAR(value, plain, style)
+#
+# Read comments in the Scanner code for more details.
+#
+
+__all__ = ['Scanner', 'ScannerError']
+
+from .error import MarkedYAMLError
+from .tokens import *
+
+class ScannerError(MarkedYAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class SimpleKey:
+    # See below simple keys treatment.
+
+    def __init__(self, token_number, required, index, line, column, mark):
+        self.token_number = token_number
+        self.required = required
+        self.index = index
+        self.line = line
+        self.column = column
+        self.mark = mark
+
+class Scanner:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the scanner."""
+        # It is assumed that Scanner and Reader will have a common descendant.
+        # Reader do the dirty work of checking for BOM and converting the
+        # input data to Unicode. It also adds NUL to the end.
+        #
+        # Reader supports the following methods
+        #   self.peek(i=0)       # peek the next i-th character
+        #   self.prefix(l=1)     # peek the next l characters
+        #   self.forward(l=1)    # read the next l characters and move the pointer.
+
+        # Had we reached the end of the stream?
+        self.done = False
+
+        # The number of unclosed '{' and '['. `flow_level == 0` means block
+        # context.
+        self.flow_level = 0
+
+        # List of processed tokens that are not yet emitted.
+        self.tokens = []
+
+        # Add the STREAM-START token.
+        self.fetch_stream_start()
+
+        # Number of tokens that were emitted through the `get_token` method.
+        self.tokens_taken = 0
+
+        # The current indentation level.
+        self.indent = -1
+
+        # Past indentation levels.
+        self.indents = []
+
+        # Variables related to simple keys treatment.
+
+        # A simple key is a key that is not denoted by the '?' indicator.
+        # Example of simple keys:
+        #   ---
+        #   block simple key: value
+        #   ? not a simple key:
+        #   : { flow simple key: value }
+        # We emit the KEY token before all keys, so when we find a potential
+        # simple key, we try to locate the corresponding ':' indicator.
+        # Simple keys should be limited to a single line and 1024 characters.
+
+        # Can a simple key start at the current position? A simple key may
+        # start:
+        # - at the beginning of the line, not counting indentation spaces
+        #       (in block context),
+        # - after '{', '[', ',' (in the flow context),
+        # - after '?', ':', '-' (in the block context).
+        # In the block context, this flag also signifies if a block collection
+        # may start at the current position.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Keep track of possible simple keys. This is a dictionary. The key
+        # is `flow_level`; there can be no more that one possible simple key
+        # for each level. The value is a SimpleKey record:
+        #   (token_number, required, index, line, column, mark)
+        # A simple key may start with ALIAS, ANCHOR, TAG, SCALAR(flow),
+        # '[', or '{' tokens.
+        self.possible_simple_keys = {}
+
+    # Public methods.
+
+    def check_token(self, *choices):
+        # Check if the next token is one of the given types.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            if not choices:
+                return True
+            for choice in choices:
+                if isinstance(self.tokens[0], choice):
+                    return True
+        return False
+
+    def peek_token(self):
+        # Return the next token, but do not delete if from the queue.
+        # Return None if no more tokens.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            return self.tokens[0]
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def get_token(self):
+        # Return the next token.
+        while self.need_more_tokens():
+            self.fetch_more_tokens()
+        if self.tokens:
+            self.tokens_taken += 1
+            return self.tokens.pop(0)
+
+    # Private methods.
+
+    def need_more_tokens(self):
+        if self.done:
+            return False
+        if not self.tokens:
+            return True
+        # The current token may be a potential simple key, so we
+        # need to look further.
+        self.stale_possible_simple_keys()
+        if self.next_possible_simple_key() == self.tokens_taken:
+            return True
+
+    def fetch_more_tokens(self):
+
+        # Eat whitespaces and comments until we reach the next token.
+        self.scan_to_next_token()
+
+        # Remove obsolete possible simple keys.
+        self.stale_possible_simple_keys()
+
+        # Compare the current indentation and column. It may add some tokens
+        # and decrease the current indentation level.
+        self.unwind_indent(self.column)
+
+        # Peek the next character.
+        ch = self.peek()
+
+        # Is it the end of stream?
+        if ch == '\0':
+            return self.fetch_stream_end()
+
+        # Is it a directive?
+        if ch == '%' and self.check_directive():
+            return self.fetch_directive()
+
+        # Is it the document start?
+        if ch == '-' and self.check_document_start():
+            return self.fetch_document_start()
+
+        # Is it the document end?
+        if ch == '.' and self.check_document_end():
+            return self.fetch_document_end()
+
+        # TODO: support for BOM within a stream.
+        #if ch == '\uFEFF':
+        #    return self.fetch_bom()    <-- issue BOMToken
+
+        # Note: the order of the following checks is NOT significant.
+
+        # Is it the flow sequence start indicator?
+        if ch == '[':
+            return self.fetch_flow_sequence_start()
+
+        # Is it the flow mapping start indicator?
+        if ch == '{':
+            return self.fetch_flow_mapping_start()
+
+        # Is it the flow sequence end indicator?
+        if ch == ']':
+            return self.fetch_flow_sequence_end()
+
+        # Is it the flow mapping end indicator?
+        if ch == '}':
+            return self.fetch_flow_mapping_end()
+
+        # Is it the flow entry indicator?
+        if ch == ',':
+            return self.fetch_flow_entry()
+
+        # Is it the block entry indicator?
+        if ch == '-' and self.check_block_entry():
+            return self.fetch_block_entry()
+
+        # Is it the key indicator?
+        if ch == '?' and self.check_key():
+            return self.fetch_key()
+
+        # Is it the value indicator?
+        if ch == ':' and self.check_value():
+            return self.fetch_value()
+
+        # Is it an alias?
+        if ch == '*':
+            return self.fetch_alias()
+
+        # Is it an anchor?
+        if ch == '&':
+            return self.fetch_anchor()
+
+        # Is it a tag?
+        if ch == '!':
+            return self.fetch_tag()
+
+        # Is it a literal scalar?
+        if ch == '|' and not self.flow_level:
+            return self.fetch_literal()
+
+        # Is it a folded scalar?
+        if ch == '>' and not self.flow_level:
+            return self.fetch_folded()
+
+        # Is it a single quoted scalar?
+        if ch == '\'':
+            return self.fetch_single()
+
+        # Is it a double quoted scalar?
+        if ch == '\"':
+            return self.fetch_double()
+
+        # It must be a plain scalar then.
+        if self.check_plain():
+            return self.fetch_plain()
+
+        # No? It's an error. Let's produce a nice error message.
+        raise ScannerError("while scanning for the next token", None,
+                "found character %r that cannot start any token" % ch,
+                self.get_mark())
+
+    # Simple keys treatment.
+
+    def next_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # Return the number of the nearest possible simple key. Actually we
+        # don't need to loop through the whole dictionary. We may replace it
+        # with the following code:
+        #   if not self.possible_simple_keys:
+        #       return None
+        #   return self.possible_simple_keys[
+        #           min(self.possible_simple_keys.keys())].token_number
+        min_token_number = None
+        for level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+            if min_token_number is None or key.token_number < min_token_number:
+                min_token_number = key.token_number
+        return min_token_number
+
+    def stale_possible_simple_keys(self):
+        # Remove entries that are no longer possible simple keys. According to
+        # the YAML specification, simple keys
+        # - should be limited to a single line,
+        # - should be no longer than 1024 characters.
+        # Disabling this procedure will allow simple keys of any length and
+        # height (may cause problems if indentation is broken though).
+        for level in list(self.possible_simple_keys):
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+            if key.line != self.line  \
+                    or self.index-key.index > 1024:
+                if key.required:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a simple key", key.mark,
+                            "could not find expected ':'", self.get_mark())
+                del self.possible_simple_keys[level]
+
+    def save_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # The next token may start a simple key. We check if it's possible
+        # and save its position. This function is called for
+        #   ALIAS, ANCHOR, TAG, SCALAR(flow), '[', and '{'.
+
+        # Check if a simple key is required at the current position.
+        required = not self.flow_level and self.indent == self.column
+
+        # The next token might be a simple key. Let's save it's number and
+        # position.
+        if self.allow_simple_key:
+            self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+            token_number = self.tokens_taken+len(self.tokens)
+            key = SimpleKey(token_number, required,
+                    self.index, self.line, self.column, self.get_mark())
+            self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level] = key
+
+    def remove_possible_simple_key(self):
+        # Remove the saved possible key position at the current flow level.
+        if self.flow_level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            
+            if key.required:
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a simple key", key.mark,
+                        "could not find expected ':'", self.get_mark())
+
+            del self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+
+    # Indentation functions.
+
+    def unwind_indent(self, column):
+
+        ## In flow context, tokens should respect indentation.
+        ## Actually the condition should be `self.indent >= column` according to
+        ## the spec. But this condition will prohibit intuitively correct
+        ## constructions such as
+        ## key : {
+        ## }
+        #if self.flow_level and self.indent > column:
+        #    raise ScannerError(None, None,
+        #            "invalid indentation or unclosed '[' or '{'",
+        #            self.get_mark())
+
+        # In the flow context, indentation is ignored. We make the scanner less
+        # restrictive then specification requires.
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return
+
+        # In block context, we may need to issue the BLOCK-END tokens.
+        while self.indent > column:
+            mark = self.get_mark()
+            self.indent = self.indents.pop()
+            self.tokens.append(BlockEndToken(mark, mark))
+
+    def add_indent(self, column):
+        # Check if we need to increase indentation.
+        if self.indent < column:
+            self.indents.append(self.indent)
+            self.indent = column
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    # Fetchers.
+
+    def fetch_stream_start(self):
+        # We always add STREAM-START as the first token and STREAM-END as the
+        # last token.
+
+        # Read the token.
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        
+        # Add STREAM-START.
+        self.tokens.append(StreamStartToken(mark, mark,
+            encoding=self.encoding))
+        
+
+    def fetch_stream_end(self):
+
+        # Set the current indentation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+        self.possible_simple_keys = {}
+
+        # Read the token.
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        
+        # Add STREAM-END.
+        self.tokens.append(StreamEndToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # The steam is finished.
+        self.done = True
+
+    def fetch_directive(self):
+        
+        # Set the current indentation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add DIRECTIVE.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_directive())
+
+    def fetch_document_start(self):
+        self.fetch_document_indicator(DocumentStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_document_end(self):
+        self.fetch_document_indicator(DocumentEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_document_indicator(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # Set the current indentation to -1.
+        self.unwind_indent(-1)
+
+        # Reset simple keys. Note that there could not be a block collection
+        # after '---'.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Add DOCUMENT-START or DOCUMENT-END.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward(3)
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_sequence_start(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_start(FlowSequenceStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_mapping_start(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_start(FlowMappingStartToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_collection_start(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # '[' and '{' may start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Increase the flow level.
+        self.flow_level += 1
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '[' and '{'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Add FLOW-SEQUENCE-START or FLOW-MAPPING-START.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_sequence_end(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_end(FlowSequenceEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_mapping_end(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_collection_end(FlowMappingEndToken)
+
+    def fetch_flow_collection_end(self, TokenClass):
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Decrease the flow level.
+        self.flow_level -= 1
+
+        # No simple keys after ']' or '}'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Add FLOW-SEQUENCE-END or FLOW-MAPPING-END.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(TokenClass(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_flow_entry(self):
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after ','.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add FLOW-ENTRY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(FlowEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_block_entry(self):
+
+        # Block context needs additional checks.
+        if not self.flow_level:
+
+            # Are we allowed to start a new entry?
+            if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                        "sequence entries are not allowed here",
+                        self.get_mark())
+
+            # We may need to add BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START.
+            if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                mark = self.get_mark()
+                self.tokens.append(BlockSequenceStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # It's an error for the block entry to occur in the flow context,
+        # but we let the parser detect this.
+        else:
+            pass
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '-'.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add BLOCK-ENTRY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(BlockEntryToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_key(self):
+        
+        # Block context needs additional checks.
+        if not self.flow_level:
+
+            # Are we allowed to start a key (not necessary a simple)?
+            if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                        "mapping keys are not allowed here",
+                        self.get_mark())
+
+            # We may need to add BLOCK-MAPPING-START.
+            if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                mark = self.get_mark()
+                self.tokens.append(BlockMappingStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+        # Simple keys are allowed after '?' in the block context.
+        self.allow_simple_key = not self.flow_level
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add KEY.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(KeyToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_value(self):
+
+        # Do we determine a simple key?
+        if self.flow_level in self.possible_simple_keys:
+
+            # Add KEY.
+            key = self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            del self.possible_simple_keys[self.flow_level]
+            self.tokens.insert(key.token_number-self.tokens_taken,
+                    KeyToken(key.mark, key.mark))
+
+            # If this key starts a new block mapping, we need to add
+            # BLOCK-MAPPING-START.
+            if not self.flow_level:
+                if self.add_indent(key.column):
+                    self.tokens.insert(key.token_number-self.tokens_taken,
+                            BlockMappingStartToken(key.mark, key.mark))
+
+            # There cannot be two simple keys one after another.
+            self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # It must be a part of a complex key.
+        else:
+            
+            # Block context needs additional checks.
+            # (Do we really need them? They will be caught by the parser
+            # anyway.)
+            if not self.flow_level:
+
+                # We are allowed to start a complex value if and only if
+                # we can start a simple key.
+                if not self.allow_simple_key:
+                    raise ScannerError(None, None,
+                            "mapping values are not allowed here",
+                            self.get_mark())
+
+            # If this value starts a new block mapping, we need to add
+            # BLOCK-MAPPING-START.  It will be detected as an error later by
+            # the parser.
+            if not self.flow_level:
+                if self.add_indent(self.column):
+                    mark = self.get_mark()
+                    self.tokens.append(BlockMappingStartToken(mark, mark))
+
+            # Simple keys are allowed after ':' in the block context.
+            self.allow_simple_key = not self.flow_level
+
+            # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+            self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Add VALUE.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.tokens.append(ValueToken(start_mark, end_mark))
+
+    def fetch_alias(self):
+
+        # ALIAS could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after ALIAS.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add ALIAS.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_anchor(AliasToken))
+
+    def fetch_anchor(self):
+
+        # ANCHOR could start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after ANCHOR.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add ANCHOR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_anchor(AnchorToken))
+
+    def fetch_tag(self):
+
+        # TAG could start a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after TAG.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add TAG.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_tag())
+
+    def fetch_literal(self):
+        self.fetch_block_scalar(style='|')
+
+    def fetch_folded(self):
+        self.fetch_block_scalar(style='>')
+
+    def fetch_block_scalar(self, style):
+
+        # A simple key may follow a block scalar.
+        self.allow_simple_key = True
+
+        # Reset possible simple key on the current level.
+        self.remove_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_block_scalar(style))
+
+    def fetch_single(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_scalar(style='\'')
+
+    def fetch_double(self):
+        self.fetch_flow_scalar(style='"')
+
+    def fetch_flow_scalar(self, style):
+
+        # A flow scalar could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after flow scalars.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_flow_scalar(style))
+
+    def fetch_plain(self):
+
+        # A plain scalar could be a simple key.
+        self.save_possible_simple_key()
+
+        # No simple keys after plain scalars. But note that `scan_plain` will
+        # change this flag if the scan is finished at the beginning of the
+        # line.
+        self.allow_simple_key = False
+
+        # Scan and add SCALAR. May change `allow_simple_key`.
+        self.tokens.append(self.scan_plain())
+
+    # Checkers.
+
+    def check_directive(self):
+
+        # DIRECTIVE:        ^ '%' ...
+        # The '%' indicator is already checked.
+        if self.column == 0:
+            return True
+
+    def check_document_start(self):
+
+        # DOCUMENT-START:   ^ '---' (' '|'\n')
+        if self.column == 0:
+            if self.prefix(3) == '---'  \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return True
+
+    def check_document_end(self):
+
+        # DOCUMENT-END:     ^ '...' (' '|'\n')
+        if self.column == 0:
+            if self.prefix(3) == '...'  \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return True
+
+    def check_block_entry(self):
+
+        # BLOCK-ENTRY:      '-' (' '|'\n')
+        return self.peek(1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_key(self):
+
+        # KEY(flow context):    '?'
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return True
+
+        # KEY(block context):   '?' (' '|'\n')
+        else:
+            return self.peek(1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_value(self):
+
+        # VALUE(flow context):  ':'
+        if self.flow_level:
+            return True
+
+        # VALUE(block context): ':' (' '|'\n')
+        else:
+            return self.peek(1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+
+    def check_plain(self):
+
+        # A plain scalar may start with any non-space character except:
+        #   '-', '?', ':', ',', '[', ']', '{', '}',
+        #   '#', '&', '*', '!', '|', '>', '\'', '\"',
+        #   '%', '@', '`'.
+        #
+        # It may also start with
+        #   '-', '?', ':'
+        # if it is followed by a non-space character.
+        #
+        # Note that we limit the last rule to the block context (except the
+        # '-' character) because we want the flow context to be space
+        # independent.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        return ch not in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029-?:,[]{}#&*!|>\'\"%@`'  \
+                or (self.peek(1) not in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+                        and (ch == '-' or (not self.flow_level and ch in '?:')))
+
+    # Scanners.
+
+    def scan_to_next_token(self):
+        # We ignore spaces, line breaks and comments.
+        # If we find a line break in the block context, we set the flag
+        # `allow_simple_key` on.
+        # The byte order mark is stripped if it's the first character in the
+        # stream. We do not yet support BOM inside the stream as the
+        # specification requires. Any such mark will be considered as a part
+        # of the document.
+        #
+        # TODO: We need to make tab handling rules more sane. A good rule is
+        #   Tabs cannot precede tokens
+        #   BLOCK-SEQUENCE-START, BLOCK-MAPPING-START, BLOCK-END,
+        #   KEY(block), VALUE(block), BLOCK-ENTRY
+        # So the checking code is
+        #   if <TAB>:
+        #       self.allow_simple_keys = False
+        # We also need to add the check for `allow_simple_keys == True` to
+        # `unwind_indent` before issuing BLOCK-END.
+        # Scanners for block, flow, and plain scalars need to be modified.
+
+        if self.index == 0 and self.peek() == '\uFEFF':
+            self.forward()
+        found = False
+        while not found:
+            while self.peek() == ' ':
+                self.forward()
+            if self.peek() == '#':
+                while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    self.forward()
+            if self.scan_line_break():
+                if not self.flow_level:
+                    self.allow_simple_key = True
+            else:
+                found = True
+
+    def scan_directive(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        self.forward()
+        name = self.scan_directive_name(start_mark)
+        value = None
+        if name == 'YAML':
+            value = self.scan_yaml_directive_value(start_mark)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        elif name == 'TAG':
+            value = self.scan_tag_directive_value(start_mark)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        else:
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        self.scan_directive_ignored_line(start_mark)
+        return DirectiveToken(name, value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_directive_name(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                or ch in '-_':
+            length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if not length:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_yaml_directive_value(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        major = self.scan_yaml_directive_number(start_mark)
+        if self.peek() != '.':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit or '.', but found %r" % self.peek(),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        self.forward()
+        minor = self.scan_yaml_directive_number(start_mark)
+        if self.peek() not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit or ' ', but found %r" % self.peek(),
+                    self.get_mark())
+        return (major, minor)
+
+    def scan_yaml_directive_number(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if not ('0' <= ch <= '9'):
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a digit, but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        length = 0
+        while '0' <= self.peek(length) <= '9':
+            length += 1
+        value = int(self.prefix(length))
+        self.forward(length)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_value(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        handle = self.scan_tag_directive_handle(start_mark)
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        prefix = self.scan_tag_directive_prefix(start_mark)
+        return (handle, prefix)
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_handle(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        value = self.scan_tag_handle('directive', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch != ' ':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_directive_prefix(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        value = self.scan_tag_uri('directive', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return value
+
+    def scan_directive_ignored_line(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        if self.peek() == '#':
+            while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a directive", start_mark,
+                    "expected a comment or a line break, but found %r"
+                        % ch, self.get_mark())
+        self.scan_line_break()
+
+    def scan_anchor(self, TokenClass):
+        # The specification does not restrict characters for anchors and
+        # aliases. This may lead to problems, for instance, the document:
+        #   [ *alias, value ]
+        # can be interpreted in two ways, as
+        #   [ "value" ]
+        # and
+        #   [ *alias , "value" ]
+        # Therefore we restrict aliases to numbers and ASCII letters.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        indicator = self.peek()
+        if indicator == '*':
+            name = 'alias'
+        else:
+            name = 'anchor'
+        self.forward()
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                or ch in '-_':
+            length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if not length:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning an %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029?:,]}%@`':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning an %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected alphabetic or numeric character, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return TokenClass(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_tag(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        ch = self.peek(1)
+        if ch == '<':
+            handle = None
+            self.forward(2)
+            suffix = self.scan_tag_uri('tag', start_mark)
+            if self.peek() != '>':
+                raise ScannerError("while parsing a tag", start_mark,
+                        "expected '>', but found %r" % self.peek(),
+                        self.get_mark())
+            self.forward()
+        elif ch in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            handle = None
+            suffix = '!'
+            self.forward()
+        else:
+            length = 1
+            use_handle = False
+            while ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if ch == '!':
+                    use_handle = True
+                    break
+                length += 1
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+            handle = '!'
+            if use_handle:
+                handle = self.scan_tag_handle('tag', start_mark)
+            else:
+                handle = '!'
+                self.forward()
+            suffix = self.scan_tag_uri('tag', start_mark)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a tag", start_mark,
+                    "expected ' ', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        value = (handle, suffix)
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return TagToken(value, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_block_scalar(self, style):
+        # See the specification for details.
+
+        if style == '>':
+            folded = True
+        else:
+            folded = False
+
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+
+        # Scan the header.
+        self.forward()
+        chomping, increment = self.scan_block_scalar_indicators(start_mark)
+        self.scan_block_scalar_ignored_line(start_mark)
+
+        # Determine the indentation level and go to the first non-empty line.
+        min_indent = self.indent+1
+        if min_indent < 1:
+            min_indent = 1
+        if increment is None:
+            breaks, max_indent, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_indentation()
+            indent = max(min_indent, max_indent)
+        else:
+            indent = min_indent+increment-1
+            breaks, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_breaks(indent)
+        line_break = ''
+
+        # Scan the inner part of the block scalar.
+        while self.column == indent and self.peek() != '\0':
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+            leading_non_space = self.peek() not in ' \t'
+            length = 0
+            while self.peek(length) not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                length += 1
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            breaks, end_mark = self.scan_block_scalar_breaks(indent)
+            if self.column == indent and self.peek() != '\0':
+
+                # Unfortunately, folding rules are ambiguous.
+                #
+                # This is the folding according to the specification:
+                
+                if folded and line_break == '\n'    \
+                        and leading_non_space and self.peek() not in ' \t':
+                    if not breaks:
+                        chunks.append(' ')
+                else:
+                    chunks.append(line_break)
+                
+                # This is Clark Evans's interpretation (also in the spec
+                # examples):
+                #
+                #if folded and line_break == '\n':
+                #    if not breaks:
+                #        if self.peek() not in ' \t':
+                #            chunks.append(' ')
+                #        else:
+                #            chunks.append(line_break)
+                #else:
+                #    chunks.append(line_break)
+            else:
+                break
+
+        # Chomp the tail.
+        if chomping is not False:
+            chunks.append(line_break)
+        if chomping is True:
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+
+        # We are done.
+        return ScalarToken(''.join(chunks), False, start_mark, end_mark,
+                style)
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_indicators(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chomping = None
+        increment = None
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in '+-':
+            if ch == '+':
+                chomping = True
+            else:
+                chomping = False
+            self.forward()
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if ch in '0123456789':
+                increment = int(ch)
+                if increment == 0:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                            "expected indentation indicator in the range 1-9, but found 0",
+                            self.get_mark())
+                self.forward()
+        elif ch in '0123456789':
+            increment = int(ch)
+            if increment == 0:
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                        "expected indentation indicator in the range 1-9, but found 0",
+                        self.get_mark())
+            self.forward()
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if ch in '+-':
+                if ch == '+':
+                    chomping = True
+                else:
+                    chomping = False
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0 \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                    "expected chomping or indentation indicators, but found %r"
+                    % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return chomping, increment
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_ignored_line(self, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        while self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        if self.peek() == '#':
+            while self.peek() not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                self.forward()
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch not in '\0\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a block scalar", start_mark,
+                    "expected a comment or a line break, but found %r" % ch,
+                    self.get_mark())
+        self.scan_line_break()
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_indentation(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        max_indent = 0
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.peek() in ' \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            if self.peek() != ' ':
+                chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+                end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            else:
+                self.forward()
+                if self.column > max_indent:
+                    max_indent = self.column
+        return chunks, max_indent, end_mark
+
+    def scan_block_scalar_breaks(self, indent):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.column < indent and self.peek() == ' ':
+            self.forward()
+        while self.peek() in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            while self.column < indent and self.peek() == ' ':
+                self.forward()
+        return chunks, end_mark
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar(self, style):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # Note that we loose indentation rules for quoted scalars. Quoted
+        # scalars don't need to adhere indentation because " and ' clearly
+        # mark the beginning and the end of them. Therefore we are less
+        # restrictive then the specification requires. We only need to check
+        # that document separators are not included in scalars.
+        if style == '"':
+            double = True
+        else:
+            double = False
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        quote = self.peek()
+        self.forward()
+        chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(double, start_mark))
+        while self.peek() != quote:
+            chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_spaces(double, start_mark))
+            chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(double, start_mark))
+        self.forward()
+        end_mark = self.get_mark()
+        return ScalarToken(''.join(chunks), False, start_mark, end_mark,
+                style)
+
+    ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS = {
+        '0':    '\0',
+        'a':    '\x07',
+        'b':    '\x08',
+        't':    '\x09',
+        '\t':   '\x09',
+        'n':    '\x0A',
+        'v':    '\x0B',
+        'f':    '\x0C',
+        'r':    '\x0D',
+        'e':    '\x1B',
+        ' ':    '\x20',
+        '\"':   '\"',
+        '\\':   '\\',
+        '/':    '/',
+        'N':    '\x85',
+        '_':    '\xA0',
+        'L':    '\u2028',
+        'P':    '\u2029',
+    }
+
+    ESCAPE_CODES = {
+        'x':    2,
+        'u':    4,
+        'U':    8,
+    }
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_non_spaces(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        while True:
+            length = 0
+            while self.peek(length) not in '\'\"\\\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                length += 1
+            if length:
+                chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+                self.forward(length)
+            ch = self.peek()
+            if not double and ch == '\'' and self.peek(1) == '\'':
+                chunks.append('\'')
+                self.forward(2)
+            elif (double and ch == '\'') or (not double and ch in '\"\\'):
+                chunks.append(ch)
+                self.forward()
+            elif double and ch == '\\':
+                self.forward()
+                ch = self.peek()
+                if ch in self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS:
+                    chunks.append(self.ESCAPE_REPLACEMENTS[ch])
+                    self.forward()
+                elif ch in self.ESCAPE_CODES:
+                    length = self.ESCAPE_CODES[ch]
+                    self.forward()
+                    for k in range(length):
+                        if self.peek(k) not in '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef':
+                            raise ScannerError("while scanning a double-quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                                    "expected escape sequence of %d hexadecimal numbers, but found %r" %
+                                        (length, self.peek(k)), self.get_mark())
+                    code = int(self.prefix(length), 16)
+                    chunks.append(chr(code))
+                    self.forward(length)
+                elif ch in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                    self.scan_line_break()
+                    chunks.extend(self.scan_flow_scalar_breaks(double, start_mark))
+                else:
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a double-quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                            "found unknown escape character %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+            else:
+                return chunks
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_spaces(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        while self.peek(length) in ' \t':
+            length += 1
+        whitespaces = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch == '\0':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                    "found unexpected end of stream", self.get_mark())
+        elif ch in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            breaks = self.scan_flow_scalar_breaks(double, start_mark)
+            if line_break != '\n':
+                chunks.append(line_break)
+            elif not breaks:
+                chunks.append(' ')
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+        else:
+            chunks.append(whitespaces)
+        return chunks
+
+    def scan_flow_scalar_breaks(self, double, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        chunks = []
+        while True:
+            # Instead of checking indentation, we check for document
+            # separators.
+            prefix = self.prefix(3)
+            if (prefix == '---' or prefix == '...')   \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a quoted scalar", start_mark,
+                        "found unexpected document separator", self.get_mark())
+            while self.peek() in ' \t':
+                self.forward()
+            if self.peek() in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                chunks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+            else:
+                return chunks
+
+    def scan_plain(self):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # We add an additional restriction for the flow context:
+        #   plain scalars in the flow context cannot contain ',' or '?'.
+        # We also keep track of the `allow_simple_key` flag here.
+        # Indentation rules are loosed for the flow context.
+        chunks = []
+        start_mark = self.get_mark()
+        end_mark = start_mark
+        indent = self.indent+1
+        # We allow zero indentation for scalars, but then we need to check for
+        # document separators at the beginning of the line.
+        #if indent == 0:
+        #    indent = 1
+        spaces = []
+        while True:
+            length = 0
+            if self.peek() == '#':
+                break
+            while True:
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+                if ch in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'    \
+                        or (ch == ':' and
+                                self.peek(length+1) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029'
+                                      + (u',[]{}' if self.flow_level else u''))\
+                        or (self.flow_level and ch in ',?[]{}'):
+                    break
+                length += 1
+            if length == 0:
+                break
+            self.allow_simple_key = False
+            chunks.extend(spaces)
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            end_mark = self.get_mark()
+            spaces = self.scan_plain_spaces(indent, start_mark)
+            if not spaces or self.peek() == '#' \
+                    or (not self.flow_level and self.column < indent):
+                break
+        return ScalarToken(''.join(chunks), True, start_mark, end_mark)
+
+    def scan_plain_spaces(self, indent, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # The specification is really confusing about tabs in plain scalars.
+        # We just forbid them completely. Do not use tabs in YAML!
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        while self.peek(length) in ' ':
+            length += 1
+        whitespaces = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in '\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+            line_break = self.scan_line_break()
+            self.allow_simple_key = True
+            prefix = self.prefix(3)
+            if (prefix == '---' or prefix == '...')   \
+                    and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                return
+            breaks = []
+            while self.peek() in ' \r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                if self.peek() == ' ':
+                    self.forward()
+                else:
+                    breaks.append(self.scan_line_break())
+                    prefix = self.prefix(3)
+                    if (prefix == '---' or prefix == '...')   \
+                            and self.peek(3) in '\0 \t\r\n\x85\u2028\u2029':
+                        return
+            if line_break != '\n':
+                chunks.append(line_break)
+            elif not breaks:
+                chunks.append(' ')
+            chunks.extend(breaks)
+        elif whitespaces:
+            chunks.append(whitespaces)
+        return chunks
+
+    def scan_tag_handle(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # For some strange reasons, the specification does not allow '_' in
+        # tag handles. I have allowed it anyway.
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch != '!':
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected '!', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        length = 1
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        if ch != ' ':
+            while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                    or ch in '-_':
+                length += 1
+                ch = self.peek(length)
+            if ch != '!':
+                self.forward(length)
+                raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                        "expected '!', but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+            length += 1
+        value = self.prefix(length)
+        self.forward(length)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_tag_uri(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        # Note: we do not check if URI is well-formed.
+        chunks = []
+        length = 0
+        ch = self.peek(length)
+        while '0' <= ch <= '9' or 'A' <= ch <= 'Z' or 'a' <= ch <= 'z'  \
+                or ch in '-;/?:@&=+$,_.!~*\'()[]%':
+            if ch == '%':
+                chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+                self.forward(length)
+                length = 0
+                chunks.append(self.scan_uri_escapes(name, start_mark))
+            else:
+                length += 1
+            ch = self.peek(length)
+        if length:
+            chunks.append(self.prefix(length))
+            self.forward(length)
+            length = 0
+        if not chunks:
+            raise ScannerError("while parsing a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                    "expected URI, but found %r" % ch, self.get_mark())
+        return ''.join(chunks)
+
+    def scan_uri_escapes(self, name, start_mark):
+        # See the specification for details.
+        codes = []
+        mark = self.get_mark()
+        while self.peek() == '%':
+            self.forward()
+            for k in range(2):
+                if self.peek(k) not in '0123456789ABCDEFabcdef':
+                    raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark,
+                            "expected URI escape sequence of 2 hexadecimal numbers, but found %r"
+                            % self.peek(k), self.get_mark())
+            codes.append(int(self.prefix(2), 16))
+            self.forward(2)
+        try:
+            value = bytes(codes).decode('utf-8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError as exc:
+            raise ScannerError("while scanning a %s" % name, start_mark, str(exc), mark)
+        return value
+
+    def scan_line_break(self):
+        # Transforms:
+        #   '\r\n'      :   '\n'
+        #   '\r'        :   '\n'
+        #   '\n'        :   '\n'
+        #   '\x85'      :   '\n'
+        #   '\u2028'    :   '\u2028'
+        #   '\u2029     :   '\u2029'
+        #   default     :   ''
+        ch = self.peek()
+        if ch in '\r\n\x85':
+            if self.prefix(2) == '\r\n':
+                self.forward(2)
+            else:
+                self.forward()
+            return '\n'
+        elif ch in '\u2028\u2029':
+            self.forward()
+            return ch
+        return ''
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/serializer.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/serializer.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe911e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/serializer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+
+__all__ = ['Serializer', 'SerializerError']
+
+from .error import YAMLError
+from .events import *
+from .nodes import *
+
+class SerializerError(YAMLError):
+    pass
+
+class Serializer:
+
+    ANCHOR_TEMPLATE = 'id%03d'
+
+    def __init__(self, encoding=None,
+            explicit_start=None, explicit_end=None, version=None, tags=None):
+        self.use_encoding = encoding
+        self.use_explicit_start = explicit_start
+        self.use_explicit_end = explicit_end
+        self.use_version = version
+        self.use_tags = tags
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_anchor_id = 0
+        self.closed = None
+
+    def open(self):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            self.emit(StreamStartEvent(encoding=self.use_encoding))
+            self.closed = False
+        elif self.closed:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+        else:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is already opened")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+        elif not self.closed:
+            self.emit(StreamEndEvent())
+            self.closed = True
+
+    #def __del__(self):
+    #    self.close()
+
+    def serialize(self, node):
+        if self.closed is None:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is not opened")
+        elif self.closed:
+            raise SerializerError("serializer is closed")
+        self.emit(DocumentStartEvent(explicit=self.use_explicit_start,
+            version=self.use_version, tags=self.use_tags))
+        self.anchor_node(node)
+        self.serialize_node(node, None, None)
+        self.emit(DocumentEndEvent(explicit=self.use_explicit_end))
+        self.serialized_nodes = {}
+        self.anchors = {}
+        self.last_anchor_id = 0
+
+    def anchor_node(self, node):
+        if node in self.anchors:
+            if self.anchors[node] is None:
+                self.anchors[node] = self.generate_anchor(node)
+        else:
+            self.anchors[node] = None
+            if isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self.anchor_node(item)
+            elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                for key, value in node.value:
+                    self.anchor_node(key)
+                    self.anchor_node(value)
+
+    def generate_anchor(self, node):
+        self.last_anchor_id += 1
+        return self.ANCHOR_TEMPLATE % self.last_anchor_id
+
+    def serialize_node(self, node, parent, index):
+        alias = self.anchors[node]
+        if node in self.serialized_nodes:
+            self.emit(AliasEvent(alias))
+        else:
+            self.serialized_nodes[node] = True
+            self.descend_resolver(parent, index)
+            if isinstance(node, ScalarNode):
+                detected_tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (True, False))
+                default_tag = self.resolve(ScalarNode, node.value, (False, True))
+                implicit = (node.tag == detected_tag), (node.tag == default_tag)
+                self.emit(ScalarEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit, node.value,
+                    style=node.style))
+            elif isinstance(node, SequenceNode):
+                implicit = (node.tag
+                            == self.resolve(SequenceNode, node.value, True))
+                self.emit(SequenceStartEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit,
+                    flow_style=node.flow_style))
+                index = 0
+                for item in node.value:
+                    self.serialize_node(item, node, index)
+                    index += 1
+                self.emit(SequenceEndEvent())
+            elif isinstance(node, MappingNode):
+                implicit = (node.tag
+                            == self.resolve(MappingNode, node.value, True))
+                self.emit(MappingStartEvent(alias, node.tag, implicit,
+                    flow_style=node.flow_style))
+                for key, value in node.value:
+                    self.serialize_node(key, node, None)
+                    self.serialize_node(value, node, key)
+                self.emit(MappingEndEvent())
+            self.ascend_resolver()
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/tokens.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/tokens.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d0b48a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/yaml/tokens.py
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+
+class Token(object):
+    def __init__(self, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+    def __repr__(self):
+        attributes = [key for key in self.__dict__
+                if not key.endswith('_mark')]
+        attributes.sort()
+        arguments = ', '.join(['%s=%r' % (key, getattr(self, key))
+                for key in attributes])
+        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, arguments)
+
+#class BOMToken(Token):
+#    id = '<byte order mark>'
+
+class DirectiveToken(Token):
+    id = '<directive>'
+    def __init__(self, name, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.name = name
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class DocumentStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<document start>'
+
+class DocumentEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<document end>'
+
+class StreamStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<stream start>'
+    def __init__(self, start_mark=None, end_mark=None,
+            encoding=None):
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+class StreamEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<stream end>'
+
+class BlockSequenceStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<block sequence start>'
+
+class BlockMappingStartToken(Token):
+    id = '<block mapping start>'
+
+class BlockEndToken(Token):
+    id = '<block end>'
+
+class FlowSequenceStartToken(Token):
+    id = '['
+
+class FlowMappingStartToken(Token):
+    id = '{'
+
+class FlowSequenceEndToken(Token):
+    id = ']'
+
+class FlowMappingEndToken(Token):
+    id = '}'
+
+class KeyToken(Token):
+    id = '?'
+
+class ValueToken(Token):
+    id = ':'
+
+class BlockEntryToken(Token):
+    id = '-'
+
+class FlowEntryToken(Token):
+    id = ','
+
+class AliasToken(Token):
+    id = '<alias>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class AnchorToken(Token):
+    id = '<anchor>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class TagToken(Token):
+    id = '<tag>'
+    def __init__(self, value, start_mark, end_mark):
+        self.value = value
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+
+class ScalarToken(Token):
+    id = '<scalar>'
+    def __init__(self, value, plain, start_mark, end_mark, style=None):
+        self.value = value
+        self.plain = plain
+        self.start_mark = start_mark
+        self.end_mark = end_mark
+        self.style = style
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/INSTALLER b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1b589e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/INSTALLER
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pip
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/LICENSE b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dcec4760
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Copyright (c) 2016, Gregory Szorc
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
+may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
+ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/METADATA b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/METADATA
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7304ab7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/METADATA
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Metadata-Version: 2.1
+Name: zstandard
+Version: 0.23.0
+Summary: Zstandard bindings for Python
+Home-page: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard
+Author: Gregory Szorc
+Author-email: gregory.szorc@gmail.com
+License: BSD
+Keywords: zstandard,zstd,compression
+Classifier: Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable
+Classifier: Intended Audience :: Developers
+Classifier: License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License
+Classifier: Programming Language :: C
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.8
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.9
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12
+Classifier: Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13
+Requires-Python: >=3.8
+License-File: LICENSE
+Requires-Dist: cffi >=1.11 ; platform_python_implementation == "PyPy"
+Provides-Extra: cffi
+Requires-Dist: cffi >=1.11 ; extra == 'cffi'
+
+================
+python-zstandard
+================
+
+| |ci-test| |ci-wheel| |ci-typing| |ci-sdist| |ci-anaconda| |ci-sphinx|
+
+This project provides Python bindings for interfacing with the
+`Zstandard <http://www.zstd.net>`_ compression library. A C extension
+and CFFI interface are provided.
+
+The primary goal of the project is to provide a rich interface to the
+underlying C API through a Pythonic interface while not sacrificing
+performance. This means exposing most of the features and flexibility
+of the C API while not sacrificing usability or safety that Python provides.
+
+The canonical home for this project is
+https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard.
+
+For usage documentation, see https://python-zstandard.readthedocs.org/.
+
+.. |ci-test| image:: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/workflows/.github/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg
+     :target: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/blob/main/.github/workflows/test.yml
+
+.. |ci-wheel| image:: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/workflows/.github/workflows/wheel.yml/badge.svg
+     :target: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/blob/main/.github/workflows/wheel.yml
+
+.. |ci-typing| image:: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/workflows/.github/workflows/typing.yml/badge.svg
+     :target: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/blob/main/.github/workflows/typing.yml
+
+.. |ci-sdist| image:: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/workflows/.github/workflows/sdist.yml/badge.svg
+     :target: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/blob/main/.github/workflows/sdist.yml
+
+.. |ci-anaconda| image:: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/workflows/.github/workflows/anaconda.yml/badge.svg
+     :target: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/blob/main/.github/workflows/anaconda.yml
+
+.. |ci-sphinx| image:: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/workflows/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml/badge.svg
+     :target: https://github.com/indygreg/python-zstandard/blob/main/.github/workflows/sphinx.yml
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/RECORD b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/RECORD
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fcec11d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/RECORD
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/INSTALLER,sha256=zuuue4knoyJ-UwPPXg8fezS7VCrXJQrAP7zeNuwvFQg,4
+zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/LICENSE,sha256=wVso-IZlAL09YHxznodxCqXEdieqMKBXOUhBRWT_HaI,1511
+zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/METADATA,sha256=qVIk9QKh3UPOoVdpINaXhrzpqyGrcFceqXpUXBsLJjE,3022
+zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/RECORD,,
+zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/WHEEL,sha256=fZWyj_84lK0cA-ZNCsdwhbJl0OTrpWkxInEn424qrSs,102
+zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/top_level.txt,sha256=J-wj94pPadY4ipFaanrYBlrMblOSegEYS8o_LdogrpU,10
+zstandard/__init__.py,sha256=oTC69UnqQ0atk06lO-IMO_GdJYQHelEInKbLRMbfX3o,7312
+zstandard/__init__.pyi,sha256=eYxldsL4zbHNjSnvX5czdkLNNuKweYjLd30hVqR6qj4,14418
+zstandard/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc,,
+zstandard/__pycache__/backend_cffi.cpython-312.pyc,,
+zstandard/_cffi.cp312-win_amd64.pyd,sha256=FNsdVz97qPQVY7vHzabxpG5fhsG3CW0phZOXGgscbGA,650752
+zstandard/backend_c.cp312-win_amd64.pyd,sha256=ZB4LD6dXZIEv_1RMF098SDi1f2Jy6q4kbrfEg6CjWvw,520192
+zstandard/backend_cffi.py,sha256=JUEGANlT2vfGFXCGqsmZ29ENlJb1D_OC-vbRxiqt4js,156983
+zstandard/py.typed,sha256=47DEQpj8HBSa-_TImW-5JCeuQeRkm5NMpJWZG3hSuFU,0
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/WHEEL b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/WHEEL
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8e45f0d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/WHEEL
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Wheel-Version: 1.0
+Generator: bdist_wheel (0.43.0)
+Root-Is-Purelib: false
+Tag: cp312-cp312-win_amd64
+
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/top_level.txt b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..864700d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard-0.23.0.dist-info/top_level.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+zstandard
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__init__.py b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8590805a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2017-present, Gregory Szorc
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This software may be modified and distributed under the terms
+# of the BSD license. See the LICENSE file for details.
+
+"""Python interface to the Zstandard (zstd) compression library."""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+# This module serves 2 roles:
+#
+# 1) Export the C or CFFI "backend" through a central module.
+# 2) Implement additional functionality built on top of C or CFFI backend.
+
+import builtins
+import io
+import os
+import platform
+
+from typing import ByteString
+
+# Some Python implementations don't support C extensions. That's why we have
+# a CFFI implementation in the first place. The code here import one of our
+# "backends" then re-exports the symbols from this module. For convenience,
+# we support falling back to the CFFI backend if the C extension can't be
+# imported. But for performance reasons, we only do this on unknown Python
+# implementation. Notably, for CPython we require the C extension by default.
+# Because someone will inevitably want special behavior, the behavior is
+# configurable via an environment variable. A potentially better way to handle
+# this is to import a special ``__importpolicy__`` module or something
+# defining a variable and `setup.py` could write the file with whatever
+# policy was specified at build time. Until someone needs it, we go with
+# the hacky but simple environment variable approach.
+_module_policy = os.environ.get("PYTHON_ZSTANDARD_IMPORT_POLICY", "default")
+
+if _module_policy == "default":
+    if platform.python_implementation() in ("CPython",):
+        from .backend_c import *  # type: ignore
+
+        backend = "cext"
+    elif platform.python_implementation() in ("PyPy",):
+        from .backend_cffi import *  # type: ignore
+
+        backend = "cffi"
+    else:
+        try:
+            from .backend_c import *
+
+            backend = "cext"
+        except ImportError:
+            from .backend_cffi import *
+
+            backend = "cffi"
+elif _module_policy == "cffi_fallback":
+    try:
+        from .backend_c import *
+
+        backend = "cext"
+    except ImportError:
+        from .backend_cffi import *
+
+        backend = "cffi"
+elif _module_policy == "rust":
+    from .backend_rust import *  # type: ignore
+
+    backend = "rust"
+elif _module_policy == "cext":
+    from .backend_c import *
+
+    backend = "cext"
+elif _module_policy == "cffi":
+    from .backend_cffi import *
+
+    backend = "cffi"
+else:
+    raise ImportError(
+        "unknown module import policy: %s; use default, cffi_fallback, "
+        "cext, or cffi" % _module_policy
+    )
+
+# Keep this in sync with python-zstandard.h, rust-ext/src/lib.rs, and debian/changelog.
+__version__ = "0.23.0"
+
+_MODE_CLOSED = 0
+_MODE_READ = 1
+_MODE_WRITE = 2
+
+
+def open(
+    filename,
+    mode="rb",
+    cctx=None,
+    dctx=None,
+    encoding=None,
+    errors=None,
+    newline=None,
+    closefd=None,
+):
+    """Create a file object with zstd (de)compression.
+
+    The object returned from this function will be a
+    :py:class:`ZstdDecompressionReader` if opened for reading in binary mode,
+    a :py:class:`ZstdCompressionWriter` if opened for writing in binary mode,
+    or an ``io.TextIOWrapper`` if opened for reading or writing in text mode.
+
+    :param filename:
+       ``bytes``, ``str``, or ``os.PathLike`` defining a file to open or a
+       file object (with a ``read()`` or ``write()`` method).
+    :param mode:
+       ``str`` File open mode. Accepts any of the open modes recognized by
+       ``open()``.
+    :param cctx:
+       ``ZstdCompressor`` to use for compression. If not specified and file
+       is opened for writing, the default ``ZstdCompressor`` will be used.
+    :param dctx:
+       ``ZstdDecompressor`` to use for decompression. If not specified and file
+       is opened for reading, the default ``ZstdDecompressor`` will be used.
+    :param encoding:
+        ``str`` that defines text encoding to use when file is opened in text
+        mode.
+    :param errors:
+       ``str`` defining text encoding error handling mode.
+    :param newline:
+       ``str`` defining newline to use in text mode.
+    :param closefd:
+       ``bool`` whether to close the file when the returned object is closed.
+        Only used if a file object is passed. If a filename is specified, the
+        opened file is always closed when the returned object is closed.
+    """
+    normalized_mode = mode.replace("t", "")
+
+    if normalized_mode in ("r", "rb"):
+        dctx = dctx or ZstdDecompressor()
+        open_mode = "r"
+        raw_open_mode = "rb"
+    elif normalized_mode in ("w", "wb", "a", "ab", "x", "xb"):
+        cctx = cctx or ZstdCompressor()
+        open_mode = "w"
+        raw_open_mode = normalized_mode
+        if not raw_open_mode.endswith("b"):
+            raw_open_mode = raw_open_mode + "b"
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("Invalid mode: {!r}".format(mode))
+
+    if hasattr(os, "PathLike"):
+        types = (str, bytes, os.PathLike)
+    else:
+        types = (str, bytes)
+
+    if isinstance(filename, types):  # type: ignore
+        inner_fh = builtins.open(filename, raw_open_mode)
+        closefd = True
+    elif hasattr(filename, "read") or hasattr(filename, "write"):
+        inner_fh = filename
+        closefd = bool(closefd)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(
+            "filename must be a str, bytes, file or PathLike object"
+        )
+
+    if open_mode == "r":
+        fh = dctx.stream_reader(inner_fh, closefd=closefd)
+    elif open_mode == "w":
+        fh = cctx.stream_writer(inner_fh, closefd=closefd)
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("logic error in zstandard.open() handling open mode")
+
+    if "b" not in normalized_mode:
+        return io.TextIOWrapper(
+            fh, encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline
+        )
+    else:
+        return fh
+
+
+def compress(data: ByteString, level: int = 3) -> bytes:
+    """Compress source data using the zstd compression format.
+
+    This performs one-shot compression using basic/default compression
+    settings.
+
+    This method is provided for convenience and is equivalent to calling
+    ``ZstdCompressor(level=level).compress(data)``.
+
+    If you find yourself calling this function in a tight loop,
+    performance will be greater if you construct a single ``ZstdCompressor``
+    and repeatedly call ``compress()`` on it.
+    """
+    cctx = ZstdCompressor(level=level)
+
+    return cctx.compress(data)
+
+
+def decompress(data: ByteString, max_output_size: int = 0) -> bytes:
+    """Decompress a zstd frame into its original data.
+
+    This performs one-shot decompression using basic/default compression
+    settings.
+
+    This method is provided for convenience and is equivalent to calling
+    ``ZstdDecompressor().decompress(data, max_output_size=max_output_size)``.
+
+    If you find yourself calling this function in a tight loop, performance
+    will be greater if you construct a single ``ZstdDecompressor`` and
+    repeatedly call ``decompress()`` on it.
+    """
+    dctx = ZstdDecompressor()
+
+    return dctx.decompress(data, max_output_size=max_output_size)
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__init__.pyi b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__init__.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c95a73e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__init__.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2016-present, Gregory Szorc
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This software may be modified and distributed under the terms
+# of the BSD license. See the LICENSE file for details.
+
+import os
+
+from typing import (
+    BinaryIO,
+    ByteString,
+    Generator,
+    IO,
+    Iterable,
+    List,
+    Optional,
+    Set,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+)
+
+FLUSH_BLOCK: int
+FLUSH_FRAME: int
+
+COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_FINISH: int
+COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_BLOCK: int
+
+CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN: int
+CONTENTSIZE_ERROR: int
+
+MAX_COMPRESSION_LEVEL: int
+
+COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE: int
+COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE: int
+
+DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE: int
+DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE: int
+
+BLOCKSIZELOG_MAX: int
+BLOCKSIZE_MAX: int
+
+WINDOWLOG_MIN: int
+WINDOWLOG_MAX: int
+
+CHAINLOG_MIN: int
+CHAINLOG_MAX: int
+HASHLOG_MIN: int
+HASHLOG_MAX: int
+MINMATCH_MIN: int
+MINMATCH_MAX: int
+SEARCHLOG_MIN: int
+SEARCHLOG_MAX: int
+SEARCHLENGTH_MIN: int
+SEARCHLENGTH_MAX: int
+TARGETLENGTH_MIN: int
+TARGETLENGTH_MAX: int
+LDM_MINMATCH_MIN: int
+LDM_MINMATCH_MAX: int
+LDM_BUCKETSIZELOG_MAX: int
+
+STRATEGY_FAST: int
+STRATEGY_DFAST: int
+STRATEGY_GREEDY: int
+STRATEGY_LAZY: int
+STRATEGY_LAZY2: int
+STRATEGY_BTLAZY2: int
+STRATEGY_BTOPT: int
+STRATEGY_BTULTRA: int
+STRATEGY_BTULTRA2: int
+
+DICT_TYPE_AUTO: int
+DICT_TYPE_RAWCONTENT: int
+DICT_TYPE_FULLDICT: int
+
+FORMAT_ZSTD1: int
+FORMAT_ZSTD1_MAGICLESS: int
+
+ZSTD_VERSION: Tuple[int, int, int]
+FRAME_HEADER: bytes
+MAGIC_NUMBER: int
+
+backend: str
+backend_features: Set[str]
+__version__: str
+
+class ZstdError(Exception): ...
+
+class BufferSegment(object):
+    offset: int
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def tobytes(self) -> bytes: ...
+
+class BufferSegments(object):
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> BufferSegment: ...
+
+class BufferWithSegments(object):
+    size: int
+    def __init__(self, data: ByteString, segments: ByteString): ...
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> BufferSegment: ...
+    def segments(self): ...
+    def tobytes(self) -> bytes: ...
+
+class BufferWithSegmentsCollection(object):
+    def __init__(self, *args): ...
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __getitem__(self, i: int) -> BufferSegment: ...
+    def size(self) -> int: ...
+
+class ZstdCompressionParameters(object):
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_level(
+        level: int, source_size: int = ..., dict_size: int = ..., **kwargs
+    ) -> "ZstdCompressionParameters": ...
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        format: int = ...,
+        compression_level: int = ...,
+        window_log: int = ...,
+        hash_log: int = ...,
+        chain_log: int = ...,
+        search_log: int = ...,
+        min_match: int = ...,
+        target_length: int = ...,
+        strategy: int = ...,
+        write_content_size: int = ...,
+        write_checksum: int = ...,
+        write_dict_id: int = ...,
+        job_size: int = ...,
+        overlap_log: int = ...,
+        force_max_window: int = ...,
+        enable_ldm: int = ...,
+        ldm_hash_log: int = ...,
+        ldm_min_match: int = ...,
+        ldm_bucket_size_log: int = ...,
+        ldm_hash_rate_log: int = ...,
+        threads: int = ...,
+    ): ...
+    @property
+    def format(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def compression_level(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def window_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def hash_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def chain_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def search_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def min_match(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def target_length(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def strategy(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def write_content_size(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def write_checksum(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def write_dict_id(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def job_size(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def overlap_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def force_max_window(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def enable_ldm(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def ldm_hash_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def ldm_min_match(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def ldm_bucket_size_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def ldm_hash_rate_log(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def threads(self) -> int: ...
+    def estimated_compression_context_size(self) -> int: ...
+
+class CompressionParameters(ZstdCompressionParameters): ...
+
+class ZstdCompressionDict(object):
+    k: int
+    d: int
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        data: ByteString,
+        dict_type: int = ...,
+        k: int = ...,
+        d: int = ...,
+    ): ...
+    def __len__(self) -> int: ...
+    def dict_id(self) -> int: ...
+    def as_bytes(self) -> bytes: ...
+    def precompute_compress(
+        self,
+        level: int = ...,
+        compression_params: ZstdCompressionParameters = ...,
+    ): ...
+
+class ZstdCompressionObj(object):
+    def compress(self, data: ByteString) -> bytes: ...
+    def flush(self, flush_mode: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+
+class ZstdCompressionChunker(object):
+    def compress(self, data: ByteString): ...
+    def flush(self): ...
+    def finish(self): ...
+
+class ZstdCompressionReader(BinaryIO):
+    def __enter__(self) -> "ZstdCompressionReader": ...
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): ...
+    def readable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def writable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def seekable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def readline(self, limit: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def readlines(self, hint: int = ...) -> List[bytes]: ...
+    def write(self, data: ByteString): ...
+    def writelines(self, data: Iterable[bytes]): ...
+    def isatty(self) -> bool: ...
+    def flush(self): ...
+    def close(self): ...
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool: ...
+    def tell(self) -> int: ...
+    def readall(self) -> bytes: ...
+    def __iter__(self): ...
+    def __next__(self): ...
+    def next(self): ...
+    def read(self, size: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def read1(self, size: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def readinto(self, b) -> int: ...
+    def readinto1(self, b) -> int: ...
+
+class ZstdCompressionWriter(BinaryIO):
+    def __enter__(self) -> "ZstdCompressionWriter": ...
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): ...
+    def memory_size(self) -> int: ...
+    def fileno(self) -> int: ...
+    def close(self): ...
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool: ...
+    def isatty(self) -> bool: ...
+    def readable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def readline(self, size: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def readlines(self, hint: int = ...) -> List[bytes]: ...
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = ...): ...
+    def seekable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def truncate(self, size: int = ...): ...
+    def writable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[bytes]): ...
+    def read(self, size: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def readall(self) -> bytes: ...
+    def readinto(self, b): ...
+    def write(self, data: ByteString) -> int: ...
+    def flush(self, flush_mode: int = ...) -> int: ...
+    def tell(self) -> int: ...
+
+class ZstdCompressor(object):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        level: int = ...,
+        dict_data: Optional[ZstdCompressionDict] = ...,
+        compression_params: Optional[ZstdCompressionParameters] = ...,
+        write_checksum: Optional[bool] = ...,
+        write_content_size: Optional[bool] = ...,
+        write_dict_id: Optional[bool] = ...,
+        threads: int = ...,
+    ): ...
+    def memory_size(self) -> int: ...
+    def compress(self, data: ByteString) -> bytes: ...
+    def compressobj(self, size: int = ...) -> ZstdCompressionObj: ...
+    def chunker(
+        self, size: int = ..., chunk_size: int = ...
+    ) -> ZstdCompressionChunker: ...
+    def copy_stream(
+        self,
+        ifh: IO[bytes],
+        ofh: IO[bytes],
+        size: int = ...,
+        read_size: int = ...,
+        write_size: int = ...,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, int]: ...
+    def stream_reader(
+        self,
+        source: Union[IO[bytes], ByteString],
+        size: int = ...,
+        read_size: int = ...,
+        *,
+        closefd: bool = ...,
+    ) -> ZstdCompressionReader: ...
+    def stream_writer(
+        self,
+        writer: IO[bytes],
+        size: int = ...,
+        write_size: int = ...,
+        write_return_read: bool = ...,
+        *,
+        closefd: bool = ...,
+    ) -> ZstdCompressionWriter: ...
+    def read_to_iter(
+        self,
+        reader: Union[IO[bytes], ByteString],
+        size: int = ...,
+        read_size: int = ...,
+        write_size: int = ...,
+    ) -> Generator[bytes, None, None]: ...
+    def frame_progression(self) -> Tuple[int, int, int]: ...
+    def multi_compress_to_buffer(
+        self,
+        data: Union[
+            BufferWithSegments,
+            BufferWithSegmentsCollection,
+            List[ByteString],
+        ],
+        threads: int = ...,
+    ) -> BufferWithSegmentsCollection: ...
+
+class ZstdDecompressionObj(object):
+    def decompress(self, data: ByteString) -> bytes: ...
+    def flush(self, length: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    @property
+    def unused_data(self) -> bytes: ...
+    @property
+    def unconsumed_tail(self) -> bytes: ...
+    @property
+    def eof(self) -> bool: ...
+
+class ZstdDecompressionReader(BinaryIO):
+    def __enter__(self) -> "ZstdDecompressionReader": ...
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): ...
+    def readable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def writable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def seekable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def readline(self, size: int = ...): ...
+    def readlines(self, hint: int = ...): ...
+    def write(self, data: ByteString): ...
+    def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[bytes]): ...
+    def isatty(self) -> bool: ...
+    def flush(self): ...
+    def close(self): ...
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool: ...
+    def tell(self) -> int: ...
+    def readall(self) -> bytes: ...
+    def __iter__(self): ...
+    def __next__(self): ...
+    def next(self): ...
+    def read(self, size: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def readinto(self, b) -> int: ...
+    def read1(self, size: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+    def readinto1(self, b) -> int: ...
+    def seek(self, pos: int, whence: int = ...) -> int: ...
+
+class ZstdDecompressionWriter(BinaryIO):
+    def __enter__(self) -> "ZstdDecompressionWriter": ...
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb): ...
+    def memory_size(self) -> int: ...
+    def close(self): ...
+    @property
+    def closed(self) -> bool: ...
+    def fileno(self) -> int: ...
+    def flush(self): ...
+    def isatty(self) -> bool: ...
+    def readable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def readline(self, size: int = ...): ...
+    def readlines(self, hint: int = ...): ...
+    def seek(self, offset: int, whence: int = ...): ...
+    def seekable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def tell(self): ...
+    def truncate(self, size: int = ...): ...
+    def writable(self) -> bool: ...
+    def writelines(self, lines: Iterable[bytes]): ...
+    def read(self, size: int = ...): ...
+    def readall(self): ...
+    def readinto(self, b): ...
+    def write(self, data: ByteString) -> int: ...
+
+class ZstdDecompressor(object):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dict_data: Optional[ZstdCompressionDict] = ...,
+        max_window_size: int = ...,
+        format: int = ...,
+    ): ...
+    def memory_size(self) -> int: ...
+    def decompress(
+        self,
+        data: ByteString,
+        max_output_size: int = ...,
+        read_across_frames: bool = ...,
+        allow_extra_data: bool = ...,
+    ) -> bytes: ...
+    def stream_reader(
+        self,
+        source: Union[IO[bytes], ByteString],
+        read_size: int = ...,
+        read_across_frames: bool = ...,
+        *,
+        closefd=False,
+    ) -> ZstdDecompressionReader: ...
+    def decompressobj(
+        self, write_size: int = ..., read_across_frames: bool = False
+    ) -> ZstdDecompressionObj: ...
+    def read_to_iter(
+        self,
+        reader: Union[IO[bytes], ByteString],
+        read_size: int = ...,
+        write_size: int = ...,
+        skip_bytes: int = ...,
+    ) -> Generator[bytes, None, None]: ...
+    def stream_writer(
+        self,
+        writer: IO[bytes],
+        write_size: int = ...,
+        write_return_read: bool = ...,
+        *,
+        closefd: bool = ...,
+    ) -> ZstdDecompressionWriter: ...
+    def copy_stream(
+        self,
+        ifh: IO[bytes],
+        ofh: IO[bytes],
+        read_size: int = ...,
+        write_size: int = ...,
+    ) -> Tuple[int, int]: ...
+    def decompress_content_dict_chain(
+        self, frames: list[ByteString]
+    ) -> bytes: ...
+    def multi_decompress_to_buffer(
+        self,
+        frames: Union[
+            BufferWithSegments,
+            BufferWithSegmentsCollection,
+            List[ByteString],
+        ],
+        decompressed_sizes: ByteString = ...,
+        threads: int = ...,
+    ) -> BufferWithSegmentsCollection: ...
+
+class FrameParameters(object):
+    content_size: int
+    window_size: int
+    dict_id: int
+    has_checksum: bool
+
+def estimate_decompression_context_size() -> int: ...
+def frame_content_size(data: ByteString) -> int: ...
+def frame_header_size(data: ByteString) -> int: ...
+def get_frame_parameters(data: ByteString) -> FrameParameters: ...
+def train_dictionary(
+    dict_size: int,
+    samples: list[ByteString],
+    k: int = ...,
+    d: int = ...,
+    f: int = ...,
+    split_point: float = ...,
+    accel: int = ...,
+    notifications: int = ...,
+    dict_id: int = ...,
+    level: int = ...,
+    steps: int = ...,
+    threads: int = ...,
+) -> ZstdCompressionDict: ...
+def open(
+    filename: Union[bytes, str, os.PathLike, BinaryIO],
+    mode: str = ...,
+    cctx: Optional[ZstdCompressor] = ...,
+    dctx: Optional[ZstdDecompressor] = ...,
+    encoding: Optional[str] = ...,
+    errors: Optional[str] = ...,
+    newline: Optional[str] = ...,
+    closefd: bool = ...,
+): ...
+def compress(data: ByteString, level: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
+def decompress(data: ByteString, max_output_size: int = ...) -> bytes: ...
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/__pycache__/__init__.cpython-312.pyc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e63f6a0
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+++ b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/backend_cffi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4479 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2016-present, Gregory Szorc
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# This software may be modified and distributed under the terms
+# of the BSD license. See the LICENSE file for details.
+
+"""Python interface to the Zstandard (zstd) compression library."""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
+
+# This should match what the C extension exports.
+__all__ = [
+    "BufferSegment",
+    "BufferSegments",
+    "BufferWithSegments",
+    "BufferWithSegmentsCollection",
+    "ZstdCompressionChunker",
+    "ZstdCompressionDict",
+    "ZstdCompressionObj",
+    "ZstdCompressionParameters",
+    "ZstdCompressionReader",
+    "ZstdCompressionWriter",
+    "ZstdCompressor",
+    "ZstdDecompressionObj",
+    "ZstdDecompressionReader",
+    "ZstdDecompressionWriter",
+    "ZstdDecompressor",
+    "ZstdError",
+    "FrameParameters",
+    "backend_features",
+    "estimate_decompression_context_size",
+    "frame_content_size",
+    "frame_header_size",
+    "get_frame_parameters",
+    "train_dictionary",
+    # Constants.
+    "FLUSH_BLOCK",
+    "FLUSH_FRAME",
+    "COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_FINISH",
+    "COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_BLOCK",
+    "ZSTD_VERSION",
+    "FRAME_HEADER",
+    "CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN",
+    "CONTENTSIZE_ERROR",
+    "MAX_COMPRESSION_LEVEL",
+    "COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE",
+    "COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE",
+    "DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE",
+    "DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE",
+    "MAGIC_NUMBER",
+    "BLOCKSIZELOG_MAX",
+    "BLOCKSIZE_MAX",
+    "WINDOWLOG_MIN",
+    "WINDOWLOG_MAX",
+    "CHAINLOG_MIN",
+    "CHAINLOG_MAX",
+    "HASHLOG_MIN",
+    "HASHLOG_MAX",
+    "MINMATCH_MIN",
+    "MINMATCH_MAX",
+    "SEARCHLOG_MIN",
+    "SEARCHLOG_MAX",
+    "SEARCHLENGTH_MIN",
+    "SEARCHLENGTH_MAX",
+    "TARGETLENGTH_MIN",
+    "TARGETLENGTH_MAX",
+    "LDM_MINMATCH_MIN",
+    "LDM_MINMATCH_MAX",
+    "LDM_BUCKETSIZELOG_MAX",
+    "STRATEGY_FAST",
+    "STRATEGY_DFAST",
+    "STRATEGY_GREEDY",
+    "STRATEGY_LAZY",
+    "STRATEGY_LAZY2",
+    "STRATEGY_BTLAZY2",
+    "STRATEGY_BTOPT",
+    "STRATEGY_BTULTRA",
+    "STRATEGY_BTULTRA2",
+    "DICT_TYPE_AUTO",
+    "DICT_TYPE_RAWCONTENT",
+    "DICT_TYPE_FULLDICT",
+    "FORMAT_ZSTD1",
+    "FORMAT_ZSTD1_MAGICLESS",
+]
+
+import io
+import os
+
+from ._cffi import (  # type: ignore
+    ffi,
+    lib,
+)
+
+
+backend_features = set()  # type: ignore
+
+COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE = lib.ZSTD_CStreamInSize()
+COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE = lib.ZSTD_CStreamOutSize()
+DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE = lib.ZSTD_DStreamInSize()
+DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE = lib.ZSTD_DStreamOutSize()
+
+new_nonzero = ffi.new_allocator(should_clear_after_alloc=False)
+
+
+MAX_COMPRESSION_LEVEL = lib.ZSTD_maxCLevel()
+MAGIC_NUMBER = lib.ZSTD_MAGICNUMBER
+FRAME_HEADER = b"\x28\xb5\x2f\xfd"
+CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN
+CONTENTSIZE_ERROR = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_ERROR
+ZSTD_VERSION = (
+    lib.ZSTD_VERSION_MAJOR,
+    lib.ZSTD_VERSION_MINOR,
+    lib.ZSTD_VERSION_RELEASE,
+)
+
+BLOCKSIZELOG_MAX = lib.ZSTD_BLOCKSIZELOG_MAX
+BLOCKSIZE_MAX = lib.ZSTD_BLOCKSIZE_MAX
+WINDOWLOG_MIN = lib.ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MIN
+WINDOWLOG_MAX = lib.ZSTD_WINDOWLOG_MAX
+CHAINLOG_MIN = lib.ZSTD_CHAINLOG_MIN
+CHAINLOG_MAX = lib.ZSTD_CHAINLOG_MAX
+HASHLOG_MIN = lib.ZSTD_HASHLOG_MIN
+HASHLOG_MAX = lib.ZSTD_HASHLOG_MAX
+MINMATCH_MIN = lib.ZSTD_MINMATCH_MIN
+MINMATCH_MAX = lib.ZSTD_MINMATCH_MAX
+SEARCHLOG_MIN = lib.ZSTD_SEARCHLOG_MIN
+SEARCHLOG_MAX = lib.ZSTD_SEARCHLOG_MAX
+SEARCHLENGTH_MIN = lib.ZSTD_MINMATCH_MIN
+SEARCHLENGTH_MAX = lib.ZSTD_MINMATCH_MAX
+TARGETLENGTH_MIN = lib.ZSTD_TARGETLENGTH_MIN
+TARGETLENGTH_MAX = lib.ZSTD_TARGETLENGTH_MAX
+LDM_MINMATCH_MIN = lib.ZSTD_LDM_MINMATCH_MIN
+LDM_MINMATCH_MAX = lib.ZSTD_LDM_MINMATCH_MAX
+LDM_BUCKETSIZELOG_MAX = lib.ZSTD_LDM_BUCKETSIZELOG_MAX
+
+STRATEGY_FAST = lib.ZSTD_fast
+STRATEGY_DFAST = lib.ZSTD_dfast
+STRATEGY_GREEDY = lib.ZSTD_greedy
+STRATEGY_LAZY = lib.ZSTD_lazy
+STRATEGY_LAZY2 = lib.ZSTD_lazy2
+STRATEGY_BTLAZY2 = lib.ZSTD_btlazy2
+STRATEGY_BTOPT = lib.ZSTD_btopt
+STRATEGY_BTULTRA = lib.ZSTD_btultra
+STRATEGY_BTULTRA2 = lib.ZSTD_btultra2
+
+DICT_TYPE_AUTO = lib.ZSTD_dct_auto
+DICT_TYPE_RAWCONTENT = lib.ZSTD_dct_rawContent
+DICT_TYPE_FULLDICT = lib.ZSTD_dct_fullDict
+
+FORMAT_ZSTD1 = lib.ZSTD_f_zstd1
+FORMAT_ZSTD1_MAGICLESS = lib.ZSTD_f_zstd1_magicless
+
+FLUSH_BLOCK = 0
+FLUSH_FRAME = 1
+
+COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_FINISH = 0
+COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_BLOCK = 1
+
+
+def _cpu_count():
+    # os.cpu_count() was introducd in Python 3.4.
+    try:
+        return os.cpu_count() or 0
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+
+    # Linux.
+    try:
+        return os.sysconf("SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN")
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        pass
+
+    # TODO implement on other platforms.
+    return 0
+
+
+class BufferSegment:
+    """Represents a segment within a ``BufferWithSegments``.
+
+    This type is essentially a reference to N bytes within a
+    ``BufferWithSegments``.
+
+    The object conforms to the buffer protocol.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def offset(self):
+        """The byte offset of this segment within its parent buffer."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Obtain the length of the segment, in bytes."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def tobytes(self):
+        """Obtain bytes copy of this segment."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class BufferSegments:
+    """Represents an array of ``(offset, length)`` integers.
+
+    This type is effectively an index used by :py:class:`BufferWithSegments`.
+
+    The array members are 64-bit unsigned integers using host/native bit order.
+
+    Instances conform to the buffer protocol.
+    """
+
+
+class BufferWithSegments:
+    """A memory buffer containing N discrete items of known lengths.
+
+    This type is essentially a fixed size memory address and an array
+    of 2-tuples of ``(offset, length)`` 64-bit unsigned native-endian
+    integers defining the byte offset and length of each segment within
+    the buffer.
+
+    Instances behave like containers.
+
+    Instances also conform to the buffer protocol. So a reference to the
+    backing bytes can be obtained via ``memoryview(o)``. A *copy* of the
+    backing bytes can be obtained via ``.tobytes()``.
+
+    This type exists to facilitate operations against N>1 items without
+    the overhead of Python object creation and management. Used with
+    APIs like :py:meth:`ZstdDecompressor.multi_decompress_to_buffer`, it
+    is possible to decompress many objects in parallel without the GIL
+    held, leading to even better performance.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def size(self):
+        """Total sizein bytes of the backing buffer."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        """Obtains a segment within the buffer.
+
+        The returned object references memory within this buffer.
+
+        :param i:
+           Integer index of segment to retrieve.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`BufferSegment`
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def segments(self):
+        """Obtain the array of ``(offset, length)`` segments in the buffer.
+
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`BufferSegments`
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def tobytes(self):
+        """Obtain bytes copy of this instance."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class BufferWithSegmentsCollection:
+    """A virtual spanning view over multiple BufferWithSegments.
+
+    Instances are constructed from 1 or more :py:class:`BufferWithSegments`
+    instances. The resulting object behaves like an ordered sequence whose
+    members are the segments within each ``BufferWithSegments``.
+
+    If the object is composed of 2 ``BufferWithSegments`` instances with the
+    first having 2 segments and the second have 3 segments, then ``b[0]``
+    and ``b[1]`` access segments in the first object and ``b[2]``, ``b[3]``,
+    and ``b[4]`` access segments from the second.
+    """
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """The number of segments within all ``BufferWithSegments``."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def __getitem__(self, i):
+        """Obtain the ``BufferSegment`` at an offset."""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+class ZstdError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _zstd_error(zresult):
+    # Resolves to bytes on Python 2 and 3. We use the string for formatting
+    # into error messages, which will be literal unicode. So convert it to
+    # unicode.
+    return ffi.string(lib.ZSTD_getErrorName(zresult)).decode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _make_cctx_params(params):
+    res = lib.ZSTD_createCCtxParams()
+    if res == ffi.NULL:
+        raise MemoryError()
+
+    res = ffi.gc(res, lib.ZSTD_freeCCtxParams)
+
+    attrs = [
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_format, params.format),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, params.compression_level),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_windowLog, params.window_log),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_hashLog, params.hash_log),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_chainLog, params.chain_log),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_searchLog, params.search_log),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_minMatch, params.min_match),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_targetLength, params.target_length),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_strategy, params.strategy),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_contentSizeFlag, params.write_content_size),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_checksumFlag, params.write_checksum),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_dictIDFlag, params.write_dict_id),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_nbWorkers, params.threads),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_jobSize, params.job_size),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_overlapLog, params.overlap_log),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_forceMaxWindow, params.force_max_window),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching, params.enable_ldm),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_ldmHashLog, params.ldm_hash_log),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_ldmMinMatch, params.ldm_min_match),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_ldmBucketSizeLog, params.ldm_bucket_size_log),
+        (lib.ZSTD_c_ldmHashRateLog, params.ldm_hash_rate_log),
+    ]
+
+    for param, value in attrs:
+        _set_compression_parameter(res, param, value)
+
+    return res
+
+
+class ZstdCompressionParameters(object):
+    """Low-level zstd compression parameters.
+
+    This type represents a collection of parameters to control how zstd
+    compression is performed.
+
+    Instances can be constructed from raw parameters or derived from a
+    base set of defaults specified from a compression level (recommended)
+    via :py:meth:`ZstdCompressionParameters.from_level`.
+
+    >>> # Derive compression settings for compression level 7.
+    >>> params = zstandard.ZstdCompressionParameters.from_level(7)
+
+    >>> # With an input size of 1MB
+    >>> params = zstandard.ZstdCompressionParameters.from_level(7, source_size=1048576)
+
+    Using ``from_level()``, it is also possible to override individual compression
+    parameters or to define additional settings that aren't automatically derived.
+    e.g.:
+
+    >>> params = zstandard.ZstdCompressionParameters.from_level(4, window_log=10)
+    >>> params = zstandard.ZstdCompressionParameters.from_level(5, threads=4)
+
+    Or you can define low-level compression settings directly:
+
+    >>> params = zstandard.ZstdCompressionParameters(window_log=12, enable_ldm=True)
+
+    Once a ``ZstdCompressionParameters`` instance is obtained, it can be used to
+    configure a compressor:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor(compression_params=params)
+
+    Some of these are very low-level settings. It may help to consult the official
+    zstandard documentation for their behavior. Look for the ``ZSTD_p_*`` constants
+    in ``zstd.h`` (https://github.com/facebook/zstd/blob/dev/lib/zstd.h).
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_level(level, source_size=0, dict_size=0, **kwargs):
+        """Create compression parameters from a compression level.
+
+        :param level:
+           Integer compression level.
+        :param source_size:
+           Integer size in bytes of source to be compressed.
+        :param dict_size:
+           Integer size in bytes of compression dictionary to use.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`ZstdCompressionParameters`
+        """
+        params = lib.ZSTD_getCParams(level, source_size, dict_size)
+
+        args = {
+            "window_log": "windowLog",
+            "chain_log": "chainLog",
+            "hash_log": "hashLog",
+            "search_log": "searchLog",
+            "min_match": "minMatch",
+            "target_length": "targetLength",
+            "strategy": "strategy",
+        }
+
+        for arg, attr in args.items():
+            if arg not in kwargs:
+                kwargs[arg] = getattr(params, attr)
+
+        return ZstdCompressionParameters(**kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        format=0,
+        compression_level=0,
+        window_log=0,
+        hash_log=0,
+        chain_log=0,
+        search_log=0,
+        min_match=0,
+        target_length=0,
+        strategy=-1,
+        write_content_size=1,
+        write_checksum=0,
+        write_dict_id=0,
+        job_size=0,
+        overlap_log=-1,
+        force_max_window=0,
+        enable_ldm=0,
+        ldm_hash_log=0,
+        ldm_min_match=0,
+        ldm_bucket_size_log=0,
+        ldm_hash_rate_log=-1,
+        threads=0,
+    ):
+        params = lib.ZSTD_createCCtxParams()
+        if params == ffi.NULL:
+            raise MemoryError()
+
+        params = ffi.gc(params, lib.ZSTD_freeCCtxParams)
+
+        self._params = params
+
+        if threads < 0:
+            threads = _cpu_count()
+
+        # We need to set ZSTD_c_nbWorkers before ZSTD_c_jobSize and ZSTD_c_overlapLog
+        # because setting ZSTD_c_nbWorkers resets the other parameters.
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_nbWorkers, threads)
+
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_format, format)
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, compression_level
+        )
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_windowLog, window_log)
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_hashLog, hash_log)
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_chainLog, chain_log)
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_searchLog, search_log)
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_minMatch, min_match)
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_targetLength, target_length
+        )
+
+        if strategy == -1:
+            strategy = 0
+
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_strategy, strategy)
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_contentSizeFlag, write_content_size
+        )
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_checksumFlag, write_checksum
+        )
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_dictIDFlag, write_dict_id)
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_jobSize, job_size)
+
+        if overlap_log == -1:
+            overlap_log = 0
+
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_overlapLog, overlap_log)
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_forceMaxWindow, force_max_window
+        )
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching, enable_ldm
+        )
+        _set_compression_parameter(params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmHashLog, ldm_hash_log)
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmMinMatch, ldm_min_match
+        )
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmBucketSizeLog, ldm_bucket_size_log
+        )
+
+        if ldm_hash_rate_log == -1:
+            ldm_hash_rate_log = 0
+
+        _set_compression_parameter(
+            params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmHashRateLog, ldm_hash_rate_log
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def format(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_format)
+
+    @property
+    def compression_level(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(
+            self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_compressionLevel
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def window_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_windowLog)
+
+    @property
+    def hash_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_hashLog)
+
+    @property
+    def chain_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_chainLog)
+
+    @property
+    def search_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_searchLog)
+
+    @property
+    def min_match(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_minMatch)
+
+    @property
+    def target_length(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_targetLength)
+
+    @property
+    def strategy(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_strategy)
+
+    @property
+    def write_content_size(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(
+            self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_contentSizeFlag
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def write_checksum(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_checksumFlag)
+
+    @property
+    def write_dict_id(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_dictIDFlag)
+
+    @property
+    def job_size(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_jobSize)
+
+    @property
+    def overlap_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_overlapLog)
+
+    @property
+    def force_max_window(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(
+            self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_forceMaxWindow
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def enable_ldm(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(
+            self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def ldm_hash_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmHashLog)
+
+    @property
+    def ldm_min_match(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmMinMatch)
+
+    @property
+    def ldm_bucket_size_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(
+            self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmBucketSizeLog
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def ldm_hash_rate_log(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(
+            self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_ldmHashRateLog
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def threads(self):
+        return _get_compression_parameter(self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_nbWorkers)
+
+    def estimated_compression_context_size(self):
+        """Estimated size in bytes needed to compress with these parameters."""
+        return lib.ZSTD_estimateCCtxSize_usingCCtxParams(self._params)
+
+
+def estimate_decompression_context_size():
+    """Estimate the memory size requirements for a decompressor instance.
+
+    :return:
+       Integer number of bytes.
+    """
+    return lib.ZSTD_estimateDCtxSize()
+
+
+def _set_compression_parameter(params, param, value):
+    zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtxParams_setParameter(params, param, value)
+    if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+        raise ZstdError(
+            "unable to set compression context parameter: %s"
+            % _zstd_error(zresult)
+        )
+
+
+def _get_compression_parameter(params, param):
+    result = ffi.new("int *")
+
+    zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtxParams_getParameter(params, param, result)
+    if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+        raise ZstdError(
+            "unable to get compression context parameter: %s"
+            % _zstd_error(zresult)
+        )
+
+    return result[0]
+
+
+class ZstdCompressionWriter(object):
+    """Writable compressing stream wrapper.
+
+    ``ZstdCompressionWriter`` is a write-only stream interface for writing
+    compressed data to another stream.
+
+    This type conforms to the ``io.RawIOBase`` interface and should be usable
+    by any type that operates against a *file-object* (``typing.BinaryIO``
+    in Python type hinting speak). Only methods that involve writing will do
+    useful things.
+
+    As data is written to this stream (e.g. via ``write()``), that data
+    is sent to the compressor. As compressed data becomes available from
+    the compressor, it is sent to the underlying stream by calling its
+    ``write()`` method.
+
+    Both ``write()`` and ``flush()`` return the number of bytes written to the
+    object's ``write()``. In many cases, small inputs do not accumulate enough
+    data to cause a write and ``write()`` will return ``0``.
+
+    Calling ``close()`` will mark the stream as closed and subsequent I/O
+    operations will raise ``ValueError`` (per the documented behavior of
+    ``io.RawIOBase``). ``close()`` will also call ``close()`` on the underlying
+    stream if such a method exists and the instance was constructed with
+    ``closefd=True``
+
+    Instances are obtained by calling :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.stream_writer`.
+
+    Typically usage is as follows:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor(level=10)
+    >>> compressor = cctx.stream_writer(fh)
+    >>> compressor.write(b"chunk 0\\n")
+    >>> compressor.write(b"chunk 1\\n")
+    >>> compressor.flush()
+    >>> # Receiver will be able to decode ``chunk 0\\nchunk 1\\n`` at this point.
+    >>> # Receiver is also expecting more data in the zstd *frame*.
+    >>>
+    >>> compressor.write(b"chunk 2\\n")
+    >>> compressor.flush(zstandard.FLUSH_FRAME)
+    >>> # Receiver will be able to decode ``chunk 0\\nchunk 1\\nchunk 2``.
+    >>> # Receiver is expecting no more data, as the zstd frame is closed.
+    >>> # Any future calls to ``write()`` at this point will construct a new
+    >>> # zstd frame.
+
+    Instances can be used as context managers. Exiting the context manager is
+    the equivalent of calling ``close()``, which is equivalent to calling
+    ``flush(zstandard.FLUSH_FRAME)``:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor(level=10)
+    >>> with cctx.stream_writer(fh) as compressor:
+    ...     compressor.write(b'chunk 0')
+    ...     compressor.write(b'chunk 1')
+    ...     ...
+
+    .. important::
+
+       If ``flush(FLUSH_FRAME)`` is not called, emitted data doesn't
+       constitute a full zstd *frame* and consumers of this data may complain
+       about malformed input. It is recommended to use instances as a context
+       manager to ensure *frames* are properly finished.
+
+    If the size of the data being fed to this streaming compressor is known,
+    you can declare it before compression begins:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> with cctx.stream_writer(fh, size=data_len) as compressor:
+    ...     compressor.write(chunk0)
+    ...     compressor.write(chunk1)
+    ...     ...
+
+    Declaring the size of the source data allows compression parameters to
+    be tuned. And if ``write_content_size`` is used, it also results in the
+    content size being written into the frame header of the output data.
+
+    The size of chunks being ``write()`` to the destination can be specified:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> with cctx.stream_writer(fh, write_size=32768) as compressor:
+    ...     ...
+
+    To see how much memory is being used by the streaming compressor:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> with cctx.stream_writer(fh) as compressor:
+    ...     ...
+    ...     byte_size = compressor.memory_size()
+
+    Thte total number of bytes written so far are exposed via ``tell()``:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> with cctx.stream_writer(fh) as compressor:
+    ...     ...
+    ...     total_written = compressor.tell()
+
+    ``stream_writer()`` accepts a ``write_return_read`` boolean argument to
+    control the return value of ``write()``. When ``False`` (the default),
+    ``write()`` returns the number of bytes that were ``write()``'en to the
+    underlying object. When ``True``, ``write()`` returns the number of bytes
+    read from the input that were subsequently written to the compressor.
+    ``True`` is the *proper* behavior for ``write()`` as specified by the
+    ``io.RawIOBase`` interface and will become the default value in a future
+    release.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        compressor,
+        writer,
+        source_size,
+        write_size,
+        write_return_read,
+        closefd=True,
+    ):
+        self._compressor = compressor
+        self._writer = writer
+        self._write_size = write_size
+        self._write_return_read = bool(write_return_read)
+        self._closefd = bool(closefd)
+        self._entered = False
+        self._closing = False
+        self._closed = False
+        self._bytes_compressed = 0
+
+        self._dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", write_size)
+        self._out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        self._out_buffer.dst = self._dst_buffer
+        self._out_buffer.size = len(self._dst_buffer)
+        self._out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(compressor._cctx, source_size)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error setting source size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if self._entered:
+            raise ZstdError("cannot __enter__ multiple times")
+
+        self._entered = True
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
+        self._entered = False
+        self.close()
+        self._compressor = None
+
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def memory_size(self):
+        return lib.ZSTD_sizeof_CCtx(self._compressor._cctx)
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        f = getattr(self._writer, "fileno", None)
+        if f:
+            return f()
+        else:
+            raise OSError("fileno not available on underlying writer")
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self._closing = True
+            self.flush(FLUSH_FRAME)
+        finally:
+            self._closing = False
+            self._closed = True
+
+        # Call close() on underlying stream as well.
+        f = getattr(self._writer, "close", None)
+        if self._closefd and f:
+            f()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        return self._closed
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def readline(self, size=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readlines(self, hint=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def seek(self, offset, whence=None):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def truncate(self, size=None):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def writelines(self, lines):
+        raise NotImplementedError("writelines() is not yet implemented")
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readall(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        """Send data to the compressor and possibly to the inner stream."""
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        total_write = 0
+
+        data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        in_buffer.src = data_buffer
+        in_buffer.size = len(data_buffer)
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        out_buffer = self._out_buffer
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        while in_buffer.pos < in_buffer.size:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._compressor._cctx,
+                out_buffer,
+                in_buffer,
+                lib.ZSTD_e_continue,
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                self._writer.write(
+                    ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+                )
+                total_write += out_buffer.pos
+                self._bytes_compressed += out_buffer.pos
+                out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        if self._write_return_read:
+            return in_buffer.pos
+        else:
+            return total_write
+
+    def flush(self, flush_mode=FLUSH_BLOCK):
+        """Evict data from compressor's internal state and write it to inner stream.
+
+        Calling this method may result in 0 or more ``write()`` calls to the
+        inner stream.
+
+        This method will also call ``flush()`` on the inner stream, if such a
+        method exists.
+
+        :param flush_mode:
+           How to flush the zstd compressor.
+
+           ``zstandard.FLUSH_BLOCK`` will flush data already sent to the
+           compressor but not emitted to the inner stream. The stream is still
+           writable after calling this. This is the default behavior.
+
+           See documentation for other ``zstandard.FLUSH_*`` constants for more
+           flushing options.
+        :return:
+           Integer number of bytes written to the inner stream.
+        """
+
+        if flush_mode == FLUSH_BLOCK:
+            flush = lib.ZSTD_e_flush
+        elif flush_mode == FLUSH_FRAME:
+            flush = lib.ZSTD_e_end
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("unknown flush_mode: %r" % flush_mode)
+
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        total_write = 0
+
+        out_buffer = self._out_buffer
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        in_buffer.src = ffi.NULL
+        in_buffer.size = 0
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        while True:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._compressor._cctx, out_buffer, in_buffer, flush
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                self._writer.write(
+                    ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+                )
+                total_write += out_buffer.pos
+                self._bytes_compressed += out_buffer.pos
+                out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            if not zresult:
+                break
+
+        f = getattr(self._writer, "flush", None)
+        if f and not self._closing:
+            f()
+
+        return total_write
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._bytes_compressed
+
+
+class ZstdCompressionObj(object):
+    """A compressor conforming to the API in Python's standard library.
+
+    This type implements an API similar to compression types in Python's
+    standard library such as ``zlib.compressobj`` and ``bz2.BZ2Compressor``.
+    This enables existing code targeting the standard library API to swap
+    in this type to achieve zstd compression.
+
+    .. important::
+
+       The design of this API is not ideal for optimal performance.
+
+       The reason performance is not optimal is because the API is limited to
+       returning a single buffer holding compressed data. When compressing
+       data, we don't know how much data will be emitted. So in order to
+       capture all this data in a single buffer, we need to perform buffer
+       reallocations and/or extra memory copies. This can add significant
+       overhead depending on the size or nature of the compressed data how
+       much your application calls this type.
+
+       If performance is critical, consider an API like
+       :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.stream_reader`,
+       :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.stream_writer`,
+       :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.chunker`, or
+       :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.read_to_iter`, which result in less overhead
+       managing buffers.
+
+    Instances are obtained by calling :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.compressobj`.
+
+    Here is how this API should be used:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> cobj = cctx.compressobj()
+    >>> data = cobj.compress(b"raw input 0")
+    >>> data = cobj.compress(b"raw input 1")
+    >>> data = cobj.flush()
+
+    Or to flush blocks:
+
+    >>> cctx.zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> cobj = cctx.compressobj()
+    >>> data = cobj.compress(b"chunk in first block")
+    >>> data = cobj.flush(zstandard.COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_BLOCK)
+    >>> data = cobj.compress(b"chunk in second block")
+    >>> data = cobj.flush()
+
+    For best performance results, keep input chunks under 256KB. This avoids
+    extra allocations for a large output object.
+
+    It is possible to declare the input size of the data that will be fed
+    into the compressor:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> cobj = cctx.compressobj(size=6)
+    >>> data = cobj.compress(b"foobar")
+    >>> data = cobj.flush()
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, compressor, write_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE
+    ):
+        self._compressor = compressor
+        self._out = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        self._dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", write_size)
+        self._out.dst = self._dst_buffer
+        self._out.size = write_size
+        self._out.pos = 0
+        self._finished = False
+
+    def compress(self, data):
+        """Send data to the compressor.
+
+        This method receives bytes to feed to the compressor and returns
+        bytes constituting zstd compressed data.
+
+        The zstd compressor accumulates bytes and the returned bytes may be
+        substantially smaller or larger than the size of the input data on
+        any given call. The returned value may be the empty byte string
+        (``b""``).
+
+        :param data:
+           Data to write to the compressor.
+        :return:
+           Compressed data.
+        """
+        if self._finished:
+            raise ZstdError("cannot call compress() after compressor finished")
+
+        data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+        source = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        source.src = data_buffer
+        source.size = len(data_buffer)
+        source.pos = 0
+
+        chunks = []
+
+        while source.pos < len(data):
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._compressor._cctx, self._out, source, lib.ZSTD_e_continue
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if self._out.pos:
+                chunks.append(ffi.buffer(self._out.dst, self._out.pos)[:])
+                self._out.pos = 0
+
+        return b"".join(chunks)
+
+    def flush(self, flush_mode=COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_FINISH):
+        """Emit data accumulated in the compressor that hasn't been outputted yet.
+
+        The ``flush_mode`` argument controls how to end the stream.
+
+        ``zstandard.COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_FINISH`` (the default) ends the
+        compression stream and finishes a zstd frame. Once this type of flush
+        is performed, ``compress()`` and ``flush()`` can no longer be called.
+        This type of flush **must** be called to end the compression context. If
+        not called, the emitted data may be incomplete and may not be readable
+        by a decompressor.
+
+        ``zstandard.COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_BLOCK`` will flush a zstd block. This
+        ensures that all data fed to this instance will have been omitted and
+        can be decoded by a decompressor. Flushes of this type can be performed
+        multiple times. The next call to ``compress()`` will begin a new zstd
+        block.
+
+        :param flush_mode:
+           How to flush the zstd compressor.
+        :return:
+           Compressed data.
+        """
+        if flush_mode not in (
+            COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_FINISH,
+            COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_BLOCK,
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("flush mode not recognized")
+
+        if self._finished:
+            raise ZstdError("compressor object already finished")
+
+        if flush_mode == COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_BLOCK:
+            z_flush_mode = lib.ZSTD_e_flush
+        elif flush_mode == COMPRESSOBJ_FLUSH_FINISH:
+            z_flush_mode = lib.ZSTD_e_end
+            self._finished = True
+        else:
+            raise ZstdError("unhandled flush mode")
+
+        assert self._out.pos == 0
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        in_buffer.src = ffi.NULL
+        in_buffer.size = 0
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        chunks = []
+
+        while True:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._compressor._cctx, self._out, in_buffer, z_flush_mode
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "error ending compression stream: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if self._out.pos:
+                chunks.append(ffi.buffer(self._out.dst, self._out.pos)[:])
+                self._out.pos = 0
+
+            if not zresult:
+                break
+
+        return b"".join(chunks)
+
+
+class ZstdCompressionChunker(object):
+    """Compress data to uniformly sized chunks.
+
+    This type allows you to iteratively feed chunks of data into a compressor
+    and produce output chunks of uniform size.
+
+    ``compress()``, ``flush()``, and ``finish()`` all return an iterator of
+    ``bytes`` instances holding compressed data. The iterator may be empty.
+    Callers MUST iterate through all elements of the returned iterator before
+    performing another operation on the object or else the compressor's
+    internal state may become confused. This can result in an exception being
+    raised or malformed data being emitted.
+
+    All chunks emitted by ``compress()`` will have a length of the configured
+    chunk size.
+
+    ``flush()`` and ``finish()`` may return a final chunk smaller than
+    the configured chunk size.
+
+    Instances are obtained by calling :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.chunker`.
+
+    Here is how the API should be used:
+
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    >>> chunker = cctx.chunker(chunk_size=32768)
+    >>>
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     while True:
+    ...         in_chunk = fh.read(32768)
+    ...         if not in_chunk:
+    ...             break
+    ...
+    ...         for out_chunk in chunker.compress(in_chunk):
+    ...             # Do something with output chunk of size 32768.
+    ...
+    ...     for out_chunk in chunker.finish():
+    ...         # Do something with output chunks that finalize the zstd frame.
+
+    This compressor type is often a better alternative to
+    :py:class:`ZstdCompressor.compressobj` because it has better performance
+    properties.
+
+    ``compressobj()`` will emit output data as it is available. This results
+    in a *stream* of output chunks of varying sizes. The consistency of the
+    output chunk size with ``chunker()`` is more appropriate for many usages,
+    such as sending compressed data to a socket.
+
+    ``compressobj()`` may also perform extra memory reallocations in order
+    to dynamically adjust the sizes of the output chunks. Since ``chunker()``
+    output chunks are all the same size (except for flushed or final chunks),
+    there is less memory allocation/copying overhead.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, compressor, chunk_size):
+        self._compressor = compressor
+        self._out = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        self._dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", chunk_size)
+        self._out.dst = self._dst_buffer
+        self._out.size = chunk_size
+        self._out.pos = 0
+
+        self._in = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        self._in.src = ffi.NULL
+        self._in.size = 0
+        self._in.pos = 0
+        self._finished = False
+
+    def compress(self, data):
+        """Feed new input data into the compressor.
+
+        :param data:
+           Data to feed to compressor.
+        :return:
+           Iterator of ``bytes`` representing chunks of compressed data.
+        """
+        if self._finished:
+            raise ZstdError("cannot call compress() after compression finished")
+
+        if self._in.src != ffi.NULL:
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "cannot perform operation before consuming output "
+                "from previous operation"
+            )
+
+        data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+
+        if not len(data_buffer):
+            return
+
+        self._in.src = data_buffer
+        self._in.size = len(data_buffer)
+        self._in.pos = 0
+
+        while self._in.pos < self._in.size:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._compressor._cctx, self._out, self._in, lib.ZSTD_e_continue
+            )
+
+            if self._in.pos == self._in.size:
+                self._in.src = ffi.NULL
+                self._in.size = 0
+                self._in.pos = 0
+
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if self._out.pos == self._out.size:
+                yield ffi.buffer(self._out.dst, self._out.pos)[:]
+                self._out.pos = 0
+
+    def flush(self):
+        """Flushes all data currently in the compressor.
+
+        :return:
+           Iterator of ``bytes`` of compressed data.
+        """
+        if self._finished:
+            raise ZstdError("cannot call flush() after compression finished")
+
+        if self._in.src != ffi.NULL:
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "cannot call flush() before consuming output from "
+                "previous operation"
+            )
+
+        while True:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._compressor._cctx, self._out, self._in, lib.ZSTD_e_flush
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if self._out.pos:
+                yield ffi.buffer(self._out.dst, self._out.pos)[:]
+                self._out.pos = 0
+
+            if not zresult:
+                return
+
+    def finish(self):
+        """Signals the end of input data.
+
+        No new data can be compressed after this method is called.
+
+        This method will flush buffered data and finish the zstd frame.
+
+        :return:
+           Iterator of ``bytes`` of compressed data.
+        """
+        if self._finished:
+            raise ZstdError("cannot call finish() after compression finished")
+
+        if self._in.src != ffi.NULL:
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "cannot call finish() before consuming output from "
+                "previous operation"
+            )
+
+        while True:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._compressor._cctx, self._out, self._in, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if self._out.pos:
+                yield ffi.buffer(self._out.dst, self._out.pos)[:]
+                self._out.pos = 0
+
+            if not zresult:
+                self._finished = True
+                return
+
+
+class ZstdCompressionReader(object):
+    """Readable compressing stream wrapper.
+
+    ``ZstdCompressionReader`` is a read-only stream interface for obtaining
+    compressed data from a source.
+
+    This type conforms to the ``io.RawIOBase`` interface and should be usable
+    by any type that operates against a *file-object* (``typing.BinaryIO``
+    in Python type hinting speak).
+
+    Instances are neither writable nor seekable (even if the underlying
+    source is seekable). ``readline()`` and ``readlines()`` are not implemented
+    because they don't make sense for compressed data. ``tell()`` returns the
+    number of compressed bytes emitted so far.
+
+    Instances are obtained by calling :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.stream_reader`.
+
+    In this example, we open a file for reading and then wrap that file
+    handle with a stream from which compressed data can be ``read()``.
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    ...     reader = cctx.stream_reader(fh)
+    ...     while True:
+    ...         chunk = reader.read(16384)
+    ...         if not chunk:
+    ...             break
+    ...
+    ...         # Do something with compressed chunk.
+
+    Instances can also be used as context managers:
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    ...     with cctx.stream_reader(fh) as reader:
+    ...         while True:
+    ...             chunk = reader.read(16384)
+    ...             if not chunk:
+    ...                 break
+    ...
+    ...             # Do something with compressed chunk.
+
+    When the context manager exits or ``close()`` is called, the stream is
+    closed, underlying resources are released, and future operations against
+    the compression stream will fail.
+
+    ``stream_reader()`` accepts a ``size`` argument specifying how large the
+    input stream is. This is used to adjust compression parameters so they are
+    tailored to the source size. e.g.
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    ...     with cctx.stream_reader(fh, size=os.stat(path).st_size) as reader:
+    ...         ...
+
+    If the ``source`` is a stream, you can specify how large ``read()``
+    requests to that stream should be via the ``read_size`` argument.
+    It defaults to ``zstandard.COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE``. e.g.
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+    ...     # Will perform fh.read(8192) when obtaining data to feed into the
+    ...     # compressor.
+    ...     with cctx.stream_reader(fh, read_size=8192) as reader:
+    ...         ...
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, compressor, source, read_size, closefd=True):
+        self._compressor = compressor
+        self._source = source
+        self._read_size = read_size
+        self._closefd = closefd
+        self._entered = False
+        self._closed = False
+        self._bytes_compressed = 0
+        self._finished_input = False
+        self._finished_output = False
+
+        self._in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        # Holds a ref so backing bytes in self._in_buffer stay alive.
+        self._source_buffer = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self._entered:
+            raise ValueError("cannot __enter__ multiple times")
+
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        self._entered = True
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
+        self._entered = False
+        self._compressor = None
+        self.close()
+        self._source = None
+
+        return False
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def readline(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readlines(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        raise OSError("stream is not writable")
+
+    def writelines(self, ignored):
+        raise OSError("stream is not writable")
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def flush(self):
+        return None
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            return
+
+        self._closed = True
+
+        f = getattr(self._source, "close", None)
+        if self._closefd and f:
+            f()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        return self._closed
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._bytes_compressed
+
+    def readall(self):
+        chunks = []
+
+        while True:
+            chunk = self.read(1048576)
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+
+            chunks.append(chunk)
+
+        return b"".join(chunks)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    next = __next__
+
+    def _read_input(self):
+        if self._finished_input:
+            return
+
+        if hasattr(self._source, "read"):
+            data = self._source.read(self._read_size)
+
+            if not data:
+                self._finished_input = True
+                return
+
+            self._source_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+            self._in_buffer.src = self._source_buffer
+            self._in_buffer.size = len(self._source_buffer)
+            self._in_buffer.pos = 0
+        else:
+            self._source_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(self._source)
+            self._in_buffer.src = self._source_buffer
+            self._in_buffer.size = len(self._source_buffer)
+            self._in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+    def _compress_into_buffer(self, out_buffer):
+        if self._in_buffer.pos >= self._in_buffer.size:
+            return
+
+        old_pos = out_buffer.pos
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+            self._compressor._cctx,
+            out_buffer,
+            self._in_buffer,
+            lib.ZSTD_e_continue,
+        )
+
+        self._bytes_compressed += out_buffer.pos - old_pos
+
+        if self._in_buffer.pos == self._in_buffer.size:
+            self._in_buffer.src = ffi.NULL
+            self._in_buffer.pos = 0
+            self._in_buffer.size = 0
+            self._source_buffer = None
+
+            if not hasattr(self._source, "read"):
+                self._finished_input = True
+
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError("zstd compress error: %s", _zstd_error(zresult))
+
+        return out_buffer.pos and out_buffer.pos == out_buffer.size
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if size < -1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot read negative amounts less than -1")
+
+        if size == -1:
+            return self.readall()
+
+        if self._finished_output or size == 0:
+            return b""
+
+        # Need a dedicated ref to dest buffer otherwise it gets collected.
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", size)
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        if self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+            return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+        while not self._finished_input:
+            self._read_input()
+
+            if self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+                return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+        # EOF
+        old_pos = out_buffer.pos
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+            self._compressor._cctx, out_buffer, self._in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+        )
+
+        self._bytes_compressed += out_buffer.pos - old_pos
+
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error ending compression stream: %s", _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        if zresult == 0:
+            self._finished_output = True
+
+        return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+    def read1(self, size=-1):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if size < -1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot read negative amounts less than -1")
+
+        if self._finished_output or size == 0:
+            return b""
+
+        # -1 returns arbitrary number of bytes.
+        if size == -1:
+            size = COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", size)
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        # read1() dictates that we can perform at most 1 call to the
+        # underlying stream to get input. However, we can't satisfy this
+        # restriction with compression because not all input generates output.
+        # It is possible to perform a block flush in order to ensure output.
+        # But this may not be desirable behavior. So we allow multiple read()
+        # to the underlying stream. But unlike read(), we stop once we have
+        # any output.
+
+        self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer)
+        if out_buffer.pos:
+            return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+        while not self._finished_input:
+            self._read_input()
+
+            # If we've filled the output buffer, return immediately.
+            if self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+                return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+            # If we've populated the output buffer and we're not at EOF,
+            # also return, as we've satisfied the read1() limits.
+            if out_buffer.pos and not self._finished_input:
+                return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+            # Else if we're at EOS and we have room left in the buffer,
+            # fall through to below and try to add more data to the output.
+
+        # EOF.
+        old_pos = out_buffer.pos
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+            self._compressor._cctx, out_buffer, self._in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+        )
+
+        self._bytes_compressed += out_buffer.pos - old_pos
+
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error ending compression stream: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        if zresult == 0:
+            self._finished_output = True
+
+        return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if self._finished_output:
+            return 0
+
+        # TODO use writable=True once we require CFFI >= 1.12.
+        dest_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(b)
+        ffi.memmove(b, b"", 0)
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dest_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(dest_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        if self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+            return out_buffer.pos
+
+        while not self._finished_input:
+            self._read_input()
+            if self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+                return out_buffer.pos
+
+        # EOF.
+        old_pos = out_buffer.pos
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+            self._compressor._cctx, out_buffer, self._in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+        )
+
+        self._bytes_compressed += out_buffer.pos - old_pos
+
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error ending compression stream: %s", _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        if zresult == 0:
+            self._finished_output = True
+
+        return out_buffer.pos
+
+    def readinto1(self, b):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if self._finished_output:
+            return 0
+
+        # TODO use writable=True once we require CFFI >= 1.12.
+        dest_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(b)
+        ffi.memmove(b, b"", 0)
+
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dest_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(dest_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer)
+        if out_buffer.pos:
+            return out_buffer.pos
+
+        while not self._finished_input:
+            self._read_input()
+
+            if self._compress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+                return out_buffer.pos
+
+            if out_buffer.pos and not self._finished_input:
+                return out_buffer.pos
+
+        # EOF.
+        old_pos = out_buffer.pos
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+            self._compressor._cctx, out_buffer, self._in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+        )
+
+        self._bytes_compressed += out_buffer.pos - old_pos
+
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error ending compression stream: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        if zresult == 0:
+            self._finished_output = True
+
+        return out_buffer.pos
+
+
+class ZstdCompressor(object):
+    """
+    Create an object used to perform Zstandard compression.
+
+    Each instance is essentially a wrapper around a ``ZSTD_CCtx`` from
+    zstd's C API.
+
+    An instance can compress data various ways. Instances can be used
+    multiple times. Each compression operation will use the compression
+    parameters defined at construction time.
+
+    .. note:
+
+       When using a compression dictionary and multiple compression
+       operations are performed, the ``ZstdCompressionParameters`` derived
+       from an integer compression ``level`` and the first compressed data's
+       size will be reused for all subsequent operations. This may not be
+       desirable if source data sizes vary significantly.
+
+    ``compression_params`` is mutually exclusive with ``level``,
+    ``write_checksum``, ``write_content_size``, ``write_dict_id``, and
+    ``threads``.
+
+    Assume that each ``ZstdCompressor`` instance can only handle a single
+    logical compression operation at the same time. i.e. if you call a method
+    like ``stream_reader()`` to obtain multiple objects derived from the same
+    ``ZstdCompressor`` instance and attempt to use them simultaneously, errors
+    will likely occur.
+
+    If you need to perform multiple logical compression operations and you
+    can't guarantee those operations are temporally non-overlapping, you need
+    to obtain multiple ``ZstdCompressor`` instances.
+
+    Unless specified otherwise, assume that no two methods of
+    ``ZstdCompressor`` instances can be called from multiple Python
+    threads simultaneously. In other words, assume instances are not thread safe
+    unless stated otherwise.
+
+    :param level:
+       Integer compression level. Valid values are all negative integers
+       through 22. Lower values generally yield faster operations with lower
+       compression ratios. Higher values are generally slower but compress
+       better. The default is 3, which is what the ``zstd`` CLI uses. Negative
+       levels effectively engage ``--fast`` mode from the ``zstd`` CLI.
+    :param dict_data:
+       A ``ZstdCompressionDict`` to be used to compress with dictionary
+        data.
+    :param compression_params:
+       A ``ZstdCompressionParameters`` instance defining low-level compression
+       parameters. If defined, this will overwrite the ``level`` argument.
+    :param write_checksum:
+       If True, a 4 byte content checksum will be written with the compressed
+       data, allowing the decompressor to perform content verification.
+    :param write_content_size:
+       If True (the default), the decompressed content size will be included
+       in the header of the compressed data. This data will only be written if
+       the compressor knows the size of the input data.
+    :param write_dict_id:
+       Determines whether the dictionary ID will be written into the compressed
+       data. Defaults to True. Only adds content to the compressed data if
+       a dictionary is being used.
+    :param threads:
+       Number of threads to use to compress data concurrently. When set,
+       compression operations are performed on multiple threads. The default
+       value (0) disables multi-threaded compression. A value of ``-1`` means
+       to set the number of threads to the number of detected logical CPUs.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        level=3,
+        dict_data=None,
+        compression_params=None,
+        write_checksum=None,
+        write_content_size=None,
+        write_dict_id=None,
+        threads=0,
+    ):
+        if level > lib.ZSTD_maxCLevel():
+            raise ValueError(
+                "level must be less than %d" % lib.ZSTD_maxCLevel()
+            )
+
+        if threads < 0:
+            threads = _cpu_count()
+
+        if compression_params and write_checksum is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "cannot define compression_params and " "write_checksum"
+            )
+
+        if compression_params and write_content_size is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "cannot define compression_params and " "write_content_size"
+            )
+
+        if compression_params and write_dict_id is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "cannot define compression_params and " "write_dict_id"
+            )
+
+        if compression_params and threads:
+            raise ValueError("cannot define compression_params and threads")
+
+        if compression_params:
+            self._params = _make_cctx_params(compression_params)
+        else:
+            if write_dict_id is None:
+                write_dict_id = True
+
+            params = lib.ZSTD_createCCtxParams()
+            if params == ffi.NULL:
+                raise MemoryError()
+
+            self._params = ffi.gc(params, lib.ZSTD_freeCCtxParams)
+
+            _set_compression_parameter(
+                self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_compressionLevel, level
+            )
+
+            _set_compression_parameter(
+                self._params,
+                lib.ZSTD_c_contentSizeFlag,
+                write_content_size if write_content_size is not None else 1,
+            )
+
+            _set_compression_parameter(
+                self._params,
+                lib.ZSTD_c_checksumFlag,
+                1 if write_checksum else 0,
+            )
+
+            _set_compression_parameter(
+                self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_dictIDFlag, 1 if write_dict_id else 0
+            )
+
+            if threads:
+                _set_compression_parameter(
+                    self._params, lib.ZSTD_c_nbWorkers, threads
+                )
+
+        cctx = lib.ZSTD_createCCtx()
+        if cctx == ffi.NULL:
+            raise MemoryError()
+
+        self._cctx = cctx
+        self._dict_data = dict_data
+
+        # We defer setting up garbage collection until after calling
+        # _setup_cctx() to ensure the memory size estimate is more accurate.
+        try:
+            self._setup_cctx()
+        finally:
+            self._cctx = ffi.gc(
+                cctx, lib.ZSTD_freeCCtx, size=lib.ZSTD_sizeof_CCtx(cctx)
+            )
+
+    def _setup_cctx(self):
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setParametersUsingCCtxParams(
+            self._cctx, self._params
+        )
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "could not set compression parameters: %s"
+                % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        dict_data = self._dict_data
+
+        if dict_data:
+            if dict_data._cdict:
+                zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_refCDict(self._cctx, dict_data._cdict)
+            else:
+                zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_loadDictionary_advanced(
+                    self._cctx,
+                    dict_data.as_bytes(),
+                    len(dict_data),
+                    lib.ZSTD_dlm_byRef,
+                    dict_data._dict_type,
+                )
+
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "could not load compression dictionary: %s"
+                    % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+    def memory_size(self):
+        """Obtain the memory usage of this compressor, in bytes.
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> memory = cctx.memory_size()
+        """
+        return lib.ZSTD_sizeof_CCtx(self._cctx)
+
+    def compress(self, data):
+        """
+        Compress data in a single operation.
+
+        This is the simplest mechanism to perform compression: simply pass in a
+        value and get a compressed value back. It is almost the most prone to
+        abuse.
+
+        The input and output values must fit in memory, so passing in very large
+        values can result in excessive memory usage. For this reason, one of the
+        streaming based APIs is preferred for larger values.
+
+        :param data:
+           Source data to compress
+        :return:
+           Compressed data
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> compressed = cctx.compress(b"data to compress")
+        """
+        lib.ZSTD_CCtx_reset(self._cctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+
+        dest_size = lib.ZSTD_compressBound(len(data_buffer))
+        out = new_nonzero("char[]", dest_size)
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(self._cctx, len(data_buffer))
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error setting source size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+
+        out_buffer.dst = out
+        out_buffer.size = dest_size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        in_buffer.src = data_buffer
+        in_buffer.size = len(data_buffer)
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+            self._cctx, out_buffer, in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+        )
+
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError("cannot compress: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult))
+        elif zresult:
+            raise ZstdError("unexpected partial frame flush")
+
+        return ffi.buffer(out, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+    def compressobj(self, size=-1):
+        """
+        Obtain a compressor exposing the Python standard library compression API.
+
+        See :py:class:`ZstdCompressionObj` for the full documentation.
+
+        :param size:
+           Size in bytes of data that will be compressed.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`ZstdCompressionObj`
+        """
+        lib.ZSTD_CCtx_reset(self._cctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        if size < 0:
+            size = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(self._cctx, size)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error setting source size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        cobj = ZstdCompressionObj(self, COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE)
+
+        return cobj
+
+    def chunker(self, size=-1, chunk_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE):
+        """
+        Create an object for iterative compressing to same-sized chunks.
+
+        This API is similar to :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.compressobj` but has
+        better performance properties.
+
+        :param size:
+           Size in bytes of data that will be compressed.
+        :param chunk_size:
+           Size of compressed chunks.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`ZstdCompressionChunker`
+        """
+        lib.ZSTD_CCtx_reset(self._cctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        if size < 0:
+            size = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(self._cctx, size)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error setting source size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        return ZstdCompressionChunker(self, chunk_size=chunk_size)
+
+    def copy_stream(
+        self,
+        ifh,
+        ofh,
+        size=-1,
+        read_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE,
+        write_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE,
+    ):
+        """
+        Copy data between 2 streams while compressing it.
+
+        Data will be read from ``ifh``, compressed, and written to ``ofh``.
+        ``ifh`` must have a ``read(size)`` method. ``ofh`` must have a
+        ``write(data)``
+        method.
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> with open(input_path, "rb") as ifh, open(output_path, "wb") as ofh:
+        ...     cctx.copy_stream(ifh, ofh)
+
+        It is also possible to declare the size of the source stream:
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> cctx.copy_stream(ifh, ofh, size=len_of_input)
+
+        You can also specify how large the chunks that are ``read()``
+        and ``write()`` from and to the streams:
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> cctx.copy_stream(ifh, ofh, read_size=32768, write_size=16384)
+
+        The stream copier returns a 2-tuple of bytes read and written:
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> read_count, write_count = cctx.copy_stream(ifh, ofh)
+
+        :param ifh:
+           Source stream to read from
+        :param ofh:
+           Destination stream to write to
+        :param size:
+           Size in bytes of the source stream. If defined, compression
+           parameters will be tuned for this size.
+        :param read_size:
+           Chunk sizes that source stream should be ``read()`` from.
+        :param write_size:
+           Chunk sizes that destination stream should be ``write()`` to.
+        :return:
+           2-tuple of ints of bytes read and written, respectively.
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(ifh, "read"):
+            raise ValueError("first argument must have a read() method")
+        if not hasattr(ofh, "write"):
+            raise ValueError("second argument must have a write() method")
+
+        lib.ZSTD_CCtx_reset(self._cctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        if size < 0:
+            size = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(self._cctx, size)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error setting source size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", write_size)
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = write_size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        total_read, total_write = 0, 0
+
+        while True:
+            data = ifh.read(read_size)
+            if not data:
+                break
+
+            data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+            total_read += len(data_buffer)
+            in_buffer.src = data_buffer
+            in_buffer.size = len(data_buffer)
+            in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            while in_buffer.pos < in_buffer.size:
+                zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                    self._cctx, out_buffer, in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_continue
+                )
+                if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                    raise ZstdError(
+                        "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                    )
+
+                if out_buffer.pos:
+                    ofh.write(ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos))
+                    total_write += out_buffer.pos
+                    out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        # We've finished reading. Flush the compressor.
+        while True:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._cctx, out_buffer, in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "error ending compression stream: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                ofh.write(ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos))
+                total_write += out_buffer.pos
+                out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            if zresult == 0:
+                break
+
+        return total_read, total_write
+
+    def stream_reader(
+        self,
+        source,
+        size=-1,
+        read_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE,
+        closefd=True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Wrap a readable source with a stream that can read compressed data.
+
+        This will produce an object conforming to the ``io.RawIOBase``
+        interface which can be ``read()`` from to retrieve compressed data
+        from a source.
+
+        The source object can be any object with a ``read(size)`` method
+        or an object that conforms to the buffer protocol.
+
+        See :py:class:`ZstdCompressionReader` for type documentation and usage
+        examples.
+
+        :param source:
+           Object to read source data from
+        :param size:
+           Size in bytes of source object.
+        :param read_size:
+           How many bytes to request when ``read()``'ing from the source.
+        :param closefd:
+           Whether to close the source stream when the returned stream is
+           closed.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`ZstdCompressionReader`
+        """
+        lib.ZSTD_CCtx_reset(self._cctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        try:
+            size = len(source)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+        if size < 0:
+            size = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(self._cctx, size)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error setting source size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        return ZstdCompressionReader(self, source, read_size, closefd=closefd)
+
+    def stream_writer(
+        self,
+        writer,
+        size=-1,
+        write_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE,
+        write_return_read=True,
+        closefd=True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Create a stream that will write compressed data into another stream.
+
+        The argument to ``stream_writer()`` must have a ``write(data)`` method.
+        As compressed data is available, ``write()`` will be called with the
+        compressed data as its argument. Many common Python types implement
+        ``write()``, including open file handles and ``io.BytesIO``.
+
+        See :py:class:`ZstdCompressionWriter` for more documentation, including
+        usage examples.
+
+        :param writer:
+           Stream to write compressed data to.
+        :param size:
+           Size in bytes of data to be compressed. If set, it will be used
+           to influence compression parameter tuning and could result in the
+           size being written into the header of the compressed data.
+        :param write_size:
+           How much data to ``write()`` to ``writer`` at a time.
+        :param write_return_read:
+           Whether ``write()`` should return the number of bytes that were
+           consumed from the input.
+        :param closefd:
+           Whether to ``close`` the ``writer`` when this stream is closed.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`ZstdCompressionWriter`
+        """
+        if not hasattr(writer, "write"):
+            raise ValueError("must pass an object with a write() method")
+
+        lib.ZSTD_CCtx_reset(self._cctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        if size < 0:
+            size = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN
+
+        return ZstdCompressionWriter(
+            self, writer, size, write_size, write_return_read, closefd=closefd
+        )
+
+    def read_to_iter(
+        self,
+        reader,
+        size=-1,
+        read_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE,
+        write_size=COMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE,
+    ):
+        """
+        Read uncompressed data from a reader and return an iterator
+
+        Returns an iterator of compressed data produced from reading from
+        ``reader``.
+
+        This method provides a mechanism to stream compressed data out of a
+        source as an iterator of data chunks.
+
+        Uncompressed data will be obtained from ``reader`` by calling the
+        ``read(size)`` method of it or by reading a slice (if ``reader``
+        conforms to the *buffer protocol*). The source data will be streamed
+        into a compressor. As compressed data is available, it will be exposed
+        to the iterator.
+
+        Data is read from the source in chunks of ``read_size``. Compressed
+        chunks are at most ``write_size`` bytes. Both values default to the
+        zstd input and and output defaults, respectively.
+
+        If reading from the source via ``read()``, ``read()`` will be called
+        until it raises or returns an empty bytes (``b""``). It is perfectly
+        valid for the source to deliver fewer bytes than were what requested
+        by ``read(size)``.
+
+        The caller is partially in control of how fast data is fed into the
+        compressor by how it consumes the returned iterator. The compressor
+        will not consume from the reader unless the caller consumes from the
+        iterator.
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> for chunk in cctx.read_to_iter(fh):
+        ...     # Do something with emitted data.
+
+        ``read_to_iter()`` accepts a ``size`` argument declaring the size of
+        the input stream:
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> for chunk in cctx.read_to_iter(fh, size=some_int):
+        >>>     pass
+
+        You can also control the size that data is ``read()`` from the source
+        and the ideal size of output chunks:
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> for chunk in cctx.read_to_iter(fh, read_size=16384, write_size=8192):
+        >>>     pass
+
+        ``read_to_iter()`` does not give direct control over the sizes of chunks
+        fed into the compressor. Instead, chunk sizes will be whatever the object
+        being read from delivers. These will often be of a uniform size.
+
+        :param reader:
+           Stream providing data to be compressed.
+        :param size:
+           Size in bytes of input data.
+        :param read_size:
+           Controls how many bytes are ``read()`` from the source.
+        :param write_size:
+           Controls the output size of emitted chunks.
+        :return:
+           Iterator of ``bytes``.
+        """
+
+        if hasattr(reader, "read"):
+            have_read = True
+        elif hasattr(reader, "__getitem__"):
+            have_read = False
+            buffer_offset = 0
+            size = len(reader)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "must pass an object with a read() method or "
+                "conforms to buffer protocol"
+            )
+
+        lib.ZSTD_CCtx_reset(self._cctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        if size < 0:
+            size = lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_CCtx_setPledgedSrcSize(self._cctx, size)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "error setting source size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+
+        in_buffer.src = ffi.NULL
+        in_buffer.size = 0
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", write_size)
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = write_size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        while True:
+            # We should never have output data sitting around after a previous
+            # iteration.
+            assert out_buffer.pos == 0
+
+            # Collect input data.
+            if have_read:
+                read_result = reader.read(read_size)
+            else:
+                remaining = len(reader) - buffer_offset
+                slice_size = min(remaining, read_size)
+                read_result = reader[buffer_offset : buffer_offset + slice_size]
+                buffer_offset += slice_size
+
+            # No new input data. Break out of the read loop.
+            if not read_result:
+                break
+
+            # Feed all read data into the compressor and emit output until
+            # exhausted.
+            read_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(read_result)
+            in_buffer.src = read_buffer
+            in_buffer.size = len(read_buffer)
+            in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            while in_buffer.pos < in_buffer.size:
+                zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                    self._cctx, out_buffer, in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_continue
+                )
+                if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                    raise ZstdError(
+                        "zstd compress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                    )
+
+                if out_buffer.pos:
+                    data = ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+                    out_buffer.pos = 0
+                    yield data
+
+            assert out_buffer.pos == 0
+
+            # And repeat the loop to collect more data.
+            continue
+
+        # If we get here, input is exhausted. End the stream and emit what
+        # remains.
+        while True:
+            assert out_buffer.pos == 0
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_compressStream2(
+                self._cctx, out_buffer, in_buffer, lib.ZSTD_e_end
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "error ending compression stream: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                data = ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+                out_buffer.pos = 0
+                yield data
+
+            if zresult == 0:
+                break
+
+    def multi_compress_to_buffer(self, data, threads=-1):
+        """
+        Compress multiple pieces of data as a single function call.
+
+        (Experimental. Not yet supported by CFFI backend.)
+
+        This function is optimized to perform multiple compression operations
+        as as possible with as little overhead as possible.
+
+        Data to be compressed can be passed as a ``BufferWithSegmentsCollection``,
+        a ``BufferWithSegments``, or a list containing byte like objects. Each
+        element of the container will be compressed individually using the
+        configured parameters on the ``ZstdCompressor`` instance.
+
+        The ``threads`` argument controls how many threads to use for
+        compression. The default is ``0`` which means to use a single thread.
+        Negative values use the number of logical CPUs in the machine.
+
+        The function returns a ``BufferWithSegmentsCollection``. This type
+        represents N discrete memory allocations, each holding 1 or more
+        compressed frames.
+
+        Output data is written to shared memory buffers. This means that unlike
+        regular Python objects, a reference to *any* object within the collection
+        keeps the shared buffer and therefore memory backing it alive. This can
+        have undesirable effects on process memory usage.
+
+        The API and behavior of this function is experimental and will likely
+        change. Known deficiencies include:
+
+        * If asked to use multiple threads, it will always spawn that many
+          threads, even if the input is too small to use them. It should
+          automatically lower the thread count when the extra threads would
+          just add overhead.
+        * The buffer allocation strategy is fixed. There is room to make it
+          dynamic, perhaps even to allow one output buffer per input,
+          facilitating a variation of the API to return a list without the
+          adverse effects of shared memory buffers.
+
+        :param data:
+           Source to read discrete pieces of data to compress.
+
+           Can be a ``BufferWithSegmentsCollection``, a ``BufferWithSegments``,
+           or a ``list[bytes]``.
+        :return:
+           BufferWithSegmentsCollection holding compressed data.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def frame_progression(self):
+        """
+        Return information on how much work the compressor has done.
+
+        Returns a 3-tuple of (ingested, consumed, produced).
+
+        >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        >>> (ingested, consumed, produced) = cctx.frame_progression()
+        """
+        progression = lib.ZSTD_getFrameProgression(self._cctx)
+
+        return progression.ingested, progression.consumed, progression.produced
+
+
+class FrameParameters(object):
+    """Information about a zstd frame.
+
+    Instances have the following attributes:
+
+    ``content_size``
+       Integer size of original, uncompressed content. This will be ``0`` if the
+       original content size isn't written to the frame (controlled with the
+       ``write_content_size`` argument to ``ZstdCompressor``) or if the input
+       content size was ``0``.
+
+    ``window_size``
+       Integer size of maximum back-reference distance in compressed data.
+
+    ``dict_id``
+       Integer of dictionary ID used for compression. ``0`` if no dictionary
+       ID was used or if the dictionary ID was ``0``.
+
+    ``has_checksum``
+       Bool indicating whether a 4 byte content checksum is stored at the end
+       of the frame.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fparams):
+        self.content_size = fparams.frameContentSize
+        self.window_size = fparams.windowSize
+        self.dict_id = fparams.dictID
+        self.has_checksum = bool(fparams.checksumFlag)
+
+
+def frame_content_size(data):
+    """Obtain the decompressed size of a frame.
+
+    The returned value is usually accurate. But strictly speaking it should
+    not be trusted.
+
+    :return:
+       ``-1`` if size unknown and a non-negative integer otherwise.
+    """
+    data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+
+    size = lib.ZSTD_getFrameContentSize(data_buffer, len(data_buffer))
+
+    if size == lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_ERROR:
+        raise ZstdError("error when determining content size")
+    elif size == lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN:
+        return -1
+    else:
+        return size
+
+
+def frame_header_size(data):
+    """Obtain the size of a frame header.
+
+    :return:
+       Integer size in bytes.
+    """
+    data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+
+    zresult = lib.ZSTD_frameHeaderSize(data_buffer, len(data_buffer))
+    if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+        raise ZstdError(
+            "could not determine frame header size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+        )
+
+    return zresult
+
+
+def get_frame_parameters(data):
+    """
+    Parse a zstd frame header into frame parameters.
+
+    Depending on which fields are present in the frame and their values, the
+    length of the frame parameters varies. If insufficient bytes are passed
+    in to fully parse the frame parameters, ``ZstdError`` is raised. To ensure
+    frame parameters can be parsed, pass in at least 18 bytes.
+
+    :param data:
+       Data from which to read frame parameters.
+    :return:
+       :py:class:`FrameParameters`
+    """
+    params = ffi.new("ZSTD_frameHeader *")
+
+    data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+    zresult = lib.ZSTD_getFrameHeader(params, data_buffer, len(data_buffer))
+    if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+        raise ZstdError(
+            "cannot get frame parameters: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+        )
+
+    if zresult:
+        raise ZstdError(
+            "not enough data for frame parameters; need %d bytes" % zresult
+        )
+
+    return FrameParameters(params[0])
+
+
+class ZstdCompressionDict(object):
+    """Represents a computed compression dictionary.
+
+    Instances are obtained by calling :py:func:`train_dictionary` or by
+    passing bytes obtained from another source into the constructor.
+
+    Instances can be constructed from bytes:
+
+    >>> dict_data = zstandard.ZstdCompressionDict(data)
+
+    It is possible to construct a dictionary from *any* data. If the data
+    doesn't begin with a magic header, it will be treated as a *prefix*
+    dictionary. *Prefix* dictionaries allow compression operations to
+    reference raw data within the dictionary.
+
+    It is possible to force the use of *prefix* dictionaries or to require
+    a dictionary header:
+
+    >>> dict_data = zstandard.ZstdCompressionDict(data, dict_type=zstandard.DICT_TYPE_RAWCONTENT)
+    >>> dict_data = zstandard.ZstdCompressionDict(data, dict_type=zstandard.DICT_TYPE_FULLDICT)
+
+    You can see how many bytes are in the dictionary by calling ``len()``:
+
+    >>> dict_data = zstandard.train_dictionary(size, samples)
+    >>> dict_size = len(dict_data)  # will not be larger than ``size``
+
+    Once you have a dictionary, you can pass it to the objects performing
+    compression and decompression:
+
+    >>> dict_data = zstandard.train_dictionary(131072, samples)
+    >>> cctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor(dict_data=dict_data)
+    >>> for source_data in input_data:
+    ...     compressed = cctx.compress(source_data)
+    ...     # Do something with compressed data.
+    ...
+    >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor(dict_data=dict_data)
+    >>> for compressed_data in input_data:
+    ...     buffer = io.BytesIO()
+    ...     with dctx.stream_writer(buffer) as decompressor:
+    ...         decompressor.write(compressed_data)
+    ...         # Do something with raw data in ``buffer``.
+
+    Dictionaries have unique integer IDs. You can retrieve this ID via:
+
+    >>> dict_id = zstandard.dictionary_id(dict_data)
+
+    You can obtain the raw data in the dict (useful for persisting and constructing
+    a ``ZstdCompressionDict`` later) via ``as_bytes()``:
+
+    >>> dict_data = zstandard.train_dictionary(size, samples)
+    >>> raw_data = dict_data.as_bytes()
+
+    By default, when a ``ZstdCompressionDict`` is *attached* to a
+    ``ZstdCompressor``, each ``ZstdCompressor`` performs work to prepare the
+    dictionary for use. This is fine if only 1 compression operation is being
+    performed or if the ``ZstdCompressor`` is being reused for multiple operations.
+    But if multiple ``ZstdCompressor`` instances are being used with the dictionary,
+    this can add overhead.
+
+    It is possible to *precompute* the dictionary so it can readily be consumed
+    by multiple ``ZstdCompressor`` instances:
+
+    >>> d = zstandard.ZstdCompressionDict(data)
+    >>> # Precompute for compression level 3.
+    >>> d.precompute_compress(level=3)
+    >>> # Precompute with specific compression parameters.
+    >>> params = zstandard.ZstdCompressionParameters(...)
+    >>> d.precompute_compress(compression_params=params)
+
+    .. note::
+
+       When a dictionary is precomputed, the compression parameters used to
+       precompute the dictionary overwrite some of the compression parameters
+       specified to ``ZstdCompressor``.
+
+    :param data:
+       Dictionary data.
+    :param dict_type:
+       Type of dictionary. One of the ``DICT_TYPE_*`` constants.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, data, dict_type=DICT_TYPE_AUTO, k=0, d=0):
+        assert isinstance(data, bytes)
+        self._data = data
+        self.k = k
+        self.d = d
+
+        if dict_type not in (
+            DICT_TYPE_AUTO,
+            DICT_TYPE_RAWCONTENT,
+            DICT_TYPE_FULLDICT,
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "invalid dictionary load mode: %d; must use "
+                "DICT_TYPE_* constants"
+            )
+
+        self._dict_type = dict_type
+        self._cdict = None
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self._data)
+
+    def dict_id(self):
+        """Obtain the integer ID of the dictionary."""
+        return int(lib.ZDICT_getDictID(self._data, len(self._data)))
+
+    def as_bytes(self):
+        """Obtain the ``bytes`` representation of the dictionary."""
+        return self._data
+
+    def precompute_compress(self, level=0, compression_params=None):
+        """Precompute a dictionary os it can be used by multiple compressors.
+
+        Calling this method on an instance that will be used by multiple
+        :py:class:`ZstdCompressor` instances will improve performance.
+        """
+        if level and compression_params:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "must only specify one of level or " "compression_params"
+            )
+
+        if not level and not compression_params:
+            raise ValueError("must specify one of level or compression_params")
+
+        if level:
+            cparams = lib.ZSTD_getCParams(level, 0, len(self._data))
+        else:
+            cparams = ffi.new("ZSTD_compressionParameters")
+            cparams.chainLog = compression_params.chain_log
+            cparams.hashLog = compression_params.hash_log
+            cparams.minMatch = compression_params.min_match
+            cparams.searchLog = compression_params.search_log
+            cparams.strategy = compression_params.strategy
+            cparams.targetLength = compression_params.target_length
+            cparams.windowLog = compression_params.window_log
+
+        cdict = lib.ZSTD_createCDict_advanced(
+            self._data,
+            len(self._data),
+            lib.ZSTD_dlm_byRef,
+            self._dict_type,
+            cparams,
+            lib.ZSTD_defaultCMem,
+        )
+        if cdict == ffi.NULL:
+            raise ZstdError("unable to precompute dictionary")
+
+        self._cdict = ffi.gc(
+            cdict, lib.ZSTD_freeCDict, size=lib.ZSTD_sizeof_CDict(cdict)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def _ddict(self):
+        ddict = lib.ZSTD_createDDict_advanced(
+            self._data,
+            len(self._data),
+            lib.ZSTD_dlm_byRef,
+            self._dict_type,
+            lib.ZSTD_defaultCMem,
+        )
+
+        if ddict == ffi.NULL:
+            raise ZstdError("could not create decompression dict")
+
+        ddict = ffi.gc(
+            ddict, lib.ZSTD_freeDDict, size=lib.ZSTD_sizeof_DDict(ddict)
+        )
+        self.__dict__["_ddict"] = ddict
+
+        return ddict
+
+
+def train_dictionary(
+    dict_size,
+    samples,
+    k=0,
+    d=0,
+    f=0,
+    split_point=0.0,
+    accel=0,
+    notifications=0,
+    dict_id=0,
+    level=0,
+    steps=0,
+    threads=0,
+):
+    """Train a dictionary from sample data using the COVER algorithm.
+
+    A compression dictionary of size ``dict_size`` will be created from the
+    iterable of ``samples``. The raw dictionary bytes will be returned.
+
+    The dictionary training mechanism is known as *cover*. More details about it
+    are available in the paper *Effective Construction of Relative Lempel-Ziv
+    Dictionaries* (authors: Liao, Petri, Moffat, Wirth).
+
+    The cover algorithm takes parameters ``k`` and ``d``. These are the
+    *segment size* and *dmer size*, respectively. The returned dictionary
+    instance created by this function has ``k`` and ``d`` attributes
+    containing the values for these parameters. If a ``ZstdCompressionDict``
+    is constructed from raw bytes data (a content-only dictionary), the
+    ``k`` and ``d`` attributes will be ``0``.
+
+    The segment and dmer size parameters to the cover algorithm can either be
+    specified manually or ``train_dictionary()`` can try multiple values
+    and pick the best one, where *best* means the smallest compressed data size.
+    This later mode is called *optimization* mode.
+
+    Under the hood, this function always calls
+    ``ZDICT_optimizeTrainFromBuffer_fastCover()``. See the corresponding C library
+    documentation for more.
+
+    If neither ``steps`` nor ``threads`` is defined, defaults for ``d``, ``steps``,
+    and ``level`` will be used that are equivalent with what
+    ``ZDICT_trainFromBuffer()`` would use.
+
+
+    :param dict_size:
+       Target size in bytes of the dictionary to generate.
+    :param samples:
+       A list of bytes holding samples the dictionary will be trained from.
+    :param k:
+       Segment size : constraint: 0 < k : Reasonable range [16, 2048+]
+    :param d:
+       dmer size : constraint: 0 < d <= k : Reasonable range [6, 16]
+    :param f:
+       log of size of frequency array : constraint: 0 < f <= 31 : 1 means
+       default(20)
+    :param split_point:
+       Percentage of samples used for training: Only used for optimization.
+       The first # samples * ``split_point`` samples will be used to training.
+       The last # samples * (1 - split_point) samples will be used for testing.
+       0 means default (0.75), 1.0 when all samples are used for both training
+       and testing.
+    :param accel:
+       Acceleration level: constraint: 0 < accel <= 10. Higher means faster
+       and less accurate, 0 means default(1).
+    :param dict_id:
+       Integer dictionary ID for the produced dictionary. Default is 0, which uses
+       a random value.
+    :param steps:
+       Number of steps through ``k`` values to perform when trying parameter
+       variations.
+    :param threads:
+       Number of threads to use when trying parameter variations. Default is 0,
+       which means to use a single thread. A negative value can be specified to
+       use as many threads as there are detected logical CPUs.
+    :param level:
+       Integer target compression level when trying parameter variations.
+    :param notifications:
+       Controls writing of informational messages to ``stderr``. ``0`` (the
+       default) means to write nothing. ``1`` writes errors. ``2`` writes
+       progression info. ``3`` writes more details. And ``4`` writes all info.
+    """
+
+    if not isinstance(samples, list):
+        raise TypeError("samples must be a list")
+
+    if threads < 0:
+        threads = _cpu_count()
+
+    if not steps and not threads:
+        d = d or 8
+        steps = steps or 4
+        level = level or 3
+
+    total_size = sum(map(len, samples))
+
+    samples_buffer = new_nonzero("char[]", total_size)
+    sample_sizes = new_nonzero("size_t[]", len(samples))
+
+    offset = 0
+    for i, sample in enumerate(samples):
+        if not isinstance(sample, bytes):
+            raise ValueError("samples must be bytes")
+
+        l = len(sample)
+        ffi.memmove(samples_buffer + offset, sample, l)
+        offset += l
+        sample_sizes[i] = l
+
+    dict_data = new_nonzero("char[]", dict_size)
+
+    dparams = ffi.new("ZDICT_fastCover_params_t *")[0]
+    dparams.k = k
+    dparams.d = d
+    dparams.f = f
+    dparams.steps = steps
+    dparams.nbThreads = threads
+    dparams.splitPoint = split_point
+    dparams.accel = accel
+    dparams.zParams.notificationLevel = notifications
+    dparams.zParams.dictID = dict_id
+    dparams.zParams.compressionLevel = level
+
+    zresult = lib.ZDICT_optimizeTrainFromBuffer_fastCover(
+        ffi.addressof(dict_data),
+        dict_size,
+        ffi.addressof(samples_buffer),
+        ffi.addressof(sample_sizes, 0),
+        len(samples),
+        ffi.addressof(dparams),
+    )
+
+    if lib.ZDICT_isError(zresult):
+        msg = ffi.string(lib.ZDICT_getErrorName(zresult)).decode("utf-8")
+        raise ZstdError("cannot train dict: %s" % msg)
+
+    return ZstdCompressionDict(
+        ffi.buffer(dict_data, zresult)[:],
+        dict_type=DICT_TYPE_FULLDICT,
+        k=dparams.k,
+        d=dparams.d,
+    )
+
+
+class ZstdDecompressionObj(object):
+    """A standard library API compatible decompressor.
+
+    This type implements a compressor that conforms to the API by other
+    decompressors in Python's standard library. e.g. ``zlib.decompressobj``
+    or ``bz2.BZ2Decompressor``. This allows callers to use zstd compression
+    while conforming to a similar API.
+
+    Compressed data chunks are fed into ``decompress(data)`` and
+    uncompressed output (or an empty bytes) is returned. Output from
+    subsequent calls needs to be concatenated to reassemble the full
+    decompressed byte sequence.
+
+    If ``read_across_frames=False``, each instance is single use: once an
+    input frame is decoded, ``decompress()`` will raise an exception. If
+    ``read_across_frames=True``, instances can decode multiple frames.
+
+    >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    >>> dobj = dctx.decompressobj()
+    >>> data = dobj.decompress(compressed_chunk_0)
+    >>> data = dobj.decompress(compressed_chunk_1)
+
+    By default, calls to ``decompress()`` write output data in chunks of size
+    ``DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE``. These chunks are concatenated
+    before being returned to the caller. It is possible to define the size of
+    these temporary chunks by passing ``write_size`` to ``decompressobj()``:
+
+    >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    >>> dobj = dctx.decompressobj(write_size=1048576)
+
+    .. note::
+
+       Because calls to ``decompress()`` may need to perform multiple
+       memory (re)allocations, this streaming decompression API isn't as
+       efficient as other APIs.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, decompressor, write_size, read_across_frames):
+        self._decompressor = decompressor
+        self._write_size = write_size
+        self._finished = False
+        self._read_across_frames = read_across_frames
+        self._unused_input = b""
+
+    def decompress(self, data):
+        """Send compressed data to the decompressor and obtain decompressed data.
+
+        :param data:
+           Data to feed into the decompressor.
+        :return:
+           Decompressed bytes.
+        """
+        if self._finished:
+            raise ZstdError("cannot use a decompressobj multiple times")
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+
+        data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+
+        if len(data_buffer) == 0:
+            return b""
+
+        in_buffer.src = data_buffer
+        in_buffer.size = len(data_buffer)
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", self._write_size)
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(dst_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        chunks = []
+
+        while True:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(
+                self._decompressor._dctx, out_buffer, in_buffer
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd decompressor error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            # Always record any output from decompressor.
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                chunks.append(ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:])
+
+            # 0 is only seen when a frame is fully decoded *and* fully flushed.
+            # Behavior depends on whether we're in single or multiple frame
+            # mode.
+            if zresult == 0 and not self._read_across_frames:
+                # Mark the instance as done and make any unconsumed input available
+                # for retrieval.
+                self._finished = True
+                self._decompressor = None
+                self._unused_input = data[in_buffer.pos : in_buffer.size]
+                break
+            elif zresult == 0 and self._read_across_frames:
+                # We're at the end of a fully flushed frame and we can read more.
+                # Try to read more if there's any more input.
+                if in_buffer.pos == in_buffer.size:
+                    break
+                else:
+                    out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            # We're not at the end of the frame *or* we're not fully flushed.
+
+            # The decompressor will write out all the bytes it can to the output
+            # buffer. So if the output buffer is partially filled and the input
+            # is exhausted, there's nothing more to write. So we've done all we
+            # can.
+            elif (
+                in_buffer.pos == in_buffer.size
+                and out_buffer.pos < out_buffer.size
+            ):
+                break
+            else:
+                out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        return b"".join(chunks)
+
+    def flush(self, length=0):
+        """Effectively a no-op.
+
+        Implemented for compatibility with the standard library APIs.
+
+        Safe to call at any time.
+
+        :return:
+           Empty bytes.
+        """
+        return b""
+
+    @property
+    def unused_data(self):
+        """Bytes past the end of compressed data.
+
+        If ``decompress()`` is fed additional data beyond the end of a zstd
+        frame, this value will be non-empty once ``decompress()`` fully decodes
+        the input frame.
+        """
+        return self._unused_input
+
+    @property
+    def unconsumed_tail(self):
+        """Data that has not yet been fed into the decompressor."""
+        return b""
+
+    @property
+    def eof(self):
+        """Whether the end of the compressed data stream has been reached."""
+        return self._finished
+
+
+class ZstdDecompressionReader(object):
+    """Read only decompressor that pull uncompressed data from another stream.
+
+    This type provides a read-only stream interface for performing transparent
+    decompression from another stream or data source. It conforms to the
+    ``io.RawIOBase`` interface. Only methods relevant to reading are
+    implemented.
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    >>> reader = dctx.stream_reader(fh)
+    >>> while True:
+    ...     chunk = reader.read(16384)
+    ...     if not chunk:
+    ...         break
+    ...     # Do something with decompressed chunk.
+
+    The stream can also be used as a context manager:
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    ...     with dctx.stream_reader(fh) as reader:
+    ...         ...
+
+    When used as a context manager, the stream is closed and the underlying
+    resources are released when the context manager exits. Future operations
+    against the stream will fail.
+
+    The ``source`` argument to ``stream_reader()`` can be any object with a
+    ``read(size)`` method or any object implementing the *buffer protocol*.
+
+    If the ``source`` is a stream, you can specify how large ``read()`` requests
+    to that stream should be via the ``read_size`` argument. It defaults to
+    ``zstandard.DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE``.:
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    ...     # Will perform fh.read(8192) when obtaining data for the decompressor.
+    ...     with dctx.stream_reader(fh, read_size=8192) as reader:
+    ...         ...
+
+    Instances are *partially* seekable. Absolute and relative positions
+    (``SEEK_SET`` and ``SEEK_CUR``) forward of the current position are
+    allowed. Offsets behind the current read position and offsets relative
+    to the end of stream are not allowed and will raise ``ValueError``
+    if attempted.
+
+    ``tell()`` returns the number of decompressed bytes read so far.
+
+    Not all I/O methods are implemented. Notably missing is support for
+    ``readline()``, ``readlines()``, and linewise iteration support. This is
+    because streams operate on binary data - not text data. If you want to
+    convert decompressed output to text, you can chain an ``io.TextIOWrapper``
+    to the stream:
+
+    >>> with open(path, 'rb') as fh:
+    ...     dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    ...     stream_reader = dctx.stream_reader(fh)
+    ...     text_stream = io.TextIOWrapper(stream_reader, encoding='utf-8')
+    ...     for line in text_stream:
+    ...         ...
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        decompressor,
+        source,
+        read_size,
+        read_across_frames,
+        closefd=True,
+    ):
+        self._decompressor = decompressor
+        self._source = source
+        self._read_size = read_size
+        self._read_across_frames = bool(read_across_frames)
+        self._closefd = bool(closefd)
+        self._entered = False
+        self._closed = False
+        self._bytes_decompressed = 0
+        self._finished_input = False
+        self._finished_output = False
+        self._in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        # Holds a ref to self._in_buffer.src.
+        self._source_buffer = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self._entered:
+            raise ValueError("cannot __enter__ multiple times")
+
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        self._entered = True
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
+        self._entered = False
+        self._decompressor = None
+        self.close()
+        self._source = None
+
+        return False
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def readline(self, size=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readlines(self, hint=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def writelines(self, lines):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def flush(self):
+        return None
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            return None
+
+        self._closed = True
+
+        f = getattr(self._source, "close", None)
+        if self._closefd and f:
+            f()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        return self._closed
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._bytes_decompressed
+
+    def readall(self):
+        chunks = []
+
+        while True:
+            chunk = self.read(1048576)
+            if not chunk:
+                break
+
+            chunks.append(chunk)
+
+        return b"".join(chunks)
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    next = __next__
+
+    def _read_input(self):
+        # We have data left over in the input buffer. Use it.
+        if self._in_buffer.pos < self._in_buffer.size:
+            return
+
+        # All input data exhausted. Nothing to do.
+        if self._finished_input:
+            return
+
+        # Else populate the input buffer from our source.
+        if hasattr(self._source, "read"):
+            data = self._source.read(self._read_size)
+
+            if not data:
+                self._finished_input = True
+                return
+
+            self._source_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+            self._in_buffer.src = self._source_buffer
+            self._in_buffer.size = len(self._source_buffer)
+            self._in_buffer.pos = 0
+        else:
+            self._source_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(self._source)
+            self._in_buffer.src = self._source_buffer
+            self._in_buffer.size = len(self._source_buffer)
+            self._in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+    def _decompress_into_buffer(self, out_buffer):
+        """Decompress available input into an output buffer.
+
+        Returns True if data in output buffer should be emitted.
+        """
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(
+            self._decompressor._dctx, out_buffer, self._in_buffer
+        )
+
+        if self._in_buffer.pos == self._in_buffer.size:
+            self._in_buffer.src = ffi.NULL
+            self._in_buffer.pos = 0
+            self._in_buffer.size = 0
+            self._source_buffer = None
+
+            if not hasattr(self._source, "read"):
+                self._finished_input = True
+
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError("zstd decompress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult))
+
+        # Emit data if there is data AND either:
+        # a) output buffer is full (read amount is satisfied)
+        # b) we're at end of a frame and not in frame spanning mode
+        return out_buffer.pos and (
+            out_buffer.pos == out_buffer.size
+            or zresult == 0
+            and not self._read_across_frames
+        )
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if size < -1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot read negative amounts less than -1")
+
+        if size == -1:
+            # This is recursive. But it gets the job done.
+            return self.readall()
+
+        if self._finished_output or size == 0:
+            return b""
+
+        # We /could/ call into readinto() here. But that introduces more
+        # overhead.
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", size)
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        self._read_input()
+        if self._decompress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+            self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+            return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+        while not self._finished_input:
+            self._read_input()
+            if self._decompress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+                self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+                return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+        self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+        return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if self._finished_output:
+            return 0
+
+        # TODO use writable=True once we require CFFI >= 1.12.
+        dest_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(b)
+        ffi.memmove(b, b"", 0)
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dest_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(dest_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        self._read_input()
+        if self._decompress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+            self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+            return out_buffer.pos
+
+        while not self._finished_input:
+            self._read_input()
+            if self._decompress_into_buffer(out_buffer):
+                self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+                return out_buffer.pos
+
+        self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+        return out_buffer.pos
+
+    def read1(self, size=-1):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if size < -1:
+            raise ValueError("cannot read negative amounts less than -1")
+
+        if self._finished_output or size == 0:
+            return b""
+
+        # -1 returns arbitrary number of bytes.
+        if size == -1:
+            size = DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", size)
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        # read1() dictates that we can perform at most 1 call to underlying
+        # stream to get input. However, we can't satisfy this restriction with
+        # decompression because not all input generates output. So we allow
+        # multiple read(). But unlike read(), we stop once we have any output.
+        while not self._finished_input:
+            self._read_input()
+            self._decompress_into_buffer(out_buffer)
+
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                break
+
+        self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+        return ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+    def readinto1(self, b):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if self._finished_output:
+            return 0
+
+        # TODO use writable=True once we require CFFI >= 1.12.
+        dest_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(b)
+        ffi.memmove(b, b"", 0)
+
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = dest_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(dest_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        while not self._finished_input and not self._finished_output:
+            self._read_input()
+            self._decompress_into_buffer(out_buffer)
+
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                break
+
+        self._bytes_decompressed += out_buffer.pos
+        return out_buffer.pos
+
+    def seek(self, pos, whence=os.SEEK_SET):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        read_amount = 0
+
+        if whence == os.SEEK_SET:
+            if pos < 0:
+                raise OSError("cannot seek to negative position with SEEK_SET")
+
+            if pos < self._bytes_decompressed:
+                raise OSError(
+                    "cannot seek zstd decompression stream " "backwards"
+                )
+
+            read_amount = pos - self._bytes_decompressed
+
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_CUR:
+            if pos < 0:
+                raise OSError(
+                    "cannot seek zstd decompression stream " "backwards"
+                )
+
+            read_amount = pos
+        elif whence == os.SEEK_END:
+            raise OSError(
+                "zstd decompression streams cannot be seeked " "with SEEK_END"
+            )
+
+        while read_amount:
+            result = self.read(
+                min(read_amount, DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE)
+            )
+
+            if not result:
+                break
+
+            read_amount -= len(result)
+
+        return self._bytes_decompressed
+
+
+class ZstdDecompressionWriter(object):
+    """
+    Write-only stream wrapper that performs decompression.
+
+    This type provides a writable stream that performs decompression and writes
+    decompressed data to another stream.
+
+    This type implements the ``io.RawIOBase`` interface. Only methods that
+    involve writing will do useful things.
+
+    Behavior is similar to :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.stream_writer`: compressed
+    data is sent to the decompressor by calling ``write(data)`` and decompressed
+    output is written to the inner stream by calling its ``write(data)``
+    method:
+
+    >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    >>> decompressor = dctx.stream_writer(fh)
+    >>> # Will call fh.write() with uncompressed data.
+    >>> decompressor.write(compressed_data)
+
+    Instances can be used as context managers. However, context managers add no
+    extra special behavior other than automatically calling ``close()`` when
+    they exit.
+
+    Calling ``close()`` will mark the stream as closed and subsequent I/O
+    operations will raise ``ValueError`` (per the documented behavior of
+    ``io.RawIOBase``). ``close()`` will also call ``close()`` on the
+    underlying stream if such a method exists and the instance was created with
+    ``closefd=True``.
+
+    The size of chunks to ``write()`` to the destination can be specified:
+
+    >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    >>> with dctx.stream_writer(fh, write_size=16384) as decompressor:
+    >>>    pass
+
+    You can see how much memory is being used by the decompressor:
+
+    >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+    >>> with dctx.stream_writer(fh) as decompressor:
+    >>>    byte_size = decompressor.memory_size()
+
+    ``stream_writer()`` accepts a ``write_return_read`` boolean argument to control
+    the return value of ``write()``. When ``True`` (the default)``, ``write()``
+    returns the number of bytes that were read from the input. When ``False``,
+    ``write()`` returns the number of bytes that were ``write()`` to the inner
+    stream.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        decompressor,
+        writer,
+        write_size,
+        write_return_read,
+        closefd=True,
+    ):
+        decompressor._ensure_dctx()
+
+        self._decompressor = decompressor
+        self._writer = writer
+        self._write_size = write_size
+        self._write_return_read = bool(write_return_read)
+        self._closefd = bool(closefd)
+        self._entered = False
+        self._closing = False
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        if self._entered:
+            raise ZstdError("cannot __enter__ multiple times")
+
+        self._entered = True
+
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb):
+        self._entered = False
+        self.close()
+
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def memory_size(self):
+        return lib.ZSTD_sizeof_DCtx(self._decompressor._dctx)
+
+    def close(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self._closing = True
+            self.flush()
+        finally:
+            self._closing = False
+            self._closed = True
+
+        f = getattr(self._writer, "close", None)
+        if self._closefd and f:
+            f()
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        return self._closed
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        f = getattr(self._writer, "fileno", None)
+        if f:
+            return f()
+        else:
+            raise OSError("fileno not available on underlying writer")
+
+    def flush(self):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        f = getattr(self._writer, "flush", None)
+        if f and not self._closing:
+            return f()
+
+    def isatty(self):
+        return False
+
+    def readable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def readline(self, size=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readlines(self, hint=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def seek(self, offset, whence=None):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def tell(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def truncate(self, size=None):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def writelines(self, lines):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readall(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def readinto(self, b):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation()
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        if self._closed:
+            raise ValueError("stream is closed")
+
+        total_write = 0
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+
+        data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+        in_buffer.src = data_buffer
+        in_buffer.size = len(data_buffer)
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", self._write_size)
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(dst_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        dctx = self._decompressor._dctx
+
+        while in_buffer.pos < in_buffer.size:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(dctx, out_buffer, in_buffer)
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "zstd decompress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+            if out_buffer.pos:
+                self._writer.write(
+                    ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+                )
+                total_write += out_buffer.pos
+                out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        if self._write_return_read:
+            return in_buffer.pos
+        else:
+            return total_write
+
+
+class ZstdDecompressor(object):
+    """
+    Context for performing zstandard decompression.
+
+    Each instance is essentially a wrapper around a ``ZSTD_DCtx`` from zstd's
+    C API.
+
+    An instance can compress data various ways. Instances can be used multiple
+    times.
+
+    The interface of this class is very similar to
+    :py:class:`zstandard.ZstdCompressor` (by design).
+
+    Assume that each ``ZstdDecompressor`` instance can only handle a single
+    logical compression operation at the same time. i.e. if you call a method
+    like ``decompressobj()`` to obtain multiple objects derived from the same
+    ``ZstdDecompressor`` instance and attempt to use them simultaneously, errors
+    will likely occur.
+
+    If you need to perform multiple logical decompression operations and you
+    can't guarantee those operations are temporally non-overlapping, you need
+    to obtain multiple ``ZstdDecompressor`` instances.
+
+    Unless specified otherwise, assume that no two methods of
+    ``ZstdDecompressor`` instances can be called from multiple Python
+    threads simultaneously. In other words, assume instances are not thread safe
+    unless stated otherwise.
+
+    :param dict_data:
+       Compression dictionary to use.
+    :param max_window_size:
+       Sets an upper limit on the window size for decompression operations in
+       kibibytes. This setting can be used to prevent large memory allocations
+       for inputs using large compression windows.
+    :param format:
+       Set the format of data for the decoder.
+
+       By default this is ``zstandard.FORMAT_ZSTD1``. It can be set to
+       ``zstandard.FORMAT_ZSTD1_MAGICLESS`` to allow decoding frames without
+       the 4 byte magic header. Not all decompression APIs support this mode.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, dict_data=None, max_window_size=0, format=FORMAT_ZSTD1):
+        self._dict_data = dict_data
+        self._max_window_size = max_window_size
+        self._format = format
+
+        dctx = lib.ZSTD_createDCtx()
+        if dctx == ffi.NULL:
+            raise MemoryError()
+
+        self._dctx = dctx
+
+        # Defer setting up garbage collection until full state is loaded so
+        # the memory size is more accurate.
+        try:
+            self._ensure_dctx()
+        finally:
+            self._dctx = ffi.gc(
+                dctx, lib.ZSTD_freeDCtx, size=lib.ZSTD_sizeof_DCtx(dctx)
+            )
+
+    def memory_size(self):
+        """Size of decompression context, in bytes.
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> size = dctx.memory_size()
+        """
+        return lib.ZSTD_sizeof_DCtx(self._dctx)
+
+    def decompress(
+        self,
+        data,
+        max_output_size=0,
+        read_across_frames=False,
+        allow_extra_data=True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Decompress data in a single operation.
+
+        This method will decompress the input data in a single operation and
+        return the decompressed data.
+
+        The input bytes are expected to contain at least 1 full Zstandard frame
+        (something compressed with :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.compress` or
+        similar). If the input does not contain a full frame, an exception will
+        be raised.
+
+        ``read_across_frames`` controls whether to read multiple zstandard
+        frames in the input. When False, decompression stops after reading the
+        first frame. This feature is not yet implemented but the argument is
+        provided for forward API compatibility when the default is changed to
+        True in a future release. For now, if you need to decompress multiple
+        frames, use an API like :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.stream_reader` with
+        ``read_across_frames=True``.
+
+        ``allow_extra_data`` controls how to handle extra input data after a
+        fully decoded frame. If False, any extra data (which could be a valid
+        zstd frame) will result in ``ZstdError`` being raised. If True, extra
+        data is silently ignored. The default will likely change to False in a
+        future release when ``read_across_frames`` defaults to True.
+
+        If the input contains extra data after a full frame, that extra input
+        data is silently ignored. This behavior is undesirable in many scenarios
+        and will likely be changed or controllable in a future release (see
+        #181).
+
+        If the frame header of the compressed data does not contain the content
+        size, ``max_output_size`` must be specified or ``ZstdError`` will be
+        raised. An allocation of size ``max_output_size`` will be performed and an
+        attempt will be made to perform decompression into that buffer. If the
+        buffer is too small or cannot be allocated, ``ZstdError`` will be
+        raised. The buffer will be resized if it is too large.
+
+        Uncompressed data could be much larger than compressed data. As a result,
+        calling this function could result in a very large memory allocation
+        being performed to hold the uncompressed data. This could potentially
+        result in ``MemoryError`` or system memory swapping. If you don't need
+        the full output data in a single contiguous array in memory, consider
+        using streaming decompression for more resilient memory behavior.
+
+        Usage:
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> decompressed = dctx.decompress(data)
+
+        If the compressed data doesn't have its content size embedded within it,
+        decompression can be attempted by specifying the ``max_output_size``
+        argument:
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> uncompressed = dctx.decompress(data, max_output_size=1048576)
+
+        Ideally, ``max_output_size`` will be identical to the decompressed
+        output size.
+
+        .. important::
+
+           If the exact size of decompressed data is unknown (not passed in
+           explicitly and not stored in the zstd frame), for performance
+           reasons it is encouraged to use a streaming API.
+
+        :param data:
+           Compressed data to decompress.
+        :param max_output_size:
+           Integer max size of response.
+
+           If ``0``, there is no limit and we can attempt to allocate an output
+           buffer of infinite size.
+        :return:
+           ``bytes`` representing decompressed output.
+        """
+
+        if read_across_frames:
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "ZstdDecompressor.read_across_frames=True is not yet implemented"
+            )
+
+        self._ensure_dctx()
+
+        data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+
+        output_size = lib.ZSTD_getFrameContentSize(
+            data_buffer, len(data_buffer)
+        )
+
+        if output_size == lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_ERROR:
+            raise ZstdError("error determining content size from frame header")
+        elif output_size == 0:
+            return b""
+        elif output_size == lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN:
+            if not max_output_size:
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "could not determine content size in frame header"
+                )
+
+            result_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", max_output_size)
+            result_size = max_output_size
+            output_size = 0
+        else:
+            result_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", output_size)
+            result_size = output_size
+
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = result_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = result_size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        in_buffer.src = data_buffer
+        in_buffer.size = len(data_buffer)
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(self._dctx, out_buffer, in_buffer)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError("decompression error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult))
+        elif zresult:
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "decompression error: did not decompress full frame"
+            )
+        elif output_size and out_buffer.pos != output_size:
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "decompression error: decompressed %d bytes; expected %d"
+                % (zresult, output_size)
+            )
+        elif not allow_extra_data and in_buffer.pos < in_buffer.size:
+            count = in_buffer.size - in_buffer.pos
+
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "compressed input contains %d bytes of unused data, which is disallowed"
+                % count
+            )
+
+        return ffi.buffer(result_buffer, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+
+    def stream_reader(
+        self,
+        source,
+        read_size=DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE,
+        read_across_frames=False,
+        closefd=True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Read-only stream wrapper that performs decompression.
+
+        This method obtains an object that conforms to the ``io.RawIOBase``
+        interface and performs transparent decompression via ``read()``
+        operations. Source data is obtained by calling ``read()`` on a
+        source stream or object implementing the buffer protocol.
+
+        See :py:class:`zstandard.ZstdDecompressionReader` for more documentation
+        and usage examples.
+
+        :param source:
+           Source of compressed data to decompress. Can be any object
+           with a ``read(size)`` method or that conforms to the buffer protocol.
+        :param read_size:
+           Integer number of bytes to read from the source and feed into the
+           compressor at a time.
+        :param read_across_frames:
+           Whether to read data across multiple zstd frames. If False,
+           decompression is stopped at frame boundaries.
+        :param closefd:
+           Whether to close the source stream when this instance is closed.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`zstandard.ZstdDecompressionReader`.
+        """
+        self._ensure_dctx()
+        return ZstdDecompressionReader(
+            self, source, read_size, read_across_frames, closefd=closefd
+        )
+
+    def decompressobj(
+        self,
+        write_size=DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE,
+        read_across_frames=False,
+    ):
+        """Obtain a standard library compatible incremental decompressor.
+
+        See :py:class:`ZstdDecompressionObj` for more documentation
+        and usage examples.
+
+        :param write_size: size of internal output buffer to collect decompressed
+          chunks in.
+        :param read_across_frames: whether to read across multiple zstd frames.
+          If False, reading stops after 1 frame and subsequent decompress
+          attempts will raise an exception.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`zstandard.ZstdDecompressionObj`
+        """
+        if write_size < 1:
+            raise ValueError("write_size must be positive")
+
+        self._ensure_dctx()
+        return ZstdDecompressionObj(
+            self, write_size=write_size, read_across_frames=read_across_frames
+        )
+
+    def read_to_iter(
+        self,
+        reader,
+        read_size=DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE,
+        write_size=DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE,
+        skip_bytes=0,
+    ):
+        """Read compressed data to an iterator of uncompressed chunks.
+
+        This method will read data from ``reader``, feed it to a decompressor,
+        and emit ``bytes`` chunks representing the decompressed result.
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> for chunk in dctx.read_to_iter(fh):
+        ...     # Do something with original data.
+
+        ``read_to_iter()`` accepts an object with a ``read(size)`` method that
+        will return compressed bytes or an object conforming to the buffer
+        protocol.
+
+        ``read_to_iter()`` returns an iterator whose elements are chunks of the
+        decompressed data.
+
+        The size of requested ``read()`` from the source can be specified:
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> for chunk in dctx.read_to_iter(fh, read_size=16384):
+        ...    pass
+
+        It is also possible to skip leading bytes in the input data:
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> for chunk in dctx.read_to_iter(fh, skip_bytes=1):
+        ...    pass
+
+        .. tip::
+
+           Skipping leading bytes is useful if the source data contains extra
+           *header* data. Traditionally, you would need to create a slice or
+           ``memoryview`` of the data you want to decompress. This would create
+           overhead. It is more efficient to pass the offset into this API.
+
+        Similarly to :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.read_to_iter`, the consumer of the
+        iterator controls when data is decompressed. If the iterator isn't consumed,
+        decompression is put on hold.
+
+        When ``read_to_iter()`` is passed an object conforming to the buffer protocol,
+        the behavior may seem similar to what occurs when the simple decompression
+        API is used. However, this API works when the decompressed size is unknown.
+        Furthermore, if feeding large inputs, the decompressor will work in chunks
+        instead of performing a single operation.
+
+        :param reader:
+           Source of compressed data. Can be any object with a
+           ``read(size)`` method or any object conforming to the buffer
+           protocol.
+        :param read_size:
+           Integer size of data chunks to read from ``reader`` and feed into
+           the decompressor.
+        :param write_size:
+           Integer size of data chunks to emit from iterator.
+        :param skip_bytes:
+           Integer number of bytes to skip over before sending data into
+           the decompressor.
+        :return:
+           Iterator of ``bytes`` representing uncompressed data.
+        """
+
+        if skip_bytes >= read_size:
+            raise ValueError("skip_bytes must be smaller than read_size")
+
+        if hasattr(reader, "read"):
+            have_read = True
+        elif hasattr(reader, "__getitem__"):
+            have_read = False
+            buffer_offset = 0
+            size = len(reader)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "must pass an object with a read() method or "
+                "conforms to buffer protocol"
+            )
+
+        if skip_bytes:
+            if have_read:
+                reader.read(skip_bytes)
+            else:
+                if skip_bytes > size:
+                    raise ValueError("skip_bytes larger than first input chunk")
+
+                buffer_offset = skip_bytes
+
+        self._ensure_dctx()
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", write_size)
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(dst_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        while True:
+            assert out_buffer.pos == 0
+
+            if have_read:
+                read_result = reader.read(read_size)
+            else:
+                remaining = size - buffer_offset
+                slice_size = min(remaining, read_size)
+                read_result = reader[buffer_offset : buffer_offset + slice_size]
+                buffer_offset += slice_size
+
+            # No new input. Break out of read loop.
+            if not read_result:
+                break
+
+            # Feed all read data into decompressor and emit output until
+            # exhausted.
+            read_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(read_result)
+            in_buffer.src = read_buffer
+            in_buffer.size = len(read_buffer)
+            in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            while in_buffer.pos < in_buffer.size:
+                assert out_buffer.pos == 0
+
+                zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(
+                    self._dctx, out_buffer, in_buffer
+                )
+                if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                    raise ZstdError(
+                        "zstd decompress error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                    )
+
+                if out_buffer.pos:
+                    data = ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos)[:]
+                    out_buffer.pos = 0
+                    yield data
+
+                if zresult == 0:
+                    return
+
+            # Repeat loop to collect more input data.
+            continue
+
+        # If we get here, input is exhausted.
+
+    def stream_writer(
+        self,
+        writer,
+        write_size=DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE,
+        write_return_read=True,
+        closefd=True,
+    ):
+        """
+        Push-based stream wrapper that performs decompression.
+
+        This method constructs a stream wrapper that conforms to the
+        ``io.RawIOBase`` interface and performs transparent decompression
+        when writing to a wrapper stream.
+
+        See :py:class:`zstandard.ZstdDecompressionWriter` for more documentation
+        and usage examples.
+
+        :param writer:
+           Destination for decompressed output. Can be any object with a
+           ``write(data)``.
+        :param write_size:
+           Integer size of chunks to ``write()`` to ``writer``.
+        :param write_return_read:
+           Whether ``write()`` should return the number of bytes of input
+           consumed. If False, ``write()`` returns the number of bytes sent
+           to the inner stream.
+        :param closefd:
+           Whether to ``close()`` the inner stream when this stream is closed.
+        :return:
+           :py:class:`zstandard.ZstdDecompressionWriter`
+        """
+        if not hasattr(writer, "write"):
+            raise ValueError("must pass an object with a write() method")
+
+        return ZstdDecompressionWriter(
+            self,
+            writer,
+            write_size,
+            write_return_read,
+            closefd=closefd,
+        )
+
+    def copy_stream(
+        self,
+        ifh,
+        ofh,
+        read_size=DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_INPUT_SIZE,
+        write_size=DECOMPRESSION_RECOMMENDED_OUTPUT_SIZE,
+    ):
+        """
+        Copy data between streams, decompressing in the process.
+
+        Compressed data will be read from ``ifh``, decompressed, and written
+        to ``ofh``.
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> dctx.copy_stream(ifh, ofh)
+
+        e.g. to decompress a file to another file:
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> with open(input_path, 'rb') as ifh, open(output_path, 'wb') as ofh:
+        ...     dctx.copy_stream(ifh, ofh)
+
+        The size of chunks being ``read()`` and ``write()`` from and to the
+        streams can be specified:
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> dctx.copy_stream(ifh, ofh, read_size=8192, write_size=16384)
+
+        :param ifh:
+           Source stream to read compressed data from.
+
+           Must have a ``read()`` method.
+        :param ofh:
+           Destination stream to write uncompressed data to.
+
+           Must have a ``write()`` method.
+        :param read_size:
+           The number of bytes to ``read()`` from the source in a single
+           operation.
+        :param write_size:
+           The number of bytes to ``write()`` to the destination in a single
+           operation.
+        :return:
+           2-tuple of integers representing the number of bytes read and
+           written, respectively.
+        """
+
+        if not hasattr(ifh, "read"):
+            raise ValueError("first argument must have a read() method")
+        if not hasattr(ofh, "write"):
+            raise ValueError("second argument must have a write() method")
+
+        self._ensure_dctx()
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+
+        dst_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", write_size)
+        out_buffer.dst = dst_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = write_size
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        total_read, total_write = 0, 0
+
+        # Read all available input.
+        while True:
+            data = ifh.read(read_size)
+            if not data:
+                break
+
+            data_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(data)
+            total_read += len(data_buffer)
+            in_buffer.src = data_buffer
+            in_buffer.size = len(data_buffer)
+            in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            # Flush all read data to output.
+            while in_buffer.pos < in_buffer.size:
+                zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(
+                    self._dctx, out_buffer, in_buffer
+                )
+                if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                    raise ZstdError(
+                        "zstd decompressor error: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                    )
+
+                if out_buffer.pos:
+                    ofh.write(ffi.buffer(out_buffer.dst, out_buffer.pos))
+                    total_write += out_buffer.pos
+                    out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            # Continue loop to keep reading.
+
+        return total_read, total_write
+
+    def decompress_content_dict_chain(self, frames):
+        """
+        Decompress a series of frames using the content dictionary chaining technique.
+
+        Such a list of frames is produced by compressing discrete inputs where
+        each non-initial input is compressed with a *prefix* dictionary consisting
+        of the content of the previous input.
+
+        For example, say you have the following inputs:
+
+        >>> inputs = [b"input 1", b"input 2", b"input 3"]
+
+        The zstd frame chain consists of:
+
+        1. ``b"input 1"`` compressed in standalone/discrete mode
+        2. ``b"input 2"`` compressed using ``b"input 1"`` as a *prefix* dictionary
+        3. ``b"input 3"`` compressed using ``b"input 2"`` as a *prefix* dictionary
+
+        Each zstd frame **must** have the content size written.
+
+        The following Python code can be used to produce a *prefix dictionary chain*:
+
+        >>> def make_chain(inputs):
+        ...    frames = []
+        ...
+        ...    # First frame is compressed in standalone/discrete mode.
+        ...    zctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor()
+        ...    frames.append(zctx.compress(inputs[0]))
+        ...
+        ...    # Subsequent frames use the previous fulltext as a prefix dictionary
+        ...    for i, raw in enumerate(inputs[1:]):
+        ...        dict_data = zstandard.ZstdCompressionDict(
+        ...            inputs[i], dict_type=zstandard.DICT_TYPE_RAWCONTENT)
+        ...        zctx = zstandard.ZstdCompressor(dict_data=dict_data)
+        ...        frames.append(zctx.compress(raw))
+        ...
+        ...    return frames
+
+        ``decompress_content_dict_chain()`` returns the uncompressed data of the last
+        element in the input chain.
+
+        .. note::
+
+           It is possible to implement *prefix dictionary chain* decompression
+           on top of other APIs. However, this function will likely be faster -
+           especially for long input chains - as it avoids the overhead of
+           instantiating and passing around intermediate objects between
+           multiple functions.
+
+        :param frames:
+           List of ``bytes`` holding compressed zstd frames.
+        :return:
+        """
+        if not isinstance(frames, list):
+            raise TypeError("argument must be a list")
+
+        if not frames:
+            raise ValueError("empty input chain")
+
+        # First chunk should not be using a dictionary. We handle it specially.
+        chunk = frames[0]
+        if not isinstance(chunk, bytes):
+            raise ValueError("chunk 0 must be bytes")
+
+        # All chunks should be zstd frames and should have content size set.
+        chunk_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(chunk)
+        params = ffi.new("ZSTD_frameHeader *")
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_getFrameHeader(
+            params, chunk_buffer, len(chunk_buffer)
+        )
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ValueError("chunk 0 is not a valid zstd frame")
+        elif zresult:
+            raise ValueError("chunk 0 is too small to contain a zstd frame")
+
+        if params.frameContentSize == lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN:
+            raise ValueError("chunk 0 missing content size in frame")
+
+        self._ensure_dctx(load_dict=False)
+
+        last_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", params.frameContentSize)
+
+        out_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_outBuffer *")
+        out_buffer.dst = last_buffer
+        out_buffer.size = len(last_buffer)
+        out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        in_buffer = ffi.new("ZSTD_inBuffer *")
+        in_buffer.src = chunk_buffer
+        in_buffer.size = len(chunk_buffer)
+        in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(self._dctx, out_buffer, in_buffer)
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "could not decompress chunk 0: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+        elif zresult:
+            raise ZstdError("chunk 0 did not decompress full frame")
+
+        # Special case of chain length of 1
+        if len(frames) == 1:
+            return ffi.buffer(last_buffer, len(last_buffer))[:]
+
+        i = 1
+        while i < len(frames):
+            chunk = frames[i]
+            if not isinstance(chunk, bytes):
+                raise ValueError("chunk %d must be bytes" % i)
+
+            chunk_buffer = ffi.from_buffer(chunk)
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_getFrameHeader(
+                params, chunk_buffer, len(chunk_buffer)
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ValueError("chunk %d is not a valid zstd frame" % i)
+            elif zresult:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "chunk %d is too small to contain a zstd frame" % i
+                )
+
+            if params.frameContentSize == lib.ZSTD_CONTENTSIZE_UNKNOWN:
+                raise ValueError("chunk %d missing content size in frame" % i)
+
+            dest_buffer = ffi.new("char[]", params.frameContentSize)
+
+            out_buffer.dst = dest_buffer
+            out_buffer.size = len(dest_buffer)
+            out_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            in_buffer.src = chunk_buffer
+            in_buffer.size = len(chunk_buffer)
+            in_buffer.pos = 0
+
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_decompressStream(
+                self._dctx, out_buffer, in_buffer
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "could not decompress chunk %d: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+            elif zresult:
+                raise ZstdError("chunk %d did not decompress full frame" % i)
+
+            last_buffer = dest_buffer
+            i += 1
+
+        return ffi.buffer(last_buffer, len(last_buffer))[:]
+
+    def multi_decompress_to_buffer(
+        self, frames, decompressed_sizes=None, threads=0
+    ):
+        """
+        Decompress multiple zstd frames to output buffers as a single operation.
+
+        (Experimental. Not available in CFFI backend.)
+
+        Compressed frames can be passed to the function as a
+        ``BufferWithSegments``, a ``BufferWithSegmentsCollection``, or as a
+        list containing objects that conform to the buffer protocol. For best
+        performance, pass a ``BufferWithSegmentsCollection`` or a
+        ``BufferWithSegments``, as minimal input validation will be done for
+        that type. If calling from Python (as opposed to C), constructing one
+        of these instances may add overhead cancelling out the performance
+        overhead of validation for list inputs.
+
+        Returns a ``BufferWithSegmentsCollection`` containing the decompressed
+        data. All decompressed data is allocated in a single memory buffer. The
+        ``BufferWithSegments`` instance tracks which objects are at which offsets
+        and their respective lengths.
+
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> results = dctx.multi_decompress_to_buffer([b'...', b'...'])
+
+        The decompressed size of each frame MUST be discoverable. It can either be
+        embedded within the zstd frame or passed in via the ``decompressed_sizes``
+        argument.
+
+        The ``decompressed_sizes`` argument is an object conforming to the buffer
+        protocol which holds an array of 64-bit unsigned integers in the machine's
+        native format defining the decompressed sizes of each frame. If this argument
+        is passed, it avoids having to scan each frame for its decompressed size.
+        This frame scanning can add noticeable overhead in some scenarios.
+
+        >>> frames = [...]
+        >>> sizes = struct.pack('=QQQQ', len0, len1, len2, len3)
+        >>>
+        >>> dctx = zstandard.ZstdDecompressor()
+        >>> results = dctx.multi_decompress_to_buffer(frames, decompressed_sizes=sizes)
+
+        .. note::
+
+           It is possible to pass a ``mmap.mmap()`` instance into this function by
+           wrapping it with a ``BufferWithSegments`` instance (which will define the
+           offsets of frames within the memory mapped region).
+
+        This function is logically equivalent to performing
+        :py:meth:`ZstdCompressor.decompress` on each input frame and returning the
+        result.
+
+        This function exists to perform decompression on multiple frames as fast
+        as possible by having as little overhead as possible. Since decompression is
+        performed as a single operation and since the decompressed output is stored in
+        a single buffer, extra memory allocations, Python objects, and Python function
+        calls are avoided. This is ideal for scenarios where callers know up front that
+        they need to access data for multiple frames, such as when  *delta chains* are
+        being used.
+
+        Currently, the implementation always spawns multiple threads when requested,
+        even if the amount of work to do is small. In the future, it will be smarter
+        about avoiding threads and their associated overhead when the amount of
+        work to do is small.
+
+        :param frames:
+           Source defining zstd frames to decompress.
+        :param decompressed_sizes:
+           Array of integers representing sizes of decompressed zstd frames.
+        :param threads:
+           How many threads to use for decompression operations.
+
+           Negative values will use the same number of threads as logical CPUs
+           on the machine. Values ``0`` or ``1`` use a single thread.
+        :return:
+           ``BufferWithSegmentsCollection``
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _ensure_dctx(self, load_dict=True):
+        lib.ZSTD_DCtx_reset(self._dctx, lib.ZSTD_reset_session_only)
+
+        if self._max_window_size:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_DCtx_setMaxWindowSize(
+                self._dctx, self._max_window_size
+            )
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "unable to set max window size: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
+
+        zresult = lib.ZSTD_DCtx_setParameter(
+            self._dctx, lib.ZSTD_d_format, self._format
+        )
+        if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+            raise ZstdError(
+                "unable to set decoding format: %s" % _zstd_error(zresult)
+            )
+
+        if self._dict_data and load_dict:
+            zresult = lib.ZSTD_DCtx_refDDict(self._dctx, self._dict_data._ddict)
+            if lib.ZSTD_isError(zresult):
+                raise ZstdError(
+                    "unable to reference prepared dictionary: %s"
+                    % _zstd_error(zresult)
+                )
diff --git a/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/py.typed b/venv/Lib/site-packages/zstandard/py.typed
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/Activate.ps1 b/venv/Scripts/Activate.ps1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..18fae967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Scripts/Activate.ps1
@@ -0,0 +1,502 @@
+<#
+.Synopsis
+Activate a Python virtual environment for the current PowerShell session.
+
+.Description
+Pushes the python executable for a virtual environment to the front of the
+$Env:PATH environment variable and sets the prompt to signify that you are
+in a Python virtual environment. Makes use of the command line switches as
+well as the `pyvenv.cfg` file values present in the virtual environment.
+
+.Parameter VenvDir
+Path to the directory that contains the virtual environment to activate. The
+default value for this is the parent of the directory that the Activate.ps1
+script is located within.
+
+.Parameter Prompt
+The prompt prefix to display when this virtual environment is activated. By
+default, this prompt is the name of the virtual environment folder (VenvDir)
+surrounded by parentheses and followed by a single space (ie. '(.venv) ').
+
+.Example
+Activate.ps1
+Activates the Python virtual environment that contains the Activate.ps1 script.
+
+.Example
+Activate.ps1 -Verbose
+Activates the Python virtual environment that contains the Activate.ps1 script,
+and shows extra information about the activation as it executes.
+
+.Example
+Activate.ps1 -VenvDir C:\Users\MyUser\Common\.venv
+Activates the Python virtual environment located in the specified location.
+
+.Example
+Activate.ps1 -Prompt "MyPython"
+Activates the Python virtual environment that contains the Activate.ps1 script,
+and prefixes the current prompt with the specified string (surrounded in
+parentheses) while the virtual environment is active.
+
+.Notes
+On Windows, it may be required to enable this Activate.ps1 script by setting the
+execution policy for the user. You can do this by issuing the following PowerShell
+command:
+
+PS C:\> Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -Scope CurrentUser
+
+For more information on Execution Policies: 
+https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=135170
+
+#>
+Param(
+    [Parameter(Mandatory = $false)]
+    [String]
+    $VenvDir,
+    [Parameter(Mandatory = $false)]
+    [String]
+    $Prompt
+)
+
+<# Function declarations --------------------------------------------------- #>
+
+<#
+.Synopsis
+Remove all shell session elements added by the Activate script, including the
+addition of the virtual environment's Python executable from the beginning of
+the PATH variable.
+
+.Parameter NonDestructive
+If present, do not remove this function from the global namespace for the
+session.
+
+#>
+function global:deactivate ([switch]$NonDestructive) {
+    # Revert to original values
+
+    # The prior prompt:
+    if (Test-Path -Path Function:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT) {
+        Copy-Item -Path Function:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT -Destination Function:prompt
+        Remove-Item -Path Function:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT
+    }
+
+    # The prior PYTHONHOME:
+    if (Test-Path -Path Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME) {
+        Copy-Item -Path Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME -Destination Env:PYTHONHOME
+        Remove-Item -Path Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    }
+
+    # The prior PATH:
+    if (Test-Path -Path Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH) {
+        Copy-Item -Path Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH -Destination Env:PATH
+        Remove-Item -Path Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    }
+
+    # Just remove the VIRTUAL_ENV altogether:
+    if (Test-Path -Path Env:VIRTUAL_ENV) {
+        Remove-Item -Path env:VIRTUAL_ENV
+    }
+
+    # Just remove VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT altogether.
+    if (Test-Path -Path Env:VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT) {
+        Remove-Item -Path env:VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT
+    }
+
+    # Just remove the _PYTHON_VENV_PROMPT_PREFIX altogether:
+    if (Get-Variable -Name "_PYTHON_VENV_PROMPT_PREFIX" -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) {
+        Remove-Variable -Name _PYTHON_VENV_PROMPT_PREFIX -Scope Global -Force
+    }
+
+    # Leave deactivate function in the global namespace if requested:
+    if (-not $NonDestructive) {
+        Remove-Item -Path function:deactivate
+    }
+}
+
+<#
+.Description
+Get-PyVenvConfig parses the values from the pyvenv.cfg file located in the
+given folder, and returns them in a map.
+
+For each line in the pyvenv.cfg file, if that line can be parsed into exactly
+two strings separated by `=` (with any amount of whitespace surrounding the =)
+then it is considered a `key = value` line. The left hand string is the key,
+the right hand is the value.
+
+If the value starts with a `'` or a `"` then the first and last character is
+stripped from the value before being captured.
+
+.Parameter ConfigDir
+Path to the directory that contains the `pyvenv.cfg` file.
+#>
+function Get-PyVenvConfig(
+    [String]
+    $ConfigDir
+) {
+    Write-Verbose "Given ConfigDir=$ConfigDir, obtain values in pyvenv.cfg"
+
+    # Ensure the file exists, and issue a warning if it doesn't (but still allow the function to continue).
+    $pyvenvConfigPath = Join-Path -Resolve -Path $ConfigDir -ChildPath 'pyvenv.cfg' -ErrorAction Continue
+
+    # An empty map will be returned if no config file is found.
+    $pyvenvConfig = @{ }
+
+    if ($pyvenvConfigPath) {
+
+        Write-Verbose "File exists, parse `key = value` lines"
+        $pyvenvConfigContent = Get-Content -Path $pyvenvConfigPath
+
+        $pyvenvConfigContent | ForEach-Object {
+            $keyval = $PSItem -split "\s*=\s*", 2
+            if ($keyval[0] -and $keyval[1]) {
+                $val = $keyval[1]
+
+                # Remove extraneous quotations around a string value.
+                if ("'""".Contains($val.Substring(0, 1))) {
+                    $val = $val.Substring(1, $val.Length - 2)
+                }
+
+                $pyvenvConfig[$keyval[0]] = $val
+                Write-Verbose "Adding Key: '$($keyval[0])'='$val'"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return $pyvenvConfig
+}
+
+
+<# Begin Activate script --------------------------------------------------- #>
+
+# Determine the containing directory of this script
+$VenvExecPath = Split-Path -Parent $MyInvocation.MyCommand.Definition
+$VenvExecDir = Get-Item -Path $VenvExecPath
+
+Write-Verbose "Activation script is located in path: '$VenvExecPath'"
+Write-Verbose "VenvExecDir Fullname: '$($VenvExecDir.FullName)"
+Write-Verbose "VenvExecDir Name: '$($VenvExecDir.Name)"
+
+# Set values required in priority: CmdLine, ConfigFile, Default
+# First, get the location of the virtual environment, it might not be
+# VenvExecDir if specified on the command line.
+if ($VenvDir) {
+    Write-Verbose "VenvDir given as parameter, using '$VenvDir' to determine values"
+}
+else {
+    Write-Verbose "VenvDir not given as a parameter, using parent directory name as VenvDir."
+    $VenvDir = $VenvExecDir.Parent.FullName.TrimEnd("\\/")
+    Write-Verbose "VenvDir=$VenvDir"
+}
+
+# Next, read the `pyvenv.cfg` file to determine any required value such
+# as `prompt`.
+$pyvenvCfg = Get-PyVenvConfig -ConfigDir $VenvDir
+
+# Next, set the prompt from the command line, or the config file, or
+# just use the name of the virtual environment folder.
+if ($Prompt) {
+    Write-Verbose "Prompt specified as argument, using '$Prompt'"
+}
+else {
+    Write-Verbose "Prompt not specified as argument to script, checking pyvenv.cfg value"
+    if ($pyvenvCfg -and $pyvenvCfg['prompt']) {
+        Write-Verbose "  Setting based on value in pyvenv.cfg='$($pyvenvCfg['prompt'])'"
+        $Prompt = $pyvenvCfg['prompt'];
+    }
+    else {
+        Write-Verbose "  Setting prompt based on parent's directory's name. (Is the directory name passed to venv module when creating the virtual environment)"
+        Write-Verbose "  Got leaf-name of $VenvDir='$(Split-Path -Path $venvDir -Leaf)'"
+        $Prompt = Split-Path -Path $venvDir -Leaf
+    }
+}
+
+Write-Verbose "Prompt = '$Prompt'"
+Write-Verbose "VenvDir='$VenvDir'"
+
+# Deactivate any currently active virtual environment, but leave the
+# deactivate function in place.
+deactivate -nondestructive
+
+# Now set the environment variable VIRTUAL_ENV, used by many tools to determine
+# that there is an activated venv.
+$env:VIRTUAL_ENV = $VenvDir
+
+if (-not $Env:VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT) {
+
+    Write-Verbose "Setting prompt to '$Prompt'"
+
+    # Set the prompt to include the env name
+    # Make sure _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT is global
+    function global:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT { "" }
+    Copy-Item -Path function:prompt -Destination function:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT
+    New-Variable -Name _PYTHON_VENV_PROMPT_PREFIX -Description "Python virtual environment prompt prefix" -Scope Global -Option ReadOnly -Visibility Public -Value $Prompt
+
+    function global:prompt {
+        Write-Host -NoNewline -ForegroundColor Green "($_PYTHON_VENV_PROMPT_PREFIX) "
+        _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT
+    }
+    $env:VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT = $Prompt
+}
+
+# Clear PYTHONHOME
+if (Test-Path -Path Env:PYTHONHOME) {
+    Copy-Item -Path Env:PYTHONHOME -Destination Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    Remove-Item -Path Env:PYTHONHOME
+}
+
+# Add the venv to the PATH
+Copy-Item -Path Env:PATH -Destination Env:_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+$Env:PATH = "$VenvExecDir$([System.IO.Path]::PathSeparator)$Env:PATH"
+
+# SIG # Begin signature block
+# MIIvJAYJKoZIhvcNAQcCoIIvFTCCLxECAQExDzANBglghkgBZQMEAgEFADB5Bgor
+# BgEEAYI3AgEEoGswaTA0BgorBgEEAYI3AgEeMCYCAwEAAAQQH8w7YFlLCE63JNLG
+# KX7zUQIBAAIBAAIBAAIBAAIBADAxMA0GCWCGSAFlAwQCAQUABCBnL745ElCYk8vk
+# dBtMuQhLeWJ3ZGfzKW4DHCYzAn+QB6CCE8MwggWQMIIDeKADAgECAhAFmxtXno4h
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+# 0MPcQ1A5d6j7kNjY2262Nh6dU6fPNnUT
+# SIG # End signature block
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/activate b/venv/Scripts/activate
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..401d4052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Scripts/activate
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+# This file must be used with "source bin/activate" *from bash*
+# You cannot run it directly
+
+deactivate () {
+    # reset old environment variables
+    if [ -n "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH:-}" ] ; then
+        PATH="${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH:-}"
+        export PATH
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH
+    fi
+    if [ -n "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME:-}" ] ; then
+        PYTHONHOME="${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME:-}"
+        export PYTHONHOME
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME
+    fi
+
+    # Call hash to forget past commands. Without forgetting
+    # past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+    hash -r 2> /dev/null
+
+    if [ -n "${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1:-}" ] ; then
+        PS1="${_OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1:-}"
+        export PS1
+        unset _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1
+    fi
+
+    unset VIRTUAL_ENV
+    unset VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT
+    if [ ! "${1:-}" = "nondestructive" ] ; then
+    # Self destruct!
+        unset -f deactivate
+    fi
+}
+
+# unset irrelevant variables
+deactivate nondestructive
+
+# on Windows, a path can contain colons and backslashes and has to be converted:
+if [ "${OSTYPE:-}" = "cygwin" ] || [ "${OSTYPE:-}" = "msys" ] ; then
+    # transform D:\path\to\venv to /d/path/to/venv on MSYS
+    # and to /cygdrive/d/path/to/venv on Cygwin
+    export VIRTUAL_ENV=$(cygpath "C:\Users\Dell\Desktop\C4GT\venv")
+else
+    # use the path as-is
+    export VIRTUAL_ENV="C:\Users\Dell\Desktop\C4GT\venv"
+fi
+
+_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH="$PATH"
+PATH="$VIRTUAL_ENV/Scripts:$PATH"
+export PATH
+
+# unset PYTHONHOME if set
+# this will fail if PYTHONHOME is set to the empty string (which is bad anyway)
+# could use `if (set -u; : $PYTHONHOME) ;` in bash
+if [ -n "${PYTHONHOME:-}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME="${PYTHONHOME:-}"
+    unset PYTHONHOME
+fi
+
+if [ -z "${VIRTUAL_ENV_DISABLE_PROMPT:-}" ] ; then
+    _OLD_VIRTUAL_PS1="${PS1:-}"
+    PS1="(venv) ${PS1:-}"
+    export PS1
+    VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT="(venv) "
+    export VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT
+fi
+
+# Call hash to forget past commands. Without forgetting
+# past commands the $PATH changes we made may not be respected
+hash -r 2> /dev/null
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/activate.bat b/venv/Scripts/activate.bat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d60a5d2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Scripts/activate.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+@echo off
+
+rem This file is UTF-8 encoded, so we need to update the current code page while executing it
+for /f "tokens=2 delims=:." %%a in ('"%SystemRoot%\System32\chcp.com"') do (
+    set _OLD_CODEPAGE=%%a
+)
+if defined _OLD_CODEPAGE (
+    "%SystemRoot%\System32\chcp.com" 65001 > nul
+)
+
+set VIRTUAL_ENV=C:\Users\Dell\Desktop\C4GT\venv
+
+if not defined PROMPT set PROMPT=$P$G
+
+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT set PROMPT=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT%
+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME set PYTHONHOME=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME%
+
+set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT=%PROMPT%
+set PROMPT=(venv) %PROMPT%
+
+if defined PYTHONHOME set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME=%PYTHONHOME%
+set PYTHONHOME=
+
+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH set PATH=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH%
+if not defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH=%PATH%
+
+set PATH=%VIRTUAL_ENV%\Scripts;%PATH%
+set VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT=(venv) 
+
+:END
+if defined _OLD_CODEPAGE (
+    "%SystemRoot%\System32\chcp.com" %_OLD_CODEPAGE% > nul
+    set _OLD_CODEPAGE=
+)
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/deactivate.bat b/venv/Scripts/deactivate.bat
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..62a39a75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Scripts/deactivate.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+@echo off
+
+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT (
+    set "PROMPT=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT%"
+)
+set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PROMPT=
+
+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME (
+    set "PYTHONHOME=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME%"
+    set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PYTHONHOME=
+)
+
+if defined _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH (
+    set "PATH=%_OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH%"
+)
+
+set _OLD_VIRTUAL_PATH=
+
+set VIRTUAL_ENV=
+set VIRTUAL_ENV_PROMPT=
+
+:END
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/distro.exe b/venv/Scripts/distro.exe
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3e50fca6
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Scripts/distro.exe differ
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/fastapi.exe b/venv/Scripts/fastapi.exe
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..89db0e8f
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diff --git a/venv/Scripts/httpx.exe b/venv/Scripts/httpx.exe
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..777443e9
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Scripts/httpx.exe differ
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/jsondiff b/venv/Scripts/jsondiff
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4bcbda86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Scripts/jsondiff
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!C:\Users\Dell\Desktop\C4GT\venv\Scripts\python.exe
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+import sys
+import json
+import jsonpatch
+import argparse
+
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Diff two JSON files')
+parser.add_argument('FILE1', type=argparse.FileType('r'))
+parser.add_argument('FILE2', type=argparse.FileType('r'))
+parser.add_argument('--indent', type=int, default=None,
+                    help='Indent output by n spaces')
+parser.add_argument('-u', '--preserve-unicode', action='store_true',
+                    help='Output Unicode character as-is without using Code Point')
+parser.add_argument('-v', '--version', action='version',
+                    version='%(prog)s ' + jsonpatch.__version__)
+
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        diff_files()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def diff_files():
+    """ Diffs two JSON files and prints a patch """
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    doc1 = json.load(args.FILE1)
+    doc2 = json.load(args.FILE2)
+    patch = jsonpatch.make_patch(doc1, doc2)
+    if patch.patch:
+        print(json.dumps(patch.patch, indent=args.indent, ensure_ascii=not(args.preserve_unicode)))
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/jsonpatch b/venv/Scripts/jsonpatch
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..982d88e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Scripts/jsonpatch
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#!C:\Users\Dell\Desktop\C4GT\venv\Scripts\python.exe
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import sys
+import os.path
+import json
+import jsonpatch
+import tempfile
+import argparse
+
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    description='Apply a JSON patch on a JSON file')
+parser.add_argument('ORIGINAL', type=argparse.FileType('r'),
+                    help='Original file')
+parser.add_argument('PATCH', type=argparse.FileType('r'),
+                    nargs='?', default=sys.stdin,
+                    help='Patch file (read from stdin if omitted)')
+parser.add_argument('--indent', type=int, default=None,
+                    help='Indent output by n spaces')
+parser.add_argument('-b', '--backup', action='store_true',
+                    help='Back up ORIGINAL if modifying in-place')
+parser.add_argument('-i', '--in-place', action='store_true',
+                    help='Modify ORIGINAL in-place instead of to stdout')
+parser.add_argument('-v', '--version', action='version',
+                    version='%(prog)s ' + jsonpatch.__version__)
+parser.add_argument('-u', '--preserve-unicode', action='store_true',
+                    help='Output Unicode character as-is without using Code Point')
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        patch_files()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def patch_files():
+    """ Diffs two JSON files and prints a patch """
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    doc = json.load(args.ORIGINAL)
+    patch = json.load(args.PATCH)
+    result = jsonpatch.apply_patch(doc, patch)
+
+    if args.in_place:
+        dirname = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(args.ORIGINAL.name))
+
+        try:
+            # Attempt to replace the file atomically.  We do this by
+            # creating a temporary file in the same directory as the
+            # original file so we can atomically move the new file over
+            # the original later.  (This is done in the same directory
+	    # because atomic renames do not work across mount points.)
+
+            fd, pathname = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=dirname)
+            fp = os.fdopen(fd, 'w')
+            atomic = True
+
+        except OSError:
+            # We failed to create the temporary file for an atomic
+            # replace, so fall back to non-atomic mode by backing up
+            # the original (if desired) and writing a new file.
+
+            if args.backup:
+                os.rename(args.ORIGINAL.name, args.ORIGINAL.name + '.orig')
+            fp = open(args.ORIGINAL.name, 'w')
+            atomic = False
+
+    else:
+        # Since we're not replacing the original file in-place, write
+        # the modified JSON to stdout instead.
+
+        fp = sys.stdout
+
+    # By this point we have some sort of file object we can write the 
+    # modified JSON to.
+    
+    json.dump(result, fp, indent=args.indent, ensure_ascii=not(args.preserve_unicode))
+    fp.write('\n')
+
+    if args.in_place:
+        # Close the new file.  If we aren't replacing atomically, this
+        # is our last step, since everything else is already in place.
+
+        fp.close()
+
+        if atomic:
+            try:
+                # Complete the atomic replace by linking the original
+                # to a backup (if desired), fixing up the permissions
+                # on the temporary file, and moving it into place.
+
+                if args.backup:
+                    os.link(args.ORIGINAL.name, args.ORIGINAL.name + '.orig')
+                os.chmod(pathname, os.stat(args.ORIGINAL.name).st_mode)
+                os.rename(pathname, args.ORIGINAL.name)
+
+            except OSError:
+                # In the event we could not actually do the atomic
+                # replace, unlink the original to move it out of the
+                # way and finally move the temporary file into place.
+                
+                os.unlink(args.ORIGINAL.name)
+                os.rename(pathname, args.ORIGINAL.name)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/jsonpointer b/venv/Scripts/jsonpointer
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b58c14c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/Scripts/jsonpointer
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+#!C:\Users\Dell\Desktop\C4GT\venv\Scripts\python.exe
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import sys
+
+import jsonpointer
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    description='Resolve a JSON pointer on JSON files')
+
+# Accept pointer as argument or as file
+ptr_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+
+ptr_group.add_argument('-f', '--pointer-file', type=argparse.FileType('r'),
+                       nargs='?',
+                       help='File containing a JSON pointer expression')
+
+ptr_group.add_argument('POINTER', type=str, nargs='?',
+                       help='A JSON pointer expression')
+
+parser.add_argument('FILE', type=argparse.FileType('r'), nargs='+',
+                    help='Files for which the pointer should be resolved')
+parser.add_argument('--indent', type=int, default=None,
+                    help='Indent output by n spaces')
+parser.add_argument('-v', '--version', action='version',
+                    version='%(prog)s ' + jsonpointer.__version__)
+
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        resolve_files()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def parse_pointer(args):
+    if args.POINTER:
+        ptr = args.POINTER
+    elif args.pointer_file:
+        ptr = args.pointer_file.read().strip()
+    else:
+        parser.print_usage()
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    return ptr
+
+
+def resolve_files():
+    """ Resolve a JSON pointer on JSON files """
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    ptr = parse_pointer(args)
+
+    for f in args.FILE:
+        doc = json.load(f)
+        try:
+            result = jsonpointer.resolve_pointer(doc, ptr)
+            print(json.dumps(result, indent=args.indent))
+        except jsonpointer.JsonPointerException as e:
+            print('Could not resolve pointer: %s' % str(e), file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/venv/Scripts/normalizer.exe b/venv/Scripts/normalizer.exe
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diff --git a/venv/Scripts/pip3.12.exe b/venv/Scripts/pip3.12.exe
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diff --git a/venv/Scripts/uvicorn.exe b/venv/Scripts/uvicorn.exe
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..72022f39
Binary files /dev/null and b/venv/Scripts/uvicorn.exe differ
diff --git a/venv/pyvenv.cfg b/venv/pyvenv.cfg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..272a7673
--- /dev/null
+++ b/venv/pyvenv.cfg
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+home = C:\Python312
+include-system-site-packages = false
+version = 3.12.2
+executable = C:\Python312\python.exe
+command = C:\Python312\python.exe -m venv C:\Users\Dell\Desktop\C4GT\venv